Webster's Unabridged Dictionary

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, by Various This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Webster's Unabridged Dictionary Author: Various Release Date: August 22, 2009 [eBook #29765] [Most recently updated: June 28, 2023] Language: English Produced by: Graham Lawrence *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY *** A A (named a in the English, and most commonly ä in other languages). Defn: The first letter of the English and of many other alphabets. The capital A of the alphabets of Middle and Western Europe, as also the small letter (a), besides the forms in Italic, black letter, etc., are all descended from the old Latin A, which was borrowed from the Greek Alpha, of the same form; and this was made from the first letter (Aleph, and itself from the Egyptian origin. The Aleph was a consonant letter, with a guttural breath sound that was not an element of Greek articulation; and the Greeks took it to represent their vowel Alpha with the ä sound, the Phoenician alphabet having no vowel symbols. This letter, in English, is used for several different vowel sounds. See Guide to pronunciation, §§ 43-74. The regular long a, as in fate, etc., is a comparatively modern sound, and has taken the place of what, till about the early part of the 17th century, was a sound of the quality of ä (as in far). 2. (Mus.) Defn: The name of the sixth tone in the model major scale (that in C), or the first tone of the minor scale, which is named after it the scale in A minor. The second string of the violin is tuned to the A in the treble staff. -- A sharp (A#) is the name of a musical tone intermediate between A and B. -- A flat (A) is the name of a tone intermediate between A and G. A per se Etym: (L. per se by itself), one preëminent; a nonesuch. [Obs.] O fair Creseide, the flower and A per se Of Troy and Greece. Chaucer. A A (# emph. #). 1. Etym: [Shortened form of an. AS. an one. See One.] Defn: An adjective, commonly called the indefinite article, and signifying one or any, but less emphatically. Defn: "At a birth"; "In a word"; "At a blow". Shak. Note: It is placed before nouns of the singular number denoting an individual object, or a quality individualized, before collective nouns, and also before plural nouns when the adjective few or the phrase great many or good many is interposed; as, a dog, a house, a man; a color; a sweetness; a hundred, a fleet, a regiment; a few persons, a great many days. It is used for an, for the sake of euphony, before words beginning with a consonant sound [for exception of certain words beginning with h, see An]; as, a table, a woman, a year, a unit, a eulogy, a ewe, a oneness, such a one, etc. Formally an was used both before vowels and consonants. 2. Etym: [Originally the preposition a (an, on).] Defn: In each; to or for each; as, "twenty leagues a day", "a hundred pounds a year", "a dollar a yard", etc. A A, prep. Etym: [Abbreviated form of an (AS. on). See On.] 1. In; on; at; by. [Obs.] "A God's name." "Torn a pieces." "Stand a tiptoe." "A Sundays" Shak. "Wit that men have now a days." Chaucer. "Set them a work." Robynson (More's Utopia) 2. In process of; in the act of; into; to; -- used with verbal substantives in -ing which begin with a consonant. This is a shortened form of the preposition an (which was used before the vowel sound); as in a hunting, a building, a begging. "Jacob, when he was a dying" Heb. xi. 21. "We'll a birding together." " It was a doing." Shak. "He burst out a laughing." Macaulay. The hyphen may be used to connect a with the verbal substantive (as, a-hunting, a-building) or the words may be written separately. This form of expression is now for the most part obsolete, the a being omitted and the verbal substantive treated as a participle. A A. Etym: [From AS. of off, from. See Of.] Defn: Of. [Obs.] "The name of John a Gaunt." "What time a day is it " Shak. "It's six a clock." B. Jonson. A A. Defn: A barbarous corruption of have, of he, and sometimes of it and of they. "So would I a done" "A brushes his hat." Shak. A A. Defn: An expletive, void of sense, to fill up the meter A merry heart goes all the day, Your sad tires in a mile-a. Shak. A- A- Defn: A, as a prefix to English words, is derived from various sources. (1) It frequently signifies on or in (from an, a forms of AS. on), denoting a state, as in afoot, on foot, abed, amiss, asleep, aground, aloft, away (AS. onweg), and analogically, ablaze, atremble, etc. (2) AS. of off, from, as in adown (AS. ofdüne off the dun or hill). (3) AS. a- (Goth. us-, ur-, Ger. er-), usually giving an intensive force, and sometimes the sense of away, on, back, as in arise, abide, ago. (4) Old English y- or i- (corrupted from the AS. inseparable particle ge-, cognate with OHG. ga-, gi-, Goth. ga-), which, as a prefix, made no essential addition to the meaning, as in aware. (5) French à (L. ad to), as in abase, achieve. (6) L. a, ab, abs, from, as in avert. (7) Greek insep. prefix a without, or privative, not, as in abyss, atheist; akin to E. un-. Note: Besides these, there are other sources from which the prefix a takes its origin. A 1 A 1. A registry mark given by underwriters (as at Lloyd's) to ships in first-class condition. Inferior grades are indicated by A 2 and A 3. Note: A 1 is also applied colloquially to other things to imply superiority; prime; first-class; first-rate. AAM Aam, n. Etym: [D. aam, fr. LL. ama; cf. L. hama a water bucket, Gr. Defn: A Dutch and German measure of liquids, varying in different cities, being at Amsterdam about 41 wine gallons, at Antwerp 36½, at Hamburg 38¼. [Written also Aum and Awm.] AARD-VARK Aard"-vark`, n. Etym: [D., earth-pig.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An edentate mammal, of the genus Orycteropus, somewhat resembling a pig, common in some parts of Southern Africa. It burrows in the ground, and feeds entirely on ants, which it catches with its long, slimy tongue. AARD-WOLF Aard"-wolf`, n. Etym: [D, earth-wolf] (Zoöl.) Defn: A carnivorous quadruped (Proteles Lalandii), of South Africa, resembling the fox and hyena. See Proteles. AARONIC; AARONICAL Aa*ron"ic, Aa*ron"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to Aaron, the first high priest of the Jews. AARON'S ROD Aar"on's rod`. Etym: [See Exodus vii. 9 and Numbers xvii. 8] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A rod with one serpent twined around it, thus differing from the caduceus of Mercury, which has two. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant with a tall flowering stem; esp. the great mullein, or hag-taper, and the golden-rod. AB- Ab-. Etym: [Latin prep., etymologically the same as E. of, off. See Of.] Defn: A prefix in many words of Latin origin. It signifies from, away , separating, or departure, as in abduct, abstract, abscond. See A- (6). AB Ab, n. Etym: [Of Syriac origin.] Defn: The fifth month of the Jewish year according to the ecclesiastical reckoning, the eleventh by the civil computation, coinciding nearly with August. W. Smith. ABACA Ab"a*ca, n. Etym: [The native name.] Defn: The Manila-hemp plant (Musa textilis); also, its fiber. See Manila hemp under Manila. ABACINATE A*bac"i*nate, v.t. Etym: [LL. abacinatus, p.p. of abacinare; ab off + bacinus a basin.] Defn: To blind by a red-hot metal plate held before the eyes. [R.] ABACINATION A*bac`i*na"tion, n. Defn: The act of abacinating. [R.] ABACISCUS Ab`a*cis"cus, n. Etym: [Gr.Abacus.] (Arch.) Defn: One of the tiles or squares of a tessellated pavement; an abaculus. ABACIST Ab"a*cist, n. Etym: [LL abacista, fr. abacus.] Defn: One who uses an abacus in casting accounts; a calculator. ABACK A*back", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + back; AS. on bæc at, on, or toward the back. See Back.] 1. Toward the back or rear; backward. "Therewith aback she started." Chaucer. 2. Behind; in the rear. Knolles. 3. (Naut.) Defn: Backward against the mast;-said of the sails when pressed by the wind. Totten. To be taken aback. (a) To be driven backward against the mast; -- said of the sails, also of the ship when the sails are thus driven. (b) To be suddenly checked, baffled, or discomfited. Dickens. ABACK Ab"ack, n. Defn: An abacus. [Obs.] B. Jonson. ABACTINAL Ab*ac"ti*nal, a. Etym: [L. ab + E. actinal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the surface or end opposite to the mouth in a radiate animal; -- opposed to actinal. "The aboral or abactinal area." L. Agassiz. ABACTION Ab*ac"tion, n. Defn: Stealing cattle on a large scale. [Obs.] ABACTOR Ab*ac"tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. abigere to drive away; ab+agere to drive.] (Law) Defn: One who steals and drives away cattle or beasts by herds or droves. [Obs.] ABACULUS A*bac"u*lus, n.; pl. Abaculi. Etym: [L., dim. of abacus.] (Arch.) Defn: A small tile of glass, marble, or other substance, of various colors, used in making ornamental patterns in mosaic pavements. Fairholt. ABACUS Ab"a*cus, n. E. pl. Abacuses ; L. pl. Abaci. Etym: [L. abacus, abax, Gr. 1. A table or tray strewn with sand, anciently used for drawing, calculating, etc. [Obs.] 2. A calculating table or frame; an instrument for performing arithmetical calculations by balls sliding on wires, or counters in grooves, the lowest line representing units, the second line, tens, etc. It is still employed in China. 3. (Arch.) (a) The uppermost member or division of the capital of a column, immediately under the architrave. See Column. (b) A tablet, panel, or compartment in ornamented or mosaic work. 4. A board, tray, or table, divided into perforated compartments, for holding cups, bottles, or the like; a kind of cupboard, buffet, or sideboard. Abacus harmonicus (Mus.), an ancient diagram showing the structure and disposition of the keys of an instrument. Crabb. ABADA Ab"a*da, n. Etym: [Pg., the female rhinoceros.] Defn: The rhinoceros. [Obs.] Purchas. ABADDON A*bad"don, n. Etym: [Heb. abaddon destruction, abyss, fr. abad to be lost, to perish.] 1. The destroyer, or angel of the bottomless pit; -- the same as Apollyon and Asmodeus. 2. Hell; the bottomless pit. [Poetic] In all her gates, Abaddon rues Thy bold attempt. Milton. ABAFT A*baft", prep. Etym: [Pref. a-on + OE. baft, baften, biaften, AS. beæftan; be by + æftan behind. See After, Aft, By.] (Naut.) Defn: Behind; toward the stern from; as, abaft the wheelhouse. Abaft the beam. See under Beam. ABAFT A*baft", adv. (Naut.) Defn: Toward the stern; aft; as, to go abaft. ABAISANCE A*bai"sance, n. Etym: [For obeisance; confused with F. abaisser, E. abase] Defn: Obeisance. [Obs.] Jonson. ABAISER A*bai"ser, n. Defn: Ivory black or animal charcoal. Weale. ABAIST A*baist", p.p. Defn: Abashed; confounded; discomfited. [Obs.] Chaucer. ABALIENATE Ab*al"ien*ate, v.t. Etym: [L. abalienatus, p.p. of abalienare; ab + alienus foreign, alien. See Alien.] 1. (Civil Law) Defn: To transfer the title of from one to another; to alienate. 2. To estrange; to withdraw. [Obs.] 3. To cause alienation of (mind). Sandys. ABALIENATION Ab*al`ien*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. abalienatio: cf. F. abalianation.] Defn: The act of abalienating; alienation; estrangement. [Obs.] ABALONE Ab`a*lo"ne, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A univalve mollusk of the genus Haliotis. The shell is lined with mother-of-pearl, and used for ornamental purposes; the sea-ear. Several large species are found on the coast of California, clinging closely to the rocks. ABAND A*band", v.t. Etym: [Contracted from abandon.] 1. To abandon. [Obs.] Enforced the kingdom to aband. Spenser. 2. To banish; to expel. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag. ABANDON A*ban"don, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Abandoned; p.pr. & vb.n. Abandoning.] Etym: [OF. abandoner, F.abandonner; a (L. ad)+bandon permission, authority, LL. bandum, bannum, public proclamation, interdiction, bannire to proclaim, summon: of Germanic origin; cf. Goth. bandwjan to show by signs, to designate OHG. banproclamation. The word meant to proclaim, put under a ban, put under control; hence, as in OE., to compel, subject, or to leave in the control of another, and hence, to give up. See Ban.] 1. To cast or drive out; to banish; to expel; to reject. [Obs.] That he might . . . abandon them from him. Udall. Being all this time abandoned from your bed. Shak. 2. To give up absolutely; to forsake entirely ; to renounce utterly; to relinquish all connection with or concern on; to desert, as a person to whom one owes allegiance or fidelity; to quit; to surrender. Hope was overthrown, yet could not be abandoned. I. Taylor. 3. Reflexively : To give (one's self) up without attempt at self- control ; to yield (one's self) unrestrainedly ; -- often in a bad sense. He abandoned himself . . . to his favorite vice. Macaulay. 4. (Mar. Law) Defn: To relinquish all claim to; -- used when an insured person gives up to underwriters all claim to the property covered by a policy, which may remain after loss or damage by a peril insured against. Syn. -- To give up; yield; forego; cede; surrender; resign; abdicate; quit; relinquish; renounce; desert; forsake; leave; retire; withdraw from. -- To Abandon, Desert, Forsake. These words agree in representing a person as giving up or leaving some object, but differ as to the mode of doing it. The distinctive sense of abandon is that of giving up a thing absolutely and finally; as, to abandon one's friends, places, opinions, good or evil habits, a hopeless enterprise, a shipwrecked vessel. Abandon is more widely applicable than forsake or desert. The Latin original of desert appears to have been originally applied to the case of deserters from military service. Hence, the verb, when used of persons in the active voice, has usually or always a bad sense, implying some breach of fidelity, honor, etc., the leaving of something which the person should rightfully stand by and support; as, to desert one's colors, to desert one's post, to desert one's principles or duty. When used in the passive, the sense is not necessarily bad; as, the fields were deserted, a deserted village, deserted halls. Forsake implies the breaking off of previous habit, association, personal connection, or that the thing left had been familiar or frequented; as, to forsake old friends, to forsake the paths of rectitude, the blood forsook his cheeks. It may be used either in a good or in a bad sense. ABANDON A*ban"don, n. Etym: [F. abandon. fr. abandonner. See Abandon, v.] Defn: Abandonment; relinquishment. [Obs.] ABANDON A`ban`don", n. Etym: [F. See Abandon.] Defn: A complete giving up to natural impulses; freedom from artificial constraint; careless freedom or ease. ABANDONED A*ban"doned, a. 1. Forsaken, deserted. "Your abandoned streams." Thomson. 2. Self-abandoned, or given up to vice; extremely wicked, or sinning without restraint; irreclaimably wicked ; as, an abandoned villain. Syn. -- Profligate; dissolute; corrupt; vicious; depraved; reprobate; wicked; unprincipled; graceless; vile. -- Abandoned, Profligate, Reprobate. These adjectives agree in expressing the idea of great personal depravity. Profligate has reference to open and shameless immoralities, either in private life or political conduct; as, a profligate court, a profligate ministry. Abandoned is stronger, and has reference to the searing of conscience and hardening of heart produced by a man's giving himself wholly up to iniquity; as, a man of abandoned character. Reprobate describes the condition of one who has become insensible to reproof, and who is morally abandoned and lost beyond hope of recovery. God gave them over to a reprobate mind. Rom. i. 28. ABANDONEDLY A*ban"doned*ly, adv. Defn: Unrestrainedly. ABANDONEE A*ban`don*ee", n. (Law) Defn: One to whom anything is legally abandoned. ABANDONER A*ban"don*er, n. Defn: One who abandons. Beau. & Fl. ABANDONMENT A*ban"don*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. abandonnement.] 1. The act of abandoning, or the state of being abandoned; total desertion; relinquishment. The abandonment of the independence of Europe. Burke. 2. (Mar. Law) Defn: The relinquishment by the insured to the underwriters of what may remain of the property insured after a loss or damage by a peril insured against. 3. (Com. Law) Defn: (a) The relinquishment of a right, claim, or privilege, as to mill site, etc. (b) The voluntary leaving of a person to whom one is bound by a special relation, as a wife, husband, or child; desertion. 4. Careless freedom or ease; abandon. [R.] Carlyle. ABANDUM A*ban"*dum, n. Etym: [LL. See Abandon.] (Law) Defn: Anything forfeited or confiscated. ABANET Ab"a*net, n. Defn: See Abnet. ABANGA A*ban"ga, n. Etym: [Name given by the negroes in the island of St. Thomas.] Defn: A West Indian palm; also the fruit of this palm, the seeds of which are used as a remedy for diseases of the chest. ABANNATION; ABANNITION Ab`an*na"tion, Ab`an*nition, n. Etym: [LL. abannatio; ad + LL. bannire to banish.] (Old Law) Defn: Banishment. [Obs.] Bailey. ABARTICULATION Ab`ar*tic`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. ab + E. articulation : cf. F. abarticulation. See Article.] (Anat.) Defn: Articulation, usually that kind of articulation which admits of free motion in the joint; diarthrosis. Coxe. ABASE A*base", v.t. [imp.&p.p. Abased; p.pr. & vb. n. Abasing.] Etym: [F. abaisser, LL. abassare, abbassare ; ad + bassare, fr. bassus low. See Base, a.] 1. To lower or depress; to throw or cast down; as, to abase the eye. [Archaic] Bacon. Saying so, he abased his lance. Shelton. 2. To cast down or reduce low or lower, as in rank, office, condition in life, or estimation of worthiness; to depress; to humble; to degrade. Whosoever exalteth himself shall be abased. Luke xiv. ll. Syn. -- To Abase, Debase, Degrade. These words agree in the idea of bringing down from a higher to a lower state. Abase has reference to a bringing down in condition or feelings; as to abase one's self before God. Debase has reference to the bringing down of a thing in purity, or making it base. It is, therefore, always used in a bad sense, as, to debase the coin of the kingdom, to debase the mind by vicious indulgence, to debase one's style by coarse or vulgar expressions. Degrade has reference to a bringing down from some higher grade or from some standard. Thus, a priest is degraded from the clerical office. When used in a moral sense, it denotes a bringing down in character and just estimation; as, degraded by intemperance, a degrading employment, etc. "Art is degraded when it is regarded only as a trade." ABASED A*based", a. 1. Lowered; humbled. 2. (Her.) Etym: [F. abaissé.] Defn: Borne lower than usual, as a fess; also, having the ends of the wings turned downward towards the point of the shield. ABASEDLY A*bas"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Abjectly; downcastly. ABASEMENT A*base"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. abaissement.] Defn: The act of abasing, humbling, or bringing low; the state of being abased or humbled; humiliation. ABASER A*bas"er, n. Defn: He who, or that which, abases. ABASH A*bash", v.t. [imp. & p.p. Abashed; p.pr. & vb. n. Abashing.] Etym: [OE. abaissen, abaisshen, abashen, OF.esbahir, F. ébahir, to astonish, fr. L. ex + the interjection bah, expressing astonishment. In OE. somewhat confused with abase. Cf. Finish.] Defn: To destroy the self-possession of; to confuse or confound, as by exciting suddenly a consciousness of guilt, mistake, or inferiority; to put to shame; to disconcert; to discomfit. Abashed, the devil stood, And felt how awful goodness is. Milton. He was a man whom no check could abash. Macaulay. Syn. -- To confuse; confound; disconcert; shame. -- To Abash, Confuse, Confound. Abash is a stronger word than confuse, but not so strong as confound. We are abashed when struck either with sudden shame or with a humbling sense of inferiority; as, Peter was abashed in the presence of those who are greatly his superiors. We are confused when, from some unexpected or startling occurrence, we lose clearness of thought and self-possession. Thus, a witness is often confused by a severe cross-examination; a timid person is apt to be confused in entering a room full of strangers. We are confounded when our minds are overwhelmed, as it were, by something wholly unexpected, amazing, dreadful, etc., so that we have nothing to say. Thus, a criminal is usually confounded at the discovery of his guilt. Satan stood Awhile as mute, confounded what to say. Milton. ABASHEDLY A*bash"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In an abashed manner. ABASHMENT A*bash"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ébahissement.] Defn: The state of being abashed; confusion from shame. ABASIA A*ba"si*a, n. [NL.; Gr. - not + a step.] (Med.) Defn: Inability to coördinate muscular actions properly in walking. - - A*ba"sic (#), a. ABASSI; ABASSIS A*bas"si, A*bas"sis, n. Etym: [Ar.& Per. abasi, belonging to Abas (a king of Persia).] Defn: A silver coin of Persia, worth about twenty cents. ABATABLE A*bat"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being abated; as, an abatable writ or nuisance. ABATE A*bate", v.t. [imp.& p.p. Abated, p.pr. & vb.n. Abating.] Etym: [OF. abatre to beat down, F. abattre, LL. abatere; ab or ad + batere, battere (popular form for L. batuere to beat). Cf. Bate, Batter.] 1. To beat down; to overthrow. [Obs.] The King of Scots . . . sore abated the walls. Edw. Hall. 2. To bring down or reduce from a higher to a lower state, number, or degree; to lessen; to diminish; to contract; to moderate; toto cut short; as, to abate a demand; to abate pride, zeal, hope. His eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated. Deut. xxxiv. 7. 3. To deduct; to omit; as, to abate something from a price. Nine thousand parishes, abating the odd hundreds. Fuller. 4. To blunt. [Obs.] To abate the edge of envy. Bacon. 5. To reduce in estimation; to deprive. [Obs.] She hath abated me of half my train. Shak. 6. (Law) Defn: (a) To bring entirely down or put an end to; to do away with; as, to abate a nuisance, to abate a writ. (b) (Eng. Law) To diminish; to reduce. Legacies are liable to be abated entirely or in proportion, upon a deficiency of assets. To abate a tax, to remit it either wholly or in part. ABATE A*bate", v.i. Etym: [See Abate, v.t.] 1. To decrease, or become less in strength or violence; as, pain abates, a storm abates. The fury of Glengarry . . . rapidly abated. Macaulay. 2. To be defeated, or come to naught; to fall through; to fail; as, a writ abates. To abate into a freehold, To abate in lands (Law), to enter into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, and before the heir takes possession. See Abatement, 4. Syn. -- To subside; decrease; intermit; decline; diminish; lessen. -- To Abate, Subside. These words, as here compared, imply a coming down from some previously raised or exited state. Abate expresses this in respect to degrees, and implies a diminution of force or of intensity; as, the storm abates, the cold abates, the force of the wind abates; or, the wind abates, a fever abates. Subside (to settle down) has reference to a previous state of agitation or commotion; as, the waves subside after a storm, the wind subsides into a calm. When the words are used figuratively, the same distinction should be observed. If we conceive of a thing as having different degrees of intensity or strength, the word to be used is abate. Thus we say, a man's anger abates, the ardor of one's love abates, "Winter rage abates". But if the image be that of a sinking down into quiet from preceding excitement or commotion, the word to be used is subside; as, the tumult of the people subsides, the public mind subsided into a calm. The same is the case with those emotions which are tumultuous in their nature; as, his passion subsides, his joy quickly subsided, his grief subsided into a pleasing melancholy. Yet if, in such cases, we were thinking of the degree of violence of the emotion, we might use abate; as, his joy will abate in the progress of time; and so in other instances. ABATE A*bate, n. Defn: Abatement. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ABATEMENT A*bate"ment, n. Etym: [OF. abatement, F. abattement.] 1. The act of abating, or the state of being abated; a lessening, diminution, or reduction; removal or putting an end to; as, the abatement of a nuisance is the suppression thereof. 2. The amount abated; that which is taken away by way of reduction; deduction; decrease; a rebate or discount allowed. 3. (Her.) Defn: A mark of dishonor on an escutcheon. 4. (Law) Defn: The entry of a stranger, without right, into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. Blackstone. Defense in abatement, Plea in abatement, (Law), plea to the effect that from some formal defect (e.g. misnomer, want of jurisdiction) the proceedings should be abated. ABATER A*bat"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, abates. ABATIS; ABATTIS Ab"a*tis, Aba"t*tis, n. Etym: [F. abatis, abattis, mass of things beaten or cut down, fr. abattre. See Abate.] (Fort.) Defn: A means of defense formed by felled trees, the ends of whose branches are sharpened and directed outwards, or against the enemy. ABATISED Ab"a*tised, a. Defn: Provided with an abatis. ABATOR A*ba"tor, n. (Law) Defn: (a) One who abates a nuisance. (b) A person who, without right, enters into a freehold on the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. Blackstone. ABATTOIR A`bat`toir", n.; pl. Abattoirs. Etym: [F., fr. abattre to beat down. See Abate.] Defn: A public slaughterhouse for cattle, sheep, etc. ABATURE Ab"a*ture, n. Etym: [F. abatture, fr. abattre. See Abate.] Defn: Grass and sprigs beaten or trampled down by a stag passing through them. Crabb. ABATVOIX A`bat`voix", n. Etym: [F. abattre to beat down + voix voice.] Defn: The sounding-board over a pulpit or rostrum. ABAWED Ab*awed", p.p. Etym: [Perh. p.p. of a verb fr. OF. abaubir to frighten, disconcert, fr. L. ad + balbus stammering.] Defn: Astonished; abashed. [Obs.] Chaucer. ABAXIAL; ABAXILE Ab*ax"i*al, Ab*ax"ile, a. Etym: [L. ab + axis axle.] (Bot.) Defn: Away from the axis or central line; eccentric. Balfour. ABAY A*bay", n. Etym: [OF. abay barking.] Defn: Barking; baying of dogs upon their prey. See Bay. [Obs.] ABB Abb, n. Etym: [AS. aweb, ab; pref. a- + web. See Web.] Defn: Among weaves, yarn for the warp. Hence, abb wool is wool for the abb. ABBA Ab"ba, n. Etym: [Syriac abba father. See Abbot.] Defn: Father; religious superior; -- in the Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic churches, a title given to the bishops, and by the bishops to the patriarch. ABBACY Ab"ba*cy, n.; pl. Abbacies. Etym: [L. abbatia, fr. abbas, abbatis, abbot. See Abbey.] Defn: The dignity, estate, or jurisdiction of an abbot. ABBATIAL Ab*ba"tial, a. Etym: [LL. abbatialis : cf. F. abbatial.] Defn: Belonging to an abbey; as, abbatial rights. ABBATICAL Ab*bat"ic*al, a. Defn: Abbatial. [Obs.] ABBE Ab"bé`, n.Etym: [F. abbé. See Abbot.] Defn: The French word answering to the English abbot, the head of an abbey; but commonly a title of respect given in France to every one vested with the ecclesiastical habit or dress. Note: * After the 16th century, the name was given, in social parlance, to candidates for some priory or abbey in the gift of the crown. Many of these aspirants became well known in literary and fashionable life. By further extension, the name came to be applied to unbeneficed secular ecclesiastics generally. Littré. ABBESS Ab"bess, n. Etym: [OF.abaesse, abeesse, F. abbesse, L. abbatissa, fem. of abbas, abbatis, abbot. See Abbot.] Defn: A female superior or governess of a nunnery, or convent of nuns, having the same authority over the nuns which the abbots have over the monks. See Abbey. ABBEY Ab"bey, n.; pl. Abbeys. Etym: [OF. abaïe, F. abbaye, L. abbatia, fr. abbas abbot. See Abbot.] 1. A monastery or society of persons of either sex, secluded from the world and devoted to religion and celibacy; also, the monastic building or buildings. Note: The men are called monks, and governed by an abbot; the women are called nuns, and governed by an abbess. 2. The church of a monastery. Note: In London, the Abbey means Westminster Abbey, and in Scotland, the precincts of the Abbey of Holyrood. The name is also retained for a private residence on the site of an abbey; as, Newstead Abbey, the residence of Lord Byron. Syn. -- Monastery; convent; nunnery; priory; cloister. See Cloister. ABBOT Ab"bot, n. Etym: [AS. abbod, abbad, L. abbas, abbatis, Gr. abba father. Cf. Abba, AbbÉ.] 1. The superior or head of an abbey. 2. One of a class of bishops whose sees were formerly abbeys. Encyc. Brit. Abbot of the people. a title formerly given to one of the chief magistrates in Genoa. -- Abbot of Misrule (or Lord of Misrule), in mediæval times, the master of revels, as at Christmas; in Scotland called the Abbot of Unreason. Encyc. Brit. ABBOTSHIP Ab"bot*ship, n. Etym: [Abbot + -ship.] Defn: The state or office of an abbot. ABBREVIATE Ab*bre"vi*ate, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Abbreviated; p.pr. & vb.n. Abbreviating.] Etym: [L. abbreviatus, p.p. of abbreviare; ad + breviare to shorten, fr. brevis short. See Abridge.] 1. To make briefer; to shorten; to abridge; to reduce by contraction or omission, especially of words written or spoken. It is one thing to abbreviate by contracting, another by cutting off. Bacon. 2. (Math.) Defn: To reduce to lower terms, as a fraction. ABBREVIATE Ab*bre"vi*ate, a. Etym: [L. abbreviatus, p.p.] 1. Abbreviated; abridged; shortened. [R.] "The abbreviate form." Earle. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Having one part relatively shorter than another or than the ordinary type. ABBREVIATE Ab*bre"vi*ate, n. Defn: An abridgment. [Obs.] Elyot. ABBREVIATED Ab*bre"vi*a`ted, a. Defn: Shortened; relatively short; abbreviate. ABBREVIATION Ab*bre`vi*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. abbreviatio: cf. F. abbréviation.] 1. The act of shortening, or reducing. 2. The result of abbreviating; an abridgment. Tylor. 3. The form to which a word or phrase is reduced by contraction and omission; a letter or letters, standing for a word or phrase of which they are a part; as, Gen. for Genesis; U.S.A. for United States of America. 4. (Mus.) Defn: One dash, or more, through the stem of a note, dividing it respectively into quavers, semiquavers, or demi-semiquavers. Moore. ABBREVIATOR Ab*bre"vi*a`tor, n. Etym: [LL.: cf. F. abbréviateur.] 1. One who abbreviates or shortens. 2. One of a college of seventy-two officers of the papal court whose duty is to make a short minute of a decision on a petition, or reply of the pope to a letter, and afterwards expand the minute into official form. ABBREVIATORY Ab*bre"vi*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Serving or tending to abbreviate; shortening; abridging. ABBREVIATURE Ab*bre"vi*a*ture, n. 1. An abbreviation; an abbreviated state or form. [Obs.] 2. An abridgment; a compendium or abstract. This is an excellent abbreviature of the whole duty of a Christian. Jer. Taylor. ABB WOOL Abb" wool. Defn: See Abb. A B C A B C". 1. The first three letters of the alphabet, used for the whole alphabet. 2. A primer for teaching the alphabet and first elements of reading. [Obs.] 3. The simplest rudiments of any subject; as, the A B C of finance. A B C book, a primer. Shak. ABDAL Ab"dal, n. Etym: [Ar. badil, pl. abdal, a substitute, a good, religious man, saint, fr. badala to change, substitute.] Defn: A religious devotee or dervish in Persia. ABDERIAN Ab*de"ri*an, a. Etym: [From Abdera, a town in Thrace, of which place Democritus, the Laughing Philosopher, was a native.] Defn: Given to laughter; inclined to foolish or incessant merriment. ABDERITE Ab*de"rite, n. Etym: [L. Abderita, Abderites, fr. Gr. ' Defn: An inhabitant of Abdera, in Thrace. The Abderite, Democritus, the Laughing Philosopher. ABDEST Ab"dest, n. Etym: [Per. abdast; ab water + dast hand.] Defn: Purification by washing the hands before prayer; -- a Mohammedan rite. Heyse. ABDICABLE Ab"di*ca*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being abdicated. ABDICANT Ab"di*cant, a. Etym: [L. abdicans, p.pr. of abdicare.] Defn: Abdicating; renouncing; -- followed by of. Monks abdicant of their orders. Whitlock. ABDICANT Ab"di*cant, n. Defn: One who abdicates. Smart. ABDICATE Ab"di*cate, v.t. [imp. & p.p. Abdicated; p.pr. & vb.n. Abdicating.] Etym: [L. abdicatus, p.p. of abdicare; ab + dicare to proclaim, akin to dicere to say. See Diction.] 1. To surrender or relinquish, as sovereign power; to withdraw definitely from filling or exercising, as a high office, station, dignity; as, to abdicate the throne, the crown, the papacy. Note: The word abdicate was held to mean, in the case of James II., to abandon without a formal surrender. The cross-bearers abdicated their service. Gibbon. 2. To renounce; to relinquish; -- said of authority, a trust, duty, right, etc. He abdicates all right to be his own governor. Burke. The understanding abdicates its functions. Froude. 3. To reject; to cast off. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 4. (Civil Law) Defn: To disclaim and expel from the family, as a father his child; to disown; to disinherit. Syn. -- To give up; quit; vacate; relinquish; forsake; abandon; resign; renounce; desert. -- To Abdicate, Resign. Abdicate commonly expresses the act of a monarch in voluntary and formally yielding up sovereign authority; as, to abdicate the government. Resign is applied to the act of any person, high or low, who gives back an office or trust into the hands of him who conferred it. Thus, a minister resigns, a military officer resigns, a clerk resigns. The expression, "The king resigned his crown," sometimes occurs in our later literature, implying that he held it from his people. -- There are other senses of resign which are not here brought into view. ABDICATE Ab"di*cate, v.i. Defn: To relinquish or renounce a throne, or other high office or dignity. Though a king may abdicate for his own person, he cannot abdicate for the monarchy. Burke. ABDICATION Ab`di*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. abdicatio: cf. F. abdication.] Defn: The act of abdicating; the renunciation of a high office, dignity, or trust, by its holder; commonly the voluntary renunciation of sovereign power; as, abdication of the throne, government, power, authority. ABDICATIVE Ab"di*ca*tive, a. Etym: [L. abdicativus.] Defn: Causing, or implying, abdication. [R.] Bailey. ABDICATOR Ab"di*ca`tor, n. Defn: One who abdicates. ABDITIVE Ab"di*tive, a. Etym: [L. abditivus, fr. abdere to hide.] Defn: Having the quality of hiding. [R.] Bailey. ABDITORY Ab"di*to*ry, n. Etym: [L. abditorium.] Defn: A place for hiding or preserving articles of value. Cowell. ABDOMEN Ab*do"men, n. Etym: [L. abdomen (a word of uncertain etymol.): cf. F. abdomen.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The belly, or that part of the body between the thorax and the pelvis. Also, the cavity of the belly, which is lined by the peritoneum, and contains the stomach, bowels, and other viscera. In man, often restricted to the part between the diaphragm and the commencement of the pelvis, the remainder being called the pelvic cavity. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The posterior section of the body, behind the thorax, in insects, crustaceans, and other Arthropoda. ABDOMINAL Ab*dom"i*nal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. abdominal.] 1. Of or pertaining to the abdomen; ventral; as, the abdominal regions, muscles, cavity. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having abdominal fins; belonging to the Abdominales; as, abdominal fishes. Abdominal ring (Anat.), a fancied ringlike opening on each side of the abdomen, external and superior to the pubes; -- called also inguinal ring. ABDOMINAL Ab*dom"i*nal, n.; E. pl. Abdominals, L. pl. Abdominales. Defn: A fish of the group Abdominales. ABDOMINALES Ab*dom`i*na"les, n. pl. Etym: [NL., masc. pl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group including the greater part of fresh-water fishes, and many marine ones, having the ventral fins under the abdomen behind the pectorals. ABDOMINALIA Ab*dom`i*na"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., neut. pl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of cirripeds having abdominal appendages. ABDOMINOSCOPY Ab*dom`i*nos"co*py, n. Etym: [L. abdomen + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Examination of the abdomen to detect abdominal disease. ABDOMINOTHORACIC Ab*dom`i*no*tho*rac"ic, a. Defn: Relating to the abdomen and the thorax, or chest. ABDOMINOUS Ab*dom"i*nous, a. Defn: Having a protuberant belly; pot-bellied. Gorgonius sits, abdominous and wan, Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan. Cowper. ABDUCE Ab*duce", v.t. [imp. & p.p. Abduced; p.pr. & vb.n. Abducing.] Etym: [L. abducere to lead away; ab + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Abduct.] Defn: To draw or conduct away; to withdraw; to draw to a different part. [Obs.] If we abduce the eye unto either corner, the object will not duplicate. Sir T. Browne. ABDUCT Ab*duct", v.t. [imp. & p.p. Abducted; p.pr. & vb.n. Abducting.] Etym: [L. abductus, p.p. of abducere. See Abduce.] 1. To take away surreptitiously by force; to carry away (a human being) wrongfully and usually by violence; to kidnap. 2. To draw away, as a limb or other part, from its ordinary position. ABDUCTION Ab*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. abductio: cf. F. abduction.] 1. The act of abducing or abducting; a drawing apart; a carrying away. Roget. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The movement which separates a limb or other part from the axis, or middle line, of the body. 3. (Law) Defn: The wrongful, and usually the forcible, carrying off of a human being; as, the abduction of a child, the abduction of an heiress. 4. (Logic) Defn: A syllogism or form of argument in which the major is evident, but the minor is only probable. ABDUCTOR Ab*duc"tor, n. Etym: [NL.] 1. One who abducts. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A muscle which serves to draw a part out, or form the median line of the body; as, the abductor oculi, which draws the eye outward. ABEAM A*beam", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + beam.] (Naut.) Defn: On the beam, that is, on a line which forms a right angle with the ship's keel; opposite to the center of the ship's side. ABEAR A*bear", v.t. Etym: [AS. aberan; pref. a- + beran to bear.] 1. To bear; to behave. [Obs.] So did the faery knight himself abear. Spenser. 2. To put up with; to endure. [Prov.] Dickens. ABEARANCE A*bear"ance, n. Defn: Behavior. [Obs.] Blackstone. ABEARING A*bear"ing, n. Defn: Behavior. [Obs.] Sir. T. More. ABECEDARIAN A`be*ce*da"ri*an, n. Etym: [L. abecedarius. A word from the first four letters of the alphabet.] 1. One who is learning the alphabet; hence, a tyro. 2. One engaged in teaching the alphabet. Wood. ABECEDARIAN; ABECEDARY A`be*ce*da"ri*an, A`be*ce"da*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or formed by, the letters of the alphabet; alphabetic; hence, rudimentary. Abecedarian psalms, hymns, etc., compositions in which (like the 119th psalm in Hebrew) distinct portions or verses commence with successive letters of the alphabet. Hook. ABECEDARY A`be*ce"da*ry, n. Defn: A primer; the first principle or rudiment of anything. [R.] Fuller. ABED A*bed", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- in, on + bed.] 1. In bed, or on the bed. Not to be abed after midnight. Shak. 2. To childbed (in the phrase "brought abed," that is, delivered of a child). Shak. ABEGGE A*beg"ge. Defn: Same as Aby. [Obs.] Chaucer. ABELE A*bele", n. Etym: [D. abeel (abeel-boom), OF. abel, aubel, fr. a dim. of L. albus white.] Defn: The white polar (Populus alba). Six abeles i' the churchyard grow. Mrs. Browning. ABELIAN; ABELITE; ABELONIAN A*bel"i*an, A"bel*ite, A`bel*o"ni*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect in Africa (4th century), mentioned by St. Augustine, who states that they married, but lived in continence, after the manner, as they pretended, of Abel. ABELMOSK A"bel*mosk`, n. Etym: [NL. abelmoschus, fr. Ar. abu-l-misk father of musk, i.e., producing musk. See Musk.] (Bot.) Defn: An evergreen shrub (Hibiscus -- formerly Abelmoschus- moschatus), of the East and West Indies and Northern Africa, whose musky seeds are used in perfumery and to flavor coffee; -- sometimes called musk mallow. ABER-DE-VINE Ab`er-de-vine", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European siskin (Carduelis spinus), a small green and yellow finch, related to the goldfinch. ABERR Ab*err", v.i. Etym: [L. aberrare. See Aberrate.] Defn: To wander; to stray. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ABERRANCE; ABERRANCY Ab*er"rance, Ab*er"ran*cy, n. Defn: State of being aberrant; a wandering from the right way; deviation from truth, rectitude, etc. Aberrancy of curvature (Geom.), the deviation of a curve from a circular form. ABERRANT Ab*er"rant, a. Etym: [L. aberrans, -rantis, p.pr. of aberrare.] Defn: See Aberr.] 1. Wandering; straying from the right way. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Deviating from the ordinary or natural type; exceptional; abnormal. The more aberrant any form is, the greater must have been the number of connecting forms which, on my theory, have been exterminated. Darwin. ABERRATE Ab"er*rate, v.i. Etym: [L. aberratus, p.pr. of aberrare; ab + errare to wander. See Err.] Defn: To go astray; to diverge. [R.] Their own defective and aberrating vision. De Quincey. ABERRATION Ab`er*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. aberratio: cf. F. aberration. See Aberrate.] 1. The act of wandering; deviation, especially from truth or moral rectitude, from the natural state, or from a type. "The aberration of youth." Hall. "Aberrations from theory." Burke. 2. A partial alienation of reason. "Occasional aberrations of intellect." Lingard. Whims, which at first are the aberrations of a single brain, pass with heat into epidemic form. I. Taylor. 3. (Astron.) Defn: A small periodical change of position in the stars and other heavenly bodies, due to the combined effect of the motion of light and the motion of the observer; called annual aberration, when the observer's motion is that of the earth in its orbit, and dairy or diurnal aberration, when of the earth on its axis; amounting when greatest, in the former case, to 20.4'', and in the latter, to 0.3''. Planetary aberration is that due to the motion of light and the motion of the planet relative to the earth. 4. (Opt.) Defn: The convergence to different foci, by a lens or mirror, of rays of light emanating from one and the same point, or the deviation of such rays from a single focus; called spherical aberration, when due to the spherical form of the lens or mirror, such form giving different foci for central and marginal rays; and chromatic aberration, when due to different refrangibilities of the colored rays of the spectrum, those of each color having a distinct focus. 5. (Physiol.) Defn: The passage of blood or other fluid into parts not appropriate for it. 6. (Law) Defn: The producing of an unintended effect by the glancing of an instrument, as when a shot intended for A glances and strikes B. Syn. -- Insanity; lunacy; madness; derangement; alienation; mania; dementia; hallucination; illusion; delusion. See Insanity. ABERRATIONAL Ab`er*ra"tion*al, a. Defn: Characterized by aberration. ABERUNCATE Ab`e*run"cate, v.t. Etym: [L. aberuncare, for aberruncare. See Averruncate.] Defn: To weed out. [Obs.] Bailey. ABERUNCATOR Ab`e*run"ca*tor, n. Defn: A weeding machine. ABET A*bet", v.t. [imp. & p.p. Abetted; p.pr. & vb.n. Abetting.] Etym: [OF. abeter; a (L. ad) + beter to bait (as a bear), fr. Icel. beita to set dogs on, to feed, originally, to cause to bite, fr. Icel. bita to bite, hence to bait, to incite. See Bait, Bet.] 1. To instigate or encourage by aid or countenance; -- used in a bad sense of persons and acts; as, to abet an ill-doer; to abet one in his wicked courses; to abet vice; to abet an insurrection. "The whole tribe abets the villany." South. Would not the fool abet the stealth, Who rashly thus exposed his wealth Gay. 2. To support, uphold, or aid; to maintain; -- in a good sense. [Obs.]. Our duty is urged, and our confidence abetted. Jer. Taylor. 3. (Law) Defn: To contribute, as an assistant or instigator, to the commission of an offense. Syn. -- To incite; instigate; set on; egg on; foment; advocate; countenance; encourage; second; uphold; aid; assist; support; sustain; back; connive at. ABET A*bet", n. Etym: [OF. abet, fr. abeter.] Defn: Act of abetting; aid. [Obs.] Chaucer. ABETMENT A*bet"ment, n. Defn: The act of abetting; as, an abetment of treason, crime, etc. ABETTAL A*bet"tal, n. Defn: Abetment. [R.] ABETTER; ABETTOR A*bet"ter, A*bet*tor, n. Defn: One who abets; an instigator of an offense or an offender. Note: The form abettor is the legal term and also in general use. Syn. -- Abettor, Accessory, Accomplice. These words denote different degrees of complicity in some deed or crime. An abettor is one who incites or encourages to the act, without sharing in its performance. An accessory supposes a principal offender. One who is neither the chief actor in an offense, nor present at its performance, but accedes to or becomes involved in its guilt, either by some previous or subsequent act, as of instigating, encouraging, aiding, or concealing, etc., is an accessory. An accomplice is one who participates in the commission of an offense, whether as principal or accessory. Thus in treason, there are no abettors or accessories, but all are held to be principals or accomplices. ABEVACUATION Ab`e*vac"u*a"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. ab- + evacuation.] (Med.) Defn: A partial evacuation. Mayne. ABEYANCE A*bey"ance, n. Etym: [OF. abeance expectation, longing; a (L. ad) + baer, beer, to gape, to look with open mouth, to expect, F. bayer, LL. badare to gape.] 1. (Law) Defn: Expectancy; condition of being undetermined. Note: When there is no person in existence in whom an inheritance (or a dignity) can vest, it is said to be in abeyance, that is, in expectation; the law considering it as always potentially existing, and ready to vest whenever a proper owner appears. Blackstone. 2. Suspension; temporary suppression. Keeping the sympathies of love and admiration in a dormant state, or state of abeyance. De Quincey. ABEYANCY A*bey"an*cy, n. Defn: Abeyance. [R.] Hawthorne. ABEYANT A*bey"ant, a. Defn: Being in a state of abeyance. ABGEORDNETENHAUS Ab"ge*ord`ne*ten*haus`, n. [G.] Defn: See Legislature, Austria, Prussia. ABHAL Ab"hal, n. Defn: The berries of a species of cypress in the East Indies. ABHOMINABLE Ab*hom"i*na*ble, a. Defn: Abominable. Note: [A false orthography anciently used; h was foisted into various words; hence abholish, for abolish, etc.] This is abhominable, which he [Don Armado] would call abominable. Shak. Love's Labor's Lost, v. 1. ABHOMINAL Ab*hom`i*nal, a. Etym: [L. ab away from + homo, hominis, man.] Defn: Inhuman. [Obs.] Fuller. ABHOR Ab*hor", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abhorred; p. pr. & vb. n. Abhorring.] Etym: [L. abhorrere; ab + horrere to bristle, shiver, shudder: cf. F. abhorrer. See Horrid.] 1. To shrink back with shuddering from; to regard with horror or detestation; to feel excessive repugnance toward; to detest to extremity; to loathe. Abhor that which is evil; cleave to that which is good. Rom. xii. 9. 2. To fill with horror or disgust. [Obs.] It doth abhor me now I speak the word. Shak. 3. (Canon Law) Defn: To protest against; to reject solemnly. [Obs.] I utterly abhor, yea, from my soul Refuse you for my judge. Shak. Syn. -- To hate; detest; loathe; abominate. See Hate. ABHOR Ab*hor", v. i. Defn: To shrink back with horror, disgust, or dislike; to be contrary or averse; -- with from. [Obs.] "To abhor from those vices." Udall. Which is utterly abhorring from the end of all law. Milton. ABHORRENCE Ab*hor"rence, n. Defn: Extreme hatred or detestation; the feeling of utter dislike. ABHORRENCY Ab*hor"ren*cy, n. Defn: Abhorrence. [Obs.] Locke. ABHORRENT Ab*hor"rent, a. Etym: [L. abhorens, -rentis, p. pr. of abhorrere.] 1. Abhorring; detesting; having or showing abhorrence; loathing; hence, strongly opposed to; as, abhorrent thoughts. The persons most abhorrent from blood and treason. Burke. The arts of pleasure in despotic courts I spurn abhorrent. Clover. 2. Contrary or repugnant; discordant; inconsistent; -- followed by to. "Injudicious profanation, so abhorrent to our stricter principles." Gibbon. 3. Detestable. "Pride, abhorrent as it is." I. Taylor. ABHORRENTLY Ab*hor"rent*ly, adv. Defn: With abhorrence. ABHORRER Ab*hor"rer, n. Defn: One who abhors. Hume. ABHORRIBLE Ab*hor"ri*ble, a. Defn: Detestable. [R.] ABHORRING Ab*hor"ring, n. 1. Detestation. Milton. 2. Object of abhorrence. Isa. lxvi. 24. ABIB A"bib, n. Etym: [Heb. abib, lit. an ear of corn. The month was so called from barley being at that time in ear.] Defn: The first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, corresponding nearly to our April. After the Babylonish captivity this month was called Nisan. Kitto. ABIDANCE A*bid"ance, n. Defn: The state of abiding; abode; continuance; compliance (with). The Christians had no longer abidance in the holy hill of Palestine. Fuller. A judicious abidance by rules. Helps. ABIDE A*bide", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abode, formerly Abid(#); p. pr. & vb. n. Abiding.] Etym: [AS. abidan; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + bidan to bide. See Bide.] 1. To wait; to pause; to delay. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To stay; to continue in a place; to have one's abode; to dwell; to sojourn; -- with with before a person, and commonly with at or in before a place. Let the damsel abide with us a few days. Gen. xxiv. 55. 3. To remain stable or fixed in some state or condition; to continue; to remain. Let every man abide in the same calling. 1 Cor. vii. 20. Followed by by: To abide by. (a) To stand to; to adhere; to maintain. The poor fellow was obstinate enough to abide by what he said at first. Fielding. (b) To acquiesce; to conform to; as, to abide by a decision or an award. ABIDE A*bide", v. t. 1. To wait for; to be prepared for; to await; to watch for; as, I abide my time. "I will abide the coming of my lord." Tennyson. Note: [[Obs.], with a personal object. Bonds and afflictions abide me. Acts xx. 23. 2. To endure; to sustain; to submit to. [Thou] shalt abide her judgment on it. Tennyson. 3. To bear patiently; to tolerate; to put up with. She could not abide Master Shallow. Shak. 4. Note: [Confused with aby to pay for. See Aby.] Defn: To stand the consequences of; to answer for; to suffer for. Dearly I abide that boast so vain. Milton. ABIDER A*bid"er, n. 1. One who abides, or continues. [Obs.] "Speedy goers and strong abiders." Sidney. 2. One who dwells; a resident. Speed. ABIDING A*bid"ing, a. Defn: Continuing; lasting. ABIDINGLY A*bid"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Permanently. Carlyle. ABIES A"bi*es, n. Etym: [L., fir tree.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of coniferous trees, properly called Fir, as the balsam fir and the silver fir. The spruces are sometimes also referred to this genus. ABIETENE Ab"i*e*tene, n. Etym: [L. abies, abietis, a fir tree.] Defn: A volatile oil distilled from the resin or balsam of the nut pine (Pinus sabiniana) of California. ABIETIC Ab`i*et"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the fir tree or its products; as, abietic acid, called also sylvic acid. Watts. ABIETIN; ABIETINE Ab"i*e*tin, Ab"i*e*tine, n. Etym: [See Abietene.] (Chem.) Defn: A resinous obtained from Strasburg turpentine or Canada balsam. It is without taste or smell, is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol (especially at the boiling point), in strong acetic acid, and in ether. Watts. ABIETINIC Ab`i*e*tin"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to abietin; as, abietinic acid. ABIETITE Ab"i*e*tite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance resembling mannite, found in the needles of the common silver fir of Europe (Abies pectinata). Eng. Cyc. ABIGAIL Ab"i*gail, n. Etym: [The proper name used as an appellative.] Defn: A lady's waiting-maid. Pepys. Her abigail reported that Mrs. Gutheridge had a set of night curls for sleeping in. Leslie. ABILIMENT A*bil"i*ment, n. Defn: Habiliment. [Obs.] ABILITY A*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Abilities(#). Etym: [F. habileté, earlier spelling habilité (with silent h), L. habilitas aptitude, ability, fr. habilis apt. See Able.] Defn: The quality or state of being able; power to perform, whether physical, moral, intellectual, conventional, or legal; capacity; skill or competence in doing; sufficiency of strength, skill, resources, etc.; -- in the plural, faculty, talent. Then the disciples, every man according to his ability, determined to send relief unto the brethren. Acts xi. 29. Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study. Bacon. The public men of England, with much of a peculiar kind of ability. Macaulay. Syn. -- Capacity; talent; cleverness; faculty; capability; efficiency; aptitude; aptness; address; dexterity; skill. Ability, Capacity. These words come into comparison when applied to the higher intellectual powers. Ability has reference to the active exercise of our faculties. It implies not only native vigor of mind, but that ease and promptitude of execution which arise from mental training. Thus, we speak of the ability with which a book is written, an argument maintained, a negotiation carried on, etc. It always something to be done, and the power of doing it. Capacity has reference to the receptive powers. In its higher exercises it supposes great quickness of apprehension and breadth of intellect, with an uncommon aptitude for acquiring and retaining knowledge. Hence it carries with it the idea of resources and undeveloped power. Thus we speak of the extraordinary capacity of such men as Lord Bacon, Blaise Pascal, and Edmund Burke. "Capacity," says H. Taylor, "is requisite to devise, and ability to execute, a great enterprise." The word abilities, in the plural, embraces both these qualities, and denotes high mental endowments. ABIME; ABYME A*bime" or A*byme", n. Etym: [F. abîme. See Abysm.] Defn: A abyss. [Obs.] ABIOGENESIS Ab`i*o*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The supposed origination of living organisms from lifeless matter; such genesis as does not involve the action of living parents; spontaneous generation; -- called also abiogeny, and opposed to biogenesis. I shall call the . . . doctrine that living matter may be produced by not living matter, the hypothesis of abiogenesis. Huxley, 1870. ABIOGENETIC Ab`i*o*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to abiogenesis. Ab`i*o*ge*net"ic*al*ly, adv. ABIOGENIST Ab`i*og"e*nist, n. (Biol.) Defn: One who believes that life can be produced independently of antecedent. Huxley. ABIOGENOUS Ab`i*og"e*nous, a. (Biol.) Defn: Produced by spontaneous generation. ABIOGENY Ab`i*og"e*ny, n. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Abiogenesis. ABIOLOGICAL Ab`i*o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. biological.] Defn: Pertaining to the study of inanimate things. ABIRRITANT Ab*ir"ri*tant, n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine that diminishes irritation. ABIRRITATE Ab*ir"ri*tate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. ab- + irritate.] (Med.) Defn: To diminish the sensibility of; to debilitate. ABIRRITATION Ab*ir`ri*ta"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: A pathological condition opposite to that of irritation; debility; want of strength; asthenia. ABIRRITATIVE Ab*ir"ri*ta*tive, a. (Med.) Defn: Characterized by abirritation or debility. ABIT A*bit", Defn: 3d sing. pres. of Abide. [Obs.] Chaucer. ABJECT Ab"ject, a. Etym: [L. abjectus, p. p. of abjicere to throw away; ab + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. Cast down; low-lying. [Obs.] From the safe shore their floating carcasses And broken chariot wheels; so thick bestrown Abject and lost lay these, covering the flood. Milton. 2. Sunk to a law condition; down in spirit or hope; degraded; servile; groveling; despicable; as, abject posture, fortune, thoughts. "Base and abject flatterers." Addison. "An abject liar." Macaulay. And banish hence these abject, lowly dreams. Shak. Syn. -- Mean; groveling; cringing; mean-spirited; slavish; ignoble; worthless; vile; beggarly; contemptible; degraded. ABJECT Ab*ject", v. t. Etym: [From Abject, a.] Defn: To cast off or down; hence, to abase; to degrade; to lower; to debase. [Obs.] Donne. ABJECT Ab"ject, n. Defn: A person in the lowest and most despicable condition; a castaway. [Obs.] Shall these abjects, these victims, these outcasts, know any thing of pleasure I. Taylor. ABJECTEDNESS Ab*ject"ed*ness, n. Defn: A very abject or low condition; abjectness. [R.] Boyle. ABJECTION Ab*jec"tion, n. Etym: [F. abjection, L. abjectio.] 1. The act of bringing down or humbling. "The abjection of the king and his realm." Joe. 2. The state of being rejected or cast out. [R.] An adjection from the beatific regions where God, and his angels and saints, dwell forever. Jer. Taylor. 3. A low or downcast state; meanness of spirit; abasement; degradation. That this should be termed baseness, abjection of mind, or servility, is it credible Hooker. ABJECTLY Ab"ject*ly, adv. Defn: Meanly; servilely. ABJECTNESS Ab"ject*ness, n. Defn: The state of being abject; abasement; meanness; servility. Grew. ABJUDGE Ab*judge", v. t. Etym: [Pref. ab- + judge, v. Cf. Abjudicate.] Defn: To take away by judicial decision. [R.] ABJUDICATE Ab*ju"di*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. abjudicatus, p. p. of abjudicare; ab + judicare. See Judge, and cf. Abjudge.] Defn: To reject by judicial sentence; also, to abjudge. [Obs.] Ash. ABJUDICATION Ab*ju`di*ca"tion, n. Defn: Rejection by judicial sentence. [R.] Knowles. ABJUGATE Ab"ju*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. abjugatus, p. p. of abjugare.] Defn: To unyoke. [Obs.] Bailey. ABJUNCTIVE Ab*junc"tive, a. Etym: [L. abjunctus, p. p. of abjungere; ab + jungere to join.] Defn: Exceptional. [R.] It is this power which leads on from the accidental and abjunctive to the universal. I. Taylor. ABJURATION Ab`ju*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. abjuratio: cf. F. abjuration.] 1. The act of abjuring or forswearing; a renunciation upon oath; as, abjuration of the realm, a sworn banishment, an oath taken to leave the country and never to return. 2. A solemn recantation or renunciation; as, an abjuration of heresy. Oath of abjuration, an oath asserting the right of the present royal family to the crown of England, and expressly abjuring allegiance to the descendants of the Pretender. Brande & C. ABJURATORY Ab*ju"ra*to*ry, a. Defn: Containing abjuration. ABJURE Ab*jure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abjured; p. pr. & vb. n. Abjuring.] Etym: [L. abjurare to deny upon oath; ab + jurare to swear, fr. jus, juris, right, law; cf. F. abjurer. See Jury.] 1. To renounce upon oath; to forswear; to disavow; as, to abjure allegiance to a prince. To abjure the realm, is to swear to abandon it forever. 2. To renounce or reject with solemnity; to recant; to abandon forever; to reject; repudiate; as, to abjure errors. "Magic I here abjure." Shak. Syn. -- See Renounce. ABJURE Ab*jure", v. i. Defn: To renounce on oath. Bp. Burnet. ABJUREMENT Ab*jure"ment, n. Defn: Renunciation. [R.] ABJURER Ab*jur"er, n. Defn: One who abjures. ABLACTATE Ab*lac"tate, v. t. Etym: [L. ablactatus, p. p. of ablactare; ab + lactare to suckle, fr. lac milk.] Defn: To wean. [R.] Bailey. ABLACTATION Ab`lac*ta"tion. n. 1. The weaning of a child from the breast, or of young beasts from their dam. Blount. 2. (Hort.) Defn: The process of grafting now called inarching, or grafting by approach. ABLAQUEATE Ab*la"que*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. ablaqueatus, p. p. of. ablaqueare; fr. ab + laqueus a noose.] Defn: To lay bare, as the roots of a tree. [Obs.] Bailey. ABLAQUEATION Ab*la`que*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. ablaqueatio.] Defn: The act or process of laying bare the roots of trees to expose them to the air and water. [Obs.] Evelyn. ABLASTEMIC Ab`las*tem"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Non-germinal. ABLATION Ab*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. ablatio, fr. ablatus p. p. of auferre to carry away; ab + latus, p. p. of ferre carry: cf. F. ablation. See Tolerate.] 1. A carrying or taking away; removal. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Med.) Defn: Extirpation. Dunglison. 3. (Geol.) Defn: Wearing away; superficial waste. Tyndall. ABLATITIOUS Ab`la*ti"tious, a. Defn: Diminishing; as, an ablatitious force. Sir J. Herschel. ABLATIVE Ab"la*tive, a. Etym: [F. ablatif, ablative, L. ablativus fr. ablatus. See Ablation.] 1. Taking away or removing. [Obs.] Where the heart is forestalled with misopinion, ablative directions are found needful to unteach error, ere we can learn truth. Bp. Hall. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Applied to one of the cases of the noun in Latin and some other languages, -- the fundamental meaning of the case being removal, separation, or taking away. ABLATIVE Ab"la*tive, (Gram.) Defn: The ablative case. ablative absolute, a construction in Latin, in which a noun in the ablative case has a participle (either expressed or implied), agreeing with it in gender, number, and case, both words forming a clause by themselves and being unconnected, grammatically, with the rest of the sentence; as, Tarquinio regnante, Pythagoras venit, i. e., Tarquinius reigning, Pythagoras came. ABLAUT Ab"laut, n. Etym: [Ger., off-sound; ab off + laut sound.] (Philol.) Defn: The substitution of one root vowel for another, thus indicating a corresponding modification of use or meaning; vowel permutation; as, get, gat, got; sing, song; hang, hung. Earle. ABLAZE A*blaze", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + blaze.] 1. On fire; in a blaze, gleaming. Milman. All ablaze with crimson and gold. Longfellow. 2. In a state of glowing excitement or ardent desire. The young Cambridge democrats were all ablaze to assist Torrijos. Carlyle. ABLE A"ble, a. [Comp. Abler; superl. Ablest.] Etym: [OF. habile, L. habilis that may be easily held or managed, apt, skillful, fr. habere to have, hold. Cf. Habile and see Habit.] 1. Fit; adapted; suitable. [Obs.] A many man, to ben an abbot able. Chaucer. 2. Having sufficient power, strength, force, skill, means, or resources of any kind to accomplish the object; possessed of qualifications rendering competent for some end; competent; qualified; capable; as, an able workman, soldier, seaman, a man able to work; a mind able to reason; a person able to be generous; able to endure pain; able to play on a piano. 3. Specially: Having intellectual qualifications, or strong mental powers; showing ability or skill; talented; clever; powerful; as, the ablest man in the senate; an able speech. No man wrote abler state papers. Macaulay. 4. (Law) Defn: Legally qualified; possessed of legal competence; as, able to inherit or devise property. Note: Able for, is Scotticism. "Hardly able for such a march." Robertson. Syn. -- Competent; qualified; fitted; efficient; effective; capable; skillful; clever; vigorous; powerful. ABLE A"ble, v. t. Etym: [See Able, a.] [Obs.] 1. To make able; to enable; to strengthen. Chaucer. 2. To vouch for. "I 'll able them." Shak. ABLE; -ABLE; IBLE; -IBLE *a*ble. Etym: [F. -able, L. -abilis.] Defn: An adjective suffix now usually in a passive sense; able to be; fit to be; expressing capacity or worthiness in a passive sense; as, movable, able to be moved; amendable, able to be amended; blamable, fit to be blamed; salable. Note: The form ible is used in the same sense. Note: It is difficult to say when we are not to use -able instead of -ible. "Yet a rule may be laid down as to when we are to use it. To all verbs, then, from the Anglo-Saxon, to all based on the uncorrupted infinitival stems of Latin verbs of the first conjugation, and to all substantives, whencesoever sprung, we annex - able only." Fitzed. Hall. ABLE-BODIED A`ble-bod"ied, a. Defn: Having a sound, strong body; physically competent; robust. "Able-bodied vagrant." Froude. -- A`ble-bod"ied*ness, n.. ABLEGATE Ab"le*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. ablegatus, p. p. of ablegare; ab + legare to send with a commission. See Legate.] Defn: To send abroad. [Obs.] Bailey. ABLEGATE Ab"le*gate, n. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A representative of the pope charged with important commissions in foreign countries, one of his duties being to bring to a newly named cardinal his insignia of office. ABLEGATION Ab`le*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. ablegatio.] Defn: The act of sending abroad. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. ABLE-MINDED A`ble-mind"ed, a. Defn: Having much intellectual power. -- A`ble-mind"ed*ness, n. ABLENESS A"ble*ness, n. Defn: Ability of body or mind; force; vigor. [Obs. or R.] ABLEPSY Ab"lep*sy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Blindness. [R.] Urquhart. ABLER A"bler, a., Defn: comp. of Able. -- A"blest, a., Defn: superl. of Able. ABLET; ABLEN Ab"let, Ab"len Etym: [F. ablet, ablette, a dim. fr. LL. abula, for albula, dim. of albus white. Cf. Abele.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small fresh-water fish (Leuciscus alburnus); the bleak. ABLIGATE Ab"li*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. ab + ligatus, p. p. of ligare to tie.] Defn: To tie up so as to hinder from. [Obs.] ABLIGURITION Ab*lig`u*ri"tion, n. Etym: [L. abligurito, fr. abligurire to spend in luxurious indulgence; ab + ligurire to be lickerish, dainty, fr. lingere to lick.] Defn: Prodigal expense for food. [Obs.] Bailey. ABLINS A"blins, adv. Etym: [See Able.] Defn: Perhaps. [Scot.] ABLOOM A*bloom", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + bloom.] Defn: In or into bloom; in a blooming state. Masson. ABLUDE Ab*lude", v. t. Etym: [L. abludere; ab + ludere to play.] Defn: To be unlike; to differ. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. ABLUENT Ab"lu*ent, a. Etym: [L. abluens, p. pr. of. abluere to wash away; ab + luere (lavere, lavare). See Lave.] Defn: Washing away; carrying off impurities; detergent. -- n. (Med.) Defn: A detergent. ABLUSH A*blush", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + blush.] Defn: Blushing; ruddy. ABLUTION Ab*lu`tion, n. Etym: [L. ablutio, fr. abluere: cf. F. ablution. See Abluent.] 1. The act of washing or cleansing; specifically, the washing of the body, or some part of it, as a religious rite. 2. The water used in cleansing. "Cast the ablutions in the main." Pope. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A small quantity of wine and water, which is used to wash the priest's thumb and index finger after the communion, and which then, as perhaps containing portions of the consecrated elements, is drunk by the priest. ABLUTIONARY Ab*lu"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to ablution. ABLUVION Ab*lu"vi*on, n. Etym: [LL. abluvio. See Abluent.] Defn: That which is washed off. [R.] Dwight. ABLY A"bly, adv. Defn: In an able manner; with great ability; as, ably done, planned, said. -ABLY -a*bly(#). Defn: A suffix composed of -able and the adverbial suffix -ly; as, favorably. ABNEGATE Ab"ne*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abnegated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abnegating.] Etym: [L. abnegatus,p. p. of abnegare; ab + negare to deny. See Deny.] Defn: To deny and reject; to abjure. Sir E. Sandys. Farrar. ABNEGATION Ab`ne*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. abnegatio: cf. F. abnégation.] Defn: a denial; a renunciation. With abnegation of God, of his honor, and of religion, they may retain the friendship of the court. Knox. ABNEGATIVE Ab"ne*ga*tive, a. Etym: [L. abnegativus.] Defn: Denying; renouncing; negative. [R.] Clarke. ABNEGATOR Ab"ne*ga`tor(#), n. [L.] Defn: One who abnegates, denies, or rejects anything. [R.] ABNET Ab"net, n. Etym: [Heb.] Defn: The girdle of a Jewish priest or officer. ABNODATE Ab"no*date, v. t. Etym: [L. abnodatus, p. p. of abnodare; ab + nodus knot.] Defn: To clear (tress) from knots. [R.] Blount. ABNODATION Ab`no*da"tion, n. Defn: The act of cutting away the knots of trees. [R.] Crabb. ABNORMAL Ab*nor"mal, a. Etym: [For earlier anormal.F. anormal, LL. anormalus for anomalus, Gr. abnormis. See Anomalous, Abnormous, Anormal.] Defn: Not conformed to rule or system; deviating from the type; anomalous; irregular. "That deviating from the type; anomalous; irregular. " Froude. ABNORMALITY Ab`nor*mal"i*ty, n.; pl. Abnormalities. 1. The state or quality of being abnormal; variation; irregularity. Darwin. 2. Something abnormal. ABNORMALLY Ab*nor"mal*ly, adv. Defn: In an abnormal manner; irregularly. Darwin. ABNORMITY Ab*nor"mi*ty, n.; pl. Abnormities. Etym: [LL. abnormitas. See Abnormous.] Defn: Departure from the ordinary type; irregularity; monstrosity. "An abnormity . . . like a calf born with two heads." Mrs. Whitney. ABNORMOUS Ab*nor"mous, a. Etym: [L. abnormis; ab + norma rule. See Normal.] Defn: Abnormal; irregular. Hallam. A character of a more abnormous cast than his equally suspected coadjutor. State Trials. ABOARD A*board", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- on, in + board.] Defn: On board; into or within a ship or boat; hence, into or within a railway car. 2. Alongside; as, close aboard. Naut.: To fall aboard of, to strike a ship's side; to fall foul of. -- To haul the tacks aboard, to set the courses. -- To keep the land aboard, to hug the shore. -- To lay (a ship) aboard, to place one's own ship close alongside of (a ship) for fighting. ABOARD A*board", prep. 1. On board of; as, to go aboard a ship. 2. Across; athwart. [Obs.] Nor iron bands aboard The Pontic Sea by their huge navy cast. Spenser. ABODANCE A*bod"ance, n. Etym: [See Bode.] Defn: An omen; a portending. [Obs.] ABODE A*bode", pret. Defn: of Abide. ABODE A*bode", n. Etym: [OE. abad, abood, fr. abiden to abide. See Abide. For the change of vowel, cf. abode, imp. of abide.] 1. Act of waiting; delay. [Obs.] Shak. And with her fled away without abode. Spenser. 2. Stay or continuance in a place; sojourn. He waxeth at your abode here. Fielding. 3. Place of continuance, or where one dwells; abiding place; residence; a dwelling; a habitation. Come, let me lead you to our poor abode. Wordsworth. ABODE A*bode", n. Etym: [See Bode, v. t.] Defn: An omen. [Obs.] High-thundering Juno's husband stirs my spirit with true abodes. Chapman. ABODE A*bode", v. t. Defn: To bode; to foreshow. [Obs.] Shak. ABODE A*bode", v. i. Defn: To be ominous. [Obs.] Dryden. ABODEMENT A*bode"ment, n. Defn: A foreboding; an omen. [Obs.] "Abodements must not now affright us." Shak. ABODING A*bod"ing, n. Defn: A foreboding. [Obs.] ABOLISH A*bol"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abolished; p. pr. & vb. n. Abolishing.] Etym: [F. abolir, L. abolere, aboletum; ab + olere to grow. Cf. Finish.] 1. To do away with wholly; to annul; to make void; -- said of laws, customs, institutions, governments, etc.; as, to abolish slavery, to abolish folly. 2. To put an end to, or destroy, as a physical objects; to wipe out. [Archaic] And with thy blood abolish so reproachful blot. Spenser. His quick instinctive hand Caught at the hilt, as to abolish him. Tennyson. Syn. -- To Abolish, Repeal, Abrogate, Revoke, Annul, Nullify, Cancel. These words have in common the idea of setting aside by some overruling act. Abolish applies particularly to things of a permanent nature, such as institutions, usages, customs, etc.; as, to abolish monopolies, serfdom, slavery. Repeal describes the act by which the legislature of a state sets aside a law which it had previously enacted. Abrogate was originally applied to the repeal of a law by the Roman people; and hence, when the power of making laws was usurped by the emperors, the term was applied to their act of setting aside the laws. Thus it came to express that act by which a sovereign or an executive government sets aside laws, ordinances, regulations, treaties, conventions, etc. Revoke denotes the act or recalling some previous grant which conferred, privilege, etc.; as, to revoke a decree, to revoke a power of attorney, a promise, etc. Thus, also, we speak of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Annul is used in a more general sense, denoting simply to make void; as, to annul a contract, to annul an agreement. Nullify is an old word revived in this country, and applied to the setting of things aside either by force or by total disregard; as, to nullify an act of Congress. Cancel is to strike out or annul, by a deliberate exercise of power, something which has operative force. ABOLISHABLE A*bol"ish*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. abolissable.] Defn: Capable of being abolished. ABOLISHER A*bol"ish*er, n. Defn: One who abolishes. ABOLISHMENT A*bol"ish*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. abolissement.] Defn: The act of abolishing; abolition; destruction. Hooker. ABOLITION Ab"o*li"tion, n. Etym: [L. abolitio, fr. abolere: cf. F. abolition. See Abolish.] Defn: The act of abolishing, or the state of being abolished; an annulling; abrogation; utter destruction; as, the abolition of slavery or the slave trade; the abolition of laws, decrees, ordinances, customs, taxes, debts, etc. Note: The application of this word to persons is now unusual or obsolete ABOLITIONISM Ab`o*li"tion*ism, n. Defn: The principles or measures of abolitionists. Wilberforce. ABOLITIONIST Ab`o*li"tion*ist, n. Defn: A person who favors the abolition of any institution, especially negro slavery. ABOLITIONIZE Ab`o*li`tion*ize, v. t. Defn: To imbue with the principles of abolitionism. [R.] Bartlett. ABOMA A*bo"ma, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large South American serpent (Boa aboma). ABOMASUM; ABOMASUS Ab`o*ma"sum, Ab`o*ma"sus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. ab + omasum (a Celtic word.] (Anat.) Defn: The fourth or digestive stomach of a ruminant, which leads from the third stomach omasum. See Ruminantia. ABOMINABLE A*bom"i*na*ble, a. Etym: [F. abominable. L. abominalis. See Abominate.] 1. Worthy of, or causing, abhorrence, as a thing of evil omen; odious in the utmost degree; very hateful; detestable; loathsome; execrable. 2. Excessive; large; -- used as an intensive. [Obs.] Note: Juliana Berners . . . informs us that in her time [15th c.], "abomynable syght of monkes" was elegant English for "a large company of friars." G. P. Marsh. ABOMINABLENESS A*bom"i*na*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being abominable; odiousness. Bentley. ABOMINABLY A*bom"i*na*bly, adv. Defn: In an abominable manner; very odiously; detestably. ABOMINATE A*bom"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abominated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abominating.] Etym: [L. abominatus, p. p. or abominari to deprecate as ominous, to abhor, to curse; ab + omen a foreboding. See Omen.] Defn: To turn from as ill-omened; to hate in the highest degree, as if with religious dread; loathe; as, to abominate all impiety. Syn. -- To hate; abhor; loathe; detest. See Hate. ABOMINATION A*bom`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [OE. abominacioun, -cion, F. abominatio. See Abominate.] 1. The feeling of extreme disgust and hatred; abhorrence; detestation; loathing; as, he holds tobacco in abomination. 2. That which is abominable; anything hateful, wicked, or shamefully vile; an object or state that excites disgust and hatred; a hateful or shameful vice; pollution. Antony, most large in his abominations. Shak. 3. A cause of pollution or wickedness. Syn. -- Detestation; loathing; abhorrence; disgust; aversion; loathsomeness; odiousness. Sir W. Scott. ABOON A*boon", prep. Defn: and adv. Above. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Aboon the pass of Bally-Brough. Sir W. Scott. The ceiling fair that rose aboon. J. R. Drake. ABORAL Ab*o"ral, a. Etym: [L. ab. + E. oral.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Situated opposite to, or away from, the mouth. ABORD A*bord", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Manner of approaching or accosting; address. Chesterfield. ABORD A*bord", v. t. Etym: [F. aborder, à (L. ad) + bord rim, brim, or side of a vessel. See Border, Board.] Defn: To approach; to accost. [Obs.] Digby. ABORIGINAL Ab`o*rig"i*nal, a. Etym: [See Aborigines.] 1. First; original; indigenous; primitive; native; as, the aboriginal tribes of America. "Mantled o'er with aboriginal turf." Wordsworth. 2. Of or pertaining to aborigines; as, a Hindoo of aboriginal blood. ABORIGINAL Ab`o*rig"i*nal, n. 1. An original inhabitant of any land; one of the aborigines. 2. An animal or a plant native to the region. It may well be doubted whether this frog is an aboriginal of these islands. Darwin. ABORIGINALITY Ab`o*rig`i*nal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being aboriginal. Westm. Rev. ABORIGINALLY Ab`o*rig"i*nal*ly, adv. Defn: Primarily. ABORIGINES Ab`o*rig"i*nes, n. pl. Etym: [L. Aborigines; ab + origo, especially the first inhabitants of Latium, those who originally (ab origine) inhabited Latium or Italy. See Origin.] 1. The earliest known inhabitants of a country; native races. 2. The original fauna and flora of a geographical area ABORSEMENT A*borse"ment, n. Defn: Abortment; abortion. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. ABORSIVE A*bor"sive, a. Defn: Abortive. [Obs.] Fuller. ABORT A*bort", v. i. Etym: [L. abortare, fr. abortus, p. p. of aboriri; ab + oriri to rise, to be born. See Orient.] 1. To miscarry; to bring forth young prematurely. 2. (Biol.) Defn: To become checked in normal development, so as either to remain rudimentary or shrink away wholly; to become sterile. ABORT A*bort", n. Etym: [L. abortus, fr. aboriri.] 1. An untimely birth. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 2. An aborted offspring. [Obs.] Holland. ABORTED A*bort"ed, a. 1. Brought forth prematurely. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Rendered abortive or sterile; undeveloped; checked in normal development at a very early stage; as, spines are aborted branches. The eyes of the cirripeds are more or less aborted in their mature state. Owen. ABORTICIDE A*bor"ti*cide, n. Etym: [L. abortus + caedere to kill. See Abort.] (Med.) Defn: The act of destroying a fetus in the womb; feticide. ABORTIFACIENT A*bor`ti*fa"cient, a. Etym: [L. abortus (see Abort, v.) + faciens, p. pr. of facere to make.] Defn: Producing miscarriage. -- n. Defn: A drug or an agent that causes premature delivery. ABORTION A*bor"tion, n. Etym: [L. abortio, fr. aboriri. See Abort.] 1. The act of giving premature birth; particularly, the expulsion of the human fetus prematurely, or before it is capable of sustaining life; miscarriage. Note: It is sometimes used for the offense of procuring a premature delivery, but strictly the early delivery is the abortion, "causing or procuring abortion" is the full name of the offense. Abbott. 2. The immature product of an untimely birth. 3. (Biol.) Defn: Arrest of development of any organ, so that it remains an imperfect formation or is absorbed. 4. Any fruit or produce that does not come to maturity, or anything which in its progress, before it is matured or perfect; a complete failure; as, his attempt. proved an abortiori. ABORTIONAL A*bor"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to abortion; miscarrying; abortive. Carlyle. ABORTIONIST A*bor"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who procures abortion or miscarriage. ABORTIVE A*bor"tive, a. Etym: [L. abortivus, fr. aboriri. See Abort, v.] 1. Produced by abortion; born prematurely; as, an abortive child. [R.] 2. Made from the skin of a still-born animal; as, abortive vellum. [Obs.] 3. Rendering fruitless or ineffectual. [Obs.] "Plunged in that abortive gulf." Milton. 4. Coming to naught; failing in its effect; miscarrying; fruitless; unsuccessful; as, an abortive attempt. "An abortive enterprise." Prescott. 5. (Biol.) Defn: Imperfectly formed or developed; rudimentary; sterile; as, an abortive organ, stamen, ovule, etc. 6. (Med.) (a) Causing abortion; as, abortive medicines. Parr. (b) Cutting short; as, abortive treatment of typhoid fever. ABORTIVE A*bor"tive, n. 1. That which is born or brought forth prematurely; an abortion. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A fruitless effort or issue. [Obs.] 3. A medicine to which is attributed the property of causing abortion. Dunglison. ABORTIVELY A*bor"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an abortive or untimely manner; immaturely; fruitlessly. ABORTIVENESS A*bor"tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being abortive. ABORTMENT A*bort"ment, n. Defn: Abortion. [Obs.] ABOUGHT A*bought", imp. & p. p. Defn: of Aby. [Obs.] ABOUND A*bound", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Abounding.] Etym: [OE. abounden, F. abonder, fr. L. abundare to overflow, abound; ab + unda wave. Cf. Undulate.] 1. To be in great plenty; to be very prevalent; to be plentiful. The wild boar which abounds in some parts of the continent of Europe. Chambers. Where sin abounded grace did much more abound. Rom. v. 20. 2. To be copiously supplied; -- followed by in or with. To abound in, to posses in such abundance as to be characterized by. -- To abound with, to be filled with; to possess in great numbers. Men abounding in natural courage. Macaulay. A faithful man shall abound with blessings. Prov. xxviii. 20. It abounds with cabinets of curiosities. Addison. ABOUT A*bout", prep. Etym: [OE. aboute, abouten, abuten; AS. abutan, onbutan; on + butan, which is from be by + utan outward, from ut out. See But, Out.] 1. Around; all round; on every side of. "Look about you." Shak. "Bind them about thy neck." Prov. iii. 3. 2. In the immediate neighborhood of; in contiguity or proximity to; near, as to place; by or on (one's person). "Have you much money about you" Bulwer. 3. Over or upon different parts of; through or over in various directions; here and there in; to and fro in; throughout. Lampoons . . . were handed about the coffeehouses. Macaulay. Roving still about the world. Milton. 4. Near; not far from; -- determining approximately time, size, quantity. "To-morrow, about this time." Exod. ix. 18. "About my stature." Shak. He went out about the third hour. Matt. xx. 3. Note: This use passes into the adverbial sense. 5. In concern with; engaged in; intent on. I must be about my Father's business. Luke ii. 49. 6. Before a verbal noun or an infinitive: Defn: On the point or verge of; going; in act of. Paul was now aboutto open his mouth. Acts xviii. 14. 7. Concerning; with regard to; on account of; touching. "To treat about thy ransom." Milton. She must have her way about Sarah. Trollope. ABOUT A*bout", adv. 1. On all sides; around. 'Tis time to look about. Shak. 2. In circuit; circularly; by a circuitous way; around the outside; as, a mile about, and a third of a mile across. 3. Here and there; around; in one place and another. Wandering about from house to house. 1 Tim. v. 13. 4. Nearly; approximately; with close correspondence, in quality, manner, degree, etc.; as, about as cold; about as high; -- also of quantity, number, time. "There fell . . . about three thousand men." Exod. xxii. 28. 5. To a reserved position; half round; in the opposite direction; on the opposite tack; as, to face about; to turn one's self about. To bring about, to cause to take place; to accomplish. -- To come about, to occur; to take place. See under Come. -- To go about, To set about, to undertake; to arrange; to prepare. "Shall we set about some revels Shak. -- Round about, in every direction around. ABOUT-SLEDGE A*bout"-sledge", n. Defn: The largest hammer used by smiths. Weale. ABOVE A*bove", prep. Etym: [OE. above, aboven, abuffe, AS. abufon; an (or on) on + be by + ufan upward; cf. Goth. uf under. *199. See Over.] 1. In or to a higher place; higher than; on or over the upper surface; over; -- opposed to below or beneath. Fowl that may fly above the earth. Gen. i. 20. 2. Figuratively, higher than; superior to in any respect; surpassing; beyond; higher in measure or degree than; as, things above comprehension; above mean actions; conduct above reproach. "Thy worth . . . is actions above my gifts." Marlowe. I saw in the way a light from heaven above the brightness of the sun. Acts xxxvi. 13. 3. Surpassing in number or quantity; more than; as, above a hundred. (Passing into the adverbial sense. See Above, adv., 4.) above all, before every other consideration; chiefly; in preference to other things. Over and above, prep. or adv., besides; in addition to. ABOVE A*bove", adv. 1. In a higher place; overhead; into or from heaven; as, the clouds above. 2. Earlier in order; higher in the same page; hence, in a foregoing page. "That was said above." Dryden. 3. Higher in rank or power; as, he appealed to the court above. 4. More than; as, above five hundred were present. Note: Above is often used elliptically as an adjective by omitting the word mentioned, quoted, or the like; as, the above observations, the above reference, the above articles. -- Above is also used substantively. "The waters that come down from above." Josh. iii. 13. It is also used as the first part of a compound in the sense of before, previously; as, above-cited, above- described, above-mentioned, above-named, abovesaid, abovespecified, above-written, above-given. ABOVEBOARD A*bove"board`, adv. Defn: Above the board or table. Hence: in open sight; without trick, concealment, or deception. "Fair and aboveboard." Burke. Note: This expression is said by Johnson to have been borrowed from gamesters, who, when they change their cards, put their hands under the table. ABOVE-CITED A*bove"-cit`ed, a. Defn: Cited before, in the preceding part of a book or writing. ABOVEDECK A*bove"deck`, a. Defn: On deck; and hence, like aboveboard, without artifice. Smart. ABOVE-MENTIONED; ABOVE-NAMED A*bove"-men`tioned, A*bove"-named`(#), a. Defn: Mentioned or named before; aforesaid. ABOVESAID A*bove"said`, a. Defn: Mentioned or recited before. ABOX A*box", adv. & a. (Naut.) Defn: Braced aback. ABRA A"bra, n. [Sp., a bay, valley, fissure.] Defn: A narrow pass or defile; a break in a mesa; the mouth of a cañon. [Southwestern U. S.] ABRACADABRA Ab`ra*ca*dab"ra, n. Etym: [L. Of unknown origin.] Defn: A mystical word or collocation of letters written as in the figure. Worn on an amulet it was supposed to ward off fever. At present the word is used chiefly in jest to denote something without meaning; jargon. ABRADANT Ab*ra"dant, n. Defn: A material used for grinding, as emery, sand, powdered glass, etc. ABRADE Ab*rade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Abrading.] Etym: [L. abradere, abrasum, to scrape off; ab + radere to scrape. See Rase, Raze.] Defn: To rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction; as, to abrade rocks. Lyell. ABRADE A*brade", v. t. Defn: Same as Abraid. [Obs.] ABRAHAMIC A`bra*ham"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to Abraham, the patriarch; as, the Abrahamic covenant. ABRAHAMITIC; ABRAHAMITICAL A`bra*ham*it"ic, A`bra*ham*it*ic*al(#), a. Defn: Relating to the patriarch Abraham. ABRAHAM-MAN; ABRAM-MAN A"bra*ham-man`(#) or A"bram-man`(#), n. Etym: [Possibly in allusion to the parable of the beggar Lazarus in Luke xvi. Murray (New Eng. Dict. ).] Defn: One of a set of vagabonds who formerly roamed through England, feigning lunacy for the sake of obtaining alms. Nares. To sham Abraham, to feign sickness. Goldsmith. ABRAID A*braid", v. t. & i. Etym: [OE. abraiden, to awake, draw (a sword), AS. abredgan to shake, draw; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + bregdan to shake, throw. See Braid.] Defn: To awake; to arouse; to stir or start up; also, to shout out. [Obs.] Chaucer. ABRANCHIAL A*bran"chi*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Abranchiate. ABRANCHIATA A*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of annelids, so called because the species composing it have no special organs of respiration. ABRANCHIATE A*bran"chi*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Without gills. ABRASE Ab*rase", a. Etym: [L. abrasus, p. p. of abradere. See Abrade.] Defn: Rubbed smooth. [Obs.] "An abrase table." B. Jonson. ABRASION Ab*ra"sion, n. Etym: [L. abrasio, fr. abradere. See Abrade.] 1. The act of abrading, wearing, or rubbing off; the wearing away by friction; as, the abrasion of coins. 2. The substance rubbed off. Berkeley. 3. (Med.) Defn: A superficial excoriation, with loss of substance under the form of small shreds. Dunglison. ABRASIVE Ab*ra"sive, a. Defn: Producing abrasion. Ure. ABRAUM; ABRAUM SALTS A*braum" or A*braum" salts, n. Etym: [Ger., fr. abräumen to remove.] Defn: A red ocher used to darken mahogany and for making chloride of potassium. ABRAXAS A*brax"as, n. Etym: [A name adopted by the Egyptian Gnostic Basilides, containing the Greek letters , , , , , , , which, as numerals, amounted to 365. It was used to signify the supreme deity as ruler of the 365 heavens of his system.] Defn: A mystical word used as a charm and engraved on gems among the ancients; also, a gem stone thus engraved. ABRAY A*bray", v. Etym: [A false form from the preterit abraid, abrayde.] Defn: See Abraid. [Obs.] Spenser. ABREACTION Ab`re*ac"tion, n. [Pref. ab-+ reaction, after G. Abreagirung.] (Psychotherapy) Defn: See Catharsis, below. ABREAST A*breast", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + breast.] 1. Side by side, with breasts in a line; as, "Two men could hardly walk abreast." Macaulay. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Side by side; also, opposite; over against; on a line with the vessel's beam; -- with of. 3. Up to a certain level or line; equally advanced; as, to keep abreast of [or with] the present state of science. 4. At the same time; simultaneously. [Obs.] Abreast therewith began a convocation. Fuller. ABREGGE A*breg"ge, v. t. Defn: See Abridge. [Obs.] ABRENOUNCE Ab`re*nounce", v. t. Etym: [L. abrenuntiare; ab + renuntiare. See Renounce.] Defn: To renounce. [Obs.] "They abrenounce and cast them off." Latimer. ABRENUNCIATION Ab`re*nun`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. abrenuntiatio. See Abrenounce.] Defn: Absolute renunciation or repudiation. [Obs.] An abrenunciation of that truth which he so long had professed, and still believed. Fuller. ABREPTION Ab*rep"tion, n. Etym: [L. abreptus, p. p. of abripere to snatch away; ab + rapere to snatch.] Defn: A snatching away. [Obs.] ABREUVOIR A`breu`voir", n. Etym: [F., a watering place.] (Masonry) Defn: The joint or interstice between stones, to be filled with mortar. Gwilt. ABRICOCK A"bri*cock, n. Defn: See Apricot. [Obs.] ABRIDGE A*bridge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abridged; p. pr. & vb. n. Abridging.] Etym: [OE. abregen, OF. abregier, F. abréger, fr. L. abbreviare; ad + brevis short. See Brief and cf. Abbreviate.] 1. To make shorter; to shorten in duration; to lessen; to diminish; to curtail; as, to abridge labor; to abridge power or rights. "The bridegroom . . . abridged his visit." Smollett. She retired herself to Sebaste, and abridged her train from state to necessity. Fuller. 2. To shorten or contract by using fewer words, yet retaining the sense; to epitomize; to condense; as, to abridge a history or dictionary. 3. To deprive; to cut off; -- followed by of, and formerly by from; as, to abridge one of his rights. ABRIDGER A*bridg"er, n. Defn: One who abridges. ABRIDGMENT A*bridg"ment, n. Etym: [OE. abregement. See Abridge.] 1. The act abridging, or the state of being abridged; diminution; lessening; reduction or deprivation; as, an abridgment of pleasures or of expenses. 2. An epitome or compend, as of a book; a shortened or abridged form; an abbreviation. Ancient coins as abridgments of history. Addison. 3. That which abridges or cuts short; hence, an entertainment that makes the time pass quickly. [Obs.] What abridgment have you for this evening What mask What music Shak. Syn. -- Abridgment, Compendium, Epitome, Abstract, Synopsis. An abridgment is made by omitting the less important parts of some larger work; as, an abridgment of a dictionary. A compendium is a brief exhibition of a subject, or science, for common use; as, a compendium of American literature. An epitome corresponds to a compendium, and gives briefly the most material points of a subject; as, an epitome of history. An abstract is a brief statement of a thing in its main points. A synopsis is a bird's-eye view of a subject, or work, in its several parts. ABROACH A*broach", v. t. Etym: [OE. abrochen, OF. abrochier. See Broach.] Defn: To set abroach; to let out, as liquor; to broach; to tap. [Obs.] Chaucer. ABROACH A*broach", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + broach.] 1. Broached; in a condition for letting out or yielding liquor, as a cask which is tapped. Hogsheads of ale were set abroach. Sir W. Scott. 2. Hence: In a state to be diffused or propagated; afoot; astir. "Mischiefs that I set abroach." Shak. ABROAD A*broad", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + broad.] 1. At large; widely; broadly; over a wide space; as, a tree spreads its branches abroad. The fox roams far abroad. Prior. 2. Without a certain confine; outside the house; away from one's abode; as, to walk abroad. I went to St. James', where another was preaching in the court abroad. Evelyn. 3. Beyond the bounds of a country; in foreign countries; as, we have broils at home and enemies abroad. "Another prince . . . was living abroad." Macaulay. 4. Before the public at large; throughout society or the world; here and there; widely. He went out, and began to publish it much, and to blaze abroad the matter. Mark i. 45. To be abroad. (a) To be wide of the mark; to be at fault; as, you are all abroad in your guess. (b) To be at a loss or nonplused. ABROGABLE Ab"ro*ga*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being abrogated. ABROGATE Ab"ro*gate, a. Etym: [L. abrogatus, p. p.] Defn: Abrogated; abolished. [Obs.] Latimer. ABROGATE Ab"ro*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abrogated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abrogating.] Etym: [L. abrogatus, p. p. of abrogare; ab + rogare to ask, require, propose. See Rogation.] 1. To annul by an authoritative act; to abolish by the authority of the maker or his successor; to repeal; -- applied to the repeal of laws, decrees, ordinances, the abolition of customs, etc. Let us see whether the New Testament abrogates what we so frequently see in the Old. South. Whose laws, like those of the Medes and Persian, they can not alter or abrogate. Burke. 2. To put an end to; to do away with. Shak. Syn. -- To abolish; annul; do away; set aside; revoke; repeal; cancel; annihilate. See Abolish. ABROGATION Ab`ro*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. abrogatio, fr. abrogare: cf. F. abrogation.] Defn: The act of abrogating; repeal by authority. Hume. ABROGATIVE Ab"ro*ga*tive, a. Defn: Tending or designed to abrogate; as, an abrogative law. ABROGATOR Ab"ro*ga`tor, n. Defn: One who repeals by authority. ABROOD A*brood", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + brood.] Defn: In the act of brooding. [Obs.] Abp. Sancroft. ABROOK A*brook", v. t. Etym: [Pref. a- + brook, v.] Defn: To brook; to endure. [Obs.] Shak. ABRUPT Ab*rupt", a. Etym: [L. abruptus, p. p. of abrumpere to break off; ab + rumpere to break. See Rupture.] 1. Broken off; very steep, or craggy, as rocks, precipices, banks; precipitous; steep; as, abrupt places. "Tumbling through ricks abrupt," Thomson. 2. Without notice to prepare the mind for the event; sudden; hasty; unceremonious. "The cause of your abrupt departure." Shak. 3. Having sudden transitions from one subject to another; unconnected. The abrupt style, which hath many breaches. B. Jonson. 4. (Bot.) Defn: Suddenly terminating, as if cut off. Gray. Syn. -- Sudden; unexpected; hasty; rough; curt; unceremonious; rugged; blunt; disconnected; broken. ABRUPT Ab*rupt", n. Etym: [L. abruptum.] Defn: An abrupt place. [Poetic] "Over the vast abrupt." Milton. ABRUPT Ab*rupt", v. t. Defn: To tear off or asunder. [Obs.] "Till death abrupts them." Sir T. Browne. ABRUPTION Ab*rup"tion, n. Etym: [L. abruptio, fr. abrumpere: cf. F. abruption.] Defn: A sudden breaking off; a violent separation of bodies. Woodward. ABRUPTLY Ab*rupt"ly, adv. 1. In an abrupt manner; without giving notice, or without the usual forms; suddenly. 2. Precipitously. Abruptly pinnate (Bot.), pinnate without an odd leaflet, or other appendage, at the end. Gray. ABRUPTNESS Ab*rupt"ness, n. 1. The state of being abrupt or broken; craggedness; ruggedness; steepness. 2. Suddenness; unceremonious haste or vehemence; as, abruptness of style or manner. ABSCESS Ab"scess, n.; pl. Abscesses. Etym: [L. abscessus a going away, gathering of humors, abscess, fr. abscessus, p. p. of absedere to go away; ab, abs + cedere to go off, retire. See Cede.] (Med.) Defn: A collection of pus or purulent matter in any tissue or organ of the body, the result of a morbid process. Cold abscess, an abscess of slow formation, unattended with the pain and heat characteristic of ordinary abscesses, and lasting for years without exhibiting any tendency towards healing; a chronic abscess. ABSCESSION Ab*sces"sion, n. Etym: [L. abscessio a separation; fr. absedere. See Abscess.] Defn: A separating; removal; also, an abscess. [Obs.] Gauden. Barrough. ABSCIND Ab*scind", v. t. Etym: [L. absindere; ab + scindere to rend, cut. See Schism.] Defn: To cut off. [R.] "Two syllables . . . abscinded from the rest." Johnson. ABSCISION Ab*sci"sion, n. Etym: [L. abscisio.] Defn: See Abscission. ABSCISS Ab"sciss, n.; pl. Abscisses. Defn: See Abscissa. ABSCISSA Ab*scis"sa, n.; E. pl. Abscissas, L. pl. Abscissæ. Etym: [L., fem. of abscissus, p. p. of absindere to cut of. See Abscind.] (Geom.) Defn: One of the elements of reference by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to a system of fixed rectilineal coördinate axes. Note: When referred to two intersecting axes, one of them called the axis of abscissas, or of X, and the other the axis of ordinates, or of Y, the abscissa of the point is the distance cut off from the axis of X by a line drawn through it and parallel to the axis of Y. When a point in space is referred to three axes having a common intersection, the abscissa may be the distance measured parallel to either of them, from the point to the plane of the other two axes. Abscissas and ordinates taken together are called coördinates. -- OX or PY is the abscissa of the point P of the curve, OY or PX its ordinate, the intersecting lines OX and OY being the axes of abscissas and ordinates respectively, and the point O their origin. ABSCISSION Ab*scis"sion, n. Etym: [L. abscissio. See Abscind.] 1. The act or process of cutting off. "Not to be cured without the abscission of a member." Jer. Taylor. 2. The state of being cut off. Sir T. Browne. 3. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure of speech employed when a speaker having begun to say a thing stops abruptly: thus, "He is a man of so much honor and candor, and of such generosity -- but I need say no more." ABSCOND Ab*scond", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Absconded; p. pr. & vb. n. Absconding.] Etym: [L. abscondere to hide; ab, abs + condere to lay up; con + dare (only in comp.) to put. Cf. Do.] 1. To hide, withdraw, or be concealed. The marmot absconds all winter. Ray. 2. To depart clandestinely; to steal off and secrete one's self; -- used especially of persons who withdraw to avoid a legal process; as, an absconding debtor. That very homesickness which, in regular armies, drives so many recruits to abscond. Macaulay. ABSCOND Ab*scond", v. t. Defn: To hide; to conceal. [Obs.] Bentley. ABSCONDENCE Ab*scond"ence, n. Defn: Fugitive concealment; secret retirement; hiding. [R.] Phillips. ABSCONDER Ab*scond"er, n. Defn: One who absconds. ABSENCE Ab"sence, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. absentia. See Absent.] 1. A state of being absent or withdrawn from a place or from companionship; -- opposed to presence. Not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence. Phil. ii. 12. 2. Want; destitution; withdrawal. "In the absence of conventional law." Kent. 3. Inattention to things present; abstraction (of mind); as, absence of mind. "Reflecting on the little absences and distractions of mankind." Addison. To conquer that abstraction which is called absence. Landor. ABSENT Ab"sent, a. Etym: [F., fr. absens, absentis, p. pr. of abesse to be away from; ab + esse to be. Cf. Sooth.] 1. Being away from a place; withdrawn from a place; not present. "Expecting absent friends." Shak. 2. Not existing; lacking; as, the part was rudimental or absent. 3. Inattentive to what is passing; absent-minded; preoccupied; as, an absent air. What is commonly called an absent man is commonly either a very weak or a very affected man. Chesterfield. Syn. -- Absent, Abstracted. These words both imply a want of attention to surrounding objects. We speak of a man as absent when his thoughts wander unconsciously from present scenes or topics of discourse; we speak of him as abstracted when his mind (usually for a brief period) is drawn off from present things by some weighty matter for reflection. Absence of mind is usually the result of loose habits of thought; abstraction commonly arises either from engrossing interests and cares, or from unfortunate habits of association. ABSENT Ab*sent", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absented; p. pr. & vb. n. Absenting.] Etym: [Cf. F. absenter.] 1. To take or withdraw (one's self) to such a distance as to prevent intercourse; -- used with the reflexive pronoun. If after due summons any member absents himself, he is to be fined. Addison. 2. To withhold from being present. [Obs.] "Go; for thy stay, not free, absents thee more." Milton. ABSENTANEOUS Ab`sen*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [LL. absentaneus. See absent] Defn: Pertaining to absence. [Obs.] ABSENTATION Ab`sen*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of absenting one's self. Sir W. Hamilton. ABSENTEE Ab`sen*tee", n. Defn: One who absents himself from his country, office, post, or duty; especially, a landholder who lives in another country or district than that where his estate is situated; as, an Irish absentee. Macaulay. ABSENTEEISM Ab`sen*tee"ism, n. Defn: The state or practice of an absentee; esp. the practice of absenting one's self from the country or district where one's estate is situated. ABSENTER Ab*sent"er, n. Defn: One who absents one's self. ABSENTLY Ab"sent*ly, adv. Defn: In an absent or abstracted manner. ABSENTMENT Ab*sent"ment, n. Defn: The state of being absent; withdrawal. [R.] Barrow. ABSENT-MINDED Ab`sent-mind"ed(#), a. Defn: Absent in mind; abstracted; preoccupied. -- Ab`sent-mind"ed*ness, n. -- Ab`sent-mind"ed*ly, adv. ABSENTNESS Ab"sent*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being absent-minded. H. Miller. ABSEY-BOOK Ab"sey-book`(#), n. Defn: An A-B-C book; a primer. [Obs.] Shak. ABSINTHATE Ab"sin"thate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A combination of absinthic acid with a base or positive radical. ABSINTHE; ABSINTH Ab"sinthe`, Ab"sinth`, n. Etym: [F. absinthe. See Absinthium.] 1. The plant absinthium or common wormwood. 2. A strong spirituous liqueur made from wormwood and brandy or alcohol. ABSINTHIAL Ab*sin"thi*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to wormwood; absinthian. ABSINTHIAN Ab*sin"thi*an, n. Defn: Of the nature of wormwood. "Absinthian bitterness." T. Randolph. ABSINTHIATE Ab"sin"thi*ate, v. t. Etym: [From L. absinthium: cf. L. absinthiatus, a.] Defn: To impregnate with wormwood. ABSINTHIATED Ab*sin"thi*a`ted, a. Defn: Impregnated with wormwood; as, absinthiated wine. ABSINTHIC Ab*sin"thic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Relating to the common wormwood or to an acid obtained from it. ABSINTHIN Ab*sin"thin, n. (Chem.) Defn: The bitter principle of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium). Watts. ABSINTHISM Ab"sin*thism, n. Defn: The condition of being poisoned by the excessive use of absinth. ABSINTHIUM Ab*sin"thi*um, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The common wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), an intensely bitter plant, used as a tonic and for making the oil of wormwood. ABSIS Ab"sis, n. Defn: See Apsis. ABSIST Ab*sist", v. i. Etym: [L. absistere, p. pr. absistens; ab + sistere to stand, causal of stare.] Defn: To stand apart from; top leave off; to desist. [Obs.] Raleigh. ABSISTENCE Ab*sist"ence, n. Defn: A standing aloof. [Obs.] ABSOLUTE Ab"so*lute, a. Etym: [L. absolutus, p. p. of absolvere: cf. F. absolu. See Absolve.] 1. Loosed from any limitation or condition; uncontrolled; unrestricted; unconditional; as, absolute authority, monarchy, sovereignty, an absolute promise or command; absolute power; an absolute monarch. 2. Complete in itself; perfect; consummate; faultless; as, absolute perfection; absolute beauty. So absolute she seems, And in herself complete. Milton. 3. Viewed apart from modifying influences or without comparison with other objects; actual; real; -- opposed to relative and comparative; as, absolute motion; absolute time or space. Note: Absolute rights and duties are such as pertain to man in a state of nature as contradistinguished from relative rights and duties, or such as pertain to him in his social relations. 4. Loosed from, or unconnected by, dependence on any other being; self-existent; self-sufficing. Note: In this sense God is called the Absolute by the Theist. The term is also applied by the Pantheist to the universe, or the total of all existence, as only capable of relations in its parts to each other and to the whole, and as dependent for its existence and its phenomena on its mutually depending forces and their laws. 5. Capable of being thought or conceived by itself alone; unconditioned; non-relative. Note: It is in dispute among philosopher whether the term, in this sense, is not applied to a mere logical fiction or abstraction, or whether the absolute, as thus defined, can be known, as a reality, by the human intellect. To Cusa we can indeed articulately trace, word and thing, the recent philosophy of the absolute. Sir W. Hamilton. 6. Positive; clear; certain; not doubtful. [R.] I am absolute 't was very Cloten. Shak. 7. Authoritative; peremptory. [R.] The peddler stopped, and tapped her on the head, With absolute forefinger, brown and ringed. Mrs. Browning. 8. (Chem.) Defn: Pure; unmixed; as, absolute alcohol. 9. (Gram.) Defn: Not immediately dependent on the other parts of the sentence in government; as, the case absolute. See Ablative absolute, under Ablative. Absolute curvature (Geom.), that curvature of a curve of double curvature, which is measured in the osculating plane of the curve. -- Absolute equation (Astron.), the sum of the optic and eccentric equations. -- Absolute space (Physics), space considered without relation to material limits or objects. -- Absolute terms. (Alg.), such as are known, or which do not contain the unknown quantity. Davies & Peck. -- Absolute temperature (Physics), the temperature as measured on a scale determined by certain general thermo-dynamic principles, and reckoned from the absolute zero. -- Absolute zero (Physics), the be ginning, or zero point, in the scale of absolute temperature. It is equivalent to -273º centigrade or -459.4º Fahrenheit. Syn. -- Positive; peremptory; certain; unconditional; unlimited; unrestricted; unqualified; arbitrary; despotic; autocratic. ABSOLUTE Ab"so*lute, n. (Geom.) Defn: In a plane, the two imaginary circular points at infinity; in space of three dimensions, the imaginary circle at infinity. ABSOLUTELY Ab"so*lute*ly, adv. Defn: In an absolute, independent, or unconditional manner; wholly; positively. ABSOLUTENESS Ab"so*lute*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being absolute; independence of everything extraneous; unlimitedness; absolute power; independent reality; positiveness. ABSOLUTION Ab`so*lu"tion, n. Etym: [F. absolution, L. absolutio, fr. absolvere to absolve. See Absolve.] 1. An absolving, or setting free from guilt, sin, or penalty; forgiveness of an offense. "Government . . . granting absolution to the nation." Froude. 2. (Civil Law) Defn: An acquittal, or sentence of a judge declaring and accused person innocent. [Obs.] 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The exercise of priestly jurisdiction in the sacrament of penance, by which Catholics believe the sins of the truly penitent are forgiven. Note: In the English and other Protestant churches, this act regarded as simply declaratory, not as imparting forgiveness. 4. (Eccl.) Defn: An absolving from ecclesiastical penalties, -- for example, excommunication. P. Cyc. 5. The form of words by which a penitent is absolved. Shipley. 6. Delivery, in speech. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Absolution day (R. C. Ch.), Tuesday before Easter. ABSOLUTISM Ab"so*lu`tism, n. 1. The state of being absolute; the system or doctrine of the absolute; the principles or practice of absolute or arbitrary government; despotism. The element of absolutism and prelacy was controlling. Palfrey. 2. (Theol.) Defn: Doctrine of absolute decrees. Ash. ABSOLUTIST Ab"so*lu`tist, n. 1. One who is in favor of an absolute or autocratic government. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: One who believes that it is possible to realize a cognition or concept of the absolute. Sir. W. Hamilton. ABSOLUTIST Ab"so*lu`tist, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to absolutism; arbitrary; despotic; as, absolutist principles. ABSOLUTISTIC Ab`so*lu*tis"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to absolutism; absolutist. ABSOLUTORY Ab*sol"u*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. absolutorius, fr. absolvere to absolve.] Defn: Serving to absolve; absolving. "An absolutory sentence." Ayliffe. ABSOLVABLE Ab*solv"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be absolved. ABSOLVATORY Ab*solv"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Conferring absolution; absolutory. ABSOLVE Ab*solve" (#; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absolved; p. pr. & vb. n. Absolving.] Etym: [L. absolvere to set free, to absolve; ab + solvere to loose. See Assoil, Solve.] 1. To set free, or release, as from some obligation, debt, or responsibility, or from the consequences of guilt or such ties as it would be sin or guilt to violate; to pronounce free; as, to absolve a subject from his allegiance; to absolve an offender, which amounts to an acquittal and remission of his punishment. Halifax was absolved by a majority of fourteen. Macaulay. 2. To free from a penalty; to pardon; to remit (a sin); -- said of the sin or guilt. In his name I absolve your perjury. Gibbon. 3. To finish; to accomplish. [Obs.] The work begun, how soon absolved. Milton. 4. To resolve or explain. [Obs.] "We shall not absolve the doubt." Sir T. Browne. Syn. -- To Absolve, Exonerate, Acquit. We speak of a man as absolved from something that binds his conscience, or involves the charge of wrongdoing; as, to absolve from allegiance or from the obligation of an oath, or a promise. We speak of a person as exonerated, when he is released from some burden which had rested upon him; as, to exonerate from suspicion, to exonerate from blame or odium. It implies a purely moral acquittal. We speak of a person as acquitted, when a decision has been made in his favor with reference to a specific charge, either by a jury or by disinterested persons; as, he was acquitted of all participation in the crime. ABSOLVENT Ab*solv"ent, a. Etym: [L. absolvens, p. pr. of absolvere.] Defn: Absolving. [R.] Carlyle. ABSOLVENT Ab*solv"ent, n. Defn: An absolver. [R.] Hobbes. ABSOLVER Ab*solv"er, n. Defn: One who absolves. Macaulay. ABSONANT Ab"so*nant, a. Etym: [L. ab + sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound.] Defn: Discordant; contrary; -- opposed to consonant. "Absonant to nature." Quarles. ABSONOUS Ab"so*nous, a. Etym: [L. absonus; ab + sonus sound.] Defn: Discordant; inharmonious; incongruous. [Obs.] "Absonous to our reason." Glanvill. ABSORB Ab*sorb", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absorbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Absorbing.] Etym: [L. absorbere; ab + sorbere to suck in, akin to Gr. absorber.] 1. To swallow up; to engulf; to overwhelm; to cause to disappear as if by swallowing up; to use up; to include. "Dark oblivion soon absorbs them all." Cowper. The large cities absorb the wealth and fashion. W. Irving. 2. To suck up; to drink in; to imbibe; as a sponge or as the lacteals of the body. Bacon. 3. To engross or engage wholly; to occupy fully; as, absorbed in study or the pursuit of wealth. 4. To take up by cohesive, chemical, or any molecular action, as when charcoal absorbs gases. So heat, light, and electricity are absorbed or taken up in the substances into which they pass. Nichol. p. 8 Syn. -- To Absorb, Engross, Swallow up, Engulf. These words agree in one general idea, that of completely taking up. They are chiefly used in a figurative sense and may be distinguished by a reference to their etymology. We speak of a person as absorbed (lit., drawn in, swallowed up) in study or some other employment of the highest interest. We speak of a person as ebgrossed (lit., seized upon in the gross, or wholly) by something which occupies his whole time and thoughts, as the acquisition of wealth, or the attainment of honor. We speak of a person (under a stronger image) as swallowed up and lost in that which completely occupies his thoughts and feelings, as in grief at the death of a friend, or in the multiplied cares of life. We speak of a person as engulfed in that which (like a gulf) takes in all his hopes and interests; as, engulfed in misery, ruin, etc. That grave question which had begun to absorb the Christian mind -- the marriage of the clergy. Milman. Too long hath love engrossed Britannia's stage, And sunk to softness all our tragic rage. Tickell. Should not the sad occasion swallow up My other cares Addison. And in destruction's river Engulf and swallow those. Sir P. Sidney. ABSORBABILITY Ab*sorb`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being absorbable. Graham (Chemistry). ABSORBABLE Ab*sorb"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. absorbable.] Defn: Capable of being absorbed or swallowed up. Kerr. ABSORBEDLY Ab*sorb"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner as if wholly engrossed or engaged. ABSORBENCY Ab*sorb"en*cy, n. Defn: Absorptiveness. ABSORBENT Ab*sorb"ent, a. Etym: [L. absorbens, p. pr. of absorbere.] Defn: Absorbing; swallowing; absorptive. Absorbent ground (Paint.), a ground prepared for a picture, chiefly with distemper, or water colors, by which the oil is absorbed, and a brilliancy is imparted to the colors. ABSORBENT Ab*sorb"ent, n. 1. Anything which absorbs. The ocean, itself a bad absorbent of heat. Darwin. 2. (Med.) Defn: Any substance which absorbs and neutralizes acid fluid in the stomach and bowels, as magnesia, chalk, etc.; also a substance e. g., iodine) which acts on the absorbent vessels so as to reduce enlarged and indurated parts. 3. pl. (Physiol.) Defn: The vessels by which the processes of absorption are carried on, as the lymphatics in animals, the extremities of the roots in plants. ABSORBER Ab*sorb"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, absorbs. ABSORBING Ab*sorb"ing, a. Defn: Swallowing, engrossing; as, an absorbing pursuit. -- Ab*sorb"ing, adv. ABSORBITION Ab`sor*bi"tion, n. Defn: Absorption. [Obs.] ABSORPT Ab*sorpt`, a. Etym: [L. absorptus, p. p.] Defn: Absorbed. [Arcahic.] "Absorpt in care." Pope. ABSORPTION Ab*sorp"tion, n. Etym: [L. absorptio, fr. absorbere. See Absorb.] 1. The act or process of absorbing or sucking in anything, or of being absorbed and made to disappear; as, the absorption of bodies in a whirlpool, the absorption of a smaller tribe into a larger. 2. (Chem. & Physics) Defn: An imbibing or reception by molecular or chemical action; as, the absorption of light, heat, electricity, etc. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: In living organisms, the process by which the materials of growth and nutrition are absorbed and conveyed to the tissues and organs. 4. Entire engrossment or occupation of the mind; as, absorption in some employment. ABSORPTIVE Ab*sorp"tive, a. Defn: Having power, capacity, or tendency to absorb or imbibe. E. Darwin. ABSORPTIVENESS Ab*sorp"tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being absorptive; absorptive power. ABSORPTIVITY Ab`sorp*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: Absorptiveness. ABSQUATULATE Ab*squat"u*late, v. i. Defn: To take one's self off; to decamp. [A jocular word. U. S.] ABSQUE HOC Abs"que hoc Defn: . Etym: [L., without this.] (Law) The technical words of denial used in traversing what has been alleged, and is repeated. ABSTAIN Ab*stain", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abstained; p. pr. & vb. n. Abstaining.] Etym: [OE. absteynen, abstenen, OF. astenir, abstenir, F. abstenir, fr. L. abstinere, abstentum, v. t. & v. i., to keep from; ab, abs + tenere to hold. See Tenable.] Defn: To hold one's self aloof; to forbear or refrain voluntarily, and especially from an indulgence of the passions or appetites; -- with from. Not a few abstained from voting. Macaulay. Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt Shak. Syn. -- To refrain; forbear; withhold; deny one's self; give up; relinquish. ABSTAIN Ab*stain", v. t. Defn: To hinder; to withhold. Whether he abstain men from marrying. Milton. ABSTAINER Ab*stain"er, n. Defn: One who abstains; esp., one who abstains from the use of intoxicating liquors. ABSTEMIOUS Ab*ste"mi*ous, a. Etym: [L. abstemius; ab, abs + root of temetum intoxicating drink.] 1. Abstaining from wine. [Orig. Latin sense.] Under his special eye Abstemious I grew up and thrived amain. Milton. 2. Sparing in diet; refraining from a free use of food and strong drinks; temperate; abstinent; sparing in the indulgence of the appetite or passions. Instances of longevity are chiefly among the abstemious. Arbuthnot. 3. Sparingly used; used with temperance or moderation; as, an abstemious diet. Gibbon. 4. Marked by, or spent in, abstinence; as, an abstemious life. "One abstemious day." Pope. 5. Promotive of abstemiousness. [R.] Such is the virtue of the abstemious well. Dryden. ABSTEMIOUSNESS Ab*ste"mi*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being abstemious, temperate, or sparing in the use of food and strong drinks. It expresses a greater degree of abstinence than temperance. ABSTENTION Ab*sten"tion, a. Etym: [F. See Abstain.] Defn: The act of abstaining; a holding aloof. Jer. Taylor. ABSTENTIOUS Ab*sten"tious, a. Defn: Characterized by abstinence; self-restraining. Farrar. ABSTERGE Ab*sterge, v. t. Etym: [L. abstergere, abstersum; ab, abs + tergere to wipe. Cf. F absterger.] Defn: To make clean by wiping; to wipe away; to cleanse; hence, to purge. [R.] Quincy. ABSTERGENT Ab*ster"gent, a. Etym: [L. abstergens, p. pr. of abstergere.] Defn: Serving to cleanse, detergent. ABSTERGENT Ab*ster"gent, n. Defn: A substance used in cleansing; a detergent; as, soap is an abstergent. ABSTERSE Ab*sterse", v. t. Defn: To absterge; to cleanse; to purge away. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ABSTERSION Ab*ster"sion, n. Etym: [F. abstersion. See Absterge.] Defn: Act of wiping clean; a cleansing; a purging. The task of ablution and abstersion being performed. Sir W. Scott. ABSTERSIVE Ab*ster"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. abstersif. See Absterge.] Defn: Cleansing; purging. Bacon. ABSTERSIVE Ab*ster"sive, n. Defn: Something cleansing. The strong abstersive of some heroic magistrate. Milton. ABSTERSIVENESS Ab*ster"sive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being abstersive. Fuller. ABSTINENCE Ab"sti*nence, n. Etym: [F. abstinence, L. abstinentia, fr. abstinere. See Abstain.] 1. The act or practice of abstaining; voluntary forbearance of any action, especially the refraining from an indulgence of appetite, or from customary gratifications of animal or sensual propensities. Specifically, the practice of abstaining from intoxicating beverages, -- called also total abstinence. The abstinence from a present pleasure that offers itself is a pain, nay, oftentimes, a very great one. Locke. 2. The practice of self-denial by depriving one's self of certain kinds of food or drink, especially of meat. Penance, fasts, and abstinence, To punish bodies for the soul's offense. Dryden. ABSTINENCY Ab"sti*nen*cy, n. Defn: Abstinence. [R.] ABSTINENT Ab"sti*nent, a. Etym: [F. abstinent, L. abstinens, p. pr. of abstinere. See Abstain.] Defn: Refraining from indulgence, especially from the indulgence of appetite; abstemious; continent; temperate. Beau. & Fl. ABSTINENT Ab"sti*nent, n. 1. One who abstains. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect who appeared in France and Spain in the 3d century. ABSTINENTLY Ab"sti*nent*ly, adv. Defn: With abstinence. ABSTORTED Ab*stort"ed, a. Etym: [As if fr. abstort, fr. L. ab, abs + tortus, p. p. of torquere to twist.] Defn: Wrested away. [Obs.] Bailey. ABSTRACT Ab"stract` (#; 277), a. Etym: [L. abstractus, p. p. of abstrahere to draw from, separate; ab, abs + trahere to draw. See Trace.] 1. Withdraw; separate. [Obs.] The more abstract . . . we are from the body. Norris. 2. Considered apart from any application to a particular object; separated from matter; exiting in the mind only; as, abstract truth, abstract numbers. Hence: ideal; abstruse; difficult. 3. (Logic) (a) Expressing a particular property of an object viewed apart from the other properties which constitute it; -- opposed to Ant: concrete; as, honesty is an abstract word. J. S. Mill. (b) Resulting from the mental faculty of abstraction; general as opposed to particular; as, "reptile" is an abstract or general name. Locke. A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name which stands for an attribute of a thing. A practice has grown up in more modern times, which, if not introduced by Locke, has gained currency from his example, of applying the expression "abstract name" to all names which are the result of abstraction and generalization, and consequently to all general names, instead of confining it to the names of attributes. J. S. Mill. 4. Abstracted; absent in mind. "Abstract, as in a trance." Milton. An abstract idea (Metaph.), an idea separated from a complex object, or from other ideas which naturally accompany it; as the solidity of marble when contemplated apart from its color or figure. -- Abstract terms, those which express abstract ideas, as beauty, whiteness, roundness, without regarding any object in which they exist; or abstract terms are the names of orders, genera or species of things, in which there is a combination of similar qualities. -- Abstract numbers (Math.), numbers used without application to things, as 6, 8, 10; but when applied to any thing, as 6 feet, 10 men, they become concrete. -- Abstract or Pure mathematics. See Mathematics. ABSTRACT Ab*stract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abstracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Abstracting.] Etym: [See Abstract, a.] 1. To withdraw; to separate; to take away. He was incapable of forming any opinion or resolution abstracted from his own prejudices. Sir W. Scott. 2. To draw off in respect to interest or attention; as, his was wholly abstracted by other objects. The young stranger had been abstracted and silent. Blackw. Mag. 3. To separate, as ideas, by the operation of the mind; to consider by itself; to contemplate separately, as a quality or attribute. Whately. 4. To epitomize; to abridge. Franklin. 5. To take secretly or dishonestly; to purloin; as, to abstract goods from a parcel, or money from a till. Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins from the harness. W. Black. 6. (Chem.) Defn: To separate, as the more volatile or soluble parts of a substance, by distillation or other chemical processes. In this sense extract is now more generally used. ABSTRACT Ab*stract", v. t. Defn: To perform the process of abstraction. [R.] I own myself able to abstract in one sense. Berkeley. ABSTRACT Ab"stract`, n. Etym: [See Abstract, a.] 1. That which comprises or concentrates in itself the essential qualities of a larger thing or of several things. Specifically: A summary or an epitome, as of a treatise or book, or of a statement; a brief. An abstract of every treatise he had read. Watts. Man, the abstract Of all perfection, which the workmanship Of Heaven hath modeled. Ford. 2. A state of separation from other things; as, to consider a subject in the abstract, or apart from other associated things. 3. An abstract term. The concretes "father" and "son" have, or might have, the abstracts "paternity" and "filiety." J. S. Mill. 4. (Med.) Defn: A powdered solid extract of a vegetable substance mixed with sugar of milk in such proportion that one part of the abstract represents two parts of the original substance. Abstract of title (Law), an epitome of the evidences of ownership. Syn. -- Abridgment; compendium; epitome; synopsis. See Abridgment. ABSTRACTED Ab*stract"ed, a. 1. Separated or disconnected; withdrawn; removed; apart. The evil abstracted stood from his own evil. Milton. 2. Separated from matter; abstract; ideal. [Obs.] 3. Abstract; abstruse; difficult. [Obs.] Johnson. 4. Inattentive to surrounding objects; absent in mind. "An abstracted scholar." Johnson. ABSTRACTEDLY Ab*stract"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In an abstracted manner; separately; with absence of mind. ABSTRACTEDNESS Ab*stract"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being abstracted; abstract character. ABSTRACTER Ab*stract"er, n. Defn: One who abstracts, or makes an abstract. ABSTRACTION Ab*strac"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. abstraction. See Abstract, a.] 1. The act of abstracting, separating, or withdrawing, or the state of being withdrawn; withdrawal. A wrongful abstraction of wealth from certain members of the community. J. S. Mill. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: The act process of leaving out of consideration one or more properties of a complex object so as to attend to others; analysis. Thus, when the mind considers the form of a tree by itself, or the color of the leaves as separate from their size or figure, the act is called abstraction. So, also, when it considers whiteness, softness, virtue, existence, as separate from any particular objects. Note: Abstraction is necessary to classification, by which things are arranged in genera and species. We separate in idea the qualities of certain objects, which are of the same kind, from others which are different, in each, and arrange the objects having the same properties in a class, or collected body. Abstraction is no positive act: it is simply the negative of attention. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. An idea or notion of an abstract, or theoretical nature; as, to fight for mere abstractions. 4. A separation from worldly objects; a recluse life; as, a hermit's abstraction. 5. Absence or absorption of mind; inattention to present objects. 6. The taking surreptitiously for one's own use part of the property of another; purloining. [Modern] 7. (Chem.) Defn: A separation of volatile parts by the act of distillation. Nicholson. ABSTRACTIONAL Ab*strac"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to abstraction. ABSTRACTIONIST Ab*strac"tion*ist, n. Defn: An idealist. Emerson. ABSTRACTITIOUS Ab`strac*ti"tious, a. Defn: Obtained from plants by distillation. [Obs.] Crabb. ABSTRACTIVE Ab*strac"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. abstractif.] Defn: Having the power of abstracting; of an abstracting nature. "The abstractive faculty." I. Taylor. ABSTRACTIVELY Ab*strac"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a abstract manner; separately; in or by itself. Feltham. ABSTRACTIVENESS Ab*strac"tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being abstractive; abstractive property. ABSTRACTLY Ab"stract`ly (#; 277), adv. Defn: In an abstract state or manner; separately; absolutely; by itself; as, matter abstractly considered. ABSTRACTNESS Ab"stract`ness, n. Defn: The quality of being abstract. "The abstractness of the ideas." Locke. ABSTRINGE Ab*stringe", v. t. Etym: [L ab + stringere, strictum, to press together.] Defn: To unbind. [Obs.] Bailey. ABSTRUDE Ab*strude", v. t. Etym: [L. abstrudere. See Abstruse.] Defn: To thrust away. [Obs.] Johnson. ABSTRUSE Ab*struse", a. Etym: [L. abstrusus, p. p. of abstrudere to thrust away, conceal; ab, abs + trudere to thrust; cf. F. abstrus. See Threat.] 1. Concealed or hidden out of the way. [Obs.] The eternal eye whose sight discerns Abstrusest thoughts. Milton. 2. Remote from apprehension; difficult to be comprehended or understood; recondite; as, abstruse learning. Profound and abstruse topics. Milman. ABSTRUSELY Ab*struse"ly, adv. Defn: In an abstruse manner. ABSTRUSENESS Ab*struse"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being abstruse; difficulty of apprehension. Boyle. ABSTRUSION Ab*stru"sion, n. Etym: [L. abstrusio. See Abstruse.] Defn: The act of thrusting away. [R.] Ogilvie. ABSTRUSITY Ab*stru"si*ty, n. Defn: Abstruseness; that which is abstruse. [R.] Sir T. Browne. ABSUME Ab*sume", v. t. Etym: [L. absumere, absumptum; ab + sumere to take.] Defn: To consume gradually; to waste away. [Obs.] Boyle. ABSUMPTION Ab*sump"tion (#; 215), n. Etym: [L. absumptio. See Absume.] Defn: Act of wasting away; a consuming; extinction. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ABSURD Ab*surd", a. Etym: [L. absurdus harsh-sounding; ab + (prob) a derivative fr. a root svar to sound; not connected with surd: cf. F. absurde. See Syringe.] Defn: Contrary to reason or propriety; obviously and fiatly opposed to manifest truth; inconsistent with the plain dictates of common sense; logically contradictory; nonsensical; ridiculous; as, an absurd person, an absurd opinion; an absurd dream. This proffer is absurd and reasonless. Shak. 'This phrase absurd to call a villain great. Pope. p. 9 Syn. -- Foolish; irrational; ridiculous; preposterous; inconsistent; incongruous. -- Absurd, Irrational, Foolish, Preposterous. Of these terms, irrational is the weakest, denoting that which is plainly inconsistent with the dictates of sound reason; as, an irrational course of life. Foolish rises higher, and implies either a perversion of that faculty, or an absolute weakness or fatuity of mind; as, foolish enterprises. Absurd rises still higher, denoting that which is plainly opposed to received notions of propriety and truth; as, an absurd man, project, opinion, story, argument, etc. Preposterous rises still higher, and supposes an absolute inversion in the order of things; or, in plain terms, a "putting of the cart before the horse;" as, a preposterous suggestion, preposterous conduct, a preposterous regulation or law. ABSURD Ab*surd", n. Defn: An absurdity. [Obs.] Pope. ABSURDITY Ab*surd"i*ty, n.; pl. Absurdities. Etym: [L. absurditas: cf. F. absurdite.] 1. The quality of being absurd or inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment. "The absurdity of the actual idea of an infinite number." Locke. 2. That which is absurd; an absurd action; a logical contradiction. His travels were full of absurdities. Johnson. ABSURDLY Ab*surd"ly, adv. Defn: In an absurd manner. ABSURDNESS Ab*surd"ness, n. Defn: Absurdity. [R.] ABUNA A*bu"na, n. Etym: [Eth. and Ar., our father.] Defn: The Patriarch, or head of the Abyssinian Church. ABUNDANCE A*bun"dance, n. Etym: [OE. (h)abudaunce, abundance, F. abundance, F. abondance, L. abundantia, fr. abundare. See Abound.] Defn: An overflowing fullness; ample sufficiency; great plenty; profusion; copious supply; superfluity; wealth: -- strictly applicable to quantity only, but sometimes used of number. It is lamentable to remember what abundance of noble blood hath been shed with small benefit to the Christian state. Raleigh. Syn. -- Exuberance; plenteousness; plenty; copiousness; overflow; riches; affluence; wealth. -- Abundance, Plenty, Exuberance. These words rise upon each other in expressing the idea of fullness. Plenty denotes a sufficiency to supply every want; as, plenty of food, plenty of money, etc. Abundance express more, and gives the idea of superfluity or excess; as, abundance of riches, an abundance of wit and humor; often, however, it only denotes plenty in a high degree. Exuberance rises still higher, and implies a bursting forth on every side, producing great superfluity or redundance; as, an exuberance of mirth, an exuberance of animal spirits, etc. ABUNDANT A*bun"dant, a. Etym: [OE. (h)abundant, aboundant, F. abondant, fr. L. abudans, p. pr. of abundare. See Abound.] Defn: Fully sufficient; plentiful; in copious supply; -- followed by in, rarely by with. "Abundant in goodness and truth." Exod. xxxiv. 6. Abundant number (Math.), a number, the sum of whose aliquot parts exceeds the number itself. Thus, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, the aliquot parts of 12, make the number 16. This is opposed to a deficient number, as 14, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2, 7, the sum of which is 10; and to a perfect number, which is equal to the sum of its aliquot parts, as 6, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2., 3. Syn. -- Ample; plentiful; copious; plenteous; exuberant; overflowing; rich; teeming; profuse; bountiful; liberal. See Ample. ABUNDANTLY A*bun"dant*ly, adv. Defn: In a sufficient degree; fully; amply; plentifully; in large measure. ABURST A*burst", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + burst.] Defn: In a bursting condition. ABUSABLE A*bus"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be abused. ABUSAGE A*bus"age, n. Defn: Abuse. [Obs.] Whately (1634). ABUSE A*buse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abused; p. pr. & vb. n. Abusing.] Etym: [F. abuser; L. abusus, p. p. of abuti to abuse, misuse; ab + uti to use. See Use.] 1. To put to a wrong use; to misapply; to misuse; to put to a bad use; to use for a wrong purpose or end; to pervert; as, to abuse inherited gold; to make an excessive use of; as, to abuse one's authority. This principle (if one may so abuse the word) shoots rapidly into popularity. Froude. 2. To use ill; to maltreat; to act injuriously to; to punish or to tax excessively; to hurt; as, to abuse prisoners, to abuse one's powers, one's patience. 3. To revile; to reproach coarsely; to disparage. The . . . tellers of news abused the general. Macaulay. 4. To dishonor. "Shall flight abuse your name" Shak. 5. To violate; to ravish. Spenser. 6. To deceive; to impose on. [Obs.] Their eyes red and staring, cozened with a moist cloud, and abused by a double object. Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- To maltreat; injure; revile; reproach; vilify; vituperate; asperse; traduce; malign. ABUSE A*buse", n. Etym: [F. abus, L. abusus, fr. abuti. See Abuse, v. t.] 1. Improper treatment or use; application to a wrong or bad purpose; misuse; as, an abuse of our natural powers; an abuse of civil rights, or of privileges or advantages; an abuse of language. Liberty may be endangered by the abuses of liberty, as well as by the abuses of power. Madison. 2. Physical ill treatment; injury. "Rejoice . . . at the abuse of Falstaff." Shak. 3. A corrupt practice or custom; offense; crime; fault; as, the abuses in the civil service. Abuse after disappeared without a struggle.. Macaulay. 4. Vituperative words; coarse, insulting speech; abusive language; virulent condemnation; reviling. The two parties, after exchanging a good deal of abuse, came to blows. Macaulay. 5. Violation; rape; as, abuse of a female child. [Obs.] Or is it some abuse, and no such thing Shak. Abuse of distress (Law), a wrongful using of an animal or chattel distrained, by the distrainer. Syn. -- Invective; contumely; reproach; scurrility; insult; opprobrium. -- Abuse, Invective. Abuse is generally prompted by anger, and vented in harsh and unseemly words. It is more personal and coarse than invective. Abuse generally takes place in private quarrels; invective in writing or public discussions. Invective may be conveyed in refined language and dictated by indignation against what is blameworthy. C. J. Smith. ABUSEFUL A*buse"ful, a. Defn: Full of abuse; abusive. [R.] "Abuseful names." Bp. Barlow. ABUSER A*bus"er, n. Defn: One who abuses [in the various senses of the verb]. ABUSION A*bu"sion, n. Etym: [OE. abusion, abusioun, OF. abusion, fr. L. abusio misuse of words, f. abuti. See Abuse, v. t.] Defn: Evil or corrupt usage; abuse; wrong; reproach; deception; cheat. Chaucer. ABUSIVE A*bu"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. abusif, fr. L. abusivus.] 1. Wrongly used; perverted; misapplied. I am . . . necessitated to use the word Parliament improperly, according to the abusive acceptation thereof. Fuller. 2. Given to misusing; also, full of abuses. [Archaic] "The abusive prerogatives of his see." Hallam. 3. Practicing abuse; prone to ill treat by coarse, insulting words or by other ill usage; as, an abusive author; an abusive fellow. 4. Containing abuse, or serving as the instrument of abuse; vituperative; reproachful; scurrilous. "An abusive lampoon." Johnson. 5. Tending to deceive; fraudulent; cheating. [Obs.] "An abusive treaty." Bacon. Syn. -- Reproachful; scurrilous; opprobrious; insolent; insulting; injurious; offensive; reviling. ABUSIVELY A*bu"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In an abusive manner; rudely; with abusive language. ABUSIVENESS A*bu"sive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being abusive; rudeness of language, or violence to the person. Pick out mirth, like stones out of thy ground, Profaneness, filthiness, abusiveness. Herbert. ABUT A*but", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Abutting.] Etym: [OF. abouter, aboter; cf. F. aboutir, and also abuter; a (L. ad) + OF. boter, buter, to push: cf. F. bout end, and but end, purpose.] Defn: To project; to terminate or border; to be contiguous; to meet; -- with on, upon, or against; as, his land abuts on the road. ABUTILON A*bu"ti*lon, n. Etym: [Ar. aubutilun.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of malvaceous plants of many species, found in the torrid and temperate zones of both continents; -- called also Indian mallow. ABUTMENT A*but"ment, n. 1. State of abutting. 2. That on or against which a body abuts or presses; as (a) (Arch.) The solid part of a pier or wall, etc., which receives the thrust or lateral pressure of an arch, vault, or strut. Gwilt. (b) (mech.) A fixed point or surface from which resistance or reaction is obtained, as the cylinder head of a steam engine, the fulcrum of a lever, etc. (c) In breech-loading firearms, the block behind the barrel which receives the pressure due to recoil. ABUTTAL A*but"tal, n. Defn: The butting or boundary of land, particularly at the end; a headland. Spelman. ABUTTER A*but"ter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, abuts. Specifically, the owner of a contiguous estate; as, the abutters on a street or a river. ABUZZ A*buzz", a. Etym: [Pref. a- + buzz.] Defn: In a buzz; buzzing. [Colloq.] Dickens. ABY; ABYE A*by", A*bye", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Abought.] Etym: [AS. abycgan to pay for; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + bycgan to buy. See Buy, and cf. Abide.] 1. To pay for; to suffer for; to atone for; to make amends for; to give satisfaction. [Obs.] Lest to thy peril thou aby it dear. Shak. 2. To endure; to abide. [Obs.] But nought that wanteth rest can long aby. Spenser. ABYSM A*bysm", n. Etym: [OF. abisme; F. abime, LL. abyssimus, a superl. of L. abyssus; Gr. Abyss.] Defn: An abyss; a gulf. "The abysm of hell." Shak. ABYSMAL A*bys"mal, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, an abyss; bottomless; unending; profound. Geology gives one the same abysmal extent of time that astronomy does of space. Carlyle. ABYSMALLY A*bys"mal*ly, adv. Defn: To a fathomless depth; profoundly. "Abysmally ignorant." G. Eliot. ABYSS A*byss", n. Etym: [L. abyssus a bottomless gulf, fr. Gr. 1. A bottomless or unfathomed depth, gulf, or chasm; hence, any deep, immeasurable, and, specifically, hell, or the bottomless pit. Ye powers and spirits of this nethermost abyss. Milton. The throne is darkness, in the abyss of light. Dryden. 2. Infinite time; a vast intellectual or moral depth. The abysses of metaphysical theology. Macaulay. In unfathomable abysses of disgrace. Burke. 3. (Her.) Defn: The center of an escutcheon. Note: This word, in its leading uses, is associated with the cosmological notions of the Hebrews, having reference to a supposed illimitable mass of waters from which our earth sprung, and beneath whose profound depths the wicked were punished. Encyc. Brit. ABYSSAL A*byss"al, a. Etym: [Cf. Abysmal.] Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, an abyss; unfathomable. Abyssal zone (Phys. Geog.), one of the belts or zones into which Sir E. Forbes divides the bottom of the sea in describing its plants, animals, etc. It is the one furthest from the shore, embracing all beyond one hundred fathoms deep. Hence, abyssal animals, plants, etc. ABYSSINIAN Ab`ys*sin"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Abyssinia. Abyssinian gold, an alloy of 90.74 parts of copper and 8.33 parts of zink. Ure. ABYSSINIAN Ab`ys*sin"i*an, n. 1. A native of Abyssinia. 2. A member of the Abyssinian Church. ACACIA A*ca"ci*a, n. (Antiq.) Defn: A roll or bag, filled with dust, borne by Byzantine emperors, as a memento of mortality. It is represented on medals. ACACIA A*ca"cia, n.; pl. E. Acacias, L. Acaciæ. Etym: [L. from Gr. ak to be sharp. See Acute.] 1. A genus of leguminous trees and shrubs. Nearly 300 species are Australian or Polynesian, and have terete or vertically compressed leaf stalks, instead of the bipinnate leaves of the much fewer species of America, Africa, etc. Very few are found in temperate climates. 2. (Med.) Defn: The inspissated juice of several species of acacia; -- called also gum acacia, and gum arabic. ACACIN; ACACINE Ac"a*cin, Ac"a*cine, n. Defn: Gum arabic. ACADEME Ac`a*deme", n. Etym: [L. academia. See Academy.] Defn: An academy. [Poetic] Shak. ACADEMIAL Ac`a*de"mi*al, a. Defn: Academic. [R.] ACADEMIAN Ac`a*de"mi*an, n. Defn: A member of an academy, university, or college. ACADEMIC Ac`a*dem"ic, n. 1. One holding the philosophy of Socrates and Plato; a Platonist. Hume. 2. A member of an academy, college, or university; an academician. ACADEMIC; ACADEMICAL Ac`a*dem"ic, Ac`a*dem"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. academicus: cf. F. académigue. See Academy.] 1. Belonging to the school or philosophy of Plato; as, the Academic sect or philosophy. 2. Belonging to an academy or other higher institution of learning; scholarly; literary or classical, in distinction from scientific. "Academic courses." Warburton. "Academical study." Berkeley. ACADEMICALLY Ac`a*dem`ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an academical manner. ACADEMICALS Ac`a*dem"ic*als, n. pl. Defn: The articles of dress prescribed and worn at some colleges and universities. ACADEMICIAN Ac`a*de*mi"cian (#; 277), n. Etym: [F. académicien. See Academy.] 1. A member of an academy, or society for promoting science, art, or literature, as of the French Academy, or the Royal Academy of arts. 2. A collegian. [R.] Chesterfield. ACADEMICISM Ac`a*dem"i*cism, n. 1. A tenet of the Academic philosophy. 2. A mannerism or mode peculiar to an academy. ACADEMISM A*cad"e*mism, n. Defn: The doctrines of the Academic philosophy. [Obs.] Baxter. ACADEMIST A*cad"e*mist, n. Etym: [F. academiste.] 1. An Academic philosopher. 2. An academician. [Obs.] Ray. ACADEMY A*cad"e*my, n.; pl. Academies. Etym: [F. académie, L. academia. Cf. Academe.] 1. A garden or grove near Athens (so named from the hero Academus), where Plato and his followers held their philosophical conferences; hence, the school of philosophy of which Plato was head. 2. An institution for the study of higher learning; a college or a university. Popularly, a school, or seminary of learning, holding a rank between a college and a common school. 3. A place of training; a school. "Academies of fanaticism." Hume. 4. A society of learned men united for the advancement of the arts and sciences, and literature, or some particular art or science; as, the French Academy; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; academies of literature and philology. 5. A school or place of training in which some special art is taught; as, the military academy at West Point; a riding academy; the Academy of Music. Academy figure (Paint.), a drawing usually half life-size, in crayon or pencil, after a nude model. ACADIAN A*ca"di*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Acadie, or Nova Scotia. "Acadian farmers." Longfellow. -- n. Defn: A native of Acadie. Acadian epoch (Geol.), an epoch at the beginning of the American paleozoic time, and including the oldest American rocks known to be fossiliferous. See Geology. -- Acadian owl (Zoöl.), a small North American owl (Nyctule Acadica); the saw-whet. ACAJOU Ac"a*jou, n. Etym: [F. See Cashew.] (Bot.) (a) The cashew tree; also, its fruit. See Cashew. (b) The mahogany tree; also, its timber. ACALEPH; ACALEPHAN Ac"a*leph, Ac`a*le"phan n.; pl. Acalephs, Acalephans. Etym: [See Acalephæ.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Acalephæ. ACALEPHAE Ac`a*le"phæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Defn: A group of Coelenterata, including the Medusæ or jellyfishes, and hydroids; -- so called from the stinging power they possess. Sometimes called sea nettles. ACALEPHOID Ac`ale"phoid, a. Etym: [Acaleph + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to or resembling the Acalephæ or jellyfishes. ACALYCINE; ACALYSINOUS A*cal"y*cine, Ac`a*lys`i*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Without a calyx, or outer floral envelope. ACANTH A*canth", n. Defn: Same as Acanthus. ACANTHA A*can"tha, n. Etym: [Gr. Acute.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A prickle. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A spine or prickly fin. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The vertebral column; the spinous process of a vertebra. Dunglison. ACANTHACEOUS Ac"an*tha"ceous, a. 1. Armed with prickles, as a plant. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the acanthus is the type. ACANTHINE A*can"thine, a. Etym: [L. acanthinus, Gr. Acanthus.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the plant acanthus. ACANTHOCARPOUS A*can`tho*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having the fruit covered with spines. ACANTHOCEPHALA A*can`tho*ceph"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of intestinal worms, having the proboscis armed with recurved spines. ACANTHOCEPHALOUS A*can`tho*ceph"a*lous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a spiny head, as one of the Acanthocephala. ACANTHOPHOROUS Ac`an*thoph"o*rous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Spine-bearing. Gray. ACANTHOPODIOUS A*can`tho*po"di*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having spinous petioles. ACANTHOPTERI Ac`an*thop"ter*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of teleostean fishes having spiny fins. See Acanthopterygii. ACANTHOPTEROUS Ac`an*thop"ter*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Spiny-winged. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Acanthopterygious. ACANTHOPTERYGIAN Ac`an*thop`ter*yg"i*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the order of fishes having spinose fins, as the perch. -- n. Defn: A spiny-finned fish. ACANTHOPTERYGII Ac`an*thop`ter*yg"i*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes having some of the rays of the dorsal, ventral, and anal fins unarticulated and spinelike, as the perch. ACANTHOPTERYGIOUS Ac`an*thop`ter*yg"i*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having fins in which the rays are hard and spinelike; spiny- finned. ACANTHUS A*can"thus, n.; pl. E. Acanthuses, L. Acanthi. Etym: [L., from Gr. Acantha.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbaceous prickly plants, found in the south of Europe, Asia Minor, and India; bear's-breech. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An ornament resembling the foliage or leaves of the acanthus (Acanthus spinosus); -- used in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders. A CAPPELLA A cap*pel"la. Etym: [It. See Chapel.] (Mus.) (a) In church or chapel style; -- said of compositions sung in the old church style, without instrumental accompaniment; as, a mass a capella, i. e., a mass purely vocal. (b) A time indication, equivalent to alla breve. ACAPSULAR A*cap"su*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + capsular.] (Bot.) Defn: Having no capsule. ACARDIAC A*car"di*ac, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Without a heart; as, an acardiac fetus. ACARIDAN A*car"i*dan, n. Etym: [See Acarus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group of arachnids, including the mites and ticks. ACARINA Ac`a*ri"na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The group of Arachnida which includes the mites and ticks. Many species are parasitic, and cause diseases like the itch and mange. ACARINE Ac"a*rine, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or caused by acari or mites; as, acarine diseases. ACAROID Ac"a*roid, a. Etym: [NL., acarus a mite + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Shaped like or resembling a mite. ACARPELLOUS Ac`ar*pel"lous, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + carpel.] (Bot.) Defn: Having no carpels. ACARPOUS A*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Not producing fruit; unfruitful. ACARUS Ac"a*rus, n.; pl. Acari. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus including many species of small mites. ACATALECTIC A*cat`a*lec"tic, a. Etym: [L. acatalecticus, Gr. (Pros.) Defn: Not defective; complete; as, an acatalectic verse. -- n. Defn: A verse which has the complete number of feet and syllables. ACATALEPSY A*cat"a*lep`sy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Incomprehensibility of things; the doctrine held by the ancient Skeptic philosophers, that human knowledge never amounts to certainty, but only to probability. ACATALEPTIC A*cat`a*lep"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Incapable of being comprehended; incomprehensible. ACATER A*ca"ter, n. Defn: See Caterer. [Obs.] ACATES A*cates", n. pl. Defn: See Cates. [Obs.] ACAUDATE A*cau"date, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + caudate.] Defn: Tailless. ACAULESCENT Ac`au*les"cent, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + caulescent.] (Bot.) Defn: Having no stem or caulis, or only a very short one concealed in the ground. Gray. ACAULINE A*cau"line, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + cauline.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Acaulescent. ACAULOSE; ACAULOUS A*cau"lose, A*cau"lous, a. Etym: [Gr. caulis stalk. See Cole.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Acaulescent. ACCADIAN Ac*ca"di*an, a. Etym: [From the city Accad. See Gen. x. 10.] Defn: Pertaining to a race supposed to have lived in Babylonia before the Assyrian conquest. -- Ac*ca"di*an, n., Ac"cad, n. Sayce. ACCEDE Ac*cede", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Acceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Acceding.] Etym: [L. accedere to approach, accede; ad + cedere to move, yield: cf. F. accédere. See Cede.] 1. To approach; to come forward; -- opposed to recede. [Obs.] T. Gale. 2. To enter upon an office or dignity; to attain. Edward IV., who had acceded to the throne in the year 1461. T. Warton. If Frederick had acceded to the supreme power. Morley. 3. To become a party by associating one's self with others; to give one's adhesion. Hence, to agree or assent to a proposal or a view; as, he acceded to my request. The treaty of Hanover in 1725 . . . to which the Dutch afterwards acceded. Chesterfield. Syn. -- To agree; assent; consent; comply; acquiesce; concur. ACCEDENCE Ac*ced"ence, n. Defn: The act of acceding. ACCEDER Ac*ced"er, n. Defn: One who accedes. ACCELERANDO Ac*cel`er*an"do, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Gradually accelerating the movement. ACCELERATE Ac*cel"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accelerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Accelerating.] Etym: [L. acceleratus, p. p. of accelerare; ad + celerare to hasten; celer quick. See Celerity.] 1. To cause to move faster; to quicken the motion of; to add to the speed of; -- opposed to retard. 2. To quicken the natural or ordinary progression or process of; as, to accelerate the growth of a plant, the increase of wealth, etc. 3. To hasten, as the occurence of an event; as, to accelerate our departure. Accelerated motion (Mech.), motion with a continually increasing velocity. -- Accelerating force, the force which causes accelerated motion. Nichol. Syn. -- To hasten; expedite; quicken; dispatch; forward; advance; further. ACCELERATION Ac*cel`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. acceleratio: cf. F. accélération.] Defn: The act of accelerating, or the state of being accelerated; increase of motion or action; as, a falling body moves toward the earth with an acceleration of velocity; -- opposed to retardation. A period of social improvement, or of intellectual advancement, contains within itself a principle of acceleration. I. Taylor. (Astr. & Physics.) Acceleration of the moon, the increase of the moon's mean motion in its orbit, in consequence of which its period of revolution is now shorter than in ancient times. -- Acceleration and retardation of the tides. See Priming of the tides, under Priming. -- Diurnal acceleration of the fixed stars, the amount by which their apparent diurnal motion exceeds that of the sun, in consequence of which they daily come to the meridian of any place about three minutes fifty-six seconds of solar time earlier than on the day preceding. -- Acceleration of the planets, the increasing velocity of their motion, in proceeding from the apogee to the perigee of their orbits. ACCELERATIVE Ac*cel"er*a*tive, a. Defn: Relating to acceleration; adding to velocity; quickening. Reid. ACCELERATOR Ac*cel"er*a`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, accelerates. Also as an adj.; as, accelerator nerves. ACCELERATORY Ac*cel"er*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Accelerative. ACCELEROGRAPH Ac*cel"er*o*graph, n. Etym: [Accelerate + -graph.] (Mil.) Defn: An apparatus for studying the combustion of powder in guns, etc. ACCELEROMETER Ac*cel`er*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Accelerate + -meter.] Defn: An apparatus for measuring the velocity imparted by gunpowder. ACCEND Ac*cend", v. t. Etym: [L. accendere, accensum, to kindle; ad + candère to kindle (only in compounds); rel. to candere to be white, to gleam. See Candle.] Defn: To set on fire; to kindle. [Obs.] Fotherby. ACCENDIBILITY Ac*cend`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capacity of being kindled, or of becoming inflamed; inflammability. ACCENDIBLE Ac*cend"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being inflamed or kindled; combustible; inflammable. Ure. ACCENSION Ac*cen"sion, n. Defn: The act of kindling or the state of being kindled; ignition. Locke. ACCENSOR Ac*cen"sor, n. Etym: [LL., from p. p. accensus. See Accend.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: One of the functionaries who light and trim the tapers. ACCENT Ac"cent`, n. Etym: [F. accent, L. accentus; ad + cantus a singing, canere to sing. See Cant.] 1. A superior force of voice or of articulative effort upon some particular syllable of a word or a phrase, distinguishing it from the others. Note: Many English words have two accents, the primary and the secondary; the primary being uttered with a greater stress of voice than the secondary; as in as'pira''tion, where the chief stress is on the third syllable, and a slighter stress on the first. Some words, as an'tiap'o-plec''tic, in-com'pre-hen'si-bil''i-ty, have two secondary accents. See Guide to Pron., tt 30-46. 2. A mark or character used in writing, and serving to regulate the pronunciation; esp.: (a) a mark to indicate the nature and place of the spoken accent; (b) a mark to indicate the quality of sound of the vowel marked; as, the French accents. Note: In the ancient Greek the acute accent (') meant a raised tone or pitch, the grave (`), the level tone or simply the negation of accent, the circumflex ( ~ or ^) a tone raised and then depressed. In works on elocution, the first is often used to denote the rising inflection of the voice; the second, the falling inflection; and the third (^), the compound or waving inflection. In dictionaries, spelling books, and the like, the acute accent is used to designate the syllable which receives the chief stress of voice. 3. Modulation of the voice in speaking; manner of speaking or pronouncing; peculiar or characteristic modification of the voice; tone; as, a foreign accent; a French or a German accent. "Beguiled you in a plain accent." Shak. "A perfect accent." Thackeray. The tender accent of a woman's cry. Prior. 4. A word; a significant tone; (pl.) expressions in general; speech. Winds! on your wings to Heaven her accents bear, Such words as Heaven alone is fit to hear. Dryden. 5. (Pros.) Defn: Stress laid on certain syllables of a verse. 6. (Mus.) (a) A regularly recurring stress upon the tone to mark the beginning, and, more feebly, the third part of the measure. (b) A special emphasis of a tone, even in the weaker part of the measure. (c) The rythmical accent, which marks phrases and sections of a period. (d) The expressive emphasis and shading of a passage. J. S. Dwight. 7. (Math.) (a) A mark placed at the right hand of a letter, and a little above it, to distinguish magnitudes of a similar kind expressed by the same letter, but differing in value, as y', y''. (b) (Trigon.) A mark at the right hand of a number, indicating minutes of a degree, seconds, etc.; as, 12'27'', i. e., twelve minutes twenty seven seconds. (c) (Engin.) A mark used to denote feet and inches; as, 6' 10'' is six feet ten inches. ACCENT Ac*cent", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accented; p. pr. & vb. n. Accenting.] Etym: [OF. accenter, F. accentuer.] 1. To express the accent of (either by the voice or by a mark); to utter or to mark with accent. 2. To mark emphatically; to emphasize. ACCENTLESS Ac"cent`less, a. Defn: Without accent. ACCENTOR Ac*cen"tor, n. Etym: [L. ad. + cantor singer, canere to sing.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: One who sings the leading part; the director or leader. [Obs.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of European birds (so named from their sweet notes), including the hedge warbler. In America sometimes applied to the water thrushes. ACCENTUABLE Ac*cen"tu*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being accented. ACCENTUAL Ac*cen"tu*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to accent; characterized or formed by accent. ACCENTUALITY Ac*cen`tu*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being accentual. ACCENTUALLY Ac*cen"tu*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an accentual manner; in accordance with accent. ACCENTUATE Ac*cen"tu*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accentuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Accentuating.] Etym: [LL. accentuatus, p. p. of accentuare, fr. L. accentus: cf. F. accentuer.] 1. To pronounce with an accent or with accents. 2. To bring out distinctly; to make prominent; to emphasize. In Bosnia, the struggle between East and West was even more accentuated. London Times. 3. To mark with the written accent. ACCENTUATION Ac*cen`tu*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. accentuatio: cf. F. accentuation.] Defn: Act of accentuating; applications of accent. Specifically (Eccles. Mus.), Defn: pitch or modulation of the voice in reciting portions of the liturgy. ACCEPT Ac*cept", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accepted; p. pr. & vb. n. Accepting.] Etym: [F. accepter, L. acceptare, freq. of accipere; ad + capere to take; akin to E. heave.] 1. To receive with a consenting mind (something offered); as, to accept a gift; -- often followed by of. If you accept them, then their worth is great. Shak. To accept of ransom for my son. Milton. She accepted of a treat. Addison. 2. To receive with favor; to approve. The Lord accept thy burnt sacrifice. Ps. xx. 3. Peradventure he will accept of me. Gen. xxxii. 20. 3. To receive or admit and agree to; to assent to; as, I accept your proposal, amendment, or excuse. 4. To take by the mind; to understand; as, How are these words to be accepted 5. (Com.) Defn: To receive as obligatory and promise to pay; as, to accept a bill of exchange. Bouvier. 6. In a deliberate body, to receive in acquittance of a duty imposed; as, to accept the report of a committee. [This makes it the property of the body, and the question is then on its adoption.] To accept a bill (Law), to agree (on the part of the drawee) to pay it when due. -- To accept service (Law), to agree that a writ or process shall be considered as regularly served, when it has not been. -- To accept the person (Eccl.), to show favoritism. "God accepteth no man's person." Gal. ii. 6. Syn. -- To receive; take; admit. See Receive. ACCEPT Ac*cept", a. Defn: Accepted. [Obs.] Shak. ACCEPTABILITY Ac*cept`a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [LL. acceptabilitas.] Defn: The quality of being acceptable; acceptableness. "Acceptability of repentance." Jer. Taylor. ACCEPTABLE Ac*cept"a*ble, a. Etym: [F. acceptable, L. acceptabilis, fr. acceptare.] Defn: Capable, worthy, or sure of being accepted or received with pleasure; pleasing to a receiver; gratifying; agreeable; welcome; as, an acceptable present, one acceptable to us. ACCEPTABLENESS Ac*cept"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being acceptable, or suitable to be favorably received; acceptability. ACCEPTABLY Ac*cept"a*bly, adv. Defn: In an acceptable manner; in a manner to please or give satisfaction. ACCEPTANCE Ac*cept"ance, n. 1. The act of accepting; a receiving what is offered, with approbation, satisfaction, or acquiescence; esp., favorable reception; approval; as, the acceptance of a gift, office, doctrine, etc. They shall come up with acceptance on mine altar. Isa. lx. 7. 2. State of being accepted; acceptableness. "Makes it assured of acceptance." Shak. 3. (Com.) (a) An assent and engagement by the person on whom a bill of exchange is drawn, to pay it when due according to the terms of the acceptance. (b) The bill itself when accepted. 4. An agreeing to terms or proposals by which a bargain is concluded and the parties are bound; the reception or taking of a thing bought as that for which it was bought, or as that agreed to be delivered, or the taking possession as owner. 5. (Law) Defn: An agreeing to the action of another, by some act which binds the person in law. Note: What acts shall amount to such an acceptance is often a question of great nicety and difficulty. Mozley & W. Note: In modern law, proposal and acceptance are the constituent elements into which all contracts are resolved. Acceptance of a bill of exchange, check, draft, or order, is an engagement to pay it according to the terms. This engagement is usually made by writing the word "accepted" across the face of the bill. Acceptance of goods, under the statute of frauds, is an intelligent acceptance by a party knowing the nature of the transaction. 6. Meaning; acceptation. [Obs.] Acceptance of persons, partiality, favoritism. See under Accept. ACCEPTANCY Ac*cept"an*cy, n. Defn: Acceptance. [R.] Here's a proof of gift, But here's no proof, sir, of acceptancy. Mrs. Browning. ACCEPTANT Ac*cept"ant, a. Defn: Accepting; receiving. ACCEPTANT Ac*cept"ant, n. Defn: An accepter. Chapman. ACCEPTATION Ac`cep*ta"tion, n. 1. Acceptance; reception; favorable reception or regard; state of being acceptable. [Obs.] This is saying worthy of all acceptation. 1 Tim. i. 15. Some things . . . are notwithstanding of so great dignity and acceptation with God. Hooker. 2. The meaning in which a word or expression is understood, or generally received; as, term is to be used according to its usual acceptation. My words, in common acceptation, Could never give this provocation. Gay. ACCEPTEDLY Ac*cept"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a accepted manner; admittedly. ACCEPTER Ac*cept"er, n. 1. A person who accepts; a taker. 2. A respecter; a viewer with partiality. [Obs.] God is no accepter of persons. Chillingworth. 3. (Law) Defn: An acceptor. ACCEPTILATION Ac*cep`ti*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. acceptilatio entry of a debt collected, acquittance, fr. p. p. of accipere (cf. Accept) + latio a carrying, fr. latus, p. p. of ferre to carry: cf. F. acceptilation.] (Civil Law) Defn: Gratuitous discharge; a release from debt or obligation without payment; free remission. ACCEPTION Ac*cep"tion, n. Etym: [L. acceptio a receiving, accepting: cf. F. acception.] Defn: Acceptation; the received meaning. [Obs.] Here the word "baron" is not to be taken in that restrictive sense to which the modern acception hath confined it. Fuller. Acception of persons or faces (Eccl.), favoritism; partiality. [Obs.] Wyclif. ACCEPTIVE Ac*cept"ive, a. 1. Fit for acceptance. 2. Ready to accept. [Obs.] B. Jonson. ACCEPTOR Ac*cept"or (#; 277), n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who accepts; specifically (Law & Com.), Defn: one who accepts an order or a bill of exchange; a drawee after he has accepted. ACCESS Ac*cess" (#; 277), n. Etym: [F. accès, L. accessus, fr. accedere. See Accede.] 1. A coming to, or near approach; admittance; admission; accessibility; as, to gain access to a prince. I did repel his letters, and denied His access to me. Shak. 2. The means, place, or way by which a thing may be approached; passage way; as, the access is by a neck of land. "All access was thronged." Milton. 3. Admission to sexual intercourse. During coverture, access of the husband shall be presumed, unless the contrary be shown. Blackstone. 4. Increase by something added; addition; as, an access of territory. [In this sense accession is more generally used.] I, from the influence of thy looks, receive Access in every virtue. Milton. 5. An onset, attack, or fit of disease. The first access looked like an apoplexy. Burnet. 6. A paroxysm; a fit of passion; an outburst; as, an access of fury. [A Gallicism] ACCESSARILY Ac*ces"sa*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of an accessary. ACCESSARINESS Ac*ces"sa*ri*ness, n. Defn: The state of being accessary. ACCESSARY Ac*ces"sa*ry (#; 277), a. Defn: Accompanying, as a subordinate; additional; accessory; esp., uniting in, or contributing to, a crime, but not as chief actor. See Accessory. To both their deaths thou shalt be accessary. Shak. Amongst many secondary and accessary causes that support monarchy, these are not of least reckoning. Milton. ACCESSARY Ac*ces"sa*ry (277), n.; pl. Accessaries. Etym: [Cf. Accessory and LL. accessarius.] (Law) Defn: One who, not being present, contributes as an assistant or instigator to the commission of an offense. Accessary before the fact (Law), one who commands or counsels an offense, not being present at its commission. -- Accessary after the fact, one who, after an offense, assists or shelters the offender, not being present at the commission of the offense. Note: This word, as used in law, is spelt accessory by Blackstone and many others; but in this sense is spelt accessary by Bouvier, Burrill, Burns, Whishaw, Dane, and the Penny Cyclopedia; while in other senses it is spelt accessory. In recent text-books on criminal law the distinction is not preserved, the spelling being either accessary or accessory. ACCESSIBILITY Ac*cess`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. accessibilitas: cf. F. accessibilité.] Defn: The quality of being accessible, or of admitting approach; receptibility. Langhorne. ACCESSIBLE Ac*cess"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. accessibilis, fr. accedere: cf. F. accessible. See Accede.] 1. Easy of access or approach; approachable; as, an accessible town or mountain, an accessible person. 2. Open to the influence of; -- with to. "Minds accessible to reason." Macaulay. 3. Obtainable; to be got at. The best information . . . at present accessible. Macaulay. ACCESSIBLY Ac*cess"i*bly, adv. Defn: In an accessible manner. ACCESSION Ac*ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. accessio, fr. accedere: cf. F. accession. See Accede.] 1. A coming to; the act of acceding and becoming joined; as, a king's accession to a confederacy. 2. Increase by something added; that which is added; augmentation from without; as, an accession of wealth or territory. The only accession which the Roman empire received was the province of Britain. Gibbon. 3. (Law) (a) A mode of acquiring property, by which the owner of a corporeal substance which receives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right to the part or thing added, or the improvement (provided the thing is not changed into a different species). Thus, the owner of a cow becomes the owner of her calf. (b) The act by which one power becomes party to engagements already in force between other powers. Kent. 4. The act of coming to or reaching a throne, an office, or dignity; as, the accession of the house of Stuart; -- applied especially to the epoch of a new dynasty. 5. (Med.) Defn: The invasion, approach, or commencement of a disease; a fit or paroxysm. Syn. -- Increase; addition; augmentation; enlargement. ACCESSIONAL Ac*ces"sion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to accession; additional. [R.] Sir T. Browne. ACCESSIVE Ac*ces"sive, a. Defn: Additional. ACCESSORIAL Ac`ces*so"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an accessory; as, accessorial agency, accessorial guilt. ACCESSORILY Ac*ces"so*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of an accessory; auxiliary. ACCESSORINESS Ac*ces"so*ri*ness, n. Defn: The state of being accessory, or connected subordinately. ACCESSORY Ac*ces"so*ry (#; 277), a. Etym: [L. accessorius. See Access, and cf. Accessary.] Defn: Accompanying as a subordinate; aiding in a secondary way; additional; connected as an incident or subordinate to a principal; contributing or contributory; said of persons and things, and, when of persons, usually in a bad sense; as, he was accessory to the riot; accessory sounds in music. Note: Ash accents the antepenult; and this is not only more regular, but preferable, on account of easiness of pronunciation. Most orhoëpists place the accent on the first syllable. Syn. -- Accompanying; contributory; auxiliary; subsidiary; subservient; additional; acceding. ACCESSORY Ac*ces"so*ry, n.; pl. Accessories. 1. That which belongs to something else deemed the principal; something additional and subordinate. "The aspect and accessories of a den of banditti." Carlyle. 2. (Law) Defn: Same as Accessary, n. 3. (Fine Arts) Defn: Anything that enters into a work of art without being indispensably necessary, as mere ornamental parts. Elmes. Syn. -- Abettor; accomplice; ally; coadjutor. See Abettor. ACCIACCATURA Ac*ciac`ca*tu"ra, n. Etym: [It., from acciaccare to crush.] (Mus.) Defn: A short grace note, one semitone below the note to which it is prefixed; -- used especially in organ music. Now used as equivalent to the short appoggiatura. ACCIDENCE Ac"ci*dence, n. Etym: [A corruption of Eng. accidents, pl. of accident. See Accident, 2.] 1. The accidents, of inflections of words; the rudiments of grammar. Milton. 2. The rudiments of any subject. Lowell. ACCIDENT Ac"ci*dent, n. Etym: [F. accident, fr. L. accidens, -dentis, p. pr. of accidere to happen; ad + cadere to fall. See Cadence, Case.] 1. Literally, a befalling; an event that takes place without one's foresight or expectation; an undesigned, sudden, and unexpected event; chance; contingency; often, an undesigned and unforeseen occurrence of an afflictive or unfortunate character; a casualty; a mishap; as, to die by an accident. Of moving accidents by flood and field. Shak. Thou cam'st not to thy place by accident: It is the very place God meant for thee. Trench. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A property attached to a word, but not essential to it, as gender, number, case. 3. (Her.) Defn: A point or mark which may be retained or omitted in a coat of arms. 4. (Log.) (a) A property or quality of a thing which is not essential to it, as whiteness in paper; an attribute. (b) A quality or attribute in distinction from the substance, as sweetness, softness. 5. Any accidental property, fact, or relation; an accidental or nonessential; as, beauty is an accident. This accident, as I call it, of Athens being situated some miles from the sea. J. P. Mahaffy. 6. Unusual appearance or effect. [Obs.] Chaucer. Note: Accident, in Law, is equivalent to casus, or such unforeseen, extraordinary, extraneous interference as is out of the range of ordinary calculation. ACCIDENTAL Ac`ci*den"tal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. accidentel, earlier accidental.] 1. Happening by chance, or unexpectedly; taking place not according to the usual course of things; casual; fortuitous; as, an accidental visit. 2. Nonessential; not necessary belonging; incidental; as, are accidental to a play. Accidental chords (Mus.), those which contain one or more tones foreign to their proper harmony. -- Accidental colors (Opt.), colors depending on the hypersensibility of the retina of the eye for complementary colors. They are purely subjective sensations of color which often result from the contemplation of actually colored bodies. -- Accidental point (Persp.), the point in which a right line, drawn from the eye, parallel to a given right line, cuts the perspective plane; so called to distinguish it from the principal point, or point of view, where a line drawn from the eye perpendicular to the perspective plane meets this plane. -- Accidental lights (Paint.), secondary lights; effects of light other than ordinary daylight, such as the rays of the sun darting through a cloud, or between the leaves of trees; the effect of moonlight, candlelight, or burning bodies. Fairholt. Syn. -- Casual; fortuitous; contingent; occasional; adventitious. -- Accidental, Incidental, Casual, Fortuitous, Contingent. We speak of a thing as accidental when it falls out as by chance, and not in the regular course of things; as, an accidental meeting, an accidental advantage, etc. We call a thing incidental when it falls, as it were, into some regular course of things, but is secondary, and forms no essential part thereof; as, an incremental remark, an incidental evil, an incidental benefit. We speak of a thing as casual, when it falls out or happens, as it were, by mere chance, without being prearranged or premeditated; as, a casual remark or encounter; a casual observer. An idea of the unimportant is attached to what is casual. Fortuitous is applied to what occurs without any known cause, and in opposition to what has been foreseen; as, a fortuitous concourse of atoms. We call a thing contingent when it is such that, considered in itself, it may or may not happen, but is dependent for its existence on something else; as, the time of my coming will be contingent on intelligence yet to be received. ACCIDENTAL Ac`ci*den"tal, n. 1. A property which is not essential; a nonessential; anything happening accidentally. He conceived it just that accidentals . . . should sink with the substance of the accusation. Fuller. 2. pl. (Paint.) Defn: Those fortuitous effects produced by luminous rays falling on certain objects so that some parts stand forth in abnormal brightness and other parts are cast into a deep shadow. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A sharp, flat, or natural, occurring not at the commencement of a piece of music as the signature, but before a particular note. ACCIDENTALISM Ac`ci*den"tal*ism, n. Defn: Accidental character or effect. Ruskin. ACCIDENTALITY Ac`ci*den*tal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being accidental; accidentalness. [R.] Coleridge. ACCIDENTALLY Ac`ci*den"tal*ly, adv. Defn: In an accidental manner; unexpectedly; by chance; unintentionally; casually; fortuitously; not essentially. ACCIDENTALNESS Ac`ci*den"tal*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being accidental; casualness. ACCIDIE Ac"ci*die, n. Etym: [OF. accide, accidie, LL. accidia, acedia, fr. Gr. Defn: Sloth; torpor. [Obs.] "The sin of accidie." Chaucer. ACCIPENSER Ac`ci*pen"ser, n. Defn: See Acipenser. ACCIPIENT Ac*cip"i*ent, n. Etym: [L. accipiens, p. pr. of accipere. See Accept.] Defn: A receiver. [R.] Bailey ACCIPITER Ac*cip"i*ter, n.; pl. E. Accipiters. L. Accipitres. Etym: [L., hawk.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of rapacious birds; one of the Accipitres or Raptores. 2. (Surg.) Defn: A bandage applied over the nose, resembling the claw of a hawk. ACCIPITRAL Ac*cip"i*tral, n. Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a falcon or hawk; hawklike. Lowell. ACCIPITRES Ac*cip"i*tres, n. pl. Etym: [L., hawks.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The order that includes rapacious birds. They have a hooked bill, and sharp, strongly curved talons. There are three families, represented by the vultures, the falcons or hawks, and the owls. ACCIPITRINE Ac*cip"i*trine (#; 277), a. Etym: [Cf. F. accipitrin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or belonging to the Accipitres; raptorial; hawklike. ACCISMUS Ac*cis"mus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: Affected refusal; coyness. ACCITE Ac*cite", v. t. Etym: [L. accitus, p. p. of accire, accere, to call for; ad + ciere to move, call. See Cite.] Defn: To cite; to summon. [Obs.] Our heralds now accited all that were Endamaged by the Elians. Chapman. ACCLAIM Ac*claim", v. t. Etym: [L. acclamare; ad + clamare to cry out. See Claim, Clamor.] [R.] 1. To applaud. "A glad acclaiming train." Thomson. 2. To declare by acclamations. While the shouting crowd Acclaims thee king of traitors. Smollett. 3. To shout; as, to acclaim my joy. ACCLAIM Ac*claim", v. i. Defn: To shout applause. ACCLAIM Ac*claim", n. Defn: Acclamation. [Poetic] Milton. ACCLAIMER Ac*claim"er, n. Defn: One who acclaims. ACCLAMATION Ac`cla*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. acclamatio: cf. F. acclamation.] 1. A shout of approbation, favor, or assent; eager expression of approval; loud applause. On such a day, a holiday having been voted by acclamation, an ordinary walk would not satisfy the children. Southey. 2. (Antiq.) Defn: A representation, in sculpture or on medals, of people expressing joy. Acclamation medals are those on which laudatory acclamations are recorded. Elmes. ACCLAMATORY Ac*clam"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or expressing approval by, acclamation. ACCLIMATABLE Ac*cli"ma*ta*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being acclimated. ACCLIMATATION Ac*cli`ma*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. acclimation. See Acclimate.] Defn: Acclimatization. ACCLIMATE Ac*cli"mate (#; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acclimated; p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimating.] Etym: [F. acclimater; à (l. ad) + climat climate. See Climate.] Defn: To habituate to a climate not native; to acclimatize. J. H. Newman. ACCLIMATEMENT Ac*cli"mate*ment, n. Defn: Acclimation. [R.] ACCLIMATION Ac`cli*ma"tion, n. Defn: The process of becoming, or the state of being, acclimated, or habituated to a new climate; acclimatization. ACCLIMATIZABLE Ac*cli"ma*ti`za*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being acclimatized. ACCLIMATIZATION Ac*cli"ma*ti*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of acclimatizing; the process of inuring to a new climate, or the state of being so inured. Darwin. ACCLIMATIZE Ac*cli"ma*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acclimatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimatizing.] Defn: To inure or habituate to a climate different from that which is natural; to adapt to the peculiarities of a foreign or strange climate; said of man, the inferior animals, or plants. ACCLIMATURE Ac*cli"ma*ture (#; 135), n. Defn: The act of acclimating, or the state of being acclimated. [R.] Caldwell. ACCLIVE Ac*clive", a. Defn: Acclivous. [Obs.] ACCLIVITOUS Ac*cliv"i*tous, a. Defn: Acclivous. I. Taylor. ACCLIVITOUS Ac*cliv"i*tous, a. Defn: Acclivous. I. Taylor. ACCLIVITY Ac*cliv"i*ty, n.; pl. Acclivities. Etym: [L. acclivitas, fr. acclivis, acclivus, ascending; ad + clivus a hill, slope, fr. root kli to lean. See Lean.] Defn: A slope or inclination of the earth, as the side of a hill, considered as ascending, in opposition to declivity, or descending; an upward slope; ascent. ACCLIVOUS Ac*cli"vous (#; 277), a. Etym: [L. acclivis and acclivus.] Defn: Sloping upward; rising as a hillside; -- opposed to declivous. ACCLOY Ac*cloy", v. t. Etym: [OF. encloyer, encloer, F. enclouer, to drive in a nail, fr. L. in + clavus nail.] Defn: To fill to satiety; to stuff full; to clog; to overload; to burden. See Cloy. [Obs.] Chaucer. ACCOAST Ac*coast", v. t. & i. Etym: [See Accost, Coast.] Defn: To lie or sail along the coast or side of; to accost. [Obs.] Whether high towering or accosting low. Spenser. ACCOIL Ac*coil", v. t. Etym: [OE. acoillir to receive, F. accueillir; L. ad + colligere to collect. See Coil.] 1. To gather together; to collect. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To coil together. Ham. Nav. Encyc. ACCOLADE Ac`co*lade" (#; 277), n. Etym: [F. accolade, It. accolata, fr. accollare to embrace; L. ad + collum neck.] 1. A ceremony formerly used in conferring knighthood, consisting am embrace, and a slight blow on the shoulders with the flat blade of a sword. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A brace used to join two or more staves. ACCOMBINATION Ac*com*bi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. ad + E. combination.] Defn: A combining together. [R.] ACCOMMODABLE Ac*com"mo*da*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. accommodable.] Defn: That may be accommodated, fitted, or made to agree. [R.] I. Watts. ACCOMMODABLENESS Ac*com"mo*dable*ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being accommodable. [R.] Todd. ACCOMMODATE Ac*com"mo*date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accommodated; p. pr. & vb. n. Accommodating.] Etym: [L. accommodatus, p. p. of accommodare; ad + commodare to make fit, help; con- + modus measure, proportion. See Mode.] 1. To render fit, suitable, or correspondent; to adapt; to conform; as, to accommodate ourselves to circumstances. "They accomodate their counsels to his inclination." Addison. 2. To bring into agreement or harmony; to reconcile; to compose; to adjust; to settle; as, to accommodate differences, a dispute, etc. 3. To furnish with something desired, needed, or convenient; to favor; to oblige; as, to accommodate a friend with a loan or with lodgings. 4. To show the correspondence of; to apply or make suit by analogy; to adapt or fit, as teachings to accidental circumstances, statements to facts, etc.; as, to accommodate prophecy to events. Syn. -- To suit; adapt; conform; adjust; arrange. ACCOMMODATE Ac*com"mo*date, v. i. Defn: To adapt one's self; to be conformable or adapted. [R.] Boyle. ACCOMMODATE Ac*com"mo*date, a. Etym: [L. accommodatus, p.p. of accommodare.] Defn: Suitable; fit; adapted; as, means accommodate to end. [Archaic] Tillotson. ACCOMMODATELY Ac*com"mo*date*ly, adv. Defn: Suitably; fitly. [R.] ACCOMMODATENESS Ac*com"mo*date*ness, n. Defn: Fitness. [R.] ACCOMMODATING Ac*com"mo*da`ting, a. Defn: Affording, or disposed to afford, accommodation; obliging; as an accommodating man, spirit, arrangement. ACCOMMODATION Ac*com`mo*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. accommodatio, fr. accommodare: cf. F. accommodation.] 1. The act of fitting or adapting, or the state of being fitted or adapted; adaptation; adjustment; -- followed by to. "The organization of the body with accommodation to its functions." Sir M. Hale. 2. Willingness to accommodate; obligingness. 3. Whatever supplies a want or affords ease, refreshment, or convenience; anything furnished which is desired or needful; -- often in the plural; as, the accomodations -- that is, lodgings and food -- at an inn. Sir W. Scott. 4. An adjustment of differences; state of agreement; reconciliation; settlement. "To come to terms of accommodation." Macaulay. 5. The application of a writer's language, on the ground of analogy, to something not originally referred to or intended. Many of those quotations from the Old Testament were probably intended as nothing more than accommodations. Paley. 6. (Com.) (a) A loan of money. (b) An accommodation bill or note. Accommodation bill, or note (Com.), a bill of exchange which a person accepts, or a note which a person makes and delivers to another, not upon a consideration received, but for the purpose of raising money on credit. -- Accommodation coach, or train, one running at moderate speed and stopping at all or nearly all stations. -- Accommodation ladder (Naut.), a light ladder hung over the side of a ship at the gangway, useful in ascending from, or descending to, small boats. ACCOMMODATOR Ac*com"mo*da`tor, n. Defn: He who, or that which, accommodates. Warburton. ACCOMPANABLE Ac*com"pa*na*ble, a. Defn: Sociable. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. ACCOMPANIER Ac*com"pa*ni*er, n. Defn: He who, or that which, accompanies. Lamb. ACCOMPANIMENT Ac*com"pa*ni*ment, n. Etym: [F. accompagnement.] Defn: That which accompanies; something that attends as a circumstance, or which is added to give greater completeness to the principal thing, or by way of ornament, or for the sake of symmetry. Specifically: (Mus.) Defn: A part performed by instruments, accompanying another part or parts performed by voices; the subordinate part, or parts, accompanying the voice or a principal instrument; also, the harmony of a figured bass. P. Cyc. ACCOMPANIST Ac*com"pa*nist, n. Defn: The performer in music who takes the accompanying part. Busby. ACCOMPANY Ac*com"pa*ny, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accompanied; p. pr. & vb. n. Accompanying] Etym: [OF. aacompaignier, F. accompagner, to associate with, fr. OF. compaign, compain, companion. See Company.] 1. To go with or attend as a companion or associate; to keep company with; to go along with; -- followed by with or by; as, he accompanied his speech with a bow. The Persian dames, . . . In sumptuous cars, accompanied his march. Glover. They are never alone that are accompanied with noble thoughts. Sir P. Sidney. He was accompanied by two carts filled with wounded rebels. Macaulay. 2. To cohabit with. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. Syn. -- To attend; escort; go with. -- To Accompany, Attend, Escort. We accompany those with whom we go as companions. The word imports an equality of station. We attend those whom we wait upon or follow. The word conveys an idea of subordination. We escort those whom we attend with a view to guard and protect. A gentleman accompanies a friend to some public place; he attends or escorts a lady. ACCOMPANY Ac*com"pa*ny, v. i. 1. To associate in a company; to keep company. [Obs.] Bacon. Men say that they will drive away one another, . . . and not accompany together. Holland. 2. To cohabit (with). [Obs.] Milton. 3. (Mus.) Defn: To perform an accompanying part or parts in a composition. ACCOMPLETIVE Ac*com"ple*tive, a. Etym: [L. ad + complere, completum, to fill up.] Defn: Tending to accomplish. [R.] ACCOMPLICE Ac*com"plice, n. Etym: [Ac- (perh. for the article a or for L. ad) + E. complice. See Complice.] 1. A cooperator. [R.] Success unto our valiant general, And happiness to his accomplices! Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: An associate in the commission of a crime; a participator in an offense, whether a principal or an accessory. "And thou, the cursed accomplice of his treason." Johnson. Note: It is followed by with or of before a person and by in (or sometimes of) before the crime; as, A was an accomplice with B in the murder of C. Dryden uses it with to before a thing. "Suspected for accomplice to the fire." Dryden. Syn. -- Abettor; accessory; assistant; associate; confederate; coadjutor; ally; promoter. See Abettor. ACCOMPLICESHIP Ac*com"plice*ship, n. Defn: The state of being an accomplice. [R.] Sir H. Taylor. ACCOMPLICITY Ac`com*plic"i*ty, n. Defn: The act or state of being an accomplice. [R.] ACCOMPLISH Ac*com"plish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accomplished, p. pr. & vb. n. Accomplishing.] Etym: [OE. acomplissen, OF. accomplir, F. accomplir; L. ad + complere to fill up, complete. See Complete, Finish.] 1. To complete, as time or distance. That He would accomplish seventy years in the desolations of Jerusalem. Dan. ix. 2. He had accomplished half a league or more. Prescott. 2. To bring to an issue of full success; to effect; to perform; to execute fully; to fulfill; as, to accomplish a design, an object, a promise. This that is written must yet be accomplished in me. Luke xxii. 37. 3. To equip or furnish thoroughly; hence, to complete in acquirements; to render accomplished; to polish. The armorers accomplishing the knights. Shak. It [the moon] is fully accomplished for all those ends to which Providence did appoint it. Wilkins. These qualities . . . go to accomplish a perfect woman. Cowden Clarke. 4. To gain; to obtain. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- To do; perform; fulfill; realize; effect; effectuate; complete; consummate; execute; achieve; perfect; equip; furnish. -- To Accomplish, Effect, Execute, Achieve, Perform. These words agree in the general idea of carrying out to some end proposed. To accomplish (to fill up to the measure of the intention) generally implies perseverance and skill; as, to accomplish a plan proposed by one's self, an object, a design, an undertaking. "Thou shalt accomplish my desire." 1 Kings v. 9. He . . . expressed his desire to see a union accomplished between England and Scotland. Macaulay. To effect (to work out) is much like accomplish. It usually implies some degree of difficulty contended with; as, he effected or accomplished what he intended, his purpose, but little. "What he decreed, he effected." Milton. To work in close design by fraud or guile What force effected not. Milton. To execute (to follow out to the end, to carry out, or into effect) implies a set mode of operation; as, to execute the laws or the orders of another; to execute a work, a purpose, design, plan, project. To perform is much like to do, though less generally applied. It conveys a notion of protracted and methodical effort; as, to perform a mission, a part, a task, a work. "Thou canst best perform that office." Milton. The Saints, like stars, around his seat Perform their courses still. Keble. To achieve (to come to the end or arrive at one's purpose) usually implies some enterprise or undertaking of importance, difficulty, and excellence. ACCOMPLISHABLE Ac*com"plish*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being accomplished; practicable. Carlyle. ACCOMPLISHED Ac*com"plished, a. 1. Completed; effected; established; as, an accomplished fact. 2. Complete in acquirements as the result usually of training; -- commonly in a good sense; as, an accomplished scholar, an accomplished villain. They . . . show themselves accomplished bees. Holland. Daughter of God and man, accomplished Eve. Milton. ACCOMPLISHER Ac*com"plish*er, n. Defn: One who accomplishes. ACCOMPLISHMENT Ac*com"plish*ment, n. Etym: [F. accomplissement, fr. accomplir.] 1. The act of accomplishing; entire performance; completion; fulfillment; as, the accomplishment of an enterprise, of a prophecy, etc. 2. That which completes, perfects, or equips thoroughly; acquirement; attainment; that which constitutes excellence of mind, or elegance of manners, acquired by education or training. "My new accomplishment of dancing." Churchill. "Accomplishments befitting a station." Thackeray. Accomplishments have taken virtue's place, And wisdom falls before exterior grace. Cowper. ACCOMPT Ac*compt" (#; formerly #), n. Defn: See Account. Note: Accompt, accomptant, etc., are archaic forms. ACCOMPTABLE Ac*compt"a*ble, a. Defn: See Accountable. ACCOMPTANT Ac*compt"ant, n. Defn: See Accountant. ACCORD Ac*cord", n. Etym: [OE. acord, accord, OF. acort, acorde, F. accord, fr. OF. acorder, F. accorder. See Accord, v. t.] 1. Agreement or concurrence of opinion, will, or action; harmony of mind; consent; assent. A mediator of an accord and peace between them. Bacon. These all continued with one accord in prayer. Acts i. 14. 2. Harmony of sounds; agreement in pitch and tone; concord; as, the accord of tones. Those sweet accords are even the angels' lays. Sir J. Davies. 3. Agreement, harmony, or just correspondence of things; as, the accord of light and shade in painting. 4. Voluntary or spontaneous motion or impulse to act; -- preceded by own; as, of one's own accord. That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest thou shalt not reap. Lev. xxv. 5. Of his own accord he went unto you. 2 Cor. vii. 17. 5. (Law) Defn: An agreement between parties in controversy, by which satisfaction for an injury is stipulated, and which, when executed, bars a suit. Blackstone. With one accord, with unanimity. They rushed with one accord into the theater. Acts xix. 29. ACCORD Ac*cord", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accorded; p. pr. & vb. n. According.] Etym: [OE. acorden, accorden, OF. acorder, F. accorder, fr. LL. accordare; L. ad + cor, cordis, heart. Cf. Concord, Discord, and see Heart.] 1. To make to agree or correspond; to suit one thing to another; to adjust; -- followed by to. [R.] Her hands accorded the lute's music to the voice. Sidney. 2. To bring to an agreement, as persons; to reconcile; to settle, adjust, harmonize, or compose, as things; as, to accord suits or controversies. When they were accorded from the fray. Spenser. All which particulars, being confessedly knotty and difficult can never be accorded but by a competent stock of critical learning. South. 3. To grant as suitable or proper; to concede; to award; as, to accord to one due praise. "According his desire." Spenser. ACCORD Ac*cord", v. i. 1. To agree; to correspond; to be in harmony; -- followed by with, formerly also by to; as, his disposition accords with his looks. My heart accordeth with my tongue. Shak. Thy actions to thy words accord. Milton. 2. To agree in pitch and tone. ACCORDABLE Ac*cord"a*ble, a. Etym: [OF. acordable, F. accordable.] 1. Agreeing. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Reconcilable; in accordance. ACCORDANCE Ac*cord"ance, n. Etym: [OF. acordance.] Defn: Agreement; harmony; conformity. "In strict accordance with the law." Macaulay. Syn. -- Harmony; unison; coincidence. ACCORDANCY Ac*cord"an*cy, n. Defn: Accordance. [R.] Paley. ACCORDANT Ac*cord"ant, a. Etym: [OF. acordant, F. accordant.] Defn: Agreeing; consonant; harmonious; corresponding; conformable; -- followed by with or to. Strictly accordant with true morality. Darwin. And now his voice accordant to the string. Coldsmith. ACCORDANTLY Ac*cord"ant*ly, adv. Defn: In accordance or agreement; agreeably; conformably; -- followed by with or to. ACCORDER Ac*cord"er, n. Defn: One who accords, assents, or concedes. [R.] ACCORDING Ac*cord"ing, p. a. Defn: Agreeing; in agreement or harmony; harmonious. "This according voice of national wisdom." Burke. "Mind and soul according well." Tennyson. According to him, every person was to be bought. Macaulay. Our zeal should be according to knowledge. Sprat. Note: According to has been called a prepositional phrase, but strictly speaking, according is a participle in the sense of agreeing, acceding, and to alone is the preposition. According as, precisely as; the same as; corresponding to the way in which. According as is an adverbial phrase, of which the propriety has been doubted; but good usage sanctions it. See According, adv. Is all things well, According as I gave directions Shak. The land which the Lord will give you according as he hath promised. Ex. xii. 25. p. 13 ACCORDING Ac*cord"ing, adv. Defn: Accordingly; correspondingly. [Obs.] Shak. ACCORDINGLY Ac*cord"ing*ly, adv. 1. Agreeably; correspondingly; suitably; in a manner conformable. Behold, and so proceed accordingly. Shak. 2. In natural sequence; consequently; so. Syn. -- Consequently; therefore; wherefore; hence; so. -- Accordingly, Consequently, indicate a connection between two things, the latter of which is done on account of the former. Accordingly marks the connection as one of simple accordance or congruity, leading naturally to the result which followed; as, he was absent when I called, and I accordingly left my card; our preparations were all finished, and we accordingly set sail. Consequently all finished, and we accordingly set sail. Consequently marks a closer connection, that of logical or causal sequence; as, the papers were not ready, and consequently could not be signed. ACCORDION Ac*cor"di*on, n. Etym: [See Accord.] (Mus.) Defn: A small, portable, keyed wind instrument, whose tones are generated by play of the wind upon free metallic reeds. ACCORDIONIST Ac*cor"di*on*ist, n. Defn: A player on the accordion. ACCORDMENT Ac*cord"ment, n. Etym: [OF. acordement. See Accord, v.] Defn: Agreement; reconcilement. [Obs.] Gower. ACCORPORATE Ac*cor"po*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. accorporare; ad + corpus, corporis, body.] Defn: To unite; to attach; to incorporate. [Obs.] Milton. ACCOST Ac*cost" (#; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Accosting.] Etym: [F. accoster, LL. accostare to bring side by side; L. ad + costa rib, side. See Coast, and cf. Accoast.] 1. To join side to side; to border; hence, to sail along the coast or side of. [Obs.] "So much [of Lapland] as accosts the sea." Fuller. 2. To approach; to make up to. [Archaic] Shak. 3. To speak to first; to address; to greet. "Him, Satan thus accosts." Milton. ACCOST Ac*cost", v. i. Defn: To adjoin; to lie alongside. [Obs.] "The shores which to the sea accost." Spenser. ACCOST Ac*cost", n. Defn: Address; greeting. [R.] J. Morley. ACCOSTABLE Ac*cost"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. accostable.] Defn: Approachable; affable. [R.] Hawthorne. ACCOSTED Ac*cost"ed, a. (Her.) Defn: Supported on both sides by other charges; also, side by side. ACCOUCHEMENT Ac*couche"ment (#; 277), n. Etym: [F., fr. accoucher to be delivered of a child, to aid in delivery, OF. acouchier orig. to lay down, put to bed, go to bed; L. ad + collocare to lay, put, place. See Collate.] Defn: Delivery in childbed ACCOUCHEUR Ac*cou*cheur", n. Etym: [F., fr. accoucher. See Accouchement.] Defn: A man who assists women in childbirth; a man midwife; an obstetrician. ACCOUCHEUSE Ac*cou*cheuse", n. Etym: [F.., fem. of accoucher.] Defn: A midwife. [Recent] Dunglison. ACCOUNT Ac*count", n. Etym: [OE. acount, account, accompt, OF. acont, fr. aconter. See Account, v. t., Count, n., 1.] 1. A reckoning; computation; calculation; enumeration; a record of some reckoning; as, the Julian account of time. A beggarly account of empty boxes. Shak. 2. A registry of pecuniary transactions; a written or printed statement of business dealings or debts and credits, and also of other things subjected to a reckoning or review; as, to keep one's account at the bank. 3. A statement in general of reasons, causes, grounds, etc., explanatory of some event; as, no satisfactory account has been given of these phenomena. Hence, the word is often used simply for reason, ground, consideration, motive, etc.; as, on no account, on every account, on all accounts. 4. A statement of facts or occurrences; recital of transactions; a relation or narrative; a report; a description; as, an account of a battle. "A laudable account of the city of London." Howell. 5. A statement and explanation or vindication of one's conduct with reference to judgment thereon. Give an account of thy stewardship. Luke xvi. 2. 6. An estimate or estimation; valuation; judgment. "To stand high in your account." Shak. 7. Importance; worth; value; advantage; profit. "Men of account." Pope. "To turn to account." Shak. Account current, a running or continued account between two or more parties, or a statement of the particulars of such an account. -- In account with, in a relation requiring an account to be kept. -- On account of, for the sake of; by reason of; because of. -- On one's own account, for one's own interest or behalf. -- To make account, to have an opinion or expectation; to reckon. [Obs.] s other part . . . makes account to find no slender arguments for this assertion out of those very scriptures which are commonly urged against it. Milton. -- To make account of, to hold in estimation; to esteem; as, he makes small account of beauty. -- To take account of, or to take into account, to take into consideration; to notice. "Of their doings, God takes no account." Milton . -- A writ of account (Law), a writ which the plaintiff brings demanding that the defendant shall render his just account, or show good cause to the contrary; -- called also an action of account. Cowell. Syn. -- Narrative; narration; relation; recital; description; explanation; rehearsal. -- Account, Narrative, Narration, Recital. These words are applied to different modes of rehearsing a series of events. Account turns attention not so much to the speaker as to the fact related, and more properly applies to the report of some single event, or a group of incidents taken as whole; as, an account of a battle, of a shipwreck, etc. A narrative is a continuous story of connected incidents, such as one friend might tell to another; as, a narrative of the events of a siege, a narrative of one's life, etc. Narration is usually the same as narrative, but is sometimes used to describe the mode of relating events; as, his powers of narration are uncommonly great. Recital denotes a series of events drawn out into minute particulars, usually expressing something which peculiarly interests the feelings of the speaker; as, the recital of one's wrongs, disappointments, sufferings, etc. 1. To reckon; to compute; to count. [Obs.] The motion of . . . the sun whereby years are accounted. Sir T. Browne. 2. To place to one's account; to put to the credit of; to assign; -- with to. [R.] Clarendon. 3. To value, estimate, or hold in opinion; to judge or consider; to deem. Accounting that God was able to raise him up. Heb. xi. 19. 4. To recount; to relate. [Obs.] Chaucer. ACCOUNT Ac*count", v. i. 1. To render or receive an account or relation of particulars; as, an officer must account with or to the treasurer for money received. 2. To render an account; to answer in judgment; -- with for; as, we must account for the use of our opportunities. 3. To give a satisfactory reason; to tell the cause of; to explain; - - with for; as, idleness accounts for poverty. To account of, to esteem; to prize; to value. Now used only in the passive. "I account of her beauty." Shak. Newer was preaching more accounted of than in the sixteenth century. Canon Robinson. ACCOUNTABILITY Ac*count"a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being accountable; liability to be called on to render an account; accountableness. "The awful idea of accountability." R. Hall. ACCOUNTABLE Ac*count"a*ble, a. 1. Liable to be called on to render an account; answerable; as, every man is accountable to God for his conduct. 2. Capable of being accounted for; explicable. [R.] True religion . . . intelligible, rational, and accountable, -- not a burden but a privilege. B. Whichcote. Syn. -- Amenable; responsible; liable; answerable. ACCOUNTABLENESS Ac*count"a*ble ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being accountable; accountability. ACCOUNTABLY Ac*count"a*bly, adv. Defn: In an accountable manner. ACCOUNTANCY Ac*count"an*cy, n. Defn: The art or employment of an accountant. ACCOUNTANT Ac*count"ant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. accomptant, OF. acontant, p. pr.] 1. One who renders account; one accountable. 2. A reckoner. 3. One who is skilled in, keeps, or adjusts, accounts; an officer in a public office, who has charge of the accounts. Accountatn general, the head or superintending accountant in certain public offices. Also, formerly, an officer in the English court of chancery who received the moneys paid into the court, and deposited them in the Bank of England. ACCOUNTANT Ac*count"ant, a. Defn: Accountable. [Obs.] Shak. ACCOUNTANTSHIP Ac*count"ant*ship, n. Etym: [Accountant + -ship.] Defn: The office or employment of an accountant. ACCOUNT BOOK Ac*count" book`. Defn: A book in which accounts are kept. Swift. ACCOUPLE Ac*cou"ple, v. t. Etym: [OF. acopler, F. accoupler. See Couple.] Defn: To join; to couple. [R.] The Englishmen accoupled themselves with the Frenchmen. Hall. ACCOUPLEMENT Ac*cou"ple*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. accouplement.] 1. The act of coupling, or the state of being coupled; union. [R.] Caxton. 2. That which couples, as a tie or brace. [R.] ACCOURAGE Ac*cour"age, v. t. Etym: [OF. acoragier; à (L. ad) + corage. See Courage.] Defn: To encourage. [Obs.] ACCOURT Ac*court", v. t. Etym: [Ac-, for L. ad. See Court.] Defn: To treat courteously; to court. [Obs.] Spenser. ACCOUTER; ACCOUTRE Ac*cou"ter, Ac*cou"tre, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accoutered or Accoutred; p. pr. & vb. n. Accoutering or Accoutring.] Etym: [F. accouter, OF. accoutrer, accoustrer; à (L. ad) + perh. LL. custor, for custos guardian, sacristan (cf. Custody), or perh. akin to E. guilt.] Defn: To furnish with dress, or equipments, esp. those for military service; to equip; to attire; to array. Bot accoutered like young men. Shak. For this, in rags accoutered are they seen. Dryden. Accoutered with his burden and his staff. Wordsworth. ACCOUTERMENTS; ACCOUTREMENTS Ac*cou"ter*ments, Ac*cou"tre*ments, n. pl. Etym: [F. accoutrement, earlier also accoustrement, earlier also accoustrement. See Accouter.] Defn: Dress; trappings; equipment; specifically, the devices and equipments worn by soldiers. How gay with all the accouterments of war! ACCOY Ac*coy", v. t. Etym: [OF. acoyer; ac-, for L. ad. See Coy.] 1. To render quiet; to soothe. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To subdue; to tame; to daunt. [Obs.] Then is your careless courage accoyed. Spenser. ACCREDIT Ac*cred"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accredited; p. pr. & vb. n. Accrediting.] Etym: [F. accréditer; à (L. ad) + crédit credit. See Credit.] 1. To put or bring into credit; to invest with credit or authority; to sanction. His censure will . . . accredit his praises. Cowper. These reasons . . . which accredit and fortify mine opinion. Shelton. 2. To send with letters credential, as an ambassador, envoy, or diplomatic agent; to authorize, as a messenger or delegate. Beton . . . was accredited to the Court of France. Froude. 3. To believe; to credit; to put trust in. The version of early Roman history which was accredited in the fifth century. Sir G. C. Lewis. He accredited and repeated stories of apparitions and witchcraft. Southey. 4. To credit; to vouch for or consider (some one) as doing something, or (something) as belonging to some one. To accredit (one) with (something), to attribute something to him; as, Mr. Clay was accredited with these views; they accredit him with a wise saying. ACCREDITATION Ac*cred`i*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of accrediting; as, letters of accreditation. ACCREMENTITIAL Ac`cre*men*ti"tial, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Pertaining to accremention. ACCREMENTITION Ac`cre*men*ti"tion, n. Etym: [See Accresce, Increment.] (Physiol.) Defn: The process of generation by development of blastema, or fission of cells, in which the new formation is in all respect like the individual from which it proceeds. ACCRESCE Ac*cresce", v. i. Etym: [L. accrescere. See Accrue.] 1. To accrue. [R.] 2. To increase; to grow. [Obs.] Gillespie. ACCRESCENCE Ac*cres"cence, n. Etym: [LL. accrescentia.] Defn: Continuous growth; an accretion. [R.] The silent accrescence of belief from the unwatched depositions of a general, never contradicted hearsy. Coleridge. ACCRESCENT Ac*cres"cent, a. Etym: [L. accrescens, -entis, p. pr. of accrescere; ad + crescere to grow. See Crescent.] 1. Growing; increasing. Shuckford. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Growing larger after flowering. Gray. ACCRETE Ac*crete", v. i. Etym: [From L. accretus, p. p. of accrescere to increase.] 1. To grow together. 2. To adhere; to grow (to); to be added; -- with to. ACCRETE Ac*crete", v. t. Defn: To make adhere; to add. Earle. ACCRETE Ac*crete", a. 1. Characterized by accretion; made up; as, accrete matter. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Grown together. Gray. ACCRETION Ac*cre"tion, n. Etym: [L. accretio, fr. accrescere to increase. Cf. Crescent, Increase, Accrue.] 1. The act of increasing by natural growth; esp. the increase of organic bodies by the internal accession of parts; organic growth. Arbuthnot. 2. The act of increasing, or the matter added, by an accession of parts externally; an extraneous addition; as, an accretion of earth. A mineral . . . augments not by grown, but by accretion. Owen. To strip off all the subordinate parts of his as a later accretion. Sir G. C. Lewis. 3. Concretion; coherence of separate particles; as, the accretion of particles so as to form a solid mass. 4. A growing together of parts naturally separate, as of the fingers toes. Dana. 5. (Law) (a) The adhering of property to something else, by which the owner of one thing becomes possessed of a right to another; generally, gain of land by the washing up of sand or sail from the sea or a river, or by a gradual recession of the water from the usual watermark. (b) Gain to an heir or legatee, failure of a coheir to the same succession, or a co-legatee of the same thing, to take his share. Wharton. Kent. ACCRETIVE Ac*cre"tive, a. Defn: Relating to accretion; increasing, or adding to, by growth. Glanvill. ACCRIMINATE Ac*crim"i*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. ac- (for ad to) + criminari.] Defn: To accuse of a crime. [Obs.] -- Ac*crim`i*na"tion, n. [Obs.] ACCROACH Ac*croach", v. t. Etym: [OE. acrochen, accrochen, to obtain, OF. acrochier, F. accrocher; à (L. ad) + croc hook (E. crook).] 1. To hook, or draw to one's self as with a hook. [Obs.] 2. To usurp, as jurisdiction or royal prerogatives. They had attempted to accroach to themselves royal power. Stubbs. ACCROACHMENT Ac*croach"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. accrochement.] Defn: An encroachment; usurpation. [Obs.] Bailey. ACCRUAL Ac*cru"al, n. Defn: Accrument. [R.] ACCRUE Ac*crue", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Accrued; p. pr. & vb. n. Accruing.] Etym: [See Accrue, n., and cf. Accresce, Accrete.] 1. To increase; to augment. And though power failed, her courage did accrue. Spenser. 2. To come to by way of increase; to arise or spring as a growth or result; to be added as increase, profit, or damage, especially as the produce of money lent. "Interest accrues to principal." Abbott. The great and essential advantages accruing to society from the freedom of the press. Junius. ACCRUE Ac*crue", n. Etym: [F. accrû, OF. acreü, p. p. of accroitre, OF. acroistre to increase; L. ad + crescere to increase. Cf. Accretion, Crew. See Crescent.] Defn: Something that accrues; advantage accruing. [Obs.] ACCRUER Ac*cru"er, n. (Law) Defn: The act of accruing; accretion; as, title by accruer. ACCRUMENT Ac*cru"ment, n. Defn: The process of accruing, or that which has accrued; increase. Jer. Taylor. ACCUBATION Ac`cu*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. accubatio, for accubatio, fr. accubare to recline; ad + cubare to lie down. See Accumb.] Defn: The act or posture of reclining on a couch, as practiced by the ancients at meals. ACCUMB Ac*cumb", v. i. Etym: [L. accumbere; ad + cumbere (only in compounds) to lie down.] Defn: To recline, as at table. [Obs.] Bailey. ACCUMBENCY Ac*cum"ben*cy, n. Defn: The state of being accumbent or reclining. [R.] ACCUMBENT Ac*cum"bent, a. 1. Leaning or reclining, as the ancients did at their meals. The Roman.. accumbent posture in eating. Arbuthnot. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Lying against anything, as one part of a leaf against another leaf. Gray. Accumbent cotyledons have their edges placed against the caulicle. Eaton. ACCUMBENT Ac*cum"bent, n. Defn: One who reclines at table. ACCUMBER Ac*cum"ber, v. t. Defn: To encumber. [Obs.] Chaucer. ACCUMULATE Ac*cu"mu*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accumulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Accumulating.] Etym: [L. accumulatus, p. p. of accumulare; ad + cumulare to heap. See Cumulate.] Defn: To heap up in a mass; to pile up; to collect or bring together; to amass; as, to accumulate a sum of money. Syn. -- To collect; pile up; store; amass; gather; aggregate; heap together; hoard. ACCUMULATE Ac*cu"mu*late, v. i. Defn: To grow or increase in quantity or number; to increase greatly. Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates, and men decay. Goldsmith. ACCUMULATE Ac*cu"mu*late, a. Etym: [L. accumulatus, p. p. of accumulare.] Defn: Collected; accumulated. Bacon. ACCUMULATION Ac*cu`mu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. accumulatio; cf. F. accumulation.] 1. The act of accumulating, the state of being accumulated, or that which is accumulated; as, an accumulation of earth, of sand, of evils, of wealth, of honors. 2. (Law) Defn: The concurrence of several titles to the same proof. Accumulation of energy or power, the storing of energy by means of weights lifted or masses put in motion; electricity stored. -- An accumulation of degrees (Eng. Univ.), the taking of several together, or at smaller intervals than usual or than is allowed by the rules. ACCUMULATIVE Ac*cu"mu*la*tive, a. Defn: Characterized by accumulation; serving to collect or amass; cumulative; additional. -- Ac*cu"mu*la*tive*ly, adv. -- Ac*cu"mu*la*tive*ness, n. ACCUMULATOR Ac*cu"mu*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. One who, or that which, accumulates, collects, or amasses. 2. (Mech.) Defn: An apparatus by means of which energy or power can be stored, such as the cylinder or tank for storing water for hydraulic elevators, the secondary or storage battery used for accumulating the energy of electrical charges, etc. 3. A system of elastic springs for relieving the strain upon a rope, as in deep-sea dredging. ACCURACY Ac"cu*ra*cy (#; 277), n. Etym: [See Accurate.] Defn: The state of being accurate; freedom from mistakes, this exemption arising from carefulness; exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; precision; exactness; nicety; correctness; as, the value of testimony depends on its accuracy. The professed end [of logic] is to teach men to think, to judge, and to reason, with precision and accuracy. Reid. The accuracy with which the piston fits the sides. Lardner. ACCURATE Ac"cu*rate, a. Etym: [L. accuratus, p. p. and a., fr. accurare to take care of; ad + curare to take care, cura care. See Cure.] 1. In exact or careful conformity to truth, or to some standard of requirement, the result of care or pains; free from failure, error, or defect; exact; as, an accurate calculator; an accurate measure; accurate expression, knowledge, etc. 2. Precisely fixed; executed with care; careful. [Obs.] Those conceive the celestial bodies have more accurate influences upon these things below. Bacon. Syn. -- Correct; exact; just; nice; particular. -- Accurate, Correct, Exact, Precise. We speak of a thing as correct with reference to some rule or standard of comparison; as, a correct account, a correct likeness, a man of correct deportment. We speak of a thing as accurate with reference to the care bestowed upon its execution, and the increased correctness to be expected therefrom; as, an accurate statement, an accurate detail of particulars. We speak of a thing as exact with reference to that perfected state of a thing in which there is no defect and no redundance; as, an exact coincidence, the exact truth, an exact likeness. We speak of a thing as precise when we think of it as strictly conformed to some rule or model, as if cut down thereto; as a precise conformity instructions; precisely right; he was very precise in giving his directions. ACCURATELY Ac"cu*rate*ly, adv. Defn: In an accurate manner; exactly; precisely; without error or defect. ACCURATENESS Ac"cu*rate*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being accurate; accuracy; exactness; nicety; precision. ACCURSE Ac*curse", v. t. Etym: [OE. acursien, acorsien; pref. a + cursien to curse. See Curse.] Defn: To devote to destruction; to imprecate misery or evil upon; to curse; to execrate; to anathematize. And the city shall be accursed. Josh. vi. 17. Thro' you, my life will be accurst. Tennyson. ACCURSED; ACCURST Ac*cursed", Ac*curst", p. p. & a. Defn: Doomed to destruction or misery; cursed; hence, bad enough to be under the curse; execrable; detestable; exceedingly hateful; -- as, an accursed deed. Shak. -- Ac*curs"ed*ly, adv. -- Ac*curs"ed*ness, n. ACCUSABLE Ac*cus"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. accusabilis: cf. F. accusable.] Defn: Liable to be accused or censured; chargeable with a crime or fault; blamable; -- with of. ACCUSAL Ac*cus"al, n. Defn: Accusation. [R.] Byron. ACCUSANT Ac*cus"ant, n. Etym: [L. accusans, p. pr. of accusare: cf. F. accusant.] Defn: An accuser. Bp. Hall. ACCUSATION Ac`cu*sa"tion, n. Etym: [OF. acusation, F. accusation, L. accusatio, fr. accusare. See Accuse.] 1. The act of accusing or charging with a crime or with a lighter offense. We come not by the way of accusation To taint that honor every good tongue blesses. Shak. 2. That of which one is accused; the charge of an offense or crime, or the declaration containing the charge. [They] set up over his head his accusation. Matt. xxvii. 37. Syn. -- Impeachment; crimination; censure; charge. ACCUSATIVAL Ac*cu`sa*ti"val, a. Defn: Pertaining to the accusative case. ACCUSATIVE Ac*cu"sa*tive, a. Etym: [F. accusatif, L. accusativus (in sense 2), fr. accusare. See Accuse.] 1. Producing accusations; accusatory. "This hath been a very accusative age." Sir E. Dering. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Applied to the case (as the fourth case of Latin and Greek nouns) which expresses the immediate object on which the action or influence of a transitive verb terminates, or the immediate object of motion or tendency to, expressed by a preposition. It corresponds to the objective case in English. ACCUSATIVE Ac*cu"sa*tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: The accusative case. ACCUSATIVELY Ac*cu"sa*tive*ly, adv. 1. In an accusative manner. 2. In relation to the accusative case in grammar. ACCUSATORIAL Ac*cu`sa*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Accusatory. ACCUSATORIALLY Ac*cu`sa*to"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: By way accusation. ACCUSATORY Ac*cu"sa*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. accusatorius, fr. accusare.] Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, an accusation; as, an accusatory libel. Grote. ACCUSE Ac*cuse", n. Defn: Accusation. [Obs.] Shak. ACCUSE Ac*cuse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accused; p. pr. & vb. n. Accusing.] Etym: [OF. acuser, F. accuser, L. accusare, to call to account, accuse; ad + causa cause, lawsuit. Cf. Cause.] 1. To charge with, or declare to have committed, a crime or offense; (Law) Defn: to charge with an offense, judicially or by a public process; - - with of; as, to accuse one of a high crime or misdemeanor. Neither can they prove the things whereof they now accuse me. Acts xxiv. 13. We are accused of having persuaded Austria and Sardinia to lay down their arms. Macaulay. 2. To charge with a fault; to blame; to censure. Their thoughts the meanwhile accusing or else excusing one another. Rom. ii. 15. 3. To betray; to show. Etym: [L.] Sir P. Sidney. Syn. -- To charge; blame; censure; reproach; criminate; indict; impeach; arraign. -- To Accuse, Charge, Impeach, Arraign. These words agree in bringing home to a person the imputation of wrongdoing. To accuse is a somewhat formal act, and is applied usually (though not exclusively) to crimes; as, to accuse of treason. Charge is the most generic. It may refer to a crime, a dereliction of duty, a fault, etc.; more commonly it refers to moral delinquencies; as, to charge with dishonesty or falsehood. To arraign is to bring (a person) before a tribunal for trial; as, to arraign one before a court or at the bar public opinion. To impeach is officially to charge with misbehavior in office; as, to impeach a minister of high crimes. Both impeach and arraign convey the idea of peculiar dignity or impressiveness. ACCUSED Ac*cused", a. Defn: Charged with offense; as, an accused person. Note: Commonly used substantively; as, the accused, one charged with an offense; the defendant in a criminal case. ACCUSEMENT Ac*cuse"ment, n. Etym: [OF. acusement. See Accuse.] Defn: Accusation. [Obs.] Chaucer. ACCUSER Ac*cus"er, n. Etym: [OE. acuser, accusour; cf. OF. acuseor, fr. L. accusator, fr. accusare.] Defn: One who accuses; one who brings a charge of crime or fault. ACCUSINGLY Ac*cus"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In an accusing manner. ACCUSTOM Ac*cus"tom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accustomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Accustoming.] Etym: [OF. acostumer, acustumer, F. accoutumer; à (L. ad) + OF. costume, F. coutume, custom. See Custom.] Defn: To make familiar by use; to habituate, familiarize, or inure; - - with to. I shall always fear that he who accustoms himself to fraud in little things, wants only opportunity to practice it in greater. Adventurer. Syn. -- To habituate; inure; exercise; train. ACCUSTOM Ac*cus"tom, v. i. 1. To be wont. [Obs.] Carew. 2. To cohabit. [Obs.] We with the best men accustom openly; you with the basest commit private adulteries. Milton. ACCUSTOM Ac*cus"tom, n. Defn: Custom. [Obs.] Milton. ACCUSTOMABLE Ac*cus"tom*a*ble, a. Defn: Habitual; customary; wonted. "Accustomable goodness." Latimer. ACCUSTOMABLY Ac*cus"tom*a*bly, adv. Defn: According to custom; ordinarily; customarily. Latimer. ACCUSTOMANCE Ac*cus"tom*ance, n. Etym: [OF. accoustumance, F. accoutumance.] Defn: Custom; habitual use. [Obs.] Boyle. ACCUSTOMARILY Ac*cus"tom*a*ri*ly, adv. Defn: Customarily. [Obs.] ACCUSTOMARY Ac*cus"tom*a*ry, a. Defn: Usual; customary. [Archaic] Featley. ACCUSTOMED Ac*cus"tomed, a. 1. Familiar through use; usual; customary. "An accustomed action." Shak. 2. Frequented by customers. [Obs.] "A well accustomed shop." Smollett. ACCUSTOMEDNESS Ac*cus"tomed*ness, n. Defn: Habituation. Accustomedness to sin hardens the heart. Bp. Pearce. ACE Ace, n.; pl. Aces. Etym: [OE. as, F. as, fr. L. as, assis, unity, copper coin, the unit of coinage. Cf. As.] 1. A unit; a single point or spot on a card or die; the card or die so marked; as, the ace of diamonds. 2. Hence: A very small quantity or degree; a particle; an atom; a jot. I 'll not wag an ace further. Dryden. To bate an ace, to make the least abatement. [Obs.] -- Within an ace of, very near; on the point of. W. Irving. ACELDAMA A*cel"da*ma, n. Etym: [Gr. okel damo the field of blood.] Defn: The potter's field, said to have lain south of Jerusalem, purchased with the bribe which Judas took for betraying his Master, and therefore called the field of blood. Fig.: A field of bloodshed. The system of warfare . . . which had already converted immense tracts into one universal aceldama. De Quincey. ACENTRIC A*cen"tric, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Not centered; without a center. ACEPHAL Ac"e*phal, n. Etym: [Gr. acéphale, LL. acephalus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Acephala. ACEPHALA A*ceph"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Acephal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: That division of the Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells, like the clams and oysters; -- so called because they have no evident head. Formerly the group included the Tunicata, Brachiopoda, and sometimes the Bryozoa. See Mollusca. ACEPHALAN A*ceph"a*lan, n. Defn: Same as Acephal. ACEPHALAN A*ceph"a*lan, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Acephala. ACEPHALI A*ceph"a*li, n. pl. Etym: [LL., pl. of acephalus. See Acephal.] 1. A fabulous people reported by ancient writers to have heads. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) (a) A Christian sect without a leader. (b) Bishops and certain clergymen not under regular diocesan control. 3. A class of levelers in the time of K. Henry I. ACEPHALIST A*ceph"a*list, n. Defn: One who acknowledges no head or superior. Dr. Gauden. ACEPHALOCYST A*ceph"a*lo*cyst, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A larval entozoön in the form of a subglobular or oval vesicle, or hy datid, filled with fluid, sometimes found in the tissues of man and the lower animals; -- so called from the absence of a head or visible organs on the vesicle. These cysts are the immature stages of certain tapeworms. Also applied to similar cysts of different origin. ACEPHALOCYSTIC A*ceph`a*lo*cys"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the acephalocysts. ACEPHALOUS A*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [See Acephal.] 1. Headless. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Without a distinct head; -- a term applied to bivalve mollusks. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Having the style spring from the base, instead of from the apex, as is the case in certain ovaries. 4. Without a leader or chief. 5. Wanting the beginning. A false or acephalous structure of sentence. De Quincey. 6. (Pros.) Defn: Deficient and the beginning, as a line of poetry. Brande. ACEQUIA A*ce"qui*a, n. [Sp.] Defn: A canal or trench for irrigating land. [Sp. Amer.] ACERATE Ac"er*ate, n. Etym: [See Aceric.] (Chem.) Defn: A combination of aceric acid with a salifiable base. ACERATE Ac"er*ate, a. Defn: Acerose; needle-shaped. ACERB A*cerb", a. Etym: [L. acerbus, fr. acer sharp: cf. F. acerbe. See Acrid.] Defn: Sour, bitter, and harsh to the taste, as unripe fruit; sharp and harsh. ACERBATE A*cerb"ate, v. t. Etym: [L. acerbatus, p. p. of acerbare, fr. acerbus.] Defn: To sour; to imbitter; to irritate. ACERBIC A*cerb"ic, a. Defn: Sour or severe. ACERBITUDE A*cerb"i*tude, n. Etym: [L. acerbitudo, fr. acerbus.] Defn: Sourness and harshness. [Obs.] Bailey. ACERBITY A*cerb"i*ty, n. Etym: [F. acerbité, L. acerbitas, fr. acerbus. See Acerb.] 1. Sourness of taste, with bitterness and astringency, like that of unripe fruit. 2. Harshness, bitterness, or severity; as, acerbity of temper, of language, of pain. Barrow. ACERIC A*cer"ic, a. Etym: [L. acer maple.] Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, the maple; as, aceric acid. Ure. ACEROSE Ac"er*ose`, a. Etym: [(a) L. acerosus chaffy, fr. acus, gen. aceris, chaff; (b) as if fr. L. acus needle: cf. F. acéreux.] (Bot.) (a) Having the nature of chaff; chaffy. (b) Needle-shaped, having a sharp, rigid point, as the leaf of the pine. ACEROUS Ac"er*ous, a. Defn: Same as Acerose. ACEROUS Ac"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. &a; priv. + keras a horn.] (Zoöl.) (a) Destitute of tentacles, as certain mollusks. (b) Without antennæ, as some insects. ACERVAL A*cer"val, a. Etym: [L. acervalis, fr. acervus heap.] Defn: Pertaining to a heap. [Obs.] ACERVATE A*cer"vate, v. t. Etym: [L. acervatus, p. p. of acervare to heap up, fr. acervus heap.] Defn: To heap up. [Obs.] ACERVATE A*cer"vate, a. Defn: Heaped, or growing in heaps, or closely compacted clusters. ACERVATION Ac`er*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. acervatio.] Defn: A heaping up; accumulation. [R.] Johnson. ACERVATIVE A*cer"va*tive, a. Defn: Heaped up; tending to heap up. ACERVOSE A*cer"vose, a. Defn: Full of heaps. [R.] Bailey. ACERVULINE A*cer"vu*line, a. Defn: Resembling little heaps. ACESCENCE; ACESCENCY A*ces"cence, A*ces"cen*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. acescence. See Acescent.] Defn: The quality of being acescent; the process of acetous fermentation; a moderate degree of sourness. Johnson. ACESCENT A*ces"cent, a. Etym: [L. acescens, -entis, p. pr. of acescere to turn sour; inchoative of acere to be sour: cf. F. acescent. See Acid.] Defn: Turning sour; readily becoming tart or acid; slightly sour. Faraday. ACESCENT A*ces"cent, n. Defn: A substance liable to become sour. ACETABLE Ac"e*ta*ble, n. Defn: An acetabulum; or about one eighth of a pint. [Obs.] Holland. ACETABULAR Ac`e*tab"u*lar, a. Defn: Cup-shaped; saucer-shaped; acetabuliform. ACETABULIFERA Ac`e*tab`u*lif"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Acetabuliferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of Cephalopoda in which the arms are furnished with cup-shaped suckers, as the cuttlefishes, squids, and octopus; the Dibranchiata. See Cephalopoda. ACETABULIFEROUS Ac`e*tab`u*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. acetablum a little cup + - ferous.] Defn: Furnished with fleshy cups for adhering to bodies, as cuttlefish, etc. ACETABULIFORM Ac`e*tab"u*li*form, a. Etym: [L. acetabulum + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Shaped like a shallow; saucer-shaped; as, an acetabuliform calyx. Gray. ACETABULUM Ac`e*tab"u*lum, n. Etym: [L., a little saucer for vinegar, fr. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A vinegar cup; socket of the hip bone; a measure of about one eighth of a pint, etc. 2. (Anat.) (a) The bony cup which receives the head of the thigh bone. (b) The cavity in which the leg of an insect is inserted at its articulation with the body. (c) A sucker of the sepia or cuttlefish and related animals. (d) The large posterior sucker of the leeches. (e) One of the lobes of the placenta in ruminating animals. ACETAL Ac"e*tal, n. Etym: [Acetic + alcohol.] (Chem.) Defn: A limpid, colorless, inflammable liquid from the slow oxidation of alcohol under the influence of platinum black. ACETALDEHYDE Ac`et*al"de*hyde, n. Defn: Acetic aldehyde. See Aldehyde. ACETAMIDE Ac`et*am"ide, n. Etym: [Acetyl + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline solid, from ammonia by replacement of an equivalent of hydrogen by acetyl. ACETANILIDE Ac`et*an"i*lide, n. Etym: [Acetyl + anilide.] (Med.) Defn: A compound of aniline with acetyl, used to allay fever or pain; -- called also antifebrine. ACETARIOUS Ac`e*ta"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. acetaria, n. pl., salad, fr. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] Defn: Used in salads; as, acetarious plants. ACETARY Ac"e*ta*ry, n. Etym: [L. acetaria salad plants.] Defn: An acid pulp in certain fruits, as the pear. Grew. ACETATE Ac"e*tate, n. Etym: [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt formed by the union of acetic acid with a base or positive radical; as, acetate of lead, acetate of potash. ACETATED Ac"e*ta`ted, a. Defn: Combined with acetic acid. ACETIC A*ce"tic (#; 277), a. Etym: [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] (Chem.) (a) Of a pertaining to vinegar; producing vinegar; producing vinegar; as, acetic fermentation. (b) Pertaining to, containing, or derived from, acetyl, as acetic ether, acetic acid. The latter is the acid to which the sour taste of vinegar is due. ACETIFICATION A*cet`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of making acetous or sour; the process of converting, or of becoming converted, into vinegar. ACETIFIER A*cet"i*fi`er, n. Defn: An apparatus for hastening acetification. Knight. ACETIFY A*cet"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acetified; p. pr. & vb. n. Acetifying.] Etym: [L. acetum vinegar + -fly.] Defn: To convert into acid or vinegar. ACETIFY A*cet"i*fy, v. i. Defn: To turn acid. Encyc. Dom. Econ. ACETIMETER Ac`e*tim"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. acetum vinegar + -meter: cf. F. acétimètre.] Defn: An instrument for estimating the amount of acetic acid in vinegar or in any liquid containing acetic acid. ACETIMETRY Ac`e*tim"e*try, n. Defn: The act or method of ascertaining the strength of vinegar, or the proportion of acetic acid contained in it. Ure. ACETIN Ac"e*tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A combination of acetic acid with glycerin. Brande & C. ACETIZE Ac"e*tize, v. i. Defn: To acetify. [R.] ACETOL Ac"e*tol, n. [Acetic + -ol as in alcohol.] (Chem.) Defn: Methyl ketol; also, any of various homologues of the same. ACETOMETER Ac`e*tom"e*ter, n. Defn: Same as Acetimeter. Brande & C. ACETONAEMIA; ACETONEMIA Ac`e*to*næ"mi*a, Ac`e*to*ne"mi*a, n. [NL. See Acetone; Hæma-.] (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition characterized by the presence of acetone in the blood, as in diabetes. ACETONE Ac"e*tone, n. Etym: [See Acetic.] (Chem.) Defn: A volatile liquid consisting of three parts of carbon, six of hydrogen, and one of oxygen; pyroacetic spirit, -- obtained by the distillation of certain acetates, or by the destructive distillation of citric acid, starch, sugar, or gum, with quicklime. Note: The term in also applied to a number of bodies of similar constitution, more frequently called ketones. See Ketone. ACETONIC Ac`e*ton"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to acetone; as, acetonic bodies. ACETONURIA Ac`e*to*nu"ri*a, n. [NL. See Acetone; Urine.] (Med.) Defn: Excess of acetone in the urine, as in starvation or diabetes. ACETOPHENONE Ac`e*to*phe"none, n. [Acetic + phenyl + one.] (Chem.) Defn: A crystalline ketone, CH3COC6H5, which may be obtained by the dry distillation of a mixture of the calcium salts of acetic and benzoic acids. It is used as a hypnotic under the name of hypnone. ACETOSE Ac"e*tose, a. Defn: Sour like vinegar; acetous. ACETOSITY Ac`e*tos"i*ty, n. Etym: [LL. acetositas. See Acetous.] Defn: The quality of being acetous; sourness. ACETOUS A*ce"tous (#; 277), a. Etym: [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] 1. Having a sour taste; sour; acid. "An acetous spirit." Boyle. "A liquid of an acetous kind." Bp. Lowth. 2. Causing, or connected with, acetification; as, acetous fermentation. Acetous acid, a name formerly given to vinegar. ACETYL Ac"e*tyl, n. Etym: [L. acetum vinegar + Gr. -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A complex, hypothetical radical, composed of two parts of carbon to three of hydrogen and one of oxygen. Its hydroxide is acetic acid. ACETYLENE A*cet"y*lene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A gaseous compound of carbon and hydrogen, in the proportion of two atoms of the former to two of the latter. It is a colorless gas, with a peculiar, unpleasant odor, and is produced for use as an illuminating gas in a number of ways, but chiefly by the action of water on calcium carbide. Its light is very brilliant. Watts. ACH; ACHE Ach, Ache, n. Etym: [F. ache, L. apium parsley.] Defn: A name given to several species of plants; as, smallage, wild celery, parsley. [Obs.] Holland. ACHAEAN; ACHAIAN A*chæ"an, A*cha"ian a. Etym: [L. Achaeus, Achaius; Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Achaia in Greece; also, Grecian. -- n. Defn: A native of Achaia; a Greek. ACHARNEMENT A*char"ne*ment, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Savage fierceness; ferocity. ACHATE Ach"ate, n. Defn: An agate. [Obs.] Evelyn. ACHATE A*chate", n. Etym: [F. achat purchase. See Cates.] 1. Purchase; bargaining. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. pl. Defn: Provisions. Same as Cates. [Obs.] Spenser. ACHATINA Ach`a*ti"na, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of land snails, often large, common in the warm parts of America and Africa. ACHATOUR A*cha*tour", n. Etym: [See Cater.] Defn: Purveyor; acater. [Obs.] Chaucer. ACHE Ache, n. Etym: [OE. ache, AS. æce, ece, fr. acan to ache. See Ache, v. i.] Defn: Continued pain, as distinguished from sudden twinges, or spasmodic pain. "Such an ache in my bones." Shak. Note: Often used in composition, as, a headache, an earache, a toothache. ACHE Ache, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ached; p. pr. & vb. n. Aching.] Etym: [OE. aken, AS. acan, both strong verbs, AS. acan, imp. oc, p. p. acen, to ache; perh. orig. to drive, and akin to agent.] Defn: To suffer pain; to have, or be in, pain, or in continued pain; to be distressed. "My old bones ache." Shak. The sins that in your conscience ache. Keble. ACHEAN A*che"an, a & n. Defn: See Achæan, Achaian. ACHENE; ACHENIUM A*chene", A*che"ni*um n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A small, dry, indehiscent fruit, containing a single seed, as in the buttercup; -- called a naked seed by the earlier botanists. [Written also akene and achænium.] ACHENIAL A*che"ni*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to an achene. ACHERON Ach"e*ron, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Myth.) Defn: A river in the Nether World or infernal regions; also, the infernal regions themselves. By some of the English poets it was supposed to be a flaming lake or gulf. Shak. ACHERONTIC Ach`e*ron"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Acheron; infernal; hence, dismal, gloomy; moribund. A CHEVAL A` che*val". [F., lit., on horseback.] Defn: Astride; with a part on each side; -- used specif. in designating the position of an army with the wings separated by some line of demarcation, as a river or road. A position à cheval on a river is not one which a general willingly assumes. Swinton. ACHIEVABLE A*chiev"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being achieved. Barrow. ACHIEVANCE A*chiev"ance, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. achevance.] Defn: Achievement. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. ACHIEVE A*chieve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Achieved; p. pr. & vb. n. Achieving.] Etym: [OE. acheven, OF. achever, achiever, F. achever, to finish; à (L. ad) + OF. chief, F. chef, end, head, fr. L. caput head. See Chief.] 1. To carry on to a final close; to bring out into a perfected state; to accomplish; to perform; -- as, to achieve a feat, an exploit, an enterprise. Supposing faculties and powers to be the same, far more may be achieved in any line by the aid of a capital, invigorating motive than without it. I. Taylor. 2. To obtain, or gain, as the result of exertion; to succeed in gaining; to win. Some are born great, some achieve greatness. Shak. Thou hast achieved our liberty. Milton. Note: [[Obs]., with a material thing as the aim.] Show all the spoils by valiant kings achieved. Prior. He hath achieved a maid That paragons description. Shak. 3. To finish; to kill. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- To accomplish; effect; fulfill; complete; execute; perform; realize; obtain. See Accomplish. ACHIEVEMENT A*chieve"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. achèvement, E. Hatchment.] 1. The act of achieving or performing; an obtaining by exertion; successful performance; accomplishment; as, the achievement of his object. 2. A great or heroic deed; something accomplished by valor, boldness, or praiseworthy exertion; a feat. [The exploits] of the ancient saints . . . do far surpass the most famous achievements of pagan heroes. Barrow. The highest achievements of the human intellect. Macaulay. 3. (Her.) Defn: An escutcheon or ensign armorial; now generally applied to the funeral shield commonly called hatchment. Cussans. ACHIEVER A*chiev"er, n. Defn: One who achieves; a winner. ACHILLEAN Ach`il*le"an, a. Defn: Resembling Achilles, the hero of the Iliad; invincible. ACHILLES' TENDON A*chil"les' ten"don, n. Etym: [L. Achillis tendo.] (Anat.) Defn: The strong tendon formed of the united tendons of the large muscles in the calf of the leg, an inserted into the bone of the heel; -- so called from the mythological account of Achilles being held by the heel when dipped in the River Styx. ACHILOUS A*chi"lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Without a lip. ACHING Ach"ing, a. Defn: That aches; continuously painful. See Ache. -- Ach"ing*ly, adv. The aching heart, the aching head. Longfellow. ACHIOTE A`chi*o"te, n. Etym: [Sp. achiote, fr. Indian achiotl.] Defn: Seeds of the annotto tree; also, the coloring matter, annotto. ACHLAMYDATE A*chlam"y*date, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Not possessing a mantle; -- said of certain gastropods. ACHLAMYDEOUS Ach`la*myd"e*ous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Naked; having no floral envelope, neither calyx nor corolla. ACHOLIA A*cho"li*a, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Med.) Defn: Deficiency or want of bile. ACHOLOUS Ach"o*lous, a. (Med.) Defn: Lacking bile. ACHROMATIC Ach`ro*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. achromatique.] 1. (Opt.) Defn: Free from color; transmitting light without decomposing it into its primary colors. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Uncolored; not absorbing color from a fluid; -- said of tissue. Achromatic lens (Opt.), a lens composed usually of two separate lenses, a convex and concave, of substances having different refractive and dispersive powers, as crown and flint glass, with the curvatures so adjusted that the chromatic aberration produced by the one is corrected by other, and light emerges from the compound lens undecomposed. -- Achromatic prism. See Prism. -- Achromatic telescope, or microscope, one in which the chromatic aberration is corrected, usually by means of a compound or achromatic object glass, and which gives images free from extraneous color. ACHROMATICALLY Ach`ro*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an achromatic manner. ACHROMATICITY Ach`ro*ma*tic"i*ty, n. Defn: Achromatism. ACHROMATIN A*chro"ma*tin, n. (Biol.) Defn: Tissue which is not stained by fluid dyes. W. Flemming. ACHROMATISM A*chro"ma*tism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. achromatisme.] Defn: The state or quality of being achromatic; as, the achromatism of a lens; achromaticity. Nichol. ACHROMATIZATION A*chro`ma*ti*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. achromatisation.] Defn: The act or process of achromatizing. ACHROMATIZE A*chro"ma*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Achromatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Achromatizing.] Etym: [Gr. Defn: To deprive of color; to make achromatic. ACHROMATOPSY A*chro"ma*top"sy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Color blindness; inability to distinguish colors; Daltonism. ACHROMATOUS A*chro"ma*tous, a. [See Ahromatic.] Defn: Lacking, or deficient in, color; as, achromatous blood. ACHROMIC A*chro"mic, a. [Gr. colorless; priv. + color.] Defn: Free from color; colorless; as, in Physiol. Chem., the achromic point of a starch solution acted upon by an amylolytic enzyme is the point at which it fails to give any color with iodine. ACHRONIC A*chron"ic, a. Defn: See Acronyc. ACHROODEXTRIN; ACHROOEDEXTRIN Ach`ro*ö*dex"trin, n. Etym: [Gr. dextrin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Dextrin not colorable by iodine. See Dextrin. ACHROOUS Ach"ro*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Colorless; achromatic. ACHYLOUS A*chy"lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Without chyle. ACHYMOUS A*chy"mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Without chyme. ACICULA A*cic"u*la, n.; pl. Aciculæ. Etym: [L., a small needle, dimin. of acus needle.] (Nat. Hist.) Defn: One of the needlelike or bristlelike spines or prickles of some animals and plants; also, a needlelike crystal. ACICULAR A*cic"u*lar, a. Defn: Needle-shaped; slender like a needle or bristle, as some leaves or crystals; also, having sharp points like needless. A*cic"u*lar*ly, adv. ACICULATE; ACICULATED A*cic"u*late, A*cic"u*la"ted a. (Nat. Hist.) (a) Furnished with aciculæ. (b) Acicular. (c) Marked with fine irregular streaks as if scratched by a needle. Lindley. ACICULIFORM A*cic"u*li*form, a. Etym: [L. acicula needle + -form.] Defn: Needle-shaped; acicular. ACICULITE A*cic"u*lite, n. (Min.) Defn: Needle ore. Brande & C. ACID Ac"id, a. Etym: [L. acidus sour, fr. the root ak to be sharp: cf. F. acide. Cf. Acute.] 1. Sour, sharp, or biting to the taste; tart; having the taste of vinegar: as, acid fruits or liquors. Also fig.: Sour-tempered. He was stern and his face as acid as ever. A. Trollope. 2. Of or pertaining to an acid; as, acid reaction. ACID Ac"id, n. 1. A sour substance. 2. (Chem.) Defn: One of a class of compounds, generally but not always distinguished by their sour taste, solubility in water, and reddening of vegetable blue or violet colors. They are also characterized by the power of destroying the distinctive properties of alkalies or bases, combining with them to form salts, at the same time losing their own peculiar properties. They all contain hydrogen, united with a more negative element or radical, either alone, or more generally with oxygen, and take their names from this negative element or radical. Those which contain no oxygen are sometimes called hydracids in distinction from the others which are called oxygen acids or oxacids. Note: In certain cases, sulphur, selenium, or tellurium may take the place of oxygen, and the corresponding compounds are called respectively sulphur acids or sulphacids, selenium acids, or tellurium acids. When the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, a salt is formed, and hence acids are sometimes named as salts of hydrogen; as hydrogen nitrate for nitric acid, hydrogen sulphate for sulphuric acid, etc. In the old chemistry the name acid was applied to the oxides of the negative or nonmetallic elements, now sometimes called anhydrides. ACIDIC A*cid"ic, a. (Min.) Defn: Containing a high percentage of silica; -- opposed to basic. an acidic solution. ACIDIFEROUS Ac`id*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. acidus sour + -ferous.] Defn: Containing or yielding an acid. ACIDIFIABLE A*cid"i*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being acidified, or converted into an acid. ACIDIFIC Ac`id*if"ic, a. Defn: Producing acidity; converting into an acid. Dana. ACIDIFICATION A*cid`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. acidification.] Defn: The act or process of acidifying, or changing into an acid. ACIDIFIER A*cid"i*fi`er, n. (Chem.) Defn: A simple or compound principle, whose presence is necessary to produce acidity, as oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc. ACIDIFY A*cid"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acidified; p. pr. & vb. n. Acidifying.] Etym: [L. acidus sour, acid + -fy: cf. F. acidifier.] 1. To make acid; to convert into an acid; as, to acidify sugar. 2. To sour; to imbitter. His thin existence all acidified into rage. Carlyle. ACIDIMETER Ac`id*im"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. acidus acid + -meter.] (Chem.) Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the strength of acids. Ure. ACIDIMETRY Ac`id*im"e*try, n. Etym: [L. acidus acid + -metry.] (Chem.) Defn: The measurement of the strength of acids, especially by a chemical process based on the law of chemical combinations, or the fact that, to produce a complete reaction, a certain definite weight of reagent is required. -- Ac`id*i*met"ric*al, a. ACIDITY A*cid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. acidites, fr. acidus: cf. F. acidité. See Acid.] Defn: The quality of being sour; sourness; tartness; sharpness to the taste; as, the acidity of lemon juice. ACIDLY Ac"id*ly, adv. Defn: Sourly; tartly. ACIDNESS Ac"id*ness, n. Defn: Acidity; sourness. ACID PROCESS Ac"id proc"ess. (Iron Metal.) Defn: That variety of either the Bessemer or the open-hearth process in which the converter or hearth is lined with acid, that is, highly siliceous, material. Opposed to basic process. ACIDULATE A*cid"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acidulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Acidulating.] Etym: [Cf. F. aciduler. See Acidulous.] Defn: To make sour or acid in a moderate degree; to sour somewhat. Arbuthnot. ACIDULENT A*cid"u*lent, a. Defn: Having an acid quality; sour; acidulous. "With anxious, acidulent face." Carlyle. ACIDULOUS A*cid"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. acidulus, dim. of acidus. See Acid.] Defn: Slightly sour; sub-acid; sourish; as, an acidulous tincture. E. Burke. Acidulous mineral waters, such as contain carbonic anhydride. ACIERAGE Ac`i*er*age, n. Etym: [F. aciérage, fr. acier steel.] Defn: The process of coating the surface of a metal plate (as a stereotype plate) with steellike iron by means of voltaic electricity; steeling. ACIFORM Ac"i*form, a. Etym: [L. acus needle + -form.] Defn: Shaped like a needle. ACINACEOUS Ac"i*na"ceous, a. Etym: [L. acinus a grape, grapestone.] (Bot.) Defn: Containing seeds or stones of grapes, or grains like them. ACINACES A*cin"a*ces, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. (Anc. Hist.) Defn: A short sword or saber. ACINACIFORM Ac`i*nac"i*form, a. Etym: [L. acinaces a short sword + -form: cf. F. acinaciforme.] (Bot.) Defn: Scimeter-shaped; as, an acinaciform leaf. ACINESIA Ac`i*ne"si*a, n. (Med.) Defn: Same as Akinesia. ACINETAE Ac`i*ne"tæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of suctorial Infusoria, which in the adult stage are stationary. See Suctoria. ACINETIFORM Ac`i*net"i*form, a. Etym: [Acinetæ + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling the Acinetæ. ACINIFORM A*cin"i*form, a. Etym: [L. acinus a grape, grapestone + -form: cf. F. acinoforme.] 1. Having the form of a cluster of grapes; clustered like grapes. 2. Full of small kernels like a grape. ACINOSE; ACINOUS Ac"i*nose`, Ac"i*nous a. Etym: [L. acinosus, fr. acinus grapestone.] Defn: Consisting of acini, or minute granular concretions; as, acinose or acinous glands. Kirwan. ACINUS Ac"i*nus, n.; pl. Acini. Etym: [L., grape, grapestone.] 1. (Bot.) (a) One of the small grains or drupelets which make up some kinds of fruit, as the blackberry, raspberry, etc. (b) A grapestone. 2. (Anat.) Defn: One of the granular masses which constitute a racemose or compound gland, as the pancreas; also, one of the saccular recesses in the lobules of a racemose gland. Quain. ACIPENSER Ac`i*pen"ser, n. Etym: [L., the name of a fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of ganoid fishes, including the sturgeons, having the body armed with bony scales, and the mouth on the under side of the head. See Sturgeon. ACIURGY Ac"i*ur`gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Operative surgery. ACKNOW Ac*know", v. t. Etym: [Pref. a- + know; AS. oncnawan.] 1. To recognize. [Obs.] "You will not be acknown, sir." B. Jonson. 2. To acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.] Chaucer. To be acknown (often with of or on), to acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.] We say of a stubborn body that standeth still in the denying of his fault, This man will not acknowledge his fault, or, He will not be acknown of his fault. Sir T. More. ACKNOWLEDGE Ac*knowl"edge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acknowledged; p. pr. & vb. n. Acknowledging.] Etym: [Prob. fr. pref. a- + the verb knowledge. See Knowledge, and ci. Acknow.] 1. To of or admit the knowledge of; to recognize as a fact or truth; to declare one's belief in; as, to acknowledge the being of a God. I acknowledge my transgressions. Ps. li. 3. For ends generally acknowledged to be good. Macaulay. 2. To own or recognize in a particular character or relationship; to admit the claims or authority of; to give recognition to. In all thy ways acknowledge Him. Prov. iii. 6. By my soul, I'll ne'er acknowledge thee. Shak. 3. To own with gratitude or as a benefit or an obligation; as, to acknowledge a favor, the receipt of a letter. They his gifts acknowledged none. Milton. 4. To own as genuine; to assent to, as a legal instrument, to give it validity; to avow or admit in legal form; as, to acknowledgea deed. Syn. -- To avow; proclaim; recognize; own; admit; allow; concede; confess. -- Acknowledge, Recognize. Acknowledge is opposed to keep back, or conceal, and supposes that something had been previously known to us (though perhaps not to others) which we now feel bound to lay open or make public. Thus, a man acknowledges a secret marriage; one who has done wrong acknowledges his fault; and author acknowledges his obligation to those who have aided him; we acknowledge our ignorance. Recognize supposes that we have either forgotten or not had the evidence of a thing distinctly before our minds, but that now we know it (as it were) anew, or receive and admit in on the ground of the evidence it brings. Thus, we recognize a friend after a long absence. We recognize facts, principles, truths, etc., when their evidence is brought up fresh to the mind; as, bad men usually recognize the providence of God in seasons of danger. A foreign minister, consul, or agent, of any kind, is recognized on the ground of his producing satisfactory credentials. See also Confess. ACKNOWLEDGEDLY Ac*knowl"edged*ly, adv. Defn: Confessedly. ACKNOWLEDGER Ac*knowl"edg*er, n. Defn: One who acknowledges. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Ac*knowl"edg*ment, n. 1. The act of acknowledging; admission; avowal; owning; confession. "An acknowledgment of fault." Froude. 2. The act of owning or recognized in a particular character or relationship; recognition as regards the existence, authority, truth, or genuineness. Immediately upon the acknowledgment of the Christian faith, the eunuch was baptized by Philip. Hooker. 3. The owning of a benefit received; courteous recognition; expression of thanks. Shak. 4. Something given or done in return for a favor, message, etc. Smollett. 5. A declaration or avowal of one's own act, to give it legal validity; as, the acknowledgment of a deed before a proper officer. Also, the certificate of the officer attesting such declaration. Acknowledgment money, in some parts of England, a sum paid by copyhold tenants, on the death of their landlords, as an acknowledgment of their new lords. Cowell. Syn. -- Confession; concession; recognition; admission; avowal; recognizance. ACLINIC A*clin"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physics.) Defn: Without inclination or dipping; -- said the magnetic needle balances itself horizontally, having no dip. The aclinic line is also termed the magnetic equator. Prof. August. ACME Ac"me, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. The top or highest point; the culmination. The very acme and pitch of life for epic poetry. Pope. The moment when a certain power reaches the acme of its supremacy. I. Taylor. 2. (Med.) Defn: The crisis or height of a disease. 3. Mature age; full bloom of life. B. Jonson. ACNE Ac"ne, n. Etym: [NL., prob. a corruption of Gr. (Med.) Defn: A pustular affection of the skin, due to changes in the sebaceous glands. ACNODAL Ac*no"dal, a. Defn: Pertaining to acnodes. ACNODE Ac"node, n. Etym: [L. acus needle + E. node.] (Geom.) Defn: An isolated point not upon a curve, but whose coördinates satisfy the equation of the curve so that it is considered as belonging to the curve. ACOCK A*cock", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + cock.] Defn: In a cocked or turned up fashion. ACOCKBILL A*cock"bill`, adv. Etym: [Prefix a- + cock + bill: with bills cocked up.] (Naut.) (a) Hanging at the cathead, ready to let go, as an anchor. (b) Topped up; having one yardarm higher than the other. ACOLD A*cold", a. Etym: [Prob. p. p. of OE. acolen to grow cold or cool, AS. acolian to grow cold; pref. a- (cf. Goth. er-, orig. meaning out) + colian to cool. See Cool.] Defn: Cold. [Obs.] "Poor Tom's acold." Shak. ACOLOGIC Ac`o*log"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to acology. ACOLOGY A*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: Materia medica; the science of remedies. ACOLOTHIST A*col"o*thist, n. Defn: See Acolythist. ACOLYCTINE Ac`o*lyc"tine, n. Etym: [From the name of the plant.] (Chem.) Defn: An organic base, in the form of a white powder, obtained from Aconitum lycoctonum. Eng. Cyc. ACOLYTE Ac`o*lyte, n. Etym: [LL. acolythus, acoluthus, Gr. acolyte.] 1. (Eccl.) Defn: One who has received the highest of the four minor orders in the Catholic church, being ordained to carry the wine and water and the lights at the Mass. 2. One who attends; an assistant. "With such chiefs, and with James and John as acolytes." Motley. ACOLYTH Ac"o*lyth, n. Defn: Same as Acolyte. ACOLYTHIST A*col"y*thist, n. Defn: An acolyte. [Obs.] ACONDDYLOSE; ACONDYLOUS A*cond"dy*lose`, A*con"dy*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Being without joints; jointless. ACONITAL Ac`o*ni"tal, a. Defn: Of the nature of aconite. ACONITE Ac"o*nite, n. Etym: [L. aconitum, Gr. aconit.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The herb wolfsbane, or monkshood; -- applied to any plant of the genus Aconitum (tribe Hellebore), all the species of which are poisonous. 2. An extract or tincture obtained from Aconitum napellus, used as a poison and medicinally. Winter aconite, a plant (Eranthis hyemalis) allied to the aconites. ACONITIA Ac`o*ni"ti*a, n. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Aconitine. ACONITIC Ac`o*nit"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to aconite. ACONITINE A*con"i*tine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An intensely poisonous alkaloid, extracted from aconite. ACONITUM Ac`o*ni"tum, n. Etym: [L. See Aconite.] Defn: The poisonous herb aconite; also, an extract from it. Strong As aconitum or rash gunpowder. Shak. ACONTIA A*con"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Threadlike defensive organs, composed largely of nettling cells (cnidæ), thrown out of the mouth or special pores of certain Actiniæ when irritated. ACONTIAS A*con"ti*as, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Anciently, a snake, called dart snake; now, one of a genus of reptiles closely allied to the lizards. ACOPIC A*cop"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. priv. + (Med.) Defn: Relieving weariness; restorative. ACORN A"corn, n. Etym: [AS. æcern, fr. æcer field, acre; akin to D. aker acorn, Ger. ecker, Icel. akarn, Dan. agern, Goth. akran fruit, akrs field; -- orig. fruit of the field. See Acre.] 1. The fruit of the oak, being an oval nut growing in a woody cup or cupule. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A cone-shaped piece of wood on the point of the spindle above the vane, on the mast-head. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Acorn-shell. ACORN CUP A"corn cup. Defn: The involucre or cup in which the acorn is fixed. ACORNED A"corned, a. 1. Furnished or loaded with acorns. 2. Fed or filled with acorns. [R.] Shak. ACORN-SHELL A"corn-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the sessile cirripeds; a barnacle of the genus Balanus. See Barnacle. ACOSMISM A*cos"mism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A denial of the existence of the universe as distinct from God. ACOSMIST A*cos"mist, n. Etym: [See Acosmism.] Defn: One who denies the existence of the universe, or of a universe as distinct from God. G. H. Lewes. ACOTYLEDON A*cot`y*le"don (#; 277), n. Etym: [Gr. Cotyledon.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant which has no cotyledons, as the dodder and all flowerless plants. ACOTYLEDONOUS A*cot`y*led"on*ous (#; 277), a. Defn: Having no seed lobes, as the dodder; also applied to plants which have no true seeds, as ferns, mosses, etc. ACOUCHY A*cou"chy, n. Etym: [F. acouchi, from the native name Guiana.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small species of agouti (Dasyprocta acouchy). ACOUMETER A*cou"me*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Physics.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the acuteness of the sense of hearing. Itard. ACOUMETRY A*cou"me*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.] Defn: The measuring of the power or extent of hearing. ACOUSTIC A*cous"tic (#; 277), a. Etym: [F. acoustique, Gr. Defn: Pertaining to the sense of hearing, the organs of hearing, or the science of sounds; auditory. Acoustic duct, the auditory duct, or external passage of the ear. -- Acoustic telegraph, a telegraph making audible signals; a telephone. -- Acoustic vessels, brazen tubes or vessels, shaped like a bell, used in ancient theaters to propel the voices of the actors, so as to render them audible to a great distance. ACOUSTIC A*cous"tic, n. Defn: A medicine or agent to assist hearing. ACOUSTICAL A*cous"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to acoustics. ACOUSTICALLY A*cous"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In relation to sound or to hearing. Tyndall. ACOUSTICIAN Ac`ous*ti"cian, n. Defn: One versed in acoustics. Tyndall. ACOUSTICS A*cous"tics (#; 277), n. Etym: [Names of sciences in -ics, as, acoustics, mathematics, etc., are usually treated as singular. See - ics.] (Physics.) Defn: The science of sounds, teaching their nature, phenomena, and laws. Acoustics, then, or the science of sound, is a very considerable branch of physics. Sir J. Herschel. Note: The science is, by some writers, divided, into diacoustics, which explains the properties of sounds coming directly from the ear; and catacoustica, which treats of reflected sounds or echoes. ACQUAINT Ac*quaint", a. Etym: [OF. acoint. See Acquaint, v. t.] Defn: Acquainted. [Obs.] ACQUAINT Ac*quaint", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquainting.] Etym: [OE. aqueinten, acointen, OF. acointier, LL. adcognitare, fr. L. ad + cognitus, p. p. of cognoscere to know; con- + noscere to know. See Quaint, Know.] 1. To furnish or give experimental knowledge of; to make (one) to know; to make familiar; -- followed by with. Before a man can speak on any subject, it is necessary to be acquainted with it. Locke. A man of sorrows and acquainted with grief. Isa. liii. 3. 2. To communicate notice to; to inform; to make cognizant; -- followed by with (formerly, also, by of), or by that, introducing the intelligence; as, to acquaint a friend with the particulars of an act. Acquaint her here of my son Paris' love. Shak. I must acquaint you that I have received New dated letters from Northumberland. Shak. 3. To familiarize; to accustom. [Obs.] Evelyn. To be acquainted with, to be possessed of personal knowledge of; to be cognizant of; to be more or less familiar with; to be on terms of social intercourse with. Syn. -- To inform; apprise; communicate; advise. ACQUAINTABLE Ac*quaint"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. acointable]. Defn: Easy to be acquainted with; affable. [Obs.] Rom. of R. ACQUAINTANCE Ac*quaint"ance, n. Etym: [OE. aqueintance, OF. acointance, fr. acointier. See Acquaint.] 1. A state of being acquainted, or of having intimate, or more than slight or superficial, knowledge; personal knowledge gained by intercourse short of that of friendship or intimacy; as, I know the man; but have no acquaintance with him. Contract no friendship, or even acquaintance, with a guileful man. Sir W. Jones. 2. A person or persons with whom one is acquainted. Montgomery was an old acquaintance of Ferguson. Macaulay. Note: In this sense the collective term acquaintance was formerly both singular and plural, but it is now commonly singular, and has the regular plural acquaintances. To be of acquaintance, to be intimate. -- To take acquaintance of or with, to make the acquaintance of. [Obs.] Syn. -- Familiarity; intimacy; fellowship; knowledge. -- Acquaintance, Familiarity, Intimacy. These words mark different degrees of closeness in social intercourse. Acquaintance arises from occasional intercourse; as, our acquaintance has been a brief one. We can speak of a slight or an intimate acquaintance. Familiarity is the result of continued acquaintance. It springs from persons being frequently together, so as to wear off all restraint and reserve; as, the familiarity of old companions. Intimacy is the result of close connection, and the freest interchange of thought; as, the intimacy of established friendship. Our admiration of a famous man lessens upon our nearer acquaintance with him. Addison. We contract at last such a familiarity with them as makes it difficult and irksome for us to call off our minds. Atterbury. It is in our power to confine our friendships and intimacies to men of virtue. Rogers. ACQUAINTANCESHIP Ac*quaint"ance*ship, n. Defn: A state of being acquainted; acquaintance. Southey. ACQUAINTANT Ac*quaint"ant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. acointant, p. pr.] Defn: An acquaintance. [R.] Swift. ACQUAINTED Ac*quaint"ed, a. Defn: Personally known; familiar. See To be acquainted with, under Acquaint, v. t. ACQUAINTEDNESS Ac*quaint"ed*ness, n. Defn: State of being acquainted; degree of acquaintance. [R.] Boyle. ACQUEST Ac*quest", n. Etym: [OF. aquest, F. acquêt, fr. LL. acquestum, acquisitum, for L. acquisitum, p. p. (used substantively) of acquirere to acquire. See Acquire.] 1. Acquisition; the thing gained. [R.] Bacon. 2. (Law) Defn: Property acquired by purchase, gift, or otherwise than by inheritance. Bouvier. ACQUIESCE Ac`qui*esce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Acquiesced; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquiescing] Etym: [L. acquiescere; ad + quiescere to be quiet, fr. quies rest: cf. F. acquiescer. See Quiet.] 1. To rest satisfied, or apparently satisfied, or to rest without opposition and discontent (usually implying previous opposition or discontent); to accept or consent by silence or by omitting to object; -- followed by in, formerly also by with and to. They were compelled to acquiesce in a government which they did not regard as just. De Quincey. 2. To concur upon conviction; as, to acquiesce in an opinion; to assent to; usually, to concur, not heartily but so far as to forbear opposition. Syn. -- To submit; comply; yield; assent; agree; consent; accede; concur; conform; accept tacitly. ACQUIESCENCE Ac`qui*es"cence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. acquiescence.] 1. A silent or passive assent or submission, or a submission with apparent content; -- distinguished from avowed consent on the one hand, and on the other, from opposition or open discontent; quiet satisfaction. 2. (Crim. Law) (a) Submission to an injury by the party injured. (b) Tacit concurrence in the action of another. Wharton. p. 17 ACQUIESCENCY Ac`qui*es"cen*cy, n. Defn: The quality of being acquiescent; acquiescence. ACQUIESCENT Ac`qui*es"cent, a. Etym: [L. acquiescens, -; p. pr.] Defn: Resting satisfied or submissive; disposed tacitly to submit; assentive; as, an acquiescent policy. ACQUIESCENTLY Ac`qui*es"cent*ly, adv. Defn: In an acquiescent manner. ACQUIET Ac*qui"et, v. t. Etym: [LL. acquietare; L. ad + quies rest. See Quiet and cf. Acquit.] Defn: To quiet. [Obs.] Acquiet his mind from stirring you against your own peace. Sir A. Sherley. ACQUIRABILITY Ac*quir"a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being acquirable; attainableness. [R.] Paley. ACQUIRABLE Ac*quir"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being acquired. ACQUIRE Ac*quire", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquired; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquiring.] Etym: [L. acquirere, acquisitum; ad + quarere to seek for. In OE. was a verb aqueren, fr. the same, through OF. aquerre. See Quest..] Defn: To gain, usually by one's own exertions; to get as one's own; as, to acquire a title, riches, knowledge, skill, good or bad habits. No virtue is acquired in an instant, but step by step. Barrow. Descent is the title whereby a man, on the death of his ancestor, acquires his estate, by right of representation, as his heir at law. Blackstone. Syn. -- To obtain; gain; attain; procure; win; earn; secure. See Obtain. ACQUIREMENT Ac*quire"ment, n. Defn: The act of acquiring, or that which is acquired; attainment. "Rules for the acquirement of a taste." Addison. His acquirements by industry were . . . enriched and enlarged by many excellent endowments of nature. Hayward. Syn. -- Acquisition, Acquirement. Acquirement is used in opposition to a natural gift or talent; as, eloquence, and skill in music and painting, are acquirements; genius is the gift or endowment of nature. It denotes especially personal attainments, in opposition to material or external things gained, which are more usually called acquisitions; but this distinction is not always observed. ACQUIRER Ac*quir"er, n. Defn: A person who acquires. ACQUIRY Ac*quir"y, n. Defn: Acquirement. [Obs.] Barrow. ACQUISITE Ac"qui*site, a. Etym: [L. acquisitus, p. p. of acquirere. See Acquire.] Defn: Acquired. [Obs.] Burton. ACQUISITION Ac`qui*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. acquisitio, fr. acquirere: cf. F. acquisition. See Acquire.] 1. The act or process of acquiring. The acquisition or loss of a province. Macaulay. 2. The thing acquired or gained; an acquirement; a gain; as, learning is an acquisition. Syn. -- See Acquirement. ACQUISITIVE Ac*quis"i*tive, a. 1. Acquired. [Obs.] He died not in his acquisitive, but in his native soil. Wotton. 2. Able or disposed to make acquisitions; acquiring; as, an acquisitive person or disposition. ACQUISITIVELY Ac*quis"i*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In the way of acquisition. ACQUISITIVENESS Ac*quis"i*tive*ness, n. 1. The quality of being acquisitive; propensity to acquire property; desire of possession. 2. (Phren.) Defn: The faculty to which the phrenologists attribute the desire of acquiring and possessing. Combe. ACQUISITOR Ac*quis"i*tor, n. Defn: One who acquires. ACQUIST Ac*quist", n. Etym: [Cf. Acquest.] Defn: Acquisition; gain. Milton. ACQUIT Ac*quit", p. p. Defn: Acquitted; set free; rid of. [Archaic] Shak. ACQUIT Ac*quit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquitting.] Etym: [OE. aquiten, OF. aquiter, F. acquitter; (L. ad) + OF. quiter, F. quitter, to quit. See Quit, and cf. Acquiet.] 1. To discharge, as a claim or debt; to clear off; to pay off; to requite. A responsibility that can never be absolutely acquitted. I. Taylor. 2. To pay for; to atone for. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To set free, release or discharge from an obligation, duty, liability, burden, or from an accusation or charge; -- now followed by of before the charge, formerly by from; as, the jury acquitted the prisoner; we acquit a man of evil intentions. 4. Reflexively: (a) To clear one's self.k. (b) To bear or conduct one's self; to perform one's part; as, the soldier acquitted himself well in battle; the orator acquitted himself very poorly. Syn. -- To absolve; clear; exonerate; exonerate; exculpate; release; discharge. See Absolve. ACQUITMENT Ac*quit"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. aquitement.] Defn: Acquittal. [Obs.] Milton. ACQUITTAL Ac*quit"tal, n. 1. The act of acquitting; discharge from debt or obligation; acquittance. 2. (Law) Defn: A setting free, or deliverance from the charge of an offense, by verdict of a jury or sentence of a court. Bouvier. ACQUITTANCE Ac*quit"tance, n. Etym: [OF. aquitance, fr. aquiter. See Acquit.] 1. The clearing off of debt or obligation; a release or discharge from debt or other liability. 2. A writing which is evidence of a discharge; a receipt in full, which bars a further demand. You can produce acquittances For such a sum, from special officers. Shak. ACQUITTANCE Ac*quit"tance, v. t. Defn: To acquit. [Obs.] Shak. ACQUITTER Ac*quit"ter, n. Defn: One who acquits or releases. ACRANIA A*cra"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. 1. (Physiol.) Defn: Partial or total absence of the skull. 2. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lowest group of Vertebrata, including the amphioxus, in which no skull exists. ACRANIAL A*cra"ni*al, a. Defn: Wanting a skull. ACRASE; ACRAZE A*crase", A*craze", v. t. Etym: [Pref. a- + crase; or cf. F. écraser to crush. See Crase, Craze.] 1. To craze. [Obs.] Grafton. 2. To impair; to destroy. [Obs.] Hacket. ACRASIA; ACRASY A*cra"si*a, Ac"ra*sy n. Etym: [Gr. akrasia.] Defn: Excess; intemperance. [Obs. except in Med.] Farindon. ACRASPEDA A*cras"pe*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of acalephs, including most of the larger jellyfishes; the Discophora. ACRE A"cre, n. Etym: [OE. aker, AS. æcer; akin to OS. accar, OHG. achar, Ger. acker, Icel. akr, Sw. åker, Dan. ager, Goth. akrs, L. ager, Gr. ajra. *2, 206.] 1. Any field of arable or pasture land. [Obs.] 2. A piece of land, containing 160 square rods, or 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet. This is the English statute acre. That of the United States is the same. The Scotch acre was about 1.26 of the English, and the Irish 1.62 of the English. Note: The acre was limited to its present definite quantity by statutes of Edward I., Edward III., and Henry VIII. Broad acres, many acres, much landed estate. [Rhetorical] -- God's acre, God's field; the churchyard. I like that ancient Saxon phrase, which calls The burial ground, God's acre. Longfellow. ACREABLE A"cre*a*ble, a. Defn: Of an acre; per acre; as, the acreable produce. ACREAGE A"cre*age, n. Defn: Acres collectively; as, the acreage of a farm or a country. ACRED A"cred, a. Defn: Possessing acres or landed property; -- used in composition; as, large-acred men. ACRID Ac"rid, a. Etym: [L. acer sharp; prob. assimilated in form to acid. See Eager.] 1. Sharp and harsh, or bitter and not, to the taste; pungent; as, acrid salts. 2. Causing heat and irritation; corrosive; as, acrid secretions. 3. Caustic; bitter; bitterly irritating; as, acrid temper, mind, writing. Acrid poison, a poison which irritates, corrodes, or burns the parts to which it is applied. ACRIDITY; ACRIDNESS A*crid"i*ty, Ac"rid*ness n. Defn: The quality of being acrid or pungent; irritant bitterness; acrimony; as, the acridity of a plant, of a speech. ACRIDLY Ac"rid*ly, adv. Defn: In an acid manner. ACRIMONIOUS Ac"ri*mo"ni*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. acrimonious, F. acrimonieux.] 1. Acrid; corrosive; as, acrimonious gall. [Archaic] Harvey. 2. Caustic; bitter-tempered' sarcastic; as, acrimonious dispute, language, temper. ACRIMONIOUSLY Ac`ri*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In an acrimonious manner. ACRIMONIOUSNESS Ac`ri*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being acrimonious; asperity; acrimony. ACRIMONY Ac"ri*mo*ny, n.; pl. Acrimonies. Etym: [L. acrimonia, fr. acer, sharp: cf. F. acrimonie.] 1. A quality of bodies which corrodes or destroys others; also, a harsh or biting sharpness; as, the acrimony of the juices of certain plants. [Archaic] Bacon. 2. Sharpness or severity, as of language or temper; irritating bitterness of disposition or manners. John the Baptist set himself with much acrimony and indignation to baffle this senseless arrogant conceit of theirs. South. Syn. -- Acrimony, Asperity, Harshness, Tartness. These words express different degrees of angry feeling or language. Asperity and harshness arise from angry feelings, connected with a disregard for the feelings of others. Harshness usually denotes needless severity or an undue measure of severity. Acrimony is a biting sharpness produced by an imbittered spirit. Tartness denotes slight asperity and implies some degree of intellectual readiness. Tartness of reply; harshness of accusation; acrimony of invective. In his official letters he expressed, with great acrimony, his contempt for the king's character. Macaulay. It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received. Johnson. A just reverence of mankind prevents the growth of harshness and brutality. Shaftesbury. ACRISIA; ACRISY A*cris"i*a, Ac"ri*sy, n. Etym: [LL. acrisia, Gr. 1. Inability to judge. 2. (Med.) Defn: Undecided character of a disease. [Obs.] ACRITA Ac"ri*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lowest groups of animals, in which no nervous system has been observed. ACRITAN Ac"ri*tan, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Acrita. -- n. An individual of the Acrita. ACRITE Ac"rite, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Acritan. Owen. ACRITICAL A*crit"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Having no crisis; giving no indications of a crisis; as, acritical symptoms, an acritical abscess. ACRITOCHROMACY Ac`ri*to*chro"ma*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Color blindness; achromatopsy. ACRITUDE Ac"ri*tude, n. Etym: [L. acritudo, from acer sharp.] Defn: Acridity; pungency joined with heat. [Obs.] ACRITY Ac"ri*ty, n. Etym: [L. acritas, fr. acer sharp: cf. F. âcreté.] Defn: Sharpness; keenness. [Obs.] ACROAMATIC; ACROAMATICAL Ac`ro*a*mat"ic, Ac`ro*a*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Communicated orally; oral; -- applied to the esoteric teachings of Aristotle, those intended for his genuine disciples, in distinction from his exoteric doctrines, which were adapted to outsiders or the public generally. Hence: Abstruse; profound. ACROATIC Ac`ro*at"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Same as Acroamatic. ACROBAT Ac"ro*bat, n. Etym: [F. acrobate, fr. Gr. Defn: One who practices rope dancing, high vaulting, or other daring gymnastic feats. ACROBATIC Ac`ro*bat"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. acrobatique.] Defn: Pertaining to an acrobat. -- Ac`ro*bat"ic*al*ly, adv. ACROBATISM Ac"ro*bat*ism, n. Defn: Feats of the acrobat; daring gymnastic feats; high vaulting. ACROCARPOUS Ac`ro*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) (a) Having a terminal fructification; having the fruit at the end of the stalk. (b) Having the fruit stalks at the end of a leafy stem, as in certain mosses. ACROCEPHALIC Ac`ro*ce*phal"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Cephalic.] Defn: Characterized by a high skull. ACROCEPHALY Ac`ro*ceph"a*ly, n. Defn: Loftiness of skull. ACROCERAUNIAN Ac`ro*ce*rau"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. acroceraunius, fr. Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the high mountain range of "thunder- smitten" peaks (now Kimara), between Epirus and Macedonia. Shelley. ACRODACTYLUM Ac`ro*dac"tyl*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The upper surface of the toes, individually. ACRODONT Ac"ro*dont, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group of lizards having the teeth immovably united to the top of the alveolar ridge. -- a. Of or pertaining to the acrodonts. ACROGEN Ac"ro*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the highest class of cryptograms, including the ferns, etc. See Cryptogamia. The Age of Acrogens (Geol.), the age of coal plants, or the carboniferous era. ACROGENOUS Ac*rog"e*nous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Increasing by growth from the extremity; as, an acrogenous plant. ACROLEIN A*cro"le*in, n. Etym: [L. acer sharp + olere to smell.] (Chem.) Defn: A limpid, colorless, highly volatile liquid, obtained by the dehydration of glycerin, or the destructive distillation of neutral fats containing glycerin. Its vapors are intensely irritating. Watts. ACROLITH Ac"ro*lith, n. Etym: [L. acrolthus, Gr. with the ends made of stone; (Arch. & Sculp.) Defn: A statue whose extremities are of stone, the trunk being generally of wood. Elmes. ACROLITHAN; ACROLITHIC A*crol"i*than, Ac`ro*lith"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or like, an acrolith. ACROMEGALY Ac`ro*meg"a*ly, n. Etym: [NL. acromegalia, fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Chronic enlargement of the extremities and face. ACROMIAL A*cro"mi*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. acromial.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the acromion. Dunglison. ACROMION A*cro"mi*on, n. Etym: [Gr. acromion.] (Anat.) Defn: The outer extremity of the shoulder blade. ACROMONOGRAMMATIC Ac`ro*mon`o*gram*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having each verse begin with the same letter as that with which the preceding verse ends. ACRONYC; ACRONYCHAL A*cron"yc, A*cron"ych*al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Astron.) Defn: Rising at sunset and setting at sunrise, as a star; -- opposed to cosmical. Note: The word is sometimes incorrectly written acronical, achronychal, acronichal, and acronical. ACRONYCALLY A*cron"yc*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an acronycal manner as rising at the setting of the sun, and vise versâ. ACRONYCTOUS Ac"ro*nyc"tous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Astron.) Defn: Acronycal. ACROOK A*crook", adv. Defn: Crookedly. [R.] Udall. ACROPETAL A*crop"e*tal, a. Etym: [Gr. petere to seek.] (Bot.) Defn: Developing from below towards the apex, or from the circumference towards the center; centripetal; -- said of certain inflorescence. ACROPHONY; ACHROPHONY A*croph"o*ny, A*chroph"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The use of a picture symbol of an object to represent phonetically the initial sound of the name of the object. ACROPHONY A*croph"o*ny, n. [Gr. 'a`kros extreme + sound.] Defn: The use of a picture symbol of an object to represent phonetically the initial sound of the name of the object. ACROPODIUM Ac`ro*po"di*um, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The entire upper surface of the foot. ACROPOLIS A*crop"o*lis, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The upper part, or the citadel, of a Grecian city; especially, the citadel of Athens. ACROPOLITAN Ac"ro*pol"i*tan, a. Defn: Pertaining to an acropolis. ACROSPIRE Ac"ro*spire, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The sprout at the end of a seed when it begins to germinate; the plumule in germination; -- so called from its spiral form. ACROSPIRE Ac"ro*spire, v. i. Defn: To put forth the first sprout. ACROSPORE Ac"ro*spore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A spore borne at the extremity of the cells of fructification in fungi. ACROSPOROUS Ac"ro*spor"ous, a. Defn: Having acrospores. ACROSS A*cross" (#; 115), prep. Etym: [Pref. a- + cross: cf. F. en croix. See Cross, n.] Defn: From side to side; athwart; crosswise, or in a direction opposed to the length; quite over; as, a bridge laid across a river. Dryden. To come across, to come upon or meet incidentally. Freeman. -- To go across the country, to go by a direct course across a region without following the roads. ACROSS A*cross", adv. 1. From side to side; crosswise; as, with arms folded across. Shak. 2. Obliquely; athwart; amiss; awry. [Obs.] The squint-eyed Pharisees look across at all the actions of Christ. Bp. Hall. ACROSTIC A*cros"tic, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A composition, usually in verse, in which the first or the last letters of the lines, or certain other letters, taken in order, form a name, word, phrase, or motto. 2. A Hebrew poem in which the lines or stanzas begin with the letters of the alphabet in regular order (as Psalm cxix.). See Abecedarian. Double acrostic, a species of enigma, in which words are to be guessed whose initial and final letters form other words. ACROSTIC; ACROSTICAL A*cros"tic, A*cros"ti*cal, n. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, acrostics. ACROSTICALLY A*cros"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: After the manner of an acrostic. ACROTARSIUM Ac`ro*tar"si*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The instep or front of the tarsus. ACROTELEUTIC Ac`ro*te*leu"tic, n. Etym: [Gr. (Eccles.) Defn: The end of a verse or psalm, or something added thereto, to be sung by the people, by way of a response. ACROTER Ac"ro*ter, n. Etym: [F. acrotère. See Acroterium.] (Arch.) Defn: Same as Acroterium. ACROTERIAL Ac`ro*te"ri*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to an acroterium; as, ornaments. P. Cyc. ACROTERIUM Ac`ro*te`ri*um, n.; pl. Acrotplwia. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Arch.) (a) One of the small pedestals, for statues or other ornaments, placed on the apex and at the basal angles of a pediment. Acroteria are also sometimes placed upon the gables in Gothic architecture. J. H. Parker. (b) One of the pedestals, for vases or statues, forming a part roof balustrade. ACROTIC A*crot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to or affecting the surface. ACROTISM Ac"ro*tism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Lack or defect of pulsation. ACROTOMOUS A*crot"o*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Having a cleavage parallel with the base. ACRYLIC A*cryl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or containing acryl, the hypothetical radical of which acrolein is the hydride; as, acrylic acid. ACT Act, n. Etym: [L. actus, fr. agere to drive, do: cf. F. acte. See Agent.] 1. That which is done or doing; the exercise of power, or the effect, of which power exerted is the cause; a performance; a deed. That best portion of a good man's life, His little, nameless, unremembered acts Of kindness and of love. Wordsworth. Hence, in specific uses: (a) The result of public deliberation; the decision or determination of a legislative body, council, court of justice, etc.; a decree, edit, law, judgment, resolve, award; as, an act of Parliament, or of Congress. (b) A formal solemn writing, expressing that something has been done. Abbott. (c) A performance of part of a play; one of the principal divisions of a play or dramatic work in which a certain definite part of the action is completed. (d) A thesis maintained in public, in some English universities, by a candidate for a degree, or to show the proficiency of a student. 2. A state of reality or real existence as opposed to a possibility or possible existence. [Obs.] The seeds of plants are not at first in act, but in possibility, what they afterward grow to be. Hooker. 3. Process of doing; action. In act, in the very doing; on the point of (doing). "In act to shoot." Dryden. This woman was taken . . . in the very act. John viii. 4. Act of attainder. (Law) See Attainder. -- Act of bankruptcy (Law), an act of a debtor which renders him liable to be adjudged a bankrupt. -- Act of faith. (Ch. Hist.) See Auto-da-Fé. -- Act of God (Law), an inevitable accident; such extraordinary interruption of the usual course of events as is not to be looked for in advance, and against which ordinary prudence could not guard. -- Act of grace, an expression often used to designate an act declaring pardon or amnesty to numerous offenders, as at the beginning of a new reign. -- Act of indemnity, a statute passed for the protection of those who have committed some illegal act subjecting them to penalties. Abbott. -- Act in pais, a thing done out of court (anciently, in the country), and not a matter of record. Syn. -- See Action. ACT Act, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acting.] Etym: [L. actus, p. p. of agere to drive, lead, do; but influenced by E. act, n.] 1. To move to action; to actuate; to animate. [Obs.] Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul. Pope. 2. To perform; to execute; to do. [Archaic] That we act our temporal affairs with a desire no greater than our necessity. Jer. Taylor. Industry doth beget by producing good habits, and facility of acting things expedient for us to do. Barrow. Uplifted hands that at convenient times Could act extortion and the worst of crimes. Cowper. 3. To perform, as an actor; to represent dramatically on the stage. 4. To assume the office or character of; to play; to personate; as, to act the hero. 5. To feign or counterfeit; to simulate. With acted fear the villain thus pursued. Dryden. To act a part, to sustain the part of one of the characters in a play; hence, to simulate; to dissemble. -- To act the part of, to take the character of; to fulfill the duties of. ACT Act, v. i. 1. To exert power; to produce an effect; as, the stomach acts upon food. 2. To perform actions; to fulfill functions; to put forth energy; to move, as opposed to remaining at rest; to carry into effect a determination of the will. He hangs between, in doubt to act or rest. Pope. 3. To behave or conduct, as in morals, private duties, or public offices; to bear or deport one's self; as, we know not why he has acted so. 4. To perform on the stage; to represent a character. To show the world how Garrick did not act. Cowper. To act as or for, to do the work of; to serve as. -- To act on, to regulate one's conduct according to. -- To act up to, to equal in action; to fulfill in practice; as, he has acted up to his engagement or his advantages. ACTABLE Act"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being acted. Tennyson. ACTINAL Ac"ti*nal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the part of a radiate animal which contains the mouth. L. Agassiz. ACTINARIA Ac`ti*na"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large division of Anthozoa, including those which have simple tentacles and do not form stony corals. Sometimes, in a wider sense, applied to all the Anthozoa, expert the Alcyonaria, whether forming corals or not. ACTING Act"ing, a. 1. Operating in any way. 2. Doing duty for another; officiating; as, an superintendent. ACTINIA Ac*tin"i*a, n.; pl. L. Actiniæ, E. Actinias. Etym: [Latinized fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) An animal of the class Anthozoa, and family Actinidæ. From a resemblance to flowers in form and color, they are often called animal flowers and sea anemones. [See Polyp.]. (b) A genus in the family Actinidæ. ACTINIC Ac*tin"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to actinism; as, actinic rays. ACTINIFORM Ac*tin"i*form, a. Etym: [Gr. -form.] Defn: Having a radiated form, like a sea anemone. ACTINISM Ac"tin*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The property of radiant energy (found chiefly in solar or electric light) by which chemical changes are produced, as in photography. ACTINIUM Ac*tin"i*um, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A supposed metal, said by Phipson to be contained in commercial zinc; -- so called because certain of its compounds are darkened by exposure to light. ACTINO-CHEMISTRY Ac`ti*no-chem"is*try, n. Defn: Chemistry in its relations to actinism. Draper. ACTINOGRAM Ac*tin"o*gram, n. [Gr. , , ray + -gram.] Defn: A record made by the actinograph. ACTINOGRAPH Ac*tin"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: An instrument for measuring and recording the variations in the actinic or chemical force of rays of light. Nichol. ACTINOID Ac"tin*oid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Having the form of rays; radiated, as an actinia. ACTINOLITE Ac*tin"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A bright green variety of amphibole occurring usually in fibrous or columnar masses. ACTINOLITIC Ac`tin*o*lit"ic, a. (Min.) Defn: Of the nature of, or containing, actinolite. ACTINOLOGY Ac`ti*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of rays of light, especially of the actinic or chemical rays. ACTINOMERE Ac*tin"o*mere, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the radial segments composing the body of one of the Coelenterata. ACTINOMETER Ac`ti*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter] (a) An instrument for measuring the direct heating power of the sun's rays. (b) An instrument for measuring the actinic effect of rays of light. ACTINOMETRIC Ac`ti*no*met"ric, a. Defn: Pertaining to the measurement of the intensity of the solar rays, either (a) heating, or (b) actinic. ACTINOMETRY Ac`ti*nom"e*try, n. 1. The measurement of the force of solar radiation. Maury. 2. The measurement of the chemical or actinic energy of light. Abney. ACTINOMYCOSIS Ac`ti*no*my*co"sis, n. [NL.] (Med.) Defn: A chronic infectious disease of cattle and man due to the presence of Actinomyces bovis. It causes local suppurating tumors, esp. about the jaw. Called also lumpy jaw or big jaw. -- Ac`ti*no*my*cot"ic (#), a. ACTINOPHONE Ac*tin"o*phone, n. [Gr. , , ray + voice.] (Physics) Defn: An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of the actinic, or ultraviolet, rays. ACTINOPHONIC Ac*tin`o*phon"ic, a. (Physics) Defn: Pertaining to, or causing the production of, sound by means of the actinic, or ultraviolet, rays; as, actinophonic phenomena. ACTINOPHOROUS Ac`ti*noph"o*rous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having straight projecting spines. ACTINOSOME Ac*tin"o*some, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The entire body of a coelenterate. ACTINOST Ac"tin*ost, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: (Anat.) One of the bones at the base of a paired fin of a fish. ACTINOSTOME Ac*tin"o*stome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The mouth or anterior opening of a coelenterate animal. ACTINOTROCHA Ac`ti*not"ro*cha, n. pl. Etym: [NL.; Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar larval form of Phoronis, a genus of marine worms, having a circle of ciliated tentacles. ACTINOZOA Ac"ti*no*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Coelenterata, comprising the Anthozoa Ctenophora. The sea anemone, or actinia, is a familiar example. ACTINOZOAL Ac`ti*no*zo"al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Actinozoa. ACTINOZOON; ACTINOZOOEN Ac"ti*no*zo"ön, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Actinozoa. ACTINULA Ac*tin"u*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of embryo of certain hydroids (Tubularia), having a stellate form. ACTION Ac"tion, n. Etym: [OF. action, L. actio, fr. agere to do. See Act.] 1. A process or condition of acting or moving, as opposed to rest; the doing of something; exertion of power or force, as when one body acts on another; the effect of power exerted on one body by another; agency; activity; operation; as, the action of heat; a man of action. One wise in council, one in action brave. Pope. 2. An act; a thing done; a deed; an enterprise. (pl.): Habitual deeds; hence, conduct; behavior; demeanor. The Lord is a Good of knowledge, and by him actions are weighed. 1 Sam. ii. 3. 3. The event or connected series of events, either real or imaginary, forming the subject of a play, poem, or other composition; the unfolding of the drama of events. 4. Movement; as, the horse has a spirited action. 5. (Mech.) Defn: Effective motion; also, mechanism; as, the breech action of a gun. 6. (Physiol.) Defn: Any one of the active processes going on in an organism; the performance of a function; as, the action of the heart, the muscles, or the gastric juice. 7. (Orat.) Defn: Gesticulation; the external deportment of the speaker, or the suiting of his attitude, voice, gestures, and countenance, to the subject, or to the feelings. 8. (Paint. & Sculp.) Defn: The attitude or position of the several parts of the body as expressive of the sentiment or passion depicted. 9. (Law) (a) A suit or process, by which a demand is made of a right in a court of justice; in a broad sense, a judicial proceeding for the enforcement or protection of a right, the redress or prevention of a wrong, or the punishment of a public offense. (b) A right of action; as, the law gives an action for every claim. 10. (Com.) Defn: A share in the capital stock of a joint-stock company, or in the public funds; hence, in the plural, equivalent to stocks. [A Gallicism] [Obs.] The Euripus of funds and actions. Burke. 11. An engagement between troops in war, whether on land or water; a battle; a fight; as, a general action, a partial action. 12. (Music) Defn: The mechanical contrivance by means of which the impulse of the player's finger is transmitted to the strings of a pianoforte or to the valve of an organ pipe. Grove. Chose in action. (Law) See Chose. -- Quantity of action (Physics), the product of the mass of a body by the space it runs through, and its velocity. Syn. -- Action, Act. In many cases action and act are synonymous; but some distinction is observable. Action involves the mode or process of acting, and is usually viewed as occupying some time in doing. Act has more reference to the effect, or the operation as complete. To poke the fire is an act, to reconcile friends who have quarreled is a praiseworthy action. C. J. Smith. ACTIONABLE Ac"tion*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. actionabilis. See Action.] Defn: That may be the subject of an action or suit at law; as, to call a man a thief is actionable. ACTIONABLY Ac"tion*a*bly, adv. Defn: In an actionable manner. ACTIONARY; ACTIONIST Ac"tion*a*ry, Ac"tion*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. actionnaire.] (Com.) Defn: A shareholder in joint-stock company. [Obs.] ACTIONLESS Ac"tion*less, a. Defn: Void of action. ACTIVATE Ac"ti*vate, v. t. Defn: To make active. [Obs.] ACTIVE Ac"tive, a. Etym: [F. actif, L. activus, fr. agere to act.] 1. Having the power or quality of acting; causing change; communicating action or motion; acting; -- opposed to Ant: passive, that receives; as, certain active principles; the powers of the mind. 2. Quick in physical movement; of an agile and vigorous body; nimble; as, an active child or animal. Active and nervous was his gait. Wordsworth. 3. In action; actually proceeding; working; in force; -- opposed to quiescent, dormant, or extinct; as, active laws; active hostilities; an active volcano. 4. Given to action; constantly engaged in action; energetic; diligent; busy; -- opposed to dull, sluggish, indolent, or inert; as, an active man of business; active mind; active zeal. 5. Requiring or implying action or exertion; -- opposed to Ant: sedentary or to Ant: tranquil; as, active employment or service; active scenes. 6. Given to action rather than contemplation; practical; operative; - - opposed to Ant: speculative or Ant: theoretical; as, an active rather than a speculative statesman. 7. Brisk; lively; as, an active demand for corn. 8. Implying or producing rapid action; as, an active disease; an active remedy. 9. (Gram.) (a) Applied to a form of the verb; -- opposed to Ant: passive. See Active voice, under Voice. (b) Applied to verbs which assert that the subject acts upon or affects something else; transitive. (c) Applied to all verbs that express action as distinct from mere existence or state. Active capital, Active wealth, money, or property that may readily be converted into money. Syn. -- Agile; alert; brisk; vigorous; nimble; lively; quick; sprightly; prompt; energetic. ACTIVELY Ac"tive*ly, adv. 1. In an active manner; nimbly; briskly; energetically; also, by one's own action; voluntarily, not passively. 2. (Gram.) Defn: In an active signification; as, a word used actively. ACTIVENESS Ac"tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being active; nimbleness; quickness of motion; activity. ACTIVITY Ac*tiv"i*ty, n.; pl. Activities. Etym: [Cf. F. activité, LL. activitas.] Defn: The state or quality of being active; nimbleness; agility; vigorous action or operation; energy; active force; as, an increasing variety of human activities. "The activity of toil." Palfrey. Syn. -- Liveliness; briskness; quickness. ACTLESS Act"less, a. Defn: Without action or spirit. [R.] ACTON Ac"ton, n. Etym: [OF. aketon, auqueton, F. hoqueton, a quilted jacket, fr. Sp. alcoton, algodon, cotton. Cf. Cotton.] Defn: A stuffed jacket worn under the mail, or (later) a jacket plated with mail. [Spelled also hacqueton.] [Obs.] Halliwell. Sir W. Scott. ACTOR Ac"tor, n. Etym: [L. actor, fr. agere to act.] 1. One who acts, or takes part in any affair; a doer. 2. A theatrical performer; a stageplayer. After a well graced actor leaves the stage. Shak. 3. (Law) (a) An advocate or proctor in civil courts or causes. Jacobs. (b) One who institutes a suit; plaintiff or complainant. ACTRESS Ac`tress, n. Etym: [Cf. F. actrice.] 1. A female actor or doer. [Obs.] Cockeram. 2. A female stageplayer; a woman who acts a part. ACTUAL Ac"tu*al (#; 135), a. Etym: [OE. actuel, F. actuel, L. actualis, fr. agere to do, act.] 1. Involving or comprising action; active. [Obs.] Her walking and other actual performances. Shak. Let your holy and pious intention be actual; that is . . . by a special prayer or action, . . . given to God. Jer. Taylor. 2. Existing in act or reality; really acted or acting; in fact; real; -- opposed to potential, possible, virtual, speculative, coceivable, theoretical, or nominal; as, the actual cost of goods; the actual case under discussion. 3. In action at the time being; now exiting; present; as the actual situation of the country. Actual cautery. See under Cautery. -- Actual sin (Theol.), that kind of sin which is done by ourselves in contradistinction to "original sin." Syn. -- Real; genuine; positive; certain. See Real. ACTUAL Ac"tu*al, n. (Finance) Defn: Something actually received; real, as distinct from estimated, receipts. [Cant] The accounts of revenues supplied . . . were not real receipts: not, in financial language, "actuals," but only Egyptian budget estimates. Fortnightly Review. ACTUALIST Ac"tu*al*ist, n. Defn: One who deals with or considers actually existing facts and conditions, rather than fancies or theories; -- opposed to idealist. J. Grote. ACTUALITY Ac`tu*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Actualities. Defn: The state of being actual; reality; as, the actuality of God's nature. South. ACTUALIZATION Ac`tu*al*i*za"tion, n. Defn: A making actual or really existent. [R.] Emerson. ACTUALIZE Ac"tu*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To make actual; to realize in action. [R.] Coleridge. ACTUALLY Ac"tu*al*ly, adv. 1. Actively. [Obs.] "Neither actually . . . nor passively." Fuller. 2. In act or in fact; really; in truth; positively. ACTUALNESS Ac"tu*al*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being actual; actuality. ACTUARIAL Ac`tu*a"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to actuaries; as, the actuarial value of an annuity. ACTUARY Ac"tu*a*ry, n.; pl. Actuaries. Etym: [L. actuarius copyist, clerk, fr. actus, p. p. of agere to do, act.] 1. (Law) Defn: A registar or clerk; -- used originally in courts of civil law jurisdiction, but in Europe used for a clerk or registar generally. 2. The computing official of an insurance company; one whose profession it is to calculate for insurance companies the risks and premiums for life, fire, and other insurances. ACTUATE Ac"tu*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Actuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Actuating.] Etym: [LL. actuatus, p. p. of actuare, fr. L. actus act.] 1. To put into action or motion; to move or incite to action; to influence actively; to move as motives do; -- more commonly used of persons. Wings, which others were contriving to actuate by the perpetual motion. Johnson. Men of the greatest abilities are most fired with ambition; and, on the contrary, mean and narrow minds are the least actuated by it. Addison. 2. To carry out in practice; to perform. [Obs.] "To actuate what you command." Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- To move; impel; incite; rouse; instigate; animate. ACTUATE Ac"tu*ate, a. Etym: [LL. actuatus, p. p. of actuare.] Defn: Put in action; actuated. [Obs.] South. ACTUATION Ac`tu*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. actuatio.] Defn: A bringing into action; movement. Bp. Pearson. ACTUATOR Ac"tu*a`tor, n. Defn: One who actuates, or puts into action. [R.] Melville. ACTUOSE Ac"tu*ose`, a. Etym: [L. actuosus.] Defn: Very active. [Obs.] ACTUOSITY Ac`tu*os"i*ty, n. Defn: Abundant activity. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. ACTURE Ac"ture, n. Defn: Action. [Obs.] Shak. ACTURIENCE Ac*tu"ri*ence, n. Etym: [A desid. of L. agere, actum, to act.] Defn: Tendency or impulse to act. [R.] Acturience, or desire of action, in one form or another, whether as restlessness, ennui, dissatisfaction, or the imagination of something desirable. J. Grote. ACUATE Ac"u*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. acus needle.] Defn: To sharpen; to make pungent; to quicken. [Obs.] "[To] acuate the blood." Harvey. ACUATE Ac"u*ate, a. Defn: Sharpened; sharp-pointed. ACUATION Ac`u*a"tion, n. Defn: Act of sharpening. [R.] ACUITION Ac`u*i"tion, n. Etym: [L. acutus, as if acuitus, p. p. of acuere to sharpen.] Defn: The act of sharpening. [Obs.] ACUITY A*cu"i*ty, n. Etym: [LL. acuitas: cf. F. acuité.] Defn: Sharpness or acuteness, as of a needle, wit, etc. ACULEATE A*cu"le*ate, a. Etym: [L. aculeatus, fr. aculeus, dim. of acus needle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a sting; covered with prickles; sharp like a prickle. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having prickles, or sharp points; beset with prickles. 3. Severe or stinging; incisive. [R.] Bacon. ACULEATED A*cu"le*a`ted, a. Defn: Having a sharp point; armed with prickles; prickly; aculeate. ACULEIFORM A*cu"le*i*form, a. Defn: Like a prickle. ACULEOLATE A*cu"le*o*late, a. Etym: [L. aculeolus little needle.] (Bot.) Defn: Having small prickles or sharp points. Gray. ACULEOUS A*cu"le*ous, a. Defn: Aculeate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ACULEUS A*cu"le*us, n.; pl. Aculei. Etym: [L., dim. of acus needle.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A prickle growing on the bark, as in some brambles and roses. Lindley. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sting. ACUMEN A*cu"men, n. Etym: [L. acumen, fr. acuere to sharpen. Cf. Acute.] Defn: Quickness of perception or discernment; penetration of mind; the faculty of nice discrimination. Selden. Syn. -- Sharpness; sagacity; keenness; shrewdness; acuteness. ACUMINATE A*cu"mi*nate, a. Etym: [L. acuminatus, p. p. of acuminare to sharpen, fr. acumen. See Acumen.] Defn: Tapering to a point; pointed; as, acuminate leaves, teeth, etc. ACUMINATE A*cu"mi*nate, v. t. Defn: To render sharp or keen. [R.] "To acuminate even despair." Cowper. ACUMINATE A*cu"mi*nate, v. i. Defn: To end in, or come to, a sharp point. "Acuminating in a cone of prelacy." Milton. ACUMINATION A*cu`mi*na"tion, n. Defn: A sharpening; termination in a sharp point; a tapering point. Bp. Pearson. ACUMINOSE A*cu"mi*nose`, a. Defn: Terminating in a flat, narrow end. Lindley. ACUMINOUS A*cu"mi*nous, a. Defn: Characterized by acumen; keen. Highmore. ACUPRESSURE Ac`u*pres"sure, n. Etym: [L. acus needle + premere, pressum, to press.] (Surg.) Defn: A mode of arresting hemorrhage resulting from wounds or surgical operations, by passing under the divided vessel a needle, the ends of which are left exposed externally on the cutaneous surface. Simpson. ACUPUNCTURATION Ac`u*punc`tu*ra"tion, n. Defn: See Acupuncture. ACUPUNCTURE Ac`u*punc"ture, n. Etym: [L. acus needle + punctura a pricking, fr. pungere to prick: cf. F. acuponcture.] Defn: Pricking with a needle; a needle prick. Specifically (Med.): Defn: The insertion of needles into the living tissues for remedial purposes. ACUPUNCTURE Ac`u*punc"ture, v. t. Defn: To treat with acupuncture. ACUSTUMAUNCE A*cus"tum*aunce, n. Defn: See Accustomance. [Obs.] ACUTANGULAR A*cut"an`gu*lar, a. Defn: Acute-angled. ACUTE A*cute", a. Etym: [L. acutus, p. p. of acuere to sharpen, fr. a root ak to be sharp. Cf. Ague, Cute, Edge.] 1. Sharp at the end; ending in a sharp point; pointed; -- opposed to blunt or obtuse; as, an acute angle; an acute leaf. 2. Having nice discernment; perceiving or using minute distinctions; penetrating; clever; shrewd; -- opposed to Ant: dull or Ant: stupid; as, an acute observer; acute remarks, or reasoning. 3. Having nice or quick sensibility; susceptible to slight impressions; acting keenly on the senses; sharp; keen; intense; as, a man of acute eyesight, hearing, or feeling; acute pain or pleasure. 4. High, or shrill, in respect to some other sound; -- opposed to grave or low; as, an acute tone or accent. 5. (Med.) Defn: Attended with symptoms of some degree of severity, and coming speedily to a crisis; -- opposed to chronic; as, an acute disease. Acute angle (Geom.), an angle less than a right angle. Syn. -- Subtile; ingenious; sharp; keen; penetrating; sagacious; sharp- witted; shrewd; discerning; discriminating. See Subtile. ACUTE A*cute", v. t. Defn: To give an acute sound to; as, he acutes his rising inflection too much. [R.] Walker. ACUTE-ANGLED A*cute"-*an`gled, a. Defn: Having acute angles; as, an acute-angled triangle, a triangle with every one of its angles less than a right angle. ACUTELY A*cute"ly, adv. Defn: In an acute manner; sharply; keenly; with nice discrimination. ACUTENESS A*cute"ness, n. 1. The quality of being acute or pointed; sharpness; as, the acuteness of an angle. 2. The faculty of nice discernment or perception; acumen; keenness; sharpness; sensitiveness; -- applied to the senses, or the understanding. By acuteness of feeling, we perceive small objects or slight impressions: by acuteness of intellect, we discern nice distinctions. Perhaps, also, he felt his professional acuteness interested in bringing it to a successful close. Sir W. Scott. 3. Shrillness; high pitch; -- said of sounds. 4. (Med.) Defn: Violence of a disease, which brings it speedily to a crisis. Syn. -- Penetration; sagacity; keenness; ingenuity; shrewdness; subtlety; sharp-wittedness. ACUTIFOLIATE A*cu`ti*fo"li*ate, a. Etym: [L. acutus sharp + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: Having sharp-pointed leaves. ACUTILOBATE A*cu`ti*lo"bate, a. Etym: [L. acutus sharp + E. lobe.] (Bot.) Defn: Having acute lobes, as some leaves. ACUTORSION Ac`u*tor"sion, n. [L. acus needle + torsion.] (Med.) Defn: The twisting of an artery with a needle to arrest hemorrhage. ACYCLIC A*cyc"lic, a. [Pref. a- not + cyclic.] Defn: Not cyclic; not disposed in cycles or whorls; as: (a) (Bot.) Defn: Of a flower, having its parts inserted spirally on the receptacle. (b) (Org. Chem.) Having an open-chain structure; aliphatic. ACYL Ac"yl, n. [Acid + -yl.] (Org. Chem.) Defn: An acid radical, as acetyl, malonyl, or benzoyl. AD- Ad-. Etym: [A Latin preposition, signifying to. See At.] Defn: As a prefix ad- assumes the forms ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-, assimilating the d with the first letter of the word to which ad- is prefixed. It remains unchanged before vowels, and before d, h, j, m, v. Examples: adduce, adhere, adjacent, admit, advent, accord, affect, aggregate, allude, annex, appear, etc. It becomes ac- before qu, as in acquiesce. ADACT Ad*act", v. t. Etym: [L. adactus, p. p. of adigere.] Defn: To compel; to drive. [Obs.] Fotherby. ADACTYL; ADACTYLOUS A*dac"tyl, A*dac"tyl*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) Without fingers or without toes. (b) Without claws on the feet (of crustaceous animals). ADAGE Ad"age, n. Etym: [F. adage, fr. L. adagium; ad + the root of L. aio I say.] Defn: An old saying, which has obtained credit by long use; a proverb. Letting "I dare not" wait upon "I would," Like the poor cat i' the adage. Shak. Syn. -- Axiom; maxim; aphorism; proverb; saying; saw; apothegm. See Axiom. ADAGIAL A*da"gi*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to an adage; proverbial. "Adagial verse." Barrow. ADAGIO A*da"gio, a. & adv. Etym: [It. adagio; ad (L. ad) at + agio convenience, leisure, ease. See Agio.] (Mus.) Defn: Slow; slowly, leisurely, and gracefully. When repeated, adagio, adagio, it directs the movement to be very slow. ADAGIO A*da"gio, n. Defn: A piece of music in adagio time; a slow movement; as, an adagio of Haydn. ADAM Ad"am, n. 1. The name given in the Bible to the first man, the progenitor of the human race. 2. (As a symbol) Defn: "Original sin;" human frailty. And whipped the offending Adam out of him. Shak. Adam's ale, water. [Coll.] -- Adam's apple. 1. (Bot.) (a) A species of banana (Musa paradisiaca). It attains a height of twenty feet or more. Paxton]. (b) A species of lime (Citris limetta). 2. The projection formed by the thyroid cartilage in the neck. It is particularly prominent in males, and is so called from a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit (an apple) sticking in the throat of our first parent. -- Adam's flannel (Bot.), the mullein (Verbascum thapsus). -- Adam's needle (Bot.), the popular name of a genus (Yucca) of liliaceous plants. ADAMANT Ad"a*mant, n. Etym: [OE. adamaunt, adamant, diamond, magnet, OF. adamant, L. adamas, adamantis, the hardest metal, fr. Gr. adamare to love, be attached to, the word meant also magnet, as in OF. and LL. See Diamond, Tame.] 1. A stone imagined by some to be of impenetrable hardness; a name given to the diamond and other substance of extreme hardness; but in modern minerology it has no technical signification. It is now a rhetorical or poetical name for the embodiment of impenetrable hardness. Opposed the rocky orb Of tenfold adamant, his ample shield. Milton. 2. Lodestone; magnet. [Obs.] "A great adamant of acquaintance." Bacon. As true to thee as steel to adamant. Greene. ADAMANTEAN Ad`a*man*te"an, a. Etym: [L. adamanteus.] Defn: Of adamant; hard as adamant. Milton. ADAMANTINE Ad`a*man"tine, a. Etym: [L. adamantinus, Gr. 1. Made of adamant, or having the qualities of adamant; incapable of being broken, dissolved, or penetrated; as, adamantine bonds or chains. 2. (Min.) Defn: Like the diamond in hardness or luster. ADAMBULACRAL Ad`am*bu*la"cral, a. Etym: [L. ad + E. ambulacral.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Next to the ambulacra; as, the adambulacral ossicles of the starfish. ADAMIC; ADAMICAL A*dam"ic, A*dam"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Adam, or resembling him. Adamic earth, a name given to common red clay, from a notion that Adam means red earth. ADAMITE Ad"am*ite, n. Etym: [From Adam.] 1. A descendant of Adam; a human being. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect of visionaries, who, professing to imitate the state of Adam, discarded the use of dress in their assemblies. ADAM'S APPLE Ad"am's ap"ple. Defn: See under Adam. ADANCE A*dance", adv. Defn: Dancing. Lowell. ADANGLE A*dan"gle, adv. Defn: Dangling. Browning. ADANSONIA Ad`an*so"ni*a, n. Etym: [From Adanson, a French botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of great trees related to the Bombax. There are two species, A. digitata, the baobab or monkey-bread of Africa and India, and A. Gregorii, the sour gourd or cream-of-tartar tree of Australia. Both have a trunk of moderate height, but of enormous diameter, and a wide-spreading head. The fruit is oblong, and filled with pleasantly acid pulp. The wood is very soft, and the bark is used by the natives for making ropes and cloth. D. C. Eaton. ADAPT A*dapt", a. Defn: Fitted; suited. [Obs.] Swift. ADAPT A*dapt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adapted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adapting.] Etym: [L. adaptare; ad + aptare to fit; cf. F. adapter. See Apt, Adept.] Defn: To make suitable; to fit, or suit; to adjust; to alter so as to fit for a new use; -- sometimes followed by to or for. For nature, always in the right, To your decays adapts my sight. Swift. Appeals adapted to his [man's] whole nature. Angus. Streets ill adapted for the residence of wealthy persons. Macaulay. ADAPTABILITY; ADAPTABLENESS A*dapt`a*bil"i*ty, A*dapt"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being adaptable; suitableness. "General adaptability for every purpose." Farrar. ADAPTABLE A*dapt"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being adapted. ADAPTATION Ad`ap*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. adaptation, LL. adaptatio.] 1. The act or process of adapting, or fitting; or the state of being adapted or fitted; fitness. "Adaptation of the means to the end." Erskine. 2. The result of adapting; an adapted form. ADAPTATIVE A*dapt"a*tive, a. Defn: Adaptive. Stubbs. ADAPTEDNESS A*dapt"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being adapted; suitableness; special fitness. ADAPTER A*dapt"er, n. 1. One who adapts. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A connecting tube; an adopter. ADAPTION A*dap"tion, n. Defn: Adaptation. Cheyne. ADAPTIVE A*dapt"ive, a. Defn: Suited, given, or tending, to adaptation; characterized by adaptation; capable of adapting. Coleridge. -- A*dapt"ive*ly, adv. ADAPTIVENESS A*dapt"ive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being adaptive; capacity to adapt. ADAPTLY A*dapt"ly, adv. Defn: In a suitable manner. [R.] Prior. ADAPTNESS A*dapt"ness, n. Defn: Adaptedness. [R.] ADAPTORIAL Ad`ap*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Adaptive. [R.] ADAR A"dar, n. Etym: [Heb. adär.] Defn: The twelfth month of the Hebrew ecclesiastical year, and the sixth of the civil. It corresponded nearly with March. ADARCE A*dar"ce, n. Etym: [L. adarce, adarca, Gr. Defn: A saltish concretion on reeds and grass in marshy grounds in Galatia. It is soft and porous, and was formerly used for cleansing the skin from freckles and tetters, and also in leprosy. Dana. ADATIS Ad"a*tis, n. Defn: A fine cotton cloth of India. ADAUNT A*daunt", v. t. Etym: [OE. adaunten to overpower, OF. adonter; à (L. ad) + donter, F. dompter. See Daunt.] Defn: To daunt; to subdue; to mitigate. [Obs.] Skelton. ADAW A*daw", v. t. Etym: [Cf. OE. adawe of dawe, AS. of dagum from days, i. e., from life, out of life.] Defn: To subdue; to daunt. [Obs.] The sight whereof did greatly him adaw. Spenser. ADAW A*daw", v. t. & i. Etym: [OE. adawen to wake; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us- , Ger. er-) + dawen, dagon, to dawn. See Daw.] Defn: To awaken; to arouse. [Obs.] A man that waketh of his sleep He may not suddenly well taken keep Upon a thing, ne seen it parfitly Till that he be adawed verily. Chaucer. ADAYS A*days", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- (for on) + day; the final s was orig. a genitive ending, afterwards forming adverbs.] Defn: By day, or every day; in the daytime. [Obs.] Fielding. AD CAPTANDUM Ad cap*tan"dum. Etym: [L., for catching.] Defn: A phrase used adjectively sometimes of meretricious attempts to catch or win popular favor. ADD Add, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Added; p. pr. & vb. n. Adding.] Etym: [L. addere; ad + dare to give, put. Cf. Date, Do.] 1. To give by way of increased possession (to any one); to bestow (on). The Lord shall add to me another son. Gen. xxx. 24. 2. To join or unite, as one thing to another, or as several particulars, so as to increase the number, augment the quantity, enlarge the magnitude, or so as to form into one aggregate. Hence: To sum up; to put together mentally; as, to add numbers; to add up a column. Back to thy punishment, False fugitive, and to thy speed add wings. Milton. As easily as he can add together the ideas of two days or two years. Locke. 3. To append, as a statement; to say further. He added that he would willingly consent to the entire abolition of the tax. Macaulay. Syn. -- To Add, Join, Annex, Unite, Coalesce. We add by bringing things together so as to form a whole. We join by putting one thing to another in close or continuos connection. We annex by attaching some adjunct to a larger body. We unite by bringing things together so that their parts adhere or intermingle. Things coalesce by coming together or mingling so as to form one organization. To add quantities; to join houses; to annex territory; to unite kingdoms; to make parties coalesce. ADD Add, v. i. 1. To make an addition. To add to, to augment; to increase; as, it adds to our anxiety. "I will add to your yoke." 1 Kings xii. 14. 2. To perform the arithmetical operation of addition; as, he adds rapidly. ADDABLE Add"a*ble, a. Etym: [Add, v. + -able.] Defn: Addible. ADDAX Ad"dax, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the largest African antelopes (Hippotragus, or Oryx, nasomaculatus). Note: It is now believed to be the Strepsiceros (twisted horn) of the ancients. By some it is thought to be the pygarg of the Bible. ADDEEM Ad*deem", v. t. Etym: [Pref. a- + deem.] Defn: To award; to adjudge. [Obs.] "Unto him they did addeem the prise." Spenser. ADDENDUM Ad*den"dum, n.; pl. Addenda. Etym: [L., fr. addere to add.] Defn: A thing to be added; an appendix or addition. Addendum circle (Mech.), the circle which may be described around a circular spur wheel or gear wheel, touching the crests or tips of the teeth. Rankine. ADDER Add"er, n. Etym: [See Add.] Defn: One who, or that which, adds; esp., a machine for adding numbers. ADDER Ad"der, n. Etym: [OE. addere, naddere, eddre, AS. nædre, adder, snake; akin to OS. nadra, OHG. natra, natara, Ger. natter, Goth. nadrs, Icel. nathr, masc., nathra, fem.: cf. W. neidr, Gorn. naddyr, Ir. nathair, L. natrix, water snake. An adder is for a nadder.] 1. A serpent. [Obs.] "The eddre seide to the woman." Wyclif. Gen. iii. 4. ) 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A small venomous serpent of the genus Vipera. The common European adder is the Vipera (or Pelias) berus. The puff adders of Africa are species of Clotho. (b) In America, the term is commonly applied to several harmless snakes, as the milk adder, puffing adder, etc. (c) Same as Sea Adder. Note: In the sculptures the appellation is given to several venomous serpents, -- sometimes to the horned viper (Cerastles). ADDER FLY Ad"der fly. Defn: A dragon fly. ADDER'S-TONGUE Ad"der's-tongue`, n. (Bot.) (a) A genus of ferns (Ophioglossum), whose seeds are produced on a spike resembling a serpent's tongue. (b) The yellow dogtooth violet. Gray. ADDERWORT Ad"der*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The common bistort or snakeweed (Polygonum bistorta). ADDIBILITY Add`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quantity of being addible; capability of addition. Locke. ADDIBLE Add"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being added. "Addible numbers." Locke. ADDICE Ad"dice, n. Defn: See Adze. [Obs.] Moxon. ADDICT Ad*dict", p. p. Defn: Addicted; devoted. [Obs.] ADDICT Ad*dict", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Addicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Addicting.] Etym: [L. addictus, p. p. of addicere to adjudge, devote; ad + dicere to say. See Diction.] 1. To apply habitually; to devote; to habituate; -- with to. "They addict themselves to the civil law." Evelyn. He is addicted to his study. Beau. & Fl. That part of mankind that addict their minds to speculations. Adventurer. His genius addicted him to the study of antiquity. Fuller. A man gross . . . and addicted to low company. Macaulay. 2. To adapt; to make suitable; to fit. [Obs.] The land about is exceedingly addicted to wood, but the coldness of the place hinders the growth. Evelyn. Syn. -- Addict, Devote, Consecrate, Dedicate. Addict was formerly used in a good sense; as, addicted to letters; but is now mostly employed in a bad sense or an indifferent one; as, addicted to vice; addicted to sensual indulgence. "Addicted to staying at home." J. S. Mill. Devote is always taken in a good sense, expressing habitual earnestness in the pursuit of some favorite object; as, devoted to science. Consecrate and dedicate express devotion of a higher kind, involving religious sentiment; as, consecrated to the service of the church; dedicated to God. ADDICTEDNESS Ad*dict"ed*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being addicted; attachment. ADDICTION Ad*dic"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. L. addictio an adjudging.] Defn: The state of being addicted; devotion; inclination. "His addiction was to courses vain." Shak. ADDISON'S DISEASE Ad"di*son's dis*ease". Etym: [Named from Thomas Addison, M. D., of London, who first described it.] (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition causing a peculiar brownish discoloration of the skin, and thought, at one time, to be due to disease of the suprarenal capsules (two flat triangular bodies covering the upper part of the kidneys), but now known not to be dependent upon this causes exclusively. It is usually fatal. ADDITAMENT Ad*dit"a*ment, n. Etym: [L. additamentum, fr. additus, p. p. of addere to add.] Defn: An addition, or a thing added. Fuller. My persuasion that the latter verses of the chapter were an additament of a later age. Coleridge. ADDITION Ad*di"tion, n. Etym: [F. addition, L. additio, fr. addere to add.] 1. The act of adding two or more things together; -- opposed to subtraction or diminution. "This endless addition or addibility of numbers." Locke. 2. Anything added; increase; augmentation; as, a piazza is an addition to a building. 3. (Math.) Defn: That part of arithmetic which treats of adding numbers. 4. (Mus.) Defn: A dot at the right side of a note as an indication that its sound is to be lengthened one half. [R.] 5. (Law) Defn: A title annexed to a man's name, to identify him more precisely; as, John Doe, Esq.; Richard Roe, Gent.; Robert Dale, Mason; Thomas Way, of New York; a mark of distinction; a title. 6. (Her.) Defn: Something added to a coat of arms, as a mark of honor; -- opposed to abatement. Vector addition (Geom.), that kind of addition of two lines, or vectors, AB and BC, by which their sum is regarded as the line, or vector, AC. Syn. -- Increase; accession; augmentation; appendage; adjunct. ADDITIONAL Ad*di"tion*al, a. Defn: Added; supplemental; in the way of an addition. ADDITIONAL Ad*di"tion*al, n. Defn: Something added. [R.] Bacon. ADDITIONALLY Ad*di"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: By way of addition. ADDITIONARY Ad*di"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Additional. [R.] Herbert. ADDITITIOUS Ad`di*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. addititius, fr. addere.] Defn: Additive. [R.] Sir J. Herschel. ADDITIVE Ad"di*tive, a. Etym: [L. additivus.] (Math.) Defn: Proper to be added; positive; -- opposed to subtractive. ADDITORY Ad"di*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to add; making some addition. [R.] Arbuthnot. ADDLE Ad"dle, n. Etym: [OE. adel, AS. adela, mud.] 1. Liquid filth; mire. [Obs.] 2. Lees; dregs. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. ADDLE Ad"dle, a. Defn: Having lost the power of development, and become rotten, as eggs; putrid. Hence: Unfruitful or confused, as brains; muddled. Dryden. ADDLE Ad"dle, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Addled; p. pr. & vb. n. Addling.] Defn: To make addle; to grow addle; to muddle; as, he addled his brain. "Their eggs were addled." Cowper. ADDLE Ad"dle, v. t. & i. Etym: [OE. adlen, adilen, to gain, acquire; prob. fr. Icel. ö\'eblask to acquire property, akin to othal property. Cf. Allodial.] 1. To earn by labor. [Prov. Eng.] Forby. 2. To thrive or grow; to ripen. [Prov. Eng.] Kill ivy, else tree will addle no more. Tusser. ADDLE-BRAIN; ADDLE-HEAD; ADDLE-PATE Ad"dle-brain`, Ad"dle-head`, Ad"dle-pate, n. Defn: A foolish or dull-witted fellow. [Colloq.] ADDLE-BRAINED; ADDLE-HEADED; ADDLE-PATED Ad"dle-brained`, Ad"dle-head`ed, Ad"dle-pa`ted, a. Defn: Dull-witted; stupid. "The addle-brained Oberstein." Motley. Dull and addle-pated. Dryden. ADDLE-PATEDNESS Ad"dle-pa`ted*ness, n. Defn: Stupidity. ADDLINGS Ad"dlings, n. pl. Etym: [See Addle, to earn.] Defn: Earnings. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. ADDOOM Ad*doom", v. t. Etym: [Pref. a- + doom.] Defn: To adjudge. [Obs.] Spenser. ADDORSED Ad*dorsed", a. Etym: [L. ad + dorsum, back: cf. F. adossé.] (Her.) Defn: Set or turned back to back. ADDRESS Ad*dress", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Addressed; p. pr. & vb. n. Addressing.] Etym: [OE. adressen to raise erect, adorn, OF. adrecier, to straighten, address, F. adresser, fr. à (L. ad) + OF. drecier, F. dresser, to straighten, arrange. See Dress, v.] 1. To aim; to direct. [Obs.] Chaucer. And this good knight his way with me addrest. Spenser. 2. To prepare or make ready. [Obs.] His foe was soon addressed. Spenser. Turnus addressed his men to single fight. Dryden. The five foolish virgins addressed themselves at the noise of the bridegroom's coming. Jer. Taylor. 3. Reflexively: To prepare one's self; to apply one's skill or energies (to some object); to betake. These men addressed themselves to the task. Macaulay. 4. To clothe or array; to dress. [Archaic] Tecla . . . addressed herself in man's apparel. Jewel. 5. To direct, as words (to any one or any thing); to make, as a speech, petition, etc. (to any one, an audience). The young hero had addressed his players to him for his assistance. Dryden. 6. To direct speech to; to make a communication to, whether spoken or written; to apply to by words, as by a speech, petition, etc., to speak to; to accost. Are not your orders to address the senate Addison. The representatives of the nation addressed the king. Swift. 7. To direct in writing, as a letter; to superscribe, or to direct and transmit; as, he addressed a letter. 8. To make suit to as a lover; to court; to woo. 9. (Com.) Defn: To consign or intrust to the care of another, as agent or factor; as, the ship was addressed to a merchant in Baltimore. To address one's self to. (a) To prepare one's self for; to apply one's self to. (b) To direct one's speech or discourse to. ADDRESS Ad*dress", v. i. 1. To prepare one's self. [Obs.] "Let us address to tend on Hector's heels." Shak. 2. To direct speech. [Obs.] Young Turnus to the beauteous maid addrest. Dryden. Note: The intransitive uses come from the dropping out of the reflexive pronoun. ADDRESS Ad*dress, n. Etym: [Cf. F. adresse. See Address, v. t.] 1. Act of preparing one's self. [Obs.] Jer Taylor. 2. Act of addressing one's self to a person; verbal application. 3. A formal communication, either written or spoken; a discourse; a speech; a formal application to any one; a petition; a formal statement on some subject or special occasion; as, an address of thanks, an address to the voters. 4. Direction or superscription of a letter, or the name, title, and place of residence of the person addressed. 5. Manner of speaking to another; delivery; as, a man of pleasing or insinuating address. 6. Attention in the way one's addresses to a lady. Addison. 7. Skill; skillful management; dexterity; adroitness. Syn. -- Speech; discourse; harangue; oration; petition; lecture; readiness; ingenuity; tact; adroitness. ADDRESSEE Ad`dress*ee", n. Defn: One to whom anything is addressed. ADDRESSION Ad*dres"sion, n. Defn: The act of addressing or directing one's course. [Rare & Obs.] Chapman. ADDUCE Ad*duce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adduced; p. pr. & vb. n. Adducing.] Etym: [L. adducere, adductum, to lead or bring to; ad + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Adduct.] Defn: To bring forward or offer, as an argument, passage, or consideration which bears on a statement or case; to cite; to allege. Reasons . . . were adduced on both sides. Macaulay. Enough could not be adduced to satisfy the purpose of illustration. De Quincey. Syn. -- To present; allege; advance; cite; quote; assign; urge; name; mention. ADDUCENT Ad*du"cent, a. Etym: [L. addunces, p. pr. of adducere.] (Physiol.) Defn: Bringing together or towards a given point; -- a word applied to those muscles of the body which pull one part towards another. Opposed to abducent. ADDUCER Ad*du"cer, n. Defn: One who adduces. ADDUCIBLE Ad*du"ci*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being adduced. Proofs innumerable, and in every imaginable manner diversified, are adducible. I. Taylor. ADDUCT Ad*duct", v. t. Etym: [L. adductus, p. p. of adducere. See Adduce.] (Physiol.) Defn: To draw towards a common center or a middle line. Huxley. ADDUCTION Ad*duc"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. adduction. See Adduce.] 1. The act of adducing or bringing forward. An adduction of facts gathered from various quarters. I. Taylor. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The action by which the parts of the body are drawn towards its axis]; -- opposed to abduction. Dunglison. ADDUCTIVE Ad*duc"tive, a. Defn: Adducing, or bringing towards or to something. ADDUCTOR Ad*duc"tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. adducere.] (Anat.) Defn: A muscle which draws a limb or part of the body toward the middle line of the body, or closes extended parts of the body; -- opposed to abductor; as, the adductor of the eye, which turns the eye toward the nose. In the bivalve shells, the muscles which close the values of the shell are called adductor muscles. Verrill. ADDULCE Ad*dulce", v. t. Etym: [Like F. adoucir; fr. L. ad. + dulcis sweet.] Defn: To sweeten; to soothe. [Obs.] Bacon. ADEEM A*deem", v. t. Etym: [L. adimere. See Ademption.] (Law) Defn: To revoke, as a legacy, grant, etc., or to satisfy it by some other gift. ADELANTADILLO A`de*lan`ta*dil"lo, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A Spanish red wine made of the first ripe grapes. ADELANTADO A`de*lan*ta"do, n. Etym: [Sp., prop. p. of adelantar to advance, to promote.] Defn: A governor of a province; a commander. Prescott. ADELASTER Ad*e*las"ter, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A provisional name for a plant which has not had its flowers botanically examined, and therefore has not been referred to its proper genus. ADELING Ad"el*ing, n. Defn: Same as Atheling. ADELOCODONIC A*del`o*co*don"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Applied to sexual zooids of hydroids, that have a saclike form and do not become free; -- opposed to phanerocodonic. ADELOPOD A*del"o*pod, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal having feet that are not apparent. ADELPHIA A*del"phi*a, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A "brotherhood," or collection of stamens in a bundle; -- used in composition, as in the class names, Monadelphia, Diadelphia, etc. ADELPHOUS A*del"phous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having coalescent or clustered filaments; -- said of stamens; as, adelphous stamens. Usually in composition; as, monadelphous. Gray. ADEMPT A*dempt", p. p. Etym: [L. ademptus, p. p. of adimere to take away.] Defn: Takes away. [Obs.] Without any sinister suspicion of anything being added or adempt. Latimn. ADEMPTION A*demp"tion, n. Etym: [L. ademptio, fr. adimere, ademptum, to take away; ad + emere to buy, orig. to take.] (Law) Defn: The revocation or taking away of a grant donation, legacy, or the like. Bouvier. ADEN-; ADENO- Aden- or Adeno-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Combining forms of the Greek word for gland; -- used in words relating to the structure, diseases, etc., of the glands. ADENALGIA; ADENALGY Ad`e*nal"gi*a, Ad"e*nal`gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: (Med.) Pain in a gland. ADENIFORM A*den"i*form, a. Etym: [Aden- + -form.] Defn: Shaped like a gland; adenoid. Dunglison. ADENITIS Ad`e*ni"tis, n. Etym: [Aden- + -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Glandular inflammation. Dunglison. ADENOGRAPHIC Ad`e*no*graph"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to adenography. ADENOGRAPHY Ad`e*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Adeno- + -graphy.] Defn: That part of anatomy which describes the glands. ADENOID; ADENOIDAL Ad"e*noid, Ad`e*noid"al a. Defn: Glandlike; glandular. ADENOLOGICAL Ad`e*no*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to adenology. ADENOLOGY Ad`e*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Adeno- + -logy.] Defn: The part of physiology that treats of the glands. ADENOMA Ad`e*no"ma, n.; L. pl. -mata (#). [NL.; adeno- + -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A benign tumor of a glandlike structure; morbid enlargement of a gland. -- Ad`e*nom"a*tous, a. ADENOPATHY Ad"e*nop"a*thy, n. [Adeno- + Gr. suffering, to suffer.] (Med.) Defn: Disease of a gland. ADENOPHOROUS Ad`e*noph"o*rous, a. Etym: [Adeno- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Producing glands. ADENOPHYLLOUS Ad`e*noph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Adeno- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having glands on the leaves. ADENOSCLEROSIS Ad"e*no*scle*ro"sis, n. [NL.; adeno- + sclerosis.] (Med.) Defn: The hardening of a gland. ADENOSE Ad"e*nose`, a. Defn: Like a gland; full of glands; glandulous; adenous. ADENOTOMIC Ad`e*no*tom"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to adenotomy. ADENOTOMY Ad`e*not"o*my, n. Etym: [Adeno- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Dissection of, or incision into, a gland or glands. ADENOUS Ad"e*nous, a. Defn: Same as Adenose. ADEN ULCER A"den ul"cer. [So named after Aden, a seaport in Southern Arabia, where it occurs.] (Med.) Defn: A disease endemic in various parts of tropical Asia, due to a specific microörganism which produces chronic ulcers on the limbs. It is often fatal. Called also Cochin China ulcer, Persian ulcer, tropical ulcer, etc. ADEPS Ad"eps, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Animal fat; lard. ADEPT A*dept", n. Etym: [L. adeptus obtained (sc. artem), adipsci to arrive ad + apisci to pursue. See Apt, and cf. Adapt.] Defn: One fully skilled or well versed in anything; a proficient; as, adepts in philosophy. ADEPT A*dept", a. Defn: Well skilled; completely versed; thoroughly proficient. Beaus adept in everything profound. Cowper. ADEPTION A*dep"tion, n. Etym: [L. adeptio. See Adept, a.] Defn: An obtaining; attainment. [Obs.] In the wit and policy of the capitain consisteth the chief adeption of the victory. Grafton. ADEPTIST A*dept"ist, n. Defn: A skilled alchemist. [Obs.] ADEPTNESS A*dept"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being adept; skill. ADEQUACY Ad"e*qua*cy, n. Etym: [See Adequate.] Defn: The state or quality of being adequate, proportionate, or sufficient; a sufficiency for a particular purpose; as, the adequacy of supply to the expenditure. ADEQUATE Ad"e*quate, a. Etym: [L. adaequatus, p. p. of adaequare to make equal to; ad + aequare to make equal, aequus equal. See Equal.] Defn: Equal to some requirement; proportionate, or correspondent; fully sufficient; as, powers adequate to a great work; an adequate definition. Ireland had no adequate champion. De Quincey. Syn. -- Proportionate; commensurate; sufficient; suitable; competent; capable. ADEQUATE Ad"e*quate, v. t. Etym: [See Adequate, a.] 1. To equalize; to make adequate. [R.] Fotherby. 2. To equal. [Obs.] It [is] an impossibility for any creature to adequate God in his eternity. Shelford. ADEQUATELY Ad"e*quate*ly, adv. Defn: In an adequate manner. ADEQUATENESS Ad"e*quate*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being adequate; suitableness; sufficiency; adequacy. ADEQUATION Ad`e*qua"tion, n. Etym: [L. adaequatio.] Defn: The act of equalizing; act or result of making adequate; an equivalent. [Obs.] Bp. Barlow. ADESMY A*des"my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The division or defective coherence of an organ that is usually entire. ADESSENARIAN Ad*es`se*na"ri*an, n. Etym: [Formed fr. L. adesse to be present; ad + esse to be.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One who held the real presence of Christ's body in the eucharist, but not by transubstantiation. ADFECTED Ad*fect"ed, a. Etym: [L. adfectus or affectus. See Affect, v.] (Alg.) Defn: See Affected, 5. ADFILIATED Ad*fil"i*a`ted, a. Defn: See Affiliated. [Obs.] ADFILIATION Ad*fil`i*a"tion, n. Defn: See Affiliation. [Obs.] ADFLUXION Ad*flux"ion, n. Defn: See Affluxion. ADHAMANT Ad*ha"mant, a. Etym: [From L. adhamare to catch; ad + hamus hook.] Defn: Clinging, as by hooks. ADHERE Ad*here", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Adhered; p. pr. & vb. n. Adhering.] Etym: [L. adhaerere, adhaesum; ad + haerere to stick: cf. F. adhérer. See Aghast.] 1. To stick fast or cleave, as a glutinous substance does; to become joined or united; as, wax to the finger; the lungs sometimes adhere to the pleura. 2. To hold, be attached, or devoted; to remain fixed, either by personal union or conformity of faith, principle, or opinion; as, men adhere to a party, a cause, a leader, a church. 3. To be consistent or coherent; to be in accordance; to agree. "Nor time nor place did then adhere." Every thing adheres together." Shak. Syn. -- To attach; stick; cleave; cling; hold ADHERENCE Ad*her"ence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. adhérence, LL. adhaerentia.] 1. The quality or state of adhering. 2. The state of being fixed in attachment; fidelity; steady attachment; adhesion; as, adherence to a party or to opinions. Syn. -- Adherence, Adhesion. These words, which were once freely interchanged, are now almost entirely separated. Adherence is no longer used to denote physical union, but is applied, to mental states or habits; as, a strict adherence to one's duty; close adherence to the argument, etc. Adhesion is now confined chiefly to the physical sense, except in the phrase "To give in one's adhesion to a cause or a party." ADHERENCY Ad*her"en*cy, n. 1. The state or quality of being adherent; adherence. [R.] 2. That which adheres. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. ADHERENT Ad*her"ent, a. Etym: [L. adhaerens, -entis, p. pr.: cf. F. adhérent.] 1. Sticking; clinging; adhering. Pope. 2. Attached as an attribute or circumstance. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Congenitally united with an organ of another kind, as calyx with ovary, or stamens with petals. ADHERENT Ad*her"ent, n. 1. One who adheres; one who adheres; one who follows a leader, party, or profession; a follower, or partisan; a believer in a particular faith or church. 2. That which adheres; an appendage. [R.] Milton. Syn. -- Follower; partisan; upholder; disciple; supporter; dependent; ally; backer. ADHERENTLY Ad*her"ent*ly, adv. Defn: In an adherent manner. ADHERER Ad*her"er, n. Defn: One who adheres; an adherent. ADHESION Ad*he"sion, n. Etym: [L. adhaesio, fr. adhaerere: cf. F. adhésion.] 1. The action of sticking; the state of being attached; intimate union; as the adhesion of glue, or of parts united by growth, cement, or the like. 2. Adherence; steady or firm attachment; fidelity; as, to error, to a policy. His adhesion to the Tories was bounded by his approbation of their foreign policy. De Quincey. 3. Agreement to adhere; concurrence; assent. To that treaty Spain and England gave in their adhesion. Macaulay. 4. (Physics) Defn: The molecular attraction exerted between bodies in contact. See Cohesion. 5. (Med.) Defn: Union of surface, normally separate, by the formation of new tissue resulting from an inflammatory process. 6. (Bot.) Defn: The union of parts which are separate in other plants, or in younger states of the same plant. Syn. -- Adherence; union. See Adherence. ADHESIVE Ad*he"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. adhésif.] 1. Sticky; tenacious, as glutinous substances. 2. Apt or tending to adhere; clinging. Thomson. Adhesive attraction. (Physics) See Attraction. -- Adhesive inflammation (Surg.), that kind of inflammation which terminates in the reunion of divided parts without suppuration. -- Adhesive plaster, a sticking; a plaster containing resin, wax, litharge, and olive oil. ADHESIVELY Ad*he"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In an adhesive manner. ADHESIVENESS Ad*he"sive*ness, n. 1. The quality of sticking or adhering; stickiness; tenacity of union. 2. (Phren.) Defn: Propensity to form and maintain attachments to persons, and to promote social intercourse. ADHIBIT Ad*hib"it, v. t. Etym: [L. adhibitus, p. p. of adhibere to hold to; ad + habere to have.] 1. To admit, as a person or thing; to take in. Muirhead. 2. To use or apply; to administer. Camden. 3. To attach; to affix. Alison. ADHIBITION Ad`hi*bi"tion, n. Etym: [L. adhibitio.] Defn: The act of adhibiting; application; use. Whitaker. AD HOMINEM Ad hom"i*nem. Etym: [L., to the man.] Defn: ` phrase applied to an appeal or argument addressed to the principles, interests, or passions of a man. ADHORT Ad*hort", v. t. Etym: [L. adhortari. See Adhortation.] Defn: To exhort; to advise. [Obs.] Feltham. ADHORTATION Ad`hor*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. adhortatio, fr. adhortari to advise; ad + hortari to exhort.] Defn: Advice; exhortation. [Obs.] Peacham. ADHORTATORY Ad*hor"ta*to*ry, a. Defn: Containing counsel or warning; hortatory; advisory. [Obs.] Potter. ADIABATIC Ad`i*a*bat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physics) Defn: Not giving out or receiving heat. -- Ad`i*a*bat`ic*al*ly, adv. Adiabatic line or curve, a curve exhibiting the variations of pressure and volume of a fluid when it expands without either receiving or giving out heat. Rankine. ADIACTINIC Ad`i*ac*tin"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + diactinic.] (Chem.) Defn: Not transmitting the actinic rays. ADIANTUM Ad`i*an"tum, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of ferns, the leaves of which shed water; maidenhair. Also, the black maidenhair, a species of spleenwort. ADIAPHORISM Ad`i*aph"o*rism, n. Defn: Religious indifference. ADIAPHORIST Ad`i*aph"o*rist, n. Etym: [See Adiaphorous.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of the German Protestants who, with Melanchthon, held some opinions and ceremonies to be indifferent or nonessential, which Luther condemned as sinful or heretical. Murdock. ADIAPHORISTIC Ad`i*aph`o*ris"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to matters indifferent in faith and practice. Shipley. ADIAPHORITE Ad`i*aph"o*rite, n. Defn: Same as Adiaphorist. ADIAPHOROUS Ad`i*aph"o*rous, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Indifferent or neutral. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Med.) Defn: Incapable of doing either harm or good, as some medicines. Dunglison. ADIAPHORY Ad`i*aph"o*ry, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Indifference. [Obs.] ADIATHERMIC Ad`i*a*ther"mic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Not pervious to heat. ADIEU A*dieu", interj. & adv. Etym: [OE. also adew, adewe, adue, F. dieu, fr. L. ad to + deus God.] Defn: Good-by; farewell; an expression of kind wishes at parting. ADIEU A*dieu", n.; pl. Adieus. Defn: A farewell; commendation to the care of God at parting. Shak. ADIGHT A*dight", v. t. [p. p. Adight.] Etym: [Pref. a- (intensive) + OE. dihten. See Dight.] Defn: To set in order; to array; to attire; to deck, to dress. [Obs.] AD INFINITUM Ad in`fi*ni"tum. Etym: [L., to infinity.] Defn: Without limit; endlessly. AD INTERIM Ad in"ter*imEtym: [L.] Defn: Meanwhile; temporary. ADIOS A`dios", interj. [Sp., fr. L. ad to + deus god. Cf. Adieu.] Defn: Adieu; farewell; good-by; -- chiefly used among Spanish- speaking people. This word is often pronounced å*de"os, but the Spanish accent, though weak, is on the final syllable. ADIPESCENT Ad`i*pes"cent, a. Etym: [L. adeps, adipis, fat + -escent.] Defn: Becoming fatty. ADIPIC A*dip"ic, a. Etym: [L. adeps, adipis, fat.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, fatty or oily substances; -- applied to certain acids obtained from fats by the action of nitric acid. ADIPOCERATE Ad`i*poc"er*ate, v. t. Defn: To convert adipocere. ADIPOCERATION Ad`i*poc`er*a"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of changing into adipocere. ADIPOCERE Ad"i*po*cere`, n. Etym: [L. adeps, adipis, fat + cera wax: cf. F. adipocere.] Defn: A soft, unctuous, or waxy substance, of a light brown color, into which the fat and muscle tissue of dead bodies sometimes are converted, by long immersion in water or by burial in moist places. It is a result of fatty degeneration. ADIPOCERIFORM Ad`i*po*cer"i*form, a. Etym: [Adipocere + -form.] Defn: Having the form or appearance of adipocere; as, an adipoceriform tumor. ADIPOCEROUS Ad`i*poc"er*ous, a. Defn: Like adipocere. ADIPOGENOUS Ad`i*pog"e*nous, a. [See Adipose; -genous.] (Med.) Defn: Producing fat. ADIPOLYSIS Ad`i*pol"y*sis, n. [NL.; L. adeps, adipis, fat + Gr. a loosing.] (Physiol.) Defn: The digestion of fats. ADIPOLYTIC Ad`i*po*lyt"ic, a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat + Gr. to loose.] (Chem.) Defn: Hydrolyzing fats; converting neutral fats into glycerin and free fatty acids, esp. by the action of an enzyme; as, adipolytic action. ADIPOMA Ad`i*po"ma, n.; L. pl. -mata (#). [NL. See Adipose; -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A mass of fat found internally; also, a fatty tumor. -- Ad`i*pom"a*tous, a. ADIPOSE Ad"i*pose`, a. Etym: [L. adeps, adipis, fat, grease.] Defn: Of or pertaining to animal fat; fatty. Adipose fin (Zoöl.), a soft boneless fin. -- Adipose tissue (Anat.), that form of animal tissue which forms or contains fat. ADIPOSENESS; ADIPOSITY Ad"i*pose`ness, Ad`i*pos"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being fat; fatness. ADIPOUS Ad"i*pous, a. Defn: Fatty; adipose. [R.] ADIPSOUS A*dip"sous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Quenching thirst, as certain fruits. ADIPSY Ad"ip*sy, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Absence of thirst. ADIT Ad"it, n. Etym: [L. aditus, fr. adire, , to go to; ad + ire to go.] 1. An entrance or passage. Specifically: The nearly horizontal opening by which a mine is entered, or by which water and ores are carried away; -- called also drift and tunnel. 2. Admission; approach; access. [R.] Yourself and yours shall have Free adit. Tennyson. ADJACENCE; ADJACENCY Ad"ja"cence, Ad*ja"cen*cy,Etym: [Cf. LL. adjacentia.] 1. The state of being adjacent or contiguous; contiguity; as, the adjacency of lands or buildings. 2. That which is adjacent.[R.] Sir T. Browne. ADJACENT Ad*ja"cent, a. Etym: [L. adjacens, -centis, p. pr. of adjacere to lie near; ad + jac to lie: cf. F. adjacent.] Defn: Lying near, close, or contiguous; neighboring; bordering on; as, a field adjacent to the highway. "The adjacent forest." B. Jonson. Adjacent or contiguous angle. (Geom.) See Angle. Syn. -- Adjoining; contiguous; near. -- Adjacent, Adjoining, Contiguous. Things are adjacent when they lie close each other, not necessary in actual contact; as, adjacent fields, adjacent villages, etc. I find that all Europe with her adjacent isles is peopled with Christians. Howell. Things are adjoining when they meet at some line or point of junction; as, adjoining farms, an adjoining highway. What is spoken of as contiguous should touch with some extent of one side or the whole of it; as, a row of contiguous buildings; a wood contiguous to a plain. ADJACENT Ad*ja"cent, n. Defn: That which is adjacent. [R.] Locke. ADJACENTLY Ad*ja"cent*ly, adv. Defn: So as to be adjacent. ADJECT Ad*ject", v. t. Etym: [L. adjectus, p. p. of adjicere to throw to, to add to; ad + ac to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] Defn: To add or annex; to join. Leland. ADJECTION Ad*jec"tion, n. Etym: [L. adjectio, fr. adjicere: cf. F. adjection. See Adject.] Defn: The act or mode of adding; also, the thing added. [R.] B. Jonson. ADJECTIONAL Ad*jec"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to adjection; that is, or may be, annexed. [R.] Earle. ADJECTITIOUS Ad`jec*ti"tious, Etym: [L. adjectitius.] Defn: Added; additional. Parkhurst. ADJECTIVAL Ad`jec*ti"val, a. Defn: Of or relating to the relating to the adjective; of the nature of an adjective; adjective. W. Taylor (1797) ADJECTIVALLY Ad`jec*ti"val*ly, adv. Defn: As, or in the manner of, an adjective; adjectively. ADJECTIVE Ad"jec*tive, a. Etym: [See Adjective, n.] 1. Added to a substantive as an attribute; of the nature of an adjunct; as, an word sentence. 2. Not standing by itself; dependent. Adjective color, a color which requires to be fixed by some mordant or base to give it permanency. 3. Relating to procedure. "The whole English law, substantive and adjective." Macaulay. ADJECTIVE Ad"jec*tive, n. Etym: [L. adjectivum (sc. nomen), neut. of adjectivus that is added, fr. adjicere: cf. F. adjectif. See Adject.] 1. (Gram.) Defn: A word used with a noun, or substantive, to express a quality of the thing named, or something attributed to it, or to limit or define it, or to specify or describe a thing, as distinct from something else. Thus, in phrase, "a wise ruler," wise is the adjective, expressing a property of ruler. 2. A dependent; an accessory. Fuller. ADJECTIVE Ad"jec*tive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjectived; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjectiving.] Defn: To make an adjective of; to form or change into an adjective. [R.] Language has as much occasion to adjective the distinct signification of the verb, and to adjective also the mood, as it has to adjective time. It has . . . adjectived all three. Tooke. ADJECTIVELY Ad"jec*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of an adjective; as, a word used adjectively. ADJOIN Ad*join", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjoined; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjoining.] Etym: [OE. ajoinen, OF. ajoindre, F. adjoindre, fr. L. adjungere; ad + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Adjunct.] Defn: To join or unite to; to lie contiguous to; to be in contact with; to attach; to append. Corrections . . . should be, as remarks, adjoined by way of note. Watts. ADJOIN Ad*join", v. i. 1. To lie or be next, or in contact; to be contiguous; as, the houses adjoin. When one man's land adjoins to another's. Blackstone. Note: The construction with to, on, or with is obsolete or obsolescent. 2. To join one's self. [Obs.] She lightly unto him adjoined side to side. Spenser. ADJOINANT Ad*join"ant, a. Defn: Contiguous. [Obs.] Carew. ADJOINING Ad*join"ing, a. Defn: Joining to; contiguous; adjacent; as, an adjoining room. "The adjoining fane." Dryden. Upon the hills adjoining to the city. Shak. Syn. -- Adjacent; contiguous; near; neighboring; abutting; bordering. See Adjacent. ADJOINT Ad"joint, n. Defn: An adjunct; a helper. [Obs.] ADJOURN Ad*journ, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjourned; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjourning.] Etym: [OE. ajornen, OF. ajoiner, ajurner, F. ajourner; OF. a (L. ad) + jor, jur, jorn, F. jour, day, fr. L. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies day. Cf. Journal, Journey.] Defn: To put off or defer to another day, or indefinitely; to postpone; to close or suspend for the day; -- commonly said of the meeting, or the action, of convened body; as, to adjourn the meeting; to adjourn a debate. It is a common practice to adjourn the reformation of their lives to a further time. Barrow. 'Tis a needful fitness That we adjourn this court till further day. Shak. Syn. -- To delay; defer; postpone; put off; suspend. -- To Adjourn, Prorogue, Dissolve. These words are used in respect to public bodies when they lay aside business and separate. Adjourn, both in Great Britain and this country, is applied to all cases in which such bodies separate for a brief period, with a view to meet again. Prorogue is applied in Great Britain to that act of the executive government, as the sovereign, which brings a session of Parliament to a close. The word is not used in this country, but a legislative body is said, in such a case, to adjourn sine die. To dissolve is to annul the corporate existence of a body. In order to exist again the body must be reconstituted. ADJOURN Ad*journ", v. i. Defn: To suspend business for a time, as from one day to another, or for a longer period, or indefinitely; usually, to suspend public business, as of legislatures and courts, or other convened bodies; as, congress adjourned at four o'clock; the court adjourned without day. ADJOURNAL Ad*journ"al, n. Defn: Adjournment; postponement. [R.] "An adjournal of the Diet." Sir W. Scott. ADJOURNMENT Ad*journ"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. f. adjournement, OF. ajornement. See Adjourn.] 1. The act of adjourning; the putting off till another day or time specified, or without day. 2. The time or interval during which a public body adjourns its sittings or postpones business. ADJUDGE Ad*judge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjudged; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjudging.] Etym: [OE. ajugen, OF. ajugier, fr. L. adjudicare; ad + judicare to judge. See Judge, and cf. Adjudicate.] 1. To award judicially in the case of a controverted question; as, the prize was adjudged to the victor. 2. To determine in the exercise of judicial power; to decide or award judicially; to adjudicate; as, the case was adjudged in the November term. 3. To sentence; to condemn. Without reprieve, adjudged to death For want of well pronouncing Shibboleth. Milton. 4. To regard or hold; to judge; to deem. He adjudged him unworthy of his friendship. Knolles. Syn. -- To decree; award; determine; adjudicate; ordain; assign. ADJUDGER Ad*judg"er, n. Defn: One who adjudges. ADJUDGMENT Ad*judg"ment, n. Defn: The act of adjudging; judicial decision; adjudication. Sir W. Temple. ADJUDICATE Ad*ju"di*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjudicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjudicating] Etym: [L. adjudicatus, p. p. of adjudicare. See Adjudge.] Defn: To adjudge; to try and determine, as a court; to settle by judicial decree. ADJUDICATE Ad*ju"di*cate, v. i. Defn: To come to a judicial decision; as, the court adjudicated upon the case. ADJUDICATION Ad*ju`di*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. adjudicatio: cf. F. adjudication.] 1. The act of adjudicating; the act or process of trying and determining judicially. 2. A deliberate determination by the judicial power; a judicial decision or sentence. "An adjudication in favor of natural rights." Burke. 3. (Bankruptcy practice) Defn: The decision upon the question whether the debtor is a bankrupt. Abbott. 4. (Scots Law) Defn: A process by which land is attached security or in satisfaction of a debt. ADJUDICATIVE Ad*ju"di*ca*tive, a. Defn: Adjudicating. ADJUDICATOR Ad*ju"di*ca`tor, n. Defn: One who adjudicates. ADJUDICATURE Ad*ju"di*ca*ture, n. Defn: Adjudication. ADJUGATE Ad"ju*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. adjugatus, p. p. of adjugare; ad + jugum a yoke.] Defn: To yoke to. [Obs.] ADJUMENT Ad"ju*ment, n. Etym: [L. adjumentum, for adjuvamentum, fr. adjuvare to help; ad + juvare to help.] Defn: Help; support; also, a helper. [Obs.] Waterhouse. ADJUNCT Ad"junct`, a. Etym: [L. adjunctus, p. p. of adjungere. See Adjoin.] Defn: Conjoined; attending; consequent. Though that my death were adjunct to my act. Shak. Adjunct notes (Mus.), short notes between those essential to the harmony; auxiliary notes; passing notes. ADJUNCT Ad"junct`, n. 1. Something joined or added to another thing, but not essentially a part of it. Learning is but an adjunct to our self. Shak. 2. A person joined to another in some duty or service; a colleague; an associate. Wotton. 3. (Gram.) Defn: A word or words added to quality or amplify the force of other words; as, the History of the American Revolution, where the words in italics are the adjunct or adjuncts of "History." 4. (Metaph.) Defn: A quality or property of the body or the mind, whether natural or acquired; as, color, in the body, judgment in the mind. 5. (Mus.) Defn: A key or scale closely related to another as principal; a relative or attendant key. [R.] See Attendant keys, under Attendant, a. ADJUNCTION Ad*junc"tion, n. Etym: [L. adjunctio, fr. adjungere: cf. F. adjonction, and see Adjunct.] Defn: The act of joining; the thing joined or added. ADJUNCTIVE Ad*junc"tive, a. Etym: [L. adjunctivus, fr. adjungere. See Adjunct.] Defn: Joining; having the quality of joining; forming an adjunct. ADJUNCTIVE Ad*junc"tive, n. Defn: One who, or that which, is joined. ADJUNCTIVELY Ad*junc"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an adjunctive manner. ADJUNCTLY Ad*junct"ly, adv. Defn: By way of addition or adjunct; in connection with. ADJURATION Ad`ju*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. adjuratio, fr. adjurare: cf. F. adjuration. See Adjure.] 1. The act of adjuring; a solemn charging on oath, or under the penalty of a curse; an earnest appeal. What an accusation could not effect, an adjuration shall. Bp. Hall. 2. The form of oath or appeal. Persons who . . . made use of prayer and adjurations. Addison. ADJURATORY Ad*ju"ra*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. adjuratorius.] Defn: Containing an adjuration. ADJURE Ad*jure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjured; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjuring]. Etym: [L. adjurare, adjurdium, to swear to; later, to adjure: cf. F. adjurer. See Jury.] Defn: To charge, bind, or command, solemnly, as if under oath, or under the penalty of a curse; to appeal to in the most solemn or impressive manner; to entreat earnestly. Joshua adjured them at that time, saying, Cursed be the man before the Lord, that riseth up and buildeth this city Jericho. Josh. vi. 26. The high priest . . . said . . . I adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell us whether thou be the Christ. Matt. xxvi. 63. The commissioners adjured them not to let pass so favorable an opportunity of securing their liberties. Marshall. ADJURER Ad*jur"er, n. Defn: One who adjures. ADJUST Ad*just", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjusting.] Etym: [OF. ajuster, ajoster (whence F. ajouter to add), LL. adjuxtare to fit; fr. L. ad + juxta near; confused later with L. ad and justus just, right, whence F. ajuster to adjust. See Just, v. t. and cf. Adjute.] 1. To make exact; to fit; to make correspondent or conformable; to bring into proper relations; as, to adjust a garment to the body, or things to a standard. 2. To put in order; to regulate, or reduce to system. Adjusting the orthography. Johnson. 3. To settle or bring to a satisfactory state, so that parties are agreed in the result; as, to adjust accounts; the differences are adjusted. 4. To bring to a true relative position, as the parts of an instrument; to regulate for use; as, to adjust a telescope or microscope. Syn. -- To adapt; suit; arrange; regulate; accommodate; set right; rectify; settle. ADJUSTABLE Ad*just"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being adjusted. ADJUSTAGE Ad*just"age, n. Etym: [Cf. Ajutage.] Defn: Adjustment. [R.] ADJUSTER Ad*just"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, adjusts. ADJUSTING PLANE; ADJUSTING SURFACE Adjusting plane or surface. (Aëronautics) Defn: A small plane or surface, usually capable of adjustment but not of manipulation, for preserving lateral balance in an aëroplane or flying machine. ADJUSTIVE Ad*just"ive, a. Defn: Tending to adjust. [R.] ADJUSTMENT Ad*just"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ajustement. See Adjust.] 1. The act of adjusting, or condition of being adjusted; act of bringing into proper relations; regulation. Success depends on the nicest and minutest adjustment of the parts concerned. Paley. 2. (Law) Defn: Settlement of claims; an equitable arrangement of conflicting claims, as in set-off, contribution, exoneration, subrogation, and marshaling. Bispham. 3. The operation of bringing all the parts of an instrument, as a microscope or telescope, into their proper relative position for use; the condition of being thus adjusted; as, to get a good adjustment; to be in or out of adjustment. Syn. -- Suiting; fitting; arrangement; regulation; settlement; adaptation; disposition. ADJUTAGE Ad"ju*tage, n. Defn: Same as Ajutage. ADJUTANCY Ad"ju*tan*cy, n. Etym: [See Adjutant.] 1. The office of an adjutant. 2. Skillful arrangement in aid; assistance. It was, no doubt, disposed with all the adjutancy of definition and division. Burke. ADJUTANT Ad"ju*tant, n. Etym: [L. adjutans, p. pr. of adjutare to help. See Aid.] 1. A helper; an assistant. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A regimental staff officer, who assists the colonel, or commanding officer of a garrison or regiment, in the details of regimental and garrison duty. Adjutant general (a) (Mil.), the principal staff officer of an army, through whom the commanding general receives communications and issues military orders. In the U. S. army he is brigadier general. (b) (Among the Jesuits), one of a select number of fathers, who resided with the general of the order, each of whom had a province or country assigned to his care. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of very large stork (Ciconia argala), a native of India; -- called also the gigantic crane, and by the native name argala. It is noted for its serpent-destroying habits. ADJUTATOR Ad"ju*ta`tor, n. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: A corruption of Agitator. ADJUTE Ad*jute", v. t. Etym: [F. ajouter; confused with L. adjutare.] Defn: To add. [Obs.] ADJUTOR Ad*ju"tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. adjuvare. See Aid.] Defn: A helper or assistant. [Archaic] Drayton. ADJUTORY Ad*ju"to*ry, a. Etym: [L. adjutorius.] Defn: Serving to help or assist; helping. [Obs.] ADJUTRIX Ad*ju"trix, n. Etym: [L. See Adjutor.] Defn: A female helper or assistant. [R.] ADJUVANT Ad"ju*vant, a. Etym: [L. adjuvans, p. pr. of adjuvare to aid: cf. F. adjuvant. See Aid.] Defn: Helping; helpful; assisting. [R.] "Adjuvant causes." Howell. ADJUVANT Ad"ju*vant, n. 1. An assistant. [R.] Yelverton. 2. (Med.) Defn: An ingredient, in a prescription, which aids or modifies the action of the principal ingredient. ADLEGATION Ad`le*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. adlegatio, allegatio, a sending away; fr. adlegare, allegare, to send away with a commission; ad in addition + legare to send as ambassador. Cf. Allegation.] Defn: A right formerly claimed by the states of the German Empire of joining their own ministers with those of the emperor in public treaties and negotiations to the common interest of the empire. Encyc. Brit. AD LIBITUM Ad lib"i*tum Defn: . At one's pleasure; as one wishes. ADLOCUTION Ad`lo*cu"tion, n. Defn: See Allocution. [Obs.] ADMARGINATE Ad*mar"gin*ate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. ad- + margin.] Defn: To write in the margin. [R.] Coleridge. ADMAXILLARY Ad*max"il*la*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. ad- + maxillary.] (Anat.) Defn: Near to the maxilla or jawbone. ADMEASURE Ad*meas"ure, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. amesurer, LL. admensurare. See Measure.] 1. To measure. 2. (Law) Defn: To determine the proper share of, or the proper apportionment; as, to admeasure dower; to admeasure common of pasture. Blackstone. 2. The measure of a thing; dimensions; size. 3. (Law) Defn: Formerly, the adjustment of proportion, or ascertainment of shares, as of dower or pasture held in common. This was by writ of admeasurement, directed to the sheriff. ADMEASURER Ad*meas"ur*er, n. Defn: One who admeasures. ADMENSURATION Ad*men`su*ra"tion, n. Etym: [LL. admensuratio; L. ad + mensurare to measure. See Mensuration.] Defn: Same as Admeasurement. ADMINICLE Ad*min"i*cle, n. Etym: [L. adminculum support, orig., that on which the hand rests; ad + manus hand + dim. ending -culym.] 1. Help or support; an auxiliary. Grote. 2. (Law) Defn: Corroborative or explanatory proof. Note: In Scots law, any writing tending to establish the existence or terms of a lost deed. Bell. ADMINICULAR Ad`mi*nic"u*lar, a. Defn: Supplying help; auxiliary; corroborative; explanatory; as, adminicular evidence. H. Spencer. ADMINICULARY Ad`mi*nic"u*la*ry, a. Defn: Adminicular. ADMINISTER Ad*min"is*ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Administered; p. pr. & vb. n. Administering.] Etym: [OE. aministren, OF. aministrer, F. administer, fr. L. administrare; ad + ministrare to serve. See Minister.] 1. To manage or conduct, as public affairs; to direct or superintend the execution, application, or conduct of; as, to administer the government or the state. For forms of government let fools contest: Whate'er is best administered is best. Pope. 2. To dispense; to serve out; to supply; execute; as, to administer relief, to administer the sacrament. [Let zephyrs] administer their tepid, genial airs. Philips. Justice was administered with an exactness and purity not before known. Macaulay. 3. To apply, as medicine or a remedy; to give, as a dose or something beneficial or suitable. Extended to a blow, a reproof, etc. A noxious drug had been administered to him. Macaulay. 4. To tender, as an oath. Swear . . . to keep the oath that we administer. Shak. 5. (Law) Defn: To settle, as the estate of one who dies without a will, or whose will fails of an executor. Syn. -- To manage; conduct; minister; supply; dispense; give out; distribute; furnish. ADMINISTER Ad*min"is*ter, v. i. 1. To contribute; to bring aid or supplies; to conduce; to minister. A fountain . . . administers to the pleasure as well as the plenty of the place. Spectator. 2. (Law) Defn: To perform the office of administrator; to act officially; as, A administers upon the estate of B. ADMINISTER Ad*min"is*ter, n. Defn: Administrator. [Obs.] Bacon. ADMINISTERIAL Ad*min`is*te"ri*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to administration, or to the executive part of government. ADMINISTRABLE Ad*min"is*tra*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being administered; as, an administrable law. ADMINISTRANT Ad*min"is*trant, a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of administrer. See Administer.] Defn: Executive; acting; managing affairs. -- n. Defn: One who administers. ADMINISTRATE Ad*min"is*trate, v. t. Etym: [L. administratus, p. p. of administrare.] Defn: To administer. [R.] Milman. ADMINISTRATION Ad*min`is*tra"tion, n. Etym: [OE. administracioun, L. administratio: cf. F. administration.] 1. The act of administering; government of public affairs; the service rendered, or duties assumed, in conducting affairs; the conducting of any office or employment; direction; management. His financial administration was of a piece with his military administration. Macaulay. 2. The executive part of government; the persons collectively who are intrusted with the execution of laws and the superintendence of public affairs; the chief magistrate and his cabinet or council; or the council, or ministry, alone, as in Great Britain. A mild and popular administration. Macaulay. The administration has been opposed in parliament. Johnson. 3. The act of administering, or tendering something to another; dispensation; as, the administration of a medicine, of an oath, of justice, or of the sacrament. 4. (Law) (a) The management and disposal, under legal authority, of the estate of an intestate, or of a testator having no competent executor. (b) The management of an estate of a deceased person by an executor, the strictly corresponding term execution not being in use. Administration with the will annexed, administration granted where the testator has appointed no executor, or where his appointment of an executor for any cause has failed, as by death, incompetency, refusal to act, etc. Syn. -- Conduct; management; direction; regulation; execution; dispensation; distribution. ADMINISTRATIVE Ad*min"is*tra`tive, a. Etym: [L. administrativus: cf. F. administratif.] Defn: Pertaining to administration; administering; executive; as, an administrative body, ability, or energy. -- Ad*min"is*tra`tive*ly, adv. ADMINISTRATOR Ad*min`is*tra"tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. One who administers affairs; one who directs, manages, executes, or dispenses, whether in civil, judicial, political, or ecclesiastical affairs; a manager. 2. (Law) Defn: A man who manages or settles the estate of an intestate, or of a testator when there is no competent executor; one to whom the right of administration has been committed by competent authority. ADMINISTRATORSHIP Ad*min`is*tra"tor*ship, n. Defn: The position or office of an administrator. ADMINISTRATRIX Ad*min`is*tra"trix, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A woman who administers; esp., one who administers the estate of an intestate, or to whom letters of administration have been granted; a female administrator. ADMIRABILITY Ad`mi*ra*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. admirabilitac.] Defn: Admirableness. [R.] Johnson. ADMIRABLE Ad"mi*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. admirabilis: cf. F. admirable.] 1. Fitted to excite wonder; wonderful; marvelous. [Obs.] In man there is nothing admirable but his ignorance and weakness. Jer. Taylor. 2. Having qualities to excite wonder united with approbation; deserving the highest praise; most excellent; -- used of persons or things. "An admirable machine." "Admirable fortitude." Macaulay. Syn. -- Wonderful; marvelous; surprising; excellent; delightful; praiseworthy. ADMIRABLENESS Ad"mi*ra*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being admirable; wonderful excellence. ADMIRABLY Ad"mi*ra*bly, adv. Defn: In an admirable manner. ADMIRAL Ad"mi*ral, n. Etym: [OE. amiral, admiral, OF. amiral, ultimately fr. Ar. amir-al-bahr commander of the sea; Ar. amir is commander, al is the Ar. article, and amir-al, heard in different titles, was taken as one word. Early forms of the word show confusion with L. admirabilis admirable, fr. admirari to admire. It is said to have been introduced into Europe by the Genoese or Venetians, in the 12th or 13th century. Cf. Ameer, Emir.] 1. A naval officer of the highest rank; a naval officer of high rank, of which there are different grades. The chief gradations in rank are admiral, vice admiral, and rear admiral. The admiral is the commander in chief of a fleet or of fleets. 2. The ship which carries the admiral; also, the most considerable ship of a fleet. Like some mighty admiral, dark and terrible, bearing down upon his antagonist with all his canvas straining to the wind, and all his thunders roaring from his broadsides. E. Everett. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A handsome butterfly (Pyrameis Atalanta) of Europe and America. The larva feeds on nettles. Admiral shell (Zoöl.), the popular name of an ornamental cone shell (Conus admiralis). Lord High Admiral, a great officer of state, who (when this rare dignity is conferred) is at the head of the naval administration of Great Britain. ADMIRALSHIP Ad"mi*ral*ship, n. Defn: The office or position oaf an admiral; also, the naval skill of an admiral. ADMIRALTY Ad"mi*ral*ty, n.; pl. Admiralties. Etym: [F. amirauté, for an older amiralté, office of admiral, fr. LL. admiralitas. See Admiral.] 1. The office or jurisdiction of an admiral. Prescott. 2. The department or officers having authority over naval affairs generally. 3. The court which has jurisdiction of maritime questions and offenses. Note: In England, admiralty jurisdiction was formerly vested in the High Court of Admiralty, which was held before the Lord High Admiral, or his deputy, styled the Judge of the Admiralty; but admiralty jurisdiction is now vested in the probate, divorce, and admiralty division of the High Justice. In America, there are no admiralty courts distinct from others, but admiralty jurisdiction is vested in the district courts of the United States, subject to revision by the circuit courts and the Supreme Court of the United States. Admiralty jurisprudence has cognizance of maritime contracts and torts, collisions at sea, cases of prize in war, etc., and in America, admiralty jurisdiction is extended to such matters, arising out of the navigation of any of the public waters, as the Great Lakes and rivers. 4. The system of jurisprudence of admiralty courts. 5. The building in which the lords of the admiralty, in England, transact business. ADMIRANCE Ad*mir"ance, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. admirance.] Defn: Admiration. [Obs.] Spenser. ADMIRATION Ad`mi*ra"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. admiratio. See Admire.] 1. Wonder; astonishment. [Obs.] Season your admiration for a while. Shak. 2. Wonder mingled with approbation or delight; an emotion excited by a person or thing possessed of wonderful or high excellence; as, admiration of a beautiful woman, of a landscape, of virtue. 3. Cause of admiration; something to excite wonder, or pleased surprise; a prodigy. Now, good Lafeu, bring in the admiration. Shak. Note of admiration, the mark (!), called also exclamation point. Syn. -- Wonder; approval; appreciation; adoration; reverence; worship. ADMIRATIVE Ad*mir"a*tive, a. Defn: Relating to or expressing admiration or wonder. [R.] Earle. ADMIRE Ad*mire", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admired; p. pr. & vb. n. Admiring.] Etym: [F. admirer, fr. L. admirari; ad + mirari to wonder, for smirari, akin to Gr. smi, and E. smile.] 1. To regard with wonder or astonishment; to view with surprise; to marvel at. [Archaic] Examples rather to be admired than imitated. Fuller. 2. To regard with wonder and delight; to look upon with an elevated feeling of pleasure, as something which calls out approbation, esteem, love, or reverence; to estimate or prize highly; as, to admire a person of high moral worth, to admire a landscape. Admired as heroes and as gods obeyed. Pope. Note: Admire followed by the infinitive is obsolete or colloquial; as, I admire to see a man consistent in his conduct. Syn. -- To esteem; approve; delight in. ADMIRE Ad*mire", v. i. Defn: To wonder; to marvel; to be affected with surprise; -- sometimes with at. To wonder at Pharaoh, and even admire at myself. Fuller. ADMIRED Ad*mired", a. 1. Regarded with wonder and delight; highly prized; as, an admired poem. 2. Wonderful; also, admirable. [Obs.] "Admired disorder." " Admired Miranda." Shak. ADMIRER Ad*mir"er, n. Defn: One who admires; one who esteems or loves greatly. Cowper. ADMIRING Ad*mir"ing, a. Defn: Expressing admiration; as, an admiring glance. -- Ad*mir"ing*ly, adv. Shak. ADMISSIBILITY Ad*mis`si*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. admissibilité.] Defn: The quality of being admissible; admissibleness; as, the admissibility of evidence. ADMISSIBLE Ad*mis"si*ble, a. Etym: [F. admissible, LL. admissibilis. See Admit.] Defn: Entitled to be admitted, or worthy of being admitted; that may be allowed or conceded; allowable; as, the supposition is hardly admissible. -- Ad*mis"si*ble*ness, n. -- Ad*mis"si*bly, adv. ADMISSION Ad*mis"sion, n. Etym: [L. admissio: cf. F. admission. See Admit.] 1. The act or practice of admitting. 2. Power or permission to enter; admittance; entrance; access; power to approach. What numbers groan for sad admission there! Young. 3. The granting of an argument or position not fully proved; the act of acknowledging something The too easy admission of doctrines. Macaulay. 4. (Law) Defn: Acquiescence or concurrence in a statement made by another, and distinguishable from a confession in that an admission presupposes prior inquiry by another, but a confession may be made without such inquiry. 5. A fact, point, or statement admitted; as, admission made out of court are received in evidence. 6. (Eng. Eccl. Law) Defn: Declaration of the bishop that he approves of the presentee as a fit person to serve the cure of the church to which he is presented. Shipley. Syn. -- Admittance; concession; acknowledgment; concurrence; allowance. See Admittance. ADMISSIVE Ad*mis"sive, a. Defn: Implying an admission; tending to admit. [R.] Lamb. ADMISSORY Ad*mis"so*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to admission. ADMIT Ad*mit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Admitting.] Etym: [OE. amitten, L. admittere, admissum; ad + mittere to send: cf. F. admettre, OF. admettre, OF. ametre. See Missile.] 1. To suffer to enter; to grant entrance, whether into a place, or into the mind, or consideration; to receive; to take; as, they were into his house; to admit a serious thought into the mind; to admit evidence in the trial of a cause. 2. To give a right of entrance; as, a ticket one into a playhouse. 3. To allow (one) to enter on an office or to enjoy a privilege; to recognize as qualified for a franchise; as, to admit an attorney to practice law; the prisoner was admitted to bail. 4. To concede as true; to acknowledge or assent to, as an allegation which it is impossible to deny; to own or confess; as, the argument or fact is admitted; he admitted his guilt. 5. To be capable of; to permit; as, the words do not admit such a construction. In this sense, of may be used after the verb, or may be omitted. Both Houses declared that they could admit of no treaty with the king. Hume. ADMITTABLE Ad*mit"ta*ble, a. Defn: Admissible. Sir T. Browne. ADMITTANCE Ad*mit"tance, n. 1. The act of admitting. 2. Permission to enter; the power or right of entrance; also, actual entrance; reception. To gain admittance into the house. South. He desires admittance to the king. Dryden. To give admittance to a thought of fear. Shak. 3. Concession; admission; allowance; as, the admittance of an argument. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 4. Admissibility. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Eng. Law) Defn: The act of giving possession of a copyhold estate. Bouvier. Syn. -- Admission; access; entrance; initiation. -- Admittance, Admission. These words are, to some extent, in a state of transition and change. Admittance is now chiefly confined to its primary sense of access into some locality or building. Thus we see on the doors of factories, shops, etc. "No admittance." Its secondary or moral sense, as "admittance to the church," is almost entirely laid aside. Admission has taken to itself the secondary or figurative senses; as, admission to the rights of citizenship; admission to the church; the admissions made by one of the parties in a dispute. And even when used in its primary sense, it is not identical with admittance. Thus, we speak of admission into a country, territory, and other larger localities, etc., where admittance could not be used. So, when we speak of admission to a concert or other public assembly, the meaning is not perhaps exactly that of admittance, viz., access within the walls of the building, but rather a reception into the audience, or access to the performances. But the lines of distinction on this subject are one definitely drawn. ADMITTATUR Ad`mit*ta"tur, n. Etym: [L., let him be admitted.] Defn: The certificate of admission given in some American colleges. ADMITTED; ADMITTEDLY Ad*mit"ted, a. Defn: Received as true or valid; acknowledged. -- Ad*mit"ted*ly adv. Defn: Confessedly. ADMITTER Ad*mit"ter, n. Defn: One who admits. ADMIX Ad*mix", v. t. Etym: [Pref. ad- + mix: cf. L. admixtus, p. p. of admiscere. See Mix.] Defn: To mingle with something else; to mix. [R.] ADMIXTION Ad*mix"tion, n. Etym: [L. admixtio.] Defn: A mingling of different things; admixture. Glanvill. ADMIXTURE Ad*mix"ture, n. Etym: [L. admiscere, admixtum, to admix; ad + miscere to mix. See Mix.] 1. The act of mixing; mixture. 2. The compound formed by mixing different substances together. 3. That which is mixed with anything. ADMONISH Ad*mon"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admonished; p. pr. & vb. n. Admonishing.] Etym: [OE. amonesten, OF. amonester, F. admonester, fr. a supposed LL. admonesstrare, fr. L. admonere to remind, warn; ad + monere to warn. See Monition.] 1. To warn or notify of a fault; to reprove gently or kindly, but seriously; to exhort. "Admonish him as a brother." 2 Thess. iii. 15. 2. To counsel against wrong practices; to cation or advise; to warn against danger or an offense; -- followed by of, against, or a subordinate clause. Admonishing one another in psalms and hymns. Col. iii. 16. I warned thee, I admonished thee, foretold The danger, and the lurking enemy. Milton. 3. To instruct or direct; to inform; to notify. Moses was admonished of God, when he was about to make the tabernacle. Heb. viii. 5. ADMONISHER Ad*mon"ish*er, n. Defn: One who admonishes. ADMONISHMENT Ad*mon"ish*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. amonestement, admonestement.] Defn: Admonition. [R.] Shak. ADMONITION Ad`mo*ni"tion, n. Etym: [OE. amonicioun, OF. amonition, F. admonition, fr. L. admonitio, fr. admonere. See Admonish.] Defn: Gentle or friendly reproof; counseling against a fault or error; expression of authoritative advice; friendly caution or warning. Syn. -- Admonition, Reprehension, Reproof. Admonition is prospective, and relates to moral delinquencies; its object is to prevent further transgression. Reprehension and reproof are retrospective, the former being milder than the latter. A person of any age or station may be liable to reprehension in case of wrong conduct; but reproof is the act of a superior. It is authoritative fault-finding or censure addressed to children or to inferiors. ADMONITIONER Ad`mo*ni"tion*er, n. Defn: Admonisher. [Obs.] ADMONITIVE Ad*mon"i*tive, a. Defn: Admonitory. [R.] Barrow. -- Ad*mon"i*tive*ly, adv. ADMONITOR Ad*mon"i*tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Admonisher; monitor. Conscience is at most times a very faithful and prudent admonitor. Shenstone. ADMONITORIAL Ad*mon`i*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Admonitory. [R.] "An admonitorial tone." Dickens. ADMONITORY Ad*mon"i*to*ry, a. Etym: [LL. admonitorius.] Defn: That conveys admonition; warning or reproving; as, an admonitory glance. -- Ad*mon"i*to*ri*ly,, adv. ADMONITRIX Ad*mon"i*trix, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A female admonitor. ADMORTIZATION Ad*mor`ti*za"tion, n. Etym: [LL. admortizatio. Cf. Amortization.] (Law) Defn: The reducing or lands or tenements to mortmain. See Mortmain. ADMOVE Ad*move", v. t. Etym: [L. admovere. See Move.] Defn: To move or conduct to or toward. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ADNASCENT Ad*nas"cent, a. Etym: [L. adnascens, p. pr. of adnasci to be born, grow.] Defn: Growing to or on something else. "An adnascent plant." Evelyn. ADNATE Ad"nate, a. Etym: [L. adnatus, p. p. of adnasci. See Adnascent, and cf. Agnate.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: Grown to congenitally. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Growing together; -- said only of organic cohesion of unlike parts. An anther is adnate when fixed by its whole length to the filament. Gray. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Growing with one side adherent to a stem; -- a term applied to the lateral zooids of corals and other compound animals. ADNATION Ad*na"tion, n. (Bot.) Defn: The adhesion or cohesion of different floral verticils or sets of organs. ADNOMINAL Ad*nom"i*nal, a. Etym: [L. ad + nomen noun.] (Gram.) Defn: Pertaining to an adnoun; adjectival; attached to a noun. Gibbs. -- Ad*nom"i*nal*ly, adv. ADNOUN Ad"noun`, n. Etym: [Pref. ad- + noun.] (Gram.) Defn: An adjective, or attribute. [R.] Coleridge. ADNUBILATED Ad*nu"bi*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. adnubilatus, p. p. of adnubilare.] Defn: Clouded; obscured. [R.] ADO A*do", (1) v. inf., (2) n. Etym: [OE. at do, northern form for to do. Cf. Affair.] 1. To do; in doing; as, there is nothing. "What is here ado" J. Newton. 2. Doing; trouble; difficulty; troublesome business; fuss; bustle; as, to make a great ado about trifles. With much ado, he partly kept awake. Dryden. Let's follow to see the end of this ado. Shak. ADOBE A*do"be, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: An unburnt brick dried in the sun; also used as an adjective, as, an adobe house, in Texas or New Mexico. ADOLESCENCE Ad`o*les"cence, n. Etym: [Fr., fr. L. adolescentia.] Defn: The state of growing up from childhood to manhood or womanhood; youth, or the period of life between puberty and maturity, generally considered to be, in the male sex, from fourteen to twenty-one. Sometimes used with reference to the lower animals. ADOLESCENCY Ad`o*les"cen*cy, n. Defn: The quality of being adolescent; youthfulness. ADOLESCENT Ad`o*les"cent, a. Etym: [L. adolescens, p. pr. of adolescere to grow up to; ad + the inchoative olescere to grow: cf. F. adolescent. See Adult.] Defn: Growing; advancing from childhood to maturity. Schools, unless discipline were doubly strong, Detain their adolescent charge too long. Cowper. ADOLESCENT Ad`o*les"cent, n. Defn: A youth. ADONAI Ad`o*na"i, n. [Heb. adonai, lit., my lord.] Defn: A Hebrew name for God, usually translated in the Old Testament by the word "Lord". The later Jews used its vowel points to fill out the tetragrammaton Yhvh, or Ihvh, "the incommunicable name," and in reading substituted "Adonai". ADONEAN Ad`o*ne"an, a. Etym: [L. Adon.] Defn: Pertaining to Adonis; Adonic. "Fair Adonean Venus." Faber. ADONIC A*don"ic, a. Etym: [F. adonique: cf. L. Adonius.] Defn: Relating to Adonis, famed for his beauty. -- n. Defn: An Adonic verse. Adonic verse, a verse consisting of a dactyl and spondee. ADONIS A*do"nis, n. Etym: [L., gr. Gr. 1. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: A youth beloved by Venus for his beauty. He was killed in the chase by a wild boar. 2. A preëminently beautiful young man; a dandy. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants of the family Ranunculaceæ, containing the pheasaut's eye (Adonis autumnalis); -- named from Adonis, whose blood was fabled to have stained the flower. ADONIST A*do"nist, n. Etym: [Heb. my Lords.] Defn: One who maintains that points of the Hebrew word translated "Jehovah" are really the vowel points of the word "Adonai." See Jehovist. ADONIZE Ad"o*nize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. adoniser, fr. Adonis.] Defn: To beautify; to dandify. I employed three good hours at least in adjusting and adonozing myself. Smollett. ADOOR; ADOORS A*door, A*doors, Defn: At the door; of the door; as, out adoors. Shak. I took him in adoors. Vicar's Virgil (1630). ADOPT A*dopt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adopted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adopting.] Etym: [L. adoptare; ad + optare to choose, desire: cf. F. adopter. See Option.] 1. To take by choice into relationship, as, child, heir, friend, citizen, etc. ; esp. to take voluntarily (a child of other parents) to be in the place of, or as, one's own child. 2. To take or receive as one's own what is not so naturally; to select and take or approve; as, to adopt the view or policy of another; these resolutions were adopted. ADOPTABLE A*dopt"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being adopted. ADOPTED A*dopt"ed, a. Defn: Taken by adoption; taken up as one's own; as, an adopted son, citizen, country, word. -- A*dopt"ed*ly, adv. ADOPTER A*dopt"er, n. 1. One who adopts. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A receiver, with two necks, opposite to each other, one of which admits the neck of a retort, and the other is joined to another receiver. It is used in distillations, to give more space to elastic vapors, to increase the length of the neck of a retort, or to unite two vessels whose openings have different diameters. [Written also adapter.] ADOPTION A*dop"tion, n. Etym: [L. adoptio, allied to adoptare to adopt: cf. F. adoption.] 1. The act of adopting, or state of being adopted; voluntary acceptance of a child of other parents to be the same as one's own child. 2. Admission to a more intimate relation; reception; as, the adoption of persons into hospitals or monasteries, or of one society into another. 3. The choosing and making that to be one's own which originally was not so; acceptance; as, the adoption of opinions. Jer. Taylor. ADOPTIONIST A*dop"tion*ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect which maintained that Christ was the Son of God not by nature but by adoption. ADOPTIOUS A*dop"tious, a. Defn: Adopted. [Obs.] ADOPTIVE A*dopt"ive, a. Etym: [L. adoptivus: cf. F. adoptif.] Defn: Pertaining to adoption; made or acquired by adoption; fitted to adopt; as, an adoptive father, an child; an adoptive language. -- A*dopt"ive*ly, adv. ADORABILITY A*dor`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Adorableness. ADORABLE A*dor"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. adorabilis, fr. adorare: cf. F. adorable.] 1. Deserving to be adored; worthy of divine honors. The adorable Author of Christianity. Cheyne. 2. Worthy of the utmost love or respect. ADORABLENESS A*dor"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being adorable, or worthy of adoration. Johnson. ADORABLY A*dor"a*bly, adv. Defn: In an adorable manner. ADORATION Ad`o*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. adoratio, fr. adorare: cf. F. adoration.] 1. The act of playing honor to a divine being; the worship paid to God; the act of addressing as a god. The more immediate objects of popular adoration amongst the heathens were deified human beings. Farmer. 2. Homage paid to one in high esteem; profound veneration; intense regard and love; fervent devotion. 3. A method of electing a pope by the expression of homage from two thirds of the conclave. [Pole] might have been chosen on the spot by adoration. Froude. ADORE A*dore", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adored; p. pr. & vb. n. Adoring.] Etym: [OE. aouren, anouren, adoren, OF. aorer, adorer, F. adorer, fr. L. adorare; ad + orare to speak, pray, os, oris, mouth. In OE. confused with honor, the French prefix a- being confused with OE. a, an, on. See Oral.] 1. To worship with profound reverence; to pay divine honors to; to honor as deity or as divine. Bishops and priests, . . . bearing the host, which he [James adored. Smollett. 2. To love in the highest degree; to regard with the utmost esteem and affection; to idolize. The great mass of the population abhorred Popery and adored Montouth. Macaulay. ADORE A*dore", v. t. Defn: To adorn. [Obs.] Congealed little drops which do the morn adore. Spenser. ADOREMENT A*dore"ment, n. Defn: The act of adoring; adoration. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ADORER A*dor"er, n. Defn: One who adores; a worshiper; one who admires or loves greatly; an ardent admirer. "An adorer of truth." Clarendon. I profess myself her adorer, not her friend. Shak. ADORINGLY A*dor"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With adoration. ADORN A*dorn", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adorned; p. pr. & vb. n. Adorning.] Etym: [OE. aournen, anournen, adornen, OF. aorner, fr. L. aaornare; ad + ornare to furnish, embellish. See Adore, Ornate.] Defn: To deck or dress with ornaments; to embellish; to set off to advantage; to render pleasing or attractive. As a bride adorneth herself with her jewels. Isa. lxi. 10. At church, with meek and unaffected grace, His looks adorned the venerable place. Goldsmith. Syn. -- To deck; decorate; embellish; ornament; beautify; grace; dignify; exalt; honor. -- To Adorn, Ornament, Decorate, Embellish. We decorate and ornament by putting on some adjunct which is attractive or beautiful, and which serves to heighten the general effect. Thus, a lady's head- dress may be ornament or decorated with flowers or jewelry; a hall may be decorated or ornament with carving or gilding, with wreaths of flowers, or with hangings. Ornament is used in a wider sense than decorate. To embellish is to beautify or ornament richly, not so much by mere additions or details as by modifying the thing itself as a whole. It sometimes means gaudy and artificial decoration. We embellish a book with rich engravings; a style is embellished with rich and beautiful imagery; a shopkeeper embellishes his front window to attract attention. Adorn is sometimes identical with decorate, as when we say, a lady was adorned with jewels. In other cases, it seems to imply something more. Thus, we speak of a gallery of paintings as adorned with the works of some of the great masters, or adorned with noble statuary and columns. Here decorated and ornamented would hardly be appropriate. There is a value in these works of genius beyond mere show and ornament. Adorn may be used of what is purely moral; as, a character adorned with every Christian grace. Here neither decorate, nor ornament, nor embellish is proper. ADORN A*dorn", n. Defn: Adornment. [Obs.] Spenser. ADORN A*dorn", a. Defn: Adorned; decorated. [Obs.] Milton. ADORNATION Ad`or*na"tion, n. Defn: Adornment. [Obs.] ADORNER A*dorn"er, n. Defn: He who, or that which, adorns; a beautifier. ADORNINGLY A*dorn"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By adorning; decoratively. ADORNMENT A*dorn"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. adornement. See Adorn.] Defn: An adorning; an ornament; a decoration. ADOSCULATION Ad*os"cu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. adosculari, adosculatum, to kiss. See Osculate.] (Biol.) Defn: Impregnation by external contact, without intromission. ADOWN A*down", adv. Etym: [OE. adun, adoun, adune. AS. of dune off the hill. See Down.] Defn: From a higher to a lower situation; downward; down, to or on the ground. [Archaic] "Thrice did she sink adown." Spenser. ADOWN A*down", prep. Defn: Down. [Archaic & Poetic] Her hair adown her shoulders loosely lay displayed. Prior. ADPRESS Ad*press", v. t. Etym: [L. adpressus, p. p. of adprimere.] Defn: See Appressed. -- Ad*pressed",, a. ADRAD A*drad", p. a. Etym: [P. p. of adread.] Defn: Put in dread; afraid. [Obs.] Chaucer. ADRAGANT Ad"ra*gant, n. Etym: [F., a corruption of tragacanth.] Defn: Gum tragacanth. Brande & C. ADREAD A*dread", v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. andrædan, ondræ; pref. a- (for and against) + dræden to dread. See Dread.] Defn: To dread. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. ADREAMED A*dreamed", p. p. Defn: Visited by a dream; -- used in the phrase, To be adreamed, to dream. [Obs.] ADRENAL Ad*re"nal, a. Etym: [Pref. ad- + renal.] (Anat.) Defn: Suprarenal. ADRENALINE; ADRENALIN Ad*re"nal*ine, n. Also Ad*re"nal*in. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A crystalline substance, C9H13O3N, obtained from suprarenal extract, of which it is regarded as the active principle. It is used in medicine as a stimulant and hemostatic. ADRIAN A"dri*an, a. Etym: [L. Hadrianus.] Defn: Pertaining to the Adriatic Sea; as, Adrian billows. ADRIATIC A`dri*at"ic, a. Etym: [L. Adriaticus, Hadriaticus, fr. Adria or Hadria, a town of the Veneti.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a sea so named, the northwestern part of which is known as the Gulf of Venice. ADRIFT A*drift", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- (for on) + drift.] Defn: Floating at random; in a drifting condition; at the mercy of wind and waves. Also fig. So on the sea shall be set adrift. Dryden. Were from their daily labor turned adrift. Wordsworth. ADRIP A*drip", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- in + drip.] Defn: In a dripping state; as, leaves all adrip. D. G. Mitchell. ADROGATE Ad"ro*gate, v. t. Etym: [See Arrogate.] (Rom. Law) Defn: To adopt (a person who is his own master). ADROGATION Ad`ro*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. adrogatio, arrogatio, fr. adrogare. See Arrogate.] (Rom. Law) Defn: A kind of adoption in ancient Rome. See Arrogation. ADROIT A*droit", a. Etym: [F. adroit; à (L. ad) = droit straight, right, fr. L. directus, p. p. of dirigere. See Direct.] Defn: Dexterous in the use of the hands or in the exercise of the mental faculties; exhibiting skill and readiness in avoiding danger or escaping difficulty; ready in invention or execution; -- applied to persons and to acts; as, an adroit mechanic, an adroit reply. "Adroit in the application of the telescope and quadrant." Horsley. "He was adroit in intrigue." Macaulay. Syn. -- Dexterous; skillful; expert; ready; clever; deft; ingenious; cunning; ready-witted. ADROITLY A*droit"ly, adv. Defn: In an adroit manner. ADROITNESS A*droit"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being adroit; skill and readiness; dexterity. Adroitness was as requisite as courage. Motley. Syn. -- See Skill. ADRY A*dry", a. Etym: [Pref. a- (for on) + dry.] Defn: In a dry or thirsty condition. "A man that is adry." Burton. ADSCITITIOUS Ad`sci*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. adscitus, p. p. of adsciscere, asciscere, to take knowingly; ad + sciscere to seek to know, approve, scire to know.] Defn: Supplemental; additional; adventitious; ascititious. "Adscititious evidence." Bowring. -- Ad`sci*ti"tious*ly, adv. ADSCRIPT Ad"script, a. Etym: [L. adscriptus, p. p. of adscribere to enroll. See Ascribe.] Defn: Held to service as attached to the soil; -- said of feudal serfs. ADSCRIPT Ad"script, n. Defn: One held to service as attached to the glebe or estate; a feudal serf. Bancroft. ADSCRIPTIVE Ad*scrip"tive, a.Etym: [L. adscriptivus. See Adscript.] Defn: Attached or annexed to the glebe or estate and transferable with it. Brougham. ADSIGNIFICATION Ad*sig`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: Additional signification. [R.] Tooke. ADSIGNIFY Ad*sig"ni*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. adsignificare to show.] Defn: To denote additionally. [R.] Tooke. ADSTRICT Ad*strict", v. t. -- Ad*stric"tion, n. Defn: See Astrict, and Astriction. ADSTRICTORY Ad*stric"to*ry, a. Defn: See Astrictory. ADSTRINGENT Ad*strin"gent, a. Defn: See Astringent. ADSUKI BEAN Ad*su"ki bean. [Jap. adzuki.] Defn: A cultivated variety of the Asiatic gram, now introduced into the United States. ADULARIA Ad`u*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [From Adula, a mountain peak in Switzerland, where fine specimens are found.] (Min.) Defn: A transparent or translucent variety of common feldspar, or orthoclase, which often shows pearly opalescent reflections; -- called by lapidaries moonstone. ADULATE Ad"u*late, v. t. Etym: [L. adulatus, p. p. of adulari.] Defn: To flatter in a servile way. Byron. ADULATION Ad`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [F. adulation, fr. L. adulatio, fr. adulari, adulatum, to flatter.] Defn: Servile flattery; praise in excess, or beyond what is merited. Think'st thou the fiery fever will go out With titles blown from adulation Shak. Syn. -- Sycophancy; cringing; fawning; obsequiousness; blandishment. -- Adulation, Flattery, Compliment. Men deal in compliments from a desire to please; they use flattery either from undue admiration, or a wish to gratify vanity; they practice adulation from sordid motives, and with a mingled spirit of falsehood and hypocrisy. Compliment may be a sincere expression of due respect and esteem, or it may be unmeaning; flattery is apt to become gross; adulation is always servile, and usually fulsome. ADULATOR Ad"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. adulari: cf. F. adulateur.] Defn: A servile or hypocritical flatterer. Carlyle. ADULATORY Ad"u*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. adulatorius, fr. adulari: cf. OF. adulatoire.] Defn: Containing excessive praise or compliment; servilely praising; flattering; as, an adulatory address. A mere rant of adulatory freedom. Burke. ADULATRESS Ad"u*la`tress, n. Defn: A woman who flatters with servility. ADULT A*dult", a. Etym: [L. adultus, p. p. of adolescere, akin to alere to nourish: cf. F. adulte. See Adolescent, Old.] Defn: Having arrived at maturity, or to full size and strength; matured; as, an adult person or plant; an adult ape; an adult age. ADULT A*dult", n. Defn: A person, animal, or plant grown to full size and strength; one who has reached maturity. Note: In the common law, the term is applied to a person who has attained full age or legal majority; in the civil law, to males after the age of fourteen, and to females after twelve. ADULTER A*dul"ter, v. i. Etym: [L. adulterare.] Defn: To commit adultery; to pollute. [Obs.] B. Jonson. ADULTERANT A*dul"ter*ant, n. Etym: [L. adulterans, p. pr. of adulterare.] Defn: That which is used to adulterate anything. -- a. Adulterating; as, adulterant agents and processes. ADULTERATE A*dul"ter*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adulterated; p. pr. & vb. n Adulterating.] Etym: [L. adulteratus, p. p. of adulterare, fr. adulter adulterer, prob. fr. ad + alter other, properly one who approaches another on account of unlawful love. Cf. Advoutry.] 1. To defile by adultery. [Obs.] Milton. 2. To corrupt, debase, or make impure by an admixture of a foreign or a baser substance; as, to adulterate food, drink, drugs, coin, etc. The present war has . . . adulterated our tongue with strange words. Spectator. Syn. -- To corrupt; defile; debase; contaminate; vitiate; sophisticate. ADULTERATE A*dul"ter*ate, v. i. Defn: To commit adultery. [Obs.] ADULTERATE A*dul"ter*ate, a. 1. Tainted with adultery. 2. Debased by the admixture of a foreign substance; adulterated; spurious. -- A*dul"ter*ate*ly, adv. -- A*dul"ter*ate*ness, n. ADULTERATION A*dul`ter*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. adulteratio.] 1. The act of adulterating; corruption, or debasement (esp. of food or drink) by foreign mixture. The shameless adulteration of the coin. Prescott. 2. An adulterated state or product. ADULTERATOR A*dul"ter*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who adulterates or corrupts. [R.] Cudworth. ADULTERER A*dul"ter*er, n. Etym: [Formed fr. the verb adulter, with the E. ending -er. See Advoutrer.] 1. A man who commits adultery; a married man who has sexual intercourse with a woman not his wife. 2. (Script.) Defn: A man who violates his religious covenant. Jer. ix. 2. ADULTERESS A*dul"ter*ess, n. Etym: [Fem. from L. adulter. Cf. Advoutress.] 1. A woman who commits adultery. 2. (Script.) Defn: A woman who violates her religious engagements. James iv. 4. ADULTERINE A*dul"ter*ine, a.Etym: [L. adulterinus, fr. adulter.] Defn: Proceeding from adulterous intercourse. Hence: Spurious; without the support of law; illegal. When any particular class of artificers or traders thought proper to act as a corporation without a charter, such were called adulterine guilds. Adam Smith. ADULTERINE A*dul"ter*ine, n. Defn: An illegitimate child. [R.] ADULTERIZE A*dul"ter*ize, v. i. Defn: To commit adultery. Milton. ADULTEROUS A*dul"ter*ous, a. 1. Guilty of, or given to, adultery; pertaining to adultery; illicit. Dryden. 2. Characterized by adulteration; spurious. "An adulterous mixture." [Obs.] Smollett. ADULTEROUSLY A*dul"ter*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In an adulterous manner. ADULTERY A*dul"ter*y, n.; pl. Adulteries(#). Etym: [L. adulterium. See Advoutry.] 1. The unfaithfulness of a married person to the marriage bed; sexual intercourse by a married man with another than his wife, or voluntary sexual intercourse by a married woman with another than her husband. Note: It is adultery on the part of the married wrongdoer. The word has also been used to characterize the act of an unmarried participator, the other being married. In the United States the definition varies with the local statutes. Unlawful intercourse between two married persons is sometimes called double adultery; between a married and an unmarried person, single adultery. 2. Adulteration; corruption. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. (Script.) (a) Lewdness or unchastity of thought as well as act, as forbidden by the seventh commandment. (b) Faithlessness in religion. Jer. iii. 9. 4. (Old Law) Defn: The fine and penalty imposed for the offense of adultery. 5. (Eccl.) Defn: The intrusion of a person into a bishopric during the life of the bishop. 6. Injury; degradation; ruin. [Obs.] You might wrest the caduceus out of my hand to the adultery and spoil of nature. B. Jonson. ADULTNESS A*dult"ness, n. Defn: The state of being adult. ADUMBRANT Ad*um"brant, a. Etym: [L. adumbrans, p. pr. of adumbrare.] Defn: Giving a faint shadow, or slight resemblance; shadowing forth. ADUMBRATE Ad*um"brate, v. t. Etym: [L. adumbratus, p. p. of adumbrare; ad + umbrare to shade; umbra shadow.] 1. To give a faint shadow or slight representation of; to outline; to shadow forth. Both in the vastness and the richness of the visible universe the invisible God is adumbrated. L. Taylor. 2. To overshadow; to shade. ADUMBRATION Ad`um*bra"tion, n. Etym: [L. adumbratio.] 1. The act of adumbrating, or shadowing forth. 2. A faint sketch; an outline; an imperfect portrayal or representation of a thing. Elegant adumbrations of sacred truth. Bp. Horsley. 3. (Her.) Defn: The shadow or outlines of a figure. ADUMBRATIVE Ad*um"bra*tive, a. Defn: Faintly representing; typical. Carlyle. ADUNATION Ad`u*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. adunatio; ad + unus one.] Defn: A uniting; union. Jer. Taylor. ADUNC; ADUNQUE A*dunc", A*dunque", a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Hooked; as, a parrot has an adunc bill. ADUNCITY A*dun"ci*ty, n. Etym: [L. aduncitas. See Aduncous.] Defn: Curvature inwards; hookedness. The aduncity of the beaks of hawks. Pope. ADUNCOUS A*dun"cous, a. Etym: [L. aduncus; ad + uncus hooked, hook.] Defn: Curved inwards; hooked. ADURE A*dure", v. t. Etym: [L. adurere; ad + urere to burn.] Defn: To burn up. [Obs.] Bacon. ADUROL Ad"u*rol, n. (Photog.) Defn: Either of two compounds, a chlorine derivative and bromine derivative, of hydroquinone, used as developers. ADUST A*dust", a. Etym: [L. adustus, p. p. of adurere: cf. F. aduste.] 1. Inflamed or scorched; fiery. "The Libyan air adust." Milton. 2. Looking as if or scorched; sunburnt. A tall, thin man, of an adust complexion. Sir W. Scott. 3. (Med.) Defn: Having much heat in the constitution and little serum in the blood. [Obs.] Hence: Atrabilious; sallow; gloomy. ADUSTED A*dust"ed, a. Defn: Burnt; adust. [Obs.] Howell. ADUSTIBLE A*dust"i*ble, a. Defn: That may be burnt. [Obs.] ADUSTION A*dus"tion, n. Etym: [L. adustio, fr. adurere, adustum: cf. F. adustion.] 1. The act of burning, or heating to dryness; the state of being thus heated or dried. [Obs.] Harvey. 2. (Surg.) Defn: Cauterization. Buchanan. AD VALOREM Ad va*lo"rem. Etym: [L., according to the value.] (Com.) Defn: A term used to denote a duty or charge laid upon goods, at a certain rate per cent upon their value, as stated in their invoice, - - in opposition to a specific sum upon a given quantity or number; as, an ad valorem duty of twenty per cent. ADVANCE Ad*vance", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Advancing(#).] Etym: [OE. avancen, avauncen, F. avancer, fr. a supposed LL. abantiare; ab + ante (F. avant) before. The spelling with d was a mistake, a- being supposed to be fr. L. ad. See Avaunt.] 1. To bring forward; to move towards the van or front; to make to go on. 2. To raise; to elevate. [Archaic] They . . . advanced their eyelids. Shak. 3. To raise to a higher rank; to promote. Ahasueres . . . advanced him, and set his seat above all the princes. Esther iii. 1. 4. To accelerate the growth or progress; to further; to forward; to help on; to aid; to heighten; as, to advance the ripening of fruit; to advance one's interests. 5. To bring to view or notice; to offer or propose; to show; as, to advance an argument. Some ne'er advance a judgment of their own. Pope. 6. To make earlier, as an event or date; to hasten. 7. To furnish, as money or other value, before it becomes due, or in aid of an enterprise; to supply beforehand; as, a merchant advances money on a contract or on goods consigned to him. 8. To raise to a higher point; to enhance; to raise in rate; as, to advance the price of goods. 9. To extol; to laud. [Obs.] Greatly advancing his gay chivalry. Spenser. Syn. -- To raise; elevate; exalt; aggrandize; improve; heighten; accelerate; allege; adduce; assign. ADVANCE Ad*vance", v. i. 1. To move or go forward; to proceed; as, he advanced to greet me. 2. To increase or make progress in any respect; as, to advance in knowledge, in stature, in years, in price. 3. To rise in rank, office, or consequence; to be preferred or promoted. Advanced to a level with ancient peers. Prescott. ADVANCE Ad*vance", n. Etym: [Cf. F. avance, fr. avancer. See Advance, v.] 1. The act of advancing or moving forward or upward; progress. 2. Improvement or progression, physically, mentally, morally, or socially; as, an advance in health, knowledge, or religion; an advance in rank or office. 3. An addition to the price; rise in price or value; as, an advance on the prime cost of goods. 4. The first step towards the attainment of a result; approach made to gain favor, to form an acquaintance, to adjust a difference, etc.; an overture; a tender; an offer; -- usually in the plural. [He] made the like advances to the dissenters. Swift. 5. A furnishing of something before an equivalent is received (as money or goods), towards a capital or stock, or on loan; payment beforehand; the money or goods thus furnished; money or value supplied beforehand. I shall, with pleasure, make the necessary advances. Jay. The account was made up with intent to show what advances had been made. Kent. In advance (a) In front; before. (b) Beforehand; before an equivalent is received. (c) In the state of having advanced money on account; as, A is advance to B a thousand dollars or pounds. ADVANCE Ad*vance", a. Defn: Before in place, or beforehand in time; -- used for advanced; as, an advance guard, or that before the main guard or body of an army; advance payment, or that made before it is due; advance proofs, advance sheets, pages of a forthcoming volume, received in advance of the time of publication. ADVANCED Ad*vanced", a. 1. In the van or front. 2. In the front or before others, as regards progress or ideas; as, advanced opinions, advanced thinkers. 3. Far on in life or time. A gentleman advanced in years, with a hard experience written in his wrinkles. Hawthorne. Advanced guard, a detachment of troops which precedes the march of the main body. ADVANCEMENT Ad*vance"ment, n. Etym: [OE. avancement, F. avancement. See Advance, v. t.] 1. The act of advancing, or the state of being advanced; progression; improvement; furtherance; promotion to a higher place or dignity; as, the advancement of learning. In heaven . . . every one (so well they love each other) rejoiceth and hath his part in each other's advancement. Sir T. More. True religion . . . proposes for its end the joint advancement of the virtue and happiness of the people. Horsley. 2. An advance of money or value; payment in advance. See Advance, 5. 3. (Law) Defn: Property given, usually by a parent to a child, in advance of a future distribution. 4. Settlement on a wife, or jointure. [Obs.] Bacon. ADVANCER Ad*van"cer, n. 1. One who advances; a promoter. 2. A second branch of a buck's antler. Howell. ADVANCING EDGE Ad*van"cing edge. (Aëronautics) Defn: The front edge (in direction of motion) of a supporting surface; -- contr. with following edge, which is the rear edge. ADVANCING SURFACE Ad*van"cing sur"face. (Aëronautics) Defn: The first of two or more surfaces arranged in tandem; -- contr. with following surface, which is the rear surface. ADVANCIVE Ad*van"cive, a. Defn: Tending to advance. [R.] ADVANTAGE Ad*van"tage, n. Etym: [OE. avantage, avauntage, F. avantage, fr. avant before. See Advance, and cf. Vantage.] 1. Any condition, circumstance, opportunity, or means, particularly favorable to success, or to any desired end; benefit; as, the enemy had the advantage of a more elevated position. Give me advantage of some brief discourse. Shak. The advantages of a close alliance. Macaulay. 2. Superiority; mastery; -- with of or over. Lest Satan should get an advantage of us. 2 Cor. ii. 11. 3. Superiority of state, or that which gives it; benefit; gain; profit; as, the advantage of a good constitution. 4. Interest of money; increase; overplus (as the thirteenth in the baker's dozen). [Obs.] And with advantage means to pay thy love. Shak. Advantage ground, vantage ground. [R.] Clarendon. -- To have the advantage of (any one), to have a personal knowledge of one who does not have a reciprocal knowledge. "You have the advantage of me; I don't remember ever to have had the honor." Sheridan. -- To take advantage of, to profit by; (often used in a bad sense) to overreach, to outwit. Syn. -- Advantage, Advantageous, Benefit, Beneficial. We speak of a thing as a benefit, or as beneficial, when it is simply productive of good; as, the benefits of early discipline; the beneficial effects of adversity. We speak of a thing as an advantage, or as advantageous, when it affords us the means of getting forward, and places us on a "vantage ground" for further effort. Hence, there is a difference between the benefits and the advantages of early education; between a beneficial and an advantageous investment of money. ADVANTAGE Ad*van"tage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advantaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Advantaging.] Etym: [F. avantager, fr. avantage. See Advance.] Defn: To give an advantage to; to further; to promote; to benefit; to profit. The truth is, the archbishop's own stiffness and averseness to comply with the court designs, advantaged his adversaries against him. Fuller. What is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and lose himself, or be cast away Luke ix. 25. To advantage one's self of, to avail one's self of. [Obs.] ADVANTAGEABLE Ad*van"tage*a*ble, a. Defn: Advantageous. [Obs.] ADVANTAGEOUS Ad`van*ta"geous, a. Etym: [F. avantageux, fr. avantage.] Defn: Being of advantage; conferring advantage; gainful; profitable; useful; beneficial; as, an advantageous position; trade is advantageous to a nation. Advabtageous comparison with any other country. Prescott. You see . . . of what use a good reputation is, and how swift and advantageous a harbinger it is, wherever one goes. Chesterfield. ADVANTAGEOUSLY Ad`van*ta"geous*ly, adv. Defn: Profitably; with advantage. ADVANTAGEOUSNESS Ad`van*ta"geous*ness, n. Defn: Profitableness. ADVENE Ad*vene", v. i. Etym: [L. advenire; ad + venire to come: cf. F. avenir, advenir. See Come.] Defn: To accede, or come (to); to be added to something or become a part of it, though not essential. [R.] Where no act of the will advenes as a coefficient. Coleridge. ADVENIENT Ad*ven"ient, a. Etym: [L. adviens, p. pr.] Defn: Coming from outward causes; superadded. [Obs.] ADVENT Ad`vent, n. Etym: [L. adventus, fr. advenire, adventum: cf. F. avent. See Advene.] 1. (Eccl.) Defn: The period including the four Sundays before Christmas. Advent Sunday (Eccl.), the first Sunday in the season of Advent, being always the nearest Sunday to the feast of St. Andrew (Now. 30). Shipley. 2. The first or the expected second coming of Christ. 3. Coming; any important arrival; approach. Death's dreadful advent. Young. Expecting still his advent home. Tennyson. ADVENTIST Ad"vent*ist, n. Defn: One of a religious body, embracing several branches, who look for the proximate personal coming of Christ; -- called also Second Adventists. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. ADVENTITIOUS Ad`ven*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. adventitius.] 1. Added extrinsically; not essentially inherent; accidental or causal; additional; supervenient; foreign. To things of great dimensions, if we annex an adventitious idea of terror, they become without comparison greater. Burke. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Out of the proper or usual place; as, adventitious buds or roots. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Accidentally or sparingly spontaneous in a country or district; not fully naturalized; adventive; -- applied to foreign plants. 4. (Med.) Defn: Acquired, as diseases; accidental. -- Ad`ven*ti"tious*ly, adv. -- Ad`ven*ti"tious*ness, n. ADVENTIVE Ad*ven"tive, a. 1. Accidental. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Adventitious. Gray. ADVENTIVE Ad*ven"tive, n. Defn: A thing or person coming from without; an immigrant. [R.] Bacon. ADVENTUAL Ad*ven"tu*al, a. Defn: Relating to the season of advent. Sanderson. ADVENTURE Ad*ven"ture, n. Etym: [OE. aventure, aunter, anter, F. aventure, fr. LL. adventura, fr. L. advenire, adventum, to arrive, which in the Romance languages took the sense of "to happen, befall." See Advene.] 1. That which happens without design; chance; hazard; hap; hence, chance of danger or loss. Nay, a far less good to man it will be found, if she must, at all adventures, be fastened upon him individually. Milton. 2. Risk; danger; peril. [Obs.] He was in great adventure of his life. Berners. 3. The encountering of risks; hazardous and striking enterprise; a bold undertaking, in which hazards are to be encountered, and the issue is staked upon unforeseen events; a daring feat. He loved excitement and adventure. Macaulay. 4. A remarkable occurrence; a striking event; a stirring incident; as, the adventures of one's life. Bacon. 5. A mercantile or speculative enterprise of hazard; a venture; a shipment by a merchant on his own account. A bill of adventure (Com.), a writing setting forth that the goods shipped are at the owner's risk. Syn. -- Undertaking; enterprise; venture; event. ADVENTURE Ad*ven"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adventured; p. pr. & vb. n. Adventuring.] Etym: [OE. aventuren, auntren, F. aventurer, fr. aventure. See Adventure, n.] 1. To risk, or hazard; jeopard; to venture. He would not adventure himself into the theater. Acts xix. 31. 2. To venture upon; to run the risk of; to dare. Yet they adventured to go back. Bunyan, Discriminations might be adventured. J. Taylor. ADVENTURE Ad*ven"ture, v. i. Defn: To try the chance; to take the risk. I would adventure for such merchandise. Shak. ADVENTUREFUL Ad*ven"ture*ful, a. Defn: Given to adventure. ADVENTURER Ad*ven"tur*er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. aventurier.] 1. One who adventures; as, the merchant adventurers; one who seeks his fortune in new and hazardous or perilous enterprises. 2. A social pretender on the lookout for advancement. ADVENTURESOME Ad*ven"ture*some, a. Defn: Full of risk; adventurous; venturesome. -- Ad*ven"ture*some*ness, n. ADVENTURESS Ad*ven"tur*ess, n. Defn: A female adventurer; a woman who tries to gain position by equivocal means. ADVENTUROUS Ad*ven"tur*ous, a. Etym: [OE. aventurous, aunterous, OF. aventuros, F. aventureux, fr. aventure. See Adventure, n.] 1. Inclined to adventure; willing to incur hazard; prone to embark in hazardous enterprise; rashly daring; -- applied to persons. Bold deed thou hast presumed, adventurous Eve. Milton. 2. Full of hazard; attended with risk; exposing to danger; requiring courage; rash; -- applied to acts; as, an adventurous undertaking, deed, song. Syn. -- Rash; foolhardy; presumptuous; enterprising; daring; hazardous; venturesome. See Rash. ADVENTUROUSLY Ad*ven"tur*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In an adventurous manner; venturesomely; boldly; daringly. ADVENTUROUSNESS Ad*ven"tur*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being adventurous; daring; venturesomeness. ADVERB Ad"verb, n. Etym: [L. adverbium; ad + verbum word, verb: cf. F. adverbe.] (Gram.) Defn: A word used to modify the sense of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb, and usually placed near it; as, he writes well; paper extremely white. ADVERBIAL Ad*ver"bi*al, a. Etym: [L. adverbialis: cf. F. adverbial.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an adverb; of the nature of an adverb; as, an adverbial phrase or form. ADVERBIALITY Ad*ver`bi*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being adverbial. Earle. ADVERBIALIZE Ad*ver"bi*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To give the force or form of an adverb to. ADVERBIALLY Ad*ver"bi*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of an adverb. ADVERSARIA Ad`ver*sa"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [L. adversaria (sc. scripta), neut. pl. of adversarius.] Defn: A miscellaneous collection of notes, remarks, or selections; a commonplace book; also, commentaries or notes. These parchments are supposed to have been St. Paul's adversaria. Bp. Bull. ADVERSARIOUS Ad`ver*sa"ri*ous, a. Defn: Hostile. [R.] Southey. ADVERSARY Ad`ver*sa*ry, n.; pl. Adversaries. Etym: [OE. adversarie, direct fr. the Latin, and adversaire, fr. OF. adversier, aversier, fr. L. adversarius (a.) turned toward, (n.) an adversary. See Adverse.] Defn: One who is turned against another or others with a design to oppose or resist them; a member of an opposing or hostile party; an opponent; an antagonist; an enemy; a foe. His ancient knot of dangerous adversaries. Shak. Agree with thine adversary quickly. Matt. v. 25. It may be thought that to vindicate the permanency of truth is to dispute without an adversary. Beattie. The Adversary, The Satan, or the Devil. Syn. -- Adversary, Enemy, Opponent, Antagonist. Enemy is the only one of these words which necessarily implies a state of personal hostility. Men may be adversaries, antagonists, or opponents to each other in certain respects, and yet have no feelings of general animosity. An adversary may be simply one who is placed for a time in a hostile position, as in a lawsuit, an argument, in chess playing, or at fence. An opponent is one who is ranged against another (perhaps passively) on the opposing side; as a political opponent, an opponent in debate. An antagonist is one who struggles against another with active effort, either in a literal fight or in verbal debate. ADVERSARY Ad"ver*sa*ry, a. 1. Opposed; opposite; adverse; antagonistic. [Archaic] Bp. King. 2. (Law) Defn: Having an opposing party; not unopposed; as, an adversary suit. ADVERSATIVE Ad*ver"sa*tive, a. Etym: [L. adversativus, fr. adversari.] Defn: Expressing contrariety, opposition, or antithesis; as, an adversative conjunction (but, however, yet, etc. ); an adversative force. -- Ad*ver"sa*tive*ly, adv. ADVERSATIVE Ad*ver"sa*tive, n. Defn: An adversative word. Harris. ADVERSE Ad"verse, a. Etym: [OE. advers, OF. avers, advers, fr. L. adversus, p. p. advertere to turn to. See Advert.] 1. Acting against, or in a contrary direction; opposed; contrary; opposite; conflicting; as, adverse winds; an adverse party; a spirit adverse to distinctions of caste. 2. Opposite. "Calpe's adverse height." Byron. 3. In hostile opposition to; unfavorable; unpropitious; contrary to one's wishes; unfortunate; calamitous; afflictive; hurtful; as, adverse fates, adverse circumstances, things adverse. Happy were it for us all if we bore prosperity as well and wisely as we endure an adverse fortune. Southey. Adverse possession (Law), a possession of real property avowedly contrary to some claim of title in another person. Abbott. Syn. -- Averse; reluctant; unwilling. See Averse. ADVERSE Ad*verse", v. t. Etym: [L. adversari: cf. OF. averser.] Defn: To oppose; to resist. [Obs.] Gower. ADVERSELY Ad"verse*ly (277), adv. Defn: In an adverse manner; inimically; unfortunately; contrariwise. ADVERSENESS Ad"verse*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being adverse; opposition. ADVERSIFOLIATE; ADVERSIFOLIOUS Ad*ver`si*fo"li*ate, Ad*ver`si*fo"li*ous a. Etym: [L. adver + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: Having opposite leaves, as plants which have the leaves so arranged on the stem. ADVERSION Ad*ver"sion, n.Etym: [L. adversio] Defn: A turning towards; attention. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. ADVERSITY Ad*ver"si*ty, n.; pl. Adversities(#). Etym: [OE. adversite, F. adversité, fr. L. adversitas.] 1. Opposition; contrariety. [Obs.] Wyclif. Adversity is not without comforts and hopes. Bacon. Syn. -- Affliction; distress; misery; disaster; trouble; suffering; trial. ADVERT Ad*vert", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Adverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adverting.] Etym: [L. advertere, v. t., to turn to; ad + vertere to turn: cf. F. avertir. See Advertise.] Defn: To turn the mind or attention; to refer; to take heed or notice; -- with to; as, he adverted to what was said. I may again advert to the distinction. Owen. Syn.- To refer; allude; regard. See Refer. ADVERTENCE; ADVERTENCY Ad*vert"ence, Ad*vert"en*cy,Etym: [OF. advertence, avertence, LL. advertentia, fr. L. advertens. See Advertent.] Defn: The act of adverting, of the quality of being advertent; attention; notice; regard; heedfulness. To this difference it is right that advertence should be had in regulating taxation. J. S. Mill. ADVERTENT Ad*vert"ent, a. Etym: [L. advertens, -entis, p. pr. of advertere. See Advert.] Defn: Attentive; heedful; regardful. Sir M. Hale. -- Ad*vert"ent*ly, adv. ADVERTISE Ad`ver*tise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advertised; p. pr. & vb. n. Advertising.] Etym: [F. avertir, formerly also spelt advertir, to warn, give notice to, L. advertere to turn to. The ending was probably influenced by the noun advertisement. See Advert.] Defn: To give notice to; to inform or apprise; to notify; to make known; hence, to warn; -- often followed by of before the subject of information; as, to advertise a man of his loss. [Archaic] I will advertise thee what this people shall do. Num. xxiv. 14. 4. To give public notice of; to announce publicly, esp. by a printed notice; as, to advertise goods for sale, a lost article, the sailing day of a vessel, a political meeting. Syn. -- To apprise; inform; make known; notify; announce; proclaim; promulgate; publish. ADVERTISEMENT Ad*ver"tise*ment, n. Etym: [F.avertisement, formerly also spelled advertissement, a warning, giving notice, fr. avertir.] 1. The act of informing or notifying; notification. [Archaic] An advertisement of danger. Bp. Burnet. 2. Admonition; advice; warning. [Obs.] Therefore give me no counsel: My griefs cry louder than advertisement. Shak. 3. A public notice, especially a paid notice in some public print; anything that advertises; as, a newspaper containing many advertisement. ADVERTISER Ad`ver*tis"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, advertises. ADVICE Ad*vice", n. Etym: [OE. avis, F. avis; + OF. vis, fr. L. visum seemed, seen; really p. p. of videre to see, so that vis meant that which has seemed best. See Vision, and cf. Avise, Advise.] 1. An opinion recommended or offered, as worthy to be followed; counsel. We may give advice, but we can not give conduct. Franklin. 2. Deliberate consideration; knowledge. [Obs.] How shall I dote on her with more advice, That thus without advice begin to love her Shak. 3. Information or notice given; intelligence; as, late advices from France; -- commonly in the plural. Note: In commercial language, advice usually means information communicated by letter; -- used chiefly in reference to drafts or bills of exchange; as, a letter of advice. McElrath. 4. (Crim. Law) Defn: Counseling to perform a specific illegal act. Wharton. Advice boat, a vessel employed to carry dispatches or to reconnoiter; a dispatch boat. -- To take advice. (a) To accept advice. (b) To consult with another or others. Syn. -- Counsel; suggestion; recommendation; admonition; exhortation; information; notice. ADVISABILITY Ad*vis`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being advisable; advisableness. ADVISABLE Ad*vis"a*ble, a. 1. Proper to be advised or to be done; expedient; prudent. Some judge it advisable for a man to account with his heart every day. South. 2. Ready to receive advice. [R.] South. Syn. -- Expedient; proper; desirable; befitting. ADVISABLE-NESS Ad*vis"a*ble-ness, n. Defn: The quality of being advisable or expedient; expediency; advisability. ADVISABLY Ad*vis"a*bly, adv. Defn: With advice; wisely. ADVISE Ad*vise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advised; p. pr. & vb. n. Advising.] Etym: [OE. avisen to perceive, consider, inform, F. aviser, fr. LL. advisare. advisare; ad + visare, fr. L. videre, visum, to see. See Advice, and cf. Avise.] 1. To give advice to; to offer an opinion, as worthy or expedient to be followed; to counsel; to warn. "I shall no more advise thee." Milton. 2. To give information or notice to; to inform; -- with of before the thing communicated; as, we were advised of the risk. To advise one's self, to bethink one's self; to take counsel with one's self; to reflect; to consider. [Obs.] Bid thy master well advise himself. Shak. Syn. -- To counsel; admonish; apprise; acquaint. ADVISE Ad*vise", v. t. 1. To consider; to deliberate. [Obs.] Advise if this be worth attempting. Milton. 2. To take counsel; to consult; -- followed by with; as, to advise with friends. ADVISEDLY Ad*vis"ed*ly, adv. 1. Circumspectly; deliberately; leisurely. [Obs.] Shak. 2. With deliberate purpose; purposely; by design. "Advisedly undertaken." Suckling. ADVISEDNESS Ad*vis"ed*ness n. Defn: Deliberate consideration; prudent procedure; caution. ADVISEMENT Ad*vise"ment, n. Etym: [OE. avisement, F. avisement, fr. aviser. See Advise, and cf. Avisement.] 1. Counsel; advise; information. [Archaic] And mused awhile, waking advisement takes of what had passed in sleep. Daniel. 2. Consideration; deliberation; consultation. Tempering the passion with advisement slow. Spenser. ADVISER Ad*vis"er, n. Defn: One who advises. ADVISERSHIP Ad*vis"er*ship, n. Defn: The office of an adviser. [R.] ADVISO Ad*vi"so, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. aviso. See Advice.] Defn: Advice; counsel; suggestion; also, a dispatch or advice boat. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ADVISORY Ad*vi"so*ry, a. Defn: Having power to advise; containing advice; as, an advisory council; their opinion is merely advisory. The General Association has a general advisory superintendence over all the ministers and churches. Trumbull. ADVOCACY Ad"vo*ca*cy, n. Etym: [OF. advocatie, LL. advocatia. See Advocate.] Defn: The act of pleading for or supporting; work of advocating; intercession. ADVOCATE Ad"vo*cate, n. Etym: [OE. avocat, avocet, OF. avocat, fr. L. advocatus, one summoned or called to another; properly the p. p. of advocare to call to, call to one's aid; ad + vocare to call. See Advowee, Avowee, Vocal.] 1. One who pleads the cause of another. Specifically: One who pleads the cause of another before a tribunal or judicial court; a counselor. Note: In the English and American Law, advocate is the same as "counsel," "counselor," or "barrister." In the civil and ecclesiastical courts, the term signifies the same as "counsel" at the common law. 2. One who defends, vindicates, or espouses any cause by argument; a pleader; as, an advocate of free trade, an advocate of truth. 3. Christ, considered as an intercessor. We have an Advocate with the Father. 1 John ii. 1. Faculty of advocates (Scot.), the Scottish bar in Edinburgh. -- Lord advocate (Scot.), the public prosecutor of crimes, and principal crown lawyer. -- Judge advocate. See under Judge. ADVOCATE Ad"vo*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Advocating.] Etym: [See Advocate, n., Advoke, Avow.] Defn: To plead in favor of; to defend by argument, before a tribunal or the public; to support, vindicate, or recommend publicly. To advocate the cause of thy client. Bp. Sanderson (1624). This is the only thing distinct and sensible, that has been advocated. Burke. Eminent orators were engaged to advocate his cause. Mitford. ADVOCATE Ad"vo*cate, v. i. Defn: To act as advocate. [Obs.] Fuller. ADVOCATESHIP Ad"vo*cate*ship, n. Defn: Office or duty of an advocate. ADVOCATION Ad`vo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. advocatio: cf. OF. avocation. See Advowson.] 1. The act of advocating or pleading; plea; advocacy. [Archaic] The holy Jesus . . . sits in heaven in a perpetual advocation for us. Jer. Taylor. 2. Advowson. [Obs.] The donations or advocations of church livings. Sanderson. 3. (Scots Law) Defn: The process of removing a cause from an inferior court to the supreme court. Bell. ADVOCATORY Ad"vo*ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an advocate. [R.] ADVOKE Ad*voke", v. t. Etym: [L. advocare. See Advocate.] Defn: To summon; to call. [Obs.] Queen Katharine had privately prevailed with the pope to advoke the cause to Rome. Fuller. ADVOLUTION Ad`vo*lu"tion, n. Etym: [L. advolvere, advolutum, to roll to.] Defn: A rolling toward something. [R.] ADVOUTRER Ad*vou"trer, n. Etym: [OF. avoutre, avoltre, fr. L. adulter. Cf. Adulterer.] Defn: An adulterer. [Obs.] ADVOUTRESS Ad*vou"tress, n. Defn: An adulteress. [Obs.] Bacon. ADVOUTRY; ADVOWTRY Ad*vou"try, Ad*vow"try, n. Etym: [OE. avoutrie, avouterie, advoutrie, OF. avoutrie, avulterie, fr. L. adulterium. Cf. Adultery.] Defn: Adultery. [Obs.] Bacon. ADVOWEE Ad*vow*ee", n. Etym: [OE. avowe, F. avoué, fr. L. advocatus. See Advocate, Avowee, Avoyer.] Defn: One who has an advowson. Cowell. ADVOWSON Ad*vow"son, n. Etym: [OE. avoweisoun, OF. avoëson, fr. L. advocatio. Cf. Advocation.] (Eng. Law) Defn: The right of presenting to a vacant benefice or living in the church. [Originally, the relation of a patron (advocatus) or protector of a benefice, and thus privileged to nominate or present to it.] Note: The benefices of the Church of England are in every case subjects of presentation. They are nearly 12,000 in number; the advowson of more than half of them belongs to private persons, and of the remainder to the crown, bishops, deans and chapters, universities, and colleges. Amer. Cyc. ADVOYER Ad*voy"er, n. Defn: See Avoyer. [Obs.] ADWARD Ad*ward", n. Defn: Award. [Obs.] Spenser. ADYNAMIA Ad`y*na"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL. adynamia, fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Considerable debility of the vital powers, as in typhoid fever. Dunglison. ADYNAMIC Ad`y*nam"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. adynamique. See Adynamy.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, debility of the vital powers; weak. 2. (Physics) Defn: Characterized by the absence of power or force. Adynamic fevers, malignant or putrid fevers attended with great muscular debility. ADYNAMY A*dyn"a*my, n. Defn: Adynamia. [R.] Morin. ADYTUM Ad"y*tum, n. Adyta. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: The innermost sanctuary or shrine in ancient temples, whence oracles were given. Hence: A private chamber; a sanctum. ADZ Adz, v. t. Defn: To cut with an adz. [R.] Carlyle. ADZ; ADZE Adz, Adze, n. Etym: [OE. adese, adis, adse, AS. adesa, adese, ax, hatchet.] Defn: A carpenter's or cooper's tool, formed with a thin arching blade set at right angles to the handle. It is used for chipping or slicing away the surface of wood. AE Æ or Ae. Defn: A diphthong in the Latin language; used also by the Saxon writers. It answers to the Gr. æ was generally replaced by a, the long e or ee. In derivatives from Latin words with ae, it is mostly superseded by e. For most words found with this initial combination, the reader will therefore search under the letter E. AECIDIUM Æ*cid"i*um, n.; pl. Æcidia. Etym: [NL., dim. of Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A form of fruit in the cycle of development of the Rusts or Brands, an order of fungi, formerly considered independent plants. AEDILE Æ"dile, n. Etym: [L. aedilis, fr. aedes temple, public building. Cf. Edify.] Defn: A magistrate in ancient Rome, who had the superintendence of public buildings, highways, shows, etc.; hence, a municipal officer. AEDILESHIP Æ"dile*ship, n. Defn: The office of an ædile. T. Arnold. AEGEAN Æ*ge"an, a. Etym: [L. Aegeus; Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the sea, or arm of the Mediterranean sea, east of Greece. See Archipelago. AEGICRANIA Æ`gi*cra"ni*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Arch.) Defn: Sculptured ornaments, used in classical architecture, representing rams' heads or skulls. AEGILOPS Æg"i*lops, n. Etym: [L. aegilopis, Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: An ulcer or fistula in the inner corner of the eye. 2. (Bot.) (a) The great wild-oat grass or other cornfield weed. Crabb. (b) A genus of plants, called also hardgrass. AEGIS Æ"gis, n. Etym: [L. aegis, fr. Gr. Defn: A shield or protective armor; -- applied in mythology to the shield of Jupiter which he gave to Minerva. Also fig.: A shield; a protection. AEGOPHONY Æ*goph"o*ny, n. Defn: Same as Egophony. AEGROTAT Æ*gro"tat, n. Etym: [L., he is sick.] (Camb. Univ.) Defn: A medical certificate that a student is ill. AENEID Æ*ne"id, n. Etym: [L. Aeneis, Aeneidis, or -dos: cf. F. .] Defn: The great epic poem of Virgil, of which the hero is Æneas. AENEOUS A*ë"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. aëneus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Colored like bronze. AEOLIAN Æ*o"li*an, a. Etym: [L. Aeolius, Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to Æolia or Æolis, in Asia Minor, colonized by the Greeks, or to its inhabitants; æolic; as, the Æolian dialect. 2. Pertaining to Æolus, the mythic god of the winds; pertaining to, or produced by, the wind; aërial. Viewless forms the æolian organ play. Campbell. Æolian attachment, a contrivance often attached to a pianoforte, which prolongs the vibrations, increases the volume of sound, etc., by forcing a stream of air upon the strings. Moore. -- Æolian harp, Æolian lyre, a musical instrument consisting of a box, on or in which are stretched strings, on which the wind acts to produce the notes; -- usually placed at an open window. Moore. -- Æolian mode (Mus.), one of the ancient Greek and early ecclesiastical modes. AEOLIC Æ*ol"ic, a. Etym: [L. Aeolicus; Gr. Defn: Æolian, 1; as, the Æolic dialect; the Æolic mode. AEOLIPILE; AEOLIPYLE Æ*ol"i*pile, Æ*ol"i*pyle, n. Etym: [L. aeolipilae; Aeolus god of the winds + pila a ball, or Gr. i. e., doorway of Æolus); cf. F. éolipyle.] Defn: An apparatus consisting chiefly of a closed vessel (as a globe or cylinder) with one or more projecting bent tubes, through which steam is made to pass from the vessel, causing it to revolve. [Written also eolipile.] Note: Such an apparatus was first described by Hero of Alexandria about 200 years b. c. It has often been called the first steam engine. AEOLOTROPIC Æ`o*lo*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physics) Defn: Exhibiting differences of quality or property in different directions; not isotropic. Sir W. Thomson. AEOLOTROPY Æ`o*lot"ro*py, n. (Physics) Defn: Difference of quality or property in different directions. AEOLUS Æ"o*lus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. & Rom. Myth.) Defn: The god of the winds. AEON Æ"on, n. Defn: A period of immeasurable duration; also, an emanation of the Deity. See Eon. AEONIAN Æ*o"ni*an, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Eternal; everlasting. "Æonian hills." Tennyson. AEPYORNIS Æ`py*or"nis, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A gigantic bird found fossil in Madagascar. AERATE A"ër*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. A; p. pr. & vb. n. A.] Etym: [Cf. F. aérer. See Air,v. t.] 1. To combine or charge with gas; usually with carbonic acid gas, formerly called fixed air. His sparkling sallies bubbled up as from aërated natural fountains. Carlyle. 2. To supply or impregnate with common air; as, to aërate soil; to aërate water. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: To expose to the chemical action of air; to oxygenate (the blood) by respiration; to arterialize. Aërated bread, bread raised by charging dough with carbonic acid gas, instead of generating the gas in the dough by fermentation. AERATION A`ër*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. aération.] 1. Exposure to the free action of the air; airing; as, aëration of soil, of spawn, etc. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: A change produced in the blood by exposure to the air in respiration; oxygenation of the blood in respiration; arterialization. 3. The act or preparation of charging with carbonic acid gas or with oxygen. AERATOR A"ër*a`tor, n. Defn: That which supplies with air; esp. an apparatus used for charging mineral waters with gas and in making soda water. AERENCHYM; AERENCHYMA { A"ër*en`chym, A`ër*en"chy*ma }, n. [NL. aërenchyma. See Aëro-; Enchyma.] (Bot.) Defn: A secondary respiratory tissue or modified periderm, found in many aquatic plants and distinguished by the large intercellular spaces. AERIAL A*ë"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. aërius. See Air.] 1. Of or pertaining to the air, or atmosphere; inhabiting or frequenting the air; produced by or found in the air; performed in the air; as, aërial regions or currents. "Aërial spirits." Milton. "Aërial voyages." Darwin. 2. Consisting of air; resembling, or partaking of the nature of air. Hence: Unsubstantial; unreal. 3. Rising aloft in air; high; lofty; as, aërial spires. 4. Growing, forming, or existing in the air, as opposed to growing or existing in earth or water, or underground; as, aërial rootlets, aërial plants. Gray. 5. Light as air; ethereal. Aërial acid, carbonic acid. [Obs.] Ure. -- Aërial perspective. See Perspective. AERIALITY A*ë`ri*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being aërial; [R.] De Quincey. AERIALLY A*ë"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: Like, or from, the air; in an aërial manner. "A murmur heard aërially." Tennyson. AERIAL RAILWAY A*ë`ri*al rail"way`. (a) A stretched wire or rope elevated above the ground and forming a way along which a trolley may travel, for conveying a load suspended from the trolley. (b) An elevated cableway. AERIAL SICKNESS A*ë"ri*al sick"ness. Defn: A sickness felt by aëronauts due to high speed of flights and rapidity in changing altitudes, combining some symptoms of mountain sickness and some of seasickness. AERIE Ae"rie, n. Etym: [OE. aire, eire, air, nest, also origin, descent, OF. aire, LL. area, aera, nest of a bird of prey, perh. fr. L. area an open space (for birds of prey like to build their nests on flat and open spaces on the top of high rocks). Cf. Area.] Defn: The nest of a bird of prey, as of an eagle or hawk; also a brood of such birds; eyrie. Shak. Also fig.: A human residence or resting place perched like an eagle's nest. AERIFEROUS A`ër*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. aër air + -ferous: cf. F. aérifère.] Defn: Conveying or containing air; air-bearing; as, the windpipe is an aëriferous tube. AERIFICATION A`ër*i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. aérification. See A.] 1. The act of combining air with another substance, or the state of being filled with air. 2. The act of becoming aërified, or of changing from a solid or liquid form into an aëriform state; the state of being aëriform. AERIFORM A"ër*i*form, a. Etym: [L. aër air + -form: cf. F. aériforme.] Defn: Having the form or nature of air, or of an elastic fluid; gaseous. Hence fig.: Unreal. AERIFY A"ër*i*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. aër air + -fly.] 1. To infuse air into; to combine air with. 2. To change into an aëriform state. AERO- A"ër*o-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The combining form of the Greek word meaning air. AEROBIC A`ër*o"bic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Growing or thriving only in the presence of oxygen; also, pertaining to, or induced by, aërobies; as, aërobic fermentation. -- A`ër*o"bic*al*ly (#), adv. AEROBIES A"ër*o*bies, n. pl. Etym: [Aëro- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Microörganisms which live in contact with the air and need oxygen for their growth; as the microbacteria which form on the surface of putrefactive fluids. AEROBIOTIC A`ër*o*bi*ot"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Related to, or of the nature of, aërobies; as, aërobiotic plants, which live only when supplied with free oxygen. AEROBOAT A"ër*o*boat`, n. [Aëro- + boat.] Defn: A form of hydro-aëroplane; a flying boat. AEROBUS A"ër*o*bus`, n. [Aëro-+ bus.] Defn: An aëroplane or airship designed to carry passengers. AEROCLUB A"ër*o*club`, n. [Aëro- + club.] Defn: A club or association of persons interested in aëronautics. AEROCURVE A"ër*o*curve`, n. [Aëro- + curve.] (Aëronautics) Defn: A modification of the aëroplane, having curved surfaces, the advantages of which were first demonstrated by Lilienthal. AEROCYST A"ër*o*cyst, n. Etym: [Aëro- + cyst.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the air cells of algals. AEROCYST A"ër*o*cyst, n. [Aëro-+ cyst.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the air cells of algals. AERODONETICS A`ë*ro*do*net"ics, n. [Aëro- + Gr. shaken, to shake.] (Aëronautics) Defn: The science of gliding and soaring flight. AERODROME A"ë*ro*drome`, n. [Aëro- + Gr. a running.] (Aëronautics) (a) A shed for housing an airship or aëroplane. (b) A ground or field, esp. one equipped with housing and other facilities, used for flying purposes. -- A`ër*o*drom"ic (#), a. AERODYNAMIC A"ër*o*dy*nam"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to the force of air in motion. AERODYNAMICS A`ër*o*dy*nam"ics, n. Etym: [Aëro- + dynamics: cf. F. aérodynamique.] Defn: The science which treats of the air and other gaseous bodies under the action of force, and of their mechanical effects. AEROFOIL A"ër*o*foil`, n. [Aëro- + foil.] Defn: A plane or arched surface for sustaining bodies by its movement through the air; a spread wing, as of a bird. AEROGNOSY A`ër*og"no*sy, n. Etym: [Aëro- + Gr. aérognosie.] Defn: The science which treats of the properties of the air, and of the part it plays in nature. Craig. AEROGRAPHER A`ër*og"ra*pher, n. Defn: One versed in aëography: an aërologist. AEROGRAPHIC; AEROGRAPHICAL A`ër*o*graph"ic, A`ër*o*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to aërography; aërological. AEROGRAPHY A`ër*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Aëro- + -graphy: cf. F. aérographie.] Defn: A description of the air or atmosphere; aërology. AEROGUN A"ër*o*gun`, n. [Aëro-+ gun.] Defn: A cannon capable of being trained at very high angles for use against aircraft. AEROHYDRODYNAMIC A`ër*o*hy`dro*dy*nam"ic, a. Etym: [Aëro- + hydrodynamic.] Defn: Acting by the force of air and water; as, an aërohydrodynamic wheel. AEROLITE A"ër*o*lite, n. Etym: [Aëro- + -lite: cf. F. aérolithe.] (Meteor.) Defn: A stone, or metallic mass, which has fallen to the earth from distant space; a meteorite; a meteoric stone. Note: Some writers limit the word to stony meteorites. AEROLITH A"ër*o*lith, n. Defn: Same as A. AEROLITHOLOGY A`ër*o*li*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Aëro- + lithology.] Defn: The science of aërolites. AEROLITIC A`ër*o*lit"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to aërolites; meteoric; as, aërolitic iron. Booth. AEROLOGIC; AEROLOGICAL A`ër*o*log"ic, A`ër*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to aërology. AEROLOGIST A`ër*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in aërology. AEROLOGY A`ër*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Aëro- + -logy: cf. F. aérologie.] Defn: That department of physics which treats of the atmosphere. AEROMANCY A"ër*o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Aëro- + -mancy: cf. F. aéromancie.] Defn: Divination from the state of the air or from atmospheric substances; also, forecasting changes in the weather. AEROMECHANIC; AEROMECHANICAL A`ër*o*me*chan"ic, A`ër*o*me*chan"ical, a. Defn: Of or pert. to aëromechanics. AEROMECHANIC A`ër*o*me*chan"ic, n. Defn: A mechanic or mechanician expert in the art and practice of aëronautics. AEROMECHANICS A`ër*o*me*chan"ics, n. Defn: The science of equilibrium and motion of air or an aëriform fluid, including aërodynamics and aërostatics. AEROMETER A`ër*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Aëro- + -meter: cf. F. éromètre.] Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the weight or density of air and gases. AEROMETRIC A`ër*o*met"ric, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to aërometry; as, aërometric investigations. AEROMETRY A`ër*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Aëro- + -metry: cf. F. érométrie.] Defn: The science of measuring the air, including the doctrine of its pressure, elasticity, rarefaction, and condensation; pneumatics. AERONAT A"ër*o*nat`, n. [F. aéronat. See Aëro-; Natation.] Defn: A dirigible balloon. AERONAUT A"ër*o*naut, n. Etym: [F. aéronaute, fr. Gr. Nautical.] Defn: An aërial navigator; a balloonist. AERONAUTIC; AERONAUTICAL A`ër*o*naut"ic, A`ër*o*naut"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. aéronauitique.] Defn: Pertaining to aëronautics, or aërial sailing. AERONAUTICS A`ër*o*naut"ics, n. Defn: The science or art of ascending and sailing in the air, as by means of a balloon; aërial navigation; ballooning. AERONEF A"ër*o*nef`, n. [F. aéronef.] Defn: A power-driven, heavier-than-air flying machine. AEROPHOBIA; AEROPHOBY A`ër*o*pho"bi*a, A`ër*oph"o*by, n. Etym: [Aëro- + Gr. aérophobie.] (Med.) Defn: Dread of a current of air. AEROPHONE A"ër*o*phone`, n. [Aëro- + Gr. voice.] (a) A form of combined speaking and ear trumpet. (b) An instrument, proposed by Edison, for greatly intensifying speech. It consists of a phonograph diaphragm so arranged that its action opens and closes valves, producing synchronous air blasts sufficient to operate a larger diaphragm with greater amplitude of vibration. AEROPHYTE A"ër*o*phyte (, n. Etym: [Aëro- + Gr. aérophyte.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant growing entirely in the air, and receiving its nourishment from it; an air plant or epiphyte. AEROPLANE A"ër*o*plane` (, n. Etym: [Aëro- + plane.] Defn: A flying machine, or a small plane for experiments on flying, which floats in the air only when propelled through it. AEROPLANIST A"ër*o*plan`ist, n. Defn: One who flies in an aëroplane. AEROSCOPE A"ër*o*scope (, n. Etym: [Aëro- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: An apparatus designed for collecting spores, germs, bacteria, etc., suspended in the air. AEROSCOPY A`ër*os"co*py (, n. Etym: [Aëro- + Gr. Defn: The observation of the state and variations of the atmosphere. AEROSE Æ*rose" (, a. Etym: [L. aerosus, fr. aes, aeris, brass, copper.] Defn: Of the nature of, or like, copper; brassy. [R.] AEROSIDERITE A`ër*o*sid"er*ite (, n. Etym: [Aëro- + siderite.] (Meteor.) Defn: A mass of meteoric iron. AEROSPHERE A"ër*o*sphere (, n. Etym: [Aëro- + sphere: cf. F. aérosphère.] Defn: The atmosphere. [R.] AEROSTAT A"ër*o*stat (, n. Etym: [F. aérostat, fr. Gr. Statics.] 1. A balloon. 2. A balloonist; an aëronaut. AEROSTATIC; AEROSTATICAL A`ër*o*stat"ic (, A`ër*o*stat"ic*al (, a. Etym: [Aëro- + Gr. aérostatique. See Statical, Statics.] 1. Of or pertaining to aërostatics; pneumatic. 2. Aëronautic; as, an aërostatic voyage. AEROSTATICS A`ër*o*stat"ics (, n. Defn: The science that treats of the equilibrium of elastic fluids, or that of bodies sustained in them. Hence it includes aëronautics. AEROSTATION A`ër*os*ta"tion (, n. Etym: [Cf. F. aérostation the art of using aërostats.] 1. Aërial navigation; the art of raising and guiding balloons in the air. 2. The science of weighing air; aërostatics. [Obs.] AEROTAXIS A"ër*o*tax`is, n. [NL. See Aëro-; Taxis.] (Bacteriology) Defn: The positive or negative stimulus exerted by oxygen on aërobic and anaërobic bacteria. -- A`ër*o*tac"tic (#), a. AEROTHERAPENTICS A`ër*o*ther`a*pen"tics, n. [Aëro- + therapeutics.] (Med.) Defn: Treatment of disease by the use of air or other gases. AEROYACHT A"ër*o*yacht`, n. [Aëro- + yacht.] Defn: A form of hydro-aëroplane; a flying boat. AERUGINOUS Æ*ru"gi*nous (, a. Etym: [L. aeruginosus, fr. aerugo rust of copper, fr. aes copper: cf. F. érugineux.] Defn: Of the nature or color of verdigris, or the rust of copper. AERUGO Æ*ru"go (, n. Etym: [L. aes brass, copper.] Defn: The rust of any metal, esp. of brass or copper; verdigris. AERY Ae"ry (, n. Defn: An aerie. AERY A"ër*y (, a. Etym: [See Air.] Defn: Aërial; ethereal; incorporeal; visionary. [Poetic] M. Arnold. AESCULAPIAN Æs`cu*la"pi*an (, a. Defn: Pertaining to Æsculapius or to the healing art; medical; medicinal. AESCULAPIUS Æs`cu*la"pi*us (, n. Etym: [L. Aesculapius, Gr. (Myth.) Defn: The god of medicine. Hence, a physician. AESCULIN Æs"cu*lin (, n. Defn: Same as Esculin. AESIR Æ"sir, n. pl. [Icel., pl. of ass god.] Defn: In the old Norse mythology, the gods Odin, Thor, Loki, Balder, Frigg, and the others. Their home was called Asgard. AESOPIAN; ESOPIAN Æ*so"pi*an, E*so"pi*an (, a. Etym: [L. Aesopius, from Gr. (.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Æsop, or in his manner. AESOPIC; ESOPIC Æ*sop"ic, E*sop"ic (, a. Etym: [L. Aesopicus, Gr. Defn: Same as Æsopian. AESTHESIA Æs*the"si*a (, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Perception by the senses; feeling; -- the opposite of anæsthesia. AESTHESIOMETER; ESTHESIOMETER Æs*the`si*om"e*ter, Es*the`si*om"e*ter (, n. Etym: [Gr. Æsthesia) + - meter.] Defn: An instrument to measure the degree of sensation, by determining at how short a distance two impressions upon the skin can be distinguished, and thus to determine whether the condition of tactile sensibility is normal or altered. AESTHESIS Æs*the""sis (, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Sensuous perception. [R.] Ruskin. AESTHESODIC Æs`the*sod"ic (, a. Etym: [Gr. esthésodique.] (Physiol.) Defn: Conveying sensory or afferent impulses; -- said of nerves. AESTHETE Æs"thete (, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who makes much or overmuch of æsthetics. [Recent] AESTHETIC; AESTHETICAL Æs*thet"ic (, Æs*thet"ic*al (, a. Defn: Of or Pertaining to æsthetics; versed in æsthetics; as, æsthetic studies, emotions, ideas, persons, etc. -- Æs*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. AESTHETICAN Æs`the*ti"can, n. Defn: One versed in æsthetics. AESTHETICISM Æs*thet"i*cism, n. Defn: The doctrine of æsthetics; æsthetic principles; devotion to the beautiful in nature and art. Lowell. AESTHETICS; ESTHETICS Æs*thet"ics, Es*thet"ics (, n. Etym: [Gr. ästhetik, F. esthétique.] Defn: The theory or philosophy of taste; the science of the beautiful in nature and art; esp. that which treats of the expression and embodiment of beauty by art. AESTHO-PHYSIOLOGY Æs`tho-phys`i*ol"o*gy(#), n. Etym: [Gr. physiology.] Defn: The science of sensation in relation to nervous action. H. Spenser. AESTIVAL Æs"ti*val, a. Etym: [L. aestivalis, aestivus, fr. aestas summer.] Defn: Of or belonging to the summer; as, æstival diseases. [Spelt also estival.] AESTIVATE Æs"ti*vate, v. i. Etym: [L. aestivare, aestivatum.] 1. To spend the summer. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: To pass the summer in a state of torpor. [Spelt also estivate.] AESTIVATION Æs`ti*va"tion, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The state of torpidity induced by the heat and dryness of summer, as in certain snails; -- opposed to hibernation. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The arrangement of the petals in a flower bud, as to folding, overlapping, etc.; prefloration. Gray. [Spelt also estivation.] AESTUARY Æs"tu*a*ry, n. & a. Defn: See Estuary. AESTUOUS Æs"tu*ous, a. Etym: [L. aestuosus, fr. aestus fire, glow.] Defn: Glowing; agitated, as with heat. AETHEOGAMOUS A*ë`the*og"a*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Propagated in an unusual way; cryptogamous. AETHER Æ"ther, n. Defn: See Ether. AETHIOPS MINERAL Æ"thi*ops min"er*al. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Ethiops mineral. [Obs.] AETHOGEN Æth"o*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound of nitrogen and boro AETHRIOSCOPE Æ"thri*o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An instrument consisting in part of a differential thermometer. It is used for measuring changes of temperature produced by different conditions of the sky, as when clear or clouded. AETIOLOGICAL Æ`ti*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to ætiology; assigning a cause. -- Æ`ti*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. AETIOLOGY Æ`ti*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. aetologia, Gr. étiologie.] 1. The science, doctrine, or demonstration of causes; esp., the investigation of the causes of any disease; the science of the origin and development of things. 2. The assignment of a cause. AETITES A`ë*ti"tes, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: See Eaglestone. AFAR A*far", adv. Etym: [Pref. a-.(for on or of) + far.] Defn: At, to, or from a great distance; far away; -- often used with from preceding, or off following; as, he was seen from afar; I saw him afar off. The steep where Fame's proud temple shines afar. Beattie. AFEARD A*feard", p. a. Etym: [OE. afered, AS. af, p. p. of af to frighten; a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + fran to frighten. See Fear.] Defn: Afraid. [Obs.] Be not afeard; the isle is full of noises. Shak. AFER A"fer, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: The southwest wind. Milton. AFFABILITY Af`fa*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. affabilitas: cf. F. affabilité.] Defn: The quality of being affable; readiness to converse; courteousness in receiving others and in conversation; complaisant behavior. Affability is of a wonderful efficacy or power in procuring love. Elyot AFFABLE Af"fa*ble, a. Etym: [F. affable, L. affabilis, fr. affari to speak to; ad + fari to speak. See Fable.] 1. Easy to be spoken to or addressed; receiving others kindly and conversing with them in a free and friendly manner; courteous; sociable. An affable and courteous gentleman. Shak. His manners polite and affable. Macaulay. 2. Gracious; mild; benign. A serene and affable countenance. Tatler. Syn. -- Courteous; civil; complaisant; accessible; mild; benign; condescending. AFFABLENESS Af"fa*ble*ness, n. Defn: Affability. AFFABLY Af"fa*bly, adv. Defn: In an affable manner; courteously. AFFABROUS Af"fa*brous, a. Etym: [L. affaber workmanlike; ad + faber.] Defn: Executed in a workmanlike manner; ingeniously made. [R.] Bailey. AFFAIR Af*fair", n. Etym: [OE. afere, affere, OF. afaire, F. affaire, fr. a faire to do; L.. ad + facere to do. See Fact, and cf. Ado.] 1. That which is done or is to be done; matter; concern; as, a difficult affair to manage; business of any kind, commercial, professional, or public; -- often in the plural. "At the head of affairs." Junius. "A talent for affairs." Prescott. 2. Any proceeding or action which it is wished to refer to or characterize vaguely; as, an affair of honor, i. e., a duel; an affair of love, i. e., an intrigue. 3. (Mil.) Defn: An action or engagement not of sufficient magnitude to be called a battle. 4. Action; endeavor. [Obs.] And with his best affair Obeyed the pleasure of the Sun. Chapman. 5. A material object (vaguely designated). A certain affair of fine red cloth much worn and faded. Hawthorne. AFFAMISH Af*fam"ish, v. t. & i. Etym: [F. affamer, fr. L. ad + fames hunger. See Famish.] Defn: To afflict with, or perish from, hunger. [Obs.] Spenser. AFFAMISHMENT Af*fam"ish*ment, n. Defn: Starvation. Bp. Hall. AFFATUATE Af*fat"u*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. ad + fatuus foolish.] Defn: To infatuate. [Obs.] Milton. AFFEAR Af*fear", v. t. Etym: [OE. aferen, AS. af. See Afeard.] Defn: To frighten. [Obs.] Spenser. AFFECT Af*fect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affected; p. pr. & vb. n. Affecting.] Etym: [L. affectus, p. p. of afficere to affect by active agency; ad + facere to make: cf. F. affectere, L. affectare, freq. of afficere. See Fact.] 1. To act upon; to produce an effect or change upon. As might affect the earth with cold heat. Milton. The climate affected their health and spirits. Macaulay. 2. To influence or move, as the feelings or passions; to touch. A consideration of the rationale of our passions seems to me very necessary for all who would affect them upon solid and pure principles. 3. To love; to regard with affection. [Obs.] As for Queen Katharine, he rather respected than affected, rather honored than loved, her. Fuller. 4. To show a fondness for; to like to use or practice; to choose; hence, to frequent habitually. For he does neither affect company, nor is he fit for Shak. Do not affect the society of your inferiors in rank, nor court that of the great. Hazlitt. 5. To dispose or incline. Men whom they thought best affected to religion and their country's liberty. Milton. 6. To aim at; to aspire; to covet. [Obs.] This proud man affects imperial Dryden. 7. To tend to by affinity or disposition. The drops of every fluid affect a round figure. Newton. 8. To make a show of; to put on a pretense of; to feign; to assume; as, to affect ignorance. Careless she is with artful care, Affecting to seem unaffected. Congreve. Thou dost affect my manners. Shak. 9. To assign; to appoint. [R.] One of the domestics was affected to his special service. Thackeray. Syn. -- To influence; operate; act on; concern; move; melt; soften; subdue; overcome; pretend; assume. AFFECT Af*fect", n. Etym: [L. affectus.] Defn: Affection; inclination; passion; feeling; disposition. [Obs.] Shak. AFFECTATION Af`fec*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. affectatio: cf. F. affectation.] 1. An attempt to assume or exhibit what is not natural or real; false display; artificial show. "An affectation of contempt." Macaulay. Affectation is an awkward and forced imitation of what should be genuine and easy, wanting the beauty that accompanies what is natural what is natural. Locke. 2. A striving after. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. 3. Fondness; affection. [Obs.] Hooker. AFFECTATIONIST Af`fec*ta"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who exhibits affectation. [R.] Fitzed. Hall. AFFECTED Af*fect"ed, p. p. & a. 1. Regarded with affection; beloved. [Obs.] His affected Hercules. Chapman. 2. Inclined; disposed; attached. How stand you affected his wish Shak. 3. Given to false show; assuming or pretending to posses what is not natural or real. He is . . . too spruce, too affected, too odd. Shak. 4. Assumed artificially; not natural. Affected coldness and indifference. Addison. 5. (Alg.) Defn: Made up of terms involving different powers of the unknown quantity; adfected; as, an affected equation. AFFECTEDLY Af*fect"ed*ly, adv. 1. In an affected manner; hypocritically; with more show than reality. 2. Lovingly; with tender care. [Obs.] Shak. AFFECTEDNESS Af*fect"ed*ness, n. Defn: Affectation. AFFECTER Af*fect"er, n. Defn: One who affects, assumes, pretends, or strives after. "Affecters of wit." Abp. Secker. AFFECTIBILITY Af*fect`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being affectible. [R.] AFFECTIBLE Af*fect"i*ble, a. Defn: That may be affected. [R.] Lay aside the absolute, and, by union with the creaturely, become affectible. Coleridge. AFFECTING Af*fect"ing, a. 1. Moving the emotions; fitted to excite the emotions; pathetic; touching; as, an affecting address; an affecting sight. The most affecting music is generally the most simple. 2. Affected; given to false show. [Obs.] A drawling; affecting rouge. Shak. AFFECTINGLY Af*fect"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In an affecting manner; is a manner to excite emotions. AFFECTION Af*fec"tion, n. Etym: [F. affection, L. affectio, fr. afficere. See Affect.] 1. The act of affecting or acting upon; the state of being affected. 2. An attribute; a quality or property; a condition; a bodily state; as, figure, weight, etc. , are affections of bodies. "The affections of quantity." Boyle. And, truly, waking dreams were, more or less, An old and strange affection of the house. Tennyson. 3. Bent of mind; a feeling or natural impulse or natural impulse acting upon and swaying the mind; any emotion; as, the benevolent affections, esteem, gratitude, etc. ; the malevolent affections, hatred, envy, etc.; inclination; disposition; propensity; tendency. Affection is applicable to an unpleasant as well as a pleasant state of the mind, when impressed by any object or quality. Cogan. 4. A settled good will; kind feeling; love; zealous or tender attachment; -- often in the pl. Formerly followed by to, but now more generally by for or towards; as, filial, social, or conjugal affections; to have an affection for or towards children. All his affections are set on his own country. Macaulay. 5. Prejudice; bias. [Obs.] Bp. Aylmer. 6. (Med.) Defn: Disease; morbid symptom; malady; as, a pulmonary affection. Dunglison. 7. The lively representation of any emotion. Wotton. 8. Affectation. [Obs.] "Spruce affection." Shak. 9. Passion; violent emotion. [Obs.] Most wretched man, That to affections does the bridle lend. Spenser. Syn. -- Attachment; passion; tenderness; fondness; kindness; love; good will. See Attachment; Disease. AFFECTIONAL Af*fec"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the affections; as, affectional impulses; an affectional nature. AFFECTIONATE Af*fec"tion*ate, a. Etym: [Cf. F. affectionné.] 1. Having affection or warm regard; loving; fond; as, an affectionate brother. 2. Kindly inclined; zealous. [Obs.] Johson. Man, in his love God, and desire to please him, can never be too affectionate. Sprat. 3. Proceeding from affection; indicating love; tender; as, the affectionate care of a parent; affectionate countenance, message, language. 4. Strongly inclined; -- with to. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. -- Tender; attached; loving; devoted; warm; fond; earnest; ardent. AFFECTIONATED Af*fec"tion*a`ted, a. Defn: Disposed; inclined. [Obs.] Affectionated to the people. Holinshed. AFFECTIONATELY Af*fec"tion*ate*ly, adv. Defn: With affection; lovingly; fondly; tenderly; kindly. AFFECTIONATENESS Af*fec"tion*ate*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being affectionate; fondness; affection. AFFECTIONED Af*fec"tioned, a. 1. Disposed. [Archaic] Be kindly affectioned one to another. Rom. xii. 10. 2. Affected; conceited. [Obs.] Shak. AFFECTIVE Af*fec"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. affectif.] 1. Tending to affect; affecting. [Obs.] Burnet. 2. Pertaining to or exciting emotion; affectional; emotional. Rogers. AFFECTIVELY Af*fec"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an affective manner; impressively; emotionally. AFFECTUOUS Af*fec"tu*ous, a. Etym: [L. affectuous: cf. F. affectueux. See Affect.] Defn: Full of passion or emotion; earnest. [Obs.] -- Af*fec"tu*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] Fabyan. AFFEER Af*feer", v. t. Etym: [OF. aforer, afeurer, to tax, appraise, assess, fr. L. ad + forum market, court of justice, in LL. also meaning pri.] 1. To confirm; to assure. [Obs.] "The title is affeered." Shak. 2. (Old Law) Defn: To assess or reduce, as an arbitrary penalty or amercement, to a certain and reasonable sum. Amercements . . . were affeered by the judges. Blackstone. AFFEERER; AFFEEROR Af*feer"er, Af*feer"or, n. Etym: [OF. aforeur, LL. afforator.] (Old Law) Defn: One who affeers. Cowell. AFFEERMENT Af*feer"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. aforement.] (Old Law) Defn: The act of affeering. Blackstone. AFFERENT Af"fer*ent, a. Etym: [L. afferens, p. pr. of afferre; ad + ferre to bear.] (Physiol.) Defn: Bearing or conducting inwards to a part or organ; -- opposed to efferent; as, afferent vessels; afferent nerves, which convey sensations from the external organs to the brain. AFFETTUOSO Af*fet`tu*o"so, adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: With feeling. AFFIANCE Af*fi"ance, n. Etym: [OE. afiaunce trust, confidence, OF. afiance, fr. afier to trust, fr. LL. affidare to trust; ad + fidare to trust, fr. L. fides faith. See Faith, and cf. Affidavit, Affy, Confidence.] 1. Plighted faith; marriage contract or promise. 2. Trust; reliance; faith; confidence. Such feelings promptly yielded to his habitual affiance in the divine love. Sir J. Stephen. Lancelot, my Lancelot, thou in whom I have Most joy and most affiance. Tennyson. AFFIANCE Af*fi"ance, v. t. [imp. Affianced; p. pr. Affiancing.] Etym: [Cf. OF. afiancier, fr. afiance.] 1. To betroth; to pledge one's faith to for marriage, or solemnly promise (one's self or another) in marriage. To me, sad maid, he was affianced. Spenser. 2. To assure by promise. [Obs.] Pope. AFFIANCER Af*fi"an*cer, n. Defn: One who makes a contract of marriage between two persons. AFFIANT Af*fi"ant, n. Etym: [From p. pr. of OF. afier, LL. affidare. See Affidavit.] (Law) Defn: One who makes an affidavit. [U. S.] Burrill. Syn. -- Deponent. See Deponent. AFFICHE Af`fiche", n. [F., fr. afficher to affix.] Defn: A written or printed notice to be posted, as on a wall; a poster; a placard. AFFIDAVIT Af`fi*da"vit, n. Etym: [LL. affidavit he has made oath, perfect tense of affidare. See Affiance, Affy.] (Law) Defn: A sworn statement in writing; a declaration in writing, signed and made upon oath before an authorized magistrate. Bouvier. Burrill. Note: It is always made ex parte, and without cross-examination, and in this differs from a deposition. It is also applied to written statements made on affirmation. Syn. -- Deposition. See Deposition. AFFILE Af*file", v. t. Etym: [OF. afiler, F. affiler, to sharpen; a (L. ad) + fil thread, edge.] Defn: To polish. [Obs.] AFFILIABLE Af*fil"i*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being affiliated to or on, or connected with in origin. AFFILIATE Af*fil"i*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affiliated; p. pr. & vb. n. Affiliating.] Etym: [LL. adfiliare, affiliare, to adopt as son; ad + filius son: cf. F. affilier.] 1. To adopt; to receive into a family as a son; hence, to bring or receive into close connection; to ally. Is the soul affiliated to God, or is it estranged and in rebellion I. Taylor. 2. To fix the paternity of; -- said of an illegitimate child; as, to affiliate the child to (or on or upon) one man rather than another. 3. To connect in the way of descent; to trace origin to. How do these facts tend to affiliate the faculty of hearing upon the aboriginal vegetative processes H. Spencer. 4. To attach (to) or unite (with); to receive into a society as a member, and initiate into its mysteries, plans, etc.; -- followed by to or with. Affiliated societies, societies connected with a central society, or with each other. AFFILIATE Af*fil"i*ate, v. i. Defn: To connect or associate one's self; -- followed by with; as, they affiliate with no party. AFFILIATION Af*fil`i*a"tion, n. Etym: [F. affiliation, LL. affiliatio.] 1. Adoption; association or reception as a member in or of the same family or society. 2. (Law) Defn: The establishment or ascertaining of parentage; the assignment of a child, as a bastard, to its father; filiation. 3. Connection in the way of descent. H. Spencer. AFFINAL Af*fi"nal, a. Etym: [L. affinis.] Defn: Related by marriage; from the same source. AFFINE Af*fine", v. t. Etym: [F. affiner to refine; (L. ad) + fin fine. See Fine.] Defn: To refine. [Obs.] Holland. AFFINED Af*fined", a. Etym: [OF. afiné related, p. p., fr. LL. affinare to join, fr. L. affinis neighboring, related to; ad + finis boundary, limit.] Defn: Joined in affinity or by any tie. [Obs.] "All affined and kin." Shak. AFFINITATIVE Af*fin"i*ta*tive, a. Defn: Of the nature of affinity. -- Af*fin"i*ta*tive*ly, adv. AFFINITIVE Af*fin"i*tive, a. Defn: Closely connected, as by affinity. AFFINITY Af*fin"i*ty, n.; pl. Affinities(#). Etym: [OF. afinité, F. affinité, L. affinites, fr. affinis. See Affined.] 1. Relationship by marriage (as between a husband and his wife's blood relations, or between a wife and her husband's blood relations); -- in contradistinction to consanguinity, or relationship by blood; -- followed by with, to, or between. Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh. 1 Kings iii. 1. 2. Kinship generally; close agreement; relation; conformity; resemblance; connection; as, the affinity of sounds, of colors, or of languages. There is a close affinity between imposture and credulity. Sir G. C. Lewis. 2. Companionship; acquaintance. [Obs.] About forty years past, I began a happy affinity with William Cranmer. Burton. 4. (Chem.) Defn: That attraction which takes place, at an insensible distance, between the heterogeneous particles of bodies, and unites them to form chemical compounds; chemism; chemical or elective affinity or attraction. 5. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: A relation between species or highe 6. (Spiritualism) Defn: A superior spiritual relationship or attraction held to exist sometimes between persons, esp. persons of the opposite sex; also, the man or woman who exerts such psychical or spiritual attraction. AFFIRM Af*firm", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affirmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Affirming.] Etym: [OE. affermen, OF. afermer, F. affirmer, affermir, fr. L. affirmare; ad + firmare to make firm, firmus firm. See Firm.] 1. To make firm; to confirm, or ratify; esp. (Law), Defn: to assert or confirm, as a judgment, decree, or order, brought before an appelate court for review. 2. To assert positively; to tell with confidence; to aver; to maintain as true; -- opposed to deny. Jesus, . . . whom Paul affirmed to be alive. Acts xxv. 19. 3. (Law) Defn: To declare, as a fact, solemnly, under judicial sanction. See Affirmation, 4. Syn. -- To assert; aver; declare; asseverate; assure; pronounce; protest; avouch; confirm; establish; ratify. -- To Affirm, Asseverate, Aver, Protest. We affirm when we declare a thing as a fact or a proposition. We asseverate it in a peculiarly earnest manner, or with increased positiveness as what can not be disputed. We aver it, or formally declare it to be true, when we have positive knowledge of it. We protest in a more public manner and with the energy of perfect sincerity. People asseverate in order to produce a conviction of their veracity; they aver when they are peculiarly desirous to be believed; they protest when they wish to free themselves from imputations, or to produce a conviction of their innocence. AFFIRM Af*firm", v. i. 1. To declare or assert positively. Not that I so affirm, though so it seem To thee, who hast thy dwelling here on earth. Milton. 2. (Law) Defn: To make a solemn declaration, before an authorized magistrate or tribunal, under the penalties of perjury; to testify by affirmation. AFFIRMABLE Af*firm"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being affirmed, asserted, or declared; -- followed by of; as, an attribute affirmable of every just man. AFFIRMANCE Af*firm"ance, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. afermance.] 1. Confirmation; ratification; confirmation of a voidable act. This statute . . . in affirmance of the common law. Bacon. 2. A strong declaration; affirmation. Cowper. AFFIRMANT Af*firm"ant, n. Etym: [L. affirmans, -antis, p. pr. See Affirm.] 1. One who affirms or asserts. 2. (Law) Defn: One who affirms of taking an oath. AFFIRMATION Af`fir*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. affirmatio: cf. F. affirmation.] 1. Confirmation of anything established; ratification; as, the affirmation of a law. Hooker. 2. The act of affirming or asserting as true; assertion; -- opposed to negation or denial. 3. That which is asserted; an assertion; a positive as, an affirmation, by the vender, of title to property sold, or of its quality. 4. (Law) Defn: A solemn declaration made under the penalties of perjury, by persons who conscientiously decline taking an oath, which declaration is in law equivalent to an oath. Bouvier. AFFIRMATIVE Af*firm"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. affirmativus: cf. F. affirmatif.] 1. Confirmative; ratifying; as, an act affirmative of common law. 2. That affirms; asserting that the fact is so; declaratory of what exists; answering "yes" to a question; -- opposed to negative; as, an affirmative answer; an affirmative vote. 3. Positive; dogmatic. [Obs.] J. Taylor. Lysicles was a little by the affirmative air of Crito. Berkeley. 4. (logic) Defn: Expressing the agreement of the two terms of a proposition. 5. (Alg.) Defn: Positive; -- a term applied to quantities which are to be added, and opposed to negative, or such as are to be subtracted. AFFIRMATIVE Af*firm"a*tive, n. 1. That which affirms as opposed to that which denies; an affirmative proposition; that side of question which affirms or maintains the proposition stated; -- opposed to Ant: negative; as, there were forty votes in the affirmative, and ten in the negative. Whether there are such beings or not, 't is sufficient for my purpose that many have believed the affirmative. Dryden. 2. A word or phrase expressing affirmation or assent; as, yes, that is so, etc. AFFIRMATIVELY Af*firm"a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an affirmative manner; on the affirmative side of a question; in the affirmative; -- opposed to negatively. AFFIRMATORY Af*firm"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Giving affirmation; assertive; affirmative. Massey. AFFIRMER Af*firm"er, n. Defn: One who affirms. AFFIX Af*fix", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affixed; p. pr. & vb. n. Affixing.] Etym: [LL. affixare, L. affixus, p. p. of affigere to fasten to; ad + figere to fasten: cf. OE. affichen, F. afficher, ultimately fr. L. affigere. See Fix.] 1. To subjoin, annex, or add at the close or end; to append to; to fix to any part of; as, to affix a syllable to a word; to affix a seal to an instrument; to affix one's name to a writing. 2. To fix or fasten in any way; to attach physically. Should they [caterpillars] affix them to the leaves of a plant improper for their food. Ray. 3. To attach, unite, or connect with; as, names affixed to ideas, or ideas affixed to things; to affix a stigma to a person; to affix ridicule or blame to any one. 4. To fix or fasten figuratively; -- with on or upon; as, eyes affixed upon the ground. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. -- To attach; subjoin; connect; annex; unite. AFFIX Af"fix, n.; pl. Affixes. Etym: [L. affixus, p. p. of affigere: cf. F. affixe.] Defn: That which is affixed; an appendage; esp. one or more letters or syllables added at the end of a word; a suffix; a postfix. AFFIXION Af*fix"ion, n. Etym: [L. affixio, fr. affigere.] Defn: Affixture. [Obs.] T. Adams. AFFIXTURE Af*fix"ture, n. Defn: The act of affixing, or the state of being affixed; attachment. AFFLATION Af*fla"tion, n. Etym: [L. afflatus, p. p. of afflare to blow or breathe on; ad + flare to blow.] Defn: A blowing or breathing on; inspiration. AFFLATUS Af*fla"tus, n. Etym: [L., fr. afflare. See Afflation.] 1. A breath or blast of wind. 2. A divine impartation of knowledge; supernatural impulse; inspiration. A poet writing against his genius will be like a prophet without his afflatus. Spence. AFFLICT Af*flict", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Afflicting.] Etym: [L. afflictus, p. p. of affigere to cast down, deject; ad + fligere to strike: cf. OF. aflit, afflict, p. p. Cf. Flagellate.] 1. To strike or cast down; to overthrow. [Obs.] "Reassembling our afflicted powers." Milton. 2. To inflict some great injury or hurt upon, causing continued pain or mental distress; to trouble grievously; to torment. They did set over them taskmasters to afflict them with their burdens. Exod. i. 11. That which was the worst now least afflicts me. Milton. 3. To make low or humble. [Obs.] Spenser. Men are apt to prefer a prosperous error before an afflicted truth. Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- To trouble; grieve; pain; distress; harass; torment; wound; hurt. AFFLICT Af*flict", p. p. & a. Etym: [L. afflictus, p. p.] Defn: Afflicted. [Obs.] Becon. AFFLICTEDNESS Af*flict"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being afflicted; affliction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. AFFLICTER Af*flict"er, n. Defn: One who afflicts. AFFLICTING Af*flict"ing, a. Defn: Grievously painful; distressing; afflictive; as, an afflicting event. -- Af*flict"ing*ly, adv. AFFLICTION Af*flic"tion, n. Etym: [F. affliction, L. afflictio, fr. affligere.] 1. The cause of continued pain of body or mind, as sickness, losses, etc.; an instance of grievous distress; a pain or grief. To repay that money will be a biting affliction. Shak. 2. The state of being afflicted; a state of pain, distress, or grief. Some virtues are seen only in affliction. Addison. Syn. -- Calamity; sorrow; distress; grief; pain; adversity; misery; wretchedness; misfortune; trouble; hardship. -- Affliction, Sorrow, Grief, Distress. Affliction and sorrow are terms of wide and general application; grief and distress have reference to particular cases. Affliction is the stronger term. The suffering lies deeper in the soul, and usually arises from some powerful cause, such as the loss of what is most dear -- friends, health, etc. We do not speak of mere sickness or pain as "an affliction," though one who suffers from either is said to be afflicted; but deprivations of every kind, such as deafness, blindness, loss of limbs, etc., are called afflictions, showing that term applies particularly to prolonged sources of suffering. Sorrow and grief are much alike in meaning, but grief is the stronger term of the two, usually denoting poignant mental suffering for some definite cause, as, grief for the death of a dear friend; sorrow is more reflective, and is tinged with regret, as, the misconduct of a child is looked upon with sorrow. Grief is often violent and demonstrative; sorrow deep and brooding. Distress implies extreme suffering, either bodily or mental. In its higher stages, it denotes pain of a restless, agitating kind, and almost always supposes some struggle of mind or body. Affliction is allayed, grief subsides, sorrow is soothed, distress is mitigated. AFFLICTIONLESS Af*flic"tion*less, a. Defn: Free from affliction. AFFLICTIVE Af*flic"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. afflictif.] Defn: Giving pain; causing continued or repeated pain or grief; distressing. "Jove's afflictive hand." Pope. Spreads slow disease, and darts afflictive pain. Prior. AFFLICTIVELY Af*flic"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an afflictive manner. AFFLUENCE Af"flu*ence, n. Etym: [F. affluence, L. affluentia, fr. affluens, p. pr. of affluere to flow to; ad + fluere to flow. See Flux.] 1. A flowing to or towards; a concourse; an influx. The affluence of young nobles from hence into Spain. Wotton. There is an unusual affluence of strangers this year. Carlyle. 2. An abundant supply, as of thought, words, feelings, etc.; profusion; also, abundance of property; wealth. And old age of elegance, affluence, and ease. Coldsmith. Syn. -- Abundance; riches; profusion; exuberance; plenty; wealth; opulence. AFFLUENCY Af"flu*en*cy, n. Defn: Affluence. [Obs.] Addison. AFFLUENT Af"flu*ent, a. Etym: [Cf. F. affluent, L. affluens, -entis, p. pr. See Affluence.] 1. Flowing to; flowing abundantly. "Affluent blood." Harvey. 2. Abundant; copious; plenteous; hence, wealthy; abounding in goods or riches. Language . . . affluent in expression. H. Reed. Loaded and blest with all the affluent store, Which human vows at smoking shrines implore. Prior. AFFLUENT Af"flu*ent, n. Defn: A stream or river flowing into a larger river or into a lake; a tributary stream. AFFLUENTLY Af"flu*ent*ly, adv. Defn: Abundantly; copiously. AFFLUENTNESS Af*flu*ent*ness, n. Defn: Great plenty. [R.] AFFLUX Af"flux`, n. Etym: [L. affluxum, p. p. of affluere: cf. F. afflux. See Affluence.] Defn: A flowing towards; that which flows to; as, an afflux of blood to the head. AFFLUXION Af*flux"ion, n. Defn: The act of flowing towards; afflux. Sir T. Browne. AFFODILL Af"fo*dill, n. Defn: Asphodel. [Obs.] AFFORCE Af*force", v. t. Etym: [OF. afforcier, LL. affortiare; ad + fortiare, fr. L. fortis strong.] Defn: To reënforce; to strengthen. Hallam. AFFORCEMENT Af*force"ment, n. Etym: [OF.] 1. A fortress; a fortification for defense. [Obs.] Bailey. 2. A reënforcement; a strengthening. Hallam. AFFORCIAMENT Af*for"ci*a*ment, n. Defn: See Afforcement. [Obs.] AFFORD Af*ford", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afforded; p. pr. & vb. n. Affording.] Etym: [OE. aforthen, AS. gefor, for, to further, accomplish, afford, fr. for forth, forward. The prefix ge- has no well defined sense. See Forth.] 1. To give forth; to supply, yield, or produce as the natural result, fruit, or issue; as, grapes afford wine; olives afford oil; the earth affords fruit; the sea affords an abundant supply of fish. 2. To give, grant, or confer, with a remoter reference to its being the natural result; to provide; to furnish; as, a good life affords consolation in old age. His tuneful Muse affords the sweetest numbers. Addison. The quiet lanes . . . afford calmer retreats. Gilpin. 3. To offer, provide, or supply, as in selling, granting, expending, with profit, or without loss or too great injury; as, A affords his goods cheaper than B; a man can afford a sum yearly in charity. 4. To incur, stand, or bear without serious detriment, as an act which might under other circumstances be injurious; -- with an auxiliary, as can, could, might, etc.; to be able or rich enough. The merchant can afford to trade for smaller profits. Hamilton. He could afford to suffer With those whom he saw suffer. Wordsworth. AFFORDABLE Af*ford"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be afforded. AFFORDMENT Af*ford"ment, n. Defn: Anything given as a help; bestowal. [Obs.] AFFOREST Af*for"est, v. t. Etym: [LL. afforestare; ad + forestare. See Forest.] Defn: To convert into a forest; as, to afforest a tract of country. AFFORESTATION Af*for`es*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of converting into forest or woodland. Blackstone. AFFORMATIVE Af*form"a*tive, n. Defn: An affix. AFFRANCHISE Af*fran"chise, v. t. Etym: [F. affranchir; (L. ad) + franc free. See Franchise and Frank.] Defn: To make free; to enfranchise. Johnson. AFFRANCHISEMENT Af*fran"chise*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. affranchissement.] Defn: The act of making free; enfranchisement. [R.] AFFRAP Af*frap", v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. It. affrappare, frappare, to cut, mince, F. frapper to strike. See Frap.] Defn: To strike, or strike down. [Obs.] Spenser. AFFRAY Af*fray", v. t. [p. p. Affrayed.] Etym: [OE. afraien, affraien, OF. effreer, esfreer, F. effrayer, orig. to disquiet, put out of peace, fr. L. ex + OHG. fridu peace (akin to E. free). Cf. Afraid, Fray, Frith inclosure.] [Archaic] 1. To startle from quiet; to alarm. Smale foules a great heap That had afrayed [affrayed] me out of my sleep. Chaucer. 2. To frighten; to scare; to frighten away. That voice doth us affray. Shak. AFFRAY Af*fray", n. Etym: [OE. afrai, affrai, OF. esfrei, F. effroi, fr. OF. esfreer. See Affray, v. t.] 1. The act of suddenly disturbing any one; an assault or attack. [Obs.] 2. Alarm; terror; fright. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. A tumultuous assault or quarrel; a brawl; a fray. "In the very midst of the affray." Motley. 4. (Law) Defn: The fighting of two or more persons, in a public place, to the terror of others. Blackstone. Note: A fighting in private is not, in a legal sense, an affray. Syn. -- Quarrel; brawl; scuffle; encounter; fight; contest; feud; tumult; disturbance. AFFRAYER Af*fray"er, n. Defn: One engaged in an affray. AFFRAYMENT Af*fray"ment, n. Defn: Affray. [Obs.] Spenser. AFFREIGHT Af*freight", v. t. Etym: [Pref. ad- + freight: cf. F. affréter. See Freight.] Defn: To hire, as a ship, for the transportation of goods or freight. AFFREIGHTER Af*freight"er, n. Defn: One who hires or charters a ship to convey goods. AFFREIGHTMENT Af*freight"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. affrétement.] Defn: The act of hiring, or the contract for the use of, a vessel, or some part of it, to convey cargo. AFFRET Af*fret", n. Etym: [Cf. It. affrettare to hasten, fretta haste.] Defn: A furious onset or attack. [Obs.] Spenser. AFFRICATE Af"fri*cate, n. [L. affricatus, p. p. of affricare to rub against; af- = ad- + fricare to rub.] (Phon.) Defn: A combination of a stop, or explosive, with an immediately following fricative or spirant of corresponding organic position, as pf in german Pfeffer, pepper, z (= ts) in German Zeit, time. AFFRICTION Af*fric"tion, n. Etym: [L. affricare to rub on. See Friction.] Defn: The act of rubbing against. [Obs.] AFFRIENDED Af*friend"ed, p. p. Defn: Made friends; reconciled. [Obs.] "Deadly foes . . . affriended." Spenser. AFFRIGHT Af*fright", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affrighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Affrighting.] Etym: [Orig. p. p.; OE. afright, AS. afyrhtan to terrify; a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + fyrhto fright. See Fright.] Defn: To impress with sudden fear; to frighten; to alarm. Dreams affright our souls. Shak. A drear and dying sound Affrights the flamens at their service quaint. Milton. Syn. -- To terrify; frighten; alarm; dismay; appall; scare; startle; daunt; intimidate. AFFRIGHT Af*fright", p. a. Defn: Affrighted. [Obs.] Chaucer. AFFRIGHT Af*fright", n. 1. Sudden and great fear; terror. It expresses a stronger impression than fear, or apprehension, perhaps less than terror. He looks behind him with affright, and forward with despair. Goldsmith. 2. The act of frightening; also, a cause of terror; an object of dread. B. Jonson. AFFRIGHTEDLY Af*fright"ed*ly, adv. Defn: With fright. Drayton. AFFRIGHTEN Af*fright"en, v. t. Defn: To frighten. [Archaic] "Fit tales . . . to affrighten babes." Southey. AFFRIGHTER Af*fright"er, n. Defn: One who frightens. [Archaic] AFFRIGHTFUL Af*fright"ful, a. Defn: Terrifying; frightful. -- Af*fright"ful*ly, adv. [Archaic] Bugbears or affrightful apparitions. Cudworth. AFFRIGHTMENT Af*fright"ment, n. Defn: Affright; the state of being frightened; sudden fear or alarm. [Archaic] Passionate words or blows . . . fill the child's mind with terror and affrightment. Locke. AFFRONT Af*front", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Affronting.] Etym: [OF. afronter, F. affronter, to confront, LL. affrontare to strike against, fr. L. ad + frons forehead, front. See Front.] 1. To front; to face in position; to meet or encounter face to face. [Obs.] All the sea-coasts do affront the Levant. Holland. That he, as 't were by accident, may here Affront Ophelia. Shak. 2. To face in defiance; to confront; as, to confront; as, to affront death; hence, to meet in hostile encounter. [Archaic] 3. To offend by some manifestation of disrespect; to insult to the face by demeanor or language; to treat with marked incivility. How can any one imagine that the fathers would have dared to affront the wife of Aurelius Addison. Syn. -- TO insult; abuse; outrage; wound; illtreat; slight; defy; offend; provoke; pique; nettle. AFFRONT Af*front", n. Etym: [Cf. F. affront, fr. affronter.] 1. An encounter either friendly or hostile. [Obs.] I walked about, admired of all, and dreaded On hostile ground, none daring my affront. Milton. 2. Contemptuous or rude treatment which excites or justifies resentment; marked disrespect; a purposed indignity; insult. Offering an affront to our understanding. Addison. 3. An offense to one's self-respect; shame. Arbuthnot. Syn. -- Affront, Insult, Outrage. An affront is a designed mark of disrespect, usually in the presence of others. An insult is a personal attack either by words or actions, designed to humiliate or degrade. An outrage is an act of extreme and violent insult or abuse. An affront piques and mortifies; an insult irritates and provokes; an outrage wounds and injures. Captious persons construe every innocent freedom into an affront. When people are in a state of animosity, they seek opportunities of offering each other insults. Intoxication or violent passion impels men to the commission of outrages. Crabb. AFFRONTE Af*fron*té", a. Etym: [F. affronté, p. p.] (Her.) Defn: Face to face, or front to front; facing. AFFRONTEDLY Af*front"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Shamelessly. [Obs.] Bacon. AFFRONTEE Af*fron*tee", n. Defn: One who receives an affront. Lytton. AFFRONTER Af*front"er, n. Defn: One who affronts, or insults to the face. AFFRONTINGLY Af*front"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In an affronting manner. AFFRONTIVE Af*front"ive, a. Defn: Tending to affront or offend; offensive; abusive. How affrontive it is to despise mercy. South. AFFRONTIVENESS Af*front"ive*ness, n. Defn: The quality that gives an affront or offense. [R.] Bailey. AFFUSE Af*fuse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affused; p. pr. & vb. n. Affusing.] Etym: [L. affusus, p. p. of affundere to pour to; ad + fundere. See Fuse.] Defn: To pour out or upon. [R.] I first affused water upon the compressed beans. Boyle. AFFUSION Af*fu"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. affusion.] Defn: The act of pouring upon, or sprinkling with a liquid, as water upon a child in baptism. Specifically: (Med) Defn: The act of pouring water or other fluid on the whole or a part of the body, as a remedy in disease. Dunglison. AFFY Af*fy", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affied; p. pr. Affying.] Etym: [OF. afier, LL. affidare. Cf. Affiance.] 1. To confide (one's self to, or in); to trust. [Obs.] 2. To betroth or espouse; to affiance. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To bind in faith. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu. AFFY Af*fy", v. i. Defn: To trust or confide. [Obs.] Shak. AFGHAN Af"ghan, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Afghanistan. AFGHAN Af"ghan, n. 1. A native of Afghanistan. 2. A kind of worsted blanket or wrap. AFIELD A*field", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + field.] 1. To, in, or on the field. "We drove afield." Milton. How jocund did they drive their team afield! Gray. 2. Out of the way; astray. Why should he wander afield at the age of fifty-five! Trollope. AFIRE A*fire", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + fire.] Defn: On fire. AFLAME A*flame", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + flame.] Defn: Inflames; glowing with light or passion; ablaze. G. Eliot. AFLAT A*flat", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + flat.] Defn: Level with the ground; flat. [Obs.] Bacon. AFLAUNT A*flaunt", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + flaunt.] Defn: In a flaunting state or position. Copley. AFLICKER A*flick"er, adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + flicker.] Defn: In a flickering state. AFLOAT A*float", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + float.] 1. Borne on the water; floating; on board ship. On such a full sea are we now afloat. Shak. 2. Moving; passing from place to place; in general circulation; as, a rumor is afloat. 3. Unfixed; moving without guide or control; adrift; as, our affairs are all afloat. AFLOW A*flow", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + flow.] Defn: Flowing. Their founts aflow with tears. R. Browning. AFLUSH A*flush", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + flush, n.] Defn: In a flushed or blushing state. AFLUSH A*flush", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + flush, a.] Defn: On a level. The bank is . . . aflush with the sea. Swinburne. AFLUTTER A*flut"ter, adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + flutter.] Defn: In a flutter; agitated. AFOAM A*foam", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + foam.] Defn: In a foaming state; as, the sea is all afoam. A. F. OF L. A. F. of L. (Abbrev.) Defn: American Federation of Labor. AFOOT A*foot", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + foot.] 1. On foot. We 'll walk afoot a while. Shak. 2. Fig.: In motion; in action; astir; in progress. The matter being afoot. Shak. AFORE A*fore", adv. Etym: [OE. afore, aforn, AS. onforan or ætforan; pref. a- + fore.] 1. Before. [Obs.] If he have never drunk wine afore. Shak. 2. (Naut.) Defn: In the fore part of a vessel. AFORE A*fore", prep. 1. Before (in all its senses). [Archaic] 2. (Naut.) Defn: Before; in front of; farther forward than; as, afore the windlass. Afore the mast, among the common sailors; -- a phrase used to distinguish the ship's crew from the officers. AFORECITED A*fore"cit`ed, a. Defn: Named or quoted before. AFOREGOING A*fore"go`ing, a. Defn: Going before; foregoing. AFOREHAND A*fore"hand` adv. Defn: Beforehand; in anticipation. [Archaic or Dial.] She is come aforehand to anoint my body. Mark xiv. 8. AFOREHAND A*fore"hand`, a. Defn: Prepared; previously provided; -- opposed to behindhand. [Archaic or Dial.] Aforehand in all matters of power. Bacon. AFOREMENTIONED A*fore"men`tioned, a. Defn: Previously mentioned; before-mentioned. Addison. AFORENAMED A*fore"named`, a. Defn: Named before. Peacham. AFORESAID A*fore"said`, a. Defn: Said before, or in a preceding part; already described or identified. AFORETHOUGHT A*fore"thought`, a. Defn: Premeditated; prepense; previously in mind; designed; as, malice aforethought, which is required to constitute murder. Bouvier. AFORETHOUGHT A*fore"thought`, n. Defn: Premeditation. AFORETIME A*fore"time`, adv. Defn: In time past; formerly. "He prayed . . . as he did aforetime." Dan. vi. 10. A FORTIORI A for`ti*o"ri. Etym: [L.] (Logic & Math.) Defn: With stronger reason. AFOUL A*foul", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + foul.] Defn: In collision; entangled. Totten. To run afoul of, to run against or come into collision with, especially so as to become entangled or to cause injury. AFRAID A*fraid", p. a. Etym: [OE. afrayed, affraide, p. p. of afraien to affray. See Affray, and cf. Afeard.] Defn: Impressed with fear or apprehension; in fear; apprehensive. [Afraid comes after the noun it limits.] "Back they recoiled, afraid." Milton. Note: This word expresses a less degree of fear than terrified or frightened. It is followed by of before the object of fear, or by the infinitive, or by a dependent clause; as, to be afraid of death. "I am afraid to die." "I am afraid he will chastise me." "Be not afraid that I your hand should take." Shak. I am afraid is sometimes used colloquially to soften a statement; as, I am afraid I can not help you in this matter. Syn. -- Fearful; timid; timorous; alarmed; anxious. AFREET Af"reet, n. Defn: Same as Afrit. AFRESH A*fresh", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + fresh.] Defn: Anew; again; once more; newly. They crucify . . . the Son of God afresh. Heb. vi. 6. AFRIC Af"ric, a. Defn: African. -- n. Defn: Africa. [Poetic] AFRICAN Af"ri*can, a. Etym: [L. Africus, Africanus, fr. Afer African.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Africa. African hemp, a fiber prerared from the leaves of the Sanseviera Guineensis, a plant found in Africa and India. -- African marigold, a tropical American plant (Tagetes erecta). -- African oak or African teak, a timber furnished by Oldfieldia Africana, used in ship building. African violet African-American, a United States citizen of African descent. AFRICAN Af"ri*can, n. Defn: A native of Africa; also one ethnologically belonging to an African race. AFRICANDER Af`ri*can"der, n. Defn: One born in Africa, the offspring of a white father and a "colored" mother. Also, and now commonly in Southern Africa, a native born of European settlers. AFRICANISM Af"ri*can*ism, n. Defn: A word, phrase, idiom, or custom peculiar to Africa or Africans. "The knotty Africanisms . . . of the fathers." Milton. AFRICANIZE Af"ri*can*ize, v. t. Defn: To place under the domination of Africans or negroes. [Amer.] Bartlett. AFRIT; AFRITE; AFREET Af"rit, Af"rite(#), Af"reet(#), n. Etym: [Arab. 'ifrit.] (Moham. Myth.) Defn: A powerful evil jinnee, demon, or monstrous giant. AFRONT A*front", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + front.] Defn: In front; face to face. -- prep. In front of. Shak. AFT Aft, adv. & a. Etym: [AS. æftan behind; orig. superl. of of, off. See After.] (Naut.) Defn: Near or towards the stern of a vessel; astern; abaft. AFTER Aft"er, a. Etym: [AS. æfter after, behind; akin to Goth. aftaro, aftra, backwards, Icel. aptr, Sw. and Dan. efter, OHG. aftar behind, Dutch and LG. achter, Gr. -ter is an old comparative suffix, in E. generally -ther (as in other), and after is a compar. of of, off. Of; cf. Aft.] 1. Next; later in time; subsequent; succeeding; as, an after period of life. Marshall. Note: In this sense the word is sometimes needlessly combined with the following noun, by means of a hyphen, as, after-ages, after-act, after-days, after-life. For the most part the words are properly kept separate when after has this meaning. 2. Hinder; nearer the rear. (Naut.) Defn: To ward the stern of the ship; -- applied to any object in the rear part of a vessel; as the after cabin, after hatchway. Note: It is often combined with its noun; as, after-bowlines, after- braces, after-sails, after-yards, those on the mainmasts and mizzenmasts. After body (Naut.), the part of a ship abaft the dead flat, or middle part. AFTER Aft"er, prep. 1. Behind in place; as, men in line one after another. "Shut doors after you." Shak. 2. Below in rank; next to in order. Shak. Codrus after PhDryden. 3. Later in time; subsequent; as, after supper, after three days. It often precedes a clause. Formerly that was interposed between it and the clause. After I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee. Matt. xxvi. 32. 4. Subsequent to and in consequence of; as, after what you have said, I shall be careful. 5. Subsequent to and notwithstanding; as, after all our advice, you took that course. 6. Moving toward from behind; following, in search of; in pursuit of. Ye shall not go after other gods. Deut. vi. 14. After whom is the king of Israel come out 1 Sam. xxiv. 14. 7. Denoting the aim or object; concerning; in relation to; as, to look after workmen; to inquire after a friend; to thirst after righteousness. 8. In imitation of; in conformity with; after the manner of; as, to make a thing after a model; a picture after Rubens; the boy takes after his father. To name or call after, to name like and reference to. Our eldest son was named George after his uncle. Goldsmith. 9. According to; in accordance with; in conformity with the nature of; as, he acted after his kind. He shall not judge after the sight of his eyes. Isa. xi. 3. They that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh. Rom. viii. 5. 10. According to the direction and influence of; in proportion to; befitting. [Archaic] He takes greatness of kingdoms according to bulk and currency, and not after their intrinsic value. Bacon. After all, when everything has been considered; upon the whole. -- After (with the same noun preceding and following), as, wave after wave, day after day, several or many (waves, etc.) successively. -- One after another, successively. -- To be after, to be in pursuit of in order to reach or get; as, he is after money. AFTER Aft"er, adv. Defn: Subsequently in time or place; behind; afterward; as, he follows after. It was about the space of three hours after. Acts. v. 7. Note: After is prefixed to many words, forming compounds, but retaining its usual signification. The prefix may be adverbial, prepositional, or adjectival; as in after- described, after-dinner, after-part. The hyphen is sometimes needlessly used to connect the adjective after with its noun. See Note under After, a., 1. AFTERBIRTH Aft"er*birth`, n. (Med.) Defn: The placenta and membranes with which the fetus is connected, and which come away after delivery. AFTERCAST Aft"er*cast`, n. Defn: A throw of dice after the game in ended; hence, anything done too late. Gower. AFTERCLAP Aft"er*clap`, n. Defn: An unexpected subsequent event; something disagreeable happening after an affair is supposed to be at an end. Spenser. AFTERCROP Aft"er*crop`, n. Defn: A second crop or harvest in the same year. Mortimer. AFTER DAMP Aft"er damp`. Defn: An irrespirable gas, remaining after an explosion of fire damp in mines; choke damp. See Carbonic acid. AFTER-DINNER Aft"er-din`ner(#), n. Defn: The time just after dinner. "An after-dinner's sleep." Shak. [Obs.] -- a. Defn: Following dinner; post-prandial; as, an after-dinner nap. AFTER-EATAGE Aft"er-eat`age(#), n. Defn: Aftergrass. AFTEREYE Aft"er*eye`, v. t. Defn: To look after. [Poetic] Shak. AFTERGAME Aft"er*game`, n. Defn: A second game; hence, a subsequent scheme or expedient. Wotton. Aftergame at Irish, an ancient game very nearly resembling backgammon. Beau. & Fl. AFTER-GLOW Aft"er-glow(#), n. Defn: A glow of refulgence in the western sky after sunset. AFTERGRASS Aft"er*grass`, n. Defn: The grass that grows after the first crop has been mown; aftermath. AFTERGROWTH Aft"er*growth`, n. Defn: A second growth or crop, or (metaphorically) development. J. S. Mill. AFTERGUARD Aft"er*guard`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The seaman or seamen stationed on the poop or after part of the ship, to attend the after-sails. Totten. AFTER-IMAGE Aft"er-im`age(#), n. Defn: The impression of a vivid sensation retained by the retina of the eye after the cause has been removed; also extended to impressions left of tones, smells, etc. AFTERINGS Aft"er*ings, n. pl. Defn: The last milk drawn in milking; strokings. [Obs.] Grose. AFTERMATH Aft"er*math, n. Etym: [After + math. See Math.] Defn: A second moving; the grass which grows after the first crop of hay in the same season; rowen. Holland. AFTER-MENTIONED Aft"er-men`tioned(#), a. Defn: Mentioned afterwards; as, persons after-mentioned (in a writing). AFTERMOST Aft"er*most, a. superl. Etym: [OE. eftemest, AS. æftemest,akin to Gothic aftumist and aftuma, the last, orig. a superlative of of, with the superlative endings -te, -me, -st.] 1. Hindmost; -- opposed to foremost. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Nearest the stern; most aft. AFTERNOON Aft"er*noon", n. Defn: The part of the day which follows noon, between noon and evening. AFTER-NOTE Aft"er-note`(#), n. (Mus.) Defn: One of the small notes occur on the unaccented parts of the measure, taking their time from the preceding note. AFTERPAINS Aft"er*pains`, n. pl. (Med.) Defn: The pains which succeed childbirth, as in expelling the afterbirth. AFTERPIECE Aft"er*piece`, n. 1. A piece performed after a play, usually a farce or other small entertainment. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The heel of a rudder. AFTER-SAILS Aft"er-sails`(#), n. pl. (Naut.) Defn: The sails on the mizzenmast, or on the stays between the mainmast and mizzenmast. Totten. AFTERSENSATION Aft"er*sen*sa`tion, n. (Psychol.) Defn: A sensation or sense impression following the removal of a stimulus producing a primary sensation, and reproducing the primary sensation in positive, negative, or complementary form. The aftersensation may be continuous with the primary sensation or follow it after an interval. AFTERSHAFT Aft"er*shaft`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hypoptilum. AFTERTASTE Aft"er*taste`, n. Defn: A taste which remains in the mouth after eating or drinking. AFTERTHOUGHT Aft"er*thought`, n. Defn: Reflection after an act; later or subsequent thought or expedient. AFTERWARDS; AFTERWARD Aft"er*wards, Aft"er*ward, adv. Etym: [AS. æfteweard, a., behind. See Aft, and -ward (suffix). The final s in afterwards is adverbial, orig. a genitive ending.] Defn: At a later or succeeding time. AFTERWISE Aft"er*wise`, a. Defn: Wise after the event; wise or knowing, when it is too late. AFTER-WIT Aft"er-wit`, n. Defn: Wisdom or perception that comes after it can be of use. "After- wit comes too late when the mischief is done." L'Estrange. AFTER-WITTED Aft"er-wit`ted, a. Defn: Characterized by afterwit; slow-witted. Tyndale. AFTMOST Aft"most, a. (Naut.) Defn: Nearest the stern. AFTWARD Aft"ward, adv. (Naut.) Defn: Toward the stern. AGA; AGHA A*ga" or A*gha", n. Etym: [Turk. adha a great lord, chief master.] Defn: In Turkey, a commander or chief officer. It is used also as a title of respect. AGAIN A*gain", adv. Etym: [OE. agein, agayn, AS. ongegn, ongeán, against, again; on + geán, akin to Ger. gegewn against, Icel. gegn. Cf. Gainsay.] 1. In return, back; as, bring us word again. 2. Another time; once more; anew. If a man die, shall he live again Job xiv. 14. 3. Once repeated; -- of quantity; as, as large again, half as much again. 4. In any other place. [Archaic] Bacon. 5. On the other hand. "The one is my sovereign . . . the other again is my kinsman." Shak. 6. Moreover; besides; further. Again, it is of great consequence to avoid, etc. Hersche Again and again, more than once; often; repeatedly. -- Now and again, now and then; occasionally. -- To and again, to and fro. [Obs.] De Foe. Note: Again was formerly used in many verbal combinations, as, again- witness, to witness against; again-ride, to ride against; again-come, to come against, to encounter; again-bring, to bring back, etc. AGAIN; AGAINS A*gain", A*gains", prep. Defn: Against; also, towards (in order to meet). [Obs.] Albeit that it is again his kind. Chaucer. AGAINBUY A*gain"buy`, v. t. Defn: To redeem. [Obs.] Wyclif. AGAINSAY A*gain"say`, v. t. Defn: To gainsay. [Obs.] Wyclif. AGAINST A*gainst", prep. Etym: [OE. agens, ageynes, AS. ongegn. The s is adverbial, orig. a genitive ending. See Again.] 1. Abreast; opposite to; facing; towards; as, against the mouth of a river; -- in this sense often preceded by over. Jacob saw the angels of God come against him. Tyndale. 2. From an opposite direction so as to strike or come in contact with; in contact with; upon; as, hail beats against the roof. 3. In opposition to, whether the opposition is of sentiment or of action; on the other side; counter to; in contrariety to; hence, adverse to; as, against reason; against law; to run a race against time. The gate would have been shut against her. Fielding. An argument against the use of steam. Tyndale. 4. By of before the time that; in preparation for; so as to be ready for the time when. [Archaic or Dial.] Urijah the priest made it, against King Ahaz came from Damascus. 2 Kings xvi. 11. Against the sun, in a direction contrary to that in which the sun appears to move. AGAINSTAND A*gain"stand`, v. t. Defn: To withstand. [Obs.] AGAINWARD A*gain"ward, adv. Defn: Back again. [Obs.] AGALACTIA; AGALAXY Ag`a*lac"ti*a, Ag"a*lax`y, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Failure of the due secretion of milk after childbirth. AGALACTOUS Ag`a*lac"tous, a. Defn: Lacking milk to suckle with. AGAL-AGAL A`gal-a"gal, n. Defn: Same as Agar-agar. AGALLOCH; AGALLOCHUM Ag"al*loch, A*gal"lo*chum, n. Etym: [Gr. aguru, Heb. pl. ahalim.] Defn: A soft, resinous wood (Aquilaria Agallocha) of highly aromatic smell, burnt by the orientals as a perfume. It is called also agalwood and aloes wood. The name is also given to some other species. AGALMATOLITE Ag`al*mat"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. agalmatolithe.] (Min.) Defn: A soft, compact stone, of a grayish, greenish, or yellowish color, carved into images by the Chinese, and hence called figure stone, and pagodite. It is probably a variety of pinite. AGAMA Ag"a*ma, n.; pl. Agamas. Etym: [From the Caribbean name of a species of lizard.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of lizards, one of the few which feed upon vegetable substances; also, one of these lizards. AGAMI Ag"a*mi, n.; pl. Agamis. Etym: [F. agex, fr. the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American bird (Psophia crepitans), allied to the cranes, and easily domesticated; -- called also the gold-breasted trumpeter. Its body is about the size of the pheasant. See Trumpeter. AGAMIC A*gam"ic, a. Etym: [Agamous.] (a) (Biol.) Produced without sexual union; as, agamic or unfertilized eggs. (b) Not having visible organs of reproduction, as flowerless plants; agamous. AGAMICALLY A*gam"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an agamic manner. AGAMIST Ag"a*mist, n. Etym: [See Agamous.] Defn: An unmarried person; also, one opposed to marriage. Foxe. AGAMOGENESIS Ag`a*mo*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Reproduction without the union of parents of distinct sexes: asexual reproduction. AGAMOGENETIC Ag`a*mo*ge*net"ic, n. (Biol.) Defn: Reproducing or produced without sexual union. -- Ag`a*mo*ge*net"ic*al*ly, adv. All known agamogenetic processes end in a complete return to the primitive stock. Huxley. AGAMOUS Ag"a*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Having no visible sexual organs; asexual. In Bot., cryptogamous. AGANGLIONIC A*gan`gli*o"nic, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + ganglionic.] (Physiol.) Defn: Without ganglia. AGAPE A*gape", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + gape.] Defn: Gaping, as with wonder, expectation, or eager attention. Dazzles the crowd and sets them all agape. Milton. AGAPE Ag"a*pe, n.; pl. Agapæ. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The love feast of the primitive Christians, being a meal partaken of in connection with the communion. AGAR-AGAR A`gar-a"gar, n. Etym: [Ceylonese local name.] Defn: A fucus or seaweed much used in the East for soups and jellies; Ceylon moss (Gracilaria lichenoides). AGARIC Ag"a*ric, n. Etym: [L. agaricum, Gr. Agara, a town in Sarmatia.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A fungus of the genus Agaricus, of many species, of which the common mushroom is an example. 2. An old name for severwal species of Polyporus, corky fungi growing on decaying wood. Note: The "female agaric" (Polyporus officinalic) was renowned as a cathartic; the "male agaric" (Polyporus igniarius) is used for preparing touchwood, called punk of German tinder. Agaric mineral, a light, chalky deposit of carbonate of lime, sometimes called rock milk, formed in caverns or fissures of limestone. AGASP A*gasp", adv. & a. Etym: [. a- + gasp.] Defn: In a state of gasping. Coleridge. AGAST A*gast", p. p. & a. Defn: See Aghast. AGAST; AGHAST A*gast" or A*ghast", v. t. Defn: To affright; to terrify. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. AGASTRIC A*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Having to stomach, or distinct digestive canal, as the tapeworm. AGATE A*gate", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- on + gate way.] Defn: On the way; agoing; as, to be agate; to set the bells agate. [Obs.] Cotgrave. AGATE Ag"ate, n. Etym: [F. agate, It. agata, L. achates, fr. Gr. 1. (Min.) Defn: A semipellucid, uncrystallized variety of quartz, presenting various tints in the same specimen. Its colors are delicately arranged in stripes or bands, or blended in clouds. Note: The fortification agate, or Scotch pebble, the moss agate, the clouded agate, etc., are familiar varieties. 2. (Print.) Defn: A kind of type, larger than pearl and smaller than nonpareil; in England called ruby. Note: This line is printed in the type called agate. 3. A diminutive person; so called in allusion to the small figures cut in agate for rings and seals. [Obs.] Shak. 4. A tool used by gold-wire drawers, bookbinders, etc.; -- so called from the agate fixed in it for burnishing. AGATIFEROUS Ag`a*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Agate + -ferous.] Defn: Containing or producing agates. Craig. AGATINE Ag"a*tine, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or like, agate. AGATIZE Ag"a*tize, v. t. Etym: [Usually p. p. Agatized(#).] Defn: To convert into agate; to make resemble agate. Dana. AGATY Ag"a*ty, a. Defn: Of the nature of agate, or containing agate. AGAVE A*ga"ve, n. Etym: [L. Agave, prop. name, fr. Gr. (bot.) Defn: A genus of plants (order Amaryllidaceæ) of which the chief species is the maguey or century plant (A. Americana), wrongly called Aloe. It is from ten to seventy years, according to climate, in attaining maturity, when it produces a gigantic flower stem, sometimes forty feet in height, and perishes. The fermented juice is the pulque of the Mexicans; distilled, it yields mescal. A strong thread and a tough paper are made from the leaves, and the wood has many uses. AGAZED A*gazed", p. p. Etym: [Only in p. p.; another spelling for aghast.] Defn: Gazing with astonishment; amazed. [Obs.] The whole army stood agazed on him. Shak. AGE Age, n. Etym: [OF. aage, eage, F. âge, fr. L. aetas through a supposed LL. aetaticum. L. aetas is contracted fr. aevitas, fr. aevum lifetime, age; akin to E. aye ever. Cf. Each.] 1. The whole duration of a being, whether animal, vegetable, or other kind; lifetime. Mine age is as nothing before thee. Ps. xxxix. 5. 2. That part of the duration of a being or a thing which is between its beginning and any given time; as, what is the present age of a man, or of the earth 3. The latter part of life; an advanced period of life; seniority; state of being old. Nor wrong mine age with this indignity. Shak. 4. One of the stages of life; as, the age of infancy, of youth, etc. Shak. 5. Mature age; especially, the time of life at which one attains full personal rights and capacities; as, to come of age; he (or she) is of age. Abbott. Note: In the United States, both males and females are of age when twenty-one years old. 6. The time of life at which some particular power or capacity is understood to become vested; as, the age of consent; the age of discretion. Abbott. 7. A particular period of time in history, as distinguished from others; as, the golden age, the age of Pericles. "The spirit of the age." Prescott. Truth, in some age or other, will find her witness. Milton. Archeological ages are designated as three: The Stone age (the early and the later stone age, called paleolithic and neolithic), the Bronze age, and the Iron age. During the Age of Stone man is supposed to have employed stone for weapons and implements. See Augustan, Brazen, Golden, Heroic, Middle. 8. A great period in the history of the Earth. Note: The geologic ages are as follows: 1. The Archæan, including the time when was no life and the time of the earliest and simplest forms of life. 2. The age of Invertebrates, or the Silurian, when the life on the globe consisted distinctively of invertebrates. 3. The age of Fishes, or the Devonian, when fishes were the dominant race. 4. The age of Coal Plants, or Acrogens, or the Carboniferous age. 5. The Mesozoic or Secondary age, or age of Reptiles, when reptiles prevailed in great numbers and of vast size. 6. The Tertiary age, or age of Mammals, when the mammalia, or quadrupeds, abounded, and were the dominant race. 7. The Quaternary age, or age of Man, or the modern era. Dana. 9. A century; the period of one hundred years. Fleury . . . apologizes for these five ages. Hallam. 10. The people who live at a particular period; hence, a generation. "Ages yet unborn." Pope. The way which the age follows. J. H. Newman. Lo! where the stage, the poor, degraded stage, Holds its warped mirror to a gaping age. C. Sprague. 11. A long time. [Colloq.] "He made minutes an age." Tennyson. Age of a tide, the time from the origin of a tide in the South Pacific Ocean to its arrival at a given place. -- Moon's age, the time that has elapsed since the last preceding conjunction of the sun and moon. Note: Age is used to form the first part of many compounds; as, agelasting, age-adorning, age-worn, age-enfeebled, agelong. Syn. -- Time; period; generation; date; era; epoch. AGE Age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aged; p. pr. & vb. n. Aging.] Defn: To grow aged; to become old; to show marks of age; as, he grew fat as he aged. They live one hundred and thirty years, and never age for all that. Holland. I am aging; that is, I have a whitish, or rather a light-colored, hair here and there. Landor. AGE Age, v. t. Defn: To cause to grow old; to impart the characteristics of age to; as, grief ages us. AGED A"ged, a. 1. Old; having lived long; having lived almost to or beyond the usual time allotted to that species of being; as, an aged man; an aged oak. 2. Belonging to old age. "Aged cramps." Shak. 3. Having a certain age; at the age of; having lived; as, a man aged forty years. AGEDLY A"ged*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of an aged person. AGEDNESS A"ged*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being aged; oldness. Custom without truth is but agedness of error. Milton. AGELESS Age"less, a. Defn: Without old age limits of duration; as, fountains of ageless youth. AGEN A*gen", adv. & prep. Defn: See Again. [Obs.] AGENCY A"gen*cy, n.; pl. Agencies. Etym: [agentia, fr. L. agens, agentis: cf. F. agence. See Agent.] 1. The faculty of acting or of exerting power; the state of being in action; action; instrumentality. The superintendence and agency of Providence in the natural world. Woodward. 2. The office of an agent, or factor; the relation between a principal and his agent; business of one intrusted with the concerns of another. 3. The place of business of am agent. Syn. -- Action; operation; efficiency; management. AGEND A"gend, n. Defn: See Agendum. [Obs.] AGENDUM A*gen"dum, n.; pl. Agenda. Etym: [L., neut. of the gerundive of agere to act.] 1. Something to be done; in the pl., a memorandum book. 2. A church service; a ritual or liturgy. [In this sense, usually Agenda.] AGENESIC Ag`e*nes"ic, a. Etym: [See Agensis.] (Physiol.) Defn: Characterized by sterility; infecund. AGENESIS A*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Any imperfect development of the body, or any anomaly of organization. AGENNESIS Ag`en*ne"sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Impotence; sterility. AGENT A"gent, a. Etym: [L. agens, agentis, p. pr. of agere to act; akin to Gr. aka to drive, Skr. aj. Defn: Actingpatient, or sustaining, action. [Archaic] "The body agent." Bacon. AGENT A"gent, n. 1. One who exerts power, or has the power to act; an actor. Heaven made us agents, free to good or ill. Dryden. 2. One who acts for, or in the place of, another, by authority from him; one intrusted with the business of another; a substitute; a deputy; a factor. 3. An active power or cause; that which has the power to produce an effect; as, a physical, chemical, or medicinal agent; as, heat is a powerful agent. AGENTIAL A*gen"tial, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an agent or an agency. Fitzed. Hall. AGENTSHIP A"gent*ship, n. Defn: Agency. Beau. & Fl. AGERATUM A*ger"a*tum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants, one species of which (A. Mexicanum) has lavender-blue flowers in dense clusters. AGGENERATION Ag*gen`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. aggenerare to beget in addition. See Generate.] Defn: The act of producing in addition. [Obs.] T. Stanley. AGGER Ag"ger, n. Etym: [L., a mound, fr. aggerere to bear to a place, heap up; ad + gerere to bear.] Defn: An earthwork; a mound; a raised work. [Obs.] Hearne. AGGERATE Ag"ger*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. aggeratus, p. p. of aggerare. See Agger.] Defn: To heap up. [Obs.] Foxe. AGGERATION Ag`ger*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. aggeratio.] Defn: A heaping up; accumulation; as, aggerations of sand. [R.] AGGEROSE Ag`ger*ose", a. Defn: In heaps; full of heaps. AGGEST Ag*gest", v. t. Etym: [L. aggestus, p. p. of aggerere. See Agger.] Defn: To heap up. [Obs.] The violence of the waters aggested the earth. Fuller. AGGLOMERATE Ag*glom"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agglomerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Agglomerating.] Etym: [L. agglomeratus, p. p. of agglomerare; ad + glomerare to form into a ball. See Glomerate.] Defn: To wind or collect into a ball; hence, to gather into a mass or anything like a mass. Where he builds the agglomerated pile. Cowper. AGGLOMERATE Ag*glom"er*ate, v. i. Defn: To collect in a mass. AGGLOMERATE Ag*glom"er*ate, n. 1. A collection or mass. 2. (Geol.) Defn: A mass of angular volcanic fragments united by heat; -- distinguished from conglomerate. AGGLOMERATE; AGGLOMERATED Ag*glom"er*ate, Ag*glom"er*a`ted, a. 1. Collected into a ball, heap, or mass. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Collected into a rounded head of flowers. AGGLOMERATION Ag*glom`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. agglomération.] 1. The act or process of collecting in a mass; a heaping together. An excessive agglomeration of turrets. Warton. 2. State of being collected in a mass; a mass; cluster. AGGLOMERATIVE Ag*glom"er*a*tive, a. Defn: Having a tendency to gather together, or to make collections. Taylor is eminently discursive, accumulative, and (to use one of his own words) agglomerative. Coleridge. AGGLUTINANT Ag*glu"ti*nant, a. Etym: [L. agglutinans, -antis, p. pr. of agglutinare.] Defn: Uniting, as glue; causing, or tending to cause, adhesion. -- n. Defn: Any viscous substance which causes bodies or parts to adhere. AGGLUTINATE Ag*glu"ti*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agglutinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Agglutinating.] Etym: [L. agglutinatus, p. p. of agglutinare to glue or cement to a thing; ad + glutinare to glue; gluten glue. See Glue.] Defn: To unite, or cause to adhere, as with glue or other viscous substance; to unite by causing an adhesion of substances. AGGLUTINATE Ag*glu"ti*nate, a. 1. United with glue or as with glue; cemented together. 2. (physiol.) Defn: Consisting of root words combined but not materially altered as to form or meaning; as, agglutinate forms, languages, etc. See Agglutination, 2. AGGLUTINATION Ag*glu`ti*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. agglutination.] 1. The act of uniting by glue or other tenacious substance; the state of being thus united; adhesion of parts. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Combination in which root words are united with little or no change of form or loss of meaning. See Agglutinative, 2. AGGLUTINATIVE Ag*glu"ti*na*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. agglutinatif.] 1. Pertaining to agglutination; tending to unite, or having power to cause adhesion; adhesive. 2. (Philol.) Defn: Formed or characterized by agglutination, as a language or a compound. In agglutinative languages the union of words may be compared to mechanical compounds, in inflective languages to chemical compounds. R. Morris. Cf. man-kind, heir-loom, war-like, which are agglutinative compounds. The Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish, the Tamul, etc., are agglutinative languages. R. Morris. Agglutinative languages preserve the consciousness of their roots. Max Müller. AGGRACE Ag*grace", v. t. Etym: [Pref. a- + grace: cf. It. aggraziare, LL. aggratiare. See Grace.] Defn: To favor; to grace. [Obs.] "That knight so much aggraced." Spenser. AGGRACE Ag*grace", n. Defn: Grace; favor. [Obs.] Spenser. AGGRADE Ag*grade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrading.] (Phys. Geog.) Defn: To bring, or tend to bring, to a uniform grade, or slope, by addition of material; as, streams aggrade their beds by depositing sediment. AGGRANDIZABLE Ag"gran*di"za*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being aggrandized. AGGRANDIZATION Ag*gran`di*za"tion, n. Defn: Aggrandizement. [Obs.] Waterhouse. AGGRANDIZE Ag"gran*dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrandized; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrandizing.] Etym: [F. agrandir; à (L. ad) + grandir to increase, L. grandire, fr. grandis great. See Grand, and cf. Finish.] 1. To make great; to enlarge; to increase; as, to aggrandize our conceptions, authority, distress. 2. To make great or greater in power, rank, honor, or wealth; -- applied to persons, countries, etc. His scheme for aggrandizing his son. Prescott. 3. To make appear great or greater; to exalt. Lamb. Syn. -- To augment; exalt; promote; advance. AGGRANDIZE Ag"gran*dize, v. i. Defn: To increase or become great. [Obs.] Follies, continued till old age, do aggrandize. J. Hall. AGGRANDIZEMENT Ag*gran"dize*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. agrandissement.] Defn: The act of aggrandizing, or the state of being aggrandized or exalted in power, rank, honor, or wealth; exaltation; enlargement; as, the emperor seeks only the aggrandizement of his own family. Syn. -- Augmentation; exaltation; enlargement; advancement; promotion; preferment. AGGRANDIZER Ag"gran*di`zer, n. Defn: One who aggrandizes, or makes great. AGGRATE Ag*grate", v. t. Etym: [It. aggratare, fr. L. ad + gratus pleasing. See Grate, a.] Defn: To please. [Obs.] Each one sought his lady to aggrate. Spenser. AGGRAVATE Ag"gra*vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggravated; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggravating.] Etym: [L. aggravatus, p. p. of aggravare. See Aggrieve.] 1. To make heavy or heavier; to add to; to increase. [Obs.] "To aggravate thy store." Shak. 2. To make worse, or more severe; to render less tolerable or less excusable; to make more offensive; to enhance; to intensify. "To aggravate my woes." Pope. To aggravate the horrors of the scene. Prescott. The defense made by the prisioner's counsel did rather aggravate than extenuate his crime. Addison. 3. To give coloring to in description; to exaggerate; as, to aggravate circumstances. Paley. 4. To exasperate; to provoke; to irritate. [Colloq.] If both were to aggravate her parents, as my brother and sister do mine. Richardson (Clarissa). Syn. -- To heighten; intensify; increase; magnify; exaggerate; provoke; irritate; exasperate. AGGRAVATING Ag"gra*va`ting, a. 1. Making worse or more heinous; as, aggravating circumstances. 2. Exasperating; provoking; irritating. [Colloq.] A thing at once ridiculous and aggravating. J. Ingelow. AGGRAVATINGLY Ag"gra*va`ting*ly, adv. Defn: In an aggravating manner. AGGRAVATION Ag`gra*va"tion, n. Etym: [LL. aggravatio: cf. F. aggravation.] 1. The act of aggravating, or making worse; -- used of evils, natural or moral; the act of increasing in severity or heinousness; something additional to a crime or wrong and enhancing its guilt or injurious consequences. 2. Exaggerated representation. By a little aggravation of the features changed it into the Saracen's head. Addison. 3. An extrinsic circumstance or accident which increases the guilt of a crime or the misery of a calamity. 4. Provocation; irritation. [Colloq.] Dickens. AGGRAVATIVE Ag"gra*va*tive, a. Defn: Tending to aggravate. Ag*gres"sive*ly, adv. -- Ag*gres"sive*ness, n. No aggressive movement was made. Macaulay. AGGREGATE Ag"gre*gate, a. [L. aggregatus, p. p.] 1. Formed by a collection of particulars into a whole mass or sum; collective. The aggregate testimony of many hundreds. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Anat.) Formed into clusters or groups of lobules; as, aggregate glands. 3. (Bot.) Composed of several florets within a common involucre, as in the daisy; or of several carpels formed from one flower, as in the raspberry. 4. (Min. & Geol.) Having the several component parts adherent to each other only to such a degree as to be separable by mechanical means. 5. (Zoöl.) United into a common organized mass; -- said of certain compound animals. Corporation aggregate. (Law) See under Corporation. AGGREGATE Ag"gre*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggregated; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggregating.] [L. aggregatus, p. p. of aggregare to lead to a flock or herd; ad + gregare to collect into a flock, grex flock, herd. See Gregarious.] 1. To bring together; to collect into a mass or sum. "The aggregated soil." Milton. 2. To add or unite, as, a person, to an association. It is many times hard to discern to which of the two sorts, the good or the bad, a man ought to be aggregated. Wollaston. 3. To amount in the aggregate to; as, ten loads, aggregating five hundred bushels. [Colloq.] Syn. -- To heap up; accumulate; pile; collect. AGGREGATE Ag"gre*gate, n. 1. A mass, assemblage, or sum of particulars; as, a house is an aggregate of stone, brick, timber, etc. In an aggregate the particulars are less intimately mixed than in a compound. 2. (Physics) A mass formed by the union of homogeneous particles; -- in distinction from a compound, formed by the union of heterogeneous particles. In the aggregate, collectively; together. AGGREGATELY Ag"gre*gate*ly, adv. Defn: Collectively; in mass. AGGREGATION Ag`gre*ga"tion, n. [Cf. LL. aggregatio, F. agrégation.] Defn: The act of aggregating, or the state of being aggregated; collection into a mass or sum; a collection of particulars; an aggregate. Each genus is made up by aggregation of species. Carpenter. A nation is not an idea only of local extent and individual momentary aggregation, but . . . of continuity, which extends in time as well as in numbers, and in space. Burke. AGGREGATIVE Ag"gre*ga*tive, a. [Cf. Fr. agrégatif.] 1. Taken together; collective. 2. Gregarious; social. [R.] Carlyle. AGGREGATOR Ag"gre*ga`tor, n. Defn: One who aggregates. AGGREGE Ag*grege", v. t. [OF. agreger. See Aggravate.] Defn: To make heavy; to aggravate. [Obs.] Chaucer. AGGRESS Ag*gress", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aggressed; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggressing.] [L. aggressus, p. p. of aggredi to go to, approach; ad + gradi to step, go, gradus step: cf. OF. aggresser. See Grade.] Defn: To commit the first act of hostility or offense; to begin a quarrel or controversy; to make an attack; -- with on. AGGRESS Ag*gress", n. [L. aggressus.] Defn: Aggression. [Obs.] Their military aggresses on others. Sir M. Hale. AGGRESS Ag*gress", v. t. Defn: To set upon; to attack. [R.] AGGRESSION Ag*gres"sion, n. [L. aggressio, fr. aggredi: cf. F. agression.] Defn: The first attack, or act of hostility; the first act of injury, or first act leading to a war or a controversy; unprovoked attack; assault; as, a war of aggression. "Aggressions of power." Hallam Syn. -- Attack; offense; intrusion; provocation. AGGRESSIVE Ag*gres"sive, a. [Cf. F. agressif.] Defn: Tending or disposed to aggress; characterized by aggression; making assaults; unjustly attacking; as, an aggressive policy, war, person, nation. -- Ag*gres"sive*ly, adv. -- Ag*gres"sive*ness, n. No aggressive movement was made. Macaulay. AGGRESSOR Ag*gres"sor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. agresseur.] Defn: The person who first attacks or makes an aggression; he who begins hostility or a quarrel; an assailant. The insolence of the aggressor is usually proportioned to the tameness of the sufferer. Ames. AGGRIEVANCE Ag*griev"ance, n. Etym: [OF. agrevance, fr. agrever. See Aggrieve.] Defn: Oppression; hardship; injury; grievance. [Archaic] AGGRIEVE Ag*grieve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrieved; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrieving.] Etym: [OE. agreven, OF. agrever; a (L. ad) + grever to burden, injure, L. gravare to weigh down, fr. gravis heavy. See Grieve, and cf. Aggravate.] Defn: To give pain or sorrow to; to afflict; hence, to oppress or injure in one's rights; to bear heavily upon; -- now commonly used in the passive TO be aggrieved. Aggrieved by oppression and extortion. Macaulay. AGGRIEVE Ag*grieve", v. i. Defn: To grieve; to lament. [Obs.] AGGROUP Ag*group", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrouped; p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrouping.] Etym: [F. agrouper; à (L. ad) + groupe group. See Group..] Defn: To bring together in a group; to group. Dryden. AGGROUPMENT Ag*group"ment, n. Defn: Arrangement in a group or in groups; grouping. AGGRY; AGGRI Ag"gry, Ag"gri, a. Defn: Applied to a kind of variegated glass beads of ancient manufacture; as, aggry beads are found in Ashantee and Fantee in Africa. AGHAST A*ghast", v. t. Defn: See Agast, v. t. [Obs.] AGHAST A*ghast", a & p. p. Etym: [OE. agast, agasted, p. p. of agasten to terrify, fr. AS. pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + g to terrify, torment: cf. Goth. usgaisjan to terrify, primitively to fix, to root to the spot with terror; akin to L. haerere to stick fast, cling. See Gaze, Hesitate.] Defn: Terrified; struck with amazement; showing signs of terror or horror. Aghast he waked; and, starting from his bed, Cold sweat in clammy drops his limbs o'erspread. Dryden. The commissioners read and stood aghast. Macaulay. AGIBLE Ag"i*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. agibilis, fr. L. agere to move, do.] Defn: Possible to be done; practicable. [Obs.] "Fit for agible things." Sir A. Sherley. AGILE Ag"ile, a. Etym: [F. agile, L. agilis, fr. agere to move. See Agent.] Defn: Having the faculty of quick motion in the limbs; apt or ready to move; nimble; active; as, an agile boy; an agile tongue. Shaking it with agile hand. Cowper. Syn. -- Active; alert; nimble; brisk; lively; quick. AGILELY Ag"ile*ly, adv. Defn: In an agile manner; nimbly. AGILENESS Ag"ile*ness, n. Defn: Agility; nimbleness. [R.] AGILITY A*gil"i*ty, n. Etym: [F. agilié, L. agilitas, fr. agilis.] 1. The quality of being agile; the power of moving the limbs quickly and easily; nimbleness; activity; quickness of motion; as, strength and agility of body. They . . . trust to the agility of their wit. Bacon. Wheeling with the agility of a hawk. Sir W. Scott. 2. Activity; powerful agency. [Obs.] The agility of the sun's fiery heat. Holland. AGIO Ag"i*o, n.; pl. Agios. Etym: [It. aggio exchange, discount, premium, the same word as agio ease. See Ease.] (Com.) Defn: The premium or percentage on a better sort of money when it is given in exchange for an inferior sort. The premium or discount on foreign bills of exchange is sometimes called agio. AGIOTAGE Ag"i*o*tage, n. Etym: [F. agiotage, fr. agioter to practice stockjobbing, fr. agio.] Defn: Exchange business; also, stockjobbing; the maneuvers of speculators to raise or lower the price of stocks or public funds. Vanity and agiotage are to a Parisian the oxygen and hydrogen of life. Landor. AGIST A*gist", v. t. Etym: [OF. agister; à (L. ad) + gister to assign a lodging, fr. giste lodging, abode, F. gîte, LL. gistum, gista, fr. L. jacitum, p. p. of jac to lie: cf. LL. agistare, adgistare. See Gist.] (Law) Defn: To take to graze or pasture, at a certain sum; -- used originally of the feeding of cattle in the king's forests, and collecting the money for the same. Blackstone. AGISTATOR Ag`is*ta"tor, n. Etym: [LL.] Defn: See Agister. AGISTER; AGISTOR A*gist"er, A*gist"or, n. Etym: [Anglo-Norman agistour.] (Law) (a) Formerly, an officer of the king's forest, who had the care of cattle agisted, and collected the money for the same; -- hence called gisttaker, which in England is corrupted into guest-taker. (b) Now, one who agists or takes in cattle to pasture at a certain rate; a pasturer. Mozley & W. AGISTMENT A*gist"ment, n. Etym: [OF. agistement. See Agist.] (Law) (a) Formerly, the taking and feeding of other men's cattle in the king's forests. (b) The taking in by any one of other men's cattle to graze at a certain rate. Mozley & W. (c) The price paid for such feeding. (d) A charge or rate against lands; as, an agistment of sea banks, i. e., charge for banks or dikes. AGITABLE Ag"i*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. agitabilis: cf. F. agitable.] Defn: Capable of being agitated, or easily moved. [R.] AGITATE Ag"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Agitating.] Etym: [L. agitatus, p. p. of agitare to put in motion, fr. agere to move: cf. F. agiter. See Act, Agent.] 1. To move with a violent, irregular action; as, the wind agitates the sea; to agitate water in a vessel. "Winds . . . agitate the air." Cowper. 2. To move or actuate. [R.] Thomson. 3. To stir up; to disturb or excite; to perturb; as, he was greatly agitated. The mind of man is agitated by various passions. Johnson. 4. To discuss with great earnestness; to debate; as, a controversy hotly agitated. Boyle. 5. To revolve in the mind, or view in all its aspects; to contrive busily; to devise; to plot; as, politicians agitate desperate designs. Syn. -- To move; shake; excite; rouse; disturb; distract; revolve; discuss; debate; canvass. AGITATEDLY Ag"i*ta`ted*ly, adv. Defn: In an agitated manner. AGITATION Ag`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. agitatio: cf. F. agitation.] 1. The act of agitating, or the state of being agitated; the state of being moved with violence, or with irregular action; commotion; as, the sea after a storm is in agitation. 2. A stirring up or arousing; disturbance of tranquillity; disturbance of mind which shows itself by physical excitement; perturbation; as, to cause any one agitation. 3. Excitement of public feeling by discussion, appeals, etc.; as, the antislavery agitation; labor agitation. "Religious agitations." Prescott. 4. Examination or consideration of a subject in controversy, or of a plan proposed for adoption; earnest discussion; debate. A logical agitation of the matter. L'Estrange. The project now in agitation. Swift. Syn. -- Emotion; commotion; excitement; trepidation; tremor; perturbation. See Emotion. AGITATIVE Ag"i*ta*tive, a. Defn: Tending to agitate. AGITATO A`gi*ta"to, a. Etym: [It., agitated.] (Med.) Defn: Sung or played in a restless, hurried, and spasmodic manner. AGITATOR Ag"i*ta`tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. One who agitates; one who stirs up or excites others; as, political reformers and agitators. 2. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: One of a body of men appointed by the army, in Cromwell's time, to look after their interests; -- called also adjutators. Clarendon. 3. An implement for shaking or mixing. AGLEAM A*gleam", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + gleam.] Defn: Gleaming; as, faces agleam. Lowell. AGLET; AIGLET Ag"let, Aig"let, n. Etym: [F. aiguillette point, tagged point, dim. of aiguilee needle, fr. LL. acucula for acicula, dim. of L. acus needle, pinagleter to hook on. See Acute, and cf. Aiguillette.] 1. A tag of a lace or of the points, braids, or cords formerly used in dress. They were sometimes formed into small images. Hence, "aglet baby" (Shak.), an aglet image. 2. (Haberdashery) Defn: A round white staylace. Beck. AGLEY A*gley", adv. Defn: Aside; askew. [Scotch] Burns. AGLIMMER A*glim"mer, adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + glimmer.] Defn: In a glimmering state. Hawthorne. AGLITTER A*glit"ter, adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + glitter.] Defn: Clittering; in a glitter. AGLOSSAL A*glos"sal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Without tongue; tongueless. AGLOW A*glow", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + glow.] Defn: In a glow; glowing; as, cheeks aglow; the landscape all aglow. AGLUTITION Ag`lu*ti"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. a- not + L. glutire to swallow.] (Med.) Defn: Inability to swallow. AGMINAL Ag"mi*nal, a. Etym: [L. agminalis; agmen, agminis, a train.] Defn: Pertaining to an army marching, or to a train. [R.] AGMINATE; AGMINATED Ag"mi*nate, Ag"mi*na`ted, a. Etym: [L. agmen, agminis, a train, crowd.] (Physiol.) Defn: Grouped together; as, the agminated glands of Peyer in the small intestine. AGNAIL Ag"nail, n. Etym: [AS. angnægl; ange vexation, trouble + nægel nail. Cf. Hangnail.] 1. A corn on the toe or foot. [Obs.] 2. An inflammation or sore under or around the nail; also, a hangnail. AGNATE Ag"nate, a. Etym: [L. agnatus, p. p. of agnasci to be born in addition to; ad + nasci (for gnasci) to be born. Cf. Adnate.] 1. Related or akin by the father's side; also, sprung from the same male ancestor. 2. Allied; akin. "Agnate words." Pownall. Assume more or less of a fictitious character, but congenial and agnate with the former. Landor. AGNATE Ag"nate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. agnat.] (Civil Law) Defn: A relative whose relationship can be traced exclusively through males. AGNATIC Ag*nat"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. agnatique.] Defn: Pertaining to descent by the male line of ancestors. "The agnatic succession." Blackstone. AGNATION Ag*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. agnatio: cf. F. agnation.] 1. (Civil Law) Defn: Consanguinity by a line of males only, as distinguished from cognation. Bouvier. AGNITION Ag*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L. agnitio, fr. agnoscere. See Notion.] Defn: Acknowledgment. [Obs.] Grafton. AGNIZE Ag*nize", v. t. Etym: [Formed like recognize, fr. L. agnoscere.] Defn: To recognize; to acknowledge. [Archaic] I do agnize a natural and prompt alacrity. Shak. AGNOIOLOGY Ag`noi*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] (Metaph.) Defn: The doctrine concerning those things of which we are necessarily ignorant. AGNOMEN Ag*no"men, n. Etym: [L.; ad + nomen name.] 1. An additional or fourth name given by the Romans, or account of some remarkable exploit or event; as, Publius Caius Scipio Africanus. 2. An additional name, or an epithet appended to a name; as, Aristides the Just. AGNOMINATE Ag*nom"i*nate, v. t. Defn: To name. [Obs.] AGNOMINATION Ag*nom`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. agnominatio. See Agnomen.] 1. A surname. [R.] Minsheu. 2. Paronomasia; also, alliteration; annomination. AGNOSTIC Ag*nos"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Professing ignorance; involving no dogmatic; pertaining to or involving agnosticism. -- Ag*nos"tic*al*ly, adv. AGNOSTIC Ag*nos"tic, n. Defn: One who professes ignorance, or denies that we have any knowledge, save of phenomena; one who supports agnosticism, neither affirming nor denying the existence of a personal Deity, a future life, etc. AGNOSTICISM Ag*nos"ti*cism, n. Defn: That doctrine which, professing ignorance, neither asserts nor denies. Specifically: (Theol.) Defn: The doctrine that the existence of a personal Deity, an unseen world, etc., can be neither proved nor disproved, because of the necessary limits of the human mind (as sometimes charged upon Hamilton and Mansel), or because of the insufficiency of the evidence furnished by physical and physical data, to warrant a positive conclusion (as taught by the school of Herbert Spencer); -- opposed alike dogmatic skepticism and to dogmatic theism. AGNUS Ag"nus, n.; pl. E. Agnuses; L. Agni. Etym: [L., a lamb.] Defn: Agnus Dei. AGNUS CASTUS Ag"nus cas"tus. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A species of Vitex (V. agnus castus); the chaste tree. Loudon. And wreaths of agnus castus others bore. Dryden. AGNUS DEI Ag"nus De"i. Etym: [L., lamb of God.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) A figure of a lamb bearing a cross or flag. (b) A cake of wax stamped with such a figure. It is made from the remains of the paschal candles and blessed by the Pope. (c) A triple prayer in the sacrifice of the Mass, beginning with the words "Agnus Dei." AGNUS SCYTHICUS Ag"nus Scyth"i*cus. [L., Scythian lamb.] (Bot.) Defn: The Scythian lamb, a kind of woolly-skinned rootstock. See Barometz. AGO A*go", a. & adv. Etym: [OE. ago, agon, p. p. of agon to go away, pass by, AS. agan to pass away; a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + gan to go. See Go.] Defn: Past; gone by; since; as, ten years ago; gone long ago. AGOG A*gog", a. & adv. Etym: [Cf. F. gogue fun, perhaps of Celtic origin.] Defn: In eager desire; eager; astir. All agog to dash through thick and thin. Cowper. AGOING A*go"ing, adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + p. pr. of go.] Defn: In motion; in the act of going; as, to set a mill agoing. AGON Ag"on, n.; pl. Agones. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A contest for a prize at the public games. AGONE A*gone", a. & adv. Defn: Ago. [Archaic. & Poet.] Three days agone I fell sick. 1 Sam. xxx. 13. AGONE A"gone, n. Etym: [See Agonic.] Defn: Agonic line. AGONIC A*gon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Not forming an angle. Agonic line (Physics), an imaginary line on the earth's surface passing through those places where the magnetic needle points to the true north; the line of no magnetic variation. There is one such line in the Western hemisphere, and another in the Eastern hemisphere. AGONISM Ag"o*nism, n. Etym: [Gr. Agon.] Defn: Contention for a prize; a contest. [Obs.] Blount. AGONIST Ag"o*nist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who contends for the prize in public games. [R.] AGONISTIC; AGONISTICAL Ag`o*nis"tic, Ag`o*nis"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Agonism.] Defn: Pertaining to violent contests, bodily or mental; pertaining to athletic or polemic feats; athletic; combative; hence, strained; unnatural. As a scholar, he [Dr. Parr] was brilliant, but he consumed his power in agonistic displays. De Quincey. AGONISTICALLY Ag`o*nis"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an agonistic manner. AGONISTICS Ag`o*nis"tics, n. Defn: The science of athletic combats, or contests in public games. AGONIZE Ag"o*nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Agonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Agonizing.] Etym: [F. agoniser, LL. agonizare, fr. Gr. Agony.] 1. To writhe with agony; to suffer violent anguish. To smart and agonize at every pore. Pope. 2. To struggle; to wrestle; to strive desperately. AGONIZE Ag"o*nize, v. t. Defn: To cause to suffer agony; to subject to extreme pain; to torture. He agonized his mother by his behavior. Thackeray. AGONIZINGLY Ag"o*ni`zing*ly, adv. Defn: With extreme anguish or desperate struggles. AGONOTHETE Ag"o*no*thete`, n. Etym: [Gr. [Antiq.] Defn: An officer who presided over the great public games in Greece. AGONOTHETIC Ag`o*no*thet"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to the office of an agonothete. AGONY Ag"o*ny, n.; pl. Agonies. Etym: [L. agonia, Gr. agonie. See Agon.]Etym: 1. Violent contest or striving. The world is convulsed by the agonies of great nations. Macaulay. 2. Pain so extreme as to cause writhing or contortions of the body, similar to those made in the athletic contests in Greece; and hence, extreme pain of mind or body; anguish; paroxysm of grief; specifically, the sufferings of Christ in the garden of Gethsemane. Being in an agony he prayed more earnestly. Luke xxii. 44. 3. Paroxysm of joy; keen emotion. With cries and agonies of wild delight. Pope. 4. The last struggle of life; death struggle. Syn. -- Anguish; torment; throe; distress; pangs; suffering. -- Agony, Anguish, Pang. These words agree in expressing extreme pain of body or mind. Agony denotes acute and permanent pain, usually of the whole system., and often producing contortions. Anguish denotes severe pressure, and, considered as bodily suffering, is more commonly local (as anguish of a wound), thus differing from agony. A pang is a paroxysm of excruciating pain. It is severe and transient. The agonies or pangs of remorse; the anguish of a wounded conscience. "Oh, sharp convulsive pangs of agonizing pride!" Dryden. A-GOOD A-good(#), adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + good.] Defn: In earnest; heartily. [Obs.] "I made her weep agood." Shak. AGOOD A*good(a*good"), adv. [Pref. a-+ good.] Defn: In earnest; heartily. [Obs.] "I made her weep agood." Shak. AGORA Ag"o*ra, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An assembly; hence, the place of assembly, especially the market place, in an ancient Greek city. AGOUARA A*gou"a*ra, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), found in the tropical parts of America. AGOUTA A*gou"ta, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small insectivorous mammal (Solenodon paradoxus), allied to the moles, found only in Hayti. AGOUTI; AGOUTY A*gou"ti, A*gou"ty, n. Etym: [F. agouti, acouti, Sp. aguti, fr. native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A rodent of the genus Dasyprocta, about the size of a rabbit, peculiar to South America and the West Indies. The most common species is the Dasyprocta agouti. AGRACE A*grace", n. & v. Defn: See Aggrace. [Obs.] AGRAFFE A*graffe", n. Etym: [F. agrafe, formerly agraffe, OF. agrappe. See Agrappes.] 1. A hook or clasp. The feather of an ostrich, fastened in her turban by an agraffe set with brilliants. Sir W. Scott. 2. A hook, eyelet, or other device by which a piano wire is so held as to limit the vibration. AGRAMMATIST A*gram"ma*tist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A illiterate person. [Obs.] Bailey. AGRAPHIA A*graph"i*a, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The absence or loss of the power of expressing ideas by written signs. It is one form of aphasia. AGRAPHIC A*graph"ic, a. Defn: Characterized by agraphia. AGRAPPES A*grappes", n. pl. Etym: [OF. agrappe, F. agrafe; a + grappe (see Grape) fr. OHG. krapfo hook.] Defn: Hooks and eyes for armor, etc. Fairholt. AGRARIAN A*gra"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. agrarius, fr. ager field.] 1. Pertaining to fields, or lands, or their tenure; esp., relating to am equal or equitable division of lands; as, the agrarian laws of Rome, which distributed the conquered and other public lands among citizens. His Grace's landed possessions are irresistibly inviting to an agrarian experiment. Burke. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Wild; -- said of plants growing in the fields. AGRARIAN A*gra"ri*an, n. 1. One in favor of an equal division of landed property. 2. An agrarian law. [R.] An equal agrarian is perpetual law. Harrington. AGRARIANISM A*gra"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: An equal or equitable division of landed property; the principles or acts of those who favor a redistribution of land. AGRARIANIZE A*gra"ri*an*ize, v. t. Defn: To distribute according to, or to imbue with, the principles of agrarianism. AGRE; AGREE A*gre", A*gree", adv. Etym: [F. à gré. See Agree.] Defn: In good part; kindly. [Obs.] Rom. of R. AGREE A*gree", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Agreed; p. pr. & vb. n. Agreeing.] Etym: [F. agréer to accept or receive kindly, fr. à gré; à (L. ad) + gré good will, consent, liking, fr. L. gratus pleasing, agreeable. See Grateful.] 1. To harmonize in opinion, statement, or action; to be in unison or concord; to be or become united or consistent; to concur; as, all parties agree in the expediency of the law. If music and sweet poetry agree. Shak. Their witness agreed not together. Mark xiv. 56. The more you agree together, the less hurt can your enemies do you. Sir T. Browne. 2. To yield assent; to accede; -- followed by to; as, to agree to an offer, or to opinion. 3. To make a stipulation by way of settling differences or determining a price; to exchange promises; to come to terms or to a common resolve; to promise. Agree with thine adversary quickly. Matt. v. 25. Didst not thou agree with me for a penny Matt. xx. 13. 4. To be conformable; to resemble; to coincide; to correspond; as, the picture does not agree with the original; the two scales agree exactly. 5. To suit or be adapted in its effects; to do well; as, the same food does not agree with every constitution. 6. (Gram.) Defn: To correspond in gender, number, case, or person. Note: The auxiliary forms of to be are often employed with the participle agreed. "The jury were agreed." Macaulay. "Can two walk together, except they be agreed " Amos iii. 3. The principal intransitive uses were probably derived from the transitive verb used reflexively. "I agree me well to your desire." Ld. Berners. Syn. -- To assent; concur; consent; acquiesce; accede; engage; promise; stipulate; contract; bargain; correspond; harmonize; fit; tally; coincide; comport. AGREE A*gree", v. t. 1. To make harmonious; to reconcile or make friends. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To admit, or come to one mind concerning; to settle; to arrange; as, to agree the fact; to agree differences. [Obs.] AGREEABILITY A*gree`a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [OF. agreablete.] 1. Easiness of disposition. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The quality of being, or making one's self, agreeable; agreeableness. Thackeray. AGREEABLE A*gree"a*ble, a. Etym: [F. agréable.] 1. Pleasing, either to the mind or senses; pleasant; grateful; as, agreeable manners or remarks; an agreeable person; fruit agreeable to the taste. A train of agreeable reveries. Goldsmith. 2. Willing; ready to agree or consent. [Colloq.] These Frenchmen give unto the said captain of Calais a great sum of money, so that he will be but content and agreeable that they may enter into the said town. Latimer. 3. Agreeing or suitable; conformable; correspondent; concordant; adapted; -- followed by to, rarely by with. That which is agreeable to the nature of one thing, is many times contrary to the nature of another. L'Estrange. 4. In pursuance, conformity, or accordance; -- in this sense used adverbially for agreeably; as, agreeable to the order of the day, the House took up the report. Syn. -- Pleasing; pleasant; welcome; charming; acceptable; amiable. See Pleasant. AGREEABLENESS A*gree"a*ble*ness, n. 1. The quality of being agreeable or pleasing; that quality which gives satisfaction or moderate pleasure to the mind or senses. That author . . . has an agreeableness that charms us. Pope. 2. The quality of being agreeable or suitable; suitableness or conformity; consistency. The agreeableness of virtuous actions to human nature. Pearce. 3. Resemblance; concordance; harmony; -- with to or between. [Obs.] The agreeableness between man and the other parts of the universe. Grew. AGREEABLY A*gree"a*bly, adv. 1. In an agreeably manner; in a manner to give pleasure; pleasingly. "Agreeably entertained." Goldsmith. 2. In accordance; suitably; consistently; conformably; -- followed by to and rarely by with. See Agreeable, 4. The effect of which is, that marriages grow less frequent, agreeably to the maxim above laid down. Paley. 3. Alike; similarly. [Obs.] Both clad in shepherds' weeds agreeably. Spenser. AGREEINGLY A*gree"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In an agreeing manner (to); correspondingly; agreeably. [Obs.] AGREEMENT A*gree"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. agrément.] 1. State of agreeing; harmony of opinion, statement, action, or character; concurrence; concord; conformity; as, a good agreement subsists among the members of the council. What agreement hath the temple of God with idols 2 Cor. vi. 16. Expansion and duration have this further agreement. Locke. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Concord or correspondence of one word with another in gender, number, case, or person. 3. (Law) (a) A concurrence in an engagement that something shall be done or omitted; an exchange of promises; mutual understanding, arrangement, or stipulation; a contract. (b) The language, oral or written, embodying reciprocal promises. Abbott. Brande & C. Syn. -- Bargain; contract; compact; stipulation. AGREER A*gre"er, n. Defn: One who agrees. AGRESTIC A*gres"tic, a. Etym: [L. agrestis, fr. ager field.] Defn: Pertaining to fields or the country, in opposition to the city; rural; rustic; unpolished; uncouth. "Agrestic behavior." Gregory. AGRESTICAL A*gres"tic*al, a. Defn: Agrestic. [Obs.] AGRICOLATION A*gric`o*la"tion, n. Etym: [L., agricolatio.] Defn: Agriculture. [Obs.] Bailey. AGRICOLIST A*gric"o*list, n. Defn: A cultivator of the soil; an agriculturist. Dodsley. AGRICULTOR Ag"ri*cul`tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. ager field + cultor cultivator.] Defn: An agriculturist; a farmer. [R.] AGRICULTURAL Ag`ri*cul"tur*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to agriculture; connected with, or engaged in, tillage; as, the agricultural class; agricultural implements, wages, etc. -- Ag`ri*cul"tur*al*ly, adv. Agricultural ant (Zoöl.), a species of ant which gathers and stores seeds of grasses, for food. The remarkable species (Myrmica barbata) found in Texas clears circular areas and carefully cultivates its favorite grain, known as ant rice. AGRICULTURALIST Ag`ri*cul"tur*al*ist, n. Defn: An agriculturist (which is the preferred form.) AGRICULTURE Ag"ri*cul`ture, n. Etym: [L. agricultura; ager field + cultura cultivation: cf. F. agriculture. See Acre and Culture.] Defn: The art or science of cultivating the ground, including the harvesting of crops, and the rearing and management of live stock; tillage; husbandry; farming. AGRICULTURISM Ag`ri*cul"tur*ism, n. Defn: Agriculture. [R.] AGRICULTURIST Ag`ri*cul"tur*ist, n. Defn: One engaged or skilled in agriculture; a husbandman. The farmer is always a practitioner, the agriculturist may be a mere theorist. Crabb. AGRIEF A*grief", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + grief.] Defn: In grief; amiss. [Obs.] Chaucer. AGRIMONY Ag"ri*mo*ny, n. Etym: [OE. agremoyne, OF. aigremoine, L. agrimonia for argemonia, fr. Gr. (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants of the Rose family. (b) The name is also given to various other plants; as, hemp agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum); water agrimony (Bidens). Note: The Agrimonia eupatoria, or common agrimony, a perennial herb with a spike of yellow flowers, was once esteemed as a medical remedy, but is now seldom used. AGRIN A*grin", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + grin.] Defn: In the act of grinning. "His visage all agrin." Tennyson. AGRIOLOGIST Ag`ri*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed or engaged in agriology. AGRIOLOGY Ag`ri*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: Description or comparative study of the customs of savage or uncivilized tribes. AGRISE A*grise", v. i. Etym: [AS. agrisan to dread; a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + grisan, for gr (only in comp.), akin to OHG. gr, G. grausen, to shudder. See Grisly.] Defn: To shudder with terror; to tremble with fear. [Obs.] Chaucer. AGRISE A*grise", v. t. 1. To shudder at; to abhor; to dread; to loathe. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. To terrify; to affright. [Obs.] His manly face that did his foes agrise. Spenser. AGROM A"grom, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Med.) Defn: A disease occurring in Bengal and other parts of the East Indies, in which the tongue chaps and cleaves. AGRONOMIC; AGRONOMICAL Ag`ro*nom"ic, Ag`ro*nom"ic*al, Etym: [Cf. F. agronomique.] Defn: Pertaining to agronomy, of the management of farms. AGRONOMICS Ag`ro*nom"ics, n. Defn: The science of the distribution and management of land. AGRONOMIST A*gron"o*mist, n. Defn: One versed in agronomy; a student of agronomy. AGRONOMY A*gron"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. agronomie.] Defn: The management of land; rural economy; agriculture. AGROPE A*grope", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + grope.] Defn: In the act of groping. Mrs. Browning. AGROSTIS A*gros"tis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: A genus of grasses, including species called in common language bent grass. Some of them, as redtop (Agrostis vulgaris), are valuable pasture grasses. AGROSTOGRAPHIC; AGROSTOGRAPHICAL A*gros`to*graph"ic, A*gros`to*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. agrostographique.] Defn: Pertaining to agrostography. AGROSTOGRAPHY Ag`ros*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A description of the grasses. AGROSTOLOGIC; AGROSTOLOGICAL A*gros`to*log"ic, A*gros`to*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to agrostology. AGROSTOLOGIST Ag`ros*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One skilled in agrostology. AGROSTOLOGY Ag`ros*tol"ogy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: That part of botany which treats of the grasses. AGROTECHNY Ag"ro*tech`ny, n. [Gr. field, land + an art.] Defn: That branch of agriculture dealing with the methods of conversion of agricultural products into manufactured articles; agricultural technology. AGROUND A*ground", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + ground.] Defn: On the ground; stranded; -- a nautical term applied to a ship when its bottom lodges on the ground. Totten. AGROUPMENT A*group"ment, n. Defn: See Aggroupment. AGRYPNOTIC Ag`ryp*not"ic, n. Etym: [Gr. agrypnotique.] Defn: Anything which prevents sleep, or produces wakefulness, as strong tea or coffee. AGUARDIENTE A`guar*di*en"te, n. Etym: [Sp., contr. of agua ardiente burning water (L. aqua water + ardens burning).] 1. A inferior brandy of Spain and Portugal. 2. A strong alcoholic drink, especially pulque. [Mexico and Spanish America.] AGUE A"gue, n. Etym: [OE. agu, ague, OF. agu, F. aigu, sharp, OF. fem. ague, LL. (febris) acuta, a sharp, acute fever, fr. L. acutus sharp. See Acute.] 1. An acute fever. [Obs.] "Brenning agues." P. Plowman. 2. (Med.) Defn: An intermittent fever, attended by alternate cold and hot fits. 3. The cold fit or rigor of the intermittent fever; as, fever and ague. 4. A chill, or state of shaking, as with cold. Dryden. Ague cake, an enlargement of the spleen produced by ague. -- Ague drop, a solution of the arsenite of potassa used for ague. -- Ague fit, a fit of the ague. Shak. -- Ague spell, a spell or charm against ague. Gay. -- Ague tree, the sassafras, -- sometimes so called from the use of its root formerly, in cases of ague. [Obs.] AGUE A"gue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agued.] Defn: To strike with an ague, or with a cold fit. Heywood. AGUILT A*guilt", v. t. Defn: To be guilty of; to offend; to sin against; to wrong. [Obs.] Chaucer. AGUISE A*guise", n. Defn: Dress. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. AGUISE A*guise", v. t. Etym: [Pref a- + guise.] Defn: To dress; to attire; to adorn. [Obs.] Above all knights ye goodly seem aguised. Spenser. AGUISH A"gu*ish, a. 1. Having the qualities of an ague; somewhat cold or shivering; chilly; shaky. Her aguish love now glows and burns. Granville. 2. Productive of, or affected by, ague; as, the aguish districts of England. T. Arnold. A"gu*ish*ness, n. AGUSH A*gush", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + gush.] Defn: In a gushing state. Hawthorne. AGYNOUS Ag"y*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Without female organs; male. AH Ah, interj. Etym: [OE. a: cf. OF. a, F. ah, L. ah, Gr. a, Icel. æ, OHG. a, Lith. á, á\'a0.] Defn: An exclamation, expressive of surprise, pity, complaint, entreaty, contempt, threatening, delight, triumph, etc., according to the manner of utterance. AHA A*ha", interj. Etym: [Ah, interj. + ha.] Defn: An exclamation expressing, by different intonations, triumph, mixed with derision or irony, or simple surprise. AHA A*ha", n. Defn: A sunk fence. See Ha-ha. Mason. AHEAD A*head", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + head.] 1. In or to the front; in advance; onward. The island bore but a little ahead of us. Fielding. 2. Headlong; without restraint. [Obs.] L'Estrange. To go ahead. (a) To go in advance. (b) To go on onward. (c) To push on in an enterprise. [Colloq] -- To get ahead of. (a) To get in advance of. (b) To surpass; to get the better of. [Colloq.] AHEAP A*heap", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + heap.] Defn: In a heap; huddled together. Hood. AHEIGHT A*height", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + height.] Defn: Aloft; on high. [Obs.] "Look up aheight." Shak. AHEM A*hem", interj. Defn: An exclamation to call one's attention; hem. AHEY A*hey", interj. Defn: Hey; ho. AHIGH A*high", adv. Defn: On high. [Obs.] Shak. AHOLD A*hold", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + hold.] Defn: Near the wind; as, to lay a ship ahold. [Obs.] Shak. AHORSEBACK A*horse"back, adv. Defn: On horseback. Two suspicious fellows ahorseback. Smollet. AHOY A*hoy", interj. Etym: [OE. a, interj. + hoy.] (Naut.) Defn: A term used in hailing; as, "Ship ahoy." AHRIMAN Ah"ri*man, n. Etym: [Per.] Defn: The Evil Principle or Being of the ancient Persians; the Prince of Darkness as opposer to Ormuzd, the King of Light. AHU A"hu, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Asiatic gazelle. AHULL A*hull", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + hull.] (Naut.) Defn: With the sails furled, and the helm lashed alee; -- applied to ships in a storm. See Hull, n. AHUNGERED A*hun"gered, a. Etym: [Pref. a- + hungered.] Defn: Pinched with hunger; very hungry. C. Bronté. AI A"i, n.; pl. Ais. Etym: [Braz. aï, haï, from the animal's cry: cf. F. aï.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The three-toed sloth (Bradypus tridactylus) of South America. See Sloth. AIBLINS; ABLINS Ai"blins, A"blins, adv. Etym: [See Able.] Defn: Perhaps; possibly. [Scotch] Burns. AICH'S METAL Aich's met"al. Defn: A kind of gun metal, containing copper, zinc, and iron, but no tin. AID Aid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aided; p. pr. & vb. n. Aiding.] Etym: [F. aider, OF. aidier, fr. L. adjutare to help, freq. of adjuvare to help; ad + juvare to help. Cf. Adjutant.] Defn: To support, either by furnishing strength or means in coöperation to effect a purpose, or to prevent or to remove evil; to help; to assist. You speedy helpers . . . Appear and aid me in this enterprise. Shak. Syn. -- To help; assist; support; sustain; succor; relieve; befriend; coöperate; promote. See Help. AID Aid, n. Etym: [F. aide, OF. aïde, aïe, fr. the verb. See Aid, v. t.] 1. Help; succor; assistance; relief. An unconstitutional mode of obtaining aid. Hallam. 2. The person or thing that promotes or helps in something done; a helper; an assistant. It is not good that man should be alone; let us make unto him an aid like unto himself. Tobit viii. 6. 3. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: A subsidy granted to the king by Parliament; also, an exchequer loan. 4. (Feudal Law) Defn: A pecuniary tribute paid by a vassal to his lord on special occasions. Blackstone. 5. An aid-de-camp, so called by abbreviation; as, a general's aid. Aid prayer (Law), a proceeding by which a defendant beseeches and claims assistance from some one who has a further or more permanent interest in the matter in suit. -- To pray in aid, to beseech and claim such assistance. AIDANCE Aid"ance, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. aidance.] Defn: Aid. [R.] Aidance 'gainst the enemy. Shak. AIDANT Aid"ant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. aidant, p. pr. of aider to help.] Defn: Helping; helpful; supplying aid. Shak. AID-DE-CAMP Aid"-de-camp`, n.; pl. Aids-de-camp.. Etym: [F. aide de camp (literally) camp assistant.] (Mil.) Defn: An officer selected by a general to carry orders, also to assist or represent him in correspondence and in directing movements. AIDER Aid"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, aids. AIDFUL Aid"ful, a. Defn: Helpful. [Archaic.] Bp. Hall. AIDLESS Aid"less, a. Defn: Helpless; without aid. Milton. AID-MAJOR Aid"-ma`jor, n. Defn: The adjutant of a regiment. AIEL Ai"el, n. Defn: See Ayle. [Obs.] AIGLET Aig"let, n. Defn: Same as Aglet. AIGRE Ai"gre, a. Etym: [F. See Eager.] Defn: Sour. [Obs.] Shak. AIGREMORE Ai"gre*more, n. Etym: [F. origin unknown.] Defn: Charcoal prepared for making powder. AIGRET; AIGRETTE Ai"gret, Ai*grette, n. Etym: [F., a sort of white heron, with a tuft of feathers on its head; a tuft of feathers; dim. of the same word as heron. See Heron, and cf. Egret, Egrette.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The small white European heron. See Egret. 2. A plume or tuft for the head composed of feathers, or of gems, etc. Prescott. 3. A tuft like that of the egret. (Bot.) Defn: A feathery crown of seed; egret; as, the aigrette or down of the dandelion or the thistle. AIGUILLE Ai`guille", n. Etym: [F., a needle. See Aglet.] 1. A needle-shaped peak. 2. An instrument for boring holes, used in blasting. AIGUILLETTE Ai`guil*lette", n. Etym: [F. See Aglet.] 1. A point or tag at the end of a fringe or lace; an aglet. 2. One of the ornamental tags, cords, or loops on some military and naval uniforms. AIGULET Ai"gu*let, n. Defn: See Aglet. Spenser. AIL Ail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ailing.] Etym: [OE. eilen, ailen, AS. eglan to trouble, pain; akin to Goth. us-agljan to distress, agls troublesome, irksome, aglo, aglitha, pain, and prob. to E. awe. Defn: To affect with pain or uneasiness, either physical or mental; to trouble; to be the matter with; -- used to express some uneasiness or affection, whose cause is unknown; as, what ails the man I know not what ails him. What aileth thee, Hagar Gen. xxi. 17. Note: It is never used to express a specific disease. We do not say, a fever ails him; but, something ails him. AIL Ail, v. i. Defn: To be affected with pain or uneasiness of any sort; to be ill or indisposed or in trouble. When he ails ever so little . . . he is so peevish. Richardson. AIL Ail, n. Defn: Indisposition or morbid affection. Pope. AILANTHUS Ai*lan"thus, n. Defn: Same as Ailantus. AILANTUS Ai*lan"tus, n. Etym: [From aylanto, i. e., tree of heaven, the name of the tree in the Moluccas.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of beautiful trees, natives of the East Indies. The tree imperfectly di AILERON Ai"le*ron, n. [F., dim. of aile wing.] 1. Defn: A half gable, as at the end of a penthouse or of the aisle of a church. 2. (Aëronautics) A small plane or surface capable of being manipulated by the pilot of a flying machine to preserve or destroy lateral balance; a hinged wing tip; a lateral stabilizing or balancing plane. AILETTE Ai*lette, n. Etym: [F. ailette, dim. of aile wing, L. ala.] Defn: A small square shield, formerly worn on the shoulders of knights, -- being the prototype of the modern epaulet. Fairholt. AILMENT Ail"ment, n. Defn: Indisposition; morbid affection of the body; -- not applied ordinarily to acute diseases. "Little ailments." Landsdowne. AILUROIDEA Ai`lu*roid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of the Carnivora, which includes the cats, civets, and hyenas. AIM Aim, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aimed; p. pr. & vb. n. Aiming.] Etym: [OE. amen, aimen, eimen, to guess at, to estimate, to aim, OF. esmer, asmer, fr. L. aestimare to estimate; or perh. fr. OF. aesmer; ad) + esmer. See Estimate.] 1. To point or direct a missile weapon, or a weapon which propels as missile, towards an object or spot with the intent of hitting it; as, to aim at a fox, or at a target. 2. To direct the indention or purpose; to attempt the accomplishment of a purpose; to try to gain; to endeavor; -- followed by at, or by an infinitive; as, to aim at distinction; to aim to do well. Aim'st thou at princes Pope. 3. To guess or conjecture. [Obs.] Shak. AIM Aim, v. t. Defn: To direct or point, as a weapon, at a particular object; to direct, as a missile, an act, or a proceeding, at, to, or against an object; as, to aim a musket or an arrow, the fist or a blow (at something); to aim a satire or a reflection (at some person or vice). AIM Aim, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. esme estimation, fr. esmer. See Aim, v. i.] 1. The pointing of a weapon, as a gun, a dart, or an arrow, in the line of direction with the object intended to be struck; the line of fire; the direction of anything, as a spear, a blow, a discourse, a remark, towards a particular point or object, with a view to strike or affect it. Each at the head leveled his deadly aim. Milton. 2. The point intended to be hit, or object intended to be attained or affected. To be the aim of every dangerous shot. Shak. 3. Intention; purpose; design; scheme. How oft ambitious aims are crossed! Pope. 4. Conjecture; guess. [Obs.] What you would work me to, I have some aim. Shak. To cry aim (Archery), to encourage. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- End; object; scope; drift; design; purpose; intention; scheme; tendency; aspiration. AIMER Aim"er, n. Defn: One who aims, directs, or points. AIMLESS Aim"less, a. Defn: Without aim or purpose; as, an aimless life. -- Aim"less*ly, adv. -- Aim"less*ness, n. AINO Ai"no, n. Etym: [Said to be the native name for man.] Defn: One of a peculiar race inhabiting Yesso, the Kooril Islands etc., in the northern part of the empire of Japan, by some supposed to have been the progenitors of the Japanese. The Ainos are stout and short, with hairy bodies. AIN'T Ain't. Defn: A contraction for are not and am not; also used for is not. [Colloq. or llliterate speech]. See An't. AIR Air, n. Etym: [OE. air, eir, F. air, L. aër, fr. Gr. wind. In sense 10 the French has taking a meaning fr. It. aria atmosphere, air, fr. the same Latin word; and in senses 11, 12, 13 the French meaning is either fr. L. aria, or due to confusion with F. aire, in an older sense of origin, descent. Cf. A, Debonair, Malaria, Wind.] 1. The fluid which we breathe, and which surrounds the earth; the atmosphere. It is invisible, inodorous, insipid, transparent, compressible, elastic, and ponderable. Note: By the ancient philosophers, air was regarded as an element; but modern science has shown that it is essentially a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, with a small amount of carbon dioxide, the average proportions being, by volume: oxygen, 20.96 per cent.; nitrogen, 79.00 per cent.; carbon dioxide, 0.04 per cent. These proportions are subject to a very slight variability. Air also always contains some vapor of water. 2. Symbolically: Something unsubstantial, light, or volatile. "Charm ache with air." Shak. He was still all air and fire. Macaulay . [Air and fire being the finer and quicker elements as opposed to earth and water.] 3. A particular state of the atmosphere, as respects heat, cold, moisture, etc., or as affecting the sensations; as, a smoky air, a damp air, the morning air, etc. 4. Any aëriform body; a gas; as, oxygen was formerly called vital air. [Obs.] 5. Air in motion; a light breeze; a gentle wind. Let vernal airs through trembling osiers play. Pope. 6. Odoriferous or contaminated air. 7. That which surrounds and influences. The keen, the wholesome air of poverty. Wordsworth. 8. Utterance abroad; publicity; vent. You gave it air before me. Dryden. 9. Intelligence; information. [Obs.] Bacon. 10. (Mus.) (a) A musical idea, or motive, rhythmically developed in consecutive single tones, so as to form a symmetrical and balanced whole, which may be sung by a single voice to the stanzas of a hymn or song, or even to plain prose, or played upon an instrument; a melody; a tune; an aria. (b) In harmonized chorals, psalmody, part songs, etc., the part which bears the tune or melody -- in modern harmony usually the upper part -- is sometimes called the air. 11. The peculiar look, appearance, and bearing of a person; mien; demeanor; as, the air of a youth; a heavy air; a lofty air. "His very air." Shak. 12. Peculiar appearance; apparent character; semblance; manner; style. It was communicated with the air of a secret. Pope. 12. pl. Defn: An artificial or affected manner; show of pride or vanity; haughtiness; as, it is said of a person, he puts on airs. Thackeray. 14. (Paint.) (a) The representation or reproduction of the effect of the atmospheric medium through which every object in nature is viewed. New Am. Cyc. (b) Carriage; attitude; action; movement; as, the head of that portrait has a good air. Fairholt. 15. (Man.) Defn: The artificial motion or carriage of a horse. Note: Air is much used adjectively or as the first part of a compound term. In most cases it might be written indifferently, as a separate limiting word, or as the first element of the compound term, with or without the hyphen; as, air bladder, air-bladder, or airbladder; air cell, air-cell, or aircell; air-pump, or airpump. Air balloon. See Balloon. -- Air bath. (a) An apparatus for the application of air to the body. (b) An arrangement for drying substances in air of any desired temperature. -- Air castle. See Castle in the air, under Castle. -- Air compressor, a machine for compressing air to be used as a motive power. -- Air crossing, a passage for air in a mine. -- Air cushion, an air-tight cushion which can be inflated; also, a device for arresting motion without shock by confined air. -- Air fountain, a contrivance for producing a jet of water by the force of compressed air. -- Air furnace, a furnace which depends on a natural draft and not on blast. -- Air line, a straight line; a bee line. Hence Air-line, adj.; as, air-line road. -- Air lock (Hydr. Engin.), an intermediate chamber between the outer air and the compressed-air chamber of a pneumatic caisson. Knight. -- Air port (Nav.), a scuttle or porthole in a ship to admit air. -- Air spring, a spring in which the elasticity of air is utilized. -- Air thermometer, a form of thermometer in which the contraction and expansion of air is made to measure changes of temperature. -- Air threads, gossamer. -- Air trap, a contrivance for shutting off foul air or gas from drains, sewers, etc.; a stench trap. -- Air trunk, a pipe or shaft for conducting foul or heated air from a room. -- Air valve, a valve to regulate the admission or egress of air; esp. a valve which opens inwardly in a steam boiler and allows air to enter. -- Air way, a passage for a current of air; as the air way of an air pump; an air way in a mine. -- In the air. (a) Prevalent without traceable origin or authority, as rumors. (b) Not in a fixed or stable position; unsettled. (c) (Mil.) Unsupported and liable to be turned or taken in flank; as, the army had its wing in the air. -- To take air, to be divulged; to be made public. -- To take the air, to go abroad; to walk or ride out. AIR Air, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aired; p. pr. & vb. n. Airing.] Etym: [See Air, n., and cf. A.] 1. To expose to the air for the purpose of cooling, refreshing, or purifying; to ventilate; as, to air a room. It were good wisdom . . . that the jail were aired. Bacon. Were you but riding forth to air yourself. Shak. 2. To expose for the sake of public notice; to display ostentatiously; as, to air one's opinion. Airing a snowy hand and signet gem. Tennyson. 3. To expose to heat, for the purpose of expelling dampness, or of warming; as, to air linen; to air liquors. AIR BED Air" bed`. Defn: A sack or matters inflated with air, and used as a bed. AIR BLADDER Air" blad`der. 1. (Anat.) Defn: An air sac, sometimes double or variously lobed, in the visceral cavity of many fishes. It originates in the same way as the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates, and in the adult may retain a tubular connection with the pharynx or esophagus. 2. A sac or bladder full of air in an animal or plant; also an air hole in a casting. AIR BRAKE Air" brake`. (Mach.) Defn: A railway brake operated by condensed air. Knight. AIR BRUSH Air brush. Defn: A kind of atomizer for applying liquid coloring matter in a spray by compressed air. AIR-BUILT Air"-built`, a. Defn: Erected in the air; having no solid foundation; chimerical; as, an air-built castle. AIR CELL Air" cell`. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A cavity in the cellular tissue of plants, containing air only. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A receptacle of air in various parts of the system; as, a cell or minute cavity in the walls of the air tubes of the lungs; the air sac of birds; a dilatation of the air vessels in insects. AIR CHAMBER Air" cham`ber. 1. A chamber or cavity filled with air, in an animal or plant. 2. A cavity containing air to act as a spring for equalizing the flow of a liquid in a pump or other hydraulic machine. AIR COCK Air" cock`. Defn: A faucet to allow escape of air. AIR COOLING Air cooling. Defn: In gasoline-engine motor vehicles, the cooling of the cylinder by increasing its radiating surface by means of ribs or radiators, and placing it so that it is exposed to a current of air. Cf. Water cooling. -- Air"-cooled`, a. AIRCRAFT Air"craft`, n. sing. & pl. Defn: Any device, as a balloon, aëroplane, etc., for floating in, or flying through, the air. AIR-DRAWN Air"-drawn", a. Defn: Drawn in air; imaginary. This is the air-drawn dagger. Shak. AIR DRILL Air" drill`. Defn: A drill driven by the elastic pressure of condensed air; a pneumatic drill. Knight. AIR ENGINE Air" engine`. Defn: An engine driven by heated or by compressed air. Knight. AIRER Air"er, n. 1. One who exposes to the air. 2. A frame on which clothes are aired or dried. AIR GAP Air gap. (Physics) Defn: An air-filled gap in a magnetic or electric circuit; specif., in a dynamo or motor, the space between the field-magnet poles and the armature; clearance. AIR GAS Air" gas`. Defn: See under Gas. AIR GUN Air" gun`. Defn: A kind of gun in which the elastic force of condensed air is used to discharge the ball. The air is powerfully compressed into a reservoir attached to the gun, by a condensing pump, and is controlled by a valve actuated by the trigger. AIR HOLE Air" hole`. 1. A hole to admit or discharge air; specifically, a spot in the ice not frozen over. 2. (Founding) Defn: A fault in a casting, produced by a bubble of air; a blowhole. AIRILY Air"i*ly, adv. Defn: In an airy manner; lightly; gaily; jauntily; fippantly. AIRINESS Air"i*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being airy; openness or exposure to the air; as, the airiness of a country seat. 2. Lightness of spirits; gayety; levity; as, the airiness of young persons. AIRING Air"ing, n. 1. A walk or a ride in the open air; a short excursion for health's sake. 2. An exposure to air, or to a fire, for warming, drying, etc.; as, the airing of linen, or of a room. AIR JACKET Air" jack`et. Defn: A jacket having air-tight cells, or cavities which can be filled with air, to render persons buoyant in swimming. AIRLESS Air"less, a. Defn: Not open to a free current of air; wanting fresh air, or communication with the open air. AIR LEVEL Air" lev`el. Defn: Spirit level. See Level. AIRLIKE Air"like`, a. Defn: Resembling air. AIR LINE Air line. Defn: A path through the air made easy for aërial navigation by steady winds. AIRLING Air"ling, n. Defn: A thoughtless, gay person. [Obs.] "Slight airlings." B. Jonson. AIRMAN Air"man, n. Defn: A man who ascends or flies in an aircraft; a flying machine pilot. AIRMANSHIP Air"man*ship, n. Defn: Art, skill, or ability in the practice of aërial navigation. AIROL Air"ol, n. (Pharm.) Defn: A grayish green antiseptic powder, consisting of a basic iodide and gallate of bismuth, sometimes used in place of iodoform. [A Trademark] AIROMETER Air*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Air + -meter.] Defn: A hollow cylinder to contain air. It is closed above and open below, and has its open end plunged into water. AIR PIPE Air" pipe`. Defn: A pipe for the passage of air; esp. a ventilating pipe. AIR PLANT Air" plant`. (Bot.) Defn: A plant deriving its sustenance from the air alone; an aërophyte. Note: The "Florida moss" (Tillandsia), many tropical orchids, and most mosses and lichens are air plants. Those which are lodged upon trees, but not parasitic on them, are epiphytes. AIR POISE Air" poise`. Etym: [See Poise.] Defn: A AIR PUMP Air" pump`. 1. (Physics) Defn: A kind of pump for exhausting air from a vessel or closed space; also, a pump to condense air of force in into a closed space. 2. (Steam Engines) Defn: A pump used to exhaust from a condenser the condensed steam, the water used for condensing, and any commingled air. AIR SAC Air" sac`. (Anat.) Defn: One of the spaces in different parts. of the bodies of birds, which are filled with air and connected with the air passages of the lungs; an air cell. AIR SHAFT Air" shaft`. Defn: A passage, usually vertical, for admitting fresh air into a mine or a tunnel. AIRSICK Air`sick`, a. Defn: Affected with aërial sickness. -- Air"sick`ness, n. AIR-SLACKED Air"-slacked`, a. Defn: Slacked, or pulverized, by exposure to the air; as, air-slacked lime. AIR STOVE Air" stove`. Defn: A stove for heating a current of air which is directed against its surface by means of pipes, and then distributed through a building. AIR-TIGHT Air"-tight`, a. Defn: So tight as to be impermeable to air; as, an air-tight cylinder. AIR-TIGHT Air"-tight`, n. Defn: A stove the draft of which can be almost entirely shut off. [Colloq. U. S.] AIR VESSEL Air" ves`sel. Defn: A vessel, cell, duct, or tube containing or conducting air; as the air vessels of insects, birds, plants, etc.; the air vessel of a pump, engine, etc. For the latter, see Air chamber. The air vessels of insects are called tracheæ, of plants spiral vessels. AIRWARD; AIRWARDS Air"ward, Air"wards, adv. Defn: Toward the air; upward. [R.] Keats. AIRWOMAN Air"wom`an, n. Defn: A woman who ascends or flies in an aircraft. AIRY Air"y, a. 1. Consisting of air; as, an airy substance; the airy parts of bodies. 2. Relating or belonging to air; high in air; aërial; as, an airy flight. "The airy region." Milton. 3. Open to a free current of air; exposed to the air; breezy; as, an airy situation. 4. Resembling air; thin; unsubstantial; not material; airlike. "An airy spirit." Shak. 5. Relating to the spirit or soul; delicate; graceful; as, airy music. 6. Without reality; having no solid foundation; empty; trifling; visionary. "Airy fame." Shak. Empty sound, and airy notions. Roscommon. 7. Light of heart; vivacious; sprightly; flippant; superficial. "Merry and airy." Jer. Taylor. 8. Having an affected manner; being in the habit of putting on airs; affectedly grand. [Colloq.] 9. (Paint.) Defn: Having the light and aërial tints true to nature. Elmes. AISLE Aisle, n. Etym: [OF. ele, F. aile, wing, wing of a building, L. ala, contr. fr. axilla.] (Arch.) (a) A lateral division of a building, separated from the middle part, called the nave, by a row of columns or piers, which support the roof or an upper wall containing windows, called the clearstory wall. (b) Improperly used also for the have; -- as in the phrases, a church with three aisles, the middle aisle. (c) Also (perhaps from confusion with alley), a passage into which the pews of a church open. AISLED Aisled, a. Defn: Furnished with an aisle or aisles. AISLESS Ais"less, a. Defn: Without an aisle. AIT Ait, n. Etym: [AS. ieg, ig, island. See Eyot.] Defn: An islet, or little isle, in a river or lake; an eyot. The ait where the osiers grew. R. Hodges (1649). Among green aits and meadows. Dickens. AIT Ait, n. Defn: Oat. [Scot.] Burns. AITCH Aitch, n. Defn: The letter h or H. AITCHBONE Aitch"bone`, n. Etym: [For nachebone. For loss of n, cf. Adder. See Natch.] Defn: The bone of the rump; also, the cut of beef surrounding this bone. [Spelt also edgebone.] AITIOLOGY Ai`ti*ol"o*gy, n. Defn: See Ætiology. AJAR A*jar", adv. Etym: [OE. on char ajar, on the turn; AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, akin to G. kehren to turn, and to D. akerre. See Char.] Defn: Slightly turned or opened; as, the door was standing ajar. AJAR A*jar", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + jar.] Defn: In a state of discord; out of harmony; as, he is ajar with the world. AJAVA Aj"a*va, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Ajouan. AJOG A*jog", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + jog.] Defn: On the jog. AJOUAN; AJOWAN Aj"ou*an Aj"ow*an, n. [Written also ajwain.] [Prob. native name.] (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of Ammi Copticum, syn. Carum Ajowan, used both as a medicine and as a condiment. An oil containing thymol is extracted from it. Called also Javanee seed, Javanese seed, and ajava. AJUTAGE Aj"u*tage, n. Etym: [F. ajutage, for ajoutage, fr. ajouter to add, LL. adjuxtare, fr. L. ad + juxta near to, nigh. Cf. Adjutage, Adjustage, Adjust.] Defn: A tube through which is water is discharged; an efflux tube; as, the ajutage of a fountain. AKE Ake, n. & v. Defn: See Ache. AKENE A*kene", n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Achene. AKETON Ak"e*ton, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Acton. AKIMBO A*kim"bo, a. Etym: [Etymology unknown. Cf. Kimbo.] Defn: With a crook or bend; with the hand on the hip and elbow turned outward. "With one arm akimbo." Irving. AKIN A*kin", a. Etym: [Pref. a- (for of) + kin.] 1. Of the same kin; related by blood; -- used of persons; as, the two families are near akin. 2. Allied by nature; partaking of the same properties; of the same kind. "A joy akin to rapture." Cowper. The literary character of the work is akin to its moral character. Jeffrey. Note: This adjective is used only after the noun. AKINESIA Ak`i*ne"si*a, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Paralysis of the motor nerves; loss of movement. Foster. AKINESIC Ak`i*ne"sic, a. (med.) Defn: Pertaining to akinesia. AKNEE A*knee", adv. Defn: On the knee. [R.] Southey. AKNOW Ak*now". Defn: Earlier form of Acknow. [Obs.] To be aknow, to acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.] AL Al, a. Defn: All. [Obs.] Chaucer. AL- Al-. A prefix. (a) Etym: [AS. eal.] Defn: All; wholly; completely; as, almighty,almost. (b) Etym: [L. ad.] Defn: To; at; on; -- in OF. shortened to a-. See Ad-. (c) The Arabic definite article answering to the English the; as, Alkoran, the Koran or the Book; alchemy, the chemistry. AL Al. conj. Defn: Although; if. [Obs.] See All, conj. ALA A"la, n.; pl. Alæ. Etym: [L., a wing.] (Biol.) Defn: A winglike organ, or part. ALABAMA PERIOD Al`a*ba"ma pe"ri*od. (Geol.) Defn: A period in the American eocene, the lowest in the tertiary age except the lignitic. ALABASTER Al"a*bas"ter, n. Etym: [L. alabaster, Gr. Alabastron, the name of a town in Egypt, near which it was common: cf. OF. alabastre, F. albâtre.] 1. (Min.) (a) A compact variety or sulphate of lime, or gypsum, of fine texture, and usually white and translucent, but sometimes yellow, red, or gray. It is carved into vases, mantel ornaments, etc. (b) A hard, compact variety of carbonate of lime, somewhat translucent, or of banded shades of color; stalagmite. The name is used in this sense by Pliny. It is sometimes distinguished as oriental alabaster. 2. A box or vessel for holding odoriferous ointments, etc.; -- so called from the stone of which it was originally made. Fosbroke. ALABASTRIAN Al`a*bas"tri*an, a. Defn: Alabastrine. ALABASTRINE Al`a*bas"trine, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, alabaster; as alabastrine limbs. ALABASTRUM Al`a*bas"trum, n.; pl. Alabastra. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A flower bud. Gray. ALACK A*lack", interj. Etym: [Prob. from ah! lack! OE. lak loss, failure, misfortune. See Lack.] Defn: An exclamation expressive of sorrow. [Archaic. or Poet.] Shak. ALACKADAY A*lack"a*day`, interj. Etym: [For alack the day. Cf. Lackaday.] Defn: An exclamation expressing sorrow. Note: Shakespeare has "alack the day" and "alack the heavy day." Compare "woe worth the day." ALACRIFY A*lac"ri*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. alacer, alacris, lively + -fly.] Defn: To rouse to action; to inspirit. ALACRIOUS A*lac"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. alacer, alacris.] Defn: Brisk; joyously active; lively. 'T were well if we were a little more alacrious. Hammond. ALACRIOUSLY A*lac"ri*ous*ly, adv. Defn: With alacrity; briskly. ALACRIOUSNESS A*lac"ri*ous*ness, n. Defn: Alacrity. [Obs.] Hammond. ALACRITY A*lac"ri*ty, n. Etym: [L. alacritas, fr. alacer lively, eager, prob. akin to Gr. aljan zeal.] Defn: A cheerful readiness, willingness, or promptitude; joyous activity; briskness; sprightliness; as, the soldiers advanced with alacrity to meet the enemy. I have not that alacrity of spirit, Nor cheer of mind that I was wont to have. Shak. ALADINIST A*lad"in*ist, n. Etym: [From Aladin, for Ala Eddin, i. e., height of religion, a learned divine under Mohammed II. and Bajazet II.] Defn: One of a sect of freethinkers among the Mohammedans. ALALIA A*la"li*a, n. [NL., fr. Gr. priv. + a talking; cf. speechless.] (Med.) Defn: Inability to utter articulate sounds, due either to paralysis of the larynx or to that form of aphasia, called motor, or ataxis, aphasia, due to loss of control of the muscles of speech. ALALONGA; ALILONGHI Al`a*lon"ga, or Al`i*lon"ghi, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The tunny. See Albicore. ALAMIRE A`la*mi"re, n. Etym: [Compounded of a la mi re, names of notes in the musical scale.] Defn: The lowest note but one in Guido Aretino's scale of music. ALAMODALITY Al`a*mo*dal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being à la mode; conformity to the mode or fashion; fashionableness. [R.] Southey. ALAMODE Al"a*mode`, adv. & a. Etym: [F. à la mode after the fashion.] Defn: According to the fashion or prevailing mode. "Alamode beef shops." Macaulay. ALAMODE Al"a*mode`, n. Defn: A thin, black silk for hoods, scarfs, etc.; -- often called simply mode. Buchanan. ALAMORT Al`a*mort", a. Etym: [F. à la mort to the death. Cf. Amort.] Defn: To the death; mortally. ALAN A*lan", n. Etym: [OF. alan, alant; cf. Sp. alano.] Defn: A wolfhound. [Obs.] Chaucer. ALAND A*land", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + land.] Defn: On land; to the land; ashore. "Cast aland." Sir P. Sidney. ALANINE Al"a*nine, n. Etym: [Aldehyde + the ending -ine. The -n- is a euphonic insertion.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline base, C3H7NO2, derived from aldehyde ammonia. ALANTIN A*lan"tin, n. Etym: [G. alant elecampane, the Inula helenium of Linnæus.] (Chem.) Defn: See Inulin. ALAR A"lar, a. Etym: [L. alarius, fr. ala wing: cf. F. alaire.] 1. Pertaining to, or having, wings. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Axillary; in the fork or axil. Gray. ALARM A*larm", n. Etym: [F. alarme, It. all' arme to arms ! fr. L. arma, pl., arms. See Arms, and cf. Alarum.] 1. A summons to arms, as on the approach of an enemy. Arming to answer in a night alarm. Shak. 2. Any sound or information intended to give notice of approaching danger; a warming sound to arouse attention; a warning of danger. Sound an alarm in my holy mountain. Joel ii. 1. 3. A sudden attack; disturbance; broil. [R.] "These home alarms." Shak. Thy palace fill with insults and alarms. Pope. 4. Sudden surprise with fear or terror excited by apprehension of danger; in the military use, commonly, sudden apprehension of being attacked by surprise. Alarm and resentment spread throughout the camp. Macaulay. 5. A mechanical contrivance for awaking persons from sleep, or rousing their attention; an alarum. Alarm bell, a bell that gives notice on danger. -- Alarm clock or watch, a clock or watch which can be so set as to ring or strike loudly at a prearranged hour, to wake from sleep, or excite attention. -- Alarm gauge, a contrivance attached to a steam boiler for showing when the pressure of steam is too high, or the water in the boiler too low. -- Alarm post, a place to which troops are to repair in case of an alarm. Syn. -- Fright; affright; terror; trepidation; apprehension; consternation; dismay; agitation; disquiet; disquietude. -- Alarm, Fright, Terror, Consternation. These words express different degrees of fear at the approach of danger. Fright is fear suddenly excited, producing confusion of the senses, and hence it is unreflecting. Alarm is the hurried agitation of feeling which springs from a sense of immediate and extreme exposure. Terror is agitating and excessive fear, which usually benumbs the faculties. Consternation is overwhelming fear, and carries a notion of powerlessness and amazement. Alarm agitates the feelings; terror disorders the understanding and affects the will; fright seizes on and confuses the sense; consternation takes possession of the soul, and subdues its faculties. See Apprehension. ALARM A*larm", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alarmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Alarming.] Etym: [Alarm, n. Cf. F. alarmer.] 1. To call to arms for defense; to give notice to (any one) of approaching danger; to rouse to vigilance and action; to put on the alert. 2. To keep in excitement; to disturb. 3. To surprise with apprehension of danger; to fill with anxiety in regard to threatening evil; to excite with sudden fear. Alarmed by rumors of military preparation. Macaulay. ALARMABLE A*larm"a*ble, a. Defn: Easily alarmed or disturbed. ALARMED A*larmed", a. Defn: Aroused to vigilance; excited by fear of approaching danger; agitated; disturbed; as, an alarmed neighborhood; an alarmed modesty. The white pavilions rose and fell On the alarmed air. Longfellow. ALARMEDLY A*larm"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In an alarmed manner. ALARMING A*larm"ing, a. Defn: Exciting, or calculated to excite, alarm; causing apprehension of danger; as, an alarming crisis or report. -- A*larm"ing*ly, adv. ALARMIST A*larm"ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. alarmiste.] Defn: One prone to sound or excite alarms, especially, needless alarms. Macaulay. ALARUM A*lar"um, n. Etym: [OE. alarom, the same word as alarm, n.] Defn: See Alarm. [Now Poetic] Note: The variant form alarum is now commonly restricted to an alarm signal or the mechanism to sound an alarm (as in an alarm clock.) ALARY Al"a*ry, a. Etym: [L. alarius, fr. ala wing.] Defn: Of or pertaining to wings; also, wing-shaped. The alary system of insects. Wollaston. ALAS A*las", interj. Etym: [OE. alas, allas, OF. alas, F. hélas; a interj. (L. ah.) + las wretched (that I am), L. lassus weary, akin to E. late. See Late.] Defn: An exclamation expressive of sorrow, pity, or apprehension of evil; -- in old writers, sometimes followed by day or white; alas the day, like alack a day, or alas the white. ALATE A*late", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + late.] Defn: Lately; of late. [Archaic] There hath been alate such tales spread abroad. Latimer. ALATE; ALATED A"late, A"la*ted, a. Etym: [L. alatus, from ala wing.] Defn: Winged; having wings, or side appendages like wings. ALATERN; ALATERNUS Al"a*tern, Al`a*ter"nus, n. Etym: [L. ala wing + terni three each.] (Bot.) Defn: An ornamental evergreen shrub (Rhamnus alaternus) belonging to the buckthorns. ALATION A*la"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. alatus winged.] Defn: The state of being winged. ALAUNT A*launt", n. Defn: See Alan. [Obs.] Chaucer. ALB Alb, n. Etym: [OE. albe, LL. alba, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Album and Aube.] Defn: A vestment of white linen, reaching to the feet, an enveloping the person; -- in the Roman Catholic church, worn by those in holy orders when officiating at mass. It was formerly worn, at least by clerics, in daily life. ALBACORE Al"ba*core, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Albicore. ALBAN Al"ban, n. Etym: [L. albus white.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline resinous substance extracted from gutta- percha by the action of alcohol or ether. ALBANIAN Al*ba"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Albania, a province of Turkey. -- n. Defn: A native of Albania. ALBATA Al*ba"ta, n. Etym: [L. albatus, p. p. of albare to make white, fr. albus white.] Defn: A white metallic alloy; which is made into spoons, forks, teapots, etc. British plate or German silver. See German silver, under German. ALBATROSS Al"ba*tross, n. Etym: [Corrupt. fr. Pg. alcatraz cormorant, albatross, or Sp. alcatraz a pelican: cf. Pg. alcatruz, Sp. arcaduz, a bucket, fr. Ar. al-qadus the bucket, fr. Gr. ka`dos, a water vessel. So an Arabic term for pelican is water-carrier, as a bird carrying water in its pouch.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A web-footed bird, of the genus Diomedea, of which there are several species. They are the largest of sea birds, capable of long- continued flight, and are often seen at great distances from the land. They are found chiefly in the southern hemisphere. ALBE; ALBEE Al`be", Al`bee", conj. Etym: [See Albeit.] Defn: Although; albeit. [Obs.] Albe Clarissa were their chiefest founderess. Spenser. ALBEDO Al*be"do, n. Etym: [L., fr. albus white.] Defn: Whiteness. Specifically: (Astron.) The ratio which the light reflected from an unpolished surface bears to the total light falling upon that surface. ALBEIT Al`be"it, conj. Etym: [OE. al be although it be, where al is our all. Cf. Although.] Defn: Even though; although; notwithstanding. Chaucer. Albeit so masked, Madam, I love the truth. Tennyson. ALBERTITE Al"bert*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A bituminous mineral resembling asphaltum, found in the county of A. ALBERT WARE Al"bert ware. Defn: A soft ornamental terra-cotta pottery, sold in the biscuit state for decorating. ALBERTYPE Al"ber*type, n. Etym: [From the name of the inventor, Albert, of Munich.] Defn: A picture printed from a kind of gelatine plate produced by means of a photographic negative. ALBESCENCE Al*bes"cence, n. Defn: The act of becoming white; whitishness. ALBESCENT Al*bes"cent, a. Etym: [L. albescens, p. pr. of albescere to grow white, fr. albus white.] Defn: Becoming white or whitish; moderately white. ALBICANT Al"bi*cant, a. Etym: [L. albicans, p. pr. of albicare, albicatum, to be white, fr. albus white.] Defn: Growing or becoming white. ALBICATION Al`bi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The process of becoming white, or developing white patches, or streaks. ALBICORE Al"bi*core, n. Etym: [F. albicore (cf. Sp. albacora, Pg. albacor, albacora, albecora), fr. Ar. bakr, bekr, a young camel, young cow, heifer, and the article al: cf. Pg. bacoro a little pig.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A name applied to several large fishes of the Mackerel family, esp. Orcynus alalonga. One species (Orcynus thynnus), common in the Mediterranean and Atlantic, is called in New England the horse mackerel; the tunny. [Written also albacore.] ALBIFICATION Al`bi*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. albification: L. albus white + ficare (only in comp.), facere, to make.] Defn: The act or process of making white. [Obs.] ALBIGENSES; ALBIGEOIS Al`bi*gen"ses, Al`bi`geois", n. pl. Etym: [From Albi and Albigeois, a town and its district in the south of France, in which the sect abounded.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A sect of reformers opposed to the church of Rome in the 12th centuries. Note: The Albigenses were a branch of the Catharists (the pure). They were exterminated by crusades and the Inquisition. They were distinct from the Waldenses. ALBIGENSIAN Al`bi*gen"sian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Albigenses. ALBINESS Al*bi"ness, n. Defn: A female albino. Holmes. ALBINISM Al"bi*nism, n. Defn: The state or condition of being an albino: abinoism; leucopathy. ALBINISTIC Al`bi*nis"tic, a. Defn: Affected with albinism. ALBINO Al*bi"no, n.; pl. Albinos. Etym: [Sp. or Pg. albino, orig. whitish, fr. albo white, L. albus.] Defn: A person, whether negro, Indian, or white, in whom by some defect of organization the substance which gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes is deficient or in a morbid state. An albino has a skin of a milky hue, with hair of the same color, and eyes with deep red pupil and pink or blue iris. The term is also used of the lower animals, as white mice, elephants, etc.; and of plants in a whitish condition from the absence of chlorophyll. Amer. Cyc. Note: The term was originally applied by the Portuguese to negroes met with on the coast of Africa, who were mottled with white spots. ALBINOISM Al*bi"no*ism, n. Defn: The state or condition of being an albino; albinism. ALBINOTIC Al`bi*not"ic, a. Defn: Affected with albinism. ALBION Al"bi*on, n. Etym: [Prob. from the same root as Gael. alp a height or hill. "It may have been bestowed on the land lying behind the white cliffs visible from the coast of Gaul. Albany, the old name of Scotland, means probably the "hilly land." I. Taylor.] Defn: An ancient name of England, still retained in poetry. In that nook-shotten isle of Albion. Shak. ALBITE Al"bite, n. Etym: [L. albus white.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of the feldspar family, triclinic in crystallization, and in composition a silicate of alumina and soda. It is a common constituent of granite and of various igneous rocks. See Feldspar. ALBOLITH Al"bo*lith, n. Etym: [L. albus white + -lith.] Defn: A kind of plastic cement, or artificial stone, consisting chiefly of magnesia and silica; -- called also albolite. ALBORAK Al"bo*rak, n. Etym: [Ar. al-buraq, fr. baraqa to flash, shine.] Defn: The imaginary milk-white animal on which Mohammed was said to have been carried up to heaven; a white mule. ALB SUNDAY Alb Sunday. (Eccl.) Defn: The first Sunday after Easter Sunday, properly Albless Sunday, because in the early church those who had been baptized on Easter eve laid aside on the following Saturday their white albs which had been put on after baptism. ALBUGINEOUS Al`bu*gin"e*ous, a. Etym: [See Albugo.] Defn: Of the nature of, or resembling, the white of the eye, or of an egg; albuminous; -- a term applied to textures, humors, etc., which are perfectly white. ALBUGO Al*bu"go, n.; pl. Albugines. Etym: [L., whiteness, fr. albus white.] (Med.) Defn: Same as Leucoma. ALBUM Al"bum, n. Etym: [L., neut. of albus white: cf. F. album. Cf. Alb.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A white tablet on which anything was inscribed, as a list of names, etc. 2. A register for visitors' names; a visitors' book. 3. A blank book, in which to insert autographs sketches, memorial writing of friends, photographs, etc. ALBUMEN Al*bu"men, n. Etym: [L., fr. albus white.] 1. The white of an egg. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Nourishing matter stored up within the integuments of the seed in many plants, but not incorporated in the embryo. It is the floury part in corn, wheat, and like grains, the oily part in poppy seeds, the fleshy part in the cocoanut, etc. 3. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Albumin. ALBUMENIZE Al*bu"men*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Albumenized; p. pr. & vb. n. Albumenizing.] Defn: To cover or saturate with albumen; to coat or treat with an albuminous solution; as, to albuminize paper. ALBUM GRAECUM Al"bum Græ"cum. Etym: [L., Greek white.] Defn: Dung of dogs or hyenas, which becomes white by exposure to air. It is used in dressing leather, and was formerly used in medicine. ALBUMIN Al*bu"min, n. (Chem.) Defn: A thick, viscous nitrogenous substance, which is the chief and characteristic constituent of white of eggs and of the serum of blood, and is found in other animal substances, both fluid and solid, also in many plants. It is soluble in water is coagulated by heat ad by certain chemical reagents. Acid albumin, a modification of albumin produced by the action of dilute acids. It is not coagulated by heat. -- Alkali albumin, albumin as modified by the action of alkaline substances; -- called also albuminate. ALBUMINATE Al*bu"mi*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance produced by the action of an alkali upon albumin, and resembling casein in its properties; also, a compound formed by the union of albumin with another substance. ALBUMINIFEROUS Al*bu`mi*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. albumen + -ferous.] Defn: Supplying albumen. ALBUMINIMETER Al*bu`mi*nim"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. albumen, albuminis + -meter: cf. F. albuminimètre.] Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the quantity of albumen in a liquid. ALBUMININ Al*bu"mi*nin, n. (Chem.) Defn: The substance of the cells which inclose the white of birds' eggs. ALBUMINIPAROUS Al*bu`mi*nip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. albumen + parere to bear, bring forth.] Defn: Producing albumin. ALBUMINOID Al*bu"mi*noid, a. Etym: [L. albumen + -oid.] (Chem.) Defn: Resembling albumin. -- n. Defn: One of a class of organic principles (called also proteids) which form the main part of organized tissues. Brunton. ALBUMINOIDAL Al*bu`mi*noid"al, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of the nature of an albuminoid. ALBUMINOSE Al*bu"mi*nose`, n. (Chem.) Defn: A diffusible substance formed from albumin by the action of natural or artificial gastric juice. See Peptone. ALBUMINOSIS Al*bu`mi*no"sis, n. [NL., fr. E. albumin.] (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition due to excessive increase of albuminous elements in the blood. ALBUMINOUS; ALBUMINOSE Al*bu"mi*nous, Al*bu"mi*nose`, a. Etym: [Cf. F. albumineux.] Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, albumen; having the properties of, or resembling, albumen or albumin. -- Al*bu"mi*nous*ness, n. ALBUMINURIA Al*bu`mi*nu"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. albumen + Gr. (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition in which albumin is present in the urine. ALBUMOSE Al"bu*mose`, n. Etym: [From albumin.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound or class of compounds formed from albumin by dilute acids or by an acid solution of pepsin. Used also in combination, as antialbumose, hemialbumose. ALBURN Al"burn, n. Etym: [L. alburnus, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Auburn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The bleak, a small European fish having scales of a peculiarly silvery color which are used in making artificial pearls. ALBURNOUS Al*bur"nous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to alburnum; of the alburnum; as, alburnous substances. ALBURNUM Al*bur"num, n. Etym: [L., fr. albus white.] (Bot.) Defn: The white and softer part of wood, between the inner bark and the hard wood or duramen; sapwood. ALBYN Al"byn, n. Etym: [See Albion.] Defn: Scotland; esp. the Highlands of Scotland. T. Cambell. ALCADE Al*cade", n. Defn: Same as Alcaid. ALCAHEST Al"ca*hest, n. Defn: Same as Alkahest. ALCAIC Al*ca"ic, a. Etym: [L. Alcaïcus, Gr. Defn: Pertaining to Alcæus, a lyric poet of Mitylene, about 6000 b. c. -- n. A kind of verse, so called from Alcæus. One variety consists of five feet, a spondee or iambic, an iambic, a long syllable, and two dactyls. ALCAID; ALCAYDE Al*caid", Al*cayde", n. Etym: [Sp. alcaide, fr. Ar. al-qa\'c6d governor, fr. qada to lead, govern.] 1. A commander of a castle or fortress among the Spaniards, Portuguese, and Moors. 2. The warden, or keeper of a jail. ALCALDE Al*cal"de, n. Etym: [Sp. alcalde, fr. Ar. al-qadi judge, fr. qada to decide, judge. Hence, the cadi of the Turks. Cf. Cadi.] Defn: A magistrate or judge in Spain and in Spanish America, etc. Prescott. Note: Sometimes confounded with Alcaid. ALCALDIA Al`cal*di"a, n. [Sp. Alcaldía.] Defn: The jurisdiction or office of an alcalde; also, the building or chamber in which he conducts the business of his office. ALCALIMETER Al`ca*lim"e*ter, n. Defn: See Alkalimeter. ALCANNA Al*can"na, n. Etym: [Sp. alcana, alhe, fr. Ar. al-hinna. See Henna, and cf. Alkanet.] (Bot.) Defn: An oriental shrub (Lawsonia inermis) from which henna is obtained. ALCARRAZA Al`car*ra"za, n.; pl. Alcarrazas. Etym: [Sp., from Ar. al-kurraz earthen vessel.] Defn: A vessel of porous earthenware, used for cooling liquids by evaporation from the exterior surface. ALCAYDE Al*cayde", n. Defn: Same as Alcaid. ALCAZAR Al*ca"zar, n. Etym: [ fr. Ar. al the + qacr (in pl.) a castle.] Defn: A fortress; also, a royal palace. Prescott. ALCEDO Al*ce"do, n. Etym: [L., equiv. to Gr. Halcyon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of perching birds, including the European kingfisher (Alcedo ispida). See Halcyon. ALCHEMIC; ALCHEMICAL Al*chem"ic, Al*chem"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. alchimique.] Defn: Of or relating to alchemy. ALCHEMICALLY Al*chem"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of alchemy. ALCHEMIST Al"che*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. alquemiste, F. alchimiste.] Defn: One who practices alchemy. You are alchemist; make gold. Shak. ALCHEMISTIC; ALCHEMISTICAL Al`che*mis"tic, Al`che*mis"tic*al, a. Defn: Relating to or practicing alchemy. Metaphysical and alchemistical legislators. Burke. ALCHEMISTRY Al"che*mis*try, n. Defn: Alchemy. [Obs.] ALCHEMIZE Al"che*mize, v. t. Defn: To change by alchemy; to transmute. Lovelace. ALCHEMY Al"che*my, n. Etym: [OF. alkemie, arquemie, F. alchimie, Ar. al- kimia, fr. late Gr. alquimia, It. alchimia. Gr. fundere to pour, Goth. guitan, AS. geótan, to pour, and so to E. fuse. See Fuse, and cf. Chemistry.] 1. An imaginary art which aimed to transmute the baser metals into gold, to find the panacea, or universal remedy for diseases, etc. It led the way to modern chemistry. 2. A mixed metal composed mainly of brass, formerly used for various utensils; hence, a trumpet. [Obs.] Put to their mouths the sounding alchemy. Milton. 3. Miraculous power of transmuting something common into something precious. Kissing with golden face the meadows green, Gilding pale streams with heavenly alchemy. Shak. ALCHYMIC; ALCHYMIST; ALCHYMISTIC; ALCHYMY Al*chym"ic, a., Al"chy*mist, n., Al`chy*mis"tic, a., Al"chy*my, n. Defn: See Alchemic, Alchemist, Alchemistic, Alchemy. ALCO Al"co, n. Defn: A small South American dog, domesticated by the aborigines. ALCOATE; ALCOHATE Al"co*ate, Al"co*hate, n. Defn: Shortened forms of Alcoholate. ALCOHOL Al"co*hol, n. Etym: [Cf. F. alcool, formerly written alcohol, Sp. alcohol alcohol, antimony, galena, OSp. alcofol; all fr. Ar. al-kohl a powder of antimony or galena, to paint the eyebrows with. The name was afterwards applied, on account of the fineness of this powder, to highly rectified spirits, a signification unknown in Arabia. The Sp. word has bot meanings. Cf. Alquifou.] 1. An impalpable powder. [Obs.] 2. The fluid essence or pure spirit obtained by distillation. [Obs.] Boyle. 3. Pure spirit of wine; pure or highly rectified spirit (called also ethyl alcohol); the spirituous or intoxicating element of fermented or distilled liquors, or more loosely a liquid containing it in considerable quantity. It is extracted by simple distillation from various vegetable juices and infusions of a saccharine nature, which have undergone vinous fermentation. Note: As used in the U. S. "Pharmacopoeia, alcohol contains 91 per cent by weight of ethyl alcohol and 9 per cent of water; and diluted alcohol (proof spirit) contains 45.5 per cent by weight of ethyl alcohol and 54.5 per cent of water. 4. (Organic Chem.) Defn: A class of compounds analogous to vinic alcohol in constitution. Chemically speaking, they are hydroxides of certain organic radicals; as, the radical ethyl forms common or ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH); methyl forms methyl alcohol (CH3.OH) or wood spirit; amyl forms amyl alcohol (C5H11.OH) or fusel oil, etc. ALCOHOLATE Al"co*hol*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. alcolaie.] (Chem.) Defn: A crystallizable compound of a salt with alcohol, in which the latter plays a part analogous to that of water of crystallization. Graham. ALCOHOLATURE Al`co*hol"a*ture, n. Etym: [Cf. F. alcoolature.] (Med.) Defn: An alcoholic tincture prepared with fresh plants. New Eng. Dict. ALCOHOLIC Al`co*hol"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. alcolique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to alcohol, or partaking of its qualities; derived from, or caused by, alcohol; containing alcohol; as, alcoholic mixtures; alcoholic gastritis; alcoholic odor. ALCOHOLIC Al`co*hol"ic, n. 1. A person given to the use of alcoholic liquors. 2. pl. Defn: Alcoholic liquors. ALCOHOLISM Al"co*hol*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. alcoolisme.] (Med.) Defn: A diseased condition of the system, brought about by the continued use of alcoholic liquors. ALCOHOLIZATION Al`co*hol`i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. alcoolisation.] 1. The act of reducing a substance to a fine or impalpable powder. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. The act rectifying spirit. 3. Saturation with alcohol; putting the animal system under the influence of alcoholic liquor. ALCOHOLIZE Al"co*hol*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alcoholized; p. pr. & vb. n. Alcoholizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. alcooliser.] 1. To reduce to a fine powder. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. To convert into alcohol; to rectify; also, to saturate with alcohol. ALCOHOLOMETER; ALCOHOLMETER Al`co*hol*om"e*ter, Al`co*hol"me*ter, n. Etym: [Alcohol + -meter.] (Chem.) Defn: An instrument for determining the strength of spirits, with a scale graduated so as to indicate the percentage of pure alcohol, either by weight or volume. It is usually a form of hydrometer with a special scale. ALCOHOLOMETRIC; ALCOHOLOMETRICAL; ALCOHOLMETRICAL Al`co*hol`o*met"ric, Al`co*hol`o*met"ric*al, Al`co*hol*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Relating to the alcoholometer or alcoholometry. The alcoholometrical strength of spirituous liquors. Ure. ALCOHOLOMETRY Al`co*hol"om"e*try, n. Defn: The process or method of ascertaining the proportion of pure alcohol which spirituous liquors contain. ALCOHOMETER; ALCOHOMETRIC Al`co*hom"e*ter, n., Al`co*ho*met"ric, a. Defn: Same as Alcoholometer, Alcoholometric. ALCOOMETRY; ALCOOEMETRY Al`co*öm"e*try, n. Defn: See Alcoholometry. Note: The chemists say alcomètre, alcoomètrie, doubtless by the suppression of a syllable in order to avoid a disagreeable sequence of sounds. (Cf. Idolatry.) Littré. ALCORAN Al"co*ran, n. Etym: [alcoran, fr. Ar. al-qoran, orig. the reading, the book, fr. qaraa to read. Cf. Koran.] Defn: The Mohammedan Scriptures; the Koran (now the usual form). [Spelt also Alcoran.] ALCORANIC Al`co*ran"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Koran. ALCORANIST Al`co*ran"ist, n. Defn: One who adheres to the letter of the Koran, rejecting all traditions. ALCORNOQUE Al`cor*no"que, n. [Sp., cork tree.] Defn: The bark of several trees, esp. of Bowdichia virgilioides of Brazil, used as a remedy for consumption; of Byrsonima crassifolia, used in tanning; of Alchornea latifolia, used medicinally; or of Quercus ilex, the cork tree. ALCOVE Al"cove, n. Etym: [F. alcôve, Sp. or Pg. alcoba, from Ar. al-quobbah arch, vault, tent.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A recessed portion of a room, or a small room opening into a larger one; especially, a recess to contain a bed; a lateral recess in a library. 2. A small ornamental building with seats, or an arched seat, in a pleasure ground; a garden bower. Cowper. 3. Any natural recess analogous to an alcove or recess in an apartment. The youthful wanderers found a wild alcove. Falconer. ALCYON Al"cy*on, n. Defn: See Halcyon. ALCYONACEA Al`cy*o*na"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of soft-bodied Alcyonaria, of which Alcyonium is the type. See Illust. under Alcyonaria. ALCYONARIA Al`cy*o*na"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the orders of Anthozoa. It includes the Alcyonacea, Pennatulacea, and Gorgonacea. ALCYONES Al*cy"o*nes, n. pl. Etym: [L., pl. of Alcyon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The kingfishers. ALCYONIC Al`cy*on"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Alcyonaria. ALCYONIUM Al`cy*o"ni*um, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fleshy Alcyonaria, its polyps somewhat resembling flowers with eight fringed rays. The term was also formerly used for certain species of sponges. ALCYONOID Al"cy*o*noid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the Alcyonaria. -- n. Defn: A zoöphyte of the order Alcyonaria. ALDAY Al"day, adv. Defn: Continually. [Obs.] Chaucer. ALDEBARAN Al*deb"a*ran, n. Etym: [Ar. al-debaran, fr. dabar to follow; so called because this star follows upon the Pleiades.] (Astron.) Defn: A red star of the first magnitude, situated in the eye of Taurus; the Bull's Eye. It is the bright star in the group called the Hyades. Now when Aldebaran was mounted high Above the shiny Cassiopeia's chair. Spenser. ALDEHYDE Al"de*hyde, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. alcohol dehydrogenatum, alcohol deprived of its hydrogen.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, mobile, and very volatile liquid obtained from alcohol by certain of oxidation. Note: The aldehydes are intermediate between the alcohols and acids, and differ from the alcohols in having two less hydrogen atoms in the molecule, as common aldehyde (called also acetic aldehyde or ethyl aldehyde), C2H4O; methyl aldehyde, CH2O. Aldehyde ammonia (Chem.), a compound formed by the union of aldehyde with ammonia. ALDEHYDIC Al`de*hy"dic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to aldehyde; as, aldehydic acid. Miller. ALDER Al"der, n. Etym: [OE. aldir, aller, fr. AS. alr, aler, alor, akin to D. els, G. erle, Icel. erlir, erli, Swed. al, Dan. elle, el, L. alnus, and E. elm.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree, usually growing in moist land, and belonging to the genus Alnus. The wood is used by turners, etc.; the bark by dyers and tanners. In the U. S. the species of alder are usually shrubs or small trees. Black alder. (a) A European shrub (Rhamnus frangula); Alder buckthorn. (b) An American species of holly (Ilex verticillata), bearing red berries. ALDER; ALLER Al"der, Al"ler, a. Etym: [From ealra, alra, gen. pl. of AS. eal. The d is excrescent.] Defn: Of all; -- used in composition; as, alderbest, best of all, alderwisest, wisest of all. [Obs.] Chaucer. ALDER FLY Al"der fly. 1. Any of numerous neuropterous insects of the genus Sialis or allied genera. They have aquatic larvæ, which are used for bait. 2. (Angling) An artificial fly with brown mottled wings, body of peacock harl, and black legs. ALDER-LIEFEST Al`der-lief"est, a. Etym: [For allerliefest dearest of all. See Lief.] Defn: Most beloved. [Obs.] Shak. ALDERMAN Al"der*man, n.; pl. Aldplwmen. Etym: [AS. aldormon, ealdorman; ealdor an elder + man. See Elder, n.] 1. A senior or superior; a person of rank or dignity. [Obs.] Note: The title was applied, among the Anglo-Saxons, to princes, dukes, earls, senators, and presiding magistrates; also to archbishops and bishops, implying superior wisdom or authority. Thus Ethelstan, duke of the East-Anglians, was called Alderman of all England; and there were aldermen of cities, counties, and castles, who had jurisdiction within their respective districts. 3. One of a board or body of municipal officers next in order to the mayor and having a legislative function. They may, in some cases, individually exercise some magisterial and administrative functions. ALDERMANCY Al"der*man*cy, n. Defn: The office of an alderman. ALDERMANIC Al"der*man"ic, a. Defn: Relating to, becoming to, or like, an alderman; characteristic of an alderman. ALDERMANITY Al`der*man"i*ty, n. 1. Aldermen collectively; the body of aldermen. 2. The state of being an alderman. [Jocular] ALDERMANLIKE Al`der*man*like`, a. Defn: Like or suited to an alderman. ALDERMANLY Al"der*man*ly, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or like, an alderman. ALDERMANLY Al"der*man*ly, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or like, an alderman. "An aldermanly discretion." Swift. ALDERMANRY Al"der*man*ry, n. 1. The district or ward of an alderman. 2. The office or rank of an alderman. [R.] B. Jonson. ALDERMANSHIP Al"der*man*ship, n. Defn: The condition, position, or office of an alderman. Fabyan. ALDERN Al"dern, a. Defn: Made of alder. ALDERNEY Al"der*ney, n. Defn: One of a breed of cattle raised in Alderney, one of the Channel Islands. Alderneys are of a dun or tawny color and are often called Jersey cattle. See Jersey, 3. ALDINE Al"dine, a. (Bibliog.) Defn: An epithet applied to editions (chiefly of the classics) which proceeded from the press of Aldus Manitius, and his family, of Venice, for the most part in the 16th century and known by the sign of the anchor and the dolphin. The term has also been applied to certain elegant editions of English works. ALDOL Al"dol, n. [Aldehyde + -ol as in alcohol.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless liquid, C4H8O2, obtained by condensation of two molecules of acetaldehyde: CH3CHO + CH3CHO = H3CH(OH)CH2CO; also, any of various derivatives of this. The same reaction has been applied, under the name of aldol condensation, to the production of many compounds. ALE Ale, n. Etym: [AS. ealu, akin to Icel., Sw., and Dan. öl, Lith. alus a kind of beer, OSlav. ol beer. Cf. Ir. ol drink, drinking.] 1. An intoxicating liquor made from an infusion of malt by fermentation and the addition of a bitter, usually hops. Note: The word ale, in England and the United States, usually designates a heavier kind of fermented liquor, and the word beer a lighter kind. The word beer is also in common use as the generic name for all malt liquors. 2. A festival in English country places, so called from the liquor drunk. "At wakes and ales." B. Jonson."On ember eves and holy ales." Shak. ALEAK A*leak", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + leak.] Defn: In a leaking condition. ALEATORY A"le*a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. aleatorius, fr. alea chance, die.] (Law) Defn: Depending on some uncertain contingency; as, an aleatory contract. Bouvier. ALEBENCH Ale"bench`, n. Defn: A bench in or before an alehouse. Bunyan. ALEBERRY Ale"ber`ry, n. Etym: [OE. alebery, alebrey; ale + bre broth, fr. AS. briw pottage.] Defn: A beverage, formerly made by boiling ale with spice, sugar, and sops of bread. Their aleberries, caudles, possets. Beau. & Fl. ALECITHAL A*lec"i*thal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Applied to those ova which segment uniformly, and which have little or no food yelk embedded in their protoplasm. Balfour. ALECONNER Ale"con`ner, n. Etym: [/Ale + con, OE. cunnen to test, AS. cunnian to test. See Con.] Defn: Orig., an officer appointed to look to the goodness of ale and beer; also, one of the officers chosen by the liverymen of London to inspect the measures used in public houses. But the office is a sinecure. [Also called aletaster.] [Eng.] ALECOST Ale"cost`, n. Etym: [Ale + L. costus an aromatic plant: cf. Costmary.] (Bot.) Defn: The plant costmary, which was formerly much used for flavoring ale. ALECTORIDES Al`ec*tor"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of birds including the common fowl and the pheasants. ALECTOROMACHY A*lec`to*rom"a*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Cockfighting. ALECTOROMANCY A*lec"to*ro*man`cy, n. Defn: See Alectryomancy. ALECTRYOMACHY A*lec`try*oma*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Cockfighting. ALECTRYOMANCY A*lec"try*o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by means of a cock and grains of corn placed on the letters of the alphabet, the letters being put together in the order in which the grains were eaten. Amer. Cyc. ALEE A*lee", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + lee.] (Naut.) Defn: On or toward the lee, or the side away from the wind; the opposite of aweather. The helm of a ship is alee when pressed close to the lee side. Hard alee, or Luff alee, an order to put the helm to the lee side. ALEGAR Al"e*gar, n. Etym: [Ale + eager sour, F. aigre. Cf. Vinegar.] Defn: Sour ale; vinegar made of ale. Cecil. ALEGER Al"e*ger, a. Etym: [F. allègre, earlier alègre, fr. L. alacer.] Defn: Gay; cheerful; sprightly. [Obs.] Bacon. ALEGGE A*legge", v. t. Etym: [OE. aleggen, alegen, OF. alegier, F. alléger, fr. LL. alleviare, for L. allevare to lighten; ad + levis light. Cf. Alleviate, Allay, Allege.] Defn: To allay or alleviate; to lighten. [Obs.] That shall alegge this bitter blast. Spenser. ALEHOOF Ale"hoof`, n. Etym: [AS. h ground ivy; the first part is perh. a corruption: cf. OE. heyhowe hedgehove, ground ivy, "in old MSS. heyhowe, heyoue, haihoue, halehoue." [Prior]. Defn: Ground ivy (Nepeta Glechoma). ALEHOUSE Ale"house`, n. Defn: A house where ale is retailed; hence, a tippling house. Macaulay. ALE-KNIGHT Ale"-knight`, n. Defn: A pot companion. [Obs.] ALEM Al"em, n. [Turk. 'alem, fr. Ar. 'alam.] (Mil.) Defn: The imperial standard of the Turkish Empire. ALEMANNIC Al`e*man"nic, a. Defn: Belonging to the Alemanni, a confederacy of warlike German tribes. ALEMANNIC Al`e*man"nic, n. Defn: The language of the Alemanni. The Swabian dialect . . . is known as the Alemannic. Amer. Cyc. ALEMBIC A*lem"bic, n. Etym: [F. alambic (cf. Sp. alambique), Ar. al-anbiq, fr. Gr. alembic proper. Cf. Limbec.] Defn: An apparatus formerly used in distillation, usually made of glass or metal. It has mostly given place to the retort and worm still. Used also metaphorically. The alembic of a great poet's imagination. Brimley. ALEMBROTH A*lem"broth, n. Etym: [Origin uncertain.] Defn: The salt of wisdom of the alchemists, a double salt composed of the chlorides of ammonium and mercury. It was formerly used as a stimulant. Brande & C. ALENCON LACE A`len`con" lace". Defn: See under Lace. ALENGTH A*length", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + length.] Defn: At full length; lenghtwise. Chaucer. ALEPIDOTE A*lep"i*dote, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Not having scales. -- n. Defn: A fish without scales. ALEPOLE Ale"pole`, n. Defn: A pole set up as the sign of an alehouse. [Obs.] ALEPPO BOIL; ALEPPO BUTTON; ALEPPO EVIL A*lep"po boil, button, or evil. (Med.) Defn: A chronic skin affection terminating in an ulcer, most commonly of the face. It is endemic along the Mediterranean, and is probably due to a specific bacillus. Called also Aleppo ulcer, Biskara boil, Delhi boil, Oriental sore, etc. ALEPPO GRASS Aleppo grass. (Bot.) Defn: One of the cultivated forms of Andropogon Halepensis (syn. Sorghum Halepense). See Andropogon, below. ALERT A*lert", a. Etym: [F. alerte, earlier à l'erte on the watch, fr. It. all' erta on the watch, prop. (standing) on a height, where one can look around; erta a declivity, steep, erto steep, p. p. of ergere, erigere, to erect, raise, L. erigere. See Erect.] 1. Watchful; vigilant; active in vigilance. 2. Brisk; nimble; moving with celerity. An alert young fellow. Addison. Syn. -- Active; agile; lively; quick; prompt. ALERT A*lert", n. (Mil.) Defn: An alarm from a real or threatened attack; a sudden attack; also, a bugle sound to give warning. "We have had an alert." Farrow. On the alert, on the lookout or watch against attack or danger; ready to act. ALERTLY A*lert"ly, adv. Defn: In an alert manner; nimbly. ALERTNESS A*lert"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being alert or on the alert; briskness; nimbleness; activity. ALE SILVER Ale" sil`ver. Defn: A duty payable to the lord mayor of London by the sellers of ale within the city. ALESTAKE Ale"stake, n. Defn: A stake or pole projecting from, or set up before, an alehouse, as a sign; an alepole. At the end was commonly suspended a garland, a bunch of leaves, or a "bush." [Obs.] Chaucer. ALETASTER Ale"tast`er, n. Defn: See Aleconner. [Eng.] ALETHIOLOGY A*le`thi*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of the nature of truth and evidence. Sir W. Hamilton. ALETHOSCOPE A*leth"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An instrument for viewing pictures by means of a lens, so as to present them in their natural proportions and relations. ALEUROMANCY A*leu"ro*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy: cf. F. aleuromancie.] Defn: Divination by means of flour. Encyc. Brit. ALEUROMETER Al`eu*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: An instrument for determining the expansive properties, or quality, of gluten in flour. Knight. ALEURONAT A*leu"ro*nat, n. [See Aleurone.] Defn: Flour made of aleurone, used as a substitute for ordinary flour in preparing bread for diabetic persons. ALEURONE A*leu"rone, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: An albuminoid substance which occurs in minute grains ("protein granules") in maturing seeds and tubers; -- supposed to be a modification of protoplasm. ALEURONIC Al`eu*ron"ic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the nature of aleurone. D. C. Eaton. ALEUTIAN; ALEUTIC A*leu"tian, A*leu"tic, a. Etym: [Said to be from the Russ. aleut a bold rock.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a chain of islands between Alaska and Kamtchatka; also, designating these islands. ALEVIN Al"e*vin, n. Etym: [F. alevin, OF. alever to rear, fr. L. ad + levare to raise.] Defn: Young fish; fry. ALEW A*lew", n. Defn: Halloo. [Obs.] Spenser. ALEWIFE Ale"wife`, n.; pl. Alewives. Defn: A woman who keeps an alehouse. Gay. ALEWIFE Ale"wife`, n.; pl. Alewives. Etym: [This word is properly aloof, the Indian name of a fish. See Winthrop on the culture of maize in America, "Phil Trans." No. 142, p. 1065, and Baddam's "Memoirs," vol. ii. p. 131.]Etym: (Zoöl.) Defn: A North American fish (Clupea vernalis) of the Herring family. It is called also ellwife, ellwhop, branch herring. The name is locally applied to other related species. ALEXANDERS; ALISANDERS Al`ex*an"ders, Al`i*san"ders, n. Etym: [OE. alisaundre, OF. alissandere, fr. Alexander or Alexandria.] (Bot) Defn: A name given to two species of the genus Smyrnium, formerly cultivated and used as celery now is; -- called also horse parsely. ALEXANDRIAN Al`ex*an"dri*an, a. 1. Of or pertaining to Alexandria in Egypt; as, the Alexandrian library. 2. Applied to a kind of heroic verse. See Alexandrine, n. ALEXANDRINE Al`ex*an"drine, a. Defn: Belonging to Alexandria; Alexandrian. Bancroft. ALEXANDRINE Al`ex*an"drine, n. Etym: [F. alexandrin.] Defn: A kind of verse consisting in English of twelve syllables. The needless Alexandrine ends the song, That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along. Pope. ALEXIA A*lex"i*a, n. [NL.; a- not + Gr. speech, fr. to speak, confused with L. legere to read.] (Med.) (a) As used by some, inability to read aloud, due to brain disease. (b) More commonly, inability, due to brain disease, to understand written or printed symbols although they can be seen, as in case of word blindness. ALEXIPHARMAC; ALEXIPHARMACAL A*lex`i*phar"mac, A*lex`i*phar"ma*cal, a. & n. Etym: [See Alexipharmic.] Defn: Alexipharmic. [Obs.] ALEXIPHARMIC A*lex`i*phar"mic, n. (Med.) Defn: An antidote against poison or infection; a counterpoison. ALEXIPHARMIC; ALEXIPHARMICAL A*lex`i*phar"mic, A*lex`i*phar"mic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. alexipharmaque.] (Med.) Defn: Expelling or counteracting poison; antidotal. ALEXIPYRETIC A*lex`i*py*ret"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Serving to drive off fever; antifebrile. -- n. Defn: A febrifuge. ALEXITERIC A*lex`i*ter"ic, n. Etym: [Gr. alexitère, LL. alexiterium.] (Med.) Defn: A preservative against contagious and infectious diseases, and the effects of poison in general. Brande & C. ALEXITERIC; ALEXITERICAL A*lex`i*ter"ic, A*lex`i*ter"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. alexitère.] (med.) Defn: Resisting poison; obviating the effects of venom; alexipharmic. ALFA ; ALFA GRASS Al"fa or Al"fa grass", n. Defn: A plant (Macrochloa tenacissima) of North Africa; also, its fiber, used in paper making. ALFALFA Al*fal"fa, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Bot.) Defn: The lucern (Medicago sativa); -- so called in California, Texas, etc. ALFENIDE Al"fe*nide, n. (Metal.) Defn: An alloy of nickel and silver electroplated with silver. ALFERES Al*fe"res, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. Ar. al-fars knight.] Defn: An ensign; a standard bearer. [Obs.] J. Fletcher. ALFET Al"fet, n. Etym: [LL. alfetum, fr. AS. alfæt a pot to boil in; al burning + fæt vat.] Defn: A caldron of boiling water into which an accused person plunged his forearm as a test of innocence or guilt. ALFILARIA Al*fil`a*ri"a, n. (Bot.) Defn: The pin grass (Erodium cicutarium), a weed in California. ALFILERIA; ALFILERILLA Al*fil`e*ri"a, Al*fil`e*ril"la, n. [Mex. Sp., fr. Sp. alfiler pin.] Defn: Same as Alfilaria. ALFIONE Al`fi*o"ne, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An edible marine fish of California (Rhacochilus toxotes). ALFORJA Al*for"ja, n. [Also alfarga, alforge.] [Sp.] Defn: A saddlebag. [Sp. Amer.] ALFRESCO Al*fres"co, adv. & a. Etym: [It. al fresco in or on the fresh.] Defn: In the open-air. Smollett. ALGA Al"ga, n.; pl. Algæ. Etym: [L., seaweed.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of seaweed; pl. the class of cellular cryptogamic plants which includes the black, red, and green seaweeds, as kelp, dulse, sea lettuce, also marine and fresh water confervæ, etc. ALGAL Al"gal, a., (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or like, algæ. ALGAROBA Al`ga*ro"ba, n. Etym: [Sp. algarroba, fr. Ar. al-kharr. Cf. Carob.] (Bot.) (a) The Carob, a leguminous tree of the Mediterranean region; also, its edible beans or pods, called St. John's bread. (b) The Honey mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), a small tree found from California to Buenos Ayres; also, its sweet, pulpy pods. A valuable gum, resembling gum arabic, is collected from the tree in Texas and Mexico. ALGAROT; ALGAROTH Al"ga*rot, Al"ga*roth, n. Etym: [F. algaroth, fr. the name of the inventor, Algarotti.] (Med.) Defn: A term used for the Powder of Algaroth, a white powder which is a compound of trichloride and trioxide of antimony. It was formerly used in medicine as an emetic, purgative, and diaphoretic. ALGAROVILLA Al`ga*ro*vil"la, n. Defn: The agglutinated seeds and husks of the legumes of a South American tree (Inga Marthæ). It is valuable for tanning leather, and as a dye. ALGATE; ALGATES Al"gate, Al"gates, adv. Etym: [All + gate way. The s is an adverbial ending. See Gate.] 1. Always; wholly; everywhere. [Obs.] Ulna now he algates must forego. Spenser. Note: Still used in the north of England in the sense of "everywhere." 2. By any or means; at all events. [Obs.] Fairfax. 3. Notwithstanding; yet. [Obs.] Chaucer. ALGAZEL Al"ga*zel`, n. Etym: [Ar. al the + ghazal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The true gazelle. ALGEBRA Al"ge*bra, n. Etym: [LL. algebra, fr. Ar. al-jebr reduction of parts to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, fr. jabara to bind together, consolidate; al-jebr w'almuqabalah reduction and comparison (by equations): cf. F. algèbre, It. & Sp. algebra.] 1. (Math.) Defn: That branch of mathematics which treats of the relations and properties of quantity by means of letters and other symbols. It is applicable to those relations that are true of every kind of magnitude. 2. A treatise on this science. ALGEBRAIC; ALGEBRAICAL Al`ge*bra"ic, Al`ge*bra"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to algebra; containing an operation of algebra, or deduced from such operation; as, algebraic characters; algebraical writings. Algebraic curve, a curve such that the equation which expresses the relation between the coördinates of its points involves only the ordinary operations of algebra; -- opposed to a transcendental curve. ALGEBRAICALLY Al`ge*bra"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By algebraic process. ALGEBRAIST Al"ge*bra`ist, n. Defn: One versed in algebra. ALGEBRAIZE Al"ge*bra*ize, v. t. Defn: To perform by algebra; to reduce to algebraic form. ALGERIAN Al*ge"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Algeria. -- n. Defn: A native of Algeria. ALGERINE Al`ge*rine", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Algiers or Algeria. ALGERINE Al`ge*rine", n. Defn: A native or one of the people of Algiers or Algeria. Also, a pirate. ALGID Al"gid, a. Etym: [L. algidus cold, fr. algere to be cold: cf. F. algide.] Defn: Cold; chilly. Bailey. Algid cholera (Med.), Asiatic cholera. ALGIDITY Al*gid"i*ty, n. Defn: Chilliness; coldness; especially (Med.), Defn: coldness and collapse. ALGIDNESS Al"gid*ness, n. Defn: Algidity. [Obs.] ALGIFIC Al*gif"ic, a. Etym: [L. algificus, fr. algus cold + facere to make.] Defn: Producing cold. ALGIN Al"gin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous substance resembling gelatin, obtained from certain algæ. ALGOID Al"goid, a. Etym: [L. alga + -oid.] Defn: Of the nature of, or resembling, an alga. ALGOL Al"gol, n. Etym: [Ar. al-gh destruction, calamity, fr. ghala to take suddenly, destroy.] (Astron.) Defn: A fixed star, in Medusa's head, in the constellation Perseus, remarkable for its periodic variation in brightness. ALGOLOGICAL Al`go*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to algology; as, algological specimens. ALGOLOGIST Al*gol"o*gist, n. Defn: One learned about algæ; a student of algology. ALGOLOGY Al*gol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. alga seaweed + -logy.] (Bot.) Defn: The study or science of algæ or seaweeds. ALGOMETER Al*gom"e*ter, n. [Gr. pain + -meter.] (Psychol.) Defn: An instrument for measuring sensations of pain due to pressure. It has a piston rod with a blunted tip which is pressed against the skin. -- Al*gom"e*try (#), n. -- Al`go*met"ric (#), *met"ric*al (#), a. --Al`go*met"ric*al*ly, adv. ALGONKIAN Al*gon"ki*an, a. 1. Var. of Algonquian. 2. (Geol.) Pertaining to or designating a period or era recognized by the United States Geological Survey and some other authorities, between the Archæan and the Paleozoic, from both of which it is generally separated in the record by unconformities. Algonkian rocks are both sedimentary and igneous. Although fossils are rare, life certainly existed in this period. -- n. Defn: The Algonkian period or era, or system or group of systems. ALGONQUIAN Al*gon"qui*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to or designating the most extensive of the linguistic families of North American Indians, their territory formerly including practically all of Canada east of the 115th meridian and south of Hudson's Bay and the part of the United States east of the Mississippi and north of Tennessee and Virginia, with the exception of the territory occupied by the northern Iroquoian tribes. There are nearly 100,000 Indians of the Algonquian tribes, of which the strongest are the Ojibwas (Chippewas), Ottawas, Crees, Algonquins, Micmacs, and Blackfeet. -- n. Defn: An Algonquian Indian. ALGONQUIN; ALGONKIN Al*gon"quin, Al*gon"kin, n. Defn: One of a widely spread family of Indians, including many distinct tribes, which formerly occupied most of the northern and eastern part of North America. The name was originally applied to a group of Indian tribes north of the River St. Lawrence. ALGOR Al"gor, n. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: Cold; chilliness. ALGORISM; ALGORITHM Al"go*rism, Al"go*rithm, n. Etym: [OE. algorism, algrim, augrim, OF. algorisme, F. algorithme (cf. Sp. algoritmo, OSp. alguarismo, LL. algorismus), fr. the Ar. al-Khowarezmi of Khowarezm, the modern Khiwa, surname of Abu Ja'far Mohammed ben Musa, author of a work on arithmetic early in the 9th century, which was translated into Latin, such books bearing the name algorismus. The spelling with th is due to a supposed connection with Gr. 1. The art of calculating by nine figures and zero. 2. The art of calculating with any species of notation; as, the algorithms of fractions, proportions, surds, etc. ALGOUS Al"gous, a. Etym: [L. algosus, fr. alga seaweed.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the algæ, or seaweeds; abounding with, or like, seaweed. ALGUAZIL Al`gua*zil", n. Etym: [Sp. alguacil, fr. Ar. alwazir the vizier. Cf. Vizier.] Defn: An inferior officer of justice in Spain; a warrant officer; a constable. Prescott. ALGUM Al"gum, n. Defn: Same as Almug (and etymologically preferable). 2 Chron. ii. 8. ALHAMBRA Al*ham"bra, n. Etym: [Ultimately fr. Ar. al the + hamra red; i. e., the red (sc. house).] Defn: The palace of the Moorish kings at Granada. ALHAMBRAIC; ALHAMBRESQUE Al`ham*bra"ic, Al`ham*bresque", a. Defn: Made or decorated after the fanciful style of the ornamentation in the Alhambra, which affords an unusually fine exhibition of Saracenic or Arabesque architecture. ALHENNA Al*hen"na, n. Defn: See Henna. ALIAS A"li*as, adv. Etym: [L., fr. alius. See Else.] (Law) (a) Otherwise; otherwise called; -- a term used in legal proceedings to connect the different names of any one who has gone by two or more, and whose true name is for any cause doubtful; as, Smith, alias Simpson. (b) At another time. ALIAS A"li*as, n.; pl. Aliases. Etym: [L., otherwise, at another time.]Etym: (Law) (a) A second or further writ which is issued after a first writ has expired without effect. (b) Another name; an assumed name. ALIBI Al"i*bi, n. Etym: [L., elsewhere, at another place. See Alias.] (Law) Defn: The plea or mode of defense under which a person on trial for a crime proves or attempts to prove that he was in another place when the alleged act was committed; as, to set up an alibi; to prove an alibi. ALIBILITY Al`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Quality of being alible. ALIBLE Al"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. alibilis, fr. alere to nourish.] Defn: Nutritive; nourishing. ALICANT Al"i*cant, n. Defn: A kind of wine, formerly much esteemed; -- said to have been made near Alicant, in Spain. J. Fletcher. ALIDADE Al"i*dade, n. Etym: [LL. alidada, alhidada, fr. Ar. al-'idada a sort of rule: cf. F. alidade.] Defn: The portion of a graduated instrument, as a quadrant or astrolabe, carrying the sights or telescope, and showing the degrees cut off on the arc of the instrument Whewell. ALIEN Al"ien, a. Etym: [OF. alien, L. alienus, fr. alius another; properly, therefore, belonging to another. See Else.] 1. Not belonging to the same country, land, or government, or to the citizens or subjects thereof; foreign; as, alien subjects, enemies, property, shores. 2. Wholly different in nature; foreign; adverse; inconsistent (with); incongruous; -- followed by from or sometimes by to; as, principles alien from our religion. An alien sound of melancholy. Wordsworth. Alien enemy (Law), one who owes allegiance to a government at war with ours. Abbott. ALIEN Al"ien, n. 1. A foreigner; one owing allegiance, or belonging, to another country; a foreign-born resident of a country in which he does not posses the privileges of a citizen. Hence, a stranger. See Alienage. 2. One excluded from certain privileges; one alienated or estranged; as, aliens from God's mercies. Aliens from the common wealth of Israel. Ephes. ii. 12. ALIEN Al"ien, v. t. Etym: [F. aliéner, L. alienare.] Defn: To alienate; to estrange; to transfer, as property or ownership. [R.] "It the son alien lands." Sir M. Hale. The prince was totally aliened from all thoughts of . . . the marriage. Clarendon. ALIENABILITY Al`ien*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability of being alienated. "The alienability of the domain." Burke. ALIENABLE Al"ien*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. aliénable.] Defn: Capable of being alienated, sold, or transferred to another; as, land is alienable according to the laws of the state. ALIENAGE Al"ien*age, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. aliénage.] 1. The state or legal condition of being an alien. Note: The disabilities of alienage are removable by naturalization or by special license from the State of residence, and in some of the United States by declaration of intention of naturalization. Kent. Wharton. Estates forfeitable on account of alienage. Story. 2. The state of being alienated or transferred to another. Brougham. ALIENATE Al"ien*ate, a. Etym: [L. alienatus, p. p. of alienare, fr. alienus. See Alien, and cf. Aliene.] Defn: Estranged; withdrawn in affection; foreign; -- with from. O alienate from God. Milton. ALIENATE Al"ien*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alienated; p. pr. & vb. n. Alienating.] 1. To convey or transfer to another, as title, property, or right; to part voluntarily with ownership of. 2. To withdraw, as the affections; to make indifferent of averse, where love or friendship before subsisted; to estrange; to wean; -- with from. The errors which . . . alienated a loyal gentry and priesthood from the House of Stuart. Macaulay. The recollection of his former life is a dream that only the more alienates him from the realities of the present. I. Taylor. ALIENATE Al"ien*ate, n. Defn: A stranger; an alien. [Obs.] ALIENATION Al`ien*a"tion, n. Etym: [F. aliénation, L. alienatio, fr. alienare, fr. alienare. See Alienate.] 1. The act of alienating, or the state of being alienated. 2. (Law) Defn: A transfer of title, or a legal conveyance of property to another. 3. A withdrawing or estrangement, as of the affections. The alienation of his heart from the king. Bacon. 4. Mental alienation; derangement of the mental faculties; insanity; as, alienation of mind. Syn. -- Insanity; lunacy; madness; derangement; aberration; mania; delirium; frenzy; dementia; monomania. See Insanity. ALIENATOR Al"ien*a"tor, n. Defn: One who alienates. ALIENE Al*iene, v. t. Defn: To alien or alienate; to transfer, as title or property; as, to aliene an estate. ALIENEE Al"ien*ee", n. (Law) Defn: One to whom the title of property is transferred; -- opposed to alienor. It the alienee enters and keeps possession. Blackstone. ALIENISM Al"ien*ism, n. 1. The status or legal condition of an alien; alienage. The law was very gentle in the construction of the disability of alienism. Kent. 2. The study or treatment of diseases of the mind. ALIENIST Al"ien*ist, n. Etym: [F. aliéniste.] Defn: One who treats diseases of the mind. Ed. Rev. ALIENOR Al`ien*or", n. Etym: [OF. aliéneur.] Defn: One who alienates or transfers property to another. Blackstone. ALIETHMOID; ALIETHMOIDAL Al`i*eth"moid, Al`i*eth*moid"al, a. Etym: [L. ala wing + E. ethomoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to expansions of the ethmoid bone or ALIFE A*life", adv. Etym: [Cf. lief dear.] Defn: On my life; dearly. [Obs.] "I love that sport alife." Beau. & Fl. ALIFEROUS A*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. ala wing + -ferous.] Defn: Having wings, winged; aligerous. [R.] ALIFORM Al"i*form, a. Etym: [L. ala wing + -form.] Defn: Wing-shaped; winglike. ALIGEROUS A*lig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. aliger; ala wing + gerere to carry.] Defn: Having wings; winged. [R.] ALIGHT A*light", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alighted sometimes Alit; p. pr. & vb. n. Alighting.] Etym: [OE. alihten, fr. AS. alihtan; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + lihtan, to alight, orig. to render light, to remove a burden from, fr. liht, leoht, light. See Light, v. i.] 1. To spring down, get down, or descend, as from on horseback or from a carriage; to dismount. 2. To descend and settle, lodge, rest, or stop; as, a flying bird alights on a tree; snow alights on a roof. 3. To come or chance (upon). [R.] ALIGHT A*light", a. Etym: [Pref. a- + light.] Defn: Lighted; lighted up; in a flame. "The lamps were alight." Dickens. ALIGN A*lign", v. t. Etym: [F. aligner; à (L. ad) + ligne (L. linea) line. See Line, and cf. Allineate.] Defn: To adjust or form to a line; to range or form in line; to bring into line; to aline. ALIGN A*lign", v. t. Defn: To form in line; to fall into line. ALIGNMENT A*lign"ment, n. Etym: [F. alignement.] 1. The act of adjusting to a line; arrangement in a line or lines; the state of being so adjusted; a formation in a straight line; also, the line of adjustment; esp., an imaginary line to regulate the formation of troops or of a squadron. 2. (Engin.) Defn: The ground-plan of a railway or other road, in distinction from the grades or profile. ALIKE A*like", a. Etym: [AS. onlic, gelic; pref. a + like.] Defn: Having resemblance or similitude; similar; without difference. [Now used only predicatively.] The darkness and the light are both alike to thee. Ps. cxxxix. 12. ALIKE A*like", adv. Etym: [AS. gelice, onlice.] Defn: In the same manner, form, or degree; in common; equally; as, we are all alike concerne. ALIKE-MINDED A*like"-mind`ed, a. Defn: Like-minded. [Obs.] ALIMENT Al"i*ment, n. Etym: [L. alimentum, fr. alere to nourish; akin to Goth. alan to grow, Icel. ala to nourish: cf. F. aliment. See Old.] 1. That which nourishes; food; nutriment; anything which feeds or adds to a substance in natural growth. Hence: The necessaries of life generally: sustenance; means of support. Aliments of theiBacon. 2. An allowance for maintenance. [Scot.] ALIMENT Al"i*ment, v. t. 1. To nourish; to support. 2. To provide for the maintenance of. [Scot.] ALIMENTAL Al`i*men"tal, a. Defn: Supplying food; having the quality of nourishing; furnishing the materials for natural growth; as, alimental sap. ALIMENTALLY A`li*men"tal*ly, adv. Defn: So as to serve for nourishment or food; nourishing quality. Sir T. Browne. ALIMENTARINESS Al`i*men"ta*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being alimentary; nourishing quality. [R.] ALIMENTARY Al`i*men"ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. alimentarius, fr. alimentum: cf. F. alimentaire.] Defn: Pertaining to aliment or food, or to the function of nutrition; nutritious; alimental; as, alimentary substances. Alimentary canal, the entire channel, extending from the mouth to the anus, by which aliments are conveyed through the body, and the useless parts ejected. ALIMENTATION Al`i*men*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. alimentation, LL. alimentatio.] 1. The act or process of affording nutriment; the function of the alimentary canal. 2. State or mode of being nourished. Bacon. ALIMENTIVENESS Al`i*men"tive*ness, n. Defn: The instinct or faculty of appetite for food. [Chiefly in Phrenol.] ALIMONIOUS Al`i*mo"ni*ous, a. Defn: Affording food; nourishing. [R.] "Alimonious humors." Harvey. ALIMONY Al"i*mo*ny, n. Etym: [L. alimonia, alimonium, nourishment, sustenance, fr. alere to nourish.] 1. Maintenance; means of living. 2. (Law) Defn: An allowance made to a wife out of her husband's estate or income for her support, upon her divorce or legal separation from him, or during a suit for the same. Wharton. Burrill. ALINASAL Al`i*na"sal, a. Etym: [L. ala wing + E. nasal.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to expansions of the nasal bone or cartilage. ALINE A*line", v. t. Defn: To range or place in a line; to bring into line; to align. Evelyn. ALINEATION A*lin`e*a"tion, n. Defn: See Allineation. ALINEMENT A*line"ment, n. Defn: Same as Alignment. Note: [The Eng. form alinement is preferable to alignment, a bad spelling of the French]. New Eng. Dict. (Murray). ALINER A*lin"er, n. Defn: One who adjusts things to a line or lines or brings them into line. Evelyn. ALIOTH Al"i*oth, n. Etym: [Ar. alyat the tail of a fat sheep.] (Astron.) Defn: A star in the tail of the Great Bear, the one next the bowl in the Dipper. ALIPED Al"i*ped, a. Etym: [L. alipes; ala wing + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. alipède.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Wing-footed, as the bat. -- n. Defn: An animal whose toes are connected by a membrane, serving for a wing, as the bat. ALIPHATIC Al`i*phat"ic, a. [Gr. , , oil, fat.] (Org. Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, fat; fatty; -- applied to compounds having an openc-hain structure. The aliphatic compounds thus include not only the fatty acids and other derivatives of the paraffin hydrocarbons, but also unsaturated compounds, as the ethylene and acetylene series. ALIQUANT Al"i*quant, a. Etym: [L. aliquantus some, moderate; alius other + quantus how great: cf. F. aliquante.] (Math.) Defn: An aliquant part of a number or quantity is one which does not divide it without leaving a remainder; thus, 5 is an aliquant part of 16. Opposed to aliquot. ALIQUOT Al"i*quot, a. Etym: [L. aliquot some, several; alius other + quot how many: cf. F. aliquote.] (Math.) Defn: An aliquot part of a number or quantity is one which will divide it without a remainder; thus, 5 is an aliquot part of 15. Opposed to aliquant. ALISEPTAL Al`i*sep"tal, a. Etym: [L. ala wing + E. septal.] (Anat.) Defn: Relating to expansions of the nasal septum. ALISH Al"ish, a. Defn: Like ale; as, an alish taste. ALISPHENOID Al`i*sphe"noid, n. (Anat.) Defn: The alisphenoid bone. ALISPHENOID; ALISPHENOIDAL Al`i*sphe"noid, Al`i*sphe*noid"al, a. Etym: [L. ala wing + E. sphenoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to or forming the wing of the sphenoid; relating to a bone in the base of the skull, which in the adult is often consolidated with the sphenoid; as, alisphenoid bone; alisphenoid canal. ALITRUNK Al"i*trunk, n. Etym: [L. ala wing + truncus trunk.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The segment of the body of an insect to which the wings are attached; the thorax. Kirby. ALITURGICAL Al`i*tur"gic*al, a. Etym: [Pref. a- + liturgical.] (Eccl.) Defn: Applied to those days when the holy sacrifice is not offered. Shipley. ALIUNDE A`li*un"de, adv. & a. Etym: [L.] (Law) Defn: From another source; from elsewhere; as, a case proved aliunde; evidence aliunde. ALIVE A*live", a. Etym: [OE. on live, AS. on life in life; life being dat. of lif life. See Life, and cf. Live, a.] 1. Having life, in opposition to dead; living; being in a state in which the organs perform their functions; as, an animal or a plant which is alive. 2. In a state of action; in force or operation; unextinguished; unexpired; existent; as, to keep the fire alive; to keep the affections alive. 3. Exhibiting the activity and motion of many living beings; swarming; thronged. The Boyne, for a quarter of a mile, was alive with muskets and green boughs. Macaulay. 4. Sprightly; lively; brisk. Richardson. 5. Having susceptibility; easily impressed; having lively feelings, as opposed to apathy; sensitive. Tremblingly alive to nature's laws. Falconer. 6. Of all living (by way of emphasis). Northumberland was the proudest man alive. Clarendon. Note: Used colloquially as an intensive; as, man alive! Note: Alive always follows the noun which it qualifies. ALIZARI A`li*za"ri, n. Etym: [Perh. fr. Ar. 'a juice extracted from a plant, fr. 'a to press.] (Com.) Defn: The madder of the Levant. Brande & C. ALIZARIN A*liz"a*rin, n. Etym: [F. alizarine, fr. alizari.] (Chem.) Defn: A coloring principle, C14H6O2(OH)2, found in madder, and now produced artificially from anthracene. It produces the Turkish reds. ALKAHEST Al"ka*hest, n. Etym: [LL. alchahest, F. alcahest, a word that has an Arabic appearance, but was probably arbitrarily formed by Paracelsus.] Defn: The fabled "universal solvent" of the alchemists; a menstruum capable of dissolving all bodies. -- Al`ka*hes"tic, a. ALKALAMIDE Al`kal*am"ide, n. Etym: [Alkali + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of compounds that may be regarded as ammonia in which a part of the hydrogen has been replaced by basic, and another part by acid, atoms or radicals. ALKALESCENCE; ALKALESCENCY Al`ka*les`cence, Al`ka*les"cen*cy, n. Defn: A tendency to become alkaline; or the state of a substance in which alkaline properties begin to be developed, or to predominant. Ure. ALKALESCENT Al`ka*les"cent, a. Etym: [Cf. F. alcalescent.] Defn: Tending to the properties of an alkali; slightly alkaline. ALKALI Al"ka*li, n.; pl. Alkalis or Alkalies. Etym: [F. alcali, ultimately fr. Ar. alqali ashes of the plant saltwort, fr. qalay to roast in a pan, fry.] 1. Soda ash; caustic soda, caustic potash, etc. 2. (Chem.) Defn: One of a class of caustic bases, such as soda, potash, ammoma, and lithia, whose distinguishing peculiarities are solubility in alcohol and water, uniting with oils and fats to form soap, neutralizing and forming salts with acids, turning to brown several vegetable yellows, and changing reddened litmus to blue. Fixed alkalies, potash and soda. -- Vegetable alkalies. Same as Alkaloids. -- Volatile alkali, ammonia, so called in distinction from the fixed alkalies. ALKALIFIABLE Al"ka*li*fi`a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. alcalifiable.] Defn: Capable of being alkalified, or converted into an alkali. ALKALI FLAT Alkali flat. Defn: A sterile plain, containing an excess of alkali, at the bottom of an undrained basin in an arid region; a playa. ALKALIFY Al"ka*li*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alkalified; p. pr. & vb. n. Alkalifying.] Etym: [Alkali + -fly: cf. F. alcalifier.] Defn: To convert into an alkali; to give alkaline properties to. ALKALIFY Al"ka*li*fy, v. i. Defn: To become changed into an alkali. ALKALIMETER Al`ka*lim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Alkali + -meter. cf. F. alcalimètre.] Defn: An instrument to ascertain the strength of alkalies, or the quantity of alkali in a mixture. ALKALIMETRIC; ALKALIMETRICAL Al`ka*li*met"ric, Al`ka*li*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to alkalimetry. ALKALIMETRY Al`ka*lim"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. alcalimètrie.] (Chem.) Defn: The art or process of ascertaining the strength of alkalies, or the quantity present in alkaline mixtures. ALKALINE Al"ka*line, a. Etym: [Cf. F. alcalin.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an alkali or to alkalies; having the properties of an alkali. Alkaline earths, certain substances, as lime, baryta, strontia, and magnesia, possessing some of the qualities of alkalies. -- Alkaline metals, potassium, sodium, cæsium, lithium, rubidium. -- Alkaline reaction, a reaction indicating alkalinity, as by the action on limits, turmeric, etc. ALKALINITY Al`ka*lin"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality which constitutes an alkali; alkaline property. Thomson. ALKALIOUS Al*ka"li*ous, a. Defn: Alkaline. [Obs.] ALKALI SOIL Alkali soil. Defn: Any one of various soils found in arid and semiarid regions, containing an unusual amount of soluble mineral salts which effloresce in the form of a powder or crust (usually white) in dry weather following rains or irrigation. The basis of these salts is mainly soda with a smaller amount of potash, and usually a little lime and magnesia. Two main classes of alkali are commonly distinguished: black alkali, which may be any alkaline carbonate, but which practically consists of sodium carbonate (sal soda), which is highly corrosive and destructive to vegetation; and white alkali, characterized by the presence of sodium sulphate (Glauber's salt), which is less injurious to vegetation. Black alkali is so called because water containing it dissolves humus, forming a dark-colored solution which, when it collects in puddles and evaporates, produces characteristic black spots. ALKALI WASTE Alkali waste. Defn: Waste material from the manufacture of alkali; specif., soda waste. ALKALIZATE Al"ka*li*zate, a. Defn: Alkaline. [Obs.] Boyle. ALKALIZATE Al"ka*li**zate, v. t. Defn: To alkalizate. [R.] Johnson. ALKALIZATION Al`ka*li*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. alcalisation.] Defn: The act rendering alkaline by impregnating with an alkali; a conferring of alkaline qualities. ALKALIZE Al"ka*lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alkalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Alkalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. alcaliser.] Defn: To render alkaline; to communicate the properties of an alkali to. ALKALOID Al"ka*loid, n. (Chem.) Defn: An organic base, especially one of a class of substances occurring ready formed in the tissues of plants and the bodies of animals. Note: Alcaloids all contain nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen, and many of them also contain oxygen. They include many of the active principles in plants; thus, morphine and narcotine are alkaloids found in opium. ALKALOID; ALKALOIDAL Al"ka*loid, Al`ka*loid"al, a. Etym: [Alkali + -oid: cf. F. alcaloïde.] Defn: Pertaining to, resembling, or containing, alkali. ALKANET Al"ka*net, n. Etym: [Dim. of Sp. alcana, alhe, in which al is the Ar. article. See Henna, and cf. Orchanet.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A dyeing matter extracted from the roots of Alkanna tinctoria, which gives a fine deep red color. 2. (Bot.) (a) A boraginaceous herb (Alkanna tinctoria) yielding the dye; orchanet. (b) The similar plant Anchusa officinalis; bugloss; also, the American puccoon. ALKARGEN Al*kar"gen, n. Etym: [Alkarsin + oxygen.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Cacodylic acid. ALKARSIN Al*kar"sin, n. Etym: [Alkali + arsenic + -in.] (Chem.) Defn: A spontaneously inflammable liquid, having a repulsive odor, and consisting of cacodyl and its oxidation products; -- called also Cadel's fuming liquid. ALKAZAR Al*ka"zar. Defn: See Alcazar. ALKEKENGI Al`ke*ken"gi, n. Etym: [Cf. F. alkékenge, Sp. alquequenje, ultimately fr. Ar. al-kakanj a kind of resin from Herat.] (Bot.) Defn: An herbaceous plant of the nightshade family (Physalis alkekengi) and its fruit, which is a well flavored berry, the size of a cherry, loosely inclosed in a enlarged leafy calyx; -- also called winter cherry, ground cherry, and strawberry tomato. D. C. Eaton. ALKERMES Al*ker"mes, n. Etym: [Ar. al-qirmiz kermes. See Kermes.] (Old Pharmacy) Defn: A compound cordial, in the form of a confection, deriving its name from the kermes insect, its principal ingredient. ALKORAN Al"ko*ran, n. Defn: The Mohammedan Scriptures. Same as Alcoran and Koran. ALKORANIC Al`ko*ran"ic, a. Defn: Same as Alcoranic. ALKORANIST Al`ko*ran"ist, n. Defn: Same as Alcoranist. ALL All, a. Etym: [OE. al, pl. alle, AS. eal, pl. ealle, Northumbrian alle, akin to D. & OHG. al, Ger. all, Icel. allr. Dan. al, Sw. all, Goth. alls; and perh. to Ir. and Gael. uile, W. oll.] 1. The whole quantity, extent, duration, amount, quality, or degree of; the whole; the whole number of; any whatever; every; as, all the wheat; all the land; all the year; all the strength; all happiness; all abundance; loss of all power; beyond all doubt; you will see us all (or all of us). Prove all things: hold fast that which is good. 1 Thess. v. 21. 2. Any. [Obs.] "Without all remedy." Shak. Note: When the definite article "the," or a possessive or a demonstrative pronoun, is joined to the noun that all qualifies, all precedes the article or the pronoun; as, all the cattle; all my labor; all his wealth; all our families; all your citizens; all their property; all other joys. Note: This word, not only in popular language, but in the Scriptures, often signifies, indefinitely, a large portion or number, or a great part. Thus, all the cattle in Egypt died, all Judea and all the region round about Jordan, all men held John as a prophet, are not to be understood in a literal sense, but as including a large part, or very great numbers. 3. Only; alone; nothing but. I was born to speak all mirth and no matter. Shak. All the whole, the whole (emphatically). [Obs.] "All the whole army." Shak. ALL All, adv. 1. Wholly; completely; altogether; entirely; quite; very; as, all bedewed; my friend is all for amusement. "And cheeks all pale." Byron. Note: In the ancient phrases, all too dear, all too much, all so long, etc., this word retains its appropriate sense or becomes intensive. 2. Even; just. (Often a mere intensive adjunct.) [Obs. or Poet.] All as his straying flock he fed. Spenser. A damsel lay deploring All on a rock reclined. Gay. All to, or All-to. In such phrases as "all to rent," "all to break," "all-to frozen," etc., which are of frequent occurrence in our old authors, the all and the to have commonly been regarded as forming a compound adverb, equivalent in meaning to entirely, completely, altogether. But the sense of entireness lies wholly in the word all (as it does in "all forlorn," and similar expressions), and the to properly belongs to the following word, being a kind of intensive prefix (orig. meaning asunder and answering to the LG. ter-, HG. zer- ). It is frequently to be met with in old books, used without the all. Thus Wyclif says, "The vail of the temple was to rent:" and of Judas, "He was hanged and to-burst the middle:" i. e., burst in two, or asunder. -- All along. See under Along. -- All and some, individually and collectively, one and all. [Obs.] "Displeased all and some." Fairfax. -- All but. (a) Scarcely; not even. [Obs.] Shak. (b) Almost; nearly. "The fine arts were all but proscribed." Macaulay. -- All hollow, entirely, completely; as, to beat any one all hollow. [Low] -- All one, the same thing in effect; that is, wholly the same thing. -- All over, over the whole extent; thoroughly; wholly; as, she is her mother all over. [Colloq.] -- All the better, wholly the better; that is, better by the whole difference. -- All the same, nevertheless. "There they [certain phenomena] remain rooted all the same, whether we recognize them or not." J. C. Shairp. "But Rugby is a very nice place all the same." T. Arnold. -- See also under All, n. ALL All, n. Defn: The whole number, quantity, or amount; the entire thing; everything included or concerned; the aggregate; the whole; totality; everything or every person; as, our all is at stake. Death, as the Psalmist saith, is certain to all. Shak. All that thou seest is mine. Gen. xxxi. 43. Note: All is used with of, like a partitive; as, all of a thing, all of us. After all, after considering everything to the contrary; nevertheless. -- All in all, a phrase which signifies all things to a person, or everything desired; (also adverbially) wholly; altogether. Thou shalt be all in all, and I in thee, Forever. Milton. Trust me not at all, or all in all. Tennyson. -- All in the wind (Naut.), a phrase denoting that the sails are parallel with the course of the wind, so as to shake. -- All told, all counted; in all. -- And all, and the rest; and everything connected. "Bring our crown and all." Shak. -- At all. (a) In every respect; wholly; thoroughly. [Obs.] "She is a shrew at al(l)." Chaucer. (b) A phrase much used by way of enforcement or emphasis, usually in negative or interrogative sentences, and signifying in any way or respect; in the least degree or to the least extent; in the least; under any circumstances; as, he has no ambition at all; has he any property at all "Nothing at all. " Shak. "It thy father at all miss me." 1 Sam. xx. 6. -- Over all, everywhere. [Obs.] Chaucer. Note: All is much used in composition to enlarge the meaning, or add force to a word. In some instances, it is completely incorporated into words, and its final consonant is dropped, as in almighty, already, always: but, in most instances, it is an adverb prefixed to adjectives or participles, but usually with a hyphen, as, all- bountiful, all-glorious, allimportant, all-surrounding, etc. In others it is an adjective; as, allpower, all-giver. Anciently many words, as, alabout, alaground, etc., were compounded with all, which are now written separately. ALL All, conj. Etym: [Orig. all, adv., wholly: used with though or if, which being dropped before the subjunctive left all as if in the sense although.] Defn: Although; albeit. [Obs.] All they were wondrous loth. Spenser. ALLA BREVE Al`la bre"ve. Etym: [It., according to the breve.] (Old Church Music) Defn: With one breve, or four minims, to measure, and sung faster like four crotchets; in quick common time; -- indicated in the time signature by ALLAH Al"lah, n. Etym: [ contr. fr. the article al the + ilah God.] Defn: The name of the Supreme Being, in use among the Arabs and the Mohammedans generally. ALL-A-MORT All`-a-mort", a. Defn: See Alamort. ALLANITE Al"lan*ite, n. Etym: [From T. Allan, who first distinguished it as a species.] (min.) Defn: A silicate containing a large amount of cerium. It is usually black in color, opaque, and is related to epidote in form and composition. ALLANTOIC Al`lan*to"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. allantoïque.] Defn: Pertaining to, or contained in, the allantois. Allantoic acid. (Chem.) See Allantoin. ALLANTOID; ALLANTOIDAL Al*lan"toid, Al`lan*toid"al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the allantois. ALLANTOIDEA Al`lan*toid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of Vertebrata in which the embryo develops an allantois. It includes reptiles, birds, and mammals. ALLANTOIN Al*lan"to*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A crystalline, transparent, colorless substance found in the allantoic liquid of the fetal calf; -- formerly called allantoic acid and amniotic acid. ALLANTOIS; ALLANTOID Al*lan"to*is, Al*lan"toid, } n.. (Anat.) Defn: A membranous appendage of the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, -- in mammals serving to connect the fetus with the parent; the urinary vesicle. ALLATRATE Al"la*trate, v. i. Etym: [L. allatrare. See Latrate.] Defn: To bark as a dog. [Obs.] Stubbes. ALLAY Al*lay", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Allaying.] Etym: [OE. alaien, aleggen, to lay down, put down, humble, put an end to, AS. alecgan; a- (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + lecgan to lay; but confused with old forms of allege, alloy, alegge. See Lay.] 1. To make quiet or put at rest; to pacify or appease; to quell; to calm; as, to allay popular excitement; to allay the tumult of the passions. 2. To alleviate; to abate; to mitigate; as, to allay the severity of affliction or the bitterness of adversity. It would allay the burning quality of that fell poison. Shak. Syn. -- To alleviate; check; repress; assuage; appease; abate; subdue; destroy; compose; soothe; calm; quiet. See Alleviate. ALLAY Al*lay", v. t. Defn: To diminish in strength; to abate; to subside. "When the rage allays." Shak. ALLAY Al*lay", n. Defn: Alleviation; abatement; check. [Obs.] ALLAY Al*lay", n. Defn: Alloy. [Obs.] Chaucer. ALLAY Al*lay", v. t. Defn: To mix (metals); to mix with a baser metal; to alloy; to deteriorate. [Archaic] Fuller. ALLAYER Al*lay"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, allays. ALLAYMENT Al*lay"ment, n. Defn: An allaying; that which allays; mitigation. [Obs.] The like allayment could I give my grief. Shak. ALLECRET Al"le*cret, n. Etym: [OF. alecret, halecret, hallecret.] Defn: A kind of light armor used in the sixteenth century, esp. by the Swiss. Fairholt. ALLECT Al*lect", v. t. Etym: [L. allectare, freq. of allicere, allectum.] Defn: To allure; to entice. [Obs.] ALLECTATION Al`lec*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. allectatio.] Defn: Enticement; allurement. [Obs.] Bailey. ALLECTIVE Al*lec"tive, a. Etym: [LL. allectivus.] Defn: Alluring. [Obs.] ALLECTIVE Al*lec"tive, n. Defn: Allurement. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. ALLEDGE Al*ledge", v. t. Defn: See Allege. [Obs.] Note: This spelling, corresponding to abridge, was once the prevailing one. ALLEGATION Al`le*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. allegatio, fr. allegare, allegatum, to send a message, cite; later, to free by giving reasons; ad + legare to send, commission. Cf. Allege and Adlegation.] 1. The act of alleging or positively asserting. 2. That which is alleged, asserted, or declared; positive assertion; formal averment I thought their allegation but reasonable. Steele. 3. (Law) Defn: A statement by a party of what he undertakes to prove, -- usually applied to each separate averment; the charge or matter undertaken to be proved. ALLEGE Al*lege", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alleged; p. pr. & vb. n. Alleging.] Etym: [OE. aleggen to bring forward as evidence, OF. esligier to buy, prop. to free from legal difficulties, fr. an assumed LL. exlitigare; L. ex + litigare to quarrel, sue (see Litigate). The word was confused with L. allegare (see Allegation), and lex law. Cf. Allay.] 1. To bring forward with positiveness; to declare; to affirm; to assert; as, to allege a fact. 2. To cite or quote; as, to allege the authority of a judge. [Archaic] 3. To produce or urge as a reason, plea, or excuse; as, he refused to lend, alleging a resolution against lending. Syn. -- To bring forward; adduce; advance; assign; produce; declare; affirm; assert; aver; predicate. ALLEGE Al*lege", v. t. Etym: [See Allay.] Defn: To alleviate; to lighten, as a burden or a trouble. [Obs.] Wyclif. ALLEGEABLE Al*lege"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being alleged or affirmed. The most authentic examples allegeable in the case. South. ALLEGEANCE Al*lege"ance, n. Defn: Allegation. [Obs.] ALLEGEMENT Al*lege"ment, n. Defn: Allegation. [Obs.] With many complaints and allegements. Bp. Sanderson. ALLEGER Al*leg"er, n. Defn: One who affirms or declares. ALLEGGE Al*legge", v. t. Defn: See Alegge and Allay. [Obs.] ALLEGHENIAN; ALLEGHANIAN Al`le*ghe"ni*an, a. Also Al`le*gha"ni*an. (Biogeography) Defn: Pertaining to or designating the humid division of the Transition zone extending across the northern United States from New England to eastern Dakota, and including also most of Pennsylvania and the mountainous region as far south as northern Georgia. ALLEGHENY; ALLEGHANY Al"le*ghe`ny, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Allegheny Mountains, or the region where they are situated. Also Al"le*gha`ny. 2. [From the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania.] (Geol.) Pertaining to or designating a subdivision of the Pennsylvanian coal measure. ALLEGIANCE Al*le"giance, n. Etym: [OE. alegeaunce; pref. a- + OF. lige, liege. The meaning was influenced by L. ligare to bind, and even by lex, legis, law. See Liege, Ligeance.] 1. The tie or obligation, implied or expressed, which a subject owes to his sovereign or government; the duty of fidelity to one's king, government, or state. 2. Devotion; loyalty; as, allegiance to science. Syn. -- Loyalty; fealty. -- Allegiance, Loyalty. These words agree in expressing the general idea of fidelity and attachment to the "powers that be." Allegiance is an obligation to a ruling power. Loyalty is a feeling or sentiment towards such power. Allegiance may exist under any form of government, and, in a republic, we generally speak of allegiance to the government, to the state, etc. In well conducted monarchies, loyalty is a warm-hearted feeling of fidelity and obedience to the sovereign. It is personal in its nature; and hence we speak of the loyalty of a wife to her husband, not of her allegiance. In cases where we personify, loyalty is more commonly the word used; as, loyalty to the constitution; loyalty to the cause of virtue; loyalty to truth and religion, etc. Hear me, recreant, on thine allegiance hear me! Shak. So spake the Seraph Abdiel, faithful found, . . . Unshaken, unseduced, unterrified, His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal. Milton. ALLEGIANT Al*le"giant, a. Defn: Loyal. Shak. ALLEGORIC; ALLEGORICAL Al`le*gor"ic, Al`le*gor"ic*al, a. Etym: [F. allégorique, L. allegorius, fr. Gr. Allegory.] Defn: Belonging to, or consisting of, allegory; of the nature of an allegory; describing by resemblances; figurative. "An allegoric tale." Falconer. "An allegorical application." Pope. Allegorical being . . . that kind of language which says one thing, but means another. Max Miller. Al`le*gor"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Al`le*gor"ic*al*ness, n. ALLEGORIST Al"le*go*rist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. allegoriste.] Defn: One who allegorizes; a writer of allegory. Hume. ALLEGORIZATION Al`le*gor"i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of turning into allegory, or of understanding in an allegorical sense. ALLEGORIZE Al"le*go*rize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allegorized; p. pr. & vb. n. Allegorizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. allégoriser, fr. L. allegorizare.] 1. To form or turn into allegory; as, to allegorize the history of a people. 2. To treat as allegorical; to understand in an allegorical sense; as, when a passage in a writer may understood literally or figuratively, he who gives it a figurative sense is said to allegorize it. ALLEGORIZE Al"le*go*rize, v. t. Defn: To use allegory. Holland. ALLEGORIZER Al"le*go*ri`zer, n. Defn: One who allegorizes, or turns things into allegory; an allegorist. ALLEGORY Al"le*go*ry, n.; pl. Allegories. Etym: [L. allegoria, Gr. allégorie.] 1. A figurative sentence or discourse, in which the principal subject is described by another subject resembling it in its properties and circumstances. The real subject is thus kept out of view, and we are left to collect the intentions of the writer or speaker by the resemblance of the secondary to the primary subject. 2. Anything which represents by suggestive resemblance; an emblem. 3. (Paint. & Sculpt.) Defn: A figure representation which has a meaning beyond notion directly conveyed by the object painted or sculptured. Syn. -- Metaphor; fable. -- Allegory, Parable. "An allegory differs both from fable and parable, in that the properties of persons are fictitiously represented as attached to things, to which they are as it were transferred. . . . A figure of Peace and Victory crowning some historical personage is an allegory. "I am the Vine, ye are the branches" [John xv. 1-6] is a spoken allegory. In the parable there is no transference of properties. The parable of the sower [Matt. xiii. 3-23] represents all things as according to their proper nature. In the allegory quoted above the properties of the vine and the relation of the branches are transferred to the person of Christ and His apostles and disciples." C. J. Smith. Note: An allegory is a prolonged metaphor. Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress" and Spenser's "Faërie Queene" are celebrated examples of the allegory. ALLEGRESSE Al`le`gresse", n. Etym: [F. allégresse, fr. L. alacer sprightly.] Defn: Joy; gladsomeness. ALLEGRETTO Al`le*gret"to, a. Etym: [It., dim. of allegro.] (Mus.) Defn: Quicker than andante, but not so quick as allegro. -- n. Defn: A movement in this time. ALLEGRO Al*le"gro, a. Etym: [It., merry, gay, fr. L. alacer lively. Cf. Aleger.] (Mus.) Defn: Brisk, lively. -- n. Defn: An allegro movement; a quick, sprightly strain or piece. ALLELOMORPH Al*le"lo*morph, n. [Gr. of one another + Gr. form.] (Biol.) Defn: One of the pure unit characters commonly existing singly or in pairs in the germ cells of Mendelian hybrids, and exhibited in varying proportion among the organisms themselves. Allelomorphs which under certain circumstances are themselves compound are called hypallelomorphs. See Mendel's law. -- Al*le`lo*mor"phic (#), a. As we know that the several unit characters are of such a nature that any one of them is capable of independently displacing or being displaced by one or more alternative characters taken singly, we may recognize this fact by naming such characters allelomorphs. Bateson. ALLELUIA; ALLELUIAH Al`le*lu"ia, Al`le*lu"iah, n. Etym: [L. alleluia, Gr. hall-yah. See Hallelujah.] Defn: An exclamation signifying Praise ye Jehovah. Hence: A song of praise to God. See Hallelujah, the commoner form. I heard a great voice of much people in heaven, saying, Alleluia. Rev. xix. 1. ALLEMANDE Al"le*mande", n. Etym: [F., fr. allemand German.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A dance in moderate twofold time, invented by the French in the reign of Louis XIV.; -- now mostly found in suites of pieces, like those of Bach and Handel. 2. A figure in dancing. ALLEMANNIC Al`le*man"nic, a. Defn: See Alemannic. ALLENARLY Al*len"ar*ly, adv. Etym: [All + anerly singly, fr. ane one.] Defn: Solely; only. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. ALLER Al"ler, a. Etym: [For ealra, the AS. gen. pl. of eal all.] Defn: Same as Alder, of all. [Obs.] Chaucer. ALLERION Al*le"ri*on, n. Etym: [F. alérion, LL. alario a sort of eagle; of uncertain origin.] (Her.) Defn: Am eagle without beak or feet, with expanded wings. Burke. ALLEVIATE Al*le"vi*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alleviated; p. pr. & vb. n. Alleviating.] Etym: [LL. alleviare, fr. L. ad + levis light. See Alegge, Levity.] 1. To lighten or lessen the force or weight of. [Obs.] Should no others join capable to alleviate the expense. Evelyn. Those large bladders . . . conduce much to the alleviating of the body [of flying birds]. Ray. 2. To lighten or lessen (physical or mental troubles); to mitigate, or make easier to be endured; as, to alleviate sorrow, pain, care, etc. ; -- opposed to aggravate. The calamity of the want of the sense of hearing is much alleviated by giving the use of letters. Bp. Horsley. 3. To extenuate; to palliate. [R.] He alleviates his fault by an excuse. Johnson. Syn. -- To lessen; diminish; soften; mitigate; assuage; abate; relieve; nullify; allay. -- To Alleviate, Mitigate, Assuage, Allay. These words have in common the idea of relief from some painful state; and being all figurative, they differ in their application, according to the image under which this idea is presented. Alleviate supposes a load which is lightened or taken off; as, to alleviate one's cares. Mitigate supposes something fierce which is made mild; as, to mitigate one's anguish. Assuage supposes something violent which is quieted; as, to assuage one's sorrow. Allay supposes something previously excited, but now brought down; as, to allay one's suffering or one's thirst. To alleviate the distresses of life; to mitigate the fierceness of passion or the violence of grief; to assuage angry feeling; to allay wounded sensibility. ALLEVIATION Al*le`vi*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. alleviatio.] 1. The act of alleviating; a lightening of weight or severity; mitigation; relief. 2. That which mitigates, or makes more tolerable. I have not wanted such alleviations of life as friendship could supply. Johnson. ALLEVIATIVE Al*le"vi*a*tive, a. Defn: Tending to alleviate. -- n. Defn: That which alleviates. ALLEVIATOR Al*le"vi*a`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, alleviaties. ALLEVIATORY Al*le"vi*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Alleviative. Carlyle. ALLEY Al"ley, n.; pl. Alleys. Etym: [OE. aley, alley, OF. alée, F. allée, a going, passage, fr. OE. aler, F. aller, to go; of uncertain origin: cf. Prov. anar, It. andare, Sp. andar.] 1. A narrow passage; especially a walk or passage in a garden or park, bordered by rows of trees or bushes; a bordered way. I know each lane and every alley green. Milton. 2. A narrow passage or way in a city, as distinct from a public street. Gay. 3. A passageway between rows of pews in a church. 4. (Persp.) Defn: Any passage having the entrance represented as wider than the exit, so as to give the appearance of length. 5. The space between two rows of compositors' stands in a printing office. ALLEY Al"ley, n.; pl. Alleys. Etym: [A contraction of alabaster, of which it was originally made.] Defn: A choice taw or marble. Dickens. ALLEYED Al"leyed, a. Defn: Furnished with alleys; forming an alley. "An alleyed walk." Sir W. Scott. ALLEYWAY Al"ley*way` n. Defn: An alley. ALL FOOLS' DAY All" Fools' Day`. Defn: The first day of April, a day on which sportive impositions are practiced. The first of April, some do say, Is set apart for All Fools' Day. Poor Robin's Almanack (1760). ALLFOURS All`fours". Etym: [All + four (cards).] Defn: A game at cards, called "High, Low, Jack, and the Game." ALL FOURS All` fours" Etym: [formerly, All` four".] Defn: All four legs of a quadruped; or the two legs and two arms of a person. To be, go, or run, on all fours (Fig.), to be on the same footing; to correspond (with) exactly; to be alike in all the circumstances to be considered. "This example is on all fours with the other." "No simile can go on all fours." Macaulay. ALL HAIL All` hail". Etym: [All + hail, interj.] Defn: All health; -- a phrase of salutation or welcome. ALL-HAIL All`-hail", v. t. Defn: To salute; to greet. [Poet.] Whiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it, came missives from the king, who all-hailed me "Thane of Cawdor." Shak. ALLHALLOND All`hal"lond, n. Defn: Allhallows. [Obs.] Shak. ALLHALLOW All`hal"low. Defn: The evening before Allhallows. See Halloween. ALLHALLOW; ALLHALLOWS All`hal"low, All`hal"lows, n. 1. All the saints (in heaven). [Obs.] 2. All Saints' Day, November 1st. [Archaic] ALLHALLOW EVE All`hal"low eve` (ev`). Defn: The evening before Allhallows. See Halloween. ALLHALLOWMAS All`hal"low*mas, n. Defn: The feast of All Saints. ALLHALLOWN All`hal"lown, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the time of Allhallows. [Obs.] "Allhallown summer." Shak. (i. e., late summer; "Indian Summer"). ALLHALLOWTIDE All`hal"low*tide`, n. Etym: [AS. tid time.] Defn: The time at or near All Saints, or November 1st. ALLHEAL All"heal, n. Defn: A name popularly given to the officinal valerian, and to some other plants. ALLIABLE Al*li"a*ble, a. Defn: Able to enter into alliance. ALLIACEOUS Al`li*a"ceous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the genus Allium, or garlic, onions, leeks, etc.; having the smell or taste of garlic or onions. ALLIANCE Al*li"ance, n. Etym: [OE. aliaunce, OF. aliance, F. alliance, fr. OF. alier, F. allier. See Ally, and cf. LL. alligantia.] 1. The state of being allied; the act of allying or uniting; a union or connection of interests between families, states, parties, etc., especially between families by marriage and states by compact, treaty, or league; as, matrimonial alliances; an alliance between church and state; an alliance between France and England. 2. Any union resembling that of families or states; union by relationship in qualities; affinity. The alliance of the principles of the world with those of the gospel. C. J. Smith. The alliance . . . between logic and metaphysics. Mansel. 3. The persons or parties allied. Udall. Syn. -- Connection; affinity; union; confederacy; confederation; league; coalition. ALLIANCE Al*li"ance, v. t. Defn: To connect by alliance; to ally. [Obs.] ALLIANT Al*li"ant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. alliant, p. pr.] Defn: An ally; a confederate. [Obs. & R.] Sir H. Wotton. ALLICE; ALLIS Al"lice, Al"lis, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European shad (Clupea vulgaris); allice shad. See Alose. ALLICIENCY Al*li"cien*cy, n. Defn: Attractive power; attractiveness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ALLICIENT Al*li"cient, a. Etym: [L. alliciens, p. pr. of allicere to allure; ad + lacere to entice.] Defn: That attracts; attracting. -- n. Defn: That attracts. [Rare or Obs.] ALLIED Al*lied", a. Defn: United; joined; leagued; akin; related. See Ally. ALLIGATE Al*li*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. alligatus, p. p. of alligare. See Ally.] Defn: To tie; to unite by some tie. Instincts alligated to their nature. Sir M. Hale. ALLIGATION Al`li*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. alligatio.] 1. The act of tying together or attaching by some bond, or the state of being attached. [R.] 2. (Arith.) Defn: A rule relating to the solution of questions concerning the compounding or mixing of different ingredients, or ingredients of different qualities or values. Note: The rule is named from the method of connecting together the terms by certain ligature-like signs. Alligation is of two kinds, medial and alternate; medial teaching the method of finding the price or quality of a mixture of several simple ingredients whose prices and qualities are known; alternate, teaching the amount of each of several simple ingredients whose prices or qualities are known, which will be required to make a mixture of given price or quality. ALLIGATOR Al"li*ga`tor, n. Etym: [Sp. el lagarto the lizard (el lagarto de Indias, the cayman or American crocodile), fr. L. lacertus, lacerta, lizard. See Lizard.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large carnivorous reptile of the Crocodile family, peculiar to America. It has a shorter and broader snout than the crocodile, and the large teeth of the lower jaw shut into pits in the upper jaw, which has no marginal notches. Besides the common species of the southern United States, there are allied species in South America. 2. (Mech.) Defn: Any machine with strong jaws, one of which opens like the movable jaw of an alligator; as, (a) (Metal Working) Defn: a form of squeezer for the puddle ball; (b) (Mining) a rock breaker; (c) (Printing) a kind of job press, called also alligator press. Alligator apple (Bot.), the fruit of the Anona palustris, a West Indian tree. It is said to be narcotic in its properties. Loudon. -- Alligator fish (Zoöl.), a marine fish of northwestern America (Podothecus acipenserinus). -- Alligator gar (Zoöl.), one of the gar pikes (Lepidosteus spatula) found in the southern rivers of the United States. The name is also applied to other species of gar pikes. -- Alligator pear (Bot.), a corruption of Avocado pear. See Avocado. -- Alligator snapper, Alligator tortoise, Alligator turtle (Zoöl.), a very large and voracious turtle (Macrochelys lacertina) in habiting the rivers of the southern United States. It sometimes reaches the weight of two hundred pounds. Unlike the common snapping turtle, to which the name is sometimes erroneously applied, it has a scaly head and many small scales beneath the tail. This name is sometimes given to other turtles, as to species of Trionyx. -- Alligator wood, the timber of a tree of the West Indies (Guarea Swartzii). ALLIGATOR WRENCH Al"li*ga`tor wrench. (Mech.) Defn: A kind of pipe wrench having a flaring jaw with teeth on one side. ALLIGNMENT Al*lign"ment, n. Defn: See Alignment. ALLINEATE Al*lin"e*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. ad + lineatus, p. p. of lineare to draw a line.] Defn: To align. [R.] Herschel. ALLINEATION; ALINEEATION Al*lin`e*a"tion, A*line`e*a"tion, n. Defn: Alignment; position in a straight line, as of two planets with the sun. Whewell. The allineation of the two planets. C. A. Young. ALLISION Al*li"sion, n. Etym: [L. allisio, fr. allidere, to strike or dash against; ad + laedere to dash against.] Defn: The act of dashing against, or striking upon. The boisterous allision of the sea. Woodward. ALLITERAL Al*lit"er*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by alliteration. ALLITERATE Al*lit"er*ate, v. t. Defn: To employ or place so as to make alliteration. Skeat. ALLITERATE Al*lit"er*ate, v. i. Defn: To compose alliteratively; also, to constitute alliteration. ALLITERATION Al*lit`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. ad + litera letter. See Letter.] Defn: The repetition of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals; as in the following lines: - Behemoth, biggest born of earth, upheaved His vastness. Milton. Fly o'er waste fens and windy fields. Tennyson. Note: The recurrence of the same letter in accented parts of words is also called alliteration. Anglo-Saxon poetry is characterized by alliterative meter of this sort. Later poets also employed it. In a somer seson whan soft was the sonne, I shope me in shroudes as I a shepe were. P. Plowman. ALLITERATIVE Al*lit"er*a*tive, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, alliteration; as, alliterative poetry. -- Al*lit"er*a*tive*ly, adv. -- Al*lit"er*a*tive*ness, n. ALLITERATOR Al*lit"er*a`tor, n. Defn: One who alliterates. ALLIUM Al"li*um, n. Etym: [L., garlic.] (bot.) Defn: A genus of plants, including the onion, garlic, leek, chive, etc. ALLMOUTH All"mouth`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The angler. ALLNESS All"ness, n. Defn: Totality; completeness. [R.] The allness of God, including his absolute spirituality, supremacy, and eternity. R. Turnbull. ALLNIGHT All"night`, n. Defn: Light, fuel, or food for the whole night. [Obs.] Bacon. ALLOCATE Al"lo*cate, v. t. Etym: [LL. allocatus, p. p. of allocare, fr. L. ad + locare to place. See Allow.] 1. To distribute or assign; to allot. Burke. 2. To localize. [R.] ALLOCATION Al`lo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [LL. allocatio: cf. F. allocation.] 1. The act of putting one thing to another; a placing; disposition; arrangement. Hallam. 2. An allotment or apportionment; as, an allocation of shares in a company. The allocation of the particular portions of Palestine to its successive inhabitants. A. R. Stanley. 3. The admission of an item in an account, or an allowance made upon an account; -- a term used in the English exchequer. ALLOCATUR Al`lo*ca"tur, n. Etym: [LL., it is allowed, fr. allocare to allow.] (Law) Defn: "Allowed." The word allocatur expresses the allowance of a proceeding, writ, order, etc., by a court, judge, or judicial officer. ALLOCHROIC Al`lo*chro"ic, a. Defn: Changeable in color. ALLOCHROITE Al*loch"ro*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Garnet. ALLOCHROOUS Al*loch"ro*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Changing color. ALLOCUTION Al`lo*cu"tion, n. Etym: [L. allocuto, fr. alloqui to speak to; ad + loqui to speak: cf. F. allocution.] 1. The act or manner of speaking to, or of addressing in words. 2. An address; a hortatory or authoritative address as of a pope to his clergy. Addison. ALLOD Al"lod, n. Defn: See Allodium. ALLODIAL Al*lo"di*al, a. Etym: [LL. allodialis, fr. allodium: cf. F. allodial. See Allodium.] (Law) Defn: Pertaining to allodium; freehold; free of rent or service; held independent of a lord paramount; -- opposed to feudal; as, allodial lands; allodial system. Blackstone. ALLODIAL Al*lo"di*al, a. Defn: Anything held allodially. W. Coxe. ALLODIALISM Al*lo"di*al*ism, n. Defn: The allodial system. ALLODIALIST Al*lo"di*al*ist, n. Defn: One who holds allodial land. ALLODIALLY Al*lo"di*al*ly, adv. Defn: By allodial tenure. ALLODIARY Al*lo"di*a*ry, n. Defn: One who holds an allodium. ALLODIUM Al*lo"di*um, n. Etym: [LL. allodium, alodium, alodis, alaudis, of Ger. origin; cf. OHG. al all, and (AS. ead) possession, property. It means, therefore, entirely one's property.] (Law) Defn: Freehold estate; land which is the absolute property of the owner; real estate held in absolute independence, without being subject to any rent, service, or acknowledgment to a superior. It is thus opposed to feud. Blackstone. Bouvier. ALLOGAMOUS Al*log"a*mous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Characterized by allogamy. ALLOGAMY Al*log"a*my n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Fertilization of the pistil of a plant by pollen from another of the same species; cross-fertilization. ALLOGENEOUS Al`lo*ge"ne*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Different in nature or kind. [R.] ALLOGRAPH Al"lo*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: A writing or signature made by some person other than any of the parties thereto; -- opposed to autograph. ALLOMERISM Al*lom"er*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Variability in chemical constitution without variation in crystalline form. ALLOMEROUS Al*lom"er*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Characterized by allomerism. ALLOMORPH Al"lo*morph, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) (a) Any one of two or more distinct crystalline forms of the same substance; or the substance having such forms; -- as, carbonate of lime occurs in the allomorphs calcite and aragonite. (b) A variety of pseudomorph which has undergone partial or complete change or substitution of material; -- thus limonite is frequently an allomorph after pyrite. G. H. Williams. ALLOMORPHIC Al`lo*mor"phic, a. (Min.) Defn: Of or pertaining to allomorphism. ALLOMORPHISM Al`lo*mor"phism, n. (Min.) Defn: The property which constitutes an allomorph; the change involved in becoming an allomorph. ALLONGE Al*longe", n. Etym: [F. allonge, earlier alonge, a lengthening. See Allonge, v., and cf. Lunge.] 1. (Fencing) Defn: A thrust or pass; a lunge. 2. A slip of paper attached to a bill of exchange for receiving indorsements, when the back of the bill itself is already full; a rider. [A French usage] Abbott. ALLONGE Al*longe", v. i. Etym: [F. allonger; à (L. ad) + long (L. longus) long.] Defn: To thrust with a sword; to lunge. ALLONYM Al"lo*nym, n. Etym: [F. allonyme, fr. Gr. 1. The name of another person assumed by the author of a work. 2. A work published under the name of some one other than the author. ALLONYMOUS Al*lon"y*mous, a. Defn: Published under the name of some one other than the author. ALLOO Al*loo", v. t. or i. Etym: [See Halloo.] Defn: To incite dogs by a call; to halloo. [Obs.] ALLOPATH Al"lo*path, n. Etym: [Cf. F. allopathe.] Defn: An allopathist. Ed. Rev. ALLOPATHIC Al`lo*path"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. allopathique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to allopathy. ALLOPATHICALLY Al`lo*path"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner conformable to allopathy; by allopathic methods. ALLOPATHIST Al*lop"a*thist, n. Defn: One who practices allopathy; one who professes allopathy. ALLOPATHY Al*lop"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. allopathie, F. allopathie. See Pathos.] Defn: That system of medical practice which aims to combat disease by the use of remedies which produce effects different from those produced by the special disease treated; -- a term invented by Hahnemann to designate the ordinary practice, as opposed to homeopathy. ALLOPHYLIC; ALLOPHYLIAN Al`lo*phyl"ic, Al`lo*phyl"i*an, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to a race or a language neither Aryan nor Semitic. J. Prichard. ALLOQUY Al"lo*quy, n. Etym: [L. alloquim, fr. alloqui.] Defn: A speaking to another; an address. [Obs.] ALLOT Al*lot", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Allotting.] Etym: [OF. aloter, F. allotir; a (L. ad) + lot lot. See Lot.] 1. To distribute by lot. 2. To distribute, or parcel out in parts or portions; or to distribute to each individual concerned; to assign as a share or lot; to set apart as one's share; to bestow on; to grant; to appoint; as, let every man be contented with that which Providence allots him. Ten years I will allot to the attainment of knowledge. Johnson. ALLOTHEISM Al"lo*the*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The worship of strange gods. Jer. Taylor. ALLOTMENT Al*lot"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. alotement, F. allotement.] 1. The act of allotting; assignment. 2. That which is allotted; a share, part, or portion granted or distributed; that which is assigned by lot, or by the act of God; anything set apart for a special use or to a distinct party. The alloments of God and nature. L'Estrange. A vineyard and an allotment for olives and herbs. Broome. 3. (law) Defn: The allowance of a specific amount of scrip or of a particular thing to a particular person. Cottage allotment, an allotment of a small portion of land to a country laborer for garden cultivation. [Eng.] ALLOTRIOPHAGY Al`lo*tri*oph"a*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. allotriophagie.] (Med.) Defn: A depraved appetite; a desire for improper food. ALLOTROPHIC Al`lo*troph"ic, a. [Gr. other + trophic.] (a) (Physiol.) Changed or modified in nutritive power by the process of digestion. (b) (Plant Physiol.) Dependent upon other organisms for nutrition; heterotrophic; -- said of plants unable to perform photosynthesis, as all saprophytes; -- opposed to autotrophic. ALLOTROPIC; ALLOTROPICAL Al`lo*trop"ic, Al`lo*trop"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. allotropique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to allotropism. -- Al`lo*trop"ic*al*ly, adv. Allotropic state, the several conditions which occur in a case of allotropism. ALLOTROPICITY Al*lot`ro*pic"i*ty, n. Defn: Allotropic property or nature. ALLOTROPISM; ALLOTROPY Al*lot"ro*pism, Al*lot"ro*py, n. Etym: [Gr. allotropie.] (Chem.) Defn: The property of existing in two or more conditions which are distinct in their physical or chemical relations. Note: Thus, carbon occurs crystallized in octahedrons and other related forms, in a state of extreme hardness, in the diamond; it occurs in hexagonal forms, and of little hardness, in black lead; and again occurs in a third form, with entire softness, in lampblack and charcoal. In some cases, one of these is peculiarly an active state, and the other a passive one. Thus, ozone is an active state of oxygen, and is distinct from ordinary oxygen, which is the element in its passive state. ALLOTROPIZE Al*lot"ro*pize, v. t. Defn: To change in physical properties but not in substance. [R.] ALLOTTABLE Al*lot"ta*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being allotted. ALLOTTEE Al*lot`tee", n. Defn: One to whom anything is allotted; one to whom an allotment is made. ALLOTTER Al*lot"ter, n. Defn: One who allots. ALLOTTERY Al*lot"ter*y, n. Defn: Allotment. [Obs.] Shak. ALLOW Al*low", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Allowing.] Etym: [OE. alouen, OF. alouer, aloer, aluer, F. allouer, fr. LL. allocare to admit as proved, to place, use; confused with OF. aloer, fr. L. allaudare to extol; ad + laudare to praise. See Local, and cf. Allocate, Laud.] 1. To praise; to approve of; hence, to sanction. [Obs. or Archaic] Ye allow the deeds of your fathers. Luke xi. 48. We commend his pains, condemn his pride, allow his life, approve his learning. Fuller. 2. To like; to be suited or pleased with. [Obs.] How allow you the model of these clothes Massinger. 3. To sanction; to invest; to intrust. [Obs.] Thou shalt be . . . allowed with absolute power. Shak. 4. To grant, give, admit, accord, afford, or yield; to let one have; as, to allow a servant his liberty; to allow a free passage; to allow one day for rest. He was allowed about three hundred pounds a year. Macaulay. 5. To own or acknowledge; to accept as true; to concede; to accede to an opinion; as, to allow a right; to allow a claim; to allow the truth of a proposition. I allow, with Mrs. Grundy and most moralists, that Miss Newcome's conduct . . . was highly reprehensible. Thackeray. 6. To grant (something) as a deduction or an addition; esp. to abate or deduct; as, to allow a sum for leakage. 7. To grant license to; to permit; to consent to; as, to allow a son to be absent. Syn. -- To allot; assign; bestow; concede; admit; permit; suffer; tolerate. See Permit. ALLOW Al*low", v. i. Defn: To admit; to concede; to make allowance or abatement. Allowing still for the different ways of making it. Addison. To allow of, to permit; to admit. Shak. ALLOWABLE Al*low"a*ble, a. Etym: [F. allouable.] 1. Praiseworthy; laudable. [Obs.] Hacket. 2. Proper to be, or capable of being, allowed; permissible; admissible; not forbidden; not unlawful or improper; as, a certain degree of freedom is allowable among friends. ALLOWABLENESS Al*low"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being allowable; permissibleness; lawfulness; exemption from prohibition or impropriety. South. ALLOWABLY Al*low"a*bly, adv. Defn: In an allowable manner. ALLOWANCE Al*low"ance, n. Etym: [OF. alouance.] 1. Approval; approbation. [Obs.] Crabbe. 2. The act of allowing, granting, conceding, or admitting; authorization; permission; sanction; tolerance. Without the king's will or the state's allowance. Shak. 3. Acknowledgment. The censure of the which one must in your allowance o'erweigh a whole theater of others. Shak. 4. License; indulgence. [Obs.] Locke. 5. That which is allowed; a share or portion allotted or granted; a sum granted as a reimbursement, a bounty, or as appropriate for any purpose; a stated quantity, as of food or drink; hence, a limited quantity of meat and drink, when provisions fall short. I can give the boy a handsome allowance. Thackeray. 6. Abatement; deduction; the taking into account of mitigating circumstances; as, to make allowance for the inexperience of youth. After making the largest allowance for fraud. Macaulay. 7. (com.) Defn: A customary deduction from the gross weight of goods, different in different countries, such as tare and tret. ALLOWANCE Al*low"ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allowancing.] Etym: [See Allowance, n.] Defn: To put upon a fixed allowance (esp. of provisions and drink); to supply in a fixed and limited quantity; as, the captain was obliged to allowance his crew; our provisions were allowanced. ALLOWEDLY Al*low"ed*ly adv. Defn: By allowance; admittedly. Shenstone. ALLOWER Al*low"er, n. 1. An approver or abettor. [Obs.] 2. One who allows or permits. ALLOXAN Al*lox"an, n. Etym: [Allantoin + oxalic, as containing the elements of allantion and oxalic acid.] (Chem.) Defn: An oxidation product of uric acid. It is of a pale reddish color, readily soluble in water or alcohol. ALLOXANATE Al*lox"a*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A combination of alloxanic acid and a base or base or positive radical. ALLOXANIC Al`lox*an"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to alloxan; -- applied to an acid obtained by the action of soluble alkalies on alloxan. ALLOXANTIN Al`lox*an"tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance produced by acting upon uric with warm and very dilute nitric acid. ALLOY Al*loy", n. Etym: [OE. alai, OF. alei, F. aloyer, to alloy, alier to ally. See Alloy, v. t.] 1. Any combination or compound of metals fused together; a mixture of metals; for example, brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc. But when mercury is one of the metals, the compound is called an amalgam. 2. The quality, or comparative purity, of gold or silver; fineness. 3. A baser metal mixed with a finer. Fine silver is silver without the mixture of any baser metal. Alloy is baser metal mixed with it. Locke. 4. Admixture of anything which lessens the value or detracts from; as, no happiness is without alloy. "Pure English without Latin alloy." F. Harrison. ALLOY Al*loy", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alloyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Alloying.] Etym: [F. aloyer, OF. alier, allier, later allayer, fr. L. aligare. See Alloy, n., Ally, v.t., and cf. Allay.] 1. To reduce the purity of by mixing with a less valuable substance; as, to alloy gold with silver or copper, or silver with copper. 2. To mix, as metals, so as to form a compound. 3. To abate, impair, or debase by mixture; to allay; as, to alloy pleasure with misfortunes. ALLOY Al*loy", v. t. Defn: To form a metallic compound. Gold and iron alloy with ease. Ure. ALLOYAGE Al*loy"age, n. Etym: [F. aloyage.] Defn: The act or art of alloying metals; also, the combination or alloy. ALLOY STEEL Al"loy steel. Defn: Any steel containing a notable quantity of some other metal alloyed with the iron, usually chromium, nickel, manganese, tungsten, or vanadium. ALL-POSSESSED All`-pos*sessed", a. Defn: Controlled by an evil spirit or by evil passions; wild. [Colloq.] ALL SAINTS; ALL SAINTS' All" Saints`, All" Saints', Defn: The first day of November, called, also, Allhallows or Hallowmas; a feast day kept in honor of all the saints; also, the season of this festival. ALL SOULS' DAY All" Souls' Day`. Defn: The second day of November; a feast day of the Roman Catholic church, on which supplications are made for the souls of the faithful dead. ALLSPICE All"spice`, n. Defn: The berry of the pimento (Eugenia pimenta), a tree of the West Indies; a spice of a mildly pungent taste, and agreeably aromatic; Jamaica pepper; pimento. It has been supposed to combine the flavor of cinnamon, nutmegs, and cloves; and hence the name. The name is also given to other aromatic shrubs; as, the Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus); wild allspice (Lindera benzoin), called also spicebush, spicewood, and feverbush. ALLTHING All`thing`, adv. Etym: [For in all (= every) thing.] Defn: Altogether. [Obs.] Shak. ALLUDE Al*lude", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Alluding.] Etym: [L. alludere to play with, to allude; ad + ludere to play.] Defn: To refer to something indirectly or by suggestion; to have reference to a subject not specifically and plainly mentioned; -- followed by to; as, the story alludes to a recent transaction. These speeches . . . do seem to allude unto such ministerial garments as were then in use. Hooker. Syn. -- To refer; point; indicate; hint; suggest; intimate; signify; insinuate; advert. See Refer. ALLUDE Al*lude", v. t. Defn: To compare allusively; to refer (something) as applicable. [Obs.] Wither. ALLUMETTE Al`lu`mette, n. Etym: [F., from allumer to light.] Defn: A match for lighting candles, lamps, etc. ALLUMINOR Al*lu"mi*nor, n. Etym: [OF. alumineor, fr. L. ad + liminare. See Luminate.] Defn: An illuminator of manuscripts and books; a limner. [Obs.] Cowell. ALLURANCE Al*lur"ance, n. Defn: Allurement. [R.] ALLURE Al*lure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Alluring.] Etym: [OF. aleurrer, alurer, fr. a (L. ad) + leurre lure. See Lure.] Defn: To attempt to draw; to tempt by a lure or bait, that is, by the offer of some good, real or apparent; to invite by something flattering or acceptable; to entice; to attract. With promised joys allured them on. Falconer. The golden sun in splendor likest Heaven Allured his eye. Milton. Syn. -- To attract; entice; tempt; decoy; seduce. -- To Allure, Entice, Decoy, Seduce. These words agree in the idea of acting upon the mind by some strong controlling influence, and differ according to the image under which is presented. They are all used in a bad sense, except allure, which has sometimes (though rarely) a good one. We are allured by the prospect or offer (usually deceptive) of some future good. We are commonly enticed into evil by appeals to our passions. We are decoyed into danger by false appearances or representations. We are seduced when drawn aside from the path of rectitude. What allures draws by gentle means; what entices leads us by promises and persuasions; what decoys betrays us, as it were, into a snare or net; what seduces deceives us by artful appeals to the passions. ALLURE Al*lure", n. Defn: Allurement. [R.] Hayward. ALLURE Al`lure", n. Etym: [F.; aller to go.] Defn: Gait; bearing. The swing, the gait, the pose, the allure of these men. Harper's Mag. ALLUREMENT Al*lure"ment, n. 1. The act alluring; temptation; enticement. Though Adam by his wife's allurement fell. Milton. 2. That which allures; any real or apparent good held forth, or operating, as a motive to action; as, the allurements of pleasure, or of honor. ALLURER Al*lur"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, allures. ALLURING Al*lur"ing, a. Defn: That allures; attracting; charming; tempting. -- Al*lur"ing*ly, adv. -- Al*lur"ing*ness, n. ALLUSION Al*lu"sion, n. Etym: [L. allusio, fr. alludere to allude: cf. F. allusion.] 1. A figurative or symbolical reference. [Obs.] 2. A reference to something supposed to be known, but not explicitly mentioned; a covert indication; indirect reference; a hint. ALLUSIVE Al*lu"sive, a. 1. Figurative; symbolical. 2. Having reference to something not fully expressed; containing an allusion. ALLUSIVELY Al*lu"sive*ly, adv. Defn: Figuratively [Obs.]; by way of allusion; by implication, suggestion, or insinuation. ALLUSIVENESS Al*lu"sive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being allusive. ALLUSORY Al*lu"so*ry, a. Defn: Allusive. [R.] Warburton. ALLUVIAL Al*lu"vi*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. alluvial. See Alluvion.] Defn: Pertaining to, contained in, or composed of, alluvium; relating to the deposits made by flowing water; washed away from one place and deposited in another; as, alluvial soil, mud, accumulations, deposits. ALLUVION Al*lu"vi*on, n. Etym: [F. alluvion, L. alluvio, fr. alluere to wash against; ad + luere, equiv. to lavare, to wash. See Lave.] 1. Wash or flow of water against the shore or bank. 2. An overflowing; an inundation; a flood. Lyell. 3. Matter deposited by an inundation or the action of flowing water; alluvium. The golden alluvions are there [in California and Australia] spread over a far wider space: they are found not only on the banks of rivers, and in their beds, but are scattered over the surface of vast plains. R. Cobden. 4. (Law) Defn: An accession of land gradually washed to the shore or bank by the flowing of water. See Accretion. ALLUVIOUS Al*lu"vi*ous, n. Etym: [L. alluvius. See Alluvion.] Defn: Alluvial. [R.] Johnson. ALLUVIUM Al*lu"vi*um, n.; pl. E. Alluviums, L. Alluvia. Etym: [L., neut. of alluvius. See Alluvious.] (Geol.) Defn: Deposits of earth, sand, gravel, and other transported matter, made by rivers, floods, or other causes, upon land not permanently submerged beneath the waters of lakes or seas. Lyell. ALLWHERE All"where`, adv. Defn: Everywhere. [Archaic] ALLWORK All"work`, n. Defn: Domestic or other work of all kinds; as, a maid of allwork, that is, a general servant. ALLY Al*ly", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allied; p. pr. & vb. n. Allying.] Etym: [OE. alien, OF. alier, F. alier, fr. L. alligare to bind to; ad + ligare to bind. Cf. Alligate, Alloy, Allay, Ligament.] 1. To unite, or form a connection between, as between families by marriage, or between princes and states by treaty, league, or confederacy; -- often followed by to or with. O chief! in blood, and now in arms allied. Pope. 2. To connect or form a relation between by similitude, resemblance, friendship, or love. These three did love each other dearly well, And with so firm affection were allied. Spenser. The virtue nearest to our vice allied. Pope. Note: Ally is generally used in the passive form or reflexively. ALLY Al*ly", n.; pl. Allies. Etym: [See Ally, v.] 1. A relative; a kinsman. [Obs.] Shak. 2. One united to another by treaty or league; -- usually applied to sovereigns or states; a confederate. The English soldiers and their French allies. Macaulay. 3. Anything associated with another as a helper; an auxiliary. Science, instead of being the enemy of religion, becomes its ally. Buckle. 4. Anything akin to another by structure, etc. ALLY Al"ly, n. Defn: See Alley, a marble or taw. ALLYL Al"lyl, n. Etym: [L. allium garlic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: An organic radical, C3H5, existing especially in oils of garlic and mustard. ALLYLENE Al"ly*lene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A gaseous hydrocarbon, C3H4, homologous with acetylene; propine. CH3.C.CH ALMA; ALMAH Al"ma, Al"mah, n. Defn: Same as Alme. ALMACANTAR Al`ma*can"tar, n. (Astron.) (a) Same as Almucantar. (b) A recently invented instrument for observing the heavenly bodies as they cross a given almacantar circle. See Almucantar. ALMADIA; ALMADIE Al`ma*di"a, Al"ma*die, n. Etym: [F. almadie (cf. Sp. & Pg. almadia), fr. Ar. alma'diyah a raft, float.] (Naut.) (a) A bark canoe used by the Africans. (b) A boat used at Calicut, in India, about eighty feet long, and six or seven broad. ALMAGEST Al"ma*gest, n. Etym: [F. almageste, LL. almageste, Ar. al-majisti, fr. Gr. Defn: The celebrated work of Ptolemy of Alexandria, which contains nearly all that is known of the astronomical observations and theories of the ancients. The name was extended to other similar works. ALMAGRA Al*ma"gra, n. Etym: [Sp. almagra, almagre, fr. Ar. al-maghrah red clay or earth.] Defn: A fine, deep red ocher, somewhat purplish, found in Spain. It is the sil atticum of the ancients. Under the name of Indian red it is used for polishing glass and silver. ALMAIN; ALMAYNE; ALMAN Al"main, Al"mayne, Al"man, n. Etym: [OF. Aleman, F. Allemand, fr. L. Alemanni, ancient Ger. tribes.] [Obs.] 1. A German. Also adj., Defn: German. Shak. 2. The German language. J. Foxe. 3. A kind of dance. See Allemande. Almain rivets, Almayne rivets, or Alman rivets, a sort of light armor from Germany, characterized by overlapping plates, arranged to slide on rivets, and thus afford great flexibility. ALMA MATER Al"ma Ma"ter. Etym: [L., fostering mother.] Defn: A college or seminary where one is educated. ALMANAC Al"ma*nac, n. Etym: [LL. almanac, almanach: cf. F. almanach, Sp. almanaque, It. almanacco, all of uncertain origin.] Defn: A book or table, containing a calendar of days, and months, to which astronomical data and various statistics are often added, such as the times of the rising and setting of the sun and moon, eclipses, hours of full tide, stated festivals of churches, terms of courts, etc. Nautical almanac, an almanac, or year book, containing astronomical calculations (lunar, stellar, etc.), and other information useful to mariners. ALMANDINE Al"man*dine, n. Etym: [LL. almandina, alamandina, for L. alabandina a precious stone, named after Alabanda, a town in Caria, where it was first and chiefly found: cf. F. almandine.] (Min.) Defn: The common red variety of garnet. ALME; ALMEH Al"me, Al"meh, n. Etym: [Ar. 'almah (fem.) learned, fr. 'alama to know: cf. F. almée.] Defn: An Egyptian dancing girl; an Alma. The Almehs lift their arms in dance. Bayard Taylor. ALMENDRON Al`men*dron", n. Etym: [Sp., fr. almendra almond.] Defn: The lofty Brazil-nut tree. ALMERY Al"mer*y, n. Defn: See Ambry. [Obs.] ALMESSE Alm"esse, n. Defn: See Alms. [Obs.] ALMIGHTFUL; ALMIGHTIFUL Al*might"ful, Al*might"i*ful, a. Defn: All-powerful; almighty. [Obs.] Udall. ALMIGHTILY Al*might"i*ly, adv. Defn: With almighty power. ALMIGHTINESS Al*might"i*ness, n. Defn: Omnipotence; infinite or boundless power; unlimited might. Jer. Taylor. ALMIGHTY Al*might"y, a. Etym: [AS. ealmihtig, ælmihtig; eal (OE. al) ail + mihtig mighty.] 1. Unlimited in might; omnipotent; all-powerful; irresistible. I am the Almighty God. Gen. xvii. 1. 2. Great; extreme; terrible. [Slang] Poor Aroar can not live, and can not die, -- so that he is in an almighty fix. De Quincey. The Almighty, the omnipotent God. Rev. i. 8. ALMNER Alm"ner, n. Defn: An almoner. [Obs.] Spenser. ALMOND Alm"ond, n. Etym: [OE. almande, almaunde, alemaunde, F. amande, L. amygdala, fr. Gr. almendra. Cf. Amygdalate.] 1. The fruit of the almond tree. Note: The different kinds, as bitter, sweet, thin-shelled, thick- shelled almonds, and Jordan almonds, are the products of different varieties of the one species, Amygdalus communis, a native of the Mediterranean region and western Asia. 2. The tree bears the fruit; almond tree. 3. Anything shaped like an almond. Specifically: (Anat.) Defn: One of the tonsils. Almond oil, fixed oil expressed from sweet or bitter almonds. -- Oil of bitter almonds, a poisonous volatile oil obtained from bitter almonds by maceration and distillation; benzoic aldehyde. -- Imitation oil of bitter almonds, nitrobenzene. -- Almond tree (Bot.), the tree bearing the almond. -- Almond willow (Bot.), a willow which has leaves that are of a light green on both sides; almond-leaved willow (Salix amygdalina). Shenstone. ALMOND FURNACE Al"mond fur`nace. Etym: [Prob. a corruption of Almain furnace, i. e., German furnace. See Almain.] Defn: A kind of furnace used in refining, to separate the metal from cinders and other foreign matter. Chambers. ALMONDINE Al"mon*dine, n. Defn: See Almandine ALMONER Al"mon*er, n. Etym: [OE. aumener, aulmener, OF. almosnier, aumosnier, F. aumônier, fr. OF. almosne, alms, L. eleemosyna. See Alms.] Defn: One who distributes alms, esp. the doles and alms of religious houses, almshouses, etc.; also, one who dispenses alms for another, as the almoner of a prince, bishop, etc. ALMONERSHIP Al"mon*er*ship, n. Defn: The office of an almoner. ALMONRY Al"mon*ry, n.; pl. Almonries. Etym: [OF. aumosnerie, F. aumônerie, fr. OF. aumosnier. See Almoner.] Defn: The place where an almoner resides, or where alms are distributed. ALMOSE Al"mose, n. Defn: Alms. [Obs.] Cheke. ALMOST Al"most, adv. Etym: [AS. ealmæst, ælmæst, quite the most, almost all; eal (OE. al) all + m most.] Defn: Nearly; well nigh; all but; for the greatest part. Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. Acts xxvi. 28. Almost never, scarcely ever. -- Almost nothing, scarcely anything. ALMRY Alm"ry, n. Defn: See Almonry. [Obs.] ALMS Alms, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [OE. almes, almesse, AS. ælmysse, fr. L. eleemosyna, Gr. Almonry, Eleemosynary.] Defn: Anything given gratuitously to relieve the poor, as money, food, or clothing; a gift of charity. A devout man . . . which gave much alms to the people. Acts x. 2. Alms are but the vehicles of prayer. Dryden. Tenure by free alms. See Frankalmoign. Blackstone. Note: This word alms is singular in its form (almesse), and is sometimes so used; as, "asked an alms." Acts iii. 3."Received an alms." Shak. It is now, however, commonly a collective or plural noun. It is much used in composition, as almsgiver, almsgiving, alms bag, alms chest, etc. ALMSDEED Alms"deed`, n. Defn: An act of charity. Acts ix. 36. ALMSFOLK Alms"folk`, n. Defn: Persons supported by alms; almsmen. [Archaic] Holinshed. ALMSGIVER Alms"giv`er, n. Defn: A giver of alms. ALMSGIVING Alms"giv`ing, n. Defn: The giving of alms. ALMSHOUSE Alms"house`, n. Defn: A house appropriated for the use of the poor; a poorhouse. ALMSMAN Alms"man, n.; fem. Almswoman. 1. A recipient of alms. Shak. 2. A giver of alms. [R.] Halliwell. ALMUCANTAR Al`mu*can"tar, n. Etym: [F. almucantarat, almicantarat, ultimately fr. Ar. al-muqantarat, pl., fr. qantara to bend, arch.] (Astron.) Defn: A small circle of the sphere parallel to the horizon; a circle or parallel of altitude. Two stars which have the same almucantar have the same altitude. See Almacantar. [Archaic] Almucanter staff, an ancient instrument, having an arc of fifteen degrees, formerly used at sea to take observations of the sun's amplitude at the time of its rising or setting, to find the variation of the compass. ALMUCE Al"muce, n. Defn: Same as Amice, a hood or cape. ALMUDE Al*mude", n. Etym: [Pg. almude, or Sp. almud, a measure of grain or dry fruit, fr. Ar. al-mudd a dry measure.] Defn: A measure for liquids in several countries. In Portugal the Lisbon almude is about 4.4, and the Oporto almude about 6.6, gallons U. S. measure. In Turkey the "almud" is about 1.4 gallons. ALMUG; ALGUM Al"mug, Al"gum, n. Etym: [Heb., perh. borrowed fr. Skr. valguka sandalwood.] (Script.) Defn: A tree or wood of the Bible (2 Chron. ii. 8; 1 K. x. 11). Note: Most writers at the present day follow Celsius, who takes it to be the red sandalwood of China and the Indian Archipelago. W. Smith. ALNAGE Al"nage, n., Etym: [OF. alnage, aulnage, F. aunage, fr. OF. alne ell, of Ger. origin: cf. OHG. elina, Goth. aleina, cubit. See Ell.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Measurement (of cloth) by the ell; also, a duty for such measurement. ALNAGER Al"na*ger, n. Etym: [See Alnage.] Defn: A measure by the ell; formerly a sworn officer in England, whose duty was to inspect act measure woolen cloth, and fix upon it a seal. ALOE Al"oe, n.; pl. Aloes. Etym: [L. aloë, Gr. aloe, F. aloès.] 1. pl. Defn: The wood of the agalloch. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of succulent plants, some classed as trees, others as shrubs, but the greater number having the habit and appearance of evergreen herbaceous plants; from some of which are prepared articles for medicine and the arts. They are natives of warm countries. 3. pl. (Med.) Defn: The inspissated juice of several species of aloe, used as a purgative. [Plural in form but syntactically singular.] American aloe, Century aloe, the agave. See Agave. ALOES WOOD Al"oes wood`. Defn: See Agalloch. ALOETIC Al`o*et"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. aloétique.] Defn: Consisting chiefly of aloes; of the nature of aloes. ALOETIC Al`o*et"ic, n. Defn: A medicine containing chiefly aloes. ALOFT A*loft", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + loft, which properly meant air. See Loft.] 1. On high; in the air; high above the ground. "He steers his flight aloft." Milton. 2. (Naut.) Defn: In the top; at the mast head, or on the higher yards or rigging; overhead; hence (Fig. and Colloq.), in or to heaven. ALOFT A*loft", prep. Defn: Above; on top of. [Obs.] Fresh waters run aloft the sea. Holland. ALOGIAN A*lo"gi*an, n. Etym: [LL. Alogiani, Alogii, fr. Gr. (Eccl.) Defn: One of an ancient sect who rejected St. John's Gospel and the Apocalypse, which speak of Christ as the Logos. Shipley. ALOGY Al"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. alogia, Gr. Defn: Unreasonableness; absurdity. [Obs.] ALOIN Al"o*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A bitter purgative principle in aloes. ALOMANCY Al"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy: cf. F. alomancie, halomancie.] Defn: Divination by means of salt. [Spelt also halomancy.] Morin. ALONE A*lone", a. Etym: [All + one. OE. al one all allone, AS. an one, alone. See All, One, Lone.] 1. Quite by one's self; apart from, or exclusive of, others; single; solitary; -- applied to a person or thing. Alone on a wide, wide sea. Coleridge. It is not good that the man should be alone. Gen. ii. 18. 2. Of or by itself; by themselves; without any thing more or any one else; without a sharer; only. Man shall not live by bread alone. Luke iv. 4. The citizens alone should be at the expense. Franklin. 3. Sole; only; exclusive. [R.] God, by whose alone power and conversation we all live, and move, and have our being. Bentley. 4. Hence; Unique; rare; matchless. Shak. Note: The adjective alone commonly follows its noun. To let or leave alone, to abstain from interfering with or molesting; to suffer to remain in its present state. ALONE A*lone", adv. Defn: Solely; simply; exclusively. ALONELY A*lone"ly, adv. Defn: Only; merely; singly. [Obs.] This said spirit was not given alonely unto him, but unto all his heirs and posterity. Latimer. ALONELY A*lone"ly, a. Defn: Exclusive. [Obs.] Fabyan. ALONENESS A*lone"ness, n. Defn: A state of being alone, or without company; solitariness. [R.] Bp. Montagu. ALONG A*long", adv. Etym: [OE. along, anlong, AS. andlang, along; pref. and- (akin to OFris. ond-, OHG. ant-, Ger. ent-, Goth. and-, anda-, L. ante, Gr. anti, over against) + lang long. See Long.] 1. By the length; in a line with the length; lengthwise. Some laid along . . . on spokes of wheels are hung. Dryden. 2. In a line, or with a progressive motion; onward; forward. We will go along by the king's highway. Numb. xxi. 22. He struck with his o'ertaking wings, And chased us south along. Coleridge. 3. In company; together. He to England shall along with you. Shak. All along, all trough the course of; during the whole time; throughout. "I have all along declared this to be a neutral paper." Addison. -- To get along, to get on; to make progress, as in business. "She 'll get along in heaven better than you or I." Mrs. Stowe. ALONG A*long", prep. Defn: By the length of, as distinguished from across. "Along the lowly lands." Dryden. The kine . . . went along the highway. 1 Sam. vi. 12. ALONG A*long". Etym: [AS. gelang owing to.] Defn: (Now heard only in the prep. phrase along of.) Along of, Along on, often shortened to Long of, prep. phr., owing to; on account of. [Obs. or Low. Eng.] "On me is not along thin evil fare." Chaucer. "And all this is long of you." Shak. "This increase of price is all along of the foreigners." London Punch. ALONGSHORE A*long"shore`, adv. Defn: Along the shore or coast. ALONGSHOREMAN A*long"shore`man, n. Defn: See Longshoreman. ALONGSIDE A*long"side`, adv. Defn: Along or by the side; side by side with; -- often with of; as, bring the boat alongside; alongside of him; alongside of the tree. ALONGST A*longst", prep. & adv. Etym: [Formed fr. along, like amongst fr. among.] Defn: Along. [Obs.] ALOOF A*loof", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Alewife. ALOOF A*loof", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + loof, fr. D. loef luff, and so meaning, as a nautical word, to the windward. See Loof, Luff.] 1. At or from a distance, but within view, or at a small distance; apart; away. Our palace stood aloof from streets. Dryden. 2. Without sympathy; unfavorably. To make the Bible as from the hand of God, and then to look at it aloof and with caution, is the worst of all impieties. I. Taylor. ALOOF A*loof", prep. Defn: Away from; clear from. [Obs.] Rivetus . . . would fain work himself aloof these rocks and quicksands. Milton. ALOOFNESS A*loof"ness, n. Defn: State of being aloof. Rogers (1642). The . . . aloofness of his dim forest life. Thoreau. ALOPECIA; ALOPECY Al`o*pe"ci*a, A*lop"e*cy, n. Etym: [L. alopecia, Gr. (med.) Defn: Loss of the hair; baldness. ALOPECIST A*lop"e*cist, n. Defn: A practitioner who tries to prevent or cure baldness. ALOSE A*lose", v. t. Etym: [OE. aloser.] Defn: To praise. [Obs.] ALOSE A"lose, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. alosa or alausa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European shad (Clupea alosa); -- called also allice shad or allis shad. The name is sometimes applied to the American shad (Clupea sapidissima). See Shad. ALOUATTE Al`ou*atte", n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the several species of howling monkeys of South America. See Howler, 2. ALOUD A*loud", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + loud.] Defn: With a loud voice, or great noise; loudly; audibly. Cry aloud, spare not, lift up thy voice. Isa. lviii. 1. ALOW A*low", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + low.] Defn: Below; in a lower part. "Aloft, and then alow." Dryden. ALP Alp, n. Etym: [L. Alpes the Alps, said to be of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. alp a high mountain, Ir. ailp any huge mass or lump: cf. F. Alpes.] 1. A very high mountain. Specifically, in the plural, the highest chain of mountains in Europe, containing the lofty mountains of Switzerland, etc. Nor breath of vernal air from snowy alp. Milton. Hills peep o'er hills, and alps on alps arise. Pope. 2. Fig.: Something lofty, or massive, or very hard to be surmounted. Note: The plural form Alps is sometimes used as a singular. "The Alps doth spit." Shak. ALP Alp, n. Defn: A bullfinch. Rom. of R. ALPACA Al*pac"a, n. Etym: [Sp. alpaca, fr. the original Peruvian name of the animal. Cf. Paco.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal of Peru (Lama paco), having long, fine, wooly hair, supposed by some to be a domesticated variety of the llama. 2. Wool of the alpaca. 3. A thin kind of cloth made of the wooly hair of the alpaca, often mixed with silk or with cotton. ALPEN Al"pen, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Alps. [R.] "The Alpen snow." J. Fletcher. ALPENGLOW Al"pen*glow`, n. Defn: A reddish glow seen near sunset or sunrise on the summits of mountains; specif., a reillumination sometimes observed after the summits have passed into shadow, supposed to be due to a curving downward (refraction) of the light rays from the west resulting from the cooling of the air. ALPENHORN; ALPHORN { Al"pen*horn`, Alp"horn` }, n. [G. Alpenhorn.] Defn: A curved wooden horn about three feet long, with a cupped mouthpiece and a bell, used by the Swiss to sound the ranz des vaches and other melodies. Its notes are open harmonics of the tube. ALPENSTOCK Al"pen*stock`, n. Etym: [G.; Alp, gen. pl. Alpen + stock stick.] Defn: A long staff, pointed with iron, used in climbing the Alps. Cheever. ALPESTRINE Al*pes"trine, a. Etym: [L. Alpestris.] Defn: Pertaining to the Alps, or other high mountains; as, Alpestrine diseases, etc. ALPHA Al"pha, n. Etym: [L. alpha, Gr. 'a`lfa, from Heb. aleph, name of the first letter in the alphabet, also meaning ox.] Defn: The first letter in the Greek alphabet, answering to A, and hence used to denote the beginning. In am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last. Rev. xxii. 13. Note: Formerly used also denote the chief; as, Plato was the alpha of the wits. Note: In cataloguing stars, the brightest star of a constellation in designated by Alpha (a); as, a Lyræ. ALPHABET Al"pha*bet, n. Etym: [L. alphabetum, fr. Gr. aleph and beth: cf. F. alphabet.] 1. The letters of a language arranged in the customary order; the series of letters or signs which form the elements of written language. 2. The simplest rudiments; elements. The very alphabet of our law. Macaulay. Deaf and dumb alphabet. See Dactylology. ALPHABET Al"pha*bet, v. t. Defn: To designate by the letters of the alphabet; to arrange alphabetically. [R.] ALPHABETARIAN Al`pha*bet*a"ri*an, n. Defn: A learner of the alphabet; an abecedarian. Abp. Sancroft. ALPHABETIC; ALPHABETICAL Al`pha*bet"ic, Al`pha*bet"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. alphabétique.] 1. Pertaining to, furnished with, expressed by, or in the order of, the letters of the alphabet; as, alphabetic characters, writing, languages, arrangement. 2. Literal. [Obs.] "Alphabetical servility." Milton. ALPHABETICALLY Al`pha*bet"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an alphabetic manner; in the customary order of the letters. ALPHABETICS Al`pha*bet"ics, n. Defn: The science of representing spoken sounds by letters. ALPHABETISM Al"pha*bet*ism, n. Defn: The expression of spoken sounds by an alphabet. Encyc. Brit. ALPHABETIZE Al"pha*bet*ize, v. t. 1. To arrange alphabetically; as, to alphabetize a list of words. 2. To furnish with an alphabet. ALPHA PAPER Al"pha pa"per. (Photog.) Defn: A sensitized paper for obtaining positives by artificial light. It is coated with gelatin containing silver bromide and chloride. [Eng.] ALPHA RAYS Alpha rays. (Physics & Chem.) Defn: Rays of relatively low penetrating power emitted by radium and other radioactive substances, and shown to consist of positively charged particles (perhaps particles of helium) having enormous velocities but small masses. They are slightly deflected by a strong magnetic or electric field. AL-PHITOMANCY Al-phit"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. mancy: cf. F. alphitomancie.] Defn: Divination by means of barley meal. Knowles. ALPHOL Al"phol, n. [Alpha- + -ol as in alcohol.] (Pharm.) Defn: A crystalline derivative of salicylic acid, used as an antiseptic and antirheumatic. ALPHONSINE Al*phon"sine, a. Defn: Of or relating to Alphonso X., the Wise, King of Castile (1252- 1284). Alphonsine tables, astronomical tables prepared under the patronage of Alphonso the Wise. Whewell. ALPIGENE Al"pi*gene, a. Etym: [L. Alpes Alps + -gen.] Defn: Growing in Alpine regions. ALPINE Al"pine, a. Etym: [L. Alpinus, fr. Alpes the Alps: cf. F. Alpin.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Alps, or to any lofty mountain; as, Alpine snows; Alpine plants. 2. Like the Alps; lofty. "Gazing up an Alpine height." Tennyson. ALPINIST Al"pin*ist, n. Defn: A climber of the Alps. ALPIST; ALPIA Al"pist, Al"pi*a, n. Etym: [F.: cf. Sp. & Pg. alpiste.] Defn: The seed of canary grass (Phalaris Canariensis), used for feeding cage birds. ALQUIFOU Al"qui*fou, n. Etym: [Equiv. to arquifoux, F. alquifoux, Sp. alquifól, fr. the same Arabic word as alcohol. See Alcohol.] Defn: A lead ore found in Cornwall, England, and used by potters to give a green glaze to their wares; potter's ore. ALREADY Al*read"y, adv. Etym: [All (OE. al) + ready.] Defn: Prior to some specified time, either past, present, or future; by this time; previously. "Joseph was in Egypt already." Exod. i. 5. I say unto you, that Elias is come already. Matt. xvii. 12. Note: It has reference to past time, but may be used for a future past; as, when you shall arrive, the business will be already completed, or will have been already completed. ALS Als, adv. 1. Also. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. As. [Obs.] Chaucer. ALSATIAN Al*sa"tian, a. Defn: Pertaining to Alsatia. ALSATIAN Al*sa"tian, n. Defn: An inhabitant of Alsatia or Alsace in Germany, or of Alsatia or White Friars (a resort of debtors and criminals) in London. AL SEGNO Al` se"gno. Etym: [It., to the mark or sign.](Mus.) Defn: A direction for the performer to return and recommence from the sign ALSIKE Al"sike, n. Etym: [From Alsike, in Sweden.] Defn: A species of clover with pinkish or white flowers; Trifolium hybridum. ALSO Al"so, adv. & conj. Etym: [All + so. OE. al so, AS. ealswa, alsw, ælswæ; eal, al, æl, all + swa so. See All, So, As.] 1. In like manner; likewise. [Obs.] 2. In addition; besides; as well; further; too. Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven . . . for where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. Matt. vi. 20. 3. Even as; as; so. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. -- Also, Likewise, Too. These words are used by way of transition, in leaving one thought and passing to another. Also is the widest term. It denotes that what follows is all so, or entirely like that which preceded, or may be affirmed with the same truth; as, "If you were there, I was there also;" "If our situation has some discomforts, it has also many sources of enjoyment." Too is simply less formal and pointed than also; it marks the transition with a lighter touch; as, "I was there too;" "a courtier yet a patriot too." Pope. Likewise denotes literally "in like manner," and hence has been thought by some to be more specific than also. "It implies," says Whately, "some connection or agreement between the words it unites. We may say, ` He is a poet, and likewise a musician; ' but we should not say, ` He is a prince, and likewise a musician,' because there is no natural connection between these qualities." This distinction, however, is often disregarded. ALT Alt, a. & n. Etym: [See Alto.] (Mus.) Defn: The higher part of the scale. See Alto. To be in alt, to be in an exalted state of mind. ALTAIAN; ALTAIC Al*ta"ian, Al*ta"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. altaïque.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Altai, a mountain chain in Central Asia. ALTAR Al"tar, n. Etym: [OE. alter, auter, autier, fr. L. altare, pl. altaria, altar, prob. fr. altus high: cf. OF. alter, autier, F. autel. Cf. Altitude.] 1. A raised structure (as a square or oblong erection of stone or wood) on which sacrifices are offered or incense burned to a deity. Noah builded an altar unto the Lord. Gen. viii. 20. 2. In the Christian church, a construction of stone, wood, or other material for the celebration of the Holy Eucharist; the communion table. Note: Altar is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as, altar bread or altar-bread. Altar cloth or Altar-cloth, the cover for an altar in a Christian church, usually richly embroidered. -- Altar cushion, a cushion laid upon the altar in a Christian church to support the service book. -- Altar frontal. See Frontal. -- Altar rail, the railing in front of the altar or communion table. -- Altar screen, a wall or partition built behind an altar to protect it from approach in the rear. -- Altar tomb, a tomb resembling an altar in shape, etc. -- Family altar, place of family devotions. -- To lead (as a bride) to the altar, to marry; -- said of a woman. ALTARAGE Al"tar*age, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. auterage, autelage.] 1. The offerings made upon the altar, or to a church. 2. The profit which accrues to the priest, by reason of the altar, from the small tithes. Shipley. ALTARIST Al"tar*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. altarista, F. altariste.] (Old Law) (a) A chaplain. (b) A vicar of a church. ALTARPIECE Al"tar*piece`, n. Defn: The painting or piece of sculpture above and behind the altar; reredos. ALTARWISE Al"tar*wise`, adv. Defn: In the proper position of an altar, that is, at the east of a church with its ends towards the north and south. Shipley. ALTAZIMUTH Alt*az"i*muth, n. Etym: [Alltude + azimuth.] (Astron.) Defn: An instrument for taking azimuths and altitudes simultaneously. ALTER Al"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Altered; p. pr. & vb. n. Altering.] Etym: [F. altérer, LL. alterare, fr. L. alter other, alius other. Cf. Else, Other.] 1. To make otherwise; to change in some respect, either partially or wholly; to vary; to modify. "To alter the king's course." "To alter the condition of a man." "No power in Venice can alter a decree." Shak. It gilds all objects, but it alters none. Pope. My covenant will I not break, nor alter the thing that is gone out of my lips. Ps. lxxxix. 34. 2. To agitate; to affect mentally. [Obs.] Milton. 3. To geld. [Colloq.] Syn. -- Change, Alter. Change is generic and the stronger term. It may express a loss of identity, or the substitution of one thing in place of another; alter commonly expresses a partial change, or a change in form or details without destroying identity. ALTER Al"ter, v. i. Defn: To become, in some respects, different; to vary; to change; as, the weather alters almost daily; rocks or minerals alter by exposure. "The law of the Medes and Persians, which altereth not." Dan. vi. 8. ALTERABILITY Al`ter*a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. altérabilité.] Defn: The quality of being alterable; alterableness. ALTERABLE Al"ter*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. altérable.] Defn: Capable of being altered. Our condition in this world is mutable and uncertain, alterable by a thousand accidents. Rogers. ALTERABLENESS Al"ter*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being alterable; variableness; alterability. ALTERABLY Al"ter*a*bly, adv. Defn: In an alterable manner. ALTERANT Al"ter*ant, a. Etym: [LL. alterans, p. pr.: cf. F. altérant.] Defn: Altering; gradually changing. Bacon. ALTERANT Al"ter*ant, n. Defn: An alterative. [R.] Chambers. ALTERATION Al`ter*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. altération.] 1. The act of altering or making different. Alteration, though it be from worse to better, hath in it incoveniences. Hooker. 2. The state of being altered; a change made in the form or nature of a thing; changed condition. Ere long might perceive Strange alteration in me. Milton. Appius Claudius admitted to the senate the sons of those who had been slaves; by which, and succeeding alterations, that council degenerated into a most corrupt. Swift. ALTERATIVE Al"ter*a*tive, a. Etym: [L. alterativus: cf. F. altératif.] Defn: Causing ateration. Specifically: Defn: Gradually changing, or tending to change, a morbid state of the functions into one of health. Burton. ALTERATIVE Al"ter*a*tive, n. Defn: A medicine or treatment which gradually induces a change, and restores healthy functions without sensible evacuations. ALTERCATE Al"ter*cate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Altercated; p. pr. & vb. n. Altercating.] Etym: [L. altercatus, p. p. of altercare, altercari, fr. alter another. See Alter.] Defn: The contend in words; to dispute with zeal, heat, or anger; to wrangle. ALTERCATION Al`ter*ca"tion, n. Etym: [F. altercation, fr. L. altercatio.] Defn: Warm contention in words; dispute carried on with heat or anger; controversy; wrangle; wordy contest. "Stormy altercations." Macaulay. Syn. -- Altercation, Dispute, Wrangle. The term dispute is in most cases, but not necessarily, applied to a verbal contest; as, a dispute on the lawfulness of war. An altercation is an angry dispute between two parties, involving an interchange of severe language. A wrangle is a confused and noisy altercation. Their whole life was little else than a perpetual wrangling and altercation. Hakewill. ALTERCATIVE Al"ter*ca*tive, a. Defn: Characterized by wrangling; scolding. [R.] Fielding. ALTERITY Al*ter"i*ty, n. Etym: [F. altérité.] Defn: The state or quality of being other; a being otherwise. [R.] For outness is but the feeling of otherness (alterity) rendered intuitive, or alterity visually represented. Coleridge. ALTERN Al"tern, a. Etym: [L. alternus, fr. alter another: cf. F. alterne.] Defn: Acting by turns; alternate. Milton. Altern base (Trig.), a second side made base, in distinction from a side previously regarded as base. ALTERNACY Al*ter"na*cy, n. Defn: Alternateness; alternation. [R.] Mitford. ALTERNANT Al*ter"nant, a. Etym: [L. alternans, p. pr.: cf. F. alternant. See Alternate, v. t.] (Geol.) Defn: Composed of alternate layers, as some rocks. ALTERNAT Al`ter`nat", n. [F.] Defn: A usage, among diplomats, of rotation in precedence among representatives of equal rank, sometimes determined by lot and at other times in regular order. The practice obtains in the signing of treaties and conventions between nations. ALTERNATE Al*ter"nate, a. Etym: [L. alternatus, p. p. of alternate, fr. alternus. See Altern, Alter.] 1. Being or succeeding by turns; one following the other in succession of time or place; by turns first one and then the other; hence, reciprocal. And bid alternate passions fall and rise. Pope. 2. Designating the members in a series, which regularly intervene between the members of another series, as the odd or even numbers of the numerals; every other; every second; as, the alternate members 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. ; read every alternate line. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Distributed, as leaves, singly at different heights of the stem, and at equal intervals as respects angular divergence. Gray. Alternate alligation. See Alligation. -- Alternate angles (Geom.), the internal and angles made by two lines with a third, on opposite sides of it. It the parallels AB, CD, are cut by the line EF, the angles AGH, GHD, as also the angles BGH and GHC, are called alternate angles. -- Alternate generation. (Biol.) See under Generation. ALTERNATE Al*ter"nate, n. 1. That which alternates with something else; vicissitude. [R.] Grateful alternates of substantial. Prior. 2. A substitute; one designated to take the place of another, if necessary, in performing some duty. 3. (Math.) Defn: A proportion derived from another proportion by interchanging the means. ALTERNATE Al"ter*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alternated; p. pr. & vb. n. Alternating.] Etym: [L. alternatus, p. p. of alternare. See Altern.] Defn: To perform by turns, or in succession; to cause to succeed by turns; to interchange regularly. The most high God, in all things appertaining unto this life, for sundry wise ends alternates the disposition of good and evil. Grew. ALTERNATE Al"ter*nate, v. i. 1. To happen, succeed, or act by turns; to follow reciprocally in place or time; -- followed by with; as, the flood and ebb tides alternate with each other. Rage, shame, and grief alternate in his breast. J. Philips. Different species alternating with each other. Kirwan. 2. To vary by turns; as, the land alternates between rocky hills and sandy plains. ALTERNATELY Al*ter"nate*ly, adv. 1. In reciprocal succession; succeeding by turns; in alternate order. 2. (Math.) Defn: By alternation; when, in a proportion, the antecedent term is compared with antecedent, and consequent. ALTERNATENESS Al*ter"nate*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being alternate, or of following by turns. ALTERNATING CURRENT Al"ter*nat`ing cur"rent. (Elec.) Defn: A current which periodically changes or reverses its direction of flow. ALTERNATION Al`ter*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. alternatio: cf. F. alternation.] 1. The reciprocal succession of things in time or place; the act of following and being followed by turns; alternate succession, performance, or occurrence; as, the alternation of day and night, cold and heat, summer and winter, hope and fear. 2. (Math.) Defn: Permutation. 3. The response of the congregation speaking alternately with the minister. Mason. Alternation of generation. See under Generation. ALTERNATIVE Al*ter"na*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. alternatif.] 1. Offering a choice of two things. 2. Disjunctive; as, an alternative conjunction. 3. Alternate; reciprocal. [Obs.] Holland. ALTERNATIVE Al*ter"na*tive, n. Etym: [Cf. F. alternative, LL. alternativa.] 1. An offer of two things, one of which may be chosen, but not both; a choice between two things, so that if one is taken, the other must be left. There is something else than the mere alternative of absolute destruction or unreformed existence. Burke. 2. Either of two things or propositions offered to one's choice. Thus when two things offer a choice of one only, the two things are called alternatives. Having to choose between two alternatives, safety and war, you obstinately prefer the worse. Jowett (Thucyd. ). 3. The course of action or the thing offered in place of another. If this demand is refused the alternative is war. Lewis. With no alternative but death. Longfellow. 4. A choice between more than two things; one of several things offered to choose among. My decided preference is for the fourth and last of thalternatives. Gladstone. ALTERNATIVELY Al*ter"na*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of alternatives, or that admits the choice of one out of two things. ALTERNATIVENESS Al*ter"na*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being alternative, or of offering a choice between two. ALTERNATOR Al"ter*na`tor, n. (Elec.) Defn: An electric generator or dynamo for producing alternating currents. ALTERNITY Al*ter"ni*ty, n. Etym: [LL. alternitas.] Defn: Succession by turns; alternation. [R.] Sir T. Browne. ALTHAEA; ALTHEA Al*thæ"a, Al*the"a, n. Etym: [althaea, Gr. (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants of the Mallow family. It includes the officinal marsh mallow, and the garden hollyhocks. (b) An ornamental shrub (Hibiscus Syriacus) of the Mallow family. ALTHEINE Al*the"ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: Asparagine. ALTHING Al"thing, n. [Icel. (modern) alping, earlier alpingi; allr all + ping assembly. See All, and Thing.] Defn: The national assembly or parliament of Iceland. See Thing, n., 8. ALTHO Al*tho", conj. Defn: Although. [Reformed spelling] Alt"horn`, n. Etym: [Alt + horn.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument of the saxhorn family, used exclusively in military music, often replacing the French horn. Grove. ALTHORN Alt"horn`, n. [Alt + horn.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument of the saxhorn family, used exclusively in military music, often replacing the French horn. Grove. ALTHOUGH Al*though", conj. Etym: [All + though; OE. al thagh.] Defn: Grant all this; be it that; supposing that; notwithstanding; though. Although all shall be offended, yet will no I. Mark xiv. 29. Syn. -- Although, Though. Although, which originally was perhaps more emphatic than though, is now interchangeable with it in the sense given above. Euphonic consideration determines the choice. ALTILOQUENCE Al*til"o*quence, n. Defn: Lofty speech; pompous language. [R.] Bailey. ALTILOQUENT Al*til"o*quent, a. Etym: [L. altus (adv. alte) high + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Defn: High-sounding; pompous in speech. [R.] Bailey. ALTIMETER Al*tim"e*ter, n. Etym: [LL. altimeter; altus high + metrum, Gr. altimètre.] Defn: An instrument for taking altitudes, as a quadrant, sextant, etc. Knight. ALTIMETRY Al*tim"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. altimétrie.] Defn: The art of measuring altitudes, or heights. ALTINCAR Al*tin"car, n. Defn: See Tincal. ALTISCOPE Al"ti*scope, n. Etym: [L. altus high + Gr. Defn: An arrangement of lenses and mirrors which enables a person to see an object in spite of intervening objects. ALTISONANT Al*tis"o*nant, a. Etym: [L. altus high + sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound.] Defn: High-sounding; lofty or pompous. Skelton. ALTISONOUS Al*tis"o*nous, a. Etym: [L. altisonus.] Defn: Altisonant. ALTISSIMO Al*tis"si*mo, n. Etym: [It.; superl. of alto.] (Mus.) Defn: The part or notes situated above F in alt. ALTITUDE Al"ti*tude, n. Etym: [L. altitudo, fr. altus high. Cf. Altar, Haughty, Enhance.] 1. Space extended upward; height; the perpendicular elevation of an object above its foundation, above the ground, or above a given level, or of one object above another; as, the altitude of a mountain, or of a bird above the top of a tree. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The elevation of a point, or star, or other celestial object, above the horizon, measured by the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between such point and the horizon. It is either true or apparent; true when measured from the rational or real horizon, apparent when from the sensible or apparent horizon. 3. (Geom.) Defn: The perpendicular distance from the base of a figure to the summit, or to the side parallel to the base; as, the altitude of a triangle, pyramid, parallelogram, frustum, etc. 4. Height of degree; highest point or degree. He is [proud] even to the altitude of his virtue. Shak. 5. Height of rank or excellence; superiority. Swift. 6. pl. Defn: Elevation of spirits; heroics; haughty airs. [Colloq.] Richardson. The man of law began to get into his altitude. Sir W. Scott. Meridian altitude, an arc of the meridian intercepted between the south point on the horizon and any point on the meridian. See Meridian, 3. ALTITUDINAL Al`ti*tu"di*nal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to height; as, altitudinal measurements. ALTITUDINARIAN Al`ti*tu`di*na"ri*an, a. Defn: Lofty in doctrine, aims, etc. [R.] Coleridge. ALTIVOLANT Al*tiv"o*lant, a. Etym: [L. altivolans. See Volant.] Defn: Flying high. [Obs.] Blount. ALTO Al"to, n.; pl. Altos. Etym: [It. alto high, fr. L. altus. Cf. Alt.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: Formerly the part sung by the highest male, or counter-tenor, voices; now the part sung by the lowest female, or contralto, voices, between in tenor and soprano. In instrumental music it now signifies the tenor. 2. An alto singer. Alto clef (Mus.) the counter-tenor clef, or the C clef, placed so that the two strokes include the middle line of the staff. Moore. ALTO-CUMULUS Al`to-cu"mu*lus, n. [L. altus high + L. & E. cumulus.] (Meteor.) Defn: A fleecy cloud formation consisting of large whitish or grayish globular cloudlets with shaded portions, often grouped in flocks or rows. ALTOGETHER Al`to*geth"er, adv. Etym: [OE. altogedere; al all + togedere together. See Together.] 1. All together; conjointly. [Obs.] Altogether they wenChaucer. 2. Without exception; wholly; completely. Every man at his best state is altogether vanity. Ps. xxxix. 5. ALTOMETER Al*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. altus high + -meter.] Defn: A theodolite. Knight. ALTO-RELIEVO Al"to-re*lie"vo, n. Defn: Alto-rilievo. ALTO-RILIEVO Al"to-ri*lie*vo, n.; pl. Alto-rilievos. Etym: [It.] (Sculp.) Defn: High relief; sculptured work in which the figures project more than half their thickness; as, this figure is an alto-rilievo or in alto-rilievo. Note: When the figure stands only half out, it is called mezzo- rilievo, demi-rilievo, or medium relief; when its projection is less than one half, basso-rilievo, bas-relief, or low relief. ALTO-STRATUS Al`to-stra"tus, n. [L. altus high + L. & E. stratus.] (Meteor.) Defn: A cloud formation similar to cirro-stratus, but heavier and at a lower level. ALTRICAL Al"tri*cal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like the articles. ALTRICES Al*tri"ces, n. pl. Etym: [L., nourishes, pl. of altrix.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Nursers, -- a term applied to those birds whose young are hatched in a very immature and helpless condition, so as to require the care of their parents for some time; -- opposed to præcoces. ALTRUISM Al"tru*ism, n. Etym: [F. altruisme (a word of Comte's), It. altrui of or to others, fr. L. alter another.] Defn: Regard for others, both natural and moral; devotion to the interests of others; brotherly kindness; -- opposed to egoism or selfishness. [Recent] J. S. Mill. ALTRUIST Al"tru*ist, n. Defn: One imbued with altruism; -- opposed to egoist. ALTRUISTIC Al`tru*is"tic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. altruiste, a. See Altruism..] Defn: Regardful of others; beneficent; unselfish; -- opposed to Ant: egoistic or Ant: selfish. Bain. -- Al`tru*is"tic*al*ly, adv. ALUDEL Al"u*del, n. Etym: [F. & Sp. aludel, fr. Ar. aluthal.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the pear-shaped pots open at both ends, and so formed as to be fitted together, the neck of one into the bottom of another in succession; -- used in the process of sublimation. Ure. ALULA Al"u*la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. ala a wing.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A false or bastard wing. See under Bastard. ALULAR Al"u*lar, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the alula. ALUM Al"um, n. Etym: [OE. alum, alom, OF. alum, F. alun, fr. L. alumen alum.] (Chem.) Defn: A double sulphate formed of aluminium and some other element (esp. an alkali metal) or of aluminium. It has twenty-four molecules of water of crystallization. Note: Common alum is the double sulphate of aluminium and potassium. It is white, transparent, very astringent, and crystallizes easily in octahedrons. The term is extended so as to include other double sulphates similar to alum in formula. ALUM Al"um, v. t. Defn: To steep in, or otherwise impregnate with, a solution of alum; to treat with alum. Ure. ALUMEN A*lu"men, n. Etym: [L.] (Chem.) Defn: Alum. ALUMINA A*lu"mi*na, n. Etym: [L. alumen, aluminis. See Alum.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the earths, consisting of two parts of aluminium and three of oxygen, Al2O3. Note: It is the oxide of the metal aluminium, the base of aluminous salts, a constituent of a large part of the earthy siliceous minerals, as the feldspars, micas, scapolites, etc., and the characterizing ingredient of common clay, in which it exists as an impure silicate with water, resulting from the decomposition of other aluminous minerals. In its natural state, it is the mineral corundum. ALUMINATE A*lu`mi*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound formed from the hydrate of aluminium by the substitution of a metal for the hydrogen. ALUMINATED A*lu"mi*na`ted. a. Defn: Combined with alumina. ALUMINE Al"u*mine, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Alumina. Davy. ALUMINIC Al`u*min"ic, a. Defn: Of or containing aluminium; as, aluminic phosphate. ALUMINIFEROUS A*lu`mi*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. alumen alum + -ferous: cf. F. aluminifère.] Defn: Containing alum. ALUMINIFORM A*lu"mi*ni*form, a. Etym: [L. alumen + -form.] Defn: pertaining the form of alumina. ALUMINIUM Al`u*min"i*um, n. Etym: [L. alumen. See Alum.] (Chem.) Defn: The metallic base of alumina. This metal is white, but with a bluish tinge, and is remarkable for its resistance to oxidation, and for its lightness, pertaining a specific gravity of about 2.6. Atomic weight 27.08. Symbol Al. Aluminium bronze or gold, a pale gold- colored alloy of aluminium and copper, used for journal bearings, etc. ALUMINIZE A*lu"mi*nize, v. t. Defn: To treat impregnate with alum; to alum. ALUMINOGRAPHY A*lu`mi*nog"ra*phy, n. [Alumin-ium + -graphy.] Defn: Art or process of producing, and printing from, aluminium plates, after the manner of ordinary lithography. -- A*lu`mi*no*graph"ic (#), a. ALUMINOUS A*lu"mi*nous, a. Etym: [L. aluminosus, fr. alumen alum: cf. F. alumineux.] Defn: Pertaining to or containing alum, or alumina; as, aluminous minerals, aluminous solution. ALUMINUM A*lu"mi*num, n. Defn: See Aluminium. ALUMISH Al"um*ish, a. Defn: Somewhat like alum. ALUMNA A*lum"na, n. fem.; pl. Alumnæ . Etym: [L. See Alumnus.] Defn: A female pupil; especially, a graduate of a school or college. ALUMNUS A*lum"nus, n.; pl. Alumni. Etym: [L., fr. alere to nourish.] Defn: A pupil; especially, a graduate of a college or other seminary of learning. ALUM ROOT Al"um root`. (Bot.) Defn: A North American herb (Heuchera Americana) of the Saxifrage family, whose root has astringent properties. ALUM SCHIST; ALUM SHALE Al"um schist", Al"um shale", (Min.) Defn: A variety of shale or clay slate, containing iron pyrites, the decomposition of which leads to the formation of alum, which often effloresces on the rock. ALUM STONE Al"um stone`. (Min.) Defn: A subsulphate of alumina and potash; alunite. ALUNITE Al"u*nite, n. (Min.) Defn: Alum stone. ALUNOGEN A*lu"no*gen, n. Etym: [F. alun alum + -gen.] (Min.) Defn: A white fibrous mineral frequently found on the walls of mines and quarries, chiefly hydrous sulphate of alumina; -- also called feather alum, and hair salt. ALURE Al"ure, n. Etym: [OF. alure, aleure, walk, gait, fr. aler (F. aller) to go.] Defn: A walk or passage; -- applied to passages of various kinds. The sides of every street were covered with fresh alures of marble. T. Warton. ALUTACEOUS Al"u*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [L. alutacius, fr. aluta soft leather.] 1. Leathery. 2. Of a pale brown color; leather-yellow. Brande. ALUTATION Al`u*ta"tion, n. Etym: [See Alutaceous.] Defn: The tanning or dressing of leather. [Obs.] Blount. ALVEARY Al"ve*a*ry, n.; pl. Alvearies. Etym: [L. alvearium, alveare, beehive, fr. alveus a hollow vessel, beehive, from alvus belly, beehive.] 1. A beehive, or something resembling a beehive. Barret. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The hollow of the external ear. Quincy. ALVEATED Al"ve*a`ted, a. Etym: [L. alveatus hollowed out.] Defn: Formed or vaulted like a beehive. ALVEOLAR Al"ve*o*lar, a. Etym: [L. alveolus a small hollow or cavity: cf. F. alvéolaire.] (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, alveoli or little cells, sacs, or sockets. Alveolar processes, the processes of the maxillary bones, containing the sockets of the teeth. ALVEOLARY Al"ve*o*la*ry, a. Defn: Alveolar. [R.] ALVEOLATE Al"ve*o*late, a. Etym: [L. alveolatus, fr. alveolus.] (Bot.) Defn: Deeply pitted, like a honeycomb. ALVEOLE Al"ve*ole, n. Defn: Same as Alveolus. ALVEOLIFORM Al*ve"o*li*form, a. Etym: [L. alvelous + -form.] Defn: Having the form of alveoli, or little sockets, cells, or cavities. ALVEOLUS Al*ve"o*lus, n.; pl. Alveoli. Etym: [L., a small hollow or cavity, dim. of alveus: cf. F. alvéole. See Alveary.] 1. A cell in a honeycomb. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small cavity in a coral, shell, or fossil 3. (Anat.) Defn: A small depression, sac, or vesicle, as the socket of a tooth, the air cells of the lungs, the ultimate saccules of glands, etc. ALVEUS Al"ve*us, n.; pl. Alvei. Etym: [L.] Defn: The channel of a river. Weate. ALVINE Al"vine, a. Etym: [L. alvus belly: cf. F. alvin.] Defn: Of, from, in, or pertaining to, the belly or the intestines; as, alvine discharges; alvine concretions. ALWAY Al"way, adv. Defn: Always. [Archaic or Poetic] I would not live alway. Job vii. 16. ALWAYS Al"ways, adv. Etym: [All + way. The s is an adverbial (orig. a genitive) ending.] 1. At all times; ever; perpetually; throughout all time; continually; as, God is always the same. Even in Heaven his [Mammon's] looks and thoughts. Milton. 2. Constancy during a certain period, or regularly at stated intervals; invariably; uniformly; -- opposed to sometimes or occasionally. He always rides a black galloway. Bulwer. ALYSSUM A*lys"sum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of cruciferous plants; madwort. The sweet alyssum (A. maritimum), cultivated for bouquets, bears small, white, sweet- scented flowers. AM Am. Etym: [AS. am, eom, akin to Gothic im, Icel. em, Olr. am, Lith. esmi, L. sum., Gr. ahmi, Skr. asmi, fr. a root as to be. Are, and cf. Be, Was.] Defn: The first person singular of the verb be, in the indicative mode, present tense. See Be. God said unto Moses, I am that am. Exod. iii. 14. AMABILITY Am`a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. amabilitas.] Defn: Lovableness. Jer. Taylor. Note: The New English Dictionary (Murray) says this word is "usefully distinct from Amiability." AMACRATIC Am`a*crat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Photog.) Defn: Amasthenic. Sir J. Herschel. AMADAVAT Am`a*da*vat", n. Etym: [Indian name. From Ahmedabad, a city from which it was imported to Europe.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The strawberry finch, a small Indian song bird (Estrelda amandava), commonly caged and kept for fighting. The female is olive brown; the male, in summer, mostly crimson; -- called also red waxbill. [Written also amaduvad and avadavat.] AMADOU Am"a*dou, n. Etym: [F. amadou tinder, prop. lure, bait, fr. amadouer to allure, caress, perh. fr. Icel. mata to feed, which is akin to E. meat.] Defn: A spongy, combustible substance, prepared from fungus (Boletus and Polyporus) which grows on old trees; German tinder; punk. It has been employed as a styptic by surgeons, but its common use is as tinder, for which purpose it is prepared by soaking it in a strong solution of niter. Ure. AMAIN A*main", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + main. See 2d Main, n.] 1. With might; with full force; vigorously; violently; exceedingly. They on the hill, which were not yet come to blows, perceiving the fewness of their enemies, came down amain. Milton. That striping giant, ill-bred and scoffing, shouts amain. T. Parker. 2. At full speed; in great haste; also, at once. "They fled amain." Holinshed. AMAIN A*main", v. t. Etym: [F. amener. See Amenable.] (Naut.) Defn: To lower, as a sail, a yard, etc. AMAIN A*main", v. i. (Naut.) Defn: To lower the topsail, in token of surrender; to yield. AMALGAM A*mal"gam, n. Etym: [F. amalgame, prob. fr. L. malagma, Gr. 1. An alloy of mercury with another metal or metals; as, an amalgam of tin, bismuth, etc. Note: Medalists apply the term to soft alloys generally. 2. A mixture or compound of different things. 3. (Min.) Defn: A native compound of mercury and silver. AMALGAM A*mal"gam, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. amalgamer] Defn: To amalgamate. Boyle. B. Jonson. AMALGAMA A*mal"ga*ma, n. Defn: Same as Amalgam. They divided this their amalgama into a number of incoherent republics. Burke. AMALGAMATE A*mal"ga*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amalgamated; p. pr. & vb. n. Amalgamating.] 1. To compound or mix, as quicksilver, with another metal; to unite, combine, or alloy with mercury. 2. To mix, so as to make a uniform compound; to unite or combine; as, to amalgamate two races; to amalgamate one race with another. Ingratitude is indeed their four cardinal virtues compacted and amalgamated into one. Burke. AMALGAMATE A*mal"ga*mate, v. i. 1. To unite in an amalgam; to blend with another metal, as quicksilver. 2. To coalesce, as a result of growth; to combine into a uniform whole; to blend; as, two organs or parts amalgamate. AMALGAMATE; AMALGAMATED A*mal"ga*mate, A*mal"ga*ma`ted, a. Defn: Coalesced; united; combined. AMALGAMATION A*mal`ga*ma"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. amalgamation.] 1. The act or operation of compounding mercury with another metal; -- applied particularly to the process of separating gold and silver from their ores by mixing them with mercury. Ure. 2. The mixing or blending of different elements, races, societies, etc.; also, the result of such combination or blending; a homogeneous union. Macaulay. AMALGAMATIVE A*mal"ga*ma*tive, a. Defn: Characterized by amalgamation. AMALGAMATOR A*mal"ga*ma`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, amalgamates. Specifically: A machine for separating precious metals from earthy particles by bringing them in contact with a body of mercury with which they form an amalgam. AMALGAMIZE A*mal"ga*mize, v. t. Defn: To amalgamate. [R.] AMANDINE A*man"dine, n. Etym: [F. amande almond. See Almond.] 1. The vegetable casein of almonds. 2. A kind of cold cream prepared from almonds, for chapped hands, etc. AMANITA Am`a*ni"ta, n. [NL. See Amanitine.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of poisonous fungi of the family Agaricaceæ, characterized by having a volva, an annulus, and white spores. The species resemble edible mushrooms, and are frequently mistaken for them. Amanita muscaria, syn. Agaricus muscarius, is the fly amanita, or fly agaric; and A. phalloides is the death cup. AMANITINE A*man"i*tine, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The poisonous principle of some fungi. AMANUENSIS A*man`u*en"sis, n.; pl. Amanuenses. Etym: [L., fr. a, ab + manus hand.] Defn: A person whose employment is to write what another dictates, or to copy what another has written. AMARACUS A*mar"a*cus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: A fragrant flower. Tennyson. AMARANT Am"a*rant, n. Defn: Amaranth, 1. [Obs.] Milton. AMARANTACEOUS Am`a*ran*ta"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the amaranth is the type. AMARANTH Am"a*ranth, n. Etym: [L. amarantus, Gr. mortal; -- so called because its flowers do not soon wither: cf. F. amarante. The spelling with th seems to be due to confusion with Gr. 1. An imaginary flower supposed never to fade. [Poetic] 2. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of ornamental annual plants (Amaranthus) of many species, with green, purplish, or crimson flowers. 2. A color inclining to purple. AMARANTHINE Am`a*ran"thine, a. 1. Of or pertaining to amaranth. "Amaranthine bowers." Pope. 2. Unfading, as the poetic amaranth; undying. They only amaranthine flower on earth Is virtue. Cowper. 3. Of a purplish color. Buchanan. AMARANTHUS; AMARANTUS Am`a*ran"thus, Am`a*ran"tus, n. Defn: Same as Amaranth. AMARINE Am"a*rine, n. Etym: [L. amarus bitter.] (Chem.) Defn: A characteristic crystalline substance, obtained from oil of bitter almonds. AMARITUDE A*mar"i*tude, n. Etym: [L. amaritudo, fr. amarus bitter: cf. OF. amaritude.] Defn: Bitterness. [R.] AMARYLLIDACEOUS; AMARYLLIDEOUS Am`a*ryl`li*da"ceous, Am`a*ryl*lid"e*ous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an order of plants differing from the lily family chiefly in having the ovary below the AMARYLLIS Am`a*ryl"lis, n. Etym: [L. Amaryllis, Gr. 1. A pastoral sweetheart. To sport with Amaryllis in the shade. Milton. 2. (bot.) (a) A family of plants much esteemed for their beauty, including the narcissus, jonquil, daffodil, agave, and others. (b) A genus of the same family, including the Belladonna lily. AMASS A*mass", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Amassing.] Etym: [F. ambusher, LL. amassare; L. ad + massa lump, mass. See Mass.] Defn: To collect into a mass or heap; to gather a great quantity of; to accumulate; as, to amass a treasure or a fortune; to amass words or phrases. The life Homer has been written by amassing all the traditions and hints the writers could meet with. Pope. Syn. -- To accumulate; heap up; pile. AMASS A*mass", n. Etym: [OF. amasse, fr. ambusher.] Defn: A mass; a heap. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. AMASSABLE A*mass"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being amassed. AMASSER A*mass"er, n. Defn: One who amasses. AMASSETTE A`mas`sette", n. Etym: [F. See Amass.] Defn: An instrument of horn used for collecting painters' colors on the stone in the process of grinding. AMASSMENT A*mass"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. amassement.] Defn: An amassing; a heap collected; a large quantity or number brought together; an accumulation. An amassment of imaginary conceptions. Glanvill. AMASTHENIC Am`as*then"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Photog.) Defn: Uniting the chemical rays of light into one focus, as a certain kind of lens; amacratic. AMATE A*mate", v. t. Etym: [OF. amater, amatir.] Defn: To dismay; to dishearten; to daunt. [Obs. or Archaic] The Silures, to amate the new general, rumored the overthrow greater than was true. Milton. AMATE A*mate", v. t. Etym: [Pref. a- + mate.] Defn: To be a mate to; to match. [Obs.] Spenser. AMATEUR Am`a*teur", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. amator lover, fr. amare to love.] Defn: A person attached to a particular pursuit, study, or science as to music or painting; esp. one who cultivates any study or art, from taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally. AMATEURISH Am`a*teur"ish, a. Defn: In the style of an amateur; superficial or defective like the work of an amateur. -- Am`a*teur"ish*ly, adv. -- Am`a*teur"ish*ness, n. AMATEURISM Am"a*teur*ism, n. Defn: The practice, habit, or work of an amateur. AMATEURSHIP Am"a*teur`ship, n. Defn: The quality or character of an amateur. AMATIVE Am"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. amatus, p. p. of amare to love.] Defn: Full of love; amatory. AMATIVENESS Am"a*tive*ness, n. (Phren.) Defn: The faculty supposed to influence sexual desire; propensity to love. Combe. AMATORIAL Am`a*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [See Amatorious.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a lover or to love making; amatory; as, amatorial verses. AMATORIALLY Am`a*to"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an amatorial manner. AMATORIAN Am`a*to"ri*an, a. Defn: Amatory. [R.] Johnson. AMATORIOUS Am`a*to"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. amatorius, fr. amare to love.] Defn: Amatory. [Obs.] "Amatorious poem." Milton. AMATORY Am"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, producing, or expressing, sexual love; as, amatory potions. AMAUROSIS Am`au*ro"sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A loss or decay of sight, from loss of power in the optic nerve, without any perceptible external change in the eye; -- called also gutta serena, the "drop serene" of Milton. AMAUROTIC Am`au*rot"ic, a. Defn: Affected with amaurosis; having the characteristics of amaurosis. AMAZE A*maze", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amazed; p. pr. & vb. n. Amazing.] Etym: [Pref. a- + maze.] 1. To bewilder; to stupefy; to bring into a maze. [Obs.] A labyrinth to amaze his foes. Shak. 2. To confound, as by fear, wonder, extreme surprise; to overwhelm with wonder; to astound; to astonish greatly. "Amazing Europe with her wit." Goldsmith. And all the people were amazed, and said, Is not this the son of David Matt. xii. 23. Syn. -- To astonish; astound; confound; bewilder; perplex; surprise. -- Amaze, Astonish. Amazement includes the notion of bewilderment of difficulty accompanied by surprise. It expresses a state in which one does not know what to do, or to say, or to think. Hence we are amazed at what we can not in the least account for. Astonishment also implies surprise. It expresses a state in which one is stunned by the vastness or greatness of something, or struck with some degree of horror, as when one is overpowered by the AMAZE A*maze", v. i. Defn: To be astounded. [Archaic] B. Taylor. AMAZE A*maze", v. t. Defn: Bewilderment, arising from fear, surprise, or wonder; amazement. [Chiefly poetic] The wild, bewildered Of one to stone converted by amaze. Byron. AMAZEDLY A*maz"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In amazement; with confusion or astonishment. Shak. AMAZEDNESS A*maz"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being amazed, or confounded with fear, surprise, or wonder. Bp. Hall. AMAZEFUL A*maze"ful, a. Defn: Full of amazement. [R.] AMAZEMENT A*maze"ment, n. 1. The condition of being amazed; bewilderment [Obs.]; overwhelming wonder, as from surprise, sudden fear, horror, or admiration. His words impression left Of much amazement. Milton. 2. Frenzy; madness. [Obs.] Webster (1661). AMAZING A*maz"ing, a. Defn: Causing amazement; very wonderful; as, amazing grace. -- A*maz"ing*ly, adv. AMAZON Am"a*zon, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. One of a fabulous race of female warriors in Scythia; hence, a female warrior. 2. A tall, strong, masculine woman; a virago. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A name numerous species of South American parrots of the genus Chrysotis Amazon ant (Zoöl.), a species of ant (Polyergus rufescens), of Europe and America. They seize by conquest the larvæ and nymphs other species and make slaves of them in their own nests. AMAZONIAN Am`a*zo"ni*an, a. 1. Pertaining to or resembling an Amazon; of masculine manners; warlike. Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to the river Amazon in South America, or to its valley. AMAZONITE; AMAZON STONE Am"a*zon*ite, Am"a*zon stone`, n. Etym: [Named from the river Amazon.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of feldspar, having a verdigris-green color. AMB-; AMBI- Amb-, Am*bi-. Etym: [L. prefix ambi-, amb-, akin to Gr. abhi, AS. embe, emb, OHG. umbi, umpi, G. um, and also L. ambo both. Cf. Amphi-, Both, By.] Defn: A prefix meaning about, around; -- used in words derived from the Latin. AMBAGES Am*ba"ges, n. pl. Etym: [L. (usually in pl.); pref. ambi-, amb- + agere to drive: cf. F. ambage.] Defn: A circuit; a winding. Hence: Circuitous way or proceeding; quibble; circumlocution; indirect mode of speech. After many ambages, perspicuously define what this melancholy is. Burton. AMBAGINOUS Am*bag"i*nous, a. Defn: Ambagious. [R.] AMBAGIOUS Am*ba"gious, a. Etym: [L. ambagiosus.] Defn: Circumlocutory; circuitous. [R.] AMBAGITORY Am*bag"i*to*ry, a. Defn: Ambagious. [R.] AMBARY; AMBARY HEMP Am*ba"ry, n., or Ambary hemp. [Hind. ambara, ambari.] Defn: A valuable East Indian fiber plant (Hibiscus cannabinus), or its fiber, which is used throughout India for making ropes, cordage, and a coarse canvas and sackcloth; --called also brown Indian hemp. AMBASSADE; EMBASSADE Am"bas*sade, Em"bas*sade, n. Etym: [F. ambassade. See Embassy.] 1. The mission of an ambassador. [Obs.] Carew. 2. An embassy. [Obs.] Strype. AMBASSADOR; EMBASSADOR Am*bas"sa*dor, Em*bas"sa*dor, n. Etym: [See Embassador.] 1. A minister of the highest rank sent a foreign court to represent there his sovereign or country. Note: Ambassador are either ordinary [or resident] or extraordinary, that is, sent upon some special or unusual occasion or errand. Abbott. 2. An official messenger and representative. AMBASSADORIAL Am*bas`sa*do"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an ambassador. H. Walpole. AMBASSADORSHIP Am*bas`sa*dor*ship, n. Defn: The state, office, or functions of an ambassador. AMBASSADRESS Am*bas"sa*dress, n. Defn: A female ambassador; also, the wife of an ambassador. Prescott. AMBASSAGE Am"bas*sage, n. Defn: Same as Embassage. [Obs. or R.] Luke xiv. 32. AMBASSY Am"bas*sy, n. Defn: See Embassy, the usual spelling. Helps. AMBER Am"ber, n. Etym: [OE. aumbre, F. ambre, Sp. ámbar, and with the Ar. article, alámbar, fr. Ar. 'anbar ambergris.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A yellowish translucent resin resembling copal, found as a fossil in alluvial soils, with beds of lignite, or on the seashore in many places. It takes a fine polish, and is used for pipe mouthpieces, beads, etc., and as a basis for a fine varnish. By friction, it becomes strongly electric. 2. Amber color, or anything amber-colored; a clear light yellow; as, the amber of the sky. 3. Ambergris. [Obs.] You that smell of amber at my charge. Beau. & Fl. 4. The balsam, liquidambar. Black amber, and old and popular name for jet. AMBER Am"ber, a. 1. Consisting of amber; made of amber. "Amber bracelets." Shak. 2. Resembling amber, especially in color; amber-colored. "The amber morn." Tennyson. AMBER Am"ber, v. t. [p. p. & p. a. Ambered .] 1. To scent or flavor with ambergris; as, ambered wine. 2. To preserve in amber; as, an ambered fly. AMBER FISH Am"ber fish. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of the southern Atlantic coast (Seriola Carolinensis.) AMBERGREASE Am"ber*grease, n. Defn: See Ambergris. AMBERGRIS Am"ber*gris, n. Etym: [F. ambre gris, i. e., gray amber; F. gris gray, which is of German origin: cf. OS. grîs, G. greis, gray-haired. See Amber.] Defn: A substance of the consistence of wax, found floating in the Indian Ocean and other parts of the tropics, and also as a morbid secretion in the intestines of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), which is believed to be in all cases its true origin. In color it is white, ash-gray, yellow, or black, and often variegated like marble. The floating masses are sometimes from sixty to two hundred and twenty-five pounds in weight. It is wholly volatilized as a white vapor at 212º Fahrenheit, and is highly valued in perfumery. Dana. AMBER ROOM Am"ber room Defn: A room formerly in the Czar's Summer Palace in Russia, which was richly decorated with walls and fixtures made from amber. The amber was removed by occupying German troops during the Second World War and has, as of 1997, never been recovered. The room is being recreated from old photographs by Russian artisans. PJC AMBER SEED Am"ber seed`. Defn: Seed of the Hibiscus abelmoschus, somewhat resembling millet, brought from Egypt and the West Indies, and having a flavor like that of musk; musk seed. Chambers. AMBER TREE Am"ber tree`. Defn: A species of Anthospermum, a shrub with evergreen leaves, which, when bruised, emit a fragrant odor. AMBES-AS Ambes"-as, n. Defn: Ambs-ace. [Obs.] Chaucer. AMBIDEXTER Am"bi*dex"ter, a. Etym: [LL., fr. L. ambo both + dexter right, dextra (sc. manus) the right hand.] Defn: Using both hands with equal ease. Smollett. AMBIDEXTER Am`bi*dex"ter, n. 1. A person who uses both hands with equal facility. 2. Hence; A double-dealer; one equally ready to act on either side in party disputes. The rest are hypocrites, ambidexters, so many turning pictures -- a lion on one side, a lamb on the other. Burton. 3. (Law) Defn: A juror who takes money from both parties for giving his verdict. Cowell. AMBIDEXTERITY Am"bi*dex*ter"i*ty, n. 1. The quality of being ambidexas, ambidexterity of argumentation. Sterne. Ignorant I was of the human frame, and of its latent powers, as regarded speed, force, and ambidexterity. De Quincey. 2. Double-dealing. (Law) Defn: A juror's taking of money from the both parties for a verdict. AMBIDEXTRAL Am`bi*dex"tral, a. Defn: Pertaining equally to the right-hand side and the left-hand side. Earle. AMBIDEXTROUS Am`bi*dex"trous, a. 1. Pertaining the faculty of using both hands with equal ease. Sir T. Browne. 2. Practicing or siding with both parties. All false, shuffling, and ambidextrous dealings. L'Estrange. AMBIDEXTROUSLY Am"bi*dex"trous*ly, adv. Defn: In an ambidextrous manner; cunningly. AMBIDEXTROUSNESS Am`bi*dex"trous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being ambidextrous; ambidexterity. AMBIENT Am"bi*ent, a. Etym: [L. ambiens, p. pr. of ambire to go around; amb- + ire to go.] Defn: Encompassing on all sides; circumfused; investing. "Ambient air." Milton. "Ambient clouds." Pope. AMBIENT Am"bi*ent, n. Defn: Something that surrounds or invests; as, air . . . being a perpetual ambient. Sir H. Wotton. AMBIGENOUS Am*big"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. ambo both + genus kind.] Defn: Of two kinds. (Bot.) Defn: Partaking of two natures, as the perianth of some endogenous plants, where the outer surface is calycine, and the inner petaloid. AMBIGU Am"bi*gu, n. Etym: [F., fr. ambigu doubtful, L. ambiquus. See Ambiguous.] Defn: An entertainment at which a medley of dishes is set on at the same time. AMBIGUITY Am`bi*gu"i*ty, n.; pl. Ambiguities. Etym: [L. ambiguitas, fr. ambiguus: cf. F. ambiguité.] Defn: The quality or state of being ambiguous; doubtfulness or uncertainty, particularly as to the signification of language, arising from its admitting of more than one meaning; an equivocal word or expression. No shadow of ambiguity can rest upon the course to be pursued. I. Taylor. The words are of single signification, without any ambiguity. South. AMBIGUOUS Am*big"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. ambiguus, fr. ambigere to wander about, waver; amb- + agere to drive.] Defn: Doubtful or uncertain, particularly in respect to signification; capable of being understood in either of two or more possible senses; equivocal; as, an ambiguous course; an ambiguous expression. What have been thy answers What but dark, Ambiguous, and with double sense deluding Milton. Syn. -- Doubtful; dubious; uncertain; unsettled; indistinct; indeterminate; indefinite. See Equivocal. AMBIGUOUSLY Am*big"u*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In an ambiguous manner; with doubtful meaning. AMBIGUOUSNESS Am*big"u*ous*ness, n. Defn: Ambiguity. AMBILEVOUS Am`bi*le"vous, a. Etym: [L. ambo both + laevus left.] Defn: Left-handed on both sides; clumsy; -- opposed to ambidexter. [R.] Sir T. Browne. AMBILOQUY Am*bil"o*quy, n. Defn: Doubtful or ambiguous language. [Obs.] Bailey. AMBIPAROUS Am*bip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. ambo both + parere to bring forth.] (Bot.) Defn: Characterized by containing the rudiments of both flowers and leaves; -- applied to a bud. AMBIT Am"bit, n. Etym: [L. ambitus circuit, fr. ambire to go around. See Ambient.] Defn: Circuit or compass. His great parts did not live within a small ambit. Milward. AMBITION Am*bi"tion, n. Etym: [F. ambition, L. ambitio a going around, especially of candidates for office is Rome, to solicit votes (hence, desire for office or honorambire to go around. See Ambient, Issue.] 1. The act of going about to solicit or obtain an office, or any other object of desire; canvassing. [Obs.] [I] used no ambition to commend my deeds. Milton. 2. An eager, and sometimes an inordinate, desire for preferment, honor, superiority, power, or the attainment of something. Cromwell, I charge thee, fling a way ambition: By that sin fell the angels. Shak. The pitiful ambition of possessing five or six thousand more acres. Burke. AMBITION Am*bi"tion, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. ambitionner.] Defn: To seek after ambitiously or eagerly; to covet. [R.] Pausanias, ambitioning the sovereignty of Greece, bargains with Xerxes for his daughter in marriage. Trumbull. AMBITIONIST Am*bi"tion*ist, n. Defn: One excessively ambitious. [R.] AMBITIONLESS Am*bi"tion*less, a. Defn: Devoid of ambition. Pollok. AMBITIOUS Am*bi"tious, a. Etym: [L. ambitiosus: cf. F. ambitieux. See Ambition.] 1. Possessing, or controlled by, ambition; greatly or inordinately desirous of power, honor, office, superiority, or distinction. Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, And Brutus is an honorable man. Shak. 2. Strongly desirous; -- followed by of or the infinitive; as, ambitious to be or to do something. I was not ambitious of seeing this ceremony. Evelyn. Studious of song, and yet ambitious not to sing in vain. Cowper. 3. Springing from, characterized by, or indicating, ambition; showy; aspiring; as, an ambitious style. A giant statue . . . Pushed by a wild and artless race, From off wide, ambitious base. Collins. AMBITIOUSLY Am*bi"tious*ly, adv. Defn: In an ambitious manner. AMBITIOUSNESS Am*bi"tious*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being ambitious; ambition; pretentiousness. AMBITUS Am"bi*tus, n. Etym: [L. See Ambit, Ambition.] 1. The exterior edge or border of a thing, as the border of a leaf, or the outline of a bivalve shell. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A canvassing for votes. AMBLE Am"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ambled; p. pr. & vb. n. Ambling.] Etym: [F. ambler to amble, fr. L. ambulare to walk, in LL., to amble, perh. fr. amb-, ambi-, and a root meaning to go: cf. Gr. base. Cf. Ambulate.] 1. To go at the easy gait called an amble; -- applied to the horse or to its rider. 2. To move somewhat like an ambling horse; to go easily or without hard shocks. The skipping king, he ambled up and down. Shak. Sir, your wit ambles well; it goes easily. Shak. AMBLE Am"ble, n. 1. A peculiar gait of a horse, in which both legs on the same side are moved at the same time, alternating with the legs on the other side. "A fine easy amble." B. Jonson. 2. A movement like the amble of a horse. AMBLER Am"bler, n. Defn: A horse or a person that ambles. AMBLINGLY Am"bling*ly, adv. Defn: With an ambling gait. AMBLOTIC Am*blot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Tending to cause abortion. AMBLYGON Am"bly*gon, n. Etym: [Gr. amblygone.] (Geom.) Defn: An obtuse-angled figure, esp. and obtuse-angled triangle. [Obs.] AMBLYGONAL Am*blyg"o*nal, a. Defn: Obtuse-angled. [Obs.] Hutton. AMBLYOPIA; AMBLYOPY Am`bly*o"pi*a, Am"bly*o`py, n. Etym: [Gr. amblyopie.] (Med.) Defn: Weakness of sight, without and opacity of the cornea, or of the interior of the eye; the first degree of amaurosis. AMBLYOPIC Am"bly*op"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to amblyopy. Quain. AMBLYPODA Am*blyp"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A group of large, extinct, herbivorous mammals, common in the Tertiary formation of the United States. AMBO Am"bo, n.; pl. Ambos. Etym: [LL. ambo, Gr. ambon.] Defn: A large pulpit or reading desk, in the early Christian churches. Gwilt. AMBON Am"bon, n. Defn: Same as Ambo. AMBOYNA BUTTON Am*boy"na but"ton. (Med.) Defn: A chronic contagious affection of the skin, prevalent in the tropics. AMBOYNA PINE Amboyna pine. (Bot.) Defn: The resiniferous tree Agathis Dammara, of the Moluccas. AMBOYNA WOOD Am*boy"na wood. Defn: A beautiful mottled and curled wood, used in cabinetwork. It is obtained from the Pterocarpus Indicus of Amboyna, Borneo, etc. AMBREATE Am"bre*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt formed by the combination of ambreic acid with a base or positive radical. AMBREIC Am*bre"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to ambrein; -- said of a certain acid produced by digesting ambrein in nitric acid. AMBREIN Am"bre*in, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ambréine. See Amber.] (Chem.) Defn: A fragrant substance which is the chief constituent of ambergris. AMBRITE Am"brite, n. Etym: [From amber.] Defn: A fossil resin occurring in large masses in New Zealand. AMBROSE Am"brose, n. Defn: A sweet-scented herb; ambrosia. See Ambrosia, 3. Turner. AMBROSIA Am*bro"sia, n. Etym: [L. ambrosia, Gr. mrita, L. mortuus, dead, and to E. mortal.] 1. (Myth.) (a) The fabled food of the gods (as nectar was their drink), which conferred immortality upon those who partook of it. (b) An unguent of the gods. His dewy locks distilled ambrosia. Milton. 2. A perfumed unguent, salve, or draught; something very pleasing to the taste or smell. Spenser. 3. Formerly, a kind of fragrant plant; now (Bot.), a genus of plants, including some coarse and worthless weeds, called ragweed, hogweed, etc. AMBROSIA BEETLE Ambrosia beetle. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bark beetle that feeds on ambrosia. AMBROSIAC Am"bro"si*ac, a. Etym: [L. ambrosiacus: cf. F. ambrosiaque.] Defn: Having the qualities of ambrosia; delicious. [R.]"Ambrosiac odors." B. Jonson. AMBROSIAL Am*bro"sial, a. Etym: [L. ambrosius, Gr. 1. Consisting of, or partaking of the nature of, ambrosia; delighting the taste or smell; delicious. "Ambrosial food." "Ambrosial fragrance." Milton. 2. Divinely excellent or beautiful. "Shakes his ambrosial curls." Pope. AMBROSIALLY Am*bro"sial*ly, adv. Defn: After the manner of ambrosia; delightfully. "Smelt ambrosially." Tennyson. AMBROSIAN Am*bro"sian, a. Defn: Ambrosial. [R.] . Jonson. AMBROSIAN Am*bro"sian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to St. Ambrose; as, the Ambrosian office, or ritual, a formula of worship in the church of Milan, instituted by St. Ambrose. Ambrosian chant, the mode of signing or chanting introduced by St. Ambrose in the 4th century. AMBROSIN Am"bro*sin, n. Etym: [LL. Ambrosinus nummus.] Defn: An early coin struck by the dukes of Milan, and bearing the figure of St. Ambrose on horseback. AMBROTYPE Am"bro*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.] (Photog.) Defn: A picture taken on a place of prepared glass, in which the lights are represented in silver, and the shades are produced by a dark background visible through the unsilvered portions of the glass. AMBRY Am"bry, n.; pl. Ambries. Etym: [OE. aumbry, almery, OF. almarie, armarie, aumaire, F. armoire, LL. armarium chest, cupboard, orig. a repository for arms, fr. L. arama arms. The word has been confused with almonry. See Armory.] 1. In churches, a kind of closet, niche, cupboard, or locker for utensils, vestments, etc. 2. A store closet, as a pantry, cupboard, etc. 3. Almonry. [Improperly so used] AMBS-ACE Ambs"-ace, n. Etym: [OF. ambesas; ambes both (fr. L. ambo) + as ace. See Ace.] Defn: Double aces, the lowest throw of all at dice. Hence: Bad luck; anything of no account or value. AMBULACRAL Am`bu*la"cral, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to ambulacra; avenuelike; as, the ambulacral ossicles, plates, spines, and suckers of echinoderms. AMBULACRIFORM Am`bu*la"cri*form, a. Etym: [Ambulacrum + -form] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the form of ambulacra. AMBULACRUM Am`bu*la"crum, n.; pl. Ambulacra. Etym: [L., an alley or covered way.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the radical zones of echinoderms, along which run the principal nerves, blood vessels, and water tubes. These zones usually bear rows of locomotive suckers or tentacles, which protrude from regular pores. In star fishes they occupy the grooves along the under side of the rays. (b) One of the suckers on the feet of mites. AMBULANCE Am"bu*lance, n. Etym: [F. ambulance, hôpital ambulant, fr. L. ambulare to walk. See Amble.] (Mil.) (a) A field hospital, so organized as to follow an army in its movements, and intended to succor the wounded as soon as possible. Often used adjectively; as, an ambulance wagon; ambulance stretcher; ambulance corps. (b) An ambulance wagon or cart for conveying the wounded from the field, or to a hospital. AMBULANT Am"bu*lant, a. Etym: [L. ambulans, p. pr. of ambulare to walk: cf. F. ambulant.] Defn: Walking; moving from place to place. Gayton. AMBULATE Am"bu*late, v. i. Etym: [L. ambulare to walk. See Amble.] Defn: To walk; to move about. [R.] Southey. AMBULATION Am`bu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. ambulatio.] Defn: The act of walking. Sir T. Browne. AMBULATIVE Am"bu*la*tive, a. Defn: Walking. [R.] AMBULATOR Am"bu*la`tor, n. 1. One who walks about; a walker. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A beetle of the genus Lamia. (b) A genus of birds, or one of this genus. 3. An instrument for measuring distances; -- called also perambulator. Knight. AMBULATORIAL Am`bu*la*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Ambulatory; fitted for walking. Verrill. AMBULATORY Am"bu*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. ambulatorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to walking; having the faculty of walking; formed or fitted for walking; as, an ambulatory animal. 2. Accustomed to move from place to place; not stationary; movable; as, an ambulatory court, which exercises its jurisdiction in different places. The priesthood . . . before was very ambulatory, and dispersed into all families. Jer. Taylor. 3. Pertaining to a walk. [R.] The princess of whom his majesty had an ambulatory view in his travels. Sir H. Wotton. 4. (Law) Defn: Not yet fixed legally, or settled past alteration; alterable; as, the dispositions of a will are ambulatory until the death of the testator. AMBULATORY Am"bu*la*to*ry, n.; pl. Ambulatories. Etym: [Cf. LL. ambulatorium.] (Arch.) Defn: A place to walk in, whether in the open air, as the gallery of a cloister, or within a building. AMBURRY Am"bur*ry, n. Defn: Same as Anbury. AMBUSCADE Am`bus*cade", n. Etym: [F. embuscade, fr. It. imboscata, or Sp. emboscada, fr. emboscar to ambush, fr. LL. imboscare. See Ambush, v. t.] 1. A lying in a wood, concealed, for the purpose of attacking an enemy by surprise. Hence: A lying in wait, and concealed in any situation, for a like purpose; a snare laid for an enemy; an ambush. 2. A place in which troops lie hid, to attack an enemy unexpectedly. [R.] Dryden. 3. (Mil.) Defn: The body of troops lying in ambush. AMBUSCADE Am`bus*cade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ambuscaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Ambuscading.] 1. To post or conceal in ambush; to ambush. 2. To lie in wait for, or to attack from a covert or lurking place; to waylay. AMBUSCADE Am`bus*cade", v. i. Defn: To lie in ambush. AMBUSCADO Am`bus*ca"do, n. Defn: Ambuscade. [Obs.] Shak. AMBUSCADOED Am`bus*ca"doed, p. p. Defn: Posted in ambush; ambuscaded. [Obs.] AMBUSH Am"bush, n. Etym: [F. embûche, fr. the verb. See Ambush, v. t.] 1. A disposition or arrangement of troops for attacking an enemy unexpectedly from a concealed station. Hence: Unseen peril; a device to entrap; a snare. Heaven, whose high walls fear no assault or siege Or ambush from the deep. Milton. 2. A concealed station, where troops or enemies lie in wait to attack by surprise. Bold in close ambush, base in open field. Dryden. 3. The troops posted in a concealed place, for attacking by surprise; liers in wait. [Obs.] The ambush arose quickly out of their place. Josh. viii. 19. To lay an ambush, to post a force in ambush. AMBUSH Am"bush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ambushed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ambushing.] Etym: [OE. enbussen, enbushen, OF. embushier, embuissier, F. embûcher, embusquer, fr. LL. imboscare; in + LL. boscus, buscus, a wood; akin to G. bush, E. bush. See Ambuscade, Bu.] 1. To station in ambush with a view to surprise an enemy. By ambushed men behind their temple Dryden. 2. To attack by ambush; to waylay. AMBUSH Am"bush, v. i. Defn: To lie in wait, for the purpose of attacking by surprise; to lurk. Nor saw the snake that ambushed for his prey. Trumbull. AMBUSHER Am"bush*er, n. Defn: One lying in ambush. AMBUSHMENT Am"bush*ment, n. Etym: [OF. embuschement. See Ambush, v. t.] Defn: An ambush. [Obs.] 2 Chron. xiii. 13. AMBUSTION Am*bus"tion, n. Etym: [L. ambustio.] (Med.) Defn: A burn or scald. Blount. AMEBEAN Am`e*be"an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Am. AMEER; AMIR A*meer", A*mir", n. Etym: [See Emir.] 1. Emir. [Obs.] 2. One of the Mohammedan nobility of Afghanistan and Scinde. AMEL Am"el, n. Etym: [OE. amell, OF. esmail, F. émail, of German origin; cf. OHG. smelzi, G. schmelz. See Smelt, v. t.] Defn: Enamel. [Obs.] Boyle. AMEL Am"el, v. t. Etym: [OE. amellen, OF. esmailler, F. émailler, OF. esmail, F. émail.] Defn: To enamel. [Obs.] Enlightened all with stars, And richly ameled. Chapman. AMELCORN Am"el*corn`, n. Etym: [Ger. amelkorn: cf. MHG. amel, amer, spelt, and L. amylum starch, Gr. Defn: A variety of wheat from which starch is produced; -- called also French rice. AMELIORABLE A*mel"io*ra*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being ameliorated. AMELIORATE A*mel"io*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ameliorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Ameliorating.] Etym: [L. ad + meliorare to make better: cf. F. améliorer. See Meliorate.] Defn: To make better; to improve; to meliorate. In every human being there is a wish to ameliorate his own condition. Macaulay. AMELIORATE A*mel"io*rate, v. i. Defn: To grow better; to meliorate; as, wine ameliorates by age. AMELIORATION A*mel`io*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. amélioration.] Defn: The act of ameliorating, or the state of being ameliorated; making or becoming better; improvement; melioration. "Amelioration of human affairs." J. S. Mill. AMELIORATIVE A*mel"io*ra*tive, a. Defn: Tending to ameliorate; producing amelioration or improvement; as, ameliorative remedies, efforts. AMELIORATOR A*mel"io*ra`tor, n. Defn: One who ameliorates. AMEN A`men", interj., adv., & n. Etym: [L. amen, Gr. am certainly, truly.] Defn: An expression used at the end of prayers, and meaning, So be it. At the end of a creed, it is a solemn asseveration of belief. When it introduces a declaration, it is equivalent to truly, verily. It is used as a noun, to demote: (a) concurrence in belief, or in a statement; assent; (b) the final word or act; (c) Christ as being one who is true and faithful. And let all the people say, Amen. Ps. cvi. 48. Amen, amen, I say to thee, except a man be born again, he can not see the kingdom of God. John ii. 3. Rhemish Trans. To say amen to, to approve warmly; to concur in heartily or emphatically; to ratify; as, I say Amen to all. AMEN A`men", v. t. Defn: To say Amen to; to sanction fully. AMENABILITY A*me`na*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being amenable; amenableness. Coleridge. AMENABLE A*me"na*ble, a. Etym: [F. amener to lead; ad) = mener to lead, fr. L. minare to drive animals (properly by threatening cries), in LL. to lead; L. minari, to threaten, minae threats. See Menace.] 1. (Old Law) Defn: Easy to be led; governable, as a woman by her husband. [Obs.] Jacob. 2. Liable to be brought to account or punishment; answerable; responsible; accountable; as, amenable to law. Nor is man too diminutive . . . to be amenable to the divine government. I. Taylor. 3. Liable to punishment, a charge, a claim, etc. 4. Willing to yield or submit; responsive; tractable. Sterling . . . always was amenable enough to counsel. Carlyle. AMENABLENESS A*me"na*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being amenable; liability to answer charges; answerableness. AMENABLY A*me"na*bly, adv. Defn: In an amenable manner. AMENAGE Am"e*nage, v. t. Etym: [OF. amesnagier. See Manage.] Defn: To manage. [Obs.] Spenser. AMENANCE Am"e*nance, n. Etym: [OF. See Amenable.] Defn: Behavior; bearing. [Obs.] Spenser. AMEND A*mend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amended; p. pr. & vb. n. Amending.] Etym: [F. amender, L. emendare; e(ex) + mendum, menda, fault, akin to Skr. minda personal defect. Cf. Emend, Mend.] Defn: To change or modify in any way for the better; as, (a) by simply removing what is erroneous, corrupt, superfluous, faulty, and the like; (b) by supplying deficiencies; (c) by substituting something else in the place of what is removed; to rectify. Mar not the thing that can not be amended. Shak. An instant emergency, granting no possibility for revision, or opening for amended thought. De Quincey. We shall cheer her sorrows, and amend her blood, by wedding her to a Norman. Sir W. Scott. To amend a bill, to make some change in the details or provisions of a bill or measure while on its passage, professedly for its improvement. Syn. -- To Amend, Emend, Correct, Reform, Rectify. These words agree in the idea of bringing things into a more perfect state. We correct (literally, make straight) when we conform things to some standard or rule; as, to correct proof sheets. We amend by removing blemishes, faults, or errors, and thus rendering a thing more a nearly perfect; as, to amend our ways, to amend a text, the draft of a bill, etc. Emend is only another form of amend, and is applied chiefly to editions of books, etc. To reform is literally to form over again, or put into a new and better form; as, to reform one's life. To rectify is to make right; as, to rectify a mistake, to rectify abuses, inadvertencies, etc. AMEND A*mend", v. i. Defn: To grow better by rectifying something wrong in manners or morals; to improve. "My fortune . . . amends." Sir P. Sidney. AMENDABLE A*mend"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being amended; as, an amendable writ or error. -- A*mend"a*ble*ness, n. AMENDATORY A*mend"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Supplying amendment; corrective; emendatory. Bancroft. AMENDE A`mende", n. Etym: [F. See Amend.] Defn: A pecuniary punishment or fine; a reparation or recantation. Amende honorable(#). (Old French Law) A species of infamous punishment in which the offender, being led into court with a rope about his neck, and a lighted torch in his hand, begged pardon of his God, the court, etc. In popular language, the phrase now denotes a public apology or recantation, and reparation to an injured party, for improper language or treatment. AMENDER A*mend"er, n. Defn: One who amends. AMENDFUL A*mend"ful, a. Defn: Much improving. [Obs.] AMENDMENT A*mend"ment, n. Etym: [F. amendement, LL. amendamentum.] 1. An alteration or change for the better; correction of a fault or of faults; reformation of life by quitting vices. 2. In public bodies; Any alternation made or proposed to be made in a bill or motion by adding, changing, substituting, or omitting. 3. (Law) Defn: Correction of an error in a writ or process. Syn. -- Improvement; reformation; emendation. AMENDS A*mends", n. sing. & pl. Etym: [F. amendes, pl. of amende. Cf. Amende.] Defn: Compensation for a loss or injury; recompense; reparation. [Now const. with sing. verb.] "An honorable amends." Addison. Yet thus far fortune maketh us amends. Shak. AMENITY A*men"i*ty, n.; pl. Amenities. Etym: [F. aménité, L. amoenitas, fr. amoenus pleasant.] Defn: The quality of being pleasant or agreeable, whether in respect to situation, climate, manners, or disposition; pleasantness; civility; suavity; gentleness. A sweetness and amenity of temper. Buckle. This climate has not seduced by its amenities. W. Howitt. AMENORRHOEA A*men`or*rhoe"a, n. Etym: [Gr. aménorrhée.] (Med.) Defn: Retention or suppression of the menstrual discharge. AMENORRHOEAL A*men`or*rhoe"al, a. Defn: Pertaining to amenorrhoea. A MENSA ET THORO A men"sa et tho"ro. Etym: [L., from board and bed.] (Law) Defn: A kind of divorce which does not dissolve the marriage bond, but merely authorizes a separate life of the husband and wife. Abbott. AMENT Am"ent, n. Etym: [L. amentum thong or strap.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of inflorescence; a catkin. The globular ament of a buttonwood. Coues. AMENTACEOUS Am`en*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [LL. amentaceus.] (Bot.) (a) Resembling, or consisting of, an ament or aments; as, the chestnut has an amentaceous inflorescence. (b) Bearing aments; having flowers arranged in aments; as, amentaceous plants. AMENTIA A*men"ti*a, n. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: Imbecility; total want of understanding. AMENTIFEROUS Am`en*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. amentum + -ferous.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing catkins. Balfour. AMENTIFORM A*men"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. amentum + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Shaped like a catkin. AMENTUM A*men"tum, n.; pl. Amenta. Defn: Same as Ament. AMENUSE Am"e*nuse, v. t. Etym: [OF. amenuisier. See Minute.] Defn: To lessen. [Obs.] Chaucer. AMERCE A*merce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amerced; p. pr. & vb. n. Amercing.] Etym: [OF. amercier, fr. a merci at the mercy of, liable to a punishment. See Mercy.] 1. To punish by a pecuniary penalty, the amount of which is not fixed by law, but left to the discretion of the court; as, the amerced the criminal in the sum on the hundred dollars. Note: The penalty of fine may be expressed without a preposition, or it may be introduced by in, with, or of. 2. To punish, in general; to mulct. Millions of spirits for his fault amerced Of Heaven. Milton. Shall by him be amerced with penance due. Spenser. AMERCEABLE A*merce"a*ble, a. Defn: Liable to be amerced. AMERCEMENT A*merce"ment, n. Etym: [OF. amerciment.] Defn: The infliction of a penalty at the discretion of the court; also, a mulct or penalty thus imposed. It differs from a fine,in that the latter is, or was originally, a fixed and certain sum prescribed by statue for an offense; but an amercement is arbitrary. Hence, the act or practice of affeering. [See Affeer.] Blackstone. Note: This word, in old books, is written amerciament. Amercement royal, a penalty imposed on an officer for a misdemeanor in his office. Jacobs. AMERCER A*mer"cer, n. Defn: One who amerces. AMERCIAMENT A*mer"cia*ment, n. Etym: [LL. amerciamentum.] Defn: Same as Amercement. Mozley & W. AMERICAN A*mer"i*can, a. Etym: [Named from Americus Vespucius.] 1. Of or pertaining to America; as, the American continent: American Indians. 2. Of or pertaining to the United States. "A young officer of the American navy." Lyell. American ivy. See Virginia creeper. -- American Party (U. S. Politics), a party, about 1854, which opposed the influence of foreign-born citizens, and those supposed to owe allegiance to a foreign power. -- Native american Party (U. S. Politics), a party of principles similar to those of the American party. It arose about 1843, but soon died out. AMERICAN A*mer"i*can, n. Defn: A native of America; -- originally applied to the aboriginal inhabitants, but now applied to the descendants of Europeans born in America, and especially to the citizens of the United States. The name American must always exalt the pride of patriotism. Washington. AMERICANISM A*mer"i*can*ism, n. 1. Attachment to the United States. 2. A custom peculiar to the United States or to America; an American characteristic or idea. 3. A word or phrase peculiar to the United States. AMERICANIZATION A*mer`i*can*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The process of Americanizing. AMERICANIZE A*mer"i*can*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Americanizer; p. pr. & vb. n. Americanizing.] Defn: To render American; to assimilate to the Americans in customs, ideas, etc.; to stamp with American characteristics. AMERICAN PLAN A*mer"i*can plan. Defn: In hotels, aplan upon which guests pay for both room and board by the day, week, or other convenient period; -- contrasted with European plan. AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION A*mer"i*can Pro*tect"ive As*so`ci*a"tion. Defn: A secret organization in the United States, formed in Iowa in 1887, ostensibly for the protection of American institutions by keeping Roman Catholics out of public office. Abbrev. commonly to A. P .A. AMES-ACE Ames"-ace, n. Defn: Same as Ambs-ace. AMESS Am"ess, n. (Eccl.) Defn: Amice, a hood or cape. See 2d Amice. AMETABOLA Am`e*tab"o*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of insects which do not undergo any metamorphosis. [Written also Ametabolia.] AMETABOLIAN A*met`a*bo"li*an, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to insects that do undergo any metamorphosis. AMETABOLIC; AMETABOLOUS A*met`a*bol"ic, Am`e*tab"o*lous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Not undergoing any metamorphosis; as, ametabolic insects. AMETHODIST A*meth"o*dist, n. Etym: [Pref. a- not + methodist.] Defn: One without method; a quack. [Obs.] AMETHYST Am"e*thyst, Etym: [F. ametiste, amatiste, F. améthyste, L. amethystus, fr. Gr. Mead.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A variety of crystallized quartz, of a purple or bluish violet color, of different shades. It is much used as a jeweler's stone. Oriental amethyst, the violet-blue variety of transparent crystallized corundum or sapphire. 2. (Her.) Defn: A purple color in a nobleman's escutcheon, or coat of arms. AMETHYSTINE Am`e*thys"tine, a. Etym: [L. amethystinus, Gr. 1. Resembling amethyst, especially in color; bluish violet. 2. Composed of, or containing, amethyst. AMETROPIA Am`e*tro"pi*a, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Any abnormal condition of the refracting powers of the eye. -- Am`e*trop"ic, a. AMHARIC Am*har"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Amhara, a division of Abyssinia; as, the Amharic language is closely allied to the Ethiopic. -- n. Defn: The Amharic language (now the chief language of Abyssinia). AMIA Am"i*a, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fresh-water ganoid fishes, exclusively confined to North America; called bowfin in Lake Champlain, dogfish in Lake Erie, and mudfish in South Carolina, etc. See Bowfin. AMIABILITY A`mi*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being amiable; amiableness; sweetness of disposition. Every excellency is a degree of amiability. Jer. Taylor. AMIABLE A"mi*a*ble, a. Etym: [F. amiable, L. amicabilis friendly, fr. amicus friend, fr. amare to love. The meaning has been influenced by F. aimable, L. amabilis lovable, fr. amare to love. Cf. Amicable, Amorous, Amability.] 1. Lovable; lovely; pleasing. [Obs. or R.] So amiable a prospect. Sir T. Herbert. 2. Friendly; kindly; sweet; gracious; as, an amiable temper or mood; amiable ideas. 3. Possessing sweetness of disposition; having sweetness of temper, kind-heartedness, etc., which causes one to be liked; as, an amiable woman. 4. Done out of love. [Obs.] Lay an amiable siege to the honesty of this Ford's wife. Shak. AMIABLENESS A`mi*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being amiable; amiability. AMIABLY A"mi*a*bly, adv. Defn: In an amiable manner. AMIANTH Am"i*anth, n. Defn: See Amianthus. [Poetic] AMIANTHIFORM Am`i*an"thi*form, a. Etym: [Amianthus + -form.] Defn: Resembling amianthus in form. AMIANTHOID Am`i*an"thoid, a. Etym: [Amianthus + -oid: cf. F. amiantoïde.] Defn: Resembling amianthus. AMIANTHUS Am`i*an"thus, n. Etym: [L. amiantus, Gr. (Min.) Defn: Earth flax, or mountain flax; a soft silky variety of asbestus. AMIC Am"ic, a. Etym: [L. ammonia + -ic.] (Chem.) Defn: Related to, or derived, ammonia; -- used chiefly as a suffix; as, amic acid; phosphamic acid. Amic acid (Chem.), one of a class of nitrogenized acids somewhat resembling amides. AMICABILITY Am`i*ca*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being amicable; friendliness; amicableness. Ash. AMICABLE Am"i*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. amicabilis, fr. amicus friend, fr. amare to love. See Amiable.] Defn: Friendly; proceeding from, or exhibiting, friendliness; after the manner of friends; peaceable; as, an amicable disposition, or arrangement. That which was most remarkable in this contest was . . . the amicable manner in which it was managed. Prideoux. Amicable action (Law.), an action commenced and prosecuted by amicable consent of the parties, for the purpose of obtaining a decision of the court on some matter of law involved in it. Bouvier. Burrill. -- Amicable numbers (Math.), two numbers, each of which is equal to the sum of all the aliquot parts of the other. Syn. -- Friendly; peaceable; kind; harmonious. -- Amicable, Friendly. Neither of these words denotes any great warmth of affection, since friendly has by no means the same strength as its noun friendship. It does, however, imply something of real cordiality; while amicable supposes very little more than that the parties referred to are not disposed to quarrel. Hence, we speak of amicable relations between two countries, an amicable adjustment of difficulties. "Those who entertain friendly feelings toward each other can live amicably together." AMICABLENESS Am"i*ca*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being amicable; amicability. AMICABLY Am"i*ca*bly, adv. Defn: In an amicable manner. AMICE Am"ice, n. Etym: [OE. amyse, prob. for amyt, OF. amit, ameit, fr. L. amictus cloak, the word being confused with amice, almuce, a hood or cape. See next word.] Defn: A square of white linen worn at first on the head, but now about the neck and shoulders, by priests of the Roman Catholic Church while saying Mass. AMICE Am"ice, n. Etym: [OE. amuce, amisse, OF. almuce, aumuce, F. aumusse, LL. almucium, almucia, aumucia: of unknown origin; cf. G. mütze cap, prob. of the same origin. Cf. Mozetta.] (Eccl.) Defn: A hood, or cape with a hood, made of lined with gray fur, formerly worn by the clergy; -- written also amess, amyss, and almuce. AMID A*mid", prep. Defn: See Amidst. AMIDE Am"ide, n. Etym: [Ammonia + -ide.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound formed by the union of amidogen with an acid element or radical. It may also be regarded as ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an acid atom or radical. Acid amide, a neutral compound formed by the substitution of the amido group for hydroxyl in an acid. AMIDIN Am"i*din, n. Etym: [Cf. F. amidine, fr. amido starch, fr. L. amylum, Gr. Meal.] (Chem.) Defn: Start modified by heat so as to become a transparent mass, like horn. It is soluble in cold water. AMIDO A*mi"do, a. Etym: [From Amide.] (Chem.) Defn: Containing, or derived from, amidogen. Amido acid, an acid in which a portion of the nonacid hydrogen has been replaced by the amido group. The amido acids are both basic and acid. -- Amido group, amidogen, NH2. AMIDOGEN A*mid"o*gen, n. Etym: [Amide + -gen.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound radical, NH2, not yet obtained in a separate state, which may be regarded as ammonia from the molecule of which one of its hydrogen atoms has been removed; -- called also the amido group, and in composition represented by the form amido. AMIDOL Am"i*dol, n. [Amide + -ol as in alcohol.] (Photog. & Chem.) Defn: A salt of a diamino phenol, C6H3(OH)(NH2)2, used as a developer. AMIDSHIPS A*mid"ships, adv. (Naut.) Defn: In the middle of a ship, with regard to her length, and sometimes also her breadth. Totten. AMIDST; AMID A*midst", A*mid", prep. Etym: [OE. amidde, amiddes, on midden, AS. on middan, in the middle, fr. midde the middle. The s is an adverbial ending, originally marking the genitive; the t is a later addition, as in whilst, amongst, alongst. See Mid.] Defn: In the midst or middle of; surrounded or encompassed by; among. "This fair tree amidst the garden." "Unseen amid the throng." "Amidst thick clouds." Milton. "Amidst acclamations." "Amidst the splendor and festivity of a court." Macaulay. But rather famish them amid their plenty. Shak. Syn. -- Amidst, Among. These words differ to some extent from each other, as will be seen from their etymology. Amidst denotes in the midst or middle of, and hence surrounded by; as, this work was written amidst many interruptions. Among denotes a mingling or intermixing with distinct or separable objects; as, "He fell among thieves." "Blessed art thou among women." Hence, we say, among the moderns, among the ancients, among the thickest of trees, among these considerations, among the reasons I have to offer. Amid and amidst are commonly used when the idea of separate or distinguishable objects is not prominent. Hence, we say, they kept on amidst the storm, amidst the gloom, he was sinking amidst the waves, he persevered amidst many difficulties; in none of which cases could among be used. In like manner, Milton speaks of Abdiel, -- The seraph Abdiel, faithful found; Among the faithless faithful only he, because he was then considered as one of the angels. But when the poet adds, -- From amidst them forth he passed, we have rather the idea of the angels as a collective body. Those squalid cabins and uncleared woods amidst which he was born. Macaulay. AMIGO A*mi"go, n.; pl. Amigos (#). [Sp., fr. L. amicus.] Defn: A friend; -- a Spanish term applied in the Philippine Islands to friendly natives. AMINE Am"ine, n. Etym: [Ammonia + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a class of strongly basic substances derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by a basic atom or radical. AMINOL Am"i*nol, n. [From amine.] (Pharm.) Defn: A colorless liquid prepared from herring brine and containing amines, used as a local antiseptic. AMIOID Am"i*oid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the Amioidei. -- n. Defn: One of the Amioidei. AMIOIDEI Am`i*oi"de*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Amia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of ganoid fishes of which Amis is type. See Bowfin and Ganoidei. AMIR A*mir", n. Defn: Same as Ameer. AMISH Am"ish, n. pl. [Written also Omish.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The Amish Mennonites. AMISH Am"ish, a. [Written also Omish.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, the followers of Jacob Amman, a strict Mennonite of the 17th century, who even proscribed the use of buttons and shaving as "worldly conformity". There are several branches of Amish Mennonites in the United States. AMISS A*miss", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + miss.] Defn: Astray; faultily; improperly; wrongly; ill. What error drives our eyes and ears amiss Shak. Ye ask and receive not, because ye ask amiss. James iv. 3. To take (an act, thing) amiss, to impute a wrong motive to (an act or thing); to take offense at' to take unkindly; as, you must not take these questions amiss. AMISS A*miss", a. Defn: Wrong; faulty; out of order; improper; as, it may not be amiss to ask advice. Note: [Used only in the predicate.] Dryden. His wisdom and virtue can not always rectify that which is amiss in himself or his circumstances. Wollaston. AMISS A*miss", n. Defn: A fault, wrong, or mistake. [Obs.] Each toy seems prologue to some great amiss. Shak. AMISSIBILITY A*mis`si*bil"i*ty, Etym: [Cf. F. amissibilité. See Amit.] Defn: The quality of being amissible; possibility of being lost. [R.] Notions of popular rights and the amissibility of sovereign power for misconduct were alternately broached by the two great religious parties of Europe. Hallam. AMISSIBLE A*mis"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. amissibilis: cf. F. amissible.] Defn: Liable to be lost. [R.] AMISSION A*mis"sion, n. Etym: [L. amissio: cf. F. amission.] Defn: Deprivation; loss. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. AMIT A*mit", v. t. Etym: [L. amittere, amissum, to lose; a (ab) + mittere to send. See Missile.] Defn: To lose. [Obs.] A lodestone fired doth presently amit its proper virtue. Sir T. Browne. AMITOSIS Am`i*to"sis, n. [NL. See A-not, and Mitosis.] (Biol.) Defn: Cell division in which there is first a simple cleavage of the nucleus without change in its structure (such as the formation of chromosomes), followed by the division of the cytoplasm; direct cell division; -- opposed to mitosis. It is not the usual mode of division, and is believed by many to occur chiefly in highly specialized cells which are incapable of long-continued multiplication, in transitory structures, and in those in early stages of degeneration. AMITOTIC Am`i*tot"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to amitosis; karyostenotic; -- opposed to mitotic. AMITY Am"i*ty, n.; pl. Amities. Etym: [F. amitié, OF. amistié, amisté, fr. an assumed LL. amisitas, fr. L. amicus friendly, from amare to love. See Amiable.] Defn: Friendship, in a general sense, between individuals, societies, or nations; friendly relations; good understanding; as, a treaty of amity and commerce; the amity of the Whigs and Tories. To live on terms of amity with vice. Cowper. Syn. -- Harmony; friendliness; friendship; affection; good will; peace. AMMA Am"ma, n. Etym: [LL. amma, prob. of interjectional or imitative origin: cf. Sp. ama, G. amme, nurse, Basque ama mother, Heb. , Ar. immun, ummun.] Defn: An abbes or spiritual mother. AMMETER Am"me*ter, n. (Physics) Defn: A contraction of amperometer or ampèremeter. AMMIRAL Am"mi*ral, n. Defn: An obsolete form of admiral. "The mast of some great ammiral." Milton. AMMITE Am"mite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Geol.) Defn: Oölite or roestone; -- written also hammite. [Obs.] AMMODYTE Am"mo*dyte, n. Etym: [L. ammodytes, Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) One of a genus of fishes; the sand eel. (b) A kind of viper in southern Europe. [Obs.] AMMONAL Am"mo*nal`, n. [Ammonium + aluminium.] Defn: An explosive consisting of a mixture of powdered aluminium and nitrate of ammonium. AMMONIA Am*mo"ni*a, n. Etym: [From sal ammoniac, which was first obtaining near the temple of Jupiter Ammon, by burning camel's dung. See Ammoniac.] (Chem.) Defn: A gaseous compound of hydrogen and nitrogen, NH3, with a pungent smell and taste: -- often called volatile alkali, and spirits of hartshorn. AMMONIAC; AMMONIACAL Am*mo"ni*ac, Am`mo*ni"a*cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ammonia, or possessing its properties; as, an ammoniac salt; ammoniacal gas. Ammoniacal engine, an engine in which the vapor of ammonia is used as the motive force. -- Sal ammoniac Etym: [L. sal ammoniacus], the salt usually called chloride of ammonium, and formerly muriate of ammonia. AMMONIAC; GUM AMMONIAC Am*mo"ni*ac ([or] Gum` am*mo"ni*ac , n. Etym: [L. Ammoniacum, Gr. Ammon; cf. F. ammoniac. See Ammonite.] (Med.) Defn: The concrete juice (gum resin) of an umbelliferous plant, the Dorema ammoniacum. It is brought chiefly from Persia in the form of yellowish tears, which occur singly, or are aggregated into masses. It has a peculiar smell, and a nauseous, sweet taste, followed by a bitter one. It is inflammable, partially soluble in water and in spirit of wine, and is used in medicine as an expectorant and resolvent, and for the formation of certain plasters. AMMONIACAL FERMENTATION Am`mo*ni"a*cal fer`men*ta"tion. Defn: Any fermentation process by which ammonia is formed, as that by which urea is converted into ammonium carbonate when urine is exposed to the air. AMMONIATED Am*mo"ni*a`ted, a. (Chem.) Defn: Combined or impregnated with ammonia. AMMONIC Am*mo"nic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ammonia. AMMONITE Am"mon*ite, n. Etym: [L. cornu Ammonis born of Ammon; L. Ammon, Gr. Amun.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil cephalopod shell related to the nautilus. There are many genera and species, and all are extinct, the typical forms having existed only in the Mesozoic age, when they were exceedingly numerous. They differ from the nautili in having the margins of the septa very much lobed or plaited, and the siphuncle dorsal. Also called serpent stone, snake stone, and cornu Ammonis. AMMONITIFEROUS Am`mon*i*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Ammonite + -ferous.] Defn: Containing fossil ammonites. AMMONITOIDEA Am*mon`i*toid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Ammonite + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive group of fossil cephalopods often very abundant in Mesozoic rocks. See Ammonite. AMMONIUM Am*mo"ni*um, n. Etym: [See Ammonia.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound radical, NH4, having the chemical relations of a strongly basic element like the alkali metals. AMMUNITION Am`mu*ni"tion, n. Etym: [F. amunition, for munition, prob. caused by taking la munition as l'amunition. See Munition.] 1. Military stores, or provisions of all kinds for attack or defense. [Obs.] 2. Articles used in charging firearms and ordnance of all kinds; as powder, balls, shot, shells, percussion caps, rockets, etc. 3. Any stock of missiles, literal or figurative. Ammunition bread, shoes, etc., such as are contracted for by government, and supplied to the soldiers. [Eng.] AMMUNITION Am`mu*ni"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ammunitioned; p pr. & vb. n. Ammunitioning.] Defn: To provide with ammunition. AMNESIA Am*ne"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Forgetfulness; also, a defect of speech, from cerebral disease, in which the patient substitutes wrong words or names in the place of those he wishes to employ. Quian. AMNESIC Am*ne"sic, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to amnesia. "Amnesic or coördinate defects." Quian. AMNESTIC Am*nes"tic, a. Defn: Causing loss of memory. AMNESTY Am"nes*ty, n. Etym: [L. amnestia, Gr. amnistie, earlier amnestie. See Mean, v.] 1. Forgetfulness; cessation of remembrance of wrong; oblivion. 2. An act of the sovereign power granting oblivion, or a general pardon, for a past offense, as to subjects concerned in an insurrection. AMNESTY Am"nes*ty, v. t. [imp. p. p. Amnestied; p. pr. & vb. n. Amnestying.] Defn: To grant amnesty to. AMNICOLIST Am*nic"o*list, n. Etym: [L. amnicola, amnis a river + colere to dwell.] Defn: One who lives near a river. [Obs.] Bailey. AMNIGENOUS Am*nig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. amnigena; amnis a river + root gen of gignere to beget.] Defn: Born or bred in, of, or near a river. [Obs.] Bailey. AMNION Am"ni*on, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A thin membrane surrounding the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles. AMNIOS Am"ni*os, n. Defn: Same as Amnion. AMNIOTA Am`ni*o"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Amnion.] (Zoöl.) Defn: That group of vertebrates which develops in its embryonic life the envelope called the amnion. It comprises the reptiles, the birds, and the mammals. AMNIOTIC Am`ni*ot"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. amniotique.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the amnion; characterized by an amnion; as, the amniotic fluid; the amniotic sac. Amniotic acid. (Chem.) [R.] See Allantoin. AMOEBA A*moe"ba, n; pl. L. Amoebæ; E. Amoebas. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A rhizopod. common in fresh water, capable of undergoing many changes of form at will. See Rhizopoda. AMOEBAEUM Am`oe*bæ"um, n. Etym: [L. amoebaeus, Gr. amoebaeum carmen, Gr. Defn: A poem in which persons are represented at speaking alternately; as the third and seventh eclogues of Virgil. AMOEBEA Am`oe*be"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: That division of the Rhizopoda which includes the amoeba and similar forms. AMOEBEAN Am`oe*be"an, a. Defn: Alternately answering. AMOEBIAN A*moe"bi*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Amoebea. AMOEBIFORM; AMOEBOID A*moe"bi*form, A*moe"boid, a. Etym: [Amoeba + -form or -oid.] (Biol.) Defn: Resembling an amoeba; amoeba-shaped; changing in shape like an amoeba. Amoeboid movement, movement produced, as in the amoeba, by successive processes of prolongation and retraction. AMOEBOUS A*moe"bous, a. Defn: Like an amoeba in structure. AMOLE A*mo"le, n. [Mex.] (Bot.) Defn: Any detergent plant, or the part of it used as a detergent, as the roots of Agave Americana, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, etc. [Sp. Amer. & Mex.] AMOLITION Am`o*li"tion, n. Etym: [L. amolitio, fr. amoliri to remove; a (ab) + moliri to put in motion.] Defn: Removal; a putting away. [Obs.] Bp. Ward (1673). AMOMUM A*mo"mum, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of aromatic plants. It includes species which bear cardamoms, and grains of paradise. AMONESTE A*mon"este, v. t. Defn: To admonish. [Obs.] AMONG; AMONGST A*mong", A*mongst", prep. Etym: [OE. amongist, amonges, amonge, among, AS. onmang, ongemang, gemang, in a crowd or mixture. For the ending -st see Amidst. See Mingle.] 1. Mixed or mingled; surrounded by. They heard, And from his presence hid themselves among The thickest trees. Milton. 2. Conjoined, or associated with, or making part of the number of; in the number or class of. Blessed art thou among women. Luke i. 28. 3. Expressing a relation of dispersion, distribution, etc.; also, a relation of reciprocal action. What news among the merchants Shak. Human sacrifices were practiced among them. Hume. Divide that gold amongst you. Marlowe. Whether they quarreled among themselves, or with their neighbors. Addison. Syn. -- Amidst; between. See Amidst, Between. AMONTILLADO A*mon`til*la"do, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A dry kind of cherry, of a light color. Simmonds. AMORET Am"o*ret, n. Etym: [OF. amorette, F. amourette, dim. of amour.] 1. An amorous girl or woman; a wanton. [Obs.] J. Warton. 2. A love knot, love token, or love song. (pl.) Love glances or love tricks. [Obs.] 3. A petty love affair or amour. [Obs.] AMORETTE Am"o*rette", n. Defn: An amoret. [Obs.] Rom. of R. AMORIST Am"o*rist, n. Etym: [L. armor love. See Amorous.] Defn: A lover; a gallant. [R.] Milton. It was the custom for an amorist to impress the name of his mistress in the dust, or upon the damp earth, with letters fixed upon his shoe. Southey. A-MORNINGS A-morn"ings, adv. Etym: [See Amorwe. The -s is a genitival ending. See -wards.] Defn: In the morning; every morning. [Obs.] And have such pleasant walks into the woods A-mornings. J. Fletcher. AMOROSA Am`o*ro"sa, n. Etym: [It. amoroso, fem. amorosa.] Defn: A wanton woman; a courtesan. Sir T. Herbert. AMOROSITY Am`o*ros"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being amorous; lovingness. [R.] Galt. AMOROSO Am`o*ro"so, n. Etym: [It. amoroso, LL. amorosus.] Defn: A lover; a man enamored. AMOROSO Am`o*ro"so, adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: In a soft, tender, amatory style. AMOROUS Am"o*rous, a. Etym: [OF. amoros, F. amoreux, LL. amorosus, fr. L. amor love, fr. amare to love.] 1. Inclined to love; having a propensity to love, or to sexual enjoyment; loving; fond; affectionate; as, an amorous disposition. 2. Affected with love; in love; enamored; -- usually with of; formerly with on. Thy roses amorous of the moon. Keats. High nature amorous of the good. Tennyson. Sure my brother is amorous on Hero. Shak. 3. Of or relating to, or produced by, love. "Amorous delight." Milton. "Amorous airs." Waller. Syn. -- Loving; fond; tender; passionate; affectionate; devoted; ardent. AMOROUSLY Am"o*rous*ly, adv. Defn: In an amorous manner; fondly. AMOROUSNESS Am"o*rous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being amorous, or inclined to sexual love; lovingness. AMORPHA A*mor"pha, n.; pl. Amorphas. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of leguminous shrubs, having long clusters of purple flowers; false or bastard indigo. Longfellow. AMORPHISM A*mor"phism, n. Etym: [See Amorphous.] Defn: A state of being amorphous; esp. a state of being without crystallization even in the minutest particles, as in glass, opal, etc. Note: There are stony substances which, when fused, may cool as glass or as stone; the glass state is spoken of as a state of amorphism. AMORPHOUS A*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Having no determinate form; of irregular; shapeless. Kirwan. 2. Without crystallization in the ultimate texture of a solid substance; uncrystallized. 3. Of no particular kind or character; anomalous. Scientific treatises . . . are not seldom rude and amorphous in style. Hare. -- A*mor"phous*ly, adv. -- A*mor"phous*ness, n. AMORPHOZOA A*mor`pho*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Animals without a mouth or regular internal organs, as the sponges. AMORPHOZOIC A*mor`pho*zo"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Amorphozoa. AMORPHY A*mor"phy, n. Etym: [Gr. amorphie. See Amorphous.] Defn: Shapelessness. [Obs.] Swift. AMORT A*mort", a. Etym: [Pref. a- + F. mort death, dead; all amort is for alamort.] Defn: As if dead; lifeless; spiritless; dejected; depressed. Shak. AMORTISE; AMORTISATION; AMORTISABLE; AMORTISEMENT A*mor"tise, v., A*mor`ti*sa"tion, n., A*mor"tis*a*ble, a., A*mor"tise*ment, n. Defn: Same as Amortize, Amortization, etc. AMORTIZABLE A*mor"tiz*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. amortissable.] Defn: Capable of being cleared off, as a debt. AMORTIZATION A*mor`ti*za"tion, n. Etym: [LL. amortisatio, admortizatio. See Amortize, and cf. Admortization.] 1. (Law) Defn: The act or right of alienating lands to a corporation, which was considered formerly as transferring them to dead hands, or in mortmain. 2. The extinction of a debt, usually by means of a sinking fund; also, the money thus paid. Simmonds. AMORTIZE A*mor"tize, v. t. Etym: [OE. amortisen, LL. amortisare, admortizare, F. amortir to sell in mortmain, to extinguish; L. ad + mors death. See Mortmain]. 1. To make as if dead; to destroy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Law) Defn: To alienate in mortmain, that is, to convey to a corporation. See Mortmain. 3. To clear off or extinguish, as a debt, usually by means of a sinking fund. AMORTIZEMENT A*mor"tize*ment, n. Etym: [F. amortissement.] Defn: Same as Amortization. AMORWE A*mor"we, adv. Etym: [Pref. a- on + OE. morwe. See Morrow.] 1. In the morning. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. On the following morning. [Obs.] Chaucer. AMOTION A*mo"tion, n. Etym: [L. amotio. See Amove.] 1. Removal; ousting; especially, the removal of a corporate officer from his office. 2. Deprivation of possession. AMOTUS A*mo"tus, a. Etym: [L., withdrawn (from it (Zoöl.) Defn: Elevated, -- as a toe, when raised so high that the tip does not touch the ground. AMOUNT A*mount", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Amounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Amounting.] Etym: [OF. amonter to increase, advance, ascend, fr. amont (equiv. to L. ad montem to the mountain) upward, F. amont up the river. See Mount, n.] 1. To go up; to ascend. [Obs.] So up he rose, and thence amounted straight. Spenser. 2. To rise or reach by an accumulation of particular sums or quantities; to come (to) in the aggregate or whole; -- with to or unto. 3. To rise, reach, or extend in effect, substance, or influence; to be equivalent; to come practically (to); as, the testimony amounts to very little. AMOUNT A*mount", v. t. Defn: To signify; to amount to. [Obs.] AMOUNT A*mount", n. 1. The sum total of two or more sums or quantities; the aggregate; the whole quantity; a totality; as, the amount of 7 and 9 is 16; the amount of a bill; the amount of this year's revenue. 2. The effect, substance, value, significance, or result; the sum; as, the amount of the testimony is this. The whole amount of that enormous fame. Pope. AMOUR A*mour", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. amor love.] 1. Love; affection. [Obs.] 2. Love making; a love affair; usually, an unlawful connection in love; a love intrigue; an illicit love affair. In amours with, in love with. [Obs.] AMOUR PROPRE A"mour` pro"pre. Etym: [F.] Defn: Self-love; self-esteem. AMOVABILITY A*mov`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Liability to be removed or dismissed from office. [R.] T. Jefferson. AMOVABLE A*mov"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. amovible.] Defn: Removable. AMOVE A*move", v. t. Etym: [L. amovere; a- (ab) + movere to move: cf. OF. amover.] 1. To remove, as a person or thing, from a position. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. (Law) Defn: To dismiss from an office or station. AMOVE A*move", v. t. & i. Etym: [OE. amovir, L. admovere to move to, to excite; ad + movere.] Defn: To move or be moved; to excite. [Obs.] Spenser. AMPELITE Am"pe*lite, n. Etym: [L. ampelitis, Gr. (Min.) Defn: An earth abounding in pyrites, used by the ancients to kill insects, etc., on vines; -- applied by Brongniart to a carbonaceous alum schist. AMPELOPSIS Am`pe*lop"sis (am`pe*lop"sis), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a`mpelos vine + 'o`psis appearance.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus formerly including the Virginia creeper. AMPERAGE Am*per"age, n. (Elec.) Defn: The strength of a current of electricity carried by a conductor or generated by a machine, measured in ampères. AMPERE; AMPERE Am`père", Am*pere", n. Etym: [From the name of a French electrician.] (Elec.) Defn: The unit of electric current; -- defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893 and by U. S. Statute as, one tenth of the unit of current of the C. G. S. system of electro-magnetic units, or the practical equivalent of the unvarying current which, when passed through a standard solution of nitrate of silver in water, deposits silver at the rate of 0.001118 grams per second. Called also the international ampère. AMPERE FOOT Am`père" foot. (Elec.) Defn: A unit, employed in calculating fall of pressure in distributing mains, equivalent to a current of one ampère flowing through one foot of conductor. AMPERE HOUR; AMPERE MINUTE; AMPERE SECOND Ampère hour. (Elec.) Defn: The quantity of electricity delivered in one hour by a current whose average strength is one ampère. It is used as a unit of quantity, and is equal to 3600 coulombs. The terms Ampère minute and Ampère second are sometimes similarly used. AMPEREMETER; AMPEROMETER Am`père"me`ter, Am`pe*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Ampère + meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the strength of an electrical current in ampères. AMPERE TURN Ampère turn. (Elec.) Defn: A unit equal to the product of one complete convolution (of a coiled conductor) into one ampère of current; thus, a conductor having five convolutions and carrying a current of half an ampère is said to have 2½ ampère turns. The magnetizing effect of a coil is proportional to the number of its ampère turns. AMPERSAND Am"per*sand, n. Etym: [A corruption of and, per se and, i. e., & by itself makes and.] Defn: A word used to describe the character Halliwell. AMPHI- Am*phi-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A prefix in words of Greek origin, signifying both, of both kinds, on both sides, about, around. AMPHIARTHRODIAL Am`phi*ar*thro"di*al, a. Etym: [Pref. amphi- + arthrodial.] Defn: Characterized by amphiarthrosis. AMPHIARTHROSIS Am`phi*ar*thro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A form of articulation in which the bones are connected by intervening substance admitting slight motion; symphysis. AMPHIASTER Am"phi*as`ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The achromatic figure, formed in mitotic cell-division, consisting of two asters connected by a spindle-shaped bundle of rodlike fibers diverging from each aster, and called the spindle. AMPHIBIA Am*phib"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [See Amphibium.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the classes of vertebrates. Note: The Amphibia are distinguished by having usually no scales, by having eggs and embryos similar to those of fishes, and by undergoing a complete metamorphosis, the young having gills. There are three living orders: (1) The tailless, as the frogs (Anura); (2) The tailed (Urodela), as the salamanders, and the siren group (Sirenoidea), which retain the gills of the young state (hence called Perennibranchiata) through the adult state, among which are the siren, proteus, etc.; (3) The Coecilians, or serpentlike Amphibia (Ophiomorpha or Gymnophiona), with minute scales and without limbs. The extinct Labyrinthodonts also belonged to this class. The term is sometimes loosely applied to both reptiles and amphibians collectively. AMPHIBIAL Am*phib"i*al (-al), a. & n. Defn: Amphibian. [R.] AMPHIBIAN Am*phib"i*an (-an), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Amphibia; as, amphibian reptiles. AMPHIBIAN Am*phib"i*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Amphibia. AMPHIBIOLOGICAL Am*phib`i*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to amphibiology. AMPHIBIOLOGY Am*phib`i*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. amphibiologie.] Defn: A treatise on amphibious animals; the department of natural history which treats of the Amphibia. AMPHIBIOTICA Am*phib`i*ot"i*ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of insects having aquatic larvæ. AMPHIBIOUS Am*phib"i*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. i. e., both on land in water; 1. Having the ability to live both on land and in water, as frogs, crocodiles, beavers, and some plants. 2. Pertaining to, adapted for, or connected with, both land and water. The amphibious character of the Greeks was already determined: they were to be lords of land and sea. Hare. 3. Of a mixed nature; partaking of two natures. Not in free and common socage, but in this amphibious subordinate class of villein socage. Blackstone. AMPHIBIOUSLY Am*phib"i*ous*ly, adv. Defn: Like an amphibious being. AMPHIBIUM Am*phib"i*um, n.; pl. L. Amphibia; E. Amphibiums. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Amphibious.] Defn: An amphibian. AMPHIBLASTIC Am`phi*blas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Segmenting unequally; -- said of telolecithal ova with complete segmentation. AMPHIBOLE Am"phi*bole, n. Etym: [Gr. amphibole. Haüy so named the genus from the great variety of color and composition assumed by the mineral.] (Min.) Defn: A common mineral embracing many varieties varying in color and in composition. It occurs in monoclinic crystals; also massive, generally with fibrous or columnar structure. The color varies from white to gray, green, brown, and black. It is a silicate of magnesium and calcium, with usually aluminium and iron. Some common varieties are tremolite, actinolite, asbestus, edenite, hornblende (the last name being also used as a general term for the whole species). Amphibole is a constituent of many crystalline rocks, as syenite, diorite, most varieties of trachyte, etc. See Hornblende. AMPHIBOLIC Am`phi*bol"ic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to amphiboly; ambiguous; equivocal. 2. Of or resembling the mineral amphibole. AMPHIBOLOGICAL Am*phib`o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of doubtful meaning; ambiguous. "Amphibological expressions." Jer. Taylor. -- Am*phib`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. AMPHIBOLOGY Am`phi*bol"o*gy, n.; pl. Amphibologies. Etym: [L. amphibologia, for amphibolia, fr. Gr. logia as if fr. Gr. amphibologie. See Amphiboly.] Defn: A phrase, discourse, or proposition, susceptible of two interpretations; and hence, of uncertain meaning. It differs from equivocation, which arises from the twofold sense of a single term. AMPHIBOLOUS Am*phib"o*lous, a. Etym: [L. amphibolus, Gr. Amphibole.] 1. Ambiguous; doubtful. [Obs.] Never was there such an amphibolous quarrel -- both parties declaring themselves for the king. Howell. 2. (Logic) Defn: Capable of two meanings. An amphibolous sentence is one that is capable of two meanings, not from the double sense of any of the words, but from its admitting of a double construction; e. g., "The duke yet lives that Henry shall depose." Whately. AMPHIBOLY Am*phib"o*ly, n.; pl. Amphibolies. Etym: [L. amphibolia, Gr. amphibolie. See Amphibolous.] Defn: Ambiguous discourse; amphibology. If it oracle contrary to our interest or humor, we will create an amphiboly, a double meaning where there is none. Whitlock. AMPHIBRACH Am"phi*brach, n. Etym: [L. (Anc. Pros.) Defn: A foot of three syllables, the middle one long, the first and last short (as, h. In modern prosody the accented syllable takes the place of the long and the unaccented of the short; as, pro-phet''ic. AMPHICARPIC; AMPHICARPOUS Am`phi*car"pic, Am`phi*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Producing fruit of two kinds, either as to form or time of ripening. AMPHICHROIC Am`phi*chro"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Exhibiting or producing two colors, as substances which in the color test may change red litmus to blue and blue litmus to red. AMPHICOELIAN; AMPHICOELOUS Am`phi*coe"li*an, Am`phi*coe"lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having both ends concave; biconcave; -- said of vertebræ. AMPHICOME Am"phi*come, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A kind of figured stone, rugged and beset with eminences, anciently used in divination. [Obs.] Encyc. Brit. AMPHICTYONIC Am*phic`ty*on"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Amphictyons or their League or Council; as, an Amphictyonic town or state; the Amphictyonic body. W. Smith. AMPHICTYONS Am*phic"ty*ons, n. pl. Etym: [L. Amphictyones, Gr. (Grecian Hist.) Defn: Deputies from the confederated states of ancient Greece to a congress or council. They considered both political and religious matters. AMPHICTYONY Am*phic"ty*o*ny, n.; pl. Amphictyonies. Etym: [Gr. (Grecian Hist.) Defn: A league of states of ancient Greece; esp. the celebrated confederation known as the Amphictyonic Council. Its object was to maintain the common interests of Greece. AMPHID Am"phid, n. Etym: [Gr. amphide.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of the class formed by the combination of an acid and a base, or by the union of two oxides, two sulphides, selenides, or tellurides, as distinguished from a haloid compound. [R.] Berzelius. AMPHIDISC Am"phi*disc, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar small siliceous spicule having a denticulated wheel at each end; -- found in freshwater sponges. AMPHIDROMICAL Am`phi*drom"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to an Attic festival at the naming of a child; -- so called because the friends of the parents carried the child around the hearth and then named it. AMPHIGAMOUS Am*phig"a*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having a structure entirely cellular, and no distinct sexual organs; -- a term applied by De Candolle to the lowest order of plants. AMPHIGEAN Am`phi*ge"an, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Extending over all the zones, from the tropics to the polar zones inclusive. AMPHIGEN Am"phi*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen: cf. F. amphigène.] (Chem.) Defn: An element that in combination produces amphid salt; -- applied by Berzelius to oxygen, sulphur, selenium, and tellurium. [R.] AMPHIGENE Am"phi*gene, n. (Min.) Defn: Leucite. AMPHIGENESIS Am`phi*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Sexual generation; amphigony. AMPHIGENOUS Am*phig"e*nous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Increasing in size by growth on all sides, as the lichens. AMPHIGONIC Am`phi*gon"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to amphigony; sexual; as, amphigonic propagation. [R.] AMPHIGONOUS Am*phig"o*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Relating to both parents. [R.] AMPHIGONY Am*phig"o*ny, n. Defn: Sexual propagation. [R.] AMPHIGORIC Am`phi*gor"ic, a. Etym: [See Amphigory.] Defn: Nonsensical; absurd; pertaining to an amphigory. AMPHIGORY Am"phi*go*ry, n. Etym: [F. amphigouri, of uncertain derivation; perh. fr. Gr. Defn: A nonsense verse; a rigmarole, with apparent meaning, which on further attention proves to be meaningless. [Written also amphigouri.] AMPHILOGISM; AMPHILOGY Am*phil"o*gism, Am*phil"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: Ambiguity of speech; equivocation. [R.] AMPHIMACER Am*phim"a*cer, n. Etym: [L. amphimacru, Gr. (Anc. Pros.) Defn: A foot of three syllables, the middle one short and the others long, as in cast. Andrews. AMPHINEURA Am`phi*neu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Mollusca remarkable for the bilateral symmetry of the organs and the arrangement of the nerves. AMPHIOXUS Am`phi*ox"us, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fishlike creature (Amphioxus lanceolatus), two or three inches long, found in temperature seas; -- also called the lancelet. Its body is pointed at both ends. It is the lowest and most generalized of the vertebrates, having neither brain, skull, vertebræ, nor red blood. It forms the type of the group Acrania, Leptocardia, etc. AMPHIPNEUST Am*phip"neust, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a tribe of Amphibia, which have both lungs and gills at the same time, as the proteus and siren. AMPHIPOD Am"phi*pod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Amphipoda. AMPHIPOD; AMPHIPODAN Am"phi*pod, Am*phip"o*dan, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Amphipoda. AMPHIPODA Am*phip"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., FR. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A numerous group of fourteen -- footed Crustacea, inhabiting both fresh and salt water. The body is usually compressed laterally, and the anterior pairs or legs are directed downward and forward, but the posterior legs are usually turned upward and backward. The beach flea is an example. See Tetradecapoda and Arthrostraca. AMPHIPODOUS Am*phip"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Amphipoda. AMPHIPROSTYLE Am*phip"ro*style, a. Etym: [L. amphiprostylos, Gr. amphiprostyle. See Prostyle.] (Arch.) Defn: Doubly prostyle; having columns at each end, but not at the sides. -- n. Defn: An amphiprostyle temple or edifice. AMPHIRHINA Am`phi*rhi"na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A name applied to the elasmobranch fishes, because the nasal sac is double. AMPHISBAENA Am`phis*bæ"na, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. A fabled serpent with a head at each end, moving either way. Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of harmless lizards, serpentlike in form, without legs, and with both ends so much alike that they appear to have a head at each, and ability to move either way. See Illustration in Appendix. Note: The Gordius aquaticus, or hairworm, has been called an amphisbæna; but it belongs among the worms. AMPHISBAENOID Am`phis*bæ"noid, a. Etym: [NL., fr. L. amphisbaena + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the lizards of the genus Amphisbæna. AMPHISCII; AMPHISCIANS Am*phis"ci*i, Am*phis"cians, n. pl. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The inhabitants of the tropic, whose shadows in one part of the year are cast to the north, and in the other to the south, according as the sun is south or north of their zenith. AMPHISTOMOUS Am*phis"to*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a sucker at each extremity, as certain entozoa, by means of which they adhere. AMPHISTYLIC Am`phi*sty"lic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the mandibular arch articulated with the hyoid arch and the cranium, as in the cestraciont sharks; -- said of a skull. AMPHITHEATER; AMPHITHEATRE Am`phi*the"a*ter, Am`phi*the"a*tre,, n. Etym: [L. amphitheatrum, fr. Gr. amphithé\'83tre. See Theater.] 1. An oval or circular building with rising tiers of seats about an open space called the arena. Note: The Romans first constructed amphitheaters for combats of gladiators and wild beasts. 2. Anything resembling an amphitheater in form; as, a level surrounded by rising slopes or hills, or a rising gallery in a theater. AMPHITHEATRAL Am`phi*the"a*tral, a. Etym: [L. amphitheatralis: cf. F. amphithé\'83tral.] Defn: Amphitheatrical; resembling an amphitheater. AMPHITHEATRIC; AMPHITHEATRICAL Am`phi*the*at"ric, Am`phi*the*at"ric*al, a. Etym: [L. amphitheatricus.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, exhibited in, or resembling, an amphitheater. AMPHITHEATRICALLY Am`phi*the*at"ric*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the form or manner of an amphitheater. AMPHITROCHA Am*phit"ro*cha, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of annelid larva having both a dorsal and a ventral circle of special cilia. AMPHITROPAL; AMPHITROPOUS Am*phit"ro*pal, Am*phit"ro*pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having the ovule inverted, but with the attachment near the middle of one side; half anatropous. AMPHIUMA Am`phi*u"ma, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of amphibians, inhabiting the Southern United States, having a serpentlike form, but with four minute limbs and two persistent gill openings; the Congo snake. AMPHOPEPTONE Am`pho*pep"tone, n. Etym: [Gr. peptone.] (Physiol.) Defn: A product of gastric digestion, a mixture of hemipeptone and antipeptone. AMPHORA Am"pho*ra, n.; pl. Amophoræ. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Ampul.] Defn: Among the ancients, a two-handled vessel, tapering at the bottom, used for holding wine, oil, etc. AMPHORAL Am"pho*ral, a. Etym: [L. amphoralis.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, an amphora. AMPHORIC Am*phor"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Produced by, or indicating, a cavity in the lungs, not filled, and giving a sound like that produced by blowing into an empty decanter; as, amphoric respiration or resonance. AMPHOTERIC Am`pho*ter"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Partly one and partly the other; neither acid nor alkaline; neutral. [R.] Smart. AMPLE Am"ple, a. Etym: [F. ample, L. amplus, prob. for ambiplus full on both sides, the last syllable akin to L. plenus full. See Full, and cf. Double.] Defn: Large; great in size, extent, capacity, or bulk; spacious; roomy; widely extended. All the people in that ample house Did to that image bow their humble knees. Spenser. 2. Fully sufficient; abundant; liberal; copious; as, an ample fortune; ample justice. 3. Not contracted of brief; not concise; extended; diffusive; as, an ample narrative. Johnson. Syn. -- Full; spacious; extensive; wide; capacious; abundant; plentiful; plenteous; copious; bountiful; rich; liberal; munificent. -- Ample, Copious, Abundant, Plenteous. These words agree in representing a thing as large, but under different relations, according to the image which is used. Ample implies largeness, producing a sufficiency or fullness of supply for every want; as, ample stores or resources, ample provision. Copious carries with it the idea of flow, or of collection at a single point; as, a copious supply of materials. "Copious matter of my song." Milton. Abundant and plenteous refer to largeness of quantity; as, abundant stores; plenteous harvests. AMPLECTANT Am*plec"tant, a. Etym: [L. amplecti to embrace.] (Bot.) Defn: Clasping a support; as, amplectant tendrils. Gray. AMPLENESS Am"ple*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being ample; largeness; fullness; completeness. AMPLEXATION Am`plex*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. amplexari to embrace.] Defn: An embrace. [Obs.] An humble amplexation of those sacred feet. Bp. Hall. AMPLEXICAUL Am*plex"i*caul, a. Etym: [L. amplexus, p. p. of amplecti to encircle, to embrace + caulis stem: cf. F. amplexicaule.] (Bot.) Defn: Clasping or embracing a stem, as the base of some leaves. Gray. AMPLIATE Am"pli*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. ampliatus, p. p. of ampliare to make wider, fr. amplus. See Ample.] Defn: To enlarge. [R.] To maintain and ampliate the external possessions of your empire. Udall. AMPLIATE Am"pli*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the outer edge prominent; said of the wings of insects. AMPLIATION Am`pli*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. ampliatio: cf. F. ampliation.] 1. Enlargement; amplification. [R.] 2. (Civil Law) Defn: A postponement of the decision of a cause, for further consideration or re-argument. AMPLIATIVE Am"pli*a*tive, a. (Logic) Defn: Enlarging a conception by adding to that which is already known or received. "All bodies possess power of attraction" is an ampliative judgment; because we can think of bodies without thinking of attraction as one of their immediate primary attribute. Abp. W. Thomson. AMPLIFICATE Am*plif"i*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. amplificatus, p. p. of amplificare.] Defn: To amplify. [Obs.] Bailey. AMPLIFICATION Am`pli*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. amplificatio.] 1. The act of amplifying or enlarging in dimensions; enlargement; extension. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: The enlarging of a simple statement by particularity of description, the use of epithets, etc., for rhetorical effect; diffuse narrative or description, or a dilating upon all the particulars of a subject. Exaggeration is a species of amplification. Brande & C. I shall summarily, without any amplification at all, show in what manner defects have been supplied. Sir J. Davies. 3. The matter by which a statement is amplified; as, the subject was presented without amplifications. AMPLIFICATIVE Am*plif"i*ca*tive, a. Defn: Amplificatory. AMPLIFICATORY Am*plif"i*ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Serving to amplify or enlarge; amplificative. Morell. AMPLIFIER Am"pli*fi`er, n. Defn: One who or that which amplifies. AMPLIFY Am"pli*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amplified; p. pr. & vb. n. Amplifying.] Etym: [F. amplifier, L. amplificare. See Ample, -fy.] 1. To render larger, more extended, or more intense, and the like; -- used especially of telescopes, microscopes, etc. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: To enlarge by addition or discussion; to treat copiously by adding particulars, illustrations, etc.; to expand; to make much of. Troilus and Cressida was written by a Lombard author, but much amplified by our English translator. Dryden. AMPLIFY Am"pli*fy, v. i. 1. To become larger. [Obs.] Strait was the way at first, withouten light, But further in did further amplify. Fairfax. 2. To speak largely or copiously; to be diffuse in argument or description; to dilate; to expatiate; -- often with on or upon. Watts. He must often enlarge and amplify upon the subject he handles. South. AMPLITUDE Am"pli*tude, n. Etym: [L. amplitudo, fr. amplus: cf. F. amplitude. See Ample.] 1. State of being ample; extent of surface or space; largeness of dimensions; size. The cathedral of Lincoln . . . is a magnificent structure, proportionable to the amplitude of the diocese. Fuller. 2. Largeness, in a figurative sense; breadth; abundance; fullness. (a) Of extent of capacity or intellectual powers. "Amplitude of mind." Milton. "Amplitude of comprehension." Macaulay. (b) Of extent of means or resources. "Amplitude of reward." Bacon. 3. (Astron.) (a) The arc of the horizon between the true east or west point and the center of the sun, or a star, at its rising or setting. At the rising, the amplitude is eastern or ortive: at the setting, it is western, occiduous, or occasive. It is also northern or southern, when north or south of the equator. (b) The arc of the horizon between the true east or west point and the foot of the vertical circle passing through any star or object. 4. (Gun.) Defn: The horizontal line which measures the distance to which a projectile is thrown; the range. 5. (Physics) Defn: The extent of a movement measured from the starting point or position of equilibrium; -- applied especially to vibratory movements. 6. (math.) Defn: An angle upon which the value of some function depends; -- a term used more especially in connection with elliptic functions. Magnetic amplitude, the angular distance of a heavenly body, when on the horizon, from the magnetic east or west point as indicated by the compass. The difference between the magnetic and the true or astronomical amplitude (see 3 above) is the "variation of the compass." AMPLY Am"ply, adv. Defn: In an ample manner. AMPUL Am"pul, n. Etym: [AS. ampella, ampolla, L. ampulla: cf. OF. ampolle, F. ampoule.] Defn: Same as Ampulla, 2. AMPULLA Am*pul"la, n.; pl. Ampullæ. Etym: [L. ] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A narrow-necked vessel having two handles and bellying out like a jug. 2. (Eccl.) (a) A cruet for the wine and water at Mass. (b) The vase in which the holy oil for chrism, unction, or coronation is kept. Shipley. 3. (Biol.) Defn: Any membranous bag shaped like a leathern bottle, as the dilated end of a vessel or duct; especially the dilations of the semicircular canals of the ear. AMPULLACEOUS Am`pul*la"ceous, a. Etym: [L. ampullaceus, fr. ampulla.] Defn: Like a bottle or inflated bladder; bottle-shaped; swelling. Kirby. Ampullaceous sac (Zoöl.), one of the peculiar cavities in the tissues of sponges, containing the zooidal cells. AMPULLAR; AMPULLARY Am"pul*lar, Am`pul*la*ry, a. Defn: Resembling an ampulla. AMPULLATE; AMPULLATED Am"pul*late, Am"pul*la`ted a. Defn: Having an ampulla; flask-shaped; bellied. AMPULLIFORM Am*pul"li*form, a. Etym: [Ampulla + -form.] Defn: Flask-shaped; dilated. AMPUTATE Am"pu*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amputated; p. pr. & vb. n. Amputating.] Etym: [L. amputatus, p. p. of amputare: amb- + putare to prune, putus clean, akin to E. pure. See Putative.] 1. To prune or lop off, as branches or tendrils. 2. (Surg.) Defn: To cut off (a limb or projecting part (of the body). Wiseman. AMPUTATION Am`pu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. amputatio: cf. F. amputation.] Defn: The act amputating; esp. the operation of cutting of a limb or projecting part of the body. AMPUTATOR Am"pu*ta"tor, n. Defn: One who amputates. AMPYX Am"pyx, n. Etym: [Gr. (Greek Antiq.) Defn: A woman's headband (sometimes of metal), for binding the front hair. AMRITA Am*ri"ta, n. Etym: [Skr. amrita.] (Hind. Myth.) Defn: Immorality; also, the nectar conferring immortality. -- a. Ambrosial; immortal. AMSEL; AMZEL Am"sel, Am"zel, n. Etym: [Ger. See Ousel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European ring ousel (Turdus torquatus). AMT Amt, n.; pl. Amter (#), E. Amts (#). [Dan. & Norw., fr. G.] Defn: An administrative territorial division in Denmark and Norway. Each of the provinces [of Denmark] is divided into several amts, answering . . . to the English hundreds. Encyc. Brit. AMUCK A*muck", a. & adv. Etym: [Malay amoq furious.] Defn: In a frenzied and reckless. To run amuck, to rush out in a state of frenzy, as the Malays sometimes do under the influence of "bhang," and attack every one that comes in the way; to assail recklessly and indiscriminately. Satire's my weapon, but I'm too discreet To run amuck, and tilt at all I meet. Pope. AMULET Am"u*let, n. Etym: [L. amuletum: cf. F. amulette.] Defn: An ornament, gem, or scroll, or a package containing a relic, etc., worn as a charm or preservative against evils or mischief, such as diseases and witchcraft, and generally inscribed with mystic forms or characters. Note: [Also used figuratively.] AMULETIC Am`u*let"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an amulet; operating as a charm. AMURCOUS A*mur"cous, a. Etym: [LL. amurcous, L. amurca the dregs of olives, Gr. Defn: Full off dregs; foul. [R.] Knowles. AMUSABLE A*mus"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. amusable.] Defn: Capable of being amused. AMUSE A*muse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amused; p. pr. & vb. n. Amusing.] Etym: [F. amuser to make stay, to detain, to amuse, ad) + OF. muser. See Muse, v.] 1. To occupy or engage the attention of; to lose in deep thought; to absorb; also, to distract; to bewilder. [Obs.] Camillus set upon the Gauls when they were amused in receiving their gold. Holland. Being amused with grief, fear, and fright, he could not find the house. Fuller. 2. To entertain or occupy in a pleasant manner; to stir with pleasing or mirthful emotions; to divert. A group children amusing themselves with pushing stones from the top [of the cliff], and watching as they plunged into the lake. Gilpin. 3. To keep in extraction; to beguile; to delude. He amused his followers with idle promises. Johnson. Syn. -- To entertain; gratify; please; divert; beguile; deceive; occupy. -- To Amuse, Divert, Entertain. We are amused by that which occupies us lightly and pleasantly. We are entertained by that which brings our minds into agreeable contact with others, as conversation, or a book. We are diverted by that which turns off our thoughts to something of livelier interest, especially of a sportive nature, as a humorous story, or a laughable incident. Whatever amuses serves to kill time, to lull the faculties, and to banish reflection. Whatever entertains usually a wakens the understanding or gratifies the fancy. Whatever diverts is lively in its nature, and sometimes tumultuous in its effects. Crabb. AMUSE A*muse", v. i. Defn: To muse; to mediate. [Obs.] AMUSED A*mused", a. 1. Diverted. 2. Expressing amusement; as, an amused look. AMUSEMENT A*muse"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. amusement.] 1. Deep thought; muse. [Obs.] Here I . . . fell into a strong and deep amusement, revolving in my mind, with great perplexity, the amazing change of our affairs. Fleetwood. 2. The state of being amused; pleasurable excitement; that which amuses; diversion. His favorite amusements were architecture and gardening. Macaulay. Syn. -- Diversion; entertainment; recreation; relaxation; pastime; sport. AMUSER A*mus"er, n. Defn: One who amuses. AMUSETTE Am`u*sette", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A light field cannon, or stocked gun mounted on a swivel. AMUSING A*mus"ing, a. Defn: Giving amusement; diverting; as, an amusing story. -- A*mus"ing*ly, adv. AMUSIVE A*mu"sive, a. Defn: Having power to amuse or entertain the mind; fitted to excite mirth. [R.] -- A*mu"sive*ly, adv. -- A*mu"sive*ness, n. AMVIS Am"vis, n. [Ammonium (nitrate) + L. vis strength, force.] Defn: An explosive consisting of ammonium nitrate, a derivative of nitrobenzene, chlorated napthalene, and wood meal. AMY A*my", n. Etym: [F. ami, fr. L. amicus.] Defn: A friend. [Obs.] Chaucer. AMYELOUS A*my"e*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Wanting the spinal cord. AMYGDALA A*myg"da*la (a*mig"da*la), n.; pl. -læ (-le). [L., an almond, fr. Gr. 'amygda`lh. See Almond.] 1. An almond. 2. (Anat.) (a) One of the tonsils of the pharynx. (b) One of the rounded prominences of the lower surface of the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum, each side of the vallecula. AMYGDALACEOUS A*myg`da*la"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Akin to, or derived from, the almond. AMYGDALATE A*myg"da*late, a. Etym: [L. amygdala, amygdalum, almond, Gr. Almond.] Defn: Pertaining to, resembling, or made of, almonds. AMYGDALATE A*myg"da*late, n. 1. (Med.) Defn: An emulsion made of almonds; milk of almonds. Bailey. Coxe. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A salt amygdalic acid. AMYGDALIC Am`yg*dal"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to almonds; derived from amygdalin; as, amygdalic acid. AMYGDALIFEROUS A*myg`da*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. amygdalum almond + -ferous.] Defn: Almond-bearing. AMYGDALIN A*myg"da*lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside extracted from bitter almonds as a white, crystalline substance. AMYGDALINE A*myg"da*line, a. Etym: [L. amygdalinus.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, almonds. AMYGDALOID A*myg"da*loid, n. Etym: [Gr. -oid: cf. F. amygdaloïde.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of trap or basaltic rock, containing small cavities, occupied, wholly or in part, by nodules or geodes of different minerals, esp. agates, quartz, calcite, and the zeolites. When the imbedded minerals are detached or removed by decomposition, it is porous, like lava. AMYGDALOID; AMYGDALOIDAL A*myg"da*loid, A*myg`da*loid"al, a. 1. Almond-shaped. 2. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, the rock amygdaloid. AMYL Am"yl, n. Etym: [L. amylum starch + -yl. Cf. Amidin.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon radical, C5H11, of the paraffine series found in amyl alcohol or fusel oil, etc. AMYLACEOUS Am`y*la"ceous, a. Etym: [L. amylum starch, Gr. Amidin.] Defn: Pertaining to starch; of the nature of starch; starchy. AMYL ALCOHOL Am"yl al"co*hol. (Org. Chem.) Defn: Any of eight isomeric liquid compounds, C5H11OH; ordinarily, a mixture of two of these forming a colorless liquid with a peculiar cough-exciting odor and burning taste, the chief constituent of fusel oil. It is used as a source of amyl compounds, such as amyl acetate, amyl nitrite, etc. AMYLATE Am"y*late, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of the radical amyl with oxygen and a positive atom or radical. AMYLENE Am"y*lene, n. (Chem.) Defn: One of a group of metameric hydrocarbons, C5H10, of the ethylene series. The colorless, volatile, mobile liquid commonly called amylene is a mixture of different members of the group. AMYLIC A*myl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, amyl; as, amylic ether. Amylic alcohol (Chem.), one of the series of alcohols, a transparent, colorless liquid, having a peculiar odor. It is the hydroxide of amyl. -- Amylic fermentation (Chem.), a process of fermentation in starch or sugar in which amylic alcohol is produced. Gregory. AMYL NITRITE Amyl nitrite. Defn: A yellowish oily volatile liquid, C5H11NO2, used in medicine as a heart stimulant and a vasodilator. The inhalation of its vapor instantly produces flushing of the face. AMYLOBACTER Am`y*lo*bac"ter, n. Etym: [L. amylum starch + NL. bacterium. See Bacterium.] (Biol.) Defn: A microörganism (Bacillus amylobacter) which develops in vegetable tissue during putrefaction. Sternberg. AMYLOGEN A*myl"o*gen, n. [Amylum + -gen.] (Chem.) Defn: That part of the starch granule or granulose which is soluble in water. AMYLOGENESIS Am`y*lo*gen"e*sis, n. [Amylum + genesis.] Defn: The formation of starch. AMYLOGENIC Am`y*lo*gen"ic, a. 1. Of or pert. to amylogen. 2. Forming starch; -- applied specif. to leucoplasts. AMYLOID Am"y*loid, n. 1. A non-nitrogenous starchy food; a starchlike substance. 2. (Med.) Defn: The substance deposited in the organs in amyloid degeneration. AMYLOID; AMYLOIDAL Am"y*loid, Am`y*loid"al, a. Etym: [L. amylum starch + -oid.] Defn: Resembling or containing amyl; starchlike. Amyloid degeneration (Med.), a diseased condition of various organs of the body, produced by the deposit of an albuminous substance, giving a blue color with iodine and sulphuric acid; -- called also waxy or lardaceous degeneration. AMYLOLYSIS Am`y*lol"y*sis, n. [Amylum + Gr. a loosing.] (Chem.) Defn: The conversion of starch into soluble products, as dextrins and sugar, esp. by the action of enzymes. -- Am`y*lo*lyt"ic (#), a. AMYLOLYTIC Am`y*lo*ly"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Effecting the conversion of starch into soluble dextrin and sugar; as, an amylolytic ferment. Foster. AMYLOMETER Am`y*lom"e*ter, n. [Amylum + -meter.] Defn: Instrument for determining the amount of starch in a substance. AMYLOPLASTIC Am`y*lo*plas"tic, a. [Amylum + -plastic.] Defn: Starch-forming; amylogenic. AMYLOPSIN Am`y*lop"sin, n. [Amylum + Gr. appearance.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The diastase of the pancreatic juice. AMYLOSE Am`y*lose", n. (Chem.) Defn: One of the starch group (C6H10O5)n of the carbohydrates; as, starch, arabin, dextrin, cellulose, etc. AMYOUS Am"y*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Wanting in muscle; without flesh. AMYSS Am"yss, n. Defn: Same as Amice, a hood or cape. AN An. Etym: [AS. an one, the same word as the numeral. See One, and cf. A.] Defn: This word is properly an adjective, but is commonly called the indefinite article. It is used before nouns of the singular number only, and signifies one, or any, but somewhat less emphatically. In such expressions as "twice an hour," "once an age," a shilling an ounce (see 2d A, 2), it has a distributive force, and is equivalent to each, every. Note: An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound; as, an enemy, an hour. It in also often used before h sounded, when the accent of the word falls on the second syllable; as, an historian, an hyena, an heroic deed. Many writers use a before h in such positions. Anciently an was used before consonants as well as vowels. AN An, conj. Etym: [Shortened fr. and, OE. an., and, sometimes and if, in introducing conditional clauses, like Icel. enda if, the same word as and. Prob. and was originally pleonastic before the conditional clause.] Defn: If; -- a word used by old English authors. Shak. Nay, an thou dalliest, then I am thy foe. B. Jonson. An if, and if; if. ANA- An"a-. Etym: [/Gr. in comp., on, up, upwards.] Defn: A prefix in words from the Greek, denoting up, upward, throughout, backward, back, again, anew. ANA A"na, adv. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Of each; an equal quantity; as, wine and honey, ana (or, contracted, aa), ., that is, of wine and honey, each, two ounces. An apothecary with a . . . long bill of anas. Dryden. ANA *a"na. Etym: [The neut. pl. ending of Latin adjectives in -anus.] Defn: A suffix to names of persons or places, used to denote a collection of notable sayings, literary gossip, anecdotes, etc. Thus, Scaligerana is a book containing the sayings of Scaliger, Johnsoniana of Johnson, etc. Note: Used also as a substantive; as, the French anas. It has been said that the table-talk of Selden is worth all the ana of the Continent. Hallam. -ANA -a"na. [The neut. pl. ending of Latin adjectives in -anus.] Defn: A suffix to names of persons or places, used to denote a collection of notable sayings, literary gossip, anecdotes, etc. Thus, Scaligerana is a book containing the sayings of Scaliger, Johnsoniana of Johnson, etc. Used also as a substantive; as, the French anas. It has been said that the table-talk of Selden is worth all the ana of the Continent. Hallam. ANABAPTISM An`a*bap"tism, n. Etym: [L. anabaptismus, Gr. anabaptisme. See Anabaptize.] Defn: The doctrine of the Anabaptists. ANABAPTIST An`a*bap"tist, n. Etym: [LL. anabaptista, fr. Gr. as if : cf. F. anabaptiste.] Defn: A name sometimes applied to a member of any sect holding that rebaptism is necessary for those baptized in infancy. Note: In church history, the name Anabaptists usually designates a sect of fanatics who greatly disturbed the peace of Germany, the Netherlands, etc., in the Reformation period. In more modern times the name has been applied to those who do not regard infant baptism as real and valid baptism. ANABAPTISTIC; ANABAPTISTICAL An`a*bap*tis"tic, An`a*bap*tis"tic*al, a. Defn: Relating or attributed to the Anabaptists, or their doctrines. Milton. Bp. Bull. ANABAPTISTRY An`a*bap"tist*ry, n. Defn: The doctrine, system, or practice, of Anabaptists. [R.] Thus died this imaginary king; and Anabaptistry was suppressed in Munster. Pagitt. ANABAPTIZE An`a*bap*tize", v. t. Etym: [Gr. Baptize.] Defn: To rebaptize; to rechristen; also, to rename. [R.] Whitlock. ANABAS An"a*bas, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fishes, remarkable for their power of living long out of water, and of making their way on land for considerable distances, and for climbing trees; the climbing fishes. ANABASIS A*nab"a*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A journey or expedition up from the coast, like that of the younger Cyrus into Central Asia, described by Xenophon in his work called "The Anabasis." The anabasis of Napoleon. De Quincey. 2. (Med.) Defn: The first period, or increase, of a disease; augmentation. [Obs.] ANABATIC An`a*bat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to anabasis; as, an anabatic fever. [Obs.] ANABOLIC An`a*bol"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Pertaining to anabolism; an anabolic changes, or processes, more or less constructive in their nature. ANABOLISM A*nab"o*lism, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The constructive metabolism of the body, as distinguished from katabolism. ANABRANCH An"a*branch, n. [Anastomosing + branch.] Defn: A branch of a river that reënters, or anastomoses with, the main stream; also, less properly, a branch which loses itself in sandy soil. [Australia] Such branches of a river as after separation reunite, I would term anastomosing branches; or, if a word might be coined, anabranches, and the islands they form branch islands. Col. Jackson. ANACAMPTIC An`a*camp"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Reflecting of reflected; as, an anacamptic sound (and echo). Note: The word was formerly applied to that part of optics which treats of reflection; the same as what is now called catoptric. See Catoptrics. ANACAMPTICALLY An`a*camp"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By reflection; as, echoes are sound produced anacamptically. Hutton. ANACAMPTICS An`a*camp"tics, n. 1. The science of reflected light, now called catoptrics. 2. The science of reflected sounds. ANACANTHINI; ANACANTHS An`a*can"thi*ni, An"a*canths, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of teleostean fishes destitute of spiny fin-rays, as the cod. ANACANTHOUS An`a*can"thous, a. Defn: Spineless, as certain fishes. ANACARDIACEOUS An`a*car"di*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, a family, or order, of plants of which the cashew tree is the type, and the species of sumac are well known examples. ANACARDIC An`a*car"dic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the cashew nut; as, anacardic acid. ANACARDIUM An`a*car"di*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants including the cashew tree. See Cashew. ANACATHARTIC An`a*ca*thar"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. i. e., by vomiting; Cathartic.] (Med.) Defn: Producing vomiting or expectoration. -- n. Defn: An anacatharic medicine; an expectorant or an emetic. ANACHARIS An*ach"a*ris, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A fresh-water weed of the frog's-bit family (Hydrocharidaceæ), native to America. Transferred to England it became an obstruction to navigation. Called also waterweed and water thyme. ANACHORET; ANACHORETICAL An*ach"o*ret, n. An*ach`o*ret"ic*al, a. Defn: See Anchoret, Anchoretic. [Obs.] ANACHORISM An*ach"o*rism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An error in regard to the place of an event or a thing; a referring something to a wrong place. [R.] ANACHRONIC; ANACHRONICAL An`a*chron"ic, An`a*chron"ic*al, a. Defn: Characterized by, or involving, anachronism; anachronistic. ANACHRONISM An*ach"ro*nism, n. Etym: [Gr. anachronisme.] Defn: A misplacing or error in the order of time; an error in chronology by which events are misplaced in regard to each other, esp. one by which an event is placed too early; falsification of chronological relation. ANACHRONISTIC An*ach`ro*nis"tic, a. Defn: Erroneous in date; containing an anachronism. T. Warton. ANACHRONIZE An*ach"ro*nize, v. t. Etym: [Gr. Defn: To refer to, or put into, a wrong time. [R.] Lowell. ANACHRONOUS An*ach"ro*nous, a. Defn: Containing an anachronism; anachronistic. -- An*ach"ro*nous*ly, adv. ANACLASTIC An`a*clas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Opt.) Defn: Produced by the refraction of light, as seen through water; as, anaclastic curves. 2. Springing back, as the bottom of an anaclastic glass. Anaclastic glass, a glass or phial, shaped like an inverted funnel, and with a very thin convex bottom. By sucking out a little air, the bottom springs into a concave form with a smart crack; and by breathing or blowing gently into the orifice, the bottom, with a like noise, springs into its former convex form. ANACLASTICS An`a*clas"tics, n. (Opt.) Defn: That part of optics which treats of the refraction of light; -- commonly called dioptrics. Encyc. Brit. ANACOENOSIS An`a*coe*no"sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which a speaker appeals to his hearers or opponents for their opinion on the point in debate. Walker. ANACOLUTHIC An`a*co*lu"thic, a. Defn: Lacking grammatical sequence. -- An`a*co*lu"thic*al*ly, adv. ANACOLUTHON An`a*co*lu"thon, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gram.) Defn: A want of grammatical sequence or coherence in a sentence; an instance of a change of construction in a sentence so that the latter part does not syntactically correspond with the first part. ANACONDA An`a*con"da, n. Etym: [Of Ceylonese origin] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large South American snake of the Boa family (Eunectes murinus), which lives near rivers, and preys on birds and small mammals. The name is also applied to a similar large serpent (Python tigris) of Ceylon. ANACREONTIC A*nac`re*on"tic, a. Etym: [L. Anacreonticus.] Defn: Pertaining to, after the manner of, or in the meter of, the Greek poet Anacreon; amatory and convivial. De Quincey. ANACREONTIC A*nac`re*on"tic, n. Defn: A poem after the manner of Anacreon; a sprightly little poem in praise of love and wine. ANACROTIC An`a*crot"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Pertaining to anachronism. ANACROTISM A*nac"ro*tism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A secondary notch in the pulse curve, obtained in a sphygmographic tracing. ANACRUSIS An`a*cru"sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Pros.) Defn: A prefix of one or two unaccented syllables to a verse properly beginning with an accented syllable. ANADEM An"a*dem, n. Etym: [L. anadema, Gr. Defn: A garland or fillet; a chaplet or wreath. Drayton. Tennyson. ANADIPLOSIS An`a*di*plo"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A repetition of the last word or any prominent word in a sentence or clause, at the beginning of the next, with an adjunct idea; as, "He retained his virtues amidst all his misfortunes -- misfortunes which no prudence could foresee or prevent." ANADROM An"a*drom, n. Etym: [Cf. F. anadrome.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish that leaves the sea and ascends rivers. ANADROMOUS A*nad"ro*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Ascending rivers from the sea, at certain seasons, for breeding, as the salmon, shad, etc. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Tending upwards; -- said of terns in which the lowest secondary segments are on the upper side of the branch of the central stem. D. C. Eaton. ANAEMIA A*næ"mi*a, a. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition in which the blood is deficient in quality or in quantity. ANAEMIC A*næm"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to anæmia. ANAEROBIA; ANAEROBES An*a`ër*o"bi*a, An*a"ër*obes, n. pl. [NL. anaerobia; an-not + aëro- + Gr. life.] (Bacteriol.) Defn: Anaërobic bacteria. They are called facultative anaërobia when able to live either in the presence or absence of free oxygen; obligate, or obligatory, anaërobia when they thrive only in its absence. ANAEROBIC An*a`ë*rob"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to, or like, anaërobies; araërobiotic. ANAEROBIES An*a"ër*o*bies, n. pl. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Microörganisms which do not require oxygen, but are killed by it. Sternberg. ANAEROBIOTIC An*a`ër*o*bi*ot"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Related to, or of the nature of, anaërobies. ANAESTHESIA An`æs*the"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. anesthésie. See Æsthetics.] (Med.) Defn: Entire or partial loss or absence of feeling or sensation; a state of general or local insensibility produced by disease or by the inhalation or application of an anæsthetic. ANAESTHESIS An`æs*the"sis, n. Defn: See Anæsthesia. ANAESTHETIC An`æs*thet"ic, a. (Med.) (a) Capable of rendering insensible; as, anæsthetic agents. (b) Characterized by, or connected with, insensibility; as, an anæsthetic effect or operation. ANAESTHETIC An`æs*thet"ic, n. (Med.) Defn: That which produces insensibility to pain, as chloroform, ether, etc. ANAESTHETIZATION An*æs`the*ti*za"tion, n. Defn: The process of anæsthetizing; also, the condition of the nervous system induced by anæsthetics. ANAESTHETIZE An*æs"the*tize, v. t. (Med.) Defn: To render insensible by an anæsthetic. Encyc. Brit. ANAGLYPH An"a*glyph, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Any sculptured, chased, or embossed ornament worked in low relief, as a cameo. ANAGLYPHIC An`a*glyph"ic, n. Defn: Work chased or embossed relief. ANAGLYPHIC; ANAGLYPHICAL An`a*glyph"ic, An`a*glyph"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to the art of chasing or embossing in relief; anaglyptic; -- opposed to diaglyptic or sunk work. ANAGLYPTIC An`a*glyp"tic, a. Etym: [L. anaglypticus, Gr. Anaglyph.] Defn: Relating to the art of carving, enchasing, or embossing in low relief. ANAGLYPTICS An`a*glyp"tics, n. Defn: The art of carving in low relief, embossing, etc. ANAGLYPTOGRAPH An`a*glyp"to*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: An instrument by which a correct engraving of any embossed object, such as a medal or cameo, can be executed. Brande & C. ANAGLYPTOGRAPHIC An`a*glyp`to*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to anaglyptography; as, analyptographic engraving. ANAGLYPTOGRAPHY An`a*glyp*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: The art of copying works in relief, or of engraving as to give the subject an embossed or raised appearance; -- used in representing coins, bas-reliefs, etc. ANAGNORISIS An`ag*nor"i*sis, n. Etym: [Latinized fr. Gr. Defn: The unfolding or dénouement. [R.] De Quincey. ANAGOGE An`a*go"ge, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. An elevation of mind to things celestial. 2. The spiritual meaning or application; esp. the application of the types and allegories of the Old Testament to subjects of the New. ANAGOGIC; ANAGOGICAL An`a*gog"ic, An`a*gog"ic*al, a. Defn: Mystical; having a secondary spiritual meaning; as, the rest of the Sabbath, in an anagogical sense, signifies the repose of the saints in heaven; an anagogical explication. -- An`a*gog"ic*al*ly, adv. ANAGOGICS An`a*gog"ics, n. pl. Defn: Mystical interpretations or studies, esp. of the Scriptures. L. Addison. ANAGOGY An"a*go`gy, n. Defn: Same as Anagoge. ANAGRAM An"a*gram, n. Etym: [F. anagramme, LL. anagramma, fr. Gr. Graphic.] Defn: Literally, the letters of a word read backwards, but in its usual wider sense, the change or one word or phrase into another by the transposition of its letters. Thus Galenus becomes angelus; William Noy (attorney-general to Charles I., and a laborious man) may be turned into I moyl in law. ANAGRAM An"a*gram, v. t. Defn: To anagrammatize. Some of these anagramed his name, Benlowes, into Benevolus. Warburton. ANAGRAMMATIC; ANAGRAMMATICAL An`a*gram*mat"ic, An`a*gram*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. anagramtique.] Defn: Pertaining to, containing, or making, anagram. -- An`a*gram*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. ANAGRAMMATISM An`a*gram"ma*tism, n. Etym: [Gr. anagrammatisme.] Defn: The act or practice of making anagrams. Camden. ANAGRAMMATIST An`a*gram"ma*tist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. anagrammatiste.] Defn: A maker anagrams. ANAGRAMMATIZE An`a*gram"ma*tize, v. t. Etym: [Gr. anagrammatiser.] Defn: To transpose, as the letters of a word, so as to form an anagram. Cudworth. ANAGRAPH An"a*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An inventory; a record. [Obs.] Knowles. ANAKIM; ANAKS An"a*kim, A"naks, n. pl. Etym: [Heb.] (Bibl.) Defn: A race of giants living in Palestine. ANAL A"nal, a. Etym: [From Anus.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or situated near, the anus; as, the anal fin or glands. ANALCIME A*nal"cime, n. Etym: [Gr. analcime.] (Min.) Defn: A white or flesh-red mineral, of the zeolite, occurring in isometric crystals. By friction, it acquires a weak electricity; hence its name. ANALCITE A*nal"cite, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Analcime. ANALECTIC An`a*lec"tic, a. Defn: Relating to analects; made up of selections; as, an analectic magazine. ANALECTS; ANALECTA An"a*lects, An`a*lec"ta, n. pl. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A collection of literary fragments. ANALEMMA An`a*lem"ma, n. Etym: [L. analemma a sun dial on a pedestal, showing the latitude and meridian of a place, Gr. 1. (Chem.) Defn: An orthographic projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, the eye being supposed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west point of the horizon. 2. An instrument of wood or brass, on which this projection of the sphere is made, having a movable horizon or cursor; -- formerly much used in solving some common astronomical problems. 3. A scale of the sun's declination for each day of the year, drawn across the torrid zone on an artificial terrestrial globe. ANALEPSIS; ANALEPSY An"a*lep"sis, An"a*lep"sy, Etym: [Gr. Analemma.] (Med.) (a) Recovery of strength after sickness. (b) A species of epileptic attack, originating from gastric disorder. ANALEPTIC An"a*lep"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. analeptique. See Analepsis.] (Med.) Defn: Restorative; giving strength after disease. -- n. Defn: A restorative. ANALGEN; ANALGENE An*al"gen, An*al"gene, n. [Gr. painless.] Defn: A crystalline compound used as an antipyretic and analgesic, employed chiefly in rheumatism and neuralgia. It is a complex derivative of quinoline. ANALGESIA An`al*ge"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Absence of sensibility to pain. Quain. ANALLAGMATIC An`al*lag*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Math.) Defn: Not changed in form by inversion. Anallagmatic curves, a class of curves of the fourth degree which have certain peculiar relations to circles; -- sometimes called bicircular quartics. -- Anallagmatic surfaces, a certain class of surfaces of the fourth degree. ANALLANTOIC An`al*lan*to"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Without, or not developing, an allantois. ANALLANTOIDEA An`al*lan*toid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [Gr. allantoidea.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of Vertebrata in which no allantois is developed. It includes amphibians, fishes, and lower forms. ANALOGAL A*nal"o*gal, a. Defn: Analogous. [Obs.] Donne. ANALOGIC An`a*log"ic, a. Etym: [See Analogous.] Defn: Of or belonging to analogy. Geo. Eliot. ANALOGICAL An`a*log"ic*al, a. 1. Founded on, or of the nature of, analogy; expressing or implying analogy. When a country which has sent out colonies is termed the mother country, the expression is analogical. J. S. Mill. 2. Having analogy; analogous. Sir M. Hale. ANALOGICALLY An`a*log"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an analogical sense; in accordance with analogy; by way of similitude. A prince is analogically styled a pilot, being to the state as a pilot is to the vessel. Berkeley. ANALOGICALNESS An`a*log"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being analogical. ANALOGISM A*nal"o*gism, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. Logic Defn: an argument from the cause to the effect; an a priori argument. Johnson. 2. Investigation of things by the analogy they bear to each other. Crabb. ANALOGIST A*nal"o*gist, n. Defn: One who reasons from analogy, or represent, by analogy. Cheyne. ANALOGIZE A*nal"o*gize, v. i. Defn: To employ, or reason by, analogy. ANALOGON A*nal"o*gon, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Analogue. ANALOGOUS A*nal"o*gous, a. Etym: [L. analogous, Gr. Logic.] Defn: Having analogy; corresponding to something else; bearing some resemblance or proportion; -- often followed by to. Analogous tendencies in arts and manners. De Quincey. Decay of public spirit, which may be considered analogous to natural death. J. H. Newman. nalogous pole (Pyroelect.), that pole of a crystal which becomes positively electrified when heated. Syn. -- Correspondent; similar; like. -- A*nal"o gous*ly, adv. -- A*nal"o*gous*ness, n. ANALOGUE An"a*logue, n. Etym: [F. 1. That which is analogous to, or corresponds with, some other thing. The vexatious tyranny of the individual despot meets its analogue in the insolent tyranny of the many. I. Taylor. 2. (Philol.) Defn: A word in one language corresponding with one in another; an analogous term; as, the Latin "pater" is the analogue of the English "father." 3. (Nat. Hist.) (a) An organ which is equivalent in its functions to a different organ in another species or group, or even in the same group; as, the gill of a fish is the analogue of a lung in a quadruped, although the two are not of like structural relations. (b) A species in one genus or group having its characters parallel, one by one, with those of another group. (c) A species or genus in one country closely related to a species of the same genus, or a genus of the same group, in another: such species are often called representative species, and such genera, representative genera. Dana. ANALOGY A*nal"o*gy, n.; pl. Analogies. Etym: [L. analogia, Gr. analogie. See Analogous.] 1. A resemblance of relations; an agreement or likeness between things in some circumstances or effects, when the things are otherwise entirely different. Thus, learning enlightens the mind, because it is to the mind what light is to the eye, enabling it to discover things before hidden. Note: Followed by between, to, or with; as, there is an analogy between these objects, or one thing has an analogy to or with another. Note: Analogy is very commonly used to denote similarity or essential resemblance; but its specific meaning is a similarity of relations, and in this consists the difference between the argument from example and that from analogy. In the former, we argue from the mere similarity of two things; in the latter, from the similarity of their relations. Karslake. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A relation or correspondence in function, between organs or parts which are decidedly different. 3. (Geom.) Defn: Proportion; equality of ratios. 4. (Gram.) Defn: Conformity of words to the genius, structure, or general rules of a language; similarity of origin, inflection, or principle of pronunciation, and the like, as opposed to pl. analogies. Johnson. ANALYSE; ANALYSER An"a*lyse, v., An"a*ly`ser, n., etc. Defn: Same as Analyze, Analyzer, etc. ANALYSIS A*nal"y*sis, n.; pl. Analyses. Etym: [Gr. Loose.] 1. A resolution of anything, whether an object of the senses or of the intellect, into its constituent or original elements; an examination of the component parts of a subject, each separately, as the words which compose a sentence, the tones of a tune, or the simple propositions which enter into an argument. It is opposed to synthesis. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The separation of a compound substance, by chemical processes, into its constituents, with a view to ascertain either (a) what elements it contains, or (b) how much of each element is present. The former is called qualitative, and the latter quantitative analysis. 3. (Logic) Defn: The tracing of things to their source, and the resolving of knowledge into its original principles. 4. (Math.) Defn: The resolving of problems by reducing the conditions that are in them to equations. 5. (a) A syllabus, or table of the principal heads of a discourse, disposed in their natural order. (b) A brief, methodical illustration of the principles of a science. In this sense it is nearly synonymous with synopsis. 6. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: The process of ascertaining the name of a species, or its place in a system of classification, by means of an analytical table or key. Ultimate, Proximate, Qualitative, Quantitative, and Volumetric analysis. (Chem.) See under Ultimate, Proximate, Qualitative, etc. ANALYST An"a*lyst, n. Etym: [F. analyste. See Analysis.] Defn: One who analyzes; formerly, one skilled in algebraical geometry; now commonly, one skilled in chemical analysis. ANALYTIC; ANALYTICAL An`a*lyt"ic, An`a*lyt"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. analytique. See Analysis.] Defn: Of or pertaining to analysis; resolving into elements or constituent parts; as, an analytical experiment; analytic reasoning; -- opposed to synthetic. Analytical or coördinate geometry. See under Geometry. -- Analytic language, a noninflectional language or one not characterized by grammatical endings. -- Analytical table (Nat. Hist.), a table in which the characteristics of the species or other groups are arranged so as to facilitate the determination of their names. ANALYTICALLY An`a*lyt"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an analytical manner. ANALYTICS An`a*lyt"ics, n. Defn: The science of analysis. ANALYZABLE An"a*ly`za*ble, a. Defn: That may be analyzed. ANALYZATION An`a*ly*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of analyzing, or separating into constituent parts; analysis. ANALYZE An"a*lyze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Analyzed; p. pr. & vb. n. Analyzing.] Etym: [Cf. F. analyser. See Analysis.] Defn: To subject to analysis; to resolve (anything complex) into its elements; to separate into the constituent parts, for the purpose of an examination of each separately; to examine in such a manner as to ascertain the elements or nature of the thing examined; as, to analyze a fossil substance; to analyze a sentence or a word; to analyze an action to ascertain its morality. No one, I presume, can analyze the sensations of pleasure or pain. Darwin. ANALYZER An"a*ly`zer, n. 1. One who, or that which, analyzes. 2. (Opt.) Defn: The part of a polariscope which receives the light after polarization, and exhibits its properties. ANAMESE An`a*mese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Anam, to southeastern Asia. -- n. Defn: A native of Anam. ANAMNESIS An`am*ne"sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A recalling to mind; recollection. ANAMNESTIC An`am*nes"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Aiding the memory; as, anamnestic remedies. ANAMNIOTIC An*am`ni*ot"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Without, or not developing, an amnion. ANAMORPHISM An`a*mor"phism, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A distorted image. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A gradual progression from one type to another, generally ascending. Huxley. ANAMORPHOSCOPE An`a*mor"pho*scope, n. [Anamorphosis + -scope.] Defn: An instrument for restoring a picture or image distorted by anamorphosis to its normal proportions. It usually consists of a cylindrical mirror. ANAMORPHOSIS An`a*mor"pho*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Persp.) Defn: A distorted or monstrous projection or representation of an image on a plane or curved surface, which, when viewed from a certain point, or as reflected from a curved mirror or through a polyhedron, appears regular and in proportion; a deformation of an image. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Anamorphism, 2. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A morbid or monstrous development, or change of form, or degeneration. ANAMORPHOSY An`a*mor"pho*sy, n. Defn: Same as Anamorphosis. ANAN A*nan", interj. Etym: [See Anon.] Defn: An expression equivalent to What did you say Sir Eh [Obs.] Shak. ANANAS A*na"nas, n. Etym: [Sp. ananas, from the native American name.] (Bot.) Defn: The pineapple (Ananassa sativa). ANANDROUS An*an"drous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Destitute of stamen ANANGULAR An*an"gu*lar, a. Etym: [Gr. angular.] Defn: Containing no angle. [R.] ANANTHEROUS An*an"ther*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. anther.] (Bot.) Defn: Destitute of anthers. Gray. ANANTHOUS An*an"thous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Destitute of flowers; flowerless. ANAPAEST; ANAPAESTIC An`a*pæst, An`a*pæs"tic. Defn: Same as Anapest, Anapestic. ANAPEST An"a*pest, n. Etym: [L. anapaestus, Gr. i.e., a dactyl reserved, or, as it were, struck back; fr. 1. (Pros.) Defn: A metrical foot consisting of three syllables, the first two short, or unaccented, the last long, or accented; the reverse of the dactyl. In Latin d, and in English in-ter-vene, are examples of anapests. 2. A verse composed of such feet. ANAPESTIC An`a*pes"tic, a. Etym: [L. anapaesticus, Gr. Defn: Pertaining to an anapest; consisting of an anapests; as, an anapestic meter, foot, verse. -- n. Defn: Anapestic measure or verse. ANAPESTICAL An`a*pes"tic*al, a. Defn: Anapestic. ANAPHORA A*naph"o*ra, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A repetition of a word or of words at the beginning of two or more successive clauses. ANAPHRODISIA An*aph`ro*dis"i*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Absence of sexual appetite. ANAPHRODISIAC An*aph`ro*dis"i*ac, a. & n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Same as Antaphrodisiac. Dunglison. ANAPHRODITIC An*aph`ro*dit"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Produced without concourse of sexes. ANAPLASTIC An`a*plas"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to anaplasty. ANAPLASTY An`a*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Gr. anaplastie.] (Surg.) Defn: The art of operation of restoring lost parts or the normal shape by the use of healthy tissue. ANAPLEROTIC An`a*ple*rot"ic, a. Etym: [L. anapleroticus, fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Filling up; promoting granulation of wounds or ulcers. -- n. Defn: A remedy which promotes such granulation. ANAPNOGRAPH A*nap"no*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: A form of spirometer. ANAPNOIC An`ap*no"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Relating to respiration. ANAPODEICTIC An*ap`o*deic"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Apodeictic.] Defn: Not apodeictic; undemonstrable. [R.] ANAPOPHYSIS An`a*poph"y*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: An accessory process in many lumbar vertebræ. ANAPTOTIC An`ap*tot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having lost, or tending to lose, inflections by phonetic decay; as, anaptotic languages. ANAPTYCHUS An*ap"ty*chus, n.; pl. Anaptichi. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: One of a pair of shelly plates found in some cephalopods, as the ammonites. ANARCH An"arch, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The author of anarchy; one who excites revolt. Milton. Imperial anarchs doubling human woes. Byron. ANARCHAL A*nar"chal, a. Defn: Lawless; anarchical. [R.] We are in the habit of calling those bodies of men anarchal which are in a state of effervescence. Landor. ANARCHIC; ANARCHICAL A*nar"chic, A*nar"chic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. anarchique.] Defn: Pertaining to anarchy; without rule or government; in political confusion; tending to produce anarchy; as, anarchic despotism; anarchical opinions. ANARCHISM An"arch*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. anarchisme.] Defn: The doctrine or practice of anarchists. ANARCHIST An"arch*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. anarchiste.] Defn: An anarch; one who advocates anarchy of aims at the overthrow of civil government. ANARCHIZE An"arch*ize, v. t. Defn: To reduce to anarchy. ANARCHY An"arch*y, n. Etym: [Gr. anarchie. See Anarch.] 1. Absence of government; the state of society where there is no law or supreme power; a state of lawlessness; political confusion. Spread anarchy and terror all around. Cowper. 2. Hence, confusion or disorder, in general. There being then . . . an anarchy, as I may term it, in authors and their reFuller. ANARTHROPODA An`ar*throp"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -poda. See Anarthrous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the divisions of Articulata in which there are no jointed legs, as the annelids; -- opposed to Arthropoda. ANARTHROPODOUS An`ar*throp"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having no jointed legs; pertaining to Anarthropoda. ANARTHROUS An*ar"throus, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Gr. Gram.) Defn: Used without the article; as, an anarthrous substantive. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Without joints, or having the joints indistinct, as some insects. ANAS A"nas, n. Etym: [L., duck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of water fowls, of the order Anseres, including certain species of fresh-water ducks. ANASARCA An`a*sar"ca, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Med.) Defn: Dropsy of the subcutaneous cellular tissue; an effusion of serum into the cellular substance, occasioning a soft, pale, inelastic swelling of the skin. ANASARCOUS An`a*sar"cous, a. Defn: Belonging, or affected by, anasarca, or dropsy; dropsical. Wiseman. ANASEISMIC An`a*seis"mic, a. [Cf. Gr. a shaking up and down.] Defn: Moving up and down; -- said of earthquake shocks. ANASTALTIC An`a*stal"tic, a. & n. Etym: [Gr. fitted for checking, fr. (Med.) Defn: Styptic. [Obs.] Coxe. ANASTATE An"a*state, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: One of a series of substances formed, in secreting cells, by constructive or anabolic processes, in the production of protoplasm; -- opposed to katastate. Foster. ANASTATIC An`a*stat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to a process or a style of printing from characters in relief on zinc plates. Note: In this process the letterpress, engraving, or design of any kind is transferred to a zinc plate; the parts not covered with ink are eaten out, leaving a facsimile in relief to be printed from. ANASTIGMATIC An*as`tig*mat"ic, a. [Pref. an-not + astigmatic.] (Optics) Defn: Not astigmatic; --said esp. of a lens system which consists of a converging lens and a diverging lens of equal and opposite astigmatism but different focal lengths, and sensibly free from astigmatism. ANASTOMOSE A*nas"to*mose, v. i. [imp. p. p. Anastomozed; p. pr. Anastomosing.] Etym: [Cf. F. anastomoser, fr. anastomose. See Anastomosis.] (Anat. & Bot.) Defn: To inosculate; to intercommunicate by anastomosis, as the arteries and veins. The ribbing of the leaf, and the anastomosing network of its vessels. I. Taylor. ANASTOMOSIS A*nas`to*mo"sis, n.; pl. Anastomoses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. anastomose.] (Anat. & Bot.) Defn: The inosculation of vessels, or intercommunication between two or more vessels or nerves, as the cross communication between arteries or veins. ANASTOMOTIC A*nas`to*mot"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to anastomosis. ANASTROPHE A*nas"tro*phe, n. Etym: [Gr. (Rhet. & Gram.) Defn: An inversion of the natural order of words; as, echoed the hills, for, the hills echoed. ANATHEMA A*nath"e*ma, n.; pl. Anathemas. Etym: [L. anath, fr. Gr. anath, fr. Gr. Thesis.] 1. A ban or curse pronounced with religious solemnity by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excommunication. Hence: Denunciation of anything as accursed. [They] denounce anathemas against unbelievers. Priestley. 2. An imprecation; a curse; a malediction. Finally she fled to London followed by the anathemas of both [families]. Thackeray. 3. Any person or thing anathematized, or cursed by ecclesiastical authority. The Jewish nation were an anathema destined to destruction. St. Paul . . . says he could wish, to save them from it, to become an anathema, and be destroyed himself. Locke. Anathema Maranatha Etym: (see 1 Cor. xvi. 22), an expression commonly considered as a highly intensified form of anathema. Maran atha is now considered as a separate sentence, meaning, "Our Lord cometh." ANATHEMATIC; ANATHEMATICAL A*nath`e*mat"ic, A*nath`e*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an anathema. -- A*nath`e*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. ANATHEMATISM A*nath"e*ma*tism, n. Etym: [Gr. anathématisme.] Defn: Anathematization. [Obs.] We find a law of Justinian forbidding anathematisms to be pronounced against the Jewish Hellenists. J. Taylor. ANATHEMATIZATION A*nath`e*ma*ti*za"tion, n. Etym: [LL. anathematisatio.] Defn: The act of anathematizing, or denouncing as accursed; imprecation. Barrow. ANATHEMATIZE A*nath"e*ma*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anathematized; p. pr. & vb. n. Anathematizing.] Etym: [L. anathematizare, Gr. anathématiser.] Defn: To pronounce an anathema against; to curse. Hence: To condemn publicly as something accursed. Milton. ANATHEMATIZER A*nath"e*ma*ti`zer, n. Defn: One who pronounces an anathema. Hammond. ANATIFA A*nat"i*fa, n.; pl. Anatifæ. Etym: [NL., contr. fr. anatifera. See Anatiferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal of the barnacle tribe, of the genus Lepas, having a fleshy stem or peduncle; a goose barnacle. See Cirripedia. Note: The term Anatifæ, in the plural, is often used for the whole group of pedunculated cirripeds. ANATIFER A*nat"i*fer,, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Anatifa. ANATIFEROUS An`a*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. anas, anatis, a duck + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing ducks; -- applied to Anatifæ, under the absurd notion of their turning into ducks or geese. See Barnacle. ANATINE An"a*tine, a. Etym: [L. anatinus, fr. anas, anatis, a duck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the ducks; ducklike. ANATOCISM A*nat"o*cism, n. Etym: [L. anatocismus, Gr. (Law) Defn: Compound interest. [R.] Bouvier. ANATOMIC; ANATOMICAL An`a*tom"ic, An`a*tom"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. anatomicus, Gr. anatomique. See Anatomy.] Defn: Of or relating to anatomy or dissection; as, the anatomic art; anatomical observations. Hume. ANATOMICALLY An`a*tom"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an anatomical manner; by means of dissection. ANATOMISM A*nat"o*mism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. anatomisme.] 1. The application of the principles of anatomy, as in art. The stretched and vivid anatomism of their [i. e., the French] great figure painters. The London Spectator. 2. The doctrine that the anatomical structure explains all the phenomena of the organism or of animal life. ANATOMIST A*nat"o*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. anatomiste.] Defn: One who is skilled in the art of anatomy, or dissection. ANATOMIZATION A*nat`o*mi*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of anatomizing. ANATOMIZE A*nat"o*mize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anatomized; p. pr. & vb. n. Anatomizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. anatomiser.] 1. To dissect; to cut in pieces, as an animal vegetable body, for the purpose of displaying or examining the structure and use of the several parts. 2. To discriminate minutely or carefully; to analyze. If we anatomize all other reasonings of this nature, we shall find that they are founded on the relation of cause and effect. Hume. ANATOMIZER A*nat"o*mi`zer, n. Defn: A dissector. ANATOMY A*nat"o*my, n.; pl. Anatomies. Etym: [F. anatomie, L. anatomia, Gr. 1. The art of dissecting, or artificially separating the different parts of any organized body, to discover their situation, structure, and economy; dissection. 2. The science which treats of the structure of organic bodies; anatomical structure or organization. Let the muscles be well inserted and bound together, according to the knowledge of them which is given us by anatomy. Dryden. Note: "Animal anatomy" is sometimes called zomy; "vegetable anatomy," phytotomy; "human anatomy," anthropotomy. Comparative anatomy compares the structure of different kinds and classes of animals. 3. A treatise or book on anatomy. 4. The act of dividing anything, corporeal or intellectual, for the purpose of examining its parts; analysis; as, the anatomy of a discourse. 5. A skeleton; anything anatomized or dissected, or which has the appearance of being so. The anatomy of a little child, representing all parts thereof, is accounted a greater rarity than the skeleton of a man in full stature. Fuller. They brought one Pinch, a hungry, lean-faced villain, A mere anatomy. Shak. ANATREPTIC An`a*trep"tic, a. Etym: [overturning, fr. Defn: Overthrowing; defeating; -- applied to Plato's refutative dialogues. Enfield. ANATRON An"a*tron, n. Etym: [F. anatron, natron, Sp. anatron, natron, fr. Ar. al-natr. See Natron, Niter.] [Obs.] 1. Native carbonate of soda; natron. 2. Glass gall or sandiver. 3. Saltpeter. Coxe. Johnson. ANATROPAL; ANATROPOUS A*nat"ro*pal, A*nat"ro*pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having the ovule inverted at an early period in its development, so that the chalaza is as the apparent apex; -- opposed to orthotropous. Gray. ANATTO A*nat"to, n. Defn: Same as Annotto. ANBURY; AMBURY An"bur*y, Am"bur*y, n. Etym: [AS. ampre, ompre, a crooked swelling vein: cf. Prov. E. amper a tumor with inflammation. Cf. the first syllable in agnail, and berry a fruit.] 1. (Far.) Defn: A soft tumor or bloody wart on horses or oxen. 2. A disease of the roots of turnips, etc.; -- called also fingers and toes. ANCE *ance. Etym: [F. -ance, fr. L. -antia and also fr. -entia.] Defn: A suffix signifying action; also, quality or state; as, assistance, resistance, appearance, elegance. See -ancy. Note: All recently adopted words of this class take either -ance or - ence, according to the Latin spelling. -ANCE -ance. [F. -ance, fr. L. -antia and also fr. -entia.] Defn: A suffix signifying action; also, quality or state; as, assistance, resistance, appearance, elegance. See -ancy. All recently adopted words of this class take either -ance or -ence, according to the Latin spelling. ANCESTOR An"ces*tor, n. Etym: [OE. ancestre, auncestre, also ancessour; the first forms fr. OF. ancestre, F. ancêtre, fr. the L. nom. antessor one who goes before; the last form fr. OF. ancessor, fr. L. acc. antecessorem, fr. antecedere to go before; ante before + cedere to go. See Cede, and cf. Antecessor.] 1. One from whom a person is descended, whether on the father's or mother's side, at any distance of time; a progenitor; a fore father. 2. (Biol.) Defn: An earlier type; a progenitor; as, this fossil animal is regarded as the ancestor of the horse. 3. (Law) Defn: One from whom an estate has descended; -- the correlative of heir. ANCESTORIAL An`ces*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Ancestral. Grote. ANCESTORIALLY An`ces*to"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: With regard to ancestors. ANCESTRAL An*ces"tral, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, derived from, or possessed by, an ancestor or ancestors; as, an ancestral estate. "Ancestral trees." Hemans. ANCESTRESS An"ces*tress, n. Defn: A female ancestor. ANCESTRY An"ces*try, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. ancesserie. See Ancestor.] 1. Condition as to ancestors; ancestral lineage; hence, birth or honorable descent. Title and ancestry render a good man more illustrious, but an ill one more contemptible. Addison. 2. A series of ancestors or progenitors; lineage, or those who compose the line of natural descent. ANCHOR An"chor, n. Etym: [OE. anker, AS. ancor, oncer, L. ancora, sometimes spelt anchora, fr. Gr. angle: cf. F. ancre. See Angle, n.] 1. A iron instrument which is attached to a ship by a cable (rope or chain), and which, being cast overboard, lays hold of the earth by a fluke or hook and thus retains the ship in a particular station. Note: The common anchor consists of a straight bar called a shank, having at one end a transverse bar called a stock, above which is a ring for the cable, and at the other end the crown, from which branch out two or more arms with flukes, forming with the shank a suitable angle to enter the ground. Note: Formerly the largest and strongest anchor was the sheet anchor (hence, Fig., best hope or last refuge), called also waist anchor. Now the bower and the sheet anchor are usually alike. Then came the best bower and the small bower (so called from being carried on the bows). The stream anchor is one fourth the weight of the bower anchor. Kedges or kedge anchors are light anchors used in warping. 2. Any instrument or contrivance serving a purpose like that of a ship's anchor, as an arrangement of timber to hold a dam fast; a contrivance to hold the end of a bridge cable, or other similar part; a contrivance used by founders to hold the core of a mold in place. 3. Fig.: That which gives stability or security; that on which we place dependence for safety. Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul. Heb. vi. 19. 4. (Her.) Defn: An emblem of hope. 5. (Arch.) (a) A metal tie holding adjoining parts of a building together. (b) Carved work, somewhat resembling an anchor or arrowhead; -- a part of the ornaments of certain moldings. It is seen in the echinus, or egg-and-anchor (called also egg-and-dart, egg-and-tongue) ornament. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the anchor-shaped spicules of certain sponges; also, one of the calcareous spinules of certain Holothurians, as in species of Synapta. Anchor ice. See under Ice. -- Anchor ring. (Math.) Same as Annulus, 2 (b). -- Anchor stock (Naut.), the crossbar at the top of the shank at right angles to the arms. -- The anchor comes home, when it drags over the bottom as the ship drifts. -- Foul anchor, the anchor when it hooks, or is entangled with, another anchor, or with a cable or wreck, or when the slack cable entangled. -- The anchor is acockbill, when it is suspended perpendicularly from the cathead, ready to be let go. -- The anchor is apeak, when the cable is drawn in do tight as to bring to ship directly over it. -- The anchor is atrip, or aweigh, when it is lifted out of the ground. -- The anchor is awash, when it is hove up to the surface of the water. -- At anchor, anchored. -- To back an anchor, to increase the holding power by laying down a small anchor ahead of that by which the ship rides, with the cable fastened to the crown of the latter to prevent its coming home. -- To cast anchor, to drop or let go an anchor to keep a ship at rest. -- To cat the anchor, to hoist the anchor to the cathead and pass the ring-stopper. -- To fish the anchor, to hoist the flukes to their resting place (called the bill-boards), and pass the shank painter. -- To weigh anchor, to heave or raise the anchor so as to sail away. ANCHOR An"chor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anchored; p. pr. & vb. n. Anchoring.] Etym: [Cf. F. ancrer.] 1. To place at anchor; to secure by an anchor; as, to anchor a ship. 2. To fix or fasten; to fix in a stable condition; as, to anchor the cables of a suspension bridge. Till that my nails were anchored in thine eyes. Shak. ANCHOR An"chor, v. i. 1. To cast anchor; to come to anchor; as, our ship (or the captain) anchored in the stream. 2. To stop; to fix or rest. My invention . . . anchors on Isabel. Shak. ANCHOR An"chor, n. Etym: [OE. anker, ancre, AS. ancra, fr. L. anachoreta. See Anchoret.] Defn: An anchoret. [Obs.] Shak. ANCHORABLE An"chor*a*ble, a. Defn: Fit for anchorage. ANCHORAGE An"chor*age, n. 1. The act of anchoring, or the condition of lying at anchor. 2. A place suitable for anchoring or where ships anchor; a hold for an anchor. 3. The set of anchors belonging to a ship. 4. Something which holds like an anchor; a hold; as, the anchorages of the Brooklyn Bridge. 5. Something on which one may depend for security; ground of trust. 6. A toll for anchoring; anchorage duties. Johnson. ANCHORAGE An"cho*rage, n. Defn: Abode of an anchoret. ANCHORATE An"chor*ate, a. Defn: Anchor-shaped. ANCHORED An"chored, a. 1. Held by an anchor; at anchor; held safely; as, an anchored bark; also, shaped like an anchor; forked; as, an anchored tongue. 2. (Her.) Defn: Having the extremities turned back, like the flukes of an anchor; as, an anchored cross. [Sometimes spelt ancred.] ANCHOR ESCAPEMENT An"chor es*cape"ment. (Horol.) (a) The common recoil escapement. (b) A variety of the lever escapement with a wide impulse pin. ANCHORESS An"cho*ress, n. Defn: A female anchoret. And there, a saintly anchoress, she dwelt. Wordsworth. ANCHORET; ANCHORITE An"cho*ret, An"cho*rite, n. Etym: [F. anachorète, L. anachoreta, fr. Gr. ha to leave. Cf. Anchor a hermit.] Defn: One who renounces the world and secludes himself, usually for religious reasons; a hermit; a recluse. [Written by some authors anachoret.] Our Savior himself . . . did not choose an anchorite's or a monastic life, but a social and affable way of conversing with mortals. Boyle. ANCHORETIC; ANCHORETICAL An`cho*ret"ic, An`cho*ret"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: Pertaining to an anchoret or hermit; after the manner of an anchoret. ANCHORETISH An"cho*ret`ish, a. Defn: Hermitlike. ANCHORETISM An"cho*ret*ism, n. Defn: The practice or mode of life of an anchoret. ANCHOR-HOLD An"chor-hold`, n. 1. The hold or grip of an anchor, or that to which it holds. 2. Hence: Firm hold: security. ANCHORITE An"cho*rite, n. Defn: Same as Anchoret. ANCHORITESS An"cho*ri`tess, n. Defn: An anchoress. [R.] ANCHORLESS An"chor*less, a. Defn: Without an anchor or stay. Hence: Drifting; unsettled. ANCHOR LIGHT Anchor light. (Naut.) Defn: The lantern shown at night by a vessel at anchor. International rules of the road require vessels at anchor to carry from sunset to sunrise a single white light forward if under 150 feet in length, and if longer, two such lights, one near the stern and one forward. ANCHOR SHOT Anchor shot. (Billiards) Defn: A shot made with the object balls in an anchor space. ANCHOR SPACE Anchor space. (Billiards) Defn: In the balk-line game, any of eight spaces, 7 inches by 3½, lying along a cushion and bisected transversely by a balk line. Object balls in an anchor space are treated as in balk. ANCHOR WATCH Anchor watch. (Naut.) Defn: A detail of one or more men who keep watch on deck at night when a vessel is at anchor. ANCHOVY An*cho"vy, n. Etym: [Sp. anchoa, anchova, or Pg. anchova, prob. of Iberian origin, and lit. a dried or pickled fish, fr. Bisc. antzua dry: cf. D. anchovis, F. anchois.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small fish, about three inches in length, of the Herring family (Engraulis encrasicholus), caught in vast numbers in the Mediterranean, and pickled for exportation. The name is also applied to several allied species. ANCHOVY PEAR An*cho"vy pear`. (Bot.) Defn: A West Indian fruit like the mango in taste, sometimes pickled; also, the tree (Grias cauliflora) bearing this fruit. ANCHUSIN An"chu*sin, n. Etym: [L. anchusa the plant alkanet, Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A resinoid coloring matter obtained from alkanet root. ANCHYLOSE An"chy*lose, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Anchylosed; p. pr. & vb. n. Anchylosing.] Etym: [Cf. F. ankyloser.] Defn: To affect or be affected with anchylosis; to unite or consolidate so as to make a stiff joint; to grow together into one. [Spelt also ankylose.] Owen. ANCHYLOSIS; ANKYLOSIS An`chy*lo"sis, An`ky*lo"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ankylose.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Stiffness or fixation of a joint; formation of a stiff joint. Dunglison. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The union of two or more separate bones to from a single bone; the close union of bones or other structures in various animals. ANCHYLOTIC An`chy*lot"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to anchylosis. ANCIENT An"cient, a. Etym: [OE. auncien, F. ancien, LL. antianus, fr. L. ante before. See Ante-, pref.] 1. Old; that happened or existed in former times, usually at a great distance of time; belonging to times long past; specifically applied to the times before the fall of the Roman empire; -- opposed to modern; as, ancient authors, literature, history; ancient days. Witness those ancient empires of the earth. Milton. Gildas Albanius . . . much ancienter than his namesake surnamed the Wise. Fuller. 2. Old; that has been of long duration; of long standing; of great age; as, an ancient forest; an ancient castle. "Our ancient bickerings." Shak. Remove not the ancient landmarks, which thy fathers have set. Prov. xxii. 28. An ancient man, strangely habited, asked for quarters. Scott. 3. Known for a long time, or from early times; -- opposed to recent or new; as, the ancient continent. A friend, perhaps, or an ancient acquaintance. Barrow. 4. Dignified, like an aged man; magisterial; venerable. [Archaic] He wrought but some few hours of the day, and then would he seem very grave and ancient. Holland. 5. Experienced; versed. [Obs.] Though [he] was the youngest brother, yet he was the most ancient in the business of the realm. Berners. 6. Former; sometime. [Obs.] They mourned their ancient leader lost. Pope. Ancient demesne (Eng. Law), a tenure by which all manors belonging to the crown, in the reign of William the Conqueror, were held. The numbers, names, etc., of these were all entered in a book called Domesday Book. -- Ancient lights (Law), windows and other openings which have been enjoined without molestation for more than twenty years. In England, and in some of the United States, they acquire a prescriptive right. Syn. -- Old; primitive; pristine; antique; antiquated; old-fashioned; obsolete. -- Ancient, Antiquated, Obsolete, Antique, Antic, Old. -- Ancient is opposed to modern, and has antiquity; as, an ancient family, ancient landmarks, ancient institutions, systems of thought, etc. Antiquated describes that which has gone out of use or fashion; as, antiquated furniture, antiquated laws, rules, etc. Obsolete is commonly used, instead of antiquated, in reference to language, customs, etc.; as, an obsolete word or phrase, an obsolete expression. Antique is applied, in present usage, either to that which has come down from the ancients; as, an antique cameo, bust, etc. ; or to that which is made to imitate some ancient work of art; as, an antique temple. In the days of Shakespeare, antique was often used for ancient; as, "an antique song," "an antique Roman;" and hence, from singularity often attached to what is ancient, it was used in the sense of grotesque; as, "an oak whose antique root peeps out; " and hence came our present word antic, denoting grotesque or ridiculous. We usually apply both ancient and old to things subject to gradual decay. We say, an old man, an ancient record; but never, the old stars, an old river or mountain. In general, however, ancient is opposed to modern, and old to new, fresh, or recent. When we speak of a thing that existed formerly, which has ceased to exist, we commonly use ancient; as, ancient republics, ancient heroes; and not old republics, old heroes. But when the thing which began or existed in former times is still in existence, we use either ancient or old; as, ancient statues or paintings, or old statues or paintings; ancient authors, or old authors, meaning books. ANCIENT An"cient, n. 1. pl. Defn: Those who lived in former ages, as opposed to the moderns. 2. An aged man; a patriarch. Hence: A governor; a ruler; a person of influence. The Lord will enter into judgment with the ancients of his people, and the princes thereof. Isa. iii. 14. 3. A senior; an elder; a predecessor. [Obs.] Junius and Andronicus . . . in Christianity . . . were his ancients. Hooker. 4. pl. (Eng. Law) Defn: One of the senior members of the Inns of Court or of Chancery. Council of Ancients (French Hist.), one of the two assemblies composing the legislative bodies in 1795. Brande. ANCIENT An"cient, n. Etym: [Corrupted from ensign.] 1. An ensign or flag. [Obs.] More dishonorable ragged than an old-faced ancient. Shak. 2. The bearer of a flag; an ensign. [Obs.] This is Othello's ancient, as I take it. Shak. ANCIENTLY An"cient*ly, adv. 1. In ancient times. 2. In an ancient manner. [R.] ANCIENTNESS An"cient*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being ancient; antiquity; existence from old times. ANCIENTRY An"cient*ry, n. 1. Antiquity; what is ancient. They contain not word of ancientry. West. 2. Old age; also, old people. [R.] Wronging the ancientry. Shak. 3. Ancient lineage; ancestry; dignity of birth. A gentleman of more ancientry than estate. Fuller. ANCIENTY An"cient*y, n. Etym: [F. ancienneté, fr. ancien. See Ancient.] 1. Age; antiquity. [Obs.] Martin. 2. Seniority. [Obs.] ANCILE An*ci"le, n. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: The sacred shield of the Romans, said to have-fallen from heaven in the reign of Numa. It was the palladium of Rome. ANCILLARY An"cil*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. ancillaris, fr. ancilla a female servant.] Defn: Subservient or subordinate, like a handmaid; auxiliary. The Convocation of York seems to have been always considered as inferior, and even ancillary, to the greater province. Hallam. ANCILLARY ADMINISTRATION An"cil*la*ry ad*min`is*tra"tion. (Law) Defn: An administration subordinate to, and in aid of, the primary or principal administration of an estate. ANCILLE An*cille", n. Etym: [OF. ancelle, L. ancilla.] Defn: A maidservant; a handmaid. [Obs.] Chaucer. ANCIPITAL; ANCIPITOUS An*cip"i*tal, An*cip"i*tous, a. Etym: [L. anceps, ancipitis, two- headed, double; an- for amb- on both sides + caput head.] (Bot.) Defn: Two-edged instead of round; -- said of certain flattened stems, as those of blue grass, and rarely also of leaves. ANCISTROID An*cis"troid, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Hook-shaped. ANCLE An"cle, n. Defn: See Ankle. ANCOME An"come, n. Etym: [AS. ancuman, oncuman, to come.] Defn: A small ulcerous swelling, coming suddenly; also, a whitlow. [Obs.] Boucher. ANCON An"con, n.; L. pl. Ancones. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The olecranon, or the elbow. Ancon sheep (Zoöl.), a breed of sheep with short crooked legs and long back. It originated in Massachusetts in 1791; -- called also the otter breed. ANCON; ANCONE An"con, An"cone, n. Etym: [See Ancon, above.] (Arch.) (a) The corner or quoin of a wall, cross-beam, or rafter. [Obs.] Gwilt. (b) A bracket supporting a cornice; a console. ANCONAL; ANCONEAL An"co*nal, An*co"ne*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the ancon or elbow. "The olecranon on anconeal process." Flower. ANCONEUS An*co"ne*us, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. ancon elbow.] (Anat.) Defn: A muscle of the elbow and forearm. ANCONOID An"co*noid, a. Defn: Elbowlike; anconal. ANCONY An"co*ny, n. Etym: [Origin unknown.] (Iron Work) Defn: A piece of malleable iron, wrought into the shape of a bar in the middle, but unwrought at the ends. -ANCY -an*cy. Etym: [L. -antia.-] Defn: A suffix expressing more strongly than -ance the idea of quality or state; as, constancy, buoyancy, infancy. AND And, conj. Etym: [AS. and; akin to OS. endi, Icel. enda, OHG. anti, enti, inti, unti, G. und, D. en, OD. ende. Cf, An if, Ante-.] 1. A particle which expresses the relation of connection or addition. It is used to conjoin a word with a word, a clause with a clause, or a sentence with a sentence. Note: (a) It is sometimes used emphatically; as, "there are women and women," that is, two very different sorts of women. (b) By a rhetorical figure, notions, one of which is modificatory of the other, are connected by and; as, "the tediousness and process of my travel," that is, the tedious process, etc.; "thy fair and outward character," that is, thy outwardly fair character, Schmidt's Shak. Lex. 2. In order to; -- used instead of the infinitival to, especially after try, come, go. At least to try and teach the erring soul. Milton. 3. It is sometimes, in old songs, a mere expletive. When that I was and a little tiny boy. Shak. 4. If; though. See An, conj. [Obs.] Chaucer. As they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs. Bacon. And so forth, and others; and the rest; and similar things; and other things or ingredients. The abbreviation, etc. (et cetera), or &c., is usually read and so forth. ANDABATISM An"da*ba*tism, n. Etym: [L. andabata a kind of Roman gladiator, who fought hoodwinked.] Defn: Doubt; uncertainty. [Obs.] Shelford. ANDALUSITE An`da*lu"site, n. (Min.) Defn: A silicate of aluminium, occurring usually in thick rhombic prisms, nearly square, of a grayish or pale reddish tint. It was first discovered in Andalusia, Spain. ANDANTE An*dan"te, a. Etym: [It. andante, p. pr. of andare to go.] (Mus.) Defn: Moving moderately slow, but distinct and flowing; quicker than larghetto, and slower than allegretto. -- n. Defn: A movement or piece in andante time. ANDANTINO An`dan*ti"no, a. Etym: [It., dim. of andante.] (Mus.) Defn: Rather quicker than andante; between that allegretto. Note: Some, taking andante in its original sense of "going," and andantino as its diminutive, or "less going," define the latter as slower than andante. ANDARAC An"da*rac, n. Etym: [A corruption of sandarac.] Defn: Red orpiment. Coxe. ANDEAN An*de"an, a. Defn: Pertaining to the Andes. ANDESINE An"des*ine, n. (Min.) Defn: A kind of triclinic feldspar found in the Andes. ANDESITE An"des*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: An eruptive rock allied to trachyte, consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar, with pyroxene, hornblende, or hypersthene. ANDINE An"dine, a. Defn: Andean; as, Andine flora. ANDIRON And"i`ron, n. Etym: [OE. anderne, aunderne, aundyre, OF. andier, F. landier, fr. LL. andena, andela, anderia, of unknown origin. The Eng. was prob. confused with brand-iron, AS. brand-isen.] Defn: A utensil for supporting wood when burning in a fireplace, one being placed on each side; a firedog; as, a pair of andirons. ANDRANATOMY An`dra*nat"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. andranatomie. See Anatomy, Androtomy.] Defn: The dissection of a human body, especially of a male; androtomy. Coxe. ANDROCEPHALOUS An`dro*ceph"a*lous, a. [Gr. , , man + head.] Defn: Having a human head (upon an animal's body), as the Egyptian sphinx. ANDRODIOECIOUS; ANDRODIECIOUS An`dro*di*o"cious, An`dro*di*e"cious, a. [Gr. , , man + E. diocious.] (Bot.) Defn: Having perfect and staminate flowers on different plants. -- An`dro*di*o"cism, -di*e"cism (#), n. ANDROECIUM An*droe"ci*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (bot.) Defn: The stamens of a flower taken collectively. ANDROGYNE An"dro*gyne, n. 1. An hermaphrodite. 2. (Bot.) Defn: An androgynous plant. Whewell. ANDROGYNOUS; ANDROGYNAL An*drog"y*nous, An*drog"y*nal, a. Etym: [L. androgynus, Gr. androgyne.] 1. Uniting both sexes in one, or having the characteristics of both; being in nature both male and female; hermaphroditic. Owen. The truth is, a great mind must be androgynous. Coleridge. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Bearing both staminiferous and pistilliferous flowers in the same cluster. ANDROGYNY; ANDROGYNISM An*drog"y*ny, An*drog"y*nism, n. Defn: Union of both sexes in one individual; hermaphroditism. ANDROID An"droid, a. Defn: Resembling a man. ANDROID; ANDROIDES An"droid, An*droi"des, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A machine or automaton in the form of a human being. ANDROMEDA An*drom"e*da, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Astron.) Defn: A northern constellation, supposed to represent the mythical Andromeda. 2. (bot.) Defn: A genus of ericaceous flowering plants of northern climates, of which the original species was found growing on a rock surrounded by water. ANDROMEDE; ANDROMED An"dro*mede, An"dro*med, n. (Astron.) Defn: A meteor appearing to radiate from a point in the constellation Andromeda, -- whence the name. A shower of these meteors takes place every year on November 27th or 28th. The Andromedes are also called Bielids, as they are connected with Biela's comet and move in its orbit. ANDRON An"dron, n. Etym: [L. andron, Gr. (Gr. & Rom. Arch.) Defn: The apartment appropriated for the males. This was in the lower part of the house. ANDROPETALOUS An`dro*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Produced by the conversion of the stamens into petals, as double flowers, like the garden ranunculus. Brande. ANDROPHAGI An*droph"a*gi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: Cannibals; man-eaters; anthropophagi. [R.] ANDROPHAGOUS An*droph"a*gous, a. Defn: Anthropophagous. ANDROPHORE An"dro*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A support or column on which stamens are raised. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The part which in some Siphonophora bears the male gonophores. ANDROPOGON An`dro*po"gon, n. [NL.; Gr. 'anh`r, 'andro`s, man + pw`gwn the beard.] (Bot.) Defn: A very large and important genus of grasses, found in nearly all parts of the world. It includes the lemon grass of Ceylon and the beard grass, or broom sedge, of the United States. The principal subgenus is Sorghum, including A. sorghum and A. halepensis, from which have been derived the Chinese sugar cane, the Johnson grass, the Aleppo grass, the broom corn, and the durra, or Indian millet. Several East Indian species, as A. nardus and A. schonanthus, yield fragrant oils, used in perfumery. ANDROSPHINX An"dro*sphinx, n. Etym: [Gr. (Egypt. Art.) Defn: A man sphinx; a sphinx having the head of a man and the body of a lion. ANDROSPORE An"dro*spore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A spore of some algæ, which has male functions. ANDROTOMOUS An*drot"o*mous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the filaments of the stamens divided into two parts. ANDROTOMY An*drot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Anatomy.] Defn: Dissection of the human body, as distinguished from zoötomy; anthropotomy. [R.] ANDROUS *an"drous. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A terminal combining form: Having a stamen or stamens; staminate; as, monandrous, with one stamen; polyandrous, with many stamens. ANEAR A*near", prep. & adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + near.] Defn: Near. [R.] "It did not come anear." Coleridge. The measure of misery anear us. I. Taylor. ANEAR A*near", v. t. & i. Defn: To near; to approach. [Archaic] ANEATH A*neath", prep. & adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + neath for beneath.] Defn: Beneath. [Scot.] ANECDOTAGE An"ec*do`tage, n. Defn: Anecdotes collectively; a collection of anecdotes. All history, therefore, being built partly, and some of it altogether, upon anecdotage, must be a tissue of lies. De Quincey. ANECDOTAL An"ec*do`tal, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or abounding with, anecdotes; as, anecdotal conversation. ANECDOTE An"ec*dote, n. Etym: [F. anecdote, fr. Gr. Dose, n.] 1. pl. Defn: Unpublished narratives. Burke. 2. A particular or detached incident or fact of an interesting nature; a biographical incident or fragment; a single passage of private life. ANECDOTIC; ANECDOTICAL An`ec*dot"ic, An`ec*dot"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, consisting of, or addicted to, anecdotes. "Anecdotical traditions." Bolingbroke. ANECDOTIST An"ec*do"tist, n. Defn: One who relates or collects anecdotes. ANELACE An"e*lace, n. Defn: Same as Anlace. ANELE A*nele", v. t. Etym: [OE. anelien; an on + AS. ele oil, L. oleum. See Oil, Anoil.] 1. To anoint. Shipley. 2. To give extreme unction to. [Obs.] R. of Brunne. ANELECTRIC An`e*lec"tric, a. Etym: [Gr. electric.] (Physics) Defn: Not becoming electrified by friction; -- opposed to idioelectric. -- n. Defn: A substance incapable of being electrified by friction. Faraday. ANELECTRODE An`e*lec"trode, n. Etym: [Gr. electrode.] (Elec.) Defn: The positive pole of a voltaic battery. ANELECTROTONUS An`e*lec*trot"o*nus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. electrotonus.] (Physiol.) Defn: The condition of decreased irritability of a nerve in the region of the positive electrode or anode on the passage of a current of electricity through it. Foster. ANEMOGRAM A*nem"o*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. -gram.] Defn: A record made by an anemograph. ANEMOGRAPH A*nem"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: An instrument for measuring and recording the direction and force of the wind. Knight. ANEMOGRAPHIC A*nem`o*graph"ic, a. Defn: Produced by an anemograph; of or pertaining to anemography. ANEMOGRAPHY An`e*mog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] 1. A description of the winds. 2. The art of recording the direction and force of the wind, as by means of an anemograph. ANEMOLOGY An`e*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of the wind. ANEMOMETER An`e*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the force or velocity of the wind; a wind gauge. ANEMOMETRIC; ANEMOMETRICAL An`e*mo*met"ric, An`e*mo*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to anemometry. ANEMOMETROGRAPH An`e*mo*met"ro*graph, n. Etym: [Anemometer + -graph.] Defn: An anemograph. Knight. ANEMOMETRY An`e*mom"e*try, n. Defn: The act or process of ascertaining the force or velocity of the wind. ANEMONE A*nem"o*ne, n. Etym: [L. anemone, Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants of the Ranunculus or Crowfoot family; windflower. Some of the species are cultivated in gardens. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sea anemone. See Actinia, and Sea anemone. Note: This word is sometimes pronounced , especially by classical scholars. ANEMONIC An`e*mon"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: An acrid, poisonous, crystallizable substance, obtained from, the anemone, or from anemonin. ANEMONIN A*nem"o*nin, n. (Chem.) Defn: An acrid, poisonous, crystallizable substance, obtained from some species of anemone. ANEMONY A*nem"o*ny, n. Defn: See Anemone. Sandys. ANEMORPHILOUS An`e*morph"i*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Fertilized by the agency of the wind; -- said of plants in which the pollen is carried to the stigma by the wind; wind- Fertilized. Lubbock. ANEMOSCOPE A*nem"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. anémoscope.] Defn: An instrument which shows the direction of the wind; a wind vane; a weathercock; -- usually applied to a contrivance consisting of a vane above, connected in the building with a dial or index with pointers to show the changes of the wind. ANEMOSIS An`e*mo"sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. wind.] Defn: A condition in the wood of some trees in which the rings are separated, as some suppose, by the action of high winds upon the trunk; wind shake. ANENCEPHALIC; ANENCEPHALOUS An*en`ce*phal"ic, An`en*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. Encephalon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Without a brain; brainless. Todd & B. ANENST; ANENT A*nenst", A*nent", prep. Etym: [OE. anent, anentis, anence, anens, anents, AS. onefen, onemn; an, on, on + efen even, equal; hence meaning, on an equality with, even with, beside. See Even, a.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 1. Over against; as, he lives anent the church. 2. About; concerning; in respect; as, he said nothing anent this particular. ANENTEROUS An*en"ter*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Destitute of a stomach or an intestine. Owen. ANERGIA; ANERGY An*er"gi*a, An"er*gy, n. [NL. anergia, fr. Gr. - not + work.] Defn: Lack of energy; inactivity. -- An*er"gic (#), a. ANEROID An"e*roid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid: cf. F. anéroïde.] Defn: Containing no liquid; -- said of kind of barometer. Aneroid barometer, a barometer the action of which depends on the varying pressure of the atmosphere upon the elastic top of a metallic box (shaped like a watch) from which the air has been exhausted. An index shows the variation of pressure. ANEROID An"e*roid, n. Defn: An aneroid barometer. ANES Anes, adv. Defn: Once. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. ANESTHESIA; ANESTHETIC An`es*the"si*a, n., An`es*thet"ic, a. Defn: Same as Anæsthesia, Anæsthetic. ANET An"et, n. Etym: [F. aneth, fr. L. anethum, Gr. Anise.] Defn: The herb dill, or dillseed. ANETHOL An"e*thol, n. Etym: [L. anethum (see Anise) + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A substance obtained from the volatile oils of anise, fennel, etc., in the form of soft shining scales; -- called also anise camphor. Watts. ANETIC A*net"ic, a. Etym: [L. aneticus, Gr. (Med.) Defn: Soothing. ANEURISM An"eu*rism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A soft, pulsating, hollow tumor, containing blood, arising from the preternatural dilation or rupture of the coats of an artery. [Written also aneurysm.] ANEURISMAL An`eu*ris"mal, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an aneurism; as, an aneurismal tumor; aneurismal diathesis. [Written also aneurysmal.] ANEW A*new", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + new.] Defn: Over again; another time; in a new form; afresh; as, to arm anew; to create anew. Dryden. ANFRACTUOSE An*frac"tu*ose`, a. Etym: [See Anfractuous.] Defn: Anfractuous; as, anfractuose anthers. ANFRACTUOSITY An*frac`tu*os"i*ty, n.; l. Anfractuosities. Etym: [Cf. F. anfractuosité.] 1. A state of being anfractuous, or full of windings and turnings; sinuosity. The anfractuosities of his intellect and temper. Macaulay. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A sinuous depression or sulcus like those separating the convolutions of the brain. ANFRACTUOUS An*frac"tu*ous, a. Etym: [L. anfractuosus, fr. anfractus a turning, a winding, fr. the unused anfringere to wind, bend; an-, for amb- + fractus, p. p. of frangere to break: cf. F. anfractueux.] Defn: Winding; full of windings and turnings; sinuous; tortuous; as, the anfractuous spires of a born. -- An*frac"tu*ous*ness, n. ANFRACTURE An*frac"ture, n. Defn: A mazy winding. ANGARIATION An*ga"ri*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. angariatio, fr. L. angaria service to a lord, villenage, fr. anga, Gr. Defn: Exaction of forced service; compulsion. [Obs.] Speed. ANGEIOLOGY; ANGEIOTOMY An`gei*ol"o*gy, n., An`gei*ot"o*my, etc. Defn: Same as Angiology, Angiotomy, etc. ANGEL An"gel, n. Etym: [AS. æangel, engel, influenced by OF. angele, angle, F. ange. Both the AS. and the OF. words are from L. angelus, Gr. 1. A messenger. [R.] The dear good angel of the Spring, The nightingale. B. Jonson. 2. A spiritual, celestial being, superior to man in power and intelligence. In the Scriptures the angels appear as God's messengers. O, welcome, pure-eyed Faith, white-handed Hope, Thou hovering angel, girt with golden wings. Milton. 3. One of a class of "fallen angels;" an evil spirit; as, the devil and his angels. 4. A minister or pastor of a church, as in the Seven Asiatic churches. [Archaic] Unto-the angel of the church of Ephesus write. Rev. ii. 1. 5. Attendant spirit; genius; demon. Shak. 6. An appellation given to a person supposed to be of angelic goodness or loveliness; a darling. When pain and anguish wring the brow. Sir W. Scott. 7. (Numis.) Defn: An ancient gold coin of England, bearing the figure of the archangel Michael. It varied in value from 6s. 8d. to 10s. Amer. Cyc. Note: Angel is sometimes used adjectively; as, angel grace; angel whiteness. Angel bed, a bed without posts. -- Angel fish. (Zoöl.) (a) A species of shark (Squatina angelus) from six to eight feet long, found on the coasts of Europe and North America. It takes its name from its pectoral fins, which are very large and extend horizontally like wings when spread. (b) One of several species of compressed, bright colored fishes warm seas, belonging to the family, Chætodontidæ. -- Angel gold, standard gold. [Obs.] Fuller. -- Angel shark. See Angel fish. -- Angel shot (Mil.), a kind of chain shot. -- Angel water, a perfumed liquid made at first chiefly from angelica; afterwards containing rose, myrtle, and orange-flower waters, with ambergris, etc. [Obs.] ANGELAGE An"gel*age, n. Defn: Existence or state of angels. ANGELET An"gel*et, n. Etym: [OF. angelet.] Defn: A small gold coin formerly current in England; a half angel. Eng. Cyc. ANGEL FISH An"gel fish. Defn: See under Angel. ANGELHOOD An"gel*hood, n. Defn: The state of being an angel; angelic nature. Mrs. Browning. ANGELIC; ANGELICAL An*gel"ic, An*gel"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. angelicus, Gr. angélique.] Defn: Belonging to, or proceeding from, angels; resembling, characteristic of, or partaking of the nature of, an angel; heavenly; divine. "Angelic harps." Thomson."Angelical actions." Hooker. The union of womanly tenderness and angelic patience. Macaulay. Angelic Hymn, a very ancient hymn of the Christian Church; -- so called from its beginning with the song of the heavenly host recorded in Luke ii. 14. Eadie. ANGELIC An*gel"ic, a. Etym: [From Angelica.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or derived from angelica; as, angelic acid; angelic ether. Angelic acid, an acid obtained from angelica and some other plants. ANGELICA An*gel"i*ca, n. Etym: [NL. See Angelic.] (Bot.) 1. An aromatic umbelliferous plant (Archangelica officinalis or Angelica archangelica) the leaf stalks of which are sometimes candied and used in confectionery, and the roots and seeds as an aromatic tonic. 2. The candied leaf stalks of angelica. Angelica tree, a thorny North American shrub (Aralia spinosa), called also Hercules' club. ANGELICALLY An*gel"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Like an angel. ANGELICALNESS An*gel"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being angelic; excellence more than human. ANGELIFY An*gel"i*fy, v. t. Defn: To make like an angel; to angelize. [Obs.] Farindon (1647). ANGELIZE An"gel*ize, v. t. Defn: To raise to the state of an angel; to render angelic. It ought not to be our object to angelize, nor to brutalize, but to humanize man. W. Taylor. ANGELLIKE An"gel*like`, a. & adv. Defn: Resembling an angel. ANGELOLATRY An`gel*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Worship paid to angels. ANGELOLOGY An`gel*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. angelus, Gr. -logy.] Defn: A discourse on angels, or a body of doctrines in regard to angels. The same mythology commanded the general consent; the same angelology, demonology. Milman. ANGELOPHANY An`gel*oph"a*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The actual appearance of an angel to man. ANGELOT An"ge*lot, n. Etym: [F. angelot, LL. angelotus, angellotus, dim. of angelus. See Angel.] 1. A French gold coin of the reign of Louis XI., bearing the image of St. Michael; also, a piece coined at Paris by the English under Henry VI. [Obs.] 2. An instrument of music, of the lute kind, now disused. Johnson. R. Browning. 3. A sort of small, rich cheese, made in Normandy. ANGELUS An"ge*lus, n. Etym: [L.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) A form of devotion in which three Ave Marias are repeated. It is said at morning, noon, and evening, at the sound of a bell. (b) The Angelus bell. Shipley. ANGER An"ger, n. Etym: [OE. anger, angre, affliction, anger, fr. Icel. angr affliction, sorrow; akin to Dan. anger regret, Swed. ånger regret, AS. ange oppressed, sad, L. angor a strangling, anguish, angere to strangle, Gr. amhas pain, and to. anguish, anxious, quinsy, and perh. awe, ugly. The word seems to have orig. meant to choke, squeeze. 1. Trouble; vexation; also, physical pain or smart of a sore, etc. [Obs.] I made the experiment, setting the moxa where . . . the greatest anger and soreness still continued. Temple. 2. A strong passion or emotion of displeasure or antagonism, excited by a real or supposed injury or insult to one's self or others, or by the intent to do such injury. Anger is like A full hot horse, who being allowed his way, Self- mettle tires him. Shak. Syn. -- Resentment; wrath; rage; fury; passion; ire gall; choler; indignation; displeasure; vexation; grudge; spleen. -- Anger, Indignation, Resentment, Wrath, Ire, Rage, Fury. Anger is a feeling of keen displeasure (usually with a desire to punish) for what we regard as wrong toward ourselves or others. It may be excessive or misplaced, but is not necessarily criminal. Indignation is a generous outburst of anger in view of things which are indigna, or unworthy to be done, involving what is mean, cruel, flagitious, etc., in character or conduct. Resentment is often a moody feeling, leading one to brood over his supposed personal wrongs with a deep and lasting anger. See Resentment. Wrath and ire (the last poetical) express the feelings of one who is bitterly provoked. Rage is a vehement ebullition of anger; and fury is an excess of rage, amounting almost to madness. Warmth of constitution often gives rise to anger; a high sense of honor creates indignation at crime; a man of quick sensibilities is apt to cherish resentment; the wrath and ire of men are often connected with a haughty and vindictive spirit; rage and fury are distempers of the soul to be regarded only with abhorrence. ANGER An"ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Angered; p. pr. & vb. n. Angering.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. angra.] 1. To make painful; to cause to smart; to inflame. [Obs.] He . . . angereth malign ulcers. Bacon. 2. To excite to anger; to enrage; to provoke. Taxes and impositions . . . which rather angered than grieved the people. Clarendon. ANGERLY An"ger*ly, adv. Defn: Angrily. [Obs. or Poetic] Why, how now, Hecate! you look angerly. Shak. ANGEVINE An"ge*vine, a. Etym: [F. Angevin.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Anjou in France. -- n. A native of Anjou. ANGIENCHYMA An`gi*en"chy*ma, n. Etym: [Gr. Parenchyma.] (Bot.) Defn: Vascular tissue of plants, consisting of spiral vessels, dotted, barred, and pitted ducts, and laticiferous vessels. ANGINA An*gi"na, n. Etym: [L., fr. angere to strangle, to choke. See Anger, n.] (Med.) Defn: Any inflammatory affection of the throat or faces, as the quinsy, malignant sore throat, croup, etc., especially such as tends to produce suffocation, choking, or shortness of breath. Angina pectoris, a peculiarly painful disease, so named from a sense of suffocating contraction or tightening of the lower part of the chest; -- called also breast pang, spasm of the chest. ANGINOUS; ANGINOSE An"gi*nous, An"gi*nose`, a. (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to angina or angina pectoris. ANGIO- An"gi*o-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A prefix, or combining form, in numerous compounds, usually relating to seed or blood vessels, or to something contained in, or covered by, a vessel. ANGIOCARPOUS An`gi*o*car"pous, a. Etym: [Angio- + Gr. (Bot.) (a) Having fruit inclosed within a covering that does not form a part of itself; as, the filbert covered by its husk, or the acorn seated in its cupule. Brande & C. (b) Having the seeds or spores covered, as in certain lichens. Gray. ANGIOGRAPHY An`gi*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Angio- + -graphy: cf. F. angiographie.] (Anat.) Defn: A description of blood vessels and lymphatics. ANGIOLOGY An`gi*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Angio- + -logy.] (Anat.) Defn: That part of anatomy which treats of blood vessels and lymphatics. ANGIOMA An`gi*o"ma, n. Etym: [ + -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A tumor composed chiefly of dilated blood vessels. ANGIOMONOSPERMOUS An`gi*o*mon`o*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Angio- + monospermous.] (Bot.) Defn: Producing one seed only in a seed pod. ANGIONEUROSIS An`gi*o*neu*ro"sis, n. [NL.; angio- + neurosis.] (Med.) Defn: Any disorder of the vasomotor system; neurosis of a blood vessel. --An`gi*o*neu*rot"ic (#), a. ANGIOPATHY An`gi*op"a*thy, n. [Angio- + Gr. disease.] (Med.) Defn: Disease of the vessels, esp. the blood vessels. ANGIOSCOPE An"gi*o*scope, n. Etym: [Angio- + -scope.] Defn: An instrument for examining the capillary vessels of animals and plants. Morin. ANGIOSPERM An"gi*o*sperm, n. Etym: [Angio- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A plant which has its seeds inclosed in a pericarp. Note: The term is restricted to exogenous plants, and applied to one of the two grand divisions of these species, the other division including gymnosperms, or those which have naked seeds. The oak, apple, beech, etc., are angiosperms, while the pines, spruce, hemlock, and the allied varieties, are gymnosperms. ANGIOSPERMATOUS An`gi*o*sper"ma*tous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Angiospermous. ANGIOSPERMOUS An`gi*o*sper"mous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having seeds inclosed in a pod or other pericarp. ANGIOSPOROUS An`gi*os"po*rous, a. Etym: [Angio- + spore.] (Bot.) Defn: Having spores contained in cells or thecæ, as in the case of some fungi. ANGIOSTOMOUS An`gi*os"to*mous, a. Etym: [Angio- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: With a narrow mouth, as the shell of certain gastropods. ANGIOTOMY An`gi*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [Angio- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Dissection of the blood vessels and lymphatics of the body. Dunglison. ANGLE An"gle, n. Etym: [F. angle, L. angulus angle, corner; akin to uncus hook, Gr. angel hook, fish-hook, G. angel, and F. anchor.] 1. The inclosed space near the point where two lines; a corner; a nook. Into the utmost angle of the world. Spenser. To search the tenderest angles of the heart. Milton. 2. (Geom.) (a) The figure made by. two lines which meet. (b) The difference of direction of two lines. In the lines meet, the point of meeting is the vertex of the angle. 3. A projecting or sharp corner; an angular fragment. Though but an angle reached him of the stone. Dryden. 4. (Astrol.) Defn: A name given to four of the twelve astrological "houses." [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. Etym: [AS. angel.] Defn: A fishhook; tackle for catching fish, consisting of a line, hook, and bait, with or without a rod. Give me mine angle: we 'll to the river there. Shak. A fisher next his trembling angle bears. Pope. Acute angle, one less than a right angle, or less than 90º. -- Adjacent or Contiguous angles, such as have one leg common to both angles. -- Alternate angles. See Alternate. -- Angle bar. (a) (Carp.) An upright bar at the angle where two faces of a polygonal or bay window meet. Knight. (b) (Mach.) Same as Angle iron. -- Angle bead (Arch.), a bead worked on or fixed to the angle of any architectural work, esp. for protecting an angle of a wall. -- Angle brace, Angle tie (Carp.), a brace across an interior angle of a wooden frame, forming the hypothenuse and securing the two side pieces together. Knight. -- Angle iron (Mach.), a rolled bar or plate of iron having one or more angles, used for forming the corners, or connecting or sustaining the sides of an iron structure to which it is riveted. -- Angle leaf (Arch.), a detail in the form of a leaf, more or less conventionalized, used to decorate and sometimes to strengthen an angle. -- Angle meter, an instrument for measuring angles, esp. for ascertaining the dip of strata. -- Angle shaft (Arch.), an enriched angle bead, often having a capital or base, or both. -- Curvilineal angle, one formed by two curved lines. -- External angles, angles formed by the sides of any right-lined figure, when the sides are produced or lengthened. -- Facial angle. See under Facial. -- Internal angles, those which are within any right-lined figure. -- Mixtilineal angle, one formed by a right line with a curved line. -- Oblique angle, one acute or obtuse, in opposition to a right angle. -- Obtuse angle, one greater than a right angle, or more than 90º. -- Optic angle. See under Optic. -- Rectilineal or Right-lined angle, one formed by two right lines. -- Right angle, one formed by a right line falling on another perpendicularly, or an angle of 90º (measured by a quarter circle). -- Solid angle, the figure formed by the meeting of three or more plane angles at one point. -- Spherical angle, one made by the meeting of two arcs of great circles, which mutually cut one another on the surface of a globe or sphere. -- Visual angle, the angle formed by two rays of light, or two straight lines drawn from the extreme points of an object to the center of the eye. -- For Angles of commutation, draught, incidence, reflection, refraction, position, repose, fraction, see Commutation, Draught, Incidence, Reflection, Refraction, etc. ANGLE An"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Angled; p. pr. & vb. n. Angling.] 1. To fish with an angle (fishhook), or with hook and line. 2. To use some bait or artifice; to intrigue; to scheme; as, to angle for praise. The hearts of all that he did angle for. Shak. ANGLE An"gle, v. t. Defn: To try to gain by some insinuating artifice; to allure. [Obs.] "He angled the people's hearts." Sir P. Sidney. ANGLED An"gled, a. Defn: Having an angle or angles; -- used in compounds; as, right- angled, many-angled, etc. The thrice three-angled beechnut shell. Bp. Hall. ANGLEMETER An"gle*me`ter, n. Etym: [Angle + -meter.] Defn: An instrument to measure angles, esp. one used by geologists to measure the dip of strata. ANGLE OF ENTRY An"gle of en"try. (Aëronautics) Defn: The angle between the tangent to the advancing edge (of an aërocurve) and the line of motion; -- contrasted with angle of trail, which is the angle between the tangent to the following edge and the line of motion. ANGLE OF INCIDENCE Angle of incidence. (Aëronautics) Defn: The angle between the chord of an aërocurve and the relative direction of the undisturbed air current. ANGLER An"gler, n. 1. One who angles. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish (Lophius piscatorius), of Europe and America, having a large, broad, and depressed head, with the mouth very large. Peculiar appendages on the head are said to be used to entice fishes within reach. Called also fishing frog, frogfish, toadfish, goosefish, allmouth, monkfish, etc. ANGLES An"gles, n. pl. Etym: [L. Angli. See Anglican.] (Ethnol.) Defn: An ancient Low German tribe, that settled in Britain, which came to be called Engla-land (Angleland or England). The Angles probably came from the district of Angeln (now within the limits of Schleswig), and the country now Lower Hanover, etc. ANGLESITE An"gle*site, n. Etym: [From the Isle of Anglesea.] (Min.) Defn: A native sulphate of lead. It occurs in white or yellowish transparent, prismatic crystals. ANGLEWISE An"gle*wise`, adv. Etym: [Angle + wise, OE. wise manner.] Defn: In an angular manner; angularly. ANGLEWORM An"gle*worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A earthworm of the genus Lumbricus, frequently used by anglers for bait. See Earthworm. ANGLIAN An"gli*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Angles. -- n. Defn: One of the Angles. ANGLIC An"glic, a. Defn: Anglian. ANGLICAN An"gli*can, a. Etym: [Angli the Angles, a Germanic tribe in Lower Germany. Cf. English.] 1. English; of or pertaining to England or the English nation; especially, pertaining to, or connected with, the established church of England; as, the Anglican church, doctrine, orders, ritual, etc. 2. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or held by, the high church party of the Church of England. ANGLICAN An"gli*can, n. 1. A member of the Church of England. Whether Catholics, Anglicans, or Calvinists. Burke. 2. In a restricted sense, a member of the High Church party, or of the more advanced ritualistic section, in the Church of England. ANGLICANISM An"gli*can*ism, n. 1. Strong partiality to the principles and rites of the Church of England. 2. The principles of the established church of England; also, in a restricted sense, the doctrines held by the high-church party. 3. Attachment to England or English institutions. ANGLICE An"gli*ce, adv. Etym: [NL.] Defn: In English; in the English manner; as, Livorno, Anglice Leghorn. ANGLICIFY An*glic"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [NL. Anglicus English + -fly.] Defn: To anglicize. [R.] ANGLICISM An"gli*cism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. anglicisme.] 1. An English idiom; a phrase or form language peculiar to the English. Dryden. 2. The quality of being English; an English characteristic, custom, or method. ANGLICITY An*glic"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being English. ANGLICIZATION An`gli*ci*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of anglicizing, or making English in character. ANGLICIZE An"gli*cize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglicized; p. pr. & vb. n. Anglicizing.] Defn: To make English; to English; to anglify; render conformable to the English idiom, or to English analogies. ANGLIFY An"gli*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglified; p. pr. & vb. n. Anglifying.] Etym: [L. Angli + -fly.] Defn: To convert into English; to anglicize. Franklin. Darwin. ANGLING An"gling, n. Defn: The act of one who angles; the art of fishing with rod and line. Walton. ANGLO- An"glo- Etym: [NL. Anglus English. See Anglican.] Defn: A combining form meaning the same as English; or English and, or English conjoined with; as, Anglo-Turkish treaty, Anglo-German, Anglo-Irish. Anglo-American, . Of or pertaining to the English and Americans, or to the descendants of Englishmen in America. -- n. A descendant from English ancestors born in America, or the United States. Anglo-Danish, a. Of or pertaining to the English and Danes, or to the Danes who settled in England. Anglo-Indian, a. Of or pertaining to the English in India, or to the English and East Indian peoples or languages. -- n. One of the Anglo-Indian race born or resident in the East Indies. Anglo-Norman, a. Of or pertaining to the English and Normans, or to the Normans who settled in England. -- n. One of the English Normans, or the Normans who conquered England. Anglo-Saxon. See Anglo-Saxon in the Vocabulary. ANGLO-CATHOLIC An"glo-Cath"o*lic, a., Defn: Of or pertaining to a church modeled on the English Reformation; Anglican; -- sometimes restricted to the ritualistic or High Church section of the Church of England. ANGLO-CATHOLIC An"glo-Cath"o*lic, n. Defn: A member of the Church of England who contends for its catholic character; more specifically, a High Churchman. ANGLO-CATHOLICISM An"glo-Ca*thol"i*cism, n. Defn: The belief of those in the Church of England who accept many doctrines and practices which they maintain were those of the primitive, or true, Catholic Church, of which they consider the Church of England to be the lineal descendant. ANGLOMANIA An"glo*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Anglo'cf + mania.] Defn: A mania for, or an inordinate attachment to, English customs, institutions, etc. ANGLOMANIAC An`glo*ma"ni*ac, n. Defn: One affected with Anglomania. ANGLOPHOBIA An`glo*pho"bi*a, n. Etym: [Anglo- + Gr. Defn: Intense dread of, or aversion to, England or the English. -- An"glo*phobe, n. ANGLO-SAXON An"glo-Sax"on, n. Etym: [L. Angli-Saxones English Saxons.] 1. A Saxon of Britain, that is, an English Saxon, or one the Saxons who settled in England, as distinguished from a continental (or "Old") Saxon. 2. pl. Defn: The Teutonic people (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) of England, or the English people, collectively, before the Norman Conquest. It is quite correct to call Æthelstan "King of the Anglo-Saxons," but to call this or that subject of Æthelstan "an Anglo-Saxon" is simply nonsense. E. A. Freeman. 3. The language of the English people before the Conquest (sometimes called Old English). See Saxon. 4. One of the race or people who claim descent from the Saxons, Angles, or other Teutonic tribes who settled in England; a person of English descent in its broadest sense. ANGLO-SAXON An"glo-Sax"on, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Anglo-Saxons or their language. ANGLO-SAXONDOM An"glo-Sax"on*dom, n. Defn: The Anglo-Saxon domain (i. e., Great Britain and the United States, etc.); the Anglo-Saxon race. ANGLO-SAXONISM An"glo-Sax"on*ism, n. 1. A characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race; especially, a word or an idiom of the Anglo-Saxon tongue. M. Arnold. 2. The quality or sentiment of being Anglo-Saxon, or English in its ethnological sense. ANGOLA An*go"la, n. Etym: [A corruption of Angora.] Defn: A fabric made from the wool of the Angora goat. ANGOLA PEA An*go"la pea`. (Bot.) Defn: A tropical plant (Cajanus indicus) and its edible seed, a kind of pulse; -- so called from Angola in Western Africa. Called also pigeon pea and Congo pea. ANGOR An"gor, n. Etym: [L. See Anger.] (Med.) Defn: Great anxiety accompanied by painful constriction at the upper part of the belly, often with palpitation and oppression. ANGORA An*go"ra, n. Defn: A city of Asia Minor (or Anatolia) which has given its name to a goat, a cat, etc. Angora cat (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic cat with very long and silky hair, generally of the brownish white color. Called also Angola cat. See Cat. -- Angora goat (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic goat, reared for its long silky hair, which is highly prized for manufacture. ANGOSTURA BARK An`gos*tu"ra bark". Etym: [From Angostura, in Venezuela.] Defn: An aromatic bark used as a tonic, obtained from a South American of the rue family (Galipea cusparia, or officinalis). U. S. Disp. ANGOUMOIS MOTH An`gou`mois" moth". Etym: [So named from Angoumois in France.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small moth (Gelechia cerealella) which is very destructive to wheat and other grain. The larva eats out the inferior of the grain, leaving only the shell. ANGRILY An"gri*ly, adv. Defn: In an angry manner; under the influence of anger. ANGRINESS An"gri*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being angry, or of being inclined to anger. Such an angriness of humor that we take fire at everything. Whole Duty of Man. ANGRY An"gry, a. [Compar. Angrier; superl. Angriest.] Etym: [See Anger.] 1. Troublesome; vexatious; rigorous. [Obs.] God had provided a severe and angry education to chastise the forwardness of a young spirit. Jer. Taylor. 2. Inflamed and painful, as a sore. 3. Touched with anger; under the emotion of anger; feeling resentment; enraged; -- followed generally by with before a person, and at before a thing. Be not grieved, nor angry with yourselves. Gen. xlv. 5. Wherefore should God be angry at thy voice Eccles. v. 6. 4. Showing anger; proceeding from anger; acting as if moved by anger; wearing the marks of anger; as, angry words or tones; an angry sky; angry waves. "An angry countenance." Prov. xxv. 23. 5. Red. [R.] Sweet rose, whose hue, angry and brave. Herbert. 6. Sharp; keen; stimulated. [R.] I never ate with angrier appetite. Tennyson. Syn. -- Passionate; resentful; irritated; irascible; indignant; provoked; enraged; incensed; exasperated; irate; hot; raging; furious; wrathful; wroth; choleric; inflamed; infuriated. ANGUIFORM An"gui*form, a. Etym: [L. angius snake + -form.] Defn: Snake-shaped. ANGUILLIFORM An*guil"li*form, a. Etym: [L. anguilla eel (dim. of anguis snake) + - form.] Defn: Eel-shaped. Note: The "Anguillæformes" of Cuvier are fishes related to thee eel. ANGUINE An"guine, a. Etym: [L. anguinus, fr. anguis snake.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a snake or serpent. "The anguine or snakelike reptiles." Owen. ANGUINEAL An*guin"e*al, a. Defn: Anguineous. ANGUINEOUS An*guin"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. anguineus.] Defn: Snakelike. ANGUISH An"guish, n. Etym: [OE. anguishe, anguise, angoise, F. angoisse, fr. L. angustia narrowness, difficulty, distress, fr. angustus narrow, difficult, fr. angere to press together. See Anger.] Defn: Extreme pain, either of body or mind; excruciating distress. But they hearkened not unto Moses for anguish of spirit, and for cruel bondage. Ex. vi. 9. Anguish as of her that bringeth forth her first child. Jer. iv. 31. Note: Rarely used in the plural: - Ye miserable people, you must go to God in anguishes, and make your prayer to him. Latimer. Syn. -- Agony; pang; torture; torment. See Agony. ANGUISH An"guish, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. angoisser, fr. L. angustiare.] Defn: To distress with extreme pain or grief. [R.] Temple. ANGULAR An"gu*lar, a. Etym: [L. angularis, fr. angulus angle, corner. See Angle.] 1. Relating to an angle or to angles; having an angle or angles; forming an angle or corner; sharp-cornered; pointed; as, an angular figure. 2. Measured by an angle; as, angular distance. 3. Fig.: Lean; lank; raw-boned; ungraceful; sharp and stiff in character; as, remarkably angular in his habits and appearance; an angular female. Angular aperture, Angular distance. See Aperture, Distance. -- Angular motion, the motion of a body about a fixed point or fixed axis, as of a planet or pendulum. It is equal to the angle passed over at the point or axis by a line drawn to the body. -- Angular point, the point at which the sides of the angle meet; the vertex. -- Angular velocity, the ratio of anuglar motion to the time employed in describing. ANGULAR An"gu*lar, n. (Anat.) Defn: A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, and fishes. ANGULARITY An`gu*lar"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being angular; angularness. ANGULARLY An"gu*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In an angular manner; with of at angles or corners. B. Jonson. ANGULARNESS An"gu*lar*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being angular. ANGULATE An"gu*late, v. t. Defn: To make angular. ANGULATE; ANGULATED An"gu*late, An"gu*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. angulatus, p. p. of angulare to make angular.] Defn: Having angles or corners; angled; as, angulate leaves. ANGULATION An`gu*la"tion, n. Defn: A making angular; angular formation. Huxley. ANGULO-DENTATE An"gu*lo-den"tate(#), a.. Etym: [L. angulus angle + dens, dentis, tooth.] (Bot.) Defn: Angularly toothed, as certain leaves. ANGULOMETER An"gu*lom"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. angulus angle + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring external angles. ANGULOSE An"gu*lose`, a. Defn: Angulous. [R.] ANGULOSITY An`gu*los"i*ty, n. Defn: A state of being angulous or angular. [Obs.] ANGULOUS An"gu*lous, a. Etym: [L. angulosus: cf. F. anguleux.] Defn: Angular; having corners; hooked. [R.] Held together by hooks and angulous involutions. Glanvill. ANGUST An*gust", a. Etym: [L. angustus. See Anguish.] Defn: Narrow; strait. [Obs.] ANGUSTATE An*gus"tate, a. Etym: [L. angustatus, p. p. of angustare to make narrow.] Defn: Narrowed. ANGUSTATION An`gus*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act or making narrow; a straitening or contacting. Wiseman. ANGUSTICLAVE An*gus"ti*clave (an*gus"ti*klav), n. [L. angustus narrow + clavus a nail, a stripe.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A narrow stripe of purple worn by the equites on each side of the tunic as a sign of rank. ANGUSTIFOLIATE; ANGUSTIFOLIOUS An*gus`ti*fo"li*ate, An*gus`ti*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. angustus narrow (see Anguish) + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: Having narrow leaves. Wright. ANGUSTURA BARK An`gus*tu"ra bark`. Defn: See Angostura bark. ANGWANTIBO An`gwan*ti"bo, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small lemuroid mammal (Arctocebus Calabarensis) of Africa. It has only a rudimentary tail. ANHANG An*hang", v. t. Etym: [AS. onhangian.] Defn: To hang. [Obs.] Chaucer. ANHARMONIC An`har*mon"ic, a. Etym: [F. anharmonique, fr. Gr. (Math.) Defn: Not harmonic. The anharmonic function or ratio of four points abcd on a straight line is the quantity (ac/ad):(bc/bd), where the segments are to regarded as plus or minus, according to the order of the letters. ANHELATION An`he*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. anhelatio, fr. anhelare to pant; an (perh. akin to E. on) + halare to breathe: cf. F. anhélation.] Defn: Short and rapid breathing; a panting; asthma. Glanvill. ANHELE An*hele", v. i. Etym: [Cf. OF. aneler, anheler. See Anhelation.] Defn: To pant; to be breathlessly anxious or eager (for). [Obs.] They anhele . . . for the fruit of our convocation. Latimer. ANHELOSE An"he*lose, a. Defn: Anhelous; panting. [R.] ANHELOUS An*he"lous, a. Etym: [L. anhelus.] Defn: Short of breath; panting. ANHIMA An"hi*ma, n. Etym: [Brazilian name.] Defn: A South American aquatic bird; the horned screamer or kamichi (Palamedea cornuta). See Kamichi. ANHINGA An*hin"ga, n. Etym: [Pg.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An aquatic bird of the southern United States (Platus anhinga); the darter, or snakebird. ANHISTOUS An*his"tous, a. Etym: [Gr. anhiste.] (Biol.) Defn: Without definite structure; as, an anhistous membrane. ANHUNGERED An*hun"gered, a. Defn: Ahungered; longing. [Archaic] ANHYDRIDE An*hy"dride, n. Etym: [See Anhydrous.] (Chem.) Defn: An oxide of a nonmetallic body or an organic radical, capable of forming an acid by uniting with the elements of water; -- so called because it may be formed from an acid by the abstraction of water. ANHYDRITE An*hy"drite, n. Etym: [See Anhydrous.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a white a slightly bluish color, usually massive. It is anhydrous sulphate of lime, and differs from gypsum in not containing water (whence the name). ANHYDROUS An*hy"drous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Destitute of water; as, anhydrous salts or acids. ANI; ANO A"ni or A"no, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A black bird of tropical America, the West Indies and Florida (Crotophaga ani), allied to the cuckoos, and remarkable for communistic nesting. ANICUT; ANNICUT An"i*cut, An"ni*cut, n. Etym: [Tamil anai kattu dam building.] Defn: A dam or mole made in the course of a stream for the purpose of regulating the flow of a system of irrigation. [India] Brande & C. ANIDIOMATIC; ANIDIOMATICAL; UNIDIOMATIC; UNIDIOMATICAL An*id`io*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. idiomatical.] Defn: Not idiomatic. [R.] Landor. ANIENT; ANIENTISE An"i*ent, An`i*en"tise, v. t. Etym: [OF. anientir, F. anéantir.] Defn: To frustrate; to bring to naught; to annihilate. [Obs.] Chaucer. ANIGH A*nigh", prep. & adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + nigh.] Defn: Nigh. [Archaic] ANIGHT; ANIGHTS A*night", A*nights", adv. Etym: [OE. on niht.] Defn: In the night time; at night. [Archaic] Does he hawk anights still Marston. ANIL An"il, n. Etym: [F. anil, Sp. anil, or Pg. anil; all fr. Ar. an-nil, for al-nil the indigo plant, fr. Skr. nila dark blue, nili indigo, indigo plant. Cf. Lilac.] (Bot.) Defn: A West Indian plant (Indigofera anil), one of the original sources of indigo; also, the indigo dye. ANILE An"ile, a. Etym: [L. anilis, fr. anus an old woman.] Defn: Old-womanish; imbecile. "Anile ideas." Walpole. ANILENESS An"ile*ness, n. Defn: Anility. [R.] ANILIC An*il"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, anil; indigotic; -- applied to an acid formed by the action of nitric acid on indigo. [R.] ANILIDE An"i*lide, n. (Chem.) Defn: One of a class of compounds which may be regarded as amides in which more or less of the hydrogen has been replaced by phenyl. ANILINE An"i*line, n. Etym: [See Anil.] (Chem.) Defn: An organic base belonging to the phenylamines. It may be regarded as ammonia in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced by the radical phenyl. It is a colorless, oily liquid, originally obtained from indigo by distillation, but now largely manufactured from coal tar or nitrobenzene as a base from which many brilliant dyes are made. ANILINE An"i*line, a. Defn: Made from, or of the nature of, aniline. ANILINISM An"i*lin*ism, n. [Aniline + -ism.] (Med.) Defn: A disease due to inhaling the poisonous fumes present in the manufacture of aniline. ANILITY A*nil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. anilitas. See Anile.] Defn: The state of being and old woman; old-womanishness; dotage. "Marks of anility." Sterne. ANIMADVERSAL An`i*mad*ver"sal, n. Defn: The faculty of perceiving; a percipient. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. ANIMADVERSION An`i*mad*ver"sion, n. Etym: [L. animadversio, fr. animadvertere: cf. F. animadversion. See Animadvert.] 1. The act or power of perceiving or taking notice; direct or simple perception. [Obs.] The soul is the sole percipient which hath animadversion and sense, properly so called. Glanvill. 2. Monition; warning. [Obs.] Clarendon. 3. Remarks by way of criticism and usually of censure; adverse criticism; reproof; blame. He dismissed their commissioners with severe and sharp animadversions. Clarendon. 4. Judicial cognizance of an offense; chastisement; punishment. [Archaic] "Divine animadversions." Wesley. Syn. -- Stricture; criticism; censure; reproof; blame; comment. ANIMADVERSIVE An`i*mad*ver"sive, a. Defn: Having the power of perceiving; percipient. [Archaic] Glanvill. I do not mean there is a certain number of ideas glaring and shining to the animadversive faculty. Coleridge. ANIMADVERT An`i*mad*vert", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Animadverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Animadverting.] Etym: [L. animadvertere; animus mind + advertere to turn to; ad to + vertere to turn.] 1. To take notice; to observe; -- commonly followed by that. Dr. H. More. 2. To consider or remark by way of criticism or censure; to express censure; -- with on or upon. I should not animadvert on him . . . if he had not used extreme severity in his judgment of the incomparable Shakespeare. Dryden. 3. To take cognizance judicially; to inflict punishment. [Archaic] Grew. Syn. -- To remark; comment; criticise; censure. ANIMADVERTER An`i*mad*vert"er, n. Defn: One who animadverts; a censurer; also [Obs.], a chastiser. ANIMAL An"i*mal, n. Etym: [L., fr. anima breath, soul: cf. F. animal. See Animate.] 1. An organized living being endowed with sensation and the power of voluntary motion, and also characterized by taking its food into an internal cavity or stomach for digestion; by giving carbonic acid to the air and taking oxygen in the process of respiration; and by increasing in motive power or active aggressive force with progress to maturity. 2. One of the lower animals; a brute or beast, as distinguished from man; as, men and animals. ANIMAL An"i*mal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. animal.] 1. Of or relating to animals; as, animal functions. 2. Pertaining to the merely sentient part of a creature, as distinguished from the intellectual, rational, or spiritual part; as, the animal passions or appetites. 3. Consisting of the flesh of animals; as, animal food. Animal magnetism. See Magnetism and Mesmerism. -- Animal electricity, the electricity developed in some animals, as the electric eel, torpedo, etc. -- Animal flower (Zoöl.), a name given to certain marine animals resembling a flower, as any species of actinia or sea anemone, and other Anthozoa, hydroids, starfishes, etc. -- Animal heat (Physiol.), the heat generated in the body of a living animal, by means of which the animal is kept at nearly a uniform temperature. -- Animal spirits. See under Spirit. -- Animal kingdom, the whole class of beings endowed with animal life. It embraces several subkingdoms, and under these there are Classes, Orders, Families, Genera, Species, and sometimes intermediate groupings, all in regular subordination, but variously arranged by different writers. Note: The following are the grand divisions, or subkingdoms, and the principal classes under them, generally recognized at the present time: -Vertebrata, including Mammalia or Mammals, Aves or Birds, Reptilia, Amphibia, Pisces or Fishes, Marsipobranchiata (Craniota); and Leptocardia (Acrania). Tunicata, including the Thaliacea, and Ascidioidea or Ascidians. Articulata or Annulosa, including Insecta, Myriapoda, Malacapoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Merostomata, Crustacea (Arthropoda); and Annelida, Gehyrea (Anarthropoda). Helminthes or Vermes, including Rotifera, Chætognatha, Nematoidea, Acanthocephala, Nemertina, Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoidea, Mesozea. Molluscoidea, including Brachiopoda and Bryozoa. Mollusca, including Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, Pteropoda, Scaphopoda, Lamellibranchiata or Acephala. Echinodermata, including Holothurioidea, Echinoidea, Asterioidea, Ophiuroidea, and Crinoidea. Coelenterata, including Anthozoa or Polyps, Ctenophora, and Hydrozoa or Acalephs. Spongiozoa or Porifera, including the sponges. Protozoa, including Infusoria and Rhizopoda. For definitions, see these names in the Vocabulary. ANIMALCULAR; ANIMALCULINE An`i*mal"cu*lar, An`i*mal"cu*line, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, animalcules. "Animalcular life." Tyndall. ANIMALCULE An`i*mal"cule, n. Etym: [As if fr. a L. animalculum, dim. of animal.] 1. A small animal, as a fly, spider, etc. [Obs.] Ray. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal, invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. See Infusoria. Note: Many of the so-called animalcules have been shown to be plants, having locomotive powers something like those of animals. Among these are Volvox, the Desmidiacæ, and the siliceous Diatomaceæ. Spermatic animalcules. See Spermatozoa. ANIMALCULISM An`i*mal"cu*lism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. animalculisme.] (Biol.) Defn: The theory which seeks to explain certain physiological and pathological by means of animalcules. ANIMALCULIST An`i*mal"cu*list, n. Etym: [Cf. F. animalculiste.] 1. One versed in the knowledge of animalcules. Keith. 2. A believer in the theory of animalculism. ANIMALCULUM An`i*mal"cu*lum, n.; pl. Animalcula. Etym: [NL. See Animalcule.] Defn: An animalcule. Note: Animalculæ, as if from a Latin singular animalcula, is a barbarism. ANIMALISH An"i*mal*ish, a. Defn: Like an animal. ANIMALISM An"i*mal*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. animalisme.] Defn: The state, activity, or enjoyment of animals; mere animal life without intellectual or moral qualities; sensuality. ANIMALITY An`i*mal"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. animalité.] Defn: Animal existence or nature. Locke. ANIMALIZATION An`i*mal*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. animalisation.] 1. The act of animalizing; the giving of animal life, or endowing with animal properties. 2. Conversion into animal matter by the process of assimilation. Owen. ANIMALIZE An"i*mal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Animalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Animalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. animaliser.] 1. To endow with the properties of an animal; to represent in animal form. Warburton. 2. To convert into animal matter by the processes of assimilation. 3. To render animal or sentient; to reduce to the state of a lower animal; to sensualize. The unconscious irony of the Epicurean poet on the animalizing tendency of his own philosophy. Coleridge. ANIMALLY An"i*mal*ly, adv. Defn: Physically. G. Eliot. ANIMALNESS An"i*mal*ness, n. Defn: Animality. [R.] ANIMASTIC An`i*mas"tic, a. Etym: [L. anima breath, life.] Defn: Pertaining to mind or spirit; spiritual. ANIMASTIC An`i*mas"tic, n. Defn: Psychology. [Obs.] ANIMATE An"i*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Animated; p. pr. & vb. n. Animating.] Etym: [L. animatus, p. p. of animare, fr. anima breath, soul; akin to animus soul, mind, Gr. an to breathe, live, Goth. us-anan to expire (us- out), Icel. önd breath, anda to breathe, OHG. ando anger. Cf. Animal.] 1. To give natural life to; to make alive; to quicken; as, the soul animates the body. 2. To give powers to, or to heighten the powers or effect of; as, to animate a lyre. Dryden. 3. To give spirit or vigor to; to stimulate or incite; to inspirit; to rouse; to enliven. The more to animate the people, he stood on high . . . and cried unto them with a loud voice. Knolles. Syn. -- To enliven; inspirit; stimulate; exhilarate; inspire; instigate; rouse; urge; cheer; prompt; incite; quicken; gladden. ANIMATE An"i*mate, a. Etym: [L. animatus, p. p.] Defn: Endowed with life; alive; living; animated; lively. The admirable structure of animate bodies. Bentley. ANIMATED An"i*ma`ted, a. Defn: Endowed with life; full of life or spirit; indicating animation; lively; vigorous. "Animated sounds." Pope. "Animated bust." Gray. "Animated descriptions." Lewis. ANIMATEDLY An"i*ma`ted*ly, adv. Defn: With animation. ANIMATER An"i*ma`ter, n. Defn: One who animates. De Quincey. ANIMATING An"i*ma"ting, a. Defn: Causing animation; life-giving; inspiriting; rousing. "Animating cries." Pope. -- An"i*ma`ting*ly, adv. ANIMATION An`i*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. animatio, fr. animare.] 1. The act of animating, or giving life or spirit; the state of being animate or alive. The animation of the same soul quickening the whole frame. Bp. Hall. Perhaps an inanimate thing supplies me, while I am speaking, with whatever I posses of animation. Landor. 2. The state of being lively, brisk, or full of spirit and vigor; vivacity; spiritedness; as, he recited the story with great animation. Suspended animation, temporary suspension of the vital functions, as in persons nearly drowned. Syn. -- Liveliness; vivacity; spirit; buoyancy; airiness; sprightliness; promptitude; enthusiasm; ardor; earnestness; energy. See Liveliness. ANIMATIVE An"i*ma*tive, a Defn: Having the power of giving life or spirit. Johnson. ANIMATOR An"i*ma`tor, n. Etym: [L. animare.] Defn: One who, or that which, animates; an animater. Sir T. Browne. ANIME A"ni*mé`, a. Etym: [F., animated.] (Her.) Defn: Of a different tincture from the animal itself; -- said of the eyes of a rapacious animal. Brande & C. ANIME A"ni*mé, n. Etym: [F. animé animated (from the insects that are entrapped in it); or native name.] Defn: A resin exuding from a tropical American tree (Hymenæa courbaril), and much used by varnish makers. Ure. ANIMISM An"i*mism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. animisme, fr. L. anima soul. See Animate.] 1. The doctrine, taught by Stahl, that the soul is the proper principle of life and development in the body. 2. The belief that inanimate objects and the phenomena of nature are endowed with personal life or a living soul; also, in an extended sense, the belief in the existence of soul or spirit apart from matter. Tylor. ANIMIST An"i*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. animiste.] Defn: One who maintains the doctrine of animism. ANIMISTIC An`i*mis"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to animism. Huxley. Tylor. ANIMOSE; ANIMOUS An`i*mose", An"i*mous, a. Etym: [L. animosus, fr. animus soul, spirit, courage.] Defn: Full of spirit; hot; vehement; resolute. [Obs.] Ash. ANIMOSENESS An`i*mose"ness, n. Defn: Vehemence of temper. [Obs.] ANIMOSITY An`i*mos"i*ty, n.; pl. Animosities. Etym: [F. animosité, fr. L. animositas. See Animose, Animate, v. t.] 1. Mere spiritedness or courage. [Obs.] Skelton. Such as give some proof of animosity, audacity, and execution, those she [the crocodile] loveth. Holland. 2. Violent hatred leading to active opposition; active enmity; energetic dislike. Macaulay. Syn. -- Enmity; hatred; opposition. -- Animosity, Enmity. Enmity be dormant or concealed; animosity is active enmity, inflamed by collision and mutual injury between opposing parties. The animosities which were continually springing up among the clans in Scotland kept that kingdom in a state of turmoil and bloodshed for successive ages. The animosities which have been engendered among Christian sects have always been the reproach of the church. Such [writings] as naturally conduce to inflame hatreds and make enmities irreconcilable. Spectator. [These] factions . . . never suspended their animosities till they ruined that unhappy government. Hume. ANIMUS An"i*mus, n.; pl. Animi. Etym: [L., mind.] Defn: Animating spirit; intention; temper. nimus furandi Etym: [L.] (Law), intention of stealing. ANION An"i*on, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: An electro-negative element, or the element which, in electro- chemical decompositions, is evolved at the anode; -- opposed to cation. Faraday. ANISE An"ise, n. Etym: [OE. anys, F. anis, L. anisum, anethum, fr. Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous plant (Pimpinella anisum) growing naturally in Egypt, and cultivated in Spain, Malta, etc., for its carminative and aromatic seeds. 2. The fruit or seeds of this plant. ANISEED An"i*seed, n. Defn: The seed of the anise; also, a cordial prepared from it. "Oil of aniseed." Brande & C. ANISETTE An`i*sette", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A French cordial or liqueur flavored with anise seeds. De Colange. ANISIC A*nis"ic, a. Defn: Of or derived from anise; as, anisic acid; anisic alcohol. ANISOCORIA An`i*so*co"ri*a, n. [NL., fr. Gr. + pupil.] (Med.) Defn: Inequality of the pupils of the eye. ANISODACTYLA; ANISODACTYLS An`i*so*dac"ty*la, An`i*so*dac"tyls, n. pl. Etym: [NL. anisodactyla, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) A group of herbivorous mammals characterized by having the hoofs in a single series around the foot, as the elephant, rhinoceros, etc. (b) A group of perching birds which are anisodactylous. ANISODACTYLOUS An`i*so*dac"ty*lous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Characterized by unequal toes, three turned forward and one backward, as in most passerine birds. ANISOL An"i*sol, n. [Anisic + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: Methyl phenyl ether, C6H5OCH3, got by distilling anisic acid or by the action of methide on potassium phenolate. ANISOMERIC An`i*so*mer"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Not isomeric; not made of the same components in the same proportions. ANISOMEROUS An`i*som"er*ous, a. Etym: [See Anisomeric.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the number of floral organs unequal, as four petals and six stamens. ANISOMETRIC An`i*so*met"ric, a. Etym: [Gr. isometric.] Defn: Not isometric; having unsymmetrical parts; -- said of crystals with three unequal axes. Dana. ANISOMETROPIA An`i*so*me*tro"pi*a, n. [NL., fr. Gr. + measure + , , eye.] Defn: Unequal refractive power in the two eyes. ANISOPETALOUS An`i*so*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having unequal petals. ANISOPHYLLOUS An`i*soph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having unequal leaves. ANISOPLEURA An`i*so*pleu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A primary division of gastropods, including those having spiral shells. The two sides of the body are unequally developed. ANISOPODA An`i*sop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Crustacea, which, in some its characteristics, is intermediate between Amphipoda and Isopoda. ANISOSPORE An"i*so*spore`, n. [Gr. priv. + isospore.] (Biol.) Defn: A sexual spore in which the sexes differ in size; -- opposed to isospore. ANISOSTEMONOUS An`i*so*stem"o*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having unequal stamens; having stamens different in number from the petals. ANISOSTHENIC An`i*so*sthen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of unequal strength. ANISOTROPE; ANISOTROPIC An"i*so*trope`, An`i*so*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physics) Defn: Not isotropic; having different properties in different directions; thus, crystals of the isometric system are optically isotropic, but all other crystals are anisotropic. ANISOTROPOUS An`i*sot"ro*pous, a. Defn: Anisotropic. ANISYL An"i*syl, n. (Org. Chem.) (a) The univalent radical, CH3OC6H4, of which anisol is the hydride. (b) The univalent radical CH3OC6H4CH2; as, anisyl alcohol. (c) The univalent radical CH3OC6H4CO, of anisic acid. ANITO A*ni"to, n.; pl. -tos (#). [Sp.] Defn: In Guam and the Philippines, an idol, fetich, or spirit. ANKER An"ker, n. Etym: [D. anker: cf. LL. anceria, ancheria.] Defn: A liquid measure in various countries of Europe. The Dutch anker, formerly also used in England, contained about 10 of the old wine gallons, or 8 ANKERITE An"ker*ite, n. Etym: [So called from Prof. Anker of Austria: cf. F. ankérite, G. ankerit.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral closely related to dolomite, but containing iron. ANKH Ankh, n. [Egypt.] (Egypt. Archæol.) Defn: A tau cross with a loop at the top, used as an attribute or sacred emblem, symbolizing generation or enduring life. Called also crux ansata. ANKLE An"kle, n. Etym: [OE. ancle, anclow, AS. ancleow; akin to Icel. ökkla, ökli, Dan. and Sw. ankel, D. enklaauw, enkel, G. enkel, and perh. OHG. encha, ancha thigh, shin: cf. Skr. anga limb, anguri finger. Cf. Haunch.] Defn: The joint which connects the foot with the leg; the tarsus. Ankle bone, the bone of the ankle; the astragalus. ANKLED An"kled, a. Defn: Having ankles; -- used in composition; as, well-ankled. Beau. & Fl. ANKLET An"klet, n. Defn: An ornament or a fetter for the ankle; an ankle ring. ANKUS An"kus, n. [Hind., fr. Skr. ankuça.] Defn: An elephant goad with a sharp spike and hook, resembling a short-handled boat hook. [India] Kipling. ANKYLOSE An"ky*lose, v. t. & i. Defn: Same as Anchylose. ANKYLOSIS An`ky*lo"sis, n. Defn: Same as Anchylosis. ANKYLOSTOMIASIS An`ky*los*to*mi"a*sis, n. [NL., fr. Ankylostoma, var. of Agchylostoma, generic name of one genus of the parasitic nematodes.] (Med.) Defn: A disease due to the presence of the parasites Agchylostoma duodenale, Uncinaria (subgenus Necator) americana, or allied nematodes, in the small intestine. When present in large numbers they produce a severe anæmia by sucking the blood from the intestinal walls. Called also miner's anæmia, tunnel disease, brickmaker's anæmia, Egyptian chlorosis. ANLACE An"lace, n. Etym: [Origin unknown.] Defn: A broad dagger formerly worn at the girdle. [Written also anelace.] ANLAUT An"laut`, n. [G.; an on + laut sound.] (Phon.) Defn: An initial sound, as of a word or syllable. -- Im anlaut, initially; when initial; --used of sounds. ANN; ANNAT Ann, An"nat, n. Etym: [LL. annata income of a year, also, of half a year, fr. L. annus year: cf. F. annate annats.] (Scots Law) Defn: A half years's stipend, over and above what is owing for the incumbency, due to a minister's heirs after his decease. ANNA An"na, n. Etym: [Hindi ana.] Defn: An East Indian money of account, the sixteenth of a rupee, or about 2 ANNAL An"nal, n. Defn: See Annals. ANNALIST An"nal*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. annaliste.] Defn: A writer of annals. The monks . . . were the only annalists in those ages. Hume. ANNALISTIC An`nal*is"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or after the manner of, an annalist; as, the dry annalistic style."A stiff annalistic method." Sir G. C. Lewis. ANNALIZE An"nal*ize, v. t. Defn: To record in annals. Sheldon. ANNALS An"nals, n. pl. Etym: [L. annalis (sc. liber), and more frequently in the pl. annales (sc. libri), chronicles, fr. annus year. Cf. Annual.] 1. A relation of events in chronological order, each event being recorded under the year in which it happened. "Annals the revolution." Macaulay. "The annals of our religion." Rogers. 2. Historical records; chronicles; history. The short and simple annals of the poor. Gray. It was one of the most critical periods in our annals. Burke. 3. sing. Defn: The record of a single event or item. "In deathless annal." Young. 4. A periodic publication, containing records of discoveries, transactions of societies, etc.; as "Annals of Science." Syn. -- History. See History. ANNATS; ANNATES An"nats, An"nates, n. pl. Etym: [See Ann.] (Eccl. Law) Defn: The first year's profits of a spiritual preferment, anciently paid by the clergy to the pope; first fruits. In England, they now form a fund for the augmentation of poor livings. ANNEAL An*neal", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annealed; p. pr. & vb. n. Annealing.] Etym: [OE. anelen to heat, burn, AS. an; an on + to burn; also OE. anelen to enamel, prob. influenced by OF. neeler, nieler, to put a black enamel on gold or silver, F. nieller, fr. LL. nigellare to blacken, fr. L. nigellus blackish, dim. of niger black. Cf. Niello, Negro.] 1. To subject to great heat, and then cool slowly, as glass, cast iron, steel, or other metal, for the purpose of rendering it less brittle; to temper; to toughen. 2. To heat, as glass, tiles, or earthenware, in order to fix the colors laid on them. ANNEALER An*neal"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, anneals. ANNEALING An*neal"ing, n. 1. The process used to render glass, iron, etc., less brittle, performed by allowing them to cool very gradually from a high heat. 2. The burning of metallic colors into glass, earthenware, etc. ANNECTENT An*nec"tent, a. Etym: [L. annectere to tie or bind to. See Annex.] Defn: Connecting; annexing. Owen. ANNELID; ANNELIDAN An`ne*lid, An*nel"i*dan, a. Etym: [F. annélide, fr. anneler to arrange in rings, OF. anel a ring, fr. L. anellus a ring, dim. of annulus a ring.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Annelida. -- n. Defn: One of the Annelida. ANNELIDA An*nel"i*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Annelid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of the Articulata, having the body formed of numerous rings or annular segments, and without jointed legs. The principal subdivisions are the Chætopoda, including the Oligochæta or earthworms and Polychæta or marine worms; and the Hirudinea or leeches. See Chætopoda. ANNELIDOUS An*nel"i*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of the nature of an annelid. ANNELLATA An`nel*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Annelida. ANNELOID An"ne*loid, n. Etym: [F. annelé ringed + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal resembling an annelid. ANNEX An*nex", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annexed; p. pr. & vb. n. Annexing.] Etym: [F. annexer, fr. L. annexus, p. p. of annectere to tie or bind to; ad + nectere to tie, to fasten together, akin to Skr. nah to bind.] 1. To join or attach; usually to subjoin; to affix; to append; -- followed by to. "He annexed a codicil to a will." Johnson. 2. To join or add, as a smaller thing to a greater. He annexed a province to his kingdom. Johnson. 3. To attach or connect, as a consequence, condition, etc.; as, to annex a penalty to a prohibition, or punishment to guilt. Syn. -- To add; append; affix; unite; coalesce. See Add. ANNEX An*nex", v. i. Defn: To join; to be united. Tooke. ANNEX An*nex", n. Etym: [F. annexe, L. annexus, neut. annexum, p. p. of annectere.] Defn: Something annexed or appended; as, an additional stipulation to a writing, a subsidiary building to a main building; a wing. ANNEXATION An`nex*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. annexation. See Annex, v. t.] 1. The act of annexing; process of attaching, adding, or appending; the act of connecting; union; as, the annexation of Texas to the United States, or of chattels to the freehold. 2. (a) (Law) The union of property with a freehold so as to become a fixture. Bouvier. (b) (Scots Law) The appropriation of lands or rents to the crown. Wharton. ANNEXATIONIST An`nex*a"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who favors annexation. ANNEXER An*nex"er, n. Defn: One who annexes. ANNEXION An*nex"ion, n. Etym: [L. annexio a tying to, connection: cf. F. annexion.] Defn: Annexation. [R.] Shak. ANNEXIONIST An*nex"ion*ist, n. Defn: An annexationist. [R.] ANNEXMENT An*nex"ment, n. Defn: The act of annexing, or the thing annexed; appendage. [R.] Shak. ANNIHILABLE An*ni"hi*la*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being annihilated. ANNIHILATE An*ni"hi*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annihilated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annihilating.] Etym: [L. annihilare; ad + nihilum, nihil, nothing, ne hilum (filum) not a thread, nothing at all. Cf. File, a row.] 1. To reduce to nothing or nonexistence; to destroy the existence of; to cause to cease to be. It impossible for any body to be utterly annihilated. Bacon. 2. To destroy the form or peculiar distinctive properties of, so that the specific thing no longer exists; as, to annihilate a forest by cutting down the trees. "To annihilate the army." Macaulay. 3. To destroy or eradicate, as a property or attribute of a thing; to make of no effect; to destroy the force, etc., of; as, to annihilate an argument, law, rights, goodness. ANNIHILATE An*ni"hi*late, a. Defn: Anhilated. [Archaic] Swift. ANNIHILATION An*ni`hi*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. annihilation.] 1. The act of reducing to nothing, or nonexistence; or the act of destroying the form or combination of parts under which a thing exists, so that the name can no longer be applied to it; as, the annihilation of a corporation. 2. The state of being annihilated. Hooker. ANNIHILATIONIST An*ni`hi*la"tion*ist, n. (Theol.) Defn: One who believes that eternal punishment consists in annihilation or extinction of being; a destructionist. ANNIHILATIVE An*ni"hi*la*tive, a. Defn: Serving to annihilate; destructive. ANNIHILATOR An*ni"hi*la`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, annihilates; as, a fire annihilator. ANNIHILATORY An*ni"hi*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Annihilative. ANNIVERSARILY An`ni*ver"sa*ri*ly, adv. Defn: Annually. [R.] Bp. Hall. ANNIVERSARY An`ni*ver"sa*ry, a. Etym: [L. anniversarius; annus year + vertere, versum, to turn: cf. F. anniversaire.] Defn: Returning with the year, at a stated time; annual; yearly; as, an anniversary feast. Anniversary day (R. C. Ch.). See Anniversary, n., 2. -- Anniversary week, that week in the year in which the annual meetings of religious and benevolent societies are held in Boston and New York. [Eastern U. S.] ANNIVERSARY An`ni*ver"sa*ry, n.; pl. Anniversaries. Etym: [Cf. F. anniversaire.] 1. The annual return of the day on which any notable event took place, or is wont to be celebrated; as, the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The day on which Mass is said yearly for the soul of a deceased person; the commemoration of some sacred event, as the dedication of a church or the consecration of a pope. 3. The celebration which takes place on an anniversary day. Dryden. ANNIVERSE An"ni*verse, n. Etym: [L. anni versus the turning of a year.] Defn: Anniversary. [Obs.] Dryden. ANNODATED An"no*da`ted, a. Etym: [L. ad to + nodus a knot.] (Her.) Defn: Curved somewhat in the form of the letter S. Cussans. ANNO DOMINI An"no Dom"i*ni. Etym: [L., in the year of [our] Lord [Jesus Christ]; usually abbrev. a. d.] Defn: In the year of the Christian era; as, a. d. 1887. ANNOMINATE An*nom"i*nate, v. t. Defn: To name. [R.] ANNOMINATION An*nom`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. annominatio. See Agnomination.] 1. Paronomasia; punning. 2. Alliteration. [Obs.] Tyrwhitt. ANNOTATE An"no*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annotated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annotating.] Etym: [L. annotatus; p. p. of annotare to annotate; ad + notare to mark, nota mark. See Note, n.] Defn: To explain or criticize by notes; as, to annotate the works of Bacon. ANNOTATE An"no*tate, v. i. Defn: To make notes or comments; -- with on or upon. ANNOTATION An`no*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. annotatio: cf. F. annotation.] Defn: A note, added by way of comment, or explanation; -- usually in the plural; as, annotations on ancient authors, or on a word or a passage. ANNOTATIONIST An`no*ta"tion*ist, n. Defn: An annotator. [R.] ANNOTATIVE An"no*ta*tive, a. Defn: Characterized by annotations; of the nature of annotation. ANNOTATOR An"no*ta`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A writer of annotations; a commentator. ANNOTATORY An*no"ta*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to an annotator; containing annotations. [R.] ANNOTINE An"no*tine, n. Etym: [L. annotinus a year old.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird one year old, or that has once molted. ANNOTINOUS An*not"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. annotinus, fr. annus year.] (Bot.) Defn: A year old; in Yearly growths. ANNOTTO; ARNOTTO An*not"to, Ar*not"to, n. Etym: [Perh. the native name.] Defn: A red or yellowish-red dyeing material, prepared from the pulp surrounding the seeds of a tree (Bixa orellana) belonging to the tropical regions of America. It is used for coloring cheese, butter, etc. [Written also Anatto, Anatta, Annatto, Annotta, etc.] ANNOUNCE An*nounce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Announced; p. pr. & vb. n. Announcing.] Etym: [OF. anoncier, F. annoncer, fr. L. annuntiare; ad + nuntiare to report, relate, nuntius messenger, bearer of news. See Nuncio, and cf. Annunciate.] 1. To give public notice, or first notice of; to make known; to publish; to proclaim. Her [Q. Elizabeth's] arrival was announced through the country by a peal of cannon from the ramparts. Gilpin. 2. To pronounce; to declare by judicial sentence. Publish laws, announce Or life or death. Prior. Syn. -- To proclaim; publish; make known; herald; declare; promulgate. -- To Publish, Announce, Proclaim, Promulgate. We publish what we give openly to the world, either by oral communication or by means of the press; as, to publish abroad the faults of our neighbors. We announce what we declare by anticipation, or make known for the first time; as, to announce the speedy publication of a book; to announce the approach or arrival of a distinguished personage. We proclaim anything to which we give the widest publicity; as, to proclaim the news of victory. We promulgate when we proclaim more widely what has before been known by some; as, to promulgate the gospel. ANNOUNCEMENT An*nounce"ment, n. Defn: The act of announcing, or giving notice; that which announces; proclamation; publication. ANNOUNCER An*noun"cer, n. Defn: One who announces. ANNOY An*noy", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annoyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Annoying.] Etym: [OE. anoien, anuien, OF. anoier, anuier, F. ennuyer, fr. OF. anoi, anui, enui, annoyance, vexation, F. ennui. See Annoy, n.] To disturb or irritate, especially by continued or repeated acts; to tease; to ruffle in mind; to vex; as, I was annoyed by his remarks. Say, what can more our tortured souls annoy Than to behold, admire, and lose our joy Prior. 2. To molest, incommode, or harm; as, to annoy an army by impeding its march, or by a cannonade. Syn. -- To molest; vex; trouble; pester; embarrass; perplex; tease. ANNOY An*noy", n. Etym: [OE. anoi, anui, OF. anoi, anui, enui, fr. L. in odio hatred (esse alicui in odio, Cic.). See Ennui, Odium, Noisome, Noy.] Defn: A feeling of discomfort or vexation caused by what one dislikes; also, whatever causes such a feeling; as, to work annoy. Worse than Tantalus' is her annoy. Shak. ANNOYANCE An*noy"ance, n. Etym: [OF. anoiance, anuiance.] 1. The act of annoying, or the state of being annoyed; molestation; vexation; annoy. A deep clay, giving much annoyance to passengers. Fuller. For the further annoyance and terror of any besieged place, they would throw into it dead bodies. Wilkins. 2. That which annoys. A grain, a dust, a gnat, a wandering hair, Any annoyance in that precious sense. Shak. ANNOYER An*noy"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, annoys. ANNOYFUL An*noy"ful, a. Defn: Annoying. [Obs.] Chaucer. ANNOYING An*noy"ing, a. Defn: That annoys; molesting; vexatious. -- An*noy"ing*ly, adv. ANNOYOUS An*noy"ous, a. Etym: [OF. enuius, anoios.] Defn: Troublesome; annoying. [Obs.] Chaucer. ANNUAL An"nu*al, a. Etym: [OE. annuel, F. annuel, fr. L. annualis, fr. annus year. Cf. Annals.] 1. Of or pertaining to a year; returning every year; coming or happening once in the year; yearly. The annual overflowing of the river [Nile]. Ray. 2. Performed or accomplished in a year; reckoned by the year; as, the annual motion of the earth. A thousand pound a year, annual support. Shak. 2. Lasting or continuing only one year or one growing season; requiring to be renewed every year; as, an annual plant; annual tickets. Bacon. ANNUAL An"nu*al, n. 1. A thing happening or returning yearly; esp. a literary work published once a year. 2. Anything, especially a plant, that lasts but one year or season; an annual plant. Oaths . . . in some sense almost annuals; . . . and I myself can remember about forty different sets. Swift. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A Mass for a deceased person or for some special object, said daily for a year or on the anniversary day. ANNUALIST An"nu*al*ist, n. Defn: One who writes for, or who edits, an annual. [R.] ANNUALLY An"nu*al*ly, adv. Defn: Yearly; year by year. ANNUARY An"nu*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. annuaire.] Defn: Annual. [Obs.] -- n. Defn: A yearbook. ANNUELER An"nu*el*er, n. Defn: A priest employed in saying annuals, or anniversary Masses. [Obs.] Chaucer. ANNUENT An"nu*ent, a. Etym: [L. annuens, p. pr. of annuere; ad + nuere to nod.] Defn: Nodding; as, annuent muscles (used in nodding). ANNUITANT An*nu"i*tant, n. Etym: [See Annuity.] Defn: One who receives, or its entitled to receive, an annuity. Lamb. ANNUITY An*nu"i*ty, n.; pl. Annuities. Etym: [LL. annuitas, fr. L. annus year: cf. F. annuité.] Defn: A sum of money, payable yearly, to continue for a given number of years, for life, or forever; an annual allowance. ANNUL An*nul", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annulled; p. pr. & vb. n. Annulling.] Etym: [F. annuler, LL. annullare, annulare, fr. L. ad to + nullus none, nullum, neut., nothing. See Null, a.] 1. To reduce to nothing; to obliterate. Light, the prime work of God, to me's extinct. And all her various objects of delight Annulled. Milton. 2. To make void or of no effect; to nullify; to abolish; to do away with; -- used appropriately of laws, decrees, edicts, decisions of courts, or other established rules, permanent usages, and the like, which are made void by component authority. Do they mean to annul laws of inestimable value to our liberties Burke. Syn. -- To abolish; abrogate; repeal; cancel; reverse; rescind; revoke; nullify; destroy. See Abolish. ANNULAR An"nu*lar, a. Etym: [L. annularis, fr. annulis ring: cf. F. annulaire.] 1. Pertaining to, or having the form of, a ring; forming a ring; ringed; ring-shaped; as, annular fibers. 2. Banded or marked with circles. Annular eclipse (Astron.), an eclipse of the sun in which the moon at the middle of the eclipse conceals the central part of the sun's disk, leaving a complete ring of light around the border. ANNULARITY An`nu*lar"i*ty, n. Defn: Annular condition or form; as, the annularity of a nebula. J. Rogers. ANNULARRY An"nu*lar*ry, adv. Defn: In an annular manner. ANNULARY An"nu*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. annularis. See Annular.] Defn: Having the form of a ring; annular. Ray. ANNULATA An`nu*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [Neut. pl., fr. L. annulatus ringed.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of articulate animals, nearly equivalent to Annelida, including the marine annelids, earthworms, Gephyrea, Gymnotoma, leeches, etc. See Annelida. ANNULATE An"nu*late, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Annulata. ANNULATE; ANNULATED An"nu*late, An"nu*la`ted a. Etym: [L. annulatus.] 1. Furnished with, or composed of, rings; ringed; surrounded by rings of color. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Annulata. ANNULATION An`nu*la"tion, n. Defn: A circular or ringlike formation; a ring or belt. Nicholson. ANNULET An"nu*let, n. Etym: [Dim. of annulus.] 1. A little ring. Tennyson. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A small, flat fillet, encircling a column, etc., used by itself, or with other moldings. It is used, several times repeated, under the Doric capital. 3. (Her.) Defn: A little circle borne as a charge. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A narrow circle of some distinct color on a surface or round an organ. ANNULLABLE An*nul"la*ble, a. Defn: That may be Annulled. ANNULLER An*nul"ler, n. Defn: One who annuls. [R.] ANNULMENT An*nul"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. annulement.] Defn: The act of annulling; abolition; invalidation. ANNULOID An"nu*loid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Annuloida. ANNULOIDA An`nu*loid"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. annulus ring + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of the Articulata, including the annelids and allied groups; sometimes made to include also the helminths and echinoderms. [Written also Annuloidea.] ANNULOSA An"nu*lo"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of the Invertebrata, nearly equivalent to the Articulata. It includes the Arthoropoda and Anarthropoda. By some zoölogists it is applied to the former only. ANNULOSAN An`nu*lo"san, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Annulosa. ANNULOSE An"nu*lose` (, a. Etym: [L. annulus ring.] 1. Furnished with, or composed of, rings or ringlike segments; ringed. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Annulosa. ANNULUS An"nu*lus, n.; pl. Annuli. Etym: [L.] 1. A ring; a ringlike part or space. 2. (Geom.) (a) A space contained between the circumferences of two circles, one within the other. (b) The solid formed by a circle revolving around a line which is the plane of the circle but does not cut it. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Ring-shaped structures or markings, found in, or upon, various animals. ANNUMERATE An*nu"mer*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. annumeratus, p. p. of annumerare. See Numerate.] Defn: To add on; to count in. [Obs.] Wollaston. ANNUMERATION An*nu`mer*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. annumeratio.] Defn: Addition to a former number. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ANNUNCIABLE An*nun"ci*a*ble, a. Defn: That may be announced or declared; declarable. [R.] ANNUNCIATE An*nun"ci*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annunciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annunciating.] Etym: [L. annuntiare. See Announce.] Defn: To announce. ANNUNCIATE An*nun"ci*ate, p. p. & a. Defn: Foretold; preannounced. [Obs.] Chaucer. ANNUNCIATION An*nun`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. annuntiatio: cf. F. annonciation.] 1. The act of announcing; announcement; proclamation; as, the annunciation of peace. 2. (Eccl.) (a) The announcement of the incarnation, made by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary. (b) The festival celebrated (March 25th) by the Church of England, of Rome, etc., in memory of the angel's announcement, on that day; Lady Day. ANNUNCIATION LILY An*nun`ci*a"tion lil"y. (Bot.) Defn: The common white lily (Lilium candidum). So called because it is usually introduced by painters in pictures of the Annunciation. ANNUNCIATIVE An*nun"ci*a*tive, a. Defn: Pertaining to annunciation; announcing. [R.] Dr. H. More. ANNUNCIATOR An*nun"ci*a`tor, n. Etym: [L. annuntiator.] 1. One who announces. Specifically: An officer in the church of Constantinople, whose business it was to inform the people of the festivals to be celebrated. 2. An indicator (as in a hotel) which designates the room where attendance is wanted. ANNUNCIATORY An*nun"ci*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, announcement; making known. [R.] ANOA A*noa", n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small wild ox of Celebes (Anoa depressicornis), allied to the buffalo, but having long nearly straight horns. ANODE An"ode, n. Etym: [Gr. (Elec.) Defn: The positive pole of an electric battery, or more strictly the electrode by which the current enters the electrolyte on its way to the other pole; -- opposed to cathode. ANODON An"o*don, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fresh-water bivalves, having to teeth at the hinge. [Written also Anodonta.] ANODYNE An"o*dyne, a. Etym: [L. anodynus, Gr. anodin.] Defn: Serving to assuage pain; soothing. The anodyne draught of oblivion. Burke. Note: "The word [in a medical sense] in chiefly applied to the different preparations of opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus, and lettuce." Am. Cyc. ANODYNE An"o*dyne, n. Etym: [L. anodynon. See Anodyne, a.] Defn: Any medicine which allays pain, as an opiate or narcotic; anything that soothes disturbed feelings. ANODYNOUS An"o*dy`nous, a. Defn: Anodyne. ANOETIC An`o*et"ic, a. [Gr. unthinkable; priv. + perceptible, thinkable.] 1. Unthinkable. [Rare] 2. (Psychol.) Not subject to conscious attention; having an indefinite, relatively passive, conscious being; characteristic of the "fringe" or "margin" of consciousness. Presentation considered as having an existence relatively independent of thought, may be called sentience, or anoetic consciousness. Thought and sentience are fundamentally distinct mental functions. G. F. Stout. ANOIL A*noil", v. t. Etym: [OF. enoilier.] Defn: The anoint with oil. [Obs.] Holinshed. ANOINT A*noint", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Anointing.] Etym: [OF. enoint, p. p. of enoindre, fr. L. inungere; in + ungere, unguere, to smear, anoint. See Ointment, Unguent.] 1. To smear or rub over with oil or an unctuous substance; also, to spread over, as oil. And fragrant oils the stiffened limbs anoint. Dryden. He anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay. John ix. 6. 2. To apply oil to or to pour oil upon, etc., as a sacred rite, especially for consecration. Then shalt thou take the anointing oil, and pour it upon his [Aaron's] head and anoint him. Exod. xxix. 7. Anoint Hazael to be king over Syria. 1 Kings xix. 15. The Lord's Anointed, Christ or the Messiah; also, a Jewish or other king by "divine right." 1 Sam. xxvi. 9. ANOINT A*noint", p. p. Defn: Anointed. [Obs.] Chaucer. ANOINTER A*noint"er, n. Defn: One who anoints. ANOINTMENT A*noint"ment, n. Defn: The act of anointing, or state of being anointed; also, an ointment. Milton. ANOLIS A*no"lis, n. Etym: [In the Antilles, anoli, anoalli, a lizard.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of lizards which belong to the family Iguanidæ. They take the place in the New World of the chameleons in the Old, and in America are often called chameleons. ANOMAL A*nom"al, n. Defn: Anything anomalous. [R.] ANOMALIPED; ANOMALIPEDE A*nom"a*li*ped(#), A*nom"a*li*pede, a. Etym: [L. anomalus irregular + pes, pedis, foot.] Defn: Having anomalous feet. ANOMALIPED A*nom"a*li*ped, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group of perching birds, having the middle toe more or less united to the outer and inner ones. ANOMALISM A*nom"a*lism, n. Defn: An anomaly; a deviation from rule. Hooker. ANOMALISTIC; ANOMALISTICAL A*nom`a*lis"tic, A*nom`a*lis"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. anomalistique.] 1. Irregular; departing from common or established rules. 2. (Astron.) Defn: Pertaining to the anomaly, or angular distance of a planet from its perihelion. Anomalistic month. See under Month. -- Anomalistic revolution, the period in which a planet or satellite goes through the complete cycles of its changes of anomaly, or from any point in its elliptic orbit to the same again. -- Anomalistic, or Periodical year. See under Year. ANOMALISTICALLY A*nom`a*lis"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: With irregularity. ANOMALOFLOROUS A*nom`a*lo*flo"rous, a. Etym: [L. anomalus irregular + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Defn: Having anomalous flowers. ANOMALOUS A*nom"a*lous, a Etym: [L. anomalus, Gr. Same, and cf. Abnormal.] Defn: Deviating from a general rule, method, or analogy; abnormal; irregular; as, an anomalous proceeding. ANOMALOUSLY A*nom"a*lous*ly, adv. Defn: In an anomalous manner. ANOMALOUSNESS A*nom"a*lous*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being anomalous. ANOMALY A*nom"a*ly, n.; pl. Anomalies. Etym: [L. anomalia, Gr. Anomalous.] 1. Deviation from the common rule; an irregularity; anything anomalous. We are enabled to unite into a consistent whole the various anomalies and contending principles that are found in the minds and affairs of men. Burke. As Professor Owen has remarked, there is no greater anomaly in nature than a bird that can not fly. Darwin. 2. (Astron.) (a) The angular distance of a planet from its perihelion, as seen from the sun. This is the true anomaly. The eccentric anomaly is a corresponding angle at the center of the elliptic orbit of the planet. The mean anomaly is what the anomaly would be if the planet's angular motion were uniform. (b) The angle measuring apparent irregularities in the motion of a planet. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Any deviation from the essential characteristics of a specific type. ANOMIA A*no"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of bivalve shells, allied to the oyster, so called from their unequal valves, of which the lower is perforated for attachment. ANOMOPHYLLOUS An`o*moph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having leaves irregularly placed. ANOMURA; ANOMOURA An`o*mu"ra, An`o*mou"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of decapod Crustacea, of which the hermit crab in an example. ANOMURAL; ANOMURAN An`o*mu"ral, An`o*mu"ran, a. Defn: Irregular in the character of the tail or abdomen; as, the anomural crustaceans. [Written also anomoural, anomouran.] ANOMURAN An`o*mu"ran, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Anomura. ANOMY An"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Anomia.] Defn: Disregard or violation of law. [R.] Glanvill. ANON A*non", adv. Etym: [OE. anoon, anon, anan, lit., in one (moment), fr. AS. on in + an one. See On and One.] 1. Straightway; at once. [Obs.] The same is he that heareth the word, and anon with joy receiveth it. Matt. xiii. 20. 2. Soon; in a little while. As it shall better appear anon. Stow. 3. At another time; then; again. Sometimes he trots, . . . anon he rears upright. Shak. Anon right, at once; right off. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Ever and anon, now and then; frequently; often. A pouncet box, which ever and anon He gave his nose. Shak. ANONA A*no"na, n. Etym: [NL. Cf. Ananas.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of tropical or subtropical plants of the natural order Anonaceæ, including the soursop. ANONACEOUS An`o*na"ceous, a. Defn: Pertaining to the order of plants including the soursop, custard apple, etc. ANONYM An"o*nym, n. Etym: [F. anonyme. See Anonymous.] 1. One who is anonymous; also sometimes used for "pseudonym." 2. A notion which has no name, or which can not be expressed by a single English word. [R.] J. R. Seeley. ANONYMITY An`o*nym"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being anonymous; anonymousness; also, that which anonymous. [R.] He rigorously insisted upon the rights of anonymity. Carlyle. ANONYMOUS A*non"y*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. Name.] Defn: Nameless; of unknown name; also, of unknown /or unavowed authorship; as, an anonymous benefactor; an anonymous pamphlet or letter. ANONYMOUSLY A*non"y*mous*ly, adv. Defn: In an anonymous manner; without a name. Swift. ANONYMOUSNESS A*non"y*mous*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being anonymous. Coleridge. ANOPHELES A*noph"e*les (a*nof"e*lez), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'anwfelh`s useless, hurtful.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of mosquitoes which are secondary hosts of the malaria parasites, and whose bite is the usual, if not the only, means of infecting human beings with malaria. Several species are found in the United States. They may be distinguished from the ordinary mosquitoes of the genus Culex by the long slender palpi, nearly equaling the beak in length, while those of the female Culex are very short. They also assume different positions when resting, Culex usually holding the body parallel to the surface on which it rests and keeping the head and beak bent at an angle, while Anopheles holds the body at an angle with the surface and the head and beak in line with it. Unless they become themselves infected by previously biting a subject affected with malaria, the insects cannot transmit the disease. ANOPHYTE An"o*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A moss or mosslike plant which cellular stems, having usually an upward growth and distinct leaves. ANOPLA An"o*pla, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the two orders of Nemerteans. See Nemertina. ANOPLOTHERE; ANOPLOTHERIUM An*op"lo*there, An`o*plo*the"ri*um, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of extinct quadrupeds of the order Ungulata, whose were first found in the gypsum quarries near Paris; characterized by the shortness and feebleness of their canine teeth (whence the name). ANOPLURA An`o*plu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of insects which includes the lice. ANOPSIA; ANOPSY A*nop"si*a, An"op`sy, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Want or defect of sight; blindness. ANOREXIA; ANOREXY An`o*rex"i*a, An"o*rex`y n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Want of appetite, without a loathing of food. Coxe. ANORMAL A*nor"mal, a. Etym: [F. anormal. See Abnormal, Normal.] Defn: Not according to rule; abnormal. [Obs.] ANORN A*norn, v. t. Etym: [OF. aörner, aöurner, fr. L. adornare to adorn. The form a-ourne was corrupted into anourne.] Defn: To adorn. [Obs.] Bp. Watson. ANORTHIC A*nor"thic, a. Etym: [See Anorthite.] (Min.) Defn: Having unequal oblique axes; as, anorthic crystals. ANORTHITE A*nor"thite, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A mineral of the feldspar family, commonly occurring in small glassy crystals, also a constituent of some igneous rocks. It is a lime feldspar. See Feldspar. ANORTHOCLASE A*nor"tho*clase, n. [Gr. priv. + orthoclase.] (Min.) Defn: A feldspar closely related to orthoclase, but triclinic. It is chiefly a silicate of sodium, potassium, and aluminium. Sp. gr., 2.57 -- 2.60. ANORTHOPIA An`or*tho"pi*a, n. [NL., fr. Gr. priv. + ortho- + Gr. , , the eye.] (Med.) Defn: Distorted vision, in which straight lines appear bent. ANORTHOSCOPE A*nor"tho*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Physics) Defn: An optical toy for producing amusing figures or pictures by means of two revolving disks, on one of which distorted figures are painted. ANORTHOSITE A*nor"tho*site, n. [F. anorthose triclinic feldspar (fr. Gr. priv. + straight) + -ite.] (Petrol.) Defn: A granular igneous rock composed almost exclusively of a soda- lime feldspar, usually labradorite. ANOSMIA A*nos"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Loss of the sense of smell. ANOTHER An*oth"er, pron. & a. Etym: [An a, one + other.] 1. One more, in addition to a former number; a second or additional one, similar in likeness or in effect. Another yet! -- a seventh! I 'll see no more. Shak. Would serve to scale another Hero's tower. Shak. 2. Not the same; different. He winks, and turns his lips another way. Shak. 3. Any or some; any different person, indefinitely; any one else; some one else. Let another man praise thee, and not thine own mouth. Prov. xxvii. 2. While I am coming, another steppeth down before me. John v. 7. Note: As a pronoun another may have a possessive another's, pl. others, poss. pl. other'. It is much used in opposition to one; as, one went one way, another another. It is also used with one, in a reciprocal sense; as, "love one another," that is, let each love the other or others. "These two imparadised in one another's arms." Milton. ANOTHER-GAINES An*oth"er-gaines`, a. Etym: [Corrupted fr. another-gates.] Defn: Of another kind. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. ANOTHER-GATES An*oth"er-gates`, a. Etym: [Another + gate, or gait, way. Cf. Algates.] Defn: Of another sort. [Obs.] "Another-gates adventure." Hudibras. ANOTHER-GUESS An*oth"er-guess, a. Etym: [Corrupted fr. another-gates.] Defn: Of another sort. [Archaic] It used to go in another-guess manner. Arbuthnot. ANOTTA A*not"ta, n. Defn: See Annotto. ANOURA An*ou"ra, n. Defn: See Anura. ANOUROUS An*ou"rous, a. Defn: See Anurous. ANOXAEMIA; ANOXEMIA An`ox*æ"mi*a, An`ox*e"mi*a, n. [NL.; Gr. priv. + oxygen + Gr. blood.] (Med.) Defn: An abnormal condition due to deficient aëration of the blood, as in balloon sickness, mountain sickness. -- An`ox*æ"mic, *e"mic (#), a. ANSA An"sa, n.; pl. Ansæ. Etym: [L., a handle.] (Astron.) Defn: A name given to either of the projecting ends of Saturn's ring. ANSATED An"sa*ted, a. Etym: [L. ansatus, fr. ansa a handle.] Defn: Having a handle. Johnson. ANSERATED An"ser*a`ted, a. (Her.) Defn: Having the extremities terminate in the heads of eagles, lions, etc.; as, an anserated cross. ANSERES An"se*res, n. pl. Etym: [L., geese.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A Linnæan order of aquatic birds swimming by means of webbed feet, as the duck, or of lobed feet, as the grebe. In this order were included the geese, ducks, auks, divers, gulls, petrels, etc. ANSERIFORMES An`se*ri*for"mes, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of birds including the geese, ducks, and closely allied forms. ANSERINE An"ser*ine, a Etym: [L. anserinus, fr. anser a goose.] 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, a goose, or the skin of a goose. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Anseres. ANSEROUS An"ser*ous, a. Etym: [L. anser a goose.] Defn: Resembling a goose; silly; simple. Sydney Smith. ANSWER An"swer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Answered; p. pr. & vb. n. Answering.] Etym: [OE. andswerien, AS. andswerian, andswarian, to answer, fr. andswaru, n., answer. See Answer, n.] 1. To speak in defense against; to reply to in defense; as, to answer a charge; to answer an accusation. 2. To speak or write in return to, as in return to a call or question, or to a speech, declaration, argument, or the like; to reply to (a question, remark, etc.); to respond to. She answers him as if she knew his mind. Shak. So spake the apostate angel, though in pain: . . . And him thus answered soon his bold compeer. Milton. 3. To respond to satisfactorily; to meet successfully by way of explanation, argument, or justification, and the like; to refute. No man was able to answer him a word. Matt. xxii. 46. These shifts refuted, answer thine appellant. Milton. The reasoning was not and could not be answered. Macaulay. 4. To be or act in return or response to. Hence: (a) To be or act in compliance with, in fulfillment or satisfaction of, as an order, obligation, demand; as, he answered my claim upon him; the servant answered the bell. This proud king . . . studies day and night To answer all the debts he owes unto you. Shak. (b) To render account to or for. I will . . . send him to answer thee. Shak. (c) To atone; to be punished for. And grievously hath Cæzar answered it. Shak. (d) To be opposite to; to face. The windows answering each other, we could just discern the glowing horizon them. Gilpin. (e) To be or act an equivalent to, or as adequate or sufficient for; to serve for; to repay. [R.] Money answereth all things. Eccles. x. 19. (f) To be or act in accommodation, conformity, relation, or proportion to; to correspond to; to suit. Weapons must needs be dangerous things, if they answered the bulk of so prodigious a person. Swift. ANSWER An"swer, v. i. 1. To speak or write by way of return (originally, to a charge), or in reply; to make response. There was no voice, nor any that answered. 1 Kings xviii. 26. 2. To make a satisfactory response or return. Hence: To render account, or to be responsible; to be accountable; to make amends; as, the man must answer to his employer for the money intrusted to his care. Let his neck answer for it, if there is any martial law. Shak. 3. To be or act in return. Hence: (a) To be or act by way of compliance, fulfillment, reciprocation, or satisfaction; to serve the purpose; as, gypsum answers as a manure on some soils. Do the strings answer to thy noble hand Dryden. (b) To be opposite, or to act in opposition. (c) To be or act as an equivalent, or as adequate or sufficient; as, a very few will answer. (d) To be or act in conformity, or by way of accommodation, correspondence, relation, or proportion; to conform; to correspond; to suit; -- usually with to. That the time may have all shadow and silence in it, and the place answer to convenience. Shak. If this but answer to my just belief, I 'll remember you. Shak. As in water face answereth to face, so the heart of man to man. Pro ANSWER An"swer, n. Etym: [OE. andsware, AS. andswaru; and against + swerian to swear. Anti-, and Swear, and cf. 1st un-.] 1. A reply to a change; a defense. At my first answer no man stood with me. 2 Tim. iv. 16. 2. Something said or written in reply to a question, a call, an argument, an address, or the like; a reply. A soft answer turneth away wrath. Prov. xv. 1. I called him, but he gave me no answer. Cant. v. 6. 3. Something done in return for, or in consequence of, something else; a responsive action. Great the slaughter is Here made by the Roman; great the answer be Britons must take. Shak. 4. A solution, the result of a mathematical operation; as, the answer to a problem. 5. (Law) Defn: A counter-statement of facts in a course of pleadings; a confutation of what the other party has alleged; a responsive declaration by a witness in reply to a question. In Equity, it is the usual form of defense to the complainant's charges in his bill. Bouvier. Syn. -- Reply; rejoinder; response. See Reply. ANSWERABLE An"swer*a*ble, a. 1. Obliged to answer; liable to be called to account; liable to pay, indemnify, or make good; accountable; amenable; responsible; as, an agent is answerable to his principal; to be answerable for a debt, or for damages. Will any man argue that . . . he can not be justly punished, but is answerable only to God Swift. 2. Capable of being answered or refuted; admitting a satisfactory answer. The argument, though subtle, is yet answerable. Johnson. 3. Correspondent; conformable; hence, comparable. What wit and policy of man is answerable to their discreet and orderly course Holland. This revelation . . . was answerable to that of the apostle to the Thessalonians. Milton. 4. Proportionate; commensurate; suitable; as, an achievement answerable to the preparation for it. 5. Equal; equivalent; adequate. [Archaic] Had the valor of his soldiers been answerable, he had reached that year, as was thought, the utmost bounds of Britain. Milton. ANSWERABLENESS An"swer*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being answerable, liable, responsible, or correspondent. ANSWERABLY An"swer*a*bly, adv. Defn: In an answerable manner; in due proportion or correspondence; suitably. ANSWERER An"swer*er, n. Defn: One who answers. ANSWERLESS An"swer*less, a. Defn: Having no answer, or impossible to be answered. Byron. AN 'T An 't. Defn: An it, that is, and it or if it. See An, conj. [Obs.] AN'T An't. Defn: A contraction for are and am not; also used for is not; -- now usually written ain't. [Colloq. & illiterate speech.] ANT- Ant-. Defn: See Anti-, prefix. -ANT -ant. Etym: [F. -ant, fr. L. -antem or -entem, the pr. p. ending; also sometimes directly from L. -antem.] Defn: A suffix sometimes marking the agent for action; as, merchant, covenant, servant, pleasant, etc. Cf. -ent. ANT Ant, n. Etym: [OE. ante, amete, emete, AS. æmete akin to G. ameise. Cf. Emmet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A hymenopterous insect of the Linnæan genus Formica, which is now made a family of several genera; an emmet; a pismire. Note: Among ants, as among bees, there are neuter or working ants, besides the males and females; the former are without wings. Ants live together in swarms, usually raising hillocks of earth, variously chambered within, where they maintain a perfect system of order, store their provisions, and nurture their young. There are many species, with diverse habits, as agricultural ants, carpenter ants, honey ants, foraging ants, amazon ants, etc. The white ants or Termites belong to the Neuroptera. Ant bird (Zoöl.), one of a very extensive group of South American birds (Formicariidæ), which live on ants. The family includes many species, some of which are called ant shrikes, ant thrushes, and ant wrens. -- Ant rice (Bot.), a species of grass (Aristida oligantha) cultivated by the agricultural ants of Texas for the sake of its seed. ANTA An"ta, n.; pl. Antæ. Etym: [L.] (Arch.) Defn: A species of pier produced by thickening a wall at its termination, treated architecturally as a pilaster, with capital and base. Note: Porches, when columns stand between two antæ, are called in Latin in antis. ANTACID Ant*ac"id, n. Etym: [Pref. anti- + acid.] (Med.) Defn: A remedy for acidity of the stomach, as an alkali or absorbent. -- a. Defn: Counteractive of acidity. ANTACRID Ant*ac"rid, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + acrid.] Defn: Corrective of acrimony of the humors. ANTAEAN An*tæ"an, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to Antæus, a giant athlete slain by Hercules. ANTAGONISM An*tag"o*nism, n. Etym: [Gr. antagonisme. See Agony.] Defn: Opposition of action; counteraction or contrariety of things or principles. Note: We speak of antagonism between two things, to or against a thing, and sometimes with a thing. ANTAGONIST An*tag"o*nist, n. Etym: [L. antagonista, Gr. antagoniste. See Antagonism.] 1. One who contends with another, especially in combat; an adversary; an opponent. Antagonist of Heaven's Almigthy King. Milton. Our antagonists in these controversies. Hooker. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A muscle which acts in opposition to another; as a flexor, which bends a part, is the antagonist of an extensor, which extends it. 3. (Med.) Defn: A medicine which opposes the action of another medicine or of a poison when absorbed into the blood or tissues. Syn. -- Adversary; enemy; opponent; toe; competitor. See Adversary. ANTAGONIST An*tag"o*nist, a. Defn: Antagonistic; opposing; counteracting; as, antagonist schools of philosophy. ANTAGONISTIC; ANTAGONISTICAL An*tag`o*nis"tic, An*tag`o*nis"tic*al, a. Defn: Opposing in combat, combating; contending or acting against; as, antagonistic forces. -- An*tag`o*nis"tic*al*ly, adv. They were distinct, adverse, even antagonistic. Milman. ANTAGONIZE An*tag"o*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Antagonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Antagonozing.] Etym: [Gr. Antagonism.] Defn: To contend with; to oppose actively; to counteract. ANTAGONIZE An*tag"o*nize, v. i. Defn: To act in opposition. ANTAGONY An*tag"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. antagonie. See Antagonism.] Defn: Contest; opposition; antagonism. [Obs.] Antagony that is between Christ and Belial. Milton. ANTALGIC An*tal"gic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. antalgique.] (Med.) Defn: Alleviating pain. -- n. Defn: A medicine to alleviate pain; an anodyne. [R.] ANTALKALI; ANTALKALINE Ant*al"ka*li, Ant*al"ka*line, n. Etym: [Pref. anti- + alkali.] Defn: Anything that neutralizes, or that counteracts an alkaline tendency in the system. Hoopplw. ANTALKALINE Ant*al"ka*line, a. Defn: Of power to counteract alkalies. ANTAMBULACRAL Ant*am`bu*la"cral, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Away from the ambulacral region. ANTANACLASIS Ant`an*a*cla"sis, n. Etym: [Gr. Anaclastic.] (Rhet.) (a) A figure which consists in repeating the same word in a different sense; as, Learn some craft when young, that when old you may live without craft. (b) A repetition of words beginning a sentence, after a long parenthesis; as, Shall that heart (which not only feels them, but which has all motions of life placed in them), shall that heart, etc. ANTANAGOGE Ant`an*a*go"ge, n. Etym: [Pref. anti- + anagoge.] (Rhet.) Defn: A figure which consists in answering the charge of an adversary, by a counter charge. ANTAPHRODISIAC Ant`aph*ro*dis"i*ac, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + aphrodisiac.] (Med.) Defn: Capable of blunting the venereal appetite. -- n. Defn: Anything that quells the venereal appetite. ANTAPHRODITIC Ant`aph*ro*dit"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. antaphroditique.] (Med.) 1. Antaphrodisiac. 2. Antisyphilitic. [R.] ANTAPHRODITIC Ant`aph*ro*dit"ic, n. Defn: An antaphroditic medicine. ANTAPOPLECTIC Ant`ap*o*plec"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + apoplectic.] (Med.) Defn: Good against apoplexy. -- n. Defn: A medicine used against apoplexy. ANTARCHISM Ant*ar"chism, n. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. Defn: Opposition to government in general. [R.] ANTARCHIST Ant*ar"chist, n. Defn: One who opposes all government. [R.] ANTARCHISTIC; ANTARCHISTICAL Ant`ar*chis"tic, Ant`ar*chis"tic*al, a. Defn: Opposed to all human government. [R.] ANTARCTIC Ant*arc"tic, a. Etym: [OE. antartik, OF. antartique, F. antarctique, L. antarcticus, fr. Gr. Arctic.] Defn: Opposite to the northern or arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to the region near it, and applied especially to a circle, distant from the pole 23º 28min. Thus we say the antarctic pole, circle, ocean, region, current, etc. ANTARES An*ta"res, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The principal star in Scorpio: -- called also the Scorpion's Heart. ANTARTHRITIC Ant`ar*thrit"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + arthritic.] (Med.) Counteracting or alleviating gout. -- n. Defn: A remedy against gout. ANTASTHMATIC Ant`asth*mat"ic ( or ; see Asthma; 277), a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + asthmatic.] (Med.) Defn: Opposing, or fitted to relieve, asthma. -- n. Defn: A remedy for asthma. ANT-BEAR Ant"-bear`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An edentate animal of tropical America (the Tamanoir), living on ants. It belongs to the genus Myrmecophaga. ANT BIRD Ant" bird, (Zoöl.) Defn: See Ant bird, under Ant, n. ANT-CATTLE Ant"-cat`tle, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: Various kinds of plant lice or aphids tended by ants for the sake of the honeydew which they secrete. See Aphips. ANT COW Ant cow. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any aphid from which ants obtain honeydew. ANTE- An"te-. Defn: A Latin preposition and prefix; akin to Gr. anti, Goth. and-, anda- (only in comp.), AS. and-, ond-, (only in comp.: cf. Answer, Along), G. ant-, ent- (in comp.). The Latin ante is generally used in the sense of before, in regard to position, order, or time, and the Gr. opposite, or in the place of. ANTE An"te, n. (Poker Playing) Defn: Each player's stake, which is put into the pool before (ante) the game begins. ANTE An"te, v. t. & i. Defn: To put up (an ante). ANTEACT An"te*act`, n. Defn: A preceding act. ANTEAL An"te*al, a. Etym: [antea, ante, before. Cf. Ancient.] Defn: Being before, or in front. [R.] J. Fleming. ANT-EATER Ant"-eat`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of edentates and monotremes that feed upon ants. See Ant-bear, Pangolin, Aard-vark, and Echidna. ANTECEDANEOUS An`te*ce*da"ne*ous, a. Etym: [See Antecede.] Defn: Antecedent; preceding in time. "Capable of antecedaneous proof." Barrow. ANTECEDE An`te*cede", v. t. & i. Etym: [L. antecedere; ante + cedere to go. See Cede.] Defn: To go before in time or place; to precede; to surpass. Sir M. Hale. ANTECEDENCE An`te*ced"ence, n. 1. The act or state of going before in time; precedence. H. Spenser. 2. (Astron.) Defn: An apparent motion of a planet toward the west; retrogradation. ANTECEDENCY An`te*ced"en*cy, n. Defn: The state or condition of being antecedent; priority. Fothherby. ANTECEDENT An`te*ced"ent, a. Etym: [L. antecedens, -entis, p. pr. of antecedere: cf. F. antécédent.] 1. Going before in time; prior; anterior; preceding; as, an event antecedent to the Deluge; an antecedent cause. 2. Presumptive; as, an antecedent improbability. Syn. -- Prior; previous; foregoing. ANTECEDENT An`te*ced"ent, n. Etym: [Cf. F. antécédent.] 1. That which goes before in time; that which precedes. South. The Homeric mythology, as well as the Homeric language, has surely its antecedents. Max Miller. 2. One who precedes or goes in front. [Obs.] My antecedent, or my gentleman usher. Massinger. 3. pl. Defn: The earlier events of one's life; previous principles, conduct, course, history. J. H. Newman. If the troops . . . prove worthy of their antecedents, the victory is surely ours. Gen. G. McClellan. 4. (Gram.) Defn: The noun to which a relative refers; as, in the sentence "Solomon was the prince who built the temple," prince is the antecedent of who. 5. (Logic) (a) The first or conditional part of a hypothetical proposition; as, If the earth is fixed, the sun must move. (b) The first of the two propositions which constitute an enthymeme or contracted syllogism; as, Every man is mortal; therefore the king must die. 6. (Math.) Defn: The first of the two terms of a ratio; the first or third of the four terms of a proportion. In the ratio a:b, a is the antecedent, and b the consequent. ANTECEDENTLY An`te*ced"ent*ly, adv. Defn: Previously; before in time; at a time preceding; as, antecedently to conversion. Barrow. ANTECESSOR An`te*ces"sor, n. Etym: [L., fr. antecedere, antecessum. See Antecede, Ancestor.] 1. One who goes before; a predecessor. The successor seldom prosecuting his antecessor's devices. Sir E. Sandys. 2. An ancestor; a progenitor. [Obs.] ANTECHAMBER An"te*cham`ber, n. Etym: [Cf. F. antichambre.] 1. A chamber or apartment before the chief apartment and leading into it, in which persons wait for audience; an outer chamber. See Lobby. 2. A space viewed as the outer chamber or the entrance to an interior part. The mouth, the antechamber to the digestive canal. Todd & Bowman. ANTECHAPEL An"te*chap`el, n. Defn: The outer part of the west end of a collegiate or other chapel. Shipley. ANTECHOIR An"te*choir`, n. (Arch.) (a) A space inclosed or reserved at the entrance to the choir, for the clergy and choristers. (b) Where a choir is divided, as in some Spanish churches, that division of it which is the farther from the sanctuary. ANTECIANS An*te"cians, n. pl. Defn: See Ant. ANTECOMMUNION An`te*com*mun"ion, n. Defn: A name given to that part of the Anglican liturgy for the communion, which precedes the consecration of the elements. ANTECURSOR An`te*cur"sor, n. Etym: [L., fr. antecurrere to run before; ante + currere to run.] Defn: A forerunner; a precursor. [Obs.] ANTEDATE An"te*date`, n. 1. Prior date; a date antecedent to another which is the actual date. 2. Anticipation. [Obs.] Donne. ANTEDATE An"te*date`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Antedated; p. pr. & vb. n. Antedating.] 1. To date before the true time; to assign to an earlier date; thus, to antedate a deed or a bond is to give it a date anterior to the true time of its execution. 2. To precede in time. 3. To anticipate; to make before the true time. And antedate the bliss above. Pope. Who rather rose the day to antedate. Wordsworth. ANTEDILUVIAL An`te*di*lu"vi*al, a. Etym: [Pref. ante- + diluvial.] Defn: Before the flood, or Deluge, in Noah's time. ANTEDILUVIAN An`te*di*lu"vi*an, a. Defn: Of or relating to the period before the Deluge in Noah's time; hence, antiquated; as, an antediluvian vehicle. -- n. Defn: One who lived before the Deluge. ANTEFACT An"te*fact`, n. Defn: Something done before another act. [Obs.] ANTEFIX An"te*fix`, n.; pl. E. Antefixes; L. Antefixa. Etym: [L. ante + fixus fixed.] (Arch.) (a) An ornament fixed upon a frieze. (b) An ornament at the eaves, concealing the ends of the joint tiles of the roof. (c) An ornament of the cymatium of a classic cornice, sometimes pierced for the escape of water. ANTEFLEXION An`te*flex"ion, n. (Med.) Defn: A displacement forward of an organ, esp. the uterus, in such manner that its axis is bent upon itself. T. G. Thomas. ANT EGG Ant" egg`. Defn: One of the small white egg-shaped pupæ or cocoons of the ant, often seen in or about ant-hills, and popularly supposed to be eggs. ANTELOPE An"te*lope, n. Etym: [OF. antelop, F. antilope, fro Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group of ruminant quadrupeds, intermediate between the deer and the goat. The horns are usually annulated, or ringed. There are many species in Africa and Asia. The antelope and wolf both fierce and fell. Spenser. Note: The common or bezoar antelope of India is Antilope bezoartica. The chamois of the Alps, the gazelle, the addax, and the eland are other species. See Gazelle. The pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra Americana) is found in the Rocky Mountains. See Pronghorn. ANTELUCAN An`te*lu"can, a. Etym: [L. antelucanus; ante + lux light.] Defn: Held or being before light; -- a word applied to assemblies of Christians, in ancient times of persecution, held before light in the morning. "Antelucan worship." De Quincey. ANTEMERIDIAN An`te*me*rid"i*an, a. Etym: [L. antemeridianus; ante + meridianus belonging to midday or noon. See Meridian.] Defn: Being before noon; in or pertaining to the forenoon. (Abbrev. a. m.) ANTEMETIC Ant`e*met"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + emetic.] (Med.) Defn: Tending to check vomiting. -- n. Defn: A remedy to check or allay vomiting. ANTE MORTEM An`te mor"tem. [L.] Defn: Before death; -- generally used adjectivelly; as, an ante- mortem statement; ante-mortem examination. The ante-mortem statement, or dying declaration made in view of death, by one injured, as to the cause and manner of the injury, is often receivable in evidence against one charged with causing the death. ANTEMOSAIC An`te*mo*sa"ic, a. Defn: Being before the time of Moses. ANTEMUNDANE An`te*mun"dane, a. Defn: Being or occurring before the creation of the world. Young. ANTEMURAL An`te*mu"ral, n. Etym: [L. antemurale: ante + murus wall. See Mural.] Defn: An outwork of a strong, high wall, with turrets, in front gateway (as of an old castle), for defending the entrance. ANTENATAL An`te*na"tal, a. Defn: Before birth. Shelley. ANTENICENE An`te*ni"cene, a. Etym: [L.] Defn: Of or in the Christian church or era, anterior to the first council of Nice, held a. d. 325; as, antenicene faith. ANTENNA An*ten"na, n.; pl. Antennæ. Etym: [L. antenna sail-yard; NL., a feeler, horn of an insect.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A movable, articulated organ of sensation, attached to the heads of insects and Crustacea. There are two in the former, and usually four in the latter. They are used as organs of touch, and in some species of Crustacea the cavity of the ear is situated near the basal joint. In insects, they are popularly called horns, and also feelers. The term in also applied to similar organs on the heads of other arthropods and of annelids. ANTENNAL An*ten"nal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the antennæ. Owen. ANTENNIFEROUS An`ten*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Antenna + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Bearing or having antennæ. ANTENNIFORM An*ten"ni*form, a. Etym: [Antenna + -form.] Defn: Shaped like antennæ. ANTENNULE An*ten"nule, n. Etym: [Dim. of antenna.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small antenna; -- applied to the smaller pair of antennæ or feelers of Crustacea. ANTENUMBER An`te*num"ber, n. Defn: A number that precedes another. [R.] Bacon. ANTENUPTIAL An`te*nup"tial, a. Defn: Preceding marriage; as, an antenuptial agreement. Kent. ANTEORBITAL An`te*or"bit*al, a. & n. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Antorbital. ANTEPASCHAL An`te*pas"chal, a. Defn: Pertaining to the time before the Passover, or before Easter. ANTEPAST An"te*past, n. Etym: [Pref. ante- + L. pastus pasture, food. Cf. Repast.] Defn: A foretaste. Antepasts of joy and comforts. Jer. Taylor. ANTEPENDIUM An`te*pen"di*um, n. Etym: [LL., fr. L. ante + pendere to hang.] (Eccl.) Defn: The hangings or screen in front of the altar; an altar cloth; the frontal. Smollett. ANTEPENULT; ANTEPENULTIMA An`te*pe"nult, An`te*pe*nult"i*ma, n. Etym: [L. antepaenultima (sc. syllaba) antepenultimate; ante before + paenultimus the last but one; paene almost + ultimus last.] (Pros.) Defn: The last syllable of a word except two, as -syl in monosyllable. ANTEPENULTIMATE An`te*pe*nult"i*mate, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the last syllable but two. -- n. Defn: The antepenult. ANTEPHIALTIC Ant`eph*i*al"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Good against nightmare. -- n. Defn: A remedy nightmare. Dunglison. ANTEPILEPTIC Ant`ep*i*lep"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + epileptic.] (Med.) Defn: Good against epilepsy. -- n. Defn: A medicine for epilepsy. ANTEPONE An"te*pone, v. t. Etym: [L. anteponere.] Defn: To put before; to prefer. [Obs.] Bailey. ANTEPORT An"te*port, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. anteporta.] Defn: An outer port, gate, or door. ANTEPORTICO An`te*por"ti*co, n. Defn: An outer porch or vestibule. ANTEPOSITION An`te*po*si"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. antepositio. See Position.] (Gram.) Defn: The placing of a before another, which, by ordinary rules, ought to follow it. ANTEPRANDIAL An`te*pran"di*al, a. Defn: Preceding dinner. ANTEPREDICAMENT An`te*pre*dic"a*ment, n. (Logic) Defn: A prerequisite to a clear understanding of the predicaments and categories, such as definitions of common terms. Chambers. ANTERIOR An*te"ri*or, a. Etym: [L. anterior, comp. of ante before.] 1. Before in time; antecedent. Antigonus, who was anterior to Polybius. Sir G. C. Lewis. 2. Before, or toward the front, in place; as, the anterior part of the mouth; -- opposed to posterior. Note: In comparative anatomy, anterior often signifies at or toward the head, cephalic; and in human anatomy it is often used for ventral. Syn. -- Antecedent; previous; precedent; preceding; former; foregoing. ANTERIORITY An*te`ri*or"i*ty, n. Etym: [LL. anterioritas.] Defn: The state of being anterior or preceding in time or in situation; priority. Pope. ANTERIORLY An*te"ri*or*ly, adv. Defn: In an anterior manner; before. ANTERO- An"te*ro-. Defn: A combining form meaning anterior, front; as, antero-posterior, front and back; antero-lateral, front side, anterior and at the side. ANTEROOM An"te*room, n. Defn: A room before, or forming an entrance to, another; a waiting room. ANTES; ANTAE An"tes, n. pl. Antæ. Defn: See Anta. ANTESTATURE An`te*stat"ure, n. (Fort.) Defn: A small intrenchment or work of palisades, or of sacks of earth. ANTESTOMACH An"te*stom`ach, n. Defn: A cavity which leads into the stomach, as in birds. Ray. ANTETEMPLE An"te*tem`ple, n. Defn: The portico, or narthex in an ancient temple or church. ANTEVERSION An`te*ver"sion, n. Etym: [Pref. ante- + L. vertere, versum, to turn.] (Med.) Defn: A displacement of an organ, esp. of the uterus, in such manner that its whole axis is directed further forward than usual. ANTEVERT An`te*vert", v. t. Etym: [L. antevertere; ante + vertere to turn.] 1. To prevent. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. (Med.) Defn: To displace by anteversion. ANTHELION Ant*hel"ion, n.; pl. Anthelia. Etym: [Pref. anti + Gr. (Meteor.) Defn: A halo opposite the sun, consisting of a colored ring or rings around the shadow of the spectator's own head, as projected on a cloud or on an opposite fog bank. ANTHELIX Ant"he*lix, n. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Antihelix. ANTHELMINTIC An"thel*min"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Good against intestinal worms. -- An anthelmintic remedy. [Written also anthelminthic.] ANTHEM An"them, n. Etym: [OE. antym, antefne, AS. antefen, fr. LL. antiphona, fr. Gr. anthaine, anteine, antieune, F. antienne. See Antiphon.] 1. Formerly, a hymn sung in alternate parts, in present usage, a selection from the Psalms, or other parts of the Scriptures or the liturgy, set to sacred music. 2. A song or hymn of praise. Milton. ANTHEM An"them, v. t. Defn: To celebrate with anthems. [Poet.] Sweet birds antheming the morn. Keats. ANTHEMION An*the"mi*on, Etym: [ fr. Gr. Defn: A floral ornament. See Palmette. ANTHEMIS An"the*mis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Chamomile; a genus of composite, herbaceous plants. ANTHEMWISE An"them*wise`, adv. Defn: Alternately. [Obs.] Bacon. ANTHER An"ther, n. Etym: [F. anthère, L. anthera a medicine composed of flowers, fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: That part of the stamen containing the pollen, or fertilizing dust, which, when mature, is emitted for the impregnation of the ovary. -- An"ther*al, a. ANTHERIDIUM An`ther*id"i*um, n.; pl. Anthplwidia. Etym: [Anther + (Bot.) Defn: The male reproductive apparatus in the lower, consisting of a cell or other cavity in which spermatozoids are produced; -- called also spermary. -- An`ther*id"i*al, a. ANTHERIFEROUS An`ther*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Anther + -ferous.] (Bot.) (a) Producing anthers, as plants. (b) Supporting anthers, as a part of a flower. Gray. ANTHERIFORM An*ther"i*form, a. Etym: [Anther + -form.] Defn: Shaped like an anther; anther-shaped. ANTHEROGENOUS An`ther*og"e*nous, a. Etym: [Anther + -genous.] (Bot.) Defn: Transformed from anthers, as the petals of a double flower. ANTHEROID An"ther*oid, a. Etym: [Anther + -oid.] Defn: Resembling an anther. ANTHEROZOID; ANTHEROZOOID An`ther*o*zoid, An`ther*o*zoo"id, n. Etym: [Gr. -oid. See Zooid.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the mobile male reproductive bodies in the antheridia of cryptogams. ANTHESIS An*the"sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The period or state of full expansion in a flower. Gray. ANT-HILL Ant"-hill, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A mound thrown up by ants or by termites in forming their nests. ANTHOBIAN An*tho"bi*an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A beetle which feeds on flowers. ANTHOBRANCHIA An`tho*bran"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of nudibranchiate Mollusca, in which the gills form a wreath or cluster upon the posterior part of the back. See Nudibranchiata, and Doris. ANTHOCARPOUS An`tho*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having some portion of the floral envelopes attached to the pericarp to form the fruit, as in the checkerberry, the mulberry, and the pineapple. ANTHOCYANIN An`tho*cy"a*nin, n. Defn: Same as Anthokyan. ANTHODIUM An*tho"di*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The inflorescence of a compound flower in which many florets are gathered into a involucrate head. ANTHOGRAPHY An*thog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A description of flowers. ANTHOID An"thoid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Resembling a flower; flowerlike. ANTHOKYAN An`tho*ky"an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: The blue coloring matter of certain flowers. Same as Cyanin. ANTHOLITE An"tho*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil plant, like a petrified flower. ANTHOLOGICAL An`tho*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to anthology; consisting of beautiful extracts from different authors, especially the poets. He published a geographical and anthological description of all empires and kingdoms . . . in this terrestrial globe. Wood. ANTHOLOGIST An*thol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who compiles an anthology. ANTHOLOGY An*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A discourses on flowers. [R.] 2. A collection of flowers; a garland. [R.] 3. A collection of flowers of literature, that is, beautiful passages from authors; a collection of poems or epigrams; -- particularly applied to a collection of ancient Greek epigrams. 4. (Gr. Ch.) Defn: A service book containing a selection of pieces for the festival services. ANTHOMANIA An`tho*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A extravagant fondness for flowers. [R.] ANTHONY'S FIRE An"tho*ny's Fire`. Defn: See Saint Anthony's Fire, under Saint. ANTHOPHAGOUS An*thoph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Eating flowers; -- said of certain insects. ANTHOPHILOUS An*thoph"i*lous, a. [Gr. 'a`nqos flower + fi`los loving.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Lit., fond of flowers; hence, feeding upon, or living among, flowers. ANTHOPHORE An"tho*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The stipe when developed into an internode between calyx and corolla, as in the Pink family. Gray. ANTHOPHOROUS An*thoph"o*rous, a. Defn: Flower bearing; supporting the flower. ANTHOPHYLLITE An*thoph"yl*lite, n. Etym: [NL. anthophyllum clove.] Defn: A mineral of the hornblende group, of a yellowish gray or clove brown color. -- An`tho*phyl*lit"ic, a. ANTHORISM An"tho*rism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A description or definition contrary to that which is given by the adverse party. [R.] ANTHOTAXY An"tho*tax`y, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The arrangement of flowers in a cluster; the science of the relative position of flowers; inflorescence. ANTHOZOA An`tho*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The class of the Coelenterata which includes the corals and sea anemones. The three principal groups or orders are Acyonaria, Actinaria, and Madreporaria. ANTHOZOAN An`tho*zo"an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Anthozoa. -- n. Defn: One of the Anthozoa. ANTHOZOIC An"tho*zo"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Anthozoa. ANTHRACENE An"thra*cene, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A solid hydrocarbon, C6H4.C2H2.C6H4, which accompanies naphthalene in the last stages of the distillation of coal tar. Its chief use is in the artificial production of alizarin. [Written also anthracin.] ANTHRACENE OIL An"thra*cene oil. Defn: A heavy green oil (partially solidifying on cooling), which distills over from coal tar at a temperature above 270º. It is the principal source of anthracene. ANTHRACIC An*thrac"ic, a. Defn: Of or relating to anthrax; as, anthracic blood. ANTHRACIFEROUS An`thra*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. -ferous.] (Min.) Defn: Yielding anthracite; as, anthraciferous strata. ANTHRACITE An"thra*cite, n. Etym: [L. anthracites a kind of bloodstone; fr. Gr. Anthrax.] Defn: A hard, compact variety of mineral coal, of high luster, differing from bituminous coal in containing little or no bitumen, in consequence of which it burns with a nearly non luminous flame. The purer specimens consist almost wholly of carbon. Also called glance coal and blind coal. ANTHRACITIC An"thra*cit"ic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, anthracite; as, anthracitic formations. ANTHRACNOSE An*thrac"nose`, n. [Gr. , , carbuncle + disease.] (Bot.) Defn: Any one of several fungus diseases, caused by parasitic species of the series Melanconiales, attacking the bean, grape, melon, cotton, and other plants. In the case of the grape, brown concave spots are formed on the stem and fruit, and the disease is called bird's-eye rot. ANTHRACOID An"thra*coid, a. Etym: [Anthrax + -oid.] (Biol.) Defn: Resembling anthrax in action; of the nature of anthrax; as, an anthracoid microbe. ANTHRACOMANCY An"thra*co*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by inspecting a burning coal. ANTHRACOMETER An`thra*com"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the amount of carbonic acid in a mixture. ANTHRACOMETRIC An`thra*co*met"ric, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an anthracometer. ANTHRACONITE An*thra"co*nite, n. Etym: [See Anthracite.] (Min.) Defn: A coal-black marble, usually emitting a fetid smell when rubbed; -- called also stinkstone and swinestone. ANTHRACOSIS An`thra*co"sis, n. [NL. See Anthrax.] (Med.) Defn: A chronic lung disease, common among coal miners, due to the inhalation of coal dust; -- called also collier's lung and miner's phthisis. ANTHRAQUINONE An`thra*qui"none, n. Etym: [Anthracene + quinone.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon, C6H4.C2O2.C6H4, subliming in shining yellow needles. It is obtained by oxidation of anthracene. ANTHRAX An"thrax, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Med.) (a) A carbuncle. (b) A malignant pustule. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A microscopic, bacterial organism (Bacillus anthracis), resembling transparent rods. [See Illust. under Bacillus.] 3. An infectious disease of cattle and sheep. It is ascribed to the presence of a rod-shaped bacterium (Bacillus anthracis), the spores of which constitute the contagious matter. It may be transmitted to man by inoculation. The spleen becomes greatly enlarged and filled with bacteria. Called also splenic fever. ANTHRAX VACCINE An"thrax vac"cine. (Veter.) Defn: A fluid vaccine obtained by growing a bacterium (Bacterium anthracis) in beef broth. It is used to immunize animals, esp. cattle. ANTHRENUS An*thre"nus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small beetles, several of which, in the larval state, are very destructive to woolen goods, fur, etc. The common "museum pest" is A. varius; the carpet beetle is A. scrophulariæ. The larvæ are commonly confounded with moths. ANTHROPIC; ANTHROPICAL An*throp"ic, An*throp"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or related to man; human. [R.] Owen. ANTHROPIDAE An*throp"i*dæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The group that includes man only. ANTHROPOCENTRIC An`thro*po*cen"tric, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Assuming man as the center or ultimate end; -- applied to theories of the universe or of any part of it, as the solar system. Draper. ANTHROPOGENIC An`thro*po*gen"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to anthropogeny. ANTHROPOGENY An`thro*pog"e*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The science or study of human generation, or the origin and development of man. ANTHROPOGEOGRAPHY An`thro*po*ge*og"ra*phy, n. [Gr. man + geography.] Defn: The science of the human species as to geographical distribution and environment. Broadly, it includes industrial, commercial, and political geography, and that part of ethnology which deals with distribution and physical environment. -- An`thro*po*ge*og"ra*pher (#), n. -- An`thro*po*ge`o*graph"ic*al (#), a. ANTHROPOGLOT An*throp"o*glot, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal which has a tongue resembling that of man, as the parrot. ANTHROPOGRAPHY An`thro*pog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: That branch of anthropology which treats of the actual distribution of the human race in its different divisions, as distinguished by physical character, language, institutions, and customs, in contradistinction to ethnography, which treats historically of the origin and filiation of races and nations. P. Cyc. ANTHROPOID An"thro*poid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Resembling man; -- applied especially to certain apes, as the ourang or gorilla. -- n. Defn: An anthropoid ape. ANTHROPOIDAL An`thro*poid"al, a. Defn: Anthropoid. ANTHROPOIDEA An`thro*poid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Anthropoid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The suborder of primates which includes the monkeys, apes, and man. ANTHROPOLATRY An`thro*pol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Man worship. ANTHROPOLITE An*throp"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A petrifaction of the human body, or of any portion of it. ANTHROPOLOGIC; ANTHROPOLOGICAL An`thro*po*log"ic, An`thro*po*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to anthropology; belonging to the nature of man. "Anthropologic wisdom." Kingsley. -- An`thro*po*log"ic*al*ly, adv. ANTHROPOLOGIST An`thro*pol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who is versed in anthropology. ANTHROPOLOGY An`thro*pol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] 1. The science of the structure and functions of the human body. 2. The science of man; -- sometimes used in a limited sense to mean the study of man as an object of natural history, or as an animal. 3. That manner of expression by which the inspired writers attribute human parts and passions to God. ANTHROPOMANCY An"thro*po*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by the entrails of human being. ANTHROPOMETRIC; ANTHROPOMETRICAL An`thro*po*met"ric, An`thro*po*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to anthropometry. ANTHROPOMETRY An`thro*pom"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -mercy.] Defn: Measurement of the height and other dimensions of human beings, especially at different ages, or in different races, occupations, etc. Dunglison. ANTHROPOMORPHA An`thro*po*mor"pha, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Anthropomorphism.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The manlike, or anthropoid, apes. ANTHROPOMORPHIC An`thro*po*mor"phic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to anthromorphism. Hadley. -- An`thro*po*mor"phic*al*ly, adv. ANTHROPOMORPHISM An`thro*po*mor"phism, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. The representation of the Deity, or of a polytheistic deity, under a human form, or with human attributes and affections. 2. The ascription of human characteristics to things not human. ANTHROPOMORPHIST An`thro*po*mor"phist, n. Defn: One who attributes the human form or other human attributes to the Deity or to anything not human. ANTHROPOMORPHITE An`thro*po*mor"phite, n. Defn: One who ascribes a human form or human attributes to the Deity or to a polytheistic deity. Taylor. Specifically, one of a sect of ancient heretics who believed that God has a human form, etc. Tillotson. ANTHROPOMORPHITIC An`thro*po*mor*phit"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: to anthropomorphism. Kitto. ANTHROPOMORPHITISM An`thro*po*mor"phi*tism, n. Defn: Anthropomorphism. Wordsworth. ANTHROPOMORPHIZE An`thro*po*mor"phize, v. t. & i. Defn: To attribute a human form or personality to. You may see imaginative children every day anthropomorphizing. Lowell. ANTHROPOMORPHOLOGY An`thro*po*mor*phol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy. See Anthropomorphism.] Defn: The application to God of terms descriptive of human beings. ANTHROPOMORPHOSIS An`thro*po*mor"pho*sis, n. Defn: Transformation into the form of a human being. ANTHROPOMORPHOUS An`thro*po*mor"phous, a. Defn: Having the figure of, or resemblance to, a man; as, an anthromorphous plant. "Anthromorphous apes." Darwin. ANTHROPONOMICS; ANTHROPONOMY An`thro*po*nom"ics, An`thro*pon"o*my, n. [Gr. man + usage, law, rule.] Defn: The science of the laws of the development of the human organism in relation to other organisms and to environment. -- An`thro*po*nom"ic*al (#), a. ANTHROPOPATHIC; ANTHROPOPATHICAL An`thro*po*path"ic, An`thro*po*path"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to anthropopathy. [R.] -- An`thro*po*path"ic*al*ly, adv. The daring anthropopathic imagery by which the prophets often represent God as chiding, upbraiding, threatening. H. Rogers. ANTHROPOPATHISM; ANTHROPOPATHY An`thro*pop"a*thism, An`thro*pop"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The ascription of human feelings or passions to God, or to a polytheistic deity. In its recoil from the gross anthropopathy of the vulgar notions, it falls into the vacuum of absolute apathy. Hare. ANTHROPOPATHITE An`thro*pop"a*thite, n. Defn: One who ascribes human feelings to deity. ANTHROPOPHAGI An`thro*poph"a*gi, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: Man eaters; cannibals. Shak. ANTHROPOPHAGIC; ANTHROPOPHAGICAL An`thro*po*phag"ic, An`thro*po*phag"ic*al, a. Defn: Relating to cannibalism or anthropophagy. ANTHROPOPHAGINIAN An`thro*poph`a*gin"i*an, n. Defn: One who east human flesh. [Ludicrous] Shak. ANTHROPOPHAGITE An`thro*poph"a*gite, n. Defn: A cannibal. W. Taylor. ANTHROPOPHAGOUS An`thro*poph"a*gous, a. Defn: Feeding on human flesh; cannibal. ANTHROPOPHAGY An`thro*poph"a*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The eating of human flesh; cannibalism. ANTHROPOPHUISM An"thro*poph"u*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Human nature. [R.] Gladstone. ANTHROPOSCOPY An`thro*pos"co*py, n. Etym: [Gr. -scopy.] Defn: The art of discovering or judging of a man's character, passions. and inclinations from a study of his visible features. [R.] ANTHROPOSOPHY An`thro*pos"o*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Knowledge of the nature of man; hence, human wisdom. ANTHROPOTOMICAL An`thro*po*tom"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to anthropotomy, or the dissection of human bodies. ANTHROPOTOMIST An`thro*pot"o*mist, n. Defn: One who is versed in anthropotomy, or human anatomy. ANTHROPOTOMY An`thro*pot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The anatomy or dissection of the human body; androtomy. Owen. ANTHYPNOTIC Ant`hyp*not"ic. Defn: See Antihypnotic. ANTHYPOCHONDRIAC Ant`hyp*o*chon"dri*ac, a. & n. Defn: See Antihypochondriac. ANTHYSTERIC Ant`hys*ter"ic, a. & n. Defn: See Antihysteric. ANTI An"ti. Etym: [Gr. Ante.] Defn: A prefix meaning against, opposite or opposed to, contrary, or in place of; -- used in composition in many English words. It is often shortened to ant-; as, antacid, antarctic. ANTIAE An"ti*æ, n. pl. Etym: [L., forelock.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The two projecting feathered angles of the forehead of some birds; the frontal points. ANTIALBUMID An`ti*al*bu"mid, n. Etym: [Pref. anti- + -albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A body formed from albumin by pancreatic and gastric digestion. It is convertible into antipeptone. ANTIALBUMOSE An`ti*al"bu*mose`, n. (Physiol.) Defn: See Albumose. ANTI-AMERICAN An`ti-A*mer"i*can, a. Defn: Opposed to the Americans, their aims, or interests, or to the genius of American institutions. Marshall. ANTIAPHRODISIAC An`ti*aph`ro*dis"i*ac, a. & n. Defn: Same as Antaphrodisiac. ANTIAPOPLECTIC An`ti*ap`o*plec"tic, a. & n. (Med.) Defn: Same as Antapoplectic. ANTIAR An"ti*ar, n. Etym: [Jav. antjar.] Defn: A Virulent poison prepared in Java from the gum resin of one species of the upas tree (Antiaris toxicaria). ANTIARIN An`ti*a*rin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous principle obtained from antiar. Watts. ANTIASTHMATIC An`ti*asth*mat"ic, a. & n. Defn: Same as Antasthmatic. ANTIATTRITION An`ti*at*tri"tion, n. Defn: Anything to prevent the effects of friction, esp. a compound lubricant for machinery, etc., often consisting of plumbago, with some greasy material; antifriction grease. ANTIBACCHIUS An`ti*bac*chi"us, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Bacchius.] (Pros.) Defn: A foot of three syllables, the first two long, and the last short. ANTIBACTERIAL An`ti*bac*te"ri*al, a. (Med.) (a) Inimical to bacteria; -- applied esp. to serum for protection against bacterial diseases. (b) Opposed to the bacterial theory of disease. ANTIBILLOUS An`ti*bil"lous, a. Defn: Counteractive of bilious complaints; tending to relieve biliousness. ANTIBODY An"ti*bod`y, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Any of various bodies or substances in the blood which act in antagonism to harmful foreign bodies, as toxins or the bacteria producing the toxins. Normal blood serum apparently contains variousantibodies, and the introduction of toxins or of foreign cells also results in the development of their specific antibodies. ANTIBRACHIAL An`ti*brach"i*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the antibrachium, or forearm. ANTIBRACHIUM An`ti*brach"i*um, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: That part of the fore limb between the brachium and the carpus; the forearm. ANTIBROMIC An`ti*bro"mic, n. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. Defn: An agent that destroys offensive smells; a deodorizer. ANTIBUBONIC An`ti*bu*bon"ic, a. Defn: Good or used against bubonic plague; as, antibubonic serum, obtained from immunized horses; antibubonic vaccine, a sterilized bouillon culture of the plague bacillus; antibubonic measures. ANTIBURGHER An`ti*burgh"er, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One who seceded from the Burghers (1747), deeming it improper to take the Burgess oath. ANTIC An"tic, a. Etym: [The same word as antique; cf. It. antico ancient. See Antique.] 1. Old; antique. (Zoöl.) Defn: "Lords of antic fame." Phaer. 2. Odd; fantastic; fanciful; grotesque; ludicrous. The antic postures of a merry-andrew. Addison. The Saxons . . . worshiped many idols, barbarous in name, some monstrous, all antic for shape. Fuller. ANTIC An"tic, n. 1. A buffoon or merry-andrew; one that practices odd gesticulations; the Fool of the old play. 2. An odd imagery, device, or tracery; a fantastic figure. Woven with antics and wild imagery. Spenser. 3. A grotesque trick; a piece of buffoonery; a caper. And fraught with antics as the Indian bird That writhes and chatters in her wiry cage. Wordsworth. 4. (Arch.) Defn: A grotesque representation. [Obs.] 5. An antimask. [Obs. or R.] Performed by knights and ladies of his court In nature of an antic. Ford. ANTIC An"tic, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anticked, Antickt.] Defn: To make appear like a buffoon. [Obs.] Shak. ANTIC An"tic, v. i. Defn: To perform antics. ANTICATARRHAL An`ti*ca*tarrh`al, a. (Med.) Defn: Efficacious against catarrh. -- n. Defn: An anticatarrhal remedy. ANTICATHODE An`ti*cath"ode, n. (Phys.) Defn: The part of a vacuum tube opposite the cathode. Upon it the cathode rays impinge. ANTICAUSODIC An`ti*cau*sod"ic, a. & n. (Med.) Defn: Same as Anticausotic. ANTICAUSOTIC An`ti*cau*sot"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Good against an inflammatory fever. -- n. Defn: A remedy for such a fever. ANTICHAMBER An"ti*cham`ber, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Antechamber. ANTICHLOR An"ti*chlor, n. Etym: [Pref. anti- + chlorine.] (Chem.) Defn: Any substance (but especially sodium hyposulphite) used in removing the excess of chlorine left in paper pulp or stuffs after bleaching. ANTICHRIST An"ti*christ, n. Etym: [L. Antichristus, Gr. Defn: A denier or opponent of Christ. Specif.: A great antagonist, person or power, expected to precede Christ's second coming. ANTICHRISTIAN An`ti*chris"tian, a. Defn: Opposed to the Christian religion. ANTICHRISTIANISM; ANTICHRISTIANITY An`ti*chris"tian*ism, An`ti*chris*tian"i*ty, n. Defn: Opposition or contrariety to the Christian religion. ANTICHRISTIANLY An`ti*chris"tian*ly, adv. Defn: In an antichristian manner. ANTICHRONICAL An`ti*chron"ic*al, a. Defn: Deviating from the proper order of time. -- An`ti*chron"ic*al*ly, adv. ANTICHRONISM An*tich"ro*nism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Deviation from the true order of time; anachronism. [R.] Selden. ANTICHTHON An*tich"thon, n.; pl. Antichthones. Etym: [Gr. 1. A hypothetical earth counter to ours, or on the opposite side of the sun. Grote. 2. pl. Defn: Inhabitants of opposite hemispheres. Whewell. ANTICIPANT An*tic"i*pant, a. Etym: [L. anticipans, p. pr. of anticipare.] Defn: Anticipating; expectant; -- with of. Wakening guilt, anticipant of hell. Southey. ANTICIPATE An*tic"i*pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anticipated; p. pr. & vb. n. Anticipating.] Etym: [L. anticipatus, p. p. of anticipare to anticipate; ante + capere to make. See Capable.] 1. To be before in doing; to do or take before another; to preclude or prevent by prior action. To anticipate and prevent the duke's purpose. R. Hall. He would probably have died by the hand of the executioner, if indeed the executioner had not been anticipated by the populace. Macaulay. 2. To take up or introduce beforehand, or before the proper or normal time; to cause to occur earlier or prematurely; as, the advocate has anticipated a part of his argument. 3. To foresee (a wish, command, etc.) and do beforehand that which will be desired. 4. To foretaste or foresee; to have a previous view or impression of; as, to anticipate the pleasures of a visit; to anticipate the evils of life. Syn. -- To prevent; obviate; preclude; forestall; expect. -- To Anticipate, Expect. These words, as here compared, agree in regarding some future event as about to take place. Expect is the stringer. It supposes some ground or reason in the mind for considering the event as likely to happen. Anticipate is, literally, to take beforehand, and here denotes simply to take into the mind as conception of the future. Hence, to say, "I did not anticipate a refusal," expresses something less definite and strong than to say, " did not expect it." Still, anticipate is a convenient word to be interchanged with expect in cases where the thought will allow. Good with bad Expect to hear; supernal grace contending With sinfulness of men. Milton. I would not anticipate the relish of any happiness, nor feel the weight of any misery, before it actually arrives. Spectator. Timid men were anticipating another civil war. Macaulay. ANTICIPATION An*tic`i*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. anticipatio: cf. F. anticipation.] 1. The act of anticipating, taking up, placing, or considering something beforehand, or before the proper time in natural order. So shall my anticipation prevent your discovery. Shak. 2. Previous view or impression of what is to happen; instinctive prevision; foretaste; antepast; as, the anticipation of the joys of heaven. The happy anticipation of renewed existence in company with the spirits of the just. Thodey. 3. Hasty notion; intuitive preconception. Many men give themselves up to the first anticipations of their minds. Locke. 4. (Mus.) Defn: The commencing of one or more tones of a chord with or during the chord preceding, forming a momentary discord. Syn. -- Preoccupation; preclusion; foretaste; prelibation; antepast; pregustation; preconception; expectation; foresight; forethought. ANTICIPATIVE An*tic"i*pa*tive, a. Defn: Anticipating, or containing anticipation. "Anticipative of the feast to come." Cary. -- An*tic"i*pa*tive*ly, adv. ANTICIPATOR An*tic"i*pa`tor, n. Defn: One who anticipates. ANTICIPATORY An*tic"i*pa*to*ry, a. Defn: Forecasting; of the nature of anticipation. Owen. Here is an anticipatory glance of what was to be. J. C. Shairp. ANTICIVIC An`ti*civ"ic, n. Defn: Opposed to citizenship. ANTICIVISM An`ti*civ"ism, n. Defn: Opposition to the body politic of citizens. [Obs.] Carlyle. ANTICLASTIC An`ti*clas"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- = Gr. Defn: Having to opposite curvatures, that is, curved longitudinally in one direction and transversely in the opposite direction, as the surface of a saddle. ANTICLIMAX An`ti*cli"max, n. (Rhet.) Defn: A sentence in which the ideas fall, or become less important and striking, at the close; -- the opposite of climax. It produces a ridiculous effect. Example: Next comes Dalhousie, the great god of war, Lieutenant-colonel to the Earl ANTICLINAL An`ti*cli"nal, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. Defn: Inclining or dipping in opposite directions. See Synclinal. Anticlinal line, Anticlinal axis (Geol.), a line from which strata dip in opposite directions, as from the ridge of a roof. -- Anticlinal vertebra (Anat.), one of the dorsal vertebræ, which in many animals has an upright spine toward which the spines of the neighboring vertebræ are inclined. ANTICLINAL An`ti*cli"nal, n. (Geol.) Defn: The crest or line in which strata slope or dip in opposite directions. ANTICLINE An"ti*cline, n. [See Anticlinal.] (Geol.) Defn: A structure of bedded rocks in which the beds on both sides of an axis or axial plane dip away from the axis; an anticlinal. ANTICLINORIUM An`ti*cli*no"ri*um, n.; pl. Anticlinoria. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Geol.) Defn: The upward elevation of the crust of the earth, resulting from a geanticlinal. ANTICLY An"tic*ly, adv. Defn: Oddly; grotesquely. ANTIC-MASK An"tic-mask`, n. Defn: An antimask. B. Jonson. ANTICNESS An"tic*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being antic. Ford. ANTICOHERER An`ti*co*her"er, n. (Wireless Teleg.) Defn: A device, one form of which consists of a scratched deposit of silver on glass, used in connection with the receiving apparatus for reading wireless signals. The electric waves falling on this contrivance increase its resistance several times. The anticoherer can be used in conjunction with a telephone. ANTICONSTITUTIONAL An`ti*con`sti*tu"tion*al, a. Defn: Opposed to the constitution; unconstitutional. ANTICONTAGIOUS An`ti*con*ta"gious, a. (Med.) Defn: Opposing or destroying contagion. ANTICONVULSIVE An`ti*con*vul"sive, a. (Med.) Defn: Good against convulsions. J. Floyer. ANTICOR An"ti*cor, n. Etym: [Pref. anti- + L. cor heart; cf. F. antic.] (Far.) Defn: A dangerous inflammatory swelling of a horse's breast, just opposite the heart. ANTICOUS An*ti"cous, a. Etym: [L. anticus in front, foremost, fr. ante before.] (Bot.) Defn: Facing toward the axis of the flower, as in the introrse anthers of the water lily. ANTICYCLONE An"ti*cy`clone, n. (Meteorol.) Defn: A movement of the atmosphere opposite in character, as regards direction of the wind and distribution of barometric pressure, to that of a cyclone. -- An`ti*cy*clon"ic, a. -- An`ti*cy*clon"ic*al*ly, adv. ANTIDIPHTHERITIC An`ti*diph`the*rit"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Destructive to, or hindering the growth of, diphtheria bacilli. -- n. Defn: An antidiphtheritic agent. ANTIDOTAL An"ti*do`tal(#) a. Defn: Having the quality an antidote; fitted to counteract the effects of poison. Sir T. Browne. -- An"ti*do`tal*ly, adv. ANTIDOTARY An"ti*do`ta*ry, a. Defn: Antidotal. -- n. Antidote; also, a book of antidotes. ANTIDOTE An"ti*dote, n. Etym: [L. antidotum, Gr. antidote. See Dose, n.] 1. A remedy to counteract the effects of poison, or of anything noxious taken into the stomach; -- used with against, for, or to; as, an antidote against, for, or to, poison. 2. Whatever tends to prevent mischievous effects, or to counteract evil which something else might produce. ANTIDOTE An"ti*dote, v. t. 1. To counteract or prevent the effects of, by giving or taking an antidote. Nor could Alexander himself . . . antidote . . . the poisonous draught, when it had once got into his veins. South. 2. To fortify or preserve by an antidote. ANTIDOTICAL An`ti*dot"ic*al, a. Defn: Serving as an antidote. -- An`ti*dot"ic*al*ly, adv. ANTIDROMOUS An*tid"ro*mous, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Changing the direction in the spiral sequence of leaves on a stem. ANTIDYSENTERIC An`ti*dys`en*ter"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Good against dysentery. -- n. Defn: A medicine for dysentery. ANTIEMETIC An`ti*e*met"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Same as Antemetic. ANTIEPHIALTIC An`ti*eph`i*al"tic, a. & n. (Med.) Defn: Same as Antephialtic. ANTIEPILEPTIC An`ti*ep`i*lep"tic, a. & n. (Med.) Defn: Same as Antepileptic. ANTIFEBRILE An`ti*fe"brile, a. & n. (Med.) Defn: Febrifuge. ANTIFEBRINE An`ti*feb"rine, n. (Med.) Defn: Acetanilide. ANTI-FEDERALIST An`ti-fed"er*al*ist, n. Defn: One of party opposed to a federative government; -- applied particularly to the party which opposed the adoption of the constitution of the United States. Pickering. ANTIFRICTION An`ti*fric"tion, n. Defn: Something to lessea. Tending to lessen friction. ANTIGALASTIC An`ti*ga*las"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. Defn: Causing a diminution or a suppression of the secretion of milk. ANTI-GALLICAN An`ti-Gal"li*can, a. Defn: Opposed to what is Gallic or French. ANTIGRAPH An"ti*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. antigraphe.] Defn: A copy or transcript. ANTIGUGGLER An`ti*gug"gler n. Etym: [Pref. anti- + guggle or gurgle.] Defn: A crooked tube of metal, to be introduced into the neck of a bottle for drawing out the liquid without disturbing the sediment or causing a gurgling noise. ANTIHELIX An`ti*he"lix, n. (Anat.) Defn: The curved elevation of the cartilage of the ear, within or in front of the helix. See Ear. ANTIHEMORRHAGIC An`ti*hem`or*rhag"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Tending to stop hemorrhage. -- n. Defn: A remedy for hemorrhage. ANTIHYDROPHOBIC An`ti*hy`dro*phob"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Counteracting or preventing hydrophobia. -- n. Defn: A remedy for hydrophobia. ANTIHYDROPIC An`ti*hy*drop"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Good against dropsy. -- n. Defn: A remedy for dropsy. ANTIHYPNOTIC An`ti*hyp*not"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Tending to prevent sleep. -- n. Defn: An antihypnotic agent. ANTIHYPOCHONDRIAC An`ti*hyp`o*chon"dri*ac, a. (Med.) Defn: Counteractive of hypochondria. -- n. Defn: A remedy for hypochondria. ANTIHYSTERIC An`ti*hys*ter"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Counteracting hysteria. -- n. Defn: A remedy for hysteria. ANTIICTERIC An`ti*ic*ter"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Good against jaundice. -- n. Defn: A remedy for jaundice. ANTI-IMPERIALISM An`ti-im*pe"ri*al*ism, n. Defn: Opposition to imperialism; -- applied specif., in the United States, after the Spanish-American war (1898), to the attitude or principles of those opposing territorial expansion; in England, of those, often called Little Englanders, opposing the extension of the empire and the closer relation of its parts, esp. in matters of commerce and imperial defense. -- An`ti-im*pe"ri*al*ist, n. -- An`ti- im*pe`ri*al*is"tic (#), a. ANTILEGOMENA An`ti*le*gom"e*na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Eccl.) Defn: Certain books of the New Testament which were for a time not universally received, but which are now considered canonical. These are the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Epistles of James and Jude, the second Epistle of Peter, the second and third Epistles of John, and the Revelation. The undisputed books are called the Homologoumena. ANTILIBRATION An`ti*li*bra"tion, n. Defn: A balancing; equipoise. [R.] De Quincey. ANTILITHIC An`ti*lith"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Tending to prevent the formation of urinary calculi, or to destroy them when formed. -- n. Defn: An antilithic medicine. ANTILOGARITHM An`ti*log"a*rithm, n. (Math.) Defn: The number corresponding to a logarithm. The word has been sometimes, though rarely, used to denote the complement of a given logarithm; also the logarithmic cosine corresponding to a given logarithmic sine. -- An`ti*log`a*rith"mic, a. ANTILOGOUS An*til"o*gous, a. Defn: Of the contrary name or character; -- opposed to analogous. Antilogous pole (Eccl.), that pole of a crystal which becomes negatively electrified when heated. ANTILOGY An*til"o*gy, n.; pl. Antilogies. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A contradiction between any words or passages in an author. Sir W. Hamilton. ANTILOIMIC An`ti*loi"mic, n. (Med.) Defn: A remedy against the plague. Brande & C. ANTILOPINE An*til"o*pine, a. Defn: Of or relating to the antelope. ANTILOQUIST An*til"o*quist, n. Defn: A contradicter. [Obs.] ANTILOQUY An*til"o*quy, n. Etym: [Pref. anti- + L. loqui to speak.] Defn: Contradiction. [Obs.] ANTILYSSIC An`ti*lys"sic, a. & n. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Antihydrophobic. ANTIMACASSAR An`ti*ma*cas"sar, n. Defn: A cover for the back or arms of a chair or sofa, etc., to prevent them from being soiled by macassar or other oil from the hair. ANTIMAGISTRICAL An`ti*ma*gis"tric*al, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + magistrical for magistratical.] Defn: Opposed to the office or authority of magistrates. [Obs.] South. ANTIMALARIAL An`ti*ma*la"ri*al, a. Defn: Good against malaria. ANTIMASK An"ti*mask`, n. Defn: A secondary mask, or grotesque interlude, between the parts of a serious mask. [Written also anue.] Bacon. ANTIMASON An`ti*ma"son, n. Defn: One opposed to Freemasonry. -- An`ti*ma*son"ic, a. ANTIMASONRY An`ti*ma"son*ry, n. Defn: Opposition to Freemasonry. ANTIMEPHITIC An`ti*me*phit"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Good against mephitic or deletplwious gases. -- n. Defn: A remedy against mephitic gases. Dunglison. ANTIMERE An"ti*mere, n. Etym: [. anti- + -mere.] (Biol.) Defn: One of the two halves of bilaterally symmetrical animals; one of any opposite symmetrical or homotypic parts in animals and plants. ANTIMETABOLE An`ti*me*tab"o*le, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure in which the same words or ideas are repeated in transposed order. ANTIMETATHESIS An`ti*me*tath"e*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: An antithesis in which the members are repeated in inverse order. ANTIMETER An*tim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A modification of the quadrant, for measuring small angles. [Obs.] ANTIMONARCHIC; ANTIMONARCHICAL An`ti*mo*nar"chic, An`ti*mo*nar"chic*al, Defn: Opposed to monarchial government. Bp. Benson. Addison. ANTIMONARCHIST An`ti*mon"arch*ist, n. Defn: An enemy to monarchial government. ANTIMONATE An`ti*mo"nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of antimonic acid with a base or basic radical. [Written also antimoniate.] ANTIMONIAL An`ti*mo"ni*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to antimony. -- n. (Med.) Defn: A preparation or medicine containing antimony. Antimonial powder, a consisting of one part oxide of antimony and two parts phosphate of calcium; -- also called James's powder. ANTIMONIATED An`ti*mo"ni*a`ted, a. Defn: Combined or prepared with antimony; as, antimoniated tartar. ANTIMONIC An`ti*mon"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, antimony; -- said of those compounds of antimony in which this element has its highest equivalence; as, antimonic acid. ANTIMONIOUS An`ti*mo"ni*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, antimony; -- said of those compounds of antimony in which this element has an equivalence next lower than the highest; as, antimonious acid. ANTIMONITE An"ti*mo*nite`, n. 1. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of antimonious acid and a base or basic radical. 2. (Min.) Defn: Stibnite. ANTIMONIURETED An`ti*mo"ni*u*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Defn: Combined with or containing antimony; as, antimoniureted hydrogen. [Written also antimoniuretted.] ANTIMONSOON An"ti*mon*soon", n. (Meteor.) Defn: The upper, contrary-moving current of the atmosphere over a monsoon. ANTIMONY An"ti*mo*ny, n. Etym: [LL. antimonium, of unknown origin.] (Chem.) Defn: An elementary substance, resembling a metal in its appearance and physical properties, but in its chemical relations belonging to the class of nonmetallic substances. Atomic weight, 120. Symbol, Sb. Note: It is of tin-white color, brittle, laminated or crystalline, fusible, and vaporizable at a rather low temperature. It is used in some metallic alloys, as type metal and bell metal, and also for medical preparations, which are in general emetics or cathartics. By ancient writers, and some moderns, the term is applied to native gray ore of antimony, or stibnite (the stibium of the Romans, and the Cervantite, senarmontite, and valentinite are native oxides of antimony. ANTINATIONAL An`ti*na"tion*al, a. Defn: Antagonistic to one's country or nation, or to a national government. ANTINEPHRITIC An`ti*ne*phrit"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Counteracting, or deemed of use in, diseases of the kidneys. -- n. Defn: An antinephritic remedy. ANTINOMIAN An`ti*no"mi*an, a. Etym: [See Antimony.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Antinomians; opposed to the doctrine that the moral law is obligatory. ANTINOMIAN An`ti*no"mi*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One who maintains that, under the gospel dispensation, the moral law is of no use or obligation, but that faith alone is necessary to salvation. The sect of Antinomians originated with John Agricola, in Germany, about the year 1535. Mosheim. ANTINOMIANISM An`ti*no"mi*an*ism, n. Defn: The tenets or practice of Antinomians. South. ANTINOMIST An*tin"o*mist, n. Defn: An Antinomian. [R.] Bp. Sanderson. ANTINOMY An*tin"o*my, n.; pl. Antinomies. Etym: [L. antinomia, Gr. 1. Opposition of one law or rule to another law or rule. Different commentators have deduced from it the very opposite doctrines. In some instances this apparent antinomy is doubtful. De Quincey. 2. An opposing law or rule of any kind. As it were by his own antinomy, or counterstatute. Milton. 3. (Metaph.) Defn: A contradiction or incompatibility of thought or language; -- in the Kantian philosophy, such a contradiction as arises from the attempt to apply to the ideas of the reason, relations or attributes which are appropriate only to the facts or the concepts of experience. ANTIOCHIAN An`ti*o"chi*an, a. 1. Pertaining to Antiochus, a contemporary with Cicero, and the founder of a sect of philosophers. 2. Of or pertaining to the city of Antioch, in Syria. Antiochian epoch (Chron.), a method of computing time, from the proclamation of liberty granted to the city of Antioch, about the time of the battle of Pharsalia, B.C. 48. ANTIODONTALGIC An`ti*o`don*tal"gic, a. (Med.) Defn: Efficacious in curing toothache. -- n. Defn: A remedy for toothache. ANTIORGASTIC An`ti*or*gas"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Tending to allay venereal excitement or desire; sedative. ANTIPAPAL An`ti*pa"pal, a. Defn: Opposed to the pope or to popery. Milton. ANTIPARALLEL An`ti*par"al*lel, a. Defn: Running in a contrary direction. Hammond. ANTIPARALLELS An`ti*par"al*lels, n. pl. (Geom.) Defn: Straight lines or planes which make angles in some respect opposite in character to those made by parallel lines or planes. ANTIPARALYTIC An`ti*par`a*lyt"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Good against paralysis. -- n. Defn: A medicine for paralysis. ANTIPARALYTICAL An`ti*par`a*lyt"ic*al, a. Defn: Antiparalytic. ANTIPASCH An"ti*pasch, n. [Pref. anti-+ pasch.] (Eccl.) Defn: The Sunday after Easter; Low Sunday. ANTIPATHETIC; ANTIPATHETICAL An`ti*pa*thet"ic, An`ti*pa*thet"ic*al, a. Defn: Having a natural contrariety, or constitutional aversion, to a thing; characterized by antipathy; -- often followed by to. Fuller. ANTIPATHIC An`ti*path"ic, a. Etym: [NL. antipathicus, Gr. (Med.) Defn: Belonging to antipathy; opposite; contrary; allopathic. ANTIPATHIST An*tip"a*thist, n. Defn: One who has an antipathy. [R.] "Antipathist of light." Coleridge. ANTIPATHIZE An*tip"a*thize, v. i. Defn: To feel or show antipathy. [R.] ANTIPATHOUS An*tip"a*thous, a. Defn: Having a natural contrariety; adverse; antipathetic. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. ANTIPATHY An*tip"a*thy, n.; pl. Antipathies. Etym: [L. antipathia, Gr. antipathie. See Pathos.] 1. Contrariety or opposition in feeling; settled aversion or dislike; repugnance; distaste. Inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate attachments to others, are to be avoided. Washington. 2. Natural contrariety; incompatibility; repugnancy of qualities; as, oil and water have antipathy. A habit is generated of thinking that a natural antipathy exists between hope and reason. I. Taylor. Note: Any is opposed to sympathy. It is followed by to, against, or between; also sometimes by for. Syn. -- Hatred; aversion; dislike; disgust; distaste; enmity; ill will; repugnance; contrariety; opposition. See Dislike. ANTIPEPTONE An`ti*pep"tone, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A product of gastric and pancreatic digestion, differing from hemipeptone in not being decomposed by the continued action of pancreatic juice. ANTIPERIODIC An`ti*pe`ri*od"ic, n. (Med.) Defn: A remedy possessing the property of preventing the return of periodic paroxysms, or exacerbations, of disease, as in intermittent fevers. ANTIPERISTALTIC An`ti*per`i*stal"tic, a. (Med.) Defn: Opposed to, or checking motion; acting upward; -- applied to an inverted action of the intestinal tube. ANTIPERISTASIS An`ti*pe*ris"ta*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Opposition by which the quality opposed asquires strength; resistance or reaction roused by opposition or by the action of an opposite principle or quality. ANTIPERISTATIC An`ti*per`i*stat"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to antiperistasis. ANTIPETALOUS An`ti*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Standing before a petal, as a stamen. ANTIPHARMIC An`ti*phar"mic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Antidotal; alexipharmic. ANTIPHLOGISTIAN An`ti*phlo*gis"tian, n. Defn: An opposer of the theory of phlogiston. ANTIPHLOGISTIC An`ti*phlo*gis"tic, a. 1. (Chem.) Defn: Opposed to the doctrine of phlogiston. 2. (Med.) Defn: Counteracting inflammation. ANTIPHLOGISTIC An`ti*phlo*gis"tic, n. (Med.) Defn: Any medicine or diet which tends to check inflammation. Coxe. ANTIPHON An"ti*phon, n. Etym: [LL. antiphona, fr. Gr. Anthem.] 1. A musical response; alternate singing or chanting. See Antiphony, and Antiphone. 2. A verse said before and after the psalms. Shipley. ANTIPHONAL An*tiph"o*nal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to antiphony, or alternate singing; sung alternately by a divided choir or opposite choirs. Wheatly. -- An*tiph"o*nal*ly, adv. ANTIPHONAL An*tiph"o*nal, n. Defn: A book of antiphons or anthems. ANTIPHONARY An*tiph"o*na*ry, n. Etym: [LL. antiphonarium. See Antiphoner.] Defn: A book containing a collection of antiphons; the book in which the antiphons of the breviary, with their musical notes, are contained. ANTIPHONE An"ti*phone, n. (Mus.) Defn: The response which one side of the choir makes to the other in a chant; alternate chanting or signing. ANTIPHONER An*tiph"o*ner, n. Etym: [F. antiphonaire. See Antiphon.] Defn: A book of antiphons. Chaucer. ANTIPHONIC An`ti*phon"ic, a. Defn: Antiphonal. ANTIPHONY An*tiph"o*ny, n.; pl. Antiphonies. Etym: [See Antiphon.] 1. A musical response; also, antiphonal chanting or signing. 2. An anthem or psalm sung alternately by a choir or congregation divided into two parts. Also figuratively. O! never more for me shall winds intone, With all your tops, a vast antiphony. R. Browning. ANTIPHRASIS An*tiph"ra*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: The use of words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning; as when a court of justice is called a court of vengeance. ANTIPHRASTIC; ANTIPHRASTICAL An`ti*phras"tic, An`ti*phras"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to antiphrasis. -- An`ti*phras"tic*al*ly, adv. ANTIPHTHISIC An`ti*phthis"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Relieving or curing phthisis, or consumption. -- n. Defn: A medicine for phthisis. ANTIPHYSICAL An`ti*phys"ic*al, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + physical.] Defn: Contrary to nature; unnatural. ANTIPHYSICAL An`ti*phys"ic*al, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Relieving flatulence; carminative. ANTIPLASTIC An`ti*plas"tic, a. 1. Diminishing plasticity. 2. (Med.) Defn: Preventing or checking the process of healing, or granulation. ANTIPODAGRIC An`ti*po*dag"ric, a. (Med.) Defn: Good against gout. -- n. Defn: A medicine for gout. ANTIPODAL An*tip"o*dal, a. 1. Pertaining to the antipodes; situated on the opposite side of the globe. 2. Diametrically opposite. His antipodal shadow." Lowell. ANTIPODE An"ti*pode, n. Defn: One of the antipodes; anything exactly opposite. In tale or history your beggar is ever the just antipode to your king. Lamb. Note: The singular, antipode, is exceptional in formation, but has been used by good writers. Its regular English plural would be ân"tî*podes, the last syllable rhyming with abodes, and this pronunciation is sometimes heard. The plural form (originally a Latin word without a singular) is in common use, and is pronounced, after the English method of Latin, ân*tîp"o*dez. ANTIPODEAN An`ti*po"de*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to the antipodes, or the opposite side of the world; antipodal. ANTIPODES An*tip"o*des, n. Etym: [L. pl., fr. Gr. 1. Those who live on the side of the globe diametrically opposite. 2. The country of those who live on the opposite side of the globe. Latham. 3. Anything exactly opposite or contrary. Can there be a greater contrariety unto Christ's judgment, a more perfect antipodes to all that hath hitherto been gospel Hammond. ANTIPOLE An"ti*pole, n. Defn: The opposite pole; anything diametrically opposed. Geo. Eliot. ANTIPOPE An"ti*pope, n. Defn: One who is elected, or claims to be, pope in opposition to the pope canonically chosen; esp. applied to those popes who resided at Avignon during the Great Schism. ANTIPSORIC An`tip*sor"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Of use in curing the itch. -- n. Defn: An antipsoric remedy. ANTIPTOSIS An`tip*to"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gram.) Defn: The putting of one case for another. ANTIPUTREFACTIVE; ANTIPUTRESCENT An`ti*pu`tre*fac"tive, An`ti*pu*tres"cent, a. Defn: Counteracting, or preserving from, putrefaction; antiseptic. ANTIPYIC An`ti*py"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Checking or preventing suppuration. -- n. Defn: An antipyic medicine. ANTIPYRESIS An`ti*py*re"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The condition or state of being free from fever. ANTIPYRETIC An`ti*py*ret"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Efficacious in preventing or allaying fever. -- n. Defn: A febrifuge. ANTIPYRINE An`ti*py"rine, n. (Med.) Defn: An artificial alkaloid, believed to be efficient in abating fever. ANTIPYROTIC An`ti*py*rot"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Good against burns or pyrosis. -- n. Defn: Anything of use in preventing or healing burns or pyrosis. ANTIQUARIAN An`ti*qua"ri*an, a. Etym: [See Antiquary]. Defn: Pertaining to antiquaries, or to antiquity; as, antiquarian literature. ANTIQUARIAN An`ti*qua"ri*an, n. 1. An antiquary. 2. A drawing paper of large size. See under Paper, n. ANTIQUARIANISM An`ti*qua"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: Character of an antiquary; study or love of antiquities. Warburton. ANTIQUARIANIZE An`ti*qua"ri*an*ize, v. i. Defn: To act the part of an antiquary. [Colloq.] ANTIQUARY An"ti*qua*ry, a. Etym: [L. antiquarius, fr. antiquus ancient. See Antique.] Defn: Pertaining to antiquity. [R.] "Instructed by the antiquary times." Shak. ANTIQUARY An"ti*qua*ry, n.; pl. Antiquaries. Defn: One devoted to the study of ancient times through their relics, as inscriptions, monuments, remains of ancient habitations, statues, coins, manuscripts, etc.; one who searches for and studies the relics of antiquity. ANTIQUATE An"ti*quate, v. t. Etym: [L. antiquatus, p. p. of antiquare, fr. antiquus ancient.] Defn: To make old, or obsolete; to make antique; to make old in such a degree as to put out of use; hence, to make void, or abrogate. Christianity might reasonably introduce new laws, and antiquate or abrogate old one. Sir M. Hale. ANTIQUATED An"ti*qua`ted, a. Defn: Grown old. Hence: Bygone; obsolete; out of use; old-fashioned; as, an antiquated law. "Antiquated words." Dryden. Old Janet, for so he understood his antiquated attendant was denominated. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- Ancient; old; antique; obsolete. See Ancient. ANTIQUATEDNESS An"ti*qua`ted*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being antiquated. ANTIQUATENESS An"ti*quate*ness, n. Defn: Antiquatedness. [Obs.] ANTIQUATION An`ti*qua"tion, n. Etym: [L. antiquatio, fr. antiquare.] Defn: The act of making antiquated, or the state of being antiquated. Beaumont. ANTIQUE An*tique", a. Etym: [F., fr. L. antiquus old, ancient, equiv. to anticus, from ante before. Cf. Antic.] 1. Old; ancient; of genuine antiquity; as, an antique statue. In this sense it usually refers to the flourishing ages of Greece and Rome. For the antique world excess and pride did hate. Spenser. 2. Old, as respects the present age, or a modern period of time; of old fashion; antiquated; as, an antique robe. "Antique words." Spenser. 3. Made in imitation of antiquity; as, the antique style of Thomson's "Castle of Indolence." 4. Odd; fantastic. [In this sense, written antic.] Syn. -- Ancient; antiquated; obsolete; antic; old-fashioned; old. See Ancient. ANTIQUE An*tique", n. Etym: [F. See Antique, a. ] Defn: In general, anything very old; but in a more limited sense, a relic or object of ancient art; collectively, the antique, the remains of ancient art, as busts, statues, paintings, and vases. Misshapen monuments and maimed antiques. Byron. ANTIQUELY An*tique"ly, adv. Defn: In an antique manner. ANTIQUENESS An*tique"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being antique; an appearance of ancient origin and workmanship. We may discover something venerable in the antiqueness of the work. Addison. ANTIQUIST An"ti*quist, n. Defn: An antiquary; a collector of antiques. [R.] Pinkerton. ANTIQUITARIAN An*tiq`ui*ta"ri*an, n. Defn: An admirer of antiquity. Note: [Used by Milton in a disparaging sense.] [Obs.] ANTIQUITY An*tiq"ui*ty, n.; pl. Antiquities. Etym: [L. antiquitas, fr. antiquus: cf. F. antiquité. See Antique.] 1. The quality of being ancient; ancientness; great age; as, a statue of remarkable antiquity; a family of great antiquity. 2. Old age. [Obs.] It not your voice broken . . . and every part about you blasted with antiquity Shak. 3. Ancient times; former ages; times long since past; as, Cicero was an eloquent orator of antiquity. 4. The ancients; the people of ancient times. That such pillars were raised by Seth all antiquity has Sir W. Raleigh. 5. An old gentleman. [Obs.] You are a shrewd antiquity, neighbor Clench. B. Jonson. 6. A relic or monument of ancient times; as, a coin, a statue, etc. ; an ancient institution. Note: [In this sense, usually in the plural.] "Heathen antiquities." Bacon. ANTIRACHITIC An`ti*ra*chit"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Good against the rickets. ANTIRENTER An`ti*rent"er, n. Defn: One opposed to the payment of rent; esp. one of those who in 1840-47 resisted the collection of rents claimed by the patroons from the settlers on certain manorial lands in the State of New York. -- An`ti*rent"ism, n. ANTISABBATARIAN An`ti*sab`ba*ta"ri*an, n. (Eccl.) Defn: One of a sect which opposes the observance of the Christian Sabbath. ANTISACERDOTAL An`ti*sac`er*do"tal, a. Defn: Hostile to priests or the priesthood. Waterland. ANTISCIANS; ANTISCII An*tis"cians, An*tis"ci*i, n. pl. Etym: [L. antiscii, Gr. Defn: The inhabitants of the earth, living on different sides of the equator, whose shadows at noon are cast in opposite directions. The inhabitants of the north and south temperate zones are always Antiscians. Brande & C. ANTISCOLETIC; ANTISCOLIC An`ti*sco*let"ic, An`ti*scol"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Anthelmintic. ANTISCORBUTIC An`ti*scor*bu"tic, a. (Med.) Defn: Counteracting scurvy. -- n. Defn: A remedy for scurvy. ANTISCORBUTICAL An`ti*scor*bu"tic*al, a. (Med.) Defn: Antiscorbutic. ANTISCRIPTURAL An`ti*scrip"tur*al, a. Defn: Opposed to, or not in accordance with, the Holy Scriptures. ANTI-SEMITISM An`ti-Sem"i*tism, n. Defn: Opposition to, or hatred of, Semites, esp. Jews. -- An`ti- Sem"ite (#), n. -- An`ti-Sem*it"ic (#), a. ANTISEPALOUS An`ti*sep"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + sepal.] (Bot.) Defn: Standing before a sepal, or calyx leaf. ANTISEPSIS An`ti*sep"sis, n. [NL. See Anti-; Sepsis.] Defn: Prevention of sepsis by excluding or destroying microorganisms. ANTISEPTIC; ANTISEPTICAL An`ti*sep"tic, An`ti*sep"tic*al, a. Defn: Counteracting or preventing putrefaction, or a putrescent tendency in the system; antiputrefactive. Antiseptic surgery, that system of surgical practice which insists upon a systematic use of antiseptics in the performance of operations and the dressing of wounds. ANTISEPTIC An`ti*sep"tic, n. Defn: A substance which prevents or retards putrefaction, or destroys, or protects from, putrefactive organisms; as, salt, carbolic acid, alcohol, cinchona. ANTISEPTICALLY An`ti*sep"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By means of antiseptics. ANTISIALAGOGUE An`ti*si*al"a*gogue, a. (Med.) Defn: Checking the flow of saliva. ANTISIALAGOGUE An`ti*si*al"a*gogue, n. Defn: A remedy against excessive salivation. ANTISLAVERY An`ti*slav"er*y, a. Defn: Opposed to slavery. -- n. Defn: Opposition to slavery. ANTISOCIAL An`ti*so"cial, a. Defn: Tending to interrupt or destroy social intercourse; averse to society, or hostile to its existence; as, antisocial principles. ANTISOCIALIST An`ti*so"cial*ist, n. Defn: One opposed to the doctrines and practices of socialists or socialism. ANTISOLAR An`ti*so"lar, a. Defn: Opposite to the sun; -- said of the point in the heavens 180º distant from the sun. ANTISPASMODIC An`ti*spas*mod"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Good against spasms. -- n. Defn: A medicine which prevents or allays spasms or convulsions. ANTISPAST An"ti*spast, n. Etym: [L. antispastus, Gr. (Pros.) Defn: A foot of four syllables, the first and fourth short, and the second and third long. ANTISPASTIC An`ti*spas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Antispast.] (Med.) (a) Believed to cause a revulsion of fluids or of humors from one part to another. [Obs.] (b) Counteracting spasms; antispasmodic. -- n. Defn: An antispastic agent. ANTISPLENETIC An`ti*splen"e*tic (Splenetic, 277), a. Defn: Good as a remedy against disease of the spleen. -- n. Defn: An antisplenetic medicine. ANTISTROPHE An*tis"tro*phe, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Strophe.] 1. In Greek choruses and dances, the returning of the chorus, exactly answering to a previous strophe or movement from right to left. Hence: The lines of this part of the choral song. It was customary, on some occasions, to dance round the altars whilst they sang the sacred hymns, which consisted of three stanzas or parts; the first of which, called strophe, was sung in turning from east to west; the other, named antistrophe, in returning from west to east; then they stood before the altar, and sang the epode, which was the last part of the song. Abp. Potter. 2. (Rhet.) (a) The repetition of words in an inverse order; as, the master of the servant and the servant of the master. (b) The retort or turning of an adversary's plea against him. ANTISTROPHIC An`ti*stroph"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to an antistrophe. ANTISTROPHON An*tis"tro*phon, n. Etym: [Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: An argument retorted on an opponent. Milton. ANTISTRUMATIC An`ti*stru"mat"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Antistrumous. -- n. Defn: A medicine for scrofula. ANTISTRUMOUS An`ti*stru"mous, a. (Med.) Defn: Good against scrofulous disorders. Johnson. Wiseman. ANTISYPHILITIC An`ti*syph`i*lit"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Efficacious against syphilis. -- n. Defn: A medicine for syphilis. ANTITHEISM An`ti*the"ism, n. Defn: The doctrine of antitheists. -- An`ti*the*is"tic, a. ANTITHEIST An`ti*the"ist, n. Defn: A disbeliever in the existence of God. ANTITHESIS An*tith"e*sis, n.; pl. Antitheses. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Thesis.] 1. (Rhet.) Defn: An opposition or contrast of words or sentiments occurring in the same sentence; as, "The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself." "He had covertly shot at Cromwell; he how openly aimed at the Queen." 2. The second of two clauses forming an antithesis. 3. Opposition; contrast. ANTITHET An"ti*thet, n. Etym: [L. antitheton, fr. Gr. Defn: An antithetic or contrasted statement. Bacon. ANTITHETIC; ANTITHETICAL An`ti*thet"ic, An`ti*thet"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to antithesis, or opposition of words and sentiments; containing, or of the nature of, antithesis; contrasted. ANTITHETICALLY An`ti*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By way antithesis. ANTITOXIN; ANTITOXINE An`ti*tox"in, An`ti*tox"ine, n. Etym: [Pref. anti- + toxin.] Defn: A substance (sometimes the product of a specific micro-organism and sometimes naturally present in the blood or tissues of an animal), capable of producing immunity from certain diseases, or of counteracting the poisonous effects of pathogenic bacteria. ANTI-TRADE An"ti-trade`, n. Defn: A tropical wind blowing steadily in a direction opposite to the trade wind. ANTITRAGUS An*tit"ra*gus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A prominence on the lower posterior portion of the concha of the external ear, opposite the tragus. See Ear. ANTITROCHANTER An`ti*tro*chan"ter, n. (Anat.) Defn: An articular surface on the ilium of birds against which the great trochanter of the femur plays. ANTITROPAL; ANTITROPOUS An*tit"ro*pal, An*tit"ro*pous, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: At the extremity most remote from the hilum, as the embryo, or inverted with respect to the seed, as the radicle. Lindley. ANTITYPAL An"ti*ty`pal, a. Defn: Antitypical. [R.] ANTITYPE An"ti*type, n. Etym: [Gr. Type.] Defn: That of which the type pattern or representation; that which is represented by the type or symbol. ANTITYPICAL An`ti*typ"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an antitype; explaining the type. -- An`ti*typ"ic*al*ly, adv. ANTITYPOUS An*tit"y*pous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Resisting blows; hard. [Obs.] Cudworth. ANTITYPY An*tit"y*py, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Opposition or resistance of matter to force. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton. ANTIVACCINATION An`ti*vac`ci*na"tion, n. Defn: Opposition to vaccination. London Times. ANTIVACCINATIONIST An`ti*vac`ci*na"tion*ist, n. Defn: An antivaccinist. ANTIVACCINIST An`ti*vac"ci*nist, n. Defn: One opposed to vaccination. ANTIVARIOLOUS An`ti*va*ri"o*lous, a. Defn: Preventing the contagion of smallpox. ANTIVENEREAL An`ti*ve*ne"re*al, a. Defn: Good against venereal poison; antisyphilitic. ANTIVENIN An`ti*ve"nin, n. [Written also antivenen, antivenine.] [Pref. anti- + L. venenum poison.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The serum of blood rendered antitoxic to a venom by repeated injections of small doses of the venom. ANTIVIVISECTION An`ti*viv`i*sec"tion, n. Defn: Opposition to vivisection. ANTIVIVISECTIONIST An`ti*viv`i*sec"tion*ist, n. Defn: One opposed to vivisection ANTIZYMIC An`ti*zym"ic, a. Defn: Preventing fermentation. ANTIZYMOTIC An`ti*zy*mot"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Preventing fermentation or decomposition. -- n. Defn: An agent so used. ANTLER Ant"ler, n. Etym: [OE. auntelere, OF. antoillier, andoiller, endouiller, fr. F. andouiller, fr. an assumed LL. antocularis, fr. L. ante before + oculus eye. See Ocular.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The entire horn, or any branch of the horn, of a cervine animal, as of a stag. Huge stags with sixteen antlers. Macaulay. Note: The branch next to the head is called the brow antler, and the branch next above, the bez antler, or bay antler. The main stem is the beam, and the branches are often called tynes. Antlers are deciduous bony (not horny) growths, and are covered with a periosteum while growing. See Velvet. Antler moth (Zoöl.), a destructive European moth (Cerapteryx graminis), which devastates grass lands. ANTLERED Ant"lered, a. Defn: Furnished with antlers. The antlered stag. Cowper. ANTLIA Ant"li*a, n.; pl. Antilæ. Etym: [L., a pump, Gr, (Zoöl.) Defn: The spiral tubular proboscis of lepidopterous insects. See Lepidoptera. ANT-LION Ant"-li`on, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A neuropterous insect, the larva of which makes in the sand a pitfall to capture ants, etc. The common American species is Myrmeleon obsoletus, the European is M. formicarius. ANTOECI; ANTOECIANS An*toe"ci, An*toe"*cians, n. pl. Etym: [NL. antoeci, fr. Gr. pl. Defn: Those who live under the same meridian, but on opposite parallels of latitude, north and south of the equator. ANTONOMASIA An`to*no*ma"si*a, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: The use of some epithet or the name of some office, dignity, or the like, instead of the proper name of the person; as when his majesty is used for a king, or when, instead of Aristotle, we say, the philosopher; or, conversely, the use of a proper name instead of an appellative, as when a wise man is called a Solomon, or an eminent orator a Cicero. ANTONOMASTIC An`to*no*mas"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, antonomasia. -- An`to*no*mas"tic*al*ly, adv. ANTONOMASY An*ton"o*ma*sy, n. Defn: Antonomasia. ANTONYM An"to*nym, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A word of opposite meaning; a counterterm; -- used as a correlative of synonym. [R.] C. J. Smith. ANTORBITAL Ant*or"bit*al, a. Etym: [Pref. anti- + orbital.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or situated in, the region of the front of the orbit. -- n. Defn: The antorbital bone. ANTORGASTIC Ant`or*gas"tic, a. Defn: See Antiorgastic. ANTOZONE Ant*o"zone, n. Etym: [Pref. anti- + ozone.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound formerly supposed to be modification of oxygen, but now known to be hydrogen dioxide; -- so called because apparently antagonistic to ozone, converting it into ordinary oxygen. ANTRAL An"tral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Relating to an antrum. ANTRE An"tre, n. Etym: [F. antre, L. antrum, fr. Gr. Defn: A cavern. [Obs.] Shak. ANTRORSE An*trorse", a. Etym: [From L. ante + versun turned; apparently formed in imitation of re.] (Bot.) Defn: Forward or upward in direction. Gray. ANTROVERT An`tro*vert", v. t. Defn: To bend forward. [R.] Owen. ANTRUM An"trum, n.; pl. Antra. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: A cavern or cavity, esp. an anatomical cavity or sinus. Huxley. ANTRUSTION An*trus"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. antrustio.] Defn: A vassal or voluntary follower of Frankish princes in their enterprises. ANT THRUSH Ant" thrush`. (Zoöl.) (a) One of several species of tropical birds, of the Old World, of the genus Pitta, somewhat resembling the thrushes, and feeding chiefly on ants. (b) See Ant bird, under Ant. ANUBIS 'd8A*nu"bis, n. Etym: [L.] (Myth.) Defn: An Egyptian deity, the conductor of departed spirits, represented by a human figure with the head of a dog or fox. ANURA A*nu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the orders of amphibians characterized by the absence of a tail, as the frogs and toads. [Written also anoura.] ANUROUS A*nu"rous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Destitute of a tail, as the frogs and toads. [Also written anourous.] ANURY An"u*ry, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Nonsecretion or defective secretion of urine; ischury. ANUS A"nus, n. Etym: [L., prob. for asnus: cf. Gr. as.] (Anat.) Defn: The posterior opening of the alimentary canal, through which the excrements are expelled. ANVIL An"vil, n. Etym: [OE. anvelt, anfelt, anefelt, AS. anfilt, onfilt; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. anafalz, D. aanbeld.] 1. An iron block, usually with a steel face, upon which metals are hammered and shaped. 2. Anything resembling an anvil in shape or use. Specifically (Anat.), Defn: the incus. See Incus. To be on the anvil, to be in a state of discussion, formation, or preparation, as when a scheme or measure is forming, but not matured. Swift. ANVIL An"vil, v. t. Defn: To form or shape on an anvil; to hammer out; as, anviled armor. Beau. & Fl. ANXIETUDE Anx*i"e*tude, n. Etym: [L. anxietudo.] Defn: The state of being anxious; anxiety. [R.] ANXIETY Anx*i"e*ty, n.; pl. Anxieties. Etym: [L. anxietas, fr. anxius: cf. F. anxiété. See Anxious.] 1. Concern or solicitude respecting some thing o 2. Eager desire. J. D. Forbes 3. (Med.) Defn: A state of restlessness and agitation, often with general indisposition and a distressing sense of oppression at the epigastrium. Dunglison. Syn. -- Care; solicitude; foreboding; uneasiness; perplexity; disquietude; disquiet; trouble; apprehension; restlessness. See Care. ANXIOUS Anx"ious, a. Etym: [L. anxius, fr. angere to cause pain, choke; akin to Gr. Anger.] 1. Full of anxiety or disquietude; greatly concerned or solicitous, esp. respecting future or unknown; being in painful suspense; -- applied to persons; as, anxious for the issue of a battle. 2. Accompanied with, or causing, anxiety; worrying; -- applied to things; as, anxious labor. The sweet of life, from which God hath bid dwell far off all anxious cares. Milton. 3. Earnestly desirous; as, anxious to please. He sneers alike at those who are anxious to preserve and at those who are eager for reform. Macaulay. Note: Anxious is followed by for, about, concerning, etc., before the object of solicitude. Syn. -- Solicitous; careful; uneasy; unquiet; restless; concerned; disturbed; watchful. ANXIOUSLY Anx"ious*ly, adv. Defn: In an anxious manner; with painful uncertainty; solicitously. ANXIOUSNESS Anx"ious*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being anxious; great solicitude; anxiety. ANY A"ny, a. & pron. Etym: [OE. æni, æni, eni, ani, oni, AS. ænig, fr. an one. It is akin to OS. enig, OHG. einic, G. einig, D. eenig. See One.] 1. One indifferently, out of an indefinite number; one indefinitely, whosoever or whatsoever it may be. Note: Any is often used in denying or asserting without limitation; as, this thing ought not be done at any time; I ask any one to answer my question. No man knoweth the Son, but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son. Matt. xi. 27. 2. Some, of whatever kind, quantity, or number; as, are there any witnesses present are there any other houses like it "Who will show us any good" Ps. iv. 6. Note: It is often used, either in the singular or the plural, as a pronoun, the person or thing being understood; anybody; anyone; (pl.) any persons. If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, . . . and it shall be given him. Jas. i. 5. That if he found any of this way, whether they were men or women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusalem. Acts ix. 2. At any rate, In any case, whatever may be the state of affairs; anyhow. ANY A"ny, adv. Defn: To any extent; in any degree; at all. You are not to go loose any longer. Shak. Before you go any farther. Steele. ANYBODY A"ny*bod*y, n. 1. Any one out of an indefinite number of persons; anyone; any person. His Majesty could not keep any secret from anybody. Macaulay. 2. A person of consideration or standing. [Colloq.] All the men belonged exclusively to the mechanical and shopkeeping classes, and there was not a single banker or anybody in the list. Lond. Sat. Rev. ANYHOW A"ny*how`, adv. Defn: In any way or manner whatever; at any rate; in any event. Anyhow, it must be acknowledged to be not a simple selforiginated error. J. H. Newman. Anyhow, the languages of the two nations were closely allied. E. A. Freeman. ANYONE A"ny*one, n. Defn: One taken at random rather than by selection; anybody. Note: [Commonly written as two words.] ANYTHING A"ny*thing, n. 1. Any object, act, state, event, or fact whatever; thing of any kind; something or other; aught; as, I would not do it for anything. Did you ever know of anything so unlucky A. Trollope. They do not know that anything is amiss with them. W. G. Sumner. 2. Expressing an indefinite comparison; -- with as or like. [Colloq. or Lowx] I fear your girl will grow as proud as anything. Richardson. Note: Any thing, written as two words, is now commonly used in contradistinction to any person or anybody. Formerly it was also separated when used in the wider sense. "Necessity drove them to undertake any thing and venture any thing." De Foe. Anything but, not at all or in any respect. "The battle was a rare one, and the victory anything but secure." Hawthorne. -- Anything like, in any respect; at all; as, I can not give anything like a fair sketch of his trials. ANYTHING A"ny*thing, adv. Defn: In any measure; anywise; at all. Mine old good will and hearty affection towards you is not . . . anything at all quailed. Robynson (More's Utopia). ANYTHINGARIAN A`ny*thing*a"ri*an, n. Defn: One who holds to no particular creed or dogma. ANYWAY; ANYWAYS A"ny*way, A"ny*ways, adv. Defn: Anywise; at all. Tennyson. Southey. ANYWHERE A"ny*where, adv. Defn: In any place. Udall. ANYWHITHER A"ny*whith`er, adv. Defn: To or towards any place. [Archaic] De Foe. ANYWISE A"ny*wise, adv. Defn: In any wise or way; at all. "Anywise essential." Burke. AONIAN A*o"ni*an, a. Etym: [From Aonia, a part of Boeotia, in Greece.] Defn: Pertaining to Aonia, Boeotia, or to the Muses, who were supposed to dwell there. Aonian fount, the fountain of Aganippe, at the foot of Mount Helicon, not far from Thebes, and sacred to the Muses. AORIST A"o*rist, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gram.) Defn: A tense in the Greek language, which expresses an action as completed in past time, but leaves it, in other respects, wholly indeterminate. AORISTIC A`o*ris"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Indefinite; pertaining to the aorist tense. AORTA A*or"ta, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The great artery which carries the blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs; the main trunk of the arterial system. Note: In fishes and the early stages of all higher vertebrates the aorta divides near its origin into several branches (the aortic arches) which pass in pairs round the oesophagus and unite to form the systemic aorta. One or more pairs of these arches persist in amphibia and reptiles, but only one arch in birds and mammals, this being on the right side in the former, and on the left in the latter. AORTIC A*or"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the aorta. AORTITIS A`or*ti"tis, n. Etym: [Aorta + -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the aorta. AOUDAD A"ou*dad, n. Etym: [The Moorish name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An African sheeplike quadruped (the Ammotragus tragelaphus) having a long mane on the breast and fore legs. It is, perhaps, the chamois of the Old Testament. APACE A*pace", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + pace. OE. a pas at a walk, in which a is the article. See Pace.] Defn: With a quick pace; quick; fast; speedily. His dewy locks did drop with brine apace. Spenser. A visible triumph of the gospel drawapace. I. Taylor. APACHES A*pa"ches, n. pl.; sing. Apache. (Ethnol.) Defn: A group of nomadic North American Indians including several tribes native of Arizona, New Mexico, etc. APAGOGE Ap`a*go"ge, n. Etym: [Gr. (Logic) Defn: An indirect argument which proves a thing by showing the impossibility or absurdity of the contrary. APAGOGIC; APAGOGICAL Ap`a*gog"ic, Ap`a*gog"ic*al, a. Defn: Proving indirectly, by showing the absurdity, or impossibility of the contrary. Bp. Berkeley. APAID A*paid", a. Defn: Paid; pleased. [Obs.] Chaucer. APAIR A*pair", v. t. & i. Defn: To impair or become impaired; to injure. [Obs.] Chaucer. APALACHIAN Ap`a*la"chi*an, a. Defn: See Appalachian. APANAGE Ap"an*age, n. Defn: Same as Appanage. APANTHROPY A*pan"thro*py, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An aversion to the company of men; a love of solitude. APAR; APARA A"par, A"pa*ra, n. Etym: [Native name apara.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Mataco. APAREJO A`pa*re"jo, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A kind of pack saddle used in the American military service and among the Spanish Americans. It is made of leather stuffed with hay, moss, or the like. APARITHMESIS Ap`a*rith"me*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: Enumeration of parts or particulars. APART A*part", adv. Etym: [F. à part; (L. ad) + part part. See Part.] 1. Separately, in regard to space or company; in a state of separation as to place; aside. Others apart sat on a hill retired. Milton. The Lord hath set apart him that is godly for himself. Ps. iv. 3. 2. In a state of separation, of exclusion, or of distinction, as to purpose, use, or character, or as a matter of thought; separately; independently; as, consider the two propositions apart. 3. Aside; away. "Wherefore lay apart all filthiness and superfluity of naughtiness." Jas. i. 21. Let Pleasure go, put Care apart. Keble. 4. In two or more parts; asunder; to piece; as, to take a piece of machinery apart. APARTMENT A*part"ment, n. Etym: [F. appartement; cf. It. appartamento, fr. appartare to separate, set apart; all fr. L. ad + pars, partis, part. See Apart.] 1. A room in a building; a division in a house, separated from others by partitions. Fielding. 2. A set or suite of rooms. De Quincey. 3. A compartment. [Obs.] Pope. APARTMENT HOUSE A*part"ment house. Defn: A building comprising a number of suites designed for separate housekeeping tenements, but having conveniences, such as heat, light, elevator service, etc., furnished in common; -- often distinguished in the United States from a flat house. APARTNESS A*part"ness, n. Defn: The quality of standing apart. APASTRON Ap*as"tron, n. Etym: [Gr. (Astron.) Defn: That point in the orbit of a double star where the smaller star is farthest from its primary. APATHETIC; APATHETICAL Ap`a*thet"ic, Ap`a*thet"ic*al a. Etym: [See Apathy.] Defn: Void of feeling; not susceptible of deep emotion; passionless; indifferent. APATHETICALLY Ap`a*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an apathetic manner. APATHIST Ap"a*thist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. apathiste.] Defn: One who is destitute of feeling. APATHISTICAL Ap`a*this"tic*al, a. Defn: Apathetic; une motional. [R.] APATHY Ap"a*thy, n.; pl. Apathies. Etym: [L. apathia, Gr. apathie. See Pathos.] Defn: Want of feeling; privation of passion, emotion, or excitement; dispassion; -- applied either to the body or the mind. As applied to the mind, it is a calmness, indolence, or state of indifference, incapable of being ruffled or roused to active interest or exertion by pleasure, pain, or passion. "The apathy of despair." Macaulay. A certain apathy or sluggishness in his nature which led him . . . to leave events to take their own course. Prescott. According to the Stoics, apathy meant the extinction of the passions by the ascendency of reason. Fleming. Note: In the first ages of the church, the Christians adopted the term to express a contempt of earthly concerns. Syn. -- Insensibility; unfeelingness; indifference; unconcern; stoicism; supineness; sluggishness. APATITE Ap"a*tite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Native phosphate of lime, occurring usually in six-sided prisms, color often pale green, transparent or translucent. APAUME A`pau`mé", n. Defn: See Appaum. APE Ape, n. Etym: [AS. apa; akin to D. aap, OHG. affo, G. affe, Icel. api, Sw. apa, Dan. abe, W. epa.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A quadrumanous mammal, esp. of the family Simiadæ, having teeth of the same number and form as in man, having teeth of the same number and form as in man, and possessing neither a tail nor cheek pouches. The name is applied esp. to species of the genus Hylobates, and is sometimes used as a general term for all Quadrumana. The higher forms, the gorilla, chimpanzee, and ourang, are often called anthropoid apes or man apes. Note: The ape of the Old Testament was prqobably the rhesus monkey of India, and allied forms. 2. One who imitates servilely (in allusion to the manners of the ape); a mimic. Byron. 3. A dupe. [Obs.] Chaucer. APE Ape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aped; p. pr. & vb. n. Aping.] Defn: To mimic, as an ape imitates human actions; to imitate or follow servilely or irrationally. "How he apes his sire." Addison. The people of England will not ape the fashions they have never tried. Burke. APEAK A*peak", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + peak. Cf. F. à pic vertically.] (Naut.) Defn: In a vertical line. The anchor in apeak, when the cable has been sufficiently hove in to bring the ship over it, and the ship is them said to be hove apeak. [Spelt also apeek.] APEHOOD Ape"hood, n. Defn: The state of being an ape. APELLOUS A*pel"lous, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + L. pellis skin.] Defn: Destitute of skin. Brande & C. APENNINE Ap"en*nine, a. Etym: [L. Apenninus, fr. Celtic pen, or ben, peak, mountain.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, the Apennines, a chain of mountains extending through Italy. APEPSY A*pep"sy, n. Etym: [NL. apepsia, fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Defective digestion, indigestion. Coxe. APER Ap"er, n. Defn: One who apes. APERCU A`per`çu" (a`pâr`sus"), n.; pl. Aperçus (-sus"). [F., prop. p. p. of apercevoir to perceive.] 1. Defn: A first view or glance, or the perception or estimation so obtained; an immediate apprehension or insight, appreciative rather than analytic. The main object being to develop the several aperçus or insights which furnish the method of such psychology. W. T. Harris. A series of partial and more or less disparate aperçus or outlooks; each for itself a center of experience. James Ward. 2. Hence, a brief or detached view; conspectus; sketch. APEREA A*pe"re*a, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The wild Guinea pig of Brazil (Cavia aperea). APERIENT A*pe"ri*ent, a. Etym: [L. aperiens, p. pr. of aperire to uncover, open; ab + parire, parere, to bring forth, produce. Cf. Cover, Overt.] (Med.) Defn: Gently opening the bowels; laxative. -- n. Defn: An aperient medicine or food. Arbuthnot. APERITIVE A*per"i*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. apéritif, fr. L. aperire.] Defn: Serving to open; aperient. Harvey. APERT A*pert", a. Etym: [OF. apert, L. apertus, p. p. of aperire. See Aperient, and cf. Pert, a.] Defn: Open; ev [Archaic] Fotherby. APERT A*pert", adv. Defn: Openly. [Obs.] Chaucer. APERTION A*per"tion, n. Etym: [L. apertio.] Defn: The act of opening; an opening; an aperture. [Archaic] Wiseman. APERTLY A*pert"ly, adv. Defn: Openly; clearly. [Archaic] APERTNESS A*pert"ness, n. Defn: Openness; frankness. [Archaic] APERTURE Ap"er*ture, n. Etym: [L. apertura, fr. aperire. See Aperient.] 1. The act of opening. [Obs.] 2. An opening; an open space; a gap, cleft, or chasm; a passage perforated; a hole; as, an aperture in a wall. An aperture between the mountains. Gilpin. The back aperture of the nostrils. Owen. 3. (Opt.) Defn: The diameter of the exposed part of the object glass of a telescope or other optical instrument; as, a telescope of four-inch aperture. Note: The aperture of microscopes is often expressed in degrees, called also the angular aperture, which signifies the angular breadth of the pencil of light which the instrument transmits from the object or point viewed; as, a microscope of 100º aperture. APERY Ap"er*y, n.; pl. Aperies. 1. A place where apes are kept. [R.] Kingsley. 2. The practice of aping; an apish action. Coleridge. APETALOUS A*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having no petals, or flower leaves. [See Illust. under Anther]. APETALOUSNESS A*pet"al*ous*ness, n. Defn: The state of being apetalous. APEX A"pex, n.; pl. E. Apexes; L. Apices. Etym: [L.] 1. The tip, top, point, or angular summit of anything; as, the apex of a mountain, spire, or cone; the apex, or tip, of a leaf. 2. (Mining) Defn: The end or edge of a vein nearest the surface. [U.S.] Apex of the earth's motion (Astron.), that point of the heavens toward which the earth is moving in its orbit. APHAERESIS A*phær"e*sis, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Same as Apheresis. APHAKIA A*pha"ki*a, n. Etym: [NL.; Gr. (Med.) Defn: An anomalous state of refraction caused by the absence of the crystalline lens, as after operations for cataract. The remedy is the use of powerful convex lenses. Dunglison. APHAKIAL A*pha"ki*al, a. (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to aphakia; as, aphakial eyes. APHANIPTERA Aph`a*nip"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of wingless insects, of which the flea in the type. See Flea. APHANIPTEROUS Aph`a*nip"ter*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Aphaniptera. APHANITE Aph"a*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A very compact, dark-colored APHANITIC Aph`a*nit"ic, a. (Min.) Defn: Resembling aphanite; having a very fine-grained structure. APHASIA; APHASY A*pha"si*a, Aph"a*sy, n. Etym: [NL. aphasia, Gr. aphasie.] (Med.) Defn: Loss of the power of speech, or of the appropriate use of words, the vocal organs remaining intact, and the intelligence being preserved. It is dependent on injury or disease of the brain. APHASIC A*pha"sic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or affected by, aphasia; speechless. APHELION A*phel"ion, n.; pl. Aphelia. Etym: [Gr. (Astron.) Defn: That point of a planet's or comet's orbit which is most distant from the sun, the opposite point being the perihelion. APHELIOTROPIC A*phe`li*o*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Turning away from the sun; -- said of leaves, etc. Darwin. APHELIOTROPISM A*phe`li*ot"ro*pism, n. Defn: The habit of bending from the sunlight; -- said of certain plants. APHEMIA A*phe"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Loss of the power of speaking, while retaining the power of writing; -- a disorder of cerebral origin. APHERESIS A*pher"e*sis, n. Etym: [L. aphaeresis, Gr. 1. (Gram.) Defn: The dropping of a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word; e. g., cute for acute. 2. (Surg.) Defn: An operation by which any part is separated from the rest. [Obs.] Dunglison. APHESIS Aph"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The loss of a short unaccented vowel at the beginning of a word; -- the result of a phonetic process; as, squire for esquire. New Eng. Dict. APHETIC A*phet"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Shortened by dropping a letter or a syllable from the beginning of a word; as, an aphetic word or form. -- A*phet"ic*al*ly, adv. New Eng. Dict. APHETISM Aph"e*tism, n. Defn: An aphetized form of a word. New Eng. Dict. APHETIZE Aph"e*tize, v. t. Defn: To shorten by aphesis. These words . . . have been aphetized. New Eng. Dict. APHID A"phid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the genus Aphis; an aphidian. APHIDES Aph"i*des, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Aphis. APHIDIAN A*phid"i*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the family Aphidæ. -- n. Defn: One of the aphides; an aphid. APHIDIVOROUS Aph`i*div"o*rous. Etym: [Aphis + L. vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Devouring aphides; aphidophagous. APHIDOPHAGOUS Aph`i*doph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Aphis + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Feeding upon aphides, or plant lice, as do beetles of the family Coccinellidæ. APHILANTHROPY Aph`i*lan"thro*py, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Want of love to mankind; -- the opposite of philanthropy. Coxe. APHIS A"phis, n.; pl. Aphides. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera and family Aphidæ, including numerous species known as plant lice and green flies. Note: Besides the true males and females, there is a race of wingless asexual individuals which have the power of producing living young in rapid succession, and these in turn may produce others of the same kind for several generations, before sexual individuals appear. They suck the sap of plants by means of a tubular proboscis, and owing to the wonderful rapidity of their reproduction become very destructive to vegetation. Many of the Aphidæ excrete honeydew from two tubes near the end of the body. APHIS LION A"phis li"on. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of the lacewinged flies (Chrysopa), which feeds voraciously upon aphids. The name is also applied to the larvæ of the ladybugs (Coccinella). APHLOGISTIC Aph`lo*gis"*tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Flameless; as, an aphlogistic lamp, in which a coil of wire is kept in a state of continued ignition by alcohol, without flame. APHONIA; APHONY A*pho"ni*a, Aph"o*ny, n. Etym: [NL. aphonia, Gr. aphonie.] (Med.) Defn: Loss of voice or vocal utterance. APHONIC; APHONOUS A*phon"ic, Aph"o*nous, a. Defn: Without voice; voiceless; nonvocal. APHORISM Aph"o*rism, n. Etym: [F. aphorisme, fr. Gr. Horizon.] Defn: A comprehensive maxim or principle expressed in a few words; a sharply defined sentence relating to abstract truth rather than to practical matters. The first aphorism of Hippocrates is, "Life is short, and the art is long." Fleming. Syn. -- Axiom; maxim; adage; proverb; apothegm; saying; saw; truism; dictum. See Axiom. APHORISMATIC; APHORISMIC Aph`o*ris*mat"ic, Aph`o*ris"mic, a. Defn: Pertaining to aphorisms, or having the form of an aphorism. APHORISMER Aph`o*ris"mer n. Defn: A dealer in aphorisms. [Used in derogation or contempt.] Milton. APHORIST Aph"o*rist, n. Defn: A writer or utterer of aphorisms. APHORISTIC; APHORISTICAL Aph`o*ris"tic, Aph`o*ris"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: In the form of, or of the nature of, an aphorism; in the form of short, unconnected sentences; as, an aphoristic style. The method of the book is aphoristic. De Quincey. APHORISTICALLY Aph`o*ris"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the form or manner of aphorisms; pithily. APHORIZE Aph"o*rize, v. i. Defn: To make aphorisms. APHOTIC A*pho"tic (a*fo"tik), a. [Gr. 'a`fws, 'a`fwtos.] Defn: Without light. APHOTIC REGION Aphotic region. (Phytogeog.) Defn: A depth of water so great that only those organisms can exist that do not assimilate. APHRASIA A*phra"si*a, n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + fra`sis speech.] (Med.) (a) = Dumbness. (b) A disorder of speech in which words can be uttered but not intelligibly joined together. APHRITE Aph"rite, n. (Min.) Defn: See under Calcite. APHRODISIAC; APHRODISIACAL Aph`ro*dis"i*ac, Aph`ro*di*si"a*cal, a. Etym: [Gr. Aphrodite.] Defn: Exciting venereal desire; provocative to venery. APHRODISIAC Aph`ro*dis"i*ac, n. Defn: That which (as a drug, or some kinds of food) excites to venery. APHRODISIAN Aph`ro*dis"i*an, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to Aphrodite or Venus. "Aphrodisian dames" [that is, courtesans]. C. Reade. APHRODITE Aph`ro*di"te, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Classic Myth.) Defn: The Greek goddess of love, corresponding to the Venus of the Romans. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large marine annelid, covered with long, lustrous, golden, hairlike setæ; the sea mouse. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A beautiful butterfly (Argunnis Aphrodite) of the United States. APHRODITIC Aph`ro*dit"ic, a. Defn: Venereal. [R.] Dunglison. APHTHA Aph"tha, n. Etym: [Sing. of Aphthæ.] (Med.) (a) One of the whitish specks called aphthæ. (b) The disease, also called thrush. APHTHAE Aph"thæ, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Roundish pearl-colored specks or flakes in the mouth, on the lips, etc., terminating in white sloughs. They are commonly characteristic of thrush. APHTHOID Aph"thoid, a. Etym: [Aphtha + -oid.] Defn: Of the nature of aphthæ; resembling thrush. APHTHONG Aph"thong, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A letter, or a combination of letters, employed in spelling a word, but in the pronunciation having no sound. -- Aph*thon"gal, a. APHTHOUS Aph"thous a. Etym: [Cf. F. aphtheux.] Defn: Pertaining to, or caused by, aphthæ; characterized by aphtæ; as, aphthous ulcers; aphthous fever. APHYLLOUS Aph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Destitute of leaves, as the broom rape, certain euphorbiaceous plants, etc. APIACEOUS A`pi*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Umbelliferous. APIAN A"pi*an, a. Defn: Belonging to bees. APIARIAN A`pi*a"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or relating to bees. APIARIST A"pi*a*rist, n. Defn: One who keeps an apiary. APIARY A"pi*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. apiarium, fr. apis bee.] Defn: A place where bees are kept; a stand or shed for bees; a beehouse. APICAL Ap"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. apex, apicis, tip or summit.] Defn: At or belonging to an apex, tip, or summit. Gray. APICES Ap"i*ces, n. pl. Defn: See Apex. APICIAN A*pi"cian, a. Etym: [L. Apicianus.] Defn: Belonging to Apicius, a notorious Roman epicure; hence applied to whatever is peculiarly refined or dainty and expensive in cookery. H. Rogers. APICULAR A*pic"u*lar, a. Etym: [NL. apiculus, dim. of L. apex, apicis.] Defn: Situated at, or near, the apex; apical. APICULATE; APICULATED A*pic"u*late, A*pic"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [See Apicular.] (Bot.) Defn: Terminated abruptly by a small, distinct point, as a leaf. APICULTURE Ap"i*cul`ture, n. Etym: [L. apis bee + E. culture.] Defn: Rearing of bees for their honey and wax. APIECE A*piece", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + piece.] Defn: Each by itself; by the single one; to each; as the share of each; as, these melons cost a shilling apiece. "Fined . . . a thousand pounds apiece." Hume. APIECES A*pie"ces, adv. Defn: In pieces or to pieces. [Obs.] "Being torn apieces." Shak. APIKED A*pik"ed, a. Defn: Trimmed. [Obs.] Full fresh and new here gear apiked was. Chaucer. APIOL A"pi*ol, n. Etym: [L. apium parsley + -ol.] (Med.) Defn: An oily liquid derived from parsley. APIOLOGIST A`pi*ol"o*gist, n. Etym: [L. apis bee + -logist (see -logy).] Defn: A student of bees. [R.] Emerson. APIOLOGY A`pi*ol"o*gy, n. [L. apis bee + -logy.] Defn: The scientific or systematic study of honey bees. APIS A"pis, n. Etym: [L., bee.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of insects of the order Hymenoptera, including the common honeybee (Apis mellifica) and other related species. See Honeybee. APISH Ap"ish, a. Defn: Having the qualities of an ape; prone to imitate in a servile manner. Hence: Apelike; fantastically silly; foppish; affected; trifling. The apish gallantry of a fantastic boy. Sir W. Scott. APISHLY Ap"ish*ly, adv. Defn: In an apish manner; with servile imitation; foppishly. APISHNESS Ap"ish*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being apish; mimicry; foppery. APITPAT A*pit"pat, adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + pitpat.] Defn: With quick beating or palpitation; pitapat. Congreve. APLACENTAL Ap`la*cen"tal, a. Etym: [Pref. a- + placental.] Defn: Belonging to the Aplacentata; without placenta. APLACENTATA Ap`la*cen*ta"ta, n. pl. Etym: [Pref. a- not + placenta.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Mammals which have no placenta. APLACOPHORA Ap`la*coph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Amphineura in which the body is naked or covered with slender spines or setæ, but is without shelly plates. APLANATIC Ap`la*nat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Opt.) Defn: Having two or more parts of different curvatures, so combined as to remove spherical aberration; -- said of a lens. Aplanatic focus of a lens (Opt.), the point or focus from which rays diverging pass the lens without spherical aberration. In certain forms of lenses there are two such foci; and it is by taking advantage of this fact that the best aplanatic object glasses of microscopes are constructed. APLANATISM A*plan"a*tism, n. Defn: Freedom from spherical aberration. APLANOGAMETE A*plan`o*ga*mete", n. (Bot.) Defn: A nonmotile gamete, found in certain lower algæ. APLASIA A*pla"si*a, n. [NL.; Gr. priv. + a molding.] (Med.) Defn: Incomplete or faulty development. APLASTIC A*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + plastic.] Defn: Not plastic or easily molded. APLOMB A`plomb", n. Etym: [F., lit. perpendicularity; plomb lead. See Plumb.] Defn: Assurance of manner or of action; self-possession. APLOTOMY A*plot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: Simple incision. Dunglison. APLUSTRE A*plus"tre, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An ornamental appendage of wood at the ship's stern, usually spreading like a fan and curved like a bird's feather. Audsley. APLYSIA A*plys"i*a, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine mollusks of the order Tectibranchiata; the sea hare. Some of the species when disturbed throw out a deep purple liquor, which colors the water to some distance. See Illust. in Appendix. APNEUMATIC Ap`neu*mat"ic, a. [Gr. not blown through.] (Med.) Defn: Devoid of air; free from air; as, an apneumatic lung; also, effected by or with exclusion of air; as, an apneumatic operation. APNEUMONA Ap*neu"mo*na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of holothurians in which the internal respiratory organs are wanting; -- called also Apoda or Apodes. APNOEA; APNEA Ap*nae"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Partial privation or suspension of breath; suffocation. APO Ap"o. Etym: [Gr. Ab-.] Defn: A prefix from a Greek preposition. It usually signifies from, away from, off, or asunder, separate; as, in apocope (a cutting off), apostate, apostle (one sent away), apocarpous. APOCALYPSE A*poc"a*lypse, n. Etym: [L. apocalypsis, Gr. apocalypse.] 1. The revelation delivered to St. John, in the isle of Patmos, near the close of the first century, forming the last book of the New Testament. 2. Anything viewed as a revelation; as disclosure. The new apocalypse of Nature. Carlyle. APOCALYPTIC; APOCALYPTICAL A*poc`a*lyp"tic, A*poc`a*lyp"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a revelation, or, specifically, to the Revelation of St. John; containing, or of the nature of, a prophetic revelation. Apocolyptic number, the number 666, mentioned in Rev. xiii. 18. It has been variously interpreted. APOCALYPTIC; APOCALYPTIST A*poc`a*lyp"tic, A*poc`a*lyp"tist, n. Defn: The writer of the Apocalypse. APOCALYPTICALLY A*poc`a*lyp"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By revelation; in an apocalyptic manner. APOCARPOUS Ap`o*car"pous, a. Etym: [Pref. apo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Either entirely of partially separate, as the carpels of a compound pistil; -- opposed to syncarpous. Lindley. APOCHROMATIC Ap`o*chro*mat"ic, a. [Pref. apo-+ chromatic.] (Optics) Defn: Free from chromatic and spherical aberration; -- said esp. of a lens in which rays of three or more colors are brought to the same focus, the degree of achromatism thus obtained being more complete than where two rays only are thus focused, as in the ordinary achromatic objective. --Ap`o*chro"ma*tism (#), n. APOCODEINE Ap`o*co*de"ine, n. [Pref. apo-+ codeine.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid, , prepared from codeine. In its effects it resembles apomorphine. APOCOPATE A*poc"o*pate, v. t. Etym: [LL. apocopatus, p. p. of apocopare to cut off, fr. L. apocore. See Apocope.] (Gram.) Defn: To cut off or drop; as, to apocopate a word, or the last letter, syllable, or part of a word. APOCOPATE; APOCOPATED A*poc"o*pate, A*poc"o*pa`ted, a. Defn: Shortened by apocope; as, an apocopate form. APOCOPATION A*poc`o*pa"tion, n. Defn: Shortening by apocope; the state of being apocopated. APOCOPE A*poc"o*pe, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. The cutting off, or omission, of the last letter, syllable, or part of a word. 2. (Med.) Defn: A cutting off; abscission. APOCRISIARY; APOCRISIARIUS Ap`o*cris"i*a*ry, Ap`o*cris`i*a"ri*us, n. Etym: [L. apocrisiarius, apocrisarius, fr. Gr. (Eccl.) Defn: A delegate or deputy; especially, the pope's nuncio or legate at Constantinople. APOCRUSTIC Ap`o*crus"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Astringent and repellent. -- n. Defn: An apocrustic medicine. APOCRYPHA A*poc"ry*pha, n. pl., but often used as sing. with pl. Apocryphas. Etym: [L. apocryphus apocryphal, Gr. 1. Something, as a writing, that is of doubtful authorship or authority; -- formerly used also adjectively. [Obs.] Locke. 2. Specif.: Certain writings which are received by some Christians as an authentic part of the Holy Scriptures, but are rejected by others. Note: Fourteen such writings, or books, formed part of the Septuagint, but not of the Hebrew canon recognized by the Jews of Palestine. The Council of Trent included all but three of these in the canon of inspired books having equal authority. The German and English Reformers grouped them in their Bibles under the title Apocrypha, as not having dogmatic authority, but being profitable for instruction. The Apocrypha is now commonly APOCRYPHAL A*poc"ry*phal, a. 1. Pertaining to the Apocrypha. 2. Not canonical. Hence: Of doubtful authority; equivocal; mythic; fictitious; spurious; false. The passages . . . are, however, in part from apocryphal or fictitious works. Sir G. C. Lewis. APOCRYPHALIST A*poc"ry*phal*ist, n. Defn: One who believes in, or defends, the Apocrypha. [R.] APOCRYPHALLY A*poc"ry*phal*ly, adv. Defn: In an apocryphal manner; mythically; not indisputably. APOCRYPHALNESS A*poc"ry*phal*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being apocryphal; doubtfulness of credit or genuineness. APOCYNACEOUS; APOCYNEOUS A*poc`y*na"ceous, Ap`o*cyn"e*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, a family of plants, of which the dogbane (Apocynum) is the type. APOCYNIN A*poc"y*nin, n. Etym: [From Apocynum, the generic name of dogbane.] (Chem.) Defn: A bitter principle obtained from the dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum). APOD; APODAL Ap"od, Ap"o*dal, a. Etym: [See Apod, n.] 1. Without feet; footless. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Destitute of the ventral fin, as the eels. APOD; APODE Ap"od, Ap"ode, n.; pl. Apods or Apodes. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of certain animals that have no feet or footlike organs; esp. one of certain fabulous birds which were said to have no feet. Note: The bird of paradise formerly had the name Paradisea apoda, being supposed to have no feet, as these were wanting in the specimens first obtained from the East Indies. APODA Ap"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Apod, n.] (Zoöl.) (a) A group of cirripeds, destitute of footlike organs. (b) An order of Amphibia without feet. See Ophiomorpha. (c) A group of worms without appendages, as the leech. APODAN Ap"o*dan, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Apodal. APODEICTIC; APODICTIC; APODEICTICAL; APODICTICAL Ap"o*deic"tic, Ap`o*dic"tic, Ap`o*deic"tic*al, Ap`o*dic"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. apodicticus, Gr. Defn: Self-evident; intuitively true; evident beyond contradiction. Brougham. Sir Wm. Hamilton. APODEICTICALLY; APODICTICALLY Ap`o*deic"tic*al*ly, Ap`o*dic"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: So as to be evident beyond contradiction. APODEME Ap"o*deme, n. Etym: [Pref. apo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the processes of the shell which project inwards and unite with one another, in the thorax of many Crustacea. APODES Ap"o*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL., masc. pl. See Apoda.] (Zoöl.) (a) An order of fishes without ventral fins, including the eels. (b) A group of holothurians destitute of suckers. See Apneumona. APODICTIC Ap`o*dic"tic, a. Defn: Same as Apodeictic. APODIXIS Ap`o*dix"is, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: Full demonstration. APODOSIS A*pod"o*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gram.) Defn: The consequent clause or conclusion in a conditional sentence, expressing the result, and thus distinguished from the protasis or clause which expresses a condition. Thus, in the sentence, "Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him," the former clause is the protasis, and the latter the apodosis. Note: Some grammarians extend the terms protasis and apodosis to the introductory clause and the concluding clause, even when the sentence is not conditional. APODOUS Ap"o*dous(#), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Apodal; apod. APODYTERIUM A*pod`y*te"ri*um, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Anc. Arch.) Defn: The apartment at the entrance of the baths, or in the palestra, where one stripped; a dressing room. APOGAIC Ap`o*ga"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Apogean. APOGAMIC Ap`o*gam"ic, a. Defn: Relating to apogamy. APOGAMY A*pog"a*my, n. Etym: [Pref. apo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The formation of a bud in place of a fertilized ovule or oöspore. De Bary. APOGEAL Ap`o*ge"al, a. (Astron.) Defn: Apogean. APOGEAN Ap`o*ge"an, a. Defn: Connected with the apogee; as, apogean (neap) tides, which occur when the moon has passed her apogee. APOGEE Ap"o*gee, n. Etym: [Gr. apogée.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: That point in the orbit of the moon which is at the greatest distance from the earth. Note: Formerly, on the hypothesis that the earth is in the center of the system, this name was given to that point in the orbit of the sun, or of a planet, which was supposed to be at the greatest distance from the earth. 2. Fig.: The farthest or highest point; culmination. APOGEOTROPIC Ap`o*ge`o*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. apo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Bending away from the ground; -- said of leaves, etc. Darwin. APOGEOTROPISM Ap"o*ge*ot"ro*pism, n. Defn: The apogeotropic tendency of some leaves, and other parts. APOGRAPH Ap"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. apographe.] Defn: A copy or transcript. Blount. APOHYAL Ap`o*hy"al, a. Etym: [Pref. apo- + the Gr. letter Y.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a portion of the horn of the hyoid bone. APOISE A*poise", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + poise.] Defn: Balanced. APOLAR A*po"lar, a. Etym: [Pref. a- + polar.] (Biol.) Defn: Having no radiating processes; -- applied particularly to certain nerve cells. APOLAUSTIC Ap`o*laus"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Devoted to enjoyment. APOLLINARIAN A*pol`li*na"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Apollinaris, fr. Apollo.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: In honor of Apollo; as, the Apollinarian games. APOLLINARIAN A*pol`li*na"ri*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Apollinaris, Bishop of Laodicea in the fourth century, who denied the proper humanity of Christ. APOLLINARIS WATER A*pol`li*na"ris wa"ter. Defn: An effervescing alkaline mineral water used as a table beverage. It is obtained from a spring in Apollinarisburg, near Bonn. APOLLO A*pol"lo, n. Etym: [L. Apollo, -linis, Gr. (Classic Myth.) Defn: A deity among the Greeks and Romans. He was the god of light and day (the "sun god"), of archery, prophecy, medicine, poetry, and music, etc., and was represented as the model of manly grace and beauty; -- called also Phébus. The Apollo Belvedere, a celebrated statue of Apollo in the Belvedere gallery of the Vatican palace at Rome, esteemed of the noblest representations of the human frame. APOLLONIAN; APOLLONIC Ap`ol*lo"ni*an, Ap`ol*lon"ic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Apollo. APOLLYON A*pol"ly*on, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The Destroyer; -- a name used (Rev. ix. 11) for the angel of the bottomless pit, answering to the Hebrew Abaddon. APOLOGER A*pol"o*ger, n. Defn: A teller of apologues. [Obs.] APOLOGETIC; APOLOGETICAL A*pol`o*get"ic, A*pol`o*get"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Logic.] Defn: Defending by words or arguments; said or written in defense, or by way of apology; regretfully excusing; as, an apologetic essay. "To speak in a subdued and apologetic tone." Macaulay. APOLOGETICALLY A*pol`o*get"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By way of apology. APOLOGETICS A*pol`o*get"ics, n. Defn: That branch of theology which defends the Holy Scriptures, and sets forth the evidence of their divine authority. APOLOGIST A*pol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. apologiste.] Defn: One who makes an apology; one who speaks or writes in defense of a faith, a cause, or an institution; especially, one who argues in defense of Christianity. APOLOGIZE A*pol"o*gize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Apologized; p. pr. & vb. n. Apologizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. apologiser.] 1. To make an apology or defense. Dr. H. More. 2. To make an apology or excuse; to make acknowledgment of some fault or offense, with expression of regret for it, by way of amends; -- with for; as, my correspondent apologized for not answering my letter. To apologize for his insolent language. Froude. APOLOGIZE A*pol"o*gize, v. t. Defn: To defend. [Obs.] The Christians . . . were apologized by Plinie. Dr. G. Benson. APOLOGIZER A*pol"o*gi`zer, n. Defn: One who makes an apology; an apologist. APOLOGUE Ap"o*logue, n. Etym: [L. apologous, Gr. apologue.] Defn: A story or relation of fictitious events, intended to convey some moral truth; a moral fable. Note: An apologue differs from a parable in this;: the parable is drawn from events which take place among mankind, and therefore requires probability in the narrative; the apologue is founded on supposed actions of brutes or inanimate things, and therefore is not limited by strict rules of probability. Æsop's fables are good examples of apologues. APOLOGY A*pol"o*gy, n.; pl. Apologies . Etym: [L. apologia, Gr. apologie. See Apologetic.] 1. Something said or written in defense or justification of what appears to others wrong, or of what may be liable to disapprobation; justification; as, Tertullian's Apology for Christianity. It is not my intention to make an apology for my poem; some will think it needs no excuse, and others will receive none. Dryden. 2. An acknowledgment intended as an atonement for some improper or injurious remark or act; an admission to another of a wrong or discourtesy done him, accompanied by an expression of regret. 3. Anything provided as a substitute; a makeshift. He goes to work devising apologies for window curtains. Dickens. Syn. -- Excuse. An apology, in the original sense of the word, was a pleading off from some charge or imputation, by explaining and defending one's principles or conduct. It therefore amounted to a vindication. One who offers an apology, admits himself to have been, at least apparently, in the wrong, but brings forward some palliating circumstance, or tenders a frank acknowledgment, by way of reparation. We make an apology for some breach of propriety or decorum (like rude expressions, unbecoming conduct, etc.), or some deficiency in what might be reasonably expected. We offer an excuse when we have been guilty of some breach or neglect of duty; and we do it by way of extenuating our fault, and with a view to be forgiven. When an excuse has been accepted, an apology may still, in some cases, be necessary or appropriate. "An excuse is not grounded on the claim of innocence, but is rather an appeal for favor resting on some collateral circumstance. An apology mostly respects the conduct of individuals toward each other as equals; it is a voluntary act produced by feelings of decorum, or a desire for the good opinion of others." Crabb. APOLOGY A*pol"o*gy, v. i. Defn: To offer an apology. [Obs.] For which he can not well apology. J. Webster. APOMECOMETER Ap`o*me*com"e*ter, n. Defn: An instrument for measuring the height of objects. Knight. APOMECOMETRY Ap`o*me*com"e*try, n. Etym: [Pref. apo- + Gr. -metry.] Defn: The art of measuring the distance of objects afar off. [Obs. or R.] APOMORPHIA; APOMORPHINE Ap`o*mor"phi*a, Ap`o*mor"phine, n. Etym: [Pref. apo- + morphia, morphine.] (Chem.) Defn: A crystalline alkaloid obtained from morphia. It is a powerful emetic. APONEUROSIS Ap`o*neu*ro"sis, n.; pl. Aponeuroses. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Any one of the thicker and denser of the deep fasciæ which cover, invest, and the terminations and attachments of, many muscles. They often differ from tendons only in being flat and thin. See Fascia. APONEUROTIC Ap`o*neu*rot"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an aponeurosis. APONEUROTOMY Ap`o*neu*rot"o*my, n. Etym: [Aponeurosis + Gr. Defn: Dissection of aponeuroses. APOPEMPTIC Ap`o*pemp"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Sung or addressed to one departing; valedictory; as, apoplectic songs or hymns. APOPHASIS A*poph"a*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which a speaker formally declines to take notice of a favorable point, but in such a manner as to produce the effect desired. [For example, see Mark Antony's oration. Shak., Julius Cæsar, iii. 2.] APOPHLEGMATIC Ap`o*phleg*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Phlegmatic.] (Med.) Defn: Designed to facilitate discharges of phlegm or mucus from mouth or nostrils. -- n. Defn: An apohlegmatic medicine. APOPHLEGMATISM Ap`o*phleg"ma*tism, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: The action of apophlegmatics. 2. An apophlegmatic. [Obs.] Bacon. APOPHLEGMATIZANT Ap`o*phleg*mat"i*zant, n. (Med.) Defn: An apophlegmatic. [Obs.] APOPHTHEGM Ap`oph*thegm, n. Defn: See Apothegm. APOPHTHEGMATIC; APOPHTHEGMATICAL Ap`oph*theg*mat"ic, Ap`oph*theg*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Same as Apothegmatic. APOPHYGE A*poph"y*ge, n. Etym: [Gr. apophyge.] (Arch.) Defn: The small hollow curvature given to the top or bottom of the shaft of a column where it expands to meet the edge of the fillet; -- called also the scape. Parker. APOPHYLLITE A*poph"yl*lite, n. Etym: [Pref. apo- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral relating to the zeolites, usually occurring in square prisms or octahedrons with pearly luster on the cleavage surface. It is a hydrous silicate of calcium and potassium. APOPHYSIS A*poph"y*sis, n.; pl. -ses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: A marked prominence or process on any part of a bone. 2. (Bot.) Defn: An enlargement at the top of a pedicel or stem, as seen in certain mosses. Gray. APOPLECTIC; APOPLECTICAL Ap`o*plec"tic(#) Ap`o*plec"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. apoplecticus, Gr. apoplectique. See Apoplexy.] Defn: Relating to apoplexy; affected with, inclined to, or symptomatic of, apoplexy; as, an apoplectic person, medicine, habit or temperament, symptom, fit, or stroke. APOPLECTIC Ap`o*plec"tic, n. Defn: One liable to, or affected with, apoplexy. APOPLECTIFORM; APOPLECTOID Ap`o*plec"ti*form, Ap`o*plec"toid, a. Etym: [Apoplectic + -form, - oid.] Defn: Resembling apoplexy. APOPLEX Ap"o*plex, n. Defn: Apoplexy. [Obs.] Dryden. APOPLEXED Ap`o*plexed, a. Defn: Affected with apoplexy. [Obs.] Shak. APOPLEXY Ap"o*plex`y, n. Etym: [OE. poplexye, LL. poplexia, apoplexia, fr. Gr. apoplexie. See Plague.] (Med.) Defn: Sudden diminution or loss of consciousness, sensation, and voluntary motion, usually caused by pressure on the brain. Note: The term is now usually limited to cerebral apoplexy, or loss of consciousness due to effusion of blood or other lesion within the substance of the brain; but it is sometimes extended to denote an effusion of blood into the substance of any organ; as, apoplexy of the lung. APORETICAL Ap`o*ret"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Aporia.] Defn: Doubting; skeptical. [Obs.] Cudworth. APORIA A*po"ri*a, n.; pl. Aporias. Etym: [L., doubt, Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure in which the speaker professes to be at a loss what course to pursue, where to begin to end, what to say, etc. APOROSA Ap`o*ro"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Aporia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of corals in which the coral is not porous; -- opposed to Perforata. APOROSE Ap`o*rose", a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Without pores. APORT A*port", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + port.] (Naut.) Defn: On or towards the port or left side; -- said of the helm. APOSEMATIC Ap`o*se*mat"ic, a. [Pref. apo-+ sematic.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having or designating conspicuous or warning colors or structures indicative of special means of defense against enemies, as in the skunk. APOSIOPESIS Ap`o*si`o*pe"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure of speech in which the speaker breaks off suddenly, as if unwilling or unable to state what was in his mind; as, "I declare to you that his conduct -- but I can not speak of that, here." APOSITIC Ap`o*sit"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Destroying the appetite, or suspending hunger. APOSTASY A*pos"ta*sy, n.; pl. Apostasies. Etym: [OE. apostasie, F. apostasie, L. apostasia, fr. Gr. Off and Stand.] Defn: An abandonment of what one has voluntarily professed; a total desertion of departure from one's faith, principles, or party; esp., the renunciation of a religious faith; as, Julian's apostasy from Christianity. APOSTATE A*pos"tate, n. Etym: [L. apostata, Gr. Apostasy.] 1. One who has forsaken the faith, principles, or party, to which he before adhered; esp., one who has forsaken his religion for another; a pervert; a renegade. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: One who, after having received sacred orders, renounces his clerical profession. APOSTATE A*pos"tate, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, apostasy; faithless to moral allegiance; renegade. So spake the apostate angel. Milton. A wretched and apostate state. Steele. APOSTATE A*pos"tate, v. i. Etym: [L. apostatare.] Defn: To apostatize. [Obs.] We are not of them which apostate from Christ. Bp. Hall. APOSTATIC Ap`o*stat"ic, a. Etym: [L. apostaticus, Gr. Defn: Apostatical. [R.] APOSTATICAL Ap`o*stat"ic*al, a. Defn: Apostate. An heretical and apostatical church. Bp. Hall. APOSTATIZE A*pos"ta*tize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Apostatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Apostatizing.] Etym: [LL. apostatizare.] Defn: To renounce totally a religious belief once professed; to forsake one's church, the faith or principles once held, or the party to which one has previously adhered. He apostatized from his old faith in facts, took to believing in Carlyle. APOSTEMATE A*pos"te*mate, v. i. Etym: [See Aposteme.] Defn: To form an abscess; to swell and fill with pus. Wiseman. APOSTEMATION A*pos`te*ma"tion, n. Etym: [LL. apostematio: cf. F. apostémation.] (Med.) Defn: The formation of an aposteme; the process of suppuration. [Written corruptly imposthumation.] Wiseman. APOSTEMATOUS Ap`os*tem"a*tous, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or partaking of the nature of, an aposteme. APOSTEME Ap"os*teme, n. Etym: [L. apostema, Gr. apostème. See Apostasy.] (Med.) Defn: An abscess; a swelling filled with purulent matter. [Written corruptly imposthume.] A POSTERIORI A` pos*te`ri*o"ri. Etym: [L. a (ab) + posterior latter.] 1. (Logic) Defn: Characterizing that kind of reasoning which derives propositions from the observation of facts, or by generalizations from facts arrives at principles and definitions, or infers causes from effects. This is the reverse of a priori reasoning. 2. (Philos.) Defn: Applied to knowledge which is based upon or derived from facts through induction or experiment; inductive or empirical. APOSTIL; APOSTILLE A*pos"til, A*pos"tille, n. Etym: [F. apostille. See Postil.] Defn: A marginal note on a letter or other paper; an annotation. Motley. APOSTLE A*pos"tle, n. Etym: [OE. apostle, apostel, postle, AS. apostol, L. apostolus, fr. Gr. stellen to set, E. stall: cf. F. apôtre, Of. apostre, apostle, apostele, apostole.] 1. Literally: One sent forth; a messenger. Specifically: One of the twelve disciples of Christ, specially chosen as his companions and witnesses, and sent forth to preach the gospel. He called unto him his disciples, and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles. Luke vi. 13. Note: The title of apostle is also applied to others, who, though not of the number of the Twelve, yet were equal with them in office and dignity; as, "Paul, called to be an apostle of Jesus Christ." 1 Cor. i. 1. In Heb. iii. 1, the name is given to Christ himself, as having been sent from heaven to publish the gospel. In the primitive church, other ministers were called apostles (Rom. xvi. 7). 2. The missionary who first plants the Christian faith in any part of the world; also, one who initiates any great moral reform, or first advocates any important belief; one who has extraordinary success as a missionary or reformer; as, Dionysius of Corinth is called the apostle of France, John Eliot the apostle to the Indians, Theobald Mathew the apostle of temperance. 3. (Civ. & Admiralty Law) Defn: A brief letter dimissory sent by a court appealed from to the superior court, stating the case, etc.; a paper sent up on appeals in the admiralty courts. Wharton. Burrill. Apostles' creed, a creed of unknown origin, which was formerly ascribed to the apostles. It certainly dates back to the beginning of the sixth century, and some assert that it can be found in the writings of Ambrose in the fourth century. -- Apostle spoon (Antiq.), a spoon of silver, with the handle terminating in the figure of an apostle. One or more were offered by sponsors at baptism as a present to the godchild. B. Jonson. APOSTLESHIP A*pos"tle*ship, n. Defn: The office or dignity of an apostle. APOSTOLATE A*pos"to*late, n. Etym: [L. apostolatus, fr. apostolus. See Apostle.] 1. The dignity, office, or mission, of an apostle; apostleship. Judas had miscarried and lost his apostolate. Jer. Taylor. 2. The dignity or office of the pope, as the holder of the apostolic see. APOSTOLIC; APOSTOLICAL Ap`os*tol"ic, Ap`os*tol"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. apostolicus, Gr. apostolique.] 1. Pertaining to an apostle, or to the apostles, their times, or their peculiar spirit; as, an apostolical mission; the apostolic age. 2. According to the doctrines of the apostles; delivered or taught by the apostles; as, apostolic faith or practice. 3. Of or pertaining to the pope or the papacy; papal. Apostolical brief. See under Brief. -- Apostolic canons, a collection of rules and precepts relating to the duty of Christians, and particularly to the ceremonies and discipline of the church in the second and third centuries. -- Apostolic church, the Christian church; -- so called on account of its apostolic foundation, doctrine, and order. The churches of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem were called apostolic churches. -- Apostolic constitutions, directions of a nature similar to the apostolic canons, and perhaps compiled by the same authors or author. -- Apostolic fathers, early Christian writers, who were born in the first century, and thus touched on the age of the apostles. They were Polycarp, Clement, Ignatius, and Hermas; to these Barnabas has sometimes been added. -- Apostolic king (or majesty), a title granted by the pope to the kings of Hungary on account of the extensive propagation of Christianity by St. Stephen, the founder of the royal line. It is now a title of the emperor of Austria in right of the throne of Hungary. -- Apostolic see, a see founded and governed by an apostle; specifically, the Church of Rome; -- so called because, in the Roman Catholic belief, the pope is the successor of St. Peter, the prince of the apostles, and the only apostle who has successors in the apostolic office. -- Apostolical succession, the regular and uninterrupted transmission of ministerial authority by a succession of bishops from the apostles to any subsequent period. Hook. APOSTOLIC Ap`os*tol"ic, n. Etym: [L. apostolicus.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A member of one of certain ascetic sects which at various times professed to imitate the practice of the apostles. APOSTOLICALLY Ap`os*tol"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an apostolic manner. APOSTOLICALNESS Ap`os*tol"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: Apostolicity. Dr. H. More. APOSTOLIC DELEGATE Ap`os*tol"ic del"e*gate. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The diplomatic agent of the pope highest in grade, superior to a nuncio. APOSTOLICISM; APOSTOLICITY Ap`os*tol"i*cism, A*pos`to*lic"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being apostolical. APOSTROPHE A*pos"tro*phe, n. Etym: [(1) L., fr. Gr. apostrophus apostrophe, the turning away or omitting of a letter, Gr. 1. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure of speech by which the orator or writer suddenly breaks off from the previous method of his discourse, and addresses, in the second person, some person or thing, absent or present; as, Milton's apostrophe to Light at the beginning of the third book of "Paradise Lost." 2. (Gram.) Defn: The contraction of a word by the omission of a letter or letters, which omission is marked by the character ['] placed where the letter or letters would have been; as, call'd for called. 3. The mark ['] used to denote that a word is contracted (as in ne'er for never, can't for can not), and as sign of the possessive, singular and plural; as, a boy's hat, boys' hats. In the latter use it originally marked the omission of the letter e. Note: The apostrophe is used to mark the plural of figures and letters; as, two 10's and three a's. It is also employed to mark the close of a quotation. APOSTROPHIC Ap`os*troph"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to an apostrophe, grammatical or rhetorical. APOSTROPHIZE A*pos"tro*phize, v. t., Etym: [imp. & p. p. Apostrophized; p. pr. & vb. n. Apostrophizing.] 1. To address by apostrophe. 2. To contract by omitting a letter or letters; also, to mark with an apostrophe (') or apostrophes. APOSTROPHIZE A*pos"tro*phize, v. i. Defn: To use the rhetorical figure called apostrophe. APOSTUME Ap"os*tume, n. Defn: See Aposteme. [Obs.] APOTACTITE Ap`o*tac"tite, n. Etym: [LL. pl. apotactitae, Gr. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect of ancient Christians, who, in supposed imitation of the first believers, renounced all their possessions. APOTELESM A*pot"e*lesm, n. Etym: [See Apotelesmatic.] 1. The result or issue. [Obs.] 2. (Astrol.) Defn: The calculation and explanation of a nativity. [Obs.] Bailey. APOTELESMATIC Ap`o*tel`es*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Relating to the casting of horoscopes. [Archaic] Whewell. 2. Relating to an issue of fulfillment. In this way a passage in the Old Testament may have, or rather comprise, an apotelesmatic sense, i. e., one of after or final accomplishment. M. Stuart. APOTHECARY A*poth"e*ca*ry, n.; pl. Apothecaries. Etym: [OE. apotecarie, fr. LL. apothecarius, fr. L. apotheca storehouse, Gr. apo, fr. apothicaire, OF. apotecaire. See Thesis.] Defn: One who prepares and sells drugs or compounds for medicinal purposes. Note: In England an apothecary is one of a privileged class of practitioners -- a kind of sub-physician. The surgeon apothecary is the ordinary family medical attendant. One who sells drugs and makes up prescriptions is now commonly called in England a druggist or a pharmaceutical chemist. Apothecaries' weight, the system of weights by which medical prescriptions were formerly compounded. The pound and ounce are the same as in Troy weight; they differ only in the manner of subdivision. The ounce is divided into 8 drams, 24 scruples, 480 grains. See Troy weight. APOTHECIUM Apo`*the"ci*um, n.; pl. Apothecia. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: The ascigerous fructification of lichens, forming masses of various shapes. APOTHEGM; APOPHTHEGM Ap"o*thegm, Ap"oph*thegm, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A short, pithy, and instructive saying; a terse remark, conveying some important truth; a sententious precept or maxim. Note: [Apothegm is now the prevalent spelling in the United States.] APOTHEGMATIC; APOTHEGMATICAL Ap`o*theg*mat"ic, Ap`o*theg*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to, or in the manner of, an apotghem; sententious; pithy. APOTHEGMATIST Ap`o*theg"ma*tist, n. Defn: A collector or maker of apothegms. Pope. APOTHEGMATIZE Ap`o*theg"ma*tize, v. i. Defn: To utter apothegms, or short and sententious sayings. APOTHEM Ap"o*them, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Math.) Defn: The perpendicular from the center to one of the sides of a regular polygon. 2. A deposit formed in a liquid extract of a vegetable substance by exposure to the air. APOTHEOSIS Ap`o*the"o*sis, n. pl. Apotheoses. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. The act of elevating a mortal to the rank of, and placing him among, "the gods;" deification. 2. Glorification; exaltation. "The apotheosis of chivalry." Prescott. "The noisy apotheosis of liberty and machinery." F. Harrison. APOTHEOSIZE Ap`o*the"o*size, v. t. Defn: To exalt to the dignity of a deity; to declare to be a god; to deify; to glorify. APOTHESIS A*poth"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. Apothecary.] (Arch.) (a) A place on the south side of the chancel in the primitive churches, furnished with shelves, for books, vestments, etc. Weale. (b) A dressing room connected with a public bath. APOTOME A*pot"o*me, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Math.) Defn: The difference between two quantities commensurable only in power, as between sq. root2 and 1, or between the diagonal and side of a square. 2. (Mus) Defn: The remaining part of a whole tone after a smaller semitone has been deducted from it; a major semitone. [Obs.] APOZEM Ap"o*zem, n. Etym: [L. apozema, Gr. (Med.) Defn: A decoction or infusion. [Obs.] Wiseman. APOZEMICAL Ap`o*zem"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a decoction. [Obs.] J. Whitaker. APPAIR Ap*pair", v. t. & i. Etym: [OF. empeirier, F. empire. See Impair.] Defn: To impair; to grow worse. [Obs.] APPALACHIAN Ap`pa*la"chi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a chain of mountains in the United States, commonly called the Allegheny mountains. Note: The name Appalachian was given to the mountains by the Spaniards under De Soto, who derived it from the heighboring Indians. Am. Cyc. APPALL Ap*pall", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Appalling.] Etym: [OF. appalir to grow pale, make pale; a (L. ad) + pâlir to grow pale, to make pale, pâle pale. See Pale, a., and cf. Pall.] 1. To make pale; to blanch. [Obs.] The answer that ye made to me, my dear, . . . Hath so appalled my countenance. Wyatt. 2. To weaken; to enfeeble; to reduce; as, an old appalled wight. [Obs.] Chaucer. Whine, of its own nature, will not congeal and freeze, only it will lose the strength, and become appalled in extremity of cold. Holland. 3. To depress or discourage with fear; to impress with fear in such a manner that the mind shrinks, or loses its firmness; to overcome with sudden terror or horror; to dismay; as, the sight appalled the stoutest heart. The house of peers was somewhat appalled at this alarum. Clarendon. Syn. -- To dismay; terrify; daunt; frighten; affright; scare; depress. See Dismay. APPALL Ap*pall", v. i. 1. To grow faint; to become weak; to become dismayed or discouraged. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To lose flavor or become stale. [Obs.] APPALL Ap*pall", n. Defn: Terror; dismay. [Poet.] Cowper. APPALLING Ap*pall"ing, a. Defn: Such as to appall; as, an appalling accident. -- Ap*pall"ing*ly, adv. APPALLMENT Ap*pall"ment, n. Defn: Depression occasioned by terror; dismay. [Obs.] Bacon. APPANAGE Ap"pa*nage, n. Etym: [F. apanage, fr. OF. apaner to nourish, support, fr. LL. apanare to furnish with bread, to provision; L. ad + pains bread.] 1. The portion of land assigned by a sovereign prince for the subsistence of his younger sons. 2. A dependency; a dependent territory. 3. That which belongs to one by custom or right; a natural adjunct or accompaniment. "Wealth . . . the appanage of wit." Swift. APPANAGIST Ap*pan"a*gist, n. Etym: [F. apanagiste.] Defn: A prince to whom an appanage has been granted. APPARAILLYNG Ap*par"ail*lyng, n. Etym: [See Apparel, n. & v.] Defn: Preparation. [Obs.] Chaucer. APPARATUS Ap"pa*ratus, n.; pl. Apparatus, also rarely Apparatuses. Etym: [L., from apparare, apparatum, to prepare; ad + prepare to make ready.] 1. Things provided as means to some end. 2. Hence: A full collection or set of implements, or utensils, for a given duty, experimental or operative; any complex instrument or appliance, mechanical or chemical, for a specific action or operation; machinery; mechanism. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: A collection of organs all of which unite in a common function; as, the respiratory apparatus. APPAREL Ap*par"el, n. Etym: [OE. apparel, apareil, OF. apareil, appareil, preparation, provision, furniture, OF. apareiller to match, prepare, F. appareiller; OF. a (L. ad) + pareil like, similar, fr. LL. pariculus, dim. of L. par equal. See Pair.] 1. External clothing; vesture; garments; dress; garb; external habiliments or array. Fresh in his new apparel, proud and young. Denham. At public devotion his resigned carriage made religion appear in the natural apparel of simplicity. Tatler. 2. A small ornamental piece of embroidery worn on albs and some other ecclesiastical vestments. 3. (Naut.) Defn: The furniture of a ship, as masts, sails, rigging, anchors, guns, etc. Syn. -- Dress; clothing; vesture; garments; raiment; garb; costume; attire; habiliments. APPAREL Ap*par"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appareled, or Apparelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Appareling, or Apparelling.] Etym: [OF. apareiller.] 1. To make or get (something) ready; to prepare. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To furnish with apparatus; to equip; to fit out. Ships . . . appareled to fight. Hayward. 3. To dress or clothe; to attire. They which are gorgeously appareled, and live delicately, are in kings' courts. Luke vii. 25. 4. To dress with external ornaments; to cover with something ornamental; to deck; to embellish; as, trees appareled with flowers, or a garden with verdure. Appareled in celestial light. Wordsworth. APPARENCE Ap*par"ence, n. Etym: [OF. aparence.] Defn: Appearance. [Obs.] Chaucer. APPARENCY Ap*par"en*cy, n. 1. Appearance. [Obs.] 2. Apparentness; state of being apparent. Coleridge. 3. The position of being heir apparent. APPARENT Ap*par"ent, a. Etym: [F. apparent, L. apparens, -entis, p. pr. of apparere. See Appear.] 1. Capable of being seen, or easily seen; open to view; visible to the eye; within sight or view. The moon . . . apparent queen. Milton. 2. Clear or manifest to the understanding; plain; evident; obvious; known; palpable; indubitable. It is apparent foul play. Shak. 3. Appearing to the eye or mind (distinguished from, but not necessarily opposed to, true or real); seeming; as the apparent motion or diameter of the sun. To live on terms of civility, and even of apparent friendship. Macaulay. What Berkeley calls visible magnitude was by astronomers called apparent magnitude. Reid. Apparent horizon, the circle which in a level plain bounds our view, and is formed by the apparent meeting of the earth and heavens, as distinguished from the rational horizon. -- Apparent time. See Time. -- Heir apparent (Law), one whose to an estate is indefeasible if he survives the ancestor; -- in distinction from presumptive heir. See Presumptive. Syn. -- Visible; distinct; plain; obvious; clear; certain; evident; manifest; indubitable; notorious. APPARENT Ap*par"ent, n. Defn: An heir apparent. [Obs.] I'll draw it [the sword] as apparent to the crown. Shak. APPARENTLY Ap*par"ent*ly, adv. 1. Visibly. [Obs.] Hobbes. 2. Plainly; clearly; manifestly; evidently. If he should scorn me so apparently. Shak. 3. Seemingly; in appearance; as, a man may be apparently friendly, yet malicious in heart. APPARENTNESS Ap*par"ent*ness, n. Defn: Plainness to the eye or the mind; visibleness; obviousness. [R.] Sherwood. APPARITION Ap`pa*ri"tion, n. Etym: [F. apparition, L. apparitio, fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. The act of becoming visible; appearance; visibility. Milton. The sudden apparition of the Spaniards. Prescott. The apparition of Lawyer Clippurse occasioned much speculation in that portion of the world. Sir W. Scott. 2. The thing appearing; a visible object; a form. Which apparition, it seems, was you. Tatler. 3. An unexpected, wonderful, or preternatural appearance; a ghost; a specter; a phantom. "The heavenly bands . . . a glorious apparition." Milton. I think it is the weakness of mine eyes That shapes this monstrous apparition. Shak. 4. (Astron.) Defn: The first appearance of a star or other luminary after having been invisible or obscured; -- opposed to occultation. Circle of perpetual apparition. See under Circle. APPARITIONAL Ap`pa*ri"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to an apparition or to apparitions; spectral. "An apparitional soul." Tylor. APPARITOR Ap*par"i*tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. Formerly, an officer who attended magistrates and judges to execute their orders. Before any of his apparitors could execute the sentence, he was himself summoned away by a sterner apparitor to the other world. De Quincey. 2. (Law) Defn: A messenger or officer who serves the process of an ecclesiastical court. Bouvier. APPAUME Ap`pau`mé", n. Etym: [F. appaumé; (l. ad) + paume the palm, fr. L. palma.] (Her.) Defn: A hand open and extended so as to show the palm. APPAY Ap*pay", v. t. Etym: [OF. appayer, apaier, LL. appacare, appagare, fr. L. ad + pacare to pacify, pax, pacis, peace. See Pay, Appease.] Defn: To pay; to satisfy or appease. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. APPEACH Ap*peach", v. t. Etym: [OE. apechen, for empechen, OF. empeechier, F. empêcher, to hinder. See Impeach.] Defn: To impeach; to accuse; to asperse; to inform against; to reproach. [Obs.] And oft of error did himself appeach. Spenser. APPEACHER Ap*peach"er, n. Defn: An accuser. [Obs.] Raleigh. APPEACHMENT Ap*peach"ment, n. Defn: Accusation. [Obs.] APPEAL Ap*peal", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appealed; p. pr. & vb. n. Appealing.] Etym: [OE. appelen, apelen, to appeal, accuse, OF. appeler, fr. L. appellare to approach, address, invoke, summon, call, name; akin to appellere to drive to; ad + pellere to drive. See Pulse, and cf. Peal.] 1. (Law) (a) To make application for the removal of (a cause) from an inferior to a superior judge or court for a rehearing or review on account of alleged injustice or illegality in the trial below. We say, the cause was appealed from an inferior court. (b) To charge with a crime; to accuse; to institute a private criminal prosecution against for some heinous crime; as, to appeal a person of felony. 2. To summon; to challenge. [Archaic] Man to man will I appeal the Norman to the lists. Sir W. Scott. 3. To invoke. [Obs.] Milton. APPEAL Ap*peal", v. t. 1. (Law) Defn: To apply for the removal of a cause from an inferior to a superior judge or court for the purpose of reëxamination of for decision. Tomlins. I appeal unto Cæsar. Acts xxv. 11. 2. To call upon another to decide a question controverted, to corroborate a statement, to vindicate one's rights, etc.; as, I appeal to all mankind for the truth of what is alleged. Hence: To call on one for aid; to make earnest request. I appeal to the Scriptures in the original. Horsley. They appealed to the sword. Macaulay. APPEAL Ap*peal", n. Etym: [OE. appel, apel, OF. apel, F. appel, fr. appeler. See Appeal, v. t.] 1. (Law) (a) An application for the removal of a cause or suit from an inferior to a superior judge or court for reëxamination or review. (b) The mode of proceeding by which such removal is effected. (c) The right of appeal. (d) An accusation; a process which formerly might be instituted by one private person against another for some heinous crime demanding punishment for the particular injury suffered, rather than for the offense against the public. (e) An accusation of a felon at common law by one of his accomplices, which accomplice was then called an approver. See Approvement. Tomlins. Bouvier. 2. A summons to answer to a charge. Dryden. 3. A call upon a person or an authority for proof or decision, in one's favor; reference to another as witness; a call for help or a favor; entreaty. A kind of appeal to the Deity, the author of wonders. Bacon. 4. Resort to physical means; recourse. Every milder method is to be tried, before a nation makes an appeal to arms. Kent. APPEALABLE Ap*peal"a*ble, a. 1. Capable of being appealed against; that may be removed to a higher tribunal for decision; as, the cause is appealable. 2. That may be accused or called to answer by appeal; as, a criminal is appealable for manslaughter. [Obs.] APPEALANT Ap*peal"ant, n. Defn: An appellant. [Obs.] Shak. APPEALER Ap*peal"er, n. Defn: One who makes an appeal. APPEALING Ap*peal"ing, a. Defn: That appeals; imploring. -- Ap*peal"*ing*ly, adv. -- Ap*peal"ing*ness, n. APPEAR Ap*pear", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Appeared; p. pr. & vb. n. Appearing.] Etym: [OE. apperen, aperen, OF. aparoir, F. apparoir, fr. L. appar to appear + parto come forth, to be visible; prob. from the same root as par to produce. Cf. Apparent, Parent, Peer, v. i.] 1. To come or be in sight; to be in view; to become visible. And God . . . said, Let . . . the dry land appear. Gen. i. 9. 2. To come before the public; as, a great writer appeared at that time. 3. To stand in presence of some authority, tribunal, or superior person, to answer a charge, plead a cause, or the like; to present one's self as a party or advocate before a court, or as a person to be tried. We must all appear before the judgment seat. * Cor. v. 10. One ruffian escaped because no prosecutor dared to appear. Macaulay. 4. To become visible to the apprehension of the mind; to be known as a subject of observation or comprehension, or as a thing proved; to be obvious or manifest. It doth not yet appear what we shall be. 1 John iii. 2. Of their vain contest appeared no end. Milton. 5. To seem; to have a certain semblance; to look. They disfigure their faces, that they may appear unto men to fast. Matt. vi. 16. Syn. -- To seem; look. See Seem. APPEAR Ap*pear", n. Defn: Appearance. [Obs.] J. Fletcher. APPEARANCE Ap*pear"ance, n. Etym: [F. apparence, L. apparentia, fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. The act of appearing or coming into sight; the act of becoming visible to the eye; as, his sudden appearance surprised me. 2. A thing seed; a phenomenon; a phase; an apparition; as, an appearance in the sky. 3. Personal presence; exhibition of the person; look; aspect; mien. And now am come to see . . . It thy appearance answer loud report. Milton. 4. Semblance, or apparent likeness; external show. pl. Outward signs, or circumstances, fitted to make a particular impression or to determine the judgment as to the character of a person or a thing, an act or a state; as, appearances are against him. There was upon the tabernacle, as it were, the appearance of fire. Num. ix. 15. For man looketh on the outward appearance. 1 Sam. xvi. 7. Judge not according to the appearance. John. vii. 24. 5. The act of appearing in a particular place, or in society, a company, or any proceedings; a coming before the public in a particular character; as, a person makes his appearance as an historian, an artist, or an orator. Will he now retire, After appearance, and again prolong Our expectation Milton. 6. Probability; likelihood. [Obs.] There is that which hath no appearance. Bacon. 7. (Law) Defn: The coming into court of either of the parties; the being present in court; the coming into court of a party summoned in an action, either by himself or by his attorney, expressed by a formal entry by the proper officer to that effect; the act or proceeding by which a party proceeded against places himself before the court, and submits to its jurisdiction. Burrill. Bouvier. Daniell. To put in an appearance, to be present; to appear in person. -- To save appearances, to preserve a fair outward show. Syn. -- Coming; arrival; presence; semblance; pretense; air; look; manner; mien; figure; aspect. APPEARER Ap*pear"er, n. Defn: One who appears. Sir T. Browne. APPEARINGLY Ap*pear"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Apparently. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. APPEASABLE Ap*peas"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being appeased or pacified; placable. -- Ap*peas"a*ble*ness, n. APPEASE Ap*pease", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appealed; p. pr. & vb. n. Appeasing.] Etym: [OE. apesen, apaisen, OF. apaisier, apaissier, F. apaiser, fr. a (L. ad) + OF. pais peace, F. paix, fr. L. pax, pacis. See Peace.] Defn: To make quiet; to calm; to reduce to a state of peace; to still; to pacify; to dispel (anger or hatred); as, to appease the tumult of the ocean, or of the passions; to appease hunger or thirst. Syn. -- To pacify; quiet; conciliate; propitiate; assuage; compose; calm; allay; hush; soothe; tranquilize. APPEASEMENT Ap*pease"ment, n. Defn: The act of appeasing, or the state of being appeased; pacification. Hayward. APPEASER Ap*peas"er, n. Defn: One who appeases; a pacifier. APPEASIVE Ap*pea"sive, a. Defn: Tending to appease. APPEL Ap`pel", n. [F., prop., a call. See Appeal, n.] (Fencing) Defn: A tap or stamp of the foot as a warning of intent to attack; -- called also attack. APPELLABLE Ap*pel"la*ble, a. Defn: Appealable. APPELLANCY Ap*pel"lan*cy, n. Defn: Capability of appeal. APPELLANT Ap*pel"lant, a. Etym: [L. appellans, p. pr. of appellare; cf. F. appelant. See Appeal.] Defn: Relating to an appeal; appellate. "An appellant jurisdiction." Hallam. Party appellant (Law), the party who appeals; appellant; -- opposed to respondent, or appellee. Tomlins. APPELLANT Ap*pel"lant, n. 1. (Law) (a) One who accuses another of felony or treason. [Obs.] (b) One who appeals, or asks for a rehearing or review of a cause by a higher tribunal. 2. A challenger. [Obs.] Milton. 3. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One who appealed to a general council against the bull Unigenitus. 4. One who appeals or entreats. APPELLATE Ap*pel"late, a. Etym: [L. appelatus, p. p. of appellare.] Defn: Pertaining to, or taking cognizance of, appeals. "Appellate jurisdiction." Blackstone. "Appellate judges." Burke. Appelate court, a court having cognizance of appeals. APPELLATE Ap*pel"late, n. Defn: A person or prosecuted for a crime. [Obs.] See Appellee. APPELLATION Ap`pel*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. appellatio, fr. appellare: cf. F. appellation. See Appeal.] 1. The act of appealing; appeal. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. The act of calling by a name. 3. The word by which a particular person or thing is called and known; name; title; designation. They must institute some persons under the appellation of magistrates. Hume. Syn. -- See Name. APPELLATIVE Ap*pel"la*tive, a. Etym: [L. appellativus, fr. appellare: cf. F. appelatif. See Appeal.] 1. Pertaining to a common name; serving as a distinctive denomination; denominative; naming. Cudworth. 2. (gram.) Defn: Common, as opposed to proper; denominative of a class. APPELLATIVE Ap*pel"la*tive, n. Etym: [L. appelativum, sc. nomen.] 1. A common name, distinction from a proper name. A common name, or appellative, stands for a whole class, genus, or species of beings, or for universal ideas. Thus, tree is the name of all plants of a particular class; plant and vegetable are names of things that grow out of the earth. A proper name, on the other hand, stands for a single thing; as, Rome, Washington, Lake Erie. 2. An appellation or title; a descriptive name. God chosen it for one of his appellatives to be the Defender of them. Jer. Taylor. APPELLATIVELY Ap*pel"la*tive*ly, adv. Defn: After the manner of nouns appellative; in a manner to express whole classes or species; as, Hercules is sometimes used appellatively, that is, as a common name, to signify a strong man. APPELLATIVENESS Ap*pel"la*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being appellative. Fuller. APPELLATORY Ap*pel"la*tory, a. Etym: [L. appellatorius, fr. appellare.] Defn: Containing an appeal. An appellatory libel ought to contain the name of the party appellant. Ayliffe. APPELLEE Ap`pel*lee", n. Etym: [F. appelé, p. p. of appeler, fr. L. appellare.] (Law) (a) The defendant in an appeal; -- opposed to appellant. (b) The person who is appealed against, or accused of crime; -- opposed to appellor. Blackstone. APPELLOR Ap`pel*lor, n. Etym: [OF. apeleur, fr. L. appellator, fr. appellare.] (Law) (a) The person who institutes an appeal, or prosecutes another for a crime. Blackstone. (b) One who confesses a felony committed and accuses his accomplices. Blount. Burrill. Note: This word is rarely or never used for the plaintiff in appeal from a lower court, who is called the appellant. Appellee is opposed both to appellant and appellor. APPENAGE Ap"pen*age, n. Defn: See Appanage. APPEND Ap*pend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appended; p. pr. & vb. n. Appending.] Etym: [L. appendere or F. appendre: cf. OE. appenden, apenden, to belong, OF. apendre, F. appendre, fr. L. append, v. i., to hang to, append, v. t., to hang to; ad + pend, v. i., to hang, pend, v. t., to hang. See Pendant.] 1. To hang or attach to, as by a string, so that the thing is suspended; as, a seal appended to a record; the inscription was appended to the column. 2. To add, as an accessory to the principal thing; to annex; as, notes appended to this chapter. A further purpose appended to the primary one. I. Taylor. APPENDAGE Ap*pend"age, n. 1. Something appended to, or accompanying, a principal or greater thing, though not necessary to it, as a portico to a house. Modesty is the appendage of sobriety. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A subordinate or subsidiary part or organ; an external organ or limb, esp. of the articulates. Antennæ and other appendages used for feeling. Carpenter. Syn. -- Addition; adjunct; concomitant. APPENDAGED Ap*pend"aged, a. Defn: Furnished with, or supplemented by, an appendage. APPENDANCE Ap*pend"ance, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Something appendant. APPENDANT Ap*pend"ant, a. Etym: [F. appendant, p. pr. of appendre. See Append, v. t.] 1. Hanging; annexed; adjunct; concomitant; as, a seal appendant to a paper. As they have transmitted the benefit to us, it is but reasonable we should suffer the appendant calamity. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Law) Defn: Appended by prescription, that is, a personal usage for a considerable time; -- said of a thing of inheritance belonging to another inheritance which is superior or more worthy; as, an advowson, common, etc. , which may be appendant to a manor, common of fishing to a freehold, a seat in church to a house. Wharton. Coke. APPENDANT Ap*pend"ant, n. 1. Anything attached to another as incidental or subordinate to it. 2. (Law) Defn: A inheritance annexed by prescription to a superior inheritance. APPENDECTOMY; APPENDICECTOMY Ap`pen*dec"to*my, Ap*pend`i*cec"to*my, n. [Appendix + Gr., fr. excision.] (Surg.) Defn: Excision of the vermiform appendix. APPENDENCE; APPENDENCY Ap*pend"ence, Ap*pend"en*cy, n. Defn: State of being appendant; appendance. [Obs.] APPENDICAL Ap*pend"i*cal, a. Defn: Of or like an appendix. APPENDICATE Ap*pend"i*cate, v. t. Defn: To append. [Obs.] APPENDICATION Ap*pend`i*ca"tion, n. Defn: An appendage. [Obs.] APPENDICITIS Ap*pend`i*ci"tis, n. (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. APPENDICLE Ap*pend"i*cle, n. Etym: [L. appendicula, dim. of. appendix.] Defn: A small appendage. APPENDICULAR Ap`pen*dic"u*lar, a. Defn: Relating to an appendicle; appendiculate. [R.] APPENDICULARIA Ap`pen*dic`u*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small free-swimming Tunicata, shaped somewhat like a tadpole, and remarkable for resemblances to the larvæ of other Tunicata. It is the type of the order Copelata or Larvalia. See Illustration in Appendix. APPENDICULATA Ap`pen*dic`u*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of annelids; the Polychæta. APPENDICULATE Ap`pen*dic"u*late, a. Etym: [See Appendicle.] Defn: Having small appendages; forming an appendage. Appendiculate leaf, a small appended leaf. Withering. APPENDIX Ap*pen"dix, n.; pl. E. Appendixes, L. Appendices(#). Etym: [L. appendix, -dicis, fr. appendere. See Append.] 1. Something appended or added; an appendage, adjunct, or concomitant. Normandy became an appendix to England. Sir M. Hale. 2. Any literary matter added to a book, but not necessarily essential to its completeness, and thus distinguished from supplement, which is intended to supply deficiencies and correct inaccuracies. Syn. -- See Supplement. APPENDIX VERMIFORMIS Ap*pen"dix ver`mi*for"mis. [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: The vermiform appendix. APPENSION Ap*pen"sion, n. Defn: The act of appending. [Obs.] APPERCEIVE Ap`per*ceive", v. t. Etym: [F. apercevoir, fr. L. ad + percipere, perceptum, to perceive. See Perceive.] Defn: To perceive; to comprehend. Chaucer. APPERCEPTION Ap`per*cep"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. ad- + perception: cf. F. apperception.] (Metaph.) Defn: The mind's perception of itself as the subject or actor in its own states; perception that reflects upon itself; sometimes, intensified or energetic perception. Leibnitz. Reid. This feeling has been called by philosophers the apperception or consciousness of our own existence. Sir W. Hamilton. APPERIL Ap*per"il, n. Defn: Peril. [Obs.] Shak. APPERTAIN Ap`per*tain", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Appertained; p. pr. & vb. n. Appertaining.] Etym: [OE. apperteinen, apertenen, OF. apartenir, F. appartenir, fr. L. appertinere; ad + pertinere to reach to, belong. See Pertain.] Defn: To belong or pertain, whether by right, nature, appointment, or custom; to relate. Things appertaining to this life. Hooker. Give it unto him to whom it appertaineth. Lev. vi. 5. APPERTAINMENT Ap`per*tain"ment, n. Defn: That which appertains to a person; an appurtenance. [Obs. or R.] Shak. APPERTINANCE; APPERTINENCE Ap*per"ti*nance, Ap*per"ti*nence, n. Defn: See Appurtenance. APPERTINENT Ap*per"ti*nent, a. Defn: Belonging; appertaining. [Now usually written appurtenant.] Coleridge. APPERTINENT Ap*per"ti*nent, n. Defn: That which belongs to something else; an appurtenant. [Obs.] Shak. APPETE Ap*pete", v. t. Etym: [L. appetere: cf. F. appéter. See Appetite.] Defn: To seek for; to desire. [Obs.] Chaucer. APPETENCE Ap"pe*tence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. appétence. See Appetency.] Defn: A longing; a desire; especially an ardent desire; appetite; appetency. APPETENCY Ap"pe*ten*cy, n.; pl. Appetencies. Etym: [L. appetentia, fr. appetere to strive after, long for. See Appetite.] 1. Fixed and strong desire; esp. natural desire; a craving; an eager appetite. They had a strong appetency for reading. Merivale. 2. Specifically: An instinctive inclination or propensity in animals to perform certain actions, as in the young to suck, in aquatic fowls to enter into water and to swim; the tendency of an organized body to seek what satisfies the wants of its organism. These lacteals have mouths, and by animal selection or appetency the absorb such part of the fluid as is agreeable to their palate. E. Darwin. 3. Natural tendency; affinity; attraction; -- used of inanimate objects. APPETENT Ap"pe*tent, a. Etym: [L. appetens, p. pr. of appetere.] Defn: Desiring; eagerly desirous. [R.] Appetent after glory and renown. Sir G. Buck. APPETIBILITY Ap`pe*ti*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. appétibilité.] Defn: The quality of being desirable. Bramhall. APPETIBLE Ap"pe*ti*ble, a. Etym: [L. appetibilis, fr. appetere: cf. F. appétible.] Defn: Desirable; capable or worthy of being the object of desire. Bramhall. APPETITE Ap"pe*tite, n. Etym: [OE. appetit, F. appétit, fr. L. appetitus, fr. appetere to strive after, long for; ad + petere to seek. See Petition, and cf. Appetence.] 1. The desire for some personal gratification, either of the body or of the mind. The object of appetite it whatsoever sensible good may be wished for; the object of will is that good which reason does lead us to seek. Hooker. 2. Desire for, or relish of, food or drink; hunger. Men must have appetite before they will eat. Buckle. 3. Any strong desire; an eagerness or longing. It God had given to eagles an appetite to swim. Jer. Taylor. To gratify the vulgar appetite for the marvelous. Macaulay. 4. Tendency; appetency. [Obs.] In all bodies there as an appetite of union. Bacon. 5. The thing desired. [Obs.] Power being the natural appetite of princes. Swift. Note: In old authors, appetite is followed by to or of, but regularly it should be followed by for before the object; as, an appetite for pleasure. Syn. -- Craving; longing; desire; appetency; passion. APPETITION Ap`pe*ti"tion, n. Etym: [L. appetitio: cf. F. appétition.] Defn: Desire; a longing for, or seeking after, something. Holland. APPETITIVE Ap"pe*ti"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. appétitif.] Defn: Having the quality of desiring gratification; as, appetitive power or faculty. Sir M. Hale. APPETIZE Ap"pe*tize, v. t. Defn: To make hungry; to whet the appetite of. Sir W. Scott. APPETIZER Ap"pe*ti`zer, n. Defn: Something which creates or whets an appetite. APPETIZING Ap"pe*ti`zing, a. Etym: [Cf. F. appétissant.] Defn: Exciting appetite; as, appetizing food. The appearance of the wild ducks is very appetizing. Sir W. Scott. APPETIZING Ap"pe*ti`zing, adv. Defn: So as to excite appetite. APPIAN Ap"pi*an, a. Etym: [L. Appius, Appianus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Appius. Appian Way, the great paved highway from ancient Rome trough Capua to Brundisium, now Brindisi, constructed partly by Appius Claudius, about 312 b. c. APPLAUD Ap*plaud", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Applauding.] Etym: [L. applaudere; ad + plaudere to clash, to clap the hands: cf. F. applaudir. Cf. Explode.] 1. To show approval of by clapping the hands, acclamation, or other significant sign. I would applaud thee to the very echo, That should applaud again. Shak. 2. To praise by words; to express approbation of; to commend; to approve. By the gods, I do applaud his courage. Shak. Syn. -- To praise; extol; commend; cry up; magnify; approve. See Praise. APPLAUD Ap*plaud", v. i. Defn: To express approbation loudly or significantly. APPLAUDER Ap*plaud"er, n. Defn: One who applauds. APPLAUSABLE Ap*plaus"a*ble, a. Defn: Worthy pf applause; praiseworthy. [Obs.] APPLAUSE Ap*plause", n. Etym: [L. applaudere, app. See Applaud.] Defn: The act of applauding; approbation and praise publicly expressed by clapping the hands, stamping or tapping with the feet, acclamation, huzzas, or other means; marked commendation. The brave man seeks not popular applause. Dryden. Syn. -- Acclaim; acclamation; plaudit; commendation; approval. APPLAUSIVE Ap*plau"sive, a. Etym: [LL. applausivus.] Defn: Expressing applause; approbative. -- Ap*plau"sive*ly, adv. APPLE Ap"ple, n. Etym: [OE. appel, eppel, AS. æppel, æpl; akin to Fries. & D. appel, OHG, aphul, aphol, G. apfel, Icel. epli, Sw. äple, Dan. æble, Gael. ubhall, W. afal, Arm. aval, Lith. ob, Russ. iabloko; of unknown origin.] 1. The fleshy pome or fruit of a rosaceous tree (Pyrus malus) cultivated in numberless varieties in the temperate zones. Note: The European crab apple is supposed to be the original kind, from which all others have sprung. 2. (bot.) Defn: Any tree genus Pyrus which has the stalk sunken into the base of the fruit; an apple tree. 3. Any fruit or other vegetable production resembling, or supposed to resemble, the apple; as, apple of love, or love apple (a tomato), balsam apple, egg apple, oak apple. 4. Anything round like an apple; as, an apple of gold. Note: Apple is used either adjectively or in combination; as, apple paper or apple-paper, apple-shaped, apple blossom, apple dumpling, apple pudding. Apple blight, an aphid which injures apple trees. See Blight, n. -- Apple borer (Zoöl.), a coleopterous insect (Saperda candida or bivittata), the larva of which bores into the trunk of the apple tree and pear tree. -- Apple brandy, brandy made from apples. -- Apple butter, a sauce made of apples stewed down in cider. Bartlett. -- Apple corer, an instrument for removing the cores from apples. -- Apple fly (Zoöl.), any dipterous insect, the larva of which burrows in apples. Apple flies belong to the genera Drosophila and Trypeta. -- Apple midge (Zoöl.) a small dipterous insect (Sciara mali), the larva of which bores in apples. -- Apple of the eye, the pupil. -- Apple of discord, a subject of contention and envy, so called from the mythological golden apple, inscribed "For the fairest," which was thrown into an assembly of the gods by Eris, the goddess of discord. It was contended for by Juno, Minerva, and Venus, and was adjudged to the latter. -- Apple of love, or Love apple, the tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). -- Apple of Peru, a large coarse herb (Nicandra physaloides) bearing pale blue flowers, and a bladderlike fruit inclosing a dry berry. -- Apples of Sodom, a fruit described by ancient writers as externally of air appearance but dissolving into smoke and ashes plucked; Dead Sea apples. The name is often given to the fruit of Solanum Sodomæum, a prickly shrub with fruit not unlike a small yellow tomato. -- Apple sauce, stewed apples. [U. S.] -- Apple snail or Apple shell (Zoöl.), a fresh-water, operculated, spiral shell of the genus Ampullaria. -- Apple tart, a tart containing apples. -- Apple tree, a tree naturally bears apples. See Apple, 2. -- Apple wine, cider. -- Apple worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a small moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) which burrows in the interior of apples. See Codling moth. -- Dead Sea Apple. (a) pl. Apples of Sodom. Also Fig. "To seek the Dead Sea apples of politics." S. B. Griffin. (b) A kind of gallnut coming from Arabia. See Gallnut. APPLE Ap"ple, v. i. Defn: To grow like an apple; to bear apples. Holland. APPLE-FACED Ap"ple-faced`, a. Defn: Having a round, broad face, like an apple. "Apple-faced children." Dickens. APPLE-JACK Ap"ple-jack`, n. Defn: Apple brandy. [U.S.] APPLE-JOHN Ap"ple-john`, n.. Defn: A kind of apple which by keeping becomes much withered; -- called also Johnapple. Shak. APPLE PIE Ap"ple pie`. Defn: A pie made of apples (usually sliced or stewed) with spice and sugar. Apple-pie bed, a bed in which, as a joke, the sheets are so doubled (like the cover of an apple turnover) as to prevent any one from getting at his length between them. Halliwell, Conybeare. -- Apple-pie order, perfect order or arrangement. [Colloq.] Halliwell. APPLE-SQUIRE Ap"ple-squire`, n. Defn: A pimp; a kept gallant. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. APPLIABLE Ap*pli"a*ble, a. Etym: [See Apply.] Defn: Applicable; also, compliant. [Obs.] Howell. APPLIANCE Ap*pli"ance, n. 1. The act of applying; application; [Obs.] subservience. Shak. 2. The thing applied or used as a means to an end; an apparatus or device; as, to use various appliances; a mechanical appliance; a machine with its appliances. APPLICABILITY Ap`pli*ca*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being applicable or fit to be applied. APPLICABLE Ap"pli*ca*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. aplicable, fr. L. applicare. See Apply.] Defn: Capable of being applied; fit or suitable to be applied; having relevance; as, this observation is applicable to the case under consideration. -- Ap"pli*ca*ble*ness, n. -- Ap"pli*ca*bly, adv. APPLICANCY Ap"pli*can*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being applicable. [R.] APPLICANT Ap"pli*cant, n. Etym: [L. applicans, p. pr. of applicare. See Apply.] Defn: One who apples for something; one who makes request; a petitioner. The applicant for a cup of water. Plumtre. The court require the applicant to appear in person. Z. Swift. APPLICATE Ap"pli*cate, a. Etym: [L. applicatus, p. p. of applicare. See Apply.] Defn: Applied or put to some use. Those applicate sciences which extend the power of man over the elements. I. Taylor. Applicate number (Math.), one which applied to some concrete case. -- Applicate ordinate, right line applied at right angles to the axis of any conic section, and bounded by the curve. APPLICATE Ap"pli*cate, v. i. Defn: To apply. [Obs.] The act of faith is applicated to the object. Bp. Pearson. APPLICATION Ap`pli*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. applicatio, fr. applicare: cf. F. application. See Apply.] 1. The act of applying or laying on, in a literal sense; as, the application of emollients to a diseased limb. 2. The thing applied. He invented a new application by which blood might be stanched. Johnson. 3. The act of applying as a means; the employment of means to accomplish an end; specific use. If a right course . . . be taken with children, there will not be much need of the application of the common rewards and punishments. Locke. 4. The act of directing or referring something to a particular case, to discover or illustrate agreement or disagreement, fitness, or correspondence; as, I make the remark, and leave you to make the application; the application of a theory. 5. Hence, in specific uses: (a) That part of a sermon or discourse in which the principles before laid down and illustrated are applied to practical uses; the "moral" of a fable. (b) The use of the principles of one science for the purpose of enlarging or perfecting another; as, the application of algebra to geometry. 6. The capacity of being practically applied or used; relevancy; as, a rule of general application. 7. The act of fixing the mind or closely applying one's self; assiduous effort; close attention; as, to injure the health by application to study. Had his application been equal to his talents, his progress night have been greater. J. Jay. 8. The act of making request of soliciting; as, an application for an office; he made application to a court of chancery. 9. A request; a document containing a request; as, his application was placed on file. APPLICATIVE Ap"pli*ca*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. applicatif, fr. L. applicare. See Apply.] Defn: Having of being applied or used; applying; applicatory; practical. Bramhall. -- Ap"pli*ca*tive*ly, adv. APPLICATORILY Ap"pli*ca*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: By way of application. APPLICATORY Ap"pli*ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Having the property of applying; applicative; practical. -- n. Defn: That which applies. APPLIEDLY Ap*pli"ed*ly, adv. Defn: By application. [R.] APPLIER Ap*pli"er, n. Defn: He who, or that which, applies. APPLIMENT Ap*pli"ment, n. Defn: Application. [Obs.] Marston APPLIQUE Ap`pli`qué", a. Etym: [F., fr. appliquer to put on.] Defn: Ornamented with a pattern (which has been cut out of another color or stuff) applied or transferred to a foundation; as, appliqué lace; appliqué work. APPLOT Ap*plot", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Applotting.] Etym: [Pref. ad- + plot.] Defn: To divide into plots or parts; to apportion. Milton. APPLOTMENT Ap*plot"ment, n. Defn: Apportionment. APPLY Ap*ply", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applied; p. pr. & vb. n. Applying.] Etym: [OF. aplier, F. appliquer, fr. L. applicare to join, fix, or attach to; ad + plicare to fold, to twist together. See Applicant, Ply.] 1. To lay or place; to put or adjust (one thing to another); -- with to; as, to apply the hand to the breast; to apply medicaments to a diseased part of the body. He said, and the sword his throat applied. Dryden. 2. To put to use; to use or employ for a particular purpose, or in a particular case; to appropriate; to devote; as, to apply money to the payment of a debt. 3. To make use of, declare, or pronounce, as suitable, fitting, or relative; as, to apply the testimony to the case; to apply an epithet to a person. Yet God at last To Satan, first in sin, his doom applied. Milton. 4. To fix closely; to engage and employ diligently, or with attention; to attach; to incline. Apply thine heart unto instruction. Prov. xxiii. 12. 5. To direct or address. [R.] Sacred vows . . . applied to grisly Pluto. Pope. 6. To betake; to address; to refer; -- used reflexively. I applied myself to him for help. Johnson. 7. To busy; to keep at work; to ply. [Obs.] She was skillful in applying his "humors." Sir P. Sidney. 8. To visit. [Obs.] And he applied each place so fast. Chapman. Applied chemistry. See under Chemistry. -- Applied mathematics. See under Mathematics. APPLY Ap*ply", v. i. 1. To suit; to agree; to have some connection, agreement, or analogy; as, this argument applies well to the case. 2. To make request; to have recourse with a view to gain something; to make application. (to); to solicit; as, to apply to a friend for information. 3. To ply; to move. [R.] I heard the sound of an oar applying swiftly through the water. T. Moore. 4. To apply or address one's self; to give application; to attend closely (to). APPOGGIATURA Ap*pog`gia*tu"ra, n. Etym: [It., fr. appogiarre to lean, to rest; ap- (L. ad) + poggiare to mount, ascend, poggio hill, fr. L. podium an elevated place.] (Mus.) Defn: A passing tone preceding an essential tone, and borrowing the time it occupies from that; a short auxiliary or grace note one degree above or below the principal note unless it be of the same harmony; -- generally indicated by a note of smaller size, as in the illustration above. It forms no essential part of the harmony. APPOINT Ap*point", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Appointing.] Etym: [OE. appointen, apointen, OF. apointier to prepare, arrange, lean, place, F. appointer to give a salary, refer a cause, fr. LL. appunctare to bring back to the point, restore, to fix the point in a controversy, or the points in an agreement; L. ad + punctum a point. See Point.] 1. To fix with power or firmness; to establish; to mark out. When he appointed the foundations of the earth. Prov. viii. 29. 2. To fix by a decree, order, command, resolve, decision, or mutual agreement; to constitute; to ordain; to prescribe; to fix the time and place of. Thy servants are ready to do whatsoever my lord the king shall appoint. 2 Sam. xv. 15. He hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness. Acts xvii. 31. Say that the emperor request a parley . . . and appoint the meeting. Shak. 3. To assign, designate, or set apart by authority. Aaron and his shall go in, and appoint them every one to his service. Num. iv. 19. These were cities appointed for all the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them. Josh. xx. 9. 4. To furnish in all points; to provide with everything necessary by way of equipment; to equip; to fit out. The English, being well appointed, did so entertain them that their ships departed terribly torn. Hayward. 5. To point at by way, or for the purpose, of censure or commendation; to arraign. [Obs.] Appoint not heavenly disposition. Milton. 6. (Law) Defn: To direct, designate, or limit; to make or direct a new disposition of, by virtue of a power contained in a conveyance; -- said of an estate already conveyed. Burrill. Kent. To appoint one's self, to resolve. [Obs.] Crowley. APPOINT Ap*point", v. i. Defn: To ordain; to determine; to arrange. For the Lord had appointed to defeat the good counsel of Ahithoph2 Sam. xvii. 14. APPOINTABLE Ap*point"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being appointed or constituted. APPOINTEE Ap*point*ee", n. Etym: [F. appointé, p. p. of appointer. See Appoint, v. t.] 1. A person appointed. The commission authorizes them to make appointments, and pay the appointees. Circular of Mass. Representatives (1768). 2. (law) Defn: A person in whose favor a power of appointment is executed. Kent. Wharton. APPOINTER Ap*point"er, n. Defn: One who appoints, or executes a power of appointment. Kent. APPOINTIVE Ap*point"ive, a. Defn: Subject to appointment; as, an appointive office. [R.] APPOINTMENT Ap*point"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. appointement.] 1. The act of appointing; designation of a person to hold an office or discharge a trust; as, he erred by the appointment of unsuitable men. 2. The state of being appointed to somappointment of treasurer. 3. Stipulation; agreement; the act of fixing by mutual agreement. Hence:: Arrangement for a meeting; engagement; as, they made an appointment to meet at six. 4. Decree; direction; established order or constitution; as, to submit to the divine appointments. According to the appointment of the priests. Ezra vi. 9. 5. (Law) Defn: The exercise of the power of designating (under a "power of appointment") a person to enjoy an estate or other specific property; also, the instrument by which the designation is made. 6. Equipment, furniture, as for a ship or an army; whatever is appointed for use and management; outfit; (pl.) the accouterments of military officers or soldiers, as belts, sashes, swords. The cavaliers emulated their chief in the richness of their appointments. Prescott. I'll prove it in my shackles, with these hands Void of appoinment, that thou liest. Beau. & Fl. 7. An allowance to a person, esp. to a public officer; a perquisite; -- properly only in the plural. [Obs.] An expense proportioned to his appointments and fortune is necessary. Chesterfield. 8. A honorary part or exercise, as an oration, etc., at a public exhibition of a college; as, to have an appointment. [U.S.] Syn. -- Designation; command; order; direction; establishment; equipment. APPOINTOR Ap*point*or", n. (Law) Defn: The person who selects the appointee. See Appointee, 2. APPORTER Ap*por"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. F. apporter to bring in, fr. L. apportare; ad + portare to bear.] Defn: A bringer in; an importer. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. APPORTION Ap*por"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apportioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Apportioning.] Etym: [OF. apportionner, LL. apportionare, fr. L. ad + portio. See Portion.] Defn: To divide and assign in just proportion; to divide and distribute proportionally; to portion out; to allot; as, to apportion undivided rights; to apportion time among various employments. APPORTIONATENESS Ap*por"tion*ate*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being apportioned or in proportion. [Obs. & R.] APPORTIONER Ap*por"tion*er, n. Defn: One who apportions. APPORTIONMENT Ap*por"tion*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. apportionnement, LL. apportionamentum.] Defn: The act of apportioning; a dividing into just proportions or shares; a division or shares; a division and assignment, to each proprietor, of his just portion of an undivided right or property. A. Hamilton. APPOSABLE Ap*pos"a*ble, a. (Anat.) Defn: Capable of being apposed, or applied one to another, as the thumb to the fingers of the hand. APPOSE Ap*pose", v. t. Etym: [F. apposer to set to; ad) + poser to put, place. See Pose.] 1. To place opposite or before; to put or apply (one thing to another). The nymph herself did then appose, For food and beverage, to him all best meat. Chapman. 2. To place in juxtaposition or proximity. APPOSE Ap*pose", v. t. Etym: [For oppose. See Oppose.] Defn: To put questions to; to examine; to try. [Obs.] See Pose. To appose him without any accuser, and that secretly. Tyndale. APPOSED Ap*posed", a. Defn: Placed in apposition; mutually fitting, as the mandibles of a bird's beak. APPOSER Ap*pos"er, n. Defn: An examiner; one whose business is to put questions. Formerly, in the English Court of Exchequer, an officer who audited the sheriffs' accounts. APPOSITE Ap"po*site, a. Etym: [L. appositus, p. p. of apponere to set or put to; ad + ponere to put, place.] Defn: Very applicable; well adapted; suitable or fit; relevant; pat; -- followed by to; as, this argument is very apposite to the case. -- Ap"po*site*ly, adv. -- Ap"po*site*ness, n. APPOSITION Ap`po*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. appositio, fr. apponere: cf. F. apposition. See Apposite.] 1. The act of adding; application; accretion. It grows . . . by the apposition of new matter. Arbuthnot. 2. The putting of things in juxtaposition, or side by side; also, the condition of being so placed. 3. (Gram.) Defn: The state of two nouns or pronouns, put in the same case, without a connecting word between them; as, I admire Cicero, the orator. Here, the second noun explains or characterizes the first. Growth by apposition (Physiol.), a mode of growth characteristic of non vascular tissues, in which nutritive matter from the blood is transformed on the surface of an organ into solid unorganized substance. APPOSITIONAL Ap`po*si"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to apposition; put in apposition syntactically. Ellicott. APPOSITIVE Ap*pos"i*tive, a. Defn: Of or relating to apposition; in apposition. -- n. Defn: A noun in apposition. -- Ap*pos"i*tive*ly, adv. Appositive to the words going immediately before. Knatchbull. APPRAISABLE Ap*prais"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being appraised. APPRAISAL Ap*prais"al, n. Etym: [See Appraise. Cf. Apprizal.] Defn: A valuation by an authorized person; an appraisement. APPRAISE Ap*praise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appraised; p. pr. & vb. n. Appraising.] Etym: [Pref. ad- + praise. See Praise, Price, Apprize, Appreciate.] 1. To set a value; to estimate the worth of, particularly by persons appointed for the purpose; as, to appraise goods and chattels. 2. To estimate; to conjecture. Enoch . . . appraised his weight. Tennyson. 3. To praise; to commend. [Obs.] R. Browning. Appraised the Lycian custom. Tennyson. Note: In the United States, this word is often pronounced, and sometimes written, apprize. APPRAISEMENT Ap*praise"ment, n. Etym: [See Appraise. Cf. Apprizement.] Defn: The act of setting the value; valuation by an appraiser; estimation of worth. APPRAISER Ap*prais"er, n. Etym: [See Appraise, Apprizer.] Defn: One who appraises; esp., a person appointed and sworn to estimate and fix the value of goods or estates. APPRECATION Ap`pre*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. apprecari to pray to; ad + precari to pray, prex, precis, prayer.] Defn: Earnest prayer; devout wish. [Obs.] A solemn apprecation of good success. Bp. Hall. APPRECATORY Ap"pre*ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Praying or wishing good. [Obs.]"Apprecatory benedictions." Bp. Hall. APPRECIABLE Ap*pre"ci*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. appréciable.] Defn: Capable of being appreciated or estimated; large enough to be estimated; perceptible; as, an appreciable quantity. -- Ap*pre"ci*a*bly, adv. APPRECIANT Ap*pre"ci*ant, a. Defn: Appreciative. [R.] APPRECIATE Ap*pre"ci*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appreciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Appreciating.] Etym: [L. appretiatus, p. p. of appretiare to value at a price, appraise; ad + pretiare to prize, pretium price. Cf. Appraise.] 1. To set a price or value on; to estimate justly; to value. To appreciate the motives of their enemies. Gibbon. 3. To raise the value of; to increase the market price of; -- opposed to depreciate. [U.S.] Lest a sudden peace should appreciate the money. Ramsay. 4. To be sensible of; to distinguish. To test the power of bappreciate color. Lubbock. Syn. -- To Appreciate, Estimate, Esteem. Estimate is an act of judgment; esteem is an act of valuing or prizing, and when applied to individuals, denotes a sentiment of moral approbation. See Estimate. Appreciate lies between the two. As compared with estimate, it supposes a union of sensibility with judgment, producing a nice and delicate perception. As compared with esteem, it denotes a valuation of things according to their appropriate and distinctive excellence, and not simply their moral worth. Thus, with reference to the former of these (delicate perception), an able writer says. "Women have a truer appreciation of character than men;" and another remarks, "It is difficult to appreciate the true force and distinctive sense of terms which we are every day using." So, also, we speak of the difference between two things, as sometimes hardly appreciable. With reference to the latter of these (that of valuation as the result of a nice perception), we say, "It requires a peculiar cast of character to appreciate the poetry of Wordsworth;" "He who has no delicacy himself, can not appreciate it in others;" "The thought of death is salutary, because it leads us to appreciate worldly things aright." Appreciate is much used in cases where something is in danger of being overlooked or undervalued; as when we speak of appreciating the difficulties of a subject, or the risk of an undertaking. So Lord Plunket, referring to an "ominous silence" which prevailed among the Irish peasantry, says, "If you knew now to appreciate that silence, it is more formidable than the most clamorous opposition." In like manner, a person who asks some favor of another is apt to say, "I trust you will appreciate my motives in this request." Here we have the key to a very frequent use of the word. It is hardly necessary to say that appreciate looks on the favorable side of things. we never speak of appreciating a man's faults, but his merits. This idea of regarding things favorably appears more fully in the word appreciative; as when we speak of an appreciative audience, or an appreciative review, meaning one that manifests a quick perception and a ready valuation of excellence. APPRECIATE Ap*pre"ci*ate, v. i. Defn: To rise in value. [See note under Rise, v. i.] J. Morse. APPRECIATINGLY Ap*pre"ci*a`ting*ly, adv. Defn: In an appreciating manner; with appreciation. APPRECIATION Ap*pre`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. appréciation.] 1. A just valuation or estimate of merit, worth, weight, etc.; recognition of excellence. 2. Accurate perception; true estimation; as, an appreciation of the difficulties before us; an appreciation of colors. His foreboding showed his appreciation of Henry's character. J. R. Green. 3. A rise in value; -- opposed to depreciation. APPRECIATIVE Ap*pre"ci*a*tive, a. Defn: Having or showing a just or ready appreciation or perception; as, an appreciative audience. -- Ap*pre"ci*a*tive*ly, adv. APPRECIATIVENESS Ap*pre"ci*a*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being appreciative; quick recognition of excellence. APPRECIATOR Ap*pre"ci*a`tor, n. Defn: One who appreciates. APPRECIATORY Ap*pre"ci*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Showing appreciation; appreciative; as, appreciatory commendation. -- Ap*pre"ci*a*to*ri*ly, adv. APPREHEND Ap`pre*hend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprehending.] Etym: [L. apprehendere; ad + prehendere to lay hold of, seize; prae before + -hendere (used only in comp.); akin to Gr. get: cf. F. appréhender. See Prehensile, Get.] 1. To take or seize; to take hold of. [Archaic] We have two hands to apprehended it. Jer. Taylor. 2. Hence: To take or seize (a person) by legal process; to arrest; as, to apprehend a criminal. 3. To take hold of with the understanding, that is, to conceive in the mind; to become cognizant of; to understand; to recognize; to consider. This suspicion of Earl Reimund, though at first but a buzz, soon got a sting in the king's head, and he violently apprehended it. Fuller. The eternal laws, such as the heroic age apprehended them. Gladstone. 4. To know or learn with certainty. [Obs.] G. You are too much distrustful of my truth. E. Then you must give me leave to apprehend The means and manner how. Beau. & Fl. 5. To anticipate; esp., to anticipate with anxiety, dread, or fear; to fear. The opposition had more reason than the king to apprehend violence. Macaulay. Syn. -- To catch; seize; arrest; detain; capture; conceive; understand; imagine; believe; fear; dread. -- To Apprehend, Comprehend. These words come into comparison as describing acts of the mind. Apprehend denotes the laying hold of a thing mentally, so as to understand it clearly, at least in part. Comprehend denotes the embracing or understanding it in all its compass and extent. We may apprehended many truths which we do not comprehend. The very idea of God supposes that he may be apprehended, though not comprehended, by rational beings. "We may apprehended much of Shakespeare's aim and intention in the character of Hamlet or King Lear; but few will claim that they have comprehended all that is embraced in these characters." Trench. APPREHEND Ap`pre*hend", v. i. 1. To think, believe, or be of opinion; to understand; to suppose. 2. To be apprehensive; to fear. It is worse to apprehend than to suffer. Rowe. APPREHENDER Ap`pre*hend"er, n. Defn: One who apprehends. APPREHENSIBIITY Ap`pre*hen`si*bi"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being apprehensible. [R.] De Quincey. APPREHENSIBLE Ap`pre*hen"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. apprehensibilis. See Apprehend.] Defn: Capable of being apprehended or conceived. "Apprehensible by faith." Bp. Hall. -- Ap`*pre*hen"si*bly, adv. APPREHENSION Ap`pre*hen"sion, n. Etym: [L. apprehensio: cf. F. appréhension. See Apprehend.] 1. The act of seizing or taking hold of; seizure; as, the hand is an organ of apprehension. Sir T. Browne. 2. The act of seizing or taking by legal process; arrest; as, the felon, after his apprehension, escaped. 3. The act of grasping with the intellect; the contemplation of things, without affirming, denying, or passing any judgment; intellection; perception. Simple apprehension denotes no more than the soul's naked intellection of an object. Glanvill. 4. Opinion; conception; sentiment; idea. Note: In this sense, the word often denotes a belief, founded on sufficient evidence to give preponderation to the mind, but insufficient to induce certainty; as, in our apprehension, the facts prove the issue. To false, and to be thought false, is all one in respect of men, who act not according to truth, but apprehension. South. 5. The faculty by which ideas are conceived; understanding; as, a man of dull apprehension. 6. Anticipation, mostly of things unfavorable; distrust or fear at the prospect of future evil. After the death of his nephew Caligula, Claudius was in no small apprehension for his own life. Addison. Syn. -- Apprehension, Alarm. Apprehension springs from a sense of danger when somewhat remote, but approaching; alarm arises from danger when announced as near at hand. Apprehension is calmer and more permanent; alarm is more agitating and transient. APPREHENSIVE Ap`pre*hen"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. appréhensif. See Apprehend.] 1. Capable of apprehending, or quick to do so; apt; discerning. It may be pardonable to imagine that a friend, a kind and apprehensive . . . friend, is listening to our talk. Hawthorne. 2. Knowing; conscious; cognizant. [R.] A man that has spent his younger years in vanity and folly, and is, by the grace of God, apprehensive of it. Jer. Taylor. 3. Relating to the faculty of apprehension. Judgment . . . is implied in every apprehensive act. Sir W. Hamilton. 4. Anticipative of something unfavorable' fearful of what may be coming; in dread of possible harm; in expectation of evil. Not at all apprehensive of evils as a distance. Tillotson. Reformers . . . apprehensive for their lives. Gladstone. 5. Sensible; feeling; perceptive. [R.] Thoughts, my tormentors, armed with deadly stings, Mangle my apprehensive, tenderest parts. Milton. APPREHENSIVELY Ap`pre*hen"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In an apprehensive manner; with apprehension of danger. APPREHENSIVENESS Ap`pre*hen"sive*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being apprehensive. APPRENTICE Ap*pren"tice, n. Etym: [OE. apprentice, prentice, OF. aprentis, nom. of aprentif, fr. apprendare to learn, L. apprendere, equiv. to apprehendere, to take hold of (by the mind), to comprehend. See Apprehend, Prentice.] 1. One who is bound by indentures or by legal agreement to serve a mechanic, or other person, for a certain time, with a view to learn the art, or trade, in which his master is bound to instruct him. 2. One not well versed in a subject; a tyro. 3. (Old law) Defn: A barrister, considered a learner of law till of sixteen years' standing, when he might be called to the rank of serjeant. [Obs.] Blackstone. APPRENTICE Ap*pren"tice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprenticed; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprenticing.] Defn: To bind to, or put under the care of, a master, for the purpose of instruction in a trade or business. APPRENTICEAGE Ap*pren"tice*age, n. Etym: [F. apprentissage.] Defn: Apprenticeship. [Obs.] APPRENTICEHOOD Ap*pren"tice*hood, n. Defn: Apprenticeship. [Obs.] APPRENTICESHIP Ap*pren"tice*ship, n. 1. The service or condition of an apprentice; the state in which a person is gaining instruction in a trade or art, under legal agreement. 2. The time an apprentice is serving (sometimes seven years, as from the age of fourteen to twenty-one). APPRESSED; APPREST Ap*pressed", Ap*prest", a. Etym: [p. p. appress, which is not in use. See Adpress.] (Bot.) Defn: Pressed close to, or lying against, something for its whole length, as against a stem, Gray. APPRISE Ap*prise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprised; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprising.] Etym: [F. appris, fem. apprise, p. p. apprendre to learn, to teach, to inform. Cf. Apprehend, Apprentice.] Defn: To give notice, verbal or written; to inform; -- followed by of; as, we will apprise the general of an intended attack; he apprised the commander of what he had done. APPRISE Ap*prise", n. Defn: Notice; information. [Obs.] Gower. APPRIZAL Ap*priz"al, n. Defn: See Appraisal. APPRIZE Ap*prize", v. t. Etym: [The same as Appraise, only more accommodated to the English form of the L. pretiare.] Defn: To appraise; to value; to appreciate. APPRIZEMENT Ap*prize"ment, n. Defn: Appraisement. APPRIZER Ap*priz"er, n. 1. An appraiser. 2. (Scots Law) Defn: A creditor for whom an appraisal is made. Sir W. Scott. APPROACH Ap*proach", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Approached; p. pr. & vb. n. Approaching.] Etym: [OE. approchen, aprochen, OF. approcher, LL. appropriare, fr. L. ad + propiare to draw near, prope near.] 1. To come or go near, in place or time; to draw nigh; to advance nearer. Wherefore approached ye so nigh unto the city 2 Sam. xi. 20. But exhorting one another; and so much the more, as ye see the day approaching. Heb. x. 25. 2. To draw near, in a figurative sense; to make advances; to approximate; as, he approaches to the character of the ablest statesman. APPROACH Ap*proach", v. t. 1. To bring near; to cause to draw near; to advance. [Archaic] Boyle. 2. To come near to in place, time, or character; to draw nearer to; as, to approach the city; to approach my cabin; he approached the age of manhood. He was an admirable poet, and thought even to have approached Homer. Temple. 3. (Mil.) Defn: To take approaches to. APPROACH Ap*proach", n. Etym: [Cf. F. approche. See Approach, v. i.] 1. The act of drawing near; a coming or advancing near. "The approach of summer." Horsley. A nearer approach to the human type. Owen. 2. A access, or opportunity of drawing near. The approach to kings and principal persons. Bacon. 3. pl. Defn: Movements to gain favor; advances. 4. A way, passage, or avenue by which a place or buildings can be approached; an access. Macaulay. 5. pl. (Fort.) Defn: The advanced works, trenches, or covered roads made by besiegers in their advances toward a fortress or military post. 6. (Hort.) Defn: See Approaching. APPROACHABILITY Ap*proach`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being approachable; approachableness. APPROACHABLE Ap*proach"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being approached; accessible; as, approachable virtue. APPROACHABLENESS Ap*proach"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being approachable; accessibility. APPROACHER Ap*proach"er, n. Defn: One who approaches. APPROACHING Ap*proach"ing, n. (Hort.) Defn: The act of ingrafting a sprig or shoot of one tree into another, without cutting it from the parent stock; -- called, also, inarching and grafting by approach. APPROACHLESS Ap*proach"less, a. Defn: Impossible to be approached. APPROACHMENT Ap*proach"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. approachement.] Defn: Approach. [Archaic] Holland. APPROBATE Ap"pro*bate, a. Etym: [L. approbatus, p. p. of approbare to approve.] Defn: Approved. [Obs.] Elyot. APPROBATE Ap"pro*bate, v. t. Defn: To express approbation of; to approve; to sanction officially. I approbate the one, I reprobate the other. Sir W. Hamilton. Note: This word is obsolete in England, but is occasionally heard in the United States, chiefly in a technical sense for license; as, a person is approbated to preach; approbated to keep a public house. Pickering (1816). APPROBATION Ap`pro*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. approbatio: cf. F. approbation. See Approve to prove.] 1. Proof; attestation. [Obs.] Shak. 2. The act of approving; an assenting to the propriety of a thing with some degree of pleasure or satisfaction; approval; sanction; commendation. Many . . . joined in a loud hum of approbation. Macaulay. The silent approbation of one's own breast. Melmoth. Animals . . . love approbation or praise. Darwin. 3. Probation or novitiate. [Obs.] This day my sister should the cloister enter, And there receive her approbation. Shak. Syn. -- Approval; liking; sanction; consent; concurrence. -- Approbation, Approval. Approbation and approval have the same general meaning, assenting to or declaring as good, sanction, commendation; but approbation is stronger and more positive. "We may be anxious for the approbation of our friends; but we should be still more anxious for the approval of our own consciences." "He who is desirous to obtain universal approbation will learn a good lesson from the fable of the old man and his ass." "The work has been examined by several excellent judges, who have expressed their unqualified approval of its plan and execution." APPROBATIVE Ap"pro*ba*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. approbatif.] Defn: Approving, or implying approbation. Milner. APPROBATIVENESS Ap"pro*ba*tive*ness, n. 1. The quality of being approbative. 2. (Phren.) Defn: Love of approbation. APPROBATOR Ap"pro*ba`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who approves. [R.] APPROBATORY Ap"pro*ba`to*ry, a. Defn: Containing or expressing approbation; commendatory. Sheldon. APPROMT Ap*promt", v. t. Etym: [Pref. ad- + promt.] Defn: To quicken; to prompt. [Obs.] To appromt our invention. Bacon. APPROOF Ap*proof", n. Etym: [See Approve, and Proof.] 1. Trial; proof. [Archaic] Shak. 2. Approval; commendation. Shak. APPROPINQUATE Ap`pro*pin"quate, v. i. Etym: [L. appropinquatus, p. p. of appropinquare; ad + prope near.] Defn: To approach. [Archaic] Ld. Lytton. APPROPINQUATION Ap`pro*pin*qua"tion, n. Etym: [L. appropinquatio.] Defn: A drawing nigh; approach. [R.] Bp. Hall. APPROPINQUITY Ap`pro*pin"qui*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. ad- + propinquity.] Defn: Nearness; propinquity. [R.] J. Gregory. APPROPRE Ap*pro"pre, v. t. Etym: [OE. appropren, apropren, OF. approprier, fr. L. appropriare. See Appropriate.] Defn: To appropriate. [Obs.] Fuller. APPROPRIABLE Ap*pro"pri*a*ble, a. Etym: [See Appropriate.] Defn: Capable of being appropriated, set apart, sequestered, or assigned exclusively to a particular use. Sir T. Browne. APPROPRIAMENT Ap*pro"pri*a*ment, n. Defn: What is peculiarly one's own; peculiar qualification.[Obs.] If you can neglect Your own appropriaments. Ford. APPROPRIATE Ap*pro"pri*ate, a. Etym: [L. appropriatus, p. p. of appropriare; ad + propriare to appropriate, fr. proprius one's own, proper. See Proper.] Defn: Set apart for a particular use or person. Hence: Belonging peculiarly; peculiar; suitable; fit; proper. In its strict and appropriate meaning. Porteus. Appropriate acts of divine worship. Stillingfleet. It is not at all times easy to find words appropriate to express our ideas. Locke. APPROPRIATE Ap*pro"pri*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appropriated; p. pr. & vb. n. Appropriating.] 1. To take to one's self in exclusion of others; to claim or use as by an exclusive right; as, let no man appropriate the use of a common benefit. 2. To set apart for, or assign to, a particular person or use, in exclusion of all others; -- with to or for; as, a spot of ground is appropriated for a garden; to appropriate money for the increase of the navy. 3. To make suitable; to suit. [Archaic] Paley. 4. (Eng. Eccl. Law) Defn: To annex, as a benefice, to a spiritual corporation, as its property. Blackstone. APPROPRIATE Ap*pro"pri*ate, n. Defn: A property; attribute. [Obs.] APPROPRIATELY Ap*pro"pri*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In an appropriate or proper manner; fitly; properly. APPROPRIATENESS Ap*pro"pri*ate*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being appropriate; peculiar fitness. Froude. APPROPRIATION Ap*pro`pri*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. appropriatio: cf. F. appropriation.] 1. The act of setting apart or assigning to a particular use or person, or of taking to one's self, in exclusion of all others; application to a special use or purpose, as of a piece of ground for a park, or of money to carry out some object. 2. Anything, especially money, thus set apart. The Commons watched carefully over the appropriation. Macaulay. 3. (Law) (a) The severing or sequestering of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual corporation. Blackstone. (b) The application of payment of money by a debtor to his creditor, to one of several debts which are due from the former to the latter. Chitty. APPROPRIATIVE Ap*pro"pri*a*tive, a. Defn: Appropriating; making, or tending to, appropriation; as, an appropriative act. -- Ap*pro"pri*a*tive*ness, n. APPROPRIATOR Ap*pro"pri*a`tor, n. 1. One who appropriates. 2. (Law) Defn: A spiritual corporation possessed of an appropriated benefice; also, an impropriator. APPROVABLE Ap*prov"a*ble, a. Defn: Worthy of being approved; meritorious. -- Ap*prov"a*ble*ness, n. APPROVAL Ap*prov"al, n. Defn: Approbation; sanction. A censor . . . without whose approval nTemple. Syn. -- See Approbation. APPROVANCE Ap*prov"ance, n. Defn: Approval. [Archaic] Thomson. APPROVE Ap*prove", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Approved; p. pr. & vb. n. Approving.] Etym: [OE. aproven, appreven, to prove, OF. aprover, F. approuver, to approve, fr. L. approbare; ad + probare to esteem as good, approve, prove. See Prove, and cf. Approbate.] 1. To show to be real or true; to prove. [Obs.] Wouldst thou approve thy constancy Approve First thy obedience. Milton. 2. To make proof of; to demonstrate; to prove or show practically. Opportunities to approve . . . worth. Emerson. He had approved himself a great warrior. Macaulay. 'T is an old lesson; Time approves it true. Byron. His account . . . approves him a man of thought. Parkman. 3. To sanction officially; to ratify; to confirm; as, to approve the decision of a court-martial. 4. To regard as good; to commend; to be pleased with; to think well of; as, we approve the measured of the administration. 5. To make or show to be worthy of approbation or acceptance. The first care and concern must be to approve himself to God. Rog Note: This word, when it signifies to be pleased with, to think favorably (of), is often followed by of. They had not approved of the deposition of James. Macaulay. They approved of the political institutions. W. Black. APPROVE Ap*prove", v. t. Etym: [OF. aprouer; (L. ad) + a form apparently derived fr. the pro, prod, in L. prodest it is useful or profitable, properly the preposition pro for. Cf. Improve.] (Eng. Law) Defn: To make profit of; to convert to one's own profit; said esp. of waste or common land appropriated by the lord of the manor. APPROVEDLY Ap*prov"ed*ly, adv. Defn: So as to secure approbation; in an approved manner. APPROVEMENT Ap*prove"ment, n. [Obs.] 1. Approbation. I did nothing without your approvement. Hayward. 2. (Eng. Law) Defn: a confession of guilt by a prisoner charged with treason or felony, together with an accusation of his accomplish and a giving evidence against them in order to obtain his own pardon. The term is no longer in use; it corresponded to what is now known as turning king's (or queen's) evidence in England, and state's evidence in the United States. Burrill. Bouvier. APPROVEMENT Ap*prove"ment, n. (Old Eng. Law) Defn: Improvement of common lands, by inclosing and converting them to the uses of husbandry for the advantage of the lord of the manor. Blackstone. APPROVER Ap*prov"er, n. 1. One who approves. Formerly, one who made proof or trial. 2. An informer; an accuser. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. (Eng. Law) Defn: One who confesses a crime and accuses another. See 1st Approvement, 2. APPROVER Ap*prov"er, n. Etym: [See 2d Approve, v. t.] (Eng. Law) Defn: A bailiff or steward; an agent. [Obs.] Jacobs. APPROVING Ap*prov"ing, a. Defn: Expressing approbation; commending; as, an approving smile. -- Ap*prov"ing*ly, adv. APPROXIMATE Ap*prox"i*mate, a. Etym: [L. approximatus, p. p. of approximare to approach; ad + proximare to come near. See Proximate.] 1. Approaching; proximate; nearly resembling. 2. Near correctness; nearly exact; not perfectly accurate; as, approximate results or values. Approximate quantities (Math.), those which are nearly, but not, equal. APPROXIMATE Ap*prox"i*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Approximated; p. pr. & vb. n. Approximating.] 1. To carry or advance near; to cause to approach. To approximate the inequality of riches to the level of nature. Burke. 2. To come near to; to approach. The telescope approximates perfection. J. Morse. APPROXIMATE Ap*prox"i*mate, v. i. Defn: To draw; to approach. APPROXIMATELY Ap*prox"i*mate*ly, adv. Defn: With approximation; so as to approximate; nearly. APPROXIMATION Ap*prox`i*ma"tion. n. Etym: [Cf. F. approximation, LL. approximatio.] 1. The act of approximating; a drawing, advancing or being near; approach; also, the result of approximating. The largest capacity and the most noble dispositions are but an approximation to the proper standard and true symmetry of human nature. I. Taylor. 2. An approach to a correct estimate, calculation, or conception, or to a given quantity, quality, etc. 3. (Math.) (a) A continual approach or coming nearer to a result; as, to solve an equation by approximation. (b) A value that is nearly but not exactly correct. APPROXIMATIVE Ap*prox"i*ma*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. approximatif.] Defn: Approaching; approximate. -- Ap*prox"i*ma*tive*ly, adv. -- Ap*prox"i*ma*tive*ness, n. APPROXIMATOR Ap*prox"i*ma`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, approximates. APPUI Ap`pui", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. ad + podium foothold, Gr. Defn: A support or supporter; a stay; a prop. [Obs.] If a be to climb trees that are of any great height, there would be stays and appuies set to it. Holland. Point d'appui. Etym: [F., a point of support.] (Mil.) (a) A given point or body, upon which troops are formed, or by which are marched in line or column. (b) An advantageous defensive support, as a castle, morass, wood, declivity, etc. APPULSE Ap"pulse, n. Etym: [L. appulsus, fr. appellere, appulsum, to drive to; ad + pellere to drive: cf. F. appulse.] 1. A driving or running towards; approach; impulse; also, the act of striking against. In all consonants there is an appulse of the organs. Holder. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The near approach of one heavenly body to another, or to the meridian; a coming into conjunction; as, the appulse of the moon to a star, or of a star to the meridian. APPULSION Ap*pul"sion, n. Defn: A driving or striking against; an appulse. APPULSIVE Ap*pul"sive, a. Defn: Striking against; impinging; as, the appulsive influence of the planets. P. Cyc. APPULSIVELY Ap*pul"sive*ly, adv. Defn: By appulsion. APPURTENANCE Ap*pur"te*nance, n. Etym: [OF. apurtenaunce, apartenance, F. appartenance, LL. appartenentia, from L. appertinere. See Appertain.] Defn: That which belongs to something else; an adjunct; an appendage; an accessory; something annexed to another thing more worthy; in common parlance and legal acceptation, something belonging to another thing as principal, and which passes as incident to it, as a right of way, or other easement to land; a right of common to pasture, an outhouse, barn, garden, or orchard, to a house or messuage. In a strict legal sense, land can never pass as an appurtenance to land. Tomlins. Bouvier. Burrill. Globes . . . provided as appurtenances to astronomy. Bacon. The structure of the eye, and of its appurtenances. Reid. APPURTENANT Ap*pur"te*nant, a. Etym: [F. appartenant, p. pr. of appartenir. See Appurtenance.] Defn: Annexed or pertaining to some more important thing; accessory; incident; as, a right of way appurtenant to land or buildings. Blackstone. Common appurtenatn. (Law) See under Common, n. APPURTENANT Ap*pur"te*nant, n, Defn: Something which belongs or appertains to another thing; an appurtenance. Mysterious appurtenants and symbols of redemption. Coleridge. APRICATE Ap"ri*cate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. apricatus, p. p. of apricare, fr. apricus exposed to the sun, fr. aperire to uncover, open.] Defn: To bask in the sun. Boyle. APRICATION Ap`ri*ca"tion, n. Defn: Basking in the sun. [R.] APRICOT A"pri*cot, n. Etym: [OE. apricock, abricot, F. abricot, fr. Sp. albaricoque or Pg. albricoque, fr. Ar. albirq, al-burq. Though the E. and F. form abricot is derived from the Arabic through the Spanish, yet the Arabic word itself was formed from the Gr. praecoquus, praecox, early ripe. The older E. form apricock was prob. taken direct from Pg. See Precocious, Cook.] (Bot.) Defn: A fruit allied to the plum, of an orange color, oval shape, and delicious taste; also, the tree (Prunus Armeniaca of Linnæus) which bears this fruit. By cultivation it has been introduced throughout the temperate zone. APRIL A"pril, n. Etym: [L. Aprilis. OE. also Averil, F. Avril, fr. L. Aprilis.] 1. The fourth month of the year. 2. Fig.: With reference to April being the month in which vegetation begins to put forth, the variableness of its weather, etc. The April's her eyes; it is love's spring. Shak. April fool, one who is sportively imposed upon by others on the first day of April. A PRIORI A` pri*o"ri. Etym: [L. a (ab) + prior former.] 1. (Logic) Defn: Characterizing that kind of reasoning which deduces consequences from definitions formed, or principles assumed, or which infers effects from causes previously known; deductive or deductively. The reverse of a posteriori. 3. (Philos.) Defn: Applied to knowledge and conceptions assumed, or presupposed, as prior to experience, in order to make experience rational or possible. A priori, that is, form these necessities of the mind or forms of thinking, which, though first revealed to us by experience, must yet have preëxisted in order to make experience possible. Coleridge. APRIORISM A`pri*o"rism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. apriorisme.] Defn: An a priori principle. APRIORITY A`pri*or"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being innate in the mind, or prior to experience; a priori reasoning. APROCTA A*proc"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Turbellaria in which there is no anal aperture. APROCTOUS A*proc"tous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Without an anal office. APRON A"pron, n. Etym: [OE. napron, OF. naperon, F. napperon, dim. of OF. nape, F. nappe, cloth, tablecloth, LL. napa, fr. L. mappa, napkin, table napkin. See Map.] 1. An article of dress, of cloth, leather, or other stuff, worn on the fore part of the body, to keep the clothes clean, to defend them from injury, or as a covering. It is commonly tied at the waist by strings. 2. Something which by its shape or use suggests an apron; as, (a) The fat skin covering the belly of a goose or duck. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. (b) A piece of leather, or other material, to be spread before a person riding on an outside seat of a vehicle, to defend him from the rain, snow, or dust; a boot. "The weather being too hot for the apron." Hughes. (c) (Gun.) A leaden plate that covers the vent of a cannon. (d) (Shipbuilding) A piece of carved timber, just above the foremost end of the keel. Totten. (e) A platform, or flooring of plank, at the entrance of a dock, against which the dock gates are shut. (f) A flooring of plank before a dam to cause the water to make a gradual descent. (g) (Mech.) The piece that holds the cutting tool of a planer. (h) (Plumbing) A strip of lead which leads the drip of a wall into a gutter; a flashing. (i) (Zoöl.) The infolded abdomen of a crab. APRONED A"proned, a. Defn: Wearing an apron. A cobbler aproned, and a parson gowned. Pope. APRONFUL A"pron*ful, n.; pl. Apronfuls. Defn: The quality an apron can hold. APRONLESS A"pron*less, a. Defn: Without an apron. APRON MAN A"pron man`. Defn: A man who wears an apron; a laboring man; a mechanic. [Obs.] Shak. APRON STRING A"pron string`. Defn: The string of an apron. To be tied to a wife's or mother's apron strings, to be unduly controlled by a wife or mother. He was so made that he could not submit to be tied to the apron strings even of the best of wives. Macaulay. APROPOS Ap"ro*pos`, a. & adv. Etym: [F. ad) + propos purpose, L. proposium plan, purpose, fr. proponere to propose. See Propound.] 1. Opportunely or opportune; seasonably or seasonable. A tale extremely apropos. Pope. 2. By the way; to the purpose; suitably to the place or subject; -- a word used to introduce an incidental observation, suited to the occasion, though not strictly belonging to the narration. APSE Apse, n.; pl. Apses. [See Apsis.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A projecting part of a building, esp. of a church, having in the plan a polygonal or semicircular termination, and, most often, projecting from the east end. In early churches the Eastern apse was occupied by seats for the bishop and clergy. Hence: (b) The bishop's seat or throne, in ancient churches. 2. A reliquary, or case in which the relics of saints were kept. Note: This word is also written apsis and absis. APSIDAL Ap"si*dal, a. 1. (Astron.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the apsides of an orbit. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the apse of a church; as, the apsidal termination of the chancel. APSIDES Ap"si*des, n. pl. Defn: See Apsis. APSIS Ap"sis, n.; pl. Apsides. See Apse. Etym: [L. apsis, absis, Gr. 1. (Astron.) Defn: One of the two points of an orbit, as of a planet or satellite, which are at the greatest and least distance from the central body, corresponding to the aphelion and perihelion of a planet, or to the apogee and perigee of the moon. The more distant is called the higher apsis; the other, the lower apsis; and the line joining them, the line of apsides. 2. (Math.) Defn: In a curve referred to polar coördinates, any point for which the radius vector is a maximum or minimum. 3. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Apse. APT Apt, a Etym: [F. apte, L. aptus, fr. obsolete apere to fasten, to join, to fit, akin to apisci to reach, attain: cf. Gr. apta fit, fr. ap to reach attain.] 1. Fit or fitted; suited; suitable; appropriate. They have always apt instruments. Burke. A river . . . apt to be forded by a lamb. Jer. Taylor. 2. Having an habitual tendency; habitually liable or likely; -- used of things. My vines and peaches . . . were apt to have a soot or smuttiness upon their leaves and fruit. Temple. This tree, if unprotected, is apt to be stripped of the leaves by a leaf-cutting ant. Lubbock. 3. Inclined; disposed customarily; given; ready; -- used of persons. Apter to give than thou wit be to ask. Beau. & Fl. That lofty pity with which prosperous folk are apt to remember their grandfathers. F. Harrison. 4. Ready; especially fitted or qualified (to do something); quick to learn; prompt; expert; as, a pupil apt to learn; an apt scholar. "An apt wit." Johnson. Live a thousand years, I shall not find myself so apt to die. Shak. I find thee apt . . . Now, Hamlet, hear. Shak. Syn. -- Fit; meet; suitable; qualified; inclined; disposed; liable; ready; quick; prompt. APT Apt, v. t. Etym: [L. aptare. See Aptate.] Defn: To fit; to suit; to adapt. [Obs.] " To apt their places." B. Jonson. That our speech be apted to edification. Jer. Taylor. APTABLE Apt"a*ble, a. Etym: [LL. aptabilis, fr. L. aptare.] Defn: Capable of being adapted. [Obs.] Sherwood. APTATE Ap"tate, v. t. Etym: [L. aptatus, p. p. of aptare. See Apt.] Defn: To make fit. [Obs.] Bailey APTERA Ap"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. aptera, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Insects without wings, constituting the seventh Linnæn order of insects, an artificial group, which included Crustacea, spiders, centipeds, and even worms. These animals are now placed in several distinct classes and orders. APTERAL Ap"ter*al, a. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Apterous. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Without lateral columns; -- applied to buildings which have no series of columns along their sides, but are either prostyle or amphiprostyle, and opposed to peripteral. R. Cyc. APTERAN Ap"ter*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Aptera. APTERIA Ap*te"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Aptera.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Naked spaces between the feathered areas of birds. See Pteryliæ. APTEROUS Ap"ter*ous, a. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Destitute of wings; apteral; as, apterous insects. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Destitute of winglike membranous expansions, as a stem or petiole; -- opposed to atate. APTERYGES Ap*ter"y*ges, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Apteryx.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of birds, including the genus Apteryx. APTERYX Ap"te*ryx, n. Etym: [Gr. Aptera.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of New Zealand birds about the size of a hen, with only short rudiments of wings, armed with a claw and without a tail; the kiwi. It is allied to the gigantic extinct moas of the same country. Five species are known. APTITUDE Apt"i*tude, n. Etym: [F. aptitude, LL. aptitudo, fr. L. aptus. See Apt, and cf. Attitude.] 1. A natural or acquired disposition or capacity for a particular purpose, or tendency to a particular action or effect; as, oil has an aptitude to burn. He seems to have had a peculiar aptitude for the management of irregular troops. Macaulay. 2. A general fitness or suitableness; adaptation. That sociable and helpful aptitude which God implanted between man and woman. Milton. 3. Readiness in learning; docility; aptness. He was a boy of remarkable aptitude. Macaulay. APTITUDINAL Apt`i*tu"di*nal, a. Defn: Suitable; fit. [Obs.] APTLY Apt"ly, adv. Defn: In an apt or suitable manner; fitly; properly; pertinently; appropriately; readily. APTNESS Apt"ness, n. 1. Fitness; suitableness; appropriateness; as, the aptness of things to their end. The aptness of his quotations. J. R. Green. 2. Disposition of the mind; propensity; as, the aptness of men to follow example. 3. Quickness of apprehension; readiness in learning; docility; as, an aptness to learn is more observable in some children than in others. 4. Proneness; tendency; as, the aptness of iron to rust. APTOTE Ap"tote, n. Etym: [L. aptotum, Gr. (Gram.) Defn: A noun which has no distinction of cases; an indeclinable noun. APTOTIC Ap*tot"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, aptotes; uninflected; as, aptotic languages. APTYCHUS Ap"ty*chus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A shelly plate found in the terminal chambers of ammonite shells. Some authors consider them to be jaws; others, opercula. APUS A"pus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Apode, n.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fresh-water phyllopod crustaceans. See Phyllopod. APYRETIC Ap`y*ret"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. a not + pyretic.] (Med.) Defn: Without fever; -- applied to days when there is an intermission of fever. Dunglison. APYREXIA; APYREXY Ap`y*rex"i*a, Ap`y*rex`y, n. Etym: [NL. apyrexia, fr. Gr. apyrexie.] (Med.) Defn: The absence or intermission of fever. APYREXIAL Ap`y*rex"i*al, a. (Med.) Defn: Relating to apyrexy. "Apyrexial period." Brande & C. APYROUS Ap"y*rous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Incombustible; capable of sustaining a strong heat without alteration of form or properties. AQUA A"qua, n. Etym: [L. See Ewer.] Defn: Water; -- a word much used in pharmacy and the old chemistry, in various signification, determined by the word or words annexed. Aqua ammoniæ, the aqueous solution of ammonia; liquid ammonia; often called aqua ammonia. -- Aqua marine, or Aqua marina. Same as Aquamarine. -- Aqua regia. Etym: [L., royal water] (Chem.), a very corrosive fuming yellow liquid consisting of nitric and hydrochloric acids. It has the power of dissolving gold, the "royal" metal. -- Aqua Tofana, a fluid containing arsenic, and used for secret poisoning, made by an Italian woman named Tofana, in the middle of the 17th century, who is said to have poisoned more than 600 persons. Francis. -- Aqua vitæ Etym: [L., water of life. Cf. Eau de vie, Usquebaugh], a name given to brandy and some other ardent spirits. Shak. AQUA FORTIS A`qua for"tis. Etym: [L., strong water.] (Chem.) Defn: Nitric acid. [Archaic] AQUAMARINE A`qua*ma*rine", n. (Min.) Defn: A transparent, pale green variety of beryl, used as a gem. See Beryl. AQUAPUNCTURE A`qua*punc"ture, n. Etym: [L. aqua water, + punctura puncture, pungere, punctum, to, prick.] (Med.) Defn: The introduction of water subcutaneously for the relief of pain. AQUARELLE Aq`ua*relle", n. Etym: [F., fr. Ital acquerello, fr. acqua water, L. aqua.] Defn: A design or painting in thin transparent water colors; also, the mode of painting in such colors. AQUARELLIST Aq`ua*rel"list, n. Defn: A painter in thin transparent water colors. AQUARIAL; AQUARIAN A*qua"ri*al, A*qua"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an aquarium. AQUARIAN A*qua"ri*an, n. Etym: [L. (assumed) Aquarianus, fr. aqua: cf. F. Aquarien. See Aqua.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect of Christian in the primitive church who used water instead of wine in the Lord's Supper. AQUARIUM A*qua"ri*um, n.; pl. E. Aquariums, L. Aquaria. Etym: [L. See Aquarius, Ewer.] Defn: An artificial pond, or a globe or tank (usually with glass sides), in which living specimens of aquatic animals or plants are kept. AQUARIUS A*qua"ri*us, n. Etym: [L. aquarius, adj., relating to water, and n., a water-carrier, fr. aqua. See Aqua.] (Astron.) (a) The Water-bearer; the eleventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 20th of January; -- so called from the rains which prevail at that season in Italy and the East. (b) A constellation south of Pegasus. AQUATIC A*quat"ic, a. Etym: [L. aquaticus: cf. F. aquatique. See Aqua.] Defn: Pertaining to water growing in water; living in, swimming in, or frequenting the margins of waters; as, aquatic plants and fowls. AQUATIC A*quat`ic, n. 1. An aquatic animal or plant. 2. pl. Defn: Sports or exercises practiced in or on the water. AQUATICAL A*quat"ic*al, a. Defn: Aquatic. [R.] AQUATILE Aq"ua*tile, a. Etym: [L. aquatilis: cf. F. aquatile.] Defn: Inhabiting the water. [R.] Sir T. Browne. AQUATINT; AQUATINTA A"qua*tint, A`qua*tin"ta, n. Etym: [It. acquatinta dyed water; acqua (L. aqua) water + tinto, fem. tinta, dyed. See Tint.] Defn: A kind of etching in which spaces are bitten by the use of aqua fortis, by which an effect is produced resembling a drawing in water colors or India ink; also, the engraving produced by this method. AQUEDUCT Aq"ue*duct, n. Etym: [F. aqueduc, OF. aqueduct (Cotgr.), fr. L. aquaeductus; aquae, gen. of aqua water + ductus a leading, ducere to lead. See Aqua, Duke.] 1. A conductor, conduit, or artificial channel for conveying water, especially one for supplying large cities with water. Note: The term is also applied to a structure (similar to the ancient aqueducts), for conveying a canal over a river or hollow; more properly called an aqueduct bridge. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A canal or passage; as, the aqueduct of Sylvius, a channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain. AQUEITY A*que"i*ty, n. Defn: Wateriness. [Obs.] AQUEOUS A"que*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. aqueux, L. aquosus, fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aquose.] 1. Partaking of the nature of water, or abounding with it; watery. The aqueous vapor of the air. Tyndall. 2. Made from, or by means of, water. An aqueous deposit. Dana. Aqueous extract, an extract obtained from a vegetable substance by steeping it in water. -- Aqueous humor (Anat.), one the humors of the eye; a limpid fluid, occupying the space between the crystalline lens and the cornea. (See Eye.) -- Aqueous rocks (Geol.), those which are deposited from water and lie in strata, as opposed to volcanic rocks, which are of igneous origin; -- called also sedimentary rocks. AQUEOUSNESS A`que*ous*ness, n. Defn: Wateriness. AQUIFEROUS A*quif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. aqua water + -ferous.] Defn: Consisting or conveying water or a watery fluid; as, aquiferous vessels; the aquiferous system. AQUIFORM A"qui*form, a. Etym: [L. aqua water + -form.] Defn: Having the form of water. AQUILA Aq"ui*la, n; pl. Aquilæ. Etym: [L., an eagle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of eagles. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A northern constellation southerly from Lyra and Cygnus and preceding the Dolphin; the Eagle. Aquila alba Etym: [L., white eagle], an alchemical name of calomel. Brande & C. AQUILATED Aq"ui*la`ted, a. (Her.) Defn: Adorned with eagles' heads. AQUILINE Aq"ui*line, a. Etym: [L. aquilinus, fr. aquila eagle: cf. F. aquilin. See Eagle. ] 1. Belonging to or like an eagle. 2. Curving; hooked; prominent, like the beak of an eagle; -- applied particularly to the nose Terribly arched and aquiline his nose. Cowper. AQUILON Aq"ui*lon, n. Etym: [L. aquilo, -lonis: cf. F. aquilon.] Defn: The north wind. [Obs.] Shak. AQUIPAROUS A*quip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. aqua water + parere to bring forth.] (Med.) Defn: Secreting water; -- applied to certain glands. Dunglison. AQUITANIAN Aq`ui*ta"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Aquitania, now called Gascony. AQUOSE A*quose", a. Etym: [L. aquosus watery, fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aqueous.] Defn: Watery; aqueous. [R.] Bailey. AQUOSITY A*quos"i*ty, n. Etym: [LL. aquositas.] Defn: The condition of being wet or watery; wateriness. Huxley. Very little water or aquosity is found in their belly. Holland. AR Ar, conj. Defn: Ere; before. [Obs.] Chaucer. ARA A"ra, n. Etym: [L.] (Astron.) Defn: The Altar; a southern constellation, south of the tail of the Scorpion. ARA A"ra, n. Etym: [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A name of the great blue and yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), native of South America. ARAB Ar"ab, n. Etym: [Prob. ultimately fr. Heb. arabah a desert, the name employed, in the Old Testament, to denote the valley of the Jordan and Dead Sea. Ar. Arab, Heb. arabi, arbi, arbim: cf. F. Arabe, L. Arabs, Gr. Defn: One of a swarthy race occupying Arabia, and numerous in Syria, Northern Africa, etc. Street Arab, a homeless vagabond in the streets of a city, particularly and outcast boy or girl. Tylor. The ragged outcasts and street Arabs who are shivering in damp doorways. Lond. Sat. Rev. ARABA A*ra"ba, n. [Written also aroba and arba.] [Ar. or Turk. 'arabah: cf. Russ. arba.] Defn: A wagon or cart, usually heavy and without springs, and often covered. [Oriental] The araba of the Turks has its sides of latticework to admit the air Balfour (Cyc. of India). ARABESQUE Ar`a*besque", n. Etym: [F. arabesque, fr. It. arabesco, fr. Arabo Arab.] Defn: A style of ornamentation either painted, inlaid, or carved in low relief. It consists of a pattern in which plants, fruits, foliage, etc., as well as figures of men and animals, real or imaginary, are fantastically interlaced or put together. Note: It was employed in Roman imperial ornamentation, and appeared, without the animal figures, in Moorish and Arabic decorative art. (See Moresque.) The arabesques of the Renaissance were founded on Greco-Roman work. ARABESQUE Ar`a*besque", a. 1. Arabian. [Obs.] 2. Relating to, or exhibiting, the style of ornament called arabesque; as, arabesque frescoes. ARABESQUED Ar`a*besqued", a. Defn: Ornamented in the style of arabesques. ARABIAN A*ra"bi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Arabia or its inhabitants. Arabian bird, the phenix. Shak. ARABIAN A*ra"bi*an, n. Defn: A native of Arabia; an Arab. ARABIC Ar"a*bic, a. Etym: [L. Arabicus, fr. Arabia.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Arabia or the Arabians. Arabic numerals or figures, the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, etc., and the cipher 0. -- Gum arabic. See under Gum. ARABIC Ar"a*bic, n. Defn: The language of the Arabians. Note: The Arabic is a Semitic language, allied to the Hebrew. It is very widely diffused, being the language in which all Mohammedans must read the Koran, and is spoken as a vernacular tongue in Arabia, Syria, and Northern Africa. ARABICAL A*rab"ic*al, a. Defn: Relating to Arabia; Arabic. -- A*rab"ic*al*ly, adv. ARABIN Ar"a*bin, n. 1. (Chem.) Defn: A carbohydrate, isomeric with cane sugar, contained in gum arabic, from which it is extracted as a white, amorphous substance. 2. Mucilage, especially that made of gum arabic. ARABINOSE Ar"a*bin*ose`, n. (Chem.) Defn: A sugar of the composition C5H10O5, obtained from cherry gum by boiling it with dilute sulphuric acid. ARABISM Ar"a*bism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Arabisme.] Defn: An Arabic idiom peculiarly of language. Stuart. ARABIST Ar`a*bist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Arabiste.] Defn: One well versed in the Arabic language or literature; also, formerly, one who followed the Arabic system of surgery. ARABLE Ar"a*ble, a. Etym: [F. arable, L. arabilis, fr. arare to plow, akin to Gr. ear, to plow. See Earable.] Defn: Fit for plowing or tillage; -- hence, often applied to land which has been plowed or tilled. ARABLE Ar"a*ble, n. Defn: Arable land; plow land. ARABY Ar"a*by, n. Defn: The country of Arabia. [Archaic & Poetic] ARACANESE Ar`a*ca*nese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Aracan, a province of British Burmah. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or natives of Aracan. ARACARI A`ra*, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American bird, of the genus Pleroglossius, allied to the toucans. There are several species. ARACE A*race", v. t. Etym: [OE. aracen, arasen, OF. arachier, esracier, F. arracher, fr. L. exradicare, eradicare. The prefix a- is perh. due to L. ab. See Eradicate.] Defn: To tear up by the roots; to draw away. [Obs.] Wyatt. ARACEOUS A*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [L. arum a genus of plants, fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an order of plants, of which the genus Arum is the type. ARACHNID A*rach"nid, n. Defn: An arachnidan. Huxley. ARACHNIDA A*rach"ni*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the classes of Arthropoda. See Illustration in Appendix. Note: They have four pairs of legs, no antennæ nor wings, a pair of mandibles, and one pair of maxillæ or palpi. The head is usually consolidated with the thorax. The respiration is either by trancheæ or by pulmonary sacs, or by both. The class includes three principal orders: Araneina, or spiders; Arthrogastra, including scorpions, etc.; and Acarina, or mites and ticks. ARACHNIDAN A*rach"ni*dan, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Arachnida. ARACHNIDIAL Ar`ach*nid"i*al, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Of or pertaining to the Arachnida. (b) Pertaining to the arachnidium. ARACHNIDIUM Ar`ach*nid"i*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Arachnida.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The glandular organ in which the material for the web of spiders is secreted. ARACHNITIS Ar`ach*ni"tis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane. ARACHNOID A*rach"noid, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Resembling a spider's web; cobweblike. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to a thin membrane of the brain and spinal cord, between the dura mater and pia mater. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Covered with, or composed of, soft, loose hairs or fibers, so as to resemble a cobweb; cobwebby. ARACHNOID A*rach"noid, n. 1. (Anat.) Defn: The arachnoid membrane. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Arachnoidea. ARACHNOIDAL Ar`ach*noid"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the arachnoid membrane; arachnoid. ARACHNOIDEA Ar`ach*noid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Arachnida. ARACHNOLOGICAL A*rach`no*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to arachnology. ARACHNOLOGIST Ar`ach*nol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who is versed in, or studies, arachnology. ARACHNOLOGY Ar`ach*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The department of zoölogy which treats of spiders and other Arachnida. ARAEOMETER A`ræ*om"e*ter. Defn: See Areometer. ARAEOSTYLE A*ræ"o*style, a. & n. Etym: [L. araeostylos, Gr. (Arch.) Defn: See Intercolumniation. ARAEOSYSTYLE A*ræ`o*sys"tyle, a. & n. Etym: [Gr. Systyle.] (Arch.) Defn: See Intercolumniation. ARAGONESE Ar`a*go*nese, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Aragon, in Spain, or to its inhabitants. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or natives of Aragon, in Spain. ARAGONITE A*rag"o*nite, n. Etym: [From Aragon, in Spain.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral identical in composition with calcite or carbonate of lime, but differing from it in its crystalline form and some of its physical characters. ARAGUATO A`ra*gua"to, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American monkey, the ursine howler (Mycetes ursinus). See Howler, n., 2. ARAISE A*raise"", v. t. Defn: To raise. [Obs.] Shak. ARAK Ar"ak, n. Defn: Same as Arrack. ARAMAEAN; ARAMEAN Ar`a*mæan, Ar`a*me"an, a. Etym: [L. Aramaeus, Gr. Aram, i. e. Highland, a name given to Syria and Mesopotamia.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Syrians and Chaldeans, or to their language; Aramaic. -- n. Defn: A native of Aram. ARAMAIC Ar`a*ma"ic, a. Etym: [See Aramæan, a.] Defn: Pertaining to Aram, or to the territory, inhabitants, language, or literature of Syria and Mesopotamia; Aramæan; -- specifically applied to the northern branch of the Semitic family of languages, including Syriac and Chaldee. -- n. Defn: The Aramaic language. ARAMAISM Ar`a*ma"ism, n. Defn: An idiom of the Aramaic. ARANEIDA; ARANEOIDEA Ar`a*ne"i*da, Ar`a*ne*oid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Araneina. ARANEIDAN Ar`a*ne"i*dan, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Araneina or spiders. -- n. Defn: One of the Araneina; a spider. ARANEIFORM Ar`a*ne"i*form a. Etym: [L. aranea spider + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the form of a spider. Kirby. ARANEINA A*ra`ne*i"na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. aranea spider.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The order of Arachnida that includes the spiders. Note: They have mandibles, modified a poison faIllustration in Appendix. ARANEOSE A*ra"ne*ose`, a. Etym: [L. araneous.] Defn: Of the aspect of a spider's web; arachnoid. ARANEOUS A*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. araneosus, fr. aranea spider, spider's web.] Defn: Cobweblike; extremely thin and delicate, like a cobweb; as, the araneous membrane of the eye. See Arachnoid. Derham. ARANGO A*ran"go, n.; pl. Arangoes. Etym: [The native name.] Defn: A bead of rough carnelian. Arangoes were formerly imported from Bombay for use in the African slave trade. McCulloch. ARAPAIMA A`ra*pai"ma, n. Etym: [Prob. native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large fresh-water food fish of South America. ARARA A*ra"ra, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The palm (or great black) cockatoo, of Australia (Microglossus aterrimus). ARAROBA Ar`a*ro"ba, n. [Tupi.] 1. Goa powder. 2. A fabaceous tree of Brazil (Centrolobium robustum) having handsomely striped wood; --called also zebrawood. ARATION A*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. aratio, fr. arare to plow.] Defn: Plowing; tillage. [R.] Lands are said to be in a state of aration when they are under tillage. Brande. ARATORY Ar"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [LL. aratorius: cf. F. aratoire.] Defn: Contributing to tillage. ARAUCARIA Ar`au*ca"ri*a, n. Etym: [Araucania, a territory south of Chili.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of tall conifers of the pine family. The species are confined mostly to South America and Australia. The wood cells differ from those of other in having the dots in their lateral surfaces in two or three rows, and the dots of contiguous rows alternating. The seeds are edible. ARAUCARIAN Ar`au*ca"ri*an, a. Defn: Relating to, or of the nature of, the Araucaria. The earliest conifers in geological history were mostly Araucarian. Dana. ARBALEST; ARBALIST Ar"ba*lest, Ar"ba*list, n. Etym: [OF. arbaleste, LL. arbalista, for L. arcuballista; arcus bow + ballista a military engine. See Ballista.] (Antiq.) Defn: A crossbow, consisting of a steel bow set in a shaft of wood, furnished with a string and a trigger, and a mechanical device for bending the bow. It served to throw arrows, darts, bullets, etc. [Written also arbalet and arblast.] Fosbroke. ARBALESTER; ARBALISTER Ar"ba*lest`er, Ar"ba*list`er, n. Etym: [OF. arblastere, OF. arbalestier. See Arbalest.] Defn: A crossbowman. [Obs.] Speed. ARBITER Ar"bi*ter, n. Etym: [L. arbiter; ar- (for ad) + the root of betere to go; hence properly, one who comes up to look on.] 1. A person appointed, or chosen, by parties to determine a controversy between them. Note: In modern usage, arbitrator is the technical word. 2. Any person who has the power of judging and determining, or ordaining, without control; one whose power of deciding and governing is not limited. For Jove is arbiter of both to man. Cowper. Syn. -- Arbitrator; umpire; director; referee; controller; ruler; governor. ARBITER Ar"bi*ter, v. t. Defn: To act as arbiter between. [Obs.] ARBITRABLE Ar"bi*tra*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. arbitrable, fr. L. arbitrari. See Arbitrate, v. t.] Defn: Capable of being decided by arbitration; determinable. [Archaic] Bp. Hall. ARBITRAGE Ar"bi*trage, n. Etym: [F., fr. arbiter to give judgment, L. arbitrari.] 1. Judgment by an arbiter; authoritative determination. [Archaic] 2. (Com) Defn: A traffic in bills of exchange (see Arbitration of Exchange); also, a traffic in stocks which bear differing values at the same time in different markets. ARBITRAL Ar"bi*tral, a. Etym: [L. arbitralis.] Defn: Of or relating to an arbiter or an arbitration. [R.] ARBITRAMENT Ar*bit"ra*ment, n. Etym: [LL. arbitramentum.] 1. Determination; decision; arbitration. The arbitrament of time. Everett. Gladly at this moment would MacIvor have put their quarrel to personal arbitrament. Sir W. Scott. 2. The award of arbitrators. Cowell. ARBITRARILY Ar"bi*tra*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In an arbitrary manner; by will only; despotically; absolutely. ARBITRARINESS Ar"bi*tra*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being arbitrary; despoticalness; tyranny. Bp. Hall. ARBITRARIOUS Ar`bi*tra"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. arbitrarius. See Arbitrary.] Defn: Arbitrary; despotic. [Obs.] -- Ar`bi*tra"*ri*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] ARBITRARY Ar"bi*tra*ry, a. Etym: [L. arbitrarius, fr. arbiter: cf. F. arbitraire. See Arbiter.] 1. Depending on will or discretion; not governed by any fixed rules; as, an arbitrary decision; an arbitrary punishment. It was wholly arbitrary in them to do so. Jer. Taylor. Rank pretends to fix the value of every one, and is the most arbitrary of all things. Landor. 2. Exercised according to one's own will or caprice, and therefore conveying a notion of a tendency to abuse the possession of power. Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins of liberty abused licentiousness. Washington. 3. Despotic; absolute in power; bound by no law; harsh and unforbearing; tyrannical; as, an arbitrary prince or government. Dryden. Arbitrary constant, Arbitrary function (Math.), a quantity of function that is introduced into the solution of a problem, and to which any value or form may at will be given, so that the solution may be made to meet special requirements. -- Arbitrary quantity (Math.), one to which any value can be assigned at pleasure. ARBITRATE Ar"bi*trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arbitrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Arbitrating.] Etym: [L. arbitratus, p. p. of arbitrari to be a hearer or beholder of something, to make a decision, to give judgment, fr. arbiter. See Arbiter.] 1. To hear and decide, as arbitrators; as, to choose to arbitrate a disputed case. 2. To decide, or determine generally. South. There shall your swords and lances arbitrate The swelling difference of your settled hate. Shak. ARBITRATE Ar"bi*trate, v. i. 1. To decide; to determine. Shak. 2. To act as arbitrator or judge; as, to arbitrate upon several reports;; to arbitrate in disputes among heighbors; to arbitrate between parties to a suit. ARBITRATION Ar`bi*tra"tion, n. Etym: [F. arbitration, L. arbitratio, fr. arbitrari.] Defn: The hearing and determination of a cause between parties in controversy, by a person or persons chosen by the parties. Note: This may be done by one person; but it is usual to choose two or three called arbitrators; or for each party to choose one, and these to name a third, who is called the umpire. Their determination is called the award. Bouvier Arbitration bond, a bond which obliges one to abide by the award of an arbitration. -- Arbitration of Exchange, the operation of converting the currency of one country into that of another, or determining the rate of exchange between such countries or currencies. An arbitrated rate is one determined by such arbitration through the medium of one or more intervening currencies. ARBITRATOR Ar"bi*tra`tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. arbitrari: cf. F. arbitrateur.] 1. A person, or one of two or more persons, chosen by parties who have a controversy, to determine their differences. See Arbitration. 2. One who has the power of deciding or prescribing without control; a ruler; a governor. Though Heaven be shut, And Heaven's high Arbitrators sit secure. Milton. Masters of their own terms and arbitrators of a peace. Addison. Syn. -- Judge; umpire; referee; arbiter. See Judge. ARBITRATRIX Ar"bi*tra`trix, n. Etym: [L., fem. of arbitrator.] Defn: A female who arbitrates or judges. ARBITRESS Ar"bi*tress, n. Etym: [From Arbiter.] Defn: A female arbiter; an arbitratrix. Milton. ARBLAST Ar"blast, n. Defn: A crossbow. See Arbalest. ARBOR Ar"bor, n. Etym: [OE. herber, herbere, properly a garden of herbs, F. herbier, fr. L. herbarium. See Herb, and cf. Herbarium.] Defn: A kind of latticework formed of, or covered with, vines, branches of trees, or other plants, for shade; a bower. Sir P. Sidney. ARBOR Ar"bor, n. [Written also arbour.] Etym: [L., a tree, a beam.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A tree, as distinguished from a shrub. 2. Etym: [Cf. F. arbre.] (Mech.) (a) An axle or spindle of a wheel or opinion. (b) A mandrel in lathe turning. Knight. Arbor Day, a day appointed for planting trees and shrubs. [U.S.] ARBORARY Ar"bo*ra*ry, a. Etym: [L. arborarius, fr. arbor tree.] Defn: Of or pertaining to trees; arboreal. ARBORATOR Ar"bo*ra`tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. arbor tree.] Defn: One who plants or who prunes trees. [Obs.] Evelyn. ARBOR DIANAE Ar"bor Di*a"næ. Etym: [L., the tree of Diana, or silver.] (Chem.) Defn: A precipitation of silver, in a beautiful arborescent form. ARBOREAL Ar*bo"re*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a tree, or to trees; of nature of trees. Cowley. 2. Attached to, found in or upon, or frequenting, woods or trees; as, arboreal animals. Woodpeckers are eminently arboreal. Darwin. ARBORED Ar"bored, a. Defn: Furnished with an arbor; lined with trees. "An arboreal walk." Pollok. ARBOREOUS Ar*bo"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. arboreous, fr. arbor tree.] 1. Having the form, constitution, or habits, of a proper tree, in distinction from a shrub. Loudon. 2. Pertaining to, or growing on, trees; as, arboreous moss. Quincy. ARBORESCENCE Ar`bo*res"cence, n. Defn: The state of being arborescent; the resemblance to a tree in minerals, or crystallizations, or groups of crystals in that form; as, the arborescence produced by precipitating silver. ARBORESCENT Ar`bo*res"cent, a. Etym: [L. arborescens, p. pr. of arborescere to become a tree, fr. arbor tree.] Defn: Resembling a tree; becoming woody in stalk; dendritic; having crystallizations disposed like the branches and twigs of a tree. "Arborescent hollyhocks." Evelyn. ARBORET Ar"bo*ret, n. Etym: [OF. arboret, dim. of arbre tree, L. arbor] Defn: A small tree or shrub. [Obs.] Spenser. Among thick-woven arborets, and flowers Imbordered on each bank. Milton. ARBORETUM Ar`bo*re"tum, n.; pl. Arboreta. Etym: [L., a place grown with trees.] Defn: A place in which a collection of rare trees and shrubs is cultivated for scientific or educational purposes. ARBORICAL Ar*bor"ic*al, a. Defn: Relating to trees. [Obs.] ARBORICOLE Ar*bor"i*cole, a. Etym: [L. arbor + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Tree-inhabiting; -- said of certain birds. ARBORICULTURAL Ar`bor*i*cul"tur*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to arboriculture. Loudon. ARBORICULTURE Ar`bor*i*cul"ture, n. Etym: [L. arbor tree + cultura. See Culture.] Defn: The cultivation of trees and shrubs, chiefly for timber or for ornamental purposes. ARBORICULTURIST Ar`bor*i*cul"tur*ist, n. Defn: One who cultivates trees. ARBORIFORM Ar*bor"i*form, a. Defn: Treelike in shape. ARBORIST Ar"bor*ist, n. Etym: [F. arboriste, fr. L. arbor tree.] Defn: One who makes trees his study, or who is versed in the knowledge of trees. Howell. ARBORIZATION Ar`bor*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. arborisation, fr. L. arbor tree.] Defn: The appearance or figure of a tree or plant, as in minerals or fossils; a dendrite. ARBORIZED Ar"bor*ized, a. Defn: Having a treelike appearance. "An arborized or moss agate." Wright. ARBOROUS Ar"bor*ous, a. Defn: Formed by trees. [Obs.] From under shady, arborous roof. Milton. ARBOR VINE Ar"bor vine`. Defn: A species of bindweed. ARBOR VITAE Ar"bor vi"tæ. Etym: [L., tree of life.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An evergreen tree of the cypress tribe, genus Thuja. The American species is the T. occidentalis. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The treelike disposition of the gray and white nerve tissues in the cerebellum, as seen in a vertical section. ARBUSCLE Ar"bus*cle, n. Etym: [L. arbuscula small tree, shrub, dim. of arbor tree.] Defn: A dwarf tree, one in size between a shrub and a tree; a treelike shrub. Bradley. ARBUSCULAR Ar*bus"cu*lar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a dwarf tree; shrublike. Da Costa. ARBUSTIVE Ar*bus"tive, a. Etym: [L. arbustivus, fr. arbustum place where trees are planted.] Defn: Containing copses of trees or shrubs; covered with shrubs. Bartram. ARBUTUS; ARBUTE Ar"bu*tus, Ar"bute, n. Etym: [L. arbutus, akin to arbor tree.] Defn: The strawberry tree, a genus of evergreen shrubs, of the Heath family. It has a berry externally resembling the strawberry; the arbute tree. Trailing arbutus (Bot.), a creeping or trailing plant of the Heath family (Epigæa repens), having white or usually rose- colored flowers with a delicate fragrance, growing in small axillary clusters, and appearing early in the spring; in New England known as mayflower; -- called also ground laurel. Gray. ARC Arc, n. Etym: [F. arc, L. arcus bow, arc. See Arch, n.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A portion of a curved line; as, the arc of a circle or of an ellipse. 2. A curvature in the shape of a circular arc or an arch; as, the colored arc (the rainbow); the arc of Hadley's quadrant. 3. An arch. [Obs.] Statues and trophies, and triumphal arcs. Milton. 4. The apparent arc described, above or below the horizon, by the sun or other celestial body. The diurnal arc is described during the daytime, the nocturnal arc during the night. Electric arc, Voltaic arc. See under Voltaic. ARCADE Ar*cade", n. Etym: [F. arcade, Sp. arcada, LL. arcata, fr. L. arcus bow, arch.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A series of arches with the columns or piers which support them, the spandrels above, and other necessary appurtenances; sometimes open, serving as an entrance or to give light; sometimes closed at the back (as in the cut) and forming a decorative feature. (b) A long, arched building or gallery. 2. An arched or covered passageway or avenue. ARCADED Ar*cad"ed, a. Defn: Furnished with an arcade. ARCADIA Ar*ca"di*a, n. Etym: [L. Arcadia, Gr. 1. A mountainous and picturesque district of Greece, in the heart of the Peloponnesus, whose people were distinguished for contentment and rural happiness. 2. Fig.: Any region or scene of simple pleasure and untroubled quiet. Where the cow is, there is Arcadia. J. Burroughs. ARCADIAN; ARCADIC Ar*ca"di*an, Ar*ca"dic, a. Etym: [L. Arcadius, Arcadicus, fr. Arcadia: cf. F. Arcadien, Arcadique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Arcadia; pastoral; ideally rural; as, Arcadian simplicity or scenery. ARCANE Ar*cane", a. Etym: [L. arcanus.] Defn: Hidden; secret. [Obs.] "The arcane part of divine wisdom." Berkeley. ARCANUM Ar*ca"num, n.; pl. Arcana. Etym: [L., fr. arcanus closed, secret, fr. arca chest, box, fr. arcere to inclose. See Ark.] 1. A secret; a mystery; -- generally used in the plural. Inquiries into the arcana of the Godhead. Warburton. 2. (Med.) Defn: A secret remedy; an elixir. Dunglison. ARCBOUTANT Arc`*bou`tant", n. Etym: [F.] (Arch.) Defn: A flying buttress. Gwilt. ARCH Arch, n. Etym: [F. arche, fr. LL. arca, for arcus. See Arc.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: Any part of a curved line. 2. (Arch.) (a) Usually a curved member made up of separate wedge-shaped solids, with the joints between them disposed in the direction of the radii of the curve; used to support the wall or other weight above an opening. In this sense arches are segmental, round (i. e., semicircular), or pointed. (b) A flat arch is a member constructed of stones cut into wedges or other shapes so as to support each other without rising in a curve. Note: Scientifically considered, the arch is a means of spanning an opening by resolving vertical pressure into horizontal or diagonal thrust. 3. Any place covered by an arch; an archway; as, to pass into the arch of a bridge. 4. Any curvature in the form of an arch; as, the arch of the aorta. "Colors of the showery arch." Milton. Triumphal arch, a monumental structure resembling an arched gateway, with one or more passages, erected to commemorate a triumph. ARCH Arch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arched; p. pr. & vb. n. Arching.] 1. To cover with an arch or arches. 2. To form or bend into the shape of an arch. The horse arched his neck. Charlesworth. ARCH Arch, v. i. Defn: To form into an arch; to curve. ARCH- Arch- (ärch-, except in archangel and one or two other words). Etym: [L. arch-, Gr. Arch-.] Defn: A prefix signifying chief, as in archbuilder, archfiend. ARCH Arch, a. Etym: [See Arch-, pref.] 1. Chief; eminent; greatest; principal. The most arch act of piteous massacre. Shak. 2. Cunning or sly; sportively mischievous; roguish; as, an arch look, word, lad. [He] spoke his request with so arch a leer. Tatler. ARCH Arch, n. Etym: [See Arch-, pref.] Defn: A chief. [Obs.] My worthy arch and patron comes to-night. Shak. ARCH *arch. Etym: [Gr. Arch, a.] Defn: A suffix meaning a ruler, as in monarch (a sole ruler). -ARCH -arch. [Gr. 'archo`s chief, commander, 'a`rchein to rule. See Arch, a.] Defn: A suffix meaning a ruler, as in monarch (a sole ruler). ARCHAEAN Ar*chæ"an, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Ancient; pertaining to the earliest period in geological history. ARCHAEAN Ar*chæ"an, n. (Geol.) Defn: The earliest period in geological period, extending up to the Lower Silurian. It includes an Azoic age, previous to the appearance of life, and an Eozoic age, including the earliest forms of life. Note: This is equivalent to the formerly accepted term Azoic, and to the Eozoic of Dawson. ARCHAEOGRAPHY Ar`chæ*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A description of, or a treatise on, antiquity or antiquities. ARCHAEOLITHIC Ar`chæ*o*lith"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Archæol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the earliest Stone age; -- applied to a prehistoric period preceding the Paleolithic age. ARCHAEOLOGIAN Ar`chæ*o*lo"gi*an, n. Defn: An archæologist. ARCHAEOLOGIC; ARCHAEOLOGICAL Ar`chæ*o*log"ic, Ar`chæ*o*log"ic*al, Defn: Relating to archæology, or antiquities; as, archæological researches. -- Ar`*chæ*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. ARCHAEOLOGIST Ar`chæ*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in archæology; an antiquary. Wright. ARCHAEOLOGY Ar`chæ*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The science or study of antiquities, esp. prehistoric antiquities, such as the remains of buildings or monuments of an early epoch, inscriptions, implements, and other relics, written manuscripts, etc. ARCHAEOPTERYX Ar`chæ*op"te*ryx, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil bird, of the Jurassic period, remarkable for having a long tapering tail of many vertebræ with feathers along each side, and jaws armed with teeth, with other reptilian characteristics. ARCHAEOSTOMATOUS Ar`chæ*o*stom"a*tous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Applied to a gastrula when the blastorope does not entirely up. ARCHAEOZOIC Ar`chæ*o*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or belonging to the earliest forms of animal life. ARCHAIC Ar*cha"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or characterized by antiquity or archaism; antiquated; obsolescent. ARCHAICAL Ar*cha"ic*al, a. Defn: Archaic. [R.] -- Ar*cha"ic*al*ly, adv. ARCHAISM Ar"cha*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. archaïsme. See Arch, a.] 1. An ancient, antiquated, or old-fashioned, word, expression, or idiom; a word or form of speech no longer in common use. 2. Antiquity of style or use; obsoleteness. A select vocabulary corresponding (in point of archaism and remoteness from ordinary use) to our Scriptural vocabulary. De Quincey. ARCHAIST Ar"cha*ist, n. 1. Am antiquary. 2. One who uses archaisms. ARCHAISTIC Ar`cha*is"tic, a. Defn: Like, or imitative of, anything archaic; pertaining to an archaism. ARCHAIZE Ar"cha*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Archaized; p. pr. & vb. n. Archaizing.] Etym: [Gr. Defn: To make appear archaic or antique. Mahaffy. ARCHANGEL Arch`an"gel, n. Etym: [L. archangelus, Gr. archangel, F. archange. See Arch-, pref., and Angel.] 1. A chief angel; one high in the celestial hierarchy. Milton. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A term applied to several different species of plants (Angelica archangelica, Lamium album, etc.). ARCHANGELIC Arch`an*gel"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. archangélique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to archangels; of the nature of, or resembling, an archangel. Milton. ARCHBISHOP Arch`bish"op, n. Etym: [AS. arcebisceop, arcebiscop, L. archiepiscopus, fr. Gr. Bishop.] Defn: A chief bishop; a church dignitary of the first class (often called a metropolitan or primate) who superintends the conduct of the suffragan bishops in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese. ARCHBISHOPRIC Arch`bish"op*ric, n. Etym: [AS. arcebiscoprice. See -ric.] Defn: The jurisdiction or office of an archbishop; the see or province over which archbishop exercises archiepiscopal authority. ARCH BRICK Arch" brick`. Defn: A wedge-shaped brick used in the building of an arch. ARCHBUTLER Arch`but"ler, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + butler.] Defn: A chief butler; -- an officer of the German empire. ARCHCHAMBERLAIN Arch`cham"ber*lain, n. Etym: [Cf. G. erzkämmerer. See Arch-, pref.] Defn: A chief chamberlain; -- an officer of the old German empire, whose office was similar to that of the great chamberlain in England. ARCHCHANCELLOR Arch`chan"cel*lor, n. Etym: [Cf. Ger. erzkanzler. See Arch-, pref.] Defn: A chief chancellor; -- an officer in the old German empire, who presided over the secretaries of the court. ARCHCHEMIC Arch`chem"ic, a. Defn: Of supreme chemical powers. [R.] "The archchemic sun." Milton. ARCHDEACON Arch`dea"con, n. Etym: [AS. arcediacon, archidiacon, L. archidiaconus, fr. Gr. Arch-, pref., and Deacon.] Defn: In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary, next in rank below a bishop, whom he assists, and by whom he is appointed, though with independent authority. Blackstone. ARCHDEACONRY Arch`dea"con*ry, n. Defn: The district, office, or residence of an archdeacon. See Benefice. Every diocese is divided into archdeaconries. Blackstone. ARCHDEACONSHIP Arch`dea"con*ship, n. Defn: The office of an archdeacon. ARCHDIOCESE Arch`di"o*cese, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + diocese.] Defn: The diocese of an archbishop. ARCHDUCAL Arch`du"cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an archduke or archduchy. ARCHDUCHESS Arch`duch"ess, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + duchess.] Defn: The consort of an archduke; also, a princess of the imperial family of Austria. See Archduke. ARCHDUCHY Arch`duch"y, n. Defn: The territory of an archduke or archduchess. Ash. ARCHDUKE Arch`duke", n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + duke.] Defn: A prince of the imperial family of Austria. Note: Formerly this title was assumed by the rulers of Lorraine, Brabant, Austria, etc. It is now appropriated to the descendants of the imperial family of Austria through the make line, all such male descendants being styled archduke, and all such female descendants archduchesses. ARCHDUKEDOM Arch`duke"dom, n. Defn: An archduchy. ARCHEBIOSIS Ar`che*bi*o"sis, n. Etym: [Pref. arche- + Gr. Defn: To origination of living matter from non-living. See Abiogenesis. Bastian. ARCHED Arched, a. Defn: Made with an arch or curve; covered with an arch; as, an arched door. ARCHEGONIAL Ar`che*go"ni*al, a. Defn: Relating to the archegonium. ARCHEGONIUM Ar`che*go"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The pistillidium or female organ in the higher cryptogamic plants, corresponding to the pistil in flowering plants. ARCHEGONY Ar*cheg"o*ny, n. Etym: [See Archegonium.] (Biol.) Defn: Spontaneous generation; abiogenesis. ARCHELOGY Ar*chel"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of, or a treatise on, first principles. Fleming. ARCHENCEPHALA Ar`chen*ceph"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. pref. (Zoöl.) Defn: The division that includes man alone. R. Owen. ARCHENEMY Arch`en"e*my, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + enemy.] Defn: A principal enemy. Specifically, Satan, the grand adversary of mankind. Milton. ARCHENTERIC Arch`en*ter"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to the archenteron; as, archenteric invagination. ARCHENTERON Arch`en"ter*on, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The primitive enteron or undifferentiated digestive sac of a gastrula or other embryo. See Illust. under Invagination. ARCHEOLOGY; ARCHEOLOGICAL Ar`che*ol"o*gy, n., Ar`che*o*log`ic*al, a. Defn: Same as Archæology, etc. ARCHER Arch"er, n. Etym: [archier, F. archer, LL. arcarius, fr. L. arcus bow. See Arc, Arch, n.] Defn: A bowman, one skilled in the use of the bow and arrow. ARCHERESS Arch"er*ess, n. Defn: A female archer. Markham. ARCHER FISH Arch"er fish`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small fish (Toxotes jaculator), of the East Indies; -- so called from its ejecting drops of water from its mouth at its prey. The name is also applied to Chætodon rostratus. ARCHERSHIP Arch"er*ship, n. Defn: The art or skill of an archer. ARCHERY Arch"er*y, n. Etym: [OE. archerie.] 1. The use of the bow and arrows in battle, hunting, etc.; the art, practice, or skill of shooting with a bow and arrows. 2. Archers, or bowmen, collectively. Let all our archery fall off In wings of shot a-both sides of the van. Webster (1607). ARCHES Arch"es, Defn: pl. of Arch, n. Court of arches, or Arches Court (Eng. Law), the court of appeal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, whereof the judge, who sits as deputy to the archbishop, is called the Dean of the Arches, because he anciently held his court in the church of St. Mary-le-Bow (de arcubus). It is now held in Westminster. Mozley & W. ARCHETYPAL Ar"che*ty`pal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an archetype; consisting a model (real or ideal) or pattern; original. "One archetypal mind." Gudworth. Note: Among Platonists, the archetypal world is the world as it existed as an idea of God before the creation. ARCHETYPALLY Ar"che*ty`pal*ly, adv. Defn: With reference to the archetype; originally. "Parts archetypally distinct." Dana. ARCHETYPE Ar"che*type, n. Etym: [L. archetypum, Gr. archétype. See Arch-, pref.] 1. The original pattern or model of a work; or the model from which a thing is made or formed. The House of Commons, the archetype of all the representative assemblies which now meet. Macaulay. Types and shadows of that glorious archetype that was to come into the world. South. 2. (Coinage) Defn: The standard weight or coin by which others are adjusted. 3. (Biol.) Defn: The plan or fundamental structure on which a natural group of animals or plants or their systems of organs are assumed to have been constructed; as, the vertebrate archetype. ARCHETYPICAL Ar`che*typ"ic*al, a. Defn: Relating to an archetype; archetypal. ARCHEUS Ar*che"us, n. Etym: [LL. arch, Gr. Archi-, pref.] Defn: The vital principle or force which (according to the Paracelsians) presides over the growth and continuation of living beings; the anima mundi or plastic power of the old philosophers. [Obs.] Johnson. ARCHI- Ar"chi-. Etym: [L., archi-, Gr. arce-, erce-, OHG. erzi-.] Defn: A prefix signifying chief, arch; as, architect, archiepiscopal. In Biol. and Anat. it usually means primitive, original, ancestral; as, archipterygium, the primitive fin or wing. ARCHIANNELIDA Ar`chi*an*nel"i*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL.; pref. archi- + annelida.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Annelida remarkable for having no external segments or distinct ventral nerve ganglions. ARCHIATER Ar"chi*a`ter, n. Etym: [L. archiatrus, Gr. Defn: Chief physician; -- a term applied, on the continent of Europe, to the first or body physician of princes and to the first physician of some cities. P. Cyc. ARCHIBALD WHEEL Ar"chi*bald wheel. Defn: A metal-hubbed wheel of great strength and elasticity, esp. adapted for artillery carriages and motor cars. ARCHIBLASTULA Ar`chi*blas"tu*la, n. Etym: [Pref. archi + blastula.] (Biol.) Defn: A hollow blastula, supposed to be the primitive form; a c ARCHICAL Ar"chi*cal, a. Etym: [Gr. Arch-, pref.] Defn: Chief; primary; primordial. [Obs.] Cudworth. ARCHIDIACONAL Ar`chi*di*ac"o*nal, a. Etym: [L. archidiaconus, Gr. archdeacon.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an archdeacon. This offense is liable to be censured in an archidiaconal visitation. Johnson. ARCHIEPISCOPACY Ar`chi*e*pis"co*pa*cy, n. Etym: [Pref. archi- + episcopacy.] 1. That form of episcopacy in which the chief power is in the hands of archbishops. 2. The state or dignity of an archbishop. ARCHIEPISCOPAL Ar`chi*e*pis"co*pal, a. Etym: [Pref. archi- + episcopal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an archbishop; as, Canterbury is an archiepiscopal see. ARCHIEPISCOPALITY Ar`chi*e*pis`co*pal"i*ty, n. Defn: The station or dignity of an archbishop; archiepiscopacy. Fuller. ARCHIEPISCOPATE Ar`chi*e*pis"co*pate, n. Etym: [Pref. archi- + episcopate.] Defn: The office of an archbishop; an archbishopric. ARCHIEREY Ar*chi"e*rey, n. Etym: [Russ. archieréi, fr. Gr. arch-) + * priest.] Defn: The higher order of clergy in Russia, including metropolitans, archbishops, and bishops. Pinkerton. ARCHIL Ar"chil, n. Etym: [OF. orchel, orcheil, It. orcella, oricello, or OSp. orchillo. Cf. Orchil.] 1. A violet dye obtained from several species of lichen (Roccella tinctoria, etc.), which grow on maritime rocks in the Canary and Cape Verd Islands, etc. Tomlinson. 2. The plant from which the dye is obtained. [Written also orchal and orchil.] ARCHILOCHIAN Ar`chi*lo"chi*an, a. Etym: [L. Archilochius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the satiric Greek poet Archilochus; as, Archilochian meter. ARCHIMAGE; ARCHIMAGUS Ar"chi*mage, Ar`chi*ma"gus, n. Etym: [NL.; pref. archi- + L. magus, Gr. 1. The high priest of the Persian Magi, or worshipers of fire. 2. A great magician, wizard, or enchanter. Spenser. ARCHIMANDRITE Ar`chi*man"drite, n. Etym: [L. archimandrita, LGr. arch-) + (Gr. Church) (a) A chief of a monastery, corresponding to abbot in the Roman Catholic church. (b) A superintendent of several monasteries, corresponding to superior abbot, or father provincial, in the Roman Catholic church. ARCHIMEDEAN Ar`chi*me*de"an, a. Etym: [L. Archimedeus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Archimedes, a celebrated Greek philosopher; constructed on the principle of Archimedes' screw; as, Archimedean drill, propeller, etc. Archimedean screw, or Archimedes' screw, an instrument, said to have been invented by Archimedes, for raising water, formed by winding a flexible tube round a cylinder in the form of a screw. When the screw is placed in an inclined position, and the lower end immersed in water, by causing the screw to revolve, the water is raised to the upper end. Francis. ARCHIMEDES Ar`chi*me"des, n. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of Bryzoa characteristic of the subcarboniferous rocks. Its form is that of a screw. ARCHING Arch"ing, n. 1. The arched part of a structure. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Hogging; -- opposed to sagging. ARCHIPELAGIC Ar`chi*pe*lag"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an archipelago. ARCHIPELAGO Ar`chi*pel"a*go, n.; pl. -goes or -gos. Etym: [It. arcipelago, properly, chief sea; Gr. pref Plague.] 1. The Grecian Archipelago, or Ægean Sea, separating Greece from Asia Minor. It is studded with a vast number of small islands. 2. Hence: Any sea or broad sheet of water interspersed with many islands or with a group of islands. ARCHIPTERYGIUM Ar*chip`te*ryg"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. pref. arch-) + (Anat.) Defn: The primitive form of fin, like that of Ceratodus. ARCHITECT Ar"chi*tect, n. Etym: [L. architectus, architecton, Gr. archi-) + architecte, It. architetto. See Technical.] 1. A person skilled in the art of building; one who understands architecture, or makes it his occupation to form plans and designs of buildings, and to superintend the artificers employed. 2. A contriver, designer, or maker. The architects of their own happiness. Milton. A French woman is a perfect architect in dress. Coldsmith. ARCHITECTIVE Ar`chi*tec"tive, a. Defn: Used in building; proper for building. Derham. ARCHITECTONIC; ARCHITECTONICAL Ar`chi*tec*ton"ic, Ar`chi*tec*ton"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. architectonicus, Gr. Architect.] 1. Pertaining to a master builder, or to architecture; evincing skill in designing or construction; constructive. "Architectonic wisdom." Boyle. These architectonic functions which we had hitherto thought belonged. J. C. Shairp. 2. Relating to the systemizing of knowledge. ARCHITECTONIC Ar`chi*tec*ton"ic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. architectonique.] 1. The science of architecture. 2. The act of arranging knowledge into a system. ARCHITECTONICS Ar`chi*tec*ton"ics, n. Defn: The science of architecture. ARCHITECTOR Ar"chi*tec`tor, n. Defn: An architect. [Obs.] North. ARCHITECTRESS Ar"chi*tec`tress, n. Defn: A female architect. ARCHITECTURAL Ar`chi*tec"tur*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the art of building; conformed to the rules of architecture. -- Ar`chi*tec"tur*al*ly, adv. ARCHITECTURE Ar"chi*tec`ture, n. Etym: [L. architectura, fr. architectus: cf. F. architecture. See Architect.] 1. The art or science of building; especially, the art of building houses, churches, bridges, and other structures, for the purposes of civil life; -- often called civil architecture. Many other architectures besides Gothic. Ruskin. 3. Construction, in a more general sense; frame or structure; workmanship. The architecture of grasses, plants, and trees. Tyndall. The formation of the first earth being a piece of divine architecture. Burnet. Military architecture, the art of fortifications. -- Naval architecture, the art of building ships. ARCHITEUTHIS Ar`chi*teu"this, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. pref. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of gigantic cephalopods, allied to the squids, found esp. in the North Atlantic and about New Zealand. ARCHITRAVE Ar"chi*trave, n. Etym: [F. architrave, fr. It. architrave; pref. archi- + trave beam, L. trabs.] (Arch.) (a) The lower division of an entablature, or that part which rests immediately on the column, esp. in classical architecture. See Column. (b) The group of moldings, or other architectural member, above and on both sides of a door or other opening, especially if square in form. ARCHITRAVED Ar"chi*traved, a. Defn: Furnished with an architrave. Cowper. ARCHIVAL Ar"chi*val, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or contained in, archives or records. Tooke. ARCHIVE Ar"chive, n.; pl. Archives. Etym: [F. archives, pl., L. archivum, archium, fr. Gr. Archi-, pref.] 1. pl. Defn: The place in which public records or historic documents are kept. Our words . . . . become records in God's court, and are laid up in his archives as witnesses. Gov. of Tongue. 2. pl. Defn: Public records or documents preserved as evidence of facts; as, the archives of a country or family. [Rarely used in sing.] Some rotten archive, rummaged out of some seldom explored press. Lamb. Syn. -- Registers; records; chronicles. ARCHIVIST Ar"chi*vist, n. Etym: [F. archiviste.] Defn: A keeper of archives or records. [R.] ARCHIVOLT Ar"chi*volt, n. Etym: [F. archivolte, fr. It. archivolto; pref. archi- + volto vault, arch. See Vault.] (Arch.) (a) The architectural member surrounding the curved opening of an arch, corresponding to the architrave in the case of a square opening. (b) More commonly, the molding or other ornaments with which the wall face of the voussoirs of an arch is charged. ARCHLUTE; ARCHILUTE Arch"lute, Arch"i*lute, n. Etym: [Cf. F. archiluth, It. arciliuto.] (Mus.) Defn: A large theorbo, or double-necked lute, formerly in use, having the bass strings doubled with an octave, and the higher strings with a unison. ARCHLY Arch"ly, adv. Defn: In an arch manner; with attractive slyness or roguishness; slyly; waggishly. Archly the maiden smiled. Longfellow. ARCHMARSHAL Arch`mar"shal, n. Etym: [G. erzmarschall. See Arch-, pref.] Defn: The grand marshal of the old German empire, a dignity that to the Elector of Saxony. ARCHNESS Arch"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being arch; cleverness; sly humor free from malice; waggishness. Goldsmith. ARCHON Ar"chon, n. Etym: [L. archon, Gr. (Antiq.) Defn: One of the chief magistrates in ancient Athens, especially, by preëminence, the first of the nine chief magistrates. -- Ar*chon"tic, a. ARCHONSHIP Ar"chon*ship, n. Defn: The office of an archon. Mitford. ARCHONTATE Ar"chon*tate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. archontat.] Defn: An archon's term of office. Gibbon. ARCHONTS Ar"chonts, n. pl. Etym: [Gr. p. pr. See Archon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The group including man alone. ARCHOPLASM Ar"cho*plasm, n. [See Archon; Plasma.] (Biol.) Defn: The substance from which attraction spheres develop in mitotic cell division, and of which they consist. ARCHPRELATE Arch`prel"ate, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + prelate.] Defn: An archbishop or other chief prelate. ARCHPRESBYTER Arch`pres"by*ter, n. Defn: Same as Archpriest. ARCHPRESBYTERY Arch`pres"by*ter*y, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + presbutery.] Defn: The absolute dominion of presbytery. Milton. ARCHPRIEST Arch`priest", n. Defn: A chief priest; also, a kind of vicar, or a rural dean. ARCHPRIMATE Arch`pri"mate, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + primate.] Defn: The chief primate. Milton. ARCH STONE Arch" stone`. Defn: A wedge-shaped stone used in an arch; a voussoir. ARCHTRAITOR Arch`trai"tor, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + traitor.] Defn: A chief or transcendent traitor. I. Watts. ARCHTREASURER Arch`treas"ur*er, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + treasurer.] Defn: A chief treasurer. Specifically, the great treasurer of the German empire. ARCHWAY Arch"way, n. Defn: A way or passage under an arch. ARCHWIFE Arch`wife", n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + wife.] Defn: A big, masculine wife. [Obs.] Chaucer. ARCHWISE Arch"wise, adv. Defn: Arch-shaped. ARCHY Arch"y, a. Defn: Arched; as, archy brows. ARCHY *ar"chy. Etym: [Gr. Arch-, pref.] Defn: A suffix properly meaning a rule, ruling, as in monarchy, the rule of one only. Cf. -arch. ARCIFORM Ar"ci*form, a. Etym: [L. arcus bow + -form.] Defn: Having the form of an arch; curved. ARC LIGHT Arc light. (Elec.) Defn: The light of an arc lamp. ARCOGRAPH Arc"o*graph, n. Etym: [L. arcus (E. arc) + -graph.] Defn: An instrument for drawing a circular arc without the use of a central point; a cyclograph. ARCTATION Arc*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. arctus shut in, narrow, p. p. of arcere to shut in: cf. F. arctation.] (Med.) Defn: Constriction or contraction of some natural passage, as in constipation from inflammation. ARCTIC Arc"tic, a. Etym: [OE. artik, OF. artique, F. arctique, L. arcticus, fr. Gr. ursus bear, Skr. Defn: Pertaining to, or situated under, the northern constellation called the Bear; northern; frigid; as, the arctic pole, circle, region, ocean; an arctic expedition, night, temperature. Note: The arctic circle is a lesser circle, parallel to the equator, 23º 28' from the north pole. This and the antarctic circle are called the polar circles, and between these and the poles lie the frigid zones. See Zone. ARCTIC Arc"tic, n. 1. The arctic circle. 2. A warm waterproof overshoe. [U.S.] ARCTISCA Arc*tis"ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Arachnida. See Illust. in Appendix. ARCTOGEAL Arc`to*ge"al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to arctic lands; as, the arctogeal fauna. ARCTOIDEA Arc*toid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of the Carnivora, that includes the bears, weasels, etc. ARCTURUS Arc*tu"rus, n. Etym: [L. Arcturus, Gr. Arctic.] (Anat.) Defn: A fixed star of the first magnitude in the constellation Boötes. Note: Arcturus has sometimes been incorrectly used as the name of the constellation, or even of Ursa Major. Canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons [Rev. Ver.: "the Bear with her train"]. Job xxxviii. 32. ARCUAL Arc"u*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an arc. Arcual measure of an angle (Math.), that in which the unit angle has its measuring arc equal to the radius of the circle. ARCUATE; ARCUATED Arc"u*ate, Arc"u*a`ted(#), a. Etym: [L. arcuatus, p. p. of arcuare to shape like a bow, fr. arcus. See Arc.] Defn: Bent or curved in the form of a bow. "Arcuate stalks." Gray. ARCUATELY Arc"u*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In the form of a bow. ARCUATION Arc`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. arcuatio.] 1. The act of bending or curving; incurvation; the state of being bent; crookedness. Coxe. 2. (Hort.) Defn: A mode of propagating trees by bending branches to the ground, and covering the small shoots with earth; layering. Chambers. ARCUBALIST Ar"cu*ba*list, n. Etym: [See Arbalist.] Defn: A crossbow. Fosbroke. ARCUBALISTER Ar`cu*bal"ist*er, n. Etym: [L. arcuballistarius. Cf. Arbalister.] Defn: A crossbowman; one who used the arcubalist. Camden. ARCUBUS Ar"cu*bus, n. Defn: See Arquebus. [Obs.] -ARD; -ART -ard, -art. Defn: The termination of many English words; as, coward, reynard, drunkard, mostly from the French, in which language this ending is of German origin, being orig. the same word as English hard. It usually has the sense of one who has to a high or excessive degree the quality expressed by the root; as, braggart, sluggard. ARDASSINE Ar*das"sine, n. Etym: [F. (cf. Sp. ardacina), fr. ardasse a kind of silk thread, fr. Ar. & Per. ardan a kind of raw silk.] Defn: A very fine sort of Persian silk. ARDENCY Ar"den*cy, n. 1. Heat. [R.] Sir T. Herbert. 2. Warmth of passion or affection; ardor; vehemence; eagerness; as, the ardency of love or zeal. ARDENT Ar"dent, a. Etym: [OE. ardaunt, F. ardant, p. pr. of arder to burn, fr. L. ardere.] 1. Hot or burning; causing a sensation of burning; fiery; as, ardent spirits, that is, distilled liquors; an ardent fever. 2. Having the appearance or quality of fire; fierce; glowing; shining; as, ardent eyes. Dryden. 3. Warm, applied to the passions and affections; passionate; fervent; zealous; vehement; as, ardent love, feelings, zeal, hope, temper. An ardent and impetuous race. Macaulay. Syn. -- Burning; hot; fiery; glowing; intense; fierce; vehement; eager; zealous; keen; fervid; fervent; passionate; affectionate. ARDENTLY Ar"dent*ly, adv. Defn: In an ardent manner; eagerly; with warmth; affectionately; passionately. ARDENTNESS Ar"dent*ness, n. Defn: Ardency. [R.] ARDOIS SYSTEM Ar`dois" sys"tem. (Naut.) Defn: A widely used system of electric night signals in which a series of double electric lamps (white and red) is arranged vertically on a mast, and operated from a keyboard below. ARDOR Ar"dor, n. Etym: [L. ardor, fr. ardere to burn: cf. OF. ardor, ardur, F. ardeur.] [Spelt also ardour.] 1. Heat, in a literal sense; as, the ardor of the sun's rays. 2. Warmth or heat of passion or affection; eagerness; zeal; as, he pursues study with ardor; the fought with ardor; martial ardor. 3. pl. Defn: Bright and effulgent spirits; seraphim. [Thus used by Milton.] Syn. -- Fervor; warmth; eagerness. See Fervor. ARDUOUS Ar"du*ous, a. Etym: [L. arduus steep, high; akin to Ir. ard high, height.] 1. Steep and lofty, in a literal sense; hard to climb. Those arduous pats they trod. Pope. 2. Attended with great labor, like the ascending of acclivities; difficult; laborious; as, an arduous employment, task, or enterprise. Syn. -- Difficult; trying; laborious; painful; exhausting. -- Arduous, Hard, Difficult. Hard is simpler, blunter, and more general in sense than difficult; as, a hard duty to perform, hard work, a hard task, one which requires much bodily effort and perseverance to do. Difficult commonly implies more skill and sagacity than hard, as when there is disproportion between the means and the end. A work may be hard but not difficult. We call a thing arduous when it requires strenuous and persevering exertion, like that of one who is climbing a precipice; as, an arduous task, an arduous duty. "It is often difficult to control our feelings; it is still harder to subdue our will; but it is an arduous undertaking to control the unruly and contending will of others." ARDUOUSLY Ar"du*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In an arduous manner; with difficulty or laboriousness. ARDUOUSNESS Ar"du*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being arduous; difficulty of execution. ARDUROUS Ar"du*rous, a. Defn: Burning; ardent. [R.] Lo! further on, Where flames the arduous Spirit of Isidore. Cary. ARE Are. Etym: [AS. (Northumbrian) aron, akin to the 1st pers. pl. forms, Icel. erum, Goth. sijum, L. sumus, Gr. smas; all from a root as. Am and Is, and cf. Be.] Defn: The present indicative plural of the substantive verb to be; but etymologically a different word from be, or was. Am, art, are, and is, all come from the root as. ARE Are, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. area. See Area.] (Metric system) Defn: The unit of superficial measure, being a square of which each side is ten meters in length; 100 square meters, or about 119.6 square yards. AREA A"re*a, n.; pl. Areas . Etym: [L. area a broad piece of level groAre, n.] 1. Any plane surface, as of the floor of a room or church, or of the ground within an inclosure; an open space in a building. The Alban lake . . . looks like the area of some vast amphitheater. Addison. 2. The inclosed space on which a building stands. 3. The sunken space or court, giving ingress and affording light to the basement of a building. 4. An extent of surface; a tract of the earth's surface; a region; as, vast uncultivated areas. 5. (Geom.) Defn: The superficial contents of any figure; the surface included within any given lines; superficial extent; as, the area of a square or a triangle. 6. (Biol.) Defn: A spot or small marked space; as, the germinative area. 7. Extent; scope; range; as, a wide area of thought. The largest area of human history and man's common nature. F. Harrison. Dry area. See under Dry. AREAD; AREED A*read", A*reed", v. t. Etym: [OE. areden, AS. ar to interpret. See Read.] 1. To tell, declare, explain, or interpret; to divine; to guess; as, to aread a riddle or a dream. [Obs.] Therefore more plain aread this doubtful case. Spenser. 2. To read. [Obs.] Drayton. 3. To counsel, advise, warn, or direct. But mark what I aread thee now. Avaunt! Milton. 4. To decree; to adjudge. [Archaic] Ld. Lytton. AREAL A"re*al, a. Etym: [Cf. L. arealis, fr. area.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an area; as, areal interstices (the areas or spaces inclosed by the reticulate vessels of leaves). AREAR A*rear", v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. ar. See Rear.] Defn: To raise; to set up; to stir up. [Obs.] AREAR A*rear", adv. Etym: [See Arrear, adv.] Defn: Backward; in or to the rear; behindhand. Spenser. ARECA A*re"ca, n. Etym: [Canarese adiki: cf. Pg. & Sp. areca.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of palms, one species of which produces the areca nut, or betel nut, which is chewed in India with the leaf of the Piper Betle and lime. ARECOLINE; ARECOLIN A*re"co*line, A*re"co*lin, n. [From NL. Areca, a genus of palms bearing betel nut.] Defn: An oily liquid substance, C8H13O2N, the chief alkaloid of the betel nut, to which the latter owes its anthelmintic action. AREEK A*reek", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + reek.] Defn: In a reeking condition. Swift. AREFACTION Ar`e*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. arefacere to dry.] Defn: The act of drying, or the state of growing dry. The arefaction of the earth. Sir M. Hale. AREFY Ar"e*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. arere to be dry + -fly.] Defn: To dry, or make dry. Bacon. ARENA A*re"na, n.; pl. E. Arenas; L. Arenæ. Etym: [L. arena, harena, sand, a sandy place.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: The area in the central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators fought and other shows were exhibited; -- so called because it was covered with sand. 2. Any place of public contest or exertion; any sphere of action; as, the arenaof debate; the arena of life. 3. (Med.) Defn: "Sand" or "gravel" in the kidneys. ARENACEOUS Ar`e*na"ceous, a. Etym: [L. arenaceus, fr. arena sand.] Defn: Sandy or consisting largely of sand; of the nature of sand; easily disintegrating into sand; friable; as, arenaceous limestone. ARENARIOUS Ar`e*na"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. arenarius, fr. arena sand.] Defn: Sandy; as, arenarious soil. ARENATION Ar`e*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. arenatio, fr. arena sand.] (Med.) Defn: A sand bath; application of hot sand to the body. Dunglison. ARENDATOR Ar`en*da"tor, n. Etym: [LL. arendator, arrendator, fr. arendare, arrendare, to pay rent, fr. arenda yearly rent; ad + renda, F. rente, E. rent. Cf. Arrentation and Rent.] Defn: In some provinces of Russia, one who farms the rents or revenues. Note: A person who rents an estate belonging to the crown is called crown arendator. Tooke. ARENG; ARENGA A*reng", A*ren"ga, n. Etym: [Malayan.] Defn: A palm tree (Saguerus saccharifer) which furnishes sago, wine, and fibers for ropes; the gomuti palm. ARENICOLITE Ar`e*nic"o*lite, n. Etym: [L. arena sand + colere to cherish or live.] (Paleon.) Defn: An ancient wormhole in sand, preserved in the rocks. Dana. ARENILITIC A*ren`i*lit"ic, a. Etym: [L. arena sand + Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to sandstone; as, arenilitic mountains. Kirwan. ARENOSE Ar"e*nose, a. Etym: [L. arenosus, fr. arena sand.] Defn: Sandy; full of sand. Johnson. ARENULOUS A*ren"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. arenula fine sand, dim. of arena.] Defn: Full of fine sand; like sand. [Obs.] AREOLA A*re"o*la, n.; pl. Areolæ. Etym: [L. areola, dim. of area: cf. F. aréole. See Area.] 1. An interstice or small space, as between the cracks of the surface in certain crustaceous lichens; or as between the fibers composing organs or vessels that interlace; or as between the nervures of an insect's wing. 2. (Anat. & Med.) Defn: The colored ring around the nipple, or around a vesicle or pustule. AREOLAR A*re"o*lar, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or like, an areola; filled with interstices or areolæ. reolar tissue (Anat.), a form of fibrous connective tissue in which the fibers are loosely arranged with numerous spaces, or areolæ, between them. AREOLATE; AREOLATED A*re"o*late, A*re"o*la*ted, a. Etym: [L. areola: cf. F. aréole.] Defn: Divided into small spaces or areolations, as the wings of insects, the leaves of plants, or the receptacle of compound flowers. AREOLATION A`re*o*la"tion, n. 1. Division into areolæ. Dana. 2. Any small space, bounded by some part different in color or structure, as the spaces bounded by the nervures of the wings of insects, or those by the veins of leaves; an areola. AREOLE A"re*ole, n. Defn: Same as Areola. AREOLET A*re"o*let, n. Etym: [Dim. of L. areola.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small inclosed area; esp. one of the small spaces on the wings of insects, circumscribed by the veins. AREOMETER A`re*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. aréomètre.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the specific gravity of fluids; a form hydrometer. AREOMETRIC; AREOMETRICAL A`re*o*met"ric, A`re*o*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or measured by, an areometer. AREOMETRY A`re*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.] Defn: The art or process of measuring the specific gravity of fluids. AREOPAGIST Ar`e*op"a*gist, n. Defn: See Areopagite. AREOPAGITE Ar`e*op"a*gite, n. Etym: [L. Areopagites, Gr. Defn: A member of the Areopagus. Acts xvii. 34. AREOPAGITIC Ar`e*op`a*git"ic, a. Etym: [L. Areopagiticus, Gr. Defn: Pertaining to the Areopagus. Mitford. AREOPAGUS Ar`e*op"a*gus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: The highest judicial court at Athens. Its sessions were held on Mars' Hill. Hence, any high court or tribunal AREOSTYLE A*re"o*style, a. & n. Defn: See Intercolumniation, and Aræostyle. AREOSYSTYLE A*re`o*sys"tyle, a. & n. Defn: See Intercolumniation, and Aræosystyle. ARERE A*rere", v. t. & i. Defn: See Arear. [Obs.] Ellis. AREST A*rest", n. Defn: A support for the spear when couched for the attack. [Obs.] Chaucer. ARET A*ret", v. t. Etym: [OE. aretten, OF. areter; a (L. ad) + OF. reter, L. reputare. See Repute.] Defn: To reckon; to ascribe; to impute. [Obs.] Chaucer. ARETAICS Ar`e*ta"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The ethical theory which excludes all relations between virtue and happiness; the science of virtue; -- contrasted with eudemonics. J. Grote. ARETE A`rête", n. [F., lit., a sharp fish bone, ridge, sharp edge, fr. L. arista beard of grain.] (Geog.) Defn: An acute and rugged crest of a mountain range or a subsidiary ridge between two mountain gorges. ARETOLOGY Ar`e*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. arétologie.] Defn: That part of moral philosophy which treats of virtue, its nature, and the means of attaining to it. AREW A*rew". adv. Etym: [See Arow, Row.] Defn: In a row. [Obs.] "All her teeth arew." Spenser. ARGAL Ar"gal, n. Defn: Crude tartar. See Argol. ARGAL Ar"gal, adv. Defn: A ludicrous corruption of the Latin word ergo, therefore. Shak. ARGAL; ARGALI Ar"gal, Ar"ga*li, n. Etym: [Mongolian.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of wild sheep (Ovis ammon, or O. argali), remarkable for its large horns. It inhabits the mountains of Siberia and central Asia. Note: The bearded argali is the aoudad. See Aoudad. The name is also applied to the bighorn sheep of the Rocky Mountains. See Bighorn. ARGALA Ar"ga*la, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The adjutant bird. ARGAND LAMP Ar"gand lamp`. Etym: [Named from the inventor, Aimé Argand of Geneva.] Defn: A lamp with a circular hollow wick and glass chimney which allow a current of air both inside and outside of the flame. Argand burner, a burner for an Argand lamp, or a gas burner in which the principle of that lamp is applied. ARGAS Ar"gas, n. Defn: A genus of venomous ticks which attack men and animals. The famous Persian Argas, also called Miana bug, is A. Persicus; that of Central America, called talaje by the natives, is A. Talaje. ARGEAN Ar*ge"an, a. Defn: Pertaining to the ship Argo. See Argo. ARGENT Ar"gent, n. Etym: [F. argent, fr. L. argentum, silver; akin to Gr. rajata white, silver, raj to shine, Ir. arg white, milk, airgiod silver, money, and L. arguere to make clear. See Argue.] 1. Silver, or money. [Archaic] 2. (Fig. & Poet.) Defn: Whiteness; anything that is white. The polished argent of her breast. Tennyson. 3. (Her.) Defn: The white color in coats of arms, intended to represent silver, or, figuratively, purity, innocence, beauty, or gentleness; -- represented in engraving by a plain white surface. Weale. ARGENT Ar"gent, a. Defn: Made of silver; of a silvery color; white; shining. Yonder argent fields above. Pope. ARGENTAL Ar*gen"tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to silver; resembling, containing, or combined with, silver. ARGENTALIUM Ar`gen*ta"li*um, n. [NL.; L. argentum silver + E. aluminium.] Defn: A (patented) alloy of aluminium and silver, with a density of about 2.9. ARGENTAMINE; ARGENTAMIN Ar*gen"ta*mine, Ar*gen"ta*min, n. [L. argentum silver + E. amine.] (Med.) Defn: A solution of silver phosphate in an aqueous solution of ethylene diamine, used as an antiseptic astringent and as a disinfectant. ARGENTAN Ar"gen*tan, n. Defn: An alloy of nicked with copper and zinc; German silver. ARGENTATE Ar"gen*tate, a. Etym: [L. argentatus silvered.] (Bot.) Defn: Silvery white. Gray. ARGENTATION Ar`gen*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. argentare to silver, fr. argentum silver. See Argent.] Defn: A coating or overlaying with silver. [R.] Johnson. ARGENTIC Ar*gen"tic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, silver; -- said of certain compounds of silver in which this metal has its lowest proportion; as, argentic chloride. ARGENTIFEROUS Ar`gen*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. argentum silver + -ferous: cf. F. argentifère.] Defn: Producing or containing silver; as, argentiferous lead ore or veins. ARGENTINE Ar"gen*tine (; in the 2d sense, commonly ), a. 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, silver; made of, or sounding like, silver; silvery. Celestial Dian, goddess argentine. Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to the Argentine Republic in South America. ARGENTINE Ar"gen*tine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. argentin, fr. L. argentum silver.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A siliceous variety of calcite, or carbonate of lime, having a silvery-white, pearly luster, and a waving or curved lamellar structure. 2. White metal coated with silver. Simmonds. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of Europe (Maurolicus Pennantii) with silvery scales. The name is also applied to various fishes of the genus Argentina. 4. A citizen of the Argentine Republic. ARGENTITE Ar"gen*tite, n. Etym: [L. argentum silver.] (Min.) Defn: Sulphide of silver; -- also called vitreous silver, or silver glance. It has a metallic luster, a lead-gray color, and is sectile like lead. ARGENTOUS Ar*gen"tous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, silver; -- said of certain silver compounds in which silver has a higher proportion than in argentic compounds; as, argentous chloride. ARGENTRY Ar"gent*ry, n. Etym: [F. argenterie, fr. argent silver, L. argentum.] Defn: Silver plate or vessels. [Obs.] Bowls of frosted argentry. Howell. ARGIL Ar"gil, n. Etym: [F. argile, L. argilla white clay, akin to Gr. Argent.] (Min.) Defn: Clay, or potter's earth; sometimes pure clay, or alumina. See Clay. ARGILLACEOUS Ar`gil*la"ceous, a. Etym: [L. argillaceus, fr. argilla.] Defn: Of the nature of clay; consisting of, or containing, argil or clay; clayey. Argillaceous sandstone (Geol.), a sandstone containing much clay. -- Argillaceous iron ore, the clay ironstone. -- Argillaceous schist or state. See Argillite. ARGILLIFEROUS Ar`gil*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. argilla white clay + -ferous.] Defn: Producing clay; -- applied to such earths as abound with argil. Kirwan. ARGILLITE Ar"gil*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.) Defn: Argillaceous schist or slate; clay slate. Its colors is bluish or blackish gray, sometimes greenish gray, brownish red, etc. -- Ar`gil*lit"ic, a. ARGILLO-AREENACEOUS Ar*gil`lo-are`e*na"ceous, a. Defn: Consisting of, or containing, clay and sand, as a soil. ARGILLO-CALCAREOUS Ar*gil`lo-cal*ca"re*ous, a. Defn: Consisting of, or containing, clay and calcareous earth. ARGILLO-FERRUGINOUS Ar*gil`lo-fer*ru"gi*nous, a. Defn: Containing clay and iron. ARGILLOUS Ar*gil"lous, a. Etym: [L. argillosus, fr. argilla. See Argil.] Defn: Argillaceous; clayey. Sir T. Browne. ARGIVE Ar"give, a. Etym: [L. Argivus, fr. Argos, Argi.] Defn: Of or performance to Argos, the capital of Argolis in Greece. -- n. Defn: A native of Argos. Often used as a generic term, equivalent to Grecian or Greek. ARGO Ar"go, n. Etym: [L. Argo, Gr. 1. (Myth.) Defn: The name of the ship which carried Jason and his fifty-four companions to Colchis, in quest of the Golden Fleece. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A large constellation in the southern hemisphere, called also Argo Navis. In modern astronomy it is replaced by its three divisions, Carina, Puppis, and Vela. ARGOAN Ar*go"an, a. Defn: Pertaining to the ship Argo. ARGOILE Ar"goile, n. Defn: Potter's clay. [Obs.] Chaucer. ARGOL Ar"gol, n. Etym: [Cf. Argal, Orgal. Of unknown origin.] Defn: Crude tartar; an acidulous salt from which cream of tartar is prepared. It exists in the juice of grapes, and is deposited from wines on the sides of the casks. Ure. ARGOLIC Ar*gol"ic, a. Etym: [L. Argolicus, Gr. Defn: Pertaining to Argolis, a district in the Peloponnesus. ARGON Ar"gon, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A substance regarded as an element, contained in the atmosphere and remarkable for its chemical inertness. Rayleigh and Ramsay. ARGONAUT Ar"go*naut, n. Etym: [L. Argonauta, Gr. Argo.] 1. Any one of the legendary Greek heroes who sailed with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the Golden Fleece. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A cephalopod of the genus Argonauta. ARGONAUTA Ar`go*nau"ta, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Cephalopoda. The shell is called paper nautilus or paper sailor. Note: The animal has much resemblance to an Octopus. It has eight arms, two of which are expanded at the end and clasp the shell, but are never elevated in the air for sails as was formerly supposed. The creature swims beneath the surface by means of a jet of water, like other cephalopods. The male has no shell, and is much smaller than the female. See Hectocotylus. ARGONAUTIC Ar"go*naut"ic, a. Etym: [L. Argonauticus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Argonauts. ARGOSY Ar"go*sy, n.; pl. Argosies. Etym: [Earlier ragusy, fr. ragusa meaning orig. a vessel of Ragusa.] Defn: A large ship, esp. a merchant vessel of the largest size. Where your argosies with portly sail . . . Do overpeer the petty traffickers. Shak. ARGOT Ar`got", n. Etym: [F. Of unknown origin.] Defn: A secret language or conventional slang peculiar to thieves, tramps, and vagabonds; flash. ARGUABLE Ar"gu*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being argued; admitting of debate. ARGUE Ar"gue, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Argued; p. pr. & vb. n. Arguing.] Etym: [OE. arguen, F. arguer, fr. L. argutare, freq. of arguere to make clear; from the same root as E. argent.] 1. To invent and offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure; to use arguments; to reason. I argue not Against Heaven's hand or will. Milton. 2. To contend in argument; to dispute; to reason; -- followed by with; as, you may argue with your friend without convincing him. ARGUE Ar"gue, v. t. 1. To debate or discuss; to treat by reasoning; as, the counsel argued the cause before a full court; the cause was well argued. 2. To prove or evince; too manifest or exhibit by inference, deduction, or reasoning. So many laws argue so many sins. Milton. 3. To persuade by reasons; as, to argue a man into a different opinion. 4. To blame; to accuse; to charge with. [Obs.] Thoughts and expressions . . . which can be truly argued of obscenity, profaneness, or immorality. Dryden. Syn. -- to reason; evince; discuss; debate; expostulate; remonstrate; controvert. -- To Argue, Dispute, Debate. These words, as here compared, suppose a contest between two parties in respect to some point at issue. To argue is to adduce arguments or reasons in support of one's cause or position. To dispute is to call in question or deny the statements or arguments of the opposing party. To debate is to strive for or against in a somewhat formal manner by arguments. Men of many words sometimes argue for the sake of talking; men of ready tongues frequently dispute for the sake of victory; men in public life often debate for the sake of opposing the ruling party, or from any other motive than the love of truth. Crabb. Unskilled to argue, in dispute yet loud, Bold without caution, without honors proud. Falconer. Betwixt the dearest friends to raise debate. Dryden. ARGUER Ar"gu*er, n. Defn: One who argues; a reasoner; a disputant. ARGUFY Ar"gu*fy, v. t. & i. Etym: [Argue + -fy.] 1. To argue pertinaciously. [Colloq.] Halliwell. 2. To signify. [Colloq.] ARGULUS Ar"gu*lus, n. Etym: [NL., dim of Argus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of copepod Crustacea, parasitic of fishes; a fish louse. See Branchiura. ARGUMENT Ar"gu*ment, n. Etym: [F. argument, L. argumentum, fr. arguere to argue.] 1. Proof; evidence. [Obs.] There is.. no more palpable and convincing argument of the existence of a Deity. Ray. Why, then, is it made a badge of wit and an argument of parts for a man to commence atheist, and to cast off all belief of providence, all awe and reverence for religion South. 2. A reason or reasons offered in proof, to induce belief, or convince the mind; reasoning expressed in words; as, an argument about, concerning, or regarding a proposition, for or in favor of it, or against it. 3. A process of reasoning, or a controversy made up of rational proofs; argumentation; discussion; disputation. The argument is about things, but names. Locke. 4. The subject matter of a discourse, writing, or artistic representation; theme or topic; also, an abstract or summary, as of the contents of a book, chapter, poem. You and love are still my argument. Shak. The abstract or argument of the piece. Jeffrey. [Shields] with boastful argument portrayed. Milton. 5. Matter for question; business in hand. [Obs.] Sheathed their swords for lack of argument. Shak. 6. (Astron.) Defn: The quantity on which another quantity in a table depends; as, the altitude is the argument of the refraction. 7. (Math.) Defn: The independent variable upon whose value that of a function depends. Brande & C. ARGUMENT Ar"gu*ment, v. i. Etym: [L. argumentari.] Defn: To make an argument; to argue. [Obs.] Gower. ARGUMENTABLE Ar`gu*men"ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. argumentabilis.] Defn: Admitting of argument. [R.] Chalmers. ARGUMENTAL Ar`gu*men"tal, a. Etym: [L. argumentalis.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, argument; argumentative. ARGUMENTATION Ar`gu*men*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. argumentatio, from argumentari: cf. F. argumentation.] 1. The act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true. Which manner of argumentation, how false and naught it is, . . . every man that hath with perceiveth. Tyndale. 2. Debate; discussion. Syn. -- Reasoning; discussion; controversy. See Reasoning. ARGUMENTATIVE Ar`gu*men"ta*tive, a. 1. Consisting of, or characterized by, argument; containing a process of reasoning; as, an argumentative discourse. 2. Adductive as proof; indicative; as, the adaptation of things to their uses is argumentative of infinite wisdom in the Creator. [Obs.] 3. Given to argument; characterized by argument; disputatious; as, an argumentative writer. --Ar`gu*men"ta*tive*ly, adv. -- Ar`gu*men"ta*tive*ness, n. ARGUMENTIZE Ar"gu*men*tize, v. i. Defn: To argue or discuss. [Obs.] Wood. ARGUS Ar"gus, n. Etym: [L. Argus, Gr. 1. (Myth.) Defn: A fabulous being of antiquity, said to have had a hundred eyes, who has placed by Juno to guard Io. His eyes were transplanted to the peacock's tail. 2. One very vigilant; a guardian always watchful. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of East Indian pheasants. The common species (A. giganteus) is remarkable for the great length and beauty of the wing and tail feathers of the male. The species A. Grayi inhabits Borneo. ARGUS-EYED Ar"gus-eyed, a. Defn: Extremely observant; watchful; sharp-sighted. ARGUS SHELL Ar"gus shell` . (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of shell (Cypræa argus), beautifully variegated with spots resembling those in a peacock's tail. ARGUTATION Ar`gu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. argutatio. See Argue.] Defn: Caviling; subtle disputation. [Obs.] ARGUTE Ar*gute", a. Etym: [L. argutus, p. p. of arguere. See Argue.] 1. Sharp; shrill. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Sagacious; acute; subtle; shrewd. The active preacher . . . the argue schoolman. Milman. ARGUTELY Ar*gute"ly, adv. Defn: In a subtle; shrewdly. ARGUTENESS Ar*gute"ness, n. Defn: Acuteness. Dryden. ARHIZAL; ARHIZOUS; ARHYTHMIC; ARHYTHMOUS A*rhi"zal, A*rhi"zous, A*rhyth"*mic, A*rhyth"mous, a. Defn: See Arrhizal, Arrhizous, Arrhythmic, Arrhythmous. ARIA A"ri*a, n. Etym: [It., fr. L. aër. See Air.] (Mus.) Defn: An air or song; a melody; a tune. Note: The Italian term is now mostly used for the more elaborate accompanied melodies sung by a single voice, in operas, oratorios, cantatas, anthems, etc., and not so much for simple airs or tunes. ARIAN Ar"ian, a. & n. (Ethnol.) Defn: See Aryan. ARIAN A"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Arianus.] Defn: Pertaining to Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, in the fourth century, or to the doctrines of Arius, who held Christ to be inferior to God the Father in nature and dignity, though the first and noblest of all created beings. -- n. Defn: One who adheres to or believes the doctrines of Arius. Mosheim. ARIANISM A"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: The doctrines of the Arians. ARIANIZE A"ri*an*ize, v. i. Defn: To admit or accept the tenets of the Arians; to become an Arian. ARIANIZE A"ri*an*ize, v. t. Defn: To convert to Arianism. ARICINE Ar"i*cine, n. Etym: [From Arica, in Chile.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid, first found in white cinchona bark. ARID Ar"id, a. Etym: [L. aridus, fr. arere to be dry: cf. F. aride.] Defn: Exhausted of moisture; parched with heat; dry; barren. "An arid waste." Thomson. ARIDITY A*rid"i*ty, n.; pl. Aridities. Etym: [L. ariditas, fr. aridus.] 1. The state or quality of being arid or without moisture; dryness. 2. Fig.: Want of interest of feeling; insensibility; dryness of style or feeling; spiritual drought. Norris. ARIDNESS Ar"id*ness, n. Defn: Aridity; dryness. ARIEL; ARIEL GAZELLE A"ri*el, n., or; A"ri*el ga*zelle". Etym: [Ar. aryil, ayyil, stag.] (Zoöl.) A) Defn: A variety of the gazelle (Antilope, or Gazella, dorcas), found in Arabia and adjacent countries. (b) A squirrel-like Australian marsupial, a species of Petaurus. (c) A beautiful Brazilian toucan Ramphastos ariel). ARIES A"ri*es, n. Etym: [L.] 1. (Astron.) (a) The Ram; the first of the twelve signs in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the vernal equinox, about the 21st of March. (b) A constellation west of Taurus, drawn on the celestial globe in the figure of a ram. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A battering-ram. ARIETATE Ar"i*e*tate, v. i. Etym: [L. arietatus, p. p. of arietare, fr. aries ram.] Defn: To butt, as a ram. [Obs.] ARIETATION Ar`i*e*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. arietatio.] 1. The act of butting like a ram; act of using a battering-ram. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Act of striking or conflicting. [R.] Glanvill. ARIETTA; ARIETTE A`ri*et"ta, Ar`i*ette", n. Etym: [It. arietta, dim. of aria; F. ariette.] (Mus.) Defn: A short aria, or air. "A military ariette." Sir W. Scott. ARIGHT A*right", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + right.] Defn: Rightly; correctly; in a right way or form; without mistake or crime; as, to worship God aright. ARIL; ARILLUS Ar"il, A*ril"lus, n. Etym: [From LL. arilli dry grapes, perh. fr. L. aridus dry: cf. F,. arille.] (Bot.) Defn: A exterior covering, forming a false coat or appendage to a seed, as the loose, transparent bag inclosing the seed or the white water lily. The mace of the nutmeg is also an aril. Gray. ARILLATE; ARILLATED; ARILED Ar"il*late. Ar"il*la`ted, Ar"iled, a. Etym: [Cf. NL. arillatus, F. arillé.] Defn: Having an aril. ARILLODE Ar"il*lode, n. [Arillus + Gr. form.] (Bot.) Defn: A false aril; an aril originating from the micropyle instead of from the funicle or chalaza of the ovule. The mace of the nutmeg is an arillode. ARIMAN A"ri*man, n. Defn: See Ahriman. ARIOLATION Ar`i*o*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. ariolatio, hariolatio, fr. hariolari to prophesy, fr. hariolus soothsayer.] Defn: A soothsaying; a foretelling. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ARIOSE Ar"i*ose, a. Etym: [It. arioso, fr. aria.] Defn: Characterized by melody, as distinguished from harmony. Mendelssohn wants the ariose beauty of Handel; vocal melody is not his forte; the interest of his airs harmonic. Foreign Quart. Rev. ARIOSO A`ri*o"so, adv. & a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: In the smooth and melodious style of an air; ariose. ARISE A*rise", v. i. [imp. Arose; p. pr. & vb. n. Arising; p. p. Arisen.]. Etym: [AS. arisan; a (equiv. to Goth. us-, ur-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + risan to rise; cf. Goth. urreisan to arise. See Rise.] 1. To come up from a lower to a higher position; to come above the horizon; to come up from one's bed or place of repose; to mount; to ascend; to rise; as, to arise from a kneeling posture; a cloud arose; the sun ariseth; he arose early in the morning. 2. To spring up; to come into action, being, or notice; to become operative, sensible, or visible; to begin to act a part; to present itself; as, the waves of the sea arose; a persecution arose; the wrath of the king shall arise. There arose up a new king . . . which knew not Joseph. Ex. i. 8. The doubts that in his heart arose. Milton. 3. To proceed; to issue; to spring. Whence haply mention may arise Of something not unseasonable to ask. Milton. ARISE A*rise", n. Defn: Rising. [Obs.] Drayton. ARIST A*rist", 3d sing. pres. Defn: of Arise, for ariseth. [Obs.] Chaucer. ARISTA A*ris"ta, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: An awn. Gray. ARISTARCH Ar"is*tarch, n. Etym: [From Aristarchus, a Greek grammarian and critic, of Alexandria, about 200 b. c.] Defn: A severe critic. Knowles. ARISTARCHIAN Ar`is*tar"chi*an, a. Defn: Severely critical. ARISTARCHY Ar"is*tar`chy, n. Defn: Severely criticism. ARISTARCHY Ar"is*tar`chy, n. Defn: Severe criticism. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington. ARISTATE A*ris"tate, a. Etym: [L. aristatus, fr. arista. See Arista.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Having a pointed, beardlike process, as the glumes of wheat; awned. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a slender, sharp, or spinelike tip. ARISTOCRACY Ar`is*toc"ra*cy, n.; pl. Aristocracies. Etym: [Gr. arm, and orig. meant fitting: cf. F. aristocratie. See Arm, and Create, which is related to Gr. 1. Government by the best citizens. 2. A ruling body composed of the best citizens. [Obs.] In the Senate Right not our quest in this, I will protest them To all the world, no aristocracy. B. Jonson. 3. A form a government, in which the supreme power is vested in the principal persons of a state, or in a privileged order; an oligarchy. The aristocracy of Venice hath admitted so many abuses, trough the degeneracy of the nobles, that the period of its duration seems approach. Swift. 4. The nobles or chief persons in a state; a privileged class or patrician order; (in a popular use) those who are regarded as superior to the rest of the community, as in rank, fortune, or intellect. ARISTOCRAT A*ris"to*crat, n. Etym: [F. aristocrate. See Aristocracy.] 1. One of the aristocracy or people of rank in a community; one of a ruling class; a noble. 2. One who is overbearing in his temper or habits; a proud or haughty person. A born aristocrat, bred radical. Mrs. Browning. 3. One who favors an aristocracy as a form of government, or believes the aristocracy should govern. His whole family are accused of being aristocrats. Romilly. ARISTOCRATIC; ARISTOCRATICAL Ar`is*to*crat"ic, Ar`is*to*crat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. aristocratique.] 1. Of or pertaining to an aristocracy; consisting in, or favoring, a government of nobles, or principal men; as, an aristocratic constitution. 2. Partaking of aristocracy; befitting aristocracy; characteristic of, or originating with, the aristocracy; as, an aristocratic measure; aristocratic pride or manners. -- Ar`is*to*crat"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Ar`is*to*crat"ic*al*ness, n. ARISTOCRATISM Ar"is*to*crat`ism, n. 1. The principles of aristocrats. Romilly. 2. Aristocrats, collectively. [R.] ARISTOLOGY Ar`is*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of dining. Quart. Rev. ARISTOPHANIC Ar`is*to*phan"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Aristophanes, the Athenian comic poet. ARISTOTELIAN Ar`is*to*te"li*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher (384-322 b. c.). -- n. Defn: A follower of Aristotle; a Peripatetic. See Peripatetic. ARISTOTELIANISM Ar`is*to*te"li*an*ism. Defn: The philosophy of Aristotle, otherwise called the Peripatetic philosophy. ARISTOTELIC Ar`is*to*tel"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to Aristotle or to his philosophy. "Aristotelic usage." Sir W. Hamilton. ARISTOTLE'S LANTERN Ar"is*to`tle's lan"tern. (Zoöl.) Defn: The five united jaws and accessory ossicles of certain sea urchins. ARISTOTYPE A*ris"to*type`, n. [Gr. best + -type.] (Photog.) Defn: Orig., a printing-out process using paper coated with silver chloride in gelatin; now, any such process using silver salts in either collodion or gelatin; also, a print so made. ARISTULATE A*ris"tu*late, a. Etym: [Dim. fr. arista.] (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining a short beard or awn. Gray. ARITHMANCY Ar"ith*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by means of numbers. ARITHMETIC A*rith"me*tic, n. Etym: [OE. arsmetike, OF. arismetique, L. arithmetica, fr. Gr. arm, the idea of counting coming from that of fitting, attaching. See Arm. The modern Eng. and French forms are accommodated to the Greek.] 1. The science of numbers; the art of computation by figures. 2. A book containing the principles of this science. Arithmetic of sines, trigonometry. -- Political arithmetic, the application of the science of numbers to problems in civil government, political economy, and social science. -- Universal arithmetic, the name given by Sir Isaac Newton to algebra. ARITHMETICAL Ar`ith*met"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to arithmetic; according to the rules or method of arithmetic. Arithmetical complement of a logarithm. See Logarithm. -- Arithmetical mean. See Mean. -- Arithmetical progression. See Progression. -- Arithmetical proportion. See Proportion. ARITHMETICALLY Ar`ith*met"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Conformably to the principles or methods of arithmetic. ARITHMETICIAN A*rith`me*ti"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. arithméticien.] Defn: One skilled in arithmetic. ARITHMOMANCY A*rith"mo*man"cy, n. Defn: Arithmancy. ARITHMOMETER Ar`ith*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. arithmomètre.] Defn: A calculating machine. ARK Ark, n. Etym: [OE. ark, arke, arche, AS. arc, earc, earce, fr. L. arca, fr. arcere to inclose, keep off; akin to Gr. 1. A chest, or coffer. [Obs.] Bearing that precious relic in an ark. Spenser. 2. (Jewish Hist.) Defn: The oblong chest of acacia wood, overlaid with gold, which supported the mercy seat with its golden cherubs, and occupied the most sacred place in the sanctuary. In it Moses placed the two tables of stone containing the ten commandments. Called also the Ark of the Covenant. 3. The large, chestlike vessel in which Noah and his family were preserved during the Deluge. Gen. vi. Hence: Any place of refuge. 4. A large flatboat used on Western American rivers to transport produce to market. ARKITE Ark"ite, a. Defn: Belonging to the ark. [R.] Faber. ARKOSE Ar*kose", n. [F] (Petrog) Defn: A sandstone derived from the disintegration of granite or gneiss, and characterized by feldspar fragments. -- Ar*kos"ic (#), a. ARK SHELL Ark" shell`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine bivalve shell belonging to the genus Arca and its allies. ARLES Arles, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. F. arrhes, Scot. airles. Cf. Earles penny.] Defn: An earnest; earnest money; money paid to bind a bargain. [Scot.] Arles penny, earnest money given to servants. Kersey. ARM Arm, n. Etym: [AS. arm, earm; akin to OHG. aram, G., D., Dan., & Sw. arm, Icel. armr, Goth. arms, L. armus arm, shoulder, and prob. to Gr. rame. Art, Article.] 1. The limb of the human body which extends from the shoulder to the hand; also, the corresponding limb of a monkey. 2. Anything resembling an arm; as, (a) The fore limb of an animal, as of a bear. (b) A limb, or locomotive or prehensile organ, of an invertebrate animal. (c) A branch of a tree. (d) A slender part of an instrument or machine, projecting from a trunk, axis, or fulcrum; as, the arm of a steelyard. (e) (Naut) The end of a yard; also, the part of an anchor which ends in the fluke. (f) An inlet of water from the sea. (g) A support for the elbow, at the side of a chair, the end of a sofa, etc. 3. Fig.: Power; might; strength; support; as, the secular arm; the arm of the law. To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed Isa. lii. 1. Arm's end, the end of the arm; a good distance off. Dryden. -- Arm's length, the length of the arm. -- Arm's reach, reach of the arm; the distance the arm can reach. -- To go (or walk) arm in arm, to go with the arm or hand of one linked in the arm of another. "When arm in armwe went along." Tennyson. -- To keep at arm's length, to keep at a distance (literally or figuratively); not to allow to come into close contact or familiar intercourse. -- To work at arm's length, to work disadvantageously. ARM Arm, n. Etym: [See Arms.] (Mil.) (a) A branch of the military service; as, the cavalry arm was made efficient. (b) A weapon of offense or defense; an instrument of warfare; -- commonly in the pl. ARM Arm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Armed; p. pr. & vb. n. Arming.] Etym: [OE. armen, F. armer, fr. L. armare, fr. arma, pl., arms. See arms.] 1. To take by the arm; to take up in one's arms. [Obs.] And make him with our pikes and partisans A grave: come, arm him. Shak. Arm your prize; I know you will not lose him. Two N. Kins. 2. To furnish with arms or limbs. [R.] His shoulders broad and strong, Armed long and round. Beau. & Fl. 3. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense or defense; as, to arm soldiers; to arm the country. Abram . . . armed his trained servants. Gen. xiv. 14. 4. To cover or furnish with a plate, or with whatever will add strength, force, security, or efficiency; as, to arm the hit of a sword; to arm a hook in angling. 5. Fig.: To furnish with means of defense; to prepare for resistance; to fortify, in a moral sense. Arm yourselves . . . with the same mind. 1 Pet. iv. 1. To arm a magnet, to fit it with an armature. ARM Arm, v. i. Defn: To provide one's self with arms, weapons, or means of attack or resistance; to take arms. " 'Tis time to arm." Shak. ARMADA Ar*ma"da, n. Etym: [Sp. armada, L. as if armata (sc. classic fleet), fr. armatus, p. p. of armare. See Arm, v. t. Army.] Defn: A fleet of armed ships; a squadron. Specifically, the Spanish fleet which was sent to assail England, a. d. 1558. ARMADILLO Ar`ma*dil"lo, n.; pl. Armadillos. Etym: [Sp. armadillo, dim. of armado armed, p. p. of armar to arm. Do called from being armed with a bony shell.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any edentate animal if the family Dasypidæ, peculiar to America. The body and head are incased in an armor composed of small bony plates. The armadillos burrow in the earth, seldom going abroad except at night. When attacked, they curl up into a ball, presenting the armor on all sides. Their flesh is good food. There are several species, one of which (the peba) is found as far north as Texas. See Peba, Poyou, Tatouay. (b) A genus of small isopod Crustacea that can roll themselves into a ball. ARMADO Ar*ma"do, n. Defn: Armada. [Obs.] ARMAMENT Ar"ma*ment, n. Etym: [L. armamenta, pl., utensils, esp. the tackle of a ship, fr. armare to arm: cf. LL. armamentum, F. armement.] 1. A body of forces equipped for war; -- used of a land or naval force. "The whole united armament of Greece." Glover. 2. (Mil. & Nav.) Defn: All the cannon and small arms collectively, with their equipments, belonging to a ship or a fortification. 3. Any equipment for resistance. ARMAMENTARY Ar`ma*men"ta*ry, n. Etym: [L. armamentarium, fr. armamentum: cf. F. armamentaire.] Defn: An armory; a magazine or arsenal. [R.] ARMATURE Ar"ma*ture, n. Etym: [L. armatura, fr. armare to arm: cf. F. armature. See Arm, v. t., Armor.] 1. Armor; whatever is worn or used for the protection and defense of the body, esp. the protective outfit of some animals and plants. 2. (Magnetism) Defn: A piece of soft iron used to connect the two poles of a magnet, or electro-magnet, in order to complete the circuit, or to receive and apply the magnetic force. In the ordinary horseshoe magnet, it serves to prevent the dissipation of the magnetic force. 3. (Arch.) Defn: Iron bars or framing employed for the consolidation of a building, as in sustaining slender columns, holding up canopies, etc. Oxf. Gloss. ARMCHAIR Arm"chair`, n. Defn: A chair with arms to support the elbows or forearms. Tennyson. ARMED Armed, a. 1. Furnished with weapons of offense or defense; furnished with the means of security or protection. "And armed host." Dryden. 2. Furnished with whatever serves to add strength, force, or efficiency. A distemper eminently armed from heaven. De Foe. 3. (Her.) Defn: Having horns, beak, talons, etc; -- said of beasts and birds of prey. Armed at all points (Blazoning), completely incased in armor, sometimes described as armed cap-à-pie. Cussans. -- Armed en flute. (Naut.) See under Flute. -- Armed magnet, a magnet provided with an armature. -- Armed neutrality. See under Neutrality. ARMENIAN Ar*me"ni*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. Arménien, L. Armenias, fr. Armenia.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Armenia. Armenian bole, a soft clayey earth of a bright red color found in Armenia, Tuscany, etc. -- Armenian stone. (a) The commercial name of lapis lazuli. (b) Emery. ARMENIAN Ar*me"ni*an, n. 1. A native or one of the people of Armenia; also, the language of the Armenians. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: An adherent of the Armenian Church, an organization similar in some doctrines and practices to the Greek Church, in others to the Roman Catholic. ARMET Arm"et, n. Etym: [F., dim. of arme arm, or corrupted for healmet helmet.] Defn: A kind of helmet worn in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. ARMFUL Arm"ful, n.; pl. Armfulus. Defn: As much as the arm can hold. ARMGAUNT Arm"gaunt`, a. Defn: With gaunt or slender legs. "An armgaunt steed." Shak. Note: This word is peculiar to Shakespeare. Its meaning has not yet been satisfactorily explained. ARM-GRET Arm"-gret`, a. Defn: Great as a man's arm. [Obs.] A wreath of gold, arm-gret. Chaucer. ARMHOLE Arm"hole`, n. Etym: [Arm + hole.] 1. The cavity under the shoulder; the armpit. Bacon. 2. A hole for the arm in a garment. ARMIFEROUS Ar*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. armifer; arma arms + ferre to bear.] Defn: Bearing arms or weapons. [R.] ARMIGER Ar"mi*ger, n. Etym: [L. armiger armor bearer; arma arms + gerere to bear.] Defn: Formerly, an armor bearer, as of a knight, an esquire who bore his shield and rendered other services. In later use, one next in degree to a knight, and entitled to armorial bearings. The term is now superseded by esquire. Jacob. ARMIGEROUS Ar*mig"er*ous, a. Defn: Bearing arms. [R.] They belonged to the armigerous part of the population, and were entitled to write themselves Esquire. De Quincey. ARMIL Ar"mil, n. Etym: [L. armilla a bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. OF. armille.] 1. A bracelet. [Obs.] 2. An ancient astronomical instrument. Note: When composed of one ring placed in the plane of the equator for determining the time of the equinoxes, it is called an equinoctial armil; when of two or more rings, one in the plane of the meridian, for observing the solstices, it is called a solstitial armil. Whewell. ARMILLA Ar*mil"la, n.; pl. E. Armillas, L. Armillæ. Etym: [L., a bracelet.] 1. An armil. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A ring of hair or feathers on the legs. ARMILLARY Ar"mil*la*ry, a. Etym: [LL. armillarius, fr. L. armilla arm ring, bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. F. armillaire. See Arm, n.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a bracelet or ring; consisting of rings or circles. Armillary sphere, an ancient astronomical machine composed of an assemblage of rings, all circles of the same sphere, designed to represent the positions of the important circles of the celestial sphere. Nichol. ARMING Arm"ing, n. 1. The act of furnishing with, or taking, arms. The arming was now universal. Macaulay. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A piece of tallow placed in a cavity at the lower end of a sounding lead, to bring up the sand, shells, etc., of the sea bottom. Totten. 3. pl. (Naut.) Defn: Red dress cloths formerly hung fore and aft outside of a ship's upper works on holidays. Arming press (Bookbinding), a press for stamping titles and designs on the covers of books. ARMINIAN Ar*min"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Arminius of his followers, or to their doctrines. See note under Arminian, n. ARMINIAN Ar*min"i*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One who holds the tenets of Arminius, a Dutch divine (b. 1560, d. 1609). Note: The Arminian doctrines are: 1. Conditional election and reprobation, in opposition to absolute predestination. 2. Universal redemption, or that the atonement was made by Christ for all mankind, though none but believers can be partakers of the benefit. 3. That man, in order to exercise true faith, must be regenerated and renewed by the operation of the Holy Spirit, which is the gift of God. 4. That man may resist divine grace. 5. That man may relapse from a state of grace. ARMINIANISM Ar*min"i*an*ism, n. Defn: The religious doctrines or tenets of the Arminians. ARMIPOTENCE Ar*mip"o*tence, n. Etym: [L. armipotentia, fr. armipotents.] Defn: Power in arms. [R.] Johnson. ARMIPOTENT Ar*mip"o*tent, a. Etym: [L. armipotents; arma arms + potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be able.] Defn: Powerful in arms; mighty in battle. The temple stood of Mars armipotent. Dryden. ARMISONANT; ARMISONOUS Ar*mis"o*nant, Ar*mis"o*nous, a. Etym: [L. armisonus; arma arms + sonare (p. pr. sonans) to sound.] Defn: Rustling in arms; resounding with arms. [Obs.] ARMISTICE Ar"mis*tice, n. Etym: [F. armistice, fr. (an assumed word) L. armistitium; arma arms + stare, statum (combining form, -stitum), to stand still.] Defn: A cessation of arms for a short time, by convention; a temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement; a truce. ARMLESS Arm"less, a. 1. Without any arm or branch. 2. Destitute of arms or weapons. ARMLET Arm"let, n. Etym: [Arm + -let.] 1. A small arm; as, an armlet of the sea. Johnson. 2. An arm ring; a bracelet for the upper arm. 3. Armor for the arm. ARMONIAC Ar*mo"ni*ac, a. Defn: Ammoniac. [Obs.] ARMOR Ar"mor, n. Etym: [OE. armure, fr. F. armure, OF. armeure, fr. L. armatura. See Armature.] [Spelt also armour.] 1. Defensive arms for the body; any clothing or covering worn to protect one's person in battle. Note: In English statues, armor is used for the whole apparatus of war, including offensive as well as defensive arms. The statues of armor directed what arms every man should provide. 2. Steel or iron covering, whether of ships or forts, protecting them from the fire of artillery. Coat armor, the escutcheon of a person or family, with its several charges and other furniture, as mantling, crest, supporters, motto, etc. -- Submarine, a water-tight dress or covering for a diver. See under Submarine. ARMOR-BEARER Ar"mor-bear`er, n. Defn: One who carries the armor or arms of another; an armiger. Judg. ix. 54. ARMORED Ar"mored, a. Defn: Clad with armor. ARMORED CRUISER Ar"mored cruis"er. (Nav.) Defn: A man-of-war carrying a large coal supply, and more or less protected from the enemy's shot by iron or steel armor. There is no distinct and accepted classification distinguishing armored and protected cruisers from each other, except that the first have more or heavier armor than the second. ARMORER Ar"mor*er, n. Etym: [OE. armurer, armerer, fr. F. armurter, fr. armure armor.] 1. One who makes or repairs armor or arms. 2. Formerly, one who had care of the arms and armor of a knight, and who dressed him in armor. Shak. 3. One who has the care of arms and armor, cleans or repairs them, etc. ARMORIAL Ar*mo"ri*al, a. Etym: [F. armorial, fr. armoiries arms, coats of arms, for armoieries, fr. OF. armoier to paint arms, coats of arms, fr. armes, fr. L. arma. See Arms, Armory.] Defn: Belonging to armor, or to the heraldic arms or escutcheon of a family. Figures with armorial signs of race and birth. Wordsworth. Armorial bearings. See Arms, 4. ARMORIC; ARMORICAN Ar*mor"ic, Ar*mor"i*can, a. Etym: [L. Armoricus, fr. Celtic ar on, at + mor sea.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the northwestern part of France (formerly called Armorica, now Bretagne or Brittany), or to its people. -- n. Defn: The language of the Armoricans, a Celtic dialect which has remained to the present times. ARMORICAN Ar*mor"i*can, n. Defn: A native of Armorica. ARMORIST Ar"mor*ist, n. Etym: [F. armoriste.] Defn: One skilled in coat armor or heraldry. Cussans. ARMOR-PLATED Ar"mor-plat`ed, a. Defn: Covered with defensive plates of metal, as a ship of war; steel-clad. This day will be launched . . . the first armor-plated steam frigate in the possession of Great Britain. Times (Dec. 29, 1860). ARMORY Ar"mo*ry, n.; pl. Armories. Etym: [OF. armaire, armarie, F. armoire, fr. L. armarium place for keeping arms; but confused with F. armoiries. See Armorial, Ambry.] 1. A place where arms and instruments of war are deposited for safe keeping. 2. Armor: defensive and offensive arms. Celestial armory, shields, helms, and spears. Milton. 3. A manufactory of arms, as rifles, muskets, pistols, bayonets, swords. [U.S.] 4. Ensigns armorial; armorial bearings. Spensplw. 5. That branch of hplwaldry which treats of coat armor. The science of heraldry, or, more justly speaking, armory, which is but one branch of heraldry, is, without doubt, of very ancient origin. Cussans. ARMOZEEN; ARMOZINE Ar`mo*zeen", Ar`mo*zine", n. Etym: [armosin, armoisin.] Defn: A thick plain silk, generally black, and used for clerical. Simmonds. ARMPIT Arm"pit`, n. Etym: [Arm + pit.] Defn: The hollow beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder; the axilla. ARMRACK Arm"rack`, n. Defn: A frame, generally vertical, for holding small arms. ARMS Arms, n. pl. Etym: [OE. armes, F. arme, pl. armes, fr. L. arma, pl., arms, orig. fittings, akin to armus shoulder, and E. arm. See Arm, n.] 1. Instruments or weapons of offense or defense. He lays down his arms, but not his wiles. Milton. Three horses and three goodly suits of arms. Tennyson. 2. The deeds or exploits of war; military service or science. "Arms and the man I sing." Dryden. 3. (Law) Defn: Anything which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or assault another with; an aggressive weapon. Cowell. Blackstone. 4. (Her.) Defn: The ensigns armorial of a family, consisting of figures and colors borne in shields, banners, etc., as marks of dignity and distinction, and descending from father to son. 5. (Falconry) Defn: The legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot. Halliwell. Bred to arms, educated to the profession of a soldier. -- In arms, armed for war; in a state of hostility. -- Small arms, portable firearms known as muskets, rifles, carbines, pistols, etc. -- A stand of arms, a complete set for one soldier, as a musket, bayonet, cartridge box and belt; frequently, the musket and bayonet alone. -- To arms! a summons to war or battle. -- Under arms, armed and equipped and in readiness for battle, or for a military parade. Arm's end, Arm's length, Arm's reach. See under Arm. ARMURE Ar"mure, n. Etym: [F. See Armor.] 1. Armor. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A variety of twilled fabric ribbed on the surface. ARMY Ar"my, n. Etym: [F. armée, fr. L. armata, fem. of armatus, p. p. of armare to arm. Cf. Armada.] 1. A collection or body of men armed for war, esp. one organized in companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and divisions, under proper officers. 2. A body of persons organized for the advancement of a cause; as, the Blue Ribbon Army. 3. A great number; a vast multitude; a host. An army of good words. Shak. Standing army, a permanent army of professional soldiers, as distinguished from militia or volunteers. ARMY ORGANIZATION Army organization. Defn: The system by which a country raises, classifies, arranges, and equips its armed land forces. The usual divisions are: (1) A regular or active army, in which soldiers serve continuously with the colors and live in barracks or cantonments when not in the field; (2) the reserves of this army, in which the soldiers, while remaining constantly subject to a call to the colors, live at their homes, being summoned more or less frequently to report for instruction, drill, or maneuvers; and (3) one or more classes of soldiers organized largely for territorial defense, living at home and having only occasional periods of drill and instraction, who are variously called home reserves (as in the table below), second, third, etc., line of defense (the regular army and its reserves ordinarily constituting the first line of defense), territorial forces, or the like. In countries where conscription prevails a soldier is supposed to serve a given number of years. He is usually enrolled first in the regular army, then passes to its reserve, then into the home reserves, to serve until he reaches the age limit. It for any reason he is not enrolled in the regular army, he may begin his service in the army reserves or even the home reserves, but then serves the full number of years or up to the age limit. In equipment the organization of the army is into the three great arms of infantry, cavalry, and artillery, together with more or less numerous other branches, such as engineers, medical corps, etc., besides the staff organizations such as those of the pay and subsistence departments. ARMY WORM Ar"my worm`. (Zoöl.) (a) A lepidopterous insect, which in the larval state often travels in great multitudes from field to field, destroying grass, grain, and other crops. The common army worm of the northern United States is Leucania unipuncta. The name is often applied to other related species, as the cotton worm. (b) The larva of a small two-winged fly (Sciara), which marches in large companies, in regular order. See Cotton worm, under Cotton. ARNA; ARNEE Ar"na, Ar"nee, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wild buffalo of India (Bos, or Bubalus, arni), larger than the domestic buffalo and having enormous horns. ARNATTO Ar*nat"to, n. Defn: See Annotto. ARNAUT; ARNAOUT Ar*naut" Ar*naout", n. [Turk. Arnaut, fr. NGr. , for .] Defn: An inhabitant of Albania and neighboring mountainous regions, specif. one serving as a soldier in the Turkish army. ARNICA Ar"ni*ca, n. Etym: [Prob. a corruption of ptarmica.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants; also, the most important species (Arnica montana), native of the mountains of Europe, used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant. Note: The tincture of arnica is applied externally as a remedy for bruises, sprains, etc. ARNICIN Ar"ni*cin, n. Etym: [See Arnica.] (Chem.) Defn: An active principle of Arnica montana. It is a bitter resin. ARNICINE Ar"ni*cine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid obtained from the arnica plant. ARNOT; ARNUT Ar"not, Ar"nut, n. Etym: [Cf. D. aardnoot, E. earthut.] Defn: The earthnut. [Obs.] ARNOTTO Ar*not"to, n. Defn: Same as Annotto. AROID; AROIDEOUS A"roid, A*roid"e*ous, a. Etym: [Arum + -oid.] (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, the Arum family of plants. AROINT A*roint", interj. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. rynt, rynt thee, roynt, or runt, terms used by milkmaids to a cow that has been milked, in order to drive her away, to make room for others; AS. r to make room or way, fr. r room. The final t is perh. for ta, for thou. Cf. Room space.] Defn: Stand off, or begone. [Obs.] Aroint thee, witch, the rump-fed ronyon cries. Shak. AROINT A*roint", v. t. Defn: To drive or scare off by some exclamation. [R.] "Whiskered cats arointed flee." Mrs. Browning. AROLLA A*rol"la (a*rol"la), n. [F. arolle.] (Bot.) Defn: The stone pine (Pinus Cembra). AROMA A*ro"ma, n. Etym: [L. aroma, Gr. aromaz, aromat, spice, F. aromate.] 1. The quality or principle of plants or other substances which constitutes their fragrance; agreeable odor; as, the aroma of coffee. 2. Fig.: The fine diffusive quality of intellectual power; flavor; as, the subtile aroma of genius. AROMATIC; AROMATICAL Ar`o*mat"ic, Ar`o*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. aromaticus, Gr. aromatique. See Aroma.] Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, aroma; fragrant; spicy; strong- scented; odoriferous; as, aromatic balsam. Aromatic compound (Chem.), one of a large class of organic substances, as the oils of bitter almonds, wintergreen, and turpentine, the balsams, camphors, etc., many of which have an aromatic odor. They include many of the most important of the carbon compounds and may all be derived from the benzene group, C6H6. The term is extended also to many of their derivatives. -- Aromatic vinegar. See under Vinegar. AROMATIC Ar`o*mat"ic, n. Defn: A plant, drug, or medicine, characterized by a fragrant smell, and usually by a warm, pungent taste, as ginger, cinnamon spices. AROMATIZATION Ar`o*mat`i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. aromatisation.] Defn: The act of impregnating or secting with aroma. AROMATIZE A*ro"ma*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aromatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Aromatizing.] Etym: [L. aromatizare, Gr. aromatiser.] Defn: To impregnate with aroma; to render aromatic; to give a spicy scent or taste to; to perfume. Bacon. AROMATIZER A*ro"ma*ti`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, aromatizes or renders aromatic. Evelyn. AROMATOUS A*ro"ma*tous, a. Defn: Aromatic. [Obs.] Caxton. AROPH Ar"oph, n. Etym: [A contraction of aroma philosophorum.] Defn: A barbarous word used by the old chemists to designate various medical remedies. [Obs.] AROSE A*rose". Defn: The past or preterit tense of Arise. AROUND A*round", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + round.] 1. In a circle; circularly; on every side; round. 2. In a circuit; here and there within the surrounding space; all about; as, to travel around from town to town. 3. Near; in the neighborhood; as, this man was standing around when the fight took place. [Colloq. U. S.] Note: See Round, the shorter form, adv. & prep., which, in some of the meanings, is more commonly used. AROUND A*round", prep. 1. On all sides of; encircling; encompassing; so as to make the circuit of; about. A lambent flame arose, which gently spread Around his brows. Dryden. 2. From one part to another of; at random through; about; on another side of; as, to travel around the country; a house standing around the corner. [Colloq. U. S.] AROUSAL A*rous"al, n. Defn: The act of arousing, or the state of being aroused. Whatever has associated itself with the arousal and activity of our better nature. Hare. AROUSE A*rouse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aroused; p. pr. & vb. n. Arousing.] Etym: [Pref. a- + rouse.] Defn: To excite to action from a state of rest; to stir, or put in motion or exertion; to rouse; to excite; as, to arouse one from sleep; to arouse the dormant faculties. Grasping his spear, forth issued to arouse His brother, mighty sovereign on the host. Cowper. No suspicion was aroused. Merivale. AROW A*row", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + row.] Defn: In a row, line, or rank; successively; in order. Shak. And twenty, rank in rank, they rode arow. Dryden. AROYNT A*roynt", interj. Defn: See Aroint. ARPEGGIO Ar*peg"gio, n. Etym: [It., fr. arpeggiare to play on the harp, fr. arpa harp.] (Mus.) Defn: The production of the tones of a chord in rapid succession, as in playing the harp, and not simultaneously; a strain thus played. ARPENT; ARPEN Ar"pent, Ar"pen, n. Etym: [F. arpent, fr. L. arepennis, arapennis. According to Columella, a Gallic word for a measure equiv. to half a Roman jugerum.] Defn: Formerly, a measure of land in France, varying in different parts of the country. The arpent of Paris was 4,088 sq. yards, or nearly five sixths of an English acre. The woodland arpent was about 1 acre, 1 rood, 1 perch, English. ARPENTATOR Ar`pen*ta"tor, n. Etym: [See Arpent.] Defn: The Anglicized form of the French arpenteur, a land surveyor. [R.] ARPINE Ar"pine, n. Defn: An arpent. [Obs.] Webster (1623). ARQUATED Ar"qua*ted, a. Defn: Shaped like a bow; arcuate; curved. [R.] ARQUEBUS; ARQUEBUSE Ar"que*bus, Ar"que*buse, n. Etym: [F. arquebuse, OF. harquebuse, fr. D. haak-bus; cf. G. hakenbüchse a gun with a hook. See Hagbut.] Defn: A sort of hand gun or firearm a contrivance answering to a trigger, by which the burning match was applied. The musket was a later invention. [Written also harquebus.] ARQUEBUSADE Ar`que*bus*ade", n. Etym: [F. arquebusade shot of an arquebus; eau d'arquebusade a vulnerary for gunshot wounds.] 1. The shot of an arquebus. Ash. 2. A distilled water from a variety of aromatic plants, as rosemary, millefoil, etc.; -- originally used as a vulnerary in gunshot wounds. Parr. ARQUEBUSIER Ar`que*bus*ier, n. Etym: [F. arquebusier.] Defn: A soldier armed with an arquebus. Soldiers armed with guns, of whatsoever sort or denomination, appear to have been called arquebusiers. E. Lodge. ARQUIFOUX Ar"qui*foux, n. Defn: Same as Alquifou. ARRACH Ar"rach, n. Defn: See Orach. ARRACK Ar"rack, n. Etym: [Ar. araq sweat, juice, spirituous liquor, fr. araqa to sweat. Cf. Rack arrack.] Defn: A name in the East Indies and the Indian islands for all ardent spirits. Arrack is often distilled from a fermented mixture of rice, molasses, and palm wine of the cocoanut tree or the date palm, etc. ARRAGONITE Ar*rag"o*nite, n. Defn: See Aragonite. ARRAIGN Ar*raign", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arraigned; p. pr. & vb. n. Arraigning.] Etym: [OE. arainen, arenen, OF. aragnier, aranier, araisnier, F. arraisonner, fr. LL. arrationare to address to call before court; L. ad + ratio reason, reasoning, LL. cause, judgment. See Reason.] 1. (Law) Defn: To call or set as a prisoner at the bar of a court to answer to the matter charged in an indictment or complaint. Blackstone. 2. To call to account, or accuse, before the bar of reason, taste, or any other tribunal. They will not arraign you for want of knowledge. Dryden. It is not arrogance, but timidity, of which the Christian body should now be arraigned by the world. I. Taylor. Syn. -- To accuse; impeach; charge; censure; criminate; indict; denounce. See Accuse. ARRAIGN Ar*raign", n. Defn: Arraignment; as, the clerk of the arraigns. Blackstone. Macaulay. ARRAIGN Ar*raign", v. t. Etym: [From OF. aramier, fr. LL. adhramire.] (Old Eng. Law) Defn: To appeal to; to demand; as, to arraign an assize of novel disseizin. ARRAIGNER Ar*raign"er, n. Defn: One who arraigns. Coleridge. ARRAIGNMENT Ar*raign"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. arraynement, aresnement.] 1. (Law) Defn: The act of arraigning, or the state of being arraigned; the act of calling and setting a prisoner before a court to answer to an indictment or complaint. 2. A calling to an account to faults; accusation. In the sixth satire, which seems only an Arraignment of the whole sex, there is a latent admonition. Dryden. ARRAIMENT; ARRAYMENT Ar*rai"ment, Ar*ray"ment, n. Etym: [From Array, v. t.] Defn: Clothes; raiment. [Obs.] ARRANGE Ar*range", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arranged; p. pr. & vb. n. Arranging.] Etym: [OE. arayngen, OF. arengier, F. arranger, fr. a (L. ad) + OF. rengier, rangier, F. ranger. See Range, v. t.] 1. To put in proper order; to dispose (persons, or parts) in the manner intended, or best suited for the purpose; as, troops arranged for battle. So [they] came to the market place, and there he arranged his men in the streets. Berners. [They] were beginning to arrange their hampers. Boswell. A mechanism previously arranged. Paley. 2. To adjust or settle; to prepare; to determine; as, to arrange the preliminaries of an undertaking. Syn. -- Adjust; adapt; range; dispose; classify. ARRANGEMENT Ar*range"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. arrangement.] 1. The act of arranging or putting in an orderly condition; the state of being arranged or put in order; disposition in suitable form. 2. The manner or result of arranging; system of parts disposed in due order; regular and systematic classification; as, arrangement of one's dress; the Linnæan arrangement of plants. 3. Preparatory proceeding or measure; preparation; as, we have made arrangement for receiving company. 4. Settlement; adjustment by agreement; as, the parties have made an arrangement between themselves concerning their disputes; a satisfactory arrangement. 5. (Mus.) (a) The adaptation of a composition to voices or instruments for which it was not originally written. (b) A piece so adapted; a transcription; as, a pianoforte arrangement of Beethoven's symphonies; an orchestral arrangement of a song, an opera, or the like. ARRANGER Ar*ran"ger, n. Defn: One who arranges. Burke. ARRANT Ar"rant, a. Etym: [OE. erraunt, errant, errand, equiv. to E. errant wandering, which was first applied to vagabonds, as an errant rogue, an errant thief, and hence passed gradually into its present and worse sense. See Errant.] Defn: Notoriously or preëminently bad; thorough or downright, in a bad sense; shameless; unmitigated; as, an arrant rogue or coward. I discover an arrant laziness in my soul. Fuller. 2. Thorough or downright, in a good sense. [Obs.] An arrant honest woman. Burton. ARRANTLY Ar"rant*ly, adv. Defn: Notoriously, in an ill sense; infamously; impudently; shamefully. L'Estrange. ARRAS Ar"ras, n. Etym: [From Arras the capital of Artois, in the French Netherlands.] Defn: Tapestry; a rich figured fabric; especially, a screen or hangings of heavy cloth with interwoven figures. Stateliest couches, with rich arras spread. Cowper. Behind the arras I'll convey myself. Shak. ARRAS Ar"ras, v. t. Defn: To furnish with an arras. Chapman. ARRASENE Ar`ras*ene", n. Etym: [From Arras.] Defn: A material of wool or silk used for working the figures in embroidery. ARRASTRE Ar*ras"tre, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A rude apparatus for pulverizing ores, esp. those containing free gold. ARRASWISE; ARRASWAYS Ar"ras*wise`, Ar"ras*ways`, adv. Etym: [Prob. a corruption of arriswise. See Arris.] Defn: Placed in such a position as to exhibit the top and two sides, the corner being in front; -- said of a rectangular form. Encyc. Brit. Cussans. ARRAUGHT Ar*raught". Etym: [The past tense of an old v. areach or arreach. Cf. Reach, obs. pret. raught.] Defn: Obtained; seized. Spenser. ARRAY Ar*ray", n. Etym: [OE. arai, arrai, OF. arrai, arrei, arroi, order, arrangement, dress, F. arroi; a (L. ad) + OF. rai, rei, roi, order, arrangement, fr. G. or Scand.; cf. Goth. raidjan, garaidjan, to arrange, MHG. gereiten, Icel. reithi rigging, harness; akin to E. ready. Cf. Ready, Greith, Curry.] 1. Order; a regular and imposing arrangement; disposition in regular lines; hence, order of battle; as, drawn up in battle array. Wedged together in the closest array. Gibbon. 2. The whole body of persons thus placed in order; an orderly collection; hence, a body of soldiers. A gallant array of nobles and cavaliers. Prescott. 3. An imposing series of things. Their long array of sapphire and of gold. Byron. 4. Dress; garments disposed in order upon the person; rich or beautiful apparel. Dryden. 5. (Law) (a) A ranking or setting forth in order, by the proper officer, of a jury as impaneled in a cause. (b) The panel itself. (c) The whole body of jurors summoned to attend the court. To challenge the array (Law), to except to the whole panel. Cowell. Tomlins. Blount. -- Commission of array (Eng. Hist.), a commission given by the prince to officers in every county, to muster and array the inhabitants, or see them in a condition for war. Blackstone. ARRAY Ar*ray", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Arraying.] Etym: [OE. araien, arraien, fr. OE. arraier, arreier, arreer, arroier, fr. arrai. See Array, n.] 1. To place or dispose in order, as troops for battle; to marshal. By torch and trumpet fast arrayed, Each horseman drew his battle blade. Campbell. These doubts will be arrayed before their minds. Farrar. 2. To deck or dress; to adorn with dress; to cloth to envelop; -- applied esp. to dress of a splendid kind. Pharaoh . . . arrayed him in vestures of fine linen. Gen. xli. In gelid caves with horrid gloom arrayed. Trumbull. 3. (Law) Defn: To set in order, as a jury, for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them man by man. Blackstone. To array a panel, to set forth in order the men that are impaneled. Cowell. Tomlins. Syn. -- To draw up; arrange; dispose; set in order. ARRAYER Ar*ray"er, n. Defn: One who arrays. In some early English statutes, applied to an officer who had care of the soldiers' armor, and who saw them duly accoutered. ARREAR Ar*rear", adv. Etym: [OE. arere, OF. arere, ariere, F. arrière, fr. L. ad + retro backward. See Rear.] Defn: To or in the rear; behind; backwards. [Obs.] Spenser. ARREAR Ar*rear", n. Defn: That which is behind in payment, or which remains unpaid, though due; esp. a remainder, or balance which remains due when some part has been paid; arrearage; -- commonly used in the plural, as, arrears of rent, wages, or taxes. Locke. For much I dread due payment by the Greeks Of yesterday's arrear. Cowper. I have a large arrear of letters to write. J. D. Forbes. In arrear or In arrears, behind; backward; behindhand; in debt. ARREARAGE Ar*rear"age, n. Etym: [F. arrérage, fr. arrière, OF. arere. See Arrear.] Defn: That which remains unpaid and overdue, after payment of a part; arrears. The old arrearages . . . being defrayed. Howell. ARRECT; ARRECTED Ar*rect", Ar*rect"ed, a. Etym: [L. arrectus, p. p. of arrigere to raise, erect; ad + regere to lead straight, to direct.] 1. Lifted up; raised; erect. 2. Attentive, as a person listening. [Obs.] God speaks not the idle and unconcerned hearer, but to the vigilant and arrect. Smalridge. ARRECT Ar*rect", v. t. 1. To direct. [Obs.] My supplication to you I arrect. Skelton. 2. Etym: [See Aret.] Defn: To impute. [Obs.] Sir T. More. ARRECTARY Ar*rect"a*ry, n. Etym: [L. arrectarius, fr. arrigere o set up.] Defn: An upright beam. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. ARRENOTOKOUS Ar`re*not"o*kous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing males from unfertilized eggs, as certain wasps and bees. ARRENTATION Ar`ren*ta"tion. Etym: [Cf. F. arrenter to give or take as rent. See Arendator.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A letting or renting, esp. a license to inclose land in a forest with a low hedge and a ditch, under a yearly rent. ARREPTION Ar*rep"tion, n. Etym: [L. arripere, arreptum, to seize, snatch; ad + rapere to snatch. See Rapacious.] Defn: The act of taking away. [Obs.] "This arreption was sudden." Bp. Hall. ARREPTITIOUS Ar`rep*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. arreptitius.] Defn: Snatched away; seized or possessed, as a demoniac; raving; mad; crack-brained. [Obs.] Odd, arreptitious, frantic extravagances. Howell. ARREST Ar*rest", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrested; p. pr. & vb. n. Arresting.] Etym: [OE. aresten, OF. arester, F. arrêter, fr. LL. arrestare; L. ad + restare to remain, stop; re + stare to stand. See Rest remainder.] 1. To stop; to check or hinder the motion or action of; as, to arrest the current of a river; to arrest the senses. Nor could her virtues the relentless hand Of Death arrest. Philips. 2. (Law) Defn: To take, seize, or apprehend by authority of law; as, to arrest one for debt, or for a crime. Note: After his word Shakespeare uses of ("I arrest thee of high treason") or on; the modern usage is for. 3. To seize on and fix; to hold; to catch; as, to arrest the eyes or attention. Buckminster. 4. To rest or fasten; to fix; to concentrate. [Obs.] We may arrest our thoughts upon the divine mercies. Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- To obstruct; delay; detain; check; hinder; stop; apprehend; seize; lay hold of. ARREST Ar*rest", v. i. Defn: To tarry; to rest. [Obs.] Spenser. ARREST Ar*rest", n. Etym: [OE. arest, arrest, OF. arest, F. arrêt, fr. arester. See Arrest, v. t., Arr.] 1. The act of stopping, or restraining from further motion, etc.; stoppage; hindrance; restraint; as, an arrest of development. As the arrest of the air showeth. Bacon. 2. (Law) Defn: The taking or apprehending of a person by authority of law; legal restraint; custody. Also, a decree, mandate, or warrant. William . . . ordered him to be put under arrest. Macaulay. [Our brother Norway] sends out arrests On Fortinbras; which he, in brief, obeys. Shak. Note: An arrest may be made by seizing or touching the body; but it is sufficient in the party be within the power of the officer and submit to the arrest. In Admiralty law, and in old English practice, the term is applied to the seizure of property. 3. Any seizure by power, physical or moral. The sad stories of fire from heaven, the burning of his sheep, etc., . . . were sad arrests to his troubled spirit. Jer. Taylor. 4. (Far.) Defn: A scurfiness of the back part of the hind leg of a horse; -- also named rat-tails. White. Arrest of judgment (Law), the staying or stopping of a judgment, after verdict, for legal cause. The motion for this purpose is called a motion in arrest of judgment. ARRESTATION Ar`res*ta"tion, n. Etym: [F. arrestation, LL. arrestatio.] Defn: Arrest. [R.] The arrestation of the English resident in France was decreed by the National Convention. H. M. Williams. ARRESTEE Ar`res*tee", n. Etym: [See Arrest, v.] (Scots Law) Defn: The person in whose hands is the property attached by arrestment. ARRESTER Ar*rest"er, n. 1. One who arrests. 2. (Scots Law) Defn: The person at whose suit an arrestment is made. [Also written arrestor.] ARRESTING Ar*rest"ing, a. Defn: Striking; attracting attention; impressive. This most solemn and arresting occurrence. J. H. Newman. ARRESTIVE Ar*rest"ive, a. Defn: Tending to arrest. McCosh. ARRESTMENT Ar*rest"ment, n. Etym: [OF. arrestement.] 1. (Scots Law) Defn: The arrest of a person, or the seizure of his effects; esp., a process by which money or movables in the possession of a third party are attached. 2. A stoppage or check. Darwin. ARRET Ar*rêt, n. Etym: [F. See Arrest, n.] (F. Law) (a) A judgment, decision, or decree of a court or high tribunal; also, a decree of a sovereign. (b) An arrest; a legal seizure. ARRET Ar*ret", v. t. Defn: Same as Aret. [Obs.] Spenser. ARRHA Ar"rha, n.; pl. Arrhæ (#). [L. Cf. Earnest.] (Law) Defn: Money or other valuable thing given to evidence a contract; a pledge or earnest. ARRHAPHOSTIC Ar`rha*phos"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Seamless. [R.] ARRHIZAL; ARRHIZOUS Ar*rhi"zal, Ar*rhi"zous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Destitute of a true root, as a parasitical plant. ARRHYTHMIC; ARRHYTHMOUS Ar*rhyth"mic, Ar*rhyth"mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Being without rhythm or regularity, as the pulse. ARRHYTMY Ar"rhyt*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Want of rhythm. [R.] ARRIDE Ar*ride", v. t. Etym: [L. arridere; ad + ridere to laugh.] Defn: To please; to gratify. [Archaic] B. Jonson. Above all thy rarities, old Oxenford, what do most arride and solace me are thy repositories of moldering learning. Lamb. ARRIERE Ar*riere", n. Etym: [F. arrière. See Arrear.] Defn: "That which is behind"; the rear; -- chiefly used as an adjective in the sense of behind, rear, subordinate. Arriere fee, Arriere fief, a fee or fief dependent on a superior fee, or a fee held of a feudatory. -- Arriere vassal, the vassal of a vassal. ARRIERE-BAN Ar*riere"-ban`, n. Etym: [F., fr. OE. arban, heriban, fr. OHG. hariban, heriban, G. heerbann, the calling together of an army; OHG. heri an army + ban a public call or order. The French have misunderstood their old word, and have changed it into arrière-ban, though arrière has no connection with its proper meaning. See Ban, Abandon.] Defn: A proclamation, as of the French kings, calling not only their immediate feudatories, but the vassals of these feudatories, to take the field for war; also, the body of vassals called or liable to be called to arms, as in ancient France. ARRIS Ar"ris, n. Etym: [OF. areste, F. arête, fr. L. arista the top or beard of an ear of grain, the bone of a fish.] (Arch.) Defn: The sharp edge or salient angle formed by two surfaces meeting each other, whether plane or curved; -- applied particularly to the edges in moldings, and to the raised edges which separate the flutings in a Doric column. P. Cyc. Arris fillet, a triangular piece of wood used to raise the slates of a roof against a chimney or wall, to throw off the rain. Gwilt. -- Arris gutter, a gutter of a V form fixed to the eaves of a building. Gwilt. ARRISH Ar"rish, n. Etym: [See Eddish.] Defn: The stubble of wheat or grass; a stubble field; eddish. [Eng.] [Written also arish, ersh, etc.] The moment we entered the stubble or arrish. Blackw. Mag. ARRISWISE Ar"ris*wise`, adv. Defn: Diagonally laid, as tiles; ridgewise. ARRIVAL Ar*riv"al, n. Etym: [From Arrive.] 1. The act of arriving, or coming; the act of reaching a place from a distance, whether by water (as in its original sense) or by land. Our watchmen from the towers, with longing eyes, Expect his swift arrival. Dryden. 2. The attainment or reaching of any object, by effort, or in natural course; as, our arrival at this conclusion was wholly unexpected. 3. The person or thing arriving or which has arrived; as, news brought by the last arrival. Another arrival still more important was speedily announced. Macaulay. 4. An approach. [Obs.] The house has a corner arrival. H. Walpole. ARRIVANCE Ar*riv"ance, n. Defn: Arrival. [Obs.] Shak. ARRIVE Ar*rive", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Arrived; p. pr. & vb. n. Arriving.] Etym: [OE. ariven to arrive, land, OF. ariver, F. arriver, fr. LL. arripare, adripare, to come to shore; L. ad + ripa the shore or sloping bank of a river. Cf. Riparian.] 1. To come to the shore or bank. In present usage: To come in progress by water, or by traveling on land; to reach by water or by land; -- followed by at (formerly sometimes by to), also by in and from. "Arrived in Padua." Shak. [Æneas] sailing with a fleet from Sicily, arrived . . . and landed in the country of Laurentum. Holland. There was no outbreak till the regiment arrived at Ipswich. Macaulay. 2. To reach a point by progressive motion; to gain or compass an object by effort, practice, study, inquiry, reasoning, or experiment. To arrive at, or attain to. When he arrived at manhood. Rogers. We arrive at knowledge of a law of nature by the generalization of facts. McCosh. If at great things thou wouldst arrive. Milton. 3. To come; said of time; as, the time arrived. 4. To happen or occur. [Archaic] Happy! to whom this glorious death arrives. Waller. ARRIVE Ar*rive", v. t. 1. To bring to shore. [Obs.] And made the sea-trod ship arrive them. Chapman. 2. To reach; to come to. [Archaic] Ere he arrive the happy isle. Milton. Ere we could arrive the point proposed. Shak. Arrive at last the blessed goal. Tennyson. ARRIVE Ar*rive", n. Defn: Arrival. [Obs.] Chaucer. How should I joy of thy arrive to hear! Drayton. ARRIVER Ar*riv"er, n. Defn: One who arrives. ARROBA Ar*ro"ba, n. Etym: [Sp. and Pg., from Ar. arrub, ar-rubu, a fourth part.] 1. A Spanish weight used in Mexico and South America = 25.36 lbs. avoir.; also, an old Portuguese weight, used in Brazil = 32.38 lbs. avoir. 2. A Spanish liquid measure for wine = 3.54 imp. gallons, and for oil = 2.78 imp. gallons. ARROGANCE Ar"ro*gance, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. arrogantia, fr. arrogans. See Arrogant.] Defn: The act or habit of arrogating, or making undue claims in an overbearing manner; that species of pride which consists in exorbitant claims of rank, dignity, estimation, or power, or which exalts the worth or importance of the person to an undue degree; proud contempt of others; lordliness; haughtiness; self-assumption; presumption. I hate not you for her proud arrogance. Shak. Syn. -- Haughtiness; hauteur; assumption; lordliness; presumption; pride; disdain; insolence; conceit; conceitedness. See Haughtiness. ARROGANCY Ar"ro*gan*cy, n. Defn: Arrogance. Shak. ARROGANT Ar"ro*gant, a. Etym: [F. arrogant, L. arrogans, p. pr. of arrogare. See Arrogate.] 1. Making, or having the disposition to make, exorbitant claims of rank or estimation; giving one's self an undue degree of importance; assuming; haughty; -- applied to persons. Arrogant Winchester, that haughty prelate. Shak. 2. Containing arrogance; marked with arrogance; proceeding from undue claims or self-importance; -- applied to things; as, arrogant pretensions or behavior. Syn. -- Magisterial; lordly; proud; assuming; overbearing; presumptuous; haughty. See Magisterial. ARROGANTLY Ar"ro*gant*ly, adv. Defn: In an arrogant manner; with undue pride or self-importance. ARROGANTNESS Ar"ro*gant*ness, n. Defn: Arrogance. [R.] ARROGATE Ar"ro*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrogated; p. pr. & vb. n. Arrogating.] Etym: [L. arrogatus, p. p. of adrogare, arrogare, to ask, appropriate to one's self; ad + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] Defn: To assume, or claim as one's own, unduly, proudly, or presumptuously; to make undue claims to, from vanity or baseless pretensions to right or merit; as, the pope arrogated dominion over kings. He arrogated to himself the right of deciding dogmatically what was orthodox doctrine. Macaulay. ARROGATION Ar`ro*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. arrogatio, fr. arrogare. Cf. Adrogation.] 1. The act of arrogating, or making exorbitant claims; the act of taking more than one is justly entitled to. Hall. 2. (Civ. Law) Defn: Adoption of a person of full age. ARROGATIVE Ar"ro*ga*tive, a. Defn: Making undue claims and pretension; prone to arrogance. [R.] Dr. H. More. ARRONDISSEMENT Ar`ron`disse`ment", n. Etym: [F., fr. arrondir to make round; ad + rond round, L. rotundus.] Defn: A subdivision of a department. [France] Note: The territory of France, since the revolution, has been divided into departments, those into arrondissements, those into cantons, and the latter into communes. ARROSE Ar*rose", v. t. Etym: [F. arroser.] Defn: To drench; to besprinkle; to moisten. [Obs.] The blissful dew of heaven does arrose you. Two N. Kins. ARROSION Ar*ro"sion, n. Etym: [L. arrodere, arrosum, to gnaw: cf. F. arrosion.] Defn: A gnawing. [Obs.] Bailey. ARROW Ar"row, n. Etym: [OE. arewe, AS. arewe, earh; akin to Icel. ör, örvar, Goth. arhwazna, and perh. L. arcus bow. Cf. Arc.] Defn: A missile weapon of offense, slender, pointed, and usually feathered and barbed, to be shot from a bow. Broad arrow. (a) An arrow with a broad head. (b) A mark placed upon British ordnance and government stores, which bears a rude resemblance to a broad arrowhead. ARROW GRASS Ar"row grass`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An herbaceous grasslike plant (Triglochin palustre, and other species) with pods opening so as to suggest barbed arrowheads. ARROWHEAD Ar"row*head`, n. 1. The head of an arrow. 2. (Bot.) Defn: An aquatic plant of the genus Sagittaria, esp. S. sagittifolia, -- named from the shape of the leaves. ARROWHEADED Ar"row*head`ed, a. Defn: Shaped like the head of an arow; cuneiform. Arrowheaded characters, characters the elements of which consist of strokes resembling arrowheads, nailheads, or wedges; -- hence called also nail-headed, wedge-formed, cuneiform, or cuneatic characters; the oldest written characters used in the country about the Tigris and Euphrates, and subsequently in Persia, and abounding among the ruins of Persepolis, Nineveh, and Babylon. See Cuneiform. ARROWROOT Ar"row*root`, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A west Indian plant of the genus Maranta, esp. M. arundinacea, now cultivated in many hot countries. It said that the Indians used the roots to neutralize the venom in wounds made by poisoned arrows. 2. A nutritive starch obtained from the rootstocks of Maranta arundinacea, and used as food, esp. for children an invalids; also, a similar starch obtained from other plants, as various species of Maranta and Curcuma. ARROWWOOD Ar"row*wood`, n. Defn: A shrub (Viburnum dentatum) growing in damp woods and thickets; -- so called from the long, straight, slender shoots. ARROWWORM Ar"row*worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar transparent worm of the genus Sagitta, living at the surface of the sea. See Sagitta. ARROWY Ar"row*y, a. 1. Consisting of arrows. How quick they wheeled, and flying, behind them shot Sharp sleet of arrowy showers. Milton. 2. Formed or moving like, or in any respect resembling, an arrow; swift; darting; piercing. "His arrowy tongue." Cowper. By the blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone. Byron. With arrowy vitalities, vivacities, and ingenuities. Carlyle. ARROYO Ar*roy"o, n.; pl Arroyos. Etym: [Sp., fr. LL. arrogium; cf. Gr. 1. A water course; a rivulet. 2. The dry bed of a small stream. [Western U. S.] ARSCHIN Ar"schin, n. Defn: See Arshine. ARSE Arse, n. Etym: [AS. ears; ærs; akin to OHG. ars. G. arsch, D. aars, Sw. ars, Dan. arts, Gr. Defn: The buttocks, or hind part of an animal; the posteriors; the fundament; the bottom. ARSENAL Ar"se*nal, n. Etym: [Sp. & F. arsenal arsenal, dockyard, or It. arzanale, arsenale (cf. It. & darsena dock); all fr. Ar. dar house of industry or fabrication; dar house + art, industry.] Defn: A public establishment for the storage, or for the manufacture and storage, of arms and all military equipments, whether for land or naval service. ARSENATE Ar"se*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of arsenic acid. ARSENIATE Ar*se"ni*ate, n. Defn: See Arsenate. [R.] ARSENIC Ar"se*nic, n. Etym: [L. arsenicum, Gr. zernikh: cf. F. arsenic.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: One of the elements, a solid substance resembling a metal in its physical properties, but in its chemical relations ranking with the nonmetals. It is of a steel-gray color and brilliant luster, though usually dull from tarnish. It is very brittle, and sublimes at 356º Fahrenheit. It is sometimes found native, but usually combined with silver, cobalt, nickel, iron, antimony, or sulphur. Orpiment and realgar are two of its sulphur compounds, the first of which is the true arsenticum of the ancients. The element and its compounds are active poisons. Specific gravity from 5.7 to 5.9. Atomic weight. Symbol As. 2. (Com.) Defn: Arsenious oxide or arsenious anhydride; -- called also arsenious acid, white arsenic, and ratsbane. ARSENIC Ar*sen"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, arsenic; -- said of those compounds of arsenic in which this element has its highest equivalence; as, arsenic acid. ARSENICAL Ar*sen"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or containing, arsenic; as, arsenical vapor; arsenical wall papers. Arsenical silver, an ore of silver containing arsenic. ARSENICATE Ar*sen"i*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arsenicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Arsenicating.] Defn: To combine with arsenic; to treat or impregnate with arsenic. ARSENICISM Ar*sen"i*cism, n. (Med.) Defn: A diseased condition produced by slow poisoning with arsenic. ARSENIDE Ar"sen*ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of arsenic with a metal, or positive element or radical; -- formerly called arseniuret. ARSENIFEROUS Ar`sen*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Arsenic + -ferous.] Defn: Containing or producing arsenic. ARSENIOUS Ar*se"ni*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. arsénieux.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, arsenic; as, arsenious powder or glass. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, arsenic, when having an equivalence next lower than the highest; as, arsenious acid. ARSENITE Ar"sen*ite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. arsénite.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt formed by the union of arsenious acid with a base. ARSENIURET Ar`se*ni"u*ret, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Arsenide. ARSENIURETED Ar`se*ni"u*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Defn: Combined with arsenic; -- said some elementary substances or radicals; as, arseniureted hydrogen. [Also spelt arseniuretted.] ARSENOPYRITE Ar`sen*o*pyr"ite, n. Etym: [Arsenic + pyrite.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a tin-white color and metallic luster, containing arsenic, sulphur, and iron; -- also called arsenical pyrites and mispickel. ARSESMART Arse"smart, n. Defn: Smartweed; water pepper. Dr. Prior. ARSHINE Ar"shine, n. Etym: [Russ. arshin, of Turkish-Tartar origin; Turk. arshin, arshun, ell, yard.] Defn: A Russian measure of length = 2 ft. 4.246 inches. ARSINE Ar"sine, n. Etym: [From Arsenic.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound of arsenic and hydrogen, AsH3, a colorless and exceedingly poisonous gas, having and odor like garlic; arseniureted hydrogen. ARSIS Ar"sis, n. Etym: [L. arsis, Gr. lifting of the hand in beating time, and hence the unaccented part of the rhythm.] 1. (Pros.) (a) That part of a foot where the ictus is put, or which is distinguished from the rest (known as the thesis) of the foot by a greater stress of voice. Hermann. (b) That elevation of voice now called metrical accentuation, or the rhythmic accent. Note: It is uncertain whether the arsis originally consisted in a higher musical tone, greater volume, or longer duration of sound, or in all combined. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The elevation of the hand, or that part of the bar at which it is raised, in beating time; the weak or unaccented part of the bar; - - opposed to thesis. Moore. ARSMETRIKE Ars`met"rike, n. Etym: [An erroneous form of arithmetic, as if from L. ars metrica the measuring art.] Defn: Arithmetic. [Obs.] Chaucer. ARSON Ar"son, n. Etym: [OF. arson, arsun, fr. L. ardere, arsum, to burn.] (Law) Defn: The malicious burning of a dwelling house or outhouse of another man, which by the common law is felony; the malicious and voluntary firing of a building or ship. Wharton. Note: The definition of this crime is varied by statues in different countries and states. The English law of arson has been considerably modified in the United States; in some of the States it has been materially enlarged, while in others, various degrees of arson have been established, with corresponding punishment. Burrill. ART Art. Defn: The second person singular, indicative mode, present tense, of the substantive verb Be; but formed after the analogy of the plural are, with the ending -t, as in thou shalt, wilt, orig. an ending of the second person sing. pret. Cf. Be. Now used only in solemn or poetical style. ART Art, n. Etym: [F. art, L. ars, artis, orig., skill in joining or fitting; prob. akin to E. arm, aristocrat, article.] 1. The employment of means to accomplish some desired end; the adaptation of things in the natural world to the uses of life; the application of knowledge or power to practical purposes. Blest with each grace of nature and of art. Pope. 2. A system of rules serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions; a system of principles and rules for attaining a desired end; method of doing well some special work; -- often contradistinguished from science or speculative principles; as, the art of building or engraving; the art of war; the art of navigation. Science is systematized knowledge . . . Art is knowledge made efficient by skill. J. F. Genung. 3. The systematic application of knowledge or skill in effecting a desired result. Also, an occupation or business requiring such knowledge or skill. The fishermen can't employ their art with so much success in so troubled a sea. Addison. 4. The application of skill to the production of the beautiful by imitation or design, or an occupation in which skill is so employed, as in painting and sculpture; one of the fine arts; as, he prefers art to literature. 5. pl. Defn: Those branches of learning which are taught in the academical course of colleges; as, master of arts. In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts. Pope. Four years spent in the arts (as they are called in colleges) is, perhaps, laying too laborious a foundation. Goldsmith. 6. Learning; study; applied knowledge, science, or letters. [Archaic] So vast is art, so narrow human wit. Pope. 7. Skill, dexterity, or the power of performing certain actions, asquired by experience, study, or observation; knack; a, a man has the art of managing his business to advantage. 8. Skillful plan; device. They employed every art to soothe . . . the discontented warriors. Macaulay. 9. Cunning; artifice; craft. Madam, I swear I use no art at all. Shak. Animals practice art when opposed to their superiors in strength. Crabb. 10 10 Defn: To black art; magic. [Obs.] Shak. Art and part (Scots Law), share or concern by aiding and abetting a criminal in the perpetration of a crime, whether by advice or by assistance in the execution; complicity. Note: The arts are divided into various classes. The useful, mechanical, or industrial arts are those in which the hands and body are concerned than the mind; as in making clothes and utensils. These are called trades. The fine arts are those which have primarily to do with imagination taste, and are applied to the production of what is beautiful. They include poetry, music, painting, engraving, sculpture, and architecture; but the term is often confined to painting, sculpture, and architecture. The liberal arts (artes liberales, the higher arts, which, among the Romans, only freemen were permitted to pursue) were, in the Middle Ages, these seven branches of learning, -- grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. In modern times the liberal arts include the sciences, philosophy, history, etc., which compose the course of academical or collegiate education. Hence, degrees in the arts; master and bachelor of arts. In America, literature and the elegant arts must grow up side by side with the coarser plants of daily necessity. Irving. Syn. -- Science; literature; aptitude; readiness; skill; dexterity; adroitness; contrivance; profession; business; trade; calling; cunning; artifice; duplicity. See Science. ARTEMIA Ar*te"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of phyllopod Crustacea found in salt lakes and brines; the brine shrimp. See Brine shrimp. ARTEMISIA Ar`te*mi"si*a, n. Etym: [L. Artemisia, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants including the plants called mugwort, southernwood, and wormwood. Of these A. absinthium, or common wormwood, is well known, and A. tridentata is the sage brush of the Rocky Mountain region. ARTERIAC Ar*te"ri*ac, a. Etym: [L. arteriacus, Gr. Artery.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the windpipe. ARTERIAL Ar*te"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. artériel.] 1. Of or pertaining to an artery, or the arteries; as, arterial action; the arterial system. 2. Of or pertaining to a main channel (resembling an artery), as a river, canal, or railroad. Arterial blood, blood which has been changed and vitalized (arterialized) during passage through the lungs. ARTERIALIZATION Ar*te`ri*al*i*za"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The process of converting venous blood into arterial blood during its passage through the lungs, oxygen being absorbed and carbonic acid evolved; -- called also aëration and hematosis. ARTERIALIZE Ar*te"ri*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arterialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Arterializing.] Defn: To transform, as the venous blood, into arterial blood by exposure to oxygen in the lungs; to make arterial. ARTERIOGRAPHY Ar*te`ri*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A systematic description of the arteries. ARTERIOLE Ar*te"ri*ole, n. Etym: [NL. arteriola, dim. of L. arteria: cf. F. artériole.] Defn: A small artery. ARTERIOLOGY Ar*te`ri*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: That part of anatomy which treats of arteries. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS Ar*te`ri*o*scle*ro"sis (är*te`ri*o*skle*ro"sis), n. [Gr. 'arthri`a artery + sclerosis.] (Med.) Defn: Abnormal thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, esp. of the intima, occurring mostly in old age. -- Ar*te`ri*o*scle*rot"ic (#), a. ARTERIOTOMY Ar*te`ri*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [L. arteriotomia, Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: The opening of an artery, esp. for bloodletting. 2. That part of anatomy which treats of the dissection of the arteries. ARTERITIS Ar`te*ri"tis, n. Etym: [Artery + -etis.] Defn: Inflammation of an artery or arteries. Dunglison. ARTERY Ar"ter*y, n.; pl. Artplwies. Etym: [L. arteria windpipe, artery, Gr. 1. The trachea or windpipe. [Obs.] "Under the artery, or windpipe, is the mouth of the stomach." Holland. 2. (Anat.) Defn: One of the vessels or tubes which carry either venous or arterial blood from the heart. They have tricker and more muscular walls than veins, and are connected with them by capillaries. Note: In man and other mammals, the arteries which contain arterialized blood receive it from the left ventricle of the heart through the aorta. See Aorta. The pulmonary artery conveys the venous blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, whence the arterialized blood is returned through the pulmonary veins. 3. Hence: Any continuous or ramified channel of communication; as, arteries of trade or commerce. ARTESIAN Ar*te"sian, a. Etym: [F. artésien, fr. Artois in France, where many such wells have been made since the middle of the last century.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Artois (anciently called Artesium), in France. Artesian wells, wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water, which, from internal pressure, flows spontaneously like a fountain. They are usually of small diameter and often of great depth. ARTFUL Art"ful, a. Etym: [From Art.] 1. Performed with, or characterized by, art or skill. [Archaic] "Artful strains." "Artful terms." Milton. 2. Artificial; imitative. Addison. 3. Using or exhibiting much art, skill, or contrivance; dexterous; skillful. He [was] too artful a writer to set down events in exact historical order. Dryden. 4. Cunning; disposed to cunning indirectness of dealing; crafty; as, an artful boy. [The usual sense.] Artful in speech, in action, and in mind. Pope. The artful revenge of various animals. Darwin. Syn. -- Cunning; skillful; adroit; dexterous; crafty; tricky; deceitful; designing. See Cunning. ARTFULLY Art"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In an artful manner; with art or cunning; skillfully; dexterously; craftily. ARTFULNESS Art"ful*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being artful; art; cunning; craft. ARTHEN Ar"then, a. Defn: Same as Earthen. [Obs.] "An arthen pot." Holland. ARTHRITIC; ARTHRITICAL Ar*thrit"ic, Ar*thrit"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. arthriticus, Gr. Arthritis.] 1. Pertaining to the joints. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Of or pertaining to arthritis; gouty. Cowper. ARTHRITIS Ar*thri"tis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Any inflammation of the joints, particularly the gout. ARTHROCHONDRITIS Ar`thro*chon*dri"tis, n. [NL.] (Med.) Defn: Chondritis of a joint. ARTHRODERM Ar"thro*derm, n. Etym: [Gr. 'derm.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The external covering of an Arthropod. ARTHRODESIS Ar*throd"e*sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. joint + a binding together.] (Surg.) Defn: Surgical fixation of joints. ARTHRODIA Ar*thro"di*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A form of diarthrodial articulation in which the articular surfaces are nearly flat, so that they form only an imperfect ball and socket. ARTHRODIAL; ARTHRODIC Ar*thro"di*al, Ar*throd"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to arthrodia. ARTHRODYNIA Ar`thro*dyn"i*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: An affection characterized by pain in or about a joint, not dependent upon structural disease. ARTHRODYNIC Ar`thro*dyn"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to arthrodynia, or pain in the joints; rheumatic. ARTHROGASTRA Ar`thro*gas"tra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of the Arachnida, having the abdomen annulated, including the scorpions, harvestmen, etc.; pedipalpi. ARTHROGRAPHY Ar*throg"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: The description of joints. ARTHROLOGY Ar*throl"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: That part of anatomy which treats of joints. ARTHROMERE Ar"thro*mere, n. Etym: [Gr. -mere.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the body segments of Arthropods. See Arthrostraca. Packard. ARTHROPATHY Ar*throp"a*thy, n. [Gr. joint + , , to suffer.] (Med.) Defn: Any disease of the joints. ARTHROPLEURA Ar`thro*pleu"ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The side or limb-bearing portion of an arthromere. ARTHROPOD Ar"thro*pod, n (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Arthropoda. ARTHROPODA Ar*throp"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large division of Articulata, embracing all those that have jointed legs. It includes Insects, Arachnida, Pychnogonida, and Crustacea. -- Ar*throp"o*dal, a. ARTHROPOMATA Ar`thro*pom"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the orders of Branchiopoda. See Branchiopoda. ARTHROSIS Ar*thro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Articulation. ARTHROSPORE Ar"thro*spore, n. [Gr. joint + E. spore.] (Bacteriol.) Defn: A bacterial resting cell, -- formerly considered a spore, but now known to occur even in endosporous bacteria. -- Ar`thro*spor"ic (#), Ar*thros"po*rous (#), a. ARTHROSTRACA Ar*thros"tra*ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the larger divisions of Crustacea, so called because the thorax and abdomen are both segmented; Tetradecapoda. It includes the Amphipoda and Isopoda. ARTHROTOME Ar"thro*tome, n. [Gr. joint + to cut.] (Surg.) Defn: A strong scalpel used in the dissection of joints. ARTHROZOIC Ar`thro*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Articulata; articulate. ARTHURIAN Ar*thu"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to King Arthur or his knights. J. R. Symonds. In magnitude, in interest, and as a literary origin, the Arthurian invention dwarfs all other things in the book. Saintsbury. ARTIAD Ar"ti*ad, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Even; not odd; -- said of elementary substances and of radicals the valence of which is divisible by two without a remainder. ARTICHOKE Ar"ti*choke, n. Etym: [It. articioc, perh. corrupted fr. the same word as carciofo; cf. older spellings archiciocco, archicioffo, carciocco, and Sp. alcachofa, Pg. alcachofra; prob. fr. Ar. al- harshaf, al-kharsh.] (Bot.) 1. The Cynara scolymus, a plant somewhat resembling a thistle, with a dilated, imbricated, and prickly involucre. The head (to which the name is also applied) is composed of numerous oval scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on a broad receptacle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is much esteemed as an article of food. 2. See Jerusalem artichoke. ARTICLE Ar"ti*cle, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. articulus, dim. of artus joint, akin to Gr. ar to join, fit. See Art, n.] 1. A distinct portion of an instrument, discourse, literary work, or any other writing, consisting of two or more particulars, or treating of various topics; as, an article in the Constitution. Hence: A clause in a contract, system of regulations, treaty, or the like; a term, condition, or stipulation in a contract; a concise statement; as, articles of agreement. 2. A literary composition, forming an independent portion of a magazine, newspaper, or cyclopedia. 3. Subject; matter; concern; distinct. [Obs.] A very great revolution that happened in this article of good breeding. Addison. This last article will hardly be believed. De Foe. 4. A distinct part. "Upon each article of human duty." Paley. "Each article of time." Habington. The articles which compose the blood. E. Darwin. 5. A particular one of various things; as, an article of merchandise; salt is a necessary article. They would fight not for articles of faith, but for articles of food. Landor. 6. Precise point of time; moment. [Obs. or Archaic] This fatal news coming to Hick's Hall upon the article of my Lord Russell's trial, was said to have had no little influence on the jury and all the bench to his prejudice. Evelyn. 7. (Gram.) Defn: One of the three words, a, an, the, used before nouns to limit or define their application. A (or an) is called the indefinite article, the the definite article. 8. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the segments of an articulated appendage. Articles of Confederation, the compact which was first made by the original thirteen States of the United States. They were adopted March 1, 1781, and remained the supreme law until March, 1789. -- Articles of impeachment, an instrument which, in cases of impeachment, performs the same office which an indictment does in a common criminal case. -- Articles of war, rules and regulations, fixed by law, for the better government of the army. -- In the article of death Etym: [L. in articulo mortis], at the moment of death; in the dying struggle. -- Lords of the articles (Scot. Hist.), a standing committee of the Scottish Parliament to whom was intrusted the drafting and preparation of the acts, or bills for laws. -- The Thirty-nine Articles, statements (thirty-nine in number) of the tenets held by the Church of England. ARTICLE Ar"ti*cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Articled; p. pr. & vb. n. Articling.] Etym: [Cf. F. articuler, fr. L. articulare. See Article, n., Articulate.] 1. To formulate in articles; to set forth in distinct particulars. If all his errors and follies were articled against him, the man would seem vicious and miserable. Jer. Taylor. 2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles. He shall be articled against in the high court of admiralty. Stat. 33 Geo. III. 3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipulation; as, to article an apprentice to a mechanic. ARTICLE Ar"ti*cle, v. i. Defn: To agree by articles; to stipulate; to bargain; to covenant. [R.] Then he articled with her that he should go away when he pleased. Selden. ARTICLED Ar"ti*cled, a. Defn: Bound by articles; apprenticed; as, an articled clerk. ARTICULAR Ar*tic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. articularis: cf. F. articulaire. See Article, n.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the joints; as, an articular disease; an articular process. ARTICULAR; ARTICULARY Ar*tic"u*lar, Ar*tic"u*la*ry, n. (Anat.) Defn: A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. ARTICULARLY Ar*tic"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In an articular or an articulate manner. ARTICULATA Ar*tic`u*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [Neut. pl. from L. articulatus furnished with joints, distinct, p. p. of articulare. See Article, v.] (Zoöl.) 1. One of the four subkingdoms in the classification of Cuvier. It has been much modified by later writers. Note: It includes those Invertebrata having the body composed of ringlike segments (arthromeres). By some writers, the unsegmented worms (helminths) have also been included; by others it is restricted to the Arthropoda. It corresponds nearly with the Annulosa of some authors. The chief subdivisions are Arthropoda (Insects, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Crustacea); and Anarthropoda, including the Annelida and allied forms. 2. One of the subdivisions of the Brachiopoda, including those that have the shells united by a hinge. 3. A subdivision of the Crinoidea. ARTICULATE Ar*tic"u*late, a. Etym: [L. articulatus. See Articulata.] 1. Expressed in articles or in separate items or particulars. [Archaic] Bacon. 2. Jointed; formed with joints; consisting of segments united by joints; as, articulate animals or plants. 3. Distinctly uttered; spoken so as to be intelligible; characterized by division into words and syllables; as, articulate speech, sounds, words. Total changes of party and articulate opinion. Carlyle. ARTICULATE Ar*tic"u*late, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal of the subkingdom Articulata. ARTICULATE Ar*tic"u*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Articulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Articulating]. 1. To utter articulate sounds; to utter the elementary sounds of a language; to enunciate; to speak distinctly. 2. To treat or make terms. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To join or be connected by articulation. ARTICULATE Ar*tic"u*late, v. t. 1. To joint; to unite by means of a joint; to put together with joints or at the joints. 2. To draw up or write in separate articles; to particularize; to specify. [Obs.] 3. To form, as the elementary sounds; to utter in distinct syllables or words; to enunciate; as, to articulate letters or language. "To articulate a word." Ray. 4. To express distinctly; to give utterance to. Luther articulated himself upon a process that hand already begun in the Christian church. Bibliotheca Sacra. To . . . articulate the dumb, deep want of the people. Carlyle. ARTICULATED Ar*tic"u*la`ted, a. 1. United by, or provided with, articulations; jointed; as, an articulated skeleton. 2. Produced, as a letter, syllable, or word, by the organs of speech; pronounced. ARTICULATELY Ar*tic"u*late*ly, adv. 1. After the manner, or in the form, of a joint. 2. Article by article; in distinct particulars; in detail; definitely. Paley. I had articulately set down in writing our points. Fuller. 3. With distinct utterance of the separate sounds. ARTICULATENESS Ar*tic"u*late*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being articulate. ARTICULATION Ar*tic`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. articulation, fr. L. articulatio.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A joint or juncture between bones in the skeleton. Note: Articulations may be immovable, when the bones are directly united (synarthrosis), or slightly movable, when they are united intervening substance (amphiarthrosis), or they may be more or less freely movable, when the articular surfaces are covered with synovial membranes, as in complete joints (diarthrosis). The last (diarthrosis) includes hinge joints, admitting motion in one plane only (ginglymus), ball and socket joints (enarthrosis), pivot and rotation joints, etc. 2. (Bot.) (a) The connection of the parts of a plant by joints, as in pods. (b) One of the nodes or joints, as in cane and maize. (c) One of the parts intercepted between the joints; also, a subdivision into parts at regular or irregular intervals as a result of serial intermission in growth, as in the cane, grasses, etc. Lindley. 3. The act of putting together with a joint or joints; any meeting of parts in a joint. 4. The state of being jointed; connection of parts. [R.] That definiteness and articulation of imagery. Coleridge. 5. The utterance of the elementary sounds of a language by the appropriate movements of the organs, as in pronunciation; as, a distinct articulation. 6. A sound made by the vocal organs; an articulate utterance or an elementary sound, esp. a consonant. ARTICULATIVE Ar*tic"u*la*tive, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to articulation. Bush. ARTICULATOR Ar*tic"u*la`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, articulates; as: (a) One who enunciates distinctly. (b) One who prepares and mounts skeletons. (c) An instrument to cure stammering. ARTICULUS Ar*tic"u*lus n.; pl. Articuli. Etym: [L. See Article.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A joint of the cirri of the Crinoidea; a joint or segment of an arthropod appendage. ARTIFACT Ar"ti*fact, n. [L. ars, artis, art + facere, factum, to make.] 1. (Archæol.) Defn: A product of human workmanship; -- applied esp. to the simpler products of aboriginal art as distinguished from natural objects. 2. (Biol.) A structure or appearance in protoplasm due to death or the use of reagents and not present during life. ARTIFICE Ar"ti*fice, n. Etym: [L. artificium, fr. artifex artificer; ars, artis, art + facere to make: cf. F. artifice.] 1. A handicraft; a trade; art of making. [Obs.] 2. Workmanship; a skillfully contrived work. The material universe.. in the artifice of God, the artifice of the best Mechanist. Cudworth. 3. Artful or skillful contrivance. His [Congreve's] plots were constructed without much artifice. Craik. 4. Crafty device; an artful, ingenious, or elaborate trick. Note: [Now the usual meaning.] Those who were conscious of guilt employed numerous artifices for the purpose of averting inquiry. Macaulay. ARTIFICER Ar*tif"i*cer, n. Etym: [Cf. F. artificier, fr. LL. artificiarius.] 1. An artistic worker; a mechanic or manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a particular kind, as a silversmith. 2. One who makes or contrives; a deviser, inventor, or framer. "Artificer of fraud." Milton. The great Artificer of all that moves. Cowper. 3. A cunning or artful fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 4. (Mil.) Defn: A military mechanic, as a blacksmith, carpenter, etc.; also, one who prepares the shells, fuses, grenades, etc., in a military laboratory. Syn. -- Artisan; artist. See Artisan. ARTIFICIAL Ar`ti*fi"cial, a. Etym: [L. artificialis, fr. artificium: cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.] 1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers. Artificial strife Lives in these touches, livelier than life. Shak. 2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine. "Artificial tears." Shak. 3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] Shak. 4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as, artificial grasses. Gibbon. Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs. Johnson. -- Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based on superficial characters, and not expressing the true natural relations species; as, "the artificial system" in botany, which is the same as the Linnæan system. -- Artificial horizon. See under Horizon. Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds from the heavenly bodies. -- Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc. -- Artificial numbers, logarithms. -- Artificial person (Law). See under Person. -- Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms of the natural, tangents, etc. Hutton. ARTIFICIALITY Ar`ti*fi`ci*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or appearance of being artificial; that which is artificial. ARTIFICIALIZE Ar`ti*fi"cial*ize, v. t. Defn: To render artificial. ARTIFICIALLY Ar`ti*fi"cial*ly, adv. 1. In an artificial manner; by art, or skill and contrivance, not by nature. 2. Ingeniously; skillfully. [Obs.] The spider's web, finely and artificially wrought. Tillotson. 3. Craftily; artfully. [Obs.] Sharp dissembled so artificially. Bp. Burnet. ARTIFICIALNESS Ar`ti*fi"cial*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being artificial. ARTIFICIOUS Ar`ti*fi"cious, a. Etym: [L. artificiosus.] Defn: Artificial. [Obs.] Johnson. ARTILIZE Art"i*lize, v. t. Defn: To make resemble. [Obs.] If I was a philosopher, says Montaigne, I would naturalize art instead of artilizing nature. Bolingbroke. ARTILLERIST Ar*til"ler*ist, n. Defn: A person skilled in artillery or gunnery; a gunner; an artilleryman. ARTILLERY Ar*til"ler*y, n. Etym: [OE. artilrie, OF. artillerie, arteillerie, fr. LL. artillaria, artilleria, machines and apparatus of all kinds used in war, vans laden with arms of any kind which follow camps; F. artillerie great guns, ordnance; OF. artillier to work artifice, to fortify, to arm, prob. from L. ars, artis, skill in joining something, art. See Art.] 1. Munitions of war; implements for warfare, as slings, bows, and arrows. [Obs.] And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad. 1 Sam. xx. 40. 2. Cannon; great guns; ordnance, including guns, mortars, howitzers, etc., with their equipment of carriages, balls, bombs, and shot of all kinds. Note: The word is sometimes used in a more extended sense, including the powder, cartridges, matches, utensils, machines of all kinds, and horses, that belong to a train of artillery. 3. The men and officers of that branch of the army to which the care and management of artillery are confided. 4. The science of artillery or gunnery. Campbell. Artillery park, or Park of artillery. (a) A collective body of siege or field artillery, including the guns, and the carriages, ammunition, appurtenances, equipments, and persons necessary for working them. (b) The place where the artillery is encamped or collected. -- Artillery train, or Train of artillery, a number of pieces of ordnance mounted on carriages, with all their furniture, ready for marching. ARTILLERYMAN Ar*til"ler*y*man, n. Defn: A man who manages, or assists in managing, a large gun in firing. ARTILLERY WHEEL Ar*til"ler*y wheel. Defn: A kind of heavily built dished wheel with a long axle box, used on gun carriages, usually having 14 spokes and 7 felloes; hence, a wheel of similar construction for use on automobiles, etc. ARTIODACTYLA Ar`ti*o*dac"ty*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the divisions of the ungulate animals. The functional toes of the hind foot are even in number, and the third digit of each foot (corresponding to the middle finger in man) is asymmetrical and paired with the fourth digit, as in the hog, the sheep, and the ox; - - opposed to Perissodactyla. ARTIODACTYLE Ar`ti*o*dac"tyle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Artiodactyla. ARTIODACTYLOUS Ar`ti*o*dac"ty*lous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Even-toed. ARTISAN Ar"ti*san, n. Etym: [F. artisan, fr. L. artitus skilled in arts, fr. ars, artis, art: cf. It. artigiano. See Art, n.] 1. One who professes and practices some liberal art; an artist. [Obs.] 2. One trained to manual dexterity in some mechanic art or trade; and handicraftsman; a mechanic. This is willingly submitted to by the artisan, who can . . . compensate his additional toil and fatigue. Hume. Syn. -- Artificer; artist. -- Artisan, Artist, Artificer. An artist is one who is skilled in some one of the fine arts; an artisan is one who exercises any mechanical employment. A portrait painter is an artist; a sign painter is an artisan, although he may have the taste and skill of an artist. The occupation of the former requires a fine taste and delicate manipulation; that of the latter demands only an ordinary degree of contrivance and imitative power. An artificer is one who requires power of contrivance and adaptation in the exercise of his profession. The word suggest neither the idea of mechanical conformity to rule which attaches to the term artisan, nor the ideas of refinement and of peculiar skill which belong to the term artist. ARTIST Art"ist, n. Etym: [F. artiste, LL. artista, fr. L. ars. See Art, n., and cf. Artiste.] 1. One who practices some mechanic art or craft; an artisan. [Obs.] How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast, Instruct the articles and reward their. Waller. 2. One who professes and practices an art in which science and taste preside over the manual execution. Note: The term is particularly applied to painters, sculptors, musicians, engravers, and architects. Elmes. 3. One who shows trained skill or rare taste in any manual art or occupation. Pope. 4. An artful person; a schemer. [Obs.] Syn. -- Artisan. See Artisan. ARTISTE Ar*tiste", n. Etym: [F. See Artist.] Defn: One peculiarly dexterous and tasteful in almost any employment, as an opera dancer, a hairdresser, a cook. Note: This term should not be confounded with the English word artist. ARTISTIC; ARTISTICAL Ar*tis"tic, Ar*tis"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. artistique, fr. artiste.] Defn: Of or pertaining to art or to artists; made in the manner of an artist; conformable to art; characterized by art; showing taste or skill. -- Ar*tis"tic*al*ly, adv. ARTISTRY Art"ist*ry, n. 1. Works of art collectively. 2. Artistic effect or quality. Southey. 3. Artistic pursuits; artistic ability. The Academy. ARTLESS Art"less, a. 1. Wanting art, knowledge, or skill; ignorant; unskillful. Artless of stars and of the moving sand. Dryden. 2. Contrived without skill or art; inartistic. [R.] Artless and massy pillars. T. Warton. 3. Free from guile, art, craft, or stratagem; characterized by simplicity and sincerity; sincere; guileless; ingenuous; honest; as, an artless mind; an artless tale. They were plain, artless men, without the least appearance of enthusiasm or credulity about them. Porteus. O, how unlike the complex works of man, Heaven's easy, artless, unencumbered plan! Cowper. Syn. -- Simple; unaffected; sincere; undesigning; guileless; unsophisticated; open; frank; candid. ARTLESSLY Art"less*ly, adv. Defn: In an artless manner; without art, skill, or guile; unaffectedly. Pope. ARTLESSNESS Art"less*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being artless, or void of art or guile; simplicity; sincerity. ARTLY Art"ly, adv. Defn: With art or skill. [Obs.] ARTOCARPEOUS; ARTOCARPOUS Ar`to*car"pe*ous, Ar`to*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the breadfruit, or to the genus Artocarpus. ARTOTYPE Ar"to*type, n. Etym: [Art + type.] Defn: A kind of autotype. ARTOTYRITE Ar`to*ty"rite, n. Etym: [LL. Artotyritae, pl., fr. Gr. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect in the primitive church, who celebrated the Lord's Supper with bread and cheese, alleging that the first oblations of men not only of the fruit of the earth, but of their flocks. [Gen. iv. 3, 4.] ARTOW Ar"tow. Defn: A contraction of art thou. [Obs.] Chaucer. ARTSMAN Arts"man, n. Defn: A man skilled in an art or in arts. [Obs.] Bacon. ART UNION Art` un"ion. Defn: An association for promoting art (esp. the arts of design), and giving encouragement to artists. ARUM A"rum, n. Etym: [L. arum, aros, Gr. Defn: A genus of plants found in central Europe and about the Mediterranean, having flowers on a spadix inclosed in a spathe. The cuckoopint of the English is an example. Our common arums the lords and ladies of village children. Lubbock. Note: The American "Jack in the pulpit" is now separated from the genus Arum. ARUNDELIAN Ar`un*del"ian, a. Defn: Pertaining to an Earl of Arundel; as, Arundel or Arundelian marbles, marbles from ancient Greece, bought by the Earl of Arundel in 1624. ARUNDIFEROUS Ar`un*dif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. arundifer; arundo reed + ferre to bear.] Defn: Producing reeds or canes. ARUNDINACEOUS A*run`di*na"ceous, a. Etym: [L. arundinaceus, fr. arundo reed.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a reed; resembling the reed or cane. ARUNDINEOUS Ar`un*din"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. arundineus, fr. arundo reed.] Defn: Abounding with reeds; reedy. ARUSPEX A*rus"pex, n.; pl. Aruspices. Etym: [L. aruspex or haruspex.] Defn: One of the class of diviners among the Etruscans and Romans, who foretold events by the inspection of the entrails of victims offered on the altars of the gods. ARUSPICE A*rus"pice, n. Etym: [L. aruspex: cf. F. aruspice. Cf. Aruspex, Haruspice.] Defn: A soothsayer of ancient Rome. Same as Aruspex. [Written also haruspice.] ARUSPICY A*rus"pi*cy, n. Etym: [L. aruspicium, haruspicium.] Defn: Prognostication by inspection of the entrails of victims slain sacrifice. ARVAL Ar"val, n. Etym: [W. arwyl funeral; ar over + wylo to weep, or cf. arföl; Icel. arfr inheritance + Sw. öl ale. Cf. Bridal.] Defn: A funeral feast. [North of Eng.] Grose. ARVICOLE Ar"vi*cole, n. Etym: [L. arvum field + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A mouse of the genus Arvicola; the meadow mouse. There are many species. ARYAN Ar"yan, n. Etym: [Skr. arya excellent, honorable; akin to the name of the country Iran, and perh. to Erin, Ireland, and the early name of this people, at least in Asia.] 1. One of a primitive people supposed to have lived in prehistoric times, in Central Asia, east of the Caspian Sea, and north of the Hindoo 2. The language of the original Aryans. [Written also Arian.] ARYAN Ar"yan, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the people called Aryans; Indo-European; Indo-Germanic; as, the Aryan stock, the Aryan languages. ARYANIZE Ar"yan*ize, v. t. Defn: To make Aryan (a language, or in language). K. Johnston. ARYTENOID A*ryt"e*noid, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Ladle-shaped; -- applied to two small cartilages of the larynx, and also to the glands, muscles, etc., connected with them. The cartilages are attached to the cricoid cartilage and connected with the vocal cords. AS As, adv. & conj. Etym: [OE. as, als, alse, also, al swa, AS. eal swa, lit. all so; hence, quite so, quite as: cf. G. als as, than, also so, then. See Also.] 1. Denoting equality or likeness in kind, degree, or manner; like; similar to; in the same manner with or in which; in accordance with; in proportion to; to the extent or degree in which or to which; equally; no less than; as, ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil; you will reap as you sow; do as you are bidden. His spiritual attendants adjured him, as he loved his soul, to emancipate his brethren. Macaulay. Note: As is often preceded by one of the antecedent or correlative words such, same, so, or as, in expressing an equality or comparison; as, give us such things as you please, and so long as you please, or as long as you please; he is not so brave as Cato; she is as amiable as she is handsome; come as quickly as possible. "Bees appear fortunately to prefer the same colors as we do." Lubbock. As, in a preceding part of a sentence, has such or so to answer correlatively to it; as with the people, so with the priest. 2. In the idea, character, or condition of, -- limiting the view to certain attributes or relations; as, virtue considered as virtue; this actor will appear as Hamlet. The beggar is greater as a man, than is the man merely as a king. Dewey. 3. While; during or at the same time that; when; as, he trembled as he spoke. As I return I will fetch off these justices. Shak. 4. Because; since; it being the case that. As the population of Scotland had been generally trained to arms . . . they were not indifferently prepared. Sir W. Scott. [See Synonym under Because.] 5. Expressing concession. (Often approaching though in meaning). We wish, however, to avail ourselves of the interest, transient as it may be, which this work has excited. Macaulay. 6. That, introducing or expressing a result or consequence, after the correlatives so and such. [Obs.] I can place thee in such abject state, as help shall never find thee. Rowe. So as, so that. [Obs.] The relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of examination. Bacon. 7. As if; as though. [Obs. or Poetic] He lies, as he his bliss did know. Waller. 8. For instance; by way of example; thus; -- used to introduce illustrative phrases, sentences, or citations. 9. Than. [Obs. & R.] The king was not more forward to bestow favors on them as they free to deal affronts to others their superiors. Fuller. 10. Expressing a wish. [Obs.] "As have," i. e., may he have. Chaucer. As . . . as. See So . . . as, under So. -- As far as, to the extent or degree. "As far as can be ascertained." Macaulay. -- As far forth as, as far as. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- As for, or As to, in regard to; with respect to. -- As good as, not less than; not falling short of. -- As good as one's word, faithful to a promise. -- As if, or As though, of the same kind, or in the same condition or manner, that it would be if. -- As it were (as if it were), a qualifying phrase used to apologize for or to relieve some expression which might be regarded as inappropriate or incongruous; in a manner. -- As now, just now. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- As swythe, as quickly as possible. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- As well, also; too; besides. Addison. -- As well as, equally with, no less than. "I have understanding as well as you." Job xii. 3. -- As yet, until now; up to or at the present time; still; now. AS As, n. Etym: [See Ace.] Defn: An ace. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ambes-as, double aces. AS As, n.; pl. Asses. Etym: [L. as. See Ace.] 1. A Roman weight, answering to the libra or pound, equal to nearly eleven ounces Troy weight. It was divided into twelve ounces. 2. A Roman copper coin, originally of a pound weight (12 oz.); but reduced, after the first Punic war, to two ounces; in the second Punic war, to one ounce; and afterwards to half an ounce. ASA As"a, n. Etym: [NL. asa, of oriental origin; cf. Per. aza mastic, Ar. asa healing, isa remedy.] Defn: An ancient name of a gum. ASAFETIDA; ASAFOETIDA As`a*fet"i*da, As`a*foet"i*da, n. Etym: [Asa + L. foetidus fetid.] Defn: The fetid gum resin or inspissated juice of a large umbelliferous plant (Ferula asafoetida) of Persia and the East India. It is used in medicine as an antispasmodic. [Written also assafoetida.] ASAPHUS As"a*phus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of trilobites found in the Lower Silurian formation. See Illust. in Append. ASARABACCA As`a*ra*bac"ca, n. Etym: [L. asarum + bacca a berry. See Asarone.] (Bot.) Defn: An acrid herbaceous plant (Asarum Europæum), the leaves and roots of which are emetic and cathartic. It is principally used in cephalic snuffs. ASARONE As"a*rone, n. Etym: [L. asarum hazelwort, wild spikenard, Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A crystallized substance, resembling camphor, obtained from the Asarum Europæum; -- called also camphor of asarum. ASBESTIC As*bes"tic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling asbestus; inconsumable; asbestine. ASBESTIFORM As*bes"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. asbestus + -form.] Defn: Having the form or structure of asbestus. ASBESTINE As*bes"tine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to asbestus, or partaking of its nature; incombustible; asbestic. ASBESTOUS As*bes"tous, a. Defn: Asbestic. ASBESTUS; ASBESTOS As*bes"tus, As*bes"tos, n. Etym: [L. asbestos (NL. asbestus) a kind of mineral unaffected by fire, Gr. (Min.) Defn: A variety of amphibole or of pyroxene, occurring in long and delicate fibers, or in fibrous masses or seams, usually of a white, gray, or green-gray color. The name is also given to a similar variety of serpentine. Note: The finer varieties have been wrought into gloves and cloth which are incombustible. The cloth was formerly used as a shroud for dead bodies, and has been recommended for firemen's clothes. Asbestus in also employed in the manufacture of iron safes, for fireproof roofing, and for lampwicks. Some varieties are called amianthus. Dana. ASBOLIN As"bo*lin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A peculiar acrid and bitter oil, obtained from wood soot. ASCARIASIS As`ca*ri"a*sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. an intestinal worm.] (Med.) Defn: A disease, usually accompanied by colicky pains and diarrhea, caused by the presence of ascarids in the gastrointestinal canal. ASCARID As"ca*rid, n.; pl. Ascarides or Ascarids. Etym: [NL. ascaris, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A parasitic nematoid worm, espec. the roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, often occurring in the human intestine and allied species found in domestic animals; also commonly applied to the pinworm (Oxyuris), often troublesome to children and aged persons. ASCEND As*cend", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ascended; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascending.] Etym: [L. ascendere; ad + scandere to climb, mount. See Scan.] 1. To move upward; to mount; to go up; to rise; -- opposed to Ant: descend. Higher yet that star ascends. Bowring. I ascend unto my father and your father. John xx. 17. Note: Formerly used with up. The smoke of it ascended up to heaven. Addison. 2. To rise, in a figurative sense; to proceed from an inferior to a superior degree, from mean to noble objects, from particulars to generals, from modern to ancient times, from one note to another more acute, etc.; as, our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity; to ascend to our first progenitor. Syn. -- To rise; mount; climb; scale; soar; tower. ASCEND As*cend", v. t. Defn: To go or move upward upon or along; to climb; to mount; to go up the top of; as, to ascend a hill, a ladder, a tree, a river, a throne. ASCENDABLE As*cend"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being ascended. ASCENDANCY; ASCENDANCE As*cend"an*cy, As*cend"ance, n. Defn: Same as Ascendency. ASCENDANT As*cend"ant, n. Etym: [F. ascendant, L. ascendens; p. pr. of ascendere.] 1. Ascent; height; elevation. [R.] Sciences that were then in their highest ascendant. Temple. 2. (Astrol.) Defn: The horoscope, or that degree of the ecliptic which rises above the horizon at the moment of one's birth; supposed to have a commanding influence on a person's life and fortune. Note: Hence the phrases To be in the ascendant, to have commanding power or influence, and Lord of the ascendant, one who has possession of such power or influence; as, to rule, for a while, lord of the ascendant. Burke. 3. Superiority, or commanding influence; ascendency; as, one man has the ascendant over another. Chievres had acquired over the mind of the young monarch the ascendant not only of a tutor, but of a parent. Robertson. 4. An ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy or degrees of kindred; a relative in the ascending line; a progenitor; -- opposed to descendant. Ayliffe. ASCENDANT; ASCENDENT As*cend"ant, As*cend"ent, a. 1. Rising toward the zenith; above the horizon. The constellation . . . about that time ascendant. Browne. 2. Rising; ascending. Ruskin. 3. Superior; surpassing; ruling. An ascendant spirit over him. South. The ascendant community obtained a surplus of wealth. J. S. Mill. Without some power of persuading or confuting, of defending himself against accusations, . . . no man could possibly hold an ascendent position. Grote. ASCENDENCY As*cend"en*cy, n. Defn: Governing or controlling influence; domination; power. An undisputed ascendency. Macaulay. Custom has an ascendency over the understanding. Watts. Syn. -- Control; authority; influence; sway; dominion; prevalence; domination. ASCENDIBLE As*cend"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. ascendibilis.] Defn: Capable of being ascended; climbable. ASCENDING As*cend"ing, a. Defn: Rising; moving upward; as, an ascending kite. -- As*cend"ing*ly, adv. Ascending latitude (Astron.), the increasing latitude of a planet. Ferguson. -- Ascending line (Geneol.), the line of relationship traced backward or through one's ancestors. One's father and mother, grandfather and grandmother, etc., are in the line direct ascending. -- Ascending node having, that node of the moon or a planet wherein it passes the ecliptic to proceed northward. It is also called the northern node. Herschel. -- Ascending series. (Math.) (a) A series arranged according to the ascending powers of a quantity. (b) A series in which each term is greater than the preceding. -- Ascending signs, signs east of the meridian. ASCENSION As*cen"sion, n. Etym: [F. ascension, L. ascensio, fr. ascendere. See Ascend.] 1. The act of ascending; a rising; ascent. 2. Specifically: The visible ascent of our Savior on the fortieth day after his resurrection. (Acts i. 9.) Also, Ascension Day. 3. An ascending or arising, as in distillation; also that which arises, as from distillation. Vaporous ascensions from the stomach. Sir T. Browne. Ascension Day, the Thursday but one before Whitsuntide, the day on which commemorated our Savior's ascension into heaven after his resurrection; -- called also Holy Thursday. -- Right ascension (Astron.), that degree of the equinoctial, counted from the beginning of Aries, which rises with a star, or other celestial body, in a right sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the meridian with the star; -- expressed either in degrees or in time. -- Oblique ascension (Astron.), an arc of the equator, intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator which rises together with a star, in an oblique sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the horizon with a star. It is little used in modern astronomy. ASCENSIONAL As*cen"sion*al, a. Defn: Relating to ascension; connected with ascent; ascensive; tending upward; as, the ascensional power of a balloon. Ascensional difference (Astron.), the difference between oblique and right ascension; -- used chiefly as expressing the difference between the time of the rising or setting of a body and six o'clock, or six hours from its meridian passage. ASCENSIVE As*cen"sive, a. Etym: [See Ascend.] 1. Rising; tending to rise, or causing to rise. Owen. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Augmentative; intensive. Ellicott. ASCENT As*cent". Etym: [Formed like descent, as if from a F. ascente, fr. a verb ascendre, fr. L. ascendere. See Ascend, Descent.] 1. The act of rising; motion upward; rise; a mounting upward; as, he made a tedious ascent; the ascent of vapors from the earth. To him with swift ascent he up returned. Milton. 2. The way or means by which one ascends. 3. An eminence, hill, or high place. Addison. 4. The degree of elevation of an object, or the angle it makes with a horizontal line; inclination; rising grade; as, a road has an ascent of five degrees. ASCERTAIN As`cer*tain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascertained; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascertaining.] Etym: [OF. acertener; a (L. ad) + certain. See Certain.] 1. To render (a person) certain; to cause to feel certain; to make confident; to assure; to apprise. [Obs.] When the blessed Virgin was so ascertained. Jer. Taylor. Muncer assured them that the design was approved of by Heaven, and that the Almighty had in a dream ascertained him of its effects. Robertson. 2. To make (a thing) certain to the mind; to free from obscurity, doubt, or change; to make sure of; to fix; to determine. [Archaic] The divine law . . . ascertaineth the truth. Hooker. The very deferring [of his execution] shall increase and ascertain the condemnation. Jer. Taylor. The ministry, in order to ascertain a majority . . . persuaded the queen to create twelve new peers. Smollett. The mildness and precision of their laws ascertained the rule and measure of taxation. Gibbon. 3. To find out or learn for a certainty, by trial, examination, or experiment; to get to know; as, to ascertain the weight of a commodity, or the purity of a metal. He was there only for the purpose of ascertaining whether a descent on England was practicable. Macaulay. ASCERTAINABLE As`cer*tain"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be ascertained. -- As`cer*tain"a*ble*ness, n. -- As`cer*tain"a*bly, adv. ASCERTAINER As`cer*tain"er, n. Defn: One who ascertains. ASCERTAINMENT As`cer*tain"ment, n. Defn: The act of ascertaining; a reducing to certainty; a finding out by investigation; discovery. The positive ascertainment of its limits. Burke. ASCESSANCY; ASCESSANT As*ces"san*cy, n. As*ces"sant, a. Defn: See Acescency, Acescent. [Obs.] ASCETIC As*cet"ic a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Extremely rigid in self-denial and devotions; austere; severe. The stern ascetic rigor of the Temple discipline. Sir W. Scott. ASCETIC As*cet"ic, n. Defn: In the early church, one who devoted himself to a solitary and contemplative life, characterized by devotion, extreme self-denial, and self-mortification; a hermit; a recluse; hence, one who practices extreme rigor and self-denial in religious things. I am far from commending those ascetics that take up their quarters in deserts. Norris. Ascetic theology, the science which treats of the practice of the theological and moral virtues, and the counsels of perfection. Am. Cyc. ASCETICISM As*cet"i*cism, n. Defn: The condition, practice, or mode of life, of ascetics. ASCHAM As"cham, n. Etym: [From Roger Ascham, who was a great lover of archery.] Defn: A sort of cupboard, or case, to contain bows and other implements of archery. ASCI As"ci, n. pl. Defn: See Ascus. ASCIAN As"cian, n. Defn: One of the Ascii. ASCIDIAN As*cid"i*an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Ascidioidea, or in a more general sense, one of the Tunicata. Also as an adj. ASCIDIARIUM As*cid`i*a"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Ascidium.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The structure which unites together the ascidiozooids in a compound ascidian. ASCIDIFORM As*cid"i*form, a. Etym: [Gr. -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Shaped like an ascidian. ASCIDIOIDEA As*cid`i*oid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. ascidium + -oid. See Ascidium.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Tunicata, often shaped like a two-necked bottle. The group includes, social, and compound species. The gill is a netlike structure within the oral aperture. The integument is usually leathery in texture. See Illustration in Appendix. ASCIDIOZOOID As*cid`i*o*zo"oid, n. Etym: [Ascidium + zooid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the individual members of a compound ascidian. See Ascidioidea. ASCIDIUM As*cid"i*um, n.; pl. Ascidia. Etym: [NL., fr. ascus. See Ascus.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A pitcher-shaped, or flask-shaped, organ or appendage of a plant, as the leaves of the pitcher plant, or the little bladderlike traps of the bladderwort (Utricularia). 2. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of simple ascidians, which formerly included most of the known species. It is sometimes used as a name for the Ascidioidea, or for all the Tunicata. ASCIGEROUS As*cig"er*ous, a. Etym: [Ascus + -gerous.] (Bot.) Defn: Having asci. Loudon. ASCII; ASCIANS As"ci*i, As"cians, n. pl. Etym: [L. ascii, pl. of ascius, Gr. Defn: Persons who, at certain times of the year, have no shadow at noon; -- applied to the inhabitants of the torrid zone, who have, twice a year, a vertical sun. ASCITES As*ci"tes, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A collection of serous fluid in the cavity of the abdomen; dropsy of the peritoneum. Dunglison. ASCITIC; ASCITICAL As*cit"ic, As*cit"ic*al, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or affected by, ascites; dropsical. ASCITITIOUS As`ci*ti"tious, a. Etym: [See Adscititious.] Defn: Supplemental; not inherent or original; adscititious; additional; assumed. Homer has been reckoned an ascititious name. Pope. ASCLEPIAD As*cle"pi*ad, n. (Gr. & L. Pros.) Defn: A choriambic verse, first used by the Greek poet Asclepias, consisting of four feet, viz., a spondee, two choriambi, and an iambus. ASCLEPIADACEOUS As*cle`pi*a*da"ceous, a. Etym: [See Asclepias.] (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of the Milkweed family. ASCLEPIAS As*cle"pi*as, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Asclepios or Aesculapius.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants including the milkweed, swallowwort, and some other species having medicinal properties. Asclepias butterfly (Zoöl.), a large, handsome, red and black butterfly (Danais Archippus), found in both hemispheres. It feeds on plants of the genus Asclepias. ASCOCARP As"co*carp, n. [Gr. 'asko`s a bladder + karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) Defn: In ascomycetous fungi, the spherical, discoid, or cup-shaped body within which the asci are collected, and which constitutes the mature fructification. The different forms are known in mycology under distinct names. Called also spore fruit. ASCOCOCCUS As`co*coc"cus, n.; pl. Ascococci. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A form of micrococcus, found in putrid meat infusions, occurring in peculiar masses, each of which is inclosed in a hyaline capsule and contains a large number of spherical micrococci. ASCOMYCETES As`co*my*ce"tes, n. pl. [NL.; ascus + Gr. , , fungus.] (Bot.) Defn: A large class of higher fungi distinguished by septate hyphæ, and by having their spores formed in asci, or spore sacs. It comprises many orders, among which are the yeasts, molds, mildews, truffles, morels, etc. -- As`co*my*ce"tous (#), a. ASCOSPORE As"co*spore, n. Etym: [Ascus + spore.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the spores contained in the asci of lichens and fungi. [See Illust. of Ascus.] ASCRIBABLE As*crib"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being ascribed; attributable. ASCRIBE As*cribe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascribed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascribing.] Etym: [L. ascribere, adscribere, to ascribe; ad + scribere to write: cf. OF. ascrire. See Scribe.] 1. To attribute, impute, or refer, as to a cause; as, his death was ascribed to a poison; to ascribe an effect to the right cause; to ascribe such a book to such an author. The finest [speech] that is ascribed to Satan in the whole poem. Addison. 2. To attribute, as a quality, or an appurtenance; to consider or allege to belong. Syn. -- To Ascribe, Attribute, Impute. Attribute denotes, 1. To refer some quality or attribute to a being; as, to attribute power to God. 2. To refer something to its cause or source; as, to attribute a backward spring to icebergs off the coast. Ascribe is used equally in both these senses, but involves a different image. To impute usually denotes to ascribe something doubtful or wrong, and hence, in general literature, has commonly a bad sense; as, to impute unworthy motives. The theological sense of impute is not here taken into view. More than good-will to me attribute naught. Spenser. Ascribes his gettings to his parts and merit. Pope. And fairly quit him of the imputed blame. Spenser. ASCRIPT As"cript, a. Defn: See Adscript. [Obs.] ASCRIPTION As*crip"tion, n. Etym: [L. ascriptio, fr. ascribere. See Ascribe.] Defn: The act of ascribing, imputing, or affirming to belong; also, that which is ascribed. ASCRIPTITIOUS As`crip*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. ascriptitius, fr. ascribere.] 1. Ascribed. 2. Added; additional. [Obs.] An ascriptitious and supernumerary God. Farindon. ASCUS As"cus, n.; pl. Asci. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A small membranous bladder or tube in which are inclosed the seedlike reproductive particles or sporules of lichens and certain fungi. A-SEA A-sea, adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + sea.] Defn: On the sea; at sea; toward the sea. ASEMIA A*se"mi*a, n. [NL., fr. Gr. priv. + sign.] (Med.) Defn: Loss of power to express, or to understand, symbols or signs of thought. ASEPSIS A*sep"sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. priv. + sepsis.] Defn: State of being aseptic; the methods or processes of asepticizing. ASEPTIC A*sep"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + septic.] Defn: Not liable to putrefaction; nonputrescent. -- n. Defn: An aseptic substance. ASEXUAL A*sex"u*al, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + sexual.] (Biol.) Defn: Having no distinct; without sexual action; as, asexual reproduction. See Fission and Gemmation. ASEXUALIZATION A*sex`u*al*i*za"tion, n. [Asexual + -ize + -ation.] Defn: The act or process of sterilizing an animal or human being, as by vasectomy. ASEXUALLY A*sex"u*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an asexual manner; without sexual agency. ASH Ash, n. Etym: [OE. asch, esh, AS. æsc; akin to OHG. asc, Sw. & Dan. ask, Icel. askr, D. esch, G. esche.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees of the Olive family, having opposite pinnate leaves, many of the species furnishing valuable timber, as the European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and the white ash (F. Americana). Prickly ash (Zanthoxylum Americanum) and Poison ash (Rhus venenata) are shrubs of different families, somewhat resembling the true ashes in their foliage. -- Mountain ash. See Roman tree, and under Mountain. 2. The tough, elastic wood of the ash tree. Note: Ash is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound term; as, ash bud, ash wood, ash tree, etc. ASH Ash, n., Defn: sing. of Ashes. Note: Ash is rarely used in the singular except in connection with chemical or geological products; as, soda ash, coal which yields a red ash, etc., or as a qualifying or combining word; as, ash bin, ash heap, ash hole, ash pan, ash pit, ash-grey, ash-colored, pearlash, potash. Bone ash, burnt powered; bone earth. -- Volcanic ash. See under Ashes. ASH Ash, v. t. Defn: To strew or sprinkle with ashes. Howell. ASHAME A*shame, v. t. Etym: [Pref. a- + shame: cf. AS. ascamian to shame (where a- is the same as Goth. us-, G. er-, and orig. meant out), gescamian, gesceamian, to shame.] Defn: To shame. [R.] Barrow. ASHAMED A*shamed", a. Etym: [Orig. a p. p. of ashame, v. t.] Defn: Affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt, or a conviction or consciousness of some wrong action or impropriety. "I am ashamed to beg." Wyclif. All that forsake thee shall be ashamed. Jer. xvii. 13. I began to be ashamed of sitting idle. Johnson. Enough to make us ashamed of our species. Macaulay. An ashamed person can hardly endure to meet the gaze of those present. Darwin. Note: Ashamed seldom precedes the noun or pronoun it qualifies. By a Hebraism, it is sometimes used in the Bible to mean disappointed, or defeated. ASHAMEDLY A*sham"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Bashfully. [R.] ASHANTEE Ash`an*tee", n.; pl. Ashantees. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Ashantee in Western Africa. ASHANTEE Ash`an*tee", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Ashantee. ASH-COLORED Ash"-col`ored, a. Defn: Of the color of ashes; a whitish gray or brownish gray. ASHEN Ash"en, a. Etym: [See Ash, the tree.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the ash tree. "Ashen poles." Dryden. ASHEN Ash"en, a. Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, ashes; of a color between brown and gray, or white and gray. The ashen hue of age. Sir W. Scott. ASHEN Ash"en, n., Defn: obs. pl. for Ashes. Chaucer. ASHERY Ash"er*y, n. 1. A depository for ashes. 2. A place where potash is made. ASHES Ash"es, n. pl. Etym: [OE. asche, aske, AS. asce, æsce, axe; akin to OHG. asca, G. asche, D. asch, Icel. & Sw. aska, Dan. aske, Goth. azgo.] 1. The earthy or mineral particles of combustible substances remaining after combustion, as of wood or coal. 2. Specifically: The remains of the human body when burnt, or when "returned to dust" by natural decay. Their martyred blood and ashes sow. Milton. The coffins were broken open. The ashes were scattered to the winds. Macaulay. 3. The color of ashes; deathlike paleness. The lip of ashes, and the cheek of flame. Byron. In dust and ashes, In sackcloth and ashes, with humble expression of grief or repentance; -- from the method of mourning in Eastern lands. -- Volcanic ashes, or Volcanic ash, the loose, earthy matter, or small fragments of stone or lava, ejected by volcanoes. ASH-FIRE Ash"-fire, n. Defn: A low fire used in chemical operations. ASH-FURNACE; ASH-OVEN Ash"-fur`nace, Ash"-ov`en, n. Defn: A furnace or oven for fritting materials for glass making. ASHINE A*shine", a. Defn: Shining; radiant. ASHLAR; ASHLER Ash"lar, Ash"ler, n. Etym: [OE. ascheler, achiler, OF. aiseler, fr. aiselle, dim. of ais plank, fr. L. axis, assis, plank, axle. See Axle.] 1. (Masonry) (a) Hewn or squared stone; also, masonry made of squared or hewn stone. Rough ashlar, a block of freestone as brought from the quarry. When hammer-dressed it is known as common ashlar. Knight. (b) In the United States especially, a thin facing of squared and dressed stone upon a wall of rubble or brick. Knight. ASHLARING; ASHLERING Ash"lar*ing, Ash"ler*ing, n. 1. The act of bedding ashlar in mortar. 2. Ashlar when in thin slabs and made to serve merely as a case to the body of the wall. Brande & C. 3. (Carp.) Defn: The short upright pieces between the floor beams and rafters in garrets. See Ashlar, 2. ASHORE A*shore", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + shore.] Defn: On shore or on land; on the land adjacent to water; to the shore; to the land; aground (when applied to a ship); -- sometimes opposed to aboard or afloat. Here shall I die ashore. Shak. I must fetch his necessaries ashore. Shak. ASHTORETH Ash"to*reth, n.; pl. Ashtaroth. Defn: The principal female divinity of the Phoenicians, as Baal was the principal male divinity. W. Smith. ASH WEDNESDAY Ash` Wednes"day. Defn: The first day of Lent; -- so called from a custom in the Roman Catholic church of putting ashes, on that day, upon the foreheads of penitents. ASHWEED Ash"weed`, n. (Bot.) Etym: [A corruption of ache-weed; F. ache. So named from the likeness of its leaves to those of ache (celery).] Defn: Goutweed. ASHY Ash"y, a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of, ashes; filled, or strewed with, ashes. 2. Ash-colored; whitish gray; deadly pale. Shak. Ashy pale, pale as ashes. Shak. ASIAN A"sian, a. Etym: [L. Asianus, Gr. Asia.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Asia; Asiatic. "Asian princes." Jer. Taylor. -- n. Defn: An Asiatic. ASIARCH A"si*arch, n. Etym: [L. Asiarcha, Gr. Defn: One of the chiefs or pontiffs of the Roman province of Asia, who had the superintendence of the public games and religious rites. Milner. ASIATIC A`si*at"ic, a. Etym: [L. Asiaticus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Asia or to its inhabitants. -- n. Defn: A native, or one of the people, of Asia. ASIATICISM A`si*at"i*cism, n. Defn: Something peculiar to Asia or the Asiatics. ASIDE A*side", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + side.] 1. On, or to, one side; out of a straight line, course, or direction; at a little distance from the rest; out of the way; apart. Thou shalt set aside that which is full. 2 Kings iv. 4. But soft! but soft! aside: here comes the king. Shak. The flames were blown aside. Dryden. 2. Out of one's thoughts; off; away; as, to put aside gloomy thoughts. "Lay aside every weight." Heb. xii. 1. 3. So as to be heard by others; privately. Then lords and ladies spake aside. Sir W. Scott. To set aside (Law), to annul or defeat the effect or operation of, by a subsequent decision of the same or of a superior tribunal; to declare of no authority; as, to set aside a verdict or a judgment. ASIDE A*side", n. Defn: Something spoken aside; as, a remark made by a stageplayer which the other players are not supposed to hear. ASILUS A*si"lus, n. Etym: [L., a gadfly.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large and voracious two-winged flies, including the bee killer and robber fly. ASINEGO; ASSINEGO As`i*ne"go, As`si*ne"go, n. Etym: [Sp. asnico, dim. of asno an ass.] Defn: A stupid fellow. [Obs.] Shak. ASININE As"i*nine, a. Etym: [L. asininus, fr. asinus ass. See Ass.] Defn: Of or belonging to, or having the qualities of, the ass, as stupidity and obstinacy. "Asinine nature." B. Jonson. "Asinine feast." Milton. ASININITY As`i*nin"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being asinine; stupidity combined with obstinacy. ASIPHONATE A*si"phon*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Destitute of a siphon or breathing tube; -- said of many bivalve shells. -- n. Defn: An asiphonate mollusk. ASIPHONEA; ASIPHONATA; ASIPHONIDA As`i*pho"ne*a, A*si`pho*na"ta, As`i*phon"i*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of bivalve mollusks destitute of siphons, as the oyster; the asiphonate mollusks. ASITIA A*si"ti*a, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Want of appetite; loathing of food. ASK Ask, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asked; p. pr. & vb. n. Asking.] Etym: [OE. asken, ashen, axien, AS. ascian, acsian; akin to OS. escon, OHG. eiscon, Sw. aska, Dan. æske, D. eischen, G. heischen, Lith. jëskóti, OSlav. iskati to seek, Skr. ish to desire. *5.] 1. To request; to seek to obtain by words; to petition; to solicit; - - often with of, in the sense of from, before the person addressed. Ask counsel, we pray thee, of God. Judg. xviii. 5. If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall ask what ye will, and it shall be done unto you. John xv. 7. 2. To require, demand, claim, or expect, whether by way of remuneration or return, or as a matter of necessity; as, what price do you ask Ask me never so much dowry. Gen. xxxiv. 12. To whom men have committed much, of him they will ask the more. Luke xii. 48. An exigence of state asks a much longer time to conduct a design to maturity. Addison. 3. To interrogate or inquire of or concerning; to put a question to or about; to question. He is of age; ask him: he shall speak for himself. John ix. 21. He asked the way to Chester. Shak. 4. To invite; as, to ask one to an entertainment. 5. To publish in church for marriage; -- said of both the banns and the persons. Fuller. Syn. -- To beg; request; seek; petition; solicit; entreat; beseech; implore; crave; require; demand; claim; exhibit; inquire; interrogate. See Beg. ASK Ask, v. i. 1. To request or petition; -- usually folllowed by for; as, to ask for bread. Ask, and it shall be given you. Matt. vii. 7. 2. To make inquiry, or seek by request; -- sometimes followed by after. Wherefore . . . dost ask after my name Gen. xxxii. 29. ASK Ask, n. Etym: [See 2d Asker.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A water newt. [Scot. & North of Eng.] ASKANCE; ASKANT A*skance", A*skant", adv. Etym: [Cf. D. schuin, schuins, sideways, schuiven to shove, schuinte slope. Cf. Asquint.] Defn: Sideways; obliquely; with a side glance; with disdain, envy, or suspicion. They dart away; they wheel askance. Beattie. My palfrey eyed them askance. Landor. Both . . . were viewed askance by authority. Gladstone. ASKANCE A*skance", v. t. Defn: To turn aside. [Poet.] O, how are they wrapped in with infamies That from their own misdeeds askance their eyes! Shak. ASKER Ask"er, n. Defn: One who asks; a petitioner; an inquirer. Shak. ASKER Ask"er, n. Etym: [A corruption of AS. a lizard, newt.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An ask; a water newt. [Local Eng.] ASKEW A*skew", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + skew.] Defn: Awry; askance; asquint; oblique or obliquely; -- sometimes indicating scorn, or contempt, or entry. Spenser. ASKING Ask"ing, n. 1. The act of inquiring or requesting; a petition; solicitation. Longfellow. 2. The publishing of banns. ASLAKE A*slake", v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. aslacian, slacian, to slacken. Cf. Slake.] Defn: To mitigate; to moderate; to appease; to abate; to diminish. [Archaic] Chaucer. ASLANT A*slant", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + slant.] Defn: Toward one side; in a slanting direction; obliquely. [The shaft] drove through his neck aslant. Dryden. ASLANT A*slant", prep. Defn: In a slanting direction over; athwart. There is a willow grows aslant a brook. Shak. ASLEEP A*sleep", a. & adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + sleep.] 1. In a state of sleep; in sleep; dormant. Fast asleep the giant lay supine. Dryden. By whispering winds soon lulled asleep. Milton. 2. In the sleep of the grave; dead. Concerning them which are asleep . . . sorrow not, even as others which have no hope. 1 Thess. iv. 13. 3. Numbed, and, usually, tingling. Udall. Leaning long upon any part maketh it numb, and, as we call it, asleep. Bacon. ASLOPE A*slope", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + slope.] Defn: Slopingly; aslant; declining from an upright direction; sloping. "Set them not upright, but aslope." Bacon. ASLUG A*slug", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + slug to move slowly.] Defn: Sluggishly. [Obs.] Fotherby. ASMEAR A*smear", a. Etym: [Pref. a- + smear.] Defn: Smeared over. Dickens. ASMONEAN As`mo*ne"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the patriotic Jewish family to which the Maccabees belonged; Maccabean; as, the Asmonean dynasty. [Written also Asmonæan.] ASMONEAN As`mo*ne"an, n. Defn: One of the Asmonean family. The Asmoneans were leaders and rulers of the Jews from 168 to 35 b. c. ASOAK A*soak", a. Etym: [Pref. a- + soak.] Defn: Soaking. ASOMATOUS A*so"ma*tous, a. Etym: [L. asomatus, Gr. Defn: Without a material body; incorporeal. Todd. ASONANT As"o*nant, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + sonant.] Defn: Not sounding or sounded. [R.] C. C. Felton. ASP Asp, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Aspen. "Trembling poplar or asp." Martyn. ASP Asp, n. Etym: [L. aspis, fr. Gr. aspe, F. aspic.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, hooded, poisonous serpent of Egypt and adjacent countries, whose bite is often fatal. It is the Naja haje. The name is also applied to other poisonous serpents, esp. to Vipera aspis of southern Europe. See Haje. ASPALATHUS As*pal"a*thus, n. Etym: [L. aspalathus, Gr. (Bot.) (a) A thorny shrub yielding a fragrant oil. Ecclus. xxiv. 15. (b) A genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosæ. The species are chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope. ASPARAGINE As*par"a*gine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. asparagine.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, nitrogenous, crystallizable substance, C4H8N2O3+H2O, found in many plants, and first obtained from asparagus. It is believed to aid in the disposition of nitrogenous matter throughout the plant; -- called also altheine. ASPARAGINOUS As`pa*rag"i*nous, a. Defn: Pertaining or allied to, or resembling, asparagus; having shoots which are eaten like asparagus; as, asparaginous vegetables. ASPARAGUS As*par"a*gus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. prong, sprout, Pers. asparag, Lith. spurgas sprout, Skr. sphurj to swell. Perh. the Greek borrowed from the Persian. Cf. Sparrowgrass.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of perennial plants belonging to the natural order Liliaceæ, and having erect much branched stems, and very slender branchlets which are sometimes mistaken for leaves. Asparagus racemosus is a shrubby climbing plant with fragrant flowers. Specifically: The Asparagus officinalis, a species cultivated in gardens. 2. The young and tender shoots of A. officinalis, which form a valuable and well-known article of food. Note: This word was formerly pronounced sparrowgrass; but this pronunciation is now confined exclusively to uneducated people. Asparagus beetle (Zoöl.), a small beetle (Crioceris asparagi) injurious to asparagus. ASPARTIC As*par"tic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived, asparagine; as, aspartic acid. ASPECT As"pect, n. Etym: [L. aspectus, fr. aspicere, aspectum, to look at; ad + spicere, specere, to look, akin to E. spy.] 1. The act of looking; vision; gaze; glance. [R.] "The basilisk killeth by aspect." Bacon. His aspect was bent on the ground. Sir W. Scott. 2. Look, or particular appearance of the face; countenance; mien; air. "Serious in aspect." Dryden. [Craggs] with aspect open shall erect his head. Pope. 3. Appearance to the eye or the mind; look; view. "The aspect of affairs." Macaulay. The true aspect of a world lying in its rubbish. T. Burnet. 4. Position or situation with regard to seeing; that position which enables one to look in a particular direction; position in relation to the points of the compass; as, a house has a southern aspect, that is, a position which faces the south. 5. Prospect; outlook. [Obs.] This town affords a good aspect toward the hill from whence we descended. Evelyn. 6. (Astrol.) Defn: The situation of planets or stars with respect to one another, or the angle formed by the rays of light proceeding from them and meeting at the eye; the joint look of planets or stars upon each other or upon the earth. Milton. Note: The aspects which two planets can assume are five; sextile, 7. (Astrol.) Defn: The influence of the stars for good or evil; as, an ill aspect. Shak. The astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil aspects. Bacon. Aspect of a plane (Geom.), the direction of the plane. ASPECT As*pect", v. t. Etym: [L. aspectare, v. intens. of aspicere. See Aspect, n.] Defn: To behold; to look at. [Obs.] ASPECTABLE As*pect"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. aspectabilis.] Defn: Capable of being; visible. "The aspectable world." Ray. "Aspectable stars." Mrs. Browning. ASPECTANT As*pect"ant, a. (Her.) Defn: Facing each other. ASPECTED As*pect"ed, a. Defn: Having an aspect. [Obs.] B. Jonson. ASPECTION As*pec"tion, n. Etym: [L. aspectio, fr. aspicere to look at.] Defn: The act of viewing; a look. [Obs.] ASPECT RATIO Aspect ratio. (Aëronautics) Defn: The ratio of the long to the short side of an aëroplane, aërocurve, or wing. ASPEN; ASP Asp"en, Asp, n. Etym: [AS. æsp, æps; akin to OHG. aspa, Icel. ösp, Dan. æsp, Sw. asp, D. esp, G. espe, äspe, aspe; cf. Lettish apsa, Lith. apuszis.] (Bot.) Defn: One of several species of poplar bearing this name, especially the Populus tremula, so called from the trembling of its leaves, which move with the slightest impulse of the air. ASPEN Asp"en, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the aspen, or resembling it; made of aspen wood. Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze. Gay. ASPER As"per, a. Etym: [OE. aspre, OF. aspre, F. âpre, fr. L. asper rough.] Defn: Rough; rugged; harsh; bitter; stern; fierce. [Archaic] "An asper sound." Bacon. ASPER As"per, n. Etym: [L. spiritus asper rough breathing.] (Greek Gram.) Defn: The rough breathing; a mark placed over an initial vowel sound or over h before it; thus hws, pronounced h, hrj'twr, pronounced hra\'b6t. ASPER As"per, n. Etym: [F. aspre or It. aspro, fr. MGr. Defn: A Turkish money of account (formerly a coin), of little value; the 120th part of a piaster. ASPERATE As"per*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asperated; p. pr. & vb. n. Asperating.] Etym: [L. asperatus, p. p. of asperare, fr. asper rough.] Defn: To make rough or uneven. The asperated part of its surface. Boyle. ASPERATION As`per*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of asperating; a making or becoming rough. Bailey. ASPERGES As*per"ges, n. Etym: [L., Thou shalt sprinkle.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) The service or ceremony of sprinkling with holy water. (b) The brush or instrument used in sprinkling holy water; an aspergill. ASPERGILL; ASPERGILLUM As"per*gill, As`per*gil"lum, n. Etym: [LL. aspergillum, fr. L. aspergere. See Asperse, v. t.] 1. The brush used in the Roman Catholic church for sprinkling holy water on the people. [Also written aspergillus.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wateringpot shell. ASPERGILLIFORM As`per*gil"li*form, a. Etym: [Aspergillum + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Resembling the aspergillum in form; as, an aspergilliform stigma. Gray. ASPERIFOLIATE; ASPERIFOLIOUS As`per*i*fo"li*ate, As`per*i*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. asper rough + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: Having rough leaves. Note: By some applied to the natural order now called Boraginaceæ or borageworts. ASPERITY As*per"i*ty, n.; pl. Asperities. Etym: [L. asperitas, fr. asper rough: cf. F. aspérité.] 1. Roughness of surface; unevenness; -- opposed to smoothness. "The asperities of dry bodies." Boyle. 2. Roughness or harshness of sound; that quality which grates upon the ear; raucity. 3. Roughness to the taste; sourness; tartness. 4. Moral roughness; roughness of manner; severity; crabbedness; harshness; -- opposed to mildness. "Asperity of character." Landor. It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received. Johnson. 5. Sharpness; disagreeableness; difficulty. The acclivities and asperities of duty. Barrow. Syn. -- Acrimony; moroseness; crabbedness; harshness; sourness; tartness. See Acrimony. ASPERMATOUS A*sper"ma*tous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Aspermous. ASPERMOUS A*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Destitute of seeds; aspermatous. ASPERNE A*sperne", v. t. Etym: [L. aspernari; a (ab) + spernari.] Defn: To spurn; to despise. [Obs.] Sir T. More. ASPEROUS As"per*ous, a. Etym: [See Asper, a.] Defn: Rough; uneven. Boyle. ASPERSE As*perse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspersed; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspersing.] Etym: [L. aspersus, p. p. of aspergere to scatter, sprinkle; ad + spargere to strew. See Sparse.] 1. To sprinkle, as water or dust, upon anybody or anything, or to besprinkle any one with a liquid or with dust. Heywood. 2. To bespatter with foul reports or false and injurious charges; to tarnish in point of reputation or good name; to slander or calumniate; as, to asperse a poet or his writings; to asperse a man's character. With blackest crimes aspersed. Cowper. Syn. -- To slander; defame; detract from; calumniate; vilify. -- To Asperse, Defame, Slander, Calumniate. These words have in common the idea of falsely assailing the character of another. To asperse is figuratively to cast upon a character hitherto unsullied the imputation of blemishes or faults which render it offensive or loathsome. To defame is to detract from a man's honor and reputation by charges calculated to load him with infamy. Slander (etymologically the same as scandal) and calumniate, from the Latin, have in common the sense of circulating reports to a man's injury from unworthy or malicious motives. Men asperse their neighbors by malignant insinuations; they defame by advancing charges to blacken or sully their fair fame; they slander or calumniate by spreading injurious reports which are false, or by magnifying slight faults into serious errors or crimes. ASPERSED As*persed", a. 1. (Her.) Defn: Having an indefinite number of small charges scattered or strewed over the surface. Cussans. 2. Bespattered; slandered; calumniated. Motley. ASPERSER As*pers"er, n. Defn: One who asperses; especially, one who vilifies another. ASPERSION As*per"sion, n. Etym: [L. aspersio, fr. aspergere: cf. F. aspersion.] 1. A sprinkling, as with water or dust, in a literal sense. Behold an immersion, not and aspersion. Jer. Taylor. 2. The spreading of calumniations reports or charges which tarnish reputation, like the bespattering of a body with foul water; calumny. Every candid critic would be ashamed to cast wholesale aspersions on the entire body of professional teachers. Grote. Who would by base aspersions blot thy virtue. Dryden. ASPERSIVE As*pers"ive, a. Defn: Tending to asperse; defamatory; slanderous. -- As*pers"ive*ly, adv. ASPERSOIR As`per`soir", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: An aspergill. ASPERSORIUM As`per*so"ri*um, n.; pl. Aspplwsoria. Etym: [LL. See Asperse.] 1. The stoup, basin, or other vessel for holy water in Roman Catholic churches. 2. A brush for sprinkling holy water; an aspergill. ASPHALT; ASPHALTUM As"phalt, As*phal"tum, n. Etym: [Gr. asphalte.] 1. Mineral pitch, Jews' pitch, or compact native bitumen. It is brittle, of a black or brown color and high luster on a surface of fracture; it melts and burns when heated, leaving no residue. It occurs on the surface and shores of the Dead Sea, which is therefore called Asphaltites, or the Asphaltic Lake. It is found also in many parts of Asia, Europe, and America. See Bitumen. 2. A composition of bitumen, pitch, lime, and gravel, used for forming pavements, and as a water-proof cement for bridges, roofs, etc.; asphaltic cement. Artificial asphalt is prepared from coal tar, lime, sand, etc. Asphalt stone, Asphalt rock, a limestone found impregnated with asphalt. ASPHALT As"phalt, v. t. Defn: To cover with asphalt; as, to asphalt a roof; asphalted streets. ASPHALTE As`phalte", n. Etym: [F. See Asphalt.] Defn: Asphaltic mastic or cement. See Asphalt, 2. ASPHALTIC As*phal"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, of the nature of, or containing, asphalt; bituminous. "Asphaltic pool." "Asphaltic slime." Milton. ASPHALTITE As*phal"tite, a. Defn: Asphaltic. ASPHALTITE As*phal"tite, a. Defn: Asphaltic. Bryant. ASPHALTUS As*phal"tus, n. Defn: See Asphalt. ASPHODEL As"pho*del, n. Etym: [L. asphodelus, Gr. Daffodil.] (Bot.) Defn: A general name for a plant of the genus Asphodelus. The asphodels are hardy perennial plants, several species of which are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. Note: The name is also popularly given to species of other genera. The asphodel of the early English and French poets was the daffodil. The asphodel of the Greek poets is supposed to be the Narcissus poeticus. Dr. Prior. Pansies, and violets, and asphodel. Milton. ASPHYCTIC As*phyc"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to asphyxia. ASPHYXIA; ASPHYXY As*phyx"i*a, As*phyx"y, n. Etym: [NL. asphyxia, fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Apparent death, or suspended animation; the condition which results from interruption of respiration, as in suffocation or drowning, or the inhalation of irrespirable gases. ASPHYXIAL As*phyx"i*al, a. Defn: Of or relating to asphyxia; as, asphyxial phenomena. ASPHYXIATE As*phyx"i*ate, v. t. Defn: To bring to a state of asphyxia; to suffocate. Note: [Used commonly in the past pple.] ASPHYXIATED; ASPHYXIED As*phyx"i*a`ted, As*phyx"ied, p. p. Defn: In a state of asphyxia; suffocated. ASPHYXIATION As*phyx`i*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of causing asphyxia; a state of asphyxia. ASPIC As"pic, n. Etym: [F. See Asp.] 1. The venomous asp. [Chiefly poetic] Shak. Tennyson. 2. A piece of ordnance carrying a 12 pound shot. [Obs.] ASPIC As"pic, n. Etym: [F., a corrupt. of spic (OF. espi, F. épi), L. spica (spicum, spicus), ear, spike. See Spike.] Defn: A European species of lavender (Lavandula spica), which produces a volatile oil. See Spike. ASPIC As"pic, n. Etym: [F., prob. fr. aspic an asp.] Defn: A savory meat jelly containing portions of fowl, game, fish, hard boiled eggs, etc. Thackeray. ASPIDOBRANCHIA As`pi*do*bran"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Gastropoda, with limpetlike shells, including the abalone shells and keyhole limpets. ASPIRANT As*pir"ant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. aspirant, p. pr. of aspirer. See Aspire.] Defn: Aspiring. ASPIRANT As*pir"ant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. aspirant.] Defn: One who aspires; one who eagerly seeks some high position or object of attainment. In consequence of the resignations . . . the way to greatness was left clear to a new set of aspirants. Macaulay. ASPIRATE As"pi*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspirated; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspirating.] Etym: [L. aspiratus, p. p. of aspirare to breathe toward or upon, to add the breathing h; ad + spirare to breathe, blow. Cf. Aspire.] Defn: To pronounce with a breathing, an aspirate, or an h sound; as, we aspirate the words horse and house; to aspirate a vowel or a liquid consonant. ASPIRATE As"pi*rate, n. 1. A sound consisting of, or characterized by, a breath like the sound of h; the breathing h or a character representing such a sound; an aspirated sound. 2. A mark of aspiration used in Greek; the asper, or rough breathing. Bentley. 3. An elementary sound produced by the breath alone; a surd, or nonvocal consonant; as, f, th in thin, etc. ASPIRATE; ASPIRATED As"pi*rate, As"pi*ra"ted, a. Etym: [L. aspiratus, p. p.] Defn: Pronounced with the h sound or with audible breath. But yet they are not aspirate, i. e., with such an aspiration as h. Holder. ASPIRATION As`pi*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. aspiratio, fr. aspirare: cf. F. aspiration.] 1. The act of aspirating; the pronunciation of a letter with a full or strong emission of breath; an aspirated sound. If aspiration be defined to be an impetus of breathing. Wilkins. 2. The act of breathing; a breath; an inspiration. 3. The act of aspiring of a ardently desiring; strong wish; high desire. "Aspirations after virtue." Johnson. Vague aspiration after military renown. Prescott. ASPIRATOR As"pi*ra`tor, n. 1. (Chem.) Defn: An apparatus for passing air or gases through or over certain liquids or solids, or for exhausting a closed vessel, by means of suction. 2. (Med.) Defn: An instrument for the evacuation of the fluid contents of tumors or collections of blood. ASPIRATORY As*pir"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to breathing; suited to the inhaling of air ASPIRE As*pire", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aspired; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspiring.] Etym: [F. aspirer, L. aspirare. See Aspirate, v. t.] 1. To desire with eagerness; to seek to attain something high or great; to pant; to long; -- followed by to or after, and rarely by at; as, to aspire to a crown; to aspire after immorality. Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell; Aspiring to be angels, men rebel. Pope. 2. To rise; to ascend; to tower; to soar. My own breath still foments the fire, Which flames as high as fancy can aspire. Waller. ASPIRE As*pire", v. t. Defn: To aspire to; to long for; to try to reach; to mount to. [Obs.] That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds. Shak. ASPIRE As*pire", n. Defn: Aspiration. [Obs.] Chapman. ASPIREMENT As*pire"ment, n. Defn: Aspiration. [Obs.] ASPIRER As*pir"er, n. Defn: One who aspires. ASPIRIN As"pi*rin, n. (Pharm.) Defn: A white crystalline compound of acetyl and salicylic acid used as a drug for the salicylic acid liberated from it in the intestines. ASPIRING As*pir"ing, a. Defn: That aspires; as, an Aspiring mind. -- As*pir"ing*ly, adv. -- As*pir"ing*ness, n. ASPISH Asp"ish, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or like, an asp. ASPORTATION As`por*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. asportatio, fr. asportare to carry away; abs = ab + portare to bear, carry.] (Law) Defn: The felonious removal of goods from the place where they were deposited. Note: It is adjudged to be larceny, though the goods are not carried from the house or apartment. Blackstone. ASPRAWL A*sprawl", adv. & a. Defn: Sprawling. ASQUAT A*squat", adv. & a. Defn: Squatting. ASQUINT A*squint", adv. Etym: [Cf. Askant, Squint.] Defn: With the eye directed to one side; not in the straight line of vision; obliquely; awry, so as to see distortedly; as, to look asquint. ASS Ass, n. Etym: [OE. asse, AS. assa; akin to Icel. asni, W. asen, asyn, L. asinus, dim. aselus, Gr. esol, OHG. esil, G. esel, Goth. asilus, Dan. æsel, Lith. asilas, Bohem. osel, Pol. osiel. The word is prob. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. ath she ass. Cf. Ease.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A quadruped of the genus Equus (E. asinus), smaller than the horse, and having a peculiarly harsh bray and long ears. The tame or domestic ass is patient, slow, and sure-footed, and has become the type of obstinacy and stupidity. There are several species of wild asses which are swift-footed. 2. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow; a dolt. Shak. Asses' Bridge. Etym: [L. pons asinorum.] The fifth proposition of the first book of Euclid, "The angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal to one another." [Sportive] "A schoolboy, stammering out his Asses' Bridge." F. Harrison. -- To make an ass of one's self, to do or say something very foolish or absurd. ASSAFOETIDA As`sa*foet"i*da, n. Defn: Same as Asafetida. ASSAGAI; ASSEGAI As"sa*gai, As"se*gai, n. Etym: [Pg. azagaia, Sp. azagaya, fr. a Berber word. Cf. Lancegay.] Defn: A spear used by tribes in South Africa as a missile and for stabbing, a kind of light javelin. ASSAI As*sa"i. Etym: [It., fr. L. ad + satis enough. See Assets.] (Mus.) Defn: A direction equivalent to very; as, adagio assai, very slow. ASSAIL As*sail", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Assailing.] Etym: [OE. assailen, asailen, OF. asaillir, assailler, F. assaillir; (L. ad) + saillir to burst out, project, fr. L. salire to leap, spring; cf. L. assilire to leap or spring upon. See Sally.] 1. To attack with violence, or in a vehement and hostile manner; to assault; to molest; as, to assail a man with blows; to assail a city with artillery. No rude noise mine ears assailing. Cowper. No storm can now assail The charm he wears within. Keble. 2. To encounter or meet purposely with the view of mastering, as an obstacle, difficulty, or the like. The thorny wilds the woodmen fierce assail. Pope. 3. To attack morally, or with a view to produce changes in the feelings, character, conduct, existing usages, institutions; to attack by words, hostile influence, etc.; as, to assail one with appeals, arguments, abuse, ridicule, and the like. The papal authority . . . assailed. Hallam. They assailed him with keen invective; they assailed him with still keener irony. Macaulay. Syn. -- To attack; assault; invade; encounter; fall upon. See Attack. ASSAILABLE As*sail"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being assailed. ASSAILANT As*sail"ant, a. Etym: [F. assaillant, p. pr. of assaillir.] Defn: Assailing; attacking. Milton. ASSAILANT As*sail"ant, n. Etym: [F. assaillant.] Defn: One who, or that which, assails, attacks, or assaults; an assailer. An assailant of the church. Macaulay. ASSAILER As*sail"er, n. Defn: One who assails. ASSAILMENT As*sail"ment, n. Defn: The act or power of assailing; attack; assault. [R.] His most frequent assailment was the headache. Johnson. ASSAMAR As"sa*mar, n. Etym: [L. assare to roast + amarus, bitter.] (Chem.) Defn: The peculiar bitter substance, soft or liquid, and of a yellow color, produced when meat, bread, gum, sugar, starch, and the like, are roasted till they turn brown. ASSAMESE As`sam*ese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Assam, a province of British India, or to its inhabitants. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or natives of Assam. ASSAPAN; ASSAPANIC As`sa*pan", As`sa*pan"ic, n. Etym: [Prob. Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The American flying squirrel (Pteromys volucella). ASSART As*sart", n. Etym: [OF. essart the grubbing up of trees, fr. essarter to grub up or clear ground of bushes, shrubs, trees, etc., fr. LL. exartum, exartare, for exsaritare; L. ex + sarire, sarrire, saritum, to hoe, weed.] 1. (Old Law) Defn: The act or offense of grubbing up trees and bushes, and thus destroying the tickets or coverts of a forest. Spelman. Cowell. 2. A piece of land cleared of trees and bushes, and fitted for cultivation; a clearing. Ash. Assart land, forest land cleared of woods and brush. ASSART As*sart", v. t. Defn: To grub up, as trees; to commit an assart upon; as, to assart land or trees. Ashmole. ASSASSIN As*sas"sin, n. Etym: [F. (cf. It. assassino), fr. Ar. one who has drunk of the hashish. Under its influence the Assassins of the East, followers of the Shaikh al-Jabal (Old Man of the Mountain), were said to commit the murders required by their chief.] Defn: One who kills, or attempts to kill, by surprise or secret assault; one who treacherously murders any one unprepared for defense. ASSASSIN As*sas"sin, v. t. Defn: To assassinate. [Obs.] Stillingfleet. ASSASSINATE As*sas"sin*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assassinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Assassinating.] Etym: [LL. assassinatus, p. p. of assassinare.] 1. To kill by surprise or secret assault; to murder by treacherous violence. Help, neighbors, my house is broken open by force, and I am ravished, and like to be assassinated. Dryden. 2. To assail with murderous intent; hence, by extended meaning, to maltreat exceedingly. [Archaic] Your rhymes assassinate our fame. Dryden. Such usage as your honorable lords Afford me, assassinated and betrayed. Milton. Syn. -- To kill; murder; slay. See Kill. ASSASSINATE As*sas"sin*ate, n. Etym: [F. assassinat.] 1. An assassination, murder, or murderous assault. [Obs.] If I had made an assassinate upon your father. B. Jonson. 2. An assassin. [Obs.] Dryden. ASSASSINATION As*sas`si*na"tion, n. Defn: The act of assassinating; a killing by treacherous violence. ASSASSINATOR As*sas"si*na`tor, n. Defn: An assassin. ASSASSINOUS As*sas"sin*ous, a. Defn: Murderous. Milton. ASSASTION As*sas"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. assatio, fr. L. assare to roast.] Defn: Roasting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ASSAULT As*sault", n. Etym: [OE. asaut, assaut, OF. assaut, asalt, F. assaut, LL. assaltus; L. ad + saltus a leaping, a springing, salire to leap. See Assail.] 1. A violent onset or attack with physical means, as blows, weapons, etc.; an onslaught; the rush or charge of an attacking force; onset; as, to make assault upon a man, a house, or a town. The Spanish general prepared to renew the assault. Prescott. Unshaken bears the assault Of their most dreaded foe, the strong southwest. Wordsworth. 2. A violent onset or attack with moral weapons, as words, arguments, appeals, and the like; as, to make an assault on the prerogatives of a prince, or on the constitution of a government. Clarendon. 3. (Law) Defn: An apparently violent attempt, or willful offer with force or violence, to do hurt to another; an attempt or offer to beat another, accompanied by a degree of violence, but without touching his person, as by lifting the fist, or a cane, in a threatening manner, or by striking at him, and missing him. If the blow aimed takes effect, it is a battery. Blackstone. Wharton. Practically, however, the word assault is used to include the battery. Mozley & W. Syn. -- Attack; invasion; incursion; descent; onset; onslaught; charge; storm. ASSAULT As*sault", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assaulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assaulting.] Etym: [From Assault, n.: cf. OF. assaulter, LL. assaltare.] 1. To make an assault upon, as by a sudden rush of armed men; to attack with unlawful or insulting physical violence or menaces. Insnared, assaulted, overcome, led bound. Milton. 2. To attack with moral means, or with a view of producing moral effects; to attack by words, arguments, or unfriendly measures; to assail; as, to assault a reputation or an administration. Before the gates, the cries of babes newborn, . . . Assault his ears. Dryden. Note: In the latter sense, assail is more common. Syn. -- To attack; assail; invade; encounter; storm; charge. See Attack. ASSAULTABLE As*sault"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being assaulted. ASSAULTER As*sault"er, n. Defn: One who assaults, or violently attacks; an assailant. E. Hall. ASSAY As*say", n. Etym: [OF. asai, essai, trial, F. essa. See Essay, n.] 1. Trial; attempt; essay. [Obs.] Chaucer. I am withal persuaded that it may prove much more easy in the assay than it now seems at distance. Milton. 2. Examination and determination; test; as, an assay of bread or wine. [Obs.] This can not be, by no assay of reason. Shak. 3. Trial by danger or by affliction; adventure; risk; hardship; state of being tried. [Obs.] Through many hard assays which did betide. Spenser. 4. Tested purity or value. [Obs.] With gold and pearl of rich assay. Spenser. 5. (Metallurgy) Defn: The act or process of ascertaining the proportion of a particular metal in an ore or alloy; especially, the determination of the proportion of gold or silver in bullion or coin. 6. The alloy or metal to be assayed. Ure. Assay and essay are radically the same word; but modern usage has appropriated assay chiefly to experiments in metallurgy, and essay to intellectual and bodily efforts. See Essay.] Note: Assay is used adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as, assay balance, assay furnace. Assay master, an officer who assays or tests gold or silver coin or bullion. -- Assay ton, a weight of 29.1662/3 grams. ASSAY As*say", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Assaying.] Etym: [OF. asaier, essaier, F. essayer, fr. essai. See Assay, n., Essay, v.] 1. To try; to attempt; to apply. [Obs. or Archaic] To-night let us assay our plot. Shak. Soft words to his fierce passion she assayed. Milton. 2. To affect. [Obs.] When the heart is ill assayed. Spenser. 3. To try tasting, as food or drink. [Obs.] 4. To subject, as an ore, alloy, or other metallic compound, to chemical or metallurgical examination, in order to determine the amount of a particular metal contained in it, or to ascertain its composition. ASSAY As*say", v. i. Defn: To attempt, try, or endeavor. [Archaic. In this sense essay is now commonly used.] She thrice assayed to speak. Dryden. ASSAYABLE As*say"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be assayed. ASSAYER As*say"er, n. Defn: One who assays. Specifically: One who examines metallic ores or compounds, for the purpose of determining the amount of any particular metal in the same, especially of gold or silver. ASSAYING As*say"ing, n. Defn: The act or process of testing, esp. of analyzing or examining metals and ores, to determine the proportion of pure metal. ASSAY POUND As"say pound. Defn: A small standard weight used in assaying bullion, etc., sometimes equaling 0.5 gram, but varying with the assayer. ASSAY TON Assay ton. Defn: A weight of 29.166 + grams used in assaying, for convenience. Since it bears the same relation to the milligram that a ton of 2000 avoirdupois pounds does to the troy ounce, the weight in milligrams of precious metal obtained from an assay ton of ore gives directly the number of ounces to the ton. ASSE Asse, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small foxlike animal (Vulpes cama) of South Africa, valued for its fur. ASSECURATION As`se*cu*ra"tion, n. Etym: [LL. assecuratio, fr. assecurare.] Defn: Assurance; certainty. [Obs.] ASSECURE As`se*cure", v. t. Etym: [LL. assecurare.] Defn: To make sure or safe; to assure. [Obs.] Hooker. ASSECUTION As`se*cu"tion, n. Etym: [F. assécution, fr. L. assequi to obtain; ad + sequi to follow.] Defn: An obtaining or acquiring. [Obs.] Ayliffe. ASSEGAI As"se*gai, n. Defn: Same as Assagai. ASSEMBLAGE As*sem"blage, n. Etym: [Cf. F. assemblage. See Assemble.] 1. The act of assembling, or the state o In sweet assemblage every blooming grace. Fenton. 2. A collection of individuals, or of individuals, or of particular things; as, a political assemblage; an assemblage of ideas. Syn. -- Company; group; collection; concourse; gathering; meeting; convention. Assemblage, Assembly. An assembly consists only of persons; an assemblage may be composed of things as well as persons, as, an assemblage of incoherent objects. Nor is every assemblage of persons an assembly; since the latter term denotes a body who have met, and are acting, in concert for some common end, such as to hear, to deliberate, to unite in music, dancing, etc. An assemblage of skaters on a lake, or of horse jockeys at a race course, is not an assembly, but might be turned into one by collecting into a body with a view to discuss and decide as to some object of common interest. ASSEMBLANCE As*sem"blance, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. assemblance.] 1. Resemblance; likeness; appearance. [Obs.] Care I for the . . . stature, bulk, and big assemblance of a man Shak. 2. An assembling; assemblage. [Obs.] To weete [know] the cause of their assemblance. Spenser. ASSEMBLE As*sem"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assembled; p. pr. & vb. n. Assembling.] Etym: [F. assembler, fr. LL. assimulare to bring together to collect; L. ad + simul together; akin to similis like, Gr. same. Cf. Assimilate, Same.] Defn: To collect into one place or body; to bring or call together; to convene; to congregate. Thither he assembled all his train. Milton. All the men of Israel assembled themselves. 1 Kings viii. 2. ASSEMBLE As*sem"ble, v. i. Defn: To meet or come together, as a number of individuals; to convene; to congregate. Dryden. The Parliament assembled in November. W. Massey. ASSEMBLE As*sem"ble, v. i. Defn: To liken; to compare. [Obs.] Bribes may be assembled to pitch. Latimer. ASSEMBLER As*sem"bler, n. Defn: One who assembles a number of individuals; also, one of a number assembled. ASSEMBLY As*sem"bly, n.; pl. Assemblies. Etym: [F. assemblée, fr. assembler. See Assemble.] 1. A company of persons collected together in one place, and usually for some common purpose, esp. for deliberation and legislation, for worship, or for social entertainment. 2. A collection of inanimate objects. [Obs.] Howell. 3. (Mil.) Defn: A beat of the drum or sound of the bugle as a signal to troops to assemble. Note: In some of the United States, the legislature, or the popular branch of it, is called the Assembly, or the General Assembly. In the Presbyterian Church, the General Assembly is the highest ecclesiastical tribunal, composed of ministers and ruling elders delegated from each presbytery; as, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, or of Scotland. Assembly room, a room in which persons assemble, especially for dancing. -- Unlawful assembly (Law), a meeting of three or more persons on a common plan, in such a way as to cause a reasonable apprehension that they will disturb the peace tumultuously. -- Westminster Assembly, a convocation, consisting chiefly of divines, which, by act of Parliament, assembled July 1, 1643, and remained in session some years. It framed the "Confession of Faith," the "Larger Catechism," and the "Shorter Catechism," which are still received as authority by Presbyterians, and are substantially accepted by Congregationalists. Syn. -- See Assemblage. ASSEMBLYMAN As*sem"bly*man, n.; pl. Assemblymen. Defn: A member of an assembly, especially of the lower branch of a state legislature. ASSENT As*sent", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assented; p. pr. & vb. n. Assenting.] Etym: [F. assentir, L. assentire, assentiri; ad + sentire to feel, think. See Sense.] Defn: To admit a thing as true; to express one's agreement, acquiescence, concurrence, or concession. Who informed the governor . . . And the Jews also assented, saying that these things were so. Acts xxiv. 9. The princess assented to all that was suggested. Macaulay. Syn. -- To yield; agree; acquiesce; concede; concur. ASSENT As*sent", n. Etym: [OE. assent, fr. assentir. See Assent, v.] Defn: The act of assenting; the act of the mind in admitting or agreeing to anything; concurrence with approval; consent; agreement; acquiescence. Faith is the assent to any proposition, on the credit of the proposer. Locke. The assent, if not the approbation, of the prince. Prescott. Too many people read this ribaldry with assent and admiration. Macaulay. Royal assent, in England, the assent of the sovereign to a bill which has passed both houses of Parliament, after which it becomes law. Syn. -- Concurrence; acquiescence; approval; accord. -- Assent, Consent. Assent is an act of the understanding, consent of the will or feelings. We assent to the views of others when our minds come to the same conclusion with theirs as to what is true, right, or admissible. We consent when there is such a concurrence of our will with their desires and wishes that we decide to comply with their requests. The king of England gives his assent, not his consent, to acts of Parliament, because, in theory at least, he is not governed by personal feelings or choice, but by a deliberate, judgment as to the common good. We also use assent in cases where a proposal is made which involves but little interest or feeling. A lady may assent to a gentleman's opening the window; but if he offers himself in marriage, he must wait for her consent. ASSENTATION As`sen*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. assentatio. See Assent, v.] Defn: Insincere, flattering, or obsequious assent; hypocritical or pretended concurrence. Abject flattery and indiscriminate assentation degrade as much as indiscriminate contradiction and noisy debate disgust. Ld. Chesterfield. ASSENTATOR As`sen*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. assentari to assent constantly.] Defn: An obsequious; a flatterer. [R.] ASSENTATORY As*sent"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Flattering; obsequious. [Obs.] -- As*sent"a*to*ri*ly, adv. [Obs.] ASSENTER As*sent"er, n. Defn: One who assents. ASSENTIENT As*sen"tient, a. Defn: Assenting. ASSENTING As*sent"ing, a. Defn: Giving or implying assent. -- As*sent"ing*ly, adv. ASSENTIVE As*sent"ive, a. Defn: Giving assent; of the nature of assent; complying. -- As*sent"ive*ness, n. ASSENTMENT As*sent"ment, n. Defn: Assent; agreement. [Obs.] ASSERT As*sert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Asserting.] Etym: [L. assertus, p. p. of asserere to join or fasten to one's self, claim, maintain; ad + serere to join or bind together. See Series.] 1. To affirm; to declare with assurance, or plainly and strongly; to state positively; to aver; to asseverate. Nothing is more shameful . . . than to assert anything to be done without a cause. Ray. 2. To maintain; to defend. [Obs. or Archaic] That . . . I may assert Eternal Providence, And justify the ways of God to men. Milton. I will assert it from the scandal. Jer. Taylor. 3. To maintain or defend, as a cause or a claim, by words or measures; to vindicate a claim or title to; as, to assert our rights and liberties. To assert one's self, to claim or vindicate one's rights or position; to demand recognition. Syn. -- To affirm; aver; asseverate; maintain; protest; pronounce; declare; vindicate. -- To Assert, Affirm, Maintain, Vindicate. To assert is to fasten to one's self, and hence to claim. It is, therefore, adversative in its nature. We assert our rights and privileges, or the cause of tree institutions, as against opposition or denial. To affirm is to declare as true. We assert boldly; we affirm positively. To maintain is to uphold, and insist upon with earnestness, whatever we have once asserted; as, to maintain one's cause, to maintain an argument, to maintain the ground we have taken. To vindicate is to use language and measures of the strongest kind, in defense of ourselves and those for whom we act. We maintain our assertions by adducing proofs, facts, or arguments; we are ready to vindicate our rights or interests by the utmost exertion of our powers. ASSERTER As*sert"er, n. Defn: One who asserts; one who avers pr maintains; an assertor. The inflexible asserter of the rights of the church. Milman. ASSERTION As*ser"tion, n. Etym: [L. assertio, fr. asserere.] 1. The act of asserting, or that which is asserted; positive declaration or averment; affirmation; statement asserted; position advanced. There is a difference between assertion and demonstration. Macaulay. 2. Maintenance; vindication; as, the assertion of one's rights or prerogatives. ASSERTIVE As*sert"ive, a. Defn: Positive; affirming confidently; affirmative; peremptory. In a confident and assertive form. Glanvill. As*sert"ive*ly, adv. -- As*sert"ive*ness, n. ASSERTOR As*sert"or, n. Etym: [L., fr. asserere.] Defn: One who asserts or avers; one who maintains or vindicates a claim or a right; an affirmer, supporter, or vindicator; a defender; an asserter. The assertors of liberty said not a word. Macaulay. Faithful assertor of thy country's cause. Prior. ASSERTORIAL As`ser*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Asserting that a thing is; -- opposed to problematical and apodeictical. ASSERTORY As*sert"o*ry, a. Etym: [L. assertorius, fr. asserere.] Defn: Affirming; maintaining. Arguments . . . assertory, not probatory. Jer. Taylor. An assertory, not a promissory, declaration. Bentham. A proposition is assertory, when it enounces what is known as actual. Sir W. Hamilton. ASSESS As*sess", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assessed; p. pr. & vb. n. Assessing.] Etym: [OF. assesser to regulate, settle, LL. assessare to value for taxation, fr. L. assidere, supine as if assessum, to sit by, esp. of judges in a court, in LL. to assess, tax. Cf. Assize, v., Cess.] 1. To value; to make a valuation or official estimate of for the purpose of taxation. 2. To apportion a sum to be paid by (a person, a community, or an estate), in the nature of a tax, fine, etc.; to impose a tax upon (a person, an estate, or an income) according to a rate or apportionment. 3. To determine and impose a tax or fine upon (a person, community, estate, or income); to tax; as, the club assessed each member twenty- five cents. 4. To fix or determine the rate or amount of. This sum is assessed and raised upon individuals by commissioners in the act. Blackstone. ASSESSABLE As*sess"a*ble, a. Defn: Liable to be assessed or taxed; as, assessable property. ASSESSEE As`sess*ee", n. Defn: One who is assessed. ASSESSION As*ses"sion, n. Etym: [L. assessio, fr. assid to sit by or near; ad + sed to sit. See Sit.] Defn: A sitting beside or near. ASSESSMENT As*sess"ment, n. Etym: [LL. assessamentum.] 1. The act of assessing; the act of determining an amount to be paid; as, an assessment of damages, or of taxes; an assessment of the members of a club. 2. A valuation of property or profits of business, for the purpose of taxation; such valuation and an adjudging of the proper sum to be levied on the property; as, an assessment of property or an assessment on property. Note: An assessment is a valuation made by authorized persons according to their discretion, as opposed to a sum certain or determined by law. It is a valuation of the property of those who are to pay the tax, for the purpose of fixing the proportion which each man shall pay. Blackstone. Burrill. 3. The specific sum levied or assessed. 4. An apportionment of a subscription for stock into successive installments; also, one of these installments (in England termed a "call"). [U. S.] ASSESSOR As*sess"or, n. Etym: [L., one who sits beside, the assistant of a judge, fr. assid. See Assession. LL., one who arranges of determines the taxes, fr. assid. See Assess, v., and cf. Cessor.] 1. One appointed or elected to assist a judge or magistrate with his special knowledge of the subject to be decided; as legal assessors, nautical assessors. Mozley & W. 2. One who sits by another, as next in dignity, or as an assistant and adviser; an associate in office. Whence to his Son, The assessor of his throne, he thus began. Milton. With his ignorance, his inclinations, and his fancy, as his assessors in judgment. I. Taylor. 3. One appointed to assess persons or property for the purpose of taxation. Bouvier. ASSESSORIAL As`ses*so"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. assessorial, fr. L. assessor.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an assessor, or to a court of assessors. Coxe. ASSESSORSHIP As*sess"or*ship, n. Defn: The office or function of an assessor. ASSET As"set, n. Defn: Any article or separable part of one's assets. ASSETS As"sets, n. pl. Etym: [OF. asez enough, F. assez, fr. L. ad + satis, akin to Gr. saps full. Cf. Assai, Satisfy.] 1. (Law) (a) Property of a deceased person, subject by law to the payment of his debts and legacies; -- called assets because sufficient to render the executor or administrator liable to the creditors and legatees, so far as such goods or estate may extend. Story. Blackstone. (b) Effects of an insolvent debtor or bankrupt, applicable to the payment of debts. 2. The entire property of all sorts, belonging to a person, a corporation, or an estate; as, the assets of a merchant or a trading association; -- opposed to liabilities. Note: In balancing accounts the assets are put on the Cr. side and the debts on the Dr. side. ASSEVER As*sev"er, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. asseverer, fr. L. asseverare.] Defn: See Asseverate. [Archaic] ASSEVERATE As*sev"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asseverated; p. pr. & vb. n. Asseverating.] Etym: [L. asseveratus, p. p. of asseverare to assert seriously or earnestly; ad + severus. See Severe.] Defn: To affirm or aver positively, or with solemnity. Syn. -- To affirm; aver; protest; declare. See Affirm. ASSEVERATION As*sev`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. asseveratio.] Defn: The act of asseverating, or that which is asseverated; positive affirmation or assertion; solemn declaration. Another abuse of the tongue I might add, -- vehement asseverations upon slight and trivial occasions. Ray. ASSEVERATIVE As*sev"er*a*tive, a. Defn: Characterized by asseveration; asserting positively. ASSEVERATORY As*sev"er*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Asseverative. ASSIBILATE As*sib"i*late, v. t. Etym: [L. assibilatus, p. p. of assibilare to hiss out; ad + sibilare to hiss.] Defn: To make sibilant; to change to a sibilant. J. Peile. ASSIBILATION As*sib`i*la"tion, n. Defn: Change of a non-sibilant letter to a sibilant, as of -tion to - shun, duke to ditch. ASSIDEAN As`si*de"an, n. Etym: [Heb. khasad to be pious.] Defn: One of a body of devoted Jews who opposed the Hellenistic Jews, and supported the Asmoneans. ASSIDENT As"si*dent, a. Etym: [L. assidens, p. pr. of assid to sit by: cf. F. assident. See Assession.] (Med.) Defn: Usually attending a disease, but not always; as, assident signs, or symptoms. ASSIDUATE As*sid"u*ate, a. Etym: [L. assiduatus, p. p. of assiduare to use assiduously.] Defn: Unremitting; assiduous. [Obs.] "Assiduate labor." Fabyan. ASSIDUITY As`si*du"i*ty, n.; pl. Assiduities. Etym: [L. assiduitas: cf. F. assiduite. See Assiduous.] 1. Constant or close application or attention, particularly to some business or enterprise; diligence. I have, with much pains and assiduity, qualified myself for a nomenclator. Addison. 2. Studied and persevering attention to a person; -- usually in the plural. ASSIDUOUS As*sid"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. assiduus, fr. assid to sit near or close; ad + sed to sit. See Sit.] 1. Constant in application or attention; devoted; attentive; unremitting. She grows more assiduous in her attendance. Addison. 2. Performed with constant diligence or attention; unremitting; persistent; as, assiduous labor. To weary him with my assiduous cries. Milton. Syn. -- Diligent; attentive; sedulous; unwearied; unintermitted; persevering; laborious; indefatigable. As*sid"u*ous*ly, adv. -- As*sid"u*ous*ness, n. ASSIEGE As*siege", v. t. Etym: [OE. asegen, OF. asegier, F. assiéger, fr. LL. assediare, assidiare, to besiege. See Siege.] Defn: To besiege. [Obs.] "Assieged castles." Spenser. ASSIEGE As*siege", n. Defn: A siege. [Obs.] Chaucer. ASSIENTIST As`si*en"tist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. assientiste, Sp. asentista.] Defn: A shareholder of the Assiento company; one of the parties to the Assiento contract. Bancroft. ASSIENTO As`si*en"to, n. Etym: [Sp. asiento seat, contract or agreement, fr. asentar to place on a chair, to adjust, to make an agreement; a (L. ad) + sentar, a participial verb; as if there were a L. sedentare to cause to sit, fr. sedens, sedentis, p. pr. of sed to sit.] Defn: A contract or convention between Spain and other powers for furnishing negro slaves for the Spanish dominions in America, esp. the contract made with Great Britain in 1713. ASSIGN As*sign", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assigned; p. pr. & vb. n. Assigning.] Etym: [OE. assignen, asignen, F. assigner, fr. L. assignare; ad + signare to mark, mark out, designate, signum mark, sign. See Sign.] 1. To appoint; to allot; to apportion; to make over. In the order I assign to them. Loudon. The man who could feel thus was worthy of a better station than that in which his lot had been assigned. Southey. He assigned to his men their several posts. Prescott. 2. To fix, specify, select, or designate; to point out authoritatively or exactly; as, to assign a limit; to assign counsel for a prisoner; to assign a day for trial. All as the dwarf the way to her assigned. Spenser. It is not easy to assign a period more eventful. De Quincey. 3. (Law) Defn: To transfer, or make over to another, esp. to transfer to, and vest in, certain persons, called assignees, for the benefit of creditors. To assign dower, to set out by metes and bounds the widow's share or portion in an estate. Kent. ASSIGN As*sign", n. Etym: [From Assign, v.] Defn: A thing pertaining or belonging to something else; an appurtenance. [Obs.] Six French rapiers and poniards, with their assigns, as girdles, hangers, and so. Shak. ASSIGN As*sign", n. Etym: [See Assignee.] (Law) Defn: A person to whom property or an interest is transferred; as, a deed to a man and his heirs and assigns. ASSIGNABILITY As*sign`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being assignable. ASSIGNABLE As*sign"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being assigned, allotted, specified, or designated; as, an assignable note or bill; an assignable reason; an assignable quantity. ASSIGNAT As`si`gnat", n. Etym: [F. assignat, fr. L. assignatus, p. p. of assignare.] Defn: One of the notes, bills, or bonds, issued as currency by the revolutionary government of France (1790-1796), and based on the security of the lands of the church and of nobles which had been appropriated by the state. ASSIGNATION As`sig*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. assignatio, fr. assignare: cf. F. assignation.] 1. The act of assigning or allotting; apportionment. This order being taken in the senate, as touching the appointment and assignation of those provinces. Holland. 2. An appointment of time and place for meeting or interview; -- used chiefly of love interviews, and now commonly in a bad sense. While nymphs take treats, or assignations give. Pope. 3. A making over by transfer of title; assignment. House of assignation, a house in which appointments for sexual intercourse are fulfilled. ASSIGNEE As`sign*ee", n. Etym: [F. assigné, p. p. of assigner. See Assign, v., and cf. Assign an assignee.] (Law) (a) A person to whom an assignment is made; a person appointed or deputed by another to do some act, perform some business, or enjoy some right, privilege, or property; as, an assignee of a bankrupt. See Assignment (c). An assignee may be by special appointment or deed, or be created by jaw; as an executor. Cowell. Blount. (b) pl. Defn: In England, the persons appointed, under a commission of bankruptcy, to manage the estate of a bankrupt for the benefit of his creditors. ASSIGNER As*sign"er, n. Defn: One who assigns, appoints, allots, or apportions. ASSIGNMENT As*sign"ment, n. Etym: [LL. assignamentum: cf. OF. assenement.] 1. An allotting or an appointment to a particular person or use; or for a particular time, as of a cause or causes in court. 2. (Law) (a) A transfer of title or interest by writing, as of lease, bond, note, or bill of exchange; a transfer of the whole of some particular estate or interest in lands. (b) The writing by which an interest is transferred. (c) The transfer of the property of a bankrupt to certain persons called assignees, in whom it is vested for the benefit of creditors. Assignment of dower, the setting out by metes and bounds of the widow's thirds or portion in the deceased husband's estate, and allotting it to her. Note: Assignment is also used in law as convertible with specification; assignment of error in proceedings for review being specification of error; and assignment of perjury or fraud in indictment being specifications of perjury or fraud. ASSIGNOR As`sign*or", n. Etym: [L. assignator. Cf. Assigner.] (Law) Defn: An assigner; a person who assigns or transfers an interest; as, the assignor of a debt or other chose in action. ASSIMILABILITY As*sim`i*la*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being assimilable. [R.] Coleridge. ASSIMILABLE As*sim"i*la*ble, a. Defn: That may be assimilated; that may be likened, or appropriated and incorporated. ASSIMILATE As*sim"i*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assimilated; p. pr. & vb. n. Assimilating.] Etym: [L. assimilatus, p. p. of assimilare; ad + similare to make like, similis like. See Similar, Assemble, Assimilate.] 1. To bring to a likeness or to conformity; to cause a resemblance between. Sir M. Hale. To assimilate our law to the law of Scotland. John Bright. Fast falls a fleecy; the downy flakes Assimilate all objects. Cowper. 2. To liken; to compa [R.] 3. To appropriate and transform or incorporate into the substance of the assimilating body; to absorb or appropriate, as nourishment; as, food is assimilated and converted into organic tissue. Hence also animals and vegetables may assimilate their nourishment. Sir I. Newton. His mind had no power to assimilate the lessons. Merivale. ASSIMILATE As*sim"i*late, v. i. 1. To become similar or like something else. [R.] 2. To change and appropriate nourishment so as to make it a part of the substance of the assimilating body. Aliment easily assimilated or turned into blood. Arbuthnot. 3. To be converted into the substance of the assimilating body; to become incorporated; as, some kinds of food assimilate more readily than others. I am a foreign material, and cannot assimilate with the church of England. J. H. Newman. ASSIMILATION As*sim`i*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. assimilatio: cf. F. assimilation.] 1. The act or process of assimilating or bringing to a resemblance, likeness, or identity; also, the state of being so assimilated; as, the assimilation of one sound to another. To aspire to an assimilation with God. Dr. H. More. The assimilation of gases and vapors. Sir J. Herschel. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The conversion of nutriment into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the processes of digestion and absorption, whether in plants or animals. Not conversing the body, not repairing it by assimilation, but preserving it by ventilation. Sir T. Browne. Note: The term assimilation has been limited by some to the final process by which the nutritive matter of the blood is converted into the substance of the tissues and organs. ASSIMILATIVE As*sim"i*la*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. assimilativus, F. assimilatif.] Defn: Tending to, or characterized by, assimilation; that assimilates or causes assimilation; as, an assimilative process or substance. ASSIMILATORY As*sim"i*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to assimilate, or produce assimilation; as, assimilatory organs. ASSIMULATE As*sim"u*late, v. t. Etym: [L. assimulatus, p. p. of assimulare, equiv. to assimilare. See Assimilate, v. t.] 1. To feign; to counterfeit; to simulate; to resemble. [Obs.] Blount. 2. To assimilate. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. ASSIMULATION As*sim`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. assimulatio, equiv. to assimilatio.] Defn: Assimilation. [Obs.] Bacon. ASSINEGO As`si*ne"go, n. Defn: See Asinego. ASSISH Ass"ish, a. Defn: Resembling an ass; asinine; stupid or obstinate. Such . . . appear to be of the assich kind . . . Udall. ASSIST As*sist", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assisting.] Etym: [L. assistere; ad + sistere to cause to stand, to stand, from stare to stand: cf. F. assister. See Stand.] Defn: To give support to in some undertaking or effort, or in time of distress; to help; to aid; to succor. Assist me, knight. I am undone! Shak. Syn. -- To help; aid; second; back; support; relieve; succor; befriend; sustain; favor. See Help. ASSIST As*sist", v. i. 1. To lend aid; to help. With God not parted from him, as was feared, But favoring and assisting to the end. Milton. 2. To be present as a spectator; as, to assist at a public meeting. [A Gallicism] Gibbon. Prescott. ASSISTANCE As*sist"ance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. assistance.] 1. The act of assisting; help; aid; furtherance; succor; support. Without the assistance of a mortal hand. Shak. 2. An assistant or helper; a body of helpers. [Obs.] Wat Tyler [was] killed by valiant Walworth, the lord mayor of London, and his assistance, . . . John Cavendish. Fuller. 3. Persons present. [Obs. or a Gallicism] ASSISTANT As*sist"ant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. assistant, p. pr. of assister.] 1. Helping; lending aid or support; auxiliary. Genius and learning . . . are mutually and greatly assistant to each other. Beattie. 2. (Mil.) Defn: Of the second grade in the staff of the army; as, an assistant surgeon. [U.S.] Note: In the English army it designates the third grade in any particular branch of the staff. Farrow. ASSISTANT As*sist"ant, n. 1. One who, or that which, assists; a helper; an auxiliary; a means of help. Four assistants who his labor share. Pope. Rhymes merely as assistants to memory. Mrs. Chapone. 2. An attendant; one who is present. Dryden. ASSISTANTLY As*sist"ant*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner to give aid. [R.] ASSISTER As*sist"er, n. Defn: An assistant; a helper. ASSISTFUL As*sist"ful, a. Defn: Helpful. ASSISTIVE As*sist"ive, a. Defn: Lending aid, helping. ASSISTLESS As*sist"less, a. Defn: Without aid or help. [R.] Pope. ASSISTOR As*sist"or, n. (Law) Defn: A assister. ASSITHMENT As*sith"ment, n. Defn: See Assythment. [Obs.] ASSIZE As*size", n. Etym: [OE. assise, asise, OF. assise, F. assises, assembly of judges, the decree pronounced by them, tax, impost, fr. assis, assise, p. p. of asseoir, fr. L. assid to sit by; ad + sed to sit. See Sit, Size, and cf. Excise, Assess.] 1. An assembly of knights and other substantial men, with a bailiff or justice, in a certain place and at a certain time, for public business. [Obs.] 2. (Law) (a) A special kind of jury or inquest. (b) A kind of writ or real action. (c) A verdict or finding of a jury upon such writ. (d) A statute or ordinance in general. Specifically: (1) A statute regulating the weight, measure, and proportions of ingredients and the price of articles sold in the market; as, the assize of bread and other provisions; (2) A statute fixing the standard of weights and measures. (e) Anything fixed or reduced to a certainty in point of time, number, quantity, quality, weight, measure, etc.; as, rent of assize. Glanvill. Spelman. Cowell. Blackstone. Tomlins. Burrill. Note: [This term is not now used in England in the sense of a writ or real action, and seldom of a jury of any kind, but in Scotch practice it is still technically applied to the jury in criminal cases. Stephen. Burrill. Erskine.] (f) A court, the sitting or session of a court, for the trial of processes, whether civil or criminal, by a judge and jury. Blackstone. Wharton. Encyc. Brit. (g) The periodical sessions of the judges of the superior courts in every county of England for the purpose of administering justice in the trial and determination of civil and criminal cases; -- usually in the plural. Brande. Wharton. Craig. Burrill. (h) The time or place of holding the court of assize; -- generally in the plural, assizes. 3. Measure; dimension; size. [In this sense now corrupted into size.] An hundred cubits high by just assize. Spenser. [Formerly written, as in French, assise.] ASSIZE As*size", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assized; p. pr. & vb. n. Assizing.] Etym: [From Assize, n.: cf. LL. assisare to decree in assize. Cf. Asses, v.] 1. To assess; to value; to rate. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by an ordinance or regulation of authority. [Obs.] ASSIZER As*siz"er, n. Defn: An officer who has the care or inspection of weights and measures, etc. ASSIZOR As*siz"or, n. (Scots Law) Defn: A juror. ASSOBER As*so"ber, v. t. Etym: [Pref. ad- + sober. Cf. Ensober.] Defn: To make or keep sober. [Obs.] Gower. ASSOCIABILITY As*so`cia*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being associable, or capable of association; associableness. "The associability of feelings." H. Spencer. ASSOCIABLE As*so"cia*ble, a. Etym: [See Associate.] 1. Capable of being associated or joined. We know feelings to be associable only by the proved ability of one to revive another. H. Spencer. 2. Sociable; companionable. [Obs.] 3. (Med.) Defn: Liable to be affected by sympathy with other parts; -- said of organs, nerves, muscles, etc. The stomach, the most associable of all the organs of the animal body. Med. Rep. ASSOCIABLENESS As*so"cia*ble*ness, n. Defn: Associability. ASSOCIATE As*so"ci*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Associated; p. pr. & vb. n. Associating.] Etym: [L. associatus, p. p. of associare; ad + sociare to join or unite, socius companion. See Social.] 1. To join with one, as a friend, companion, partner, or confederate; as, to associate others with . 2. To join or connect; to combine in acting; as, particles of gold associated with other substances. 3. To connect or place together in thought. He succeeded in associating his name inseparably with some names which will last an long as our language. Macaulay. 4. To accompany; to keep company with. [Obs.] Friends should associate friends in grief and woe. Shak. ASSOCIATE As*so"ci*ate, v. i. 1. To unite in company; to keep company, implying intimacy; as, congenial minds are disposed to associate. 2. To unite in action, or to be affected by the action of a different part of the body. E. Darwin. ASSOCIATE As*so"ci*ate, a. Etym: [L. associatus, p. p.] 1. Closely connected or joined with some other, as in interest, purpose, employment, or office; sharing responsibility or authority; as, an associate judge. While I descend . . . to my associate powers. Milton. 2. Admitted to some, but not to all, rights and privileges; as, an associate member. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: Connected by habit or sympathy; as, associate motions, such as occur sympathetically, in consequence of preceding motions. E. Darwin. ASSOCIATE As*so"ci*ate, n. 1. A companion; one frequently in company with another, implying intimacy or equality; a mate; a fellow. 2. A partner in interest, as in business; or a confederate in a league. 3. One connected with an association or institution without the full rights or privileges of a regular member; as, an associate of the Royal Academy. 4. Anything closely or usually connected with another; an concomitant. The one [idea] no sooner comes into the understanding, than its associate appears with it. Locke. Syn. -- Companion; mate; fellow; friend; ally; partner; coadjutor; comrade; accomplice. ASSOCIATED As*so"ci*a`ted, a. Defn: Joined as a companion; brought into association; accompanying; combined. Associated movements (Physiol.), consensual movements which accompany voluntary efforts without our consciousness. Dunglison. ASSOCIATESHIP As*so"ci*ate*ship, n. Defn: The state of an associate, as in Academy or an office. ASSOCIATION As*so`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. association, LL. associatio, fr. L. associare.] 1. The act of associating, or state of being associated; union; connection, whether of persons of things. "Some . . . bond of association." Hooker. Self-denial is a kind of holy association with God. Boyle. 2. Mental connection, or that which is mentally linked or associated with a thing. Words . . . must owe their powers association. Johnson. Why should . . . the holiest words, with all their venerable associations, be profaned Coleridge. 3. Union of persons in a company or society for some particular purpose; as, the American Association for the Advancement of Science; a benevolent association. Specifically, as among the Congregationalists, a society, consisting of a number of ministers, generally the pastors of neighboring churches, united for promoting the interests of religion and the harmony of the churches. Association of ideas (Physiol.), the combination or connection of states of mind or their objects with one another, as the result of which one is said to be revived or represented by means of the other. The relations according to which they are thus connected or revived are called the law of association. Prominent among them are reckoned the relations of time and place, and of cause and effect. Porter. ASSOCIATIONAL As*so`ci*a"tion*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to association, or to an association. 2. Pertaining to the theory held by the associationists. ASSOCIATIONISM As*so`ci*a"tion*ism, n. (Philos.) Defn: The doctrine or theory held by associationists. ASSOCIATIONIST As*so`ci*a"tion*ist, n. (Philos.) Defn: One who explains the higher functions and relations of the soul by the association of ideas; e. g., Hartley, J. C. Mill. ASSOCIATIVE As*so"ci*a*tive, a. Defn: Having the quality of associating; tending or leading to association; as, the associative faculty. Hugh Miller. ASSOCIATOR As*so"ci*a`tor, n. Defn: An associate; a confederate or partner in any scheme. How Pennsylvania's air agrees with Quakers, And Carolina's with associators. Dryden. ASSOIL As*soil", v. t. Etym: [OF. assoiler, absoiler, assoldre, F. absoudre, L. absolvere. See Absolve.] 1. To set free; to release. [Archaic] Till from her hands the spright assoiled is. Spenser. 2. To solve; to clear up. [Obs.] Any child might soon be able to assoil this riddle. Bp. Jewel. 3. To set free from guilt; to absolve. [Archaic] Acquitted and assoiled from the guilt. Dr. H. More. Many persons think themselves fairly assoiled, because they are . . . not of scandalous lives. Jer. Taylor. 4. To expiate; to atone for. [Archaic] Spenser. Let each act assoil a fault. E. Arnold. 5. To remove; to put off. [Obs.] She soundly slept, and careful thoughts did quite assoil. Spenser. ASSOIL As*soil", v. t. Etym: [Pref. ad- + soil.] Defn: To soil; to stain. [Obs. or Poet.] Beau. & Fl. Ne'er assoil my cobwebbed shield. Wordsworth. ASSOILMENT As*soil"ment, n. Defn: Act of assoiling, or state of being assoiled; absolution; acquittal. ASSOILMENT As*soil"ment, n. Defn: A soiling; defilement. ASSOILZIE; ASSOILYIE As*soil"zie, As*soil"yie, v. t. Etym: [Old form assoil. See Assoil.] (Scots Law) Defn: To absolve; to acquit by sentence of court. God assoilzie him for the sin of bloodshed. Sir W. Scott. ASSONANCE As"so*nance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. assonance. See Assonant.] 1. Resemblance of sound. "The disagreeable assonance of Steevens. 2. (Pros.) Defn: A peculiar species of rhyme, in which the last accented vowel and those which follow it in one word correspond in sound with the vowels of another word, while the consonants of the two words are unlike in sound; as, calamo and platano, baby and chary. The assonance is peculiar to the Spaniard. Hallam. 3. Incomplete correspondence. Assonance between facts seemingly remote. Lowell. ASSONANT As"so*nant, a. Etym: [L. assonans, p. pr. of assonare to sound to, to correspond to in sound; ad + sonare to sound, sonus sound: cf. F. assonant. See Sound.] 1. Having a resemblance of sounds. 2. (Pros.) Defn: Pertaining to the peculiar species of rhyme called assonance; not consonant. ASSONANTAL As`so*nan"tal, a. Defn: Assonant. ASSONATE As"so*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. assonare, assonatum, to respond to.] Defn: To correspond in sound. ASSORT As*sort", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assorting.] Etym: [F. assortir; (L. ad) + sortir to cast or draw lots, to obtain by lot, L. sortiri, fr. sors, sortis, lot. See Sort.] 1. To separate and distribute into classes, as things of a like kind, nature, or quality, or which are suited to a like purpose; to classify; as, to assort goods. Note: [Rarely applied to persons.] They appear . . . no ways assorted to those with whom they must associate. Burke. 2. To furnish with, or make up of, various sorts or a variety of goods; as, to assort a cargo. ASSORT As*sort", v. i. Defn: To agree; to be in accordance; to be adapted; to suit; to fall into a class or place. Mitford. ASSORTED As*sort"ed, a. Defn: Selected; culled. ASSORTMENT As*sort"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. assortiment.] 1. Act of assorting, or distributing into sorts, kinds, or classes. 2. A collection or quantity of things distributed into kinds or sorts; a number of things assorted. 3. A collection containing a variety of sorts or kinds adapted to various wants, demands, or purposes; as, an assortment of goods. ASSOT As*sot", v. t. Etym: [OF. asoter, F. assoter; ad) + sot stupid. See Sot.] Defn: To besot; to befool; to beguile; to infatuate. [Obs.] Some ecstasy assotted had his sense. Spenser. ASSOT As*sot", a. Defn: Dazed; foolish; infatuated. [Obs.] Willie, I ween thou be assot. Spenser. ASSUAGE As*suage", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assuaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuaging.] Etym: [OE. asuagen, aswagen, OF. asoagier, asuagier, fr. assouagier, fr. L. ad + suavis sweet. See Sweet.] Defn: To soften, in a figurative sense; to allay, mitigate, ease, or lessen, as heat, pain, or grief; to appease or pacify, as passion or tumult; to satisfy, as appetite or desire. Refreshing winds the summer's heat assuage. Addison. To assuage the sorrows of a desolate old man Burke. The fount at which the panting mind assuages Her thirst of knowledge. Byron. Syn. -- To alleviate; mitigate; appease; soothe; calm; tranquilize; relieve. See Alleviate. ASSUAGE As*suage", v. i. Defn: To abate or subside. [Archaic] "The waters assuaged." Gen. vii. 1. The plague being come to a crisis, its fury began to assuage. De Foe. ASSUAGEMENT As*suage"ment, n. Etym: [OF. assouagement, asuagement.] Defn: Mitigation; abatement. ASSUAGER As*sua"ger, n. Defn: One who, or that which, assuages. ASSUASIVE As*sua"sive, a. Etym: [From assuage, as if this were fr. a supposed L. assuadere to persuade to; or from E. pref. ad + -suasive as in persuasive.] Defn: Mitigating; tranquilizing; soothing. [R.] Music her soft assuasive voice applies. Pope. ASSUBJUGATE As*sub"ju*gate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. ad- + subjugate.] Defn: To bring into subjection. [Obs.] Shak. ASSUEFACTION As`sue*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. assuefacere to accustom to; assuetus (p. p. of assuescere to accustom to) + facere to make; cf. OF. assuefaction.] Defn: The act of accustoming, or the state of being accustomed; habituation. [Obs.] Custom and studies efform the soul like wax, and by assuefaction introduce a nature. Jer. Taylor. ASSUETUDE As"sue*tude, n. Etym: [L. assuetudo, fr. assuetus accustomed.] Defn: Accustomedness; habit; habitual use. Assuetude of things hurtful doth make them lose their force to hurt. Bacon. ASSUMABLE As*sum"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be assumed. ASSUMABLY As*sum"a*bly, adv. Defn: By way of assumption. ASSUME As*sume", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assumed; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuming.] Etym: [L. assumere; ad + sumere to take; sub + emere to take, buy: cf. F. assumer. See Redeem.] 1. To take to or upon one's self; to take formally and demonstratively; sometimes, to appropriate or take unjustly. Trembling they stand while Jove assumes the throne. Pope. The god assumed his native form again. Pope. 2. To take for granted, or without proof; to suppose as a fact; to suppose or take arbitrarily or tentatively. The consequences of assumed principles. Whewell. 3. To pretend to possess; to take in appearance. Ambition assuming the mask of religion. Porteus. Assume a virtue, if you have it not. Shak. 4. To receive or adopt. The sixth was a young knight of lesser renown and lower rank, assumed into that honorable company. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- To arrogate; usurp; appropriate. ASSUME As*sume", v. i. 1. To be arrogant or pretentious; to claim more than is due. Bp. Burnet. 2. (Law) Defn: To undertake, as by a promise. Burrill. ASSUMED As*sumed", a. 1. Supposed. 2. Pretended; hypocritical; make-believe; as, an assumed character. ASSUMEDLY As*sum"ed*ly, adv. Defn: By assumption. ASSUMENT As*sum"ent, n. Etym: [L. assumentum, fr. ad + suere to sew.] Defn: A patch; an addition; a piece put on. [Obs.] John Lewis (1731). ASSUMER As*sum"er, n. Defn: One who assumes, arrogates, pretends, or supposes. W. D. Whitney. ASSUMING As*sum"ing, a. Defn: Pretentious; taking much upon one's self; presumptuous. Burke. ASSUMPSIT As*sump"sit, n. Etym: [L., he undertook, pret. of L. assumere. See Assume.] (Law) (a) A promise or undertaking, founded on a consideration. This promise may be oral or in writing not under seal. It may be express or implied. (b) An action to recover damages for a breach or nonperformance of a contract or promise, express or implied, oral or in writing not under seal. Common or indebitatus assumpsit is brought for the most part on an implied promise. Special assumpsit is founded on an express promise or undertaking. Wharton. ASSUMPT As*sumpt", v. t. Etym: [L. assumptus, p. p. of assumere. See Assume.] Defn: To take up; to elevate; to assume. [Obs.] Sheldon. ASSUMPT As*sumpt", n. Etym: [L. assumptum, p. p. neut. of assumere.] Defn: That which is assumed; an assumption. [Obs.] The sun of all your assumpts is this. Chillingworth. ASSUMPTION As*sump"tion, n. Etym: [OE. assumpcioun a taking up into heaven, L. assumptio a taking, fr. assumere: cf. F. assomption. See Assume.] 1. The act of assuming, or taking to or upon one's self; the act of taking up or adopting. The assumption of authority. Whewell. 2. The act of taking for granted, or supposing a thing without proof; supposition; unwarrantable claim. This gives no sanction to the unwarrantable assumption that the soul sleeps from the period of death to the resurrection of the body. Thodey. That calm assumption of the virtues. W. Black. 3. The thing supposed; a postulate, or proposition assumed; a supposition. Hold! says the Stoic; your assumption's wrong. Dryden. 4. (Logic) Defn: The minor or second proposition in a categorical syllogism. 5. The taking of a person up into heaven. Hence: (Rom. Cath. & Greek Churches) Defn: A festival in honor of the ascent of the Virgin Mary into heaven. ASSUMPTIVE As*sump"tive, a. Etym: [L. assumptivus, fr. assumptus, fr. assumere.] Defn: Assumed, or capable of being assumed; characterized by assumption; making unwarranted claims. -- As*sump"tive*ly, adv. Assumptive arms (Her.), originally, arms which a person had a right to assume, in consequence of an exploit; now, those assumed without sanction of the Heralds' College. Percy Smith. ASSURANCE As*sur"ance, n. Etym: [OE. assuraunce, F. assurance, fr. assurer. See Assure.] 1. The act of assuring; a declaration tending to inspire full confidence; that which is designed to give confidence. Whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead. Acts xvii. 31. Assurances of support came pouring in daily. Macaulay. 2. The state of being assured; firm persuasion; full confidence or trust; freedom from doubt; certainty. Let us draw with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience. Heb. x. 22. 3. Firmness of mind; undoubting, steadiness; intrepidity; courage; confidence; self-reliance. Brave men meet danger with assurance. Knolles. Conversation with the world will give them knowledge and assurance. Locke. 4. Excess of boldness; impudence; audacity; as, his assurance is intolerable. 5. Betrothal; affiance. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 6. Insurance; a contract for the payment of a sum on occasion of a certain event, as loss or death. Note: Recently, assurance has been used, in England, in relation to life contingencies, and insurance in relation to other contingencies. It is called temporary assurance, in the time within which the contingent event must happen is limited. See Insurance. 7. (Law) Defn: Any written or other legal evidence of the conveyance of property; a conveyance; a deed. Note: In England, the legal evidences of the conveyance of property are called the common assurances of the kingdom. Blackstone. ASSURE As*sure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assured; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuring.] Etym: [OF. aseürer, F. assurer, LL. assecurare; L. ad + securus secure, sure, certain. See Secure, Sure, and cf. Insure.] 1. To make sure or certain; to render confident by a promise, declaration, or other evidence. His promise that thy seed shall bruise our foe . . . Assures me that the bitterness of death Is past, and we shall live. Milton. 2. To declare to, solemnly; to assert to (any one) with the design of inspiring belief or confidence. I dare assure thee that no enemy Shall ever take alive the noble Brutus. Shak. 3. To confirm; to make certain or secure. And it shall be assured to him. Lev. xxvii. 19. And hereby we know that we are of the truth, and shall assure our hearts before him. 1 John iii. 19. 4. To affiance; to betroth. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Law) Defn: To insure; to covenant to indemnify for loss, or to pay a specified sum at death. See Insure. Syn. -- To declare; aver; avouch; vouch; assert; asseverate; protest; persuade; convince. ASSURED As*sured", a. Defn: Made sure; safe; insured; certain; indubitable; not doubting; bold to excess. ASSURED As*sured", n. Defn: One whose life or property is insured. ASSUREDLY As*sur"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Certainly; indubitably. "The siege assuredly I'll raise." Shak. ASSUREDNESS As*sur"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being assured; certainty; full confidence. ASSURER As*sur"er, n. 1. One who assures. Specifically: One who insures against loss; an insurer or underwriter. 2. One who takes out a life assurance policy. ASSURGENCY As*sur"gen*cy, n. Defn: Act of rising. The . . . assurgency of the spirit through the body. Coleridge. ASSURGENT As*sur"gent, a. Etym: [L. assurgens, p. pr. of assurgere; ad + surgere to rise.] Defn: Ascending; (Bot.) Defn: rising obliquely; curving upward. Gray. ASSURING As*sur"ing, a. Defn: That assures; tending to assure; giving confidence. -- As*sur"ing*ly, adv. ASSWAGE As*swage", v. Defn: See Assuage. ASSYRIAN As*syr"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Assyrius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Assyria, or to its inhabitants. -- n. A native or an inhabitant of Assyria; the language of Assyria. ASSYRIOLOGICAL As*syr`i*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Assyriology; as, Assyriological studies. ASSYRIOLOGIST As*syr`i*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in Assyriology; a student of Assyrian archæology. ASSYRIOLOGY As*syr`i*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Assyria + -logy.] Defn: The science or study of the antiquities, language, etc., of ancient Assyria. ASSYTHMENT As*syth"ment, n. Etym: [From OF. aset, asez, orig. meaning enough. See Assets.] Defn: Indemnification for injury; satisfaction. [Chiefly in Scots law] ASTACUS As"ta*cus, n. Etym: [L. astacus a crab, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of crustaceans, containing the crawfish of fresh-water lobster of Europe, and allied species of western North America. See Crawfish. ASTARBOARD A*star"board, adv. (Naut.) Defn: Over to the starboard side; -- said of the tiller. ASTART A*start", v. t. & i. Defn: Same as Astert. [Obs.] ASTARTE As*tar"te, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of bivalve mollusks, common on the coasts of America and Europe. ASTATE A*state", n. Defn: Estate; state. [Obs.] Chaucer. ASTATIC A*stat"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + static.] (Magnetism) Defn: Having little or no tendency to take a fixed or definite position or direction: thus, a suspended magnetic needle, when rendered astatic, loses its polarity, or tendency to point in a given direction. Astatic pair (Magnetism), a pair of magnetic needles so mounted as to be nearly or quite astatic, as in some galvanometers. ASTATICALLY A*stat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an astatic manner. ASTATICISM A*stat"i*cism, n. Defn: The state of being astatic. ASTATIZE As"ta*tize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Astatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Astatizing.] (Magnetism) Defn: To render astatic. ASTATKI As*tat"ki, n. [From Russ. ostatki remnants, pl. of ostatok.] Defn: A thick liquid residuum obtained in the distillation of Russian petroleum, much used as fuel. ASTAY A*stay", adv. (Naut.) Defn: An anchor is said to be astay, in heaving it, an acute angle is formed between the cable and the surface of the water. ASTEISM As"te*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. astéisme.] (Rhet.) Defn: Genteel irony; a polite and ingenious manner of deriding another. ASTEL As"tel, n. Etym: [OE. astelle piece of wood, OF. astele splinter, shaving, F. attelle, astelle: cf. L. astula, dim. of assis board.] (Mining) Defn: An arch, or ceiling, of boards, placed over the men's heads in a mine. ASTER As"ter, n. Etym: [L. aster aster, star, Gr. Star.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbs with compound white or bluish flowers; starwort; Michaelmas daisy. 2. (Floriculture) Defn: A plant of the genus Callistephus. Many varieties (called China asters, German asters, etc.) are cultivated for their handsome compound flowers. ASTERIAS As*te"ri*as, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of echinoderms. Note: Formerly the group of this name included nearly all starfishes and ophiurans. Now it is restricted to a genus including the commonest shore starfishes. ASTERIATED As*te"ri*a`ted, a. Etym: [See Asterias.] Defn: Radiated, with diverging rays; as, asteriated sapphire. ASTERIDIAN As`ter*id"i*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Asterioidea. -- n. Defn: A starfish; one of the Asterioidea. ASTERIOIDEA; ASTERIDEA As*te`ri*oid"e*a, As`ter*id"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oid. See Asterias.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of Echinodermata including the true starfishes. The rays vary in number and always have ambulacral grooves below. The body is starshaped or pentagonal. ASTERION As*te"ri*on, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The point on the side of the skull where the lambdoid, parieto- mastoid and occipito-mastoid sutures. ASTERISCUS As`ter*is"cus, n. Etym: [L., an asterisk. See Asterisk.] (Anat.) Defn: The smaller of the two otoliths found in the inner ear of many fishes. ASTERISK As"ter*isk, n. Etym: [L. asteriscus, Gr. Aster.] Defn: The figure of a star, thus, ASTERISM As`ter*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. astérisme.] 1. (Astron.) (a) A constellation. [Obs.] (b) A small cluster of stars. 2. (Printing) (a) An asterisk, or mark of reference. [R.] (b) Three asterisks placed in this manner, *, to direct attention to a particular passage. 3. (Crystallog.) Defn: An optical property of some crystals which exhibit a star- shaped by reflected light, as star sapphire, or by transmitted light, as some mica. ASTERN A*stern", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + stern.] (Naut.) 1. In or at the hinder part of a ship; toward the hinder part, or stern; backward; as, to go astern. 2. Behind a ship; in the rear. "A gale of wind right astern." De Foe. "Left this strait astern." Drake. To bake astern, to go stern foremost. -- To be astern of the reckoning, to be behind the position given by the reckoning. -- To drop astern, to fall or be left behind. -- To go astern, to go backward, as from the action of currents or winds. ASTERNAL A*ster"nal, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + sternal.] (Anat.) Defn: Not sternal; -- said of ribs which do not join the sternum. ASTEROID As"ter*oid, n. Etym: [Gr. astéroïde. See Aster.] Defn: A starlike body; esp. one of the numerous small planets whose orbits lie between those of Mars and Jupiter; -- called also planetoids and minor planets. ASTEROIDAL As`ter*oid"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an asteroid, or to the asteroids. ASTEROLEPIS As`te*rol"e*pis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of fishes, some of which were eighteen or twenty feet long, found in a fossil state in the Old Red Sandstone. Hugh Miller. ASTEROPE As*ter"o*pe, n. [Gr. , lit., lightning.] 1. (Myth.) Defn: One of the Pleiades; -- called also Sterope. 2. (Astron.) A double star in the Pleiades (21 k and 22 l Pleiadum, of the 5.8 and 6.4 magnitude respectively), appearing as a single star of the 5.3 magnitude to the naked eye. ASTEROPHYLLITE As`ter*oph"yl*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil plant from the coal formations of Europe and America, now regarded as the branchlets and foliage of calamites. ASTERT A*stert, v. t. Etym: [Pref. a- + start; OE. asterten, asturten.] Defn: To start up; to befall; to escape; to shun. [Obs.] Spenser. ASTERT A*stert", v. i. Defn: To escape. [Obs.] Chaucer. ASTHENIA; ASTHENY As`the*ni"a, As"the*ny, n. Etym: [NL. asthenia, Gr. (Med.) Defn: Want or loss of strength; debility; diminution of the vital forces. ASTHENIC As*then"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Characterized by, or pertaining to, debility; weak; debilitating. ASTHENOPIA As`the*no"pi*a, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Weakness of sight. Quain. -- As`the*nop"ic, a. ASTHMA Asth"ma, n. Etym: [Gr. va, Goth. waian, to blow, E. wind.] (Med.) Defn: A disease, characterized by difficulty of breathing (due to a spasmodic contraction of the bronchi), recurring at intervals, accompanied with a wheezing sound, a sense of constriction in the chest, a cough, and expectoration. ASTHMA PAPER Asth"ma pa"per. Defn: Paper impregnated with saltpeter. The fumes from the burning paper are often inhaled as an alleviative by asthmatics. ASTHMATIC; ASTHMATICAL Asth*mat"ic, Asth*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. asthmaticus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to asthma; as, an asthmatic cough; liable to, or suffering from, asthma; as, an asthmatic patient. -- Asth*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. ASTHMATIC Asth*mat"ic, n. Defn: A person affected with asthma. ASTIGMATIC As`tig*mat"ic, a. (Med. & Opt.) Defn: Affected with, or pertaining to, astigmatism; as, astigmatic eyes; also, remedying astigmatism; as, astigmatic lenses. ASTIGMATISM A*stig"ma*tism, n. Etym: [Gr. astigmatisme.] (Med. & Opt.) Defn: A defect of the eye or of a lens, in consequence of which the rays derived from one point are not brought to a single focal point, thus causing imperfect images or indistictness of vision. Note: The term is applied especially to the defect causing images of lines having a certain direction to be indistinct, or imperfectly seen, while those of lines transverse to the former are distinct, or clearly seen. ASTIPULATE As*tip"u*late, v. i. Etym: [L. astipulari; ad + stipulari to stipulate.] Defn: To assent. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. ASTIPULATION As*tip`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. astipulatio.] Defn: Stipulation; agreement. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. ASTIR A*stir", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + stir.] Defn: Stirring; in a state of activity or motion; out of bed. ASTOMATOUS; ASTOMOUS A*stom"a*tous, As"to*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Not possessing a mouth. ASTON; ASTONE As*ton", As*tone", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astoned, Astond, or Astound.] Etym: [See Astonish.] Defn: To stun; to astonish; to stupefy. [Obs.] Chaucer. ASTONIED As*ton"ied, p. p. Defn: Stunned; astonished. See Astony. [Archaic] And I astonied fell and could not pray. Mrs. Browning. ASTONISH As*ton"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astonished; p. pr. & vb. n. Astonishing.] Etym: [OE. astonien, astunian, astonen, OF. estoner, F. étonner, fr. L. ex out + tonare to thunder, but perhaps influenced by E. stun. See Thunder, Astound, Astony.] 1. To stun; to render senseless, as by a blow. [Obs.] Enough, captain; you have astonished him. [Fluellen had struck Pistol]. Shak. The very cramp-fish [i. e., torpedo] . . . being herself not benumbed, is able to astonish others. Holland. 2. To strike with sudden fear, terror, or wonder; to amaze; to surprise greatly, as with something unaccountable; to confound with some sudden emotion or passion. Musidorus . . . had his wits astonished with sorrow. Sidney. I, Daniel . . . was astonished at the vision. Dan. viii. 27. Syn. -- To amaze; astound; overwhelm; surprise. -- Astonished, Surprised. We are surprised at what is unexpected. We are astonished at what is above or beyond our comprehension. We are taken by surprise. We are struck with astonishment. C. J. Smith. See Amaze. ASTONISHEDLY As*ton"ish*ed*ly, adv. Defn: In an astonished manner. [R.] Bp. Hall. ASTONISHING As*ton"ish*ing, a. Defn: Very wonderful; of a nature to excite astonishment; as, an astonishing event. Syn. -- Amazing; surprising; wonderful; marvelous. As*ton"ish*ing*ly, adv. -- As*ton"ish*ing*ness, n. ASTONISHMENT As*ton"ish*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. est, F. étonnement.] 1. The condition of one who is stunned. Hence: Numbness; loss of sensation; stupor; loss of sense. [Obs.] A coldness and astonishment in his loins, as folk say. Holland. 2. Dismay; consternation. [Archaic] Spenser. 3. The overpowering emotion excited when something unaccountable, wonderful, or dreadful is presented to the mind; an intense degree of surprise; amazement. Lest the place And my quaint habits breed astonishment. Milton. 4. The object causing such an emotion. Thou shalt become an astonishment. Deut. xxviii. 37. Syn. -- Amazement; wonder; surprise. ASTONY As*ton"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astonied; p. pr. & vb. n. Astonying. See Astone.] Defn: To stun; to bewilder; to astonish; to dismay. [Archaic] The captain of the Helots . . . strake Palladius upon the side of his head, that he reeled astonied. Sir P. Sidney. This sodeyn cas this man astonied so, That reed he wex, abayst, and al quaking. Chaucer. ASTOOP A*stoop", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + stoop.] Defn: In a stooping or inclined position. Gay. ASTOUND As*tound", a. Etym: [OE. astouned, astound, astoned, p. p. of astone. See Astone.] Defn: Stunned; astounded; astonished. [Archaic] Spenser. Thus Ellen, dizzy and astound. As sudden ruin yawned around. Sir W. Scott. ASTOUND As*tound", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astounded, [Obs.] Astound; p. pr. & vb. n. Astounding.] Etym: [See Astound, a.] 1. To stun; to stupefy. No puissant stroke his senses once astound. Fairfax. 2. To astonish; to strike with amazement; to confound with wonder, surprise, or fear. These thoughts may startle well, but not astound The virtuous mind. Milton. ASTOUNDING As*tound"ing, a. Defn: Of a nature to astound; astonishing; amazing; as, an astounding force, statement, or fact. -- As*tound"ing*ly, adv. ASTOUNDMENT As*tound"ment, n. Defn: Amazement. Coleridge. ASTRACHAN As`tra*chan", a. & n. Defn: See Astrakhan. ASTRADDLE A*strad"dle, adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + straddle.] Defn: In a straddling position; astride; bestriding; as, to sit astraddle a horse. ASTRAEAN As*træ"an, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the genus Astræa or the family Astræidæ. -- n. Defn: A coral of the family Astræidæ; a star coral. ASTRAGAL As"tra*gal, n. Etym: [L. astragalus, Gr. 1. (Arch.) Defn: A convex molding of rounded surface, generally from half to three quarters of a circle. 2. (Gun.) Defn: A round molding encircling a cannon near the mouth. ASTRAGALAR As*trag"a*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the astragalus. ASTRAGALOID As*trag"a*loid, a. Etym: [Astragalus + -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Resembling the astragalus in form. ASTRAGALOMANCY As*trag"a*lo*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by means of small bones or dice. ASTRAGALUS As*trag"a*lus, n. Etym: [L. See Astragal.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The ankle bone, or hock bone; the bone of the tarsus which articulates with the tibia at the ankle. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of papilionaceous plants, of the tribe Galegeæ, containing numerous species, two of which are called, in English, milk vetch and licorice vetch. Gum tragacanth is obtained from different oriental species, particularly the A. gummifer and A. verus. 3. (Arch.) Defn: See Astragal, 1. ASTRAKHAN As`tra*khan", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Astrakhan in Russia or its products; made of an Astrakhan skin. -- n. Defn: The skin of stillborn or young lambs of that region, the curled wool of which resembles fur. ASTRAL As"tral, a. Etym: [L. astralis, fr. astrum star, Gr. astral. See Star.] Defn: Pertaining to, coming from, or resembling, the stars; starry; starlike. Shines only with an astral luster. I. Taylor. Some astral forms I must invoke by prayer. Dryden. Astral lamp, an Argand lamp so constructed that no shadow is cast upon the table by the flattened ring-shaped reservoir in which the oil is contained. -- Astral spirits, spirits formerly supposed to live in the heavenly bodies or the aërial regions, and represented in the Middle Ages as fallen angels, spirits of the dead, or spirits originating in fire. ASTRAND A*strand", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + strand.] Defn: Stranded. Sir W. Scott. ASTRAY A*stray", adv. & a. Etym: [See Estray, Stray.] Defn: Out of the right, either in a literal or in a figurative sense; wandering; as, to lead one astray. Ye were as sheep going astray. 1 Pet. ii. 25. ASTRICT As*trict", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astricted; p. pr. & vb. n. Astricting.] Etym: [L. astrictus, p. p. of astringere. See Astringe.] 1. To bind up; to confine; to constrict; to contract. The solid parts were to be relaxed or astricted. Arbuthnot. 2. To bind; to constrain; to restrict; to limit. [R.] The mind is astricted to certain necessary modes or forms of thought. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. (Scots Law) Defn: To restrict the tenure of; as, to astrict lands. See Astriction, 4. Burrill. ASTRICT As*trict", a. Defn: Concise; contracted. [Obs.] Weever. ASTRICTION As*tric"tion, n. Etym: [L. astrictio.] 1. The act of binding; restriction; also, obligation. Milton. 2. (Med.) (a) A contraction of parts by applications; the action of an astringent substance on the animal economy. Dunglison. (b) Constipation. Arbuthnot. 3. Astringency. [Obs.] Bacon. 4. (Scots Law) Defn: An obligation to have the grain growing on certain lands ground at a certain mill, the owner paying a toll. Bell. Note: The lands were said to be astricted to the mill. ASTRICTIVE As*tric"tive, a. Defn: Binding; astringent. -- n. Defn: An astringent. -- As*tric"tive*ly, adv. ASTRICTORY As*tric"to*ry, a. Defn: Astrictive. [R.] ASTRIDE A*stride", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + stride.] Defn: With one leg on each side, as a man when on horseback; with the legs stretched wide apart; astraddle. Placed astride upon the bars of the palisade. Sir W. Scott. Glasses with horn bows sat astride on his nose. Longfellow. ASTRIFEROUS As*trif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. astrifer; astrum star + ferre to bear.] Defn: Bearing stars. [R.] Blount. ASTRINGE As*tringe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astringed; p. pr. & vb. n. Astringing.] Etym: [L. astringere; ad + stringere to draw tight. Cf. Astrict, and see Strain, v. t.] 1. To bind fast; to constrict; to contract; to cause parts to draw together; to compress. Which contraction . . . astringeth the moistuBacon. 2. To bind by moral or legal obligation. Wolsey. ASTRINGENCY As*trin"gen*cy, n. Defn: The quality of being astringent; the power of contracting the parts of the body; that quality in medicines or other substances which causes contraction of the organic textures; as, the astringency of tannin. ASTRINGENT As*trin"gent, a. Etym: [L. astringens, p. pr. of astringere: cf. F. astringent. See Astringe.] 1. Drawing together the tissues; binding; contracting; -- opposed to laxative; as, astringent medicines; a butter and astringent taste; astringent fruit. 2. Stern; austere; as, an astringent type of virtue. ASTRINGENT As*trin"gent, n. Defn: A medicine or other substance that produces contraction in the soft organic textures, and checks discharges of blood, mucus, etc. External astringents are called styptics. Dunglison. ASTRINGENTLY As*trin"gent*ly, adv. Defn: In an astringent manner. ASTRINGER As*trin"ger, n. Etym: [OE. ostreger, OF. ostrucier, F. autoursier, fr. OF. austour, ostor, hawk, F. autour; cf. L. acceptor, for accipiter, hawk.] Defn: A falconer who keeps a goschawk. [Obs.] Shak. Cowell. [Written also austringer.] ASTRO- As"tro-. Defn: The combining form of the Greek word 'a`stron, meaning star. ASTROFEL; ASTROFELL As"tro*fel, As"tro*fell, n. Defn: A bitter herb, probably the same as aster, or starwort. Spenser. ASTROGENY As*trog"e*ny, n. Etym: [Astro- + Gr. Defn: The creation or evolution of the stars or the heavens. H. Spencer. ASTROGNOSY As*trog"no*sy, n. Etym: [Astro- + Gr. Defn: The science or knowledge of the stars, esp. the fixed stars. Bouvier. ASTROGONY As*trog"o*ny, n. Defn: Same as Astrogeny. -- As`*tro*gon"ic, a. ASTROGRAPHY As*trog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Astro'cf + -graphy.] Defn: The art of describing or delineating the stars; a description or mapping of the heavens. ASTROITE As"tro*ite, n. Etym: [L. astroites: cf. F. astroite.] Defn: A radiated stone or fossil; star-stone. [Obs.] [Written also astrite and astrion.] ASTROLABE As"tro*labe, n. Etym: [OE. astrolabie, astrilabe, OF. astrelabe, F. astrolabe, LL. astrolabium, fr. Gr. 1. (Astron.) Defn: An instrument for observing or showing the positions of the stars. It is now disused. Note: Among the ancients, it was essentially the armillary sphere. A graduated circle with sights, for taking altitudes at sea, was called an astrolabe in the 18th century. It is now superseded by the quadrant and sextant. 2. A stereographic projection of the sphere on the plane of a great circle, as the equator, or a meridian; a planisphere. Whewell. ASTROLATER As*trol"a*ter, n. Defn: A worshiper of the stars. Morley. ASTROLATRY As*trol"a*try, n. Etym: [Astro- + Gr. astrolâtrie.] Defn: The worship of the stars. ASTROLITHOLOGY As`tro*li*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Astro- + lithology.] Defn: The science of aërolites. ASTROLOGER As*trol"o*ger, n. Etym: [See Astrology.] 1. One who studies the stars; an astronomer. [Obs.] 2. One who practices astrology; one who professes to foretell events by the aspects and situation of the stars. ASTROLOGIAN As`tro*lo"gi*an, n. Etym: [OF. astrologien.] Defn: An astrologer. [Obs.] ASTROLOGIC; ASTROLOGICAL As`tro*log"ic, As`tro*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to astrology; professing or practicing astrology. "Astrologi learning." Hudibras. "Astrological prognostication." Cudworth. -- As`tro*log"ic*al*ly, adv. ASTROLOGIZE As*trol"o*gize, v. t. & i. Defn: To apply astrology to; to study or practice astrology. ASTROLOGY As*trol"o*gy, n. Etym: [F. astrologie, L. astrologia, fr. Gr. Star.] Defn: In its etymological signification, the science of the stars; among the ancients, synonymous with astronomy; subsequently, the art of judging of the influences of the stars upon human affairs, and of foretelling events by their position and aspects. Note: Astrology was much in vogue during the Middle Ages, and became the parent of modern astronomy, as alchemy did of chemistry. It was divided into two kinds: judicial astrology, which assumed to foretell the fate and acts of nations and individuals, and natural astrology, which undertook to predict events of inanimate nature, such as changes of the weather, etc. ASTROMANTIC As`tro*man"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to divination by means of the stars; astrologic. [R.] Dr. H. More. ASTROMETEOROLOGY As`tro*me`te*or*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Astro- + meteorology.] Defn: The investigation of the relation between the sun, moon, and stars, and the weather. -- As`*tro*me`te*or`o*log"ic*al, a. -- As`tro*me`te*or*ol"o*gist, n. ASTROMETER As*trom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Astro- + meter.] Defn: An instrument for comparing the relative amount of the light of stars. ASTROMETRY As*trom"e*try, n. Etym: [Astro- + metry.] Defn: The art of making measurements among the stars, or of determining their relative magnitudes. ASTRONOMER As*tron"o*mer, n. Etym: [See Astronomy.] 1. An astrologer. [Obs.] Shak. 2. One who is versed in astronomy; one who has a knowledge of the laws of the heavenly orbs, or the principles by which their motions are regulated, with their various phenomena. An undevout astronomer is mad. Young. ASTRONOMIAN As`tro*no"mi*an, n. Etym: [OE. & OF. astronomien. See Astronomy.] Defn: An astrologer. [Obs.] ASTRONOMIC As`tro*nom"ic, a. Defn: Astronomical. ASTRONOMICAL As`tro*nom"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. astronomicus, Gr. astronomique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to astronomy; in accordance with the methods or principles of astronomy. -- As`tro*nom"ic*al*ly, adv. Astronomical clock. See under Clock. -- Astronomical day. See under Day. -- Astronomical fractions, Astronomical numbers. See under Sexagesimal. ASTRONOMIZE As*tron"o*mize, v. i. Etym: [Gr. Defn: To study or to talk astronomy. [R.] They astronomized in caves. Sir T. Browne. ASTRONOMY As*tron"o*my, n. Etym: [OE. astronomie, F. astronomie, L. astronomia, fr. Gr. Star, and Nomad.] 1. Astrology. [Obs.] Not from the stars do I my judgment pluck; And yet methinks I have astronomy. Shak. 2. The science which treats of the celestial bodies, of their magnitudes, motions, distances, periods of revolution, eclipses, constitution, physical condition, and of the causes of their various phenomena. 3. A treatise on, or text-book of, the science. Physical astronomy. See under Physical. ASTROPHEL As"tro*phel, n. Defn: See Astrofel. [Obs.] ASTROPHOTOGRAPHY As`tro*pho*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Astro- + photography.] Defn: The application of photography to the delineation of the sun, moon, and stars. ASTROPHOTOMETER As`tro*pho*tom"e*ter, n. [Pref. astro- + photometer.] (Astron.) Defn: A photometer for measuring the brightness of stars. ASTROPHOTOMETRY As`tro*pho*tom"e*try, n. (Astron.) Defn: The determination of the brightness of stars, and also of the sun, moon, and planets. --As`tro*pho`to*met"ric*al (#), a. ASTROPHYSICAL As`tro*phys"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to the physics of astronomical science. ASTROPHYSICS As`tro*phys"ics, n. [Astro-+ physics.] (Astron.) Defn: The science treating of the physical characteristics of the stars and other heavenly bodies, their chemical constitution, light, heat, atmospheres, etc. Its observations are made with the spectroscope, bolometer, etc., usually in connection with the telescope. ASTROPHYTON As*troph"y*ton, n. Etym: [Astro- + Gr. fyton a plant.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of ophiurans having the arms much branched. ASTROSCOPE As"tro*scope, n. Etym: [Astro- + scope.] Defn: An old astronomical instrument, formed of two cones, on whose surface the constellations were delineated. ASTROSCOPY As*tros"co*py, n. Defn: Observation of the stars. [Obs.] ASTROTHEOLOGY As`tro*the*ol"*o*gy, n. Etym: [Astro- + theology.] Defn: Theology founded on observation or knowledge of the celestial bodies. Derham. ASTRUCTIVE A*struc"tive, a. Etym: [L. astructus, p. p. of astruere to build up; ad + struere to build.] Defn: Building up; constructive; -- opposed to destructive. [Obs.] ASTRUT A*strut", a. & adv. 1. Sticking out, or puffed out; swelling; in a swelling manner. [Archaic] Inflated and astrut with self-conceit. Cowper. 2. In a strutting manner; with a strutting gait. ASTUCIOUS As*tu"cious, a. Etym: [F. astucieux. See Astute.] Defn: Subtle; cunning; astute. [R.] Sir W. Scott. -- As*tu"cious*ly, adv. [R.] ASTUCITY As*tu"ci*ty, n. Etym: [See Astucious.] Defn: Craftiness; astuteness. [R.] Carlyle. ASTUN A*stun", v. t. Etym: [See Astony, Stun.] Defn: To stun. [Obs.] "Breathless and astunned." Somerville. ASTURIAN As*tu"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Asturias in Spain. -- n. Defn: A native of Asturias. ASTUTE As*tute", a. Etym: [L. astutus, fr. astus craft, cunning; perh. cognate with E. acute.] Defn: Critically discerning; sagacious; shrewd; subtle; crafty. Syn. -- Keen; eagle-eyed; penetrating; skilled; discriminating; cunning; sagacious; subtle; wily; crafty. As*tute"ly, adv. -- As*tute"ness, n. ASTYLAR A*sty"lar, a. Etym: [Gr. (arch.) Defn: Without columns or pilasters. Weale. ASTYLLEN A*styl"len, n. (Mining) Defn: A small dam to prevent free passage of water in an adit or level. ASUNDER A*sun"der, adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + sunder.] Defn: Apart; separate from each other; into parts; in two; separately; into or in different pieces or places. I took my staff, even Beauty, and cut it asunder. Zech. xi. 10. As wide asunder as pole and pole. Froude. ASURA A*su"ra, n. (Hind. Myth.) Defn: An enemy of the gods, esp. one of a race of demons and giants. ASWAIL As"wail, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The sloth bear (Melursus labiatus) of India. ASWEVE A*sweve", v. t. Etym: [AS. aswebban; a + swebban. See Sweven.] Defn: To stupefy. [Obs.] Chaucer. ASWING A*swing", adv. Defn: In a state of swinging. ASWOON A*swoon", adv. Defn: In a swoon. Chaucer. ASWOONED A*swooned", adv. Defn: In a swoon. ASYLUM A*sy"lum, n.; pl. E. Asylums, L. Asyla. Etym: [L. asylum, Gr. 1. A sanctuary or place of refuge and protection, where criminals and debtors found shelter, and from which they could not be forcibly taken without sacrilege. So sacred was the church to some, that it had the right of an asylum or sanctuary. Ayliffe. Note: The name was anciently given to temples, altars, statues of the gods, and the like. In later times Christian churches were regarded as asylums in the same sense. 2. Any place of retreat and security. Earth has no other asylum for them than its own cold bosom. Southey. 3. An institution for the protection or relief of some class of destitute, unfortunate, or afflicted persons; as, an asylum for the aged, for the blind, or for the insane; a lunatic asylum; an orphan asylum. ASYMMETRAL A*sym"me*tral, a. Defn: Incommensurable; also, unsymmetrical. [Obs.] D. H. More. ASYMMETRIC; ASYMMETRICAL As`ym*met"ric, As`ym*met"ri*cal, a. Etym: [See Asymmetrous.] 1. Incommensurable. [Obs.] 2. Not symmetrical; wanting proportion; esp., not bilaterally symmetrical. Huxley. ASYMMETROUS A*sym"me*trous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Asymmetrical. [Obs.] Barrow. ASYMMETRY A*sym"me*try, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. Want of symmetry, or proportion between the parts of a thing, esp. want of bilateral symmetry. 2. (Math.) Defn: Incommensurability. [Obs.] Barrow. ASYMPTOTE As"ymp*tote, n. Etym: [Gr. Symptom.] (Math.) Defn: A line which approaches nearer to some curve than assignable distance, but, though infinitely extended, would never meet it. Asymptotes may be straight lines or curves. A rectilinear asymptote may be conceived as a tangent to the curve at an infinite distance. ASYNARTETE A*syn"ar*tete`, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Disconnected; not fitted or adjusted. -- A*syn"ar*tet"ic, a. Asynartete verse (Pros.), a verse of two members, having different rhythms; as when the first consists of iambuses and the second of trochees. ASYNCHRONOUS A*syn"chro*nous, a. [Gr. not + synchronous.] Defn: Not simultaneous; not concurrent in time; --opposed to synchronous. ASYNDETIC As`yn*det"ic, a. Etym: [See Asyndeton.] Defn: Characterized by the use of asyndeton; not connected by conjunctions. -- As`yn*det"ic*al*ly, adv. ASYNDETON A*syn"de*ton, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure which omits the connective; as, I came, I saw, I conquered. It stands opposed to polysyndeton. ASYSTOLE A*sys"to*le, n. Etym: [Pref. a- not + systole.] (Physiol.) Defn: A weakening or cessation of the contractile power of the heart. ASYSTOLISM A*sys"to*lism, n. Defn: The state or symptoms characteristic of asystole. AT At, prep. Etym: [AS. æt; akin to OHG. az, Goth., OS., & Icel. at, Sw. åt, Dan. & L. ad.] Defn: Primarily, this word expresses the relations of presence, nearness in place or time, or direction toward; as, at the ninth hour; at the house; to aim at a mark. It is less definite than in or on; at the house may be in or near the house. From this original import are derived all the various uses of at. It expresses: - 1. A relation of proximity to, or of presence in or on, something; as, at the door; at your shop; at home; at school; at hand; at sea and on land. 2. The relation of some state or condition; as, at war; at peace; at ease; at your service; at fault; at liberty; at risk; at disadvantage. 3. The relation of some employment or action; occupied with; as, at engraving; at husbandry; at play; at work; at meat (eating); except at puns. 4. The relation of a point or position in a series, or of degree, rate, or value; as, with the thermometer at 80º; goods sold at a cheap price; a country estimated at 10,000 square miles; life is short at the longest. 5. The relations of time, age, or order; as, at ten o'clock; at twenty-one; at once; at first. 6. The relations of source, occasion, reason, consequence, or effect; as, at the sight; at this news; merry at anything; at this declaration; at his command; to demand, require, receive, deserve, endure at your hands. 7. Relation of direction toward an object or end; as, look at it; to point at one; to aim at a mark; to throw, strike, shoot, wink, mock, laugh at any one. At all, At home, At large, At last, At length, At once, etc. See under All, Home, Large, Last (phrase and syn.), Length, Once, etc. -- At it, busily or actively engaged. -- At least. See Least and However. -- At one. See At one, in the Vocabulary. Syn. -- In, At. When reference to the interior of any place is made prominent in is used. It is used before the names of countries and cities (esp. large cities); as, we live in America, in New York, in the South. At is commonly employed before names of houses, institutions, villages, and small places; as, Milton was educated at Christ's College; money taken in at the Customhouse; I saw him at the jeweler's; we live at Beachville. At may be used before the name of a city when it is regarded as a mere point of locality. "An English king was crowned at Paris." Macaulay. "Jean Jacques Rousseau was born at Geneva, June, 28, 1712." J. Morley. In regard to time, we say at the hour, on the day, in the year; as, at 9 o'clock, on the morning of July 5th, in the year 1775. ATABAL At"a*bal, n. Etym: [Sp. atabal, fr. Ar. at-tabl the drum, tabala to beat the drum. Cf. Tymbal.] Defn: A kettledrum; a kind of tabor, used by the Moors. Croly. ATACAMITE A*tac"a*mite, n. Etym: [From the desert of Atacama, where found.] (Min.) Defn: An oxychloride of copper, usually in emerald-green prismatic crystals. ATAFTER At`aft"er, prep. Defn: After. [Obs.] Chaucer. ATAGHAN At"a*ghan, n. Defn: See Yataghan. ATAKE A*take", v. t. Defn: To overtake. [Obs.] Chaucer. ATAMAN At"a*man, n. Etym: [Russ. ataman': cf. Pol. hetman, G. hauptmann headman, chieftain. Cf. Hetman.] Defn: A hetman, or chief of the Cossacks. ATAMASCO LILY At`a*mas"co lil"y. [Atamasco is fr. North American Indian.] (Bot.) Defn: See under Lily. ATARAXIA; ATARAXY At`a*rax"i*a, At"a*rax`y, n. Etym: [NL. ataraxia, Gr. Defn: Perfect peace of mind, or calmness. ATAUNT; ATAUNTO A*taunt", A*taunt"o, adv. Etym: [F. autant as much (as possible).] (Naut.) Defn: Fully rigged, as a vessel; with all sails set; set on end or set right. ATAVIC A*tav"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. atavique.] Defn: Pertaining to a remote ancestor, or to atavism. ATAVISM At"a*vism, n. Etym: [L. atavus an ancestor, fr. avus a grandfather.] (a) The recurrence, or a tendency to a recurrence, of the original type of a species in the progeny of its varieties; resemblance to remote rather than to near ancestors; reversion to the original form. (b) (Biol.) The recurrence of any peculiarity or disease of an ancestor in a subsequent generation, after an intermission for a generation or two. Now and then there occur cases of what physiologists call atavism, or reversion to an ancestral type of character. J. Fiske ATAXIA; ATAXY A*tax"i*a, At"ax*y, n. Etym: [NL. ataxia, Gr. ataxie.] 1. Disorder; irregularity. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. (Med.) (a) Irregularity in disease, or in the functions. (b) The state of disorder that characterizes nervous fevers and the nervous condition. Locomotor ataxia. See Locomotor. ATAXIC A*tax"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ataxique. See Ataxia.] (Med.) Defn: Characterized by ataxy, that is, (a) by great irregularity of functions or symptoms, or (b) by a want of coordinating power in movements. Ataxic fever, malignant typhus fever. Pinel. ATAZIR At`a*zir", n. Etym: [OF., fr. Ar. al-tasir influence.] (Astron.) Defn: The influence of a star upon other stars or upon men. [Obs.] Chaucer. ATE Ate, Defn: the preterit of Eat. ATE A"te, n. Etym: [Gr. (Greek. Myth.) Defn: The goddess of mischievous folly; also, in later poets, the goddess of vengeance. -ATE -ate. Etym: [From the L. suffix -atus, the past participle ending of verbs of the 1st conj.] 1. As an ending of participles or participial adjectives it is equivalent to -ed; as, situate or situated; animate or animated. 2. As the ending of a verb, it means to make, to cause, to act, etc.; as, to propitiate (to make propitious); to animate (to give life to). 3. As a noun suffix, it marks the agent; as, curate, delegate. It also sometimes marks the office or dignity; as, tribunate. 4. In chemistry it is used to denote the salts formed from those acids whose names end -ic (excepting binary or halogen acids); as, sulphate from sulphuric acid, nitrate from nitric acid, etc. It is also used in the case of certain basic salts. ATECHNIC A*tech"nic, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + technic.] Defn: Without technical or artistic knowledge. Difficult to convey to the atechnic reader. Etching & Engr. ATELES At"e*les, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of American monkeys with prehensile tails, and having the thumb wanting or rudimentary. See Spider monkey, and Coaita. ATELETS SAUCE; SAUCE AUX HATELETS A`te*lets" sauce or Sauce` aux ha`te*lets". [F. hâtelet skewer.] Defn: A sauce (such as egg and bread crumbs) used for covering bits of meat, small birds, or fish, strung on skewers for frying. ATELIER A`te*lier" n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A workshop; a studio. ATELLAN A*tel"lan, a. Etym: [L. Atellanus, fr. Atella, an ancient town of the Osci, in Campania.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Atella, in ancient Italy; as, Atellan plays; farcical; ribald. -- n. Defn: A farcical drama performed at Atella. ATHALAMOUS A*thal"a*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Not furnished with shields or beds for the spores, as the thallus of certain lichens. ATHAMAUNT Ath"a*maunt, n. Defn: Adamant. [Obs.] Written in the table of athamaunt. Chaucer. ATHANASIA; ATHANASY Ath`a*na"si*a, A*than"a*sy, n. [NL. athanasia, fr. Gr. ; priv. + death.] Defn: The quality of being deathless; immortality. Is not a scholiastic athanasy better than none Lowell. ATHANASIAN Ath`a*na"sian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria in the 4th century. Athanasian creed, a formulary, confession, or exposition of faith, formerly supposed to have been drawn up by Athanasius; but this opinion is now rejected, and the composition is ascribed by some to Hilary, bishop of Arles (5th century). It is a summary of what was called the orthodox faith. ATHANOR Ath"a*nor, n. Etym: [F., fr. Ar. at-tannur, fr. Heb. tannur an oven or furnace.] Defn: A digesting furnace, formerly used by alchemists. It was so constructed as to maintain uniform and durable heat. Chambers. ATHECATA Ath`e*ca"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Hydroidea in which the zooids are naked, or not inclosed in a capsule. See Tubularian. ATHEISM A"the*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. athéisme. See Atheist.] 1. The disbelief or denial of the existence of a God, or supreme intelligent Being. Atheism is a ferocious system, that leaves nothing above us to excite awe, nor around us to awaken tenderness. R. Hall. Atheism and pantheism are often wrongly confounded. Shipley. 2. Godlessness. ATHEIST A"the*ist, n. Etym: [Gr. athéiste.] 1. One who disbelieves or denies the existence of a God, or supreme intelligent Being. 2. A godless person. [Obs.] Syn. -- Infidel; unbeliever. Note: See Infidel. ATHEISTIC; ATHEISTICAL A`the*is"tic, A`the*is"tic*al, a. 1. Pertaining to, implying, or containing, atheism; -- applied to things; as, atheistic doctrines, opinions, or books. Atheistical explications of natural effects. Barrow. 2. Disbelieving the existence of a God; impious; godless; -- applied to persons; as, an atheistic writer. -- A`the*is"tic*al*ly, adv. -- A`the*is"tic*al*ness, n. ATHEIZE A"the*ize, v. t. Defn: To render atheistic or godless. [R.] They endeavored to atheize one another. Berkeley. ATHEIZE A"the*ize, v. i. Defn: To discourse, argue, or act as an atheist. [R.] -- A"the*i`zer, n. Cudworth. ATHELING Ath"el*ing, n. Etym: [AS. æ noble, fr. æ noble, akin to G. adel nobility, edel noble. The word æ, E. ethel, is in many AS. proper names, as Ethelwolf, noble wolf; Ethelbald, noble bold; Ethelbert, noble bright.] Defn: An Anglo-Saxon prince or nobleman; esp., the heir apparent or a prince of the royal family. [Written also Adeling and Ætheling.] ATHENEUM; ATHENAEUM Ath`e*ne"um, Ath`e*næ"um, n.; pl. E. Atheneums, L. Athenæa. Etym: [L. Athenaemum, Gr. Minerva by the Romans), the tutelary goddess of Athens.] 1 (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A temple of Athene, at Athens, in which scholars and poets were accustomed to read their works and instruct students. 2. A school founded at Rome by Hadrian. 3. A literary or scientific association or club. 4. A building or an apartment where a library, periodicals, and newspapers are kept for use. ATHENIAN A*the"ni*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. Athénien.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Athens, the metropolis of Greece. -- n. A native or citizen of Athens. ATHEOLOGICAL A`the*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Opposed to theology; atheistic. Bp. Montagu. ATHEOLOGY A`the*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Pref. a- not + theology.] Defn: Antagonism to theology. Swift. ATHEOUS A"the*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. Atheist.] 1. Atheistic; impious. [Obs.] Milton. 2. Without God, neither accepting nor denying him. I should say science was atheous, and therefore could not be atheistic. Bp. of Carlisle. ATHERINE Ath"er*ine, n. Etym: [NL. atherina, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small marine fish of the family Atherinidæ, having a silvery stripe along the sides. The European species (Atherina presbyter) is used as food. The American species (Menidia notata) is called silversides and sand smelt. See Silversides. ATHERMANCY A*ther"man*cy, n. Etym: [See Athermanous.] Defn: Inability to transmit radiant; impermeability to heat. Tyndall. ATHERMANOUS A*ther"ma*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. athermane.] (Chem.) Defn: Not transmitting heat; -- opposed to diathermanous. ATHERMOUS A*ther"mous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Athermanous. ATHEROID Ath"er*oid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Shaped like an ear of grain. ATHEROMA Ath`e*ro"ma, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) An encysted tumor containing curdy matter. (b) A disease characterized by thickening and fatty degeneration of the inner coat of the arteries. ATHEROMATOUS Ath`e*rom"a*tous, a. (Med.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or having the nature of, atheroma. Wiseman. ATHETIZE Ath"e*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Athetized; p. pr. & vb. n. Athetizing.] [Gr. , fr. set aside, not fixed; not + to place.] Defn: To set aside or reject as spurious, as by marking with an obelus. ATHETOSIS Ath`e*to"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A variety of chorea, marked by peculiar tremors of the fingers and toes. ATHINK A*think", v. t. Defn: To repent; to displease; to disgust. [Obs.] Chaucer. ATHIRST A*thirst", a. Etym: [OE. ofthurst, AS. ofpyrsted, p. p. of ofpyrstan; pref. of-, intensive + pyrstan to thirst. See Thirst.] 1. Wanting drink; thirsty. 2. Having a keen appetite or desire; eager; longing. "Athirst for battle." Cowper. ATHLETE Ath"lete, n. Etym: [L. athleta, Gr. wed: cf. F. athlète.] 1. (Antiq.) Defn: One who contended for a prize in the public games of ancient Greece or Rome. 2. Any one trained to contend in exercises requiring great physical agility and strength; one who has great activity and strength; a champion. 3. One fitted for, or skilled in, intellectual contests; as, athletes of debate. ATHLETIC Ath`let"ic, a. Etym: [L. athleticus, Gr. Athlete.] 1. Of or pertaining to athletes or to the exercises practiced by them; as, athletic games or sports. 2. Befitting an athlete; strong; muscular; robust; vigorous; as, athletic Celts. "Athletic soundness." South. -- Ath*let"ic*al*ly, adv. ATHLETICISM Ath*let"i*cism, n. Defn: The practice of engaging in athletic games; athletism. ATHLETICS Ath*let"ics, n. Defn: The art of training by athletic exercises; the games and sports of athletes. ATHLETISM Ath"le*tism, n. Defn: The state or practice of an athlete; the characteristics of an athlete. ATHREPSIA A*threp"si*a, n. [NL., fr. Gr. priv. + nourishment.] (Med.) Defn: Profound debility of children due to lack of food and to unhygienic surroundings. --A*threp"tic (#), a. ATHWART A*thwart", prep. Etym: [Pref. a- + thwart.] 1. Across; from side to side of. Athwart the thicket lone. Tennyson. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Across the direction or course of; as, a fleet standing athwart our course. Athwart hawse, across the stem of another vessel, whether in contact or at a small distance. -- Athwart ships, across the ship from side to side, or in that direction; -- opposed to fore and aft. ATHWART A*thwart", adv. Defn: 1. Across, especially in an oblique direction; sidewise; obliquely. Sometimes athwart, sometimes he strook him straight. Spenser. 2. Across the course; so as to thwart; perversely. All athwart there came A post from Wales loaden with heavy news. Shak. ATILT A*tilt", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + tilt.] 1. In the manner of a tilter; in the position, or with the action, of one making a thrust. "To run atilt at men." Hudibras. 2. In the position of a cask tilted, or with one end raised. Note: [In this sense sometimes used as an adjective.] Abroach, atilt, and run Even to the lees of honor. Beau. & Fl. ATIMY At"i*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: Public disgrace or stigma; infamy; loss of civil rights. Mitford. -ATION -a"tion. Etym: [L. -ationem. See -tion.] Defn: A suffix forming nouns of action, and often equivalent to the verbal substantive in -ing. It sometimes has the further meanings of state, and that which results from the action. Many of these nouns have verbs in -ate; as, alliterate -ation, narrate -ation; many are derived through the French; as, alteration, visitation; and many are formed on verbs ending in the Greek formative -ize (Fr. -ise); as, civilization, demoralization. A-TIPTOE A-tip"toe, adv. Defn: On tiptoe; eagerly expecting. We all feel a-tiptoe with hope and confidence. F. Harrison. ATLANTA At*lan"ta, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small glassy heteropod mollusks found swimming at the surface in mid ocean. See Heteropod. ATLANTAL At*lan"tal, a. (Anat.) (a) Relating to the atlas. (b) Anterior; cephalic. Barclay. ATLANTEAN At`lan*te"an, a. Etym: [L. Atlant.] 1. Of or pertaining to the isle Atlantis, which the ancients allege was sunk, and overwhelmed by the ocean. 2. Pertaining to, or resembling, Atlas; strong. With Atlantean shoulders, fit to bear The weight of mightiest monarchies. Milton. ATLANTES At*lan"tes, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Atlas.] (Arch.) Defn: Figures or half figures of men, used as columns to support an entablature; -- called also telamones. See Caryatides. Oxf. Gloss. ATLANTIC At*lan"tic, a. Etym: [L. Atlanticus, fr. Atlas. See Atlas and Atlantes.] 1. Of or pertaining to Mt. Atlas in Libya, and hence applied to the ocean which lies between Europe and Africa on the east and America on the west; as, the Atlantic Ocean (called also the Atlantic); the Atlantic basin; the Atlantic telegraph. 2. Of or pertaining to the isle of Atlantis. 3. Descended from Atlas. The seven Atlantic sisters. Milton. ATLANTIDES At*lan"ti*des, n. pl. Etym: [L. See Atlantes.] Defn: The Pleiades or seven stars, fabled to have been the daughters of Atlas. ATLAS At"las, n.; pl. Atlases. Etym: [L. Atlas, -antis, Gr. Atlas, in W. Africa, regarded as the pillar of heaven. It is from the root of Tolerate.] 1. One who sustains a great burden. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The first vertebra of the neck, articulating immediately with the skull, thus sustaining the globe of the head, whence the name. 3. A collection of maps in a volume; -- Note: supposed to be so called from a picture of Atlas supporting the world, prefixed to some collections. This name is said to have been first used by Mercator, the celebrated geographer, in the 16th century. Note: 4. A volume of plates illustrating any subject. 5. A work in which subjects are exhibited in a tabular from or arrangement; as, an historical atlas. 6. A large, square folio, resembling a volume of maps; -- called also atlas folio. 7. A drawing paper of large size. See under Paper, n. Atlas powder, a nitroglycerin blasting compound of pasty consistency and great explosive power. ATLAS At"las, n. Etym: [Ar., smooth.] Defn: A rich kind of satin manufactured in India. Brande & C. ATLAS POWDER At"las pow"der. Defn: A blasting powder or dynamite composed of nitroglycerin, wood fiber, sodium nitrate, and magnesium carbonate. ATMAN At"man, n. [Skr. atman.] (Hinduism) (a) The life principle, soul, or individual essence. (b) The universal ego from whom all individual atmans arise. This sense is a European excrescence on the East Indian thought. ATMIATRY At*mi"a*try, n. [Gr. vapor + medical treatment, healing.] Defn: Treatment of disease by vapors or gases, as by inhalation. ATMIDOMETER At`mi*dom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter; cf. F. atmidomètre.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the evaporation from water, ice, or snow. Brande & C. ATMO At"mo, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. atmosphere.] (Physics) Defn: The standard atmospheric pressure used in certain physical measurements calculations; conventionally, that pressure under which the barometer stands at 760 millimeters, at a temperature of 0º Centigrade, at the level of the sea, and in the latitude of Paris. Sir W. Thomson. ATMOLOGIC; ATMOLOGICAL At`mo*log"ic, At`mo*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to atmology. "Atmological laws of heat." Whewell. ATMOLOGIST At*mol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who is versed in atmology. ATMOLOGY At*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] (Physics) Defn: That branch of science which treats of the laws and phenomena of aqueous vapor. Whewell. ATMOLYSIS At*mol"y*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of separating mingled gases of unequal diffusibility by transmission through porous substances. ATMOLYZATION At`mol*y*za"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: Separation by atmolysis. ATMOLYZE At"mo*lyze, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To subject to atmolysis; to separate by atmolysis. ATMOLYZER At"mo*ly`zer, n. (Chem.) Defn: An apparatus for effecting atmolysis. ATMOMETER At*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. atmomètre.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the rate of evaporation from a moist surface; an evaporometer. Huxley. ATMOSPHERE At"mos*phere, n. Etym: [Gr. atman breath, soul, G. athem breath) + atmosphère. See Sphere.] 1. (Physics) (a) The whole mass of aëriform fluid surrounding the earth; -- applied also to the gaseous envelope of any celestial orb, or other body; as, the atmosphere of Mars. (b) Any gaseous envelope or medium. An atmosphere of cold oxygen. Miller. 2. A supposed medium around various bodies; as, electrical atmosphere, a medium formerly supposed to surround electrical bodies. Franklin. 3. The pressure or weight of the air at the sea level, on a unit of surface, or about 14.7 Ibs. to the sq. inch. Hydrogen was liquefied under a pressure of 650 atmospheres. Lubbock. 4. Any surrounding or pervading influence or condition. The chillest of social atmospheres. Hawthorne. 5. The portion of air in any locality, or affected by a special physical or sanitary condition; as, the atmosphere of the room; a moist or noxious atmosphere. ATMOSPHERIC; ATMOSPHERICAL At`mos*pher"ic, At`mos*pher"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. atmosphérique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the atmosphere; of the nature of, or resembling, the atmosphere; as, atmospheric air; the atmospheric envelope of the earth. 2. Existing in the atmosphere. The lower atmospheric current. Darwin. 3. Caused, or operated on, by the atmosphere; as, an atmospheric effect; an atmospheric engine. 4. Dependent on the atmosphere. [R.] In am so atmospherical a creature. Pope. Atmospheric engine, a steam engine whose piston descends by the pressure of the atmosphere, when the steam which raised it is condensed within the cylinder. Tomlinson. -- Atmospheric line (Steam Engin.), the equilibrium line of an indicator card. Steam is expanded "down to the atmosphere" when its pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere. (See Indicator card.) -- Atmospheric pressure, the pressure exerted by the atmosphere, not merely downwards, but in every direction. In amounts to about 14.7 Ibs. on each square inch. -- Atmospheric railway, one in which pneumatic power, obtained from compressed air or the creation of a vacuum, is the propelling force. -- Atmospheric tides. See under Tide. ATMOSPHERICALLY At`mos*pher"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In relation to the atmosphere. ATMOSPHEROLOGY At`mos*phe*rol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Atmosphere + -logy.] Defn: The science or a treatise on the atmosphere. ATOKOUS At"o*kous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing only asexual individuals, as the eggs of certain annelids. ATOLE A*to"le, n. [Mex. Sp.] Defn: A porridge or gruel of maize meal and water, milk, or the like. [Sp. Amer.] ATOLL A*toll", n. Etym: [The native name in the Indian Ocean.] Defn: A coral island or islands, consisting of a belt of coral reef, partly submerged, surrounding a central lagoon or depression; a lagoon island. ATOM At"om, n. Etym: [L. atomus, Gr. atome. See Tome.] 1. (Physics) (a) An ultimate indivisible particle of matter. (b) An ultimate particle of matter not necessarily indivisible; a molecule. (c) A constituent particle of matter, or a molecule supposed to be made up of subordinate particles. Note: These three definitions correspond to different views of the nature of the ultimate particles of matter. In the case of the last two, the particles are more correctly called molecules. Dana. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The smallest particle of matter that can enter into combination; one of the elementary constituents of a molecule. 3. Anything extremely small; a particle; a whit. There was not an atom of water. Sir J. Ross. ATOM At"om, v. t. Defn: To reduce to atoms. [Obs.] Feltham. ATOMIC; ATOMICAL A*tom"ic, A*tom"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. atomique.] 1. Of or pertaining to atoms. 2. Extremely minute; tiny. Atomic philosophy, or Doctrine of atoms, a system which assuming that atoms are endued with gravity and motion accounted thus for the origin and formation of all things. This philosophy was first broached by Leucippus, was developed by Democritus, and afterward improved by Epicurus, and hence is sometimes denominated the Epicurean philosophy. -- Atomic theory, or the Doctrine of definite proportions (Chem.), teaches that chemical combinations take place between the supposed ultimate particles or atoms of bodies, in some simple ratio, as of one to one, two to three, or some other, always expressible in whole numbers. -- Atomic weight (Chem.), the weight of the atom of an element as compared with the weight of the atom of hydrogen, taken as a standard. ATOMICALLY A*tom"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an atomic manner; in accordance with the atomic philosophy. ATOMICIAN At`o*mi"cian, n. Defn: An atomist. [R.] ATOMICISM A*tom"i*cism, n. Defn: Atomism. [Obs.] ATOMICITY At`o*mic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. atomicité.] (Chem.) Defn: Degree of atomic attraction; equivalence; valence; also (a later use) the number of atoms in an elementary molecule. See Valence. ATOMISM At"om*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. atomisme.] Defn: The doctrine of atoms. See Atomic philosophy, under Atomic. ATOMIST At"om*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. atomiste.] Defn: One who holds to the atomic philosophy or theory. Locke. ATOMISTIC At`om*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to atoms; relating to atomism. [R.] It is the object of the mechanical atomistic philosophy to confound synthesis with synartesis. Coleridge. ATOMIZATION At`om*i*za"tion, n. 1. The act of reducing to atoms, or very minute particles; or the state of being so reduced. 2. (Med.) Defn: The reduction of fluids into fine spray. ATOMIZE At"om*ize, v. t. Defn: To reduce to atoms, or to fine spray. The liquids in the form of spray are said to be pulverized, nebulized, or atomized. Dunglison. ATOMIZER At"om*i`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, atomizes; esp., an instrument for reducing a liquid to spray for disinfecting, cooling, or perfuming. ATOMOLOGY At`om*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Atom + -logy.] Defn: The doctrine of atoms. Cudworth. ATOMY At"om*y, n. Defn: An atom; a mite; a pigmy. ATOMY At"o*my, n. Etym: [For anatomy, taken as an atomy.] Defn: A skeleton. [Ludicrous] Shak. ATONABLE A*ton"a*ble, a. Defn: Admitting an atonement; capable of being atoned for; expiable. AT ONE At one". Etym: [OE. at on, atone, atoon, attone.] 1. In concord or friendship; in agreement (with each other); as, to be, bring, make, or set, at one, i. e., to be or bring in or to a state of agreement or reconciliation. If gentil men, or othere of hir contree Were wrothe, she wolde bringen hem atoon. Chaucer. 2. Of the same opinion; agreed; as, on these points we are at one. 3. Together. [Obs.] Spenser. He and Aufidius can no more atone Than violentest contrariety. Shak. 2. To stand as an equivalent; to make reparation, compensation, or amends, for an offense or a crime. The murderer fell, and blood atoned for blood. Pope. The ministry not atoning for their former conduct by any wise or popular measure. Junius. ATONE A*tone", v. t. 1. To set at one; to reduce to concord; to reconcile, as parties at variance; to appease. [Obs.] I would do much To atone them, for the love I bear to Cassio. Shak. 2. To unite in making. [Obs. & R.] The four elements . . . have atoned A noble league. Ford. 3. To make satisfaction for; to expiate. Or each atone his guilty love with life. Pope. ATONEMENT A*tone"ment, n. 1. (Literally, a setting at one.) Reconciliation; restoration of friendly relations; agreement; concord. [Archaic] By whom we have now received the atonement. Rom. v. 11. He desires to make atonement Betwixt the Duke of Gloucester and your brothers. Shak. 2. Satisfaction or reparation made by giving an equivalent for an injury, or by doing of suffering that which will be received in satisfaction for an offense or injury; expiation; amends; -- with for. Specifically, in theology: The expiation of sin made by the obedience, personal suffering, and death of Christ. When a man has been guilty of any vice, the best atonement be can make for it is, to warn others. Spectator. The Phocians behaved with, so much gallantry, that they were thought to have made a sufficient atonement for their former offense. Potter. ATONER A*ton"er, n. Defn: One who makes atonement. ATONES At*ones, adv. Defn: Etym: [See At one.] [Obs.] Down he fell atones as a stone. Chaucer. ATONIC A*ton"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. atonique. See Atony.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Characterized by atony, or want of vital energy; as, an atonic disease. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Unaccented; as, an atonic syllable. 3. Destitute of tone vocality; surd. Rush. ATONIC A*ton"ic, n. 1. (Gram.) Defn: A word that has no accent. 2. An element of speech entirely destitute of vocality, or produced by the breath alone; a nonvocal or surd consonant; a breathing. Rush. 3. (Med.) Defn: A remedy capable of allaying organic excitement or irritation. Dunglison. ATONY At"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. atonie.] (Med.) Defn: Want of tone; weakness of the system, or of any organ, especially of such as are contractile. ATOP A*top", adv. Defn: On or at the top. Milton. ATRABILARIAN; ATRABILARIOUS At`ra*bi*la"ri*an, At`ra*bi*la"ri*ous, a. Etym: [LL. atrabilarius, fr. L. atra bilis black bile: cf. F. atrabilaire, fr. atrabile.] Defn: Affected with melancholy; atrabilious. Arbuthnot. ATRABILARIAN At`ra*bi*la"ri*an, n. Defn: A person much given to melancholy; a hypochondriac. I. Disraeli. ATRABILIAR At`ra*bil"iar, a. Defn: Melancholy; atrabilious. ATRABILIARY At`ra*bil"ia*ry, a. 1. Of or pertaining to atra bilis or black bile, a fluid formerly supposed to be produced by the kidneys. 2. Melancholic or hypohondriac; atrabilious; -- from the supposed predominance of black bile, to the influence of which the ancients attributed hypochondria, melancholy, and mania. Atrabiliary arteries, capsules, and veins (Anat.), those pertaining to the kidney; -- called also renal arteries, capsules, and veins. ATRABILIOUS At`ra*bil"ious, a. Defn: Melancholic or hypochondriac; atrabiliary. Dunglision. A hard-faced, atrabilious, earnest-eyed race. Lowell. He was constitutionally atrabilious and scornful. Froude. ATRAMENTACEOUS At`ra*men*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [L. atramentum ink, fr. ater black.] Defn: Black, like ink; inky; atramental. [Obs.] Derham. ATRAMENTAL; ATRAMENTOUS At`ra*men"tal, At`ra*men"tous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ink; inky; black, like ink; as, atramental galls; atramentous spots. ATRAMENTARIOUS At`ra*men*ta"ri*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. atramentaire. See Atramentaceous.] Defn: Like ink; suitable for making ink. Sulphate of iron (copperas, green vitriol) is called atramentarious, as being used in making ink. ATREDE At*rede, v. t. Etym: [OE. at (AS. æt) out + rede.] Defn: To surpass in council. [Obs.] Men may the olde atrenne, but hat atrede. Chaucer. ATRENNE At*renne", v. t. Etym: [OE. at + renne to run.] Defn: To outrun. [Obs.] Chaucer. ATRESIA A*tre"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Absence or closure of a natural passage or channel of the body; imperforation. ATRIAL A"tri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an atrium. ATRIP A*trip", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + trip.] (Naut.) (a) Just hove clear of the ground; -said of the anchor. (b) Sheeted home, hoisted taut up and ready for trimming; -- said of sails. (c) Hoisted up and ready to be swayed across; -- said of yards. ATRIUM A"tri*um, n.; pl. Atria. Etym: [L., the fore court of a Roman house.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A square hall lighted from above, into which rooms open at one or more levels. (b) An open court with a porch or gallery around three or more sides; especially at the entrance of a basilica or other church. The name was extended in the Middle Ages to the open churchyard or cemetery. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The main part of either auricle of the heart as distinct from the auricular appendix. Also, the whole articular portion of the heart. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A cavity in ascidians into which the intestine and generative ducts open, and which also receives the water from the gills. See Ascidioidea. ATROCHA At`ro*cha, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of chætopod larva in which no circles of cilia are developed. ATROCIOUS A*tro"cious, a. Etym: [L. atrox, atrocis, cruel, fierce: cf. F. atroce.] 1. Extremely heinous; full of enormous wickedness; as, atrocious quilt or deeds. 2. Characterized by, or expressing, great atrocity, great atrocity. Revelations . . . so atrocious that nothing in history approaches them. De Quincey. 3. Very grievous or violent; terrible; as, atrocious distempers. [Obs.] Cheyne. Syn. -- Atrocious, Flagitious, Flagrant. Flagitious points to an act as grossly wicked and vile; as, a flagitious proposal. Flagrant marks the vivid impression made upon the mind by something strikingly wrong or erroneous; as, a flagrant misrepresentation; a flagrant violation of duty. Atrocious represents the act as springing from a violent and savage spirit. If Lord Chatham, instead of saying "the atrocious crime of being a young man," had used either of the other two words, his irony would have lost all its point, in his celebrated reply to Sir Robert Walpole, as reported by Dr. Johnson. -- A*tro"cious*ly, adv. -- A*tro"cious*ness, n. ATROCITY A*troc"i*ty, n.; pl. Atrocities. Etym: [F. atrocité, L. atrocitas, fr. atrox, atrocis, cruel.] 1. Enormous wickedness; extreme heinousness or cruelty. 2. An atrocious or extremely cruel deed. The atrocities which attend a victory. Macaulay. ATROPHIC A*troph"ic, a. Defn: Relating to atrophy. ATROPHIED At"ro*phied, p. a. Defn: Affected with atrophy, as a tissue or organ; arrested in development at a very early stage; rudimentary. ATROPHY At"ro*phy, n. Etym: [L. atrophia, Gr. atrophie.] Defn: A wasting away from want of nourishment; diminution in bulk or slow emaciation of the body or of any part. Milton. ATROPHY At"ro*phy, v. t. [p. p. Atrophied.] Defn: To cause to waste away or become abortive; to starve or weaken. ATROPHY At"ro*phy, v. i. Defn: To waste away; to dwindle. ATROPIA A*tro"pi*a, n. Defn: Same as Atropine. ATROPINE At"ro*pine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous, white, crystallizable alkaloid, extracted from the Atropa belladonna, or deadly nightshade, and the Datura Stramonium, or thorn apple. It is remarkable for its power in dilating the pupil of the eye. Called also daturine. ATROPISM At"ro*pism, n. (Med.) Defn: A condition of the system produced by long use of belladonna. ATROPOUS At"ro*pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Not inverted; orthotropous. ATROUS A"trous, a. Etym: [L. ater.] Defn: Coal-black; very black. ATRYPA A*try"pa, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A extinct genus of Branchiopoda, very common in Silurian limestones. ATTABAL At"ta*bal, n. Defn: See Atabal. ATTACCA At*tac"ca. Etym: [It., fr. attaccare to tie, bind. See Attach.] (Mus.) Defn: Attack at once; -- a direction at the end of a movement to show that the next is to follow immediately, without any pause. ATTACH At*tach", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attached; p. pr. & vb. n. Attaching.] Etym: [OF. atachier, F. attacher, to tie or fasten: cf. Celt. tac, tach, nail, E. tack a small nail, tack to fasten. Cf. Attack, and see Tack.] 1. To bind, fasten, tie, or connect; to make fast or join; as, to attach one thing to another by a string, by glue, or the like. The shoulder blade is . . . attached only to the muscles. Paley. A huge stone to which the cable was attached. Macaulay. 2. To connect; to place so as to belong; to assign by authority; to appoint; as, an officer is attached to a certain regiment, company, or ship. 3. To win the heart of; to connect by ties of love or self-interest; to attract; to fasten or bind by moral influence; -- with to; as, attached to a friend; attaching others to us by wealth or flattery. Incapable of attaching a sensible man. Miss Austen. God . . . by various ties attaches man to man. Cowper. 4. To connect, in a figurative sense; to ascribe or attribute; to affix; -- with to; as, to attach great importance to a particular circumstance. Top this treasure a curse is attached. Bayard Taylor. 5. To take, seize, or lay hold of. [Obs.] Shak. 6. To take by legal authority: (a) To arrest by writ, and bring before a court, as to answer for a debt, or a contempt; -- applied to a taking of the person by a civil process; being now rarely used for the arrest of a criminal. (b) To seize or take (goods or real estate) by virtue of a writ or precept to hold the same to satisfy a judgment which may be rendered in the suit. See Attachment, 4. The earl marshal attached Gloucester for high treason. Miss Yonge. Attached column (Arch.), a column engaged in a wall, so that only a part of its circumference projects from it. Syn. -- To affix; bind; tie; fasten; connect; conjoin; subjoin; annex; append; win; gain over; conciliate. ATTACH At*tach", v. i. 1. To adhere; to be attached. The great interest which attaches to the mere knowledge of these facts cannot be doubted. Brougham. 2. To come into legal operation in connection with anything; to vest; as, dower will attach. Cooley. ATTACH At*tach", n. Defn: An attachment. [Obs.] Pope. ATTACHABLE At*tach"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being attached; esp., liable to be taken by writ or precept. ATTACHE At`ta*ché", n. Etym: [F., p. p. of attacher. See Attach, v. t.] Defn: One attached to another person or thing, as a part of a suite or staff. Specifically: One attached to an embassy. ATTACHMENT At*tach"ment, n. Etym: [F. attachment.] 1. The act attaching, or state of being attached; close adherence or affection; fidelity; regard; anas, an attachment to a friend, or to a party. 2. That by which one thing is attached to another; connection; as, to cut the attachments of a muscle. The human mind . . . has exhausted its forces in the endeavor to rend the supernatural from its attachment to this history. I. Taylor. 3. Something attached; some adjunct attached to an instrument, machine, or other object; as, a sewing machine attachment (i. e., a device attached to a sewing machine to enable it to do special work, as tucking, etc.). 4. (Giv. Law) (a) A seizure or taking into custody by virtue of a legal process. (b) The writ or percept commanding such seizure or taking. Note: The term is applied to a seizure or taking either of persons or property. In the serving of process in a civil suit, it is most generally applied to the taking of property, whether at common law, as a species of distress, to compel defendant's appearance, or under local statutes, to satisfy the judgment the plaintiff may recover in the action. The terms attachment and arrest are both applied to the taking or apprehension of a defendant to compel an appearance in a civil action. Attachments are issued at common law and in chancery, against persons for contempt of court. In England, attachment is employed in some cases where capias is with us, as against a witness who fails to appear on summons. In some of the New England States a writ of attachment is a species of mesne process upon which the property of a defendant may be seized at the commencement of a suit and before summons to him, and may be held to satisfy the judgment the plaintiff may recover. In other States this writ can issue only against absconding debtors and those who conceal themselves. See Foreign, Garnishment, Trustee process. Bouvier. Burrill. Blackstone. Syn. -- Attachment, Affection. The leading idea of affection is that of warmth and tenderness; the leading idea of attachment is that of being bound to some object by strong and lasting ties. There is more of sentiment (and sometimes of romance) in affection, and more of principle in preserving attachment. We speak of the ardor of the one, and the fidelity of the other. There is another distinction in the use and application of these words. The term attachment is applied to a wider range of objects than affection. A man may have a strong attachment to his country, to his profession, to his principles, and even to favorite places; in respect to none of these could we use the word affection. ATTACK At*tack", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attacked; p. pr. & vb. n. Attacking.] Etym: [F. attaquer, orig. another form of attacher to attack: cf. It. attacare to fasten, attack. See Attach, Tack a small nail.] 1. To fall upon with force; to assail, as with force and arms; to assault. "Attack their lines." Dryden. 2. To assail with unfriendly speech or writing; to begin a controversy with; to attempt to overthrow or bring into disrepute, by criticism or satire; to censure; as, to attack a man, or his opinions, in a pamphlet. 3. To set to work upon, as upon a task or problem, or some object of labor or investigation. 4. To begin to affect; to begin to act upon, injuriously or destructively; to begin to decompose or waste. On the fourth of March he was attacked by fever. Macaulay. Hydrofluoric acid . . . attacks the glass. B. Stewart. Syn. -- To Attack, Assail, Assault, Invade. These words all denote a violent onset; attack being the generic term, and the others specific forms of attack. To attack is to commence the onset; to assail is to make a sudden and violent attack, or to make repeated attacks; to assault (literally, to leap upon) is to attack physically by a had- to-hand approach or by unlawful and insulting violence; to invade is to enter by force on what belongs to another. Thus, a person may attack by offering violence of any kind; he may assail by means of missile weapons; he may assault by direct personal violence; a king may invade by marching an army into a country. Figuratively, we may say, men attack with argument or satire; they assail with abuse or reproaches; they may be assaulted by severe temptations; the rights of the people may be invaded by the encroachments of the crown. ATTACK At*tack", v. i. Defn: To make an onset or attack. ATTACK At*tack", n. Etym: [Cf. F. attaque.] 1. The act of attacking, or falling on with force or violence; an onset; an assault; -- opposed to defense. 2. An assault upon one's feelings or reputation with unfriendly or bitter words. 3. A setting to work upon some task, etc. 4. An access of disease; a fit of sickness. 5. The beginning of corrosive, decomposing, or destructive action, by a chemical agent. ATTACKABLE At*tack"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being attacked. ATTACKER At*tack"er, n. Defn: One who attacks. ATTAGAS; ATTAGEN At"ta*gas, At"ta*gen, n. Etym: [L. attagen a kind of bird, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of sand grouse (Syrrghaptes Pallasii) found in Asia and rarely in southern Europe. ATTAGHAN At"ta*ghan, n. Defn: See Yataghan. ATTAIN At*tain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attained; p. pr. & vb. n. Attaining.] Etym: [Of. atteinen, atteignen, , OF. ateindre, ataindre, F. atteindre, fr. L. attingere; ad + tangere to touch, reach. See Tangent, and cf. Attinge, Attaint.] 1. To achieve or accomplish, that is, to reach by efforts; to gain; to compass; as, to attain rest. Is he wise who hopes to attain the end without the means Abp. Tillotson. 2. To gain or obtain possession of; to acquire. [Obs. with a material object.] Chaucer. 3. To get at the knowledge of; to ascertain. [Obs.] Not well attaining his meaning. Fuller. 4. To reach or come to, by progression or motion; to arrive at. "Canaan he now attains." Milton. 5. To overtake. [Obs.] Bacon. 6. To reach in excellence or degree; to equal. Syn. -- To Attain, Obtain, Procure. Attain always implies an effort toward an object. Hence it is not synonymous with obtain and procure, which do not necessarily imply such effort or motion. We procure or obtain a thing by purchase or loan, and we obtain by inheritance, but we do not attain it by such means. ATTAIN At*tain", v. i. 1. To come or arrive, by motion, growth, bodily exertion, or efforts toward a place, object, state, etc.; to reach. If by any means they might attain to Phenice. Acts xxvii. 12. Nor nearer might the dogs attain. Sir W. Scott. To see your trees attain to the dignity of timber. Cowper. Few boroughs had as yet attained to power such as this. J. R. Green. 2. To come or arrive, by an effort of mind. Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high, I can not attain unto it. Ps. cxxxix. 6. ATTAIN At*tain", n. Defn: Attainment. [Obs.] ATTAINABILITY At*tain`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being attainable; attainbleness. ATTAINABLE At*tain"a*ble, a. 1. Capable of being attained or reached by efforts of the mind or body; capable of being compassed or accomplished by efforts directed to the object. The highest pitch of perfection attainable in this life. Addison. 2. Obtainable. [Obs.] General Howe would not permit the purchase of those articles [clothes and blankets] in Philadelphia, and they were not attainable in the country. Marshall. ATTAINABLENESS At*tain"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being attainable; attainability. ATTAINDER At*tain"der, n. Etym: [OF. ataindre, ateindre, to accuse, convict. Attainder is often erroneously referred to F. teindre tie stain. See Attaint, Attain.] 1. The act of attainting, or the state of being attainted; the extinction of the civil rights and capacities of a person, consequent upon sentence of death or outlawry; as, an act of attainder. Abbott. Note: Formerly attainder was the inseparable consequence of a judicial or legislative sentence for treason or felony, and involved the forfeiture of all the real and personal property of the condemned person, and such "corruption of blood" that he could neither receive nor transmit by inheritance, nor could he sue or testify in any court, or claim any legal protection or rights. In England attainders are now abolished, and in the United States the Constitution provides that no bill of attainder shall be passed; and no attainder of treason (in consequence of a judicial sentence) shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 2. A stain or staining; state of being in dishonor or condemnation. [Obs.] He lived from all attainder of suspect. Shak. Bill of attainder, a bill brought into, or passed by, a legislative body, condemning a person to death or outlawry, and attainder, without judicial sentence. ATTAINMENT At*tain"ment, n. 1. The act of attaining; the act of arriving at or reaching; hence, the act of obtaining by efforts. The attainment of every desired object. Sir W. Jones. 2. That which is attained to, or obtained by exertion; acquirement; acquisition; (pl.), mental acquirements; knowledge; as, literary and scientific attainments. ATTAINT At*taint", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attainting.] Etym: [OE. atteynten to convict, fr. atteynt, OF. ateint, p. p. of ateindre, ataindre. The meanings 3, 4, 5, and 6 were influenced by a supposed connection with taint. See Attain, Attainder.] 1. To attain; to get act; to hit. [Obs.] 2. (Old Law) Defn: To find guilty; to convict; -- said esp. of a jury on trial for giving a false verdict. [Obs.] Upon sufficient proof attainted of some open act by men of his own condition. Blackstone. 3. (Law) Defn: To subject (a person) to the legal condition formerly resulting from a sentence of death or outlawry, pronounced in respect of treason or felony; to affect by attainder. No person shall be attainted of high treason where corruption of blood is incurred, but by the oath of two witnesses. Stat. 7 & 8 Wm. III. 4. To accuse; to charge with a crime or a dishonorable act. [Archaic] 5. To affect or infect, as with physical or mental disease or with moral contagion; to taint or corrupt. My tender youth was never yet attaint With any passion of inflaming love. Shak. 6. To stain; to obscure; to sully; to disgrace; to cloud with infamy. For so exceeding shone his glistring ray, That Phattaint. Spenser. Lest she with blame her honor should attaint. Spenser. ATTAINT At*taint", p. p. Defn: Attainted; corrupted. [Obs.] Shak. ATTAINT At*taint", n. Etym: [OF. attainte. See Attaint, v.] 1. A touch or hit. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Far.) Defn: A blow or wound on the leg of a horse, made by overreaching. White. 3. (Law) Defn: A writ which lies after judgment, to inquire whether a jury has given a false verdict in any court of record; also, the convicting of the jury so tried. Bouvier. 4. A stain or taint; disgrace. See Taint. Shak. 5. An infecting influence. [R.] Shak. ATTAINTMENT At*taint"ment, n. Defn: Attainder; attainture; conviction. ATTAINTURE At*tain"ture, n. Defn: Attainder; disgrace. ATTAL At"tal, n. Defn: Same as Attle. ATTAME At*tame", v. t. Etym: [OF. atamer, from Latin. See Attaminate.] 1. To pierce; to attack. [Obs.] 2. To broach; to begin. And right anon his tale he hath attamed. Chaucer. ATTAMINATE At*tam"i*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. attaminare; ad + root of tangere. See Contaminate.] Defn: To corrupt; to defile; to contaminate. [Obs.] Blount. ATTAR At"tar, n. Etym: [Per. 'atar perfume, essence, Ar. 'itr, fr. 'atara to smell sweet. Cf. Otto.] Defn: A fragrant essential oil; esp., a volatile and highly fragrant essential oil obtained from the petals of roses. [Also written otto and ottar.] ATTASK At*task", v. t. Etym: [Pref. a- + task.] Defn: To take to task; to blame. Shak. ATTASTE At*taste, v. t. Etym: [Pref. a- + taste.] Defn: To taste or cause to taste. [Obs.] Chaucer. ATTE At"te. Defn: At the. [Obs.] Chaucer. ATTEMPER At*tem"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attempered; p. pr. & vb. n. Attempering.] Etym: [OF. atemprer, fr. L. attemperare; ad + temperare to soften, temper. See Temper, and cf. Attemperate.] 1. To reduce, modify, or moderate, by mixture; to temper; to regulate, as temperature. If sweet with bitter . . . were not attempered still. Trench. 2. To soften, mollify, or moderate; to soothe; to temper; as, to attemper rigid justice with clemency. 3. To mix in just proportion; to regulate; as, a mind well attempered with kindness and justice. 4. To accommodate; to make suitable; to adapt. Arts . . . attempered to the lyre. Pope. Note: This word is now not much used, the verb temper taking its place. ATTEMPERAMENT At*tem"per*a*ment, n. Etym: [OF. attemprement.] Defn: A tempering, or mixing in due proportion. ATTEMPERANCE At*tem"per*ance, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. atemprance.] Defn: Temperance; attemperament. [Obs.] Chaucer. ATTEMPERATE At*tem"per*ate, a. Etym: [L. attemperatus, p. p. of attemperare. See Attemper.] Defn: Tempered; proportioned; properly adapted. Hope must be . . . attemperate to the promise. Hammond. ATTEMPERATE At*tem"per*ate, v. t. Defn: To attemper. [Archaic] ATTEMPERATION At*tem`per*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of attempering or regulating. [Archaic] Bacon. ATTEMPERLY At*tem"per*ly, adv. Defn: Temperately. [Obs.] Chaucer. ATTEMPERMENT At*tem"per*ment, n. Defn: Attemperament. ATTEMPT At*tempt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attempted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attempting.] Etym: [OF. atenter, also spelt atempter, F. attenter, fr. L. attentare to attempt; ad + tentare, temptare, to touch, try, v. intens. of tendere to stretch. See Tempt, and cf. Attend.] 1. To make trial or experiment of; to try; to endeavor to do or perform (some action); to assay; as, to attempt to sing; to attempt a bold flight. Something attempted, something done, Has earned a night's repose. Longfellow. 2. To try to move, by entreaty, by afflictions, or by temptations; to tempt. [Obs. or Archaic] It made the laughter of an afternoon That Vivien should attempt the blameless king. Thackeray. 3. To try to win, subdue, or overcome; as, one who attempts the virtue of a woman. Dear sir, of force I must attempt you further: Take some remembrance of us, as a tribute. Shak. 4. To attack; to make an effort or attack upon; to try to take by force; as, to attempt the enemy's camp. Without attempting his adversary's life. Motley. Syn. -- See Try. ATTEMPT At*tempt", v. i. Defn: To make an attempt; -- with upon. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ATTEMPT At*tempt", n. Defn: A essay, trial, or endeavor; an undertaking; an attack, or an effort to gain a point; esp. an unsuccessful, as contrasted with a successful, effort. By his blindness maimed for high attempts. Milton. Attempt to commit a crime (Law), such an intentional preparatory act as will apparently result, if not extrinsically hindered, in a crime which it was designed to effect. Wharton. Syn. -- Attempt, Endeavor, Effort, Exertion, Trial. These words agree in the idea of calling forth our powers into action. Trial is the generic term; it denotes a putting forth of one's powers with a view to determine what they can accomplish; as, to make trial of one's strength. An attempt is always directed to some definite and specific object; as, "The attempt, and not the deed, confounds us." Shak. An endeavor is a continued attempt; as, "His high endeavor and his glad success." Cowper. Effort is a specific putting forth of strength in order to carry out an attempt. Exertion is the putting forth or active exercise of any faculty or power. "It admits of all degrees of effort and even natural action without effort." C. J. Smith. See Try. ATTEMPTABLE At*tempt"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being attempted, tried, or attacked. Shak. ATTEMPTER At*tempt"er, n. 1. One who attempts; one who essays anything. 2. An assailant; also, a temper. [Obs.] ATTEMPTIVE At*tempt"ive, a. Defn: Disposed to attempt; adventurous. [Obs.] Daniel. ATTEND At*tend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attended; p. pr. & vb. n. Attending.] Etym: [OE. atenden, OF. atendre, F. attendre, to expect, to wait, fr. L. attendre to stretch, (sc. animum), to apply the mind to; ad + tendere to stretch. See Tend.] 1. To direct the attention to; to fix the mind upon; to give heed to; to regard. [Obs.] The diligent pilot in a dangerous tempest doth not attend the unskillful words of the passenger. Sir P. Sidney. 2. To care for; to look after; to take charge of; to watch over. 3. To go or stay with, as a companion, nurse, or servant; to visit professionally, as a physician; to accompany or follow in order to do service; to escort; to wait on; to serve. The fifth had charge sick persons to attend. Spenser. Attends the emperor in his royal court. Shak. With a sore heart and a gloomy brow, he prepared to attend William thither. Macaulay. 4. To be present with; to accompany; to be united or consequent to; as, a measure attended with ill effects. What cares must then attend the toiling swain. Dryden. 5. To be present at; as, to attend church, school, a concert, a business meeting. 6. To wait for; to await; to remain, abide, or be in store for. [Obs.] The state that attends all men after this. Locke. Three days I promised to attend my doom. Dryden. Syn. -- To Attend, Mind, Regard, Heed, Notice. Attend is generic, the rest are specific terms. To mind is to attend so that it may not be forgotten; to regard is to look on a thing as of importance; to heed is to ~ to a thing from a principle of caution; to notice is to think on that which strikes the senses. Crabb. See Accompany. ATTEND At*tend", v. i. 1. To apply the mind, or pay attention, with a view to perceive, understand, or comply; to pay regard; to heed; to listen; -- usually followed by to. Attend to the voice of my supplications. Ps. lxxxvi. 6. Man can not at the same time attend to two objects. Jer. Taylor. 2. To accompany or be present or near at hand, in pursuance of duty; to be ready for service; to wait or be in waiting; -- often followed by on or upon. He was required to attend upon the committee. Clarendon. 3. (with to) To take charge of; to look after; as, to attend to a matter of business. 4. To wait; to stay; to delay. [Obs.] For this perfection she must yet attend, Till to her Maker she espoused be. Sir J. Davies. Syn. -- To Attend, Listen, Hearken. We attend with a view to hear and learn; we listen with fixed attention, in order to hear correctly, or to consider what has been said; we hearken when we listen with a willing mind, and in reference to obeying. ATTENDANCE At*tend"ance, n. Etym: [OE. attendance, OF. atendance, fr. atendre, F. attendre. See Attend, v. t.] 1. Attention; regard; careful application. [Obs.] Till I come, give attendance to reading. 1 Tim. iv. 13. 2. The act of attending; state of being in waiting; service; ministry; the fact of being present; presence. Constant attendance at church three times a day. Fielding. 3. Waiting for; expectation. [Obs.] Languishing attendance and expectation of death. Hooker. 4. The persons attending; a retinue; attendants. If your stray attendance by yet lodged. Milton. ATTENDANCY At*tend"an*cy, n. Defn: The quality of attending or accompanying; attendance; an attendant. [Obs.] ATTENDANT At*tend"ant, a. Etym: [F. attendant, p. pr. of attendre. See Attend, v. t.] 1. Being present, or in the train; accompanying; in waiting. From the attendant flotilla rang notes triumph. Sir W. Scott. Cherub and Seraph . . . attendant on their Lord. Milton. 2. Accompanying, connected with, or immediately following, as consequential; consequent; as, intemperance with all its attendant evils. The natural melancholy attendant upon his situation added to the gloom of the owner of the mansion. Sir W. Scott. 3. (Law) Defn: Depending on, or owing duty or service to; as, the widow attendant to the heir. Cowell. Attendant keys (Mus.), the keys or scales most nearly related to, or having most in common with, the principal key; those, namely, of its fifth above, or dominant, its fifth below (fourth above), or subdominant, and its relative minor or major. ATTENDANT At*tend"ant, n. 1. One who attends or accompanies in any character whatever, as a friend, companion, servant, agent, or suitor. "A train of attendants." Hallam. 2. One who is present and takes part in the proceedings; as, an attendant at a meeting. 3. That which accompanies; a concomitant. [A] sense of fame, the attendant of noble spirits. Pope. 4. (Law) Defn: One who owes duty or service to, or depends on, another. Cowell. ATTENDEMENT At*tend"e*ment, n. Defn: Intent. [Obs.] Spenser. ATTENDER At*tend"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, attends. ATTENDMENT At*tend"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. atendement.] Defn: An attendant circumstance. [Obs.] The uncomfortable attendments of hell. Sir T. Browne. ATTENT At*tent", a. Etym: [L. attentus, p. p. of attendere. See Attend, v. t.] Defn: Attentive; heedful. [Archaic] Let thine ears be attent unto the prayer. 2 Chron. vi. 40. ATTENT At*tent", n. Defn: Attention; heed. [Obs.] Spenser. ATTENTATE; ATTENTAT At*ten"tate, At*ten"tat, n. Etym: [L. attentatum, pl. attentata, fr. attentare to attempt: cf. F. attentat criminal attempt. See Attempt.] 1. An attempt; an assault. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Law) (a) A proceeding in a court of judicature, after an inhibition is decreed. (b) Any step wrongly innovated or attempted in a suit by an inferior judge. ATTENTION At*ten"tion, n. Etym: [L. attentio: cf. F. attention.] 1. The act or state of attending or heeding; the application of the mind to any object of sense, representation, or thought; notice; exclusive or special consideration; earnest consideration, thought, or regard; obedient or affectionate heed; the supposed power or faculty of attending. They say the tongues of dying men Enforce attention like deep harmony. Shak. Note: Attention is consciousness and something more. It is consciousness voluntarily applied, under its law of limitations, to some determinate object; it is consciousness concentrated. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. An act of civility or courtesy; care for the comfort and pleasure of others; as, attentions paid to a stranger. To pay attention to, To pay one's attentions to, to be courteous or attentive to; to wait upon as a lover; to court. Syn. -- Care; heed; study; consideration; application; advertence; respect; regard. ATTENTIVE At*ten"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. attentif.] 1. Heedful; intent; observant; regarding with care or attention. Note: Attentive is applied to the senses of hearing and seeing, as, an attentive ear or eye; to the application of the mind, as in contemplation; or to the application of the mind, in every possible sense, as when a person is attentive to the words, and to the manner and matter, of a speaker at the same time. 2. Heedful of the comfort of others; courteous. Syn. -- Heedful; intent; observant; mindful; regardful; circumspect; watchful. -- At*ten"tive*ly, adv. -- At*ten"tive*ness, n. ATTENTLY At*tent"ly, adv. Defn: Attentively. [Obs.] Barrow. ATTENUANT At*ten"u*ant, a. Etym: [L. attenuans, p. pr. of attenuare: cf. F. atténuant. See Attenuate.] Defn: Making thin, as fluids; diluting; rendering less dense and viscid; diluent. -- n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine that thins or dilutes the fluids; a diluent. ATTENUATE At*ten"u*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attenuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Attenuating.] Etym: [L. attenuatus, p. p. of attenuare; ad + tenuare to make thin, tenuis thin. See Thin.] 1. To make thin or slender, as by mechanical or chemical action upon inanimate objects, or by the effects of starvation, disease, etc., upon living bodies. 2. To make thin or less consistent; to render less viscid or dense; to rarefy. Specifically: To subtilize, as the humors of the body, or to break them into finer parts. 3. To lessen the amount, force, or value of; to make less complex; to weaken. To undersell our rivals . . . has led the manufacturer to . . . attenuate his processes, in the allotment of tasks, to an extreme point. I. Taylor. We may reject and reject till we attenuate history into sapless meagerness. Sir F. Palgrave. ATTENUATE At*ten"u*ate, v. i. Defn: To become thin, slender, or fine; to grow less; to lessen. The attention attenuates as its sphere contracts. Coleridge. ATTENUATE; ATTENUATED At*ten"u*ate, At*ten"u*a`ted, a. Etym: [L. attenuatus, p. p.] 1. Made thin or slender. 2. Made thin or less viscid; rarefied. Bacon. ATTENUATION At*ten`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. attenuatio: cf. F. atténuation.] 1. The act or process of making slender, or the state of being slender; emaciation. 2. The act of attenuating; the act of making thin or less dense, or of rarefying, as fluids or gases. 3. The process of weakening in intensity; diminution of virulence; as, the attenuation of virus. ATTER At"ter, n. Etym: [AS. ætter.] Defn: Poison; venom; corrupt matter from a sore. [Obs.] Holland. ATTERCOP At"ter*cop, n. Etym: [AS. attercoppa a spider; ætter poison + coppa head, cup.] 1. A spider. [Obs.] 2. A peevish, ill-natured person. [North of Eng.] ATTERRATE At*ter*rate, v. t. Etym: [It. atterrare (cf. LL. atterrare to cast to earth); L. ad + terra earth, land.] Defn: To fill up with alluvial earth. [Obs.] Ray. ATTERRATION At`ter*ra"tion, n. Defn: The act of filling up with earth, or of forming land with alluvial earth. [Obs.] ATTEST At"test", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attested; p. pr. & vb. n. Attesting.] Etym: [L. attestari; ad + testari to bear witness: cf. F. attester.] 1. To bear witness to; to certify; to affirm to be true or genuine; as, to attest the truth of a writing, a copy of record. Facts . . . attested by particular pagan authors. Addison. 2. To give proof of; to manifest; as, the ruins of Palmyra attest its ancient magnificence. 3. To call to witness; to invoke. [Archaic] The sacred streams which Heaven's imperial state Attests in oaths, and fears to violate. Dryden. ATTEST At*test", n. Defn: Witness; testimony; attestation. [R.] The attest of eyes and ears. Shak. ATTESTATION At`tes*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. attestatio: cf. F. attestation.] Defn: The act of attesting; testimony; witness; a solemn or official declaration, verbal or written, in support of a fact; evidence. The truth appears from the attestation of witnesses, or of the proper officer. The subscription of a name to a writing as a witness, is an attestation. ATTESTATIVE At*test"a*tive, a. Defn: Of the nature of attestation. ATTESTER; ATTESTOR At*test"er, At*test"or, n. Defn: One who attests. ATTESTIVE At*test"ive, a. Defn: Attesting; furnishing evidence. ATTIC At"tic, a. Etym: [L. Atticus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Attica, in Greece, or to Athens, its principal city; marked by such qualities as were characteristic of the Athenians; classical; refined. Attic base (Arch.), a peculiar form of molded base for a column or pilaster, described by Vitruvius, applied under the Roman Empire to the Ionic and Corinthian and "Roman Doric" orders, and imitated by the architects of the Renaissance. -- Attic faith, inviolable faith. -- Attic purity, special purity of language. -- Attic salt, Attic wit, a poignant, delicate wit, peculiar to the Athenians. -- Attic story. See Attic, n. -- Attic style, a style pure and elegant. ATTIC At"tic, n. Etym: [In sense (a) from F. attique, orig. meaning Attic. See Attic, a.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A low story above the main order or orders of a facade, in the classical styles; -- a term introduced in the 17th century. Hence: (b) A room or rooms behind that part of the exterior; all the rooms immediately below the roof. 2. An Athenian; an Athenian author. ATTICAL At"tic*al, a. Defn: Attic. [Obs.] Hammond. ATTICISM At"ti*cism, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A favoring of, or attachment to, the Athenians. 2. The style and idiom of the Greek language, used by the Athenians; a concise and elegant expression. ATTICIZE At"ti*cize, v. t. Etym: [Gr. Defn: To conform or make conformable to the language, customs, etc., of Attica. ATTICIZE At"ti*cize, v. i. 1. To side with the Athenians. 2. To use the Attic idiom or style; to conform to the customs or modes of thought of the Athenians. ATTIGUOUS At*tig"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. attiguus, fr. attingere to touch. See Attain.] Defn: Touching; bordering; contiguous. [Obs.] -- At*tig"u*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] ATTINGE At*tinge", v. t. Etym: [L. attingere to touch. See Attain.] Defn: To touch lightly. [Obs.] Coles. ATTIRE At*tire", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attired; p. pr. & vb. n. Attiring.] Etym: [OE. atiren to array, dispose, arrange, OF. atirier; à (L. ad) + F. tire rank, order, row; of Ger. origin: cf. As. tier row, OHG. ziari, G. zier, ornament, zieren to adorn. Cf. Tire a headdress.] Defn: To dress; to array; to adorn; esp., to clothe with elegant or splendid garments. Finely attired in a robe of white. Shak. With the linen miter shall he be attired. Lev. xvi. 4. ATTIRE At*tire", n. 1. Dress; clothes; headdress; anything which dresses or adorns; esp., ornamental clothing. Earth in her rich attire. Milton. I 'll put myself in poor and mean attire. Shak. Can a maid forget her ornament, or a bride her attire Jer. ii. 32. 2. The antlers, or antlers and scalp, of a stag or buck. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The internal parts of a flower, included within the calyx and the corolla. [Obs.] Johnson. ATTIRED At*tired", p. p. (Her.) Defn: Provided with antlers, as a stag. ATTIREMENT At*tire"ment, n. Defn: Attire; adornment. ATTIRER At*tir"er, n. Defn: One who attires. ATTITUDE At"ti*tude, n. Etym: [It. attitudine, LL. aptitudo, fr. L. aptus suited, fitted: cf. F. attitude. Cf. Aptitude.] 1. (Paint. & Sculp.) Defn: The posture, action, or disposition of a figure or a statue. 2. The posture or position of a person or an animal, or the manner in which the parts of his body are disposed; position assumed or studied to serve a purpose; as, a threatening attitude; an attitude of entreaty. 3. Fig.: Position as indicating action, feeling, or mood; as, in times of trouble let a nation preserve a firm attitude; one's mental attitude in respect to religion. The attitude of the country was rapidly changing. J. R. Green. To strike an attitude, to take an attitude for mere effect. Syn. -- Attitude, Posture. Both of these words describe the visible disposition of the limbs. Posture relates to their position merely; attitude refers to their fitness for some specific object. The object of an attitude is to set forth exhibit some internal feeling; as, attitude of wonder, of admiration, of grief, etc. It is, therefore, essentially and designedly expressive. Its object is the same with that of gesture; viz., to hold forth and represent. Posture has no such design. If we speak of posture in prayer, or the posture of devotion, it is only the natural disposition of the limbs, without any intention to show forth or exhibit. 'T is business of a painter in his choice of attitudes (posituræ) to foresee the effect and harmony of the lights and shadows. Dryden. Never to keep the body in the same posture half an hour at a time. Bacon. ATTITUDINAL At`ti*tu"di*nal, a. Defn: Relating to attitude. ATTITUDINARIAN At`ti*tu`di*na"ri*an, n. Defn: One who attitudinizes; a posture maker. ATTITUDINARIANISM At`ti*tu`di*na"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: A practicing of attitudes; posture making. ATTITUDINIZE At`ti*tu"di*nize, v. i. Defn: To assume affected attitudes; to strike an attitude; to pose. Maria, who is the most picturesque figure, was put to attitudinize at the harp. Hannah More. ATTITUDINIZER At`ti*tu"di*ni`zer, n Defn: One who practices attitudes. ATTLE At"tle, n. Etym: [Cf. Addle mire.] (Mining) Defn: Rubbish or refuse consisting of broken rock containing little or no ore. Weale. ATTOLLENT At*tol"lent, a. Etym: [L. attollens, p. pr. of attollere; ad + tollere to lift.] Defn: Lifting up; raising; as, an attollent muscle. Derham. ATTONCE At*tonce", adv. Etym: [At + once.] Defn: At once; together. [Obs.] Spenser. ATTONE At*tone", adv. Defn: See At one. [Obs.] ATTORN At*torn", v. i. Etym: [OF. atorner, aturner, atourner, to direct, prepare, dispose, attorn (cf. OE. atornen to return, adorn); à (L. ad) + torner to turn; cf. LL. attornare to commit business to another, to attorn; ad + tornare to turn, L. tornare to turn in a lathe, to round off. See Turn, v. t.] 1. (Feudal Law) Defn: To turn, or transfer homage and service, from one lord to another. This is the act of feudatories, vassals, or tenants, upon the alienation of the estate. Blackstone. 2. (Modern Law) Defn: To agree to become tenant to one to whom reversion has been granted. ATTORNEY At*tor"ney, n.; pl. Attorneys. Etym: [OE. aturneye, OF. atorné, p. p. of atorner: cf. LL. atturnatus, attornatus, fr. attornare. See Attorn.] 1. A substitute; a proxy; an agent. [Obs.] And will have no attorney but myself. Shak. 2. (Law) (a) One who is legally appointed by another to transact any business for him; an attorney in fact. (b) A legal agent qualified to act for suitors and defendants in legal proceedings; an attorney at law. Note: An attorney is either public or private. A private attorney, or an attorney in fact, is a person appointed by another, by a letter or power of attorney, to transact any business for him out of court; but in a more extended sense, this class includes any agent employed in any business, or to do any act in pais, for another. A public attorney, or attorney at law, is a practitioner in a court of law, legally qualified to prosecute and defend actions in such court, on the retainer of clients. Bouvier. -- The attorney at law answers to the procurator of the civilians, to the solicitor in chancery, and to the proctor in the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts, and all of these are comprehended under the more general term lawyer. In Great Britain and in some states of the United States, attorneys are distinguished from counselors in that the business of the former is to carry on the practical and formal parts of the suit. In many states of the United States however, no such distinction exists. In England, since 1873, attorneys at law are by statute called solicitors. A power, letter, or warrant, of attorney, a written authority from one person empowering another to transact business for him. ATTORNEY At*tor"ney, v. t. Defn: To perform by proxy; to employ as a proxy. [Obs.] Shak. ATTORNEY-GENERAL At*tor"ney-gen"er*al, n.; (pl. Attorney-generals or Attorneys- general). (Law) Defn: The chief law officer of the state, empowered to act in all litigation in which the law-executing power is a party, and to advise this supreme executive whenever required. Wharton. ATTORNEYISM At*tor"ney*ism, n. Defn: The practice or peculiar cleverness of attorneys. ATTORNEYSHIP At*tor"ney*ship, n. Defn: The office or profession of an attorney; agency for another. Shak. ATTORNMENT At*torn"ment, n. Etym: [OF. attornement, LL. attornamentum. See Attorn.] (Law) Defn: The act of a feudatory, vassal, or tenant, by which he consents, upon the alienation of an estate, to receive a new lord or superior, and transfers to him his homage and service; the agreement of a tenant to acknowledge the purchaser of the estate as his landlord. Burrill. Blackstone. ATTRACT At*tract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attracting.] Etym: [L. attractus, p. p. of attrahere; ad + trahere to draw. See Trace, v. t.] 1. To draw to, or cause to tend to; esp. to cause to approach, adhere, or combine; or to cause to resist divulsion, separation, or decomposition. All bodies and all parts of bodies mutually attract themselves and one another. Derham. 2. To draw by influence of a moral or emotional kind; to engage or fix, as the mind, attention, etc.; to invite or allure; as, to attract admirers. Attracted by thy beauty still to gaze. Milton. Syn. -- To draw; allure; invite; entice; influence. ATTRACT At*tract", n. Defn: Attraction. [Obs.] Hudibras. ATTRACTABILITY At*tract`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or fact of being attractable. Sir W. Jones. ATTRACTABLE At*tract"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being attracted; subject to attraction. -- At*tract"a*ble*ness, n. ATTRACTER At*tract"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, attracts. ATTRACTILE At*tract"ile, a. Defn: Having power to attract. ATTRACTING At*tract"ing, a. Defn: That attracts. -- At*tract"ing*ly, adv. ATTRACTION At*trac"tion, n. Etym: [L. attractio: cf. F. attraction.] 1. (Physics) Defn: An invisible power in a body by which it draws anything to itself; the power in nature acting mutually between bodies or ultimate particles, tending to draw them together, or to produce their cohesion or combination, and conversely resisting separation. Note: Attraction is exerted at both sensible and insensible distances, and is variously denominated according to its qualities or phenomena. Under attraction at sensible distances, there are, --(1.) Attraction of gravitation, which acts at all distances throughout the universe, with a force proportional directly to the product of the masses of the bodies and inversely to the square of their distances apart. (2.) Magnetic, diamagnetic, and electrical attraction, each of which is limited in its sensible range and is polar in its action, a property dependent on the quality or condition of matter, and not on its quantity. Under attraction at insensible distances, there are, -- (1.) Adhesive attraction, attraction between surfaces of sensible extent, or by the medium of an intervening substance. (2.) Cohesive attraction, attraction between ultimate particles, whether like or unlike, and causing simply an aggregation or a union of those particles, as in the absorption of gases by charcoal, or of oxygen by spongy platinum, or the process of solidification or crystallization. The power in adhesive attraction is strictly the same as that of cohesion. (3.) Capillary attraction, attraction causing a liquid to rise, in capillary tubes or interstices, above its level outside, as in very small glass tubes, or a sponge, or any porous substance, when one end is inserted in the liquid. It is a special case of cohesive attraction. (4.) Chemical attraction, or affinity, that peculiar force which causes elementary atoms, or groups of atoms, to unite to form molecules. 2. The act or property of attracting; the effect of the power or operation of attraction. Newton. 3. The power or act of alluring, drawing to, inviting, or engaging; an attractive quality; as, the attraction of beauty or eloquence. 4. That which attracts; an attractive object or feature. Syn. -- Allurement; enticement; charm. ATTRACTION SPHERE At*trac"tion sphere. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The central mass of the aster in mitotic cell division; centrosphere. (b) Less often, the mass of archoplasm left by the aster in the resting cell. 2. (Bot.) A small body situated on or near the nucleus in the cells of some of the lower plants, consisting of two centrospheres containing centrosomes. It exercises an important function in mitosis. ATTRACTIVE At*tract"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. attractif.] 1. Having the power or quality of attracting or drawing; as, the attractive force of bodies. Sir I. Newton. 2. Attracting or drawing by moral influence or pleasurable emotion; alluring; inviting; pleasing. "Attractive graces." Milton. "Attractive eyes." Thackeray. Flowers of a livid yellow, or fleshy color, are most attractive to flies. Lubbock. -- At*tract"ive*ly, adv. -- At*tract"ive*ness, n. ATTRACTIVE At*tract"ive, n. Defn: That which attracts or draws; an attraction; an allurement. Speaks nothing but attractives and invitation. South. ATTRACTIVITY At`trac*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or degree of attractive power. ATTRACTOR At*tract"or, n. Defn: One who, or that which, attracts. Sir T. Browne ATTRAHENT At"tra*hent, a. Etym: [L. attrahens, p. pr. of attrahere. See Attract, v. t.] Defn: Attracting; drawing; attractive. ATTRAHENT At"tra*hent, n. 1. That which attracts, as a magnet. The motion of the steel to its attrahent. Glanvill. 2. (Med.) Defn: A substance which, by irritating the surface, excites action in the part to which it is applied, as a blister, an epispastic, a sinapism. ATTRAP At*trap", v. t. Etym: [F. attraper to catch; à (L. ad) + trappe trap. See Trap (for taking game).] Defn: To entrap; to insnare. [Obs.] Grafton. ATTRAP At*trap", v. t. Etym: [Pref. ad + trap to adorn.] Defn: To adorn with trapping; to array. [Obs.] Shall your horse be attrapped . . . more richly Holland. ATTRECTATION At`trec*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. attrectatio; ad + tractare to handle.] Defn: Frequent handling or touching. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. ATTRIBUTABLE At*trib"u*ta*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being attributed; ascribable; imputable. Errors . . . attributable to carelessness. J. D. Hooker. ATTRIBUTE At*trib"ute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attributed; p. pr. & vb. n. Attributing.] Etym: [L. attributus, p. p. of attribuere; ad + tribuere to bestow. See Tribute.] Defn: To ascribe; to consider (something) as due or appropriate (to); to refer, as an effect to a cause; to impute; to assign; to consider as belonging (to). We attribute nothing to God that hath any repugnancy or contradiction in it. Abp. Tillotson. The merit of service is seldom attributed to the true and exact performer. Shak. Syn. -- See Ascribe. ATTRIBUTE At"tri*bute, n. Etym: [L. attributum.] 1. That which is attributed; a quality which is considered as belonging to, or inherent in, a person or thing; an essential or necessary property or characteristic. But mercy is above this sceptered away; . . . It is an attribute to God himself. Shak. 2. Reputation. [Poetic] Shak. 3. (Paint. & Sculp.) Defn: A conventional symbol of office, character, or identity, added to any particular figure; as, a club is the attribute of Hercules. 4. (Gram.) Defn: Quality, etc., denoted by an attributive; an attributive adjunct or adjective. ATTRIBUTION At`tri*bu"tion, n. Etym: [L. attributio: cf. F. attribution.] 1. The act of attributing or ascribing, as a quality, character, or function, to a thing or person, an effect to a cause. 2. That which is ascribed or attributed. ATTRIBUTIVE At*trib"u*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. attributif.] Defn: Attributing; pertaining to, expressing, or assigning an attribute; of the nature of an attribute. ATTRIBUTIVE At*trib"u*tive, n., (Gram.) Defn: A word that denotes an attribute; esp. a modifying word joined to a noun; an adjective or adjective phrase. ATTRIBUTIVELY At*trib"u*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an attributive manner. ATTRITE At*trite", a. Etym: [L. attritus, p. p. of atterere; ad + terere to rub. See Trite.] 1. Rubbed; worn by friction. Milton. 2. (Theol.) Defn: Repentant from fear of punishment; having attrition of grief for sin; -- opposed to contrite. ATTRITION At*tri"tion, n. Etym: [L. attritio: cf. F. attrition.] 1. The act of rubbing together; friction; the act of wearing by friction, or by rubbing substances together; abrasion. Effected by attrition of the inward stomach. Arbuthnot. 2. The state of being worn. Johnson. 3. (Theol.) Defn: Grief for sin arising only from fear of punishment or feelings of shame. See Contrition. Wallis. ATTRITUS At*tri"tus, n. [L. attritus, p. p. of atterere; ad + terere to rub.] Defn: Matter pulverized by attrition. ATTRY At"try, a. Etym: [See Atter.] Defn: Poisonous; malignant; malicious. [Obs.] Chaucer. ATTUNE At*tune", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attuned (; p. pr. & vb. n. Attuning.] Etym: [Pref. ad- + tune.] 1. To tune or put in tune; to make melodious; to adjust, as one sound or musical instrument to another; as, to attune the voice to a harp. 2. To arrange fitly; to make accordant. Wake to energy each social aim, Attuned spontaneous to the will of Jove. Beattie. ATWAIN A*twain", adv. Etym: [OE. atwaine, atwinne; pref. a- + twain.] Defn: In twain; asunder. [Obs. or Poetic] "Cuts atwain the knots." Tennyson. ATWEEN A*tween", adv. or prep. Etym: [See Atwain, and cf. Between.] Defn: Between. [Archaic] Spenser. Tennyson. ATWIRL A*twirl", a. & adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + twist.] Defn: Twisted; distorted; awry. [R.] Halliwell. ATWITE A*twite", v. t. Etym: [OE. attwyten, AS. ætwitan. See Twit.] Defn: To speak reproachfully of; to twit; to upbraid. [Obs.] ATWIXT A*twixt", adv. Defn: Betwixt. [Obs.] Spenser. ATWO A*two", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + two.] Defn: In two; in twain; asunder. [Obs.] Chaucer. ATYPIC; ATYPICAL A*typ"ic, A*typ"ic*al, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + typic, typical.] Defn: That has no type; devoid of typical character; irregular; unlike the type. AUBADE Au`bade", n. Etym: [F., fr. aube the dawn, fr. L. albus white.] Defn: An open air concert in the morning, as distinguished from an evening serenade; also, a pianoforte composition suggestive of morning. Grove. The crowing cock . . . Sang his aubade with lusty voice and clear. Longfellow. AUBAINE Au`baine", n. Etym: [F., fr. aubain an alien, fr. L. alibi elsewhere.] Defn: Succession to the goods of a stranger not naturalized. Littré. Droit d'aubaine (, the right, formerly possessed by the king of France, to all the personal property of which an alien died possessed. It was abolished in 1819. Bouvier. AUBE Aube, n. Etym: [See Ale.] Defn: An alb. [Obs.] Fuller. AUBERGE Au`berge", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: An inn. Beau. & Fl. AUBIN Au"bin, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A broken gait of a horse, between an amble and a gallop; -- commonly called a Canterbury gallop. AUBURN Au"burn, a. Etym: [OE. auburne blonde, OF. alborne, auborne, fr. LL. alburnus whitish, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Alburn.] 1. Flaxen-colored. [Obs.] Florio. 2. Reddish brown. His auburn locks on either shoulder flowed. Dryden. AUCHENIUM Au*che"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The part of the neck nearest the back. AUCTARY Auc"ta*ry, n. Etym: [L. auctarium.] Defn: That which is superadded; augmentation. [Obs.] Baxter. AUCTION Auc"tion, n. Etym: [L. auctio an increasing, a public sale, where the price was called out, and the article to be sold was adjudged to the last increaser of the price, or the highest bidder, fr. L. augere, auctum, to increase. See Augment.] 1. A public sale of property to the highest bidder, esp. by a person licensed and authorized for the purpose; a vendue. 2. The things sold by auction or put up to auction. Ask you why Phryne the whole auction buys Pope. Note: In the United States, the more prevalent expression has been "sales at auction," that is, by an increase of bids (Lat. auctione). This latter form is preferable. Dutch auction, the public offer of property at a price beyond its value, then gradually lowering the price, till some one accepts it as purchaser. P. Cyc. AUCTION Auc"tion, v. t. Defn: To sell by auction. AUCTIONARY Auc"tion*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. auctionarius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an auction or an auctioneer. [R.] With auctionary hammer in thy hand. Dryden. AUCTION BRIDGE Auc"tion bridge. Defn: A variety of the game of bridge in which the players, beginning with the dealer, bid for the privilege of naming the trump and playing with the dummy for that deal, there being heavy penalties for a player's failure to make good his bid. The score value of each trick more than six taken by the successful bidder is as follows: when the trump is spades, 2; clubs, 6; diamonds, 7; hearts, 8; royal spades (lilies), 9; and when the deal is played with no trump, 10. AUCTIONEER Auc`tion*eer", n. Defn: A person who sells by auction; a person whose business it is to dispose of goods or lands by public sale to the highest or best bidder. AUCTIONEER Auc`tion*eer", v. t. Defn: To sell by auction; to auction. Estates . . . advertised and auctioneered away. Cowper. AUCTION PITCH Auction pitch. Defn: A game of cards in which the players bid for the privilege of determining or "pitching" the trump suit. R. F. Foster. AUCUPATION Au`cu*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. aucupatio, fr. auceps, contr. for aviceps; avis bird + capere to take.] Defn: Birdcatching; fowling. [Obs.] Blount. AUDACIOUS Au*da"cious, a. Etym: [F. audacieux, as if fr. LL. audaciosus (not found), fr. L. audacia audacity, fr. audax, -acis, bold, fr. audere to dare.] 1. Daring; spirited; adventurous. As in a cloudy chair, ascending rides Audacious. Milton. 2. Contemning the restraints of law, religion, or decorum; bold in wickedness; presumptuous; impudent; insolent. " Audacious traitor." Shak. " Such audacious neighborhood." Milton. 3. Committed with, or proceedings from, daring effrontery or contempt of law, morality, or decorum. "Audacious cruelty." "Audacious prate." Shak. AUDACIOUSLY Au*da"cious*ly, adv. Defn: In an audacious manner; with excess of boldness; impudently. AUDACIOUSNESS Au*da"cious*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being audacious; impudence; audacity. AUDACITY Au*dac"i*ty, n. 1. Daring spirit, resolution, or confidence; venturesomeness. The freedom and audacity necessary in the commerce of men. Tatler. 2. Reckless daring; presumptuous impudence; -- implying a contempt of law or moral restraints. With the most arrogant audacity. Joye. AUDIBILITY Au`di*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being audible; power of being heard; audible capacity. AUDIBLE Au"di*ble, a. Etym: [LL. audibilis, fr. L. audire, auditum, to hear: cf. Gr. auris, and E. ear.] Defn: Capable of being heard; loud enough to be heard; actually heard; as, an audible voice or whisper. AUDIBLE Au"di*ble, n. Defn: That which may be heard. [Obs.] Visibles are swiftlier carried to the sense than audibles. Bacon. AUDIBLENESS Au"di*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being audible. AUDIBLY Au"di*bly, adv. Defn: So as to be heard. AUDIENCE Au"di*ence, n. Etym: [F. audience, L. audientia, fr. audire to hear. See Audible, a.] 1. The act of hearing; attention to sounds. Thou, therefore, give due audience, and attend. Milton. 2. Admittance to a hearing; a formal interview, esp. with a sovereign or the head of a government, for conference or the transaction of business. According to the fair play of the world, Let me have audience: I am sent to speak. Shak. 3. An auditory; an assembly of hearers. Also applied by authors to their readers. Fit audience find, though few. Milton. He drew his audience upward to the sky. Dryden. Court of audience, or Audience court (Eng.), a court long since disused, belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury; also, one belonging to the Archbishop of York. Mozley & W. -- In general (or open) audience, publicly. -- To give audience, to listen; to admit to an interview. AUDIENT Au"di*ent, a. Etym: [L. audiens, p. pr. of audire. See Audible, a.] Defn: Listening; paying attention; as, audient souls. Mrs. Browning. AUDIENT Au"di*ent, n. Defn: A hearer; especially a catechumen in the early church. [Obs.] Shelton. AUDILE Au"dile, n. [L. audire to hear.] (Psychol.) Defn: One whose thoughts take the form of mental sounds or of internal discourse rather than of visual or motor images. AUDIOMETER Au`di*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. audire to hear + -meter.] (Acous.) Defn: An instrument by which the power of hearing can be gauged and recorded on a scale. AUDIPHONE Au"di*phone, n. Etym: [L. audire to hear + Gr. Defn: An instrument which, placed against the teeth, conveys sound to the auditory nerve and enables the deaf to hear more or less distinctly; a dentiphone. AUDIT Au"dit, n. Etym: [L. auditus a hearing, fr. audire. See Audible, a.] 1. An audience; a hearing. [Obs.] He appeals to a high audit. Milton. 2. An examination in general; a judicial examination. Note: Specifically: An examination of an account or of accounts, with the hearing of the parties concerned, by proper officers, or persons appointed for that purpose, who compare the charges with the vouchers, examine witnesses, and state the result. 3. The result of such an examination, or an account as adjusted by auditors; final account. Yet I can make my audit up. Shak. 4. A general receptacle or receiver. [Obs.] It [a little brook] paid to its common audit no more than the revenues of a little cloud. Jer. Taylor. Audit ale, a kind of ale, brewed at the English universities, orig. for the day of audit. -- Audit house, Audit room, an appendage to a cathedral, for the transaction of its business. AUDIT Au"dit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Audited; p. pr. & vb. n. Auditing.] Defn: To examine and adjust, as an account or accounts; as, to audit the accounts of a treasure, or of parties who have a suit depending in court. AUDIT Au"dit, v. i. Defn: To settle or adjust an account. Let Hocus audit; he knows how the money was disbursed. Arbuthnot. AUDITA QUERELA Au*di"ta que*re"la. Etym: [L., the complaint having been heard.] (Law) Defn: A writ which lies for a party against whom judgment is recovered, but to whom good matter of discharge has subsequently accrued which could not have been availed of to prevent such judgment. Wharton. AUDITION Au*di"tion, n. Etym: [L. auditio.] Defn: The act of hearing or listening; hearing. Audition may be active or passive; hence the difference between listening and simple hearing. Dunglison. AUDITIVE Au"di*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. auditif.] Defn: Of or pertaining to hearing; auditory. [R.] Cotgrave. AUDITOR Au"di*tor, n. Etym: [L. auditor, fr. audire. See Audible, a.] 1. A hearer or listener. Macaulay. 2. A person appointed and authorized to audit or examine an account or accounts, compare the charges with the vouchers, examine the parties and witnesses, allow or reject charges, and state the balance. 3. One who hears judicially, as in an audience court. Note: In the United States government, and in the State governments, there are auditors of the treasury and of the public accounts. The name is also applied to persons employed to check the accounts of courts, corporations, companies, societies, and partnerships. AUDITORIAL Au`di*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Auditory. [R.] AUDITORIUM Au`di*to"ri*um, n. Etym: [L. See Auditory, n.] Defn: The part of a church, theater, or other public building, assigned to the audience. Note: In ancient churches the auditorium was the nave, where hearers stood to be instructed; in monasteries it was an apartment for the reception of strangers. AUDITORSHIP Au"di*tor*ship, n. Defn: The office or function of auditor. AUDITORY Au"di*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. auditorius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to hearing, or to the sense or organs of hearing; as, the auditory nerve. See Ear. Auditory canal (Anat.), the tube from the auditory meatus or opening of the ear to the tympanic membrane. AUDITORY Au"di*to*ry, n. Etym: [L. auditorium.] 1. An assembly of hearers; an audience. 2. An auditorium. Udall. AUDITRESS Au"di*tress, n. Defn: A female hearer. Milton. AUDITUAL Au*dit"u*al, a. Defn: Auditory. [R.] Coleridge. AUF Auf, n. Etym: [OE. auph, aulf, fr. Icel. alfr elf. See Elf.] [Also spelt oaf, ouphe.] Defn: A changeling or elf child, -- that is, one left by fairies; a deformed or foolish child; a simpleton; an oaf. [Obs.] Drayton. AU FAIT Au` fait". Etym: [F. Lit., to the deed, act, or point. Fait is fr. L. factum. See Fact.] Defn: Expert; skillful; well instructed. AUFKLARUNG Auf"klä*rung, n. [G., enlightenment.] Defn: A philosophic movement of the 18th century characterized by a lively questioning of authority, keen interest in matters of politics and general culture, and an emphasis on empirical method in science. It received its impetus from the unsystematic but vigorous skepticism of Pierre Bayle, the physical doctrines of Newton, and the epistemological theories of Locke, in the preceding century. Its chief center was in France, where it gave rise to the skepticism of Voltaire , the naturalism of Rousseau, the sensationalism of Condillac, and the publication of the "Encyclopedia" by D'Alembert and Diderot. In Germany, Lessing, Mendelssohn, and Herder were representative thinkers, while the political doctrines of the leaders of the American Revolution and the speculations of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine represented the movement in America. AU FOND Au` fond". [F., lit., at the bottom.] Defn: At bottom; fundamentally; essentially. AUGEAN Au*ge"an, a. 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Augeus, king of Elis, whose stable contained 3000 oxen, and had not been cleaned for 30 years. Hercules cleansed it in a single day. 2. Hence: Exceedingly filthy or corrupt. Augean stable (Fig.), an accumulation of corruption or filth almost beyond the power of man to remedy. AUGER Au"ger, n. Etym: [OE. augoure, nauger, AS. nafegar, fr. nafu, nafa, nave of a wheel + gar spear, and therefore meaning properly and originally a nave-bore. See Nave (of a wheel) and 2d Gore, n.] 1. A carpenter's tool for boring holes larger than those bored by a gimlet. It has a handle placed crosswise by which it is turned with both hands. A pod auger is one with a straight channel or groove, like the half of a bean pod. A screw auger has a twisted blade, by the spiral groove of which the chips are discharge. 2. An instrument for boring or perforating soils or rocks, for determining the quality of soils, or the nature of the rocks or strata upon which they lie, and for obtaining water. Auger bit, a bit with a cutting edge or blade like that of an anger. AUGET Au*get", n. Etym: [F., dim. of auge trough, fr. L. alveus hollow, fr. alvus belly.] (Mining) Defn: A priming tube connecting the charge chamber with the gallery, or place where the slow match is applied. Knight. AUGHT; AUCHT Aught, Aucht, n. Etym: [AS. , fr. agan to own, p. p. ahte.] Defn: Property; possession. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. AUGHT Aught, n. Etym: [OE. aught, ought, awiht, AS. awiht, a ever + wiht. *136. See Aye ever, and Whit, Wight.] Defn: Anything; any part. [Also written ought.] There failed not aught of any good thing which the Lord has spoken. Josh. xxi. 45 But go, my son, and see if aught be wanting. Addison. AUGHT Aught, adv. Defn: At all; in any degree. Chaucer. AUGITE Au"gite, n. Etym: [L. augites, Gr. augite.] Defn: A variety of pyroxene, usually of a black or dark green color, occurring in igneous rocks, such as basalt; -- also used instead of the general term pyroxene. AUGITIC Au*git"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or like, augite; containing augite as a principal constituent; as, augitic rocks. AUGMENT Aug*ment", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Augmented; p. pr. & vb. n. Augmenting.] Etym: [L. augmentare, fr. augmentum an increase, fr. augere to increase; perh. akin to Gr. wax, v., and eke, v.: cf. F. augmenter.] 1. To enlarge or increase in size, amount, or degree; to swell; to make bigger; as, to augment an army by reëforcements; rain augments a stream; impatience augments an evil. But their spite still serves His glory to augment. Milton. 2. (Gram.) Defn: To add an augment to. AUGMENT Aug*ment", v. i. Defn: To increase; to grow larger, stronger, or more intense; as, a stream augments by rain. AUGMENT Aug"ment, n. Etym: [L. augmentum: cf. F. augment.] 1. Enlargement by addition; increase. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A vowel prefixed, or a lengthening of the initial vowel, to mark past time, as in Greek and Sanskrit verbs. Note: In Greek, the syllabic augment is a prefixed temporal augment is an increase of the quantity (time) of an initial vowel, as by changing AUGMENTABLE Aug*ment"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of augmentation. Walsh. AUGMENTATION Aug`men*ta"tion, n. Etym: [LL. augmentatio: cf. F. augmentation.] 1. The act or process of augmenting, or making larger, by addition, expansion, or dilation; increase. 2. The state of being augmented; enlargement. 3. The thing added by way of enlargement. 4. (Her.) Defn: A additional charge to a coat of arms, given as a mark of honor. Cussans. 5. (Med.) Defn: The stage of a disease in which the symptoms go on increasing. Dunglison. 6. (Mus.) Defn: In counterpoint and fugue, a repetition of the subject in tones of twice the original length. Augmentation court (Eng. Hist.), a court erected by Stat. 27 Hen. VIII., to augment to revenues of the crown by the suppression of monasteries. It was long ago dissolved. Encyc. Brit. Syn. -- Increase; enlargement; growth; extension; accession; addition. AUGMENTATIVE Aug*ment"a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. augmentatif.] Defn: Having the quality or power of augmenting; expressing augmentation. -- Aug*ment"a*tive*ly, adv. AUGMENTATIVE Aug*ment"a*tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: A word which expresses with augmented force the idea or the properties of the term from which it is derived; as, dullard, one very dull. Opposed to diminutive. Gibbs. AUGMENTER Aug*ment"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, augments or increases anything. AU GRATIN Au` gra`tin". [F.] (Cookery) Defn: With a crust made by browning in the oven; as, spaghetti may be served au gratin. AUGRIM Au"grim, n. Defn: See Algorism. [Obs.] Chaucer. Augrim stones, pebbles formerly used in numeration. -- Noumbres of Augrim, Arabic numerals. Chaucer. AUGUR Au"gur, n. Etym: [L. Of uncertain origin: the first part of the word is perh. fr. L. avis bird, and the last syllable, gur, equiv. to the Skr. gar to call, akin to L. garrulus garrulous.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An official diviner who foretold events by the singing, chattering, flight, and feeding of birds, or by signs or omens derived from celestial phenomena, certain appearances of quadrupeds, or unusual occurrences. 2. One who foretells events by omens; a soothsayer; a diviner; a prophet. Augur of ill, whose tongue was never found Without a priestly curse or boding sound. Dryden. AUGUR Au"gur, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Augured (; p. pr. & vb. n. Auguring.] 1. To conjecture from signs or omens; to prognosticate; to foreshow. My auguring mind assures the same success. Dryden. 2. To anticipate, to foretell, or to indicate a favorable or an unfavorable issue; as, to augur well or ill. AUGUR Au"gur, v. t. Defn: To predict or foretell, as from signs or omens; to betoken; to presage; to infer. It seems to augur genius. Sir W. Scott. I augur everything from the approbation the proposal has met with. J. F. W. Herschel. Syn. -- To predict; forebode; betoken; portend; presage; prognosticate; prophesy; forewarn. AUGURAL Au"gu*ral, a. Etym: [L. auguralis.] Defn: Of or pertaining to augurs or to augury; betokening; ominous; significant; as, an augural staff; augural books. "Portents augural." Cowper. AUGURATE Au"gu*rate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. auguratus, p. p. of augurari to augur.] Defn: To make or take auguries; to augur; to predict. [Obs.] C. Middleton. AUGURATE Au"gu*rate, n. Defn: The office of an augur. Merivale. AUGURATION Au`gu*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. auguratio.] Defn: The practice of augury. AUGURER Au"gur*er, n. Defn: An augur. [Obs.] Shak. AUGURIAL Au*gu"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. augurialis.] Defn: Relating to augurs or to augury. Sir T. Browne. AUGURIST Au"gu*rist, n. Defn: An augur. [R.] AUGURIZE Au"gur*ize, v. t. Defn: To augur. [Obs.] Blount. AUGURIZE Au"gur*ize, v. t. Defn: To augur. [Obs.] Blount. AUGUROUS Au"gu*rous, a. Defn: Full of augury; foreboding. [Obs.] "Augurous hearts." Chapman. AUGURSHIP Au"gur*ship, n. Defn: The office, or period of office, of an augur. Bacon. AUGURY Au"gu*ry, n.; pl. Auguries (. Etym: [L. aucurium.] 1. The art or practice of foretelling events by observing the actions of birds, etc.; divination. 2. An omen; prediction; prognostication; indication of the future; presage. From their flight strange auguries she drew. Drayton. He resigned himself . . . with a docility that gave little augury of his future greatness. Prescott. 3. A rite, ceremony, or observation of an augur. AUGUST Au*gust", a. Etym: [L. augustus; cf. augere to increase; in the language of religion, to honor by offerings: cf. F. auguste. See Augment.] Defn: Of a quality inspiring mingled admiration and reverence; having an aspect of solemn dignity or grandeur; sublime; majestic; having exalted birth, character, state, or authority. "Forms august." Pope. "August in visage." Dryden. "To shed that august blood." Macaulay. So beautiful and so august a spectacle. Burke. To mingle with a body so august. Byron. Syn. -- Grand; magnificent; majestic; solemn; awful; noble; stately; dignified; imposing. AUGUST Au"gust, n. Etym: [L. Augustus. See note below, and August, a.] Defn: The eighth month of the year, containing thirty-one days. Note: The old Roman name was Sextilis, the sixth month from March, the month in which the primitive Romans, as well as Jews, began the year. The name was changed to August in honor of Augustus Cæsar, the first emperor of Rome, on account of his victories, and his entering on his first consulate in that month. AUGUSTAN Au*gus"tan, a. Etym: [L. Augustanus, fr. Augustus. See August, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to Augustus Cæsar or to his times. 2. Of or pertaining to the town of Augsburg. Augustan age of any national literature, the period of its highest state of purity and refinement; -- so called because the reign of Augustus Cæsar was the golden age of Roman literature. Thus the reign of Louis XIV. (b. 1638) has been called the Augustan age of French literature, and that of Queen Anne (b. 1664) the Augustan age of English literature. -- Augustan confession (Eccl. Hist.), or confession of Augsburg, drawn up at Augusta Vindelicorum, or Augsburg, by Luther and Melanchthon, in 1530, contains the principles of the Protestants, and their reasons for separating from the Roman Catholic church. AUGUSTINE; AUGUSTINIAN Au*gus"tine, Au`gus*tin"i*an, n. (Eccl.) Defn: A member of one of the religious orders called after St. Augustine; an Austin friar. AUGUSTINIAN Au`gus*tin"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to St. Augustine, bishop of Hippo in Northern Africa (b. 354 -- d. 430), or to his doctrines. Augustinian canons, an order of monks once popular in England and Ireland; -- called also regular canons of St. Austin, and black canons. -- Augustinian hermits or Austin friars, an order of friars established in 1265 by Pope Alexander IV. It was introduced into the United States from Ireland in 1790. -- Augustinian nuns, an order of nuns following the rule of St. Augustine. -- Augustinian rule, a rule for religious communities based upon the 109th letter of St. Augustine, and adopted by the Augustinian orders. AUGUSTINIAN Au`gus*tin"i*an, n. Defn: One of a class of divines, who, following St. Augustine, maintain that grace by its nature is effectual absolutely and creatively, not relatively and conditionally. AUGUSTINIANISM; AUGUSTINISM Au`gus*tin"i*an*ism, Au*gus"tin*ism, n. Defn: The doctrines held by Augustine or by the Augustinians. AUGUSTLY Au*gust"ly, adv. Defn: In an august manner. AUGUSTNESS Au*gust"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being august; dignity of mien; grandeur; magnificence. AUK Auk, n. Etym: [Prov. E. alk; akin to Dan. alke, Icel. & Sw. alka.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A name given to various species of arctic sea birds of the family Alcidæ. The great auk, now extinct, is Alca (or Plautus) impennis. The razor-billed auk is A. torda. See Puffin, Guillemot, and Murre. AUKWARD Auk"ward, a. Defn: See Awkward. [Obs.] AULARIAN Au*la"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. aula hall. Cf. LL. aularis of a court.] Defn: Relating to a hall. AULARIAN Au*la"ri*an, n. Defn: At Oxford, England, a member of a hall, distinguished from a collegian. Chalmers. AULD Auld, a. Etym: [See Old.] Defn: Old; as, Auld Reekie (old smoky), i. e., Edinburgh. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] AULD LANG SYNE Auld` lang syne". Defn: A Scottish phrase used in recalling recollections of times long since past. "The days of auld lang syne." AULD LICHT; AULD LIGHT Auld licht, Auld light . (Eccl. Hist.) (a) A member of the conservative party in the Church of Scotland in the latter part of the 18th century. (b) Same as Burgher, n., 2. AULETIC Au*let"ic, a. Etym: [L. auleticus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a pipe (flute) or piper. [R.] Ash. AULIC Au"lic, a. Etym: [L. aulicus, Gr. Defn: Pertaining to a royal court. Ecclesiastical wealth and aulic dignities. Landor. Aulic council (Hist.), a supreme court of the old German empire; properly the supreme court of the emperor. It ceased at the death of each emperor, and was renewed by his successor. It became extinct when the German empire was dissolved, in 1806. The term is now applied to a council of the war department of the Austrian empire, and the members of different provincial chanceries of that empire are called aulic councilors. P. Cyc. AULIC Au"lic, n. Defn: The ceremony observed in conferring the degree of doctor of divinity in some European universities. It begins by a harangue of the chancellor addressed to the young doctor, who then receives the cap, and presides at the disputation (also called the aulic). AULN Auln, n. Defn: An ell. [Obs.] See Aune. AULNAGE; AULNAGER Aul"nage, Aul"na*ger, n. Defn: See Alnage and Alnager. AUM Aum, n. Defn: Same as Aam. AUMAIL Au*mail", v. t. Etym: [OE. for amel, enamel.] Defn: To figure or variegate. [Obs.] Spenser. AUMBRY Aum"bry, n. Defn: Same as Ambry. AUMERY Au"me*ry, n. Defn: A form of Ambry, a closet; but confused with Almonry, as if a place for alms. AUNCEL Aun"cel, n. Defn: A rude balance for weighing, and a kind of weight, formerly used in England. Halliwell. AUNCETRY Aun"cet*ry, n. Defn: Ancestry. [Obs.] Chaucer. AUNE Aune, n. Etym: [F. See Alnage.] Defn: A French cloth measure, of different parts of the country (at Paris, 0.95 of an English ell); -- now superseded by the meter. AUNT Aunt, n. Etym: [OF. ante, F. tante, L. amita father's sister. Cf. Amma.] 1. The sister of one's father or mother; -- correlative to nephew or niece. Also applied to an uncle's wife. Note: Aunt is sometimes applied as a title or term of endearment to a kind elderly woman not thus related. 2. An old woman; and old gossip. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A bawd, or a prostitute. [Obs.] Shak. Aunt Sally, a puppet head placed on a pole and having a pipe in its mouth; also a game, which consists in trying to hit the pipe by throwing short bludgeons at it. AUNTER Aun"ter, n. Defn: Adventure; hap. [Obs.] In aunters, perchance. AUNTER; AUNTRE Aun"ter, Aun"tre, v. t. Etym: [See Adventure.] Defn: To venture; to dare. [Obs.] Chaucer. AUNTIE; AUNTY Aunt"ie, Aunt"y, n. Defn: A familiar name for an aunt. In the southern United States a familiar term applied to aged negro women. AUNTROUS Aun"trous, a. Defn: Adventurous. [Obs.] Chaucer. AURA Au"ra, n.; pl. Auræ (. Etym: [L. aura air, akin to Gr. 1. Any subtile, invisible emanation, effluvium, or exhalation from a substance, as the aroma of flowers, the odor of the blood, a supposed fertilizing emanation from the pollen of flowers, etc. 2. (Med.) Defn: The peculiar sensation, as of a light vapor, or cold air, rising from the trunk or limbs towards the head, a premonitory symptom of epilepsy or hysterics. Electric ~, a supposed electric fluid, emanating from an electrified body, and forming a mass surrounding it, called the electric atmosphere. See Atmosphere, 2. AURAL Au"ral, a. Etym: [L. aura air.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the air, or to an aura. AURAL Au"ral, a. Etym: [L. auris ear.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the ear; as, aural medicine and surgery. AURANTIACEOUS Au*ran`ti*a"ceous, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the Aurantiaceæ, an order of plants (formerly considered natural), of which the orange is the type. AURATE Au"rate, n. Etym: [L. auratus, p. p. of aurare to gild, fr. aurum gold: cf. F. aurate.] (Chem.) Defn: A combination of auric acid with a base; as, aurate or potassium. AURATED Au"ra*ted, a. Etym: [See Aurate.] 1. Resembling or containing gold; gold-colored; gilded. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Combined with auric acid. AURATED Au"ra*ted, a. Defn: Having ears. See Aurited. AUREATE Au"re*ate, a. Etym: [L. aureatus, fr. aureus golden, fr. aurum gold.] Defn: Golden; gilded. Skelton. AURELIA Au*re"li*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. aurum gold: cf. F. aurélie. Cf. Chrysalis.] (Zoöl.) (a) The chrysalis, or pupa of an insect, esp. when reflecting a brilliant golden color, as that of some of the butterflies. (b) A genus of jellyfishes. See Discophora. AURELIAN Au*re"li*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the aurelia. AURELIAN Au*re"li*an, n. Defn: An amateur collector and breeder of insects, esp. of butterflies and moths; a lepidopterist. AUREOLA; AUREOLE Au*re"o*la, Au"re*ole, n. Etym: [F. auréole, fr. L. aureola, (fem adj.) of gold (sc. corona crown), dim. of aureus. See Aureate, Oriole.] 1. (R. C. Theol.) Defn: A celestial crown or accidental glory added to the bliss of heaven, as a reward to those (as virgins, martyrs, preachers, etc.) who have overcome the world, the flesh, and the devil. 2. The circle of rays, or halo of light, with which painters surround the figure and represent the glory of Christ, saints, and others held in special reverence. Note: Limited to the head, it is strictly termed a nimbus; when it envelops the whole body, an aureola. Fairholt. 3. A halo, actual or figurative. The glorious aureole of light seen around the sun during total eclipses. Proctor. The aureole of young womanhood. O. W. Holmes. 4. (Anat.) Defn: See Areola, 2. AU REVOIR Au` re*voir". [F., lit., to the seeing again.] Defn: Good-by until we meet again. AURIC Au"ric, a. Etym: [L. aurum gold.] 1. Of or pertaining to gold. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, gold; -- said of those compounds of gold in which this element has its higher valence; as, auric oxide; auric chloride. AURICHALCEOUS Au`ri*chal"ce*ous, a. Etym: [L. aurichalcum, for orichalcum brass.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Brass-colored. AURICHALCITE Au`ri*chal"cite, n. Etym: [See Aurichalceous.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous carbonate of copper and zinc, found in pale green or blue crystalline aggregations. It yields a kind of brass on reduction. AURICLE Au"ri*cle, n. Etym: [L. auricula, dim. of auris ear. See Ear.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The external ear, or that part of the ear which is prominent from the head. (b) The chamber, or one of the two chambers, of the heart, by which the blood is received and transmitted to the ventricle or ventricles; -- so called from its resemblance to the auricle or external ear of some quadrupeds. See Heart. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An angular or ear-shaped lobe. 3. An instrument applied to the ears to give aid in hearing; a kind of ear trumpet. Mansfield. AURICLED Au"ri*cled, a. Defn: Having ear-shaped appendages or lobes; auriculate; as, auricled leaves. AURICULA Au*ric"u*la, n.; pl. L. Auriculæ (, E. Auriculas (. Etym: [L. auricula. See Auricle.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A species of Primula, or primrose, called also, from the shape of its leaves, bear's-ear. (b) (b) A species of Hirneola (H. auricula), a membranaceous fungus, called also auricula Judæ, or Jew's-ear. P. Cyc. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A genus of air-breathing mollusks mostly found near the sea, where the water is brackish (b) One of the five arched processes of the shell around the jaws of a sea urchin. AURICULAR Au*ric"u*lar, a. Etym: [LL. auricularis: cf. F. auriculaire. See Auricle.] 1. Of or pertaining to the ear, or to the sense of hearing; as, auricular nerves. 2. Told in the ear, i. e., told privately; as, auricular confession to the priest. This next chapter is a penitent confession of the king, and the strangest . . . that ever was auricular. Milton. 3. Recognized by the ear; known by the sense of hearing; as, auricular evidence. "Auricular assurance." Shak. 4. Received by the ear; known by report. "Auricular traditions." Bacon. 5. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the auricles of the heart. Auricular finger, the little finger; so called because it can be readily introduced into the ear passage. AURICULARIA Au*ric`u*la"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [Neut. pl., fr. LL. auricularis.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of holothurian larva, with soft, blunt appendages. See Illustration in Appendix. AURICULARLY Au*ric"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In an auricular manner. AURICULARS Au*ric"u*lars, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: A circle of feathers surrounding the opening of the ear of birds. AURICULATE; AURICULATED Au*ric"u*late, Au*ric"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [See Auricle.] (Biol.) Defn: Having ears or appendages like ears; eared. Esp.: (a) (Bot.) Having lobes or appendages like the ear; shaped like the ear; auricled. (b) (Zoöl.) Having an angular projection on one or both sides, as in certain bivalve shells, the foot of some gastropods, etc. Auriculate leaf, one having small appended leaves or lobes on each side of its petiole or base. AURIFEROUS Au*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. aurifer; aurum gold + ferre to bear: cf. F. aurifère.] Defn: Gold-bearing; containing or producing gold. Whence many a bursting stream auriferous plays. Thomson. ~= pyrites, iron pyrites (iron disulphide), containing some gold disseminated through it. AURIFLAMME Au"ri*flamme, n. Defn: See Oriflamme. AURIFORM Au"ri*form, a. Etym: [L. auris ear + -form.] Defn: Having the form of the human ear; ear-shaped. AURIGA Au*ri"ga, n. Etym: [L., charioteer.] (Anat.) Defn: The Charioteer, or Wagoner, a constellation in the northern hemisphere, situated between Perseus and Gemini. It contains the bright star Capella. AURIGAL Au*ri"gal, a. Etym: [L. aurigalis.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a chariot. [R.] AURIGATION Au`ri*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. aurigatio, fr. aurigare to be a charioteer, fr. auriga.] Defn: The act of driving a chariot or a carriage. [R.] De Quincey. AURIGRAPHY Au*rig"ra*phy, n. Etym: [L. aurum gold + -graphy.] Defn: The art of writing with or in gold. AURILAVE Au`ri*lave, n. [L. auris ear + lavare to wash.] Defn: An instrument for cleansing the ear, consisting of a small piece of sponge on an ivory or bone handle. AURIN Au"rin, n. Etym: [L. aurum gold.] (Chem.) Defn: A red coloring matter derived from phenol; -- called also, in commerce, yellow coralin. AURIPHRYGIATE Au`ri*phryg"i*ate, a. Etym: [LL. auriphrigiatus; L. aurum gold + LL. phrygiare to adorn with Phrygian needlework, or with embroidery; perhaps corrupted from some other word. Cf. Orfrays.] Defn: Embroidered or decorated with gold. [R.] Southey. AURIPIGMENT Au`ri*pig"ment, n. Defn: See Orpiment. [Obs.] AURISCALP Au"ri*scalp, n. Etym: [L. auris ear + scalpere to scrape.] Defn: An earpick. AURISCOPE Au"ri*scope, n. Etym: [L. auris + -scope.] (Med.) Defn: An instrument for examining the condition of the ear. AURISCOPY Au*ris"co*py, n. Defn: Examination of the ear by the aid of the auriscope. AURIST Au"rist, n. Etym: [L. auris ear.] Defn: One skilled in treating and curing disorders of the ear. AURITED Au"ri*ted, a. Etym: [L. auritus, fr. auris ear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having lobes like the ear; auriculate. AURIVOROUS Au*riv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. aurum gold + vorare to devour.] Defn: Gold-devouring. [R.] H. Walpole. AUROCEPHALOUS Au`ro*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Aurum + cephalous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a gold-colored head. AUROCHLORIDE Au`ro*chlo"ride, n. Etym: [Aurum + chloride.] (Chem.) Defn: The trichloride of gold combination with the chloride of another metal, forming a double chloride; -- called also chloraurate. AUROCHS Au"rochs, n. Etym: [G. auerochs, OHG. ; (cf. AS. ) + ohso ox, G. ochs. Cf. Owre, Ox.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European bison (Bison bonasus, or Europæus), once widely distributed, but now nearly extinct, except where protected in the Lithuanian forests, and perhaps in the Caucasus. It is distinct from the Urus of Cæsar, with which it has often been confused. AUROCYANIDE Au`ro*cy"a*nide, n. Etym: [Aurum + cyanide.] (Chem.) Defn: A double cyanide of gold and some other metal or radical; -- called also cyanaurate. AURORA Au*ro"ra, n.; pl. E. Auroras (, L. (rarely used) Auroræ (. Etym: [L. aurora, for ausosa, akin to Gr. ushas, and E. east.] 1. The rising light of the morning; the dawn of day; the redness of the sky just before the sun rises. 2. The rise, dawn, or beginning. Hawthorne. 3. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The Roman personification of the dawn of day; the goddess of the morning. The poets represented her a rising out of the ocean, in a chariot, with rosy fingers dropping gentle dew. 4. (Bot.) Defn: A species of crowfoot. Johnson. 5. The aurora borealis or aurora australis (northern or southern lights). Aurora borealis (, i. e., northern daybreak; popularly called northern lights. A luminous meteoric phenomenon, visible only at night, and supposed to be of electrical origin. This species of light usually appears in streams, ascending toward the zenith from a dusky line or bank, a few degrees above the northern horizon; when reaching south beyond the zenith, it forms what is called the corona, about a spot in the heavens toward which the dipping needle points. Occasionally the aurora appears as an arch of light across the heavens from east to west. Sometimes it assumes a wavy appearance, and the streams of light are then called merry dancers. They assume a variety of colors, from a pale red or yellow to a deep red or blood color. The Aurora australis (is a corresponding phenomenon in the southern hemisphere, the streams of light ascending in the same manner from near the southern horizon. AURORAL Au*ro"ral, a. Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, the aurora (the dawn or the northern lights); rosy. Her cheeks suffused with an auroral blush. Longfellow. AUROUS Au"rous, a. 1. Containing gold. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, gold; -- said of those compounds of gold in which this element has its lower valence; as, aurous oxide. AURUM Au"rum, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Gold. Aurum fulminans (See Fulminate. -- Aurum mosaicum (See Mosaic. AUSCULT Aus*cult", v. i. & t. Defn: To auscultate. AUSCULTATE Aus"cul*tate, v. i. & t. Defn: To practice auscultation; to examine by auscultation. AUSCULTATION Aus`cul*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. ausculcatio, fr. auscultare to listen, fr. a dim. of auris, orig. ausis, ear. See Auricle, and cf. Scout, n.] 1. The act of listening or hearkening to. Hickes. 2. (Med.) Defn: An examination by listening either directly with the ear (immediate auscultation) applied to parts of the body, as the abdomen; or with the stethoscope (mediate ~), in order to distinguish sounds recognized as a sign of health or of disease. AUSCULTATOR Aus"cul*ta`tor, n. Defn: One who practices auscultation. AUSCULTATORY Aus*cul"ta*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to auscultation. Dunglison. AUSONIAN Au*so"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Ausonia, poetic name for Italy.] Defn: Italian. Milton. AUSPICATE Aus"pi*cate, a. Etym: [L. auspicatus, p. p. of auspicari to take auspices, fr. auspex a bird seer, an augur, a contr. of avispex; avis bird + specere, spicere, to view. See Aviary, Spy.] Defn: Auspicious. [Obs.] Holland. AUSPICATE Aus"pi*cate, v. t. 1. To foreshow; to foretoken. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. To give a favorable turn to in commencing; to inaugurate; -- a sense derived from the Roman practice of taking the auspicium, or inspection of birds, before undertaking any important business. They auspicate all their proceedings. Burke. AUSPICE Aus"pice, n.; pl. Auspices (. Etym: [L. auspicium, fr. auspex: cf. F. auspice. See Auspicate, a.] 1. A divining or taking of omens by observing birds; an omen as to an undertaking, drawn from birds; an augury; an omen or sign in general; an indication as to the future. 2. Protection; patronage and care; guidance. Which by his auspice they will nobler make. Dryden. Note: In this sense the word is generally plural, auspices; as, under the auspices of the king. AUSPICIAL Aus*pi"cial, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to auspices; auspicious. [R.] AUSPICIOUS Aus*pi"cious, a. Etym: [See Auspice.] 1. Having omens or tokens of a favorable issue; giving promise of success, prosperity, or happiness; predicting good; as, an auspicious beginning. Auspicious union of order and freedom. Macaulay. 2. Prosperous; fortunate; as, auspicious years. "Auspicious chief." Dryden. 3. Favoring; favorable; propitious; -- applied to persons or things. "Thy auspicious mistress." Shak. "Auspicious gales." Pope. Syn. -- See Propitious. -- Aus*pi"cious*ly, adv. -- Aus*pi"cious*ness, n. AUSTER Aus"ter, n. Etym: [L. auster a dry, hot, south wind; the south.] Defn: The south wind. Pope. AUSTERE Aus*tere", Etym: [F. austère, L. austerus, fr. Gr. Sear.] 1. Sour and astringent; rough to the state; having acerbity; as, an austere crab apple; austere wine. 2. Severe in modes of judging, or living, or acting; rigid; rigorous; stern; as, an austere man, look, life. From whom the austere Etrurian virtue rose. Dryden. 3. Unadorned; unembellished; severely simple. Syn. -- Harsh; sour; rough; rigid; stern; severe; rigorous; strict. AUSTERELY Aus*tere"ly, adv. Defn: Severely; rigidly; sternly. A doctrine austerely logical. Macaulay. AUSTERENESS Aus*tere"ness, n. 1. Harshness or astringent sourness to the taste; acerbity. Johnson. 2. Severity; strictness; austerity. Shak. AUSTERITY Aus*ter"i*ty, n.; pl. Austplwies (. Etym: [F. austérité, L. austerias, fr. austerus. See Austere.] 1. Sourness and harshness to the taste. [Obs.] Horsley. 2. Severity of manners or life; extreme rigor or strictness; harsh discipline. The austerity of John the Baptist. Milton. 3. Plainness; freedom from adornment; severe simplicity. Partly owing to the studied austerity of her dress, and partly to the lack of demonstration in her manners. Hawthorne. AUSTIN Aus"tin, a. Defn: Augustinian; as, Austin friars. AUSTRAL Aus"tral, a. Etym: [L. australis, fr. auster: cf. F. austral.] Defn: Southern; lying or being in the south; as, austral land; austral ocean. Austral signs (Astron.), the last six signs of the zodiac, or those south of the equator. AUSTRALASIAN Aus`tral*a"sian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Australasia; as, Australasian regions. -- n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Australasia. AUSTRALIAN Aus*tra"li*an, a. Etym: [From L. Terra Australis southern land.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Australia. -- n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Australia. AUSTRALIAN BALLOT Aus*tra"li*an bal"lot. (Law) Defn: A system of balloting or voting in public elections, originally used in South Australia, in which there is such an arrangement for polling votes that secrecy is compulsorily maintained, and the ballot used is an official ballot printed and distributed by the government. AUSTRALIZE Aus"tral*ize, v. i. Etym: [See Austral.] Defn: To tend toward the south pole, as a magnet. [Obs.] They [magnets] do septentrionate at one extreme, and australize at another. Sir T. Browne. AUSTRIAN Aus"tri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Austria, or to its inhabitants. -- n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Austria. AUSTRINE Aus"trine, n. Etym: [L. austrinus, from auster south.] Defn: Southern; southerly; austral. [Obs.] Bailey. AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN Aus"tro-Hun*ga"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the monarchy composed of Austria and Hungary. AUSTROMANCY Aus"tro*man`cy, n. Etym: [L. auster south wind + -mancy.] Defn: Soothsaying, or prediction of events, from observation of the winds. AUSZUG Aus"zug` (ous"tsook), n.; Ger. pl. -zÜge (-tsü`ge). [G.] Defn: See Army organization, Switzerland. AUTARCHY Au"tar*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Self-sufficiency. [Obs.] Milton. AUTHENTIC Au*then"tic, a. Etym: [OE. autentik, OF. autentique, F. authentique, L. authenticus coming from the real author, of original or firsthand authority, from Gr. sons and perh. orig. from the p. pr. of to be, root as, and meaning the one it really is. See Am, Sin, n., and cf. Effendi.] 1. Having a genuine original or authority, in opposition to that which is false, fictitious, counterfeit, or apocryphal; being what it purports to be; genuine; not of doubtful origin; real; as, an authentic paper or register. To be avenged On him who had stole Jove's authentic fire. Milton. 2. Authoritative. [Obs.] Milton. 3. Of approved authority; true; trustworthy; credible; as, an authentic writer; an authentic portrait; authentic information. 4. (Law) Defn: Vested with all due formalities, and legally attested. 5. (Mus.) Defn: Having as immediate relation to the tonic, in distinction from plagal, which has a correspondent relation to the dominant in the octave below the tonic. Syn. -- Authentic, Genuine. These words, as here compared, have reference to historical documents. We call a document genuine when it can be traced back ultimately to the author or authors from whom it professes to emanate. Hence, the word has the meaning, "not changed from the original, uncorrupted, unadulterated:" as, a genuine text. We call a document authentic when, on the ground of its being thus traced back, it may be relied on as true and authoritative (from the primary sense of "having an author, vouched for"); hence its extended signification, in general literature, of trustworthy, as resting on unquestionable authority or evidence; as, an authentic history; an authentic report of facts. A genuine book is that which was written by the person whose name it bears, as the author of it. An authentic book is that which relates matters of fact as they really happened. A book may be genuine without being, authentic, and a book may be authentic without being genuine. Bp. Watson. Note: It may be said, however, that some writers use authentic (as, an authentic document) in the sense of "produced by its professed author, not counterfeit." AUTHENTIC Au*then"tic, n. Defn: An original (book or document). [Obs.] "Authentics and transcripts." Fuller. AUTHENTICAL Au*then"tic*al, a. Defn: Authentic. [Archaic] AUTHENTICALLY Au*then"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an authentic manner; with the requisite or genuine authority. AUTHENTICALNESS Au*then*tic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being authentic; authenticity. [R.] Barrow. AUTHENTICATE Au*then"ti*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Authenticated (; p. pr. & vb. n. Authenticating ( Etym: [Cf. LL. authenticare.] 1. To render authentic; to give authority to, by the proof, attestation, or formalities required by law, or sufficient to entitle to credit. The king serves only as a notary to authenticate the choice of judges. Burke. 2. To prove authentic; to determine as real and true; as, to authenticate a portrait. Walpole. AUTHENTICITY Au`then*tic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. authenticité.] 1. The quality of being authentic or of established authority for truth and correctness. 2. Genuineness; the quality of being genuine or not corrupted from the original. Note: In later writers, especially those on the evidences of Christianity, authenticity is often restricted in its use to the first of the above meanings, and distinguished from qenuineness. AUTHENTICLY Au*then"tic*ly, adv. Defn: Authentically. AUTHENTICNESS Au*then"tic*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being authentic; authenticity. [R.] Hammond. AUTHENTICS Au*then"tics, n. (Ciwil Law) Defn: A collection of the Novels or New Constitutions of Justinian, by an anonymous author; -- so called on account of its authencity. Bouvier. AUTHOR Au"thor, n. Etym: [OE. authour, autour, OF. autor, F. auteur, fr. L. auctor, sometimes, but erroneously, written autor or author, fr. augere to increase, to produce. See Auction, n.] 1. The beginner, former, or first mover of anything; hence, the efficient cause of a thing; a creator; an originator. Eternal King; thee, Author of all being. Milton. 2. One who composes or writers a book; a composer, as distinguished from an editor, translator, or compiler. The chief glory every people arises from its authors. Johnson. 3. The editor of a periodical. [Obs.] 4. An informant. [Archaic] Chaucer. AUTHOR Au"thor, v. t. 1. To occasion; to originate. [Obs.] Such an overthrow . . . I have authored. Chapman. 2. To tell; to say; to declare. [Obs.] More of him I dare not author. Massinger. AUTHORESS Au"thor*ess, n. Defn: A female author. Glover. Note: The word is not very much used, author being commonly applied to a female writer as well as to a male. AUTHORIAL Au*tho"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an author. "The authorial Hare. AUTHORISM Au"thor*ism, n. Defn: Authoriship. [R.] AUTHORITATIVE Au*thor"i*ta*tive, a. 1. Having, or proceeding from, due authority; entitled to obedience, credit, or acceptance; determinate; commanding. The sacred functions of authoritative teaching. Barrow. 2. Having an air of authority; positive; dictatorial; peremptory; as, an authoritative tone. The mock authoritative manner of the one, and the insipid mirth of the other. Swift. -- Au*thor"i*ta*tive*ly, adv -- Au*thor"i*ta*tive*ness, n. AUTHORITY Au*thor"i*ty, n.; pl. Authorities (. Etym: [OE. autorite, auctorite, F. autorité, fr. L. auctoritas, fr. auctor. See Author, n.] 1. Legal or rightful power; a right to command or to act; power exercised buy a person in virtue of his office or trust; dominion; jurisdiction; authorization; as, the authority of a prince over subjects, and of parents over children; the authority of a court. Thus can the demigod, Authority, Make us pay down for our offense. Shak. By what authority doest thou these things Matt. xxi. 23. 2. Government; the persons or the body exercising power or command; as, the local authorities of the States; the military authorities. [Chiefly in the plural.] 3. The power derived from opinion, respect, or esteem; influence of character, office, or station, or mental or moral superiority, and the like; claim to be believed or obeyed; as, an historian of no authority; a magistrate of great authority. 4. That which, or one who, is claimed or appealed to in support of opinions, actions, measures, etc. Hence: (a) Testimony; witness. "And on that high authority had believed." Milton. (b) A precedent; a decision of a court, an official declaration, or an opinion, saying, or statement worthy to be taken as a precedent. (c) A book containing such a statement or opinion, or the author of the book. (d) Justification; warrant. Wilt thou be glass wherein it shall discern Authority for sin, warrant for blame. Shak. AUTHORIZABLE Au"thor*i`za*ble, a. Etym: [LL. authorisabilis.] Defn: Capable of being authorized. Hammond. AUTHORIZATION Au`thor*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. autorisation.] Defn: The act of giving authority or legal power; establishment by authority; sanction or warrant. The authorization of laws. Motley. A special authorization from the chief. Merivale. AUTHORIZE Au"thor*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Authorized (; p. pr. & vb. n. Authorizing.] Etym: [OE. autorize, F. autoriser, fr. LL. auctorizare, authorisare. See Author.] 1. To clothe with authority, warrant, or legal power; to give a right to act; to empower; as, to authorize commissioners to settle a boundary. 2. To make legal; to give legal sanction to; to legalize; as, to authorize a marriage. 3. To establish by authority, as by usage or public opinion; to sanction; as, idioms authorized by usage. 4. To sanction or confirm by the authority of some one; to warrant; as, to authorize a report. A woman's story at a winter's fire, Authorized by her grandam. Shak. 5. To justify; to furnish a ground for. Locke. AUTHORIZED Au"thor*ized, a. 1. Possessed of or endowed with authority; as, an authorized agent. 2. Sanctioned by authority. The Authorized Version of the Bible is the English translation of the Bible published in 1611 under sanction of King James I. It was "appointed to be read in churches," and has been the accepted English Bible. The Revised Version was published in a complete form in 1855. AUTHORIZE ONE'S SELF To authorize one's self Defn: , to rely for authority. [Obs.] Authorizing himself, for the most part, upon other histories. Sir P. Sidney. AUTHORIZER Au"thor*i`zer, n. Defn: One who authorizes. AUTHORLESS Au"thor*less, a. Defn: Without an author; without authority; anonymous. AUTHORLY Au"thor*ly, a. Defn: Authorial. [R.] Cowper. AUTHORSHIP Au"thor*ship, n. 1. The quality or state of being an author; function or dignity of an author. 2. Source; origin; origination; as, the authorship of a book or review, or of an act, or state of affairs. AUTHOTYPE Au"tho*type, n. Defn: A type or block containing a facsimile of an autograph. Knight. AUTO- Au"to- (. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form, with the meaning of self, one's self, one's own, itself, its own. AUTOBIOGRAPHER Au`to*bi*og"ra*pher, n. Etym: [Auto- + biographer.] Defn: One who writers his own life or biography. AUTOBIOGRAPHIC; AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL Au`to*bi`o*graph"ic, Au`to*bi`o*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, autobiography; as, an autobiographical sketch. "Such traits of the autobiographic sort." Carlyle. -- Au`to*bi`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. AUTOBIOGRAPHIST Au`to*bi*og"ra*phist, n. Defn: One who writes his own life; an autobiographer. [R.] AUTOBIOGRAPHY Au`to*bi*og"ra*phy, n.; pl. Autobiographies (. Etym: [Auto- + biography.] Defn: A biography written by the subject of it; memoirs of one's life written by one's self. AUTOCARPOUS; AUTOCARPIAN Au`to*car"pous, Au`to*car"pi*an, a. Etym: [Auto- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Consisting of the pericarp of the ripened pericarp with no other parts adnate to it, as a peach, a poppy capsule, or a grape. AUTOCATALYSIS Au`to*ca*tal"y*sis, n. [Auto-+ catalysis.] (Chem.) Defn: Self-catalysis; catalysis of a substance by one of its own products, as of silver oxide by the silver formed by reduction of a small portion of it. -- Au`to*cat`a*lyt"ic (#), a. AUTOCEPHALOUS Au`to*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: Having its own head; independent of episcopal or patriarchal jurisdiction, as certain Greek churches. AUTOCHRONOGRAPH Au`to*chron"o*graph, n. Etym: [Auto- + chronograph.] Defn: An instrument for the instantaneous self-recording or printing of time. Knight. AUTOCHTHON Au*toch"thon, n.; pl. E. Authochthons (, L. Autochthones (. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. One who is supposed to rise or spring from the ground or the soil he inhabits; one of the original inhabitants or aborigines; a native; -- commonly in the plural. This title was assumed by the ancient Greeks, particularly the Athenians. 2. That which is original to a particular country, or which had there its origin. AUTOCHTHONAL; AUTHOCHTHONIC; AUTOCHTHONOUS Au*toch"tho*nal, Au`thoch*thon"ic, Au*toch"tho*nous, a. Defn: Aboriginal; indigenous; native. AUTOCHTHONISM Au*toch"tho*nism, n. Defn: The state of being autochthonal. AUTOCHTHONY Au*toch"tho*ny, n. Defn: An aboriginal or autochthonous condition. AUTOCLASTIC Au`to*clas"tic, a. [See Auto-; Clastic.] (Geol.) Defn: Broken in place; -- said of rocks having a broken or brecciated structure due to crushing, in contrast to those of brecciated materials brought from a distance. AUTOCLAVE Au"to*clave, n. Etym: [F., fr. Gr. clavis key.] Defn: A kind of French stewpan with a steamtight lid. Knight. AUTOCOHERER Au`to*co*her"er, n. [Auto- + coherer.] (Wireless Teleg.) Defn: A self-restoring coherer, as a microphonic detector. AUTOCRACY Au*toc"ra*cy, n.; pl. Autocracies. Etym: [Gr. autocratie. See Autocrat.] 1. Independent or self-derived power; absolute or controlling authority; supremacy. The divine will moves, not by the external impulse or inclination of objects, but determines itself by an absolute autocracy. South. 2. Supreme, uncontrolled, unlimited authority, or right of governing in a single person, as of an autocrat. 3. Political independence or absolute sovereignty (of a state); autonomy. Barlow. 4. (Med.) Defn: The action of the vital principle, or of the instinctive powers, toward the preservation of the individual; also, the vital principle. [In this sense, written also autocrasy.] Dunglison. AUTOCRAT Au"to*crat, n. Etym: [Gr. autocrate. See Hard, a.] 1. An absolute sovereign; a monarch who holds and exercises the powers of government by claim of absolute right, not subject to restriction; as, Autocrat of all the Russias (a title of the Czar). 2. One who rules with undisputed sway in any company or relation; a despot. The autocrat of the breakfast table. Holmes. AUTOCRATIC; AUTOCRATICAL Au`to*crat"ic, Au`to*crat"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to autocracy or to an autocrat; absolute; holding independent and arbitrary powers of government. -- Au`to*crat"ic*al*ly, adv. AUTOCRATOR Au*toc"ra*tor, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An autocrat. [Archaic] AUTOCRATORICAL Au`to*cra*tor"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to an autocrator; absolute. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. AUTOCRATRIX Au*toc"ra*trix, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A female sovereign who is independent and absolute; -- a title given to the empresses of Russia. AUTOCRATSHIP Au"to*crat*ship, n. Defn: The office or dignity of an autocrat. AUTO-DA-FE Au"to-da-fé", n.; pl. Autos-da-fé (. Etym: [Pg., act of the faith; auto act, fr. L. actus + da of the + fé faith, fr. L. fides.] 1. A judgment of the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal condemning or acquitting persons accused of religious offenses. 2. An execution of such sentence, by the civil power, esp. the burning of a heretic. It was usually held on Sunday, and was made a great public solemnity by impressive forms and ceremonies. 3. A session of the court of Inquisition. AUTO-DE-FE Au"to-de-fe", n.; pl. Autos-de-fe. Etym: [Sp., act of faith.] Defn: Same as Auto-da-fé. AUTODIDACT Au"to*di*dact`, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who is self-taught; an automath. AUTODYNAMIC Au`to*dy*nam"ic, a. Etym: [Auto- + dynamic.] Defn: Supplying its own power; -- applied to an instrument of the nature of a water-ram. AUTOECIOUS Au*to"cious, a. [Auto-+ Gr. house.] (Biol.) Defn: Passing through all its stages on one host, as certain parasitic fungi; -- contrasted with heterocious. AUTOECISM Au*to"cism, n. Defn: Quality of being autocious. AUTOFECUNDATION Au`to*fec`un*da"tion, n. Etym: [Auto- + fecundation.] (Biol.) Defn: Self-impregnation. Darwin. AUTOGAMOUS Au*tog"a*mous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Characterized by autogamy; self-fertilized. AUTOGAMY Au*tog"a*my, n. Etym: [Auto- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Self-fertilization, the fertilizing pollen being derived from the same blossom as the pistil acted upon. AUTOGENEAL Au`to*ge"ne*al, a. Defn: Self-produced; autogenous. AUTOGENESIS Au`to*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Auto- + genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: Spontaneous generation. AUTOGENETIC Au`to*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to autogenesis; self-generated. AUTOGENETIC DRAINAGE Autogenetic drainage. (Phys. Geog.) Defn: A system of natural drainage developed by the constituent streams through headwater erosion. AUTOGENETIC TOPOGRAPHY Autogenetic topography. (Phys. Geog.) Defn: A system of land forms produced by the free action of rain and streams on rocks of uniform texture. AUTOGENOUS Au*tog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Biol.) Defn: Self-generated; produced independently. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Developed from an independent center of ossification. Owen. Autogenous soldering, the junction by fusion of the joining edges of metals without the intervention of solder. AUTOGENOUSLY Au*tog"e*nous*ly, adv. Defn: In an autogenous manner; spontaneously. AUTOGRAPH Au"to*graph, n. Etym: [F. autographe, fr. Gr. Defn: That which is written with one's own hand; an original manuscript; a person's own signature or handwriting. AUTOGRAPH Au"to*graph, a. Defn: In one's own handwriting; as, an autograph letter; an autograph will. AUTOGRAPHAL Au*tog"ra*phal, a. Defn: Autographic. [Obs.] AUTOGRAPHIC; AUTOGRAPHICAL Au`to*graph"ic, Au`to*graph"ic*al, a. 1. Pertaining to an autograph, or one's own handwriting; of the nature of an autograph. 2. Pertaining to, or used in, the process of autography; as, autographic ink, paper, or press. AUTOGRAPHY Au*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. autographie.] 1. The science of autographs; a person's own handwriting; an autograph. 2. A process in lithography by which a writing or drawing is transferred from paper to stone. Ure. AUTOHARP Au"to*harp, n. [Auto- + harp.] Defn: A zitherlike musical instrument, provided with dampers which, when depressed, deaden some strings, leaving free others that form a chord. AUTOHYPNOTIC Au`to*hyp*not"ic, a. Defn: Pert. to autohypnotism; self-hypnotizing. -- n. Defn: An autohypnotic person. AUTOHYPNOTISM Au`to*hyp"no*tism, n. [Auto-+ hypnotism.] Defn: Hypnotism of one's self by concentration of the attention on some object or idea. AUTO-INFECTION Au`to-in*fec"tion, n. [Auto- + infection.] (Med.) Defn: Poisoning caused by a virus that originates and develops in the organism itself. AUTO-INOCULATION Au`to-in*oc`u*la"tion, n. [Auto-+ inoculation.] (Med.) Defn: Inoculation of a person with virus from his own body. AUTO-INTOXICATION Au`to-in*tox`i*ca"tion, n. [Auto-+ intoxication.] (Med.) Defn: Poisoning, or the state of being poisoned, from toxic substances produced within the body; autotoxæmia. AUTOKINESIS Au`to*ki*ne"sis, n. [NL.; auto-+ Gr. motion.] (Physiol.) Defn: Spontaneous or voluntary movement; movement due to an internal cause. AUTOKINETIC Au`to*ki*net"ic, a. [Auto- + kinetic.] Defn: Self-moving; moving automatically. AUTOKINETIC SYSTEM Autokinetic system. Defn: In fire-alarm telegraphy, a system so arranged that when one alarm is being transmitted, no other alarm, sent in from another point, will be transmitted until after the first alarm has been disposed of. AUTOLATRY Au*tol"a*try, n. Etym: [Auto- + Gr. Defn: Self-worship. Farrar. AUTOMATH Au"to*math, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who is self-taught. [R.] Young. AUTOMATIC; AUTOMATICAL Au`to*mat"ic, Au`to*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. automatique. See Automaton.] 1. Having an inherent power of action or motion. Nothing can be said to be automatic. Sir H. Davy. 2. Pertaining to, or produced by, an automaton; of the nature of an automaton; self-acting or self-regulating under fixed conditions; -- esp. applied to machinery or devices in which certain things formerly or usually done by hand are done by the machine or device itself; as, the automatic feed of a lathe; automatic gas lighting; an automatic engine or switch; an automatic mouse. 3. Not voluntary; not depending on the will; mechanical; as, automatic movements or functions. Unconscious or automatic reasoning. H. Spenser. Automatic arts, such economic arts or manufacture as are carried on by self-acting machinery. Ure. AUTOMATICALLY Au`to*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an automatic manner. AUTOMATISM Au*tom"a*tism, n. Defn: The state or quality of being automatic; the power of self- moving; automatic, mechanical, or involuntary action. (Metaph.) A theory as to the activity of matter. AUTOMATON Au*tom"a*ton, n.; pl. L. Automata (, E. Automatons (. Etym: [L. fr. Gr. ma, man, to strive, think, cf. Mean, v. i.] 1. Any thing or being regarded as having the power of spontaneous motion or action. Huxley. So great and admirable an automaton as the world. Boyle. These living automata, human bodies. Boyle. 2. A self-moving machine, or one which has its motive power within itself; -- applied chiefly to machines which appear to imitate spontaneously the motions of living beings, such as men, birds, etc. AUTOMATOUS Au*tom"a*tous, a. Etym: [L. automatus, Gr. Automaton.] Defn: Automatic. [Obs.] "Automatous organs." Sir T. Browne. AUTOMIXTE SYSTEM Au`to*mixte" system. (Mach.) Defn: A system (devised by Henri Pieper, a Belgian) of driving automobiles employing a gasoline engine and an auxiliary reversible dynamo. When there is an excess of power the dynamo is driven by the engine so as to charge a small storage battery; when there is a deficiency of power the dynamo reverses and acts as an auxiliary motor. Sometimes called Pieper system. -- Automixte car, etc. AUTOMOBILE Au`to*mo"bile, n. [F.] Defn: An automobile vehicle or mechanism; esp., a self-propelled vehicle suitable for use on a street or roadway. Automobiles are usually propelled by internal combustion engines (using volatile inflammable liquids, as gasoline or petrol, alcohol, naphtha, etc.), steam engines, or electric motors. The power of the driving motor varies from about 4 to 50 H. P. for ordinary vehicles, ranging from the run-about to the touring car, up to as high as 200 H. P. for specially built racing cars. Automobiles are also commonly, and generally in British usage, called motor cars. AUTOMOBILISM Au`to*mo"bil*ism, n. Defn: The use of automobiles, or the practices, methods, or the like, of those who use them. -- Au`to*mo"bil*ist, n. AUTOMORPHIC Au`to*mor"phic, a. Etym: [Auto- + Gr. Defn: Patterned after one's self. The conception which any one frames of another's mind is more or less after the pattern of his own mind, -- is automorphic. H. Spenser. AUTOMORPHISM Au`to*mor"phism, n. Defn: Automorphic characterization. H. Spenser. AUTONOMASY Au`to*nom"a*sy, n. Etym: [Auto- + Gr. antonomasia.] (Rhet.) Defn: The use of a word of common or general signification for the name of a particular thing; as, "He has gone to town," for, "He has gone to London." AUTONOMIC Au`to*nom"ic, a. Defn: Having the power of self-government; autonomous. Hickok. AUTONOMIST Au"to"no*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. automiste. See Autonomy.] Defn: One who advocates autonomy. AUTONOMOUS Au*ton"o*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Independent in government; having the right or power of self- government. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Having independent existence or laws. AUTONOMY Au*ton"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. autonomie. See Autonomous.] 1. The power or right of self-government; self-government, or political independence, of a city or a state. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: The sovereignty of reason in the sphere of morals; or man's power, as possessed of reason, to give law to himself. In this, according to Kant, consist the true nature and only possible proof of liberty. Fleming. AUTOPATHIC Au`to*path"ic, a. [See Auto-, and Pathic, a.] (Med.) Defn: Dependent upon, or due or relating to, the structure and characteristics of the diseased organism; endopathic; as, an autopathic disease; an autopathic theory of diseases. AUTOPHAGI Au*toph"a*gi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Birds which are able to run about and obtain their own food as soon as hatched. AUTOPHAGY Au*toph"a*gy, n. [Gr. self + to eat.] (Med.) Defn: The feeding of the body upon itself, as in fasting; nutrition by consumption of one's own tissues. AUTOPHOBY Au*toph"o*by, n. Etym: [Auto- + Gr. Defn: Fear of one's self; fear of being egotistical. [R.] Hare. AUTOPHONY Au*toph"o*ny, n. Etym: [Auto- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: An auscultatory process, which consists in noting the tone of the observer's own voice, while he speaks, holding his head close to the patient's chest. Dunglison. AUTOPLASTIC Au`to*plas"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to autoplasty. AUTOPLASTY Au"to*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Auto- + -plasty.] (Surg.) Defn: The process of artificially repairing lesions by taking a piece of healthy tissue, as from a neighboring part, to supply the deficiency caused by disease or wounds. AUTOPNEUMATIC Au`to*pneu*mat"ic, a. [Auto-+ pneumatic.] Defn: Acting or moving automatically by means of compressed air. AUTOPSIC; AUTOPSICAL Au*top"sic, Au*top"sic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to autopsy; autoptical. [Obs.] AUTOPSORIN Au*top"so*rin, n. Etym: [Auto- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: That which is given under the doctrine of administering a patient's own virus. AUTOPSY Au"top*sy, n. Etym: [Gr. autopsie. See Optic, a.] 1. Personal observation or examination; seeing with one's own eyes; ocular view. By autopsy and experiment. Cudworth. 2. (Med.) Defn: Dissection of a dead body, for the purpose of ascertaining the cause, seat, or nature of a disease; a post-mortem examination. AUTOPTIC; AUTOPTICAL Au*top"tic, Au*top"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. autoptique.] Defn: Seen with one's own eyes; belonging to, or connected with, personal observation; as, autoptic testimony or experience. AUTOPTICALLY Au*top"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By means of ocular view, or one's own observation. Sir T. Browne. AUTOSCHEDIASTIC; AUTOSCHEDIASTICAL Au`to*sche`di*as"tic, Au`to*sche`di*as"tic*al, a. Etym: [Auto- + Gr. Schediasm.] Defn: Extemporary; offhand. [R.] Dean Martin. AUTOSTABILITY Au`to*sta*bil"i*ty, n. [Auto-+ stability.] (Mechanics) Defn: Automatic stability; also, inherent stability. An aëroplane is inherently stable if it keeps in steady poise by virtue of its shape and proportions alone; it is automatically stable if it keeps in steady poise by means of self-operative mechanism. AUTOSTYLIC Au`to*styl"ic, a. Etym: [Auto- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the mandibular arch articulated directly to the cranium, as in the skulls of the Amphibia. AUTOSUGGESTION Au`to*sug*ges"tion, n. [Auto-+ suggestion.] (Med.) Defn: Self-suggestion as distinguished from suggestion coming from another, esp. in hypnotism. Autosuggestion is characteristic of certain mental conditions in which expectant belief tends to produce disturbance of function of one or more organs. AUTOTHEISM Au"to*the`ism, n. Etym: [Auto- + theism.] 1. The doctrine of God's self-existence. [R.] 2. Deification of one's self; self-worship. [R.] AUTOTHEIST Au"to*the`ist, n. Defn: One given to self-worship. [R.] AUTOTOXAEMIA; AUTOTOXEMIA Au`to*tox*æ"mi*a, Au`to*tox*e"mi*a, n. [NL. See Auto-, and Toxæmia.] (Physiol.) Defn: Self-intoxication. See Auto-intoxication. AUTOTOXIC Au`to*tox"ic, a. [Auto- + toxic.] (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to, or causing, autotoxæmia. AUTOTOXICATION Au`to*tox`i*ca"tion, n. [Auto-+ toxication.] (Physiol.) Defn: Same as Auto-intoxication. AUTOTRANSFORMER Au`to*trans*form"er, n. [Auto-+ transformer.] (Elec.) Defn: A transformer in which part of the primary winding is used as a secondary winding, or vice versa; -- called also a compensator or balancing coil. AUTOTROPHIC Au`to*troph"ic, a. [Auto- + trophic.] (Plant Physiol.) Defn: Capable of self-nourishment; -- said of all plants in which photosynthetic activity takes place, as opposed to parasitism or saprophytism. AUTOTROPISM Au*tot"ro*pism, n. [Auto- + Gr. to turn.] (Plant Physiol.) Defn: The tendency of plant organs to grow in a straight line when uninfluenced by external stimuli. AUTOTYPE Au"to*type, n. Etym: [Auto- + -type: cf. F. autotype.] 1. A facsimile. 2. A photographic picture produced in sensitized pigmented gelatin by exposure to light under a negative; and subsequent washing out of the soluble parts; a kind of picture in ink from a gelatin plate. AUTOTYPOGRAPHY Au`to*ty*pog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Auto- + typography.] Defn: A process resembling "nature printing," by which drawings executed on gelatin are impressed into a soft metal plate, from which the printing is done as from copperplate. AUTOTYPY Au*tot"y*py, n. Defn: The art or process of making autotypes. AUTUMN Au"tumn, n. Etym: [L. auctumnus, autumnus, perh. fr. a root av to satisfy one's self: cf. F. automne. See Avarice.] 1. The third season of the year, or the season between summer and winter, often called "the fall." Astronomically, it begins in the northern temperate zone at the autumnal equinox, about September 23, and ends at the winter solstice, about December 23; but in popular language, autumn, in America, comprises September, October, and November. Note: In England, according to Johnson, autumn popularly comprises August, September, and October. In the southern hemisphere, the autumn corresponds to our spring. 2. The harvest or fruits of autumn. Milton. 3. The time of maturity or decline; latter portion; third stage. Dr. Preston was now entering into the autumn of the duke's favor. Fuller. Life's autumn past, I stand on winter's verge. Wordsworth. AUTUMNAL Au*tum"nal, a. Etym: [L. auctumnalis, autumnalis: cf. F. automnal.] 1. Of, belonging to, or peculiar to, autumn; as, an autumnal tint; produced or gathered in autumn; as, autumnal fruits; flowering in autumn; as, an autumnal plant. Thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks In Vallombrosa. Milton. 2. Past the middle of life; in the third stage. An autumnal matron. Hawthorne. Autumnal equinox, the time when the sun crosses the equator, as it proceeds southward, or when it passes the ~ point. -- ~= point, the point of the equator intersected by the ecliptic, as the sun proceeds southward; the first point of Libra. -- ~= signs, the signs Libra, Scorpio, and Sagittarius, through which the sun passes between the ~ equinox and winter solstice. AUTUNITE Au"tun*ite, n. [From Autun, France, its locality.] (Min.) Defn: A lemon-yellow phosphate of uranium and calcium occurring in tabular crystals with basal cleavage, and in micalike scales. H., 2- 2.5. Sp. gr., 3.05-3.19. AUXANOMETER Aux`a*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: An instrument to measure the growth of plants. Goodale. AUXESIS Aux*e"sis, n. Etym: [NL., Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which a grave and magnificent word is put for the proper word; amplification; hyperbole. AUXETIC Aux*et"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, auxesis; amplifying. AUXETOPHONE Aux*e"to*phone, n. [Gr. that may be increased + sound, voice.] Defn: A pneumatic reproducer for a phonograph, controlled by the recording stylus on the principle of the relay. It produces much clearer and louder tones than does the ordinary vibrating disk reproducer. AUXILIAR Aux*il"iar, a. Etym: [L. auxiliaris: cf. F. auxiliaire. See Auxiliary.] Defn: Auxiliary. [Archaic] The auxiliar troops and Trojan hosts appear. Pope. AUXILIAR Aux*il"iar, n. Defn: An auxiliary. [Archaic] Milton. AUXILIARLY Aux*il"iar*ly, adv. Defn: By way of help. Harris. AUXILIARY Aux*il"ia*ry, a. Etym: [L. auxiliarius, fr. auxilium help, aid, fr. augere to increase.] Defn: Conferring aid or help; helping; aiding; assisting; subsidiary; as auxiliary troops. Auxiliary scales (Mus.), the scales of relative or attendant keys. See under Attendant, a. -- Auxiliary verbs (Gram.). See Auxiliary, n., 3. AUXILIARY Aux*il"ia*ry, n.; pl. Auxiliaries (. 1. A helper; an assistant; a confederate in some action or enterprise. 2. (Mil.) pl. Defn: Foreign troops in the service of a nation at war; (rarely in sing.), a member of the allied or subsidiary force. 3. (Gram.) Defn: A verb which helps to form the voices, modes, and tenses of other verbs; -- called, also, an auxiliary verb; as, have, be, may, can, do, must, shall, and will, in English; être and avoir, in French; avere and essere, in Italian; estar and haber, in Spanish. 4. (Math.) Defn: A quantity introduced for the purpose of simplifying or facilitating some operation, as in equations or trigonometrical formulæ. Math. Dict. AUXILIATORY Aux*il"ia*to*ry, a. Defn: Auxiliary; helping. [Obs.] AUXOMETER Aux*om"e*ter, n. [Gr. to increase + -meter.] (Optics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the magnifying power of a lens or system of lenses. AVA A"va, n. Defn: Same as Kava. Johnston. AVADAVAT Av`a*da*vat", n. Defn: Same as Amadavat. AVAIL A*vail", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Availed (p. pr. & vb. n. Availing.] Etym: [OE. availen, fr. F. ad) + valoir to be worth, fr. L. valere to be strong, to be worth. See Valiant.] 1. To turn to the advantage of; to be of service to; to profit; to benefit; to help; as, artifices will not avail the sinner in the day of judgment. O, what avails me now that honor high ! Milton. 2. To promote; to assist. [Obs.] Pope. To avail one's self of, to make use of; take advantage of. Then shall they seek to avail themselves of names. Milton. I have availed myself of the very first opportunity. Dickens. AVAIL A*vail", v. i. Defn: To be of use or advantage; to answer the purpose; to have strength, force, or efficacy sufficient to accomplish the object; as, the plea in bar must avail, that is, be sufficient to defeat the suit; this scheme will not avail; medicines will not avail to check the disease. "What signs avail " Milton. Words avail very little with me, young man. Sir W. Scott. AVAIL A*vail", n. 1. Profit; advantage toward success; benefit; value; as, labor, without economy, is of little avail. The avail of a deathbed repentance. Jer. Taylor. 2. pl. Defn: Proceeds; as, the avails of a sale by auction. The avails of their own industry. Stoddard. Syn. -- Use; benefit; utility; profit; service. AVAIL A*vail", v. t. & i. Defn: See Avale, v. [Obs.] Spenser. AVAILABILITY A*vail`a*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Availabilities (. 1. The quality of being available; availableness. Note: The word is sometimes used derogatively in the sense of "mere availableness," or capability of success without regard to worthiness. He was . . . nominated for his availability. Lowell. 2. That which is available. AVAILABLE A*vail"a*ble, a. 1. Having sufficient power, force, or efficacy, for the object; effectual; valid; as, an available plea. [Obs.] Laws human are available by consent. Hooker. 2. Such as one may avail one's self of; capable of being used for the accomplishment of a purpose; usable; profitable; advantageous; convertible into a resource; as, an available measure; an available candidate. Struggling to redeem, as he did, the available months and days out of so many that were unavailable. Carlyle. Having no available funds with which to pay the calls on new shares. H. Spenser. AVAILABLENESS A*vail"a*ble*ness, n. 1. Competent power; validity; efficacy; as, the availableness of a title. [Obs.] 2. Quality of being available; capability of being used for the purpose intended. Sir M. Hale. AVAILABLY A*vail"a*bly, adv. Defn: In an available manner; profitably; advantageously; efficaciously. AVAILMENT A*vail"ment, n. Defn: Profit; advantage. [Obs.] AVALANCHE Av"a*lanche`, n. Etym: [F. avalanche, fr. avaler to descend, to let down, from aval down, downward; ad) + val, L. vallis, valley. See Valley.] 1. A large mass or body of snow and ice sliding swiftly down a mountain side, or falling down a precipice. 2. A fall of earth, rocks, etc., similar to that of an avalanche of snow or ice. 3. A sudden, great, or irresistible descent or influx of anything. AVALE A*vale", v. t. & i. Etym: [F. avaler to descend, to let down. See Avalanche.] 1. To cause to descend; to lower; to let fall; to doff. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To bring low; to abase. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 3. (v. i.) Defn: To descend; to fall; to dismount. [Obs.] And from their sweaty courses did avale. Spenser. AVANT A*vant", n. Etym: [For avant-guard. Cf. Avaunt, Van.] Defn: The front of an army. [Obs.] See Van. AVANT-COURIER A*vant"-cou`ri*er, n. Etym: [F., fr. avant before + courrier. See Avaunt, and Courier.] Defn: A person dispatched before another person or company, to give notice of his or their approach. AVANT-GUARD A*vant"-guard` (; sq. root277), n. Etym: [F. avant before + E. guard, F. avant-garde. See Avaunt.] Defn: The van or advanced body of an army. See Vanguard. AVARICE Av"a*rice, n. Etym: [F. avaritia, fr. avarus avaricious, prob. fr. av to covert, fr. a root av to satiate one's self: cf. Gr. av to satiate one's self, rejoice, protect.] 1. An excessive or inordinate desire of gain; greediness after wealth; covetousness; cupidity. To desire money for its own sake, and in order to hoard it up, is avarice. Beattie. 2. An inordinate desire for some supposed good. All are taught an avarice of praise. Goldsmith. AVARICIOUS Av`a*ri"cious, a. Etym: [Cf. F. avaricieux.] Defn: Actuated by avarice; greedy of gain; immoderately desirous of accumulating property. Syn. -- Greedy; stingy; rapacious; griping; sordid; close. -- Avaricious, Covetous, Parsimonious, Penurious, Miserly, Niggardly. The avaricious eagerly grasp after it at the expense of others, though not of necessity with a design to save, since a man may be covetous and yet a spendthrift. The penurious, parsimonious, and miserly save money by disgraceful self-denial, and the niggardly by meanness in their dealing with others. We speak of persons as covetous in getting, avaricious in retaining, parsimonious in expending, penurious or miserly in modes of living, niggardly in dispensing. -- Av`a*ri"cious*ly, adv -- Av`a*ri"cious*ness, n. AVAROUS Av"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. avarus.] Defn: Avaricious. [Obs.] AVAST A*vast", interj. Etym: [Corrupted from D. houd vast hold fast. See Hold, v. t., and Fast, a.] (Naut.) Defn: Cease; stop; stay. "Avast heaving." Totten. AVATAR Av`a*tar", n. Etym: [Skr. avatâra descent; ava from + root t to cross, pass over.] 1. (Hindoo Myth.) Defn: The descent of a deity to earth, and his incarnation as a man or an animal; -- chiefly associated with the incarnations of Vishnu. 2. Incarnation; manifestation as an object of worship or admiration. AVAUNCE A*vaunce", v. t. & i. Etym: [See Advance.] Defn: To advance; to profit. Chaucer. AVAUNT A*vaunt", interj. Etym: [F. avant forward, fr. L. ab + ante before. Cf. Avant, Advance.] Defn: Begone; depart; -- a word of contempt or abhorrence, equivalent to the phrase "Get thee gone." AVAUNT A*vaunt", v. t. & i. 1. To advance; to move forward; to elevate. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To depart; to move away. [Obs.] Coverdale. AVAUNT A*vaunt", v. t. & i. Etym: [OF. avanter; (L. ad) + vanter. See Vaunt.] Defn: To vaunt; to boast. [Obs.] Chaucer. AVAUNT A*vaunt", n. Defn: A vaunt; to boast. [Obs.] Chaucer. AVAUNTOUR A*vaunt"our, n. Etym: [OF. avanteur.] Defn: A boaster. [Obs.] Chaucer. AVE A"ve, n. Etym: [L., hail.] 1. An ave Maria. He repeated Aves and Credos. Macaulay. 2. A reverential salutation. Their loud applause and aves vehement. Shak. AVEL A*vel, v. t. Etym: [L. avellere.] Defn: To pull away. [Obs.] Yet are not these parts avelled. Sir T. Browne. AVELLANE A*vel"lane, a. Etym: [Cf. It. avellana a filbert, fr. L. Avella or Abella a city of Campania.] (Her.) Defn: In the form of four unhusked filberts; as, an avellane cross. AVE MARIA; AVE MARY A"ve Ma*ri"a, A"ve Ma"ry.Etym: [From the first words of the Roman Catholic prayer to the Virgin Mary; L. ave hail, Maria Mary.] 1. A salutation and prayer to the Virgin Mary, as mother of God; -- used in the Roman Catholic church. To number Ave Maries on his beads. Shak. 2. A particular time (as in Italy, at the ringing of the bells about half an hour after sunset, and also at early dawn), when the people repeat the Ave Maria. Ave Maria ! blessed be the hour ! Byron. AVENA A*ve"na, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of grasses, including the common oat (Avena sativa); the oat grasses. AVENACEOUS Av`e*na"ceous, a. Etym: [L. avenaceus, fr. avena oats.] Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, oats or the oat grasses. AVENAGE Av"e*nage, n. Etym: [F. avenage, fr. L. avena oats.] (Old Law) Defn: A quantity of oats paid by a tenant to a landlord in lieu of rent. Jacob. AVENALIN A*ven"a*lin, n. [L. avena eats.] (Chem.) Defn: A crystalline globulin, contained in oat kernels, very similar in composition to excelsin, but different in reactions and crystalline form. AVENER Av"e*ner, n. Etym: [OF. avenier, fr. aveine, avaine, avoine, oats, F. avoine, L. avena.] (Feud. Law) Defn: An officer of the king's stables whose duty it was to provide oats for the horses. [Obs.] AVENGE A*venge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avenged (p. pr. & vb. n. Avenging ( Etym: [OF. avengier; L. ad + vindicare to lay claim to, to avenge, revenge. See Vengeance.] 1. To take vengeance for; to exact satisfaction for by punishing the injuring party; to vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on a wrongdoer. He will avenge the blood of his servants. Deut. xxxii. 43. Avenge, O Lord, thy slaughtered saints, whose bones Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold. Milton. He had avenged himself on them by havoc such as England had never before seen. Macaulay. 2. To treat revengefully; to wreak vengeance on. [Obs.] Thy judgment in avenging thine enemies. Bp. Hall. Syn. -- To Avenge, Revenge. To avenge is to inflict punishment upon evil doers in behalf of ourselves, or others for whom we act; as, to avenge one's wrongs; to avenge the injuries of the suffering and innocent. It is to inflict pain for the sake of vindication, or retributive justice. To revenge is to inflict pain or injury for the indulgence of resentful and malicious feelings. The former may at times be a duty; the latter is one of the worst exhibitions of human character. I avenge myself upon another, or I avenge another, or I avenge a wrong. I revenge only myself, and that upon another. C. J. Smith. AVENGE A*venge", v. i. Defn: To take vengeance. Levit. xix. 18. AVENGE A*venge", n. Defn: Vengeance; revenge. [Obs.] Spenser. AVENGEANCE A*venge"ance, n. Defn: Vengeance. [Obs.] AVENGEFUL A*venge"ful, a. Defn: Vengeful. [Obs.] Spenser. AVENGEMENT A*venge"ment, n. Defn: The inflicting of retributive punishment; satisfaction taken. [R.] Milton. AVENGER A*ven"ger, n. 1. One who avenges or vindicates; as, an avenger of blood. 2. One who takes vengeance. [Obs.] Milton. AVENGERESS A*ven"ger*ess, n. Defn: A female avenger. [Obs.] Spenser. AVENIOUS A*ve"ni*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. a- + L. vena a vein.] (Bot.) Defn: Being without veins or nerves, as the leaves of certain plants. AVENOR Av"e*nor, n. Defn: See Avener. [Obs.] AVENS Av"ens, n. Etym: [OF. avence.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Geum, esp. Geum urbanum, or herb bennet. AVENTAIL Av"en*tail, n. Etym: [OF. esventail. Cf. Ventail.] Defn: The movable front to a helmet; the ventail. AVENTINE Av"en*tine, a. Defn: Pertaining to Mons Aventinus, one of the seven hills on which Rome stood. Bryant. AVENTINE Av"en*tine, n. Defn: A post of security or defense. [Poetic] Into the castle's tower, The only Aventine that now is left him. Beau. & Fl. AVENTRE A*ven"tre, v. t. Defn: To thrust forward (at a venture), as a spear. [Obs.] Spenser. AVENTURE A*ven"ture, n. Etym: [See Adventure, n.] 1. Accident; chance; adventure. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Old Law) Defn: A mischance causing a person's death without felony, as by drowning, or falling into the fire. AVENTURINE A*ven"tu*rine, n. Etym: [F. aventurine: cf. It. avventurino.] 1. A kind of glass, containing gold-colored spangles. It was produced in the first place by the accidental (par aventure) dropping of some brass filings into a pot of melted glass. 2. (Min.) Defn: A variety of translucent quartz, spangled throughout with scales of yellow mica. ~= feldspar, a variety of oligoclase with internal firelike reflections due to the presence of minute crystals, probably of hematite; sunstone. AVENUE Av"e*nue, n. Etym: [F. avenue, fr. avenir to come to, L. advenire. See Advene.] 1. A way or opening for entrance into a place; a passage by which a place may by reached; a way of approach or of exit. "The avenues leading to the city by land." Macaulay. On every side were expanding new avenues of inquiry. Milman. 2. The principal walk or approach to a house which is withdrawn from the road, especially, such approach bordered on each side by trees; any broad passageway thus bordered. An avenue of tall elms and branching chestnuts. W. Black. 3. A broad street; as, the Fifth Avenue in New York. AVER A"ver, n. Etym: [OF. aver domestic animal, whence LL. averia, pl. cattle. See Habit, and cf. Average.] Defn: A work horse, or working ox. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.] AVER A*ver", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averred (p. pr. & vb. n. Averring.] Etym: [F. avérer, LL. adverare, averare; L. ad + versus true. See Verity.] 1. To assert, or prove, the truth of. [Obs.] 2. (Law) Defn: To avouch or verify; to offer to verify; to prove or justify. See Averment. 3. To affirm with confidence; to declare in a positive manner, as in confidence of asserting the truth. It is sufficient that the very fact hath its foundation in truth, as I do seriously aver is the case. Fielding. Then all averred I had killed the bird. Coleridge. Syn. -- To assert; affirm; asseverate. See Affirm. AVERAGE Av"er*age, n. Etym: [OF. average, LL. averagium, prob. fr. OF. aver, F. avoir, property, horses, cattle, etc.; prop. infin., to have, from L. habere to have. Cf. F. avérage small cattle, and avarie (perh. of different origin) damage to ship or cargo, port dues. The first meaning was peAver, n., Avercorn, Averpenny.] 1. (OLd Eng. Law) Defn: That service which a tenant owed his lord, to be done by the work beasts of the tenant, as the carriage of wheat, turf, etc. 2. Etym: [Cf. F. avarie damage to ship or cargo.] (Com.) (a) A tariff or duty on goods, etc. [Obs.] (b) Any charge in addition to the regular charge for freight of goods shipped. (c) A contribution to a loss or charge which has been imposed upon one of several for the general benefit; damage done by sea perils. (d) The equitable and proportionate distribution of loss or expense among all interested. General average, a contribution made, by all parties concerned in a sea adventure, toward a loss occasioned by the voluntary sacrifice of the property of some of the parties in interest for the benefit of all. It is called general average, because it falls upon the gross amount of ship, cargo, and freight at risk and saved by the sacrifice. Kent. -- Particular average signifies the damage or partial loss happening to the ship, or cargo, or freight, in consequence of some fortuitous or unavoidable accident; and it is borne by the individual owners of the articles damaged, or by their insurers. -- Petty averages are sundry small charges, which occur regularly, and are necessarily defrayed by the master in the usual course of a voyage; such as port charges, common pilotage, and the like, which formerly were, and in some cases still are, borne partly by the ship and partly by the cargo. In the clause commonly found in bills of lading, "primage and average accustomed," average means a kind of composition established by usage for such charges, which were formerly assessed by way of average. Arnould. Abbott. Phillips. 3. A mean proportion, medial sum or quantity, made out of unequal sums or quantities; an arithmetical mean. Thus, if A loses 5 dollars, B 9, and C 16, the sum is 30, and the average 10. 4. Any medial estimate or general statement derived from a comparison of diverse specific cases; a medium or usual size, quantity, quality, rate, etc. "The average of sensations." Paley. 5. pl. Defn: In the English corn trade, the medial price of the several kinds of grain in the principal corn markets. On an average, taking the mean of unequal numbers or quantities. AVERAGE Av"er*age, a. 1. Pertaining to an average or mean; medial; containing a mean proportion; of a mean size, quality, ability, etc.; ordinary; usual; as, an average rate of profit; an average amount of rain; the average Englishman; beings of the average stamp. 2. According to the laws of averages; as, the loss must be made good by average contribution. AVERAGE Av"er*age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averaged (p. pr. & vb. n. Averaging.] 1. To find the mean of, when sums or quantities are unequal; to reduce to a mean. 2. To divide among a number, according to a given proportion; as, to average a loss. 3. To do, accomplish, get, etc., on an average. AVERAGE Av"er*age, v. i. Defn: To form, or exist in, a mean or medial sum or quantity; to amount to, or to be, on an ~; as, the losses of the owners will average twenty five dollars each; these spars average ten feet in length. AVERCORN A"ver*corn`, n. Etym: [Aver,n.+ corn.] (Old Eng. Law) Defn: A reserved rent in corn, formerly paid to religious houses by their tenants or farmers. Kennet. AVERMENT A*ver"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. averement, LL. averamentum. See Aver, v. t.] 1. The act of averring, or that which is averred; affirmation; positive assertion. Signally has this averment received illustration in the course of recent events. I. Taylor. 2. Verification; establishment by evidence. Bacon. 3. (Law) Defn: A positive statement of facts; an allegation; an offer to justify or prove what is alleged. Note: In any stage of pleadings, when either party advances new matter, he avers it to be true, by using this form of words: "and this he is ready to verify." This was formerly called an averment. It modern pleading, it is termed a verification. Blackstone. AVERNAL; AVERNIAN A*ver"nal, A*ver"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Avernus, a lake of Campania, in Italy, famous for its poisonous vapors, which ancient writers fancied were so malignant as to kill birds flying over it. It was represented by the poets to be connected with the infernal regions. AVERPENNY Av"er*pen`ny, n. Etym: [Aver,n.+ penny.] (Old Eng. Law) Defn: Money paid by a tenant in lieu of the service of average. AVERROISM A*ver"ro*ism, n. Defn: The tenets of the Averroists. AVERROIST A*ver"ro*ist, n. Defn: One of a sect of peripatetic philosophers, who appeared in Italy before the restoration of learning; so denominated from Averroes, or Averrhoes, a celebrated Arabian philosopher. He held the doctrine of monopsychism. AVERRUNCATE Av`er*run"cate, v. t. Etym: [L. averruncare to avert; a, ab, off + verruncare to turn; formerly derived from ab and eruncare to root out. Cf. Aberuncate.] 1. To avert; to ward off. [Obs.] Hudibras. 2. To root up. [Obs.] Johnson. AVERRUNCATION Av`er*run*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. averroncation.] 1. The act of averting. [Obs.] 2. Eradication. [R.] De Quincey. AVERRUNCATOR Av`er*run*ca"tor, n. Etym: [Cf. Aberuncator.] Defn: An instrument for pruning trees, consisting of two blades, or a blade and a hook, fixed on the end of a long rod. AVERSATION Av`er*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. aversatio, fr. aversari to turn away, v. intens. of avertere. See Avert.] Defn: A turning from with dislike; aversion. [Obs.or Archaic] Some men have a natural aversation to some vices or virtues, and a natural affection to others. Jer. Taylor. AVERSE A*verse", a. Etym: [L. aversus, p. p. of avertere. See Avert.] 1. Turned away or backward. [Obs.] The tracks averse a lying notice gave, And led the searcher backward from the cave. Dryden. 2. Having a repugnance or opposition of mind; disliking; disinclined; unwilling; reluctant. Averse alike to flatter, or offend. Pope. Men who were averse to the life of camps. Macaulay. Pass by securely as men averse from war. Micah ii. 8. Note: The prevailing usage now is to employ to after averse and its derivatives rather than from, as was formerly the usage. In this the word is in agreement with its kindred terms, hatred, dislike, dissimilar, contrary, repugnant, etc., expressing a relation or an affection of the mind to an object. Syn. -- Averse, Reluctant, Adverse. Averse expresses an habitual, though not of necessity a very strong, dislike; as, averse to active pursuits; averse to study. Reluctant, a term of the of the will, implies an internal struggle as to making some sacrifice of interest or feeling; as, reluctant to yield; reluctant to make the necessary arrangements; a reluctant will or consent. Adverse denotes active opposition or hostility; as, adverse interests; adverse feelings, plans, or movements; the adverse party. AVERSE A*verse", v. t. & i. Defn: To turn away. [Obs.] B. Jonson. AVERSELY A*verse"ly, adv. 1. Backward; in a backward direction; as, emitted aversely. 2. With repugnance or aversion; unwillingly. AVERSENESS A*verse"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being averse; opposition of mind; unwillingness. AVERSION A*ver"sion, n. Etym: [L. aversio: cf. F. aversion. See Avert.] 1. A turning away. [Obs.] Adhesion to vice and aversion from goodness. Bp. Atterbury. 2. Opposition or repugnance of mind; fixed dislike; antipathy; disinclination; reluctance. Mutual aversion of races. Prescott. His rapacity had made him an object of general aversion. Macaulay. Note: It is now generally followed by to before the object. [See Averse.] Sometimes towards and for are found; from is obsolete. A freeholder is bred with an aversion to subjection. Addison. His aversion towards the house of York. Bacon. It is not difficult for a man to see that a person has conceived an aversion for him. Spectator. The Khasias . . . have an aversion to milk. J. D. Hooker. 3. The object of dislike or repugnance. Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire. Pope. Syn. -- Antipathy; dislike; repugnance; disgust. See Dislike. AVERT A*vert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averted; p. pr. & vb. n. Averting.] Etym: [L. avertere; a, ab + vertere to turn: cf. OF. avertir. See Verse, n.] Defn: To turn aside, or away; as, to avert the eyes from an object; to ward off, or prevent, the occurrence or effects of; as, how can the danger be averted "To avert his ire." Milton. When atheists and profane persons do hear of so many discordant and contrary opinions in religion, it doth avert them from the church. Bacon. Till ardent prayer averts the public woe. Prior. AVERT A*vert", v. i. Defn: To turn away. [Archaic] Cold and averting from our neighbor's good. Thomson. AVERTED A*vert"ed, a. Defn: Turned away, esp. as an expression of feeling; also, offended; unpropitious. Who scornful pass it with averted eye. Keble. AVERTER A*vert"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, averts. AVERTIBLE A*vert"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being averted; preventable. AVERTIMENT A*ver"ti*ment, n. Defn: Advertisement. [Obs.] AVES A"ves, n. pl. Etym: [L., pl. of avis bird.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The class of Vertebrata that includes the birds. Note: Aves, or birds, have a complete double circulation, oviparous, reproduction, front limbs peculiarly modified as wings; and they bear feathers. All existing birds have a horny beak, without teeth; but some Mesozoic fossil birds (Odontornithes) had conical teeth inserted in both jaws. The principal groups are: Carinatæ, including all existing flying birds; Ratitæ, including the ostrich and allies, the apteryx, and the extinct moas; Odontornithes, or fossil birds with teeth. Note: The ordinary birds are classified largely by the structure of the beak and feet, which are in direct relating to their habits. See Beak, Bird, Odontonithes. AVESTA A*ves"ta, n. Defn: The Zoroastrian scriptures. See Zend-Avesta. AVESTAN A*ves"tan, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Avesta or the language of the Avesta. - -n. Defn: The language of the Avesta; -- less properly called Zend. AVIADO A`vi*a"do, n. [Sp.] Defn: One who works a mine with means provided by another. [Sp. Amer. & Southwestern U. S.] AVIAN A"vi*an, a. Defn: Of or instrument to birds. AVIARY A"vi*a*ry, n.; pl. Aviaries. Etym: [L. aviarium, fr. aviarius pertaining to birds, fr. avis bird, akin to Gr, vi.] Defn: A house, inclosure, large cage, or other place, for keeping birds confined; a bird house. Lincolnshire may be termed the aviary of England. Fuller. AVIATE A"vi*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aviated; p. pr. & vb. n. Aviating.] Defn: To fly, or navigate the air, in an aëroplane or heavier-than- air flying machine. [Colloq.] AVIATION A`vi*a"tion, n. Defn: The art or science of flying. AVIATOR A"vi*a`tor, n. (a) An experimenter in aviation. (b) A flying machine. AVIATRESS; AVIATRIX A"vi*a`tress, A`vi*a"trix, n. Defn: A woman aviator. AVICULA A*vic"u*la, n. Etym: [L., small bird.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine bivalves, having a pearly interior, allied to the pearl oyster; -- so called from a supposed resemblance of the typical species to a bird. AVICULAR A*vic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. avicula a small bird, dim. of avis bird.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a bird or to birds. AVICULARIA A*vic`u*la"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Avicular.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See prehensile processes on the cells of some Bryozoa, often having the shape of a bird's bill. AVICULTURE A"vi*cul`ture, n. Etym: [L. avis bird + cultura culture.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Rearing and care of birds. AVID Av"id, a. Etym: [L. avidus, fr. av to long: cf. F. avide. See Avarice.] Defn: Longing eagerly for; eager; greedy. "Avid of gold, yet greedier of renown." Southey. AVIDIOUS A*vid"i*ous, a. Defn: Avid. AVIDIOUSLY A*vid"i*ous*ly, adv. Defn: Eagerly; greedily. AVIDITY A*vid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. aviditas, fr. avidus: cf. F. avidité. See Avid.] Defn: Greediness; strong appetite; eagerness; intenseness of desire; as, to eat with avidity. His books were received and read with avidity. Milward. AVIE A*vie", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + vie.] Defn: Emulously. [Obs.] AVIETTE A`vi*ette", n. Defn: A heavier-than-air flying machine in which the motive power is furnished solely by the aviator. AVIFAUNA A`vi*fau"na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. avis bird + E. fauna.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The birds, or all the kinds of birds, inhabiting a region. AVIGATO Av`i*ga"to, n. Defn: See Avocado. AVIGNON BERRY A`vignon" ber"ry. (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of the Rhamnus infectorius, eand of other species of the same genus; -- so called from the city of Avignon, in France. It is used by dyers and painters for coloring yellow. Called also French berry. AVILE A*vile", v. t. Etym: [OF. aviler, F. avilir; a (L. ad) + vil vile. See Vile.] Defn: To abase or debase; to vilify; to depreciate. [Obs.] Want makes us know the price of what we avile. B. Jonson. AVIS A*vis", n. Etym: [F. avis. See Advice.] Defn: Advice; opinion; deliberation. [Obs.] Chaucer. AVISE A*vise", v. t. Etym: [F. aviser. See Advise, v. t.] 1. To look at; to view; to think of. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To advise; to counsel. [Obs.] Shak. To avise one's self, to consider with one's self, to reflect, to deliberate. [Obs.] Chaucer. Now therefore, if thou wilt enriched be, Avise thee well, and change thy willful mood. Spenser. AVISE A*vise", v. i. Defn: To consider; to reflect. [Obs.] AVISEFUL A*vise"ful, a. Defn: Watchful; circumspect. [Obs.] With sharp, aviseful eye. Spenser. AVISELY A*vise"ly, adv. Defn: Advisedly. [Obs.] Chaucer. AVISEMENT A*vise"ment, n. Defn: Advisement; observation; deliberation. [Obs.] AVISION A*vi"sion, n. Defn: Vision. [Obs.] Chaucer. AVISO A*vi"so, n. Etym: [Sp.] 1. Information; advice. 2. An advice boat, or dispatch boat. AVOCADO Av`o*ca"do, n. Etym: [Corrupted from the Mexican ahuacatl: cf. Sp. aguacate, F. aguacaté, avocat, G. avogadobaum.] Defn: The pulpy fruit of Persea gratissima, a tree of tropical America. It is about the size and shape of a large pear; -- called also avocado pear, alligator pear, midshipman's butter. AVOCAT Av`o*cat, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: An advocate. AVOCATE Av"o*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. avocatus, p. p. of avocare; a, ab + vocare to call. Cf. Avoke, and see Vocal, a.] Defn: To call off or away; to withdraw; to transfer to another tribunal. [Obs. or Archaic] One who avocateth his mind from other occupations. Barrow. He, at last, . . . avocated the cause to Rome. Robertson. AVOCATION Av`o*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. avocatio.] 1. A calling away; a diversion. [Obs. or Archaic] Impulses to duty, and powerful avocations from sin. South. 2. That which calls one away from one's regular employment or vocation. Heaven is his vocation, and therefore he counts earthly employments avocations. Fuller. By the secular cares and avocations which accompany marriage the clergy have been furnished with skill in common life. Atterbury. Note: In this sense the word is applied to the smaller affairs of life, or occasional calls which summon a person to leave his ordinary or principal business. Avocation (in the singular) for vocation is usually avoided by good writers. 3. pl. Defn: Pursuits; duties; affairs which occupy one's time; usual employment; vocation. There are professions, among the men, no more favorable to these studies than the common avocations of women. Richardson. In a few hours, above thirty thousand men left his standard, and returned to their ordinary avocations. Macaulay. An irregularity and instability of purpose, which makes them choose the wandering avocations of a shepherd, rather than the more fixed pursuits of agriculture. Buckle. AVOCATIVE A*vo"ca*tive, a. Defn: Calling off. [Obs.] AVOCATIVE A*vo"ca*tive, n. Defn: That which calls aside; a dissuasive. AVOCET; AVOSET Av"o*cet, Av"o*set, n. Etym: [F. avocette: cf. It. avosetta, Sp. avoceta.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A grallatorial bird, of the genus Recurvirostra; the scooper. The bill is long and bend upward toward the tip. The American species is R. Americana. [Written also avocette.] AVOID A*void" (, v. t. [p. & p. p. Avoided; p. pr. & vb. n. Avoiding.] Etym: [OF. esvuidier, es (L. ex) + vuidier, voidier, to empty. See Void, a.] 1. To empty. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. To emit or throw out; to void; as, to avoid excretions. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 3. To quit or evacuate; to withdraw from. [Obs.] Six of us only stayed, and the rest avoided the room. Bacon. 4. To make void; to annul or vacate; to refute. How can these grants of the king's be avoided Spenser. 5. To keep away from; to keep clear of; to endeavor no to meet; to shun; to abstain from; as, to avoid the company of gamesters. What need a man forestall his date of grief. And run to meet what he would most avoid Milton. He carefully avoided every act which could goad them into open hostility. Macaulay. 6. To get rid of. [Obs.] Shak. 7. (Pleading) Defn: To defeat or evade; to invalidate. Thus, in a replication, the plaintiff may deny the defendant's plea, or confess it, and avoid it by stating new matter. Blackstone. Syn. -- To escape; elude; evade; eschew. -- To Avoid, Shun. Avoid in its commonest sense means, to keep clear of, an extension of the meaning, to withdraw one's self from. It denotes care taken not to come near or in contact; as, to avoid certain persons or places. Shun is a stronger term, implying more prominently the idea of intention. The words may, however, in many cases be interchanged. No man can pray from his heart to be kept from temptation, if the take no care of himself to avoid it. Mason. So Chanticleer, who never saw a fox, Yet shunned him as a sailor shuns the rocks. Dryden. AVOID A*void", v. i. 1. To retire; to withdraw. [Obs.] David avoided out of his presence. 1 Sam. xviii. 11. 2. (Law) Defn: To become void or vacant. [Obs.] Ayliffe. AVOIDABLE A*void"a*ble, a. 1. Capable of being vacated; liable to be annulled or made invalid; voidable. The charters were not avoidable for the king's nonage. Hale. 2. Capable of being avoided, shunned, or escaped. AVOIDANCE A*void"ance, n. 1. The act of annulling; annulment. 2. The act of becoming vacant, or the state of being vacant; -- specifically used for the state of a benefice becoming void by the death, deprivation, or resignation of the incumbent. Wolsey, . . . on every avoidance of St. Peter's chair, was sitting down therein, when suddenly some one or other clapped in before him. Fuller. 3. A dismissing or a quitting; removal; withdrawal. 4. The act of avoiding or shunning; keeping clear of. "The avoidance of pain." Beattie. 5. The courts by which anything is carried off. Avoidances and drainings of water. Bacon. AVOIDER A*void"er, n. 1. The person who carries anything away, or the vessel in which things are carried away. Johnson. 2. One who avoids, shuns, or escapes. AVOIDLESS A*void"less, a. Defn: Unavoidable; inevitable. AVOIRDUPOIS Av`oir*du*pois", n. & a. Etym: [OE. aver de peis, goods of weight, where peis is fr. OF. peis weight, F. poids, L. pensum. See Aver, n., and Poise, n.] 1. Goods sold by weight. [Obs.] 2. Avoirdupois weight. 3. Weight; heaviness; as, a woman of much avoirdupois. [Colloq.] Avoirdupois weight, a system of weights by which coarser commodities are weighed, such as hay, grain, butter, sugar, tea. Note: The standard Avoirdupois pound of the United States is equivalent to the weight of 27.7015 cubic inches of distilled water at 62º Fahrenheit, the barometer being at 30 inches, and the water weighed in the air with brass weights. In this system of weights 16 drams make 1 ounce, 16 ounces 1 pound, 25 pounds 1 quarter, 4 quarters 1 hundred weight, and 20 hundred weight 1 ton. The above pound contains 7,000 grains, or 453.54 grams, so that 1 pound avoirdupois is equivalent to 1 31-144 pounds troy. (See Troy weight.) Formerly, a hundred weight was reckoned at 112 pounds, the ton being 2,240 pounds (sometimes called a long ton). AVOKE A*voke", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Avocate.] Defn: To call from or back again. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet. AVOLATE Av"o*late, v. i. Etym: [L. avolare; a (ab) + volare to fly.] Defn: To fly away; to escape; to exhale. [Obs.] AVOLATION Av`o*la"tion, n. Etym: [LL. avolatio.] Defn: The act of flying; flight; evaporation. [Obs.] AVOSET Av"o*set, n. Defn: Same as Avocet. AVOUCH A*vouch", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avouched (p. pr. & vb. n. Avouching.] Etym: [OF. avochier, LL. advocare to recognize the existence of a thing, to advocate, fr. L. advocare to call to; ad + vocare to call. Cf. Avow to declare, Advocate, and see Vouch, v. t.] 1. To appeal to; to cite or claim as authority. [Obs.] They avouch many successions of authorities. Coke. 2. To maintain a just or true; to vouch for. We might be disposed to question its authencity, it if were not avouched by the full evidence. Milman. 3. To declare or assert positively and as matter of fact; to affirm openly. If this which he avouches does appear. Shak. Such antiquities could have been avouched for the Irish. Spenser. 4. To acknowledge deliberately; to admit; to confess; to sanction. Thou hast avouched the Lord this day to be thy God. Deut. xxvi. 17. AVOUCH A*vouch", n. Defn: Evidence; declaration. [Obs.] The sensible and true avouch Of mine own eyes. Shak. AVOUCHABLE A*vouch"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being avouched. AVOUCHER A*vouch"er, n. Defn: One who avouches. AVOUCHMENT A*vouch"ment, n. Defn: The act of avouching; positive declaration. [Obs.] Milton. AVOUTRER A*vou"trer, n. Defn: See Advoutrer. [Obs.] AVOUTRIE A*vou"trie, n. Etym: [OF.] Defn: Adultery. [Obs.] Chaucer. AVOW A*vow", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avowed (p. pr. & vb. n. Avowing.] Etym: [F. avouver, fr. L. advocare to call to (whence the meanings, to call upon as superior; recognize as lord, own, confess); ad + vocare to call. See Advocate, Avouch.] 1. To declare openly, as something believed to be right; to own or acknowledge frankly; as, a man avows his principles or his crimes. Which I to be the of Israel's God Avow, and challenge Dagon to the test. Milton. 2. (Law) Defn: To acknowledge and justify, as an act done. See Avowry. Blackstone. Syn. -- To acknowledge; own; confess. See Confess. AVOW A*vow", n, Etym: [Cf. F. aveu.] Defn: Avowal. [Obs.] Dryden. AVOW A*vow", v. t. & i. Etym: [OF. avouer, fr. LL. votare to vow, fr. L. votun. See Vote, n.] Defn: To bind, or to devote, by a vow. [Obs.] Wyclif. AVOW A*vow", n. Defn: A vow or determination. [Archaic] AVOWABLE A*vow"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being avowed, or openly acknowledged, with confidence. Donne. AVOWAL A*vow"al, n. Defn: An open declaration; frank acknowledgment; as, an avowal of such principles. Hume. AVOWANCE A*vow"ance, n. 1. Act of avowing; avowal. 2. Upholding; defense; vindication. [Obs.] Can my avowance of king-murdering be collected from anything here written by me Fuller. AVOWANT A*vow"ant, n. (Law) Defn: The defendant in replevin, who avows the distress of the goods, and justifies the taking. Cowell. AVOWED A*vowed", a. Defn: Openly acknowledged or declared; admitted. -- A*vow"ed*ly (, adv. AVOWEE A*vow`ee", n. Etym: [F. avoué. Cf. Advowee, Advocate, n.] Defn: The person who has a right to present to a benefice; the patron; an advowee. See Advowson. AVOWER A*vow"er, n. Defn: One who avows or asserts. AVOWRY A*vow"ry, n. Etym: [OE. avouerie protection, authority, OF. avouerie. See Avow to declare.] 1. An advocate; a patron; a patron saint. [Obs.] Let God alone be our avowry. Latimer. 2. The act of the distrainer of goods, who, in an action of replevin, avows and justifies the taking in his own right. Blackstone. Note: When an action of replevin is brought, the distrainer either makes avowry, that is, avours taking the distress in his own right, or the right of his wife, and states the reason if it, as for arrears of rent, damage done, or the like; or makes cognizance, that is, acknowledges the taking, but justifies in an another's right, as his bailiff or servant. AVOWTRY A*vow"try, v. t. Defn: Adultery. See Advoutry. AVOYER A*voy"er, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A chief magistrate of a free imperial city or canton of Switzerland. [Obs.] AVULSE A*vulse", v. t. Etym: [L. avulsus, p. p. of avellere to tear off; a (ab) + vellere to pluck.] Defn: To pluck or pull off. Shenstone. AVULSION A*vul"sion, n. Etym: [L. avulsio.] 1. A tearing asunder; a forcible separation. The avulsion of two polished superficies. Locke. 2. A fragment torn off. J. Barlow. 3. (Law) Defn: The sudden removal of lands or soil from the estate of one man to that of another by an inundation or a current, or by a sudden change in the course of a river by which a part of the estate of one man is cut off and joined to the estate of another. The property in the part thus separated, or cut off, continues in the original owner. Wharton. Burrill. AVUNCULAR A*vun"cu*lar, a. Etym: [L. avunculus uncle.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an uncle. In these rare instances, the law of pedigree, whether direct or avuncular, gives way. I. Taylor. AWAIT A*wait", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awaited; p. pr. & vb. n. Awaiting.] Etym: [OF. awaitier, agaitier; (L. ad) + waitier, gaitier to watch, F. guetter. See Wait.] 1. To watch for; to look out for. [Obs.] 2. To wait on, serve, or attend. [Obs.] 3. To wait for; to stay for; to expect. See Expect. Betwixt these rocky pillars Gabriel sat, Chief of the angelic guards, awaiting night. Milton. 4. To be in store for; to be ready or in waiting for; as, a glorious reward awaits the good. O Eve, some farther change awaits us night. Milton. AWAIT A*wait", v. i. 1. To watch. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To wait (on or upon). [Obs.] 3. To wait; to stay in waiting. Darwin. AWAIT A*wait", n. Defn: A waiting for; ambush; watch; watching; heed. [Obs.] Chaucer. AWAKE A*wake", v. t. [imp. Awoke, Awaked (; p. p. Awaked; (Obs.) Awaken, Awoken; p. pr. & vb. n. Awaking. The form Awoke is sometimes used as a p. p.] Etym: [AS. awæcnan, v. i. (imp. aw), and awacian, v. i. (imp. awacode). See Awaken, Wake.] 1. To rouse from sleep.; to wake; to awaken. Where morning's earliest ray . . . awake her. Tennyson. And his disciples came to him, and awoke him, saying, Lord, save us; we perish. Matt. viii. 25. 2. To rouse from a state resembling sleep, as from death, stupidity., or inaction; to put into action; to give new life to; to stir up; as, to awake the dead; to awake the dormant faculties. I was soon awaked from this disagreeable reverie. Goldsmith. It way awake my bounty further. Shak. No sunny gleam awakes the trees. Keble. AWAKE A*wake", v. i. Defn: To cease to sleep; to come out of a state of natural sleep; and, figuratively, out of a state resembling sleep, as inaction or death. The national spirit again awoke. Freeman. Awake to righteousness, and sin not. 1 Cor. xv. 34. AWAKE A*wake", a. Etym: [From awaken, old p. p. of awake.] Defn: Not sleeping or lethargic; roused from sleep; in a state of vigilance or action. Before whom awake I stood. Milton. She still beheld, Now wide awake, the vision of her sleep. Keats. He was awake to the danger. Froude. AWAKEN A*wak"en, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Awakened (; p. pr. & vb. n. Awakening.] Etym: [OE. awakenen, awaknen, AS. awæcnan, awæcnian, v. i.; pref. on- + wæcnan to wake. Cf. Awake, v. t.] Defn: To rouse from sleep or torpor; to awake; to wake. [He] is dispatched Already to awaken whom thou nam'st. Cowper. Their consciences are thoroughly awakened. Tillotson. Syn. -- To arouse; excite; stir up; call forth. AWAKENER A*wak"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, awakens. AWAKENING A*wak"en*ing, a. Defn: Rousing from sleep, in a natural or a figurative sense; rousing into activity; exciting; as, the awakening city; an awakening discourse; the awakening dawn. -- A*wak"en*ing*ly, adv. AWAKENING A*wak"en*ing, n. Defn: The act of awaking, or ceasing to sleep. Specifically: A revival of religion, or more general attention to religious matters than usual. AWAKENMENT A*wak"en*ment, n. Defn: An awakening. [R.] AWANTING A*want"ing, a. Etym: [Pref. a- + wanting.] Defn: Missing; wanting. [Prov. Scot. & Eng.] Sir W. Hamilton. AWARD A*ward", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Awarding.] Etym: [OF. eswarder to look at, consider, decide, judge; es (L. ex) + warder, garder, to observe, take heed, keep, fr. OHG. wart to watch, guard. See Ward.] Defn: To give by sentence or judicial determination; to assign or apportion, after careful regard to the nature of the case; to adjudge; as, the arbitrators awarded damages to the complainant. To review The wrongful sentence, and award a new. Dryden. AWARD A*ward", v. i. Defn: To determine; to make an ~. AWARD A*ward", n. Etym: [Cf. OF. award, awart, esgart. See Award, v. t.] 1. A judgment, sentence, or final decision. Specifically: The decision of arbitrators in a case submitted."Impatient for the award." Cowper. An award had been given against. Gilpin. 2. The paper containing the decision of arbitrators; that which is warded. Bouvier. AWARDER A*ward"er, n. Defn: One who awards, or assigns by sentence or judicial determination; a judge. AWARE A*ware", a. Etym: [OE. iwar, AS. gewær, fr. wær wary. The pref. ge- orig. meant together, completely. Wary.] 1. Watchful; vigilant or on one's guard against danger or difficulty. 2. Apprised; informed; cognizant; conscious; as, he was aware of the enemy's designs. Aware of nothing arduous in a task They never undertook. Cowper. AWARN A*warn", v. t. Etym: [Pref. a- + warn, AS. gewarnian. See Warn, v. t.] Defn: To warn. [Obs.] Spenser. AWASH A*wash", a. Etym: [Pref. a- + wash.] Defn: Washed by the waves or tide; -- said of a rock or strip of shore, or (Naut.) of an anchor, etc., when flush with the surface of the water, so that the waves break over it. AWAY A*way", adv. Etym: [AS. aweg, anweg, onweg; on on + weg way.] 1. From a place; hence. The sound is going away. Shak. Have me away, for I am sore wounded. 2 Chron. xxxv. 23. 2. Absent; gone; at a distance; as, the master is away from home. 3. Aside; off; in another direction. The axis of rotation is inclined away from the sun. Lockyer. 4. From a state or condition of being; out of existence. Be near me when I fade away. Tennyson. 5. By ellipsis of the verb, equivalent to an imperative: Go or come ~; begone; take ~. And the Lord said . . . Away, get thee down. Exod. xix. 24. 6. On; in continuance; without intermission or delay; as, sing away. [Colloq.] Note: It is much used in phrases signifying moving or going from; as, go away, run away, etc.; all signifying departure, or separation to a distance. Sometimes without the verb; as, whither away so fast "Love hath wings, and will away." Waller. It serves to modify the sense of certain verbs by adding that of removal, loss, parting with, etc.; as, to throw away; to trifle away; to squander away, etc. Sometimes it has merely an intensive force; as, to blaze away. Away with, bear, abide. [Obs. or Archaic] "The calling of assemblies, I can not away with." (Isa. i. 13 ), i. e., "I can not bear or endure [it]." -- Away with one, signifies, take him away. "Away with, crucify him." John xix. 15. -- To make away with. (a) To kill or destroy. (b) To carry off. AWAY-GOING A*way"-go"ing, a. (Law) Defn: Sown during the last years of a tenancy, but not ripe until after its expiration; -- said of crops. Wharton. AWAYWARD A*way"ward, adv. Defn: Turned away; away. [Obs.] Chaucer. AWE Awe, n. Etym: [OE. a, aghe, fr. Icel. agi; akin to AS. ege, , Goth. agis, Dan. ave chastisement, fear, Gr. ail. Ugly.] 1. Dread; great fear mingled with respect. [Obs. or Obsolescent] His frown was full of terror, and his voice Shook the delinquent with such fits of awe. Cowper. 2. The emotion inspired by something dreadful and sublime; an undefined sense of the dreadful and the sublime; reverential fear, or solemn wonder; profound reverence. There is an awe in mortals' joy, A deep mysterious fear. Keble. To tame the pride of that power which held the Continent in awe. Macaulay. The solitude of the desert, or the loftiness of the mountain, may fill the mind with awe -- the sense of our own littleness in some greater presence or power. C. J. Smith. To stand in awe of, to fear greatly; to reverence profoundly. Syn. -- See Reverence. AWE Awe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awed (p. pr. & vb. n. Awing.] Defn: To strike with fear and reverence; to inspire with awe; to control by inspiring dread. That same eye whose bend doth awe the world. Shak. His solemn and pathetic exhortation awed and melted the bystanders. Macaulay. AWEARIED A*wea"ried, p. p. Defn: Wearied. [Poetic] AWEARY A*wea"ry, a. Etym: [Pref. a- + weary.] Defn: Weary. [Poetic] "I begin to be aweary of thee." Shak. AWEATHER A*weath"er, adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + weather.] (Naut.) Defn: On the weather side, or toward the wind; in the direction from which the wind blows; -- opposed to alee; as, helm aweather ! Totten. AWEIGH A*weigh", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + weigh.] (Naut.) Defn: Just drawn out of the ground, and hanging perpendicularly; atrip; -- said of the anchor. Totten. AWELESS Awe"less, a. Defn: See Awless. AWESOME Awe"some, a. 1. Causing awe; appalling; awful; as, an awesome sight. Wright. 2. Expressive of awe or terror. An awesome glance up at the auld castle. Sir W. Scott. AWESOMENESS Awe"some*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being awesome. AWE-STRICKEN Awe"-strick`en, a. Defn: Awe-struck. AWE-STRUCK Awe"-struck`, a. Defn: Struck with awe. Milton. AWFUL Aw"ful, a. 1. Oppressing with fear or horror; appalling; terrible; as, an awful scene. "The hour of Nature's awful throes." Hemans. 2. Inspiring awe; filling with profound reverence, or with fear and admiration; fitted to inspire reverential fear; profoundly impressive. Heaven's awful Monarch. Milton. 3. Struck or filled with awe; terror-stricken. [Obs.] A weak and awful reverence for antiquity. I. Watts. 4. Worshipful; reverential; law-abiding. [Obs.] Thrust from the company of awful men. Shak. 5. Frightful; exceedingly bad; great; -- applied intensively; as, an awful bonnet; an awful boaster. [Slang] Syn. -- See Frightful. AWFULLY Aw"ful*ly, adv. 1. In an awful manner; in a manner to fill with terror or awe; fearfully; reverently. 2. Very; excessively. [Slang] AWFULNESS Aw"ful*ness, n. 1. The quality of striking with awe, or with reverence; dreadfulness; solemnity; as, the awfulness of this sacred place. The awfulness of grandeur. Johnson. 2. The state of being struck with awe; a spirit of solemnity; profound reverence. [Obs.] Producing in us reverence and awfulness. Jer. Taylor. AWHAPE A*whape", v. t. Etym: [Cf. whap blow.] Defn: To confound; to terrify; to amaze. [Obs.] Spenser. AWHILE A*while", adv. Etym: [Adj. a + while time, interval.] Defn: For a while; for some time; for a short time. AWING A*wing", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + wing.] Defn: On the wing; flying; fluttering. Wallace. AWK Awk, a. Etym: [OE. auk, awk (properly) turned away; (hence) contrary, wrong, from Icel. öfigr, öfugr, afigr, turning the wrong way, fr. af off, away; cf. OHG. abuh, Skr. apac turned away, fr. apa off, away + a root ak, ak, to bend, from which come also E. angle, anchor.] 1. Odd; out of order; perverse. [Obs.] 2. Wrong, or not commonly used; clumsy; sinister; as, the awk end of a rod (the but end). [Obs.] Golding. 3. Clumsy in performance or manners; unhandy; not dexterous; awkward. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] AWK Awk, adv. Defn: Perversely; in the wrong way. L'Estrange. AWKLY Awk"ly, adv. 1. In an unlucky (left-handed) or perverse manner. [Obs.] Holland. 2. Awkwardly. [Obs.] Fuller. AWKWARD Awk"ward, a. Etym: [Awk + -ward.] 1. Wanting dexterity in the use of the hands, or of instruments; not dexterous; without skill; clumsy; wanting ease, grace, or effectiveness in movement; ungraceful; as, he was awkward at a trick; an awkward boy. And dropped an awkward courtesy. Dryden. 2. Not easily managed or effected; embarrassing. A long and awkward process. Macaulay. An awkward affair is one that has gone wrong, and is difficult to adjust. C. J. Smith. 3. Perverse; adverse; untoward. [Obs.] "Awkward casualties." "Awkward wind." Shak. O blind guides, which being of an awkward religion, do strain out a gnat, and swallow up a cancel. Udall. Syn. -- Ungainly; unhandy; clownish; lubberly; gawky; maladroit; bungling; inelegant; ungraceful; unbecoming. -- Awkward, Clumsy, Uncouth. Awkward has a special reference to outward deportment. A man is clumsy in his whole person, he is awkward in his gait and the movement of his limbs. Clumsiness is seen at the first view. Awkwardness is discovered only when a person begins to move. Hence the expressions, a clumsy appearance, and an awkward manner. When we speak figuratively of an awkward excuse, we think of a want of ease and grace in making it; when we speak of a clumsy excuse, we think of the whole thing as coarse and stupid. We apply the term uncouth most frequently to that which results from the want of instruction or training; as, uncouth manners; uncouth language. -- Awk"ward*ly (, adv. -- Awk"ward*ness, n. AWKWARD SQUAD Awk"ward squad. (Mil.) Defn: A squad of inapt recruits assembled for special drill. AWL Awl, n. Etym: [OE. aul, awel, al, AS. , awel; akin to Icel. alr, OHG. ala, G. ahle, Lith. yla, Skr. ara.] Defn: A pointed instrument for piercing small holes, as in leather or wood; used by shoemakers, saddlers, cabinetmakers, etc. The blade is differently shaped and pointed for different uses, as in the brad awl, saddler's awl, shoemaker's awl, etc. AWLESS Aw"less, a. 1. Wanting reverence; void of respectful fear. "Awless insolence." Dryden. 2. Inspiring no awe. [Obs.] "The awless throne." Shak. [Written also aweless] AWLESSNESS Aw"less*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being awless. AWL-SHAPED Awl"-shaped`, a. 1. Shaped like an awl. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Subulate. See Subulate. Gray. AWLWORT Awl"wort`, n. Etym: [Awl + wort.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Subularia aquatica), with awl-shaped leaves. AWM Awm (m), n. Defn: See Aam. AWN Awn, n. Etym: [OE. awn, agune, from Icel. ögn, pl. agnir; akin to Sw. agn, Dan. avne, Goth. ahana, OHG. agana, G. agen, ahne, chaff, Gr. egla; prob. from same root as E. acute. See 3d Ear. (Bot.) Defn: The bristle or beard of barley, oats, grasses, etc., or any similar bristlelike appendage; arista. Gray. AWNED Awned, a. (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with an awn, or long bristle-shaped tip; bearded. Gray. AWNING Awn"ing, n. Etym: [Origin uncertain: cf. F. auvent awing, or Pers. awan, awang, anything suspended, or LG. havening a place sheltered from wind and weather, E. haven.] 1. A rooflike cover, usually of canvas, extended over or before any place as a shelter from the sun, rain, or wind. 2. (Naut.) That part of the poop deck which is continued forward beyond the bulkhead of the cabin. AWNINGED Awn"inged, a. Defn: Furnished with an awning. AWNLESS Awn"less, a. Defn: Without awns or beard. AWNY Awn"y, a. Defn: Having awns; bearded. AWORK A*work", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + work.] Defn: At work; in action. "Set awork." Shak. AWORKING A*work"ing, adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + working.] Defn: At work; in action. [Archaic or Colloq.] Spenser. AWREAK; AWREKE A*wreak", A*wreke",, v. t. & i. Defn: To avenge. [Obs.] See Wreak. AWRONG A*wrong", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + wrong.] Defn: Wrongly. Ford. AWRY A*wry", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + wry.] 1. Turned or twisted toward one side; not in a straight or true direction, or position; out of the right course; distorted; obliquely; asquint; with oblique vision; as, to glance awry. "Your crown's awry." Shak. Blows them transverse, ten thousand leagues awry. Into the devious air. Milton. 2. Aside from the line of truth, or right reason; unreasonable or unreasonably; perverse or perversely. Or by her charms Draws him awry, enslaved. Milton. Nothing more awry from the law of God and nature than that a woman should give laws to men. Milton. AWSOME Aw"some, a. Defn: Same as Awesome. AX; AXE Ax, Axe,, n. Etym: [OE. ax, axe, AS. eax, æx, acas; akin to D. akse, OS. accus, OHG. acchus, G. axt, Icel. öx, öxi, Sw. yxe, Dan. ökse, Goth. aqizi, Gr. , L. ascia; not akin to E. acute.] Defn: A tool or instrument of steel, or of iron with a steel edge or blade, for felling trees, chopping and splitting wood, hewing timber, etc. It is wielded by a wooden helve or handle, so fixed in a socket or eye as to be in the same plane with the blade. The broadax, or carpenter's ax, is an ax for hewing timber, made heavier than the chopping ax, and with a broader and thinner blade and a shorter handle. Note: The ancient battle-ax had sometimes a double edge. Note: The word is used adjectively or in combination; as, axhead or ax head; ax helve; ax handle; ax shaft; ax-shaped; axlike. Note: This word was originally spelt with e, axe; and so also was nearly every corresponding word of one syllable: as, flaxe, taxe, waxe, sixe, mixe, pixe, oxe, fluxe, etc. This superfluous e is not dropped; so that, in more than a hundred words ending in x, no one thinks of retaining the e except in axe. Analogy requires its exclusion here. Note: "The spelling ax is better on every ground, of etymology, phonology, and analogy, than axe, which has of late become prevalent." New English Dict. (Murray). AX Ax, v. t. & i. Etym: [OE. axien and asken. See Ask.] Defn: To ask; to inquire or inquire of. Note: This word is from Saxon, and is as old as the English language. Formerly it was in good use, but now is regarded as a vulgarism. It is still dialectic in England, and is sometimes heard among the uneducated in the United States. "And Pilate axide him, Art thou king of Jewis" "Or if he axea fish." Wyclif. 'bdThe king axed after your Grace's welfare." Pegge. AXAL Ax"al, a. Defn: [See Axial.] [R.] AXE; AXEMAN Axe, Axe"man, etc. Defn: See Ax, Axman. AXIAL Ax"i*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to an axis; of the nature of, or resembling, an axis; around an axis. To take on an axial, and not an equatorial, direction. Nichol. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Belonging to the axis of the body; as, the axial skeleton; or to the axis of any appendage or organ; as, the axial bones. Axial line (Magnetism), the line taken by the magnetic force in passing from one pole of a horseshoe magnet to the other. Faraday. AXIALLY Ax"i*al*ly, adv. Defn: In relation to, or in a line with, an axis; in the axial (magnetic) line. AXIL Ax"il, n. Etym: [L. axilla. Cf. Axle.] (Bot.) Defn: The angle or point of divergence between the upper side of a branch, leaf, or petiole, and the stem or branch from which it springs. Gray. AXILE Ax"ile, a. Defn: Situated in the axis of anything; as an embryo which lies in the axis of a seed. Gray. AXILLA Ax*il"la, n.; pl. Axillae. Etym: [L.] (Anat.) Defn: The armpit, or the cavity beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder. 2. (Bot.) Defn: An axil. AXILLAR Ax"il*lar, a. Defn: Axillary. AXILLARIES; AXILLARS Ax"il*la*ries, Ax"il*lars, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: Feathers connecting the under surface of the wing and the body, and concealed by the closed wing. AXILLARY Ax"il*la*ry, a. Etym: [See Axil.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the axilla or armpit; as, axillary gland, artery, nerve. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Situated in, or rising from, an axil; of or pertaining to an axil. "Axillary buds." Gray. AXINITE Ax"i*nite, n. Etym: [Named in allusion to the form of the crystals, fr. Gr. (Min.) Defn: A borosilicate of alumina, iron, and lime, commonly found in glassy, brown crystals with acute edges. AXINOMANCY Ax*in"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [L. axinomantia, Gr. -mancy.] Defn: A species of divination, by means of an ax or hatchet. AXIOM Ax"i*om, n. Etym: [L. axioma, Gr. that which is thought worthy, that which is assumed, a basis of demonstration, a principle, fr. to think worthy, fr. worthy, weighing as much as; cf. to lead, drive, also to weigh so much: cf F. axiome. See Agent, a.] 1. (Logic & Math.) Defn: A self-evident and necessary truth, or a proposition whose truth is so evident as first sight that no reasoning or demonstration can make it plainer; a proposition which it is necessary to take for granted; as, "The whole is greater than a part;" "A thing can not, at the same time, be and not be." 2. An established principle in some art or science, which, though not a necessary truth, is universally received; as, the axioms of political economy. Syn. -- Axiom, Maxim, Aphorism, Adage. An axiom is a self-evident truth which is taken for granted as the basis of reasoning. A maxim is a guiding principle sanctioned by experience, and relating especially to the practical concerns of life. An aphorism is a short sentence pithily expressing some valuable and general truth or sentiment. An adage is a saying of long-established authority and of universal application. AXIOMATIC; AXIOMATICAL Ax`i*o*mat"ic, Ax`i*o*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to an axiom; having the nature of an axiom; self-evident; characterized by axioms. "Axiomatical truth." Johnson. The stores of axiomatic wisdom. I. Taylor. AXIOMATICALLY Ax`i*o*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By the use of axioms; in the form of an axiom. AXIS Ax"is, n. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The spotted deer (Cervus axis or Axis maculata) of India, where it is called hog deer and parrah (Moorish name). AXIS Ax"is, n.; pl. Axes. Etym: [L. axis axis, axle. See Axle.] Defn: A straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body, on which it revolves, or may be supposed to revolve; a line passing through a body or system around which the parts are symmetrically arranged. 2. (Math.) Defn: A straight line with respect to which the different parts of a magnitude are symmetrically arranged; as, the axis of a cylinder, i. e., the axis of a cone, that is, the straight line joining the vertex and the center of the base; the axis of a circle, any straight line passing through the center. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The stem; the central part, or longitudinal support, on which organs or parts are arranged; the central line of any body. Gray. 4. (Anat.) (a) The second vertebra of the neck, or vertebra dentata. (b) Also used of the body only of the vertebra, which is prolonged anteriorly within the foramen of the first vertebra or atlas, so as to form the odontoid process or peg which serves as a pivot for the atlas and head to turn upon. 5. (Crystallog.) Defn: One of several imaginary lines, assumed in describing the position of the planes by which a crystal is bounded. 6. (Fine Arts) Defn: The primary of secondary central line of any design. Anticlinal axis (Geol.), a line or ridge from which the strata slope downward on the two opposite sides. -- Synclinal axis, a line from which the strata slope upward in opposite directions, so as to form a valley. -- Axis cylinder (Anat.), the neuraxis or essential, central substance of a nerve fiber; -- called also axis band, axial fiber, and cylinder axis. -- Axis in peritrochio, the wheel and axle, one of the mechanical powers. -- Axis of a curve (Geom.), a straight line which bisects a system of parallel chords of a curve; called a principal axis, when cutting them at right angles, in which case it divides the curve into two symmetrical portions, as in the parabola, which has one such axis, the ellipse, which has two, or the circle, which has an infinite number. The two axes of the ellipse are the major axis and the minor axis, and the two axes of the hyperbola are the transverse axis and the conjugate axis. -- Axis of a lens, the straight line passing through its center and perpendicular to its surfaces. -- Axis of a telescope or microscope, the straight line with which coincide the axes of the several lenses which compose it. -- Axes of coördinates in a plane, to straight lines intersecting each other, to which points are referred for the purpose of determining their relative position: they are either rectangular or oblique. -- Axes of coördinates in space, the three straight lines in which the coördinate planes intersect each other. -- Axis of a balance, that line about which it turns. -- Axis of oscillation, of a pendulum, a right line passing through the center about which it vibrates, and perpendicular to the plane of vibration. -- Axis of polarization, the central line around which the prismatic rings or curves are arranged. Brewster. -- Axis of revolution (Descriptive Geom.), a straight line about which some line or plane is revolved, so that the several points of the line or plane shall describe circles with their centers in the fixed line, and their planes perpendicular to it, the line describing a surface of revolution, and the plane a solid of revolution. -- Axis of symmetry (Geom.), any line in a plane figure which divides the figure into two such parts that one part, when folded over along the axis, shall coincide with the other part. -- Axis of the equator, ecliptic, horizon (or other circle considered with reference to the sphere on which it lies), the diameter of the sphere which is perpendicular to the plane of the circle. Hutton. -- Axis of the Ionic capital (Arch.), a line passing perpendicularly through the middle of the eye of the volute. -- Neutral axis (Mech.), the line of demarcation between the horizontal elastic forces of tension and compression, exerted by the fibers in any cross section of a girder. -- Optic axis of a crystal, the direction in which a ray of transmitted light suffers no double refraction. All crystals, not of the isometric system, are either uniaxial or biaxial. -- Optic axis, Visual axis (Opt.), the straight line passing through the center of the pupil, and perpendicular to the surface of the eye. -- Radical axis of two circles (Geom.), the straight line perpendicular to the line joining their centers and such that the tangents from any point of it to the two circles shall be equal to each other. -- Spiral axis (Arch.), the axis of a twisted column drawn spirally in order to trace the circumvolutions without. -- Axis of abscissas and Axis of ordinates. See Abscissa. AXLE Ax"le, n. Etym: [OE. axel, exel, shoulder, AS. ; akin to AS. eax axle, Sw. & Dan. axel shoulder, ~, G. achse axle, achsel shoulder, L. axis axle, Gr. aksha, L. axilla shoulder joint: cf. F. essieu, axle, OF. aissel, fr. dim. of L. axis. Axis.] 1. The pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which revolves with a wheel. 2. A transverse bar or shaft connecting the opposite wheels of a car or carriage; an axletree. 3. An axis; as, the sun's axle. Had from her axle torn The steadfast earth. Milton. Note: Railway axles are called leading and trailing from their position in the front or in the rear of a car or truck respectively. AXLE BOX Ax"le box`. 1. A bushing in the hub of a wheel, through which the axle passes. 2. The journal box of a rotating axle, especially a railway axle. Note: In railway construction, the axle guard, or pedestal, with the superincumbent weight, rests on the top of the box (usually with a spring intervening), and holds it in place by flanges. The box rests upon the journal bearing and key, which intervene between the inner top of the box and the axle. AXLED Ax"led, a. Defn: Having an axle; -- used in composition. Merlin's agate-axled car. T. Warton. AXLE GUARD Ax"le guard`. Defn: The part of the framing of a railway car or truck, by which an axle box is held laterally, and in which it may move vertically; -- also called a jaw in the United States, and a housing in England. AXLETREE Ax"le*tree`, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. öxultr.] 1. A bar or beam of wood or iron, connecting the opposite wheels of a carriage, on the ends of which the wheels revolve. 2. A spindle or axle of a wheel. [Obs.] AXMAN Ax"man, n.; pl. Axmen (. Defn: One who wields an ax. AXMINSTER Ax"min`ster, n. Defn: An Axminster carpet, an imitation Turkey carpet, noted for its thick and soft pile; -- so called from Axminster, Eng. AXMINSTER; AXMINSTER CARPET Ax"min*ster, n., or Axminster carpet . (a) [More fully chenille Axminster.] A variety of Turkey carpet, woven by machine or, when more than 27 inches wide, on a hand loom, and consisting of strips of worsted chenille so colored as to produce a pattern on a stout jute backing. It has a fine soft pile. So called from Axminster, England, where it was formerly (1755 -- 1835) made. (b) A similar but cheaper machine-made carpet, resembling moquette in construction and appearance, but finer and of better material. AXOLOTL Ax"o*lotl, n. Etym: [The native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An amphibian of the salamander tribe found in the elevated lakes of Mexico; the siredon. Note: When it breeds in captivity the young develop into true salamanders of the genus Amblystoma. This also occurs naturally under favorable conditions, in its native localities; although it commonly lives and breeds in a larval state, with persistent external gills. See Siredon. AXSTONE Ax"stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: A variety of jade. It is used by some savages, particularly the natives of the South Sea Islands, for making axes or hatchets. AXTREE Ax"tree, n. Defn: Axle or axletree. [Obs.] Drayton. AXUNGE Ax"unge, n. Etym: [F. axonge, L. axungia; axis wheel + ungere to grease.] Defn: Fat; grease; esp. the fat of pigs or geese; usually (Pharm.), lard prepared for medical use. AY Ay, interj. Defn: Ah! alas! "Ay me! I fondly dream `Had ye been there.'" Milton. AY Ay, adv. Defn: Same as Aye. AYAH A"yah, n. Etym: [Pg. aia, akin to Sp. aya a governess, ayo a tutor.] Defn: A native nurse for children; also, a lady's maid. [India] AYE; AY Aye, Ay, adv. Etym: [Perh. a modification of yea, or from the interjection of admiration or astonishment, OE. ei, ey, why, hey, ay, well, ah, ha. Cf. MHG. & G. ei, Dan. ej. Or perh. akin to aye ever.] Defn: Yes; yea; -- a word expressing assent, or an affirmative answer to a question. It is much used in viva voce voting in legislative bodies, etc. Note: This word is written I in the early editions of Shakespeare and other old writers. AYE Aye, n. Defn: An affirmative vote; one who votes in the affirmative; as, "To call for the ayes and noes;" "The ayes have it." AYE; AY Aye, Ay, adv. Etym: [Icel. ei, ey; akin to AS. a, awa, always, Goth. aiws an age, Icel. æfi, OHG, , L. aevum, Gr. je, Skr. course. Age, v., Either, a., Or, conj.] Defn: Always; ever; continually; for an indefinite time. For his mercies aye endure. Milton. For aye, always; forever; eternally. AYE-AYE Aye"-aye`, n. Etym: [From the native name, prob. from its cry.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A singular nocturnal quadruped, allied to the lemurs, found in Madagascar (Cheiromys Madagascariensis), remarkable for its long fingers, sharp nails, and rodent-like incisor teeth. AYEGREEN Aye"green`, n. Etym: [Aye ever + green.] (Bot.) Defn: The houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum). Halliwell. AYEN; AYEIN; AYEINS A*yen", A*yein", A*yeins", adv. & prep. Etym: [OE. Again.] Defn: Again; back against. [Obs.] Chaucer. AYENWARD A*yen"ward, adv. Defn: Backward. [Obs.] Chaucer. AYLE Ayle, n. Etym: [OE. ayel, aiel, OF. aiol, aiel, F. aïeul, a dim. of L. avus grandfather.] Defn: A grandfather. [Obs.] Writ of Ayle, an ancient English writ which lay against a stranger who had dispossessed the demandant of land of which his grandfather died seized. AYME Ay"me`, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ahi interj.] Defn: The utterance of the ejaculation "Ay me !" [Obs.] See Ay, interj. "Aymees and hearty heigh-hoes." J. Fletcher. AYOND A*yond", prep. & adv. Defn: Beyond. [North of Eng.] AYONT A*yont", prep. & adv. Defn: Beyond. [Scot.] AYRIE; AYRY A"y*rie, A"y*ry, n. Defn: See Aerie. Drayton. AYRSHIRE Ayr"shire, n. (Agric.) Defn: One of a superior breed of cattle from Ayrshire, Scotland. Ayrshires are notable for the quantity and quality of their milk. AYUNTAMIENTO A*yun`ta*mi*en"to, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. OSp. ayuntar to join.] Defn: In Spain and Spanish America, a corporation or body of magistrates in cities and towns, corresponding to mayor and aldermen. AZALEA A*za"le*a, n.; pl. Azaleas. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of showy flowering shrubs, mostly natives of China or of North America; false honeysuckle. The genus is scarcely distinct from Rhododendron. AZAROLE Az"a*role, n. Etym: [F. azerole, the name of the fruit, fr. Ar. az- zo'r: cf. It. azzeruolo, Sp. acerolo.] (Bot.) Defn: The Neapolitan medlar (Cratægus azarolus), a shrub of southern Europe; also, its fruit. AZEDARACH A*zed"a*rach, n. Etym: [F. azédarac, Sp. acederaque, Pers. azaddirakht noble tree.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A handsome Asiatic tree (Melia azedarach), common in the southern United States; -- called also, Pride of India, Pride of China, and Bead tree. 2. (Med.) Defn: The bark of the roots of the azedarach, used as a cathartic and emetic. AZIMUTH Az"i*muth, n. Etym: [OE. azimut, F. azimut, fr. Ar. as-sum, pl. of as-samt a way, or perh., a point of the horizon and a circle extending to it from the zenith, as being the Arabic article: cf. It. azzimutto, Pg. azimuth, and Ar. samt-al-ra's the vertex of the heaven. Cf. Zenith.] (Astron. & Geodesy) (a) The quadrant of an azimuth circle. (b) An arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of the place and a vertical circle passing through the center of any object; as, the azimuth of a star; the azimuth or bearing of a line surveying. Note: In trigonometrical surveying, it is customary to reckon the azimuth of a line from the south point of the horizon around by the west from 0º to 360º. Azimuth circle, or Vertical circle, one of the great circles of the sphere intersecting each other in the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles. Hutton. -- Azimuth compass, a compass resembling the mariner's compass, but having the card divided into degrees instead of rhumbs, and having vertical sights; used for taking the magnetic azimuth of a heavenly body, in order to find, by comparison with the true azimuth, the variation of the needle. -- Azimuth dial, a dial whose stile or gnomon is at right angles to the plane of the horizon. Hutton. -- Magnetic azimuth, an arc of the horizon, intercepted between the vertical circle passing through any object and the magnetic meridian. This is found by observing the object with an azimuth compass. AZIMUTHAL Az"i*muth`al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the azimuth; in a horizontal circle. Azimuthal error of a transit instrument, its deviation in azimuth from the plane of the meridian. AZO- Az"o-. Etym: [See Azote.] (Chem.) Defn: A combining form of azote; (a) Applied loosely to compounds having nitrogen variously combined, as in cyanides, nitrates, etc. (b) Now especially applied to compounds containing a two atom nitrogen group uniting two hydrocarbon radicals, as in azobenzene, azobenzoic, etc. These compounds furnish many artificial dyes. See Diazo-. AZOBENZENE Az`o*ben"zene, n. Etym: [Azo- + benzene.] (Chem.) Defn: A substance (C6H5.N2.C6H5) derived from nitrobenzene, forming orange red crystals which are easily fusible. AZOGUE A*zo"gue, n. [Sp. See Azoth.] Defn: Lit.: Quicksilver; hence: pl. (Mining) Defn: Silver ores suitable for treatment by amalgamation with mercury. [Sp. Amer.] AZOIC A*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Destitute of any vestige of organic life, or at least of animal life; anterior to the existence of animal life; formed when there was no animal life on the globe; as, the azoic. rocks. Azoic age (Geol.), the age preceding the existence of animal life, or anterior to the paleozoic tome. Azoic is also used as a noun, age being understood. See Archæan, and Eozoic. AZOLE Az"ole, n. [From Azote.] (Org. Chem.) Defn: Any of a large class of compounds characterized by a five- membered ring which contains an atom of nitrogen and at least one other noncarbon atom (nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur). The prefixes furo-, thio, and pyrro-are used to distinguish three subclasses of azoles, which may be regarded as derived respectively from furfuran, thiophene, and pyrrol by replacement of the CH group by nitrogen; as, furo-monazole. Names exactly analogous to those for the azines are also used; as, oxazole, diazole, etc. AZOLEIC Az`o*le"ic, a. Etym: [Azo- + oleic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to an acid produced by treating oleic with nitric acid. [R.] AZONIC A*zon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Confined to no zone or region; not local. AZORIAN A*zo"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Azores. -- n. Defn: A native of the Azores. AZOTE Az"ote, n. Etym: [F. azote, fr. Gr. Defn: Same as Nitrogen. [R.] AZOTED Az"ot*ed, a. Defn: Nitrogenized; nitrogenous. AZOTH Az"oth, n. Etym: [LL. azoch, azoth, fr. Ar. az-zauq mercury.] (Alchemy) (a) The first principle of metals, i. e., mercury, which was formerly supposed to exist in all metals, and to be extractable from them. (b) The universal remedy of Paracelsus. AZOTIC A*zot"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to azote, or nitrogen; formed or consisting of azote; nitric; as, azotic gas; azotic acid. [R.] Carpenter. AZOTINE; AZOTIN Az"o*tine, Az"o*tin, n. [Azote + -ine.] 1. Defn: An explosive consisting of sodium nitrate, charcoal, sulphur, and petroleum. 2. = 1st Ammonite, 2. AZOTITE Az"o*tite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt formed by the combination of azotous, or nitrous, acid with a base; a nitrite. [R.] AZOTIZE Az"o*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Azotized (p. pr. & vb. n. Azotizing ( Defn: To impregnate with azote, or nitrogen; to nitrogenize. AZOTOMETER Az`o*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Azote + -meter.] (Chem.) Defn: An apparatus for measuring or determining the proportion of nitrogen; a nitrometer. AZOTOUS A*zo"tous, a Defn: : Nitrous; as, azotous acid. [R.] AZOTURIA Az`o*tu"ri*a, n. [NL.; azote + Gr. urine.] (Med.) Defn: Excess of urea or other nitrogenous substances in the urine. AZTEC Az"tec, a. Defn: Of or relating to one of the early races in Mexico that inhabited the great plateau of that country at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1519. -- n. Defn: One of the Aztec race or people. AZURE Az"ure, a. Etym: [F. & OSp. azur, Sp. azul, through Ar. from Per. lajaward, or lajuward, lapis lazuli, a blue color, lajawardi, lajuwardi, azure, cerulean, the initial l having been dropped, perhaps by the influence of the Ar. azr-aq azure, blue. Cf. G. lasur, lasurstein, azure color, azure stone, and NL. lapis lazuli.] Defn: Sky-blue; resembling the clear blue color of the unclouded sky; cerulean; also, cloudless. Azure stone (Min.), the lapis lazuli; also, the lazulite. AZURE Az"ure, n. 1. The lapis lazuli. [Obs.] 2. The clear blue color of the sky; also, a pigment or dye of this color. "In robes of azure." Wordsworth. 3. The blue vault above; the unclouded sky. Not like those steps On heaven's azure. Milton. 4. (Her.) Defn: A blue color, represented in engraving by horizontal parallel lines. AZURE Az"ure, v. t. Defn: To color blue. AZURED Az"ured, a. Defn: Of an azure color; sky-blue. "The azured harebell." Shak. AZUREOUS A*zu"re*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of a fine blue color; azure. AZURINE Az"u*rine, a. Etym: [Cf. Azurn.] Defn: Azure. AZURINE Az"u*rine, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The blue roach of Europe (Leuciscus cæruleus); -- so called from its color. AZURITE Az"u*rite, n. (Min.) Defn: Blue carbonate of copper; blue malachite. AZURN Az"urn, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. azurin, asurin, LL. azurinus. See Azure, a.] Defn: Azure. [Obs.] Thick set with agate, and the azurn sheen Of turkis blue, and emerald green. Milton. AZYGOUS Az"y*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Odd; having no fellow; not one of a pair; single; as, the azygous muscle of the uvula. AZYM; AZYME Az"ym, Az"yme, n. Etym: [F. azyme unleavened, L. azymus, fr. Gr. Defn: Unleavened bread. AZYMIC A*zym"ic, a. Defn: Azymous. AZYMITE Az"y*mite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. azymite.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One who administered the Eucharist with unleavened bread; -- a name of reproach given by those of the Greek church to the Latins. AZYMOUS Az"y*mous, a. Etym: [See Azym.] Defn: Unleavened; unfermented. "Azymous bread." Dunglison. B Defn: is the second letter of the English alphabet. (See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 196,220.) It is etymologically related to p , v , f , w and m , letters representing sounds having a close organic affinity to its own sound; as in Eng. bursar and purser; Eng. bear and Lat. pear; Eng. silver and Ger. silber; Lat. cubitum and It. gomito; Eng. seven, Anglo-Saxon seofon, Ger. sieben, Lat. septem, Gr.ptan. The form of letter B is Roman, from Greek B (Beta), of Semitic origin. The small b was formed by gradual change from the capital B. Note: In Music, B is the nominal of the seventh tone in the model major scale (the scale of C major ), or of the second tone in it's relative minor scale (that of A minor ) . B stands for B flat, the tone a half step , or semitone, lower than B. In German, B stands for our B, while our B natural is called H (pronounced hä). BA Ba, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OF. baer to open mouth, F. baer.] Defn: To kiss. [Obs.] Chaucer. BAA Baa, v. i. Etym: [Cf. G. bäen; an imitative word.] Defn: To cry baa, or bleat as a sheep. He treble baas for help, but none can get. Sir P. Sidney. BAA Baa, n.; pl. Baas. Etym: [Cf. G. bä.] Defn: The cry or bleating of a sheep; a bleat. BAAING Baa"ing, n. Defn: The bleating of a sheep. Marryat. BAAL Ba"al, n.; Heb. pl. Baalim (. Etym: [Heb. ba'al lord.] 1. (Myth.) Defn: The supreme male divinity of the Phoenician and Canaanitish nations. Note: The name of this god occurs in the Old Testament and elsewhere with qualifying epithets subjoined, answering to the different ideas of his character; as, Baal-berith (the Covenant Baal), Baal-zebub (Baal of the fly). 2. pl. Defn: The whole class of divinities to whom the name Baal was applied. Judges x. 6. BAALISM Ba"al*ism, n. Defn: Worship of Baal; idolatry. BAALIST; BAALITE Ba"al*ist, Ba"al*ite, n. Defn: A worshiper of Baal; a devotee of any false religion; an idolater. BAB Bab, n. [Per.] Defn: Lit., gate; -- a title given to the founder of Babism, and taken from that of Bab-ud-Din, assumed by him. BABA Ba"ba, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A kind of plum cake. BABBITT Bab"bitt, v. t. Defn: To line with Babbitt metal. BABBITT METAL Bab"bitt met`al. Etym: [From the inventor, Isaac Babbitt of Massachusetts.] Defn: A soft white alloy of variable composition (as a nine parts of tin to one of copper, or of fifty parts of tin to five of antimony and one of copper) used in bearings to diminish friction. BABBLE Bab"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Babbled (p. pr. & vb. n. Babbling.] Etym: [Cf.LG. babbeln, D. babbelen, G. bappeln, bappern, F. babiller, It. babbolare; prob. orig., to keep saying ba, imitative of a child learning to talk.] 1. To utter words indistinctly or unintelligibly; to utter inarticulate sounds; as a child babbles. 2. To talk incoherently; to utter unmeaning words. 3. To talk much; to chatter; to prate. 4. To make a continuous murmuring noise, as shallow water running over stones. In every babbling he finds a friend. Wordsworth. Note: Hounds are said to babble, or to be babbling, when they are too noisy after having found a good scent. Syn. -- To prate; prattle; chatter; gossip. BABBLE Bab"ble, v. i. 1. To utter in an indistinct or incoherent way; to repeat,as words, in a childish way without understanding. These [words] he used to babble in all companies. Arbuthnot. 2. To disclose by too free talk, as a secret. BABBLE Bab"ble, n. 1. Idle talk; senseless prattle; gabble; twaddle. "This is mere moral babble." Milton. 2. Inarticulate speech; constant or confused murmur. The babble of our young children. Darwin. The babble of the stream. Tennyson. BABBLEMENT Bab"ble*ment, n. Defn: Babble. Hawthorne. BABBLER Bab"bler, n. 1. An idle talker; an irrational prater; a teller of secrets. Great babblers, or talkers, are not fit for trust. L'Estrange. 2. A hound too noisy on finding a good scent. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A name given to any one of family (Timalinæ) of thrushlike birds, having a chattering note. BABBLERY Bab"ble*ry, n. Defn: Babble. [Obs.] Sir T. More BABE Babe, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. bab, baban, W. baban, maban.] 1. An infant; a young child of either sex; a baby. 2. A doll for children. Spenser. BABEHOOD Babe"hood, n. Defn: Babyhood. [R.] Udall. BABEL Ba"bel, n. Etym: [Heb. Babel, the name of the capital of Babylonia; in Genesis associated with the idea of "confusion"] 1. The city and tower in the land of Shinar, where the confusion of languages took place. Therefore is the name of it called Babel. Gen. xi. 9. 2. Hence: A place or scene of noise and confusion; a confused mixture of sounds, as of voices or languages. That babel of strange heathen languages. Hammond. The grinding babel of the street. R. L. Stevenson. BABERY Bab"er*y, n. Etym: [Perh. orig. for baboonery. Cf. Baboon, and also Babe.] Defn: Finery of a kind to please a child. [Obs.] "Painted babery." Sir P. Sidney. BABIAN; BABION Ba"bi*an, Ba"bi*on, n. Etym: [See Baboon] Defn: A baboon. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BABILLARD Bab"il*lard, n. Etym: [F., a babbler.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The lesser whitethroat of Europe; -- called also babbling warbler. BABINGTONITE Bab"ing*ton*ite, n. Etym: [From Dr. Babbington.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in triclinic crystals approaching pyroxene in angle, and of a greenish black color. It is a silicate of iron, manganese, and lime. BABIROUSSA; BABIRUSSA Bab`i*rous"sa, Bab`i*rus"sa (, n. Etym: [F. babiroussa, fr.Malay babi hog + r deer.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large hoglike quadruped (Sus, or Porcus, babirussa) of the East Indies, sometimes domesticated; the Indian hog. Its upper canine teeth or tusks are large and recurved. BABISH Bab"ish, a. Defn: Like a babe; a childish; babyish. [R.] "Babish imbecility." Drayton. -- Bab"ish*ly, adv. -- Bab"ish*ness, n. [R.] BABISM Bab"ism, n. Etym: [From Bab (Pers. bab a gate), the title assumed by the founder, Mirza Ali Mohammed.] Defn: The doctrine of a modern religious sect, which originated in Persia in 1843, being a mixture of Mohammedan, Christian, Jewish and Parsee elements. BABISM; BABIISM Bab"ism, Bab"i*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine of a modern religious pantheistical sect in Persia, which was founded, about 1844, by Mirza Ali Mohammed ibn Rabhik (1820 -- 1850), who assumed the title of Bab-ed-Din (Per., Gate of the Faith). Babism is a mixture of Mohammedan, Christian, Jewish, and Parsi elements. This doctrine forbids concubinage and polygamy, and frees women from many of the degradations imposed upon them among the orthodox Mohammedans. Mendicancy, the use of intoxicating liquors and drugs, and slave dealing, are forbidden; asceticism is discountenanced. --Bab"ist, n. BABIST Bab"ist, n. Defn: A believer in Babism. BABLAH Bab"lah, n. Etym: [Cf. Per. bab a species of mimosa yielding gum arabic.] Defn: The ring of the fruit of several East Indian species of acacia; neb-neb. It contains gallic acid and tannin, and is used for dyeing drab. BABOO; BABU Ba"boo, Ba"bu, n. Etym: [Hind. bab ] Defn: A Hindoo gentleman; native clerk who writes English; also, a Hindoo title answering to Mr. or Esquire. Whitworth. BABOON Bab*oon", n. Etym: [OE. babewin, baboin, fr.F. babouin, or LL. babewynus. Of unknown origin; cf. D. baviaan, G. pavian, baboon, F. babin lip of ape, dogs, etc., dial. G. bäppe mouth.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Old World Quadrumana, of the genera Cynocephalus and Papio; the dog-faced ape. Baboons have dog-like muzzles and large canine teeth, cheek pouches, a short tail, and naked callosities on the buttocks. They are mostly African. See Mandrill, and Chacma, and Drill an ape. BABOONERY Bab*oon"ery, n. Defn: Baboonish behavior. Marryat. BABOONISH Bab*oon"ish, a. Defn: Like a baboon. BABUL; BABOOL Ba*bul", Ba*bool", n. [See Bablah.] (Bot.) Defn: Any one of several species of Acacia, esp. A. Arabica, which yelds a gum used as a substitute for true gum arabic. In place of Putney's golden gorse The sickly babul blooms. Kipling. BABY Ba"by, n.; pl. Babies. Etym: [Dim. of babe] Defn: An infant or young child of either sex; a babe. 2. A small image of an infant; a doll. Babies in the eyes, the minute reflection which one sees of one's self in the eyes of another. She clung about his neck, gave him ten kisses, Toyed with his locks, looked babies in his eyes. Heywood. BABY Ba"by, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, an infant; young or little; as, baby swans. "Baby figure" Shak. BABY Ba"by, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Babied (p. pr. & vb. n.Babying.] Defn: To treat like a young child; to keep dependent; to humor; to fondle. Young. BABY FARM Ba"by farm`. Defn: A place where the nourishment and care of babies are offered for hire. BABY FARMER Ba"by farm`er. Defn: One who keeps a baby farm. BABY FARMING Ba"by farm`ing. Defn: The business of keeping a baby farm. BABYHOOD Ba"by*hood, n. Defn: The state or period of infancy. BABYHOUSE Ba"by*house`, a. Defn: A place for children's dolls and dolls' furniture. Swift. BABYISH Ba"by*ish, a. Defn: Like a baby; childish; puerile; simple. -- Ba"by*ish*ly, adv. -- Ba"by*ish*ness, n. BABYISM Ba"by*ism, n. 1. The state of being a baby. 2. A babyish manner of acting or speaking. BABY JUMPER Ba"by jump`er. Defn: A hoop suspended by an elastic strap, in which a young child may be held secure while amusing itself by jumping on the floor. BABYLONIAN Bab`y*lo"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the real or to the mystical Babylon, or to the ancient kingdom of Babylonia; Chaldean. BABYLONIAN Bab`y*lo"ni*an, n. 1. An inhabitant of Babylonia (which included Chaldea); a Chaldean. 2. An astrologer; -- so called because the Chaldeans were remarkable for the study of astrology. BABYLONIC; BABYLONICAL Bab`y*lon"ic, Bab`y*lon"ic*al, a. 1. Pertaining to Babylon, or made there; as Babylonic garments,carpets, or hangings. 2. Tumultuous; disorderly. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington. BABYLONISH Bab"y*lo`nish, n. 1. Of or pertaining to, or made in, Babylon or Babylonia. "A Babylonish garment." Josh. vii. 21. 2. Pertaining to the Babylon of Revelation xiv.8. 3. Pertaining to Rome and papal power. [Obs.] The . . . injurious nickname of Babylonish. Gape. 4. Confused; Babel-like. BABYROUSSA; BABYRUSSA Bab`y*rous"sa, Bab`y*rus"sa, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Babyroussa. BABYSHIP Ba"by*ship, n. Defn: The quality of being a baby; the personality of an infant. BAC Bac, n. Etym: [F. See Back a vat] 1. A broad, flatbottomed ferryboat, usually worked by a rope. 2. A vat or cistern. See 1st Back. BACCALAUREATE Bac"ca*lau"re*ate, n. Etym: [NL. baccalaureatus, fr.LL. baccalaureus a bachelor of arts, fr. baccalarius, but as if fr L. bacca lauri bayberry, from the practice of the bachelor's wearing a garland of bayberries. See Bachelor.] 1. The degree of bachelor of arts. (B.A. or A.B.), the first or lowest academical degree conferred by universities and colleges. 2. A baccalaureate sermon. [U.S.] BACCALAUREATE Bac`ca*lau"re*ate, a. Defn: Pertaining to a bachelor of arts. Baccalaureate sermon, in some American colleges, a sermon delivered as a farewell discourse to a graduating class. BACCARA; BACCARAT Bac`ca*ra", Bac`ca*rat", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A French game of cards, played by a banker and punters. BACCARE; BACKARE Bac*ca"re, Bac*ka"re, interj. Defn: Stand back! give place! -- a cant word of the Elizabethan writers, probably in ridicule of some person who pretended to a knowledge of Latin which he did not possess. Baccare! you are marvelous forward. Shak. BACCATE Bac"cate, a. Etym: [L. baccatus, fr. L. bacca berry.] (Bot.) Defn: Pulpy throughout, like a berry; -- said of fruits. Gray. BACCATED Bac"ca*ted, a. 1. Having many berries. 2. Set or adorned with pearls. [Obs.] BACCHANAL Bac"cha*nal, a. Etym: [L. Bacchanalis. See Bacchanalia.] 1. Relating to Bacchus or his festival. 2. Engaged in drunken revels; drunken and riotous or noisy. BACCHANAL Bac"cha*nal, n. 1. A devotee of Bacchus; one who indulges in drunken revels; one who is noisy and riotous when intoxicated; a carouser. "Tipsy bacchanals." Shak. 2. pl. Defn: The festival of Bacchus; the bacchanalia. 3. Drunken revelry; an orgy. 4. A song or dance in honor of Bacchus. BACCHANALIA Bac`cha*na"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [L. Bacchanal a place devoted to Bacchus; in the pl. Bacchanalia a feast of Bacchus, fr. Bacchus the god of wine, Gr. 1. (Myth.) Defn: A feast or an orgy in honor of Bacchus. 2. Hence: A drunken feast; drunken reveler. BACCHANALIAN Bac`cha*na"li*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the festival of Bacchus; relating to or given to reveling and drunkenness. Even bacchanalian madness has its charms. Cowper. BACCHANALIAN Bac`cha*na"li*an, n. Defn: A bacchanal; a drunken reveler. BACCHANALIANISM Bac`cha*na"li*an*ism, n. Defn: The practice of bacchanalians; bacchanals; drunken revelry. BACCHANT Bac"chant, n.; pl. E. Bacchants, L. Bacchantes. Etym: [L. bacchans, - antis, p. pr. of bacchari to celebrate the festival of Bacchus.] 1. A priest of Bacchus. 2. A bacchanal; a reveler. Croly. BACCHANT Bac"chant, a. Defn: Bacchanalian; fond of drunken revelry; wine-loving; reveling; carousing. Byron. BACCHANTE Bac"chante, n.; L. pl. Bacchantes. 1. A priestess of Bacchus. 2. A female bacchanal. BACCHANTIC Bac*chan"tic, a. Defn: Bacchanalian. BACCHIC; BACCHICAL Bac"chic, Bac"chic*al, a. Etym: [L. Bacchicus, Gr. Defn: Of or relating to Bacchus; hence, jovial, or riotous,with intoxication. BACCHIUS Bac*chi"us, n.; pl. Bacchii. Etym: [L. Bacchius pes, Gr. (Pros.) Defn: A metrical foot composed of a short syllable and two long ones; according to some, two long and a short. BACCHUS Bac"chus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Myth.) Defn: The god of wine, son of Jupiter and Semele. BACCIFEROUS Bac*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. baccifer; bacca berry + ferre to bear] Defn: Producing berries. " Bacciferous trees." Ray. BACCIFORM Bac"ci*form, a. Etym: [L. bacca berry + -form. ] Defn: Having the form of a berry. BACCIVOROUS Bac*civ"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. bacca berry + varare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Eating, or subsisting on, berries; as, baccivorous birds. BACE Bace, n., a., & v. Defn: See Base. [Obs.] Spenser. BACHARACH; BACKARACK Bach"a*rach, Back"a*rack, n. Defn: A kind of wine made at Bacharach on the Rhine. BACHELOR Bach"e*lor, n. Etym: [OF. bacheler young man, F. bachelier (cf.Pr. bacalar, Sp.bachiller, Pg. bacharel, It. baccalare), LL. baccalarius the tenant of a kind of farm called baccalaria, a soldier not old or rich enough to lead his retainers into battle with a banner, person of an inferior academical degree aspiring to a doctorate. In the latter sense, it was afterward changed to baccalaureus. See Baccalaureate, n.] 1. A man of any age who has not been married. As merry and mellow an old bachelor as ever followed a hound. W. Irving. 2. An unmarried woman. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. A person who has taken the first or lowest degree in the liberal arts, or in some branch of science, at a college or university; as, a bachelor of arts. 4. A knight who had no standard of his own, but fought under the standard of another in the field; often, a young knight. 5. In the companies of London tradesmen, one not yet admitted to wear the livery; a junior member. [Obs.] 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of bass, an edible fresh-water fish (Pomoxys annularis) of the southern United States. BACHELORDOM Bach"e*lor*dom, n. Defn: The state of bachelorhood; the whole body of bachelors. BACHELORHOOD Bach"e*lor*hood, n. Defn: The state or condition of being a bachelor; bachelorship. BACHELORISM Bach"e*lor*ism, n. Defn: Bachelorhood; also, a manner or peculiarity belonging to bachelors. W. Irving. BACHELOR'S BUTTON Bach"e*lor's but"ton Defn: , (Bot.) A plant with flowers shaped like buttons; especially, several species of Ranunculus, and the cornflower (Centaures cyanus) and globe amaranth (Gomphrena). Note: Bachelor's buttons, a name given to several flowers "from their similitude to the jagged cloathe buttons, anciently worne in this kingdom", according to Johnson's Gerarde, p.472 (1633); but by other writers ascribed to "a habit of country fellows to carry them in their pockets to divine their success with their sweethearts." Dr. Prior. BACHELORSHIP Bach"e*lor*ship, n. Defn: The state of being a bachelor. BACHELRY Bach"el*ry, n. Etym: [OF. bachelerie.] Defn: The body of young aspirants for knighthood. [Obs.] Chaucer. BACILLAR Ba*cil"lar, a. Etym: [L. bacillum little staff.] (Biol.) Defn: Shaped like a rod or staff. BACILLARIAE Bac"il*la`ri*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr.L. bacillum, dim. of baculum stick.] (Biol.) Defn: See Diatom. BACILLARY Bac"il*la*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to little rods; rod-shaped. BACILLIFORM Ba*cil"li*form, a. Etym: [L. bacillum little staff + -form.] Defn: Rod-shaped. BACILLUS Ba*cil"lus, n.; pl. Bacilli (. Etym: [NL., for L. bacillum. See Bacillarle.] (Biol.) Defn: A variety of bacterium; a microscopic, rod-shaped vegetable organism. BACK Back, n. Etym: [F. bac: cf. Arm. bak tray, bowl.] 1. A large shallow vat; a cistern, tub, or trough, used by brewers, distillers, dyers, picklers, gluemakers, and others, for mixing or cooling wort, holding water, hot glue, etc. Hop back, Jack back, the cistern which receives the infusion of malt and hops from the copper. -- Wash back, a vat in which distillers ferment the wort to form wash. -- Water back, a cistern to hold a supply of water; esp. a small cistern at the back of a stove, or a group of pipes set in the fire box of a stove or furnace, through which water circulates and is heated. 2. A ferryboat. See Bac, 1 BACK Back, n. Etym: [As bæc, bac; akin to Icel., Sw., & LG. bak, Dan. bag; cf. OHG. bahho ham, Skr. bhaj to turn, OSlav. b flight. Cf. Bacon.] 1. In human beings, the hinder part of the body, extending from the neck to the end of the spine; in other animals, that part of the body which corresponds most nearly to such part of a human being; as, the back of a horse, fish, or lobster. 2. An extended upper part, as of a mountain or ridge. [The mountains] their broad bare backs upheave Into the clouds. Milton. 3. The outward or upper part of a thing, as opposed to the inner or lower part; as, the back of the hand, the back of the foot, the back of a hand rail. Methought Love pitying me, when he saw this, Gave me your hands, the backs and palms to kiss. Donne. 4. The part opposed to the front; the hinder or rear part of a thing; as, the back of a book; the back of an army; the back of a chimney. 5. The part opposite to, or most remote from, that which fronts the speaker or actor; or the part out of sight, or not generally seen; as, the back of an island, of a hill, or of a village. 6. The part of a cutting tool on the opposite side from its edge; as, the back of a knife, or of a saw. 7. A support or resource in reserve. This project Should have a back or second, that might hold, If this should blast in proof. Shak. 8. (Naut.) Defn: The keel and keelson of a ship. 9. (Mining) Defn: The upper part of a lode, or the roof of a horizontal underground passage. 10. A garment for the back; hence, clothing. A bak to walken inne by daylight. Chaucer. Behind one's back, when one is absent; without one's knowledge; as, to ridicule a person behind his back. -- Full back, Half back, Quarter back (Football), players stationed behind those in the front line. -- To be or lie on one's back, to be helpless. -- To put, or get, one's back up, to assume an attitude of obstinate resistance (from the action of a cat when attacked.). [Colloq.] -- To see the back of, to get rid of. -- To turn the back, to go away; to flee. -- To turn the back on one, to forsake or neglect him. BACK Back, a. 1. Being at the back or in the rear; distant; remote; as, the back door; back settlements. 2. Being in arrear; overdue; as, back rent. 3. Moving or operating backward; as, back action. Back charges, charges brought forward after an account has been made up. -- Back filling (Arch.), the mass of materials used in filling up the space between two walls, or between the inner and outer faces of a wall, or upon the haunches of an arch or vault. -- Back pressure. (Steam Engine) See under Pressure. -- Back rest, a guide attached to the slide rest of a lathe, and placed in contact with the work, to steady it in turning. -- Back slang, a kind of slang in which every word is written or pronounced backwards; as, nam for man. -- Back stairs, stairs in the back part of a house; private stairs. Also used adjectively. See Back stairs, Backstairs, and Backstair, in the Vocabulary. -- Back step (Mil.), the retrograde movement of a man or body of men, without changing front. -- Back stream, a current running against the main current of a stream; an eddy. -- To take the back track, to retrace one's steps; to retreat. [Colloq.] BACK Back, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Backed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Backing.] 1. To get upon the back of; to mount. I will back him [a horse] straight. Shak. 2. To place or seat upon the back. [R.] Great Jupiter, upon his eagle backed, Appeared to me. Shak. 3. To drive or force backward; to cause to retreat or recede; as, to back oxen. 4. To make a back for; to furnish with a back; as, to back books. 5. To adjoin behind; to be at the back of. A garden . . . with a vineyard backed. Shak. The chalk cliffs which back the beach. Huxley. 6. To write upon the back of; as, to back a letter; to indorse; as, to back a note or legal document. 7. To support; to maintain; to second or strengthen by aid or influence; as, to back a friend. "Parliament would be backed by the people." Macaulay. Have still found it necessary to back and fortify their laws with rewards and punishments. South. The mate backed the captain manfully. Blackw. Mag. 8. To bet on the success of; -- as, to back a race horse. To back an anchor (Naut.), to lay down a small anchor ahead of a large one, the cable of the small one being fastened to the crown of the large one. -- To back the field, in horse racing, to bet against a particular horse or horses, that some one of all the other horses, collectively designated "the field", will win. -- To back the oars, to row backward with the oars. -- To back a rope, to put on a preventer. -- To back the sails, to arrange them so as to cause the ship to move astern. -- To back up, to support; to sustain; as, to back up one's friends. -- To back a warrant (Law), is for a justice of the peace, in the county where the warrant is to be executed, to sign or indorse a warrant, issued in another county, to apprehend an offender. -- To back water (Naut.), to reverse the action of the oars, paddles, or propeller, so as to force the boat or ship backward. BACK Back, v. i. 1. To move or go backward; as, the horse refuses to back. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To change from one quarter to another by a course opposite to that of the sun; -- used of the wind. 3. (Sporting) Defn: To stand still behind another dog which has poined; -- said of a dog. [Eng.] To back and fill, to manage the sails of a ship so that the wind strikes them alternately in front and behind, in order to keep the ship in the middle of a river or channel while the current or tide carries the vessel against the wind. Hence: (Fig.) To take opposite positions alternately; to assert and deny. [Colloq.] -- To back out, To back down, to retreat or withdraw from a promise, engagement, or contest; to recede. [Colloq.] Cleon at first . . . was willing to go; but, finding that he [Nicias] was in earnest, he tried to back out. Jowett (Thucyd. ) BACK Back, adv. Etym: [Shortened from aback.] 1. In, to, or toward, the rear; as, to stand back; to step back. 2. To the place from which one came; to the place or person from which something is taken or derived; as, to go back for something left behind; to go back to one's native place; to put a book back after reading it. 3. To a former state, condition, or station; as, to go back to private life; to go back to barbarism. 4. ( Of time) In times past; ago. "Sixty or seventy years back." Gladstone. 5. Away from contact; by reverse movement. The angel of the Lord . . . came, and rolled back the stone from the door. Matt. xxvii. 2. 6. In concealment or reserve; in one's own possession; as, to keep back the truth; to keep back part of the money due to another. 7. In a state of restraint or hindrance. The Lord hath kept thee back from honor. Numb. xxiv. 11. 8. In return, repayment, or requital. What have I to give you back! Shak. 9. In withdrawal from a statement, promise, or undertaking; as, he took back0 the offensive words. 10. In arrear; as, to be back in one's rent. [Colloq.] Back and forth, backwards and forwards; to and fro. -- To go back on, to turn back from; to abandon; to betray; as, to go back on a friend; to go back on one's professions. [Colloq.] BACKARACK Back"a*rack, n. Defn: See Bacharach. BACKARE Bac*ka"re, interj. Defn: Same as Baccare. BACKBAND Back"band`, n. Etym: [2nd back ,n.+ band.] (Saddlery) Defn: The band which passes over the back of a horse and holds up the shafts of a carriage. BACKBITE Back"bite`, v. i. Etym: [2nd back, n., + bite] Defn: To wound by clandestine detraction; to censure meanly or spitefully (as absent person); to slander or speak evil of (one absent). Spenser. BACKBITE Back"bite`, v. i. Defn: To censure or revile the absent. They are arrant knaves, and will backbite. Shak. BACKBITER Back"bit`er, n. Defn: One who backbites; a secret calumniator or detractor. BACKBITING Back"bit`ing, n. Defn: Secret slander; detraction. Backbiting, and bearing of false witness. Piers Plowman. BACKBOARD Back"board`, n. Etym: [2nd back, n. + board.] 1. A board which supports the back wen one is sitting; Note: specifically, the board athwart the after part of a boat. 2. A board serving as the back part of anything, as of a wagon. 3. A thin stuff used for the backs of framed pictures, mirrors, etc. 4. A board attached to the rim of a water wheel to prevent the water from running off the floats or paddies into the interior of the wheel. W. Nicholson. 5. A board worn across the back to give erectness to the figure. Thackeray. BACKBOND Back"bond`, n. Etym: [Back, adv. + bond.] (Scots Law) Defn: An instrument which, in conjunction with another making an absolute disposition, constitutes a trust. BACKBONE Back"bone", n. Etym: [2d back,n.+ bone. ] 1. The column of bones in the back which sustains and gives firmness to the frame; the spine; the vertebral or spinal column. 2. Anything like , or serving the purpose of, a backbone. The lofty mountains on the north side compose the granitic axis, or backbone of the country. Darwin. We have now come to the backbone of our subject. Earle. 3. Firmness; moral principle; steadfastness. Shelley's thought never had any backbone. Shairp. To the backbone, through and through; thoroughly; entirely. "Staunch to the backbone." Lord Lytton. BACKBONED Back"boned", a. Defn: Vertebrate. BACKCAST Back"cast`, n. Etym: [Back, adv.+ cast.] Defn: Anything which brings misfortune upon one, or causes failure in an effort or enterprise; a reverse. [Scot.] BACK DOOR Back" door". Defn: A door in the back part of a building; hence, an indirect way. Atterbury. BACKDOOR Back"door", a. Defn: Acting from behind and in concealment; as backdoor intrigues. BACKDOWN Back"down`, n. Defn: A receding or giving up; a complete surrender. [Colloq.] BACKED Backed, a. Defn: Having a back; fitted with a back; as, a backed electrotype or stereotype plate. Used in composition; as, broad- backed; hump- backed. BACKER Back"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, backs; especially one who backs a person or thing in a contest. BACKFALL Back"fall`, n. Etym: [2nd back ,n. + fall] Defn: A fall or throw on the back in wrestling. BACK FIRE Back fire. (a) A fire started ahead of a forest or prairie fire to burn only against the wind, so that when the two fires meet both must go out for lack of fuel. (b) A premature explosion in the cylinder of a gas or oil engine during the exhaust or the compression stroke, tending to drive the piston in a direction reverse to that in which it should travel; also, an explosion in the exhaust passages of such ah engine. BACK-FIRE Back"-fire`, v. i. 1. (Engin.) Defn: To have or experience a back fire or back fires; -- said of an internal-combustion engine. 2. Of a Bunsen or similar air-fed burner, to light so that the flame proceeds from the internal gas jet instead of from the external jet of mixed gas and air. -- Back"-fir`ing, n. BACKFRIEND Back"friend`, n. Etym: [Back,n.or adv. + friend] Defn: A secret enemy. [Obs.] South. BACKGAMMON Back"gam`mon, n. Etym: [Origin unknown; perhaps fr.Dan. bakke tray + E. game; or very likely the first part is from E.back, adv., and the game is so called because the men are often set back.] Defn: A game of chance and skill, played by two persons on a "board" marked off into twenty-four spaces called "points". Each player has fifteen pieces, or "men", the movements of which from point to point are determined by throwing dice. Formerly called tables. Backgammon board , a board for playing backgammon, often made in the form of two rectangular trays hinged together, each tray containing two "tables". BACKGAMMON Back"gam`mon, v. i. Defn: In the game of backgammon, to beat by ending the game before the loser is clear of his first "table". BACKGROUND Back"ground`, n. Etym: [Back, a. + ground.] 1. Ground in the rear or behind, or in the distance, as opposed to the foreground, or the ground in front. 2. (Paint.) Defn: The space which is behind and subordinate to a portrait or group of figures. Note: The distance in a picture is usually divided into foreground, middle distance, and background. Fairholt. 3. Anything behind, serving as a foil; as, the statue had a background of red hangings. 4. A place in obscurity or retirement, or out of sight. I fancy there was a background of grinding and waiting before Miss Torry could produce this highly finished . . . performance. Mrs. Alexander. A husband somewhere in the background. Thackeray. BACKHAND Back"hand`, n. Etym: [Back, adv. + hand.] Defn: A kind of handwriting in which the downward slope of the letters is from left to right. BACKHAND Back"hand`, a. 1. Sloping from left to right; -- said of handwriting. 2. Backhanded; indirect; oblique. [R.] BACKHANDED Back"hand`ed, a. 1. With the hand turned backward; as, a backhanded blow. 2. Indirect; awkward; insincere; sarcastic; as, a backhanded compliment. 3. Turned back, or inclining to the left; as, a backhanded letters. BACKHANDEDNESS Back"hand`ed*ness, n. Defn: State of being backhanded; the using of backhanded or indirect methods. BACKHANDER Back"hand`er, n. Defn: A backhanded blow. BACKHEEL Back"heel`, n. (Wrestling) Defn: A method of tripping by getting the leg back of the opponent's heel on the outside and pulling forward while pushing his body back; a throw made in this way. -- v. t. Defn: To trip (a person) in this way. BACKHOUSE Back"house`, n. Etym: [Back, a. + house.] Defn: A building behind the main building. Specifically: A privy; a necessary. BACKING Back"ing, n. 1. The act of moving backward, or of putting or moving anything backward. 2. That which is behind, and forms the back of, anything, usually giving strength or stability. 3. Support or aid given to a person or cause. 4. (Bookbinding) Defn: The preparation of the back of a book with glue, etc., before putting on the cover. BACKJOINT Back"joint`, n. Etym: [Back , a. or adv. + joint.] (Arch.) Defn: A rebate or chase in masonry left to receive a permanent slab or other filling. BACKLASH Back"lash`, n. Etym: [Back , adv. + lash.] (Mech.) Defn: The distance through which one part of connected machinery, as a wheel, piston, or screw, can be moved without moving the connected parts, resulting from looseness in fitting or from wear; also, the jarring or reflex motion caused in badly fitting machinery by irregularities in velocity or a reverse of motion. BACKLESS Back"less, a. Defn: Without a back. BACKLOG Back"log`, n. Etym: [Back, a. + log.] Defn: A large stick of wood, forming the of a fire on the hearth. [U.S.] There was first a backlog, from fifteen to four and twenty inches in diameter and five feet long, imbedded in the ashes. S. G. Goodrich. BACKPIECE; BACKPLATE Back"piece`, Back"plate`, n. Etym: [Back,n.or a. + piece, plate. ] Defn: A piece, or plate which forms the back of anything, or which covers the back; armor for the back. BACKRACK; BACKRAG Back"rack, Back"rag, n. Defn: See Bacharach. BACKS Backs, n. pl. Defn: Among leather dealers, the thickest and stoutest tanned hides. BACKSAW Back"saw`, n. Etym: [2d back,n.+ saw.] Defn: A saw (as a tenon saw) whose blade is stiffened by an added metallic back. BACKSET Back"set`, n. Etym: [Back, adv. + set.] 1. A check; a relapse; a discouragement; a setback. 2. Whatever is thrown back in its course, as water. Slackwater, or the backset caused by the overflow. Harper's Mag. BACKSET Back"set`, v. i. Defn: To plow again, in the fall; -- said of prairie land broken up in the spring. [Western U.S.] BACKSETTLER Back"set"tler, n. Etym: [Back, a. + settler.] Defn: One living in the back or outlying districts of a community. The English backsettlers of Leinster and Munster. Macaulay. BACKSHEESH; BACKSHISH Back"sheesh`, Back"shish`, n. Etym: [Pers. bakhshish, fr. bakhshidan to give.] Defn: In Egypt and the Turkish empire, a gratuity; a "tip". BACKSIDE Back"side`, n. Etym: [Back, a. + side. ] Defn: The hinder part, posteriors, or rump of a person or animal. Note: Backside (one word) was formerly used of the rear part or side of any thing or place, but in such senses is now two words. BACKSIGHT Back"sight`, n. Etym: [Back, adv. + sight. ] (Surv.) Defn: The reading of the leveling staff in its unchanged position when the leveling instrument has been taken to a new position; a sight directed backwards to a station previously occupied. Cf. Foresight, n., 3. BACKSLIDE Back`slide", v. i. [imp. Backslid; p.p. Backslidden, Backslid; p. pr. & vb. n. Backsliding. ] Etym: [Back , adv.+ slide.] Defn: To slide back; to fall away; esp. to abandon gradually the faith and practice of a religion that has been professed. BACKSLIDER Back"slid"er, n. Defn: One who backslides. BACKSLIDING Back"slid"ing, a. Defn: Slipping back; falling back into sin or error; sinning. Turn, O backsliding children, saith the Lord. Jer. iii. 14. BACKSLIDING Back"slid"ing, n. Defn: The act of one who backslides; abandonment of faith or duty. Our backslidings are many. Jer. xiv. 7. BACKSTAFF Back"staff`, n. Defn: An instrument formerly used for taking the altitude of the heavenly bodies, but now superseded by the quadrant and sextant; -- so called because the observer turned his back to the body observed. BACK STAIRS Back" stairs`. Defn: Stairs in the back part of a house, as distinguished from the front stairs; hence, a private or indirect way. BACKSTAIRS; BACKSTAIR Back"stairs`, Back"stair`, a. Defn: Private; indirect; secret; intriguing; as if finding access by the back stairs. A backstairs influence. Burke. Female caprice and backstairs influence. Trevelyan. BACKSTAY Back"stay`, n. Etym: [Back, a. orn.+ stay.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A rope or stay extending from the masthead to the side of a ship, slanting a little aft, to assist the shrouds in supporting the mast. [ Often used in the plural.] 2. A rope or strap used to prevent excessive forward motion. BACKSTER Back"ster, n. Etym: [See Baxter.] Defn: A backer. [Obs.] BACKSTITCH Back"stitch`, n. Etym: [Back, adv. + stitch.] Defn: A stitch made by setting the needle back of the end of the last stitch, and bringing it out in front of the end. BACKSTITCH Back"stitch`, v. i. Defn: To sew with backstitches; as, to backstitch a seam. BACKSTOP Back"stop`, n. 1. In baseball, a fence, prop. at least 90 feet behind the home base, to stop the balls that pass the catcher; also, the catcher himself. 2. In rounders, the player who stands immediately behind the striking base. 3. In cricket, the longstop; also, the wicket keeper. BACKSTRESS Back"stress, n. Defn: A female baker. [Obs.] BACKSWORD Back"sword`, n. Etym: [2d back,n.+ sword.] 1. A sword with one sharp edge. 2. In England, a stick with a basket handle, used in rustic amusements; also, the game in which the stick is used. Also called singlestick. Halliwell. BACKWARD; BACKWARDS Back"ward, Back"wards, adv. Etym: [Back, adv. + -ward.] 1. With the back in advance or foremost; as, to ride backward. 2. Toward the back; toward the rear; as, to throw the arms backward. 3. On the back, or with the back downward. Thou wilt fall backward. Shak. 4. Toward, or in, past time or events; ago. Some reigns backward. Locke. 5. By way of reflection; reflexively. Sir J. Davies. 6. From a better to a worse state, as from honor to shame, from religion to sin. The work went backward. Dryden. 7. In a contrary or reverse manner, way, or direction; contrarily; as, to read backwards. We might have . . . beat them backward home. Shak. BACKWARD Back"ward, a. 1. Directed to the back or rear; as, backward glances. 2. Unwilling; averse; reluctant; hesitating; loath. For wiser brutes were backward to be slaves. Pope. 3. Not well advanced in learning; not quick of apprehension; dull; inapt; as, a backward child. "The backward learner." South. 4. Late or behindhand; as, a backward season. 5. Not advanced in civilization; undeveloped; as, the country or region is in a backward state. 6. Already past or gone; bygone. [R.] And flies unconscious o'er each backward year. Byron. BACKWARD Back"ward, n. Defn: The state behind or past. [Obs.] In the dark backward and abysm of time. Shak. BACKWARD Back"ward, v. i. Defn: To keep back; to hinder. [Obs.] BACKWARDATION Back`war*da"tion, n. Etym: [Backward, v.i.+ -ation.] (Stock Exchange) Defn: The seller's postponement of delivery of stock or shares, with the consent of the buyer, upon payment of a premium to the latter; -- also, the premium so paid. See Contango. Biddle. BACKWARDLY Back"ward*ly, adv. 1. Reluctantly; slowly; aversely. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. Perversely; ill.[Obs.] And does he think so backwardly of me Shak. BACKWARDNESS Back"ward*ness, n. Defn: The state of being backward. BACKWASH Back"wash`, v. i. Defn: To clean the oil from (wood) after combing. BACKWATER Back"wa`ter, n. Etym: [Back, a. or adv. + -ward. ] 1. Water turned back in its course by an obstruction, an opposing current , or the flow of the tide, as in a sewer or river channel, or across a river bar. 2. An accumulation of water overflowing the low lands, caused by an obstruction. 3. Water thrown back by the turning of a waterwheel, or by the paddle wheels of a steamer. BACKWOODS Back"woods", n. pl. Etym: [Back, a. + woods.] Defn: The forests or partly cleared grounds on the frontiers. BACKWOODSMAN Back"woods"man, n.; pl. Backwoodsmen (. Defn: A men living in the forest in or beyond the new settlements, especially on the western frontiers of the older portions of the United States. Fisher Ames. BACKWORM Back"worm`, n. Etym: [2d back,n.+ worm. ] Defn: A disease of hawks. See Filanders. Wright. BACON Ba"con, n. Etym: [OF. bacon, fr. OHG. bacho, bahho, flitch of bacon, ham; akin to E. back. Cf. Back the back side.] Defn: The back and sides of a pig salted and smoked; formerly, the flesh of a pig salted or fresh. Bacon beetle (Zoöl.), a beetle (Dermestes lardarius) which, especially in the larval state, feeds upon bacon, woolens, furs, etc. See Dermestes. -- To save one's bacon, to save one's self or property from harm or less. [Colloq.] BACONIAN Ba*co"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Lord Bacon, or to his system of philosophy. Baconian method, the inductive method. See Induction. BACTERIA Bac*te"ri*a, n.p. Defn: See Bacterium. BACTERIAL Bac*te"ri*al, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to bacteria. BACTERICIDAL Bac*te"ri*ci`dal, a. Defn: Destructive of bacteria. BACTERICIDE Bac*te"ri*cide, n. Etym: [Bacterium + L. caedere to kill] (Biol.) Defn: Same as Germicide. BACTERIN Bac"te*rin, n. (Med.) Defn: A bacterial vaccine. BACTERIOLOGICAL Bac*te"ri*o*log`ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to bacteriology; as, bacteriological studies. BACTERIOLOGIST Bac*te"ri*ol`o*gist, n. Defn: One skilled in bacteriology. BACTERIOLOGY Bac*te"ri*ol`o*gy, n. Etym: [Bacterium + -logy. ] (Biol.) Defn: The science relating to bacteria. BACTERIOLYSIS Bac*te`ri*ol"y*sis, n. [NL.; fr. Gr. , , a staff + a loosing.] 1. Chemical decomposition brought about by bacteria without the addition of oxygen. 2. The destruction or dissolution of bacterial cells. -- Bac*te`ri*o*lyt"ic (#), a. BACTERIOSCOPIC Bac*te`ri*o*scop"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to bacterioscopy; as, a bacterioscopic examination. BACTERIOSCOPIST Bac*te`ri*os"co*pist, n. (Biol.) Defn: One skilled in bacterioscopic examinations. BACTERIOSCOPY Bac*te`ri*os"co*py, n. Etym: [Bacterium + -scopy ] (Biol.) Defn: The application of a knowledge of bacteria for their detection and identification, as in the examination of polluted water. BACTERIUM Bac*te"ri*um, n.; pl. Bacteria. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr., , a staff: cf. F. bactérie. ] (Biol.) Defn: A microscopic vegetable organism, belonging to the class Algæ, usually in the form of a jointed rodlike filament, and found in putrefying organic infusions. Bacteria are destitute of chlorophyll, and are the smallest of microscopic organisms. They are very widely diffused in nature, and multiply with marvelous rapidity, both by fission and by spores. Certain species are active agents in fermentation, while others appear to be the cause of certain infectious diseases. See Bacillus. BACTEROID; BACTEROIDAL Bac"te*roid, Bac`te*roid"al, a. Etym: [Bacterium + -oid.] (Biol.) Defn: Resembling bacteria; as, bacteroid particles. BACTRIAN Bac"tri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Bactria in Asia. -- n. Defn: A native of Bactria. Bactrian camel, the two-humped camel. BACULE Bac"ule, n. Etym: [F.] (Fort.) Defn: See Bascule. BACULINE Bac"u*line, a. Etym: [L. baculum staff.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the rod or punishment with the rod. BACULITE Bac"u*lite, n. Etym: [L. baculune stick, staff; cf. F. baculite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A cephalopod of the extinct genus Baculites, found fossil in the Cretaceous rocks. It is like an uncoiled ammonite. BACULOMETRY Bac`u*lom"e*try, n. Etym: [L. baculum staff + -metry] Defn: Measurement of distance or altitude by a staff or staffs. BAD Bad, imp. Defn: of Bid. Bade. [Obs.] Dryden. BAD Bad, a. [Compar. Worse; superl. Worst. ] Etym: [Probably fr. AS. bæddel hermaphrodite; cf. bædling effeminate fellow.] Defn: Wanting good qualities, whether physical or moral; injurious, hurtful, inconvenient, offensive, painful, unfavorable, or defective, either physically or morally; evil; vicious; wicked; -- the opposite of good; as a bad man; bad conduct; bad habits; bad soil; bad health; bad crop; bad news. Note: Sometimes used substantively. The strong antipathy of good to bad. Pope. Syn. -- Pernicious; deleterious; noxious; baneful; injurious; hurtful; evil; vile; wretched; corrupt; wicked; vicious; imperfect. BADAUD Ba`daud", n. [F.] Defn: A person given to idle observation of everything, with wonder or astonishment; a credulous or gossipy idler. A host of stories . . . dealing chiefly with the subject of his great wealth, an ever delightful topic to the badauds of Paris. Pall Mall Mag. BADDER Bad"der, Defn: compar. of Bad, a. [Obs.] Chaucer. BADDERLOCKS Bad"der*locks, n. Etym: [Perh. for Balderlocks, fr. Balder the Scandinavian deity.] (Bot.) Defn: A large black seaweed (Alaria esculenta) sometimes eaten in Europe; -- also called murlins, honeyware, and henware. BADDISH Bad"dish, a. Defn: Somewhat bad; inferior. Jeffrey. BADE Bade. Defn: A form of the pat tense of Bid. BADGE Badge, n. Etym: [LL. bagea, bagia, sign, prob. of German origin; cf. AS. beág, beáh, bracelet, collar, crown, OS b in comp., AS. b to bow, bend, G. biegen. See Bow to bend.] 1. A distinctive mark, token, sign, or cognizance, worn on the person; as, the badge of a society; the badge of a policeman. "Tax gatherers, recognized by their official badges. " Prescott. 2. Something characteristic; a mark; a token. Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge. Shak. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A carved ornament on the stern of a vessel, containing a window or the representation of one. BADGE Badge, v. t. Defn: To mark or distinguish with a badge. BADGELESS Badge"less, a. Defn: Having no badge. Bp. Hall. BADGER Badg"er, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin; perh. fr. an old verb badge to lay up provisions to sell again.] Defn: An itinerant licensed dealer in commodities used for food; a hawker; a huckster; -- formerly applied especially to one who bought grain in one place and sold it in another. [Now dialectic, Eng.] BADGER Badg"er, n. Etym: [OE. bageard, prob. fr. badge + -ard, in reference to the white mark on its forehead. See Badge,n.] 1. A carnivorous quadruped of the genus Meles or of an allied genus. It is a burrowing animal, with short, thick legs, and long claws on the fore feet. One species (M. vulgaris), called also brock, inhabits the north of Europe and Asia; another species (Taxidea Americana or Labradorica) inhabits the northern parts of North America. See Teledu. 2. A brush made of badgers' hair, used by artists. Badger dog. (Zoöl.) See Dachshund. BADGER Badg"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Badgered (p. pr. & vb. n. Badgering.] Etym: [For sense 1, see 2d Badger; for 2, see 1st Badger.] 1. To tease or annoy, as a badger when baited; to worry or irritate persistently. 2. To beat down; to cheapen; to barter; to bargain. BADGERER Badg"er*er, n. 1. One who badgers. 2. A kind of dog used in badger baiting. BADGER GAME Badg"er game. Defn: The method of blackmailing by decoying a person into a compromising situation and extorting money by threats of exposure. [Cant] BADGERING Badg"er*ing, n. 1. The act of one who badgers. 2. The practice of buying wheat and other kinds of food in one place and selling them in another for a profit. [Prov. Eng.] BADGER-LEGGED Badg"er-legged`, a. Defn: Having legs of unequal length, as the badger was thought to have. Shak. BADGER STATE Badger State. Defn: Wisconsin; -- a nickname. BADIAGA Bad`i*a"ga, n. Etym: [Russ. badiaga.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fresh-water sponge (Spongilla), common in the north of Europe, the powder of which is used to take away the livid marks of bruises. BADIAN Ba"di*an, n. Etym: [F.badiane, fr. Per. badian anise.] (Bot.) Defn: An evergreen Chinese shrub of the Magnolia family (Illicium anisatum), and its aromatic seeds; Chinese anise; star anise. BADIGEON Ba*di"geon, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A cement or paste (as of plaster and freestone, or of sawdust and glue or lime) used by sculptors, builders, and workers in wood or stone, to fill holes, cover defects, or finish a surface. BADINAGE Ba`di`nage", n. Etym: [F., fr. badiner to joke, OF. to trifle, be silly, fr. badin silly.] Defn: Playful raillery; banter. "He . . . indulged himself only in an elegant badinage." Warburton. BAD LANDS Bad" lands". Defn: Barren regions, especially in the western United States, where horizontal strata (Tertiary deposits) have been often eroded into fantastic forms, and much intersected by canons, and where lack of wood, water, and forage increases the difficulty of traversing the country, whence the name, first given by the Canadian French, Mauvaises Terres (bad lands). BADLY Bad"ly, adv. Defn: In a bad manner; poorly; not well; unskillfully; imperfectly; unfortunately; grievously; so as to cause harm; disagreeably; seriously. Note: Badly is often used colloquially for very much or very greatly, with words signifying to want or need. BADMINTON Bad"min*ton, n. Etym: [From the name of the seat of the Duke of Beaufort in England.] 1. A game, similar to lawn tennis, played with shuttlecocks. 2. A preparation of claret, spiced and sweetened. BADNESS Bad"ness, n. Defn: The state of being bad. BAENOMERE Bæ"no*mere, n. Etym: [Gr. to walk + -mere.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the somites (arthromeres) that make up the thorax of Arthropods. Packard. BAENOPOD Bæ"no*pod, n. Etym: [Gr. -pod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the thoracic legs of Arthropods. BAENOSOME Bæ"no*some, n. Etym: [Gr. -some body.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The thorax of Arthropods. Packard. BAETULUS Bæ"tu*lus, n.; pl. Bætuli (#). [L., fr. Gr. bai`tylos a sacred meteorite.] (Antiq.) Defn: A meteorite, or similar rude stone artificially shaped, held sacred or worshiped as of divine origin. All the evidence goes to prove that these menhirs are bætuli, i. e., traditional and elementary images of the deity. I. Gonino (Perrot & Chipiez). BAFF Baff, n. Defn: A blow; a stroke. [Scot.] H. Miller. BAFFLE Baf"fle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Baffled (p. pr. & vb. n. Baffling (.] Etym: [Cf. Lowland Scotch bauchle to treat contemptuously, bauch tasteless, abashed, jaded, Icel. bagr uneasy, poor, or bagr, n., struggle, bægja to push, treat harshly, OF. beffler, beffer, to mock, deceive, dial. G. bäppe mouth, beffen to bark, chide.] 1. To cause to undergo a disgraceful punishment, as a recreant knight. [Obs.] He by the heels him hung upon a tree, And baffled so, that all which passed by The picture of his punishment might see. Spenser. 2. To check by shifts and turns; to elude; to foil. The art that baffles time's tyrannic claim. Cowper. 3. To check by perplexing; to disconcert, frustrate, or defeat; to thwart. "A baffled purpose." De Quincey. A suitable scripture ready to repel and baffle them all. South. Calculations so difficult as to have baffled, until within a . . . recent period, the most enlightened nations. Prescott. The mere intricacy of a question should not baffle us. Locke. Baffling wind (Naut.), one that frequently shifts from one point to another. Syn. -- To balk; thwart; foil; frustrate; defeat. BAFFLE Baf"fle, v. i. 1. To practice deceit. [Obs.] Barrow. 2. To struggle against in vain; as, a ship baffles with the winds. [R.] BAFFLE Baf"fle, n. Defn: A defeat by artifice, shifts, and turns; discomfiture. [R.] "A baffle to philosophy." South. BAFFLEMENT Baf"fle*ment, n. Defn: The process or act of baffling, or of being baffled; frustration; check. BAFFLER Baf"fler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, baffles. BAFFLING Baf"fling, a. Defn: Frustrating; discomfiting; disconcerting; as, baffling currents, winds, tasks. -- Bafflingly, adv. -- Bafflingness, n. BAFFY Baff"y (baf"y), n. [See Baff, v. t.] (Golf) Defn: A short wooden club having a deeply concave face, seldom used. BAFT Baft. n. Defn: Same as Bafta. BAFTA Baf"ta, n. Etym: [Cf. Per. baft. woven, wrought.] Defn: A coarse stuff, usually of cotton, originally made in India. Also, an imitation of this fabric made for export. BAG Bag, n. Etym: [OE. bagge; cf. Icel. baggi, and also OF. bague, bundle, LL. baga.] 1. A sack or pouch, used for holding anything; as, a bag of meal or of money. 2. A sac, or dependent gland, in animal bodies, containing some fluid or other substance; as, the bag of poison in the mouth of some serpents; the bag of a cow. 3. A sort of silken purse formerly tied about men's hair behind, by way of ornament. [Obs.] 4. The quantity of game bagged. 5. (Com.) Defn: A certain quantity of a commodity, such as it is customary to carry to market in a sack; as, a bag of pepper or hops; a bag of coffee. Bag and baggage, all that belongs to one. -- To give one the bag, to disappoint him. [Obs.] Bunyan. BAG Bag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bagged(p. pr. & vb. n. Bagging] 1. To put into a bag; as, to bag hops. 2. To seize, capture, or entrap; as, to bag an army; to bag game. 3. To furnish or load with a bag or with a well filled bag. A bee bagged with his honeyed venom. Dryden. BAG Bag, v. i. 1. To swell or hang down like a full bag; as, the skin bags from containing morbid matter. 2. To swell with arrogance. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. To become pregnant. [Obs.] Warner. (Alb. Eng. ). BAGASSE Ba*gasse", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Sugar cane, as it BAGATELLE Bag`a*telle", n. Etym: [F., fr. It. bagatella; cf. Prov. It. bagata trifle, OF. bague, Pr. bagua, bundle. See Bag, n.] 1. A trifle; a thing of no importance. Rich trifles, serious bagatelles. Prior. 2. A game played on an oblong board, having, at one end, cups or arches into or through which balls are to be driven by a rod held in the hand of the player. BAGGAGE Bag"gage, n. Etym: [F. bagage, from OF. bague bungle. In senses 6 and 7 cf. F. bagasse a prostitute. See Bag, n.] 1. The clothes, tents, utensils, and provisions of an army. Note: "The term itself is made to apply chiefly to articles of clothing and to small personal effects." Farrow. 2. The trunks, valises, satchels, etc., which a traveler carries with him on a journey; luggage. The baronet's baggage on the roof of the coach. Thackeray. We saw our baggage following below. Johnson. Note: The English usually call this luggage. 3. Purulent matter. [Obs.] Barrough. 4. Trashy talk. [Obs.] Ascham. 5. A man of bad character. [Obs.] Holland. 6. A woman of loose morals; a prostitute. A disreputable, daring, laughing, painted French baggage. Thackeray. 7. A romping, saucy girl. [Playful] Goldsmith. BAGGAGE MASTER Bag"gage mas`ter. Defn: One who has charge of the baggage at a railway station or upon a line of public travel. [U.S.] BAGGAGER Bag"ga*ger, n. Defn: One who takes care of baggage; a camp follower. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. BAGGALA Bag"ga*la, n. Etym: [Ar. "fem. of baghl a mule." Balfour.] (Naut.) Defn: A two-masted Arab or Indian trading vessel, used in Indian Ocean. BAGGILY Bag"gi*ly, adv. Defn: In a loose, baggy way. BAGGING Bag"ging, n. 1. Cloth or other material for bags. 2. The act of putting anything into, or as into, a bag. 3. The act of swelling; swelling. BAGGING Bag"ging, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Reaping peas, beans, wheat, etc., with a chopping stroke. [Eng.] BAGGY Bag"gy, a. Defn: Resembling a bag; loose or puffed out, or pendent, like a bag; flabby; as, baggy trousers; baggy cheeks. BAGMAN Bag"man, n.; pl. Bagmen (. Defn: A commercial traveler; one employed to solicit orders for manufacturers and tradesmen. Thackeray. BAG NET Bag" net`. Defn: A bag-shaped net for catching fish. BAGNIO Bagn"io, n. Etym: [It. bagno, fr. L. balneum. Cf. Bain.] 1. A house for bathing, sweating, etc.; -- also, in Turkey, a prison for slaves. [Obs.] 2. A brothel; a stew; a house of prostitution. BAGPIPE Bag"pipe, n. Defn: A musical wind instrument, now used chiefly in the Highlands of Scotland. Note: It consists of a leather bag, which receives the air by a tube that is stopped by a valve; and three sounding pipes, into which the air is pressed by the performer. Two of these pipes produce fixed tones, namely, the bass, or key tone, and its fifth, and form together what is called the drone; the third, or chanter, gives the melody. BAGPIPE Bag"pipe, v. t. Defn: To make to look like a bagpipe. To bagpipe the mizzen (Naut.), to lay it aback by bringing the sheet to the mizzen rigging. Totten. BAGPIPER Bag"pip`er, n. Defn: One who plays on a bagpipe; a piper. Shak. BAGREEF Bag"reef`, n. Etym: [Bag + reef.] (Naut.) Defn: The lower reef of fore and aft sails; also, the upper reef of topsails. Ham. Nav. Encyc. BAGUE Bague, n. Etym: [F., a ring] (Arch.) Defn: The annular molding or group of moldings dividing a long shaft or clustered column into two or more parts. BAGUET; BAGUETTE Ba*guet", Ba*guette", n. Etym: [F. baguette, prop. a rodbacchetta, fr. L. baculum, baculu stick, staff.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A small molding, like the astragal, but smaller; a bead. 2. (Zoöl) Defn: One of the minute bodies seen in the divided nucleoli of some Infusoria after conjugation. BAGWIG Bag"wig", n. Defn: A wig, in use in the 18th century, with the hair at the back of the head in a bag. BAGWORM Bag"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several lepidopterous insects which construct, in the larval state, a baglike case which they carry about for protection. One species (Platoeceticus Gloveri) feeds on the orange tree. See Basket worm. BAH Bah, interj. Defn: An exclamation expressive of extreme contempt. Twenty-five years ago the vile ejaculation, Bah! was utterly unknown to the English public. De Quincey. BAHADUR; BAHAUDUR Ba*ha"dur Ba*hau"dur, n. [Written also bahawder.] [Hind. bahadur hero, champion.] Defn: A title of respect or honor given to European officers in East Indian state papers, and colloquially, and among the natives, to distinguished officials and other important personages. BAHAI Ba*hai" (ba*hi"), n.; pl. Bahais (-hiz). Defn: A member of the sect of the Babis consisting of the adherents of Baha (Mirza Husain Ali, entitled "Baha 'u 'llah," or, "the Splendor of God"), the elder half brother of Mirza Yahya of Nur, who succeeded the Bab as the head of the Babists. Baha in 1863 declared himself the supreme prophet of the sect, and became its recognized head. There are upwards of 20,000 Bahais in the United States. BAHAISM Ba*ha"ism, n. Defn: The religious tenets or practices of the Bahais. BAHAR Ba*har", n. Etym: [Ar. bahar, from bahara to charge with a load.] Defn: A weight used in certain parts of the East Indies, varying considerably in different localities, the range being from 223 to 625 pounds. BAIGNE Baigne, v. i. Etym: [F. baigner to bathe, fr. L. balneum bath.] Defn: To soak or drench. [Obs.] BAIGNOIRE Bai`gnoire", n. [Written also baignoir.] [F., lit., bath tub.] Defn: A box of the lowest tier in a theater. Du Maurier. BAIL Bail, n. Etym: [F. baille a bucket, pail; cf. LL. bacula, dim. of bacca a sort of vessel. Cf. Bac.] Defn: A bucket or scoop used in bailing water out of a boat. [Obs.] The bail of a canoe . . . made of a human skull. Capt. Cook. BAIL Bail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bailed (p. pr. & vb. n. Bailing.] 1. To lade; to dip and throw; -- usually with out; as, to bail water out of a boat. Buckets . . . to bail out the water. Capt. J. Smith. 2. To dip or lade water from; -- often with out to express completeness; as, to bail a boat. By the help of a small bucket and our hats we bailed her out. R. H. Dana, Jr. BAIL Bail, v. Etym: [OF. bailler to give, to deliver, fr. L. bajulare to bear a burden, keep in custody, fr. bajulus 1. To deliver; to release. [Obs.] Ne none there was to rescue her, ne none to bail. Spenser. 2. (Law) (a) To set free, or deliver from arrest, or out of custody, on the undertaking of some other person or persons that he or they will be responsible for the appearance, at a certain day and place, of the person bailed. Note: The word is applied to the magistrate or the surety. The magistrate bails (but admits to bail is commoner) a man when he liberates him from arrest or imprisonment upon bond given with sureties. The surety bails a person when he procures his release from arrest by giving bond for his appearance. Blackstone. (b) To deliver, as goods in trust, for some special object or purpose, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed on the part of the bailee, or person intrusted; as, to bail cloth to a tailor to be made into a garment; to bail goods to a carrier. Blackstone. Kent. BAIL Bail, n. Etym: [OF. bail guardian, administrator, fr. L. bajulus. See Bail to deliver.] 1. Custody; keeping. [Obs.] Silly Faunus now within their bail. Spenser. 2. (Law) (a) The person or persons who procure the release of a prisoner from the custody of the officer, or from imprisonment, by becoming surely for his appearance in court. The bail must be real, substantial bondsmen. Blackstone. A. and B. were bail to the arrest in a suit at law. Kent. (b) The security given for the appearance of a prisoner in order to obtain his release from custody of the officer; as, the man is out on bail; to go bail for any one. Excessive bail ought not to be required. Blackstone. BAIL Bail, n. Etym: [OE. beyl; cf. Dan. böile an bending, ring, hoop, Sw. bögel, bygel, and Icel. beyla hump, swelling, akin to E. bow to bend.] 1. The arched handle of a kettle, pail, or similar vessel, usually movable. Forby. 2. A half hoop for supporting the cover of a carrier's wagon, awning of a boat, etc. BAIL Bail, n. Etym: [OF. bail, baille. See Bailey.] 1. (Usually pl.) Defn: A line of palisades serving as an exterior defense. [Written also bayle.] [Obs.] 2. The outer wall of a feudal castle. Hence: The space inclosed by it; the outer court. Holinshed. 3. A certain limit within a forest. [Eng.] 4. A division for the stalls of an open stable. 5. (Cricket) Defn: The top or cross piece ( or either of the two cross pieces) of the wicket. BAILABLE Bail"a*ble, a. 1. Having the right or privilege of being admitted to bail, upon bond with sureties; -- used of persons. "He's bailable, I'm sure." Ford. 2. Admitting of bail; as, a bailable offense. 3. That can be delivered in trust; as, bailable goods. BAIL BOND Bail" bond`. (Law) (a) A bond or obligation given by a prisoner and his surety, to insure the prisoner's appearance in court, at the return of the writ. (b) Special bail in court to abide the judgment. Bouvier. BAILEE Bail`ee", n. Etym: [OF. baillé, p.p. of bailler. See Bail to deliver.] (Law) Defn: The person to whom goods are committed in trust, and who has a temporary possession and a qualified property in them, for the purposes of the trust. Blackstone. Note: In penal statutes the word includes those who receive goods for another in good faith. Wharton. BAILER Bail"er, n. (Law) Defn: See Bailor. BAILER Bail"er, n. 1. One who bails or lades. 2. A utensil, as a bucket or cup, used in bailing; a machine for bailing water out of a pit. BAILEY Bai"ley, n. Etym: [The same word as bail line of palisades; cf. LL. ballium bailey, OF. bail, baille, a palisade, baillier to inclose, shut.] 1. The outer wall of a feudal castle. [Obs.] 2. The space immediately within the outer wall of a castle or fortress. [Obs.] 3. A prison or court of justice; -- used in certain proper names; as, the Old Bailey in London; the New Bailey in Manchester. [Eng.] Oxf. Gloss. BAILIE Bail"ie, n. Etym: [See Bailiff.] Defn: An officer in Scotland, whose office formerly corresponded to that of sheriff, but now corresponds to that of an English alderman. BAILIFF Bail"iff, n. Etym: [OF. baillif, F. bailli, custodiabajulus porter. See Bail to deliver.] 1. Originally, a person put in charge of something especially, a chief officer, magistrate, or keeper, as of a county, town, hundred, or castle; one to whom power Abbott. Lausanne is under the canton of Berne, governed by a bailiff sent every three years from the senate. Addison. 2. (Eng. Law) Defn: A sheriff's deputy, appointed to make arrests, collect fines, summon juries, etc. Note: In American law the term bailiff is seldom used except sometimes to signify a sheriff's officer or constable, or a party liable to account to another for the rent and profits of real estate. Burrill. 3. An overseer or under steward of an estate, who directs husbandry operations, collects rents, etc. [Eng.] BAILIFFWICK Bail"iff*wick, n. Defn: See Bailiwick. [Obs.] BAILIWICK Bail"i*wick, n. Etym: [Bailie, bailiff + wick a village.] (Law) Defn: The precincts within which a bailiff has jurisdiction; the limits of a bailiff's authority. BAILLIE Bail"lie, n. 1. Bailiff. [Obs.] 2. Same as Bailie. [Scot.] BAILMENT Bail"ment, n. 1. (Law) Defn: The action of bailing a person accused. Bailment . . . is the saving or delivery of a man out of prison before he hath satisfied the law. Dalton. 2. (Law) Defn: A delivery of goods or money by one person to another in trust, for some special purpose, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed. Blackstone. Note: In a general sense it is sometimes used as comprehending all duties in respect to property. Story. BAILOR Bail`or", n. (Law) Defn: One who delivers goods or money to another in trust. BAILPIECE Bail"piece`, n. (Law) Defn: A piece of parchment, or paper, containing a recognizance or bail bond. BAILY'S BEADS Bai"ly's beads. (Astron.) Defn: A row of bright spots observed in connection with total eclipses of the sun. Just before and after a total eclipse, the slender, unobscured crescent of the sun's disk appears momentarily like a row of bright spots resembling a string of beads. The phenomenon (first fully described by Francis Baily, 1774 -- 1844) is thought to be an effect of irradiation, and of inequalities of the moon's edge. BAIN Bain, n. Etym: [F. bain, fr. L. balneum. Cf. Bagnio.] Defn: A bath; a bagnio. [Obs.] Holland. BAIN-MARIE Bain`-ma`rie", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A vessel for holding hot water in which another vessel may be heated without scorching its contents; -- used for warming or preparing food or pharmaceutical preparations. BAIRAM Bai"ram, n. Etym: [Turk. baïram.] Defn: The name of two Mohammedan festivals, of which one is held at the close of the fast called Ramadan, and the other seventy days after the fast. BAIRN Bairn, n. Etym: [Scot. bairn, AS. bearn, fr. beran to bear; akin to Icel., OS., &Goth. barn. See Bear to support.] Defn: A child. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Has he not well provided for the bairn ! Beau. & Fl. BAISEMAINS Baise"mains`, n. pl. Etym: [F., fr. baiser to kiss + mains hands.] Defn: Respects; compliments. [Obs.] BAIT Bait, n. Etym: [Icel. beita food, beit pasture, akin to AS. bat food, Sw. bete. See Bait, v. i.] 1. Any substance, esp. food, used in catching fish, or other animals, by alluring them to a hook, snare, inclosure, or net. 2. Anything which allures; a lure; enticement; temptation. Fairfax. 3. A portion of food or drink, as a refreshment taken on a journey; also, a stop for rest and refreshment. 4. A light or hasty luncheon. Bait bug (Zoöl), a crustacean of the genus Hippa found burrowing in sandy beaches. See Anomura. BAIT Bait, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baited; p. pr. & vb. n. Baiting.] Etym: [OE. baiten, beit, to feed, harass, fr. Icel. beita, orig. to cause to bite, fr. bita. sq. root87. See Bite.] 1. To provoke and harass; esp., to harass or torment for sport; as, to bait a bear with dogs; to bait a bull. 2. To give a portion of food and drink to, upon the road; as, to bait horses. Holland. 3. To furnish or cover with bait, as a trap or hook. A crooked pin . . . bailed with a vile earthworm. W. Irving. BAIT Bait, v. i. Defn: To stop to take a portion of food and drink for refreshment of one's self or one's beasts, on a journey. Evil news rides post, while good news baits. Milton. My lord's coach conveyed me to Bury, and thence baiting aEvelyn. BAIT Bait, v. i. Etym: [F. battre de l'aile (or des ailes), to flap oBatter, v. i.] Defn: To flap the wings; to flutter as if to fly; or to hover, as a hawk when she stoops to her prey. "Kites that bait and beat." Shak. BAITER Bait"er, n. Defn: One who baits; a tormentor. BAIZE Baize, n. Etym: [For bayes, pl. fr. OF. baie; cf. F. bai bay-colored. See Bay a color.] Defn: A coarse woolen stuff with a long nap; -- usually dyed in plain colors. A new black baize waistcoat lined with silk. Pepys. BAJOCCO Ba*joc"co, n. Etym: [It., fr. bajo brown, bay, from its color.] Defn: A small cooper coin formerly current in the Roman States, worth about a cent and a half. BAKE Bake, v. t. [imp.& p. p. Baked; p. pr. & vb. n. Baking.] Etym: [AS. bacan; akin to D. bakken, OHG. bacchan, G. backen, Icel. & Sw. baca, Dan. bage, Gr. 1. To prepare, as food, by cooking in a dry heat, either in an oven or under coals, or on heated stone or metal; as, to bake bread, meat, apples. Note: Baking is the term usually applied to that method of cooking which exhausts the moisture in food more than roasting or broiling; but the distinction of meaning between roasting and baking is not always observed. 2. To dry or harden (anything) by subjecting to heat, as, to bake bricks; the sun bakes the ground. 3. To harden by cold. The earth . . . is baked with frost. Shak. They bake their sides upon the cold, hard stone. Spenser. BAKE Bake, v. i. 1. To do the work of baking something; as, she brews, washes, and bakes. Shak. 2. To be baked; to become dry and hard in heat; as, the bread bakes; the ground bakes in the hot sun. BAKE Bake, n. Defn: The process, or result, of baking. BAKEHOUSE Bake"house`, n. Etym: [AS. bæch. See Bak, v. i., and House.] Defn: A house for baking; a bakery. BAKEMEAT; BAKED-MEAT Bake"meat`, Baked"-meat`, n. Defn: A pie; baked food. [Obs.] Gen. xl. 17. Shak. BAKEN Bak"en, Defn: p. p. of Bake. [Obs. or. Archaic] BAKER Bak"er, n. Etym: [AS. bæcere. See Bake, v. i.] 1. One whose business it is to bake bread, biscuit, etc. 2. A portable oven in which baking is done. [U.S.] A baker's dozen, thirteen. -- Baker foot, a distorted foot. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. -- Baker's itch, a rash on the back of the hand, caused by the irritating properties of yeast. -- Baker's salt, the subcarbonate of ammonia, sometimes used instead of soda, in making bread. BAKER-LEGGED Bak"er-legged`, a. Defn: Having legs that bend inward at the knees. BAKERY Bak"er*y, n. 1. The trade of a baker. [R.] 2. The place for baking bread; a bakehouse. BAKING Bak"ing, n. 1. The act or process of cooking in an oven, or of drying and hardening by heat or cold. 2. The quantity baked at once; a batch; as, a baking of bread. Baking powder, a substitute for yeast, usually consisting of an acid, a carbonate, and a little farinaceous matter. BAKINGLY Bak"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a hot or baking manner. BAKISTRE Bak"is*tre, n. Etym: [See Baxter.] Defn: A baker. [Obs.] Chaucer. BAKSHEESH; BAKSHISH Bak"sheesh`, Bak"shish`, n. Defn: Same as Backsheesh. BALAAM Ba"laam, n. Defn: A paragraph describing something wonderful, used to fill out a newspaper column; -- an allusion to the miracle of Balaam's ass speaking. Numb. xxii. 30. [Cant] Balaam basket or box (Print.), the receptacle for rejected articles. Blackw. Mag. BALACHONG Bal"a*chong, n. Etym: [Malay balachan.] Defn: A condiment formed of small fishes or shrimps, pounded up with salt and spices, and then dried. It is much esteemed in China. BALAENOIDEA Bal`æ*noi"de*a, n. Etym: [NL., from L. balaena whale + -oid.] (Zoöl) Defn: A division of the Cetacea, including the right whale and all other whales having the mouth fringed with baleen. See Baleen. BALANCE Bal"ance, n. Etym: [OE. balaunce, F. balance, fr. L. bilan, bilancis, having two scales; bis twice (akin to E. two) + lanx plate, scale.] 1. An apparatus for weighing. Note: In its simplest form, a balance consists of a beam or lever supported exactly in the middle, having two scales or basins of equal weight suspended from its extremities. Another form is that of the Roman balance, our steelyard, consisting of a lever or beam, suspended near one of its extremities, on the longer arm of which a counterpoise slides. The name is also given to other forms of apparatus for weighing bodies, as to the combinations of levers making up platform scales; and even to devices for weighing by the elasticity of a spring. 2. Act of weighing mentally; comparison; estimate. A fair balance of the advantages on either side. Atterbury. 3. Equipoise between the weights in opposite scales. 4. The state of being in equipoise; equilibrium; even adjustment; steadiness. And hung a bottle on each side To make his balance true. Cowper. The order and balance of the country were destroyed. Buckle. English workmen completely lose their balance. J. S. Mill. 5. An equality between the sums total of the two sides of an account; as, to bring one's accounts to a balance; -- also, the excess on either side; as, the balance of an account. " A balance at the banker's. " Thackeray. I still think the balance of probabilities leans towards the account given in the text. J. Peile. 6. (Horol.) Defn: A balance wheel, as of a watch, or clock. See Balance wheel (in the Vocabulary). 7. (Astron.) (a) The constellation Libra. (b) The seventh sign in the Zodiac, called Libra, which the sun enters at the equinox in September. 8. A movement in dancing. See Balance, v. i., S. Balance electrometer, a kind of balance, with a poised beam, which indicates, by weights suspended from one arm, the mutual attraction of oppositely electrified surfaces. Knight. -- Balance fish. (Zoöl) See Hammerhead. -- Balance knife, a carving or table knife the handle of which overbalances the blade, and so keeps it from contact with the table. -- Balance of power. (Politics), such an adjustment of power among sovereign states that no one state is in a position to interfere with the independence of the others; international equilibrium; also, the ability ( of a state or a third party within a state) to control the relations between sovereign states or between dominant parties in a state. -- Balance sheet (Bookkeeping), a paper showing the balances of the open accounts of a business, the debit and credit balances footing up equally, if the system of accounts be complete and the balances correctly taken. -- Balance thermometer, a thermometer mounted as a balance so that the movement of the mercurial column changes the indication of the tube. With the aid of electrical or mechanical devices adapted to it, it is used for the automatic regulation of the temperature of rooms warmed artificially, and as a fire alarm. -- Balance of torsion. See Torsion Balance. -- Balance of trade (Pol. Econ.), an equilibrium between the money values of the exports and imports of a country; or more commonly, the amount required on one side or the other to make such an equilibrium. -- Balance valve, a valve whose surfaces are so arranged that the fluid pressure tending to seat, and that tending to unseat the valve, are nearly in equilibrium; esp., a puppet valve which is made to operate easily by the admission of steam to both sides. See Puppet valve. -- Hydrostatic balance. See under Hydrostatic. -- To lay in balance, to put up as a pledge or security. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To strike a balance, to find out the difference between the debit and credit sides of an account. BALANCE Bal"ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Balanced (p. pr. & vb. n. Balancing ( Etym: [From Balance, n.: cf. F. balancer. ] 1. To bring to an equipoise, as the scales of a balance by adjusting the weights; to weigh in a balance. 2. To support on a narrow base, so as to keep from falling; as, to balance a plate on the end of a cane; to balance one's self on a tight rope. 3. To equal in number, weight, force, or proportion; to counterpoise, counterbalance, counteract, or neutralize. One expression . . . must check and balance another. Kent. 4. To compare in relative force, importance, value, etc.; to estimate. Balance the good and evil of things. L'Estrange. 5. To settle and adjust, as an account; to make two accounts equal by paying the difference between them. I am very well satisfied that it is not in my power to balance accounts with my Maker. Addison. 6. To make the sums of the debits and credits of an account equal; -- said of an item; as, this payment, or credit, balances the account. 7. To arrange accounts in such a way that the sum total of the debits is equal to the sum total of the credits; as, to balance a set of books. 8. (Dancing) Defn: To move toward, and then back from, reciprocally; as, to balance partners. 9. (Naut.) Defn: To contract, as a sail, into a narrower compass; as, to balance the boom mainsail. Balanced valve. See Balance valve, under Balance, n. Syn. -- To poise; weigh; adjust; counteract; neutralize; equalize. BALANCE Bal"ance, v. i. 1. To have equal weight on each side; to be in equipoise; as, the scales balance. 2. To fluctuate between motives which appear of equal force; to waver; to hesitate. He would not balance or err in the determination of his choice. Locke. 3. (Dancing) Defn: To move toward a person or couple, and then back. BALANCEABLE Bal"ance*a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be balanced. BALANCEMENT Bal"ance*ment, n. Defn: The act or result of balancing or adjusting; equipoise; even adjustment of forces. [R.] Darwin. BALANCER Bal"an*cer, n. 1. One who balances, or uses a balance. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: In Diptera, the rudimentary posterior wing. BALANCEREEF Bal"ance*reef`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The last reef in a fore-and-aft sail, taken to steady the ship. BALANCE WHEEL Bal"ance wheel`. 1. (Horology) (a) A wheel which regulates the beats or pulses of a watch or chronometer, answering to the pendulum of a clock; -- often called simply a balance. (b) A ratchet-shaped scape wheel, which in some watches is acted upon by the axis of the balance wheel proper (in those watches called a balance). 2. (Mach.) Defn: A wheel which imparts regularity to the movements of any engine or machine; a fly wheel. BALANIFEROUS Bal`a*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. balanus acorn + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing or producing acorns. BALANITE Bal"a*nite, n. Etym: [L. balanus acorn: cf. F. balanite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil balanoid shell. BALANOGLOSSUS Bal`a*no*glos"sus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl) Defn: A peculiar marine worm. See Enteropneusta, and Tornaria. BALANOID Bal"a*noid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling an acorn; -- applied to a group of barnacles having shells shaped like acorns. See Acornshell, and Barnacle. BALAS RUBY Bal"as ru`by. Etym: [OE. bales, balais, F. balais, LL. balascus, fr. Ar. balakhsh, so called from Badakhshan, Balashan, or Balaxiam, a place in the neighborhood of Samarcand, where this ruby is found.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of spinel ruby, of a pale rose red, or inclining to orange. See Spinel. BALATA Bal"a*ta, n. [Sp., prob. fr. native name.] 1. Defn: A West Indian sapotaceous tree (Bumelia retusa). 2. The bully tree (Minusops globosa); also, its milky juice (balata gum), which when dried constitutes an elastic gum called chicle, or chicle gum. BALAUSTINE Ba*laus"tine, n. Etym: [L. balaustium, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The pomegranate tree (Punica granatum). The bark of the root, the rind of the fruit, and the flowers are used medicinally. BALAYEUSE Ba`la`yeuse", n. [F., lit., a female sweeper.] Defn: A protecting ruffle or frill, as of silk or lace, sewed close to the lower edge of a skirt on the inside. BALBUTIATE; BALBUCINATE Bal*bu"ti*ate, Bal*bu"ci*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. balbutire, fr. balbus stammering: cf. F. balbutier.] Defn: To stammer. [Obs.] BALBUTIES Bal*bu"ti*es, n. (Med.) Defn: The defect of stammering; also, a kind of incomplete pronunciation. BALCON Bal"con, n. Defn: A balcony. [Obs.] Pepys. BALCONIED Bal"co*nied, a. Defn: Having balconies. BALCONY Bal"co*ny, n.; pl. Balconies. Etym: [It. balcone; cf. It. balco, palco, scaffold, fr. OHG. balcho, pa, beam, G. balken. See Balk beam.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A platform projecting from the wall of a building, usually resting on brackets or consoles, and inclosed by a parapet; as, a balcony in front of a window. Also, a projecting gallery in places of amusement; as, the balcony in a theater. 2. A projecting gallery once common at the stern of large ships. Note: "The accent has shifted from the second to the first syllable within these twenty years." Smart (1836). BALD Bald, a. Etym: [OE. balled, ballid, perh. the p.p. of ball to reduce to the roundness or smoothness of a ball, by removing hair. sq. root85. But cf. W. bali whiteness in a horse's forehead.] 1. Destitute of the natural or common covering on the head or top, as of hair, feathers, foliage, trees, etc.; as, a bald head; a bald oak. On the bald top of an eminence. Wordsworth. 2. Destitute of ornament; unadorned; bare; literal. In the preface to his own bald translation. Dryden. 3. Undisguised. " Bald egotism." Lowell. 4. Destitute of dignity or value; paltry; mean. [Obs.] 5. (Bot.) Defn: Destitute of a beard or awn; as, bald wheat. 6. (Zoöl.) (a) Destitute of the natural covering. (b) Marked with a white spot on the head; bald-faced. Bald buzzard (Zoöl.), the fishhawk or osprey. -- Bald coot (Zoöl.), a name of the European coot (Fulica atra), alluding to the bare patch on the front of the head. BALDACHIN Bal"da*chin, n. Etym: [LL. baldachinus, baldechinus, a canopy of rich silk carried over the host; fr. Bagdad, It. Baldacco, a city in Turkish Asia from whence these rich silks came: cf. It. baldacchino. Cf. Baudekin.] 1. A rich brocade; baudekin. [Obs.] 2. (Arch.) Defn: A structure in form of a canopy, sometimes supported by columns, and sometimes suspended from the roof or projecting from the wall; generally placed over an altar; as, the baldachin in St. Peter's. 3. A portable canopy borne over shrines, etc., in procession. [Written also baldachino, baldaquin, etc.] BALD EAGLE Bald" ea"gle. (Zoöl.) Defn: The white-headed eagle (Haliæetus leucocephalus) of America. The young, until several years old, lack the white feathers on the head. Note: The bald eagle is represented in the coat of arms, and on the coins, of the United States. BALDER Bal"der, n. Etym: [Icel. Baldr, akin to E. bold.] (Scan. Myth.) Defn: The most beautiful and beloved of the gods; the god of peace; the son of Odin and Freya. [Written also Baldur.] BALDERDASH Bal"der*dash, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin: cf. Dan. balder noise, clatter, and E. dash; hence, perhaps, unmeaning noise, then hodgepodge, mixture; or W. baldorduss a prattling, baldordd, baldorddi, to prattle.] 1. A worthless mixture, especially of liquors. Indeed beer, by a mixture of wine, hath lost both name and nature, and is called balderdash. Taylor (Drink and Welcome). 2. Senseless jargon; ribaldry; nonsense; trash. BALDERDASH Bal"der*dash, v. t. Defn: To mix or adulterate, as liquors. The wine merchants of Nice brew and balderdash, and even mix it with pigeon's dung and quicklime. Smollett. BALD-FACED Bald"-faced`, a. Defn: Having a white face or a white mark on the face, as a stag. BALDHEAD Bald"head`, n. 1. A person whose head is bald. 2 Kings ii. 23. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A white-headed variety of pigeon. BALDHEADED Bald"head`ed, a. Defn: Having a bald head. BALDLY Bald"ly, adv. Defn: Nakedly; without reserve; inelegantly. BALDNESS Bald"ness, n. Defn: The state or condition of being bald; as, baldness of the head; baldness of style. This gives to their syntax a peculiar character of simplicity and baldness. W. D. Whitney. BALDPATE Bald"pate`, n. 1. A baldheaded person. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American widgeon (Anas Americana). BALDPATE; BALDPATED Bald"pate`, Bald"pat`ed, a. Defn: Destitute of hair on the head; baldheaded. Shak. BALDRIB Bald"rib`, n. Defn: A piece of pork cut lower down than the sparerib, and destitute of fat. [Eng.] Southey. BALDRIC Bal"dric, n. Etym: [OE. baudric, bawdrik, through OF. (cf. F. baudrier and LL. baldringus, baldrellus), from OHG. balderich, cf. balz, palz, akin to E. belt. See Belt, n.] Defn: A broad belt, sometimes richly ornamented, worn over one shoulder, across the breast, and under the opposite arm; less properly, any belt. [Also spelt bawdrick.] A radiant baldric o'er his shoulder tied Sustained the sword that glittered at his side. Pope. BALDWIN Bald"win, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of reddish, moderately acid, winter apple. [U.S.] BALE Bale, n. Etym: [OE. bale, OF. bale, F. balle, LL. bala, fr. OHG. balla, palla, pallo, G. ball, balle, ballen, ball round pack; cf. D. baal. Cf. Ball a round body.] Defn: A bundle or package of goods in a cloth cover, and corded for storage or transportation; also, a bundle of straw Bale of dice, a pair of dice. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BALE Bale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baled (p. pr. & vb. n. Baling.] Defn: To make up in a bale. Goldsmith. BALE Bale, v. t. Defn: See Bail, v. t., to lade. BALE Bale, n. Etym: [AS. bealo, bealu, balu; akin to OS. , OHG. balo, Icel. böl, Goth. balweins.] 1. Misery; Let now your bliss be turned into bale. Spenser. 2. Evil; an evil, pernicious influence; something causing great injury. [Now chiefly poetic] BALEARIC Bal`e*ar"ic, a. Etym: [L. Balearicus, fr. Gr. the Balearic Islands.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the isles of Majorca, Minorca, Ivica, etc., in the Mediterranean Sea, off the coast of Valencia. Balearic crane. (Zoöl.) See Crane. BALEEN Ba*leen", n. Etym: [F. baleine whale and whalibone, L. balaena a whale; cf. Gr. . ] (Zoöl. & Com.) Defn: Plates or blades of "whalebone," from two to twelve feet long, and sometimes a foot wide, which in certain whales (Balænoidea) are attached side by side along the upper jaw, and form a fringelike sieve by which the food is retained in the mouth. BALEFIRE Bale"fire`, n. Etym: [AS. b the fire of the b fire, flame (akin to Icel. bal, OSlav. b, white, Gr. bright, white, Skr. bhala brightness) + f, E. fire.] Defn: A signal fire; an alarm fire. Sweet Teviot! on thy silver tide The glaring balefires blaze no more. Sir W. Scott. BALEFUL Bale"ful, a. Etym: [AS. bealoful. See Bale misery.] 1. Full of deadly or pernicious influence; destructive. "Baleful enemies." Shak. Four infernal rivers that disgorge Into the burning lake their baleful streams. Milton. 2. Full of grief or sorrow; woeful; sad. [Archaic] BALEFULLY Bale"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a baleful manner; perniciously. BALEFULNESS Bale"ful*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being baleful. BALISAUR Bal"i*sa`ur, n. Etym: [Hind.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A badgerlike animal of India (Arcionyx collaris). BALISTER Bal"is*ter, n. Etym: [OF. balestre. See Ballista.] Defn: A crossbow. [Obs.] Blount. BALISTOID Bal"is*toid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like a fish of the genus Balistes; of the family Balistidæ. See Filefish. BALISTRARIA Bal`is*tra"ri*a, n. Etym: [LL.] (Anc. Fort.) Defn: A narrow opening, often cruciform, through which arrows might be discharged. BALIZE Ba*lize", n. Etym: [F. balise; cf. Sp. balisa.] Defn: A pole or a frame raised as a sea beacon or a landmark. BALK Balk, n. Etym: [AS. balca beam, ridge; akin to Icel. balkr partition, bjalki beam, OS. balko, G. balken; cf. Gael. balc ridge of earth between two furrows. Cf. Balcony, Balk, v. i., 3d Bulk.] 1. A ridge of land left unplowed between furrows, or at the end of a field; a piece missed by the plow slipping aside. Bad plowmen made balks of such ground. Fuller. 2. A great beam, rafter, or timber; esp., the tie-beam of a house. The loft above was called "the balks." Tubs hanging in the balks. Chaucer. 3. (Mil.) Defn: One of the beams connecting the successive supports of a trestle bridge or bateau bridge. 4. A hindrance or disappointment; a check. A balk to the confidence of the bold undertaker. South. 5. A sudden and obstinate stop; a failure. 6. (Baseball) Defn: A deceptive gesture of the pitcher, as if to deliver the ball. Balk line (Billiards), a line across a billiard table near one end, marking a limit within which the cue balls are placed in beginning a game; also, a line around the table, parallel to the sides, used in playing a particular game, called the balk line game. BALK Balk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Balked (p. pr. & vb. n. Balking.] Etym: [From Balk a beam; orig. to put a balk or beam in one's way, in order to stop or hinder. Cf., for sense 2, AS. on balcan legan to lay in heaps.] 1. To leave or make balks in. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To leave heaped up; to heap up in piles. [Obs.] Ten thousand bold Scots, two and twenty knights, Balk'd in their own blood did Sir Walter see. Shak. 3. To omit, miss, or overlook by chance. [Obs.] 4. To miss intentionally; to avoid; to shun; to refuse; to let go by; to shirk. [Obs. or Obsolescent] By reason of the contagion then in London, we balked the Evelyn. Sick he is, and keeps his bed, and balks his meat. Bp. Hall. Nor doth he any creature balk, But lays on all he meeteth. Drayton. 5. To disappoint; to frustrate; to foil; to baffle; to as, to balk expectation. They shall not balk my entrance. Byron. BALK Balk, v. i. 1. To engage in contradiction; to be in opposition. [Obs.] In strifeful terms with him to balk. Spenser. 2. To stop abruptly and stand still obstinately; to jib; to stop short; to swerve; as, the horse balks. Note: This has been regarded as an Americanism, but it occurs in Spenser's "Faërie Queene," Book IV., 10, xxv. Ne ever ought but of their true loves talkt, Ne ever for rebuke or blame of any balkt. BALK Balk, v. i. Etym: [Prob. from D. balken to bray, bawl.] Defn: To indicate to fishermen, by shouts or signals from shore, the direction taken by the shoals of herring. BALKER Balk"er, n. Etym: [See 2d Balk.] Defn: One who, or that which balks. BALKER Balk"er, n. Etym: [See last Balk.] Defn: A person who stands on a rock or eminence to espy the shoals of herring, etc., and to give notice to the men in boats which way they pass; a conder; a huer. BALKINGLY Balk"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In manner to balk or frustrate. BALKISH Balk"ish, a. Defn: Uneven; ridgy. [R.] Holinshed. BALKY Balk"y, a. Defn: Apt to balk; as, a balky horse. BALL Ball, n. Etym: [OE. bal, balle; akin to OHG. balla, palla, G. ball, Icel. böllr, ball; cf. F. balle. Cf. 1st Bale, n., Pallmall.] 1. Any round or roundish body or mass; a sphere or globe; as, a ball of twine; a ball of snow. 2. A spherical body of any substance or size used to play with, as by throwing, knocking, kicking, etc. 3. A general name for games in which a ball is thrown, kicked, or knocked. See Baseball, and Football. 4. Any solid spherical, cylindrical, or conical projectile of lead or iron, to be discharged from a firearm; as, a cannon ball; a rifball; -- often used collectively; as, powder and ball. Spherical balls for the smaller firearms are commonly called bullets. 5. (Pirotechnics & Mil.) Defn: A flaming, roundish body shot into the air; a case filled with combustibles intended to burst and give light or set fire, or to produce smoke or stench; as, a fire ball; a stink ball. 6. (Print.) Defn: A leather-covered cushion, fastened to a handle called a ballstock; -- formerly used by printers for inking the form, but now superseded by the roller. 7. A roundish protuberant portion of some part of the body; as, the ball of the thumb; the ball of the foot. 8. (Far.) Defn: A large pill, a form in which medicine is commonly given to horses; a bolus. White. 9. The globe or earth. Pope. Move round the dark terrestrial ball. Addison. Ball and socket joint, a joint in which a ball moves within a socket, so as to admit of motion in every direction within certain limits. -- Ball bearings, a mechanical device for lessening the friction of axle bearings by means of small loose metal balls. -- Ball cartridge, a cartridge containing a ball, as distinguished from a blank cartridge, containing only powder. -- Ball cock, a faucet or valve which is opened or closed by the fall or rise of a ball floating in water at the end of a lever. -- Ball gudgeon, a pivot of a spherical form, which permits lateral deflection of the arbor or shaft, while retaining the pivot in its socket. Knight. -- Ball lever, the lever used in a ball cock. -- Ball of the eye, the eye itself, as distinguished from its lids and socket; -- formerly, the pupil of the eye. -- Ball valve (Mach.), a contrivance by which a ball, placed in a circular cup with a hole in its bottom, operates as a valve. -- Ball vein (Mining), a sort of iron ore, found in loose masses of a globular form, containing sparkling particles. -- Three balls, or Three golden balls, a pawnbroker's sign or shop. Syn. -- See Globe. BALL Ball, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Balled (p. pr. & vb. n. Balling.] Defn: To gather balls which cling to the feet, as of damp snow or clay; to gather into balls; as, the horse balls; the snow balls. BALL Ball, v. t. 1. (Metal.) Defn: To heat in a furnace and form into balls for rolling. 2. To form or wind into a ball; as, to ball cotton. BALL Ball, n. Etym: [F. bal, fr. OF. baler to dance, fr. LL. ballare. Of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. to toss or throw, or , , to leap, bound, to dance, jump about; or cf. 1st Ball, n.] Defn: A social assembly for the purpose of dancing. BALLAD Bal"lad, n. Etym: [OE. balade, OF. balade, F. ballade, fr. Pr. ballada a dancing song, fr. ballare to dance; cf. It. ballata. See 2d Ball, n., and Ballet.] Defn: A popular kind of narrative poem, adapted for recitation or singing; as, the ballad of Chevy Chase; esp., a sentimental or romantic poem in short stanzas. BALLAD Bal"lad, v. i. Defn: To make or sing ballads. [Obs.] BALLAD Bal"lad, v. t. Defn: To make mention of in ballads. [Obs.] BALLADE Bal*lade", n. Etym: [See Ballad, n.] Defn: A form of French versification, sometimes imitated in English, in which three or four rhymes recur through three stanzas of eight or ten lines each, the stanzas concluding with a refrain, and the whole poem with an envoy. BALLADER Bal"lad*er, n. Defn: A writer of ballads. BALLAD MONGER Bal"lad mon`ger. Etym: [See Monger.] Defn: A seller or maker of ballads; a poetaster. Shak. BALLADRY Bal"lad*ry, n. Etym: [From Ballad, n. ] Defn: Ballad poems; the subject or style of ballads. "Base balladry is so beloved." Drayton. BALLAHOO; BALLAHOU Bal"la*hoo, Bal"la*hou, n. Defn: A fast-sailing schooner, used in the Bermudas and West Indies. BALLARAG Bal"la*rag, v. i. Etym: [Corrupted fr. bullirag.] Defn: To bully; to threaten. [Low] T. Warton. BALLAST Bal"last, n. Etym: [D. ballast; akin to Dan. baglast, ballast, OSw. barlast, Sw. ballast. The first part is perh. the same word as E. bare, adj.; the second is last a burden, and hence the meaning a bare, or mere, load. See Bare, a., and Last load.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: Any heavy substance, as stone, iron, etc., put into the hold to sink a vessel in the water to such a depth as to prevent capsizing. 2. Any heavy matter put into the car of a balloon to give it steadiness. 3. Gravel, broken stone, etc., laid in the bed of a railroad to make it firm and solid. 4. The larger solids, as broken stone or gravel, used in making concrete. 5. Fig.: That which gives, or helps to maintain, uprightness, steadiness, and security. It [piety] is the right ballast of prosperity. Barrow. Ballast engine, a steam engine used in excavating and for digging and raising stones and gravel for ballast. -- Ship in ballast, a ship carring only ballast. BALLAST Bal"last, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ballasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ballasting.] 1. To steady, as a vessel, by putting heavy substances in the hold. 2. To fill in, as the bed of a railroad, with gravel, stone, etc., in order to make it firm and solid. 3. To keep steady; to steady, morally. 'T is charity must ballast the heart. Hammond. BALLASTAGE Bal"last*age, n. (Law) Defn: A toll paid for the privilege of taking up ballast in a port or harbor. BALLASTING Bal"last*ing, n. Defn: That which is used for steadying anything; ballast. BALLATRY Bal"la*try, n. Defn: See Balladry. [Obs.] Milton. BALLET Bal"let`, n. Etym: [F., a dim. of bal dance. See 2d Ball, n.] 1. An artistic dance performed as a theatrical entertainment, or an interlude, by a number of persons, usually women. Sometimes, a scene accompanied by pantomime and dancing. 2. The company of persons who perform the ballet. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A light part song, or madrigal, with a fa la burden or chorus, -- most common with the Elizabethan madrigal composers. 4. (Her.) Defn: A bearing in coats of arms, representing one or more balls, which are denominated bezants, plates, etc., according to color. BALL-FLOWER Ball"-flow`er, n. (Arch.) Defn: An ornament resembling a ball placed in a circular flower, the petals of which form a cup round it, -- usually inserted in a hollow molding. BALLISTA Bal*lis"ta, n.; pl. Ballist. Etym: [L. ballista, balista, fr. Gr. to throw.] Defn: An ancient military engine, in the form of a crossbow, used for hurling large missiles. BALLISTER Bal"lis*ter, n. Etym: [L. ballista. Cf. Balister.] Defn: A crossbow. [Obs.] BALLISTIC Bal*lis"tic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the ballista, or to the art of hurling stones or missile weapons by means of an engine. 2. Pertaining to projection, or to a projectile. Ballistic pendulum, an instrument consisting of a mass of wood or other material suspended as a pendulum, for measuring the force and velocity of projectiles by means of the arc through which their impact impels it. BALLISTICS Bal*lis"tics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. balistique. See Ballista.] Defn: The science or art of hurling missile weapons by the use of an engine. Whewell. BALLISTITE Bal"lis*tite, n. [See Ballista.] (Chem.) Defn: A smokeless powder containing equal parts of soluble nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin. BALLIUM Bal"li*um, n. Etym: [LL.] Defn: See Bailey. BALLOON Bal*loon", n. Etym: [F. ballon, aug. of balle ball: cf. It. ballone. See 1st Ball, n., and cf. Pallone.] 1. A bag made of silk or other light material, and filled with hydrogen gas or heated air, so as to rise and float in the atmosphere; especially, one with a car attached for aërial navigation. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A ball or globe on the top of a pillar, church, etc., as at St. Paul's, in London. [R.] 3. (Chem.) Defn: A round vessel, usually with a short neck, to hold or receive whatever is distilled; a glass vessel of a spherical form. 4. (Pyrotechnics) Defn: A bomb or shell. [Obs.] 5. A game played with a large inf [Obs.] 6. (Engraving) Defn: The outline inclosing words represented as coming from the mouth of a pictured figure. Air balloon, a balloon for aërial navigation. -- Balloon frame (Carp.), a house frame constructed altogether of small timber. -- Balloon net, a variety of woven lace in which the weft threads are twisted in a peculiar manner around the warp. BALLOON Bal*loon", v. t. Defn: To take up in, or as if in, a balloon. BALLOON Bal*loon", v. i. 1. To go up or voyage in a balloon. 2. To expand, or puff out, like a balloon. BALLOONED Bal*looned", a. Defn: Swelled out like a balloon. BALLOONER Bal*loon"er, n. Defn: One who goes up in a balloon; an aëronaut. BALLOON FISH Bal*loon" fish`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of the genus Diodon or the genus Tetraodon, having the power of distending its body by taking air or water into its dilatable esophagus. See Globefish, and Bur fish. BALLOONING Bal*loon"ing, n. 1. The art or practice of managing balloons or voyaging in them. 2. (Stock Exchange) Defn: The process of temporarily raising the value of a stock, as by fictitious sales. [U.S.] BALLOONING SPIDER Bal*loon"ing spi"der. (Zoöl.) Defn: A spider which has the habit of rising into the air. Many kinds ( esp. species of Lycosa) do this while young by ejecting threads of silk until the force of the wind upon them carries the spider aloft. BALLOONIST Bal*loon"ist, n. Defn: An aëronaut. BALLOONRY Bal*loon"ry, n. Defn: The art or practice of ascending in a balloon; aëronautics. BALLOT Bal"lot, n. Etym: [F. ballotte, fr. It. ballotta. See Ball round body.] 1. Originally, a ball used for secret voting. Hence: Any printed or written ticket used in voting. 2. The act of voting by balls or written or printed ballots or tickets; the system of voting secretly by balls or by tickets. The insufficiency of the ballot. Dickens. 3. The whole number of votes cast at an election, or in a given territory or electoral district. Ballot box, a box for receiving ballots. BALLOT Bal"lot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Balloted; p. pr. & vb. n. Balloting.] Etym: [F. ballotter to toss, to ballot, or It. ballottare. See Ballot, n.] Defn: To vote or decide by ballot; as, to ballot for a candidate. BALLOT Bal"lot, v. t. Defn: To vote for or in opposition to. None of the competitors arriving to a sufficient number of balls, they fell to ballot some others. Sir H. Wotton. BALLOTADE Bal"lo*tade`, n. Etym: [F. ballottade, fr. ballotter to toss. See Ballot, v. i.] (Man.) Defn: A leap of a horse, as between two pillars, or upon a straight line, so that when his four feet are in the air, he shows only the shoes of his hind feet, without jerking out. BALLOTAGE Bal"lot*age, n. [F. ballottage.] Defn: In France, a second ballot taken after an indecisive first ballot to decide between two or several candidates. BALLOTATION Bal`lo*ta"tion, n. Defn: Voting by ballot. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. BALLOTER Bal"lot*er, n. Defn: One who votes by ballot. BALLOTIN Bal"lo*tin, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: An officer who has charge of a ballot box. [Obs.] Harrington. BALLOW Bal"low, n. Defn: A cudgel. [Obs.] Shak. BALLPROOF Ball"proof`, a. Defn: Incapable of being penetrated by balls from firearms. BALLROOM Ball"room` (, n. Defn: A room for balls or dancing. BALM Balm, n. Etym: [OE. baume, OF. bausme, basme, F. baume, L. balsamum balsam, from Gr. ; perhaps of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. basam. Cf. Balsam.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An aromatic plant of the genus Melissa. 2. The resinous and aromatic exudation of certain trees or shrubs. Dryden. 3. Any fragrant ointment. Shak. 4. Anything that heals or that mitigates pain. "Balm for each ill." Mrs. Hemans. Balm cricket (Zoöl.), the European cicada. Tennyson. -- Balm of Gilead (Bot.), a small evergreen African and Asiatic tree of the terebinthine family (Balsamodendron Gileadense). Its leaves yield, when bruised, a strong aromatic scent; and from this tree is obtained the balm of Gilead of the shops, or balsam of Mecca. This has a yellowish or greenish color, a warm, bitterish, aromatic taste, and a fragrant smell. It is valued as an unguent and cosmetic by the Turks. The fragrant herb Dracocephalum Canariense is familiarly called balm of Gilead, and so are the American trees, Populus balsamifera, variety candicans (balsam poplar), and Abies balsamea (balsam fir). BALM Balm, v. i. Defn: To anoint with balm, or with anything medicinal. Hence: To soothe; to mitigate. [Archaic] Shak. BALMIFY Balm"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Balm + -fy.] Defn: To render balmy. [Obs.] Cheyne. BALMILY Balm"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a balmy manner. Coleridge. BALMORAL Bal*mor"al, n. Etym: [From Balmoral Castle, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.] 1. A long woolen petticoat, worn immediately under the dress. 2. A kind of stout walking shoe, laced in front. A man who uses his balmorals to tread on your toes. George Eliot. BALMY Balm"y, a. 1. Having the qualities of balm; odoriferous; aromatic; assuaging; soothing; refreshing; mild. "The balmy breeze." Tickell. Tired nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep ! Young. 2. Producing balm. "The balmy tree." Pope. Syn. -- Fragrant; sweet-scented; odorous; spicy. BALNEAL Bal"ne*al, a. Etym: [L. balneum bath.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a bath. Howell. BALNEARY Bal"ne*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. balnearium, fr. balneum bath.] Defn: A bathing room. Sir T. Browne. BALNEATION Bal`ne*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. balneare to bathe, fr. L. balneum bath.] Defn: The act of bathing. [R.] BALNEATORY Bal"ne*a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. balneatorius.] Defn: Belonging to a bath. [Obs.] BALNEOGRAPHY Bal`ne*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [L. balneum bath + -graphy.] Defn: A description of baths. BALNEOLOGY Bal`ne*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. balneum bath + -logy.] Defn: A treatise on baths; the science of bathing. BALNEOTHERAPY Bal`ne*o*ther"a*py, n. Etym: [L. balneum bath + Gr. to heal.] Defn: The treatment of disease by baths. BALOPTICON Bal*op"ti*con, n. [Gr. to throw + stereopticon.] Defn: See Projector, below. BALOTADE Bal"o*tade`, n. Defn: See Ballotade. BALSA Bal"sa, n. Etym: [Sp. or Pg. balsa.] (Naut.) Defn: A raft or float, used principally on the Pacific coast of South America. BALSAM Bal"sam, n. Etym: [L. balsamum the balsam tree or its resin, Gr. . See Balm, n.] 1. A resin containing more or less of an essential or volatile oil. Note: The balsams are aromatic resinous substances, flowing spontaneously or by incision from certain plants. A great variety of substances pass under this name, but the term is now usually restricted to resins which, in addition to a volatile oil, contain benzoic and cinnamic acid. Among the true balsams are the balm of Gilead, and the balsams of copaiba, Peru, and Tolu. There are also many pharmaceutical preparations and resinous substances, possessed of a balsamic smell, to which the name balsam has been given. 2. (Bot.) (a) A species of tree (Abies balsamea). (b) An annual garden plant (Impatiens balsamina) with beautiful flowers; balsamine. 3. Anything that heals, soothes, or restores. Was not the people's blessing a balsam to thy blood Tennyson. Balsam apple (Bot.), an East Indian plant ( Momordica balsamina), of the gourd family, with red or orange-yellow cucumber-shaped fruit of the size of a walnut, used as a vulnerary, and in liniments and poultices. -- Balsam fir (Bot.), the American coniferous tree, Abies balsamea, from which the useful Canada balsam is derived. -- Balsam of copaiba. See Copaiba. -- Balsam of Mecca, balm of Gilead. -- Balsam of Peru, a reddish brown, syrupy balsam, obtained from a Central American tree ( Myroxylon Pereiræ and used as a stomachic and expectorant, and in the treatment of ulcers, etc. It was long supposed to be a product of Peru. -- Balsam of Tolu, a reddish or yellowish brown semisolid or solid balsam, obtained from a South American tree ( Myxoxylon toluiferum.). It is highly fragrant, and is used as a stomachic and expectorant. -- Balsam tree, any tree from which balsam is obtained, esp. the Abies balsamea. -- Canada balsam, Balsam of fir, Canada turpentine, a yellowish, viscid liquid, which, by time and exposure, becomes a transparent solid mass. It is obtained from the balm of Gilead (or balsam) fir (Abies balsamea) by breaking the vesicles upon the trunk and branches. See Balm. BALSAM Bal"sam, v. t. Defn: To treat or anoint with balsam; to relieve, as with balsam; to render balsamic. BALSAMATION Bal`sam*a"tion, n. 1. The act of imparting balsamic properties. 2. The art or process of embalming. BALSAMIC; BALSAMICAL Bal*sam"ic, Bal*sam"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. balsamique.] Defn: Having the qualities of balsam; containing, or resembling, balsam; soft; mitigative; soothing; restorative. BALSAMIFEROUS Bal`sam*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Balsam + -ferous.] Defn: Producing balsam. BALSAMINE Bal"sam*ine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. balsamine, fr. Gr. balsam plant.] (Bot.) Defn: The Impatiens balsamina, or garden balsam. BALSAMOUS Bal"sam*ous, a. Defn: Having the quality of balsam; containing balsam. "A balsamous substance." Sterne. BALTER Bal"ter, v. t. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain. Cf. Bloodboltered.] Defn: To stick together.[Obs.] Holland. BALTIC Bal"tic, a. Etym: [NL. mare Balticum, fr. L. balteus belt, from certain straits or channels surrounding its isles, called belts. See Belt.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the sea which separates Norway and Sweden from Jutland, Denmark, and Germany; situated on the Baltic Sea. BALTIMORE BIRD; BALTIMORE ORIOLE Bal"ti*more bird`. Bal"ti*more o"ri*ole. (Zoöl.) Defn: A common American bird (Icterus galbula), named after Lord Baltimore, because its colors (black and orange red) are like those of his coat of arms; -- called also golden robin. BALUSTER Bal"us*ter, n. Etym: [F. balustre, It. balaustro, fr. L. balaustium the flower of the wild pomegranate, fr. Gr. ; -- so named from the similarity of form.] (Arch.) Defn: A row of balusters topped by a rail, serving as an open parapet, as along the edge of a balcony, terrace, bridge, staircase, or the eaves of a building. BALUSTERED Bal"us*tered (-terd), a. Defn: Having balusters. Dryden. BALUSTRADE Bal"us*trade` (-trad`), n. [F. balustrade, It. balaustrata fr. balaustro. See Baluster.] (Arch.) Defn: A row of balusters topped by a rail, serving as an open parapet, as along the edge of a balcony, terrace, bridge, staircase, or the eaves of a building. BAM Bam, n. Etym: [Prob. a contr. of bamboozle.] Defn: An imposition; a cheat; a hoax. Garrick. To relieve the tediumbams. Prof. Wilson. BAM Bam, v. t. Defn: To cheat; to wheedle. [Slang] Foote. BAMBINO Bam*bi"no, n. Etym: [It., a little boy, fr. bambo silly; cf. Gr. , , to chatter.] Defn: A child or baby; esp., a representation in art of the infant Christ wrapped in swaddling clothes. BAMBOCCIADE Bam*boc`ci*ade", n. Etym: [It. bambocciata, fr. Bamboccio a nickname of Peter Van Laer, a Dutch genre painter; properly, a child, simpleton, puppet, fr. bambo silly.] (Paint.) Defn: A representation of a grotesque scene from common or rustic life. BAMBOO Bam*boo", n. Etym: [Malay bambu, mambu.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the family of grasses, and genus Bambusa, growing in tropical countries. Note: The most useful species is Bambusa arundinacea, which has a woody, hollow, round, straight, jointed stem, and grows to the height of forty feet and upward. The flowers grow in large panicles, from the joints of the stalk, placed three in a parcel, close to their receptacles. Old stalks grow to five or six inches in diameter, and are so hard and durable as to be used for building, and for all sorts of furniture, for water pipes, and for poles to support palanquins. The smaller stalks are used for walking sticks, flutes, etc. BAMBOO Bam*boo", v. t. Defn: To flog with the bamboo. BAMBOOZLE Bam*boo"zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bamboozled (p. pr. & vb. n. Bamboozling ( Etym: [Said to be of Gipsy origin.] Defn: To deceive by trickery; to cajole by confusing the senses; to hoax; to mystify; to humbug. [Colloq.] Addison. What oriental tomfoolery is bamboozling you J. H. Newman. BAMBOOZLER Bam*boo"zler, n. Defn: A swindler; one who deceives by trickery. [Colloq.] Arbuthnot. BAN Ban, n. Etym: [AS. bann command, edict; akin to D. ban, Icel. bann, Dan. band, OHG. ban, G. bann, a public proclamation, as of interdiction or excommunication, Gr. to say, L. fari to speak, Skr. bhan to speak; cf. F. ban, LL. bannum, of G. origin. Abandon, Fame.] 1. A public proclamation or edict; a public order or notice, mandatory or prohibitory; a summons by public proclamation. 2. (Feudal & Mil.) Defn: A calling together of the king's (esp. the French king's) vassals for military service; also, the body of vassals thus assembled or summoned. In present usage, in France and Prussia, the most effective part of the population liable to military duty and not in the standing army. 3. pl. Defn: Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in church. See Banns (the common spelling in this sense). 4. An interdiction, prohibition, or proscription. "Under ban to touch." Milton. 5. A curse or anathema. "Hecate's ban." Shak. 6. A pecuniary mulct or penalty laid upon a delinquent for offending against a ban; as, a mulct paid to a bishop by one guilty of sacrilege or other crimes. Ban of the empire (German Hist.), an imperial interdict by which political rights and privileges, as those of a prince, city, or district, were taken away. BAN Ban, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banned (p. pr. & vb. n. Banning.] Etym: [OE. bannen, bannien, to summon, curse, AS. bannan to summon; akin to Dan. bande, forbande, to curse, Sw. banna to revile, bannas to curse. See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.] 1. To curse; to invoke evil upon. Sir W. Scott. 2. To forbid; to interdict. Byron. BAN Ban, v. i. Defn: To curse; to swear. [Obs.] Spenser. BAN Ban, n. Etym: [Serv. ban; cf. Russ. & Pol. pan a masterban.] Defn: An ancient title of the warden of the eastern marches of Hungary; now, a title of the viceroy of Croatia and Slavonia. BANAL Ban"al, a. Etym: [F., fr. ban an ordinance.] Defn: Commonplace; trivial; hackneyed; trite. BANALITY Ba*nal"i*ty, n.; pl. Banalities. Etym: [F. banalité. See Banal.] Defn: Something commonplace, hackneyed, or trivial; the commonplace, in speech. The highest things were thus brought down to the banalities of discourse. J. Morley. BANANA Ba*na"na, n. Etym: [Sp. banana, name of the fruit.] (Bot.) Defn: A perennial herbaceous plant of almost treelike size (Musa sapientum); also, its edible fruit. See Musa. Note: The banana has a soft, herbaceous stalk, with leaves of great length and breadth. The flowers grow in bunches, covered with a sheath of a green or purple color; the fruit is five or six inches long, and over an inch in diameter; the pulp is soft, and of a luscious taste, and is eaten either raw or cooked. This plant is a native of tropical countries, and furnishes an important article of food. Banana bird (Zoöl.), a small American bird (Icterus leucopteryx), which feeds on the banana. -- Banana quit (Zoöl.), a small bird of tropical America, of the genus Certhiola, allied to the creepers. BANANA SOLUTION Ba*na"na so*lu"tion. Defn: A solution used as a vehicle in applying bronze pigments. In addition to acetote, benzine, and a little pyroxylin, it contains amyl acetate, which gives it the odor of bananas. BANAT Ban"at, n. Etym: [Cf. F. & G. banat. See Ban a warden.] Defn: The territory governed by a ban. BANC; BANCUS; BANK Banc, Ban"cus, Bank, n. Etym: [OF. banc, LL. bancus. See Bank, n.] Defn: A bench; a high seat, or seat of distinction or judgment; a tribunal or court. In banc, In banco (the ablative of bancus), In bank, in full court, or with full judicial authority; as, sittings in banc (distinguished from sittings at nisi prius). BANCAL Ban*cal", n.; pl. -cales (#). [Sp., fr. banca, banco, bench. Cf. Bench.] Defn: An ornamental covering, as of carpet or leather, for a bench or form. BANCO Ban"co, n. Etym: [It. See Bank.] Defn: A bank, especially that of Venice. Note: This term is used in some parts of Europe to indicate bank money, as distinguished from the current money, when this last has become depreciated. BAND Band, n. Etym: [OE. band, bond, Icel. band; akin to G., Sw., & D. band, OHG. bant, Goth. banti, Skr. bandha a binding, bandh to bind, for bhanda, bhandh, also to E. bend, bind. In sense 7, at least, it is fr. F. bande, from OHG. bant. Bind, v. t., and cf. Bend, Bond, 1st Bandy.] 1. A fillet, strap, or any narrow ligament with which a thing is encircled, or fastened, or by which a number of things are tied, bound together, or confined; a fetter. Every one's bands were loosed. Acis xvi 26. 2. (Arch.) (a) A continuous tablet, stripe, or series of ornaments, as of carved foliage, of color, or of brickwork, etc. (b) In Gothic architecture, the molding, or suite of moldings, which encircles the pillars and small shafts. 3. That which serves as the means of union or connection between persons; a tie. "To join in Hymen's bands." Shak. 4. A linen collar or ruff worn in the 16th and 17th centuries. 5. pl. Defn: Two strips of linen hanging from the neck in front as part of a clerical, legal, or academic dress. 6. A narrow strip of cloth or other material on any article of dress, to bind, strengthen, ornament, or complete it. "Band and gusset and seam." Hood. 7. A company of persons united in any common design, especially a body of armed men. Troops of horsemen with his bands of foot. Shak. 8. A number of musicians who play together upon portable musical instruments, especially those making a loud sound, as certain wind instruments (trumpets, clarinets, etc.), and drums, or cymbals. 9. (Bot.) Defn: A space between elevated lines or ribs, as of the fruits of umbelliferous plants. 10. (Zoöl.) Defn: A stripe, streak, or other mark transverse to the axis of the body. 11. (Mech.) Defn: A belt or strap. 12. A bond [Obs.] "Thy oath and band." Shak. 13. Pledge; security. [Obs.] Spenser. Band saw, a saw in the form of an endless steel belt, with teeth on one edge, running over wheels. BAND Band, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banded; p. pr. & vb. n. Banding.] 1. To bind or tie with a band. 2. To mark with a band. 3. To unite in a troop, company, or confederacy. "Banded against his throne." Milton. Banded architrave, pier, shaft, etc. (Arch.), an architrave, pier, etc., of which the regular profile is interrupted by blocks or projections crossing it at right angles. BAND Band, v. i. Defn: To confederate for some common purpose; to unite; to conspire together. Certain of the Jews banded together. Acts xxiii. 12. BAND Band, v. t. Defn: To bandy; to drive away. [Obs.] BAND Band, imp. Defn: of Bind. [Obs.] BANDAGE Band"age, n. Etym: [F. bandage, fr. bande. See Band.] 1. A fillet or strip of woven material, used in dressing and binding up wounds, etc. 2. Something resembling a bandage; that which is bound over or round something to cover, strengthen, or compress it; a ligature. Zeal too had a place among the rest, with a bandage over her eyes. Addison. BANDAGE Band"age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bandaged (p. pr. & vb. n. Bandaging ( Defn: To bind, dress, or cover, with a bandage; as, to bandage the eyes. BANDALA Ban*da"la, n. Defn: A fabric made in Manilla from the older leaf sheaths of the abaca (Musa textilis). BANDANNA; BANDANA Ban*dan"na, Ban*dan"a, n. Etym: [Hind. bandhn a mode of dyeing in which the cloth is tied in different places so as to prevent the parts tied from receiving the dye. Cf. Band, n.] 1. A species of silk or cotton handkerchief, having a uniformly dyed ground, usually of red or blue, with white or yellow figures of a circular, lozenge, or other simple form. 2. A style of calico printing, in which white or bright spots are produced upon cloth previously dyed of a uniform red or dark color, by discharging portions of the color by chemical means, while the rest of the cloth is under pressure. Ure. BANDBOX Band"box`, n. Defn: A light box of pasteboard or thin wood, usually cylindrical, for holding ruffs (the bands of the 17th century), collars, caps, bonnets, etc. BANDEAU Ban"deau, n.; pl. Bandeaux. Etym: [F.] Defn: A narrow band or fillet; a part of a head-dress. Around the edge of this cap was a stiff bandeau of leather. Sir W. Scott. BANDELET; BANDLET Band"e*let, Band"let, n. Etym: [F. bandelette, dim. of bande. See Band, n., and ch. Bendlet.] (Arch.) Defn: A small band or fillet; any little band or flat molding, compassing a column, like a ring. Gwilt. BANDER Band"er, n. Defn: One banded with others. [R.] BANDERILLA Ban`de*ril"la, n. [Sp., dim. of bandera banner. See Banner, and cf. Banderole.] Defn: A barbed dart carrying a banderole which the banderillero thrusts into the neck or shoulder of the bull in a bullfight. BANDERILLERO Ban`de*ril*le"ro, n. [Sp.] Defn: One who thrusts in the banderillas in bullfighting. W. D. Howells. BANDEROLE; BANDROL Band"e*role, Band"rol, n. Etym: [F. banderole, dim. of bandière, bannière, banner; cf. It. banderuola a little banner. See Banner.] Defn: A little banner, flag, or streamer. [Written also bannerol.] From the extremity of which fluttered a small banderole or streamer bearing a cross. Sir W. Scott. BAND FISH Band" fish`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small red fish of the genus Cepola; the ribbon fish. BANDICOOT Ban"di*coot, n. Etym: [A corruption of the native name.] (Zoöl.) (a) A species of very large rat (Mus giganteus), found in India and Ceylon. It does much injury to rice fields and gardens. (b) A ratlike marsupial animal (genus Perameles) of several species, found in Australia and Tasmania. BANDING PLANE Band"ing plane`. Defn: A plane used for cutting out grooves and inlaying strings and bands in straight and circular work. BANDIT Ban"dit, n.; pl.Bandits, or Banditti. Etym: [It. bandito outlaw, p.p. of bandire to proclaim, to banish, to proscribe, LL. bandire, bannire. See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.] Defn: An outlaw; a brigand. No savage fierce, bandit, or mountaineer. Milton. Note: The plural banditti was formerly used as a collective noun. Deerstealers are ever a desperate banditti. Sir W. Scott. BANDLE Ban"dle, n. Etym: [Ir. bannlamh cubit, fr. bann a measure + lamh hand, arm.] Defn: An Irish measure of two feet in length. BANDLET Band"let, n. Defn: Same as Bandelet. BANDMASTER Band"mas`ter, n. Defn: The conductor of a musical band. BANDOG Ban"dog`, n. Etym: [Band + dog, i.e., bound dog.] Defn: A mastiff or other large and fierce dog, usually kept chained or tied up. The keeper entered leading his bandog, a large bloodhound, tied in a leam, or band, from which he takes his name. Sir W. Scott. BANDOLEER; BANDOLIER Ban`do*leer", Ban`do*lier", n. Etym: [F. bandoulière (cf.It. bandoliera, Sp.bandolera), fr.F. bande band, Sp.&It. banda. See Band, n.] 1. A broad leather belt formerly worn by soldiers over the right shoulder and across the breast under the left arm. Originally it was used for supporting the musket and twelve cases for charges, but later only as a cartridge belt. 2. One of the leather or wooden cases in which the charges of powder were carried. [Obs.] BANDOLINE Ban"do*line, n. Etym: [Perh. allied to band.] Defn: A glutinous pomatum for the fair. BANDON Ban"don, n. Etym: [OF. bandon. See Abandon.] Defn: Disposal; control; license. [Obs.] Rom. of R. BANDORE Ban"dore, n. Etym: [Sp. bandurria, fr. L. pandura, pandurium, a musical instrument of three strings, fr. Gr. . Cf. Pandore, Banjo, Mandolin.] Defn: A musical stringed instrument, similar in form to a guitar; a pandore. BANDROL Band"rol, n. Defn: Same as Banderole. BANDY Ban"dy, n. Etym: [Telugu bandi.] Defn: A carriage or cart used in India, esp. one drawn by bullocks. BANDY Ban"dy, n.; pl. Bandies (. Etym: [Cf. F. bandé, p.p. of bander to bind, to bend (a bow), to bandy, fr. bande. See Band, n.] 1. A club bent at the lower part for striking a ball at play; a hockey stick. Johnson. 2. The game played with such a club; hockey; shinney; bandy ball. BANDY Ban"dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bandied (p. pr. & vb. n. Bandying.] 1. To beat to and fro, as a ball in playing at bandy. Like tennis balls bandied and struck upon us . . . by rackets from without. Cudworth. 2. To give and receive reciprocally; to exchange. "To bandy hasty words." Shak. 3. To toss about, as from man to man; to agitate. Let not obvious and known truth be bandied about in a disputation. I. Watts. BANDY Ban"dy, v. i. Defn: To content, as at some game in which each strives to drive the ball his own way. Fit to bandy with thy lawless sons. Shak. BANDY Ban"dy, a. Defn: Bent; crooked; curved laterally, esp. with the convex side outward; as, a bandy leg. BANDY-LEGGED Ban"dy-legged`, a. Defn: Having crooked legs. BANE Bane, n. Etym: [OE. bane destruction, AS. bana murderer; akin to Icel. bani death, murderer, OHG. bana murder, bano murderer, murder, OIr. bath death, benim I strike. 1. That which destroys life, esp. poison of a deadly quality. [Obs. except in combination, as in ratsbane, henbane, etc.] 2. Destruction; death. [Obs.] The cup of deception spiced and tempered to their bane. Milton. 3. Any cause of ruin, or lasting injury; harm; woe. Money, thou bane of bliss, and source of woe. Herbert. 4. A disease in sheep, commonly termed the rot. Syn. -- Poison; ruin; destruction; injury; pest. BANE Bane, v. t. Defn: To be the bane of; to ruin. [Obs.] Fuller. BANEBERRY Bane"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus (Actæa) of plants, of the order Ranunculaceæ, native in the north temperate zone. The red or white berries are poisonous. BANEFUL Bane"ful, a. Defn: Having poisonous qualities; deadly; destructive; injurious; noxious; pernicious. "Baneful hemlock." Garth. "Baneful wrath." Chapman. -- Bane"ful*ly, adv. --Bane"ful*ness, n. BANEWORT Bane"wort, n. (Bot.) Defn: Deadly nightshade. BANG Bang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banged; p. pr. & vb. n. Banging.] Etym: [Icel. banga to hammer; akin to Dan. banke to beat, Sw.bångas to be impetuous, G. bengel club, clapper of a bell.] 1. To beat, as with a club or cudgel; to treat with violence; to handle roughly. The desperate tempest hath so banged the Turks. Shak. 2. To beat or thump, or to cause ( something) to hit or strike against another object, in such a way as to make a loud noise; as, to bang a drum or a piano; to bang a door (against the doorpost or casing) in shutting it. BANG Bang, v. i. Defn: To make a loud noise, as if with a blow or succession of blows; as, the window blind banged and waked me; he was banging on the piano. BANG Bang, n. 1. A blow as with a club; a heavy blow. Many a stiff thwack, many a bang. Hudibras. 2. The sound produced by a sudden concussion. BANG Bang, v. t. Defn: To cut squarely across, as the tail of a hors, or the forelock of human beings; to cut (the hair). His hair banged even with his eyebrows. The Century Mag. BANG Bang, n. Defn: The short, front hair combed down over the forehead, esp. when cut squarely across; a false front of hair similarly worn. His hair cut in front like a young lady's bang. W. D. Howells. BANG; BANGUE Bang, Bangue, n. Defn: See Bhang. BANGING Bang"ing, a. Defn: Huge; great in size. [Colloq.] Forby. BANGLE Ban"gle, v. t. Etym: [From 1st Bang.] Defn: To waste by little and little; to fritter away. [Obs.] BANGLE Ban"gle, n. Etym: [Hind. bangri bracelet, bangle.] Defn: An ornamental circlet, of glass, gold, silver, or other material, worn by women in India and Africa, and in some other countries, upon the wrist or ankle; a ring bracelet. Bangle ear, a loose hanging ear of a horse, like that of a spaniel. BANIAN Ban"ian, n. Etym: [Skr. banij merchant. The tree was so named by the English, because used as a market place by the merchants.] 1. A Hindoo trader, merchant, cashier, or money changer. [Written also banyan.] 2. A man's loose gown, like that worn by the Banians. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The Indian fig. See Banyan. Banian days (Naut.), days in which the sailors have no flesh meat served out to them. This use seems to be borrowed from the Banians or Banya race, who eat no flesh. BANISH Ban"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banished(p. pr. & vb. n. Banishing.] Etym: [OF. banir, F. bannir, LL. bannire, fr. OHG. bannan to summon, fr. ban ban. See Ban an edict, and Finish, v. t.] 1. To condemn to exile, or compel to leave one's country, by authority of the ruling power. "We banish you our territories." Shak. 2. To drive out, as from a home or familiar place; -- used with from and out of. How the ancient Celtic tongue came to be banished from the Low Countries in Scotland. Blair. 3. To drive away; to compel to depart; to dispel. "Banish all offense." Shak. Syn. -- To Banish, Exile, Expel. The idea of a coercive removal from a place is common to these terms. A man is banished when he is forced by the government of a country (be he a foreigner or a native) to leave its borders. A man is exiled when he is driven into banishment from his native country and home. Thus to exile is to banish, but to banish is not always to exile. To expel is to eject or banish, summarily or authoritatively, and usually under circumstances of disgrace; as, to expel from a college; expelled from decent society. BANISHER Ban"ish*er, n. Defn: One who banishes. BANISHMENT Ban"ish*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bannissement.] Defn: The act of banishing, or the state of being banished. He secured himself by the banishment of his enemies. Johnson. Round the wide world in banishment we roam. Dryden. Syn. -- Expatriation; ostracism; expulsion; proscription; exile; outlawry. BANISTER Ban"is*ter, n. Etym: [Formerly also banjore and banjer; corrupted from bandore, through negro slave pronunciation.] Defn: A stringed musical instrument having a head and neck like the guitar, and its body like a tambourine. It has five strings, and is played with the fingers and hands. BANJO Ban"jo, n. [Formerly also banjore and banjer; corrupted from bandore, through negro slave pronunciation.] Defn: A stringed musical instrument having a head and neck like the guitar, and its body like a tambourine. It has five strings, and is played with the fingers and hands. BANJORINE Ban`jo*rine", n. [From banjore banjo. See Banjo.] (Music.) Defn: A kind of banjo, with a short neck, tuned a fourth higher than the common banjo; -- popularly so called. BANK Bank, n. Etym: [OE. banke; akin to E. bench, and prob. of Scand. origin.; cf. Icel. bakki. See Bench.] 1. A mound, pile, or ridge of earth, raised above the surrounding level; hence, anything shaped like a mound or ridge of earth; as, a bank of clouds; a bank of snow. They cast up a bank against the city. 2 Sam. xx. 15. 2. A steep acclivity, as the slope of a hill, or the side of a ravine. 3. The margin of a watercourse; the rising ground bordering a lake, river, or sea, or forming the edge of a cutting, or other hollow. Tiber trembled underneath her banks. Shak. 4. An elevation, or rising ground, under the sea; a shoal, shelf, or shallow; as, the banks of Newfoundland. 5. (Mining) (a) The face of the coal at which miners are working. (b) A deposit of ore or coal, worked by excavations above water level. (c) The ground at the top of a shaft; as, ores are brought to bank. Bank beaver (Zoöl.), the otter. [Local, U.S.] -- Bank swallow, a small American and European swallow (Clivicola riparia) that nests in a hole which it excavates in a bank. BANK Bank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banked(p. pr. & vb. n. Banking.] 1. To raise a mound or dike about; to inclose, defend, or fortify with a bank; to embank. "Banked well with earth." Holland. 2. To heap or pile up; as, to bank sand. 3. To pass by the banks of. [Obs.] Shak. To bank a fire, To bank up a fire, to cover the coals or embers with ashes or cinders, thus keeping the fire low but alive. BANK Bank, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. F. banc. Of German origin, and akin to E. bench. See Bench.] 1. A bench, as for rowers in a galley; also, a tier of oars. Placed on their banks, the lusty Trojan sweep Neptune's smooth face, and cleave the yielding deep. Waller. 2. (Law) (a) The bench or seat upon which the judges sit. (b) The regular term of a court of law, or the full court sitting to hear arguments upon questions of law, as distinguished from a sitting at Nisi Prius, or a court held for jury trials. See Banc. Burrill. 3. (Printing) Defn: A sort of table used by printers. 4. (Music) Defn: A bench, or row of keys belonging to a keyboard, as in an organ. Knight. BANK Bank, n. Etym: [F. banque, It. banca, orig. bench, table, counter, of German origin, and akin to E. bench; cf. G. bank bench, OHG. banch. See Bench, and cf. Banco, Beach.] 1. An establishment for the custody, loan, exchange, or issue, of money, and for facilitating the transmission of funds by drafts or bills of exchange; an institution incorporated for performing one or more of such functions, or the stockholders (or their representatives, the directors), acting in their corporate capacity. 2. The building or office used for banking purposes. 3. A fund from deposits or contributions, to be used in transacting business; a joint stock or capital. [Obs.] Let it be no bank or common stock, but every man be master of his own money. Bacon. 4. (Gaming) Defn: The sum of money or the checks which the dealer or banker has as a fund, from which to draw his stakes and pay his losses. 5. In certain games, as dominos, a fund of pieces from which the players are allowed to draw. Bank credit, a credit by which a person who has give -- Bank of deposit, a bank which receives money for safe keeping. -- Bank of issue, a bank which issues its own notes payable to bearer. BANK Bank, v. t. Defn: To deposit in a bank. BANK Bank, v. i. 1. To keep a bank; to carry on the business of a banker. 2. To deposit money in a bank; to have an account with a banker. BANKABLE Bank"a*ble, a. Defn: Receivable at a bank. BANK BILL Bank" bill`. 1. In America (and formerly in England), a promissory note of a bank payable to the bearer on demand, and used as currency; a bank note. 2. In England, a note, or a bill of exchange, of a bank, payable to order, and usually at some future specified time. Such bills are negotiable, but form, in the strict sense of the term, no part of the currency. BANK BOOK Bank" book`. Defn: A book kept by a depositor, in which an officer of a bank enters the debits and credits of the depositor's account with the bank. BANK DISCOUNT Bank discount. Defn: A sum equal to the interest at a given rate on the principal (face) of a bill or note from the time of discounting until it becomes due. BANKER Bank"er, n.Etym: [See the nouns Bank and the verbs derived from them.] 1. One who conducts the business of banking; one who, individually, or as a member of a company, keeps an establishment for the deposit or loan of money, or for traffic in money, bills of exchange, etc. 2. A money changer. [Obs.] 3. The dealer, or one who keeps the bank in a gambling house. 4. A vessel employed in the cod fishery on the banks of Newfoundland. Grabb. J. Q. Adams. 5. A ditcher; a drain digger. [Prov. Eng.] 6. The stone bench on which masons cut or square their work. Weale. BANKERESS Bank"er*ess, n. Defn: A female banker. Thackeray. BANKING Bank"ing, n. Defn: The business of a bank or of a banker. Banking house, an establishment or office in which, or a firm by whom, banking is done. BANK NOTE Bank" note`. 1. A promissory note issued by a bank or banking company, payable to bearer on demand. Note: In the United States popularly called a bank bill. 2. Formerly, a promissory note made by a banker, or banking company, payable to a specified person at a fixed date; a bank bill. See Bank bill, 2. [Obs.] 3. A promissory note payable at a bank. BANKRUPT Bank"rupt, n. Etym: [F. banqueroute, fr. It. bancarotta bankruptcy; banca bank (fr. OHG. banch, G. bank, bench) + rotta broken, fr. L. ruptus, p.p. of rumpere to break. At Florence, it is said, the bankrupt had his bench ( i.e., money table) broken. See 1st Bank, and Rupture, n.] 1. (Old Eng. Low) Defn: A trader who secretes himself, or does certain other acts tending to defraud his creditors. Blackstone. 2. A trader who becomes unable to pay his debts; an insolvent trader; popularly, any person who is unable to pay his debts; an insolvent person. M 3. (Law) Defn: A person who, in accordance with the terms of a law relating to bankruptcy, has been judicially declared to be unable to meet his liabilities. Note: In England, until the year 1861 none but a "trader" could be made a bankrupt; a non-trader failing to meet his liabilities being an "insolvent". But this distinction was abolished by the Bankruptcy Act of 1861. The laws of 1841 and 1867 of the United States relating to bankruptcy applied this designation bankrupt to others besides those engaged in trade. BANKRUPT Bank"rupt, a. 1. Being a bankrupt or in a condition of bankruptcy; unable to pay, or legally discharged from paying, one's debts; as, a bankrupt merchant. 2. Depleted of money; not having the means of meeting pecuniary liabilities; as, a bankrupt treasury. 3. Relating to bankrupts and bankruptcy. 4. Destitute of, or wholly wanting (something once possessed, or something one should possess). "Bankrupt in gratitude." Sheridan. Bankrupt law, a law by which the property of a person who is unable or unwilling to pay his debts may be taken and distributed to his creditors, and by which a person who has made a full surrender of his property, and is free from fraud, may be discharged from the legal obligation of his debts. See Insolvent, a. BANKRUPT Bank"rupt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bankrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bankrupting.] Defn: To make bankrupt; to bring financial ruin upon; to impoverish. BANKRUPTCY Bank"rupt*cy, n.; pl. Bankruptcies( 1. The state of being actually or legally bankrupt. 2. The act or process of becoming a bankrupt. 3. Complete loss; -- followed by of. BANKSIDE Bank"side`, n. Defn: The slope of a bank, especially of the bank of a steam. BANK-SIDED Bank"-sid`ed, a. (Naut.) Defn: Having sides inclining inwards, as a ship; -- opposed to wall- sided. BANK SWALLOW Bank" swal"low. Defn: See under 1st Bank, n. BANLIEUE Ban"li*eue`, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. bannum leucae, banleuca; bannum jurisdiction + leuca league.] Defn: The territory without the walls, but within the legal limits, of a town or city. Brande & C. BANNER Ban"ner, n. Etym: [OE. banere, OF. baniere, F. bannière, bandière, fr. LL. baniera, banderia, fr. bandum banner, fr. OHG. bant band, strip of cloth; cf. bindan to bind, Goth. bandwa, bandwo, a sign. See Band, n.] 1. A kind of flag attached to a spear or pike by a crosspiece, and used by a chief as his standard in battle. Hang out our banners on the outward walls. Shak. 2. A large piece of silk or other cloth, with a device or motto, extended on a crosspiece, and borne in a procession, or suspended in some conspicuous place. 3. Any flag or standard; as, the star-spangled banner. Banner fish (Zoöl.), a large fish of the genus Histiophorus, of the Swordfish family, having a broad bannerlike dorsal fin; the sailfish. One species (H. Americanus) inhabits the North Atlantic. BANNERED Ban"nered, a. Defn: Decorated with a banner or banners "bannered host." Milton. BANNERET Ban"ner*et, n.Etym: [OE. baneret, OF. baneret, F. banneret; properly a dim. of OF. baniere. See Banner.] 1. Originally, a knight who led his vassals into the field under his own banner; -- commonly used as a title of rank. 2. A title of rank, conferred for heroic deeds, and hence, an order of knighthood; also, the person bearing such title or rank. Note: The usual mode of conferring the rank on the field of battle was by cutting or tearing off the point of the pennon or pointed flag on the spear of the candidate, thereby making it a banner. 3. A civil officer in some Swiss cantons. 4. A small banner. Shak. BANNEROL Ban"ner*ol, n. Defn: A banderole; esp. a banner displayed at a funeral procession and set over the tomb. See Banderole. BANNITION Ban*ni"tion, n. Etym: [LL. bannitio. See Banish.] Defn: The act of expulsion.[Obs.] Abp. Laud. BANNOCK Ban"nock, n. Etym: [Gael. bonnach.] Defn: A kind of cake or bread, in shape flat and roundish, commonly made of oatmeal or barley meal and baked on an iron plate, or griddle; -- used in Scotland and the northern counties of England. Jamieson. Bannock fluke, the turbot. [Scot.] BANNS Banns, n. pl. Etym: [See Ban.] Defn: Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in a church, or other place prescribed by law, in order that any person may object, if he knows of just cause why the marriage should not take place. BANQUET Ban"quet, n. Etym: [F., a feast, prop. a dim. of banc bench; cf. It. banchetto, dim. of banco a bench, counter. See Bank a bench, and cf. Banquette.] 1. A feast; a sumptuous entertainment of eating and drinking; often, a complimentary or ceremonious feast, followed by speeches. 2. A dessert; a course of sweetmeats; a sweetmeat or sweetmeats. [Obs.] We'll dine in the great room, but let the music And banquet be prepared here. Massinger. BANQUET Ban"quet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banqueted; p. pr. & vb. n. Banqueting.] Defn: To treat with a banquet or sumptuous entertainment of food; to feast. Just in time to banquet The illustrious company assembled there. Coleridge. BANQUET Ban"quet, v.i. 1. To regale one's self with good eating and drinking; to feast. Were it a draught for Juno when she banquets, I would not taste thy treasonous offer. Milton. 2. To partake of a dessert after a feast. [Obs.] Where they did both sup and banquet. Cavendish. BANQUETTE Ban*quette", n. Etym: [F. See Banquet, n.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A raised way or foot bank, running along the inside of a parapet, on which musketeers stand to fire upon the enemy. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A narrow window seat; a raised shelf at the back or the top of a buffet or dresser. BANQUETTER; BANQUETER Ban"quet*ter, n. Defn: One who banquets; one who feasts or makes feasts. BANSHEE; BANSHIE Ban"shee, Ban"shie, n. Etym: [Gael. bean-shith fairy; Gael. & Ir. bean woman + Gael. sith fairy.] Defn: A supernatural being supposed by the Irish and Scotch peasantry to warn a family of the speedy death of one of its members, by wailing or singing in a mournful voice under the windows of the house. BANSSHEE; BANSHIE Bans"shee, Ban"shie, n. [Gael. bean-shith fairy; Gael. & Ir. bean woman + Gael. sith fairy.] (Celtic Folklore) Defn: A supernatural being supposed to warn a family of the approaching death of one of its members, by wailing or singing in a mournful voice. BANSTICKLE Ban"stic`kle, n. Etym: [OE. ban, bon, bone + stickle prickle, sting. See Bone, n., Stickleback.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small fish, the three-spined stickleback. BANTAM Ban"tam, n. Defn: A variety of small barnyard fowl, with feathered legs, probably brought from Bantam, a district of Java. BANTAM WORK Ban"tam work`. Defn: Carved and painted work in imitation of Japan ware. BANTENG Ban"teng, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wild ox of Java (Bibos Banteng). BANTER Ban"ter, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Bantered(p. pr. & vb. n. Bantering.] Etym: [Prob. corrupted fr. F. badiner to joke, or perh. fr. E. bandy to beat to and fro. See Badinage, and cf. Barter fr. OF. barater.] 1. To address playful good-natured ridicule to, -- the person addressed, or something pertaining to him, being the subject of the jesting; to rally; as, he bantered me about my credulity. Hag-ridden by my own fancy all night, and then bantered on my haggard looks the next day. W. Irving. 2. To jest about; to ridicule in speaking of, as some trait, habit, characteristic, and the like. [Archaic] If they banter your regularity, order, and love of study, banter in return their neglect of them. Chatham. 3. To delude or trick, -- esp. by way of jest. [Obs.] We diverted ourselves with bantering several poor scholars with hopes of being at least his lordship's chaplain. De Foe. 4. To challenge or defy to a match. [Colloq. Southern and Western U.S.] BANTER Ban"ter, n. Defn: The act of bantering; joking or jesting; humorous or good- humored raillery; pleasantry. Part banter, part affection. Tennyson. BANTERER Ban"ter*er, n. Defn: One who banters or rallies. BANTINGISM Ban"ting*ism, n. Defn: A method of reducing corpulence by avoiding food containing much farinaceous, saccharine, or oily matter; -- so called from William Banting of London. BANTLING Bant"ling, n. Etym: [Prob. for bandling, from band, and meaning a child wrapped in swaddling bands; or cf. G. bäntling a bastard, fr. bank bench. Cf. Bastard, n.] Defn: A young or small child; an infant. [Slightly contemptuous or depreciatory.] In what out of the way corners genius produces her bantlings. W. Irving. BANTU Ban"tu, n. Defn: A member of one of the great family of Negroid tribes occupying equatorial and southern Africa. These tribes include, as important divisions, the Kafirs, Damaras, Bechuanas, and many tribes whose names begin with Aba-, Ama-, Ba-, Ma-, Wa-, variants of the Bantu plural personal prefix Aba-, as in Ba-ntu, or Aba-ntu, itself a combination of this prefix with the syllable -ntu, a person. -- Ban"tu, a. BANXRING Banx"ring, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An East Indian insectivorous mammal of the genus Tupaia. BANYAN Ban"yan, n. Etym: [See Banian.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree of the same genus as the common fig, and called the Indian fig (Ficus Indica), whose branches send shoots to the ground, which take root and become additional trunks, until it may be the tree covers some acres of ground and is able to shelter thousands of men. BANZAI Ban"zai", interj. [Jap. banzai, banzei, ten thousand years, forever.] Defn: Lit., May you live ten thousand years; -- used in salutation of the emperor and as a battle cry. [Japan] BAOBAB Ba"o*bab, n. Etym: [The native name.] (Bot.) Defn: A gigantic African tree (Adansonia digitata), also naturalized in India. See Adansonia. BAPHOMET Baph"o*met, n.Etym: [A corruption of Mahomet or Mohammed, the Arabian prophet: cf. Pr. Bafomet, OSp. Mafomat, OPg. Mafameda.] Defn: An idol or symbolical figure which the Templars were accused of using in their mysterious rites. BAPTISM Bap"tism, n. Etym: [OE. baptim, baptem, OE. baptesme, batisme, F. baptême, L. baptisma, fr. Gr. , fr. to baptize, fr. to dip in water, akin to deep, Skr. gah to dip, bathe, v. i.] Defn: The act of baptizing; the application of water to a person, as a sacrament or religious ceremony, by which he is initiated into the visible church of Christ. This is performed by immersion, sprinkling, or pouring. BAPTISMAL Bap*tis"mal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. baptismal.] Defn: Pertaining to baptism; as, baptismal vows. Baptismal name, the Christian name, which is given at baptism. BAPTISMALLY Bap*tis"mal*ly, adv. Defn: In a baptismal manner. BAPTIST Bap"tist, n. Etym: [L. baptista, G. ] 1. One who administers baptism; -- specifically applied to John, the forerunner of Christ. Milton. 2. One of a denomination of Christians who deny the validity of infant baptism and of sprinkling, and maintain that baptism should be administered to believers alone, and should be by immersion. See Anabaptist. Note: In doctrine the Baptists of this country [the United States] are Calvinistic, but with much freedom and moderation. Amer. Cyc. Freewill Baptists, a sect of Baptists who are Arminian in doctrine, and practice open communion. -- Seventh-day Baptists, a sect of Baptists who keep the seventh day of the week, or Saturday, as the Sabbath. See Sabbatarian. The Dunkers and Campbellites are also Baptists. BAPTISTERY; BAPTISTRY Bap"tis*ter*y,Bap"tis*try, n.; pl. Baptisteries (, -tries (. Etym: [L. baptisterium, Gr. : cf. F. baptistère.] (Arch.) (a) In early times, a separate building, usually polygonal, used for baptismal services. Small churches were often changed into baptisteries when larger churches were built near. (b) A part of a church containing a font and used for baptismal services. BAPTISTIC Bap*tis"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. ] Defn: Of or for baptism; baptismal. BAPTISTICAL Bap*tis"tic*al, a. Defn: Baptistic. [R.] BAPTIZABLE Bap*tiz"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being baptized; fit to be baptized. Baxter. BAPTIZATION Bap`ti*za"tion, n. Defn: Baptism. [Obs.] Their baptizations were null. Jer. Taylor. BAPTIZE Bap*tize", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baptized (; p. pr. & vb. n. Baptizing.] Etym: [F. baptiser, L. baptizare, fr.Gr. . See Baptism.] 1. To administer the sacrament of baptism to. 2. To christen ( because a name is given to infants at their baptism); to give a name to; to name. I'll be new baptized; Henceforth I never will be Romeo. Shak. 3. To sanctify; to consecrate. BAPTIZEMENT Bap*tize"ment, n. Defn: The act of baptizing.[R.] BAPTIZER Bap*tiz"er, n. Defn: One who baptizes. BAR Bar, n. Etym: [OE. barre, F. barre, fr. LL. barra, W. bar the branch of a tree, bar, baren branch, Gael. & Ir. barra bar. 1. A piece of wood, metal, or other material, long in proportion to its breadth or thickness, used as a lever and for various other purposes, but especially for a hindrance, obstruction, or fastening; as, the bars of a fence or gate; the bar of a door. Thou shalt make bars of shittim wood. Ex. xxvi. 26. 2. An indefinite quantity of some substance, so shaped as to be long in proportion to its breadth and thickness; as, a bar of gold or of lead; a bar of soap. 3. Anything which obstructs, hinders, or prevents; an obstruction; a barrier. Must I new bars to my own joy create Dryden. 4. A bank of sand, gravel, or other matter, esp. at the mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing navigation. 5. Any railing that divides a room, or office, or hall of assembly, in order to reserve a space for those having special privileges; as, the bar of the House of Commons. 6. (Law) (a) The railing that incloses the place which counsel occupy in courts of justice. Hence, the phrase at the bar of the court signifies in open court. (b) The place in court where prisoners are stationed for arraignment, trial, or sentence. (c) The whole body of lawyers licensed in a court or district; the legal profession. (d) A special plea constituting a sufficient answer to plaintiff's action. 7. Any tribunal; as, the bar of public opinion; the bar of God. 8. A barrier or counter, over which liquors and food are passed to customers; hence, the portion of the room behind the counter where liquors for sale are kept. 9. (Her.) Defn: An ordinary, like a fess but narrower, occupying only one fifth part of the field. 10. A broad shaft, or band, or stripe; as, a bar of light; a bar of color. 11. (Mus.) Defn: A vertical line across the staff. Bars divide the staff into spaces which represent measures, and are themselves called measures. Note: A double bar marks the end of a strain or main division of a movement, or of a whole piece of music; in psalmody, it marks the end of a line of poetry. The term bar is very often loosely used for measure, i.e., for such length of music, or of silence, as is included between one bar and the next; as, a passage of eight bars; two bars' rest. 12. (Far.) pl. (a) The space between the tusks and grinders in the upper jaw of a horse, in which the bit is placed. (b) The part of the crust of a horse's hoof which is bent inwards towards the frog at the heel on each side, and extends into the center of the sole. 13. (Mining) (a) A drilling or tamping rod. (b) A vein or dike crossing a lode. 14. (Arch.) (a) A gatehouse of a castle or fortified town. (b) A slender strip of wood which divides and supports the glass of a window; a sash bar. Bar shoe (Far.), a kind of horseshoe having a bar across the usual opening at the heel, to protect a tender frog from injury. -- Bar shot, a double headed shot, consisting of a bar, with a ball or half ball at each end; -- formerly used for destroying the masts or rigging in naval combat. -- Bar sinister (Her.), a term popularly but erroneously used for baton, a mark of illegitimacy. See Baton. -- Bar tracery (Arch.), ornamental stonework resembling bars of iron twisted into the forms required. -- Blank bar (Law). See Blank. -- Case at bar (Law), a case presently before the court; a case under argument. -- In bar of, as a sufficient reason against; to prevent. -- Matter in bar, or Defence in bar, a plea which is a final defense in an action. -- Plea in bar, a plea which goes to bar or defeat the plaintiff's action absolutely and entirely. -- Trial at bar (Eng. Law), a trial before all the judges of one the superior courts of Westminster, or before a quorum representing the full court. BAR Bar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barred (p. pr. & vb. n. Barring.] Etym: [ F. barrer. See Bar, n.] 1. To fasten with a bar; as, to bar a door or gate. 2. To restrict or confine, as if by a bar; to hinder; to obstruct; to prevent; to prohibit; as, to bar the entrance of evil; distance bars our intercourse; the statute bars my right; the right is barred by time; a release bars the plaintiff's recovery; -- sometimes with up. He barely looked the idea in the face, and hastened to bar it in its dungeon. Hawthorne. 3. To except; to exclude by exception. Nay, but I bar to-night: you shall not gauge me By what we do to- night. Shak. 4. To cross with one or more stripes or lines. For the sake of distinguishing the feet more clearly, I have barred them singly. Burney. BARACA Ba*ra"ca, n. Defn: An international, interdenominational organization of Bible classes of young men; -- so named in allusion to the Hebrew word Berachah (Meaning blessing) occurring in 2 Chron. xx. 26 and 1 Chron. xii. BARAD Bar"ad, n. [Gr. weight.] (Physics) Defn: The pressure of one dyne per square centimeter; -- used as a unit of pressure. BARAESTHESIOMETER; BARESTHESIOMETER Bar`æs*the`si*om"e*ter, Bar`es*the`si*om"e*ter, n. [Gr. weight + æsthesiometer.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for determining the delicacy of the sense of pressure. -- Bar`æs*the`si*o*met"ric, Bar`es*the`si*o*met"ric (#), a. BARATHEA Bar`a*the"a, n. Defn: A soft fabric with a kind of basket weave and a diapered pattern. BARB Barb, n. Etym: [F. barbe, fr. L. barba beard. See Beard, n.] 1. Beard, or that which resembles it, or grows in the place of it. The barbel, so called by reason of his barbs, or wattles in his mouth. Walton. 2. A muffler, worn by nuns and mourners. [Obs.] 3. pl. Defn: Paps, or little projections, of the mucous membrane, which mark the opening of the submaxillary glands under the tongue in horses and cattle. The name is mostly applied when the barbs are inflamed and swollen. [Written also barbel and barble.] 4. The point that stands backward in an arrow, fishhook, etc., to prevent it from being easily extracted. Hence: Anything which stands out with a sharp point obliquely or crosswise to something else. "Having two barbs or points." Ascham. 5. A bit for a horse. [Obs.] Spenser. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the side branches of a feather, which collectively constitute the vane. See Feather. 7. (Zoöl.) Defn: A southern name for the kingfishes of the eastern and southeastern coasts of the United States; -- also improperly called whiting. 8. (Bot.) Defn: A hair or bristle ending in a double hook. BARB Barb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbed (p. pr. & vb. n. Barbing.] 1. To shave or dress the beard of. [Obs.] 2. To clip; to mow. [Obs.] Marston. 3. To furnish with barbs, or with that which will hold or hurt like barbs, as an arrow, fishhook, spear, etc. But rattling storm of arrows barbed with fire. Milton. BARB Barb, n. Etym: [F. barbe, fr. Barbarie.] 1. The Barbary horse, a superior breed introduces from Barbary into Spain by the Moors. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A blackish or dun variety of the pigeon, originally brought from Barbary. BARB Barb, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. bard.] Defn: Armor for a horse. Same as 2d Bard, n., 1. BARBACAN Bar"ba*can, n. Defn: See Barbican. BARBACANAGE Bar"ba*can*age, n. Defn: See Barbicanage. BARBADIAN Bar*ba"di*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Barbados. -- n. Defn: A native of Barbados. BARBADOS; BARBADOES Bar*ba"dos or Bar*ba"does, n. Defn: A West Indian island, giving its name to a disease, to a cherry, etc. Barbados cherry (Bot.), a genus of trees of the West Indies (Malpighia) with an agreeably acid fruit resembling a cherry. -- Barbados leg (Med.), a species of elephantiasis incident to hot climates. -- Barbados nuts, the seeds of the Jatropha curcas, a plant growing in South America and elsewhere. The seeds and their acrid oil are used in medicine as a purgative. See Physic nut. BARBARA Bar"ba*ra, n. Etym: [Coined by logicians.] (Logic) Defn: The first word in certain mnemonic lines which represent the various forms of the syllogism. It indicates a syllogism whose three propositions are universal affirmatives. Whately. BARBARESQUE Bar`ba*resque", a. Defn: Barbaric in form or style; as, barbaresque architecture. De Quincey. BARBARIAN Bar*ba"ri*an, n. Etym: [See Barbarous.] 1. A foreigner. [Historical] Therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto me. 2. A man in a rule, savage, or uncivilized state. 3. A person destitute of culture. M. Arnold. 4. A cruel, savage, brutal man; one destitute of pity or humanity. "Thou fell barbarian." Philips. BARBARIAN Bar*ba"ri*an, a. Defn: Of, or pertaining to, or resembling, barbarians; rude; uncivilized; barbarous; as, barbarian governments or nations. BARBARIC Bar*ba"ric, a. Etym: [L. barbaricus foreign, barbaric, Gr. .] 1. Of, or from, barbarian nations; foreign; -- often with reference to barbarous nations of east. "Barbaric pearl and gold." Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to, or resembling, an uncivilized person or people; barbarous; barbarian; destitute of refinement. "Wild, barbaric music." Sir W. Scott. BARBARISM Bar"ba*rism, n. Etym: [L. barbarismus, Gr.; cf. F. barbarisme.] 1. An uncivilized state or condition; rudeness of manners; ignorance of arts, learning, and literature; barbarousness. Prescott. 2. A barbarous, cruel, or brutal action; an outrage. A heinous barbarism . . . against the honor of marriage. Milton. 3. An offense against purity of style or language; any form of speech contrary to the pure idioms of a particular language. See Solecism. The Greeks were the first that branded a foreign term in any of their writers with the odious name of barbarism. G. Campbell. BARBARITY Bar*bar"i*ty, n.; pl. Barbarities. Etym: [From Barbarous.] Defn: The state or manner of a barbarian; lack of civilization. 2. Cruelty; ferociousness; inhumanity. Treating Christians with a barbarity which would have shocked the very Moslem. Macaulay. 3. A barbarous or cruel act. 4. Barbarism; impurity of speech. [Obs.] Swift. BARBARIZE Bar"ba*rize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Barbarized (; p. pr. & vb. n. Barbarizing (.] 1. To become barbarous. The Roman empire was barbarizing rapidly from the time of Trajan. De Quincey. 2. To adopt a foreign or barbarous mode of speech. The ill habit . . . of wretched barbarizing against the Latin and Greek idiom, with their untutored Anglicisms. Milton. BARBARIZE Bar"ba*rize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. barbariser, LL. barbarizare.] Defn: To make barbarous. The hideous changes which have barbarized France. Burke. BARBAROUS Bar"ba*rous, a. Etym: [L. barbarus, Gr. , strange, foreign; later, slavish, rude, ignorant; akin to L. balbus stammering, Skr. barbara stammering, outlandish. Cf. Brave, a.] 1. Being in the state of a barbarian; uncivilized; rude; peopled with barbarians; as, a barbarous people; a barbarous country. 2. Foreign; adapted to a barbaric taste.[Obs.] Barbarous gold. Dryden. 3. Cruel; ferocious; inhuman; merciless. By their barbarous usage he died within a few days, to the grief of all that knew him. Clarendon. 4. Contrary to the pure idioms of a language. A barbarous expression G. Campbell. Syn. -- Uncivilized; unlettered; uncultivated; untutored; ignorant; merciless; brutal. See Ferocious. BARBAROUSLY Bar"ba*rous*ly, adv. Defn: In a barbarous manner. BARBAROUSNESS Bar"ba*rous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being barbarous; barbarity; barbarism. BARBARY Bar"ba*ry, n. Etym: [Fr. Ar. Barbar the people of Barbary.] Defn: The countries on the north coast of Africa from Egypt to the Atlantic. Hence: A Barbary horse; a barb. [Obs.] Also, a kind of pigeon. Barbary ape (Zoöl.), an ape (Macacus innus) of north Africa and Gibraltar Rock, being the only monkey inhabiting Europe. It is very commonly trained by showmen. BARBASTEL Bar"ba*stel`, n. Etym: [F. barbastelle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European bat (Barbastellus communis), with hairy lips. BARBATE Bar"bate, a. Etym: [L. barbatus, fr. barba beard. See Barb beard.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearded; beset with long and weak hairs. BARBATED Bar"ba*ted, a. Defn: Having barbed points. A dart uncommonly barbated. T. Warton. BARBECUE Bar"be*cue, n. Etym: [In the language of Indians of Guiana, a frame on which all kinds of flesh and fish are roasted or smoke-dried.] 1. A hog, ox, or other large animal roasted or broiled whole for a feast. 2. A social entertainment, where many people assemble, usually in the open air, at which one or more large animals are roasted or broiled whole. 3. A floor, on which coffee beans are sun-dried. BARBECUE Bar"be*cue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbecued (; p. pr. & vb. n. Barbecuing.] 1. To dry or cure by exposure on a frame or gridiron. They use little or no salt, but barbecue their game and fish in the smoke. Stedman. 2. To roast or broil whole, as an ox or hog. Send me, gods, a whole hog barbecued. Pope. BARBED Barbed, a. Etym: [See 4th Bare.] Defn: Accoutered with defensive armor; -- said of a horse. See Barded ( which is the proper form.) Sir W. Raleigh. BARBED Barbed, a. Defn: Furnished with a barb or barbs; as, a barbed arrow; barbed wire. Barbed wire, a wire, or a strand of twisted wires, armed with barbs or sharp points. It is used for fences. BARBEL Bar"bel, n.Etym: [OE. barbel, F. barbeau, dim. of L. barbus barbel, fr. barba beard. See 1st Barb.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A slender tactile organ on the lips of certain fished. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large fresh-water fish ( Barbus vulgaris) found in many European rivers. Its upper jaw is furnished with four barbels. 3. pl. Defn: Barbs or paps under the tongued of horses and cattle. See 1st Barb, 3. BARBELLATE Bar"bel*late, a. Etym: [See 1st Barb.] (Bot.) Defn: Having short, stiff hairs, often barbed at the point. Gray. BARBELLULATE Bar*bel"lu*late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Barbellate with diminutive hairs or barbs. BARBER Bar"ber, n. Etym: [OE. barbour, OF. barbeor, F. barbier, as if fr. an assumed L. barbator, fr. barba beard. See 1st Barb.] Defn: One whose occupation it is to shave or trim the beard, and to cut and dress the hair of his patrons. Barber's itch. See under Itch. Note: Formerly the barber practiced some offices of surgery, such as letting blood and pulling teeth. Hence such terms as barber surgeon ( old form barber chirurgeon), barber surgery, etc. BARBER Bar"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbered (p. pr. & vb. n. Barbering.] Defn: To shave and dress the beard or hair of. Shak. BARBER FISH Bar"ber fish. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Surgeon fish. BARBERMONGER Bar"ber*mon`ger, n. Defn: A fop. [Obs.] BARBERRY Bar"ber*ry, n. Etym: [OE. barbarin, barbere, OF. berbere.] (Bot.) Defn: A shrub of the genus Berberis, common along roadsides and in neglected fields. B. vulgaris is the species best known; its oblong red berries are made into a preserve or sauce, and have been deemed efficacious in fluxes and fevers. The bark dyes a fine yellow, esp. the bark of the root. [Also spelt berberry.] BARBET Bar"bet, n. Etym: [F. barbet, fr.barbe beard, long hair of certain animals. See Barb beard.] (Zoöl.) (a) A variety of small dog, having long curly hair. (b) A bird of the family Bucconidæ, allied to the Cuckoos, having a large, conical beak swollen at the base, and bearded with five bunches of stiff bristles; the puff bird. It inhabits tropical America and Africa. (c) A larva that feeds on aphides. BARBETTE Bar*bette", n. Etym: [F. Cf. Barbet.] (Fort.) Defn: A mound of earth or a platform in a fortification, on which guns are mounted to fire over the parapet. En barbette, In barbette, said of guns when they are elevated so as to fire over the top of a parapet, and not through embrasures. -- Barbette gun, or Barbette battery, a single gun, or a number of guns, mounted in barbette, or partially protected by a parapet or turret. -- Barbette carriage, a gun carriage which elevates guns sufficiently to be in barbette. [See Illust. of Casemate.] BARBICAN; BARBACAN Bar"bi*can, Bar"ba*can, n. Etym: [OE. barbican, barbecan, F. barbacane, LL. barbacana, barbicana, of uncertain origin: cf. Ar. barbakh aqueduct, sewer. F. barbacane also means, an opening to let out water, loophole.] 1. ( Fort.) A tower or advanced work defending the entrance to a castle or city, as at a gate or bridge. It was often large and strong, having a ditch and drawbridge of its own. 2. An opening in the wall of a fortress, through which missiles were discharged upon an enemy. BARBICANAGE; BARBACANAGE Bar"bi*can*age, Bar"ba*can*age, n. Etym: [LL. barbicanagium. See Barbican.] Defn: Money paid for the support of a barbican. [Obs.] BARBICEL Bar"bi*cel, n. Etym: [NL. barbicella, dim. of L. barba. See 1st Barb.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the small hooklike processes on the barbules of feathers. BARBIERS Bar"biers, n. (Med.) Defn: A variety of paralysis, peculiar to India and the Malabar coast; -- considered by many to be the same as beriberi in chronic form. BARBIGEROUS Bar*big"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. barba a beard + gerous.] Defn: Having a beard; bearded; hairy. BARBITON Bar"bi*ton, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. .] (Mus.) Defn: An ancient Greek instrument resembling a lyre. BARBITURIC ACID Bar`bi*tu"ric ac"id. (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline substance, BARBIZON SCHOOL; BARBISON SCHOOL Bar`bi`zon" school or Bar`bi`son" school. (Painting) Defn: A French school of the middle of the 19th century centering in the village of Barbizon near the forest of Fontainebleau. Its members went straight to nature in disregard of academic tradition, treating their subjects faithfully and with poetic feeling for color, light, and atmosphere. It is exemplified, esp. in landscapes, by Corot, Rousseau, Daubigny, Jules Dupré, and Diaz. Associated with them are certain painters of animals, as Troyon and Jaque, and of peasant life, as Millet and Jules Breton. BARBLE Bar"ble, n. Defn: See Barbel. BARBOTINE Bar"bo*tine, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A paste of clay used in decorating coarse pottery in relief. BARBRE Bar"bre, a. Defn: Barbarian. [Obs.] Chaucer. BARBULE Bar"bule, n. Etym: [L. barbula, fr. barba beard.] 1. A very minute barb or beard. Booth. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the processes along the edges of the barbs of a feather, by which adjacent barbs interlock. See Feather. BARCAROLLE Bar"ca*rolle, n. Etym: [F. barcarolle, fr. It. barcaruola, fr. barca bark, barge.] (Mus.) (a) A popular song or melody sung by Venetian gondoliers. (b) A piece of music composed in imitation of such a song. BARCON Bar"con, n. Etym: [It. barcone, fr. barca a bark.] Defn: A vessel for freight; -- used in Mediterranean. BARD Bard, n. Etym: [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. bardd, Arm. barz, Ir. & Gael. bard, and F. barde.] 1. A professional poet and singer, as among the ancient Celts, whose occupation was to compose and sing verses in honor of the heroic achievements of princes and brave men. 2. Hence: A poet; as, the bard of Avon. BARD; BARDE Bard, Barde, n. Etym: [F. barde, of doubtful origin.] 1. A piece of defensive (or, sometimes, ornamental) armor for a horse's neck, breast, and flanks; a barb. [Often in the pl.] 2. pl. Defn: Defensive armor formerly worn by a man at arms. 3. (Cookery) Defn: A thin slice of fat bacon used to cover any meat or game. BARD Bard, v. t. (Cookery) Defn: To cover (meat or game) with a thin slice of fat bacon. BARD Bard, n. Etym: [Akin to Dan. & Sw. bark, Icel. börkr, LG. & HG. borke.] 1. The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree; the rind. 2. Specifically, Peruvian bark. Bark bed. See Bark stove (below). -- Bark pit, a pit filled with bark and water, in which hides are steeped in tanning. -- Bark stove (Hort.), a glazed structure for keeping tropical plants, having a bed of tanner's bark (called a bark bed) or other fermentable matter which produces a moist heat. BARDED Bard"ed, p.a. Etym: [See Bard horse armor.] 1. Accoutered with defensive armor; -- said of a horse. 2. (Her.) Defn: Wearing rich caparisons. Fifteen hundred men . . . barded and richly trapped. Stow. BARDIC Bard"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to bards, or their poetry. "The bardic lays of ancient Greece." G. P. Marsh. BARDIGLIO Bar*di"glio, n. [It.] Defn: An Italian marble of which the principal varieties occur in the neighborhood of Carrara and in Corsica. It commonly shows a dark gray or bluish ground traversed by veins. BARDISH Bard"ish, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or written by, a bard or bards. "Bardish impostures." Selden. BARDISM Bard"ism, n. Defn: The system of bards; the learning and maxims of bards. BARDLING Bard"ling, n. Defn: An inferior bard. J. Cunningham. BARDSHIP Bard"ship, n. Defn: The state of being a bard. BARE Bare, a. Etym: [OE. bar, bare, AS. bær; akin to D. & G. baar, OHG. par, Icel. berr, Sw. & Dan. bar, OSlav. bos barefoot, Lith. basas; cf. Skr. bhas to shine 1. Without clothes or covering; stripped of the usual covering; naked; as, his body is bare; the trees are bare. 2. With head uncovered; bareheaded. When once thy foot enters the church, be bare. Herbert. 3. Without anything to cover up or conceal one's thoughts or actions; open to view; exposed. Bare in thy guilt, how foul must thou appear ! Milton. 4. Plain; simple; unadorned; without polish; bald; meager. "Uttering bare truth." Shak. 5. Destitute; indigent; empty; unfurnished or scantily furnished; -- used with of (rarely with in) before the thing wanting or taken away; as, a room bare of furniture. "A bare treasury." Dryden. 6. Threadbare; much worn. It appears by their bare liveries that they live by your bare words. Shak. 7. Mere; alone; unaccompanied by anything else; as, a bare majority. "The bare necessaries of life." Addison. Nor are men prevailed upon by bare of naked truth. South. Under bare poles (Naut.), having no sail set. BARE Bare, n. 1. Surface; body; substance. [R.] You have touched the very bare of naked truth. Marston. 2. (Arch.) Defn: That part of a roofing slate, shingle, tile, or metal plate, which is exposed to the weather. BARE Bare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bared(p. pr. & vb. n. Baring.] Etym: [AS. barian. See Bare, a.] Defn: To strip off the covering of; to make bare; as, to bare the breast. BARE Bare. Defn: Bore; the old preterit of Bear, v. BAREBACK Bare"back`, adv. Defn: On the bare back of a horse, without using a saddle; as, to ride bareback. BAREBACKED Bare"backed`, a. Defn: Having the back uncovered; as, a barebacked horse. BAREBONE Bare"bone`, n. Defn: A very lean person; one whose bones show through the skin. Shak. BAREFACED Bare"faced`, a. 1. With the face uncovered; not masked. "You will play barefaced." Shak. 2. Without concealment; undisguised. Hence: Shameless; audacious. "Barefaced treason." J. Baillie. BAREFACEDLY Bare"faced`ly, adv. Defn: Openly; shamelessly. Locke. BAREFACEDNESS Bare"faced`ness, n. Defn: The quality of being barefaced; shamelessness; assurance; audaciousness. BAREFOOT Bare"foot, a. & adv. Defn: With the feet bare; without shoes or stockings. BAREFOOTED Bare"foot`ed, a. Defn: Having the feet bare. BAREGE Ba*rége", n. Etym: [F. barége, so called from Baréges, a town in the Pyrenees.] Defn: A gauzelike fabric for ladies' dresses, veils, etc. of worsted, silk and worsted, or cotton and worsted. BAREHANDED Bare"hand`ed, n. Defn: Having bare hands. BAREHEADED; BAREHEAD Bare"head`ed, Bare"head, a. & adv. Defn: Having the head uncovered; as, a bareheaded girl. BARELEGGED Bare"legged`, a. Defn: Having the legs bare. BARELY Bare"ly, adv. 1. Without covering; nakedly. 2. Without concealment or disguise. 3. Merely; only. R. For now his son is duke. W. Barely in title, not in revenue. Shak. 4. But just; without any excess; with nothing to spare ( of quantity, time, etc.); hence, scarcely; hardly; as, there was barely enough for all; he barely escaped. BARENECKED Bare"necked`, a. Defn: Having the neck bare. BARENESS Bare"ness, n. Defn: The state of being bare. BARESARK Bare"sark, n. Etym: [Literally, bare sark or shirt.] Defn: A Berserker, or Norse warrior who fought without armor, or shirt of mail. Hence, adverbially: Without shirt of mail or armor. BARFISH Bar"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Calico bass. BARFUL Bar"ful, a. Defn: Full of obstructions. [Obs.] Shak. BARGAIN Bar"gain, n. Etym: [OE. bargayn, bargany, OF. bargaigne, bargagne, prob. from a supposed LL. barcaneum, fr. barca a boat which carries merchandise to the shore; hence, to traffic to and fro, to carry on commerce in general. See Bark a vessel. ] 1. An agreement between parties concerning the sale of property; or a contract by which one party binds himself to transfer the right to some property for a consideration, and the other party binds himself to receive the property and pay the consideration. A contract is a bargain that is legally binding. Wharton. 2. An agreement or stipulation; mutual pledge. And whon your honors mean to solemnize The bargain of your faith. Shak. 3. A purchase; also ( when not qualified), a gainful transaction; an advantageous purchase; as, to buy a thing at a bargain. 4. The thing stipulated or purchased; also, anything bought cheap. She was too fond of her most filthy bargain. Shak. Bargain and sale (Law), a species of conveyance, by which the bargainor contracts to convey the lands to the bargainee, and becomes by such contract a trustee for and seized to the use of the bargainee. The statute then completes the purchase; i.e., the bargain vests the use, and the statute vests the possession. Blackstone. -- Into the bargain, over and above what is stipulated; besides. -- To sell bargains, to make saucy ( usually indelicate) repartees. [Obs.] Swift. -- To strike a bargain, to reach or ratify an agreement. "A bargain was struck." Macaulay. Syn. -- Contract; stipulation; purchase; engagement. BARGAIN Bar"gain, v. i. Etym: [OE. barganien, OF. bargaigner, F. barguigner, to hesitate, fr. LL. barcaniare. See Bargain, n.] Defn: To make a bargain; to make a contract for the exchange of property or services; -- followed by with and for; as, to bargain with a farmer for a cow. So worthless peasants bargain for their wives. Shak. BARGAIN Bar"gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bargained (p. pr. & vb. n. Bargaining.] Defn: To transfer for a consideration; to barter; to trade; as, to bargain one horse for another. To bargain away, to dispose of in a bargain; -- usually with a sense of loss or disadvantage; as, to bargain away one's birthright. "The heir . . . had somehow bargained away the estate." G. Eliot. BARGAINEE Bar`gain*ee", n. Etym: [OF. bargaigné, p.p. See Bargain, v. i.] (Law) Defn: The party to a contract who receives, or agrees to receive, the property sold. Blackstone. BARGAINER Bar"gain*er, n. Defn: One who makes a bargain; -- sometimes in the sense of bargainor. BARGAINOR Bar`gain*or", n. (Law) Defn: One who makes a bargain, or contracts with another; esp., one who sells, or contracts to sell, property to another. Blackstone. BARGE Barge, n. Etym: [OF. barge, F. berge, fr. LL. barca, for barica (not found), prob. fr. L. baris an Egyptian rowboat, fr. Gr. , prob. fr. Egyptian: cf. Coptic bari a boat. Cf. Bark a vessel.] 1. A pleasure boat; a vessel or boat of state, elegantly furnished and decorated. 2. A large, roomy boat for the conveyance of passengers or goods; as, a ship's barge; a charcoal barge. 3. A large boat used by flag officers. 4. A double-decked passenger or freight vessel, towed by a steamboat. [U.S.] 5. A large omnibus used for excursions. [Local, U.S.] BARGEBOARD Barge"board`, n. Etym: [Perh. corrup. of vergeboard; or cf. LL. bargus a kind of gallows.] Defn: A vergeboard. BARGECOURSE Barge"course`, n. Etym: [See Bargeboard.] (Arch.) Defn: A part of the tiling which projects beyond the principal rafters, in buildings where there is a gable. Gwilt. BARGEE Bar*gee", n. Defn: A bargeman. [Eng.] BARGEMAN Barge"man, n. Defn: The man who manages a barge, or one of the crew of a barge. BARGEMASTTER Barge"mast`ter, n. Defn: The proprietor or manager of a barge, or one of the crew of a barge. BARGER Bar"ger, n. Defn: The manager of a barge. [Obs.] BARGHEST Bar"ghest`, n. Etym: [Perh. G. berg mountain + geist demon, or bär a bear + geist.] Defn: A goblin, in the shape of a large dog, portending misfortune. [Also written barguest.] BARIA Ba"ri*a, n. Etym: [Cf. Barium.] (Chem.) Defn: Baryta. BARIC Bar"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to barium; as, baric oxide. BARIC Bar"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. weight.] (Physics) Defn: Of or pertaining to weight, esp. to the weight or pressure of the atmosphere as measured by the barometer. BARILLA Ba*ril"la, n. Etym: [Sp. barrilla.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several species of Salsola from which soda is made, by burning the barilla in heaps and lixiviating the ashes. 2. (Com.) (a) The alkali produced from the plant, being an impure carbonate of soda, used for making soap, glass, etc., and for bleaching purposes. (b) Impure soda obtained from the ashes of any seashore plant, or kelp. Ure. Copper barilla (Min.), native copper in granular form mixed with sand, an ore brought from Bolivia; -- called also Barilla de cobre. BARILLET Bar"il*let, n. Etym: [F., dim. of baril barrel.] Defn: A little cask, or something resembling one. Smart. BAR IRON Bar" i`ron. Defn: See under Iron. BARITE Ba"rite, n. (Min.) Defn: Native sulphate of barium, a mineral occurring in transparent, colorless, white to yellow crystals (generally tabular), also in granular form, and in compact massive forms resembling marble. It has a high specific gravity, and hence is often called heavy spar. It is a common mineral in metallic veins. BARITONE Bar"i*tone, a. & n. Defn: See Barytone. BARIUM Ba"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. bary`s heavy.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the elements, belonging to the alkaline earth group; a metal having a silver-white color, and melting at a very high temperature. It is difficult to obtain the pure metal, from the facility with which it becomes oxidized in the air. Atomic weight, 137. Symbol, Ba. Its oxide called baryta. [Rarely written barytum.] Note: Some of the compounds of this element are remarkable for their high specific gravity, as the sulphate, called heavy spar, and the like. The oxide was called barote, by Guyton de Morveau, which name was changed by Lavoisier to baryta, whence the name of the metal. BARK Bark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barked (p. pr. & vb. n. Barking.] 1. To strip the bark from; to peel. 2. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from; as to bark one's heel. 3. To girdle. See Girdle, v. t., 3. 4. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark; as, to bark the roof of a hut. BARK Bark, v. i. Etym: [OE. berken, AS. beorcan; akin to Icel. berkja, and prob. to E. break.] 1. To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs; -- said of some animals, but especially of dogs. 2. To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries. They bark, and say the Scripture maketh heretics. Tyndale. Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed. Fuller. BARK Bark, n. Defn: The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog; a similar sound made by some other animals. BARK; BARQUE Bark, Barque, n. Etym: [F. barque, fr. Sp. or It. barca, fr. LL. barca for barica. See Barge.] 1. Formerly, any small sailing vessel, as a pinnace, fishing smack, etc.; also, a rowing boat; a barge. Now applied poetically to a sailing vessel or boat of any kind. Byron. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast squarerigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged. BARKANTINE Bark"an*tine, n. Defn: Same as Barkentine. BARK BEETLE Bark" bee`tle. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small beetle of many species (family Scolytidæ), which in the larval state bores under or in the bark of trees, often doing great damage. BARKBOUND Bark"bound`, a. Defn: Prevented from growing, by having the bark too firm or close. BARKEEPER Bar"keep`er, n. Defn: One who keeps or tends a bar for the sale of liquors. BARKEN Bark"en, a. Defn: Made of bark. [Poetic] Whittier. BARKENTINE Bark"en*tine, n. Etym: [See Bark, n., a vessel.] (Naut.) Defn: A threemasted vessel, having the foremast square-rigged, and the others schooner-rigged. [Spelled also barquentine, barkantine, etc.] See Illust. in Append. BARKER Bark"er, n. 1. An animal that barks; hence, any one who clamors unreasonably. 2. One who stands at the doors of shops to urg [Cant, Eng.] 3. A pistol. [Slang] Dickens. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The spotted redshank. BARKER Bark"er, n. Defn: One who strips trees of their bark. BARKER'S MILL Bark"er's mill`. Etym: [From Dr. Barker, the inventor.] Defn: A machine, invented in the 17th century, worked by a form of reaction wheel. The water flows into a vertical tube and gushes from apertures in hollow horizontal arms, causing the machine to revolve on its axis. BARKERY Bark"er*y, n. Defn: A tanhouse. BARKING IRONS Bark"ing i`rons. 1. Instruments used in taking off the bark of trees. Gardner. 2. A pair of pistols. [Slang] BARKLESS Bark"less, a. Defn: Destitute of bark. BARK LOUSE Bark" louse`. (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect of the family Coccidæ, which infests the bark of trees and vines. Note: The wingless females assume the shape of scales. The bark louse of vine is Pulvinaria innumerabilis; that of the pear is Lecanium pyri. See Orange scale. BARKY Bark"y, a. Defn: Covered with, or containing, bark. "The barky fingers of the elm." Shak. BARLEY Bar"ley, n. Etym: [OE. barli, barlich, AS. bærlic; bere barley + lic (which is prob. the same as E. like, adj., or perh. a form of AS. leac leek). AS. bere is akin to Icel, barr barley, Goth. barizeins made of barley, L. far spelt; cf. W. barlys barley, bara bread. Farina, 6th Bear.] (Bot.) Defn: A valuable grain, of the family of grasses, genus Hordeum, used for food, and for making malt, from which are prepared beer, ale, and whisky. Barley bird (Zoöl.), the siskin. -- Barley sugar, sugar boiled till it is brittle (formerly with a decoction of barley) and candied. -- Barley water, a decoction of barley, used in medicine, as a nutritive and demulcent. BARLEYBRAKE; BARLEYBREAK Bar"ley*brake` Bar"ley*break`, n. Defn: An ancient rural game, commonly played round stacks of barley, or other grain, in which some of the party attempt to catch others who run from a goal. BARLEY-BREE Bar"ley-bree`, n. Etym: [Lit. barley broth. See Brew.] Defn: Liquor made from barley; strong ale. [Humorous] [Scot.] Burns. BARLEYCORN Bar"ley*corn`, n. Etym: [See Corn.] 1. A grain or "corn" of barley. 2. Formerly , a measure of length, equal to the average length of a grain of barley; the third part of an inch. John Barleycorn, a humorous personification of barley as the source of malt liquor or whisky. BARM Barm, n. Etym: [OE. berme, AS. beorma; akin to Sw. bärma, G. bärme, and prob. L. fermenium. *93.] Defn: Foam rising upon beer, or other malt liquors, when fermenting, and used as leaven in making bread and in brewing; yeast. Shak. BARM Barm, n. Etym: [OE. bearm, berm, barm, AS. beorma; akin to E. bear to support.] Defn: The lap or bosom. [Obs.] Chaucer. BARMAID Bar"maid`, n. Defn: A girl or woman who attends the customers of a bar, as in a tavern or beershop. A bouncing barmaid. W. Irving. BARMASTER Bar"mas`ter, n. Etym: [Berg + master: cf. G. Bergmeister.] Defn: Formerly, a local judge among miners; now, an officer of the barmote. [Eng.] BARMCLOTH Barm"cloth`, n. Defn: Apron. [Obs.] Chaucer. BARMECIDAL Bar"me*ci`dal, a. Etym: [See Barmecide.] Defn: Unreal; illusory. "A sort of Barmecidal feast." Hood. BARMECIDE Bar"me*cide, n. Etym: [A prince of the Barmecide family, who, as related in the "Arabian Nights' Tales", pretended to set before the hungry Shacabac food, on which the latter pretended to feast.] Defn: One who proffers some illusory advantage or benefit. Also used as an adj.: Barmecidal. "A Barmecide feast." Dickens. BARMOTE Bar"mote`, n. Etym: [Barg + mote meeting.] Defn: A court held in Derbyshire, in England, for deciding controversies between miners. Blount. BARMY Barm"y, a. Defn: Full of barm or froth; in a ferment. "Barmy beer." Dryden. BARMY Barm"y (bärm"y), a. Defn: Full of barm or froth; in a ferment. "Barmy beer." Dryden. BARN Barn, n. Etym: [OE. bern, AS. berern, bern; bere barley + ern, ærn, a close place. Barley.] Defn: A covered building used chiefly for storing grain, hay, and other productions of a farm. In the United States a part of the barn is often used for stables. Barn owl (Zoöl.), an owl of Europe and America (Aluco flammeus, or Strix flammea), which frequents barns and other buildings. -- Barn swallow (Zoöl.), the common American swallow (Hirundo horreorum), which attaches its nest of mud to the beams and rafters of barns. BARN Barn, v. t. Defn: To lay up in a barn. [Obs.] Shak. Men . . . often barn up the chaff, and burn up the grain. Fuller. BARN Barn, n. Defn: A child. [Obs.] See Bairn. BARNABITE Bar"na*bite, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A member of a religious order, named from St. Barnabas. BARNACLE Bar"na*cle, n. Etym: [Prob. from E. barnacle a kind of goose, which was popularly supposed to grow from this shellfish; but perh. from LL. bernacula for pernacula, dim. of perna ham, sea mussel; cf. Gr. ham Cf. F. bernacle, barnacle, E. barnacle a goose; and Ir. bairneach, barneach, limpet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any cirriped crustacean adhering to rocks, floating timber, ships, etc., esp. (a) the sessile species (genus Balanus and allies), and (b) the stalked or goose barnacles (genus Lepas and allies). See Cirripedia, and Goose barnacle. Barnacle eater (Zoöl.), the orange filefish. -- Barnacle scale (Zoöl.), a bark louse (Ceroplastes cirripediformis) of the orange and quince trees in Florida. The female scale curiously resembles a sessile barnacle in form. BARNACLE Bar"na*cle, n. Etym: [See Bernicle.] Defn: A bernicle goose. BARNACLE Bar"na*cle, n. Etym: [OE. bernak, bernacle; cf. OF. bernac, and Prov. F. (Berri) berniques, spectacles.] 1. pl. (Far.) Defn: An instrument for pinching a horse's nose, and thus restraining him. Note: [Formerly used in the sing.] The barnacles . . . give pain almost equal to that of the switch. Youatt. 2. pl. Defn: Spectacles; -- so called from their resemblance to the barnacles used by farriers. [Cant, Eng.] Dickens. BARNBURNER Barn"burn`er, n. [So called in allusion to the fable of the man who burned his barn in order to rid it of rats.] Defn: A member of the radical section of the Democratic party in New York, about the middle of the 19th century, which was hostile to extension of slavery, public debts, corporate privileges, etc., and supported Van Buren against Cass for president in 1848; --opposed to Hunker. [Political Cant, U. S.] BARNSTORMER Barn"storm`er, n. [Barn + storm, v.] Defn: An itinerant theatrical player who plays in barns when a theatre is lacking; hence, an inferior actor, or one who plays in the country away from the larger cities. --Barn"storm`ing, n. [Theatrical Cant] BARNYARD Barn"yard`, n. Defn: A yard belonging to a barn. BAROCCO Ba*roc"co, a. Etym: [It.] (Arch.) Defn: See Baroque. BAROCYCLONOMETER Bar`o*cy`clon*om"e*ter, n. [Gr. weight + cyclone + -meter.] (Meteorol.) Defn: An aneroid barometer for use with accompanying graphic diagrams and printed directions designed to aid mariners to interpret the indications of the barometer so as to determine the existence of a violent storm at a distance of several hundred miles. BAROGRAM Bar"o*gram, n. [Gr. weight + -gram.] (Meteor.) Defn: A tracing, usually made by the barograph, showing graphically the variations of atmospheric pressure for a given time. BAROGRAPH Bar"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. weight + -graph.] (Meteor.) Defn: An instrument for recording automatically the variations of atmospheric pressure. BAROKO Ba*ro"ko, n. Etym: [A mnemonic word.] (Logic) Defn: A form or mode of syllogism of which the first proposition is a universal affirmative, and the other two are particular negative. BAROLOGY Ba*rol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. weight + -logy.] Defn: The science of weight or gravity. BAROMACROMETER Bar`o*ma*crom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. weight + long + -meter.] (Med.) Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the weight and length of a newborn infant. BAROMETER Ba*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. weight + -meter: cf. F. baromètre.] Defn: An instrument for determining the weight or pressure of the atmosphere, and hence for judging of the probable changes of weather, or for ascertaining the height of any ascent. Note: The barometer was invented by Torricelli at Florence about 1643. It is made in its simplest form by filling a graduated glass tube about 34 inches long with mercury and inverting it in a cup containing mercury. The column of mercury in the tube descends until balanced by the weight of the atmosphere, and its rise or fall under varying conditions is a measure of the change in the atmospheric pressure. At the sea level its ordinary height is about 30 inches (760 millimeters). See Sympiesometer. Nichol. Aneroid barometer. See Aneroid barometer, under Aneroid. -- Marine barometer, a barometer with tube contracted at bottom to prevent rapid oscillations of the mercury, and suspended in gimbals from an arm or support on shipboard. -- Mountain barometer, a portable mercurial barometer with tripod support, and long scale, for measuring heights. -- Siphon barometer, a barometer having a tube bent like a hook with the longer leg closed at the top. The height of the mercury in the longer leg shows the pressure of the atmosphere. -- Wheel barometer, a barometer with recurved tube, and a float, from which a cord passes over a pulley and moves an index. BAROMETRIC; BAROMETRICAL Bar`o*met"ric, Bar`o*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to the barometer; made or indicated by a barometer; as, barometric changes; barometrical observations. BAROMETRICALLY Bar`o*met"ric*al*ly, adv. Defn: By means of a barometer, or according to barometric observations. BAROMETROGRAPH Bar`o*met"ro*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. weight + measure + -graph.] Defn: A form of barometer so constructed as to inscribe of itself upon paper a record of the variations of atmospheric pressure. BAROMETRY Ba*rom"e*try, n. Defn: The art or process of making barometrical measurements. BAROMETZ Bar"o*metz, n. Etym: [Cf. Russ. baranets' clubmoss.] (Bot.) Defn: The woolly-skinned rhizoma or rootstock of a fern (Dicksonia barometz), which, when specially prepared and inverted, somewhat resembles a lamb; -- called also Scythian lamb. BARON Bar"on, n. Etym: [OE. baron, barun, OF. baron, accus. of ber, F. baron, prob. fr. OHG. baro (not found) bearer, akin to E. bear to support; cf. O. Frisian bere, LL. baro, It. barone, Sp. varon. From the meaning bearer (of burdens) seem to have come the senses strong man, man (in distinction from woman), which is the oldest meaning in French, and lastly, nobleman. Cf. L. baro, simpleton. See Bear to support.] 1. A title or degree of nobility; originally, the possessor of a fief, who had feudal tenants under him; in modern times, in France and Germany, a nobleman next in rank below a count; in England, a nobleman of the lowest grade in the House of Lords, being next below a viscount. Note: "The tenants in chief from the Crown, who held lands of the annual value of four hundred pounds, were styled Barons; and it is to them, and not to the members of the lowest grade of the nobility (to whom the title at the present time belongs), that reference is made when we read of the Barons of the early days of England's history . . . . Barons are addressed as 'My Lord,' and are styled 'Right Honorable.' All their sons and daughters 'Honorable.'" Cussans. 2. (Old Law) Defn: A husband; as, baron and feme, husband and wife. [R.] Cowell. Baron of beef, two sirloins not cut asunder at the backbone. -- Barons of the Cinque Ports, formerly members of the House of Commons, elected by the seven Cinque Ports, two for each port. -- Baron of the exchequer, the judges of the Court of Exchequer, one of the three ancient courts of England, now abolished. BARONAGE Bar"on*age, n. Etym: [OE. barnage, baronage, OF.barnage, F. baronnage; cf. LL. baronagium.] 1. The whole body of barons or peers. The baronage of the kingdom. Bp. Burnet. 2. The dignity or rank of a baron. 3. The land which gives title to a baron. [Obs.] BARONESS Bar"on*ess, n. Defn: A baron's wife; also, a lady who holds the baronial title in her own right; as, the Baroness Burdett-Coutts. BARONET Bar"on*et, n. Etym: [Baron + -et.] Defn: A dignity or degree of honor next below a baron and above a knight, having precedency of all orders of knights except those of the Garter. It is the lowest degree of honor that is hereditary. The baronets are commoners. Note: The order was founded by James I. in 1611, and is given by patent. The word, however, in the sense of a lesser baron, was in use long before. "Baronets have the title of 'Sir' prefixed to their Christian names; their surnames being followed by their dignity, usually abbreviated Bart. Their wives are addressed as 'Lady' or 'Madam'. Their sons are possessed of no title beyond 'Esquire.'" Cussans. BARONETAGE Bar"on*et*age, n. 1. State or rank of a baronet. 2. The collective body of baronets. BARONETCY Bar"on*et*cy, n. Defn: The rank or patent of a baronet. BARONG Ba*rong", n. [Native name.] Defn: A kind of cutting weapon with a thick back and thin razorlike edge, used by the Moros of the Philippine Islands. BARONIAL Ba*ro"ni*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to a baron or a barony. "Baronial tenure." Hallam. BARONY Bar"o*ny, n.; pl. Baronies (. Etym: [OF. baronie, F. baronnie, LL. baronia. See Baron.] 1. The fee or domain of a baron; the lordship, dignity, or rank of a baron. 2. In Ireland, a territorial division, corresponding nearly to the English hundred, and supposed to have been originally the district of a native chief. There are 252 of these baronies. In Scotland, an extensive freehold. It may be held by a commoner. Brande & C. BAROQUE Ba*roque", a. Etym: [F.; cf. It. barocco.] (Arch.) Defn: In bad taste; grotesque; odd. BAROSCOPE Bar"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. weight + -scope: cf. F. baroscope.] Defn: Any instrument showing the changes in the weight of the atmosphere; also, less appropriately, any instrument that indicates - or foreshadows changes of the weather, as a deep vial of liquid holding in suspension some substance which rises and falls with atmospheric changes. BAROSCOPIC; BAROSCOPICAL Bar`o*scop"ic, Bar`o*scop"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or determined by, the baroscope. BAROTHERMOGRAPH Bar`o*ther"mo*graph, n. [Gr. weight + thermograph.] Defn: An instrument for recording both pressure and temperature, as of the atmosphere. BAROUCHE Ba*rouche", n. Etym: [G. barutsche, It. baroccio, biroccio, LL. barrotium, fr. L. birotus two-wheeled; bi=bis twice + rota wheel.] Defn: A four-wheeled carriage, with a falling top, a seat on the outside for the driver, and two double seats on the inside arranged so that the sitters on the front seat face those on the back seat. BAROUCHET Ba`rou*chet", n. Defn: A kind of light barouche. BARPOST Bar"post`, n. Defn: A post sunk in the ground to receive the bars closing a passage into a field. BARQUE Barque, n. Defn: Same as 3d Bark, n. BARRACAN Bar"ra*can, n. Etym: [F. baracan, bouracan (cf. Pr. barracan, It. baracane, Sp. barragan, Pg. barregana, LL. barracanus), fr. Ar. barrakan a kind of black gown, perh. fr. Per. barak a garment made of camel's hair.] Defn: A thick, strong stuff, somewhat like camlet; -- still used for outer garments in the Levant. BARRACK Bar"rack, n. Etym: [F. baraque, fr. It. baracca (cf. Sp. barraca), from LL. barra bar. See Bar, n.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A building for soldiers, especially when in garrison. Commonly in the pl., originally meaning temporary huts, but now usually applied to a permanent structure or set of buildings. He lodged in a miserable hut or barrack, composed of dry branches and thatched with straw. Gibbon. 2. A movable roof sliding on four posts, to cover hay, straw, etc. [Local, U.S.] BARRACK Bar"rack, v. t. Defn: To supply with barracks; to establish in barracks; as, to barrack troops. BARRACK Bar"rack, v. i. Defn: To live or lodge in barracks. BARRACLADE Bar"ra*clade, n. Etym: [D. baar, OD. baer, naked, bare + kleed garment, i.e., cloth undressed or without nap.] Defn: A home-made woolen blanket without nap. [Local, New York] Bartlett. BARRACOON Bar"ra*coon`, n. Etym: [Sp. or Pg. barraca. See Barrack.] Defn: A slave warehouse, or an inclosure where slaves are quartered temporarily. Du Chaillu. BARRACUDA; BARRACOUTA Bar`ra*cu"da, Bar`ra*cou"ta, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A voracious pikelike, marine fish, of the genus Sphyræna, sometimes used as food. Note: That of Europe and our Atlantic coast is Sphyræna spet (or S. vulgaris); a southern species is S. picuda; the Californian is S. argentea. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large edible fresh-water fish of Australia and New Zealand (Thyrsites atun). BARRAGE Bar"rage, n. Etym: [F., fr. barrer to bar, from barre bar.] (Engin.) Defn: An artificial bar or obstruction placed in a river or water course to increase the depth of water; as, the barrages of the Nile. BARRAMUNDI Bar`ra*mun"di, n. [Written also barramunda.] [Native name.] (Zoöl.) (a) A remarkable Australian fresh-water ganoid fish of the genus Ceratodus. (b) An Australian river fish (Osteoglossum Leichhardtii). BARRANCA Bar*ran"ca, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A ravine caused by heavy rains or a watercourse. [Texas & N. Mex.] BARRAS Bar"ras, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A resin, called also galipot. BARRATOR Bar"ra*tor, n. Etym: [OE. baratour, OF. barateor deceiver, fr. OF. barater, bareter, to deceive, cheat, barter. See Barter, v. i.] Defn: One guilty of barratry. BARRATROUS Bar"ra*trous, (Law) Defn: Tainter with, or constituting, barratry. -- Bar"ra*trous*ly, adv. Kent. BARRATRY Bar"ra*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. baraterie, LL. barataria. See Barrator, and cf. Bartery.] 1. (Law) Defn: The practice of exciting and encouraging lawsuits and quarrels. [Also spelt barretry.] Coke. Blackstone. 2. (Mar. Law) Defn: A fraudulent breach of duty or willful act of known illegality on the part of a master of a ship, in his character of master, or of the mariners, to the injury of the owner of the ship or cargo, and without his consent. It includes every breach of trust committed with dishonest purpose, as by running away with the ship, sinking or deserting her, etc., or by embezzling the cargo. Kent. Part. 3. (Scots Law) Defn: The crime of a judge who is influenced by bribery in pronouncing judgment. Wharton. BARRED OWL Barred" owl". (Zoöl.) Defn: A large American owl (Syrnium nebulosum); -- so called from the transverse bars of a dark brown color on the breast. BARREL Bar"rel, n.Etym: [OE. barel, F. baril, prob. fr. barre bar. Cf. Barricade.] 1. A round vessel or cask, of greater length than breadth, and bulging in the middle, made of staves bound with hoops, and having flat ends or heads. 2. The quantity which constitutes a full barrel. This varies for different articles and also in different places for the same article, being regulated by custom or by law. A barrel of wine is 31 3. A solid drum, or a hollow cylinder or case; as, the barrel of a windlass; the barrel of a watch, within which the spring is coiled. 4. A metallic tube, as of a gun, from which a projectile is discharged. Knight. 5. A jar. [Obs.] 1 Kings xvii. 12. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hollow basal part of a feather. Barrel bulk (Com.), a measure equal to five cubic feet, used in estimating capacity, as of a vessel for freight. -- Barrel drain (Arch.), a drain in the form of a cylindrical tube. -- Barrel of a boiler, the cylindrical part of a boiler, containing the flues. -- Barrel of the ear (Anat.), the tympanum, or tympanic cavity. -- Barrel organ, an instrument for producing music by the action of a revolving cylinder. -- Barrel vault. See under Vault. BARREL Bar"rel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barreled (Barrelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Barreling, or Barrelling.] Defn: To put or to pack in a barrel or barrels. BARRELED; BARRELLED Bar"reled, Bar"relled, a. Defn: Having a barrel; -- used in composition; as, a double-barreled gun. BARREL PROCESS Bar"rel proc"ess. (Metal.) Defn: A process of extracting gold or silver by treating the ore in a revolving barrel, or drum, with mercury, chlorine, cyanide solution, or other reagent. BARREN Bar"ren, a. Etym: [OE. barein, OF. brehaing, brehaigne, baraigne, F. bréhaigne; of uncertain origin; cf. Arm. brékha, markha, sterile; LL. brana a sterile mare, principally in Aquitanian and Spanish documents; Bisc. barau, baru, fasting.] 1. Incapable of producing offspring; producing no young; sterile; -- She was barren of children. Bp. Hall. 2. Not producing vegetation, or useful vegetation; "Barren mountain tracts." Macaulay. 3. Unproductive; fruitless; unprofitable; empty. Brilliant but barren reveries. Prescott. Some schemes will appear barren of hints and matter. Swift. 4. Mentally dull; stupid. Shak. Barren flower, a flower which has only stamens without a pistil, or which as neither stamens nor pistils. -- Barren Grounds (Geog.), a vast tract in British America northward of the forest regions. -- Barren Ground bear (Zoöl.), a peculiar bear, inhabiting the Barren Grounds, now believed to be a variety of the brown bear of Europe. -- Barren Ground caribou (Zoöl.), a small reindeer (Rangifer Groenlandicus) peculiar to the Barren Grounds and Greenland. BARREN Bar"ren, n. 1. A tract of barren land. 2. pl. Defn: Elevated lands or plains on which grow small trees, but not timber; as, pine barrens; oak barrens. They are not necessarily sterile, and are often fertile. [Amer.] J. Pickering. BARRENLY Bar"ren*ly, adv. Defn: Unfruitfully; unproductively. BARRENNESS Bar"ren*ness, n. Defn: The condition of being barren; sterility; unproductiveness. A total barrenness of invention. Dryden. BARRENWORT Bar"ren*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An herbaceous plant of the Barberry family (Epimedium alpinum), having leaves that are bitter and said to be sudorific. BARRET Bar"ret, n. Etym: [F. barrette, LL. barretum a cap. See Berretta, and cf. Biretta.] Defn: A kind of cap formerly worn by soldiers; -- called also barret cap. Also, the flat cap worn by Roman Catholic ecclesiastics. BARRETTER Bar"ret*ter, n. [OF. bareter to exchange. Cf. Barter.] (Wireless Teleg.) Defn: A thermal cymoscope which operates by increased resistance when subjected to the influence of electric waves. The original form consisted of an extremely fine platinum wire loop attached to terminals and inclosed in a small glass or silver bulb. In a later variety, called the liquid barretter, wire is replace by a column of liquid in a very fine capillary tube. BARRICADE Bar`ri*cade", n. Etym: [F. barricade, fr. Sp. barricada, orig. a barring up with casks; fr. barrica cask, perh. fr. LL. barra bar. See Bar, n., and cf. Barrel, n.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A fortification, made in haste, of trees, earth, palisades, wagons, or anything that will obstruct the progress or attack of an enemy. It is usually an obstruction formed in streets to block an enemy's access. 2. Any bar, obstruction, or means of defense. Such a barricade as would greatly annoy, or absolutely stop, the currents of the atmosphere. Derham. BARRICADE Bar`ri*cade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barricaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Barricading.] Etym: [Cf. F. barricader. See Barricade, n.] Defn: To fortify or close with a barricade or with barricades; to stop up, as a passage; to obstruct; as, the workmen barricaded the streets of Paris. The further end whereof [a bridge] was barricaded with barrels. Hakluyt. BARRICADER Bar`ri*cad"er, n. Defn: One who constructs barricades. BARRICADO Bar`ri*ca"do, n. & v. t. Defn: See Barricade. Shak. BARRIER Bar"ri*er, n. Etym: [OE. barrere, barere, F. barrière, fr. barre bar. See Bar, n.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A carpentry obstruction, stockade, or other obstacle made in a passage in order to stop an enemy. 2. A fortress or fortified town, on the frontier of a country, commanding an avenue of approach. 3. pl. Defn: A fence or railing to mark the limits of a place, or to keep back a crowd. No sooner were the barriers opened, than he paced into the lists. Sir W. Scott. 4. An any obstruction; anything which hinders approach or attack. "Constitutional barriers." Hopkinson. 5. Any limit or boundary; a line of separation. 'Twixt that [instinct] and reason, what a nice barrier ! Pope. Barrier gate, a heavy gate to close the opening through a barrier. -- Barrier reef, a form of coral reef which runs in the general direction of the shore, and incloses a lagoon channel more or less extensive. -- To fight at barriers, to fight with a barrier between, as a martial exercise. [Obs.] BARRIGUDO Bar`ri*gu"do, n. Etym: [Native name, fr. Sp. barrigudo big-bellied.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, dark-colored, South American monkey, of the genus Lagothrix, having a long prehensile tail. BARRINGOUT Bar`ring*out", n. Defn: The act of closing the doors of a schoolroom against a schoolmaster; -- a boyish mode of rebellion in schools. Swift. BARRIO Bar"ri*o, n.; pl. Barrios (#). [Sp.] Defn: In Spain and countries colonized by Spain, a village, ward, or district outside a town or city to whose jurisdiction it belongs. BARRISTER Bar"ris*ter, n. Etym: [From Bar, n.] Defn: Counselor at law; a counsel admitted to plead at the bar, and undertake the public trial of causes, as distinguished from an attorney or solicitor. See Attorney. [Eng.] BARROOM Bar"room`, n. Defn: A room containing a bar or counter at which liquors are sold. BARROW Bar"row, n. Etym: [OE. barow, fr. AS. beran to bear. See Bear to support, and cf. Bier.] 1. A support having handles, and with or without a wheel, on which heavy or bulky things can be transported by hand. See Handbarrow, and Wheelbarrow. 2. (Salt Works) Defn: A wicker case, in which salt is put to drain. BARROW Bar"row, n. Etym: [OE. barow, bargh, AS. bearg, bearh; akin to Icel. börgr, OHG. barh, barug, G. barch. Defn: A hog, esp. a male hog castrated. Holland. BARROW Bar"row, n. Etym: [OE. bergh, AS. beorg, beorh, hill, sepulchral mound; akin to G. berg mountain, Goth. bairgahei hill, hilly country, and perh. to Skr. b high, OIr. brigh mountain. Cf. Berg, Berry a mound, and Borough an incorporated town.] 1. A large mound of earth or stones over the remains of the dead; a tumulus. 2. (Mining) Defn: A heap of rubbish, attle, etc. BARROWIST Bar"row*ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Henry Barrowe, one of the founders of Independency or Congregationalism in England. Barrowe was executed for nonconformity in 1953. BARRULET Bar"ru*let, n. Etym: [Dim. of bar, n.] (Her.) Defn: A diminutive of the bar, having one fourth its width. BARRULY Bar"ru*ly, a. (Her.) Defn: Traversed by barrulets or small bars; -- said of the field. BARRY Bar"ry, a. (Her.) Defn: , Divided into bars; -- said of the field. BARSE Barse, n. Etym: [AS. bears, bærs, akin to D. baars, G. bars, barsch. Cf. 1st Bass, n.] Defn: The common perch. See 1st Bass. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. BARTENDER Bar"tend`er, n. Defn: A barkeeper. BARTER Bar"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bartered (p. pr. & vb. n. Bartering.] Etym: [OE. bartren, OF. barater, bareter, to cheat, exchange, perh. fr. Gr. to do, deal (well or ill), use practices or tricks, or perh. fr. Celtic; cf. Ir. brath treachery, W. brad. Cf. Barrator.] Defn: To traffic or trade, by exchanging one commodity for another, in distinction from a sale and purchase, in which money is paid for the commodities transferred; to truck. BARTER Bar"ter, v. t. Defn: To trade or exchange in the way of barter; to exchange (frequently for an unworthy consideration); to traffic; to truck; -- sometimes followed by away; as, to barter away goods or honor. BARTER Bar"ter, n. 1. The act or practice of trafficking by exchange of commodities; an exchange of goods. The spirit of huckstering and barter. Burke. 2. The thing given in exchange. Syn. -- Exchange; dealing; traffic; trade; truck. BARTERER Bar"ter*er, n. Defn: One who barters. BARTERY Bar"ter*y, n. Defn: Barter. [Obs.] Camden. BARTH Barth, n. Etym: [Etymol. unknown.] Defn: A place of shelter for cattle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. BARTHOLOMEW TIDE Bar*thol"o*mew tide`. Defn: Time of the festival of St. Bartholomew, August 24th. Shak. BARTIZAN Bar"ti*zan`, n. Etym: [Cf. Brettice.] (Arch.) Defn: A small, overhanging structure for lookout or defense, usually projecting at an angle of a building or near an entrance gateway. BARTLETT Bart"lett, n. (Bot.) Defn: A Bartlett pear, a favorite kind of pear, which originated in England about 1770, and was called Williams' Bonchrétien. It was brought to America, and distributed by Mr. Enoch Bartlett, of Dorchester, Massachusetts. BARTON Bar"ton, n. Etym: [AS. beret courtyard, grange; bere barley + t an inclosure. ] 1. The demesne lands of a manor; also, the manor itself. [Eng.] Burton. 2. A farmyard. [Eng.] Southey. BARTRAM Bar"tram, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Bertram. Johnson. BARWAY Bar"way`, n. Defn: A passage into a field or yard, closed by bars made to take out of the posts. BARWISE Bar"wise`, adv. (Her.) Defn: Horizontally. BARWOOD Bar"wood`, n. Defn: A red wood of a leguminous tree (Baphia nitida), from Angola and the Gaboon in Africa. It is used as a dyewood, and also for ramrods, violin bows and turner's work. BARYCENTRIC Bar`y*cen"tric, a. Etym: [Gr. heavy + center.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the center of gravity. See Barycentric calculus, under Calculus. BARYPHONY Ba*ryph"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. heavy + a sound voice.] (Med.) Defn: Difficulty of speech. BARYSPHERE Bar"y*sphere, n. [Gr. heavy + sphere.] (Geol.) Defn: The heavy interior portion of the earth, within the lithosphere. BARYTA Ba*ry"ta, n. Etym: [Gr. heavy. Cf. Baria.] (Chem.) Defn: An oxide of barium (or barytum); a heavy earth with a specific gravity above 4. BARYTES Ba*ry"tes, n. Etym: [Gr. heavy: cf. Gr. heaviness, F. baryte.] (Min.) Defn: Barium sulphate, generally called heavy spar or barite. See Barite. BARYTIC Ba*ryt"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to baryta. BARYTO-CALCITE Ba*ry"to-cal"cite, n. Etym: [Baryta + calcite.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a white or gray color, occurring massive or crystallized. It is a compound of the carbonates of barium and calcium. BARYTONE; BARITONE Bar"y*tone, Bar"i*tone, a. Etym: [Gr. ; heavy + tone.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: Grave and deep, as a kind of male voice. 2. (Greek Gram.) Defn: Not marked with an accent on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood. BARYTONE; BARITONE Bar"y*tone, Bar"i*tone, n. Etym: [F. baryton: cf. It. baritono.] 1. (Mus.) (a) A male voice, the compass of which partakes of the common bass and the tenor, but which does not descend as low as the one, nor rise as high as the other. (b) A person having a voice of such range. (c) The viola di gamba, now entirely disused. 2. (Greek Gram.) Defn: A word which has no accent marked on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood. BARYTUM Ba*ry"tum, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: The metal barium. See Barium. [R.] BASAL Ba"sal, a. Defn: Relating to, or forming, the base. Basal cleavage. See under Cleavage. -- Basal plane (Crystallog.), one parallel to the lateral or horizontal axis. BASAL-NERVED Ba"sal-nerved`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the nerves radiating from the base; -- said of leaves. BASALT Ba*salt", n. Etym: [N. basaltes (an African word), a dark and hard species of marble found in Ethiopia: cf. F. basalte.] 1. (Geol.) Defn: A rock of igneous origin, consisting of augite and triclinic feldspar, with grains of magnetic or titanic iron, and also bottle- green particles of olivine frequently disseminated. Note: It is usually of a greenish black color, or of some dull brown shade, or black. It constitutes immense beds in some regions, and also occurs in veins or dikes cutting through other rocks. It has often a prismatic structure as at the Giant's Causeway, in Ireland, where the columns are as regular as if the work of art. It is a very tough and heavy rock, and is one of the best materials for macadamizing roads. 2. An imitation, in pottery, of natural basalt; a kind of black porcelain. BASALTIC Ba*salt"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. basaltique.] Defn: Pertaining to basalt; formed of, or containing, basalt; as basaltic lava. BASALTIFORM Ba*salt"i*form, a. Etym: [Basalt + -form.] Defn: In the form of basalt; columnar. BASALTOID Ba*salt"oid, a. Etym: [Basalt + -oid.] Defn: Formed like basalt; basaltiform. BASAN Bas"an, n. Defn: Same as Basil, a sheepskin. BASANITE Bas"a*nite, n. Etym: [L. basanites lapis, Gr. the touchstone: cf. F. basanite.] (Min.) Defn: Lydian stone, or black jasper, a variety of siliceous or flinty slate, of a grayish or bluish black color. It is employed to test the purity of gold, the amount of alloy being indicated by the color left on the stone when rubbed by the metal. BASBLEU Bas`bleu", n. Etym: [F., fr. bas stocking + bleu blue.] Defn: A bluestocking; a literary woman. [Somewhat derisive] BASCINET Bas"ci*net, n. Etym: [OE. bacinet, basnet, OF. bassinet, bacinet, F. bassinet, dim. of OF. bacin, F. bassin, a helmet in the form of a basin.] Defn: A light helmet, at first open, but later made with a visor. [Written also basinet, bassinet, basnet.] BASCULE Bas"cule, n. Etym: [F., a seesaw.] Defn: In mechanics an apparatus on the principle of the seesaw, in which one end rises as the other falls. Bascule bridge, a counterpoise or balanced drawbridge, which is opened by sinking the counterpoise and thus lifting the footway into the air. BASE Base, a. Etym: [OE. bass, F. bas, low, fr. LL. bassus thick, fat, short, humble; cf. L. Bassus, a proper name, and W. bas shallow. Cf. Bass a part in music.] 1. Of little, or less than the usual, height; of low growth; as, base shrubs. [Archaic] Shak. 2. Low in place or position. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Of humble birth; or low degree; lowly; mean. [Archaic] "A pleasant and base swain." Bacon. 4. Illegitimate by birth; bastard. [Archaic] Why bastard wherefore base Shak. 5. Of little comparative value, as metal inferior to gold and silver, the precious metals. 6. Alloyed with inferior metal; debased; as, base coin; base bullion. 7. Morally low. Hence: Low-minded; unworthy; without dignity of sentiment; ignoble; mean; illiberal; menial; as, a base fellow; base motives; base occupations. "A cruel act of a base and a cowardish mind." Robynson (More's Utopia). "Base ingratitude." Milton. 8. Not classical or correct. "Base Latin." Fuller. 9. Deep or grave in sound; as, the base tone of a violin. [In this sense, commonly written bass.] 10. (Law) Defn: Not held by honorable service; as, a base estate, one held by services not honorable; held by villenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the tenant, a base tenant. Base fee, formerly, an estate held at the will of the lord; now, a qualified fee. See note under Fee, n., 4. -- Base metal. See under Metal. Syn. -- Dishonorable; worthless; ignoble; low-minded; infamous; sordid; degraded. -- Base, Vile, Mean. These words, as expressing moral qualities, are here arranged in the order of their strength, the strongest being placed first. Base marks a high degree of moral turpitude; vile and mean denote, in different degrees, the want of what is valuable or worthy of esteem. What is base excites our abhorrence; what is vile provokes our disgust or indignation; what is mean awakens contempt. Base is opposed to high-minded; vile, to noble; mean, to liberal or generous. Ingratitude is base; sycophancy is vile; undue compliances are mean. BASE Base, n. Etym: [F. base, L. basis, fr. Gr. a stepping step, a base, pedestal, fr. to go, step, akin to E. come. Cf. Basis, and see Come.] 1. The bottom of anything, considered as its support, or that on which something rests for support; the foundation; as, the base of a statue. "The base of mighty mountains." Prescott. 2. Fig.: The fundamental or essential part of a thing; the essential principle; a groundwork. 3. (Arch.) (a) The lower part of a wall, pier, or column, when treated as a separate feature, usually in projection, or especially ornamented. (b) The lower part of a complete architectural design, as of a monument; also, the lower part of any elaborate piece of furniture or decoration. 4. (Bot.) Defn: That extremity of a leaf, fruit, etc., at which it is attached to its support. 5. (Chem.) Defn: The positive, or non-acid component of a salt; a substance which, combined with an acid, neutralizes the latter and forms a salt; -- applied also to the hydroxides of the positive elements or radicals, and to certain organic bodies resembling them in their property of forming salts with acids. 6. (Pharmacy) Defn: The chief ingredient in a compound. 7. (Dyeing) Defn: A substance used as a mordant. Ure. 8. (Fort.) Defn: The exterior side of the polygon, or that imaginary line which connects the salient angles of two adjacent bastions. 9. (Geom.) Defn: The line or surface constituting that part of a figure on which it is supposed to stand. 10. (Math.) Defn: The number from which a mathematical table is constructed; as, the base of a system of logarithms. 11. Etym: [See Base low.] Defn: A low, or deep, sound. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part; the deepest male voice. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, base. [Now commonly written bass.] The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar. Dryden. 12. (Mil.) Defn: A place or tract of country, protected by fortifications, or by natural advantages, from which the operations of an army proceed, forward movements are made, supplies are furnished, etc. 13. (Mil.) Defn: The smallest kind of cannon. [Obs.] 14. (Zoöl.) Defn: That part of an organ by which it is attached to another more central organ. 15. (Crystallog.) Defn: The basal plane of a crystal. 16. (Geol.) Defn: The ground mass of a rock, especially if not distinctly crystalline. 17. (Her.) Defn: The lower part of the field. See Escutcheon. 18. The housing of a horse. [Obs.] 19. pl. Defn: A kind of skirt ( often of velvet or brocade, but sometimes of mailed armor) which hung from the middle to about the knees, or lower. [Obs.] 20. The lower part of a robe or petticoat. [Obs.] 21. An apron. [Obs.] "Bakers in their linen bases." Marston. 22. The point or line from which a start is made; a starting place or a goal in various games. To their appointed base they went. Dryden. 23. (Surv.) Defn: A line in a survey which, being accurately determined in length and position, serves as the origin from which to compute the distances and positions of any points or objects connected with it by a system of triangles. Lyman. 24. A rustic play; -- called also prisoner's base, prison base, or bars. "To run the country base." Shak. 25. (Baseball) Defn: Any one of the four bounds which mark the circuit of the infield. Altern base. See under Altern. -- Attic base. (Arch.) See under Attic. -- Base course. (Arch.) (a) The first or lower course of a foundation wall, made of large stones of a mass of concrete; -- called also foundation course. (b) The architectural member forming the transition between the basement and the wall above. -- Base hit (Baseball), a hit, by which the batsman, without any error on the part of his opponents, is able to reach the first base without being put out. -- Base line. (a) A main line taken as a base, as in surveying or in military operations. (b) A line traced round a cannon at the rear of the vent. -- Base plate, the foundation plate of heavy machinery, as of the steam engine; the bed plate. -- Base ring (Ordnance), a projecting band of metal around the breech, connected with the body of the gun by a concave molding. H. L. Scott. BASE Base, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Based (p. pr. & vb. n. Basing.] Etym: [From Base, n.] Defn: To put on a base or basis; to lay the foundation of; to found, as an argument or conclusion; -- used with on or upon. Bacon. BASE Base, v. t. Etym: [See Base, a., and cf. Abase.] 1. To abase; to let, or cast, down; to lower. [Obs.] If any . . . based his pike. Sir T. North. 2. To reduce the value of; to debase. [Obs.] Metals which we can not base. Bacon. BASEBALL Base"ball", n. 1. A game of ball, so called from the bases or bounds ( four in number) which designate the circuit which each player must endeavor to make after striking the ball. 2. The ball used in this game. BASEBOARD Base"board, n. (Arch.) Defn: A board, or other woodwork, carried round the walls of a room and touching the floor, to form a base and protect the plastering; -- also called washboard (in England), mopboard, and scrubboard. BASEBORN Base"born`, a. 1. Born out of wedlock. Gay. 2. Born of low parentage. 3. Vile; mean. "Thy baseborn heart." Shak. BASE-BURNER Base"-burn`er, n. Defn: A furnace or stove in which the fuel is contained in a hopper or chamber, and is fed to the fire as the lower stratum is consumed. BASE-COURT Base"-court`, n. Etym: [F. basse-cour. See Base, a., and Court, n.] 1. The secondary, inferior, or rear courtyard of a large house; the outer court of a castle. 2. (Law) Defn: An inferior court of law, not of record. BASED Based, p. p. & a. 1. Having a base, or having as a base; supported; as, broad-based. 2. Etym: [See Base, n., 18-21.] Defn: Wearing, or protected by, bases. [Obs.] "Based in lawny velvet." E. Hall. BASEDOW'S DISEASE Ba"se*dow's dis*ease". Etym: [Named for Dr. Basedow, a German physician.] (Med.) Defn: A disease characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, prominence of the eyeballs, and inordinate action of the heart; -- called also exophthalmic goiter. Flint. BASELARD Bas"e*lard, n. Etym: [OF. baselarde, LL. basillardus.] Defn: A short sword or dagger, worn in the fifteenth century. [Written also baslard.] Fairholt. BASELESS Base"less, a. Defn: Without a base; having no foundation or support. "The baseless fabric of this vision." Shak. BASELY Base"ly, adv. 1. In a base manner; with despicable meanness; dishonorably; shamefully. 2. Illegitimately; in bastardy. [Archaic] Knolles. BASEMENT Base"ment, n. Etym: [F. soubassement. Of uncertain origin. Cf. Base, a., Bastion.] (Arch.) Defn: The outer wall of the ground story of a building, or of a part of that story, when treated as a distinct substructure. ( See Base, n., 3 (a).) Hence: The rooms of a ground floor, collectively. Basement membrane (Anat.), a delicate membrane composed of a single layer of flat cells, forming the substratum upon which, in many organs, the epithelioid cells are disposed. BASENESS Base"ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being base; degradation; vileness. I once did hold it a baseness to write fair. Shak. BASENET Bas"e*net, n. Defn: See Bascinet. [Obs.] BASE VIOL Base" vi`ol. Defn: See Bass viol. BASH Bash, v. t. & i. Etym: [OE. baschen, baissen. See Abash.] Defn: To abash; to disconcert or be disconcerted or put out of countenance. [Obs.] His countenance was bold and bashed not. Spenser. BASHAW Ba*shaw", n. Etym: [See Pasha.] 1. A Turkish title of honor, now written pasha. See Pasha. 2. Fig.: A magnate or grandee. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large siluroid fish (Leptops olivaris) of the Mississippi valley; -- also called goujon, mud cat, and yellow cat. BASHFUL Bash"ful, a. Etym: [See Bash.] 1. Abashed; daunted; dismayed. [Obs.] 2. Very modest, or modest excess; constitutionally disposed to shrink from public notice; indicating extreme or excessive modesty; shy; as, a bashful person, action, expression. Syn. -- Diffident; retiring; reserved; shamefaced; sheepish. BASHFULLY Bash"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a bashful manner. BASHFULNESS Bash"ful*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being bashful. Syn. -- Bashfulness, Modesty, Diffidence, Shyness. Modesty arises from a low estimate of ourselves; bashfulness is an abashment or agitation of the spirits at coming into contact with others; diffidence is produced by an undue degree of self-distrust; shyness usually arises from an excessive self-consciousness, and a painful impression that every one is looking at us. Modesty of deportment is becoming at all; bashfulness often gives rise to mistakes and blundering; diffidence is society frequently makes a man a burden to himself; shyness usually produces a reserve or distance which is often mistaken for haughtiness. BASHI-BAZOUK Bash"i-ba*zouk", n. Etym: [Turkish, light-headed, a foolish fellow.] Defn: A soldier belonging to the irregular troops of the Turkish army. BASHLESS Bash"less, a. Defn: Shameless; unblushing. [Obs.] Spenser. BASHYLE Bas"hyle, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Basyle. BASI- Ba"si-. Defn: A combining form, especially in anatomical and botanical words, to indicate the base or position at or near a base; forming a base; as, basibranchials, the most ventral of the cartilages or bones of the branchial arches; basicranial, situated at the base of the cranium; basifacial, basitemporal, etc. BASIC Ba"sic, a. 1. (Chem.) (a) Relating to a base; performing the office of a base in a salt. (b) Having the base in excess, or the amount of the base atomically greater than that of the acid, or exceeding in proportion that of the related neutral salt. (c) Apparently alkaline, as certain normal salts which exhibit alkaline reactions with test paper. 2. (Min.) Defn: Said of crystalline rocks which contain a relatively low percentage of silica, as basalt. Basic salt (Chem.), a salt formed from a base or hydroxide by the partial replacement of its hydrogen by a negative or acid element or radical. BASICERITE Ba*sic"er*ite, n. Etym: [Basi- + Gr. horn, antenna.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The second joint of the antennæ of crustaceans. BASICITY Ba*sic"i*ty, n. (Chem.) (a) The quality or state of being a base. (b) The power of an acid to unite with one or more atoms or equivalents of a base, as indicated by the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms contained in the acid. BASIC PROCESS Ba"sic proc"ess. (Iron Metal.) Defn: A Bessemer or open-hearth steel-making process in which a lining that is basic, or not siliceous, is used, and additions of basic material are made to the molten charge during treatment. Opposed to acid process, above. Called also Thomas process. BASIC SLAG Basic slag. Defn: A by-product from the manufacture of steel by the basic process, used as a fertilizer. It is rich in lime and contains 14 to 20 per cent of phosphoric acid. Called also Thomas slag, phosphatic slag, and odorless phosphate. BASIC STEEL Basic steel. Defn: Steel produced by the basic process. BASIDIOMYCETES Ba*sid`i*o*my*ce"tes, n. pl. [NL., fr. NL. & E. basidium + Gr. , , fungus.] (Bot.) Defn: A large subdivision of fungi coördinate with the Ascomycetes, characterized by having the spores borne on a basidium. It embraces those fungi best known to the public, such as mushrooms, toadstools, etc. BASIDIOSPORE Ba*sid"i*o*spore, n. Etym: [Basidium + spore.] (Bot.) Defn: A spore borne by a basidium. -- Ba*sid`i*o*spor"ous (, a. BASIDIUM Ba*sid"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of Gr. base.] (Bot.) Defn: A special oblong or pyriform cell, with slender branches, which bears the spores in that division of fungi called Basidiomycetes, of which the common mushroom is an example. BASIFIER Ba"si*fi`er, n. (Chem.) Defn: That which converts into a salifiable base. BASIFUGAL Ba*sif"u*gal, a. Etym: [Base,n.+ L. fugere to flee.] (Bot.) Defn: Tending or proceeding away from the base; as, a basifugal growth. BASIFY Ba"si*fy, v. t. Etym: [Base + -fy.] (Chem.) Defn: To convert into a salifiable base. BASIGYNIUM Ba`si*gyn"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. base + woman.] (Bot.) Defn: The pedicel on which the ovary of certain flowers, as the passion flower, is seated; a carpophore or thecaphore. BASIHYAL Ba`si*hy"al, a. Etym: [Basi- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Noting two small bones, forming the body of the inverted hyoid arch. BASIHYOID Ba`si*hy"oid, n. Etym: [Basi- + hyoid.] (Anat.) Defn: The central tongue bone. BASIL Bas"il, n. Etym: [Cf. F. basile and E. Bezel.] Defn: The slope or angle to which the cutting edge of a tool, as a plane, is ground. Grier. BASIL Bas"il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Basiled (p. pr. & vb. n. Basiling.] Defn: To grind or form the edge of to an angle. Moxon. BASIL Bas"il, n. Etym: [F. basilic, fr. L. badilicus royal, Gr. , fr. king.] (Bot.) Defn: The name given to several aromatic herbs of the Mint family, but chiefly to the common or sweet basil (Ocymum basilicum), and the bush basil, or lesser basil (O. minimum), the leaves of which are used in cookery. The name is also given to several kinds of mountain mint (Pycnanthemum). Basil thyme, a name given to the fragrant herbs Calamintha Acinos and C. Nepeta. -- Wild basil, a plant (Calamintha clinopodium) of the Mint family. BASIL Bas"il, n. Etym: [Corrupt. from E. basan, F. basane, LL. basanium, bazana, fr. Ar. bithana, prop., lining.] Defn: The skin of a sheep tanned with bark. BASILAR; BASILARY Bas"i*lar, Bas"i*la*ry, a. Etym: [F. basilaire, fr. L. basis. See Base, n.] 1. Relating to, or situated at, the base. 2. Lower; inferior; applied to impulses or springs of action. [R.] "Basilar instincts." H. W. Beecher. BASILIC Ba*sil"ic, n. Etym: [F. basilique.] Defn: Basilica. BASILIC; BASILICAL Ba*sil"ic, Ba*sil"ic*al, a. Etym: [See Basilica.] 1. Royal; kingly; also, basilican. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to certain parts, anciently supposed to have a specially important function in the animal economy, as the middle vein of the right arm. BASILICA Ba*sil"i*ca, n.; pl. Basilicas; sometimes Basilic. Etym: [L. basilica, Gr. ( sc. , or ) fr. royal, fr. .] Defn: Originally, the place of a king; but afterward, an apartment provided in the houses of persons of importance, where assemblies were held for dispensing justice; and hence, any large hall used for this purpose. 2. (Arch.) (a) A building used by the Romans as a place of public meeting, with court rooms, etc., attached. (b) A church building of the earlier centuries of Christianity, the plan of which was taken from the basilica of the Romans. The name is still applied to some churches by way of honorary distinction. BASILICA Ba*sil"i*ca, n. Defn: A digest of the laws of Justinian, translated from the original Latin into Greek, by order of Basil I., in the ninth century. P. Cyc. BASILICAN Ba*sil"i*can, a. Defn: Of, relating to, or resembling, a basilica; basilical. There can be no doubt that the first churches in Constantinople were in the basilican form. Milman. BASILICOK Ba*sil"i*cok, n. Etym: [OF. basilicoc.] Defn: The basilisk. [Obs.] Chaucer BASILICON Ba*sil"i*con, n. Etym: [L. basilicon, Gr. , neut. of : cf. F. basilicon. See Basilica.] (Med.) Defn: An ointment composed of wax, pitch, resin, and olive oil, lard, or other fatty substance. BASILISK Bas"i*lisk, n. Etym: [L. basiliscus, Gr. little king, kind of serpent, dim. of king; -- so named from some prominences on the head resembling a crown.] 1. A fabulous serpent, or dragon. The ancients alleged that its hissing would drive away all other serpents, and that its breath, and even its look, was fatal. See Cockatrice. Make me not sighted like the basilisk. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A lizard of the genus Basiliscus, belonging to the family Iguanidæ. Note: This genus is remarkable for a membranous bag rising above the occiput, which can be filled with air at pleasure; also for an elevated crest along the back, that can be raised or depressed at will. 3. (Mil.) Defn: A large piece of ordnance, so called from its supposed resemblance to the serpent of that name, or from its size. [Obs.] BASIN Ba"sin, n. Etym: [OF. bacin, F. bassin, LL. bacchinus, fr. bacca a water vessel, fr. L. bacca berry, in allusion to the round shape; or perh. fr. Celtic. Cf. Bac.] 1. A hollow vessel or dish, to hold water for washing, and for various other uses. 2. The quantity contained in a basin. 3. A hollow vessel, of various forms and materials, used in the arts or manufactures, as that used by glass grinders for forming concave glasses, by hatters for molding a hat into shape, etc. 4. A hollow place containing water, as a pond, a dock for ships, a little bay. 5. (Physical Geog.) (a) A circular or oval valley, or depression of the surface of the ground, the lowest part of which is generally occupied by a lake, or traversed by a river. (b) The entire tract of country drained by a river, or sloping towards a sea or lake. 6. (Geol.) Defn: An isolated or circumscribed formation, particularly where the strata dip inward, on all sides, toward a center; -- especially applied to the coal formations, called coal basins or coal fields. BASINED Ba"sined, a. Defn: Inclosed in a basin. "Basined rivers." Young. BASINET Bas"i*net, n. Defn: Same as Bascinet. BASIOCCIPITAL Ba`si*oc*cip"i*tal, a. Etym: [Basi- + occipital.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the bone in the base of the cranium, frequently forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but usually distinct in the young. -- n. Defn: The basioccipital bone. BASION Ba"si*on, n. Etym: [Gr. a base.] (Anat.) Defn: The middle of the anterior margin of the great foramen of the skull. BASIPODITE Ba*sip"o*dite, n. Etym: [Basi- + , , foot.] (Anat.) Defn: The basal joint of the legs of Crustacea. BASIPTERYGIUM Ba*sip`te*ryg"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. a base + a fin.] (Anat.) Defn: A bar of cartilage at the base of the embryonic fins of some fishes. It develops into the metapterygium. -- Ba*sip`ter*yg"i*al (, a. BASIPTERYGOID Ba`sip*ter"y*goid, a. & n. Etym: [Basi- + pierygoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Applied to a protuberance of the base of the sphenoid bone. BASIS Ba"sis, n.; pl. Bases. Etym: [L. basis, Gr. . See Base, n.] 1. The foundation of anything; that on which a thing rests. Dryden. 2. The pedestal of a column, pillar, or statue. [Obs.] If no basis bear my rising name. Pope. 3. The ground work the first or fundamental principle; that which supports. The basis of public credit is good faith. A. Hamilton. 4. The principal component part of a thing. BASISOLUTE Ba*sis"o*lute, a. Etym: [Basi- + solute, a.] (Bot.) Defn: Prolonged at the base, as certain leaves. BASISPHENOID; BASISPHENOIDAL Ba`si*sphe"noid, Ba`si*sphe*noid"al, a. Etym: [Basi- + spheroid.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to that part of the base of the cranium between the basioccipital and the presphenoid, which usually ossifies separately in the embryo or in the young, and becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult. BASISPHENOID Ba`si*sphe"noid, n. (Anat.) Defn: The basisphenoid bone. BASK Bask, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Basked (p. pr. & vb. n. Basking.] Etym: [ OScand. ba to bathe one's self, or perh. bakask to bake one's self, sk being reflexive. See Bath, n., Bake, v. t.] Defn: To lie in warmth; to be exposed to genial heat. Basks in the glare, and stems the tepid wave. Goldsmith. BASK Bask, v. t. Defn: To warm by continued exposure to heat; to warm with genial heat. Basks at the fire his hairy strength. Milton. BASKET Bas"ket, n. Etym: [Of unknown origin. The modern Celtic words seem to be from the English.] 1. A vessel made of osiers or other twigs, cane, rushes, splints, or other flexible material, interwoven. "Rude baskets . . . woven of the flexile willow." Dyer. 2. The contents of a basket; as much as a basket contains; as, a basket of peaches. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The bell or vase of the Corinthian capital. [Improperly so used.] Gwilt. 4. The two back seats facing one another on the outside of a stagecoach. [Eng.] Goldsmith. Basket fish (Zoöl.), an ophiuran of the genus Astrophyton, having the arms much branched. See Astrophyton. -- Basket hilt, a hilt with a covering wrought like basketwork to protect the hand. Hudibras. Hence, Baskethilted, a. -- Basket work, work consisting of plaited osiers or twigs. -- Basket worm (Zoöl.), a lepidopterous insect of the genus Thyridopteryx and allied genera, esp. T. ephemeræformis. The larva makes and carries about a bag or basket-like case of silk and twigs, which it afterwards hangs up to shelter the pupa and wingless adult females. BASKET Bas"ket, v. t. Defn: To put into a basket. [R.] BASKET BALL Bas"ket ball`. Defn: A game, usually played indoors, in which two parties of players contest with each other to toss a large inflated ball into opposite goals resembling baskets. BASKETFUL Bas"ket*ful, n.; pl. Basketfuls (. Defn: As much as a basket will contain. BASKETRY Bas"ket*ry, n. Defn: The art of making baskets; also, baskets, taken collectively. BASKING SHARK Bask"ing shark`. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the largest species of sharks (Cetorhinus maximus), so called from its habit of basking in the sun; the liver shark, or bone shark. It inhabits the northern seas of Europe and America, and grows to a length of more than forty feet. It is a harmless species. BASNET Bas"net, n. Defn: Same as Bascinet. BASOMMATOPHORA Ba*som`ma*toph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. base + eye + to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Pulmonifera having the eyes at the base of the tentacles, including the common pond snails. BASON Ba"son, n. Defn: A basin. [Obs. or Special form] BASQUE Basque, a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Pertaining to Biscay, its people, or their language. BASQUE Basque, n. Etym: [F.] 1. One of a race, of unknown origin, inhabiting a region on the Bay of Biscay in Spain and France. 2. The language spoken by the Basque people. 3. A part of a lady's dress, resembling a jacket with a short skirt; -- probably so called because this fashion of dress came from the Basques. BASQUISH Basqu"ish, a. Etym: [F. Basque Biscayan: cf. G. Baskisch.] Defn: Pertaining to the country, people, or language of Biscay; Basque [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. BAS-RELIEF Bas`-re*lief", n. Etym: [F. bas-relief; bas law + relief raised work, relever to raise: cf. It. bassorilievo.] Defn: Low relief; sculpture, the figures of which project less than half of their true proportions; -- called also bassrelief and basso- rilievo. See Alto-rilievo. BASS Bass, n. Defn: ; pl. Bass, and sometimes Basses. Etym: [A corruption of barse.] (Zoöl.) 1. An edible, spiny-finned fish, esp. of the genera Roccus, Labrax, and related genera. There are many species. Note: The common European bass is Labrax lupus. American species are: the striped bass (Roccus lineatus); white or silver bass of the lakes. (R. chrysops); brass or yellow bass (R. interruptus). 2. The two American fresh-water species of black bass (genus Micropterus). See Black bass. 3. Species of Serranus, the sea bass and rock bass. See Sea bass. 4. The southern, red, or channel bass (Sciæna ocellata). See Redfish. Note: The name is also applied to many other fishes. See Calico bass, under Calico. BASS Bass, n. Etym: [A corruption of bast.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The linden or lime tree, sometimes wrongly called whitewood; also, its bark, which is used for making mats. See Bast. 2. (Pron. Defn: A hassock or thick mat. BASS Bass, n. Etym: [F. basse, fr. bas low. See Base, a.] 1. A bass, or deep, sound or tone. 2. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part in a musical composition. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, bass. [Written also base.] Thorough bass. See Thorough bass. BASS Bass, a. Defn: Deep or grave in tone. Bass clef (Mus.), the character placed at the beginning of the staff containing the bass part of a musical composition. [See Illust. under Clef.] -- Bass voice, a deepsounding voice; a voice fitted for singing bass. BASS Bass, v. t. Defn: To sound in a deep tone. [R.] Shak. BASSA; BASSAW Bas"sa, Bas*saw", n. Defn: See Bashaw. BASS DRUM Bass` drum". (Mus.) Defn: The largest of the different kinds of drums, having two heads, and emitting a deep, grave sound. See Bass, a. BASSET Bas"set, n. Etym: [F. bassette, fr.It. bassetta. Cf. Basso.] Defn: A game at cards, resembling the modern faro, said to have been invented at Venice. Some dress, some dance, some play, not to forget Your piquet parties, and your dear basset. Rowe. BASSET Bas"set, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. basset somewhat low, dim. of bas low.] (Geol.) Defn: Inclined upward; as, the basset edge of strata. Lyell. BASSET Bas"set, n. (Geol.) Defn: The edge of a geological stratum at the surface of the ground; the outcrop. BASSET Bas"set, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Basseted; p. pr. & vb. n. Basseting.] (Geol.) Defn: To inclined upward so as to appear at the surface; to crop out; as, a vein of coal bassets. BASSET HORN Bas"set horn`. Etym: [See Basset, a.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument blown with a reed, and resembling a clarinet, but of much greater compass, embracing nearly four octaves. BASSET HOUND Bas"set hound`. Etym: [F. basset.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small kind of hound with a long body and short legs, used as an earth dog. BASSETING Bas"set*ing, n. Defn: The upward direction of a vein in a mine; the emergence of a stratum at the surface. BASSETTO Bas*set"to, n. Etym: [It., adj., somewhat low; n., counter tenor. See Basso.] (Mus.) Defn: A tenor or small bass viol. BASS HORN Bass" horn". (Mus.) Defn: A modification of the bassoon, much deeper in tone. BASSINET Bas"si*net, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bassinet, dim. of bassin. See Basin, and cf. Bascinet.] 1. A wicker basket, with a covering or hood over one end, in which young children are placed as in a cradle. 2. See Bascinet. Lord Lytton. BASSO Bas"so, n. Etym: [It., fr. LL. bassus. See Base, a.] (Mus.) (a) The bass or lowest part; as, to sing basso. (b) One who sings the lowest part. (c) The double bass, or contrabasso. Basso continuo (. Etym: [It., bass continued.] (Mus.) A bass part written out continuously, while the other parts of the harmony are indicated by figures attached to the bass; continued bass. BASSOCK Bas"sock, n. Defn: A hassock. See 2d Bass, 2. BASSOON Bas*soon", n. Etym: [F. basson, fr. basse bass; or perh. fr. bas son low sound. See Bass a part in music. ] (Mus.) Defn: A wind instrument of the double reed kind, furnished with holes, which are stopped by the fingers, and by keys, as in flutes. It forms the natural bass to the oboe, clarinet, etc. Note: Its compass comprehends three octaves. For convenience of carriage it is divided into two parts; whence it is also called a fagot. BASSOONIST Bas*soon"ist, n. Defn: A performer on the bassoon. Busby. BASSO-RILIEVO; BASSO-RELIEVO Bas"so-ri*lie"vo, Bas"so-re*lie"vo, n. Etym: [It. basso-rilievo.] Defn: Same as Bas-relief. BASSORIN Bas"so*rin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bassorine.] (Chem.) Defn: A constituent part of a species of gum from Bassora, as also of gum tragacanth and some gum resins. It is one of the amyloses. Ure. BASS-RELIEF Bass"-re*lief`, n. Defn: Some as Bas-relief. BASS VIOL Bass" vi`ol. (Mus.) Defn: A stringed instrument of the viol family, used for playing bass. See 3d Bass, n., and Violoncello. BASSWOOD Bass"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The bass (Tilia) or its wood; especially, T. Americana. See Bass, the lime tree. All the bowls were made of basswood, White and polished very smoothly. Longfellow. BAST Bast, n. Etym: [AS. bæst; akin to Icel., Sw., Dan., D., & G. bast, of unknown origin. Cf. Bass the tree.] 1. The inner fibrous bark of various plants; esp. of the lime tree; hence, matting, cordage, etc., made therefrom. 2. A thick mat or hassock. See 2d Bass, 2. BASTA Bas"ta, interj. Etym: [It.] Defn: Enough; stop. Shak. BASTARD Bas"tard, n. Etym: [OF. bastard, bastart, F. b, prob. fr. OF. bast, F. b, a packsaddle used as a bed by the muleteers (fr. LL. bastum) + -ard. OF. fils de bast son of the packsaddle; as the muleteers were accustomed to use their saddles for beds in the inns. See Cervantes, "Don Quixote," chap. 16; and cf.G. bankert, fr. bank bench.] 1. A "natural" child; a child begotten and born out of wedlock; an illegitimate child; one born of an illicit union. Note: By the civil and canon laws, and by the laws of many of the United States, a bastard becomes a legitimate child by the intermarriage of the parents at any subsequent time. But by those of England, and of some states of the United States, a child, to be legitimate, must at least be born after the lawful marriage. Kent. Blackstone. 2. (Sugar Refining) (a) An inferior quality of soft brown sugar, obtained from the sirups that (b) A large size of mold, in which sugar is drained. 3. A sweet Spanish wine like muscadel in flavor. Brown bastard is your only drink. Shak. 4. A writing paper of a particular size. See Paper. BASTARD Bas"tard, a. 1. Begotten and born out of lawful matrimony; illegitimate. See Bastard, n., note. 2. Lacking in genuineness; spurious; false; adulterate; -- applied to things which resemble those which are genuine, but are really not so. That bastard self-love which is so vicious in itself, and productive of so many vices. Barrow. 3. Of an unusual make or proportion; as, a bastard musket; a bastard culverin. [Obs.] 4. (Print.) Defn: Abbreviated, as the half title in a page preceding the full title page of a book. Bastard ashlar (Arch.), stones for ashlar work, roughly squared at the quarry. -- Bastard file, a file intermediate between the coarsest and the second cut. -- Bastard type (Print.), type having the face of a larger or a smaller size than the body; e.g., a nonpareil face on a brevier body. -- Bastard wing (Zoöl.), three to five quill feathers on a small joint corresponding to the thumb in some mam malia; the alula. BASTARD Bas"tard, v. t. Defn: To bastardize. [Obs.] Bacon. BASTARDISM Bas"tard*ism, n. Defn: The state of being a bastard; bastardy. BASTARDIZE Bas"tard*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bastardized (p. pr. & vb. n. Bastardizing.] 1. To make or prove to be a bastard; to stigmatize as a bastard; to declare or decide legally to be illegitimate. The law is so indulgent as not to bastardize the child, if born, though not begotten, in lawful wedlock. Blackstone. 2. To beget out of wedlock. [R.] Shak. BASTARDLY Bas"tard*ly, a. Defn: Bastardlike; baseborn; spuripous; corrupt. [Obs.] -- adv. Defn: In the manner of a bastard; spuriously. [Obs.] Shak. Donne. BASTARDY Bas"tar*dy, n. 1. The state of being a bastard; illegitimacy. 2. The procreation of a bastard child. Wharton. BASTE Baste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Basted; p. pr. & vb. n. Basting.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. beysta to strike, powder; Sw. basa to beat with a rod: perh. akin to E. beat.] 1. To beat with a stick; to cudgel. One man was basted by the keeper for carrying some people over on his back through the waters. Pepys. 2. (Cookery) Defn: To sprinkle flour and salt and drip butter or fat on, as on meat in roasting. 3. To mark with tar, as sheep. [Prov. Eng.] BASTE Baste, v. t. Etym: [OE. basten, OF. bastir, F. b, prob. fr. OHG. bestan to sew, MHG. besten to bind, fr. OHG. bast bast. See Bast.] Defn: To sew loosely, or with long stitches; -- usually, that the work may be held in position until sewed more firmly. Shak. BASTILE; BASTILLE Bas*tile" Bas*tille", n. Etym: [F. bastille fortress, OF. bastir to build, F. b.] 1. (Feud. Fort.) Defn: A tower or an elevated work, used for the defense, or in the siege, of a fortified place. The high bastiles . . . which overtopped the walls. Holland. 2. "The Bastille", formerly a castle or fortress in Paris, used as a prison, especially for political offenders; hence, a rhetorical name for a prison. BASTINADE Bas`ti*nade", n. Defn: See Bastinado, n. BASTINADE Bas`ti*nade", v. t. Defn: To bastinado. [Archaic] BASTINADO Bas`ti*na"do, n.; pl. Bastinadoes. Etym: [Sp. bastonada (cf. F. bastonnade), fr. baston (cf. F. b) a stick or staff. See Baston.] 1. A blow with a stick or cudgel. 2. A sound beating with a stick or cudgel. Specifically: A form of punishment among the Turks, Chinese, and others, consisting in beating an offender on the soles of his feet. BASTINADO Bas`ti*na"do, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bastinadoes (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bastinadoing.] Defn: To beat with a stick or cudgel, especially on the soles of the feet. BASTION Bas"tion, n. Etym: [F. bastion (cf. It. bastione), fr. LL. bastire to build (cf. F. b, It. bastire), perh. from the idea of support for a weight, and akin to Gr. to lift, carry, and to E. baston, baton.] (Fort.) Defn: A work projecting outward from the main inclosure of a fortification, consisting of two faces and two flanks, and so constructed that it is able to defend by a flanking fire the adjacent curtain, or wall which extends from one bastion to another. Two adjacent bastions are connected by the curtain, which joins the flank of one with the adjacent flank of the other. The distance between the flanks of a bastion is called the gorge. A lunette is a detached bastion. See Ravelin. BASTIONED Bas"tioned, a. Defn: Furnished with a bastion; having bastions. BASTO Bas"to, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: The ace of clubs in qua Pope. BASTON Bas"ton, n. Etym: [OF. baston, F. b, LL. basto. See Bastion, and cf. Baton, and 3d Batten.] 1. A staff or cudgel. [Obs.] "To fight with blunt bastons." Holland. 2. (Her.) Defn: See Baton. 3. An officer bearing a painted staff, who formerly was in attendance upon the king's court to take into custody persons committed by the court. Mozley & W. BASUTOS Ba*su"tos, n. pl.; sing. Basuto. (Ethnol.) Defn: A warlike South African people of the Bantu stock, divided into many tribes, subject to the English. They formerly practiced cannibalism, but have now adopted many European customs. BASYLE Bas"yle, n. Etym: [Gr. base + wood. See -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A positive or nonacid constituent of compound, either elementary, or, if compound, performing the functions of an element. BASYLOUS Bas"y*lous, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or having the nature of, a basyle; electro- positive; basic; -- opposed to chlorous. Graham. BAT Bat, n. Etym: [OE. batte, botte, AS. batt; perhaps fr. the Celtic; cf. Ir. bat, bata, stick, staff; but cf. also F. batte a beater (thing), wooden sword, battre to beat.] 1. A large stick; a club; specifically, a piece of wood with one end thicker or broader than the other, used in playing baseball, cricket, etc. 2. (Mining) Defn: Shale or bituminous shale. Kirwan. 3. A sheet of cotton used for filling quilts or comfortables; batting. 4. A part of a brick with one whole end. Bat bolt (Machinery), a bolt barbed or jagged at its butt or tang to make it hold the more firmly. Knight. BAT Bat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Batted (p. pr. & vb. n. Batting.] Defn: To strike or hit with a bat or a pole; to cudgel; to beat. Holland. BAT Bat, v. i. Defn: To use a bat, as in a game of baseball. BAT Bat, n. Etym: [Corrupt. from OE. back, backe, balke; cf. Dan. aften- bakke] (aften evening), Sw. natt-backa] (natt night), Icel. le (le leather), Icel. blaka to flutter.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Cheiroptera, an order of flying mammals, in which the wings are formed by a membrane stretched between the elongated fingers, legs, and tail. The common bats are small and insectivorous. See Cheiroptera and Vampire. Bat tick (Zoöl.), a wingless, dipterous insect of the genus Nycteribia, parasitic on bats. BATABLE Bat"a*ble, a. Etym: [Abbrev. from debatable.] Defn: Disputable. [Obs.] Note: The border land between England and Scotland, being formerly a subject of contention, was called batable or debatable ground. BATAILLED Bat"ailled, a. Defn: Embattled. [Obs.] Chaucer. BATARDEAU Ba`tar*deau", n. Etym: [F.] 1. A cofferdam. Brande & C. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A wall built across the ditch of a fortification, with a sluice gate to regulate the height of water in the ditch on both sides of the wall. BATATAS; BATATA Ba*ta"tas, Ba*ta"ta, n. Defn: An aboriginal American name for the sweet potato (Ipomæa batatas). BATAVIAN Ba*ta"vi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to (a) the Batavi, an ancient Germanic tribe; or to (b) as, a Batavian legion. Batavian Republic, the name given to Holland by the French after its conquest in 1795. BATAVIAN Ba*ta"vi*an, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Batavia or Holland. [R.] Bancroft. BATCH Batch, n. Etym: [OE. bache, bacche, fr. AS. bacan to bake; cf. G. gebäck and D. baksel. See Bake, v. t.] 1. The quantity of bread baked at one time. 2. A quantity of anything produced at one operation; a group or collection of persons or things of the same kind; as, a batch of letters; the next batch of business. "A new batch of Lords." Lady M. W. Montagu. BATE Bate, n. Etym: [Prob. abbrev. from debate.] Defn: Strife; contention. [Obs.] Shak. BATE Bate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bating.] Etym: [From abate.] 1. To lessen by retrenching, deducting, or reducing; to abate; to beat down; to lower. He must either bate the laborer's wages, or not employ or not pay him. Locke. 2. To allow by way of abatement or deduction. To whom he bates nothing or what he stood upon with the parliament. South. 3. To leave out; to except. [Obs.] Bate me the king, and, be he flesh and blood. He lies that says it. Beau. & Fl. 4. To remove. [Obs.] About autumn bate the earth from about the roots of olives, and lay them bare. Holland. 5. To deprive of. [Obs.] When baseness is exalted, do not bate The place its honor for the person's sake. Herbert. BATE Bate, v. i. 1. To remit or retrench a part; -- with of. Abate thy speed, and I will bate of mine. Dryden. 2. To waste away. [Obs.] Shak. BATE Bate, v. t. Defn: To attack; to bait. [Obs.] Spenser. BATE Bate, imp. Defn: of Bite. [Obs.] Spenser. BATE Bate, v. i. Etym: [F. battre des ailes to flutter. Cf. Bait to flutter.] Defn: To flutter as a hawk; to bait. [Obs.] Bacon. BATE Bate, n. (Jewish Antiq.) Defn: See 2d Bath. BATE Bate, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. beta maceration, soaking, G. beize, and E. bite.] Defn: An alkaline solution consisting of the dung of certain animals; -- employed in the preparation of hides; grainer. Knight. BATE Bate, v. t. Defn: To steep in bate, as hides, in the manufacture of leather. BATEAU Ba*teau", n.; pl. Bateaux. Etym: [F. bateau, LL. batellus, fr. battus, batus, boa, which agrees with AS. bat boat: cf. W. bad boat. See Boat, n.] Defn: A boat; esp. a flat-bottomed, clumsy boat used on the Canadian lakes and rivers. [Written also, but less properly, batteau.] Bateau bridge, a floating bridge supported by bateaux. BATED Bat"ed, a. Defn: Reduced; lowered; restrained; as, to speak with bated breath. Macaulay. BATEFUL Bate"ful, a. Defn: Exciting contention; contentious. [Obs.] "It did bateful question frame. " Sidney. BATELESS Bate"less, a. Defn: Not to be abated. [Obs.] Shak. BATEMENT Bate"ment, n. Etym: [For Abatement. See 2d Bate.] Defn: Abatement; diminution. Moxon. Batement light (Arch.), a window or one division of a window having vertical sides, but with the sill not horizontal, as where it follows the rake of a staircase. BATFISH Bat"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A name given to several species of fishes: (a) The Malthe vespertilio of the Atlantic coast. (b) The flying gurnard of the Atlantic (Cephalacanthus spinarella). (c) The California batfish or sting ray (Myliobatis Californicus.) BATFOWLER Bat"fowl`er, n. Defn: One who practices or finds sport in batfowling. BATFOWLING Bat"fowl`ing, n. Etym: [From Bat a stick.] Defn: A mode of catching birds at night, by holding a torch or other light, and beating the bush or perch where they roost. The birds, flying to the light, are caught with nets or otherwise. BATFUL Bat"ful, a. Etym: [Icel. bati amelioration, batna to grow better; akin to AS. bet better. Goth. ga-batnan to profit. Batten, v. i., Better.] Defn: Rich; fertile. [Obs.] "Batful valleys." Drayton. BATH Bath, n.; pl. Baths. Etym: [AS. bæ; akin to OS. & Icel. ba, Sw., Dan., D., & G. bad, and perh. to G. bähen to foment.] 1. The act of exposing the body, or part of the body, for purposes of cleanliness, comfort, health, etc., to water, vapor, hot air, or the like; as, a cold or a hot bath; a medicated bath; a steam bath; a hip bath. 2. Water or other liquid for bathing. 3. A receptacle or place where persons may immerse or wash their bodies in water. 4. A building containing an apartment or a series of apartments arranged for bathing. Among the ancients, the public baths were of amazing extent and magnificence. Gwilt. 5. (Chem.) Defn: A medium, as heated sand, ashes, steam, hot air, through which heat is applied to a body. 6. (Photog.) Defn: A solution in which plates or prints are immersed; also, the receptacle holding the solution. Note: Bath is used adjectively or in combination, in an obvious sense of or for baths or bathing; as, bathroom, bath tub, bath keeper. Douche bath. See Douche. -- Order of the Bath, a high order of British knighthood, composed of three classes, viz., knights grand cross, knights commanders, and knights companions, abbreviated thus: G. C. B., K. C. B., K. B. -- Russian bath, a kind of vapor bath which consists in a prolonged exposure of the body to the influence of the steam of water, followed by washings and shampooings. -- Turkish bath, a kind of bath in which a profuse perspiration is produced by hot air, after which the body is washed and shampooed. -- Bath house, a house used for the purpose of bathing; -- also a small house, near a bathing place, where a bather undresses and dresses. BATH Bath, n. Etym: [Heb.] Defn: A Hebrew measure containing the tenth of a homer, or five gallons and three pints, as a measure for liquids; and two pecks and five quarts, as a dry measure. BATH Bath, n. Defn: A city in the west of England, resorted to for its hot springs, which has given its name to various objects. Bath brick, a preparation of calcareous earth, in the form of a brick, used for cleaning knives, polished metal, etc. -- Bath chair, a kind of chair on wheels, as used by invalids at Bath. "People walked out, or drove out, or were pushed out in their Bath chairs." Dickens. -- Bath metal, an alloy consisting of four and a half ounces of zinc and one pound of copper. -- Bath note, a folded writing paper, 8 1/2 by 14 inches. -- Bath stone, a species of limestone (oölite) found near Bath, used for building. BATHE Bathe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bathed (p. pr. & vb. n. Bathing.] Etym: [OE. ba, AS. ba, fr. bæ bath. See 1st Bath, and cf. Bay to bathe.] 1. To wash by immersion, as in a bath; to subject to a bath. Chancing to bathe himself in the River Cydnus. South. 2. To lave; to wet. "The lake which bathed the foot of the Alban mountain." T. Arnold. 3. To moisten or suffuse with a liquid. And let us bathe our hands in Cæsar's blood. Shak. 4. To apply water or some liquid medicament to; as, to bathe the eye with warm water or with sea water; to bathe one's forehead with camphor. 5. To surround, or envelop, as water surrounds a person immersed. "The rosy shadows bathe me. " Tennyson. "The bright sunshine bathing all the world." Longfellow. BATHE Bathe, v. i. 1. To bathe one's self; to take a bath or baths. "They bathe in summer." Waller. 2. To immerse or cover one's self, as in a bath. "To bathe in fiery floods." Shak. "Bathe in the dimples of her cheek." Lloyd. 3. To bask in the sun. [Obs.] Chaucer. BATHE Bathe, n. Defn: The immersion of the body in water; as to take one's usual bathe. Edin. Rev. BATHER Bath"er, n. Defn: One who bathes. BATHETIC Ba*thet"ic, a. Defn: Having the character of bathos. [R.] BATHING Bath"ing, n. Defn: Act of taking a bath or baths. Bathing machine, a small room on wheels, to be driven into the water, for the convenience of bathers, who undress and dress therein. BATHMISM Bath"mism, n. Defn: See Vital force. BATHOMETER Ba*thom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. depth + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring depths, esp. one for taking soundings without a sounding line. BATHORSE Bat"horse`, n. Etym: [F. b packsaddle (cheval de b packhorse) + E. horse. See Bastard.] Defn: A horse which carries an officer's baggage during a campaign. BATHOS Ba"thos, n. Etym: [Gr. depth, fr. deep.] (Rhet.) Defn: A ludicrous descent from the elevated to the low, in writing or speech; anticlimax. BATHYBIUS Ba*thyb"i*us, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. deep + life] (Zoöl.) Defn: A name given by Prof. Huxley to a gelatinous substance found in mud dredged from the Atlantic and preserved in alcohol. He supposed that it was free living protoplasm, covering a large part of the ocean bed. It is now known that the substance is of chemical, not of organic, origin. BATHYGRAPHIC Bath`y*graph"ic, a. [Gr. deep + graphic.] Defn: Descriptive of the ocean depth; as, a bathygraphic chart. BATHYMETRIC; BATHYMETRICAL Bath`y*met"ric, Bath`y*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to bathymetry; relating to the measurement of depths, especially of depths in the sea. BATHYMETRY Ba*thym"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. depth + -metry.] Defn: The art or science of sounding, or measuring depths in the sea. BATING Bat"ing, prep. Etym: [Strictly p. pr. of Bat to abate.] Defn: With the exception of; excepting. We have little reason to think that they bring many ideas with them, bating some faint ideas of hunger and thirst. Locke. BATISTE Ba*tiste", n. Etym: [F. batiste, from the name of the alleged first maker, Baptiste of Cambrai. Littré.] Defn: Originally, cambric or lawn of fine linen; now applied also to cloth of similar texture made of cotton. BATLET Bat"let, n. Etym: [Bat stick + -let.] Defn: A short bat for beating clothes in washing them; -- called also batler, batling staff, batting staff. Shak. BATMAN Bat"man, n. Etym: [Turk. batman.] Defn: A weight used in the East, varying according to the locality; in Turkey, the greater batman is about 157 pounds, the lesser only a fourth of this; at Aleppo and Smyrna, the batman is 17 pounds. Simmonds. BATMAN Bat"man, n.; pl. Batmen. Etym: [F. b packsaddle + E. man. Cf. Bathorse.] Defn: A man who has charge of a bathorse and his load. Macaulay. BATOIDEI Ba*toi"de*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. a kind of ray + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of fishes which includes the rays and skates. BATON Bat"on, n. Etym: [F. b. See Baston.] 1. A staff or truncheon, used for various purposes; as, the baton of a field marshal; the baton of a conductor in musical performances. He held the baton of command. Prescott. 2. (Her.) Defn: An ordinary with its ends cut off, borne sinister as a mark of bastardy, and containing one fourth in breadth of the bend sinister; -- called also bastard bar. See Bend sinister. BATOON Ba*toon", n. Defn: See Baton, and Baston. BAT PRINTING Bat" print`ing. (Ceramics) Defn: A mode of printing on glazed ware. BATRACHIA Ba*tra"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. belonging to a frog, fr. frog.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The order of amphibians which includes the frogs and toads; the Anura. Sometimes the word is used in a wider sense as equivalent to Amphibia. BATRACHIAN Ba*tra"chi*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Batrachia. -- n. Defn: One of the Batrachia. BATRACHOID Bat"ra*choid, a. Etym: [Batrachia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Froglike. Specifically: Of or pertaining to the Batrachidæ, a family of marine fishes, including the toadfish. Some have poisonous dorsal spines. BATRACHOMYOMACHY Bat`ra*cho*my*om"a*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. ; frog + mouse + battle.] Defn: The battle between the frogs and mice; -- a Greek parody on the Iliad, of uncertain authorship. BATRACHOPHAGOUS Bat`ra*choph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. frog + to eat.] Defn: Feeding on frogs. Quart. Rev. BATSMAN Bats"man, n.; pl. Batsmen (. Defn: The one who wields the bat in cricket, baseball, etc. BAT'S-WING; BATWING Bat's"-wing" or Bat"wing, a. Defn: Shaped like a bat's wing; as, a bat's-wing burner. BATTA Bat"ta, n. Etym: [Prob. through Pg. for Canarese bhatta rice in the husk.] Defn: Extra pay; esp. an extra allowance to an English officer serving in India. Whitworth. BATTA Bat"ta, n. Etym: [Hind. ba.] Defn: Rate of exchange; also, the discount on uncurrent coins. [India] BATTABLE Bat"ta*ble, a. Etym: [See Batful.] Defn: Capable of culti [Obs.] Burton. BATTAILANT Bat"tail*ant, a. Etym: [F. bataillant, p. pr. See Battle, v. i. ] [Obs.] Defn: Prepared for battle; combatant; warlike. Spenser. -- n. Defn: A combatant. Shelton. BATTAILOUS Bat"tail*ous, a. Etym: [OF. bataillos, fr. bataille. See Battle, n.] Defn: Arrayed for battle; fit or eager for battle; warlike. [Obs.] "In battailous aspect." Milton. BATTALIA Bat*tal"ia, n. Etym: [LL. battalia battle, a body of troops. See Battle, n.] 1. Order of battle; disposition or arrangement of troops (brigades, regiments, battalions, etc.), or of a naval force, for action. A drawing up the armies in battalia. Jer. Taylor. 2. An army in battle array; also, the main battalia or body. [Obs.] Shak. BATTALION Bat*tal"ion, n. Etym: [F. bataillon, fr. It. battaglione. See Battalia.] 1. A body of troops; esp. a body of troops or an army in battle array. "The whole battalion views." Milton. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A regiment, or two or more companies of a regiment, esp. when assembled for drill or battle. BATTALION Bat*tal"ion, v. t. Defn: To form into battalions. [R.] BATTEL Bat"tel, n. Etym: [Obs. form. of Battle.] (Old Eng. Law) Defn: A single combat; as, trial by battel. See Wager of battel, under Wager. BATTEL Bat"tel, n. Etym: [Of uncertain etymology.] Defn: Provisions ordered from the buttery; also, the charges for them; -- only in the pl., except when used adjectively. [Univ. of Oxford, Eng.] BATTEL Bat"tel, v. i. Defn: To be supplied with provisions from the buttery. [Univ. of Oxford, Eng.] BATTEL Bat"tel, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Batful, Batten, v. i.] Defn: To make fertile. [Obs.] "To battel barren land." Ray. BATTEL Bat"tel, a. Defn: Fertile; fruitful; productive. [Obs.] A battel soil for grain, for pasture good. Fairfax. BATTELER; BATTLER Bat"tel*er, Bat"tler, n. Etym: [See 2d Battel, n.] Defn: A student at Oxford who is supplied with provisions from the buttery; formerly, one who paid for nothing but what he called for, answering nearly to a sizar at Cambridge. Wright. BATTEN Bat"ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Battened (p. pr. & vb. n. Battening.] Etym: [See Batful.] 1. To make fat by plenteous feeding; to fatten. "Battening our flocks." Milton. 2. To fertilize or enrich, as land. BATTEN Bat"ten, v. i. Defn: To grow fat; to grow fat in ease and luxury; to glut one's self. Dryden. The pampered monarch lay battening in ease. Garth. Skeptics, with a taste for carrion, who batten on the hideous facts in history, -- persecutions, inquisitions. Emerson. BATTEN Bat"ten, n . Etym: [F. b stick, staff. See Baton.] Defn: A strip of sawed stuff, or a scantling; as, (a) pl. (Com. & Arch.) Sawed timbers about 7 by 2 1/2 inches and not less than 6 feet long. Brande & C. (b) (Naut.) A strip of wood used in fastening the edges of a tarpaulin to the deck, also around masts to prevent chafing. (c) A long, thin strip used to strengthen a part, to cover a crack, etc. Batten door (Arch.), a door made of boards of the whole length of the door, secured by battens nailed crosswise. BATTEN Bat"ten, v. t. Defn: To furnish or fasten with battens. To batten down, to fasten down with battens, as the tarpaulin over the hatches of a ship during a storm. BATTEN Bat"ten, n. Etym: [F. battant. See Batter, v. t.] Defn: The movable bar of a loom, which strikes home or closes the threads of a woof. BATTENING Bat"ten*ing, n. (Arch.) Defn: Furring done with small pieces nailed directly upon the wall. BATTER Bat"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Battered (; p. pr. & vb. n. Battering.] Etym: [OE. bateren, OF. batre, F. battre, fr. LL. battere, for L. batuere to strike, beat; of unknown origin. Cf. Abate, Bate to abate.] 1. To beat with successive blows; to beat repeatedly and with violence, so as to bruise, shatter, or demolish; as, to batter a wall or rampart. 2. To wear or impair as if by beating or by hard usage. "Each battered jade." Pope. 3. (Metallurgy) Defn: To flatten (metal) by hammering, so as to compress it inwardly and spread it outwardly. BATTER Bat"ter, n. Etym: [OE. batere, batire; cf. OF. bateure, bature, a beating. See Batter, v. t.] 1. A semi-liquid mixture of several ingredients, as, flour, eggs, milk, etc. , beaten together and used in cookery. King. 2. Paste of clay or loam. Holland. 3. (Printing) Defn: A bruise on the face of a plate or of type in the form. BATTER Bat"ter, n. Defn: A backward slope in the face of a wall or of a bank; receding slope. Batter rule, an instrument consisting of a rule or frame, and a plumb line, by which the batter or slope of a wall is regulated in building. BATTER Bat"ter, v. i. (Arch.) Defn: To slope gently backward. BATTER Bat"ter, n. Defn: One who wields a bat; a batsman. BATTERER Bat"ter*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, batters. BATTERING-RAM Bat"ter*ing-ram`, n. Defn: 1. (Mil.) An engine used in ancient times to beat down the walls of besieged places. Note: It was a large beam, with a head of iron, which was sometimes made to resemble the head of a ram. It was suspended by ropes t a beam supported by posts, and so balanced as to swing backward and forward, and was impelled by men against the wall. Grose. 2. A blacksmith's hammer, suspended, and worked horizontally. BATTERING TRAIN Bat"ter*ing train`. (Mil.) Defn: A train of artillery for siege operations. BATTERY Bat"ter*y, n.; pl. Batteries. Etym: [F. batterie, fr. battre. See Batter, v. t.] 1. The act of battering or beating. 2. (Law) Defn: The unlawful beating of another. It includes every willful, angry and violent, or negligent touching of another's person or clothes, or anything attached to his person or held by him. 3. (Mil.) (a) Any place where cannon or mortars are mounted, for attack or defense. (b) Two or more pieces of artillery in the field. (c) A company or division of artillery, including the gunners, guns, horses, and all equipments. In the United States, a battery of flying artillery consists usually of six guns. Barbette battery. See Barbette. -- Battery d'enfilade, or Enfilading battery, one that sweeps the whole length of a line of troops or part of a work. -- Battery en écharpe, one that plays obliquely. -- Battery gun, a gun capable of firing a number, of shots simultaneously or successively without stopping to load. -- Battery wagon, a wagon employed to transport the tools and materials for repair of the carriages, etc., of the battery. -- In battery, projecting, as a gun, into an embrasure or over a parapet in readiness for firing. -- Masked battery, a battery artificially concealed until required to open upon the enemy. -- Out of battery, or From battery, withdrawn, as a gun, to a position for loading. 4. (Elec.) (a) A number of coated jars (Leyden jars) so connected that they may be charged and discharged simultaneously. (b) An apparatus for generating voltaic electricity. Note: In the trough battery, copper and zinc plates, connected in pairs, divide the trough into cells, which are filled with an acid or oxidizing liquid; the effect is exhibited when wires connected with the two end-plates are brought together. In Daniell's battery, the metals are zinc and copper, the former in dilute sulphuric acid, or a solution of sulphate of zinc, the latter in a saturated solution of sulphate of copper. A modification of this is the common gravity battery, so called from the automatic action of the two fluids, which are separated by their specific gravities. In Grove's battery, platinum is the metal used with zinc; two fluids are used, one of them in a porous cell surrounded by the other. In Bunsen's or the carbon battery, the carbon of gas coke is substituted for the platinum of Grove's. In Leclanché's battery, the elements are zinc in a solution of ammonium chloride, and gas carbon surrounded with manganese dioxide in a porous cell. A secondary battery is a battery which usually has the two plates of the same kind, generally of lead, in dilute sulphuric acid, and which, when traversed by an electric current, becomes charged, and is then capable of giving a current of itself for a time, owing to chemical changes produced by the charging current. A storage battery is a kind of secondary battery used for accumulating and storing the energy of electrical charges or currents, usually by means of chemical work done by them; an accumulator. 5. A number of similar machines or devices in position; an apparatus consisting of a set of similar parts; as, a battery of boilers, of retorts, condensers, etc. 6. (Metallurgy) Defn: A series of stamps operated by one motive power, for crushing ores containing the precious metals. Knight. 7. The box in which the stamps for crushing ore play up and down. 8. (Baseball) Defn: The pitcher and catcher together. BATTING Bat"ting, n. 1. The act of one who bats; the management of a bat in playing games of ball. Mason. 2. Cotton in sheets, prepared for use in making quilts, etc.; as, cotton batting. BATTLE Bat"tle, a. Defn: Fertile. See Battel, a. [Obs.] BATTLE Bat"tle, n. Etym: [OE. bataille, bataile, F. bataille battle, OF., battle, battalion, fr. L. battalia, battualia, the fighting and fencing exercises of soldiers and gladiators, fr. batuere to strike, beat. Cf. Battalia, 1st Battel, and see Batter, v. t. ] 1. A general action, fight, or encounter, in which all the divisions of an army are or may be engaged; an engagement; a combat. 2. A struggle; a contest; as, the battle of life. The whole intellectual battle that had at its center the best poem of the best poet of that day. H. Morley. 3. A division of an army; a battalion. [Obs.] The king divided his army into three battles. Bacon. The cavalry, by way of distinction, was called the battle, and on it alone depended the fate of every action. Robertson. 4. The main body, as distinct from the van and rear; battalia. [Obs.] Hayward. Note: Battle is used adjectively or as the first part of a self- explaining compound; as, battle brand, a "brand" or sword used in battle; battle cry; battlefield; battle ground; battlearray; battle song. Battle piece, a painting, or a musical composition, representing a battle. -- Battle royal. (a) A fight between several gamecocks, where the one that stands longest is the victor. Grose. (b) A contest with fists or cudgels in which more than two are engaged; a mêlée. Thackeray. -- Drawn battle, one in which neither party gains the victory. -- To give battle, to attack an enemy. -- To join battle, to meet the attack; to engage in battle. -- Pitched battle, one in which the armies are previously drawn up in form, with a regular disposition of the forces. -- Wager of battle. See under Wager, n. Syn. -- Conflict; encounter; contest; action. Battle, Combat, Fight, Engagement. These words agree in denoting a close encounter between contending parties. Fight is a word of less dignity than the others. Except in poetry, it is more naturally applied to the encounter of a few individuals, and more commonly an accidental one; as, a street fight. A combat is a close encounter, whether between few or many, and is usually premeditated. A battle is commonly more general and prolonged. An engagement supposes large numbers on each side, engaged or intermingled in the conflict. BATTLE Bat"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Battled (p. pr. & vb. n. Battling.] Etym: [F. batailler, fr. bataille. See Battle, n.] Defn: To join in battle; to contend in fight; as, to battle over theories. To meet in arms, and battle in the plain. Prior. BATTLE Bat"tle, v. t. Defn: To assail in battle; to fight. BATTLE-AX; BATTLE-AXE Bat"tle-ax` Bat"tle-axe`, n. (Mil.) Defn: A kind of broadax formerly used as an offensive weapon. BATTLED Bat"tled, p. p. Defn: Embattled. [Poetic] Tennyson. BATTLEDOOR Bat"tle*door`, n. Etym: [OE. batyldour. A corrupted form of uncertain origin; cf. Sp. batallador a great combatant, he who has fought many battles, Pg. batalhador, Pr. batalhador, warrior, soldier, fr. L. battalia; or cf. Pr. batedor batlet, fr. batre to beat, fr. L. batuere. See Battle, n.] 1. An instrument, with a handle and a flat part covered with parchment or crossed with catgut, used to strike a shuttlecock in play; also, the play of battledoor and shuttlecock. 2. Etym: [OE. battleder.] Defn: A child's hornbook. [Obs.] Halliwell. BATTLEMENT Bat"tle*ment, n. Etym: [OE. batelment; cf. OF. bataillement combat, fr. batailler, also OF. bastillier, bateillier, to fortify. Cf. Battle, n., Bastile, Bastion.] (Arch.) (a) One of the solid upright parts of a parapet in ancient fortifications. (b) pl. The whole parapet, consisting of alternate solids and open spaces. At first purely a military feature, afterwards copied on a smaller scale with decorative features, as for churches. BATTLEMENTED Bat"tle*ment*ed, a. Defn: Having battlements. A battlemented portal. Sir W. Scott. BATTLE RANGE Bat"tle range`. (Mil.) Defn: The range within which the fire of small arms is very destructive. With the magazine rifle, this is six hundred yards. BATTLE SHIP Battle ship. (Nav.) Defn: An armor-plated man-of-war built of steel and heavily armed, generally having from ten thousand to fifteen thousand tons displacement, and intended to be fit to meet the heaviest ships in line of battle. BATTOLOGIST Bat*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who battologizes. BATTOLOGIZE Bat*tol"o*gize, v. t. Defn: To keep repeating needlessly; to iterate. Sir T. Herbert. BATTOLOGY Bat*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [F. battologie, fr. Gr. ; a stammerer + speech.] Defn: A needless repetition of words in speaking or writing. Milton. BATTON Bat"ton, n. Defn: See Batten, and Baton. BATTUE Bat"tue`, n. Etym: [F. battue, fr. battre to beat. See Batter, v. t., and cf. Battuta.] (Hunting) (a) The act of beating the woods, bushes, etc., for game. (b) The game itself. (c) The wanton slaughter of game. Howitt. BATTURE Bat`ture", n. Etym: [F., fr. battre to beat. ] Defn: An elevated river bed or sea bed. BATTUTA Bat*tu"ta, n. Etym: [It. battuta, fr. battere to beat.] (Mus.) Defn: The measuring of time by beating. BATTY Bat"ty, a. Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, a bat. "Batty wings." Shak. BATULE Bat"ule, n. Defn: A springboard in a circus or gymnasium; -- called also batule board. BATZ Batz, n.; pl. Batzen. Etym: [Ger. batz, batze, batzen, a coin bearing the image of a bear, Ger. bätz, betz, bear.] Defn: A small copper coin, with a mixture of silver, formerly current in some parts of Germany and Switzerland. It was worth about four cents. BAUBEE Bau*bee", n. Defn: Same as Bawbee. BAUBLE Bau"ble, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. baubel a child's plaything, F. babiole, It. babbola, LL. baubellum gem, jewel, L. babulus,a baburrus, foolish.] 1. A trifling piece of finery; a gewgaw; that which is gay and showy without real value; a cheap, showy plaything. The ineffective bauble of an Indian pagod. Sheridan. 2. The fool's club. [Obs.] "A fool's bauble was a short stick with a head ornamented with an ass's ears fantastically carved upon it." Nares. BAUBLING Bau"bling Defn: , a. See Bawbling. [Obs.] BAUDEKIN Bau"de*kin, n. Etym: [OE. bawdekin rich silk stuff, OF. baudequin. See Baldachin.] Defn: The richest kind of stuff used in garments in the Middle Ages, the web being gold, and the woof silk, with embroidery : -- made originally at Bagdad. [Spelt also baudkin, baudkyn, bawdekin, and baldakin.] Nares. BAUDRICK Bau"drick, n. Defn: A belt. See Baldric. BAUK; BAULK Bauk, Baulk, n. & v. Defn: See Balk. BAUME Bau`mé", a. Defn: Designating or conforming to either of the scales used by the French chemist Antoine Baumé in the graduation of his hydrometers; of or relating to Baumé's scales or hydrometers. There are two Baumé hydrometers. One, which is used with liquids heavier than water, sinks to 0º in pure water, and to 15º in a 15 per cent salt solution; the other, for liquids lighter than water, sinks to 0º in a 10 per cent salt solution and to 10º in pure water. In both cases the graduation, based on the distance between these fundamental points, is continued along the stem as far as desired. Since all the degrees on a Baumé scale are thus equal in length, while those on a specific- gravity scale grow smaller as the density increases, there is no simple relation between degrees Bé. and Sp. gr. However, readings on Baumés scale may be approximately reduced to specific gravities by the following formulæ (x in each case being the reading on Baumé's scale) : (a) for liquids heavier than water, sp. gr. = 144 ÷ (144 - x); (b) for liquids lighter than water, sp. gr. = 144 ÷ (134 + x). BAUNSCHEIDTISM Baun"scheidt*ism, n. Etym: [From the introducer, a German named Baunscheidt.] (Med.) Defn: A form of acupuncture, followed by the rubbing of the part with a stimulating fluid. BAUXITE; BEAUXITE Baux"ite, Beaux"ite,n. Etym: [F., fr. Baux or Beaux, near Arles.] (Min.) Defn: A ferruginous hydrate of alumina. It is largely used in the preparation of aluminium and alumina, and for the lining of furnaces which are exposed to intense heat. BAVARDAGE Ba`var`dage", n. [F.] Defn: Much talking; prattle; chatter. Byron. BAVARIAN Ba*va"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Bavaria. -- n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Bavaria. Bavarian cream. See under Cream. BAVAROY Bav"a*roy, n. Etym: [F. Bavarois Bavarian.] Defn: A kind of cloak or surtout. [Obs.] Johnson. Let the looped bavaroy the fop embrace. Gay. BAVIAN Ba"vi*an, n. Etym: [See Baboon.] Defn: A baboon. BAVIN Bav"in, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. & Ir. baban tuft, tassel.] 1. A fagot of brushwood, or other light combustible matter, for kindling fires; refuse of brushwood. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.] 2. Impure limestone. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. BAWBEE Baw*bee", n. Etym: [Perh. corrupt. fr. halfpenny.] Defn: A halfpenny. [Spelt also baubee.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] BAWBLE Baw"ble, n. Defn: A trinket. See Bauble. BAWBLING Baw"bling, a. Defn: Insignificant; contemptible. [Obs.] BAWCOCK Baw"cock, n. Etym: [From F. beau fine + E. cock (the bird); or more prob. fr. OF. baud bold, gay + E. cock. Cf. Bawd.] Defn: A fine fellow; -- a term of endearment. [Obs.] "How now, my bawcock " Shak. BAWD Bawd, n. Etym: [OE. baude, OF. balt, baut, baude, bold, merry, perh. fr. OHG. bald bold; or fr. Celtic, cf. W. baw dirt. Cf. Bold, Bawdry.] Defn: A person who keeps a house of prostitution, or procures women for a lewd purpose; a procurer or procuress; a lewd person; -- usually applied to a woman. BAWD Bawd, v. i. Defn: To procure women for lewd purposes. BAWDILY Bawd"i*ly, adv. Defn: Obscenely; lewdly. BAWDINESS Bawd"i*ness, n. Defn: Obscenity; lewdness. BAWDRICK Bawd"rick, n. Defn: A belt. See Baldric. BAWDRY Bawd"ry, n. Etym: [OE. baudery, OF. bauderie, balderie, boldness, joy. See Bawd.] 1. The practice of procuring women for the gratification of lust. 2. Illicit intercourse; fornication. Shak. 3. Obscenity; filthy, unchaste language. "The pert style of the pit bawdry." Steele. BAWDY Bawd"y, a. 1. Dirty; foul; -- said of clothes. [Obs.] It [a garment] is al bawdy and to-tore also. Chaucer. 2. Obscene; filthy; unchaste. "A bawdy story." Burke. BAWDYHOUSE Baw"dy*house`, n. Defn: A house of prostitution; a house of ill fame; a brothel. BAWHORSE Baw"horse`, n. Defn: Same as Bathorse. BAWL Bawl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bawled (p. pr. & vb. n. Bawling.] Etym: [Icel. baula to low, bellow, as a cow; akin to Sw. böla; cf. AS bellan, G. bellen to bark, E. bellow, bull.] 1. To cry out with a loud, full sound; to cry with vehemence, as in calling or exultation; to shout; to vociferate. 2. To cry loudly, as a child from pain or vexation. BAWL Bawl, v. t. Defn: To proclaim with a loud voice, or by outcry, as a hawker or town-crier does. Swift. BAWL Bawl, n. Defn: A loud, prolonged cry; an outcry. BAWLER Bawl"er, n. Defn: One who bawls. BAWN Bawn, n. Etym: [Ir. & Gael. babhun inclosure, bulwark.] 1. An inclosure with mud or stone walls, for keeping cattle; a fortified inclosure. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A large house. [Obs.] Swift. BAWREL Baw"rel, n. Etym: [Cf. It. barletta a tree falcon, or hobby.] Defn: A kind of hawk. [Obs.] Halliwell. BAWSIN; BAWSON Baw"sin, Baw"son, n. Etym: [OE. bawson, baucyne, badger (named from its color), OF. bauzan, baucant, bauchant, spotted with white, pied; cf. It. balzano, F. balzan, a white-footed horse, It. balza border, trimming, fr. L. balteus belt, border, edge. Cf. Belt.] 1. A badger. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. A large, unwieldy person. [Obs.] Nares. BAXTER Bax"ter, n. Etym: [OE. bakestre, bakistre, AS. bæcestre, prop. fem. of bæcere baker. See Baker.] Defn: A baker; originally, a female baker. [Old Eng. & Scotch] BAY Bay, a. Etym: [F. bai, fr. L. badius brown, chestnutcolored; -- used only of horses.] Defn: Reddish brown; of the color of a chestnut; -- applied to the color of horses. Bay cat (Zoöl.), a wild cat of Africa and the East Indies (Felis aurata). -- Bay lynx (Zoöl.), the common American lynx (Felis, or Lynx, rufa). BAY Bay, n. Etym: [F. baie, fr. LL. baia. Of uncertain origin: cf. Ir. & Gael. badh or bagh bay harbor, creek; Bisc. baia, baiya, harbor, and F. bayer to gape, open the mouth.] 1. (Geol.) Defn: An inlet of the sea, usually smaller than a gulf, but of the same general character. Note: The name is not used with much precision, and is often applied to large tracts of water, around which the land forms a curve; as, Hudson's Bay. The name is not restricted to tracts of water with a narrow entrance, but is used foe any recess or inlet between capes or headlands; as, the Bay of Biscay. 2. A small body of water set off from the main body; as a compartment containing water for a wheel; the portion of a canal just outside of the gates of a lock, etc. 3. A recess or indentation shaped like a bay. 4. A principal compartment of the walls, roof, or other part of a building, or of the whole building, as marked off by the buttresses, vaulting, mullions of a window, etc.; one of the main divisions of any structure, as the part of a bridge between two piers. 5. A compartment in a barn, for depositing hay, or grain in the stalks. 6. A kind of mahogany obtained from Campeachy Bay. Sick bay, in vessels of war, that part of a deck appropriated to the use of the sick. Totten. BAY Bay, n. Etym: [F. baie a berry, the fruit of the laurel and other trees, fr. L. baca, bacca, a small round fruit, a berry, akin to Lith. bapka laurel berry.] 1. A berry, particularly of the laurel. [Obs.] 2. The laurel tree (Laurus nobilis). Hence, in the plural, an honorary garland or crown bestowed as a prize for victory or excellence, anciently made or consisting of branches of the laurel. The patriot's honors and the poet's bays. Trumbull. 3. A tract covered with bay trees. [Local, U. S.] Bay leaf, the leaf of the bay tree (Laurus nobilis). It has a fragrant odor and an aromatic taste. BAY Bay, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bayed (p. pr. & vb. n. Baying.] Etym: [ OE. bayen, abayen, OF. abaier, F. aboyer, to bark; of uncertain origin.] Defn: To bark, as a dog with a deep voice does, at his game. The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bayed. Dryden. BAY Bay, v. t. Defn: To bark at; hence, to follow with barking; to bring or drive to bay; as, to bay the bear. Shak. BAY Bay, n. Etym: [See Bay, v. i.] 1. Deep-toned, prolonged barking. "The bay of curs." Cowper. 2. Etym: [OE. bay, abay, OF. abai, F. aboi barking, pl. abois, prop. the extremity to which the stag is reduced when surrounded by the dogs, barking (aboyant); aux abois at bay.] Defn: A state of being obliged to face an antagonist or a difficulty, when escape has become impossible. Embolden'd by despair, he stood at bay. Dryden. The most terrible evils are just kept at bay by incessant efforts. I. Taylor BAY Bay, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OE. bæwen to bathe, and G. bähen to foment.] Defn: To bathe. [Obs.] Spenser. BAY Bay, n. Defn: A bank or dam to keep back water. BAY Bay, v. t. Defn: To dam, as water; -- with up or back. BAYA Ba"ya, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The East Indian weaver bird (Ploceus Philippinus). BAYAD; BAYATTE Ba*yad", Ba*yatte", n. Etym: [Ar. bayad.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, edible, siluroid fish of the Nile, of two species (Bagrina bayad and B. docmac). BAYADERE Ba`ya*dere", n. Etym: [F., from Pg. bailadeira a female dancer, bailar to dance.] Defn: A female dancer in the East Indies. [Written also bajadere.] BAYAMO Ba*ya"mo, n. (Meteor.) Defn: A violent thunder squall occurring on the south coast of Cuba, esp. near Bayamo. The gusts, called bayamo winds, are modified foehn winds. BAY-ANTLER Bay"-ant`ler, n. Etym: [See Bez-Antler.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The second tine of a stag's horn. See under Antler. BAYARD Bay"ard, n. 1. Etym: [OF. bayard, baiart, bay horse; bai bay + -ard. See Bay, a., and -ard.] Defn: Properly, a bay horse, but often any horse. Commonly in the phrase blind bayard, an old blind horse. Blind bayard moves the mill. Philips. 2. Etym: [Cf. F. bayeur, fr. bayer to gape.] Defn: A stupid, clownish fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BAYARDLY Bay"ard*ly, a. Defn: Blind; stupid. [Obs.] "A formal and bayardly round of duties." Goodman. BAYBERRY Bay"ber*ry, n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of the bay tree or Laurus nobilis. (b) A tree of the West Indies related to the myrtle (Pimenta acris). (c) The fruit of Myrica cerifera (wax myrtle); the shrub itself; -- called also candleberry tree. Bayberry tallow, a fragrant green wax obtained from the bayberry or wax myrtle; -- called also myrtle wax. BAYBOLT Bay"bolt`, n. Defn: A bolt with a barbed shank. BAYED Bayed, a. Defn: Having a bay or bays. "The large bayed barn." Drayton. BAYEUX TAPESTRY Ba`yeux" tap"es*try. Defn: A piece of linen about 1 ft. 8 in. wide by 213 ft. long, covered with embroidery representing the incidents of William the Conqueror's expedition to England, preserved in the town museum of Bayeux in Normandy. It is probably of the 11th century, and is attributed by tradition to Matilda, the Conqueror's wife. BAY ICE Bay" ice`. Defn: See under Ice. BAY LEAF Bay" leaf`. Defn: See under 3d Bay. BAYMAN Bay"man, n. (Nav.) Defn: In the United States navy, a sick-bay nurse; -- now officially designated as hospital apprentice. BAYONET Bay"o*net, n. Etym: [F. bayonnette, baïonnette; -- so called, it is said, because the first bayonets were made at Bayonne.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A pointed instrument of the dagger kind fitted on the muzzle of a musket or rifle, so as to give the soldier increased means of offense and defense. Note: Originally, the bayonet was made with a handle, which required to be fitted into the bore of the musket after the soldier had fired. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A pin which plays in and out of holes made to receive it, and which thus serves to engage or disengage parts of the machinery. Bayonet clutch. See Clutch. -- Bayonet joint, a form of coupling similar to that by which a bayonet is fixed on the barrel of a musket. Knight. BAYONET Bay"o*net, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bayoneted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bayoneting.] 1. To stab with a bayonet. 2. To compel or drive by the bayonet. To bayonet us into submission. Burke. BAYOU Bay"ou, n.; pl. Bayous (.Etym: [North Am. Indian bayuk, in F. spelling bayouc, bayouque.] Defn: An inlet from the Gulf of Mexico, from a lake, or from a large river, sometimes sluggish, sometimes without perceptible movement except from tide and wind. [Southern U. S.] A dark slender thread of a bayou moves loiteringly northeastward into a swamp of huge cypresses. G. W. Cable. BAYOU STATE Bay"ou State`. Defn: Mississippi; -- a nickname, from its numerous bayous. BAY RUM Bay" rum". Defn: A fragrant liquid, used for cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Note: The original bay rum, from the West Indies, is prepared, it is believed, by distillation from the leaves of the bayberry (Myrcia acris). The bay rum of the Pharmacopoeia (spirit of myrcia) is prepared from oil of myrcia (bayberry), oil of orange peel, oil of pimento, alcohol, and water. BAYS; BAYZE Bays, Bayze, n. Defn: See Baize. [Obs.] BAY SALT Bay" salt`. Defn: Salt which has been obtained from sea water, by evaporation in shallow pits or basins, by the heat of the sun; the large crystalline salt of commerce. Bacon. Ure. BAY STATE Bay State. Defn: Massachusetts, which had been called the Colony of Massachusetts Bay; -- a nickname. BAY TREE Bay" tree`. Defn: A species of laurel. (Laurus nobilis). BAY WINDOW Bay" win"dow. (Arch.) Defn: A window forming a bay or recess in a room, and projecting outward from the wall, either in a rectangular, polygonal, or semicircular form; -- often corruptly called a bow window. BAY YARN Bay" yarn`. Defn: Woolen yarn. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. BAZAAR; BAZAR Ba*zaar" Ba*zar", n. Etym: [Per. bazar market.] 1. In the East, an exchange, marketplace, or assemblage of shops where goods are exposed for sale. 2. A spacious hall or suite of rooms for the sale of goods, as at a fair. 3. A fair for the sale of fancy wares, toys, etc., commonly for a charitable objects. Macaulay. BDELLIUM Bdel"lium, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. ; cf. Heb. b'dolakh bdellium (in sense 1).] 1. An unidentified substance mentioned in the Bible (Gen. ii. 12, and Num. xi. 7), variously taken to be a gum, a precious stone, or pearls, or perhaps a kind of amber found in Arabia. 2. A gum resin of reddish brown color, brought from India, Persia, and Africa. Note: Indian bdellium or false myrrh is an exudation from Balsamodendron Roxb. Other kinds are known as African, Sicilian, etc. BDELLOIDEA Bdel*loi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. leech + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The order of Annulata which includes the leeches. See Hirudinea. BDELLOMETER Bdel*lom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. leech + -meter.] (Med.) Defn: A cupping glass to which are attached a scarificator and an exhausting syringe. Dunglison. BDELLOMORPHA Bdel`lo*mor"pha,n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. leech + form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Nemertina, including the large leechlike worms (Malacobdella) often parasitic in clams. BE Be, v. i. [imp. Was; p. p. Been; p. pr. & vb. n. Being.] Etym: [OE. been, beon, AS. beón to be, beóm I am; akin to OHG. bim, pim, G. bin, I am, Gael. & Ir. bu was, W. bod to be, Lith. bu-ti, O. Slav. by-ti, to be, L. fu-i I have been, fu-turus about to be, fo-re to be about to be, and perh to fieri to become, Gr. to be born, to be, Skr. bh to be. This verb is defective, and the parts lacking are supplied by verbs from other roots, is, was, which have no radical connection with be. The various forms, am, are, is, was, were, etc., are considered grammatically as parts of the verb "to be", which, with its conjugational forms, is often called the substantive verb. Future, Physic.] 1. To exist actually, or in the world of fact; to have ex To be contents his natural desire. Pope. To be, or not to be: that is the question. Shak. 2. To exist in a certain manner or relation, -- whether as a reality or as a product of thought; to exist as the subject of a certain predicate, that is, as having a certain attribute, or as belonging to a certain sort, or as identical with what is specified, -- a word or words for the predicate being annexed; as, to be happy; to be here; to be large, or strong; to be an animal; to be a hero; to be a nonentity; three and two are five; annihilation is the cessation of existence; that is the man. 3. To take place; to happen; as, the meeting was on Thursday. 4. To signify; to represent or symbolize; to answer to. The field is the world. Matt. xiii. 38. The seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches. Rev. i. 20. Note: The verb to be (including the forms is, was, etc.) is used in forming the passive voice of other verbs; as, John has been struck by James. It is also used with the past participle of many intransitive verbs to express a state of the subject. But have is now more commonly used as the auxiliary, though expressing a different sense; as, "Ye have come too late -- but ye are come. " "The minstrel boy to the war is gone." The present and imperfect tenses form, with the infinitive, a particular future tense, which expresses necessity, duty, or purpose; as, government is to be supported; we are to pay our just debts; the deed is to be signed to-morrow. Note: Have or had been, followed by to, implies movement. "I have been to Paris." Sydney Smith. "Have you been to Franchard " R. L. Stevenson. Note: Been, or ben, was anciently the plural of the indicative present. "Ye ben light of the world." Wyclif, Matt. v. 14. Afterwards be was used, as in our Bible: "They that be with us are more than they that be with them." 2 Kings vi. 16. Ben was also the old infinitive: "To ben of such power." R. of Gloucester. Be is used as a form of the present subjunctive: "But if it be a question of words and names." Acts xviii. 15. But the indicative forms, is and are, with if, are more commonly used. Be it so, a phrase of supposition, equivalent to suppose it to be so; or of permission, signifying let it be so. Shak. -- If so be, in case. -- To be from, to have come from; as, from what place are you I am from Chicago. -- To let be, to omit, or leave untouched; to let alone. "Let be, therefore, my vengeance to dissuade." Spenser. Syn. -- To be, Exist. The verb to be, except in a few rare case, like that of Shakespeare's "To be, or not to be", is used simply as a copula, to connect a subject with its predicate; as, man is mortal; the soul is immortal. The verb to exist is never properly used as a mere copula, but points to things that stand forth, or have a substantive being; as, when the soul is freed from all corporeal alliance, then it truly exists. It is not, therefore, properly synonymous with to be when used as a copula, though occasionally made so by some writers for the sake of variety; as in the phrase "there exists [is] no reason for laying new taxes." We may, indeed, say, "a friendship has long existed between them," instead of saying, "there has long been a friendship between them;" but in this case, exist is not a mere copula. It is used in its appropriate sense to mark the friendship as having been long in existence. BE Be*. Etym: [AS. be, and in accented form bi, akin to OS. be and bi, OHG. bi, pi, and pi, MHG. be and bi, G. be and bei, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr. about (cf. AS. beseón to look about). By, Amb-.] Defn: A prefix, originally the same word as by; joined with verbs, it serves: (a) To intensify the meaning; as, bespatter, bestir. (b) To render an intransitive verb transitive; as, befall (to fall upon); bespeak (to speak for). (c) To make the action of a verb particular or definite; as, beget (to get as offspring); beset (to set around). Note: It is joined with certain substantives, and a few adjectives, to form verbs; as, bedew, befriend, benight, besot; belate (to make late); belittle (to make little). It also occurs in certain nouns, adverbs, and prepositions, often with something of the force of the preposition by, or about; as, belief (believe), behalf, bequest (bequeath); because, before, beneath, beside, between. In some words the original force of be is obscured or lost; as, in become, begin, behave, behoove, belong. BEACH Beach, n.; pl. Beaches (. Etym: [Cf. Sw. backe hill, Dan. bakke, Icel. bakki hill, bank. Cf. Bank.] 1. Pebbles, collectively; shingle. 2. The shore of the sea, or of a lake, which is washed by the waves; especially, a sandy or pebbly shore; the strand. Beach flea (Zoöl.), the common name of many species of amphipod Crustacea, of the family Orchestidæ, living on the sea beaches, and leaping like fleas. -- Beach grass (Bot.), a coarse grass (Ammophila arundinacea), growing on the sandy shores of lakes and seas, which, by its interlaced running rootstocks, binds the sand together, and resists the encroachment of the waves. -- Beach wagon, a light open wagon with two or more seats. -- Raised beach, an accumulation of water-worn stones, gravel, sand, and other shore deposits, above the present level of wave action, whether actually raised by elevation of the coast, as in Norway, or left by the receding waters, as in many lake and river regions. BEACH Beach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beached (p. pr. & vb. n. Beaching.] Defn: To run or drive (as a vessel or a boat) upon a beach; to strand; as, to beach a ship. BEACH COMBER Beach" comb`er. Defn: A long, curling wave rolling in from the ocean. See Comber. [Amer.] BEACHED Beached, p. p. & a. 1. Bordered by a beach. The beached verge of the salt flood. Shak. 2. Driven on a beach; stranded; drawn up on a beach; as, the ship is beached. BEACHY Beach"y, a. Defn: Having a beach or beaches; formed by a beach or beaches; shingly. The beachy girdle of the ocean. Shak. BEACON Bea"con, n. Etym: [OE. bekene, AS. beácen, b; akin to OS. b, Fries. baken, beken, sign, signal, D. baak, OHG. bouhhan, G. bake; of unknown origin. Cf. Beckon.] 1. A signal fire to notify of the approach of an enemy, or to give any notice, commonly of warning. No flaming beacons cast their blaze afar. Gay. 2. A signal or conspicuous mark erected on an eminence near the shore, or moored in shoal water, as a guide to mariners. 3. A high hill near the shore. [Prov. Eng.] 4. That which gives notice of danger. Modest doubt is called The beacon of the wise. Shak. Beacon fire, a signal fire. BEACON Bea"con, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaconed (p. pr. & vb. n. Beaconing.] 1. To give light to, as a beacon; to light up; to illumine. That beacons the darkness of heaven. Campbell. 2. To furnish with a beacon or beacons. BEACONAGE Bea"con*age, n. Defn: Money paid for the maintenance of a beacon; also, beacons, collectively. BEACONLESS Bea"con*less, a. Defn: Having no beacon. BEAD Bead, n. Etym: [OE. bede prayer, prayer bead, AS. bed, gebed, prayer; akin to D. bede, G. bitte, AS. biddan, to ask, bid, G. bitten to ask, and perh. to Gr. to persuade, L. fidere to trust. Beads are used by the Roman Catholics to count their prayers, one bead being dropped down a string every time a prayer is said. Cf. Sp. cuenta bead, fr. contar to count. See Bid, in to bid beads, and Bide.] 1. A prayer. [Obs.] 2. A little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, and worn for ornament; or used in a rosary for counting prayers, as by Roman Catholics and Mohammedans, whence the phrases to tell beads, to at one's beads, to bid beads, etc., meaning, to be at prayer. 3. Any small globular body; as, (a) A bubble in spirits. (b) A drop of sweat or other liquid. "Cold beads of midnight dew." Wordsworth. (c) A small knob of metal on a firearm, used for taking aim (whence the expression to draw a bead, for, to take aim). (d) (Arch.) A small molding of rounded surface, the section being usually an arc of a circle. It may be continuous, or broken into short embossments. (e) (Chem.) A glassy drop of molten flux, as borax or microcosmic salt, used as a solvent and color test for several mineral earths and oxides, as of iron, manganese, etc., before the blowpipe; as, the borax bead; the iron bead, etc. Bead and butt (Carp.), framing in which the panels are flush, having beads stuck or run upon the two edges. Knight. -- Beat mold, a species of fungus or mold, the stems of which consist of single cells loosely jointed together so as to resemble a string of beads. [Written also bead mould.] -- Bead tool, a cutting tool, having an edge curved so as to make beads or beading. -- Bead tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Melia, the best known species of which (M. azedarach), has blue flowers which are very fragrant, and berries which are poisonous. BEAD Bead, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beading.] Defn: To ornament with beads or beading. BEAD Bead, v. i. Defn: To form beadlike bubbles. BEADHOUSE; BEDEHOUSE Bead"house`, Bede"house`, n. Etym: [OE. bede prayer + E. house. See Bead, n.] Defn: An almshouse for poor people who pray daily for their benefactors. BEADING Bead"ing, n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: Molding in imitation of beads. 2. The beads or bead-forming quality of certain liquors; as, the beading of a brand of whisky. BEADLE Bea"dle, n. Etym: [OE. bedel, bidel, budel, OF. bedel, F. bedeau, fr. OHG. butil, putil, G. büttel, fr. OHG. biotan, G. bieten, to bid, confused with AS. bydel, the same word as OHG. butil. See. Bid, v.] 1. A messenger or crier of a court; a servitor; one who cites or bids persons to appear and answer; -- called also an apparitor or summoner. 2. An officer in a university, who precedes public processions of officers and students. [Eng.] Note: In this sense the archaic spellings bedel (Oxford) and bedell (Cambridge) are preserved. 3. An inferior parish officer in England having a variety of duties, as the preservation of order in church service, the chastisement of petty offenders, etc. BEADLERY Bea"dle*ry, n. Defn: Office or jurisdiction of a beadle. BEADLESHIP Bea"dle*ship, n. Defn: The state of being, or the personality of, a beadle. A. Wood. BEAD PROOF Bead" proof`. 1. Among distillers, a certain degree of strength in alcoholic liquor, as formerly ascertained by the floating or sinking of glass globules of different specific gravities thrown into it; now ascertained by more accurate meters. 2. A degree of strength in alcoholic liquor as shown by beads or small bubbles remaining on its surface, or at the side of the glass, when shaken. BEADROLL Bead"roll`, n. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A catalogue of persons, for the rest of whose souls a certain number of prayers are to be said or counted off on the beads of a chaplet; hence, a catalogue in general. On Fame's eternal beadroll worthy to be field. Spenser. It is quite startling, on going over the beadroll of English worthies, to find how few are directly represented in the male line. Quart. Rev. BEADSMAN; BEDESMAN Beads"man, Bedes"man, n.; pl. -men (. Defn: A poor man, supported in a beadhouse, and required to pray for the soul of its founder; an almsman. Whereby ye shall bind me to be your poor beadsman for ever unto Almighty God. Fuller. BEADSNAKE Bead"snake`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small poisonous snake of North America (Elaps fulvius), banded with yellow, red, and black. BEADSWOMAN; BEDESWOMAN Beads"wom`an, Bedes"wom`an, n.; pl. -women (. Defn: Fem. of Beadsman. BEADWORK Bead"work`, n. Defn: Ornamental work in beads. BEADY Bead"y, a. 1. Resembling beads; small, round, and glistening. "Beady eyes." Thackeray. 2. Covered or ornamented with, or as with, beads. 3. Characterized by beads; as, beady liquor. BEAGLE Bea"gle, n. Etym: [OE. begele; perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. beag small, little, W. bach. F. bigle is from English.] 1. A small hound, or hunting dog, twelve to fifteen inches high, used in hunting hares and other small game. See Illustration in Appendix. 2. Fig.: A spy or detective; a constable. BEAK Beak, n. Etym: [OE. bek, F. bec, fr. Celtic; cf. Gael. & Ir. bac, bacc, hook, W. bach.] Defn: 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The bill or nib of a bird, consisting of a horny sheath, covering the jaws. The form varied much according to the food and habits of the bird, and is largely used in the classification of birds. (b) A similar bill in other animals, as the turtles. (c) The long projecting sucking mouth of some insects, and other invertebrates, as in the Hemiptera. (d) The upper or projecting part of the shell, near the hinge of a bivalve. (e) The prolongation of certain univalve shells containing the canal. 2. Anything projecting or ending in a point, like a beak, as a promontory of land. Carew. 3. (Antiq.) Defn: A beam, shod or armed at the end with a metal head or point, and projecting from the prow of an ancient galley, in order to pierce the vessel of an enemy; a beakhead. 4. (Naut.) Defn: That part of a ship, before the forecastle, which is fastened to the stem, and supported by the main knee. 5. (Arch.) Defn: A continuous slight projection ending in an arris or narrow fillet; that part of a drip from which the water is thrown off. 6. (Bot.) Defn: Any process somewhat like the beak of a bird, terminating the fruit or other parts of a plant. 7. (Far.) Defn: A toe clip. See Clip, n. (Far.). 8. A magistrate or policeman. [Slang, Eng.] BEAKED Beaked, a. 1. Having a beak or a beaklike point; beak-shaped. "Each beaked promontory." Milton. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Furnished with a process or a mouth like a beak; rostrate. Beaked whale (Zoöl.), a cetacean of the genus Hyperoodon; the bottlehead whale. BEAKER Beak"er, n. Etym: [OE. biker; akin to Icel. bikarr, Sw. bägare, Dan. baeger, G. becher, It. bicchiere; -- all fr. LL. bicarium, prob. fr. Gr. wine jar, or perh. L. bacar wine vessel. Cf. Pitcher a jug.] 1. A large drinking cup, with a wide mouth, supported on a foot or standard. 2. An open-mouthed, thin glass vessel, having a projecting lip for pouring; -- used for holding solutions requiring heat. Knight. BEAKHEAD Beak"head`, n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: An ornament used in rich Norman doorways, resembling a head with a beak. Parker. 2. (Naut.) (a) A small platform at the fore part of the upper deck of a vessel, which contains the water closets of the crew. (b) (Antiq.) Same as Beak, 3. BEAKIRON Beak"i*ron, n. Etym: [From Bickern.] Defn: A bickern; a bench anvil with a long beak, adapted to reach the interior surface of sheet metal ware; the horn of an anvil. BEAL Beal (, n. Etym: [See Boil a tumor.] (Med.) Defn: A small inflammatory tumor; a pustule. [Prov. Eng.] BEAL Beal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bealed (; p. pr & vb. n. Bealing.] Defn: To gather matter; to swell and come to a head, as a pimple. [Prov. Eng.] BE-ALL Be"-all`, n. Defn: The whole; all that is to be. [Poetic] Shak. BEAM Beam, n. Etym: [AS. beám beam, post, tree, ray of light; akin to OFries. bam tree, OS. b, D. boom, OHG. boum, poum, G. baum, Icel. ba, Goth. bahms and Gr. a growth, to become, to be. Cf. L. radius staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, beam or ray, and G. strahl arrow, spoke of a wheel, ray or beam, flash of lightning. Be; cf. Boom a spar.] 1. Any large piece of timber or iron long in proportion to its thickness, and prepared for use. 2. One of the principal horizontal timbers of a building or ship. The beams of a vessel are strong pieces of timber stretching across from side to side to support the decks. Totten. 3. The width of a vessel; as, one vessel is said to have more beam than another. 4. The bar of a balance, from the ends of which the scales are suspended. The doubtful beam long nods from side to side. Pope. 5. The principal stem or horn of a stag or other deer, which bears the antlers, or branches. 6. The pole of a carriage. [Poetic] Dryden. 7. A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, on which weavers wind the warp before weaving; also, the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled, as it is woven; one being called the fore beam, the other the back beam. 8. The straight part or shank of an anchor. 9. The main part of a plow, to which the handles and colter are secured, and to the end of which are attached the oxen or horses that draw it. 10. (Steam Engine) Defn: A heavy iron lever having an oscillating motion on a central axis, one end of which is connected with the piston rod from which it receives motion, and the other with the crank of the wheel shaft; -- called also working beam or walking beam. 11. A ray or collection of parallel rays emitted from the sun or other luminous body; as, a beam of light, or of heat. How far that little candle throws his beams ! Shak. 12. Fig.: A ray; a gleam; as, a beam of comfort. Mercy with her genial beam. Keble. 13. One of the long feathers in the wing of a hawk; -- called also beam feather. Abaft the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon between a line that crosses the ship at right angles, or in the direction of her beams, and that point of the compass toward which her stern is directed. -- Beam center (Mach.), the fulcrum or pin on which the working beam of an engine vibrates. -- Beam compass, an instrument consisting of a rod or beam, having sliding sockets that carry steel or pencil points; -- used for drawing or describing large circles. -- Beam engine, a steam engine having a working beam to transmit power, in distinction from one which has its piston rod attached directly to the crank of the wheel shaft. -- Before the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon included between a line that crosses the ship at right angles and that point of the compass toward which the ship steers. -- On the beam , in a line with the beams, or at right angled with the keel. -- On the weather beam, on the side of a ship which faces the wind. -- To be on her beam ends, to incline, as a vessel, so much on one side that her beams approach a vertical position. BEAM Beam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beamed (p. pr. & vb. n. Beaming.] Defn: To send forth; to emit; -- followed ordinarily by forth; as, to beam forth light. BEAM Beam, v. i. Defn: To emit beams of light. He beamed, the daystar of the rising age. Trumbull. BEAMBIRD Beam"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European flycatcher (Muscicapa gricola), so called because it often nests on a beam in a building. BEAMED Beamed, a. Defn: Furnished with beams, as the head of a stag. Tost his beamed frontlet to the sky. Sir W. Scott. BEAMFUL Beam"ful, a. Defn: Beamy; radiant. BEAMILY Beam"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a beaming manner. BEAMINESS Beam"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being beamy. BEAMING Beam"ing, a. Defn: Emitting beams; radiant. BEAMINGLY Beam"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a beaming manner; radiantly. BEAMLESS Beam"less, a. 1. Not having a beam. 2. Not emitting light. BEAMLET Beam"let, n. Defn: A small beam of light. BEAM TREE Beam" tree`. Etym: [AS. beám a tree. See Beam.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree (Pyrus aria) related to the apple. BEAMY Beam"y, a. 1. Emitting beams of light; radiant; shining. "Beamy gold." Tickell. 2. Resembling a beam in size and weight; massy. His double-biting ax, and beamy spear. Dryden. 3. Having horns, or antlers. Beamy stags in toils engage. Dryden. BEAN Bean, n. Etym: [OE. bene, AS.beán; akin to D. boon, G. bohne, OHG. p, Icel. baun, Dan. bönne, Sw. böna, and perh. to Russ. bob, L. faba.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to the seed of certain leguminous herbs, chiefly of the genera Faba, Phaseolus, and Dolichos; also, to the herbs. Note: The origin and classification of many kinds are still doubtful. Among true beans are: the black-eyed bean and China bean, included in Dolichos Sinensis; black Egyptian bean or hyacinth bean, D. Lablab; the common haricot beans, kidney beans, string beans, and pole beans, all included in Phaseolus vulgaris; the lower bush bean, Ph. vulgaris, variety nanus; Lima bean, Ph. lunatus; Spanish bean and scarlet runner, Ph. maltiflorus; Windsor bean, the common bean of England, Faba vulgaris. As an article of food beans are classed with vegetables. 2. The popular name of other vegetable seeds or fruits, more or less resembling true beans. Bean aphis (Zoöl.), a plant louse (Aphis fabæ) which infests the bean plant. -- Bean fly (Zoöl.), a fly found on bean flowers. -- Bean goose (Zoöl.), a species of goose (Anser segetum). -- Bean weevil (Zoöl.), a small weevil that in the larval state destroys beans. The American species in Bruchus fabæ. -- Florida bean (Bot.), the seed of Mucuna urens, a West Indian plant. The seeds are washed up on the Florida shore, and are often polished and made into ornaments. -- Ignatius bean, or St. Ignatius's bean (Bot.), a species of Strychnos. -- Navy bean, the common dried white bean of commerce; probably so called because an important article of food in the navy. -- Pea bean, a very small and highly esteemed variety of the edible white bean; -- so called from its size. -- Sacred bean. See under Sacred. -- Screw bean. See under Screw. -- Sea bean. (a) Same as Florida bean. (b) A red bean of unknown species used for ornament. -- Tonquin bean, or Tonka bean, the fragrant seed of Dipteryx odorata, a leguminous tree. -- Vanilla bean. See under Vanilla. BEAN CAPER Bean" ca`per. (Bot.) Defn: A deciduous plant of warm climates, generally with fleshy leaves and flowers of a yellow or whitish yellow color, of the genus Zygophyllum. BEAN TREFOIL Bean" tre"foil. (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous shrub of southern Europe, with trifoliate leaves (Anagyris foetida). BEAR Bear, v. t. [imp. Bore (formerly Bare (); p. p. Born, Borne (p. pr. & vb. n. Bearing.] Etym: [OE. beren, AS. beran, beoran, to bear, carry, produce; akin to D. baren to bring forth, G. gebären, Goth. baíran to bear or carry, Icel. bera, Sw. bära, Dan. bære, OHG. beran, peran, L. ferre to bear, carry, produce, Gr. , OSlav brati to take, carry, OIr. berim I bear, Skr. bh to bear. sq. root92. Cf. Fertile.] 1. To support or sustain; to hold up. 2. To support and remove or carry; to convey. I 'll bear your logs the while. Shak. 3. To conduct; to bring; -- said of persons. [Obs.] Bear them to my house. Shak. 4. To possess and use, as power; to exercise. Every man should bear rule in his own house. Esther i. 22. 5. To sustain; to have on (written or inscribed, or as a mark), as, the tablet bears this inscription. 6. To possess or carry, as a mark of authority or distinction; to wear; as, to bear a sword, badge, or name. 7. To possess mentally; to carry or hold in the mind; to entertain; to harbor Dryden. The ancient grudge I bear him. Shak. 8. To endure; to tolerate; to undergo; to suffer. Should such a man, too fond to rule alone, Bear, like the Turk, no brother near the throne. Pope. I cannot bear The murmur of this lake to hear. Shelley. My punishment is greater than I can bear. Gen. iv. 13. 9. To gain or win. [Obs.] Some think to bear it by speaking a great word. Bacon. She was . . . found not guilty, through bearing of friends and bribing of the judge. Latimer. 10. To sustain, or be answerable for, as blame, expense, responsibility, etc. He shall bear their iniquities. Is. liii. 11. Somewhat that will bear your charges. Dryden. 11. To render or give; to bring forward. "Your testimony bear" Dryden. 12. To carry on, or maintain; to have. "The credit of bearing a part in the conversation." Locke. 13. To admit or be capable of; that is, to suffer or sustain without violence, injury, or change. In all criminal cases the most favorable interpretation should be put on words that they can possibly bear. Swift. 14. To manage, wield, or direct. "Thus must thou thy body bear." Shak. Hence: To behave; to conduct. Hath he borne himself penitently in prison Shak. 15. To afford; to be to ; to supply with. bear him company. Pope. 16. To bring forth or produce; to yield; as, to bear apples; to bear children; to bear interest. Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore. Dryden. Note: In the passive form of this verb, the best modern usage restricts the past participle born to the sense of brought forth, while borne is used in the other senses of the word. In the active form, borne alone is used as the past participle. To bear down. (a) To force into a lower place; to carry down; to depress or sink. "His nose, . . . large as were the others, bore them down into insignificance." Marryat. (b) To overthrow or crush by force; as, to bear down an enemy. -- To bear a hand. (a) To help; to give assistance. (b) (Naut.) To make haste; to be quick. -- To bear in hand, to keep (one) up in expectation, usually by promises never to be realized; to amuse by false pretenses; to delude. [Obs.] "How you were borne in hand, how crossed." Shak. -- To bear in mind, to remember. -- To bear off. (a) To restrain; to keep from approach. (b) (Naut.) To remove to a distance; to keep clear from rubbing against anything; as, to bear off a blow; to bear off a boat. (c) To gain; to carry off, as a prize. -- To bear one hard, to owe one a grudge. [Obs.] "Cæsar doth bear me hard." Shak. -- To bear out. (a) To maintain and support to the end; to defend to the last. "Company only can bear a man out in an ill thing." South. (b) To corroborate; to confirm. -- To bear up, to support; to keep from falling or sinking. "Religious hope bears up the mind under sufferings." Addison. Syn. -- To uphold; sustain; maintain; support; undergo; suffer; endure; tolerate; carry; convey; transport; waft. BEAR Bear, v. i. 1. To produce, as fruit; to be fruitful, in opposition to barrenness. This age to blossom, and the next to bear. Dryden. 2. To suffer, as in carrying a burden. But man is born to bear. Pope. 3. To endure with patience; to be patient. I can not, can not bear. Dryden. 4. To press; -- with on or upon, or against. These men bear hard on the suspected party. Addison. 5. To take effect; to have influence or force; as, to bring matters to bear. 6. To relate or refer; -- with on or upon; as, how does this bear on the question 7. To have a certain meaning, intent, or effect. Her sentence bore that she should stand a certain time upon the platform. Hawthorne. 8. To be situated, as to the point of compass, with respect to something else; as, the land bears N. by E. To bear against, to approach for attack or seizure; as, a lion bears against his prey. [Obs.] -- To bear away (Naut.), to change the course of a ship, and make her run before the wind. -- To bear back, to retreat. "Bearing back from the blows of their sable antagonist." Sir W. Scott. -- To bear down upon (Naut.), to approach from the windward side; as, the fleet bore down upon the enemy. -- To bear in with (Naut.), to run or tend toward; as, a ship bears in with the land. -- To bear off (Naut.), to steer away, as from land. -- To bear up. (a) To be supported; to have fortitude; to be firm; not to sink; as, to bear up under afflictions. (b) (Naut.) To put the helm up (or to windward) and so put the ship before the wind; to bear away. Hamersly. -- To bear upon (Mil.), to be pointed or situated so as to affect; to be pointed directly against, or so as to hit (the object); as, to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon a fort or a ship; the artillery bore upon the center. -- To bear up to, to tend or move toward; as, to bear up to one another. -- To bear with, to endure; to be indulgent to; to forbear to resent, oppose, or punish. BEAR Bear, n. Defn: A bier. [Obs.] Spenser. BEAR Bear, n. Etym: [OE. bere, AS. bera; akin to D. beer, OHG. bero, pero, G. bär, Icel. & Sw. björn, and possibly to L. fera wild beast, Gr. beast, Skr. bhalla bear.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of the genus Ursus, and of the closely allied genera. Bears are plantigrade Carnivora, but they live largely on fruit and insects. Note: The European brown bear (U. arctos), the white polar bear (U. maritimus), the grizzly bear (U. horribilis), the American black bear, and its variety the cinnamon bear (U. Americanus), the Syrian bear (Ursus Syriacus), and the sloth bear, are among the notable species. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal which has some resemblance to a bear in form or habits, but no real affinity; as, the woolly bear; ant bear; water bear; sea bear. 3. (Astron.) Defn: One of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called respectively the Great Bear and the Lesser Bear, or Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. 4. Metaphorically: A brutal, coarse, or morose person. 5. (Stock Exchange) Defn: A person who sells stocks or securities for future delivery in expectation of a fall in the market. Note: The bears and bulls of the Stock Exchange, whose interest it is, the one to depress, and the other to raise, stocks, are said to be so called in allusion to the bear's habit of pulling down, and the bull's of tossing up. 6. (Mach.) Defn: A portable punching machine. 7. (Naut.) Defn: A block covered with coarse matting; -- used to scour the deck. Australian bear. (Zoöl.) See Koala. -- Bear baiting, the sport of baiting bears with dogs. -- Bear caterpillar (Zoöl.), the hairy larva of a moth, esp. of the genus Euprepia. -- Bear garden. (a) A place where bears are kept for diversion or fighting. (b) Any place where riotous conduct is common or permitted. M. Arnold. -- Bear leader, one who leads about a performing bear for money; hence, a facetious term for one who takes charge of a young man on his travels. BEAR Bear, v. t. (Stock Exchange) Defn: To endeavor to depress the price of, or prices in; as, to bear a railroad stock; to bear the market. BEAR; BERE Bear, Bere, n. Etym: [AS. bere. See Barley.] (Bot.) Defn: Barley; the six-rowed barley or the four-rowed barley, commonly the former (Hord. vulgare). [Obs. except in North of Eng. and Scot.] BEARABLE Bear"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being borne or endured; tolerable. -- Bear"a*bly, adv. BEARBERRY Bear"ber*ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: A trailing plant of the heath family (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), having leaves which are tonic and astringent, and glossy red berries of which bears are said to be fond. BEARBIND Bear"bind`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). BEARD Beard, n. Etym: [OE. berd, AS. beard; akin to Fries. berd, D. baard, G. bart, Lith. barzda, OSlav. brada, Pol. broda, Russ. boroda, L. barba, W. barf. Cf. 1st Barb.] 1. The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts of the human face, chiefly of male adults. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The long hairs about the face in animals, as in the goat. (b) The cluster of small feathers at the base of the beak in some birds (c) The appendages to the jaw in some Cetacea, and to the mouth or jaws of some fishes. (d) The byssus of certain shellfish, as the muscle. (e) The gills of some bivalves, as the oyster. (f) In insects, the hairs of the labial palpi of moths and butterflies. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Long or stiff hairs on a plant; the awn; as, the beard of grain. 4. A barb or sharp point of an arrow or other instrument, projecting backward to prevent the head from being easily drawn out. 5. That part of the under side of a horse's lower jaw which is above the chin, and bears the curb of a bridle. 6. (Print.) Defn: That part of a type which is between the shoulder of the shank and the face. 7. An imposition; a trick. [Obs.] Chaucer. Beard grass (Bot.), a coarse, perennial grass of different species of the genus Andropogon. -- To one's beard, to one's face; in open defiance. BEARD Beard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bearded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bearding.] 1. To take by the beard; to seize, pluck, or pull the beard of (a man), in anger or contempt. 2. To oppose to the gills; to set at defiance. No admiral, bearded by three corrupt and dissolute minions of the palace, dared to do more than mutter something about a court martial. Macaulay. 3. To deprive of the gills; -- used only of oysters and similar shellfish. BEARDED Beard"ed, a. Defn: Having a beard. "Bearded fellow." Shak. "Bearded grain." Dryden. Bearded vulture, Bearded eagle. (Zoöl.) See Lammergeir. -- Bearded tortoise. (Zoöl.) See Matamata. BEARDIE Beard"ie, n. Etym: [From Beard, n.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The bearded loach (Nemachilus barbatus) of Europe. [Scot.] BEARDLESS Beard"less, a. 1. Without a beard. Hence: Not having arrived at puberty or manhood; youthful. 2. Destitute of an awn; as, beardless wheat. BEARDLESSNESS Beard"less*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being destitute of beard. BEARER Bear"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, bears, sustains, or carries. "Bearers of burdens." 2 Chron. ii. 18. "The bearer of unhappy news." Dryden. 2. Specifically: One who assists in carrying a body to the grave; a pallbearer. Milton. 3. A palanquin carrier; also, a house servant. [India] 4. A tree or plant yielding fruit; as, a good bearer. 5. (Com.) Defn: One who holds a check, note, draft, or other order for the payment of money; as, pay to bearer. 6. (Print.) Defn: A strip of reglet or other furniture to bear off the impression from a blank page; also, a type or type-high piece of metal interspersed in blank parts to support the plate when it is shaved. BEARHERD Bear"herd`, n. Defn: A man who tends a bear. BEARHOUND Bear"hound`, n. Defn: A hound for baiting or hunting bears. Car BEARING Bear"ing, n. 1. The manner in which one bears or conducts one's self; mien; behavior; carriage. I know him by his bearing. Shak. 2. Patient endurance; suffering without complaint. 3. The situation of one object, with respect to another, such situation being supposed to have a connection with the object, or influence upon it, or to be influenced by it; hence, relation; connection. But of this frame, the bearings and the ties, The strong connections, nice dependencies. Pope. 4. Purport; meaning; intended significance; aspect. 5. The act, power, or time of producing or giving birth; as, a tree in full bearing; a tree past bearing. [His mother] in travail of his bearing. R. of Gloucester. 6. (Arch.) (a) That part of any member of a building which rests upon its supports; as, a lintel or beam may have four inches of bearing upon the wall. (b) The portion of a support on which anything rests. (c) Improperly, the unsupported span; as, the beam has twenty feet of bearing between its supports. 7. (Mach.) (a) The part of an axle or shaft in contact with its support, collar, or boxing; the journal. (b) The part of the support on which a journal rests and rotates. 8. (Her.) Defn: Any single emblem or charge in an escutcheon or coat of arms -- commonly in the pl. A carriage covered with armorial bearings. Thackeray. 9. (Naut.) (a) The situation of a distant object, with regard to a ship's position, as on the bow, on the lee quarter, etc.; the direction or point of the compass in which an object is seen; as, the bearing of the cape was W. N. W. (b) pl. Defn: The widest part of a vessel below the plank-sheer. (c) pl. Defn: The line of flotation of a vessel when properly trimmed with cargo or ballast. Ball bearings. See under Ball. -- To bring one to his bearings, to bring one to his senses. -- To lose one's bearings, to become bewildered. -- To take bearings, to ascertain by the compass the position of an object; to ascertain the relation of one object or place to another; to ascertain one's position by reference to landmarks or to the compass; hence (Fig.), to ascertain the condition of things when one is in trouble or perplexity. Syn. -- Deportment; gesture; mien; behavior; manner; carriage; demeanor; port; conduct; direction; relation; tendency; influence. BEARING CLOTH Bear"ing cloth`. Defn: A cloth with which a child is covered when carried to be baptized. Shak. BEARING REIN Bear"ing rein`. Defn: A short rein looped over the check hook or the hames to keep the horse's head up; -- called in the United States a checkrein. BEARING RING Bear"ing ring`. Defn: In a balloon, the braced wooden ring attached to the suspension ropes at the bottom, functionally analogous to the keel of a ship. BEARISH Bear"ish, a. Defn: Partaking of the qualities of a bear; resembling a bear in temper or manners. Harris. BEARISHNESS Bear"ish*ness, n. Defn: Behavior like that of a bear. BEARN Bearn, n. Defn: See Bairn. [Obs.] BEAR'S-BREECH Bear's"-breech`, n. (Bot.) (a) See Acanthus, n., 1. (b) The English cow parsnip (Heracleum sphondylium) Dr. Prior. BEAR'S-EAR Bear's-ear`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of primrose (Primula auricula), so called from the shape of the leaf. BEAR'S-FOOT Bear's"-foot`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of hellebore (Helleborus foetidus), with digitate leaves. It has an offensive smell and acrid taste, and is a powerful emetic, cathartic, and anthelmintic. BEARSKIN Bear"skin`, n. 1. The skin of a bear. 2. A coarse, shaggy, woolen cloth for overcoats. 3. A cap made of bearskin, esp. one worn by soldiers. BEAR'S-PAW Bear's"-paw`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large bivalve shell of the East Indies (Hippopus maculatus), often used as an ornament. BEAR STATE Bear State. Defn: Arkansas; -- a nickname, from the many bears once inhabiting its forests. BEAR-TRAP DAM Bear"-trap` dam. (Engin.) Defn: A kind of movable dam, in one form consisting of two leaves resting against each other at the top when raised and folding down one over the other when lowered, for deepening shallow parts in a river. BEARWARD Bear"ward`, n. Etym: [Bear + ward a keeper.] Defn: A keeper of bears. See Bearherd. [R.] Shak. BEAST Beast, n. Etym: [OE. best, beste, OF. beste, F. bête, fr. L. bestia.] 1. Any living creature; an animal; -- including man, insects, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Any four-footed animal, that may be used for labor, food, or sport; as, a beast of burden. A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast. Prov. xii. 10. 3. As opposed to man: Any irrational animal. 4. Fig.: A coarse, brutal, filthy, or degraded fellow. 5. A game at cards similar to loo. [Obs.] Wright. 6. A penalty at beast, omber, etc. Hence: To be beasted, to be beaten at beast, omber, etc. Beast royal, the lion. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. -- Beast, Brute. When we use these words in a figurative sense, as applicable to human beings, we think of beasts as mere animals governed by animal appetite; and of brutes as being destitute of reason or moral feeling, and governed by unrestrained passion. Hence we speak of beastly appetites; beastly indulgences, etc.; and of brutal manners; brutal inhumanity; brutal ferocity. So, also, we say of a drunkard, that he first made himself a beast, and then treated his family like a brute. BEASTHOOD Beast"hood, n. Defn: State or nature of a beast. BEASTINGS Beast"ings, n. pl. Defn: See Biestings. BEASTLIHEAD Beast"li*head, n. Etym: [Beastly + -head state.] Defn: Beastliness. [Obs.] Spenser. BEASTLIKE Beast"like", a. Defn: Like a beast. BEASTLINESS Beast"li*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being beastly. BEASTLY Beast"ly, a. 1. Pertaining to, or having the form, nature, or habits of, a beast. Beastly divinities and droves of gods. Prior. 2. Characterizing the nature of a beast; contrary to the nature and dignity of man; brutal; filthy. The beastly vice of drinking to excess. Swift. 3. Abominable; as, beastly weather. [Colloq. Eng.] Syn. -- Bestial; brutish; irrational; sensual; degrading. BEAT Beat, v. t. [imp. Beat; p. p. Beat, Beaten (; p. pr. & vb. n. Beating.] Etym: [OE. beaten, beten, AS. beátan; akin to Icel. bauta, OHG. b. Cf. 1st Butt, Button.] 1. To strike repeatedly; to lay repeated blows upon; as, to beat one's breast; to beat iron so as to shape it; to beat grain, in order to force out the seeds; to beat eggs and sugar; to beat a drum. Thou shalt beat some of it [spices] very small. Ex. xxx. 36. They did beat the gold into thin plates. Ex. xxxix. 3. 2. To punish by blows; to thrash. 3. To scour or range over in hunting, accompanied with the noise made by striking bushes, etc., for the purpose of rousing game. To beat the woods, and rouse the bounding prey. Prior. 4. To dash against, or strike, as with water or wind. A frozen continent . . . beat with perpetual storms. Milton. 5. To tread, as a path. Pass awful gulfs, and beat my painful way. Blackmore. 6. To overcome in a battle, contest, strife, race, game, etc.; to vanquish or conquer; to surpass. He beat them in a bloody battle. Prescott. For loveliness, it would be hard to beat that. M. Arnold. 7. To cheat; to chouse; to swindle; to defraud; -- often with out. [Colloq.] 8. To exercise severely; to perplex; to trouble. Why should any one . . . beat his head about the Latin grammar who does not intend to be a critic Locke. 9. (Mil.) Defn: To give the signal for, by beat of drum; to sound by beat of drum; as, to beat an alarm, a charge, a parley, a retreat; to beat the general, the reveille, the tattoo. See Alarm, Charge, Parley, etc. To beat down, to haggle with (any one) to secure a lower price; to force down. [Colloq.] -- To beat into, to teach or instill, by repetition. -- To beat off, to repel or drive back. -- To beat out, to extend by hammering. -- To beat out of a thing, to cause to relinquish it, or give it up. "Nor can anything beat their posterity out of it to this day." South. -- To beat the dust. (Man.) (a) To take in too little ground with the fore legs, as a horse. (b) To perform curvets too precipitately or too low. -- To beat the hoof, to walk; to go on foot. -- To beat the wing, to flutter; to move with fluttering agitation. -- To beat time, to measure or regulate time in music by the motion of the hand or foot. -- To beat up, to attack suddenly; to alarm or disturb; as, to beat up an enemy's quarters. Syn. -- To strike; pound; bang; buffet; maul; drub; thump; baste; thwack; thrash; pommel; cudgel; belabor; conquer; defeat; vanquish; overcome. BEAT Beat, v. i. 1. To strike repeatedly; to inflict repeated blaows; to knock vigorously or loudly. The men of the city . . . beat at the door. Judges. xix. 22. 2. To move with pulsation or throbbing. A thousand hearts beat happily. Byron. 3. To come or act with violence; to dash or fall with force; to strike anything, as, rain, wind, and waves do. Sees rolling tempests vainly beat below. Dryden. They [winds] beat at the crazy casement. Longfellow. The sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and wisbed in himself to die. Jonah iv. 8. Public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon ministers. Bacon. 4. To be in agitation or doubt. [Poetic] To still my beating mind. Shak . 5. (Naut.) Defn: To make progress against the wind, by sailing in a zigzag line or traverse. 6. To make a sound when struck; as, the drums beat. 7. (Mil.) Defn: To make a succession of strokes on a drum; as, the drummers beat to call soldiers to their quarters. 8. (Acoustics & Mus.) Defn: To sound with more or less rapid alternations of greater and less intensity, so as to produce a pulsating effect; -- said of instruments, tones, or vibrations, not perfectly in unison. A beating wind (Naut.), a wind which necessitates tacking in order to make progress. -- To beat about, to try to find; to search by various means or ways. Addison. -- To beat about the bush, to approach a subject circuitously. -- To beat up and down (Hunting), to run first one way and then another; -- said of a stag. -- To beat up for recruits, to go diligently about in order to get helpers or participators in an enterprise. BEAT Beat, n. 1. A stroke; a blow. He, with a careless beat, Struck out the mute creation at a heat. Dryden. 2. A recurring stroke; a throb; a pulsation; as, a beat of the heart; the beat of the pulse. 3. (Mus.) (a) The rise or fall of the hand or foot, marking the divisions of time; a division of the measure so marked. In the rhythm of music the beat is the unit. (b) A transient grace note, struck immediately before the one it is intended to ornament. 4. (Acoustics & Mus.) Defn: A sudden swelling or reënforcement of a sound, recurring at regular intervals, and produced by the interference of sound waves of slightly different periods of vibrations; applied also, by analogy, to other kinds of wave motions; the pulsation or throbbing produced by the vibrating together of two tones not quite in unison. See Beat, v. i., 8. 5. A round or course which is frequently gone over; as, a watchman's beat. 6. A place of habitual or frequent resort. 7. A cheat or swindler of the lowest grade; -- often emphasized by dead; as, a dead beat. [Low] Beat of drum (Mil.), a succession of strokes varied, in different ways, for particular purposes, as to regulate a march, to call soldiers to their arms or quarters, to direct an attack, or retreat, etc. -- Beat of a watch, or clock, the stroke or sound made by the action of the escapement. A clock is in beat or out of beat, according as the strokes is at equal or unequal intervals. BEAT Beat, a. Defn: Weary; tired; fatigued; exhausted. [Colloq.] Quite beat, and very much vexed and disappointed. Dickens. BEATEN Beat"en, a. 1. Made smooth by beating or treading; worn by use. "A broad and beaten way." Milton. "Beaten gold." Shak. 2. Vanquished; conquered; baffled. 3. Exhausted; tired out. 4. Become common or trite; as, a beaten phrase. [Obs.] 5. Tried; practiced. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. BEATER Beat"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, beats. 2. A person who beats up game for the hunters. Black. BEATH Beath, v. t. Etym: [AS. be to foment.] Defn: To bathe; also, to dry or heat, as unseasoned wood. [Obs.] Spenser. BEATIFIC; BEATIFICAL Be`a*tif"ic, Be`a*tif"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. béatifique, L. beatificus. See Beatify.] Defn: Having the power to impart or complete blissful enjoyment; blissful. "The beatific vision." South. -- Be`a*tif"ic*al*ly, adv. BEATIFICATE Be`a*tif"i*cate, v. t. Defn: To beatify. [Obs.] Fuller. BEATIFICATION Be*at`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. béatification.] Defn: The act of beatifying, or the state of being beatified; esp., in the R. C. Church, the act or process of ascertaining and declaring that a deceased person is one of "the blessed," or has attained the second degree of sanctity, -- usually a stage in the process of canonization. "The beatification of his spirit." Jer. Taylor. BEATIFY Be*at"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beatified (p. pr. & vb. n. Beatifying.] Etym: [L. beatificare; beatus happy (fr. beare to bless, akin to bonus good) + facere to make: cf. F. béatifier. See Bounty.] 1. To pronounce or regard as happy, or supremely blessed, or as conferring happiness. The common conceits and phrases that beatify wealth. Barrow. 2. To make happy; to bless with the completion of celestial enjoyment. "Beatified spirits." Dryden. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: To ascertain and declare, by a public process and decree, that a deceased person is one of "the blessed" and is to be reverenced as such, though not canonized. BEATING Beat"ing, n. 1. The act of striking or giving blows; punishment or chastisement by blows. 2. Pulsation; throbbing; as, the beating of the heart. 3. (Acoustics & Mus.) Defn: Pulsative sounds. See Beat, n. 4. (Naut.) Defn: The process of sailing against the wind by tacks in zigzag direction. BEATITUDE Be*at"i*tude, n. Etym: [L. beatitudo: cf. F. béatitude. See Beatify.] 1. Felicity of the highest kind; consummate bliss. 2. Any one of the nine declarations (called the Beatitudes), made in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. v. 3-12), with regard to the blessedness of those who are distinguished by certain specified virtues. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Beatification. Milman. Syn. -- Blessedness; felicity; happiness. BEAU Beau, n.; pl. F. Beaux (E. pron. b), E. Beaus. Etym: [F., a fop, fr. beau fine, beautiful, fr. L. bellus pretty, fine, for bonulus, dim. of bonus good. See Bounty, and cf. Belle, Beauty.] 1. A man who takes great care to dress in the latest fashion; a dandy. 2. A man who escorts, or pays attentions to, a lady; an escort; a lover. BEAUCATCHER Beau"catch`er, n. Defn: A small flat curl worn on the temple by women. [Humorous] BEAUFET Beau"fet, n. Etym: [See Buffet.] Defn: A niche, cupboard, or sideboard for plate, china, glass, etc.; a buffet. A beaufet . . . filled with gold and silver vessels. Prescott. BEAUFIN Beau"fin, n. Defn: See Biffin. Wright. BEAUFORT'S SCALE Beau"fort's scale`. (Meteor.) Defn: A scale of wind force devised by Sir F. Beaufort, R. N., in 1805, in which the force is indicated by numbers from 0 to 12. The full scale is as follows: -- 0, calm; 1, light air; 2, light breeze; 3, gentle breeze; 4, moderate breeze; 5, fresh breeze; 6, strong breeze; 7, moderate gale; 8, fresh gale; 9, strong gale; 10, whole gale; 11, storm; 12, hurricane. BEAU IDEAL Beau" i*de"al. Etym: [F. beau beautiful + idéal ideal.] Defn: A conception or image of consummate beauty, moral or physical, formed in the mind, free from all the deformities, defects, and blemishes seen in actual existence; an ideal or faultless standard or model. BEAUISH Beau"ish, n. Defn: Like a beau; characteristic of a beau; foppish; fine. "A beauish young spark." Byrom. BEAU MONDE Beau` monde". Etym: [F. beau fine + monde world.] Defn: The fashionable world; people of fashion and gayety. Prior. BEAUMONTAGUE Beau`mon"ta*gue, n. Defn: A cement used in making joints, filling cracks, etc. For iron, the principal constituents are iron borings and sal ammoniac; for wood, white lead or litharge, whiting, and linseed oil. BEAUPERE Beau"pere`, n. Etym: [F. beau pére; beau fair + pére father.] 1. A father. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. A companion. [Obs.] Spenser. BEAUSEANT Beau`se`ant", n. Etym: [F. beaucéant.] Defn: The black and white standard of the Knights Templars. BEAUSHIP Beau"ship, n. Defn: The state of being a beau; the personality of a beau. [Jocular] Dryden. BEAUTEOUS Beau"te*ous, a. Defn: Full of beauty; beautiful; very handsome. [Mostly poetic] -- Beau"te*ous*ly, adv. -- Defn: Beau"te*ous*ness, n. BEAUTIED Beau"tied, p. a. Defn: Beautiful; embellished. [Poetic] Shak. BEAUTIFIER Beau"ti*fi`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, beautifies or makes beautiful. BEAUTIFUL Beau"ti*ful, a. Defn: Having the qualities which constitute beauty; pleasing to the sight or the mind. A circle is more beautiful than a square; a square is more beautiful than a parallelogram. Lord Kames. Syn. -- Handsome; elegant; lovely; fair; charming; graceful; pretty; delightful. See Fine. -- Beau"ti*ful*ly, adv. -- Beau"ti*ful*ness, n. BEAUTIFY Beau"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beautified (p. pr. & vb. n. Beautifying.] Etym: [Beauty + -fy.] Defn: To make or render beautiful; to add beauty to; to adorn; to deck; to grace; to embellish. The arts that beautify and polish life. Burke. Syn. -- To adorn; grace; ornament; deck; decorate. BEAUTIFY Beau"ti*fy, v. i. Defn: To become beautiful; to advance in beauty. Addison. BEAUTILESS Beau"ti*less, a. Defn: Destitute of beauty. Hammond. BEAUTY Beau"ty, n.; pl. Beauties. Etym: [OE. beaute, beute, OF. beauté, biauté, Pr. beltat, F. beauté, fr. an assumed LL. bellitas, from L. bellus pretty. See Beau.] 1. An assemblage or graces or properties pleasing to the eye, the ear, the intellect, the æsthetic faculty, or the moral sense. Beauty consists of a certain composition of color and figure, causing delight in the beholder. Locke. The production of beauty by a multiplicity of symmetrical parts uniting in a consistent whole. Wordsworth. The old definition of beauty, in the Roman school, was, "multitude in unity;" and there is no doubt that such is the principle of beauty. Coleridge. 2. A particular grace, feature, ornament, or excellence; anything beautiful; as, the beauties of nature. 3. A beautiful person, esp. a beautiful woman. All the admired beauties of Verona. Shak. 4. Prevailing style or taste; rage; fashion. [Obs.] She stained her hair yellow, which was then the beauty. Jer. Taylor. Beauty spot, a patch or spot placed on the face with intent to heighten beauty by contrast. BEAUX Beaux, n., Defn: pl. of Beau. BEAUXITE Beaux"ite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Bauxite. BEAVER Bea"ver, n. Etym: [OE. bever, AS. beofer, befer; akin to D. bever, OHG. bibar, G. biber, Sw. bäfver, Dan. bæver, Lith. bebru, Russ. bobr', Gael. beabhar, Corn. befer, L. fiber, and Skr. babhrus large ichneumon; also as an adj., brown, the animal being probably named from its color. Brown.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: An amphibious rodent, of the genus Castor. Note: It has palmated hind feet, and a broad, flat tail. It is remarkable for its ingenuity in constructing its valued for its fur, and for the material called castor, obtained from two small bags in the groin of the animal. The European species is Castor fiber, and the American is generally considered a variety of this, although sometimes called Castor Canadensis. 2. The fur of the beaver. 3. A hat, formerly made of the fur of the beaver, but now usually of silk. A brown beaver slouched over his eyes. Prescott. 4. Beaver cloth, a heavy felted woolen cloth, used chiefly for making overcoats. Beaver rat (Zoöl.), an aquatic ratlike quadruped of Tasmania (Hydromys chrysogaster). -- Beaver skin, the furry skin of the beaver. -- Bank beaver. See under 1st Bank. BEAVER Bea"ver, n. Etym: [OE. baviere, bauier, beavoir, bever; fr. F. bavière, fr. bave slaver, drivel, foam, OF., prattle, drivel, perh. orig. an imitative word. Bavière, according to Cotgrave, is the bib put before a (slavering) child.] Defn: That piece of armor which protected the lower part of the face, whether forming a part of the helmet or fixed to the breastplate. It was so constructed (with joints or otherwise) that the wearer could raise or lower it to eat and drink. BEAVERED Bea"vered, a. Defn: Covered with, or wearing, a beaver or hat. "His beavered brow." Pope. BEAVER STATE Bea"ver State. Defn: Oregon; -- a nickname. BEAVERTEEN Bea"ver*teen, n. Defn: A kind of fustian made of coarse twilled cotton, shorn after dyeing. Simmonds. BEBEERINE; BEBIRINE Be*bee"rine, or Be*bi"rine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid got from the bark of the bebeeru, or green heart of Guiana (Nectandra Rodioei). It is a tonic, antiperiodic, and febrifuge, and is used in medicine as a substitute for quinine. [Written also bibirine.] BEBEERU Be*bee"ru, n. [Written also bibiru.] [Native name.] (Bot.) Defn: A tropical South American tree (Nectandra Rodioi), the bark of which yields the alkaloid bebeerine, and the wood of which is known as green heart. BEBLEED Be*bleed", v. t. Defn: To make bloody; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Chaucer. BEBLOOD; BEBLOODY Be*blood", Be*blood"y, v. t. Defn: To make bloody; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Sheldon. BEBLOT Be*blot", v. t. Defn: To blot; to stain. Chaucer. BEBLUBBER Be*blub"ber, v. t. Defn: To make swollen and disfigured or sullied by weeping; as, her eyes or cheeks were beblubbered. BEBUNG Be"bung, n. [G., lit., a trembling.] (Music) Defn: A tremolo effect, such as that produced on the piano by vibratory repetition of a note with sustained use of the pedal. BECALM Be*calm", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Becalmed (p. pr. & vb. n. Becalming.] 1. To render calm or quiet; to calm; to still; to appease. Soft whispering airs . . . becalm the mind. Philips. 2. To keep from motion, or stop the progress of, by the stilling of the wind; as, the fleet was becalmed. BECAME Be*came", imp. Defn: of Become. BECARD Bec"ard, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American bird of the flycatcher family. (Tityra inquisetor). BECAUSE Be*cause", conj. Etym: [OE. bycause; by + cause.] 1. By or for the cause that; on this account that; for the reason that. Milton. 2. In order that; that. [Obs.] And the multitude rebuked them because they should hold their peace. Matt. xx. 31. Because of, by reason of, on account of. [Prep. phrase.] Because of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the children of disobedience. Eph. v. 6. Syn, -- Because, For, Since, As, Inasmuch As. These particles are used, in certain connections, to assign the reason of a thing, or that "on account of" which it is or takes place. Because (by cause) is the strongest and most emphatic; as, I hid myself because I was afraid. For is not quite so strong; as, in Shakespeare, "I hate him, for he is a Christian." Since is less formal and more incidental than because; as, I will do it since you request me. It more commonly begins a sentence; as, Since your decision is made, I will say no more. As is still more incidental than since, and points to some existing fact by way of assigning a reason. Thus we say, as I knew him to be out of town, I did not call. Inasmuch as seems to carry with it a kind of qualification which does not belong to the rest. Thus, if we say, I am ready to accept your proposal, inasmuch as I believe it is the best you can offer, we mean, it is only with this understanding that we can accept it. BECCABUNGA Bec`ca*bun"ga, n. Etym: [NL. (cf. It. beccabunga, G. bachbunge), fr. G. bach brook + bunge, OHG. bungo, bulb. See Beck a brook.] Defn: See Brooklime. BECCAFICO Bec`ca*fi"co, n.; pl. Beccaficos (. Etym: [It., fr. beccare to peck + fico fig.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small bird. (Silvia hortensis), which is highly prized by the Italians for the delicacy of its flesh in the autumn, when it has fed on figs, grapes, etc. BECCHI'S TEST Bec"chi's test. [After E. Becchi, Italian chemist.] (Chem.) Defn: A qualitative test for cottonseed oil, based on the fact this oil imparts a maroon color to an alcoholic solution of silver nitrate. BECHAMEL Bech"a*mel, n. Etym: [F. béchamel, named from its inventor, Louis de Béchamel.] (Cookery) Defn: A rich, white sauce, prepared with butter and cream. BECHANCE Be*chance", adv. Etym: [Pref. be- for by + chance.] Defn: By chance; by accident. [Obs.] Grafton. BECHANCE Be*chance", v. t. & i. Defn: To befall; to chance; to happen to. God knows what hath bechanced them. Shak. BECHARM Be*charm", v. t. Defn: To charm; to captivate. BECHE DE MER Bêche` de mer". Etym: [F., lit., a sea spade.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The trepang. BECHIC Be"chic, a. Etym: [L. bechicus, adj., for a cough, Gr. , fr. cough: cf. F. béchique.] (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to, or relieving, a cough. Thomas. -- n. Defn: A medicine for relieving coughs. Quincy. BECHUANAS Bech`u*a"nas, n. pl. Defn: A division of the Bantus, dwelling between the Orange and Zambezi rivers, supposed to be the most ancient Bantu population of South Africa. They are divided into totemic clans; they are intelligent and progressive. BECK Beck, n. Defn: See Beak. [Obs.] Spenser. BECK Beck, n. Etym: [OE. bek, AS. becc; akin to Icel. bekkr brook, OHG. pah, G. bach.] Defn: A small brook. The brooks, the becks, the rills. Drayton. BECK Beck, n. Defn: A vat. See Back. BECK Beck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Becked (; p. pr. & vb. n. Becking.] Etym: [Contr. of beckon.] Defn: To nod, or make a sign with the head or hand. [Archaic] Drayton. BECK Beck, v. t. Defn: To notify or call by a nod, or a motion of the head or hand; to intimate a command to. [Archaic] When gold and silver becks me to come on. Shak. BECK Beck, n. Defn: A significant nod, or motion of the head or hand, esp. as a call or command. They have troops of soldiers at their beck. Shak. BECKER Beck"er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European fish (Pagellus centrodontus); the sea bream or braise. BECKET Beck"et, n. Etym: [Cf. D. bek beak, and E. beak.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A small grommet, or a ring or loop of rope 2. A spade for digging turf. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. BECKON Beck"on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beckoned (p. pr. & vb. n. Beckoning.] Defn: To make a significant sign to; hence, to summon, as by a motion of the hand. His distant friends, he beckons near. Dryden. It beckons you to go away with it. Shak. BECKON Beck"on, n. Defn: A sign made without words; a beck. "At the first beckon." Bolingbroke. BECK'S SCALE Beck's scale. Defn: A hydrometer scale on which the zero point corresponds to sp. gr. 1.00, and the 30º-point to sp. gr. 0.85. From these points the scale is extended both ways, all the degrees being of equal length. BECLAP Be*clap, v. t. Etym: [OE. biclappen.] Defn: To catch; to grasp; to insnare. [Obs.] Chaucer. BECLIP Be*clip", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beclipped ( Etym: [AS. beclyppan; pref. be + clyppan to embrace.] Defn: To embrace; to surround. [Obs.] Wyclif. BECLOUD Be*cloud", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beclouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beclouding.] Defn: To cause obscurity or dimness to; to dim; to cloud. If thou becloud the sunshine of thine eye. Quarles. BECOME Be*come", v. i. [imp. Became; p. p. Become; p. pr. & vb. n. Becoming.] Etym: [OE. bicumen, becumen, AS. becuman to come to, to happen; akin to D. bekomen, OHG.a piquëman, Goth. biquiman to come upon, G. bekommen to get, suit. See Be-, and Come.] 1. To pass from one state to another; to enter into some state or condition, by a change from another state, or by assuming or receiving new properties or qualities, additional matter, or a new character. The Lord God . . . breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. Gen. ii. 7. That error now which is become my crime. Milton. 2. To come; to get. [Obs.] But, madam, where is Warwick then become! Shak. To become of, to be the present state or place of; to be the fate of; to be the end of; to be the final or subsequent condition of. What is then become of so huge a multitude Sir W. Raleigh. BECOME Be*come", v. t. Defn: To suit or be suitable to; to be congruous with; to befit; to accord with, in character or circumstances; to be worthy of, or proper for; to cause to appear well; -- said of persons and things. It becomes me so to speak of so excellent a poet. Dryden. I have known persons so anxious to have their dress become them, as to convert it, at length, into their proper self, and thus actually to become the dress. Coleridge. BECOMED Be*com"ed, a. Defn: Proper; decorous. [Obs.] And gave him what becomed love I might. Shak. BECOMING Be*com"ing, a. Defn: Appropriate or fit; congruous; suitable; graceful; befitting. A low and becoming tone. Thackeray. Note: Formerly sometimes followed by of. Such discourses as are becoming of them. Dryden. Syn. -- Seemly; comely; decorous; decent; proper. BECOMING Be*com"ing, n. Defn: That which is becoming or appropriate. [Obs.] BECOMINGLY Be*com"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a becoming manner. BECOMINGNESS Be*com"ing*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being becoming, appropriate, or fit; congruity; fitness. The becomingness of human nature. Grew. BECQUEREL RAYS Becque`rel" rays". (Physics) Defn: Radiations first observed by the French physicist Henri Becquerel, in working with uranium and its compounds. They consist of a mixture of alpha, beta, and gamma rays. BECRIPPLE Be*crip"ple, v. t. Defn: To make a cripple of; to cripple; to lame. [R.] Dr. H. More. BECUIBA; BECUIBA NUT Be*cui"ba, n., Be*cui"ba nut`. [Native name.] (Bot.) Defn: The nut of the Brazilian tree Myristica Bicuhyba, which yields a medicinal balsam used for rheumatism. BECUNA Be*cu"na, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of the Mediterranean (Sphyræna spet). See Barracuda. BECURL Be*curl", v. t. Defn: To curl; to adorn with curls. BED Bed, n. Etym: [AS. bed, bedd; akin to OS. bed, D. bed, bedde, Icel. be, Dan. bed, Sw. bädd, Goth. badi, OHG. betti, G. bett, bette, bed, beet a plat of ground; all of uncertain origin.] 1. An article of furniture to sleep or take rest in or on; a couch. Specifically: A sack or mattress, filled with some soft material, in distinction from the bedstead on which it is placed (as, a feather bed), or this with the bedclothes added. In a general sense, any thing or place used for sleeping or reclining on or in, as a quantity of hay, straw, leaves, or twigs. And made for him [a horse] a leafy bed. Byron. I wash, wring, brew, bake, . . . make the beds. Shak. In bed he slept not for my urging it. Shak. 2. (Used as the symbol of matrimony) Marriage. George, the eldest son of his second bed. Clarendon. 3. A plat or level piece of ground in a garden, usually a little raised above the adjoining ground. "Beds of hyacinth and roses." Milton. 4. A mass or heap of anything arranged like a bed; as, a bed of ashes or coals. 5. The bottom of a watercourse, or of any body of water; as, the bed of a river. So sinks the daystar in the ocean bed. Milton. 6. (Geol.) Defn: A layer or seam, or a horizontal stratum between layers; as, a bed of coal, iron, etc. 7. (Gun.) Defn: See Gun carriage, and Mortar bed. 8. (Masonry) (a) The horizontal surface of a building stone; as, the upper and lower beds. (b) A course of stone or brick in a wall. (c) The place or material in which a block or brick is laid. (d) The lower surface of a brick, slate, or tile. Knight. 9. (Mech.) Defn: The foundation or the more solid and fixed part or framing of a machine; or a part on which something is laid or supported; as, the bed of an engine. 10. The superficial earthwork, or ballast, of a railroad. 11. (Printing) Defn: The flat part of the press, on which the form is laid. Note: Bed is much used adjectively or in combination; as, bed key or bedkey; bed wrench or bedwrench; bedchamber; bedmaker, etc. Bed of justice (French Hist.), the throne (F. lit bed) occupied by the king when sitting in one of his parliaments (judicial courts); hence, a session of a refractory parliament, at which the king was present for the purpose of causing his decrees to be registered. -- To be brought to bed, to be delivered of a child; -- often followed by of; as, to be brought to bed of a son. -- To make a bed, to prepare a bed; to arrange or put in order a bed and its bedding. -- From bed and board (Law), a phrase applied to a separation by partial divorce of man and wife, without dissolving the bonds of matrimony. If such a divorce (now commonly called a judicial separation) be granted at the instance of the wife, she may have alimony. BED Bed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedding.] 1. To place in a bed. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To make partaker of one's bed; to cohabit with. I'll to the Tuscan wars, and never bed her. Shak. 3. To furnish with a bed or bedding. 4. To plant or arrange in beds; to set, or cover, as in a bed of soft earth; as, to bed the roots of a plant in mold. 5. To lay or put in any hollow place, or place of rest and security, surrounded or inclosed; to embed; to furnish with or place upon a bed or foundation; as, to bed a stone; it was bedded on a rock. Among all chains or clusters of mountains where large bodies of still water are bedded. Wordsworth. 6. (Masonry) Defn: To dress or prepare the surface of stone) so as to serve as a bed. 7. To lay flat; to lay in order; to place in a horizontal or recumbent position. "Bedded hair." Shak. BED Bed, v. i. Defn: To go to bed; to cohabit. If he be married, and bed with his wife. Wiseman. BEDABBLE Be*dab*ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedabbled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedabbling (.] Defn: To dabble; to sprinkle or wet. Shak. BEDAFF Be*daff", v. t. Defn: To make a daff or fool of. [Obs.] Chaucer. BEDAGAT Bed"a*gat, n. Defn: The sacred books of the Buddhists in Burmah. Malcom. BEDAGGLE Be*dag"gle, v. t. Defn: To daggle. BEDASH Be*dash", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedashed (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedashing.] Defn: To wet by dashing or throwing water or other liquid upon; to bespatter. "Trees bedashed with rain." Shak. BEDAUB Be*daub", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedaubed (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedaubing.] Defn: To daub over; to besmear or soil with anything thick and dirty. Bedaub foul designs with a fair varnish. Barrow. BEDAZZLE Be*daz"zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedazzled (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedazzling ( Defn: To dazzle or make dim by a strong light. "Bedazzled with the sun." Shak. BEDBUG Bed"bug`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A wingless, bloodsucking, hemipterous insect (Cimex Lectularius), sometimes infesting houses and especially beds. See Illustration in Appendix. BEDCHAIR Bed"chair`, n. Defn: A chair with adjustable back, for the sick, to support them while sitting up in bed. BEDCHAMBER Bed"cham`ber, n. Defn: A chamber for a bed; an apartment form sleeping in. Shak. Lords of the bedchamber, eight officers of the royal household, all of noble families, who wait in turn a week each. [Eng.] -- Ladies of the bedchamber, eight ladies, all titled, holding a similar official position in the royal household, during the reign of a queen. [Eng.] BEDCLOTHES Bed"clothes`, n. pl. Defn: Blankets, sheets, coverlets, etc., for a bed. Shak. BEDCORD Bed"cord`, n. Defn: A cord or rope interwoven in a bedstead so as to support the bed. BEDDED Bed"ded, a. Defn: Provided with a bed; as, double-bedded room; placed or arranged in a bed or beds. BEDDING Bed"ding, n. Etym: [AS. bedding, beding. See Bed.] 1. A bed and its furniture; the materials of a bed, whether for man or beast; bedclothes; litter. 2. (Geol.) Defn: The state or position of beds and layers. BEDE Bede, v. t. Etym: [See Bid, v. t.] Defn: To pray; also, to offer; to proffer. [Obs.] R. of Gloucester. Chaucer. BEDE Bede, n. (Mining) Defn: A kind of pickax. BEDECK Be*deck", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedecked (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedecking.] Defn: To deck, ornament, or adorn; to grace. Bedecked with boughs, flowers, and garlands. Pennant. BEDEGUAR; BEDEGAR Bed"e*guar, Bed"e*gar, n. Etym: [F., fr. Per. bad-award, or bad- awardag, prop., a kind of white thorn or thistle.] Defn: A gall produced on rosebushes, esp. on the sweetbrier or eglantine, by a puncture from the ovipositor of a gallfly (Rhodites rosæ). It was once supposed to have medicinal properties. BEDEHOUSE Bede"house` Defn: ,n.Same as Beadhouse. BEDEL; BEDELL Be"del, Be"dell Defn: ,n.Same as Beadle. BEDELRY Be"del*ry, n. Defn: Beadleship. [Obs.] Blount. BEDEN Bed"en, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Abyssinian or Arabian ibex (Capra Nubiana). It is probably the wild goat of the Bible. BEDESMAN Bedes"man, n. Defn: Same as Beadsman. [Obs.] BEDEVIL Be*dev"il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedevilled (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedeviling or Bedevilling.] 1. To throw into utter disorder and confusion, as if by the agency of evil spirits; to bring under diabolical influence; to torment. Bedeviled and used worse than St. Bartholomew. Sterne. 2. To spoil; to corrupt. Wright. BEDEVILMENT Be*dev"il*ment, n. Defn: The state of being bedeviled; bewildering confusion; vexatious trouble. [Colloq.] BEDEW Be*dew", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedewed (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedewing.] Defn: To moisten with dew, or as with dew. "Falling tears his face bedew." Dryden. BEDEWER Be*dew"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, bedews. BEDEWY Be*dew"y, a. Defn: Moist with dew; dewy. [Obs.] Night with her bedewy wings. A. Brewer. BEDFELLOW Bed"fel`low, n. Defn: One who lies with another in the same bed; a person who shares one's couch. BEDFERE; BEDPHERE Bed"fere` Bed"phere`, n. Etym: [Bed + AS. fera a companion.] Defn: A bedfellow. [Obs.] Chapman. BEDGOWN Bed"gown`, n. Defn: A nightgown. BEDIGHT Be*dight", v. t. [p. p. Bedight, Bedighted.] Defn: To bedeck; to array or equip; to adorn. [Archaic] Milton. BEDIM Be*dim", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedimmed (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedimming.] Defn: To make dim; to obscure or darken. Shak. BEDIZEN Be*diz"en, v. t. Defn: To dress or adorn tawdrily or with false taste. Remnants of tapestried hangings, . . . and shreds of pictures with which he had bedizened his tatters. Sir W. Scott. BEDIZENMENT Be*diz"en*ment, n. Defn: That which bedizens; the act of dressing, or the state of being dressed, tawdrily. BEDKEY Bed"key`, n. Defn: An instrument for tightening the parts of a bedstead. BEDLAM Bed"lam, n. Etym: [See Bethlehem.] 1. A place appropriated to the confinement and care of the insane; a madhouse. Abp. Tillotson. 2. An insane person; a lunatic; a madman. [Obs.] Let's get the bedlam to lead him. Shak. 3. Any place where uproar and confusion prevail. BEDLAM Bed"lam, a. Defn: Belonging to, or fit for, a madhouse. "The bedlam, brainsick duchess." Shak. BEDLAMITE Bed"lam*ite, n. Defn: An inhabitant of a madhouse; a madman. "Raving bedlamites." Beattie. BEDMAKER Bed"mak`er, n. Defn: One who makes beds. BED-MOLDING; BED-MOULDING Bed"-mold`ing Bed"-mould`ing, n. (Arch.) Defn: The molding of a cornice immediately below the corona. Oxf. Gloss. BEDOTE Be*dote", v. t. Defn: To cause to dote; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer. BEDOUIN Bed"ou*in, n. Etym: [F. bédouin, OF. béduin, fr. Ar. bedawi rural, living in the desert, fr. badw desert, fr. bada to live in the desert, to lead a nomadic life.] Defn: One of the nomadic Arabs who live in tents, and are scattered over Arabia, Syria, and northern Africa, esp. in the deserts. -- Bed"ou*in*ism (, n. BEDOUIN Bed"ou*in, a. Defn: Pertaining to the Bedouins; nomad. BEDPAN Bed"pan`, n. 1. A pan for warming beds. Nares. 2. A shallow chamber vessel, so constructed that it can be used by a sick person in bed. BEDPHERE Bed"phere`, n. Defn: See Bedfere. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BEDPIECE; BEDPLATE Bed"piece`, Bed"plate`, n. (Mach.) Defn: The foundation framing or piece, by which the other parts are supported and held in place; the bed; -- called also baseplate and soleplate. BEDPOST Bed"post`, n. 1. One of the four standards that support a bedstead or the canopy over a bedstead. 2. Anciently, a post or pin on each side of the bed to keep the clothes from falling off. See Bedstaff. Brewer. BEDQUILT Bed"quilt`, n. Defn: A quilt for a bed; a coverlet. BEDRABBLE Be*drab"ble, v. t. Defn: To befoul with rain and mud; to drabble. BEDRAGGLE Be*drag"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedraggled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedraggling (.] Defn: To draggle; to soil, as garments which, in walking, are suffered to drag in dust, mud, etc. Swift. BEDRENCH Be*drench", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedrenched (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedrenching.] Defn: To drench; to saturate with moisture; to soak. Shak. BEDRIBBLE Be*drib"ble, v. t. Defn: To dribble upon. BEDRID; BEDRIDDEN Bed"rid`, Bed"rid`den, a. Etym: [OE. bedrede, AS. bedreda, bedrida; from bed, bedd, a bed or couch + ridda a rider; cf. OHG. pettiriso, G. bettrise. See Bed, n., and Ride, v. i. ] Defn: Confined to the bed by sickness or infirmity. "Her decrepit, sick, and bedrid father." Shak. "The estate of a bedridden old gentleman." Macaulay. BEDRIGHT; BEDRITE Bed"right` Bed"rite`, n. Etym: [Bed + right, rite.] Defn: The duty or privilege of the marriage bed. Shak. BEDRIZZLE Be*driz"zle, v. t. Defn: To drizzle upon. BED ROCK Bed" rock". (Mining) Defn: The solid rock underlying superficial formations. Also Fig. BEDROOM Bed"room, n. 1. A room or apartment intended or used for a bed; a lodging room. 2. Room in a bed. Note: [In this sense preferably bed room.] Then by your side no bed room me deny. Shak. BEDROP Be*drop", v. t. Defn: To sprinkle, as with drops. The yellow carp, in scales bedropped with gold. Pope. BEDRUG Be*drug", v. t. Defn: To drug abundantly or excessively. BED SCREW Bed" screw`. 1. (Naut.) A form of jack screw for lifting large bodies, and assisting in launching. 2. A long screw formerly used to fasten a bedpost to one of the adjacent side pieces. BEDSIDE Bed"side`, n. Defn: The side of a bed. BEDSITE Bed"site`, n. Defn: A recess in a room for a bed. Of the three bedrooms, two have fireplaces, and all are of fair size, with windows and bedsite well placed. Quart. Rev. BEDSORE Bed"sore`, n. (Med.) Defn: A sore on the back or hips caused by lying for a long time in bed. BEDSPREAD Bed"spread`, n. Defn: A bedquilt; a counterpane; a coverlet. [U. S.] BEDSTAFF Bed"staff`, n.; pl. Bedstaves (. Defn: "A wooden pin stuck anciently on the sides of the bedstead, to hold the clothes from slipping on either side." Johnson. Hostess, accommodate us with a bedstaff. B. Jonson. Say there is no virtue in cudgels and bedstaves. Brome. BEDSTEAD Bed"stead, n. Etym: [Bed + stead a frame.] Defn: A framework for supporting a bed. BED STEPS Bed" steps`. Defn: Steps for mounting a bed of unusual height. BEDSTOCK Bed"stock, n. Defn: The front or the back part of the frame of a bedstead. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.] BEDSTRAW Bed"straw`, n. 1. Straw put into a bed. Bacon. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of slender herbs, usually with square stems, whorled leaves, and small white flowers. Our Lady's bedstraw, which has yellow flowers, is Galium verum. -- White bedstraw is G. mollugo. BEDSWERVER Bed"swerv`er, n. Defn: One who swerves from and is unfaithful to the marriage vow. [Poetic] Shak. BEDTICK Bed"tick`, n. Defn: A tick or bag made of cloth, used for inclosing the materials of a bed. BEDTIME Bed"time`, n. Defn: The time to go to bed. Shak. BEDUCK Be*duck", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beducked (.] Defn: To duck; to put the head under water; to immerse. "Deep himself beducked." Spenser. BEDUIN Bed"uin, n. Defn: See Bedouin. BEDUNG Be*dung", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedunged.] Defn: To cover with dung, as for manuring; to bedaub or defile, literally or figuratively. Bp. Hall. BEDUST Be*dust", v. t. Defn: To sprinkle, soil, or cover with dust. Sherwood. BEDWARD Bed"ward, adv. Defn: Towards bed. BEDWARF Be*dwarf", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedwarfed.] Defn: To make a dwarf of; to stunt or hinder the growth of; to dwarf. Donne. BEDYE Be*dye", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedyeing.] Defn: To dye or stain. Briton fields with Sarazin blood bedyed. Spenser. BEE Bee, Defn: p. p. of Be; -- used for been. [Obs.] Spenser. BEE Bee, n. Etym: [AS. beó; akin to D. bij and bije, Icel. b, Sw. & Dan. bi, OHG. pini, G. biene, and perh. Ir. beach, Lith. bitis, Skr. bha. sq. root97.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect of the order Hymenoptera, and family Apidæ (the honeybees), or family Andrenidæ (the solitary bees.) See Honeybee. Note: There are many genera and species. The common honeybee (Apis mellifica) lives in swarms, each of which has its own queen, its males or drones, and its very numerous workers, which are barren females. Besides the A. mellifica there are other species and varieties of honeybees, as the A. ligustica of Spain and Italy; the A. Indica of India; the A. fasciata of Egypt. The bumblebee is a species of Bombus. The tropical honeybees belong mostly to Melipoma and Trigona. 2. A neighborly gathering of people who engage in united labor for the benefit of an individual or family; as, a quilting bee; a husking bee; a raising bee. [U. S.] The cellar . . . was dug by a bee in a single day. S. G. Goodrich. 3. pl. Etym: [Prob. fr. AS. beáh ring, fr. b to bend. See 1st Bow.] (Naut.) Defn: Pieces of hard wood bolted to the sides of the bowsprit, to reeve the fore-topmast stays through; -- called also bee blocks. Bee beetle (Zoöl.), a beetle (Trichodes apiarius) parasitic in beehives. -- Bee bird (Zoöl.), a bird that eats the honeybee, as the European flycatcher, and the American kingbird. -- Bee flower (Bot.), an orchidaceous plant of the genus Ophrys (O. apifera), whose flowers have some resemblance to bees, flies, and other insects. -- Bee fly (Zoöl.), a two winged fly of the family Bombyliidæ. Some species, in the larval state, are parasitic upon bees. -- Bee garden, a garden or inclosure to set beehives in ; an apiary. Mortimer. -- Bee glue, a soft, unctuous matter, with which bees cement the combs to the hives, and close up the cells; -- called also propolis. -- Bee hawk (Zoöl.), the honey buzzard. -- Bee killer (Zoöl.), a large two-winged fly of the family Asilidæ (esp. Trupanea apivora) which feeds upon the honeybee. See Robber fly. -- Bee louse (Zoöl.), a minute, wingless, dipterous insect (Braula cæca) parasitic on hive bees. -- Bee martin (Zoöl.), the kingbird (Tyrannus Carolinensis) which occasionally feeds on bees. -- Bee moth (Zoöl.), a moth (Galleria cereana) whose larvæ feed on honeycomb, occasioning great damage in beehives. -- Bee wolf (Zoöl.), the larva of the bee beetle. See Illust. of Bee beetle. -- To have a bee in the head or in the bonnet. (a) To be choleric. [Obs.] (b) To be restless or uneasy. B. Jonson. (c) To be full of fancies; to be a little crazy. "She's whiles crack-brained, and has a bee in her head." Sir W. Scott. BEEBREAD Bee"bread`, n. Defn: A brown, bitter substance found in some of the cells of honeycomb. It is made chiefly from the pollen of flowers, which is collected by bees as food for their young. BEECH Beech, n.; pl. Beeches. Etym: [OE. beche, AS. b; akin to D. beuk, OHG. buocha, G. buche, Icel. beyki, Dan. bög, Sw. bok, Russ. buk, L. fagus, Gr. oak, to eat, Skr. bhaksh; the tree being named originally from the esculent fruit. See Book, and cf. 7th Buck, Buckwheat.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree of the genus Fagus. Note: It grows to a large size, having a smooth bark and thick foliage, and bears an edible triangular nut, of which swine are fond. The Fagus sylvatica is the European species, and the F. ferruginea that of America. Beech drops (Bot.), a parasitic plant which grows on the roots of beeches (Epiphegus Americana). -- Beech marten (Zoöl.), the stone marten of Europe (Mustela foina). -- Beech mast, the nuts of the beech, esp. as they lie under the trees, in autumn. -- Beech oil, oil expressed from the mast or nuts of the beech tree. -- Cooper beech, a variety of the European beech with copper- colored, shining leaves. BEECHEN Beech"en, a. Etym: [AS. b.] Defn: Consisting, or made, of the wood or bark of the beech; belonging to the beech. "Plain beechen vessels." Dryden. BEECHNUT Beech"nut`, n. Defn: The nut of the beech tree. BEECH TREE Beech" tree`. Defn: The beech. BEECHY Beech"y, a. Defn: Of or relating to beeches. BEE-EATER Bee"-eat`er, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A bird of the genus Merops, that feeds on bees. The European species (M. apiaster) is remarkable for its brilliant colors. (b) An African bird of the genus Rhinopomastes. BEEF Beef, n. Etym: [OE. boef, befe, beef, OF. boef, buef, F. b, fr. L. bos, bovis, ox; akin to Gr. , Skr. g cow, and E. cow. See 2d Cow.] 1. An animal of the genus Bos, especially the common species, B. taurus, including the bull, cow, and ox, in their full grown state; esp., an ox or cow fattened for food. Note: [In this, which is the original sense, the word has a plural, beeves (.] A herd of beeves, fair oxen and fair kine. Milton. 2. The flesh of an ox, or cow, or of any adult bovine animal, when slaughtered for food. Note: [In this sense, the word has no plural.] "Great meals of beef." Shak. 3. Applied colloquially to human flesh. BEEF Beef, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, beef. Beef tea, essence of beef, or strong beef broth. BEEFEATER Beef"eat`er, n. Etym: [Beef + eater; prob. one who eats another's beef, as his servant. Cf. AS. hlaf servant, properly a loaf eater.] 1. One who eats beef; hence, a large, fleshy person. 2. One of the yeomen of the guard, in England. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: An African bird of the genus Buphaga, which feeds on the larvæ of botflies hatched under the skin of oxen, antelopes, etc. Two species are known. BEEFSTEAK Beef"steak`, n. Defn: A steak of beef; a slice of beef broiled or suitable for broiling. BEEF-WITTED Beef"-wit`ted, n. Defn: Stupid; dull. Shak. BEEFWOOD Beef"wood`, n. Defn: An Australian tree (Casuarina), and its red wood, used for cabinetwork; also, the trees Stenocarpus salignus of New South Wales, and Banksia compar of Queensland. BEEFY Beef"y, a. Defn: Having much beef; of the nature of beef; resembling beef; fleshy. BEEHIVE Bee"hive`, n. Defn: A hive for a swarm of bees. Also used figuratively. Note: A common and typical form of beehive was a domeshaped inverted basket, whence certain ancient Irish and Scotch architectural remains are called beehive houses. BEEHOUSE Bee"house`, n. Defn: A house for bees; an apiary. BEE LARKSPUR Bee" lark`spur. Defn: (Bot.) See Larkspur. BEELD Beeld, n. Defn: Same as Beild. Fairfax. BEE LINE Bee" line`. Defn: The shortest line from one place to another, like that of a bee to its hive when loaded with honey; an air line. "A bee line for the brig." Kane. BEELZEBUB Be*el"ze*bub, n. Defn: The title of a heathen deity to whom the Jews ascribed the sovereignty of the evil spirits; hence, the Devil or a devil. See Baal. BEEM Beem, n. Etym: [AS. b, b.] Defn: A trumpet. [Obs.] BEEMASTER Bee"mas`ter, n. Defn: One who keeps bees. BEEN Been. Etym: [OE. beon, ben, bin, p. p. of been, beon, to be. See Be.] Defn: The past participle of Be. In old authors it is also the pr. tense plural of Be. See 1st Bee. Assembled been a senate grave and stout. Fairfax. BEER Beer, n. Etym: [OE. beor, ber, AS. beór; akin to Fries. biar, Icel. bj, OHG. bior, D. & G. bier, and possibly E. brew. *93, See Brew.] 1. A fermented liquor made from any malted grain, but commonly from barley malt, with hops or some other substance to impart a bitter flavor. Note: Beer has different names, as small beer, ale, porter, brown stout, lager beer, according to its strength, or other qualities. See Ale. 2. A fermented extract of the roots and other parts of various plants, as spruce, ginger, sassafras, etc. Small beer, weak beer; (fig.) insignificant matters. "To suckle fools, and chronicle small beer." Shak. BEEREGAR Beer"e*gar, n. Etym: [Beer + eager.] Defn: Sour beer. [Obs.] BEERHOUSE Beer"house`, n. Defn: A house where malt liquors are sold; an alehouse. BEERINESS Beer"i*ness, n. Defn: Beery condition. BEERY Beer"y, a. Defn: Of or resembling beer; affected by beer; maudlin. BEESTINGS Beest"ings, n. Defn: Same as Biestings. BEESWAX Bees"wax`, n. Defn: The wax secreted by bees, and of which their cells are constructed. BEESWING Bees"wing`, n. Defn: The second crust formed in port and some other wines after long keeping. It consists of pure, shining scales of tartar, supposed to resemble the wing of a bee. BEET Beet, n. Etym: [AS. bete, from L. beta.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A biennial plant of the genus Beta, which produces an edible root the first year and seed the second year. 2. The root of plants of the genus Beta, different species and varieties of which are used for the table, for feeding stock, or in making sugar. Note: There are many varieties of the common beet (Beta vulgaris). The Old "white beet", cultivated for its edible leafstalks, is a distinct species (Beta Cicla). BEETE; BETE Beete, Bete, v. t. Etym: [AS. b to mend. See Better.] 1. To mend; to repair. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To renew or enkindle (a fire). [Obs.] Chaucer. BEETLE Bee"tle, n. Etym: [OE. betel, AS. bitl, b, mallet, hammer, fr. beátan to beat. See Beat, v. t.] 1. A heavy mallet, used to drive wedges, beat pavements, etc. 2. A machine in which fabrics are subjected to a hammering process while passing over rollers, as in cotton mills; -- called also beetling machine. Knight. BEETLE Bee"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beetled; p. pr. & vb. n. Beetling.] 1. To beat with a heavy mallet. 2. To finish by subjecting to a hammering process in a beetle or beetling machine; as, to beetle cotton goods. BEETLE Bee"tle, n. Etym: [OE. bityl, bittle, AS. b, fr. b to bite. See Bite, v. t.] Defn: Any insect of the order Coleoptera, having four wings, the outer pair being stiff cases for covering the others when they are folded up. See Coleoptera. Beetle mite (Zoöl.), one of many species of mites, of the family Oribatidæ, parasitic on beetles. -- Black beetle, the common large black cockroach (Blatta orientalis). BEETLE Bee"tle, v. i. Etym: [See Beetlebrowed.] Defn: To extend over and beyond the base or support; to overhang; to jut. To the dreadful summit of the cliff That beetles o'er his base into the sea. Shak. Each beetling rampart, and each tower sublime. Wordsworth. BEETLE BROW Bee"tle brow`. Defn: An overhanging brow. BEETLE-BROWED Bee"tle-browed`, a. Etym: [OE. bitelbrowed; cf. OE. bitel, adj., sharp, projecting, n., a beetle. See Beetle an insect.] Defn: Having prominent, overhanging brows; hence, lowering or sullen. Note: The earlier meaning was, "Having bushy or overhanging eyebrows." BEETLEHEAD Bee"tle*head`, n. Etym: [Beetle a mallet + head.] 1. A stupid fellow; a blockhead. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The black-bellied plover, or bullhead (Squatarola helvetica). See Plover. BEETLE-HEADED Bee"tle-head`ed, a. Defn: Dull; stupid. Shak. BEETLESTOCK Bee"tle*stock`, n. Defn: The handle of a beetle. BEET RADISH Beet" rad`ish. Defn: Same as Beetrave. BEETRAVE Beet"rave`, n. Etym: [F. betterave; bette beet + rave radish.] Defn: The common beet (Beta vulgaris). BEEVE Beeve, n. Etym: [Formed from beeves, pl. of beef.] Defn: A beef; a beef creature. They would knock down the first beeve they met with. W. Irving. BEEVES Beeves, n. Defn: ; plural of Beef, the animal. BEFALL Be*fall", v. t. [imp. Befell; p. p. Befallen; p. pr. & vb. n. Befalling.] Etym: [AS. befeallan; pref. be- + feallan to fall.] Defn: To happen to. I beseech your grace that I may know The worst that may befall me. Shak. BEFALL Be*fall", v. i. Defn: To come to pass; to happen. I have revealed . . . the discord which befell. Milton. BEFIT Be*fit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Befitting.] Defn: To be suitable to; to suit; to become. That name best befits thee. Milton. BEFITTING Be*fit"ting, a. Defn: Suitable; proper; becoming; fitting. BEFITTINGLY Be*fit"ting*ly, adv. Defn: In a befitting manner; suitably. BEFLATTER Be*flat"ter, v. t. Defn: To flatter excessively. BEFLOWER Be*flow"er, v. t. Defn: To besprinkle or scatter over with, or as with, flowers. Hobbes. BEFOG Be*fog", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Befogging.] 1. To involve in a fog; -- mostly as a participle or part. adj. 2. Hence: To confuse; to mystify. BEFOOL Be*fool", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befooled; p. pr. & vb. n. Befooling.] Etym: [OE. befolen; pref. be- + fol fool.] 1. To fool; to delude or lead into error; to infatuate; to deceive. This story . . . contrived to befool credulous men. Fuller. 2. To cause to behave like a fool; to make foolish. "Some befooling drug." G. Eliot. BEFORE Be*fore", prep. Etym: [OE. beforen, biforen, before, AS. beforan; pref. be- + foran, fore, before. See Be-, and Fore.] 1. In front of; preceding in space; ahead of; as, to stand before the fire; before the house. His angel, who shall go Before them in a cloud and pillar of fire. Milton. 2. Preceding in time; earlier than; previously to; anterior to the time when; -- sometimes with the additional idea of purpose; in order that. Before Abraham was, I am. John viii. 58. Before this treatise can become of use, two points are necessary. Swift. Note: Formerly before, in this sense, was followed by that. "Before that Philip called thee . . . I saw thee." John i. 48. 3. An advance of; farther onward, in place or time. The golden age . . . is before us. Carlyle. 4. Prior or preceding in dignity, order, rank, right, or worth; rather than. He that cometh after me is preferred before me. John i. 15. The eldest son is before the younger in succession. Johnson. 5. In presence or sight of; face to face with; facing. Abraham bowed down himself before the people. Gen. xxiii. 12. Wherewith shall I come before the Lord Micah vi. 6. 6. Under the cognizance or jurisdiction of. If a suit be begun before an archdeacon. Ayliffe. 7. Open for; free of access to; in the power of. The world was all before them where to choose. Milton. Before the mast (Naut.), as a common sailor, -- because the sailors live in the forecastle, forward of the foremast. -- Before the wind (Naut.), in the direction of the wind and by its impulse; having the wind aft. BEFORE Be*fore", adv. 1. On the fore part; in front, or in the direction of the front; -- opposed to in the rear. The battle was before and behind. 2 Chron. xiii. 14. 2. In advance. "I come before to tell you." Shak. 3. In time past; previously; already. You tell me, mother, what I knew before. Dryden. 4. Earlier; sooner than; until then. When the butt is out, we will drink water; not a drop before. Shak. Note: Before is often used in self-explaining compounds; as, before- cited, before-mentioned; beforesaid. BEFOREHAND Be*fore"hand`, adv. Etym: [Before + hand.] 1. In a state of anticipation ore preoccupation; in advance; -- often followed by with. Agricola . . . resolves to be beforehand with the danger. Milton. The last cited author has been beforehand with me. Addison. 2. By way of preparation, or preliminary; previously; aforetime. They may be taught beforehand the skill of speaking. Hooker. BEFOREHAND Be*fore"hand`, a. Defn: In comfortable circumstances as regards property; forehanded. Rich and much beforehand. Bacon. BEFORETIME Be*fore"time`, adv. Defn: Formerly; aforetime. [They] dwelt in their tents, as beforetime. 2 Kings xiii. 5. BEFORTUNE Be*for"tune, v. t. Defn: To befall. [Poetic] I wish all good befortune you. Shak. BEFOUL Be*foul", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befouled; p. pr. & vb. n. Befouling.] Etym: [Cf. AS. bef; pref. be- + f to foul. See Foul, a.] 1. To make foul; to soil. 2. To entangle or run against so as to impede motion. BEFRIEND Be*friend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befriended; p. pr. & vb. n. Befriending.] Defn: To act as a friend to; to favor; to aid, benefit, or countenance. By the darkness befriended. Longfellow. BEFRIENDMENT Be*friend"ment, n. Defn: Act of befriending. [R.] BEFRILL Be*frill", v. t. Defn: To furnish or deck with a frill. BEFRINGE Be*fringe", v. t. Defn: To furnish with a fringe; to form a fringe upon; to adorn as with fringe. Fuller. BEFUDDLE Be*fud"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befuddled] Defn: To becloud and confuse, as with liquor. BEG Beg, n. Etym: [Turk. beg, pronounced bay. Cf. Bey, Begum.] Defn: A title of honor in Turkey and in some other parts of the East; a bey. BEG Beg, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begged; p. pr. & vb. n. Begging.] Etym: [OE. beggen, perh. fr. AS. bedecian (akin to Goth. bedagwa beggar), biddan to ask. (Cf. Bid, v. t.); or cf. beghard, beguin.] 1. To ask earnestly for; to entreat or supplicate for; to beseech. I do beg your good will in this case. Shak. [Joseph] begged the body of Jesus. Matt. xxvii. 58. Note: Sometimes implying deferential and respectful, rather than earnest, asking; as, I beg your pardon; I beg leave to disagree with you. 2. To ask for as a charity, esp. to ask for habitually or from house to house. Yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread. Ps. xxxvii. 25. 3. To make petition to; to entreat; as, to beg a person to grant a favor. 4. To take for granted; to assume without proof. 5. (Old Law) Defn: To ask to be appointed guardian for, or to ask to have a guardian appointed for. Else some will beg thee, in the court of wards. Harrington. Hence: To beg (one) for a fool, to take him for a fool. I beg to, is an elliptical expression for I beg leave to; as, I beg to inform you. -- To bag the question, to assume that which was to be proved in a discussion, instead of adducing the proof or sustaining the point by argument. -- To go a-begging, a figurative phrase to express the absence of demand for something which elsewhere brings a price; as, grapes are so plentiful there that they go a-begging. Syn. -- To Beg, Ask, Request. To ask (not in the sense of inquiring) is the generic term which embraces all these words. To request is only a polite mode of asking. To beg, in its original sense, was to ask with earnestness, and implied submission, or at least deference. At present, however, in polite life, beg has dropped its original meaning, and has taken the place of both ask and request, on the ground of its expressing more of deference and respect. Thus, we beg a person's acceptance of a present; we beg him to favor us with his company; a tradesman begs to announce the arrival of new goods, etc. Crabb remarks that, according to present usage, "we can never talk of asking a person's acceptance of a thing, or of asking him to do us a favor." This can be more truly said of usage in England than in America. BEG Beg, v. i. Defn: To ask alms or charity, especially to ask habitually by the wayside or from house to house; to live by asking alms. I can not dig; to beg I am ashamed. Luke xvi. 3. BEGA Be"ga, n. Defn: See Bigha. BEGEM Be*gem", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begemmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Begemming.] Defn: To adorn with gems, or as with gems. Begemmed with dewdrops. Sir W. Scott. Those lonely realms bright garden isles begem. Shelley. BEGET Be*get", v. t. [imp. Begot, (Archaic) Begat (; p. p. Begot, Begotten (; p. pr. & vb. n. Begetting.] Etym: [OE. bigiten, bigeten, to get, beget, AS. begitan to get; pref. be- + gitan. See Get, v. t. ] 1. To procreate, as a father or sire; to generate; -- commonly said of the father. Yet they a beauteous offspring shall beget. Milton. 2. To get (with child.) [Obs.] Shak. 3. To produce as an effect; to cause to exist. Love is begot by fancy. Granville. BEGETTER Be*get"ter, n. Defn: One who begets; a father. BEGGABLE Beg"ga*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being begged. BEGGAR Beg"gar, n. Etym: [OE. beggere, fr. beg.] 1. One who begs; one who asks or entreats earnestly, or with humility; a petitioner. 2. One who makes it his business to ask alms. 3. One who is dependent upon others for support; -- a contemptuous or sarcastic use. 4. One who assumes in argument what he does not prove. Abp. Tillotson. BEGGAR Beg"gar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beggared; p. pr. & vb. n. Beggaring.] 1. To reduce to beggary; to impoverish; as, he had beggared himself. Milton. 2. To cause to seem very poor and inadequate. It beggared all description. Shak. BEGGARHOOD Beg"gar*hood, n. Defn: The condition of being a beggar; also, the class of beggars. BEGGARISM Beg"gar*ism, n. Defn: Beggary. [R.] BEGGARLINESS Beg"gar*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being beggarly; meanness. BEGGARLY Beg"gar*ly, a. 1. In the condition of, or like, a beggar; suitable for a beggar; extremely indigent; poverty-stricken; mean; poor; contemptible. "A bankrupt, beggarly fellow." South. "A beggarly fellowship." Swift. "Beggarly elements." Gal. iv. 9. 2. Produced or occasioned by beggary. [Obs.] Beggarly sins, that is, those sins which idleness and beggary usually betray men to; such as lying, flattery, stealing, and dissimulation. Jer. Taylor. BEGGARLY Beg"gar*ly, adv. Defn: In an indigent, mean, or despicable manner; in the manner of a beggar. BEGGAR'S LICE Beg"gar's lice`. (Bot.) Defn: The prickly fruit or seed of certain plants (as some species of Echinospermum and Cynoglossum) which cling to the clothing of those who brush by them. BEGGAR'S TICKS Beg"gar's ticks`. Defn: The bur marigold (Bidens) and its achenes, which are armed with barbed awns, and adhere to clothing and fleeces with unpleasant tenacity. BEGGARY Beg"gar*y, n. Etym: [OE. beggerie. See Beggar, n.] 1. The act of begging; the state of being a beggar; mendicancy; extreme poverty. 2. Beggarly appearance. [R.] The freedom and the beggary of the old studio. Thackeray. Syn. -- Indigence; want; penury; mendicancy. BEGGARY Beg"gar*y, a. Defn: Beggarly. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BEGGESTERE Beg"ge*stere, n. Etym: [Beg + -ster.] Defn: A beggar. [Obs.] Chaucer. BEGHARD; BEGUARD Be*ghard" Be*guard", n. Etym: [F. bégard, béguard; cf. G. beghard, LL. Beghardus, Begihardus, Begardus. Prob. from the root of beguine + -ard or -hard. See Beguine.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of an association of religious laymen living in imitation of the Beguines. They arose in the thirteenth century, were afterward subjected to much persecution, and were suppressed by Innocent X. in 1650. Called also Beguins. BEGILD Be*gild", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begilded or Begilt.] Defn: To gild. B. Jonson. BEGIN Be*gin", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Began, Begun; p. pr. & vb. n. Beginning.] Etym: [AS. beginnan (akin to OS. biginnan, D. & G. beginnen, OHG. biginnan, Goth., du-ginnan, Sw. begynna, Dan. begynde); pref. be- + an assumed ginnan. sq. root31. See Gin to begin.] 1. To have or commence an independent or first existence; to take rise; to commence. Vast chain of being! which from God began. Pope. 2. To do the first act or the first part of an action; to enter upon or commence something new, as a new form or state of being, or course of action; to take the first step; to start. "Tears began to flow." Dryden. When I begin, I will also make an end. 1 Sam. iii. 12. BEGIN Be*gin", v. t. 1. To enter on; to commence. Ye nymphs of Solyma ! begin the song. Pope. 2. To trace or lay the foundation of; to make or place a beginning of. The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures, which leads us to the knowledge of God. Locke. Syn. -- To commence; originate; set about; start. BEGIN Be*gin", n. Defn: Beginning. [Poetic & Obs.] Spenser. BEGINNER Be*gin"ner, n. Defn: One who begins or originates anything. Specifically: A young or inexperienced practitioner or student; a tyro. A sermon of a new beginner. Swift. BEGINNING Be*gin"ning, n. 1. The act of doing that which begins anything; commencement of an action, state, or space of time; entrance into being or upon a course; the first act, effort, or state of a succession of acts or states. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. Gen. i. 1. 2. That which begins or originates something; the first cause; origin; source. I am . . . the beginning and the ending. Rev. i. 8. 3. That which is begun; a rudiment or element. Mighty things from small beginnings grow. Dryden. 4. Enterprise. "To hinder our beginnings." Shak. Syn. -- Inception; prelude; opening; threshold; origin; outset; foundation. BEGIRD Be*gird", v. t. [imp. Begirt, Begirded; p. p. Begirt; p. pr. & vb. n. Begirding.] Etym: [AS. begyrdan (akin to Goth. bigairdan); pref. be- + gyrdan to gird.] 1. To bind with a band or girdle; to gird. 2. To surround as with a band; to encompass. BEGIRDLE Be*gir"dle, v. t. Defn: To surround as with a girdle. BEGIRT Be*girt", v. t. Defn: To encompass; to begird. Milton. BEGLERBEG Beg"ler*beg`, n. Etym: [Turk. beglerbeg, fr. beg, pl. begler. See Beg, n.] Defn: The governor of a province of the Ottoman empire, next in dignity to the grand vizier. BEGNAW Be*gnaw", v. t. [p. p. Begnawed, (R.) Begnawn (.] Etym: [AS. begnagan; pref. be- + gnagan to gnaw.] Defn: To gnaw; to eat away; to corrode. The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul. Shak. BEGOD Be*god", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begodded.] Defn: To exalt to the dignity of a god; to deify. [Obs.] "Begodded saints." South. BEGOHM Beg"ohm`, n. (Elec.) Defn: A unit of resistance equal to one billion ohms, or one thousand megohms. BEGONE Be*gone", interj. Etym: [Be, v. i. + gone, p. p.] Defn: Go away; depart; get you gone. BEGONE Be*gone", p. p. Etym: [OE. begon, AS. bigan; pref. be- + gan to go.] Defn: Surrounded; furnished; beset; environed (as in woe-begone). [Obs.] Gower. Chaucer. BEGONIA Be*go"ni*a, n. Etym: [From Michel Begon, a promoter of botany.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants, mostly of tropical America, many species of which are grown as ornamental plants. The leaves are curiously one- sided, and often exhibit brilliant colors. BEGORE Be*gore", v. t. Defn: To besmear with gore. BEGOT Be*got", Defn: imp. & p. p. of Beget. BEGOTTEN Be*got"ten, Defn: p. p. of Beget. BEGRAVE Be*grave", v. t. Etym: [Pref. be- + grave; akin to G. begraben, Goth. bigraban to dig a ditch around.] Defn: To bury; also, to engrave. [Obs.] Gower. BEGREASE Be*grease", v. t. Defn: To soil or daub with grease or other oily matter. BEGRIME Be*grime", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begrimed; p. pr. & vb. n. Begriming.] Defn: To soil with grime or dirt deeply impressed or rubbed in. Books falling to pieces and begrimed with dust. Macaulay. BEGRIMER Be*grim"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, begrimes. BEGRUDGE Be*grudge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begrudged; p. pr. & vb. n. Begrudging.] Defn: To grudge; to envy the possession of. BEGUILE Be*guile", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beguiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Beguiling.] 1. To delude by guile, artifice, or craft; to deceive or impose on, as by a false statement; to lure. The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat. Gen. iii. 13. 2. To elude, or evade by craft; to foil. [Obs.] When misery could beguile the tyrant's rage. Shak. 3. To cause the time of to pass without notice; to relieve the tedium or weariness of; to while away; to divert. Ballads . . . to beguile his incessant wayfaring. W. Irving. Syn. -- To delude; deceive; cheat; insnare; mislead; amuse; divert; entertain. BEGUILEMENT Be*guile"ment, n. Defn: The act of beguiling, or the state of being beguiled. BEGUILER Be*guil"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, beguiles. BEGUILING Be*guil"ing, a. Defn: Alluring by guile; deluding; misleading; diverting. -- Be*guil"ing*ly, adv. BEGUIN Be`guin", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Beghard. BEGUINAGE Be`gui`nage", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A collection of small houses surrounded by a wall and occupied by a community of Beguines. BEGUINE Be`guine", n. Etym: [F. béguine; LL. beguina, beghina; fr. Lambert le Bègue (the Stammerer) the founder of the order. (Du Cange.)] Defn: A woman belonging to one of the religious and charitable associations or communities in the Netherlands, and elsewhere, whose members live in beguinages and are not bound by perpetual vows. BEGUM Be"gum, n. Etym: [Per., fr. Turk., perh. properly queen mother, fr. Turk. beg (see Beg, n.) + Ar. umm mother.] Defn: In the East Indies, a princess or lady of high rank. Malcom. BEGUN Be*gun", p. p. Defn: of Begin. BEHALF Be*half", n. Etym: [OE. on-behalve in the name of, bihalven by the side of, fr. AS. healf half, also side, part: akin to G. halb half, halber on account of. See Be-, and Half, n.] Defn: Advantage; favor; stead; benefit; interest; profit; support; defense; vindication. In behalf of his mistress's beauty. Sir P. Sidney. Against whom he had contracted some prejudice in behalf of his nation. Clarendon. In behalf of, in the interest of. -- On behalf of, on account of; on the part of. BEHAPPEN Be*hap"pen, v. t. Defn: To happen to. [Obs.] BEHAVE Be*have", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Behaved; p. pr. & vb. n. Behaving.] Etym: [AS. behabban to surround, restrain, detain (akin to G. gehaben (obs.) to have, sich gehaben to behave or carry one's self); pref. be- + habban to have. See Have, v. t. ] 1. To manage or govern in point of behavior; to discipline; to handle; to restrain. [Obs.] He did behave his anger ere 't was spent. Shak. 2. To carry; to conduct; to comport; to manage; to bear; -- used reflexively. Those that behaved themselves manfully. 2 Macc. ii. 21. BEHAVE Be*have", v. i. Defn: To act; to conduct; to bear or carry one's self; as, to behave well or ill. Note: This verb is often used colloquially without an adverb of manner; as, if he does not behave, he will be punished. It is also often applied to inanimate objects; as, the ship behaved splendidly. BEHAVIOR Be*hav"ior, n. Defn: Manner of behaving, whether good or bad; mode of conducting one's self; conduct; deportment; carriage; -- used also of inanimate objects; as, the behavior of a ship in a storm; the behavior of the magnetic needle. A gentleman that is very singular in his behavior. Steele. To be upon one's good behavior, To be put upon one's good behavior, to be in a state of trial, in which something important depends on propriety of conduct. -- During good behavior, while (or so long as) one conducts one's self with integrity and fidelity or with propriety. Syn. -- Bearing; demeanor; manner. -- Behavior, Conduct. Behavior is the mode in which we have or bear ourselves in the presence of others or toward them; conduct is the mode of our carrying ourselves forward in the concerns of life. Behavior respects our manner of acting in particular cases; conduct refers to the general tenor of our actions. We may say of soldiers, that their conduct had been praiseworthy during the whole campaign, and their behavior admirable in every instance when they met the enemy. BEHEAD Be*head", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beheaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beheading.] Etym: [OE. bihefden, AS. beheáfdian; pref. be- + heáfod head. See Head.] Defn: To sever the head from; to take off the head of. BEHEADAL Be*head"al Defn: ,n.Beheading. [Modern] BEHELD Be*held", Defn: imp. & p. p. of Behold. BEHEMOTH Be"he*moth, n. Etym: [Heb. behem, fr. Egyptian P-ehe-maut hippopotamus.] Defn: An animal, probably the hippopotamus, described in Job xl. 15- 24. BEHEN; BEHN Be"hen, Behn, n. Etym: [Per. & Ar. bahman, behmen, an herb, whose leaves resemble ears of corn, saffron.] (Bot.) (a) The Centaurea behen, or saw-leaved centaury. (b) The Cucubalus behen, or bladder campion, now called Silene inflata. (c) The Statice limonium, or sea lavender. BEHEST Be*hest", n. Etym: [OE. biheste promise, command, AS. beh promise; pref. be- + h command. See Hest, Hight.] 1. That which is willed or ordered; a command; a mandate; an injunction. To do his master's high behest. Sir W. Scott. 2. A vow; a promise. [Obs.] The time is come that I should send it her, if I keep the behest that I have made. Paston. BEHEST Be*hest", v. t. Defn: To vow. [Obs.] Paston. BEHETE Be*hete", v. t. Defn: See Behight. [Obs.] Chaucer. BEHIGHT Be*hight", v. t. [imp. Behight; p. p. Behight, Behoten.] Etym: [OE. bihaten, AS. behatan to vow, promise; pref. be- + hatan to call, command. See Hight, v.] [Obs. in all its senses.] 1. To promise; to vow. Behight by vow unto the chaste Minerve. Surrey. 2. To give in trust; to commit; to intrust. The keys are to thy hand behight. Spenser. 3. To adjudge; to assign by authority. The second was to Triamond behight. Spenser. 4. To mean, or intend. More than heart behighteth. Mir. for Mag. 5. To consider or esteem to be; to declare to be. All the lookers-on him dead behight. Spenser. 6. To call; to name; to address. Whom . . . he knew and thus behight. Spenser. 7. To command; to order. He behight those gates to be unbarred. Spenser. BEHIGHT Be*hight", n. Defn: A vow; a promise. [Obs.] Surrey. BEHIND Be*hind", prep. Etym: [AS. behindan; pref. be- + hindan. See Hind, a.] 1. On the side opposite the front or nearest part; on the back side of; at the back of; on the other side of; as, behind a door; behind a hill. A tall Brabanter, behind whom I stood. Bp. Hall. 2. Left after the departure of, whether this be by removing to a distance or by death. A small part of what he left behind him. Pope. 3. Left a distance by, in progress of improvement Hence: Inferior to in dignity, rank, knowledge, or excellence, or in any achievement. I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles. 2 Cor. xi. 5. BEHIND Be*hind", adv. 1. At the back part; in the rear. "I shall not lag behind." Milton. 2. Toward the back part or rear; backward; as, to look behind. 3. Not yet brought forward, produced, or exhibited to view; out of sight; remaining. We can not be sure that there is no evidence behind. Locke. 4. Backward in time or order of succession; past. Forgetting those things which are behind. Phil. ii. 13. 5. After the departure of another; as, to stay behind. Leave not a rack behind. Shak. BEHIND Be*hind", n. Defn: The backside; the rump. [Low] BEHINDHAND Be*hind"hand`, adv. & a. Etym: [Behind + hand.] 1. In arrears financially; in a state where expenditures have exceeded the receipt of funds. 2. In a state of backwardness, in respect to what is seasonable or appropriate, or as to what should have been accomplished; not equally forward with some other person or thing; dilatory; backward; late; tardy; as, behindhand in studies or in work. In this also [dress] the country are very much behindhand. Addison. BEHITHER Be*hith"er, prep. Defn: On this side of. [Obs.] Two miles behither Clifden. Evelyn. BEHOLD Be*hold", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beheld ( (p. p. formerly Beholden (, now used only as a p. a.); p. pr. & vb. n. Beholding.] Etym: [OE. bihalden, biholden, AS. behealdan to hold, have in sight; pref. be- + healdan to hold, keep; akin to G. behalten to hold, keep. See Hold.] Defn: To have in sight; to see clearly; to look at; to regard with the eyes. When he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived. Num. xxi. 9. Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. John. i. 29. Syn. -- To scan; gaze; regard; descry; view; discern. BEHOLD Be*hold", v. i. Defn: To direct the eyes to, or fix them upon, an object; to look; to see. And I beheld, and, lo, in the midst of the throne, . . . a lamb as it had been slain. Rev. v. 6. BEHOLDEN Be*hold"en, p. a. Etym: [Old p. p. of behold, used in the primitive sense of the simple verb hold.] Defn: Obliged; bound in gratitude; indebted. But being so beholden to the Prince. Tennyson. BEHOLDER Be*hold"er, n. Defn: One who beholds; a spectator. BEHOLDING Be*hold"ing, a. Defn: Obliged; beholden. [Obs.] I was much bound and beholding to the right reverend father. Robynson (More's Utopia). So much hath Oxford been beholding to her nephews, or sister's children. Fuller. BEHOLDING Be*hold"ing, n. Defn: The act of seeing; sight; also, that which is beheld. Shak. BEHOLDINGNESS Be*hold"ing*ness, n. Defn: , The state of being obliged or beholden. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. BEHOOF Be*hoof", n. Etym: [OE. to bihove for the use of, AS. beh advantage, a word implied in beh necessary; akin to Sw. behof, Dan. behov, G. behuf, and E. heave, the root meaning to seize, hence the meanings "to hold, make use of." See Heave, v. t.] Defn: Advantage; profit; benefit; interest; use. No mean recompense it brings To your behoof. Milton. BEHOOVABLE Be*hoov"a*ble, a. Defn: Supplying need; profitable; advantageous. [Obs.] Udall. BEHOOVE Be*hoove", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Behooved; p. pr. & vb. n. Behooving.] Etym: [OE. bihoven, behoven, AS. beh to have need of, fr. beh. See Behoof.] Defn: To be necessary for; to be fit for; to be meet for, with respect to necessity, duty, or convenience; -- mostly used impersonally. And thus it behooved Christ to suffer. Luke xxiv. 46. [Also written behove.] BEHOOVE Be*hoove", v. i. Defn: To be necessary, fit, or suitable; to befit; to belong as due. Chaucer. BEHOOVE Be*hoove", n. Defn: Advantage; behoof. [Obs.] It shall not be to his behoove. Gower. BEHOOVEFUL Be*hoove"ful, a. Defn: Advantageous; useful; profitable. [Archaic] -- Be*hoove"ful*ly, adv. -- Be*hoove"ful*ness, n. [Archaic] BEHOVE Be*hove", v. Defn: , and derivatives. See Behoove, & c. BEHOVELY Be*hove"ly, a. & adv. Defn: Useful, or usefully. [Obs.] BEHOWL Be*howl", v. t. Defn: To howl at. [Obs.] The wolf behowls the moon. Shak. BEIGE Beige, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Debeige. BEILD Beild, n. Etym: [Prob. from the same root as build, v. t.] Defn: A place of shelter; protection; refuge. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] [Also written bield and beeld.] The random beild o' clod or stane. Burns. BEING Be"ing, p. pr. from Be. Defn: Existing. Note: Being was formerly used where we now use having. "Being to go to a ball in a few days." Miss Edgeworth. Note: In modern usage, is, are, was or were being, with a past participle following (as built, made, etc.) indicates the process toward the completed result expressed by the participle. The form is or was building, in this passive signification, is idiomatic, and, if free from ambiguity, is commonly preferable to the modern is or was being built. The last form of speech is, however, sufficiently authorized by approved writers. The older expression was is, or was, a-building or in building. A man who is being strangled. Lamb. While the article on Burns was being written. Froude. Fresh experience is always being gained. Jowett (Thucyd. ) BEING Be"ing, n. 1. Existence, as opposed to nonexistence; state or sphere of existence. In Him we live, and move, and have our being. Acts xvii. 28. 2. That which exists in any form, whether it be material or spiritual, actual or ideal; living existence, as distinguished from a thing without life; as, a human being; spiritual beings. What a sweet being is an honest mind ! Beau. & Fl. A Being of infinite benevolence and power. Wordsworth. 3. Lifetime; mortal existence. [Obs.] Claudius, thou Wast follower of his fortunes in his being. Webster (1654). 4. An abode; a cottage. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. It was a relief to dismiss them [Sir Roger's servants] into little beings within my manor. Steele. BEING Be"ing, adv. Defn: Since; inasmuch as. [Obs. or Colloq.] And being you have Declined his means, you have increased his malice. Beau. & Fl. BEJADE Be*jade", v. t. Defn: To jade or tire. [Obs.] Milton. BEJAPE Be*jape", v. t. Defn: To jape; to laugh at; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer. BEJAUNDICE Be*jaun"dice, v. t. Defn: To infect with jaundice. BEJEWEL Be*jew"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bejeweled or Bejewelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bejeweling or Bejewelling.] Defn: To ornament with a jewel or with jewels; to spangle. "Bejeweled hands." Thackeray. BEJUCO Be*ju"co, n. [Sp., a reed or woody vine.] Defn: Any climbing woody vine of the tropics with the habit of a liane; in the Philippines, esp. any of various species of Calamus, the cane or rattan palm. BEJUMBLE Be*jum"ble, v. t. Defn: To jumble together. BEKAH Be"kah, n. Etym: [Heb.] Defn: Half a shekel. BEKNAVE Be*knave", v. t. Defn: To call knave. [Obs.] Pope. BEKNOW Be*know", v. t. Defn: To confess; to acknowledge. [Obs.] Chaucer. BEL Bel, n. Defn: The Babylonian name of the god known among the Hebrews as Baal. See Baal. Baruch vi. 41. BELABOR Be*la"bor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belabored; p. pr. & vb. n. Belaboring.] 1. To ply diligently; to work carefully upon. "If the earth is belabored with culture, it yieldeth corn." Barrow. 2. To beat soundly; to cudgel. Ajax belabors there a harmless ox. Dryden. BEL-ACCOYLE Bel`-ac*coyle", n. Etym: [F. bel beautiful + accueil reception.] Defn: A kind or favorable reception or salutation. [Obs.] BELACE Be*lace", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belaced.] 1. To fasten, as with a lace or cord. [Obs.] 2. To cover or adorn with lace. [Obs.] Beaumont. 3. To beat with a strap. See Lace. [Obs.] Wright. BELAM Be*lam", v. t. Etym: [See Lam.] Defn: To beat or bang. [Prov. & Low, Eng.] Todd. BELAMOUR Bel"a*mour, n. Etym: [F. bel amour fair love.] 1. A lover. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A flower, but of what kind is unknown. [Obs.] Her snowy brows, like budded belamours. Spenser. BELAMY Bel"a*my, n. Etym: [F. bel ami fair friend.] Defn: Good friend; dear friend. [Obs.] Chaucer. BELATE Be*late", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belated; p. pr. & vb. n. Belating.] Defn: To retard or make too late. Davenant. BELATED Be*lat"ed, a. Defn: Delayed beyond the usual time; too late; overtaken by night; benighted. "Some belated peasant." Milton. -- Be*lat"ed*ness, n. Milton. BELAUD Be*laud", v. t. Defn: To laud or praise greatly. BELAY Be*lay", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belaid, Belayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Belaying.] Etym: [For senses 1 & 2, D. beleggen to cover, belay; akin to E. pref. be-, and lay to place: for sense 3, OE. beleggen, AS. belecgan. See pref. Be-, and Lay to place.] 1. To lay on or cover; to adorn. [Obs.] Jacket . . . belayed with silver lace. Spenser. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To make fast, as a rope, by taking several turns with it round a pin, cleat, or kevel. Totten. 3. To lie in wait for with a view to assault. Hence: to block up or obstruct. [Obs.] Dryden. Belay thee! Stop. BELAYING PIN Be*lay"ing pin`. (Naut.) Defn: A strong pin in the side of a vessel, or by the mast, round which ropes are wound when they are fastened or belayed. BELCH Belch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belched; p. pr. & vb. n. Belching.] Etym: [OE. belken, AS. bealcan, akin to E. bellow. See Bellow, v. i.] 1. To eject or throw up from the stomach with violence; to eruct. I belched a hurricane of wind. Swift. 2. To eject violently from within; to cast forth; to emit; to give vent to; to vent. Within the gates that now Stood open wide, belching outrageous flame. Milton. BELCH Belch, v. i. 1. To eject wind from the stomach through the mouth; to eructate. 2. To issue with spasmodic force or noise. Dryden. BELCH Belch, n. 1. The act of belching; also, that which is belched; an eructation. 2. Malt liquor; -- vulgarly so called as causing eructation. [Obs.] Dennis. BELCHER Belch"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, belches. BELDAM; BELDAME Bel"dam Bel"dame, n. Etym: [Pref. bel-, denoting relationship + dame mother: cf. F. belledame fair lady, It. belladonna. See Belle, and Dame.] 1. Grandmother; -- corresponding to belsire. To show the beldam daughters of her daughter. Shak. 2. An old woman in general; especially, an ugly old woman; a hag. Around the beldam all erect they hang. Akenside. BELEAGUER Be*lea"guer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beleaguered; p. pr. & vb. n. Beleaguering.] Etym: [D. belegeren (akin to G. belagern, Sw. belägra, Dan. beleire); pref. be- = E. be- + leger bed, camp, army, akin to E. lair. See Lair.] Defn: To surround with an army so as to preclude escape; to besiege; to blockade. The wail of famine in beleaguered towns. Longfellow. Syn. -- To block up; environ; invest; encompass. BELEAGUERER Be*lea"guer*er, n. Defn: One who beleaguers. BELEAVE Be*leave", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Beleft.] Defn: To leave or to be left. [Obs.] May. BELECTURE Be*lec"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belectured; p. pr. & vb. n. Belecturing.] Defn: To vex with lectures; to lecture frequently. BELEE Be*lee", v. t. Defn: To place under the lee, or unfavorably to the wind. Shak. BELEMNITE Be*lem"nite, n. Etym: [Gr. dart, fr. dart, fr. to throw: cf. F. bélemnite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A conical calcareous fossil, tapering to a point at the lower extremity, with a conical cavity at the other end, where it is ordinarily broken; but when perfect it contains a small chambered cone, called the phragmocone, prolonged, on one side, into a delicate concave blade; the thunderstone. It is the internal shell of a cephalopod related to the sepia, and belonging to an extinct family. The belemnites are found in rocks of the Jurassic and Cretaceous ages. -- Bel*em*nit"ic, a. BELEPER Be*lep"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belepered.] Defn: To infect with leprosy. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. BEL-ESPRIT Bel"-es*prit", n.; pl. Beaux-esprits. Etym: [F., fine wit.] Defn: A fine genius, or man of wit. "A man of letters and a bel esprit." W. Irving. BELFRY Bel"fry, n. Etym: [OE. berfray movable tower used in sieges, OF. berfreit, berfroit, F. beffroi, fr. MHG. bervrit, bercvrit, G. bergfriede, fr. MHG. bergen to protect (G. bergen to conceal) + vride peace, protection, G. friede peace; in compounds often taken in the sense of security, or place of security; orig. therefore a place affording security. G. friede is akin to E. free. See Burg, and Free.] 1. (Mil. Antiq.) Defn: A movable tower erected by besiegers for purposes of attack and defense. 2. A bell tower, usually attached to a church or other building, but sometimes separate; a campanile. 3. A room in a tower in which a bell is or may be hung; or a cupola or turret for the same purpose. 4. (Naut.) Defn: The framing on which a bell is suspended. BELGARD Bel*gard", n. Etym: [It. bel guardo.] Defn: A sweet or loving look. [Obs.] Spenser. BELGIAN Bel"gi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Belgium. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Belgium. BELGIAN BLOCK Belgian block. Defn: A nearly cubical block of some tough stone, esp. granite, used as a material for street pavements. Its usual diameter is 5 to 7 inches. BELGIC Bel"gic, a. Etym: [L. Belgicus, fr. Belgae the Belgians.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Belgæ, a German tribe who anciently possessed the country between the Rhine, the Seine, and the ocean. How unlike their Belgic sires of old. Goldsmith. 2. Of or pertaining to the Netherlands or to Belgium. BELGRAVIAN Bel*gra"vi*an, a. Defn: Belonging to Belgravia (a fashionable quarter of London, around Pimlico), or to fashionable life; aristocratic. BELIAL Be"li*al, n. Etym: [Heb. beli ya'al; beli without + ya'al profit.] Defn: An evil spirit; a wicked and unprincipled person; the personification of evil. What concord hath Christ with Belia 2 Cor. vi. 15. A son (or man) of Belial, a worthless, wicked, or thoroughly depraved person. 1 Sam. ii. 12. BELIBEL Be*li"bel, v. t. Etym: [See Libel, v. t. ] Defn: To libel or traduce; to calumniate. Fuller. BELIE Be*lie", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belied; p. pr. & vb. n. Belying.] Etym: [OE. bilien, bili, AS. beleógan; pref. be- + leógan to lie. See Lie, n.] 1. To show to be false; to convict of, or charge with, falsehood. Their trembling hearts belie their boastful tongues. Dryden. 2. To give a false representation or account of. Should I do so, I should belie my thoughts. Shak. 3. To tell lie about; to calumniate; to slander. Thou dost belie him, Percy, thou dost belie him. Shak. 4. To mimic; to counterfeit. [Obs.] Dryden. 5. To fill with lies. [Obs.] "The breath of slander doth belie all corners of the world." Shak. BELIEF Be*lief", n. Etym: [OE. bileafe, bileve; cf. AS. geleáfa. See Believe.] 1. Assent to a proposition or affirmation, or the acceptance of a fact, opinion, or assertion as real or true, without immediate personal knowledge; reliance upon word or testimony; partial or full assurance without positive knowledge or absolute certainty; persuasion; conviction; confidence; as, belief of a witness; the belief of our senses. Belief admits of all degrees, from the slightest suspicion to the fullest assurance. Reid. 2. (Theol.) Defn: A persuasion of the truths of religion; faith. No man can attain [to] belief by the bare contemplation of heaven and earth. Hooker. 3. The thing believed; the object of belief. Superstitious prophecies are not only the belief of fools, but the talk sometimes of wise men. Bacon. 4. A tenet, or the body of tenets, held by the advocates of any class of views; doctrine; creed. In the heat of persecution to which Christian belief was subject upon its first promulgation. Hooker. Ultimate belief, a first principle incapable of proof; an intuitive truth; an intuition. Sir W. Hamilton. Syn. -- Credence; trust; reliance; assurance; opinion. BELIEFFUL Be*lief"ful, a. Defn: Having belief or faith. BELIEVABLE Be*liev"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being believed; credible. -- Be*liev"a*ble*ness, n. -- Be*liev`a*bil"i*ty (, n. BELIEVE Be*lieve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Believed; p. pr. & vb. n. Believing.] Etym: [OE. bileven (with pref. be- for AS. ge-), fr. AS. gel, gel; akin to D. gelooven, OHG. gilouban, G. glauben, OS. gil, Goth. galaubjan, and Goth. liubs dear. See Lief, a., Leave, n.] Defn: To exercise belief in; to credit upon the authority or testimony of another; to be persuaded of the truth of, upon evidence furnished by reasons, arguments, and deductions of the mind, or by circumstances other than personal knowledge; to regard or accept as true; to place confidence in; to think; to consider; as, to believe a person, a statement, or a doctrine. Our conqueror (whom I now Of force believe almighty). Milton. King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets Acts xxvi. Often followed by a dependent clause. I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. Acts viii. 37. Syn. -- See Expect. BELIEVE Be*lieve", v. i. 1. To have a firm persuasion, esp. of the truths of religion; to have a persuasion approaching to certainty; to exercise belief or faith. Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief. Mark ix. 24. With the heart man believeth unto righteousness. Rom. x. 10. 2. To think; to suppose. I will not believe so meanly of you. Fielding. To believe in. (a) To believe that the subject of the thought (if a person or thing) exists, or (if an event) that it has occurred, or will occur; -- as, to believe in the resurrection of the dead. "She does not believe in Jupiter." J. H. Newman. (b) To believe that the character, abilities, and purposes of a person are worthy of entire confidence; -- especially that his promises are wholly trustworthy. "Let not your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me." John xiv. 1. (c) To believe that the qualities or effects of an action or state are beneficial: as, to believe in sea bathing, or in abstinence from alcoholic beverages. -- To believe on, to accept implicitly as an object of religious trust or obedience; to have faith in. BELIEVER Be*liev"er, n. 1. One who believes; one who is persuaded of the truth or reality of some doctrine, person, or thing. 2. (Theol.) Defn: One who gives credit to the truth of the Scriptures, as a revelation from God; a Christian; -- in a more restricted sense, one who receives Christ as his Savior, and accepts the way of salvation unfolded in the gospel. Thou didst open the Kingdom of Heaven to all believers. Book of Com. Prayer. 3. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One who was admitted to all the rights of divine worship and instructed in all the mysteries of the Christian religion, in distinction from a catechumen, or one yet under instruction. BELIEVING Be*liev"ing, a. Defn: That believes; having belief. -- Be*liev"ing*ly, adv. BELIGHT Be*light", v. t. Defn: To illuminate. [Obs.] Cowley. BELIKE Be*like", adv. Etym: [Pref. be- (for by) + like.] Defn: It is likely or probably; perhaps. [Obs. or Archaic] -- Be*like"ly, adv. Belike, boy, then you are in love. Shak. BELIME Be*lime", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belimed.] Defn: To besmear or insnare with birdlime. BELITTLE Be*lit"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belittled; p. pr. & vb. n. Belittling.] Defn: To make little or less in a moral sense; to speak of in a depreciatory or contemptuous way. T. Jefferson. BELIVE Be*live", adv. Etym: [Cf. Live, a.] Defn: Forthwith; speedily; quickly. [Obs.] Chaucer. BELK Belk, v. t. Etym: [See Belch.] Defn: To vomit. [Obs.] BELL Bell, n. Etym: [AS. belle, fr. bellan to bellow. See Bellow.] 1. A hollow metallic vessel, usually shaped somewhat like a cup with a flaring mouth, containing a clapper or tongue, and giving forth a ringing sound on being struck. Note: Bells have been made of various metals, but the best have always been, as now, of an alloy of copper and tin. The Liberty Bell, the famous bell of the Philadelphia State House, which rang when the Continental Congress declared the Independence of the United States, in 1776. It had been cast in 1753, and upon it were the words "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, to all the inhabitants thereof." 2. A hollow perforated sphere of metal containing a loose ball which causes it to sound when moved. 3. Anything in the form of a bell, as the cup or corol of a flower. "In a cowslip's bell I lie." Shak. 4. (Arch.) Defn: That part of the capital of a column included between the abacus and neck molding; also used for the naked core of nearly cylindrical shape, assumed to exist within the leafage of a capital. 5. pl. (Naut.) Defn: The strikes of the bell which mark the time; or the time so designated. Note: On shipboard, time is marked by a bell, which is struck eight times at 4, 8, and 12 o'clock. Half an hour after it has struck "eight bells" it is struck once, and at every succeeding half hour the number of strokes is increased by one, till at the end of the four hours, which constitute a watch, it is struck eight times. To bear away the bell, to win the prize at a race where the prize was a bell; hence, to be superior in something. Fuller. -- To bear the bell, to be the first or leader; -- in allusion to the bellwether or a flock, or the leading animal of a team or drove, when wearing a bell. -- To curse by bell, book, and candle, a solemn form of excommunication used in the Roman Catholic church, the bell being tolled, the book of offices for the purpose being used, and three candles being extinguished with certain ceremonies. Nares. -- To lose the bell, to be worsted in a contest. "In single fight he lost the bell." Fairfax. -- To shake the bells, to move, give notice, or alarm. Shak. Note: Bell is much used adjectively or in combinations; as, bell clapper; bell foundry; bell hanger; bell-mouthed; bell tower, etc., which, for the most part, are self-explaining. Bell arch (Arch.), an arch of unusual form, following the curve of an ogee. -- Bell cage, or Bell carriage (Arch.), a timber frame constructed to carry one or more large bells. -- Bell cot (Arch.), a small or subsidiary construction, frequently corbeled out from the walls of a structure, and used to contain and support one or more bells. -- Bell deck (Arch.), the floor of a belfry made to serve as a roof to the rooms below. -- Bell founder, one whose occupation it is to found or cast bells. -- Bell foundry, or Bell foundery, a place where bells are founded or cast. -- Bell gable (Arch.), a small gable-shaped construction, pierced with one or more openings, and used to contain bells. -- Bell glass. See Bell jar. -- Bell hanger, a man who hangs or puts up bells. -- Bell pull, a cord, handle, or knob, connecting with a bell or bell wire, and which will ring the bell when pulled. Aytoun. -- Bell punch, a kind of conductor's punch which rings a bell when used. -- Bell ringer, one who rings a bell or bells, esp. one whose business it is to ring a church bell or chime, or a set of musical bells for public entertainment. -- Bell roof (Arch.), a roof shaped according to the general lines of a bell. -- Bell rope, a rope by which a church or other bell is rung. -- Bell tent, a circular conical-topped tent. -- Bell trap, a kind of bell shaped stench trap. BELL Bell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belled; p. pr. & vb. n. Belling.] Defn: To put a bell upon; as, to bell the cat. 2. To make bell-mouthed; as, to bell a tube. BELL Bell, v. i. Defn: To develop bells or corollas; to take the form of a bell; to blossom; as, hops bell. BELL Bell, v. t. Etym: [AS. bellan. See Bellow.] Defn: To utter by bellowing. [Obs.] BELL Bell, v. i. Defn: To call or bellow, as the deer in rutting time; to make a bellowing sound; to roar. As loud as belleth wind in hell. Chaucer. The wild buck bells from ferny brake. Sir W. Scott. BELLADONNA Bel`la*don"na, n. Etym: [It., literally fine lady; bella beautiful + donna lady.] (Bot.) (a) An herbaceous European plant (Atropa belladonna) with reddish bell-shaped flowers and shining black berries. The whole plant and its fruit are very poisonous, and the root and leaves are used as powerful medicinal agents. Its properties are largely due to the alkaloid atropine which it contains. Called also deadly nightshade. (b) A species of Amaryllis (A. belladonna); the belladonna lily. BELL ANIMALCULE Bell" an`i*mal"cule. (Zoöl.) Defn: An infusorian of the family Vorticellidæ, common in fresh-water ponds. BELLARMINE Bel"lar*mine, n. Defn: A stoneware jug of a pattern originated in the neighborhood of Cologne, Germany, in the 16th century. It has a bearded face or mask supposed to represent Cardinal Bellarmine, a leader in the Roman Catholic Counter Reformation, following the Reformation; -- called also graybeard, longbeard. BELL BEARER Bell" bear`er. (Zoöl.) Defn: A Brazilian leaf hopper (Bocydium tintinnabuliferum), remarkable for the four bell-shaped appendages of its thorax. BELLBIRD Bell"bird`, n. Etym: [So called from their notes.] (Zoöl.) (a) A South American bird of the genus Casmarhincos, and family Cotingidæ, of several species; the campanero. (b) The Myzantha melanophrys of Australia. BELL CRANK Bell" crank`. Defn: A lever whose two arms form a right angle, or nearly a right angle, having its fulcrum at the apex of the angle. It is used in bell pulls and in changing the direction of bell wires at angles of rooms, etc., and also in machinery. BELLE Belle, n. Etym: [F. belle, fem. of bel, beau, beautiful, fine. See Beau.] Defn: A young lady of superior beauty and attractions; a handsome lady, or one who attracts notice in society; a fair lady. BELLED Belled, a. Defn: Hung with a bell or bells. BELLEEK WARE Bel*leek" ware. Defn: A porcelainlike kind of decorative pottery with a high gloss, which is sometimes iridescent. A very fine kind is made at Belleek in Ireland. BELLE-LETTRIST Belle-let"trist, n. Defn: One versed in belleslettres. BELLEROPHON Bel*ler"o*phon, n. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of fossil univalve shells, believed to belong to the Heteropoda, peculiar to the Paleozoic age. BELLES-LETTRES Belles-let"tres, n. pl. Etym: [F.] Defn: Polite or elegant literature; the humanities; -- used somewhat vaguely for literary works in which imagination and taste are predominant. BELLETRISTIC; BELLETRISTICAL Bel`le*tris"tic, Bel`le*tris"tic*al, a. Defn: Occupied with, or pertaining to, belles-lettres. "An unlearned, belletristic trifler." M. Arnold. BELL-FACED Bell"-faced`, a. Defn: Having the striking surface convex; -- said of hammers. BELLFLOWER Bell"flow`er, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Campanula; -- so named from its bell- shaped flowers. BELLFLOWER Bell"flow`er, n. Etym: [F. bellefleur, lit., beautiful flower.] Defn: A kind of apple. The yellow bellflower is a large, yellow winter apple. [Written also bellefleur.] BELLIBONE Bel"li*bone, n. Etym: [F. belle et bonne, beautiful and good.] Defn: A woman excelling both in beauty and goodness; a fair maid. [Obs.] Spenser. BELLIC; BELLICAL Bel"lic, Bel"li*cal, a. Etym: [L. bellicus. See Bellicose.] Defn: Of or pertaining to war; warlike; martial. [Obs.] "Bellic Cæsar." Feltham. BELLICOSE Bel"li*cose`, a. Etym: [L. bellicosus, fr. bellicus of war, fr. bellum war. See Duel.] Defn: Inclined to war or contention; warlike; pugnacious. Arnold was, in fact, in a bellicose vein. W. Irving. BELLICOSELY Bel"li*cose`ly, adv. Defn: In a bellicose manner. BELLICOUS Bel"li*cous, a. Defn: Bellicose. [Obs.] BELLIED Bel"lied Defn: , a. Having (such) a belly; puffed out; -- used in composition; as, pot-bellied; shad-bellied. BELLIGERENCE; BELLIGERENCY Bel*lig"er*ence, Bel*lig"er*en*cy, n. Defn: The quality of being belligerent; act or state of making war; warfare. BELLIGERENT Bel*lig"er*ent, a. Etym: [L. bellum war + gerens, -entis, waging, p. pr. of gerere to wage: cf. F. belligérant. See Bellicose, Jest.] 1. Waging war; carrying on war. "Belligerent powers." E. Everett. 2. Pertaining, or tending, to war; of or relating to belligerents; as, a belligerent tone; belligerent rights. BELLIGERENT Bel*lig"er*ent, n. Defn: A nation or state recognized as carrying on war; a person engaged in warfare. BELLIGERENTLY Bel*lig"er*ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a belligerent manner; hostilely. BELLING Bell"ing, n. Etym: [From Bell to bellow.] Defn: A bellowing, as of a deer in rutting time. Johnson. BELLIPOTENT Bel*lip"o*tent, a. Etym: [L. bellipotens; bellum war + potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be able.] Defn: Mighty in war; armipotent. [R.] Blount. BELL JAR Bell" jar`. (Phys.) Defn: A glass vessel, varying in size, open at the bottom and closed at the top like a bell, and having a knob or handle at the top for lifting it. It is used for a great variety of purposes; as, with the air pump, and for holding gases, also for keeping the dust from articles exposed to view. BELLMAN Bell"man, n. Defn: A man who rings a bell, especially to give notice of anything in the streets. Formerly, also, a night watchman who called the hours. Milton. BELL METAL Bell" met`al. Defn: A hard alloy or bronze, consisting usually of about three parts of copper to one of tin; -- used for making bells. Bell metal ore, a sulphide of tin, copper, and iron; the mineral stannite. BELL-MOUTHED Bell"-mouthed`, a. Defn: Expanding at the mouth; as, a bell-mouthed gun. Byron. BELLON Bel"lon, n. Defn: Lead colic. BELLONA Bel*lo"na, n. Etym: [L., from bellum war.] (Rom. Myth.) Defn: The goddess of war. BELLOW Bel"low, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bellowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bellowing.] Etym: [OE. belwen, belowen, AS. bylgean, fr. bellan; akin to G. bellen, and perh. to L. flere to weep, OSlav. bleja to bleat, Lith. balsas voice. Cf. Bell, n. & v., Bawl, Bull.] 1. To make a hollow, loud noise, as an enraged bull. 2. To bowl; to vociferate; to clamor. Dryden. 3. To roar; as the sea in a tempest, or as the wind when violent; to make a loud, hollow, continued sound. The bellowing voice of boiling seas. Dryden. BELLOW Bel"low, v. t. Defn: To emit with a loud voice; to shout; -- used with out. "Would bellow out a laugh." Dryden. BELLOW Bel"low, n. Defn: A loud resounding outcry or noise, as of an enraged bull; a roar. BELLOWER Bel"low*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, bellows. BELLOWS Bel"lows, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [OE. bely, below, belly, bellows, AS. bælg, bælig, bag, bellows, belly. Bellows is prop. a pl. and the orig. sense is bag. See Belly.] Defn: An instrument, utensil, or machine, which, by alternate expansion and contraction, or by rise and fall of the top, draws in air through a valve and expels it through a tube for various purposes, as blowing fires, ventilating mines, or filling the pipes of an organ with wind. Bellows camera, in photography, a form of camera, which can be drawn out like an accordion or bellows. -- Hydrostatic bellows. See Hydrostatic. -- A pair of bellows, the ordinary household instrument for blowing fires, consisting of two nearly heart-shaped boards with handles, connected by leather, and having a valve and tube. BELLOWS FISH Bel"lows fish`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European fish (Centriscus scolopax), distinguished by a long tubular snout, like the pipe of a bellows; -- called also trumpet fish, and snipe fish. BELL PEPPER Bell" pep`per. (Bot.) Defn: A species of Capsicum, or Guinea pepper (C. annuum). It is the red pepper of the gardens. BELL PROCESS Bell process. (Iron Metal.) Defn: The process of washing molten pig iron by adding iron oxide, proposed by I. Lowthian Bell of England about 1875. BELL-SHAPED Bell"-shaped`, a. Defn: Having the shape of a widemouthed bell; campanulate. BELL'S PALSY Bell's palsy. Defn: Paralysis of the facial nerve, producing distortion of one side of the face. BELL SYSTEM OF CONTROL Bell system of control. (Aëronautics) Defn: See Cloche. BELLUINE Bel"lu*ine, a. Etym: [L. belluinus, fr. bellua beast.] Defn: Pertaining to, or like, a beast; brutal. [R.] Animal and belluine life. Atterbury. BELLWETHER Bell"weth`er, n. 1. A wether, or sheep, which leads the flock, with a bell on his neck. 2. Hence: A leader. [Contemptuous] Swift. BELLWORT Bell"wort", n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants (Uvularia) with yellowish bell-shaped flowers. BELLY Bel"ly, n.; pl. Bellies. Etym: [OE. bali, bely, AS. belg, bælg, bælig, bag, bellows, belly; akin to Icel. belgr bag, bellows, Sw. bälg, Dan. bælg, D. & G. balg, cf. W. bol the paunch or belly, dim. boly, Ir. bolg. Cf. Bellows, Follicle, Fool, Bilge.] 1. That part of the human body which extends downward from the breast to the thighs, and contains the bowels, or intestines; the abdomen. Note: Formerly all the splanchnic or visceral cavities were called bellies; -- the lower belly being the abdomen; the middle belly, the thorax; and the upper belly, the head. Dunglison. 2. The under part of the body of animals, corresponding to the human belly. Underneath the belly of their steeds. Shak. 3. The womb. [Obs.] Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee. Jer. i. 5. 4. The part of anything which resembles the human belly in protuberance or in cavity; the innermost part; as, the belly of a flask, muscle, sail, ship. Out of the belly of hell cried I. Jonah ii. 2. 5. (Arch.) Defn: The hollow part of a curved or bent timber, the convex part of which is the back. Belly doublet, a doublet of the 16th century, hanging down so as to cover the belly. Shak. -- Belly fretting, the chafing of a horse's belly with a girth. Johnson. -- Belly timber, food. [Ludicrous] Prior. -- Belly worm, a worm that breeds or lives in the belly (stomach or intestines). Johnson. BELLY Bel"ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bellied; p. pr. & vb. n. Bellying.] Defn: To cause to swell out; to fill. [R.] Your breath of full consent bellied his sails. Shak. BELLY Bel"ly, v. i. Defn: To swell and become protuberant, like the belly; to bulge. The bellying canvas strutted with the gale. Dryden. BELLYACHE Bel"ly*ache`, n. Defn: Pain in the bowels; colic. BELLYBAND Bel"ly*band`, n. 1. A band that passes under the belly of a horse and holds the saddle or harness in place; a girth. 2. A band of flannel or other cloth about the belly. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A band of canvas, to strengthen a sail. BELLYBOUND Bel"ly*bound` (, a. Defn: Costive; constipated. BELLYCHEAT Bel"ly*cheat`, n. Defn: An apron or covering for the front of the person. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. BELLYCHEER Bel"ly*cheer`, n. Etym: [Perh. from F. belle chère.] Defn: Good cheer; viands. [Obs.] "Bellycheer and banquets." Rowlands. "Loaves and bellycheer." Milton. BELLYCHEER Bel"ly*cheer`, v. i. Defn: To revel; to feast. [Obs.] A pack of clergymen [assembled] by themselves to bellycheer in their presumptuous Sion. Milton. BELLYFUL Bel"ly*ful, n. Defn: As much as satisfies the appetite. Hence: A great abundance; more than enough. Lloyd. King James told his son that he would have his bellyful of parliamentary impeachments. Johnson. BELLY-GOD Bel"ly-god`, n. Defn: One whose great pleasure it is to gratify his appetite; a glutton; an epicure. BELLY-PINCHED Bel"ly-pinched`, a. Defn: Pinched with hunger; starved. "The belly-pinched wolf." Shak. BELOCK Be*lock", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belocked.] Etym: [Pref. be- + lock: cf. AS. bel.] Defn: To lock, or fasten as with a lock. [Obs.] Shak. BELOMANCY Bel"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. ; arrow + a diviner: cf. F. bélomancie.] Defn: A kind of divination anciently practiced by means of marked arrows drawn at random from a bag or quiver, the marks on the arrows drawn being supposed to foreshow the future. Encyc. Brit. BELONG Be*long", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Belonged; p. pr. & vb. n. Belonging.] Etym: [OE. belongen (akin to D. belangen to concern, G. belangen to attain to, to concern); pref. be- + longen to desire. See Long, v. i.] Note: [Usually construed with to.] 1. To be the property of; as, Jamaica belongs to Great Britain. 2. To be a part of, or connected with; to be appendant or related; to owe allegiance or service. A desert place belonging to . . . Bethsaids. Luke ix. 10. The mighty men which belonged to David. 1 Kings i. 8. 3. To be the concern or proper business or function of; to appertain to. "Do not interpretations belong to God " Gen. xl. 8. 4. To be suitable for; to be due to. Strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age. Heb. v. 14. No blame belongs to thee. Shak. 5. To be native to, or an inhabitant of; esp. to have a legal residence, settlement, or inhabitancy, whether by birth or operation of law, so as to be entitled to maintenance by the parish or town. Bastards also are settled in the parishes to which the mothers belong. Blackstone. BELONG Be*long", v. t. Defn: To be deserved by. [Obs.] More evils belong us than happen to us. B. Jonson. BELONGING Be*long"ing, n. Etym: [Commonly in the pl.] 1. That which belongs to one; that which pertains to one; hence, goods or effects. "Thyself and thy belongings." Shak. 2. That which is connected with a principal or greater thing; an appendage; an appurtenance. 3. Family; relations; household. [Colloq.] Few persons of her ladyship's belongings stopped, before they did her bidding, to ask her reasons. Thackeray. BELONITE Bel"o*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. a needle.] (Min.) Defn: Minute acicular or dendritic crystalline forms sometimes observed in glassy volcanic rocks. BELOOCHE; BELOOCHEE Bel*oo"che Bel*oo"chee, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Beloochistan, or to its inhabitants. -- n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Beloochistan. BELORD Be*lord", v. t. 1. To act the lord over. 2. To address by the title of "lord". BELOVE Be*love", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beloved.] Etym: [OE. bilufien. See pref. Be-, and Love, v. t.] Defn: To love. [Obs.] Wodroephe. BELOVED Be*loved", p. p. & a. Defn: Greatly loved; dear to the heart. Antony, so well beloved of Cæsar. Shak. This is my beloved Son. Matt. iii. 17. BELOVED Be*lov"ed, n. Defn: One greatly loved. My beloved is mine, and I am his. Cant. ii. 16. BELOW Be*low", prep. Etym: [Pref. be- by + low.] 1. Under, or lower in place; beneath not so high; as, below the moon; below the knee. Shak. 2. Inferior to in rank, excellence, dignity, value, amount, price, etc.; lower in quality. "One degree below kings." Addison. 3. Unworthy of; unbefitting; beneath. They beheld, with a just loathing and disdain, . . . how below all history the persons and their actions were. Milton. Who thinks no fact below his regard. Hallam. Syn. -- Underneath; under; beneath. BELOW Be*low", adv. 1. In a lower place, with respect to any object; in a lower room; beneath. Lord Marmion waits below. Sir W. Scott. 2. On the earth, as opposed to the heavens. The fairest child of Jove below. Prior. 3. In hell, or the regions of the dead. What businesss brought him to the realms below. Dryden. 4. In court or tribunal of inferior jurisdiction; as, at the trial below. Wheaton. 5. In some part or page following. BELOWT Be*lowt", v. t. Defn: To treat as a lout; to talk abusively to. [Obs.] Camden. BELSIRE Bel"sire`, n. Etym: [Pref. bel- + sire. Cf. Beldam.] Defn: A grandfather, or ancestor. "His great belsire Brute." [Obs.] Drayton. BELSWAGGER Bel"swag`ger, n. Etym: [Contr. from bellyswagger.] Defn: A lewd man; also, a bully. [Obs.] Dryden. BELT Belt, n. Etym: [AS. belt; akin to Icel. belti, Sw. bälte, Dan. bælte, OHG. balz, L. balteus, Ir. & Gael. balt bo 1. That which engirdles a person or thing; a band or girdle; as, a lady's belt; a sword belt. The shining belt with gold inlaid. Dryden. 2. That which restrains or confines as a girdle. He cannot buckle his distempered cause Within the belt of rule. Shak. 3. Anything that resembles a belt, or that encircles or crosses like a belt; a strip or stripe; as, a belt of trees; a belt of sand. 4. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Band, n., 2. A very broad band is more properly termed a belt. 5. (Astron.) Defn: One of certain girdles or zones on the surface of the planets Jupiter and Saturn, supposed to be of the nature of clouds. 6. (Geog.) Defn: A narrow passage or strait; as, the Great Belt and the Lesser Belt, leading to the Baltic Sea. 7. (Her.) Defn: A token or badge of knightly rank. 8. (Mech.) Defn: A band of leather, or other flexible substance, passing around two wheels, and communicating motion from one to the other. Note: [See Illust. of Pulley.] 9. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: A band or stripe, as of color, round any organ; or any circular ridge or series of ridges. Belt lacing, thongs used for lacing together the ends of machine belting. BELT Belt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belted; p. pr. & vb. n. Belting.] Defn: To encircle with, or as with, a belt; to encompass; to surround. A coarse black robe belted round the waist. C. Reade. They belt him round with hearts undaunted. Wordsworth. 2. To shear, as the buttocks and tails of sheep. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. BELTANE Bel"tane, n. Etym: [Gael. bealltainn, bealltuinn.] 1. The first day of May (Old Style). The quarter-days anciently in Scotland were Hallowmas, Candlemas, Beltane, and Lammas. New English Dict. 2. A festival of the heathen Celts on the first day of May, in the observance of which great bonfires were kindled. It still exists in a modified form in some parts of Scotland and Ireland. BELTED Belt"ed, a. 1. Encircled by, or secured with, a belt; as, a belted plaid; girt with a belt, as an honorary distinction; as, a belted knight; a belted earl. 2. Marked with a band or circle; as, a belted stalk. 3. Worn in, or suspended from, the belt. Three men with belted brands. Sir W. Scott. Belted cattle, cattle originally from Dutch stock, having a broad band of white round the middle, while the rest of the body is black; -- called also blanketed cattle. BELTEIN; BELTIN Bel"tein, Bel"tin, n. Defn: See Beltane. BELTING Belt"ing, n. Defn: The material of which belts for machinery are made; also, belts, taken collectively. BELUGA Be*lu"ga, n. Etym: [Russ. bieluga a sort of large sturgeon, prop. white fish, fr. bieluii white.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A cetacean allied to the dolphins. Note: The northern beluga (Delphinapterus catodon) is the white whale and white fish of the whalers. It grows to be from twelve to eighteen feet long. BELUTE Be*lute", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Beluting.] Etym: [Pref. be- + L. lutum mud.] Defn: To bespatter, as with mud. [R.] Sterne. BELVEDERE Bel`ve*dere", n. Etym: [It., fr. bello, bel, beautiful + vedere to see.] (Arch.) Defn: A small building, or a part of a building, more or less open, constructed in a place commanding a fine prospect. BELZEBUTH Bel"ze*buth, n. Etym: [From Beelzebub.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth) of Brazil. BEMA Be"ma, n. Etym: [Gr. step, platform.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A platform from which speakers addressed an assembly. Mitford. 2. (Arch.) (a) That part of an early Christian church which was reserved for the higher clergy; the inner or eastern part of the chancel. (b) Erroneously: A pulpit. BEMAD Be*mad", v. t. Defn: To make mad. [Obs.] Fuller. BEMANGLE Be*man"gle, v. t. Defn: To mangle; to tear asunder. [R.] Beaumont. BEMASK Be*mask", v. t. Defn: To mask; to conceal. BEMASTER Be*mas"ter, v. t. Defn: To master thoroughly. BEMAUL Be*maul", v. t. Defn: To maul or beat severely; to bruise. "In order to bemaul Yorick." Sterne. BEMAZE Be*maze, v. t. Etym: [OE. bimasen; pref. be- + masen to maze.] Defn: To bewilder. Intellects bemazed in endless doubt. Cowper. BEMEAN Be*mean", v. t. Defn: To make mean; to lower. C. Reade. BEMEET Be*meet", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemet; p. pr. & vb. n. Bemeeting.] Defn: To meet. [Obs.] Our very loving sister, well bemet. Shak. BEMETE Be*mete", v. t. Defn: To mete. [Obs.] Shak. BEMINGLE Be*min"gle, v. t. Defn: To mingle; to mix. BEMIRE Be*mire", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemired; p. pr. & vb. n. Bemiring.] Defn: To drag through, encumber with, or fix in, the mire; to soil by passing through mud or dirt. Bemired and benighted in the dog. Burke. BEMIST Be*mist", v. t. Defn: To envelop in mist. [Obs.] BEMOAN Be*moan", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemoaned; p. pr. & vb. n. Bemoaning.] Etym: [OE. bimenen, AS. bem; pref. be- + m to moan. See Moan.] Defn: To express deep grief for by moaning; to express sorrow for; to lament; to bewail; to pity or sympathize with. Implores their pity, and his pain bemoans. Dryden. Syn. -- See Deplore. BEMOANER Be*moan"er, n. Defn: One who bemoans. BEMOCK Be*mock", v. t. Defn: To mock; to ridicule. Bemock the modest moon. Shak. BEMOIL Be*moil", v. t. Etym: [Pref. be- + moil, fr. F. mouiller to wet; but cf. also OE. bimolen to soil, fr. AS. mal spot: cf. E. mole.] Defn: To soil or encumber with mire and dirt. [Obs.] Shak. BEMOL Be"mol, n. Etym: [F. bémol, fr. bé soft.] (Mus.) Defn: The sign [Obs.] BEMONSTER Be*mon"ster, v. t. Defn: To make monstrous or like a monster. [Obs.] Shak. BEMOURN Be*mourn", v. t. Defn: To mourn over. Wyclif. BEMUDDLE Be*mud"dle, v. t. Defn: To muddle; to stupefy or bewilder; to confuse. BEMUFFLE Be*muf"fle, v. t. Defn: To cover as with a muffler; to wrap up. Bemuffled with the externals of religion. Sterne. BEMUSE Be*muse", v. t. Defn: To muddle, daze, or partially stupefy, as with liquor. A parson much bemused in beer. Pope. BEN; BEN NUT Ben, Ben" nut`. Etym: [Ar. ban, name of the tree.] (Bot.) Defn: The seed of one or more species of moringa; as, oil of ben. See Moringa. BEN Ben, adv. & prep. Etym: [AS. binnan; pref. be- by + innan within, in in.] Defn: Within; in; in or into the interior; toward the inner apartment. [Scot.] BEN Ben, n. Etym: [See Ben, adv.] Defn: The inner or principal room in a hut or house of two rooms; -- opposed to but, the outer apartment. [Scot.] BEN Ben. Defn: An old form of the pl. indic. pr. of Be. [Obs.] BENAME Be*name", v. t. [p. p. Benamed, Benempt.] Defn: To promise; to name. [Obs.] BENCH Bench, n.; pl. Benches. Etym: [OE. bench, benk, AS. benc; akin to Sw. bänk, Dan bænk, Icel. bekkr, OS., D., & G. bank. Cf. Bank, Beach.] 1. A long seat, differing from a stool in its greater length. Mossy benches supplied the place of chairs. Sir W. Scott. 2. A long table at which mechanics and other work; as, a carpenter's bench. 3. The seat where judges sit in court. To pluck down justice from your awful bench. Shak. 4. The persons who sit as judges; the court; as, the opinion of the full bench. See King's Bench. 5. A collection or group of dogs exhibited to the public; -- so named because the animals are usually placed on benches or raised platforms. 6. A conformation like a bench; a long stretch of flat ground, or a kind of natural terrace, near a lake or river. Bench mark (Leveling), one of a number of marks along a line of survey, affixed to permanent objects, to show where leveling staffs were placed. -- Bench of bishops, the whole body of English prelates assembled in council. -- Bench plane, any plane used by carpenters and joiners for working a flat surface, as jack planes, long planes. -- Bench show, an exhibition of dogs. -- Bench table (Arch.), a projecting course at the base of a building, or round a pillar, sufficient to form a seat. BENCH Bench, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benched; p. pr. & vb. n. Benching.] 1. To furnish with benches. 'T was benched with turf. Dryden. Stately theaters benched crescentwise. Tennyson. 2. To place on a bench or seat of honor. Whom I . . . have benched and reared to worship. Shak. BENCH Bench, v. i. Defn: To sit on a seat of justice. [R.] Shak. BENCHER Bench"er, n. 1. (Eng. Law) Defn: One of the senior and governing members of an Inn of Court. 2. An alderman of a corporation. [Eng.] Ashmole. 3. A member of a court or council. [Obs.] Shak. 4. One who frequents the benches of a tavern; an idler. [Obs.] BENCH MARK Bench mark. (Leveling) Defn: Any permanent mark to which other levels may be referred. Specif. : A horizontal mark at the water's edge with reference to which the height of tides and floods may be measured. BENCH WARRANT Bench" war`rant. (Law) Defn: A process issued by a presiding judge or by a court against a person guilty of some contempt, or indicted for some crime; -- so called in distinction from a justice's warrant. BEND Bend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bended or Bent; p. pr. & vb. n. Bending.] Etym: [AS. bendan to bend, fr. bend a band, bond, fr. bindan to bind. See Bind, v. t., and cf. 3d & 4th Bend.] 1. To strain or move out of a straight line; to crook by straining; to make crooked; to curve; to make ready for use by drawing into a curve; as, to bend a bow; to bend the knee. 2. To turn toward some certain point; to direct; to incline. "Bend thine ear to supplication." Milton. Towards Coventry bend we our course. Shak. Bending her eyes . . . upon her parent. Sir W. Scott. 3. To apply closely or with interest; to direct. To bend his mind to any public business. Temple. But when to mischief mortals bend their will. Pope. 4. To cause to yield; to render submissive; to subdue. "Except she bend her humor." Shak. 5. (Naut.) Defn: To fasten, as one rope to another, or as a sail to its yard or stay; or as a cable to the ring of an anchor. Totten. To bend the brow, to knit the brow, as in deep thought or in anger; to scowl; to frown. Camden. Syn. -- To lean; stoop; deflect; bow; yield. BEND Bend, v. i. 1. To be moved or strained out of a straight line; to crook or be curving; to bow. The green earth's end Where the bowed welkin slow doth bend. Milton. 2. To jut over; to overhang. There is a cliff, whose high and bending head Looks fearfully in the confined deep. Shak. 3. To be inclined; to be directed. To whom our vows and wished bend. Milton. 4. To bow in prayer, or in token of submission. While each to his great Father bends. Coleridge. BEND Bend, n. Etym: [See Bend, v. t., and cf. Bent, n.] 1. A turn or deflection from a straight line or from the proper direction or normal position; a curve; a crook; as, a slight bend of the body; a bend in a road. 2. Turn; purpose; inclination; ends. [Obs.] Farewell, poor swain; thou art not for my bend. Fletcher. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A knot by which one rope is fastened to another or to an anchor, spar, or post. Totten. 4. (Leather Trade) Defn: The best quality of sole leather; a butt. See Butt. 5. (Mining) Defn: Hard, indurated clay; bind. Bends of a ship, the thickest and strongest planks in her sides, more generally called wales. They have the beams, knees, and foothooks bolted to them. Also, the frames or ribs that form the ship's body from the keel to the top of the sides; as, the midship bend. BEND Bend, n. Etym: [AS. bend. See Band, and cf. the preceding noun.] 1. A band. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Etym: [OF. bende, bande, F. bande. See Band.] (Her.) Defn: One of the honorable ordinaries, containing a third or a fifth part of the field. It crosses the field diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base. Bend sinister (Her.), an honorable ordinary drawn from the sinister chief to the dexter base. BENDABLE Bend"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being bent. BENDER Bend"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, bends. 2. An instrument used for bending. 3. A drunken spree. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett. 4. A sixpence. [Slang, Eng.] BENDING Bend"ing, n. Defn: The marking of the clothes with stripes or horizontal bands. [Obs.] Chaucer. BENDLET Bend"let, n. Etym: [Bend + -let: cf. E. bandlet.] (Her.) Defn: A narrow bend, esp. one half the width of the bend. BENDWISE Bend"wise, adv. (Her.) Defn: Diagonally. BENDY Ben"dy, a. Etym: [From Bend a band.] (Her.) Defn: Divided into an even number of bends; -- said of a shield or its charge. Cussans. BENE Ben"e, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Benne. BENE Be"ne, n. Etym: [AS. b.] Defn: A prayer; boon. [Archaic] What is good for a bootless bene Wordsworth. BENE; BEN Bene, Ben, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A hoglike mammal of New Guinea (Porcula papuensis). BENEAPED Be*neaped", a. (Naut.) Defn: See Neaped. BENEATH Be*neath", prep. Etym: [OE. benethe, bineo, AS. beneo, beny; pref. be- + neo, ny, downward, beneath, akin to E. nether. See Nether.] 1. Lower in place, with something directly over or on; under; underneath; hence, at the foot of. "Beneath the mount." Ex. xxxii. 19. Beneath a rude and nameless stone he lies. Pope. 2. Under, in relation to something that is superior, or that oppresses or burdens. Our country sinks beneath the yoke. Shak. 3. Lower in rank, dignity, or excellence than; as, brutes are beneath man; man is beneath angels in the scale of beings. Hence: Unworthy of; unbecoming. He will do nothing that is beneath his high station. Atterbury. BENEATH Be*neath", adv. 1. In a lower place; underneath. The earth you take from beneath will be barren. Mortimer. 2. Below, as opposed to heaven, or to any superior region or position; as, in earth beneath. BENEDICITE Ben`e*dic"i*te, n. Etym: [L., (imperative pl.,) bless ye, praise ye.] Defn: A canticle (the Latin version of which begins with this word) which may be used in the order for morning prayer in the Church of England. It is taken from an apocryphal addition to the third chapter of Daniel. BENEDICITE Ben`e*dic"i*te, interj. Etym: [See Benedicite, n.] Defn: An exclamation corresponding to Bless you !. BENEDICT; BENEDICK Ben"e*dict, Ben"e*dick, n. Etym: [From Benedick, one of the characters in Shakespeare's play of "Much Ado about Nothing."] Defn: A married man, or a man newly married. BENEDICT Ben"e*dict, a. Etym: [L. benedictus, p. p. of benedicere to bless. See Benison, and cf. Bennet.] Defn: Having mild and salubrious qualities. [Obs.] Bacon. BENEDICTINE Ben`e*dic"tine, a. Defn: Pertaining to the monks of St. Benedict, or St. Benet. BENEDICTINE Ben`e*dic"tine, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a famous order of monks, established by St. Benedict of Nursia in the sixth century. This order was introduced into the United States in 1846. Note: The Benedictines wear black clothing, and are sometimes called Black Monks. The name Black Fr which belongs to the Dominicans, is also sometimes applied to the Benedictines. BENEDICTION Ben`e*dic"tion, n. Etym: [L. benedictio: cf. F. bénédiction. See Benison.] 1. The act of blessing. 2. A blessing; an expression of blessing, prayer, or kind wishes in favor of any person or thing; a solemn or affectionate invocation of happiness. So saying, he arose; whom Adam thus Followed with benediction. Milton. Homeward serenely she walked with God's benediction upon her. Longfellow. Specifically: Defn: The short prayer which closes public worship; as, to give the benediction. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: The form of instituting an abbot, answering to the consecration of a bishop. Ayliffe. 4. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A solemn rite by which bells, banners, candles, etc., are blessed with holy water, and formally dedicated to God. BENEDICTIONAL Ben`e*dic"tion*al, n. Defn: A book of benedictions. BENEDICTIONARY Ben`e*dic"tion*a*ry, n. Defn: A collected series of benedictions. The benedictionary of Bishop Athelwold. G. Gurton's Needle. BENEDICTIVE Ben`e*dic"tive, a. Defn: Tending to bless. Gauden. BENEDICTORY Ben`e*dic"to*ry, a. Defn: Expressing wishes for good; as, a benedictory prayer. Thackeray. BENEDICTUS Ben`e*dic"tus, n. Etym: [L., blessed. See Benedict, a.] Defn: The song of Zacharias at the birth of John the Baptist (Luke i. 68); -- so named from the first word of the Latin version. BENEDIGHT Ben"e*dight, a. Defn: Blessed. [R.] Longfellow. BENEFACTION Ben`e*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. benefactio, fr. benefacere to do good to one; bene well + facere to do. See Benefit.] 1. The act of conferring a benefit. Johnson. 2. A benefit conferred; esp. a charitable donation. Syn. -- Gift; present; gratuity; boon; alms. BENEFACTOR Ben`e*fac"tor,n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who confers a benefit or benefits. Bacon. BENEFACTRESS Ben`e*fac"tress, n. Defn: A woman who confers a benefit. His benefactress blushes at the deed. Cowper. BENEFIC Be*nef"ic, a. Etym: [L. beneficus. See Benefice.] Defn: Favorable; beneficent. Milton. BENEFICE Ben"e*fice, n. Etym: [F. bénéfice, L. beneficium, a kindness , in LL. a grant of an estate, fr. L. beneficus beneficent; bene well + facere to do. See Benefit.] 1. A favor or benefit. [Obs.] Baxter. 2. (Feudal Law) Defn: An estate in lands; a fief. Note: Such an estate was granted at first for life only, and held on the mere good pleasure of the donor; but afterward, becoming hereditary, it received the appellation of fief, and the term benefice became appropriated to church livings. 3. An ecclesiastical living and church preferment, as in the Church of England; a church endowed with a revenue for the maintenance of divine service. See Advowson. Note: All church preferments are called benefices, except bishoprics, which are called dignities. But, ordinarily, the term dignity is applied to bishoprics, deaneries, archdeaconries, and prebendaryships; benefice to parsonages, vicarages, and donatives. BENEFICE Ben"e*fice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beneficed.] Defn: To endow with a benefice. Note: [Commonly in the past participle.] BENEFICED Ben"e*ficed, a. Defn: Possessed of a benefice o "Beneficed clergymen." Burke. BENEFICELESS Ben"e*fice*less, a. Defn: Having no benefice. "Beneficeless precisians." Sheldon. BENEFICENCE Be*nef"i*cence, n. Etym: [L. beneficentia, fr. beneficus: cf. F. bénéficence. See Benefice.] Defn: The practice of doing good; active goodness, kindness, or charity; bounty springing from purity and goodness. And whose beneficence no charge exhausts. Cowper. Syn. -- See Benevolence. BENEFICENT Be*nef`i*cent Defn: , a. Doing or producing good; performing acts of kindness and charity; characterized by beneficence. The beneficent fruits of Christianity. Prescott. Syn. -- See Benevolent. BENEFICENTIAL Be*nef`i*cen"tial, a. Defn: Relating to beneficence. BENEFICENTLY Be*nef"i*cent*ly, adv. Defn: In a beneficent manner; with beneficence. BENEFICIAL Ben`e*fi"cial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. bénéficial, LL. beneficialis.] 1. Conferring benefits; useful; profito. The war which would have been most beneficial to us. Swift. 2. (Law) Defn: Receiving, or entitled to have or receive, advantage, use, or benefit; as, the beneficial owner of an estate. Kent. 3. King. [Obs.] "A beneficial foe." B. Jonson. Syn. -- See Advantage. BENEFICIALLY Ben`e*fi"cial*ly, adv. Defn: In a beneficial or advantageous manner; profitably; helpfully. BENEFICIALNESS Ben`e*fi"cial*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being beneficial; profitableness. BENEFICIARY Ben`e*fi"ci*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. bénéficiaire, LL. beneficiarius.] 1. Holding some office or valuable possession, in subordination to another; holding under a feudal or other superior; having a dependent and secondary possession. A feudatory or beneficiary king of England. Bacon. 2. Bestowed as a gratuity; as, beneficiary gifts. BENEFICIARY Ben`e*fi"ci*a*ry, n.; pl. Beneficiaries (. 1. A feudatory or vassal; hence, one who holds a benefice and uses its proceeds. Ayliffe. 2. One who receives anything as a gift; one who receives a benefit or advantage; esp. one who receives help or income from an educational fund or a trust estate. The rich men will be offering sacrifice to their Deity whose beneficiaries they are. Jer. Taylor. BENEFICIATE Ben`e*fi"ci*ate, v. t. Etym: [Sp. beneficiar to benefit, to work mines.] (Mining) Defn: To reduce (ores). -- Ben`e*fi`ci*a"tion (n. BENEFICIENT Ben`e*fi"cient, a. Defn: Beneficent. [Obs.] BENEFIT Ben"e*fit, n. Etym: [OE. benefet, benfeet, bienfet, F. bienfait, fr. L. benefactum; bene well (adv. of bonus good) + factum, p. p. of facere to do. See Bounty, and Fact.] 1. An act of kindness; a favor conferred. Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits. Ps. ciii. 2. 2. Whatever promotes prosperity and personal happiness, or adds value to property; advantage; profit. Men have no right to what is not for their benefit. Burke. 3. A theatrical performance, a concert, or the like, the proceeds of which do not go to the lessee of the theater or to the company, but to some individual actor, or to some charitable use. 4. Beneficence; liberality. [Obs.] Webster (1623). 5. pl. Defn: Natural advantaged; endowments; accomplishments. [R.] "The benefits of your own country." Shak. Benefit of clergy. (Law) See under Clergy. Syn. -- Profit; service; use; avail. See Advantage. BENEFIT Ben"e*fit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benefited; p. pr. & vb. n. Benefitting.] Defn: To be beneficial to; to do good to; to advantage; to advance in health or prosperity; to be useful to; to profit. I will repent of the good, wherewith I said I would benefit them. Jer. xviii. 10. BENEFIT Ben"e*fit, v. i. Defn: To gain advantage; to make improvement; to profit; as, he will benefit by the change. BENEFITER Ben"e*fit`er, n. Defn: One who confers a benefit; -- also, one who receives a benefit. BENEFIT SOCIETY Benefit society. Defn: A society or association formed for mutual insurance, as among tradesmen or in labor unions, to provide for relief in sickness, old age, and for the expenses of burial. Usually called friendly society in Great Britain. BENEME Be*neme", v. t. Etym: [AS. ben. Cf. Benim.] Defn: To deprive (of), or take away (from). [Obs.] BENEMPT Be*nempt", p. p. Defn: of Bename. 1. Promised; vowed. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Named; styled. [Archaic] Sir W. Scott. BENE PLACITO Be`ne plac"i*to. Etym: [It. beneplacito pleasure, fr. L. bene well + placitus pleasing.] 1. At or during pleasure. For our English judges there never was . . . any bene placito as their tenure. F. Harrison. 2. (Mus.) Defn: At pleasure; ad libitum. BENET Be*net", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benetted.] Defn: To catch in a net; to insnare. Shak. BENEVOLENCE Be*nev"o*lence, n. Etym: [OF. benevolence, L. benevolentia. See Benevolent.] 1. The disposition to do good; good will; charitableness; love of mankind, accompanied with a desire to promote their happiness. The wakeful benevolence of the gospel. Chalmers. 2. An act of kindness; good done; charity given. 3. A species of compulsory contribution or tax, which has sometimes been illegally exacted by arbitrary kings of England, and falsely represented as a gratuity. Syn. -- Benevolence, Beneficence, Munificence. Benevolence marks a disposition made up of a choice and desire for the happiness of others. Beneficence marks the working of this disposition in dispensing good on a somewhat broad scale. Munificence shows the same disposition, but acting on a still broader scale, in conferring gifts and favors. These are not necessarily confined to objects of immediate utility. One may show his munificence in presents of pictures or jewelry, but this would not be beneficence. Benevolence of heart; beneficence of life; munificence in the encouragement of letters. BENEVOLENT Be*nev"o*lent, a. Etym: [L. benevolens, -entis; bene well (adv. of bonus good) + volens, p. pr. of volo I will, I wish. See Bounty, and Voluntary.] Defn: Having a disposition to do good; possessing or manifesting love to mankind, and a desire to promote their prosperity and happiness; disposed to give to good objects; kind; charitable. -- Be*nev"o*lent*ly, adv. Syn. -- Benevolent, Beneficent. Etymologically considered, benevolent implies wishing well to others, and beneficent, doing well. But by degrees the word benevolent has been widened to include not only feelings, but actions; thus, we speak of benevolent operations, benevolent labors for the public good, benevolent societies. In like manner, beneficent is now often applied to feelings; thus, we speak of the beneficent intentions of a donor. This extension of the terms enables us to mark nicer shades of meaning. Thus, the phrase "benevolent labors" turns attention to the source of these labors, viz., benevolent feeling; while beneficent would simply mark them as productive of good. So, "beneficent intentions" point to the feelings of the donor as bent upon some specific good act; while "benevolent intentions" would only denote a general wish and design to do good. BENEVOLOUS Be*nev"o*lous, a. Etym: [L. benevolus.] Defn: Kind; benevolent. [Obs.] T. Puller. BENGAL Ben*gal", n. 1. A province in India, giving its name to various stuffs, animals, etc. 2. A thin stuff, made of silk and hair, originally brought from Bengal. 3. Striped gingham, originally brought from Bengal; Bengal stripes. Bengal light, a firework containing niter, sulphur, and antimony, and producing a sustained and vivid colored light, used in making signals and in pyrotechnics; -- called also blue light. -- Bengal stripes, a kind of cotton cloth woven with colored stripes. See Bengal, 3. -- Bengal tiger. (Zoöl.). See Tiger. BENGALEE; BENGALI Ben*gal"ee, Ben*gal"i, n. Defn: The language spoken in Bengal. BENGALESE Ben`gal*ese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Bengal. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Bengal. BENGOLA Ben*go"la, n. Defn: A Bengal light. BENIGHT Be*night", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Benighting.] 1. To involve in darkness; to shroud with the shades of night; to obscure. [Archaic] The clouds benight the sky. Garth. 2. To overtake with night or darkness, especially before the end of a day's journey or task. Some virgin, sure, . . . benighted in these woods. Milton. 3. To involve in moral darkness, or ignorance; to debar from intellectual light. Shall we to men benighted The lamp of life deny Heber. BENIGHTMENT Be*night"ment, n. Defn: The condition of being benighted. BENIGN Be*nign", a. Etym: [OE. benigne, bening, OF. benigne, F. bénin, fem. bénigne, fr. L. benignus, contr. from benigenus; bonus good + root of genus kind. See Bounty, and Genus.] 1. Of a kind or gentle disposition; gracious; generous; favorable; benignant. Creator bounteous and benign. Milton. 2. Exhibiting or manifesting kindness, gentleness, favor, etc.; mild; kindly; salutary; wholesome. Kind influences and benign aspects. South. 3. Of a mild type or character; as, a benign disease. Syn. -- Kind; propitious; bland; genial; salubrious; favorable salutary; gracious; liberal. BENIGNANCY Be*nig"nan*cy, n. Defn: Benignant quality; kindliness. BENIGNANT Be*nig"nant, a. Etym: [LL. benignans, p. pr. of benignare, from L. benignus. See Benign.] Defn: Kind; gracious; favorable. -- Be*nig"nant*ly, adv. BENIGNITY Be*nig"ni*ty, n. Etym: [OE. benignite, F. bénignité, OF. bénigneté, fr. L. benignitas. See Benign.] 1. The quality of being benign; goodness; kindness; graciousness. "Benignity of aspect." Sir W. Scott. 2. Mildness; gentleness. The benignity or inclemency of the season. Spectator. 3. Salubrity; wholesome quality. Wiseman. BENIGNLY Be*nign"ly, adv. Defn: In a benign manner. BENIM Be*nim", v. t. Etym: [AS. beniman. See Benumb, and cf. Nim.] Defn: To take away. [Obs.] Ire . . . benimeth the man fro God. Chaucer. BENISON Ben"i*son, n. Etym: [OE. beneysun, benesoun, OF. beneï, beneïson, fr. L. benedictio, fr. benedicere to bless; bene (adv. of bonus good) + dicere to say. See Bounty, and Diction, and cf. Benediction.] Defn: Blessing; beatitude; benediction. Shak. More precious than the benison of friends. Talfourd. BENITIER Bé*ni"tier`, n. Etym: [F., fr. bénir to bless.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A holy-water stoup. Shipley. BENJAMIN Ben"ja*min, n. Etym: [Corrupted from benzoin.] Defn: See Benzoin. BENJAMIN Ben"ja*min, n. Defn: A kind of upper coat for men. [Colloq. Eng.] BENJAMITE Ben"ja*mite, n. Defn: A descendant of Benjamin; one of the tribe of Benjamin. Judg. iii. 15. BENNE Ben"ne, n. Etym: [Malay bijen.] (Bot.) Defn: The name of two plants (Sesamum orientale and S. indicum), originally Asiatic; -- also called oil plant. From their seeds an oil is expressed, called benne oil, used mostly for making soap. In the southern United States the seeds are used in candy. BENNET Ben"net, n. Etym: [F. benoîte, fr. L. benedicta, fem. of benedictus, p. p., blessed. See Benedict, a.] (Bot.) Defn: The common yellow-flowered avens of Europe (Geum urbanum); herb bennet. The name is sometimes given to other plants, as the hemlock, valerian, etc. BENSHEE Ben"shee, n. Defn: See Banshee. BENT Bent, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bend. BENT Bent, a. & p. p. 1. Changed by pressure so as to be no longer straight; crooked; as, a bent pin; a bent lever. 2. Strongly inclined toward something, so as to be resolved, determined, set, etc.; -- said of the mind, character, disposition, desires, etc., and used with on; as, to be bent on going to college; he is bent on mischief. BENT Bent, n. Etym: [See Bend, n. & v.] 1. The state of being curved, crooked, or inclined from a straight line; flexure; curvity; as, the bent of a bow. [Obs.] Wilkins. 2. A declivity or slope, as of a hill. [R.] Dryden. 3. A leaning or bias; proclivity; tendency of mind; inclination; disposition; purpose; aim. Shak. With a native bent did good pursue. Dryden. 4. Particular direction or tendency; flexion; course. Bents and turns of the matter. Locke. 5. (Carp.) Defn: A transverse frame of a framed structure. 6. Tension; force of acting; energy; impetus. [Archaic] The full bent and stress of the soul. Norris. Syn. -- Predilection; turn. Bent, Bias, Inclination, Prepossession. These words agree in describing a permanent influence upon the mind which tends to decide its actions. Bent denotes a fixed tendency of the mind in a given direction. It is the widest of these terms, and applies to the will, the intellect, and the affections, taken conjointly; as, the whole bent of his character was toward evil practices. Bias is literally a weight fixed on one side of a ball used in bowling, and causing it to swerve from a straight course. Used figuratively, bias applies particularly to the judgment, and denotes something which acts with a permanent force on the character through that faculty; as, the bias of early education, early habits, etc. Inclination is an excited state of desire or appetency; as, a strong inclination to the study of the law. Prepossession is a mingled state of feeling and opinion in respect to some person or subject, which has laid hold of and occupied the mind previous to inquiry. The word is commonly used in a good sense, an unfavorable impression of this kind being denominated a prejudice. "Strong minds will be strongly bent, and usually labor under a strong bias; but there is no mind so weak and powerless as not to have its inclinations, and none so guarded as to be without its prepossessions." Crabb. BENT Bent, n. Etym: [AS. beonet; akin to OHG. pinuz, G. binse, rush, bent grass; of unknown origin.] 1. A reedlike grass; a stalk of stiff, coarse grass. His spear a bent, both stiff and strong. Drayton. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A grass of the genus Agrostis, esp. Agrostis vulgaris, or redtop. The name is also used of many other grasses, esp. in America. 3. Any neglected field or broken ground; a common; a moor. [Obs.] Wright. Bowmen bickered upon the bent. Chevy Chase. BENT GRASS Bent" grass`. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Bent, a kind of grass. BENTHAL Ben"thal, a. Etym: [Gr. the depth of the sea.] Defn: Relating to the deepest zone or region of the ocean. BENTHAMIC Ben*tham"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Bentham or Benthamism. BENTHAMISM Ben"tham*ism, n. Defn: That phase of the doctrine of utilitarianism taught by Jeremy Bentham; the doctrine that the morality of actions is estimated and determined by their utility; also, the theory that the sensibility to pleasure and the recoil from pain are the only motives which influence human desires and actions, and that these are the sufficient explanation of ethical and jural conceptions. BENTHAMITE Ben"tham*ite, n. Defn: One who believes in Benthamism. BENTHOS Ben"thos, n. [NL., fr. Gr. depth of the sea.] Defn: The bottom of the sea, esp. of the deep oceans; hence (Bot. & Zoöl.), the fauna and flora of the sea bottom; -- opposed to plankton. BENTING TIME Bent"ing time". Defn: The season when pigeons are said to feed on bents, before peas are ripe. Bare benting times . . . may come. Dryden. BENTY Bent"y, a. 1. A bounding in bents, or the stalks of coarse, stiff, withered grass; as, benty fields. 2. Resembling bent. Holland. BENUMB Be*numb", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benumbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Benumbing.] Etym: [OE. binomen, p. p. of binimen to take away, AS. beniman; pref. be + niman to take. See Numb, a., and cf. Benim.] Defn: To make torpid; to deprive of sensation or sensibility; to stupefy; as, a hand or foot benumbed by cold. The creeping death benumbed her senses first. Dryden. BENUMBED Be*numbed", a. Defn: Made torpid; numbed; stupefied; deadened; as, a benumbed body and mind. -- Be*numbed"ness, n. BENUMBMENT Be*numb"ment, n. Defn: Act of benumbing, or state of being benumbed; torpor. Kirby. BENZAL Ben"zal, n. Etym: [Benzoic + aldehyde.] (Chem.) Defn: A transparent crystalline substance, BENZAMIDE Ben*zam"ide, n. Etym: [Benzoin + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: A transparent crystalline substance, C6H5.CO.NH2, obtained by the action of ammonia upon chloride of benzoyl, as also by several other reactions with benzoyl compounds. BENZENE Ben"zene, n. Etym: [From Benzoin.] (Chem.) Defn: A volatile, very inflammable liquid, C6H6, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation. The name is sometimes applied also to the impure commercial product or benzole, and also, but rarely, to a similar mixed product of petroleum. Benzene nucleus, Benzene ring (Chem.), a closed chain or ring, consisting of six carbon atoms, each with one hydrogen atom attached, regarded as the type from which the aromatic compounds are derived. This ring formula is provisionally accepted as representing the probable constitution of the benzene molecule, C6H6, and as the type on which its derivatives are formed. BENZILE Ben"zile, n. Etym: [From Benzoin.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellowish crystalline substance, C6H5.CO.CO.C6H5, formed from benzoin by the action of oxidizing agents, and consisting of a doubled benzoyl radical. BENZINE Ben"zine, n. Etym: [From Benzoin.] (Chem.) 1. A liquid consisting mainly of the lighter and more volatile hydrocarbons of petroleum or kerosene oil, used as a solvent and for cleansing soiled fabrics; -- called also petroleum spirit, petroleum benzine. Varieties or similar products are gasoline, naphtha, rhigolene, ligroin, etc. 2. Same as Benzene. [R.] Note: The hydrocarbons of benzine proper are essentially of the marsh gas series, while benzene proper is the typical hydrocarbon of the aromatic series. BENZOATE Ben"zo*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. benzoate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt formed by the union of benzoic acid with any salifiable base. BENZOIC Ben*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. benzoïque.] Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, benzoin. Benzoic acid, or flowers of benzoin, a peculiar vegetable acid, C6H5.CO2H, obtained from benzoin, and some other balsams, by sublimation or decoction. It is also found in the urine of infants and herbivorous animals. It crystallizes in the form of white, satiny flakes; its odor is aromatic; its taste is pungent, and somewhat acidulous. -- Benzoic aldehyde, oil of bitter almonds; the aldehyde, C6H5.CHO, intermediate in composition between benzoic or benzyl alcohol, and benzoic acid. It is a thin colorless liquid. BENZOIN Ben*zoin", n. Etym: [Cf. F. benjoin, Sp. benjui, Pg. beijoin; all fr. Ar. luban-jawi incense form Sumatra (named Java in Arabic), the first syllable being lost. Cf. Benjamin.] Note: [Called also benjamin.] 1. A resinous substance, dry and brittle, obtained from the Styrax benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, Java, etc., having a fragrant odor, and slightly aromatic taste. It is used in the preparation of benzoic acid, in medicine, and as a perfume. 2. A white crystalline substance, C14H12O2, obtained from benzoic aldehyde and some other sources. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The spicebush (Lindera benzoin). Flowers of benzoin, benzoic acid. See under Benzoic. BENZOINATED Ben*zoin"a*ted, a. (Med.) Defn: Containing or impregnated with benzoin; as, benzoinated lard. BENZOLE; BENZOL Ben"zole Ben"zol, n. Etym: [Benzoin + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: An impure benzene, used in the arts as a solvent, and for various other purposes. See Benzene. Note: It has great solvent powers, and is used by manufacturers of India rubber and gutta percha; also for cleaning soiled kid gloves, and for other purposes. BENZOLINE Ben"zo*line, n. (Chem.) (a) Same as Benzole. (b) Same as Amarine. [R.] Watts. BENZONAPHTHOL; BENZONAPHTOL Ben`zo*naph"thol, n. Also Ben`zo*naph"tol . [Benzoin + naphthol.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline powder used as an intestinal antiseptic; beta-naphthol benzoate. BENZOSOL Ben"zo*sol, n. (Pharm.) Defn: Guaiacol benzoate, used as an intestinal antiseptic and as a substitute for creosote in phthisis. It is a colorless crystalline pewder. BENZOYL Ben"zoyl, n. Etym: [Benzoic + Gr. -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound radical, C6H5.CO; the base of benzoic acid, of the oil of bitter almonds, and of an extensive series of compounds. [Formerly written also benzule.] BENZYL Ben"zyl, n. Etym: [Benzoic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound radical, C6H5.CH2, related to toluene and benzoic acid; -- commonly used adjectively. BEPAINT Be*paint", v. t. Defn: To paint; to cover or color with, or as with, paint. Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheek. Shak. BEPELT Be*pelt", v. t. Defn: To pelt roundly. BEPINCH Be*pinch", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bepinched.] Defn: To pinch, or mark with pinches. Chapman. BEPLASTER Be*plas"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beplastered; p. pr. & vb. n. Beplastering.] Defn: To plaster over; to cover or smear thickly; to bedaub. Beplastered with rouge. Goldsmith. BEPLUMED Be*plumed", a. Defn: Decked with feathers. BEPOMMEL Be*pom"mel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bepommeled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bepommeling.] Defn: To pommel; to beat, as with a stick; figuratively, to assail or criticise in conversation, or in writing. Thackeray. BEPOWDER Be*pow"der, v. t. Defn: To sprinkle or cover with powder; to powder. BEPRAISE Be*praise", v. t. Defn: To praise greatly or extravagantly. Goldsmith. BEPROSE Be*prose", v. t. Defn: To reduce to prose. [R.] "To beprose all rhyme." Mallet. BEPUFFED Be*puffed", a. Defn: Puffed; praised. Carlyle. BEPURPLE Be*pur"ple, v. t. Defn: To tinge or dye with a purple color. BEQUEATH Be*queath", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bequeathed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bequeathing.] Etym: [OE. biquethen, AS. becwe to say, affirm, bequeath; pref. be- + cwe to say, speak. See Quoth.] 1. To give or leave by will; to give by testament; -- said especially of personal property. My heritage, which my dead father did bequeath to me. Shak. 2. To hand down; to transmit. To bequeath posterity somewhat to remember it. Glanvill. 3. To give; to offer; to commit. [Obs.] To whom, with all submission, on my knee I do bequeath my faithful services And true subjection everlastingly. Shak. Syn. -- To Bequeath, Devise. Both these words denote the giving or disposing of property by will. Devise, in legal usage, is property used to denote a gift by will of real property, and he to whom it is given is called the devisee. Bequeath is properly applied to a gift by will or legacy; i. e., of personal property; the gift is called a legacy, and he who receives it is called a legatee. In popular usage the word bequeath is sometimes enlarged so as to embrace devise; and it is sometimes so construed by courts. BEQUEATHABLE Be*queath"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being bequeathed. BEQUEATHAL Be*queath"al, n. Defn: The act of bequeathing; bequeathment; bequest. Fuller. BEQUEATHMENT Be*queath"ment, n. Defn: The act of bequeathing, or the state of being bequeathed; a bequest. BEQUEST Be*quest", n. Etym: [OE. biquest, corrupted fr. bequide; pref. be- + AS. cwide a saying, becwe to bequeath. The ending -est is probably due to confusion with quest. See Bequeath, Quest.] 1. The act of bequeathing or leaving by will; as, a bequest of property by A. to B. 2. That which is left by will, esp. personal property; a legacy; also, a gift. BEQUEST Be*quest", v. t. Defn: To bequeath, or leave as a legacy. [Obs.] "All I have to bequest." Gascoigne. BEQUETHEN Be*queth"en, Defn: old p. p. of Bequeath. [Obs.] Chaucer. BEQUOTE Be*quote", v. t. Defn: To quote constantly or with great frequency. BERAIN Be*rain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berained; p. pr. & vb. n. Beraining.] Defn: To rain upon; to wet with rain. [Obs.] Chaucer. BERATE Be*rate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berated; p. pr. & vb. n. Berating.] Defn: To rate or chide vehemently; to scold. Holland. Motley. BERATTLE Be*rat"tle (, v. t. Defn: To make rattle; to scold vociferously; to cry down. [Obs.] Shak. BERAY Be*ray" v.t. Etym: [Pref. be + ray to defile] Defn: TO make foul; to soil; to defile. [Obs.] Milton. BERBE Berbe, n. Etym: [Cf. Berber, Barb a Barbary horse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An African genet (Genetta pardina). See Genet. BERBER Ber"ber, n. Etym: [See Barbary.] Defn: A member of a race somewhat resembling the Arabs, but often classed as Hamitic, who were formerly the inhabitants of the whole of North Africa from the Mediterranean southward into the Sahara, and who still occupy a large part of that region; -- called also Kabyles. Also, the language spoken by this people. BERBERINE Ber"ber*ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid obtained, as a bitter, yellow substance, from the root of the barberry, gold thread, and other plants. BERBERRY Ber"ber*ry,n. Defn: See Barberry. BERCEUSE Ber`ceuse", n. [F.] (Mus.) Defn: A vocal or instrumental composition of a soft tranquil character, having a lulling effect; a cradle song. BERDASH Ber"dash Defn: ,n.A kind of neckcloth. [Obs.] A treatise against the cravat and berdash. Steele. BERE Bere Defn: , v. t. Etym: [Cf. OIcel. berja to strike.] To pierce. [Obs.] Chaucer. BERE Bere Defn: ,n.See Bear, barley. [Scot.] BEREAVE Be*reave" (, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bereaved (, Bereft (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bereaving.] Etym: [OE. bireven, AS. bereáfian. See Be-, and Reave.] 1. To make destitute; to deprive; to strip; -- with of before the person or thing taken away. Madam, you have bereft me of all words. Shak. Bereft of him who taught me how to sing. Tickell. 2. To take away from. [Obs.] All your interest in those territories Is utterly bereft you; all is lost. Shak. 3. To take away. [Obs.] Shall move you to bereave my life. Marlowe. Note: The imp. and past pple. form bereaved is not used in reference to immaterial objects. We say bereaved or bereft by death of a relative, bereft of hope and strength. Syn. -- To dispossess; to divest. BEREAVEMENT Be*reave"ment, n. Defn: The state of being bereaved; deprivation; esp., the loss of a relative by death. BEREAVER Be*reav"er, n. Defn: One who bereaves. BEREFT Be*reft", imp. & p. p. Defn: of Bereave. BERENICE'S HAIR Ber`e*ni"ce's Hair`. [See Berenice's, Locks, in Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.] (Astron.) Defn: See Coma Berenices, under Coma. BERETTA Be*ret"ta, n. Defn: Same as Berretta. BERG Berg, n. Etym: [sq. root95. See Barrow hill, and cf. Iceberg.] Defn: A large mass or hill, as of ice. Glittering bergs of ice. Tennyson . BERGAMOT Ber"ga*mot, n. Etym: [F. bergamote, fr. It. bergamotta; prob. a corruption of Turk. beg arm 1 . (Bot.) (a) A tree of the Orange family (Citrus bergamia), having a roundish or pear-shaped fruit, from the rind of which an essential oil of delicious odor is extracted, much prized as a perfume. Also, the fruit. (b) A variety of mint (Mentha aquatica, var. glabrata). 2. The essence or perfume made from the fruit. 3. A variety of pear. Johnson. 4. A variety of snuff perfumed with bergamot. The better hand . . . gives the nose its bergamot. Cowper . 5. A coarse tapestry, manufactured from flock of cotton or hemp, mixed with ox's or goat's hair; -- said to have been invented at Bergamo, Italy. Encyc. Brit. Wild bergamot (Bot.), an American herb of the Mint family (Monarda fistulosa). BERGANDER Ber"gan*der, n. Etym: [Berg, for burrow + gander a male goose Cf. G. bergente, Dan. gravgaas.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European duck (Anas tadorna). See Sheldrake. BERGERET Ber"ger*et, n. Etym: [OF. bergerete, F. berger a shepherd.] Defn: A pastoral song. [Obs.] BERGH Bergh, n. Etym: [AS. beorg.] Defn: A hill. [Obs.] BERGMASTER Berg"mas`ter, n. Defn: See Barmaster. BERGMEAL Berg"meal, n. Etym: [G. berg mountain + mehl meal.] Defn: (Min.) An earthy substance, resembling fine flour. It is composed of the shells of infusoria, and in Lapland and Sweden is sometimes eaten, mixed with flour or ground birch bark, in times of scarcity. This name is also given to a white powdery variety of calcite. BERGMOTE Berg"mote, n. Defn: See Barmote. BERGOMASK Ber"go*mask, n. Defn: A rustic dance, so called in ridicule of the people of Bergamo, in Italy, once noted for their clownishness. BERGSCHRUND Berg"schrund`, n. [G., lit., mountain gap.] (Phys. Geog.) Defn: The crevasse or series of crevasses, usually deep and often broad, frequently occurring near the head of a mountain glacier, about where the névé field joins the valley portion of the glacier. BERGSTOCK Berg"stock`, n. [G., lit., mountain stick.] Defn: A long pole with a spike at the end, used in climbing mountains; an alpenstock. BERGYLT Ber"gylt, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Norway haddock. See Rosefish. BERHYME Be*rhyme" (, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berhymed; p. pr. & vb. n. Berhyming.] Defn: To mention in rhyme or verse; to rhyme about. Note: [Sometimes use depreciatively.] Shak. BERIBERI Be`ri*be"ri, n. Etym: [Singhalese beri weakness.] Defn: An acute disease occurring in India, characterized by multiple inflammatory changes in the nerves, producing great muscular debility, a painful rigidity of the limbs, and cachexy. BERIME Be*rime" (, v. t. Defn: To berhyme. Note: [The earlier and etymologically preferable spelling.] BERING SEA CONTROVERSY Be"ring Sea Controversy. Defn: A controversy (1886 --93) between Great Britain and the United States as to the right of Canadians not licensed by the United States to carry on seal fishing in the Bering Sea, over which the United States claimed jurisdiction as a mare clausum. A court of arbitration, meeting in Paris in 1893, decided against the claim of the United States, but established regulations for the preservation of the fur seal. BERKELEIAN Berke*le"ian Defn: ,a.Of or relating to Bishop Berkeley or his system of idealism; as, Berkeleian philosophy. -- Berke"ley*ism, n. BERLIN Ber"lin, n. Etym: [The capital of Prussia] 1. A four-wheeled carriage, having a sheltered seat behind the body and separate from it, invented in the 17th century, at Berlin. 2. Fine worsted for fancy-work; zephyr worsted; -- called also Berlin wool. Berlin black, a black varnish, drying with almost a dead surface; -- used for coating the better kinds of ironware. Ure. -- Berlin blue, Prussian blue. Ure. -- Berlin green, a complex cyanide of iron, used as a green dye, and similar to Prussian blue. -- Berlin iron, a very fusible variety of cast iron, from which figures and other delicate articles are manufactured. These are often stained or lacquered in imitation of bronze. -- Berlin shop, a shop for the sale of worsted embroidery and the materials for such work. -- Berlin work, worsted embroidery. BERM; BERME Berm Berme, n. Etym: [F. berme, of German origin; cf. G. brame, bräme, border, akin to E. brim.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A narrow shelf or path between the bottom of a parapet and the ditch. 2. (Engineering) Defn: A ledge at the bottom of a bank or cutting, to catch earth that may roll down the slope, or to strengthen the bank. BERMUDA GRASS Ber*mu"da grass`. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of grass (Cynodon Dactylon) esteemed for pasture in the Southern United States. It is a native of Southern Europe, but is now wide-spread in warm countries; -- called also scutch grass, and in Bermuda, devil grass. BERMUDA LILY Ber*mu"da lil"y. (Bot.) Defn: The large white lily (Lilium longiflorum eximium, syn. L. Harrisii) which is extensively cultivated in Bermuda. BERNACLE Ber"na*cle, n. Defn: See Barnacle. BERNA FLY Ber"na fly`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A Brazilian dipterous insect of the genus Trypeta, which lays its eggs in the nostrils or in wounds of man and beast, where the larvæ do great injury. BERNARDINE Ber"nar*dine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to St. Bernard of Clairvaux, or to the Cistercian monks. -- n. Defn: A Cistercian monk. BERNESE Ber*nese", a. Defn: Pertaining to the city o -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or natives of Bern. BERNICLE Ber"ni*cle, n. Etym: [OE. bernak, bernacle; cf. OF. bernac; prob. fr. LL. bernacula for hibernicula, bernicula, fr. Hibernia; the birds coming from Hibernia or Ireland. Cf. 1st Barnacle.] Defn: A bernicle goose. [Written also barnacle.] Bernicle goose (Zoöl.), a goose (Branta leucopsis), of Arctic Europe and America. It was formerly believed that it hatched from the cirripeds of the sea (Lepas), which were, therefore, called barnacles, goose barnacles, or Anatifers. The name is also applied to other related species. See Anatifa and Cirripedia. BERNOUSE Ber*nouse", n. Defn: Some as Burnoose. BEROB Be*rob", v. t. Defn: To rob; to plunder. [Obs.] BEROE Ber"o*e, n. Etym: [L. Beroe, one of the Oceanidæ Gr. : cf. F. beroé.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, oval, transparent jellyfish, belonging to the Ctenophora. BERRETTA Ber*ret"ta, n. Etym: [It., fr. LL. birrettum, berretum, a cap, dim. of L. birrus, birrum, a cloak to keep off rain, cf. Gr. tawny, red: cf. Sp. birreta, Pg. barrete, and E. Barret.] Defn: A square cap worn by ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church. A cardinal's berretta is scarlet; that worn by other clerics is black, except that a bishop's is lined with green. [Also spelt beretta, biretta, etc.] BERRIED Ber"ried, a. Defn: Furnished with berries; consisting of a berry; baccate; as, a berried shrub. BERRY Ber"ry, n.; pl. Berries. Etym: [OE. berie, AS. berie, berige; akin to D. bes, G. beere, OS. and OHG. beri, Icel. ber, Sw. bär, Goth. basi, and perh. Skr. bhas to eat.] 1. Any small fleshy fruit, as the strawberry, mulberry, huckleberry, etc. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A small fruit that is pulpy or succulent throughout, having seeds loosely imbedded in the pulp, as the currant, grape, blueberry. 3. The coffee bean. 4. One of the ova or eggs of a fish. Travis. In berry, containing ova or spawn. BERRY Ber"ry, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Berried; p. pr. & vb. n. Berrying.] Defn: To bear or produce berries. BERRY Ber"ry, n. Etym: [AS. beorh. See Barrow a hill.] Defn: A mound; a hillock. W. Browne. BERRYING Ber"ry*ing, n. Defn: A seeking for or gathering of berries, esp. of such as grow wild. BERSEEM Ber*seem", n. [Ar. bershim clover.] Defn: An Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) extensively cultivated as a forage plant and soil-renewing crop in the alkaline soils of the Nile valley, and now introduced into the southwestern United States. It is more succulent than other clovers or than alfalfa. Called also Egyptian clover. BERSERK; BERSERKER Ber"serk, Ber"serk*er, n. Etym: [Icel. berserkr.] 1. (Scand. Myth.) Defn: One of a class of legendary heroes, who fought frenzied by intoxicating liquors, and naked, regardless of wounds. Longfellow. 2. One who fights as if frenzied, like a Berserker. BERSTLE Bers"tle, n. Defn: See Bristle. [Obs.] Chaucer. BERTH Berth, n. Etym: [From the root of bear to produce, like birth nativity. See Birth.] [Also written birth.] 1. (Naut.) (a) Convenient sea room. (b) A room in which a number of the officers or ship's company mess and reside. (c) The place where a ship lies when she is at anchor, or at a wharf. 2. An allotted place; an appointment; situation or employment. "He has a good berth." Totten. 3. A place in a ship to sleep in; a long box or shelf on the side of a cabin or stateroom, or of a railway car, for sleeping in. Berth deck, the deck next below the lower gun deck. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- To give (the land or any object) a wide berth, to keep at a distance from it. BERTH Berth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berthed; p. pr. & vb. n. Berthing.] 1. To give an anchorage to, or a place to lie at; to place in a berth; as, she was berthed stem to stern with the Adelaide. 2. To allot or furnish berths to, on shipboard; as, to berth a ship's company. Totten. BERTHA Ber"tha, n. Etym: [F. berthe, fr. Berthe, a woman's name.] Defn: A kind of collar or cape worn by ladies. BERTHAGE Berth"age, n. Defn: A place for mooring vessels in a dock or harbor. BERTHIERITE Ber"thi*er*ite, n. Etym: [From Berthier, a French naturalist.] (Min.) Defn: A double sulphide of antimony and iron, of a dark steel-gray color. BERTHING Berth"ing, n. (Naut.) Defn: The planking outside of a vessel, above the sheer strake. Smyth. BERTILLON SYSTEM Ber`til`lon" sys"tem. [After Alphonse Bertillon, French anthropologist.] Defn: A system for the identification of persons by a physical description based upon anthropometric measurements, notes of markings, deformities, color, impression of thumb lines, etc. BERTRAM Ber"tram, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. L. pyrethrum, Gr. a hot spicy plant, fr. fire.] (Bot.) Defn: Pellitory of Spain (Anacyclus pyrethrum). BERYCOID Ber"y*coid, a. Etym: [NL. beryx, the name of the typical genus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Berycidæ, a family of marine fishes. BERYL Ber"yl, n. Etym: [F. béryl, OF. beril, L. beryllus, Gr. , prob. fr. Skr. vaid. Cf. Brilliant.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of great hardness, and, when transparent, of much beauty. It occurs in hexagonal prisms, commonly of a green or bluish green color, but also yellow, pink, and white. It is a silicate of aluminium and glucinum (beryllium). The aquamarine is a transparent, sea-green variety used as a gem. The emerald is another variety highly prized in jewelry, and distinguished by its deep color, which is probably due to the presence of a little oxide of chromium. BERYLLINE Ber"yl*line, a. Defn: Like a beryl; of a light or bluish green color. BERYLLIUM Be*ryl"li*um (, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: A metallic element found in the beryl. See Glucinum. BERYLLOID Ber"yl*loid, n. Etym: [Beryl + -oid.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A solid consisting of a double twelve-sided pyramid; -- so called because the planes of this form occur on crystals of beryl. BESAIEL; BESAILE; BESAYLE Be*saiel", Be*saile", Be*sayle" (, n. Etym: [OF. beseel, F. bisaïeul, fr. L. bis twice + LL. avolus, dim. of L. avus grandfather.] 1. A great-grandfather. [Obs.] 2. (Law) Defn: A kind of writ which formerly lay where a great-grandfather died seized of lands in fee simple, and on the day of his death a stranger abated or entered and kept the heir out. This is now abolished. Blackstone. BESAINT Be*saint", v. t. Defn: To make a saint of. BESANT Be*sant", n. Defn: See Bezant. BES-ANTLER Bes-ant"ler, n. Defn: Same as Bez-antler. BESCATTER Be*scat"ter, v. t. 1. To scatter over. 2. To cover sparsely by scattering (something); to strew. "With flowers bescattered." Spenser. BESCORN Be*scorn", v. t. Defn: To treat with scorn. "Then was he bescorned." Chaucer. BESCRATCH Be*scratch", v. t. Defn: To tear with the nails; to cover with scratches. BESCRAWL Be*scrawl", v. t. Defn: To cover with scrawls; to scribble over. Milton. BESCREEN Be*screen", v. t. Defn: To cover with a screen, or as with a screen; to shelter; to conceal. Shak. BESCRIBBLE Be*scrib"ble, v. t. Defn: To scribble over. "Bescribbled with impertinences." Milton. BESCUMBER; BESCUMMER Be*scum"ber, Be*scum"mer, v. t. Etym: [Pref. be- + scumber, scummer.] Defn: To discharge ordure or dung upon. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BESEE Be*see", v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. beseón; pref. be- + to see.] Defn: To see; to look; to mind. [Obs.] Wyclif. BESEECH Be*seech", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besought; p. pr. & vb. n. Beseeching.] Etym: [OE. bisechen, biseken (akin to G. besuchen to visit); pref. be- + sechen, seken, to seek. See Seek.] 1. To ask or entreat with urgency; to supplicate; to implore. I beseech you, punish me not with your hard thoughts. Shak. But Eve . . . besought his peace. Milton. Syn. -- To beg; to crave. -- To Beseech, Entreat, Solicit, Implore, Supplicate. These words agree in marking that sense of want which leads men to beg some favor. To solicit is to make a request, with some degree of earnestness and repetition, of one whom we address as a superior. To entreat implies greater urgency, usually enforced by adducing reasons or arguments. To beseech is still stronger, and belongs rather to the language of poetry and imagination. To implore denotes increased fervor of entreaty, as addressed either to equals or superiors. To supplicate expresses the extreme of entreaty, and usually implies a state of deep humiliation. Thus, a captive supplicates a conqueror to spare his life. Men solicit by virtue of their interest with another; they entreat in the use of reasoning and strong representations; they beseech with importunate earnestness; they implore from a sense of overwhelming distress; they supplicate with a feeling of the most absolute inferiority and dependence. BESEECH Be*seech", n. Defn: Solicitation; supplication. [Obs. or Poetic] Shak. BESEECHER Be*seech"er, n. Defn: One who beseeches. BESEECHING Be*seech"ing, a. Defn: Entreating urgently; imploring; as, a beseeching look. -- Be*seech"ing*ly, adv. -- Be*seech"ing*ness, n. BESEECHMENT Be*seech"ment, n. Defn: The act of beseeching or entreating earnestly. [R.] Goodwin. BESEEK Be*seek", v. t. Defn: To beseech. [Obs.] Chaucer. BESEEM Be*seem", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beseemed; p. pr. & vb. n. Beseeming.] Etym: [Pref. be- + seem.] Defn: Literally: To appear or seem (well, ill, best, etc.) for (one) to do or to have. Hence: To be fit, suitable, or proper for, or worthy of; to become; to befit. A duty well beseeming the preachers. Clarendon. What form of speech or behavior beseemeth us, in our prayers to God Hocker. BESEEM Be*seem", v. i. Defn: To seem; to appear; to be fitting. [Obs.] "As beseemed best." Spenser. BESEEMING Be*seem"ing, n. 1. Appearance; look; garb. [Obs.] I . . . did company these three in poor beseeming. Shak. 2. Comeliness. Baret. BESEEMING Be*seem"ing, a. Defn: Becoming; suitable. [Archaic] -- Be*seem"ing*ly, adv. -- Be*seem"ing*ness, n. BESEEMLY Be*seem"ly, a. Defn: Fit; suitable; becoming. [Archaic] In beseemly order sitten there. Shenstone. BESEEN Be*seen", a. Etym: [Properly the p. p. of besee.] 1. Seen; appearing. [Obs. or Archaic] 2. Decked or adorned; clad. [Archaic] Chaucer. 3. Accomplished; versed. [Archaic] Spenser. BESET Be*set", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beset; p. pr. & vb. n. Besetting.] Etym: [AS. besettan (akin to OHG. bisazjan, G. besetzen, D. bezetten); pref. be- + settan to set. See Set.] 1. To set or stud (anything) with ornaments or prominent objects. A robe of azure beset with drops of gold. Spectator. The garden is so beset with all manner of sweet shrubs that it perfumes the air. Evelyn. 2. To hem in; to waylay; to surround; to besiege; to blockade. "Beset with foes." Milton. Let thy troops beset our gates. Addison. 3. To set upon on all sides; to perplex; to harass; -- said of dangers, obstacles, etc. "Adam, sore beset, replied." Milton. "Beset with ills." Addison. "Incommodities which beset old age." Burke. 4. To occupy; to employ; to use up. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. -- To surround; inclose; environ; hem in; besiege; encircle; encompass; embarrass; urge; press. BESETMENT Be*set"ment, n. Defn: The act of besetting, or the state of being beset; also, that which besets one, as a sin. "Fearing a besetment." Kane. BESETTER Be*set"ter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, besets. BESETTING Be*set"ting, a. Defn: Habitually attacking, harassing, or pressing upon or about; as, a besetting sin. BESHINE Be*shine", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beshone; p. pr. & vb. n. Beshining.] Defn: To shine upon; to ullumine. BESHOW Be*show", n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large food fish (Anoplopoma fimbria) of the north Pacific coast; -- called also candlefish. BESHREW Be*shrew", v. t. Defn: To curse; to execrate. Beshrew me, but I love her heartily. Shak. Note: Often a very mild form of imprecation; sometimes so far from implying a curse, as to be uttered coaxingly, nay even with some tenderness. Schmidt. BESHROUD Be*shroud", v. t. Defn: To cover with, or as with, a shroud; to screen. BESHUT Be*shut", v. t. Defn: To shut up or out. [Obs.] BESIDE Be*side", prep. Etym: [OE. biside, bisiden, bisides, prep. and adv., beside, besides; pref. be- by + side. Cf. Besides, and see Side, n.] 1. At the side of; on one side of. "Beside him hung his bow." Milton. 2. Aside from; out of the regular course or order of; in a state of deviation from; out of. [You] have done enough To put him quite beside his patience. Shak. 3. Over and above; distinct from; in addition to. Note: [In this use besides is now commoner.] Wise and learned men beside those whose names are in the Christian records. Addison. To be beside one's self, to be out ob one's wits or senses. Paul, thou art beside thyself. Acts xxvi. 24. Syn. -- Beside, Besides. These words, whether used as prepositions or adverbs, have been considered strictly synonymous, from an early period of our literature, and have been freely interchanged by our best writers. There is, however, a tendency, in present usage, to make the following distinction between them: 1. That beside be used only and always as a preposition, with the original meaning "by the side of; " as, to sit beside a fountain; or with the closely allied meaning "aside from", "apart from", or "out of"; as, this is beside our present purpose; to be beside one's self with joy. The adverbial sense to be wholly transferred to the cognate word. 2. That besides, as a preposition, take the remaining sense "in addition to", as, besides all this; besides the considerations here offered. "There was a famine in the land besides the first famine." Gen. xxvi. 1. And that it also take the adverbial sense of "moreover", "beyond", etc., which had been divided between the words; as, besides, there are other considerations which belong to this case. The following passages may serve to illustrate this use of the words: -- Lovely Thais sits beside thee. Dryden. Only be patient till we have appeased The multitude, beside themselves with fear. Shak. It is beside my present business to enlarge on this speculation. Locke. Besides this, there are persons in certain situations who are expected to be charitable. Bp. Porteus. And, besides, the Moor May unfold me to him; there stand I in much peril. Shak. That man that does not know those things which are of necessity for him to know is but an ignorant man, whatever he may know besides. Tillotson. Note: See Moreover. BESIDES; BESIDE Be*sides", Be*side", adv. Etym: [OE. Same as beside, prep.; the ending -s is an adverbial one, prop. a genitive sign.] 1. On one side. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak. 2. More than that; over and above; not included in the number, or in what has been mentioned; moreover; in addition. The men said unto Lot, Hast thou here any besides Gen. xix. 12. To all beside, as much an empty shade, An Eugene living, as a Cæsar dead. Pope. Note: These sentences may be considered as elliptical. BESIDES Be*sides, prep. Defn: Over and above; separate or distinct from; in addition to; other than; else than. See Beside, prep., 3, and Syn. under Beside. Besides your cheer, you shall have sport. Shak. BESIEGE Be*siege", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besieged; p. pr. & vb. n. Besieging.] Etym: [OE. bisegen; pref. be- + segen to siege. See Siege.] Defn: To beset or surround with armed forces, for the purpose of compelling to surrender; to lay siege to; to beleaguer; to beset. Till Paris was besieged, famished, and lost. Shak. Syn. -- To environ; hem in; invest; encompass. BESIEGEMENT Be*siege"ment, n. Defn: The act of besieging, or the state of being besieged. Golding. BESIEGER Be*sie"ger, n. Defn: One who besieges; -- opposed to the besieged. BESIEGING Be*sie"ging, a. Defn: That besieges; laying siege to. -- Be*sie"ging*ly, adv. BESIT Be*sit", v. t. Etym: [Pref. be- + sit.] Defn: To suit; to fit; to become. [Obs.] BESLABBER Be*slab"ber, v. t. Defn: To beslobber. BESLAVE Be*slave", v. t. Defn: To enslave. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. BESLAVER Be*slav"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beslavered; p. pr. & vb. n. Beslavering.] Defn: To defile with slaver; to beslobber. BESLIME Be*slime", v. t. Defn: To daub with slime; to soil. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BESLOBBER Be*slob"ber, v. t. Defn: To slobber on; to smear with spittle running from the mouth. Also Fig.: as, to beslobber with praise. BESLUBBER Be*slub"ber, v. t. Defn: To beslobber. BESMEAR Be*smear", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmeared; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmearing.] Defn: To smear with any viscous, glutinous matter; to bedaub; to soil. Besmeared with precious balm. Spenser. BESMEARER Be*smear"er, n. Defn: One that besmears. BESMIRCH Be*smirch", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmirched; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmirching.] Defn: To smirch or soil; to discolor; to obscure. Hence: To dishonor; to sully. Shak. BESMOKE Be*smoke", v. t. 1. To foul with smoke. 2. To harden or dry in smoke. Johnson. BESMUT Be*smut", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmutting.] Etym: [Pref. be- + smut: cf. AS. besmitan, and also OE. besmotren.] Defn: To blacken with smut; to foul with soot. BESNOW Be*snow", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besnowed.] Etym: [OE. bisnewen, AS. besniwan; pref. be- + sniwan to snow.] 1. To scatter like snow; to cover thick, as with snow flakes. [R.] Gower. 2. To cover with snow; to whiten with snow, or as with snow. BESNUFF Be*snuff", v. t. Defn: To befoul with snuff. Young. BESOGNE Be*sogne", n. Etym: [F. bisogne.] Defn: A worthless fellow; a bezonian. [Obs.] BESOM Be"som, n. Etym: [OE. besme, besum, AS. besma; akin to D. bezem, OHG pesamo, G. besen; of uncertain origin.] Defn: A brush of twigs for sweeping; a broom; anything which sweeps away or destroys. [Archaic or Fig.] I will sweep it with the besom of destruction. Isa. xiv. 23. The housemaid with her besom. W. Irving. BESOM Be"som, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besomed.] Defn: To sweep, as with a besom. [Archaic or Poetic] Cowper. Rolls back all Greece, and besoms wide the plain. Barlow. BESOMER Be"som*er, n. Defn: One who uses a besom. [Archaic] BESORT Be*sort", v. t. Defn: To assort or be congruous with; to fit, or become. [Obs.] Such men as may besort your age. Shak. BESORT Be*sort", n. Defn: Befitting associates or attendants. [Obs.] With such accommodation and besort As levels with her breeding. Shak. BESOT Be*sot", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Besotting.] Defn: To make sottish; to make dull or stupid; to stupefy; to infatuate. Fools besotted with their crimes. Hudibras. BESOTTED Be*sot"ted, a. Defn: Made sottish, senseless, or infatuated; characterized by drunken stupidity, or by infatuation; stupefied. "Besotted devotion." Sir W. Scott. -- Be*sot"ted*ly, adv. -- Be*sot"ted*ness, n. Milton. BESOTTINGLY Be*sot"ting*ly, adv. Defn: In a besotting manner. BESOUGHT Be*sought", p. p. Defn: of Beseech. BESPANGLE Be*span"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespangling.] Defn: To adorn with spangles; to dot or sprinkle with something brilliant or glittering. The grass . . . is all bespangled with dewdrops. Cowper. BESPATTER Be*spat"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespattered; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespattering.] 1. To soil by spattering; to sprinkle, esp. with dirty water, mud, or anything which will leave foul spots or stains. 2. To asperse with calumny or reproach. Whom never faction could bespatter. Swift. BESPAWL Be*spawl", v. t. Defn: To daub, soil, or make foul with spawl or spittle. [Obs.] Milton. BESPEAK Be*speak", v. t. [imp. Bespoke, Bespake (Archaic); p. p. Bespoke, Bespoken (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeaking.] Etym: [OE. bispeken, AS. besprecan, to speak to, accuse; pref. be- + sprecan to speak. See Speak.] 1. To speak or arrange for beforehand; to order or engage against a future time; as, to bespeak goods, a right, or a favor. Concluding, naturally, that to gratify his avarice was to bespeak his favor. Sir W. Scott. 2. To show beforehand; to foretell; to indicate. [They] bespoke dangers . . . in order to scare the allies. Swift. 3. To betoken; to show; to indicate by external marks or appearances. When the abbot of St. Martin was born, he had so little the figure of a man that it bespoke him rather a monster. Locke. 4. To speak to; to address. [Poetic] He thus the queen bespoke. Dryden. BESPEAK Be*speak", v. i. Defn: To speak. [Obs.] Milton. BESPEAK Be*speak", n. Defn: A bespeaking. Among actors, a benefit (when a particular play is bespoken.) "The night of her bespeak." Dickens. BESPEAKER Be*speak"er, n. Defn: One who bespeaks. BESPECKLE Be*spec"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespeckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeckling.] Defn: To mark with speckles or spots. Milton. BESPEW Be*spew", v. t. Defn: To soil or daub with spew; to vomit on. BESPICE Be*spice", v. t. Defn: To season with spice, or with some spicy drug. Shak. BESPIRT Be*spirt", v. t. Defn: Same as Bespurt. BESPIT Be*spit, v. t. [imp. Bespit; p. p. Bespit, Bespitten (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespitting.] Defn: To daub or soil with spittle. Johnson. BESPOKE Be*spoke", Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bespeak. BESPOT Be*spot", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespotting.] Defn: To mark with spots, or as with spots. BESPREAD Be*spread", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespread; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespreading.] Defn: To spread or cover over. The carpet which bespread His rich pavilion's floor. Glover. BESPRENT Be*sprent", p. p. Etym: [OE. bespreynt, p. p. of besprengen, bisprengen, to besprinkle, AS. besprengan, akin to D. & G. besprengen; pref. be- + sprengan to sprinkle. See Sprinkle.] Defn: Sprinkled over; strewed. His face besprent with liquid crystal shines. Shenstone. The floor with tassels of fir was besprent. Longfellow. BESPRINKLE Be*sprin"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besprinkled; p. pr. & vb. n. Besprinkling.] Defn: To sprinkle over; to scatter over. The bed besprinkles, and bedews the ground. Dryden. BESPRINKLER Be*sprin"kler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, besprinkles. BESPRINKLING Be*sprin"kling, n. Defn: The act of sprinkling anything; a sprinkling over. BESPURT Be*spurt", v. t. Defn: To spurt on or over; to asperse. [Obs.] Milton. BESSEMER STEEL Bes"se*mer steel` (. Defn: Steel made directly from cast iron, by burning out a portion of the carbon and other impurities that the latter contains, through the agency of a blast of air which is forced through the molten metal; -- so called from Sir Henry Bessemer, an English engineer, the inventor of the process. BEST Best, a.; superl. of Good. Etym: [AS. besta, best, contr. from betest, betst, betsta; akin to Goth. batists, OHG. pezzisto, G. best, beste, D. best, Icel. beztr, Dan. best, Sw. bäst. This word has no connection in origin with good. See Better.] 1. Having good qualities in the highest degree; most good, kind, desirable, suitable, etc.; most excellent; as, the best man; the best road; the best cloth; the best abilities. When he is best, he is a little worse than a man. Shak. Heaven's last, best gift, my ever new delight. Milton. 2. Most advanced; most correct or complete; as, the best scholar; the best view of a subject. 3. Most; largest; as, the best part of a week. Best man, the only or principal groomsman at a wedding ceremony. BEST Best, n. Defn: Utmost; highest endeavor or state; most nearly perfect thing, or being, or action; as, to do one's best; to the best of our ability. At best, in the utmost degree or extent applicable to the case; under the most favorable circumstances; as, life is at best very short. -- For best, finally. [Obs.] "Those constitutions . . . are now established for best, and not to be mended." Milton. -- To get the best of, to gain an advantage over, whether fairly or unfairly. -- To make the best of. (a) To improve to the utmost; to use or dispose of to the greatest advantage. "Let there be freedom to carry their commodities where they can make the best of them." Bacon. (b) To reduce to the least possible inconvenience; as, to make the best of ill fortune or a bad bargain. BEST Best, adv.; superl. of Well. 1. In the highest degree; beyond all others. "Thou serpent! That name best befits thee." Milton. He prayeth best, who loveth best All things both great and small. Coleridge. 2. To the most advantage; with the most success, case, profit, benefit, or propriety. Had we best retire I see a storm. Milton. Had I not best go to her Thackeray. 3. Most intimately; most thoroughly or correctly; as, what is expedient is best known to himself. BEST Best, v. t. Defn: To get the better of. [Colloq.] BESTAD Be*stad", imp. & p. p. of Bestead. Defn: Beset; put in peril. [Obs.] Chaucer. BESTAIN Be*stain", v. t. Defn: To stain. BESTAR Be*star", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestarred.] Defn: To sprinkle with, or as with, stars; to decorate with, or as with, stars; to bestud. "Bestarred with anemones." W. Black. BESTEAD Be*stead", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestead or Bested, also (Obs.) Bestad. In sense 3 imp. also Besteaded.] Etym: [Pref. be- + stead a place.] 1. To put in a certain situation or condition; to circumstance; to place. [Only in p. p.] They shall pass through it, hardly bestead and hungry: . . . and curse their king and their God. Is. viii. 21. Many far worse bestead than ourselves. Barrow. 2. To put in peril; to beset. Note: [Only in p. p.] Chaucer. 3. To serve; to assist; to profit; to avail. Milton. BESTIAL Bes"tial, a. Etym: [F. bestial, L. bestialis, fr. bestia beast. See Beast.] 1. Belonging to a beast, or to the class of beasts. Among the bestial herds to range. Milton. 2. Having the qualities of a beast; brutal; below the dignity of reason or humanity; irrational; carnal; beastly; sensual. Shak. Syn. -- Brutish; beastly; brutal; carnal; vile; low; depraved; sensual; filthy. BESTIAL Bes"tial, n. Defn: A domestic animal; also collectively, cattle; as, other kinds of bestial. [Scot.] BESTIALITY Bes*tial"i*ty, n. Etym: [F. bestialité.] 1. The state or quality of being bestial. 2. Unnatural connection with a beast. BESTIALIZE Bes"tial*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestializing.] Defn: To make bestial, or like a beast; to degrade; to brutalize. The process of bestializing humanity. Hare. BESTIALLY Bes"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In a bestial manner. BESTIARY Bes"ti*a*ry, n. [LL. bestiarium, fr. L. bestiarius pert. to beasts, fr. bestia beast: cf. F. bestiaire.] Defn: A treatise on beasts; esp., one of the moralizing or allegorical beast tales written in the Middle Ages. A bestiary . . . in itself one of the numerous mediæval renderings of the fantastic mystical zoölogy. Saintsbury. BESTICK Be*stick", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestuck; p. pr. & vb. n. Besticking.] Defn: To stick over, as with sharp points pressed in; to mark by infixing points or spots here and there; to pierce. Truth shall retire Bestuck with slanderous darts. Milton. BESTILL Be*still", v. t. Defn: To make still. BESTIR Be*stir", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestirred; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestirring.] Defn: To put into brisk or vigorous action; to move with life and vigor; -- usually with the reciprocal pronoun. You have so bestirred your valor. Shak. Rouse and bestir themselves ere well awake. Milton. BESTORM Be*storm", v. i. & t. Defn: To storm. Young. BESTOW Be*stow", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestowing.] Etym: [OE. bestowen; pref. be- + stow a place. See Stow.] 1. To lay up in store; to deposit for safe keeping; to stow; to place; to put. "He bestowed it in a pouch." Sir W. Scott. See that the women are bestowed in safety. Byron. 2. To use; to apply; to devote, as time or strength in some occupation. 3. To expend, as money. [Obs.] 4. To give or confer; to impart; -- with on or upon. Empire is on us bestowed. Cowper. Though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor. 1 Cor. xiii. 3. 5. To give in marriage. I could have bestowed her upon a fine gentleman. Tatler. 6. To demean; to conduct; to behave; -- followed by a reflexive pronoun. [Obs.] How might we see Falstaff bestow himself to-night in his true colors, and not ourselves be seen Shak. Syn. -- To give; grant; present; confer; accord. BESTOWAL Be*stow"al, n. Defn: The act of bestowing; disposal. BESTOWER Be*stow"er, n. Defn: One that bestows. BESTOWMENT Be*stow"ment, n. 1. The act of giving or bestowing; a conferring or bestowal. If we consider this bestowment of gifts in this view. Chauncy. 2. That which is given or bestowed. They almost refuse to give due praise and credit to God's own bestowments. I. Taylor. BESTRADDLE Be*strad"dle, v. t. Defn: To bestride. BESTRAUGHT Be*straught", a. Etym: [Pref. be- + straught; prob. here used for distraught.] Defn: Out of one's senses; distracted; mad. [Obs.] Shak. BESTREAK Be*streak", v. t. Defn: To streak. BESTREW Be*strew", v. t. [imp. Bestrewed; p. p. Bestrewed, Bestrown (p. pr. & vb. n. Bestrewing.] Defn: To strew or scatter over; to besprinkle. [Spelt also bestrow.] Milton. BESTRIDE Be*stride", v. t. [imp. Bestrode, (Obs. or R.) Bestrid (; p. p. Bestridden, Bestrid, Bestrode; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestriding.] Etym: [AS. bestridan; pref. be- + stridan to stride.] 1. To stand or sit with anything between the legs, or with the legs astride; to stand over That horse that thou so often hast bestrid. Shak. Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world Like a Colossus. Shak. 2. To step over; to stride over or across; as, to bestride a threshold. BESTRODE Be*strode", Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bestride. BESTROWN Be*strown", Defn: p. p. of Bestrew. BESTUCK Be*stuck", Defn: imp. & p. p. Bestick. BESTUD Be*stud", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestudded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestudding.] Defn: To set or adorn, as with studs or bosses; to set thickly; to stud; as, to bestud with stars. Milton. BESWIKE Be*swike", v. t. Etym: [AS. beswican; be- + swican to deceive, entice; akin to OS. swikan, OHG. swihhan, Icel. svikja.] Defn: To lure; to cheat. [Obs.] Gower. BET Bet, n. Etym: [Prob. from OE. abet abetting, OF. abet, fr. abeter to excite, incite. See Abet.] Defn: That which is laid, staked, or pledged, as between two parties, upon the event of a contest or any contingent issue; the act of giving such a pledge; a wager. "Having made his bets." Goldsmith. BET Bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bet, Betted; p. pr. & vb. n. Betting.] Defn: To stake or pledge upon the event of a contingent issue; to wager. John a Gaunt loved him well, and betted much money on his head. Shak. I'll bet you two to one I'll make him do it. O. W. Holmes. BET Bet, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Beat. [Obs.] BET Bet, a. & adv. Defn: An early form of Better. [Obs.] To go bet, to go fast; to hurry. [Obs.] Chaucer. BETA Be"ta, n. [Gr. bh a.] Defn: The second letter of the Greek alphabet, B, b. See B, and cf. etymology of Alphabet. Beta (B, b) is used variously for classifying, as: (a) (Astron.) To designate some bright star, usually the second brightest, of a constellation, as, b Aurigæ. (b) (Chem.) To distinguish one of two or more isomers; also, to indicate the position of substituting atoms or groups in certain compounds; as, b-naphthol. With acids, it commonly indicates that the substituent is in union with the carbon atom next to that to which the carboxyl group is attached. BETACISM; BETACISMUS Be"ta*cism, Be`ta*cis"mus, n. Defn: Excessive or extended use of the b sound in speech, due to conversion of other sounds into it, as through inability to distinguish them from b, or because of difficulty in pronouncing them. BETAINE Be"ta*ine, n. Etym: [From beta, generic name of the beet.] (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous base, C5H11NO2, produced artificially, and also occurring naturally in beetroot molasses and its residues, from which it is extracted as a white crystalline substance; -- called also lycine and oxyneurine. It has a sweetish taste. BETAKE Be*take", v. t. [imp. Betook; p. p. Betaken; p. pr. & vb. n. Betaking.] Etym: [Pref. be- + take.] 1. To take or seize. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To have recourse to; to apply; to resort; to go; -- with a reflexive pronoun. They betook themselves to treaty and submission. Burke. The rest, in imitation, to like arms Betook them. Milton. Whither shall I betake me, where subsist Milton. 3. To commend or intrust to; to commit to. [Obs.] BETA RAYS Be"ta rays. (Physics) Defn: Penetrating rays readily deflected by a magnetic or electric field, emitted by radioactive substances, as radium. They consist of negatively charged particles or electrons, apparently the same in kind as those of the cathode rays, but having much higher velocities (about 35,000 to 180,000 miles per second). BETAUGHT Be*taught",a. Etym: [p. p. of OE. bitechen, AS. bet, to assign, deliver. See Teach.] Defn: Delivered; committed in trust. [Obs.] BETE Bete, v. t. Defn: To better; to mend. See Beete. [Obs.] Chaucer. BETEELA Be*tee"la, n. Etym: [Pg. beatilha.] Defn: An East India muslin, formerly used for cravats, veils, etc. [Obs.] BETEEM Be*teem", v. t. Etym: [Pref. be- + an old verb teem to be fitting; cf. D. betamen to beseem, G. ziemen, Goth. gatiman, and E. tame. See Tame, a.] 1. To give ; to bestow; to grant; to accord; to consent. [Obs.] Spenser. Milton. 2. To allow; to permit; to suffer. [Obs.] So loving to my mother, That he might not beteem the winds of heaven Visit her face too roughly. Shak. BETEL Be"tel, n. Etym: [Pg., fr. Tamil vettilei, prop. meaning, a mere leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of pepper (Piper betle), the leaves of which are chewed, with the areca or betel nut and a little shell lime, by the inhabitants of the East Indies. I is a woody climber with ovate manynerved leaves. BETELGUESE Bet"el*guese, n. Etym: [F. Bételgeuse, of Arabic origin.] (Astron.) Defn: A bright star of the first magnitude, near one shoulder of Orion. [Written also Betelgeux and Betelgeuse.] BETEL NUT Be"tel nut`. Defn: The nutlike seed of the areca palm, chewed in the East with betel leaves (whence its name) and shell lime. BETE NOIRE Bête" noire". Etym: [Fr., lit. black beast.] Defn: Something especially hated or dreaded; a bugbear. BETHABARA WOOD Beth*ab"a*ra wood`. (Bot.) Defn: A highly elastic wood, used for fishing rods, etc. The tree is unknown, but it is thought to be East Indian. BETHEL Beth"el, n. Etym: [Heb. b house of God.] 1. A place of worship; a hallowed spot. S. F. Adams. 2. A chapel for dissenters. [Eng.] 3. A house of worship for seamen. BETHINK Be*think", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bethought; p. pr. & vb. n. Bethinking.] Etym: [AS. be; pref. be- + to think. See Think.] Defn: To call to mind; to recall or bring to recollection, reflection, or consideration; to think; to consider; -- generally followed by a reflexive pronoun, often with of or that before the subject of thought. I have bethought me of another fault. Shak. The rest . . . may . . . bethink themselves, and recover. Milton. We bethink a means to break it off. Shak. Syn. -- To recollect; remember; reflect. BETHINK Be*think", v. i. Defn: To think; to recollect; to consider. "Bethink ere thou dismiss us." Byron. BETHLEHEM Beth"le*hem, n. Etym: [Heb. b house of food; b house + lekhem food, lakham to eat. Formerly the name of a hospital for the insane, in London, which had been the priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem. Cf. Bedlam.] 1. A hospital for lunatics; -- corrupted into bedlam. 2. (Arch.) Defn: In the Ethiopic church, a small building attached to a church edifice, in which the bread for the eucharist is made. Audsley. BETHLEHEMITE; BETHLEMITE Beth"le*hem*ite, Beth"lem*ite, n. 1. An inhabitant of Bethlehem in Judea. 2. An insane person; a madman; a bedlamite. 3. One of an extinct English order of monks. BETHOUGHT Be*thought", Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bethink. BETHRALL Be*thrall", v. t. Defn: To reduce to thralldom; to inthrall. [Obs.] Spenser. BETHUMB Be*thumb", v. t. Defn: To handle; to wear or soil by handling; as books. Poe. BETHUMP Be*thump", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bethumped, or Bethumpt; p. pr. & vb. n. Bethumping.] Defn: To beat or thump soundly. Shak. BETIDE Be*tide", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betided, Obs. Betid; p. pr. & vb. n. Betiding.] Etym: [OE. bitiden; pref. bi-, be- + tiden, fr. AS. tidan, to happen, fr. tid time. See Tide.] Defn: To happen to; to befall; to come to ; as, woe betide the wanderer. What will betide the few Milton. BETIDE Be*tide", v. i. Defn: To come to pass; to happen; to occur. A salve for any sore that may betide. Shak. Note: Shakespeare has used it with of. "What would betide of me " BETIME; BETIMES Be*time", Be*times", adv. Etym: [Pref. be- (for by) + time; that is, by the proper time. The -s is an adverbial ending.] 1. In good season or time; before it is late; seasonably; early. To measure life learn thou betimes. Milton. To rise betimes is often harder than to do all the day's work. Barrow. 2. In a short time; soon; speedily; forth with. He tires betimes that spurs too fast betimes. Shak. BETITLE Be*ti"tle, v. t. Defn: To furnish with a title or titles; to entitle. [Obs.] Carlyle. BETOKEN Be*to"ken, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betokened; p. pr. & vb. n. Betokening.] 1. To signify by some visible object; to show by signs or tokens. A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow . . . Betokening peace from God, and covenant new. Milton. 2. To foreshow by present signs; to indicate something future by that which is seen or known; as, a dark cloud often betokens a storm. Syn. -- To presage; portend; indicate; mark; note. BETON Bé`ton", n. Etym: [F. béton, fr. L. bitumen bitumen.] (Masonry) Defn: The French name for concrete; hence, concrete made after the French fashion. BETONGUE Be*tongue", v. t. Defn: To attack with the tongue; to abuse; to insult. BETONY Bet"o*ny, n.; pl. Betonies. Etym: [OE. betony, betany, F. betoine, fr. L. betonica, vettonica.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Betonica (Linn.). Note: The purple or wood betony (B. officinalis, Linn.) is common in Europe, being formerly used in medicine, and (according to Loudon) in dyeing wool a yellow color. BETOOK Be*took", imp. Defn: of Betake. BETORN Be*torn", a. Defn: Torn in pieces; tattered. BETOSS Be*toss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betossed.] Defn: To put in violent motion; to agitate; to disturb; to toss. "My betossed soul." Shak. BETRAP Be*trap", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrapped.] 1. To draw into, or catch in, a trap; to insnare; to circumvent. Gower. 2. To put trappings on; to clothe; to deck. After them followed two other chariots covered with red satin, and the horses betrapped with the same. Stow. BETRAY Be*tray", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Betraying.] Etym: [OE. betraien, bitraien; pref. be- + OF. traïr to bertray, F. trahir, fr. L. tradere. See Traitor.] 1. To deliver into the hands of an enemy by treachery or fraud, in violation of trust; to give up treacherously or faithlessly; as, an officer betrayed the city. Jesus said unto them, The Son of man shall be betrayed into the hands of men. Matt. xvii. 22. 2. To prove faithless or treacherous to, as to a trust or one who trusts; to be false to; to deceive; as, to betray a person or a cause. But when I rise, I shall find my legs betraying me. Johnson. 3. To violate the confidence of, by disclosing a secret, or that which one is bound in honor not to make known. Willing to serve or betray any government for hire. Macaulay. 4. To disclose or discover, as something which prudence would conceal; to reveal unintentionally. Be swift to hear, but cautious of your tongue, lest you betray your ignorance. T. Watts. 5. To mislead; to expose to inconvenience not foreseen to lead into error or sin. Genius . . . often betrays itself into great errors. T. Watts. 6. To lead astray, as a maiden; to seduce (as under promise of marriage) and then abandon. 7. To show or to indicate; -- said of what is not obvious at first, or would otherwise be concealed. All the names in the country betray great antiquity. Bryant. BETRAYAL Be*tray"al n. Defn: The act or the result of betraying. BETRAYER Be*tray"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, betrays. BETRAYMENT Be*tray"ment, n. Defn: Betrayal. [R.] Udall. BETRIM Be*trim", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrimmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Betrimming.] Defn: To set in order; to adorn; to deck, to embellish; to trim. Shak. BETROTH Be*troth", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrothed; p. pr. & vb. n. Betrothing.] Etym: [Pref. be- + troth, i. e., truth. See Truth.] 1. To contract to any one for a marriage; to engage or promise in order to marriage; to affiance; -- used esp. of a woman. He, in the first flower of my freshest age, Betrothed me unto the only heir. Spenser. Ay, and we are betrothed. Shak. 2. To promise to take (as a future spouse); to plight one's troth to. What man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not taken her Deut. xx. 7. 3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order to consecration. Ayliffe. BETROTHAL Be*troth"al, n. Defn: The act of betrothing, or the fact of being betrothed; a mutual promise, engagement, or contract for a future marriage between the persons betrothed; betrothment; affiance. "The feast of betrothal." Longfellow. BETROTHMENT Be*troth"ment, n. Defn: The act of betrothing, or the state of being betrothed; betrothal. BETRUST Be*trust", v. t. Defn: To trust or intrust. [Obs.] BETRUSTMENT Be*trust"ment, n. Defn: The act of intrusting, or the thing intrusted. [Obs.] Chipman. BETSO Bet"so, n. Etym: [It. bezzo.] Defn: A small brass Venetian coin. [Obs.] BETTER Bet"ter, a.; compar. of Good. Etym: [OE. betere, bettre, and as adv. bet, AS. betera, adj., and bet, adv.; akin to Icel. betri, adj., betr, adv., Goth. batiza, adj., OHG. bezziro, adj., baz, adv., G. besser, adj. and adv., bass, adv., E. boot, and prob. to Skr. bhadra excellent. See Boot advantage, and cf. Best, Batful.] 1. Having good qualities in a greater degree than another; as, a better man; a better physician; a better house; a better air. Could make the worse appear The better reason. Milton. 2. Preferable in regard to rank, value, use, fitness, acceptableness, safety, or in any other respect. To obey is better than sacrifice. 1 Sam. xv. 22. It is better to trust in the Lord than to put confidence in princes. Ps. cxviii. 9. 3. Greater in amount; larger; more. 4. Improved in health; less affected with disease; as, the patient is better. 5. More advanced; more perfect; as, upon better acquaintance; a better knowledge of the subject. All the better. See under All, adv. -- Better half, an expression used to designate one's wife. My dear, my better half (said he), I find I must now leave thee. Sir P. Sidney. -- To be better off, to be in a better condition. -- Had better. (See under Had). Note: The phrase had better, followed by an infinitive without to, is idiomatic. The earliest form of construction was "were better" with a dative; as, "Him were better go beside." (Gower.) i. e., It would be better for him, etc. At length the nominative (I, he, they, etc.) supplanted the dative and had took the place of were. Thus we have the construction now used. By all that's holy, he had better starve Than but once think this place becomes thee not. Shak. BETTER Bet"ter, n. 1. Advantage, superiority, or victory; -- usually with of; as, to get the better of an enemy. 2. One who has a claim to precedence; a superior, as in merit, social standing, etc.; -- usually in the plural. Their betters would hardly be found. Hooker. For the better, in the way of improvement; so as to produce improvement. "If I have altered him anywhere for the better." Dryden. BETTER Bet"ter, adv.; compar. of Well. 1. In a superior or more excellent manner; with more skill and wisdom, courage, virtue, advantage, or success; as, Henry writes better than John; veterans fight better than recruits. I could have better spared a better man. Shak. 2. More correctly or thoroughly. The better to understand the extent of our knowledge. Locke. 3. In a higher or greater degree; more; as, to love one better than another. Never was monarch better feared, and loved. Shak. 4. More, in reference to value, distance, time, etc.; as, ten miles and better. [Colloq.] To think better of (any one), to have a more favorable opinion of any one. -- To think better of (an opinion, resolution, etc.), to reconsider and alter one's decision. BETTER Bet"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bettered; p. pr. & vb. n. Bettering.] Etym: [AS. beterian, betrian, fr. betera better. See Better, a.] 1. To improve or ameliorate; to increase the good qualities of. Love betters what is best. Wordsworth. He thought to better his circumstances. Thackeray. 2. To improve the condition of, morally, physically, financially, socially, or otherwise. The constant effort of every man to better himself. Macaulay. 3. To surpass in excellence; to exceed; to excel. The works of nature do always aim at that which can not be bettered. Hooker. 4. To give advantage to; to support; to advance the interest of. [Obs.] Weapons more violent, when next we meet, May serve to better us and worse our foes. Milton. Syn. -- To improve; meliorate; ameliorate; mend; amend; correct; emend; reform; advance; promote. BETTER Bet"ter, v. i. Defn: To become better; to improve. Carlyle. BETTER Bet"ter, n. Defn: One who bets or lays a wager. BETTERMENT Bet"ter*ment, n. 1. A making better; amendment; improvement. W. Montagu. 2. (Law) Defn: An improvement of an estate which renders it better than mere repairing would do; -- generally used in the plural. [U. S.] Bouvier. BETTERMOST Bet"ter*most`, a. Defn: Best. [R.] "The bettermost classes." Brougham. BETTERNESS Bet"ter*ness, n. 1. The quality of being better or superior; superiority. [R.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. The difference by which fine gold or silver exceeds in fineness the standard. BETTONG Bet"tong, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, leaping Australian marsupial of the genus Bettongia; the jerboa kangaroo. BETTOR Bet"tor, n. Defn: One who bets; a better. Addison. BETTY Bet"ty, n. 1. Etym: [Supposed to be a cant word, from Betty, for Elizabeth, as such an instrument is also called Bess (i. e., Elizabeth) in the Canting Dictionary of 1725, and Jenny (i. e., Jane).] Defn: A short bar used by thieves to wrench doors open. [Written also bettee.] The powerful betty, or the artful picklock. Arbuthnot. 2. Etym: [Betty, nickname for Elizabeth.] Defn: A name of contempt given to a man who interferes with the duties of women in a household, or who occupies himself with womanish matters. 3. A pear-shaped bottle covered round with straw, in which olive oil is sometimes brought from Italy; -- called by chemists a Florence flask. [U. S.] Bartlett. BETULIN Bet"u*lin, n. Etym: [L. betula birch tree.] (Chem.) Defn: A substance of a resinous nature, obtained from the outer bark of the common European birch (Betula alba), or from the tar prepared therefrom; -- called also birch camphor. Watts. BETUMBLE Be*tum"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betumbled.] Defn: To throw into disorder; to tumble. [R.] From her betumbled couch she starteth. Shak. BETUTOR Be*tu"tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betutored.] Defn: To tutor; to instruct. Coleridge. BETWEEN Be*tween", prep. Etym: [OE. bytwene, bitweonen, AS. betweónan, betweónum; prefix be- by + a form fr. AS. twa two, akin to Goth. tweihnai two apiece. See Twain, and cf. Atween, Betwixt.] 1. In the space which separates; betwixt; as, New York is between Boston and Philadelphia. 2. Used in expressing motion from one body or place to another; from one to another of two. If things should go so between them. Bacon. 3. Belonging in common to two; shared by both. Castor and Pollux with only one soul between them. Locke. 4. Belonging to, or participated in by, two, and involving reciprocal action or affecting their mutual relation; as, opposition between science and religion. An intestine struggle, open or secret, between authority and liberty. Hume. 5. With relation to two, as involved in an act or attribute of which another is the agent or subject; as, to judge between or to choose between courses; to distinguish between you and me; to mediate between nations. 6. In intermediate relation to, in respect to time, quantity, or degree; as, between nine and ten o'clock. Between decks, the space, or in the space, between the decks of a vessel. -- Between ourselves, Between you and me, Between themselves, in confidence; with the understanding that the matter is not to be communicated to others. Syn. -- Between, Among. Between etymologically indicates only two; as, a quarrel between two men or two nations; to be between two fires, etc. It is however extended to more than two in expressing a certain relation. I . . . hope that between public business, improving studies, and domestic pleasures, neither melancholy nor caprice will find any place for entrance. Johnson. Among implies a mass or collection of things or persons, and always supposes more than two; as, the prize money was equally divided among the ship's crew. BETWEEN Be*tween", n. Defn: Intermediate time or space; interval. [Poetic & R.] Shak. BETWIXT Be*twixt", prep. Etym: [OE. betwix, bitwix, rarely bitwixt, AS. betweox, betweohs, betweoh, betwih; pref. be- by + a form fr. AS. twa two. See Between.] 1. In the space which separates; between. From betwixt two aged oaks. Milton. 2. From one to another of; mutually affecting. There was some speech of marriage Betwixt myself and her. Shak. Betwixt and between, in a midway position; so-so; neither one thing nor the other. [Colloq.] BEURRE Beur*ré", n. Etym: [F., fr. beurre butter.] (Bot.) Defn: A beurré (or buttery) pear, one with the meas, Beurré d'Anjou; Beurré Clairgeau. BEVEL Bev"el, n. Etym: [C. F. biveau, earlier buveau, Sp. baivel; of unknown origin. Cf. Bevile.] 1. Any angle other than a right angle; the angle which one surface makes with another when they are not at right angles; the slant or inclination of such surface; as, to give a bevel to the edge of a table or a stone slab; the bevel of a piece of timber. 2. An instrument consisting of two rules or arms, jointed together at one end, and opening to any angle, for adjusting the surfaces of work to the same or a given inclination; -- called also a bevel square. Gwilt. BEVEL Bev"el, a. 1. Having the slant of a bevel; slanting. 2. Hence: Morally distorted; not upright. [Poetic] I may be straight, though they themselves be bevel. Shak. A bevel angle, any angle other than one of 90º. -- Bevel wheel, a cogwheel whose working face is oblique to the axis. Knight. BEVEL Bev"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beveled (Bevelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Beveling or Bevelling.] Defn: To cut to a bevel angle; to slope the edge or surface of. BEVEL Bev"el, v. i. Defn: To deviate or incline from an angle of 90 Their houses are very ill built, the walls bevel. Swift. BEVELED; BEVELLED Bev"eled, Bev"elled, a. 1. Formed to a bevel angle; sloping; as, the beveled edge of a table. 2. (Min.) Replaced by two planes inclining equally upon the adjacent planes, as an edge; having its edges replaces by sloping planes, as a cube or other solid. BEVEL GEAR Bev"el gear`. (Mech.) Defn: A kind of gear in which the two wheels working together lie in different planes, and have their teeth cut at right angles to the surfaces of two cones whose apices coincide with the point where the axes of the wheels would meet. BEVELMENT Bev"el*ment, n. (Min.) Defn: The replacement of an edge by two similar planes, equally inclined to the including faces or adjacent planes. BEVER Be"ver, n. Etym: [OE. bever a drink, drinking time, OF. beivre, boivre, to drink, fr. L. bibere.] Defn: A light repast between meals; a lunch. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. BEVER Be"ver, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bevered ( Defn: To take a light repast between meals. [Obs.] BEVERAGE Bev"er*age, n. Etym: [OF. bevrage, F. breuvage, fr. beivre to drink, fr. L. bibere. Cf. Bib, v. t., Poison, Potable.] 1. Liquid for drinking; drink; -- usually applied to drink artificially prepared and of an agreeable flavor; as, an intoxicating beverage. He knew no beverage but the flowing stream. Thomson. 2. Specifically, a name applied to various kinds of drink. 3. A treat, or drink money. [Slang] BEVILE Bev"ile, n. Etym: [See Bevel.] (Her.) Defn: A chief broken or opening like a carpenter's bevel. Encyc. Brit. BEVILED; BEVILLED Bev"iled, Bev"illed, a. (Her.) Defn: Notched with an angle like that inclosed by a carpenter's bevel; -- said of a partition line of a shield. BEVY Bev"y, n.; pl. Bevies. Etym: [Perhaps orig. a drinking company, fr. OF. bevée (cf. It. beva) a drink, beverage; then, perh., a company in general, esp. of ladies; and last applied by sportsmen to larks, quails, etc. See Beverage.] 1. A company; an assembly or collection of persons, especially of ladies. What a bevy of beaten slaves have we here ! Beau. & Fl. 2. A flock of birds, especially quails or larks; also, a herd of roes. BEWAIL Be*wail", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewailing.] Defn: To express deep sorrow for, as by wailing; to lament; to wail over. Hath widowed and unchilded many a one, Which to this hour bewail the injury. Shak. Syn. -- To bemoan; grieve. -- See Deplore. BEWAIL Be*wail", v. i. Defn: To express grief; to lament. Shak. BEWAILABLE Be*wail"a*ble, a. Defn: Such as may, or ought to, be bewailed; lamentable. BEWAILER Be*wail"er, n. Defn: One who bewails or laments. BEWAILING Be*wail"ing, a. Defn: Wailing over; lamenting. -- Be*wail"ing*ly, adv. BEWAILMENT Be*wail"ment, n. Defn: The act of bewailing. BEWAKE Be*wake", v. t. & i. Defn: To keep watch over; to keep awake. [Obs.] Gower. BEWARE Be*ware", v. i. Etym: [Be, imperative of verb to be + ware. See Ware, Wary.] 1. To be on one's guard; to be cautious; to take care; -- commonly followed by of or lest before the thing that is to be avoided. Beware of all, but most beware of man ! Pope. Beware the awful avalanche. Longfellow. 2. To have a special regard; to heed. [Obs.] Behold, I send an Angel before thee. . . . Beware of him, and obey his voice. Ex. xxiii. 20, 21. Note: This word is a compound from be and the Old English ware, now wary, which is an adjective. "Be ye war of false prophetis." Wyclif, Matt. vii. 15. It is used commonly in the imperative and infinitive modes, and with such auxiliaries (shall, should, must, etc.) as go with the infinitive. BEWARE Be*ware", v. t. Defn: To avoid; to take care of; to have a care for. [Obs.] "Priest, beware your beard." Shak. To wish them beware the son. Milton. BEWASH Be*wash", v. t. Defn: To drench or souse with water. "Let the maids bewash the men." Herrick. BEWEEP Be*weep", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewept; p. pr. & vb. n. Beweeping.] Etym: [AS. bew; pref. be- + weep.] Defn: To weep over; to deplore; to bedew with tears. "His timeless death beweeping." Drayton. BEWEEP Be*weep", v. i. Defn: To weep. [Obs.] Chaucer. BEWET Be*wet", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewet, Bewetted.] Defn: To wet or moisten. Gay. BEWHORE Be*whore", v. t. 1. To corrupt with regard to chastity; to make a whore of. J. Fletcher. 2. To pronounce or characterize as a whore. Shak. BEWIG Be*wig", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewigged.] Defn: To cover (the head) with a wig. Hawthorne. BEWILDER Be*wil"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewildered; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewildering.] Etym: [Pref. be- + wilder.] Defn: To lead into perplexity or confusion, as for want of a plain path; to perplex with mazes; or in general, to perplex or confuse greatly. Lost and bewildered in the fruitless search. Addison. Syn. -- To perplex; puzzle; entangle; confuse; confound; mystify; embarrass; lead astray. BEWILDERED Be*wil"dered, a. Defn: Greatly perplexed; as, a bewildered mind. BEWILDEREDNESS Be*wil"dered*ness, n. Defn: The state of being bewildered; bewilderment. [R.] BEWILDERING Be*wil"der*ing, a. Defn: Causing bewilderment or great perplexity; as, bewildering difficulties. -- Be*wil"der*ing*ly, adv. BEWILDERMENT Be*wil"der*ment, n. 1. The state of being bewildered. 2. A bewildering tangle or confusion. He . . . soon lost all traces of it amid bewilderment of tree trunks and underbrush. Hawthorne. BEWINTER Be*win"ter, v. t. Defn: To make wintry. [Obs.] BEWIT Bew"it, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. buie bond, chain, fr. L. boja neck collar, fetter. Cf. Buoy.] Defn: A double slip of leather by which bells are fastened to a hawk's legs. BEWITCH Be*witch", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewitched; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewitching.] 1. To gain an ascendency over by charms or incantations; to affect (esp. to injure) by witchcraft or sorcery. See how I am bewitched; behold, mine arm Is like a blasted sapling withered up. Shak. 2. To charm; to fascinate; to please to such a degree as to take away the power of resistance; to enchant. The charms of poetry our souls bewitch. Dryden. Syn. -- To enchant; captivate; charm; entrance. BEWITCHEDNESS Be*witch"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being bewitched. Gauden. BEWITCHER Be*witch"er, n. Defn: One who bewitches. BEWITCHERY Be*witch"er*y, n. Defn: The power of bewitching or fascinating; bewitchment; charm; fascination. There is a certain bewitchery or fascination in words. South. BEWITCHING Be*witch"ing, a. Defn: Having power to bewitch or fascinate; enchanting; captivating; charming. -- Be*witch"ing*ly, adv. -- Be*witch"ing*ness, n. BEWITCHMENT Be*witch"ment, n. 1. The act of bewitching, or the state of being bewitched. Tylor. 2. The power of bewitching or charming. Shak. BEWONDER Be*won"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewondered.] 1. To fill with wonder. [Obs.] 2. To wonder at; to admire. [Obs.] BEWRAP Be*wrap", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewrapped.] Defn: To wrap up; to cover. Fairfax. BEWRAY Be*wray", v. t. Defn: To soil. See Beray. BEWRAY Be*wray", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewrayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewraying.] Etym: [OE. bewraien, biwreyen; pref. be- + AS. wr to accuse, betray; akin to OS. wr, OHG. ruog, G. rügen, Icel. rægja, Goth. wr to accuse.] Defn: To expose; to reveal; to disclose; to betray. [Obs. or Archaic] The murder being once done, he is in less fear, and in more hope that the deed shall not be bewrayed or known. Robynson (More's Utopia. ) Thy speech bewrayeth thee. Matt. xxvi. 73. BEWRAYER Be*wray"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, bewrays; a revealer. [Obs. or Archaic] Addison. BEWRAYMENT Be*wray"ment, n. Defn: Betrayal. [R.] BEWRECK Be*wreck", v. t. Defn: To wreck. [Obs.] BEWREKE Be*wreke", v. t. Etym: [Pref. be- + wreak.] Defn: To wreak; to avenge. [Obs.] Ld. Berners. BEWROUGHT Be*wrought", a. Etym: [Pref. be- + wrought, p. p. of work, v. t. ] Defn: Embroidered. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BEY Bey, n. Etym: [See Beg a bey.] Defn: A governor of a province or district in the Turkish dominions; also, in some places, a prince or nobleman; a beg; as, the bey of Tunis. BEYLIC Bey"lic, n. Etym: [Turk.] Defn: The territory ruled by a bey. BEYOND Be*yond", prep. Etym: [OE. biyonde, bi, AS. begeondan, prep. and adv.; pref. be- + geond yond, yonder. See Yon, Yonder.] 1. On the further side of; in the same direction as, and further on or away than. Beyond that flaming hill. G. Fletcher. 2. At a place or time not yet reached; before. A thing beyond us, even before our death. Pope. 3. Past, out of the reach or sphere of; further than; greater than; as, the patient was beyond medical aid; beyond one's strength. 4. In a degree or amount exceeding or surpassing; proceeding to a greater degree than; above, as in dignity, excellence, or quality of any kind. "Beyond expectation." Barrow. Beyond any of the great men of my country. Sir P. Sidney. Beyond sea. (Law) See under Sea. -- To go beyond, to exceed in ingenuity, in research, or in anything else; hence, in a bed sense, to deceive or circumvent. That no man go beyond and defraud his brother in any matter. 1 Thess. iv. 6. BEYOND Be*yond", adv. Defn: Further away; at a distance; yonder. Lo, where beyond he lyeth languishing. Spenser. BEZANT Be*zant", n. Etym: [See Byzant.] 1. A gold coin of Byzantium or Constantinople, varying in weight and value, usually (those current in England) between a sovereign and a half sovereign. There were also white or silver bezants. [Written also besant, byzant, etc.] 2. (Her.) Defn: A circle in or, i. e., gold, representing the gold coin called bezant. Burke. 3. A decoration of a flat surface, as of a band or belt, representing circular disks lapping one upon another. BEZ-ANTLER Bez`-ant"ler, n. Etym: [L. bis twice (OF. bes) + E. antler.] Defn: The second branch of a stag's horn. BEZEL Bez"el, n. Etym: [From an old form of F. biseau sloping edge, prob. fr. L. bis double. See Bi-.] Defn: The rim which encompasses and fastens a jewel or other object, as the crystal of a watch, in the cavity in which it is set. BEZIQUE Bé*zique", n. Etym: [F. bésigue.] Defn: A game at cards in which various combinations of cards in the hand, when declared, score points. BEZOAR Be"zoar, n. Etym: [F. bézoard, fr. Ar. bazahr, badizahr, fr. Per. pad-zahr bezoar; pad protecting + zahr poison; cf. Pg. & Sp. bezoar.] Defn: A calculous concretion found in the intestines of certain ruminant animals (as the wild goat, the gazelle, and the Peruvian llama) formerly regarded as an unfailing antidote for poison, and a certain remedy for eruptive, pestilential, or putrid diseases. Hence: Any antidote or panacea. Note: Two kinds were particularly esteemed, the Bezoar orientale of India, and the Bezoar occidentale of Peru. Bezoar antelope. See Antelope. -- Bezoar goat (Zoöl.), the wild goat (Capra ægagrus). -- Bezoar mineral, an old preparation of oxide of antimony. Ure. BEZOARDIC Bez`o*ar"dic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. bézoardique, bézoartique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or compounded with, bezoar. -- n. Defn: A medicine containing bezoar. BEZOARTIC; BEZOARTICAL Bez`o*ar"tic, Bez`o*ar"tic*al, a. Etym: [See Bezoardic.] Defn: Having the qualities of an antidote, or of bezoar; healing. [Obs.] BEZONIAN Be*zo"ni*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. besoin need, want, It bisogno.] Defn: A low fellow or scoundrel; a beggar. Great men oft die by vile bezonians. Shak. BEZPOPOVTSY Bez`po*pov"tsy, n. [Russ.; bez without + popovtsy, a derivative of pop priest.] Defn: A Russian sect. See Raskolnik. BEZZLE Bez"zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bezzled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bezzling.] Etym: [OF. besillier, besiler, to maltreat, pillage; or shortened fr. embezzle. Cf. Embezzle.] Defn: To plunder; to waste in riot. [Obs.] BEZZLE Bez"zle, v. i. Defn: To drink to excess; to revel. [Obs.] BHANG Bhang, n. Etym: [Per. bang; cf. Skr. bhanga hemp.] Defn: An astringent and narcotic drug made from the dried leaves and seed capsules of wild hemp (Cannabis Indica), and chewed or smoked in the East as a means of intoxication. See Hasheesh. BHEESTY; BHEESTIE Bhees"ty, Bhees"tie, n. [Written also bhistee, bhisti, etc.] [Per. bihishti lit., heavenly.] Defn: A water carrier, as to a household or a regiment. [India] BHISTEE; BHISTI Bhis"tee, Bhis"ti, n. Defn: Same as Bheesty. [India] BHUNDER Bhun"der, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An Indian monkey (Macacus Rhesus), protected by the Hindoos as sacred. See Rhesus. BI; BI- Bi*. Etym: [L. bis twice, which in composition drops the -s, akin to E. two. See Bis-, Two, and cf. Di-, Dis-.] 1. In most branches of science bi- in composition denotes two, twice, or doubly; as, bidentate, two-toothed; biternate, doubly ternate, etc. 2. (Chem.) Defn: In the composition of chemical names bi- denotes two atoms, parts, or equivalents of that constituent to the name of which it is prefixed, to one of the other component, or that such constituent is present in double the ordinary proportion; as, bichromate, bisulphide. Be- and di- are often used interchangeably. BIACID Bi*ac"id, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + acid.] (Chem.) Defn: Having two hydrogen atoms which can be replaced by negative atoms or radicals to form salts; -- said of bases. See Diacid. BIACUMINATE Bi`a*cu"mi*nate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + acuminate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having points in two directions. BIANGULAR Bi*an"gu*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + angular.] Defn: Having two angles or corners. BIANGULATE; BIANGULATED Bi*an"gu*late, Bi*an"gu*la`ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + angulate, angulated.] Defn: Biangular. BIANGULOUS Bi*an"gu*lous,a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + angulous.] Defn: Biangular. [R.] BIANNUAL Bi*an"nu*al, a. [Pref. bi- + annual.] Defn: Occurring twice a year; half-yearly; semiannual. BIANTHERIFEROUS Bi*an`ther*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + antherigerous.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two anthers. BIARTICULATE Bi`ar*tic"u*late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + articulate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having, or consisting of, tow joints. BIAS Bi"as, n.; pl. Biases. Etym: [F. biasis, perh. fr. LL. bifax two- faced; L. bis + facies face. See Bi-, and cf. Face.] 1. A weight on the side of the ball used in the game of bowls, or a tendency imparted to the ball, which turns it from a straight line. Being ignorant that there is a concealed bias within the spheroid, which will . . . swerve away. Sir W. Scott. 2. A learning of the mind; propensity or prepossession toward an object or view, not leaving the mind indifferent; bent inclination. Strong love is a bias upon the thoughts. South. Morality influences men's lives, and gives a bias to all their actions. Locke. 3. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth taken out of a garment (as the waist of a dress) to diminish its circumference. 4. A slant; a diagonal; as, to cut cloth on the bias. Syn. -- Prepossession; prejudice; partiality; inclination. See Bent. BIAS Bi"as, a. 1. Inclined to one side; swelled on one side. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Cut slanting or diagonally, as cloth. BIAS Bi"as, adv. Defn: In a slanting manner; crosswise; obliquely; diagonally; as, to cut cloth bias. BIAS Bi"as, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Biased; p. pr. & vb. n. Biasing.] Defn: To incline to one side; to give a particular direction to; to influence; to prejudice; to prepossess. Me it had not biased in the one direction, nor should it have biased any just critic in the counter direction. De. Quincey. BIAURICULATE Bi`au*ric"u*late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + au riculate.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Having two auricles, as the heart of mammals, birds, and reptiles. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Having two earlike projections at its base, as a leaf. BIAXAL; BIAXIAL Bi*ax"al, Bi*ax"i*al, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + axal, axial.] (Opt.) Defn: Having two axes; as, biaxial polarization. Brewster. -- Bi*ax"i*al*ly, adv. BIB Bib, n. Etym: [From Bib, v., because the bib receives the drink that the child slavers from the mouth.] 1. A small piece of cloth worn by children over the breast, to protect the clothes. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An arctic fish (Gadus luscus), allied to the cod; -- called also pout and whiting pout. 3. A bibcock. BIB; BIBBE Bib, Bibbe, v. t. Etym: [L. bibere. See Beverage, and cf. Imbibe.] Defn: To drink; to tipple. [Obs.] This miller hath . . . bibbed ale. Chaucer. BIB Bib, v. i. Defn: To drink; to sip; to tipple. He was constantly bibbing. Locke. BIBACIOUS Bi*ba"cious, a. Etym: [L. bibax, bibacis, fr. bibere. See Bib.] Defn: Addicted to drinking. BIBACITY Bi*bac"i*ty, n. Defn: The practice or habit of drinking too much; tippling. Blount. BIBASIC Bi*ba"sic, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + basic.] (Chem.) Defn: Having to hydrogen atoms which can be replaced by positive or basic atoms or radicals to form salts; -- said of acids. See Dibasic. BIBB Bibb, n. Defn: A bibcock. See Bib, n., 3. BIBBER Bib"ber, n. Defn: One given to drinking alcoholic beverages too freely; a tippler; -- chiefly used in composition; as, winebibber. BIBBLE-BABBLE Bib"ble-bab"ble, n. Etym: [A reduplication of babble.] Defn: Idle talk; babble. Shak. BIBBS Bibbs, n. pl. (Naut.) Defn: Pieces of timber bolted to certain parts of a mast tp support the trestletrees. BIBCOCK Bib"cock`, n. Defn: A cock or faucet having a bent down nozzle. Knight. BIBELOT Bi`be*lot", n. [F.] Defn: A small decorative object without practical utility. Her pictures, her furniture, and her bibelots. M. Crawford. BIBIRINE Bi*bi"rine, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Bebeerine. BIBITORY Bib"i*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to drinking or tippling. BIBLE Bi"ble, n. Etym: [F. bible, L. biblia, pl., fr. Gr. , pl. of , dim. of , , book, prop. Egyptian papyrus.] 1. A book. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The Book by way of eminence, -- that is, the book which is made up of the writings accepted by Christians as of divine origin and authority, whether such writings be in the original language, or translated; the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments; -- sometimes in a restricted sense, the Old Testament; as, King James's Bible; Douay Bible; Luther's Bible. Also, the book which is made up of writings similarly accepted by the Jews; as, a rabbinical Bible. 3. A book containing the sacred writings belonging to any religion; as, the Koran is often called the Mohammedan Bible. Fig.) Defn: A book with an authoritative exposition of some topic, respected by many experts on the field. Bible Society, an association for securing the multiplication and wide distribution of the Bible. -- Douay Bible. See Douay Bible. -- Geneva Bible. See under Geneva. BIBLER Bib"ler, n. Etym: [See Bib, v. t.] Defn: A great drinker; a tippler. [Written also bibbler and bibbeler.] BIBLICAL Bib"li*cal, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the Bible; as, biblical learning; biblical authority. BIBLICALITY Bib`li*cal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being biblical; a biblical subject. [R.] BIBLICALLY Bib"li*cal*ly, adv. Defn: According to the Bible. BIBLICISM Bib"li*cism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. biblicisme.] Defn: Learning or literature relating to the Bible. [R.] BIBLICIST Bib"li*cist, n. Defn: One skilled in the knowledge of the Bible; a demonstrator of religious truth by the Scriptures. BIBLIOGRAPH Bib"li*o*graph`, n. Defn: Bibliographer. BIBLIOGRAPHER Bib`li*og"ra*pher, n. Etym: [Gr. , fr. book + to write : cf. F. bibliographe.] Defn: One who writes, or is versed in, bibliography. BIBLIOGRAPHIC; BIBLIOGRAPHICAL Bib`li*o*graph"ic, Bib`li*o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. bibliographique.] Defn: Pertaining to bibliography, or the history of books. -- Bib`li*o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bib`li*og"ra*phy n.; pl. Bibliographies. Etym: [Gr. : cf. F. bibliographie.] Defn: A history or description of books and manuscripts, with notices of the different editions, the times when they were printed, etc. BIBLIOLATER; BIBLIOLATRIST Bib`li*ol"a*ter, Bib`li*ol"a*trist, n. Etym: [See. Bibliolatry.] Defn: A worshiper of books; especially, a worshiper of the Bible; a believer in its verbal inspiration. De Quincey. BIBLIOLATRY Bib`li*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. book + service, worship, to serve.] Defn: Book worship, esp. of the Bible; -- applied by Roman Catholic divine Coleridge. F. W. Newman. BIBLIOLOGICAL Bib`li*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Relating to bibliology. BIBLIOLOGY Bib`li*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. book + -logy.] 1. An account of books; book lore; bibliography. 2. The literature or doctrine of the Bible. BIBLIOMANCY Bib"li*o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. book + -mancy: cf. F. bibliomancie.] Defn: A kind of divination, performed by selecting passages of Scripture at hazard, and drawing from them indications concerning future events. BIBLIOMANIA Bib`li*o*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Gr. book + madness: cf. F. bibliomanie.] Defn: A mania for acquiring books. BIBLIOMANIAC Bib`li*o*ma"ni*ac, n. Defn: One who has a mania for books. -- a. Defn: Relating to a bibliomaniac. BIBLIOMANIACAL Bib`li*o*ma*ni"ac*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to a passion for books; relating to a bibliomaniac. BIBLIOPEGIC Bib`li*o*peg"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. book + to make fast.] Defn: Relating to the binding of books. [R.] BIBLIOPEGIST Bib`li*op"e*gist, n. Defn: A bookbinder. BIBLIOPEGISTIC Bib`li*op`e*gis"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to the art of binding books. [R.] Dibdin. BIBLIOPEGY Bib`li*op"e*gy, n. Etym: [See Bibliopegic.] Defn: The art of binding books. [R.] BIBLIOPHILE Bib"li*o*phile, n. Etym: [Gr. book + to love: cf. F. bibliophile.] Defn: A lover of books. BIBLIOPHILISM Bib`li*oph"i*lism, n. Defn: Love of books. BIBLIOPHILIST Bib`li*oph"i*list, n. Defn: A lover of books. BIBLIOPHOBIA Bib`li*o*pho"bi*a, n. Etym: [Gr. book + to fear.] Defn: A dread of books. [R.] BIBLIOPOLE Bib"li*o*pole, n. Etym: [L. bibliopola, Gr. ; book + to sell: cf. F. bibliopole.] Defn: One who sells books. BIBLIOPOLIC; BIBLIOPOLAR Bib`li*o*pol"ic, Bib`li*op"o*lar, a. Etym: [See Bibliopole.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the sale of books. "Bibliopolic difficulties." Carlyle. BIBLIOPOLISM Bib`li*op"o*lism, n. Defn: The trade or business of selling books. BIBLIOPOLIST Bib`li*op"o*list, n. Defn: Same as Bibliopole. BIBLIOPOLISTIC Bib`li*op`o*lis"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to bibliopolism. Dibdin. BIBLIOTAPH; BIBLIOTAPHIST Bib"li*o*taph, Bib`li*ot"a*phist, n. Etym: [Gr. book + a burial.] Defn: One who hides away books, as in a tomb. [R.] Crabb. BIBLIOTHEC Bib"li*o*thec, n. Defn: A librarian. BIBLIOTHECA Bib`li*o*the"ca, n. Etym: [L. See Bibliotheke.] Defn: A library. BIBLIOTHECAL Bib`li*o*the"cal, a. Etym: [L. bibliothecalis. See Bibliotheke.] Defn: Belonging to a library. Byrom. BIBLIOTHECARY Bib`li*oth"e*ca*ry, n. Etym: [L. bibliothecarius: cf. F. bibliothécaire.] Defn: A librarian. [Obs.] Evelin. BIBLIOTHEKE Bib"li*o*theke, n. Etym: [L. bibliotheca, Gr. ; book + a case, box, fr. to place: cf. F. bibliothèque.] Defn: A library. [Obs.] Bale. BIBLIST Bib"list, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bibliste. See Bible.] 1. One who makes the Bible the sole rule of faith. 2. A biblical scholar; a biblicist. I. Taylor. BIBRACTEATE Bi*brac"te*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + bracteate.] (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with, or having, two bracts. BIBULOUS Bib"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. bibulus, fr. bibere to drink. See Bib, v. t. ] 1. Readily imbibing fluids or moisture; spongy; as, bibulous blotting paper. 2. Inclined to drink; addicted to tippling. BIBULOUSLY Bib"u*lous*ly, adv. Defn: In a bibulous manner; with profuse imbibition or absorption. De Quincey. BICALCARATE Bi*cal"ca*rate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + calcarate.] Defn: Having two spurs, as the wing or leg of a bird. BICALLOSE; BICALLOUS Bi*cal"lose, Bi*cal"lous, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + callose, callous.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two callosities or hard spots. Gray. BICAMERAL Bi*cam"er*al, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + camera.] Defn: Consisting of, or including, two chambers, or legislative branches. Bentham. BICAPSULAR Bi*cap"su*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + capsular: cf. F. bicapsulaire.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two capsules; as, a bicapsular pericarp. BICARBONATE Bi*car"bon*ate, n. Etym: [Pref. bi-+ carbonate.] (Chem.) Defn: A carbonate in which but half the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, thus making the proportion of the acid to the positive or basic portion twice what it is in the normal carbonates; an acid carbonate; -- sometimes called supercarbonate. BICARBURETED; BICARBURETTED Bi*car"bu*ret`ed or -ret`ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + carbureted.] (Chem.) Defn: Containing two atoms or equivalents of carbon in the molecule. [Obs. or R.] BICARINATE Bi*car"i*nate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + carinate.] (Biol.) Defn: Having two keel-like projections, as the upper palea of grasses. BICAUDAL Bi*cau"dal, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + caudal.] Defn: Having, or terminating in, two tails. BICAUDATE Bi*cau"date, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + caudate.] Defn: Two-tailed; bicaudal. BICCHED Bic"ched, a. Etym: [Of unknown origin.] Defn: Pecked; pitted; notched. [Obs.] Chaucer. Bicched bones, pecked, or notched, bones; dice. BICE; BISE Bice, Bise, n. Etym: [F. bis, akin to It. bigio light gray, tawny.] (Paint.) Defn: A pale blue pigment, prepared from the native blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt; -- called also blue bice. Green bice is prepared from the blue, by adding yellow orpiment, or by grinding down the green carbonate of copper. Cooley. Brande & C. BICENTENARY Bi*cen"te*na*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + centenary.] Defn: Of or pertaining to two hundred, esp. to two hundred years; as, a bicentenary celebration. -- n. Defn: The two hundredth anniversary, or its celebration. BICENTENNIAL Bi`cen*ten"ni*al, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + centennial.] 1. Consisting of two hundred years. 2. Occurring every two hundred years. BICENTENNIAL Bi`cen*ten"ni*al, n. Defn: The two hundredth year or anniversary, or its celebration. BICEPHALOUS Bi*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + cephalous: cf. F. bicéphale.] Defn: Having two heads. BICEPS Bi"ceps, n. Etym: [L., two-headed; bis twice + caput head. See Capital.] (Anat.) Defn: A muscle having two heads or origins; -- applied particularly to a flexor in the arm, and to another in the thigh. BICHIR Bi*chir", n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A remarkable ganoid fish (Polypterus bichir) found in the Nile and other African rivers. See Brachioganoidei. BICHLORIDE Bi*chlo"ride, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + chloride.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound consisting of two atoms of chlorine with one or more atoms of another element; -- called also dichloride. Bichloride of mercury, mercuric chloride; -- sometimes called corrosive sublimate. BICHO Bi"cho, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Jigger. BICHROMATE Bi*chro"mate, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + chromate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt containing two parts of chromic acid to one of the other ingredients; as, potassium bichromate; -- called also dichromate. BICHROMATIZE Bi*chro"ma*tize, v. t. Defn: To combine or treat with a bichromate, esp. with bichromate of potassium; as, bichromatized gelatine. BICIPITAL Bi*cip"i*tal, a. Etym: [L. biceps, bicipitis: cf. F. bicipital. See Biceps.] 1. (Anat.) (a) Having two heads or origins, as a muscle. (b) Pertaining to a biceps muscle; as, bicipital furrows, the depressions on either side of the biceps of the arm. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Dividing into two parts at one extremity; having two heads or two supports; as, a bicipital tree. BICIPITOUS Bi*cip"i*tous, a. Defn: Having two heads; bicipital. "Bicipitous serpents." Sir T. Browne. BICKER Bick"er, n. Etym: [See Beaker.] Defn: A small wooden vessel made of staves and hoops, like a tub. [Prov. Eng.] BICKER Bick"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bickered; p. pr. & vb. n. Bickering.] Etym: [OE. bikeren, perh. fr. Celtic; cf. W. bicra to fight, bicker, bicre conflict, skirmish; perh. akin to E. beak.] 1. To skirmish; to exchange blows; to fight. [Obs.] Two eagles had a conflict, and bickered together. Holland. 2. To contend in petulant altercation; to wrangle. Petty things about which men cark and bicker. Barrow. 3. To move quickly and unsteadily, or with a pattering noise; to quiver; to be tremulous, like flame. They [streamlets] bickered through the sunny shade. Thomson. BICKER Bick"er, n. 1. A skirmish; an encounter. [Obs.] 2. A fight with stones between two parties of boys. [Scot.] Jamieson. 3. A wrangle; also, a noise,, as in angry contention. BICKERER Bick"er*er, n. Defn: One who bickers. BICKERING Bick"er*ing, n. 1. A skirmishing. "Frays and bickerings." Milton. 2. Altercation; wrangling. BICKERMENT Bick"er*ment, n. Defn: Contention. [Obs.] Spenser. BICKERN Bick"ern, n. Etym: [F. bigorne. See Bicorn.] Defn: An anvil ending in a beak or point (orig. in two beaks); also, the beak or horn itself. BICKFORD FUSE; BICKFORD FUZE; BICKFORD MATCH Bick"ford fuse, Bick"ford fuze, Bick"ford match. Defn: A fuse used in blasting, consisting of a long cylinder of explosive material inclosed in a varnished wrapping of rope or hose. It burns from 2 to 4 feet a minute. BICOLLIGATE Bi*col"li*gate, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + colligatus, p. p. See Colligate, v. t. ] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the anterior toes connected by a basal web. BICOLOR; BICOLORED Bi"col`or, Bi"col`ored, a. Etym: [L. bicolor; bis twice + color color.] Defn: Of two colors. BICONCAVE Bi*con"cave, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + concave.] Defn: Concave on both sides; as, biconcave vertebræ. BICONJUGATE Bi*con"ju*gate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + conjugate, a.] (Bot.) Defn: Twice paired, as when a petiole forks twice. Gray. BICONVEX Bi*con"vex, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + convex.] Defn: Convex on both sides; as, a biconvex lens. BICORN; BICORNED; BICORNOUS Bi"corn, Bi"corned, Bi*cor"nous, a. Etym: [L. bicornis; bis twice + cornu horn: cf. F. bicorne. Cf. Bickern.] Defn: Having two horns; two-horned; crescentlike. BICORPORAL Bi*cor"po*ral, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + corporal.] Defn: Having two bodies. BICORPORATE Bi*cor"po*rate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + corporate.] (Her.) Defn: Double-bodied, as a lion having one head and two bodies. BICOSTATE Bi*cos"tate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + costate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two principal ribs running longitudinally, as a leaf. BICRENATE Bi*cre"nate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + crenate.] (Bot.) Defn: Twice crenated, as in the case of leaves whose crenatures are themselves crenate. BICRESCENTIC Bi`cres*cen"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + crescent.] Defn: Having the form of a double crescent. BICRURAL Bi*cru"ral, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + crural.] Defn: Having two legs. Hooker. BICUSPID; BICUSPIDATE Bi*cus"pid, Bi*cus"pid*ate, a. Etym: [See pref. Bi-, and Cuspidate.] Defn: Having two points or prominences; ending in two points; -- said of teeth, leaves, fruit, etc. BICUSPID Bi*cus"pid, n. (Anat.) Defn: One of the two double-pointed teeth which intervene between the canines (cuspids) and the molars, on each side of each jaw. See Tooth, n. BICYANIDE Bi*cy"a*nide, n. Defn: See Dicyanide. BICYCLE Bi"cy*cle, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + cycle.] Defn: A light vehicle having two wheels one behind the other. It has a saddle seat and is propelled by the rider's feet acting on cranks or levers. BICYCLER Bi"cy*cler, n. Defn: One who rides a bicycle. BICYCLIC Bi*cyc"lic, a. Defn: Relating to bicycles. BICYCLING Bi"cy*cling, n. Defn: The use of a bicycle; the act or practice of riding a bicycle. BICYCLISM Bi"cy*clism, n. Defn: The art of riding a bicycle. BICYCLIST Bi"cy*clist, n. Defn: A bicycler. BICYCULAR Bi*cyc"u*lar, a. Defn: Relating to bicycling. BID Bid, v. t. [imp. Bade, Bid, (Obs.) Bad; p. p. Bidden, Bid; p. pr. & vb. n. Bidding.] Etym: [OE. bidden, prop to ask, beg, AS. biddan; akin to OS. biddian, Icel. bi, OHG. bittan, G. bitten, to pray, ask, request, and E. bead, also perh. to Gr. to persuade, L. fidere to trust, E. faith, and bide. But this word was early confused with OE. beden, beoden, AS. beódan, to offer, command; akin to Icel. bj, Goth. biudan (in comp.), OHG. biotan to command, bid, G. bieten, D. bieden, to offer, also to Gr. to learn by inquiry, Skr. budh to be awake, to heed, present OSlav. bud to be awake, E. bode, v. The word now has the form of OE. bidden to ask, but the meaning of OE. beden to command, except in "to bid beads." sq. root30.] 1. To make an offer of; to propose. Specifically : To offer to pay ( a certain price, as for a thing put up at auction), or to take (a certain price, as for work to be done under a contract). 2. To offer in words; to declare, as a wish, a greeting, a threat, or defiance, etc.; as, to bid one welcome; to bid good morning, farewell, etc. Neither bid him God speed. 2. John 10. He bids defiance to the gaping crowd. Granrille. 3. To proclaim; to declare publicly; to make known. [Mostly obs.] "Our banns thrice bid !" Gay. 4. To order; to direct; to enjoin; to command. That Power who bids the ocean ebb and flow. Pope Lord, if it be thou, bid me come unto thee. Matt. xiv. 28 I was bid to pick up shells. D. Jerrold. 5. To invite; to call in; to request to come. As many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage. Matt. xxii. 9 To bid beads, to pray with beads, as the Roman Catholics; to distinguish each bead by a prayer. [Obs.] -- To bid defiance to , to defy openly; to brave. -- To bid fair, to offer a good prospect; to make fair promise; to seem likely. Syn. -- To offer; proffer; tender; propose; order; command; direct; charge; enjoin. BID Bid, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bid. BID Bid, n. Defn: An offer of a price, especially at auctions; a statement of a sum which one will give for something to be received, or will take for something to be done or furnished; that which is offered. BID Bid, v. i. Etym: [See Bid, v. t.] 1. To pray. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To make a bid; to state what one will pay or take. BIDALE Bid"ale`, n. Etym: [Bid + ale.] Defn: An invitation of friends to drink ale at some poor man's house, and there to contribute in charity for his relief. [Prov. Eng.] BIDARKEE; BIDARKA Bi*dar"kee, Bi*dar"ka, n. [Russ. baidarka, dim. Cf. Baidar.] Defn: A portable boat made of skins stretched on a frame. [Alaska] The Century. BIDDABLE Bid"da*ble, a. Defn: Obedient; docile. [Scot.] BIDDEN Bid"den, p. p. Defn: of Bid. BIDDER Bid"der, n. Etym: [AS. biddere. ] Defn: One who bids or offers a price. Burke. BIDDERY WARE Bid"der*y ware`. Etym: [From Beder or Bidar a town in India.] Defn: A kind of metallic ware made in India. The material is a composition of zinc, tin, and lead, in which ornaments of gold and silver are inlaid or damascened. [Spelt also bidry, bidree, bedery, beder.] BIDDING Bid"ding, n. 1. Command; order; a proclamation or notifying. "Do thou thy master's bidding." Shak. 2. The act or process of making bids; an offer; a proposal of a price, as at an auction. BIDDING PRAYER Bid"ding prayer`. 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The prayer for the souls of benefactors, said before the sermon. 2. (Angl. Ch.) Defn: The prayer before the sermon, with petitions for various specified classes of persons. BIDDY Bid"dy, n. Etym: [Etymology uncertain.] Defn: A name used in calling a hen or chicken. Shak. BIDDY Bid"dy, n. Etym: [A familiar form of Bridget.] Defn: An Irish serving woman or girl. [Colloq.] BIDE Bide, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bided; p. pr. & vb. n. Biding.] Etym: [OE. biden, AS. bidan; akin to OHG. bitan, Goth. beidan, Icel. bi; perh. orig., to wait with trust, and akin to bid. See Bid, v. t., and cf. Abide.] 1. To dwell; to inhabit; to abide; to stay. All knees to thee shall bow of them that bide In heaven or earth, or under earth, in hell. Milton. 2. To remain; to continue or be permanent in a place or state; to continue to be. Shak. BIDE Bide, v. t. 1. To encounter; to remain firm under (a hardship); to endure; to suffer; to undergo. Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are, That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm. Shak. 2. To wait for; as, I bide my time. See Abide. BIDENT Bi"dent, n. Etym: [L. bidens, -entis, having two prongs; bis twice + dens a tooth.] Defn: An instrument or weapon with two prongs. BIDENTAL Bi*den"tal, a. Defn: Having two teeth. Swift. BIDENTATE Bi*den"tate, a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Having two teeth or two toothlike processes; two-toothed. BIDET Bi*det", n. Etym: [F. bidet, perh. fr. Celtic; cr. Gael. bideach very little, diminutive, bidein a diminutive animal, W. bidan a weakly or sorry wretch.] 1. A small horse formerly allowed to each trooper or dragoon for carrying his baggage. B. Jonson. 2. A kind of bath tub for sitting baths; a sitz bath. BIDIGITATE Bi*dig"i*tate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + digitate.] Defn: Having two fingers or fingerlike projections. BIDING Bid"ing, n. Defn: Residence; habitation. Rowe. BIELA'S COMET Bie"la's com"et. (Astron.) Defn: A periodic coment, discovered by Biela in 1826, which revolves around the sun in 6.6 years. The November meteors (Andromedes or Bielids) move in its orbit, and may be fragments of the comet. BIELD Bield, n. Defn: A shelter. Same as Beild. [Scot.] BIELD Bield, v. t. Defn: To shelter. [Scot.] BIELID Bie"lid, n. (Astron.) Defn: See Andromede. BIENNIAL Bi*en"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. biennalis and biennis, fr. biennium a space of two years; bis twice + annus year. Cf. Annual.] 1. Happening, or taking place, once in two years; as, a biennial election. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Continuing for two years, and then perishing, as plants which form roots and leaves the first year, and produce fruit the second. BIENNIAL Bi*en"ni*al, n. 1. Something which takes place or appears once in two years; esp. a biennial examination. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant which exists or lasts for two years. BIENNIALLY Bi*en"ni*al*ly, adv. Defn: Once in two years. BIER Bier, n. Etym: [OE. bæe, beere, AS. b, b; akin to D. baar, OHG. bara, G. bahre, Icel barar, Dbaare, L. feretrum, Gr. , from the same bear to produce. See 1st Bear, and cf. Barrow.] 1. A handbarrow or portable frame on which a corpse is placed or borne to the grave. 2. (Weaving) Defn: A count of forty threads in the warp or chain of woolen cloth. Knight. BIERBALK Bier"balk`, n. Etym: [See Bier, and Balk, n.] Defn: A church road (e. g., a path across fields) for funerals. [Obs.] Homilies. BIESTINGS; BEESTINGS Biest"ings, Beest"ings, n. pl. Etym: [OE. bestynge, AS. b, fr. b, beost; akin to D. biest, OHG. biost, G. biest; of unknown origin.] Defn: The first milk given by a cow after calving. B. Jonson. The thick and curdy milk . . . commonly called biestings. Newton. (1574). BIFACIAL Bi*fa"cial, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + facial.] Defn: Having the opposite surfaces alike. BIFARIOUS Bi*fa"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. bifarius; bis twice + fari to speak. Cf. Gr. 1. Twofold; arranged in two rows. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Pointing two ways, as leaves that grow only on opposite sides of a branch; in two vertical rows. BIFARIOUSLY Bi*fa"ri*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a bifarious manner. BIFEROUS Bif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. bifer; bis twice + ferre to bear.] Defn: Bearing fruit twice a year. BIFFIN Bif"fin, n. Etym: [Cf. Beaufin.] 1. A sort of apple peculiar to Norfolk, Eng. Note: [Sometimes called beaufin; but properly beefin (it is said), from its resemblance to raw beef.] Wright. 2. A baked apple pressed down into a flat, round cake; a dried apple. Dickens. BIFID Bi"fid, a. Etym: [L. bifidus; bis twice + root of findere to cleave or split: cf. F. bifide.] Defn: Cleft to the middle or slightly beyond the middle; opening with a cleft; divided by a linear sinus, with straight margins. BIFIDATE Bif"i*date, a. Etym: [L. bifidatus.] Defn: See Bifid. BIFILAR Bi*fi"lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + filar.] Defn: Two-threaded; involving the use of two threads; as, bifilar suspension; a bifilar balance. Bifilar micrometer (often called a bifilar), an instrument form measuring minute distances or angles by means of two very minute threads (usually spider lines), one of which, at least, is movable; -- more commonly called a filar micrometer. BIFLABELLATE Bi`fla*bel"late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + flabellate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Flabellate on both sides. BIFLAGELLATE Bi`fla*gel"late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + flagellate.] Defn: Having two long, narrow, whiplike appendages. BIFLORATE; BIFLOROUS Bi*flo"rate, Bi*flo"rous, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing two flowers; two-flowered. BIFOCAL Bi*fo"cal, a. [Pref. bi-+ focal.] Defn: Having two foci, as some spectacle lenses. BIFOLD Bi"fold, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + fold.] Defn: Twofold; double; of two kinds, degrees, etc. Shak. BIFOLIATE Bi*fo"li*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + foliate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two leaves; two-leaved. BIFOLIOLATE Bi*fo"li*o*late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + foliolate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two leaflets, as some compound leaves. BIFORATE Bif"o*rate, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + foratus, p. p. of forare to bore or pierce.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two perforations. BIFORINE Bif"o*rine, n. Etym: [L. biforis, biforus, having two doors; bis twice + foris door.] (Bot.) Defn: An oval sac or cell, found in the leaves of certain plants of the order Araceæ. It has an opening at each end through which raphides, generated inside, are discharged. BIFORKED Bi"forked, a. Defn: Bifurcate. BIFORM Bi"form, a. Etym: [L. biformis; bis twice + forma shape: cf. F. biforme.] Defn: Having two forms, bodies, or shapes. Croxall. BIFORMED Bi"formed, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + form.] Defn: Having two forms. Johnson. BIFORMITY Bi*form"i*ty, n. Defn: A double form. BIFORN Bi*forn", prep. & adv. Defn: Before. [Obs.] BIFOROUS Bif"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. biforis having two doors; bis twice, two + foris door.] Defn: See Biforate. BIFRONTED Bi*front"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + front.] Defn: Having two fronts. "Bifronted Janus." Massinger. BIFURCATE; BIFURCATED Bi*fur"cate, Bi*fur"ca*ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + furcate.] Defn: Two-pronged; forked. BIFURCATE Bi*fur"cate, v. i. Defn: To divide into two branches. BIFURCATION Bi`fur*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bifurcation.] Defn: A forking, or division into two branches. BIFURCOUS Bi*fur"cous, a. Etym: [L. bifurcus; bis twice + furca fork.] Defn: See Bifurcate, a. [R.] Coles. BIG Big, a. [compar. Bigger; superl. Biggest.] Etym: [Perh. from Celtic; cf. W. beichiog, beichiawg, pregnant, with child, fr. baich burden, Arm. beac'h; or cf. OE. bygly, Icel. biggiligr, (properly) habitable; (then) magnigicent, excellent, fr. OE. biggen, Icel. byggja, to dwell, build, akin to E. be.] 1. Having largeness of size; of much bulk or magnitude; of great size; large. "He's too big to go in there." Shak. 2. Great with young; pregnant; swelling; ready to give birth or produce; -- often figuratively. [Day] big with the fate of Cato and of Rome. Addison. 3. Having greatness, fullness, importance, inflation, distention, etc., whether in a good or a bad sense; as, a big heart; a big voice; big looks; to look big. As applied to looks, it indicates haughtiness or pride. God hath not in heaven a bigger argument. Jer. Taylor. Note: Big is often used in self-explaining compounds; as, big-boned; big-sounding; big-named; big-voiced. To talk big, to talk loudly, arrogantly, or pretentiously. I talked big to them at first. De Foe. Syn. -- Bulky; large; great; massive; gross. BIG; BIGG Big, Bigg, n. Etym: [OE. bif, bigge; akin to Icel. bygg, Dan. byg, Sw. bjugg.] (Bot.) Defn: Barley, especially the hardy four-rowed kind. "Bear interchanges in local use, now with barley, now with bigg." New English Dict. BIG; BIGG Big, Bigg, v. t. Etym: [OE. biggen, fr. Icel. byggja to inhabit, to build, b (neut.) to dwell (active) to make ready. See Boor, and Bound.] Defn: To build. [Scot. & North of Eng. Dial.] Sir W. Scott. BIGA Bi"ga, n. Etym: [L.] (Antiq.) Defn: A two-horse chariot. BIGAM Big"am, n. Etym: [L. bigamus twice married: cf. F. bigame. See Bigamy.] Defn: A bigamist. [Obs.] BIGAMIST Big"a*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. Digamist.] Defn: One who is guilty of bigamy. Ayliffe. BIGAMOUS Big"a*mous, a. Defn: Guilty of bigamy; involving bigamy; as, a bigamous marriage. BIGAMY Big"a*my, n. Etym: [OE. bigamie, fr. L. bigamus twice married; bis twice + Gr. marriage; prob. akin to Skt. jamis related, and L. gemini twins, the root meaning to bind, join: cf. F. bigamie. Cf. Digamy.] (Law) Defn: The offense of marrying one person when already legally married to another. Wharton. Note: It is not strictly correct to call this offense bigamy: it more properly denominated polygamy, i. e., having a plurality of wives or husbands at once, and in several statutes in the United States the offense is classed under the head of polygamy. In the canon law bigamy was the marrying of two virgins successively, or one after the death of the other, or once marrying a widow. This disqualified a man for orders, and for holding ecclesiastical offices. Shakespeare uses the word in the latter sense. Blackstone. Bouvier. Base declension and loathed bigamy. Shak. BIGARREAU; BIGAROON Big`ar*reau", Big`a*roon", n. Etym: [F. bigarreau, fr. bigarré variegated.] (Bot.) Defn: The large white-heart cherry. BIG-BELLIED Big"-bel`lied, a. Defn: Having a great belly; as, a big-bellied man or flagon; advanced in pregnancy. BIG BEND STATE Big Bend State. Defn: Tennessee; -- a nickname. BIGEMINATE Bi*gem"i*nate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + geminate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having a forked petiole, and a pair of leaflets at the end of each division; biconjugate; twice paired; -- said of a decompound leaf. BIGENTIAL Bi*gen"tial, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + L. gens, gentis, tribe.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Including two tribes or races of men. BIGEYE Big"eye`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of the genus Priacanthus, remarkable for the large size of the eye. BIGG Bigg, n. & v. Defn: See Big, n. & v. BIGGEN Big"gen, v. t. & i. Defn: To make or become big; to enlarge. [Obs. or Dial.] Steele. BIGGER Big"ger, a. Defn: , compar. of Big. BIGGEST Big"gest, a. Defn: , superl. of Big. BIGGIN Big"gin, n. Etym: [F. béguin, prob. from the cap worn by the Béguines. Cf. Beguine, Biggon.] Defn: A child's cap; a hood, or something worn on the head. An old woman's biggin for a nightcap. Massinger. BIGGIN Big"gin, n. Defn: A coffeepot with a strainer or perforated metallic vessel for holding the ground coffee, through which boiling water is poured; -- so called from Mr. Biggin, the inventor. BIGGIN; BIGGING Big"gin, Big"ging, n. Etym: [OE. bigging. See Big, Bigg, v. t.] Defn: A building. [Obs.] BIGGON; BIGGONNET Big"gon, Big"gon*net, n. Etym: [F. béguin and OF. beguinet, dim of béguin. See Biggin a cap.] Defn: A cap or hood with pieces covering the ears. BIGHA Big"ha, n. Defn: A measure of land in India, varying from a third of an acre to an acre. BIGHORN Big"horn`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Rocky Mountain sheep (Ovis or Caprovis montana). BIGHT Bight, n. Etym: [OE. bi a bending; cf. Sw. & Dan. bugt bend, bay; fr. AS. byht, fr. b. sq. root88. Cf. Bout, Bought a bend, and see Bow, v.] 1. A corner, bend, or angle; a hollow; as, the bight of a horse's knee; the bight of an elbow. 2. (Geog.) Defn: A bend in a coast forming an open bay; as, the Bight of Benin. 3. (Naut.) Defn: The double part of a rope when folded, in distinction from the ends; that is, a round, bend, or coil not including the ends; a loop. BIGLANDULAR Bi*glan"du*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + glandular.] Defn: Having two glands, as a plant. BIGLY Big"ly, adv. Etym: [From Big, a.] Defn: In a tumid, swelling, blustering manner; haughtily; violently. He brawleth bigly. Robynson (More's Utopia. ) BIGNESS Big"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being big; largeness; size; bulk. BIGNONIA Big*no"ni*a, n. Etym: [Named from the Abbé Bignon.] (Bot.) Defn: A large genus of American, mostly tropical, climbing shrubs, having compound leaves and showy somewhat tubular flowers. B. capreolata is the cross vine of the Southern United States. The trumpet creeper was formerly considered to be of this genus. BIGNONIACEOUS Big*no`ni*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the trumpet flower is an example. BIGOT Big"ot, n. Etym: [F. bigot a bigot or hypocrite, a name once given to the Normans in France. Of unknown origin; possibly akin to Sp. bigote a whisker; hombre de bigote a man of spirit and vigor; cf. It. s- bigottire to terrify, to appall. Wedgwood and others maintain that bigot is from the same source as Beguine, Beghard.] 1. A hypocrite; esp., a superstitious hypocrite. [Obs.] 2. A person who regards his own faith and views in matters of religion as unquestionably right, and any belief or opinion opposed to or differing from them as unreasonable or wicked. In an extended sense, a person who is intolerant of opinions which conflict with his own, as in politics or morals; one obstinately and blindly devoted to his own church, party, belief, or opinion. To doubt, where bigots had been content to wonder and believe. Macaulay. BIGOT Big"ot, a. Defn: Bigoted. [Obs.] In a country more bigot than ours. Dryden. BIGOTED Big"ot*ed, a. Defn: Obstinately and blindly attached to some creed, opinion practice, or ritual; unreasonably devoted to a system or party, and illiberal toward the opinions of others. "Bigoted to strife." Byron. Syn. -- Prejudiced; intolerant; narrow-minded. BIGOTEDLY Big"ot*ed*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a bigot. BIGOTRY Big"ot*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bigoterie.] 1. The state of mind of a bigot; obstinate and unreasoning attachment of one's own belief and opinions, with narrow-minded intolerance of beliefs opposed to them. 2. The practice or tenets of a bigot. BIGWIG Big"wig`, n. Etym: [Big,a.+ wig.] Defn: A person of consequence; as, the bigwigs of society. [Jocose] In our youth we have heard him spoken of by the bigwigs with extreme condescension. Dickens. BIG-WIGGED Big"-wigged`, a. Defn: characterized by pomposity of manner. [Eng.] BIHYDROGURET Bi`hy*drog"u*ret, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + hydroguret.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound of two atoms of hydrogen with some other substance. [Obs.] BIJOU Bi*jou", n.; pl. Bijoux. Etym: [F.; of uncertain origin.] Defn: A trinket; a jewel; -- a word applied to anything small and of elegant workmanship. BIJOUTRY Bi*jou"try, n. Etym: [F. bijouterie. See Bijou.] Defn: Small articles of virtu, as jewelry, trinkets, etc. BIJUGATE Bij"u*gate, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + jugatus, p. p. of jugare to join.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two pairs, as of leaflets. BIJUGOUS Bij"u*gous, a. Etym: [L. bijugus yoked two together; bis twice + jugum yoke, pair.] (Bot.) Defn: Bijugate. BIKE Bike, n. Etym: [Ethymol. unknown.] Defn: A nest of wild bees, wasps, or ants; a swarm. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. BIKH Bikh, n. Etym: [Hind., fr. Skr. visha poison.] (Bot.) Defn: The East Indian name of a virulent poison extracted from Aconitum ferox or other species of aconite: also, the plant itself. BILABIATE Bi*la"bi*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + labiate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two lips, as the corols of certain flowers. BILACINIATE Bi`la*cin"i*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + laciniate.] Defn: Doubly fringed. BILALO Bi*la"lo, n. Defn: A two-masted passenger boat or small vessel, used in the bay of Manila. BILAMELLATE; BILAMELLATED Bi*lam"el*late, Bi*lam"el*la`ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + lamellate.] (Bot.) Defn: Formed of two plates, as the stigma of the Mimulus; also, having two elevated ridges, as in the lip of certain flowers. BILAMINAR; BILAMINATE Bi*lam"i*nar, Bi*lam"i*nate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + laminar, laminate.] Defn: Formed of, or having, two laminæ, or thin plates. BILAND Bi"land, n. Defn: A byland. [Obs.] Holland. BILANDER Bil"an*der, n. Etym: [D. bijlander; bij by + land land, country.] (Naut.) Defn: A small two-masted merchant vessel, fitted only for coasting, or for use in canals, as in Holland. Why choose we, then, like bilanders to creep Along the coast, and land in view to keep Dryden. BILATERAL Bi*lat"er*al, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + lateral: cf. F. bilatéral.] 1. Having two sides; arranged upon two sides; affecting two sides or two parties. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the two sides of a central area or organ, or of a central axis; as, bilateral symmetry in animals, where there is a similarity of parts on the right and left sides of the body. BILATERALITY Bi*lat`er*al"i*ty, n. Defn: State of being bilateral. BILBERRY Bil"ber*ry, n.; pl. Bilberries (. Etym: [Cf. Dan. böllebær bilberry, where bölle is perh. akin to E. ball.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The European whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus); also, its edible bluish black fruit. There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry. Shak. 2. (Bot.) Any similar plant or its fruit; esp., in America, the species Vaccinium myrtilloides, V. cæspitosum and V. uliginosum. BILBO Bil"bo, n.; pl. Bilboes (. 1. A rapier; a sword; so named from Bilbao, in Spain. Shak. 2. pl. Defn: A long bar or bolt of iron with sliding shackles, and a lock at the end, to confine the feet of prisoners or offenders, esp. on board of ships. Methought I lay Worse than the mutines in the bilboes. Shak. BILBOQUET Bil"bo*quet, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The toy called cup and ball. BILCOCK Bil"cock, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European water rail. BILDSTEIN Bild"stein, n. Etym: [G., fr. bild image, likeness + stein stone.] Defn: Same as Agalmatolite. BILE Bile, n. Etym: [L. bilis: cf. F. bile.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: A yellow, or greenish, viscid fluid, usually alkaline in reaction, secreted by the liver. It passes into the intestines, where it aids in the digestive process. Its characteristic constituents are the bile salts, and coloring matters. 2. Bitterness of feeling; choler; anger; ill humor; as, to stir one's bile. Prescott. Note: The ancients considered the bile to be the "humor" which caused irascibility. BILE Bile, n. Etym: [OE. byle, bule, bele, AS. b, b; skin to D. buil, G. beule, and Goth. ufbauljan to puff up. Cf. Boil a tumor, Bulge.] Defn: A boil. [Obs. or Archaic] BILECTION Bi*lec"tion, n. (Arch.) Defn: That portion of a group of moldings which projects beyond the general surface of a panel; a bolection. BILESTONE Bile"stone`, n. Etym: [Bile + stone.] Defn: A gallstone, or biliary calculus. See Biliary. E. Darwin. BILGE Bilge, n. Etym: [A different orthography of bulge, of same origin as belly. Cf. Belly, Bulge.] 1. The protuberant part of a cask, which is usually in the middle. 2. (Naut.) Defn: That part of a ship's hull or bottom which is broadest and most nearly flat, and on which she would rest if aground. 3. Bilge water. Bilge free (Naut.), stowed in such a way that the bilge is clear of everything; -- said of a cask. -- Bilge pump, a pump to draw the bilge water from the gold of a ship. -- Bilge water (Naut.), water which collects in the bilge or bottom of a ship or other vessel. It is often allowed to remain till it becomes very offensive. -- Bilge ways, the timbers which support the cradle of a ship upon the ways, and which slide upon the launching ways in launching the vessel. BILGE Bilge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bilged (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bilging.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: To suffer a fracture in the bilge; to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge. 2. To bulge. BILGE Bilge, v. t. 1. (Naut.) Defn: To fracture the bilge of, or stave in the bottom of (a ship or other vessel). 2. To cause to bulge. BILGY Bil"gy, a. Defn: Having the smell of bilge water. BILIARY Bil"ia*ry, a. Etym: [L. bilis bile: cf. F. biliaire.] (Physiol.) Defn: Relating or belonging to bile; conveying bile; as, biliary acids; biliary ducts. Biliary calculus (Med.), a gallstone, or a concretion formed in the gall bladder or its duct. BILIATION Bil`i*a"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The production and excretion of bile. BILIFEROUS Bi*lif"er*ous, a. Defn: Generating bile. BILIFUSCIN Bil`i*fus"cin, n. Etym: [L. bilis bile + fuscus dark.] (Physiol.) Defn: A brownish green pigment found in human gallstones and in old bile. It is a derivative of bilirubin. BILIMBI; BILIMBING Bi*lim"bi, Bi*lim"bing, n. Etym: [Malay.] Defn: The berries of two East Indian species of Averrhoa, of the Oxalideæ or Sorrel family. They are very acid, and highly esteemed when preserved or pickled. The juice is used as a remedy for skin diseases. [Written also blimbi and blimbing.] BILIMENT Bil"i*ment, n. Defn: A woman's ornament; habiliment. [Obs.] BILIN Bi"lin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. biline, from L. bilis bile.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A name applied to the amorphous or crystalline mass obtained from bile by the action of alcohol and ether. It is composed of a mixture of the sodium salts of the bile acids. BILINEAR Bi*lin"e*ar, a. (Math.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or included by, two lines; as, bilinear coördinates. BILINGUAL Bi*lin"gual, a. Etym: [L. bilinguis; bis twice + lingua tongue, language.] Defn: Containing, or consisting of, two languages; expressed in two languages; as, a bilingual inscription; a bilingual dictionary. -- Bi*lin"gual*ly, adv. BILINGUALISM Bi*lin"gual*ism, n. Defn: Quality of being bilingual. The bilingualism of King's English. Earle. BILINGUAR Bi*lin"guar, a. Defn: See Bilingual. BILINGUIST Bi*lin"guist, n. Defn: One versed in two languages. BILINGUOUS Bi*lin"guous, a. Etym: [L. bilinguis.] Defn: Having two tongues, or speaking two languages. [Obs.] BILIOUS Bil"ious, a. Etym: [L. biliosus, fr. bilis bile.] 1. Of or pertaining to the bile. 2. Disordered in respect to the bile; troubled with and excess of bile; as, a bilious patient; dependent on, or characterized by, an excess of bile; as, bilious symptoms. 3. Choleric; passionate; ill tempered. "A bilious old nabob." Macaulay. Bilious temperament. See Temperament. BILIOUSNESS Bil"ious*ness, n. Defn: The state of being bilious. BILIPRASIN Bil`i*pra"sin, n. Etym: [L. bilis bile + prasinus green.] (Physiol.) Defn: A dark green pigment found in small quantity in human gallstones. BILIRUBIN Bil`i*ru"bin, n. Etym: [L. bilis biel + ruber red.] (Physiol.) Defn: A reddish yellow pigment present in human bile, and in that from carnivorous and herbivorous animals; the normal biliary pigment. BILITERAL Bi*lit"er*al, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + littera letter.] Defn: Consisting of two letters; as, a biliteral root of a Sanskrit verb. Sir W. Jones. -- n. Defn: A word, syllable, or root, consisting of two letters. BILITERALISM Bi*lit"er*al*ism, n. Defn: The property or state of being biliteral. BILIVERDIN Bil`i*ver"din, n. Etym: [L. bilis bile + viridis green. Cf. Verdure.] (Physiol.) Defn: A green pigment present in the bile, formed from bilirubin by oxidation. BILK Bilk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bilked; p. pr. & vb. n. Bilking.] Etym: [Origin unknown. Cf. Balk.] Defn: To frustrate or disappoint; to deceive or defraud, by nonfulfillment of engagement; to leave in the lurch; to give the slip to; as, to bilk a creditor. Thackeray. BILK Bilk, n. 1. A thwarting an adversary in cribbage by spoiling his score; a balk. 2. A cheat; a trick; a hoax. Hudibras. 3. Nonsense; vain words. B. Jonson. 4. A person who tricks a creditor; an untrustworthy, tricky person. Marryat. BILL Bill, n. Etym: [OE. bile, bille, AS. bile beak of a bird, proboscis; cf. Ir. & Gael. bil, bile, mouth, lip, bird's bill. Cf. Bill a weapon.] Defn: A beak, as of a bird, or sometimes of a turtle or other animal. Milton. BILL Bill, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Billed; p. pr. & vb. n. Billing.] 1. To strike; to peck. [Obs.] 2. To join bills, as doves; to caress in fondness. "As pigeons bill." Shak. To bill and coo, to interchange caresses; -- said of doves; also of demonstrative lovers. Thackeray. BILL Bill, n. Defn: The bell, or boom, of the bittern The bittern's hollow bill was heard. Wordsworth. BILL Bill, n. Etym: [OE. bil, AS. bill, bil; akin to OS. bil sword, OHG. bill pickax, G. bille. Cf. Bill bea 1. A cutting instrument, with hook-shaped point, and fitted with a handle; -- used in pruning, etc.; a billhook. When short, called a hand bill, when long, a hedge bill. 2. A weapon of infantry, in the 14th and 15th centuries. A common form of bill consisted of a broad, heavy, double-edged, hook-shaped blade, having a short pike at the back and another at the top, and attached to the end of a long staff. France had no infantry that dared to face the English bows end bills. Macaulay. 3. One who wields a bill; a billman. Strype. 4. A pickax, or mattock. [Obs.] 5. (Naut.) Defn: The extremity of the arm of an anchor; the point of or beyond the fluke. BILL Bill, v. t. Defn: To work upon ( as to dig, hoe, hack, or chop anything) with a bill. BILL Bill, n. Etym: [OE. bill, bille, fr. LL. billa (or OF. bille), for L. bulla anything rounded, LL., seal, stamp, letter, edict, roll; cf. F. bille a ball, prob. fr. Ger.; cf. MHG. bickel, D. bikkel, dice. Cf. Bull papal edict, Billet a paper.] 1. (Law) Defn: A declaration made in writing, stating some wrong the complainant has suffered from the defendant, or a fault committed by some person against a law. 2. A writing binding the signer or signers to pay a certain sum at a future day or on demand, with or without interest, as may be stated in the document. [Eng.] Note: In the United States, it is usually called a note, a note of hand, or a promissory note. 3. A form or draft of a law, presented to a legislature for enactment; a proposed or projected law. 4. A paper, written or printed, and posted up or given away, to advertise something, as a lecture, a play, or the sale of goods; a placard; a poster; a handbill. She put up the bill in her parlor window. Dickens. 5. An account of goods sold, services rendered, or work done, with the price or charge; a statement of a creditor's claim, in gross or by items; as, a grocer's bill. 6. Any paper, containing a statement of particulars; as, a bill of charges or expenditures; a weekly bill of mortality; a bill of fare, etc. Bill of adventure. See under Adventure. -- Bill of costs, a statement of the items which form the total amount of the costs of a party to a suit or action. -- Bill of credit. (a) Within the constitution of the United States, a paper issued by a State, on the mere faith and credit of the State, and designed to circulate as money. No State shall "emit bills of credit." U. S. Const. Peters. Wharton. Bouvier (b) Among merchants, a letter sent by an agent or other person to a merchant, desiring him to give credit to the bearer for goods or money. -- Bill of divorce, in the Jewish law, a writing given by the husband to the wife, by which the marriage relation was dissolved. Jer. iii. 8. -- Bill of entry, a written account of goods entered at the customhouse, whether imported or intended for exportation. -- Bill of exceptions. See under Exception. -- Bill of exchange (Com.), a written order or request from one person or house to another, desiring the latter to pay to some person designated a certain sum of money therein generally is, and, to be negotiable, must be, made payable to order or to bearer. So also the order generally expresses a specified time of payment, and that it is drawn for value. The person who draws the bil is called the drawer, the person on whom it is drawn is, before acceptance, called the drawee, -- after acceptance, the acceptor; the person to whom the money is directed to be paid is called the payee. The person making the order may himself be the payee. The bill itself is frequently called a draft. See Exchange. Chitty. -- Bill of fare, a written or printed enumeration of the dishes served at a public table, or of the dishes (with prices annexed) which may be ordered at a restaurant, etc. -- Bill of health, a certificate from the proper authorities as to the state of health of a ship's company at the time of her leaving port. -- Bill of indictment, a written accusation lawfully presented to a grand jury. If the jury consider the evidence sufficient to support the accusation, they indorse it "A true bill," or "Not found," or "Ignoramus", or "Ignored." -- Bill of lading, a written account of goods shipped by any person, signed by the agent of the owner of the vessel, or by its master, acknowledging the receipt of the goods, and promising to deliver them safe at the place directed, dangers of the sea excepted. It is usual for the master to sign two, three, or four copies of the bill; one of which he keeps in possession, one is kept by the shipper, and one is sent to the consignee of the goods. -- Bill of mortality, an official statement of the number of deaths in a place or district within a given time; also, a district required to be covered by such statement; as, a place within the bills of mortality of London. -- Bill of pains and penalties, a special act of a legislature which inflicts a punishment less than death upon persons supposed to be guilty of treason or felony, without any conviction in the ordinary course of judicial proceedings. Bouvier. Wharton. -- Bill of parcels, an account given by the seller to the buyer of the several articles purchased, with the price of each. -- Bill of particulars (Law), a detailed statement of the items of a plaintiff's demand in an action, or of the defendant's set-off. -- Bill of rights, a summary of rights and privileges claimed by a people. Such was the declaration presented by the Lords and Commons of England to the Prince and Princess of Orange in 1688, and enacted in Parliament after they became king and queen. In America, a bill or declaration of rights is prefixed to most of the constitutions of the several States. -- Bill of sale, a formal instrument for the conveyance or transfer of goods and chattels. -- Bill of sight, a form of entry at the customhouse, by which goods, respecting which the importer is not possessed of full information, may be provisionally landed for examination. -- Bill of store, a license granted at the customhouse to merchants, to carry such stores and provisions as are necessary for a voyage, custom free. Wharton. -- Bills payable (pl.), the outstanding unpaid notes or acceptances made and issued by an individual or firm. -- Bills receivable (pl.), the unpaid promissory notes or acceptances held by an individual or firm. McElrath. -- A true bill, a bill of indictment sanctioned by a grand jury. BILL Bill, v. t. 1. To advertise by a bill or public notice. 2. To charge or enter in a bill; as, to bill goods. BILLABONG Bil"la*bong`, n. [Native name.] Defn: In Australia, a blind channel leading out from a river; -- sometimes called an anabranch. This is the sense of the word as used in the Public Works Department; but the term has also been locally applied to mere back-waters forming stagnant pools and to certain water channels arising from a source. BILLAGE Bil"lage, n. Defn: and v. t. & i. Same as Bilge. BILLARD Bil"lard, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An English fish, allied to the cod; the coalfish. [Written also billet and billit.] BILLBEETLE; BILLBUG Bill`bee"tle, or Bill"bug`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A weevil or curculio of various species, as the corn weevil. See Curculio. BILLBOARD Bill"board`, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: A piece of thick plank, armed with iron plates, and fixed on the bow or fore channels of a vessel, for the bill or fluke of the anchor to rest on. Totten. 2. A flat surface, as of a panel or of a fence, on which bills are posted; a bulletin board. BILL BOOK Bill" book`. (Com.) Defn: A book in which a person keeps an account of his notes, bills, bills of exchange, etc., thus showing all that he issues and receives. BILL BROKER Bill" bro`ker. Defn: One who negotiates the discount of bills. BILLED Billed, a. Defn: Furnished with, or having, a bill, as a bird; -- used in composition; as, broad-billed. BILLET Bil"let, n. Etym: [F. billet, dim. of an OF. bille bill. See Bill a writing.] 1. A small paper; a note; a short letter. "I got your melancholy billet." Sterne. 2. A ticket from a public officer directing soldiers at what house to lodge; as, a billet of residence. BILLET Bil"let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Billeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Billeting.] Etym: [From Billet a ticket.] (Mil.) Defn: To direct, by a ticket or note, where to lodge. Hence: To quarter, or place in lodgings, as soldiers in private houses. Billeted in so antiquated a mansion. W. Irving. BILLET Bil"let, n. Etym: [F. billette, bille, log; of unknown origin; a different word from bille ball. Cf. Billiards, Billot.] 1. A small stick of wood, as for firewood. They shall beat out my brains with billets. Shak. 2. (Metal.) Defn: A short bar of metal, as of gold or iron. 3. (Arch.) Defn: An ornament in Norman work, resembling a billet of wood either square or round. 4. (Saddlery) (a) A strap which enters a buckle. (b) A loop which receives the end of a buckled strap. Knight. 5. (Her.) Defn: A bearing in the form of an oblong rectangle. BILLET-DOUX Bil`let-doux", n.; pl. Billets-doux. Etym: [F. billet note + doux sweet, L. dulcis.] Defn: A love letter or note. A lover chanting out a billet-doux. Spectator. BILLETHEAD Bil"let*head`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A round piece of timber at the bow or stern of a whaleboat, around which the harpoon lone is run out when the whale darts off. BILLFISH Bill"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A name applied to several distinct fishes: (a) The garfish (Tylosurus, or Belone, longirostris) and allied species. (b) The saury, a slender fish of the Atlantic coast (Scomberesox saurus). (c) The Tetrapturus albidus, a large oceanic species related to the swordfish; the spearfish. (d) The American fresh-water garpike (Lepidosteus osseus). BILLHEAD Bill"head`, n. Defn: A printed form, used by merchants in making out bills or rendering accounts. BILL HOLDER Bill" hold`er. 1. A person who holds a bill or acceptance. 2. A device by means of which bills, etc., are held. BILLHOOK Bill"hook`, n. Etym: [Bill + hook.] Defn: A thick, heavy knife with a hooked point, used in pruning hedges, etc. When it has a short handle, it is sometimes called a hand bill; when the handle is long, a hedge bill or scimiter. BILLIARD Bil"liard, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the game of billiards. "Smooth as is a billiard ball." B. Jonson. BILLIARDS Bil"liards, n. Etym: [F. billiard billiards, OF. billart staff, cue form playing, fr. bille log. See Billet a stick.] Defn: A game played with ivory balls o a cloth-covered, rectangular table, bounded by elastic cushions. The player seeks to impel his ball with his cue so that it shall either strike (carom upon) two other balls, or drive another ball into one of the pockets with which the table sometimes is furnished. BILLING Bill"ing, a. & n. Defn: Caressing; kissing. BILLINGSGATE Bil"lings*gate`, n. 1. A market near the Billings gate in London, celebrated for fish and foul language. 2. Coarsely abusive, foul, or profane language; vituperation; ribaldry. BILLION Bil"lion, n. Etym: [F. billion, arbitrarily formed fr. L. bis twice, in imitation of million a million. See Million.] Defn: According to the French and American method of numeration, a thousand millions, or 1,000,000,000; according to the English method, a million millions, or 1,000,000,000,000. See Numeration. BILLMAN Bill"man, n.; pl. Billmen (. Defn: One who uses, or is armed with, a bill or hooked ax. "A billman of the guard." Savile. BILLON Bil`lon", n. Etym: [F. Cf. Billet a stick.] Defn: An alloy of gold and silver with a large proportion of copper or other base metal, used in coinage. BILLOT Bil"lot, n. Etym: [F. billot, dim. of bille. See Billet a stick.] Defn: Bullion in the bar or mass. BILLOW Bil"low, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. bylgja billow, Dan. bölge, Sw. bölja; akin to MHG. bulge billow, bag, and to E. bulge. See Bulge.] 1. A great wave or surge of the sea or other water, caused usually by violent wind. Whom the winds waft where'er the billows roll. Cowper. 2. A great wave or flood of anything. Milton. BILLOW Bil"low, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Billowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Billowing.] Defn: To surge; to rise and roll in waves or surges; to undulate. "The billowing snow." Prior. BILLOWY Bil"low*y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to billows; swelling or swollen into large waves; full of billows or surges; resembling billows. And whitening down the many-tinctured stream, Descends the billowy foam. Thomson. BILLPOSTER; BILLSTICKER Bill"post`er, Bill"stick"er, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to post handbills or posters in public places. BILLY Bil"ly, n. 1. A club; esp., a policeman's club. 2. (Wool Manuf.) Defn: A slubbing or roving machine. BILLYBOY Bil"ly*boy`, n. Defn: A flat-bottomed river barge or coasting vessel. [Eng.] BILLYCOCK; BILLYCOCK HAT Bil"ly*cock, n., or Bil"ly*cock hat`. [Perh. from bully + cock; that is, cocked like the hats of the bullies.] Defn: A round, low-crowned felt hat; a wideawake. "The undignified billycocks and pantaloons of the West." B. H. Chamberlain. Little acquiesced, and Ransome disguised him in a beard, and a loose set of clothes, and a billicock hat. Charles Reade. BILLY GOAT Bil"ly goat`. Defn: A male goat. [Colloq.] BILOBATE Bi*lo"bate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + lobate.] Defn: Divided into two lobes or segments. BILOBED Bi"lobed, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + lobe.] Defn: Bilobate. BILOCATION Bi`lo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + location.] Defn: Double location; the state or power of being in two places at the same instant; -- a miraculous power attributed to some of the saints. Tylor. BILOCULAR Bi*loc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + locular: cf. F. biloculaire.] Defn: Divided into two cells or compartments; as, a bilocular pericarp. Gray. BILSTED Bil"sted, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Sweet gum. BILTONG Bil"tong, n. Etym: [S. African.] Defn: Lean meat cut into strips and sun-dried. H. R. Haggard. BIMACULATE Bi*mac"u*late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + maculate, a.] Defn: Having, or marked with, two spots. BIMANA Bim"a*na, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Bimanous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Animals having two hands; -- a term applied by Cuvier to man as a special order of Mammalia. BIMANOUS Bim"a*nous, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + manus hand.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having two hands; two-handed. BIMARGINATE Bi*mar"gin*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + marginate.] Defn: Having a double margin, as certain shells. BIMASTISM Bi*mas"tism, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + Gr. breast.] (Anat.) Defn: The condition of having two mammæ or teats. BIMEDIAL Bi*me"di*al, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + medial.] (Geom.) Defn: Applied to a line which is the sum of two lines commensurable only in power (as the side and diagonal of a square). BIMEMBRAL Bi*mem"bral, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + membrum member.] (Gram.) Defn: Having two members; as, a bimembral sentence. J. W. Gibbs. BIMENSAL Bi*men"sal, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + mensal.] Defn: See Bimonthly, a. [Obs. or R.] BIMESTRIAL Bi*mes"tri*al, a. Etym: [L. bimestris; bis twice + mensis month.] Defn: Continuing two months. [R.] BIMETALLIC Bi`me*tal"lic, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + metallic: cf. F. bimétallique.] Defn: Of or relating to, or using, a double metallic standard (as gold and silver) for a system of coins or currency. BIMETALLISM Bi*met"al*lism, n. Etym: [F. bimétalisme.] Defn: The legalized use of two metals (as gold and silver) in the currency of a country, at a fixed relative value; -- in opposition to monometallism. Note: The words bimétallisme and monométallisme are due to M. Cernuschi [1869]. Littré. BIMETALLIST Bi*met"al*list, n. Defn: An advocate of bimetallism. BIMOLECULAR Bi"mo*lec"u*lar, a. [Pref. bi-+ molecular.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or formed from, two molecules; as, a bimolecular reaction (a reaction between two molecules). BIMONTHLY Bi*month"ly, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + monthly.] Defn: Occurring, done, or coming, once in two months; as, bimonthly visits; bimonthly publications. -- n. Defn: A bimonthly publication. BIMONTHLY Bi*month"ly, adv. Defn: Once in two months. BIMUSCULAR Bi*mus"cu*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + muscular.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having two adductor muscles, as a bivalve mollusk. BIN Bin, n. Etym: [OE. binne, AS. binn manager, crib; perh. akin to D. ben, benne, basket, and to L. benna a kind of carriage ( a Gallic word), W. benn, men, wain, cart.] Defn: A box, frame, crib, or inclosed place, used as a receptacle for any commodity; as, a corn bin; a wine bin; a coal bin. BIN Bin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Binned; p. pr. & vb. n. Binning.] Defn: To put into a bin; as, to bin wine. BIN Bin. Defn: An old form of Be and Been. [Obs.] BIN; BIN- Bin*. Defn: A euphonic form of the prefix Bi-. BINAL Bi"nal, a. Etym: [See Binary.] Defn: Twofold; double. [R.] "Binal revenge, all this." Ford. BINARSENIATE Bin`ar*se"ni*ate, n. Etym: [Pref. bin- + arseniate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt having two equivalents of arsenic acid to one of the base. Graham. BINARY Bi"na*ry, a. Etym: [L. binarius, fr. bini two by two, two at a time, fr. root of bis twice; akin to E. two: cf. F. binaire.] Defn: Compounded or consisting of two things or parts; characterized by two (things). Binary arithmetic, that in which numbers are expressed according to the binary scale, or in which two figures only, 0 and 1, are used, in lieu of ten; the cipher multiplying everything by two, as in common arithmetic by ten. Thus, 1 is one; 10 is two; 11 is three; 100 is four, etc. Davies & Peck. -- Binary compound (Chem.), a compound of two elements, or of an element and a compound performing the function of an element, or of two compounds performing the function of elements. -- Binary logarithms, a system of logarithms devised by Euler for facilitating musical calculations, in which 1 is logarithm of 2, instead of 10, as in the common logarithms, and the modulus 1.442695 instead of .43429448. -- Binary measure (Mus.), measure divisible by two or four; common time. -- Binary nomenclature (Nat. Hist.), nomenclature in which the names designate both genus and species. -- Binary scale (Arith.), a uniform scale of notation whose ratio is two. -- Binary star (Astron.), a double star whose members have a revolution round their common center of gravity. -- Binary theory (Chem.), the theory that all chemical compounds consist of two constituents of opposite and unlike qualities. BINARY Bi"na*ry, n. Defn: That which is constituted of two figures, things, or parts; two; duality. Fotherby. BINATE Bi"nate, a. Etym: [L. bini two and two.] (Bot.) Defn: Double; growing in pairs or couples. Gray. BINAURAL Bin*au"ral, a. Etym: [Pref. bin- + aural.] Defn: Of or pertaining to, or used by, both ears. BINBASHI Bin*bash"i, n. [Turk., prop., chief of a thousand; bin thousand + bash head.] (Mil.) Defn: A major in the Turkish army. BIND Bind, v. t. [imp. Bound; p. p. Bound, formerly Bounden; p. pr. & vb. n. Binding.] Etym: [AS. bindan, perfect tense band, bundon, p. p. bunden; akin to D. & G. binden, Dan. binde, Sw. & Icel. binda, Goth. bindan, Skr. bandh (for bhandh) to bind, cf. Gr. (for ) cable, and L. offendix. sq. root90.] 1. To tie, or confine with a cord, band, ligature, chain, etc.; to fetter; to make fast; as, to bind grain in bundles; to bind a prisoner. 2. To confine, restrain, or hold by physical force or influence of any kind; as, attraction binds the planets to the sun; frost binds the earth, or the streams. He bindeth the floods from overflowing. Job xxviii. 11. Whom Satan hath bound, lo, these eighteen years. Luke xiii. 16. 3. To cover, as with a bandage; to bandage or dress; -- sometimes with up; as, to bind up a wound. 4. To make fast ( a thing) about or upon something, as by tying; to encircle with something; as, to bind a belt about one; to bind a compress upon a part. 5. To prevent or restrain from customary or natural action; as, certain drugs bind the bowels. 6. To protect or strengthen by a band or binding, as the edge of a carpet or garment. 7. To sew or fasten together, and inclose in a cover; as, to bind a book. 8. Fig.: To oblige, restrain, or hold, by authority, law, duty, promise, vow, affection, or other moral tie; as, to bind the conscience; to bind by kindness; bound by affection; commerce binds nations to each other. Who made our laws to bind us, not himself. Milton. 9. (Law) (a) To bring (any one) under definite legal obligations; esp. under the obligation of a bond or covenant. Abbott. (b) To place under legal obligation to serve; to indenture; as, to bind an apprentice; -- sometimes with out; as, bound out to service. To bind over, to put under bonds to do something, as to appear at court, to keep the peace, etc. -- To bind to, to contract; as, to bind one's self to a wife. -- To bind up in, to cause to be wholly engrossed with; to absorb in. Syn. -- To fetter; tie; fasten; restrain; restrict; oblige. BIND Bind, v. i. 1. To tie; to confine by any ligature. They that reap must sheaf and bind. Shak. 2. To contract; to grow hard or stiff; to cohere or stick together in a mass; as, clay binds by heat. Mortimer. 3. To be restrained from motion, or from customary or natural action, as by friction. 4. To exert a binding or restraining influence. Locke. BIND Bind, n. 1. That which binds or ties. 2. Any twining or climbing plant or stem, esp. a hop vine; a bine. 3. (Metal.) Defn: Indurated clay, when much mixed with the oxide of iron. Kirwan. 4. (Mus.) Defn: A ligature or tie for grouping notes. BINDER Bind"er, n. 1. One who binds; as, a binder of sheaves; one whose trade is to bind; as, a binder of books. 2. Anything that binds, as a fillet, cord, rope, or band; a bandage; -- esp. the principal piece of timber intended to bind together any building. BINDERY Bind"er*y, n. Defn: A place where books, or other articles, are bound; a bookbinder's establishment. BINDHEIMITE Bind"heim*ite, n. Etym: [From Bindheim, a German who analyzed it.] (Min.) Defn: An amorphous antimonate of lead, produced from the alteration of other ores, as from jamesonite. BINDING Bind"ing, a. Defn: That binds; obligatory. Binding beam (Arch.), the main timber in double flooring. -- Binding joist (Arch.), the secondary timber in double-framed flooring. Syn. -- Obligatory; restraining; restrictive; stringent; astringent; costive; styptic. BINDING Bind"ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, binds. 2. Anything that binds; a bandage; the cover of a book, or the cover with the sewing, etc.; something that secures the edge of cloth from raveling. 3. pl. (Naut.) Defn: The transoms, knees, beams, keelson, and other chief timbers used for connecting and strengthening the parts of a vessel. BINDINGLY Bind"ing*ly, adv. Defn: So as to bind. BINDINGNESS Bind"ing*ness, n. Defn: The condition or property of being binding; obligatory quality. Coleridge. BINDING POST Bind"ing post`. (Elec.) Defn: A metallic post attached to electrical apparatus for convenience in making connections. BINDING SCREW Bind"ing screw`. Defn: A set screw used to bind parts together, esp. one for making a connection in an electrical circuit. BINDWEED Bind"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Convolvulus; as, greater bindweed (C. Sepium); lesser bindweed (C. arvensis); the white, the blue, the Syrian, bindweed. The black bryony, or Tamus, is called black bindweed, and the Smilax aspera, rough bindweed. The fragile bindweed bells and bryony rings. Tennyson. BINE Bine, n. Etym: [Bind, cf. Woodbine.] Defn: The winding or twining stem of a hop vine or other climbing plant. BINERVATE Bi*nerv"ate, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + nervus sinew, nerve.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Two-nerved; -- applied to leaves which have two longitudinal ribs or nerves. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having only two nerves, as the wings of some insects. BING Bing, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. bingr, Sw. binge, G. beige, beuge. Cf. Prov. E. bink bench, and bench coal the uppermost stratum of coal.] Defn: A heap or pile; as, a bing of wood. "Potato bings." Burns. "A bing of corn." Surrey. [Obs. or Dial. Eng. & Scot.] BINIODIDE Bin*i"o*dide, n. Defn: Same as Diiodide. BINK Bink, n. Defn: A bench. [North of Eng. & Scot.] BINNACLE Bin"na*cle, n. Etym: [For bittacle, corrupted (perh. by influence of bin) fr. Pg. bitacola binnacle, fr. L. habitaculum dwelling place, fr. habitare to dwell. See Habit, and cf. Bittacle.] (Naut.) Defn: A case or box placed near the helmsman, containing the compass of a ship, and a light to show it at night. Totten. BINNY Bin"ny, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large species of barbel (Barbus bynni), found in the Nile, and much esteemed for food. BINOCLE Bin"o*cle, n. Etym: [F. binocle; L. bini two at a time + oculus eye.] (Opt.) Defn: A dioptric telescope, fitted with two tubes joining, so as to enable a person to view an object with both eyes at once; a double- barreled field glass or an opera glass. BINOCULAR Bin*oc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. binoculaire. See Binocle.] 1. Having two eyes. "Most animals are binocular." Derham. 2. Pertaining to both eyes; employing both eyes at once; as, binocular vision. 3. Adapted to the use of both eyes; as, a binocular microscope or telescope. Brewster. BINOCULAR Bin*oc"u*lar, n. Defn: A binocular glass, whether opera glass, telescope, or microscope. BINOCULARLY Bin*oc"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a binocular manner. BINOCULATE Bin*oc"u*late, a. Defn: Having two eyes. BINOMIAL Bi*no"mi*al, n. Etym: [L. bis twice + nomen name: cf. F. binome, LL. binomius (or fr. bi- + Gr. distribution ). Cf. Monomial.] (Alg.) Defn: An expression consisting of two terms connected by the sign plus (+) or minus (-); as, a+b, or 7-3. BINOMIAL Bi*no"mi*al, a. 1. Consisting of two terms; pertaining to binomials; as, a binomial root. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Having two names; -- used of the system by which every animal and plant receives two names, the one indicating the genus, the other the species, to which it belongs. Binomial theorem (Alg.), the theorem which expresses the law of formation of any power of a binomial. BINOMINAL Bi*nom"i*nal, a. Etym: [See Binomial.] Defn: Of or pertaining to two names; binomial. BINOMINOUS Bi*nom"i*nous, a. Defn: Binominal. [Obs.] BINOTONOUS Bi*not"o*nous, a. Etym: [L. bini two at a time + tonus, fr. Gr. , tone.] Defn: Consisting of two notes; as, a binotonous cry. BINOUS Bi"nous, a. Defn: Same as Binate. BINOXALATE Bin*ox"a*late, n. Etym: [Pref. bin- + oxalate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt having two equivalents of oxalic acid to one of the base; an acid oxalate. BINOXIDE Bin*ox"ide, n. Etym: [Pref. bin- + oxide.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Dioxide. BINTURONG Bin"tu*rong, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small Asiatic civet of the genus Arctilis. BINUCLEAR; BINUCLEATE Bi*nu"cle*ar, Bi*nu"cle*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + nuclear, nucleate.] (Biol.) Defn: Having two nuclei; as, binucleate cells. BINUCLEOLATE Bi*nu"cle*o*late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + nucleolus.] (Biol.) Defn: Having two nucleoli. BIOBLAST Bi"o*blast, n. Etym: [Gr. life + -blast.] (Biol.) Defn: Same as Bioplast. BIOCELLATE Bi*oc"el*late, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + ocellatus. See Ocellated.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having two ocelli (eyelike spots); -- said of a wing, etc. BIOCHEMISTRY Bi`o*chem"is*try, n. Etym: [Gr. life + E. chemistry.] (Biol.) Defn: The chemistry of living organisms; the chemistry of the processes incidental to, and characteristic of, life. BIODYNAMIC; BIODYNAMICAL Bi`o*dy*nam"ic, Bi`o*dy*nam"ic*al, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to biodynamics, or the doctrine of vital forces or energy. BIODYNAMICS Bi`o*dy*nam"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. life + E. dynamics.] (Biol.) Defn: The doctrine of vital forces or energy. BIOGEN Bi"o*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. life + -gen.] (Biol.) Defn: Bioplasm. BIOGENESIS; BIOGENY Bi`o*gen"e*sis, Bi*og"e*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. life + , , birth.] (Biol.) (a) A doctrine that the genesis or production of living organisms can take place only through the agency of living germs or parents; -- opposed to abiogenesis. (b) Life development generally. BIOGENETIC Bi`o*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to biogenesis. BIOGENIST Bi*og"e*nist, n. Defn: A believer in the theory of biogenesis. BIOGEOGRAPHY Bi`o*ge*og"ra*phy, n. [Gr. bi`os life + E. geography.] Defn: The branch of biology which deals with the geographical distribution of animals and plants. It includes both zoögeography and phytogeography. -- Bi`o*ge`o*graph"ic (#), a. -- Bi`o*ge`o*graph"ic*al*ly (#), adv. BIOGNOSIS Bi`og*no"sis, n. Etym: [Gr. life + investigation.] (Biol.) Defn: The investigation of life. BIOGRAPH Bi"o*graph, n. [Gr. bi`os life + -graph.] 1. Defn: An animated picture machine for screen projection; a cinematograph. 2. [Cf. Biography.] A biographical sketch. [Rare] BIOGRAPHER Bi*og"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who writes an account or history of the life of a particular person; a writer of lives, as Plutarch. BIOGRAPHIC; BIOGRAPHICAL Bi"o*graph"ic, Bi`o*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to biography; containing biography. -- Bi`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. BIOGRAPHIZE Bi*og"ra*phize, v. t. Defn: To write a history of the life of. Southey. BIOGRAPHY Bi*og"ra*phy, n.; pl. Biographies. Etym: [Gr. ; life + to write: cf. F. biographie. See Graphic.] 1. The written history of a person's life. 2. Biographical writings in general. BIOLOGIC; BIOLOGICAL Bi`o*log"ic, Bi`o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or relating to biology. -- Bi`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. BIOLOGIST Bi*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: A student of biology; one versed in the science of biology. BIOLOGY Bi*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. life + -logy: cf. F. biologie.] Defn: The science of life; that branch of knowledge which treats of living matter as distinct from matter which is not living; the study of living tissue. It has to do with the origin, structure, development, function, and distribution of animals and plants. BIOLYSIS Bi*ol"y*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. life + a dissolving.] (Biol.) Defn: The destruction of life. BIOLYTIC Bi`o*lyt"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. life + to destroy.] Defn: Relating to the destruction of life. BIOMAGNETIC Bi`o*mag*net"ic, a. Defn: Relating to biomagnetism. BIOMAGNETISM Bi`o*mag"net*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. life + E. magnetism.] Defn: Animal magnetism. BIOMETRY Bi*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. life + -metry.] Defn: Measurement of life; calculation of the probable duration of human life. BION Bi"on, n. Etym: [Gr. living, p. pr. of to live.] (Biol.) Defn: The physiological individual, characterized by definiteness and independence of function, in distinction from the morphological individual or morphon. BIONOMY Bi*on"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. life + law.] Defn: Physiology. [R.] Dunglison. BIOPHOR; BIOPHORE Bi"o*phor` Bi"o*phore`, n. Etym: [Gr. life + bearing, fr. to bear.] (Biol.) Defn: One of the smaller vital units of a cell, the bearer of vitality and heredity. See Pangen, in Supplement. BIOPHOTOPHONE Bi`o*pho"to*phone, n. [Gr. bi`os life + photo + fwnh` sound, voice.] Defn: An instrument combining a cinematograph and a phonograph so that the moving figures on the screen are accompanied by the appropriate sounds. BIOPLASM Bi"o*plasm, n. Etym: [Gr. life + form, mold, fr. to mold.] (Biol.) Defn: A name suggested by Dr. Beale for the germinal matter supposed to be essential to the functions of all living beings; the material through which every form of life manifests itself; unaltered protoplasm. BIOPLASMIC Bi`o*plas"mic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, bioplasm. BIOPLAST Bi"o*plast, n. Etym: [Gr. life + to form.] (Biol.) Defn: A tiny mass of bioplasm, in itself a living unit and having formative power, as a living white blood corpuscle; bioblast. BIOPLASTIC Bi`o*plas"tic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Bioplasmic. BIOPSYCHIC; BIOPSYCHICAL Bi`o*psy"chic, Bi`o*psy"chic*al, a. [Gr. bi`os life + psychic, -cal.] Defn: Pertaining to psychical phenomena in their relation to the living organism or to the general phenomena of life. BIORGAN Bi*or"gan, n. Etym: [Gr. life + E. organ.] (Biol.) Defn: A physiological organ; a living organ; an organ endowed with function; -- distinguished from idorgan. BIOSCOPE Bi"o*scope, n. [Gr. bi`os life + -scope.] 1. Defn: A view of life; that which gives such a view. Bagman's Bioscope: Various Views of Men and Manners. [Book Title.] W. Bayley (1824). 2. An animated picture machine for screen projection; a cinematograph (which see). BIOSTATICS Bi`o*stat"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. life + . See Statics.] (Biol.) Defn: The physical phenomena of organized bodies, in opposition to their organic or vital phenomena. BIOSTATISTICS Bi`o*sta*tis"tics, n. Etym: [Gr. life + E. statistics.] (Biol.) Defn: Vital statistics. BIOTAXY Bi"o*tax`y, n. Etym: [Gr. life + arrangement.] (Biol.) Defn: The classification of living organisms according to their structural character; taxonomy. BIOTIC Bi*ot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. pert. to life.] (Biol.) Defn: Relating to life; as, the biotic principle. BIOTITE Bi"o*tite, n. Etym: [From Biot, a French naturalist.] (Min.) Defn: Mica containing iron and magnesia, generally of a black or dark green color; -- a common constituent of crystalline rocks. See Mica. BIPALMATE Bi*pal"mate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + palmate.] (Bot.) Defn: Palmately branched, with the branches again palmated. BIPARIETAL Bi`pa*ri"e*tal, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + parietal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the diameter of the cranium, from one parietal fossa to the other. BIPAROUS Bip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + parere to bring forth.] Defn: Bringing forth two at a birth. BIPARTIBLE Bi*part"i*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. bipartible. See Bipartite.] Defn: Capable of being divided into two parts. BIPARTIENT Bi*par"tient, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + partiens, p. pr. of partire to divide.] Defn: Dividing into two parts. -- n. Defn: A number that divides another into two equal parts without a remainder. BIPARTILE Bi*par"tile, a. Defn: Divisible into two parts. BIPARTITE Bip"ar*tite, a. Etym: [L. bipartitus, p. p. of bipartire; bis twice + partire. See Partite.] 1. Being in two parts; having two correspondent parts, as a legal contract or writing, one for each party; shared by two; as, a bipartite treaty. 2. Divided into two parts almost to the base, as a leaf; consisting of two parts or subdivisions. Gray. BIPARTITION Bi`par*ti"tion, n. Defn: The act of dividing into two parts, or of making two correspondent parts, or the state of being so divided. BIPECTINATE; BIPECTINATED Bi*pec"ti*nate, Bi*pec"ti*na`ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + pectinate.] (Biol.) Defn: Having two margins toothed like a comb. BIPED Bi"ped, n. Etym: [L. bipes; bis twice + pes, pedis, bipède.] Defn: A two-footed animal, as man. BIPED Bi"ped, a. Defn: Having two feet; two-footed. By which the man, when heavenly life was ceased, Became a helpless, naked, biped beast. Byrom. BIPEDAL Bip"e*dal, a. Etym: [L. bipedalis: cf. F. bipédal. See Biped, n.] 1. Having two feet; biped. 2. Pertaining to a biped. BIPELTATE Bi*pel"tate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + peltate.] Defn: Having a shell or covering like a double shield. BIPENNATE; BIPENNATED Bi*pen"nate, Bi*pen"na*ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + pennate: cf. L. bipennis. Cf. Bipinnate.] Defn: Having two wings. "Bipennated insects." Derham. BIPENNIS Bi*pen"nis, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: An ax with an edge or blade on each side of the handle. BIPETALOUS Bi*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + petalous.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two petals. BIPINNARIA Bi`pin*na"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. bis twice + pinna feather.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of certain starfishes as developed in the free- swimming stage. BIPINNATE; BIPINNATED Bi*pin"nate, Bi*pin"na*ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + pinnate; cf. F. bipinné. Cf. Bipennate.] Defn: Twice pinnate. BIPINNATIFID Bi`pin*nat"i*fid, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + pinnatifid.] (Bot.) Defn: Doubly pinnatifid. Note: A bipinnatifid leaf is a pinnatifid leaf having its segments or divisions also pinnatifid. The primary divisions are pinnæ and the secondary pinnules. BIPLANE Bi"plane, n. [Pref. bi- + plane.] (Aëronautics) Defn: An aëroplane with two main supporting surfaces one above the other. BIPLANE Bi"plane, a. (Aëronautics) Defn: Having, or consisting of, two superposed planes, aërocurves, or the like; of or pertaining to a biplane; as, a biplane rudder. BIPLICATE Bip"li*cate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + plicate.] Defn: Twice folded together. Henslow. BIPLICITY Bi*plic"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being twice folded; reduplication. [R.] Bailey. BIPOLAR Bi*po"lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + polar. Cf. Dipolar.] Defn: Doubly polar; having two poles; as, a bipolar cell or corpuscle. BIPOLARITY Bi`po*lar"i*ty, n. Defn: Bipolar quality. BIPONT; BIPONTINE Bi"pont, Bi*pont"ine, a. (Bibliog.) Defn: Relating to books printed at Deuxponts, or Bipontium (Zweibrücken), in Bavaria. BIPRISM Bi"prism, n. [Pref. bi- + prism.] 1. Defn: A prism whose refracting angle is very nearly 180 degrees. 2. A combination of two short rectangular glass prisms cemented together at their diagonal faces so as to form a cube; -- called also optical cube. It is used in one form of photometer. BIPUNCTATE Bi*punc"tate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + punctate.] Defn: Having two punctures, or spots. BIPUNCTUAL Bi*punc"tu*al, a. Defn: Having two points. BIPUPILLATE Bi*pu"pil*late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + pupil (of the eye).] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having an eyelike spot on the wing, with two dots within it of a different color, as in some butterflies. BIPYRAMIDAL Bi`py*ram"i*dal, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + pyramidal.] Defn: Consisting of two pyramids placed base to base; having a pyramid at each of the extremities of a prism, as in quartz crystals. BIQUADRATE Bi*quad"rate, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + quadrate.] (Math.) Defn: The fourth power, or the square of the square. Thus 4x4=16, the square of 4, and 16x16=256, the biquadrate of 4. BIQUADRATIC Bi`quad*rat"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + quadratic: cf. F. biquadratique.] (Math.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the biquadrate, or fourth power. Biquadratic equation (Alg.), an equation of the fourth degree, or an equation in some term of which the unknown quantity is raised to the fourth power. -- Biquadratic root of a number, the square root of the square root of that number. Thus the square root of 81 is 9, and the square root of 9 is 3, which is the biquadratic root of 81. Hutton. BIQUADRATIC Bi`quad*rat"ic, n. (Math.) (a) A biquadrate. (b) A biquadratic equation. BIQUINTILE Bi*quin"tile, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + quintile: cf. F. biquintile.] (Astron.) Defn: An aspect of the planets when they are distant from each other by twice the fifth part of a great circle -- that is, twice 72 degrees. BIRADIATE; BIRADIATED Bi*ra"di*ate, Bi*ra"di*a`ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + radiate.] Defn: Having two rays; as, a biradiate fin. BIRAMOUS Bi*ra"mous, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + ramous.] (Biol.) Defn: Having, or consisting of, two branches. BIRCH Birch, n.; pl. Birches. Etym: [OE. birche, birk, AS. birce, beorc; akin to Icel. björk, Sw. björk, Dan. birk, D. berk, OHG. piricha, MHG. birche, birke, G. birke, Russ. bereza, Pol. brzoza, Serv. breza, Skr. bh. sq. root254. Cf. 1st Birk.] 1. A tree of several species, constituting the genus Betula; as, the white or common birch (B. alba) (also called silver birch and lady birch); the dwarf birch (B. glandulosa); the paper or canoe birch (B. papyracea); the yellow birch (B. lutea); the black or cherry birch (B. lenta). 2. The wood or timber of the birch. 3. A birch twig or birch twigs, used for flogging. Note: The twigs of the common European birch (B. alba), being tough and slender, were formerly much used for rods in schools. They were also made into brooms. The threatening twigs of birch. Shak. 4. A birch-bark canoe. Birch of Jamaica, a species (Bursera gummifera) of turpentine tree. -- Birch partridge. (Zoöl.) See Ruffed grouse. -- Birch wine, wine made of the spring sap of the birch. -- Oil of birch. (a) An oil obtained from the bark of the common European birch (Betula alba), and used in the preparation of genuine ( and sometimes of the imitation) Russia leather, to which it gives its peculiar odor. (b) An oil prepared from the black birch (B. lenta), said to be identical with the oil of wintergreen, for which it is largely sold. BIRCH Birch, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the birch; birchen. BIRCH Birch, v. t. [imp & p. p. Birched; p. pr. & vb. n. Birching.] Defn: To whip with a birch rod or twig; to flog. BIRCHEN Birch"en, a. Defn: Of or relating to birch. He passed where Newark's stately tower Looks out from Yarrow's birchen bower. Sir W. Scott. BIRD Bird, n. Etym: [OE. brid, bred, bird, young bird, bird, AS. bridd young bird. 1. Orig., a chicken; the young of a fowl; a young eaglet; a nestling; and hence, a feathered flying animal (see 2). That ungentle gull, the cuckoo's bird. Shak. The brydds [birds] of the aier have nestes. Tyndale (Matt. viii. 20). 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A warm-blooded, feathered vertebrate provided with wings. See Aves. 3. Specifically, among sportsmen, a game bird. 4. Fig.: A girl; a maiden. And by my word! the bonny bird In danger shall not tarry. Campbell. Arabian bird, the phenix. -- Bird of Jove, the eagle. -- Bird of Juno, the peacock. -- Bird louse (Zoöl.), a wingless insect of the group Mallophaga, of which the genera and species are very numerous and mostly parasitic upon birds. -- Bird mite (Zoöl.), a small mite (genera Dermanyssus, Dermaleichus and allies) parasitic upon birds. The species are numerous. -- Bird of passage, a migratory bird. -- Bird spider (Zoöl.), a very large South American spider (Mygale avicularia). It is said sometimes to capture and kill small birds. -- Bird tick (Zoöl.), a dipterous insect parasitic upon birds (genus Ornithomyia, and allies), usually winged. BIRD Bird, v. i. 1. To catch or shoot birds. 2. Hence: To seek for game or plunder; to thieve. [R.] B. Jonson. BIRDBOLT Bird"bolt`, n. Defn: A short blunt arrow for killing birds without piercing them. Hence: Anything which smites without penetrating. Shak. BIRD CAGE; BIRDCAGE Bird" cage", or Bird"cage`, n. Defn: A cage for confining birds. BIRDCALL Bird"call`, n. 1. A sound made in imitation of the note or cry of a bird for the purpose of decoying the bird or its mate. 2. An instrument of any kind, as a whistle, used in making the sound of a birdcall. BIRDCATCHER Bird"catch`er, n. Defn: One whose employment it is to catch birds; a fowler. BIRDCATCHING Bird"catch`ing, n. Defn: The art, act, or occupation or catching birds or wild fowls. BIRD CHERRY Bird" cher`ry. (Bot.) Defn: A shrub (Prunus Padus ) found in Northern and Central Europe. It bears small black cherries. BIRDER Bird"er, n. Defn: A birdcatcher. BIRD-EYED Bird"-eyed`, a. Defn: Quick-sighted; catching a glance as one goes. BIRD FANCIER Bird" fan`ci*er. 1. One who takes pleasure in rearing or collecting rare or curious birds. 2. One who has for sale the various kinds of birds which are kept in cages. BIRDIE Bird"ie, n. Defn: A pretty or dear little bird; -- a pet name. Tennyson. BIRDIKIN Bird"i*kin, n. Defn: A young bird. Thackeray. BIRDING Bird"ing, n. Defn: Birdcatching or fowling. Shak. Birding piece, a fowling piece. Shak. BIRDLET Bird"let, n. Defn: A little bird; a nestling. BIRDLIKE Bird"like`, a. Defn: Resembling a bird. BIRDLIME Bird"lime`, n. Etym: [Bird + lime viscous substance.] Defn: An extremely adhesive viscid substance, usually made of the middle bark of the holly, by boiling, fermenting, and cleansing it. When a twig is smeared with this substance it will hold small birds which may light upon it. Hence: Anything which insnares. Not birdlime or Idean pitch produce A more tenacious mass of clammy juice. Dryden. Note: Birdlime is also made from mistletoe, elder, etc. BIRDLIME Bird"lime`, v. t. T Defn: o smear with birdlime; to catch with birdlime; to insnare. When the heart is thus birdlimed, then it cleaves to everything it meets with. Coodwin. BIRDLING Bird"ling, n. Defn: A little bird; a nestling. BIRDMAN Bird"man, n. Defn: A fowler or birdcatcher. BIRD OF PARADISE Bird" of par"a*dise. (Zoöl.) Defn: The name of several very beautiful birds of the genus Paradisea and allied genera, inhabiting New Guinea and the adjacent islands. The males have brilliant colors, elegant plumes, and often remarkable tail feathers. Note: The Great emerald (Paradisea apoda) and the Lesser emerald (P. minor) furnish many of the plumes used as ornaments by ladies; the Red is P. rubra or sanguinea; the Golden is Parotia aurea or sexsetacea; the King is Cincinnurus regius. The name is also applied to the longer-billed birds of another related group (Epimachinæ) from the same region. The Twelve-wired (Seleucides alba) is one of these. See Paradise bird, and Note under Apod. BIRD PEPPER Bird" pep`per. Defn: A species of capsicum (Capsicum baccatum), whose small, conical, coral-red fruit is among the most piquant of all red peppers. BIRD'S-BEAK Bird's"-beak`, n. (Arch.) Defn: A molding whose section is thought to resemble a beak. BIRDSEED Bird"seed`, n. Defn: Canary seed, hemp, millet or other small seeds used for feeding caged birds. BIRD'S-EYE Bird's"-eye`, a. 1. Seen from above, as if by a flying bird; embraced at a glance; hence, generalas, a bird's-eye view. 2. Marked with spots resembling bird's eyes; as, bird's-eye diaper; bird's-eye maple. BIRD'S-EYE Bird's"-eye`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant with a small bright flower, as the Adonis or pheasant's eye, the mealy primrose (Primula farinosa), and species of Veronica, Geranium, etc. BIRD'S-EYE MAPLE Bird's"-eye` ma"ple. Defn: See under Maple. BIRD'S-FOOT Bird's"-foot`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A papilionaceous plant, the Ornithopus, having a curved, cylindrical pod tipped with a short, clawlike point. Bird's-foot trefoil. (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants (Lotus) with clawlike pods. L. corniculatas, with yellow flowers, is very common in Great Britain. (b) the related plant, Trigonella ornithopodioides, is also European. BIRD'S-MOUTH Bird's-mouth`, n. (Arch.) Defn: An interior acrow's-foot in the United States. BIRD'S NEST; BIRD'S-NEST Bird's" nest`, or Bird's-nest, n. 1. The nest in which a bird lays eggs and hatches her young. 2. (Cookery) Defn: The nest of a small swallow (Collocalia nidifica and several allied species), of China and the neighboring countries, which is mixed with soups. Note: The nests are found in caverns and fissures of cliffs on rocky coasts, and are composed in part of algæ. They are of the size of a goose egg, and in substance resemble isinglass. See Illust. under Edible. 3. (Bot.) Defn: An orchideous plant with matted roots, of the genus Neottia (N. nidus-avis.) Bird's-nest pudding, a pudding containing apples whose cores have been replaces by sugar. -- Yellow bird's nest, a plant, the Monotropa hypopitys. BIRD'S-NESTING Bird's-nest`ing, n. Defn: Hunting for, or taking, birds' nests or their contents. BIRD'S-TONGUE Bird's"-tongue`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare). BIRD-WITTED Bird"-wit`ted, a. Defn: Flighty; passing rapidly from one subject to another; not having the faculty of attention. Bacon. BIRDWOMAN Bird"wom`an, n. Defn: An airwoman; an aviatress. [Colloq.] BIRECTANGULAR Bi`rec*tan"gu*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + rectangular.] Defn: Containing or having two right angles; as, a birectangular spherical triangle. BIREME Bi"reme, n. Etym: [L. biremis; bis twice + remus oar: cf. F. birème.] Defn: An ancient galley or vessel with two banks or tiers of oars. BIRETTA Bi*ret"ta, n. Defn: Same as Berretta. BIRGANDER Bir"gan*der, n. Defn: See Bergander. BIRK Birk, n. Etym: [See Birch, n.] Defn: A birch tree. [Prov. Eng.] "The silver birk." Tennyson. BIRK Birk, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European minnow (Leuciscus phoxinus). BIRKEN Birk"en, v. t. Etym: [From 1st Birk.] Defn: To whip with a birch or rod. [Obs.] BIRKEN Birk"en, a. Defn: Birchen; as, birken groves. Burns. BIRKIE Bir"kie, n. Defn: A lively or mettlesome fellow. [Jocular, Scot.] Burns. BIRL Birl, v. t. & i. Defn: To revolve or cause to revolve; to spin. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. BIRL Birl, v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. byrlian. Defn: To pour (beer or wine); to ply with drink; to drink; to carouse. [Obs. or Dial.] Skelton. BIRLAW Bir"law, n. Etym: [See By-law.] (Law) Defn: A law made by husbandmen respecting rural affairs; a rustic or local law or by-law. [Written also byrlaw, birlie, birley.] BIROSTRATE; BIROSTRATED Bi*ros`trate, Bi*ros"tra*ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + rostrate.] Defn: Having a double beak, or two processes resembling beaks. The capsule is bilocular and birostrated. Ed. Encyc. BIRR Birr, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Birred; p. pr. & vb. n. Birring.] Etym: [Cf. OE. bur, bir, wind, storm wind, fr. Icel. byrr wind. Perh. imitative.] Defn: To make, or move with, a whirring noise, as of wheels in motion. BIRR Birr, n. 1. A whirring sound, as of a spinning wheel. 2. A rush or impetus; force. BIRRUS Bir"rus, n. Etym: [LL., fr. L. birrus a kind of cloak. See Berretta.] Defn: A coarse kind of thick woolen cloth, worn by the poor in the Middle Ages; also, a woolen cap or hood worn over the shoulders or over the head. BIRSE Birse, n. Defn: A bristle or bristles. [Scot.] BIRT Birt, n. Etym: [OE. byrte; cf. F. bertonneau. Cf. Bret, Burt.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of the turbot kind; the brill. [Written also burt, bret, or brut.] [Prov. Eng.] BIRTH Birth, n. Etym: [OE. burth, birth, AS. beor, gebyrd, fr. beran to bear, bring forth; akin to D. geboorate, OHG. burt, giburt, G. geburt, Icel. bur, Skr. bhrti bearing, supporting; cf. Ir. & Gael. beirthe born, brought forth. Bear, and cf. Berth.] 1. The act or fact of coming into life, or of being born; -- generally applied to human beings; as, the birth of a son. 2. Lineage; extraction; descent; sometimes, high birth; noble extraction. Elected without reference to birth, but solely for qualifications. Prescott. 3. The condition to which a person is born; natural state or position; inherited disposition or tendency. A foe by birth to Troy's unhappy name. Dryden. 4. The act of bringing forth; as, she had two children at a birth. "At her next birth." Milton. 5. That which is born; that which is produced, whether animal or vegetable. Poets are far rarer births that kings. B. Jonson. Others hatch their eggs and tend the birth till it is able to shift for itself. Addison. 6. Origin; beginning; as, the birth of an empire. New birth (Theol.), regeneration, or the commencement of a religious life. Syn. -- Parentage; extraction; lineage; race; family. BIRTH Birth, n. Defn: See Berth. [Obs.] De Foe. BIRTHDAY Birth"day`, n. 1. The day in which any person is born; day of origin or commencement. Those barbarous ages past, succeeded next The birthday of invention. Cowper. 2. The day of the month in which a person was born, in whatever succeeding year it may recur; the anniversary of one's birth. This is my birthday; as this very day Was Cassius born. Shak. BIRTHDAY Birth"day`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the day of birth, or its anniversary; as, birthday gifts or festivities. BIRTHDOM Birth"dom, n. Etym: [Birth + -dom.] Defn: The land of one's birth; one's inheritance. [R.] Shak. BIRTHING Birth"ing, n. (Naut.) Defn: Anything added to raise the sides of a ship. Bailey. BIRTHLESS Birth"less, a. Defn: Of mean extraction. [R.] Sir W. Scott. BIRTHMARK Birth"mark`, n. Defn: Some peculiar mark or blemish on the body at birth. Most part of this noble lineage carried upon their body for a natural birthmark, . . . a snake. Sir T. North. BIRTHNIGHT Birth"night`, n. Defn: The night in which a person is born; the anniversary of that night in succeeding years. The angelic song in Bethlehem field, On thy birthnight, that sung thee Savior born. Milton. BIRTHPLACE Birth"place`, n. Defn: The town, city, or country, where a person is born; place of origin or birth, in its more general sense. "The birthplace of valor." Burns. BIRTHRIGHT Birth"right`, n. Defn: Any right, privilege, or possession to which a person is entitled by birth, such as an estate descendible by law to an heir, or civil liberty under a free constitution; esp. the rights or inheritance of the first born. Lest there be any . . . profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel of meat sold his birthright. Heb. xii. 16. BIRTHROOT Birth"root`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An herbaceous plant (Trillium erectum), and its astringent rootstock, which is said to have medicinal properties. BIRTHWORT Birth"wort`, n. Defn: A genus of herbs and shrubs (Aristolochia), reputed to have medicinal properties. BIS Bis, adv. Etym: [L. bis twice, for duis, fr. root of duo two. See Two, and cf. Bi-.] Defn: Twice; -- a word showing that something is, or is to be, repeated; as a passage of music, or an item in accounts. BIS; BIS- Bis*, pref. Defn: A form of Bi-, sometimes used before s, c, or a vowel. BISA ANTELOPE Bi"sa an"te*lope. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Oryx. BISACCATE Bi*sac"cate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + saccate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two little bags, sacs, or pouches. BISCAYAN Bis*cay"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Biscay in Spain. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Biscay. BISCOTIN Bis"co*tin, n. Etym: [F. biscotin. See Biscuit.] Defn: A confection made of flour, sugar, marmalade, and eggs; a sweet biscuit. BISCUIT Bis"cuit, n. Etym: [F. biscuit (cf. It. biscotto, Sp. bizcocho, Pg. biscouto), fr. L. bis twice + coctus, p. p. of coquere to cook, bake. See Cook, and cf. Bisque a kind of porcelain.] 1. A kind of unraised bread, of many varieties, plain, sweet, or fancy, formed into flat cakes, and bakes hard; as, ship biscuit. According to military practice, the bread or biscuit of the Romans was twice prepared in the oven. Gibbon. 2. A small loaf or cake of bread, raised and shortened, or made light with soda or baking powder. Usually a number are baked in the same pan, forming a sheet or card. 3. Earthen ware or porcelain which has undergone the first baking, before it is subjected to the glazing. 4. (Sculp.) Defn: A species of white, unglazed porcelain, in which vases, figures, and groups are formed in miniature. Meat biscuit, an alimentary preparation consisting of matters extracted from meat by boiling, or of meat ground fine and combined with flour, so as to form biscuits. BISCUTATE Bi*scu"tate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + scutate.] (Bot.) Defn: Resembling two bucklers placed side by side. BISE Bise, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A cold north wind which prevails on the northern coasts of the Mediterranean and in Switzerland, etc.; -- nearly the same as the mistral. BISE Bise, n. (Paint.) Defn: See Bice. BISECT Bi*sect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bisected; p. pr. & vb. n. Bisecting.] Etym: [L. bis twice + secare, sectum, to cut.] 1. To cut or divide into two parts. 2. (Geom.) Defn: To divide into two equal parts. BISECTION Bi*sec"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bissection.] Defn: Division into two parts, esp. two equal parts. BISECTOR Bi*sec"tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, bisects; esp. (Geom.) a straight line which bisects an angle. BISECTRIX Bi*sec"trix, n. Defn: The line bisecting the angle between the optic axes of a biaxial crystal. BISEGMENT Bi*seg"ment, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + segment.] Defn: One of tow equal parts of a line, or other magnitude. BISEPTATE Bi*sep"tate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + septate.] Defn: With two partitions or septa. Gray. BISERIAL; BISERIATE Bi*se"ri*al, Bi*se"ri*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + serial, seriate.] Defn: In two rows or series. BISERRATE Bi*ser"rate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + serrate.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Doubly serrate, or having the serratures serrate, as in some leaves. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Serrate on both sides, as some antennæ. BISETOSE; BISETOUS Bi*se"tose, Bi*se"tous, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + setose, setous.] Defn: Having two bristles. BISEXOUS Bi*sex"ous, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + sexus sex: cf. F. bissexe.] Defn: Bisexual. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. BISEXUAL Bi*sex"u*al, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + sexual.] (Biol.) Defn: Of both sexes; hermaphrodite; as a flower with stamens and pistil, or an animal having ovaries and testes. BISEXUOUS Bi*sex"u*ous, a. Defn: Bisexual. BISEYE Bi*seye", p. p. Defn: of Besee. [Obs.] Chaucer. Evil biseye, ill looking. [Obs.] BISH Bish, n. Defn: Same as Bikh. BISHOP Bish"op, n. Etym: [OE. bischop, biscop, bisceop, AS. bisceop, biscop, L. episcopus overseer, superintendent, bishop, fr. Gr. , over + inspector, fr. root of , , to look to, perh. akin to L. specere to look at. See Spy, and cf. Episcopal.] 1. A spiritual overseer, superintendent, or director. Ye were as sheep going astray; but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls. 1 Pet. ii. 25. It is a fact now generally recognized by theologians of all shades of opinion, that in the language of the New Testament the same officer in the church is called indifferently "bishop" ( J. B. Lightfoot. 2. In the Roman Catholic, Greek, and Anglican or Protestant Episcopal churches, one ordained to the highest order of the ministry, superior to the priesthood, and generally claiming to be a successor of the Apostles. The bishop is usually the spiritual head or ruler of a diocese, bishopric, or see. Bishop in partibus [infidelium] (R. C. Ch.), a bishop of a see which does not actually exist; one who has the office of bishop, without especial jurisdiction. Shipley. -- Titular bishop (R. C. Ch.), a term officially substituted in 1882 for bishop in partibus. -- Bench of Bishops. See under Bench. 3. In the Methodist Episcopal and some other churches, one of the highest church officers or superintendents. 4. A piece used in the game of chess, bearing a representation of a bishop's miter; -- formerly called archer. 5. A beverage, being a mixture of wine, oranges or lemons, and sugar. Swift. 6. An old name for a woman's bustle. [U. S.] If, by her bishop, or her "grace" alone, A genuine lady, or a church, is known. Saxe. BISHOP Bish"op, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bishoped; p. pr. & vb. n. Bishoping.] Defn: To admit into the church by confirmation; to confirm; hence, to receive formally to favor. BISHOP Bish"op, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bishoped; p. pr. & vb. n. Bishoping.] Etym: [From the name of the scoundrel who first practiced it. Youatt.] (Far.) Defn: To make seem younger, by operating on the teeth; as, to bishop an old horse or his teeth. Note: The plan adopted is to cut off all the nippers with a saw to the proper length, and then with a cutting instrument the operator scoops out an oval cavity in the corner nippers, which is afterwards burnt with a hot iron until it is black. J. H. Walsh. BISHOPDOM Bish"op*dom, n. Defn: Jurisdiction of a bishop; episcopate. "Divine right of bishopdom." Milton. BISHOPLIKE Bish"op*like`, a. Defn: Resembling a bishop; belonging to a bishop. Fulke. BISHOPLY Bish"op*ly, a. Defn: Bishoplike; episcopal. [Obs.] BISHOPLY Bish"op*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a bishop. [Obs.] BISHOPRIC Bish"op*ric, n. Etym: [AS. bisceoprice; bisceop bishop + rice dominion. See -ric.] 1. A diocese; the district over which the jurisdiction of a bishop extends. 2. The office of a spiritual overseer, as of an apostle, bishop, or presbyter. Acts i. 20. BISHOP'S CAP Bish"op's cap`. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Mitella; miterwort. Longfellow. BISHOP SLEEVE Bish"op sleeve`. Defn: A wide sleeve, once worn by women. BISHOP'S LENGTH Bish"op's length`. Defn: A canvas for a portrait measuring 58 by 94 inches. The half bishop measures 45 of 56. BISHOP-STOOL Bish"op-stool`, n. Defn: A bishop's seat or see. BISHOP'S-WEED Bish"op's-weed`, n. (Bot.) (a) An umbelliferous plant of the genus Ammi. (b) Goutweed (Ægopodium podagraria). BISHOP'S-WORT Bish"op's-wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Wood betony (Stachys betonica); also, the plant called fennel flower (Nigella Damascena), or devil-in-a-bush. BISIE Bis"ie, v. t. Defn: To busy; to employ. [Obs.] BISILICATE Bi*sil"i*cate, n. (Min. Chem.) Defn: A salt of metasilicic acid; -- so called because the ratio of the oxygen of the silica to the oxygen of the base is as two to one. The bisilicates include many of the most common and important minerals. BISK Bisk, n. Etym: [F. bisque.] Defn: Soup or broth made by boiling several sorts of flesh together. King. BISK Bisk, n. Etym: [F. bisque.] (Tennis) Defn: See Bisque. BISKARA BOIL; BISKARA BUTTON Bis"ka*ra boil`, Bis"ka*ra but"ton . [Named after the town Biskara, in Algeria.] (Med.) Defn: Same as Aleppo boil. BISMARE; BISMER Bi*smare", Bi*smer", n. Etym: [AS. bismer.] Defn: Shame; abuse. [Obs.] Chaucer. BISMER Bis"mer, n. 1. A rule steelyard. [Scot.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The fifteen-spined (Gasterosteus spinachia). BISMILLAH Bis*mil"lah, interj. Etym: [Arabic, in the name of God!] Defn: An adjuration or exclamation common among the Mohammedans. [Written also Bizmillah.] BISMITE Bis"mite, n. (Min.) Defn: Bismuth trioxide, or bismuth ocher. BISMUTH Bis"muth, n. Etym: [Ger. bismuth, wismuth: cf. F. bismuth.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the elements; a metal of a reddish white color, crystallizing in rhombohedrons. It is somewhat harder than lead, and rather brittle; masses show broad cleavage surfaces when broken across. It melts at 507º Fahr., being easily fused in the flame of a candle. It is found in a native state, and as a constituent of some minerals. Specific gravity 9.8. Atomic weight 207.5. Symbol Bi. Note: Chemically, bismuth (with arsenic and antimony is intermediate between the metals and nonmetals; it is used in thermo-electric piles, and as an alloy with lead and tin in the fusible alloy or metal. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic substance known. Bismuth glance, bismuth sulphide; bismuthinite. -- Bismuth ocher, a native bismuth oxide; bismite. BISMUTHAL Bis"muth*al, a. Defn: Containing bismuth. BISMUTHIC Bis"muth*ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to bismuth; containing bismuth, when this element has its higher valence; as, bismuthic oxide. BISMUTHIFEROUS Bis`muth*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Bismuth + -ferous.] Defn: Containing bismuth. BISMUTHINE; BISMUTHINITE Bis"muth*ine, Bis"muth*in*ite, n. Defn: Native bismuth sulphide; -- sometimes called bismuthite. BISMUTHOUS Bis"muth*ous, a. Defn: Of, or containing, bismuth, when this element has its lower valence. BISMUTHYL Bis"muth*yl`, n. (Min.) Defn: Hydrous carbonate of bismuth, an earthy mineral of a dull white or yellowish color. [Written also bismuthite.] BISON Bi"son, n. Etym: [L. bison, Gr. , a wild ox; akin to OHG. wisunt, wisant, G. wisent, AS. wesend, Icel. visundr: cf. F. bison.] (Zoöl.) (a) The aurochs or European bison. (b) The American bison buffalo (Bison Americanus), a large, gregarious bovine quadruped with shaggy mane and short black horns, which formerly roamed in herds over most of the temperate portion of North America, but is now restricted to very limited districts in the region of the Rocky Mountains, and is rapidly decreasing in numbers. BISPINOSE Bi*spi"nose, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + spinose.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having two spines. BISQUE Bisque, n. Etym: [A corruption of biscuit.] Defn: Unglazed white porcelain. BISQUE Bisque, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A point taken by the receiver of odds in the game of tennis; also, an extra innings allowed to a weaker player in croquet. BISQUE Bisque, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A white soup made of crayfish. BISSELL TRUCK Bis"sell truck. Defn: A truck for railroad rolling stock, consisting of two ordinary axle boxes sliding in guides attached to a triangular frame; -- called also pony truck. BISSEXTILE Bis*sex"tile, n. Etym: [L. bissextilis annus, fr. bissextus (bis + sextus sixth, fr. sex six) the sixth of the calends of March, or twenty-fourth day of February, which was reckoned twice every fourth year, by the intercalation of a day.] Defn: Leap year; every fourth year, in which a day is added to the month of February on account of the excess of the tropical year (365 d. 5 h. 48 m. 46 s.) above 365 days. But one day added every four years is equivalent to six hours each year, which is 11 m. 14 s. more than the excess of the real year. Hence, it is necessary to suppress the bissextile day at the end of every century which is not divisible by 400, while it is retained at the end of those which are divisible by 400. BISSEXTILE Bis*sex"tile, a. Defn: Pertaining to leap year. BISSON Bis"son, a. Etym: [OE. bisen, bisne, AS. bisen, prob. for bis; bi by + s clear, akin to seón to see; clear when near, hence short-sighted. See See.] Defn: Purblind; blinding. [Obs.] "Bisson rheum." Shak. BISTER; BISTRE Bis"ter, Bis"tre, n. Etym: [F. bistre a color made of soot; of unknown origin. Cf., however, LG. biester frowning, dark, ugly.] (Paint.) Defn: A dark brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood. BISTIPULED Bi*stip"uled, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + stipule.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two stipules. BISTORT Bis"tort, n. Etym: [L. bis + tortus, p. p. of torquere to twist: cf. F. bistorte.] (Bot.) Defn: An herbaceous plant of the genus Polygonum, section Bistorta; snakeweed; adderwort. Its root is used in medicine as an astringent. BISTOURY Bis"tou*ry, n.; pl. Bistouries. Etym: [F. bistouri.] Defn: A surgical instrument consisting of a slender knife, either straight or curved, generally used by introducing it beneath the part to be divided, and cutting towards the surface. BISTRE Bis"tre, n. Defn: See Bister. BISULCATE Bi*sul"cate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + sulcate.] 1. Having two grooves or furrows. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Cloven; said of a foot or hoof. BISULCOUS Bi*sul"cous, a. Etym: [L. bisulcus; bis twice + sulcus furrow.] Defn: Bisulcate. Sir T. Browne. BISULPHATE Bi*sul"phate, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + sulphate.] (Chem.) Defn: A sulphate in which but half the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, thus making the proportion of the acid to the positive or basic portion twice what it is in the normal sulphates; an acid sulphate. BISULPHIDE Bi*sul"phide, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + sulphide.] (Chem.) Defn: A sulphide having two atoms of sulphur in the molecule; a disulphide, as in iron pyrites, FeS2; -- less frequently called bisulphuret. BISULPHITE Bi*sul"phite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulphurous acid in which the base replaces but half the hydrogen of the acid; an acid sulphite. BISULPHURET Bi*sul"phu*ret, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) Defn: See Bisulphide. BIT Bit, n. Etym: [OE. bitt, bite, AS. bite, bite, fr. bitan to bite. See Bite, n. & v., and cf. Bit a morsel.] 1. The part of a bridle, usually of iron, which is inserted in the mouth of a horse, and having appendages to which the reins are fastened. Shak. The foamy bridle with the bit of gold. Chaucer. 2. Fig.: Anything which curbs or restrains. BIT Bit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bitting.] Defn: To put a bridle upon; to put the bit in the mouth of. BIT Bit, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bite. BIT Bit, n. Etym: [OE. bite, AS. bita, fr. bitan to bite; akin to D. beet, G. bissen bit, morsel, Icel. biti. See Bite, v., and cf. Bit part of a bridle.] 1. A part of anything, such as may be bitten off or taken into the mouth; a morsel; a bite. Hence: A small piece of anything; a little; a mite. 2. Somewhat; something, but not very great. My young companion was a bit of a poet. T. Hook. Note: This word is used, also, like jot and whit, to express the smallest degree; as, he is not a bit wiser. 3. A tool for boring, of various forms and sizes, usually turned by means of a brace or bitstock. See Bitstock. 4. The part of a key which enters the lock and acts upon the bolt and tumblers. Knight. 5. The cutting iron of a plane. Knight. 6. In the Southern and Southwestern States, a small silver coin (as the real) formerly current; commonly, one worth about 12 1/2 cents; also, the sum of 12 1/2 cents. Bit my bit, piecemeal. Pope. BIT Bit, 3d sing. pr. Defn: of Bid, for biddeth. [Obs.] Chaucer. BITAKE Bi*take", v. t. Etym: [See Betake, Betaught.] Defn: To commend; to commit. [Obs.] Chaucer. BITANGENT Bi*tan"gent, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + tangent.] (Geom.) Defn: Possessing the property of touching at two points. -- n. Defn: A line that touches a curve in two points. BITARTRATE Bi*tar"trate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of tartaric acid in which the base replaces but half the acid hydrogen; an acid tartrate, as cream of tartar. BITCH Bitch, n. Etym: [OE. biche, bicche, AS. bicce; cf. Icel. bikkja, G. betze, peize.] 1. The female of the canine kind, as of the dog, wolf, and fox. 2. An opprobrious name for a woman, especially a lewd woman. Pope. BITE Bite, v. t. [imp. Bit; p. p. Bitten, Bit; p. pr. & vb. n. Biting.] Etym: [OE. biten, AS. bitan; akin to D. bijten, OS. bitan, OHG. bizan, G. beissen, Goth. beitan, Icel. bita, Sw. bita, Dan. bide, L. findere to cleave, Skr. bhid to cleave. sq. root87. Cf. Fissure.] 1. To seize with the teeth, so that they enter or nip the thing seized; to lacerate, crush, or wound with the teeth; as, to bite an apple; to bite a crust; the dog bit a man. Such smiling rogues as these, Like rats, oft bite the holy cords atwain. Shak. 2. To puncture, abrade, or sting with an organ (of some insects) used in taking food. 3. To cause sharp pain, or smarting, to; to hurt or injure, in a literal or a figurative sense; as, pepper bites the mouth. "Frosts do bite the meads." Shak. 4. To cheat; to trick; to take in. [Colloq.] Pope. 5. To take hold of; to hold fast; to adhere to; as, the anchor bites the ground. The last screw of the rack having been turned so often that its purchase crumbled, . . . it turned and turned with nothing to bite. Dickens. To bite the dust, To bite the ground, to fall in the agonies of death; as, he made his enemy bite the dust. -- To bite in (Etching), to corrode or eat into metallic plates by means of an acid. -- To bite the thumb at (any one), formerly a mark of contempt, designed to provoke a quarrel; to defy. "Do you bite your thumb at us " Shak. -- To bite the tongue, to keep silence. Shak. BITE Bite, v. i. 1. To seize something forcibly with the teeth; to wound with the teeth; to have the habit of so doing; as, does the dog bite 2. To cause a smarting sensation; to have a property which causes such a sensation; to be pungent; as, it bites like pepper or mustard. 3. To cause sharp pain; to produce anguish; to hurt or injure; to have the property of so doing. At the last it [wine] biteth like serpent, and stingeth like an adder. Prov. xxiii. 32. 4. To take a bait into the mouth, as a fish does; hence, to take a tempting offer. 5. To take or keep a firm hold; as, the anchor bites. BITE Bite, n. Etym: [OE. bite, bit, bitt, AS. bite bite, fr. bitan to bite, akin to Icel. bit, OS. biti, G. biss. See Bite, v., and cf. Bit.] 1. The act of seizing with the teeth or mouth; the act of wounding or separating with the teeth or mouth; a seizure with the teeth or mouth, as of a bait; as, to give anything a hard bite. I have known a very good fisher angle diligently four or six hours for a river carp, and not have a bite. Walton. 2. The act of puncturing or abrading with an organ for taking food, as is done by some insects. 3. The wound made by biting; as, the pain of a dog's or snake's bite; the bite of a mosquito. 4. A morsel; as much as is taken at once by biting. 5. The hold which the short end of a lever has upon the thing to be lifted, or the hold which one part of a machine has upon another. 6. A cheat; a trick; a fraud. [Colloq.] The baser methods of getting money by fraud and bite, by deceiving and overreaching. Humorist. 7. A sharper; one who cheats. [Slang] Johnson. 8. (Print.) Defn: A blank on the edge or corner of a page, owing to a portion of the frisket, or something else, intervening between the type and paper. BITER Bit"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, bites; that which bites often, or is inclined to bite, as a dog or fish. "Great barkers are no biters." Camden. 2. One who cheats; a sharper. [Colloq.] Spectator. BITERNATE Bi*ter"nate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + ternate.] (Bot.) Defn: Doubly ternate, as when a petiole has three ternate leaflets. -- Bi*ter"nate*ly, adv. Gray. BITHEISM Bi"the*ism, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + theism.] Defn: Belief in the existence of two gods; dualism. BITING Bit"ing, a. Defn: That bites; sharp; cutting; sarcastic; caustic. "A biting affliction." "A biting jest." Shak. BITING IN Bit"ing in". (Etching.) Defn: The process of corroding or eating into metallic plates, by means of an acid. See Etch. G. Francis. BITINGLY Bit"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a biting manner. BITLESS Bit"less, a. Defn: Not having a bit or bridle. BITO; BITO TREE Bi"to, n., Bi"to tree`. [Etym. uncertain.] (Bot.) Defn: A small scrubby tree (Balanites Ægyptiaca) growing in dry regions of tropical Africa and Asia. The hard yellowish white wood is made into plows in Abyssinia; the bark is used in Farther India to stupefy fish; the ripe fruit is edible, when green it is an anthelmintic; the fermented juice is used as a beverage; the seeds yield a medicinal oil called zachun. The African name of the tree is hajilij. BITSTOCK Bit"stock`, n. Defn: A stock or handle for holding and rotating a bit; a brace. BITT Bitt, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Bitts. BITT Bitt, v. t. Etym: [See Bitts.] (Naut.) Defn: To put round the bitts; as, to bitt the cable, in order to fasten it or to slacken it gradually, which is called veering away. Totten. BITTACLE Bit"ta*cle, n. Defn: A binnacle. [Obs.] BITTEN Bit"ten, p. p. Defn: of Bite. BITTEN Bit"ten, a. (Bot.) Defn: Terminating abruptly, as if bitten off; premorse. BITTER Bit"ter, n. Etym: [See Bitts.] (Naut.) Defn: AA turn of the cable which is round the bitts. Bitter end, that part of a cable which is abaft the bitts, and so within board, when the ship rides at anchor. BITTER Bit"ter, a. Etym: [AS. biter; akin to Goth. baitrs, Icel. bitr, Dan., Sw., D., & G. bitter, OS. bittar, fr. root of E. bite. See Bite, v. t.] 1. Having a peculiar, acrid, biting taste, like that of wormwood or an infusion of hops; as, a bitter medicine; bitter as aloes. 2. Causing pain or smart; piercing; painful; sharp; severe; as, a bitter cold day. 3. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain or distress to the mind; calamitous; poignant. It is an evil thing and bitter, that thou hast forsaken the Lord thy God. Jer. ii. 19. 4. Characterized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty; harsh; stern; virulent; as, bitter reproach. Husbands, love your wives, and be not bitter against them. Col. iii. 19. 5. Mournful; sad; distressing; painful; pitiable. The Egyptians . . . made their lives bitter with hard bondage. Ex. i. 14. Bitter apple, Bitter cucumber, Bitter gourd. (Bot.) See Colocynth. -- Bitter cress (Bot.), a plant of the genus Cardamine, esp. C. amara. -- Bitter earth (Min.), tale earth; calcined magnesia. -- Bitter principles (Chem.), a class of substances, extracted from vegetable products, having strong bitter taste but with no sharply defined chemical characteristics. -- Bitter salt, Epsom salts;; magnesium sulphate. -- Bitter vetch (Bot.), a name given to two European leguminous herbs, Vicia Orobus and Ervum Ervilia. -- To the bitter end, to the last extremity, however calamitous. Syn. -- Acrid; sharp; harsh; pungent; stinging; cutting; severe; acrimonious. BITTER Bit"ter, n. Defn: Any substance that is bitter. See Bitters. BITTER Bit"ter, v. t. Defn: To make bitter. Wolcott. BITTERBUMP Bit"ter*bump`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: the butterbump or bittern. BITTERFUL Bit"ter*ful, a. Defn: Full of bitterness. [Obs.] BITTERING Bit"ter*ing, n. Defn: A bitter compound used in adulterating beer; bittern. BITTERISH Bit"ter*ish, a. Defn: Somewhat bitter. Goldsmith. BITTERLING Bit"ter*ling, n. Etym: [G.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A roachlike European fish (Rhodima amarus). BITTERLY Bit"ter*ly, adv. Defn: In a bitter manner. BITTERN Bit"tern, n. Etym: [OE. bitoure, betore, bitter, fr. F. butor; of unknown origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A wading bird of the genus Botaurus, allied to the herons, of various species. Note: The common European bittern is Botaurus stellaris. It makes, during the brooding season, a noise called by Dryden bumping, and by Goldsmith booming. The American bittern is B. lentiginosus, and is also called stake-driver and meadow hen. See Stake-driver. Note: The name is applied to other related birds, as the least bittern (Ardetta exilis), and the sun bittern. BITTERN Bit"tern, n. Etym: [From Bitter, a.] 1. The brine which remains in salt works after the salt is concreted, having a bitter taste from the chloride of magnesium which it contains. 2. A very bitter compound of quassia, cocculus Indicus, etc., used by fraudulent brewers in adulterating beer. Cooley. BITTERNESS Bit"ter*ness, n. Etym: [AS. biternys; biter better + -nys = -ness.] 1. The quality or state of being bitter, sharp, or acrid, in either a literal or figurative sense; implacableness; resentfulness; severity; keenness of reproach or sarcasm; deep distress, grief, or vexation of mind. The lip that curls with bitterness. Percival. I will complain in the bitterness of my soul. Job vii. 11. 2. A state of extreme impiety or enmity to God. Thou art in the gall of bitterness, and in the bond of iniquity. Acts viii. 23. 3. Dangerous error, or schism, tending to draw persons to apostasy. Looking diligently, . . . lest any root of bitterness springing up trouble you. Heb. xii. 15. BITTERNUT Bit"ter*nut", n. (Bot.) Defn: The swamp hickory (Carya amara). Its thin-shelled nuts are bitter. BITTERROOT Bit"ter*root`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Lewisia rediviva) allied to the purslane, but with fleshy, farinaceous roots, growing in the mountains of Idaho, Montana, etc. It gives the name to the Bitter Root mountains and river. The Indians call both the plant and the river Spæt'lum. BITTERS Bit"ters, n. pl. Defn: A liquor, generally spirituous in which a bitter herb, leaf, or root is steeped. BITTER SPAR Bit"ter spar". Defn: A common name of dolomite; -- so called because it contains magnesia, the soluble salts of which are bitter. See Dolomite. BITTERSWEET Bit"ter*sweet`, a. Defn: Sweet and then bitter or bitter and then sweet; esp. sweet with a bitter after taste; hence (Fig.), pleasant but painful. BITTERSWEET Bit"ter*sweet`, n. 1. Anything which is bittersweet. 2. A kind of apple so called. Gower. 3. (Bot.) (a) A climbing shrub, with oval coral-red berries (Solanum dulcamara); woody nightshade. The whole plant is poisonous, and has a taste at first sweetish and then bitter. The branches are the officinal dulcamara. (b) An American woody climber (Celastrus scandens), whose yellow capsules open late in autumn, and disclose the red aril which covers the seeds; -- also called Roxbury waxwork. BITTERWEED Bit"ter*weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of Ambrosia (A. artemisiæfolia); Roman worm wood. Gray. BITTERWOOD Bit"ter*wood`, n. Defn: A West Indian tree (Picræna excelsa) from the wood of which the bitter drug Jamaica quassia is obtained. BITTERWORT Bit"ter*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea), which has a very bitter taste. BITTOCK Bit"tock, n. Etym: [See Bit a morsel.] Defn: A small bit of anything, of indefinite size or quantity; a short distance. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. BITTOR; BITTOUR Bit"tor Bit"tour, n. Etym: [See Bittern] (Zoöl.) Defn: The bittern. Dryden. BITTS Bitts, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. F. bitte, Icel. biti, a beam. (Naut.) Defn: A frame of two strong timbers fixed perpendicularly in the fore part of a ship, on which to fasten the cables as the ship rides at anchor, or in warping. Other bitts are used for belaying (belaying bitts), for sustaining the windlass (carrick bitts, winch bitts, or windlass bitts), to hold the pawls of the windlass (pawl bitts) etc. BITUME Bi*tume", n. Etym: [F. See Bitumen.] Defn: Bitumen. [Poetic] May. BITUMED Bi*tumed", a. Defn: Smeared with bitumen. [R.] "The hatches caulked and bitumed." Shak. BITUMEN Bi*tu"men, n. Etym: [L. bitumen: cf. F. bitume. Cf. Béton.] 1. Mineral pitch; a black, tarry substance, burning with a bright flame; Jew's pitch. It occurs as an abundant natural product in many places, as on the shores of the Dead and Caspian Seas. It is used in cements, in the construction of pavements, etc. See Asphalt. 2. By extension, any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petroleums, and even the light, volatile naphthas. BITUMEN PROCESS Bi*tu"men proc"ess. (Photog.) Defn: Any process in which advantage is taken of the fact that prepared bitumen is rendered insoluble by exposure to light, as in photolithography. BITUMINATE Bi*tu"mi*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bituminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bituminating.] Etym: [L. bituminatus, p. p. of bituminare to bituminate. See Bitumen.] Defn: To treat or impregnate with bitumen; to cement with bitumen. "Bituminated walls of Babylon." Feltham. BITUMINIFEROUS Bi*tu`mi*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Bitumen + -ferous.] Defn: Producing bitumen. Kirwan. BITUMINIZATION Bi*tu`mi*ni*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bituminisation.] Defn: The process of bituminizing. Mantell. BITUMINIZE Bi*tu"mi*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bituminized (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bituminizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. bituminiser.] Defn: To prepare, treat, impregnate, or coat with bitumen. BITUMINOUS Bi*tu"mi*nous, a. Etym: [L. bituminosus: cf. F. bitumineux.] Defn: Having the qualities of bitumen; compounded with bitumen; containing bitumen. Near that bituminous lake where Sodom flamed. Milton. Bituminous coal, a kind of coal which yields, when heated, a considerable amount of volatile bituminous matter. It burns with a yellow smoky flame. -- Bituminous limestone, a mineral of a brown or black color, emitting an unpleasant smell when rubbed. That of Dalmatia is so charged with bitumen that it may be cut like soap. -- Bituminous shale, an argillaceous shale impregnated with bitumen, often accompanying coal. BIURET Bi"u*ret, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + urea.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, C2O2N3H5, formed by heating urea. It is intermediate between urea and cyanuric acid. BIVALENCY Biv"a*len*cy, n. (Chem.) Defn: The quality of being bivalent. BIVALENT Biv"a*lent, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Defn: Equivalent in combining or displacing power to two atoms of hydrogen; dyad. BIVALVE Bi"valve, n. Etym: [F. bivalve; bi- (L. bis) + valve valve.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A mollusk having a shell consisting of two lateral plates or valves joined together by an elastic ligament at the hinge, which is usually strengthened by prominences called teeth. The shell is closed by the contraction of two transverse muscles attached to the inner surface, as in the clam, -- or by one, as in the oyster. See Mollusca. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A pericarp in which the seed case opens or splits into two parts or valves. BIVALVE Bi"valve, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + valve.] (Zoöl. & Bot.) Defn: Having two shells or valves which open and shut, as the oyster and certain seed vessels. BIVALVED Bi"valved, a. Defn: Having two valves, as the oyster and some seed pods; bivalve. BIVALVOUS Bi*val"vous, a. Defn: Bivalvular. BIVALVULAR Bi*val"vu*lar, a. Defn: Having two valves. BIVAULTED Bi*vault"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + vault.] Defn: Having two vaults or arches. BIVECTOR Bi*vec"tor, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + vector.] (Math.) Defn: A term made up of the two parts BIVENTRAL Bi*ven"tral, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + ventral.] Defn: (Anat.) Having two bellies or protuberances; as, a biventral, or digastric, muscle, or the biventral lobe of the cerebellum. BIVIAL Biv"i*al, a. Defn: Of or relating to the bivium. BIVIOUS Biv"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. bivius; bis twice + via way.] Defn: Having, or leading, two ways. Bivious theorems and Janus-faced doctrines. Sir T. Browne. BIVIUM Biv"i*um, n. Etym: [L., a place with two ways. See Bivious.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One side of an echinoderm, including a pair of ambulacra, in distinction from the opposite side (trivium), which includes three ambulacra. BIVOUAC Biv"ouac, n. Etym: [F. bivouac, bivac, prab. fr. G. beiwache, or beiwacht; bei by, near + wachen to watch, wache watch, guard. See By, and Watch.] (Mil.) (a) The watch of a whole army by night, when in danger of surprise or attack. (b) An encampment for the night without tents or covering. BIVOUAC Biv"ouac, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bivouacked (p. pr. & vb. n. Bivouacking.] (Mil.) (a) To watch at night or be on guard, as a whole army. (b) To encamp for the night without tents or covering. BIWEEKLY Bi"week`ly, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + weekly.] Defn: Occurring or appearing once every two weeks; fortnightly. -- n. Defn: A publication issued every two weeks. -- Bi"week"ly, adv. BIWREYE Bi*wreye", v. t. Defn: To bewray; to reveal. [Obs.] BIZANTINE Biz"an*tine. Defn: See Byzantine. BIZARRE Bi*zarre", a. Etym: [F. bizarre odd, fr. Sp. bizarro gallant, brave, liberal, prob. of Basque origin; cf. Basque bizarra beard, whence the meaning manly, brave.] Defn: Odd in manner or appearance; fantastic; whimsical; extravagant; grotesque. C. Kingsley. BIZET Bi*zet", n. Etym: [Cf. Bezel.] Defn: The upper faceted portion of a brilliant-cut diamond, which projects from the setting and occupies the zone between the girdle and the table. See Brilliant, n. BLAB Blab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blabbed (p. pr. & vb. n. Blabbing.] Etym: [Cf. OE. blaberen, or Dan. blabbre, G. plappern, Gael. blabaran a stammerer; prob. of imitative origin. Cf. also Blubber, v.] Defn: To utter or tell unnecessarily, or in a thoughtless manner; to publish (secrets or trifles) without reserve or discretion. Udall. And yonder a vile physician blabbing The case of his patient. Tennyson. BLAB Blab, v. i. Defn: To talk thoughtlessly or without discretion; to tattle; to tell tales. She must burst or blab. Dryden. BLAB Blab, n. Etym: [OE. blabbe.] Defn: One who blabs; a babbler; a telltale. "Avoided as a blab." Milton. For who will open himself to a blab or a babbler. Bacon. BLABBER Blab"ber, n. Defn: A tattler; a telltale. BLACK Black, a. Etym: [OE. blak, AS. blæc; akin to Icel. blakkr dark, swarthy, Sw. bläck ink, Dan. blæk, OHG. blach, LG. & D. blaken to burn with a black smoke. Not akin to AS. blac, E. bleak pallid. 1. Destitute of light, or incapable of reflecting it; of the color of soot or coal; of the darkest or a very dark color, the opposite of white; characterized by such a color; as, black cloth; black hair or eyes. O night, with hue so black! Shak. 2. In a less literal sense: Enveloped or shrouded in darkness; very dark or gloomy; as, a black night; the heavens black with clouds. I spy a black, suspicious, threatening cloud. Shak. 3. Fig.: Dismal, gloomy, or forbidding, like darkness; destitute of moral light or goodness; atrociously wicked; cruel; mournful; calamitous; horrible. "This day's black fate." "Black villainy." "Arise, black vengeance." "Black day." "Black despair." Shak. 4. Expressing menace, or discontent; threatening; sullen; foreboding; as, to regard one with black looks. Note: Black is often used in self-explaining compound words; as, black-eyed, black-faced, black-haired, black-visaged. Black act, the English statute 9 George I, which makes it a felony to appear armed in any park or warren, etc., or to hunt or steal deer, etc., with the face blackened or disguised. Subsequent acts inflicting heavy penalties for malicious injuries to cattle and machinery have been called black acts. -- Black angel (Zoöl.), a fish of the West Indies and Florida (Holacanthus tricolor), with the head and tail yellow, and the middle of the body black. -- Black antimony (Chem.), the black sulphide of antimony, Sb2S3, used in pyrotechnics, etc. -- Black bear (Zoöl.), the common American bear (Ursus Americanus). -- Black beast. See Bête noire. -- Black beetle (Zoöl.), the common large cockroach (Blatta orientalis). -- Black and blue, the dark color of a bruise in the flesh, which is accompanied with a mixture of blue. "To pinch the slatterns black and blue." Hudibras. -- Black bonnet (Zoöl.), the black-headed bunting (Embriza Schoeniclus) of Europe. -- Black canker, a disease in turnips and other crops, produced by a species of caterpillar. -- Black cat (Zoöl.), the fisher, a quadruped of North America allied to the sable, but larger. See Fisher. -- Black cattle, any bovine cattle reared for slaughter, in distinction from dairy cattle. [Eng.] -- Black cherry. See under Cherry. -- Black cockatoo (Zoöl.), the palm cockatoo. See Cockatoo. -- Black copper. Same as Melaconite. -- Black currant. (Bot.) See Currant. -- Black diamond. (Min.) See Carbonado. -- Black draught (Med.), a cathartic medicine, composed of senna and magnesia. -- Black drop (Med.), vinegar of opium; a narcotic preparation consisting essentially of a solution of opium in vinegar. -- Black earth, mold; earth of a dark color. Woodward. -- Black flag, the flag of a pirate, often bearing in white a skull and crossbones; a signal of defiance. -- Black flea (Zoöl.), a flea beetle (Haltica nemorum) injurious to turnips. -- Black flux, a mixture of carbonate of potash and charcoal, obtained by deflagrating tartar with half its weight of niter. Brande & C. -- Black fly. (Zoöl.) (a) In the United States, a small, venomous, two-winged fly of the genus Simulium of several species, exceedingly abundant and troublesome in the northern forests. The larvæ are aquatic. (b) A black plant louse, as the bean aphis (A. fabæ). -- Black Forest Etym: [a translation of G. Schwarzwald], a forest in Baden and Würtemburg, in Germany; a part of the ancient Hercynian forest. -- Black game, or Black grouse. (Zoöl.) See Blackcock, Grouse, and Heath grouse. -- Black grass (Bot.), a grasslike rush of the species Juncus Gerardi, growing on salt marshes, and making good hay. -- Black gum (Bot.), an American tree, the tupelo or pepperidge. See Tupelo. -- Black Hamburg (grape) (Bot.), a sweet and juicy variety of dark purple or "black" grape. -- Black horse (Zoöl.), a fish of the Mississippi valley (Cycleptus elongatus), of the sucker family; the Missouri sucker. -- Black lemur (Zoöl.), the Lemurniger of Madagascar; the acoumbo of the natives. -- Black list, a list of persons who are for some reason thought deserving of censure or punishment; -- esp. a list of persons stigmatized as insolvent or untrustworthy, made for the protection of tradesmen or employers. See Blacklist, v. t. -- Black manganese (Chem.), the black oxide of manganese, MnO2. -- Black Maria, the close wagon in which prisoners are carried to or from jail. -- Black martin (Zoöl.), the chimney swift. See Swift. -- Black moss (Bot.), the common so-called long moss of the southern United States. See Tillandsia. -- Black oak. See under Oak. -- Black ocher. See Wad. -- Black pigment, a very fine, light carbonaceous substance, or lampblack, prepared chiefly for the manufacture of printers' ink. It is obtained by burning common coal tar. -- Black plate, sheet iron before it is tinned. Knight. -- Black quarter, malignant anthrax with engorgement of a shoulder or quarter, etc., as of an ox. -- Black rat (Zoöl.), one of the species of rats (Mus rattus), commonly infesting houses. -- Black rent. See Blackmail, n., 3. -- Black rust, a disease of wheat, in which a black, moist matter is deposited in the fissures of the grain. -- Black sheep, one in a family or company who is unlike the rest, and makes trouble. -- Black silver. (Min.) See under Silver. -- Black and tan, black mixed or spotted with tan color or reddish brown; -- used in describing certain breeds of dogs. -- Black tea. See under Tea. -- Black tin (Mining), tin ore (cassiterite), when dressed, stamped and washed, ready for smelting. It is in the form of a black powder, like fine sand. Knight. -- Black walnut. See under Walnut. -- Black warrior (Zoöl.), an American hawk (Buteo Harlani). Syn. -- Dark; murky; pitchy; inky; somber; dusky; gloomy; swart; Cimmerian; ebon; atrocious. BLACK Black, adv. Defn: Sullenly; threateningly; maliciously; so as to produce blackness. BLACK Black, n. 1. That which is destitute of light or whiteness; the darkest color, or rather a destitution of all color; as, a cloth has a good black. Black is the badge of hell, The hue of dungeons, and the suit of night. Shak. 2. A black pigment or dye. 3. A negro; a person whose skin is of a black color, or shaded with black; esp. a member or descendant of certain African races. 4. A black garment or dress; as, she wears black; pl. (Obs.) Defn: Mourning garments of a black color; funereal drapery. Friends weeping, and blacks, and obsequies, and the like show death terrible. Bacon. That was the full time they used to wear blacks for the death of their fathers. Sir T. North. 5. The part of a thing which is distinguished from the rest by being black. The black or sight of the eye. Sir K. Digby. 6. A stain; a spot; a smooch. Defiling her white lawn of chastity with ugly blacks of lust. Rowley. Black and white, writing or print; as, I must have that statement in black and white. -- Blue black, a pigment of a blue black color. -- Ivory black, a fine kind of animal charcoal prepared by calcining ivory or bones. When ground it is the chief ingredient of the ink used in copperplate printing. -- Berlin black. See under Berlin. BLACK Black, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blacked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blacking.] Etym: [See Black, a., and cf. Blacken.] 1. To make black; to blacken; to soil; to sully. They have their teeth blacked, both men and women, for they say a dog hath his teeth white, therefore they will black theirs. Hakluyt. Sins which black thy soul. J. Fletcher. 2. To make black and shining, as boots or a stove, by applying blacking and then polishing with a brush. BLACKAMOOR Black"a*moor, n. Etym: [Black + Moor.] Defn: A negro or negress. Shak. BLACK ART Black" art`. Defn: The art practiced by conjurers and witches; necromancy; conjuration; magic. Note: This name was given in the Middle Ages to necromancy, under the idea that the latter term was derived from niger black, instead of nekro`s, a dead person, and mantei`a, divination. Wright. BLACK-A-VISED Black"-a-vised`, a. Defn: Dark-visaged; swart. BLACKBALL Black"ball`, n. 1. A composition for blacking shoes, boots, etc.; also, one for taking impressions of engraved work. 2. A ball of black color, esp. one used as a negative in voting; -- in this sense usually two words. BLACKBALL Black"ball`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackballed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackballing.] 1. To vote against, by putting a black ball into a ballot box; to reject or exclude, as by voting against with black balls; to ostracize. He was blackballed at two clubs in succession. Thackeray. 2. To blacken (leather, shoes, etc.) with blacking. BLACKBAND Black"band`, n. (Min.) Defn: An earthy carbonate of iron containing considerable carbonaceous matter; -- valuable as an iron ore. BLACK BASS Black" bass`. (Zoöl.) 1. An edible, fresh-water fish of the United States, of the genus Micropterus. the small-mouthed kind is M. dolomiei; the largemouthed is M. salmoides. 2. The sea bass. See Blackfish, 3. BLACKBERRY Black"ber*ry, n. Etym: [OE. blakberye, AS. blæcerie; blæc black + berie berry.] Defn: The fruit of several species of bramble (Rubus); also, the plant itself. Rubus fruticosus is the blackberry of England; R. villosus and R. Canadensis are the high blackberry and low blackberry of the United States. There are also other kinds. BLACKBIRD Black"bird, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: In England, a species of thrush (Turdus merula), a singing bird with a fin note; the merle. In America the name is given to several birds, as the Quiscalus versicolor, or crow blackbird; the Agelæus phoeniceus, or red-winged blackbird; the cowbird; the rusty grackle, etc. See Redwing. BLACKBIRDER Black"bird*er, n. Defn: A slave ship; a slaver. [Colloq.] F. T. Bullen. BLACKBIRDING Black"bird*ing, n. 1. The kidnaping of negroes or Polynesians to be sold as slaves. 2. The act or practice of collecting natives of the islands near Queensland for service on the Queensland sugar plantations. [Australia] BLACKBOARD Black"board`, n. Defn: A broad board painted black, or any black surface on which writing, drawing, or the working of mathematical problems can be done with chalk or crayons. It is much used in schools. BLACK BOOK Black" book`. 1. One of several books of a political character, published at different times and for different purposes; -- so called either from the color of the binding, or from the character of the contents. 2. A book compiled in the twelfth century, containing a description of the court of exchequer of England, an official statement of the revenues of the crown, etc. 3. A book containing details of the enormities practiced in the English monasteries and religious houses, compiled by order of their visitors under Henry VIII., to hasten their dissolution. 4. A book of admiralty law, of the highest authority, compiled in the reign of Edw. III. Bouvier. Wharton. 5. A book kept for the purpose of registering the names of persons liable to censure or punishment, as in the English universities, or the English armies. 6. Any book which treats of necromancy. BLACK-BROWED Black"-browed`, a. Defn: Having black eyebrows. Hence: Gloomy; dismal; threatening; forbidding. Shak. Dryden. BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER Black*bur"ni*an war"bler. Etym: [Named from Mrs. Blackburn, an English lady.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A beautiful warbler of the United States (Dendroica Blackburniæ). The male is strongly marked with orange, yellow, and black on the head and neck, and has an orange-yellow breast. BLACKCAP Black"cap`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European song bird (Sylvia atricapilla), with a black crown; the mock nightingale. (b) An American titmouse (Parus atricapillus); the chickadee. 2. (Cookery) Defn: An apple roasted till black, to be served in a dish of boiled custard. 3. The black raspberry. BLACKCOAT Black"coat`, n. Defn: A clergyman; -- familiarly so called, as a soldier is sometimes called a redcoat or a bluecoat. BLACKCOCK Black"cock`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The male of the European black grouse (Tetrao tetrix, Linn.); - - so called by sportsmen. The female is called gray hen. See Heath grouse. BLACK DEATH Black" death`. Defn: A pestilence which ravaged Europe and Asia in the fourteenth century. BLACKEN Black"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackened; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackening.] Etym: [See Black, a., and cf. Black, v. t. ] 1. To make or render black. While the long funerals blacken all the way. Pope 2. To make dark; to darken; to cloud. "Blackened the whole heavens." South. 3. To defame; to sully, as reputation; to make infamous; as, vice blackens the character. Syn. -- To denigrate; defame; vilify; slander; calumniate; traduce; malign; asperse. BLACKEN Black"en, v. i. Defn: To grow black or dark. BLACKENER Black"en*er, n. Defn: One who blackens. BLACK-EYED Black"-eyed`, a. Defn: Having black eyes. Dryden. BLACK-EYED SUSAN Black"-eyed` Su"san. (Bot.) (a) The coneflower, or yellow daisy (Rudbeckia hirta). (b) The bladder ketmie. BLACK-FACED Black"-faced`, a. Defn: Having a black, dark, or gloomy face or aspect. BLACKFEET Black"feet`, n. pl. (Ethn.) Defn: A tribe of North American Indians formerly inhabiting the country from the upper Missouri River to the Saskatchewan, but now much reduced in numbers. BLACKFIN Black"fin`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Bluefin. BLACKFISH Black"fish, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small kind of whale, of the genus Globicephalus, of several species. The most common is G. melas. Also sometimes applied to other whales of larger size. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The tautog of New England (Tautoga). 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The black sea bass (Centropristis atrarius) of the Atlantic coast. It is excellent food fish; -- locally called also black Harry. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of southern Europe (Centrolophus pompilus) of the Mackerel family. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The female salmon in the spawning season. Note: The name is locally applied to other fishes. BLACK FLAGS Black Flags. Defn: An organization composed originally of Chinese rebels that had been driven into Tonkin by the suppression of the Taiping rebellion, but later increased by bands of pirates and adventurers. It took a prominent part in fighting the French during their hostilities with Anam, 1873-85. BLACKFOOT Black"foot`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Blackfeet; as, a Blackfoot Indian. -- n. Defn: A Blackfoot Indian. BLACK FRIAR Black" fri`ar. (Eccl.) Defn: A friar of the Dominican order; -- called also predicant and preaching friar; in France, Jacobin. Also, sometimes, a Benedictine. BLACK FRIDAY Black Friday. Defn: Any Friday on which a public disaster has occurred, as: In England, December 6, 1745, when the news of the landing of the Pretender reached London, or May 11, 1866, when a financial panic commenced. In the United States, September 24, 1869, and September 18, 1873, on which financial panics began. BLACKGUARD Black"guard, n. Etym: [Black + guard.] 1. The scullions and lower menials of a court, or of a nobleman's household, who, in a removal from one residence to another, had charge of the kitchen utensils, and being smutted by them, were jocularly called the "black guard"; also, the servants and hangers-on of an army. [Obs.] A lousy slave, that . . . rode with the black guard in the duke's carriage, 'mongst spits and dripping pans. Webster (1612). 2. The criminals and vagrants or vagabonds of a town or community, collectively. [Obs.] 3. A person of stained or low character, esp. one who uses scurrilous language, or treats others with foul abuse; a scoundrel; a rough. A man whose manners and sentiments are decidedly below those of his class deserves to be called a blackguard. Macaulay. 4. A vagrant; a bootblack; a gamin. [Obs.] BLACKGUARD Black"guard`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackguarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackguarding.] Defn: To revile or abuse in scurrilous language. Southey. BLACKGUARD Black"guard, a. Defn: Scurrilous; abusive; low; worthless; vicious; as, blackguard language. BLACKGUARDISM Black"guard*ism, n. Defn: The conduct or language of a blackguard; rufflanism. BLACKGUARDLY Black"guard*ly, adv. & a. Defn: In the manner of or resembling a blackguard; abusive; scurrilous; ruffianly. BLACK HAMBURG Black Ham"burg. Defn: A sweet and juicy variety of European grape, of a dark purplish black color, much grown under glass in northern latitudes. BLACK HAND Black Hand. [A trans. of Sp. mano negra.] 1. Defn: A Spanish anarchistic society, many of the members of which were imprisoned in 1883. 2. A lawless or blackmailing secret society, esp. among Italians. [U. S.] BLACKHEAD Black"head`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The scaup duck. BLACKHEART Black"heart`, n. Defn: A heart-shaped cherry with a very dark-colored skin. BLACK-HEARTED Black"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Having a wicked, malignant disposition; morally bad. BLACK HOLE Black" hole`. Defn: A dungeon or dark cell in a prison; a military lock-up or guardroom; -- now commonly with allusion to the cell (the Black Hole) in a fort at Calcutta, into which 146 English prisoners were thrust by the nabob Suraja Dowla on the night of June 20, 17656, and in which 123 of the prisoners died before morning from lack of air. A discipline of unlimited autocracy, upheld by rods, and ferules, and the black hole. H. Spencer. BLACKING Black"ing, n. 1. Any preparation for making things black; esp. one for giving a black luster to boots and shoes, or to stoves. 2. The act or process of making black. BLACKISH Black"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat black. BLACK-JACK Black"-jack`, n. 1. (Min.) Defn: A name given by English miners to sphalerite, or zinc blende; - - called also false galena. See Blende. 2. Caramel or burnt sugar, used to color wines, spirits, ground coffee, etc. 3. A large leather vessel for beer, etc. [Obs.] 4. (Bot.) Defn: The Quercus nigra, or barren oak. 5. The ensign of a pirate. BLACK LEAD Black` lead". Defn: Plumbago; graphite.It leaves a blackish mark somewhat like lead. See Graphite. BLACKLEAD Black`lead", v. t. Defn: To coat or to polish with black lead. BLACKLEG Black"leg`, n. 1. A notorious gambler. [Colloq.] 2. A disease among calves and sheep, characterized by a settling of gelatinous matter in the legs, and sometimes in the neck. [Eng.] BLACK LETTER Black" let`ter. Defn: The old English or Gothic letter, in which the Early English manuscripts were written, and the first English books were printed. It was conspicuous for its blackness. See Type. BLACK-LETTER Black"-let`ter, a. 1. Written or printed in black letter; as, a black-letter manuscript or book. 2. Given to the study of books in black letter; that is, of old books; out of date. Kemble, a black-letter man! J. Boaden. 3. Of or pertaining to the days in the calendar not marked with red letters as saints' days. Hence: Unlucky; inauspicious. BLACKLIST Black"list`, v. t. Defn: To put in a black list as deserving of suspicion, censure, or punishment; esp. to put in a list of persons stigmatized as insolvent or untrustworthy, -- as tradesmen and employers do for mutual protection; as, to blacklist a workman who has been discharged. See Black list, under Black, a. If you blacklist us, we will boycott you. John Swinton. BLACKLY Black"ly, adv. Defn: In a black manner; darkly, in color; gloomily; threateningly; atrociously. "Deeds so blackly grim and horrid." Feltham. BLACKMAIL Black"mail`, n. Etym: [Black + mail a piece of money.] 1. A certain rate of money, corn, cattle, or other thing, anciently paid, in the north of England and south of Scotland, to certain men who were allied to robbers, or moss troopers, to be by them protected from pillage. Sir W. Scott. 2. Payment of money exacted by means of intimidation; also, extortion of money from a person by threats of public accusation, exposure, or censure. 3. (Eng. Law) Defn: Black rent, or rent paid in corn, flesh, or the lowest coin, a opposed to "white rent", which paid in silver. To levy blackmail, to extort money by threats, as of injury to one's reputation. BLACKMAIL Black"mail`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackmailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackmailing.] Defn: To extort money from by exciting fears of injury other than bodily harm, as injury to reputation, distress of mind, etc.; as, to blackmail a merchant by threatening to expose an alleged fraud. [U. S.] BLACKMAILER Black"mail`er, n. Defn: One who extorts, or endeavors to extort, money, by black mailing. BLACKMAILING Black"mail`ing, n. Defn: The act or practice of extorting money by exciting fears of injury other than bodily harm, as injury to reputation. BLACK MONDAY Black" Mon`day. 1. Easter Monday, so called from the severity of that day in 1360, which was so unusual that many of Edward III.'s soldiers, then before Paris, died from the cold. Stow. Then it was not for nothing that may nose fell a bleeding on Black Monday last. Shak. 2. The first Monday after the holidays; -- so called by English schoolboys. Halliwell. BLACK MONK Black" monk`. Defn: A Benedictine monk. BLACKMOOR Black"moor, n. Defn: See Blackamoor. BLACK-MOUTHED Black"-mouthed`, a. Defn: Using foul or scurrilous language; slanderous. BLACKNESS Black"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being black; black color; atrociousness or enormity in wickedness. They're darker now than blackness. Donne. BLACKPOLL Black"poll`, n. Etym: [Black + poll head.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A warbler of the United States (Dendroica striata). BLACK PUDDING Black" pud"ding. Defn: A kind of sausage made of blood, suet, etc., thickened with meal. And fat black puddings, -- proper food, For warriors that delight in blood. Hudibras. BLACK ROD Black" Rod`. (a) the usher to the Chapter of the Garter, so called from the black rod which he carries. He is of the king's chamber, and also usher to the House of Lords. [Eng.] (b) An usher in the legislature of British colonies. Cowell. Committed to the custody of the Black Rod. Macaulay. BLACKROOT Black"root`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Colicroot. BLACKS Blacks, n. pl. 1. The name of a kind of in used in copperplate printing, prepared from the charred husks of the grape, and residue of the wine press. 2. Soot flying in the air. [Eng.] 3. Black garments, etc. See Black, n., 4. BLACKSALTER Black"salt`er, n. Defn: One who,makes crude potash, or black salts. BLACK SALTS Black" salts`. Defn: Crude potash. De Colange. BLACKSMITH Black"smith`, n. Etym: [Black (in allusion to the color of the metal) + smith. Cf. Whitesmith.] 1. A smith who works in iron with a forge, and makes iron utensils, horseshoes, etc. The blacksmith may forge what he pleases. Howell. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of the Pacific coast (Chromis, or Heliastes, punctipinnis), of a blackish color. BLACK SNAKE; BLACKSNAKE Black" snake` or Black"snake, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A snake of a black color, of which two species are common in the United States, the Bascanium constrictor, or racer, sometimes six feet long, and the Scotophis Alleghaniensis, seven or eight feet long. Note: The name is also applied to various other black serpents, as Natrix atra of Jamaica. BLACK SPANISH Black Spanish. Defn: One of an old and well-known Mediterranean breed of domestic fowls with glossy black plumage, blue legs and feet, bright red comb and wattles, and white face. They are remarkable as egg layers. BLACKSTRAP Black"strap`, n. 1. A mixture of spirituous liquor (usually rum) and molasses. No blackstrap to-night; switchel, or ginger pop. Judd. 2. Bad port wine; any commo wine of the Mediterranean; -- so called by sailors. BLACKTAIL Black"tail`, n. Etym: [Black + tail.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish; the ruff or pope. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The black-tailed deer (Cervus or Cariacus Columbianus) of California and Oregon; also, the mule deer of the Rocky Mountains. See Mule deer. BLACKTHORN Black"thorn`, n. (Bot.) (a) A spreading thorny shrub or small tree (Prunus spinosa), with blackish bark, and bearing little black plums, which are called sloes; the sloe. (b) A species of Cratægus or hawthorn (C. tomentosa). Both are used for hedges. BLACK VOMIT Black" vom"it. (Med.) Defn: A copious vomiting of dark-colored matter; or the substance so discharged; -- one of the most fatal symptoms in yellow fever. BLACK WASH; BLACKWASH Black" wash` or Black"wash, n. 1. (Med.) Defn: A lotion made by mixing calomel and lime water. 2. A wash that blackens, as opposed to whitewash; hence, figuratively, calumny. To remove as far as he can the modern layers of black wash, and let the man himself, fair or foul, be seen. C. Kingsley. BLACKWATER STATE Black"wa`ter State. Defn: Nebraska; -- a nickname alluding to the dark color of the water of its rivers, due to the presence of a black vegetable mold in the soil. BLACKWOOD Black"wood, n. Defn: A name given to several dark-colored timbers. The East Indian black wood is from the tree Dalbergia latifolia. Balfour. BLACKWORK Black"work`, n. Defn: Work wrought by blacksmiths; -- so called in distinction from that wrought by whitesmiths. Knight. BLADDER Blad"der, n. Etym: [OE. bladder, bleddre, AS. bl, bl; akin to Icel. bla, SW. bläddra, Dan. blære, D. blaar, OHG. blatara the bladder in the body of animals, G. blatter blister, bustule; all fr. the same root as AS. blawan, E. blow, to puff. See Blow to puff.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A bag or sac in animals, which serves as the receptacle of some fluid; as, the urinary bladder; the gall bladder; -- applied especially to the urinary bladder, either within the animal, or when taken out and inflated with air. 2. Any vesicle or blister, especially if filled with air, or a thin, watery fluid. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A distended, membranaceous pericarp. 4. Anything inflated, empty, or unsound. "To swim with bladders of philosophy." Rochester. Bladder nut, or Bladder tree (Bot.), a genus of plants (Staphylea) with bladderlike seed pods. -- Bladder pod (Bot.), a genus of low herbs (Vesicaria) with inflated seed pods. -- Bladdor senna (Bot.), a genus of shrubs (Colutea), with membranaceous, inflated pods. -- Bladder worm (Zoöl.), the larva of any species of tapeworm (Tænia), found in the flesh or other parts of animals. See Measle, Cysticercus. -- Bladder wrack (Bot.), the common black rock weed of the seacoast (Fucus nodosus and F. vesiculosus) -- called also bladder tangle. See Wrack. BLADDER Blad"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bladdered; p. pr. & vb. n. Bladdering.] 1. To swell out like a bladder with air; to inflate. [Obs.] G. Fletcher. 2. To put up in bladders; as, bladdered lard. BLADDERWORT Blad"der*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus (Utricularia) of aquatic or marshy plants, which usually bear numerous vesicles in the divisions of the leaves. These serve as traps for minute animals. See Ascidium. BLADDERY Blad"der*y, a. Defn: Having bladders; also, resembling a bladder. BLADE Blade, n. Etym: [OE. blade, blad, AS. blæd leaf; akin to OS., D., Dan., & Sw. blad, Icel. bla, OHG. blat, G. blatt, and perh. to L. folium, Gr. . The root is prob. the same as that of AS. bl, E. blow, to blossom. See Blow to blossom, and cf. Foil leaf of metal.] 1. Properly, the leaf, or flat part of the leaf, of any plant, especially of gramineous plants. The term is sometimes applied to the spire of grasses. The crimson dulse . . . with its waving blade. Percival. First the blade, then ear, after that the full corn in the ear. Mark iv. 28. 2. The cutting part of an instrument; as, the blade of a knife or a sword. 3. The broad part of an oar; also, one of the projecting arms of a screw propeller. 4. The scapula or shoulder blade. 5. pl. (Arch.) Defn: The principal rafters of a roof. Weale. 6. pl. (Com.) Defn: The four large shell plates on the sides, and the five large ones of the middle, of the carapace of the sea turtle, which yield the best tortoise shell. De Colange. 7. A sharp-witted, dashing, wild, or reckless, fellow; -- a word of somewhat indefinite meaning. He saw a turnkey in a trice Fetter a troublesome blade. Coleridge. BLADE Blade, v. t. Defn: To furnish with a blade. BLADE Blade, v. i. Defn: To put forth or have a blade. As sweet a plant, as fair a flower, is faded As ever in the Muses' garden bladed. P. Fletcher. BLADEBONE Blade"bone`, n. Defn: The scapula. See Blade, 4. BLADED Blad"ed, a. 1. Having a blade or blades; as a two-bladed knife. Decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass. Shak. 2. Divested of blades; as, bladed corn. 3. (Min.) Defn: Composed of long and narrow plates, shaped like the blade of a knife. BLADEFISH Blade"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A long, thin, marine fish of Europe (Trichiurus lepturus); the ribbon fish. BLADESMITH Blade"smith`, n. Defn: A sword cutler. [Obs.] BLADY Blad"y, a. Defn: Consisting of blades. [R.] "Blady grass." Drayton. BLAE Blæ, a. Etym: [See Blue.] Defn: Dark blue or bluish gray; lead-colored. [Scot.] BLAEBERRY Blæ"ber*ry, n. Etym: [Blæ + berry; akin to Icel blaber, Sw. bl, D. blaabær. Cf. Blueberry.] Defn: The bilberry. [North of Eng. & Scot.] BLAGUE Blague, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Mendacious boasting; falcefood; humbug. BLAIN Blain, n. Etym: [OE. blein, bleyn, AS. bl; akin to Dan. blegn, D. blein; perh. fr. the same root as E. bladder. See Bladder.] 1. An inflammatory swelling or sore; a bulla, pustule, or blister. Blotches and blains must all his flesh emboss. Milton. 2. (Far.) Defn: A bladder growing on the root of the tongue of a horse, against the windpipe, and stopping the breath. BLAMABLE Blam"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. blâmable.] Defn: Deserving of censure; faulty; culpable; reprehensible; censurable; blameworthy. -- Blam"a*ble*ness, n. -- Blam"a*bly (, adv. BLAME Blame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blaming.] Etym: [OE. blamen, F. blâr, OF. blasmer, fr. L. blasphemare to blaspheme, LL. also to blame, fr. Gr. to speak ill to slander, to blaspheme, fr. evil speaking, perh, for ; injury (fr. to injure) + a saying, fr. to say. Cf. Blaspheme, and see Fame.] 1. To censure; to express disapprobation of; to find fault with; to reproach. We have none to blame but ourselves. Tillotson. 2. To bring reproach upon; to blemish. [Obs.] She . . . blamed her noble blood. Spenser. To blame, to be blamed, or deserving blame; in fault; as, the conductor was to blame for the accident. You were to blame, I must be plain with you. Shak. BLAME Blame, n. Etym: [OE. blame, fr. F. blâme, OF. blasme, fr. blâmer, OF. blasmer, to blame. See Blame, v.] 1. An expression of disapprobation fir something deemed to be wrong; imputation of fault; censure. Let me bear the blame forever. Gen. xiiii. 9. 2. That which is deserving of censure or disapprobation; culpability; fault; crime; sin. Holy and without blame before him in love. Eph. i. 4. 3. Hurt; injury. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. -- Censure; reprehension; condemnation; reproach; fault; sin; crime; wrongdoing. BLAMEFUL Blame"ful, a. 1. Faulty; meriting blame. Shak. 2. Attributing blame or fault; implying or conveying censure; faultfinding; censorious. Chaucer. -- Blame"ful*ly, adv. -- Blame"ful*ness, n. BLAMELESS Blame"less, a. Defn: Free from blame; without fault; innocent; guiltless; -- sometimes followed by of. A bishop then must be blameless. 1 Tim. iii. 2. Blameless still of arts that polish to deprave. Mallet. We will be blameless of this thine oath. Josh. ii. 17. Syn. -- Irreproachable; sinless; unblemished; inculpable. -- Blameless, Spotless, Faultless, Stainless. We speak of a thing as blameless when it is free from blame, or the just imputation of fault; as, a blameless life or character. The others are stronger. We speak of a thing as faultless, stainless, or spotless, only when we mean that it is absolutely without fault or blemish; as, a spotless or stainless reputation; a faultless course of conduct. The last three words apply only to the general character, while blameless may be used in reverence to particular points; as, in this transaction he was wholly blameless. We also apply faultless to personal appearance; as, a faultless figure; which can not be done in respect to any of the other words. BLAMELESSLY Blame"less*ly, adv. Defn: In a blameless manner. BLAMELESSNESS Blame"less*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being blameless; innocence. BLAMER Blam"er, n. Defn: One who blames. Wyclif. BLAMEWORTHY Blame"wor`thy, a. Defn: Deserving blame; culpable; reprehensible. -- Blame"wor`thi*ness, n. BLANC Blanc, n. [F., white.] 1. A white cosmetic. 2. A white sauce of fat, broth, and vegetables, used esp. for braised meat. BLANCARD Blan"card, n. Etym: [F., fr. blanc white.] Defn: A kind of linen cloth made in Normandy, the thread of which is partly blanches before it is woven. BLANCH Blanch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanched; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanching.] Etym: [OE. blanchen, blaunchen, F. blanchir, fr. blanc white. See Blank, a.] 1. To take the color out of, and make white; to bleach; as, to blanch linen; age has blanched his hair. 2. (Gardening) Defn: To bleach by excluding the light, as the stalks or leaves of plants, by earthing them up or tying them together. 3. (Confectionery & Cookery) (a) To make white by removing the skin of, as by scalding; as, to blanch almonds. (b) To whiten, as the surface of meat, by plunging into boiling water and afterwards into cold, so as to harden the surface and retain the juices. 4. To give a white luster to (silver, before stamping, in the process of coining.). 5. To cover (sheet iron) with a coating of tin. 6. Fig.: To whiten; to give a favorable appearance to; to whitewash; to palliate. Blanch over the blackest and most absurd things. Tillotson. Syn. -- To Blanch, Whiten. To whiten is the generic term, denoting, to render white; as, to whiten the walls of a room. Usually (though not of necessity) this is supposed to be done by placing some white coloring matter in or upon the surface of the object in question. To blanch is to whiten by the removal of coloring matter; as, to blanch linen. So the cheek is blanched by fear, i. e., by the withdrawal of the blood, which leaves it white. BLANCH Blanch, v. i. Defn: To grow or become white; as, his cheek blanched with fear; the rose blanches in the sun. [Bones] blanching on the grass. Tennyson. BLANCH Blanch, v. t. Etym: [See Blench.] 1. To avoid, as from fear; to evade; to leave unnoticed. [Obs.] Ifs and ands to qualify the words of treason, whereby every man might express his malice and blanch his danger. Bacon. I suppose you will not blanch Paris in your way. Reliq. Wot. 2. To cause to turn aside or back; as, to blanch a deer. BLANCH Blanch, v. i. Defn: To use evasion. [Obs.] Books will speak plain, when counselors blanch. Bacon. BLANCH Blanch, n. (Mining) Defn: Ore, not in masses, but mixed with other minerals. BLANCHARD LATHE Blan"chard lathe. [After Thomas Blanchard, American inventor.] (Mach.) Defn: A kind of wood-turning lathe for making noncircular and irregular forms, as felloes, gun stocks, lasts, spokes, etc., after a given pattern. The pattern and work rotate on parallel spindles in the same direction with the same speed, and the work is shaped by a rapidly rotating cutter whose position is varied by the pattern acting as a cam upon a follower wheel traversing slowly along the pattern. BLANCHER Blanch"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, blanches or whitens; esp., one who anneals and cleanses money; also, a chemical preparation for this purpose. BLANCHER Blanch"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, frightens away or turns aside. [Obs.] And Gynecia, a blancher, which kept the dearest deer from her. Sir P. Sidney. And so even now hath he divers blanchers belonging to the market, to let and stop the light of the gospel. Latimer. BLANCH HOLDING Blanch" hold`ing. (Scots Law) Defn: A mode of tenure by the payment of a small duty in white rent (silver) or otherwise. BLANCHIMETER Blanch*im"e*ter, n. Etym: [1st blanch + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the bleaching power of chloride of lime and potash; a chlorometer. Ure. BLANCMANGE Blanc*mange", n. Etym: [F. blancmanger, lit. white food; blanc white + manger to eat.] (Cookery) Defn: A preparation for desserts, etc., made from isinglass, sea moss, cornstarch, or other gelatinous or starchy substance, with mild, usually sweetened and flavored, and shaped in a mold. BLANCMANGER Blanc*man"ger, n. Etym: [F. See Blancmange.] Defn: A sort of fricassee with white sauce, variously made of capon, fish, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer. BLAND Bland, a. Etym: [L. blandus, of unknown origin.] 1. Mild; soft; gentle; smooth and soothing in manner; suave; as, a bland temper; bland persuasion; a bland sycophant. "Exhilarating vapor bland." Milton. 2. Having soft and soothing qualities; not drastic or irritating; not stimulating; as, a bland oil; a bland diet. BLANDATION Blan*da"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. L. blanditia, blandities, fr. blandus. See Bland.] Defn: Flattery. [Obs.] BLANDILOQUENCE Blan*dil"o*quence, n. Etym: [L. blandiloquentia; blandus mild + loqui to speak.] Defn: Mild, flattering speech. BLANDILOQUOUS; BLANDILOQUIOUS Blan*dil"o*quous, Blan*di*lo"qui*ous, a. Defn: Fair-spoken; flattering. BLANDISE Blan"dise, v. i. Etym: [Same word as Blandish.] Defn: To blandish any one. [Obs.] Chaucer. BLANDISH Blan"dish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blandished; p. pr. & vb. n. Blandishing.] Etym: [OE. blaundisen, F. blandir, fr. L. blandiri, fr. blandus mild, flattering.] 1. To flatter with kind words or affectionate actions; to caress; to cajole. 2. To make agreeable and enticing. Mustering all her wiles, With blandished parleys. Milton. BLANDISHER Blan"dish*er, n. Defn: One who uses blandishments. BLANDISHMENT Blan"dish*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. blandissement.] Defn: The act of blandishing; a word or act expressive of affection or kindness, and tending to win the heart; soft words and artful caresses; cajolery; allurement. Cowering low with blandishment. Milton. Attacked by royal smiles, by female blandishments. Macaulay. BLANDLY Bland"ly, adv. Defn: In a bland manner; mildly; suavely. BLANDNESS Bland"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being bland. BLANK Blank, a. Etym: [OE. blank, blonc, blaunc, blaunche, fr. F. blanc, fem. blanche, fr. OHG. blanch shining, bright, white, G. blank; akin to E. blink, cf. also AS. blanc white. Blink, and cf. 1st Blanch.] 1. Of a white or pale color; without color. To the blank moon Her office they prescribed. Milton. 2. Free from writing, printing, or marks; having an empty space to be filled in with some special writing; -- said of checks, official documents, etc.; as, blank paper; a blank check; a blank ballot. 3. Utterly confounded or discomfited. Adam . . . astonied stood, and blank. Milton. 4. Empty; void; without result; fruitless; as, a blank space; a blank day. 5. Lacking characteristics which give variety; as, a blank desert; a blank wall; destitute of interests, affections, hopes, etc.; as, to live a blank existence; destitute of sensations; as, blank unconsciousness. 6. Lacking animation and intelligence, or their associated characteristics, as expression of face, look, etc.; expressionless; vacant. "Blank and horror-stricken faces." C. Kingsley. The blank . . . glance of a half returned consciousness. G. Eliot. 7. Absolute; downright; unmixed; as, blank terror. Blank bar (Law), a plea put in to oblige the plaintiff in an action of trespass to assign the certain place where the trespass was committed; -- called also common bar. -- Blank cartridge, a cartridge containing no ball. -- Blank deed. See Deed. -- Blank door, or Blank window (Arch.), a depression in a wall of the size of a door or window, either for symmetrical effect, or for the more convenient insertion of a door or window at a future time, should it be needed. -- Blank indorsement (Law), an indorsement which omits the name of the person in whose favor it is made; it is usually made by simply writing the name of the indorser on the back of the bill. -- Blank line (Print.), a vacant space of the breadth of a line, on a printed page; a line of quadrats. -- Blank tire (Mech.), a tire without a flange. -- Blank tooling. See Blind tooling, under Blind. -- Blank verse. See under Verse. -- Blank wall, a wall in which there is no opening; a dead wall. BLANK Blank, n. 1. Any void space; a void space on paper, or in any written instrument; an interval void of consciousness, action, result, etc; a void. I can not write a paper full, I used to do; and yet I will not forgive a blank of half an inch from you. Swift. From this time there ensues a long blank in the history of French legislation. Hallam. I was ill. I can't tell how long -- it was a blank. G. Eliot. 2. A lot by which nothing is gained; a ticket in a lottery on which no prize is indicated. In Fortune's lottery lies A heap of blanks, like this, for one small prize. Dryden. 3. A paper unwritten; a paper without marks or characters a blank ballot; -- especially, a paper on which are to be inserted designated items of information, for which spaces are left vacant; a bland form. The freemen signified their approbation by an inscribed vote, and their dissent by a blank. Palfrey. 4. A paper containing the substance of a legal instrument, as a deed, release, writ, or execution, with spaces left to be filled with names, date, descriptions, etc. 5. The point aimed at in a target, marked with a white spot; hence, the object to which anything is directed. Let me still remain The true blank of thine eye. Shak. 6. Aim; shot; range. [Obs.] I have stood . . . within the blank of his displeasure For my free speech. Shak. 7. A kind of base silver money, first coined in England by Henry V., and worth about 8 pence; also, a French coin of the seventeenth century, worth about 4 pence. Nares. 8. (Mech.) Defn: A piece of metal prepared to be made into something by a further operation, as a coin, screw, nuts. 9. (Dominoes) Defn: A piece or division of a piece, without spots; as, the "double blank"; the "six blank." In blank, with an essential portion to be supplied by another; as, to make out a check in blank. BLANK Blank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanked; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanking.] Etym: [Cf. 3d Blanch.] 1. To make void; to annul. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To blanch; to make blank; to damp the spirits of; to dispirit or confuse. [Obs.] Each opposite that blanks the face of joy. Shak. BLANKET Blan"ket, n. Etym: [F. blanchet, OF. also blanket, a woolen waistcoat or shirt, the blanket of a printing press; prop. white woolen stuff, dim. of blanc white; blanquette a kind of white pear, fr. blanc white. See Blank, a.] 1. A heavy, loosely woven fabric, usually of wool, and having a nap, used in bed clothing; also, a similar fabric used as a robe; or any fabric used as a cover for a horse. 2. (Print.) Defn: A piece of rubber, felt, or woolen cloth, used in the tympan to make it soft and elastic. 3. A streak or layer of blubber in whales. Note: The use of blankets formerly as curtains in theaters explains the following figure of Shakespeare. Nares. Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark To cry, "Hold, hold!" Shak. Blanket sheet, a newspaper of folio size. -- A wet blanket, anything which damps, chills, dispirits, or discour BLANKET Blan"ket, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanketing.] 1. To cover with a blanket. I'll . . . blanket my loins. Shak. 2. To toss in a blanket by way of punishment. We'll have our men blanket 'em i' the hall. B. Jonson. 3. To take the wind out of the sails of (another vessel) by sailing to windward of her. Blanket cattle. See Belted cattle, under Belted. BLANKET CLAUSE Blan"ket clause`. (Law) Defn: A clause, as in a blanket mortgage or policy, that includes a group or class of things, rather than a number mentioned individually and having the burden, loss, or the like, apportioned among them. BLANKETING Blan"ket*ing, n. 1. Cloth for blankets. 2. The act or punishment of tossing in a blanket. That affair of the blanketing happened to thee for the fault thou wast guilty of. Smollett. BLANKET MORTGAGE; BLANKET POLICY Blan"ket mortgage or Blan"ket policy . Defn: One that covers a group or class of things or properties instead of one or more things mentioned individually, as where a mortgage secures various debts as a group, or subjects a group or class of different pieces of property to one general lien. BLANKET STITCH Blanket stitch. Defn: A buttonhole stitch worked wide apart on the edge of material, as blankets, too thick to hem. BLANKLY Blank"ly, adv. 1. In a blank manner; without expression; vacuously; as, to stare blankly. G. Eliot. 2. Directly; flatly; point blank. De Quincey. BLANKNESS Blank"ness, n. Defn: The state of being blank. BLANQUETTE Blan*quette", n. Etym: [F. blanquette, from blanc white.] (Cookery) Defn: A white fricassee. BLANQUILLO Blan*quil"lo, n. Etym: [Sp. blanquillo whitish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large fish of Florida and the W. Indies (Caulolatilus chrysops). It is red, marked with yellow. BLARE Blare, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blared; p. pr. & vb. n. Blaring.] Etym: [OE. blaren, bloren, to cry, woop; cf. G. plärren to bleat, D. blaren to bleat, cry, weep. Prob. an imitative word, but cf. also E. blast. Cf. Blore.] Defn: To sound loudly and somewhat harshly. "The trumpet blared." Tennyson. BLARE Blare, v. t. Defn: To cause to sound like the blare of a trumpet; to proclaim loudly. To blare its own interpretation. Tennyson. BLARE Blare, n. Defn: The harsh noise of a trumpet; a loud and somewhat harsh noise, like the blast of a trumpet; a roar or bellowing. With blare of bugle, clamor of men. Tennyson. His ears are stunned with the thunder's blare. J. R. Drake. BLARNEY Blar"ney, n. Etym: [Blarney, a village and castle near Cork.] Defn: Smooth, wheedling talk; flattery. [Colloq.] Blarney stone, a stone in Blarney castle, Ireland, said to make those who kiss it proficient in the use of blarney. BLARNEY Blar"ney, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blarneyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blarneying.] Defn: To influence by blarney; to wheedle with smooth talk; to make or accomplish by blarney. "Blarneyed the landlord." Irving. Had blarneyed his way from Long Island. S. G. Goodrich. BLASE Bla*sé", a. Etym: [F., p. p. of blaser.] Defn: Having the sensibilities deadened by excess or frequency of enjoyment; sated or surfeited with pleasure; used up. BLASPHEME Blas*pheme", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blasphemed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blaspheming.] Etym: [OE. blasfem, L. blasphemare, fr. Gr. : cf. F. blasphémer. See Blame, v.] 1. To speak of, or address, with impious irreverence; to revile impiously (anything sacred); as, to blaspheme the Holy Spirit. So Dagon shall be magnified, and God, Besides whom is no god, compared with idols, Disglorified, blasphemed, and had in scorn. Milton. How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge thyself on all those who thus continually blaspheme thy great and all-glorious name Dr. W. Beveridge. 2. Figuratively, of persons and things not religiously sacred, but held in high honor: To calumniate; to revile; to abuse. You do blaspheme the good in mocking me. Shak. Those who from our labors heap their board, Blaspheme their feeder and forget their lord. Pope. BLASPHEME Blas*pheme", v. i. Defn: To utter blasphemy. He that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never forgiveness. Mark iii. 29. BLASPHEMER Blas*phem"er, n. Defn: One who blasphemes. And each blasphemer quite escape the rod, Because the insult's not on man, but God Pope. BLASPHEMOUS Blas"phe*mous, a. Etym: [L. blasphemus, Gr. .] Defn: Speaking or writing blasphemy; uttering or exhibiting anything impiously irreverent; profane; as, a blasphemous person; containing blasphemy; as, a blasphemous book; a blasphemous caricature. "Blasphemous publications." Porteus. Nor from the Holy One of Heaven Refrained his tongue blasphemous. Milton. Note: Formerly this word was accented on the second syllable, as in the above example. BLASPHEMOUSLY Blas"phe*mous*ly, adv. Defn: In a blasphemous manner. BLASPHEMY Blas"phe*my, n. Etym: [L. blasphemia, Gr. : cf. OF. blasphemie.] 1. An indignity offered to God in words, writing, or signs; impiously irreverent words or signs addressed to, or used in reference to, God; speaking evil of God; also, the act of claiming the attributes or prerogatives of deity. Note: When used generally in statutes or at common law, blasphemy is the use of irreverent words or signs in reference to the Supreme Being in such a way as to produce scandal or provoke violence. 2. Figuratively, of things held in high honor: Calumny; abuse; vilification. Punished for his blasphemy against learning. Bacon. -BLAST -blast. Etym: [Gr. sprout, shoot.] Defn: A suffix or terminal formative, used principally in biological terms, and signifying growth, formation; as, bioblast, epiblast, mesoblast, etc. BLAST Blast, n. Etym: [AS. bl a puff of wind, a blowing; akin to Icel. blastr, OHG. blast, and fr. a verb akin to Icel. blasa to blow, OHG. blâsan, Goth. bl (in comp.); all prob. from the same root as E. blow. See Blow to eject air.] 1. A violent gust of wind. And see where surly Winter passes off, Far to the north, and calls his ruffian blasts; His blasts obey, and quit the howling hill. Thomson. 2. A forcible stream of air from an orifice, as from a bellows, the mouth, etc. Hence: The continuous blowing to which one charge of ore or metal is subjected in a furnace; as, to melt so many tons of iron at a blast. Note: The terms hot blast and cold blast are employed to designate whether the current is heated or not heated before entering the furnace. A blast furnace is said to be in blast while it is in operation, and out of blast when not in use. 3. The exhaust steam from and engine, driving a column of air out of a boiler chimney, and thus creating an intense draught through the fire; also, any draught produced by the blast. 4. The sound made by blowing a wind instrument; strictly, the sound produces at one breath. One blast upon his bugle horn Were worth a thousand men. Sir W. Scott. The blast of triumph o'er thy grave. Bryant. 5. A sudden, pernicious effect, as if by a noxious wind, especially on animals and plants; a blight. By the blast of God they perish. Job iv. 9. Virtue preserved from fell destruction's blast. Shak. 6. The act of rending, or attempting to rend, heavy masses of rock, earth, etc., by the explosion of gunpowder, dynamite, etc.; also, the charge used for this purpose. "Large blasts are often used." Tomlinson. 7. A flatulent disease of sheep. Blast furnace, a furnace, usually a shaft furnace for smelting ores, into which air is forced by pressure. -- Blast hole, a hole in the bottom of a pump stock through which water enters. -- Blast nozzle, a fixed or variable orifice in the delivery end of a blast pipe; -- called also blast orifice. -- In full blast, in complete operation; in a state of great activity. See Blast, n., 2. [Colloq.] BLAST Blast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blasting.] 1. To injure, as by a noxious wind; to cause to wither; to stop or check the growth of, and prevent from fruit-bearing, by some pernicious influence; to blight; to shrivel. Seven thin ears, and blasted with the east wind. Gen. xii. 6. 2. Hence, to affect with some sudden violence, plague, calamity, or blighting influence, which destroys or causes to fail; to visit with a curse; to curse; to ruin; as, to blast pride, hopes, or character. I'll cross it, though it blast me. Shak. Blasted with excess of light. T. Gray. 3. To confound by a loud blast or din. Trumpeters, With brazen din blast you the city's ear. Shak. 4. To rend open by any explosive agent, as gunpowder, dynamite, etc.; to shatter; as, to blast rocks. BLAST Blast, v. i. 1. To be blighted or withered; as, the bud blasted in the blossom. 2. To blow; to blow on a trumpet. [Obs.] Toke his blake trumpe faste And gan to puffen and to blaste. Chaucer. BLASTED Blast"ed, a. 1. Blighted; withered. Upon this blasted heath. Shak. 2. Confounded; accursed; detestable. Some of her own blasted gypsies. Sir W. Scott. 3. Rent open by an explosive. The blasted quarry thunders, heard remote. Wordsworth. BLASTEMA Blas*te"ma, n.; pl. Blastemata. Etym: [Gr. bud, sprout.] (Biol.) Defn: The structureless, protoplasmic tissue of the embryo; the primitive basis of an organ yet unformed, from which it grows. BLASTEMAL Blas*te"mal, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to the blastema; rudimentary. BLASTEMATIC Blas`te*mat"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Connected with, or proceeding from, the blastema; blastemal. BLASTER Blast"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, blasts or destroys. BLASTIDE Blas"tide, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout, fr. to grow.] (Biol.) Defn: A small, clear space in the segments of the ovum, the precursor of the nucleus. BLASTING Blast"ing, n. 1. A blast; destruction by a blast, or by some pernicious cause. I have smitten you with blasting and mildew. Amos iv. 9. 2. The act or process of one who, or that which, blasts; the business of one who blasts. BLAST LAMP Blast lamp. Defn: A lamp provided with some arrangement for intensifying combustion by means of a blast. BLASTMENT Blast"ment, n. Defn: A sudden stroke or injury produced by some destructive cause. [Obs.] Shak. BLASTOCARPOUS Blas`to*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. sprout, germ + fruit.] (Bot.) Defn: Germinating inside the pericarp, as the mangrove. Brande & C. BLASTOCOELE Blas"to*coele, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + hollow.] (Biol.) Defn: The cavity of the blastosphere, or segmentation cavity. BLASTOCYST Blas"to*cyst, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + E. cyst.] (Biol.) Defn: The germinal vesicle. BLASTODERM Blas"to*derm, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + E. derm.] (Biol.) Defn: The germinal membrane in an ovum, from which the embryo is developed. BLASTODERMATIC; BLASTODERMIC Blas`to*der*mat"ic, Blas`to*der"mic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the blastoderm. BLASTOGENESIS Blas`to*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + E. genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: Multiplication or increase by gemmation or budding. BLASTOID Blas"toid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Blastoidea. BLASTOIDEA Blas*toid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. sprout + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the divisions of Crinoidea found fossil in paleozoic rocks; pentremites. They are so named on account of their budlike form. BLASTOMERE Blas"to*mere, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + -mere.] (Biol.) Defn: One of the segments first formed by the division of the ovum. Balfour. BLASTOPHORAL; BLASTOPHORIC Blas`toph"o*ral, Blas`to*phor"ic, a. Defn: Relating to the blastophore. BLASTOPHORE Blas"to*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + to bear.] (Biol.) Defn: That portion of the spermatospore which is not converted into spermatoblasts, but carries them. BLASTOPORE Blas"to*pore, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + E. pore.] (Biol.) Defn: The pore or opening leading into the cavity of invagination, or archenteron. Note: [See Illust. of Invagination.] Balfour. BLASTOSPHERE Blas"to*sphere, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + E. sphere.] (Biol.) Defn: The hollow globe or sphere formed by the arrangement of the blastomeres on the periphery of an impregnated ovum. Note: [See Illust. of Invagination.] BLASTOSTYLE Blas"to*style, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout, bud + a pillar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: In certain hydroids, an imperfect zooid, whose special function is to produce medusoid buds. See Hydroidea, and Athecata. BLAST PIPE Blast" pipe`. Defn: The exhaust pipe of a steam engine, or any pipe delivering steam or air, when so constructed as to cause a blast. BLASTULA Blas"tu*la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of Gr. a sprout.] (Biol.) Defn: That stage in the development of the ovum in which the outer cells of the morula become more defined and form the blastoderm. BLASTULE Blas"tule, n. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Blastula. BLASTY Blast"y, a. 1. Affected by blasts; gusty. 2. Causing blast or injury. [Obs.] Boyle. BLAT Blat, v. i. Defn: To cry, as a calf or sheep; to bleat; to make a senseless noise; to talk inconsiderately. [Low] BLAT Blat, v. t. Defn: To utter inconsiderately. [Low] If I have anything on my mind, I have to blat it right out. W. D. Howells. BLATANCY Bla"tan*cy, n. Defn: Blatant quality. BLATANT Bla"tant, a. Etym: [Cf. Bleat.] Defn: Bellowing, as a calf; bawling; brawling; clamoring; disagreeably clamorous; sounding loudly and harshly. "Harsh and blatant tone." R. H. Dana. A monster, which the blatant beast men call. Spenser. Glory, that blatant word, which haunts some military minds like the bray of the trumpet. W. Irving. BLATANTLY Bla"tant*ly, adv. Defn: In a blatant manner. BLATHER Blath"er (blath"er), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Blathered; p. pr. & vb. n. Blathering.] [Written also blether.] [Icel. blaðra. Cf. Blatherskite.] Defn: To talk foolishly, or nonsensically. G. Eliot. BLATHER Blath"er, n. [Written also blether.] Defn: Voluble, foolish, or nonsensical talk; -- often in the pl. Hall Caine. BLATHERSKITE Blath"er*skite, n. Defn: A blustering, talkative fellow. [Local slang, U. S.] Barllett. BLATTER Blat"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blattered.] Etym: [L. blaterare to babble: cf. F. blatérer to bleat.] Defn: To prate; to babble; to rail; to make a senseless noise; to patter. [Archaic] "The rain blattered." Jeffrey. They procured . . . preachers to blatter against me, . . . so that they had place and time to belie me shamefully. Latimer. BLATTERATION Blat`ter*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. blateratio a babbling.] Defn: Blattering. BLATTERER Blat"ter*er, n. Defn: One who blatters; a babbler; a noisy, blustering boaster. BLATTERING Blat"ter*ing, n. Defn: Senseless babble or boasting. BLATTEROON Blat`ter*oon", n. Etym: [L. blatero, -onis.] Defn: A senseless babbler or boaster. [Obs.] "I hate such blatteroons." Howell. BLAUBOK Blau"bok, n. Etym: [D. blauwbok.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The blue buck. See Blue buck, under Blue. BLAY Blay, n. Etym: [AS. bl, fr. bl, bleak, white; akin to Icel. bleikja, OHG. bleicha, G. bleihe. See Bleak, n. & a.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish. See Bleak, n. BLAZE Blaze (blaz), n. Etym: [OE. blase, AS. blæse, blase; akin to OHG. blass whitish, G. blass pale, MHG. blas torch, Icel. blys torch; perh. fr. the same root as E. blast. Cf. Blast, Blush, Blink.] 1. A stream of gas or vapor emitting light and heat in the process of combustion; a bright flame. "To heaven the blaze uprolled." Croly. 2. Intense, direct light accompanied with heat; as, to seek shelter from the blaze of the sun. O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon! Milton. 3. A bursting out, or active display of any quality; an outburst; a brilliant display. "Fierce blaze of riot." "His blaze of wrath." Shak. For what is glory but the blaze of fame Milton. 4. [Cf. D. bles; akin to E. blaze light.] Defn: A white spot on the forehead of a horse. 5. A spot made on trees by chipping off a piece of the bark, usually as a surveyor's mark. Three blazes in a perpendicular line on the same tree indicating a legislative road, the single blaze a settlement or neighborhood road. Carlton. In a blaze, on fire; burning with a flame; filled with, giving, or reflecting light; excited or exasperated. -- Like blazes, furiously; rapidly. [Low] "The horses did along like blazes tear." Poem in Essex dialect. Note: In low language in the U. S., blazes is frequently used of something extreme or excessive, especially of something very bad; as, blue as blazes. Neal. Syn. -- Blaze, Flame. A blaze and a flame are both produced by burning gas. In blaze the idea of light rapidly evolved is prominent, with or without heat; as, the blaze of the sun or of a meteor. Flame includes a stronger notion of heat; as, he perished in the flames. BLAZE Blaze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blazed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blazing.] 1. To shine with flame; to glow with flame; as, the fire blazes. 2. To send forth or reflect glowing or brilliant light; to show a blaze. And far and wide the icy summit blazed. Wordsworth. 3. To be resplendent. Macaulay. To blaze away, to discharge a firearm, or to continue firing; -- said esp. of a number of persons, as a line of soldiers. Also used (fig.) of speech or action. [Colloq.] BLAZE Blaze, v. t. 1. To mark (a tree) by chipping off a piece of the bark. I found my way by the blazed trees. Hoffman. 2. To designate by blazing; to mark out, as by blazed trees; as, to blaze a line or path. Champollion died in 1832, having done little more than blaze out the road to be traveled by others. Nott. BLAZE Blaze, v. t. Etym: [OE. blasen to blow; perh. confused with blast and blaze a flame, OE. blase. Cf. Blaze, v. i., and see Blast.] 1. To make public far and wide; to make known; to render conspicuous. On charitable lists he blazed his name. Pollok. To blaze those virtues which the good would hide. Pope. 2. (Her.) Defn: To blazon. [Obs.] Peacham. BLAZER Blaz"er, n. Defn: One who spreads reports or blazes matters abroad. "Blazers of crime." Spenser. BLAZING Blaz"ing, a. Defn: Burning with a blaze; as, a blazing fire; blazing torches. Sir W. Scott. Blazing star. (a) A comet. [Obs.] (b) A brilliant center of attraction. (c) (Bot.) A name given to several plants; as, to Chamælirium luteum of the Lily family; Liatris squarrosa; and Aletris farinosa, called also colicroot and star grass. BLAZON Bla"zon, n. Etym: [OE. blason, blasoun, shield, fr. F. blason coat of arms, OF. shield, from the root of AS. blæse blaze, i. e., luster, splendor, MHG. blas torch See Blaze, n.] 1. A shield. [Obs.] 2. An heraldic shield; a coat of arms, or a bearing on a coat of arms; armorial bearings. Their blazon o'er his towers displayed. Sir W. Scott. 3. The art or act of describing or depicting heraldic bearings in the proper language or manner. Peacham. 4. Ostentatious display, either by words or other means; publication; show; description; record. Obtrude the blazon of their exploits upon the company. Collier. Thy tongue, thy face, thy limbs, actions, and spirit, Do give thee fivefold blazon. Shak. BLAZON Bla"zon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blazoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Blazoning.] Etym: [From blazon, n.; confused with 4th blaze: cf. F. blasonner.] 1. To depict in colors; to display; to exhibit conspicuously; to publish or make public far and wide. Thyself thou blazon'st. Shak. There pride sits blazoned on th' unmeaning brow. Trumbull. To blazon his own worthless name. Cowper. 2. To deck; to embellish; to adorn. She blazons in dread smiles her hideous form. Garth. 3. (Her.) Defn: To describe in proper terms (the figures of heraldic devices); also, to delineate (armorial bearings); to emblazon. The coat of , arms, which I am not herald enough to blazon into English. Addison. BLAZON Bla"zon, v. i. Defn: To shine; to be conspicuous. [R.] BLAZONER Bla"zon*er, n. Defn: One who gives publicity, proclaims, or blazons; esp., one who blazons coats of arms; a herald. Burke. BLAZONMENT Bla"zon*ment, n. Defn: The act or blazoning; blazoning; emblazonment. BLAZONRY Bla"zon*ry, n. 1. Same as Blazon, 3. The principles of blazonry. Peacham. 2. A coat of arms; an armorial bearing or bearings. The blazonry of Argyle. Lord Dufferin. 3. Artistic representation or display. BLEA Blea, n. Defn: The part of a tree which lies immediately under the bark; the alburnum or sapwood. BLEABERRY Blea"ber*ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Blaeberry. BLEACH Bleach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bleached; p. pr. & vb. n. Bleaching.] Etym: [OE. blakien, blechen, v. t. & v. i., AS. blacian, bl, to grow pale; akin to Icel. bleikja, Sw. bleka, Dan. blege, D. bleeken, G. bleichen, AS. blac pale. See Bleak, a.] Defn: To make white, or whiter; to remove the color, or stains, from; to blanch; to whiten. The destruction of the coloring matters attached to the bodies to be bleached is effected either by the action of the air and light, of chlorine, or of sulphurous acid. Ure. Immortal liberty, whose look sublime Hath bleached the tyrant's cheek in every varying clime. Smollett. BLEACH Bleach, v. i. Defn: To grow white or lose color; to whiten. BLEACHED Bleached, a. Defn: Whitened; make white. Let their bleached bones, and blood's unbleaching stain, Long mark the battlefield with hideous awe. Byron. BLEACHER Bleach"er, n. Defn: One who whitens, or whose occupation is to whiten, by bleaching. BLEACHERY Bleach"er*y, n.; pl. Bleacheries (. Defn: A place or an establishment where bleaching is done. BLEACHING Bleach"ing, n. Defn: The act or process of whitening, by removing color or stains; esp. the process of whitening fabrics by chemical agents. Ure. Bleaching powder, a powder for bleaching, consisting of chloride of lime, or some other chemical or chemicals. BLEAK Bleak, a. Etym: [OE. blac, bleyke, bleche, AS. blac, bl, pale, wan; akin to Icel. bleikr, Sw. blek, Dan. bleg, OS. bl, D. bleek, OHG. pleih, G. bleich; all from the root of AS. blican to shine; akin to OHG. blichen to shine; cf. L. flagrare to burn, Gr. to burn, shine, Skr. bhraj to shine, and E. flame. Bleach, Blink, Flame.] 1. Without color; pale; pallid. [Obs.] When she came out she looked as pale and as bleak as one that were laid out dead. Foxe. 2. Desolate and exposed; swept by cold winds. Wastes too bleak to rear The common growth of earth, the foodful ear. Wordsworth. At daybreak, on the bleak sea beach. Longfellow. 3. Cold and cutting; cheerless; as, a bleak blast. -- Bleak"ish, a. -- Bleak"ly, adv. -- Bleak"ness, n. BLEAK Bleak, n. Etym: [From Bleak, a., cf. Blay.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European river fish (Leuciscus alburnus), of the family Cyprinidæ; the blay. [Written also blick.] Note: The silvery pigment lining the scales of the bleak is used in the manufacture of artificial pearls. Baird. BLEAKY Bleak"y, a. Defn: Bleak. [Obs.] Dryden. BLEAR Blear, a. Etym: [See Blear, v.] 1. Dim or sore with water or rheum; -- said of the eyes. His blear eyes ran in gutters to his chin. Dryden. 2. Causing or caused by dimness of sight; dim. Power to cheat the eye with blear illusion. Milton. BLEAR Blear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bleared; p. pr. & vb. n. Blearing.] Etym: [OE. bleren; cf. Dan. plire to blink, Sw. plira to twinkle, wink, LG. plieren; perh. from the same root as E. blink. See Blink, and cf. Blur.] Defn: To make somewhat sore or watery, as the eyes; to dim, or blur, as the sight. Figuratively: To obscure (mental or moral perception); to blind; to hoodwink. That tickling rheums Should ever tease the lungs and blear the sight. Cowper. To blear the eye of, to deceive; to impose upon. [Obs.] Chaucer. BLEARED Bleared, a. Defn: Dimmed, as by a watery humor; affected with rheum. -- Blear"ed*ness (, n. Dardanian wives, With bleared visages, come forth to view The issue of the exploit. Shak. BLEAREYE Blear"eye`, n. (Med.) Defn: A disease of the eyelids, consisting in chronic inflammation of the margins, with a gummy secretion of sebaceous matter. Dunglison. BLEAR-EYED Blear"-eyed`, a. 1. Having sore eyes; having the eyes dim with rheum; dim-sighted. The blear-eyed Crispin. Drant. 2. Lacking in perception or penetration; short-sighted; as, a blear- eyed bigot. BLEAREYEDNESS Blear"eyed`ness, n. Defn: The state of being blear-eyed. BLEARY Blear"y, a. Defn: Somewhat blear. BLEAT Bleat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bleated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bleating.] Etym: [OE. bleten, AS. bl; akin to D. blaten, bleeten, OHG. blazan, plazan; prob. of imitative origin.] Defn: To make the noise of, or one like that of, a sheep; to cry like a sheep or calf. Then suddenly was heard along the main, To low the ox, to bleat the woolly train. Pope The ewe that will not hear her lamb when it baas, will never answer a calf when he bleats. Shak. BLEAT Bleat, n. Defn: A plaintive cry of, or like that of, a sheep. The bleat of fleecy sheep. Chapman's Homer. BLEATER Bleat"er, n. Defn: One who bleats; a sheep. In cold, stiff soils the bleaters oft complain Of gouty ails. Dyer. BLEATING Bleat"ing, a. Defn: Crying as a sheep does. Then came the shepherd back with his bleating flocks from the seaside. Longfellow. BLEATING Bleat"ing, n. Defn: The cry of, or as of, a sheep. Chapman. BLEB Bleb, n. Etym: [Prov. E. bleb, bleib, blob, bubble, blister. This word belongs to the root of blub, blubber, blabber, and perh. blow to puff.] Defn: A large vesicle or bulla, usually containing a serous fluid; a blister; a bubble, as in water, glass, etc. Arsenic abounds with air blebs. Kirwan. BLEBBY Bleb"by, a. Defn: Containing blebs, or characterized by blebs; as, blebby glass. BLECK; BLEK Bleck, Blek, v. t. Defn: To blacken; also, to defile. [Obs. or Dial.] Wyclif. BLED Bled, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bleed. BLEE Blee, n. Etym: [AS. bleó, bleóh.] Defn: Complexion; color; hue; likeness; form. [Archaic] For him which is so bright of blee. Lament. of Mary Magd. That boy has a strong blee of his father. Forby. BLEED Bleed, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bleeding.] Etym: [OE. bleden, AS. bl, fr. bl blood; akin to Sw. blöda, Dan. blöde, D. bloeden, G. bluten. See Blood.] 1. To emit blood; to lose blood; to run with blood, by whatever means; as, the arm bleeds; the wound bled freely; to bleed at the nose. 2. To withdraw blood from the body; to let blood; as, Dr. A. bleeds in fevers. 3. To lose or shed one's blood, as in case of a violent death or severe wounds; to die by violence. "Cæsar must bleed." Shak. The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day. Pope. 4. To issue forth, or drop, as blood from an incision. For me the balm shall bleed. Pope. 5. To lose sap, gum, or juice; as, a tree or a vine bleeds when tapped or wounded. 6. To pay or lose money; to have money drawn or extorted; as, to bleed freely for a cause. [Colloq.] To make the heart bleed, to cause extreme pain, as from sympathy or pity. BLEED Bleed, v. t. 1. To let blood from; to take or draw blood from, as by opening a vein. 2. To lose, as blood; to emit or let drop, as sap. A decaying pine of stately size, bleeding amber. H. Miller. 3. To draw money from (one); to induce to pay; as, they bled him freely for this fund. [Colloq.] BLEEDER Bleed"er, n. (Med.) (a) One who, or that which, draws blood. (b) One in whom slight wounds give rise to profuse or uncontrollable bleeding. BLEEDING Bleed"ing, a. Defn: Emitting, or appearing to emit, blood or sap, etc.; also, expressing anguish or compassion. BLEEDING Bleed"ing, n. Defn: A running or issuing of blood, as from the nose or a wound; a hemorrhage; the operation of letting blood, as in surgery; a drawing or running of sap from a tree or plant. BLEMISH Blem"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blemished; p. pr. & vb. n. Blemishing.] Etym: [OE. blemissen, blemishen, OF. blemir, blesmir, to strike, injure, soil, F. blêmir to grow pale, fr. OF. bleme, blesme, pale, wan, F. blême, prob. fr. Icel blaman the livid color of a wound, fr. blar blue; akin to E. blue. OF. blemir properly signifies to beat one (black and) blue, and to render blue or dirty. See Blue.] 1. To mark with deformity; to injure or impair, as anything which is well formed, or excellent; to mar, or make defective, either the body or mind. Sin is a soil which blemisheth the beauty of thy soul. Brathwait. 2. To tarnish, as reputation or character; to defame. There had nothing passed between us that might blemish reputation. Oldys. BLEMISH Blem"ish, n.; pl. Blemishes (. Defn: Any mark of deformity or injury, whether physical or moral; anything; that diminishes beauty, or renders imperfect that which is otherwise well formed; that which impairs reputation. He shall take two he lambs without blemish, and one ewe lamb of the first year without blemish. Lev. xiv. 10. The reliefs of an envious man are those little blemishes and imperfections that discover themselves in an illustrious character. Spectator. Syn. -- Spot; speck; flaw; deformity; stain; defect; fault; taint; reproach; dishonor; imputation; disgrace. BLEMISHLESS Blem"ish*less, a. Defn: Without blemish; spotless. A life in all so blemishless. Feltham. BLEMISHMENT Blem"ish*ment, n. Defn: The state of being blemished; blemish; disgrace; damage; impairment. For dread of blame and honor's blemishment. Spenser. BLENCH Blench, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blenched; p. pr. & vb. n. Blenching.] Etym: [OE. blenchen to blench, elude, deceive, AS. blencan to deceive; akin to Icel. blekkja to impose upon. Prop. a causative of blink to make to wink, to deceive. See Blink, and cf. 3d Blanch.] 1. To shrink; to start back; to draw back, from lack of courage or resolution; to flinch; to quail. Blench not at thy chosen lot. Bryant. This painful, heroic task he undertook, and never blenched from its fulfillment. Jeffrey. 2. To fly off; to turn aside. [Obs.] Though sometimes you do blench from this to that. Shak. BLENCH Blench, v. t. 1. To baffle; to disconcert; to turn away; -- also, to obstruct; to hinder. [Obs.] Ye should have somewhat blenched him therewith, yet he might and would of likelihood have gone further. Sir T. More. 2. To draw back from; to deny from fear. [Obs.] He now blenched what before he affirmed. Evelyn. BLENCH Blench, n. Defn: A looking aside or askance. [Obs.] These blenches gave my heart another youth. Shak. BLENCH Blench, v. i. & t. Etym: [See 1st Blanch.] Defn: To grow or make pale. Barbour. BLENCHER Blench"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, scares another; specifically, a person stationed to prevent the escape of the deer, at a hunt. See Blancher. [Obs.] 2. One who blenches, flinches, or shrinks back. BLENCH HOLDING Blench" hold`ing. (Law) Defn: See Blanch holding. BLEND Blend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blended or Blent; p. pr. & vb. n. Blending.] Etym: [OE. blenden, blanden, AS. blandan to blend, mix; akin to Goth. blandan to mix, Icel. blanda, Sw. blanda, Dan. blande, OHG. blantan to mis; to unknown origin.] 1. To mix or mingle together; esp. to mingle, combine, or associate so that the separate things mixed, or the line of demarcation, can not be distinguished. Hence: To confuse; to confound. Blending the grand, the beautiful, the gay. Percival. 2. To pollute by mixture or association; to spoil or corrupt; to blot; to stain. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. -- To commingle; combine; fuse; merge; amalgamate; harmonize. BLEND Blend, v. i. Defn: To mingle; to mix; to unite intimately; to pass or shade insensibly into each other, as colors. There is a tone of solemn and sacred feeling that blends with our conviviality. Irving. BLEND Blend, n. Defn: A thorough mixture of one thing with another, as color, tint, etc., into another, so that it cannot be known where one ends or the other begins. BLEND Blend, v. t. Etym: [AS. blendan, from blind blind. See Blind, a.] Defn: To make blind, literally or figuratively; to dazzle; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer. BLENDE Blende, n. Etym: [G., fr. blenden to blind, dazzle, deceive, fr. blind blind. So called either in allusion to its dazzling luster; or (Dana) because, though often resembling galena, it yields no lead. Cf. Sphalerite.] (Min.) (a) A mineral, called also sphalerite, and by miners mock lead, false galena, and black-jack. It is a zinc sulphide, but often contains some iron. Its color is usually yellow, brown, or black, and its luster resinous. (b) A general term for some minerals, chiefly metallic sulphides which have a somewhat brilliant but nonmetallic luster. BLENDER Blend"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, blends; an instrument, as a brush, used in blending. BLENDING Blend"ing, n. 1. The act of mingling. 2. (Paint.) Defn: The method of laying on different tints so that they may mingle together while wet, and shade into each other insensibly. Weale. BLENDOUS Blend"ous, a. Defn: Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, blende. BLENDWATER Blend"wa`ter, n. Defn: A distemper incident to cattle, in which their livers are affected. Crabb. BLENHEIM SPANIEL Blen"heim span"iel. Etym: [So called from Blenheim House, the seat of the duke of Marlborough, in England.] Defn: A small variety of spaniel, kept as a pet. BLENK Blenk, v. i. Defn: To blink; to shine; to look. [Obs.] BLENNIOID; BLENNIID Blen"ni*oid, Blen"ni*id, a. Etym: [Blenny + -oid] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the blennies. BLENNOGENOUS Blen*nog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. mucus + -genous.] Defn: Generating mucus. BLENNORRHEA Blen`nor*rhe"a, n. Etym: [Gr. mucus + to flow.] (Med.) (a) An inordinate secretion and discharge of mucus. (b) Gonorrhea. Dunglison. BLENNY Blen"ny, n.; pl. Blennies. Etym: [L. blennius, blendius, blendea, Gr. , fr. slime, mucus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine fish of the genus Blennius or family Blenniidæ; -- so called from its coating of mucus. The species are numerous. BLENT Blent, imp. & p. p. of Blend to mingle. Defn: Mingled; mixed; blended; also, polluted; stained. Rider and horse, friend, foe, in one red burial blent. Byron. BLENT Blent, imp. & p. p. of Blend to blind. Defn: Blinded. Also (Chaucer), 3d sing. pres. Blindeth. [Obs.] BLEPHARITIS Bleph`a*ri"tis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. eyelid + -ilis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the eyelids. -- Bleph`a*rit"ic (#), a. BLESBOK Bles"bok, n. Etym: [D., fr. bles a white spot on the forehead + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South African antelope (Alcelaphus albifrons), having a large white spot on the forehead. BLESS Bless, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blessed or Blest; p. pr. & vb. n. Blessing.] Etym: [OE. blessien, bletsen, AS. bletsian, bledsian, bloedsian, fr. bl blood; prob. originally to consecrate by sprinkling with blood. See Blood.] 1. To make or pronounce holy; to consecrate And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it. Gen. ii. 3. 2. To make happy, blithesome, or joyous; to confer prosperity or happiness upon; to grant divine favor to. The quality of mercy is . . . twice blest; It blesseth him that gives and him that takes. Shak. It hath pleased thee to bless the house of thy servant, that it may continue forever before thee. 1 Chron. xvii. 27 (R. V. ) 3. To express a wish or prayer for the happiness of; to invoke a blessing upon; -- applied to persons. Bless them which persecute you. Rom. xii. 14. 4. To invoke or confer beneficial attributes or qualities upon; to invoke or confer a blessing on, -- as on food. Then he took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed them. Luke ix. 16. 5. To make the sign of the cross upon; to cross (one's self). [Archaic] Holinshed. 6. To guard; to keep; to protect. [Obs.] 7. To praise, or glorify; to extol for excellences. Bless the Lord, O my soul: and all that is within me, bless his holy name. Ps. ciii. 1. 8. To esteem or account happy; to felicitate. The nations shall bless themselves in him. Jer. iv. 3. 9. To wave; to brandish. [Obs.] And burning blades about their heads do bless. Spenser. Round his armed head his trenchant blade he blest. Fairfax. Note: This is an old sense of the word, supposed by Johnson, Nares, and others, to have been derived from the old rite of blessing a field by directing the hands to all parts of it. "In drawing [their bow] some fetch such a compass as though they would turn about and bless all the field." Ascham. Bless me! Bless us! an exclamation of surprise. Milton. -- To bless from, to secure, defend, or preserve from. "Bless me from marrying a usurer." Shak. To bless the doors from nightly harm. Milton. -- To bless with, To be blessed with, to favor or endow with; to be favored or endowed with; as, God blesses us with health; we are blessed with happiness. BLESSED Bless"ed, a. 1. Hallowed; consecrated; worthy of blessing or adoration; heavenly; holy. O, run; prevent them with thy humble ode, And lay it lowly at his blessed feet. Milton. 2. Enjoying happiness or bliss; favored with blessings; happy; highly favored. All generations shall call me blessed. Luke i. 48. Towards England's blessed shore. Shak. 3. Imparting happiness or bliss; fraught with happiness; blissful; joyful. "Then was a blessed time." "So blessed a disposition." Shak. 4. Enjoying, or pertaining to, spiritual happiness, or heavenly felicity; as, the blessed in heaven. Reverenced like a blessed saint. Shak. Cast out from God and blessed vision. Milton. 5. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Beatified. 6. Used euphemistically, ironically, or intensively. Not a blessed man came to set her [a boat] free. R. D. Blackmore. BLESSEDLY Bless"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Happily; fortunately; joyfully. We shall blessedly meet again never to depart. Sir P. Sidney. BLESSEDNESS Bless"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being blessed; happiness; felicity; bliss; heavenly joys; the favor of God. The assurance of a future blessedness. Tillotson. Single blessedness, the unmarried state. "Grows, lives, and dies in single blessedness." Shak. Syn. -- Delight; beatitude; ecstasy. See Happiness. BLESSED THISTLE Bless"ed this"tle. Defn: See under Thistle. BLESSER Bless"er, n. Defn: One who blesses; one who bestows or invokes a blessing. BLESSING Bless"ing, n. Etym: [AS. bletsung. See Bless, v. t.] 1. The act of one who blesses. 2. A declaration of divine favor, or an invocation imploring divine favor on some or something; a benediction; a wish of happiness pronounces. This is the blessing, where with Moses the man of God blessed the children of Israel. Deut. xxxiii. 1. 3. A means of happiness; that which promotes prosperity and welfare; a beneficent gift. Nature's full blessings would be well dispensed. Milton. 4. (Bib.) Defn: A gift. [A Hebraism] Gen. xxxiii. 11. 5. Grateful praise or worship. BLEST Blest, a. Defn: Blessed. "This patriarch blest." Milton. White these blest sounds my ravished ear assail. Trumbull. BLET Blet, n. Etym: [F. blet, blette, a., soft from over ripeness.] Defn: A form of decay in fruit which is overripe. BLETONISM Ble"ton*ism, n. Defn: The supposed faculty of perceiving subterraneous springs and currents by sensation; -- so called from one Bleton, of France. BLETTING Blet"ting, n. Defn: A form of decay seen in fleshy, overripe fruit. Lindley. BLEW Blew, imp. Defn: of Blow. BLEYME Bleyme, n. Etym: [F. bleime.] (Far.) Defn: An inflammation in the foot of a horse, between the sole and the bone. [Obs.] BLEYNTE Bleyn"te, imp. Defn: of Blench. [Obs.] Chaucer. BLICKEY Blick"ey, n. Etym: [D. blik tin.] Defn: A tin dinner pail. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. BLIGHT Blight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blighting.] Etym: [Perh. contr. from AS. blicettan to glitter, fr. the same root as E. bleak. The meaning "to blight" comes in that case from to glitter, hence, to be white or pale, grow pale, make pale, bleach. Cf. Bleach, Bleak.] 1. To affect with blight; to blast; to prevent the growth and fertility of. [This vapor] blasts vegetables, blights corn and fruit, and is sometimes injurious even to man. Woodward. 2. Hence: To destroy the happiness of; to ruin; to mar essentially; to frustrate; as, to blight one's prospects. Seared in heart and lone and blighted. Byron. BLIGHT Blight, v. i. Defn: To be affected by blight; to blast; as, this vine never blights. BLIGHT Blight, n. 1. Mildew; decay; anything nipping or blasting; -- applied as a general name to various injuries or diseases of plants, causing the whole or a part to wither, whether occasioned by insects, fungi, or atmospheric influences. 2. The act of blighting, or the state of being blighted; a withering or mildewing, or a stoppage of growth in the whole or a part of a plant, etc. 3. That which frustrates one's plans or withers one's hopes; that which impairs or destroys. A blight seemed to have fallen over our fortunes. Disraeli. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A downy species of aphis, or plant louse, destructive to fruit trees, infesting both the roots and branches; -- also applied to several other injurious insects. 5. pl. Defn: A rashlike eruption on the human skin. [U. S.] BLIGHTING Blight"ing, a. Defn: Causing blight. BLIGHTINGLY Blight"ing*ly, adv. Defn: So as to cause blight. BLIMBI; BLIMBING Blim"bi, Blim"bing, n. Defn: See Bilimbi, etc. BLIN Blin, v. t. & i. Etym: [OE. blinnen, AS. blinnan; pref. be- + linnan to cease.] Defn: To stop; to cease; to desist. [Obs.] Spenser. BLIN Blin, n. Etym: [AS. blinn.] Defn: Cessation; end. [Obs.] BLIND Blind, a. Etym: [AS.; akin to D., G., OS., Sw., & Dan. blind, Icel. blindr, Goth. blinds; of uncertain origin.] 1. Destitute of the sense of seeing, either by natural defect or by deprivation; without sight. He that is strucken blind can not forget The precious treasure of his eyesight lost. Shak. 2. Not having the faculty of discernment; destitute of intellectual light; unable or unwilling to understand or judge; as, authors are blind to their own defects. But hard be hardened, blind be blinded more, That they may stumble on, and deeper fall. Milton. 3. Undiscerning; undiscriminating; inconsiderate. This plan is recommended neither to blind approbation nor to blind reprobation. Jay. 4. Having such a state or condition as a thing would have to a person who is blind; not well marked or easily discernible; hidden; unseen; concealed; as, a blind path; a blind ditch. 5. Involved; intricate; not easily followed or traced. The blind mazes of this tangled wood. Milton. 6. Having no openings for light or passage; as, a blind wall; open only at one end; as, a blind alley; a blind gut. 7. Unintelligible, or not easily intelligible; as, a blind passage in a book; illegible; as, blind writing. 8. (Hort.) Defn: Abortive; failing to produce flowers or fruit; as, blind buds; blind flowers. Blind alley, an alley closed at one end; a cul-de-sac. -- Blind axle, an axle which turns but does not communicate motion. Knight. -- Blind beetle, one of the insects apt to fly against people, esp. at night. -- Blind cat (Zoöl.), a species of catfish (Gronias nigrolabris), nearly destitute of eyes, living in caverns in Pennsylvania. -- Blind coal, coal that burns without flame; anthracite coal. Simmonds. -- Blind door, Blind window, an imitation of a door or window, without an opening for passage or light. See Blank door or window, under Blank, a. -- Blind level (Mining), a level or drainage gallery which has a vertical shaft at each end, and acts as an inverted siphon. Knight. -- Blind nettle (Bot.), dead nettle. See Dead nettle, under Dead. -- Blind shell (Gunnery), a shell containing no charge, or one that does not explode. -- Blind side, the side which is most easily assailed; a weak or unguarded side; the side on which one is least able or disposed to see danger. Swift. -- Blind snake (Zoöl.), a small, harmless, burrowing snake, of the family Typhlopidæ, with rudimentary eyes. -- Blind spot (Anat.), the point in the retina of the eye where the optic nerve enters, and which is insensible to light. -- Blind tooling, in bookbinding and leather work, the indented impression of heated tools, without gilding; -- called also blank tooling, and blind blocking. -- Blind wall, a wall without an opening; a blank wall. BLIND Blind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blinded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blinding.] 1. To make blind; to deprive of sight or discernment. "To blind the truth and me." Tennyson. A blind guide is certainly a great mischief; but a guide that blinds those whom he should lead is . . . a much greater. South. 2. To deprive partially of vision; to make vision difficult for and painful to; to dazzle. Her beauty all the rest did blind. P. Fletcher. 3. To darken; to obscure to the eye or understanding; to conceal; to deceive. Such darkness blinds the sky. Dryden. The state of the controversy between us he endeavored, with all his art, to blind and confound. Stillingfleet. 4. To cover with a thin coating of sand and fine gravel; as a road newly paved, in order that the joints between the stones may be filled. BLIND Blind, n. 1. Something to hinder sight or keep out light; a screen; a cover; esp. a hinged screen or shutter for a window; a blinder for a horse. 2. Something to mislead the eye or the understanding, or to conceal some covert deed or design; a subterfuge. 3. Etym: [Cf. F. blindes, pblende, fr. blenden to blind, fr. blind blind.] (Mil.) Defn: A blindage. See Blindage. 4. A halting place. [Obs.] Dryden. BLIND; BLINDE Blind, Blinde, n. Defn: See Blende. BLINDAGE Blind"age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. blindage.] (Mil.) Defn: A cover or protection for an advanced trench or approach, formed of fascines and earth supported by a framework. BLINDER Blind"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, blinds. 2. (Saddlery) Defn: One of the leather screens on a bridle, to hinder a horse from seeing objects at the side; a blinker. BLINDFISH Blind"fish` (, n. Defn: A small fish (Amblyopsis spelæus) destitute of eyes, found in the waters of the Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky. Related fishes from other caves take the same name. BLINDFOLD Blind"fold`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blindfolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blindfolding.] Etym: [OE. blindfolden, blindfelden, blindfellen; AS. blind blind + prob. fellan, fyllan, to fell, strike down.] Defn: To cover the eyes of, as with a bandage; to hinder from seeing. And when they had blindfolded him, they struck him on the face. Luke xxii. 64. BLINDFOLD Blind"fold`, a. Defn: Having the eyes covered; blinded; having the mental eye darkened. Hence: Heedless; reckless; as, blindfold zeal; blindfold fury. Fate's blindfold reign the atheist loudly owns. Dryden. BLINDING Blind"ing, a. Defn: Making blind or as if blind; depriving of sight or of understanding; obscuring; as, blinding tears; blinding snow. BLINDING Blind"ing, n. Defn: A thin coating of sand and fine gravel over a newly paved road. See Blind, v. t., 4. BLINDLY Blind"ly, adv. Defn: Without sight, discernment, or understanding; without thought, investigation, knowledge, or purpose of one's own. By his imperious mistress blindly led. Dryden. BLINDMAN'S BUFF Blind"man's buff" (. Etym: [See Buff a buffet.] Defn: A play in which one person is blindfolded, and tries to catch some one of the company and tell who it is. Surely he fancies I play at blindman's buff with him, for he thinks I never have my eyes open. Stillingfleet. BLINDMAN'S HOLIDAY Blind`man's hol"i*day. Defn: The time between daylight and candle light. [Humorous] BLINDNESS Blind"ness, n. Defn: State or condition of being blind, literally or figuratively. Darwin. Color blindness, inability to distinguish certain color. See Daltonism. BLIND READER Blind reader. Defn: A post-office clerk whose duty is to decipher obscure addresses. BLINDSTORY Blind"sto`ry, n. (Arch.) Defn: The triforium as opposed to the clearstory. BLINDWORM Blind"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, burrowing, snakelike, limbless lizard (Anguis fragilis), with minute eyes, popularly believed to be blind; the slowworm; -- formerly a name for the adder. Newts and blindworms do no wrong. Shak. BLINK Blink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blinked; p. pr. & vb. n. Blinking.] Etym: [OE. blenken; akin to dan. blinke, Sw. blinka, G. blinken to shine, glance, wink, twinkle, D. blinken to shine; and prob. to D. blikken to glance, twinkle, G. blicken to look, glance, AS. blican to shine, E. bleak. sq. root98. See Bleak; cf. 1st Blench.] 1. To wink; to twinkle with, or as with, the eye. One eye was blinking, and one leg was lame. Pope 2. To see with the eyes half shut, or indistinctly and with frequent winking, as a person with weak eyes. Show me thy chink, to blink through with mine eyne. Shak. 3. To shine, esp. with intermittent light; to twinkle; to flicker; to glimmer, as a lamp. The dew was falling fast, the stars began to blink. Wordsworth. The sun blinked fair on pool and stream . Sir W. Scott. 4. To turn slightly sour, as beer, mild, etc. BLINK Blink, v. t. 1. To shut out of sight; to avoid, or purposely evade; to shirk; as, to blink the question. 2. To trick; to deceive. [Scot.] Jamieson. BLINK Blink, n. Etym: [OE. blink. See Blink, v. i. ] 1. A glimpse or glance. This is the first blink that ever I had of him. Bp. Hall. 2. Gleam; glimmer; sparkle. Sir W. Scott. Not a blink of light was there. Wordsworth. 3. (Naut.) Defn: The dazzling whiteness about the horizon caused by the reflection of light from fields of ice at sea; ice blink. 4. pl. Etym: [Cf. Blencher.] (Sporting) Defn: Boughs cast where deer are to pass, to turn or check them. [Prov. Eng.] BLINKARD Blink"ard, n. Etym: [Blind + -ard.] 1. One who blinks with, or as with, weak eyes. Among the blind the one-eyed blinkard reigns. Marvell. 2. That which twinkles or glances, as a dim star, which appears and disappears. Hakewill. BLINK BEER Blink" beer` ( Defn: Beer kept unbroached until it is sharp. Crabb. BLINKER Blink"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, blinks. 2. A blinder for horses; a flap of leather on a horse's bridle to prevent him from seeing objects as his side hence, whatever obstructs sight or discernment. Nor bigots who but one way see, through blinkers of authority. M. Green. 3. pl. Defn: A kind of goggles, used to protect the eyes form glare, etc. BLINK-EYED Blink"-eyed` (, a. Defn: Habitually winking. Marlowe. BLIRT Blirt, n. (Naut.) Defn: A gust of wind and rain. Ham. Nav. Encyc. BLISS Bliss, n.; pl. Blisses. Etym: [OE. blis, blisse, AS. blis, bli, fr. bli blithe. See Blithe.] Defn: Orig., blithesomeness; gladness; now, the highest degree of happiness; blessedness; exalted felicity; heavenly joy. An then at last our bliss Full and perfect is. Milton. Syn. -- Blessedness; felicity; beatitude; happiness; joy; enjoyment. See Happiness. BLISSFUL Bliss"ful, a. Defn: Full of, characterized by, or causing, joy and felicity; happy in the highest degree. "Blissful solitude." Milton. -- Bliss"ful*ly, adv. -- Bliss"ful*ness, n. BLISSLESS Bliss"less, a. Defn: Destitute of bliss. Sir P. Sidney. BLISSOM Blis"som, v. i. Etym: [For blithesome: but cf. also Icel. bl of a goat at heat.] Defn: To be lustful; to be lascivious. [Obs.] BLISSOM Blis"som, a. Defn: Lascivious; also, in heat; -- said of ewes. BLISTER Blis"ter, n. Etym: [OE.; akin to OD. bluyster, fr. the same root as blast, bladder, blow. See Blow to eject wind.] 1. A vesicle of the skin, containing watery matter or serum, whether occasioned by a burn or other injury, or by a vesicatory; a collection of serous fluid causing a bladderlike elevation of the cuticle. And painful blisters swelled my tender hands. Grainger. 2. Any elevation made by the separation of the film or skin, as on plants; or by the swelling of the substance at the surface, as on steel. 3. A vesicatory; a plaster of Spanish flies, or other matter, applied to raise a blister. Dunglison. Blister beetle, a beetle used to raise blisters, esp. the Lytta (or Cantharis) vesicatoria, called Cantharis or Spanish fly by druggists. See Cantharis. -- Blister fly, a blister beetle. -- Blister plaster, a plaster designed to raise a blister; -- usually made of Spanish flies. -- Blister steel, crude steel formed from wrought iron by cementation; -- so called because of its blistered surface. Called also blistered steel. -- Blood blister. See under Blood. BLISTER Blis"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blistered; p. pr. & vb. n. Blistering.] Defn: To be affected with a blister or blisters; to have a blister form on. Let my tongue blister. Shak. BLISTER Blis"ter, v. t. 1. To raise a blister or blisters upon. My hands were blistered. Franklin. 2. To give pain to, or to injure, as if by a blister. This tyrant, whose sole name blisters our tongue. Shak. BLISTERY Blis"ter*y, a. Defn: Full of blisters. Hooker. BLITE Blite, n. Etym: [L. blitum, Gr. .] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbs (Blitum) with a fleshy calyx. Blitum capitatum is the strawberry blite. BLITHE Blithe, a. Etym: [AS. bli blithe, kind; akin to Goth. blei kind, Icel. bli mild, gentle, Dan. & Sw. blid gentle, D. blijd blithe, OHG. blidi kind, blithe.] Defn: Gay; merry; sprightly; joyous; glad; cheerful; as, a blithe spirit. The blithe sounds of festal music. Prescott. A daughter fair, So buxom, blithe, and debonair. Milton. BLITHEFUL Blithe"ful, a. Defn: Gay; full of gayety; joyous. BLITHELY Blithe"ly, adv. Defn: In a blithe manner. BLITHENESS Blithe"ness, n. Defn: The state of being blithe. Chaucer. BLITHESOME Blithe"some, a. Defn: Cheery; gay; merry. The blithesome sounds of wassail gay. Sir W. Scott. -- Blithe"some*ly, adv. -- Blithe"some*ness, n. BLIVE Blive, adv. Etym: [A contraction of Belive.] Defn: Quickly; forthwith. [Obs.] Chaucer. BLIZZARD Bliz"zard, n. Etym: [Cf. Blaze to flash. Formerly, in local use, a rattling volley; cf. "to blaze away" to fire away.] Defn: A gale of piercingly cold wind, usually accompanied with fine and blinding snow; a furious blast. [U. S.] BLOAT Bloat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bloating.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. blotna to become soft, blautr soft, wet, Sw. blöt soft, blöta to soak; akin to G. bloss bare, and AS. bleát wretched; or perh. fr. root of Eng. 5th blow. Cf. Blote.] 1. To make turgid, as with water or air; to cause a swelling of the surface of, from effusion of serum in the cellular tissue, producing a morbid enlargement, often accompanied with softness. 2. To inflate; to puff up; to make vain. Dryden. BLOAT Bloat, v. i. Defn: To grow turgid as by effusion of liquid in the cellular tissue; to puff out; to swell. Arbuthnot. BLOAT Bloat, a. Defn: Bloated. [R.] Shak. BLOAT Bloat, n. Defn: A term of contempt for a worthless, dissipated fellow. [Slang] BLOAT Bloat, v. t. Defn: To dry (herrings) in smoke. See Blote. BLOATED Bloat"ed, p. a. Defn: Distended beyond the natural or usual size, as by the presence of water, serum, etc.; turgid; swollen; as, a bloated face. Also, puffed up with pride; pompous. BLOATEDNESS Bloat"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being bloated. BLOATER Bloat"er, n. Etym: [See Bloat, Blote.] Defn: The common herring, esp. when of large size, smoked, and half dried; -- called also bloat herring. BLOB Blob, n. Etym: [See Bleb.] 1. Something blunt and round; a small drop or lump of something viscid or thick; a drop; a bubble; a blister. Wright. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small fresh-water fish (Uranidea Richardsoni); the miller's thumb. BLOBBER Blob"ber, n. Etym: [See Blubber, Blub.] Defn: A bubble; blubber. [Low] T. Carew. Blobber lip, a thick, protruding lip. His blobber lips and beetle brows commend. Dryden. BLOBBER-LIPPED Blob"ber-lipped`, a. Defn: Having thick lips. "A blobber-lipped shell." Grew. BLOCAGE Blo*cage", n. Etym: [F.] (Arch.) Defn: The roughest and cheapest sort of rubblework, in masonry. BLOCK Block, n. Etym: [OE. blok; cf. F. bloc (fr. OHG.), D. & Dan. blok, Sw. & G. block, OHG. bloch. There is also an OHG. bloch, biloh; bi by + the same root as that of E. lock. Cf. Block, v. t., Blockade, and see Lock.] 1. A piece of wood more or less bulky; a solid mass of wood, stone, etc., usually with one or more plane, or approximately plane, faces; as, a block on which a butcher chops his meat; a block by which to mount a horse; children's playing blocks, etc. Now all our neighbors' chimneys smoke, And Christmas blocks are burning. Wither. All her labor was but as a block Left in the quarry. Tennyson. 2. The solid piece of wood on which condemned persons lay their necks when they are beheaded. Noble heads which have been brought to the block. E. Everett. 3. The wooden mold on which hats, bonnets, etc., are shaped. Hence: The pattern on shape of a hat. He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat; it ever changes with the next block. Shak. 4. A large or long building divided into separate houses or shops, or a number of houses or shops built in contact with each other so as to form one building; a row of houses or shops. 5. A square, or portion of a city inclosed by streets, whether occupied by buildings or not. The new city was laid out in rectangular blocks, each block containing thirty building lots. Such an average block, comprising 282 houses and covering nine acres of ground, exists in Oxford Street. Lond. Quart. Rev. 6. A grooved pulley or sheave incased in a frame or shell which is provided with a hook, eye, or strap, by which it may be attached to an object. It is used to change the direction of motion, as in raising a heavy object that can not be conveniently reached, and also, when two or more such sheaves are compounded, to change the rate of motion, or to exert increased force; -- used especially in the rigging of ships, and in tackles. 7. (Falconry) Defn: The perch on which a bird of prey is kept. 8. Any obstruction, or cause of obstruction; a stop; a hindrance; an obstacle; as, a block in the way. 9. A piece of box or other wood for engravers' work. 10. (Print.) Defn: A piece of hard wood (as mahogany or cherry) on which a stereotype or electrotype plate is mounted to make it type high. 11. A blockhead; a stupid fellow; a dolt. [Obs.] What a block art thou ! Shak. 12. A section of a railroad where the block system is used. See Block system, below. A block of shares (Stock Exchange), a large number of shares in a stock company, sold in a lump. Bartlett. -- Block printing. (a) A mode of printing (common in China and Japan) from engraved boards by means of a sheet of paper laid on the linked surface and rubbed with a brush. S. W. Williams. (b) A method of printing cotton cloth and paper hangings with colors, by pressing them upon an engraved surface coated with coloring matter. -- Block system on railways, a system by which the track is divided into sections of three or four miles, and trains are so run by the guidance of electric signals that no train enters a section or block before the preceding train has left it. BLOCK Block, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blocked; p. pr. & vb. n. Blocking.] Etym: [Cf. F. bloquer, fr. bloc block. See Block, n.] 1. To obstruct so as to prevent passage or progress; to prevent passage from, through, or into, by obstructing the way; -- used both of persons and things; -- often followed by up; as, to block up a road or harbor. With moles . . . would block the port. Rowe. A city . . . besieged and blocked about. Milton. 2. To secure or support by means of blocks; to secure, as two boards at their angles of intersection, by pieces of wood glued to each. 3. To shape on, or stamp with, a block; as, to block a hat. To block out, to begin to reduce to shape; to mark out roughly; to lay out; as, to block out a plan. BLOCKADE Block*ade", n. Etym: [Cf. It. bloccata. See Block, v. t. ] 1. The shutting up of a place by troops or ships, with the purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the reception of supplies; as, the blockade of the ports of an enemy. Note: Blockade is now usually applied to an investment with ships or vessels, while siege is used of an investment by land forces. To constitute a blockade, the investing power must be able to apply its force to every point of practicable access, so as to render it dangerous to attempt to enter; and there is no blockade of that port where its force can not be brought to bear. Kent. 2. An obstruction to passage. To raise a blockade. See under Raise. BLOCKADE Block*ade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blockaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blockading.] 1. To shut up, as a town or fortress, by investing it with troops or vessels or war for the purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the introduction of supplies. See note under Blockade, n. "Blockaded the place by sea." Gilpin. 2. Hence, to shut in so as to prevent egress. Till storm and driving ice blockade him there. Wordsworth. 3. To obstruct entrance to or egress from. Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door. Pope. BLOCKADER Block*ad"er, n. 1. One who blockades. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A vessel employed in blockading. BLOCKAGE Block"age, n. Defn: The act of blocking up; the state of being blocked up. BLOCK BOOK Block" book` (. Defn: A book printed from engraved wooden blocks instead of movable types. BLOCK CHAIN Block chain. (Mach.) Defn: A chain in which the alternate links are broad blocks connected by thin side links pivoted to the ends of the blocks, used with sprocket wheels to transmit power, as in a bicycle. BLOCKHEAD Block"head` (, n. Etym: [Block + head.] Defn: A stupid fellow; a dolt; a person deficient in understanding. The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read, With loads of learned lumber in his head. Pope. BLOCKHEADED Block"head`ed, a. Defn: Stupid; dull. BLOCKHEADISM Block"head*ism, n. Defn: That which characterizes a blockhead; stupidity. Carlyle. BLOCKHOUSE Block"house` (, n. Etym: [Block + house: cf. G. blockhaus.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: An edifice or structure of heavy timbers or logs for military defense, having its sides loopholed for musketry, and often an upper story projecting over the lower, or so placed upon it as to have its sides make an angle wit the sides of the lower story, thus enabling the defenders to fire downward, and in all directions; -- formerly much used in America and Germany. 2. A house of squared logs. [West. & South. U. S.] BLOCKING Block"ing, n. 1. The act of obstructing, supporting, shaping, or stamping with a block or blocks. 2. Blocks used to support (a building, etc.) temporarily. BLOCKING COURSE Block"ing course` (. (Arch.) Defn: The finishing course of a wall showing above a cornice. BLOCKISH Block"ish, a. Defn: Like a block; deficient in understanding; stupid; dull. "Blockish Ajax." Shak. -- Block"ish*ly, adv. -- Block"ish*ness, n. BLOCKLIKE Block"like` (, a. Defn: Like a block; stupid. BLOCK SIGNAL Block signal. (Railroads) Defn: One of the danger signals or safety signals which guide the movement of trains in a block system. The signal is often so coupled with a switch that act of opening or closing the switch operates the signal also. BLOCK SYSTEM Block system. (Railroads) Defn: A system by which the track is divided into short sections, as of three or four miles, and trains are so run by the guidance of electric, or combined electric and pneumatic, signals that no train enters a section or block until the preceding train has left it, as in absolute blocking, or that a train may be allowed to follow another into a block as long as it proceeds with excessive caution, as in permissive blocking. BLOCK TIN Block" tin` (. Defn: See under Tin. BLOEDITE Bloe"dite, n. Etym: [From the chemist Blöde.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous sulphate of magnesium and sodium. BLOLLY Blol"ly, n. (Bot.) (a) A shrub or small tree of southern Florida and the West Indies (Pisonia obtusata) with smooth oval leaves and a hard, 10-ribbed fruit. (b) The rubiaceous shrub Chicocca racemosa, of the same region. BLOMARY Blom"a*ry, n. Defn: See Bloomery. BLONCKET; BLONKET Blonc"ket, Blon"ket, a. Etym: [OF. blanquet whitish, dim. of blanc white. Cf. Blanket.] Defn: Gray; bluish gray. [Obs.] Our bloncket liveries been all too sad. Spenser. BLOND; BLONDE Blond, Blonde, a. Etym: [F., fair, light, of uncertain origin; cf. AS. blonden-feax gray-haired, old, prop. blended-haired, as a mixture of white and brown or black. See Blend, v. t. ] Defn: Of a fair color; light-colored; as, blond hair; a blond complexion. BLONDE Blonde, n. Etym: [F.] 1. A person of very fair complexion, with light hair and light blue eyes. [Written also blond.] 2. Etym: [So called from its color.] Defn: A kind of silk lace originally of the color of raw silk, now sometimes dyed; -- called also blond lace. BLOND METAL Blond" met`al. Defn: A variety of clay ironstone, in Staffordshire, England, used for making tools. BLONDNESS Blond"ness, n. Defn: The state of being blond. G. Eliot. BLOOD Blood, n. Etym: [OE. blod, blood, AS. bl; akin to D. bloed, OHG. bluot, G. blut, Goth, bl, Sw. & Dan. blod; prob. fr. the same root as E. blow to bloom. See Blow to bloom.] 1. The fluid which circulates in the principal vascular system of animals, carrying nourishment to all parts of the body, and bringing away waste products to be excreted. See under Arterial. Note: The blood consists of a liquid, the plasma, containing minute particles, the blood corpuscles. In the invertebrate animals it is usually nearly colorless, and contains only one kind of corpuscles; but in all vertebrates, except Amphioxus, it contains some colorless corpuscles, with many more which are red and give the blood its uniformly red color. See Corpuscle, Plasma. 2. Relationship by descent from a common ancestor; consanguinity; kinship. To share the blood of Saxon royalty. Sir W. Scott. A friend of our own blood. Waller. Half blood (Law), relationship through only one parent. -- Whole blood, relationship through both father and mother. In American Law, blood includes both half blood, and whole blood. Bouvier. Peters. 3. Descent; lineage; especially, honorable birth; the highest royal lineage. Give us a prince of blood, a son of Priam. Shak. I am a gentleman of blood and breeding. Shak. 4. (Stock Breeding) Defn: Descent from parents of recognized breed; excellence or purity of breed. Note: In stock breeding half blood is descent showing one half only of pure breed. Blue blood, full blood, or warm blood, is the same as blood. 5. The fleshy nature of man. Nor gives it satisfaction to our blood. Shak. 6. The shedding of blood; the taking of life, murder; manslaughter; destruction. So wills the fierce, avenging sprite, Till blood for blood atones. Hood. 7. A bloodthirsty or murderous disposition. [R.] He was a thing of blood, whose every motion Was timed with dying cries. Shak. 8. Temper of mind; disposition; state of the passions; -- as if the blood were the seat of emotions. When you perceive his blood inclined to mirth. Shak. Note: Often, in this sense, accompanied with bad, cold, warm, or other qualifying word. Thus, to commit an act in cold blood, is to do it deliberately, and without sudden passion; to do it in bad blood, is to do it in anger. Warm blood denotes a temper inflamed or irritated. To warm or heat the blood is to excite the passions. Qualified by up, excited feeling or passion is signified; as, my blood was up. 9. A man of fire or spirit; a fiery spark; a gay, showy man; a rake. Seest thou not . . . how giddily 'a turns about all the hot bloods between fourteen and five and thirty Shak. It was the morning costume of a dandy or blood. Thackeray. 10. The juice of anything, especially if red. He washed . . . his clothes in the blood of grapes. Gen. xiix. 11. Note: Blood is often used as an adjective, and as the first part of self-explaining compound words; as, blood-bespotted, blood-bought, blood-curdling, blood-dyed, blood-red, blood-spilling, blood-stained, blood-warm, blood-won. Blood baptism (Eccl. Hist.), the martyrdom of those who had not been baptized. They were considered as baptized in blood, and this was regarded as a full substitute for literal baptism. -- Blood blister, a blister or bleb containing blood or bloody serum, usually caused by an injury. -- Blood brother, brother by blood or birth. -- Blood clam (Zoöl.), a bivalve mollusk of the genus Arca and allied genera, esp. Argina pexata of the American coast. So named from the color of its flesh. -- Blood corpuscle. See Corpuscle. -- Blood crystal (Physiol.), one of the crystals formed by the separation in a crystalline form of the hæmoglobin of the red blood corpuscles; hæmatocrystallin. All blood does not yield blood crystals. -- Blood heat, heat equal to the temperature of human blood, or about 98½ º Fahr. -- Blood horse, a horse whose blood or lineage is derived from the purest and most highly prized origin or stock. -- Blood money. See in the Vocabulary. -- Blood orange, an orange with dark red pulp. -- Blood poisoning (Med.), a morbid state of the blood caused by the introduction of poisonous or infective matters from without, or the absorption or retention of such as are produced in the body itself; toxæmia. -- Blood pudding, a pudding made of blood and other materials. -- Blood relation, one connected by blood or descent. -- Blood spavin. See under Spavin. -- Blood vessel. See in the Vocabulary. -- Blue blood, the blood of noble or aristocratic families, which, according to a Spanish prover , has in it a tinge of blue; -- hence, a member of an old and aristocratic family. -- Flesh and blood. (a) A blood relation, esp. a child. (b) Human nature. -- In blood (Hunting), in a state of perfect health and vigor. Shak. -- To let blood. See under Let. -- Prince of the blood, the son of a sovereign, or the issue of a royal family. The sons, brothers, and uncles of the sovereign are styled princes of the blood royal; and the daughters, sisters, and aunts are princesses of the blood royal. BLOOD Blood, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blooding.] 1. To bleed. [Obs.] Cowper. 2. To stain, smear or wet, with blood. [Archaic] Reach out their spears afar, And blood their points. Dryden. 3. To give (hounds or soldiers) a first taste or sight of blood, as in hunting or war. It was most important too that his troops should be blooded. Macaulay. 4. To heat the blood of; to exasperate. [Obs.] The auxiliary forces of the French and English were much blooded one against another. Bacon. BLOODBIRD Blood"bird` (, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Australian honeysucker (Myzomela sanguineolata); -- so called from the bright red color of the male bird. BLOOD-BOLTERED Blood"-bol`tered, a. Etym: [Blood + Prov. E. bolter to mat in tufts. Cf. Balter.] Defn: Having the hair matted with clotted blood. [Obs. & R.] The blood-boltered Banquo smiles upon me. Shak. BLOODED Blood"ed, a. Defn: Having pure blood, or a large admixture or pure blood; of approved breed; of the best stock. Note: Used also in composition in phrases indicating a particular condition or quality of blood; as, cold-blooded; warm-blooded. BLOODFLOWER Blood"flow`er, n. Etym: [From the color of the flower.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of bulbous plants, natives of Southern Africa, named Hæmanthus, of the Amaryllis family. The juice of H. toxicarius is used by the Hottentots to poison their arrows. BLOODGUILTY Blood"guilt`y, a. Defn: Guilty of murder or bloodshed. "A bloodguilty life." Fairfax. -- Blood"guilt`i*ness (, n. -- Blood"guilt`less, a. BLOODHOUND Blood"hound` (, n. Defn: A breed of large and powerful dogs, with long, smooth, and pendulous ears, and remarkable for acuteness of smell. It is employed to recover game or prey which has escaped wounded from a hunter, and for tracking criminals. Formerly it was used for pursuing runaway slaves. Other varieties of dog are often used for the same purpose and go by the same name. The Cuban bloodhound is said to be a variety of the mastiff. BLOODILY Blood"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a bloody manner; cruelly; with a disposition to shed blood. BLOODINESS Blood"i*ness, n. 1. The state of being bloody. 2. Disposition to shed blood; bloodthirstiness. All that bloodiness and savage cruelty which was in our nature. Holland. BLOODLESS Blood"less, a. Etym: [AS. bl.] 1. Destitute of blood, or apparently so; as, bloodless cheeks; lifeless; dead. The bloodless carcass of my Hector sold. Dryden. 2. Not attended with shedding of blood, or slaughter; as, a bloodless victory. Froude. 3. Without spirit or activity. Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood ! Shak. -- Blood"less*ly, adv. -- Blood"less*ness, n. BLOODLET Blood"let` (, v. t. Etym: [AS. bl; bl blood + l to let.] Defn: bleed; to let blood. Arbuthnot. BLOODLETTER Blood"let`ter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, lets blood; a phlebotomist. BLOODLETTING Blood"let`ting, n. (Med.) Defn: The act or process of letting blood or bleeding, as by opening a vein or artery, or by cupping or leeches; -- esp. applied to venesection. BLOOD MONEY Blood" mon`ey. 1. Money paid to the next of kin of a person who has been killed by another. 2. Money obtained as the price, or at the cost, of another's life; -- said of a reward for supporting a capital charge, of money obtained for betraying a fugitive or for committing murder, or of money obtained from the sale of that which will destroy the purchaser. BLOODROOT Blood"root` (, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Sanguinaria Canadensis), with a red root and red sap, and bearing a pretty, white flower in early spring; -- called also puccoon, redroot, bloodwort, tetterwort, turmeric, and Indian paint. It has acrid emetic properties, and the rootstock is used as a stimulant expectorant. See Sanguinaria. Note: In England the name is given to the tormentil, once used as a remedy for dysentery. BLOODSHED Blood"shed` (, n. Etym: [Blood + shed] Defn: The shedding or spilling of blood; slaughter; the act of shedding human blood, or taking life, as in war, riot, or murder. BLOODSHEDDER Blood"shed`der, n. Defn: One who sheds blood; a manslayer; a murderer. BLOODSHEDDING Blood"shed`ding, n. Defn: Bloodshed. Shak. BLOODSHOT Blood"shot` (, a. Etym: [Blood + shot, p. p. of shoot to variegate.] Defn: Red and inflamed; suffused with blood, or having the vessels turgid with blood, as when the conjunctiva is inflamed or irritated. His eyes were bloodshot, . . . and his hair disheveled. Dickens. BLOOD-SHOTTEN Blood"-shot`ten, a. Defn: Bloodshot. [Obs.] BLOODSTICK Blood"stick", n. (Far.) Defn: A piece of hard wood loaded at one end with lead, and used to strike the fleam into the vein. Youatt. BLOODSTONE Blood"stone` (, n. (Min.) (a) A green siliceous stone sprinkled with red jasper, as if with blood; hence the name; -- called also heliotrope. (b) Hematite, an ore of iron yielding a blood red powder or "streak." BLOODSTROKE Blood"stroke` (, n. Etym: [Cf. F. coup de sang.] Defn: Loss of sensation and motion from hemorrhage or congestion in the brain. Dunglison. BLOODSUCKER Blood"suck`er, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any animal that sucks blood; esp., the leech (Hirudo medicinalis), and related species. 2. One who sheds blood; a cruel, bloodthirsty man; one guilty of bloodshed; a murderer. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A hard and exacting master, landlord, or money lender; an extortioner. BLOODTHIRSTY Blood"thirst`y, a. Defn: Eager to shed blood; cruel; sanguinary; murderous. -- Blood"thirst`i*ness (n. BLOODULF Blood"ulf, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European bullfinch. BLOOD VESSEL Blood" ves`sel. (Anat.) Defn: Any vessel or canal in which blood circulates in an animal, as an artery or vein. BLOODWITE; BLOODWIT Blood"wite`, Blood"wit` (, n. Etym: [AS. bl; bl blood, + wite wite, fine.] (Anc. Law) Defn: A fine or amercement paid as a composition for the shedding of blood; also, a riot wherein blood was spilled. BLOODWOOD Blood"wood, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tree having the wood or the sap of the color of blood. Note: Norfolk Island bloodwood is a euphorbiaceous tree (Baloghia lucida), from which the sap is collected for use as a plant. Various other trees have the name, chiefly on account of the color of the wood, as Gordonia Hæmatoxylon of Jamaica, and several species of Australian Eucalyptus; also the true logwood ( Hæmatoxylon campechianum). BLOODWORT Blood"wort` (, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant, Rumex sanguineus, or bloody-veined dock. The name is applied also to bloodroot (Sanguinaria Canadensis), and to an extensive order of plants (Hæmodoraceæ), the roots of many species of which contain a red coloring matter useful in dyeing. BLOODY Blood"y, a. Etym: [AS. bl.] 1. Containing or resembling blood; of the nature of blood; as, bloody excretions; bloody sweat. 2. Smeared or stained with blood; as, bloody hands; a bloody handkerchief. 3. Given, or tending, to the shedding of blood; having a cruel, savage disposition; murderous; cruel. Some bloody passion shakes your very frame. Shak. 4. Attended with, or involving, bloodshed; sanguinary; esp., marked by great slaughter or cruelty; as, a bloody battle. 5. Infamous; contemptible; -- variously used for mere emphasis or as a low epithet. [Vulgar] Thackeray. BLOODY Blood"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloodied (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bloodying.] Defn: To stain with blood. Overbury. BLOODYBONES Blood"y*bones` (, n. Defn: A terrible bugbear. BLOODY FLUX Blood"y flux`. Defn: The dysentery, a disease in which the flux or discharge from the bowels has a mixture of blood. Arbuthnot. BLOODY HAND Blood"y hand` (. 1. A hand stained with the blood of a deer, which, in the old forest laws of England, was sufficient evidence of a man's trespass in the forest against venison. Jacob. 2. (Her.) Defn: A red hand, as in the arms of Ulster, which is now the distinguishing mark of a baronet of the United Kingdom. BLOODY-MINDED Blood"y-mind"ed, a. Defn: Having a cruel, ferocious disposition; bloodthirsty. Dryden. BLOODY SWEAT Blood"y sweat` (. Defn: A sweat accompanied by a discharge of blood; a disease, called sweating sickness, formerly prevalent in England and other countries. BLOOM Bloom, n. Etym: [OE. blome, fr. Icel. bl, bl; akin to Sw. blom, Goth. bl, OS. bl, D. bloem, OHG. bluomo, bluoma, G. blume; fr. the same root as AS. bl to blow, blossom. See Blow to bloom, and cf. Blossom.] 1. A blossom; the flower of a plant; an expanded bud; flowers, collectively. The rich blooms of the tropics. Prescott. 2. The opening of flowers in general; the state of blossoming or of having the flowers open; as, the cherry trees are in bloom. "Sight of vernal bloom." Milton. 3. A state or time of beauty, freshness, and vigor; an opening to higher perfection, analogous to that of buds into blossoms; as, the bloom of youth. Every successive mother has transmitted a fainter bloom, a more delicate and briefer beauty. Hawthorne. 4. The delicate, powdery coating upon certain growing or newly- gathered fruits or leaves, as on grapes, plums, etc. Hence: Anything giving an appearance of attractive freshness; a flush; a glow. A new, fresh, brilliant world, with all the bloom upon it. Thackeray. 5. The clouded appearance which varnish sometimes takes upon the surface of a picture. 6. A yellowish deposit or powdery coating which appears on well- tanned leather. Knight. 7. (Min.) Defn: A popular term for a bright-hued variety of some minerals; as, the rose-red cobalt bloom. BLOOM Bloom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bloomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blooming.] 1. To produce or yield blossoms; to blossom; to flower or be in flower. A flower which once In Paradise, fast by the tree of life, Began to bloom. Milton. 2. To be in a state of healthful, growing youth and vigor; to show beauty and freshness, as of flowers; to give promise, as by or with flowers. A better country blooms to view, Beneath a brighter sky. Logan. BLOOM Bloom, v. t. 1. To cause to blossom; to make flourish. [R.] Charitable affection bloomed them. Hooker. 2. To bestow a bloom upon; to make blooming or radiant. [R.] Milton. While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day. Keats. BLOOM Bloom, n. Etym: [AS. bl a mass or lump, isenes bl a lump or wedge of iron.] (Metal.) (a) A mass of wrought iron from the Catalan forge or from the puddling furnace, deprived of its dross, and shaped usually in the form of an oblong block by shingling. (b) A large bar of steel formed directly from an ingot by hammering or rolling, being a preliminary shape for further working. BLOOMARY Bloom"a*ry, n. Defn: See Bloomery. BLOOMER Bloom"er, n. Etym: [From Mrs. Bloomer, an American, who sought to introduce this style of dress.] 1. A costume for women, consisting of a short dress, with loose trousers gathered round ankles, and (commonly) a broad-brimmed hat. 2. A woman who wears a Bloomer costume. BLOOMERY Bloom"er*y, n. (Manuf.) Defn: A furnace and forge in which wrought iron in the form of blooms is made directly from the ore, or (more rarely) from cast iron. BLOOMING Bloom"ing, n. (Metal.) Defn: The process of making blooms from the ore or from cast iron. BLOOMING Bloom"ing, a. 1. Opening in blossoms; flowering. 2. Thriving in health, beauty, and vigor; indicating the freshness and beauties of youth or health. BLOOMINGLY Bloom"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a blooming manner. BLOOMINGNESS Bloom"ing*ness, n. Defn: A blooming condition. BLOOMLESS Bloom"less, a. Defn: Without bloom or flowers. Shelley. BLOOMY Bloom"y, a. 1. Full of bloom; flowery; flourishing with the vigor of youth; as, a bloomy spray. But all the bloomy flush of life is fled. Goldsmith. 2. Covered with bloom, as fruit. Dryden. BLOOTH Blooth, n. Defn: Bloom; a blossoming. [Prov. Eng.] All that blooth means heavy autumn work for him and his hands. T. Hardy. BLORE Blore, n. Etym: [Perh. a variant of blare, v. i.; or cf. Gael. & Ir. blor a loud noise.] Defn: The act of blowing; a roaring wind; a blast. [Obs.] A most tempestuous blore. Chapman. BLOSMY Blos"my, a. Defn: Blossomy. [Obs.] Chaucer. BLOSSOM Blos"som, n. Etym: [OE. blosme, blostme, AS. bl, bl, blossom; akin to D. bloesem, L. fios, and E. flower; from the root of E. blow to blossom. See Blow to blossom, and cf. Bloom a blossom.] 1. The flower of a plant, or the essential organs of reproduction, with their appendages; florescence; bloom; the flowers of a plant, collectively; as, the blossoms and fruit of a tree; an apple tree in blossom. Note: The term has been applied by some botanists, and is also applied in common usage, to the corolla. It is more commonly used than flower or bloom, when we have reference to the fruit which is to succeed. Thus we use flowers when we speak of plants cultivated for ornament, and bloom in a more general sense, as of flowers in general, or in reference to the beauty of flowers. Blossoms flaunting in the eye of day. Longfellow. 2. A blooming period or stage of development; something lovely that gives rich promise. In the blossom of my youth. Massinger. 3. The color of a horse that has white hairs intermixed with sorrel and bay hairs; -- otherwise called peach color. In blossom, having the blossoms open; in bloom. BLOSSOM Blos"som, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blossomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blossoming.] Etym: [AS. bl. See Blossom, n.] 1. To put forth blossoms or flowers; to bloom; to blow; to flower. The moving whisper of huge trees that branched And blossomed. Tennyson. 2. To flourish and prosper. Israel shall blossom and bud, and full the face of the world with fruit. Isa. xxvii. 6. BLOSSOMLESS Blos"som*less, a. Defn: Without blossoms. BLOSSOMY Blos"som*y, a. Defn: Full of blossoms; flowery. BLOT Blot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blotting.] Etym: [Cf. Dan. plette. See 3d Blot.] 1. To spot, stain, or bespatter, as with ink. The brief was writ and blotted all with gore. Gascoigne. 2. To impair; to damage; to mar; to soil. It blots thy beauty, as frosts do bite the meads. Shak. 3. To stain with infamy; to disgrace. Blot not thy innocence with guiltless blood. Rowe. 4. To obliterate, as writing with ink; to cancel; to efface; -- generally with out; as, to blot out a word or a sentence. Often figuratively; as, to blot out offenses. One act like this blots out a thousand crimes. Dryden. 5. To obscure; to eclipse; to shadow. He sung how earth blots the moon's gilded wane. Cowley. 6. To dry, as writing, with blotting paper. Syn. -- To obliterate; expunge; erase; efface; cancel; tarnish; disgrace; blur; sully; smear; smutch. BLOT Blot, v. i. Defn: To take a blot; as, this paper blots easily. BLOT Blot, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. blettr, Dan. plet.] 1. A spot or stain, as of ink on paper; a blur. "Inky blots and rotten parchment bonds." Shak. 2. An obliteration of something written or printed; an erasure. Dryden. 3. A spot on reputation; a stain; a disgrace; a reproach; a blemish. This deadly blot in thy digressing son. Shak. BLOT Blot, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. blot bare, naked, Sw. blott, d. bloot, G. bloss, and perh. E. bloat.] 1. (Backgammon) (a) An exposure of a single man to be taken up. (b) A single man left on a point, exposed to be taken up. He is too great a master of his art to make a blot which may be so easily hit. Dryden. 2. A weak point; a failing; an exposed point or mark. BLOTCH Blotch, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. blacche in blacchepot blacking pot, akin to black, as bleach is akin to bleak. See Black, a., or cf. Blot a spot.] 1. A blot or spot, as of color or of ink; especially a large or irregular spot. Also Fig.; as, a moral blotch. Spots and blotches . . . some red, others yellow. Harvey. 2. (Med.) Defn: A large pustule, or a coarse eruption. Foul scurf and blotches him defile. Thomson. BLOTCHED Blotched, a. Defn: Marked or covered with blotches. To give their blotched and blistered bodies ease. Drayton. BLOTCHY Blotch"y, a. Defn: Having blotches. BLOTE Blote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bloting.] Etym: [Cf. Sw. blöt-fisk soaked fish, fr. blöta to soak. See 1st Bloat.] Defn: To cure, as herrings, by salting and smoking them; to bloat. [Obs.] BLOTLESS Blot"less, a. Defn: Without blot. BLOTTER Blot"ter, n. 1. One who, or that which blots; esp. a device for absorbing superfluous ink. 2. (Com.) Defn: A wastebook, in which entries of transactions are made as they take place. BLOTTESQUE Blot*tesque" (, a. (Painting) Defn: Characterized by blots or heavy touches; coarsely depicted; wanting in delineation. Ruskin. BLOTTING PAPER Blot"ting pa`per. Defn: A kind of thick, bibulous, unsized paper, used to absorb superfluous ink from freshly written manuscript, and thus prevent blots. BLOUSE Blouse, n. Etym: [F. blouse. Of unknown origin.] Defn: A light, loose over-garment, like a smock frock, worn especially by workingmen in France; also, a loose coat of any material, as the undress uniform coat of the United States army. BLOW Blow, v. i. [imp. Blew; p. p. Blown; p. pr. & vb. n. Blowing.] Etym: [OE. blowen, AS. bl to blossom; akin to OS. bl, D. bloeijen, OHG. pluojan, MHG. bl, G. blühen, L. florere to flourish, OIr. blath blossom. Cf. Blow to puff, Flourish.] Defn: To flower; to blossom; to bloom. How blows the citron grove. Milton. BLOW Blow, v. t. Defn: To cause to blossom; to put forth (blossoms or flowers). The odorous banks, that blow Flowers of more mingled hue. Milton. BLOW Blow, n. (Bot.) Defn: A blossom; a flower; also, a state of blossoming; a mass of blossoms. "Such a blow of tulips." Tatler. BLOW Blow, n. Etym: [OE. blaw, blowe; cf. OHG. bliuwan, pliuwan, to beat, G. bläuen, Goth. bliggwan.] 1. A forcible stroke with the hand, fist, or some instrument, as a rod, a club, an ax, or a sword. Well struck ! there was blow for blow. Shak. 2. A sudden or forcible act or effort; an assault. A vigorous blow might win [Hanno's camp]. T. Arnold. 3. The infliction of evil; a sudden calamity; something which produces mental, physical, or financial suffering or loss (esp. when sudden); a buffet. A most poor man, made tame to fortune's blows. Shak. At a blow, suddenly; at one effort; by a single vigorous act. "They lose a province at a blow." Dryden. -- To come to blows, to engage in combat; to fight; -- said of individuals, armies, and nations. Syn. -- Stroke; knock; shock; misfortune. BLOW Blow, v. i. [imp. Blew; p. p. Blown; p. pr. & vb. n. Blowing.] Etym: [OE. blawen, blowen, AS. bl to blow, as wind; akin to OHG. pl, G. blähen, to blow up, swell, L. flare to blow, Gr. to spout out, and to E. bladder, blast, inflate, etc., and perh. blow to bloom.] 1. To produce a current of air; to move, as air, esp. to move rapidly or with power; as, the wind blows. Hark how it rains and blows ! Walton. 2. To send forth a forcible current of air, as from the mouth or from a pair of bellows. 3. To breathe hard or quick; to pant; to puff. Here is Mistress Page at the door, sweating and blowing. Shak. 4. To sound on being blown into, as a trumpet. There let the pealing organ blow. Milton. 5. To spout water, etc., from the blowholes, as a whale. 6. To be carried or moved by the wind; as, the dust blows in from the street. The grass blows from their graves to thy own. M. Arnold. 7. To talk loudly; to boast; to storm. [Colloq.] You blow behind my back, but dare not say anything to my face. Bartlett. To blow hot and cold Etym: (a saying derived from a fable of , to favor a thing at one time and treat it coldly at another; or to appear both to favor and to oppose. -- To blow off, to let steam escape through a passage provided for the purpose; as, the engine or steamer is blowing off. -- To blow out. (a) To be driven out by the expansive force of a gas or vapor; as, a steam cock or valve sometimes blows out. (b) To talk violently or abusively. [Low] -- To blow over, to pass away without effect; to cease, or be dissipated; as, the storm and the clouds have blown over. -- To blow up, to be torn to pieces and thrown into the air as by an explosion of powder or gas or the expansive force of steam; to burst; to explode; as, a powder mill or steam boiler blows up. "The enemy's magazines blew up." Tatler. BLOW Blow, v. t. 1. To force a current of air upon with the mouth, or by other means; as, to blow the fire. 2. To drive by a current air; to impel; as, the tempest blew the ship ashore. Off at sea northeast winds blow Sabean odors from the spicy shore. Milton. 3. To cause air to pass through by the action of the mouth, or otherwise; to cause to sound, as a wind instrument; as, to blow a trumpet; to blow an organ. Hath she no husband That will take pains to blow a horn before her Shak. Boy, blow the pipe until the bubble rise, Then cast it off to float upon the skies. Parnell. 4. To clear of contents by forcing air through; as, to blow an egg; to blow one's nose. 5. To burst, shatter, or destroy by an explosion; -- usually with up, down, open, or similar adverb; as, to blow up a building. 6. To spread by report; to publish; to disclose. Through the court his courtesy was blown. Dryden. His language does his knowledge blow. Whiting. 7. To form by inflation; to swell by injecting air; as, to blow bubbles; to blow glass. 8. To inflate, as with pride; to puff up. Look how imagination blows him. Shak. 9. To put out of breath; to cause to blow from fatigue; as, to blow a horse. Sir W. Scott. 10. To deposit eggs or larvæ upon, or in (meat, etc.). To suffer The flesh fly blow my mouth. Shak. To blow great guns, to blow furiously and with roaring blasts; -- said of the wind at sea or along the coast. -- To blow off, to empty (a boiler) of water through the blow-off pipe, while under steam pressure; also, to eject (steam, water, sediment, etc.) from a boiler. -- To blow one's own trumpet, to vaunt one's own exploits, or sound one's own praises. -- To blow out, to extinguish by a current of air, as a candle. -- To blow up. (a) To fill with air; to swell; as, to blow up a bladder or bubble. (b) To inflate, as with pride, self-conceit, etc.; to puff up; as, to blow one up with flattery. "Blown up with high conceits engendering pride." Milton. (c) To excite; as, to blow up a contention.(d) To burst, to raise into the air, or to scatter, by an explosion; as, to blow up a fort. (e) To scold violently; as, to blow up a person for some offense. [Colloq.] I have blown him up well -- nobody can say I wink at what he does. G. Eliot. To blow upon. (a) To blast; to taint; to bring into discredit; to render stale, unsavory, or worthless. (b) To inform against. [Colloq.] How far the very custom of hearing anything spouted withers and blows upon a fine passage, may be seen in those speeches from [Shakespeare's] Henry V. which are current in the mouths of schoolboys. C. Lamb. A lady's maid whose character had been blown upon. Macaulay. BLOW Blow, n. 1. A blowing, esp., a violent blowing of the wind; a gale; as, a heavy blow came on, and the ship put back to port. 2. The act of forcing air from the mouth, or through or from some instrument; as, to give a hard blow on a whistle or horn; to give the fire a blow with the bellows. 3. The spouting of a whale. 4. (Metal.) Defn: A single heat or operation of the Bessemer converter. Raymond. 5. An egg, or a larva, deposited by a fly on or in flesh, or the act of depositing it. Chapman. BLOWBALL Blow"ball` (, n. Defn: The downy seed head of a dandelion, which children delight to blow away. B. Jonson. BLOWEN; BLOWESS Blow"en, Blow"ess, n. Defn: A prostitute; a courtesan; a strumpet. [Low] Smart. BLOWER Blow"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, blows. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A device for producing a current of air; as: (a) A metal plate temporarily placed before the upper part of a grate or open fire. (b) A machine for producing an artificial blast or current of air by pressure, as for increasing the draft of a furnace, ventilating a building or shaft, cleansing gram, etc. 3. A blowing out or excessive discharge of gas from a hole or fissure in a mine. 4. The whale; -- so called by seamen, from the circumstance of its spouting up a column of water. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small fish of the Atlantic coast (Tetrodon turgidus); the puffer. 6. A braggart, or loud talker. [Slang] Bartlett. BLOWFLY Blow"fly`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of fly of the genus Musca that deposits its eggs or young larvæ (called flyblows and maggots) upon meat or other animal products. BLOWGUN Blow"gun`, n. Defn: A tube, as of cane or reed, sometimes twelve feet long, through which an arrow or other projectile may be impelled by the force of the breath. It is a weapon much used by certain Indians of America and the West Indies; -- called also blowpipe, and blowtube. See Sumpitan. BLOWHOLE Blow"hole`, n. 1. A cavern in a cliff, at the water level, opening to the air at its farther extremity, so that the waters rush in with each surge and rise in a lofty jet from the extremity. 2. A nostril or spiracle in the top of the head of a whale or other cetacean. Note: There are two spiracles or blowholes in the common whales, but only one in sperm whales, porpoises, etc. 3. A hole in the ice to which whales, seals, etc., come to breathe. 4. (Founding) Defn: An air hole in a casting. BLOWN Blown, p. p. & a. 1. Swollen; inflated; distended; puffed up, as cattle when gorged with green food which develops gas. 2. Stale; worthless. 3. Out of breath; tired; exhausted. "Their horses much blown." Sir W. Scott. 4. Covered with the eggs and larvæ of flies; fly blown. BLOWN Blown, p. p. & a. Defn: Opened; in blossom or having blossomed, as a flower. Shak. BLOW-OFF Blow"-off` (, n. 1. A blowing off steam, water, etc.; -- Also, adj. Defn: as, a blow-off cock or pipe. 2. An outburst of temper or excitement. [Colloq.] BLOW-OUT Blow"-out` (, n. Defn: The cleaning of the flues of a boiler from scale, etc., by a blast of steam. BLOWPIPE Blow"pipe` (, n. 1. A tube for directing a jet of air into a fire or into the flame of a lamp or candle, so as to concentrate the heat on some object. Note: It is called a mouth blowpipe when used with the mouth; but for both chemical and industrial purposes, it is often worked by a bellows or other contrivance. The common mouth blowpipe is a tapering tube with a very small orifice at the end to be inserted in the flame. The oxyhydrogen blowpipe, invented by Dr. Hare in 1801, is an instrument in which oxygen and hydrogen, taken from separate reservoirs, in the proportions of two volumes of hydrogen to one of oxygen, are burned in a jet, under pressure. It gives a heat that will consume the diamond, fuse platinum, and dissipate in vapor, or in gaseous forms, most known substances. 2. A blowgun; a blowtube. Blowpipe analysis (Chem.), analysis by means of the blowpipe. -- Blowpipe reaction (Chem.), the characteristic behavior of a substance subjected to a test by means of the blowpipe. BLOWPOINT Blow"point` (, n. Defn: A child's game. [Obs.] BLOWSE Blowse, n. Defn: See Blowze. BLOWTH Blowth, n. Etym: [From Blow to blossom: cf. Growth.] Defn: A blossoming; a bloom. [Obs. or Archaic] "In the blowth and bud." Sir W. Raleigh. BLOWTUBE Blow"tube`, n. 1. A blowgun. Tylor. 2. A similar instrument, commonly of tin, used by boys for discharging paper wads and other light missiles. 3. (Glassmaking) Defn: A long wrought iron tube, on the end of which the workman gathers a quantity of "metal" (melted glass), and through which he blows to expand or shape it; -- called also blowing tube, and blowpipe. BLOW VALVE Blow" valve` (. (Mach.) Defn: See Snifting valve. BLOWY Blow"y, a. Defn: Windy; as, blowy weather; a blowy upland. BLOWZE Blowze, n. Etym: [Prob. from the same root as blush.] Defn: A ruddy, fat-faced woman; a wench. [Obs.] Shak. BLOWZED Blowzed, a. Defn: Having high color from exposure to the weather; ruddy-faced; blowzy; disordered. Huge women blowzed with health and wind. Tennyson. BLOWZY Blowz"y, a. Defn: Coarse and ruddy-faced; fat and ruddy; high colored; frowzy. BLUB Blub, v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. Bleb, Blob.] Defn: To swell; to puff out, as with weeping. [Obs.] BLUBBER Blub"ber, n. Etym: [See Blobber, Blob, Bleb.] 1. A bubble. At his mouth a blubber stood of foam. Henryson. 2. The fat of whales and other large sea animals from which oil is obtained. It lies immediately under the skin and over the muscular flesh. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large sea nettle or medusa. BLUBBER Blub"ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blubbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Blubbering.] Defn: To weep noisily, or so as to disfigure the face; to cry in a childish manner. She wept, she blubbered, and she tore her hair. Swift. BLUBBER Blub"ber, v. t. 1. To swell or disfigure (the face) with weeping; to wet with tears. Dear Cloe, how blubbered is that pretty face! Prior. 2. To give vent to (tears) or utter (broken words or cries); -- with forth or out. BLUBBERED Blub"bered, p. p. & a. Defn: Swollen; turgid; as, a blubbered lip. Spenser. BLUBBERING Blub"ber*ing, n. Defn: The act of weeping noisily. He spake well save that his blubbering interrupted him. Winthrop. BLUBBERY Blub"ber*y, a. 1. Swollen; protuberant. 2. Like blubber; gelatinous and quivering; as, a blubbery mass. BLUCHER Blu"cher, n. Defn: A kind of half boot, named from the Prussian general Blücher. Thackeray. BLUDGEON Bludg"eon, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. blocan a little block, Gael. plocan a mallet, W. plocyn, dim. of ploc block; or perh. connected with E. blow a stroke. Cf. Block, Blow a stroke.] Defn: A short stick, with one end loaded, or thicker and heavier that the other, used as an offensive weapon. BLUE Blue, a. [Compar. Bluer; superl. Bluest.] Etym: [OE. bla, blo, blew, blue, Sw. bl, D. blauw, OHG. bl, G. blau; but influenced in form by F. bleu, from OHG. blao.] 1. Having the color of the clear sky, or a hue resembling it, whether lighter or darker; as, the deep, blue sea; as blue as a sapphire; blue violets. "The blue firmament." Milton. 2. Pale, without redness or glare, -- said of a flame; hence, of the color of burning brimstone, betokening the presence of ghosts or devils; as, the candle burns blue; the air was blue with oaths. 3. Low in spirits; melancholy; as, to feel blue. 4. Suited to produce low spirits; gloomy in prospect; as, thongs looked blue. [Colloq.] 5. Severe or over strict in morals; gloom; as, blue and sour religionists; suiting one who is over strict in morals; inculcating an impracticable, severe, or gloomy mortality; as, blue laws. 6. Literary; -- applied to women; -- an abbreviation of bluestocking. [Colloq.] The ladies were very blue and well informed. Thackeray. Blue asbestus. See Crocidolite. -- Blue black, of, or having, a very dark blue color, almost black. -- Blue blood. See under Blood. -- Blue buck (Zoöl.), a small South African antelope (Cephalophus pygmæus); also applied to a larger species (Ægoceras leucophæus); the blaubok. -- Blue cod (Zoöl.), the buffalo cod. -- Blue crab (Zoöl.), the common edible crab of the Atlantic coast of the United States (Callinectes hastatus). -- Blue curls (Bot.), a common plant (Trichostema dichotomum), resembling pennyroyal, and hence called also bastard pennyroyal. -- Blue devils, apparitions supposed to be seen by persons suffering with delirium tremens; hence, very low spirits. "Can Gumbo shut the hall door upon blue devils, or lay them all in a red sea of claret" Thackeray. -- Blue gage. See under Gage, a plum. -- Blue gum, an Australian myrtaceous tree (Eucalyptus globulus), of the loftiest proportions, now cultivated in tropical and warm temperate regions for its timber, and as a protection against malaria. The essential oil is beginning to be used in medicine. The timber is very useful. See Eucalyptus. -- Blue jack, Blue stone, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. -- Blue jacket, a man-of war's man; a sailor wearing a naval uniform. -- Blue jaundice. See under Jaundice. -- Blue laws, a name first used in the eighteenth century to describe certain supposititious laws of extreme rigor reported to have been enacted in New Haven; hence, any puritanical laws. [U. S.] -- Blue light, a composition which burns with a brilliant blue flame; -- used in pyrotechnics and as a night signal at sea, and in military operations. -- Blue mantle (Her.), one of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms; -- so called from the color of his official robes. -- Blue mass, a preparation of mercury from which is formed the blue pill. McElrath. -- Blue mold, or mould, the blue fungus (Aspergillus glaucus) which grows on cheese. Brande & C. -- Blue Monday, a Monday following a Sunday of dissipation, or itself given to dissipation (as the Monday before Lent). -- Blue ointment (Med.), mercurial ointment. -- Blue Peter (British Marine), a blue flag with a white square in the center, used as a signal for sailing, to recall boats, etc. It is a corruption of blue repeater, one of the British signal flags. -- Blue pill. (Med.) (a) A pill of prepared mercury, used as an aperient, etc. (b) Blue mass. -- Blue ribbon. (a) The ribbon worn by members of the order of the Garter; -- hence, a member of that order. (b) Anything the attainment of which is an object of great ambition; a distinction; a prize. "These [scholarships] were the blue ribbon of the college." Farrar. (c) The distinctive badge of certain temperance or total abstinence organizations, as of the Blue ribbon Army. -- Blue ruin, utter ruin; also, gin. [Eng. Slang] Carlyle. -- Blue spar (Min.), azure spar; lazulite. See Lazulite. -- Blue thrush (Zoöl.), a European and Asiatic thrush (Petrocossyphus cyaneas). -- Blue verditer. See Verditer. -- Blue vitriol (Chem.), sulphate of copper, a violet blue crystallized salt, used in electric batteries, calico printing, etc. -- Blue water, the open ocean. -- To look blue, to look disheartened or dejected. -- True blue, genuine and thorough; not modified, nor mixed; not spurious; specifically, of uncompromising Presbyterianism, blue being the color adopted by the Covenanters. For his religion . . . 'T was Presbyterian, true blue. Hudibras. BLUE Blue, n. 1. One of the seven colors into which the rays of light divide themselves, when refracted through a glass prism; the color of the clear sky, or a color resembling that, whether lighter or darker; a pigment having such color. Sometimes, poetically, the sky. 2. A pedantic woman; a bluestocking. [Colloq.] 3. pl. Etym: [Short for blue devils.] Defn: Low spirits; a fit of despondency; melancholy. [Colloq.] Berlin blue, Prussian blue. -- Mineral blue. See under Mineral. -- Prussian blue. See under Prussian. BLUE Blue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blued; p. pr. & vb. n. Bluing.] Defn: To make blue; to dye of a blue color; to make blue by heating, as metals, etc. BLUEBACK Blue"back`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A trout (Salmo oquassa) inhabiting some of the lakes of Maine. (b) A salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) of the Columbia River and northward. (c) An American river herring (Clupea æstivalis), closely allied to the alewife. BLUEBEARD Blue"beard, n. Defn: The hero of a mediæval French nursery legend, who, leaving home, enjoined his young wife not to open a certain room in his castle. She entered it, and found the murdered bodies of his former wives. -- Also used adjectively of a subject which it is forbidden to investigate. The Bluebeard chamber of his mind, into which no eye but his own must look. Carlyle. BLUEBELL Blue"bell`, n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Campanula, especially the Campanula rotundifolia, which bears blue bell-shaped flowers; the harebell. (b) A plant of the genus Scilla (Scilla nutans). BLUEBERRY Blue"berry, n. Etym: [Cf. Blaeberry.] (Bot.) Defn: The berry of several species of Vaccinium, and ericaceous genus, differing from the American huckleberries in containing numerous minute seeds instead of ten nutlets. The commonest species are V. Pennsylvanicum and V. vacillans. V. corymbosum is the tall blueberry. BLUEBILL Blue"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A duck of the genus Fuligula. Two American species (F. marila and F. affinis) are common. See Scaup duck. BLUEBIRD Blue"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small song bird (Sialia sialis), very common in the United States, and, in the north, one of the earliest to arrive in spring. The male is blue, with the breast reddish. It is related to the European robin. Pairy bluebird (Zoöl.), a brilliant Indian or East Indian bird of the genus Irena, of several species. BLUE BONNET; BLUE-BONNET Blue" bon`net or Blue"-bon`net, n. 1. A broad, flat Scottish cap of blue woolen, or one waring such cap; a Scotchman. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant. Same as Bluebottle. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European blue titmouse (Parus coeruleus); the bluecap. BLUE BOOK Blue" book`. 1. A parliamentary publication, so called from its blue paper covers. [Eng.] 2. The United States official "Biennial Register." BLUEBOTTLE Blue"bot`tle, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Centaurea cyanus) which grows in grain fields. It receives its name from its blue bottle-shaped flowers. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large and troublesome species of blowfly (Musca vomitoria). Its body is steel blue. BLUEBREAST Blue"breast`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European bird; the blue-throated warbler. BLUECAP Blue"cap`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The bluepoll. (b) The blue bonnet or blue titmouse. 2. A Scot; a Scotchman; -- so named from wearing a blue bonnet. [Poetic] Shak. BLUECOAT Blue"coat`, n. Defn: One dressed in blue, as a soldier, a sailor, a beadle, etc. BLUE-EYE Blue"-eye`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The blue-cheeked honeysucker of Australia. BLUE-EYED Blue"-eyed`, a. Defn: Having blue eyes. BLUE-EYED GRASS Blue-eyed grass (Bot.) Defn: a grasslike plant (Sisyrinchium anceps), with small flowers of a delicate blue color. BLUEFIN Blue"fin`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of whitefish (Coregonus nigripinnis) found in Lake Michigan. BLUEFISH Blue"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) 1. A large voracious fish (Pomatomus saitatrix), of the family Carangidæ, valued as a food fish, and widely distributed on the American coast. On the New Jersey and Rhode Island coast it is called the horse mackerel, in Virginia saltwater tailor, or skipjack. 2. A West Indian fish (Platyglossus radiatus), of the family Labridæ. Note: The name is applied locally to other species of fishes; as the cunner, sea bass, squeteague, etc. BLUEGOWN Blue"gown`, n. Defn: One of a class of paupers or pensioners, or licensed beggars, in Scotland, to whim annually on the king's birthday were distributed certain alms, including a blue gown; a beadsman. BLUE GRASS Blue" grass`. (Bot.) Defn: A species of grass (Poa compressa) with bluish green stems, valuable in thin gravelly soils; wire grass. Kentucky blue grass, a species of grass (Poa pratensis) which has running rootstocks and spreads rapidly. It is valuable as a pasture grass, as it endures both winter and drought better than other kinds, and is very nutritious. BLUE-GRASS STATE Blue-grass State. Defn: The Sate of Kentucky; -- a nickname alluding to the blue-grass region, where fine horses are bred. BLUE HEN STATE Blue Hen State. Defn: The State of Delaware; -- a popular sobriquet. It is said, though the story lacks proof, to have taken its origin from the insistence of a Delaware Revolutionary captain, named Caldwell, that no cock could be truly game unless the mother was a blue hen, whence Blue Hen's Chickens came to be a nickname for the people of Delaware. BLUE JAY Blue" jay`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common jay of the United States (Cyanocitta, or Cyanura, cristata). The predominant color is bright blue. BLUE-JOHN Blue"-john`, n. Defn: A name given to fluor spar in Derbyshire, where it is used for ornamental purposes. BLUELY Blue"ly, adv. Defn: With a blue color. Swift. BLUENESS Blue"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being blue; a blue color. Boyle. BLUENOSE Blue"nose, n. Defn: A nickname for a Nova Scotian. BLUENOSE; BLUENOSER Blue"nose`, Blue"nos*er, n. Defn: A Nova Scotian; also, a Nova Scotian ship (called also Blue"nos`er); a Nova Scotian potato, etc. BLUEPOLL Blue"poll` (, n. Etym: [Blue + poll head.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of salmon (Salmo Cambricus) found in Wales. BLUEPRINT Blue"print. Defn: See under Print. BLUE-SKYLAW Blue"-sky"law`. Defn: A law enacted to provide for the regulation and supervision of investment companies in order to protect the public against companies that do not intend to do a fair and honest business and that offer investments that do not promise a fair return; -- so called because the promises made by some investment companies are as boundless or alluring as the blue sky, or, perhaps, because designed to clear away the clouds and fogs from the simple investor's horizon. [Colloq.] BLUESTOCKING Blue"stock`ing, n. 1. A literary lady; a female pedant. [Colloq.] Note: As explained in Boswell's "Life of Dr. Johnson", this term is derived from the name given to certain meetings held by ladies, in Johnson's time, for conversation with distinguished literary men. An eminent attendant of these assemblies was a Mr. Stillingfleet, who always wore blue stockings. He was so much distinguished for his conversational powers that his absence at any time was felt to be a great loss, so that the remark became common, "We can do nothing without the blue stockings." Hence these meetings were sportively called bluestocking clubs, and the ladies who attended them, bluestockings. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American avocet (Recurvirostra Americana). BLUESTOCKINGISM Blue"stock`ing*ism, n. Defn: The character or manner of a bluestocking; female pedantry. [Colloq.] BLUESTONE Blue"stone` (, n. 1. Blue vitriol. Dunglison. 2. A grayish blue building stone, as that commonly used in the eastern United States. BLUETHROAT Blue"throat`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A singing bird of northern Europe and Asia (Cyanecula Suecica), related to the nightingales; -- called also blue-throated robin and blue-throated warbler. BLUETS Blu"ets, n. Etym: [F. bluet, bleuet, dim. of bleu blue. See Blue, a.] (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several different species of plants having blue flowers, as the Houstonia coerulea, the Centaurea cyanus or bluebottle, and the Vaccinium angustifolium. BLUE-VEINED Blue"-veined` (, a. Defn: Having blue veins or blue streaks. BLUEWING Blue"wing`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The blue-winged teal. See Teal. BLUEY Blue"y Defn: ,a.Bluish. Southey. BLUFF Bluff, a. Etym: [Cf. OD. blaf flat, broad, blaffaert one with a broad face, also, a boaster; or G. verblüffen to confuse, LG. bluffen to frighten; to unknown origin.] 1. Having a broad, flattened front; as, the bluff bows of a ship. "Bluff visages." Irving. 2. Rising steeply with a flat or rounded front. "A bluff or bold shore." Falconer. Its banks, if not really steep, had a bluff and precipitous aspect. Judd. 3. Surly; churlish; gruff; rough. 4. Abrupt; roughly frank; unceremonious; blunt; brusque; as, a bluff answer; a bluff manner of talking; a bluff sea captain. "Bluff King Hal." Sir W. Scott. There is indeed a bluff pertinacity which is a proper defense in a moment of surprise. I. Taylor. BLUFF Bluff, n. 1. A high, steep bank, as by a river or the sea, or beside a ravine or plain; a cliff with a broad face. Beach, bluff, and wave, adieu. Whittier. 2. An act of bluffing; an expression of self-confidence for the purpose of intimidation; braggadocio; as, that is only bluff, or a bluff. 3. A game at cards; poker. [U.S.] Bartlett. BLUFF Bluff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bluffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bluffing.] 1. (Poker) Defn: To deter (an opponent) from taking the risk of betting on his hand of cards, as the bluffer does by betting heavily on his own hand although it may be of less value. [U. S.] 2. To frighten or deter from accomplishing a purpose by making a show of confidence in one's strength or resources; as, he bluffed me off. [Colloq.] BLUFF Bluff, v. i. Defn: To act as in the game of bluff. BLUFF-BOWED Bluff"-bowed` (, a. (Naut.) Defn: Built with the stem nearly straight up and down. BLUFFER Bluff"er, ( n. Defn: One who bluffs. BLUFF-HEADED Bluff"-head`ed (, a. (Naut.) Defn: Built with the stem nearly straight up and down. BLUFFNESS Bluff"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being bluff. BLUFFY Bluff"y, a. 1. Having bluffs, or bold, steep banks. 2. Inclined to bo bluff; brusque. BLUING Blu"ing, n. 1. The act of rendering blue; as, the bluing of steel. Tomlinson. 2. Something to give a bluish tint, as indigo, or preparations used by washerwomen. BLUISH Blu"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat blue; as, bluish veins. "Bluish mists." Dryden. -- Blu"ish*ly, adv. -- Blu"ish*ness, n. BLUNDER Blun"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blundered; p. pr. & vb. n. Blundering.] Etym: [OE. blunderen, blondren, to stir, confuse, blunder; perh. allied to blend to mix, to confound by mixture.] 1. To make a gross error or mistake; as, to blunder in writing or preparing a medical prescription. Swift. 2. To move in an awkward, clumsy manner; to flounder and stumble. I was never distinguished for address, and have often even blundered in making my bow. Goldsmith. Yet knows not how to find the uncertain place, And blunders on, and staggers every pace. Dryden. To blunder on. (a) To continue blundering. (b) To find or reach as if by an accident involving more or less stupidity, -- applied to something desirable; as, to blunder on a useful discovery. BLUNDER Blun"der, v. t. 1. To cause to blunder. [Obs.] "To blunder an adversary." Ditton. 2. To do or treat in a blundering manner; to confuse. He blunders and confounds all these together. Stillingfleet. BLUNDER Blun"der, n. 1. Confusion; disturbance. [Obs.] 2. A gross error or mistake, resulting from carelessness, stupidity, or culpable ignorance. Syn. -- Blunder, Error, Mistake, Bull. An error is a departure or deviation from that which is right or correct; as, an error of the press; an error of judgment. A mistake is the interchange or taking of one thing for another, through haste, inadvertence, etc.; as, a careless mistake. A blunder is a mistake or error of a gross kind. It supposes a person to flounder on in his course, from carelessness, ignorance, or stupidity. A bull is a verbal blunder containing a laughable incongruity of ideas. BLUNDERBUSS Blun"der*buss, n. Etym: [Either fr. blunder + D. bus tube, box, akin to G. büchse box, gun, E. box; or corrupted fr. D. donderbus (literally) thunder box, gun, musket.] 1. A short gun or firearm, with a large bore, capable of holding a number of balls, and intended to do execution without exact aim. 2. A stupid, blundering fellow. BLUNDERER Blun"der*er, n. Defn: One who is apt to blunder. BLUNDERHEAD Blun"der*head` (, n. [Blunder + head.] Defn: A stupid, blundering fellow. BLUNDERING Blun"der*ing, a. Defn: Characterized by blunders. BLUNDERINGLY Blun"der*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a blundering manner. BLUNGE Blunge, v. t. Defn: To amalgamate and blend; to beat up or mix in water, as clay. BLUNGER Blun"ger, n. Etym: [Corrupted from plunger.] Defn: A wooden blade with a cross handle, used for mi Tomlinson. BLUNGING Blun"ging, n. Defn: The process of mixing clay in potteries with a blunger. Tomlinson. BLUNT Blunt, a. Etym: [Cf. Prov. G. bludde a dull or blunt knife, Dan. blunde to sleep, Sw. & Icel. blunda; or perh. akin to E. blind.] 1. Having a thick edge or point, as an instrument; dull; not sharp. The murderous knife was dull and blunt. Shak. 2. Dull in understanding; slow of discernment; stupid; -- opposed to acute. His wits are not so blunt. Shak. 3. Abrupt in address; plain; unceremonious; wanting the forms of civility; rough in manners or speech. "Hiding his bitter jests in blunt behavior." "A plain, blunt man." Shak. 4. Hard to impress or penetrate. [R.] I find my heart hardened and blunt to new impressions. Pope. Note: Blunt is much used in composition, as blunt-edged, blunt- sighted, blunt-spoken. Syn. -- Obtuse; dull; pointless; curt; short; coarse; rude; brusque; impolite; uncivil. BLUNT Blunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blunting.] 1. To dull the edge or point of, by making it thicker; to make blunt. Shak. 2. To repress or weaken, as any appetite, desire, or power of the mind; to impair the force, keenness, or susceptibility, of; as, to blunt the feelings. BLUNT Blunt, n. 1. A fencer's foil. [Obs.] 2. A short needle with a strong point. See Needle. 3. Money. [Cant] Beaconsfield. BLUNTISH Blunt"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat blunt. -- Blunt"ish*ness, n. BLUNTLY Blunt"ly, adv. Defn: In a blunt manner; coarsely; plainly; abruptly; without delicacy, or the usual forms of civility. Sometimes after bluntly giving his opinions, he would quietly lay himself asleep until the end of their deliberations. Jeffrey. BLUNTNESS Blunt"ness, n. 1. Want of edge or point; dullness; obtuseness; want of sharpness. The multitude of elements and bluntness of angles. Holland. 2. A bruptness of address; rude plainness. "Bluntness of speech." Boyle. BLUNT-WITTED Blunt"-wit`ted, n. Defn: Dull; stupid. Blunt-witted lord, ignoble in demeanor! Shak. BLUR Blur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blurred; p. pr. & vb. n. Blurring.] Etym: [Prob. of same origin as blear. See Blear.] 1. To render obscure by making the form or outline of confused and uncertain, as by soiling; to smear; to make indistinct and confused; as, to blur manuscript by handling it while damp; to blur the impression of a woodcut by an excess of ink. But time hath nothing blurred those lines of favor Which then he wore. Shak. 2. To cause imperfection of vision in; to dim; to darken. Her eyes are blurred with the lightning's glare. J. R. Drake. 3. To sully; to stain; to blemish, as reputation. Sarcasms may eclipse thine own, But can not blur my lost renown. Hudibras. Syn. -- To spot; blot; disfigure; stain; sully. BLUR Blur, n. 1. That which obscures without effacing; a stain; a blot, as upon paper or other substance. As for those who cleanse blurs with blotted fingers, they make it worse. Fuller. 2. A dim, confused appearance; indistinctness of vision; as, to see things with a blur; it was all blur. 3. A moral stain or blot. Lest she . . . will with her railing set a great blur on mine honesty and good name. Udall. BLURRY Blur"ry, a. Defn: Full of blurs; blurred. BLURT Blurt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blurted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blurting.] Etym: [Cf. Blare.] Defn: To utter suddenly and unadvisedly; to divulge inconsiderately; to ejaculate; -- commonly with out. Others . . . can not hold, but blurt out, those words which afterward they forced to eat. Hakewill. To blurt at, to speak contemptuously of. [Obs.] Shak. BLUSH Blush v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blushed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blushing.] Etym: [OE. bluschen to shine, look, turn red, AS. blyscan to glow; akin to blysa a torch, abl to blush, D. blozen, Dan. blusse to blaze, blush.] 1. To become suffused with red in the cheeks, as from a sense of shame, modesty, or confusion; to become red from such cause, as the cheeks or face. To the nuptial bower I led her blushing like the morn. Milton. In the presence of the shameless and unblushing, the young offender is ashamed to blush. Buckminster. He would stroke The head of modest and ingenuous worth, That blushed at its own praise. Cowper. 2. To grow red; to have a red or rosy color. The sun of heaven, methought, was loth to set, But stayed, and made the western welkin blush. Shak. 3. To have a warm and delicate color, as some roses and other flowers. Full many a flower is born to blush unseen. T. Gray. BLUSH Blush, v. t. 1. To suffuse with a blush; to redden; to make roseate. [Obs.] To blush and beautify the cheek again. Shak. 2. To express or make known by blushing. I'll blush you thanks. Shak. BLUSH Blush, n. 1. A suffusion of the cheeks or face with red, as from a sense of shame, confusion, or modesty. The rosy blush of love. Trumbull. 2. A red or reddish color; a rosy tint. Light's last blushes tinged the distant hills. Lyttleton. At first blush, or At the first blush, at the first appearance or view. "At the first blush, we thought they had been ships come from France." Hakluyt. Note: This phrase is used now more of ideas, opinions, etc., than of material things. "All purely identical propositions, obviously, and at first blush, appear." etc. Locke. -- To put to the blush, to cause to blush with shame; to put to shame. BLUSHER Blush"er, n. Defn: One that blushes. BLUSHET Blush"et, n. Defn: A modest girl. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BLUSHFUL Blush"ful, a. Defn: Full of blushes. While from his ardent look the turning Spring Averts her blushful face. Thomson. BLUSHING Blush"ing, a. Defn: Showing blushes; rosy red; having a warm and delicate color like some roses and other flowers; blooming; ruddy; roseate. The dappled pink and blushing rose. Prior. BLUSHING Blush"ing, n. Defn: The act of turning red; the appearance of a reddish color or flush upon the cheeks. BLUSHINGLY Blush"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a blushing manner; with a blush or blushes; as, to answer or confess blushingly. BLUSHLESS Blush"less, a. Defn: Free from blushes; incapable of blushing; shameless; impudent. Vice now, secure, her blushless front shall raise. Dodsley. BLUSHY Blush"y, a. Defn: Like a blush; having the color of a blush; rosy. [R.] "A blushy color." Harvey. BLUSTER Blus"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blustered; p. pr. & vb. n. Blustering.] Etym: [Allied to blast.] 1. To blow fitfully with violence and noise, as wind; to be windy and boisterous, as the weather. And ever-threatening storms Of Chaos blustering round. Milton. 2. To talk with noisy violence; to swagger, as a turbulent or boasting person; to act in a noisy, tumultuous way; to play the bully; to storm; to rage. Your ministerial directors blustered like tragic tyrants. Burke. BLUSTER Blus"ter, v. t. Defn: To utter, or do, with noisy violence; to force by blustering; to bully. He bloweth and blustereth out . . . his abominable blasphemy. Sir T. More. As if therewith he meant to bluster all princes into a perfect obedience to his commands. Fuller. BLUSTER Blus"ter, n. 1. Fitful noise and violence, as of a storm; violent winds; boisterousness. To the winds they set Their corners, when with bluster to confound Sea, air, and shore. Milton. 2. Noisy and violent or threatening talk; noisy and boastful language. L'Estrange. Syn. -- Noise; boisterousness; tumult; turbulence; confusion; boasting; swaggering; bullying. BLUSTERER Blus"ter*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, blusters; a noisy swaggerer. BLUSTERING Blus"ter*ing, a. 1. Exhibiting noisy violence, as the wind; stormy; tumultuous. A tempest and a blustering day. Shak. 2. Uttering noisy threats; noisy and swaggering; boisterous. "A blustering fellow." L'Estrange. BLUSTERINGLY Blus"ter*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a blustering manner. BLUSTEROUS Blus"ter*ous, a. Defn: Inclined to bluster; given to blustering; blustering. Motley. BLUSTROUS Blus"trous, a. Defn: Blusterous. Shak. BO Bo, interj. Etym: [Cf. W. bw, an interj. of threatening or frightening; n., terror, fear, dread.] Defn: An exclamation used to startle or frighten. [Spelt also boh and boo.] BOA Bo"a, n.; pl. Boas . Etym: [L. boa a kind of water serpent. Perh. fr. bos an ox.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large American serpents, including the boa constrictor, the emperor boa of Mexico (B. imperator), and the chevalier boa of Peru (B. eques). Note: The name is also applied to related genera; as, the dog-headed boa (Xiphosoma caninum). 2. A long, round fur tippet; -- so called from its resemblance in shape to the boa constrictor. BOA CONSTRICTOR Bo"a con*strict"or. Etym: [NL. See Boa, and Constrictor.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large and powerful serpent of tropical America, sometimes twenty or thirty feet long. See Illustration in Appendix. Note: It has a succession of spots, alternately black and yellow, extending along the back. It kills its prey by constriction. The name is also loosely applied to other large serpents which crush their prey, particularly to those of the genus Python, found in Asia and Africa. BOANERGES Bo`a*ner"ges. Etym: [Gr. , fr. Heb. bn sons of thunder. -- an appellation given by Christ to two of his disciples (James and John). See Mark iii. 17.] Defn: Any declamatory and vociferous preacher or orator. BOAR Boar, n. Etym: [OE. bar, bor, bore, AS. bar; akin to OHG. p, MHG. b, G. bär, boar (but not bär bear), and perh. Russ. borov' boar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The uncastrated male of swine; specifically, the wild hog. BOARD Board, n. Etym: [OE. bord, AS. bord board, shipboard; akin to bred plank, Icel. bor board, side of a ship, Goth. f footstool, D. bord board, G. brett, bort. See def. 8. sq. root92.] 1. A piece of timber sawed thin, and of considerable length and breadth as compared with the thickness, -- used for building, etc. Note: When sawed thick, as over one and a half or two inches, it is usually called a plank. 2. A table to put food upon. Note: The term board answers to the modern table, but it was often movable, and placed on trestles. Halliwell. Fruit of all kinds . . . She gathers, tribute large, and on the board Heaps with unsparing hand. Milton. 3. Hence: What is served on a table as food; stated meals; provision; entertainment; -- usually as furnished for pay; as, to work for one's board; the price of board. 4. A table at which a council or court is held. Hence: A council, convened for business, or any authorized assembly or meeting, public or private; a number of persons appointed or elected to sit in council for the management or direction of some public or private business or trust; as, the Board of Admiralty; a board of trade; a board of directors, trustees, commissioners, etc. Both better acquainted with affairs than any other who sat then at that board. Clarendon. We may judge from their letters to the board. Porteus. 5. A square or oblong piece of thin wood or other material used for some special purpose, as, a molding board; a board or surface painted or arranged for a game; as, a chessboard; a backgammon board. 6. Paper made thick and stiff like a board, for book covers, etc.; pasteboard; as, to bind a book in boards. 7. pl. Defn: The stage in a theater; as, to go upon the boards, to enter upon the theatrical profession. 8. Etym: [In this use originally perh. a different word meaning border, margin; cf. D. boord, G. bord, shipboard, and G. borte trimming; also F. bord (fr. G.) the side of a ship. Cf. Border.] Defn: The border or side of anything. (Naut.) (a) The side of a ship. "Now board to board the rival vessels row." Dryden. See On board, below. (b) The stretch which a ship makes in one tack. Note: Board is much used adjectively or as the last part of a compound; as, fir board, clapboard, floor board, shipboard, sideboard, ironing board, chessboard, cardboard, pasteboard, seaboard; board measure. The American Board, a shortened form of "The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions" (the foreign missionary society of the American Congregational churches). -- Bed and board. See under Bed. -- Board and board (Naut.), side by side. -- Board of control, six privy councilors formerly appointed to superintend the affairs of the British East Indies. Stormonth. -- Board rule, a figured scale for finding without calculation the number of square feet in a board. Haldeman. -- Board of trade, in England, a committee of the privy council appointed to superintend matters relating to trade. In the United States, a body of men appointed for the advancement and protection of their business interests; a chamber of commerce. -- Board wages. (a) Food and lodging supplied as compensation for services; as, to work hard, and get only board wages. (b) Money wages which are barely sufficient to buy food and lodging. (c) A separate or special allowance of wages for the procurement of food, or food and lodging. Dryden. -- By the board, over the board, or side. "The mast went by the board." Totten. Hence (Fig.), To go by the board, to suffer complete destruction or overthrow. -- To enter on the boards, to have one's name inscribed on a board or tablet in a college as a student. [Cambridge, England.] "Having been entered on the boards of Trinity college." Hallam. -- To make a good board (Naut.), to sail in a straight line when close-hauled; to lose little to leeward. -- To make short boards, to tack frequently. -- On board. (a) On shipboard; in a ship or a boat; on board of; as, I came on board early; to be on board ship. (b) In or into a railway car or train. [Colloq. U. S.] -- Returning board, a board empowered to canvass and make an official statement of the votes cast at an election. [U.S.] BOARD Board, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Boarding.] 1. To cover with boards or boarding; as, to board a house. "The boarded hovel." Cowper. 2. Etym: [Cf. Board to accost, and see Board, n.] Defn: To go on board of, or enter, as a ship, whether in a hostile or a friendly way. You board an enemy to capture her, and a stranger to receive news or make a communication. Totten. 3. To enter, as a railway car. [Colloq. U. S.] 4. To furnish with regular meals, or with meals and lodgings, for compensation; to supply with daily meals. 5. To place at board, for compensation; as, to board one's horse at a livery stable. BOARD Board, v. i. Defn: To obtain meals, or meals and lodgings, statedly for compensation; as, he boards at the hotel. We are several of us, gentlemen and ladies, who board in the same house. Spectator. BOARD Board, v. t. Etym: [F. aborder. See Abord, v. t.] Defn: To approach; to accost; to address; hence, to woo. [Obs.] I will board her, though she chide as loud As thunder when the clouds in autumn crack. Shak. BOARDABLE Board"a*ble, a. Defn: That can be boarded, as a ship. BOARDER Board"er, n. 1. One who has food statedly at another's table, or meals and lodgings in his house, for pay, or compensation of any kind. 2. (Naut.) Defn: One who boards a ship; one selected to board an enemy's ship. Totten. BOARDING Board"ing, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: The act of entering a ship, whether with a hostile or a friendly purpose. Both slain at one time, as they attempted the boarding of a frigate. Sir F. Drake. 2. The act of covering with boards; also, boards, collectively; or a covering made of boards. 3. The act of supplying, or the state of being supplied, with regular or specified meals, or with meals and lodgings, for pay. Boarding house, a house in which boarders are kept. -- Boarding nettings (Naut.), a strong network of cords or ropes erected at the side of a ship to prevent an enemy from boarding it. -- Boarding pike (Naut.), a pike used by sailors in boarding a vessel, or in repelling an attempt to board it. Totten. -- Boarding school, a school in which pupils receive board and lodging as well as instruction. BOARFISH Boar"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A Mediterranean fish (Capros aper), of the family Caproidæ; -- so called from the resemblance of the extended lips to a hog's snout. (b) An Australian percoid fish (Histiopterus recurvirostris), valued as a food fish. BOARISH Boar"ish, a. Defn: Swinish; brutal; cruel. In his anointed flesh stick boarish fangs. Shak. BOAST Boast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boasting.] Etym: [OE. bosten, boosten, v., bost, boost, n., noise, boasting; cf. G. bausen, bauschen, to swell, pusten, Dan. puste, Sw. pusta, to blow, Sw. pösa to swell; or W. bostio to boast, bost boast, Gael. bosd. But these last may be from English.] 1. To vaunt one's self; to brag; to say or tell things which are intended to give others a high opinion of one's self or of things belonging to one's self; as, to boast of one's exploits courage, descent, wealth. By grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: .. not of works, lest any man should boast. Eph. ii. 8, 9. 2. To speak in exulting language of another; to glory; to exult. In God we boast all the day long. Ps. xiiv. 8 Syn. -- To brag; bluster; vapor; crow; talk big. BOAST Boast, v. t. 1. To display in ostentatious language; to speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation, with a view to self-commendation; to extol. Lest bad men should boast Their specious deeds. Milton. 2. To display vaingloriously. 3. To possess or have; as, to boast a name. To boast one's self, to speak with unbecoming confidence in, and approval of, one's self; -- followed by of and the thing to which the boasting relates. [Archaic] Boast not thyself of to-morrow. Prov. xxvii. BOAST Boast, v. t. Etym: [Of uncertain etymology.] 1. (Masonry) Defn: To dress, as a stone, with a broad chisel. Weale. 2. (Sculp.) Defn: To shape roughly as a preparation for the finer work to follow; to cut to the general form required. BOAST Boast, n. 1. Act of boasting; vaunting or bragging. Reason and morals and where live they most, In Christian comfort, or in Stoic boast! Byron. 2. The cause of boasting; occasion of pride or exultation, -- sometimes of laudable pride or exultation. The boast of historians. Macaulay. BOASTANCE Boast"ance, n. Defn: Boasting. [Obs.] Chaucer. BOASTER Boast"er, n. Defn: One who boasts; a braggart. BOASTER Boast"er, n. Defn: A stone mason's broad-faced chisel. BOASTFUL Boast"ful, a. Defn: Given to, or full of, boasting; inclined to boast; vaunting; vainglorious; self-praising. -- Boast"ful*ly, adv. -- Boast"ful*ness, n. BOASTING Boast"ing, n. Defn: The act of glorying or vaunting; vainglorious speaking; ostentatious display. When boasting ends, then dignity begins. Young. BOASTINGLY Boast"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Boastfully; with boasting. "He boastingly tells you." Burke. BOASTIVE Boast"ive, a. Defn: Presumptuous. [R.] BOASTLESS Boast"less, a. Defn: Without boasting or ostentation. BOAT Boat, n. Etym: [OE. boot, bat, AS. bat; akin to Icel. batr, Sw. båt, Dan. baad, D.& G. boot. Cf. Bateau.] 1. A small open vessel, or water craft, usually moved by cars or paddles, but often by a sail. Note: Different kinds of boats have different names; as, canoe, yawl, wherry, pinnace, punt, etc. 2. Hence, any vessel; usually with some epithet descriptive of its use or mode of propulsion; as, pilot boat, packet boat, passage boat, advice boat, etc. The term is sometimes applied to steam vessels, even of the largest class; as, the Cunard boats. 3. A vehicle, utensil, or dish, somewhat resembling a boat in shape; as, a stone boat; a gravy boat. Note: Boat is much used either adjectively or in combination; as, boat builder or boatbuilder; boat building or boatbuilding; boat hook or boathook; boathouse; boat keeper or boatkeeper; boat load; boat race; boat racing; boat rowing; boat song; boatlike; boat-shaped. Advice boat. See under Advice. -- Boat hook (Naut.), an iron hook with a point on the back, fixed to a long pole, to pull or push a boat, raft, log, etc. Totten. -- Boat rope, a rope for fastening a boat; -- usually called a painter. -- In the same boat, in the same situation or predicament. [Colloq.] F. W. Newman. BOAT Boat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boated; p. pr. & vb. n. Boating.] 1. To transport in a boat; as, to boat goods. 2. To place in a boat; as, to boat oars. To boat the oars. See under Oar. BOAT Boat, v. i. Defn: To go or row in a boat. I boated over, ran my craft aground. Tennyson. BOATABLE Boat"a*ble, a. 1. Such as can be transported in a boat. 2. Navigable for boats, or small river craft. The boatable waters of the Alleghany. J. Morse. BOATAGE Boat"age, n. Defn: Conveyance by boat; also, a charge for such conveyance. BOATBILL Boat"bill` (, n. (Zoöl.) 1. A wading bird (Cancroma cochlearia) of the tropical parts of South America. Its bill is somewhat like a boat with the keel uppermost. 2. A perching bird of India, of the genus Eurylaimus. BOAT BUG Boat" bug` (. (Zoöl.) Defn: An aquatic hemipterous insect of the genus Notonecta; -- so called from swimming on its back, which gives it the appearance of a little boat. Called also boat fly, boat insect, boatman, and water boatman. BOATFUL Boat"ful, n.; pl. Boatfuls. Defn: The quantity or amount that fills a boat. BOATHOUSE Boat"house`, n. Defn: A house for sheltering boats. Half the latticed boathouse hides. Wordsworth. BOATING Boat"ing, n. 1. The act or practice of rowing or sailing, esp. as an amusement; carriage in boats. 2. In Persia, a punishment of capital offenders, by laying them on the back in a covered boat, where they are left to perish. BOATION Bo*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. boatus, fr. boare to roar.] Defn: A crying out; a roaring; a bellowing; reverberation. [Obs.] The guns were heard . . . about a hundred Italian miles, in long boations. Derham. BOATMAN Boat"man, n.; pl. Boatmen (. 1. A man who manages a boat; a rower of a boat. As late the boatman hies him home. Percival. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A boat bug. See Boat bug. BOATMANSHIP Boat"man*ship, n. Defn: The art of managing a boat. BOAT-SHAPED Boat"-shaped` (, a. (Bot.) Defn: See Cymbiform. BOAT SHELL Boat" shell` (. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine gastropod of the genus Crepidula. The species are numerous. It is so named from its form and interior deck. (b) A marine univalve shell of the genus Cymba. BOATSMAN Boats"man, n. Defn: A boatman. [Archaic] BOATSWAIN Boat"swain, n. Etym: [Boat + swain.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: An officer who has charge of the boats, sails, rigging, colors, anchors, cables, cordage, etc., of a ship, and who also summons the crew, and performs other duties. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The jager gull. (b) The tropic bird. Boatswain's mate, an assistant of the boatswain. Totten. BOAT-TAIL Boat"-tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large grackle or blackbird (Quiscalus major), found in the Southern United States. BOATWOMAN Boat"wom`an, n.; pl. Boatwomen (. Defn: A woman who manages a boat. BOB Bob, n. Etym: [An onomatopoetic word, expressing quick, jerky motion; OE. bob bunch, bobben to strike, mock, deceive. Cf. Prov. Eng. bob, n., a ball, an engine beam, bunch, blast, trick, taunt, scoff; as, a v., to dance, to courtesy, to disappoint, OF. bober to mock.] 1. Anything that hangs so as to play loosely, or with a short abrupt motion, as at the end of a string; a pendant; as, the bob at the end of a kite's tail. In jewels dressed and at each ear a bob. Dryden. 2. A knot of worms, or of rags, on a string, used in angling, as for eels; formerly, a worm suitable for bait. Or yellow bobs, turned up before the plow, Are chiefest baits, with cork and lead enow. Lauson. 3. A small piece of cork or light wood attached to a fishing line to show when a fish is biting; a float. 4. The ball or heavy part of a pendulum; also, the ball or weight at the end of a plumb line. 5. A small wheel, made of leather, with rounded edges, used in polishing spoons, etc. 6. A short, jerking motion; act of bobbing; as, a bob of the head. 7. (Steam Engine) Defn: A working beam. 8. A knot or short curl of hair; also, a bob wig. A plain brown bob he wore. Shenstone. 9. A peculiar mode of ringing changes on bells. 10. The refrain of a song. To bed, to bed, will be the bob of the song. L'Estrange. 11. A blow; a shake or jog; a rap, as with the fist. 12. A jeer or flout; a sharp jest or taunt; a trick. He that a fool doth very wisely hit, Doth very foolishly, although he smart, Not to seem senseless of the bob. Shak. 13. A shilling. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens. BOB Bob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bobbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bobbing.] Etym: [OE. bobben. See Bob, n.] 1. To cause to move in a short, jerking manner; to move (a thing) with a bob. "He bobbed his head." W. Irving. 2. To strike with a quick, light blow; to tap. If any man happened by long sitting to sleep . . . he was suddenly bobbed on the face by the servants. Elyot. 3. To cheat; to gain by fraud or cheating; to filch. Gold and jewels that I bobbed from him. Shak. 4. To mock or delude; to cheat. To play her pranks, and bob the fool, The shrewish wife began. Turbervile. 5. To cut short; as, to bob the hair, or a horse's tail. BOB Bob, v. i. 1. To have a short, jerking motion; to play to and fro, or up and down; to play loosely against anything. "Bobbing and courtesying." Thackeray. 2. To angle with a bob. See Bob, n., 2 & 3. He ne'er had learned the art to bob For anything but eels. Saxe. To bob at an apple, cherry, etc. to attempt to bite or seize with the mouth an apple, cherry, or other round fruit, while it is swinging from a string or floating in a tug of water. BOBAC Bo"bac, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Poland marmot (Arctomys bobac). BOBANCE Bo*bance", n. Etym: [OF. bobance, F. bombance, boasting, pageantry, fr. L. bombus a humming, buzzing.] Defn: A boasting. [Obs.] Chaucer. BOBBER Bob"ber, n. Defn: One who, or that which, bobs. BOBBERY Bob"ber*y, n. Etym: [Prob. an Anglo-Indian form of Hindi bap re O thou father! (a very disrespectful address).] Defn: A squabble; a tumult; a noisy disturbance; as, to raise a bobbery. [Low] Halliwell. BOBBIN Bob"bin, n. Etym: [F. bobine; of uncertain origin; cf. L. bombus a humming, from the noise it makes, or Ir. & Gael. baban tassel, or E. bob.] 1. A small pin, or cylinder, formerly of bone, now most commonly of wood, used in the making of pillow lace. Each thread is wound on a separate bobbin which hangs down holding the thread at a slight tension. 2. A spool or reel of various material and construction, with a head at one or both ends, and sometimes with a hole bored through its length by which it may be placed on a spindle or pivot. It is used to hold yarn or thread, as in spinning or warping machines, looms, sewing machines, etc. 3. The little rounded piece of wood, at the end of a latch string, which is pulled to raise the latch. 4. (Haberdashery) Defn: A fine cord or narrow braid. 5. (Elec.) Defn: A cylindrical or spool-shaped coil or insulated wire, usually containing a core of soft iron which becomes magnetic when the wire is traversed by an electrical current. Bobbin and fly frame, a roving machine. -- Bobbin lace, lace made on a pillow with bobbins; pillow lace. BOBBINET Bob`bi*net", n. Etym: [Bobbin + net.] Defn: A kind of cotton lace which is wrought by machines, and not by hand. [Sometimes written bobbin net.]The English machine-made net is now confined to point net, warp net, and bobbin net, so called from the peculiar construction of the machines by which they are produced. Tomlinsom. BOBBINWORK Bob"bin*work`, n. Defn: Work woven with bobbins. BOBBISH Bob"bish, a. Defn: Hearty; in good spirits. [Low, Eng.] Dickens. BOBBY Bob"by, n. Defn: A nickname for a policeman; -- from Sir Robert Peel, who remodeled the police force. See Peeler. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens. BOB-CHERRY Bob"-cher`ry, n. Defn: A play among children, in which a cherry, hung so as to bob against the mouth, is to be caught with the teeth. BOBFLY Bob"fly`, n. (Fishing) Defn: The fly at the end of the leader; an end fly. BOBOLINK Bob"o*link`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American singing bird (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). The male is black and white; the female is brown; -- called also, ricebird, reedbird, and Boblincoln. The happiest bird of our spring is the bobolink. W. Irving. BOBSLED; BOBSLEIGH Bob"sled`, Bob"sleigh`, n. Defn: A short sled, mostly used as one of a pair connected by a reach or coupling; also, the compound sled so formed. [U. S.] The long wagon body set on bobsleds. W. D. Howells. BOBSTAY Bob"stay` (, n. Etym: [Bob + stay.] (Naut.) Defn: A rope or chain to confine the bowsprit of a ship downward to the stem or cutwater; -- usually in the pl. BOBTAIL Bob"tail`, n. Etym: [Bob + tail.] Defn: An animal (as a horse or dog) with a short tail. Rag, tag, and bobtail, the rabble. BOBTAIL Bob"tail`, a. Defn: Bobtailed. "Bobtail cur." Marryat. BOBTAILED Bob"tailed` (, a. Defn: Having the tail cut short, or naturally short; curtailed; as, a bobtailed horse or dog; a bobtailed coat. BOBWHITE Bob"white`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common qua(Colinus, or Ortyx, Virginianus); -- so called from its note. BOB WIG Bob" wig` (. Defn: A short wig with bobs or short curls; -- called also bobtail wig. Spectator. BOCAL Bo"cal, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A cylindrical glass vessel, with a large and short neck. BOCARDO Bo*car"do, n. Etym: [A mnemonic word.] 1. (Logic) Defn: A form of syllogism of which the first and third propositions are particular negatives, and the middle term a universal affirmative. Baroko and Bocardo have been stumbling blocks to the logicians. Bowen. 2. A prison; -- originally the name of the old north gate in Oxford, which was used as a prison. [Eng.] Latimer. BOCASINE Boc"a*sine, n. Etym: [F. bocassin, boucassin.] Defn: A sort of fine buckram. BOCCA Boc"ca, n. Etym: [It., mouth.] Defn: The round hole in the furnace of a glass manufactory through which the fused glass is taken out. Craig. BOCE Boce, n. Etym: [L. box, bocis, Gr. , .] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European fish (Box vulgaris), having a compressed body and bright colors; -- called also box, and bogue. BOCK BEER Bock" beer` (. Etym: [G. bockbier; bock a buck + bier beer; -- said to be so named from its tendency to cause the drinker to caper like a goat.] Defn: A strong beer, originally made in Bavaria. [Also written buck beer.] BOCKELET Bock"e*let, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of long-winged hawk; -- called also bockerel, and bockeret. [Obs.] BOCKEY Bock"ey, n. Etym: [D. bokaal.] Defn: A bowl or vessel made from a gourd. [Local, New York] Bartlett. BOCKING Bock"ing, n. Defn: A coarse woolen fabric, used for floor cloths, to cover carpets, etc.; -- so called from the town of Bocking, in England, where it was first made. BOCKLAND Bock"land, n. Defn: See Bookland. BODDICE Bod"dice, n. Defn: See Bodick. BODE Bode, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boded; p. pr. & vb. n. Boding.] Etym: [OE. bodien, AS. bodian to announce, tell from bod command; akin to Icel. bo to announce, Sw. båda to announce, portend. sq. root89. See Bid.] Defn: To indicate by signs, as future events; to be the omen of; to portend to presage; to foreshow. A raven that bodes nothing but mischief. Goldsmith. Good onset bodes good end. Spenser. BODE Bode, v. i. Defn: To foreshow something; to augur. Whatever now The omen proved, it boded well to you. Dryden. Syn. -- To forebode; foreshadow; augur; betoken. BODE Bode, n. 1. An omen; a foreshadowing. [Obs.] The owl eke, that of death the bode bringeth. Chaucer. 2. A bid; an offer. [Obs. or Dial.] Sir W. Scott BODE Bode, n. Etym: [AS. boda; akin to OFries. boda, AS. bodo, OHG. boto. See Bode, v. t.] Defn: A messenger; a herald. Robertson. BODE Bode, n. Etym: [See Abide.] Defn: A stop; a halting; delay. [Obs.] BODE Bode, imp. & p. p. from Bide. Defn: Abode. There that night they bode. Tennyson. BODE Bode, p. p. Defn: of Bid. Bid or bidden. [Obs.] Chaucer. BODEFUL Bode"ful, a. Defn: Portentous; ominous. Carlyle. BODEMENT Bode"ment, n. Defn: An omen; a prognostic. [Obs.] This foolish, dreaming, superstitious girl Makes all these bodements. Shak. BODGE Bodge, n. Defn: A botch; a patch. [Dial.] Whitlock. BODGE Bodge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bodged.] Defn: To botch; to mend clumsily; to patch. [Obs. or Dial.] BODGE Bodge, v. i. Defn: See Budge. BODHISAT; BODHISATTVA; BODHISATTWA Bo"dhi*sat, Bo`dhi*satt"va, Bo`dhi*satt"wa, n. [Skr. bodhisattva (perh. through Pali bodhisatto); fr. bodhi knowledge, enlightenment + sattva being, essence.] (Buddhism) Defn: One who has reached the highest degree of saintship, so that in his next incarnation he will be a Buddha, or savior of the world. -- Bo"dhi*sat`ship, n. BODIAN Bo"di*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large food fish (Diagramma lineatum), native of the East Indies. BODICE Bod"ice, n. Etym: [This is properly the plural of body, Oe. bodise a pair of bodies, equiv. to a bodice. Cf. Corset, and see Body.] 1. A kind of under waist stiffened with whalebone, etc., worn esp. by women; a corset; stays. 2. A close-fitting outer waist or vest forming the upper part of a woman's dress, or a portion of it. Her bodice half way she unlaced. Prior. BODICED Bod"iced, a. Defn: Wearing a bodice. Thackeray. BODIED Bod"ied, a. Defn: Having a body; -- usually in composition; as, able-bodied. A doe . . . not altogether so fat, but very good flesh and good bodied. Hakluyt. BODILESS Bod"i*less, a. 1. Having no body. 2. Without material form; incorporeal. Phantoms bodiless and vain. Swift. BODILINESS Bod"i*li*ness, n. Defn: Corporeality. Minsheu. BODILY Bod"i*ly, a. 1. Having a body or material form; physical; corporeal; consisting of matter. You are a mere spirit, and have no knowledge of the bodily part of us. Tatler. 2. Of or pertaining to the body, in distinction from the mind. "Bodily defects." L'Estrange. 3. Real; actual; put in execution. [Obs.] Be brought to bodily act. Shak. Bodily fear, apprehension of physical injury. Syn. -- See Corporal. BODILY Bod"i*ly, adv. 1. Corporeally; in bodily form; united with a body or matter; in the body. For in him dwelleth all the fullness of the Godhead bodily. Col. ii. 9 2. In respect to, or so as to affect, the entire body or mass; entirely; all at once; completely; as, to carry away bodily. "Leapt bodily below." Lowell. BODING Bod"ing, a. Defn: Foreshowing; presaging; ominous. -- Bod"ing*ly, adv. BODING Bod"ing, n. Defn: A prognostic; an omen; a foreboding. BODKIN Bod"kin, n. Etym: [OE. boydekyn dagger; of uncertain origin; cf. W. bidog hanger, short sword, Ir. bideog, Gael. biodag.] 1. A dagger. [Obs.] When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin. Shak. 2. (Needlework) Defn: An implement of steel, bone, ivory, etc., with a sharp point, for making holes by piercing; a 3. (Print.) Defn: A sharp tool, like an awl, used for picking 4. A kind of needle with a large eye and a blunt point, for drawing tape, ribbon, etc., through a loop or a hem; a tape needle. Wedged whole ages in a bodkin's eye. Pope. 5. A kind of pin used by women to fasten the hair. To sit, ride, or travel bodkin, to sit closely wedged between two persons. [Colloq.] Thackeray. BODKIN Bod"kin, n. Defn: See Baudekin. [Obs.] Shirley. BODLE Bo"dle, n. Defn: A small Scotch coin worth about one sixth of an English penny. Sir W. Scott. BODLEIAN Bod"lei*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Sir Thomas Bodley, or to the celebrated library at Oxford, founded by him in the sixteenth century. BODOCK Bo*dock", n. Etym: [Corrupt. fr. bois d'arc.] Defn: The Osage orange. [Southwestern U.S.] BODRAGE Bod"rage, n. Etym: [Prob. of Celtic origin: cf. Bordrage.] Defn: A raid. [Obs.] BOD VEAL Bod veal. Defn: Veal too immature to be suitable for food. BODY Bod"y, n.; pl. Bodies. Etym: [OE. bodi, AS. bodig; akin to OHG. botah. sq. root257. Cf. Bodice.] 1. The material organized substance of an animal, whether living or dead, as distinguished from the spirit, or vital principle; the physical person. Absent in body, but present in spirit. 1 Cor. v. 3 For of the soul the body form doth take. For soul is form, and doth the body make. Spenser. 2. The trunk, or main part, of a person or animal, as distinguished from the limbs and head; the main, central, or principal part, as of a tree, army, country, etc. Who set the body and the limbs Of this great sport together Shak. The van of the king's army was led by the general; . . . in the body was the king and the prince. Clarendon. Rivers that run up into the body of Italy. Addison. 3. The real, as opposed to the symbolical; the substance, as opposed to the shadow. Which are a shadow of things to come; but the body is of Christ. Col. ii. 17. 4. A person; a human being; -- frequently in composition; as, anybody, nobody. A dry, shrewd kind of a body. W. Irving. 5. A number of individuals spoken of collectively, usually as united by some common tie, or as organized for some purpose; a collective whole or totality; a corporation; as, a legislative body; a clerical body. A numerous body led unresistingly to the slaughter. Prescott. 6. A number of things or particulars embodied in a system; a general collection; as, a great body of facts; a body of laws or of divinity. 7. Any mass or portion of matter; any substance distinct from others; as, a metallic body; a moving body; an aëriform body. "A body of cold air." Huxley. By collision of two bodies, grind The air attrite to fire. Milton. 8. Amount; quantity; extent. 9. That part of a garment covering the body, as distinguished from the parts covering the limbs. 10. The bed or box of a vehicle, on or in which the load is placed; as, a wagon body; a cart body. 11. (Print.) Defn: The shank of a type, or the depth of the shank (by which the size is indicated); as, a nonpareil face on an agate body. 12. (Geom.) Defn: A figure that has length, breadth, and thickness; any solid figure. 13. Consistency; thickness; substance; strength; as, this color has body; wine of a good body. Note: Colors bear a body when they are capable of being ground so fine, and of being mixed so entirely with oil, as to seem only a very thick oil of the same color. After body (Naut.), the part of a ship abaft the dead flat. -- Body cavity (Anat.), the space between the walls of the body and the inclosed viscera; the cælum; -- in mammals, divided by the diaphragm into thoracic and abdominal cavities. -- Body of a church, the nave. -- Body cloth; pl. Body cloths, a cloth or blanket for covering horses. -- Body clothes. (pl.) 1. Clothing for the body; esp. underclothing. 2. Body cloths for horses. [Obs.] Addison. -- Body coat, a gentleman's dress coat. -- Body color (Paint.), a pigment that has consistency, thickness, or body, in distinction from a tint or wash. -- Body of a law (Law), the main and operative part. -- Body louse (Zoöl.), a species of louse (Pediculus vestimenti), which sometimes infests the human body and clothes. See Grayback. -- Body plan (Shipbuilding), an end elevation, showing the conbour of the sides of a ship at certain points of her length. -- Body politic, the collective body of a nation or state as politically organized, or as exercising political functions; also, a corporation. Wharton. As to the persons who compose the body politic or associate themselves, they take collectively the name of "people", or "nation". Bouvier. -- Body servant, a valet. -- The bodies seven (Alchemy), the metals corresponding to the planets. [Obs.] Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe (=call), Mars yren (=iron), Mercurie quicksilver we clepe, Saturnus lead, and Jupiter is tin, and Venus coper. Chaucer. -- Body snatcher, one who secretly removes without right or authority a dead body from a grave, vault, etc.; a resurrectionist. -- Body snatching (Law), the unauthorized removal of a dead body from the grave; usually for the purpose of dissection. BODY Bod"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bodied (p. pr. & vb. n. Bodying.] Defn: To furnish with, or as with, a body; to produce in definite shape; to embody. To body forth, to give from or shape to mentally. Imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown. Shak. BODYGUARD Bod"y*guard` (, n. 1. A guard to protect or defend the person; a lifeguard. 2. Retinue; attendance; following. Bp. Porteus. BOEOTIAN Boe*o"tian, a. Etym: [L. Boeotia, Gr. , noted for its moist, thick atmosphere, and the dullness and stupidity of its inhabitants.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Boeotia; hence, stupid; dull; obtuse. -- n. Defn: A native of Boeotia; also, one who is dull and ignorant. BOER Boer, n. Etym: [D., a farmer. See Boor.] Defn: A colonist or farmer in South Africa of Dutch descent. BOES Bo"es, 3d sing. pr. of Behove. Defn: Behoves or behooves. [Obs.] Chaucer. BOG Bog, n. Etym: [Ir. & Gael. bog soft, tender, moist: cf. Ir. bogach bog, moor, marsh, Gael. bogan quagmire.] 1. A quagmire filled with decayed moss and other vegetable matter; wet spongy ground where a heavy body is apt to sink; a marsh; a morass. Appalled with thoughts of bog, or caverned pit, Of treacherous earth, subsiding where they tread. R. Jago. 2. A little elevated spot or clump of earth, roots, and grass, in a marsh or swamp. [Local, U. S.] Bog bean. See Buck bean. -- Bog bumper (bump, to make a loud noise), Bog blitter, Bog bluiter, Bog jumper, the bittern. [Prov.] -- Bog butter, a hydrocarbon of butterlike consistence found in the peat bogs of Ireland. -- Bog earth (Min.), a soil composed for the most part of silex and partially decomposed vegetable fiber. P. Cyc. -- Bog moss. (Bot.) Same as Sphagnum. -- Bog myrtle (Bot.), the sweet gale. -- Bog ore. (Min.) (a) An ore of iron found in boggy or swampy land; a variety of brown iron ore, or limonite. (b) Bog manganese, the hydrated peroxide of manganese. -- Bog rush (Bot.), any rush growing in bogs; saw grass. -- Bog spavin. See under Spavin. BOG Bog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Bogging.] Defn: To sink, as into a bog; to submerge in a bog; to cause to sink and stick, as in mud and mire. At another time, he was bogged up to the middle in the slough of Lochend. Sir W. Scott. BOGBERRY Bog"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The small cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus), which grows in boggy places. BOGEY Bo"gey, n. Defn: A goblin; a bugbear. See Bogy. BOGGARD Bog"gard, n. Defn: A bogey. [Local, Eng.] BOGGLE Bog"gle, v. i. [imp & p. p. Boggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Boggling.] Etym: [ See Bogle, n.] 1. To stop or hesitate as if suddenly frightened, or in doubt, or impeded by unforeseen difficulties; to take alarm; to exhibit hesitancy and indecision. We start and boggle at every unusual appearance. Glanvill. Boggling at nothing which serveth their purpose. Barrow. 2. To do anything awkwardly or unskillfully. 3. To play fast and loose; to dissemble. Howell. Syn. -- To doubt; hesitate; shrink; stickle; demur. BOGGLE Bog"gle, v. t. Defn: To embarrass with difficulties; to make a bungle or botch of. [Local, U. S.] BOGGLER Bog"gler, n. Defn: One who boggles. BOGGLISH Bog"glish, a. Defn: Doubtful; skittish. [Obs.] BOGGY Bog"gy, a. Defn: Consisting of, or containing, a bog or bogs; of the nature of a bog; swampy; as, boggy land. BOGIE Bo"gie, n. [A dialectic word. N. of Eng. & Scot.] Defn: A four-wheeled truck, having a certain amount of play around a vertical axis, used to support in part a locomotive on a railway track. BOGIE ENGINE Bo"gie en"gine. (Railroads) Defn: A switching engine the running gear and driving gear of which are on a bogie, or truck. BOGLE Bo"gle, n. Etym: [Scot. and North Eng. bogle, bogill, bugill, specter; as a verb, to terrify, fr. W. bwgwl threatening, fear, bwg, bwgan, specter, hobgoblin. Cf. Bug.] Defn: A goblin; a specter; a frightful phantom; a bogy; a bugbear. [Written also boggle.] BOGSUCKER Bog"suck`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American woodcock; -- so called from its feeding among the bogs. BOGTROTTER Bog"trot`ter, n. Defn: One who lives in a boggy country; -- applied in derision to the lowest class of Irish. Halliwell. BOGTROTTING Bog"trot`ting, a. Defn: Living among bogs. BOGUE Bogue, v. i. (Naut.) Defn: To fall off from the wind; to edge away to leeward; -- said only of inferior craft. BOGUE Bogue, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The boce; -- called also bogue bream. See Boce. BOGUS Bo"gus, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Spurious; fictitious; sham; -- a cant term originally applied to counterfeit coin, and hence denoting anything counterfeit. [Colloq. U. S.] BOGUS Bo"gus, n. Defn: A liquor made of rum and molasses. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. BOGWOOD Bog"wood`, n. Defn: The wood of trees, esp. of oaks, dug up from peat bogs. It is of a shining black or ebony color, and is largely used for making ornaments. BOGY Bo"gy, n.; pl. Bogies. Etym: [See Bogle.] Defn: A specter; a hobgoblin; a bugbear. "Death's heads and bogies." J. H. Newman. [Written also bogey.] There are plenty of such foolish attempts at playing bogy in the history of savages. C. Kingsley. BOHEA Bo*hea", n. Etym: [From Wu-i, pronounced by the Chinese bu-i, the name of the hills where this kind of tea is grown.] Defn: Bohea tea, an inferior kind of black tea. See under Tea. Note: The name was formerly applied to superior kinds of black tea, or to black tea in general. BOHEMIA Bo*he"mi*a, n. 1. A country of central Europe. 2. Fig.: The region or community of social Bohemians. See Bohemian, n., 3. She knew every one who was any one in the land of Bohemia. Compton Reade. BOHEMIAN Bo*he"mi*an, a. 1. Of or pertaining to Bohemia, or to the language of its ancient inhabitants or their descendants. See Bohemian, n., 2. 2. Of or pertaining to a social gypsy or "Bohemian" (see Bohemian, n., 3); vagabond; unconventional; free and easy. [Modern] Hers was a pleasant Bohemian life till she was five and thirty. Blackw. Mag. Artists have abandoned their Bohemian manners and customs nowadays. W. Black. Bohemian chatterer, or Bohemian waxwing (Zoöl.), a small bird of Europe and America (Ampelis garrulus); the waxwing. -- Bohemian glass, a variety of hard glass of fine quality, made in Bohemia. It is of variable composition, containing usually silica, lime, and potash, rarely soda, but no lead. It is often remarkable for beauty of color. BOHEMIAN Bo*he"mi*an, n. 1. A native of Bohemia. 2. The language of the Czechs (the ancient inhabitants of Bohemia), the richest and most developed of the dialects of the Slavic family. 3. A restless vagabond; -- originally, an idle stroller or gypsy (as in France) thought to have come from Bohemia; in later times often applied to an adventurer in art or literature, of irregular, unconventional habits, questionable tastes, or free morals. [Modern] Note: In this sense from the French bohémien, a gypsy; also, a person of irregular habits. She was of a wild, roving nature, inherited from father and mother, who were both Bohemians by taste and circumstances. Thackeray. BOHEMIANISM Bo*he"mi*an*ism, n. Defn: The characteristic conduct or methods of a Bohemian. [Modern] BOHUN UPAS Bo"hun u"pas. Defn: See Upas. BOIAR Bo*iar", n. Defn: See Boyar. BOIL Boil, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Boiling.] Etym: [OE. boilen, OF. boilir, builir, F. bouillir, fr. L. bullire to be in a bubbling motion, from bulla bubble; akin to Gr. , Lith. bumbuls. Cf. Bull an edict, Budge, v., and Ebullition.] 1. To be agitated, or tumultuously moved, as a liquid by the generation and rising of bubbles of steam (or vapor), or of currents produced by heating it to the boiling point; to be in a state of ebullition; as, the water boils. 2. To be agitated like boiling water, by any other cause than heat; to bubble; to effervesce; as, the boiling waves. He maketh the deep to boil like a pot. Job xii. 31. 3. To pass from a liquid to an aëriform state or vapor when heated; as, the water boils away. 4. To be moved or excited with passion; to be hot or fervid; as, his blood boils with anger. Then boiled my breast with flame and burning wrath. Surrey. 5. To be in boiling water, as in cooking; as, the potatoes are boiling. To boil away, to vaporize; to evaporate or be evaporated by the action of heat. -- To boil over, to run over the top of a vessel, as liquid when thrown into violent agitation by heat or other cause of effervescence; to be excited with ardor or passion so as to lose self-control. BOIL Boil, v. t. 1. To heat to the boiling point, or so as to cause ebullition; as, to boil water. 2. To form, or separate, by boiling or evaporation; as, to boil sugar or salt. 3. To subject to the action of heat in a boiling liquid so as to produce some specific effect, as cooking, cleansing, etc.; as, to boil meat; to boil clothes. The stomach cook is for the hall, And boileth meate for them all. Gower. 4. To steep or soak in warm water. [Obs.] To try whether seeds be old or new, the sense can not inform; but if you boil them in water, the new seeds will sprout sooner. Bacon. To boil down, to reduce in bulk by boiling; as, to boil down sap or sirup. BOIL Boil, n. Defn: Act or state of boiling. [Colloq.] BOIL Boil, n. Etym: [Influenced by boil, v. See Beal, Bile.] Defn: A hard, painful, inflamed tumor, which, on suppuration, discharges pus, mixed with blood, and discloses a small fibrous mass of dead tissue, called the core. A blind boil, one that suppurates imperfectly, or fails to come to a head. -- Delhi boil (Med.), a peculiar affection of the skin, probably parasitic in origin, prevailing in India (as among the British troops) and especially at Delhi. BOILARY Boil"a*ry, n. Defn: See Boilery. BOILED Boiled, a. Defn: Dressed or cooked by boiling; subjected to the action of a boiling liquid; as, boiled meat; a boiled dinner; boiled clothes. BOILER Boil"er, n. 1. One who boils. 2. A vessel in which any thing is boiled. Note: The word boiler is a generic term covering a great variety of kettles, saucepans, clothes boilers, evaporators, coppers, retorts, etc. 3. (Mech.) Defn: A strong metallic vessel, usually of wrought iron plates riveted together, or a composite structure variously formed, in which steam is generated for driving engines, or for heating, cooking, or other purposes. Note: The earliest steam boilers were usually spheres or sections of spheres, heated wholly from the outside. Watt used the wagon boiler (shaped like the top of a covered wagon) which is still used with low pressures. Most of the boilers in present use may be classified as plain cylinder boilers, flue boilers, sectional and tubular boilers. Barrel of a boiler, the cylindrical part containing the flues. -- Boiler plate, Boiler iron, plate or rolled iron of about a quarter to a half inch in thickness, used for making boilers and tanks, for covering ships, etc. -- Cylinder boiler, one which consists of a single iron cylinder. -- Flue boilers are usually single shells containing a small number of large flues, through which the heat either passes from the fire or returns to the chimney, and sometimes containing a fire box inclosed by water. -- Locomotive boiler, a boiler which contains an inclosed fire box and a large number of small flues leading to the chimney. -- Multiflue boiler. Same as Tubular boiler, below. -- Sectional boiler, a boiler composed of a number of sections, which are usually of small capacity and similar to, and connected with, each other. By multiplication of the sections a boiler of any desired capacity can be built up. -- Tubular boiler, a boiler containing tubes which form flues, and are surrounded by the water contained in the boiler. See Illust. of Steam boiler, under Steam. -- Tubulous boiler. See under Tubulous. See Tube, n., 6, and 1st Flue. BOILERY Boil"er*y, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bouillerie.] Defn: A place and apparatus for boiling, as for evaporating brine in salt making. BOILING Boil"ing, a. Defn: Heated to the point of bubbling; heaving with bubbles; in tumultuous agitation, as boiling liquid; surging; seething; swelling with heat, ardor, or passion. Boiling point, the temperature at which a fluid is converted into vapor, with the phenomena of ebullition. This is different for different liquids, and for the same liquid under different pressures. For water, at the level of the sea, barometer 30 in., it is 212 º Fahrenheit; for alcohol, 172.96º; for ether, 94.8º; for mercury, about 675º. The boiling point of water is lowered one degree Fahrenheit for about 550 feet of ascent above the level of the sea. -- Boiling spring, a spring which gives out very hot water, or water and steam, often ejecting it with much force; a geyser. -- To be at the boiling point, to be very angry. -- To keep the pot boiling, to keep going on actively, as in certain games. [Colloq.] BOILING Boil"ing, n. 1. The act of ebullition or of tumultuous agitation. 2. Exposure to the action of a hot liquid. BOILINGLY Boil"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With boiling or ebullition. And lakes of bitumen rise boiling higher. Byron. BOIS D'ARC Bois" d'arc". Etym: [F., bow wood. So called because used for bows by the Western Indians.] (Bot.) Defn: The Osage orange (Maclura aurantiaca). The bois d'arc seems to be the characteristic growth of the black prairies. U. S. Census (1880). BOIS DURCI Bois" dur`ci". Etym: [F., hardened wood.] Defn: A hard, highly polishable composition, made of fine sawdust from hard wood (as rosewood) mixed with blood, and pressed. BOIST Boist, n. Etym: [OF. boiste, F. boîte, from the same root as E. box.] Defn: A box. [Obs.] BOISTEROUS Bois"ter*ous, a. Etym: [OE. boistous; of uncertain origin; cf. W. bwyst wild, savage, wildness, ferocity, bwystus ferocious.] 1. Rough or rude; unbending; unyielding; strong; powerful. [Obs.] "Boisterous sword." "Boisterous hand." Shak. 2. Exhibiting tumultuous violence and fury; acting with noisy turbulence; violent; rough; stormy. The waters swell before a boisterous storm. Shak. The brute and boisterous force of violent men. Milton. 3. Noisy; rough; turbulent; as, boisterous mirth; boisterous behavior. I like not that loud, boisterous man. Addison. 4. Vehement; excessive. [R.] The heat becomes too powerful and boisterous for them. Woodward. Syn. -- Loud; roaring; violent; stormy; turbulent; furious; tumultuous; noisy; impetuous; vehement. BOISTEROUSLY Bois"ter*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a boisterous manner. BOISTEROUSNESS Bois"ter*ous*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being boisterous; turbulence; disorder; tumultuousness. BOISTOUS Bois"tous, a. Defn: Rough or rude; coarse; strong; violent; boisterous; noisy. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Bois"tous*ly, adv. -- Bois"tous*ness, n. [Obs.] Chaucer. BOJANUS ORGAN Bo*ja"nus or"gan. Etym: [From Bojanus, the discoverer.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A glandular organ of bivalve mollusca, serving in part as a kidney. BOKADAM Bo"ka*dam`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Cerberus. BOKE Boke, v. t. & i. Defn: To poke; to thrust. [Obs. or Dial.] BOLAR Bo"lar, a. Etym: [See Bole clay.] Defn: Of or pertaining to bole or clay; partaking of the nature and qualities of bole; clayey. BOLAS Bo"las, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A kind of missile weapon consisting of one, two, or more balls of stone, iron, or other material, attached to the ends of a leather cord; -- used by the Gauchos of South America, and others, for hurling at and entangling an animal. BOLD Bold, a. Etym: [OE. bald, bold, AS. bald, beald; akin to Icel. ballr, OHG. bald, MHG. balt, D. boud, Goth. bal boldness, It. baldo. In Ger. there remains only bald, adv. soon. Cf. Bawd, n.] 1. Forward to meet danger; venturesome; daring; not timorous or shrinking from risk; brave; courageous. Throngs of knights and barons bold. Milton. 2. Exhibiting or requiring spirit and contempt of danger; planned with courage; daring; vigorous. "The bold design leased highly." Milton. 3. In a bad sense, too forward; taking undue liberties; over assuming or confident; lacking proper modesty or restraint; rude; impudent. Thou art too wild, too rude and bold of voice. Shak. 4. Somewhat overstepping usual bounds, or conventional rules, as in art, literature, etc.; taking liberties in o composition or expression; as, the figures of an author are bold. "Bold tales." Waller. The cathedral church is a very bold work. Addison. 5. Standing prominently out to view; markedly conspicuous; striking the eye; in high relief. Shadows in painting . . . make the figure bolder. Dryden. 6. Steep; abrupt; prominent. Where the bold cape its warning forehead rears. Trumbull. BOLD Bold, v. t. Defn: To make bold or daring. [Obs.] Shak. BOLD Bold, v. i. Defn: To be or become bold. [Obs.] BOLD EAGLE Bold eagle, (Zoöl.) Defn: an Australian eagle (Aquila audax), which destroys lambs and even the kangaroo. -- To make bold, to take liberties or the liberty; to venture. Syn. -- Courageous; daring; brave; intrepid; fearless; dauntless; valiant; manful; audacious; stouthearted; high-spirited; adventurous; confident; strenuous; forward; impudent. BOLDEN Bold"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boldened. ] Defn: To make bold; to encourage; to embolden. Ready speakers, being boldened with their present abilities to say more, . . . use less help of diligence and study. Ascham. BOLD-FACED Bold"-faced` (, a. 1. Somewhat impudent; lacking modesty; as, a bold-faced woman. I have seen enough to confute all the bold-faced atheists of this age. Bramhall. 2. (Print.) Defn: Having a conspicuous or heavy face. Note: This line is bold-faced nonpareil. BOLDLY Bold"ly, adv. Etym: [AS. bealdlice.] Defn: In a bold manner. BOLDNESS Bold"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being bold. Syn. -- Courage; bravery; intrepidity; dauntlessness; hardihood; assurance. BOLDO; BOLDU Bol"do, Bol"du, n. (Bot.) Defn: A fragrant evergreen shrub of Chili (Peumus Boldus). The bark is used in tanning, the wood for making charcoal, the leaves in medicine, and the drupes are eaten. BOLE Bole, n. Etym: [OE. bole, fr. Icel. bolr; akin to Sw. bål, Dan. bul, trunk, stem of a tree, G. bohle a thick plank or board; cf. LG. boll round. Cf. Bulge.] Defn: The trunk or stem of a tree, or that which is like it. Enormous elm-tree boles did stoop and lean. Tennyson. BOLE Bole, n. Etym: [Etym. doubtful.] Defn: An aperture, with a wooden shutter, in the wall of a house, for giving, occasionally, air or light; also, a small closet. [Scot.] Open the bole wi'speed, that I may see if this be the right Lord Geraldin. Sir W. Scott. BOLE Bole, n. Defn: A measure. See Boll, n., 2. Mortimer. BOLE Bole, n. Etym: [Gr. a clod or lump of earth: cf. F. bol, and also L. bolus morsel. Cf. Bolus.] 1. Any one of several varieties of friable earthy clay, usually colored more or less strongly red by oxide of iron, and used to color and adulterate various substances. It was formerly used in medicine. It is composed essentially of hydrous silicates of alumina, or more rarely of magnesia. See Clay, and Terra alba. 2. A bolus; a dose. Coleridge. Armenian bole. See under Armenian. -- Bole Armoniac, or Armoniak, Armenian bole. [Obs.] Chaucer. BOLECTION Bo*lec"tion, n. (Arch.) Defn: A projecting molding round a panel. Same as Bilection. Gwilt. BOLERO Bo*le"ro, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Mus.) Defn: A Spanish dance, or the lively music which accompanies it. BOLETE bolete n. Defn: any fungus of the family Boletaceae. [WordNet 1.5] BOLETIC Bo*let"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, the Boletus. Boletic acid, an acid obtained from the Boletus fomentarius, variety pseudo-igniarius. Same as Fumaric acid. BOLETUS Bo*le"tus, n. Etym: [L. boletus, Gr. .] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of fungi having the under side of the pileus or cap composed of a multitude of fine separate tubes. A few are edible, and others very poisonous. BOLEY; BOLYE Bo"ley, Bo"lye, n. Defn: Same as Booly. BOLIDE Bo"lide, n. Etym: [F. See Bolis.] Defn: A kind of meteor; a bolis. BOLIS Bo"lis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. missile, arrow, fr. to throw.] Defn: A meteor or brilliant shooting star, followed by a train of light or sparks; esp. one which explodes. BOLIVIAN Bo*liv"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Bolivia. -- n. Defn: A native of Bolivia. BOLL Boll, n. Etym: [OE. bolle boll, bowl, AS. bolla. See Bowl a vessel.] 1. The pod or capsule of a plant, as of flax or cotton; a pericarp of a globular form. 2. A Scotch measure, formerly in use: for wheat and beans it contained four Winchester bushels; for oats, barley, and potatoes, six bushels. A boll of meal is 140 lbs. avoirdupois. Also, a measure for salt of two bushels. [Sometimes spelled bole.] BOLL Boll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bolled.] Defn: To form a boll or seed vessel; to go to seed. The barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. Ex. ix. 31. BOLLANDISTS Bol"land*ists, n. pl. Defn: The Jesuit editors of the "Acta Sanctorum", or Lives of the Saints; -- named from John Bolland, who began the work. BOLLARD Bol"lard, n. Etym: [Cf. Bole the stem of a tree, and Pollard.] Defn: An upright wooden or iron post in a boat or on a dock, used in veering or fastening ropes. Bollard timber (Naut.), a timber, also called a knighthead, rising just within the stem in a ship, on either side of the bowsprit, to secure its end. BOLLEN Boll"en, a. Defn: See Boln, a. BOLLING Boll"ing, n. Etym: [Cf. Bole stem of a tree, and Poll, v. t.] Defn: A tree from which the branches have been cut; a pollard. BOLLWORM Boll"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of a moth (Heliothis armigera) which devours the bolls or unripe pods of the cotton plant, often doing great damage to the crops. BOLN Boln, v. i. Etym: [OE. bolnen, bollen; cf. Dan. bulne. Cf. Bulge.] Defn: To swell; to puff. Holland. BOLN; BOLLEN Boln, Boll"en, a. Defn: Swollen; puffed out. Thin, and boln out like a sail. B. Jonson. BOLO Bo"lo, n. [Sp.] Defn: A kind of large knife resembling a machete. [Phil. Islands] BOLOGNA Bo*lo"gna, n. 1. A city of Italy which has given its name to various objects. 2. A Bologna sausage. Bologna sausage Etym: [It. salsiccia di Bologna], a large sausage made of bacon or ham, veal, and pork, chopped fine and inclosed in a skin. -- Bologna stone (Min.), radiated barite, or barium sulphate, found in roundish masses composed of radiating fibers, first discovered near Bologna. It is phosphorescent when calcined. -- Bologna vial, a vial of unannealed glass which will fly into pieces when its surface is scratched by a hard body, as by dropping into it a fragment of flint; whereas a bullet may be dropped into it without injury. BOLOGNESE Bo*lo`gnese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Bologna. -- n. Defn: A native of Bologna. Bolognese school (Paint.), a school of painting founded by the Carracci, otherwise called the Lombard or Eclectic school, the object of which was to unite the excellences of the preceding schools. BOLOGNIAN Bo*lo"gnian, a. & n. Defn: Bolognese. Bolognian stone. See Bologna stone, under Bologna. BOLOMETER Bo*lom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. a stroke, ray + -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring minute quantities of radiant heat, especially in different parts of the spectrum; -- called also actinic balance, thermic balance. S. P. Langley. BOLSA Bol"sa, n. [Sp., lit., purse. See Bourse.] Defn: An exchange for the transaction of business. [Sp. Amer. & Phil. Islands] BOLSTER Bol"ster, n. Etym: [AS. bolster; akin to Icel. b, Sw. & Dan. bolster, OHG. bolstar, polstar, G. polster; from the same root as E. bole stem, bowl hollow vessel. Cf. Bulge, Poltroon.] 1. A long pillow or cushion, used to support the head of a person lying on a bed; -- generally laid under the pillows. And here I'll fling the pillow, there the bolster, This way the coverlet, another way the sheets. Shak. 2. A pad, quilt, or anything used to hinder pressure, support any part of the body, or make a bandage sit easy upon a wounded part; a compress. This arm shall be a bolster for thy head. Gay. 3. Anything arranged to act as a support, as in various forms of mechanism, etc. 4. (Saddlery) Defn: A cushioned or a piece part of a saddle. 5. (Naut.) (a) A cushioned or a piece of soft wood covered with tarred canvas, placed on the trestletrees and against the mast, for the collars of the shrouds to rest on, to prevent chafing. (b) Anything used to prevent chafing. 6. A plate of iron or a mass of wood under the end of a bridge girder, to keep the girder from resting directly on the abutment. 7. A transverse bar above the axle of a wagon, on which the bed or body rests. 8. The crossbeam forming the bearing piece of the body of a railway car; the central and principal cross beam of a car truck. 9. (Mech.) Defn: the perforated plate in a punching machine on which anything rests when being punched. 10. (Cutlery) (a) That part of a knife blade which abuts upon the end of the handle. (b) The metallic end of a pocketknife handle. G. Francis. 11. (Arch.) Defn: The rolls forming the ends or sides of the Ionic capital. G. Francis. 12. (Mil.) Defn: A block of wood on the carriage of a siege gun, upon which the breech of the gun rests when arranged for transportation. Note: [See Illust. of Gun carriage.] Bolster work (Arch.), members which are bellied or curved outward like cushions, as in friezes of certain classical styles. BOLSTER Bol"ster, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolstered (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bolstering.] 1. To support with a bolster or pillow. S. Sharp. 2. To support, hold up, or maintain with difficulty or unusual effort; -- often with up. To bolster baseness. Drayton. Shoddy inventions designed to bolster up a factitious pride. Compton Reade. BOLSTERED Bol"stered, a. 1. Supported; upheld. 2. Swelled out. BOLSTERER Bol"ster*er, n. Defn: A supporter. BOLT Bolt, n. Etym: [AS. bolt; akin to Icel. bolti, Dan. bolt, D. bout, OHG. bolz, G. bolz, bolzen; of uncertain origin.] 1. A shaft or missile intended to be shot from a crossbow or catapult, esp. a short, stout, blunt-headed arrow; a quarrel; an arrow, or that which resembles an arrow; a dart. Look that the crossbowmen lack not bolts. Sir W. Scott. A fool's bolt is soon shot. Shak. 2. Lightning; a thunderbolt. 3. A strong pin, of iron or other material, used to fasten or hold something in place, often having a head at one end and screw thread cut upon the other end. 4. A sliding catch, or fastening, as for a door or gate; the portion of a lock which is shot or withdrawn by the action of the key. 5. An iron to fasten the legs of a prisoner; a shackle; a fetter. [Obs.] Away with him to prison! lay bolts enough upon him. Shak. 6. A compact package or roll of cloth, as of canvas or silk, often containing about forty yards. 7. A bundle, as of oziers. Bolt auger, an auger of large size; an auger to make holes for the bolts used by shipwrights. -- Bolt and nut, a metallic pin with a head formed upon one end, and a movable piece (the nut) screwed upon a thread cut upon the other end. See B, C, and D, in illust. above. Note: See Tap bolt, Screw bolt, and Stud bolt. BOLT Bolt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bolting.] 1. To shoot; to discharge or drive forth. 2. To utter precipitately; to blurt or throw out. I hate when Vice can bolt her arguments. Milton. 3. To swallow without chewing; as, to bolt food. 4. (U. S. Politics) Defn: To refuse to support, as a nomination made by a party to which one has belonged or by a caucus in which one has taken part. 5. (Sporting) Defn: To cause to start or spring forth; to dislodge, as conies, rabbits, etc. 6. To fasten or secure with, or as with, a bolt or bolts, as a door, a timber, fetters; to shackle; to restrain. Let tenfold iron bolt my door. Langhorn. Which shackles accidents and bolts up change. Shak. BOLT Bolt, v. i. 1. To start forth like a bolt or arrow; to spring abruptly; to come or go suddenly; to dart; as, to bolt out of the room. This Puck seems but a dreaming dolt, . . . And oft out of a bush doth bolt. Drayton. 2. To strike or fall suddenly like a bolt. His cloudless thunder bolted on their heads. Milton. 3. To spring suddenly aside, or out of the regular path; as, the horse bolted. 4. (U.S. Politics) Defn: To refuse to support a nomination made by a party or a caucus with which one has been connected; to break away from a party. BOLT Bolt, adv. Defn: In the manner of a bolt; suddenly; straight; unbendingly. [He] came bolt up against the heavy dragoon. Thackeray. Bolt upright. (a) Perfectly upright; perpendicular; straight up; unbendingly erect. Addison. (b) On the back at full length. [Obs.] Chaucer. BOLT Bolt, n. Etym: [From Bolt, v. i.] 1. A sudden spring or start; a sudden spring aside; as, the horse made a bolt. 2. A sudden flight, as to escape creditors. This gentleman was so hopelessly involved that he contemplated a bolt to America -- or anywhere. Compton Reade. 3. (U. S. Politics) Defn: A refusal to support a nomination made by the party with which one has been connected; a breaking away from one's party. BOLT Bolt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bolting.] Etym: [OE. bolten, boulten, OF. buleter, F. bluter, fr. Ll. buletare, buratare, cf. F. bure coarse woolen stuff; fr. L. burrus red. See Borrel, and cf. Bultel.] 1. To sift or separate the coarser from the finer particles of, as bran from flour, by means of a bolter; to separate, assort, refine, or purify by other means. He now had bolted all the flour. Spenser. Ill schooled in bolted language. Shak. 2. To separate, as if by sifting or bolting; -- with out. Time and nature will bolt out the truth of things. L'Estrange. 3. (Law) Defn: To discuss or argue privately, and for practice, as cases at law. Jacob. To bolt to the bran, to examine thoroughly, so as to separate or discover everything important. Chaucer. This bolts the matter fairly to the bran. Harte. The report of the committee was examined and sifted and bolted to the bran. Burke. BOLT Bolt, n. Defn: A sieve, esp. a long fine sieve used in milling for bolting flour and meal; a bolter. B. Jonson. BOLTEL Bol"tel, n. Defn: See Boultel. BOLTER Bolt"er, n. Defn: One who bolts; esp.: (a) A horse which starts suddenly aside. (b) A man who breaks away from his party. BOLTER Bolt"er, n. 1. One who sifts flour or meal. 2. An instrument or machine for separating bran from flour, or the coarser part of meal from the finer; a sieve. BOLTER Bolt"er, n. Defn: A kind of fishing line. See Boulter. BOLTHEAD Bolt"head` (, n. 1. (Chem.) Defn: A long, straightnecked, glass vessel for chemical distillations; -- called also a matrass or receiver. 2. The head of a bolt. BOLTING Bolt"ing, n. Defn: A darting away; a starting off or aside. BOLTING Bolt"ing, n. 1. A sifting, as of flour or meal. 2. (Law) Defn: A private arguing of cases for practice by students, as in the Inns of Court. [Obs.] Bolting cloth, wire, hair, silk, or other sieve cloth of different degrees of fineness; -- used by millers for sifting flour. McElrath. -- Bolting hutch, a bin or tub for the bolted flour or meal; (fig.) a receptacle. BOLTONITE Bol"ton*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A granular mineral of a grayish or yellowish color, found in Bolton, Massachusetts. It is a silicate of magnesium, belonging to the chrysolite family. BOLTROPE Bolt"rope` (, n. (Naut.) Defn: A rope stitched to the edges of a sail to strengthen the sail. BOLTSPRIT Bolt"sprit` (, n. Etym: [A corruption of bowsprit.] (Naut.) Defn: See Bowsprit. BOLTY Bol"ty, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An edible fish of the Nile (genus Chromis). [Written also bulti.] BOLUS Bo"lus, n.; pl. Boluses. Etym: [L. bolus bit, morsel; cf. G. lump of earth. See Bole, n., clay.] Defn: A rounded mass of anything, esp. a large pill. BOM Bom, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large American serpent, so called from the sound it makes. BOMB Bomb, n. Etym: [F. bombe bombshell, fr. L. bombus a humming or buzzing noise, Gr. .] 1. A great noise; a hollow sound. [Obs.] A pillar of iron . . . which if you had struck, would make . . . a great bomb in the chamber beneath. Bacon. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A shell; esp. a spherical shell, like those fired from mortars. See Shell. 3. A bomb ketch. Bomb chest (Mil.), a chest filled with bombs, or only with gunpowder, placed under ground, to cause destruction by its explosion. -- Bomb ketch, Bomb vessel (Naut.), a small ketch or vessel, very strongly built, on which mortars are mounted to be used in naval bombardments; -- called also mortar vessel. -- Bomb lance, a lance or harpoon with an explosive head, used in whale fishing. -- Volcanic bomb, a mass of lava of a spherical or pear shape. "I noticed volcanic bombs." Darwin. BOMB Bomb, v. t. Defn: To bombard. [Obs.] Prior. BOMB Bomb, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Boom.] Defn: To sound; to boom; to make a humming or buzzing sound. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BOMBACE Bom"bace, n. Etym: [OF.] Defn: Cotton; padding. [Obs.] BOMBARD Bom"bard, n. Etym: [F. bombarde, LL. bombarda, fr. L. bombus + -ard. Cf. Bumper, and see Bomb.] 1. (Gun.) Defn: A piece of heavy ordnance formerly used for throwing stones and other ponderous missiles. It was the earliest kind of cannon. They planted in divers places twelve great bombards, wherewith they threw huge stones into the air, which, falling down into the city, might break down the houses. Knolles. 2. A bombardment. [Poetic & R.] J. Barlow. 3. A large drinking vessel or can, or a leather bottle, for carrying liquor or beer. [Obs.] Yond same black cloud, yond huge one, looks like a foul bombard that would shed his liquor. Shak. 4. pl. Defn: Padded breeches. [Obs.] Bombard phrase, inflated language; bombast. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BOMBARD Bom"bard, n. Etym: [OE. bombarde, fr. F. bombarde.] (Mus.) Defn: See Bombardo. [Obs.] BOMBARD Bom*bard", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bombarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bombarding.] Defn: To attack with bombards or with artillery; especially, to throw shells, hot shot, etc., at or into. Next, she means to bombard Naples. Burke. His fleet bombarded and burnt down Dieppe. Wood. BOMBARDIER Bom`bar*dier", n. Etym: [F. bombardier.] (Mil.) (a) One who used or managed a bombard; an artilleryman; a gunner. [Archaic] (b) A noncommissioned officer in the British artillery. Bombardier beetle (Zoöl.), a kind of beetle (Brachinus crepitans), so called because, when disturbed, it makes an explosive discharge of a pungent and acrid vapor from its anal glands. The name is applied to other related species, as the B. displosor, which can produce ten or twelve explosions successively. The common American species is B. fumans. BOMBARDMAN Bom"bard*man, n. Defn: One who carried liquor or beer in a can or bombard. [Obs.] They . . . made room for a bombardman that brought bouge for a country lady. B. Jonson. BOMBARDMENT Bom*bard"ment, n. Etym: [F. bombardement.] Defn: An attack upon a fortress or fortified town, with shells, hot shot, rockets, etc.; the act of throwing bombs and shot into a town or fortified place. BOMBARDO; BOMBARDON Bom*bar"do, Bom*bar"don, n. Etym: [It. bombardo.] (Mus.) Defn: Originally, a deep-toned instrument of the oboe or bassoon family; thence, a bass reed stop on the organ. The name bombardon is now given to a brass instrument, the lowest of the saxhorns, in tone resembling the ophicleide. Grove. BOMBASINE Bom`ba*sine", n. Defn: Same as Bombazine. BOMBAST Bom"bast, n. Etym: [OF. bombace cotton, LL. bombax cotton, bombasium a doublet of cotton; hence, padding, wadding, fustian. See Bombazine.] 1. Originally, cotton, or cotton wool. [Obs.] A candle with a wick of bombast. Lupton. 2. Cotton, or any soft, fibrous material, used as stuffing for garments; stuffing; padding. [Obs.] How now, my sweet creature of bombast! Shak. Doublets, stuffed with four, five, or six pounds of bombast at least. Stubbes. 3. Fig.: High-sounding words; an inflated style; language above the dignity of the occasion; fustian. Yet noisy bombast carefully avoid. Dryden. BOMBAST Bom"bast, a. Defn: High-sounding; inflated; big without meaning; magniloquent; bombastic. [He] evades them with a bombast circumstance, Horribly stuffed with epithets of war. Shak. Nor a tall metaphor in bombast way. Cowley. BOMBAST Bom*bast", v. t. Defn: To swell or fill out; to pad; to inflate. [Obs.] Not bombasted with words vain ticklish ears to feed. Drayton. BOMBASTIC; BOMBASTICAL Bom*bas"tic, Bom*bas"tic*al, a. Defn: Characterized by bombast; highsounding; inflated. -- Bom*bas"tic*al*ly, adv. A theatrical, bombastic, windy phraseology. Burke. Syn. -- Turgid; tumid; pompous; grandiloquent. BOMBASTRY Bom"bast*ry, n. Defn: Swelling words without much meaning; bombastic language; fustian. Bombastry and buffoonery, by nature lofty and light, soar highest of all. Swift. BOMBAX Bom"bax, n. Etym: [LL., cotton. See Bombast, n.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees, called also the silkcotton tree; also, a tree of the genus Bombax. BOMBAZET; BOMBAZETTE Bom`ba*zet" Bom`ba*zette", n. Etym: [Cf. Bombazine.] Defn: A sort of thin woolen cloth. It is of various colors, and may be plain or twilled. BOMBAZINE Bom`ba*zine", n. Etym: [F. bombasin, LL. bombacinium, bambacinium, L. bombycinus silken, bombycinum a silk or cotton texture, fr. bombyx silk, silkworm, Gr. . Cf. Bombast, Bombycinous.] Defn: A twilled fabric for dresses, of which the warp is silk, and the weft worsted. Black bombazine has been much used for mourning garments. [Sometimes spelt bombasin, and bombasine.] Tomlinson. BOMBIC Bom"bic, a. Etym: [L. bombyx silk, silkworm: cf. F. bombique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, the silkworm; as, bombic acid. BOMBILATE Bom"bi*late, v. i. Etym: [LL. bombilare, for L. bombitare. See Bomb, n.] Defn: To hum; to buzz. [R.] BOMBILATION Bom`bi*la"tion, n. Defn: A humming sound; a booming. To . . . silence the bombilation of guns. Sir T. Browne. BOMBINATE Bom"bi*nate, v. i. Defn: To hum; to boom. BOMBINATION Bom`bi*na"tion, n. Defn: A humming or buzzing. BOMBOLO Bom"bo*lo, n.; pl. Bomboloes. Etym: [Cf. It bombola a pitcher.] Defn: A thin spheroidal glass retort or flask, used in the sublimation of camphor. [Written also bumbelo, and bumbolo.] BOMBPROOF Bomb"proof`, a. Defn: Secure against the explosive force of bombs. -- n. Defn: A structure which heavy shot and shell will not penetrate. BOMBSHELL Bomb"shell` (, n. Defn: A bomb. See Bomb, n. BOMBYCID Bom*by"cid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the genus Bombyx, or the family Bombycidæ. BOMBYCINOUS Bom*byc"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. bombycinus. See Bombazine.] 1. Silken; made of silk. [Obs.] Coles. 2. Being of the color of the silkworm; transparent with a yellow tint. E. Darwin. BOMBYLIOUS Bom*byl"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. bombylius a bumblebee, Gr. .] Defn: Buzzing, like a bumblebee; as, the bombylious noise of the horse fly. [Obs.] Derham. BOMBYX Bom"byx, n. Etym: [L., silkworm. See Bombazine.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of moths, which includes the silkworm moth. See Silkworm. BON Bon, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. bonus.] Defn: Good; valid as security for something. BON-ACCORD Bon-ac*cord", n. Defn: Good will; good fellowship; agreement. [Scot.] BONACI Bo`na*ci", n. [Amer. Sp. bonasí, prob. from native name.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci) of Florida and the West Indies, valuable as a food fish; -- called also aguaji and, in Florida, black grouper. (b) Also, any one of several other similar fishes. BONA FIDE Bo"na fi"de. Etym: [L.] Defn: In or with good faith; without fraud or deceit; real or really; actual or actually; genuine or genuinely; as, you must proceed bona fide; a bona fide purchaser or transaction. BONA FIDES Bo"na fi"des (bo"na fi"dez). [L.] Defn: Good faith; honesty; freedom from fraud or deception. BONAIR Bo*nair", a. Etym: [OE., also bonere, OF. bonnaire, Cotgr., abbrev. of debonnaire. See Debonair.] Defn: Gentle; courteous; complaisant; yielding. [Obs.] BONANZA Bo*nan"za, n. Etym: [Sp., prop. calm., fair weather, prosperity, fr. L. bonus good.] Defn: In mining, a rich mine or vein of silver or gold; hence, anything which is a mine of wealth or yields a large income. [Colloq. U. S.] BONAPARTEAN Bo`na*part"e*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Napoleon Bonaparte or his family. BONAPARTISM Bo"na*part`ism, n. Defn: The policy of Bonaparte or of the Bonapartes. BONAPARTIST Bo"na*part`ist, n. Defn: One attached to the policy or family of Bonaparte, or of the Bonapartes. BONA PERITURA Bo"na per`i*tu"ra. Etym: [L.] (Law) Defn: Perishable goods. Bouvier. BONA ROBA Bo"na ro"ba. Etym: [It., prop. "good stuff."] Defn: A showy wanton; a courtesan. Shak BONASUS; BONASSUS Bo*na"sus, Bo*nas"sus, n. Etym: [L. bonasus, Gr. , .] (Zoöl.) Defn: The aurochs or European bison. See Aurochs. BONBON Bon"bon`, n. Etym: [F. bonbon, fr. bon bon very good, a superlative by reduplication, fr. bon good.] Defn: Sugar confectionery; a sugarplum; hence, any dainty. BONBONNIERE Bon`bon`nière", n.; pl. -nières (#). [F.] Defn: A small fancy box or dish for bonbons. BONCE Bonce, n. Etym: [Etymol. unknown.] Defn: A boy's game played with large marbles. BONCHRETIEN Bon`chré`tien", n. Etym: [F., good Christian.] Defn: A name given to several kinds of pears. See Bartlett. BONCILATE Bon"ci*late, n. Etym: [Empirical trade name.] Defn: A substance composed of ground bone, mineral matters, etc., hardened by pressure, and used for making billiard balls, boxes, etc. BOND Bond, n. Etym: [The same word as band. Cf. Band, Bend.] 1. That which binds, ties, fastens,or confines, or by which anything is fastened or bound, as a cord, chain, etc.; a band; a ligament; a shackle or a manacle. Gnawing with my teeth my bonds in sunder, I gained my freedom. Shak. 2. pl. Defn: The state of being bound; imprisonment; captivity, restraint. "This man doeth nothing worthy of death or of bonds." Acts xxvi. 3. A binding force or influence; a cause of union; a uniting tie; as, the bonds of fellowship. A people with whom I have no tie but the common bond of mankind. Burke. 4. Moral or political duty or obligation. I love your majesty According to my bond, nor more nor less. Shak. 5. (Law) Defn: A writing under seal, by which a person binds himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators, to pay a certain sum on or before a future day appointed. This is a single bond. But usually a condition is added, that, if the obligor shall do a certain act, appear at a certain place, conform to certain rules, faithfully perform certain duties, or pay a certain sum of money, on or before a time specified, the obligation shall be void; otherwise it shall remain in full force. If the condition is not performed, the bond becomes forfeited, and the obligor and his heirs are liable to the payment of the whole sum. Bouvier. Wharton. 6. An instrument (of the nature of the ordinary legal bond) made by a government or a corporation for purpose of borrowing money; as, a government, city, or railway bond. 7. The state of goods placed in a bonded warehouse till the duties are paid; as, merchandise in bond. 8. (Arch.) Defn: The union or tie of the several stones or bricks forming a wall. The bricks may be arranged for this purpose in several different ways, as in English or block bond (Fig. 1), where one course consists of bricks with their ends toward the face of the wall, called headers, and the next course of bricks with their lengths parallel to the face of the wall, called stretchers; Flemish bond (Fig.2), where each course consists of headers and stretchers alternately, so laid as always to break joints; Cross bond, which differs from the English by the change of the second stretcher line so that its joints come in the middle of the first, and the same position of stretchers comes back every fifth line; Combined cross and English bond, where the inner part of the wall is laid in the one method, the outer in the other. 9. (Chem.) Defn: A unit of chemical attraction; as, oxygen has two bonds of affinity. It is often represented in graphic formulæ by a short line or dash. See Diagram of Benzene nucleus, and Valence. Arbitration bond. See under Arbitration. -- Bond crediter (Law), a creditor whose debt is secured by a bond. Blackstone. -- Bond debt (Law), a debt contracted under the obligation of a bond. Burrows. -- Bond (or lap) of a slate, the distance between the top of one slate and the bottom or drip of the second slate above, i. e., the space which is covered with three thicknesses; also, the distance between the nail of the under slate and the lower edge of the upper slate. -- Bond timber, timber worked into a wall to tie or strengthen it longitudinally. Syn. -- Chains; fetters; captivity; imprisonment. BOND Bond, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bonded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bonding.] 1. To place under the conditions of a bond; to mortgage; to secure the payment of the duties on (goods or merchandise) by giving a bond. 2. (Arch.) Defn: To dispose in building, as the materials of a wall, so as to secure solidity. BOND Bond, n. Etym: [OE. bond, bonde, peasant, serf, AS. bonda]C, bunda, husband, bouseholder, from Icel. b husbandman, for b, fr. b to dwell. See Boor, Husband.] Defn: A xassal or serf; a slave. [Obs. or Archaic] BOND Bond, a. Defn: In a state of servitude or slavery; captive. By one Spirit are we all baptized .. whether we be Jews or Bentiles, whether we be bond or free. 1 Cor. xii. 13. BONDAGE Bond"age, n. Etym: [LL. bondagium. See Bond, a.] 1. The state of being bound; condition of being under restraint; restraint of personal liberty by compulsion; involuntary servitude; slavery; captivity. The King, when he designed you for my guard, Resolved he would not make my bondage hard. Dryden. 2. Obligation; tie of duty. He must resolve by no means to be . . . brought under the bondage of onserving oaths. South. 3. (Old Eng. Law) Defn: Villenage; tenure of land on condition of doing the meanest services for the owner. Syn. -- Thralldom; bond service; imprisonment. BONDAGER Bond"a*ger, n. Defn: A field worker, esp. a woman who works in the field. [Scot.] BONDAR Bon"dar, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small quadruped of Bengal (Paradoxurus bondar), allied to the genet; -- called also musk cat. BONDED Bond"ed, a. Defn: Placed under, or covered by, a bond, as for the payment of duties, or for conformity to coertain regulations. Bonded goods, goods placed in a bonded warehouse; goods, for the duties on which bonds are given at the customhouse. -- Bonded warehouse, a warehouse in which goods on which the duties are unpaid are stored under bond and in the joint custody of the importer, or his agent, and the customs officers. BONDER Bond"er, n. 1. One who places goods under bond or in a bonded warehouse. 2. (Masonry) Defn: A bonding stone or brick; a bondstone. BONDER Bond"er, n. Etym: [Norwegian bonde.] Defn: A freeholder on a small scale. [Norway] Emerson. BONDHOLDER Bond"hold`er, n. Defn: A person who holds the bonds of a public or private corporation for the payment of money at a certain time. BONDMAID Bond"maid`, n. Etym: [Bond,a.orn.+ maid.] Defn: A female slave, or one bound to service without wages, as distinguished from a hired servant. BONDMAN Bond"man, n.; pl. Bondmen. Etym: [Bond,a.orn.+ man.] 1. A man slave, or one bound to service without wages. "To enfranchise bondmen." Macaulay. 2. (Old Eng. Law) Defn: A villain, or tenant in villenage. BOND SERVANT Bond" serv`ant. Defn: A slave; one who is bound to service without wages. If thy brother . . . be waxen poor, and be sold unto thee; thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bond servant: but as an hired servant. Lev. xxv. 39, 40. BOND SERVICE Bond" serv`ice. Defn: The condition of a bond servant; sevice without wages; slavery. Their children . . . upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of bond service. 1 Kings ix. 21. BONDSLAVE Bond"slave` (, n. Defn: A person in a state of slavery; one whose person and liberty are subjected to the authority of a master. BONDSMAN Bonds"man, n.; pl. Bondsmen . Etym: [Bond,a.orn.+ man.] 1. A slave; a villain; a serf; a bondman. Carnal, greedy people, without such a precept, would have no mercy upon their poor bondsmen. Derham. 2. (Law) Defn: A surety; one who is bound, or who gives security, for another. BONDSTONE Bond"stone`, n. Etym: [Bond,n.+ stone.] (Masonry) Defn: A stone running through a wall from one face to another, to bind it together; a binding stone. BONDSWOMAN Bonds"wom`an, n. Defn: See Bondwoman. BONDUC Bon"duc, n. Etym: [F. bonduc, fr. Ar. bunduq hazel nut, filbert nut.] (Bot.) Defn: See Nicker tree. BONDWOMAN Bond"wom`an, n.; pl. Bondwomen. Etym: [Bond,a.orn.+ woman.] Defn: A woman who is a slave, or in bondage. He who was of the bondwoman. Gal. iv. 23. BONE Bone, n. Etym: [OE. bon, ban, AS. ban; akin to Icel. bein, Sw. ben, Dan. & D. been, G. bein bone, leg; cf. Icel. beinn straight.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The hard, calcified tissue of the skeleton of vertebrate animals, consisting very largely of calcic carbonate, calcic phosphate, and gelatine; as, blood and bone. Note: Even in the hardest parts of bone there are many minute cavities containing living matter and connected by minute canals, some of which connect with larger canals through which blood vessels ramify. 2. One of the pieces or parts of an animal skeleton; as, a rib or a thigh bone; a bone of the arm or leg; also, any fragment of bony substance. (pl.) The frame or skeleton of the body. 3. Anything made of bone, as a bobbin for weaving bone lace. 4. pl. Defn: Two or four pieces of bone held between the fingers and struck together to make a kind of music. 5. pl. Defn: Dice. 6. Whalebone; hence, a piece of whalebone or of steel for a corset. 7. Fig.: The framework of anything. A bone of contention, a subject of contention or dispute. -- A bone to pick, something to investigate, or to busy one's self about; a dispute to be settled (with some one). -- Bone ash, the residue from calcined bones; -- used for making cupels, and for cleaning jewelry. -- Bone black (Chem.), the black, carbonaceous substance into which bones are converted by calcination in close vessels; -- called also animal charcoal. It is used as a decolorizing material in filtering sirups, extracts, etc., and as a black pigment. See Ivory black, under Black. -- Bone cave, a cave in which are found bones of extinct or recent animals, mingled sometimes with the works and bones of man. Am. Cyc. -- Bone dust, ground or pulverized bones, used as a fertilizer. -- Bone earth (Chem.), the earthy residuum after the calcination of bone, consisting chiefly of phosphate of calcium. -- Bone lace, a lace made of linen thread, so called because woven with bobbins of bone. -- Bone oil, an oil obtained by, heating bones (as in the manufacture of bone black), and remarkable for containing the nitrogenous bases, pyridine and quinoline, and their derivatives; -- also called Dippel's oil. -- Bone setter. Same as Bonesetter. See in the Vocabulary. -- Bone shark (Zoöl.), the basking shark. -- Bone spavin. See under Spavin. -- Bone turquoise, fossil bone or tooth of a delicate blue color, sometimes used as an imitation of true turquoise. -- Bone whale (Zoöl.), a right whale. -- To be upon the bones of, to attack. [Obs.] -- To make no bones, to make no scruple; not to hesitate. [Low] -- To pick a bone with, to quarrel with, as dogs quarrel over a bone; to settle a disagreement. [Colloq.] BONE Bone, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boned (; p. pr. & vb. n. Boning.] 1. To withdraw bones from the flesh of, as in cookery. "To bone a turkey." Soyer. 2. To put whalebone into; as, to bone stays. Ash. 3. To fertilize with bone. 4. To steal; to take possession of. [Slang] BONE Bone, v. t. Etym: [F. bornoyer to look at with one eye, to sight, fr. borgne one-eyed.] Defn: To sight along an object or set of objects, to see if it or they be level or in line, as in carpentry, masonry, and surveying. Knight. Joiners, etc., bone their work with two straight edges. W. M. Buchanan. BONEACHE Bone"ache`, n. Defn: Pain in the bones. Shak. BONEBLACK Bone"black`, n. Defn: See Bone black, under Bone, n. BONED Boned, a. 1. Having (such) bones; -- used in composition; as, big-boned; strong-boned. No big-boned men framed of the Cyclops' size. Shak. 2. Deprived of bones; as, boned turkey or codfish. 3. Manured with bone; as, boned land. BONEDOG Bone"dog`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The spiny dogfish. BONEFISH Bone"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Ladyfish. BONELESS Bone"less, a. Defn: Without bones. "Boneless gums." Shak. BONESET Bone"set`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A medicinal plant, the thoroughwort (Eupatorium perfoliatum). Its properties are diaphoretic and tonic. BONESETTER Bone"set*ter, n. Defn: One who sets broken or dislocated bones; -- commonly applied to one, not a regular surgeon, who makes an occupation of setting bones. -- Bone"set*ting, n. BONESHAW Bone"shaw, n. (Med.) Defn: Sciatica. [Obs.] BONETTA Bo*net"ta, n. Defn: See Bonito. Sir T. Herbert. BONFIRE Bon"fire`, n. Etym: [OE. bonefire, banefire, orig. a fire of bones; bone + fire; but cf. also Prov. E. bun a dry stalk.] Defn: A large fire built in the open air, as an expression of public joy and exultation, or for amusement. Full soon by bonfire and by bell, We learnt our liege was passing well. Gay. BONGO Bon"go (bon"go), n. Defn: Either of two large antelopes (Boöcercus eurycercus of West Africa, and B. isaaci of East Africa) of a reddish or chestnut-brown color with narrow white stripes on the body. Their flesh is especially esteemed as food. BONGRACE Bon"grace` (, n. Etym: [F. bon good + grâce grace, charm.] Defn: A projecting bonnet or shade to protect the complexion; also, a wide-brimmed hat. [Obs.] BONHOMIE; BONHOMMIE Bon`ho*mie", Bon`hom*mie" (, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: good nature; pleasant and easy manner. BONIBELL Bon"i*bell, n. Defn: See Bonnibel. [Obs.] Spenser. BONIFACE Bon"i*face, n. Etym: [From the sleek, jolly landlord in Farquhar's comedy of "The Beaux' Stratagem."] Defn: An innkeeper. BONIFORM Bon"i*form, a. Etym: [L. bonus good + -form.] Defn: Sensitive or responsive to moral excellence. Dr. H. More. BONIFY Bon"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. bonus good + -fy: cf. F. bonifier.] Defn: To convert into, or make, good. To bonify evils, or tincture them with good. Cudworth. BONINESS Bon"i*ness, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being bony. BONING Bon"ing, n. Etym: [Senses 1 and 2 fr. 1st Bone, sense 3 fr. 3d Bone.] 1. The clearing of bones from fish or meat. 2. The manuring of land with bones. 3. A method of leveling a line or surface by sighting along the tops of two or more straight edges, or a range of properly spaced poles. See 3d Bone, v. t. BONITARY Bon"i*ta*ry, a. Defn: Beneficial, as opposed to statutory or civil; as, bonitary dominion of land. BONITO Bo*ni"to, n.; pl. Bonitoes (. Etym: [Sp. & Pg. bonito, fr. Ar. bainit and bainith.] [Often incorrectly written bonita.] (Zoöl.) 1. A large tropical fish (Orcynus pelamys) allied to the tunny. It is about three feet long, blue above, with four brown stripes on the sides. It is sometimes found on the American coast. 2. The skipjack (Sarda Mediterranea) of the Atlantic, an important and abundant food fish on the coast of the United States, and (S. Chilensis) of the Pacific, and other related species. They are large and active fishes, of a blue color with black oblique stripes. 3. The medregal (Seriola fasciata), an edible fish of the southern of the United States and the West Indies. 4. The cobia or crab eater (Elacate canada), an edible fish of the Middle and Southern United States. BONMOT Bon"mot`, n.; pl. Bonsmots. Etym: [ F. bon good + mot word.] Defn: A witty repartee; a jest. BONNAZ Bon"naz, n. Defn: A kind of embroidery made with a complicated sewing machine, said to have been originally invented by a Frenchman of the name of Bonnaz. The work is done either in freehand or by following a perforated design. BONNE Bonne, n. Defn: (F., prop. good woman.) A female servant charged with the care of a young child. BONNE BOUCHE Bonne" bouche"; pl. Bonnes bouches (. Etym: [F. bon, fem. bonne, good + bouche mouth.] Defn: A delicious morsel or mouthful; a tidbit. BONNET Bon"net, n. Etym: [OE. bonet, OF. bonet, bonete. F. bonnet fr. LL. bonneta, bonetum; orig. the name of a stuff, and of unknown origin.] 1. A headdress for men and boys; a cap. [Obs.] Milton. Shak. 2. A soft, elastic, very durable cap, made of thick, seamless woolen stuff, and worn by men in Scotland. And pbonnets waving high. Sir W. Scott. 3. A covering for the head, worn by women, usually protecting more or less the back and sides of the head, but no part of the forehead. The shape of the bonnet varies greatly at different times; formerly the front part projected, and spread outward, like the mouth of a funnel. 4. Anything resembling a bonnet in shape or use; as, (a) (Fort.) A small defense work at a salient angle; or a part of a parapet elevated to screen the other part from enfilade fire. (b) A metallic canopy, or projection, over an opening, as a fireplace, or a cowl or hood to increase the draught of a chimney, etc. (c) A frame of wire netting over a locomotive chimney, to prevent escape of sparks. (d) A roofing over the cage of a mine, to protect its occupants from objects falling down the shaft. (e) In pumps, a metal covering for the openings in the valve chambers. 5. (Naut.) Defn: An additional piece of canvas laced to the foot of a jib or foresail in moderate winds. Hakluyt. 6. The second stomach of a ruminating animal. 7. An accomplice of a gambler, auctioneer, etc., who entices others to bet or to bid; a decoy. [Cant] Bonnet head (Zoöl.), a shark (Sphyrna tiburio) of the southern United States and West Indies. -- Bonnet limpet (Zoöl.), a name given, from their shape, to various species of shells (family Calyptræidæ). -- Bonnet monkey (Zoöl.), an East Indian monkey (Macacus sinicus), with a tuft of hair on its head; the munga. -- Bonnet piece, a gold coin of the time of James V. of Scotland, the king's head on which wears a bonnet. Sir W. Scott. -- To have a bee in the bonnet. See under Bee. -- Black bonnet. See under Black. -- Blue bonnet. See in the Vocabulary. BONNET Bon"net, v. i. Defn: To take off the bonnet or cap as a mark of respect; to uncover. [Obs.] Shak. BONNETED Bon"net*ed, a. 1. Wearing a bonnet. "Bonneted and shawled." Howitt. 2. (Fort.) Defn: Protected by a bonnet. See Bonnet, 4 (a). BONNETLESS Bon"net*less, a. Defn: Without a bonnet. BONNET ROUGE Bon`net" rouge". [F.] Defn: The red cap adopted by the extremists in the French Revolution, which became a sign of patriotism at that epoch; hence, a revolutionist; a Red Republican. BONNIBEL Bon"ni*bel, n. Etym: [F. bonne et belle, good and beautiful. Cf. Bellibone.] Defn: A handsome girl. [Obs.] BONNIE Bon"nie, a. Etym: [Scot.] Defn: See Bonny, a. BONNILASS Bon"ni*lass`, n. Etym: [Bonny + lass.] Defn: A "bonny lass"; a beautiful girl. [Obs.] Spenser. BONNILY Bon"ni*ly, adv. Defn: Gayly; handsomely. BONNINESS Bon"ni*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being bonny; gayety [R.] BONNY Bon"ny, a. [Spelled bonnie by the Scotch.] Etym: [OE. boni, prob. fr. F. bon, fem. bonne, good, fr. L. bonus good. See Bounty, and cf. Bonus, Boon.] 1. Handsome; beautiful; pretty; attractively lively and graceful. Till bonny Susan sped across the plain. Gay. Far from the bonnie banks of Ayr. Burns. 2. Gay; merry; frolicsome; cheerful; blithe. Be you blithe and bonny. Shak. Report speaks you a bonny monk, that would hear the matiSir W. Scott. BONNY Bon"ny, n. (Mining) Defn: A round and compact bed of ore, or a distinct bed, not communicating with a vein. BONNYCLABBER Bon"ny*clab`ber, n. Etym: [Ir. bainne, baine, milk + clabar mud, mire.] Defn: Coagulated sour milk; loppered milk; curdled milk; -- sometimes called simply clabber. B. Jonson. BON SILENE Bon" Si`lène". Etym: [F.] (Bot.) Defn: A very fragrant tea rose with petals of various shades of pink. BONSPIEL Bon"spiel, n. Etym: [Scot.; of uncertain origin.] Defn: A cur [Scot.] BONTEBOK Bon"te*bok, n. Etym: [D. bont a sort of skin or fur, prop. variegated + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The pied antelope of South Africa (Alcelaphus pygarga). Its face and rump are white. Called also nunni. BON TON Bon" ton". Etym: [F., good tone, manner.] Defn: The height of the fashion; fashionable society. BONUS Bo"nus, n.; pl. Bonuses (. Etym: [L. bonus good. Cf. Bonny.] 1. (Law) Defn: A premium given for a loan, or for a charter or other privilege granted to a company; as the bank paid a bonus for its charter. Bouvier. 2. An extra dividend to the shareholders of a joint stock company, out of accumulated profits. 3. Money paid in addition to a stated compensation. BON VIVANT Bon" vi`vant"; pl. Bons vivants. Etym: [F. bon good + vivant, p. pr. of vivre to live.] Defn: A good fellow; a jovial companion; a free liver. BONY Bon"y, a. 1. Consisting of bone, or of bones; full of bones; pertaining to bones. 2. Having large or prominent bones. Bony fish (Zoöl.), the menhaden. -- Bony pike (Zoöl.), the gar pike (Lepidosteus). BONZE Bon"ze, n. Etym: [Pg. bonzo, fr. Japan bozu a Buddhist priest: cf. F. bonze.] Defn: A Buddhist or Fohist priest, monk, or nun. Note: The name was given by the Portuguese to the priests of Japan, and has since been applied to the priests of China, Cochin China, and the neighboring countries. BOOBY Boo"by, n.; pl. Boobies. Etym: [Sp. bobe dunce, idiot; cf. L. balbus stammering, E. barbarous.] 1. A dunce; a stupid fellow. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A swimming bird (Sula fiber or S. sula) related to the common gannet, and found in the West Indies, nesting on the bare rocks. It is so called on account of its apparent stupidity. The name is also sometimes applied to other species of gannets; as, S. piscator, the red-footed booby. (b) A species of penguin of the antarctic seas. Booby hatch (Naut.), a kind of wooden hood over a hatch, readily removable. -- Booby hut, a carriage body put upon sleigh runners. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. -- Booby hutch, a clumsy covered carriage or seat, used in the eastern part of England. Forby. -- Booby trap, a schoolboy's practical joke, as a shower bath when a door is opened. BOOBY Boo"by, a. Defn: Having the characteristics of a booby; stupid. BOOBYISH Boo"by*ish, a. Defn: Stupid; dull. BOODH Boodh, n. Defn: Same as Buddha. Malcom. BOODHISM Boodh"ism, n. Defn: Same as Buddhism. BOODHIST Boodh"ist, n. Defn: Same as Buddhist. BOODLE Boo"dle, n. Etym: [Origin uncertain.] 1. The whole collection or lot; caboodle. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett. 2. Money given in payment for votes or political influence; bribe money; swag. [Polit. slang, U. S.] BOOHOE Boo`hoe", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boohooed; p. pr. & vb. n. Boohooing.] Etym: [An imitative word.] Defn: To bawl; to cry loudly. [Low] Bartlett. BOOHOO Boo"hoo`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sailfish; -- called also woohoo. BOOK Book, n. Etym: [OE. book, bok, AS. b; akin to Goth. b a letter, in pl. book, writing, Icel. b, Sw. bok, Dan. bog, OS. b, D. boek, OHG. puoh, G. buch; and fr. AS. b, b, beech; because the ancient Saxons and Germans in general wrote runes on pieces of beechen board. Cf. Beech.] 1. A collection of sheets of paper, or similar material, blank, written, or printed, bound together; commonly, many folded and bound sheets containing continuous printing or writing. Note: When blank, it is called a blank book. When printed, the term often distinguishes a bound volume, or a volume of some size, from a pamphlet. Note: It has been held that, under the copyright law, a book is not necessarily a volume made of many sheets bound together; it may be printed on a single sheet, as music or a diagram of patterns. Abbott. 2. A composition, written or printed; a treatise. A good book is the precious life blood of a master spirit, embalmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life. Milton. 3. A part or subdivision of a treatise or literary work; as, the tenth book of "Paradise Lost." 4. A volume or collection of sheets in which accounts are kept; a register of debts and credits, receipts and expenditures, etc. 5. Six tricks taken by one side, in the game of whist; in certain other games, two or more corresponding cards, forming a set. Note: Book is used adjectively or as a part of many compounds; as, book buyer, bookrack, book club, book lore, book sale, book trade, memorandum book, cashbook. Book account, an account or register of debt or credit in a book. -- Book debt, a debt for items charged to the debtor by the creditor in his book of accounts. -- Book learning, learning acquired from books, as distinguished from practical knowledge. "Neither does it so much require book learning and scholarship, as good natural sense, to distinguish true and false." Burnet. -- Book louse (Zoöl.), one of several species of minute, wingless insects injurious to books and papers. They belong to the Pseudoneuroptera. -- Book moth (Zoöl.), the name of several species of moths, the larvæ of which eat books. -- Book oath, an oath made on The Book, or Bible. -- The Book of Books, the Bible. -- Book post, a system under which books, bulky manuscripts, etc., may be transmitted by mail. -- Book scorpion (Zoöl.), one of the false scorpions (Chelifer cancroides) found among books and papers. It can run sidewise and backward, and feeds on small insects. -- Book stall, a stand or stall, often in the open air, for retailing books. -- Canonical books. See Canonical. -- In one's books, in one's favor. "I was so much in his books, that at his decease he left me his lamp." Addison. -- To bring to book. (a) To compel to give an account. (b) To compare with an admitted authority. "To bring it manifestly to book is impossible." M. Arnold. -- To course by bell, book, and candle. See under Bell. -- To make a book (Horse Racing), to lay bets (recorded in a pocket book) against the success of every horse, so that the bookmaker wins on all the unsuccessful horses and loses only on the winning horse or horses. -- To speak by the book, to speak with minute exactness. -- Without book. (a) By memory. (b) Without authority. BOOK Book, v. t. [imp & p. p. Booked; p. pr. & vb. n. Booking.] 1. To enter, write, or register in a book or list. Let it be booked with the rest of this day's deeds. Shak. 2. To enter the name of (any one) in a book for the purpose of securing a passage, conveyance, or seat; as, to be booked for Southampton; to book a seat in a theater. 3. To mark out for; to destine or assign for; as, he is booked for the valedictory. [Colloq.] Here I am booked for three days more in Paris. Charles Reade. BOOKBINDER Book"bind`er, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to bind books. BOOKBINDERY Book"bind`er*y, n. Defn: A bookbinder's shop; a place or establishment for binding books. BOOKBINDING Book"bind`ing, n. Defn: The art, process, or business of binding books. BOOKCASE Book"case` (, n. Defn: A case with shelves for holding books, esp. one with glazed doors. BOOKCRAFT Book"craft`, n. Defn: Authorship; literary skill. BOOKED Booked, a. 1. Registered. 2. On the way; destined. [Colloq.] BOOKER Book"er, n. Defn: One who enters accounts or names, etc., in a book; a bookkeeper. BOOKFUL Book"ful, n. Defn: As much as will fill a book; a book full. Shak. -- a. Defn: Filled with book learning. [R.] "The bookful blockhead." Pope. BOOKHOLDER Book"hold`er, n. 1. A prompter at a theater. [Obs.] Beau & Fl. 2. A support for a book, holding it open, while one reads or copies from it. BOOKING CLERK Book"ing clerk`. Defn: A clerk who registers passengers, baggage, etc., for conveyance, as by railway or steamship, or who sells passage tickets at a booking office. BOOKING OFFICE Book"ing of`fice. 1. An office where passengers, baggage, etc., are registered for conveyance, as by railway or steamship. 2. An office where passage tickets are sold. [Eng.] BOOKISH Book"ish, a. 1. Given to reading; fond of study; better acquainted with books than with men; learned from books. "A bookish man." Addison. "Bookish skill." Bp. Hall. 2. Characterized by a method of expression generally found in books; formal; labored; pedantic; as, a bookish way of talking; bookish sentences. -- Book"ish*ly, adv. -- Book"ish*ness, n. BOOKKEEPER Book"keep`er, n. Defn: One who keeps accounts; one who has the charge of keeping the books and accounts in an office. BOOKKEEPING Book"keep`ing, n. Defn: The art of recording pecuniary or business transactions in a regular and systematic manner, so as to show their relation to each other, and the state of the business in which they occur; the art of keeping accounts. The books commonly used are a daybook, cashbook, journal, and ledger. See Daybook, Cashbook, Journal, and Ledger. Bookkeeping by single entry, the method of keeping books by carrying the record of each transaction to the debit or credit of a single account. -- Bookkeeping by double entry, a mode of bookkeeping in which two entries of every transaction are carried to the ledger, one to the Dr., or left hand, side of one account, and the other to the Cr., or right hand, side of a corresponding account, in order thaItalian method. BOOKLAND; BOCKLAND Book"land`, Bock"land`, n. Etym: [AS. b; b book + land land.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Charter land held by deed under certain rents and free services, which differed in nothing from free socage lands. This species of tenure has given rise to the modern freeholds. BOOK-LEARNED Book"-learned`, a. Defn: Versed in books; having knowledge derived from books. [Often in a disparaging sense.] Whate'er these book-learned blockheads say, Solon's the veriest fool in all the play. Dryden. BOOKLESS Book"less, a. Defn: Without books; unlearned. Shenstone. BOOKLET Book"let, n. Defn: A little book. T. Arnold. BOOKMAKER Book"mak`er, n. 1. One who writes and publishes books; especially, one who gathers his materials from other books; a compiler. 2. (Horse Racing) Defn: A betting man who "makes a book." See To make a book, under Book, n. BOOKMAN Book"man, n.; pl. Bookmen (. Defn: A studious man; a scholar. Shak. BOOKMARK Book"mark`, n. Defn: Something placed in a book to guide in finding a particular page or passage; also, a label in a book to designate the owner; a bookplate. BOOKMATE Book"mate`, n. Etym: [Book + mate.] Defn: A schoolfellow; an associate in study. BOOKMONGER Book"mon`ger, n. Defn: A dealer in books. BOOK MUSLIN Book" mus`lin. 1. A kind of muslin used for the covers of books. 2. A kind of thin white muslin for ladies' dresses. BOOKPLATE Book"plate`, n. Defn: A label, placed upon or in a book, showing its ownership or its position in a library. BOOKSELLER Book"sell`er, n. Defn: One who sells books. BOOKSELLING Book"sell`ing, n. Defn: The employment of selling books. BOOKSHELF Book"shelf`, n.; pl. Bookshelves (. Defn: A shelf to hold books. BOOKSHOP Book"shop`, n. Defn: A bookseller's shop. [Eng.] BOOKSTALL Book"stall`, n. Defn: A stall or stand where books are sold. BOOKSTAND Book"stand`, n. 1. A place or stand for the sale of books in the streets; a bookstall. 2. A stand to hold books for reading or reference. BOOKSTORE Book"store`, n. Defn: A store where books are kept for sale; -- called in England a bookseller's shop. BOOKWORK Book"work`, n. 1. Work done upon a book or books (as in a printing office), in distinction from newspaper or job work. 2. Study; application to books. BOOKWORM Book"worm`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any larva of a beetle or moth, which is injurious to books. Many species are known. 2. A student closely attached to books or addicted to study; a reader without appreciation. I wanted but a black gown and a salary to be as mere a bookworm as any there. Pope. BOOKY Book"y, a. Defn: Bookish. BOOLY Boo"ly, n.; pl. Boolies. Etym: [Ir. buachail cowherd; bo cow + giolla boy.] Defn: A company of Irish herdsmen, or a single herdsman, wandering from place to place with flocks and herds, and living on their milk, like the Tartars; also, a place in the mountain pastures inclosed for the shelter of cattle or their keepers. [Obs.] [Written also boley, bolye, bouillie.] Spenser. BOOM Boom (boom), n. Etym: [D. boom tree, pole, beam, bar. See Beam.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A long pole or spar, run out for the purpose of extending the bottom of a particular sail; as, the jib boom, the studding-sail boom, etc. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A long spar or beam, projecting from the mast of a derrick, from the outer end of which the body to be lifted is suspended. 3. A pole with a conspicuous top, set up to mark the channel in a river or harbor. [Obs.] 4. (Mil. & Naval) Defn: A strong chain cable, or line of spars bound together, extended across a river or the mouth of a harbor, to obstruct navigation or passage. 5. (Lumbering) Defn: A line of connected floating timbers stretched across a river, or inclosing an area of water, to keep saw logs, etc., from floating away. Boom iron, one of the iron rings on the yards through which the studding-sail booms traverse. -- The booms, that space on the upper deck of a ship between the foremast and mainmast, where the boats, spare spars, etc., are stowed. Totten. BOOM Boom (boom), v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To extend, or push, with a boom or pole; as, to boom out a sail; to boom off a boat. BOOM Boom (boom), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boomed, p. pr. & vb. n. Booming.] Etym: [Of imitative origin; cf. OE. bommen to hum, D. bommen to drum, sound as an empty barrel, also W. bwmp a hollow sound; aderyn y bwmp, the bird of the hollow sound, i. e., the bittern. Cf. Bum, Bump, v. i., Bomb, v. i.] 1. To cry with a hollow note; to make a hollow sound, as the bittern, and some insects. At eve the beetle boometh Athwart the thicket lone. Tennyson. 2. To make a hollow sound, as of waves or cannon. Alarm guns booming through the night air. W. Irving. 3. To rush with violence and noise, as a ship under a press of sail, before a free wind. She comes booming down before it. Totten. 4. To have a rapid growth in market value or in popular favor; to go on rushingly. BOOM Boom, n. 1. A hollow roar, as of waves or cannon; also, the hollow cry of the bittern; a booming. 2. A strong and extensive advance, with more or less noisy excitement; -- applied colloquially or humorously to market prices, the demand for stocks or commodities and to political chances of aspirants to office; as, a boom in the stock market; a boom in coffee. [Colloq. U. S.] BOOM Boom, v. t. Defn: To cause to advance rapidly in price; as, to boom railroad or mining shares; to create a "boom" for; as to boom Mr. C. for senator. [Colloq. U. S.] BOOMDAS Boom"das, n. Etym: [D. boom tree + das badger.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small African hyracoid mammal (Dendrohyrax arboreus) resembling the daman. BOOMER Boom"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, booms. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A North American rodent, so named because it is said to make a booming noise. See Sewellel. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large male kangaroo. 4. One who works up a "boom". [Slang, U. S.] BOOMERANG Boom"er*ang, n. Defn: A very singular missile weapon used by the natives of Australia and in some parts of India. It is usually a curved stick of hard wood, from twenty to thirty inches in length, from two to three inches wide, and half or three quarters of an inch thick. When thrown from the hand with a quick rotary motion, it describes very remarkable curves, according to the shape of the instrument and the manner of throwing it, often moving nearly horizontally a long distance, then curving upward to a considerable height, and finally taking a retrograde direction, so as to fall near the place from which it was thrown, or even far in the rear of it. BOOMING Boom"ing, a. 1. Rushing with violence; swelling with a hollow sound; making a hollow sound or note; roaring; resounding. O'er the sea-beat ships the booming waters roar. Falcone. 2. Advancing or increasing amid noisy excitement; as, booming prices; booming popularity. [Colloq. U. S.] BOOMING Boom"ing, n. Defn: The act of producing a hollow or roaring sound; a violent rushing with heavy roar; as, the booming of the sea; a deep, hollow sound; as, the booming of bitterns. Howitt. BOOMKIN Boom"kin, n. (Naut.) Defn: Same as Bumkin. BOOMORAH Boo"mo*rah, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small West African chevrotain (Hyæmoschus aquaticus), resembling the musk deer. BOOMSLANGE Boom"slang*e, n. Etym: [D. boom tree + slang snake.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large South African tree snake (Bucephalus Capensis). Although considered venomous by natives, it has no poison fangs. BOON Boon, n. Etym: [OE. bone, boin, a petition, fr. Icel. b; akin to Sw. & Dan. b, AS. b, and perh. to E. ban; but influenced by F. bon good, fr. L. bonus. Ban, Bounty.] 1. A prayer or petition. [Obs.] For which to God he made so many an idle boon. Spenser. 2. That which is asked or granted as a benefit or favor; a gift; a benefaction; a grant; a present. Every good gift and every perfect boon is from above. James i. 17 (Rev. Ver. ). BOON Boon, a. Etym: [F. bon. See Boon, n.] 1. Good; prosperous; as, boon voyage. [Obs.] 2. Kind; bountiful; benign. Which . . . Nature boon Poured forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain. Milton. 3. Gay; merry; jovial; convivial. A boon companion, loving his bottle. Arbuthnot. BOON Boon, n. Etym: [Scot. boon, bune, been, Gael. & Ir. bunach coarse tow, fr. bun root, stubble.] Defn: The woody portion flax, which is separated from the fiber as refuse matter by retting, braking, and scutching. BOOR Boor, n. Etym: [D. boer farmer, boor; akin to AS. geb countryman, G. bauer; fr. the root of AS. b to inhabit, and akin to E. bower, be. Cf. Neighbor, Boer, and Big to build.] 1. A husbandman; a peasant; a rustic; esp. a clownish or unrefined countryman. 2. A Dutch, German, or Russian peasant; esp. a Dutch colonist in South Africa, Guiana, etc.: a boer. 3. A rude ill-bred person; one who is clownish in manners. BOORISH Boor"ish, a. Defn: Like a boor; clownish; uncultured; unmannerly. -- Boor"ish*ly, adv. -- Boor"ish*ness, n. Which is in truth a gross and boorish opinion. Milton. BOORT Boort, n. Defn: See Bort. BOOSE Boose, n. Etym: [AS. bos, bosig; akin to Icel. bass, Sw. bås, Dan. baas, stall, G. banse, Goth. bansts barn, Skr. bhasas stall. *252.] Defn: A stall or a crib for an ox, cow, or other animal. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. BOOSE Boose, v. i. Defn: To drink excessively. See Booze. BOOSER Boos"er, n. Defn: A toper; a guzzler. See Boozer. BOOST Boost, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boosting.] Etym: [Cf. Boast, v. i.] Defn: To lift or push from behind (one who is endeavoring to climb); to push up; hence, to assist in overcoming obstacles, or in making advancement. [Colloq. U. S.] BOOST Boost, n. Defn: A push from behind, as to one who is endeavoring to climb; help. [Colloq. U. S.] BOOSTER Boost"er, n. (Elec.) Defn: An instrument for regulating the electro-motive force in an alternating-current circuit; -- so called because used to "boost", or raise, the pressure in the circuit. BOOT Boot, n. Etym: [OE. bot, bote, adbantage, amends, cure, AS. b; akin to Icel. b, Sw. bot, Dan. bod, Goth. b, D. boete, G. busse; prop., a making good or better, from the root of E. better, adj. 1. Remedy; relief; amends; reparation; hence, one who brings relief. He gaf the sike man his boote. Chaucer. Thou art boot for many a bruise And healest many a wound. Sir W. Scott. Next her Son, our soul's best boot. Wordsworth. 2. That which is given to make an exchange equal, or to make up for the deficiency of value in one of the things exchanged. I'll give you boot, I'll give you three for one. Shak. 3. Profit; gain; advantage; use. [Obs.] Then talk no more of flight, it is no boot. Shak. To boot, in addition; over and above; besides; as a compensation for the difference of value between things bartered. Helen, to change, would give an eye to boot. Shak. A man's heaviness is refreshed long before he comes to drunkenness, for when he arrives thither he hath but changed his heaviness, and taken a crime to boot. Jer. Taylor. BOOT Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booted; p. pr. & vb. n. Booting.] 1. To profit; to advantage; to avail; -- generally followed by it; as, what boots it What booteth it to others that we wish them well, and do nothing for them Hooker. What subdued To change like this a mind so far imbued With scorn of man, it little boots to know. Byron. What boots to us your victories Southey. 2. To enrich; to benefit; to give in addition. [Obs.] And I will boot thee with what gift beside Thy modesty can beg. Shak. BOOT Boot, n. Etym: [OE. bote, OF. bote, F. botte, LL. botta; of uncertain origin.] 1. A covering for the foot and lower part of the leg, ordinarily made of leather. 2. An instrument of torture for the leg, formerly used to extort confessions, particularly in Scotland. So he was put to the torture, which in Scotland they call the boots; for they put a pair of iron boots close on the leg, and drive wedges between them and the leg. Bp. Burnet. 3. A place at the side of a coach, where attendants rode; also, a low outside place before and behind the body of the coach. [Obs.] 4. A place for baggage at either end of an old-fashioned stagecoach. 5. An apron or cover (of leather or rubber cloth) for the driving seat of a vehicle, to protect from rain and mud. 6. (Plumbing) Defn: The metal casing and flange fitted about a pipe where it passes through a roof. Boot catcher, the person at an inn whose business it was to pull off boots and clean them. [Obs.] Swift. -- Boot closer, one who, or that which, sews the uppers of boots. -- Boot crimp, a frame or device used by bootmakers for drawing and shaping the body of a boot. -- Boot hook, a hook with a handle, used for pulling on boots. -- Boots and saddles (Cavalry Tactics), the trumpet call which is the first signal for mounted drill. -- Sly boots. See Slyboots, in the Vocabulary. BOOT Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booted; p. pr. & vb. n. Booting.] 1. To put boots on, esp. for riding. Coated and booted for it. B. Jonson. 2. To punish by kicking with a booted foot. [U. S.] BOOT Boot, v. i. Defn: To boot one's self; to put on one's boots. BOOT Boot, n. Defn: Booty; spoil. [Obs. or R.] Shak. BOOTBLACK Boot"black` (, n. Defn: One who blacks boots. BOOTED Boot"ed, a. 1. Wearing boots, especially boots with long tops, as for riding; as, a booted squire. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having an undivided, horny, bootlike covering; -- said of the tarsus of some birds. BOOTEE Boot*ee", n. Defn: A half boot or short boot. BOOTES; BOOETES Bo*ö"tes, n. Etym: [L. Bootes, Gr. herdsman, fr. , gen. , ox, cow.] (Astron.) Defn: A northern constellation, containing the bright star Arcturus. BOOTH Booth, n. Etym: [OE. bothe; cf. Icel. b, Dan. & Sw. bod, MHG. buode, G. bude, baude; from the same root as AS. b to dwell, E. boor, bower, be; cf. Bohem. bauda, Pol. buda, Russ. budka, Lith. buda, W. bwth, pl. bythod, Gael. buth, Ir. both.] 1. A house or shed built of boards, boughs, or other slight materials, for temporary occupation. Camden. 2. A covered stall or temporary structure in a fair or market, or at a polling place. BOOTHALE Boot"hale`, v. t. & i. Etym: [Boot, for booty + hale.] Defn: To forage for booty; to plunder. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. BOOTHOSE Boot"hose`, n. 1. Stocking hose, or spatterdashes, in lieu of boots. Shak. 2. Hose made to be worn with boots, as by travelers on horseback. Sir W. Scott. BOOTHY Booth"y, n. Defn: See Bothy. BOOTIKIN Boot"i*kin, n. Etym: [Boot + -kin.] 1. A little boot, legging, or gaiter. 2. A covering for the foot or hand, worn as a cure for the gout. H. Walpole. BOOTING Boot"ing, n. Defn: Advantage; gain; gain by plunder; booty. [Obs.] Sir. J. Harrington. BOOTING Boot"ing, n. 1. A kind of torture. See Boot, n., 2. 2. A kicking, as with a booted foot. [U. S.] BOOTJACK Boot"jack` (, n. Defn: A device for pulling off boots. BOOTLESS Boot"less, a. Etym: [From Boot profit.] Defn: Unavailing; unprofitable; useless; without advantage or success. Chaucer. I'll follow him no more with bootless prayers. Shak. -- Boot"less*ly, adv. -- Boot"less*ness, n. BOOTLICK Boot"lick` (, n. Defn: A toady. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett. BOOTMAKER Boot"mak`er, n. Defn: One who makes boots. -- Boot"mak`ing, n. BOOTS Boots, n. Defn: A servant at a hotel or elsewhere, who cleans and blacks the boots and shoes. BOOTTOPPING Boot"top`ping, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: The act or process of daubing a vessel's bottom near the surface of the water with a mixture of tallow, sulphur, and resin, as a temporary protection against worms, after the slime, shells, etc., have been scraped off. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Sheathing a vessel with planking over felt. BOOTTREE Boot"tree`, n. Etym: [Boot + tree wood, timber.] Defn: An instrument to stretch and widen the leg of a boot, consisting of two pieces, together shaped like a leg, between which, when put into the boot, a wedge is driven. The pretty boots trimly stretched on boottrees. Thackeray. BOOTY Boo"ty, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. b exchange, barter, Sw. byte barter, booty, Dan. bytte; akin to D. buit booty, G. beute, and fr. Icel. byta, Sw. byta, Dan. bytte, to distribute, exchange. The Scandinavian word was influenced in English by boot profit.] Defn: That which is seized by violence or obtained by robbery, especially collective spoil taken in war; plunder; pillage. Milton. To play booty, to play dishonestly, with an intent to lose; to allow one's adversary to win at cards at first, in order to induce him to continue playing and victimize him afterwards. [Obs.] L'Estrange. BOOZE Booze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boozed; p. pr. & vb. n. Boozing.] Etym: [D. buizen; akin to G. bausen, and perh. fr. D. buis tube, channel, bus box, jar.] Defn: To drink greedily or immoderately, esp. alcoholic liquor; to tipple. [Written also bouse, and boose.] Landor. This is better than boozing in public houses. H. R. Haweis. BOOZE Booze, n. Defn: A carouse; a drinking. Sir W. Scott. BOOZER Booz"er, n. Defn: One who boozes; a toper; a guzzler of alcoholic liquors; a bouser. BOOZY Booz"y, a. Defn: A little intoxicated; fuddled; stupid with liquor; bousy. [Colloq.] C. Kingsley. BOPEEP Bo*peep", n. Etym: [Bo + peep.] Defn: The act of looking out suddenly, as from behind a screen, so as to startle some one (as by children in play), or of looking out and drawing suddenly back, as if frightened. I for sorrow sung, That such a king should play bopeep, And go the fools among. Shak. BORABLE Bor"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being bored. [R.] BORACHTE Bo*rach"te, n. Etym: [Sp. borracha a leather bottle for wine, borracho drunk, fr. borra a lamb.] Defn: A large leather bottle for liquors, etc., made of the skin of a goat or other animal. Hence: A drunkard. [Obs.] You're an absolute borachio. Congreve. BORACIC Bo*rac"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. boracique. See Borax.] Defn: Pertaining to, or produced from, borax; containing boron; boric; as, boracic acid. BORACITE Bo"ra*cite, n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a white or gray color occurring massive and in isometric crystals; in composition it is a magnesium borate with magnesium chloride. BORACOUS Bo"ra*cous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Relating to, or obtained from, borax; containing borax. BORAGE Bor"age, n. Etym: [OE. borage (cf. F. bourrache, It. borraggine, borrace, LL. borago, borrago, LGr. ), fr. LL. borra, F. bourre, hair of beasts, flock; so called from its hairy leaves.] (Bot.) Defn: A mucilaginous plant of the genus Borago (B. officinalis), which is used, esp. in France, as a demulcent and diaphoretic. BORAGEWORT Bor"age*wort`, n. Defn: Plant of the Borage family. BORAGINACEOUS Bo*rag`i*na"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants (Boraginaceæ) which includes the borage, heliotrope, beggar's lice, and many pestiferous plants. BORAGINEOUS Bor`a*gin"e*ous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Relating to the Borage tribe; boraginaceous. BORAMEZ Bor"a*mez, n. Defn: See Barometz. BORATE Bo"rate, n. Etym: [From Boric.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt formed by the combination of boric acid with a base or positive radical. BORAX Bo"rax, n. Etym: [OE. boras, fr. F. borax, earlier spelt borras; cf. LL. borax, Sp. borraj; all fr. Ar. b, fr. Pers. b.] Defn: A white or gray crystalline salt, with a slight alkaline taste, used as a flux, in soldering metals, making enamels, fixing colors on porcelain, and as a soap. It occurs native in certain mineral springs, and is made from the boric acid of hot springs in Tuscany. It was originally obtained from a lake in Thibet, and was sent to Europe under the name of tincal. Borax is a pyroborate or tetraborate of sodium, Na2B4O7.10H2O. Borax bead. (Chem.) See Bead, n., 3. BORBORYGM Bor"bo*rygm, n. Etym: [F. borborygme, fr. Gr. , fr. to rumble in the bowels.] (Med.) Defn: A rumbling or gurgling noise produced by wind in the bowels. Dunglison. BORD Bord, n. Etym: [See Board, n.] 1. A board; a table. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Mining) Defn: The face of coal parallel to the natural fissures. BORD Bord, n. Defn: See Bourd. [Obs.] Spenser. BORDAGE Bord"age, n. Etym: [LL. bordagium.] Defn: The base or servile tenure by which a bordar held his cottage. BORDAR Bord"ar, n. Etym: [LL. bordarius, fr. borda a cottage; of uncertain origin.] Defn: A villein who rendered menial service for his cottage; a cottier. The cottar, the bordar, and the laborer were bound to aid in the work of the home farm. J. R. Green. BORDEAUX Bor*deaux", a. Defn: Pertaining to Bordeaux in the south of France. -- n. Defn: A claret wine from Bordeaux. BORDEAUX MIXTURE Bor*deaux" mix"ture. (Hort.) Defn: A fungicidal mixture composed of blue vitriol, lime, and water. The formula in common use is: blue vitriol, 6 lbs.; lime, 4 lbs.; water, 35 -- 50 gallons. BORDEL; BORDELLO Bor"del, Bor*del"lo, n. Etym: [F. bordel, orig. a little hut, OF. borde hut, cabin, of German origin, and akin to E. board,n.See. Board, n.] Defn: A brothel; a bawdyhouse; a house devoted to prostitution. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BORDELAIS Bor`de*lais", a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Bordeaux, in France, or to the district around Bordeaux. BORDELLER Bor"del*ler, n. Defn: A keeper or a frequenter of a brothel. [Obs.] Gower. BORDER Bor"der, n. Etym: [OE. bordure, F. bordure, fr. border to border, fr. bord a border; of German origin; cf. MHG. borte border, trimming, G. borte trimming, ribbon; akin to E. board in sense 8. See Board, n., and cf. Bordure.] 1. The outer part or edge of anything, as of a garment, a garden, etc.; margin; verge; brink. Upon the borders of these solitudes. Bentham. In the borders of death. Barrow. 2. A boundary; a frontier of a state or of the settled part of a country; a frontier district. 3. A strip or stripe arranged along or near the edge of something, as an ornament or finish. 4. A narrow flower bed. Border land, land on the frontiers of two adjoining countries; debatable land; -- often used figuratively; as, the border land of science. -- The Border, The Borders, specifically, the frontier districts of Scotland and England which lie adjacent. -- Over the border, across the boundary line or frontier. Syn. -- Edge; verge; brink; margin; brim; rim; boundary; confine. BORDER Bor"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bordered; p. pr. & vb. n. Bordering.] 1. To touch at the edge or boundary; to be contiguous or adjacent; -- with on or upon as, Connecticut borders on Massachusetts. 2. To approach; to come near to; to verge. Wit which borders upon profaneness deserves to be branded as folly. Abp. Tillotson. BORDER Bor"der, v. t. 1. To make a border for; to furnish with a border, as for ornament; as, to border a garment or a garden. 2. To be, or to have, contiguous to; to touch, or be touched, as by a border; to be, or to have, near the limits or boundary; as, the region borders a forest, or is bordered on the north by a forest. The country is bordered by a broad tract called the "hot region." Prescott. Shebah and Raamah . . . border the sea called the Persian gulf. Sir W. Raleigh. 3. To confine within bounds; to limit. [Obs.] That nature, which contemns its origin, Can not be bordered certain in itself. Shak. BORDEREAU Bor`de*reau", n.; pl. Bordereaux (#). [F.] Defn: A note or memorandum, esp. one containing an enumeration of documents. BORDERER Bor"der*er, n. Defn: One who dwells on a border, or at the extreme part or confines of a country, region, or tract of land; one who dwells near to a place or region. Borderers of the Caspian. Dyer. BORDLAND Bord"land`, n. Etym: [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + land.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Either land held by a bordar, or the land which a lord kept for the maintenance of his board, or table. Spelman. BORDLODE Bord"lode`, n. Etym: [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + lode leading.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The service formerly required of a tenant, to carry timber from the woods to the lord's house. Bailey. Mozley & W. BORDMAN Bord"man, n. Etym: [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + man.] Defn: A bordar; a tenant in bordage. BORDRAG; BORDRAGING Bord"rag, Bord"ra`ging, n. Etym: [Perh. from OE. bord, for border + raging. Cf. Bodrage.] Defn: An incursion upon the borders of a country; a raid. [Obs.] Spenser. BORD SERVICE Bord" serv`ice. Etym: [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + service.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Service due from a bordar; bordage. BORDURE Bor"dure, n. Etym: [F. bordure. See Border, n.] (Her.) Defn: A border one fifth the width of the shield, surrounding the field. It is usually plain, but may be charged. BORE Bore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bored; p. pr. & vb. n. Boring.] Etym: [OE. borien, AS. borian; akin to Icel. bora, Dan. bore, D. boren, OHG. por, G. bohren, L. forare, Gr. to plow, Zend bar. sq. root91.] 1. To perforate or penetrate, as a solid body, by turning an auger, gimlet, drill, or other instrument; to make a round hole in or through; to pierce; as, to bore a plank. I'll believe as soon this whole earth may be bored. Shak. 2. To form or enlarge by means of a boring instrument or apparatus; as, to bore a steam cylinder or a gun barrel; to bore a hole. Short but very powerful jaws, by means whereof the insect can bore, as with a centerbit, a cylindrical passage through the most solid wood. T. W. Harris. 3. To make (a passage) by laborious effort, as in boring; as, to bore one's way through a crowd; to force a narrow and difficult passage through. "What bustling crowds I bored." Gay. 4. To weary by tedious iteration or by dullness; to tire; to trouble; to vex; to annoy; to pester. He bores me with some trick. Shak. Used to come and bore me at rare intervals. Carlyle. 5. To befool; to trick. [Obs.] I am abused, betrayed; I am laughed at, scorned, Baffled and bored, it seems. Beau. & Fl. BORE Bore, v. i. 1. To make a hole or perforation with, or as with, a boring instrument; to cut a circular hole by the rotary motion of a tool; as, to bore for water or oil (i. e., to sink a well by boring for water or oil); to bore with a gimlet; to bore into a tree (as insects). 2. To be pierced or penetrated by an instrument that cuts as it turns; as, this timber does not bore well, or is hard to bore. 3. To push forward in a certain direction with laborious effort. They take their flight . . . boring to the west. Dryden. 4. (Ma Defn: To shoot out the nose or toss it in the air; Crabb. BORE Bore, n. 1. A hole made by boring; a perforation. 2. The internal cylindrical cavity of a gun, cannon, pistol, or other firearm, or of a pipe or tube. The bores of wind instruments. Bacon. Love's counselor should fill the bores of hearing. Shak. 3. The size of a hole; the interior diameter of a tube or gun barrel; the caliber. 4. A tool for making a hole by boring, as an auger. 5. Caliber; importance. [Obs.] Yet are they much too light for the bore of the matter. Shak. 6. A person or thing that wearies by prolixity or dullness; a tiresome person or affair; any person or thing which causes ennui. It is as great a bore as to hear a poet read his own verses. Hawthorne. BORE Bore, n. Etym: [Icel. bara wave: cf. G. empor upwards, OHG. bor height, burren to lift, perh. allied to AS. beran, E. 1st bear. sq. root92.] (Physical Geog.) (a) A tidal flood which regularly or occasionally rushes into certain rivers of peculiar configuration or location, in one or more waves which present a very abrupt front of considerable height, dangerous to shipping, as at the mouth of the Amazon, in South America, the Hoogly and Indus, in India, and the Tsien-tang, in China. (b) Less properly, a very high and rapid tidal flow, when not so abrupt, such as occurs at the Bay of Fundy and in the British Channel. BORE Bore, Defn: imp. of 1st & 2d Bear. BOREAL Bo"re*al, a. Etym: [L. borealis: cf. F. boréal. See Boreas.] Defn: Northern; pertaining to the north, or to the north wind; as, a boreal bird; a boreal blast. So from their own clear north in radiant streams, Bright over Europe bursts the boreal morn. Thomson. BOREAS Bo"re*as, n. Etym: [L. boreas, Gr. .] Defn: The north wind; -- usually a personification. BORECOLE Bore"cole`, n. Etym: [Cf. D. boerenkool (lit.) husbandman's cabbage.] Defn: A brassicaceous plant of many varieties, cultivated for its leaves, which are not formed into a compact head like the cabbage, but are loose, and are generally curled or wrinkled; kale. BOREDOM Bore"dom, n. 1. The state of being bored, or pestered; a state of ennui. Dickens. 2. The realm of bores; bores, collectively. BOREE Bo*ree", n. Defn: Same as BourrÉ\'82. [Obs.] Swift. BOREL Bor"el, n. Defn: See Borrel. BORELE Bor"e*le, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The smaller two-horned rhinoceros of South Africa (Atelodus bicornis). BORER Bor"er, n. 1. One that bores; an instrument for boring. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine, bivalve mollusk, of the genus Teredo and allies, which burrows in wood. See Teredo. (b) Any bivalve mollusk (Saxicava, Lithodomus, etc.) which bores into limestone and similar substances. (c) One of the larvæ of many species of insects, which penetrate trees, as the apple, peach, pine, etc. See Apple borer, under Apple. (d) The hagfish (Myxine). BORIC Bo"ric, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, boron. Boric acid, a white crystalline substance B(OH)3, easily obtained from its salts, and occurring in solution in the hot lagoons of Tuscany. BORIDE Bo"ride, n. (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of boron with a more positive or basic element or radical; -- formerly called boruret. BORING Bor"ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, bores; as, the boring of cannon; the boring of piles and ship timbers by certain marine mollusks. One of the most important applications of boring is in the formation of artesian wells. Tomlinson. 2. A hole made by boring. 3. pl. Defn: The chips or fragments made by boring. Boring bar, a revolving or stationary bar, carrying one or more cutting tools for dressing round holes. -- Boring tool (Metal Working), a cutting tool placed in a cutter head to dress round holes. Knight. BORN Born, p. p. & a. Etym: [See Bear, v. t.] 1. Brought forth, as an animal; brought into life; introduced by birth. No one could be born into slavery in Mexico. Prescott. 2. Having from birth a certain character; by or from birth; by nature; innate; as, a born liar. "A born matchmaker." W. D. Howells. Born again (Theol.), regenerated; renewed; having received spiritual life. "Except a man be born again, he can not see the kingdom of God." John iii. 3. -- Born days, days since one was born; lifetime. [Colloq.] BORNE Borne, p. p. of Bear. Defn: Carried; conveyed; supported; defrayed. See Bear, v. t. BORNEOL Bor"ne*ol, n. Etym: [Borneo + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare variety of camphor, C10H17.OH, resembling ordinary camphor, from which it can be produced by reduction. It is said to occur in the camphor tree of Borneo and Sumatra (Dryobalanops camphora), but the natural borneol is rarely found in European or American commerce, being in great request by the Chinese. Called also Borneo camphor, Malay camphor, and camphol. BORNITE Bor"nite, n. Etym: [Named after Von Born, a mineralogist.] (Min.) Defn: A valuable ore of copper, containing copper, iron, and sulphur; -- also called purple copper ore (or erubescite), in allusion to the colors shown upon the slightly tarnished surface. BOROFLUORIDE Bo`ro*flu"or*ide, n. Etym: [Boron + fluoride.] (Chem.) Defn: A double fluoride of boron and hydrogen, or some other positive element, or radical; -- called also fluoboride, and formerly fluoborate. BOROGLYCERIDE Bo"ro*glyc"er*ide, n. Etym: [Boron + glyceride.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound of boric acid and glycerin, used as an antiseptic. BORON Bo"ron, n. Etym: [See Borax.] (Chem.) Defn: A nonmetallic element occurring abundantly in borax. It is reduced with difficulty to the free state, when it can be obtained in several different forms; viz., as a substance of a deep olive color, in a semimetallic form, and in colorless quadratic crystals similar to the diamond in hardness and other properties. It occurs in nature also in boracite, datolite, tourmaline, and some other minerals. Atomic weight 10.9. Symbol B. BOROSILICATE Bo"ro*sil"i*cate, n. Etym: [Boron + silicate.] (Chem.) Defn: A double salt of boric and silicic acids, as in the natural minerals tourmaline, datolite, etc. BOROUGH Bor"ough, n. Etym: [OE. burgh, burw, boru, port, town, burrow, AS. burh, burg; akin to Icel., Sw., & Dan. borg, OS. & D. burg, OHG. puruc, purc, MHG. burc, G. burg, Goth. baúrgs; and from the root of AS. beorgan to hide, save, defend, G. bergen; or perh. from that of AS. beorg hill, mountain. Bury, v. t., and cf. Burrow, Burg, Bury, n., Burgess, Iceberg, Borrow, Harbor, Hauberk.] 1. In England, an incorporated town that is not a city; also, a town that sends members to parliament; in Scotland, a body corporate, consisting of the inhabitants of a certain district, erected by the sovereign, with a certain jurisdiction; in America, an incorporated town or village, as in Pennsylvania and Connecticut. Burrill. Erskine. 2. The collective body of citizens or inhabitants of a borough; as, the borough voted to lay a tax. Close borough, or Pocket borough, a borough having the right of sending a member to Parliament, whose nomination is in the hands of a single person. -- Rotten borough, a name given to any borough which, at the time of the passage of the Reform Bill of 1832, contained but few voters, yet retained the privilege of sending a member to Parliament. BOROUGH Bor"ough, n. Etym: [See Borrow.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) An association of men who gave pledges or sureties to the king for the good behavior of each other. (b) The pledge or surety thus given. Blackstone. Tomlins. BOROUGH-ENGLISH Bor"ough-Eng"lish, n. (Eng. Law) Defn: A custom, as in some ancient boroughs, by which lands and tenements descend to the youngest son, instead of the eldest; or, if the owner have no issue, to the youngest brother. Blackstone. BOROUGHHEAD Bor"ough*head`, n. Defn: See Headborough. [Obs.] BOROUGHHOLDER Bor"ough*hold"er, n. Defn: A headborough; a borsholder. BOROUGHMASTER Bor"ough*mas"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. Burgomaster.] Defn: The mayor, governor, or bailiff of a borough. BOROUGHMONGER Bor"ough*mon"ger, n. Defn: One who buys or sells the parliamentary seats of boroughs. BOROUGHMONGERING; BOROUGHMONGERY Bor"ough*mon"ger*ing, Bor"ough*mon"ger*y, n. Defn: The practices of a boroughmonger. BORRACHO Bor*rach"o, n. Defn: See Borachio. [Obs.] BORRAGE; BORRAGINACEOUS Bor"rage, n., Bor*rag`i*na"ceous (, a., etc. Defn: See Borage, n., etc. BORREL Bor"rel, n. Etym: [OF. burel a kind of coarse woolen cloth, fr. F. bure drugget. See Bureau. Rustic and common people dressed in this cloth, which was prob. so called from its color.] 1. Coarse woolen cloth; hence, coarse clothing; a garment. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A kind of light stuff, of silk and wool. BORREL Bor"rel, a. Etym: [Prob. from Borrel, n.] Defn: Ignorant, unlearned; belonging to the laity. [Obs.] Chaucer. BORROW Bor"row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Borrowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Borrowing.] Etym: [OE. borwen, AS. borgian, fr. borg, borh, pledge; akin to D. borg, G. borg; prob. fr. root of AS. beorgan to protect. Borough.] 1. To receive from another as a loan, with the implied or expressed intention of returning the identical article or its equivalent in kind; -- the opposite of lend. 2. (Arith.) Defn: To take (one or more) from the next higher denomination in order to add it to the next lower; -- a term of subtraction when the figure of the subtrahend is larger than the corresponding one of the minuend. 3. To copy or imitate; to adopt; as, to borrow the style, manner, or opinions of another. Rites borrowed from the ancients. Macaulay. It is not hard for any man, who hath a Bible in his hands, to borrow good words and holy sayings in abundance; but to make them his own is a work of grace only from above. Milton. 4. To feign or counterfeit. "Borrowed hair." Spenser. The borrowed majesty of England. Shak. 5. To receive; to take; to derive. Any drop thou borrowedst from thy mother. Shak. To borrow trouble, to be needlessly troubled; to be overapprehensive. BORROW Bor"row, n. 1. Something deposited as security; a pledge; a surety; a hostage. [Obs.] Ye may retain as borrows my two priests. Sir W. Scott. 2. The act of borrowing. [Obs.] Of your royal presence I'll adventure The borrow of a week. Shak. BORROWER Bor"row*er, n. Defn: One who borrows. Neither a borrower nor a lender be. Shak. BORSHOLDER Bors"hold`er, n. Etym: [OE. borsolder; prob. fr. AS. borg, gen. borges, pledge + ealdor elder. See Borrow, and Elder, a.] (Eng. Law) Defn: The head or chief of a tithing, or borough (see 2d Borough); the headborough; a parish constable. Spelman. BORT Bort, n. Defn: Imperfectly crystallized or coarse diamonds, or fragments made in cutting good diamonds which are reduced to powder and used in lapidary work. BORURET Bo"ru*ret, n. (Chem.) Defn: A boride. [Obs.] BORWE Bor"we, n. Defn: Pledge; borrow. [Obs.] Chaucer. BOS Bos, n. Etym: [L., ox, cow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of ruminant quadrupeds, including the wild and domestic cattle, distinguished by a stout body, hollow horns, and a large fold of skin hanging from the neck. BOSA Bo"sa, n. Etym: [Ar. b, Pers. b: cf. F. bosan.] Defn: A drink, used in the East. See Boza. BOSCAGE Bos"cage, n. Etym: [OF. boscage grove, F. bocage, fr. LL. boscus, buscus, thicket, wood. See 1st Bush.] 1. A growth of trees or shrubs; underwood; a thicket; thick foliage; a wooded landscape. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Food or sustenance for cattle, obtained from bushes and trees; also, a tax on wood. BOSH Bosh, n. Etym: [Cf. G. posse joke, trifle; It. bozzo a rough stone, bozzetto a rough sketch, s-bozzo a rough draught, sketch.] Defn: Figure; outline; show. [Obs.] BOSH Bosh, n. Etym: [Turk.] Defn: Empty talk; contemptible nonsense; trash; humbug. [Colloq.] BOSH Bosh, n.; pl. Boshes. Etym: [Cf. G. böschung a slope.] 1. One of the sloping sides of the lower part of a blast furnace; also, one of the hollow iron or brick sides of the bed of a puddling or boiling furnace. 2. pl. Defn: The lower part of a blast furnace, which slopes inward, or the widest space at the top of this part. 3. In forging and smelting, a trough in which tools and ingots are cooled. BOSHBOK Bosh"bok, n. Etym: [D. bosch wood + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of antelope. See Bush buck. BOSHVARK Bosh"vark, n. Etym: [D. bosch wood + varken pig.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The bush hog. See under Bush, a thicket. BOSJESMAN Bos"jes*man, n. Defn: ; pl. Bosjesmans. [D. boschjesman.] Defn: See Bushman. BOSK Bosk, n. Etym: [See Bosket.] Defn: A thicket; a small wood. "Through bosk and dell." Sir W. Scott. BOSKAGE Bos"kage, n. Defn: Same as Boscage. Thridding the somber boskage of the wood. Tennyson. BOSKET; BOSQUET Bos"ket, Bos"quet, n. Etym: [F. bosquet a little wood, dim. fr. LL. boscus. See Boscage, and cf. Bouquet.] (Gardening) Defn: A grove; a thicket; shrubbery; an inclosure formed by branches of trees, regularly or irregularly disposed. BOSKINESS Bosk"i*ness, n. Defn: Boscage; also, the state or quality of being bosky. BOSKY Bosk"y, a. Etym: [Cf. Bushy.] 1. Woody or bushy; covered with boscage or thickets. Milton. 2. Caused by boscage. Darkened over by long bosky shadows. H. James. BOSOM Bos"om, n. Etym: [AS. b; akin to D. bozem, Fries. b, OHG. puosum, G. busen, and prob. E. bough.] 1. The breast of a human being; the part, between the arms, to which anything is pressed when embraced by them. You must prepare your bosom for his knife. Shak. 2. The breast, considered as the seat of the passions, affections, and operations of the mind; consciousness; se Tut, I am in their bosoms, and I know Wherefore they do it. Shak. If I covered my transgressions as Adam, by hiding my iniquity in my bosom. Job xxxi. 33. 3. Embrace; loving or affectionate inclosure; fold. Within the bosom of that church. Hooker. 4. Any thing or place resembling the breast; a supporting surface; an inner recess; the interior; as, the bosom of the earth. "The bosom of the ocean." Addison. 5. The part of the dress worn upon the breast; an article, or a portion of an article, of dress to be worn upon the breast; as, the bosom of a shirt; a linen bosom. He put his hand into his bosom: and when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous as snow. Ex. iv. 6. 6. Inclination; desire. [Obs.] Shak. 7. A depression round the eye of a millstone. Knight. BOSOM Bos"om, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the bosom. 2. Intimate; confidential; familiar; trusted; cherished; beloved; as, a bosom friend. BOSOM Bos"om, v. t. [p. & p. p. Bosomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bosoming.] 1. To inclose or carry in the bosom; to keep with care; to take to heart; to cherish. Bosom up my counsel, You'll find it wholesome. Shak. 2. To conceal; to hide from view; to embosom. To happy convents bosomed deep in vines. Pope. BOSOMED Bos"omed, a. Defn: Having, or resembling, bosom; kept in the bosom; hidden. BOSOMY Bos"om*y, a. Defn: Characterized by recesses or sheltered hollows. BOSON Bo"son, n. Defn: See Boatswain. [Obs.] Dryden. BOSPORIAN Bos*po"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Bosporus, G. , lit., ox-ford, the ox's or heifer's ford, on account of Io's passage here as a heifer; fr. ox, heifer + ford.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Thracian or the Cimmerian Bosporus. The Alans forced the Bosporian kings to pay them tribute and exterminated the Taurians. Tooke. BOSPORUS Bos"po*rus, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A strait or narrow sea between two seas, or a lake and a seas; as, the Bosporus (formerly the Thracian Bosporus) or Strait of Constantinople, between the Black Sea and Sea of Marmora; the Cimmerian Bosporus, between the Black Sea and Sea of Azof. [Written also Bosphorus.] BOSQUET Bos"quet, n. Defn: See Bosket. BOSS Boss, n.; pl. Bosses. Etym: [OE. boce, bose, boche, OF. boce, boche, bosse, F. bosse, of G. origin; cf. OHG. bozo tuft, bunch, OHG. bozan, MHG. bôzen, to beat. See Beat, and cf. Botch a swelling.] 1. Any protuberant part; a round, swelling part or body; a knoblike process; as, a boss of wood. 2. A protuberant ornament on any work, either of different material from that of the work or of the same, as upon a buckler or bridle; a stud; a knob; the central projection of a shield. See Umbilicus. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A projecting ornament placed at the intersection of the ribs of ceilings, whether vaulted or flat, and in other situations. 4. Etym: [Cf. D. bus box, Dan. bösse.] Defn: A wooden vessel for the mortar used in tiling or masonry, hung by a hook from the laths, or from the rounds of a ladder. Gwilt. 5. (Mech.) (a) The enlarged part of a shaft, on which a wheel is keyed, or at the end, where it is coupled to another. (b) A swage or die used for shaping metals. 6. A head or reservoir of water. [Obs.] BOSS Boss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bossed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bossing.] Etym: [OE. bocen, fr. OF. bocier. See the preceding word.] Defn: To ornament with bosses; to stud. BOSS Boss, n. Etym: [D. baas master.] Defn: A master workman or superintendent; a director or manager; a political dictator. [Slang, U. S.] BOSSAGE Boss"age, n. Etym: [F. bossage, fr. bosse. See Boss a stud.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A stone in a building, left rough and projecting, to be afterward carved into shape. Gwilt. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Rustic work, consisting of stones which seem to advance beyond the level of the building, by reason of indentures or channels left in the joinings. Gwilt. BOSSED Bossed, a. Defn: Embossed; also, bossy. BOSSET Bos"set, n. Etym: [Cf. Boss a stud.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A rudimental antler of a young male of the red deer. BOSSISM Boss"ism, n. Defn: The rule or practices of bosses, esp. political bosses. [Slang, U. S.] BOSSY Boss"y, a. Defn: Ornamented with bosses; studded. BOSSY Bos"sy, n. Etym: [Dim. fr. Prov. E. boss in boss-calf, buss-calf, for boose-calf, prop., a calf kept in the stall. See 1st Boose.] Defn: A cow or calf; -- familiarly so called. [U. S.] BOSTON Bos"ton, n. Defn: A game at cards, played by four persons, with two packs of fifty-two cards each; -- said to be so called from Boston, Massachusetts, and to have been invented by officers of the French army in America during the Revolutionary war. BOSTRYX Bos"tryx, n. [NL.; irreg. fr. Gr. a curl.] (Bot.) Defn: A form of cymose inflorescence with all the flowers on one side of the rachis, usually causing it to curl; -- called also a uniparous helicoid cyme. BOSWELLIAN Bos*well"i*an, a. Defn: Relating to, or characteristic of, Boswell, the biographer of Dr. Johnson. BOSWELLISM Bos"well*ism, n. Defn: The style of Boswell. BOT Bot, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Bots. BOTANIC; BOTANICAL Bo*tan"ic, Bo*tan"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. botanique. See Botany.] Defn: Of or pertaining to botany; relating to the study of plants; as, a botanical system, arrangement, textbook, expedition. -- Botan"ic*al*ly, adv. Botanic garden, a garden devoted to the culture of plants collected for the purpose of illustrating the science of botany. -- Botanic physician, a physician whose medicines consist chiefly of herbs and roots. BOTANIST Bot"a*nist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. botaniste.] Defn: One skilled in botany; one versed in the knowledge of plants. BOTANIZE Bot"a*nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Botanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Botanizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. botaniser.] Defn: To seek after plants for botanical investigation; to study plants. BOTANIZE Bot"a*nize, v. t. Defn: To explore for botanical purposes. BOTANIZER Bot"a*ni`zer, n. Defn: One who botanizes. BOTANOLOGER Bot`a*nol"o*ger, n. Defn: A botanist. [Obs.] BOTANOLOGY Bot`a*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Botany + -logy: cf. F. botanologie.] Defn: The science of botany. [Obs.] Bailey. BOTANOMANCY Bot"a*no*man`cy, n. Etym: [Botany + -mancy: cf. F. botanomantie.] Defn: An ancient species of divination by means of plants, esp. sage and fig leaves. BOTANY Bot"a*ny, n.; pl. Botanies. Etym: [F. botanique, a. & n., fr. Gr. botanic, fr. herb, plant, fr. to feed, graze.] 1. The science which treats of the structure of plants, the functions of their parts, their places of growth, their classification, and the terms which are employed in their description and denomination. See Plant. 2. A book which treats of the science of botany. Note: Botany is divided into various departments; as, Structural Botany, which investigates the structure and organic composition of plants; Physiological Botany, the study of their functions and life; and Systematic Botany, which has to do with their classification, description, nomenclature, etc. BOTANY BAY Bot"a*ny Bay". Defn: A harbor on the east coast of Australia, and an English convict settlement there; -- so called from the number of new plants found on its shore at its discovery by Cook in 1770. Note: Hence, any place to which desperadoes resort. Botany Bay kino (Med.), an astringent, reddish substance consisting of the inspissated juice of several Australian species of Eucalyptus. -- Botany Bay resin (Med.), a resin of reddish yellow color, resembling gamboge, the product of different Australian species of Xanthorrhæa, esp. the grass three (X. hastilis.) BOTARGO Bo*tar"go, n. Etym: [It. bottarga, bottarica; or Sp. botarga; a kind of large sausages, a sort of wide breeches: cf. F. boutargue.] Defn: A sort of cake or sausage, made of the salted roes of the mullet, much used on the coast of the Mediterranean as an incentive to drink. BOTCH Botch, n.; pl. Botches. Etym: [Same as Boss a stud. For senses 2 & 3 cf. D. botsen to beat, akin to E. beat.] 1. A swelling on the skin; a large ulcerous affection; a boil; an eruptive disease. [Obs. or Dial.] Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss. Milton. 2. A patch put on, or a part of a garment patched or mended in a clumsy manner. 3. Work done in a bungling manner; a clumsy performance; a piece of work, or a place in work, marred in the doing, or not properly finished; a bungle. To leave no rubs nor botches in the work. Shak. BOTCH Botch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Botched; p. pr. & vb. n. Botching.] Etym: [See Botch, n.] 1. To mark with, or as with, botches. Young Hylas, botched with stains. Garth. 2. To repair; to mend; esp. to patch in a clumsy or imperfect manner, as a garment; -- sometimes with up. Sick bodies . . . to be kept and botched up for a time. Robynson (More's Utopia). 3. To put together unsuitably or unskillfully; to express or perform in a bungling manner; to spoil or mar, as by unskillful work. For treason botched in rhyme will be thy bane. Dryden. BOTCHEDLY Botch"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a clumsy manner. BOTCHER Botch"er, n. 1. One who mends or patches, esp. a tailor or cobbler. Shak. 2. A clumsy or careless workman; a bungler. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young salmon; a grilse. BOTCHERLY Botch"er*ly, a. Defn: Bungling; awkward. [R.] BOTCHERY Botch"er*y, n. Defn: A botching, or that which is done by botching; clumsy or careless workmanship. BOTCHY Botch"y, a. Defn: Marked with botches; full of botches; poorly done. "This botchy business." Bp. Watson. BOTE Bote, n. Etym: [Old form of boot; -- used in composition. See 1st Boot.] (Law) (a) Compensation; amends; satisfaction; expiation; as, man bote, a compensation or a man slain. (b) Payment of any kind. Bouvier. (c) A privilege or allowance of necessaries. Note: This word is still used in composition as equivalent to the French estovers, supplies, necessaries; as, housebote, a sufficiency of wood to repair a house, or for fuel, sometimes called firebote; so plowbote, cartbote, wood for making or repairing instruments of husbandry; haybote or hedgebote, wood for hedges, fences, etc. These were privileges enjoyed by tenants under the feudal system. Burrill. Bouvier. Blackstone. BOTELESS Bote"less, a. Defn: Unavailing; in vain. See Bootless. BOTFLY Bot"fly`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A dipterous insect of the family (Estridæ, of many different species, some of which are particularly troublesome to domestic animals, as the horse, ox, and sheep, on which they deposit their eggs. A common species is one of the botflies of the horse (Gastrophilus equi), the larvæ of which (bots) are taken into the stomach of the animal, where they live several months and pass through their larval states. In tropical America one species sometimes lives under the human skin, and another in the stomach. See Gadfly. BOTH Both, a. or pron. Etym: [OE. bothe, ba, fr. Icel. ba; akin to Dan. baade, Sw. båda, Goth. baj, OHG. beid, b, G. & D. beide, also AS. begen, ba, b, Goth. bai, and Gr. , L. ambo, Lith. abà, OSlav. oba, Skr. ubha. sq. root310. Cf. Amb-.] Defn: The one and the other; the two; the pair, without exception of either. Note: It is generally used adjectively with nouns; as, both horses ran away; but with pronouns, and often with nous, it is used substantively, and followed by of. Note: It frequently stands as a pronoun. She alone is heir to both of us. Shak. Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abimelech; and both of them made a covenant. Gen. xxi. 27. He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear the loss of his estate; but he will bear both, because he is prepared for both. Bolingbroke. Note: It is often used in apposition with nouns or pronouns. Thy weal and woe are both of them extremes. Shak. This said, they both betook them several ways. Milton. Note: Both now always precedes any other attributive words; as, both their armies; both our eyes. Note: Both of is used before pronouns in the objective case; as, both of us, them, whom, etc.; but before substantives its used is colloquial, both (without of) being the preferred form; as, both the brothers. BOTH Both, conj. Defn: As well; not only; equally. Note: Both precedes the first of two coördinate words or phrases, and is followed by and before the other, both . . . and . . . ; as well the one as the other; not only this, but also that; equally the former and the latter. It is also sometimes followed by more than two coördinate words, connected by and expressed or understood. To judge both quick and dead. Milton. A masterpiece both for argument and style. Goldsmith. To whom bothe heven and erthe and see is sene. Chaucer. Both mongrel, puppy, whelp, and hound. Goldsmith. He prayeth well who loveth well Both man and bird and beast. Coleridge. BOTHER Both"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bothered (p. pr. & vb. n. Bothering.] Etym: [Cf. Ir. buaidhirt trouble, buaidhrim I vex.] Defn: To annoy; to trouble; to worry; to perplex. See Pother. Note: The imperative is sometimes used as an exclamation mildly imprecatory. BOTHER Both"er, v. i. Defn: To feel care or anxiety; to make or take trouble; to be troublesome. Without bothering about it. H. James. BOTHER Both"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, bothers; state of perplexity or annoyance; embarrassment; worry; disturbance; petty trouble; as, to be in a bother. BOTHERATION Both`er*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of bothering, or state of being bothered; cause of trouble; perplexity; annoyance; vexation. [Colloq.] BOTHERER Both"er*er, n. Defn: One who bothers. BOTHERSOME Both"er*some, a. Defn: Vexatious; causing bother; causing trouble or perplexity; troublesome. BOTH-HANDS Both"-hands`, n. Defn: A factotum. [R.] He is his master's both-hands, I assure you. B. Jonson. BOTHIE Both"ie, n. Defn: Same as Bothy. [Scot.] BOTHNIAN; BOTHNIC Both"ni*an, Both"nic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Bothnia, a country of northern Europe, or to a gulf of the same name which forms the northern part of the Baltic sea. BOTHRENCHYMA Both*ren"chy*ma, n. Etym: [Gr. pit + something poured in. Formed like parenchyma.] (Bot.) Defn: Dotted or pitted ducts or vessels forming the pores seen in many kinds of wood. BOTHY; BOOTHY Both"y Booth"y n.; pl. -ies Etym: [Scottish. Cf. Booth.] Defn: A wooden hut or humble cot, esp. a rude hut or barrack for unmarried farm servants; a shepherd's or hunter's hut; a booth. [Scot.] BOTOCUDOS Bo`to*cu"dos, n. pl. Etym: [Pg. botoque stopple. So called because they wear a wooden plug in the pierced lower lip.] Defn: A Brazilian tribe of Indians, noted for their use of poisons; - - also called Aymborés. BO TREE Bo" tree`. (Bot.) Defn: The peepul tree; esp., the very ancient tree standing at Anurajahpoora in Ceylon, grown from a slip of the tree under which Gautama is said to have received the heavenly light and so to have become Buddha. The sacred bo tree of the Buddhists (Ficus religiosa), which is planted close to every temple, and attracts almost as much veneration as the status of the god himself. . . . It differs from the banyan (Ficus Indica) by sending down no roots from its branches. Tennent. BOTRYOGEN Bot"ry*o*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. cluster of grapes + -gen.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous sulphate of iron of a deep red color. It often occurs in botryoidal form. BOTRYOID; BOTRYOIDAL Bot"ry*oid, Bot`ry*oid"al, a. Etym: [Gr. cluster of grapes + -oid.] Defn: Having the form of a bunch of grapes; like a cluster of grapes, as a mineral presenting an aggregation of small spherical or spheroidal prominences. BOTRYOLITE Bot"ry*o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. cluster of grapes + -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of datolite, usually having a botryoidal structure. BOTRYOSE Bot"ry*ose`, a. (Bot.) (a) Having the form of a cluster of grapes. (b) Of the racemose or acropetal type of inflorescence. Gray. BOTS Bots, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. Gael. botus belly worm, boiteag maggot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The larvæ of several species of botfly, especially those larvæ which infest the stomach, throat, or intestines of the horse, and are supposed to be the cause of various ailments. [Written also botts.] Note: See Illust. of Botfly. BOTTINE Bot*tine", n. Etym: [F. See Boot (for the foot.).] 1. A small boot; a lady's boot. 2. An appliance resembling a small boot furnished with straps, buckles, etc., used to correct or prevent distortions in the lower extremities of children. Dunglison. BOTTLE Bot"tle, n. Etym: [OE. bote, botelle, OF. botel, bouteille, F. bouteille, fr. LL. buticula, dim. of butis, buttis, butta, flask. Cf. Butt a cask.] 1. A hollow vessel, usually of glass or earthenware (but formerly of leather), with a narrow neck or mouth, for holding liquids. 2. The contents of a bottle; as much as a bottle contains; as, to drink a bottle of wine. 3. Fig.: Intoxicating liquor; as, to drown one's reason in the bottle. Note: Bottle is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound. Bottle ale, bottled ale. [Obs.] Shak. -- Bottle brush, a cylindrical brush for cleansing the interior of bottles. -- Bottle fish (Zoöl.), a kind of deep-sea eel (Saccopharynx ampullaceus), remarkable for its baglike gullet, which enables it to swallow fishes two or three times its won size. -- Bottle flower. (Bot.) Same as Bluebottle. -- Bottle glass, a coarse, green glass, used in the manufacture of bottles. Ure. -- Bottle gourd (Bot.), the common gourd or calabash (Lagenaria Vulgaris), whose shell is used for bottles, dippers, etc. -- Bottle grass (Bot.), a nutritious fodder grass (Setaria glauca and S. viridis); -- called also foxtail, and green foxtail. -- Bottle tit (Zoöl.), the European long-tailed titmouse; -- so called from the shape of its nest. -- Bottle tree (Bot.), an Australian tree (Sterculia rupestris), with a bottle-shaped, or greatly swollen, trunk. -- Feeding bottle, Nursing bottle, a bottle with a rubber nipple (generally with an intervening tubve), used in feeding infants. BOTTLE Bot"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bottled p. pr. & vb. n. Bottling.] Defn: To put into bottles; to inclose in, or as in, a bottle or bottles; to keep or restrain as in a bottle; as, to bottle wine or porter; to bottle up one's wrath. BOTTLE Bot"tle, n. Etym: [OE. botel, OF. botel, dim. of F. botte; cf. OHG. bozo bunch. See Boss stud.] Defn: A bundle, esp. of hay. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. Shak. BOTTLED Bot"tled, a. 1. Put into bottles; inclosed in bottles; pent up in, or as in, a bottle. 2. Having the shape of a bottle; protuberant. Shak. BOTTLE GREEN Bot"tle green` Defn: A dark shade of green, like that of bottle glass. -- Bot"tle-green`, a. BOTTLEHEAD Bot"tle*head`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A cetacean allied to the grampus; -- called also bottle-nosed whale. Note: There are several species so named, as the pilot whales, of the genus Globicephalus, and one or more species of Hyperoödon (H. bidens, etc.), found on the European coast. See Blackfish, 1. BOTTLEHOLDER Bot"tle*hold`er, n. 1. One who attends a pugilist in a prize fight; -- so called from the bottle of water of which he has charge. 2. One who assists or supports another in a contest; an abettor; a backer. [Colloq.] Lord Palmerston considered himself the bottleholder of oppressed states. The London Times. BOTTLE-NECK FRAME Bot"tle-neck` frame". (Automobiles) Defn: An inswept frame. [Colloq.] BOTTLE-NOSE Bot"tle-nose` (, n. (Zoöl.) 1. A cetacean of the Dolphin family, of several species, as Delphinus Tursio and Lagenorhyncus leucopleurus, of Europe. 2. The puffin. BOTTLE-NOSED Bot"tle-nosed` (, a. Defn: Having the nose bottleshaped, or large at the end. Dickens. BOTTLER Bot"tler, n. Defn: One who bottles wine, beer, soda water, etc. BOTTLESCREW Bot"tle*screw` n. Defn: A corkscrew. Swift. BOTTLING Bot"tling n. Defn: The act or the process of putting anything into bottles (as beer, mineral water, etc.) and corking the bottles. BOTTOM Bot"tom, n. Etym: [OE. botum, botme, AS. botm; akin to OS. bodom, D. bodem, OHG. podam, G. boden, Icel. botn, Sw. botten, Dan. bund (for budn ), L. fundus (for fudnus), Gr.budhna (for bhudhna), and Ir. bonn sole of the foot, W. bon stem, base. Cf. 4th Found, Fund, n.] 1. The lowest part of anything; the foot; as, the bottom of a tree or well; the bottom of a hill, a lane, or a page. Or dive into the bottom of the deep. Shak. 2. The part of anything which is beneath the contents and supports them, as the part of a chair on which a person sits, the circular base or lower head of a cask or tub, or the plank floor of a ship's hold; the under surface. Barrels with the bottom knocked out. Macaulay. No two chairs were alike; such high backs and low backs and leather bottoms and worsted bottoms. W. Irving. 3. That upon which anything rests or is founded, in a literal or a figurative sense; foundation; groundwork. 4. The bed of a body of water, as of a river, lake, sea. 5. The fundament; the buttocks. 6. An abyss. [Obs.] Dryden. 7. Low land formed by alluvial deposits along a river; low-lying ground; a dale; a valley. "The bottoms and the high grounds." Stoddard. 8. (Naut.) Defn: The part of a ship which is ordinarily under water; hence, the vessel itself; a ship. My ventures are not in one bottom trusted. Shak. Not to sell the teas, but to return them to London in the same bottoms in which they were shipped. Bancroft. Full bottom, a hull of such shape as permits carrying a large amount of merchandise. 9. Power of endurance; as, a horse of a good bottom. 10. Dregs or grounds; lees; sediment. Johnson. At bottom, At the bottom, at the foundation or basis; in reality. "He was at the bottom a good man." J. F. Cooper. -- To be at the bottom of, to be the cause or originator of; to be the source of. [Usually in an opprobrious sense.] J. H. Newman. He was at the bottom of many excellent counsels. Addison. -- To go to the bottom, to sink; esp. to be wrecked. -- To touch bottom, to reach the lowest point; to find something on which to rest. BOTTOM Bot"tom, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the bottom; fundamental; lowest; under; as, bottom rock; the bottom board of a wagon box; bottom prices. Bottom glade, a low glade or open place; a valley; a dale. Milton. -Bottom grass, grass growing on bottom lands. -- Bottom land. See 1st Bottom, n., 7. BOTTOM Bot"tom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bottomed (p. pr. & vb. n. Bottoming.] 1. To found or build upon; to fix upon as a support; -- followed by on or upon. Action is supposed to be bottomed upon principle. Atterbury. Those false and deceiving grounds upon which many bottom their eternal state]. South. 2. To furnish with a bottom; as, to bottom a chair. 3. To reach or get to the bottom of. Smiles. BOTTOM Bot"tom, v. i. 1. To rest, as upon an ultimate support; to be based or grounded; -- usually with on or upon. Find on what foundation any proposition bottoms. Locke. 2. To reach or impinge against the bottom, so as to impede free action, as when the point of a cog strikes the bottom of a space between two other cogs, or a piston the end of a cylinder. BOTTOM Bot"tom, n. Etym: [OE. botme, perh. corrupt. for button. See Button.] Defn: A ball or skein of thread; a cocoon. [Obs.] Silkworms finish their bottoms in . . . fifteen days. Mortimer. BOTTOM Bot"tom, v. t. Defn: To wind round something, as in making a ball of thread. [Obs.] As you unwind her love from him, Lest it should ravel and be good to none, You must provide to bottom it on me. Shak. BOTTOMED Bot"tomed, a. Defn: Having at the bottom, or as a bottom; resting upon a bottom; grounded; -- mostly, in composition; as, sharp-bottomed; well- bottomed. BOTTOM FERMENTATION Bot"tom fer`men*ta"tion. Defn: A slow alcoholic fermentation during which the yeast cells collect at the bottom of the fermenting liquid. It takes place at a temperature of 4º - 10º C. (39º - 50ºF.). It is used in making lager beer and wines of low alcohol content but fine bouquet. BOTTOMLESS Bot"tom*less, a. Defn: Without a bottom; hence, fathomless; baseless; as, a bottomless abyss. "Bottomless speculations." Burke. BOTTOMRY Bot"tom*ry, n. Etym: [From 1st Bottom in sense 8: cf.D. bodemerij. Cf. Bummery.] (Mar.Law) Defn: A contract in the nature of a mortgage, by which the owner of a ship, or the master as his agent, hypothecates and binds the ship (and sometimes the accruing freight) as security for the repayment of money advanced or lent for the use of the ship, if she terminates her voyage successfully. If the ship is lost by perils of the sea, the lender loses the money; but if the ship arrives safe, he is to receive the money lent, with the interest or premium stipulated, although it may, and usually does, exceed the legal rate of interest. See Hypothecation. BOTTONY; BOTTONE Bot"ton*y, Bot"to*né, a. Etym: [F. boutonné, fr. boutonner to bud, button.] (Her.) Defn: Having a bud or button, or a kind of trefoil, at the end; furnished with knobs or buttons. Cross bottony (Her.), a cross having each arm terminating in three rounded lobes, forming a sort of trefoil. BOTTS Botts, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Bots. BOTULIFORM Bot"u*li*form`, a. Etym: [L. botulus sausage + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the shape of a sausage. Henslow. BOUCHE Bouche, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Same as Bush, a lining. BOUCHE Bouche, v. t. Defn: Same as Bush, to line. BOUCHE; BOUCH Bouche, Bouch, n. Etym: [F. bouche mouth, victuals.] 1. A mouth. [Obs.] 2. An allowance of meat and drink for the tables of inferior officers or servants in a nobleman's palace or at court. [Obs.] BOUCHEES Bou`chées", n. pl. Etym: [F., morsels, mouthfuls, fr. bouche mouth.] (Cookery) Defn: Small patties. BOUCHERIZE Bou"cher*ize, v. t. [After Dr. Auguste Boucherie, a French chemist, who invented the process.] Defn: To impregnate with a preservative solution of copper sulphate, as timber, railroad ties, etc. BOUD Boud, n. Defn: A weevil; a worm that breeds in malt, biscuit, etc. [Obs.] Tusser., n. Etym: [F., fr. bouder to pout, be sulky.] Defn: A small room, esp. if pleasant, or elegantly furnished, to which a lady may retire to be alone, or to receive intimate friends; a lady's (or sometimes a gentleman's) private room. Cowper. BOUDOIR Bou*doir", n. [F., fr. bouder to pout, be sulky.] Defn: A small room, esp. if pleasant, or elegantly furnished, to which a lady may retire to be alone, or to receive intimate friends; a lady's (or sometimes a gentleman's) private room. Cowper. BOUFFE Bouffe, n. Etym: [F., buffoon.] Defn: Comic opera. See Opera Bouffe. BOUGAINVILLAEA Bou`gain*vil*læ`a, n. Etym: [Named from Bougainville, the French navigator.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants of the order Nyctoginaceæ, from tropical South America, having the flowers surrounded by large bracts. BOUGE Bouge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bouged] Etym: [Variant of bulge. Cf. Bowge.] 1. To swell out. [Obs.] 2. To bilge. [Obs.] "Their ship bouged." Hakluyt. BOUGE Bouge, v. t. Defn: To stave in; to bilge. [Obs.] Holland. BOUGE Bouge, n. Etym: [F. bouche mouth, victuals.] Defn: Bouche (see Bouche, 2); food and drink; provisions. [Obs.] [They] made room for a bombardman that brought bouge for a country lady or two, that fainted . . . with fasting. B. Jonson . BOUGET Bou"get, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bougette sack, bag. Cf. Budget.] (Her.) Defn: A charge representing a leather vessel for carrying water; -- also called water bouget. BOUGH Bough, n. Etym: [OE. bogh, AS. bog, boh, bough, shoulder; akin to Icel. bogr shoulder, bow of a ship, Sw. bog, Dan. bov, OHG. buog, G. bug, and to Gr.bahu (for bhaghu) arm. sq. root88, 251. Cf. Bow of a ship.] 1. An arm or branch of a tree, esp. a large arm or main branch. 2. A gallows. [Archaic] Spenser. BOUGHT Bought, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. bugt bend, turning, Icel. bug. Cf. Bight, Bout, and see Bow to bend.] 1. A flexure; a bend; a twist; a turn; a coil, as in a rope; as the boughts of a serpent. [Obs.] Spenser. The boughts of the fore legs. Sir T. Browne. 2. The part of a sling that contains the stone. [Obs.] BOUGHT Bought, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Buy. BOUGHT Bought, p. a. Defn: Purchased; bribed. BOUGHTEN Bought"en, a. Defn: Purchased; not obtained or produced at home. Coleridge. BOUGHTY Bought"y, a. Defn: Bending. [Obs.] Sherwood. BOUGIE Bou*gie" (, n. Etym: [F. bougie wax candle, bougie, fr. Bougie, Bugia, a town of North Africa, from which these candles were first imported into Europe.] 1. (Surg.) Defn: A long, flexible instrument, that is Note: introduced into the urethra, esophagus, etc., to remove obstructions, or for the other purposes. It was originally made of waxed linen rolled into cylindrical form. 2. (Pharm.) Defn: A long slender rod consisting of gelatin or some other substance that melts at the temperature of the body. It is impregnated with medicine, and designed for introduction into urethra, etc. BOUGIE DECIMALE Bou*gie" dé`ci`male". [F., lit., decimal candle.] Defn: A photometric standard used in France, having the value of one twentieth of the Violle platinum standard, or slightly less than a British standard candle. Called also decimal candle. BOUILLI Bou`illi" (, n. Etym: [F., fr. bouillir to boil.] (Cookery) Defn: Boiled or stewed meat; beef boiled with vegetables in water from which its gravy is to be made; beef from which bouillon or soup has been made. BOUILLON Bou`illon" (, n. Etym: [F., fr. bouillir to boil.] 1. A nutritious liquid food made by boiling beef, or other meat, in water; a clear soup or broth. 2. (Far.) Defn: An excrescence on a horse's frush or frog. BOUK Bouk, n. Etym: [AS. bücbauch, Icel. bü body.] 1. The body. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Bulk; volume. [Scot.] BOUL Boul, n. Defn: A curved handle. Sir W. Scott. BOULANGERITE Bou*lan"ger*ite, n. Etym: [From Boulanger, a French mineralogist.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a bluish gray color and metallic luster, usually in plumose masses, also compact. It is sulphide of antimony and lead. BOULANGISM Bou*lan"gism, n. [F. boulangisme.] Defn: The spirit or principles of a French political movement identified with Gen. Georges Boulanger (d. 1891), whose militarism and advocacy of revenge on Germany attracted to him a miscellaneous party of monarchists and Republican malcontents. -- Bou*lan"gist (#), n. BOULDER Boul"der, n. Defn: Same as Bowlder. BOULDERY Boul"der*y, a. Defn: Characterized by bowlders. BOULE; BOULEWORK Boule, Boule"work`, n. Defn: Same as Buhl, Buhlwork. BOULEVARD Bou"le*vard`, n. Etym: [F. boulevard, boulevart, fr. G. bollwerk. See Bulwark.] 1. Originally, a bulwark or rampart of fortification or fortified town. 2. A public walk or street occupying the site of demolished fortifications. Hence: A broad avenue in or around a city. BOULEVARDIER Boule`var`dier", n. [F.] Defn: A frequenter of a city boulevard, esp. in Paris. F. Harrison. BOULEVERSEMENT Boule`verse`ment", n. Etym: [F., fr. bouleverser to overthrow.] Defn: Complete overthrow; disorder; a turning upside down. BOULT Boult, n. Defn: Corrupted form Bolt. BOULT Boult (bolt), n. Defn: Corrupted form Bolt. BOULTEL; BOULTIN Boul"tel, Boul"tin, n. (Arch.) (a) A molding, the convexity of which is one fourth of a circle, being a member just below the abacus in the Tuscan and Roman Doric capital; a torus; an ovolo. (b) One of the shafts of a clustered column. [Written also bowtel, boltel, boultell, etc.] BOULTER Boul"ter, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A long, stout fishing line to which many hooks are attached. BOUN Boun, a. Etym: [See Bound ready.] Defn: Ready; prepared; destined; tending. [Obs.] Chaucer. BOUN Boun, v. t. Defn: To make or get ready. Sir W. Scott. BOUNCE Bounce, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bounced; p. pr. & vb. n. Bouncing.] Etym: [OE. bunsen; cf. D. bonzen to strike, bounce, bons blow, LG. bunsen to knock; all prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To strike or thump, so as to rebound, or to make a sudden noise; a knock loudly. Another bounces as hard as he can knock. Swift. Against his bosom bounced his heaving heart. Dryden. 2. To leap or spring suddenly or unceremoniously; to bound; as, she bounced into the room. Out bounced the mastiff. Swift. Bounced off his arm+chair. Thackeray. 3. To boast; to talk big; to bluster. [Obs.] BOUNCE Bounce, v. t. 1. To drive against anything suddenly and violently; to bump; to thump. Swift. 2. To cause to bound or rebound; sometimes, to toss. 3. To eject violently, as from a room; to discharge unceremoniously, as from employment. [Collog. U. S.] 4. To bully; to scold. [Collog.] J. Fletcher. BOUNCE Bounce, n. 1. A sudden leap or bound; a rebound. 2. A heavy, sudden, and often noisy, blow or thump. The bounce burst open the door. Dryden. 3. An explosion, or the noise of one. [Obs.] 4. Bluster; brag; untruthful boasting; audacious exaggeration; an impudent lie; a bouncer. Johnson. De Quincey. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A dogfish of Europe (Scyllium catulus). BOUNCE Bounce, adv. Defn: With a sudden leap; suddenly. This impudent puppy comes bounce in upon me. Bickerstaff. BOUNCER Boun"cer, n. 1. One who bounces; a large, heavy person who makes much noise in moving. 2. A boaster; a bully. [Collog.] Johnson. 3. A bold lie; also, a liar. [Collog.] Marryat. 4. Something big; a good stout example of the kind. The stone must be a bouncer. De Quincey. BOUNCING Boun"cing, a. 1. Stout; plump and healthy; lusty; buxom. Many tall and bouncing young ladies. Thackeray. 2. Excessive; big. "A bouncing reckoning." B. & Fl. Bouncing Bet (Bot.), the common soapwort (Saponaria officinalis). Harper's Mag. BOUNCINGLY Boun"cing*ly, adv. Defn: With a bounce. BOUND Bound, n. Etym: [OE. bounde, bunne, OF. bonne, bonde, bodne, F. borne, fr. LL. bodina, bodena, bonna; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Arm. bonn boundary, limit, and boden, bod, a tuft or cluster of trees, by which a boundary or limit could be marked. Cf. Bourne.] Defn: The external or limiting line, either real or imaginary, of any object or space; that which limits or restrains, or within which something is limited or restrained; limit; confine; extent; boundary. He hath compassed the waters with bounds. Job xxvi. 10. On earth's remotest bounds. Campbell. And mete the bounds of hate and love. Tennyson. To keep within bounds, not to exceed or pass beyond assigned limits; to act with propriety or discretion. Syn. -- See Boundary. BOUND Bound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bounding.] 1. To limit; to terminate; to fix the furthest point of extension of; -- said of natural or of moral objects; to lie along, or form, a boundary of; to inclose; to circumscribe; to restrain; to confine. Where full measure only bounds excess. Milton. Phlegethon . . . Whose fiery flood the burning empire bounds. Dryden. 2. To name the boundaries of; as, to bound France. BOUND Bound, v. i. Etym: [F. bondir to leap, OF. bondir, bundir, to leap, resound, fr. L. bombitare to buzz, hum, fr. bombus a humming, buzzing. See Bomb.] 1. To move with a sudden spring or leap, or with a succession of springs or leaps; as the beast bounded from his den; the herd bounded across the plain. Before his lord the ready spaniel bounds. Pope. And the waves bound beneath me as a steed That knows his rider. Byron. 2. To rebound, as an elastic ball. BOUND Bound, v. t. 1. To make to bound or leap; as, to bound a horse. [R.] Shak. 2. To cause to rebound; to throw so that it will rebound; as, to bound a ball on the floor. [Collog.] BOUND Bound, n. 1. A leap; an elastic spring; a jump. A bound of graceful hardihood. Wordsworth. 2. Rebound; as, the bound of a ball. Johnson. 3. (Dancing) Defn: Spring from one foot to the other. BOUND Bound, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bind. BOUND Bound, p. p. & a. 1. Restrained by a hand, rope, chain, fetters, or the like. 2. Inclosed in a binding or cover; as, a bound volume. 3. Under legal or moral restraint or obligation. 4. Constrained or compelled; destined; certain; -- followed by the infinitive; as, he is bound to succeed; he is bound to fail. 5. Resolved; as, I am bound to do it. [Collog. U. S.] 6. Constipated; costive. Note: Used also in composition; as, icebound, windbound, hidebound, etc. Bound bailiff (Eng. Law), a sheriff's officer who serves writs, makes arrests, etc. The sheriff being answerable for the bailiff's misdemeanors, the bailiff is usually under bond for the faithful discharge of his trust. -- Bound up in, entirely devoted to; inseparable from. BOUND Bound, a. Etym: [Past p. of OE. bounen to prepare, fr. boun ready, prepared, fr. Icel. bü, p. p. of büaboor and bower. See Bond, a., and cf. Busk, v.] Defn: Ready or intending to go; on the way toward; going; -- with to or for, or with an adverb of motion; as, a ship is bound to Cadiz, or for Cadiz. "The mariner bound homeward." Cowper. BOUNDARY Bound"a*ry, n.; pl. Boundaries ( Etym: [From Bound a limit; cf. LL. bonnarium piece of land with fixed limits.] Defn: That which indicates or fixes a limit or extent, or marks a bound, as of a territory; a bounding or separating line; a real or imaginary limit. But still his native country lies Beyond the boundaries of the skies. N. Cotton. That bright and tranquil stream, the boundary of Louth and Meath. Macaulay. Sensation and reflection are the boundaries of our thoughts. Locke. Syn. -- Limit; bound; border; term; termination; barrier; verge; confines; precinct. Bound, Boundary. Boundary, in its original and strictest sense, is a visible object or mark indicating a limit. Bound is the limit itself. But in ordinary usage the two words are made interchangeable. BOUNDEN Bound"en, p.p & a. Etym: [Old. p. p. of bind.] 1. Bound; fastened by bonds. [Obs.] 2. Under obligation; bound by some favor rendered; obliged; beholden. This holy word, that teacheth us truly our bounden duty toward our Lord God in every point. Ridley. 3. Made obligatory; imposed as a duty; binding. I am much bounden to your majesty. Shak. BOUNDER Bound"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, limits; a boundary. Sir T. Herbert. BOUNDING Bound"ing, a. Defn: Moving with a bound or bounds. The bounding pulse, the languid limb. Montgomery. BOUNDLESS Bound"less, a. Defn: Without bounds or confines; illimitable; vast; unlimited. "The boundless sky." Bryant. "The boundless ocean." Dryden. "Boundless rapacity." "Boundless prospect of gain." Macaulay. Syn. -- Unlimited; unconfined; immeasurable; illimitable; infinite. -- Bound"less*ly, adv. -- Bound"less*ness, n. BOUNTEOUS Boun"te*ous, a. Etym: [OE. bountevous, fr. bounte bounty.] Defn: Liberal in charity; disposed to give freely; generously liberal; munificent; beneficent; free in bestowing gifts; as, bounteous production. But O, thou bounteous Giver of all good. Cowper. -- Boun"te*ous*ly, adv. -- Boun"te*ous*ness, n. BOUNTIFUL Boun"ti*ful, a. 1. Free in giving; liberal in bestowing gifts and favors. God, the bountiful Author of our being. Locke. 2. Plentiful; abundant; as, a bountiful supply of food. Syn. -- Liberal; munificent; generous; bounteous. -- Boun"ti*ful*ly, adv. -- Boun"ti*ful*ness, n. BOUNTIHEAD; BOUNTYHOOD Boun"ti*head, Boun"ty*hood, n. Defn: Goodness; generosity. [Obs.] Spenser. BOUNTY Boun"ty, n.; pl. Bounties. Etym: [OE. bounte goodness, kindness, F. bonté, fr. L. bonitas, fr. bonus good, for older duonus; cf. Skr. duvas honor, respect.] 1. Goodness, kindness; virtue; worth. [Obs.] Nature set in her at once beauty with bounty. Gower. 2. Liberality in bestowing gifts or favors; gracious or liberal giving; generosity; munificence. My bounty is as boundless as the sea. Shak. 3. That which is given generously or liberally. "Thy morning bounties." Cowper. 4. A premium offered or given to induce men to enlist into the public service; or to encourage any branch of industry, as husbandry or manufactures. Bounty jumper, one who, during the latter part of the Civil War, enlisted in the United States service, and deserted as soon as possible after receiving the bounty. [Collog.] -- Queen Anne's bounty (Eng. Hist.), a provision made in Queen Anne's reign for augmenting poor clerical livings. Syn. -- Munificence; generosity; beneficence. BOUQUET Bou*quet", n. Etym: [F. bouquet bunch, bunch of flowers, trees, feathers, for bousquet, bosquet, thicket, a little wood, dim. of LL. boscus. See Bush thicket, and cf. Bosket, Busket.] 1. A nosegay; a bunch of flowers. 2. A perfume; an aroma; as, the bouquet of wine. BOUQUETIN Bou`que*tin", n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The ibex. BOUR Bour, n. Etym: [See Bower a chamber.] Defn: A chamber or a cottage. [Obs.] Chaucer. BOURBON Bour"bon, n. Etym: [From the castle and seigniory of Bourbon in central France.] 1. A member of a family which has occupied several European thrones, and whose descendants still claim the throne of France. 2. A politician who is behind the age; a ruler or politician who neither forgets nor learns anything; an obstinate conservative. BOURBONISM Bour"bon*ism, n. Defn: The principles of those adhering to the house of Bourbon; obstinate conservatism. BOURBONIST Bour"bon*ist, n. Defn: One who adheres to the house of Bourbon; a legitimist. BOURBON WHISKY Bour"bon whis"ky. Defn: See under Whisky. BOURD Bourd, n. Etym: [F. bourde fib, lie, OF. borde, bourde, jest, joke.] Defn: A jest. [Obs.] Chaucer. BOURD Bourd, v. i. Defn: To jest. [Obs.] Chaucer. BOURDER Bourd"er, n. Defn: A jester. [Obs.] BOURDON Bour"don, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. burdo mule, esp. one used for carrying litters. Cf. Sp. muleta a young she mule; also, crutch, prop.] Defn: A pilgrim's staff. BOURDON Bour"don`, n. Etym: [F. See Burden a refrain.] (Mus.) (a) A drone bass, as in a bagpipe, or a hurdy-gurdy. See Burden (of a song.) (b) A kind of organ stop. BOURGEOIS Bour*geois", n. Etym: [From a French type founder named Bourgeois, or fr. F. bourgeois of the middle class; hence applied to an intermediate size of type between brevier and long primer: cf. G. bourgeois, borgis. Cf. Burgess.] (Print.) Defn: A size of type between long primer and brevier. See Type. Note: This line is printed in bourgeois type. BOURGEOIS Bour*geois", n. Etym: [F., fr. bourg town; of German origin. See Burgess.] Defn: A man of middle rank in society; one of the shopkeeping class. [France.] a. Defn: Characteristic of the middle class, as in France. BOURGEOISIE Bour*geoi*sie", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The French middle class, particularly such as are concerned in, or dependent on, trade. BOURGEON Bour"geon, v. i. Etym: [OE. burjoun a bud, burjounen to bud, F. bourgeon a bud, bourgeonner to bud; cf. OHG. burjan to raise.] Defn: To sprout; to put forth buds; to shoot forth, as a branch. Gayly to bourgeon and broadly to grow. Sir W. Scott. BOURI Bou"ri, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A mullet (Mugil capito) found in the rivers of Southern Europe and in Africa. BOURN; BOURNE Bourn, Bourne, n. Etym: [OE. burne, borne, AS. burna; akin to OS. brunno spring, G. born, brunnen, OHG. prunno, Goth. brunna, Icel. brunnr, and perh. to Gr. burn, v., because the source of a stream seems to issue forth bubbling and boiling from the earth. Cf. Torrent, and see Burn, v.] Defn: A stream or rivulet; a burn. My little boat can safely pass this perilous bourn. Spenser. BOURN; BOURNE Bourn, Bourne, n. Etym: [F. borne. See Bound a limit.] Defn: A bound; a boundary; a limit. Hence: Point aimed at; goal. Where the land slopes to its watery bourn. Cowper. The undiscovered country, from whose bourn No traveler returns. Shak. Sole bourn, sole wish, sole object of my song. Wordsworth. To make the doctrine . . . their intellectual bourne. Tyndall. BOURNLESS Bourn"less, a. Defn: Without a bourn or limit. BOURNONITE Bour"non*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Count Bournon, a minerologist.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a steel-gray to black color and metallic luster, occurring crystallized, often in twin crystals shaped like cogwheels (wheel ore), also massive. It is a sulphide of antimony, lead, and copper. BOURNOUS Bour*nous", n. Defn: See Burnoose. BOURREE Bour*rée, n. Etym: [F.] (Mus.) Defn: An old French dance tune in common time. BOURSE Bourse, n. Etym: [F. bourse purse, exchange, LL. bursa, fr. Gr.Purse, Burse.] Defn: An exchange, or place where merchants, bankers, etc., meet for business at certain hours; esp., the Stock Exchange of Paris. BOUSE Bouse, v. i. Defn: To drink immoderately; to carouse; to booze. See Booze. BOUSE Bouse, n. Defn: Drink, esp. alcoholic drink; also, a carouse; a booze. "A good bouse of liquor." Carlyle. BOUSER Bous"er, n. Defn: A toper; a boozer. BOUSTROPHEDON Bou`stro*phe"don, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An ancient mode of writing, in alternate directions, one line from left to right, and the next from right to left (as fields are plowed), as in early Greek and Hittite. BOUSTROPHEDONIC Bou*stroph`e*don"ic, a. Defn: Relating to the boustrophedon mode of writing. BOUSTROPHIC Bou*stroph"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Boustrophedonic. BOUSY Bousy, a. Defn: Drunken; sotted; boozy. In his cups the bousy poet songs. Dryden. BOUT Bout, n. Etym: [A different spelling and application of bought bend.] 1. As much of an action as is performed at one time; a going and returning, as of workmen in reaping, mowing, etc.; a turn; a round. In notes with many a winding bout Of linked sweetness long drawn out. Milton. The prince . . . has taken me in his train, so that I am in no danger of starving for this bout. Goldsmith. 2. A conflict; contest; attempt; trial; a set-to at anything; as, a fencing bout; a drinking bout. The gentleman will, for his honor's sake, have one bout with you; he can not by the duello avoid it. Shak. BOUTADE Bou*tade", n. Etym: [F., fr. bouter to thrust. See Butt.] Defn: An outbreak; a caprice; a whim. [Obs.] BOUTEFEU Boute"feu, n. Etym: [F.; bouter to thrust, put + feu fire.] Defn: An incendiary; an inciter of quarrels. [Obs.] Animated by . . . John à Chamber, a very boutefeu, . . . they entered into open rebellion. Bacon. BOUTONNIERE Bou`ton`nière", n. Etym: [F., buttonhole.] Defn: A bouquet worn in a buttonhole. BOUTS-RIMES Bouts`-ri*més", n. pl. Etym: [F. bout end + rimé rhymed.] Defn: Words that rhyme, proposed as the ends of verses, to be filled out by the ingenuity of the person to whom they are offered. BOVATE Bo"vate, n. Etym: [LL. bovata, fr. bos, bovis, ox.] (O.Eng.Law.) Defn: An oxgang, or as much land as an ox can plow in a year; an ancient measure of land, of indefinite quantity, but usually estimated at fifteen acres. BOVEY COAL Bo"vey coal`. (Min.) Defn: A kind of mineral coal, or brown lignite, burning with a weak flame, and generally a disagreeable odor; -- found at Bovey Tracey, Devonshire, England. It is of geological age of the oölite, and not of the true coal era. BOVID Bo"vid, a. Etym: [L. bos, bovis, ox, cow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Relating to that tribe of ruminant mammals of which the genus Bos is the type. BOVIFORM Bo"vi*form, a. Etym: [L. bos, bovis, ox + -form.] Defn: Resembling an ox in form; ox-shaped. [R.] BOVINE Bo"vine, a. Etym: [LL. bovinus, fr.L. bos, bovis, ox, cow: cf. F. bovine. See Cow.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: of or pertaining to the genus Bos; relating to, or resembling, the ox or cow; oxlike; as, the bovine genus; a bovine antelope. 2. Having qualities characteristic of oxen or cows; sluggish and patient; dull; as, a bovine temperament. The bovine gaze of gaping rustics. W. Black. BOW Bow (bou), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowing.] Etym: [OE. bowen, bogen, bugen, AS. bugan (generally v.i.); akin to D. buigen, OHG. biogan, G. biegen, beugen, Icel. boginn bent, beygja to bend, Sw. böja, Dan. böie, bugne, Coth. biugan; also to L. fugere to flee, Gr. bhuj to bend. sq. root88. Cf. Fugitive.] 1. To cause to deviate from straightness; to bend; to inflect; to make crooked or curved. We bow things the contrary way, to make them come to their natural straightness. Milton. The whole nation bowed their necks to the worst kind of tyranny. Prescott. 2. To exercise powerful or controlling influence over; to bend, figuratively; to turn; to incline. Adversities do more bow men's minds to religion. Bacon. Not to bow and bias their opinions. Fuller. 3. To bend or incline, as the head or body, in token of respect, gratitude, assent, homage, or condescension. They came to meet him, and bowed themselves to the ground before him. 2 Kings ii. 15. 4. To cause to bend down; to prostrate; to depress,; Whose heavy hand hath bowed you to the grave. Shak. 5. To express by bowing; as, to bow one's thanks. BOW Bow (bou), v. i. 1. To bend; to curve. [Obs.] 2. To stop. [Archaic] They stoop, they bow down together. Is. xlvi. 2 3. To bend the head, knee, or body, in token of reverence or submission; -- often with down. O come, let us worship and bow down: let us kneel before the Lord our maker. Ps. xcv. 6. 4. To incline the head in token of salutation, civility, or assent; to make bow. Admired, adored by all circling crowd, For wheresoe'er she turned her face, they bowed. Dryden. BOW Bow (bou), n. Defn: An inclination of the head, or a bending of the body, in token of reverence, respect, civility, or submission; an obeisance; as, a bow of deep humility. BOW Bow (bo), n. Etym: [OE. bowe, boge, AS. boga, fr. AS. bü to bend; akin to D. boog, G. bogen, Icel. bogi. See Bow, v. t.] 1. Anything bent, or in the form of a curve, as the rainbow. I do set my bow in the cloud. Gen. ix. 13. 2. A weapon made of a strip of wood, or other elastic material, with a cord connecting the two ends, by means of which an arrow is propelled. 3. An ornamental knot, with projecting lops, formed by doubling a ribbon or string. 4. The U-shaped piece which embraces the neck of an ox and fastens it to the yoke. 5. (Mus.) Defn: An appliance consisting of an elastic rod, with a number of horse hairs stretched from end to end of it, used in playing on a stringed instrument. 6. An acrograph. 7. (Mech. & Manuf.) Defn: Any instrument consisting of an elastic rod, with ends connected by a string, employed for giving reciprocating motion to a drill, or for preparing and arranging the hair, fur, etc., used by hatters. 8. (Naut.) Defn: A rude sort of quadrant formerly used for taking the sun's altitude at sea. 9. (Saddlery) sing. or pl. Defn: Two pieces of wood which form the arched forward part of a saddletree. Bow bearer (O. Eng. Law), an under officer of the forest who looked after trespassers. -- Bow drill, a drill worked by a bow and string. -- Bow instrument (Mus.), any stringed instrument from which the tones are produced by the bow. -- Bow window (Arch.) See Bay window. -- To draw a long bow, to lie; to exaggerate. [Colloq.] BOW Bow (bo), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowing.] Defn: To play (music) with a bow. -- v. i. Defn: To manage the bow. BOW Bow (bo), n. Etym: [Icel. bogr shoulder, bow of a ship. See Bough.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: The bending or rounded part of a ship forward; the stream or prow. 2. (Naut.) Defn: One who rows in the forward part of a boat; the bow oar. Bow chaser (Naut.), a gun in the bow for firing while chasing another vessel. Totten. - Bow piece, a piece of ordnance carried at the bow of a ship. -- On the bow (Naut.), on that part of the horizon within 45º on either side of the line ahead. Totten. BOWABLE Bow"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being bowed or bent; flexible; easily influenced; yielding. [Obs.] BOWBELL Bow"bell`, n. Defn: One born within hearing distance of Bow-bells; a cockney. Halliwell. BOW-BELLS Bow"-bells`, n. pl. Defn: The bells of Bow Church in London; cockneydom. People born within the sound of Bow-bells are usually called cockneys. Murray's Handbook of London. BOWBENT Bow"bent`, a. Defn: Bent, like a bow. Milton. BOW-COMPASS Bow"-com`pass, n.; pl. Bow-compasses (. 1. An arcograph. 2. A small pair of compasses, one leg of which carries a pencil, or a pen, for drawing circles. Its legs are often connected by a bow- shaped spring, instead of by a joint. 3. A pair of compasses, with a bow or arched plate riveted to one of the legs, and passing through the other. BOWDLERIZE Bowd"ler*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowdlerized; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowdlerizing.] [After Dr. Thomas Bowdler, an English physician, who published an expurgated edition of Shakespeare in 1818.] Defn: To expurgate, as a book, by omitting or modifying the parts considered offensive. It is a grave defect in the splendid tale of Tom Jones . . . that a Bowlderized version of it would be hardly intelligible as a tale. F. Harrison. -- Bowd`ler*i*za"tion (#), n. --Bowd"ler*ism (#), n. BOWEL Bow"el, n. Etym: [OE. bouel, bouele, OF. boel, boele, F. boyau, fr. L. botellus a small sausage, in LL. also intestine, dim. of L. botulus sausage.] 1. One of the intestines of an animal; an entrail, especially of man; a gut; -- generally used in the plural. He burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out. Acts i. 18. 2. pl. Defn: Hence, figuratively: The interior part of anything; as, the bowels of the earth. His soldiers . . . cried out amain, And rushed into the bowels of the battle. Shak. 3. pl. Defn: The seat of pity or kindness. Hence: Tenderness; compassion. "Thou thing of no bowels." Shak. Bloody Bonner, that corpulent tyrant, full (as one said) of guts, and empty of bowels. Fuller. 4. pl. Defn: Offspring. [Obs.] Shak. BOWEL Bow"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boweled or Bowelled; p. pr.& vb. n. Boweling or Bowelling.] Defn: To take out the bowels of; to eviscerate; to disembowel. BOWELED Bow"eled, a. [Written also bowelled.] Defn: Having bowels; hollow. "The boweled cavern." Thomson. BOWELLESS Bow"el*less, a. Defn: Without pity. Sir T. Browne. BOWENITE Bow"en*ite, n. Etym: [From G.T.Bowen, who analyzed it in 1822.] (Min.) Defn: A hard, compact variety of serpentine found in Rhode Island. It is of a light green color and resembles jade. BOWER Bo"wer, n. Etym: [From Bow, v. & n.] 1. One who bows or bends. 2. (Naut.) Defn: An anchor carried at the bow of a ship. 3. A muscle that bends a limb, esp. the arm. [Obs.] His rawbone arms, whose mighty brawned bowers Were wont to rive steel plates and helmets hew. Spenser. Best bower, Small bower. See the Note under Anchor. BOWER Bow"er, n. Etym: [G. bauer a peasant. So called from the figure sometimes used for the knave in cards. See Boor.] Defn: One of the two highest cards in the pack commonly used in the game of euchre. Right bower, the knave of the trump suit, the highest card (except the "Joker") in the game. -- Left bower, the knave of the other suit of the same color as the trump, being the next to the right bower in value. -- Best bower or Joker, in some forms of euchre and some other games, an extra card sometimes added to the pack, which takes precedence of all others as the highest card. BOWER Bow"er, n. Etym: [OE. bour, bur, room, dwelling, AS. bur, fr. the root of AS. buan to dwell; akin to Icel. bur chamber, storehouse, Sw. bur cage, Dan. buur, OHG. pur room, G. bauer cage, bauer a peasant. *97] Cf.Boor, Byre.] 1. Anciently, a chamber; a lodging room; esp., a lady's private apartment. Give me my lute in bed now as I lie, And lock the doors of mine unlucky bower. Gascoigne. 2. A rustic cottage or abode; poetically, an attractive abode or retreat. Shenstone. B. Johnson. 3. A shelter or covered place in a garden, made with boughs of trees or vines, etc., twined together; an arbor; a shady recess. BOWER Bow"er, v. t. Defn: To embower; to inclose. Shak. BOWER Bow"er, v. i. Defn: To lodge. [Obs.] Spenser. BOWER Bow"er, n. Etym: [From Bough, cf. Brancher.] (Falconry) Defn: A young hawk, when it begins to leave the nest. [Obs.] BOWER-BARFF PROCESS Bow"er-Barff" proc`ess . (Metal.) Defn: A certain process for producing upon articles of iron or steel an adherent coating of the magnetic oxide of iron (which is not liable to corrosion by air, moisture, or ordinary acids). This is accomplished by producing, by oxidation at about 1600º F. in a closed space, a coating containing more or less of the ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and the subsequent change of this in a reduced atmosphere to the magnetic oxide (Fe2O4). BOWER BIRD Bow"er bird`. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Australian bird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus or holosericeus), allied to the starling, which constructs singular bowers or playhouses of twigs and decorates them with brightcolored objects; the satin bird. Note: The name is also applied to other related birds of the same region, having similar habits; as, the spotted bower bird (Chalmydodera maculata), and the regent bird (Sericulus melinus). BOWERY Bow"er*y, a. Defn: Shading, like a bower; full of bowers. A bowery maze that shades the purple streams. Trumbull. BOWERY Bow"er*y, n.; pl. Boweries Etym: [D. bouwerij.] Defn: A farm or plantation with its buildings. [U.S.Hist.] The emigrants [in New York] were scattered on boweries or plantations; and seeing the evils of this mode of living widely apart, they were advised, in 1643 and 1646, by the Dutch authorities, to gather into "villages, towns, and hamlets, as the English were in the habit of doing." Bancroft. BOWERY Bow"er*y, a. Defn: Characteristic of the street called the Bowery, in New York city; swaggering; flashy. BOWESS Bow"ess, n. (Falconry) Defn: Same as Bower. [Obs.] BOWFIN Bow"fin`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A voracious ganoid fish (Amia calva) found in the fresh waters of the United States; the mudfish; -- called also Johnny Grindle, and dogfish. BOWGE Bowge, v. i. Defn: To swell out. See Bouge. [Obs.] BOWGE Bowge, v. t. Defn: To cause to leak. [Obs.] See Bouge. BOWGRACE Bow"grace`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A frame or fender of rope or junk, laid out at the sides or bows of a vessel to secure it from injury by floating ice. BOW HAND Bow" hand`. 1. (Archery) Defn: The hand that holds the bow, i. e., the left hand. Surely he shoots wide on the bow hand. Spenser. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The hand that draws the bow, i. e., the right hand. BOWHEAD Bow"head`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The great Arctic or Greenland whale. (Balæna mysticetus). See Baleen, and Whale. BOWIE KNIFE Bow"ie knife`. Defn: A knife with a strong blade from ten to fifteen inches long, and double-edged near the point; -- used as a hunting knife, and formerly as a weapon in the southwestern part of the United States. It was named from its inventor, Colonel James Bowie. Also, by extension, any large sheath knife. BOWING Bow"ing, n. (Mus.) 1. The act or art of managing the bow in playing on stringed instruments. Bowing constitutes a principal part of the art of the violinist, the violist, etc. J. W. Moore. 2. In hatmaking, the act or process of separating and distributing the fur or hair by means of a bow, to prepare it for felting. BOWINGLY Bow"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a bending manner. BOWKNOT Bow"knot`, n. Defn: A knot in which a portion of the string is drawn through in the form of a loop or bow, so as to be readily untied. BOWL Bowl, n. Etym: [OE. bolle, AS. bolla; akin to Icel. bolli, Dan. bolle, G. bolle, and perh. to E. boil a tumor. Cf. Boll.] 1. A concave vessel of various forms (often approximately hemisherical), to hold liquids, etc. Brought them food in bowls of basswood. Longfellow. 2. Specifically, a drinking vessel for wine or other spirituous liquors; hence, convival drinking. 3. The contents of a full bowl; what a bowl will hold. 4. The bollow part of a thing; as, the bowl of a spoon. BOWL Bowl, n. Etym: [F. boule, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud. Cf. Bull an edict, Bill a writing.] 1. A ball of wood or other material used for rolling on a level surface in play; a ball of hard wood having one side heavier than the other, so as to give it a bias when rolled. 2. pl. Defn: An ancient game, popular in Great Britain, played with biased balls on a level plat of greensward. Like an uninstructed bowler, . . . who thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straightforward upon it. Sir W. Scott. 3. pl. Defn: The game of tenpins or bowling. [U.S.] BOWL Bowl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowling.] 1. To roll, as a bowl or cricket ball. Break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel, And bowl the round nave down the hill of heaven. Shak. 2. To roll or carry smoothly on, or as on, wheels; as, we were bowled rapidly along the road. 3. To pelt or strike with anything rolled. Alas, I had rather be set quick i' the earth, And bowled to death with turnipsShak. To bowl (a player) out, in cricket, to put out a striker by knocking down a bail or a stump in bowling. BOWL Bowl, v. i. 1. To play with bowls. 2. To roll a ball on a plane, as at cricket, bowls, etc. 3. To move rapidly, smoothly, and like a ball; as, the carriage bowled along. BOWLDER; BOULDER Bowl"der, Boul"der, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. bullra to roar, rattle, Dan. buldre, dial. Sw. bullersteen larger kind of pebbles; perh. akin to E. bellow.] 1. A large stone, worn smooth or rounded by the action of water; a large pebble. 2. (Geol.) Defn: A mass of any rock, whether rounded or not, that has been transported by natural agencies from its native bed. See Drift. Bowlder clay, the unstratified clay deposit of the Glacial or Drift epoch, often containing large numbers of bowlders. -- Bowlder wall, a wall constructed of large stones or bowlders. BOWLDERY Bowl"der*y, a. Defn: Characterized by bowlders. BOWLEG Bow"leg`, n. Defn: A crooked leg. Jer. Taylor. BOW-LEGGED Bow"-legged`, a. Defn: Having crooked legs, esp. with the knees bent outward. Johnson. BOWLER Bowl"er, n. Defn: One who plays at bowls, or who rolls the ball in cricket or any other game. BOWLESS Bow"less, a. Defn: Destitute of a bow. BOWLINE Bow"line, n. Etym: [Cf. D. boelijn, Icel. böglïnabovline; properly the line attached to the shoulder or side of the sail. See Bow (of a ship), and Line.] (Naut.) Defn: A rope fastened near the middle of the leech or perpendicular edge of the square sails, by subordinate ropes, called bridles, and used to keep the weather edge of the sail tight forward, when the ship is closehauled. Bowline bridles, the ropes by which the bowline is fastened to the leech of the sail. -- Bowline knot. See Illust. under Knot. -- On a bowline, close-hauled or sailing close to the wind; -- said of a ship. BOWLING Bowl"ing, n. Defn: The act of playing at or rolling bowls, or of rolling the ball at cricket; the game of bowls or of tenpins. Bowling alley, a covered place for playing at bowls or tenpins. -- Bowling green, a level piece of greensward or smooth ground for bowling, as the small park in lower Broadway, New York, where the Dutch of New Amsterdam played this game. BOWLS Bowls, n. pl. Defn: See Bowl, a ball, a game. BOWMAN Bow"man, n.; pl. Bowmen (. Defn: A man who uses a bow; an archer. The whole city shall flee for the noise of the horsemen and bowmen. Jer. iv. 29. Bowman's root. (Bot.) See Indian physic, under Indian. BOWMAN Bow"man, n. (Naut.) Defn: The man who rows the foremost oar in a boat; the bow oar. BOWNE Bowne, v. t. Etym: [See Boun.] Defn: To make ready; to prepare; to dress. [Obs.] We will all bowne ourselves for the banquet. Sir W. Scott. BOW NET Bow" net` Defn: . 1. A trap for lobsters, being a wickerwork cylinder with a funnel- shaped entrance at one end. 2. A net for catching birds. J. H. Walsh. BOW OAR Bow" oar` Defn: . 1. The oar used by the bowman. 2. One who rows at the bow of a boat. BOW-PEN Bow"-pen`, n. Defn: Bow-compasses carrying a drawing pen. See Bow-compass. BOW-PENCIL Bow"-pen`cil, n. Defn: Bow-compasses, one leg of which carries a pencil. BOW-SAW Bow"-saw`, n. Defn: A saw with a thin or narrow blade set in a strong frame. BOWSE Bowse, v. i. Etym: [See Booze, and Bouse.] 1. To carouse; to bouse; to booze. De Quincey. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To pull or haul; as, to bowse upon a tack; to bowse away, i. e., to pull all together. BOWSE Bowse, n. Defn: A carouse; a drinking bout; a booze. BOWSHOT Bow"shot`, n. Defn: The distance traversed by an arrow shot from a bow. BOWSPRIT Bow"sprit`, n. Etym: [Bow + sprit; akin to D.boegspriet; boeg bow of a ship + spriet, E. sprit, also Sw. bogspröt, G. bugspriet.] (Naut.) Defn: A large boom or spar, which projects over the stem of a ship or other vessel, to carry sail forward. BOWSSEN Bows"sen, v. t. Defn: To drench; to soak; especially, to immerse (in water believed to have curative properties). [Obs.] There were many bowssening places, for curing of mad men. . . . If there appeared small amendment he was bowssened again and again. Carew. BOWSTRING Bow"string`, n. 1. The string of a bow. 2. A string used by the Turks for strangling offenders. Bowstring bridge, a bridge formed of an arch of timber or iron, often braced, the thrust of which is resisted by a tie forming a chord of the arch. -- Bowstring girder, an arched beam strengthened by a tie connecting its two ends. -- Bowstring hemp (Bot.), the tenacious fiber of the Sanseviera Zeylanica, growing in India and Africa, from which bowstrings are made. Balfour. BOWSTRING Bow"string`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowstringed ( or Bowstrung (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowstringing.] Defn: To strangle with a bowstring. BOWSTRINGED Bow"stringed`, p.a. 1. Furnished with bowstring. 2. Put to death with a bowstring; strangled. BOWTEL Bow"tel, n. Defn: See Boultel. BOWWOW Bow"wow`, n. Defn: An onomatopoetic name for a dog or its bark. -- a. Defn: Onomatopoetic; as, the bowwow theory of language; a bowwow word. [Jocose.] BOWYER Bow"yer, n. Etym: [From Bow, like lawyer from law.] 1. An archer; one who uses bow. 2. One who makes or sells bows. BOX Box, n. Etym: [As. box, L. buxus, fr. Gr. Box a case.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree or shrub, flourishing in different parts of the world. The common box (Buxus sempervirens) has two varieties, one of which, the dwaft box (B.suffruticosa), is much used for borders in gardens. The wood of the tree varieties, being very hard and smooth, is extensively used in the arts, as by turners, engravers, mathematical instrument makers, etc. Box elder, the ash-leaved maple (Negundo aceroides), of North America. -- Box holly, the butcher's broom (Russus aculeatus). -- Box thorn, a shrub (Lycium barbarum). -- Box tree, the tree variety of the common box. BOX Box, n.; pl. Boxes ( Etym: [As. box a small case or vessel with a cover; akin to OHG. buhsa box, G. büchse; fr. L. buxus boxwood, anything made of boxwood. See Pyx, and cf. Box a tree, Bushel.] 1. A receptacle or case of any firm material and of various shapes. 2. The quantity that a box contain. 3. A space with a few seats partitioned off in a theater, or other place of public amusement. Laughed at by the pit, box, galleries, nay, stage. Dorset. The boxes and the pit are sovereign judges. Dryden. 4. A chest or any receptacle for the deposit of money; as, a poor box; a contribution box. Yet since his neighbors give, the churl unlocks, Damning the poor, his tripple-bolted box. J. Warton. 5. A small country house. "A shooting box." Wilson. Tight boxes neatly sashed. Cowper. 6. A boxlike shed for shelter; as, a sentry box. 7. (Mach) (a) An axle box, journal box, journal bearing, or bushing. (b) A chamber or section of tube in which a valve works; the bucket of a lifting pump. 8. The driver's seat on a carriage or coach. 9. A present in a box; a present; esp. a Christmas box or gift. "A Christmas box." Dickens. 10. (Baseball) Defn: The square in which the pitcher stands. 11. (Zoöl.) Defn: A Mediterranean food fish; the bogue. Note: Box is much used adjectively or in composition; as box lid, box maker, box circle, etc.; also with modifying substantives; as money box, letter box, bandbox, hatbox or hat box, snuff box or snuffbox. Box beam (Arch.), a beam made of metal plates so as to have the form of a long box. -- Box car (Railroads), a freight car covered with a roof and inclosed on the sides to protect its contents. -- Box chronometer, a ship's chronometer, mounted in gimbals, to preserve its proper position. -- Box coat, a thick overcoat for driving; sometimes with a heavy cape to carry off the rain. -- Box coupling, a metal collar uniting the ends of shafts or other parts in machinery. -- Box crab (Zoöl.), a crab of the genus Calappa, which, when at rest with the legs retracted, resembles a box. -- Box drain (Arch.), a drain constructed with upright sides, and with flat top and bottom. -- Box girder (Arch.), a box beam. -- Box groove (Metal Working), a closed groove between two rolls, formed by a collar on one roll fitting between collars on another. R. W. Raymond. -- Box metal, an alloy of copper and tin, or of zinc, lead, and antimony, for the bearings of journals, etc. -- Box plait, a plait that doubles both to the rigth and the left. -- Box turtle or Box tortoise (Zoöl.), a land tortoise or turtle of the genera Cistudo and Emys; -- so named because it can withdraw entirely within its shell, which can be closed by hinged joints in the lower shell. Also, humorously, an exceedingly reticent person. Emerson. -- In a box, in a perplexity or an embarrassing position; in difficulty. (Colloq.) -- In the wrong box, out of one's place; out of one's element; awkwardly situated. (Colloq.) Ridley (1554) BOX Box, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxed (p. pr. & vb. n. Boxing.] 1. To inclose in a box. 2. To furnish with boxes, as a wheel. 3. (Arch.) Defn: To inclose with boarding, lathing, etc., so as to bring to a required form. To box a tree, to make an incision or hole in a tree for the purpose of procuring the sap. -- To box off, to divide into tight compartments. -- To box up. (a) To put into a box in order to save; as, he had boxed up twelve score pounds. (b) To confine; as, to be boxed up in narrow quarters. BOX Box, n. Etym: [Cf.Dan. baske to slap, bask slap, blow. Cf. Pash.] Defn: A blow on the head or ear with the hand. A good-humored box on the ear. W. Irving. BOX Box, v. i. Defn: To fight with the fist; to combat with, or as with, the hand or fist; to spar. BOX Box, v. t. Defn: To strike with the hand or fist, especially to strike on the ear, or on the side of the head. BOX Box, v. t. Etym: [Cf.Sp. boxar, now spelt bojar.] Defn: To boxhaul. To box off (Naut.), to turn the head of a vessel either way by bracing the headyards aback. -- To box the compass (Naut.), to name the thirty-two points of the compass in their order. BOXBERRY Box"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The wintergreern. (Gaultheria procumbens). [Local, U.S.] BOXEN Box"en, a. Defn: Made of boxwood; pertaining to, or resembling, the box (Buxus). [R.] The faded hue of sapless boxen leaves. Dryden. BOXER Box"er, n. Defn: One who packs boxes. BOXER Box"er, n. Defn: One who boxes; a pugilist. BOXFISH Box"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The trunkfish. BOXHAUL Box"haul`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxhauled.] (Naut.) Defn: To put (a vessel) on the other tack by veering her short round on her heel; -- so called from the circumstance of bracing the head yards abox (i. e., sharp aback, on the wind). Totten. BOXHAULING Box"haul`ing, n. (Naut.) Defn: A method of going from one tack to another. See Boxhaul. BOXING Box"ing, n. 1. The act of inclosing (anything) in a box, as for storage or transportation. 2. Material used in making boxes or casings. 3. Any boxlike inclosure or recess; a casing. 4. (Arch.) Defn: The external case of thin material used to bring any member to a required form. BOXING Box"ing, n. Defn: The act of fighting with the fist; a combat with the fist; sparring. Blackstone. Boxing glove, a large padded mitten or glove used in sparring for exercise or amusement. BOXING DAY Box"ing day`. Defn: The first week day after Christmas, a legal holiday on which Christmas boxes are given to postmen, errand boys, employees, etc. The night of this day is boxing night. [Eng.] BOX-IRON Box"-i`ron, n. Defn: A hollow smoothing iron containing a heater within. BOXKEEPER Box"keep`er, n. Defn: An attendant at a theater who has charge of the boxes. BOX KITE Box kite. Defn: A kite, invented by Lawrence Hargrave, of Sydney, Australia, which consist of two light rectangular boxes, or cells open on two sides, and fastened together horizontally. Called also Hargrave, or cellular, kite. BOX TAIL Box tail. (Aëronautics) Defn: In a flying machine, a tail or rudder, usually fixed, resembling a box kite. BOXTHORN Box"thorn`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Lycium, esp. Lycium barbarum. BOXWOOD Box"wood`, n. Defn: The wood of the box (Buxus). BOY Boy, n. Etym: [Cf. D. boef, Fries. boi, boy; akin to G. bube, Icel. bofi rouge.] Defn: A male child, from birth to the age of puberty; a lad; hence, a son. My only boy fell by the side of great Dundee. Sir W. Scott. Note: Boy is often used as a term of comradeship, as in college, or in the army or navy. In the plural used colloquially of members of an assosiaton, fraternity, or party. Boy bishop, a boy (usually a chorister) elected bishop, in old Christian sports, and invested with robes and other insignia. He practiced a kind of mimicry of the ceremonies in which the bishop usually officiated. The Old Boy, the Devil. [Slang] -- Yellow boys, guineas. [Slang, Eng.] -- Boy's love, a popular English name of Southernwood (Artemisia abrotonum);) -- called also lad's love. -- Boy's play, childish amusements; anything trifling. BOY Boy, v. t. Defn: To act as a boy; -- in allusion to the former practice of boys acting women's parts on the stage. I shall see Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness. Shak. BOYAR; BOYARD Bo*yar", Bo*yard", n. Etym: [Russ. boiárin'.] Defn: A member of a Russian aristocratic order abolished by Peter the Great. Also, one of a privileged class in Roumania. Note: English writers sometimes call Russian landed proprietors boyars. BOYAU Boy"au, n.; pl. Boyaux or Boyaus. Etym: [F. boyau gut, a long and narrow place, and (of trenches) a branch. See Bowel.] (Fort.) Defn: A winding or zigzag trench forming a path or communication from one siegework to another, to a magazine, etc. BOYCOTT Boy"cott`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boycotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boycotting.] Etym: [From Captain Boycott, a land agent in Mayo, Ireland, so treated in 1880.] Defn: To combine against (a landlord, tradesman, employer, or other person), to withhold social or business relations from him, and to deter others from holding such relations; to subject to a boycott. BOYCOTT Boy"cott, n. Defn: The process, fact, or pressure of boycotting; a combining to withhold or prevent dealing or social intercourse with a tradesman, employer, etc.; social and business interdiction for the purpose of coercion. BOYCOTTER Boy"cott`er, n. Defn: A participant in boycotting. BOYCOTTISM Boy"cott*ism, n. Defn: Methods of boycotters. BOYDEKIN Boy"de*kin, n. Defn: A dagger; a bodkin. [Obs.] BOYER Boy"er, n. Etym: [D. boeijer; -- so called because these vessels were employed for laying the boeijen, or buoys: cf. F. boyer. See Buoy.] (Naut.) Defn: A Flemish sloop with a castle at each end. Sir W. Raleigh. BOYHOOD Boy"hood, n. Etym: [Boy + -hood.] Defn: The state of being a boy; the time during which one is a boy. Hood. BOYISH Boy"ish, a. Defn: Resembling a boy in a manners or opinions; belonging to a boy; childish; trifling; puerile. A boyish, odd conceit. Baillie. BOYISHLY Boy"ish*ly, adv. Defn: In a boyish manner; like a boy. BOYISHNESS Boy"ish*ness, n. Defn: The manners or behavior of a boy. BOYISM Boy"ism, n. 1. Boyhood. [Obs.] T. Warton. 2. The nature of a boy; childishness. Dryden. BOYLE'S LAW Boyle's" law`. Defn: See under Law. BOY SCOUT Boy scout. Defn: Orig., a member of the "Boy Scouts," an organization of boys founded in 1908, by Sir R. S. S. Baden-Powell, to promote good citizenship by creating in them a spirit of civic duty and of usefulness to others, by stimulating their interest in wholesome mental, moral, industrial, and physical activities, etc. Hence, a member of any of the other similar organizations, which are now worldwide. In "The Boy Scouts of America" the local councils are generally under a scout commissioner, under whose supervision are scout masters, each in charge of a troop of two or more patrols of eight scouts each, who are of three classes, tenderfoot, second-class scout, and first-class scout. BOZA Bo"za, n. Etym: [See Bosa.] Defn: An acidulated fermented drink of the Arabs and Egyptians, made from millet seed and various astringent substances; also, an intoxicating beverage made from hemp seed, darnel meal, and water. [Written also bosa, bozah, bouza.] BRABANTINE Bra*bant"ine, a. Defn: Pertaining to Brabant, an ancient province of the Netherlands. BRABBLE Brab"ble, v. i. Etym: [D. brabbelen to talk confusedly. Blab, Babble.] Defn: To clamor; to contest noisily. [R.] BRABBLE Brab"ble, n. Defn: A broil; a noisy contest; a wrangle. This petty brabble will undo us all. Shak. BRABBLEMENT Brab"ble*ment, n. Defn: A brabble. [R.] Holland. BRABBLER Brab"bler, n. Defn: A clamorous, quarrelsome, noisy fellow; a wrangler. [R] Shak. BRACCATE Brac"cate, a.Etym: [L. bracatus wearing breeches, fr. bracae breeches.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Furnished with feathers which conceal the feet. BRACE Brace, n. Etym: [OF. brace, brasse, the two arms, embrace, fathom, F. brasse fathom, fr. L. bracchia the arms (stretched out), pl. of bracchium arm; cf. Gr. 1. That which holds anything tightly or supports it firmly; a bandage or a prop. 2. A cord, ligament, or rod, for producing or maintaining tension, as a cord on the side of a drum. The little bones of the ear drum do in straining and relaxing it as the braces of the war drum do in that. Derham. 3. The state of being braced or tight; tension. The laxness of the tympanum, when it has lost its brace or tension. Holder. 4. (Arch. & Engin.) Defn: A piece of material used to transmit, or change the direction of, weight or pressure; any one of the pieces, in a frame or truss, which divide the structure into triangular parts. It may act as a tie, or as a strut, and serves to prevent distortion of the structure, and transverse strains in its members. A boiler brace is a diagonal stay, connecting the head with the shell. 5. (Print.) Defn: A vertical curved line connecting two or more words or lines, which are to be taken together; thus, boll, bowl; or, in music, used to connect staves. 6. (Naut.) Defn: A rope reeved through a block at the end of a yard, by which the yard is moved horizontally; also, a rudder gudgeon. 7. (Mech.) Defn: A curved instrument or handle of iron or wood, for holding and turning bits, etc.; a bitstock. 8. A pair; a couple; as, a brace of ducks; now rarely applied to persons, except familiarly or with some contempt. "A brace of greyhounds." Shak. He is said to have shot . . . fifty brace of pheasants. Addison. A brace of brethren, both bishops, both eminent for learning and religion, now appeared in the church. Fuller. But you, my brace of lords. Shak. 9. pl. Defn: Straps or bands to sustain trousers; suspenders. I embroidered for you a beautiful pair of braces. Thackeray. 10. Harness; warlike preparation. [Obs.] For that it stands not in such warlike brace. Shak. 11. Armor for the arm; vantbrace. 12. (Mining) Defn: The mouth of a shaft. [Cornwall] Angle brace. See under Angle. BRACE Brace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braced; p. pr. & vb. n. Bracing.] 1. To furnish with braces; to support; to prop; as, to brace a beam in a building. 2. To draw tight; to tighten; to put in a state of tension; to strain; to strengthen; as, to brace the nerves. And welcome war to brace her drums. Campbell. 3. To bind or tie closely; to fasten tightly. The women of China, by bracing and binding them from their infancy, have very little feet. Locke. Some who spurs had first braced on. Sir W. Scott. 4. To place in a position for resisting pressure; to hold firmly; as, he braced himself against the crowd. A sturdy lance in his right hand he braced. Fairfax. 5. (Naut.) Defn: To move around by means of braces; as, to brace the yards. To brace about (Naut.), to turn (a yard) round for the contrary tack. -- To brace a yard (Naut.), to move it horizontally by means of a brace. -- To brace in (Naut.), to turn (a yard) by hauling in the weather brace. -- To brace one's self, to call up one's energies. "He braced himself for an effort which he was little able to make." J. D. Forbes. - To brace to (Naut.), to turn (a yard) by checking or easing off the lee brace, and hauling in the weather one, to assist in tacking. -- To brace up (Naut.), to bring (a yard) nearer the direction of the keel by hauling in the lee brace. -- To brace up sharp (Naut.), to turn (a yard) as far forward as the rigging will permit. BRACE Brace, v. i. Defn: To get tone or vigor; to rouse one's energies; -with up. [Colloq.] BRACELET Brace"let, n. Etym: [F. bracelet, dim. of OF. bracel armlet, prop. little arm, dim. of bras arm, fr. L. bracchium. See Brace,n.] 1. An ornamental band or ring, for the wrist or the arm; in modern times, an ornament encircling the wrist, worn by women or girls. 2. A piece of defensive armor for the arm. Johnson. BRACER Bra"cer, n. 1. That which braces, binds, or makes firm; a band or bandage. 2. A covering to protect the arm of the bowman from the vibration of the string; also, a brassart. Chaucer. 3. A medicine, as an astringent or a tonic, which gives tension or tone to any part of the body. Johnson. BRACH Brach, n. Etym: [OE. brache a kind of scenting hound or setting dog, OF. brache, braque, fr. OHG. braccho, G. bracke; possibly akin to E. fragrant, fr. L. fragrare to smell.] Defn: A bitch of the hound kind. Shak. BRACHELYTRA Brach*el"y*tra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ( (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of beetles having short elytra, as the rove beetles. BRACHIA Brach"i*a, n. pl. Defn: See Brachium. BRACHIAL Brach"i*al or (, a. Etym: [L. brachialis (bracch-), from bracchium (bracch-) arm: cf. F. brachial.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining or belonging to the arm; as, the brachial artery; the brachial nerve. 2. Of the nature of an arm; resembling an arm. BRACHIATA Brach`i*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [See Brachiate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of the Crinoidea, including those furnished with long jointed arms. See Crinoidea. BRACHIATE Brach"i*ate, a. Etym: [L. brachiatus (bracch-) with boughs or branches like arms, from brackium (bracch-) arm.] (Bot.) Defn: Having branches in pairs, decussated, all nearly horizontal, and each pair at right angles with the next, as in the maple and lilac. BRACHIOGANOID Brach`i*og"a*noid, n. Defn: One of the Brachioganoidei. BRACHIOGANOIDEI Brach`i*o*ga*noid"e*i, n. pl.Etym: [NL., from L. brachium (bracch-) arm + NL. ganoidei.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of ganoid fishes of which the bichir of Africa is a living example. See Crossopterygii. BRACHIOLARIA Brach`i*o*la"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. brachiolum (bracch-), dim. of brachium (bracch-) arm.] Defn: (Zoöl.) A peculiar early larval stage of certain starfishes, having a bilateral structure, and swimming by means of bands of vibrating cilia. BRACHIOPOD Brach"i*o*pod, n. Etym: [Cf.F. brachiopode.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Brachiopoda, or its shell. BRACHIOPODA Brach`i*op"o*da, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of Molluscoidea having a symmetrical bivalve shell, often attached by a fleshy peduncle. Note: Within the shell is a pair of "arms," often long and spirally coiled, bearing rows of ciliated tentacles by which a current of water is made to flow into the mantle cavity, bringing the microscopic food to the mouth between the bases of the arms. The shell is both opened and closed by special muscles. They form two orders; Lyopoma, in which the shell is thin, and without a distinct hinge, as in Lingula; and Arthropoma, in which the firm calcareous shell has a regular hinge, as in Rhynchonella. See Arthropomata. BRACHIUM Brach"i*um, n.; pl. Bracchia (. Etym: [L. brachium or bracchium, arm.] (Anat.) Defn: The upper arm; the segment of the fore limb between the shoulder and the elbow. BRACHMAN Brach"man, n. Etym: [L. Brachmanae, pl., Gr. Defn: See Brahman. [Obs.] BRACHYCATALECTIC Brach`y*cat`a*lec"tic, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr.& Last. Pros.) Defn: A verse wanting two syllables at its termination. BRACHYCEPHALIC; BRACHYCEPHALOUS Brach`y*ce*phal"ic, Brach`y*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the skull short in proportion to its breadth; shortheaded; -- in distinction from dolichocephalic. BRACHYCEPHALY; BRACHYCEPHALISM Brach`y*ceph"a*ly, Brach`y*ceph"a*lism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Brachycéphalie] . (Anat.) Defn: The state or condition of being brachycephalic; shortness of head. BRACHYCERAL Bra*chyc"er*al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having short antennæ, as certain insects. BRACHYDIAGONAL Brach`y*di*ag"o*nal, a. Etym: [Gr. diagonal.] Defn: Pertaining to the shorter diagonal, as of a rhombic prism. Brachydiagonal axis, the shorter lateral axis of an orthorhombic crystal. BRACHYDIAGONAL Brach`y*di*ag"o*nal, n. Defn: The shorter of the diagonals in a rhombic prism. BRACHYDOME Brach`y*dome, n. Etym: [Gr. dome.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A dome parallel to the shorter lateral axis. See Dome. BRACHYGRAPHER Bra*chyg"ra*pher, n. Defn: A writer in short hand; a stenographer. He asked the brachygrapher whether he wrote the notes of the sermon. Gayton. BRACHYGRAPHY Bra*chyg"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. brachygraphie.] Defn: Stenograhy. B. Jonson. BRACHYLOGY Bra*chyl"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. brachylogie.] (Rhet.) Defn: Conciseness of expression; brevity. BRACHYPINACOID Brach`y*pin"a*coid, n. Etym: [Gr. pinacoid.] (Crytallog.) Defn: A plane of an orthorhombic crystal which is parallel both to the vertical axis and to the shorter lateral (brachydiagonal) axis. BRACHYPTERA Bra*chyp"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Coleoptera having short wings; the rove beetles. BRACHYPTERES Bra*chyp"te*res, n.pl. Etym: [NL. See Brachyptera. ] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of birds, including auks, divers, and penguins. BRACHYPTEROUS Bra*chyp"ter*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. brachyptère.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having short wings. BRACHYSTOCHRONE Bra*chys"to*chrone, n. Etym: [Incorrect for brachistochrone, fr. Gr. brachistochrone. ] (Math.) Defn: A curve, in which a body, starting from a given point, and descending solely by the force of gravity, will reach another given point in a shorter time than it could by any other path. This curve of quickest descent, as it is sometimes called, is, in a vacuum, the same as the cycloid. BRACHYTYPOUS Brach"y*ty`pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Of a short form. BRACHYURA Brach`y*u"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of decapod Crustacea, including the common crabs, characterized by a small and short abdomen, which is bent up beneath the large cephalo-thorax. [Also spelt Brachyoura.] See Crab, and Illustration in Appendix. BRACHYURAL; BRACHYUROUS Brach`y*u"ral, Brach`y*u"rous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. brachyure.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Brachyura. BRACHYURAN Brach`y*u"ran, n. Defn: One of the Brachyura. BRACING Bra"cing, a. Defn: Imparting strength or tone; strengthening; invigorating; as, a bracing north wind. BRACING Bra"cing, n. 1. The act of strengthening, supporting, or propping, with a brace or braces; the state of being braced. 2. (Engin.) Defn: Any system of braces; braces, collectively; as, the bracing of a truss. BRACK Brack, n. Etym: [Cf.D. braak, Dan. bræk, a breaking, Sw. & Isel. brak a crackling, creaking. Cf. Breach.] Defn: An opening caused by the parting of any solid body; a crack or breach; a flaw. Stain or brack in her sweet reputation. J. Fletcher. BRACK Brack, n. Etym: [D. brak, adj., salt; cf. LG. wrak refuse, G. brack.] Defn: Salt or brackish water. [Obs.] Drayton. BRACKEN Brack"en, n. Etym: [OE. braken, AS. bracce. See 2d Brake, n.] Defn: A brake or fern. Sir W. Scott. BRACKET Brack"et, n. Etym: [Cf.OF. braguette codpiece, F. brayette, Sp. bragueta, also a projecting mold in architecture; dim. fr.L. bracae breeches; cf. also, OF. bracon beam, prop, support; of unknown origin. Cf. Breeches.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: An architectural member, plain or ornamental, projecting from a wall or pier, to support weight falling outside of the same; also, a decorative feature seeming to discharge such an office. Note: This is the more general word. See Brace, Cantalever, Console, Corbel, Strut. 2. (Engin. & Mech.) Defn: A piece or combination of pieces, usually triangular in general shape, projecting from, or fastened to, a wall, or other surface, to support heavy bodies or to strengthen angles. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A shot, crooked timber, resembling a knee, used as a support. 4. (Mil.) Defn: The cheek or side of an ordnance carriage. 5. (Print.) Defn: One of two characters [], used to inclose a reference, explanation, or note, or a part to be excluded from a sentence, to indicate an interpolation, to rectify a mistake, or to supply an omission, and for certain other purposes; -- called also crotchet. 6. A gas fixture or lamp holder projecting from the face of a wall, column, or the like. Bracket light, a gas fixture or a lamp attached to a wall, column, etc. BRACKET Brack"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bracketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bracketing] Defn: To place within brackets; to connect by brackets; to furnish with brackets. BRACKETING Brack"et*ing, n. (Arch.) Defn: A series or group of brackets; brackets, collectively. BRACKISH Brack"ish, a. Etym: [See Brack salt water.] Defn: Saltish, or salt in a moderate degree, as water in saline soil. Springs in deserts found seem sweet, all brackish though they be. Byron. BRACKISHNESS Brack"ish*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being brackish, or somewhat salt. BRACKY Brack"y, a. Defn: Brackish. Drayton. BRACT Bract, n. Etym: [See Bractea.] (Bot.) (a) A leaf, usually smaller than the true leaves of a plant, from the axil of which a flower stalk arises. (b) Any modified leaf, or scale, on a flower stalk or at the base of a flower. Note: Bracts are often inconspicuous, but sometimes large and showy, or highly colored, as in many cactaceous plants. The spathes of aroid plants are conspicuous forms of bracts. BRACTEA Brac"te*a, n. Etym: [L., a thin plate of metal or wood, gold foil.] (Bot.) Defn: A bract. BRACTEAL Brac"te*al, a. Etym: [Cf.F. bractéal.] Defn: Having the nature or appearance of a bract. BRACTEATE Brac"te*ate, a. Etym: [Cf.L. bracteatus covered with gold plate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having a bract or bracts. BRACTED Bract"ed, a. (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with bracts. BRACTEOLATE Brac"te*o*late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with bracteoles or bractlets. BRACTEOLE Brac"te*ole, n. Etym: [L. bracteola, dim. of bractea. See Bractea.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Bractlet. BRACTLESS Bract"less, a. (Bot.) Defn: Destitute of bracts. BRACTLET Bract"let, n. Etym: [Bract + -let] (Bot.) Defn: A bract on the stalk of a single flower, which is itself on a main stalk that support several flowers. Gray. BRAD Brad, n. Etym: [Cf.OE. brod, Dan. braad prick, sting, brodde ice spur, frost nail, Sw. brodd frost nail, Icel. broddr any pointed piece of iron or stell; akin to AS. brord point, spire of grass, and perh. to E. bristle. See Bristle, n.] Defn: A thin nail, usually small, with a slight projection at the top on one side instead of a head; also, a small wire nail, with a flat circular head; sometimes, a small, tapering, square-bodied finishing nail, with a countersunk head. BRAD AWL Brad" awl`. Defn: A straight awl with chisel edge, used to make holes for brads, etc. Weale. BRADOON Bra*doon", n. Defn: Same as Bridoon. BRAE Brae, n. Etym: [See Bray a hill.] Defn: A hillside; a slope; a bank; a hill. [Scot.] Burns. BRAG Brag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bragged; p. pr. & vb. n. Bragging.] Etym: [OE. braggen to resound, blow, boast (cf. F. braguer to lead a merry life, flaunt, boast, OF. brague merriment), from Icel. braka to creak, brak noise, fr. the same root as E. break; properly then, to make a noise, boast. 95.] Defn: To talk about one's self, or things pertaining to one's self, in a manner intended to excite admiration, envy, or wonder; to talk boastfully; to boast; -- often followed by of; as, to brag of one's exploits, courage, or money, or of the great things one intends to do. Conceit, more rich in matter than in words, Brags of his substance, not of ornament. Shak. Syn. -- To swagger; boast; vapor; bluster; vaunt; flourish; talk big. BRAG Brag, v. t. Defn: To boast of. [Obs.] Shak. BRAG Brag, n. 1. A boast or boasting; bragging; ostentatious pretense or self glorification. Cæsar . . . made not here his brag Of "came," and "saw," and "overcame." Shak. 2. The thing which is boasted of. Beauty is Nature's brag. Milton. 3. A game at cards similar to bluff. Chesterfield. BRAG Brag, a. Etym: [See Brag, v. i.] Defn: Brisk; full of spirits; boasting; pretentious; conceited. [Arhaic] A brag young fellow. B. Jonson. BRAG Brag, adv. Defn: Proudly; boastfully. [Obs.] Fuller. BRAGGADOCIO Brag`ga*do"cio, n. Etym: [From Braggadocchio, a boastful character in Spenser's "Faërie Queene."] 1. A braggart; a boaster; a swaggerer. Dryden. 2. Empty boasting; mere brag; pretension. BRAGGARDISM Brag"gard*ism, n. Etym: [See Braggart.] Defn: Boastfulness; act of bragging. Shak. BRAGGART Brag"gart, n. Etym: [OF. bragard flaunting, vain, bragging. See Brag, v. i.] Defn: A boaster. O, I could play the woman with mine eyes, And braggart with my tongue. Shak. BRAGGART Brag"gart, a. Defn: Boastful. -- Brag"gart*ly, adv. BRAGGER Brag"ger, n. Defn: One who brags; a boaster. BRAGGET Brag"get, n. Etym: [OE. braket, bragot, fr. W. bragawd, bragod, fr. brag malt.] Defn: A liquor made of ale and honey fermented, with spices, etc. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BRAGGINGLY Brag"ging`ly, adv. Defn: Boastingly. BRAGLESS Brag"less, a. Defn: Without bragging. [R.] Shak. BRAGLY Brag"ly, adv. Defn: In a manner to be bragged of; finely; proudly. [Obs.] Spenser. BRAHMA Brah"ma, n. Etym: [See Brahman.] 1. (Hindoo Myth.) Defn: The One First Cause; also, one of the triad of Hindoo gods. The triad consists of Brahma, the Creator, Vishnu, the Preserver, and Siva, the Destroyer. Note: According to the Hindoo religious books, Brahma (with the final a short), or Brahm, is the Divine Essence, the One First Cause, the All in All, while the personal gods, Brahmá (with the final a long), Vishnu, and Siva, are emanations or manifestations of Brahma the Divine Essence. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A valuable variety of large, domestic fowl, peculiar in having the comb divided lengthwise into three parts, and the legs well feathered. There are two breeds, the dark or penciled, and the light; -- called also Brahmapootra. BRAHMAN; BRAHMIN Brah"man, Brah"min, n.; pl. Brahmans, Brahmins. Etym: [Skr. Brahmana (cf. Brahman worship, holiness; the God Brahma, also Brahman): cf. F. Brahmane, Brachmane, Bramine, L. Brachmanae, -manes, -mani, pl., Gr. Defn: A person of the highest or sacerdotal caste among the Hindoos. Brahman bull (Zoöl.), the male of a variety of the zebu, or Indian ox, considered sacred by the Hindoos. BRAHMANESS Brah"man*ess, n. Defn: A Brahmani. BRAHMANI Brah"man*i, n. Etym: [Fem. of Brahman.] Defn: Any Brahman woman. [Written also Brahmanee.] BRAHMANIC; BRAHMANICAL; BRAHMAN-ICAL; BRAHMINIC; BRAHMINICAL; BRAHMIN-ICAL Brah*man"ic, -ic*al , Brah*min"ic (, *ic*al (, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Brahmans or to their doctrines and worship. BRAHMANISM; BRAHMINISM Brah"man*ism, Brah"min*ism, n. Defn: The religion or system of doctrines of the Brahmans; the religion of Brahma. BRAHMANIST; BRAHMINIST Brah"man*ist, Brah"min*ist, n. Defn: An adherent of the religion of the Brahmans. BRAHMOISM Brah"mo*ism, n. Defn: The religious system of Brahmo-somaj. Balfour. BRAHMO-SOMAJ Brah`mo-so*maj", n. Etym: [Bengalese, a wor Defn: A modern reforming theistic sect among the Hindos. [Written also Brahma-samaj.] BRAID Braid, v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Braided; p. pr. & vb. n. Braiding.] Etym: [OE. braiden, breiden, to pull, reach, braid, AS. bregdan to move to and fro, to weave; akin. to Icel. breg, D. breiden to knit, OS. bregdan to weave, OHG. brettan to brandish. Cf. Broid.] 1. To weave, interlace, or entwine together, as three or more strands or threads; to form into a braid; to plait. Braid your locks with rosy twine. Milton. 2. To mingle, or to bring to a uniformly soft consistence, by beating, rubbing, or straining, as in some culinary operations. 3. To reproach. [Obs.] See Upbraid. Shak. BRAID Braid, n. 1. A plait, band, or narrow fabric formed by intertwining or weaving together different strands. A braid of hair composed of two different colors twined together. Scott. 2. A narrow fabric, as of wool, silk, or linen, used for binding, trimming, or ornamenting dresses, etc. BRAID Braid, n. Etym: [Cf.Icel. breg to move quickly.] 1. A quick motion; a start. [Obs.] Sackville. 2. A fancy; freak; caprice. [Obs.] R. Hyrde. BRAID Braid v. i. Defn: To start; to awake. [Obs.] Chaucer. BRAID Braid, a. Etym: [AS. bræd, bred, deceit; akin to Icel. brag trick, AS. bredan, bregdan, to braid, knit, (hence) to knit a net, to draw into a net, i.e., to deceive. See Braid, v. t.] Defn: Deceitful. [Obs.] Since Frenchmen are so braid, Marry that will, I live and die a maid. Shak. BRAIDING Braid"ing, n. 1. The act of making or using braids. 2. Braids, collectively; trimming. A gentleman enveloped in mustachios, whiskers, fur collars, and braiding. Thackeray. BRAIL Brail, n. Etym: [OE. brayle furling rope, OF. braiol a band placed around the breeches, fr.F. braies, pl., breeches, fr.L. braca, bracae, breeches, a Gallic word; cf. Arm. bragez. Cf. Breeches.] 1. (Falconry) Defn: A thong of soft leather to bind up a hawk's wing. 2. pl. (Naut.) Defn: Ropes passing through pulleys, and used to haul in or up the leeches, bottoms, or corners of sails, preparatory to furling. 3. A stock at each end of a seine to keep it stretched. BRAIL Brail, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To haul up by the brails; -- used with up; as, to brail up a sail. BRAILLE Braille, n. Defn: A system of printing or writing for the blind in which the characters are represented by tangible points or dots. It was invented by Louis Braille, a French teacher of the blind. BRAIN Brain, n. Etym: [OE. brain, brein, AS. bragen, brægen; akin to LG. brägen, bregen, D. brein, and perh. to Gr. 95.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The whitish mass of soft matter (the center of the nervous system, and the seat of consciousness and volition) which is inclosed in the cartilaginous or bony cranium of vertebrate animals. It is simply the anterior termination of the spinal cord, and is developed from three embryonic vesicles, whose cavities are connected with the central canal of the cord; the cavities of the vesicles become the central cavities, or ventricles, and the walls thicken unequally and become the three segments, the fore-, mid-, and hind-brain. Note: In the brain of man the cerebral lobes, or largest part of the forebrain, are enormously developed so as to overhang the cerebellum, the great lobe of the hindbrain, and completely cover the lobes of the midbrain. The surface of the cerebrum is divided into irregular ridges, or convolutions, separated by grooves (the so-called fissures and sulci), and the two hemispheres are connected at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure by a great transverse band of nervous matter, the corpus callosum, while the two halves of the cerebellum are connected on the under side of the brain by the bridge, or pons Varolii. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The anterior or cephalic ganglion in insects and other invertebrates. 3. The organ or seat of intellect; hence, the understanding. " My brain is too dull." Sir W. Scott. Note: In this sense, often used in the plural. 4. The affections; fancy; imagination. [R.] Shak. To have on the brain, to have constantly in one's thoughts, as a sort of monomania. [Low] Brain box or case, the bony on cartilaginous case inclosing the brain. -- Brain coral, Brain stone coral (Zoöl), a massive reef-building coral having the surface covered by ridges separated by furrows so as to resemble somewhat the surface of the brain, esp. such corals of the genera Mæandrina and Diploria. -- Brain fag (Med.), brain weariness. See Cerebropathy. -- Brain fever (Med.), fever in which the brain is specially affected; any acute cerebral affection attended by fever. -- Brain sand, calcareous matter found in the pineal gland. BRAIN Brain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brained; p. pr. & vb. n. Braining.] 1. To dash out the brains of; to kill by beating out the brains. Hence, Fig.: To destroy; to put an end to; to defeat. There thou mayst brain him. Shak. It was the swift celerity of the death . . . That brained my purpose. Shak. 2. To conceive; to understand. [Obs.] brain not. Shak. BRAINED Brained, p.a. Defn: Supplied with brains. If th' other two be brained like us. Shak. BRAINISH Brain"ish, a. Defn: Hot-headed; furious. [R.] Shak. BRAINLESS Brain"less, a. Defn: Without understanding; silly; thougthless; witless. -- Brain"less*ness, n. BRAINPAN Brain"pan`, n. Etym: [Brain + pan.] Defn: The bones which inclose the brain; the skull; the cranium. BRAINSICK Brain"sick`, a. Defn: Disordered in the understanding; giddy; thoughtless. -- Brain"sick*ness, n. BRAINSICKLY Brain"sick`ly, adv. Defn: In a brainsick manner. BRAINY Brain"y, a. Defn: Having an active or vigorous mind. [Colloq.] BRAISE; BRAIZE Braise, Braize, n. Etym: [So called from its iridescent colors.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European marine fish (Pagrus vulgaris) allied to the American scup; the becker. The name is sometimes applied to the related species. [Also written brazier.] BRAISE; BRAIZE Braise, Braize, n. Etym: [F.] 1. Charcoal powder; breeze. 2. (Cookery) Defn: Braised meat. BRAISE Braise, v. t. Etym: [F. braiser, fr. braise coals.] (Cookery) Defn: To stew or broil in a covered kettle or pan. A braising kettle has a deep cover which holds coals; consequently the cooking is done from above, as well as below. Mrs. Henderson. BRAISER Brais"er, n. Defn: A kettle or pan for braising. BRAIT Brait, n. Etym: [Cf.W. braith variegated, Ir. breath, breagh, fine, comely.] Defn: A rough diamond. BRAIZE Braize, n. Defn: See Braise. BRAKE Brake, imp. Defn: of Break. [Arhaic] Tennyson. BRAKE Brake, n. Etym: [OE. brake fern; cf. AS. bracce fern, LG. brake willow bush, Da. bregne fern, G. brach fallow; prob. orig. the growth on rough, broken ground, fr. the root of E. break. See Break, v. t., cf. Bracken, and 2d Brake, n.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A fern of the genus Pteris, esp. the P. aquilina, common in almost all countries. It has solitary stems dividing into three principal branches. Less properly: Any fern. 2. A thicket; a place overgrown with shrubs and brambles, with undergrowth and ferns, or with canes. Rounds rising hillocks, brakes obscure and rough, To shelter thee from tempest and from rain. Shak. He stayed not for brake, and he stopped not for stone. Sir W. Scott. Cane brake, a thicket of canes. See Canebrake. BRAKE Brake, n. Etym: [OE. brake; cf. LG. brake an instrument for breaking flax, G. breche, fr. the root of E. break. See Break, v. t., and cf. Breach.] 1. An instrument or machine to break or bruise the woody part of flax or hemp so that it may be separated from the fiber. 2. An extended handle by means of which a number of men can unite in working a pump, as in a fire engine. 3. A baker's kneading though. Johnson. 4. A sharp bit or snaffle. Pampered jades . . . which need nor break nor bit. Gascoigne. 5. A frame for confining a refractory horse while the smith is shoeing him; also, an inclosure to restrain cattle, horses, etc. A horse . . . which Philip had bought . . . and because of his fierceness kept him within a brake of iron bars. J. Brende. 6. That part of a carriage, as of a movable battery, or engine, which enables it to turn. 7. (Mil.) Defn: An ancient engine of war analogous to the crossbow and ballista. 8. (Agric.) Defn: A large, heavy harrow for breaking clods after plowing; a drag. 9. A piece of mechanism for retarding or stopping motion by friction, as of a carriage or railway car, by the pressure of rubbers against the wheels, or of clogs or ratchets against the track or roadway, or of a pivoted lever against a wheel or drum in a machine. 10. (Engin.) Defn: An apparatus for testing the power of a steam engine, or other motor, by weighing the amount of friction that the motor will overcome; a friction brake. 11. A cart or carriage without a body, used in breaking in horses. 12. An ancient instrument of torture. Holinshed. Air brake. See Air brake, in the Vocabulary. -- Brake beam or Brake bar, the beam that connects the brake blocks of opposite wheels. -- Brake block. (a) The part of a brake holding the brake shoe. (b) A brake shoe. -- Brake shoe or Brake rubber, the part of a brake against which the wheel rubs. -- Brake wheel, a wheel on the platform or top of a car by which brakes are operated. -- Continuous brake . See under Continuous. BRAKEMAN Brake"man, n.; pl. Brakemen (. 1. (Railroads) Defn: A man in charge of a brake or brakes. 2. (Mining) Defn: The man in charge of the winding (or hoisting) engine for a mine. BRAKY Brak"y, a. Defn: Full of brakes; abounding with brambles, shrubs, or ferns; rough; thorny. In the woods and braky glens. W. Browne. BRAMA Bra"ma, n. Defn: See Brahma. BRAMAH PRESS Bra"mah press`. Defn: A hydrostatic press of immense power, invented by Joseph Bramah of London. See under Hydrostatic. BRAMBLE Bram"ble, n. Etym: [OE. brembil, AS.brbramal), fr. the same root as E. broom, As. br. See Broom.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Rubus, including the raspberry and blackberry. Hence: Any rough, prickly shrub. The thorny brambles, and embracing bushes. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The brambling or bramble finch. BRAMBLE BUSH Bram"ble bush`. (Bot.) Defn: The bramble, or a collection of brambles growing together. He jumped into a bramble bush And scratched out both his eyes. Mother Goose. BRAMBLED Bram"bled, a. Defn: Overgrown with brambles. Forlorn she sits upon the brambled floor. T. Warton. BRAMBLE NET Bram"ble net`. Defn: A net to catch birds. BRAMBLING Bram"bling, n. Etym: [OE. bramline. See Bramble, n.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European mountain finch (Fringilla montifringilla); -- called also bramble finch and bramble. BRAMBLY Bram"bly, a. Defn: Pertaining to, resembling, or full of, brambles. "In brambly wildernesses." Tennyson. BRAME Brame, n. Etym: [Cf. Breme.] Defn: Sharp passion; vexation. [Obs.] Heart-burning brame. Spenser. BRAMIN; BRAMINIC Bra"min, Bra*min"ic Defn: , etc. See Brahman, Brachmanic, etc. BRAN Bran, n. Etym: [OE. bren, bran, OF. bren, F. bran, from Celtic; cf. Armor. brenn, Ir. bran, bran, chaff.] 1. The broken coat of the seed of wheat, rye, or other cereal grain, separated from the flour or meal by sifting or bolting; the coarse, chaffy part of ground grain. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European carrion crow. BRANCARD Bran"card, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A litter on which a person may be carried. [Obs.] Coigrave. BRANCH Branch, n.; pl. Branches (. Etym: [OE. braunche, F. branche, fr. LL. branca claw of a bird or beast of prey; cf. Armor. brank branch, bough.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A shoot or secondary stem growing from the main stem, or from a principal limb or bough of a tree or other plant. 2. Any division extending like a branch; any arm or part connected with the main body of thing; ramification; as, the branch of an antler; the branch of a chandelier; a branch of a river; a branch of a railway. Most of the branches , or streams, were dried up. W. Irving. 3. Any member or part of a body or system; a distinct article; a section or subdivision; a department. "Branches of knowledge." Prescott. It is a branch and parcel of mine oath. Shak. 4. (Geom.) Defn: One of the portions of a curve that extends outwards to an indefinitely great distance; as, the branches of an hyperbola. 5. A line of family descent, in distinction from some other line or lines from the same stock; any descendant in such a line; as, the English branch of a family. His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock. Carew. 6. (Naut.) Defn: A warrant or commission given to a pilot, authorizing him to pilot vessels in certain waters. Branches of a bridle, two pieces of bent iron, which bear the bit, the cross chains, and the curb. -- Branch herring. See Alewife. -- Root and branch , totally, wholly. Syn. -- Bough; limb; shoot; offshoot; twig; sprig. BRANCH Branch, a. Defn: Diverging from, or tributary to, a main stock, line, way, theme, etc.; as, a branch vein; a branch road or line; a branch topic; a branch store. BRANCH Branch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Branched; p. pr. & vb. n. Branching.] 1. To shoot or spread in branches; to separate into branches; to ramify. 2. To divide into separate parts or subdivision. To branch off, to form a branch or a separate part; to diverge. -- To branch out, to speak diffusively; to extend one's discourse to other topics than the main one; also, to enlarge the scope of one's business, etc. To branch out into a long disputation. Spectator. BRANCH Branch, v. t. 1. To divide as into branches; to make subordinate division in. 2. To adorn with needlework representing branches, flowers, or twigs. The train whereof loose far behind her strayed, Branched with gold and pearl, most richly wrought. Spenser. BRANCHER Branch"er, n. 1. That which shoots forth branches; one who shows growth in various directions. 2. (Falconry) Defn: A young hawk when it begins to leave the nest and take to the branches. BRANCHERY Branch"er*y, n. Defn: A system of branches. BRANCHIA Bran"chi*a, n.; pl. Branchiæ. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A gill; a respiratory organ for breathing the air contained in water, such as many aquatic and semiaquatic animals have. BRANCHIAL Bran"chi*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to branchiæ or gills. Branchial arches, the bony or cartilaginous arches which support the gills on each side of the throat of fishes and amphibians. See Illustration in Appendix. -- Branchial clefts, the openings between the branchial arches through which water passes. BRANCHIATE Bran"chi*ate, a. (Anat.) Defn: Furnished with branchiæ; as, branchiate segments. BRANCHIFEROUS Bran*chif"er*ous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Having gills; branchiate; as, branchiferous gastropods. BRANCHINESS Branch"i*ness, n. Defn: Fullness of branches. BRANCHING Branch"ing, a. Defn: Furnished with branches; shooting our branches; extending in a branch or branches. Shaded with branching palm. Milton. BRANCHING Branch"ing, n. Defn: The act or state of separation into branches; division into branches; a division or branch. The sciences, with their numerous branchings. L. Watts. BRANCHIOGASTROPODA Bran`chi*o*gas*trop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. gastropoda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Those Gastropoda that breathe by branchiæ, including the Prosobranchiata and Opisthobranchiata. BRANCHIOMERISM Bran`chi*om"er*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. -mere.] (Anat.) Defn: The state of being made up of branchiate segments. R. Wiedersheim. BRANCHIOPOD Bran"chi*o*pod, n. Defn: One of the Branchiopoda. BRANCHIOPODA Bran"chi*o*poda, n. pl. Etym: [Gr. -poda: cf. F. branchiopode.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Entomostraca; -- so named from the feet of branchiopods having been supposed to perform the function of gills. It includes the fresh-water genera Branchipus, Apus, and Limnadia, and the genus Artemia found in salt lakes. It is also called Phyllopoda. See Phyllopoda, Cladocera. It is sometimes used in a broader sense. BRANCHIOSTEGAL Bran`chi*os"te*gal, a. Etym: [Gr. branchiostège.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the membrane covering the gills of fishes. -- n. (Anat.) Defn: A branchiostegal ray. See Illustration of Branchial arches in Appendix. Note: This term was formerly applied to a group of fishes having boneless branchiæ. But the arrangement was artificial, and has been rejected. BRANCHIOSTEGE Bran`chi*os"tege, (Anat.) Defn: The branchiostegal membrane. See Illustration in Appendix. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS Bran`chi*os"te*gous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Branchiostegal. BRANCHIOSTOMA Bran`chi*os"to*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr., Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lancelet. See Amphioxus. BRANCHIURA Bran"chi*u"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr., Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Entomostraca, with suctorial mouths, including species parasitic on fishes, as the carp lice (Argulus). BRANCHLESS Branch"less, a. Defn: Destitude of branches or shoots; without any valuable product; barren; naked. BRANCHLET Branch"let, n. Etym: [Branch + -let.] Defn: A little branch; a twig. BRANCH PILOT Branch" pi`lot. Defn: A pilot who has a branch or commission, as from Trinity House, England, for special navigation. BRANCHY Branch"y, a. Defn: Full of branches; having wide-spreading branches; consisting of branches. Beneath thy branchy bowers of thickest gloom. J. Scott. BRAND Brand, n. Etym: [OE. brand, brond, AS. brand brond brand, sword, from byrnan, beornan, to burn; akin to D., Dan., Sw., & G. brand brand, Icel. brandr a brand, blade of a sword. sq. root32. See Burn, v. t., and cf. Brandish.] 1. A burning piece of wood; or a stick or piece of wood partly burnt, whether burning or after the fire is extinct. Snatching a live brand from a wigwam, Mason threw it on a matted roof. Palfrey. 2. A sword, so called from its glittering or flashing brightness. [Poetic] Tennyson. Paradise, so late their happy seat, Waved over by that flaming brand. Milton. 3. A mark made by burning with a hot iron, as upon a cask, to designate the quality, manufacturer, etc., of the contents, or upon an animal, to designate ownership; -- also, a mark for a similar purpose made in any other way, as with a stencil. Hence, figurately: Quality; kind; grade; as, a good brand of flour. 4. A mark put upon criminals with a hot iron. Hence: Any mark of infamy or vice; a stigma. The brand of private vice. Channing. 5. An instrument to brand with; a branding iron. 6. (Bot.) Defn: Any minute fungus which produces a burnt appearance in plants. The brands are of many species and several genera of the order Pucciniæi. BRAND Brand, v.t [imp. & p. p. Branded; p. pr. & vb. n. Branding.]. 1. To burn a distinctive mark into or upon with a hot iron, to indicate quality, ownership, etc., or to mark as infamous (as a convict). 2. To put an actual distinctive mark upon in any other way, as with a stencil, to show quality of contents, name of manufacture, etc. 3. Fig.: To fix a mark of infamy, or a stigma, upon. The Inquisition branded its victims with infamy. Prescott. There were the enormities, branded and condemned by the first and most natural verdict of common humanity. South. 4. To mark or impress indelibly, as with a hot iron. As if it were branded on my mind. Geo. Eliot. Brand"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, brands; a branding iron. 2. A gridiron. [Scot.] BRANDENBURG Bran"den*burg, n. [So named after Brandenburg, a province and a town of Prussia.] Defn: A kind of decoration for the breast of a coat, sometimes only a frog with a loop, but in some military uniforms enlarged into a broad horizontal stripe. He wore a coat . . . trimmed with Brandenburgs. Smollett. BRANDER Brand"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, brands; a branding iron. 2. A gridiron. [Scot.] BRAND GOOSE Brand" goose`. Etym: [Prob. fr. 1st brand + goose: cf. Sw. brandgås. Cf. Brant.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of wild goose (Branta bernicla) usually called in America brant. See Brant. BRANDIED Bran"died, a. Defn: Mingled with brandy; made stronger by the addition of brandy; flavored or treated with brandy; as, brandied peaches. BRANDING IRON Brand"ing i`*ron. Defn: An iron to brand with. BRAND IRON Brand" i`ron. 1. A branding iron. 2. A trivet to set a pot on. Huloet. 3. The horizontal bar of an andiron. BRANDISH Bran"dish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brandished; p. pr. & vb. n. Brandishing.] Etym: [OE. braundisen, F. brandir, fr. brand a sword, fr. OHG. brant brand. See Brand, n.] 1. To move or wave, as a weapon; to raise and move in various directions; to shake or flourish. The quivering lance which he brandished bright. Drake. 2. To play with; to flourish; as, to brandish syllogisms. BRANDISH Bran"dish, n. Defn: A flourish, as with a weapon, whip, etc. "Brandishes of the fan." Tailer. BRANDISHER Bran"dish*er, n. Defn: One who brandishes. BRANDLE Bran"dle, v. t. & i. Etym: [F. brandiller.] Defn: To shake; to totter. [Obs.] BRANDLING; BRANDLIN Brand"ling, Brand"lin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Branlin, fish and worm. BRAND-NEW Brand"-new", a. Etym: [See Brand, and cf. Brannew.] Defn: Quite new; bright as if fresh from the forge. BRAND SPORE Brand" spore`. (Bot.) Defn: One of several spores growing in a series or chain, and produced by one of the fungi called brand. BRANDY Bran"dy, n.; pl. Brandies. Etym: [From older brandywine, brandwine, fr. D. brandewijn, fr. p. p. of branden to burn, distill + wijn wine, akin to G. branntwein. See Brand.] Defn: A strong alcoholic liquor distilled from wine. The name is also given to spirit distilled from other liquors, and in the United States to that distilled from cider and peaches. In northern Europe, it is also applied to a spirit obtained from grain. Brandy fruit, fruit preserved in brandy and sugar. BRANDYWINE Bran"dy*wine`, n. Defn: Brandy. [Obs.] Wiseman. BRANGLE Bran"gle, n. Etym: [Prov. E. brangled confused, entangled, Scot. brangle to shake, menace; probably a variant of wrangle, confused with brawl.] Defn: A wrangle; a squabble; a noisy contest or dispute. [R.] A brangle between him and his neighbor. Swift. BRANGLE Bran"gle, v.i [imp. & p. p. Brangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Brangling.] Defn: To wrangle; to dispute contentiously; to squabble. [R.] BRANGLEMENT Bran"gle*ment, n. Defn: Wrangle; brangle. [Obs.] BRANGLER Bran"gler, n. Defn: A quarrelsome person. BRANGLING Bran"gling, n. Defn: A quarrel. [R.] Whitlock. BRANK Brank, n. Etym: [Prov. of Celtic origin; cf. L. brance, brace, the Gallic name of a particularly white kind of corn.] Defn: Buckwheat. [Local, Eng.] Halliwell. BRANK; BRANKS Brank, Branks, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. brangus, brangas, a sort of pillory, Ir. brancas halter, or D. pranger fetter.] 1. A sort of bridle with wooden side pieces. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Jamieson. 2. A scolding bridle, an instrument formerly used for correcting scolding women. It was an iron frame surrounding the head and having a triangular piece entering the mouth of the scold. BRANK Brank, v. i. 1. To hold up and toss the head; -- applied to horses as spurning the bit. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 2. To prance; to caper. [Scot.] Jamieson. BRANKURSINE Brank"ur*sine, n. Etym: [F. branc-ursine, branch-ursine, fr. LL. branca claw + L. ursinus belonging to a bear (fr. ursus bear), i .e., bear's claw, because its leaves resemble the claws of a bear. Cf. Branch.] (Bot.) Defn: Bear's-breech, or Acanthus. BRANLIN Bran"lin, n. Etym: [Scot. branlie fr. brand.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young salmon or parr, in the stage in which it has transverse black bands, as if burned by a gridiron. BRANLIN Bran"lin, n. Etym: [See Brand.] Defn: A small red worm or larva, used as bait for small fresh-water fish; -- so called from its red color. BRAN-NEW Bran"-new", a. Defn: See Brand-new. BRANNY Bran"ny, a. Defn: Having the appearance of bran; consisting of or containing bran. Wiseman. BRANSLE Bran"sle, n. Etym: [See Brawl a dance.] Defn: A brawl or dance. [Obs.] Spenser. BRANT Brant, n. Etym: [Cf.Brand goose, Brent, Brenicle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of wild goose (Branta bernicla) -- called also brent and brand goose. The name is also applied to other related species. BRANT Brant, a. Etym: [See Brent.] Defn: Steep. [Prov. Eng.] BRANTAIL Bran"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European redstart; -- so called from the red color of its tail. BRANT-FOX Brant"-fox`, n. Etym: [For brand-fox; cf. G. brandfuchs, Sw. bradräf. So called from its yellowish brown and somewhat black color. See Brand.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of fox found in Sweden (Vulpes alopex), smaller than the common fox (V. vulgaris), but probably a variety of it. BRANULAR Bran"u*lar, a. Defn: Relating to the brain; cerebral. I. Taylor. BRASEN Bra"sen, a. Defn: Same as Brazen. BRASH Brash, a. Etym: [Cf. Gael. bras or G. barsch harsh, sharp, tart, impetuous, D. barsch, Sw. & Dan. barsk.] Defn: Hasty in temper; impetuous. Grose. BRASH Brash, a. Etym: [Cf. Amer. bresk, brusk, fragile, brittle.] Defn: Brittle, as wood or vegetables. [Colloq., U. S.] Bartlett. BRASH Brash, n. Etym: [See Brash brittle.] 1. A rash or eruption; a sudden or transient fit of sickness. 2. Refuse boughs of trees; also, the clippings of hedges. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 3. (Geol.) Defn: Broken and angular fragments of rocks underlying alluvial deposits. Lyell. 4. Broken fragments of ice. Kane. Water brash (Med.), an affection characterized by a spasmodic pain or hot sensation in the stomach with a rising of watery liquid into the mouth; pyrosis. -- Weaning brash (Med.), a severe form of diarrhea which sometimes attacks children just weaned. BRASHY Brash"y, a. 1. Resembling, or of the nature of, brash, or broken fragments; broken; crumbly. Our progress was not at all impeded by the few soft, brashy floes that we encountered. F. T. Bullen. 2. Showery; characterized by brashes, or showers. BRASIER; BRAZIER Bra"sier, Bra"zier, n. Etym: [OE. brasiere, F. braise live coals. See Brass.] Defn: An artificer who works in brass. Franklin. BRASIER; BRAZIER Bra"sier, Bra"zier, n. Etym: [F. brasier, braisíer, fr. braise live coals. See Brass.] Defn: A pan for holding burning coals. BRASILIN; BRASILEIN Bras"i*lin, Bras"i*lein, n. [Cf. F. brésiline. See 2d Brazil.] (Chem.) Defn: A substance, C16H14O5, extracted from brazilwood as a yellow crystalline powder which is white when pure. It is colored intensely red by alkalies on exposure to the air, being oxidized to bra*sil"e*in, C16H12O5, to which brazilwood owes its dyeing properties. BRASQUE Brasque, n. [F.] (Metal.) Defn: A paste made by mixing powdered charcoal, coal, or coke with clay, molasses, tar, or other suitable substance. It is used for lining hearths, crucibles, etc. Called also steep. BRASS Brass, n.; pl. Brasses. Etym: [OE. bras, bres, AS. bræs; akin to Icel. bras cement, solder, brasa to harden by fire, and to E. braze, brazen. Cf. 1st & 2d Braze.] 1. An alloy (usually yellow) of copper and zinc, in variable proportion, but often containing two parts of copper to one part of zinc. It sometimes contains tin, and rarely other metals. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A journal bearing, so called because frequently made of brass. A brass is often lined with a softer metal, when the latter is generally called a white metal lining. See Axle box, Journal Box, and Bearing. 3. Coin made of copper, brass, or bronze. [Obs.] Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in your purses, nor scrip for your journey. Matt. x. 9. 4. Impudence; a brazen face. [Colloq.] 5. pl. Defn: Utensils, ornaments, or other articles of brass. The very scullion who cleans the brasses. Hopkinson. 6. A brass plate engraved with a figure or device. Specifically, one used as a memorial to the dead, and generally having the portrait, coat of arms, etc. 7. pl. (Mining) Defn: Lumps of pyrites or sulphuret of iron, the color of which is near to that of brass. Note: The word brass as used in Sculpture language is a translation for copper or some kind of bronze. Note: Brass is often used adjectively or in self-explaining compounds; as, brass button, brass kettle, brass founder, brass foundry or brassfoundry. Brass band (Mus.), a band of musicians who play upon wind instruments made of brass, as trumpets, cornets, etc. -- Brass foil, Brass leaf, brass made into very thin sheets; -- called also Dutch gold. BRASSAGE Bras"sage, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A sum formerly levied to pay the expense of coinage; -- now called seigniorage. BRASSART Bras"sart, n. Etym: [F. brassard, fr. bras arm. See Brace, n.] Defn: Armor for the arm; -- generally used for the whole arm from the shoulder to the wrist, and consisting, in the 15th and 16th centuries, of many parts. BRASSE Brasse, n. Etym: [Perh. a transposition of barse; but cf. LG. brasse the bream, G. brassen Cf. Bream.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A spotted European fish of the genus Lucioperca, resembling a perch. BRASSETS Bras"sets, n. Defn: See Brassart. BRASSICA Bras"si*ca, n. Etym: [L., cabbage.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants embracing several species ad varieties differing much in appearance and qualities: such as the common cabbage (B. oleracea), broccoli, cauliflowers, etc.; the wild turnip (B. campestris); the common turnip (B. rapa); the rape of coleseed (B. napus), etc. BRASSICACEOUS Bras`si*ca"ceous, a. Etym: [L. brassica cabbage.] (Bot.) Defn: Related to, or resembling, the cabbage, or plants of the Cabbage family. BRASSIERE Bras`sière", n. [F.] Defn: A form of woman's underwaist stiffened with whalebones, or the like, and worn to support the breasts. BRASSINESS Brass"i*ness, n. Defn: The state, conditions, or quality of being brassy. [Colloq.] BRASS-VISAGED Brass"-vis"aged, a. Defn: Impudent; bold. BRASSY Brass"y, a. 1. Of or pertaining to brass; having the nature, appearance, or hardness, of brass. 2. Impudent; impudently bold. [Colloq.] BRAST Brast, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Burst.] Defn: To burst. [Obs.] And both his yën braste out of his face. Chaucer. Dreadfull furies which their chains have brast. Spenser. BRAT Brat, n. Etym: [OE. bratt coarse garnment, AS. bratt cloak, fr. the Celtic; cf. W. brat clout, rag, Gael. brat cloak, apron, raf, Ir. brat cloak; properly then, a child's bib or clout; hence, a child.] 1. A coarse garnment or cloak; also, coarse clothing, in general. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A coarse kind of apron for keeping the clothes clean; a bib. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wright. 3. A child; an offspring; -- formerly used in a good sense, but now usually in a contemptuous sense. "This brat is none of mine." Shak. "A beggar's brat." Swift. O Israel! O household of the Lord! O Abraham's brats! O brood of blessed seed! Gascoigne. 4. The young of an animal. [Obs.] L'Estrange. BRAT Brat, n. (Mining) Defn: A thin bed of coal mixed with pyrites or carbonate of lime. BRATSCHE Brat"sche, n. Etym: [G., fr. It. viola da braccio viola held on the arm.] Defn: The tenor viola, or viola. BRATTICE Brat"tice, n. Etym: [See Brettice.] (Mining) (a) A wall of separation in a shaft or gallery used for ventilation. (b) Planking to support a roof or wall. BRATTISHING Brat"tish*ing, n. 1. See Brattice, n. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Carved openwork, as of a shrine, battlement, or parapet. BRAUNITE Braun"ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A native oxide of manganese, of dark brownish black color. It was named from a Mr. Braun of Gotha. BRAVADE Bra*vade" (, n. Defn: Bravado. [Obs.] Fanshawe. BRAVADO Bra*va"do, n., pl. Bravadoes. Etym: [Sp. bravada, bravata, boast, brag: cf. F. bravade. See Brave.] Defn: Boastful and threatening behavior; a boastful menace. In spite of our host's bravado. Irving. BRAVE Brave, a. [Compar. Braver; superl. Bravest.] Etym: [F. brave, It. or Sp. bravo, (orig.) fierce, wild, savage, prob. from. L. barbarus. See Barbarous, and cf. Bravo.] 1. Bold; courageous; daring; intrepid; -- opposed to cowardly; as, a brave man; a brave act. 2. Having any sort of superiority or excellence; -- especially such as in conspicuous. [Obs. or Archaic as applied to material things.] Iron is a brave commodity where wood aboundeth. Bacon. It being a brave day, I walked to Whitehall. Pepys. 3. Making a fine show or display. [Archaic] Wear my dagger with the braver grace. Shak. For I have gold, and therefore will be brave. In silks I'll rattle it of every color. Robert Greene. Frog and lizard in holiday coats And turtle brave in his golden spots. Emerson. Syn. -- Courageous; gallant; daring; valiant; valorous; bold; heroic; intrepid; fearless; dauntless; magnanimous; high-spirited; stout- hearted. See Gallant. BRAVE Brave, n. 1. A brave person; one who is daring. The star-spangled banner, O,long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. F. S. Key. 2. Specifically, an Indian warrior. 3. A man daring beyond discretion; a bully. Hot braves like thee may fight. Dryden. 4. A challenge; a defiance; bravado. [Obs.] Demetrius, thou dost overween in all; And so in this, to bear me down with braves. Shak. BRAVE Brave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braved; p. pr. & vb. n. Braving.] 1. To encounter with courage and fortitude; to set at defiance; to defy; to dare. These I can brave, but those I can not bear. Dryden. 2. To adorn; to make fine or showy. [Obs.] Thou [a tailor whom Grunio was browbeating] hast braved meny men; brave not me; I'll neither be faced or braved. Shak. BRAVELY Brave"ly, adv. 1. In a brave manner; courageously; gallantly; valiantly; splendidly; nobly. 2. Finely; gaudily; gayly; showily. And [she] decked herself bravely to allure the eyes of all men that should see her. Judith. x. 4. 3. Well; thrivingly; prosperously. [Colloq.] BRAVENESS Brave"ness, n. Defn: The quality of state or being brave. BRAVERY Brav"er*y, n. Etym: [Cf. F. braverie.] 1. The quality of being brave; fearless; intrepidity. Remember, sir, my liege, . . . The natural bravery of your isle. Shak. 2. The act of braving; defiance; bravado. [Obs.] Reform, then, without bravery or scandal of former times and persons. 3. Splendor; magnificence; showy appearance; ostentation; fine dress. With scarfs and fans and double change of bravery. Shak. Like a stately ship . . . With all her bravery on, and tackle trim. Milton. 4. A showy person; a fine gentleman; a beau. [Obs.] A man that is the bravery of his age. Beau. & Fl. Syn. -- Courage; heroism; interpidity; gallantry; valor; fearlessness; dauntlessness; hardihood; manfulness. See Courage, and Heroism. BRAVING Brav"ing, n. Defn: A bravado; a boast. With so proud a strain Of threats and bravings. Chapman. BRAVINGLY Brav"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a defiant manner. BRAVO Bra"vo, n.; pl. Bravoes. Etym: [I. See Brave, a.] Defn: A daring villain; a bandit; one who sets law at defiance; a professional assassin or murderer. Safe from detection, seize the unwary prey. And stab, like bravoes, all who come this way. Churchill. BRAVO Bra"vo, interj. Etym: [It. See Brave.] Defn: Well done! excellent! an exclamation expressive of applause. BRAVURA Bra*vu"ra, n. Etym: [It., (properly) bravery, spirit, from bravo. See Brave.] (Mus.) Defn: A florid, brilliant style of music, written for effect, to show the range and flexibility of a singer's voice, or the technical force and skill of a performer; virtuoso music. Aria di bravura ( Etym: [It.], a florid air demanding brilliant execution. BRAW Braw, a. [See Brave, a.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 1. Well-dressed; handsome; smart; brave; -- used of persons or their clothing, etc.; as, a braw lad. "A braw new gown." Burns. 2. Good; fine. "A braw night." Sir W. Scott. BRAWL Brawl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brawled; p. pr. & vb. n. Brawling.] Etym: [OE. braulen to quarrel, boast, brallen to cry, make a noise; cf. LG. brallen to brag, MHG. prulen, G. prahlen, F. brailler to cry, shout, Pr. brailar, braillar, W. bragal to vociferate, brag, Armor. bragal to romp, to strut, W. broliaw to brag, brawl boast. 1. To quarrel noisily and outrageously. Let a man that is a man consider that he is a fool that brawleth openly with his wife. Golden Boke. 2. To complain loudly; to scold. 3. To make a loud confused noise, as the water of a rapid stream running over stones. Where the brook brawls along the painful road. Wordsworth. Syn. -- To wrangle; squabble; contend. BRAWL Brawl, n. Defn: A noisy quarrel; loud, angry contention; a wrangle; a tumult; as, a drunken brawl. His sports were hindered by the brawls. Shak . Syn. -- Noise; quarrel; uproar; row; tumult. BRAWLER Brawl"er, n. Defn: One that brawls; wrangler. Common brawler (Law), one who disturbs a neighborhood by brawling (and is therefore indictable at common law as a nuisance). Wharton. BRAWLING Brawl"ing, a. 1. Quarreling; quarrelsome; noisy. She is an irksome brawling scold. Shak. 2. Making a loud confused noise. See Brawl, v. i., 3. A brawling stream. J. S. Shairp. BRAWLINGLY Brawl"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a brawling manner. BRAWN Brawn, n. Etym: [OF. braon fleshy part, muscle, fr. HG. br flesh, G. braten roast meat; akin to Icel. br flesh, food of beasts, AS. brbr to roast, G. braten, and possibly to E. breed.] 1. A muscle; flesh. [Obs.] Formed well of brawns and of bones. Chaucer. 2. Full, strong muscles, esp. of the arm or leg, muscular strength; a protuberant muscular part of the body; sometimes, the arm. Brawn without brains is thine. Dryden. It was ordained that murderers should be brent on the brawn of the left hand. E. Hall. And in my vantbrace put this withered brawn. Shak. 3. The flesh of a boar; also, the salted and prepared flesh of a boar. The best age for the boar is from two to five years, at which time it is best to geld him, or sell him for brawn. Mortimer. 4. A boar. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. BRAWNED Brawned, a. Defn: Brawny; strong; muscular. [Obs.] Spenser. BRAWNER Brawn"er, n. Defn: A boor killed for the table. BRAWNINESS Brawn"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being brawny. BRAWNY Brawn"y, a. Defn: Having large, strong muscles; muscular; fleshy; strong. "Brawny limbs." W. Irving. Syn. -- Muscular; fleshy; strong; bulky; sinewy; athletic; stalwart; powerful; robust. BRAXY Brax"y, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. breac rheum, broc sickness, Ir. bracha corruption. Jamieson.] 1. A disease of sheep. The term is variously applied in different localities. [Scot.] 2. A diseased sheep, or its mutton. BRAY Bray, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Braying.] Etym: [OE. brayen, OF. breier, F. broyer to pound, grind, fr. OHG. brehhan to break. See Break.] Defn: To pound, beat, rub, or grind small or fine. Though thou shouldest bray a fool in a mortar, . . . yet will not his foolishness depart from him. Prov. xxvii. 22. BRAY Bray, v. i. Etym: [OE brayen, F. braire to bray, OF. braire to cry, fr. LL. bragire to whinny; perh. fr. the Celtic and akin to E. break; or perh. of imitative origin.] 1. To utter a loud, harsh cry, as an ass. Laugh, and they Return it louder than an ass can bray. Dryden. 2. To make a harsh, grating, or discordant noise. Heard ye the din of battle bray Gray. BRAY Bray, v. t. Defn: To make or utter with a loud, discordant, or harsh and grating sound. Arms on armor clashing, brayed Horrible discord. MIlton. And varying notes the war pipes brayed. Sir W. Scott. BRAY Bray, n. Defn: The harsh cry of an ass; also, any harsh, grating, or discordant sound. The bray and roar of multitudinous London. Jerrold. BRAY Bray, n. Etym: [OE. braye, brey, brew, eyebrow, brow of a hill, hill, bank, Scot. bra, brae, bray, fr. AS. br eyebrow, influenced by the allied Icel. br eyebrow, bank, also akin to AS. brBrow.] Defn: A bank; the slope of a hill; a hill. See Brae, which is now the usual spelling. [North of Eng. & Scot.] Fairfax. BRAYER Bray"er, n. Defn: An implement for braying and spreading ink in hand printing. BRAYER Bray"er, n. Defn: One that brays like an ass. Pope. BRAYING Bray"ing, a. Defn: Making a harsh noise; blaring. "Braying trumpets." Shak. BRAZE Braze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brazed; p. pr & vb. n. Brazing.] Etym: [F. braser to solder, fr. Icel. brasa to harden by fire. Cf. Brass.] 1. To solder with hard solder, esp. with an alloy of copper and zinc; as, to braze the seams of a copper pipe. 2. To harden. "Now I am brazes to it." Shak. BRAZE Braze, v. t. Etym: [AS. bræsian, fr. bræs brass. See Brass.] Defn: To cover or ornament with brass. Chapman. BRAZEN Bra"zen, a.Etym: [OE. brasen, AS. bræsen. See Brass.] 1. Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, brass. 2. Sounding harsh and loud, like resounding brass. 3. Impudent; immodest; shameless; having a front like brass; as, a brazen countenance. Brazen age. (a) (Myth.) The age of war and lawlessness which succeeded the silver age. (b) (Archæol.) See under Bronze. -- Brazen sea (Jewish Antiq.), a large laver of brass, placed in Solomon's temple for the use of the priests. BRAZEN Bra"zen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brazened; p. pr. & vb. n. Brazening.] Defn: To carry through impudently or shamelessly; as, to brazen the matter through. Sabina brazened it out before Mrs. Wygram, but inwardly she was resolved to be a good deal more circumspect. W. Black. BRAZEN-BROWED Bra"zen-browed`, a. Defn: Shamelessly impudent. Sir T. Browne. BRAZENFACE Bra"zen*face`, n. Defn: An impudent of shameless person. "Well said, brazenface; hold it out." Shak. BRAZENFACED Bra"zen*faced`, a. Defn: Impudent; shameless. BRAZENLY Bra"zen*ly, adv. Defn: In a bold, impudent manner. BRAZENNESS Bra"zen*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being brazen. Johnson. BRAZIER Bra"zier, n. Defn: Same as Brasier. BRAZILETTO Braz`i*let"to, n. Etym: [Cf. Pg. & Sp. brasilete, It. brasiletto.] Defn: See Brazil wood. BRAZILIAN Bra*zil"ian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Brasil. -- n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Brazil. Brazilian pebble. See Pebble, n., 2. BRAZILIN Braz"i*lin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. brésiline. See Brazil.] (Chem.) Defn: A substance contained in both Brazil wood and Sapan wood, from which it is extracted as a yellow crystalline substance which is white when pure. It is colored intensely red by alkalies. [Written also brezilin.] BRAZIL NUT Bra*zil" nut`. (Bot.) Defn: An oily, three-sided nut, the seed of the Bertholletia excelsa; the cream nut. Note: From eighteen to twenty-four of the seed or "nuts" grow in a hard and nearly globular shell. BRAZIL WOOD Bra*zil" wood`. Etym: [OE. brasil, LL. brasile (cf. Pg. & Sp. brasil, Pr. bresil, Pr. bresil); perh. from Sp. or Pg. brasa a live coal (cf. Braze, Brasier); or Ar. vars plant for dyeing red or yellow. This name was given to the wood from its color; and it is said that King Emanuel, of Portugal, gave the name Brazil to the country in South America on account of its producing this wood.] 1. The wood of the oriental Cæsalpinia Sapan; -- so called before the discovery of America. 2. A very heavy wood of a reddish color, imported from Brazil and other tropical countries, for cabinet-work, and for dyeing. The best is the heartwood of Cæsalpinia echinata, a leguminous tree; but other trees also yield it. An interior sort comes from Jamaica, the timber of C. Braziliensis and C. crista. This is often distinguished as Braziletto , but the better kind is also frequently so named. BREACH Breach, n. Etym: [OE. breke, breche, AS. brice, gebrice, gebrece (in comp.), fr. brecan to break; akin to Dan. bræk, MHG. breche, gap, breach. See Break, and cf. Brake (the instrument), Brack a break] . 1. The act of breaking, in a figurative sense. 2. Specifically: A breaking or infraction of a law, or of any obligation or tie; violation; non-fulfillment; as, a breach of contract; a breach of promise. 3. A gap or opening made made by breaking or battering, as in a wall or fortification; the space between the parts of a solid body rent by violence; a break; a rupture. Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more; Or close the wall up with our English dead. Shak. 4. A breaking of waters, as over a vessel; the waters themselves; surge; surf. The Lord hath broken forth upon mine enemies before me, as the breach of waters. 2 Sam. v. 20 A clear breach implies that the waves roll over the vessel without breaking. -- A clean breach implies that everything on deck is swept away. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 5. A breaking up of amicable relations; rupture. There's fallen between him and my lord An unkind breach. Shak. 6. A bruise; a wound. Breach for breach, eye for eye. Lev. xxiv. 20 7. (Med.) Defn: A hernia; a rupture. 8. A breaking out upon; an assault. The Lord had made a breach upon Uzza. 1. Chron. xiii. 11 Breach of falth, a breaking, or a failure to keep, an expressed or implied promise; a betrayal of confidence or trust. -- Breach of peace, disorderly conduct, disturbing the public peace. -- Breach of privilege, an act or default in violation of the privilege or either house of Parliament, of Congress, or of a State legislature, as, for instance, by false swearing before a committee. Mozley. Abbott. - Breach of promise, violation of one's plighted word, esp. of a promise to marry. -- Breach of trust, violation of one's duty or faith in a matter entrusted to one. Syn. -- Rent; cleft; chasm; rift; aperture; gap; break; disruption; fracture; rupture; infraction; infringement; violation; quarrel; dispute; contention; difference; misunderstanding. BREACH Breach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breached ( ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breaching.] Defn: To make a breach or opening in; as, to breach the walls of a city. BREACH Breach, v. i. Defn: To break the water, as by leaping out; -- said of a whale. BREACHY Breach"y, a. Defn: Apt to break fences or to break out of pasture; unruly; as, breachy cattle. BREAD Bread, v. t. Etym: [AS. brædan to make broad, to spread. See Broad, a.] Defn: To spread. [Obs.] Ray. BREAD Bread, n. Etym: [AS. breád; akin to OFries. brad, OS. br, D. brood, G. brod, brot, Icel. brau, Sw. & Dan. bröd. The root is probably that of E. brew. Brew.] 1. An article of food made from flour or meal by moistening, kneading, and baking. Note: Raised bread is made with yeast, salt, and sometimes a little butter or lard, and is mixed with warm milk or water to form the dough, which, after kneading, is given time to rise before baking. -- Cream of tartar bread is raised by the action of an alkaline carbonate or bicarbonate (as saleratus or ammonium bicarbonate) and cream of tartar (acid tartrate of potassium) or some acid. -- Unleavened bread is usually mixed with water and salt only. Aërated bread. See under Aërated. Bread and butter (fig.), means of living. -- Brown bread, Indian bread, Graham bread, Rye and Indian bread. See Brown bread, under Brown. -- Bread tree. See Breadfruit. 2. Food; sustenance; support of life, in general. Give us this day our daily bread. Matt. vi. 11 BREAD Bread, v. t. (Cookery) Defn: To cover with bread crumbs, preparatory to cooking; as, breaded cutlets. BREADBASKET Bread"bas`ket, n. Defn: The stomach. [Humorous] S. Foote. BREADCORN Bread"corn`. Defn: Corn of grain of which bread is made, as wheat, rye, etc. BREADED Bread"ed, a. Defn: Braided [Obs.] Spenser. BREADEN Bread"en, a. Defn: Made of bread. [R.] BREADFRUIT Bread"fruit`, n. (Bot.) 1. The fruit of a tree (Artocarpus incisa) found in the islands of the Pacific, esp. the South Sea islands. It is of a roundish form, from four to six or seven inches in diameter, and, when baked, somewhat resembles bread, and is eaten as food, whence the name. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The tree itself, which is one of considerable size, with large, lobed leaves. Cloth is made from the bark, and the timber is used for many purposes. Called also breadfruit tree and bread tree. BREADLESS Bread"less, a. Defn: Without bread; destitude of food. Plump peers and breadless bards alike are dull. P. Whitehead. BREADROOT Bread`root", n. (Bot.) Defn: The root of a leguminous plant (Psoralea esculenta), found near the Rocky Mountains. It is usually oval in form, and abounds in farinaceous matter, affording sweet and palatable food. Note: It is the Pomme blanche of Canadian voyageurs. BREADSTUFF Bread"stuff, n. Defn: Grain, flour, or meal of which bread is made. BREADTH Breadth, n. Etym: [OE. brede, breede, whence later bredette, AS. brbrad broad. See Broad, a.] 1. Distance from side to side of any surface or thing; measure across, or at right angles to the length; width. 2. (Fine Arts) The quality of having the colors and shadows broad and massive, and the arrangement of objects such as to avoid to great multiplicity of details, producing an impression of largeness and simple grandeur; -- called also breadth of effect. Breadth of coloring is a prominent character in the painting of all great masters. Weale. BREADTHLESS Breadth"less, a. Defn: Without breadth. BREADTHWAYS Breadth"ways, ads. Defn: Breadthwise. Whewell. BREADTHWISE Breadth"wise, ads. Defn: In the direction of the breadth. BREADWINNER Bread"win`ner, n. Defn: The member of a family whose labor supplies the food of the family; one who works for his living. H. Spencer. BREAK Break, v. t. [imp. broke, (Obs. Brake); p. p. Broken (, (Obs. Broke); p. pr. & vb. n. Breaking.] Etym: [OE. breken, AS. brecan; akin to OS. brekan, D. breken, OHG. brehhan, G. brechen, Icel.braka to creak, Sw. braka, bräkka to crack, Dan. brække to break, Goth. brikan to break, L. frangere. Cf. Bray to pound, Breach, Fragile.] 1. To strain apart; to sever by fracture; to divide with violence; as, to break a rope or chain; to break a seal; to break an axle; to break rocks or coal; to break a lock. Shak. 2. To lay open as by breaking; to divide; as, to break a package of goods. 3. To lay open, as a purpose; to disclose, divulge, or communicate. Katharine, break thy mind to me. Shak. 4. To infringe or violate, as an obligation, law, or promise. Out, out, hyena! these are thy wonted arts . . . To break all faith, all vows, deceive, betray. Milton 5. To interrupt; to destroy the continuity of; to dissolve or terminate; as, to break silence; to break one's sleep; to break one's journey. Go, release them, Ariel; My charms I'll break, their senses I'll restore. Shak. 6. To destroy the completeness of; to remove a part from; as, to break a set. 7. To destroy the arrangement of; to throw into disorder; to pierce; as, the cavalry were not able to break the British squares. 8. To shatter to pieces; to reduce to fragments. The victim broke in pieces the musical instruments with which he had solaced the hours of captivity. Prescott. 9. To exchange for other money or currency of smaller denomination; as, to break a five dollar bill. 10. To destroy the strength, firmness, or consistency of; as, to break flax. 11. To weaken or impair, as health, spirit, or mind. An old man, broken with the storms of state. Shak. 12. To diminish the force of; to lessen the shock of, as a fall or blow. I'll rather leap down first, and break your fall. Dryden. 13. To impart, as news or information; to broach; -- with to, and often with a modified word implying some reserve; as, to break the news gently to the widow; to break a purpose cautiously to a friend. 14. To tame; to reduce to subjection; to make tractable; to discipline; as, to break a horse to the harness or saddle. "To break a colt." Spenser. Why, then thou canst not break her to the lute Shak. 15. To destroy the financial credit of; to make bankrupt; to ruin. With arts like these rich Matho, when he speaks, Attracts all fees, and little lawyers breaks. Dryden. 16. To destroy the official character and standing of; to cashier; to dismiss. I see a great officer broken. Swift. Note: With prepositions or adverbs: --To break down. (a) To crush; to overwhelm; as, to break down one's strength; to break down opposition. (b) To remove, or open a way through, by breaking; as, to break down a door or wall. -- To break in. (a) To force in; as, to break in a door. (b) To train; to discipline; as, a horse well broken in. -- To break of, to rid of; to cause to abandon; as, to break one of a habit. -- To break off. (a) To separate by breaking; as, to break off a twig. (b) To stop suddenly; to abandon. "Break off thy sins by righteousness." Dan. iv. 27. -- To break open, to open by breaking. "Open the door, or I will break it open." Shak. -- To break out, to take or force out by breaking; as, to break out a pane of glass. -- To break out a cargo, to unstow a cargo, so as to unload it easily. -- To break through. (a) To make an opening through, as, as by violence or the force of gravity; to pass violently through; as, to break through the enemy's lines; to break through the ice. (b) To disregard; as, to break through the ceremony. -- To break up. (a) To separate into parts; to plow (new or fallow ground). "Break up this capon." Shak. "Break up your fallow ground." Jer. iv. 3. (b) To dissolve; to put an end to. "Break up the court." Shak. -- To break (one) all up, to unsettle or disconcert completely; to upset. [Colloq.] Note: With an immediate object: -To break the back. (a) To dislocate the backbone; hence, to disable totally. (b) To get through the worst part of; as, to break the back of a difficult undertaking. -- To break bulk, to destroy the entirety of a load by removing a portion of it; to begin to unload; also, to transfer in detail, as from boats to cars. -- To break cover, to burst forth from a protecting concealment, as game when hunted. -- To break a deer or stag, to cut it up and apportion the parts among those entitled to a share. -- To break fast, to partake of food after abstinence. See Breakfast. -- To break ground. (a) To open the earth as for planting; to commence excavation, as for building, siege operations, and the like; as, to break ground for a foundation, a canal, or a railroad. (b) Fig.: To begin to execute any plan. (c) (Naut.) To release the anchor from the bottom. -- To break the heart, to crush or overwhelm (one) with grief. -- To break a house (Law), to remove or set aside with violence and a felonious intent any part of a house or of the fastenings provided to secure it. -- To break the ice, to get through first difficulties; to overcome obstacles and make a beginning; to introduce a subject. -- To break jail, to escape from confinement in jail, usually by forcible means. -- To break a jest, to utter a jest. "Patroclus . . . the livelong day break scurril jests." Shak. -- To break joints, to lay or arrange bricks, shingles, etc., so that the joints in one course shall not coincide with those in the preceding course. -- To break a lance, to engage in a tilt or contest. -- To break the neck, to dislocate the joints of the neck. -- To break no squares, to create no trouble. [Obs.] -- To break a path, road, etc., to open a way through obstacles by force or labor. -- To break upon a wheel, to execute or torture, as a criminal by stretching him upon a wheel, and breaking his limbs with an iron bar; -- a mode of punishment formerly employed in some countries. -- To break wind, to give vent to wind from the anus. Syn. -- To dispart; rend; tear; shatter; batter; violate; infringe; demolish; destroy; burst; dislocate. BREAK Break, v. i. 1. To come apart or divide into two or more pieces, usually with suddenness and violence; to part; to burst asunder. 2. To open spontaneously, or by pressure from within, as a bubble, a tumor, a seed vessel, a bag. Else the bottle break, and the wine runneth out. Math. ix. 17. 3. To burst forth; to make its way; to come to view; to appear; to dawn. The day begins to break, and night is fied. Shak. And from the turf a fountain broke, and gurgled at our feet. Wordswoorth. 4. To burst forth violently, as a storm. The clouds are still above; and, while I speak, A second deluge o'er our head may break. Shak. 5. To open up. to be scattered; t be dissipated; as, the clouds are breaking. At length the darkness begins to break. Macawlay. 6. To become weakened in constitution or faculties; to lose health or strength. See how the dean begins to break; Poor gentleman . Swift. 7. To be crushed, or overwhelmed with sorrow or grief; as, my heart is breaking. 8. To fall in business; to become bankrupt. He that puts all upon adventures doth oftentimes break, and come to poverty. Bacn. 9. To make an abrupt or sudden change; to change the gait; as, to break into a run or gallop. 10. To fail in musical quality; as, a singer's voice breaks when it is strained beyond its compass and a tone or note is not completed, but degenerates into an unmusical sound instead. Also, to change in tone, as a boy's voice at puberty. 11. To fall out; to terminate friendship. To break upon the score of danger or expense is to be mean and narrow-spirited. Collier. Note: With prepositions or adverbs: -To break away, to disengage one's self abruptly; to come or go away against resistance. Fear me not, man; I will not break away. Shak. To break down. (a) To come down by breaking; as, the coach broke down. (b) To fail in any undertaking. He had broken down almost at the outset. Thackeray. -- To break forth, to issue; to come out suddenly, as sound, light, etc. "Then shall thy light break forth as the morning." Isa. lviii. 8; Note: often with into in expressing or giving vent to one's feelings. "Break forth into singing, ye mountains." Isa. xliv. 23. To break from, to go away from abruptly. This radiant from the circling crowd he broke. Dryden. -- To break into, to enter by breaking; as, a house. -- To break in upon, to enter or approach violently or unexpectedly. "This, this is he; softly awhile; let us not break in upon him." Milton. -- To break loose. (a) To extricate one's self forcibly. "Who would not, finding way, break loose from hell" Milton. (b) To cast off restraint, as of morals or propriety. -- To break off. (a) To become separated by rupture, or with suddenness and violence. (b) To desist or cease suddenly. "Nay, forward, old man; do not break off so." Shak. -- To break off from, to desist from; to abandon, as a habit. -- To break out. (a) To burst forth; to escape from restraint; to appear suddenly, as a fire or an epidemic. "For in the wilderness shall waters break out, and stream in the desert." Isa. xxxv. 6 (b) To show itself in cutaneous eruptions; -- said of a disease. (c) To have a rash or eruption on the akin; -- said of a patient. -- To break over, to overflow; to go beyond limits. -- To break up. (a) To become separated into parts or fragments; as, the ice break up in the rivers; the wreck will break up in the next storm. (b) To disperse. "The company breaks up." I. Watts. -- To break upon, to discover itself suddenly to; to dawn upon. -- To break with. (a) To fall out; to sever one's relations with; to part friendship. "It can not be the Volsces dare break with us." Shak. "If she did not intend to marry Clive, she should have broken with him altogether." Thackeray. (b) To come to an explanation; to enter into conference; to speak. [Obs.] "I will break with her and with her father." Shak. BREAK Break, n. Etym: [See Break, v. t., and cf. Brake (the instrument), Breach, Brack a crack.] 1. An opening made by fracture or disruption. 2. An interruption of continuity; change of direction; as, a break in a wall; a break in the deck of a ship. Specifically: (a) (Arch.) A projection or recess from the face of a displacement in the circuit, interrupting the electrical current. 3. An interruption; a pause; as, a break in friendship; a break in the conversation. 4. An interruption in continuity in writing or printing, as where there is an omission, an unfilled line, etc. All modern trash is Set forth with numerous breaks and dashes. Swift. 5. The first appearing, as of light in the morning; the dawn; as, the break of day; the break of dawn. 6. A large four-wheeled carriage, having a straight body and calash top, with the driver's seat in front and the footman's behind. 7. A device for checking motion, or for measuring friction. See Brake, n. 9 & 10. 8. (Teleg.) Defn: See Commutator. BREAKABLE Break"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being broken. BREAKAGE Break"age, n. 1. The act of breaking; a break; a breaking; also, articles broken. 2. An allowance or compensation for things broken accidentally, as in transportation or use. BREAKAWAY Break"a*way`, n. [Break + away] [Australasia] 1. Defn: A wild rush of sheep, cattle, horses, or camels (especially at the smell or the sight of water); a stampede. 2. An animal that breaks away from a herd. BREAKBONE FEVER Break"bone` fe`ver. (Med.) Defn: See Dengue. BREAK-CIRCUIT Break"-cir`cuit, n. (Elec.) Defn: A key or other device for breaking an electrical circuit. BREAKDOWN Break"down`, n. 1. The act or result of breaking down, as of a carriage; downfall. 2. (a) A noisy, rapid, shuffling dance engaged in competitively by a number of persons or pairs in succession, as among the colored people of the Southern United States, and so called, perhaps, because the exercise is continued until most of those who take part in it break down. (b) Any rude, noisy dance performed by shuffling the feet, usually by one person at a time. [U.S.] Don't clear out when the quadrilles are over, for we are going to have a breakdown to wind up with. New Eng. Tales. BREAKER Break"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, breaks. I'll be no breaker of the law. Shak. 2. Specifically: A machine for breaking rocks, or for breaking coal at the mines; also, the building in which such a machine is placed. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A small water cask. Totten. 4. A wave breaking into foam against the shore, or against a sand bank, or a rock or reef near the surface. The breakers were right beneath her bows. Longfellow. BREAKFAST Break"fast, n. Etym: [Break + fast.] 1. The first meal in the day, or that which is eaten at the first meal. A sorry breakfast for my lord protector. Shak. 2. A meal after fasting, or food in general. The wolves will get a breakfast by my death. Dryden. BREAKFAST Break"fast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. breakfasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Breakfasting.] Defn: To break one's fast in the morning; too eat the first meal in the day. First, sir, I read, and then I breakfast. Prior. BREAKFAST Break"fast, v. t. Defn: To furnish with breakfast. Milton. BREAKMAN Break"man, n. Defn: See Brakeman. BREAKNECK Break"neck`, n. 1. A fall that breaks the neck. 2. A steep place endangering the neck. BREAKNECK Break"neck`, a. Defn: Producing danger of a broken neck; as, breakneck speed. BREAK-UP Break"-up`, n. Defn: Disruption; a separation and dispersion of the parts or members; as, a break-up of an assembly or dinner party; a break-up of the government. BREAKWATER Break"wa`ter, n. Defn: Any structure or contrivance, as a mole, or a wall at the mouth of a harbor, to break the force of waves, and afford protection from their violence. BREAM Bream, n. Etym: [OE. breme, brem, F. brême, OF. bresme, of German origin; cf. OHG. brahsema, brahsina, OLG. bressemo, G. brassen. Cf. Brasse.] 1. (Zoöl) Defn: A European fresh-water cyprinoid fish of the genus Abramis, little valued as food. Several species are known. 2. (Zoöl) Defn: An American fresh-water fish, of various species of Pomotis and allied genera, which are also called sunfishes and pondfishes. See Pondfish. 3. (Zoöl) Defn: A marine sparoid fish of the genus Pagellus, and allied genera. See Sea Bream. BREAM Bream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Breaming.] Etym: [Cf. Broom, and G. ein schiff brennen.] (Naut.) Defn: To clean, as a ship's bottom of adherent shells, seaweed, etc., by the application of fire and scraping. BREAST Breast, n. Etym: [OE. brest, breost, As. breóst; akin to Icel. brj, Sw. bröst, Dan. bryst, Goth. brusts, OS. briost, D. borst, G. brust.] 1. The fore part of the body, between the neck and the belly; the chest; as, the breast of a man or of a horse. 2. Either one of the protuberant glands, situated on the front of the chest or thorax in the female of man and of some other mammalia, in which milk is secreted for the nourishment of the young; a mammma; a teat. My brother, that sucked the breasts of my mother. Cant. viii. 1. 3. Anything resembling the human breast, or bosom; the front or forward part of anything; as, a chimney breast; a plow breast; the breast of a hill. Mountains on whose barren breast The laboring clouds do often rest. Milton. 4. (Mining) (a) The face of a coal working. (b) The front of a furnace. 5. The seat of consciousness; the repository of thought and self- consciousness, or of secrets; the seat of the affections and passions; the heart. He has a loyal breast. Shak. 6. The power of singing; a musical voice; -- so called, probably, from the connection of the voice with the lungs, which lie within the breast. [Obs.] By my troth, the fool has an excellent breast. Shak. Breast drill, a portable drilling machine, provided with a breastplate, for forcing the drill against the work. -- Breast pang. See Angina pectoris, under Angina. -- To make a clean breast, to disclose the secrets which weigh upon one; to make full confession. BREAST Breast, v. t. [imp. & p. p.Breasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Breasted.] Defn: To meet, with the breast; to struggle with or oppose manfully; as, to breast the storm or waves. The court breasted the popular current by sustaining the demurrer. Wirt. To breast up a hedge, to cut the face of it on one side so as to lay bare the principal upright stems of the plants. BREASTBAND Breast"band`, n. Defn: A band for the breast. Specifically: (Naut.) A band of canvas, or a rope, fastened at both ends to the rigging, to support the man who heaves the lead in sounding. BREASTBEAM Breast"beam`, n. (Mach.) Defn: The front transverse beam of a locomotive. BREASTBONE Breast"bone`, n. Defn: The bone of the breast; the sternum. BREAST-DEEP Breast"-deep`, a. Defn: Deep as from the breast to the feet; as high as the breast. See him breast-deep in earth, and famish him. Shak. BREASTED Breast"ed, a. Defn: Having a breast; -- used in composition with qualifying words, in either a literal or a metaphorical sense; as, a single-breasted coat. The close minister is buttoned up, and the brave officer open- breasted, on these occasions. Spectator. BREASTFAST Breast"fast`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A large rope to fasten the midship part of a ship to a wharf, or to another vessel. BREASTHEIGHT Breast"height`, n. Defn: The interior slope of a fortification, against which the garnison lean in firing. BREAST-HIGH Breast"-high`, a. Defn: High as the breast. BREASTHOOK Breast"hook`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A thick piece of timber in the form of a knee, placed across the stem of a ship to strengthen the fore part and unite the bows on each side. Totten. BREASTING Breast"ing, n. (Mach.) Defn: The curved channel in which a breast wheel turns. It is closely adapted to the curve of the wheel through about a quarter of its circumference, and prevents the escape of the water until it has spent its force upon the wheel. See Breast wheel. BREASTKNOT Breast"knot`, n. Defn: A pin worn of the breast for a fastening, or for ornament; a brooch. BREASTPIN Breast"pin` (brest"pin`), n. Defn: A pin worn on the breast for a fastening, or for ornament; a brooch. BREASTPLATE Breast"plate`, n. 1. A plate of metal covering the breast as defensive armor. Before his old rusty breastplate could be scoured, and his cracked headpiece mended. Swift. 2. A piece against which the workman presses his breast in operating a breast drill, or other similar tool. 3. A strap that runs across a horse's breast. Ash. 4. (Jewish Antiq.) Defn: A part of the vestment of the high priest, worn upon the front of the ephod. It was a double piece of richly embroidered stuff, a span square, set with twelve precious stones, on which were engraved the names of the twelve tribes of Israel. See Ephod. BREASTPLOW; BREASTPLOUGH Breast"plow`, Breast"plough`, n. Defn: A kind of plow, driven by the breast of the workman; -- used to cut or pare turf. BREASTRAIL Breast"rail`, n. Defn: The upper rail of any parapet of ordinary height, as of a balcony; the railing of a quarter-deck, etc. BREASTROPE Breast"rope`, n. Defn: See Breastband. BREASTSUMMER Breast"sum`mer, n. (Arch.) Defn: A summer or girder extending across a building flush with, and supporting, the upper part of a front or external wall; a long lintel; a girder; -- used principally above shop windows. [Written also brestsummer and bressummer.] BREASTWHEEL Breast"wheel`, n. Defn: A water wheel, on which the stream of water strikes neither so high as in the overshot wheel, nor so low as in the undershot, but generally at about half the height of the wheel, being kept in contact with it by the breasting. The water acts on the float boards partly by impulse, partly by its weight. BREASTWORK Breast"work`, n. 1. (Fort.) Defn: A defensive work of moderate height, hastily thrown up, of earth or other material. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A railing on the quarter-deck and forecastle. BREATH Breath, n. Etym: [OE. breth, breeth, AS. br odor, scent, breath; cf. OHG. bradam steam, vapor, breath, G. brodem, and possibly E. Brawn, and Breed.] 1. The air inhaled and exhaled in respiration, air which, in the process of respiration, has parted with oxygen and has received carbonic acid, aqueous vapor, warmth, etc. Melted as breath into the wind. Shak. 2. The act of breathing naturally or freely; the power or capacity to breathe freely; as, I am out of breath. 3. The power of respiration, and hence, life. Hood. Thou takest away their breath, they die. Ps. civ. 29. 4. Time to breathe; respite; pause. Give me some breath, some little pause. Shak. 5. A single respiration, or the time of making it; a single act; an instant. He smiles and he frowns in a breath. Dryden. 6. Fig.: That which gives or strengthens life. The earthquake voice of victory, To thee the breath of life. Byron. 7. A single word; the slightest effort; a triffle. A breath can make them, as a breath has made. Goldsmith. 8. A very slight breeze; air in gentle motion. Calm and unruffled as a summer's sea, when not a breath of wind flies o'er its surface. Addison. 9. Fragrance; exhalation; odor; perfume. Tennison. The breath of flowers. Bacon. 10. Gentle exercise, causing a quicker respiration. An after dinner's breath. Shak. Out of breath, breathless, exhausted; breathing with difficulty. -- Under one's breath, in low tones. BREATHABLE Breath"a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be breathed. BREATHABLENESS Breath"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: State of being breathable. BREATHE Breathe, v. i. [imp. & p. p Breathed; p. pr. & vb. n. Breathing.] Etym: [From Breath.] 1. To respire; to inhale and exhale air; hence;, to live. "I am in health, I breathe." Shak. Breathes there a man with soul so dead Sir W. Scott. 2. To take breath; to rest from action. Well! breathe awhile, and then to it again! Shak. 3. To pass like breath; noiselessly or gently; to exhale; to emanate; to blow gently. The air breathes upon us here most sweetly. Shak. There breathes a living fragrance from the shore. Byron. BREATHE Breathe, v. t. 1. To inhale and exhale in the process of respiration; to respire. To view the light of heaven, and breathe the vital air. Dryden. 2. To inject by breathing; to infuse; -- with into. Able to breathe life into a stone. Shak. And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life. Gen. ii. 7. 3. To emit or utter by the breath; to utter softly; to whisper; as, to breathe a vow. He softly breathed thy name. Dryden. Or let the church, our mother, breathe her curse, A mother's curse, on her revolting son. Shak. 4. To exhale; to emit, as breath; as, the flowers breathe odors or perfumes. 5. To express; to manifest; to give forth. Others articles breathe the same severe spirit. Milner. 6. To act upon by the breath; to cause to sound by breathing. "They breathe the flute." Prior. 7. To promote free respiration in; to exercise. And every man should beat thee. I think thou wast created for men to breathe themselves upon thee. Shak. 8. To suffer to take breath, or recover the natural breathing; to rest; as, to breathe a horse. A moment breathed his panting steed. Sir W. Scott. 9. To put out of breath; to exhaust. Mr. Tulkinghorn arrives in his turret room, a little breathed by the journey up. Dickens. 10. (Phonetics) Defn: To utter without vocality, as the nonvocal consonants. The same sound may be pronounces either breathed, voiced, or whispered. H. Sweet. Breathed elements, being already voiceless, remain unchanged Note: [in whispering]. H. Sweet. To breathe again, to take breath; to feel a sense of relief, as from danger, responsibility, or press of business. -- To breathe one's last, to die; to expire. -- To breathe a vein, to open a vein; to let blood. Dryden. BREATHER Breath"er, n. 1. One who breathes. Hence: (a) One who lives.(b) One who utters. (c) One who animates or inspires. 2. That which puts one out of breath, as violent exercise. [Colloq.] BREATHFUL Breath"ful, a. Defn: Full of breath; full of odor; fragrant. [Obs.] BREATHING Breath"ing, n. 1. Respiration; the act of inhaling and exhaling air. Subject to a difficulty of breathing. Melmoth. 2. Air in gentle motion. 3. Any gentle influence or operation; inspiration; as, the breathings of the Spirit. 4. Aspiration; secret prayer. "Earnest desires and breathings after that blessed state." Tillotson. 5. Exercising; promotion of respiration. Here is a lady that wants breathing too; And I have heard, you knights of Tyre Are excellent in making ladies trip. Shak. 6. Utterance; communication or publicity by words. I am sorry to give breathing to my purpose. Shak. 7. Breathing place; vent. Dryden. 8. Stop; pause; delay. You shake the head at so long a breathing. Shak. 9. Also, in a wider sense, the sound caused by the friction of the outgoing breath in the throat, mouth, etc., when the glottis is wide open; aspiration; the sound expressed by the letter h. 10. (Gr. Gram.) Defn: A mark to indicate aspiration or its absence. See Rough breathing, Smooth breathing, below. Breathing place. (a) A pause. "That cæsura, or breathing place, in the midst of the verse." Sir P. Sidney. (b) A vent. -- Breathing time, pause; relaxation. Bp. Hall. -- Breathing while, time sufficient for drawing breath; a short time. Shak. -- Rough breathing (spiritus asper) (. See 2d Asper, n. -- Smooth breathing (spiritus lenis), a mark (') indicating the absence of the sound of h, as in 'ie`nai (ienai). BREATHLESS Breath"less, a. 1. Spent with labor or violent action; out of breath. 2. Not breathing; holding the breath, on account of fear, expectation, or intense interest; attended with a holding of the breath; as, breathless attention. But breathless, as we grow when feeling most. Byron. 3. Dead; as, a breathless body. BREATHLESSLY Breath"less*ly, adv. Defn: In a breathless manner. BREATHLESSNESS Breath"less*ness, n. Defn: The state of being breathless or out of breath. BRECCIA Brec"cia, n. Etym: [It., breach, pebble, fragments of stone, fr. F. brèche; of German origin. See Breach.] (Geol.) Defn: A rock composed of angular fragments either of the same mineral or of different minerals, etc., united by a cement, and commonly presenting a variety of colors. Bone breccia, a breccia containing bones, usually fragmentary. -- Coin breccia, a breccia containing coins. BRECCIATED Brec"ci*a`ted, a. Defn: Consisting of angular fragments cemented together; resembling breccia in appearance. The brecciated appearance of many specimens [of meteorites]. H. A. Newton. BRED Bred, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Breed. Bred out, degenerated. "The strain of man's bred out into baboon and monkey." Shak. -- Bred to arms. See under Arms. -- Well bred. (a) Of a good family; having a good pedigree. "A gentleman well bred and of good name." Shak. [Obs., except as applied to domestic animals.] (b) Well brought up, as shown in having good manners; cultivated; refined; polite. BREDE; BREEDE Brede, or Breede, n. Defn: Breadth. [Obs.] Chaucer. BREDE Brede, n. Etym: [See Braid woven cord.] Defn: A braid. [R.] Half lapped in glowing gauze and golden brede. Tennyson. BREECH Breech, n. Etym: [See Breeches.] 1. The lower part of the body behind; the buttocks. 2. Breeches. [Obs.] Shak. 3. The hinder part of anything; esp., the part of a cannon, or other firearm, behind the chamber. 4. (Naut.) Defn: The external angle of knee timber, the inside of which is called the throat. BREECH Breech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breeched; p. pr. & vb. n. Breeching.] 1. To put into, or clothe with, breeches. A great man . . . anxious to know whether the blacksmith's youngest boy was breeched. Macaulay. 2. To cover as with breeches. [Poetic] Their daggers unmannerly breeched with gore. Shak. 3. To fit or furnish with a breech; as, to breech a gun. 4. To whip on the breech. [Obs.] Had not a courteous serving man conveyed me away, whilst he went to fetch whips, I think, in my conscience, he would have breeched me. Old Play. 5. To fasten with breeching. BREECH ACTION Breech action. Defn: The breech mechanism in breech-loading small arms and certain special guns, as automatic and machine guns; --used frequently in referring to the method by which the movable barrels of breech- loading shotguns are locked, unlocked, or rotated to loading position. BREECHBLOCK Breech"block, n. Defn: The movable piece which closes the breech of a breech-loading firearm, and resists the backward force of the discharge. It is withdrawn for the insertion of a cartridge, and closed again before the gun is fired. BREECHCLOTH Breech"cloth`, n. Defn: A cloth worn around the breech. BREECHES Breech"es, n. pl. Etym: [OE. brech, brek, AS. brek, pl. of broc breech, breeches; akin to Icel. brok breeches, ODan. brog, D. broek, G. bruch; cf. L. bracae, braccae, which is of Celtic origin. Cf. Brail.] 1. A garment worn by men, covering the hips and thighs; smallclothes. His jacket was red, and his breeches were blue. Coleridge. 2. Trousers; pantaloons. [Colloq.] Breeches buoy, in the life-saving service, a pair of canvas breeches depending from an annular or beltlike life buoy which is usually of cork. This contrivance, inclosing the person to be rescued, is hung by short ropes from a block which runs upon the hawser stretched from the ship to the shore, and is drawn to land by hauling lines. -- Breeches pipe, a forked pipe forming two branches united at one end. -- Knee breeches, breeches coming to the knee, and buckled or fastened there; smallclothes. -- To wear the breeches, to usurp the authority of the husband; -- said of a wife. [Colloq.] BREECHING Breech"ing, n. 1. A whipping on the breech, or the act of whipping on the breech. I view the prince with Aristarchus' eyes, Whose looks were as a breeching to a boy. Marlowe. 2. That part of a harness which passes round the breech of a horse, enabling him to hold back a vehicle. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A strong rope rove through the cascabel of a cannon and secured to ringbolts in the ship's side, to limit the recoil of the gun when it is discharged. 4. The sheet iron casing at the end of boilers to convey the smoke from the flues to the smokestack. BREECHLOADER Breech"load`er, n. Defn: A firearm which receives its load at the breech. For cavalry, the revolver and breechloader will supersede the saber. Rep. Sec. War (1860). BREECH-LOADING Breech"-load`ing, a. Defn: Receiving the charge at the breech instead of at the muzzle. BREECH PIN; BREECH SCREW Breech" pin`, Breech" screw`. Defn: A strong iron or steel plug screwed into the breech of a musket or other firearm, to close the bottom of the bore. BREECH SIGHT Breech" sight`. Defn: A device attached to the breech of a firearm, to guide the eye, in conjunction with the front sight, in taking aim. BREED Breed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bred; p. pr. & vb. n. Breeding.] Etym: [OE. breden, AS. bredan to nourish, cherish, keep warm, from brod brood; akin to D. broeden to brood, OHG. bruoten, G. brüten. See Brood.] 1. To produce as offspring; to bring forth; to bear; to procreate; to generate; to beget; to hatch. Yet every mother breeds not sons alike. Shak. If the sun breed maggots in a dead dog. Shak. 2. To take care of in infancy, and through the age of youth; to bring up; to nurse and foster. To bring thee forth with pain, with care to breed. Dryden. Born and bred on the verge of the wilderness. Everett. 3. To educate; to instruct; to form by education; to train; -- sometimes followed by up. But no care was taken to breed him a Protestant. Bp. Burnet. His farm may not remove his children too far from him, or the trade he breeds them up in. Locke. 4. To engender; to cause; to occasion; to originate; to produce; as, to breed a storm; to breed disease. Lest the place And my quaint habits breed astonishment. Milton. 5. To give birth to; to be the native place of; as, a pond breeds fish; a northern country breeds stout men. 6. To raise, as any kind of stock. 7. To produce or obtain by any natural process. [Obs.] Children would breed their teeth with less danger. Locke. Syn. -- To engender; generate; beget; produce; hatch; originate; bring up; nourish; train; instruct. BREED Breed, v. i. 1. To bear and nourish young; to reproduce or multiply itself; to be pregnant. That they breed abundantly in the earth. Gen. viii. 17. The mother had never bred before. Carpenter. Ant. Is your gold and silver ewes and rams Shy. I can not tell. I make it breed as fast. Shak. 2. To be formed in the parent or dam; to be generated, or to grow, as young before birth. 3. To have birth; to be produced or multiplied. Heavens rain grace On that which breeds between them. Shak. 4. To raise a breed; to get progeny. The kind of animal which you wish to breed from. Gardner. To breed in and in, to breed from animals of the same stock that are closely related. BREED Breed, n. 1. A race or variety of men or other animals (or of plants), perpetuating its special or distinctive characteristics by inheritance. Twice fifteen thousand hearts of England's breed. Shak. Greyhounds of the best breed. Carpenter. 2. Class; sort; kind; -- of men, things, or qualities. Are these the breed of wits so wondered at Shak. This courtesy is not of the right breed. Shak. 3. A number produced at once; a brood. [Obs.] Note: Breed is usually applied to domestic animals; species or variety to wild animals and to plants; and race to men. BREEDBATE Breed"bate, n. Defn: One who breeds or originates quarrels. [Obs.] "No telltale nor no breedbate." Shak. BREEDER Breed"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, breeds, produces, brings up, etc. She was a great breeder. Dr. A. Carlyle. Italy and Rome have been the best breeders of worthy men. Ascham. 2. A cause. "The breeder of my sorrow." Shak. BREEDING Breed"ing, n. 1. The act or process of generating or bearing. 2. The raising or improving of any kind of domestic animals; as, farmers should pay attention to breeding. 3. Nurture; education; formation of manners. She had her breeding at my father's charge. Shak. 4. Deportment or behavior in the external offices and decorums of social life; manners; knowledge of, or training in, the ceremonies, or polite observances of society. Delicacy of breeding, or that polite deference and respect which civility obliges us either to express or counterfeit towards the persons with whom we converse. Hume. 5. Descent; pedigree; extraction. [Obs.] Honest gentlemen, I know not your breeding. Shak. Close breeding, In and in breeding, breeding from a male and female from the same parentage. -- Cross breeding, breeding from a male and female of different lineage. -- Good breeding, politeness; genteel deportment. Syn. -- Education; instruction; nurture; training; manners. See Education. BREEZE; BREEZE FLY Breeze, Breeze" fly` (, n. Etym: [OE. brese, AS. briósa; perh. akin to OHG. brimissa, G. breme, bremse, D. brems, which are akin to G. brummen to growl, buzz, grumble, L. fremere to murmur; cf. G. brausen, Sw. brusa, Dan. bruse, to roar, rush.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fly of various species, of the family Tabanidæ, noted for buzzing about animals, and tormenting them by sucking their blood; -- called also horsefly, and gadfly. They are among the largest of two- winged or dipterous insects. The name is also given to different species of botflies. [Written also breese and brize.] BREEZE Breeze, n. Etym: [F. brise; akin to It. brezza breeze, Sp. briza, brisa, a breeze from northeast, Pg. briza northeast wind; of uncertain origin; cf. F. bise, Pr. bisa, OHG. bisa, north wind, Arm. biz northeast wind.] 1. A light, gentle wind; a fresh, soft-blowing wind. Into a gradual calm the breezes sink. Wordsworth. 2. An excited or ruffed state of feeling; a flurry of excitement; a disturbance; a quarrel; as, the discovery produced a breeze. [Colloq.] Land breeze, a wind blowing from the land, generally at night. -- Sea breeze, a breeze or wind blowing, generally in the daytime, from the sea. BREEZE Breeze, n. Etym: [F. braise cinders, live coals. See Brasier.] 1. Refuse left in the process of making coke or burning charcoal. 2. (Brickmaking) Defn: Refuse coal, coal ashes, and cinders, used in the burning of bricks. BREEZE Breeze, v. i. Defn: To blow gently. [R.] J. Barlow. To breeze up (Naut.), to blow with increasing freshness. BREEZELESS Breeze"less, a. Defn: Motionless; destitute of breezes. A stagnant, breezeless air becalms my soul. Shenstone. BREEZINESS Breez"i*ness, n. Defn: State of being breezy. BREEZY Breez"y, a. 1. Characterized by, or having, breezes; airy. "A breezy day in May." Coleridge. 'Mid lawns and shades by breezy rivulets fanned. Wordsworth. 2. Fresh; brisk; full of life. [Colloq.] BREGMA Breg"ma, n. Etym: [Gr. bregma.] (Anat.) Defn: The point of junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures of the skull. BREGMATIC Breg*mat"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the bregma. BREHON Bre"hon, n. Etym: [Ir. breitheamh judge.] Defn: An ancient Irish or Scotch judge. Brehon laws, the ancient Irish laws, -- unwritten, like the common law of England. They were abolished by statute of Edward III. BRELAN Bre*lan", n. [F.] (Card Playing) (a) A French gambling game somewhat like poker. (b) In French games, a pair royal, or triplet. BRELAN CARRE Bre*lan" car`re". [F. carré square.] (Card Playing) Defn: In French games, a double pair royal. BRELAN FAVORI Bre*lan" fa`vo`ri". [F. favori favorite.] (Card Playing) Defn: In French games, a pair royal composed of 2 cards in the hand and the card turned. BRELOQUE Bre*loque", n. [F.] Defn: A seal or charm for a watch chain. "His chains and breloques." Thackeray. BREME Breme, a. Etym: [OE. breme, brime, fierce, impetuous, glorious, AS. breme, br, famous. Cf. Brim, a.] 1. Fierce; sharp; severe; cruel. [Obs.] Spenser. From the septentrion cold, in the breme freezing air. Drayton. 2. Famous; renowned; well known. Wright. [Written also brim and brimme.] BREN; BRENNE Bren, Bren"ne, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Brent (p. pr. & vb. n. Brenning.] Etym: [See Burn.] Defn: To burn. [Obs.] Chaucer. Consuming fire brent his shearing house or stall. W. Browne. BREN Bren, n. Defn: Bran. [Obs.] Chaucer. BRENNAGE Bren"nage, n. Etym: [OF. brenage; cf. LL. brennagium, brenagium. See Bran.] (Old Eng. Law) Defn: A tribute which tenants paid to their lord, in lieu of bran, which they were obliged to furnish for his hounds. BRENNINGLY Bren"ning*ly, adv. Defn: Burningly; ardently. [Obs.] BRENT; BRANT Brent, Brant, a. Etym: [AS. brant; akin to Dan. brat, Icel. brattr, steep.] 1. Steep; high. [Obs.] Grapes grow on the brant rocks so wonderfully that ye will marvel how any man dare climb up to them. Ascham. 2. Smooth; unwrinkled. [Scot.] Your bonnie brow was brent. Burns. BRENT Brent, imp. & p.p. Defn: of Bren. Burnt. [Obs.] BRENT Brent, n. Etym: [Cf. Brant.] Defn: A brant. See Brant. BREQUET CHAIN Breq"uet chain`. Defn: A watch-guard. BRERE Brere, n. Defn: A brier. [Archaic] Chaucer. BREST Brest, 3d sing.pr. Defn: for Bursteth. [Obs.] BREST; BREAST Brest, Breast, n. (Arch.) Defn: A torus. [Obs.] BRESTE Bres"te, v. t. & i. [imp. Brast; p. p. Brusten, Borsten, Bursten.] Defn: To burst. [Obs.] Chaucer. BRESTSUMMER Brest"sum`mer, n. Defn: See Breastsummer. BRET Bret, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Birt. BRETFUL Bret"ful, a. Etym: [OE. also brerdful, fr. brerd top, brim, AS. brerd.] Defn: Brimful. [Obs.] Chaucer. BRETHREN Breth"ren, n.; Defn: pl. of Brother. Note: This form of the plural is used, for the most part, in solemn address, and in speaking of religious sects or fraternities, or their members. BRETON Bret"on, a. Etym: [F. breton.] Defn: Of or relating to Brittany, or Bretagne, in France. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Brittany, or Bretagne, in France; also, the ancient language of Brittany; Armorican. BRETT Brett, n. Defn: Same as Britzska. BRETTICE Bret"tice, n.; pl. Brettices. Etym: [OE. bretasce, bretage, parapet, OF. bretesche wooden tower, F. bretèche, LL. breteschia, bertresca, prob. fr. OHG. bret, G. brett board; akin to E. board. See Board, n., and cf. Bartizan.] Defn: The wooden boarding used in supporting the roofs and walls of coal mines. See Brattice. BRETWALDA Bret"wal*da, n. Etym: [AS. Bretwalda, br, a powerful ruler.] (Eng. Hist.) Defn: The official title applied to that one of the Anglo-Saxon chieftains who was chosen by the other chiefs to lead them in their warfare against the British tribes. Brande & C. BRETZEL Bret"zel, n. Etym: [G.] Defn: See Pretzel. BREVE Breve, n. Etym: [It. & (in sense 2) LL. breve, fr. L. brevis short. See Brief.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A note or character of time, equivalent to two semibreves or four minims. When dotted, it is equal to three semibreves. It was formerly of a square figure (as thus: Moore. 2. (Law) Defn: Any writ or precept under seal, issued out of any court. 3. (Print.) Defn: A curved mark [˘] used commonly to indicate the short quantity of a vowel. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The great ant thrush of Sumatra (Pitta gigas), which has a very short tail. BREVET Bre*vet", n. Etym: [F. brevet, LL. brevetum, fr. L. brevis short. See Brief.] 1. A warrant from the government, granting a privilege, title, or dignity. [French usage]. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A commission giving an officer higher rank than that for which he receives pay; an honorary promotion of an officer. Note: In the United States army, rank by brevet is conferred, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for "gallant actions or meritorious services." A brevet rank gives no right of command in the particular corps to which the officer brevetted belongs, and can be exercised only by special assignment of the President, or on court martial, and detachments composed of different corps, with pay of the brevet rank when on such duty. BREVET Bre*vet", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brevetted (; p. pr. & vb. n. Brevetting.] (Mil.) Defn: To confer rank upon by brevet. BREVET Bre*vet", a. (Mil.) Defn: Taking or conferring rank by brevet; as, a brevet colonel; a brevet commission. BREVETCY Bre*vet"cy, n.; pl. Brevetcies (. (Mil.) Defn: The rank or condition of a brevet officer. BREVIARY Bre"vi*a*ry, n.; pl. Breviaries (. Etym: [F. bréviarie, L. breviarium summary, abridgment, neut. noun fr. breviarius abridged, fr. brevis short. See Brief, and cf. Brevier.] 1. An abridgment; a compend; an epitome; a brief account or summary. A book entitled the abridgment or breviary of those roots that are to be cut up or gathered. Holland. 2. A book containing the daily public or canonical prayers of the Roman Catholic or of the Greek Church for the seven canonical hours, namely, matins and lauds, the first, third, sixth, and ninth hours, vespers, and compline; -- distinguished from the missal. BREVIATE Bre"vi*ate, n. Etym: [L. breviatus, p.p. of breviare to shorten, brevis short.] 1. A short compend; a summary; a brief statement. I omit in this breviate to rehearse. Hakluyt. The same little breviates of infidelity have . . . been published and dispersed with great activity. Bp. Porteus. 2. A lawyer's brief. [R.] Hudibras. BREVIATE Bre"vi*ate, v. t. Defn: To abbreviate. [Obs.] BREVIATURE Bre"vi*a*ture, n. Defn: An abbreviature; an abbreviation. [Obs.] Johnson. BREVIER Bre*vier", n. Etym: [Prob. from being originally used in printing a breviary. See Breviary.] (Print.) Defn: A size of type between bourgeous and minion. Note: This line is printed in brevier type. BREVILOQUENCE Bre*vil"o*quence, n. Etym: [L. breviloquentia.] Defn: A brief and pertinent mode of speaking. [R.] BREVIPED Brev"i*ped, a. Etym: [L. brevis short + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. brévipède.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having short legs. -- n. Defn: A breviped bird. BREVIPEN Brev"i*pen, n. Etym: [L. brevis short + penna wing: cf. F. brévipenne.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A brevipennate bird. BREVIPENNATE Brev`i*pen"nate, a. Etym: [L. brevis short + E. pennate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Short-winged; -- applied to birds which can not fly, owing to their short wings, as the ostrich, cassowary, and emu. BREVIROSTRAL; BREVIROSTRATE Brev`i*ros"tral, Brev`i*ros"trate, a. Etym: [L. brevis short + E. rostral, rostrate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Short-billed; having a short beak. BREVITY Brev"i*ty, n.; pl. Brevities. Etym: [L. brevitas, fr. brevis short: cf. F. brièvité. See Brief.] 1. Shortness of duration; briefness of time; as, the brevity of human life. 2. Contraction into few words; conciseness. Brevity is the soul of wit. Shak. This argument is stated by St. John with his usual elegant brevity and simplicity. Bp. Porteus. Syn. -- Shortness; conciseness; succinctness; terseness. BREW Brew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Brewing.] Etym: [OE. brewen, AS. breówan; akin to D. brouwen, OHG. priuwan, MHG. briuwen, br, G. brauen, Icel. brugga, Sw. brygga, Dan. brygge, and perh. to L. defrutum must boiled down, Gr. to prepare by heat. sq. root93. Cf. Broth, Bread.] 1. To boil or seethe; to cook. [Obs.] 2. To prepare, as beer or other liquor, from malt and hops, or from other materials, by steeping, boiling, and fermentation. "She brews good ale." Shak. 3. To prepare by steeping and mingling; to concoct. Go, brew me a pottle of sack finely. Shak. 4. To foment or prepare, as by brewing; to contrive; to plot; to concoct; to hatch; as, to brew mischief. Hence with thy brewed enchantments, foul deceiver! Milton. BREW Brew, v. i. 1. To attend to the business, or go through the processes, of brewing or making beer. I wash, wring, brew, bake, scour. Shak. 2. To be in a state of preparation; to be mixing, forming, or gathering; as, a storm brews in the west. There is some ill a-brewing towards my rest. Shak. BREW Brew, n. Defn: The mixture formed by brewing; that which is brewed. Bacon. BREWAGE Brew"age, n. Defn: Malt liquor; drink brewed. "Some well-spiced brewage." Milton. A rich brewage, made of the best Spanish wine. Macaulay. BREWER Brew"er, n. Defn: One who brews; one whose occupation is to prepare malt liquors. BREWERY Brew"er*y, n. Defn: A brewhouse; the building and apparatus where brewing is carried on. BREWHOUSE Brew"house`, n. Defn: A house or building appropriated to brewing; a brewery. BREWING Brew"ing, n. 1. The act or process of preparing liquors which are brewed, as beer and ale. 2. The quantity brewed at once. A brewing of new beer, set by old beer. Bacon. 3. A mixing together. I am not able to avouch anything for certainty, such a brewing and sophistication of them they make. Holland. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A gathering or forming of a storm or squall, indicated by thick, dark clouds. BREWIS Brew"is, n. Etym: [OE. brewis, brouwys, browesse, brewet, OF. brouet, -s being the OF. ending of the nom. sing. and acc. pl.; dim. of OHG. brod. sq. root93. See Broth, and cf. Brose.] 1. Broth or pottage. [Obs.] Let them of their Bonner's "beef" and "broth" make what brewis they please for their credulous guests. Bp. Hall. 2. Bread soaked in broth, drippings of roast meat, milk, or water and butter. BREWSTERITE Brews"ter*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Sir David Brewster.] Defn: A rare zeolitic mineral occurring in white monoclinic crystals with pearly luster. It is a hydrous silicate of aluminia, baryta, and strontia. BREZILIN Brez"i*lin, n. Defn: See Brazilin. BRIAR Bri"ar, n. Defn: Same as Brier. BRIAREAN Bri*a"re*an, a. Etym: [L. Briareius, fr. Briareus a mythological hundred-handed giant, Gr. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, Briareus, a giant fabled to have a hundred hands; hence, hundred-handed or many-handed. BRIBABLE Brib"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being bribed. A more bribable class of electors. S. Edwards. BRIBE Bribe, n. Etym: [F. bribe a lump of bread, scraps, leavings of meals (that are generally given to a beggar), LL. briba scrap of bread; cf. OF. briber, brifer, to eat gluttonously, to beg, and OHG. bilibi food.] 1. A gift begged; a present. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A price, reward, gift, or favor bestowed or promised with a view to prevent the judgment or corrupt the conduct of a judge, witness, voter, or other person in a position of trust. Undue reward for anything against justice is a bribe. Hobart. 3. That which seduces; seduction; allurement. Not the bribes of sordid wealth can seduce to leave these everAkenside. BRIBE Bribe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bribed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bribing.] 1. To rob or steal. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To give or promise a reward or consideration to (a judge, juror, legislator, voter, or other person in a position of trust) with a view to prevent the judgment or corrupt the conduct; to induce or influence by a bribe; to give a bribe to. Neither is he worthy who bribes a man to vote against his conscience. F. W. Robertson. 3. To gain by a bribe; of induce as by a bribe. BRIBE Bribe, v. i. 1. To commit robbery or theft. [Obs.] 2. To give a bribe to a person; to pervert the judgment or corrupt the action of a person in a position of trust, by some gift or promise. An attempt to bribe, though unsuccessful, has been holden to be criminal, and the offender may be indicted. Bouvier. The bard may supplicate, but cannot bribe. Goldsmith. BRIBELESS Bribe"less, a. Defn: Incapable of being bribed; free from bribes. From thence to heaven's bribeless hall. Sir W. Raleigh. BRIBER Brib"er, n. 1. A thief. [Obs.] Lydgate. 2. One who bribes, or pays for corrupt practices. 3. That which bribes; a bribe. His service . . . were a sufficient briber for his life. Shak. BRIBERY Brib"er*y, n.; pl. Briberies. Etym: [OE. brybery rascality, OF. briberie. See Bribe, n.] 1. Robbery; extortion. [Obs.] 2. The act or practice of giving or taking bribes; the act of influencing the official or political action of another by corrupt inducements. Bribery oath, an oath taken by a person that he has not been bribed as to voting. [Eng.] BRIC-A BRAC; BRIC-A-BRAC; BRIC A BRAC Bric"-a brac`, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Miscellaneous curiosities and works of decorative art, considered collectively. A piece of bric-a-brac, any curious or antique article of virtu, as a piece of antiquated furniture or metal work, or an odd knickknack. BRICK Brick, n. Etym: [OE. brik, F. brique; of Ger. origin; cf. AS. brice a breaking, fragment, Prov. E. brique piece, brique de pain, equiv. to AS. hlafes brice, fr. the root of E. break. See Break.] 1. A block or clay tempered with water, sand, etc., molded into a regular form, usually rectangular, and sun-dried, or burnt in a kiln, or in a heap or stack called a clamp. The Assyrians appear to have made much less use of bricks baked in the furnace than the Babylonians. Layard. 2. Bricks, collectively, as designating that kind of material; as, a load of brick; a thousand of brick. Some of Palladio's finest examples are of brick. Weale. 3. Any oblong rectangular mass; as, a brick of maple sugar; a penny brick (of bread). 4. A good fellow; a merry person; as, you 're a brick. [Slang] "He 's a dear little brick." Thackeray. To have a brick in one's hat, to be drunk. [Slang] Note: Brick is used adjectively or in combination; as, brick wall; brick clay; brick color; brick red. Brick clay, clay suitable for, or used in making, bricks. -- Brick dust, dust of pounded or broken bricks. -- Brick earth, clay or earth suitable for, or used in making, bricks. -- Brick loaf, a loaf of bread somewhat resembling a brick in shape. -- Brick nogging (Arch.), rough brickwork used to fill in the spaces between the uprights of a wooden partition; brick filling. -- Brick tea, tea leaves and young shoots, or refuse tea, steamed or mixed with fat, etc., and pressed into the form of bricks. It is used in Northern and Central Asia. S. W. Williams. -- Brick trimmer (Arch.), a brick arch under a hearth, usually within the thickness of a wooden floor, to guard against accidents by fire. -- Brick trowel. See Trowel. -- Brick works, a place where bricks are made. -- Bath brick. See under Bath, a city. -- Pressed brick, bricks which, before burning, have been subjected to pressure, to free them from the imperfections of shape and texture which are common in molded bricks. BRICK Brick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bricked; p. pr. & vb. n. Bricking.] 1. To lay or pave with bricks; to surround, line, or construct with bricks. 2. To imitate or counterfeit a brick wall on, as by smearing plaster with red ocher, making the joints with an edge tool, and pointing them. To brick up, to fill up, inclose, or line, with brick. BRICKBAT Brick"bat`, n. Defn: A piece or fragment of a brick. See Bat, 4. Bacon. BRICKFIELDER Brick"field`er, n. [Australia] 1. Defn: Orig., at Sydney, a cold and violent south or southwest wind, rising suddenly, and regularly preceded by a hot wind from the north; -- now usually called southerly buster. It blew across the Brickfields, formerly so called, a district of Sydney, and carried clouds of dust into the city. 2. By confusion, a midsummer hot wind from the north. BRICKKILN Brick"kiln`, n. Defn: A kiln, or furnace, in which bricks are baked or burnt; or a pile of green bricks, laid loose, with arches underneath to receive the wood or fuel for burning them. BRICKLAYER Brick"lay`er, n. Etym: [Brick + lay.] Defn: One whose pccupation is to build with bricks. Bricklayer's itch. See under Itch. BRICKLAYING Brick"lay`ing, n. Defn: The art of building with bricks, or of uniting them by cement or mortar into various forms; the act or occupation of laying bricks. BRICKLE Bric"kle, a. Etym: [OE. brekil, brokel, bruchel, fr. AS. brecan, E. break. Cf. Brittle.] Defn: Brittle; easily broken. [Obs. or Prov.] Spenser. As stubborn steel excels the brickle glass. Turbervile. BRICKLENESS Bric"kle*ness, n. Defn: Brittleness. [Obs.] BRICKMAKER Brick"mak`er, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to make bricks. -- Brick"mak*ing, n. BRICKWORK Brick"work`, n. 1. Anything made of bricks. Niches in brickwork form the most difficult part of the bricklayer's art. Tomlinson. 2. The act of building with or laying bricks. BRICKY Brick"y, a. Defn: Full of bricks; formed of bricks; resembling bricks or brick dust. [R.] Spenser. BRICKYARD Brick"yard`, n. Defn: A place where bricks are made, especially an inclosed place. BRICOLE Bri*cole", n. Etym: [F.] (Mil.) Defn: A kind of traces with hooks and rings, with which men drag and maneuver guns where horses can not be used. BRID Brid, n. Defn: A bird. [Obs.] Chaucer. BRIDAL Brid"al, a. Etym: [From Bride. Cf. Bridal, n.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a bride, or to wedding; nuptial; as, bridal ornaments; a bridal outfit; a bridal chamber. BRIDAL Brid"al, n. Etym: [OE. bridale, brudale, AS. br brideale, bridal feast. See Bride, and Ale, 2.] Defn: A nuptia; festival or ceremony; a marriage. Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright, The bridal of the earth and sky. Herbert. BRIDALTY Brid"al*ty, n. Defn: Celebration of the nuptial feast. [Obs.] "In honor of this bridalty." B. Jonson. BRIDE Bride, n. Etym: [OE. bride, brid, brude, brud, burd, AS. br; akin to OFries. breid, OSax. br, D. bruid, OHG. pr, br, G. braut, Icel. br, Sw. & Dan. brud, Goth. br33s; cf. Armor. pried spouse, W. priawd a married person.] 1. A woman newly married, or about to be married. Has by his own experience tried How much the wife is dearer than the bride. Lyttleton. I will show thee the bride, the Lamb's wife. Rev. xxi. 9. 2. Fig.: An object ardently loved. Bride of the sea, the city of Venice. BRIDE Bride, v. t. Defn: To make a bride of. [Obs.] BRIDE-ALE Bride"-ale`, n. Etym: [See Bridal.] Defn: A rustic wedding feast; a bridal. See Ale. The man that 's bid to bride-ale, if he ha' cake, And drink enough, he need not fear his stake. B. Jonson. BRIDEBED Bride"bed`, n. Defn: The marriage bed. [Poetic] BRIDECAKE Bride"cake`, n. Defn: Rich or highly ornamented cake, to be distributed to the guests at a wedding, or sent to friends after the wedding. BRIDECHAMBER Bride"cham`ber, n. Defn: The nuptial appartment. Matt. ix. 15. BRIDEGROOM Bride"groom`, n. Etym: [OE. bridegome, brudgume, AS. br (akin to OS. br, D. bruidegom, bruigom, OHG. pr, MHG. briutegome, G. bräutigam); AS. br bride + guma man, akin to Goth. guma, Icel. gumi, OHG. gomo, L. homo; the insertion of r being caused by confusion with groom. See Bride, and cf. Groom, Homage.] Defn: A man newly married, or just about to be married. BRIDEKNOT Bride"knot`, n. Defn: A knot of ribbons worn by a guest at a wedding; a wedding favor. [Obs.] BRIDEMAID; BRIDEMAN Bride"maid`, n., Bride"man (, n. Defn: See Bridesmaid, Bridesman. BRIDESMAID Brides"maid`, n. Defn: A female friend who attends on a bride at her wedding. BRIDESMAN Brides"man, n.; pl. Bridesmen (. Defn: A male friend who attends upon a bridegroom and bride at their marriage; the "best man." Sir W. Scott. BRIDESTAKE Bride"stake`, n. Defn: A stake or post set in the ground, for guests at a wedding to dance round. Divide the broad bridecake Round about the bridestake. B. Jonson. BRIDEWELL Bride"well, n. Defn: A house of correction for the confinement of disorderly persons; -- so called from a hospital built in 1553 near St. Bride's (or Bridget's) well, in London, which was subsequently a penal workhouse. BRIDGE Bridge, n. Etym: [OE. brig, brigge, brug, brugge, AS. brycg, bricg; akin to Fries. bregge, D. brug, OHG. bruccu, G. brücke, Icel. bryggja pier, bridge, Sw. brygga, Dan. brygge, and prob. Icel. br bridge, Sw. & Dan. bro bridge, pavement, and possibly to E. brow.] 1. A structure, usually of wood, stone, brick, or iron, erected over a river or other water course, or over a chasm, railroad, etc., to make a passageway from one bank to the other. 2. Anything supported at the ends, which serves to keep some other thing from resting upon the object spanned, as in engraving, watchmaking, etc., or which forms a platform or staging over which something passes or is conveyed. 3. (Mus.) Defn: The small arch or bar at right angles to the strings of a violin, guitar, etc., serving of raise them and transmit their vibrations to the body of the instrument. 4. (Elec.) Defn: A device to measure the resistance of a wire or other conductor forming part of an electric circuit. 5. A low wall or vertical partition in the fire chamber of a furnace, for deflecting flame, etc.; -- usually called a bridge wall. Aqueduct bridge. See Aqueduct. -- Asses' bridge, Bascule bridge, Bateau bridge. See under Ass, Bascule, Bateau. -- Bridge of a steamer (Naut.), a narrow platform across the deck, above the rail, for the convenience of the officer in charge of the ship; in paddlewheel vessels it connects the paddle boxes. -- Bridge of the nose, the upper, bony part of the nose. -- Cantalever bridge. See under Cantalever. -- Draw bridge. See Drawbridge. -- Flying bridge, a temporary bridge suspended or floating, as for the passage of armies; also, a floating structure connected by a cable with an anchor or pier up stream, and made to pass from bank to bank by the action of the current or other means. -- Girder bridge or Truss bridge, a bridge formed by girders, or by trusses resting upon abutments or piers. -- Lattice bridge, a bridge formed by lattice girders. -- Pontoon bridge, Ponton bridge. See under Pontoon. -- Skew bridge, a bridge built obliquely from bank to bank, as sometimes required in railway engineering. -- Suspension bridge. See under Suspension. -- Trestle bridge, a bridge formed of a series of short, simple girders resting on trestles. -- Tubular bridge, a bridge in the form of a hollow trunk or rectangular tube, with cellular walls made of iron plates riveted together, as the Britannia bridge over the Menai Strait, and the Victoria bridge at Montreal. -- Wheatstone's bridge (Elec.), a device for the measurement of resistances, so called because the balance between the resistances to be measured is indicated by the absence of a current in a certain wire forming a bridge or connection between two points of the apparatus; -- invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone. BRIDGE Bridge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bridged (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bridging.] 1. To build a bridge or bridges on or over; as, to bridge a river. Their simple engineering bridged with felled trees the streams which could not be forded. Palfrey. 2. To open or make a passage, as by a bridge. Xerxes . . . over Hellespont Bridging his way, Europe with Asia joined. Milton. 3. To find a way of getting over, as a difficulty; -- generally with over. BRIDGEBOARD Bridge"board`, n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: A notched board to which the treads and risers of the steps of wooden stairs are fastened. 2. A board or plank used as a bridge. BRIDGEHEAD Bridge"head`, n. Defn: A fortification commanding the extremity of a bridge nearest the enemy, to insure the preservation and usefulness of the bridge, and prevent the enemy from crossing; a tête-de-pont. BRIDGEING; BRIDGING Bridge"ing, Bridg"ing, n. (Arch.) Defn: The system of bracing used between floor or other timbers to distribute the weight. Bridging joist. Same as Binding joist. BRIDGELESS Bridge"less, a. Defn: Having no bridge; not bridged. BRIDGEPOT Bridge"pot`, n. (Mining) Defn: The adjustable socket, or step, of a millstone spindle. Knight. BRIDGETREE Bridge"tree`, n. Etym: [Bridge + tree a beam.] (Mining) Defn: The beam which supports the spindle socket of the runner in a grinding mill. Knight. BRIDGE-WARD Bridge"-ward`, n. 1. A bridge keeper; a warden or a guard for a bridge. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott. 2. The principal ward of a key. Knight. BRIDGEY Bridge"y, a. Defn: Full of bridges. [R.] Sherwood. BRIDLE Bri"dle, n. Etym: [OE. bridel, AS. bridel; akin to OHG. britil, brittil, D. breidel, and possibly to E. braid. Cf. Bridoon.] 1. The head gear with which a horse is governed and restrained, consisting of a headstall, a bit, and reins, with other appendages. 2. A restraint; a curb; a check. I. Watts. 3. (Gun.) Defn: The piece in the interior of a gun lock, which holds in place the timbler, sear, etc. 4. (Naut.) (a) A span of rope, line, or chain made fast as both ends, so that another rope, line, or chain may be attached to its middle. (b) A mooring hawser. Bowline bridle. See under Bowline. -- Branches of a bridle. See under Branch. -- Bridle cable (Naut.), a cable which is bent to a bridle. See 4, above. -- Bridle hand, the hand which holds the bridle in riding; the left hand. -- Bridle path, Bridle way, a path or way for saddle horses and pack horses, as distinguished from a road for vehicles. -- Bridle port (Naut.), a porthole or opening in the bow through which hawsers, mooring or bridle cables, etc., are passed. -- Bridle rein, a rein attached to the bit. -- Bridle road. (a) Same as Bridle path. Lowell. (b) A road in a pleasure park reserved for horseback exercise. -- Bridle track, a bridle path. -- Scolding bridle. See Branks, 2. Syn. -- A check; restrain. BRIDLE Bri"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bridled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bridling.] 1. To put a bridle upon; to equip with a bridle; as, to bridle a horse. He bridled her mouth with a silkweed twist. Drake. 2. To restrain, guide, or govern, with, or as with, a bridle; to check, curb, or control; as, to bridle the passions; to bridle a muse. Addison. Savoy and Nice, the keys of Italy, and the citadel in her hands to bridle Switzerland, are in that consolidation. Burke. Syn. -- To check; restrain; curb; govern; control; repress; master; subdue. BRIDLE Bri"dle, v. i. Defn: To hold up the head, and draw in the chin, as an expression of pride, scorn, or resentment; to assume a lofty manner; -- usually with up. "His bridling neck." Wordsworth. By her bridling up I perceived she expected to be treated hereafter not as Jenny Distaff, but Mrs. Tranquillus. Tatler. BRIDLE IRON Bri"dle i`ron. (Arch.) Defn: A strong flat bar of iron, so bent as to support, as in a stirrup, one end of a floor timber, etc., where no sufficient bearing can be had; -- called also stirrup and hanger. BRIDLER Bri"dler, n. Defn: One who bridles; one who restrains and governs, as with a bridle. Milton. BRIDOON Bri*doon", n. Etym: [F. bridon, from bride; of German origin. See Bridle, n.] (Mil.) Defn: The snaffle and rein of a military bridle, which acts independently of the bit, at the pleasure of the rider. It is used in connection with a curb bit, which has its own rein. Campbell. BRIE CHEESE Brie" cheese". Defn: A kind of soft French cream cheese; -- so called from the district in France where it is made; --called also fromage de Brie. BRIEF Brief, a. Etym: [OE. bref, F. brief, bref, fr. L. brevis; akin to Gr. barh to tear. Cf. Breve.] 1. Short in duration. How brief the life of man. Shak. 2. Concise; terse; succinct. The brief style is that which expresseth much in little. B. Jonson. 3. Rife; common; prevalent. [Prov. Eng.] In brief. See under Brief, n. Syn. -- Short; concise; succinct; summary; compendious; condensed; terse; curt; transistory; short-lived. BRIEF Brief, adv. 1. Briefly. [Obs. or Poetic] Adam, faltering long, thus answered brief. Milton. 2. Soon; quickly. [Obs.] Shak. BRIEF Brief, n. Etym: [See Brief, a., and cf. Breve.] 1. A short concise writing or letter; a statement in few words. Bear this sealed brief, With winged hastle, to the lord marshal. Shak. And she told me In a sweet, verbal brief. Shak. 2. An epitome. Each woman is a brief of womankind. Overbury. 3. (Law) Defn: An abridgment or concise statement of a client's case, made out for the instruction of counsel in a trial at law. This word is applied also to a statement of the heads or points of a law argument. It was not without some reference to it that I perused many a brief. Sir J. Stephen. Note: In England, the brief is prepared by the attorney; in the United States, counsel generally make up their own briefs. 4. (Law) Defn: A writ; a breve. See Breve, n., 2. 5. (Scots Law) Defn: A writ issuing from the chancery, directed to any judge ordinary, commanding and authorizing that judge to call a jury to inquire into the case, and upon their verdict to pronounce sentence. 6. A letter patent, from proper authority, authorizing a collection or charitable contribution of money in churches, for any public or private purpose. [Eng.] Apostolical brief, a letter of the pope written on fine parchment in modern characters, subscribed by the secretary of briefs, dated "a die Nativitatis," i. e., "from the day of the Nativity," and sealed with the ring of the fisherman. It differs from a bull, in its parchment, written character, date, and seal. See Bull. -- Brief of title, an abstract or abridgment of all the deeds and other papers constituting the chain of title to any real estate. -- In brief, in a few words; in short; briefly. "Open the matter in brief." Shak. BRIEF Brief, v. t. Defn: To make an abstract or abridgment of; to shorten; as, to brief pleadings. BRIEFLESS Brief"less, a. Defn: Having no brief; without clients; as, a briefless barrister. BRIEFLY Brief"ly, adv. Defn: Concisely; in few words. BRIEFMAN Brief"man, n. 1. One who makes a brief. 2. A copier of a manuscript. BRIEFNESS Brief"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being brief; brevity; conciseness in discourse or writing. BRIER; BRIAR Bri"er, Bri"ar, n. Etym: [OE. brere, brer, AS. brer, brær; cf. Ir. briar prickle, thorn, brier, pin, Gael. preas bush, brier, W. prys, prysg.] 1. A plant with a slender woody stem bearing stout prickles; especially, species of Rosa, Rubus, and Smilax. 2. Fig.: Anything sharp or unpleasant to the feelings. The thorns and briers of reproof. Cowper. Brier root, the root of the southern Smilax laurifolia and S. Walleri; -- used for tobacco pipes. -- Cat brier, Green brier, several species of Smilax (S. rotundifolia, etc.) -- Sweet brier (Rosa rubiginosa). See Sweetbrier. -- Yellow brier, the Rosa Eglantina. BRIERED Bri"ered, a. Defn: Set with briers. Chatterton. BRIERY Bri"er*y, a. Defn: Full of briers; thorny. BRIERY Bri"er*y, n. Defn: A place where briers grow. Huloet. BRIG Brig, n. Defn: A bridge. [Scot.] Burns. BRIG Brig, n. Etym: [Shortened from Brigantine.] (Naut.) Defn: A two-masted, square-rigged vessel. Hermaphrodite brig, a two- masted vessel square-rigged forward and schooner-rigged aft. See Illustration in Appendix. BRIGADE Bri*gade", n. Etym: [F. brigade, fr. It. brigata troop, crew, brigade, originally, a contending troop, fr. briga trouble, quarrel. See Brigand.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A body of troops, whether cavalry, artillery, infantry, or mixed, consisting of two or more regiments, under the command of a brigadier general. Note: Two or more brigades constitute a division, commanded by a major general; two or more divisions constitute an army corps, or corps d'armée. [U.S.] 2. Any body of persons organized for acting or marching together under authority; as, a fire brigade. Brigade inspector, an officer whose duty is to inspect troops in companies before they are mustered into service. -- Brigade major, an officer who may be attached to a brigade to assist the brigadier in his duties. BRIGADE Bri*gade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brigaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Brigading.] (Mil.) Defn: To form into a brigade, or into brigades. BRIGADIER GENERAL Brig`a*dier" gen"er*al. Etym: [F. brigadier, fr. brigade.] (Mil.) Defn: An officer in rank next above a colonel, and below a major general. He commands a brigade, and is sometimes called, by a shortening of his title, simple a brigadier. BRIGAND Brig"and, n. Etym: [F. brigand, OF. brigant light-armed soldier, fr. LL. brigans light-armed soldier (cf. It. brigante.) fr. brigare to strive, contend, fr. briga quarrel; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. break; cf. Goth. brikan to break, brakja strife. Cf. Brigue.] 1. A light-armed, irregular foot soldier. [Obs.] 2. A lawless fellow who lives by plunder; one of a band of robbers; especially, one of a gang living in mountain retreats; a highwayman; a freebooter. Giving them not a little the air of brigands or banditti. Jeffery. BRIGANDAGE Brig"and*age, n. Etym: [F. brigandage.] Defn: Life and practice of brigands; highway robbery; plunder. BRIGANDINE Brig"an*dine, n. Etym: [F. brigandine (cf. It. brigantina), fr. OF. brigant. See Brigand.] Defn: A coast of armor for the body, consisting of scales or plates, sometimes overlapping each other, generally of metal, and sewed to linen or other material. It was worn in the Middle Ages. [Written also brigantine.] Jer. xlvi. 4. Then put on all thy gorgeous arms, thy helmet, And brigandine of brass. Milton. BRIGANDISH Brig"and*ish, a. Defn: Like a brigand or freebooter; robberlike. BRIGANDISM Brig"and*ism, n. Defn: Brigandage. BRIGANTINE Brig"an*tine, n. Etym: [F. brigantin, fr. It. brigantino, originally, a practical vessel. See Brigand, and cf. Brig] 1. A practical vessel. [Obs.] 2. A two-masted, square-rigged vessel, differing from a brig in that she does not carry a square mainsail. 3. See Brigandine. BRIGGE Brig"ge, n. Defn: A bridge. [Obs.] Chaucer. BRIGHT Bright, v. i. Defn: See Brite, v. i. BRIGHT Bright, a. Etym: [OE. briht, AS. beorht, briht; akin to OS. berht, OHG. beraht, Icel. bjartr, Goth. baírhts. sq. root94.] 1. Radiating or reflecting light; shedding or having much light; shining; luminous; not dark. The sun was bright o'erhead. Longfellow. The earth was dark, but the heavens were bright. Drake. The public places were as bright as at noonday. Macaulay. 2. Transmitting light; clear; transparent. From the brightest wines He 'd turn abhorrent. Thomson. 3. Having qualities that render conspicuous or attractive, or that affect the mind as light does the eye; resplendent with charms; as, bright beauty. Bright as an angel new-dropped from the sky. Parnell. 4. Having a clear, quick intellect; intelligent. 5. Sparkling with wit; lively; vivacious; shedding cheerfulness and joy around; cheerful; cheery. Be bright and jovial among your guests. Shak. 6. Illustrious; glorious. In the brightest annals of a female reign. Cotton. 7. Manifest to the mind, as light is to the eyes; clear; evident; plain. That he may with more ease, with brighter evidence, and with surer success, draw the bearner on. I. Watts. 8. Of brilliant color; of lively hue or appearance. Here the bright crocus and blue violet grew. Pope. Note: Bright is used in composition in the sense of brilliant, clear, sunny, etc.; as, bright-eyed, bright-haired, bright-hued. Syn. -- Shining; splending; luminous; lustrous; brilliant; resplendent; effulgent; refulgent; radiant; sparkling; glittering; lucid; beamy; clear; transparent; illustrious; witty; clear; vivacious; sunny. BRIGHT Bright, n. Defn: Splendor; brightness. [Poetic] Dark with excessive bright thy skirts appear. Milton. BRIGHT Bright, adv. Defn: Brightly. Chaucer. I say it is the moon that shines so bright. Shak. BRIGHTEN Bright"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brightened; p. pr. & vb. n. Brightening.] Note: [From Bright, a.] 1. To make bright or brighter; to make to shine; to increase the luster of; to give a brighter hue to. 2. To make illustrious, or more distinguished; to add luster or splendor to. The present queen would brighten her character, if she would exert her authority to instill virtues into her people. Swift. 3. To improve or relieve by dispelling gloom or removing that which obscures and darkens; to shed light upon; to make cheerful; as, to brighten one's prospects. An ecstasy, which mothers only feel, Plays round my heart and brightens all my sorrow. Philips. 4. To make acute or witty; to enliven. Johnson. BRIGHTEN Bright"en, v. i. Etym: [AS. beorhtan.] Defn: To grow bright, or more bright; to become less dark or gloomy; to clear up; to become bright or cheerful. And night shall brighten into day. N. Cotton. And, all his prospects brightening to the last, His heaven commences ere world be past. Goldsmith. BRIGHT-HARNESSED Bright"-har`nessed, a. Defn: Having glittering armor. [Poetic] Milton. BRIGHTLY Bright"ly, adv. 1. Brilliantly; splendidly; with luster; as, brightly shining armor. 2. With lively intelligence; intelligently. Looking brightly into the mother's face. Hawthorne. BRIGHTNESS Bright"ness, n. Etym: [AS. beorhines. See Bright.] 1. The quality or state of being bright; splendor; luster; brilliancy; clearness. A sudden brightness in his face appear. Crabbe. 2. Acuteness (of the faculties); sharpness 9wit. The brightness of his parts . . . distinguished him. Prior. Syn. -- Splendor; luster; radiance; resplendence; brilliancy; effulgence; glory; clearness. BRIGHT'S DISEASE Bright's" dis*ease". Etym: [From Dr. Bright of London, who first described it.] (Med.) Defn: An affection of the kidneys, usually inflammatory in character, and distinguished by the occurrence of albumin and renal casts in the urine. Several varieties of Bright's disease are now recognized, differing in the part of the kidney involved, and in the intensity and course of the morbid process. BRIGHTSOME Bright"some, a. Defn: Bright; clear; luminous; brilliant. [R.] Marlowe. BRIGOSE Bri*gose", a. Etym: [LL. brigosus, It. brigoso. See Brigue, n.] Defn: Contentious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Puller. BRIGUE Brigue, n. Etym: [F. brigue, fr. LL. briga quarrel. See Brigand.] Defn: A cabal, intrigue, faction, contention, strife, or quarrel. [Obs.] Chesterfield. BRIGUE Brigue, v. i. Etym: [F. briguer. See Brigue, n.] Defn: To contend for; to canvass; to solicit. [Obs.] Bp. Hurd. BRIKE Brike, n. Etym: [AS. brice.] Defn: A breach; ruin; downfall; peril. [Obs.] Chaucer. BRILL Brill, n. Etym: [Cf. Corn. brilli mackerel, fr. brith streaked, speckled.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish allied to the turbot (Rhombus levis), much esteemed in England for food; -- called also bret, pearl, prill. See Bret. BRILLANTE Bril*lan"te, adv. Etym: [It. See Brilliant, a.] (Mus.) Defn: In a gay, showy, and sparkling style. BRILLIANCE Bril"liance, n. Defn: Brilliancy. Tennyson. BRILLIANCY Bril"lian*cy, n. Etym: [See Brilliant.] Defn: The quality of being brilliant; splendor; glitter; great brighness, whether in a literal or figurative sense. With many readers brilliancy of style passes for affluence of thought. Longfellow. BRILLIANT Bril"liant, a. Etym: [F. brillant, p. pr. of briller to shine or sparkle (cf. Pr. & Sp. brillar, It. brillare), fr. L. beryllus a precious stone of sea-green color, Prov. It. brill. See Beryl.] 1. Sparkling with luster; glittering; very bright; as, a brilliant star. 2. Distinguished by qualities which excite admiration; splended; shining; as, brilliant talents. Washington was more solicitous to avoid fatal mistakes than to perform brilliant exploits. Fisher Ames. Syn. -- See Shining. BRILLIANT Bril"liant, n. Etym: [F. brillant. See Brilliant, a.] 1. A diamond or other gem of the finest cut, formed into faces and facets, so as to reflect and refract the light, by which it is rendered nore brilliant. It has at the middle, or top, a principal face, called the table, which is surrounded by a number of sloping facets forming a bizet; below, it has a small face or collet, parallel to the table, connected with the gridle by a pavilion of elongated facets. It is thus distinguished from the rose diamond, which is entirely covered with facets on the surface, and is flat below. This snuffbox -- on the hinge see brilliants shine. Pope. 2. (Print.) Defn: The small size of type used in England printing. Note: This line is printed in the type called Brilliant. 3. A kind of kotton goods, figured on the weaving. BRILLIANTINE Bril"lian*tine, n. [F. brillantine. See lst Brilliant.] 1. An oily composition used to make the hair glossy. 2. A dress fabric having a glossy finish on both sides, resembling alpaca but of superior quality. BRILLIANTLY Bril"liant*ly, adv. Defn: In a brilliant manner. BRILLIANTNESS Bril"liant*ness, n. Defn: Brilliancy; splendor; glitter. BRILLS Brills, n. pl. Etym: [CF. G. brille spectacles, D. bril, fr. L. berillus. See Brilliant.] Defn: The hair on the eyelids of a horse. Bailey. BRIM Brim, n. Etym: [OE. brim, brimme, AS. brymme edge, border; akin to Icel. barmr, Sw. bräm, Dan. bræmme, G. brame, bräme. Possibly the same word as AS. brim surge, sea, and properly meaning, the line of surf at the border of the sea, and akin to L. fremere to roar, murmur. Cf. Breeze a fly.] 1. The rim, border, or upper sdge of a cup, dish, or any hollow vessel used for holding anything. Saw I that insect on this goblet's brim I would remove it with an anxious pity. Coleridge. 2. The edge or margin, as of a fountain, or of the water contained in it; the brink; border. The feet of the priest that bare the ark were dipped in the brim of the water. Josh. iii. 15. 3. The rim of a hat. Wordsworth. BRIM Brim, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brimmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Brimming.] Defn: To be full to the brim. "The brimming stream." Milton. To brim over (literally or figuratively), to be so full that some of the contents flows over the brim; as, cup brimming over with wine; a man brimming over with fun. BRIM Brim, v. t. Defn: To fill to the brim, upper edge, or top. Arrange the board and brim the glass. Tennyson. BRIM Brim, a. Defn: Fierce; sharp; cold. See Breme. [Obs.] BRIMFUL Brim"ful, a. Defn: Full to the brim; completely full; ready to overflow. "Her brimful eyes." Dryden. BRIMLESS Brim"less, a. Defn: Having no brim; as, brimless caps. BRIMMED Brimmed, a. 1. Having a brim; -- usually in composition. "Broad-brimmed hat." Spectator. 2. Full to, or level with, the brim. Milton. BRIMMER Brim"mer, n. Defn: A brimful bowl; a bumper. BRIMMING Brim"ming, a. Defn: Full to the brim; overflowing. BRIMSTONE Brim"stone, n. Etym: [OE. brimston, bremston, bernston, brenston; cf. Icel. brennistein. See Burn, v. t., and Stone.] Defn: Sulphur; See Sulphur. BRIMSTONE Brim"stone, a. Defn: Made of, or pertaining to, brimstone; as, brimstone matches. From his brimstone bed at break of day A-walking the devil has gone. Coleridge. BRIMSTONY Brim"sto`ny, a. Defn: Containing or resembling brimstone; sulphurous. B. Jonson. BRIN Brin, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: One of the radiating sticks of a fan. The outermost are larger and longer, and are called panaches. Knight. BRINDED Brin"ded, a. Etym: [Cf. Icel. bröndottr brindled, fr. brandr brand; and OE. bernen, brinnen, to burn. See Brand, Burn.] Defn: Of a gray or tawny color with streaks of darker hue; streaked; brindled. "Three brinded cows," Dryden. "The brinded cat." Shak. BRINDLE Brin"dle, n. Etym: [See Brindled.] 1. The state of being brindled. 2. A brindled color; also, that which is brindled. BRINDLE Brin"dle, a. Defn: Brindled. BRINDLED Brin"dled, a. Etym: [A dim. form of brinded.] Defn: Having dark streaks or spots on a gray or tawny ground; brinded. "With a brindled lion played." Churchill. BRINE Brine, n. Etym: [AS. bryne a burning, salt liquor, brine, fr. brinnan, brynnan, to burn. See Burn.] 1. Water saturated or strongly inpregnated with salt; pickle; hence, any strong saline solution; also, the saline residue or strong mother liquor resulting from the evaporation of natural or artificial waters. 2. The ocean; the water of an ocean, sea, or salt lake. Not long beneath the whelming brine . . . he lay. Cowper. 3. Tears; -- so called from their saltness. What a deal of brine Hath washed thy sallow cheecks for Rosaline! Shak. Brine fly (Zoöl.), a fly of the genus Ephydra, the larvæ of which live in artificial brines and in salt lakes. -- Brine gauge, an instrument for measuring the saltness of a liquid. -- Brine pan, a pit or pan of salt water, where salt is formed by cristallization. -- Brine pit, a salt spring or well, from which water is taken to be boiled or evaporated for making salt. -- Brine pump (Marine Engin.), a pump for changing the water in the boilers, so as to clear them of the brine which collects at the bottom. -- Brine shrimp, Brine worm (Zoöl.), a phyllopod crustacean of the genus Artemia, inhabiting the strong brines of salt works and natural salt lakes. See Artemia. -- Brine spring, a spring of salt water. -- Leach brine (Saltmaking), brine which drops from granulated salt in drying, and is preserved to be boiled again. BRINE Brine, v. t. 1. To steep or saturate in brine. 2. To sprinkle with salt or brine; as, to brine hay. BRING Bring, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brought; p. pr. & vb. n. Bringing.] Etym: [OE. bringen, AS. bringan; akin to OS. brengian, D. brengen, Fries. brenga, OHG. bringan, G. bringen, Goth. briggan.] 1. To convey to the place where the speaker is or is to be; to bear from a more distant to a nearer place; to fetch. And as she was going to fetch it, he called to her, and said, Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread. 1 Kings xvii. 11. To France shall we convey you safe, And bring you back. Shak. 2. To cause the accession or obtaining of; to procure; to make to come; to produce; to draw to. There is nothing will bring you more honor . . . than to do what right in justice you may. Bacon. 3. To convey; to move; to carry or conduct. In distillation, the water . . . brings over with it some part of the oil of vitriol. Sir I. Newton. 4. To persuade; to induce; to draw; to lead; to guide. It seems so preposterous a thing . . . that they do not easily bring themselves to it. Locke. The nature of the things . . . would not suffer him to think otherwise, how, or whensoever, he is brought to reflect on them. Locke. 5. To produce in exchange; to sell for; to fetch; as, what does coal bring per ton To bring about, to bring to pass; to effect; to accomplish. -- To bring back. (a) To recall. (b) To restore, as something borrowed, to its owner. -- To bring by the lee (Naut.), to incline so rapidly to leeward of the course, when a ship sails large, as to bring the lee side suddenly to the windward, any by laying the sails aback, expose her to danger of upsetting. -- To bring down. (a) To cause to come down. (b) To humble or abase; as, to bring down high looks. -- To bring down the house, to cause tremendous applause. [Colloq.] -- To bring forth. (a) To produce, as young fruit. (b) To bring to light; to make manifest. -- To bring forward (a) To exhibit; to introduce; to produce to view. (b) To hasten; to promote; to forward. (c) To propose; to adduce; as, to bring forward arguments. -- To bring home. (a) To bring to one's house. (b) To prove conclusively; as, to bring home a charge of treason. (c) To cause one to feel or appreciate by personal experience. (d) (Naut.) To lift of its place, as an anchor. -- To bring in. (a) To fetch from without; to import. (b) To introduce, as a bill in a deliberative assembly. (c) To return or repot to, or lay before, a court or other body; to render; as, to bring in a verdict or a report. (d) To take to an appointed place of deposit or collection; as, to bring in provisions or money for a specified object. (e) To produce, as income. (f) To induce to join. -- To bring off, to bear or convey away; to clear from condemnation; to cause to escape. -- To bring on. (a) To cause to begin. (b) To originate or cause to exist; as, to bring on a disease. -- To bring one on one's way, to accompany, guide, or attend one. -- To bring out, to expose; to detect; to bring to light from concealment. -- To bring over. (a) To fetch or bear across. (b) To convert by persuasion or other means; to cause to change sides or an opinion. -- To bring to. (a) To resuscitate; to bring back to consciousness or life, as a fainting person. (b) (Naut.) To check the course of, as of a ship, by dropping the anchor, or by counterbracing the sails so as to keep her nearly stationary (she is then said to lie to). (c) To cause (a vessel) to lie to, as by firing across her course. (d) To apply a rope to the capstan. -- To bring to light, to disclose; to discover; to make clear; to reveal. -- To bring a sail to (Naut.), to bend it to the yard. -- To bring to pass, to accomplish to effect. "Trust also in Him; and He shall bring it to pass." Ps. xxxvii. 5. -- To bring under, to subdue; to restrain; to reduce to obedience. -- To bring up. (a) To carry upward; to nurse; to rear; to educate. (b) To cause to stop suddenly. (c) Note: [v. i. by dropping the reflexive pronoun] To stop suddenly; to come to a standstill. [Colloq.] -- To bring up (any one) with a round turn, to cause (any one) to stop abruptly. [Colloq.] -- To be brought to bed. See under Bed. Syn. -- To fetch; bear; carry; convey; transport; import; procure; produce; cause; adduce; induce. BRINGER Bring"er, n. Defn: One who brings. Yet the first bringer of unwelcome news Hath but a losing office. Shak. Bringer in, one who, or that which, introduces. BRININESS Brin"i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being briny; saltness; brinishness. BRINISH Brin"ish, a. Defn: Like brine; somewhat salt; saltish. "Brinish tears." Shak. BRINISHNESS Brin"ish*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being brinish. BRINJAREE Brin"ja*ree`, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A rough-haired East Indian variety of the greyhound. BRINK Brink, n. Etym: [Dan. brink edge, verge; akin to Sw. brink declivity, hill, Icel. brekka; cf. LG. brink a grassy hill, W. bryn hill, bryncyn hillock.] Defn: The edge, margin, or border of a steep place, as of a precipice; a bank or edge, as of a river or pit; a verge; a border; as, the brink of a chasm. Also Fig. "The brink of vice." Bp. Porteus. "The brink of ruin." Burke. The plashy brink of weedy lake. Bryant. BRINY Brin"y, a. Etym: [From Brine.] Defn: Of or pertaining to brine, or to the sea; partaking of the nature of brine; salt; as, a briny taste; the briny flood. BRIOCHE Bri`oche", n. [F.] 1. A light cake made with flour, butter, yeast, and eggs. 2. A knitted foot cushion. BRIOLETTE Bri`o*lette", n. [F.] Defn: An oval or pearshaped diamond having its entire surface cut in triangular facets. BRIONY Bri"o*ny, n. Defn: See Bryony. Tennyson. BRIQUETTE Bri*quette", n. [Also briquet.] [F., dim. of brique brick.] 1. A block of compacted coal dust, or peat, etc., for fuel. 2. A block of artificial stone in the form of a brick, used for paving; also, a molded sample of solidified cement or mortar for use as a test piece for showing the strength of the material. BRISK Brisk, a. Etym: [Cf. W. brysg, fr. brys haste, Gael. briosg quick, lively, Ir. broisg a start, leap, jerk.] 1. Full of liveliness and activity; characterized by quickness of motion or action; lively; spirited; quick. Cheerily, boys; be brick awhile. Shak. Brick toil alternating with ready ease. Wordworth. 2. Full of spirit of life; effervescas, brick cider. Syn. -- Active; lively; agile; alert; nimble; quick; sprightly; vivacious; gay; spirited; animated. BRISK Brisk, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Bricked; p. pr. & vb. n. Bricking.] Defn: To make or become lively; to enliven; to animate; to take, or cause to take, an erect or bold attitude; -- usually with up. BRISKET Bris"ket, n. Etym: [OE. bruskette, OF. bruschet, F. bréchet, brichet; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. brysced the breast of a slain animal, brisket, Corn. vrys breast, Armor. brusk, bruched, the front of the chest, Gael. brisgein the cartilaginous part of a bone.] Defn: That part of the breast of an animal which extends from the fore legs back beneath the ribs; also applied to the fore part of a horse, from the shoulders to the bottom of the chest. Note: [See Illust. of Beef.] BRISKLY Brisk"ly, adv. Defn: In a brisk manner; nimbly. BRISKNESS Brisk"ness, n. Defn: Liveliness; vigor in action; quickness; gayety; vivacity; effervescence. BRISTLE Bris"tle, n. Etym: [OE. bristel, brustel, AS. bristl, byrst; akin to D. borstel, OHG. burst, G. borste, Icel. burst, Sw. borst, and to Skr. bh edge, point, and prob, L. fastigium extremity, Gr. brush, burr, perh. to brad. sq. root96.] 1. A short, stiff, coarse hair, as on the back of swine. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A stiff, sharp, roundish hair. Gray. BRISTLE Bris"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bristled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bristling.] 1. To erect the bristles of; to cause to stand up, as the bristles of an angry hog; -- sometimes with up. Now for the bare-picked bone of majesty Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest. Shak. Boy, bristle thy courage up. Shak. 2. To fix a bristle to; as, to bristle a thread. BRISTLE Bris"tle, v. i. 1. To rise or stand erect, like bristles. His hair did bristle upon his head. Sir W. Scott. 2. To appear as if covered with bristles; to have standing, thick and erect, like bristles. The hill of La Haye Sainte bristling with ten thousand bayonets. Thackeray. Ports bristling with thousands of masts. Macaulay. 3. To show deflance or indignation. To bristle up, to show anger or deflance. BRISTLE-POINTED Bris"tle-point`ed, a. (Bot.) Defn: Terminating in a very fine, sharp point, as some leaves. BRISTLE-SHAPED Bris"tle-shaped`, a. Defn: Resembling a bristle in form; as, a bristle-shaped leaf. BRISTLETAIL Bris"tle*tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect of the genera Lepisma, Campodea, etc., belonging to the Thysanura. BRISTLINESS Bris"tli*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of having bristles. BRISTLY Bris"tly, a. Defn: THick set with bristles, or with hairs resembling bristles; rough. The leaves of the black mulberry are somewhat bristly. Bacon. BRISTOL Bris"tol, n. Defn: A seaport city in the west of England. Bristol board, a kind of fine pasteboard, made with a smooth but usually unglazed surface. -- Bristol brick, a brick of siliceous matter used for polishing cultery; -- originally manufactured at Bristol. -- Bristol stone, rock crystal, or brilliant crystals of quartz, found in the mountain limestone near Bristol, and used in making ornaments, vases, etc. When polished, it is called Bristol diamond. BRISURE Bri*sure", n. Etym: [F.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: Any part of a rampart or parapet which deviates from the general direction. 2. (Her.) Defn: A mark of cadency or difference. BRIT; BRITT Brit, Britt, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The young of the common herring; also, a small species of herring; the sprat. (b) The minute marine animals (chiefly Entomostraca) upon which the right whales feed. BRITANNIA Bri*tan"ni*a, n. Etym: [From L. Britannia Great Britain.] Defn: A white-metal alloy of tin, antimony, bismuth, copper, etc. It somewhat resembles silver, and isused for table ware. Called also Britannia metal. BRITANNIC Bri*tan"nic, a. Etym: [L. Britannicus, fr. Britannia Great Britain.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Great Britain; British; as, her Britannic Majesty. BRITE; BRIGHT Brite, Bright, v. t. Defn: To be or become overripe, as wheat, barley, or hops. [Prov. Eng.] BRITICISM Brit"i*cism, n. Defn: A word, phrase, or idiom peculiar to Great Britain; any manner of using a word or words that is peculiar to Great Britain. BRITISH Brit"ish, a. Etym: [AS. Brittisc, Bryttisc.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Great Britain or to its inhabitants; -- sometimes restrict to the original inhabitants. British gum, a brownish substance, very soluble in cold water, formed by heating dry starch at a temperature of about 600° Fahr. It corresponds, in its properties, to dextrin, and is used, in solution, as a substitute for gum in stiffering goods. -- British lion, the national emblem of Great Britain. -- British seas, the four seas which surround Great Britain. BRITISH Brit"ish, n. pl. Defn: People of Great Britain. BRITISHER Brit"ish*er, n. Defn: An Englishman; a subject or inhabitant of Great Britain, esp. one in the British military or naval service. [Now used jocosely] BRITON Brit"on, a. Etym: [AS. bryten Britain.] Defn: British. [Obs.] Spenser. -- n. Defn: A native of Great Britain. BRITTLE Brit"tle, a. Etym: [OE. britel, brutel, AS. bryttian to dispense, fr. breótan to break; akin to Icel. brytja, Sw. bryta, Dan. bryde. Cf. Brickle.] Defn: Easily broken; apt to break; fragile; not tough or tenacious. Farewell, thou pretty, brittle piece Of fine-cut crystal. Cotton. Brittle silver ore, the mineral stephanite. BRITTLELY Brit"tle*ly, adv. Defn: In a brittle manner. Sherwood. BRITTLENESS Brit"tle*ness, n. Defn: Aptness to break; fragility. BRITTLE STAR Brit"tle star`. Defn: Any species of ophiuran starfishes. See Ophiuroidea. BRITZSKA Britz"ska, n. Etym: [Russ. britshka; cf. Pol. bryczka, dim. of bryka freight wagon.] Defn: A long carriage, with a calash top, so constructed as to give space for reclining at night, when used on a journey. BRIZE Brize, n. Defn: The breeze fly. See Breeze. Shak. BROACH Broach, n. Etym: [OE. broche, F. broche, fr. LL. brocca; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. proc thrust, stab, Gael. brog awl. Cf. Brooch.] 1. A spit. [Obs.] He turned a broach that had worn a crown. Bacon. 2. An awl; a bodkin; also, a wooden rod or pin, sharpened at each end, used by thatchers. [Prov. Eng.] Forby. 3. (Mech.) (a) A tool of steel, generally tapering, and of a polygonal form, with from four to eight cutting edges, for smoothing or enlarging holes in metal; sometimes made smooth or without edges, as for burnishing pivot holes in watches; a reamer. The broach for gun barrels is commonly square and without taper. (b) A straight tool with file teeth, made of steel, to be pressed through irregular holes in metal that cannot be dressed by revolving tools; a drift. 4. (Masonry) Defn: A broad chisel for stonecutting. 5. (Arch.) Defn: A spire rising from a tower. [Local, Eng.] 6. A clasp for fastening a garment. See Brooch. 7. A spitlike start, on the head of a young stag. 8. The stick from which candle wicks are suspended for dipping. Knight. 9. The pin in a lock which enters the barrel of the key. BROACH Broach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broached; p. pr. & vb. n. Broaching.] Etym: [F. brocher, fr. broche. See Broach, n.] 1. To spit; to pierce as with a spit. I'll broach the tadpole on my rapier's point. Shak. 2. To tap; to pierce, as a cask, in order to draw the liquor. Hence: To let out; to shed, as blood. Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade, He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast. Shak. 3. To open for the first time, as stores. You shall want neither weapons, victuals, nor aid; I will open the old armories, I will broach my store, and will bring forth my stores. Knolles. 4. To make public; to utter; to publish first; to put forth; to introduce as a topic of conversation. Those very opinions themselves had broached. Swift. 5. To cause to begin or break out. [Obs.] Shak. 6. (Masonry) Defn: To shape roughly, as a block of stone, by chiseling with a coarse tool. [Scot. & North of Eng.] 7. To enlarge or dress (a hole), by using a broach. To broach to (Naut.), to incline suddenly to windward, so as to lay the sails aback, and expose the vessel to the danger of oversetting. BROACHER Broach"er, n. 1. A spit; a broach. On five sharp broachers ranked, the roast they turned. Dryden. 2. One who broaches, opens, or utters; a first publisher or promoter. Some such broacher of heresy. Atterbury. BROAD Broad, a. [Compar. Broader; superl. Broadest.] Etym: [OE. brod, brad, AS. brad; akin to OS. bred, D. breed, G. breit, Icel. brei, Sw. & Dan. bred, Goth. braids. Cf. Breadth.] 1. Wide; extend in breadth, or from side to side; -- opposed to narrow; as, a broad street, a broad table; an inch broad. 2. Extending far and wide; extensive; vast; as, the broad expanse of ocean. 3. Extended, in the sense of diffused; open; clear; full. "Broad and open day." Bp. Porteus. 4. Fig.: Having a large measure of any thing or quality; not limited; not restrained; -- applied to any subject, and retaining the literal idea more or less clearly, the precise meaning depending largely on the substantive. A broad mixture of falsehood. Locke. Note: Hence: - 5. Comprehensive; liberal; enlarged. The words in the Constitution are broad enough to include the case. D. Daggett. In a broad, statesmanlike, and masterly way. E. Everett. 6. Plain; evident; as, a broad hint. 7. Free; unrestrained; unconfined. As broad and general as the casing air. Shak. 8. (Fine Arts) Defn: Characterized by breadth. See Breadth. 9. Cross; coarse; indelicate; as, a broad compliment; a broad joke; broad humor. 10. Strongly marked; as, a broad Scotch accent. Note: Broad is often used in compounds to signify wide, large, etc.; as, broad-chested, broad-shouldered, broad-spreading, broad-winged. Broad acres. See under Acre. -- Broad arrow, originally a pheon. See Pheon, and Broad arrow under Arrow. -- As broad as long, having the length equal to the breadth; hence, the same one way as another; coming to the same result by different ways or processes. It is as broad as long, whether they rise to others, or bring others down to them. L'Estrange. Broad pennant. See under Pennant. Syn. -- Wide; large; ample; expanded; spacious; roomy; extensive; vast; comprehensive; liberal. BROAD Broad, n. 1. The broad part of anything; as, the broad of an oar. 2. The spread of a river into a sheet of water; a flooded fen. [Local, Eng.] Southey. 3. A lathe tool for turning down the insides and bottoms of cylinders. Knight. BROADAX; BROADAXE Broad"ax` Broad"axe`, n. 1. An ancient military weapon; a battle-ax. 2. An ax with a broad edge, for hewing timber. BROADBILL Broad"bill`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A wild duck (Aythya, or Fuligula, marila), which appears in large numbers on the eastern coast of the United States, in autumn; - - called also bluebill, blackhead, raft duck, and scaup duck. See Scaup duck. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The shoveler. See Shoveler. BROADBRIM Broad"brim`, n. 1. A hat with a very broad brim, like those worn by men of the society of Friends. 2. A member of the society of Friends; a Quaker. [Sportive] BROAD-BRIMMED Broad"-brimmed`, a. Defn: Having a broad brim. A broad-brimmed flat silver plate. Tatler. BROADCAST Broad"cast`, n. (Agric.) Defn: A casting or throwing seed in all directions, as from the hand in sowing. BROADCAST Broad"cast`, a. 1. Cast or dispersed in all directions, as seed from the hand in sowing; widely diffused. 2. Scattering in all directions (as a method of sowing); -- opposed to planting in hills, or rows. BROADCAST Broad"cast`, adv. Defn: So as to scatter or be scattered in all directions; so as to spread widely, as seed from the hand in sowing, or news from the press. BROAD CHURCH Broad" Church`. (Eccl.) Defn: A portion of the Church of England, consisting of persons who claim to hold a position, in respect to doctrine and fellowship, intermediate between the High Church party and the Low Church, or evangelical, party. The term has been applied to otherbodies of men holding liberal or comprehensive views of Christian doctrine and fellowship. Side by side with these various shades of High and Low Church, another party of a different character has always existed in the Church of England. It is called by different names: Moderate, Catholic, or Broad Church, by its friends; Latitudinarian or Indifferent, by its enemies. Its distinctive character is the desire of comprehension. Its watch words are charity and toleration. Conybeare. BROADCLOTH Broad"cloth, n. Defn: A fine smooth-faced woolen cloth for men's garments, usually of double width (i.e., a yard and a half); -- so called in distinction from woolens three quarters of a yard wide. BROADEN Broad"en, v. t. [p. & p. p. Broadened (; p. pr. & vb.n. Broadening (.] Etym: [From Broad, a.] Defn: To grow broad; to become broader or wider. The broadening sun appears. Wordsworth. BROADEN Broad"en, v. t. Defn: To make broad or broader; to render more broad or comprehensive. BROAD GAUGE Broad" gauge`. (Railroad) Defn: A wider distance between the rails than the "standard" gauge of four feet eight inches and a half. See Gauge. BROAD-HORNED Broad"-horned`, a. Defn: Having horns spreading widely. BROADISH Broad"ish, a. Defn: Rather broad; moderately broad. BROADLEAF Broad"leaf`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tree (Terminalia latifolia) of Jamaica, the wood of which is used for boards, scantling, shingles, etc; -- sometimes called the almond tree, from the shape of its fruit. BROAD-LEAVED; BROAD-LEAFED Broad"-leaved`, Broad"-leafed`, a. Defn: Having broad, or relatively broad, leaves. Keats. BROADLY Broad"ly, adv. Defn: In a broad manner. BROADMOUTH Broad"mouth`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Eurylaimidæ, a family of East Indian passerine birds. BROADNESS Broad"ness, n. Etym: [AS. bradnes.] Defn: The condition or quality of being broad; breadth; coarseness; grossness. BROADPIECE Broad"piece`, n. Defn: An old English gold coin, broader than a guinea, as a Carolus or Jacobus. BROAD SEAL Broad" seal`. Defn: The great seal of England; the public seal of a country or state. BROADSEAL Broad"seal`, v. t. Defn: To stamp with the broad seal; to make sure; to guarantee or warrant. [Obs.] Thy presence broadseals our delights for pure. B. Jonson. BROADSIDE Broad"side`, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: The side of a ship above the water line, from the bow to the quarter. 2. A discharge of or from all the guns on one side of a ship, at the same time. 3. A volley of abuse or denunciation. [Colloq.] 4. (Print.) Defn: A sheet of paper containing one large page, or printed on one side only; -- called also broadsheet. BROADSPREAD Broad"spread`, a. Defn: Widespread. BROADSPREADING Broad"spread`ing, a. Defn: Spreading widely. BROADSWORD Broad"sword`, n. Defn: A sword with a broad blade and a cutting edge; a claymore. I heard the broadsword's deadly clang. Sir W. Scott. BROADWISE Broad"wise`, adv. Defn: Breadthwise. [Archaic] BROB Brob, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. brog, E. brog, n.] (Carp.) Defn: A peculiar brad-shaped spike, to be driven alongside the end of an abutting timber to prevent its slipping. BROBDINGNAGIAN Brob`ding*nag"i*an, a. Etym: [From Brobdingnag, a country of giants in "Gulliver's Travels."] Defn: Colossal' of extraordinary height; gigantic. -- n. Defn: A giant. [Spelt often Brobdignagian.] BROCADE Bro*cade", n. Etym: [Sp. brocado (cf. It. broccato, F. brocart), fr. LL. brocare *prick, to figure (textile fabrics), to emboss (linen), to stitch. See Broach.] Defn: Silk stuff, woven with gold and silver threads, or ornamented with raised flowers, foliage, etc.; -- also applied to other stuffs thus wrought and enriched. A gala suit of faded brocade. W. Irving. BROCADED Bro*cad"ed, a. 1. Woven or worked, as brocade, with gold and silver, or with raised flowers, etc. Brocaded flowers o'er the gay mantua shine. Gay. 2. Dressed in brocade. BROCAGE Bro"cage, n. Defn: See Brokkerage. BROCARD Broc"ard, n. Etym: [Perh. fr. Brocardica, Brocardicorum opus, a collection of ecclesiastical canons by Burkhard, Bishop of Worms, called, by the Italians and French, Brocard.] Defn: An elementary principle or maximum; a short, proverbial rule, in law, ethics, or metaphysics. The legal brocard, "Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus," is a rule not more applicable to other witness than to consciousness. Sir W. Hamilton. BROCATEL Bro"ca*tel, n. Etym: [F. brocatelle, fr. It. brocatello: cf. Sp. brocatel. See Brocade.] 1. A kind of coarse brocade, or figured fabric, used chiefly for tapestry, linings for carriages, etc. 2. A marble, clouded and veined with white, gray, yellow, and red, in which the yellow usually prevails. It is also called Siena marble, from its locality. BROCATELLO Bro`ca*tel"lo, n. Defn: Same as Brocatel. BROCCOLI Broc"co*li, n. Etym: [It. broccoli, pl. of broccolo sprout, cabbage sprout, dim. of brocco splinter. See Broach, n.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the Cabbage species (Brassica oleracea) of many varieties, resembling the cauliflower. The "curd," or flowering head, is the part used for food. BROCHANTITE Broch"an*tite, n. Etym: [From Brochant de Villiers, a French mineralogist.] (Min.) Defn: A basic sulphate of copper, occurring in emerald-green crystals. BROCHE Bro`ché", a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Woven with a figure; as, broché goods. BROCHE Broche, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Broach, n. BROCHETTE Bro`chette" (bro`shet"), n. [F., dim. of broche. See Broach, n.] (Cookery) Defn: A small spit or skewer. -- En bro`chette" (än) [F.], on a brochette; skewered. BROCHURE Bro*chure", n. Etym: [F., fr. brocher to stitch. See Broach, v. t.] Defn: A printed and stitched book containing only a few leaves; a pamphlet. BROCK Brock, n. Etym: [AS. broc, fr. W. broch; akin to Ir. & Gael. broc, Corn. & Armor. broch; cf. Ir. & Gael. breac speckled.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A badger. Or with pretense of chasing thence the brock. B. Jonson. BROCK Brock, n. Etym: [See Brocket.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A brocket. Bailey. BROCKEN SPECTER; BROCKEN SPECTRE Brock"en spec"ter or Brock"en spec"tre. [Trans. of G. Brockengespenst.] Defn: A mountain specter (which see), esp. that observed on the Brocken, in the Harz Mountains. BROCKET Brock"et, n. Etym: [OE. broket, F. broquart fallow deer a year old, fr. the same root as E. broach, meaning point (hence tine of a horn).] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A male red deer two years old; -- sometimes called brock. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small South American deer, of several species (Coassus superciliaris, C. rufus, and C. auritus). BROCKISH Brock"ish, a. Defn: Beastly; brutal. [Obs.] Bale. BRODEKIN Brode"kin, n. Etym: [F. brodequin, OE. brossequin, fr. OD. broseken, brosekin, dim. of broos buskin, prob. fr. LL. byrsa leather, Gr. Buskin.] Defn: A buskin or half-boot. [Written also brodequin.] [Obs.] BROG Brog, n. Etym: [Gael. Cf. Brob.] Defn: A pointed instrument, as a joiner's awl, a brad awl, a needle, or a small ship stick. BROG Brog, v. t. Defn: To prod with a pointed instrument, as a lance; also, to broggle. [Scot. & Prov.] Sir W. Scott. BROGAN Bro"gan, n. Defn: A stout, coarse shoe; a brogue. BROGGLE Brog"gle, v. i. Etym: [Dim. of Prov. E. brog to broggle. Cf. Brog, n.] Defn: To sniggle, or fish with a brog. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. BROGUE Brogue, n. Etym: [Ir. & Gael. brog shoe, hoof.] 1. A stout, coarse shoe; a brogan. Note: In the Highlands of Scotland, the ancient brogue was made of horsehide or deerskin, untanned or tenned with the hair on, gathered round the ankle with a thong. The name was afterward given to any shoe worn as a part of the Highland costume. Clouted brogues, patched brogues; also, brogues studded with nails. See under Clout, v. t. 2. A dialectic pronunciation; esp. the Irish manner of pronouncing English. Or take, Hibernis, thy still ranker brogue. Lloyd. BROGUES Brogues, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. Breeches.] Defn: Breeches. [Obs.] Shenstone. BROID Broid, v. t. Defn: To braid. [Obs.] Chaucer. BROIDER Broid"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broidered.] Etym: [OE. broiden, brouden, F. broder, confused with E. braid; F. broder is either the same word as border to border (see Border), or perh. of Celtic origin; cf. W. brathu to sting, stab, Ir. & Gael. brod goad, prickle, OE. brod a goad; and also Icel. broddr a spike, a sting, AS. brord a point.] Defn: To embroider. [Archaic] They shall make a broidered coat. Ex. xxviii. 4. BROIDERER Broid"er*er, n. Defn: One who embroiders. [Archaic] BROIDERY Broid"er*y, n. Defn: Embroidery. [Archaic] The golden broidery tender Milkah wove. Tickell. BROIL Broil, n. Etym: [F. brouiller to disorder, from LL. brogilus, broilus, brolium, thicket, wood, park; of uncertain origin; cf. W. brog a swelling out, OHG. proil marsh, G. brühl, MHG. brogen to rise. The meaning tumult, confusion, comes apparently from tangled undergrowth, thicket, and this possibly from the meaning to grow, rise, sprout.] Defn: A tumult; a noisy quarrel; a disturbance; a brawl; contention; discord, either between individuals or in the state. I will own that there is a haughtiness and fierceness in human nature which will which will cause innumerable broils, place men in what situation you please. Burke. Syn. -- Contention; fray; affray; tumult; altercation; dissension; discord; contest; conflict; brawl; uproar. BROIL Broil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Broiling.] Etym: [OE. broilen, OF. bruillir, fr. bruir to broil, burn; of Ger. origin; cf. MHG. brüejen, G. brühen, to scald, akin to E. brood.] 1. To cook by direct exposure to heat over a fire, esp. upon a gridiron over coals. 2. To subject to great (commonly direct) heat. BROIL Broil, v. i. Defn: To be subjected to the action of heat, as meat over the fire; to be greatly heated, or to be made uncomfortable with heat. The planets and comets had been broiling in the sun. Cheyne. BROILER Broil"er, n. Defn: One who excites broils; one who engages in or promotes noisy quarrels. What doth he but turn broiler, . . . make new libels against the church Hammond. BROILER Broil"er, n. 1. One who broils, or cooks by broiling. 2. A gridiron or other utensil used in broiling. 3. A chicken or other bird fit for broiling. [Colloq.] BROILING Broil"ing, a. Defn: Excessively hot; as, a broiling sun. -- n. Defn: The act of causing anything to broil. BROKAGE Bro"kage, n. Defn: See Brokerage. BROKE Broke, v. i. Etym: [See Broker, and cf. Brook.] 1. To transact business for another. [R.] Brome. 2. To act as procurer in love matters; to pimp. [Obs.] We do want a certain necessary woman to broke between them, Cupid said. Fanshawe. And brokes with all that can in such a suit Corrupt the tender honor of a maid. Shak. BROKE Broke (brok), Defn: imp. & p. p. of Break. BROKEN Bro"ken (bro"k'n), a. Etym: [From Break, v. t.] 1. Separated into parts or pieces by violence; divided into fragments; as, a broken chain or rope; a broken dish. 2. Disconnected; not continuous; also, rough; uneven; as, a broken surface. 3. Fractured; cracked; disunited; sundered; strained; apart; as, a broken reed; broken friendship. 4. Made infirm or weak, by disease, age, or hardships. The one being who remembered him as he been before his mind was broken. G. Eliot. The broken soldier, kindly bade to stay, Sat by his fire, and talked the night away. Goldsmith. 5. Subdued; humbled; contrite. The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit. Ps. li. 17. 6. Subjugated; trained for use, as a horse. 7. Crushed and ruined as by something that destroys hope; blighted. "Her broken love and life." G. Eliot. 8. Not carried into effect; not adhered to; violated; as, a broken promise, vow, or contract; a broken law. 9. Ruined financially; incapable of redeeming promises made, or of paying debts incurred; as, a broken bank; a broken tradesman. 10. Imperfectly spoken, as by a foreigner; as, broken English; imperfectly spoken on account of emotion; as, to say a few broken words at parting. Amidst the broken words and loud weeping of those grave senators. Macaulay. Broken ground. (a) (Mil.) Rough or uneven ground; as, the troops were retarded in their advance by broken ground. (b) Ground recently opened with the plow. -- Broken line (Geom.), the straight lines which join a number of given points taken in some specified order. -- Broken meat, fragments of meat or other food. -- Broken number, a fraction. -- Broken weather, unsettled weather. BROKEN-BACKED Bro"ken-backed`, a. 1. Having a broken back; as, a broken-backed chair. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Hogged; so weakened in the frame as to droop at each end; -- said of a ship. Totten. BROKEN-BELLIED Bro"ken-bel`lied, a. Defn: Having a ruptured belly. [R.] BROKEN BREAST Bro"ken breast`. Defn: Abscess of the mammary gland. BROKEN-HEARTED Bro"ken-heart`ed, a. Defn: Having the spirits depressed or crushed by grief or despair. She left her husband almost broken-hearted. Macaulay. Syn. -- Disconsolable; heart-broken; inconsolable; comfortless; woe- begone; forlorn. BROKENLY Bro"ken*ly, adv. Defn: In a broken, interrupted manner; in a broken state; in broken language. The pagans worship God . . . as it were brokenly and by piecemeal. Cudworth. BROKENNESS Bro"ken*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being broken; unevenness. Macaulay. 2. Contrition; as, brokenness of heart. BROKEN WIND Bro"ken wind`. (Far.) Defn: The heaves. BROKEN-WINDED Bro"ken-wind`ed, a. (Far.) Defn: Having short breath or disordered respiration, as a horse. BROKER Bro"ker, n. Etym: [OE. brocour, from a word akin to broken, bruken, to use, enjoy, possess, digest, fr. AS. br to use, enjoy; cf. Fries. broker, F. brocanteur. See Brook, v. t.] 1. One who transacts business for another; an agent. 2. (Law) Defn: An agent employed to effect bargains and contracts, as a middleman or negotiator, between other persons, for a compensation commonly called brokerage. He takes no possession, as broker, of the subject matter of the negotiation. He generally contracts in the names of those who employ him, and not in his own. Story. 3. A dealer in money, notes, bills of exchange, etc. 4. A dealer in secondhand goods. [Eng.] 5. A pimp or procurer. [Obs.] Shak. Bill broker, one who buys and sells notes and bills of exchange. -- Curbstone broker or Street broker, an operator in stocks (not a member of the Stock Exchange) who executes orders by running from office to office, or by transactions on the street. [U.S.] -- Exchange broker, one who buys and sells uncurrent money, and deals in exchanges relating to money. -- Insurance broker, one who is agent in procuring insurance on vessels, or against fire. -- Pawn broker. See Pawnbroker. -- Real estate broker, one who buys and sells lands, and negotiates loans, etc., upon mortgage. -- Ship broker, one who acts as agent in buying and selling ships, procuring freight, etc. -- Stock broker. See Stockbroker. BROKERAGE Bro"ker*age, n. 1. The business or employment of a broker. Burke. 2. The fee, reward, or commission, given or changed for transacting business as a broker. BROKERLY Bro"ker*ly, a. Defn: Mean; servile. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BROKERY Bro"ker*y, n. Defn: The business of a broker. [Obs.] And with extorting, cozening, forfeiting, And tricks belonging unto brokery. Marlowe. BROKING Bro"king, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a broker or brokers, or to brokerage. [Obs.] Redeem from broking pawn the blemished crown. Shak. BROMA Bro"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: Aliment; food. Dunglison. 2. A light form of prepared cocoa (or cacao), or the drink made from it. BROMAL Bro"mal, n. Etym: [Bromine + aldehyde.] (Chem.) Defn: An oily, colorless fluid, CBr BROMALIN Bro"ma*lin, n. [From Bromine.] (Pharm.) Defn: A colorless or white crystalline compound, (CH2)6N4C2H5Br, used as a sedative in epilepsy. BROMANIL Brom`an"il, n. [Bromine + aniline.] (Chem.) Defn: A substance analogous to chloranil but containing bromine in place of chlorine. BROMATE Bro"mate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of bromic acid. BROMATE Bro"mate, v.t. (Med.) Defn: To combine or impregnate with bromine; as, bromated camphor. BROMATOLOGIST Bro`ma*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in the science of foods. BROMATOLOGY Bro`ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of aliments. Dunglison. BROME Brome, n. Etym: [F.] (Chem.) Defn: See Bromine. BROME GRASS Brome" grass`. Etym: [L. bromos a kind of oats, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus (Bromus) of grasses, one species of which is the chess or cheat. BROMELIACEOUS Bro*me`li*a"ceous, a. Etym: [Named after Olaf Bromel, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a family of endogenous and mostly epiphytic or saxicolous plants of which the genera Tillandsia and Billbergia are examples. The pineapple, though terrestrial, is also of this family. BROMIC Bro"mic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, bromine; -- said of those compounds of bromine in which this element has a valence of five, or the next to its highest; as, bromic acid. BROMIDE Bro"mide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of bromine with a positive radical. BROMIDE PAPER; BROMID PAPER Bromide paper or Bromid paper. (Photog.) Defn: A sensitized paper coated with gelatin impregnated with bromide of silver, used in contact printing and in enlarging. BROMIDIOM Bro*mid"i*om, n. [Bromide + idiom.] Defn: A conventional comment or saying, such as those characteristic of bromides. [Slang] BROMINATE Bro"mi*nate, v. t. Defn: See Bromate, v. t. BROMINE Bro"mine, n. Etym: [Gr. Brome.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the elements, related in its chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine. Atomic weight 79.8. Symbol Br. It is a deep reddish brown liquid of a very disagreeable odor, emitting a brownish vapor at the ordinary temperature. In combination it is found in minute quantities in sea water, and in many saline springs. It occurs also in the mineral bromyrite. BROMISM Bro"mism, n. (Med.) Defn: A diseased condition produced by the excessive use of bromine or one of its compounds. It is characterized by mental dullness and muscular weakness. BROMIZE Bro"mize, v. t. (Photog.) Defn: To prepare or treat with bromine; as, to bromize a silvered plate. BROMLIFE Brom"life, n. Etym: [From Bromley Hill, near Alston, Cumberland, England.] (Min.) Defn: A carbonate of baryta and lime, intermediate between witherite and strontianite; -- called also alstonite. BROMOFORM Bro"mo*form, n. Etym: [Bromine + formyl.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless liquid, CHBr3, having an agreeable odor and sweetish taste. It is produced by the simultaneous action of bromine and caustic potash upon wood spirit, alcohol, or acetone, as also by certain other reactions. In composition it is the same as chloroform, with the substitution of bromine for chlorine. It is somewhat similar to chloroform in its effects. Watts. BROMOGELATIN Bro`mo*gel"a*tin, a. [Bromine + gelatin.] (Photog.) Defn: Designating or pertaining to, a process of preparing dry plates with an emulsion of bromides and silver nitrate in gelatin. BROMOIODISM Bro`mo*i"o*dism, n. [Bromine + iodine + -ism.] (Med.) Defn: Poisoning induced by large doses of bromine and iodine or of their compounds. BROMOIODIZED Bro`mo*i"o*dized, a. (Photog.) Defn: Treated with bromides and iodides. BROMOL Bro"mol, n. [Abbr. fr. tribromophenol.] (Pharm.) Defn: A crystalline substance (chemically, tribromophenol, C6H2Br3OH), used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. BROMPICRIN Brom*pi"crin, n. Etym: [G. brompikrin; brom bromine + pikrinsäure picric acid.] (Chem.) Defn: A pungent colorless explosive liquid, CNO2Br3, analogous to and resembling chlorpicrin. [Spelt also brompikrin.] BROMURET Brom"u*ret, n. Defn: See Bromide. [Obs.] BROMYRITE Brom"y*rite, n. Etym: [Bromine + Gr. (Min.) Defn: Silver bromide, a rare mineral; -- called also bromargyrite. BRONCHI Bron"chi, n. pl. (Anat.) Defn: See Bronchus. BRONCHIA Bron"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [L. , pl. Cf. Bronchus.] (Anat.) Defn: The bronchial tubes which arise from the branching of the trachea, esp. the subdivision of the bronchi. Dunglison. BRONCHIAL Bron"chi*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. bronchial. See Bronchia.] (Anat.) Defn: Belonging to the bronchi and their ramifications in the lungs. Bronchial arteries, branches of the descending aorta, accompanying the bronchia in all their ramifications. -- Bronchial cells, the air cells terminating the bronchia. -- Bronchial glands, glands whose functions are unknown, seated along the bronchia. -- Bronchial membrane, the mucous membrane lining the bronchia. -- Bronchial tube, the bronchi, or the bronchia. BRONCHIC Bron"chic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Bronchial. BRONCHIOLE Bron"chi*ole, n. (Anat.) Defn: A minute bronchial tube. BRONCHITIC Bron*chit"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to bronchitis; as, bronchitic inflammation. BRONCHITIS Bron*chi"tis, n. Etym: [Bronchus + -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the bronchial tubes or any part of them. BRONCHO Bron"cho, n. Etym: [Sp. bronco rough, wild.] Defn: A native or a Mexican horse of small size. [Western U.S.] BRONCHOCELE Bron"cho*cele, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: See Goiter. BRONCHOPHONY Bron*choph"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A modification of the voice sounds, by which they are intensified and heightened in pitch; -- observed in auscultation of the chest in certain cases of intro-thoracic disease. BRONCHO-PNEUMONIA Bron`cho-pneu*mo"ni*a, n. Etym: [Bronchus + pneumonia.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the bronchi and lungs; catarrhal pneumonia. BRONCHOTOME Bron"cho*tome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for cutting into the bronchial tubes. BRONCHOTOMY Bron*chot"o*my, n. (Surg.) Defn: An incision into the windpipe or larynx, including the operations of tracheotomy and laryngotomy. BRONCHUS Bron"chus, n.; pl. Bronchi (. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Bronchia.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the subdivisions of the trachea or windpipe; esp. one of the two primary divisions. BRONCO Bron"co, n. Defn: Same as Broncho. BROND Brond, n. Etym: [See Brand.] Defn: A sword. [Obs.] BRONTOGRAPH Bron"to*graph, n. [Gr. thunder + -graph.] (Meteor.) (a) A tracing or chart showing the phenomena attendant on thunderstorms. (b) An instrument for making such tracings, as a recording brontometer. BRONTOLITE; BRONTOLITH Bron"to*lite, Bron"to*lith, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite, -lith.] Defn: An aërolite. [R.] BRONTOLOGY Bron*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: A treatise upon thunder. BRONTOMETER Bron*tom"e*ter, n. [Gr. thunder + -meter.] (Meteor.) Defn: An instrument for noting or recording phenomena attendant on thunderstorms. BRONTOSAURUS Bron`to*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of American jurassic dinosaurs. A length of sixty feet is believed to have been attained by these reptiles. BRONTOTHERIUM Bron`to*the"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of large extinct mammals from the miocene strata of western North America. They were allied to the rhinoceros, but the skull bears a pair of powerful horn cores in front of the orbits, and the fore feet were four-toed. See Illustration in Appendix. BRONTOZOUM Bron`to*zo"um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct animal of large size, known from its three-toed footprints in Mesozoic sandstone. Note: The tracks made by these reptiles are found eighteen inches in length, and were formerly referred to gigantic birds; but the discovery of large bipedal three-toed dinosaurs has suggested that they were made by those reptiles. BRONZE Bronze, n. Etym: [F. bronze, fr. It. bronzo brown, fr. OHG. br, G. braun. See Brown, a.] 1. An alloy of copper and tin, to which small proportions of other metals, especially zinc, are sometimes added. It is hard and sonorous, and is used for statues, bells, cannon, etc., the proportions of the ingredients being varied to suit the particular purposes. The varieties containing the higher proportions of tin are brittle, as in bell metal and speculum metal. 2. A statue, bust, etc., cast in bronze. A print, a bronze, a flower, a root. Prior. 3. A yellowish or reddish brown, the color of bronze; also, a pigment or powder for imitating bronze. 4. Boldness; impudence; "brass." Imbrowned with native bronze, lo! Henley stands. Pope. Aluminium bronze. See under Aluminium. -- Bronze age, an age of the world which followed the stone age, and was characterized by the use of implements and ornaments of copper or bronze. -- Bronze powder, a metallic powder, used with size or in combination with painting, to give the appearance of bronze, gold, or other metal, to any surface. -- Phosphor bronze and Silicious or Silicium bronze are made by adding phosphorus and silicon respectively to ordinary bronze, and are characterized by great tenacity. BRONZE Bronze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bronzed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bronzing.] Etym: [Cf. F. bronzer. See Bronze, n.] 1. To give an appearance of bronze to, by a coating of bronze powder, or by other means; to make of the color of bronze; as, to bronze plaster casts; to bronze coins or medals. The tall bronzed black-eyed stranger. W. Black. 2. To make hard or unfeeling; to brazen. The lawer who bronzes his bosom instead of his forehead. Sir W. Scott. Bronzed skin disease. (Pathol.) See Addison's disease. BRONZE STEEL Bronze steel. Defn: A hard tough alloy of tin, copper, and iron, which can be used for guns. BRONZEWING Bronze"wing`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Australian pigeon of the genus Phaps, of several species; -- so called from its bronze plumage. BRONZINE Bronz"ine, n. Defn: A metal so prepared as to have the appearance of bronze. -- a. Defn: Made of bronzine; resembling bronze; bronzelike. BRONZING Bronz"ing, n. 1. The act or art of communicating to articles in metal, wood, clay, plaster, etc., the appearance of bronze by means of bronze powders, or imitative painting, or by chemical processes. Tomlinson. 2. A material for bronzing. BRONZIST Bronz"ist, n. Defn: One who makes, imitates, collects, or deals in, bronzes. BRONZITE Bronz"ite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bronzite.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of enstatite, often having a bronzelike luster. It is a silicate of magnesia and iron, of the pyroxene family. BRONZY Bronz"y, a. Defn: Like bronze. BROOCH Brooch, n. Etym: [See Broach, n.] 1. An ornament, in various forms, with a tongue, pin, or loop for attaching it to a garment; now worn at the breast by women; a breastpin. Formerly worn by men on the hat. Honor 's a good brooch to wear in a man's hat. B. Jonson. 2. (Paint.) Defn: A painting all of one color, as a sepia painting, or an India painting. BROOCH Brooch, v. t. Etym: [imp. & p. p. Brooched (.] Defn: To adorn as with a brooch. [R.] BROOD Brood, n. Etym: [OE. brod, AS. brod; akin to D. broed, OHG. bruot, G. brut, and also to G. brühe broth, MHG. brüeje, and perh. to E. brawn, breath. Cf. Breed, v. t.] 1. The young birds hatched at one time; a hatch; as, a brood of chicken. As a hen doth gather her brood under her wings. Luke xiii. 34. A hen followed by a brood of ducks. Spectator. 2. The young from the same dam, whether produced at the same time or not; young children of the same mother, especially if nearly of the same age; offspring; progeny; as, a woman with a brood of children. The lion roars and gluts his tawny brood. Wordsworth. 3. That which is bred or produced; breed; species. Flocks of the airy brood, (Cranes, geese or long-necked swans). Chapman. 4. (Mining) Defn: Heavy waste in tin and copper ores. To sit on brood, to ponder. [Poetic] Shak. BROOD Brood, a. 1. Sitting or inclined to sit on eggs. 2. Kept for breeding from; as, a brood mare; brood stock; having young; as, a brood sow. BROOD Brood, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Brooding.] 1. To sit on and cover eggs, as a fowl, for the purpose of warming them and hatching the young; or to sit over and cover young, as a hen her chickens, in order to warm and protect them; hence, to sit quietly, as if brooding. Birds of calm sir brooding on the charmed wave. Milton. 2. To have the mind dwell continuously or moodily on a subject; to think long and anxiously; to be in a state of gloomy, serious thought; -- usually followed by over or on; as, to brood over misfortunes. Brooding on unprofitable gold. Dryden. Brooding over all these matters, the mother felt like one who has evoked a spirit. Hawthorne. When with downcast eyes we muse and brood. Tennyson. BROOD Brood, v. t. 1. To sit over, cover, and cherish; as, a hen broods her chickens. 2. To cherish with care. [R.] 3. To think anxiously or moodily upon. You'll sit and brood your sorrows on a throne. Dryden. BROODY Brood"y, a. Defn: Inclined to brood. Ray. BROOK Brook, n. Etym: [OE. brok, broke, brook, AS. broc; akin to D. broek, LG. brok, marshy ground, OHG. pruoh, G. bruch marsh; prob. fr. the root of E. break, so as that it signifies water breaking through the earth, a spring or brook, as well as a marsh. See Break, v. t.] Defn: A natural stream of water smaller than a river or creek. The Lord thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water. Deut. viii. 7. Empires itself, as doth an inland brook Into the main of waters. Shak. BROOK Brook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brooked; p. pr. & vb. n. Brooking.] Etym: [OE. broken, bruken, to use, enjoy, digest, AS. br; akin to D. gebruiken to use, OHG. pr, G. brauchen, gebrauchen, Icel. br, Goth. br, and L. frui, to enjoy. Cf. Fruit, Broker.] 1. To use; to enjoy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To bear; to endure; to put up with; to tolerate; as, young men can not brook restraint. Spenser. Shall we, who could not brook one lord, Crouch to the wicked ten Macaulay. 3. To deserve; to earn. [Obs.] Sir J. Hawkins. BROOKITE Brook"ite, n. Etym: [Named from the English mineralogist, H.J.Brooke.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral consisting of titanic oxide, and hence identical with rutile and octahedrite in composition, but crystallizing in the orthorhombic system. BROOKLET Brook"let, n. Defn: A small brook. BROOKLIME Brook"lime`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Veronica Beccabunga), with flowers, usually blue, in axillary racemes. The American species is V. Americana. [Formerly written broklempe or broklympe.] BROOK MINT Brook" mint`. (Bot.) Defn: See Water mint. BROOKSIDE Brook"side`, n. Defn: The bank of a brook. BROOKWEED Brook"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A small white-flowered herb (Samolus Valerandi) found usually in wet places; water pimpernel. BROOM Broom, n. Etym: [OE. brom, brome, AS. brom; akin to LG. bram, D. brem, OHG. bramo broom, thornbrombeere blackberry. Cf. Bramble, n.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant having twigs suitable for making brooms to sweep with when bound together; esp., the Cytisus scoparius of Western Europe, which is a low shrub with long, straight, green, angular branches, mintue leaves, and large yellow flowers. No gypsy cowered o'er fires of furze and broom. Wordsworth. 2. An implement for sweeping floors, etc., commonly made of the panicles or tops of broom corn, bound together or attached to a long wooden handle; -- so called because originally made of the twigs of the broom. Butcher's broom, a plant (Ruscus aculeatus) of the Smilax family, used by butchers for brooms to sweep their blocks; -- called also knee holly. See Cladophyll. -- Dyer's broom, a species of mignonette (Reseda luteola), used for dyeing yellow; dyer's weed; dyer's rocket. -- Spanish broom. See under Spanish. BROOM Broom, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: See Bream. BROOM CORN Broom" corn`. (Bot.) Defn: A variety of Sorghum vulgare, having a joined stem, like maize, rising to the height of eight or ten feet, and bearing its seeds on a panicle with long branches, of which brooms are made. BROOM RAPE Broom" rape`. (Bot.) Defn: A genus (Orobanche) of parasitic plants of Europe and Asia. They are destitute of chlorophyll, have scales instead of leaves, and spiked flowers, and grow attached to the roots of other plants, as furze, clover, flax, wild carrot, etc. The name is sometimes applied to other plants related to this genus, as Aphyllon uniflorumand A. Ludovicianum. BROOMSTAFF Broom"staff`, n. Defn: A broomstick. [Obs.] Shak. BROOMSTICK Broom"stick`, n. Defn: A stick used as a handle of a broom. BROOMY Broom"y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to broom; overgrowing with broom; resembling broom or a broom. If land grow mossy or broomy. Mortimer. BROSE Brose, n. Etym: [CF. Gael. brothas. Cf. Brewis, Broth.] Defn: Pottage made by pouring some boiling liquid on meal (esp. oatmeal), and stirring it. It is called beef brose, water brose, etc., according to the name of the liquid (beef broth, hot water, etc.) used. [Scot.] BROTEL Brot"el, a. Defn: Brittle. [Obs.] Chaucer. BROTELNESS Brot"el*ness, n. Defn: Brittleness. [Obs.] Chaucer. BROTH Broth, n. Etym: [AS. bro; akin to OHG. brod, brot; cf. Ir. broth, Gael. brot. *93. Cf. Brewis, Brew.] Defn: Liquid in which flesh (and sometimes other substances, as barley or rice) has been boiled; thin or simple soup. I am sure by your unprejudiced discourses that you love broth better than soup. Addison. BROTHEL Broth"el, n. Etym: [OE. brothel, brodel, brethel, a prostitute, a worthless fellow, fr. AS. beró to ruin, destroy; cf. AS. breótan to break, and E. brittle. The term brothel house was confused with bordel brothel. CF. Bordel.] Defn: A house of lewdness or ill fame; a house frequented by prostitutes; a bawdyhouse. BROTHELER Broth"el*er, n. Defn: One who frequents brothels. BROTHELRY Broth"el*ry, n. Defn: Lewdness; obscenity; a brothel. B. Jonson. BROTHER Broth"er, n.; pl. Brothers or Brethren. See Brethren. Etym: [OE. brother, AS. bro; akin to OS. brothar, D. broeder, OHG. pruodar, G. bruder, Icel. bro, Sw. & Dan. broder, Goth. bro, Ir. brathair, W. brawd, pl. brodyr, Lith. brolis, Lett. brahlis, Russ. brat', Pol. & Serv. brat, OSlav. brat, L. frater, Skr. bhrat, Zend. bratar brother, Gr. Brothers; in the solemn style, Brethren, OE. pl. brether, bretheren, AS. dat. sing. bre, nom. pl. bro, bro. sq. root258. Cf. Frair, Fraternal.] 1. A male person who has the same father and mother with another person, or who has one of them only. In the latter case he is more definitely called a half brother, or brother of the half blood. Two of us in the churchyard lie, My sister and my brother. Wordsworth. 2. One related or closely united to another by some common tie or interest, as of rank, profession, membership in a society, toil, suffering, etc.; -- used among judges, clergymen, monks, physicians, lawers, professors of religion, etc. "A brother of your order." Shak. We few, we happy few, we band of brothers, For he to-day that sheds his blood with me Shall be my brother. Shak. 3. One who, or that which, resembles another in distinctive qualities or traits of character. He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster. Prov. xviii. 9. That April morn Of this the very brother. Wordsworth. Note: In Scripture, the term brother is applied to a kinsman by blood more remote than a son of the same parents, as in the case of Abraham and Lot, Jacob and Laban. In a more general sense, brother or brethren is used for fellow-man or fellow-men. For of whom such massacre Make they but of their brethren, men of men Milton. Brother Jonathan, a humorous designation for the people of the United States collectively. The phrase is said to have originated from Washington's referring to the patriotic Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut, as "Brother Jonathan." -- Blood brother. See under Blood. BROTHER Broth"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brothered.] Defn: To make a brother of; to call or treat as a brother; to admit to a brotherhood. Sir W. Scott. BROTHER GERMAN Broth"er ger"man. (Law) Defn: A brother by both the father's and mother's side, in contradistinction to a uterine brother, one by the mother only. Bouvier. BROTHERHOOD Broth"er*hood, n. Etym: [Brother + -hood.] 1. The state of being brothers or a brother. 2. An association for any purpose, as a society of monks; a fraternity. 3. The whole body of persons engaged in the same business, -- especially those of the same profession; as, the legal or medical brotherhood. 4. Persons, and, poetically, things, of a like kind. A brotherhood of venerable trees. Wordsworth. Syn. -- Fraternity; association; fellowship; sodality. BROTHER-IN-LAW Broth"er-in-law`, n.; pl. Brothers-in-law (. Defn: The brother of one's husband or wife; also, the husband of one's sister; sometimes, the husband of one's wife's sister. BROTHERLINESS Broth"er*li*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being brotherly. BROTHERLY Broth"er*ly, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to brothers; such as is natural for brothers; becoming to brothers; kind; affectionate; as, brotherly love. Syn. -- Fraternal; kind; affectionate; tender. BROTHERLY Broth"er*ly, adv. Defn: Like a brother; affectionately; kindly. "I speak but brotherly of him." Shak. BROUDED Broud"ed, p.a. Defn: Braided; broidered. [Obs.] Alle his clothes brouded up and down. Chaucer. BROUGHAM Brough"am, n. Defn: A light, close carriage, with seats inside for two or four, and the fore wheels so arranged as to turn short. BROW Brow, n. Etym: [OE. browe, bruwe, AS. br; akin to AS. br, breáw, eyelid, OFries. bre, D. braauw, Icel. bra, br, OHG. prawa, G. braue, OSlav. br, Russ. brove, Ir. brai, Ir. & Gael. abhra, Armor. abrant, Gr. bhr. Cf. Bray a bank, Bridge.] 1. The prominent ridge over the eye, with the hair that covers it, forming an arch above the orbit. And his arched brow, pulled o'er his eyes, With solemn proof proclaims him wise. Churchill. 2. The hair that covers the brow (ridge over the eyes); the eyebrow. 'T is not your inky brows, your brack silk hair. Shak. 3. The forehead; as, a feverish brow. Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow. Shak. 4. The general air of the countenance. To whom thus Satan with contemptuous brow. Milton. He told them with a masterly brow. Milton. 5. The edge or projecting upper aprt of a steep place; as, the brow of a precipice; the brow of a hill. To bend the brow, To knit the brows, to frown; to scowl. BROW Brow, v. t. Defn: To bound to limit; to be at, or form, the edge of. [R.] Tending my flocks hard by i' the hilly crofts That brow this bottom glade. Milton. BROWBEAT Brow"beat`, v. t. [imp. Browbeat; p. p. Browbeaten; p. pr. & vb. n. Browbeating.] Defn: To depress or bear down with haughty, stern looks, or with arrogant speech and dogmatic assertions; to abash or disconcert by impudent or abusive words or looks; to bully; as, to browbeat witnesses. My grandfather was not a man to be browbeaten. W. Irving. BROWBEATING Brow"beat`ing, n. Defn: The act of bearing down, abashing, or disconcerting, with stern looks, suspercilious manners, or confident assertions. The imperious browbeating and scorn of great men. L'Estrange. BROWBOUND Brow"bound`, a. Defn: Crowned; having the head encircled as with a diadem. Shak. BROWDYNG Browd"yng, n. Defn: Embroidery. [Obs.] Of goldsmithrye, of browdying, and of steel. Chaucer. BROWED Browed, a. Defn: Having (such) a brow; -- used in composition; as, dark-browed, stern-browed. BROWLESS Brow"less, a. Defn: Without shame. L. Addison. BROWN Brown, a. [Compar. Browner; superl. Brownest.] Etym: [OE. brun, broun, AS. br; akin to D. bruin, OHG. br, Icel. br, Sw. brun, Dan. bruun, G. braun, Lith. brunas, Skr. babhru. *93, 253. Cf. Bruin, Beaver, Burnish, Brunette.] Defn: Of a dark color, of various shades between black and red or yellow. Cheeks brown as the oak leaves. Longfellow. Brown Bess, the old regulation flintlock smoothbore musket, with bronzed barrel, formerly used in the British army. -- Brown bread (a) Dark colored bread; esp. a kind made of unbolted wheat flour, sometimes called in the United States Graham bread. "He would mouth with a beggar though she smelt brown bread and garlic." Shak. (b) Dark colored bread made of rye meal and Indian meal, or of wheat and rye or Indian; rye and Indian bread. [U.S.] -- Brown coal, wood coal. See Lignite. -- Brown hematite or Brown iron ore (Min.), the hydrous iron oxide, limonite, which has a brown streak. See Limonite. -- Brown holland. See under Holland. -- Brown paper, dark colored paper, esp. coarse wrapping paper, made of unbleached materials. -- Brown spar (Min.), a ferruginous variety of dolomite, in part identical with ankerite. -- Brown stone. See Brownstone. -- Brown stout, a strong kind of proter or malt liquor. -- Brown study, a state of mental abstraction or serious reverie. W. Irving. BROWN Brown, n. Defn: A dark color inclining to red or yellow, resulting from the mixture of red and black, or of red, black, and yellow; a tawny, dusky hue. BROWN Brown, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browned; p. pr. & vb. n. Browning.] 1. To make brown or dusky. A trembling twilight o'er welkin moves,Browns the dim void and darkens deep the groves. Barlow. 2. To make brown by scorching slightly; as, to brown meat or flour. 3. To give a bright brown color to, as to gun barrels, by forming a thin coat of oxide on their surface. Ure. BROWN Brown, v. i. Defn: To become brown. BROWNBACK Brown"back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dowitcher or red-breasted snipe. See Dowitcher. BROWN BILL Brown" bill`. Etym: [Brown + bill cutting tool.] Defn: A bill or halberd of the 16th and 17th centuries. See 4th Bill. Many time, but for a sallet, my brainpan had been cleft with a brown bill. Shak. Note: The black, or as it is sometimes called, the brown bill, was a kind of halberd, the cutting part hooked like a woodman's bill, from the back of which projected a spike, and another from the head. Grose. BROWNIAN Brown"i*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to Dr. Robert Brown, who first demonstrated (about 1827) the commonness of the motion described below. Brownian movement, the peculiar, rapid, vibratory movement exhibited by the microscopic particles of substances when suspended in water or other fluids. BROWNIE Brown"ie, n. Etym: [So called from its supposed tawny or swarthy color.] Defn: An imaginary good-natured spirit, who was supposed often to perform important services around the house by night, such as thrashing, churning, sweeping. [Scot.] BROWNING Brown"ing, n. 1. The act or operation of giving a brown color, as to gun barrels, etc. 2. (Masonry) Defn: A smooth coat of brown mortar, usually the second coat, and the preparation for the finishing coat of plaster. BROWNISH Brown"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat brown. BROWNISM Brown"ism, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The views or teachings of Robert Brown of the Brownists. Milton. BROWNISM Brown"ism, n. (Med.) Defn: The doctrines of the Brunonian system of medicine. See Brunonian. BROWNIST Brown"ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Robert Brown, of England, in the 16th century, who taught that every church is complete and independent in itself when organized, and consists of members meeting in one place, having full power to elect and depose its officers. BROWNIST Brown"ist, n. (Med.) Defn: One who advocates the Brunonian system of medicine. BROWNNESS Brown"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being brown. Now like I brown (O lovely brown thy hair); Only in brownness beauty dwelleth there. Drayton. BROWN RACE Brown race. Defn: The Malay or Polynesian race; -- loosely so called. BROWNSTONE Brown"stone`, n. Defn: A dark variety of sandstone, much used for building purposes. BROWN THRUSH Brown" thrush". (Zoöl.) Defn: A common American singing bird (Harporhynchus rufus), allied to the mocking bird; -- also called brown thrasher. BROWNWORT Brown"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of figwort or Scrophularia (S. vernalis), and other species of the same genus, mostly perennials with inconspicuous coarse flowers. BROWNY Brown"y, a. Defn: Brown or, somewhat brown. "Browny locks." Shak. BROWPOST Brow"post`, n. (Carp.) Defn: A beam that goes across a building. BROWSE Browse, n. Etym: [OF. brost, broust, sprout, shoot, F. brout browse, browsewood, prob. fr. OHG. burst, G. borste, bristle; cf. also Armor. brousta to browse. See Bristle, n., Brush, n.] Defn: The tender branches or twigs of trees and shrubs, fit for the food of cattle and other animals; green food. Spenser. Sheep, goats, and oxen, and the nobler steed, On browse, and corn, and flowery meadows feed. Dryden. BROWSE Browse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Browsing.] Etym: [For broust, OF. brouster, bruster, F. brouter. See Browse, n., and cf. Brut.] 1. To eat or nibble off, as the tender branches of trees, shrubs, etc.; -- said of cattle, sheep, deer, and some other animals. Yes, like the stag, when snow the plasture sheets, The barks of trees thou browsedst. Shak. 2. To feed on, as pasture; to pasture on; to graze. Fields . . . browsed by deep-uddered kine. Tennyson. BROWSE Browse, v. i. 1. To feed on the tender branches or shoots of shrubs or trees, as do cattle, sheep, and deer. 2. To pasture; to feed; to nibble. Shak. BROWSER Brows"er, n. Defn: An animal that browses. BROWSEWOOD Browse"wood`, n. Defn: Srubs and bushes upon which animals browse. BROWSING Brows"ing, n. Defn: Browse; also, a place abounding with shrubs where animals may browse. Browsings for the deer. Howell. BROWSPOT Brow"spot`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A rounded organ between the eyes of the frog; the interocular gland. BRUANG Bru*ang", n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Malayan sun bear. BRUCINE Bru"cine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. brucine, fr. James Bruce, a Scottish traveler.] (Chem.) Defn: A poweful vegetable alkaloid, found, associated with strychnine, in the seeds of different species of Strychnos, especially in the Nux vomica. It is less powerful than strychnine. Called also brucia and brucina. BRUCITE Bru"cite, n. Etym: [Named after Dr. A.Bruce of New York.] (Min.) (a) A white, pearly mineral, occurring thin and foliated, like talc, and also fibrous; a native magnesium hydrate. (b) The mineral chondrodite. [R.] BRUCKELED Bruck"eled, a. Defn: Wet and dirty; begrimed. [Obs. or Dial.] Herrick. BRUH Bruh, n. (Zoöl.) Etym: [Native name.] Defn: The rhesus monkey. See Rhesus. BRUIN Bru"in, n. Etym: [D. bruin brown. In the epic poem of "Reynard the Fox" the bear is so called from his color. See Brown, a.] Defn: A bear; -- so called in popular tales and fables. BRUISE Bruise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bruised; p. pr. & vb. n. Bruising.] Etym: [OE. brusen, brisen, brosen, bresen, AS. br or fr. OF. bruiser, bruisier, bruser, to break, shiver, perh. from OHG. brochison. Cf. Break, v. t.] 1. To injure, as by a blow or collision, without laceration; to contuse; as, to bruise one's finger with a hammer; to bruise the bark of a tree with a stone; to bruise an apple by letting it fall. 2. To break; as in a mortar; to bray, as minerals, roots, etc.; to crush. Nor bruise her flowerets with the armed hoofs. Shak. Syn. -- To pulverize; bray; triturate; pound; contuse. BRUISE Bruise, v. i. Defn: To fight with the fists; to box. Bruising was considered a fine, manly, old English custom. Thackeray. BRUISE Bruise, n. Defn: An injury to the flesh of animals, or to plants, fruit, etc., with a blunt or heavy instrument, or by collision with some other body; a contusion; as, a bruise on the head; bruises on fruit. From the sole of the foot even unto the head there is no soundness in it; but wounds, and bruises. Isa. i. 6. BRUISER Bruis"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, bruises. 2. A boxer; a pugilist. R. Browning. Like a new bruiser on Broughtonic aand, Amid the lists our hero takes his stand. T. Warton. 3. A concave tool used in grinding lenses or the speculums of telescopes. Knight. BRUISEWORT Bruise"wort`, n. Defn: A plant supposed to heal bruises, as the true daisy, the soapwort, and the comfrey. BRUIT Bruit, n. Etym: [OE. bruit, brut, noise, bruit, F. bruit, fr. LL. brugitus; cf. L. rugire to roar; perh. influenced by the source of E. bray to make a harsh noise, Armor. brud bruit.] 1. Report; rumor; fame. The bruit thereof will bring you many friends. Shak. 2. [French pron. (Med.) Defn: An abnormal sound of several kinds, heard on auscultation. BRUIT Bruit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bruited; p. pr. & vb. n. Bruiting.] Defn: To report; to noise abroad. I find thou art no less than fame hath bruited. Shak. BRUMAIRE Bru`maire", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. bruma winter.] Defn: The second month of the calendar adopted by the first French republic. It began thirty days after the autumnal equinox. See Vendemiaire. BRUMAL Bru"mal, a. Etym: [L. brumalis, fr. bruma winter: cf. F. brumal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to winter. "The brumal solstice." Sir T. Browne. BRUME Brume, n. Etym: [F. brume winter season, mist, L. bruma winter.] Defn: Mist; fog; vapors. "The drifting brume." Longfellow. BRUMMAGEM Brum"ma*gem, a. Etym: [Birmingham (formerly Bromwycham), Eng., "the great mart and manufactory of gilt toys, cheap jewelry," etc.] Defn: Counterfeit; gaudy but worthless; sham. [Slang] "These Brummagem gentry." Lady D. Hardy. BRUMOUS Bru"mous, a. Defn: Foggy; misty. BRUN Brun, n. Etym: [See Broun a brook.] Defn: Same as Brun, a brook. [Scot.] BRUNETTE Bru*nette", n. Etym: [F. brunet, brunette, brownish, dim. of brun, brune, brown, fr. OHG. br. See Brown, a.] Defn: A girl or woman with a somewhat brown or dark complexion. -- a. Defn: Having a dark tint. BRUNION Brun"ion, n. Etym: [F. brugnon (cf. It. brugna, prugna), fr. L. prunum. See Prune, n.] Defn: A nectarine. BRUNONIAN Bru*no"ni*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or invented by, Brown; -- a term applied to a system of medicine promulgated in the 18th century by John Brown, of Scotland, the fundamental doctrine of which was, that life is a state of excitation produced by the normal action of external agents upon the body, and that disease consists in excess or deficiency of excitation. BRUNSWICK BLACK Bruns"wick black`. Defn: See Japan black. BRUNSWICK GREEN Bruns"wick green`. Etym: [G. Braunschweiger grün, first made at Brunswick, in Germany.] Defn: An oxychloride of copper, used as a green pigment; also, a carbonate of copper similarly employed. BRUNT Brunt, n. Etym: [OE. brunt, bront, fr. Icel. bruna to rush; cf. Icel. brenna to burn. Cf. Burn, v. t.] 1. The heat, or utmost violence, of an onset; the strength or greatest fury of any contention; as, the brunt of a battle. 2. The force of a blow; shock; collision. "And heavy brunt of cannon ball." Hudibras. It is instantly and irrecoverably scattered by our first brunt with some real affair of common life. I. Taylor. BRUSH Brush, n. Etym: [OE. brusche, OF. broche, broce, brosse, brushwood, F. brosse brush, LL. brustia, bruscia, fr. OHG. brusta, brust, bristle, G. borste bristle, bürste brush. See Bristle, n., and cf. Browse.] 1. An instrument composed of bristles, or other like material, set in a suitable back or handle, as of wood, bone, or ivory, and used for various purposes, as in removing dust from clothes, laying on colors, etc. Brushes have different shapes and names according to their use; as, clothes brush, paint brush, tooth brush, etc. 2. The bushy tail of a fox. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tuft of hair on the mandibles. 4. Branches of trees lopped off; brushwood. 5. A thicket of shrubs or small trees; the shrubs and small trees in a wood; underbrush. 6. (Elec.) Defn: A bundle of flexible wires or thin plates of metal, used to conduct an electrical current to or from the commutator of a dynamo, electric motor, or similar apparatus. 7. The act of brushing; as, to give one's clothes a brush; a rubbing or grazing with a quick motion; a light touch; as, we got a brush from the wheel as it passed. [As leaves] have with one winter's brush Fell from their boughts. Shak. 8. A skirmish; a slight encounter; a shock or collision; as, to have a brush with an enemy. Let grow thy sinews till their knots be strong, And tempt not yet the brushes of the war. Shak. 9. A short contest, or trial, of speed. Let us enjoy a brush across the country. Cornhill Mag. Electrical brush, a form of the electric discharge characterized by a brushlike appearance of luminous rays diverging from an electrified body. BRUSH Brush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brushed; p. pr. & vb. n. Brushing.] Etym: [OE. bruschen; cf. F. brosser. See Brush, n.] 1. To apply a brush to, according to its particular use; to rub, smooth, clean, paint, etc., with a brush. "A' brushes his hat o' mornings." Shak. 2. To touch in passing, or to pass lightly over, as with a brush. Some spread their sailes, some with strong oars sweep The waters smooth, and brush the buxom wave. Fairfax. Brushed with the kiss of rustling wings. Milton. 3. To remove or gather by brushing, or by an act like that of brushing, or by passing lightly over, as wind; -- commonly with off. As wicked dew as e'er my mother brushed With raven's feather from unwholesome fen. Shak. And from the boughts brush off the evil dew. Milton. To brush aside, to remove from one's way, as with a brush. -- To brush away, to remove, as with a brush or brushing motion. -- To brush up, to paint, or make clean or bright with a brush; to cleanse or improve; to renew. You have commissioned me to paint your shop, and I have done my best to brush you up like your neighbors. Pope. BRUSH Brush, v. i. Defn: To move nimbly in haste; to move so lightly as scarcely to be perceived; as, to brush by. Snatching his hat, he brushed off like the wind. Goldsmith. BRUSHER Brush"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, brushes. BRUSHINESS Brush"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of resembling a brush; brushlike condition; shagginess. Dr. H. More. BRUSHING Brush"ing, a. 1. Constructed or used to brush with; as a brushing machine. 2. Brisk; light; as, a brushing gallop. BRUSHITE Brush"ite, n. Etym: [From George J.Brush, an American mineralogist.] (Min.) Defn: A white or gray crystalline mineral consisting of the acid phosphate of calcium. BRUSH TURKEY Brush" tur`key. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, edible, gregarious bird of Australia (Talegalla Lathami) of the family Megapodidæ. Also applied to several allied species of New Guinea. Note: The brush turkeys live in the "brush," and construct a common nest by collecting a large heap of decaying vegetable matter, which generates heat sufficient to hatch the numerous eggs (sometimes half a bushel) deposited in it by the females of the flock. BRUSH WHEEL Brush" wheel`. 1. A wheel without teeth, used to turn a similar one by the friction of bristles or something brushlike or soft attached to the circumference. 2. A circular revolving brush used by turners, lapidaries, silversmiths, etc., for polishing. BRUSHWOOD Brush"wood, n. 1. Brush; a thicket or coppice of small trees and shrubs. 2. Small branches of trees cut off. BRUSHY Brush"y, a. Defn: Resembling a brush; shaggy; rough. BRUSK Brusk, a. Defn: Same as Brusque. BRUSQUE Brusque, a. Etym: [F. brusque, from It. brusco brusque, tart, sour, perh. fr. L. (vitis) labrusca wild (vine); or cf. OHG. bruttisc grim, fr. brutti terror.] Defn: Rough and prompt in manner; blunt; abrupt; hluff; as, a brusque man; a brusque style. BRUSQUENESS Brusque"ness, n. Defn: Quality of being brusque; roughness joined with promptness; blutness. Brit. Quar. BRUSSELS Brus"sels, n. Defn: A city of Belgium, giving its name to a kind of carpet, a kind of lace, etc. Brussels carpet, a kind of carpet made of worsted yarn fixed in a foundation web of strong linen thread. The worsted, which alone shows on the upper surface in drawn up in loops to form the pattern. -- Brussels ground, a name given to the handmade ground of real Brussels lace. It is very costly because of the extreme fineness of the threads. -- Brussels lace, an expensive kind of lace of several varieties, originally made in Brussels; as, Brussels point, Brussels ground, Brussels wire ground. -- Brussels net, an imitation of Brussels ground, made by machinery. -- Brussels point. See Point lace. -- Brussels sprouts (Bot.), a plant of the Cabbage family, which produces, in the axils of the upright stem, numerous small green heads, or "sprouts," each a cabbage in miniature, of one or two inches in diameter; the thousand-headed cabbage. -- Brussels wire ground, a ground for lace, made of silk, with meshes partly straight and partly arched. BRUSTLE Brus"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brustled; p. pr. & vb. n. Brustling.] Etym: [OE. brustlien and brastlien, AS. brastlian, fr. berstan to burst, akin to G. prasseln to crackle. See Burst, v. i.] 1. To crackle; to rustle, as a silk garment. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To make a show of fireceness or defiance; to bristle. [Obs.] To brustle up, to bristle up. [Obs.] Otway. BRUSTLE Brus"tle, n. Defn: A bristle. [Obs. or Prov.] Chaucer. BRUT Brut, v. i. Etym: [F. brouter, OF. brouster. See Browse, n.] Defn: To browse. [Obs.] Evelyn. BRUT Brut, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Birt. BRUTA Bru"ta, n. Etym: [NL., neuter pl., fr. L. brutus heavy, stupid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Edentata. BRUTAL Bru"tal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. brutal. See Brute, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to a brute; as, brutal nature. "Above the rest of brutal kind." Milton. 2. Like a brute; savage; cruel; inhuman; brutish; unfeeling; merciless; gross; as, brutal manners. "Brutal intemperance." Macaulay. BRUTALISM Bru"tal*ism, n. Defn: Brutish quality; brutality. BRUTALITY Bru*tal"i*ty, n.; pl. Brutalities. Etym: [Cf. F. brutalité.] 1. The quality of being brutal; inhumanity; savageness; pitilessness. 2. An inhuman act. The . . . brutalities exercised in war. Brougham. BRUTALIZATION Bru`tal*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of making brutal; state of being brutalized. BRUTALIZE Bru"tal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brutalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Brutalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. brutaliser.] Defn: To make brutal; beasty; unfeeling; or inhuman. BRUTALIZE Bru"tal*ize, v. i. Defn: To become brutal, inhuman, barbarous, or coarse and beasty. [R.] He mixed . . . with his countrymen, brutalized with them in their habits and manners. Addison. BRUTALLY Bru"tal*ly, adv. Defn: In a brutal manner; cruelly. BRUTE Brute, a. Etym: [F. brut, nasc., brute, fem., raw, rough, rude, brutish, L. brutus stupid, irrational: cf. It. & Sp. bruto.] 1. Not having sensation; senseless; inanimate; unconscious; without intelligence or volition; as, the brute earth; the brute powers of nature. 2. Not possessing reason, irrational; unthinking; as, a brute beast; the brute creation. A creature . . . not prone And brute as other creatures, but endued With sanctity of reason. Milton. 3. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, a brute beast. Hence: Brutal; cruel; fierce; ferocious; savage; pitiless; as, brute violence. Macaulay. The influence of capital and mere brute labor. Playfair. 4. Having the physical powers predominating over the mental; coarse; unpolished; unintelligent. A great brute farmer from Liddesdale. Sir W. Scott. 5. Rough; uncivilized; unfeeling. [R.] BRUTE Brute, n. 1. An animal destitute of human reason; any animal not human; esp. a quadruped; a beast. Brutes may be considered as either aëral, terrestrial, aquatic, or amphibious. Locke. 2. A brutal person; a savage in heart or manners; as unfeeling or coarse person. An ill-natured brute of a husband. Franklin. Syn. -- See Beast. BRUTE Brute, v. t. Etym: [For bruit.] Defn: To report; to bruit. [Obs.] BRUTELY Brute"ly, adv. Defn: In a rude or violent manner. BRUTENESS Brute"ness, n. 1. Brutality. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Insensibility. "The bruteness of nature." Emerson. BRUTIFY Bru"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brutified; p. pr. & vb. n. Brutifying.] Etym: [Brute + -fy: cf. F. brutifier.] Defn: To make like a brute; to make senseless, stupid, or unfeeling; to brutalize. Any man not quite brutified and void of sense. Barrow. BRUTING Bru"ting, n. Defn: Browsing. [Obs.] Evelyn. BRUTISH Bru"tish, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a brute or brutes; of a cruel, gross, and stupid nature; coarse; unfeeling; unintelligent. O, let all provocation Take every brutish shape it can devise. Leigh Hunt. Man may . . . render himself brutish, but it is in vain that he would seek to take the rank and density of the brute. I. Taylor. Syn. -- Insensible; stupid; unfeeling; savage; cruel; brutal; barbarous; inhuman; ferocious; gross; carnal; sensual; bestial. -- Bru"tish*ly, adv. -- Bru"tish*ness, n. BRUTISM Bru"tism, n. Defn: The nature or characteristic qualities or actions of a brute; extreme stupidity, or beastly vulgarity. BRYOLOGICAL Bry*o*log"i*cal, a. Defn: Relating to bryology; as, bryological studies. BRYOLOGIST Bry*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in bryology. BRYOLOGY Bry*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: That part of botany which relates to mosses. BRYONIN Bry"o*nin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A bitter principle obtained from the root of the bryony (Bryonia alba and B. dioica). It is a white, or slightly colored, substance, and is emetic and cathartic. BRYONY Bry"o*ny, n. Etym: [L. bryonia, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The common name of several cucurbitaceous plants of the genus Bryonia. The root of B. alba (rough or white bryony) and of B. dioica is a strong, irritating cathartic. Black bryony, a plant (Tamus communis) so named from its dark glossy leaves and black root; black bindweed. BRYOPHYTA Bry*oph"y*ta, n. pl. Defn: See Cryptogamia. BRYOZOA Bry`o*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of Molluscoidea, including minute animals which by budding form compound colonies; -- called also Polyzoa. Note: They are often coralike in form and appearance, each small cell containing an individual zooid. Other species grow in delicate, flexible, branched forms, resembling moss, whence the name. Some are found in fresh water, but most are marine. The three principal divisions are Ectoprocta, Entoprocta, and Pterobranchia. See Cyclostoma, Chilostoma, and Phylactolema. BRYOZOAN Bry`o*zo"an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Bryozoa. -- n. Defn: One of the Bryozoa. BRYOZOUM Bry`o*zo"um, n. Etym: [NL. See Bryozoa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An individual zooid of a bryozoan coralline, of which there may be two or more kinds in a single colony. The zooecia usually have a wreath of tentacles around the mouth, and a well developed stomach and intestinal canal; but these parts are lacking in the other zooids (Avicularia, Ooecia, etc.). BUANSUAH Bu`an*su"ah, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The wild dog of northern India (Cuon primævus), supposed by some to be an ancestral species of the domestic dog. BUAT Bu"at, n. Etym: [Scot., of uncertain origin.] Defn: A lantern; also, the moon. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. BUB Bub, n. Defn: Strong malt liquor. [Cant] Prior. BUB Bub, n. Etym: [Cf. 2d Bubby.] Defn: A young brother; a little boy; -- a familiar term of address of a small boy. BUB Bub, v. t. Etym: [Abbrev. from Bubble.] Defn: To throw out in bubbles; to bubble. [Obs.] Sackville. BUBALE Bu"ba*le, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bubale. See Buffalo, n.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large antelope (Alcelaphus bubalis) of Egypt and the Desert of Sahara, supposed by some to be the fallow deer of the Bible. BUBALINE Bu"ba*line, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling a buffalo. Bubaline antelope (Zoöl.), the bubale. BUBBLE Bub"ble, n. Etym: [Cf. D. bobbel, Dan. boble, Sw. bubbla. Cf. Blob, n.] 1. A thin film of liquid inflated with air or gas; as, a soap bubble; bubbles on the surface of a river. Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow, Like bubbles in a late disturbed stream. Shak. 2. A small quantity of air or gas within a liquid body; as, bubbles rising in champagne or aërated waters. 3. A globule of air, or globular vacuum, in a transparent solid; as, bubbles in window glass, or in a lens. 4. A small, hollow, floating bead or globe, formerly used for testing the strength of spirits. 5. The globule of air in the spirit tube of a level. 6. Anything that wants firmness or solidity; that which is more specious than real; a false show; a cheat or fraud; a delusive scheme; an empty project; a dishonest speculation; as, the South Sea bubble. Then a soldier . . . Seeking the bubble reputation Even in the cannon's mouth. Shak. 7. A person deceived by an empty project; a gull. [Obs.] "Ganny's a cheat, and I'm a bubble." Prior. BUBBLE Bub"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bubbled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bubbling (.] Etym: [Cf. D. bobbelen, Dan. boble. See Bubble, n.] 1. To rise in bubbles, as liquids when boiling or agitated; to contain bubbles. The milk that bubbled in the pail. Tennyson. 2. To run with a gurdling noise, as if forming bubbles; as, a bubbling stream. Pope. 3. To sing with a gurgling or warbling sound. At mine ear Bubbled the nightingale and heeded not. Tennyson. BUBBLER Bub"bler, v. t. Defn: To cheat; to deceive. She has bubbled him out of his youth. Addison. The great Locke, who was seldom outwitted by false sounds, was nevertheless bubbled here. Sterne. BUBBLER Bub"bler, n. 1. One who cheats. All the Jews, jobbers, bubblers, subscribers, projectors, etc. Pope. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of the Ohio river; -- so called from the noise it makes. BUBBLE SHELL Bub"ble shell`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine univalve shell of the genus Bulla and allied genera, belonging to the Tectibranchiata. BUBBLING JOCK Bub"bling Jock` (Zoöl.) Defn: The male wild turkey, the gobbler; -- so called in allusion to its notes. BUBBLY Bub"bly, a. Defn: Abounding in bubbles; bubbling. Nash. BUBBY Bub"by (bûb"by), n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. G. bübbi, or It. poppa, Pr. popa, OF. poupe, a woman's breast.] Defn: A woman's breast. [Low] BUBBY Bub"by, n. Etym: [A corruption of brother.] Defn: Bub; -- a term of familiar or affectionate address to a small boy. BUBO Bu"bo, n.; pl. Buboes (. Etym: [LL. bubo the groin, a swelling in the groin, Gr. (Med.) Defn: An inflammation, with enlargement, of a limphatic gland, esp. in the groin, as in syphilis. BUBONIC Bu*bon"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a bubo or buboes; characterized by buboes. BUBONOCELE Bu*bon"o*cele, n. Etym: [Gr. bubonocèle.] (Med.) Defn: An inguinal hernia; esp. that incomplete variety in which the hernial pouch descends only as far as the groin, forming a swelling there like a bubo. BUBUKLE Bu"bu*kle, n. Defn: A red pimple. [R.] Shak. BUCCAL Buc"cal, a. Etym: [L. bucca cheek: cf. F. buccal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the mouth or cheeks. BUCCAN Buc"can, n. [F. boucan. See Buccaneer.] 1. Defn: A wooden frame or grid for roasting, smoking, or drying meat over fire. 2. A place where meat is smoked. 3. Buccaned meat. BUCCAN Buc"can, v. t. [F. boucaner. See Buccaneer.] Defn: To expose (meat) in strips to fire and smoke upon a buccan. BUCCANEER Buc`ca*neer", n. Etym: [F. boucanier, fr. boucaner to smoke or broil meat and fish, to hunt wild beasts for their skins, boucan a smoking place for meat or fish, gridiron for smoking: a word of American origin.] Defn: A robber upon the sea; a pirate; -- a term applied especially to the piratical adventurers who made depredations on the Spaniards in America in the 17th and 18th centuries. [Written also bucanier.] Note: Primarily, one who dries and smokes flesh or fish after the manner of the Indians. The name was first given to the French settlers in Hayti or Hispaniola, whose business was to hunt wild cattle and swine. BUCCANEER Buc`ca*neer", v. i. Defn: To act the part of a buccaneer; to live as a piratical adventurer or sea robber. BUCCANEERISH Buc`ca*neer"ish, a. Defn: Like a buccaneer; piratical. BUCCINAL Buc"ci*nal, a. Etym: [L. bucina a crooked horn or trumpet.] Defn: Shaped or sounding like a trumpet; trumpetlike. BUCCINATOR Buc`ci*na"tor, n. Etym: [L., a trumpeter, fr. bucinare to sound the trumpet.] (Anat.) Defn: A muscle of the cheek; -- so called from its use in blowing wind instruments. BUCCINOID Buc"ci*noid, a. Etym: [Buccinum + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling the genus Buccinum, or pertaining to the Buccinidæ, a family of marine univalve shells. See Whelk, and Prosobranchiata. BUCCINUM Buc"ci*num, n. Etym: [L., a trumpet, a trumpet shell.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large univalve mollusks abundant in the arctic seas. It includes the common whelk (B. undatum). BUCENTAUR Bu*cen"taur, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A fabulous monster, half ox, half man. 2. Etym: [It. bucentoro.] Defn: The state barge of Venice, used by the doge in the ceremony of espousing the Adriatic. BUCEPHALUS Bu*ceph"a*lus, n. [L., fr. Gr. , lit., ox-headed; ox + head.] 1. Defn: The celebrated war horse of Alexander the Great. 2. Hence, any riding horse. [Jocose] Sir W. Scott. BUCEROS Bu"ce*ros, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large perching birds; the hornbills. BUCHOLZITE Buch"ol*zite, n. Etym: [So called from Bucholz, a German chemist.] (Min.) Defn: Same as Fibrolite. BUCHU Bu"chu, n. (Bot.) Defn: A South African shrub (Barosma) with small leaves that are dotted with oil dlands; also, the leaves themselves, which are used in medicine for diseases of the urinary organs, etc. Several species furnish the leaves. BUCK Buck, n. Etym: [Akin to LG. büke, Dan. byg, Sw. byk, G. bauche: cf. It. bucato, Prov. Sp. bugada, F. buée.] 1. Lye or suds in which cloth is soaked in the operation of bleaching, or in which clothes are washed. 2. The cloth or clothes soaked or washed. [Obs.] Shak. BUCK Buck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Bucking.] Etym: [OE. bouken; akin to LG. büken, Dan. byge, Sw. byka, G. bauchen, beuchen; cf. OF. buer. Cf. the preceding noun.] 1. To soak, steep, or boil, in lye or suds; -- a process in bleaching. 2. To wash (clothes) in lye or suds, or, in later usage, by beating them on stones in running water. 3. (Mining) Defn: To break up or pulverize, as ores. BUCK Buck, n. Etym: [OE. buk, bucke, AS. bucca, bua, he-goat; akin to D. bok, OHG. pocch, G. bock, Ir. boc, W. bwch, Corn. byk; cf. Zend b, Skr. bukka. *256. Cf. Butcher, n.] 1. The male of deer, especially fallow deer and antelopes, or of goats, sheep, hares, and rabbits. Note: A male fallow deer is called a fawn in his first year; a pricket in his second; a sorel in his third; a sore in his fourth; a buck of the first head in his fifth; and a great buck in his sixth. The female of the fallow deer is termed a doe. The male of the red deer is termed a stag or hart and not a buck, and the female is called a hind. Brande & C. 2. A gay, dashing young fellow; a fop; a dandy. The leading bucks of the day. Thackeray. 3. A male Indian or negro. [Colloq. U.S.] Note: The word buck is much used in composition for the names of antelopes; as, bush buck, spring buck. Blue buck. See under Blue. -- Water buck, a South African variety of antelope (Kobus ellipsiprymnus). See Illust. of Antelope. BUCK Buck, v. i. 1. To copulate, as bucks and does. 2. To spring with quick plunging leaps, descending with the fore legs rigid and the head held as low down as possible; -- said of a vicious horse or mule. BUCK Buck, v. t. 1. (Mil.) Defn: To subject to a mode of punishment which consists in tying the wrists together, passing the arms over the bent knees, and putting a stick across the arms and in the angle formed by the knees. 2. To throw by bucking. See Buck, v. i., 2. The brute that he was riding had nearly bucked him out of the saddle. W. E. Norris. BUCK Buck, n. Defn: A frame on which firewood is sawed; a sawhorse; a sawbuck. Buck saw, a saw set in a frame and used for sawing wood on a sawhorse. BUCK Buck, n. Etym: [See Beech, n.] Defn: The beech tree. [Scot.] Buck mast, the mast or fruit of the beech tree. Johnson. BUCK-BASKET Buck"-bas`ket, n. Etym: [See 1st Buck.] Defn: A basket in which clothes are carried to the wash. Shak. BUCK BEAN Buck" bean`. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Menyanthes trifoliata) which grows in moist and boggy places, having racems of white or reddish flowers and intensely bitter leaves, sometimes used in medicine; marsh trefoil; -- called also bog bean. BUCKBOARD Buck"board`, n. Defn: A four-wheeled vehicle, having a long elastic board or frame resting on the bolsters or axletrees, and a seat or seats placed transversely upon it; -- called also buck wagon. BUCKER Buck"er, n. (Mining) 1. One who bucks ore. 2. A broad-headed hammer used in bucking ore. BUCKER Buck"er, n. Defn: A horse or mule that bucks. BUCKET Buck"et, n. Etym: [OE. boket; cf. AS. buc pitcher, or Corn. buket tub.] 1. A vessel for drawing up water from a well, or for catching, holding, or carrying water, sap, or other liquids. The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket, The moss-covered bucket, which hung in the well. Wordsworth. 2. A vessel (as a tub or scoop) for hoisting and conveying coal, ore, grain, etc. 3. (Mach.) Defn: One of the receptacles on the rim of a water wheel into which the water rushes, causing the wheel to revolve; also, a float of a paddle wheel. 4. The valved piston of a lifting pump. Fire bucket, a bucket for carrying water to put out fires. -- To kick the bucket, to die. [Low] BUCKET SHOP Buck"et shop`. Defn: An office or a place where facilities are given for betting small sums on current prices of stocks, petroleum, etc. [Slang, U.S.] BUCKETY Buck"et*y, n. Etym: [A corruption of buckwheat.] Defn: Paste used by weavers to dress their webs. Buchanan. BUCKEYE Buck"eye`, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several American trees and shrubs of the same genus (Æsculus) as the horse chestnut. The Ohio buckeye, or Fetid buckeye, is Æsculus glabra. -- Red buckeye is Æ. Pavia. -- Small buckeye is Æ. paviflora. -- Sweet buckeye, or Yellow buckeye, is Æ. flava. 2. A cant name for a native in Ohio. [U.S.] Buckeye State, Ohio; -- so called because buckeye trees abound there. BUCK-EYED Buck"-eyed`, a. Defn: Having bad or speckled eyes. "A buck-eyed horse." James White. BUCK FEVER Buck fever. Defn: Intense excitement at the sight of deer or other game, such as often unnerves a novice in hunting. [Colloq.] BUCKHOUND Buck"hound`, n. Defn: A hound for hunting deer. Master of the buckhounds, an officer in the royal household. [Eng.] BUCKIE Buck"ie, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large spiral marine shell, esp. the common whelk. See Buccinum. [Scot.] Deil's buckie, a perverse, refractory youngster. [Slang] BUCKING Buck"ing, n. 1. The act or process of soaking or boiling cloth in an alkaline liquid in the operation of bleaching; also, the liquid used. Tomlinson. 2. A washing. 3. The process of breaking up or pulverizing ores. Bucking iron (Mining), a broad-faced hammer, used in bucking or breaking up ores. -- Bucking kier (Manuf.), a large circular boiler, or kier, used in bleaching. -- Bucking stool, a washing block. BUCKISH Buck"ish, a. Defn: Dandified; foppish. BUCKLE Buc"kle, n. Etym: [OE. bocle buckle, boss of a shield, OF. bocle, F. boucle, boss of a shield, ring, fr. L. buccula a little cheek or mouth, dim. of bucca cheek; this boss or knob resembling a cheek.] 1. A device, usually of metal, consisting of a frame with one more movable tongues or catches, used for fastening things together, as parts of dress or harness, by means of a strap passing through the frame and pierced by the tongue. 2. A distortion bulge, bend, or kink, as in a saw blade or a plate of sheet metal. Knight. 3. A curl of hair, esp. a kind of crisp curl formerly worn; also, the state of being curled. Earlocks in tight buckles on each side of a lantern face. W. Irving. Lets his wig lie in buckle for a whole half year. Addison. 4. A contorted expression, as of the face. [R.] 'Gainst nature armed by gravity, His features too in buckle see. Churchill. BUCKLE Buc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Buckling.] Etym: [OE. boclen, F. boucler. See Buckle, n.] 1. To fasten or confine with a buckle or buckles; as, to buckle a harness. 2. To bend; to cause to kink, or to become distorted. 3. To prepare for action; to apply with vigor and earnestness; -- generally used reflexively. Cartwright buckled himself to the employment. Fuller. 4. To join in marriage. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. BUCKLE Buc"kle, v. i. 1. To bend permanently; to become distorted; to bow; to curl; to kink. Buckled with the heat of the fire like parchment. Pepys. 2. To bend out of a true vertical plane, as a wall. 3. To yield; to give way; to cease opposing. [Obs.] The Dutch, as high as they seem, do begin to buckle. Pepys. 4. To enter upon some labor or contest; to join in close fight; to struggle; to contend. The bishop was as able and ready to buckle with the Lord Protector as he was with him. Latimer. In single combat thou shalt buckle with me. Shak. To buckle to, to bend to; to engage with zeal. To make our sturdy humor buckle thereto. Barrow. Before buckling to my winter's work. J. D. Forbes. BUCKLER Buc"kler, n. Etym: [OE. bocler, OF. bocler, F. bouclier, a shield with a boss, from OF. bocle, boucle, boss. See Buckle, n.] 1. A kind of shield, of various shapes and sizes, worn on one of the arms (usually the left) for protecting the front of the body. Note: In the sword and buckler play of the Middle Ages in England, the buckler was a small shield, used, not to cover the body, but to stop or parry blows. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the large, bony, external plates found on many ganoid fishes. (b) The anterior segment of the shell of trilobites. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A block of wood or plate of iron made to fit a hawse hole, or the circular opening in a half-port, to prevent water from entering when the vessel pitches. Blind buckler (Naut.), a solid buckler. -- Buckler mustard (Bot.), a genus of plants (Biscutella) with small bright yellow flowers. The seed vessel on bursting resembles two bucklers or shields. -- Buckler thorn, a plant with seed vessels shaped like a buckler. See Christ's thorn. -- Riding buckler (Naut.), a buckler with a hole for the passage of a cable. BUCKLER Buc"kler, v. t. Defn: To shield; to defend. [Obs.] Can Oxford, that did ever fence the right, Now buckler falsehood with a pedigree Shak. BUCKLER-HEADED Buc"kler-head`ed, a. Defn: Having a head like a buckler. BUCKLING Buc"kling, a. Defn: Wavy; curling, as hair. Latham. BUCKRA Buck"ra, n. Etym: [In the language of the Calabar coast, buckra means "demon, a powerful and superior being." J.L.Wilson.] Defn: A white man; -- a term used by negroes of the African coast, West Indies, etc. BUCKRA Buck"ra, a. Defn: White; white man's; strong; good; as, buckra yam, a white yam. BUCKRAM Buck"ram, n. Etym: [OE. bokeram, bougeren, OF. boqueran, F. bougran, MHG. buckeram, LL. buchiranus, boquerannus, fr. MHG. boc, G. bock, goat (as being made of goat's hair), or fr. F. bouracan, by transposing the letter r. See Buck, Barracan.] 1. A coarse cloth of linen or hemp, stiffened with size or glue, used in garments to keep them in the form intended, and for wrappers to cover merchandise. Note: Buckram was formerly a very different material from that now known by the name. It was used for wearing apparel, etc. Beck (Draper's Dict. ). 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant. See Ramson. Dr. Prior. BUCKRAM Buck"ram, a. 1. Made of buckram; as, a buckram suit. 2. Stiff; precise. "Buckram dames." Brooke. BUCKRAM Buck"ram, v. t. Defn: To strengthen with buckram; to make stiff. Cowper. BUCK'S-HORN Buck's"-horn`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant with leaves branched somewhat like a buck's horn (Plantago Coronopus); also, Lobelia coronopifolia. BUCKSHOT Buck"shot`, n. Defn: A coarse leaden shot, larger than swan shot, used in hunting deer and large game. BUCKSKIN Buck"skin`, n. 1. The skin of a buck. 2. A soft strong leather, usually yellowish or grayish in color, made of deerskin. 3. A person clothed in buckskin, particularly an American soldier of the Revolutionary war. Cornwallis fought as lang's he dought, An' did the buckskins claw, man. Burns. 4. pl. Defn: Breeches made of buckskin. I have alluded to his buckskin. Thackeray. BUCKSTALL Buck"stall`, n. Defn: A toil or net to take deer. BUCKTHORN Buck"thorn`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus (Rhamnus) of shrubs or trees. The shorter branches of some species terminate in long spines or thorns. See Rhamnus. Sea buckthorn, a plant of the genus Hippophaë. BUCKTOOTH Buck"tooth`, n. Defn: Any tooth that juts out. When he laughed, two white buckteeth protruded. Thackeray. BUCKWHEAT Buck"wheat`, n. Etym: [Buck a beech tree + wheat; akin to D. boekweit, G. buchweizen.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Fagopyrum esculentum) of the Polygonum family, the seed of which is used for food. 2. The triangular seed used, when ground, for griddle cakes, etc. BUCOLIC Bu*col"ic, a. Etym: [L. bucolicus, Gr. kal to drive: cf. F. bucolique. See Cow the animal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the life and occupation of a shepherd; pastoral; rustic. BUCOLIC Bu*col"ic, n. Etym: [L. Bucolicôn poëma.] Defn: A pastoral poem, representing rural affairs, and the life, manners, and occupation of shepherds; as, the Bucolics of Theocritus and Virgil. Dryden. BUCOLICAL Bu*col"ic*al, a. Defn: Bucolic. BUCRANIUM Bu*cra"ni*um, n.; pl. L. Bucrania. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: A sculptured ornament, representing an ox skull adorned with wreaths, etc. BUD Bud, n. Etym: [OE. budde; cf. D. bot, G. butze, butz, the core of a fruit, bud, LG. butte in hagebutte, hainbutte, a hip of the dog-rose, or OF. boton, F. bouton, bud, button, OF. boter to bud, push; all akin to E. beat. See Button.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A small protuberance on the stem or branches of a plant, containing the rudiments of future leaves, flowers, or stems; an undeveloped branch or flower. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A small protuberance on certain low forms of animals and vegetables which develops into a new organism, either free or attached. See Hydra. Bud moth (Zoöl.), a lepidopterous insect of several species, which destroys the buds of fruit trees; esp. Tmetocera ocellana and Eccopsis malana on the apple tree. BUD Bud, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Budded; p. pr. & vb. n. Budding.] 1. To put forth or produce buds, as a plant; to grow, as a bud does, into a flower or shoot. 2. To begin to grow, or to issue from a stock in the manner of a bud, as a horn. 3. To be like a bud in respect to youth and freshness, or growth and promise; as, a budding virgin. Shak. Syn. -- To sprout; germinate; blossom. BUD Bud, v. t. Defn: To graft, as a plant with another or into another, by inserting a bud from the one into an opening in the bark of the other, in order to raise, upon the budded stock, fruit different from that which it would naturally bear. The apricot and the nectarine may be, and usually are, budded upon the peach; the plum and the peach are budded on each other. Farm. Dict. BUDDHA Bud"dha, n. Etym: [Skr. buddha wise, sage, fr. budh to know.] Defn: The title of an incarnation of self-abnegation, virtue, and wisdom, or a deified religious teacher of the Buddhists, esp. Gautama Siddartha or Sakya Sinha (or Muni), the founder of Buddhism. BUDDHISM Bud"dhism, n. Defn: The religion based upon the doctrine originally taught by the Hindoo sage Gautama Siddartha, surnamed Buddha, "the awakened or enlightened," in the sixth century b.c., and adopted as a religion by the greater part of the inhabitants of Central and Eastern Asia and the Indian Islands. Buddha's teaching is believed to have been atheistic; yet it was characterized by elevated humanity and morality. It presents release from existence (a beatific enfranchisement, Nirvâna) as the greatest good. Buddhists believe in transmigration of souls through all phases and forms of life. Their number was estimated in 1881 at 470,000,000. BUDDHIST Bud"dhist, n. Defn: One who accepts the teachings of Buddhism. BUDDHIST Bud"dhist, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Buddha, Buddhism, or the Buddhists. BUDDHISTIC Bud*dhis"tic, a. Defn: Same as Buddhist, a. BUDDING Bud"ding, n. 1. The act or process of producing buds. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A process of asexual reproduction, in which a new organism or cell is formed by a protrusion of a portion of the animal or vegetable organism, the bud thus formed sometimes remaining attached to the parent stalk or cell, at other times becoming free; gemmation. See Hydroidea. 3. The act or process of ingrafting one kind of plant upon another stock by inserting a bud under the bark. BUDDLE Bud"dle, n. Etym: [Prov. E., to cleanse ore, also a vessel for this purpose; cf. G. butteln to shake.] (Mining) Defn: An apparatus, especially an inclined trough or vat, in which stamped ore is concentrated by subjecting it to the action of rynning water so as to wash out the lighter and less valuable portions. BUDDLE Bud"dle, v. i. (Mining) Defn: To wash ore in a buddle. BUDE BURNER Bude" burn`er. Etym: [See Bude light.] Defn: A burner consisting of two or more concentric Argand burners (the inner rising above the outer) and a central tube by which oxygen gas or common air is supplied. BUDE LIGHT Bude" light`. Etym: [From Bude, in Cornwall, the residence of Sir G.Gurney, the inventor.] Defn: A light in which high illuminating power is obtained by introducing a jet of oxygen gas or of common air into the center of a flame fed with coal gas or with oil. BUDGE Budge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Budged; p. pr. & vb. n. Budging.] Etym: [F. bouger to stir, move (akin to Pr. bojar, bolegar, to stir, move, It. bulicare to boil, bubble), fr. L. bullire. See Boil, v. i.] Defn: To move off; to stir; to walk away. I'll not budge an inch, boy. Shak. The mouse ne'er shunned the cat as they did budge From rascals worse than they. Shak. BUDGE Budge, a. Etym: [See Budge, v.] Defn: Brisk; stirring; jocund. [Obs.] South. BUDGE Budge, n. Etym: [OE. bouge bag, OF. boge, bouge, fr. L. bulga a leathern bag or knapsack; a Gallic word; cf. OIr. bolc, Gael. bolg. Cf. Budge, n.] Defn: A kind of fur prepared from lambskin dressed with the wool on; -- used formerly as an edging and ornament, esp. of scholastic habits. BUDGE Budge, a. 1. Lined with budge; hence, scholastic. "Budge gowns." Milton. 2. Austere or stiff, like scholastics. Those budge doctors of the stoic fur. Milton. Budge bachelor, one of a company of men clothed in long gowns lined with budge, who formerly accompanied the lord mayor of London in his inaugural procession. -- Budge barrel (Mil.), a small copper-hooped barrel with only one head, the other end being closed by a piece of leather, which is drawn together with strings like a purse. It is used for carrying powder from the magazine to the battery, in siege or seacoast service. BUDGENESS Budge"ness, n. Defn: Sternness; severity. [Obs.] A Sara for goodness, a great Bellona for budgeness. Stanyhurst. BUDGER Budg"er, n. Defn: One who budges. Shak. BUDGEROW budg"e*row, n. Etym: [Hindi bajra.] Defn: A large and commodious, but generally cumbrous and sluggish boat, used for journeys on the Ganges. BUDGET Budg"et, n. Etym: [OE. bogett, bouget, F. bougette bag, wallet, dim. of OF. boge, bouge, leather bag. See Budge, n., and cf. Bouget.] 1. A bag or sack with its contents; hence, a stock or store; an accumulation; as, a budget of inventions. 2. The annual financial statement which the British chancellor of the exchequer makes in the House of Commons. It comprehends a general view of the finances of the country, with the proposed plan of taxation for the ensuing year. The term is sometimes applied to a similar statement in other countries. To open the budget, to lay before a legislative body the financial estimates and plans of the executive government. BUDGY Budg"y, a. Etym: [From Budge, n.] Defn: Consisting of fur. [Obs.] BUDLET Bud"let, n. Etym: [Bud + -let.] Defn: A little bud springing from a parent bud. We have a criterion to distinguish one bud from another, or the parent bud from the numerous budlets which are its offspring. E. Darwin. BUFF Buff, n. Etym: [OE. buff, buffe, buff, buffalo, F. buffle buffalo. See Buffalo.] 1. A sort of leather, prepared from the skin of the buffalo, dressed with oil, like chamois; also, the skins of oxen, elks, and other animals, dressed in like manner. "A suit of buff." Shak. 2. The color to buff; a light yellow, shading toward pink, gray, or brown. A visage rough, Deformed, unfeatured, and a skin of buff. Dryden. 3. A military coat, made of buff leather. Shak. 4. (Med.) Defn: The grayish viscid substance constituting the buffy coat. See Buffy coat, under Buffy, a. 5. (Mech.) Defn: A wheel covered with buff leather, and used in polishing cutlery, spoons, etc. 6. The bare skin; as, to strip to the buff. [Colloq.] To be in buff is equivalent to being naked. Wright. BUFF Buff, a. 1. Made of buff leather. Goldsmith. 2. Of the color of buff. Buff coat, a close, military outer garment, with short sleeves, and laced tightly over the chest, made of buffalo skin, or other thick and elastic material, worn by soldiers in the 17th century as a defensive covering. -- Buff jerkin, originally, a leather waistcoat; afterward, one of cloth of a buff color. [Obs.] Nares. -- Buff stick (Mech.), a strip of wood covered with buff leather, used in polishing. BUFF Buff, v. t. Defn: To polish with a buff. See Buff, n., 5. BUFF Buff, v. t. Etym: [OF. bufer to cuff, buffet. See Buffet a blow.] Defn: To strike. [Obs.] B. Jonson. BUFF Buff, n. Etym: [See Buffet.] Defn: A buffet; a blow; -- obsolete except in the phrase "Blindman's buff." Nathless so sore a buff to him it lent That made him reel. Spenser. BUFF Buff, a. Etym: [Of uncertain etymol.] Defn: Firm; sturdy. And for the good old cause stood buff, 'Gainst many a bitter kick and cuff. Hudibras. BUFFA Buf"fa, n. fem. (Mus.) Etym: [It. See Buffoon.] Defn: The comic actress in an opera. -- a. Defn: Comic, farcical. Aria buffa, a droll or comic air. -- Opera buffa, a comic opera. See Opera bouffe. BUFFALO Buf"fa*lo, n.; pl. Buffaloes (. Etym: [Sp. bufalo (cf. It. bufalo, F. buffle), fr. L. bubalus, bufalus, a kind of African stag or gazelle; also, the buffalo or wild ox, fr. Gr. Cow the animal, and cf. Buff the color, and Bubale.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of the genus Bos or Bubalus (B. bubalus), originally from India, but now found in most of the warmer countries of the eastern continent. It is larger and less docile than the common ox, and is fond of marshy places and rivers. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large and savage species of the same genus (B. Caffer) found in South Africa; -- called also Cape buffalo. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of wild ox. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The bison of North America. 5. A buffalo robe. See Buffalo robe, below. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: The buffalo fish. See Buffalo fish, below. Buffalo berry (Bot.), a shrub of the Upper Missouri (Sherherdia argentea) with acid edible red berries. -- Buffalo bird (Zoöl.), an African bird of the genus Buphaga, of two species. These birds perch upon buffaloes and cattle, in search of parasites. -- Buffalo bug, the carpet beetle. See under Carpet. -- Buffalo chips, dry dung of the buffalo, or bison, used for fuel. [U.S.] -- Buffalo clover (Bot.), a kind of clover (Trifolium reflexum and T.soloniferum) found in the ancient grazing grounds of the American bison. -- Buffalo cod (Zoöl.), a large, edible, marine fish (Ophiodon elongatus) of the northern Pacific coast; -- called also blue cod, and cultus cod. -- Buffalo fish (Zoöl.), one of several large fresh-water fishes of the family Catostomidæ, of the Mississippi valley. The red-mouthed or brown (Ictiobus bubalus), the big-mouthed or black (Bubalichthys urus), and the small-mouthed (B. altus), are among the more important species used as food. -- Buffalo fly, or Buffalo gnat (Zoöl.), a small dipterous insect of the genus Simulium, allied to the black fly of the North. It is often extremely abundant in the lower part of the Mississippi valley and does great injury to domestic animals, often killing large numbers of cattle and horses. In Europe the Columbatz fly is a species with similar habits. -- Buffalo grass (Bot.), a species of short, sweet grass (Buchloë dactyloides), from two to four inches high, covering the prairies on which the buffaloes, or bisons, feed. [U.S.] -- Buffalo nut (Bot.), the oily and drupelike fruit of an American shrub (Pyrularia oleifera); also, the shrub itself; oilnut. -- Buffalo robe, the skin of the bison of North America, prepared with the hair on; -- much used as a lap robe in sleighs. BUFFEL DUCK Buf"fel duck. Etym: [See Buffalo.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small duck (Charitonetta albeola); the spirit duck, or butterball. The head of the male is covered with numerous elongated feathers, and thus appears large. Called also bufflehead. BUFFER Buff"er, n. Etym: [Prop a striker. See Buffet a blow.] 1. (Mech.) (a) An elastic apparatus or fender, for deadening the jar caused by the collision of bodies; as, a buffer at the end of a railroad car. (b) A pad or cushion forming the end of a fender, which recieves the blow; -- sometimes called buffing apparatus. 2. One who polishes with a buff. 3. A wheel for buffing; a buff. 4. A good-humored, slow-witted fellow; -- usually said of an elderly man. [Colloq.] Dickens. BUFFERHEAD Buff"er*head`, n. Defn: The head of a buffer, which recieves the concussion, in railroad carriages. BUFFET Buf*fet", n. Etym: [F. buffet, LL. bufetum; of uncertain origin; perh. fr. the same source as E. buffet a blow, the root meaning to puff, hence (cf. puffed up) the idea of ostentation or display.] 1. A cupboard or set of shelves, either movable or fixed at one side of a room, for the display of plate, china, etc., a sideboard. Not when a gilt buffet's reflected pride Turns you from sound philosophy aside. Pope. 2. A counter for refreshments; a restaurant at a railroad station, or place of public gathering. BUFFET Buf"fet, n. Etym: [OE. buffet, boffet, OF. buffet a slap in the face, a pair of bellows, fr. buffe blow, cf. F. bouffer to blow, puff; prob. akin to E. puff. For the meaning slap, blow, cf. F. soufflet a slap, souffler to blow. See Puff, v. i., and cf. Buffet sidebroad, Buffoon] 1. A blow with the hand; a slap on the face; a cuff. When on his cheek a buffet fell. Sir W. Scott. 2. A blow from any source, or that which affects like a blow, as the violence of winds or waves; a stroke; an adverse action; an affliction; a trial; adversity. Those planks of tough and hardy oak that used for yeas to brave the buffets of the Bay of Biscay. Burke. Fortune's buffets and rewards. Shak. 3. A small stool; a stool for a buffet or counter. Go fetch us a light buffet. Townely Myst. BUFFET Buf"fet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buffeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Buffeting.] Etym: [OE. buffeten, OF. buffeter. See the preceding noun.] 1. To strike with the hand or fist; to box; to beat; to cuff; to slap. They spit in his face and buffeted him. Matt. xxvi. 67. 2. To affect as with blows; to strike repeatedly; to strive with or contend against; as, to buffet the billows. The sudden hurricane in thunder roars, Buffets the bark, and whirls it from the shores. Broome. You are lucky fellows who can live in a dreamland of your own, instead of being buffeted about the world. W. Black. 3. Etym: [Cf. Buffer.] Defn: To deaden the sound of (bells) by muffling the clapper. BUFFET Buf"fet, v. i. 1. To exercise or play at boxing; to strike; to smite; to strive; to contend. If I might buffet for my love, or bound my horse for her favors, I could lay on like a butcher. Shak. 2. To make one's way by blows or struggling. Strove to buffet to land in vain. Tennyson. BUFFETER Buf"fet*er, n. Defn: One who buffets; a boxer. Jonson. BUFFETING Buf"fet*ing, n. 1. A striking with the hand. 2. A succession of blows; continued violence, as of winds or waves; afflictions; adversity. He seems to have been a plant of slow growth, but . . . fitted to endure the buffeting on the rudest storm. Wirt. BUFFIN Buf"fin, n. Etym: [So called from resembling buff Defn: A sort of coarse stuff; as, buffin gowns. [Obs.] BUFFING APPARATUS Buff"ing ap`pa*ra"tus. Defn: See Buffer, 1. BUFFLE Buf"fle, n. Etym: [OE., from F. buffle. See Buffalo.] Defn: The buffalo. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. BUFFLE Buf"fle, v. i. Defn: To puzzle; to be at a loss. [Obs.] Swift. BUFFLEHEAD Buf"fle*head`, n. Etym: [Buffle + head.] 1. One who has a large head; a heavy, stupid fellow. [Obs.] What makes you stare so, bufflehead Plautus (trans. 1694). 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The buffel duck. See Buffel duck. BUFFLE-HEADED Buf"fle-head`ed, a. Defn: Having a large head, like a buffalo; dull; stupid; blundering. [Obs.] So fell this buffle-headed giant. Gayton. BUFFO Buf"fo, n.masc. Etym: [It. See Buffoon.] (Mus.) Defn: The comic actor in an opera. BUFFOON Buf*foon", n. Etym: [F. bouffon (cf. It. buffone, buffo, buffa, puff of wind, vanity, nonsense, trick), fr. bouffer to puff out, because the buffoons puffed out their cheeks for the amusement of the spectators. See Buffet a blow.] Defn: A man who makes a practice of amusing others by low tricks, antic gestures, etc.; a droll; a mimic; a harlequin; a clown; a merry-andrew. BUFFOON Buf*foon", a. Defn: Characteristic of, or like, a buffoon. "Buffoon stories." Macaulay. To divert the audience with buffoon postures and antic dances. Melmoth. BUFFOON Buf*foon", v. i. Defn: To act the part of a buffoon. [R.] BUFFOON Buf*foon", v. t. Defn: To treat with buffoonery. Glanvill. BUFFOONERY Buf*foon"er*y, n.; pl. Buffooneries. Etym: [F. bouffonnerie.] Defn: The arts and practices of a buffoon, as low jests, ridiculous pranks, vulgar tricks and postures. Nor that it will ever constitute a wit to conclude a tart piece of buffoonery with a "What makes you blush" Spectator. BUFFOONISH Buf*foon"ish, a. Defn: Like a buffoon; consisting in low jests or gestures. Blair. BUFFOONISM Buf*foon"ism, n. Defn: The practices of a buffoon; buffoonery. BUFFOONLY Buf*foon"ly, a. Defn: Low; vulgar. [R.] Apish tricks and buffoonly discourse. Goodman. BUFFY Buff"y, a. (Med.) Defn: Resembling, or characterized by, buff. Buffy coat, the coagulated plasma of blood when the red corpuscles have so settled out that the coagulum appears nearly colorless. This is common in diseased conditions where the corpuscles run together more rapidly and in denser masses than usual. Huxley. BUFO Bu"fo, n. Etym: [L. bufo a toad.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Amphibia including various species of toads. BUFONITE Bu"fon*ite, n. Etym: [L. bufo toad: cf. F. bufonite.] (Paleon.) Defn: An old name for a fossil consisting of the petrified teeth and palatal bones of fishes belonging to the family of Pycnodonts (thick teeth), whose remains occur in the oölite and chalk formations; toadstone; -- so named from a notion that it was originally formed in the head of a toad. BUG Bug, n. Etym: [OE. bugge, fr. W. bwg, bwgan, hobgoblin, scarecrow, bugbear. Cf. Bogey, Boggle.] 1. A bugbear; anything which terrifies. [Obs.] Sir, spare your threats: The bug which you would fright me with I seek. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A general name applied to various insects belonging to the Hemiptera; as, the squash bug; the chinch bug, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect of the genus Cimex, especially the bedbug (C. lectularius). See Bedbug. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of various species of Coleoptera; as, the ladybug; potato bug, etc.; loosely, any beetle. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of certain kinds of Crustacea; as, the sow bug; pill bug; bait bug; salve bug, etc. Note: According to present popular usage in England, and among housekeepers in America, bug, when not joined with some qualifying word, is used specifically for bedbug. As a general term it is used very loosely in America, and was formerly used still more loosely in England. "God's rare workmanship in the ant, the poorest bug that creeps." Rogers (Naaman). "This bug with gilded wings." Pope. Bait bug. See under Bait. -- Bug word, swaggering or threatening language. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. BUGABOO; BUGBEAR Bug`a*boo", Bug"bear`, n. Etym: [See Bug.] Defn: Something frightful, as a specter; anything imaginary that causes needless fright; something used to excite needless fear; also, something really dangerous, used to frighten children, etc. "Bugaboos to fright ye." Lloyd. But, to the world no bugbear is so great As want of figure and a small estate. Pope. The bugaboo of the liberals is the church pray. S. B. Griffin. The great bugaboo of the birds is the owl. J. Burroughs. Syn. -- Hobgoblin; goblin; specter; ogre; scarecrow. BUGBANE Bug"bane`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A perennial white-flowered herb of the order Ranunculaceæ and genus Cimiciguga; bugwort. There are several species. BUGBEAR Bug"bear`, n. Defn: Same as Bugaboo. -- a. Defn: Causing needless fright. Locke. BUGBEAR Bug"bear`, v. t. Defn: To alarm with idle phantoms. BUGFISH Bug"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The menhaden. [U.S.] BUGGER Bug"ger, n. Etym: [F. bougre, fr. LL. Bulgarus, a Bulgarian, and also a heretic; because the inhabitants of Bulgaria were infected with heresy. Those guilty of the crime of buggery were called heretics, because in the eyes of their adversaries there was nothing more heinous than heresy, and it was therefore thought that the origin of such a vice could only be owing to heretics.] 1. One guilty of buggery or unnatural vice; a sodomite. 2. A wretch; -- sometimes used humorously or in playful disparagement. [Low] BUGGERY Bug"ger*y, n. Etym: [OF. bougrerie, bogrerie, heresy. See Bugger.] Defn: Unnatural sexual intercourse; sodomy. BUGGINESS Bug"gi*ness, n. Etym: [From Buggy, a.] Defn: The state of being infested with bugs. BUGGY Bug"gy, a. Etym: [From Bug.] Defn: Infested or abounding with bugs. BUGGY Bug"gy, n.; pl. Buggies. 1. A light one horse two-wheeled vehicle. [Eng.] Villebeck prevailed upon Flora to drive with him to the race in a buggy. Beaconsfield. 2. A light, four-wheeled vehicle, usually with one seat, and with or without a calash top. [U.S.] Buggy cultivator, a cultivator with a seat for the driver. -- Buggy plow, a plow, or set of plows, having a seat for the driver; -- called also sulky plow. BUGLE Bu"gle, n. Etym: [OE. bugle buffalo, buffalo's horn, OF. bugle, fr. L. buculus a young bullock, steer, dim. of bos ox. See Cow the animal.] Defn: A sort of wild ox; a buffalo. E. Phillips. BUGLE Bu"gle, n. Etym: [See Bugle a wild ox.] 1. A horn used by hunters. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A copper instrument of the horn quality of tone, shorter and more conical that the trumpet, sometimes keyed; formerly much used in military bands, very rarely in the orchestra; now superseded by the cornet; -- called also the Kent bugle. BUGLE Bu"gle, n. Etym: [LL. bugulus a woman's ornament: cf. G. bügel a bent piece of metal or wood, fr. the same root as G. biegen to bend, E. bow to bend.] Defn: An elingated glass bead, of various colors, though commonly black. BUGLE Bu"gle, a. Etym: [From Bugle a bead.] Defn: Jet black. "Bugle eyeballs." Shak. BUGLE Bu"gle, n. Etym: [F. bugle; cf. It. bugola, L. bugillo.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Ajuga of the Mint family, a native of the Old World. Yellow bugle, the Ajuga chamæpitys. BUGLED Bu"gled, a. Defn: Ornamented with bugles. BUGLE HORN Bu"gle horn`. 1. A bugle. One blast upon his bugle horn Were worth a thousand men. Sir W. Scott. 2. A drinking vessel made of horn. [Obs.] And drinketh of his bugle horn the wine. Chaucer. BUGLER Bu"gler, n. Defn: One who plays on a bugle. BUGLEWEED Bu"gle*weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the Mint family and genus Lycopus; esp. L. Virginicus, which has mild narcotic and astringent properties, and is sometimes used as a remedy for hemorrhage. BUGLOSS Bu"gloss, n.; pl. Buglosses. Etym: [F. buglosse, L. buglossa, buglossus, fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Anchusa, and especially the A. officinalis, sometimes called alkanet; oxtongue. Small wild bugloss, the Asperugo procumbens and the Lycopsis arvensis. -- Viper's bugloss, a species of Echium. BUGWORT Bug"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Bugbane. BUHL; BUHLWORK Buhl, Buhl"work, n. Etym: [From A.Ch.Boule, a French carver in wood.] Defn: Decorative woodwork in which tortoise shell, yellow metal, white metal, etc., are inlaid, forming scrolls, cartouches, etc. [Written also boule, boulework.] BUHLBUHL Buhl"buhl, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Bulbul. BUHRSTONE Buhr"stone`, n. Etym: [OE. bur a whetstone for scythes.] (Min.) Defn: A cellular, flinty rock, used for mill stones. [Written also burrstone.] BUILD Build, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Built; p. pr. & vb. n. Building. The regular imp. & p. p. Builded is antiquated.] Etym: [OE. bulden, bilden, AS. byldan to build, fr. bold house; cf. Icel. bol farm, abode, Dan. bol small farm, OSw. bol, böle, house, dwelling, fr. root of Icel. b to dwell; akin to E. be, bower, boor. sq. root97.] 1. To erect or construct, as an edifice or fabric of any kind; to form by uniting materials into a regular structure; to fabricate; to make; to raise. Nor aught availed him now To have built in heaven high towers. Milton. 2. To raise or place on a foundation; to form, establish, or produce by using appropriate means. Who builds his hopes in air of your good looks. Shak. 3. To increase and strengthen; to increase the power and stability of; to settle, or establish, and preserve; -- frequently with up; as, to build up one's constitution. I commend you to God, and to the word of his grace, which is able to build you up. Acts xx. 32. Syn. -- To erect; construct; raise; found; frame. BUILD Build, v. i. 1. To exercise the art, or practice the business, of building. 2. To rest or depend, as on a foundation; to ground one's self or one's hopes or opinions upon something deemed reliable; to rely; as, to build on the opinions or advice of others. BUILD Build, n. Defn: Form or mode of construction; general figure; make; as, the build of a ship. BUILDER Build"er, n. Defn: One who builds; one whose occupation is to build, as a carpenter, a shipwright, or a mason. In the practice of civil architecture, the builder comes between the architect who designs the work and the artisans who execute it. Eng. Cyc. BUILDING Build"ing, n. 1. The act of constructing, erecting, or establishing. Hence it is that the building of our Sion rises no faster. Bp. Hall. 2. The art of constructing edifices, or the practice of civil architecture. The execution of works of architecture necessarily includes building; but building is frequently employed when the result is not architectural. Hosking. 3. That which is built; a fabric or edifice constructed, as a house, a church, etc. Thy sumptuous buildings and thy wife's attire Have cost a mass of public treasury. Shak. BUILT Built, n. Defn: Shape; build; form of structure; as, the built of a ship. [Obs.] Dryden. BUILT Built, a. Defn: Formed; shaped; constructed; made; -- often used in composition and preceded by the word denoting the form; as, frigate-built, clipper-built, etc. Like the generality of Genoese countrywomen, strongly built. Landor. BUKE MUSLIN Buke" mus"lin. Defn: See Book muslin. BUKSHISH Buk"shish, n. Defn: See Backsheesh. BULAU Bu"lau, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An East Indian insectivorous mammal (Gymnura Rafflesii), somewhat like a rat in appearance, but allied to the hedgehog. BULB Bulb, n. Etym: [L. bulbus, Gr. bulbe.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A spheroidal body growing from a plant either above or below the ground (usually below), which is strictly a bud, consisting of a cluster of partially developed leaves, and producing, as it grows, a stem above, and roots below, as in the onion, tulip, etc. It differs from a corm in not being solid. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A name given to some parts that resemble in shape certain bulbous roots; as, the bulb of the aorta. Bulb of the eye, the eyeball. -- Bulb of a hair, the "root," or part whence the hair originates. -- Bulb of the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata, often called simply bulb. -- Bulb of a tooth, the vascular and nervous papilla contained in the cavity of the tooth. 3. An expansion or protuberance on a stem or tube, as the bulb of a thermometer, which may be of any form, as spherical, cylindrical, curved, etc. Tomlinson. BULB Bulb, v. i. Defn: To take the shape of a bulb; to swell. BULBACEOUS Bul*ba"ceous, a. Etym: [L. bulbaceus. See Bulb, n.] Defn: Bulbous. Jonson. BULBAR Bulb"ar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to bulb; especially, in medicine, pertaining to the bulb of the spinal cord, or medulla oblongata; as, bulbar paralysis. BULBED Bulbed, a. Defn: Having a bulb; round-headed. BULBEL Bulb"el, n. Etym: [Dim., fr. bulb, n.] (Bot.) Defn: A separable bulb formed on some flowering plants. BULBIFEROUS Bul*bif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Bulb,n.+ -ferous: cf. F. bulbifère.] (Bot.) Defn: Producing bulbs. BULBIL Bulb"il, n. [Dim. fr. bulb.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A small or secondary bulb; hence, now almost exclusively: An aërial bulb or deciduous bud, produced in the leaf axils, as in the tiger lily, or relpacing the flowers, as in some onions, and capable, when separated, of propagating the plant; -- called also bulblet and brood bud. 2. (Anat.) A small hollow bulb, such as an enlargement in a small vessel or tube. BULBLET Bulb"let, n. Etym: [Bulb,n.+ -let.] (Bot.) Defn: A small bulb, either produced on a larger bulb, or on some aërial part of a plant, as in the axils of leaves in the tiger lily, or replacing the flowers in some kinds of onion. BULBOSE Bul*bose", a. Defn: Bulbous. BULBO-TUBER Bul"bo-tu`ber, n. Etym: [Bulb,n.+ tuber.] (Bot.) Defn: A corm. BULBOUS Bulb"ous, a. Etym: [L. bulbosus: cf. F. bulbeux. See Bulb, n.] Defn: Having or containing bulbs, or a bulb; growing from bulbs; bulblike in shape or structure. BULBUL Bul"bul, n. Etym: [Per.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Persian nightingale (Pycnonotus jocosus). The name is also applied to several other Asiatic singing birds, of the family Timaliidæ. The green bulbuls belong to the Chloropsis and allied genera. [Written also buhlbuhl.] BULBULE Bul"bule, n. Etym: [L. bulbulus, dim. of bulbus. See Bulb, n.] Defn: A small bulb; a bulblet. BULCHIN Bul"chin, n. Etym: [Dim. of bull.] Defn: A little bull. BULGE Bulge, n. Etym: [OE. bulge a swelling; cf. AS. belgan to swell, OSw. bulgja, Icel. bolginn swollen, OHG. belgan to swell, G. bulge leathern sack, Skr. b to be large, strong; the root meaning to swell. Cf. Bilge, Belly, Billow, Bouge, n.] 1. The bilge or protuberant part of a cask. 2. A swelling, protuberant part; a bending outward, esp. when caused by pressure; as, a bulge in a wall. 3. (Naut.) Defn: The bilge of a vessel. See Bilge, 2. Bulge ways. (Naut.) See Bilge ways. BULGE Bulge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bulged (; p. pr. & vb.n. Bulging.] 1. To swell or jut out; to bend outward, as a wall when it yields to pressure; to be protuberant; as, the wall bulges. 2. To bilge, as a ship; to founder. And scattered navies bulge on distant shores. Broome. BULGER Bul"ger, n. [From Bulge.] (Golf) Defn: A driver or a brassy with a convex face. BULGY Bul"gy, a. Defn: Bulged; bulging; bending, or tending to bend, outward. [Colloq.] BULIMIA; BULIMY Bu*lim"i*a, Bu"li*my, n. Etym: [NL. bulimia, fr. Gr. boulimie.] (Med.) Defn: A disease in which there is a perpetual and insatiable appetite for food; a diseased and voracious appetite. BULIMUS Bu*li"mus, n. Etym: [L. bulimus hunger. See Bulimy.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of land snails having an elongated spiral shell, often of large size. The species are numerous ingabundant in tropical America. BULK Bulk, n. Etym: [OE. bulke, bolke, heap; cf. Dan. bulk lump, clod, OSw. bolk crowd, mass, Icel. b to be bulky. Cf. Boll, n., Bile a boil, Bulge, n.] 1. Magnitude of material substance; dimensions; mass; size; as, an ox or ship of great bulk. Against these forces there were prepared near one hundred ships; not so great of bulk indeed, but of a more nimble motion, and more serviceable. Bacon. 2. The main mass or body; the largest or principal portion; the majority; as, the bulk of a debt. The bulk of the people must labor, Burke told them, "to obtain what by labor can be obtained." J. Morley. 3. (Naut.) Defn: The cargo of a vessel when stowed. 4. The body. [Obs.] Shak. My liver leaped within my bulk. Turbervile. Barrel bulk. See under Barrel. -- To break bulk (Naut.), to begin to unload or more the cargo. -- In bulk, in a mass; loose; not inclosed in separate packages or divided into separate parts; in such shape that any desired quantity may be taken or sold. -- Laden in bulk, Stowed in bulk, having the cargo loose in the hold or not inclosed in boxes, bales, or casks. -- Sale by bulk, a sale of goods as they are, without weight or measure. Syn. -- Size; magnitude; dimension; volume; bigness; largeness; massiveness. BULK Bulk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bulked; p. pr. & vb. n. Bulking.] Defn: To appear or seem to be, as to bulk or extent; to swell. The fame of Warburton possibly bulked larger for the moment. Leslie Stephen. BULK Bulk, n. Etym: [Icel. balkr a beam, partition. Cf. Balk, n. & v.] Defn: A projecting part of a building. [Obs.] Here, stand behind this bulk. Shak. BULKER Bulk"er, n. (Naut.) Defn: A person employed to ascertain the bulk or size of goods, in order to fix the amount of freight or dues payable on them. BULKHEAD Bulk"head`, n. Etym: [See Bulk part of a building.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A partition in a vessel, to separate apartments on the same deck. 2. A structure of wood or stone, to resist the pressure of earth or water; a partition wall or structure, as in a mine; the limiting wall along a water front. Bulked line, a line beyond which a wharf must not project; -- usually, the harbor line. BULKINESS Bulk"i*ness, n. Defn: Greatness in bulk; size. BULKY Bulk"y, a. Defn: Of great bulk or dimensions; of great size; large; thick; massive; as, bulky volumes. A bulky digest of the revenue laws. Hawthorne. BULL Bull, n. Etym: [OE. bule, bul, bole; akin to D. bul, G. bulle, Icel. boli, Lith. bullus, Lett. bollis, Russ. vol'; prob. fr. the root of AS. bellan, E. bellow.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The male of any species of cattle (Bovidæ); hence, the male of any large quadruped, as the elephant; also, the male of the whale. Note: The wild bull of the Old Testament is thought to be the oryx, a large species of antelope. 2. One who, or that which, resembles a bull in character or action. Ps. xxii. 12. 3. (Astron.) (a) Taurus, the second of the twelve signs of the zodiac. (b) A constellation of the zodiac between Aries and Gemini. It contains the Pleiades. At last from Aries rolls the bounteous sun, And the bright Bull receives him. Thomson. 4. (Stock Exchange) Defn: One who operates in expectation of a rise in the price of stocks, or in order to effect such a rise. See 4th Bear, n., 5. Bull baiting, the practice of baiting bulls, or rendering them furious, as by setting dogs to attack them. -- John Bull, a humorous name for the English, collectively; also, an Englishman. "Good-looking young John Bull." W. D.Howells. -- To take the bull by the horns, to grapple with a difficulty instead of avoiding it. BULL Bull, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a bull; resembling a bull; male; large; fierce. Bull bat (Zoöl.), the night hawk; -- so called from the loud noise it makes while feeding on the wing, in the evening. -- Bull calf. (a) A stupid fellow. -- Bull mackerel (Zoöl.), the chub mackerel. -- Bull pump (Mining), a direct single-acting pumping engine, in which the steam cylinder is placed above the pump. -- Bull snake (Zoöl.), the pine snake of the United States. -- Bull stag, a castrated bull. See Stag. -- Bull wheel, a wheel, or drum, on which a rope is wound for lifting heavy articles, as logs, the tools in well boring, etc. BULL Bull, v. i. Defn: To be in heat; to manifest sexual desire as cows do. [Colloq.] BULL Bull, v. t. (Stock Exchange) Defn: To endeavor to raise the market price of; as, to bull railroad bonds; to bull stocks; to bull Lake Shore; to endeavor to raise prices in; as, to bull the market. See 1st Bull, n., 4. BULL Bull, n. Etym: [OE. bulle, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud, knob, LL., a seal or stamp: cf. F. bulle. Cf. Bull a writing, Bowl a ball, Boil, v. i.] 1. A seal. See Bulla. 2. A letter, edict, or respect, of the pope, written in Gothic characters on rough parchment, sealed with a bulla, and dated "a die Incarnationis," i. e., "from the day of the Incarnation." See Apostolical brief, under Brief. A fresh bull of Leo's had declared how inflexible the court of Rome was in the point of abuses. Atterbury. 3. A grotesque blunder in language; an apparent congruity, but real incongruity, of ideas, contained in a form of expression; so called, perhaps, from the apparent incongruity between the dictatorial nature of the pope's bulls and his professions of humility. And whereas the papist boasts himself to be a Roman Catholic, it is a mere contradiction, one of the pope's bulls, as if he should say universal particular; a Catholic schimatic. Milton. The Golden Bull, an edict or imperial constitution made by the emperor Charles IV. (1356), containing what became the fundamental law of the German empire; -- so called from its golden seal. Syn. -- See Blunder. BULLA Bul"la, n.; pl. Bullæ (. Etym: [L. bulla bubble. See Bull an edict.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A bleb; a vesicle, or an elevation of the cuticle, containing a transparent watery fluid. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The ovoid prominence below the opening of the ear in the skulls of many animals; as, the tympanic or auditory bulla. 3. A leaden seal for a document; esp. the round leaden seal attached to the papal bulls, which has on one side a representation of St. Peter and St. Paul, and on the other the name of the pope who uses it. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine shells. See Bubble shell. BULLACE Bul"lace, n. Etym: [OE. bolas, bolace, OF. beloce; of Celtic origin; cf. Arm. bolos, polos, Gael. bulaistear.] (Bot.) (a) A small European plum (Prunus communis, var. insitita). See Plum. (b) The bully tree. BULLANTIC Bul*lan"tic, a. Etym: [See Bull an edict.] Defn: Pertaining to, or used in, papal bulls. Fry. Bullantic letters, Gothic letters used in papal bulls. BULLARY Bul"la*ry, n. Etym: [LL. bullarium: cf. F. bullairie. See Bull an edict.] Defn: A collection of papal bulls. BULLARY Bul"la*ry, n.; pl. Bullaries. Etym: [Cf. Boilary.] Defn: A place for boiling or preparating salt; a boilery. Crabb. And certain salt fats or bullaries. Bills in Chancery. BULLATE Bul"late, a. Etym: [L. bullatus, fr. bulla bubble.] (Biol.) Defn: Appearing as if blistered; inflated; puckered. Bullate leaf (Bot.), a leaf, the membranous part of which rises between the veins puckered elevations convex on one side and concave on the other. BULLBEGGAR Bull"beg`gar, n. Defn: Something used or suggested to produce terror, as in children or persons of weak mind; a bugbear. And being an ill-looked fellow, he has a pension from the church wardens for being bullbeggar to all the forward children in the parish. Mountfort (1691). BULL BRIER Bull" bri`er. (Bot.) Defn: A species of Smilax (S. Pseudo-China) growing from New Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico, which has very large tuberous and farinaceous rootstocks, formerly used by the Indians for a sort of bread, and by the negroes as an ingredient in making beer; -- called also bamboo brier and China brier. BULLCOMBER Bull"comb*er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A scaraboid beetle; esp. the Typhæus vulgaris of Europe. BULLDOG Bull"dog`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of dog, of remarkable ferocity, courage, and tenacity of grip; -- so named, probably, from being formerly employed in baiting bulls. 2. (Metal.) Defn: A refractory material used as a furnace lining, obtained by calcining the cinder or slag from the puddling furnace of a rolling mill. BULLDOG Bull"dog`, a. Defn: Characteristic of, or like, a bulldog; stubborn; as, bulldog courage; bulldog tenacity. Bulldog bat (zo'94l.), a bat of the genus Nyctinomus; -- so called from the shape of its face. BULLDOZE Bull"doze`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bulldozed; p. pr. & vb.n. Bulldozing.] Defn: To intimidate; to restrain or coerce by intimidation or violence; -- used originally of the intimidation of negro voters, in Louisiana. [Slang, U.S.] BULLDOZER Bull"do`zer, n. Defn: One who bulldozes. [Slang] BULLED Bulled, a. Etym: [Cf. Boln.] Defn: Swollen. [Obs.] BULLEN-BULLEN Bul"len-bul"len, n. Etym: [Native Australian name, from its cry.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The lyre bird. BULLEN-NAIL Bul"len-nail`, n. Etym: [Bull large, having a large head + nail.] Defn: A nail with a round head and short shank, tinned and lacquered. BULLET Bul"let, n. Etym: [F. boulet, dim. of boule ball. See Bull an edict, and cf. Boulet.] 1. A small ball. 2. A missile, usually of lead, and round or elongated in form, to be discharged from a rifle, musket, pistol, or other small firearm. 3. A cannon ball. [Obs.] A ship before Greenwich . . . shot off her ordnance, one piece being charged with a bullet of stone. Stow. 4. The fetlock of a horse. Note: [See Illust. under Horse.] BULLETIN Bul"le*tin, n. Etym: [F. bulletin, fr. It. bullettino, dim. of bulletta, dim. of bulla, bolla, an edict of the pope, from L. bulla bubble. See Bull an edict.] 1. A brief statement of facts respecting some passing event, as military operations or the health of some distinguished personage, issued by authority for the information of the public. 2. Any public notice or announcement, especially of news recently received. 3. A periodical publication, especially one containing the proceeding of a society. Bulletin board, a board on which announcements are put, particularly at newsrooms, newspaper offices, etc. BULLET-PROOF Bul"let-proof`, a. Defn: Capable of resisting the force of a bullet. Bullet tree. See Bully tree. -- Bullet wood, the wood of the bullet tree. BULLFACED Bull"faced`, a. Defn: Having a large face. BULLFEAST Bull"feast`, n. Defn: See Bullfight. [Obs.] BULLFIGHT; BULLFIGHTING Bull"fight`, Bull"fight`ing, n. Defn: A barbarous sport, of great antiquity, in which men torment, and fight with, a bull or bulls in an arena, for public amusement, -- still popular in Spain. -- Bull"fight`er (, n. BULLFINCH Bull"finch`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of the genus Pyrrhula and other related genera, especially the P. vulgaris or rubicilla, a bird of Europe allied to the grosbeak, having the breast, cheeks, and neck, red. Note: As a cage bird it is highly valued for its remarkable power of learning to whistle correctly various musical airs. Crimson-fronted bullfinch. (Zoöl.) See Burion. -- Pine bullfinch, the pine finch. BULLFIST; BULLFICE Bull"fist, Bull"fice, n. Etym: [Cf. G. bofist, AS. wulfes fist puffball, E. fizz, foist.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of fungus. See Puffball. BULL FLY; BULLFLY Bull" fly` or Bull"fly`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any large fly troublesome to cattle, as the gadflies and breeze flies. BULLFROG Bull"frog`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large species of frog (Rana Catesbiana), found in North America; -- so named from its loud bellowing in spring. BULLHEAD Bull"head`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A fresh-water fish of many species, of the genus Uranidea, esp. U. gobio of Europe, and U. Richardsoni of the United States; -- called also miller's thumb. (b) In America, several species of Amiurus; -- called also catfish, horned pout, and bullpout. (c) A marine fish of the genus Cottus; the sculpin. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-bellied plover (Squatarola helvetica); -- called also beetlehead. (b) The golden plover. 3. A stupid fellow; a lubber. [Colloq.] Jonson. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small black water insect. E. Phillips. Bullhead whiting (Zoöl.), the kingfish of Florida (Menticirrus alburnus). BULLHEADED Bull"head`ed, a. Defn: Having a head like that of a bull. Fig.: Headstrong; obstinate; dogged. BULLION Bul"lion, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. bullyon a hook used for fastening the dress, a button, stud, an embossed ornament of various kinds, e.g., on the cover of a book, on bridles or poitrels, for purses, for breeches and doublets, LL. bullio the swelling of boiling water, a mass of gold or silver, fr. L. bulla boss, stud, bubble (see Bull an edict), or perh. corrupted fr. billon base coin, LL. billio bullion. Cf. Billon, Billet a stick.] 1. Uncoined gold or silver in the mass. Note: Properly, the precious metals are called bullion, when smelted and not perfectly refined, or when refined, but in bars, ingots or in any form uncoined, as in plate. The word is often often used to denote gold and silver, both coined and uncoined, when reckoned by weight and in mass, including especially foreign, or uncurrent, coin. 2. Base or uncurrent coin. [Obs.] And those which eld's strict doom did disallow, And damm for bullion, go for current now. Sylvester. 3. Showy metallic ornament, as of gold, silver, or copper, on bridles, saddles, etc. [Obs.] The clasps and bullions were worth a thousand pound. Skelton. 4. Heavy twisted fringe, made of fine gold or silver wire and used for epaulets; also, any heavy twisted fringe whose cords are prominent. BULLIONIST Bul"lion*ist, n. Defn: An advocate for a metallic currency, or a paper currency always convertible into gold. BULLIRAG Bul"li*rag, v. t. Etym: [Cf. bully,n.& v., and rag to scold, rail. Cf. Ballarag.] Defn: To intimidate by bullying; to rally contemptuously; to badger. [Low] BULLISH Bull"ish, a. Defn: Partaking of the nature of a bull, or a blunder. Let me inform you, a toothless satire is as improper as a toothed sleek stone, and as bullish. Milton. BULLIST Bull"ist, n. Etym: [F. bulliste. See Bull an edict.] Defn: A writer or drawer up of papal bulls. [R.] Harmar. BULLITION Bul*li"tion, n. Etym: [L. bullire, bullitum, to boil. See Boil, v. i.] Defn: The action of boiling; boiling. [Obs.] See Ebullition. Bacon. BULL MOOSE Bull Moose. (U. S. Politics) (a) A follower of Theodore Roosevelt in the presidential campaign of 1912; -- a sense said to have originated from a remark made by Roosevelt on a certain occasion that he felt "like a bull moose." [Cant] (b) The figure of a bull moose used as the party symbol of the Progressive party in the presidential campaign of 1912. -- Bull Mooser. [Cant] BULL-NECKED Bull"-necked`, a. Defn: Having a short and thick neck like that of a bull. Sir W. Scott. BULLOCK Bul"lock, n. Etym: [AS. bulluc a young bull. See Bull.] 1. A young bull, or any male of the ox kind. Take thy father's young bullock, even the second bullock of seven years old. Judges vi. 25. 2. An ox, steer, or stag. BULLOCK Bul"lock, v. t. Defn: To bully. [Obs.] She shan't think to bullock and domineer over me. Foote. BULLOCK'S-EYE Bul"lock's-eye`, n. Defn: See Bull's-eye, 3. BULLON Bul"lon, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A West Indian fish (Scarus Croicensis). BULLPOUT Bull"pout`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Bullhead, 1 (b). BULL-ROARER Bull"-roar`er, n. Defn: A contrivance consisting of a slat of wood tied to the end of a thong or string, with which the slat is whirled so as to cause an intermittent roaring noise. It is used as a toy, and among some races in certain religious rites. BULL'S-EYE Bull's"-eye`, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: A small circular or oval wooden block without sheaves, having a groove around it and a hole through it, used for connecting rigging. 2. A small round cloud, with a ruddy center, supposed by sailors to portend a storm. 3. A small thick disk of glass inserted in a deck, roof, floor, ship's side, etc., to let in light. 4. A circular or oval opening for air or light. 5. A lantern, with a thick glass lens on one side for concentrating the light on any object; also, the lens itself. Dickens. 6. (Astron.) Defn: Aldebaran, a bright star in the eye of Taurus or the Bull. 7. (Archery & Gun.) Defn: The center of a target. 8. A thick knob or protuberance left on glass by the end of the pipe through which it was blown. 9. A small and thick old-fashioned watch. [Colloq.] BULL'S-NOSE Bull's"-nose`, n. (Arch.) Defn: An external angle when obtuse or rounded. BULL TERRIER Bull" ter"ri*er. (Zoöl.) Defn: A breed of dogs obtained by crossing the bulldog and the terrier. BULL TROUT Bull" trout`. (Zoöl.) (a) In England, a large salmon trout of several species, as Salmo trutta and S. Cambricus, which ascend rivers; -- called also sea trout. (b) Salvelinus malma of California and Oregon; -- called also Dolly Varden trout and red-spotted trout. (c) The huso or salmon of the Danube. BULLWEED Bull"weed`, n. Etym: [Bole a stem + weed.] (Bot.) Defn: Knapweed. Prior. BULLWORT Bull"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Bishop's-weed. BULLY Bul"ly, n.; pl. Bullies (. Etym: [Cf. LG. bullerjaan, bullerbäk, bullerbrook, a blusterer, D. bulderaar a bluster, bulderen to bluster; prob. of imitative origin; or cf. MHG. buole lover, G. buhle.] 1. A noisy, blustering fellow, more insolent than courageous; one who is threatening and quarrelsome; an insolent, tyrannical fellow. Bullies seldom execute the threats they deal in. Palmerston. 2. A brisk, dashing fellow. [Slang Obs.] Shak. BULLY Bul"ly, a. 1. Jovial and blustering; dashing. [Slang] "Bless thee, bully doctor." Shak. 2. Fine; excellent; as, a bully horse. [Slang, U.S.] BULLY Bul"ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bullied; p. pr. & vb. n. Bullying.] Defn: To intimidate with threats and by an overbearing, swaggering demeanor; to act the part of a bully toward. For the last fortnight there have been prodigious shoals of volunteers gone over to bully the French, upon hearing the peace was just signing. Tatler. Syn. -- To bluster; swagger; hector; domineer. BULLY Bul"ly, v. i. Defn: To act as a bully. BULLY; BULLY BEEF Bul"ly, n., Bul"ly beef`. [F. bouilli boiled meat, fr. bouillir to boil. See Boil, v. The word bouilli was formerly commonly used on the labels of canned beef.] Defn: Pickled or canned beef. BULLYRAG Bul"ly*rag, v. t. Defn: Same as Bullirag. BULLYROCK Bul"ly*rock`, n. Defn: A bully. [Slang Obs.] Shak. BULLY TREE Bul"ly tree`. (Bot.) Defn: The name of several West Indian trees of the order Sapotaceæ, as Dipholis nigra and species of Sapota and Mimusops. Most of them yield a substance closely resembling gutta-percha. BULRUSH Bul"rush`, n. Etym: [OE. bulrysche, bolroysche; of uncertain origin, perh. fr. bole stem + rush.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of large rush, growing in wet land or in water. Note: The name bulrush is applied in England especially to the cat- tail (Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia) and to the lake club-rush (Scirpus lacustris); in America, to the Juncus effusus, and also to species of Scirpus or club-rush. BULSE Bulse, n. Defn: A purse or bag in which to carry or measure diamonds, etc. [India] Macaulay. BULTEL Bul"tel, n. Etym: [LL. bultellus. See Bolt to sift.] Defn: A bolter or bolting cloth; also, bran. [Obs.] BULTI Bul"ti, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Bolty. BULTONG Bul"tong, n. Defn: Biltong. BULTOW Bul"tow`, n. Defn: A trawl; a boulter; the mod BULWARK Bul"wark, n. Etym: [Akin to D. bolwerk, G. bollwerk, Sw. bolwerk, Dan. bolvärk, bulvärk, rampart; akin to G. bohle plank, and werk work, defense. See Bole stem, and Work, n., and cf. Boulevard.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A rampart; a fortification; a bastion or outwork. 2. That which secures against an enemy, or defends from attack; any means of defense or protection. The royal navy of England hath ever been its greatest defense, . . . the floating bulwark of our island. Blackstone. 3. pl. (Naut.) Defn: The sides of a ship above the upper deck. Syn. -- See Rampart. BULWARK Bul"wark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bulwarked (; p. pr. & vb.n. Bulwarking.] Defn: To fortify with, or as with, a rampart or wall; to secure by fortification; to protect. Of some proud city, bulwarked round and armed With rising towers. Glover. BUM Bum, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. bottom in this sense.] Defn: The buttock. [Low] Shak. BUM Bum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bummed (; p. pr. & vb.n. Bumming ( Etym: [See Boom, v. i., to roar.] Defn: To make murmuring or humming sound. Jamieson. BUM Bum, n. Defn: A humming noise. Halliwell. BUMBAILIFF Bum"bail"iff, n. Etym: [A corruption of bound bailiff.] [Low, Eng.] Defn: See Bound bailiff, under Bound, a. BUMBARD Bum"bard. Defn: See Bombard. [Obs.] BUMBARGE Bum"barge`, n. Defn: See Bumboat. Carlyle. BUMBAST Bum"bast. Defn: See Bombast. [Obs.] BUMBELO Bum"be*lo, n.; pl. Bumbeloes. Etym: [It. bombola.] Defn: A glass used in subliming camphor. [Spelled also bombolo and bumbolo.] BUMBLE Bum"ble, n. Etym: [See Bump to boom.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The bittern. [Local, Eng.] BUMBLE Bum"ble, v. i. Defn: To make a hollow or humming noise, like that of a bumblebee; to cry as a bittern. As a bittern bumbleth in the mire. Chaucer. BUMBLEBEE Bum"ble*bee`, n. Etym: [OE. bumblen to make a humming noise (dim. of bum, v.i.) + bee. Cf. Humblebee.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large bee of the genus Bombus, sometimes called humblebee; -- so named from its sound. Note: There are many species. All gather honey, and store it in the empty cocoons after the young have come out. BUMBLEPUPPY Bum"ble*pup`py, n. [Origin unknown; cf. Bumble, n.] 1. Defn: The old game of nineholes. 2. (Card Playing) Whist played in an unscientific way. BUMBOAT Bum"boat`, n. Etym: [From bum the buttocks, on account of its clumsy form; or fr. D. bun a box for holding fish in a boat.] (Naut.) Defn: A clumsy boat, used for conveying provisions, fruit, etc., for sale, to vessels lying in port or off shore. BUMKIN Bum"kin, n. Etym: [Boom a beam + -kin. See Bumpkin.] (Naut.) Defn: A projecting beam or boom; as: (a) One projecting from each bow of a vessel, to haul the fore tack to, called a tack bumpkin. (b) Onr from each quarter, for the main-brace blocks, and called brace bumpkin. (c) A small outrigger over the stern of a boat, to extend the mizzen. [Written also boomkin.] BUMMALO Bum"ma*lo, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small marine Asiatic fish (Saurus ophidon) used in India as a relish; -- called also Bombay duck. BUMMER Bum"mer, n. Defn: An idle, worthless fellow, who is without any visible means of support; a dissipated sponger. [Slang, U.S.] BUMMERY Bum"me*ry, n. Defn: See Bottomery. [Obs.] There was a scivener of Wapping brought to hearing for relief against a bummery bond. R. North. BUMP Bump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bumped; p. pr. & vb. n. Bumping.] Etym: [Cf. W. pwmp round mass, pwmpiaw to thump, bang, and E. bum, v.i., boom to roar.] Defn: To strike, as with or against anything large or solid; to thump; as, to bump the head against a wall. BUMP Bump, v. i. Defn: To come in violent contact with something; to thump. "Bumping and jumping." Southey. BUMP Bump, n. Etym: [From Bump to strike, to thump.] 1. A thump; a heavy blow. 2. A swelling or prominence, resulting from a bump or blow; a protuberance. It had upon its brow A bump as big as a young cockerel's stone. Shak. 3. (Phren.) Defn: One of the protuberances on the cranium which are associated with distinct faculties or affections of the mind; as, the bump of "veneration;" the bump of "acquisitiveness." [Colloq.] 4. The act of striking the stern of the boat in advance with the prow of the boat following. [Eng.] BUMP Bump, v. i. Etym: [See Boom to roar.] Defn: To make a loud, heavy, or hollow noise, as the bittern; to boom. As a bittern bumps within a reed. Dryden. BUMP Bump, n. Defn: The noise made by the bittern. BUMPER Bum"per, n. Etym: [A corruption of bumbard, bombard, a large drinking vessel.] 1. A cup or glass filled to the brim, or till the liquor runs over, particularly in drinking a health or toast. He frothed his bumpers to the brim. Tennyson. 2. A covered house at a theater, etc., in honor of some favorite performer. [Cant] BUMPER Bump"er, n. 1. That which bumps or causes a bump. 2. Anything which resists or deadens a bump or shock; a buffer. BUMPKIN Bump"kin, n. Etym: [The same word as bumkin, which Cotgrave defines thus: "Bumkin, Fr. chicambault, the luffe-block, a long and thick piece of wood, whereunto the fore-sayle and sprit-sayle are fastened, when a ship goes by the winde." Hence, a clumsy man may easily have been compared to such a block of wood; cf. OD. boomken a little tree. See Boom a pole.] Defn: An awkward, heavy country fellow; a clown; a country lout. "Bashful country bumpkins." W. Irving. BUMPTIOUS Bump"tious, a. Defn: Self-conceited; forward; pushing. [Colloq.] Halliwell. BUMPTIOUSNESS Bump"tious*ness, n. Defn: Conceitedness. [Colloq.] BUN; BUNN Bun, Bunn, n. Etym: [Scot. bun, bunn, OE. bunne, bonne; fr. Celtic; cf. Ir. bunna, Gael. bonnach, or OF. bugne tumor, Prov. F. bugne a kind of pancake; akin to OHG. bungo bulb, MHG. bunge, Prov. E. bung heap, cluster, bunny a small swelling.] Defn: A slightly sweetened raised cake or bisquit with a glazing of sugar and milk on the top crust. BUNCH Bunch, n. Etym: [Akin to OSw. & Dan. bunke heap, Icel. bunki heap, pile, bunga tumor, protuberance; cf. W. pwng cluster. Cf. Bunk.] 1. A protuberance; a hunch; a knob or lump; a hump. They will carry . . . their treasures upon the bunches of camels. Isa. xxx. 6. 2. A collection, cluster, or tuft, properly of things of the same kind, growing or fastened together; as, a bunch of grapes; a bunch of keys. 3. (Mining) Defn: A small isolated mass of ore, as distinguished from a continuous vein. Page. BUNCH Bunch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Buncheder (p. pr. & vb.n. Bunchinger.] Defn: To swell out into a bunch or protuberance; to be protuberant or round. Bunching out into a large round knob at one end. Woodward. BUNCH Bunch, v. t. Defn: To form into a bunch or bunches. BUNCH-BACKED Bunch"-backed`, a. Defn: Having a bunch on the back; crooked. "Bunch-backed toad." Shak. BUNCHBERRY Bunch"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The dwarf cornel (Cornus Canadensis), which bears a dense cluster of bright red, edible berries. BUNCH GRASS Bunch" grass`. (Bot.) Defn: A grass growing in bunches and affording pasture. In California, Atropis tenuifolia, Festuca scabrella, and several kinds of Stipa are favorite bunch grasses. In Utah, Eriocoma cuspidata is a good bunch grass. BUNCHINESS Bunch"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being bunchy; knobbiness. BUNCHY Bunch"y, a. 1. Swelling out in bunches. An unshapen, bunchy spear, with bark unpiled. Phaer. 2. Growing in bunches, or resembling a bunch; having tufts; as, the bird's bunchy tail. 3. (Mining) Defn: Yielding irregularly; sometimes rich, sometimes poor; as, a bunchy mine. Page. BUNCOMBE; BUNKUM Bun"combe, Bun"kum, n. Etym: [Buncombe a country of North Carolina.] Defn: Speech-making for the gratification of constituents, or to gain public applause; flattering talk for a selfish purpose; anything said for mere show. [Cant or Slang, U.S.] All that flourish about right of search was bunkum -- all that brag about hanging your Canada sheriff was bunkum . . . slavery speeches are all bunkum. Haliburton. To speak for Buncombe, to speak for mere show, or popularly. Note: "The phrase originated near the close of the debate on the famous 'Missouri Question,' in the 16th Congress. It was then used by Felix Walker -- a naïve old mountaineer, who resided at Waynesville, in Haywood, the most western country of North Carolina, near the border of the adjacent country of Buncombe, which formed part of his district. The old man rose to speak, while the house was impatiently calling for the 'Question,' and several members gathered round him, begging him to desist. He preserved, however, for a while, declaring that the people of his district expected it, and that he was bound to 'make a speech for Buncombe.'" W. Darlington. BUND Bund, n. Etym: [G.] Defn: League; confederacy; esp. the confederation of German states. BUND Bund, n. Etym: [Hindi band.] Defn: An embankment against inundation. [India] S. Wells Williams. BUNDER Bun"der, n. Etym: [Pers. bandar a landing place, pier.] Defn: A boat or raft used in the East Indies in the landing of passengers and goods. BUNDESRATH Bun"des*rath`, n. Etym: [G., from bund (akin to E. bond) confederacy + rath council, prob. akin to E. read.] Defn: The federal council of the German Empire. In the Bundesrath and the Reichstag are vested the legislative functions. The federal council of Switzerland is also so called. Note: The Bundesrath of the German empire is presided over by a chancellor, and is composed of sixty-two members, who represent the different states of the empire, being appointed for each session by their respective governments. By this united congress, the highest tribunal of Switzerland, -- the Bundesrath -- is chosen, and the head of this is a president. J. P. Peters (Trans. Müller's Pol. Hist. ). BUNDES-VERSAMMLUNG Bun"des-Ver*samm"lung, n. [G.; bund confederacy + versammlung assembly.] Defn: See Legislature, Switzerland. BUNDLE Bun"dle, n. Etym: [OE. bundel, AS. byndel; akin to D. bondel, bundel, G. bündel, dim. of bund bundle, fr. the root of E. bind. See Bind.] Defn: A number of things bound together, as by a cord or envelope, into a mass or package convenient for handling or conveyance; a loose package; a roll; as, a bundle of straw or of paper; a bundle of old clothes. The fable of the rods, which, when united in a bundle, no strength could bend. Goldsmith. Bundle pillar (Arch.), a column or pier, with others of small dimensions attached to it. Weale. BUNDLE Bun"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bundled (p. pr. & vb.n. Bundling (.] 1. To tie or bind in a bundle or roll. 2. To send off abruptly or without ceremony. They unmercifully bundled me and my gallant second into our own hackney coach. T. Hook. To bundle off, to send off in a hurry, or without ceremony. -- To bundle one's self up, to wrap one's self up warmly or cumbrously. BUNDLE Bun"dle, v. i. 1. To prepare for departure; to set off in a hurry or without ceremony. 2. To sleep on the same bed without undressing; -- applied to the custom of a man and woman, especially lovers, thus sleeping. Bartlett. Van Corlear stopped occasionally in the villages to eat pumpkin pies, dance at country frolics, and bundle with the Yankee lasses. W. Irving. BUNDOBUST Bun"do*bust, n. [Hind. & Per. bando-bast tying and binding.] Defn: System; discipline. [India] He has more bundobust than most men. Kipling. BUNG Bung, n. Etym: [Cf. W. bwng orfice, bunghole, Ir. buinne tap, spout, OGael. buine.] 1. The large stopper of the orifice in the bilge of a cask. 2. The orifice in the bilge of a cask through which it is filled; bunghole. 3. A sharper or pickpocket. [Obs. & Low] You filthy bung, away. Shak. BUNG Bung, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bunged; p. pr. & vb. n. Bunging.] Defn: To stop, as the orifice in the bilge of a cask, with a bung; to close; -- with up. To bung up, to use up, as by bruising or over exertion; to exhaust or incapacitate for action. [Low] He had bunged up his mouth that he should not have spoken these three years. Shelton (Trans. Don Quixote). BUNGALOW Bun"ga*low, n. Etym: [Bengalee bangla] Defn: A thatched or tiled house or cottage, of a single story, usually surrounded by a veranda. [India] BUNGARUM Bun"ga*rum, n. Etym: [Bungar, the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A venomous snake of India, of the genus Bungarus, allied to the cobras, but without a hood. BUNGHOLE Bung"hole`, n. Defn: See Bung, n., 2. Shak. BUNGLE Bun"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bungled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bungling.] Etym: [Prob. a diminutive from, akin to bang; cf. Prov. G. bungen to beat, bang, OSw. bunga. See Bang.] Defn: To act or work in a clumsy, awkward manner. BUNGLE Bun"gle, v. t. Defn: To make or mend clumsily; to manage awkwardly; to botch; -- sometimes with up. I always had an idea that it would be bungled. Byron. BUNGLE Bun"gle, n. Defn: A clumsy or awkward performance; a botch; a gross blunder. Those errors and bungles which are committed. Cudworth. BUNGLER Bun"gler, n. Defn: A clumsy, awkward workman; one who bungles. If to be a dunce or a bungler in any profession be shameful, how much more ignominious and infamous to a scholar to be such! Barrow. BUNGLING Bun"gling, a. Defn: Unskillful; awkward; clumsy; as, a bungling workman. Swift. They make but bungling work. Dryden. BUNGLINGLY Bun"gling*ly, adv. Defn: Clumsily; awkwardly. BUNGO Bun"go, n. (Naut.) Defn: A kind of canoe used in Central and South America; also, a kind of boat used in the Southern United States. Bartlett. BUNION Bun"ion, n. (Med.) Defn: Same as Bunyon. BUNK Bunk, n. Etym: [Cf. OSw. bunke heap, also boaring, flooring. Cf. Bunch.] 1. A wooden case or box, which serves for a seat in the daytime and for a bed at night. [U.S.] 2. One of a series of berths or bed places in tiers. 3. A piece of wood placed on a lumberman's sled to sustain the end of heavy timbers. [Local, U.S.] BUNK Bunk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bunked; p. pr. & vb. n. Bunking.] Defn: To go to bed in a bunk; -- sometimes with in. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. BUNKER Bun"ker, n. Etym: [Scot. bunker, bunkart, a bench, or low chest, serving for a seat. Cf. Bunk, Bank, Bench.] 1. A sort of chest or box, as in a window, the lid of which serves for a seat. [Scot.] Jamieson. 2. A large bin or similar receptacle; as, a coal bunker. BUNKO Bun"ko, n. Etym: [Sf. Sp. banco bank, banca a sort of game at cards. Cf. Bank (in the commercial sense).] Defn: A kind of swindling game or scheme, by means of cards or by a sham lottery. [Written also bunco.] Bunko steerer, a person employed as a decoy in bunko. [Slang, U.S.] BUNKUM Bun"kum, n. Defn: See Buncombe. BUNN Bunn, n. Defn: See Bun. BUNNIAN Bun"nian, n. Defn: See Bunyon. BUNNY Bun"ny, n. (Mining) Defn: A great collection of ore without any vein coming into it or going out from it. BUNNY Bun"ny, n. Defn: A pet name for a rabbit or a squirrel. BUNODONTA; BUNODONTS Bu`no*don"ta, Bu"no*donts, n. pl. Etym: [NL. bunodonta, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of the herbivorous mammals including the hogs and hippopotami; -- so called because the teeth are tuberculated. BUNSEN CELL Bun"sen cell. (Elec.) Defn: A zinc-carbon cell in which the zinc (amalgamated) is surrounded by dilute sulphuric acid, and the carbon by nitric acid or a chromic acid mixture, the two plates being separated by a porous cup. BUNSEN'S BATTERY; BUNSEN'S BURNER Bun"sen's bat"ter*y, Bun"sen's burn`er. Defn: See under Battery, and Burner. BUNT Bunt, n. (Bot.) Defn: A fungus (Ustilago foetida) which affects the ear of cereals, filling the grains with a fetid dust; -- also called pepperbrand. BUNT Bunt, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. bunt bundle, Dan. bundt, G. bund, E. bundle.] (Naut.) Defn: The middle part, cavity, or belly of a sail; the part of a furled sail which is at the center of the yard. Totten. BUNT Bunt, v. i. (Naut.) Defn: To swell out; as, the sail bunts. BUNT Bunt, v. t. & i. Defn: To strike or push with the horns or head; to butt; as, the ram bunted the boy. BUNTER Bun"ter, n. Defn: A woman who picks up rags in the streets; hence, a low, vulgar woman. [Cant] Her . . . daughters, like bunters in stuff gowns. Goldsmith. BUNTING Bun"ting, n. Etym: [Scot. buntlin, corn-buntlin, OE. bunting, buntyle; of unknown origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of the genus Emberiza, or of an allied genus, related to the finches and sparrows (family Fringillidæ). Note: Among European species are the common or corn bunting (Emberiza miliaria); the ortolan (E. hortulana); the cirl (E. cirlus); and the black-headed (Granitivora melanocephala). American species are the bay-winged or grass (Poöcætes or Pooecetes gramineus); the black- throated (Spiza Americana); the towhee bunting or chewink (Pipilo); the snow bunting (Plectrophanax nivalis); the rice bunting or bobolink, and others. See Ortolan, Chewick, Snow bunting, Lark bunting. BUNTING; BUNTINE Bun"ting, Bun"tine, n. Etym: [Prov. E. bunting sifting flour, OE. bonten to sift, hence prob. the material used for that purpose.] Defn: A thin woolen stuff, used chiefly for flags, colors, and ships' signals. BUNTLINE Bunt"line, n. Etym: [2d bunt + line.] (Naut.) Defn: One of the ropes toggled to the footrope of a sail, used to haul up to the yard the body of the sail when taking it in. Totten. BUNYON; BUNION Bun"yon, Bun"ion, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. bunny a small swelling, fr. OF. bugne, It. bugna, bugnone. See Bun.] (Med.) Defn: An enlargement and inflammation of a small membranous sac (one of the bursæ muscosæ), usually occurring on the first joint of the great toe. BUOY Buoy, n. Etym: [D. boei buoy, fetter, fr. OF. boie, buie, chain, fetter, F. bouée a buoy, from L. boia. "Boiae genus vinculorum tam ferreae quam ligneae." Festus. So called because chained to its place.] (Naut.) Defn: A float; esp. a floating object moored to the bottom, to mark a channel or to point out the position of something beneath the water, as an anchor, shoal, rock, etc. Anchor buoy, a buoy attached to, or marking the position of, an anchor. -- Bell buoy, a large buoy on which a bell is mounted, to be rung by the motion of the waves. -- Breeches buoy. See under Breeches. -- Cable buoy, an empty cask employed to buoy up the cable in rocky anchorage. -- Can buoy, a hollow buoy made of sheet or boiler iron, usually conical or pear-shaped. -- Life buoy, a float intended to support persons who have fallen into the water, until a boat can be dispatched to save them. -- Nut or Nun buoy, a buoy large in the middle, and tapering nearly to a point at each end. -- To stream the buoy, to let the anchor buoy fall by the ship's side into the water, before letting go the anchor. -- Whistling buoy, a buoy fitted with a whistle that is blown by the action of the waves. BUOY Buoy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buoyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Buoying.] 1. To keep from sinking in a fluid, as in water or air; to keep afloat; -- with up. 2. To support or sustain; to preserve from sinking into ruin or despondency. Those old prejudices, which buoy up the ponderous mass of his nobility, wealth, and title. Burke. 3. To fix buoys to; to mark by a buoy or by buoys; as, to buoy an anchor; to buoy or buoy off a channel. Not one rock near the surface was discovered which was not buoyed by this floating weed. Darwin. BUOY Buoy, v. i. Defn: To float; to rise like a buoy. "Rising merit will buoy up at last." Pope. BUOYAGE Buoy"age, n. Defn: Buoys, taken collectively; a series of buoys, as for the guidance of vessels into or out of port; the providing of buoys. BUOYANCE Buoy"ance, n. Defn: Buoyancy. [R.] BUOYANCY Buoy"an*cy, n.; pl. Buoyancies (. 1. The property of floating on the surface of a liquid, or in a fluid, as in the atmosphere; specific lightness, which is inversely as the weight compared with that of an equal volume of water. 2. (Physics) Defn: The upward pressure exerted upon a floating body by a fluid, which is equal to the weight of the body; hence, also, the weight of a floating body, as measured by the volume of fluid displaced. Such are buoyancies or displacements of the different classes of her majesty's ships. Eng. Cyc. 3. Cheerfulness; vivacity; liveliness; sprightliness; -- the opposite of Ant: heaviness; as, buoyancy of spirits. BUOYANT Buoy"ant, a. Etym: [From Buoy, v. t. & i.] 1. Having the quality of rising or floating in a fluid; tending to rise or float; as, iron is buoyant in mercury. "Buoyant on the flood." Pope. 2. Bearing up, as a fluid; sustaining another body by being specifically heavier. The water under me was buoyant. Dryden. 3. Light-hearted; vivacious; cheerful; as, a buoyant disposition; buoyant spirits. -- Buoy"ant*ly, adv. BUPRESTIDAN Bu*pres"ti*dan, n. Etym: [L. buprestis, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a tribe of beetles, of the genus Buprestis and allied genera, usually with brilliant metallic colors. The larvæ are usually bores in timber, or beneath bark, and are often very destructive to trees. BUR; BURR Bur, Burr, n. Etym: [OE. burre burdock; cf. Dan. borre, OSw. borra, burdock, thistle; perh. akin to E. bristle (burr- for burz-), or perh. to F. bourre hair, wool, stuff; also, according to Cotgrave, "the downe, or hairie coat, wherewith divers herbes, fruits, and flowers, are covered," fr. L. burrae trifles, LL. reburrus rough.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any rough or prickly envelope of the seeds of plants, whether a pericarp, a persistent calyx, or an involucre, as of the chestnut and burdock. Also, any weed which bears burs. Amongst rude burs and thistles. Milton. Bur and brake and brier. Tennyson. 2. The thin ridge left by a tool in cutting or shaping metal. See Burr, n., 2. 3. A ring of iron on a lance or spear. See Burr, n., 4. 4. The lobe of the ear. See Burr, n., 5. 5. The sweetbread. 6. A clinker; a partially vitrified brick. 7. (Mech.) (a) A small circular saw. (b) A triangular chisel. (c) A drill with a serrated head larger than the shank; -- used by dentists. 8. Etym: [Cf. Gael. borr, borra, a knob, bunch.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The round knob of an antler next to a deer's head. [Commonly written burr.] Bur oak (Bot.), a useful and ornamental species of oak (Quercus macrocarpa) with ovoid acorns inclosed in deep cups imbricated with pointed scales. It grows in the Middle and Western United States, and its wood is tough, close-grained, and durable. -- Bur reed (Bot.), a plant of the genus Sparganium, having long ribbonlike leaves. BURBOLT Bur"bolt`, n. Defn: A birdbolt. [Obs.] Ford. BURBOT Bur"bot, n. Etym: [F. barbote, fr. barbe beard. See 1st Barb.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fresh-water fish of the genus Lota, having on the nose two very small barbels, and a larger one on the chin. [Written also burbolt.] Note: The fish is also called an eelpout or ling, and is allied to the codfish. The Lota vulgaris is a common European species. An American species (L. maculosa) is found in New England, the Great Lakes, and farther north. BURDELAIS Bur`de*lais", n. Etym: [F. bourdelais, prob. fr. bordelais. See Bordelais.] Defn: A sort of grape. Jonson. BURDEN Bur"den, n. [Written also burthen.] Etym: [OE. burden, burthen, birthen, birden, AS. byredhen; akin to Icel. byredhi, Dan. byrde, Sw. börda, G. bürde, OHG. burdi, Goth. baúr, fr. the root of E. bear, AS. beran, Goth. bairan. *92. See 1st Bear.] 1. That which is borne or carried; a load. Plants with goodly burden bowing. Shak. 2. That which is borne with labor or difficulty; that which is grievous, wearisome, or oppressive. Deaf, giddy, helpless, left alone, To all my friends a burden grown. Swift. 3. The capacity of a vessel, or the weight of cargo that she will carry; as, a ship of a hundred tons burden. 4. (Mining) Defn: The tops or heads of stream-work which lie over the stream of tin. 5. (Metal.) Defn: The proportion of ore and flux to fuel, in the charge of a blast furnace. Raymond. 6. A fixed quantity of certain commodities; as, a burden of gad steel, 120 pounds. 7. A birth. [Obs. & R.] Shak. Beast of burden, an animal employed in carrying burdens. -- Burden of proof Etym: [L. onus probandi] (Law), the duty of proving a particular position in a court of law, a failure in the performance of which duty calls for judgment against the party on whom the duty is imposed. Syn. -- Burden, Load. A burden is, in the literal sense, a weight to be borne; a load is something laid upon us to be carried. Hence, when used figuratively, there is usually a difference between the two words. Our burdens may be of such a nature that we feel bound to bear them cheerfully or without complaint. They may arise from the nature of our situation; they may be allotments of Providence; they may be the consequences of our errors. What is upon us, as a load, we commonly carry with greater reluctance or sense of oppression. Men often find the charge of their own families to be a burden; but if to this be added a load of care for others, the pressure is usually serve and irksome. BURDEN Bur"den, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burdened; p. pr. & vb. n. Burdening.] 1. To encumber with weight (literal or figurative); to lay a heavy load upon; to load. I mean not that other men be eased, and ye burdened. 2 Cor. viii. 13. 2. To oppress with anything grievous or trying; to overload; as, to burden a nation with taxes. My burdened heart would break. Shak. 3. To impose, as a load or burden; to lay or place as a burden (something heavy or objectionable). [R.] It is absurd to burden this act on Cromwell. Coleridge. Syn. -- To load; encumber; overload; oppress. BURDEN Bur"den, n. Etym: [OE. burdoun the bass in music, F. bourdon; cf. LL. burdo drone, a long organ pipe, a staff, a mule. Prob. of imitative origin. Cf. Bourdon.] 1. The verse repeated in a song, or the return of the theme at the end of each stanza; the chorus; refrain. Hence: That which is often repeated or which is dwelt upon; the main topic; as, the burden of a prayer. I would sing my song without a burden. Shak. 2. The drone of a bagpipe. Ruddiman. BURDEN Bur"den, n. Etym: [See Burdon.] Defn: A club. [Obs.] Spenser. BURDENER Bur"den*er, n. Defn: One who loads; a oppressor. BURDENOUS Bur"den*ous, a. Defn: Burdensome. [Obs.] "Burdenous taxations." Shak. BURDENSOME Bur"den*some, a. Defn: Grievous to be borne; causing uneasiness or fatigue; oppressive. The debt immense of endless gratitude So burdensome. Milton. Syn. -- Heavy; weighty; cumbersome; onerous; grievous; oppressive; troublesome. -- Bur"den*some*ly, adv. -- Bur"den*some*ness, n. BURDOCK Bur"dock, n. Etym: [Bur + dock the plant.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of coarse biennial herbs (Lappa), bearing small burs which adhere tenaciously to clothes, or to the fur or wool of animals. Note: The common burdock is the Lappa officinalis. BURDON Bur"don, n. Etym: [See Bourdon.] Defn: A pilgrim's staff. [Written also burden.] Rom. of R. BUREAU Bu"reau, n.; pl. E. Bureaus, F. Bureaux. Etym: [F. bureau a writing table, desk, office, OF., drugget, with which a writing table was often covered, equiv. to F. bure, and fr. OF. buire dark brown, the stuff being named from its color, fr. L. burrus red, fr. Gr. Fire, n., and cf. Borel, n.] 1. Originally, a desk or writing table with drawers for papers. Swift. 2. The place where such a bureau is used; an office where business requiring writing is transacted. 3. Hence: A department of public business requiring a force of clerks; the body of officials in a department who labor under the direction of a chief. Note: On the continent of Europe, the highest departments, in most countries, have the name of bureaux; as, the Bureau of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. In England and America, the term is confined to inferior and subordinate departments; as, the "Pension Bureau," a subdepartment of the Department of the Interior. [Obs.] In Spanish, bureo denotes a court of justice for the trial of persons belonging to the king's household. 4. A chest of drawers for clothes, especially when made as an ornamental piece of furniture. [U.S.] Bureau system. See Bureaucracy. -- Bureau Veritas, an institution, in the interest of maritime underwriters, for the survey and rating of vessels all over the world. It was founded in Belgium in 1828, removed to Paris in 1830, and reëstablished in Brussels in 1870. BUREAUCRACY Bu*reau"cra*cy, n. Etym: [Bureau + Gr. bureaucratie.] 1. A system of carrying on the business of government by means of departments or bureaus, each under the control of a chief, in contradiction to a system in which the officers of government have an associated authority and responsibility; also, government conducted on this system. 2. Government officials, collectively. BUREAUCRAT Bu*reau"crat, n. Defn: An official of a bureau; esp. an official confirmed in a narrow and arbitrary routine. C. Kingsley. BUREAUCRATIC; BUREAUCRATICAL Bu`reau*crat"ic, Bu`reau*crat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. bureaucratique.] Defn: Of, relating to, or resembling, a bureaucracy. BUREAUCRATIST Bu*reau"cra*tist, n. Defn: An advocate for , or supporter of, bureaucracy. BUREL Bur"el, n. & a. Defn: Same as Borrel. BURETTE Bu*rette", n. Etym: [F., can, cruet, dim. of buire flagon.] (Chem.) Defn: An apparatus for delivering measured quantities of liquid or for measuring the quantity of liquid or gas received or discharged. It consists essentially of a graduated glass tube, usually furnished with a small aperture and stopcock. BUR FISH Bur" fish`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A spinose, plectognath fish of the Allantic coast of the United States (esp. Chilo mycterus geometricus) having the power of distending its body with water or air, so as to resemble a chestnut bur; -- called also ball fish, balloon fish, and swellfish. BURG Burg, n. Etym: [AS. burh, burg, cf. LL. burgus. See 1st Borough.] 1. A fortified town. [Obs.] 2. A borough. [Eng.] See 1st Borough. BURGAGE Burg"age, n. Etym: [From Burg: cf. F. bourgage, LL. burgagium.] (Eng. Law) Defn: A tenure by which houses or lands are held of the king or other lord of a borough or city; at a certain yearly rent, or by services relating to trade or handicraft. Burrill. BURGALL Bur"gall, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small marine fish; -- also called cunner. BURGAMOT Bur"ga*mot, n. Defn: See Bergamot. BURGANET Bur"ga*net, n. Defn: See Burgonet. BURGEE Bur"gee, n. 1. A kind of small coat. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A swallow-tailed flag; a distinguishing pen BURGEOIS Bur*geois", n. (Print.) Defn: See 1st Bourgeous. BURGEOIS Bur*geois", n. Defn: A burgess; a citizen. See 2d Bourgeois. [R.] Addison. BURGEON Bur"geon, v. i. Defn: To bud. See Bourgeon. BURGESS Bur"gess, n. Etym: [OE. burgeis, OF. burgeis, fr. burcfortified town, town, F. bourg village, fr. LL. burgus fort, city; from the German; cf. MHG. burc, G. burg. See 1st Borough, and cf. 2d Bourgeois.] 1. An inhabitant of a borough or walled town, or one who possesses a tenement therein; a citizen or freeman of a borough. Blackstone. Note: "A burgess of a borough corresponds with a citizen of a city." Burrill. 2. One who represents a borough in Parliament. 3. A magistrate of a borough. 4. An inhabitant of a Scotch burgh qualified to vote for municipal officers. Note: Before the Revolution, the representatives in the popular branch of the legislature of Virginia were called burgesses; they are now called delegates. Burgess oath. See Burgher, 2. BURGESS-SHIP Bur"gess-ship, n. Defn: The state of privilege of a burgess. South. BURGGRAVE Burg"grave, n. Etym: [G. burggraf; burg fortress + graf count: cf. D. burggraaf, F. burgrave. See Margrave.] (Gremany) Defn: Originally, one appointed to the command of a burg (fortress or castle); but the title afterward became hereditary, with a domain attached. BURGH Burgh, n. Etym: [OE. See Burg.] Defn: A borough or incorporated town, especially, one in Scotland. See Borough. BURGHAL Burgh"al, a. Defn: Belonging of a burgh. BURGHBOTE Burgh"bote`, n. Etym: [Burgh + bote.] (Old Law) Defn: A contribution toward the building or repairing of castles or walls for the defense of a city or town. BURGHBRECH Burgh"brech`, n. Etym: [Burgh + F. brèche, equiv. to E. breach.] (AS. Law) Defn: The offense of violating the pledge given by every inhabitant of a tithing to keep the peace; breach of the peace. Burrill. BURGHER Burgh"er, n. Etym: [From burgh; akin to D. burger, G. bürger, Dan. borger, Sw. borgare. See Burgh.] 1. A freeman of a burgh or borough, entitled to enjoy the privileges of the place; any inhabitant of a borough. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A member of that party, among the Scotch seceders, which asserted the lawfulness of the burgess oath (in which burgesses profess "the true religion professed within the realm"), the opposite party being called antiburghers. Note: These parties arose among the Presbyterians of Scotland, in 1747, and in 1820 reunited under the name of the "United Associate Synod of the Secession Church." BURGHERMASTER Burgh"er*mas`ter, n. Defn: See Burgomaster. BURGHERSHIP Burgh"er*ship, n. Defn: The state or privileges of a burgher. BURGHMASTER Burgh"mas`ter, n. 1. A burgomaster. 2. (Mining) Defn: An officer who directs and lays out the meres or boundaries for the workmen; -- called also bailiff, and barmaster. [Eng.] BURGHMOTE Burgh"mote`, n. (AS. Law) Etym: [Burgh + mote meeting.] Defn: A court or meeting of a burgh or borough; a borough court held three times yearly. BURGLAR Bur"glar, n. Etym: [OE. burg town, F. bourg, fr. LL. burgus (of German origin) + OF. lere thief, fr. L. latro. See Borough, and Larceny.] (Law) Defn: One guilty of the crime of burglary. Burglar alarm, a device for giving alarm if a door or window is opened from without. BURGLARER Bur"glar*er, n. Defn: A burglar. [Obs.] BURGLARIOUS Bur*gla"ri*ous, a. Defn: Pertaining to burglary; constituting the crime of burglary. To come down a chimney is held a burglarious entry. Blackstone. BURGLARIOUSLY Bur*gla"ri*ous*ly, adv. Defn: With an intent to commit burglary; in the manner of a burglar. Blackstone. BURGLARY Bur"gla*ry, n.; pl. Burglaries (. Etym: [Fr. Burglar; cf. LL. burglaria.] (Law) Defn: Breaking and entering the dwelling house of another, in the nighttime, with intent to commit a felony therein, whether the felonious purpose be accomplished or not. Wharton. Burrill. Note: By statute law in some of the United States, burglary includes the breaking with felonious intent into a house by day as well as by night, and into other buildings than dwelling houses. Various degrees of the crime are established. BURGOMASTER Bur"go*mas`ter, n. Etym: [D. burgemeester; burg borough + meester master; akin to G. burgemeister, bürgermeister. See 1st Borough, and Master.] 1. A chief magistrate of a municipal town in Holland, Flanders, and Germany, corresponding to mayor in England and the United States; a burghmaster. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An aquatic bird, the glaucous gull (Larus glaucus), common in arctic regions. BURGONET Bur"go*net, n. Etym: [F. bouruignotte, because the Burgundians, F. Bouruignons, first used it.] Defn: A kind of helmet. [Written also burganet.] Shak. BURGOO Bur"goo, n. Etym: [Prov. E. burgood yeast, perh. fr. W. burym yeast + cawl cabbage, gruel.] Defn: A kind of oatmeal pudding, or thick gruel, used by seamen. [Written also burgout.] BURGRASS Bur"grass`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Grass of the genus Cenchrus, growing in sand, and having burs for fruit. BURGRAVE Bur"grave, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Burggrave. BURGUNDY Bur"gun*dy, n. 1. An old province of France (in the eastern central part). 2. A richly flavored wine, mostly red, made in Burgundy, France. Burgundy pitch, a resinous substance prepared from the exudation of the Norway spruce (Abies excelsa) by melting in hot water and straining through cloth. The genuine Burgundy pitch, supposed to have been first prepared in Burgundy, is rare, but there are many imitations. It has a yellowish brown color, is translucent and hard, but viscous. It is used in medicinal plasters. BURH Burh, n. Defn: See Burg. [Obs.] BURHEL; BURRHEL Bur"hel, Burr"hel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wild Himalayan, or blue, sheep (Ovis burrhel). BURIAL Bur"i*al, n. Etym: [OE. buriel, buriels, grave, tomb, AS. byrgels, fr. byrgan to bury, and akin to OS. burgisli sepulcher.] 1. A grave; a tomb; a place of sepulture. [Obs.] The erthe schook, and stoones weren cloven, and biriels weren opened. Wycliff [Matt. xxvii. 51, 52]. 2. The act of burying; depositing a dead body in the earth, in a tomb or vault, or in the water, usually with attendant ceremonies; sepulture; interment. "To give a public burial." Shak. Now to glorious burial slowly borne. Tennyson. Burial case, a form of coffin, usually of iron, made to close air- tight, for the preservation of a dead body. -- Burial ground, a piece of ground selected and set apart for a place of buriials, and consecrated to such use by religious ceremonies. -- Burial place, any place where burials are made. -- Burial service. (a) The religious service performed at the interment of the dead; a funeral service. (b) That portion of a liturgy which is read at an interment; as, the English burial service. Syn. -- Sepulture; interment; inhumation. BURIER Bur"i*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, buries. Till the buriers have buried it. Ezek. xxxix. 15. And darkness be the burier of the dead. Shak. BURIN Bu"rin, n. Etym: [F. burin, cf. It. burino, bulino; prob. from OHG. bora borer, boron to bore, G. bohren. See 1st Bore.] 1. The cutting tool of an engraver on metal, used in line engraving. It is made of tempered steel, one end being ground off obliquely so as to produce a sharp point, and the other end inserted in a handle; a graver; also, the similarly shaped tool used by workers in marble. 2. The manner or style of execution of an engraver; as, a soft burin; a brilliant burin. BURINIST Bu"rin*ist, n. Defn: One who works with the burin. For. Quart. Rev. BURION Bu"ri*on, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The red-breasted house sparrow of California (Carpodacus frontalis); -- called also crimson-fronted bullfinch. [Written also burrion.] BURKE Burke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burkeder, p. pr. & vb.n. Burkinger.] Etym: [From one Burke of Edinburgh, who committed the crime in 1829.] 1. To murder by suffocation, or so as to produce few marks of violence, for the purpose of obtaining a body to be sold for dissection. 2. To dispose of quietly or indirectly; to suppress; to smother; to shelve; as, to burke a parliamentary question. The court could not burke an inquiry, supported by such a mass of a affidavits. C. Reade. BURKISM Burk"ism, n. Defn: The practice of killing persons for the purpose of selling their bodies for dissection. BURL Burl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Burling.] Etym: [OE. burle stuffing, or a knot in cloth; cf. F. bourlet, bourrelet, OF. bourel, a wreath or a roll of cloth, linen, or leather, stuffed with flocks, etc., dim. of bourre. *92. See Bur.] Defn: To dress or finish up (cloth); to pick knots, burs, loose threads, etc., from, as in finishing cloth. Burling iron, a peculiar kind of nippers or tweezers used in burling woolen cloth. BURL Burl, n. 1. A knot or lump in thread or cloth. 2. An overgrown knot, or an excrescence, on a tree; also, veneer made from such excrescences. BURLAP Bur"lap, n. Defn: A coarse fabric, made of jute or hemp, used for bagging; also, a finer variety of similar material, used for curtains, etc. [Written also burlaps.] BURLER Burl"er, n. Defn: One who burls or dresses cloth. BURLESQUE Bur*lesque", a. Etym: [F. burlesque, fr. It. burlesco, fr. burla jest, mockery, perh. for burrula, dim. of L. burrae trifles. See Bur.] Defn: Tending to excite laughter or contempt by extravagant images, or by a contrast between the subject and the manner of treating it, as when a trifling subject is treated with mock gravity; jocular; ironical. It is a dispute among the critics, whether burlesque poetry runs best in heroic verse, like that of the Dispensary, or in doggerel, like that of Hudibras. Addison. BURLESQUE Bur*lesque", n. 1. Ludicrous representation; exaggerated parody; grotesque satire. Burlesque is therefore of two kinds; the first represents mean persons in the accouterments of heroes, the other describes great persons acting and speaking like the basest among the people. Addison. 2. An ironical or satirical composition intended to excite laughter, or to ridicule anything. The dull burlesque appeared with impudence, And pleased by novelty in spite of sense. Dryden. 3. A ludicrous imitation; a caricature; a travesty; a gross perversion. Who is it that admires, and from the heart is attached to, national representative assemblies, but must turn with horror and disgust from such a profane burlesque and abominable perversion of that sacred institute Burke. Syn. -- Mockery; farce; travesty; mimicry. BURLESQUE Bur*lesque", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burlesqued; p. pr. & vb. n. Burlesquing.] Defn: To ridicule, or to make ludicrous by grotesque representation in action or in language. They burlesqued the prophet Jeremiah's words, and turned the expression he used into ridicule. Stillingfleet. BURLESQUE Bur*lesque", v. i. Defn: To employ burlesque. BURLESQUER Bur*les"quer, n. Defn: One who burlesques. BURLETTA Bur*let"ta, n. Etym: [It., dim. of burla mockery. See Burlesque, a.] (Mus.) Defn: A comic operetta; a music farce. Byron. BURLINESS Bur"li*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being burly. BURLY Bur"ly, a. Etym: [OE. burlich strong, excellent; perh. orig. fit for a lady's bower, hence handsome, manly, stout. Cf. Bower.] 1. Having a large, strong, or gross body; stout; lusty; -- now used chiefly of human beings, but formerly of animals, in the sense of stately or beautiful, and of inanimate things that were huge and bulky. "Burly sacks." Drayton. In his latter days, with overliberal diet, [he was] somewhat corpulent and burly. Sir T. More. Burly and big, and studious of his ease. Cowper. 2. Coarse and rough; boisterous. It was the orator's own burly way of nonsense. Cowley. BURMAN Bur"man, n.; pl. Burmans (. Etym: ["The softened modern M'yan-ma, M'yan-ma [native name] is the source of the European corruption Burma." Balfour.], (Ethnol.) Defn: A member of the Burman family, one of the four great families Burmah; also, sometimes, any inhabitant of Burmah; a Burmese. -- a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Burmans or to Burmah. BUR MARIGOLD Bur" mar"i*gold. Defn: See Beggar's ticks. BURMESE Bur`mese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Burmah, or its inhabitants. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or the natives of Burmah. Also (sing.), the language of the Burmans. BURN Burn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burned (Burnt (p. pr. & vb. n. Burning.] Etym: [OE. bernen, brennen, v.t., early confused with beornen, birnen, v.i., AS. bærnan, bernan, v.t., birnan, v.i.; akin to OS. brinnan, OFries. barna, berna, OHG. brinnan, brennan, G. brennen, OD. bernen, D. branden, Dan. brænde, Sw. bränna, brinna, Icel. brenna, Goth. brinnan, brannjan (in comp.), and possibly to E. fervent.] 1. To consume with fire; to reduce to ashes by the action of heat or fire; -- frequently intensified by up: as, to burn up wood. "We'll burn his body in the holy place." Shak. 2. To injure by fire or heat; to change destructively some property or properties of, by undue exposure to fire or heat; to scorch; to scald; to blister; to singe; to char; to sear; as, to burn steel in forging; to burn one's face in the sun; the sun burns the grass. 3. To perfect or improve by fire or heat; to submit to the action of fire or heat for some economic purpose; to destroy or change some property or properties of, by exposure to fire or heat in due degree for obtaining a desired residuum, product, or effect; to bake; as, to burn clay in making bricks or pottery; to burn wood so as to produce charcoal; to burn limestone for the lime. 4. To make or produce, as an effect or result, by the application of fire or heat; as, to burn a hole; to burn charcoal; to burn letters into a block. 5. To consume, injure, or change the condition of, as if by action of fire or heat; to affect as fire or heat does; as, to burn the mouth with pepper. This tyrant fever burns me up. Shak. This dry sorrow burns up all my tears. Dryden. When the cold north wind bloweth, . . . it devoureth the mountains, and burneth the wilderness, and consumeth the Ecclus. xliii. 20, 21. 6. (Surg.) Defn: To apply a cautery to; to cauterize. 7. (Chem.) Defn: To cause to combine with oxygen or other active agent, with evolution of heat; to consume; to oxidize; as, a man burns a certain amount of carbon at each respiration; to burn iron in oxygen. To burn, To burn together, as two surfaces of metal (Engin.), to fuse and unite them by pouring over them a quantity of the same metal in a liquid state. -- To burn a bowl (Game of Bowls), to displace it accidentally, the bowl so displaced being said to be burned. -- To burn daylight, to light candles before it is dark; to waste time; to perform superfluous actions. Shak. -- To burn one's fingers, to get one's self into unexpected trouble, as by interfering the concerns of others, speculation, etc. -- To burn out, to destroy or obliterate by burning. "Must you with hot irons burn out mine eyes" Shak. -- To be burned out, to suffer loss by fire, as the burning of one's house, store, or shop, with the contents. -- To burn up, To burn down, to burn entirely. BURN Burn, v. i. 1. To be of fire; to flame. "The mount burned with fire." Deut. ix. 15. 2. To suffer from, or be scorched by, an excess of heat. Your meat doth burn, quoth I. Shak. 3. To have a condition, quality, appearance, sensation, or emotion, as if on fire or excessively heated; to act or rage with destructive violence; to be in a state of lively emotion or strong desire; as, the face burns; to burn with fever. Did not our heart burn within us, while he talked with us by the way Luke xxiv. 32. The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne, Burned on the water. Shak. Burning with high hope. Byron. The groan still deepens, and the combat burns. Pope. The parching air Burns frore, and cold performs the effect of fire. Milton. 4. (Chem.) Defn: To combine energetically, with evolution of heat; as, copper burns in chlorine. 5. In certain games, to approach near to a concealed object which is sought. [Colloq.] To burn out, to burn till the fuel is exhausted. -- To burn up, To burn down, to be entirely consumed. BURN Burn, n. 1. A hurt, injury, or effect caused by fire or excessive or intense heat. 2. The operation or result of burning or baking, as in brickmaking; as, they have a good burn. 3. A disease in vegetables. See Brand, n., 6. BURN Burn, n. Etym: [See 1st Bourn.] Defn: A small stream. [Scot.] BURNABLE Burn"a*ble, a. Defn: Combustible. Cotgrave. BURNED Burned, p. p. & a. Defn: See Burnt. BURNED Burned, p. p. Defn: Burnished. [Obs.] Chaucer. BURNER Burn"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, burns or sets fire to anything. 2. The part of a lamp, gas fixture, etc., where the flame is produced. Bunsen's burner (Chem.), a kind of burner, invented by Professor Bunsen of Heidelberg, consisting of a straight tube, four or five inches in length, having small holes for the entrance of air at the bottom. Illuminating gas being also admitted at the bottom, a mixture of gas and air is formed which burns at the top with a feebly luminous but intensely hot flame. -- Argand burner, Rose burner, etc. See under Argand, Rose, etc. BURNET Bur"net, n. Etym: [OE. burnet burnet; also, brownish (the plant perh. being named from its color), fr. F. brunet, dim. of brun brown; cf. OF. brunete a sort of flower. See Brunette.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of perennial herbs (Poterium); especially, P.Sanguisorba, the common, or garden, burnet. Burnet moth (Zoöl.), in England, a handsome moth (Zygæna filipendula), with crimson spots on the wings. -- Burnet saxifrage. (Bot.) See Saxifrage. -- Canadian burnet, a marsh plant (Poterium Canadensis). -- Great burnet, Wild burnet, Poterium (or Sanguisorba) oficinalis. BURNETTIZE Bur"nett*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnettized (; p. pr. & vb. n. Burnettizing.] (Manuf.) Defn: To subject (wood, fabrics, etc.) to a process of saturation in a solution of chloride of zinc, to prevent decay; -- a process invented by Sir William Burnett. BURNIE Burn"ie, n. Etym: [See 4th Burn.] Defn: A small brook. [Scot.] Burns. BURNIEBEE Bur"nie*bee`, n. Defn: The ladybird. [Prov. Eng.] BURNING Burn"ing, a. 1. That burns; being on fire; excessively hot; fiery. 2. Consuming; intense; inflaming; exciting; vehement; powerful; as, burning zeal. Like a young hound upon a burning scent. Dryden. Burning bush (Bot.), an ornamental shrub (Euonymus atropurpureus), bearing a crimson berry. BURNING Burn"ing, n. Defn: The act of consuming by fire or heat, or of subjecting to the effect of fire or heat; the state of being on fire or excessively heated. Burning fluid, any volatile illuminating oil, as the lighter petroleums (naphtha, benzine), or oil of turpentine (camphine), but esp. a mixture of the latter with alcohol. -- Burning glass, a conxex lens of considerable size, used for producing an intense heat by converging the sun's rays to a focus. -- Burning house (Metal.), the furnace in which tin ores are calcined, to sublime the sulphur and arsenic from the pyrites. Weale. -- Burning mirror, a concave mirror, or a combination of plane mirrors, used for the same purpose as a burning glass. Syn. -- Combustion; fire; conflagration; flame; blaze. BURNISH Bur"nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnished; p. pr. & vb. n. Burnishing.] Etym: [OE. burnischen, burnissen, burnen, OF. burnir, brunir, to make brown, polish, F. brunir, fr. F. brun brown, fr. OHG. br; cf. MHG. briunen to make brown, polish. See Brown, a.] Defn: To cause to shine; to make smooth and bright; to polish; specifically, to polish by rubbing with something hard and smooth; as, to burnish brass or paper. The frame of burnished steel, that east a glare From far, and seemed to thaw the freezing air. Dryden. Now the village windows blaze, Burnished by the setting sun. Cunningham. Burnishing machine, a machine for smoothing and polishing by compression, as in making paper collars. BURNISH Bur"nish, v. i. Defn: To shine forth; to brighten; to become smooth and glossy, as from swelling or filling out; hence, to grow large. A slender poet must have time to grow, And spread and burnish as his brothers do. Dryden. My thoughts began to burnish, sprout, and swell. Herbert. BURNISH Bur"nish, n. Defn: The effect of burnishing; gloss; brightness; luster. Crashaw. BURNISHER Bur"nish*er, n. 1. One who burnishes. 2. A tool with a hard, smooth, rounded end or surface, as of steel, ivory, or agate, used in smoothing or polishing by rubbing. It has a variety of forms adapted to special uses. BURNOOSE; BURNOUS Bur"noose, Bur"nous, n. Etym: [Ar. burnus a kind of high-crowned cap: cf. F. bournous, burnous, Sp. al-bornoz, a sort of upper garment, with a hood attached.] 1. A cloaklike garment and hood woven in one piece, worn by Arabs. 2. A combination cloak and hood worn by women. [Variously written bournous, bernouse, bornous, etc.] BURNSTICKLE Burn"stic`kle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). BURNT Burnt, p. p. & a. Defn: Consumed with, or as with, fire; scorched or dried, as with fire or heat; baked or hardened in the fire or the sun. Burnt ear, a black, powdery fungus which destroys grain. See Smut. -- Burnt offering, something offered and burnt on an altar, as an atonement for sin; a sacrifice. The offerings of the Jews were a clean animal, as an ox, a calf, a goat, or a sheep; or some vegetable substance, as bread, or ears of wheat or barley. Called also burnt sacrifice. [2 Sam. xxiv. 22.] BURR Burr, n. Etym: [See Bur.] (Bot.) 1. A prickly seed vessel. See Bur, 1. 2. The thin edge or ridge left by a tool in cutting or shaping metal, as in turning, engraving, pressing, etc.; also, the rough neck left on a bullet in casting. The graver, in plowing furrows in the surface of the copper, raises corresponding ridges or burrs. Tomlinson. 3. A thin flat piece of metal, formed from a sheet by punching; a small washer put on the end of a rivet before it is swaged down. 4. A broad iron ring on a tilting lance just below the gripe, to prevent the hand from slipping. 5. The lobe or lap of the ear. 6. Etym: [Probably of imitative origin.] Defn: A guttural pronounciation of the letter r, produced by trilling the extremity of the soft palate against the back part of the tongue; rotacism; -- often called the Newcastle, Northumberland, or Tweedside, burr. 7. The knot at the bottom of an antler. See Bur, n., 8. BURR Burr, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burred; p. pr. & vb. n. Burring.] Defn: To speak with burr; to make a hoarse or guttural murmur. Mrs. Browning. BURREL Bur"rel, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. burel reddish (cf. Borel, n.), or F. beurré butter pear, fr. beurre butter. Cf. Butter.] Defn: A sort of pear, called also the red butter pear, from its smooth, delicious, soft pulp. BURREL Bur"rel, n. Defn: Same as Borrel. BURREL FLY Bur"rel fly`. Etym: [From its reddish color. See 1st Burrel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The botfly or gadfly of cattle (Hypoderma bovis). See Gadfly. BURREL SHOT Bur"rel shot`. Etym: [Either from annoying the enemy like a burrel fly, or, less probably, fr. F. bourreler to sting, torture.] (Gun.) Defn: A mixture of shot, nails, stones, pieces of old iron, etc., fired from a cannon at short range, in an emergency. [R.] BURRING MACHINE Burr"ing ma*chine". Defn: A machine for cleansing wool of burs, seeds, and other substances. BURR MILLSTONE Burr" mill"stone`. Defn: See Buhrstone. BURRO Bur"ro, n. Etym: [Sp., an ass.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A donkey. [Southern U.S.] BURROCK Bur"rock, n. Etym: [Perh. from AS. burg, burh, hill + -ock.] Defn: A small weir or dam in a river to direct the stream to gaps where fish traps are placed. Knight. BURROW Bur"row, n. Etym: [See 1st Borough.] 1. An incorporated town. See 1st Borough. 2. A shelter; esp. a hole in the ground made by certain animals, as rabbits, for shelter and habitation. 3. (Mining) Defn: A heap or heaps of rubbish or refuse. 4. A mound. See 3d Barrow, and Camp, n., 5. BURROW Bur"row, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burrowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Burrowing.] 1. To excavate a hole to lodge in, as in the earth; to lodge in a hole excavated in the earth, as conies or rabbits. 2. To lodge, or take refuge, in any deep or concealed place; to hide. Sir, this vermin of court reporters, when they are forced into day upon one point, are sure to burrow in another. Burke. Burrowing owl (Zoöl.), a small owl of the western part of North America (Speotyto cunicularia), which lives in holes, often in company with the prairie dog. BURROWER Bur"row*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, burrows; an animal that makes a hole under ground and lives in it. BURRSTONE Burr"stone`, n. Defn: See Buhrstone. BURRY Burr"y, a. Defn: Abounding in burs, or containing burs; resembling burs; as, burry wool. BURSA Bur"sa, n.; pl. Bursæ (. Etym: [L. See Burse.] (Anat.) Defn: Any sac or saclike cavity; especially, one of the synovial sacs, or small spaces, often lined with synovial membrane, interposed between tendons and bony prominences. BURSAL Bur"sal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a bursa or to bursæ. BURSAR Bur"sar, n. Etym: [LL. bursarius, fr. bursa purse. See Burse, and cf. Purser.] 1. A treasurer, or cash keeper; a purser; as, the bursar of a college, or of a monastery. 2. A student to whom a stipend or bursary is paid for his complete or partial support. BURSARSHIP Bur"sar*ship, n. Defn: The office of a bursar. BURSARY Bur"sa*ry, n.; pl. -ries. Etym: [LL. bursaria. See Bursar.] 1. The treasury of a college or monastery. 2. A scholarship or charitable foundation in a university, as in scotland; a sum given to enable a student to pursue his studies. "No woman of rank or fortune but would have a bursary in her gift." Southey. BURSCH Bursch, n.; pl. Burschen. Etym: [G., ultimately fr. LL. bursa. See Burse.] Defn: A youth; especially, a student in a german university. BURSCHENSCHAFT Bur"schen*schaft`, n.; pl. -schaften (#). [G.] Defn: In Germany, any of various associations of university students formed (the original one at Jena in 1815) to support liberal ideas, or the organization formed by the affiliation of the local bodies. The organization was suppressed by the government in 1819, but was secretly revived, and is now openly maintained as a social organization, the restrictive laws having been repealed prior to 1849. -- Bur"schen*schaft`ler (#), -schaf`ter (#), n. BURSE Burse, n. Etym: [LL. bursa, or F. bourse. See Bourse, and cf. Bursch, Purse.] 1. A purse; also, a vesicle; a pod; a hull. [Obs.] Holland. 2. A fund or foundation for the maintenance of needy scholars in their studies; also, the sum given to the beneficiaries. [Scot.] 3. (Eccl.) Defn: An ornamental case of hold the corporal when not in use. Shipley. 4. An exchange, for merchants and bankers, in the cities of continental Europe. Same as Bourse. 5. A kind of bazaar. [Obs.] She says she went to the burse for patterns. Old Play. BURSICULATE Bur*sic"u*late, a. Etym: [See Burse.] (Bot.) Defn: Bursiform. BURSIFORM Bur"si*form, a. Etym: [LL. bursa purse + -form.] Defn: Shaped like a purse. BURSITIS Bur*si"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. E. bursa + -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of a bursa. BURST Burst, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burst; p. pr. & vb. n. Bursting. The past participle bursten is obsolete.] Etym: [OE. bersten, bresten, AS. berstan (pers. sing. berste, imp. sing. bærst, imp. pl. burston, p.p. borsten); akin to D. bersten, G. bersten, OHG. brestan, OS. brestan, Icel. bresta, Sw. brista, Dan. briste. Cf. Brast, Break.] 1. To fly apart or in pieces; of break open; to yield to force or pressure, especially to a sudden and violent exertion of force, or to pressure from within; to explode; as, the boiler had burst; the buds will burst in spring. From the egg that soon Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclosed Their callow young. Milton. Note: Often used figuratively, as of the heart, in reference to a surcharge of passion, grief, desire, etc. No, no, my heart will burst, an if I speak: And I will speak, that so my heart may burst. Shak. 2. To exert force or pressure by which something is made suddenly to give way; to break through obstacles or limitations; hence, to appear suddenly and unexpecedly or unaccountably, or to depart in such manner; -- usually with some qualifying adverb or preposition, as forth, out, away, into, upon, through, etc. Tears, such as angels weep, burst forth. Milton. And now you burst (ah cruel!) from my arms. Pope. A resolved villain Whose bowels suddenly burst out. Shak. We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. Coleridge. To burst upon him like an earthquake. Goldsmith. BURST Burst, v. t. 1. To break or rend by violence, as by an overcharge or by strain or pressure, esp. from within; to force open suddenly; as, to burst a cannon; to burst a blood vessel; to burst open the doors. My breast I'll burst with straining of my courage. Shak. 2. To break. [Obs.] You will not pay for the glasses you have burst Shak. He burst his lance against the sand below. Fairfax (Tasso). 3. To produce as an effect of bursting; as, to burst a hole through the wall. Bursting charge. See under Charge. BURST Burst, n. 1. A sudden breaking forth; a violent rending; an explosion; as, a burst of thunder; a burst of applause; a burst of passion; a burst of inspiration. Bursts of fox-hunting melody. W. Irving. 2. Any brief, violent evertion or effort; a spurt; as, a burst of speed. 3. A sudden opening, as of landscape; a stretch; an expanse. [R.] "A fine burst of country." Jane Austen. 4. A rupture of hernia; a breach. BURSTEN Burst"en, Defn: p. p. of Burst, v. i. [Obs.] BURSTER Burst"er, n. Defn: One that bursts. BURSTWORT Burst"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Herniaria glabra) supposed to be valuable for the cure of hernia or rupture. BURT Burt, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Birt. [Prov. Eng.] BURTHEN Bur"then, n. & v. t. Defn: See Burden. [Archaic] BURTON Bur"ton, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. & Prov. E. bort to press or indent anything.] (Naut.) Defn: A peculiar tackle, formed of two or more blocks, or pulleys, the weight being suspended of a hook block in the bight of the running part. BURY Bur"y, n. Etym: [See 1st Borough.] 1. A borough; a manor; as, the Bury of St. Edmond's; -- Note: used as a termination of names of places; as, Canterbury, Shrewsbury. 2. A manor house; a castle. [Prov. Eng.] To this very day, the chief house of a manor, or the lord's seat, is called bury, in some parts of England. Miege. BURY Bur"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buried; p. pr. & vb. n. Burying.] Etym: [OE. burien, birien, berien, AS. byrgan; akin to beorgan to protect, OHG. bergan, G. bergen, Icel. bjarga, Sw. berga, Dan. bierge, Goth. baírgan. sq. root95. Cf. Burrow.] 1. To cover out of sight, either by heaping something over, or by placing within something, as earth, etc.; to conceal by covering; to hide; as, to bury coals in ashes; to bury the face in the hands. And all their confidence Under the weight of mountains buried deep. Milton. 2. Specifically: To cover out of sight, as the body of a deceased person, in a grave, a tomb, or the ocean; to deposit (a corpse) in its resting place, with funeral ceremonies; to inter; to inhume. Lord, suffer me first to go and bury my father. Matt. viii. 21. I'll bury thee in a triumphant grave. Shak. 3. To hide in oblivion; to put away finally; to abandon; as, to bury strife. Give me a bowl of wine In this I bury all unkindness, Cassius. Shak. Burying beetle (Zoöl.), the general name of many species of beetles, of the tribe Necrophaga; the sexton beetle; -- so called from their habit of burying small dead animals by digging away the earth beneath them. The larvæ feed upon decaying flesh, and are useful scavengers. -- To bury the hatchet, to lay aside the instruments of war, and make peace; -- a phrase used in allusion to the custom observed by the North American Indians, of burying a tomahawk when they conclude a peace. Syn. -- To intomb; inter; inhume; inurn; hide; cover; conceal; overwhelm; repress. BURYING GROUND; BURYING PLACE Bur"y*ing ground`, Bur"y*ing place. Defn: The ground or place for burying the dead; burial place. BUS Bus, n. Etym: [Abbreviated from omnibus.] Defn: An omnibus. [Colloq.] BUSBY Bus"by, n.; pl. Busbies (. (Mil.) Defn: A military headdress or cap, used in the British army. It is of fur, with a bag, of the same color as the facings of the regiment, hanging from the top over the right shoulder. BUSCON Bus"con, n. Etym: [Sp., a searcher, fr. buscar to search.] Defn: One who searches for ores; a prospector. [U.S.] BUSH Bush, n. Etym: [OE. bosch, busch, buysch, bosk, busk; akin to D. bosch, OHG. busc, G. busch, Icel. b, b, Dan. busk, Sw. buske, and also to LL. boscus, buscus, Pr. bosc, It. bosco, Sp. & Pg. bosque, F. bois, OF. bos. Whether the LL. or G. form ibox a case. Cf. Ambush, Boscage, Bouquet, Box a case.] 1. A thicket, or place abounding in trees or shrubs; a wild forest. Note: This was the original sense of the word, as in the Dutch bosch, a wood, and was so used by Chaucer. In this sense it is extensively used in the British colonies, especially at the Cape of Good Hope, and also in Australia and Canada; as, to live or settle in the bush. 2. A shrub; esp., a shrub with branches rising from or near the root; a thick shrub or a cluster of shrubs. To bind a bush of thorns among sweet-smelling flowers. Gascoigne. 3. A shrub cut off, or a shrublike branch of a tree; as, bushes to support pea vines. 4. A shrub or branch, properly, a branch of ivy (as sacred to Bacchus), hung out at vintners' doors, or as a tavern sign; hence, a tavern sign, and symbolically, the tavern itself. If it be true that good wine needs no bush, 't is true that a good play needs no epilogue. Shak. 5. (Hunting) Defn: The tail, or brush, of a fox. To beat about the bush, to approach anything in a round-about manner, instead of coming directly to it; -- a metaphor taken from hunting. -- Bush bean (Bot.), a variety of bean which is low and requires no support (Phaseolus vulgaris, variety nanus). See Bean, 1. -- Bush buck, or Bush goat (Zoöl.), a beautiful South African antelope (Tragelaphus sylvaticus); -- so called because found mainly in wooden localities. The name is also applied to other species. -- Bush cat (Zoöl.), the serval. See Serval. -- Bush chat (Zoöl.), a bird of the genus Pratincola, of the Thrush family. -- Bush dog. (Zoöl.) See Potto. -- Bush hammer. See Bushhammer in the Vocabulary. -- Bush harrow (Agric.) See under Harrow. -- Bush hog (Zoöl.), a South African wild hog (Potamochoerus Africanus); -- called also bush pig, and water hog. -- Bush master (Zoöl.), a venomous snake (Lachesis mutus) of Guinea; -- called also surucucu. -- Bush pea (Bot.), a variety of pea that needs to be bushed. -- Bush shrike (Zoöl.), a bird of the genus Thamnophilus, and allied genera; -- called also batarg. Many species inhabit tropical America. -- Bush tit (Zoöl.), a small bird of the genus Psaltriparus, allied to the titmouse. P. minimus inhabits California. BUSH Bush, v. i. Defn: To branch thickly in the manner of a bush. "The bushing alders." Pope. BUSH Bush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bushed (p. pr. & vb.n. Bushing.] 1. To set bushes for; to support with bushes; as, to bush peas. 2. To use a bush harrow on (land), for covering seeds sown; to harrow with a bush; as, to bush a piece of land; to bush seeds into the ground. BUSH Bush, n. Etym: [D. bus a box, akin to E. box; or F. boucher to plug.] 1. (Mech.) Defn: A lining for a hole to make it smaller; a thimble or ring of metal or wood inserted in a plate or other part of machinery to receive the wear of a pivot or arbor. Knight. Note: In the larger machines, such a piece is called a box, particularly in the United States. 2. (Gun.) Defn: A piece of copper, screwed into a gun, through which the venthole is bored. Farrow. BUSH Bush, v. t. Defn: To furnish with a bush, or lining; as, to bush a pivot hole. BUSHBOY Bush"boy, n. Defn: See Bushman. BUSHEL Bush"el, n. Etym: [OE. buschel, boischel, OF. boissel, bussel, boistel, F. boisseau, LL. bustellus; dim. of bustia, buxida (OF. boiste), fr. pyxida, acc. of L. pyxis box, Gr. Box.] 1. A dry measure, containing four pecks, eight gallons, or thirty-two quarts. Note: The Winchester bushel, formerly used in England, contained 2150.42 cubic inches, being the volume of a cylinder 18 2. A vessel of the capacity of a bushel, used in measuring; a bushel measure. Is a candle brought to be put under a bushel, or under a bed, and not to be set on a candlestick Mark iv. 21. 3. A quantity that fills a bushel measure; as, a heap containing ten bushels of apples. Note: In the United States a large number of articles, bought and sold by the bushel, are measured by weighing, the number of pounds that make a bushel being determined by State law or by local custom. For some articles, as apples, potatoes, etc., heaped measure is required in measuring a bushel. 4. A large indefinite quantity. [Colloq.] The worthies of antiquity bought the rarest pictures with bushels of gold, without counting the weight or the number of the pieces. Dryden. 5. The iron lining in the nave of a wheel. [Eng.] In the United States it is called a box. See 4th Bush. BUSHELAGE Bush"el*age, n. Defn: A duty payable on commodities by the bushel. [Eng.] BUSHELMAN Bush"el*man, n. Defn: A tailor's assistant for repairing garments; -- called also busheler. [Local, U.S.] BUSHET Bush"et, n. Etym: [See Bosket.] Defn: A small bush. BUSHFIGHTER Bush"fight`er, n. Defn: One accustomed to bushfighting. Parkman. BUSHFIGHTING Bush"fight`ing, n. Defn: Fighting in the bush, or from behind bushes, trees, or thickets. BUSHHAMMER Bush"ham`mer, n. Defn: A hammer with a head formed of a bundle of square bars, with pyramidal points, arranged in rows, or a solid head with a face cut into a number of rows of such points; -- used for dressing stone. BUSHHAMMER Bush"ham`mer, v. t. Defn: To dress with bushhammer; as, to bushhammer a block of granite. BUSHIDO Bu"shi`do` (boo"she`do`), n. [Jap. bu military + shi knight + do way, doctrine, principle.] Defn: The unwritten code of moral principles regulating the actions of the Japanese knighthood, or Samurai; the chivalry of Japan. Unformulated, Bushido was and still is the animating spirit, the motor force of our country. Inazo Nitobé. BUSHINESS Bush"i*ness, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being bushy. BUSHING Bush"ing, n. Etym: [See 4th Bush.] 1. The operation of fitting bushes, or linings, into holes or places where wear is to be received, or friction diminished, as pivot holes, etc. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A bush or lining; -- sometimes called . See 4th Bush. BUSHLESS Bush"less, a. Defn: Free from bushes; bare. O'er the long backs of the bushless downs. Tennyson. BUSHMAN Bush"man, n.; pl. Bushmen. Etym: [Cf. D. boschman, boschjesman. See 1st Bush.] 1. A woodsman; a settler in the bush. 2. (Ethnol.) Defn: One of a race of South African nomads, living principally in the deserts, and not classified as allied in race or language to any other people. BUSHMENT Bush"ment, n. Etym: [OE. busshement ambush, fr. bush.] 1. A thicket; a cluster of bushes. [Obs.] Raleigh. 2. An ambuscade. [Obs.] Sir T. More. BUSHRANGER Bush"ran`ger, n. Defn: One who roams, or hides, among the bushes; especially, in Australia, an escaped criminal living in the bush. BUSHWHACKER Bush"whack`er, n. 1. One accustomed to beat about, or travel through, bushes. [U.S.] They were gallant bushwhackers, and hunters of raccoons by moonlight. W. Irving. 2. A guerrilla; a marauding assassin; one who pretends to be a peaceful citizen, but secretly harasses a hostile force or its sympathizers. [U.S.] Farrow. BUSHWHACKING Bush"whack`ing, n. 1. Traveling, or working a way, through bushes; pulling by the bushes, as in hauling a boat along the bushy margin of a stream. [U.S.] T. Flint. 2. The crimes or warfare of bushwhackers. [U.S.] BUSHY Bush"y, a. Etym: [From 1st Bush.] 1. Thick and spreading, like a bush. "Bushy eyebrows." Irving. 2. Full of bushes; overgrowing with shrubs. Dingle, or bushy dell, of this wild wood. Milton. BUSILY Bus"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a busy manner. BUSINESS Busi"ness, n.; pl. Businesses. Etym: [From Busy.] 1. That which busies one, or that which engages the time, attention, or labor of any one, as his principal concern or interest, whether for a longer or shorter time; constant employment; regular occupation; as, the business of life; business before pleasure. Wist ye not that I must be about my Father's business Luke ii. 49. 2. Any particular occupation or employment engaged in for livelihood or gain, as agriculture, trade, art, or a profession. "The business of instruction." Prescott. 3. Financial dealings; buying and selling; traffic in general; mercantile transactions. It seldom happens that men of a studious turn acquire any degree of reputation for their knowledge of business. Bp. Popteus. 4. That which one has to do or should do; special service, duty, or mission. The daughter of the King of France, On serious business, craving quick despatch, Importunes personal conference. Shak. What business has the tortoise among the clouds L'Estrange. 5. Affair; concern; matter; -- used in an indefinite sense, and modified by the connected words. It was a gentle business, and becoming The action of good women. Shak. Bestow Your needful counsel to our business. Shak. 6. (Drama) Defn: The position, distribution, and order of persons and properties on the stage of a theater, as determined by the stage manager in rehearsal. 7. Care; anxiety; diligence. [Obs.] Chaucer. To do one's business, to ruin one. [Colloq.] Wycherley. -- To make (a thing) one's business, to occupy one's self with a thing as a special charge or duty. [Colloq.] -- To mean business, to be earnest. [Colloq.] Syn. -- Affairs; concern; transaction; matter; engagement; employment; calling; occupation; trade; profession; vocation; office; duty. BUSINESSLIKE Busi"ness*like`, a. Defn: In the manner of one transacting business wisely and by right methods. BUSK Busk, n. Etym: [F. busc, perh. fr. the hypothetical older form of E. bois wood, because the first busks were made of wood. See Bush, and cf. OF. busche, F. bûche, a piece or log of wood, fr. the same root.] Defn: A thin, elastic strip of metal, whalebone, wood, or other material, worn in the front of a corset. Her long slit sleeves, stiff busk, puff verdingall, Is all that makes her thus angelical. Marston. BUSK Busk, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Busked.] Etym: [OE. busken, fr. Icel. b to make one's self ready, rexlexive of b to prepare, dwell. Cf. 8th Bound.] 1. To prepare; to make ready; to array; to dress. [Scot. & Old Eng.] Busk you, busk you, my bonny, bonny bride. Hamilton. 2. To go; to direct one's course. [Obs.] Ye might have busked you to Huntly banks. Skelton. BUSKED Busked, a. Defn: Wearing a busk. Pollok. BUSKET Bus"ket, n. Etym: [See Bosket, Bouquet.] 1. A small bush; also, a sprig or bouquet. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A part of a garden devoted to shrubs. [R.] BUSKIN Bus"kin, n. Etym: [Prob. from OF. brossequin, or D. broosken. See Brodekin.] 1. A strong, protecting covering for the foot, coming some distance up the leg. The hunted red deer's undressed hide Their hairy buskins well supplied. Sir W. Scott. 2. A similar covering for the foot and leg, made with very thick soles, to give an appearance of elevation to the stature; -- worn by tragic actors in ancient Greece and Rome. Used as a symbol of tragedy, or the tragic drama, as distinguished from comedy. Great Fletcher never treads in buskins here, No greater Jonson dares in socks appear. Dryden. BUSKINED Bus"kined, a. 1. Wearing buskins. Her buskined virgins traced the dewy lawn. Pope. 2. Trodden by buskins; pertaining to tragedy. "The buskined stage." Milton. BUSKY Bus"ky, a. Defn: See Bosky, and 1st Bush, n. Shak. BUSS Buss, n. Etym: [OE. basse, fr. L. basium; cf. G. bus (Luther), Prov. G. busserl, dim. of bus kiss, bussen to kiss, Sw. puss kiss, pussa to kiss, W. & Gael. bus lip, mouth.] Defn: A kiss; a rude or playful kiss; a smack. Shak. BUSS Buss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bussed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bussing.] Defn: To kiss; esp. to kiss with a smack, or rudely. "Nor bussed the milking maid." Tennyson. Kissing and bussing differ both in this, We buss our wantons, but our wives we kiss. Herrick. BUSS Buss, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. busse, Pr. bus, LL. bussa, busa, G. büse, D. buis.] (Naut.) Defn: A small strong vessel with two masts and two cabins; -- used in the herring fishery. The Dutch whalers and herring busses. Macaulay. BUST Bust, n. Etym: [F. buste, fr. It. busto; cf. LL. busta, bustula, box, of the same origin as E. box a case; cf., for the change of meaning, E. chest. See Bushel.] 1. A piece of sculpture representing the upper part of the human figure, including the head, shoulders, and breast. Ambition sighed: she found it vain to trust The faithless column, and the crumbling bust. Pope. 2. The portion of the human figure included between the head and waist, whether in statuary or in the person; the chest or thorax; the upper part of the trunk of the body. BUSTARD Bus"tard, n. Etym: [OF. & Prov. F. bistarde, F. outarde, from L. avis tarda, lit., slow bird. Plin. 10, 22; "proximæ iis sunt, quas Hispania aves tardas appellat, Græcia (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of the genus Otis. Note: The great or bearded bustard (Otis tarda) is the largest game bird in Europe. It inhabits the temperate regions of Europe and Asia, and was formerly common in Great Britain. The little bustard (O. tetrax) inhabits eastern Europe and Morocco. Many other species are known in Asia and Africa. BUSTER Bus"ter, n. Defn: Something huge; a roistering blade; also, a spree. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett. BUSTLE Bus"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bustled (p. pr. & vb.n. Bustling ( Etym: [Cf. OE. buskle, perh. fr. AS. bysig busy, bysg-ian to busy + the verbal termination -le; or Icel. bustla to splash, bustle.] Defn: To move noisily; to be rudely active; to move in a way to cause agitation or disturbance; as, to bustle through a crowd. And leave the world for me to bustle in. Shak. BUSTLE Bus"tle, n. Defn: Great stir; agitation; tumult from stirring or excitement. A strange bustle and disturbance in the world. South. BUSTLE Bus"tle, n. Defn: A kind of pad or cushion worn on the back below the waist, by women, to give fullness to the skirts; -- called also bishop, and tournure. BUSTLER Bus"tler, n. Defn: An active, stirring person. BUSTLING Bus"tling, a. Defn: Agitated; noisy; tumultuous; characterized by confused activity; as, a bustling crowd. "A bustling wharf." Hawthorne. BUSTO Bus"to, n.; pl. Bustoes (/plu. Etym: [It.] Defn: A bust; a statue. With some antick bustoes in the niches. Ashmole. BUSY Bus"y, a. Etym: [OE. busi, bisi, AS. bysig; akin to D. bezig, LG. besig; cf. Skr. bh to be active, busy.] 1. Engaged in some business; hard at work (either habitually or only for the time being); occupied with serious affairs; not idle nor at leisure; as, a busy merchant. Sir, my mistress sends you word THat she is busy, and she can not come. Shak. 2. Constantly at work; diligent; active. Busy hammers closing rivets up. Shak. Religious motives . . . are so busy in the heart. Addison. 3. Crowded with business or activities; -- said of places and times; as, a busy street. To-morrow is a busy day. Shak. 4. Officious; meddling; foolish active. On meddling monkey, or on busy ape. Shak. 5. Careful; anxious. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. -- Diligent; industrious; assiduous; active; occupied; engaged. BUSY Bus"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Busied; p. pr. & vb. n. Busying.] Etym: [AS. bysgian.] Defn: To make or keep busy; to employ; to engage or keep engaged; to occupy; as, to busy one's self with books. Be it thy course to busy giddy minds With foreign quarrels. Shak. BUSYBODY Bus"y*bod`y, n.; pl. Busybodies. Defn: One who officiously concerns himself with the affairs of others; a meddling person. And not only idle, but tattlers also and busybodies, speaking things which they ought not. 1 Tim. v. 13. BUT But, prep., adv. & conj. Etym: [OE. bute, buten, AS. b, without, on the outside, except, besides; pref. be- + outward, without, fr. out. Primarily, b, as well as , is an adverb. sq. root198. See By, Out; cf. About.] 1. Except with; unless with; without. [Obs.] So insolent that he could not go but either spurning equals or trampling on his inferiors. Fuller. Touch not the cat but a glove. Motto of the Mackintoshes. 2. Except; besides; save. Who can it be, ye gods! but perjured Lycon E. Smith. Note: In this sense, but is often used with other particles; as, but for, without, had it not been for. "Uncreated but for love divine." Young. 3. Excepting or excluding the fact that; save that; were it not that; unless; -- elliptical, for but that. And but my noble Moor is true of mind . . . it were enough to put him to ill thinking. Shak. 4. Otherwise than that; that not; -- commonly, after a negative, with that. It cannot be but nature hath some director, of infinite power, to guide her in all her ways. Hooker. There is no question but the king of Spain will reform most of the abuses. Addison. 5. Only; solely; merely. Observe but how their own principles combat one another. Milton. If they kill us, we shall but die. 2 Kings vii. 4. A formidable man but to his friends. Dryden. 6. On the contrary; on the other hand; only; yet; still; however; nevertheless; more; further; -- as connective of sentences or clauses of a sentence, in a sense more or less exceptive or adversative; as, the House of Representatives passed the bill, but the Senate dissented; our wants are many, but quite of another kind. Now abideth faith hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity. 1 Cor. xiii. 13. When pride cometh, then cometh shame; but with the lowly is wisdom. Prov. xi. 2. All but. See under All. -- But and if, but if; an attempt on the part of King James's translators of the Bible to express the conjunctive and adversative force of the Greek But and if that servant say in his heart, My lord delayeth his coming; . . . the lord of that servant will come in a day when he looketh not for him. Luke xii. 45, 46. But if, unless. [Obs.] Chaucer. But this I read, that but if remedy Thou her afford, full shortly I her dead shall see. Spenser. Syn. -- But, However, Still. These conjunctions mark opposition in passing from one thought or topic to another. But marks the opposition with a medium degree of strength; as, this is not winter, but it is almost as cold; he requested my assistance, but I shall not aid him at present. However is weaker, and throws the opposition (as it were) into the background; as, this is not winter; it is, however, almost as cold; he required my assistance; at present, however, I shall not afford him aid. The plan, however, is still under consideration, and may yet be adopted. Still is stronger than but, and marks the opposition more emphatically; as, your arguments are weighty; still they do not convince me. See Except, However. Note: "The chief error with but is to use it where and is enough; an error springing from the tendency to use strong words without sufficient occasio,." Bain. BUT But, n. Etym: [Cf. But, prep., adv. & conj.] Defn: The outer apartment or kitchen of a two-roomed house; -- opposed to ben, the inner room. [Scot.] BUT But, n. Etym: [See 1st But.] 1. A limit; a boundary. 2. The end; esp. the larger or thicker end, or the blunt, in distinction from the sharp, end. See 1st Butt. But end, the larger or thicker end; as, the but end of a log; the but end of a musket. See Butt, n. BUT But, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Butted; p. pr. & vb. n. Butting.] Defn: See Butt, v., and Abut, v. BUTANE Bu"tane, n. Etym: [L. butyrum butter. See Butter.] (Chem.) Defn: An inflammable gaseous hydrocarbon, C4H10, of the marsh gas, or paraffin, series. BUTCHER Butch"er, n. Etym: [OE. bochere, bochier, OF. bochier, F. boucher, orig., slaughterer of buck goats, fr. OF. boc, F. bouc, a buck goat; of German or Celtic origin. See Buck the animal.] 1. One who slaughters animals, or dresses their flesh for market; one whose occupation it is to kill animals for food. 2. A slaughterer; one who kills in large numbers, or with unusual cruelty; one who causes needless loss of life, as in battle. "Butcher of an innocent child." Shak. Butcher bird (Zoöl.), a species of shrike of the genus Lanius. Note: The Lanius excubitor is the common butcher bird of Europe. In England, the bearded tit is sometimes called the lesser butcher bird. The American species are L.borealis, or northernbutcher bird, and L. Ludovicianus or loggerhead shrike. The name butcher birdis derived from its habit of suspending its prey impaled upon thorns, after killing it. Butcher's meat, such flesh of animals slaughtered for food as is sold for that purpose by butchers, as beef, mutton, lamb, and pork. BUTCHER Butch"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Butchered (; p. pr. & vb.n. Butchering.] 1. To kill or slaughter (animals) for food, or for market; as, to butcher hogs. 2. To murder, or kill, especially in an unusually bloody or barbarous manner. Macaulay. [Ithocles] was murdered, rather butchered. Ford. BUTCHERING Butch"er*ing, n. 1. The business of a butcher. 2. The act of slaughtering; the act of killing cruelly and needlessly. That dreadful butchering of one another. Addison. BUTCHERLINESS Butch"er*li*ness, n. Defn: Butchery quality. BUTCHERLY Butch"er*ly, a. Defn: Like a butcher; without compunction; savage; bloody; inhuman; fell. "The victim of a butcherly murder." D. Webster. What stratagems, how fell, how butcherly, This deadly quarrel daily doth beget! Shak. BUTCHER'S BROOM Butch"er's broom`. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants (Ruscus); esp. R. aculeatus, which has large red berries and leaflike branches. See Cladophyll. BUTCHERY Butch"er*y, n. Etym: [OE. bocherie shambles, fr. F. boucherie. See Butcher, n.] 1. The business of a butcher. [Obs.] 2. Murder or manslaughter, esp. when committed with unusual barbarity; great or cruel slaughter. Shak. The perpetration of human butchery. Prescott. 3. A slaughterhouse; the shambles; a place where blood is shed. [Obs.] Like as an ox is hanged in the butchery. Fabyan. Syn. -- Murder; slaughter; carnage. See Massacre. BUTLER But"ler, n. Etym: [OE. boteler, F. bouteillier a bottle-bearer, a cupbearer, fr. LL. buticularius, fr. buticula bottle. See Bottle a hollow vessel.] Defn: An officer in a king's or a nobleman's household, whose principal business it is to take charge of the liquors, plate, etc.; the head servant in a large house. The butler and the baker of the king of Egypt. Gen. xl. 5. Your wine locked up, your butler strolled abroad. Pope. BUTLERAGE But"ler*age, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A duty of two shillings on every tun of wine imported into England by merchant strangers; -- so called because paid to the king's butler for the king. Blackstone. BUTLERSHIP But"ler*ship, n. Defn: The office of a butler. BUTMENT But"ment, n. Etym: [Abbreviation of Abutment.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A buttress of an arch; the supporter, or that part which joins it to the upright pier. 2. (Masonry) Defn: The mass of stone or solid work at the end of a bridge, by which the extreme arches are sustained, or by which the end of a bridge without arches is supported. Butment cheek (Carp.), the part of a mortised timber surrounding the mortise, and against which the shoulders of the tenon bear. Knight. BUTT; BUT Butt, But, n. Etym: [F. but butt, aim (cf. butte knoll), or bout, OF. bot, end, extremity, fr. boter, buter, to push, butt, strike, F. bouter; of German origin; cf. OHG. bozan, akin to E. beat. See Beat, v. t.] 1. A limit; a bound; a goal; the extreme bound; the end. Here is my journey's end, here my butt And very sea mark of my utmost sail. Shak. Note: As applied to land, the word is nearly synonymous with mete, and signifies properly the end line or boundary; the abuttal. 2. The thicker end of anything. See But. 3. A mark to be shot at; a target. Sir W. Scott. The groom his fellow groom at butts defies, And bends his bow, and levels with his eyes. Dryden. 4. A person at whom ridicule, jest, or contempt is directed; as, the butt of the company. I played a sentence or two at my butt, which I thought very smart. Addison. 5. A push, thrust, or sudden blow, given by the head of an animal; as, the butt of a ram. 6. A thrust in fencing. To prove who gave the fairer butt, John shows the chalk on Robert's coat. Prior. 7. A piece of land left unplowed at the end of a field. The hay was growing upon headlands and butts in cornfields. Burrill. 8. (Mech.) (a) A joint where the ends of two objects come squarely together without scrafing or chamfering; -- also called butt joint. (b) The end of a connecting rod or other like piece, to which the boxing is attached by the strap, cotter, and gib. (c) The portion of a half-coupling fastened to the end of a hose. 9. (Shipbuilding) Defn: The joint where two planks in a strake meet. 10. (Carp.) Defn: A kind of hinge used in hanging doors, etc.; -- so named because fastened on the edge of the door, which butts against the casing, instead of on its face, like the strap hinge; also called butt hinge. 11. (Leather Trade) Defn: The thickest and stoutest part of tanned oxhides, used for soles of boots, harness, trunks. 12. The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice. Butt chain (Saddlery), a short chain attached to the end of a tug. -- Butt end. The thicker end of anything. See But end, under 2d But. Amen; and make me die a good old man! That's the butt end of a mother's blessing. Shak. A butt's length, the ordinary distance from the place of shooting to the butt, or mark. -- Butts and bounds (Conveyancing), abuttals and boundaries. In lands of the ordinary rectangular shape, butts are the lines at the ends (F. bouts), and bounds are those on the sides, or sidings, as they were formerly termed. Burrill. -- Bead and butt. See under Bead. -- Butt and butt, joining end to end without overlapping, as planks. -- Butt weld (Mech.), a butt joint, made by welding together the flat ends, or edges, of a piece of iron or steel, or of separate pieces, without having them overlap. See Weld. -- Full butt, headfirst with full force. [Colloq.] "The corporal . . . ran full butt at the lieutenant." Marryat. BUTT Butt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Butted; p. pr. & vb. n. Butting.] Etym: [OE. butten, OF. boter to push, F. bouter. See Butt an end, and cf. Boutade.] 1. To join at the butt, end, or outward extremity; to terminate; to be bounded; to abut. [Written also but.] And Barnsdale there doth butt on Don's well-watered ground. Drayton. 2. To thrust the head forward; to strike by thrusting the head forward, as an ox or a ram. [See Butt, n.] A snow-white steer before thine altar led, Butts with his threatening brows. Dryden. BUTT Butt, v. t. Defn: To strike by thrusting the head against; to strike with the head. Two harmless lambs are butting one the other. Sir H. Wotton. BUTT Butt, n. Etym: [F. botte, boute, LL. butta. Cf. Bottle a hollow vessel.] Defn: A large cask or vessel for wine or beer. It contains two hogsheads. Note: A wine butt contains 126 wine gallons (= 105 imperial gallons, nearly); a beer butt 108 ale gallons (= about 110 imperial gallons). BUTT Butt, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common English flounder. BUTTE Butte, n. Etym: [F. See Butt a bound.] Defn: A detached low mountain, or high rising abruptly from the general level of the surrounding plain; -- applied to peculiar elevations in the Rocky Mountain region. The creek . . . passes by two remarkable buttes of red conglomerate. Ruxton. BUTTER But"ter, n. Etym: [OE. botere, butter, AS. butere, fr. L. butyrum, Gr. Cow.] 1. An oily, unctuous substance obtained from cream or milk by churning. 2. Any substance resembling butter in degree of consistence, or other qualities, especially, in old chemistry, the chloridess, as butter of antimony, sesquichloride of antimony; also, certain concrete fat oils remaining nearly solid at ordinary temperatures, as butter of cacao, vegetable butter, shea butter. Butter and eggs (Bot.), a name given to several plants having flowers of two shades of yellow, as Narcissus incomparabilis, and in the United States to the toadflax (Linaria vulgaris). -- Butter boat, a small vessel for holding melted butter at table. -- Butter flower, the buttercup, a yellow flower. -- Butter print, a piece of carved wood used to mark pats of butter; -- called also butter stamp. Locke. -- Butter tooth, either of the two middle incisors of the upper jaw. -- Butter tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Bassia, the seeds of which yield a substance closely resembling butter. The butter tree of India is the B. butyracea; that of Africa is the Shea tree (B. Parkii). See Shea tree. -- Butter trier, a tool used in sampling butter. -- Butter wife, a woman who makes or sells butter; -- called also butter woman. [Obs. or Archaic] BUTTER But"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttered (p. pr. & vb. n. Buttering.] 1. To cover or spread with butter. I know what's what. I know on which side My bread is buttered. Ford. 2. To increase, as stakes, at every throw or every game. [Cant] Johnson. BUTTER Butt"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, butts. BUTTERBALL But"ter*ball`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The buffel duck. BUTTERBIRD But"ter*bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The rice bunting or bobolink; -- so called in the island of Jamaica. BUTTERBUMP But"ter*bump`, n. Etym: [OE. buttur the bittern + 5th bump.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European bittern. Johnson. BUTTERBUR But"ter*bur`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A broad-leaved plant (Petasites vulgaris) of the Composite family, said to have been used in England for wrapping up pats of butter. BUTTERCUP But"ter*cup`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Ranunculus, or crowfoot, particularly R. bulbosus, with bright yellow flowers; -- called also butterflower, golden cup, and kingcup. It is the cuckoobud of Shakespeare. BUTTER-FINGERED But"ter-fin`gered, a. Defn: Apt to let things fall, or to let them slip away; slippery; careless. BUTTERFISH But"ter*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A name given to several different fishes, in allusion to their slippery coating of mucus, as the Stromateus triacanthus of the Atlantic coast, the Epinephelus punctatus of the southern coast, the rock eel, and the kelpfish of New Zealand. BUTTERFLY But"ter*fly`, n.; pl. Butterflies. Etym: [Perh. from the color of a yellow species. AS. buter-flege, buttor-fleóge; cf. G. butterfliege, D. botervlieg. See Butter, and Fly.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A general name for the numerous species of diurnal Lepidoptera. Note: [See Illust. under Aphrodite.] Asclepias butterfly. See under Asclepias. -- Butterfly fish (Zoöl.), the ocellated blenny (Blennius ocellaris) of Europe. See Blenny. The term is also applied to the flying gurnard. -- Butterfly shell (Zoöl.), a shell of the genus Voluta. -- Butterfly valve (Mech.), a kind of double clack valve, consisting of two semicircular clappers or wings hinged to a cross rib in the pump bucket. When open it somewhat resembles a butterfly in shape. BUTTERINE But"ter*ine, n. Defn: A substance prepared from animal fat with some other ingredients intermixed, as an imitation of butter. The manufacturers ship large quantities of oleomargarine to England, Holland, and other countries, to be manufactured into butter, which is sold as butterine or suine. Johnson's Cyc. BUTTERIS But"ter*is, n. Etym: [The same word as buttress, noun, in a different application, F. bouter to push.] (Far.) Defn: A steel cutting instrument, with a long bent shank set in a handle which rests against the shoulder of the operator. It is operated by a thrust movement, and used in paring the hoofs of horses. BUTTERMAN But"ter*man`, n.; pl. Buttermen (. Defn: A man who makes or sells butter. BUTTERMILK But"ter*milk`, n. Defn: The milk that remains after the butter is separated from the cream. BUTTERNUT But"ter*nut`, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: An American tree (Juglans cinerea) of the Walnut family, and its edible fruit; -- so called from the oil contained in the latter. Sometimes called oil nut and white walnut. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The nut of the Caryocar butyrosum and C. nuciferum, of S. America; -- called also Souari nut. BUTTER-SCOTCH But"ter-scotch`, n. Defn: A kind of candy, mainly composed of sugar and butter. [Colloq.] Dickens. BUTTERWEED But"ter*weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An annual composite plant of the Mississippi valley (Senecio lobatus). BUTTERWEIGHT But"ter*weight`, n. Defn: Over weight. Swift. Note: Formerly it was a custom to give 18 ounces of butter for a pound. BUTTERWORT But"ter*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of low herbs (Pinguicula) having simple leaves which secrete from their glandular upper surface a viscid fluid, to which insects adhere, after which the margin infolds and the insects are digested by the plant. The species are found mostly in the North Temperate zone. BUTTERY But"ter*y, a. Defn: Having the qualities, consistence, or appearance, of butter. BUTTERY But"ter*y, n.; pl. Buttplwies (. Etym: [OE. botery, botry; cf. LL. botaria wine vessel; also OE. botelerie, fr. F. bouteillerie, fr. boutellie bottle. Not derived from butter. See Bottle a hollow vessel, Butt a cask.] 1. An apartment in a house where butter, milk and other provisions are kept. All that need a cool and fresh temper, as cellars, pantries, and butteries, to the north. Sir H. Wotton. 2. A room in some English colleges where liquors, fruit, and refreshments are kept for sale to the students. And the major Oxford kept the buttery bar. E. Hall. 3. A cellar in which butts of wine are kept. Weale. Buttery hatch, a half door between the buttery or kitchen and the hall, in old mansions, over which provisions were passed. Wright. BUTT HINGE Butt" hinge`. Defn: See 1st Butt, 10. BUT-THORN But"-thorn`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common European starfish (Asterias rubens). BUTTING But"ting, n. Defn: An abuttal; a boundary. Without buttings or boundings on any side. Bp. Beveridge. BUTTING JOINT But"ting joint`. Defn: A joint between two pieces of timber or wood, at the end of one or both, and either at right angles or oblique to the grain, as the joints which the struts and braces form with the truss posts; -- sometimes called abutting joint. BUTT JOINT Butt" joint`. Defn: A joint in which the edges or ends of the pieces united come squarely together instead of overlapping. See 1st Butt, 8. BUTTOCK But"tock, n. Etym: [From Butt an end.] 1. The part at the back of the hip, which, in man, forms one of the rounded protuberances on which he sits; the rump. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The convexity of a ship behind, under the stern. Mar. Dict. BUTTON But"ton, n. Etym: [OE. boton, botoun, F. bouton button, bud, prop. something pushing out, fr. bouter to push. See Butt an end.] 1. A knob; a small ball; a small, roundish mass. 2. A catch, of various forms and materials, used to fasten together the different parts of dress, by being attached to one part, and passing through a slit, called a buttonhole, in the other; -- used also for ornament. 3. A bud; a germ of a plant. Shak. 4. A piece of wood or metal, usually flat and elongated, turning on a nail or screw, to fasten something, as a door. 5. A globule of metal remaining onan assay cupel or in a crucible, after fusion. Button hook, a hook for catching a button and drawing it through a buttonhole, as in buttoning boots and gloves. -- Button shell (Zoöl.), a small, univalve marine shell of the genus Rotella. -- Button snakeroot. (Bot.) (a) The American composite genus Liatris, having rounded buttonlike heads of flowers. (b) An American umbelliferous plant with rigid, narrow leaves, and flowers in dense heads. -- Button tree (Bot.), a genus of trees (Conocarpus), furnishing durable timber, mostly natives of the West Indies. -- To hold by the button, to detain in conversation to weariness; to bore; to buttonhole. BUTTON But"ton, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Buttoning.] Etym: [OE. botonen, OF. botoner, F. boutonner. See Button, n.] 1. To fasten with a button or buttons; to inclose or make secure with buttons; -- often followed by up. He was a tall, fat, long-bodied man, buttoned up to the throat in a tight green coat. Dickens. 2. To dress or clothe. [Obs.] Shak. BUTTON But"ton, v. i. Defn: To be fastened by a button or buttons; as, the coat will not button. BUTTONBALL But"ton*ball`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Buttonwood. BUTTONBUSH But"ton*bush`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A shrub (Cephalanthus occidentalis) growing by the waterside; - - so called from its globular head of flowers. See Capitulum. BUTTONHOLE But"ton*hole`, n. Defn: The hole or loop in which a button is caught. BUTTONHOLE But"ton*hole`, v. t. Defn: To hold at the button or buttonhole; to detain in conversation to weariness; to bore; as, he buttonholed me a quarter of an hour. BUTTONMOLD But"ton*mold`, n. Defn: A disk of bone, wood, or other material, which is made into a button by covering it with cloth. [Written also buttonmould.] Fossil buttonmolds, joints of encrinites. See Encrinite. BUTTONS But"tons, n. Defn: A boy servant, or page, -- in allusion to the buttons on his livry. [Colloq.] Dickens. BUTTONWEED But"ton*weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The name of several plants of the genera Spermacoce and Diodia, of the Madder family. BUTTONWOOD But"ton*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The Platanus occidentalis, or American plane tree, a large tree, producing rough balls, from which it is named; -- called also buttonball tree, and, in some parts of the United States, sycamore. The California buttonwood is P. racemosa. BUTTONY But"ton*y, a. Defn: Ornamented with a large number of buttons. "The buttony boy." Thackeray. "My coat so blue and buttony." W. S. Gilbert. BUTTRESS But"tress, n. Etym: [OE. butrasse, boterace, fr. F. bouter to push; cf. OF. bouteret (nom. sing. and acc. pl. bouterez) buttress. See Butt an end, and cf. Butteris.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A projecting mass of masonry, used for resisting the thrust of an arch, or for ornament and symmetry. Note: When an external projection is used merely to stiffen a wall, it is a pier. 2. Anything which supports or strengthens. "The ground pillar and buttress of the good old cause of nonconformity." South. Flying buttress. See Flying buttress. BUTTRESS But"tress, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttressed (p. pr. & vb. n. Buttressing.] Defn: To support with a buttress; to prop; to brace firmly. To set it upright again, and to prop and buttress it up for duration. Burke. BUTT SHAFT Butt" shaft` Defn: An arrow without a barb, for shooting at butts; an arrow. [Also but shaft.] Shak. BUTT WELD Butt" weld`. Defn: See Butt weld, under Butt. BUTTWELD Butt"weld`, v. t. Defn: To unite by a butt weld. BUTTY But"ty, n. (Mining) Defn: One who mines by contract, at so much per ton of coal or ore. BUTYL Bu"tyl, n. Etym: [L. butyrum butter + -yl. See Butter.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound radical, regarded as butane, less one atom of hydrogen. BUTYLAMINE Bu`tyl*am"ine, n. [Butyric + -yl + amine.] (Org. Chem.) Defn: A colorless liquid base, C4H9NH2, of which there are four isomeric varieties. BUTYLENE Bu"ty*lene, n. Etym: [From Butyl.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of three metameric hydrocarbons, C4H8, of the ethylene series. They are gaseous or easily liquefiable. BUTYRACEOUS Bu`ty*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [L. butyrum butter. See Butter.] Defn: Having the qualities of butter; resembling butter. BUTYRATE Bu"ty*rate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of butyric acid. BUTYRIC Bu*tyr"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, butter. Butyric acid, C3H7.CO2H, an acid found in butter; an oily, limpid fluid, having the smell of rancid butter, and an acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste, like that of ether. There are two metameric butyric acids, called in distinction the normal- and iso-butyric acid. The normal butyric acid is the one common in rancid butter. BUTYRIN Bu"ty*rin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A butyrate of glycerin; a fat contained in small quantity in milk, which helps to give to butter its peculiar flavor. BUTYROMETER Bu`ty*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. butyrum butter + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for determining the amount of fatty matter or butter contained in a sample of milk. BUTYRONE Bu"ty*rone, n. Etym: [Butyric + -one.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid ketone obtained by heating calcium butyrate. BUTYROUS Bu"ty*rous, a. Defn: Butyraceous. BUTYRYL Bu"ty*ryl, n. [Butyric + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The radical (C4H7O) of butyric acid. BUXEOUS Bux"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. buxeus, fr. buxus the box tree.] Defn: Belonging to the box tree. BUXINE Bux"ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid obtained from the Buxus sempervirens, or common box tree. It is identical with bebeerine; -- called also buxina. BUXOM Bux"om, a. Etym: [OE. buxum, boxom, buhsum, pliable, obedient, AS. bocsum, buhsum (akin to D. buigzaam blexible, G. biegsam); bugan to bow, bend + -sum, E. -some. See Bow to bend, and -some.] 1. Yielding; pliable or compliant; ready to obey; obedient; tractable; docile; meek; humble. [Obs.] So wild a beast, so tame ytaught to be, And buxom to his bands, is joy to see. Spenser. I submit myself unto this holy church of Christ, to be ever buxom and obedient to the ordinance of it. Foxe. 2. Having the characteristics of health, vigor, and comeliness, combined with a gay, lively manner; stout and rosy; jolly; frolicsome. A daughter fair, So buxom, blithe, and debonair. Milton. A parcel of buxom bonny dames, that were laughing, singing, dancing, and as merry as the day was long. Tatler. -- Bux"om*ly, adv. -- Bux"om*ness, n. BUY Buy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bought; p. pr. & vb. n. Buying.] Etym: [OE. buggen, buggen, bien, AS. bycgan, akin to OS. buggean, Goth. bugjan.] 1. To acquire the ownership of (property) by giving an accepted price or consideration therefor, or by agreeing to do so; to acquire by the payment of a price or value; to purchase; -- opposed to sell. Buy what thou hast no need of, and ere long thou wilt sell thy necessaries. B. Franklin. 2. To acquire or procure by something given or done in exchange, literally or figuratively; to get, at a cost or sacrifice; to buy pleasure with pain. Buy the truth and sell it not; also wisdom, and instruction, and understanding. Prov. xxiii. 23. To buy again. See Againbuy. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To buy off. (a) To influence to compliance; to cause to bend or yield by some consideration; as, to buy off conscience. (b) To detach by a consideration given; as, to buy off one from a party. -- To buy out (a) To buy off, or detach from. Shak. (b) To purchase the share or shares of in a stock, fund, or partnership, by which the seller is separated from the company, and the purchaser takes his place; as, A buys out B. (c) To purchase the entire stock in trade and the good will of a business. -- To buy in, to purchase stock in any fund or partnership. -- To buy on credit, to purchase, on a promise, in fact or in law, to make payment at a future day. -- To buy the refusal (of anything), to give a consideration for the right of purchasing, at a fixed price, at a future time. BUY Buy, v. i. Defn: To negotiate or treat about a purchase. I will buy with you, sell with you. Shak. BUYER Buy"er, n. Defn: One who buys; a purchaser. BUZ Buz, v. & n. Defn: See Buzz. [Obs.] BUZZ Buzz, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Buzzed; p. pr. & vb. n. Buzzing.] Etym: [An onomatopoeia.] Defn: To make a low, continuous, humming or sibilant sound, like that made by bees with their wings. Hence: To utter a murmuring sound; to speak with a low, humming voice. Like a wasp is buzzed, and stung him. Longfellow. However these disturbers of our peace Buzz in the people's ears. Shak. BUZZ Buzz, v. t. 1. To sound forth by buzzing. Shak. 2. To whisper; to communicate, as tales, in an under tone; to spread, as report, by whispers, or secretly. I will buzz abroad such prophecies That Edward shall be fearful of his life. Shak. 3. To talk to incessantly or confidentially in a low humming voice. [Colloq.] 4. (Phonetics) Defn: To sound with a "buzz". H. Sweet. BUZZ Buzz, n. 1. A continuous, humming noise, as of bees; a confused murmur, as of general conversation in low tones, or of a general expression of surprise or approbation. "The constant buzz of a fly." Macaulay. I found the whole room in a buzz of politics. Addison. There is a buzz all around regarding the sermon. Thackeray. 2. A whisper; a report spread secretly or cautiously. There's a certain buzz Of a stolen marriage. Massinger. 3. (Phonetics) Defn: The audible friction of voice consonants. H. Sweet. BUZZARD Buz"zard, n.Etym: [O.E. busard, bosard, F. busard, fr. buse, L. buteo, a kind of falcon or hawk.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of prey of the Hawk family, belonging to the genus Buteo and related genera. Note: The Buteo vulgaris is the common buzzard of Europe. The American species (of which the most common are B. borealis, B. Pennsylvanicus, and B. lineatus) are usually called hen hawks. -- The rough-legged buzzard, or bee hawk, of Europe (Pernis apivorus) feeds on bees and their larvæ, with other insects, and reptiles. -- The moor buzzard of Europe is Circus æruginosus. See Turkey buzzard, and Carrion buzzard. Bald buzzard, the fishhawk or osprey. See Fishhawk. 2. A blockhead; a dunce. It is common, to a proverb, to call one who can not be taught, or who continues obstinately ignorant, a buzzard. Goldsmith. BUZZARD Buz"zard, a. Defn: Senseless; stupid. [R.& Obs.] Milton. BUZZARDET Buz"zard*et`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A hawk resembling the buzzard, but with legs relatively longer. BUZZER Buzz"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, buzzes; a whisperer; a talebearer. And wants not buzzers to infect his ear With pestilent speeches of his father's death. Shak. BUZZINGLY Buzz"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a buzzing manner; with a buzzing sound. BUZZSAW Buzz"saw` Defn: A circular saw; -- so called from the buzzing it makes when running at full speed. BY By, prep. Etym: [OE. bi, AS. bi, big, near to, by, of, from, after, according to; akin to OS.& OFries. bi, be, D. bij, OHG. bi, G. bie, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr.. E. prefix be- is orig.the same word. pref. Be-.] 1. In the neighborhood of; near or next to; not far from; close to; along with; as, come and sit by me. By foundation or by shady rivulet He sought them both. Milton. 2. On; along; in traversing. Compare 5. Long labors both by sea and land he bore. Dryden. By land, by water, they renew the charge. Pope. 3. Near to, while passing; hence, from one to the other side of; past; as, to go by a church. 4. Used in specifying adjacent dimensions; as, a cabin twenty feet by forty. 5. Against. [Obs.] Tyndale [1. Cor. iv. 4]. 6. With, as means, way, process, etc.; through means of; with aid of; through; through the act or agency of; as, a city is destroyed by fire; profit is made by commerce; to take by force. Note: To the meaning of by, as denoting means or agency, belong, more or less closely, most of the following uses of the word: (a) It points out the author and producer; as, "Waverley", a novel by Sir W.Scott; a statue by Canova; a sonata by Beethoven. (b) In an oath or adjuration, it indicates the being or thing appealed to as sanction; as, I affirm to you by all that is sacred; he swears by his faith as a Christian; no, by Heaven. (c) According to; by direction, authority, or example of; after; -- in such phrases as, it appears by his account; ten o'clock by my watch; to live by rule; a model to build by. (d) At the rate of; according to the ratio or proportion of; in the measure or quantity of; as, to sell cloth by the yard, milk by the quart, eggs by the dozen, meat by the pound; to board by the year. (e) In comparison, it denotes the measure of excess or deficiency; when anything is increased or diminished, it indicates the measure of increase or diminution; as, larger by a half; older by five years; to lessen by a third. (f) It expresses continuance or duration; during the course of; within the period of; as, by day, by night. (g) As soon as; not later than; near or at; -- used in expressions of time; as, by this time the sun had risen; he will be here by two o'clock. Note: In boxing the compass, by indicates a pint nearer to, or towards, the next cardinal point; as, north by east, i.e., a point towards the east from the north; northeast by east, i.e., on point nearer the east than northeast is. Note: With is used instead of by before the instrument with which anything is done; as, to beat one with a stick; the board was fastened by the carpenter with nails. But there are many words which may be regarded as means or processes, or, figuratively, as instruments; and whether with or by shall be used with them is a matter of arbitrary, and often, of unsettled usage; as, to a reduce a town by famine; to consume stubble with fire; he gained his purpose by flattery; he entertained them with a story; he distressed us with or by a recital of his sufferings. see With. By all means, most assuredly; without fail; certainly. -- By and by. (a) Close together (of place). [Obs.] "Two yonge knightes liggyng [lying] by and by." Chaucer. (b) Immediately; at once. [Obs.] "When . . . persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by he is offended." Matt. xiii. 21. (c) Presently; pretty soon; before long. Note: In this phrase, by seems to be used in the sense of nearness in time, and to be repeated for the sake of emphasis, and thus to be equivalent to "soon, and soon," that is instantly; hence, -- less emphatically, -- pretty soon, presently. -- By one's self, with only one's self near; alone; solitary.- By the bye. See under Bye. -- By the head (Naut.), having the bows lower than the stern; -- said of a vessel when her head is lower in the water than her stern. If her stern is lower, she is by the stern. -- By the lee, the situation of a vessel, going free, when she has fallen off so much as to bring the wind round her stern, and to take her sails aback on the other side. -- By the run, to let go by the run, to let go altogether, instead of slacking off. -- By the way, by the bye; -- used to introduce an incidental or secondary remark or subject. -Day by day, One by one, Piece by piece, etc., each day, each one, each piece, etc., by itself singly or separately; each severally. -- To come by, to get possession of; to obtain. -- To do by, to treat, to behave toward. -- To set by, to value, to esteem. -- To stand by, to aid, to support. Note: The common phrase good-by is equivalent to farewell, and would be better written good-bye, as it is a corruption of God be with you (b'w'ye). BY By, adv. 1. Near; in the neighborhood; present; as, there was no person by at the time. 2. Passing near; going past; past; beyond; as, the procession has gone by; a bird flew by. 3. Aside; as, to lay by; to put by. BY By, a. Defn: Out of the common path; aside; -- used in composition, giving the meaning of something aside, secondary, or incidental, or collateral matter, a thing private or avoiding notice; as, by-line, by-place, by-play, by-street. It was formerly more freely used in composition than it is now; as, by-business, by-concernment, by- design, by-interest, etc. BYARD By"ard, n. Defn: A piece of leather crossing the breast, used by the men who drag sledges in coal mines. BY-BIDDER By"-bid`der, n. Defn: One who bids at an auction in behalf of the auctioneer or owner, for the purpose of running up the price of articles. [U.S.] BY-BLOW By"-blow`, n. 1. A side or incidental blow; an accidental blow. With their by-blows they did split the very stones in pieces. Bunyan. 2. An illegitimate child; a bastard. The Aga speedily . . . brought her [his disgraced slave] to court, together with her pretty by-blow, the present Padre Ottomano. Evelyn. BY-CORNER By"-cor`ner, n. Defn: A private corner. Britain being a by-corner, out of the road of the world. Fuller. BY-DEPENDENCE By"-de*pend`ence, n. Defn: An appendage; that which depends on something else, or is distinct from the main dependence; an accessory. Shak. BY-DRINKING By"-drink`ing, n. Defn: A drinking between meals. [Obs.] BYE Bye, n. 1. A thing not directly aimed at; something which is a secondary object of regard; an object by the way, etc.; as in on or upon the bye, i.e., in passing; indirectly; by implication. [Obs. except in the phrase by the bye.] The Synod of Dort condemneth upon the bye even the discipline of the Church of England. Fuller. 2. (Cricket) Defn: A run made upon a missed ball; as, to steal a bye. T. Hughes. By the bye, in passing; by way of digression; apropos to the matter in hand. [Written also by the by.] BYE Bye n. Etym: [AS.bbygbyggia, b, to dwell sq. root97.] 1. A dwelling. Gibson. 2. In certain games, a station or place of an individual player. Emerson. BY-ELECTION By"-e*lec"tion, n. Defn: An election held by itself, not at the time of a general election. BY-END By"-end`, n. Defn: Private end or interest; secret purpose; selfish advantage. [Written also bye-end.] "Profit or some other by-end." L'Estrange. BYGONE By"gone`, a. Defn: Past; gone by. "Bygone fooleries." Shak BYGONE By"gone`, n. Defn: Something gone by or past; a past event. "Let old bygones be" Tennyson. Let bygones be bygones, let the past be forgotten. BY-INTEREST By"-in`ter*est, n. Defn: Self-interest; private advantage. Atterbury. BYLAND By"land, n. Defn: A peninsula. [Obs.] BYLANDER By"land*er, n. Defn: See Bilander.[Obs.] BY-LANE By"-lane`, n. Defn: A private lane, or one opening out of the usual road. BY-LAW By"-law` (, n. Etym: [Cf.Sw.bylag, D.bylov, Icel.b, fr.Sw.& Dan. by town, Icel. bær, byr (fr. bûa to dwell) + the word for law; hence, a law for one town, a special law. Cf.Birlaw and see Law.] 1. A local or subordinate law; a private law or regulation made by a corporation for its own government. There was likewise a law to restrain the by-laws, or ordinances of corporations. Bacon. The law or institution; to which are added two by-laws, as a comment upon the general law. Addison. 2. A law that is less important than a general law or constitutional provision, and subsidiary to it; a rule relating to a matter of detail; as, civic societies often adopt a constitution and by-laws for the government of their members. In this sense the word has probably been influenced by by, meaning secondary or aside. BY-NAME By"-name`, n. Defn: A nickname. Camden. BYNAME By"name`, v. t. Defn: To give a nickname to. Camden. BY-PASS By"-pass, n. (Mech.) Defn: A by-passage, for a pipe, or other channel, to divert circulation from the usual course. BY-PASSAGE By"-pas`sage, n. Defn: A passage different from the usual one; a byway. BY-PAST By"-past, a. Defn: Past; gone by. "By-past perils." Shak. BYPATH By"path`, n.; pl. Bypaths( Defn: A private path; an obscure way; indirect means. God known, my son, By what bypaths, and indirect crooked ways, I met this crown. Shak. BY-PLACE By"-place` (, n. Defn: A retired or private place. BYPLAY By"play, n. Defn: Action carried on aside, and commonly in dumb show, while the main action proceeds. BY-PRODUCT By"-prod`uct, n. Defn: A secondary or additional product; something produced, as in the course of a manufacture, in addition to the principal product. BYRE Byre, n. Etym: [Cf, Icel. bür pantry, Sw. bur cage,Dan. buur, E.bower.] Defn: A cow house. [N. of Eng.& Scot.] BY-RESPECT By"-re*spect`, n. Defn: Private end or view; by-interest. [Obs.] Dryden. BYROAD By"road`, n. Defn: A private or obscure road. "Through slippery byroads" Swift. BYRONIC By"ron`ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or in the style of, Lord Byron. With despair and Byronic misanthropy. Thackeray BY-ROOM By"-room`, n. Defn: A private room or apartment. "Stand in some by-room" Shak. BYSMOTTERED By"*smot`ter*ed, p.a. Etym: [See Besmut.] Defn: Bespotted with mud or dirt. [Obs.] Chaucer. BY-SPEECH By"-speech`(, n. Defn: An incidental or casual speech, not directly relating to the point. "To quote by-speeches." Hooker. BY-SPELL By"-spell`(, n. Etym: [AS. bigspell.] Defn: A proverb. [Obs.] BYSS Byss, n. Defn: See Byssus, n., 1. BYSSACEOUS Bys*sa"ceous, a. Etym: [From Byssus.] (Bot.) Defn: Byssuslike; consisting of fine fibers or threads, as some very delicate filamentous algæ. BYSSIFEROUS Bys*sif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Byssus + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing a byssus or tuft. BYSSIN Bys"sin, n. Defn: See Byssus, n., 1. BYSSINE Bys"sine, a. Etym: [L. byssinus made of byssus, Gr.Byssus.] Defn: Made of silk; having a silky or flaxlike appearance. Coles. BYSSOID Bys"soid, a. Etym: [Byssus + -oid.] Defn: Byssaceous. BYSSOLITE Bys"so*lite, n. Etym: [Gr.-lite.] (Min.) Defn: An olive-green fibrous variety of hornblende. BYSSUS Bys"sus, n.; pl. E. Byssuses(#); L. Byssi.(#) Etym: [L. byssus fine flax, fine linen or cotton, Gr. 1. A cloth of exceedingly fine texture, used by the ancients. It is disputed whether it was of cotton, linen, or silk. [Written also byss and byssin.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tuft of long, tough filaments which are formed in a groove of the foot, and issue from between the valves of certain bivalve mollusks, as the Pinna and Mytilus, by which they attach themselves to rocks, etc. 3. (Bot.) Defn: An obsolete name for certain fungi composed of slender threads. 4. Asbestus. BYSTANDER By"stand`er, n. Etym: [By + stander, equiv. to stander-by; cf. AS. big-standan to stand by or near.] Defn: One who stands near; a spectator; one who has no concern with the business transacting. He addressed the bystanders and scattered pamphlets among them. Palfrey. Syn. -- Looker on; spectator; beholder; observer. BY-STREET By"-street`, n. Defn: A separate, private, or obscure street; an out of the way or cross street. He seeks by-streets, and saves the expensive coach. Gay. BY-STROKE By"-stroke`, n. Defn: An accidental or a slyly given stroke. BY-TURNING By"-turn`ing, n. Defn: An obscure road; a way turning from the main road. Sir P. Sidney. BY-VIEW By"-view`(, n. Defn: A private or selfish view; self-interested aim or purpose. No by-views of his own shall mislead him. Atterbury. BY-WALK By"-walk`(, n. Defn: secluded or private walk. He moves afterward in by-walks. Dryden. BY-WASH By"-wash`, n. Defn: The outlet from a dam or reservoir; also, a cut to divert the flow of water. BYWAY By"way`, n. Defn: A secluded, private, or obscure way; a path or road aside from the main one. " Take no byways." Herbert. BY-WIPE By"-wipe`, n. Defn: A secret or side stroke, as of raillery or sarcasm. Milton. BYWORD By"word`, n. Etym: [AS.bïword; bï, E.by+word.] 1. A common saying; a proverb; a saying that has a general currency. I knew a wise man that had it for a byword. Bacon. 2. The object of a contemptuous saying. Thou makest us a byword among the heathen. Ps. xliv. 14 BYWORK By"work, n. Defn: Work aside from regular work; subordinate or secondary business. BYZANT; BYZANTINE Byz"ant, Byz"an*tine n.Etym: [OE. besant, besaunt, F. besant, fr. LL. Byzantius, Byzantinus, fr. Byzantium.] (Numis.) Defn: A gold coin, so called from being coined at Byzantium. See Bezant. BYZANTIAN By*zan"tian, a.& n. Defn: See Byzantine. BYZANTINE By*zan"tine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Byzantium. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Byzantium, now Constantinople; sometimes, applied to an inhabitant of the modern city of Constantinople. [ Written also Bizantine.] Byzantine church, the Eastern or Greek church, as distinguished from the Western or Roman or Latin church.See under Greek. -- Byzantine empire, the Eastern Roman or Greek empire from A.D. 364 or A.D. 395 to the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, A.D. 1453. -- Byzantine historians, historians and writers (Zonaras, Procopius, etc.) who lived in the Byzantine empire. P. Cyc. Byzantine style (Arch.), a style of architecture developed in the Byzantine empire. Note: Its leading forms are the round arch, the dome, the pillar, the circle, and the cross. The capitals of the pillars are the endless variety, and full of invention. The mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople, and the church of St. Mark, Venice, are prominent examples of Byzantine architecture. C 1. C is the third letter of the English alphabet. It is from the Latin letter C, which in old Latin represented the sounds of k, and g (in go); its original value being the latter. In Anglo-Saxon words, or Old English before the Norman Conquest, it always has the sound of k. The Latin C was the same letter as the Greek got it from the Phoenicians. The English name of C is from the Latin name ce, and was derived, probably, through the French. Etymologically C is related to g, h, k, q, s (and other sibilant sounds). Examples of these relations are in L. acutus, E. acute, ague; E. acrid, eagar; L. cornu, E. horn; E. cat, kitten; E. coy, quiet; L. circare, OF. cerchier, E. search. Note: See Guide to Pronunciation, t\'c5 221-228. 2. (Mus.) Defn: (a) The keynote of the normal or "natural" scale, which has neither flats nor sharps in its signature; also, the third note of the relative minor scale of the same (b) C after the clef is the mark of common time, in which each measure is a semibreve (four fourths or crotchets); for alla breve time it is written (c) The "C clef," a modification of the letter C, placed on any line of the staff, abows that line to be middle C. 3. As a numeral, C stands for Latin centum or 100, CC for 200, etc. C spring, a spring in the form of the letter C. CAABA Ca*a"ba, n. Etym: [Ar. ka'ban, let, a square building, fr. ka'b cube] Defn: The small and nearly cubical stone building, toward which all Mohammedans must pray. [Written also kaaba.] Note: The Caaba is situated in Mecca, a city of Arabia, and contains a famous black stone said to have been brought from heaven. Before the time of Mohammed, the Caaba was an idolatrous temple, but it has since been the chief sanctuary and object of pilgrimage of the Mohammedan world. CAADA Ca*ña"da, n. [Sp.] Defn: A small cañon; a narrow valley or glen; also, but less frequently, an open valley. [Local, Western U. S.] CAAS Caas, n. sing. & pl. Defn: Case. [Obs.] Chaucer. CAATINGA Caa*tin"ga, n. [Tupi caa-tinga white forest.] (Phytogeography) Defn: A forest composed of stunted trees and thorny bushes, found in areas of small rainfall in Brazil. CAB Cab, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. cabriolet.] 1. A kind of close carriage with two or four wheels, usually a public vehicle. "A cab came clattering up." Thackeray. Note: A cab may have two seats at right to the driver's seat, and a door behind; or one seat parallel to the driver's, with the entrance from the side or front. Hansom cab. See Hansom. 2. The covered part of a locomotive, in which the engineer has his station. Knight. CAB Cab, n. Etym: [Heb. gab, fr. qabab to hollow.] Defn: A Hebrew dry measure, containing a little over two (2.37) pints. W. H. Ward. 2 Kings vi. 25. CABAL Ca*bal", n. Etym: [F. cabale cabal, cabala LL. cabala cabala, fr. Heb. qabbaleh reception, tradition, mysterious doctrine, fr. qabal to take or receive, in Piël qibbel to abopt (a doctrine).] 1. Tradition; occult doctrine. See Cabala [Obs.] Hakewill. 2. A secret. [Obs.] "The measuring of the temple, a cabal found out but lately." B. Jonson. 3. A number of persons united in some close design, usually to promote their private views and interests in church or state by intrigue; a secret association composed of a few designing persons; a junto. Note: It so happend, by a whimsical coincidence, that in 1671 the cabinet consisted of five persons, the initial letters of whose names made up the word cabal; Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale. Macaulay. 4. The secret artifices or machinations of a few persons united in a close design; in intrigue. By cursed cabals of women. Dryden. Syn. - Junto; intrigue; plot; combination; conspiracy. -- Cabal, Combination, Faction. An association for some purpose considered to be bad is the idea common to these terms. A combination is an organized union of individuals for mutual support, in urging their demands or resisting the claims of others, and may be good or bad according to circumstances; as, a combiniation of workmen or of employers to effect or to prevent a chang in prices. A cabal is a secret association of a few individuals who seek by cunning practices to obtain office and power. A faction is a larger body than a cabal, employed for selfish purposes in agitating the community and working up an excitement with a view to change the existing order of things. "Selfishness, insubordination, and laxity of morals give rise to combinations, which belong particularly to the lower orders of society. Restless, jealous, ambitious, and little minds are ever forming cabals. Factions belong especially to free governments, and are raised by busy and turbulent spirits for selfish porposes". Crabb. CABAL Ca*bal", v. i. [int. & p. p. Caballed; p. pr. & vb. n. Caballing]. Etym: [Cf. F. cabaler.] Defn: To unite in a small party to promote private views and interests by intrigue; to intrigue; to plot. Caballing still against it with the great. Dryden. CABALA Cab"a*la, n. Etym: [LL. See Cabal, n.] 1. A kind of occult theosophy or traditional interpretation of the Scriptures among Jewish rabbis and certain mediæval Christians, which treats of the nature of god and the mystery of human existence. It assumed that every letter, word, number, and accent of Scripture contains a hidden sense; and it teaches the methods of interpretation for ascertaining these occult meanings. The cabalists pretend even to foretell events by this means. 2. Secret science in general; mystic art; mystery. CABALISM Cab"a*lism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cabalisme.] 1. The secret science of the cabalists. 2. A superstitious devotion to the mysteries of the religion which one professes. [R] Emerson. CABALIST Cab"a*list, n. Etym: [Cf.F. cabaliste.] Defn: One versed in the cabala, or the mysteries of Jewish traditions. "Studious cabalists." Swift. CABALISTIC; CABALISTICAL Cab`a*lis"tic, Cab`a*lis"tic*al a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the cabala; containing or conveying an occult meaning; mystic. The Heptarchus is a cabalistic of the first chapter of Genesis. Hallam. CABALISTICALLY Cab`a*lis"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a cabalistic manner. CABALIZE Cab"a*lize, v. i. Etym: [Cf.F. cabaliser.] Defn: To use cabalistic language. [R] Dr. H. More. CABALLER Ca*bal"ler, n. Defn: One who cabals. A close caballer and tongue-valiant lord. Dryden. CABALLERIA Ca`bal*le*ri"a, n. [Sp. See Caballero.] Defn: An ancient Spanish land tenure similar to the English knight's fee; hence, in Spain and countries settled by the Spanish, a land measure of varying size. In Cuba it is about 33 acres; in Porto Rico, about 194 acres; in the Southwestern United States, about 108 acres. CABALLERO Ca`bal*le"ro, n. [Sp. Cf. Cavalier.] Defn: A knight or cavalier; hence, a gentleman. CABALLINE Cab"al*line, a. Etym: [L.caballinus, fr. caballus a nag. Cf. Cavalier.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a horse. -- n. Defn: Caballine aloes. Caballine aloes, an inferior and impure kind of aloes formerly used in veterinary practice; -- called also horse aloes. -- Caballine spring, the fountain of Hippocrene, on Mount Helicon; - - fabled to have been formed by a stroke from the foot of the winged horse Pegasus. CABALLO Ca*bal"lo (ka*väl"yo; 220), n. [Written also cavallo.] [Sp., fr. L. caballus a nag. See Cavalcade.] Defn: A horse. [Sp. Amer.] CABARET Cab"a*ret, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A tavern; a house where liquors are retailed. [Obs. as an English word.] CABAS Ca*bas", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A flat basket or frail for figs, etc.; Hence, a lady's flat workbasket, reticule, or hand bag; -- often written caba. C. Bronté. CABASSOU Ca*bas"sou, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A speciec of armadillo of the genus Xenurus (X. unicinctus and X. hispidus); the tatouay. [Written also Kabassou.] CABBAGE Cab"bage, n. Etym: [OE. cabage, fr. F. cabus headed (of cabbages), chou cobus headed cabbage, cabbage head; cf. It. capuccio a little head, cappuccio cowl, hood, cabbage, fr. capo head, L. caput, or fr. It. cappa cape. See Chiff, Cape.] (Bot.) 1. An esculent vegetable of many varieties, derived from the wild Brassica oleracea of Europe. The common cabbage has a compact head of leaves. The cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, etc., are sometimes classed as cabbages. 2. The terminal bud of certain palm trees, used, like, cabbage, for food. See Cabbage tree, below. 3. The cabbage palmetto. See below. Cabbage aphis (Zoöl.), a green plant-louse (Aphis brassicæ) which lives upon the leaves of the cabbage. -- Cabbage Beetle (Zoöl.), a small, striped flea-beetle (Phyllotreta vittata) which lives, in the larval state, on the roots, and when adult, on the leaves, of cabbage and other cruciferous plants. -- Cabbage butterfly (Zoöl.), a white butterfly (Pieris rapæ of both Europe and America, and the Allied P. oleracea, a native American species) which, in the larval state, devours the leaves of the cabbage and the turnip. See Cabbage worm, below. -- Cabbage Fly (Zoöl.), a small two-winged fly (Anthomyia brassicæ), which feeds, in the larval or maggot state, on the roots of the cabbage, often doing much damage to the crop. -- Cabbage head, the compact head formed by the leaves of a cabbage; -- contemptuously or humorously, and colloquially, a very stupid and silly person; a numskull. -- Cabbage palmetto, a species of palm tree (Sabal Palmetto) found along the coast from North Carolina to Florida. -- Cabbage rose (Bot.), a species of rose (Rosa centifolia) having large and heavy blossoms. -- Cabbage tree, Cabbage palm, a name given to palms having a terminal bud called a cabbage, as the Sabal Palmetto of the United States, and the Euterpe oleracea and Oreodoxa oleracea of the West Indies. -- Cabbage worm (Zoöl.), the larva of several species of moths and butterfies, which attacks cabbages. The most common is usully the larva of a white butterfly. See Cabbage Butterfly, above. The cabbage cutworms, which eat off the stalks or young plants during the night, are the larvæ of several species of moths, of the genus Agrotis. See Cutworm. -- Sea cabbage.(Bot.) (a) Sea kale (b). The original Plant (Brassica oleracea), from which the cabbage, cauliflower, , broccoli, etc., have been derived by cultivation. -- Thousand-headed cabbage. See Brussels sprouts. CABBAGE Cab"bage, v. i. Defn: To form a head like that the cabbage; as, to make lettuce cabbage. Johnson. CABBAGE Cab"bage, v. i. [imp. & p.p Cabbaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Cabbaging (.] Etym: [F.cabasser, fr. OF. cabas theft; cf. F. cabas basket, and OF. cabuser to cheat.] Defn: To purloin or embezzle, as the pieces of cloth remaining after cutting out a garment; to pilfer. Your tailor . . . cabbages whole yards of cloth. Arbuthnot. CABBAGE Cab"bage, n. Defn: Cloth or clippings cabbaged or purloined by one who cuts out garments. CABBLER Cab"bler, n. Defn: One who works at cabbling. CABBLING Cab"bling, n. (Metal) Defn: The process of breaking up the flat masses into which wrought iron is first hammered, in order that the pieces may be reheated and wrought into bar iron. CABECA; CABESSE Ca*be"ça, Ca*besse", n. Etym: [Pg. cabeça, F. cabesse.] Defn: The finest kind of silk received from India. CABER Ca"ber, n. Etym: [Gael] Defn: A pole or beam used in Scottish games for tossing as a trial of strength. CABEZON Cab`e*zon", n. Etym: [Sp., properly, big head. Cf. Cavesson.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A California fish (Hemilepidotus spinosus), allied to the sculpin. CABIAI Cab"i*ai, n. Etym: [Native South American name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The capybara. See Capybara. CABIN Cab"in, n. Etym: [OF. caban, fr. W. caban booth, cabin, dim. of cab cot, tent; or fr. F. cabane, cabine, LL. cabanna, perh. from the Celtic.] 1. A cottage or small house; a hut. Swift. A hunting cabin in the west. E. Everett. 2. A small room; an inclosed place. So long in secret cabin there he held Her captive. Spenser. 3. A room in ship for officers or passengers. Cabin boy, a boy whose duty is wait on the officers and passengers in the cabin of a ship. CABIN Cab"in v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cabined (-nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cabining.] Defn: To live in, or as in, a cabin; to lodge. I'll make you . . . cabin in a cave. Shak. CABIN Cab"in, v. t. Defn: To confine in, or as in, a cabin. I am cabined, cribbed, confined, bound in To saucy doubts and fears. Shak. CABINET Cab"i*net, n. Etym: [F., dim. of cabine or cabane. See Cabin, n.] 1. A hut; a cottage; a small house. [Obs.] Hearken a while from thy green cabinet, The rural song of careful Colinet. Spenser. 2. A small room, or retired apartment; a closet. 3. A private room in which consultations are held. Philip passed some hours every day in his father's cabinet. Prescott. 4. The advisory council of the chief executive officer of a nation; a cabinet council. Note: In England, the cabinet or cabinet council consists of those privy coucilors who actually transact the immediate business of the government. Mozley & W. -- In the United States, the cabinet is composed of the heads of the executive departments of the government, namely, the Secretary of State, of the Treasury, of War, of the Navy, of the Interior, and of Agiculture, the Postmaster-general ,and the Attorney-general. 5. (a) A set of drawers or a cupboard intended to contain articles of value. Hence: (b) A decorative piece of furniture, whether open like an étagère or closed with doors. See Etagere. 6. Any building or room set apart for the safe keeping and exhibition of works of art, etc.; also, the collection itself. Cabinet council. (a) Same as Cabinet, n., 4 (of which body it was formerly the full title). (b) A meeting of the cabinet. -- Cabinet councilor, a member of a cabinet council. -- Cabinet photograph, a photograph of a size smaller than an imperial, though larger than a carte de visite. -- Cabinet picture, a small and generally highly finished picture, suitable for a small room and for close inspection. CABINET Cab"i*net, a. Defn: Suitable for a cabinet; small. He [Varnhagen von Ense] is a walking cabinet edition of Goethe. For. Quar. Rev. CABINET Cab"i*net, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cabineted; p. pr. & vb. n. Cabineting.] Defn: To inclose [R.] Hewyt. CABINETMAKER Cab"i*net*mak`er, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to make cabinets or other choice articles of household furniture, as tables, bedsteads, bureaus, etc. CABINETMAKING Cab"i*net*mak`ing, n. Defn: The art or occupation of making the finer articles of household furniture. CABINETWORK Cab"i*net*work`, n. Defn: The art or occupation of working upon wooden furniture requiring nice workmanship; also, such furniture. CABIREAN Cab`i*re"an Defn: ,n.One of the Cabiri. CABIRI Ca*bi"ri, n. pl. Etym: [ NL., fr. Gr. Ka`beiroi.] (Myth.) Defn: Certain deities originally worshiped with mystical rites by the Pelasgians in Lemnos and Samothrace and afterwards throughout Greece; -- also called sons of Hephæstus (or Vulcan), as being masters of the art of working metals. [Written also Cabeiri.] Liddell & Scott. CABIRIAN Ca*bir"i*an, a. Defn: Same as Cabiric. CABIRIC Ca*bir"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. Cabirique] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cabiri, or to their mystical worship. [Written also Cabiritic.] CABLE Ca"ble, n. Etym: [F. Câble,m LL. capulum, caplum, a rope, fr. L. capere to take; cf. D., Dan., & G. rabel, from the French. See Capable.] 1. A large, strong rope or chain, of considerable length, used to retain a vessel at anchor, and for other purposes. It is made of hemp, of steel wire, or of iron links. 2. A rope of steel wire, or copper wire, usually covered with some protecting, or insulating substance; as, the cable of a suspension bridge; a telegraphic cable. 3. (Arch) Defn: A molding, shaft of a column, or any other member of convex, rounded section, made to resemble the spiral twist of a rope; -- called also cable molding. Bower cable, the cable belonging to the bower anchor. -- Cable road, a railway on which the cars are moved by a continuously running endless rope operated by a stationary motor. -- Cable's length, the length of a ship's cable. Cables in the merchant service vary in length from 100 to 140 fathoms or more; but as a maritime measure, a cable's length is either 120 fathoms (720 feet), or about 100 fathoms (600 feet, an approximation to one tenth of a nautical mile). -- Cable tier. (a) That part of a vessel where the cables are stowed. (b) A coil of a cable. -- Sheet cable, the cable belonging to the sheet anchor. -- Stream cable, a hawser or rope, smaller than the bower cables, to moor a ship in a place sheltered from wind and heavy seas. -- Submarine cable. See Telegraph. -- To pay out the cable, To veer out the cable, to slacken it, that it may run out of the ship; to let more cable run out of the hawse hole. -- To serve the cable, to bind it round with ropes, canvas, etc., to prevent its being, worn or galled in the hawse, et. -- To slip the cable, to let go the end on board and let it all run out and go overboard, as when there is not time to weigh anchor. Hence, in sailor's use, to die. CABLE Ca"ble, v. t. 1. To fasten with a cable. 2. (Arch.) Defn: To ornament with cabling. See Cabling. CABLE Ca"ble, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cabled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cabling (-blòng).] Defn: To telegraph by a submarine cable [Recent] CABLED Ca"bled, a. 1. Fastened with, or attached to, a cable or rope. "The cabled stone." Dyer. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Adorned with cabling. CABLEGRAM Ca"ble*gram`, n. Etym: [Cable, n. + Gr. Defn: A message sent by a submarine telegraphic cable. Note: [A recent hybrid, sometimes found in the newspapers.] CABLELAID Ca"ble*laid`, a. 1. (Naut.) Defn: Composed of three three-stranded ropes, or hawsers, twisted together to form a cable. 2. Twisted after the manner of a cable; as, a cable-laid gold chain. Simmonds. CABLET Ca"blet, n. Etym: [Dim. of cable; cf. F. câblot.] Defn: A little cable less than ten inches in circumference. CABLING Ca"bling, n. (Arch.) Defn: The decoration of a fluted shaft of a column or of a pilaster with reeds, or rounded moldings, which seem to be laid in the hollows of the fluting. These are limited in length to about one third of the height of the shaft. CABMAN Cab"man, n.; pl. Cabmen (. Defn: The driver of a cab. CABOB Ca*bob", n. Etym: [Hindi kabab] 1. A small piece of mutton or other meat roasted on a skewer; -- so called in Turkey and Persia. 2. A leg of mutton roasted, stuffed with white herrings and sweet herbs. Wright. CABOB Ca*bob", v. t. Defn: To roast, as a cabob. Sir. T. Herbert. CABOCHED Ca*boched", a. Etym: [F. caboche head. Cf. lst Cabbage.] (Her.) Defn: Showing the full face, but nothing of the neck; -- said of the head of a beast in armorial bearing. [Written also caboshed.] CABOCHON Ca`bo`chon" (ka`bo`shôN"), n. [F.] (Jewelry) Defn: A stone of convex form, highly polished, but not faceted; also, the style of cutting itself. Such stones are said to be cut en cabochon. CABOODLE Ca*boo"dle, n. Defn: The whole collection; the entire quantity or number; -- usually in the phrase the whole caboodle. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett. CABOOSE Ca*boose", n. Etym: [Cf. D. kabuis, kombuis, Dan. kabys, Sw. kabysa, G. kabuse a little room or hut. The First part of the word seems to be allied to W. cab cabin, booth. Cf. Cabin.] [Written also camboose.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A house on deck, where the cooking is done; -- commonly called the galley. 2. (Railroad) Defn: A car used on freight or construction trains for brakemen, workmen, etc.; a tool car. [U. S.] CABOTAGE Cab"o*tage, n. Etym: [F. cabotage, fr. caboter to sail along the coast; cf. Sp. cabo cape.] (Naut.) Defn: Navigation along the coast; the details of coast pilotage. CABREE Ca*brée", n. Etym: [French Canadian.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The pronghorn antelope. [Also written cabrit, cabret.] CABRERITE Ca*brer"ite, n. (Min.) Defn: An apple-green mineral, a hydrous arseniate of nickel, cobalt, and magnesia; -- so named from the Sierra Cabrera, Spain. CABRILLA Ca*bril"la, n. Etym: [Sp., prawn.] (Zoöl) Defn: A name applied to various species of edible fishes of the genus Serranus, and related genera, inhabiting the Meditarranean, the coast of California, etc. In California, some of them are also called rock bass and kelp salmon. CABRIOLE Cab"ri*ole, n. Etym: [F. See Cabriolet, and cf. Capriole.] (Man.) Defn: A curvet; a leap. See Capriole. The cabrioles which his charger exhibited. Sir W. Scott. CABRIOLET Cab`ri*o*let", n.Etym: [F., dim. of cabriole a leap, caper, from It. capriola, fr. dim. of L. caper he-goat, capra she-goat. This carriage is so called from its skipping lightness. Cf. Cab, Caper a leap.] Defn: A one-horse carriage with two seats and a calash top. CABRIT Ca*brit", n. Defn: Same as Cabrée. CABURN Cab"urn, n. Etym: [Cf. Cable, n.] (Naut.) Defn: A small line made of spun yarn, to bind or worm cables, seize tackles, etc. CACAEMIA; CACHAEMIA Ca*cæ"mi*a, Ca*chæ"mi*a n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A degenerated or poisoned condition of the blood. CACAINE Ca*ca"ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: The essential principle of cacao; -- now called theobromine. CACAJAO Ca*ca*jão", n. Etym: [Pg.] (Zoöl) Defn: A South American short-tailed monkey (Pithecia (or Brachyurus) melanocephala). [Written also cacajo.] CACAO Ca*ca"o, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. Mex. kakahuatl. Cf. Cocoa, Chocolate] (Bot.) Defn: A small evergreen tree (Theobroma Cacao) of South America and the West Indies. Its fruit contains an edible pulp, inclosing seeds about the size of an almond, from which cocoa, chocolate, and broma are prepared. CACHAEMIA; CACHEMIA Ca*chæ"mi*a, Ca*che"mi*a, n. [NL., fr. Gr. bad + blood.] (Med.) Defn: A degenerated or poisoned condition of the blood. --Ca*chæ"mic, Ca*che"mic (#), a. CACHALOT Cach"a*lot, n. Etym: [F. cachalot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). It has in the top of its head a large cavity, containing an oily fluid, which, after death, concretes into a whitish crystalline substance called spermaceti. See Sperm whale. CACHE Cache, n. Etym: [F., a hiding place, fr. cacher to conceal, to hide.] Defn: A hole in the ground, or hiding place, for concealing and preserving provisions which it is inconvenient to carry. Kane. CACHECTIC; CACHECTICAL Ca*chec"tic, Ca*chec"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. cachecticus, Gr. cachectique.] Defn: Having, or pertaining to, cachexia; as, cachectic remedies; cachectical blood. Arbuthnot. CACHEPOT Cache`pot" (kash`po"), n. Etym: [F., fr. cacher to hide + pot a pot.] Defn: An ornamental casing for a flowerpot, of porcelain, metal, paper, etc. CACHET Cach"et, n. Etym: [F. fr. cacher to hide.] Defn: A seal, as of a letter. Lettre de cachet Etym: [F.], a sealed letter, especially a letter or missive emanating from the sovereign; -- much used in France before the Revolution as an arbitrary order of imprisonment. CACHEXIA; CACHEXY Ca*chex"i*a, Ca*chex"y, n. Etym: [L. cachexia, Gr. Defn: A condition of ill health and impairment of nutrition due to impoverishment of the blood, esp. when caused by a specific morbid process (as cancer or tubercle). CACHINNATION Cach`in*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. cachinnatio, fr. cachinnare to laugh aloud, cf Gr. Defn: Loud or immoderate laughter; -- often a symptom of hysterical or maniacal affections. Hideous grimaces . . . attended this unusual cachinnation. Sir W. Scott. CACHINNATORY Ca*chin"na*to*ry, a. Defn: Consisting of, or accompanied by, immoderate laughter. Cachinnatory buzzes of approval. Carlyle. CACHIRI Ca*chi"ri, n. Defn: A fermented liquor made in Cayenne from the grated root of the manioc, and resembling perry. Dunglison. CACHOLONG Cach"o*long, n, Etym: [F. cacholong, said to be from Cach, the name of a river in Bucharia + cholon, a Calmuck word for stone; or fr. a Calmuck word meaning "beautiful stone"] (Min.) Defn: An opaque or milk-white chalcedony, a variety of quartz; also, a similar variety of opal. CACHOU Ca`chou", n. Etym: [F. See Cashoo.] Defn: A silvered aromatic pill, used to correct the odor of the breath. CACHUCHA Ca*chu"cha, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: An Andalusian dance in three-four time, resembing the bolero. [Sometimes in English spelled cachuca (.] The orchestra plays the cachucha. Logfellow. CACHUNDE Ca*chun"de, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Med.) Defn: A pastil or troche, composed of various aromatic and other ingredients, highly celebrated in India as an antidote, and as a stomachic and antispasmodic. CACIQUE Ca*cique", n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: See Cazique. CACK Cack, v. i. Etym: [OE. cakken, fr. L. cacare; akin to Gr. cac.] Defn: To ease the body by stool; to go to stool. Pope. CACKEREL Cack"er*el, n. Etym: [OF. caquerel cagarel (Cotgr.), from the root of E. cack.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The mendole; a small worthless Mediterranean fish considered poisonous by the ancients. See Mendole. CACKLE Cac"kle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cackled (-k'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cackling.] Etym: [OE. cakelen; cf. LG. kakeln, D. kakelen, G. gackeln, gackern; all of imitative origin. Cf. Gagle, Cake to cackle.] 1. To make a sharp, broken noise or cry, as a hen or goose does. When every goose is cackling. Shak. 2. To laugh with a broken noise, like the cackling of a hen or a goose; to giggle. Arbuthnot. 3. To talk in a silly manner; to prattle. Johnson. CACKLE Cac"kle, n. 1. The sharp broken noise made by a goose or by a hen that has laid an egg. By her cackle saved the state. Dryden. 2. Idle talk; silly prattle. There is a buzz and cackle all around regarding the sermon. Thackeray. CACKLER Cac"kler, n. 1. A fowl that cackles. 2. One who prattles, or tells tales; a tattler. CACKLING Cac"kling, n. Defn: The broken noise of a goose or a hen. CACOCHYMIA; CACOCHYMY Cac`o*chym"i*a, Cac"o*chym`y, n. Etym: [NL. cacochymia, fr. Gr. cacochymie.] (Med.) Defn: A vitiated state of the humors, or fluids, of the body, especially of the blood. Dunglison. CACOCHYMIC; CACOCHYMICAL Cac`o*chym"ic, Cac`o*chym"ic*al, a. Defn: Having the fluids of the body vitiated, especially the blood. Wiseman. CACODEMON Cac`o*de"mon, n. Etym: [Gr. cacodémon.] 1. An evil spirit; a devil or demon. Shak. 2. (Med.) Defn: The nightmare. Dunaglison. CACODOXICAL Cac`o*dox"ic*al, a. Defn: Heretical. CACODOXY Cac"o*dox`y, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Erroneous doctrine; heresy; heterodoxy. [R.] Heterodoxy, or what Luther calls cacodoxy. R. Turnbull. CACODYL Cac"o*dyl, n. Etym: [Gr. -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: Alkarsin; a colorless, poisonous, arsenical liquid, As2(CH3)4, spontaneously inflammable and possessing an intensely disagreeable odor. It is the type of a series of compounds analogous to the nitrogen compounds called hydrazines. [Written also cacodyle, and kakodyl.] CACODYLIC Cac`o*dyl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, cacodyl. Cacodylic acid, a white, crystalline, deliquescent substance, (CH3)2AsO.OH, obtained by the oxidation of cacodyl, and having the properties of an exceedingly stable acid; -- also called alkargen. CACOETHES Cac`o*ë"thes, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. A bad custom or habit; an insatiable desire; as, cacoëthes scribendi, "The itch for writing". Addison. 2. (Med.) Defn: A bad quality or disposition in a disease; an incurable ulcer. CACOGASTRIC Cac`o*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Troubled with bad digestion. [R.] Carlyle. CACOGRAPHIC Cac`o*graph`ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, cacography; badly written or spelled. CACOGRAPHY Ca*cog`ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy; cf. F. cacographie.] Defn: Incorrect or bad writing or spelling. Walpole. CACOLET Ca`co*let", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A chair, litter, or other contrivance fitted to the back or pack saddle of a mule for carrying travelers in mountainous districts, or for the transportation of the sick and wounded of an army. CACOLOGY Ca*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. cacologie.] Defn: Bad speaking; bad choice or use of words. Buchanan. CACOMIXLE; CACOMIXTLE; CACOMIXL Ca`co*mix"le, Ca`co*mix"tle, Ca"co*mix`l, n. Etym: [Mexican name.] Defn: A North American carnivore (Bassaris astuta), about the size of a cat, related to the raccoons. It inhabits Mexico, Texas, and California. CACOON Ca*coon", n. Defn: One of the seeds or large beans of a tropical vine (Entada scandens) used for making purses, scent bottles, etc. CACOPHONIC; CACOPHONICAL; CACOPHONOUS; CACOPHONIOUS Cac`o*phon"ic, Cac`o*phon"ic*al, Ca*coph"o*nous, Cac`o*pho"ni*ous, a. Defn: Harsh-sounding. CACOPHONY Ca*coph"o*ny, n.; pl. Cacophonies. Etym: [Gr. Cacophonie.] 1. (Rhet.) Defn: An uncouth or disagreable sound of words, owing to the concurrence of harsh letters or syllables. "Cacophonies of all kinds." Pope. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A combination of discordant sounds. 3. (Med.) Defn: An unhealthy state of the voice. CACOSTOMIA Cac`o*sto"mi*a, n. [NL., fr. Gr. bad + mouth.] (Med.) Defn: Diseased or gangrenous condition of the mouth. CACOTECHNY Cac"o*tech`ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A corruption or corrupt state of art. [R.] CACOXENE; CACOXENITE Ca*cox"ene, Ca*cox"e*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A hydrous phosphate of iron occurring in yellow radiated tufts. The phosphorus seriously injures it as an iron ore. CACTACEOUS Cac*ta"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to, or like, the family of plants of which the prickly pear is a common example. CACTUS Cac"tus, n. ; pl. E. Cactuses, Cacti (-ti). Etym: [L., a kind of cactus, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the order Cactacæ, as the prickly pear and the night-blooming cereus. See Cereus. They usually have leafless stems and branches, often beset with clustered thorns, and are mostly natives of the warmer parts of America. Cactus wren (Zoöl.), an American wren of the genus Campylorhynchus, of several species. CACUMINAL Ca*cu"mi*nal, a. Etym: [L. cacumen, cacuminis, the top, point.] (Philol.) Defn: Pertaining to the top of the palate; cerebral; -- applied to certain consonants; as, cacuminal (or cerebral) letters. CACUMINATE Ca*cu"mi*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. cacuminatus, p. p. of cacuminare to point, fr. cacumen point.] Defn: To make sharp or pointed. [Obs.] CAD Cad, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. cadet.] 1. A person who stands at the door of an omnibus to open and shut it, and to receive fares; an idle hanger-on about innyards. [Eng.] Dickens. 2. A lowbred, presuming person; a mean, vulgar fellow. [Cant] Thackeray. CADASTRAL Ca*das"tral, a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Of or pertaining to landed property. Cadastral survey, or Cadastral map, a survey, map, or plan on a large scale (Usually topographical map, which exaggerates the dimensions of houses and the breadth of roads and streams, for the sake of distinctness. Brande & C. CADASTRE; CADASTER Ca*das"tre, Ca*das"ter, n. Etym: [f. cadastre.] (Law.) Defn: An official statement of the quantity and value of real estate for the purpose of apportioning the taxes payable on such property. CADAVER Ca*da"ver, n. Etym: [L., fr cadere to fall.] Defn: A dead human body; a corpse. CADAVERIC Ca*dav"er*ic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a corpse, or the changes produced by death; cadaverous; as, cadaveric rigidity. Dunglison. Cadaveric alkaloid, an alkaloid generated by the processes of decomposition in dead animal bodies, and thought by some to be the cause of the poisonous effects produced by the bodies. See Ptomaine. CADAVERINE; CADAVERIN Ca*dav"er*ine, Ca*dav"er*in, n. [From Cadaver.] (Chem.) Defn: A sirupy, nontoxic ptomaine, C5H14N2 (chemically pentamethylene diamine), formed in putrefaction of flesh, etc. CADAVEROUS Ca*dav"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. cadaverosus.] 1. Having the appearance or color of a dead human body; pale; ghastly; as, a cadaverous look. 2. Of or pertaining to, or having the qualities of, a dead body. "The scent cadaverous." -- Ca*dav"er*ous*ly, adv. -- Ca*dav"er*ous*ness, n. CADBAIT Cad"bait`, n. Etym: [Prov. E. codbait, cadbote fly.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Caddice. CADDICE; CADDIS Cad"dice, Cad"dis, n. Etym: [Prov. E. caddy, cadew; cf. G. köder bait.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of a caddice fly. These larvæ generally live in cylindrical cases, open at each end, and covered externally with pieces of broken shells, gravel, bits of wood, etc. They are a favorite bait with anglers. Called also caddice worm, or caddis worm. Caddice fly (Zoöl.), a species of trichopterous insect, whose larva is the caddice. CADDIS Cad"dis, n. Etym: [OE. caddas, Scot. caddis lint, caddes a kind of woolen cloth, cf. Gael. cada, cadadh, a kind of cloth, cotton, fustian, W. cadas, F. cadis.] Defn: A kind of worsted lace or ribbon. "Caddises, cambrics, lawns." Shak. CADDISH Cad"dish, a. Defn: Like a cad; lowbred and presuming. CADDOW Cad"dow, n. Etym: [OE. cadawe, prob. fr. ca chough + daw jackdaw; cf. Gael. cadhag, cathag. Cf. Chough, Daw, n.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A jackdaw. [Prov. Eng.] CADDY Cad"dy, n.; pl. Caddies. Etym: [Earlier spelt catty, fr. Malay kati a weight of 11/3 pounds. Cf. Catty.] Defn: A small box, can, or chest to keep tea in. CADE Cade, a. Etym: [Cf. OE. cad, kod, lamb, also Cosset, Coddle.] Defn: Bred by hand; domesticated; petted. He brought his cade lamb with him. Sheldon. CADE Cade, v. t. Defn: To bring up or nourish by hand, or with tenderness; to coddle; to tame. [Obs.] Johnson. CADE Cade, n. Etym: [L. cadus jar, Gr. Defn: A barrel or cask, as of fish. "A cade of herrings." Shak. A cade of herrings is 500, of sprats 1,000. Jacob, Law Dict. CADE Cade, n. Etym: [F. & Pr.; LL. cada.] Defn: A species of juniper (Juniperus Oxycedrus) of Mediterranean countries. Oil of cade, a thick, black, tarry liquid, obtained by destructive distillation of the inner wood of the cade. It is used as a local application in skin diseases. CADENCE Ca"dence, n. Etym: [OE. cadence, cadens, LL. cadentia a falling, fr. L. cadere to fall; cf. F. cadence, It. cadenza. See Chance.] 1. The act or state of declining or sinking. [Obs.] Now was the sun in western cadence low. Milton. 2. A fall of the voice in reading or speaking, especially at the end of a sentence. 3. A rhythmical modulation of the voice or of any sound; as, music of bells in cadence sweet. Blustering winds, which all night long Had roused the sea, now with hoarse cadence lull Seafaring men o'erwatched. Milton. The accents . . . were in passion's tenderest cadence. Sir W. Scott. 4. Rhythmical flow of language, in prose or verse. Golden cadence of poesy. Shak. If in any composition much attention was paid to the flow of the rhythm, it was said (at least in the 14th and 15th centuries) to be "prosed in faire cadence." Dr. Guest. 5. (Her.) Defn: See Cadency. 6. (Man.) Defn: Harmony and proportion in motions, as of a well-managed horse. 7. (Mil.) Defn: A uniform time and place in marching. 8. (Mus.) (a) The close or fall of a strain; the point of rest, commonly reached by the immediate succession of the tonic to the dominant chord. (b) A cadenza, or closing embellishment; a pause before the end of a strain, which the performer may fill with a flight of fancy. Imperfect cadence. (Mus.) See under Imperfect. CADENCE Ca"dence, v. t. Defn: To regulate by musical measure. These parting numbers, cadenced by my grief. Philips. CADENCY Ca"den*cy, n. Defn: Descent of related families; distinction between the members of a family according to their ages. Marks of cadency (Her.), bearings indicating the position of the bearer as older or younger son, or as a descendant of an older or younger son. See Difference (Her.). CADENE Ca*dene", n. Etym: [Cf. F. cadène.] Defn: A species of inferior carpet imported from the Levant. McElrath. CADENT Ca"dent, a. Etym: [L. cadens, -entis, p. pr. of cadere to fall.] Defn: Falling. [R.] "Cadent tears." Shak. CADENZA Ca*den"za, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A parenthetic flourish or flight of ornament in the course of a piece, commonly just before the final cadence. CADER Ca"der, n. Defn: See Cadre. CADET Ca*det", n. Etym: [F. cadet a younger or the youngest son or brother, dim. fr. L. caput head; i. e., a smaller head of the family, after the first or eldest. See Chief, and cf. Cad.] 1. The younger of two brothers; a younger brother or son; the youngest son. The cadet of an ancient and noble family. Wood. 2. (Mil.) (a) A gentleman who carries arms in a regiment, as a volunteer, with a view of acquiring military skill and obtaining a commission. (b) A young man in training for military or naval service; esp. a pupil in a military or naval school, as at West Point, Annapolis, or Woolwich. Note: All the undergraduates at Annapolis are Naval cadets. The distinction between Cadet midshipmen and Cadet engineers was abolished by Act of Congress in 1882. CADETSHIP Ca*det"ship, n. Defn: The position, rank, or commission of a cadet; as, to get a cadetship. CADEW; CADEWORM Ca*dew", Cade"worm`, n. Defn: A caddice. See Caddice. CADGE Cadge, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cadged; p. pr. & vb. n. Cadging.] Etym: [Cf. Scot. cache, caich, cadge, to toss, drive, OE. cachen to drive, catch, caggen to bind, or perh. E. cage. Cf. Cadger.] 1. To carry, as a burden. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. 2. To hawk or peddle, as fish, poultry, etc. [Prov.] 3. To intrude or live on another meanly; to beg. [Prov. or Slang, Eng.] Wright. CADGE Cadge, n. Etym: [Cf. 2d Cadger.] (Hawking) Defn: A circular frame on which cadgers carry hawks for sale. CADGER Cadg"er, n. Etym: [From Cadge, v. t., cf. Codger.] 1. A packman or itinerant huckster. 2. One who gets his living by trickery or begging. [Prov. or Slang] "The gentleman cadger." Dickens. CADGER Cadg"er, n. Etym: [OF. cagier one who catches hawks. Cf. Cage.] (Hawking) Defn: One who carries hawks on a cadge. CADGY Cadg"y, a. Defn: Cheerful or mirthful, as after good eating or drinking; also, wanton. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] CADI Ca"di, n. Etym: [Turk. See Alcalde.] Defn: An inferior magistrate or judge among the Mohammedans, usually the judge of a town or village. CADIE; CADDIE Cad"ie, Cad"die, n. Defn: A Scotch errand boy, porter, or messenger. [Written also cady.] Every Scotchman, from the peer to the cadie. Macaulay. CADILESKER Ca`di*les"ker, n. Etym: [Ar. qa\'c8i judge + al'sker the army, Per. leshker.] Defn: A chief judge in the Turkish empire, so named originally because his jurisdiction extended to the cases of soldiers, who are now tried only by their own officers. CADILLAC Ca*dil"lac, n. Etym: [Prob. from Cadillac, a French town.] Defn: A large pear, shaped like a flattened top, used chiefly for cooking. Johnson. CADIS Cad"is, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A kind of coarse serge. CADMEAN Cad*me"an, a. Etym: [L. Cadmeus, Gr. Cadmus), which name perhaps means lit. a man from the East; cf. Heb. qedem east.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Cadmus, a fabulous prince of Thebes, who was said to have introduced into Greece the sixteen simple letters of the alphabet -- Cadmean letters. Cadmean victory, a victory that damages the victors as much as the vanquished; probably referring to the battle in which the soldiers who sprang from the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus slew each other. CADMIA Cad"mi*a, n. Etym: [L. cadmia calamine, Gr. Calamine.] (Min.) Defn: An oxide of zinc which collects on the sides of furnaces where zinc is sublimed. Formerly applied to the mineral calamine. CADMIAN Cad"mi*an, a. [R.] Defn: See Cadmean. CADMIC Cad"mic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cadmium; as, cadmic sulphide. CADMIUM Cad"mi*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Cadmia.] (Chem.) Defn: A comparatively rare element related to zinc, and occurring in some zinc ores. It is a white metal, both ductile and malleable. Symbol Cd. Atomic weight 111.8. It was discovered by Stromeyer in 1817, who named it from its association with zinc or zinc ore. Cadmium yellow, a compound of cadmium and sulphur, of an intense yellow color, used as a pigment. CADRANS Cad"rans, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cadran. Cf. Quadrant.] Defn: An instrument with a graduated disk by means of which the angles of gems are measured in the process of cutting and polishing. CADRE Ca"dre, n. Etym: [F. cadre, It. quadro square, from L. quadrum, fr. quatuor four.] (Mil.) Defn: The framework or skeleton upon which a regiment is to be formed; the officers of a regiment forming the staff. [Written also cader.] CADUCARY Ca*du"ca*ry, a. Etym: [See Caducous.] (Law) Defn: Relating to escheat, forfeiture, or confiscation. CADUCEAN Ca*du"ce*an, a. Defn: Of or belonging to Mercury's caduceus, or wand. CADUCEUS Ca*du"ce*us, n. Etym: [L. caduceum, caduceus; akin to Gr. (Myth.) Defn: The official staff or wand of Hermes or Mercury, the messenger of the gods. It was originally said to be a herald's staff of olive wood, but was afterwards fabled to have two serpents coiled about it, and two wings at the top. CADUCIBRANCHIATE Ca*du`ci*bran"chi*ate, a. Etym: [L. caducus falling (fr. cadere to fall) + E. branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: With temporary gills: -- applied to those Amphibia in which the gills do not remain in adult life. CADUCITY Ca*du"ci*ty, n. Etym: [LL. caducitas: cf. F. caducité. See Caducous.] Defn: Tendency to fall; the feebleness of old age; senility. [R.] [A] jumble of youth and caducity. Chesterfield. CADUCOUS Ca*du"cous, Etym: [L. caducus falling, inclined to fall, fr. cadere to fall. See Cadence.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Dropping off or disappearing early, as the calyx of a poppy, or the gills of a tadpole. CADUKE Ca*duke", a. Etym: [Cf. F. caduc. See Caducous.] Defn: Perishable; frail; transitory. [Obs.] Hickes. The caduke pleasures of his world. Bp. Fisher. CADY Cad"y, n. Defn: See Cadie. CAECA Cæ"ca, n. pl. Defn: See Cæcum. CAECAL Cæ"cal, a. (Anat.) 1. Of or pertaining to the cæcum, or blind gut. 2. Having the form of a cæcum, or bag with one opening; baglike; as, the cæcal extremity of a duct. CAECIAS Cæ"ci*as, n. Etym: [L. caecias, Gr. Defn: A wind from the northeast. Milton. CAECILIAN Cæ*cil"i*an, n. Etym: [L. caecus blind. So named from the supposed blindness of the species, the eyes being very minute.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A limbless amphibian belonging to the order Cæciliæ or Ophimorpha. See Ophiomorpha. [Written also coecilian.] CAECUM Cæ"cum, n.; pl. Cæcums, L. Cæca. Etym: [L. caecus blind, invisible, concealed.] (Anat.) (a) A cavity open at one end, as the blind end of a canal or duct. (b) The blind part of the large intestine beyond the entrance of the small intestine; -- called also the blind gut. Note: The cæcum is comparatively small in man, and ends in a slender portion, the vermiform appendix; but in herbivorous mammals it is often as large as the rest of the large intestine. In fishes there are often numerous intestinal cæca. CAELATURA Cæ`la*tu"ra, n. [L., fr. caelare to engrave in relief.] Defn: Art of producing metal decorative work other than statuary, as reliefs, intaglios, engraving, chasing, etc. CAENOZOIC Cæ`no*zo"ic, a. (Geol.) Defn: See Cenozoic. CAEN STONE Ca"en stone", Defn: A cream-colored limestone for building, found near Caen, France. CAESAR Cæ"sar, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A Roman emperor, as being the successor of Augustus Cæsar. Hence, a kaiser, or emperor of Germany, or any emperor or powerful ruler. See Kaiser, Kesar. Malborough anticipated the day when he would be servilely flattered and courted by Cæsar on one side and by Louis the Great on the other. Macaulay. CAESAREAN; CAESARIAN Cæ*sa"re*an, Cæ*sa"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Caesareus, Caesarianus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Cæsar or the Cæsars; imperial. Cæsarean section (Surg.), the operation of taking a child from the womb by cutting through the walls of the abdomen and uterus; -- so called because Julius Cæsar is reported to have been brought into the world by such an operation. CAESARISM Cæ"sar*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Césarisme.] Defn: A system of government in which unrestricted power is exercised by a single person, to whom, as Cæsar or emperor, it has been committed by the popular will; imperialism; also, advocacy or support of such a system of government. Note: This word came into prominence in the time of Napoleon III., as an expression of the claims and political views of that emperor, and of the politicians of his court. CAESIOUS Cæ"si*ous, a. Etym: [L. caesius bluish gray.] (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Of the color of lavender; pale blue with a slight mixture of gray. Lindley. CAESIUM Cæ"si*um, n. Etym: [NL., from L. caesius bluish gray.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare alkaline metal found in mineral water; -- so called from the two characteristic blue lines in its spectrum. It was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis, and is the most strongly basic and electro-positive substance known. Symbol Cs. Atomic weight 132.6. CAESPITOSE Cæs"pi*tose`, a. Defn: Same as Cespitose. CAESURA Cæ*su"ra, n.; pl. E. Cæsuras (, L. Cæsuræ ( Etym: [L. caesura a cutting off, a division, stop, fr. caedere, caesum, to cut off. See Concise.] Defn: A metrical break in a verse, occurring in the middle of a foot and commonly near the middle of the verse; a sense pause in the middle of a foot. Also, a long syllable on which the cæsural accent rests, or which is used as a foot. Note: In the following line the cæsura is between study and of. The prop | er stud | y || of | mankind | is man. CAESURAL Cæ*su"ral, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a cæsura. Cæsural pause, a pause made at a cæsura. CAFE Ca`fé", n. Etym: [F. See Coffee.] Defn: A coffeehouse; a restaurant; also, a room in a hotel or restaurant where coffee and liquors are served. CAFENET; CAFENEH Caf"e*net, Caf"e*neh, n. Etym: [Turk. qahveh khaneh coffeehouse.] Defn: A humble inn or house of rest for travelers, where coffee is sold. [Turkey] CAFETERIA Caf`e*te"ri*a, n. [Cf. F. cafetière.] Defn: A restaurant or café at which the patrons serve themselves with food kept at a counter, taking the food to small tables to eat. [U. S.] CAFFEIC Caf*fe"ic, a. Etym: [See Coffee.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, coffee. Caffeic acid, an acid obtained from coffee tannin, as a yellow crystalline substance, C9H8O4. CAFFEINE Caf*fe"ine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. caféine. See Coffee.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, bitter, crystallizable substance, obtained from coffee. It is identical with the alkaloid theine from tea leaves, and with guaranine from guarana. CAFFETANNIC Caf`fe*tan"nic, a. Etym: [Caffeic + tannic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the tannin of coffee. Caffetannic acid, a variety of tannin obtained from coffee berries, regarded as a glucoside. CAFFILA Caf"fi*la, n. Etym: [Ar.] Defn: See Cafila. CAFFRE Caf"fre, n. Defn: See Kaffir. CAFILA; CAFILEH Ca"fi*la, Ca"fi*leh, n. Etym: [Ar.] Defn: A caravan of travelers; a military supply train or government caravan; a string of pack horses. CAFTAN Caf"tan, n. Etym: [Turk. qaftan: cf. F. cafetan.] Defn: A garment worn throughout the Levant, consisting of a long gown with sleeves reaching below the hands. It is generally fastened by a belt or sash. CAFTAN Caf"tan, v. t. Defn: To clothe with a caftan. [R.] The turbaned and caftaned damsel. Sir W. Scott. CAG Cag, n. Defn: See Keg. [Obs.] CAGE Cage, n. Etym: [F. cage, fr. L. cavea cavity, cage, fr. cavus hollow. Cf. Cave, n., Cajole, Gabion.] 1. A box or inclosure, wholly or partly of openwork, in wood or metal, used for confining birds or other animals. In his cage, like parrot fine and gay. Cowper. 2. A place of confinement for malefactors Shak. Stone walls do not a prison make, Nor iron bars a cage. Lovelace. 3. (Carp.) Defn: An outer framework of timber, inclosing something within it; as the cage of a staircase. Gwilt. 4. (Mach.) (a) A skeleton frame to limit the motion of a loose piece, as a ball valve. (b) A wirework strainer, used in connection with pumps and pipes. 5. The box, bucket, or inclosed platform of a lift or elevator; a cagelike structure moving in a shaft. 6. (Mining) Defn: The drum on which the rope is wound in a hoisting whim. 7. (Baseball) Defn: The catcher's wire mask. CAGE Cage, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caged; p. pr. & vb. n. Caging.] Defn: To confine in, or as in, a cage; to shut up or confine. "Caged and starved to death." Cowper. CAGED Caged, a. Defn: Confined in, or as in, a cage; like a cage or prison. "The caged cloister." Shak. CAGELING Cage"ling, n. Etym: [Cage + -ling] Defn: A bird confined in a cage; esp. a young bird. [Poetic] Tennyson. CAGIT Ca"git, n. (Zoöl) Defn: A king of parrot, of a beautiful green color, found in the Philippine Islands. CAGMAG Cag"mag, n. Defn: A tough old goose; hence, coarse, bad food of any kind. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. CAGOT Ca"got, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: One of a race inhabiting the valleys of the Pyrenees, who until 1793 were political and social outcasts (Christian Pariahs). They are supposed to be a remnant of the Visigoths. CAHENSLYISM Ca*hens"ly*ism, n. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A plan proposed to the Pope in 1891 by P. P. Cahensly, a member of the German parliament, to divide the foreign-born population of the United States, for ecclesiastical purposes, according to European nationalities, and to appoint bishops and priests of like race and speaking the same language as the majority of the members of a diocese or congregation. This plan was successfully opposed by the American party in the Church. CAHIER Ca`hier", n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. cayer, fr. LL. quaternum. See Quire of paper. The sheets of manuscript were folded into parts.] 1. A namber of sheets of paper put loosely together; esp. one of the successive portions of a work printed in numbers. 2. A memorial of a body; a report of legislative proceedings, etc. CAHINCA ROOT Ca*hin"ca root`. [Written also cainca root.] [See Cahincic.] (Bot.) Defn: The root of an American shrub (Chiococca racemosa), found as far north as Florida Keys, from which cahincic acid is obtained; also, the root of the South American Chiococca anguifuga, a celebrated antidote for snake poison. CAHINCIC Ca*hin"cic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, cahinca, the native name of a species of Brazilian Chiococca, perhaps C. recemosa; as, cahincic acid. CAHOOT Ca*hoot", n. Etym: [Perhaps fr. f. cohorte a a company or band.] Defn: Partnership; as to go in cahoot with a person. [Slang, southwestern U. S.] Bartlett. CAIMACAM Cai`ma*cam", n. Etym: [Turk.] Defn: The governor of a sanjak or district in Turkey. CAIMAN Cai"man, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Cayman. CAINOZOIC Cai`no*zo"ic, a. Defn: (Geol.) See Cenozic. CAIQUE Ca*ïque", n. Etym: [F., fr. Turk. qa\'c6q boat.] (Naut..) Defn: A light skiff or rowboat used on the Bosporus; also, a Levantine vessel of larger size. CA IRA Ça"i*ra". Etym: [F. ça ira, ça ira, les aristocrates à la lanterne, it shall go on, it shall go on, [hang]the arictocrats to the lantern (lamp-post).] Defn: The refrain of a famous song of the French Revolution. CAIRD Caird, n. Etym: [Ir. ceard a tinker.] Defn: A traveling tinker; also a tramp or sturdy beggar. [Prov. Eng.] CAIRN Cairn, n. Etym: [Gael. carn, gen. cairn, a heap: cf. Ir. & W. carn.] 1. A rounded or conical heap of stones erected by early inhabitants of the British Isles, apparently as a sepulchral monument. Now here let us place the gray stone of her cairn. Campbell. 2. A pile of stones heaped up as a landmark, or to arrest attention, as in surveying, or in leaving traces of an exploring party, etc. C. Kingsley. Kane. CAIRNGORMSTONE Cairn*gorm"stone`. Etym: [Gael. carn a cairn + gorm azure.] (Min.) Defn: A yellow or smoky brown variety of rock crystal, or crystallized quartz, found esp, in the mountain of Cairngorm, in Scotland. CAISSON Cais"son, n. Etym: [F., fr. caisse, case, chest. See 1st Case.] 1. (Mil.) (a) A chest to hold ammunition. (b) A four-wheeled carriage for conveying ammunition, consisting of two parts, a body and a limber. In light field batteries there is one caisson to each piece, having two ammunition boxes on the body, and one on the limber. Farrow. (c) A chest filled with explosive materials, to be laid in the way of an enemy and exploded on his appoach. 2. (a) A water-tight box, of timber or iron within which work is carried on in building foundations or structures below the water level. (b) A hollow floating box, usually of iron, which serves to close the entrances of docks and basins. (c) A structure, usually with an air chamber, placed beneath a vessel to lift or float it. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A sunk panel of ceilings or soffits. Pneumatic caisson (Engin.), a caisson, closed at the top but open at the bottom, and resting upon the ground under water. The pressure of air forced into the caisson keeps the water out. Men and materials are admitted to the interior through an air lock. See Lock. CAISSON DISEASE Cais"son dis*ease". (Med.) Defn: A disease frequently induced by remaining for some time in an atmosphere of high pressure, as in caissons, diving bells, etc. It is characterized by neuralgic pains and paralytic symptoms. It is variously explained, most probably as due to congestion of internal organs with subsequent stasis of the blood. CAITIFF Cai"tiff, a. Etym: [OE. caitif, cheitif, captive, miserable, OF. caitif, chaitif, captive, mean, wretched, F. chétif, fr. L. captivus captive, fr. capere to take, akin to E. heave. See Heave, and cf. Captive.] 1. Captive; wretched; unfortunate. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Base; wicked and mean; cowardly; despicable. Arnold had sped his caitiff flight. W. Irving. CAITIFF Cai"tiff, n. Defn: A captive; a prisoner. [Obs.] Avarice doth tyrannize over her caitiff and slave. Holland. 2. A wretched or unfortunate man. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A mean, despicable person; one whose character meanness and wickedness meet. Note: The deep-felt conviction of men that slavery breaks down the moral character . . . speaks out with . . . distinctness in the change of meaning which caitiff has undergone signifying as it now does, one of a base, abject disposition, while there was a time when it had nothing of this in it. Trench. CAJEPUT Caj"e*put, n. Defn: See Cajuput. CAJOLE Ca*jole", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cajoled; p. pr. & vb. n. Cajoling.] Etym: [F. cajoler, orig., to chatter like a bird in a cage, to sing; hence, to amuse with idle talk, to flatter, from the source of OF. goale, jaiole, F. geôle, dim. of cage a cage. See Cage, Jail.] Defn: To deceive with flattery or fair words; to wheedle. I am not about to cajole or flatter you into a reception of my views. F. W. Robertson. Syn. -- To flatter; wheedle; delude; coax; entrap. CAJOLEMENT Ca*jole"ment, n. Defn: The act of cajoling; the state of being cajoled; cajolery. Coleridge. CAJOLER Ca*jol"er, n. Defn: A flatterer; a wheedler. CAJOLERY Ca*jol"er*y, n.; pl. Cajoleries (. Defn: A wheedling to delude; words used in cajoling; flattery. "Infamous cajoleries." Evelyn. CAJUN Ca"jun, n. [A corruption of Acadian.] (Ethnol.) Defn: In Louisiana, a person reputed to be Acadian French descent. CAJUPUT Caj"u*put, n. Etym: [Of Malayan origin; kayu tree + putih white.] (Med.) Defn: A highly stimulating volatile infammable oil, distilled from the leaves of an East Indian tree (Melaleuca cajuputi, etc.) It is greenish in color and has a camphoraceous odor and pungent taste. CAJUPUTENE Caj"u*put*ene`, n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorlees or greenish oil extracted from cajuput. CAKE Cake, n. Etym: [OE. cake, kaak; akin to Dan. kage, Sw. & Icel. kaka, D. koek, G.kuchem, OHG. chuocho.] 1. A small mass of dough baked; especially, a thin loaf from unleavened dough; as, an oatmeal cake; johnnycake. 2. A sweetened composition of flour and other ingredients, leavened or unleavened, baked in a loaf or mass of any size or shape. 3. A thin wafer-shaped mass of fried batter; a griddlecake or pancake; as buckwheat cakes. 4. A mass of matter concreted, congealed, or molded into a solid mass of any form, esp. into a form rather flat than high; as, a cake of soap; an ague cake. Cakes of rusting ice come rolling down the flood. Dryden. Cake urchin (Zoöl), any species of flat sea urchins belonging to the Clypeastroidea. -- Oil cake the refuse of flax seed, cotton seed, or other vegetable substance from which oil has been expressed, compacted into a solid mass, and used as food for cattle, for manure, or for other purposes. -- To have one's cake dough, to fail or be disappointed in what one has undertaken or expected. Shak. CAKE Cake, v. i. Defn: To form into a cake, or mass. CAKE Cake, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caked; p. pr. & vb. n. Caking.] Defn: To concrete or consolidate into a hard mass, as dough in an oven; to coagulate. Clotted blood that caked within. Addison. CAKE Cake, v. i. Defn: To cackle as a goose. [Prov. Eng.] CAKING COAL Cak"ing coal`. Defn: See Coal. CAL Cal, n. (Cornish Mines) Defn: Wolfram, an ore of tungsten. Simmonds. CALABAR Cal"a*bar, n. Defn: A district on the west coast of Africa. Calabar bean, The of a climbing legumious plant (Physostigma venenosum), a native of tropical Africa. It is highly poisonous. It is used to produce contraction of the pupil of the eye; also in tetanus, neuralgia, and rheumatic diseases; -- called also ordeal bean, being used by the negroes in trials for witchcraft. CALABARINE Cal"a*bar*ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid resembing physostigmine and occurring with it in the calabar bean. CALABASH Cal"a*bash, n. Etym: [Sp. calabaza, or Pg. calaba, caba (cf. F. Calebasse), lit., a dry gourd, fr. Ar. qar', fem., a kind of gourd + aibas dry.] 1. The common gourd (plant or fruit). 2. The fruit of the calabash tree. 3. A water dipper, bottle, backet, or other utensil, made from the dry shell of a calabash or gourd. Calabash tree. (Bot.), a tree of tropical America (Crescentia cujete), producing a large gourdike fruit, containing a purgative pulp. Its hard shell, after the removal of the pulp, is used for cups, bottles, etc. The African calabash tree is the baobab. CALABOOSE Cal`a*boose", n. Etym: [A corruption of Sp. calabozo dungeon.] Defn: A prison; a jail. [Local, U. S.] CALABOZO Ca`la*bo"zo, n. [Sp.] Defn: A jail. See Calaboose. CALADE Ca*lade", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A slope or declivity in a manege ground down which a horse is made to gallop, to give suppleness to his haunches. CALADIUM Ca*la"di*um, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A genus of aroideous plants, of which some species are cultivated for their immense leaves (which are often curiously blotched with white and red), and others (in Polynesia) for food. CALAITE Cal"a*ite, n. Etym: [L. calaïs, Gr. calaïte.] Defn: A mineral. See Turquoise. CALAMANCO Cal`a*man"co, n. Etym: [LL. calamancus, calamacus; cf. camelaucum; a head covering made of camel's hair, NGr. calmande a woolen stuff.] Defn: A glossy woolen stuff, plain, striped, or checked. "a gay calamanco waistcoat." Tatler. CALAMANDER WOOD Cal"a*man`der wood. Defn: A valuable furniture wood from India and Ceylon, of a hazel- brown color, with black stripes, very hard in texture. It is a species of ebony, and is obtained from the Diospyros qusesita. Called also Coromandel wood. CALAMAR; CALAMARY Cal"a*mar, Cal"a*ma*ry, n. Etym: [LL. calamarium inkstand, fr. L. calamus a reed pen: cf. F. calmar, calemar, pen case, calamar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A cephalopod, belonging to the genus Loligo and related genera. There are many species. They have a sack of inklike fluid which they discharge from the siphon tube, when pursued or alarmed, in order to confuse their enemies. Their shell is a thin horny plate, within the flesh of back, shaped very much like a quill pen. In America they are called squids. See Squid. CALAMBAC Cal"am*bac, n. Etym: [F. calambac, calambour, from Malay Kalambaq a king of fragrant wood.] (Bot.) Defn: A fragrant wood; agalloch. CALAMBOUR Cal"am*bour, n. Etym: [See Calambac.] Defn: A species of agalloch, or aloes wood, of a dusky or mottled color, of a light, friable texture, and less fragrant than calambac; -- used by cabinetmakers. CALAMIFEROUS Cal`a*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. calamus reed + ferous.] Defn: Producing reeds; reedy. CALAMINE Cal"a*mine, n. Etym: [F. calamine, LL. calamina, fr. L. Cabmia. See Cadmia.] (min.) Defn: A mineral, the hydrous silicate of zinc. Note: The name was formerly applied to both the carbonate and silicate of zinc each of which is valuabic as an ore; but it is now usually restricted to the latter, the former being called smithsonite. CALAMINT Cal"a*mint, n. Etym: [OE. calamint, calemente (cf. F. calament) fr. L. calamintha, Gr. Mint.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of perennial plants (Calamintha) of the Mint family, esp. the C. Nepela and C. Acinos, which are called also basil thyme. CALAMIST Cal"a*mist, n. Etym: [L. calamus a reed.] Defn: One who plays upon a reed or pipe. [Obs.] Blount. CALAMISTRATE Cal`a*mis"trate, v. i. Etym: [L. calamistratus, curied with the curling iron, fr. calamistrum curling iron, fr. calamus a reed.] Defn: To curl or friz, as the hair. [Obs.] Cotgrave. CALAMISTRATION Cal`amis*tra"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of curling the hair. [Obs.] burton. CALAMISTRUM Cal`a*mis"trum, n. Etym: [L., a curling iron.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A comblike structure on the metatarsus of the hind legs of certain spiders (Ciniflonidæ), used to curl certain fibers in the construction of their webs. CALAMITE Cal"a*mite, n. Etym: [L. calamus a reed: cf. F. calamite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil plant of the coal formation, having the general form of plants of the modern Equiseta (the Horsetail or Scouring Rush family) but sometimes attaining the height of trees, and having the stem more or less woody within. See Acrogen, and Asterophyllite. CALAMITOUS Ca*lam"i*tous, a. Etym: [L. Calamitosus; cf. F. calamiteux.] 1. Suffering calamity; wretched; miserable. [Obs.] Ten thousands of calamitous persons. South. 2. Producing, or attended with distress and misery; making wretched; wretched; unhappy. "This sad and calamitous condition." South. "A calamitous prison" Milton. Syn. -- Miserable; deplorable; distressful; afflictive; grievous; baleful; disastrous; adverse; unhappy; severe; sad; unfortunate. -- Ca*lam"i*tous*ly, adv. -- Ca*lam"i*tous*ness, n. CALAMITY Ca*lam"i*ty n.; pl. Calamities. Etym: [L. calamitas, akin to in- columis unharmed: cf. F. calamité] 1. Any great misfortune or cause of misery; -- generally applied to events or disasters which produce extensive evil, either to communities or individuals. Note: The word calamity was first derived from calamus when the corn could not get out of the stalk. Bacon. Strokes of calamity that scathe and scorch the soul. W. Irving. 2. A state or time of distress or misfortune; misery. The deliberations of calamity are rarely wise. Burke. Where'er I came I brought calamity. Tennyson. Syn. -- Disaster; distress; afflicition; adversity; misfortune; unhappiness; infelicity; mishap; mischance; misery; evil; extremity; exigency; downfall. -- Calamity, Disaster, Misfortune, Mishap, Mischance. Of these words, calamity is the strongest. It supposes a somewhat continuous state, produced not usually by the direct agency of man, but by natural causes, such as fire, flood, tempest, disease, etc, Disaster denotes literally ill-starred, and is some unforeseen and distressing event which comes suddenly upon us, as if from hostile planet. Misfortune is often due to no specific cause; it is simply the bad fortune of an individual; a link in the chain of events; an evil independent of his own conduct, and not to be charged as a fault. Mischance and mishap are misfortunes of a trivial nature, occurring usually to individuals. "A calamity is either public or private, but more frequently the former; a disaster is rather particular than private; it affects things rather than persons; journey, expedition, and military movements are often attended with disasters; misfortunes are usually personal; they immediately affect the interests of the individual." Crabb. CALAMUS Cal"a*mus, n.; pl. Calami. Etym: [L., a reed. See Halm.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The indian cane, a plant of the Palm family. It furnishes the common rattan. See Rattan, and Dragon's blood. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A species of Acorus (A. calamus), commonly called calamus, or sweet flag. The root has a pungent, aromatic taste, and is used in medicine as a stomachic; the leaves have an aromatic odor, and were formerly used instead of rushes to strew on floors. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The horny basal portion of a feather; the barrel or quill. CALANDO Ca*lan"do, a. Etym: [It.] Defn: (Mus.) Gradually diminishing in rapidity and loudness. CALASH Ca*lash", n. Etym: [F. calèche; of Slavonic origin; cf. Bohem. kolesa, Russ. koliaska calash, koleso, kolo, wheel.] 1. A light carriage with low wheels, having a top or hood that can be raised or lowered, seats for inside, a separate seat for the driver, and often a movable front, so that it can be used as either an open or a close carriage. The baroness in a calash capable of holding herself, her two children, and her servants. W. Irving. 2. In Canada, a two-wheeled, one-seated vehicle, with a calash top, and the driver's seat elevated in front. 3. A hood or top of a carriage which can be thrown back at pleasure. 4. A hood, formerly worn by ladies, which could be drawn forward or thrown back like the top of a carriage. CALAVERAS SKULL Ca`la*ve"ras skull. Defn: A human skull reported, by Prof. J. D. Whitney, as found in 1886 in a Tertiary auriferous gravel deposit, lying below a bed of black lava, in Calaveras County, California. It is regarded as very doubtful whether the skull really belonged to the deposit in which it was found. If it did, it indicates an unprecedented antiquity for human beings of an advanced type. CALAVERITE Ca`la*ve"rite (, n. (Min.) Defn: A bronze-yellow massive mineral with metallic luster; a telluride of gold; -- first found in Calaveras County California. CALCANEAL Cal*ca"ne*al, a. (Anal.) Defn: Pertaining to the calcaneum; as, calcaneal arteries. CALCANEUM Cal*ca"ne*um n.; pl. E. -neums, L. -nea. Etym: [L. the heel, fr. calx, calcis, the heel.] (Anal.) Defn: One of the bones of the tarsus which in man, forms the great bone of the heel; -- called also fibulare. CALCAR Cal"car, n. Etym: [L. calcaria lime kiln, fr. calx, calcis, lime. See Calx.] (Glass manuf.) Defn: A kind of oven, or reverberatory furnace, used for the calcination of sand and potash, and converting them into frit. Ure. CALCAR Cal"car, n.; L. pl. Calcaria. Etym: [L., a pur, as worn on the heel, also the spur of a cock, fr. calx, calcis, the heel.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A hollow tube or spur at the base of a petal or corolla. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A slender bony process from the ankle joint of bats, which helps to support the posterior part of the web, in flight. 3. (Anat.) (a) A spur, or spurlike prominence. (b) A curved ridge in the floor of the leteral ventricle of the brain; the calcar avis, hippocampus minor, or ergot. CALCARATE; CALCARATED Cal"ca*rate, Cal"ca*ra`ted, a. Etym: [LL. calcaratus, fr. L. calcar. See 2d Calcar.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Having a spur, as the flower of the toadflax and larkspur; spurred. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Armed with a spur. CALCAREO-ARGILLACEOUS Cal*ca"re*o-ar`gil*la"ceous, a. Defn: consisting of, or containing, calcareous and argillaceous earths. CALCAREO-BITUMINOUS Cal*ca"re*o-bi*tu"mi*nous, a. Defn: Consisting of, or containing, lime and bitumen. Lyell. CALCAREO-SILICEOUS Cal*ca"re*o-si*li"ceous, a. Defn: Consisting of, or containing calcareous and siliceous earths. CALCAREOUS Cal*ca"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. calcarius pertaining to lime. See Calx.] Defn: Partaking of the nature ofcalcite or calcium carbonate; consisting of, or containg, calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime. Clcareous spar. See as Calcite. CALCAREOUSNESS Cal*ca"re*ous*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being calcareous. CALCARIFEROUS Cal`ca*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. calcarius of lime + ferous.] Defn: Lime-yielding; calciferous CALCARINE Cal"ca*rine, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or situated near, the calcar of the brain. CALCAVELLA Cal`ca*vel"la, n. Defn: A sweet wine from Portugal; -- so called from the district of Carcavelhos. [Written also Calcavellos or Carcavelhos.] CALCEATED Cal"ce*a"ted, a. Etym: [L. calceatus, p. p. of pelceare to ahoe, fr. catceus shoe, fr. calx, calcic, heel.] Defn: Fitted with, or wearing, shoes. Johnson. CALCED Calced, a. Etym: [See Calceated.] Defn: Wearing shoes; calceated; -- in distintion from discalced or barefooted; as the calced Carmelites. CALCEDON Cal"ce*don, n. Etym: [See Chalcedony.] Defn: A foul vein, like chalcedony, in some precious stones. CALCEDONIC; CALCEDONIAN Cal`ce*don"ic, Cal`ce*do"ni*an, a. Defn: See Chalcedonic. CALCEIFORM Cal"ce*i*form`, a. Etym: [L. calceus shoe + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Shaped like a plipper, as one petal of the lady's-slipper; calceolate. CALCEOLARIA cal`ce*o*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. calceolarius shoemaker, fr. calceolus, a dim. of calceus shoe.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of showy herbaceous or shrubby plant, biought from South America; slipperwort. It has a yellow or purple flower, often spotted or striped, the shape of which suggests its name. CALCEOLATE Cal"ce*o*late, a. Etym: [See Calceolaria.] Defn: Slipper-ahaped. See Calceiform. CALCES Cal"ces, n. pl. Defn: See Calx. CALCIC Cal"cic, a. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime: cf. F. calcique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, calcium or lime. CALCIFEROUS Cal*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime + - ferous.] Defn: Bearing producing, or containing calcite, or carbonate of lime. Calciferouse epoch (Geol.), and epoch in the American lower Silurian system, immediately succeeding the Cambrian period. The name alludes to the peculiar mixture of calcareous and siliceous characteristics in many of the beds. See the Diagram under Grology. CALCIFIC Cal*cif"ic, a. Defn: Calciferous. Specifically: (Zoöl.) of or pertaining to hte portion of the which forms the eggshell in birds and reptiles. Huxley. CALCIFICATION Cal`ci*fi*ca"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The process of chenge into a stony or calcareous substance by the deposition of lime salt; -- normally, as in the formation of bone and teeth; abnormally, as in calcareous degeneration of tissue. CALCIFIED Cal"ci*fied, a. Defn: Consisting of, or containing, calcareous matter or lime salts; calcareous. CALCIFORM Cal"ci*form, a. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime + -form.] Defn: In the form of chalk or lime. CALCIFY Cal"ci*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Calcified; p. pr. & vb. n. Calcifying.] Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime + -fy.] Defn: To make stony or calcareous by the deposit or secretion of salts of lime. CALCIFY Cal"ci*fy, v. i. Defn: To become changed into a stony or calcareous condition, in lime is a principal ingredient, as in the formation of teeth. CALCIGENOUS Cal*cig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime + -genouse.] (Chem.) Defn: Tending to form, or to become, a calx or earthlike substance on being oxidized or burnt; as magnesium, calcium. etc. CALCIGEROUS Cal*cig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime + -gerouse.] Defn: Holding lime or other earthy salts; as, the calcigerous cells of the teeth. CALCIMINE Cal"ci*mine, n. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime.] Defn: A white or colored wash for the ceiling or other plastering of a room, consisting of a mixture of clear glue, Paris white or zinc white, and water. [Also spelt kalsomine.] CALCIMINE Cal"ci*mine, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Calcimined; p. pr. & vb. n. Calcimining.] Defn: To wash or cover with calcimine; as, to calcimine walls. CALCIMINER Cal"ci*mi`ner, n. Defn: One who calcimines. CALCINABLE Cal*cin"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be calcined; as, a calcinable fossil. CALCINATE Cal"ci*nate, v. i. Defn: To calcine. [R.] CALCINATION Cal`ci*na"tion, n. Etym: [F. calcination.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of disintegrating a substance, or rendering it friable by the action of heat, esp. by the expulsion of some volatile matter, as when carbonic and acid is expelled from carbonate of calcium in the burning of limestone in order to make lime. 2. The act or process of reducing a metal to an oxide or metallic calx; oxidation. CALCINATORY Cal*cin"a*to*ry, n. Defn: A vessel used in calcination. CALCINE Cal*cine", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calciden; p. pr. & vb. n. Calcining.] Etym: [F. calciner, fr. L. calx, calcis, lime. See Calx.] 1. To reduce to a powder, or to a friable state, by the action of heat; to expel volatile matter from by means of heat, as carbonic acid from limestone, and thus (usually) to produce disintegration; as to, calcine bones. 2. To oxidize, as a metal by the action of heat; to reduce to a metallic calx. CALCINE Cal*cine", v. i. Defn: To be convereted into a powder or friable substance, or into a calx, by the action of heat. "Calcining without fusion" Newton. CALCINER Cal*cin"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, calcines. CALCISPONGIAE Cal`ci*spon"gi*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. calx, calcis, lime + spongia a sponge.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of marine sponges, containing calcareous spicules. See Porifera. CALCITE Cal"cite, n. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime.] (Min.) Defn: Calcium carbonate, or carbonate of lime. It is rhombohedral in its crystallization, and thus distinguished from aragonite. It includes common limestone, chalk, and marble. Called also calc-spar and calcareous spar. Note: Argentine is a pearly lamellar variety; aphrite is foliated or chalklike; dogtooth spar, a form in acute rhombohedral or scalenohedral crystals; calc-sinter and calc-tufa are lose or porous varieties formed in caverns or wet grounds from calcareous deposits; agaric mineral is a soft, white friable variety of similar origin; stalaclite and stalagmite are varieties formed from the drillings in caverns. Iceland spar is a transparent variety, exhibiting the strong double refraction of the species, and hence is called doubly refracting spar. CALCITRANT Cal"ci*trant, a. Etym: [L. calcitrans, p. pr. of calcitrare to kick, fr. calx, calcis , heel.] Defn: Kicking. Hence: Stubborn; refractory. CALCITRATE Cal"ci*trate, v. i. & i. Etym: [L. calcitratus, p. p. of calcitrare. See Calcitrant.] Defn: To kick. CALCITRATION Cal`ci*tra"tion, n. Defn: Act of kicking. CALCIUM Cal"ci*um, n. Etym: [NL., from L. calx, calcis, lime; cf F. calcium. See Calx.] (Chem.) Defn: An elementary substance; a metal which combined with oxygen forms lime. It is of a pale yellow color, tenacious, and malleable. It is a member of the alkaline earth group of elements. Atomic weight 40. Symbol Ca. Note: Calcium is widely and abundantly disseminated, as in its compounds calcium carbonate or limestone, calcium sulphate or gypsum, calcium fluoride or fluor spar, calcium phosphate or apatite. Calcium light, an intense light produced by the incandescence of a stick or ball of lime in the flame of a combination of oxygen and hydrogen gases, or of oxygen and coal gas; -- called also Drummond light. CALCIVOROUS Cal*civ"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. calx lime + vorare to devour.] Defn: Eroding, or eating into, limestone. CALCOGRAPHER Cal*cog"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who practices calcography. CALCOGRAPHIC; CALCOGRAPHICAL Cal`co*graph"ic, Cal`co*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Relating to, or in the style of, calcography. CALCOGRAPHY Cal*cog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime, chalk + -graphy.] Defn: The art of drawing with chalk. CALC-SINTER Calc"-sin`ter, n. Etym: [G. kalk (L. calx, calcis) lime + E. sinter.] Defn: See under Calcite. CALC-SPAR Calc"-spar`, n. Etym: [G. kalk (L. calx) lime E. spar.] Defn: Same as Calcite. CALC-TUFA Calc"-tu`fa, n. Etym: [G. kalk (l. calx) lime + E. tufa.] Defn: See under Calcite. CALCULABLE Cal"cu*la*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. calculable.] Defn: That may be calculated or ascertained by calculation. CALCULARY Cal"cu*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. calculus a pebble, a calculus; cf calcularius pertaining to calculation.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to calculi. CALCULARY Cal"cu*la*ry, n. Defn: A congeries of little stony knots found in the pulp of the pear and other fruits. CALCULATE Cal"cu*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calculater; p. pr. & vb. n. Calculating.] Etym: [L, calculatus, p. p. of calculate, fr. calculus a pebble, a stone used in reckoning; hence, a reckoning, fr. calx, calcis, a stone used in gaming, limestone. See Calx.] 1. To ascertain or determine by mathematical processes, usually by the ordinary rules of arithmetic; to reckon up; to estimate; to compute. A calencar exacity calculated than any othe. North. 2. To ascertain or predict by mathematical or astrological computations the time, circumstances, or other conditions of; to forecast or compute the character or consequences of; as, to calculate or cast one's nativity. A cunning man did calculate my birth. Shak. 3. To adjust for purpose; to adapt by forethought or calculation; to fit or prepare by the adaptation of means to an end; as, to calculate a system of laws for the government and protection of a free people. [Religion] is . . . calculated for our benefit. Abp. Tillotson. 4. To plan; to expect; to think. [Local, U. S.] Syn. -- To compute; reckon; count; estimate; rate. -- To Calculate, Compute. Reckon, Count. These words indicate the means by which we arrive at a given result in regard to quantity. We calculate with a view to obtain a certain point of knowledge; as, to calculate an eclipse. We compute by combining given numbers, in order to learn the grand result. We reckon and count in carrying out the details of a computation. These words are also used in a secondary and figurative sense. "Calculate is rather a conjection from what is, as to what may be; computation is a rational estimate of what has been, from what is; reckoning is a conclusive conviction, a pleasing assurance that a thing will happen; counting indicates an expectation. We calculate on a gain; we compute any loss sustained, or the amount of any mischief done; we reckon on a promised pleasure; we count the hours and minutes until the time of enjoyment arrives" Crabb. CALCULATE Cal"cu*late, v. i. Defn: To make a calculation; to forecast caonsequences; to estimate; to compute. The strong passions, whether good or bad, never calculate. F. W. Robertson. CALCULATED Cal"cu*la`ted, p. p. & a. 1. Worked out by calculation; as calculated tables for computing interest; ascertained or conjectured as a result of calculation; as, the calculated place of a planet; the calculated velocity of a cannon ball. 2. Adapted by calculation, contrivance. or forethought to accomplish a purpose; as, to use arts calculated to deceive the people. 3. Likely to produce a certain effect, whether intended or not; fitted; adapted; suited. The only danger that attends multiplicity of publication is, that some of them may be calculated to injure rather than benefit society. Goldsmith. The minister, on the other hand, had never gone through an experience calculated to lead him beyond the scope of generally received laws. Hawthorne. CALCULATING Cal"cu*la`ting, a. 1. Of or pertaining to mathematical calculations; performing or able to perform mathematical calculations. 2. Given to contrivance or forethought; forecasting; scheming; as, a cool calculating disposition. Calculating machine, a machine for the mechanical performance of mathematical operations, for the most part invented by Charles Babbage and G. and E. Scheutz. It computes logarithmic and other mathematical tables of a high degree of intricacy, imprinting the results on a leaden plate, from which a stereotype plate is then directly made. CALCULATING Cal"cu*la`ting, n. Defn: The act or process of making mathematical computations or of estimating results. CALCULATION Cal`cu*la"tion, n. Etym: [OE. calculation, fr. L. calculatio; cf. OF. calcucation.] 1. The act or process, or the result, of calculating; computation; reckoning, estimate. "The calculation of eclipses." Nichol. The mountain is not so his calculation makes it. Boyle. 2. An expectation based on cirumstances. The lazy gossips of the port, Abborrent of a calculation crost, Began to chafe as at a personal wrong. Tennyson. CALCULATIVE Cal"cu*la*tive, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to calculation; involving calculation. Long habits of calculative dealings. Burke. CALCULATOR Cal"cu*la*tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. calculateur.] Defn: One who computes or reckons: one who estimates or considers the force and effect of causes, with a view to form a correct estimate of the effects. Ambition is no exact calculator. Burke. CALCULATORY Cal"cu*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. calculatorius.] Defn: Belonging to calculation. Sherwood. CALCULE Cal"cule, n. Etym: [F. calcul, fr. L. calculus. See Calculus.] Defn: Reckoning; computation. [Obs.] Howell. CALCULE Cal"cule, v. i. Defn: To calculate [Obs.] Chaucer. CALCULI Cal"cu*li, n. pl. Defn: See Calculus. CALCULOUS Cal"cu*lous, a. Etym: [L. calculosus.] 1. Of the nature of a calculus; like stone; gritty; as, a calculous concretion. Sir T. Browne. 2. Caused, or characterized, by the presence of a calculus or calculi; a, a calculous disorder; affected with gravel or stone; as, a calculous person. CALCULUS Cal"cu*lus, n.; pl. Calculi Etym: [L, calculus. See Calculate, and Calcule.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the body, but most frequent in the organs that act as reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as, biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc. 2. (Math.) Defn: A method of computation; any process of reasoning by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may involve calculation. Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other points to which coëfficients or weights are ascribed. -- Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given conditions. -- Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic that treats of all operations that satisfy given conditions. -- Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the computation of the probabilities of events, or the application of numbers to chance. -- Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities together are themselves subject to change. -- Differential calculus, a method of investigating mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The problems are primarily of this form: to find how the change in some variable quantity alters at each instant the value of a quantity dependent upon it. -- Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of exponents. -- Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra. -- Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the differential, the primary object of which is to learn from the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes themselves, or, in other words, from having the differential of an algebraic expression to find the expression itself. CALDRON Cal"dron, n. Etym: [OE. caldron, caudron, caudroun, OF. caudron, chauderon, F. chaudron, an aug. of F. chaudière, LL. caldaria, fr. L. caldarius suitable for warming, fr. caldus, calidus, warm, fr. calere to be warm; cf. Skr. çra to boil. Cf. Chaldron, Calaric, Caudle.] Defn: A large kettle or boiler of copper, brass, or iron. [Written also cauldron.] "Caldrons of boiling oil." Prescott. CALECHE Ca*lèche", n. Etym: [F. calèche.] Defn: See Calash. CALEDONIA Cal`e*do"ni*a, n. Defn: The ancient Latin name of Scotland; -- still used in poetry. CALEDONIAN Cal`e*do"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Caledonia or Scotland; Scottish; Scotch. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Caledonia or Scotland. CALEDONITE Ca*led"o*nite, n. (Min.) Defn: A hydrous sulphate of copper and lead, found in some parts of Caledonia or Scotland. CALEFACIENT Cal`e*fa"cient, a. Etym: [L. calefaciens p. pr. of calefacere to make warm; calere to be warm + facere to make.] Defn: Making warm; heating. [R.] CALEFACIENT Cal`e*fa"cient, n. Defn: A substance that excites warmth in the parts to which it is applied, as mustard. CALEFACTION Cal`e*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. calefactio: cf. F. caléfaction.] 1. The act of warming or heating; the production of heat in a body by the action of fire, or by communication of heat from other bodies. 2. The state of being heated. CALEFACTIVE Cal`e*fac"tive, a. Defn: See Calefactory. [R.] CALEFACTOR Cal`e*fac"tor, n. Defn: A heater; one who, or that which, makes hot, as a stove, etc. CALEFACTORY Cal`e*fac"to*ry, a. Etym: [L. calefactorius.] Defn: Making hot; producing or communicating heat. CALEFACTORY Cal`e*fac"to*ry, n. 1. (Eccl.) Defn: An apartment in a monastery, warmed and used as a sitting room. 2. A hollow sphere of metal, filled with hot water, or a chafing dish, placed on the altar in cold weather for the priest to warm his hands with. CALEFY Cal"e*fy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calefied; p. pr. & vb. n. Calefying.] Etym: [L. calere to be warm + -fy] Defn: To make warm or hot. CALEFY Cal"e*fy, v. i. Defn: To grow hot or warm. Sir T. Browne. CALEMBOUR Cal"em*bour`, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A pun. CALENDAR Cal"en*dar, n. Etym: [OE. kalender, calender, fr. L. kalendarium an interest or account book (cf. F. calendrier, OF. calendier) fr. L. calendue, kalendae, calends. See Calends.] 1. An orderly arrangement of the division of time, adapted to the purposes of civil life, as years, months, weeks, and days; also, a register of the year with its divisions; an almanac. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A tabular statement of the dates of feasts, offices, saints' days, etc., esp. of those which are liable to change yearly according to the varying date of Easter. 3. An orderly list or enumeration of persons, things, or events; a schedule; as, a calendar of state papers; a calendar of bills presented in a legislative assemblly; a calendar of causes arranged for trial in court; a calendar of a college or an academy. Note: Shepherds of people had need know the calendars of tempests of state. Bacon. Calendar clock, one that shows the days of the week and month. -- Calendar month. See under Month. -- French Republican calendar. See under Vendémiaire. -- Gregorian calendar, Julian calendar, Perpetual calendar. See under Gregorian, Julian, and Perpetual. CALENDAR Cal"en*dar, v. t. [Imp. & p. p. Calendared; p. pr. & vb. n. Calendaring.] Defn: To enter or write in a calendar; to register. Waterhouse. CALENDARIAL Cal`en*da"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the calendar or a calendar. CALENDARY Cal"en*da*ry, a. Defn: Calendarial. [Obs.] CALENDER Cal"en*der, n. Etym: [F. calandre, LL. calendra, corrupted fr. L. cylindrus a cylinder, Gr. Cylinider.] 1. A machine, used for the purpose of giving cloth, paper, etc., a smooth, even, and glossy or glazed surface, by cold or hot pressure, or for watering them and giving them a wavy appearance. It consists of two or more cylinders revolving nearly in contact, with the necessary apparatus for moving and regulating. 2. One who pursues the business of calendering. My good friend the calender. Cawper. CALENDER Cal"en*der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calendered; p. pr. & vb. n. Calendering.] Etym: [Cf. F. calandrer. See Calender, n.] Defn: To press between rollers for the purpose of making smooth and glossy, or wavy, as woolen and silk stuffs, linens, paper, etc. Ure. CALENDER Cal"en*der, n. Etym: [Per. qalender.] Defn: One of a sect or order of fantastically dressed or painted dervishes. CALENDOGRAPHER Cal`en*dog"ra*pher, n. Etym: [Calendar + -graph + er.] Defn: One who makes calendars. [R.] CALENDRER Cal"en*drer, n. Defn: A person who calenders cloth; a calender. CALENDRIC; CALENDRICAL Ca*len"dric, Ca*len"dric*al, a., Defn: Of or pertaining to a calendar. CALENDS Cal"ends, n. pl. Etym: [OE. kalendes month, calends, AS. calend month, fr. L. calendae; akin to calare to call, proclaim, Gr. Claim.] Defn: The first day of each month in the ancient Roman calendar. [Written also kalends.] The Greek calends, a time that will never come, as the Greeks had no calends. CALENDULA Ca*len"du*la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. calendae calends.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of composite herbaceous plants. One species, Calendula officinalis, is the common marigold, and was supposed to blossom on the calends of every month, whence the name. CALENDULIN Ca*len"du*lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A gummy or mucilaginous tasteless substance obtained from the marigold or calendula, and analogous to bassorin. CALENTURE Cal"en*ture, n. Etym: [F. calenture, fr. Sp. calenture heat, fever, fr. calentar to heat, fr. p. pr. of L. calere to be warm.] (Med.) Defn: A name formerly given to various fevers occuring in tropics; esp. to a form of furious delirium accompanied by fever, among sailors, which sometimes led the affected person to imagine the sea to be a green field, and to throw himself into it. CALENTURE Cal"en*ture, v. i. Defn: To see as in the delirium of one affected with calenture. [Poetic] Hath fed on pageants floating through the air Or calentures in depths of limpid flood. Wordsworth. CALESCENCE Ca*les"cence, n. Etym: [L. calescens, p.pr. of calescere, incho. of calere to be warm.] Defn: Growing warmth; increasing heat. CALF Calf, n.; pl. Calves. Etym: [OE. calf, kelf, AS. cealf; akin to D. kalf, G. kalb, Icel. kalfr, Sw. kalf, Dan. kalv, Goth. kalbo; cf. Skr. garbha fetus, young, Gr. grabh to seize, conceive, Ir. colpa, colpach, a calf. *222.] 1. The young of the cow, or of the Bovine family of quadrupeds. Also, the young of some other mammals, as of the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and whale. 2. Leather made of the skin of the calf; especially, a fine, light- colored leather used in bookbinding; as, to bind books in calf. 3. An awkward or silly boy or young man; any silly person; a dolt. [Colloq.] Some silly, doting, brainless calf. Drayton. 4. A small island near a larger; as, the Calf of Man. 5. A small mass of ice set free from the submerged part of a glacier or berg, and rising to the surface. Kane. 6. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kalfi.] Defn: The fleshy hinder part of the leg below the knee. Calf's-foot jelly, jelly made from the feet of calves. The gelatinous matter of the feet is extracted by boiling, and is flavored with sugar, essences, etc. CALFSKIN Calf"skin`, n. Defn: The hide or skin of a calf; or leather made of the skin. CALI Ca"li, n. (Hindoo Myth.) Defn: The tenth avatar or incarnation of the god Vishnu. [Written also Kali.] CALIBER; CALIBRE Cal"i*ber, Cal"ibre, n. Etym: [F. calibre, perh. fr. L. qualibra of what pound, of what weight; hence, of what size, applied first to a ball or bullet; cf. also Ar. qalib model, mold. Cf. Calipers, Calivere.] 1. (Gunnery) Defn: The diameter of the bore, as a cannon or other firearm, or of any tube; or the weight or size of the projectile which a firearm will carry; as, an 8 inch gun, a 12-pounder, a 44 caliber. The caliber of empty tubes. Reid. A battery composed of three guns of small caliber. Prescott. Note: The caliber of firearms is expressed in various ways. Cannon are often designated by the weight of a solid spherical shot that will fit the bore; as, a 12-pounder; pieces of ordnance that project shell or hollow shot are designated by the diameter of their bore; as, a 12 inch mortar or a 14 inch shell gun; small arms are designated by hundredths of an inch expressed decimally; as, a rifle of .44 inch caliber. 2. The diameter of round or cylindrical body, as of a bullet or column. 3. Fig.: Capacity or compass of mind. Burke. Caliber compasses. See Calipers. -- Caliber rule, a gunner's calipers, an instrument having two scales arranged to determine a ball's weight from its diameter, and conversely. -- A ship's caliber, the weight of her armament. CALIBRATE Cal"i*brate, v. i. Defn: To ascertain the caliber of, as of a thermometer tube; also, more generally, to determine or rectify the graduation of, as of the various standards or graduated instruments. CALIBRATION Cal`ibra"*tion, n. Defn: The process of estimating the caliber a tube, as of a thermometer tube, in order to graduate it to a scale of degrees; also, more generally, the determination of the true value of the spaces in any graduated instrument. CALICE Cal"ice, n. Etym: [See Calice.] Defn: See Chalice. CALICLE Cal"i*cle, n. Etym: [L. caliculus a small cup, dim. of calicis, a cup. Cf Calycle.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the small cuplike cavities, often with elevated borders, covering the surface of most corals. Each is formed by a polyp. (b) One of the cuplike structures inclosing the zooids of certain hydroids. See Campanularian. [Written also calycle. See Calycle.] CALICO Cal"i*co, n.; pl. Calicoes. Etym: [So called because first imported from Calicut, in the East Indies: cf. F. calicot.] 1. Plain white cloth made from cotton, but which receives distinctive names according to quality and use, as, super calicoes, shirting calicoes, unbleached calicoes, etc. [Eng.] The importation of printed or stained colicoes appears to have been coeval with the establishment of the East India Company. Beck (Draper's Dict. ). 2. Cotton cloth printed with a figured pattern. Note: In the United States the term calico is applied only to the printed fabric. Calico bass (Zoöl.), an edible, fresh-water fish (Pomoxys sparaides) of the rivers and lake of the Western United States (esp. of the Misissippi valley.), allied to the sunfishes, and so called from its variegated colors; -- called also calicoback, grass bass, strawberry bass, barfish, and bitterhead. -- Calico printing, the art or process of impressing the figured patterns on calico. CALICO Cal"i*co, a. Defn: Made of, or having the apperance of, calico; -- often applied to an animal, as a horse or cat, on whose body are large patches of a color strikingly different from its main color. [Colloq. U. S.] CALICOBACK Cal"i*co*back`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The calico bass. (b) An hemipterous insect (Murgantia histrionica) which injures the cabbage and other garden plants; -- called also calico bug and harlequin cabbage bug. CALICULAR; CALICULATE Ca*lic"u*lar, a. Ca*lic"u*late, a. Defn: Relating to, or resembling, a cup; also improperly used for calycular, calyculate. CALID Cal"id, a. Etym: [L. calidus, fr. calere to be hot.] Defn: Hot; burning; ardent. [Obs.] Bailey. CALIDITY Ca*lid"i*ty, n. Defn: Heat. [Obs.] CALIDUCT Cal"i*duct, n. Etym: [See Caloriduct.] Defn: A pipe or duct used to convey hot air or steam. Subterranean caliducts have been introduced. Evelyn. CALIF; CALIFATE Ca"lif, n., Cal"i*fate, n., etc. Defn: Same as Caliph, Caliphate, etc. CALIFORNIA JACK Cal`i*for"ni*a jack". Defn: A game at cards, a modification of seven-up, or all fours. CALIFORNIAN Cal`i*for"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to California. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of California. CALIGATION Cal`i*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. caligatio, fr. caligare to emit vapor, to be dark, from caligo mist, darkness.] Defn: Dimness; cloudiness. [R.] Sir T. Browne. CALIGINOSITY Ca*lig`i*nos"ity, n. Etym: [L. caliginosus dark. See Caligation.] Defn: Darkness. [R.] G. Eliot. CALIGINOUS Ca*lig"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. caliginosus; cf. F. caligineux.] Defn: Affected with darkness or dimness; dark; obscure. [R.] Blount. The caliginous regions of the air. Hallywell. -- Ca*lig"i*nous*ly, adv. -- Ca*lig"i*nous*ness, n. CALIGO Ca*li"go, n. Etym: [L., darkness.] (Med.) Defn: Dimness or obscurity of sight, dependent upon a speck on the cornea; also, the speck itself. CALIGRAPHIC Cal`i*graph"ic, a. Defn: See Calligraphic. CALIGRAPHY Ca*lig"ra*phy, n. Defn: See Caligraphy. CALIN Ca"lin, n. Etym: [F., fr. Malay kelany tin, or fr. Kala'a, a town in India, fr. which it came.] Defn: An alloy of lead and tin, of which the Chinese make tea canisters. CALIPASH Cal`i*pash", n. Etym: [F. carapace, Sp. carapacho. Cf Calarash, Carapace.] Defn: A part of a turtle which is next to the upper shell. It contains a fatty and gelatinous substance of a dull greenish tinge, much esteemed as a delicacy in preparations of turtle. CALIPEE Cal"i*pee, n. Etym: [See Calipash] Defn: A part of a turtle which is attached to the lower shell. It contains a fatty and gelatinous substance of a light yellowish color, much esteemed as a delicacy. Thackeray. CALIPERS Cal"i*pers, n. pl. Etym: [Corrupted from caliber.] Defn: An instrument, usually resembling a pair of dividers or compasses with curved legs, for measuring the diameter or thickness of bodies, as of work shaped in a lathe or planer, timber, masts, shot, etc.; or the bore of firearms, tubes, etc.; -- called also caliper compasses, or caliber compasses. Caliper square, a draughtsman's or mechanic's square, having a graduated bar and adjustable jaw or jaws. Knight. -- Vernier calipers. See Vernier. CALIPH Ca"liph, n. Etym: [OE. caliphe, califfe, F. calife (cf. Sp. califa), fr. Ar. khalifan successor, fr. khalafa to succed.] Defn: Successor or vicar; -- a title of the successors of Mohammed both as temporal and spiritual rulers, now used by the sultans of Turkey, [Writting also calif.] CALIPHATE Cal"i*phate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. califat.] Defn: The office, dignity, or government of a caliph or of the caliphs. CALIPPIC Ca*lip"pic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Calippus, an Athenian astronomer. Calippic period, a period of seventy-six years, proposed by Calippus, as an improvement on the Metonic cycle, since the 6940 days of the Metonic cycle exceeded 19 years by about a quarter of a day, and exceeded 235 lunations by something more. CALISAYA BARK Cal`i*sa"ya bark. Defn: A valuable kind of Peruvian bark obtained from the Cinchona Calisaya, and other closely related species. CALISTHENEUM Cal`is*the"ne*um, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A gymnasium; esp. one for light physical exercise by women and children. CALISTHENIC Cal`is*then"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to calisthenics. CALISTHENICS Cal`is*then"ics, n. Defn: The science, art, or practice of healthful exercise of the body and limbs, to promote strength and gracefulness; light gymnastics. CALIVER Cal"i*ver, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. caliber.] Defn: An early form of hand gun, variety of the arquebus; originally a gun having a regular size of bore. [Obs.] Shak. CALIX Ca"lix, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A cup. See Calyx. CALK Calk, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Calked; p. pr. & vb. n. Calking.] Etym: [Either corrupted fr. F. calfater (cf. Pg. calafetar, Sp. calafetear), fr. Ar. qalafa to fill up crevices with the fibers of palm tree or moss; or fr. OE. cauken to tred, through the French fr. L. calcare, fr. calx heel. Cf. Calk to copy, Inculcate.] 1. To drive tarred oakum into the seams between the planks of (a ship, boat, etc.), to prevent leaking. The calking is completed by smearing the seams with melted pitch. 2. To make an indentation in the edge of a metal plate, as along a seam in a steam boiler or an iron ship, to force the edge of the upper plate hard against the lower and so fill the crevice. CALK Calk, v. t. Etym: [E.calquer to trace, It. caicare to trace, to trample, fr. L. calcare to trample, fr. calx heel. Cf. Calcarate.] Defn: To copy, as a drawing, by rubbing the back of it with red or black chalk, and then passing a blunt style or needle over the lines, so as to leave a tracing on the paper or other thing against which it is laid or held. [Writting also calque] CALK Calk, n. Etym: [Cf. AS calc shoe, hoof, L. calx, calcis, hel, cälcar, spur.] 1. A sharp-pointed piece or iron or steel projecting downward on the shoe of a nore or an ox, to prevent the animal from slipping; -- called also calker, calkin. 2. An instrument with sharp points, worn on the sole of a shoe or boot, to prevent slipping. CALK Calk, v. i. 1. To furnish with calks, to prevent slipping on ice; as, to calk the shoes of a horse or an ox. 2. To wound with a calk; as when a horse injures a leg or a foot with a calk on one of the other feet. CALKER Calk"er, n. 1. One who calks. 2. A calk on a shoe. See Calk, n., 1. CALKIN Calk"in, n. Defn: A calk on a shoe. See Calk, n., 1. CALKING Calk"ing, n. Defn: The act or process of making seems tight, as in ships, or of furnishing with calks, as a shoe, or copying, as a drawing. Calking iron, a tool like a chisel, used in calking ships, tightening seams in ironwork, etc. Their left hand does the calking iron guide. Dryden. CALL Call, v. i. [imp.& p. p. Called; p. r. & vb. n. Calling] Etym: [OE. callen, AS. ceallin; akin to Icel & Sw. kalla, Dan. kalde, D. kallen to talk, prate, Gr. gar to praise. Cf. Garrulous.] 1. To command or request to come or be present; to summon; as, to call a servant. Call hither Clifford; bid him come amain Shak. 2. To summon to the discharge of a particular duty; to designate for an office, or employment, especially of a religious character; -- often used of a divine summons; as, to be called to the ministry; sometimes, to invite; as, to call a minister to be the pastor of a church. Paul . . . called to be an apostle Rom. i. 1. The Holy Ghost said, Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called them. Acts xiii. 2. 3. To invite or command to meet; to convoke; -- often with together; as, the President called Congress together; to appoint and summon; as, to call a meeting of the Board of Aldermen. Now call we our high court of Parliament. Shak. 4. To give name to; to name; to address, or speak of, by a specifed name. If you would but call me Rosalind. Shak. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. Gen. i. 5. 5. To regard or characterize as of a certain kind; to denominate; to designate. What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common. Acts x. 15. 6. To state, or estimate, approximately or loosely; to characterize without strict regard to fact; as, they call the distance ten miles; he called it a full day's work. [The] army is called seven hundred thousand men. Brougham. 7. To show or disclose the class, character, or nationality of. [Obs.] This speech calls him Spaniard. Beau. & Fl. 8. To utter in a loud or distinct voice; -- often with off; as, to call, or call off, the items of an account; to call the roll of a military company. No parish clerk who calls the psalm so clear. Gay. 9. To invoke; to appeal to. I call God for a witness. 2 Cor. i. 23 [Rev. Ver. ] 10. To rouse from sleep; to awaken. If thou canst awake by four o' the clock. I prithee call me. Sleep hath seized me wholly. Shak. To call a bond, to give notice that the amount of the bond will be paid. -- To call a party (Law), to cry aloud his name in open court, and command him to come in and perform some duty requiring his presence at the time on pain of what may befall him. -- To call back, to revoke or retract; to recall; to summon back. -- To call down, to pray for, as blessing or curses. -- To call forth, to bring or summon to action; as, to call forth all the faculties of the mind. -- To call in, (a) To collect; as, to call in debts or money; ar to withdraw from cirulation; as, to call in uncurrent coin. (b) To summon to one's side; to invite to come together; as, to call in neighbors. -- To call (any one) names, to apply contemptuous names (to any one). -- To call off, to summon away; to divert; as, to call off the attention; to call off workmen from their employment. -- To call out. (a) To summon to fight; to challenge. (b) To summon into service; as, to call out the militia. -- To call over, to recite separate particulars in order, as a roll of names. -- To call to account, to demand explanation of. -- To call to mind, to recollect; to revive in memory. -- To call to order, to request to come to order; as: (a) A public meeting, when opening it for business. (b) A person, when he is transgressing the rules of debate. -- To call to the bar, to admit to practice in courts of law. -- To call up. (a) To bring into view or recollection; as to call up the image of deceased friend. (b) To bring into action or discussion; to demand the consideration of; as, to call up a bill before a legislative body. Syn. -- To name; denominate; invite; bid; summon; convoke; assemble; collect; exhort; warn; proclaim; invoke; appeal to; designate. To Call, Convoke, Summon. Call is the generic term; as, to call a public meeting. To convoke is to require the assembling of some organized body of men by an act of authority; as, the king convoked Parliament. To summon is to require attendance by an act more or less stringent anthority; as, to summon a witness. CALL Call, v. i. 1. To speak in loud voice; to cry out; to address by name; -- sometimes with to. You must call to the nurse. Shak. The angel of God called to Hagar. Gen. xxi. 17. 2. To make a demand, requirement, or request. They called for rooms, and he showed them one. Bunyan. 3. To make a brief visit; also, to stop at some place designated, as for orders. He ordered her to call at the house once a week. Temple. To call for (a) To demand; to require; as, a crime calls for punishment; a survey, grant, or deed calls for the metes and bounds, or the quantity of land, etc., which it describes. (b) To give an order for; to request. "Whenever the coach stopped, the sailor called for more ale." Marryat. -- To call on, To call upon, (a) To make a short visit to; as, call on a friend. (b) To appeal to; to invite; to request earnestly; as, to call upon a person to make a speech. (c) To solicit payment, or make a demand, of a debt. (d) To invoke or play to; to worship; as, to call upon God. -- To call out To call or utter loudly; to brawl. CALL Call, n. 1. The act of calling; -- usually with the voice, but often otherwise, as by signs, the sound of some instrument, or by writing; a summons; an entreaty; an invitation; as, a call for help; the bugle's call. "Call of the trumpet." Shak. I rose as at thy call, but found thee not. Milton. 2. A signal, as on a drum, bugle, trumpet, or pipe, to summon soldiers or sailors to duty. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: An invitation to take charge of or serve a church as its pastor. 4. A requirement or appeal arising from the circumstances of the case; a moral requirement or appeal. Dependence is a perpetual call upon hummanity. Addison. Running into danger without any call of duty. Macaulay. 5. A divine vocation or summons. St. Paul himself believed he did well, and that he had a call to it, when he persecuted the Christians. Locke. 6. Vocation; employment. Note: [In this sense, calling is generally used.] 7. A short visit; as, to make a call on a neighbor; also, the daily coming of a tradesman to solicit orders. The baker's punctual call. Cowper. 8. (Hunting) Defn: A note blown on the horn to encourage the hounds. 9. (Naut.) Defn: A whistle or pipe, used by the boatswain and his mate, to summon the sailors to duty. 10. (Fowling) Defn: The cry of a bird; also a noise or cry in imitation of a bird; or a pipe to call birds by imitating their note or cry. 11. (Amer. Land Law) Defn: A reference to, or statement of, an object, course, distance, or other matter of description in a survey or grant reguiring or calling for a carresponding object, etc., on the land. 12. The privilege to demand the delivery of stock, grain, or any commodity, at a fixed, price, at or within a certain time agreed on. [Brokers' Cant] 13. See Assessment, 4. At call, or On call, liable to be demanded at any moment without previous notice; as money on deposit. -- Call bird, a bird taught to allure others into a snare. -- Call boy (a) A boy who calls the actors in a theater; a boy who transmits the orders of the captain of a vessel to the engineer, helmsman, etc. (b) A waiting boy who answers a cal, or cames at the ringing of a bell; a bell boy. -- Call note, the note naturally used by the male bird to call the female. It is artifically applied by birdcatchers as a decoy. Latham. -- Call of the house (Legislative Bodies), a calling over the names of members, to discover who is absent, or for other purposes; a calling of names with a view to obtaining the ayes and noes from the persons named. -- Call to the bar, admission to practice in the courts. CALLA Cal"la, n. Etym: [Linnæus derived Calla fr. Gr. calla, calsa, name of an unknown plant, and Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants, of the order Araceæ. Note: The common Calla of cultivation is Richardia Africana, belonging to another genus of the same order. Its large spathe is pure white, surrounding a fleshy spike, which is covered with minute apetalous flowers. CALLAT Cal"lat, n. Defn: Same as Callet. [Obs.] A callat of boundless tongue. Shak. CALLE Calle, n. Etym: [See Caul.] Defn: A kind of head covering; a caul. [Obs.] Chaucer. CALLER Call"er, n. Defn: One who calls. CALLER Cal"ler, a. [Scot.] 1. Cool; refreshing; fresh; as, a caller day; the caller air. Jamieson. 2. Fresh; in good condition; as, caller berrings. CALLET Cal"let, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. & Gael. caile a country woman, strumpet.] Defn: A trull or prostitute; a scold or gossip. [Obs.] [Written also callat.] CALLET Cal"let v. i. Defn: To rail or scold. [Obs.] Brathwait. CALLID Cal"lid, a. Etym: [L. callidus, fr. callere to be thick-skinned, to be hardened, to be practiced, fr. callum, callus, callous skin, callosity, callousness.] Defn: Characterized by cunning or shrewdness; crafty. [R.] CALLIDITY Cal*lid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. calliditas.] Defn: Acuteness of discernment; cunningness; shrewdness. [R.] Her eagly-eyed callidity. C. Smart. CALLIGRAPHER Cal*lig"ra*pher, n. Defn: One skilled in calligraphy; a good penman. CALLIGRAPHIC; CALLIGRAPHICAL Cal`li*graph"ic, Cal`li*graph"ic*al, a., Etym: [Gr. calligraphique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to calligraphy. Excellence in the calligraphic act. T. Warton. CALLIGRAPHIST Cal*lig"ra*phist, n. Defn: A calligrapher CALLIGRAPHY Cal*lig"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. calligraphie.] Defn: Fair or elegant penmanship. CALLING Call"ing, n. 1. The act of one who calls; a crying aloud, esp. in order to summon, or to attact the attention of, some one. 2. A summoning or convocation, as of Parliament. The frequent calling and meeting of Parlaiment. Macaulay. 3. A divine summons or invitation; also, the state of being divinely called. Who hath . . . called us with an holy calling. 2 Tim. i. 9. Give diligence to make yior calling . . . sure. 2 Pet. i. 10. 4. A naming, or inviting; a reading over or reciting in order, or a call of names with a view to obtaining an answer, as in legislative bodies. 5. One's usual occupation, or employment; vocation; business; trade. The humble calling of ter female parent. Thackeray. 6. The persons, collectively, engaged in any particular professions or employment. To impose celibacy on wholy callings. Hammond. 7. Title; appellation; name. [Obs.] I am more proud to be Sir Rowland's son His youngest son, and would not change that calling. Shak. Syn. -- Occupation; employment; business; trade; profession; office; engagement; vocation. CALLIOPE Cal*li"o*pe, n. Etym: [L. Calliope, Gr. kalli- (from kallos beautiful) + 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The Muse that presides over eloquence and heroic poetry; mother of Orpheus, and chief of the nine Muses. 2. (Astron.) Defn: One of the astreids. See Solar. 3. A musical instrument consisting of series of steam whistles, toned to the notes of the scale, and played by keys arranged like those of an organ. It is sometimes attached to steamboat boilers. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A beautuful species of humming bird (Stellula Calliope) of California and adjacent regions. CALLIOPSIS Cal`li*op"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. pref. (Bot.) Defn: A popular name given to a few species of the genus Careopsis, especially to C. tinctoria of Arkansas. CALLIPASH Cal`li*pash" (, n. Defn: See Calipash. CALLIPEE Cal`li*pee" (, n. Defn: See Calipee. CALLIPERS Cal`li*pers (, n. pl. Defn: See Calipers. CALLISECTION Cal`li*sec"tion, n. Etym: [L. callere to be insensible + E. section.] Defn: Painless vivisection; -- opposed to sentisection. B. G. Wilder. CALLISTHENIC; CALLISTHENICS Cal`lis*then"ic, a., Cal`lis*then"ics, n. Defn: See Calisthenic, Calisthenics. CALLITHUMP Cal"li*thump`, n. Defn: A somewhat riotous parade, accompanied with the blowing of tin horus, and other discordant noises; also, a burlesque serenade; a charivari. [U. S.] CALLITHUMPIAN Cal`li*thump"i*an, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a callithump. [U. S.] CALLOSAN Cal*lo"san, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of the callosum. CALLOSE Cal"lose, a. Etym: [See Callous.] (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with protuberant or hardened spots. CALLOSITY Cal*los"i*ty, n.; pl. Callosities. Etym: [L. callasitas; cf. F. calosté.] Defn: A hard or thickened spot or protuberance; a hardening and thickening of the skin or bark of a part, eps. as a result of continued pressure or friction. CALLOSUM Cal*lo"sum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. callosus callous, hard.] (Anat.) Defn: The great band commissural fibers which unites the two cerebral hemispheres. See corpus callosum, under Carpus. CALLOT Cal"lot, n. Defn: A plant coif or skullcap. Same as Calotte. B. Jonson. CALLOUS Cal"lous, a. Etym: [L. callosus callous hard, fr. callum, callus, callous skin: cf. F. calleux.] 1. Hardenes; indurated. "A callous hand." Goldsmith. "A callous ulcer." Dunglison. 2. Hardened in mind; insensible; unfeeling; unsusceptible. "The callous diplomatist." Macaulay. It is an immense blessing to be perfectly callous to ridicule. T. Arnold. Syn. -- Obdurate; hard; hardened; indurated; insensible; unfeeling; unsusceptible. See Obdurate. -- Cal"lous*ly, adv. -- Cal"lous*ness, n. A callousness and numbness of soul. Bentley. CALLOW Cal"low, a. Etym: [OE. calewe, calu, bald, AS. calu; akin to D. kaal, OHG. chalo, G. Kuhl; cf. L. calvus.] 1. Destitute of feathers; naked; unfledged. An in the leafy summit, spied a nest, Which, o'er the callow young, a sparrow pressed. Dryden. 2. Immature; boyish; "green"; as, a callow youth. I perceive by this, thou art but a callow maid. Old Play [1675]. CALLOW Cal*low", n. (Zoöl.) Etym: [Named from its note.] Defn: A kind of duck. See Old squaw. CALLUS Cal"lus, n. Etym: [L. See Callous.] 1. (Med.) (a) Same as Callosity. (b Defn: The material of repair in fractures of bone; a substance exuded at the site of fracture, which is at first soft or cartilaginous in consistence, but is ultimately converted into true bone and unites the fragments into a single piece. 2. (Hort.) Defn: The new formation over the end of a cutting, before it puts out rootlets. CALM Calm, n. Etym: [OE. calme, F. calme, fr. It. or Sp. calma (cf. Pg. calma heat), prob. fr. LL. cauma heat, fr. Gr. Caustic] Defn: Freodom from motion, agitation, or disturbance; a cessation or abeence of that which causes motion or disturbance, as of winds or waves; tranquility; stilness; quiet; serenity. The wind ceased, and there was a great calm. Mark. iv. 39. A calm before a storm is commonly a peace of a man's own making. South. CALM Calm, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Calming.] Etym: [Cf. F. calmer. See Calm, n.] 1. To make calm; to render still or quet, as elements; as, to calm the winds. To calm the tempest raised by Eolus. Dryden. 2. To deliver from agitation or excitement; to still or soothe, as the mind or passions. Passions which seem somewhat calmed. Syn. -- To still; quiet; appease; ally; pacigy; tranquilize; soothe; compose; assuage; check; restrain. CALM Calm, a. [compar. Calmer; super. Calmest] 1. Not stormy; without motion, as of winds or waves; still; quiet; serene; undisturbed. "Calm was the day." Spenser. Now all is calm, and fresh, and still. Bryant. 2. Undisturbed by passion or emotion; not agitated or excited; tranquil; quiet in act or speech. "Calm and sinless peace." Milton. "With calm attention." Pope. Such calm old age as conscience pure And self-commanding hearts ensure. Keble. Syn. -- Still; quiet; undisturbed; tranquil; peaceful; serene; composed; unruffled; sedate; collected; placid. CALMER Calm"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, makes calm. CALMLY Calm"ly, adv. Defn: In a calm manner. The gentle stream which calmly flows. Denham. CALMNESS Calm"ness, n. Defn: The state of quality of being calm; quietness; tranquillity; self-repose. The gentle calmness of the flood. Denham. Hes calmness was the repose of conscious power. E. Everett. Syn. -- Quietness; quietude; stillness; tranquillity; serenity; repose; composure; sedateness; placidity. CALMUCKS Cal"mucks, n. pl. Defn: ; sing. Calmuck. A branch of the Mongolian race inbabiting parts of the Russian and Chinese empires; also (sing.), the language of the Calmucks. [Written also Kalmucks.] CALMY Calm"y, a. Etym: [Fr. Calm, n.] Defn: Tranquil; peaceful; calm. [Poet.] "A still and calmy day" Spenser. CALOMEL Cal"o*mel, n. Etym: [Gr. calomélas.] (Chem.) Defn: Mild chloride of mercury, Hg CALORESCENCE Cal`o*res"cence, n. Etym: [L. calor heat.] (Physics) Defn: The conversion of obscure radiant heat info kight; the transmutation of rays of heat into others of higher refrangibility. Tyndall. CALORIC Ca*lor"ic, n. Etym: [L. calor heat; cf. F. calorique.] (Physics) Defn: The principle of heat, or the agent to which the phenomena of heat and combustion were formerly ascribed; -- not now used in scientific nomenclature, but sometimes used as a general term for heat. Caloric expands all bodies. Henry. CALORIC Ca*lor"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to caloric. Caloric engine, a kind of engine operated air. CALORICITY Cal`o*ric"ity, n. (Physiol.) Defn: A faculty in animals of developing and preserving the heat nesessary to life, that is, the animal heat. CALORIDUCT Ca*lor"i*duct, n. Etym: [L. calor heat (fr. calere to warm) + E. duct.] Defn: A tube or duct for conducting heat; a caliduct. CALORIE Cal"o*rie, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. calor heat.] (Physics) Defn: The unit of heat according to the Frensc standard; the amount of heat requires to raise the temperature of one kilogram (sometimes, one gram) of water one degree centigrade, or from 0Foot pound. CALORIFACIENT Ca*lor`i*fa"cient, a. (Physiol.) Defn: See Calorificient. CALORIFERE Ca*lor"i*fere, n. Etym: [F. calorifère, fr. L. calor heat + ferre to bear.] Defn: An apparatus for conveying and distributing heat, especially by means of hot water circulating in tubes. CALORIFIANT Ca*lor`i*fi"ant, a. (Physiol.) Defn: See Calorificient. CALORIFIC Cal`o*rif"ic, a. Etym: [L. calorificus; calor heat + facere to make; cf. F. calorifique.] Defn: Possessing the quality of producing heat; heating. Calorific rays, the invisible, heating rays which emanate from the sum, and burning and heated bodies. CALORIFICATION Ca*lor`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. calorification.] Defn: Production of heat, esp. animal heat. CALORIFICIENT Ca*lor`i*fi"cient, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Having, or relating to the power of producing heat; -- applied to foods which, being rich in carbon, as the fats, are supposed to give rise to heat in the animal body by oxidation. CALORIMETER Cal`o*rim"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. calor heat + -meter; cf. F. calorimètre.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: An apparatus for measuring the amount of heat contained in bodies or developed by some mechanical or chemical process, as friction, chemical combination, combustion, etc. 2. (Engineering) Defn: An apparatus for measuring the proportion of unevaporated water contained in steam. CALORIMETRIC Ca*lor`i*met"ric, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to process of using the calorimeter. Satisfactory calorimetric results. Nichol. CALORIMETRY Cal`o*rim"e*try, n. (Physics) Defn: Measurement of the quantities of heat in bodies. CALORIMOTOR Ca*lor`i*mo"tor, n. Etym: [L. calor heat + E. motor.] (Physics) Defn: A voltaic battery, having a large surface of plate, and producing powerful heating effects. CALORISATOR Ca*lor"i*sa`tor, n. [NL., heater, fr. L. calor heat.] Defn: An apparatus used in beet-sugar factories to heat the juice in order to aid the diffusion. CALOTTE; CALLOT Ca*lotte", Cal"lot, n. Etym: [F. calotte, dim. of cale a sort of flat cap. Cf. Caul.] Defn: A close cap without visor or brim. Especially: (a) Such a cap, worn by English serjeants at law. (b) Such a cap, worn by the French cavalry under their helmets. (c) Such a cap, worn by the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. To assume the calotte, to become a priest. CALOTYPE Cal"o*type, n. Etym: [Gr. (Photog.) Defn: A method of taking photographic pictures, on paper sensitized with iodide of silver; -- also called Talbotype, from the inventor, Mr. Fox. Talbot. CALOYER Ca*loy"er, n. Etym: [F., fr. NGr. Defn: A monk of the Greek Church; a cenobite, anchoret, or recluse of the rule of St. Basil, especially, one on or near Mt. Athos. CALQUE Calque, v. t. Defn: See 2d Calk, v. t. CALTROP; CALTRAP Cal"trop, Cal"trap, n. Etym: [OE. calketrappe, calletrappe, caltor (in both senses), fr. AS. collræppe, calcetreppe, sort of thistle; cf. F. chaussetrape star thistle, trap, It. calcatreppo, calcatreppolo, star thistle. Perh. from L. calx heel + the same word as E. trap. See 1st Trap.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbaceous plants (Tribulus) of the order Zygophylleæ, having a hard several-celled fruit, armed with stout spines, and resembling the military instrument of the same name. The species grow in warm countries, and are often very annoying to cattle. 2. (Mil.) Defn: An instrument with four iron points, so disposed that, any three of them being on the ground, the other projects upward. They are scattered on the ground where an enemy's cavalry are to pass, to impede their progress by endangering the horses' feet. CALUMBA Ca*lum"ba, n. Etym: [from kalumb, its native name in Mozambique.] (Med.) Defn: The root of a plant (Jateorrhiza Calumba, and probably Cocculus palmatus), indigenous in Mozambique. It has an unpleasantly bitter taste, and is used as a tonic and antiseptic. [Written also colombo, columbo, and calombo.] American calumba, the Frasera Carolinensis, also called American gentian. Its root has been used in medicine as bitter tonic in place of calumba. CALUMBIN Ca*lum"bin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A bitter principle extracted as a white crystalline substance from the calumba root. [Written also colombin, and columbin] CALUMET Cal"u*met, n. Etym: [F. calumet, fr. L. calamus reed. See Halm, and cf. Shawm.] Defn: A kind of pipe, used by the North American Indians for smoking tobacco. The bowl is usually made of soft red stone, and the tube is a long reed often ornamented with feathers. Smoked the calumet, the Peace pipe, As a signal to the nations. Lowgfellow. Note: The calumet is used as a symbol of peace. To accept the calumet is to agree to terms of peace, and to refuse it is to reject them. The calumet of peace is used to seal or ratify contracts and alliances, and as an evidence to strangers that they are welcome. CALUMNIATE Ca*lum"ni*ate, v. i. [Imp. & p. p. Calumniated; p. pr. & vb. n. calumniating.] Etym: [L. calumniatus, p. p. of calumniari. See Calumny, and cf. Challenge, v. t.] Defn: To accuse falsely and maliciously of a crime or offense, or of something disreputable; to slander; to libel. Hatred unto the truth did always falsely report and calumniate all godly men's doings. Strype. Syn. -- To asperse; slander; defame; vilify; traduce; belie; bespatter; blacken; libel. See Asperse. CALUMNIATE Ca*lum"ni*ate, v. i. Defn: To propagate evil reports with a design to injure the reputation of another; to make purposely false charges of some offense or crime. CALUMNIATION Ca*lum`ni*a"tion, n. Defn: False accusation of crime or offense, or a malicious and false representation of the words or actions of another, with a view to injure his good name. The calumniation of her principal counselors. Bacon. CALUMNIATOR Ca*lum`ni*a"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who calumniates. Syn. -- Slanderer; defamer; libeler; traducer. CALUMNIATORY Ca*lum"ni*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Containing calumny; slanderous. Montagu. CALUMNIOUS Ca*lum"ni*ous, a. Etym: [L. calumniosus.] Defn: Containing or implying calumny; false, malicious, and injurious to reputation; slanderous; as, calumnious reports. Virtue itself 'scapes not calumnious strokes. Shak. Syn: Slanderous; defamatory; scurrilous; opprobrious; derogatory; libelous; abusive. Syn: -- Ca*lum"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Ca*lum"ni*ous*ness, n. CALUMNY Cal"um*ny, n.; pl. Calumnies. Etym: [L. calumnia, fr. calvi to devise tricks, deceive; cf. F. calomnie. Cf. Challenge, n.] Defn: False accusation of a crime or offense, maliciously made or reported, to the injury of another; malicious misrepresentation; slander; detraction. "Infamouse calumnies." Motley. Be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape calumny. Shak. CALVARIA Cal*va"ri*a, n. Etym: [L. See Calvary.] (Anat.) Defn: The bones of the cranium; more especially, the bones of the domelike upper portion. CALVARY Cal"va*ry, n. Etym: [L. calvaria a bare skull, fr. calva the scalp without hair. fr. calvus bald; cf. F. calvaire.] 1. The place where Christ was crucified, on a small hill outside of Jerusalem. Luke xxiii. 33. Note: The Latin calvaria is a translation of the Greek Golgotha. Dr. W. Smith. 2. A representation of the crucifixion, consisting of three crosses with the figures of Christ and the thieves, often as large as life, and sometimes surrounded by figures of other personages who were present at the crucifixion. 3. (Her.) Defn: A cross, set upon three steps; -- more properly called cross calvary. CALVE Calve, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calved 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Calving.] Etym: [AS. cealfian. See Calf.] 1. To bring forth a calf. "Their cow calveth." Job xxi. 10. 2. To bring forth young; to produce offspring. Canst thou mark when the hinds do calve Job xxxix. 1. The grassy clods now calved. Molton. CALVER Cal"ver, v. i. 1. To cut in slices and pickle, as salmon. [Obs.] For a change, leave calvered salmon and eat sprats. Massinger. 2. To crimp; as, calvered salmon. Nares. CALVER Cal"ver, v. i. Defn: To bear, or be susceptible of, being calvered; as, grayling's flesh will calver. Catton. CALVESSNOUT Calves"*snout, n. (Bot.) Defn: Snapdragon. CALVINISM Cal"vin*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Calvinisme.] Defn: The theological tenets or doctrines of John Calvin (a French theologian and reformer of the 16th century) and his followers, or of the so-called calvinistic churches. Note: The distinguishing doctrines of this system, usually termed the five points of Calvinism, are original sin or total depravity, election or predestination, particular redemption, effectual calling, and the perseverance of the saints. It has been subject to many variations and modifications in different churches and at various times. CALVINIST Cal"vin*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Calviniste.] Defn: A follower of Calvin; a believer in Calvinism. CALVINISTIC; CALVINISTICAL Cal`vin*is"tic, Cal`vin*is"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Calvin, or Calvinism; following Calvin; accepting or Teaching Calvinism. "Calvinistic training." Lowell. CALVINIZE Cal"vin*ize, v. t. Defn: To convert to Calvinism. CALVISH Calv"ish, a. Defn: Like a calf; stupid. Sheldon. CALX Calx, n.; pl. E. Calxes, L. Calces. Etym: [L. Calx, calcis. limestone; cf. Gr. carraic rock Gael. carraig, W. careg, stone. Cf. Chalk.] 1. (Chem.) (a) Quicklime. [Obs.] (b) The substance which remains when a metal or mineral has been subjected to calcination or combustion by heat, and which is, or may be, reduced to a fine powder. Note: Metallic calxes are now called oxides. 2. Broken and refuse glass, returned to the post. CALYCIFLORAL; CALLYCIFLOROUS Ca*lyc`i*flo"ral, cal*lyc`i*flo"rous, a. Etym: [L. calyx, -ycis, calyx + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the petals and stamens adnate to the calyx; -- applied to a subclass of dicotyledonous plants in the system of the French botanist Candolle. CALYCIFORM Ca*lyc"i*form, a. Etym: [L. calyx, calycis, calyx + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the form or appearance of a calyx. CALYCINAL; CALYCINE Ca*lyc"i*nal, Cal"y*cine, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to a calyx; having the nature of a calyx. CALYCLE Cal"y*cle, n. Etym: [L.calyculus small flower bud, calyx, dim. of calyx. See Calyx, and cf. Calicle.] (Bot.) Defn: A row of small bracts, at the base of the calyx, on the outside. CALYCLED Cal"y*cled, a. (Bot.) Defn: Calyculate. CALYCOZOA Cal`y*co*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of acalephs of which Lucernaria is the type. The body is cup-shaped with eight marginal lobes bearing clavate tentacles. An aboral sucker serves for attachment. The interior is divided into four large compartments. See Lucernarida. CALYCULAR Ca*lyc"u*lar, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the bracts of a calycle. CALYCULATE; CALYCULATED Ca*lyc"u*late, Ca*lyc"u*la`ted, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a set of bracts resembling a calyx. CALYMENE Ca*lym"e*ne, n. Etym: [Gr. ( (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of trilobites characteristic of the Silurian age. CALYON Cal"yon, n. Defn: Flint or pebble stone, used in building walls, etc. Haliwell. CALYPSO Ca*lyp"so, n. Etym: [The Latinized Greek name of a beautiful nymph.] (Bot.) Defn: A small and beautiful species of orchid, having a flower variegated with purple, pink, and yellow. It grows in cold and wet localities in the northern part of the United States. The Calypso borealis is the only orchid which reaches 68º N. CALYPTRA Ca*lyp"tra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A little hood or veil, resembling an extinguisher in form and position, covering each of the small flaskike capsules which contain the spores of mosses; also, any similar covering body. CALYPTRIFORM Ca*lyp"tri*form, a. Etym: [Calyptra + -form.] Defn: Having the form a calyptra, or extinguisher. CALYX Ca"lyx, n.; pl. E. Calyxes, L. Calyces. Etym: [L. calyx, -ycis, fr. Gr. Chalice Helmet.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The covering of a flower. See Flower. Note: The calyx is usually green and foliaceous, but becomes delicate and petaloid in such flowers as the anemone and the four-o'clock. Each leaf of the calyx is called a sepal. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A cuplike division of the pelvis of the kidney, which surrounds one or more of the renal papilæ. CALZOONS Cal*zoons", n. pl. Etym: [F. caleçons (cf. It. calzoni breeches), fr. L. calceus shoe.] Defn: Drawers. [Obs.] CAM Cam, n. Etym: [Dan. kam comb, ridge; or cf. W. Gael., and Ir., cam bet. See 1st Come.] 1. (Med.) (a) A turning or sliding piece which, by the shape of its periphery or face, or a groove in its surface, imparts variable or intermittent motion to, or receives such motion from, a rod, lever, or block brought into sliding or rolling contact with it. (b) A curved wedge, movable about an axis, used for forcing or clamping two pieces together. (c) A projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece so shaped as to give alternate or variable motion to another piece against which its acts. Note: Cams are much used in machinery involving complicated, and irregular movements, as in the sewing machine, pin machine, etc. 2. A ridge or mound of earth. [Prow. Eng.] Wright. Cam wheel (Mach.), a wheel with one or more projections (cams) or depressions upon its periphery or upon its face; one which is set or shaped eccentrically, so that its revolutions impart a varied, reciprocating, or intermittent motion. CAM Cam, a. Etym: [See Kam.] Defn: Crooked. [Obs.] CAMAIEU Ca*ma"ieu, n. Etym: [F.; of unknown origin. Cf. Cameo.] 1. A cameo. [Obs.] Crabb. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: Painting in shades of one color; monochrome. Mollett. CAMAIL Ca*mail", n. Etym: [F. camail (cf. It. camaglio), fr. L. caput head + source of E. mail.] 1. (Ancient Armor) Defn: A neck guard of chain mall, hanging from the bascinet or other headpiece. 2. A hood of other material than mail; esp. (Eccl.), a hood worn in church services, -- the amice, or the like. CAMARA; CAMARA DOS PARES; CAMARADOS DEPUTADOS Ca"ma*ra, Ca"ma*ra dos pares, Ca"ma*ra*dos deputados, n. [Pg.] Defn: Chamber; house; -- used in Ca"ma*ra dos Pa"res, and Ca"ma*ra dos De`pu*ta"dos. See Legislature. CAMARADERIE Ca`ma`ra`de*rie", n. [F. See Comrade.] Defn: Comradeship and loyalty. The spirit of camaraderie is strong among these riders of the plains. W. A. Fraser. CAMARASAURUS Cam`a*ra*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL. fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of gigantic American Jurassic dinosaurs, having large cavities in the bodies of the dorsal vertebræ. CAMARILLA Ca`ma*ril"la, n. Etym: [Sp., a small room.] 1. The private audience chamber of a king. 2. A company of secret and irresponsible advisers, as of a king; a cabal or clique. CAMASS Cam"ass, n. Etym: [American Indian name.] (Bot.) Defn: A blue-flowered liliaceous plant (Camassia esculenta) of northwestern America, the bulbs of which are collected for food by the Indians. [Written also camas, cammas, and quamash.] Note: The Eastern cammass is Camassia Fraseri. CAMBER Cam"ber, n. Etym: [Of. cambre bent, curved; akin to F. cambrer to vault, to bend, fr. L. camerare to arch over, fr. camera vault, arch. See Chamber, and cf. Camerate.] 1. (Shipbuilding) Defn: An upward convexity of a deck or other surface; as, she has a high camber (said of a vessel having an unusual convexity of deck). 2. (Arch.) Defn: An upward concavity in the under side of a beam, girder, or lintel; also, a slight upward concavity in a straight arch. See Hogback. Camber arch (Arch.), an arch whose intrados, though apparently straight, has a slightly concave curve upward. -- Camber beam (Arch.), a beam whose under side has a concave curve upward. CAMBER Cam"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cambered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cambering.] Defn: To cut bend to an upward curve; to construct, as a deck, with an upward curve. CAMBER Cam"ber, v. i. Defn: To curve upward. CAMBERKEELED Cam"ber*keeled, a. (Naut.) Defn: Having the keel arched upwards, but not actually hogged; -- said of a ship. CAMBIAL Cam"bi*al, a. Etym: [LL. cambialis, fr. cambiars. See Change.] Defn: Belonging to exchanges in commerce; of exchange. [R.] CAMBIST Cam"bist, n. Etym: [F. cambiste, It. cambista, fr. L. cambire to exchange. See Change.] Defn: A banker; a money changer or broker; one who deals in bills of exchange, or who is skilled in the science of exchange. CAMBISTRY Cam"bist*ry, n. Defn: The science of exchange, weight, measures, etc. CAMBIUM Cam"bi*um, n. Etym: [LL. cambium exchange, fr. L. cambire to exchange. It was supposed that cambium was sap changing into wood.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A series of formative cells lying outside of the wood proper and inside of the inner bark. The growth of new wood takes place in the cambium, which is very soft. 2. (Med.) Defn: A fancied nutritive juice, formerly supposed to orgiginate in the blood, to repair losses of the system, and to promote its increase. Dunglison. CAMBLET Cam"blet, n. Defn: See Camlet. CAMBOGE Cam*boge", n. Defn: See Gamboge. CAMBOOSE Cam*boose", n. (Naut.) Defn: See Caboose. CAMBRASINE Cam"bra*sine, n. Defn: A kind of linen cloth made in Egypt, and so named from its resemblance to cambric. CAMBREL Cam"brel, n. Defn: See Gambrel, n., 2. Wright. CAMBRIA Cam"bri*a, n. Defn: The ancient Latin name of Wales. It is used by modern poets. CAMBRIAN Cam"bri*an, a. 1. (Geog.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Cambria or Wales. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the lowest subdivision of the rocks of the Silurian or Molluscan age; -- sometimes described as inferior to the Silurian. It is named from its development in Cambria or Wales. See the Diagram under Geology. CAMBRIAN Cam"bri*an, n. 1. A native of Cambria or Wales. 2. (Geol.) Defn: The Cambrian formation. CAMBRIC Cam"bric, n. Etym: [OE. camerike, fr. Cambrai (Flemish Kamerik), a city of France (formerly of Flanders), where it was first made.] 1. A fine, thin, and white fabric made of flax or linen. He hath ribbons of all the colors i' the rainbow; . . . inkles, caddises, cambrics, lawns. Shak. 2. A fabric made, in imitation of linen cambric, of fine, hardspun cotton, often with figures of various colors; -- also called cotton cambric, and cambric muslin. CAMBROBRITON; CAMBRO-BRITON Cam"bro*Brit"on, n. Defn: A Welshman. CAME Came, Defn: imp. of Come. CAME Came, n. Etym: [Cf. Scot. came, caim, comb, and OE. camet silver.] Defn: A slender rod of cast lead, with or without grooves, used, in casements and stained-glass windows, to hold together the panes or pieces of glass. CAMEL Cam"el, n. Etym: [Oe. camel, chamel, OF. camel, chamel, F. chameau L. camelus, fr. Gr. gamal, Ar. jamal. Cf. As. camel, fr. L. camelus.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large ruminant used in Asia and Africa for carrying burdens and for riding. The camel is remarkable for its ability to go a long time without drinking. Its hoofs are small, and situated at the extremities of the toes, and the weight of the animal rests on the callous. The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) has one bunch on the back, while the Bactrian camel (C. Bactrianus) has two. The llama, alpaca, and vicuña, of South America, belong to a related genus (Auchenia). 2. (Naut.) Defn: A watertight structure (as a large box or boxes) used to assist a vessel in passing over a shoal or bar or in navigating shallow water. By admitting water, the camel or camels may be sunk and attached beneath or at the sides of a vessel, and when the water is pumped out the vessel is lifted. Camel bird (Zoöl.), the ostrich. -- Camel locust (Zoöl.), the mantis. -- Camel's thorn (Bot.), a low, leguminous shrub (Alhagi maurorum) of the Arabian desert, from which exudes a sweetish gum, which is one of the substances called manna. CAMELBACKED; CAMEL-BACKED Cam"el*backed`, a. Defn: Having a back like a camel; humpbacked. Fuller. CAMELEON Ca*me"le*on, n. Defn: See Chaceleon. [Obs.] CAMELLIA Ca*mel"li*a, n. Etym: [NL.; -- named after Kamel, a Jesuit who is said to have brought it from the East.] (Bot.) Defn: An Asiatic genus of small shrubs, often with shining leaves and showy flowers. Camelia Japonica is much cultivated for ornament, and C. Sassanqua and C. Oleifera are grown in China for the oil which is pressed from their seeds. The tea plant is now referred to this genus under the name of Camellia Thea. CAMELOPARD Ca*mel"o*pard, n. Etym: [LL. camelopardus, L. camelopardalus, camelopardalis, fr. Gr. camélopard. The camelopard has a neck and head like a camel, and is spotted like a pard. See Camel, and Pard.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An African ruminant; the giraffe. See Giraffe. CAMELOT Came"lot, n. Defn: See Camelet. [Obs.] CAMELRY Cam"el*ry, n. Defn: Troops that are mounted on camels. CAMELSHAIR Cam"els*hair`, a. Defn: Of camel's hair. Camel's-hair pencil, a small brush used by painters in water colors, made of camel's hair or similar materials. -- Camel's-hair shawl. A name often given to a cashmere shawl. See Cashmere shawl under Cashmere. CAMEMBERT; CAMEMBERT CHEESE Ca`mem`bert", n., or Camembert cheese. Defn: A kind of soft, unpressed cream cheese made in the vicinity of Camembert, near Argentan, France; also, any cheese of the same type, wherever made. CAMEO Cam"e*o, n.; pl. Cameos. Etym: [It cammeo; akin to F. camée, camaïeu, Sp. camafeo, LL. camaeus, camahutus; of unknown origin.] Defn: A carving in relief, esp. one on a small scale used as a jewel for personal adornment, or like. Note: Most cameos are carved in a material which has layers of different colors, such stones as the onyx and sardonyx, and various kinds of shells, being used. Cameo conch (Zoöl.), a large, marine, univalve shell, esp. Cassis cameo, C. rua, and allied species, used for cutting cameos. See Quern conch. CAMERA Cam"e*ra, n.; pl. E. Cameras, L. Camerae. Etym: [L. vault, arch, LL., chamber. See Chamber.] Defn: A chamber, or instrument having a chamber. Specifically: The camera obscura when used in photography. See Camera, and Camera obscura. Bellows camera. See under Bellows. -- In camera (Law), in a judge's chamber, that is, privately; as, a judge hears testimony which is not fit for the open court in camera. -- Panoramic, or Pantascopic, camera, a photographic camera in which the lens and sensitized plate revolve so as to expose adjacent parts of the plate successively to the light, which reaches it through a narrow vertical slit; -- used in photographing broad landscapes. Abney. CAMERADE Came"rade, n. Defn: See Comrade, [Obs.] CAMERALISTIC Cam`e*ra*lis"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to finance and public revenue. CAMERALISTICS Cam`e*ra*lis"tics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. caméralistique, G. kameralistik, fr. L. camera vault, LL., chamber, treasury.] Defn: The science of finance or public revenue. CAMERA LUCIDA Cam"e*ra lu"ci*da. Etym: [L. camera chamber + L. lucidus, lucida, lucid, light.] (Opt.) Defn: An instrument which by means of a prism of a peculiar form, or an arrangement of mirrors, causes an apparent image of an external object or objects to appear as if projected upon a plane surface, as of paper or canvas, so that the outlines may conveniently traced. It is generally used with the microscope. CAMERA OBSCURA Cam"e*ra ob*scu"ra. Etym: [LL. camera chamber + L. obscurus, obscura, dark.] (Opt.) 1. An apparatus in which the images of extermal objects, formed by a convex lens or a concave mirror, are thrown on a paper or other white surface placed in the focus of the lens or mirror within a darkened chamber, or box, so that the oulines may be traced. 2. (Photog.) Defn: An apparatus in which the image of an external object or objects is, by means of lenses. thrown upon a sensitized plate or surface placed at the back or an extensible darkened box or chamber variously modifled; -- commonly called simply the camera. CAMERATE Cam"er*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Camerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Camerzting.] Etym: [L. cameratus, p. p. of camerare. See Camber.] 1. To build in the form of a vault; to arch over. 2. To divide into chambers. CAMERATION Cam`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. cameratio.] Defn: A vaulting or arching over. [R.] CAMERLINGO Ca`mer*lin"go, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: The papal chamberlain; the cardinal who presides over the pope's household. He has at times possessed great power. [Written also camerlengo and camarlengo.] CAMERONIAN Cam`e*ro"ni*an, n. Defn: A follower of the Rev. Richard Cameron, a Scotch Covenanter of the time of Charies II. Cameron and others refused to accept the "indulgence" offered the Presbyterian clergy, insisted on the Solemn league and Covenant, and in 1680 declared Charles II deposed for tyranny, breach of faith, etc. Cameron was killed at the battle of Airdmoss, but his followers became a denomination (afterwards called Reformed Presbyterians) who refused to recognize laws or institutions which they believed contrary to the kingdom of Christ, but who now avail themselves of political rights. CAMIS Cam"is, n. Etym: [See Chemise.] Defn: A light, loose dress or robe. [Also written camus.] [Obs.] All in a camis light of purple silk. Spenser. CAMISADE; CAMISADO Cam`i*sade", Cam`i*sa"do, n. Etym: [F. camisade a night attack; cf. It. camiciata. See Camis.] [Obs.] (Mil.) (a) A shirt worn by soldiers over their uniform, in order to be able to recognize one another in a night attack. (b) An attack by surprise by soldiers wearing the camisado. Give them a camisado in night season. Holinshed. CAMISARD Cam"i*sard, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: One of the French Protestant insurgents who rebelled against Louis XIV, after the revocation of the edict of Nates; -- so called from the peasant's smock (camise) which they wore. CAMISATED Cam"i*sa`ted, a. Defn: Dressed with a shirt over the other garments. CAMISOLE Cam"i*sole, n. Etym: [F. See chemise.] 1. A short dressing jacket for women. 2. A kind of straitjacket. CAMLET Cam"let, n. Etym: [F. camelot (akin to Sp. camelote, chamelote, It. cambellbito, ciambellotto, LL. camelotum, camelinum, fr. Ar. khamlat camlet, fr. kaml pile, plush. The word was early confused with camel, camel's hair also being used in making it. Cf. Calamanco] Defn: A woven fabric originally made of camel's hair, now chiefly of goat's hair and silk, or of wool and cotton. [Sometimes written camelot and camblet.] Note: They have been made plain and twilled, of sigle warp and weft, of double warp, and sometimes with double weft also, with thicker yarn. Beck (Draper's Dict. ) CAMLETED Cam"let*ed, a. Defn: Wavy or undulating like camlet; veined. Sir T. Herbert. CAMMAS Cam"mas, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Camass. CAMMOCK Cam"mock, n. Etym: [AS. cammoc.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant having long hard, crooked roots, the Ononis spinosa; -- called also rest-harrow. The Scandix Pecten-Veneris is also called cammock. CAMOMILE; CHAMOMILE Cam"o*mile, Cham"o*mile, n.Etym: [LL. camonilla, corrupted fr. Gr. Humble, and Melon.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbs (Anthemis) of the Composite family. The common camomile, A. nobilis, is used as a popular remedy. Its flowers have a strong and fragrant and a bitter, aromatic taste. They are tonic, febrifugal, and in large doses emetic, and the volatile oil is carminative. CAMONFLET Ca*mon"flet, n. Etym: [F.] (Mil.) Defn: A small mine, sometimes formed in the wall or side of an enemy's gallery, to blow in the earth and cut off the retreat of the miners. Farrow. CAMORRA Ca*mor"ra, n. [It.] Defn: A secret organization formed at Naples, Italy, early in the 19th century, and used partly for political ends and partly for practicing extortion, violence, etc. -- Ca*mor"rist (#), n. CAMOUS; CAMOYS Ca"mous, Ca"moys, a. Etym: [F. camus (equiv. to camard) flat-nosed, fr. Celtic Cam croked + suff. -us; akin to L. camur, camurus, croked.] Defn: Flat; depressed; crooked; -- said only of the nose. [Obs.] CAMOUSED Ca"moused, (, a. Etym: [From Camouse] Defn: Depressed; flattened. [Obs.] Though my nose be cammoused. B. Jonson CAMOUSLY Ca"mous*ly, adv. Defn: Awry. [Obs.] Skelton. CAMP Camp, n. Etym: [F. camp, It. campo, fr. L. campus plant, fleld; akin to Gr. Campaing, Champ, n.] 1. The ground or spot on which tents, huts, etc., are erected for shelter, as for an army or for lumbermen, etc. Shzk. 2. A collection of tents, huts, etc., for shelter, commonly arranged in an orderly manner. Forming a camp in the neighborhood of Boston. W. Irving. 3. A single hut or shelter; as, a hunter's camp. 4. The company or body of persons encamped, as of soldiers, of surveyors, of lumbermen, etc. The camp broke up with the confusion of a flight. Macaulay. 5. (Agric.) Defn: A mound of earth in which potatoes and other vegetables are stored for protection against frost; -- called also burrow and pie. [Prov. Eng.] 6. Etym: [Cf. OE. & AS. camp contest, battle. See champion.] Defn: An ancient game of football, played in some parts of England. Halliwell. Camp bedstead, a light bedstead that can be folded up onto a small space for easy transportation. -- camp ceiling (Arch.), a kind ceiling often used in attics or garrets, in which the side walls are inclined inward at the top, following the slope of the rafters, to meet the plane surface of the upper ceiling. -- Camp chair, a light chair that can be folded up compactly for easy transportation; the seat and back are often made of strips or pieces of carpet. -- Camp fever, typhus fever. -- Camp follower, a civilian accompanying an army, as a sutler, servant, etc. -- Camp meeting, a religious gathering for open-air preaching, held in some retired spot, chiefty by Methodists. It usualy last for several days, during which those present lodge in tents, temporary houses, or cottages. -- Camp stool, the same as camp chair, except that the stool has no back. -- Flying camp (Mil.), a camp or body of troops formed for rapid motion from one place to another. Farrow. -- To pitch (a) camp, to set up the tents or huts of a camp. -- To strike camp, to take down the tents or huts of a camp. CAMP Camp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Camped; p. pr. & vb n. Camping.] Defn: To afford rest or lodging for, as an army or travelers. Had our great palace the capacity To camp this host, we all would sup together. Shak. CAMP Camp, v. i. 1. To pitch or prepare a camp; to encamp; to lodge in a camp; -- often with out. They camped out at night, under the stars. W. Irving. 2. Etym: [See Camp, n., 6] Defn: To play the game called camp. [Prov. Eng.] Tusser. CAMPAGNA Cam*pa"gna, n. Etym: [It. See Campaing.] Defn: An open level tract of country; especially "Campagna di Roma." The extensive undulating plain which surrounds Rome. Note: Its length is commonly stated to be about ninety miles, and its breadth from twenty-seven to forty miles. The ground is almost entirely volcanic, and vapors which arise from the district produce malaria. CAMPAGNOL Cam`pa`gnol", n. Etym: [F. , fr. campagne field.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A mouse (Arvicala agrestis), called also meadow mouse, which often does great damage in fields and gardens, by feeding on roots and seeds. CAMPAIGN Cam*paign", n. Etym: [F. campagne, It. campagna, fr. L. Campania the level country about Naples, fr. campus field. See Camp, and cf. Champaign, Champagne.] 1. An open field; a large, open plain without considerable hills. SeeChampaign. Grath. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A connected series of military operations forming a distinct stage in a war; the time during which an army keeps the field. Wilhelm. 3. Political operations preceding an election; a canvass. [Cant, U. S.] 4. (Metal.) Defn: The period during which a blast furnace is continuously in operation. CAMPAIGN Cam*paign", v. i. Defn: To serve in a campaign. CAMPAIGNER Cam*paign"er, n. Defn: One who has served in an army in several campaigns; an old soldier; a veteran. CAMPANA Cam*pa"na, n. Etym: [LL. campana bell. Cf. Campanle.] 1. (Eccl.) Defn: A church bell. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The pasque flower. Drayton. 3. (Doric Arch.) Defn: Same as Gutta. CAMPANED Cam*paned", a. (Her.) Defn: Furnished with, or bearing, campanes, or bells. CAMPANERO Cam`pa*ne"ro, n. Etym: [Sp., a bellman.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The bellbird of South America. See Bellbird. CAMPANES Cam*panes", n. pl. Etym: [See Campana.] (Her.) Defn: Bells. [R.] CAMPANIA Cam*pa"ni*a, n. Etym: [See Campaig.] Defn: Open country. Sir W. Temple. CAMPANIFORM Cam*pan"i*form, a. Etym: [LL. campana bell + -form: cf. F. companiforme.] Defn: Bell-shaped. CAMPANILE Cam`pa*ni"le, n. Etym: [It. campanile bell tower, steeple, fr. It. & LL. campana bell.] (Arch.) Defn: A bell tower, esp. one built separate from a church. Many of the campaniles od Italy are lofty and magnificent atructures. Swift. CAMPANILIFORM Cam`pa*nil"i*form, a. Etym: [See Campaniform.] Defn: Bell-shaped; campanulate; campaniform. CAMPANOLOGIST Cam`pa*nol"o*gist, n. Defn: One skilled in campanology; a bell ringer. CAMPANOLOGY Cam`pa*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [LL. campana bell _ -logy.] Defn: The art of ringing bells, or a treatise on the art. CAMPANULA Cam*pan"u*la, n. Etym: [LL. campanula a little bell; dim. of campana bell.] (Bot.) Defn: A large genus of plants bearing bell-shaped flowers, often of great beauty; -- also called bellflower. CAMPANULACEOUS Cam*pan`u*la"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants (Camponulaceæ) of which Campanula is the type, and which includes the Canterbury bell, the harebell, and the Venus's looking-glass. CAMPANULARIAN Cam*pan`u*la"ri*an, n. Etym: [L. campanula a bell.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A hydroid of the family ampanularidæ, characterized by having the polyps or zooids inclosed in bell-shaped calicles or hydrothecæ. CAMPANULATE Cam*pan"u*late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Bell-shaped. CAMPBELLITE Camp"bell*ite, n. Etym: [From Alexander Campbell, of Virginia.] (Eccl.) Defn: A member of the denomination called Christians or Disciples of Christ. They themselves repudiate the term Campbellite as a nickname. See Christian, 3. CAMPEACHY WOOD Cam*peach"y Wood`. Etym: [From the bay of Campeachy, in Mexico.] Defn: Logwood. CAMPER Camp"er, n. Defn: One who lodges temporarily in a hut or camp. CAMPESTRAL; CAMPESTRIAN Cam*pes"tral, Cam*pes"tri*an, a. Etym: [L. campester, fr. campus field.] Defn: Relating to an open fields; drowing in a field; growing in a field, or open ground. CAMPFIGHT Camp"fight`, n. Etym: [Cf. Camp, n., 6.] (O. Eng. Law.) Defn: A duel; the decision of a case by a duel. CAMPHENE Cam"phene, n. (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of substances C10H16, resembling camphor, regarded as modified terpenes. CAMPHINE Cam*phine", n. Etym: [From Camphor.] Defn: Rectified oil of turpentine, used for burning in lamps, and as a common solvent in varnishes. Note: The name is also applied to a mixture of this substance with three times its volume of alcohol and sometimes a little ether, used as an illuminant. CAMPHIRE Cam"phire, n. Defn: An old spelling of Camphor. CAMPHOGEN Cam"pho*gen, n. Etym: [Camphor + -gen: -- formerly so called as derived from camphor: cf. F. camphogène.] (Chem.) Defn: See Cymene. CAMPHOL Cam"phol, n. Etym: [Camphol + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: See Borneol. CAMPHOR Cam"phor, n. Etym: [OE. camfere, F. camphre (cf. It. camfara, Sp. camfara, alcanfor, LL. camfora, camphara, NGr. kafur, prob. fr. Skr. karpura.] 1. A tough, white, aromatic resin, or gum, obtained from different species of the Laurus family, esp. from Cinnamomum camphara (the Laurus camphara of Linnæus.). Camphor, C10H16O, is volatile and fragrant, and is used in medicine as a diaphoretic, a stimulant, or sedative. 2. A gum resembing ordinary camphor, obtained from a tree (Dryobalanops camphora) growing in Sumatra and Borneo; -- called also Malay camphor, camphor of Borneo, or borneol. See Borneol. Note: The name camphor is also applied to a number of bodies of similar appearance and properties, as cedar camphor, obtained from the red or pencil cedar (Juniperus Virginiana), and peppermint camphor, or menthol, obtained from the oil of peppermint. Camphor oil (Chem.), name variously given to certain oil-like products, obtained especially from the camphor tree. -- Camphor tree, a large evergreen tree (Cinnamomum Camphora) with lax, smooth branches and shining triple-nerved lanceolate leaves, probably native in China, but now cultivated in most warm countries. Camphor is collected by a process of steaming the chips of the wood and subliming the product. CAMPHOR Cam"phor, v. t. Defn: To impregnate or wash with camphor; to camphorate. [R.] Tatler. CAMPHORACEOUS Cam`pho*ra"ceous, a. Defn: Of the nature of camphor; containing camphor. Dunglison. CAMPHORATE Cam"phor*ate, v. t. Defn: To impregnate or treat with camphor. CAMPHORATE Cam"phor*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. camphorate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of camphoric acid. CAMPHORATE; CAMPORATED Cam"phor*ate, Cam"por*a`ted, Defn: Combined or impregnated with camphor. Camphorated oil, an oleaginous preparation containing camphor, much used as an embrocation. CAMPHORIC Cam*phor"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. camphorique.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, camphor. Camphoric acid, a white crystallizable substance, C10H16O4, obtained from the oxidation of camphor. Note: Other acid of camphor are campholic acid, C10H18O2, and camphoronic acid, C9H12O5, white crystallizable substances. CAMPHRETIC Cam*phret"ic, a. Etym: [rom Camphor.] Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from camphor. [R.] CAMPING Camp"ing, n. 1. Lodging in a camp. 2. Etym: [See Camp, n., 6] Defn: A game of football. [Prov. Eng.] CAMPION Cam"pi*on, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. L. campus field.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the Pink family (Cucubalus bacciferus), bearing berries regarded as poisonous. Bladder campion, a plant of the Pink family (Cucubalus Behen or Silene inflata), having a much inflated calyx. See Behen. -- Rose campion, a garden plant (Lychnis coronaria) with handsome crimsome crimson flowers. CAMPUS Cam"pus, n. Etym: [L., a field.] Defn: The principal grounds of a college or school, between the buildings or within the main inclosure; as, the college campus. CAMPYLOSPERMOUS Cam`py*lo*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having seeds grooved lengthwise on the inner face, as in sweet cicely. CAMPYLOTROPOUS Cam`py*lot"ro*pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having the ovules and seeds so curved, or bent down upon themselves, that the ends of the embryo are brought close together. CAMUS Cam"us, n. Defn: See Camis. [Obs.] CAMWOOD Cam"wood, n. Defn: See Barwood. CAN Can, Defn: an obs. form of began, imp. & p. p. of Begin, sometimes used in old poetry. Note: [See Gan.] With gentle words he can faile gree. Spenser. CAN Can, n. Etym: [OE. & AS. canne; akin to D. Kan, G. Kanne, OHG. channa, Sw. Kanna, Dan. kande.] 1. A drinking cup; a vessel for holding liquids. [Shak. ] Fill the cup and fill can, Have a rouse before the morn. Tennyson. 2. A vessel or case of tinned iron or of sheet metal, of various forms, but usually cylindrical; as, a can of tomatoes; an oil can; a milk can. Note: A can may be a cylinder open at the top, as for receiving the sliver from a carding machine, or with a removable cover or stopper, as for holding tea, spices, milk, oysters, etc., or with handle and spout, as for holding oil, or hermetically sealed, in canning meats, fruits, etc. The name is also sometimes given to the small glass or earthenware jar used in canning. CAN Can, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canned; p. pr. &vb. n. Canning.] Defn: To preserve by putting in sealed cans [U. S.] "Canned meats" W. D. Howells. Canned goods, a general name for fruit, vegetables, meat, or fish, preserved in hermetically sealed cans. CAN Can, v. t. & i. Note: [The transitive use is obsolete.] [imp. Could.] Etym: [OE. cunnen, cannen (1st sing. pres. I can), to know, know how, be able, AS. cunnan, 1st sing. pres. ic cann or can, pl. cunnon, 1st sing. imp. cu\'ebe (for cunthe); p. p. cu\'eb (for cunth); akin to OS. Kunnan, D. Kunnen, OHG. chunnan, G. können, Icel. kunna, Goth. Kunnan, and E. ken to know. The present tense I can (AS. ic cann) was originally a preterit, meaning I have known or Learned, and hence I know, know how. *45. See Ken, Know; cf. Con, Cunning, Uncouth.] 1. To know; to understand. [Obs.] I can rimes of Rodin Hood. Piers Plowman. I can no Latin, quod she. Piers Plowman. Let the priest in surplice white, That defunctive music can. Shak. 2. To be able to do; to have power or influence. [Obs.] The will of Him who all things can. Milton. For what, alas, can these my single arms Shak. Mæcænas and Agrippa, who can most with Cæsar. Beau. & Fl. 3. To be able; -- followed by an infinitive without to; as, I can go, but do not wish to. Syn. -- Can but, Can not but. It is an error to use the former of these phrases where the sens requires the latter. If we say, "I can but perish if I go," "But" means only, and denotes that this is all or the worst that can happen. When the apostle Peter said. "We can not but speak of the things which we have seen and heard." he referred to a moral constraint or necessety which rested upon him and his associates; and the meaning was, We cannot help speaking, We cannot refrain from speaking. This idea of a moral necessity or constraint is of frequent occurrence, and is also expressed in the phrase, "I can not help it." Thus we say. "I can not but hope," "I can not but believe," "I can not but think," "I can not but remark," etc., in cases in which it would be an error to use the phrase can but. Yet he could not but acknowledge to himself that there was something calculated to impress awe, . . . in the sudden appearances and vanishings . . . of the masque De Quincey. Tom felt that this was a rebuff for him, and could not but understand it as a left-handed hit at his employer. Dickens. CANAANITE Ca"naan*ite, n. 1. A descendant of Canaan, the son of Ham, and grandson of Noah. 2. A Native or inbabitant of the land of Canaan, esp. a member of any of the tribes who inhabited Canaan at the time of the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. CANAANITE Ca"naan*ite, n. Etym: [From an Aramaic word signifying "zeal."] Defn: A zealot. "Simon the Canaanite." Matt. x. 4. Note: This was the "Simon called Zelotes" (Luke vi. 15), i.e., Simon the zealot. Kitto. CANAANITISH Ca"naan*i`tish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Canaan or the Canaanites. CANADA; CANYADA Ca*ña"da, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A small cañon; a narrow valley or glen; also, but less frequently, an open valley. [Local, Western U. S.] CANADA Can"a*da, n. Defn: A British province in North America, giving its name to various plants and animals. Canada balsam. See under Balsam. -- Canada goose. (Zoöl.) See Whisky Jack. -- Canada lynx. (Zoöl.) See Lynx. -- Canada porcupine (Zoöl.) See Porcupine, and Urson. -- Canada rice (Bot.) See under Rick. -- Canada robin (Zoöl.), the cedar bird. CANADIAN Ca*na"di*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Canada. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Canada. Canadian period (Geol.), A subdivision of the American Lower Silurian system embracing the calciferous, Quebec, and Chazy epochs. This period immediately follows the primordial or Cambrian period, and is by many geologists regarded as the beginning of the Silurian age, See the Diagram, under Geology. CANAILLE Ca*naille", n. Etym: [F. canaille (cf. It. canaglia), prop. and orig. a pack of dogs, fr. L. Canis dog.] 1. The lowest class of people; the rabble; the vulgar. 2. Shorts or inferior flour. [Canadian] CANAKIN Can"a*kin, n. Etym: [Dim. of can.] Defn: A little can or cup. "And let me the canakin clink." Shak. CANAL Ca*nal", n. Etym: [F. canal, from L. canalis canal, channel; prob. from a root signifying "to cut"; cf. D. kanaal, fr. the French. Cf. Channel, Kennel gutter.] 1. An artificial channel filled with water and designed for navigation, or for irrigating land, etc. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A tube or duct; as, the alimentary canal; the semicircular canals of the ear. Canal boat, a boat for use on a canal; esp. one of peculiar shape, carrying freight, and drawn by horses walking on the towpath beside the canal. Canal lock. See Lock. CANAL COAL Can"al coal`. Defn: See Cannel coal. CANALICULATE; CANALICULATED Can`a*lic"u*late, Can`a*lic"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. canaliculatus channeled, fr. canaliculus, dim. of canalis. See Canal.] Defn: Having a channel or groove, as in the leafstalks of most palms. CANALICULUS Can`a*lic"u*lus, n.; pl. Canaliculi. Etym: [L.] (Anat.) Defn: A minute canal. CANALIZATION Ca*nal`i*za"tion, n. Defn: Construction of, or furnishing with, a canal or canals. [R.] CANAPE Ca`na`pé", n. [F., orig. a couch with mosquito curtains. See Canopy.] 1. A sofa or divan. 2. (Cookery) A slice or piece of bread fried in butter or oil, on which anchovies, mushrooms, etc., are served. CANAPE CONFIDENT Ca`na`pé" con`fi`dent". Defn: A sofa having a seat at each end at right angles to the main seats. CANARD Ca*nard", n. Etym: [F., properly, a duck.] Defn: An extravagant or absurd report or story; a fabricated sensational report or statement; esp. one set afloat in the newspapers to hoax the public. CANARESE Can`a*rese", a. Defn: Pertaining to Canara, a district of British India. CANARY Ca*na"ry, a. Etym: [F. Canarie, L. Canaria insula one of the Canary islands, said to be so called from its large dogs, fr. canis dog.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Canary Islands; as, canary wine; canary birds. 2. Of a pale yellowish color; as, Canary stone. Canary grass, a grass of the genus Phalaris (P. Canariensis), producing the seed used as food for canary birds. -- Canary stone (Min.), a yellow species of carnelian, named from its resemblance in color to the plumage of the canary bird. -- Canary wood, the beautiful wood of the trees Persea Indica and P. Canariensis, natives of Madeira and the Canary Islands. -- Canary vine. See Canary bird flower, under Canary bird. CANARY Ca*na"ry, n.; pl. Canaries. 1. Wine made in the Canary Islands; sack. "A cup of canary." Shak. 2. A canary bird. 3. A pale yellow color, like that of a canary bird. 4. A quick and lively dance. [Obs.] Make you dance canary With sprightly fire and motion. Shak. CANARY Ca*na"ry, v. i. Defn: To perform the canary dance; to move nimbly; to caper. [Obs.] But to jig of a tune at the tongue's end, canary to it with your feet. Shak. CANARY BIRD Ca*na"ry bird`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small singing bird of the Finch family (Serinus Canarius), a native of the Canary Islands. It was brought to Europe in the 16th century, and made a household pet. It generally has a yellowish body with the wings and tail greenish, but in its wild state it is more frequently of gray or brown color. It is sometimes called canary finch.canary. Canary bird flower (Bot.), a climbing plant (Tropæolum peregrinum) with canary-colored flowers of peculiar form; -- called also canary vine. CANASTER Ca*nas"ter, n. Etym: [Sp. canasta, canastro, basket, fr. L. canistrum. See Canister.] Defn: A kind of tobacco for smoking, made of the dried leaves, coarsely broken; -- so called from the rush baskets in which it is packed in South America. McElrath. CAN BUOY Can" buoy`. Defn: See under Buoy, n. CANCAN Can"can, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A rollicking French dance, accompanied by indecorous or extravagant postures and gestures. CANCEL Can"cel, v. i. [Imp. & p. p. Canceled or Cancelled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Canceling or Cancelling.] Etym: [L. cancellare to make like a lattice, to strike or cross out (cf. Fr. canceller, OF. canceler) fr. cancelli lattice, crossbars, dim. of cancer lattice; cf. Gr. Chancel.] 1. To inclose or surround, as with a railing, or with latticework. [Obs.] A little obscure place canceled in with iron work is the pillar or stump at which . . . our Savior was scourged. Evelyn. 2. To shut out, as with a railing or with latticework; to exclude. [Obs.] "Canceled from heaven." Milton. 3. To cross and deface, as the lines of a writing, or as a word or figure; to mark out by a cross line; to blot out or obliterate. A deed may be avoided by delivering it up to be cancelled; that is, to have lines drawn over it in the form of latticework or cancelli; the phrase is now used figuratively for any manner of obliterating or defacing it. Blackstone. 4. To annul or destroy; to revoke or recall. The indentures were canceled. Thackeray. He was unwilling to cancel the interest created through former secret services, by being refractory on this occasion. Sir W. Scott. 5. (Print.) Defn: To suppress or omit; to strike out, as matter in type. Canceled figures (Print), figures cast with a line across the face., as for use in arithmetics. Syn. -- To blot out; Obliterate; deface; erase; efface; expunge; annul; abolish; revoke; abrogate; repeal; destroy; do away; set aside. See Abolish. CANCEL Can"cel, n. Etym: [See Cancel, v. i., and cf. Chancel.] 1. An inclosure; a boundary; a limit. [Obs.] A prison is but a retirement, and opportunity of serious thoughts, to a person whose spirit . . . desires no enlargement beyond the cancels of the body. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Print) (a) The suppression on striking out of matter in type, or of a printed page or pages. (b) The part thus suppressed. CANCELIER Can`cel*ier", v. i. Etym: [F. chanceler, OF. canseler, to waver, orig. to cross the legs so as not to fall; from the same word as E. cancel.] (Falconry) Defn: To turn in flight; -- said of a hawk. [Obs.] Nares. He makes his stoop; but wanting breath, is forced To cancelier. Massinger. CANCELIER; CANCELEER Can`cel*ier", Can"cel*eer, n. (Falconry) Defn: The turn of a hawk upon the wing to recover herself, when she misses her aim in the stoop. [Obs.] The fierce and eager hawks, down thrilling from the skies, Make sundry canceliers are they the fowl can reach. Drayton. CANCELLAREAN Can`cel*la"re*an, a. Defn: Cancellarean. [R.] CANCELLATE Can"cel*late, a. Etym: [L. cancellatus, p. p. of cancellare, See Cancel, v. t.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Consisting of a network of veins, without intermediate parenchyma, as the leaves of certain plant; latticelike. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the surface coveres with raised lines, crossing at right angles. CANCELLATED Can"cel*la`ted, a. 1. Crossbarres; marked with cross lines. Grew. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Open or spongy, as some porous bones. CANCELLATION Can`cel*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. cancellatio: cf. F. cancellation.] 1. The act, process, or result of canceling; as, the cansellation of certain words in a contract, or of the contract itself. 2. (Math.) Defn: The operation of striking out common factora, in both the dividend and divisor. CANCELLI Can*cel"li, n. pl. Etym: [L., a lattice. See Cancel, v. t.] 1. An interwoven or latticed wall or inclosure; latticework, rails, or crossbars, as around the bar of a court of justice, between the chancel and the have of a church, or in a window. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The interlacing osseous plates constituting the elastic porous tissue of certain parts of the bones, esp. in their articular extremities. CANCELLOUS Can"cel*lous, a. Etym: [Cf. L. cancellosus covered with bars.] (Anat.) Defn: Having a spongy or porous stracture; made up of cancelli; cancellated; as, the cancellous texture of parts of many bones. CANCER Can"cer, n. Etym: [L. cancer, cancri, crab, ulcer, a sign of the zodiac; akin to Gr. karka crab, and prob. Skr. karkara hard, the crab being named from its hard shell. Cf. Canner, Chancre.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of decapod Crustacea, including some of the most common shore crabs of Europe and North America, as the rock crab, Jonah crab, etc. See Crab. 2. (Astron.) (a) The fourth of the twelve signs of the zodiac. The first point is the northern limit of the sun's course in summer; hence, the sign of the summer solstice. See Tropic. (b) A northern constellation between Gemini and Leo. 3. (Med.) Defn: Formerly, any malignant growth, esp. one attended with great pain and ulceration, with cachexia and progressive emaciation. It was so called, perhaps, from the great veins which surround it, compared by the ancients to the claws of a crab. The term it now restricted to such a growth made up of aggregations of epithelial cells, either without support or embedded in the meshes of a trabecular framework. Note: Four kinds of cancers are recognized: (1) Epithelial cancer, or Epithelioma, in which there is no trabecular framework. See Epithelioma. (2) Scirrhous cancer, or Hard cancer, in which the framework predominates, and the tumor is of hard consistence and slow growth. (3) Encephaloid, Medullary, or Soft cancer, in which the cellular element predominates, and the tumor is soft, grows rapidy, and often ulcerates. (4) Colloid cancer, in which the cancerous structure becomes gelatinous. The last three varieties are also called carcinoma. Cancer cells, cells once believed to be peculiar to cancers, but now know to be epithelial cells differing in no respect from those found elsewhere in the body, and distinguished only by peculiarity of location and grouping. -- Cancer root (Bot.), the name of several low plants, mostly parasitic on roots, as the beech drops, the squawroot, etc. -- Tropic of Cancer. See Tropic. CANCERATE Can"cer*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cancerated.] Etym: [LL. canceratus eaten by a cancer. See Cancer.] Defn: To grow into a canser; to become cancerous. Boyle. CANCERATION Can`cer*a"tion, n. Defn: The act or state of becoming cancerous or growing into a cancer. CANCERITE Can"cer*ite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cancéreux.] Defn: Like a cancer; having the qualities or virulence of a cancer; affected with cancer. "Cancerous vices." G. Eliot. -- Can"cer*ous*ly, adv. -- Can"cer*ous*ness, n. CANCEROUS Can"cer*ous, a. [Cf. F. cancéreux] Defn: Like a cancer; having the qualities or virulence of a cancer; affected with cancer. "cancerous vices" G. Eliot. [1913 Webster] -- Can"cer*ous*ly, adv. --Can"cer*ous*ness, n. CANCRIFORM Can"cri*form, a. Etym: [Cancer + -form; cf. F. cancriforme.] 1. Having the form of, or resembling, a crab; crab-shaped. 2. Like a cancer; cancerous. CANCRINE Can"crine, a. Etym: [From Cancer.] Defn: Having the qualities of a crab; crablike. CANCRINITE Can"cri*nite, n. Etym: [Named after Count Cancrin, a minister of finance in Russia.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in hexagonal crystals, also massive, generally of a yellow color, containing silica, alumina, lime, soda, and carbon dioxide. CANCROID Can"croid, a. Etym: [Cancer + oid.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling a crab; pertaining to the Cancroidea, one of the families of crabs, including the genus Cancer. 2. Like a cancer; as, a cancroid tumor. CAND Cand, n. Defn: Fluor spar. See Kand. CANDELABRUM Can`de*la"brum n.; pl. L. Candelabra, E. Candelabrums. Etym: [L., fr. candela candle. See candle.] 1. (Antiq.) (a) A lamp stand of any sort. (b) A highly ornamented stand of marble or other ponderous material, usually having three feet, -- frequently a votive offering to a temple. 2. A large candlestick, having several branches. CANDENT Can`dent, a. Etym: [L. candens, p. pr. of candëre to glitter. See Candid.] Defn: Heated to whiteness; glowing with heat. "A candent vessel." Boyle. CANDEROS Can"de*ros, n. Defn: An East Indian resin, of a pellucid white color, from which small ornaments and toys are sometimes made. CANDESCENCE Can*des"cence, n. Defn: See Inclandescence. CANDESCENT Can*des"cent, a. [L. candescens, -entis, p. pr. of candescere, v. incho. fr. candere to shine.] Defn: Glowing; luminous; incandescent. CANDICANT Can"di*cant, a. Etym: [L. candicans, p. pr. of candicare to be whitish.] Defn: Growing white. [Obs.] CANDID Can*did, a. Etym: [F. candide (cf. It. candido), L. candidus white, fr. candëre to be of a glowing white; akin to accend, incend, to set on fire, Skr. chand to shane. Cf. Candle, Incense.] 1. White. [Obs.] The box receives all black; but poured from thence, The stones came candid forth, the hue of innocence. Dryden. 2. Free from undue bias; disposed to think and judge according to truth and justice, or without partiality or prejudice; fair; just; impartial; as, a candid opinion. "Candid and dispassionate men." W. Irving. 3. Open; frank; ingenuous; outspoken. Syn. -- Fair; open; ingenuous; impartial; just; frank; artless; unbiased; equitable. -- Candid, Fair, Open, Frank, Ingenuous. A man is fair when he puts things on a just or equitable footing; he is candid when be looks impartially on both sides of a subject, doing justice especially to the motives and conduct of an opponent; he is open and frank when he declares his sentiments without reserve; he is ingenuous when he does this from a noble regard for truth. Fair dealing; candid investigation; an open temper; a frank disposition; an ingenuous answer or declaration. CANDIDACY Can"di*da*cy, n. Defn: The position of a candidate; state of being a candidate; candidateship. CANDIDATE Can"di*date, n. Etym: [L. Candidatus, n. (because candidates for office in Rome were clothed in a white toga.) fr. candidatus clothed in white, fr. candiduslittering, white: cf. F. candidat.] Defn: One who offers himself, or is put forward by others, as a suitable person or an aspirant or contestant for an office, privilege, or honor; as, a candidate for the office of governor; a candidate for holy orders; a candidate for scholastic honors. CANDIDATESHIP Can"di*date*ship, n. Defn: Candidacy. CANDIDATING Can"di*da`ting, n. Defn: The taking of the position of a candidate; specifically, the preaching of a clergyman with a view to settlement. [Cant, U. S.] CANDIDATURE Can"di*da*ture, n. Defn: Candidacy. CANDIDLY Can"did*ly, adv. Defn: In a candid manner. CANDIDNESS Can"did*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being candid. CANDIED Can"died, a. Etym: [From 1st Candy.] 1. Preserved in or with sugar; incrusted with a candylike substance; as, candied fruits. 2. (a) Converted wholly or partially into sugar or candy; as candied sirup. (b) Conted or more or less with sugar; as, candidied raisins. (c) Figuratively; Honeyed; sweet; flattering. Let the candied tongue lick absurd pomp. Shak. 3. Covered or incrusted with that which resembles sugar or candy. Will the cold brook, Candiedwith ice, caudle thy morning tast Shak. CANDIFY Can"di*fy, v. t. or v. i. Etym: [L. candificare; candëre to be white + -facere to make.] Defn: To make or become white, or candied. [R.] CANDIOT Can"di*ot, a. Etym: [Cf. F. candiote.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Candia; Cretary. CANDITE Can"dite, n. (Min.) Defn: A variety of spinel, of a dark color, found at Candy, in Ceylon. CANDLE Can"dle, n. Etym: [OE. candel, candel, AS, candel, fr. L. candela a (white) light made of wax or tallow, fr. candëre to be white. See Candid, and cf. Chandler, Cannel, Kindle.] 1. A slender, cylindrical body of tallow, containing a wick composed of loosely twisted linen of cotton threads, and used to furnish light. How far that little candle throws his beams! So shines a good deed in a naughty world. Shak. Note: Candles are usually made by repeatedly dipping the wicks in the melted tallow, etc. ("dipped candles"), or by casting or running in a mold. 2. That which gives light; a luminary. By these blessed candles of the night. Shak. Candle nut, the fruit of a euphorbiaceous shrub (Aleurites triloba), a native of some of the Pacific islands; -- socalled because, when dry, it will burn with a bright flame, and is used by the natives as a candle. The oil has many uses. -- Candle power (Photom.), illuminating power, as of a lamp, or gas flame, reckoned in terms of the light of a standard candle. Electric candle, A modification of the electric arc lamp, in which the carbon rods, instead of being placed end to end, are arranged side by side, and at a distance suitable for the formation of the arc at the tip; - - called also, from the name of the inventor, Jablockoff candle. -- Excommunication by inch of candle, a form of excommunication in which the offender is allowed time to repent only while a candle burns. -- Not worth the candle, not worth the cost or trouble. -- Rush candle, a candle made of the pith of certain rushes, peeled except on one side, and dipped in grease. -- Sale by inch of candle, an auction in which persons are allowed to bid only till a small piece of candle burns out. -- Standard candle (Photom.), a special form of candle employed as a standard in photometric measurements; usually, a candle of spermaceti so constructed as to burn at the rate of 120 grains, or 7.8 grams, per hour. -- To curse by bell, book and candle. See under Bell. CANDLEBERRY TREE Can"dle*ber`ry tree. (Bot.) Defn: A shrub (the Myrica cerifera, or wax-bearing myrtle), common in North America, the little nuts of which are covered with a greenish white wax, which was formerly, used for hardening candles; -- also called bayberry tree, bayberry, or candleberry. CANDLEBOMB Can"dle*bomb`, n. 1. A small glass bubble, filled with water, which, if placed in the flame of a candle, bursts by expansion of steam. 2. A pasteboard shell used in signaling. It is filled with a composition which makes a brilliant light when it explodes. Farrow. CANDLE COAL Can"dle coal`. Defn: See Cannel coal. CANDLEFISH Can"dle*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine fish (Thaleichthys Pacificus), allied to the smelt, found on the north Pacific coast; -- called also eulachon. It is so oily that, when dried, it may be used as a candle, by drawing a wick through it. (b) The beshow. CANDLE FOOT Candle foot. (Photom.) Defn: The illumination produced by a British standard candle at a distance of one foot; --used as a unit of illumination. CANDLEHOLDER Can"dle*hold`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, holds a candle; also, one who assists another, but is otherwise not of importance. Shak. CANDLELIGHT Can"dle*light`, n. Defn: The light of a candle. Never went by candlelight to bed. Dryden. CANDLEMAS Can"dle*mas, n. Etym: [AS. candelmæsse, candel candle _ mæsse mass.] Defn: The second day of February, on which is celebrated the feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary; -- so called because the candles for the altar or other sacred uses are blessed on that day. CANDLE METER Candle meter. (Photom.) Defn: The illumination given by a standard candle at a distance of one meter; -- used as a unit of illumination, except in Great Britain. CANDLENUT Can"dle*nut`, n. 1. The fruit of a euphorbiaceous tree or shrub (Aleurites moluccana), native of some of the Pacific islands. It is used by the natives as a candle. The oil from the nut ( candlenut, or kekune, oil) has many uses. 2. The tree itself. CANDLEPIN Can`dle*pin`, n. (Tenpins) (a) A form of pin slender and nearly straight like a candle. (b) The game played with such pins; -- in form candlepins, used as a singular. CANDLE POWER Candle power. (Photom.) Defn: Illuminating power, as of a lamp, or gas flame, reckoned in terms of the light of a standard candle. CANDLESTICK Can"dle*stick`, n. Etym: [AS. candel-sticca; candel candle + sticca stick.] Defn: An instrument or utensil for supporting a candle. CANDLEWASTER Can"dle*wast`er, n. Defn: One who consumes candles by being up late for study or dissipation. A bookworm, a candlewaster. B. Jonson. CANDOCK Can"dock n. Etym: [Prob. fr. can + dock (the plant). Cf. G. kannenkraut horsetail, lit. "canweed."] (Bot.) Defn: A plant or weed that grows in rivers; a species of of Equisetum; also, the yellow frog lily (Nuphar luteum). CANDOR Can"dor, n. [Written also candour.] Etym: [L. candor, fr. candëre; cf. F. candeur. See candid.] 1. Whiteness; brightness; (as applied to moral conditions) usullied purity; innocence. [Obs.] Nor yor unquestioned integrity Shall e'er be sullied with one taint or spot That may take from your innocence and candor. Massinger. 2. A disposition to treat subjects with fairness; freedom from prejudice or disguise; frankness; sincerity. Attribute superior sagacity and candor to those who held that side of the question. Whewell. CANDROY Can"droy, n. Defn: A machine for spreading out cotton cloths to prepare them for printing. CANDY Can"dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Candied; p. pr & vb. n. Candying.] Etym: [F. candir (cf. It. candire, Sp. azúcar cande or candi), fr. Ar. & Pers. qand, fr. Skr. Khan\'c8da piece, sugar in pieces or lumps, fr. khan\'c8, khad to break.] 1. To conserve or boil in sugar; as, to candy fruits; to candy ginger. 2. To make sugar crystals of or in; to form into a mass resembling candy; as, to candy sirup. 3. To incrust with sugar or with candy, or with that which resembles sugar or candy. Those frosts that winter brings Which candy every green. Drayson. CANDY Can"dy, v. i. 1. To have sugar crystals form in or on; as, fruits preserved in sugar candy after a time. 2. To be formed into candy; to solidify in a candylike form or mass. CANDY Can"dy n. Etym: [F. candi. See Candy, v. t.] Defn: A more or less solid article of confectionery made by boiling sugar or molasses to the desired consistency, and than crystallizing, molding, or working in the required shape. It is often flavored or colored, and sometimes contains fruit, nuts, etc. CANDY Candy, n. Etym: [Mahratta khan\'c8i, Tamil kan\'c8i.] Defn: A weight, at Madras 500 pounds, at Bombay 560 pounds. CANDYTUFT Can"dy*tuft`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An annual plant of the genus Iberis, cultivated in gardens. The name was originally given to the I. umbellata, first, discovered in the island of Candia. CANE Cane, n. Etym: [OE. cane, canne, OF. cane, F. canne, L. canna, fr. Gr. qaneh reed. Cf. Canister, canon, 1st Cannon.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A name given to several peculiar palms, species of Calamus and Dæmanorops, having very long, smooth flexible stems, commonly called rattans. (b) Any plant with long, hard, elastic stems, as reeds and bamboos of many kinds; also, the sugar cane. (c) Stems of other plants are sometimes called canes; as, the canes of a raspberry. Like light canes, that first rise big and brave. B. Jonson. Note: In the Southern United States great cane is the Arundinaria macrosperma, and small cane is. A. tecta. 2. A walking stick; a staff; -- so called because originally made of one the species of cane. Stir the fire with your master's cane. Swift. 3. A lance or dart made of cane. [R.] Judgelike thou sitt'st, to praise or to arraign The flying skirmish of the darted cane. Dryden. 4. A local European measure of length. See Canna. Cane borer (Zoö.), A beetle (Oberea bimaculata) which, in the larval state, bores into pith and destroy the canes or stalks of the raspberry, blackberry, etc. -- Cane mill, a mill for grinding sugar canes, for the manufacture of sugar. -- Cane trash, the crushed stalks and other refuse of sugar cane, used for fuel, etc. CANE Cane, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caned; p. pr. & vb. n. Caning.] 1. To beat with a cane. Macaulay. 2. To make or furnish with cane or rattan; as, to cane chairs. CANEBRAKE Cane"brake, n. Defn: A thicket of canes. Ellicott. CANED Caned, a. Etym: [Cf. L. canus white.] Defn: Filled with white flakes; mothery; -- said vinegar when containing mother. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. CANELLA Ca*nel"la, n. Etym: [LL. (OE. canel, canelle, cinnamon, fr. F. cannelle), Dim. of L. canna a reed. Canella is so called from the shape of the rolls of prepared bark. See Cane.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees of the order Canellaceæ, growing in the West Indies. Note: The principal species is Canella alba, and its bark is a spice and drug exported under the names of wild cinnamon and whitewood bark. CANESCENT Ca*nes"cent, a. Etym: [L. canescens, p. pr. of canescere, v. inchoative of canere to be white.] Defn: Growing white, or assuming a color approaching to white. CANGUE Cangue (kang), n. [Written also cang.] [F. cangue, fr. Pg. canga yoke.] Defn: A very broad and heavy wooden collar which certain offenders in China are compelled to wear as a punishment. CAN HOOK Can" hook`. Defn: A device consisting of a short rope with flat hooks at each end, for hoisting casks or barrels by the ends of the staves. CANICULA; CANNICULA Ca*nic"u*la, Can*nic"u*la, n. Etym: [L. canicula, lit., a little dog, a dim of canis dog; cf. F. canicule.] (Astron.) Defn: The Dog Star; Sirius. CANICULAR Ca*nic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. canicularis; cf. F. caniculaire.] Defn: Pertaining to, or measured, by the rising of the Dog Star. Canicular days, the dog days, See Dog days. -- Canicular year, the Egyptian year, computed from one heliacal rising of the Dog Star to another. CANICULE Can"i*cule, n. Defn: Canicula. Addison. CANINAL Ca*ni"nal, a. Defn: See Canine, a. CANINE Ca*nine", a. Etym: [L. caninus, fr. canis dog: cf. F. canin. See Hound.] 1. Of or pertaining to the family Canidæ, or dogs and wolves; having the nature or qualities of a dog; like that or those of a dog. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pointed tooth on each side the incisors. Canine appetite, a morbidly voracious appetite; bulimia. -- Canine letter, the letter r. See R. -- Canine madness, hydrophobia. -- Canine toth, a toth situated between the incisor and bicuspid teeth, so called because well developen in dogs; usually, the third tooth from the front on each side of each jaw; an eyetooth, or the corresponding tooth in the lower jaw. CANINE Ca*nine", n. (Anat.) Defn: A canine tooth. CANIS Ca"nis, n.; pl. Canes 3. Etym: [L., a dog.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of carnivorous mammals, of the family Canidæ, including the dogs and wolves. Canis major Etym: [L., larger dog], a constellation to the southeast of Orion, containing Sirius or the Dog Star. -- Canis minor Etym: [L., smaller dog], a constellation to the east of Orion, containing Procyon, a star of the first magnitude. CANISTER Can"is*ter, n. Etym: [L. canistrum a basket woven from reeds Gr. canistre. See Cane, and Canaster.] 1. A small basket of rushes, or wilow twigs, etc. 2. A small box or case for holding tea, coffee, etc. 3. (Mil.) Defn: A kind of case shot for cannon, in which a number of lead or iron balls in layers are inclosed in a case fitting the gun; -- called also canister shot, CANKER Can"ker, n. Etym: [OE. canker, cancre, AS. cancer (akin to D. kanker, OHG chanchar.), fr. L. cancer a cancer; or if a native word, cf. Gr. cancre, F. chancere, fr. L. cancer. See cancer, and cf. Chancre.] 1. A corroding or sloughing ulcer; esp. a spreading gangrenous ulcer or collection of ulcers in or about the mouth; -- called also water canker, canker of the mouth, and noma. 2. Anything which corrodes, corrupts, or destroy. The cankers of envy and faction. Temple. 3. (Hort.) Defn: A disease incident to trees, causing the bark to rot and fall off. 4. (Far.) Defn: An obstinate and often incurable disease of a horse's foot, characterized by separation of the horny portion and the development of fungoid growths; -- usually resulting from neglected thrush. 5. A kind of wild, worthless rose; the dog-rose. To put down Richard, that sweet lovely rose. And plant this thorm, this canker, Bolingbroke. Shak. Black canker. See under Black. CANKER Can"ker, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cankered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cankering.] 1. To affect as a canker; to eat away; to corrode; to consune. No lapse of moons can canker Love. Tennyson. 2. To infect or pollute; to corrupt. Addison. A tithe purloined canker the whole estate. Herbert. CANKER Can"ker, v. i. 1. To waste away, grow rusty, or be oxidized, as a mineral. [Obs.] Silvering will sully and canker more than gliding. Bacom. 2. To be or become diseased, or as if diseased, with canker; to grow corrupt; to become venomous. Deceit and cankered malice. Dryden. As with age his body uglier grows, So his mind cankers. Shak. CANKER-BIT Can"ker-bit`, a. Defn: Eaten out by canker, or as by canker. [Obs.] CANKER BLOOM Can"ker bloom`. Defn: The bloom or blossom of the wild rose or dog-rose. CANKER BLOSSOM Can"ker blos`som. Defn: That which blasts a blossom as a canker does. [Obs.] O me! you juggler! you canker blossom! You thief of Love! Shak. CANKERED Can"kered, a. 1. Affected with canker; as, a cankered mouth. 2. Affected mentally or morally as with canker; sore, envenomed; malignant; fretful; ill-natured. "A cankered grandam's will." Shak. CANKEREDLY Can"kered*ly, adv. Defn: Fretfully; spitefully. CANKER FLY Can"ker fly`. Defn: A fly that preys on fruit. CANKEROUS Can"ker*ous, a. Defn: Affecting like a canker. "Canrerous shackles." Thomson. Misdeem it not a cankerous change. Wordsworth. CANKER RASH Can"ker rash". (Med.) Defn: A form of scarlet fever characterized by ulcerated or putrid sore throat. CANKERWORM Can"ker*worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of two species of geometrid moths which are very injurious to fruit and shade trees by eating, and often entirely destroying, the foliage. Other similar larvæ are also called cankerworms. Note: The autumnal species (Anisopteryx pometaria) becomes adult late in autumn (after frosts) and in winter. The spring species (A. vernata) remains in the ground through the winter, and matures in early spring. Both have winged males and wingless females. The larvæ are similar in appearance and habits, and beling to the family of measuring worms or spanworms. These larvæ hatch from the eggs when the leaves being to expand in spring. CANKERY Can"ker*y, a. 1. Like a canker; full of canker. 2. Surly; sore; malignant. CANNA Can"na, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A measure of length in Italy, varying from six to seven feet. See Cane, 4. CANNA Can"na, n. Etym: [L., a reed. See Cane.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of tropical plants, with large leaves and often with showy flowers. The Indian shot. (C. Indica) is found in gardens of the northern United States. CANNABENE Can"na*bene, n. Etym: [From Cannabis.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless oil obtained from hemp dy distillation, and possessing its intoxicating properties. CANNABIN Can"na*bin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A pisonous resin extracted from hemp (Cannabis sativa, variety Indica). The narcotic effects of hasheesh are due to this resin. CANNABINE Can"na*bine, a. Etym: [L. cannabinus.] Defn: Pertaining to hemp; hempen. [R.] CANNABIS Can"na*bis, n. Etym: [L., hemp. See Canvas.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of a single species belonging to the order Uricaceæ; hemp. Cannabis Indica (, the Indian hemp, a powerful narcotic, now considered a variety of the common hemp. CANNEL COAL Can"nel coal`. Etym: [Corrupt. fr. ndle coal.] Defn: A kind of mineral coal of a black color, sufficiently hard and solid to be cut and polished. It burns readily, with a clear, yellow flame, and on this account has been used as a substitute for candles. CANNELE Can`ne*lé", n. [F., pop., fluted.] (Textiles) Defn: A style of interweaving giving to fabrics a channeled or fluted effect; also, a fabric woven so as to have this effect; a rep. CANNELURE Can"ne*lure (kan"ne*lur), n. [F., fr. canneler to groove.] (Mil.) Defn: A groove in any cylinder; specif., a groove around the cylinder of an elongated bullet for small arms to contain a lubricant, or around the rotating band of a gun projectile to lessen the resistance offered to the rifling. Also, a groove around the base of a cartridge, where the extractor takes hold. --Can"ne*lured (#), a. CANNERY Can"ner*y, n. Defn: A place where the business of canning fruit, meat, etc., is carried on. [U. S.] CANNIBAL Can"ni*bal, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cannibale. Columbus, in a letter to the Spanish monarchs written in Oct., 1498, mentions that the people of Hayti lived in great fear of the Caribales (equivalent to E. Caribbees.), the inhabitants of the smaller Antilles; which form of the name was afterward changed into NL. Canibales, in order to express more forcibly their character by a word intelligible through a Latin root "propter rabiem caninam anthropophagorum gentis." The Caribbees call themselves, in their own language. Calinago, Carinago, Calliponam, and, abbreviated, Calina, signifying a brave, from which Columbus formed his Caribales.] Defn: A human being that eats human flesh; hence, any that devours its own kind. Darwin. CANNIBAL Can"ni*bal, a. Defn: Relating to cannibals or cannibalism. "Cannibal terror." Burke. CANNIBALISM Can"ni*bal*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cannibalisme.] Defn: The act or practice of eating human flesh by mankind. Hence; Murderous cruelty; barbarity. Berke. CANNIBALLY Can"ni*bal*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of cannibal. "An he had been cannibally given." Shak. CANNIKIN Can"ni*kin, n. Etym: [Can + -kin.] Defn: A small can or drinking vessel. CANNILY Can"ni*ly, adv. Defn: In a canny manner. [N. of Eng. & Scot.] CANNINESS Can"ni*ness, n. Defn: Caution; crafty management. [N. of Eng. & Scot.] CANNON Can"non, n.; pl.Cannons, collectively Cannon. Etym: [F. cannon, fr. L. canna reed, pipe, tube. See Cane.] 1. A great gun; a piece of ordnance or artillery; a firearm for discharging heavy shot with great force. Note: Cannons are made of various materials, as iron, brass, bronze, and steel, and of various sizes and shapes with respect to the special service for which they are intended, as intended, as siege, seacoast, naval, field, or mountain, guns. They always aproach more or less nearly to a cylindrical from, being usually thicker toward the breech than at the muzzle. Formerly they were cast hollow, afterwards they were cast, solid, and bored out. The cannon now most in use for the armament of war vessels and for seacoast defense consists of a forged steel tube reinforced with massive steel rings shrunk upon it. Howitzers and mortars are sometimes called cannon. See Gun. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A hollow cylindrical piece carried by a revolving shaft, on which it may, however, revolve independently. 3. (Printing.) Defn: A kind of type. See Canon. Cannon ball, strictly, a round solid missile of stone or iron made to be fired from a cannon, but now often applied to a missile of any shape, whether solid or hollow, made for cannon. Elongated and cylindrical missiles are sometimes called bolts; hollow ones charged with explosives are properly called shells. -- Cannon bullet, a cannon ball. [Obs.] -- Cannon cracker, a fire cracker of large size. -- Cannon lock, a device for firing a cannon by a percussion primer. -- Cannon metal. See Gun Metal. -- Cannon pinion, the pinion on the minute hand arbor of a watch or clock, which drives the hand but permits it to be moved in setting. -- Cannon proof, impenetrable by cannon balls. -- Cannon shot. (a) A cannon ball. (b) The range of a cannon. CANNON Can"non, n. & v. (Billiards) Defn: See Carom. [Eng.] CANNONADE Can"non*ade", n. Etym: [F. Canonnade; cf. It. cannanata.] 1. The act of discharging cannon and throwing ball, shell, etc., for the purpose of destroying an army, or battering a town, ship, or fort; -- usually, an attack of some continuance. A furious cannonade was kept up from the whole circle of batteries on the devoted towm. Prescott. 2. Fig.; A loud noise like a cannonade; a booming. Blue Walden rolls its cannonade. Ewerson. CANNONADE Can`non*ade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cannonade; p. pr. & vb. n. Cannonading.] Defn: To attack with heavy artillery; to batter with cannon shot. CANNONADE Can`non*ade", v. i. Defn: To discharge cannon; as, the army cannonaded all day. CANNON BONE Can"non bone. (Anat.) Defn: See Canon Bone. CANNONED Can"noned (, a. Defn: Furnished with cannon. [Poetic] "Gilbralter's cannoned steep." M. Arnold. CANNONEER; CANNONIER Can`non*eer", Can`non*ier", n. Etym: [F. canonnier.] Defn: A man who manages, or fires, cannon. CANNONERING Can`non*er"ing, n. Defn: The use of cannon. Burke. CANNONRY Can"non*ry, n. Defn: Cannon, collectively; artillery. The ringing of bells and roaring of cannonry proclaimed his course through the country. W. Irving. CANNOT Can"not. Etym: [Can to be able _ -not.] Defn: Am, is, or are, not able; -- written either as one word or two. CANNULA Can"nu*la, n. Etym: [L. cannula a small tube of dim. of canna a reed, tube.] (Surg.) Defn: A small tube of metal, wood, or India rubber, used for various purposes, esp. for injecting or withdrawing fluids. It is usually associated with a trocar. [Written also canula.] CANNULAR Can"nu*lar, a. Defn: Having the form of a tube; tubular. [Written also canular.] CANNULATED Can"nu*la`ted, a. Defn: Hollow; affording a passage through its interior length for wire, thread, etc.; as, a cannulated (suture) needle. [Written also canulated.] CANNY; CANNEI Can"ny, Can"nei, a. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kenn skilled, learned, or E. canny. Cf. Kenn.] [North of Eng. & Scot.] 1. Artful; cunning; shrewd; wary. 2. Skillful; knowing; capable. Sir W. Scott. 3. Cautious; prudent; safe.. Ramsay. 4. Having pleasing of useful qualities; gentle. Burns. 5. Reputed to have magical powers. Sir W. Scott. No canny, not safe, not fortunate; unpropitious. [Scot.] CANOE Ca*noe", n.; pl. Canoes. Etym: [Sp. canoa, fr. Caribbean canáoa.] 1. A boat used by rude nations, formed of trunk of a tree, excavated, by cutting of burning, into a suitable shape. It is propelled by a paddle or paddles, or sometimes by sail, and has no rudder. Others devised the boat of one tree, called the canoe. Raleigh. 2. A boat made of bark or skins, used by savages. A birch canoe, with paddles, rising, falling, on the water. Longfellow. 3. A light pleasure boat, especially designed for use by one who goes alone upon long excursions, including portage. It it propelled by a paddle, or by a small sail attached to a temporary mast. CANOE Ca*noe", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Canoed p. pr. & vb. n. Canoeing (.] Defn: To manage a canoe, or voyage in a canoe. CANOEING Ca*noe"ing n. Defn: The act or art of using a canoe. CANOEIST Ca*noe"ist, n. Defn: A canoeman. CANOEMAN Ca*noe"man, n.; pl. Canoemen. Defn: One who uses a canoe; one who travels in a canoe. Cabins and clearing greeted the eye of the passing canoeman. Parkman. CANON Can"on, n. Etym: [OE. canon, canoun, AS. canon rule (cf. F. canon, LL. canon, and, for sense 7, F. chanoine, LL. canonicus), fr. L. canon a measuring line, rule, model, fr. Gr. Cane, and cf. Canonical.] 1. A law or rule. Or that the Everlasting had not fixed His canon 'gainst self- slaughter. Shak. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A law, or rule of doctrine or discipline, enacted by a council and confirmed by the pope or the sovereign; a decision, regulation, code, or constitution made by ecclesiastical authority. Various canons which were made in councils held in the second centry. Hock. 3. The collection of books received as genuine Holy Scriptures, called the sacred canon, or general rule of moral and religious duty, given by inspiration; the Bible; also, any one of the canonical Scriptures. See Canonical books, under Canonical, a. 4. In monasteries, a book containing the rules of a religious order. 5. A catalogue of saints sckowledged and canonized in the Roman Catholic Church. 6. A member of a cathedral chapter; a person who possesses a prebend in a cathedral or collegiate church. 7. (Mus.) Defn: A musical composition in which the voice begin one after another, at regular intervals, succesively taking up the same subject. It either winds up with a coda (tailpiece), or, as each voice finishes, commences anew, thus forming a perpetual fugue or round. It is the strictest form of imitation. See Imitation. 8. (Print.) Defn: The largest size of type having a specific name; -- so called from having been used for printing the canons of the church. 9. The part of a bell by which it is suspended; -- called also ear and shank. Note: [See Illust. of Bell.] Knight. 10. (Billiards) Defn: See Carom. Apostolical canons. See under Apostolical. -- Augustinian canons, Black canons. See under Augustinian. -- Canon capitular, Canon residentiary, a resident member of a cathedral chapter (during a part or the whole of the year). -- Canon law. See under Law. -- Canon of the Mass (R. C. Ch.), that part of the mass, following the Sanctus, which never changes. -- Honorary canon, a canon who neither lived in a monastery, nor kept the canonical hours. -- Minor canon (Ch. of Eng.), one who has been admitted to a chapter, but has not yet received a prebend. -- Regular canon (R. C. Ch.), one who lived in a conventual community and follower the rule of St. Austin; a Black canon. -- Secular canon (R. C. Ch.), one who did not live in a monastery, but kept the hours. CANON; CANYON Ca*ñon", n. Etym: [Sp., a tube or hollow, fr. caña reed, fr. L. canna. See Cane.] Defn: A deep gorge, ravine, or gulch, between high and steep banks, worn by water courses. [Mexico & Western U. S.] CANON BIT Can"on bit`. Etym: [F. canon, fr. L. canon a rule.] Defn: That part of a bit which is put in a horse's mouth. CANON BONE Can"on bone`. Etym: [F. canon, fr. L. canon a rule. See canon.] (Anat.) Defn: The shank bone, or great bone above the fetlock, in the fore and hind legs of the horse and allied animals, corresponding to the middle metacarpal or metatarsal bone of most mammals. See Horse. CANONESS Can"on*ess, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. canonissa.] Defn: A woman who holds a canonry in a conventual chapter. Regular canoness, one bound by the poverty, and observing a strict rule of life. -- Secular canoness, one allowed to hold private property, and bound only by vows of chastity and obedience so long as she chose to remain in the chapter. CANONIC; CANNONICAL Ca*non"ic, Can*non"ic*al, a Etym: [L. cannonicus, LL. canonicalis, fr. L. canon: cf. F. canonique. See canon.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a canon; established by, or according to a , canon or canons. "The oath of canonical obedience." Hallam. Canonical books, or Canonical Scriptures, those books which are declared by the canons of the church to be of divine inspiration; -- called collectively the canon. The Roman Catolic Church holds as canonical several books which Protestants reject as apocryphal. -- Canonical epistles, an appellation given to the epistles called also general or catholic. See Catholic epistles, under Canholic. -- Canonical form (Math.), the simples or most symmetrical form to which all functions of the same class can be reduced without lose of generality. -- Canonical hours, certain stated times of the day, fixed by ecclesiastical laws, and appropriated to the offices of prayer and devotion; also, certain portions of the Breviary, to be used at stated hours of the day. In England, this name is also given to the hours from 8 a. m. to 3 p. m. (formerly 8 a. m. to 12 m.) before and after which marriage can not be legally performed in any parish church. -- Canonical letters, letters of several kinds, formerly given by a dishop to traveling clergymam or laymen, to show that they were entitled to receive the cammunion, and to distinguish them from heretics. -- Canonical life, the method or rule of living prescribed by the ancient cleargy who lived in community; a course of living prescribed for the clergy, less rigid that the monastic, and more restrained that the secular. -- Canonical obedience, submission to the canons of a canons of a church, especially the submission of the inferior cleargy to their bishops, and of other religious orders to their supriors. -- Canonical punishments, such as the church may inflict, as excommunication, degradation, penance, etc. -- Canonical sins (Anc. Church.), those for which capital punishment or puplic penance decreed by the canon was inflicted, as idolatry, murder, adultery, heresy. CANONICALLY Ca*non"ic*al*ly, adv. In a canonical manner Defn: ; according to the canons. CANONICALNESS Ca*non"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being canonical; canonicity. Bp. Burnet. CANONICALS Ca*non"ic*als, n. pl. Defn: The dress prescribed by canon to be worn by a clergyman when oficiating. Sometimes, any distinctive professional dress. Full canonicals, the complete costume of an officiating clergyman or ecclesiastic. CANONICATE Ca*non"i*cate, n. Etym: [LL. canonucatus canonical: cf. F. canonicat.] Defn: The office of a canon; a canonry. CANONICITY Can`on*ic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. canonicité.] Defn: The state or quality of being canonical; agreement with the canon. CANONIST Can"on*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. canoniste.] Defn: A professor of canon law; one skilled in the knowledge and practice of ecclesiastical law. South. CANONISTIC Can`on*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a canonist. "This canonistic exposition." Milton. CANONIZATION Can`on*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [F. canonisation.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The final process or decree (following beatifacation) by which the name of a deceased person is placed in the catalogue (canon) of saints and commended to perpetual veneration and invocation. Canonization of saints was not known to the Christian church titl toward the middle of the tenth century. Hoock. 2. The state of being canonized or sainted. CANONIZE Can"on*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Canonizing.] Etym: [F. canoniser or LL. canonizare, fr. L. canon.. See Canon.] 1. (Eccl.) Defn: To declare (a deceased person) a saint; to put in the catalogue of saints; as, Thomas a Becket was canonized. 2. To glorify; to exalt to the highest honor. Fame in time to come canonize us. Shak. 2. To rate as inspired; to include in the canon.[R.] CANONRY Can"on*ry, n. pl. Canonries (. Defn: A benefice or prebend in a cathedral or collegiate church; a right to a place in chapter and to a portion of its revenues; the dignity or emoluments of a canon. CANONSHIP Can"on*ship, a. Defn: Of pertaining to Canopus in egypt; as, the Canopic vases, used in embalming. CANOPUS Ca*no"pus, n. Etym: [L. Canopus, fr. Gr. (Astron.) Defn: A star of the first magnitude in the southern constellation Argo. CANOPY Can"o*py, n.; pl. Canopies. Etym: [Oe. canopie, F. canopésofa, Of canopée, canopeu, canopieu, canopy, vail, pavilion (cf. It. canepècanopy, sofa), LL. canopeum a bed with mosquito curtains, fr. Gr. Cone, and Optic.] 1. A covering fixed over a bed, dais, or the like, or carried on poles over an exalted personage or a sacred object, etc. chiefly as a mark of honor. "Golden canoniec and beds of state." Dryden. 2. (Arch.) (a) An ornamental projection, over a door, window, niche, etc. (b) Also, a roofike covering, supported on pilars over an altar, a statue, a fountain, etc. CANOPY Can"o*py, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canopes; p. pr. & vb. n. Canopying.] Defn: To cover with, or as with, a canopy. "A bank with ivy canopied." Milton. CANOROUS Ca*no"rous, a. Etym: [L. canorus, from nor melody, fr. canere to sing.] Defn: Melodious; musical. "Birds that are most canorous." Sir T. Browne. A long, lound, and canorous peal of laughter. De Quincey. CANOROUSNESS Ca*no"rous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being musical. He chooses his language for its rich canorousness. Lowell. CANSTICK Can"stick`, n. Defn: Candlestick. [Obs.] Shak. CANT Cant, n. Etym: [OF., edge, angle, prof. from L. canthus the iron ring round a carriage wheel, a wheel, Gr. cant the stake or tire of a wheel. Cf. Canthus, Canton, Cantle.] 1. A corner; angle; niche. [Obs.] The first and principal person in the temple was Irene, or Peace; she was placed aloft in a cant. B. Jonson. 2. An outer or external angle. 3. An inclination from a horizontal or vertical line; a slope or bevel; a titl. Totten. 4. A sudden thrust, push, kick, or other impulse, producing a bias or change of direction; also, the bias or turn so give; as, to give a ball a cant. 5. (Coopering) Defn: A segment forming a side piece in the head of a cask. Knight. 6. (Mech.) Defn: A segment of he rim of a wooden cogwheel. Knight. 7. (Naut.) Defn: A piece of wood laid upon athe deck of a vessel to support the bulkneads. Cant frames, Cant timbers (Naut.), timber at the two ends of a ship, rising obliquely from the keel. CANT Cant, v. t. [imp & p. p. Canted; p. pr. & vb. N. Canting.] 1. To incline; to set at an angle; to titl over; to tip upon the edge; as, to cant a cask; to cant a ship. 2. To give a sudden turn or new direction to; as, to cant round a stick of timber; to cant a football. 3. To cut off an angle from, as from a square piece of timber, or from the head of a bolt. CANT Cant, n. Etym: [Prob. from OF. cant, F. chant, singing, in allusion to the singing or whining tine of voice used by beggars, fr. L. cantus. See Chant.] 1. An affected, singsong mode of speaking. 2. The idioms and peculiarities of speech in any sect, class, or occupation. Goldsmith. The cant of any profession. Dryden. 3. The use of religious phraseology without understanding or sincerity; empty, solemn speech, implying what is not felt; hypocrisy. They shall hear no cant fromF. W. Robertson 4. Vulgar jargon; slang; the secret language spoker by gipsies, thieves. tramps, or beggars. CANT Cant, a. Defn: Of the nature of cant; affected; vulgar. To introduce and multiply cant words in the most ruinous corruption in any language. Swift. CANT Cant, v. i. 1. To speak in a whining voice, or an affected, sinsong tone. 2. To make whining pretensions to goodness; to talk with an affectation of religion, philanthropy, etc.; to practice hypocrisy; as, a canting fanatic. The rankest rogue that ever canted. Beau. & Fl. 3. To use pretentious language, barbarous jargon, or technical termes; to talk with an affectation of learning. The doctor here, When he discqurseth of dissection, Of vena cava and of vena porta, The meseræum and the mesentericum, What does he else but cant. B. Jonson That uncouth affected garb of speech, or canting hanguage, if I may so call it. Bp. Sanderson. CANT Cant, n. Etym: [Prob. from OF. cant, equiv. to L. quantum; cf. F. encan, fr. L. in quantum, i.e. "for how much"] Defn: A all for bidders at a public sale; an auction. "To sell their leases by cant." Swift. CANT Cant, v. t. Defn: to sell by auction, or bid a price at a sale by auction. [Archaic] Swift. CAN'T Can't. Defn: A colloquial contraction for can not. CANTAB Can"tab, n. Etym: [Abbreviated from Cantabrigian.] Defn: A Cantabrigian. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott. CANTABILE Can*ta"bi*le, a. Etym: [It., cantare to sing.] (Mus.) Defn: In a melodious, flowing style; in a singing style, as opposed to bravura, recitativo, or parlando. CANTABILE Can*ta"bi*le, n. (Mus.) Defn: A piece or pessage, whether vocal or instrumental, pecuilarly adapted to singing; -- sometimes called cantilena. CANTABRIAN Can*ta"bri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Cantabria on the Bay of Biscay in Spain. CANTABRIGIAN Can`ta*brig"i*an, n. Defn: A native or resident of Cambridge; esp. a student or graduate of the university of Cambridge, England. CANTALEVER Can"ta*lev`er, n. Etym: [Can an extermal angle + lever a supported of the roof timber of a house.] Etym: [Written also cantaliver and cantilever.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A bracket to support a balcony, a cornice, or the like. 2. (Engin.) Defn: A projecting beam, truss, or bridge unsupported at the outer end; one which overhangs. Cantalever bridge, a bridge in which the principle of the cantalever is applied. It is usually a trussed bridge, composed of two portions reaching out from opposite banks, and supported near the middle of their own length on piers which they overhang, thus forming cantalevers which meet over the space to be spanned or sustain a third portion, to complete the connection. CANTALOUPE Can"ta*loupe, n. Etym: [F. cantaloup, It. cantalupo, so called from the caste of Cantalupo, in the Marca d'Ancona, in Italy, where they were first grown in Europe, from seed said to have been imported from Armenia.] Defn: A muskmelon of several varieties, having when mature, a yellowish skin, and flesh of a reddish orange color. [Written also cantaleup.] CANTANKEROUS Can*tan"ker*ous, a. Defn: Perverse; contentious; ugly; malicious. [Colloq.] -- Can*tan"ker*ous*ly, adv. -- Can*tan"ker*ous*ness, n. The cantankerous old maiden aunt. Theckeray. CANTAR; CANTARRO Can"tar, Can*tar"ro, n. Etym: [It. cantaro (in sense 1), Sp. cantaro (in sense 2).] 1. A weight used in southern Europe and East for heavy articles. It varies in different localities; thus, at Rome it is nearly 75 pounds, in Sardinia nearly 94 pounds, in Cairo it is 95 pounds, in Syria about 503 pounds. 2. A liquid measure in Spain, ranging from two and a half to four gallons. Simmonds. CANTATA Can*ta"ta, n. Etym: [It., fr. cantare to sing, fr. L. cantare intens of canere to sing.] (Mus.) Defn: A poem set to music; a musical composition comprising choruses, solos, interludes, etc., arranged in a somewhat dramatic manner; originally, a composition for a single noise, consisting of both recitative and melody. CANTATION Can*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. cantatio.] Defn: A singing. [Obs.] Blount. CANTATORY Cant"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Caontaining cant or affectation; whining; singing. [R.] CANTATRICE Can`ta*tri"ce, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A female professional singer. CANTED Cant"ed, a. Etym: [From 2d Cant.] 1. Having angles; as, a six canted bolt head; a canted window. Canted column (Arch.), a column polygonal in plan. 2. Inclined at an angle to something else; tipped; sloping. CANTEEN Can*teen", n. Etym: [F. cantine bottle case, canteen (cf. Sp. & It. cantina cellar, bottle case), either contr. fr. It. canovettina, dim. of canova cellar, or, more likely, fr. OF. cant. corner, It. & Sp. canto. See 1st Cant.] (Mil.) 1. A vessel used by soldiers for carrying water, liquor, or other drink. [Written also cantine..] Note: In the English service the canteen is made of wood and holds three pints; in the United States it is usually a tin flask. 2. The sulter's shop in a garrison; also, a chest containing culinary and other vessels for officers. CANTEL Can"tel, n. Defn: See Cantle. CANTER Can"ter, n. Etym: [An abbreviation of Caner bury. See Canterbury gallop, under Canterbury.] 1. A moderate and easy gallop adapted to pleasure riding. Note: The canter is a thoroughly artificial pace, at first extremely tiring to the horse, and generally only to be produced in him by the restraint of a powerful bit, which compels him to throw a great part of his weight on his haunches . . . There is so great a variety in the mode adopted by different horses for performing the canter, that no single description will suffice, nor indeed is it easy . . . to define any one of them. J. H. Walsh. 2. A rapid or easy passing over. A rapid canter in the Times over all the topics. Sir J. Stephen. CANTER Can"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cantered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cantering.] Defn: To move in a canter. CANTER Can"ter, v. t. Defn: To cause, as a horse, to go at a canter; to ride (a horse) at a canter. CANTER Cant"er, n. 1. One who cants or whines; a beggar. 2. One who makes hypocritical pretensions to goodness; one who uses canting language. The day when he was a canter and a rebel. Macaulay. CANTERBURY Can"ter*bur*y, n. 1. A city in England, giving its name various articles. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury (primate of all England), and contains the shrine of Thomas à Becket, to which pilgrimages were formerly made. 2. A stand with divisions in it for holding music, loose papers, etc. Canterbury ball (Bot.), a species of Campanula of several varietes, cultivated for its handsome bell-shaped flowers. -- Canterbury gallop, a gentle gallop such as was used by pilgrims riding, to Canterbury; a canter. -- Canterbury table, one of the tales which Chaucer puts into the mouths of certain pilgrims to Canterbury. Hence, any tale told by travelers pass away the time. CANTHARIDAL Can*thar"*i*dal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to cantharides or made of cantharides; as, cantharidal plaster. CANTHARIDES Can*thar"i*des, n. pl. Defn: See cantharis. CANTHARIDIN Can*thar"i*din, n. (Chem.) Defn: The active principe of the cantharis, or Spanish fly, a volatile, acrid, bitter solid, crystallizing in four-sided prisms. CANTHARIS Can"tha*ris, n.; pl. Cantharides. Etym: [L., a kind of beetle, esp. the Spanish fly, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A beetle (Lytta, or Cantharis, vesicatoria), having an elongated cylindrical body of a brilliant green color, and a nauseous odor; the blister fly or blister beetle, of the apothecary; -- also called Spanish fly. Many other species of Lytta, used for the same purpose, take the same name. See Blister beetle, under Blister. The plural form in usually applied to the dried insects used in medicine. CANT HOOK Cant" hook`. Defn: A wooden lever with a movable iron hook. hear the end; -- used for canting or turning over heavy logs, etc. [U. S.] Bartlett. CANTHOPLASTY Can"tho*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of forming a new canthus, when one has been destroyed by injury or disease. CANTHUS Can"thus, n.; pl. Canthi. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The corner where the upper and under eyelids meet on each side of the eye. CANTICLE Can"ti*cle, n.; pl. Canticles. Etym: [L. canticulum a little song, dim. of canticum song, fr. cantus a singing, fr. coner to sing. See Chant.] 1. A song; esp. a little song or hymn. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. pl. Defn: The Song of Songs or Song of Solomon, one of the books of the Old Testament. 3. A canto or division of a poem [Obs.] Spenser. 4. A psalm, hymn, or passage from the Bible, arranged for chanting in church service. CANTICOY Can"ti*coy, n. Etym: [Of American Indian origin.] Defn: A social gathering; usually, one for dancing. CANTILE Can"tile, v. i. Defn: Same as Cantle, v. t. CANTILENA Can`ti*le"na, n. Etym: [It. & L.] (Mus.) Defn: See Cantabile. CANTILEVER Can"ti*lev`er, n. Defn: Same as Cantalever. CANTILLATE Can"til*late, v. i. Etym: [L. cantillatus, p. p. of cantillare to sing low, dim. of cantare. See Cantata.] Defn: To chant; to recite with musical tones. M. Stuart. CANTILLATION Can`til*la"tion, n. Defn: A chanting; recitation or reading with musical modulations. CANTINE Can*tine", n. Defn: See Canteen. CANTING Cant"ing, a. Defn: Speaking in a whining tone of voice; using technical or religious terms affectedly; affectedly pious; as, a canting rogue; a canting tone. - Cant"ing*ly, adv. -- Cant"ing*ness, n. Canting arms, Canting heraldry (Her.), bearings in the nature of a rebus alluding to the name of the bearer. Thus, the Castletons bear three castles, and Pope Adrian IV. (Nicholas Breakspeare) bore a broken spear. CANTING Cant"ing, n. Defn: The use of cant; hypocrisy. CANTINIERE Can`ti*niere", n. Etym: [F., fr. cantine a sutler's shop, canteen.] (Mil) Defn: A woman who carries a canteen for soldiers; a vivandière. CANTION Can"tion, n. Etym: [L. cantio, from canere to sing.] Defn: A song or verses. [Obs.] Spenser. CANTLE Can"tle, n. Etym: [OF. cantel, chantel, corner, side, piece, F. chanteau a piece cut from a larger piece, dim. of OF. cant edge, corner. See 1st Cant.] 1. A corner or edge of anything; a piece; a fragment; a part. "In one cantle of his law." Milton. Cuts me from the best of all my land A huge half moon, a monstrous cantle out. Shak. 2. The upwardly projecting rear part of saddle, opposite to the pommel. [Written also cante.] CANTLE Can"tle, v. t. Defn: To cut in pieces; to cut out from. [Obs.] [Written also cantile.] CANTLET Cant"let, n. Etym: [Dim. of cantle.] Defn: A piece; a fragment; a corner. Dryden. CANTO Can"to, n.; pl. Cantos. Etym: [It. canto, fr. L. cantus singing, song. See Chant.] 1. One of the chief divisions of a long poem; a book. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The highest vocal part; the air or melody in choral music; anciently the tenor, now the soprano. Canto fermo ( Etym: [It.] (Mus.), the plain ecclesiastical chant in cathedral service; the plain song. CANTON Can"ton, n. Defn: A song or canto [Obs.] Write loyal cantons of contemned love. Shak. CANTON Can"ton, n. Etym: [F. canton, augm. of OF. cant edge, corner. See 1st Cant.] 1. A small portion; a division; a compartment. That little canton of land called the "English pale" Davies. There is another piece of Holbein's, . . . in which, in six several cantons, the several parts of our Savior's passion are represented. Bp. Burnet. 2. A small community or clan. 3. A small territorial district; esp. one of the twenty-two independent states which form the Swiss federal republic; in France, a subdivision of an arrondissement. See Arrondissement. 4. (Her.) Defn: A division of a shield occupying one third part of the chief, usually on the dexter side, formed by a perpendicular line from the top of the shield, meeting a horizontal line from the side. The king gave us the arms of England to be borne in a canton in our arms. Evelyn. CANTON Can"ton, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cantoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cantoning.] Etym: [Cf. F.cantonner.] 1. To divide into small parts or districts; to mark off or separate, as a distinct portion or division. They canton out themselves a little Goshen in the intellectual world. Locke. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To allot separate quarters to, as to different parts or divisions of an army or body of troops. CANTONAL Can"ton*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a canton or cantons; of the nature of a canton. CANTON CRAPE Can"ton crape". Defn: A soft, white or colored silk fabric, of a gauzy texture and wavy appearance, used for ladies' scarfs, shawls, bonnet trimmings, etc.; -- called also Oriental crape. De Colange. CANTONED Can"toned, a. 1. (Her.) Defn: Having a charge in each of the four corners; -- said of a cross on a shield, and also of the shield itself. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Having the angles marked by, or decorated with, projecting moldings or small columns; as, a cantoned pier or pilaster. CANTON FLANNEL Can"ton flan"nel. Defn: See Cotton flannel. CANTONIZE Can"ton*ize, v. i. Defn: To divide into cantons or small districts. CANTONMENT Can"ton*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cantonnement.] Defn: A town or village, or part of a town or village, assigned to a body of troops for quarters; temporary shelter or place of rest for an army; quarters. Note: When troops are sheltered in huts or quartered in the houses of the people during any suspension of hostilities, they are said to be in cantonment, or to be cantoned. In India, permanent military stations, or military towns, are termed cantonments. CANTOON Can*toon", n. Defn: A cotton stuff showing a fine cord on one side and a satiny surface on the other. CANTOR Can"tor, n. Etym: [L., a singer, fr. caner to sing.] Defn: A singer; esp. the leader of a church choir; a precentor. The cantor of the church intones the Te Deum. Milman. CANTORAL Can"tor*al, a. Defn: Of or belonging to a cantor. Cantoral staff, the official staff or baton of a cantor or precentor, with which time is marked for the singers. CANTORIS Can*to"ris, a. Etym: [L., lit., of the cantor, gen. of cantor.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a cantor; as, the cantoris side of a choir; a cantoris stall. Shipley. CANTRAP; CANTRIP Can"trap, Can"trip, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. gandar, ODan. & OSw. gan, witchcraft, and E. trap a snare, tramp.] Defn: A charm; an incantation; a shell; a trick; adroit mischief. [Written also cantraip.] [Scot.] CANTRED; CANTREF Can"tred, Can"tref, n. Etym: [W. cantref; cant hundred + tref dwelling place, village.] Defn: A district comprising a hundred villages, as in Wales. [Written also kantry.] CANTY Can"ty, a. Defn: Cheerful; sprightly; lively; merry. "The canty dame." Wordsworth [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Contented with little, and canty with mair. Burns. CANUCK Ca*nuck", n. 1. A Canadian. [Slang] 2. A small or medium-sized hardy horse, common in Canada. [Colloq.] CANULA; CANULAR; CANULATED Can"u*la, n., Can"u*lar, a., Can"u*la`ted, a. Defn: See Cannula, Cannular, and Cannulated. CANVAS Can"vas, n. Etym: [OE. canvas, canevas, F. canevas, LL. canabacius hempen cloth, canvas, L. cannabis hemp, fr. G. Hemp.] 1. A strong cloth made of hemp, flax, or cotton; -- used for tents, sails, etc. By glimmering lanes and walls of canvas led. Tennyson. 2. (a) A coarse cloth so woven as to form regular meshes for working with the needle, as in tapestry, or worsted work. (b) A piece of strong cloth of which the surface has been prepared to receive painting, commonly painting in oil. History . . . does not bring out clearly upon the canvas the details which were familiar. J. H. Newman. 3. Something for which canvas is used: (a) A sail, or a collection of sails. (b) A tent, or a collection of tents. (c) A painting, or a picture on canvas. To suit his canvas to the roughness of the see. Goldsmith. Light, rich as that which glows on the canvas of Claude. Macaulay. 4. A rough draft or model of a song, air, or other literary or musical composition; esp. one to show a poet the measure of the verses he is to make. Grabb. CANVAS Can"vas, a. Defn: Made of, pertaining to, or resembling, canvas or coarse cloth; as, a canvas tent. CANVASBACK Can"vas*back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A Species of duck (Aythya vallisneria), esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh. It visits the United States in autumn; particularly Chesapeake Bay and adjoining waters; -- so named from the markings of the plumage on its back. CANVASS Can"vass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. canvassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Canvassing.] Etym: [OF. Canabasser to examine curiously, to search or sift out; properly, to sift through canvas. See Canvas, n.] 1. To sift; to strain; to examine thoroughly; to scrutinize; as, to canvass the votes cast at an election; to canvass a district with reference to its probable vote. I have made careful search on all hands, and canvassed the matter with all possible diligence. Woodward. 2. To examine by discussion; to debate. An opinion that we are likely soon to canvass. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. To go trough, with personal solicitation or public addresses; as, to canvass a district for votes; to canvass a city for subscriptions. CANVASS Can"vass, v. i. Defn: To search thoroughly; to engage in solicitation by traversing a district; as, to canvass for subscriptions or for votes; to canvass for a book, a publisher, or in behalf of a charity; -- commonly followed by for. CANVASS Can"vass, n. 1. Close inspection; careful review for verification; as, a canvass of votes. Bacon. 2. Examination in the way of discussion or debate. 3. Search; exploration; solicitation; systematic effort to obtain votes, subscribers, etc. No previous canvass was made for me. Burke. CANVASSER Can"vass*er, n. Defn: One who canvasses. CANY Can"y, a. Etym: [From Cane.] Defn: Of or pertaining to cane or canes; abounding with canes. Milton. CANYON Can"yon, n. Defn: The English form of the Spanish word Cañon. CANZONE Can*zo"ne, n. Etym: [It., a song, fr. L. cantio, fr. canere to sing. Cf. Chanson, Chant.] (Mus.) (a) A song or air for one or more voices, of Provençal origin, resembling, though not strictly, the madrigal. (b) An instrumental piece in the madrigal style. CANZONET Can`zo*net", n. Etym: [It. canzonetta, dim. of canzone.] (Mus.) Defn: A short song, in one or more parts. CAONCITO Cañ`on*ci"to, n. [Amer. Sp. dim. See Cañon.] [Southwestern U. S.] 1. A small cañon. 2. A narrow passage or lane through chaparral or a forest. CAOUTCHIN Caout"chin, n. (Chem.) Defn: An inflammable, volatile, oily, liquid hydrocarbon, obtained by the destructive distillation of caoutchouc. CAOUTCHOUC Caout"chouc, n. Etym: [F. caoutchouc, from the South American name.] Defn: A tenacious, elastic, gummy substance obtained from the milky sap of several plants of tropical South America (esp. the euphorbiaceous tree Siphonia elastica or Hevea caoutchouc), Asia, and Africa. Being impermeable to liquids and gases, and not readly affected by exposure to air, acids, and alkalies, it is used, especially when vulcanized, for many purposes in the arts and in manufactures. Also called India rubber (because it was first brought from India, and was formerly used chiefly for erasing pencil marks) and gum elastic. See Vulcanization. Mineral caoutchouc. See under Mineral. CAOUTCHOUCIN Caout"chou*cin, n. Defn: See Caoutchin. CAP Cap, n. Etym: [OE. cappe, AS. cæppe, cap, cape, hood, fr. LL, cappa, capa; perhaps of Iberian origin, as Isidorus of Seville mentions it first: "Capa, quia quasi totum capiat hominem; it. capitis ornamentum." See 3d Cape, and cf. 1st Cope.] 1. A covering for the head; esp. (a) One usually with a visor but without a brim, for men and boys; (b) One of lace, muslin, etc., for women, or infants; (c) One used as the mark or ensign of some rank, office, or dignity, as that of a cardinal. 2. The top, or uppermost part; the chief. Thou art the cap of all the fools alive. Shak. 3. A respectful uncovering of the head. He that will give a cap and make a leg in thanks. Fuller. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The whole top of the head of a bird from the base of the bill to the nape of the neck. 5. Anything resembling a cap in form, position, or use; as: (a) (Arch.) The uppermost of any assemblage of parts; as, the cap of column, door, etc.; a capital, coping, cornice, lintel, or plate. (b) Something covering the top or end of a thing for protection or ornament. (c) (Naut.) A collar of iron or wood used in joining spars, as the mast and the topmast, the bowsprit and the jib boom; also, a covering of tarred canvas at the end of a rope. (d) A percussion cap. See under Percussion. (e) (Mech.) The removable cover of a journal box. (f) (Geom.) A portion of a spherical or other convex surface. 6. A large size of writing paper; as, flat cap; foolscap; legal cap. Cap of a cannon, a piece of lead laid over the vent to keep the priming dry; -- now called an apron. -- Cap in hand, obsequiously; submissively. -- Cap of liberty. See Liberty cap, under Liberty. -- Cap of maintenance, a cap of state carried before the kings of England at the coronation. It is also carried before the mayors of some cities. -- Cap money, money collected in a cap for the huntsman at the death of the fox. -- Cap paper. (a) A kind of writing paper including flat cap, foolsap, and legal cap. (b) A coarse wrapping paper used for making caps to hold commodities. Cap rock (Mining), The layer of rock next overlying ore, generally of barren vein material. -- Flat cap, cap See Foolscap. -- Forage cap, the cloth undress head covering of an officer of soldier. -- Legal cap, a kind of folio writing paper, made for the use of lawyers, in long narrow sheets which have the fold at the top or "narrow edge." -- To set one's cap, to make a fool of one. (Obs.) Chaucer. -- To set one's cap for, to try to win the favor of a man with a view to marriage. [Colloq.] CAP Cap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capped (; p. pr. & vb. n. Capping.] 1. To cover with a cap, or as with a cap; to provide with a cap or cover; to cover the top or end of; to place a cap upon the proper part of; as, to cap a post; to cap a gun. The bones next the joint are capped with a smooth cartilaginous substance. Derham. 2. To deprive of cap. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To complete; to crown; to bring to the highest point or consummation; as, to cap the climax of absurdity. 4. To salute by removing the cap. [Slang. Eng.] Tom . . . capped the proctor with the profoundest of bows. Thackeray. 5. To match; to mate in contest; to furnish a complement to; as, to cap text; to cap proverbs. Shak. Now I have him under girdle I'll cap verses with him to the end of the chapter. Dryden. Note: In capping verses, when one quotes a verse another must cap it by quoting one beginning with the last letter of the first letter, or with the first letter of the last word, or ending with a rhyming word, or by applying any other arbitrary rule may be agreed upon. CAP Cap, v. i. Defn: To uncover the head respectfully. Shak. CAPABILITY Ca`pa*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Capabilities. 1. The quality of being capable; capacity; capableness; esp. intellectual power or ability. A capability to take a thousand views of a subject. H. Taylor. 2. Capacity of being used or improved. CAPABLE Ca"pa*ble, a. Etym: [F. capable, LL. capabilis capacious, capable, fr. L. caper to take, contain. See Heave.] 1. Possessing ability, qualification, or susceptibility; having capacity; of sufficient size or strength; as, a room capable of holding a large number; a castle capable of resisting a long assault. Concious of jou and capable of pain. Prior. 2. Possessing adequate power; qualified; able; fully competent; as, a capable instructor; a capable judge; a mind capable of nice investigations. More capable to discourse of battles than to give them. Motley. 3. Possessing legal power or capacity; as, a man capable of making a contract, or a will. 4. Capacious; large; comprehensive. [Obs.] Shak. Note: Capable is usually followed by of, sometimes by an infinitive. Syn. -- Able; competent; qualified; fitted; efficient; effective; skillful. CAPABLENESS Ca"pa*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being capable; capability; adequateness; competency. CAPACIFY Ca*pac"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capacified.] Etym: [L. capax, -acis, capacious + -fy.] Defn: To quality. [R.] The benefice he is capacified and designed for. Barrow. CAPACIOUS Ca*pa"cious, a. Etym: [L. capaz, -acis, fr. capere to take. See Heave.] 1. Having capacity; able to contain much; large; roomy; spacious; extended; broad; as, a capacious vessel, room, bay, or harbor. In the capacious recesses of his mind. Bancroft. 2. Able or qualified to make large views of things, as in obtaining knowledge or forming designs; comprehensive; liberal. "A capacious mind." Watts. CAPACIOUSLY Ca*pa"cious*ly, adv. Defn: In a capacious manner or degree; comprehensively. CAPACIOUSNESS Ca*pa"cious*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being capacious, as of a vessel, a reservoir a bay, the mind, etc. CAPACITATE Ca*pac"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capacitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Capacitating.] Defn: To render capable; to enable; to qualify. By thih instruction we may be capaciated to observe those errors. Dryden. CAPACITY Ca*pac"i*ty, n.; pl. Capacities Etym: [L. capacitus, fr. capax, capacis; fr. F. capacité. See Capacious.] 1. The power of receiving or containing; extent of room or space; passive power; -- used in reference to physical things. Had our great palace the capacity To camp this host, we all would sup together. Shak. The capacity of the exhausted cylinder. Boyle. 2. The power of receiving and holding ideas, knowledge, etc.; the comprehensiveness of the mind; the receptive faculty; capability of undestanding or feeling. Capacity is now properly limited to these [the mere passive operations of the mind]; its primary signification, which is literally room for, as well as its employment, favars this; although it can not be dented that there are examples of its usage in an active sense. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. Ability; power pertaining to, or resulting from, the possession of strength, wealth, or talent; possibility of being or of doing. The capacity of blessing the people. Alex. Hamilton. A cause with such capacities endued. Blackmore. 4. Outward condition or circumstances; occupation; profession; character; position; as, to work in the capacity of a mason or a carpenter. 5. (Law) Defn: Legal or noral qualification, as of age, residence, character, etc., necessary for certain purposes, as for holding office, for marrying, for making contracts, will, etc.; legal power or right; competency. Capacity for heat, the power of absorbing heat. Substances differ in the amount of heat requisite to raise them a given number of thermometric degrees, and this difference is the measure of, or depends upon, whzt is called their capacity for heat. See Specific heat, under Heat. Syn. -- Ability; faculty; talent; capability; skill; efficiency; cleverness. See Ability. CAPAPE Cap`*a*pe", adv. Defn: See Cap-a-pie. Shak. CAPAPIE Cap`*a*pie", adv. Etym: [OF. (cap-a-pie, from head to foot, now de pied en cap from foot to head; L. per foot + caput head.] Defn: From head to foot; at all points. "He was armed cap-a-pie." Prescott. CAPARISON Ca*par"i*son, n. Etym: [F. capara, fr. Sp. caparazon a cover for a saddle, coach, etc.; capa cloak, cover (fr. LL. capa, cf. LL. caparo also fr. capa) + the term. azon. See Cap.] 1. An ornamental covering or housing for a horse; the harness or trappings of a horse, taken collectively, esp. when decorative. Their horses clothed with rich caparison. Drylen. 2. Gay or rich clothing. My heart groans beneath the gay caparison. Smollett. CAPARISON Ca*par"i*son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caparisoned p. pr. & vb. n. Caparisoning.] Etym: [Cf. F caparaçonner.] 1. To cover with housings, as a horse; to harness or fit out with decorative trappings, as a horse. The steeds, caparisoned with purple, stand. Dryden. 2. To aborn with rich dress; to dress. I am caparisoned like a man. Shak. CAPARRO Ca*par"ro, n. Etym: [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large South American monkey (Lagothrix Humboldtii), with prehensile tail. CAPCASE Cap"case`, n. Defn: A small traveling case or bandbox; formerly, a chest. A capcase for your linen and your plate. Beau. & Fl. CAPE Cape, n. Etym: [F. cap, fr. It. capo head, cape, fr. L. caput heat, end, point. See Chief.] Defn: A piece or point of land, extending beyind the adjacent coast into the sea or a lake; a promonotory; a headland. Cape buffalo (Zoöl.) a large and powerful buffalo of South Africa (Bubalus Caffer). It is said to be the most dangerous wild beast of Africa. See Buffalo, 2. -- Cape jasmine, Cape jassamine. See Jasmine. -- Cape pigeon (Zoöl.), a petrel (Daptium Capense) common off the Cape of Good Hope. It is about the size of a pigeon. -- Cape wine, wine made in South Africa [Eng.] -- The Cape, the Cape of Good Hope, in the general sense of southern extremity of Africa. Also used of Cape Horn, and, in New England, of Cape Cod. CAPE Cape, v. i. (Naut.) Defn: To head or point; to keep a course; as, the ship capes southwest by south. CAPE Cape, n. Etym: [OE. Cape, fr. F. cape; cf. LL. cappa. See Cap, and cf. 1st Cope, Chape.] Defn: A sleeveless garment or part of a garment, hanging from the neck over the back, arms, and shoulders, but not reaching below the hips. See Cloak. CAPE Cape, v. i. Etym: [See Gape.] Defn: To gape. [Obs.] Chaucer. CAPEL; CAPLE Ca"pel, Ca"ple, n. Etym: [Icel. kapall; cf. L. caballus.] Defn: A horse; a nag. [Obs.] Chaucer. Holland. CAPEL Ca"pel, n. (Mining) Defn: A composite stone (quartz, schorl, and hornlende) in the walls of tin and copper lodes. CAPELAN Cap"e*lan, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Capelin. CAPELIN Cape"lin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. capelan, caplan.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small marine fish (Mallotus villosus) of the family Salmonidæ, very abundant on the coasts of Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland, and Alaska. It is used as a bait for the cod. [Written also capelan and caplin.] Note: This fish, which is like a smelt, is called by the Spaniards anchova, and by the Portuguese capelina. Fisheries of U. S. (1884). CAPELINE Ca"pe*line`, n. [F., fr. LL. capella. See Chapel.] (Med.) Defn: A hood-shaped bandage for the head, the shoulder, or the stump of an amputated limb. CAPELLA Ca*pel"la, n. Etym: [L., a little goet, dim. of caper a goat.] (Asrton.) Defn: A brilliant star in the constellation Auriga. CAPELLANE Cap"el*lane, n. Etym: [See Chaplain.] Defn: The curate of a chapel; a chaplain. [Obs.] Fuller. CAPELLE Ca*pel"le, n. Etym: [G.] (Mus.) Defn: The private orchestra or band of a prince or of a church. CAPELLET Cap"el*let, n. Etym: [F. capelet.] (Far.) Defn: A swelling, like a wen, on the point of the elbow (or the heel of the hock) of a horse, caused probably by bruises in lying dowm. CAPELLMEISTER Ca*pell"meis`ter, n. Etym: [G., fr. capelle chapel, private band of a prince + meister a master.] Defn: The musical director in royal or ducal chapel; a choirmaster. [Written also kepellmeister.] CAPER Ca"per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Capered p. pr. & vb. n. capering.] Etym: [From older capreoll to caper, cf. F. se cabrer to prance; all ultimately fr. L. caper, capra, goat. See Capriole.] Defn: To leap or jump about in a sprightly manner; to cut capers; to skip; to spring; to prance; to dance. He capers, he dances, he has eyes of youth. Shak. CAPER Ca"per, n. Defn: A frolicsome leap or spring; a skip; a jump, as in mirth or dancing; a prank. To cut a caper, to frolic; to make a sportive spring; to play a prank. Shak. CAPER Ca"per, n. Etym: [D. kaper.] Defn: A vessel formerly used by the Dutch, privateer. Wright. CAPER Ca"per, n. Etym: [F. câpre, fr. L. capparis, Gr. al-kabar.] 1. The pungent grayish green flower bud of the European and Oriental caper (Capparis spinosa), much used for pickles. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Capparis; -- called also caper bush, caper tree. Note: The Capparis spinosa is a low prickly shrub of the Mediterranean coasts, with trailing branches and brilliant flowers; - - cultivated in the south of Europe for its buds. The C. sodada is an almost leafless spiny shrub of central Africa (Soudan), Arabia, and southern India, with edible berries. Bean caper. See Bran caper, in the Vocabulary. -- Caper sauce, a kind of sauce or catchup made of capers. CAPERBERRY Ca"per*ber`ry, n. 1. The small olive-shaped berry of the European and Oriental caper, said to be used in pickles and as a condiment. 2. The currantlike fruit of the African and Arabian caper (Capparis sodado). CAPER BUSH; CAPER TREE Ca"per bush`, Ca"per tree`. Defn: See Capper, a plant, 2. CAPERCAILZIE; CAPERCALLY Ca"per*cail`zie, or Ca"per*cal`ly, n. Etym: [Gael, capulcoile.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of grouse (Tetrao uragallus) of large size and fine flavor, found in northern Europe and formerly in Scotland; -- called also cock of the woods. [Written also capercaillie, capercaili.] CAPERCLAW Ca"per*claw`, v. t. Defn: To treat with cruel playfulness, as a cat treats a mouse; to abuse. [Obs.] Birch. CAPERER Ca"per*er, n. Defn: One who capers, leaps, and skips about, or dances. The nimble capperer on the cord. Dryden. CAPFUL Cap"ful, n.; pl. Capfuls (. Defn: As much as will fill a cap. A capful of wind (Naut.), a light puff of wind. CAPIAS Ca"pi*as, n. Etym: [L. thou mayst take.] (Low) Defn: A writ or process commanding the officer to take the body of the person named in it, that is, to arrest him; -- also called writ of capias. Note: One principal kind of capias is a writ by which actions at law are frequently commenced; another is a writ of execution issued after judgment to satisfy damages recovered; a capias in criminal law is the process to take a person charged on an indictment, when he is not in custody. Burrill. Wharton. CAPIBARA Ca`pi*ba"ra, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Capybara. CAPILLACEOUS Cap`il*la"ceous, a. Etym: [L. capillaceus hairy, fr. capillus hair.] Defn: Having long filaments; resembling a hair; slender. See Capillary. CAPILLAIRE Cap`il*laire", n. Etym: [F. capillaire maiden-hair; sirop de capillaire capillaire; fr. L. herba capillaris the maidenhair.] 1. A sirup prepared from the maiden-hair, formerly supposed to have medicinal properties. 2. Any simple sirup flavored with orange flowers. CAPILLAMENT Ca*pil"la*ment, n. Etym: [L. capillamentum, fr. capillus hair: cf. F. capillament.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A filament. [R.] 2. (Anat.) Defn: Any villous or hairy covering; a fine fiber or filament, as of the nerves. CAPILLARINESS Cap"il*la*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being capillary. CAPILLARITY Cap`il*lar"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. capillarité.] 1. The quality or condition of being capillary. 2. (Physics) Defn: The peculiar action by which the surface of a liquid, where it is in contact with a solid (as in a capillary tube), is elevated or depressed; capillary attraction. Note: Capillarity depends upon the relative attaction of the modecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid, and is especially observable in capillary tubes, where it determines the ascent or descent of the liquid above or below the level of the liquid which the tube is dipped; -- hence the name. CAPILLARY Cap"il*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. capillaris, fr. capillus hair. Cf. Capillaire.] 1. Resembling a hair; fine; minute; very slender; having minute tubes or interspaces; having very small bore; as, the capillary vessels of animals and plants. 2. Pertaining to capillary tubes or vessels; as, capillary action. Capillary attraction, Capillary repulsion, the apparent attraction or repulsion between a soild and liquid caused bycapillarity. See Capillarity, and Attraction. -- Capillarity tubes. See the Note under Capillarity. CAPILLARY Cap"il*la*ry, n.; pl., Capillaries (. 1. A tube or vessel, extremely fine or minute. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A minute, thin-walled vessel; particularly one of the smallest blood vessels connecting arteries and veins, but used also for the smallest lymphatic and biliary vessels. CAPILLATION Cap`il*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. capillatie the hair.] Defn: A capillary blood vessel. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. CAPILLATURE Ca*pil"la*ture, n. Etym: [L. capillatura.] Defn: A bush of hair; frizzing of the hair. Clarke. CAPILLIFORM Ca*pil"li*form, a. Etym: [L. capillus hair + -form.] Defn: In the shape or form of, a hair, or of hairs. CAPILLOSE Cap"il*lose`, a. Etym: [L. capillosus.] Defn: Having much hair; hairy. [R.] CAPISTRATE Ca*pis"trate, a. Etym: [L. capistratus, p. p. of capistrare halter.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Hooded; cowled. CAPITAL Cap"i*tal, a. Etym: [F. capital, L. capitalis capital (in senses 1 & 2), fr. caput head. See Chief, and cf. Capital, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the head. [Obs.] Needs must the Serpent now his capital bruise Expect with mortal pain. Milton. 2. Having reference to, or involving, the forfeiture of the head or life; affecting life; punishable with death; as, capital trials; capital punishment. Many crimes that are capital among us. Swift. To put to death a capital offender. Milton. 3. First in importance; chief; principal. A capital article in religion Atterbury. Whatever is capital and essential in Christianity. I. Taylor. 4. Chief, in a political sense, as being the seat of the general government of a state or nation; as, Washington and Paris are capital cities. 5. Of first rate quality; excellent; as, a capital speech or song. [Colloq.] Capital letter Etym: [F, lettre capitale] (Print.), a leading or heading letter, used at the beginning of a sentence and as the first letter of certain words, distinguished, for the most part, both by different form and larger size, from the small (lower-case) letters, which form the greater part of common print or writing. -- Small capital letters have the form of capital letters and height of the body of the lower-case letters. -- Capital stock, money, property, or stock invested in any business, or the enterprise of any corporation or institution. Abbott. Syn. -- Chief; leading; controlling; prominent. CAPITAL Cap"i*tal, n. Etym: [Cf. L. capitellum and Capitulum, a small head, the head, top, or capital of a column, dim. of caput head; F. chapiteau, OF. capitel. See Chief, and cf. Cattle, Chattel, Chapiter, Chapter.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: The head or uppermost member of a column, pilaster, etc. It consists generally of three parts, abacus, bell (or vase), and necking. See these terms, and Column. 2. Etym: [Cf. F. capilate, fem., sc. ville.] (Geog.) Defn: The seat of government; the chief city or town in a country; a metropolis. "A busy and splendid capital" Macauly. 3. Etym: [Cf. F. capital.] Defn: Money, property, or stock employed in trade, manufactures, etc.; the sum invested or lent, as distinguished from the income or interest. See Capital stock, under Capital, a. 4. (Polit. Econ.) Defn: That portion of the produce of industry, which may be directly employed either to support human beings or to assist in production. M'Culloch. Note: When wealth is used to assist production it is called capital. The capital of a civilized community includes fixed capital (i.e. buildings, machines, and roads used in the course of production and exchange) amd circulating capital (i.e., food, fuel, money, etc., spent in the course of production and exchange). T. Raleing. 5. Anything which can be used to increase one's power or influence. He tried to make capital out of his rival's discomfiture. London Times. 6. (Fort.) Defn: An imaginary line dividing a bastion, ravelin, or other work, into two equal parts. 7. A chapter, or section, of a book. [Obs.] Holy St. Bernard hath said in the 59th capital. Sir W. Scott. 8. (Print.) Defn: See Capital letter, under Capital, a. Active capital. See under Active, -- Small capital (Print.), a small capital letter. See under Capital, a. -- To live on one's capital, to consume one's capital without producing or accumulating anything to replace it. CAPITALIST Cap"i*tal*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. capitaliste.] Defn: One who has capital; one who has money for investment, or money invested; esp. a person of large property, which is employed in business. The expenditure of the capitalist. Burke. CAPITALIZATION Cap"i*tal*i*za`tion, n. Defn: The act or process of capitalizing. CAPITALIZE Cap"i*tal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capitalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Capitalizing.] 1. To convert into capital, or to use as capital. 2. To compute, appraise, or assess the capital value of (a patent right, an annuity, etc.) 3. To print in capital letters, or with an initial capital. CAPITALLY Cap*i*tal*ly, adv. 1. In a way involving the forfeiture of the head or life; as, to punish capitally. 2. In a capital manner; excellently. [Colloq.] CAPITALNESS Cap"i*tal*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being capital; preeminence. [R.] CAPITAN PASHA; CAPITAN PACHA Ca`pi*tan` Pa*sha` or Pa*cha`. Etym: [See capitan.] Defn: The chief admiral of the Turkish fleet. CAPITATE Cap"i*tate, a Etym: [L. capitatus fr. caput head.] 1. Headlike in form; also, having the distal end enlarged and rounded, as the stigmas of certain flowers. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having the flowers gathered into a head. CAPITATIM Cap`i*ta"tim, a. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Of so much per head; as, a capitatim tax; a capitatim grant. CAPITATION Cap`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. capitatio a poll tax, fr. caput head; cf. F. capitation.] 1. A numbering of heads or individuals. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. A tax upon each head or person, without reference to property; a poll tax. CAPITE Cap"i*te, n. Etym: [L., abl. of caput head.] Defn: See under Tenant. CAPITELLATE Cap`i*tel"late, a. Etym: [L. capitellum, dim. of caput head.] (Bot.) Defn: Having a very small knoblike termination, or collected into minute capitula. CAPITIBRANCHIATA Cap`i*ti*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. caput, capitis, head + -branchiae gills.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of annelids in which the gills arise from or near the head. See Tubicola. CAPITOL Cap"i*tol, Etym: [L. capitolium, fr. caput head: cf. F. capitole. See Chief.] 1. The temple of Jupiter, at Rome, on the Mona Capitolinus, where the Senate met. Comes Cæsar to the Capitol to-morrow Shak. 2. The edifice at Washington occupied by the Congress of the United States; also, the building in which the legislature of State holds its sessions; a statehouse. CAPITOLIAN; CAPITOLINE Cap`i*to"li*an, Cap"i*to*line, a. Etym: [L. capitolinus: cf. F. capitolin.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Capitol in Rome. "Capitolian Jove." Macaulay. Capitoline games (Antiq.), annual games instituted at Rome by Camillus, in honor of Jupter Capitolinus, on account of the preservation of the Capitol from the Gauls; when reinstituted by Domitian, arter a period of neglect, they were held every fifth year. CAPITULA Ca*pit"u*la, n. pl. Defn: See Capitulum. CAPITULAR Ca*pit"u*lar, n. Etym: [LL. capitulare, capitularium, fr. L. capitulum a small head, a chapter, dim. of capit head, chapter.] 1. An act passed in a chapter. 2. A member of a chapter. The chapter itself, and all its members or capitulars. Ayliffe. 3. The head or prominent part. CAPITULAR Ca*pit"u*lar, a. 1. (Eccl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a chapter; capitulary. From the pope to the member of the capitular body. Milman. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Growing in, or pertaining to, a capitulum. 3. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to a capitulum; as, the capitular process of a vetebra, the process which articulates with the capitulum of a rib. CAPITULARLY Ca*pit"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner or form of an ecclesiastical chapter. Sterne. CAPITULARY Ca*pit"u*la*ry, n.; pl. Capitularies. Etym: [See Capitular.] 1. A capitular. 2. The body of laws or statutes of a chapter, or of an ecclesiastical council. 3. A collection of laws or statutes, civil and ecclesiastical, esp. of the Frankish kings, in chapters or sections. Several of Charlemagne's capitularies. Hallam. CAPITULARY Ca*pit"u*la*ry, a. Defn: Relating to the chapter of a cathedral; capitular. "Capitulary acts." Warton. CAPITULATE Ca*pit"u*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Capitulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Capitulating.] Etym: [LL. capitulatus, p. p. of capitulare to capitulate: cf. F. capituler. See Capitular, n.] 1. To settle or draw up the heads or terms of an agreement, as in chapters or articles; to agree. [Obs.] There capitulates with the king . . . to take to wife his daughter Mary. Heylin. There is no reason why the reducing of any agreement to certain heads or capitula should not be called to capitulate. Trench. 2. To surrender on terms agreed upon (usually, drawn up under several heads); as, an army or a garrison capitulates. The Irish, after holding out a week, capitulated. Macaulay. CAPITULATE Ca*pit"u*late, v. t. Defn: To surrender or transfer, as an army or a fortress, on certain conditions. [R.] CAPITULATION Ca*pit`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. capitulation, LL. capitulatio.] 1. A reducing to heads or articles; a formal agreement. With special capitulation that neither the Scots nor the French shall refortify. Bp. Burnet. 2. The act of capitulating or surrendering to an emeny upon stipulated terms. 3. The instrument containing the terms of an agreement or surrender. CAPITULATOR Ca*pit"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [LL.] Defn: One who capitulates. CAPITULE Cap"i*tule, n. Etym: [L. capitulum small head, chapter.] Defn: A summary. [Obs.] CAPITULUM Ca*pit"u*lum, n.; pl. Capitula (. Etym: [L., a small head.] 1. A thick head of flowers on a very short axis, as a clover top, or a dandelion; a composite flower. A capitulum may be either globular or flat. Gray. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A knobike protuberance of any part, esp. at the end of a bone or cartilage. Note: [See Illust. of Artiodactyla.] CAPIVI Ca*pi"vi, n. Etym: [Cf. Copaiba.] Defn: A balsam of the Spanish West Indies. See Copaiba. CAPLE Ca"ple, n. Defn: See Capel. CAPLIN Cap"lin, n. Defn: See Capelin. CAPLIN; CAPLING Cap"lin, Cap"ling, n. Defn: The cap or coupling of a flail, through which the thongs pass which connect the handle and swingel. Wright. CAPNOMANCY Cap"no*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. mancy: cf. F. capnomancie.] Defn: Divination by means of the ascent or motion of smoke. CAPNOMOR Cap"no*mor, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A limpid, colorless oil with a peculiar odor, obtained from beech tar. Watts. CAPOC Ca*poc", n. Etym: [Malay kapoq.] Defn: A sort of cotton so short and fine thet it can not be spun, used in the East Indies to line palanquins, to make mattresses, etc. CAPOCH Ca*poch", n.; pl. Capoches. Etym: [Cf. Sp. capucho, It. cappucio, F. Capuce, capuchon, LL. caputium, fr. capa cloak. See Cap.] Defn: A hood; especialy, the hood attached to the gown of a monk. CAPOCH Ca*poch", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capoched.] Defn: To cover with, or as with, a hood; hence, to hoodwink or blind. Hudibras. CAPON Ca"pon, n. Etym: [OE. capon, chapoun, AS. cap (cf. F. chapon), L. capo, fr. Gr. skopiti to casrate. CF. Comma.] Defn: A castrated cock, esp. when fattened; a male chicken gelded to improve his flesh for the table. Shak. The merry thought of a capon. W. Irving. CAPON Ca"pon, v. t. Defn: To castrate; to make a capon of. CAPONET Ca"pon*et, n. Defn: A young capon. [R.] Chapman. CAPONIERE Cap`o*niere", n. Etym: [F. caponnière, fr. Sp. caponera, orig., a cage for fattening capons, hence, a place of refuge; cf. It. capponiera. See Capon.] (Fort.) Defn: A work made across or in the ditch, to protect it from the enemy, or to serve as a covered passageway. CAPONIZE Ca"pon*ize, v. t. Defn: To castrate, as a fowl. CAPORAL Ca`po*ral" (kä`po*räl"), n. [Sp. See Corporal, n.] Defn: One who directs work; an overseer. [Sp. Amer.] CAPOT Ca*pot", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A winning of all the tricks at the game of piquet. It counts for forty points. Hoyle. CAPOT Ca*pot", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capotted.] Defn: To win all the tricks from, in playing at piquet. CAPO TASTO Ca"po tas"to. [It. capotasto.] (Music) Defn: A sort of bar or movable nut, attached to the finger board of a guitar or other fretted instrument for the purpose of raising uniformly the pitch of all the strings. CAPOTE Ca*pote", n. Etym: [Sp. capote (cf. F. capote.), fr. LL. capa cape, cloak. See Cap.] Defn: A long cloak or overcoat, especially one with a hood. CAPOUCH Ca*pouch", n. & v. t. Defn: Same as Capoch. CAPPADINE Cap"pa*dine, n. Defn: A floss or waste obtained from the cocoon after the silk has been reeled off, used for shag. CAPPAPER Cap"pa`per, Defn: See cap, n., also Paper, n. CAPPEAK Cap"peak`, n. Defn: The front piece of a cap; -- now more commonly called visor. CAPPELINE Cap"pe*line`, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. capella. See Chapel.] (Med.) Defn: A hood-shaped bandage for the head, the shoulder, or the stump of an amputated limb. CAPPELLA Cap*pel"la, n. Defn: See A cappella. CAPPER Cap"per, n. 1. One whose business is to make or sell caps. 2. A by-bidder; a decoy for gamblers [Slang, U. S.]. 3. An instrument for applying a percussion cap to a gun or cartridge. CAPPING PLANE Cap"ping plane`. (Join.) Defn: A plane used for working the upper surface of staircase rails. CAPRA Ca"pra, n. Etym: [L., a she goat.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of ruminants, including the common goat. CAPRATE Cap"rate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of capric acid. CAPREOLATE Cap"re*o*late, a. Etym: [L. capreolus wild goat, tendril, fr.caper goat: cf. F. capréolé.] (Bot.) Defn: Having a tendril or tendrils. CAPREOLINE Cap"re*o*line, a. Etym: [L. capreolus wild goat, fr. caper goat.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the roebuck. CAPRI Ca"pri, n. Defn: Wine produced on the island of Capri, commonly a light, dry, white wine. CAPRIC Cap"ric, a. Etym: [L. caper goat.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to capric acid or its derivatives. Capric acid, C9H9.CO2H, Caprylic acid, C7H15.CO2H, and Caproic acid, C5H11.CO2H, are fatty acids occurring in small quantities in butter, cocoanut oil, etc., united with glycerin; they are colorless oils, or white crystalline solids, of an unpleasant odor like that of goats or sweat. CAPRICCIO Ca*pric"cio, n. Etym: [It. See Caprice.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A piece in a free form, with frequent digressions from the theme; a fantasia; -- often called caprice. 2. A caprice; a freak; a fancy. Shak. CAPRICE Ca*price", n. Etym: [F. caprice, It. capriccio, caprice (perh. orig. a fantastical goat leap), fr. L. caper, capra, goat. Cf Capriole, Cab, Caper, v. i.] 1. An abrupt change in feeling, opinion, or action, proceeding from some whim or fancy; a freak; a notion. "Caprices of appetite." W. Irving. 2. (Mus.) Defn: See Capriccio. Syn. -- Freak; whim; crotchet; fancy; vagary; humor; whimsey; fickleness. CAPRICIOSO; CAPRICCIOSO Ca*pri*cio"so, Ca*pric*cio"so, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus) Defn: In a free, fantastic style. CAPRICIOUS Ca*pri"cious, a. Etym: [Cf. F. capricleux, It. capriccioso.] Defn: Governed or characterized by caprice; apt to change suddenly; freakish; whimsical; changeable. "Capricious poet." Shak. "Capricious humor." Hugh Miller. A capricious partiality to the Romish practices. Hallam. Syn. -- Freakish; whimsical; fanciful; fickle; crotchety; fitful; wayward; changeable; unsteady; uncertain; inconstant; arbitrary. -- Ca*pri"cious*ly, adv. -- Ca*pri"cious*ness, n. CAPRICORN Cap"ri*corn, n. Etym: [L. capricornus; caper goat + cornu horn: cf. F. capricorne.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: The tenth sign of zodiac, into which the sun enters at the winter solstice, about December 21. See Tropic. The sun was entered into Capricorn. Dryden. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A southern constellation, represented on ancient monuments by the figure of a goat, or a figure with its fore part like a fish. Capricorn beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle of the family Carambucidæ; one of the long-horned beetles. The larvæ usually bore into the wood or bark of trees and shurbs and are often destructive. See Girdler, Pruner. CAPRID Cap"rid, a. Etym: [L. caper, capra, goat.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the tribe of ruminants of which the goat, or genus Capra, is the type. CAPRIFICATION Cap"ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. caprificatio, fr. caprificare to ripen figs by caprification, fr. caprificus the wild fig; caper goat + ficus fig.] Defn: The practice of hanging, upon the cultivated fig tree, branches of the wild fig infested with minute hymenopterous insects. Note: It is supposed that the little insects insure fertilization by carrying the pollen from the male flowers near the opening of the fig down to the female flowers, and also accelerate ripening the fruit by puncturing it. The practice has existed since ancient times, but its benefit has been disputed. CAPRIFOLE Cap"ri*fole, n. Etym: [L. caper goat + folium leaf.] Defn: The woodbine or honeysuckle. Spenser. CAPRIFOLIACEOUS Cap"ri*fo`li*a`ceous, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the Honeysuckle family of plants (Caprifoliacæ. CAPRIFORM Cap"ri*form, a. Etym: [L. caper goat + -form.] Defn: Having the form of a goat. CAPRIGENOUS Ca*prig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. caprigenus; caper goat + gegnere to produce.] Defn: Of the goat kind. CAPRINE Cap"rine, a. Etym: [L. caprinus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a goat; as, caprine gambols. CAPRIOLE Cap"ri*ole, n. Etym: [F. capriole, cabriole, It. capriola, fr. L. caper goat. Cf. Caper, v. i. Cabriole, Caprice, Cheveril.] 1. (Man.) Defn: A leap that a horse makes with all fours, upwards only, without advancing, but with a kick or jerk of the hind legs when at the height of the leap. 2. A leap or caper, as in dancing. "With lofty turns and caprioles." Sir J. Davies. CAPRIOLE Cap"ri*ole, v. i. Defn: To perform a capriole. Carlyle. CAPRIPED Cap"ri*ped, a. Etym: [L. capripers; caper goat + pes pedis, foot.] Defn: Having feet like those of a goat. CAPROATE Cap"ro*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of caproic acid. CAPROIC Ca*pro"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: See under Capric. CAPRYLATE Cap"ry*late, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of caprylic acid. CAPRYLIC Ca*pryl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: See under Capric. CAPSAICIN Cap*sa"i*cin, n. Etym: [From Capsicum.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless crystalline substance extracted from the Capsicum annuum, and giving off vapors of intense acridity. CAPSHEAF Cap"sheaf`, n. Defn: The top sheaf of a stack of grain: (fig.) the crowning or finishing part of a thing. CAPSICIN Cap"si*cin, n. Etym: [From Capsicum.] (Chem.) Defn: A red liquid or soft resin extracted from various species of capsicum. CAPSICINE Cap"si*cine, n. Etym: [From Capsicum.] (Chem.) Defn: A valatile alkaloid extracted from Capsicum annuum or from capsicin. CAPSICUM Cap"si*cum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. capsa box, chest.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants of many species, producing capsules or dry berries of various forms, which have an exceedingly pungent, biting taste, and when ground form the red of Cayenne pepper of commerce. Note: The most important species are Capsicum baccatum or birs pepper. C, annuum or chili pepper, C. frutesens or spur pepper, and C. annuum or Guinea pepeer, which includes the bell pepper and other common garden varieties. The fruit is much used, both in its green and ripe state, in pickles and in cookery. See Cayenne pepper. CAPSIZE Cap*size", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Capsized; p. pr. & vb. n. Capsizing.] Etym: [Cf. Sp. cabecear to nod, pitch, capuzar, chapuzar, to sink (a vessel) by the head; both fr. L. caput head.] Defn: To upset or overturn, as a vessel or other body. But what if carrying sail capsize the boat Byron. CAPSIZE Cap"size`, n. Defn: An upset or overturn. CAPSQUARE Cap"*square, n. (Gun.) Defn: A metal covering plate which passes over the trunnions of a cannon, and holds it in place. CAPSTAN Cap"stan, n. Etym: [F. cabestan, fr. Sp. cabestrante, cabrestante, fr. cabestrar to bind with a halter, fr. cabestrohalter, fr. L. capistrum halter, fr. capere to hold (see Capacious); or perh. the Spanish is fr. L. caper goat + stans, p. pr. of stare to stand; cf. F. chèvre she-goat, also a machine for raising heavy weights.] Defn: A vertical cleated drum or cylinder, revolving on an upright spindle, and surmounted by a drumhead with sockets for bars or levers. It is much used, especially on shipboard, for moving or raising heavy weights or exerting great power by traction upon a rope or cable, passing around the drum. It is operated either by steam power or by a number of men walking around the capstan, each pushing on the end of a lever fixed in its socket. [Sometimes spelt Capstern, but improperly.] Capstan bar, one of the long bars or levers by which the capstan is worked; a handspike.. -- To pawl the capstan, to drop the pawls so that they will catch in the notches of the pawl ring, and prevent the capstan from turning back. -- To rig the capstan, to prepare the for use, by putting the bars in the sockets. -- To surge the capstan, to slack the tension of the rope or cable wound around it. CAPSTONE Cap"stone`, n. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil echinus of the genus Cannulus; -- so called from its supposed resemblance to a cap. CAPSULAR; CAPSULARY Cap"su*lar, Cap"su*la*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. capsulaire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a capsule; having the nature of a capsula; hollow and fibrous. Capsular ligament (Anat.), a ligamentous bag or capsule surrounding many movable joints in the skeleton. CAPSULATE; CAPSULATED Cap"su*late, Cap"su*la`ted, a. Defn: Inclosed in a capsule, or as in a chest or box. CAPSULE Cap"sule, n. Etym: [L. capsula a little box or chest, fr. capsa chest, case, fr. capere to take, contain: cf. F. capsule.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: a dry fruit or pod which is made up of several parts or carpels, and opens to discharge the seeds, as, the capsule of the poppy, the flax, the lily, etc. 2. (Chem.) (a) A small saucer of clay for roasting or melting samples of ores, etc.; a scorifier. (b) a small, shallow, evaporating dish, usually of porcelain. 3. (Med.) Defn: A small cylindrical or spherical gelatinous envelope in which nauseous or acrid doses are inclosed to be swallowed. 4. (Anat.) Defn: A membranous sac containing fluid, or investing an organ or joint; as, the capsule of the lens of the eye. Also, a capsulelike organ. 5. A metallic seal or cover for closing a bottle, 6. A small cup or shell, as of metal, for a percussion cap, cartridge, etc. Atrabiliary capsule. See under Atrabiliary. -- Glisson's capsule, a membranous envelope, entering the liver along with the portal vessels and insheathing the latter in their course through the organ. -- Suprarenal capsule, an organ of unknown function, above or in front of each kidney. CAPSULITIS Cap`su*li"tis, n. [NL.; E. capsule + -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of a capsule, as that of the crystalline lens. CAPSULOTOMY Cap`su*lot"o*my, n. [Capsule + Gr. to cut.] (Surg.) Defn: The incision of a capsule, esp. of that of the crystalline lens, as in a cataract operation. CAPTAIN Cap"tain, n. Etym: [OE. capitain, captain, OF. capitain, F. capitaine (cf. Sp. capitan, It. capitano), LL. capitaneus, capitanus, fr. L. caput the head. See under Chief, and cf. Chieftain.] 1. A head, or chief officer; as: (a) The military officer who commands a company, troop, or battery, or who has the rank entitling him to do so though he may be employed on other service. (b) An officer in the United States navy, next above a commander and below a commodore, and ranking with a colonel in the ermy. (c) By courtesy, an officer actually commanding a vessel, although not having the rank of captain. (d) The master or commanding officer of a merchant vessel. (e) One in charge of a portion of a ship's company; as, a captain of a top, captain of a gun, etc. (f) The foreman of a body of workmen. (g) A person having authority over others acting in concert; as, the captain of a boat's crew; the captain of a football team. A trainband captain eke was he. Cowper. The Rhodian captain, relying on . . . the lightness of his vessel, passed, in open day, through all the guards. Arbuthnot. 2. A military leader; a warrior. Foremost captain of his time. Tennyson. Captain general. (a) The commander in chief of an army or armies, or of the militia. (b) The Spanish governor of Cuba and its dependent islands. -- Captain lieutenant, a lieutenant with the rank and duties of captain but with a lieutenant's pay, -- as in the first company of an English regiment. CAPTAIN Cap"tain, v. t. Defn: To act as captain of; to lead. [R.] Men who captained or accompanied the exodus from existing forms. Lowell. CAPTAIN Cap"tain, a. Defn: Chief; superior. [R.] captain jewes in the carcanet. Shak. CAPTAINCY Cap"tain*cy, n.; pl. Captaincies (. Defn: The rank, post, or commission of a captain. Washington. Captaincy general, the office, power, teritory, or jurisdiction of a captain general; as, the captaincy general of La Habana (Cuba and its islands). CAPTAINRY Cap"tain*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. capitainerie.] Defn: Power, or command, over a certain district; chieftainship. [Obs.] CAPTAINSHIP Cap"tain*ship, n. 1. The condition, rank, post, or authority of a captain or chief commander. "To take the captainship." Shak. 2. Military skill; as, to show good captainship. CAPTATION Cap*ta`tion, n. Etym: [L. captatio, fr. captare to catch, intens of caper to take: cf. F. captation.] Defn: A courting of favor or applause, by flattery or address; a captivating quality; an attraction. [Obs.] Without any of those dresses, or popular captations, which some men use in their speeches. Eikon Basilike. CAPTION Cap"tion, n. Etym: [L. captio, fr. caper to take. In senses 3 and 4, perhaps confounded in meaning with L. caput a head. See Capacious.] 1. A caviling; a sophism. [Obs.] This doctrine is for caption and contradiction. Bacon. 2. The act of taking or arresting a person by judicial process. [R.] Bouvier. 3. (Law) Defn: That part of a legal instrument, as a commission, indictment, etc., which shows where, when, and by what authority, it taken, found, or executed. Bouvier. Wharton. 4. The heading of a chapter, section, or page. [U. S.] CAPTIOUS Cap"tious, a. Etym: [F. captieux, L. captiosus. See Caption.] 1. Art to catch at faults; disposed to find fault or to cavil; eager to object; difficult to please. A captius and suspicious. Stillingfleet. I am sensible I have not disposed my materials to adbide the test of a captious controversy. Bwike. 2. Fitted to harass, perplex, or insnare; insidious; troublesome. Captious restraints on navigation. Bancroft. Syn. -- Caviling, carping, fault-finding; censorious; hypercritical; peevish, fretful; perverse; troublesome. -- Captious, caviling, Carping. A captious person is one who has a fault-finding habit or manner, or is disposed to catch at faults, errors, etc., with quarrelsome intent; a caviling person is disposed to raise objections on frivolous grounds; carping implies that one is given to ill-natured, persistent, or unreasonable fault-finding, or picking up of the words or actions of others. Caviling is the carping of argument, carping the caviling of ill temper. C. J. Smith. CAPTIOUSLY Cap"tious*ly, adv. Defn: In a captious manner. CAPTIOUSNESS Cap"tious*ness, n. Defn: Captious disposition or manner. CAPTIVATE Cap"ti*vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captivated; p. pr. & vb. n. Captivating.] Etym: [L. captivatus, p. p. of captivare to capture, fr. captivus captive. See Captive.] 1. To take prisoner; to capture; to subdue. [Obs.] Their woes whom fortune captivates. Shak. 2. To acquire ascendancy over by reason of some art or attraction; to fascinate; to charm; as, Cleopatra captivated Antony; the orator captivated all hearts. Small landscapes of captivating loveliness. W. Irving. Syn. -- To enslave; subdue; overpower; charm; enchant; bewitch; facinate; capture; lead captive. CAPTIVATE Cap"ti*vate, p. a. Etym: [L. captivatus.] Defn: Taken prisoner; made captive; insnared; charmed. Women have been captivate ere now. Shak. CAPTIVATING Cap"ti*va`ting, a. Defn: Having power to captivate or cham; fascinating; as, captivating smiles. -- Cap"tiva`ting*ly, adv. CAPTIVATION Cap"ti*va`tion, n. Etym: [L. capticatio.] Defn: The act of captivating. [R.] The captivation of our understanding. Bp. Hall. CAPTIVE Cap"tive, n. Etym: [L. captivus, fr. capere to take: cf. F. captif. See Caitiff.] 1. A prisoner taken by force or stratagem, esp., by an enemy, in war; one kept in bondage or in the power of another. Then, when I am thy captive, talk of chains. Milton. 2. One charmed or subdued by beaty, excellence, or affection; one who is captivated. CAPTIVE Cap"tive, a. 1. Made prisoner, especially in war; held in bondage or in confinement. A poor, miserable, captive thrall. Milton. 2. Subdued by love; charmed; captivated. Even in so short a space, my wonan's heart Grossly grew captive to his honey words. Shak. 3. Of or pertaining to bondage or confinement; serving to confine; as, captive chains; captive hours. CAPTIVE Cap"tive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captived; p. pr. & vb. n. Captiving.] Defn: To take prisoner; to capture. Their inhabitans slaughtered and captived. Burke. CAPTIVITY Cap*tiv"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. captivitas: cf. F. captivité.] 1. The state of being a captive or a prisoner. More celebrated in his captivity that in his greatest triumphs. Dryden. 2. A state of being under control; subjection of the will or affections; bondage. Sink in the soft captivity together. Addison. Syn. -- Imprisonment; confinement; bondage; subjection; servitude; slavery; thralldom; serfdom. CAPTOR Cap"tor, n. Etym: [L., a cather (of animals), fr. caper to take.] Defn: One who captures any person or thing, as a prisoner or a prize. CAPTURE Cap"ture, n. Etym: [L. capture, fr. caper to take: cf. F. capture. See Caitiff, and cf. aptive.] 1. The act of seizing by force, or getting possession of by superior power or by stratagem; as, the capture of an enemy, a vessel, or a criminal. Even with regard to captures made at sea. Bluckstone. 2. The securing of an object of strife or desire, as by the power of some attraction. 3. The thing taken by force, surprise, or stratagem; a prize; prey. Syn. -- Seizure; apprehension; arrest; detention. CAPTURE Cap"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captured; p. pr. & vb. n. Capturing.] Defn: To seize or take possession of by force, surprise, or stratagem; to overcome and hold; to secure by effort. Her heart is like some fortress that has been captured. W. Ivring. CAPUCCIO Ca*puc"cio, n. Etym: [It. cappucio. See Capoch.] Defn: A capoch or hood. [Obs.] Spenser. CAPUCHED Ca*puched", a. Etym: [See Capoch.] Defn: Cover with, or as with, a hood. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. CAPUCHIN Cap`u*chin", n. Etym: [F. capucin a monk who wears a cowl, fr. It. cappuccio hood. See Capoch.] 1. (Eccl.) Defn: A Franciscan monk of the austere branch established in 1526 by Matteo di Baschi, distinguished by wearing the long pointed cowl or capoch of St. Francis. A bare-footed and long-bearded capuchin. Sir W. Scott. 2. A garment for women, consisting of a cloak and hood, resembling, or supposed to resemble, that of capuchin monks. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A long-tailed South American monkey (Cabus capucinus), having the forehead naked and wrinkled, with the hair on the crown reflexed and resembling a monk's cowl, the rest being of a grayish white; -- called also capucine monkey, weeper, sajou, sapajou, and sai. (b) Other species of Cabus, as C. fatuellus (the brown or horned capucine.), C. albifrons (the cararara), and C. apella. (c) A variety of the domestic pigeon having a hoodlike tuft of feathers on the head and sides of the neck. Capuchin nun, one of an austere order of Franciscan nuns which came under Capuchin rule in 1538. The order had recently been founded by Maria Longa. CAPUCINE Cap"u*cine, n. Defn: See Capuchin, 3. CAPULET Cap"u*let, n. (Far.) Defn: Same as Capellet. CAPULIN Cap"u*lin, n. Etym: [Sp. capuli.] Defn: The Mexican chery (Prunus Capollin). CAPUT Ca"put, n.; pl. Capita. Etym: [L., the head.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The head; also, a knoblike protuberance or capitulum. 2. The top or superior part of a thing. 3. (Eng.) Defn: The council or ruling body of the University of Cambridge prior to the constitution of 1856. Your caputs and heads of colleges. Lamb. Caput mortuum (. Etym: [L., dead head.] (Old Chem.) The residuum after distillation or sublimation; hence, worthless residue. CAPYBARA Ca`py*ba"ra, n. Etym: [Sp. capibara, fr. the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large South American rodent (Hydrochærus capybara) Living on the margins of lakes and rivers. It is the largest extant rodent, being about three feet long, and half that in height. It somewhat resembles the Guinea pig, to which it is related; -- called also cabiai and water hog. CAR Car, n. Etym: [OF. car, char, F. cahr, fr. L. carrus, Wagon: a Celtic word; cf. W. car, Armor. karr, Ir. & Gael. carr. cf. Chariot.] 1. A small vehicle moved on wheels; usually, one having but two wheels and drawn by one horse; a cart. 2. A vehicle adapted to the rails of a railroad. [U. S.] Note: In England a railroad passenger car is called a railway carriage; a freight car a goods wagon; a platform car a goods truck; a baggage car a van. But styles of car introduced into England from America are called cars; as, tram car. Pullman car. See Train. 3. A chariot of war or of triumph; a vehicle of splendor, dignity, or solemnity. [Poetic]. The gilded car of day. Milton. The towering car, the sable steeds. Tennyson. 4. (Astron.) Defn: The stars also called Charles's Wain, the Great Bear, or the Dipper. The Pleiads, Hyads, and the Northern Car. Dryden. 5. The cage of a lift or elevator. 6. The basket, box, or cage suspended from a ballon to contain passengers, ballast, etc. 7. A floating perforated box for living fish. [U. S.] Car coupling, or Car coupler, a shackle or other device for connecting the cars in a railway train. [U. S.] -- Dummy car (Railroad), a car containing its own steam power or locomotive. -- Freight car (Railrood), a car for the transportation of merchandise or other goods. [U. S.] -- Hand car (Railroad), a small car propelled by hand, used by railroad laborers, etc. [U. S.] -- Horse car, or Street car, an ommibus car, draw by horses or other power upon rails laid in the streets. [U. S.] -- Palace car, Drawing- room car, Sleeping car, Parior caretc. , (Railroad), cars especially designed and furnished for the comfort of travelers. CARABAO Ca`ra*ba"o, n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The water buffalo. [Phil. Islands] CARABID Car"a*bid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the genus Carbus or family Carabidæ. -- n. Defn: One of the Carabidæ, a family of active insectivorous beetles. CARABINE Car"a*bine, n. (Mil.) Defn: A carbine. CARABINEER Car`a*bi*neer", n. Defn: A carbineer. CARABOID Car"a*boid, a. Etym: [Carabus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to the genus Carabus. CARABUS Car"a*bus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of ground beetles, including numerous species. They devour many injurious insects. CARAC Car"ac, n. Defn: See Carack. CARACAL Car"a*cal, n. Etym: [F. caracal, fr. Turk garahgootag; garah black + goofag ear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A lynx (Felis, or Lynx, caracal.) It is a native of Africa and Asia. Its ears are black externally, and tipped with long black hairs. CARACARA Ca"`ra*ca"ra, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A south American bird of several species and genera, resembling both the eagles and the vultures. The caracaras act as scavengers, and are also called carrion buzzards. Note: The black caracara is Ibycter ater; the chimango is Milvago chimango; the Brazilian is Polyborus Braziliensis. CARACK Car"ack, n. Etym: [F. caraque (cf. Sp. & Pg. carraca, It. caracca.), LL. carraca, fr. L. carrus wagon; or perh. fr. Ar. qorqur (pl. qaraqir) a carack.] (Naut.) Defn: A kind of large ship formerly used by the Spaniards and Portuguese in the East India trade; a galleon. [Spelt also carrack.] The bigger whale like some huge carrack law. Waller. CARACOLE Car"a*cole, n. Etym: [F. caracole, caracol, fr. Sp. caracol snail, winding staircase, a wheeling about.] 1. (Man.) Defn: A half turn which a horseman makes, either to the right or the left. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A staircase in a spiral form. En caracole ( Etym: [F.], spiral; -- said of a staircase. CARACOLE Car"a*cole, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caracoled.] Etym: [Cf. F. caracoler.] (Man.) Defn: To move in a caracole, or in caracoles; to wheel. Prince John caracoled within the lists. Sir W. Scott. CARACOLY Car"a*col`y, n. Defn: An alloy of gold, silver, and copper, of which an inferior quality of jewerly is made. CARACORE; CARACORA Car"a*core, Car"a*co`ra, n. Etym: [Malay kurakura.] Defn: A light vessel or proa used by the people of Borneo, etc., and by the Dutch in the East Indies. CARACUL Ca`ra*cul", n. Defn: Var. of Karakul, a kind of fur. CARAFE Ca*rafe", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A glass water bottle for the table or toilet; -- called also croft. CARAGEEN; CARAGHEEN Car"a*geen` or Car"a*gheen`, n. Defn: See Carrageen. CARAMBOLA Ca`ram*bo"la, n. (Bot.) Defn: An East Indian tree (Averrhoa Carambola), and its acid, juicy fruit; called also Coromandel gooseberry. CARAMEL Car"a*mel, n. Etym: [F. caramel (cf. Sp. caramelo), LL. canna mellis, cannamella, canamella, calamellus mellitus, sugar cane, from or confused with L. canna reed + mel, mellis, honey. See Cane.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: Burnt sugar; a brown or black porous substance obtained by heating sugar. It is soluble in water, and is used for coloring spirits, gravies, etc. 2. A kind of confectionery, usually a small cube or square of tenacious paste, or candy, of varying composition and flavor. CARANGOID Ca*ran"goid, a. Etym: [Caranx + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Carangidæ, a family of fishes allied to the mackerels, and including the caranx, American bluefish, and the pilot fish. CARANX Ca"ranx, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fishes, common on the Atlantic coast, including the yellow or goldon mackerel. CARAPACE Car"a*pace, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The thick shell or sheild which cover the back of the tortoise, or turtle, the crab, and other crustaceous animals. CARAPATO Ca`ra*pa"to, n. Etym: [Pg. carrapato.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A south American tick of the genus Amblyamma. There are several species, very troublesome to man and beast. CARAPAX Car"a*pax, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Carapace. CARAT Car"at, n. Etym: [F. carat (cf. It. carato, OPg. quirate, Pg. & Sp. quilate), Ar. q bean or pea shell, a weight of four grins, a carat, fr. Gr. Horn.] 1. The weight by which precious stones and pearls are weighed. Note: The carat equals three and one fifth grains Troy, and is divided into four grains, sometimes called carat grains. Diamonds and other precious stones are estimated by carats and fractions of carats, and pearls, usually, by carat grains. Titfany. 2. A twenty-fourth part; -- a term used in estimating the proportionate fineness of gold. Note: A mass of metal is said to be so many carats fine, according to the number of twenty-fourths of pure gold which it contains; as, 22 carats fine (goldsmith's standard) = 22 parts of gold, 1 of copper, and 1 of silver. CARAVAN Car"a*van, n. Etym: [F. caravane (cf. Sp. caravana), fr. Per. karmwan a caravan (in sense 1). Cf. Van a wagon.] 1. A company of travelers, pilgrims, or merchants, organized and equipped for a long journey, or marching or traveling together, esp. through deserts and countries infested by robbers or hostile tribes, as in Asia or Africa. 2. A large, covered wagon, or a train of such wagons, for conveying wild beasts, etc., for exhibition; an itinerant show, as of wild beasts. 3. A covered vehicle for carrying passengers or for moving furniture, etc.; -- sometimes shorted into van. CARAVANEER Car`a*van*eer", n. Etym: [Cf. F. caravanier.] Defn: The leader or driver of the camels in caravan. CARAVANSARY Car`a*van"sa*ry, n.; pl. Caravansaries Etym: [F. caravansérai, fr. Per. karwansara\'8b; karwan caravan + -sara\'8b palace, large house, inn.] Defn: A kind of inn, in the East, where caravans rest at night, being a large, rude, unfurnished building, surrounding a court. [Written also caravanserai and caravansera.] CARAVEL Car"a*vel, n. Etym: [F. caravelle (cf. It. caravella, Sp. carabela), fr. Sp. caraba a kind of vessel, fr. L. carabus a kind of light boat, fr. Gr. [written also caravel and caravelle.] (Naut.) Defn: A name given to several kinds of vessels. (a) The caravel of the 16th century was a small vessel with broad bows, high, narrow poop, four masts, and lateen sails. Columbus commanded three caravels on his great voyage. (b) A Portuguese vessel of 100 or 150 tons burden. (c) A small fishing boat used on the French coast. (d) A Turkish man-of-war. CARAWAY Car"a*way, n. Etym: [F. carvi (cf. Sp. carvi and al-caravea, al- carahueya, Pg. al-caravia) fr. Ar. karawi\'befr. Gr. caraum.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A biennial plant of the Parsley family (Carum Carui). The seeds have an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. They are used in cookery and confectionery, and also in medicine as a carminative. 2. A cake or sweetmeat containing caraway seeds. Caraways, or biscuits, or some other [comfits]. Cogan. CARBAMIC Car*bam"ic, a. Etym: [Carbon + amido.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to an acid so called. Carbamic acid (Chem.), an amido acid, NH2.CO2H, not existing in the free state, but occurring as a salt of ammonium in commercial ammonium carbonate; -- called also amido formic acid. CARBAMIDE Car*bam"ide, n. Etym: [Carbonyl + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: The technical name for urea. CARBAMINE Car*bam"ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An isocyanide of a hydrocarbon radical. The carbamines are liquids, usually colorless, and of unendurable odor. CARBANIL Car"ba*nil, n. Etym: [Carbonyl + aniline.] (Chem.) Defn: A mobile liquid, CO.N.C6H5, of pungent odor. It is the phenyl salt of isocyanic acid. CARBAZOL Car"ba*zol, n. Etym: [Carbon + azo + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystallized substance, C12H8NH, derived from aniline and other amines. CARBAZOTATE Car*baz"o*tate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of carbazotic or picric acid; a picrate. CARBAZOTIC Car`ba*zot"ic, a. Etym: [Carbon + azole.] Defn: Containing, or derived from, carbon and nitrogen. Carbazotic acid (Chem.), picric acid. See under Picric. CARBIDE Car"bide, n. Etym: [Carbon + -ide.] (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of carbon with some other element or radical, in which the carbon plays the part of a negative; -- formerly termed carburet. CARBIMIDE Car"bi*mide, n. Etym: [Carbon + imide] (Chem.) Defn: The technical name for isocyanic acid. See under Isocyanic. CARBINE Car"bine, n. Etym: [F. carbine, OF. calabrin carabineer (cf. Ot. calabrina a policeman), fr. OF & Pr. calabre, OF. cable, chable, an engine of war used in besieging, fr. LL. chadabula, cabulus, a kind of projectile machine, fr. Gr. Parable.] (Mil.) Defn: A short, light musket or rifle, esp. one used by mounted soldiers or cavalry. CARBINEER Car`bi*neer", n. Etym: [F. carabinier.] (Mil.) Defn: A soldier armed with a carbine. CARBINOL Car"bi*nol, n. Etym: [Carbin (Kolbe's name for the radical) + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: Methyl alcohol, CH3OH; -- also, by extension, any one in the homologous series of paraffine alcohols of which methyl alcohol is the type. CARBOHYDRATE Car`bo*hy"drate, n. Etym: [Carbon + hydrate.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: One of a group of compounds including the sugars, starches, and gums, which contain six (or some multiple of six) carbon atoms, united with a variable number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, but with the two latter always in proportion as to form water; as dextrose, C6H12O6. CARBOHYDRIDE Car`bo*hy"dride, n. Etym: [Carbon + hydrogen.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon. CARBOLIC Car*bol"ic, a. Etym: [L. carbo coal + oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid derived from coal tar and other sources; as, carbolic acid (called also phenic acid, and phenol). See Phenol. CARBOLIZE Car"bo*lize, v. t. (Med.) Defn: To apply carbonic acid to; to wash or treat with carbolic acid. CARBON Car"bon, n. Etym: [F. carbone, fr. L. carbo coal; cf, Skr. (Chem.) Defn: An elementary substance, not metallic in its nature, which is present in all organic compounds. Atomic weight 11.97. Symbol C. it is combustible, and forms the base of lampblack and charcoal, and enters largely into mineral coals. In its pure crystallized state it constitutes the diamond, the hardest of known substances, occuring in monometric crystals like the octahedron, etc. Another modification is graphite, or blacklead, and in this it is soft, and occurs in hexagonal prisms or tables. When united with oxygen it forms carbon dioxide, commonly called carbonic acid, or carbonic oxide, according to the proportions of the oxygen; when united with hydrogen, it forms various compounds called hydrocarbons. Compare Diamond, and Graphite. Carbon compounds, Compounds of carbon (Chem.), those compounds consisting largely of carbon, commonly produced by animals and plants, and hence called organic compounds, though their synthesis may be effected in many cases in the laboratory. The formation of the compounds of carbon is not dependent upon the life process. I. Remsen -Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide. (Chem.) See under Carbonic. -- Carbon light (Elec.), an extremely brilliant electric light produced by passing a galvanic current through two carbon points kept constantly with their apexes neary in contact. -- Carbon point (Elec.), a small cylinder or bit of gas carbon moved forward by clockwork so that, as it is burned away by the electric current, it shall contantly maintain its proper relation to the opposing point. -- Carbon tissue, paper coated with gelatine and pigment, used in the autotype process of photography. Abney. -- Gas carbon, a compact variety of carbon obtained as an incrustation on the interior of gas retorts, and used for the manufacture of the carbon rods of pencils for the voltaic, arc, and for the plates of voltaic batteries, etc. CARBONACEOUS Car"bo*na`ceous, a. Defn: Pertaining to, containing, or composed of, carbon. CARBONADE; CARBONADO Car"bo*nade, Car`bo*na"do, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carbonnade, It. carbonata, Sp. carbonada, from L. carbo coal.] (Cookery) Defn: Flesh, fowl, etc., cut across, seasoned, and broiled on coals; a chop. [Obs.] CARBONADO; CARBONADE Car`bo*na"do, Car"bo*nade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbonadoed; p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonadoing.] 1. To cut (meat) across for frying or broiling; to cut or slice and broil. [Obs.] A short-legged hen daintily carbonadoed. Bean. & Fl. 2. To cut or hack, as in fighting. [Obs.] I'll so carbonado your shanks. Shak. CARBONADO Car`bo*na"do, n.; pl. Carbonadoes. Etym: [Pg., carbonated.] (Min.) Defn: A black variety of diamond, found in Brazil, and used for diamond drills. It occurs in irregular or rounded fragments, rarely distinctly crystallized, with a texture varying from compact to porous. CARBONARISM Car`bo*na"rism, n. Defn: The principles, practices, or organization of the Carbonari. CARBONARO Car`bo*na"ro, n.; pl. Carbonari. Etym: [It., a coal man.] Defn: A member of a secret political association in Italy, organized in the early part of the nineteenth centry for the purpose of changing the government into a republic. Note: The origin of the Carbonari is uncertain, but the society is said to have first met, in 1808, among the charcoal burners of the mountains, whose phraseology they adopted. CARBONATATION Car`bon*a*ta"tion, n. Etym: [From Carbonate.] (Sugar Making) Defn: The saturation of defecated beet juice with carbonic acid gas. Knight. CARBONATE Car"bon*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carbonate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt or carbonic acid, as in limestone, some forms of lead ore, etc. CARBONATED Car"bon*a`ted, a. Defn: Combined or impregnated with carbonic acid. CARBONE Car"bone, v. t. Etym: [See Carbonado.] Defn: To broil. [Obs.] "We had a calf's head carboned". Pepys. CARBONIC Car*bon"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. carbonique. See Carbon.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, carbon; as, carbonic oxide. Carbonic acid (Chem.), an acid H2CO3, not existing separately, which, combined with positive or basic atoms or radicals, forms carbonates. On common language the term is very generally applied to a compound of carbon and oxygen, CO2, more correctly called carbon dioxide. It is a colorless, heavy, irrespirable gas, extinguishing flame, and when breathed destroys life. It can be reduced to a liquid and solid form by intense pressure. It is produced in the fermentation of liquors, and by the combustion and decomposition of organic substances, or other substances containing carbon. It is formed in the explosion of fire damp in mines, and is hance called after damp; it is also know as choke damp, and mephilic air. Water will absorb its own volume of it, and more than this under pressure, and in this state becomes the common soda water of the shops, and the carbonated water of natural springs. Combined with lime it constitutes limestone, or common marble and chalk. Plants imbibe it for their nutrition and growth, the carbon being retained and the oxygen given out. -- Carbonic oxide (Chem.), a colorless gas, CO, of a light odor, called more correctly carbon monoxide. It is almost the only definitely known compound in which carbon seems to be divalent. It is a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon, and is an abundant constituent of water gas. It is fatal to animal life, extinguishes combustion, and burns with a pale blue flame, forming carbon dioxide. CARBONIDE Car"bon*ide, n. Defn: A carbide. [R.] CARBONIFEROUS Car`bon*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Carbon + -ferous.] Defn: Producing or containing carbon or coal. Carboniferous age (Geol.), the age immediately following the Devonian, or Age of fishes, and characterized by the vegatation which formed the coal beds. This age embraces three periods, the Subcarboniferous, the Carboniferous, and Permian. See Age of acrogens, under Acrogen. -- Carboniferous formation (Geol.), the series of rocks (including sandstones, shales, limestones, and conglomerates, with beds of coal) which make up the strata of the Carboniferous age or period. See the Diagram under Geology. CARBONITE Car"bon*ite, n. [Carbon + -ite.] 1. Defn: An explosive consisting essentially of nitroglycerin, wood meal, and some nitrate, as that of sodium. 2. An explosive composed of nitrobenzene, saltpeter, sulphur, and kieselguhr. CARBONIZATION Car`bon*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carbonisation.] Defn: The act or process of carbonizing. CARBONIZE Car"bon*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. carboniser.] 1. To cover (an animal or vegatable substance) into a residue of carbon by the action of fire or some corrosive agent; to char. 2. To impregnate or combine with carbon, as in making steel by cementation. CARBONOMETER Car`bon*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Carbon + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for detecting and measuring the amount of carbon which is present, or more esp. the amount of carbon dioxide, by its action on limewater or by other means. CARBON PROCESS Car"bon process. (Photog.) Defn: A printing process depending on the effect of light on bichromatized gelatin. Paper coated with a mixture of the gelatin and a pigment is called carbon paper or carbon tissue. This is exposed under a negative and the film is transferred from the paper to some other support and developed by washing (the unexposed portions being dissolved away). If the process stops here it is called single transfer; if the image is afterward transferred in order to give an unreversed print, the method is called double transfer. CARBON STEEL Carbon steel. Defn: Steel deriving its qualities from carbon chiefly, without the presence of other alloying elements; --opposed to alloy steel. CARBON TRANSMITTER Carbon transmitter. Defn: A telephone transmitter in which a carbon contact is used. CARBONYL Car"bon*yl, n. Etym: [Carbon + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The radical (CO)'\'b7, occuring, always combined, in many compounds, as the aldehydes, the ketones, urea, carbonyl chloride, etc. Note: Though denoted by a formula identical with that of carbon monoxide, it is chemically distinct, as carbon seems to be divalent in carbon monoxide, but tetravalent in carbonyl compounds. Carbonyl chloride (Chem.), a colorless gas, COCl2, of offensive odor, and easily condensable to liquid. It is formed from chlorine and carbon monoxide, under the influence of light, and hence has been called phosgene gas; -- called also carbon oxychloride. CARBORUNDUM Car`bo*run"dum, [Carbon + corundum.] Defn: A beautiful crystalline compound, SiC, consisting of carbon and silicon in combination; carbon silicide. It is made by heating carbon and sand together in an electric furnace. The commercial article is dark-colored and iridescent. It is harder than emery, and is used as an abrasive. CARBORUNDUM CLOTH; CARBORUNDUM PAPER Carborundum cloth or paper. Defn: Cloth or paper covered with powdered carborundum. CARBOSTYRIL Car`bo*sty"ril, n. Etym: [Carbon + styrene.] Defn: A white crystalline substance, C9H6N.OH, of acid properties derived from one of the amido cinnamic acids. CARBOXIDE Car*box"ide, n. Etym: [Carbon + oxide.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound of carbon and oxygen, as carbonyl, with some element or radical; as, potassium carboxide. Potassium carboxide, a grayish explosive crystalline compound, C6O6K, obtained by passing carbon monoxide over heated potassium. CARBOXYL Car*box"yl, n. Etym: [Carbon + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The complex radical, CO.OH, regarded as the essential and characteristic constituent which all oxygen acids of carbon (as formic, acetic, benzoic acids, etc.) have in common; -- called also oxatyl. CARBOY Car"boy, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. & Gael carb basket; or Pers qurabah a sort of bottle.] Defn: A large, globular glass bottle, esp. one of green glass, inclosed in basket work or in a box, for protection; -- used commonly for carrying corrosive liquids; as sulphuric acid, etc. CARBUNCLE Car"bun*cle, n. Etym: [L. carbunculus a little coal, a bright kind of precious stone, a kind of tumor, dim. of carbo coal: cf. F. carboncle. See Carbon.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A beautiful gem of a deep red color (with a mixture of scarlet) called by the Greeks anthrax; found in the East Indies. When held up to the sun, it loses its deep tinge, and becomes of the color of burning coal. The name belongs for the most part to ruby sapphire, though it has been also given to red spinel and garnet. 2. (Med.) Defn: A very painful acute local inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue, esp. of the trunk or back of the neck, characterized by brawny hardness of the affected parts, sloughing of the skin and deeper tissues, and marked constitutional depression. It differs from a boil in size, tendency to spread, and the absence of a central core, and is frequently fatal. It is also called anthrax. 3. (Her.) Defn: A charge or bearing supposed to represent the precious stone. It has eight scepters or staves radiating from a common center. Called also escarbuncle. CARBUNCLED Car"bun*cled, a. 1. Set with carbuncles. He has deserves it [armor], were it carbuncled Like holy Phabus' car. Shak. 2. Affected with a carbuncle or carbuncles; marked with red sores; pimpled and blotched. "A carbuncled face." Brome. CARBUNCULAR Car*bun"cu*lar, a. Defn: Belonging to a carbuncle; resembling a carbuncle; red; inflamed. CARBUNCULATION Car*bun`cu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. carbunculatio.] Defn: The blasting of the young buds of trees or plants, by excessive heat or caold. Harris. CARBURET Car"bu*ret, n. Etym: [From Carbon.] (Chem.) Defn: A carbide. See Carbide [Archaic] CARBURET Car"bu*ret, v. t. [imp & p. p. Carbureted or Carburetted (p. pr. & vb. n. Carbureting or Carburetting.] Defn: To combine or to impregnate with carbon, as by passing through or over a liquid hydrocarbon; to carbonize or carburize. By carbureting the gas you may use poorer coal. Knight. CARBURETANT Car"bu*ret`ant, n. Defn: Any volatile liquid used in charging illuminating gases. CARBURETED Car"bu*ret`ed, a. 1. (Chem.) Defn: Combined with carbon in the manner of a carburet or carbide. 2. Saturated or impregnated with some volatile carbon compound; as, water gas is carbureted to increase its illuminating power. [Written also carburetted.] Carbureted hydrogen gas, any one of several gaseous compounds of carbon and hydrogen, some of with make up illuminating gas. -- Light carbureted hydrogen, marsh gas, CH4; fire damp. CARBURETOR Car"bu*ret`or, n. (Chem.) Defn: An apparatus in which coal gas, hydrogen, or air is passed through or over a volatile hydrocarbon, in order to confer or increase illuminating power. [Written also carburettor.] CARBURETOR; CARBURETTOR Car"bu*ret`or, Car"bu*ret`tor, n. Defn: One that carburets; specif., an apparatus in which air or gas is carbureted, as by passing it through a light petroleum oil. The carburetor for a gasoline engine is usually either a surface carburetor, or a float, float-feed, or spray, carburetor. In the former air is charged by being passed over the surface of gasoline. In the latter a fine spray of gasoline is drawn from an atomizing nozzle by a current of air induced by the suction of the engine piston, the supply of gasoline being regulated by a float which actuates a needle valve controlling the outlet of the feed pipe. Alcohol and other volatile inflammable liquids may be used instead of gasoline. CARBURIZATION Car"bu*ri*za`tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: The act, process, or result of carburizing. CARBURIZE Car"bu*rize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carburized; p. pr. & vb. N. Carburizing.] (Chem.) Defn: To combine wtih carbon or a carbon compound; -- said esp. of a process for conferring a higher degree of illuminating power on combustible gases by mingling them with a vapor of valatile hydrocarbons. CARCAJOU Car"ca*jou, n. Etym: [Probably a Canadian French corruption of an Indian name of the wolverene.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The wolverence; -- also applied, but erroneously, to the Canada lynx, and sometimes to the American badger. See Wolverene. CARCANET Car"ca*net, n. Etym: [Dim. fr. F. carcan the iron collar or chain of a criminal, a chain of preciousstones, LL. carcannum, fr. Armor. kerchen bosom, neck, kechen collar, fr. kelch circle; or Icel. kverk troat, OHG, querca throat.] Defn: A jeweled chain, necklace, or collar. [Also written carkenet and carcant.] Shak. CARCASE Car"case, n. Defn: See Carcass. CARCASS Car"cass, n.; pl. Carcasses. [Written also carcase.] Etym: [F. carcasse, fr. It. carcassa, fr. L. caro flesh + capsa chest, box, case. Cf. Carnal, Case a sheath.] 1. A dead body, whether of man or beast; a corpse; now commonly the dead body of a beast. He turned to see the carcass of the lion. Judges xiv. 8. This kept thousands in the town whose carcasses went into the great pits by cartloads. De Foe. 2. The living body; -- now commonly used in contempt or ridicule. "To pamper his own carcass." South. Lovely her face; was ne'er so fair a creature. For earthly carcass had a heavenly feature. Oldham. 3. The abandoned and decaying remains of some bulky and once comely thing, as a ship; the skeleton, or the uncovered or unfinished frame, of a thing. A rotten carcass of a boat. Shak. 4. (Mil.) Defn: A hollow case or shell, filled with combustibles, to be thrown from a mortar or howitzer, to set fire to buldings, ships, etc. A discharge of carcasses and bombshells. W. Iving. CARCAVELHOS Car`ca*vel"hos, n. Defn: A sweet wine. See Calcavella. CARCELAGE Car"ce*lage, n. Etym: [LL. carcelladium, carceragium, fr. L. carcer prison.] Defn: Prison fees. [Obs.] CARCEL LAMP Car"cel lamp`. Etym: [Named after Carcel, the inventor.] Defn: A French mechanical lamp, for lighthouses, in which a superbundance of oil is pumped to the wick tube by clockwork. CARCERAL Car"cer*al, a. Etym: [L. carceralis, fr. carcer prison.] Defn: Belonging a prison. [R.] Foxe. CARCINOLOGICAL Car`ci*no*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to carcinology. CARCINOLOGY Car`ci*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The depertment of zoölogy which treats of the Crustacea (lobsters, crabs, etc.); -- called also malacostracology and crustaceology. CARCINOMA Car`ci*no"ma, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A cancer. By some medical writers, the term is applied to an indolent tumor. See Cancer. Dunglison. CARCINOMATOUS Car`ci*nom"a*tous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to carcinoma. CARCINOSYS Car`ci*no"sys, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: The affection of the system with cancer. CARD Card, n. Etym: [F. carte, fr. L. charta paper, Gr. Chart.] 1. A piece of pasteboard, or thick paper, blank or prepared for various uses; as, a playing card; a visiting card; a card of invitation; pl. a game played with cards. Our first cards were to Carabas House. Thackeray. 2. A published note, containing a brief statement, explanation, request, expression of thanks, or the like; as, to put a card in the newspapers. Also, a printed programme, and (fig.), an attraction or inducement; as, this will be a good card for the last day of the fair. 3. A paper on which the points of the compass are marked; the dial or face of the mariner's compass. All the quartere that they know I' the shipman's card. Shak. 4. (Weaving) Defn: A perforated pasteboard or sheet-metal plate for warp threads, making part of the Jacquard apparatus of a loom. See Jacquard. 5. An indicator card. See under Indicator. Business card, a card on which is printed an advertisement or business address. -- Card basket (a) A basket to hold visiting cards left by callers. (b) A basket made of cardboard. -- Card catalogue. See Catalogue. -- Card rack, a rack or frame for holding and displaying business or visiting card. -- Card table, a table for use inplaying cards, esp. one having a leaf which folds over. -- On the cards, likely to happen; foretold and expected but not yet brought to pass; -- a phrase of fortune tellers that has come into common use; also, according to the programme. -- Playing card, cards used in playing games; specifically, the cards cards used playing which and other games of chance, and having each pack divided onto four kinds or suits called hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades. The full or whist pack contains fifty-two cards. -- To have the cards in one's own hands, to have the winning cards; to have the means of success in an undertaking. -- To play one's cards well, to make no errors; to act shrewdly. -- To play snow one's cards, to expose one's plants to rivals or foes. -- To speak by the card, to speak from information and definitely, not by guess as in telling a ship's bearing by the compass card. -- Visiting card, a small card bearing the name, and sometimes the address, of the person presenting it. CARD Card, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Carded; p. pr. & vb. n. Carding.] Defn: To play at cards; to game. Johnson. CARD Card, n. Etym: [F. carde teasel, the head of a thistle, card, from L. carduus, cardus, thistle, fr. carere to card.] 1. An instrument for disentangling and arranging the fibers of cotton, wool, flax, etc.; or for cleaning and smoothing the hair of animals; -- usually consisting of bent wire teeth set closely in rows in a thick piece of leather fastened to a back. 2. A roll or sliver of fiber (as of wool) delivered from a carding machine. Card clothing, strips of wire-toothed card used for covering the cylinders of carding machines. CARD Card, v. t. 1. To comb with a card; to cleanse or disentangle by carding; as, to card wool; to card a horse. These card the short comb the longer flakes. Dyer. 2. To clean or clear, as if by using a card. [Obs.] This book [must] be carded and purged. T. Shelton. 3. To mix or mingle, as with an inferior or weaker article. [Obs.] You card your beer, if you guests being to be drunk. -- half small, half strong. Greene. Note: In the manufacture of wool, cotton, etc., the process of carding disentangles and collects together all the fibers, of whatever length, and thus differs from combing, in which the longer fibers only are collected, while the short straple is combed away. See Combing. CARDAMINE Car"da*mine, n. Etym: [L. cardamina, Gr. cardamine.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of cruciferous plants, containing the lady's-smock, cuckooflower, bitter cress, meadow cress, etc. CARDAMOM Car"da*mom, n. Etym: [L. cardamonun, Gr. 1. The aromatic fruit, or capsule with its seeds, of several plants of the Ginger family growing in the East Indies and elsewhere, and much used as a condiment, and in medicine. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant which prduces cardamoms, esp. Elettaria Cardamomum and several of Amommum. CARDBOARD Card"board, n. Defn: A stiff compact pasteboard of various qualities, for making cards, etc., often having a polished surface. CARDCASE Card"case`, n. Defn: A case for visiting cards. CARDECU Car"de*cu, n. Etym: [Corrupt, from F. quart d'écu.] Defn: A quarter of a crown. [Obs.] The bunch of them were not worth a cardecu. Sir W. Scott. CARDER Card"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which cards wool flax, etc. Shak. CARDIA Car"di*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) (a) The heart. (b) The anterior or cardiac orifice of the stomach, where the esophagus enters it. CARDIAC Car"di*ac, a. Etym: [L. cardiacus, Gr. , fr. cardiaque.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, resembling, or hear the heart; as, the cardiac arteries; the cardiac, or left, end of the stomach. 2. (Med.) Defn: Exciting action in the heart, through the medium of the stomach; cordial; stimulant. Cardiac passion (Med.) cardialgia; heartburn. [Archaic] -- Cardiac wheel. (Mach.) See Heart wheel. CARDIAC Car"di*ac n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine which excites action in the stomach; a cardial. CARDIACAL Car*di"a*cal, a. Defn: Cardiac. CARDIACLE Car"di*a*cle, n. Defn: A pain about the heart. [Obs.] Chaucer. CARDIAGRAPH Car"di*a*graph, n. Defn: See Cardiograph. CARDIALGLA; CARDIALGY Car`di*al"gl*a, Car"di*al`gy, n. Etym: [NL. cardialgia, fr. Gr. cardialgie.] (Med.) Defn: A burning or gnawing pain, or feeling of distress, referred to the region of the heart, accompanied with cardisc palpitation; heartburn. It is usually a symptom of indigestion. CARDIGAN JACKET Car"di*gan jack`et. Etym: [From the Earl of Cardigan, who was famous in the Crimean campaign of 1854-55.] Defn: A warm jacket of knit worsted with or without sleeves. CARDINAL Car"di*nal, a. Etym: [L. cardinalis, fr. cardo the hing of a door, that on which a thing turns or depends: cf. F. cardinal.] Defn: Of fundamental importance; preëminet; superior; chief; principal. The cardinal intersections of the zodiac. Sir T. Browne. Impudence is now a cardinal virtue. Drayton. But cardinal sins, and hollow hearts, I fear ye. Shak. Cardinal numbers, the numbers one, two, three, etc., in distinction from first, second, third, etc., which are called ordinal numbers. -- Cardinal points (a) (Geol.) The four principal points of the compass, or intersections of the horizon with the meridian and the prime vertical circle, north, south east, and west. (b) (Astrol.) The rising and setting of the sun, the zenith and nadir. -- Cardinal signs (Astron.) Aries, Lidra, Cancer, and Capricorn. -- Cardinal teeth (Zoöl.), the central teeth of bivalve shell. See Bivalve. -- Cardinal veins (Anat.), the veins in vertebrate embryos, which run each side of the vertebral column and returm the blood to the heart. They remain through life in some fishes. -- Cardinal virtues, preëminent virtues; among the ancients, prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. -- Cardinal winds, winds which blow from the cardinal points due north, south, east, or west. CARDINAL Car"di*nal, n. Etym: [F. carinal, It. cardinale, LL. cardimalis (ecclesiæ Romanæ). See Cardinal, a.] Defn: 1. (R.C.Ch.) One of the ecclesiastical prince who constitute the pope's council, or the sacred college. The clerics of the supreme Chair are called Cardinals, as undoubtedly adhering more nearly to the hinge by which all things are moved. Pope Leo IX. Note: The cardinals are appointed by the pope. Since the time of Sixtus V., their number can never exceed seventy (six of episcopal rank, fifty priests, fourteen deacons), and the number of cardinal priests and deacons is seldom full. When the papel chair is vacant a pope is elected by the college of cardinals from among themselves. The cardinals take procedence of all dignitaries except the pope. The principal parts of a cardinal's costume are a red cassock, a rochet, a short purple mantle, and a red hat with a small crown and broad, brim, with cards and tessels of a special pattern hanging from it. 2. A woman's short cloak with a hood. Where's your cardinal! Make haste. Lloyd. 3. Mulled red wine. Hotten. Cardinal bird, or Cardinal grosbeak (Zoöl.), an American song bird (Cardinalis cardinalis, or C. Virginianus), of the family Fringillidæ, or finches having a bright red plumage, and a high, pointed crest on its head. The males have loud and musical notes resembling those of a fife. Other related species are also called cardinal birds. -- Cardinal flower (Bot.), an herbaceous plant (Lobelia cardinalis) bearing brilliant red flowers of much beauty. -- Cardinal red, color like that of a cardinal's cassock, hat, etc.; a bright red, darket than scarlet, and between scarlet and crimson. CARDINALATE Car"di*nal*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cardinalat, LL. cardinalatus.] Defn: The office, rank, or dignity of a cardinal. CARDINALIZE Car"di*nal*ize, v. t. Defn: To exalt to the office of a cardinal. Sheldon. CARDINALSHIP Car"di*nal*ship, n. Defn: The condition, dignity, of office of a cardinal CARDING Card"ing, a. 1. The act or process of preparing staple for spinning, etc., bycarding it. See the Note under Card, v. t. 2. A roll of wool or other fiber as it comes from the carding machine. Carding engine, Carding machine, a machine for carding cotton, wool, or other fiber, by subjecting it to the action of cylinders, or drum covered with wire-toothed cards, revoling nearly in contact with each other, at different rates of speed, or in opposite directions, The staple issues in soft sheets, or in slender rolls called sivers. CARDIOGRAM Car"di*o*gram`, n. [Gr. heart + -gram.] (Physiol.) Defn: The curve or tracing made by a cardiograph. CARDIOGRAPH Car"di*o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] (Med.) Defn: An instrument which, when placed in contact with the chest, will register graphically the comparative duration and intensity of the heart's movements. CARDIOGRAPHIC Car`di*o*graph"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to, or produced by, a cardiograph. CARDIOGRAPHY Car`di*og"ra*phy, n. 1. Description of the heart. 2. (Physiol.) Examination by the cardiograph. CARDIOID Car"di*oid, n. Etym: [Gr. ( (Math.) Defn: An algebraic curve, so called from its resemblance to a heart. CARDIOINHIBITORY Car`di*o*in*hib"i*to*ry, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Checking or arresting the heart's action. CARDIOLGY Car`di*ol"*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -ology.] Defn: The science which treats of the heart and its functions. CARDIOMETRY Car`di*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.] (Med.) Defn: Measurement of the heart, as by percussion or auscultation. CARDIOSCLEROSIS Car"di*o*scle*ro"sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. heart + sclerosis.] Defn: Induration of the heart, caused by development of fibrous tissue in the cardiac muscle. CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH Car`di*o*sphyg"mo*graph, n. Defn: A combination of cardiograph and shygmograph. CARDITIS Car*di"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis: cf. F. cardile.] (Med) Defn: Inflammation of the fleshy or muscular substance of the heart. See Endocardris and Pericarditis. Dunglison. CARDO Car"do, n.; pl. Cardies.) Etym: [L., a hinge.] (Zoöl.) (a) The basal joint of the maxilla in insects. (b) The hinge of a bivalve shell. CARDOL Car"dol, n. Etym: [NL. Anacardium generic name of the cashew + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow oil liquid, extracted from the shell of the cashew nut. CARDOON Car*doon", n. Etym: [F. cardon. The same word as F. cardon thistle, fr. L. carduus, cardus, LL. cardo. See 3d Card.] (Bot.) Defn: A large herbaceos plant (Cynara Cardunculus) related to the artichoke; -- used in cookery and as a sald. CARE Care, n. Etym: [AS. caru, cearu; akin to OS. kara sorrow Goth. kara lament, and to Gr. . Not akin to cure. Cf. Chary.] 1. A burdensome sense of responsibility; trouble caused by onerous duties; anxiety; concern; solicitude. Care keeps his wath in every old man's eye, And where care lodges, sleep will never lie. Shak. 2. Charge, oversight, or management, implying responsibility for safety and prosperity. The care of all the churches. 2 Car. xi. 28 Him thy care must be to find. Milton. Perlexed with a thousand cares. Shak. 3. Attention or heed; caution; regard; heedfulness; watchfulness; as, take care; have a care. I thank thee for thy care and honest pains. Shak. 4. The object of watchful attention or anxiety. Right sorrowfully mourning her bereaved cares. Spenser. Syn. -- Anxiety; solicitude; concern; caution; regard; management; direction; oversight. -- Care, Anxiety, Solicitude, Concern. These words express mental pain in different degress. Care belongs primarily to the intellect, and becomes painful from overburdened thought. Anxiety denotes a state of distressing uneasiness fron the dread of evil. Solicitude expresses the same feeling in a diminished dagree. Concern is opposed to indifference, and implies exercise of anxious thought more or less intense. We are careful about the means, solicitous and anxious about the end; we are solicitous to obtain a good, axious to avoid an evil. CARE Care, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cared; p. pr. & vb. n. Caring.] Etym: [AS. cearian. See Care, n.] Defn: To be anxious or solictous; to be concerned; to have regard or interest; -- sometimes followed by an objective of measure. I would not care a pin, if the other three were in. Shak. Master, carest thou not that we perish Mark. iv. 38. To care for. (a) To have under watchful attention; to take care of. (b) To have regard or affection for; to like or love. He cared not for the affection of the house. Tennyson. CAREEN Ca*reen", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Careened; p. pr. & vb. n. Careening.] Etym: [OF. cariner, F. caréner, fr. OF. carène, the bottom of a ship, keel, fr. L. carina.] (Naut.) Defn: To cause (a vessel) to lean over so that she floats on one side, leaving the other side out of water and accessible for repairs below the water line; to case to be off the keel. CAREEN Ca*reen" (, v. i. Defn: To incline to one side, or lie over, as a ship when sailing on a wind; to be off the keel. CAREENAGE Ca*reen"age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carénage.] (Naut.) (a) Expense of careening ships. (b) A place for careening. CAREER Ca*reer", n. Etym: [F. carrière race course, high road, street, fr. L. carrus wagon. See Car.] 1. A race course: the ground run over. To go back again the same career. Sir P. Sidney. 2. A running; full speed; a rapid course. When a horse is running in his full career. Wilkins. 3. General course of action or conduct in life, or in a particular part or calling in life, or in some special undertaking; usually applied to course or conduct which is of a pubic character; as, Washington's career as a soldier. An impartial view of his whole career. Macaulay. 4. (Falconary) Defn: The fight of a hawk. CAREER Ca*reer", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Careered 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Careering] Defn: To move or run rapidly. areering gayly over the curling waves. W. Irving. CAREFUL Care"ful, a. Etym: [AS. cearful.] 1. Full of care; anxious; solicitous [Archaic] Be careful [Rev. Ver. "anxious"] for nothing. Phil. iv. 6. The careful plowman doubting stands. Milton. 2. Filling with care or colicitube; exposing to concern, anxiety, or trouble; painful. The careful cold beinneth for to creep. Spenser. By Him that raised me to this careful height. Shak. 3. Taking care; gicing good heed; watchful; cautious; provident; not indifferent heedless, or reckless; -- often follower byof, for, or the infinitive; as, careful of money; careful to do right. Thou hast been careful for us with all this care. 2. Kings iv, 13. What could a careful father more have done Dryden. Syn. -- Anxious; solicitous; provident; thoughtful; cautious; circumspect; heedful; watchful; vigilant. CAREFULLY Care"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a careful manner. CAREFULNESS Care"ful*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being careful. CARELESS Care"less, a. Etym: [AS. cearleás.] 1. Free from care or anxiety. hence, cheerful; light-hearted. Spenser. Sleep she as sound as careless infancy. Shak. 2. Having no care; not taking ordinary or proper care; negligent; unconcerned; heedless; inattentive; unmindful; regardless. My brother was too careless of his charge. Shak. He grew careless of himself. Steele. 3. Without thought or purpose; without due care; without attention to rule or system; unstudied; inconsiderate; spontaneouse; rash; as, a careless throw; a careless expression. He framed the careless rhyme. Beatie. 4. Not receiving care; uncared for. [R.] Their many wounds and careless hatms. Spemser. Syn. -- Negligent; heedless; thoughtless; unthinking; inattentive; incautious; remiss; forgetful; regardless; inconsiderate; listless. CARELESSLY Care"less*ly, adv. Defn: In a careless manner. CARELESSNESS Care"less*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being careless; heedlessness; negligenece; inattention. CARENE Ca*rene", n. Etym: [LL. carena, corrupted fr. quarentena. See Quarantine.] (Ecol.) Defn: A fast of forty days on bread and water. [Obs.] CARESS Ca*ress", n. Etym: [F. caresse, It. carezza, LL. caritia dearness, fr. L. carus dear. See Charity.] Defn: An act of endearment; any act or expression of affection; an embracing, or touching, with tenderness. Wooed her with his soft caresses. Langfellow. He exerted himself to win by indulgence and caresses the hearts of all who were under his command. Macaulay. CARESS Ca*ress", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caressed; p. pr. & vb. n. Caressing.] Etym: [F. caresser, fr. It. carezzare, fr. carezza caress. See Caress., n.] Defn: To treat with tokens of fondness, affection, or kindness; to touch or speak to in a loving or endearing manner; to fondle. The lady caresses the rough bloodhoun. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- To foundle; embrace; pet; coddle; court; flatter. -- Caress, Fondle. "We caress by words or actions; we fondle by actions only." Crabb. CARESSINGLY Ca*ress"ing*ly, ad. Defn: In caressing manner. CARET Ca"ret, n. Etym: [L. caret there is wanting, fr. carere to want.] Defn: A mark [^] used by writers and proof readers to indicate that something is interlined above, or inserted in the margin, which belongs in the place marked by the caret. CARET Ca`ret", n. Etym: [F., a species of tortoise.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The hawkbill turtle. See Hawkbill. CARETUNED Care"*tuned, a. Defn: Weary; mournful. Shak. CARE-TUNED Care"-tuned, a. Defn: Weary; mournful. Shak. CAREWORN Care"worn`, a. Defn: Worn or burdened with care; as, careworn look or face. CAREX Ca"rex, n. Etym: [L., sedge.] (Bot.) Defn: A numerous and widely distributed genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the order Cypreaceæ; the sedges. CARF Carf, Defn: pret. of Carve. [Obs.] Chaucer. CARGASON Car"ga*son, n. Etym: [F. cargaison, Sp. cargazon, LL. cargare to load. See rgo.] Defn: A cargo. [Obs.] CARGO Car"go, n.; pl. Cargoes. Etym: [Sp. cargo, carga, burden, load, from cargar to load, from cargar to load, charge, See Charge.] Defn: The lading or freight of a ship or other vessel; the goods, merchandise, or whatever is conveyed in a vessel or boat; load; freight. Cargoes of food or clothing. E. Everett. Note: The term cargo, in law, is usually applied to goods only, and not to live animals or persons. Burill. CARGOOSE Car"goose`, n. Etym: [Perh. fr. Gael. & Ir. cir, cior (pronounced kir, kior), crest, comb + E. goose. Cf. Crebe.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of grebe (Podiceps crisratus); the crested grebe. CARIAMA Ça"ri*a"ma, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, long-legged South American bird (Dicholophus cristatus) which preys upon snakes, etc. See Seriema. CARIB Car"ib, n.; pl. Caries. Etym: [See Cannibal.] (Ethol.) Defn: A native of the Caribbee islands or the coaste of the Caribbean sea; esp., one of a tribe of Indians inhabiting a region of South America, north of the Amazon, and formerly most of the West India islands. CARIBBEAN; CARIBBEE Car`ib*be"an, Car`ib*bee, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Caribs, to their islands (the eastern and southern West Indies), or to the sea (called the Caribbean sa) lying between those islands and Central America. CARIBBEE Car"ib*bee, n. Defn: A Carib. CARIBE Ca*ri"be, n. Etym: [Sp. a cannibal.] (Zoöl). Defn: A south American fresh water fish of the genus Serrasalmo of many species, remakable for its voracity. When numerous they attack man or beast, often with fatal results. CARIBOU Car"i*bou, n. Etym: [Canadian French.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The American reindeer, especially the common or woodland species (Rangifer Caribou). Barren Ground caribou. See under Barren. -- Woodland caribou, the common reindeer (Rangifer Caribou) of the northern forests of America. CARICATURE Car"i*ca*ture, n. Etym: [It. caricatura, fr. caricare to charge, overload, exaggerate. See Charge, v. t.] 1. An exaggeration, or distortion by exaggeration, of parts or characteristics, as in a picture. 2. A picture or other figure or description in which the peculiarities of a person or thing are so exaggerated as to appear ridiculous; a burlesque; a parody. [Formerly written caricatura.] The truest likeness of the prince of French literature will be the one that has most of the look of a caricature. I. Taylor. A grotesque caricature of virtue. Macaulay. CARICATURE Car"i*ca*ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caricatured; p. pr. & vb. n. Caricaturing.] Defn: To make or draw a caricature of; to represent with ridiculous exaggeration; to burlesque. He could draw an ill face, or caricature a good one, with a masterly hand. Lord Lyttelton. CARICATURIST Car"i*ca*tu`rist, n. Defn: One who caricatures. CARICOUS Car"i*cous, a. Etym: [L. carica a kind of dry fig.] Defn: Of the shape of a fig; as, a caricous tumor. Graig. CARIES Ca"ri*es, n.Etym: [L., decay.] (Med.) Defn: Ulceration of bone; a process in which bone disintegrates and is carried away piecemeal, as distinguished from necrosis, in which it dies in masses. CARILLON Car"il*lon, n. Etym: [F. carillon a chime of bells, originally consisting of four bells, as if fr.. (assumed) L. quadrilio, fr. quatuer four.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A chime of bells diatonically tuned, played by clockwork or by finger keys. 2. A tune adapted to be played by musical bells. CARINA Ca*ri"na, n. Etym: [L., keel.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A keel. (a) That part of a papilionaceous flower, consisting of two petals, commonly united, which incloses the organs of fructification. (b) A longitudinal ridge or projection like the keel of a boat. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The keel of the breastbone of birds. CARINARIA Car`i*na"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. carina keel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of oceanic heteropod Mollusca, having a thin, glassy, bonnet-shaped shell, which covers only the nucleus and gills. CARINATAE Car`i*na"tæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., Fem. pl. fr. L. carinatus. See Carinate.] Defn: A grand division of birds, including all existing flying birds; -- So called from the carina or keel on the breastbone. CARINATE; CARINATED Car"i*nate, Car"i*na`ted a. Etym: [L. carinatus, fr. carina keel.] Defn: Shaped like the keel or prow of a ship; having a carina or keel; as, a carinate calyx or leaf; a carinate sternum (of a bird). CARIOLE Car"i*ole, n. Etym: [F. carriole, dim. fr. L. carrus. See Car, and Carryall.] (a) A small, light, open one-horse carriage. (b) A covered cart. (c) A kind of calash. See Carryall. CARIOPSIS Car"i*op"sis, n. Defn: See Caryopsis. CARIOSITY Ca`ri*os"i*ty, n. (Med.) Defn: Caries. CARIOUS Ca"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. cariosus, fr. caries dacay.] Defn: Affected with caries; decaying; as, a carious tooth. CARK Cark, n. Etym: [OE. cark, fr. a dialectic form of F. charge; cf. W. carc anxiety, care, Arm karg charge, burden. See Charge, and cf. Cargo.] Defn: A noxious or corroding care; solicitude; worry. [Archaic.] His heavy head, devoid of careful cark. Spenser. Fling cark and care aside. Motherwell. Ereedom from the cares of money and the cark of fashion. R. D. Blackmore. CARK Cark, v. i. Defn: To be careful, anxious, solicitous, or troubles in mind; to worry or grieve. [R.] Beau. & fl. CARK Cark, v. t. Defn: To vex; to worry; to make by anxious care or worry. [R.] Nor can a man, independently . . . of God's blessing, care and cark himself one penny richer. South. CARKANET Car"ka*net, n. Defn: A carcanet. Southey. CARKING Cark"ing, a. Defn: Distressing; worrying; perplexing; corroding; as, carking cares. CARL Carl, n. Etym: [Icel, karl a male, a man; akin to AS. ceorl, OHG. charal, G. kerl fellow. See Churl.] [Written also carle.] 1. A rude, rustic man; a churl. The miller was a stout carl. Chaucer. 2. Large stalks of hemp which bear the seed; -- called also carl hemp. 3. pl. Defn: A kind of food. See citation, below. Caring or carl are gray steeped in water and fried the next day in butter or fat. They are eaten on the second Sunday before Easter, formerly called Carl Sunday. Robinson's Whitby Glossary (1875). CARLIN Car"lin, n. Etym: [Dim., fr. carl male.] Defn: An old woman. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] CARLINE; CAROLINE Car"line, Car"o*line, n. Etym: [F. carin; cf. It. carlino; -- so called from Carlo (Charles) VI. of Naples.] Defn: A silver coin once current in some parts of Italy, worth about seven cents. Simmonds. CARLINE; CARLING Car"line, Car"ling n. Etym: [Cf. F. carlingur, Sp. Pg., & It. carlinga.] (Naut.) Defn: A short timber running lengthwise of a ship, from one transverse desk beam to another; also, one of the cross timbers that strengthen a hath; -- usually in pl. CARLINE THISTLE Car"line this`tle. Etym: [F. carline, It., Sp., & Pg., carline, Said to be so called from the Emperor Charlemagne, whose army is reputed to have used it as a remedy for pestilence.] (Bot.) Defn: A prickly plant of the genus Carlina (C. vulgaris), found in Europe and Asia. CARLINGS Car"lings, n. pl. Defn: Same as Carl, 3. Carling Sunday, a Sunday in Lent when carls are eaten. In some parts of England, Passion Sunday. See Carl, 4. CARLIST Car"list, n. Defn: A parisan of Charles X. Of France, or of Dod Carlos of Spain. CARLOCK Car"lock, n. Etym: [F. carlock, fr. Russ. Karlúk'.] Defn: A sort of Russian isinglass, made from the air bladder of the sturgeon, and used in clarifying wine. CARLOT Car"lot, n. Etym: [From Carl.] Defn: A churl; a boor; a peasant or countryman. [Obs.] Shak. CARLOVINGIAN Car`lo*vin"gi*an, a. Etym: [F. Carlovingen.] Defn: Pertaining to, founded by, of descended from, Charlemagne; as, the Carlovingian race of kings. CARMAGNOLE Car`ma`gnole", n. Etym: [F.] 1. A popular or Red Rebublican song and dance, of the time of the first French Revolution. They danced and yelled the carmagnole. Compton Reade. 2. A bombastic report from the French armies. CARMAN Car"man, n.; pl. Carmen ( Defn: A man whose employment is to drive, or to convey goods in, a car or car. CARMELITE; CARMELIN Car"mel*ite, Car"mel*in a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the order of Carmelites. CARMELITE Car"mel*ite, n. 1. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A friar of a mendicant order (the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel) established on Mount Carmel, in Syria, in the twelfth century; a White Friar. 2. A nun of the Order of Our lady of Mount Carmel. CAR MILE Car mile. (Railroads) Defn: A mile traveled by a single car, taken as a unit of computation, as in computing the average travel of each car of a system during a given period. CAR MILEAGE Car mileage. (Railroads) (a) Car miles collectively. (b) The amount paid by one road the use of cars of another road. CARMINATED Car"mi*na`ted, a. Defn: Of, relating to, or mixed with, carmine; as, carminated lake. Tomlinson. CARMINATIVE Car*min"ative, a. Etym: [NL. carminativus (carminare to card hence to cleanse, fr. carmen a card for freeing wool or flax from the coarser parts, and from extraneous matter: cf. F. carminatif.] Defn: Expelling wind from the body; warning; antispasmodic. "Carmenative hot seeds." Dunglison. CARMINATIVE Car*min"a*tive, n. Defn: A substance, esp. an aromatic, which tends to expel wind from the alimentary canal, or to relieve colic, griping, or flatulence. CARMINE Car"mine, n. Etym: [F. carmin (cf. Sp. carmin, It. carminio), contr. from LL. carmesinus purple color. See Crimson.] 1. A rich red or crimson color with a shade of purple. 2. A beautiful pigment, or a lake, of this color, prepared from cochineal, and used in miniature painting. 3. (Chem.) Defn: The essential coloring principle of cochineal, extracted as a purple-red amorphous mass. It is a glucoside and possesses acid properties; -- hence called also carminic acid. Carmine red (Chem.), a coloring matter obtained from carmine as a purple-red substance, and probably allied to the phthaleïns. CARMINIC Car*min"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or derived from, carmine. Carminic acid. Same as Carmine, 3. CARMOT Car"mot, n. (Alchemy) Defn: The matter of which the philosopher's stone was believed to be composed. CARNAGE Car"nage, n. Etym: [F. carnage, LL. carnaticum tribute of animals, flesh of animals, fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnal.] 1. Flesh of slain animals or men. A miltitude of dogs came to feast on the carnage. Macaulay. 2. Great destruction of life, as in battle; bloodshed; slaughter; massacre; murder; havoc. The more fearful carnage of the Bloody Circuit. Macaulay. CARNAL Car"nal, a. Etym: [L. carnalis, fr. caro, carnis, flesh; akin to Gr. kravya; cf. F. charnel, Of. also carnel. Cf. Charnel.] 1. Of or pertaining to the body or is appetites; animal; fleshly; sensual; given to sensual indulgence; lustful; human or worldly as opposed to spiritual. For ye are yet carnal. 1 Car. iii. 3. Not sunk in carnal pleasure. Milton rnal desires after miracles. Trench. 2. Flesh-devouring; cruel; ravenous; bloody. [Obs.] This carnal cur Preys on the issue of his mother's body. Shak. Carnal knowledge, sexual intercourse; -- used especially of an unlawful act on the part of the man. CARNALISM Car"nal*ism, n. Defn: The state of being carnal; carnality; sensualism. [R.] CARNALIST Car"nal*ist, n. Defn: A sensualist. Burton. CARNALITY Car*nal"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. carnalitas.] Defn: The state of being carnal; fleshly lust, or the indulgence of lust; grossness of mind. Because of the carnality of their hearts. Tillotson. CARNALIZE Car"nal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carnalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Carnalizing.] Defn: To make carnal; to debase to carnality. A sensual and carnalized spirit. John Scott. CARNALLITE Car"nal*lite, n. Etym: [G. carnallit, fr. Von Carnall, a Prussian.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous chloride of potassium and magnesium, sometimes found associated with deposits of rock salt. CARNALLY Car"nal*ly, adv. Defn: According to the flesh, to the world, or to human nature; in a manner to gratify animal appetites and lusts; sensually. For to be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually minded is life and peace. Rom. viii. 6. CARNAL-MINDED Car"nal-mind`ed, a. Defn: Worldly-minded. CARNAL-MINDEDNESS Car"nal-mind"ed*ness, n. Defn: Grossness of mind. CARNARY Car"na*ry, n. Etym: [L. carnarium, fr. caro, carnis, flesh.] Defn: A vault or crypt in connection with a church, used as a repository for human bones disintered from their original burial places; a charnel house. CARNASSIAL Car*nas"si*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. carnassier carnivorous, and L. caro, carnis, flesh.] (Anat.) Defn: Adapted to eating flesh. -- n. Defn: A carnassial tooth; especially, the last premolar in many carnivores. CARNATE Car"nate, a. Etym: [L. carnatus fleshy.] Defn: Invested with, or embodied in, flesh. CARNATION Car*na"tion, n. Etym: [F. carnation the flesh tints in a painting, It carnagione, fr. L. carnatio fleshiness, fr. caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnal.] 1. The natural color of flesh; rosy pink. Her complexion of the delicate carnation. Ld. Lytton. 2. pl. (Paint.) Defn: Those parts of a picture in which the human body or any part of it is represented in full color; the flesh tints. The flesh tints in painting are termed carnations. Fairholt. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A species of Dianthus (D. Caryophyllus) or pink, having very beautiful flowers of various colors, esp. white and usually a rich, spicy scent. CARNATIONED Car*na"tioned, a. Defn: Having a flesh color. CARNAUBA Car*nau"ba, n. (Bot.) Defn: The Brazilian wax palm. See Wax palm. CARNELIAN Car*nel"ian, n. Etym: [For carnelian; influenced by L. carneus fleshy, of flesh, because of its flesh red color. See Cornellan.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of chalcedony, of a clear, deep red, flesh red, or reddish white color. It is moderately hard, capable of a good polish, and often used for seals. CARNEOUS Car"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. carneus, from caro, carnis, flesh.] Defn: Consisting of, or like, flesh; carnous; fleshy. "Carneous fibers." Ray. CARNEY Car"ney, n. Etym: [Cf. L. carneus flesh.] (Far.) Defn: A disease of horses, on which the mouth is so furred that the afflicted animal can not eat. CARNIC Car"nic, a. [L. caro, carnis, flesh.] Defn: Of or pertaining to flesh; specif. (Physiol. Chem.), Defn: pertaining to or designating a hydroscopic monobasic acid, C10H15O5N3, obtained as a cleavage product from an acid of muscle tissue. CARNIFEX Car"ni*fex, n. Etym: [L., fr. caro, carnis, flesh + facere to make.] (Antiq.) Defn: The public executioner at Rome, who executed persons of the lowest rank; hence, an executioner or hangman. CARNIFICATION Car`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carnification.] Defn: The act or process of turning to flesh, or to a substance resembling flesh. CARNIFY Car"ni*fy, v. i. Etym: [LL. carnificare, fr. L.o, carnis, flesh + facere to make: cf. F. carnifier.] Defn: To form flesh; to become like flesh. Sir M. Hale. CARNIN Car"nin, n. Etym: [L. caro, canis , flesh.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline nitrogenous substance, found in extract of meat, and related to xanthin. CARNIVAL Car"ni*val, n. Etym: [It. carnevale, prob. for older carnelevale, prop., the putting away of meat; fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh _ levare to take away, lift up, fr. levis light.] 1. A festival celebrated with merriment and revelry in Roman Gatholic countries during the week before Lent, esp. at Rome and Naples, during a few days (three to ten) before Lent, ending with Shrove Tuesday. The carnival at Venice is everywhere talked of. Addison. 2. Any merrymaking, feasting, or masquerading, especially when overstepping the bounds of decorum; a time of riotous excess. Tennyson. He saw the lean dogs beneath the wall Hold o'er the dead their carnival Byron. CARNIVORA Car*niv"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., neut. pl. from L. carnivorus. See Carnivorous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Mammallia including the lion, tiger, wolf bear, seal, etc. They are adapted by their structure to feed upon flesh, though some of them, as the bears, also eat vegetable food. The teeth are large and sharp, suitable for cutting flesh, and the jaws powerful. CARNIVORACITY Car*niv`o*rac"i*ty, n. Defn: Greediness of appetite for flesh. [Sportive.] Pope. CARNIVORE Car`ni*vore, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carnivore.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Carnivora. CARNIVOROUS Car*niv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. carnivorus; caro, carnis, flesh + varare to devour.] Defn: Eating or feeding on flesh. The term is applied: (a) to animals which naturally seek flesh for food, as the tiger, dog, etc.; (b) to plants which are supposed to absorb animal food; (c) to substances which destroy animal tissue, as caustics. CARNOSE; CARNOUS Car*nose, Car"*nous, a. Etym: [L. carnosus, fr. caro, carnis, flesh: cf. OF. carneux, F. charneux.] 1. Of a pertaining to flesh; fleshy. A distinct carnose muscle. Ray. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Of a fleshy consistence; -- applied to succulent leaves, stems, etc. CARNOSITY Car*nos"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carnosité.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A fleshy excrescence; esp. a small excrescence or fungous growth. Wiseman. 2. Fleshy substance or quality; fleshy covering. [Consciences] overgrown with so hard a carnosity. Spelman. The olives, indeed be very small there, and bigger than capers; yet commended they are for their carnosity. Holland. CARNOT'S CYCLE Car`not's" cy"cle. [After N. L. S. Carnot, French physicist.] (Thermodynamics) Defn: An ideal heat-engine cycle in which the working fluid goes through the following four successive operations: (1) Isothermal expansion to a desired point; (2) adiabatic expansion to a desired point; (3) isothermal compression to such a point that (4) adiabatic compression brings it back to its initial state. CAROB Car"ob, n. Etym: [Cf. F. caroube fruit of the carob tree, Sp. garrobo, al-garrobo, carob tree, fr. Ar. kharrub, Per. Kharnub. Cf. Clgaroba.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An evergreen leguminous tree (Ceratania Siliqua) found in the countries bordering the Mediterranean; the St. John's bread; -- called also carob tree. 2. One of the long, sweet, succulent, pods of the carob tree, which are used as food for animals and sometimes eaten by man; -- called also St. John's bread, carob bean, and algaroba bean. CAROCHE Ca*roche", n. Etym: [OF. carrache, F. carrose from It. carrocio, carrozza, fr. carro, L. carus. See Car.] Defn: A kind of pleasure carriage; a coach. [Obs.] To mount two-wheeled caroches. Butler. CAROCHED Ca*roched", a. Defn: Placed in a caroche. [Obs.] Beggary rides caroched. Massenger. CAROIGNE Car"oigne, n. Etym: [See Carrion.] Defn: Dead body; carrion. [Obs.] Chaucer. CAROL Car"ol, n. Etym: [OF. carole a kind of dance wherein many dance together, fr. caroler to dance; perh. from Celtic; cf. Armor. koroll, n., korolla, korolli, v., Ir. car music, turn, circular motion, also L. choraula a flute player, charus a dance, chorus, choir.] 1. A round dance. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A song of joy, exultation, or mirth; a lay. The costly feast, the carol, and the dance. Dryden It was the carol of a bird. Byron. 3. A song of praise of devotion; as, a Christmas or Easter carol. Heard a carol, mournful, holy. Tennyson. In the darkness sing your carol of high praise. Keble. 4. Joyful music, as of a song. I heard the bells on Christmans Day Their old, familiar carol play. Longfellow. CAROL Car"ol, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caroled, or Carolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Caroling, or Carolling.] 1. To praise or celebrate in song. The Shepherds at their festivals Carol her goodness. Milton. 2. To sing, especially with joyful notes. Hovering awans . . . carol sounds harmonious. Prior. CAROL Car"ol, v. i. Defn: To sing; esp. to sing joyfully; to warble. And carol of love's high praise. Spenser. The gray linnets carol from the hill. Beattie. CAROL; CARROL Car"ol, Car"rol, n. Etym: [OF. carole a sort of circular space, or carol.] (Arch.) Defn: A small closet or inclosure built against a window on the inner side, to sit in for study. The word was used as late as the 16th century. A bay window may thus be called a carol. Parker. CAROLIN Car"o*lin, n. Etym: [L. Carolus Charles.] Defn: A former gold coin of Germany worth nearly five dollars; also, a gold coin of Sweden worth nearly five dollars. CAROLINA PINK Car`o*li"na pink`. (Bot.) Defn: See Pinkboot. CAROLINE Car"o*line, n. Defn: A coin. See Carline. CAROLING Car"ol*ing, n. Defn: A song of joy or devotion; a singing, as of carols. Coleridge. Such heavenly notes and carolings. Spenser. CAROLINIAN Car`o*lin"i*an, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of north or South Carolina. CAROLITIC Car`o*lit"ic, a. (Arch.) Defn: Adorned with sculptured leaves and branches. CAROLUS Car"o*lus, n.; pl. E. Caroluses, L. Caroli. Etym: [L., Charles.] Defn: An English gold coin of the value of twenty or twenty-three shillings. It was first struck in the reign of Charles I. Told down the crowns and Caroluses. Macawlay. CAROM Car"om, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupted fr. F. carumboler to carom, carambolage a carom, carambole the red ball in billiards.] (Billiards) Defn: A shot in which the ball struck with the cue comes in contact with two or more balls on the table; a hitting of two or more balls with the player's ball. In England it is called cannon. CAROM Car"om, v. i. (Billiards) Defn: To make a carom. CAROMEL Car"o*mel, n. Defn: See Caramel. CAROTEEL Car`o*teel", n. (Com.) Defn: A tierce or cask for dried fruits, etc., usually about 700 lbs. Simmonds. CAROTIC Ca*rot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Carotid.] 1. Of or pertaining to stupor; as, a carotic state. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Carotid; as, the carotic arteries. CAROTID Ca*rot"id, n. Etym: [Gr. carotide. The early Greeks believed that these arteries in some way caused drowsiness.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the two main arteries of the neck, by which blood is conveyed from the aorta to the head. Note: [See Illust. of Aorta.] CAROTID; CAROTIDAL Ca*rot"id, Ca*rot"id*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or near, the carotids or one of them; as, the carotid gland. CAROTIN Ca*ro"tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A red crystallizable tasteless substance, extracted from the carrot. CAROTTE Ca`rotte", n. [F., prop., carrot.] Defn: A cylindrical roll of tobacco; as, a carotte of perique. CAROUSAL Ca*rous"al, n. Etym: [See Carouse, but also cf. F. carrousel tilt.] Defn: A jovial feast or festival; a drunken revel; a carouse. The swains were preparing for a carousal. Sterne. Syn. -- Banquet; revel; orgie; carouse. See Feast. CAROUSE Ca*rouse", n. Etym: [F. carrousse, earlier carous, fr. G. garaus finishing stroke, the emptying of the cup in drinking a health; gar entirely + aus out. See Yare, and Out.] 1. A large draught of liguor. [Obs.] "A full carouse of sack." Sir J. Davies. Drink carouses to the next day's fate. Shak. 2. A drinking match; a carousal. The early feast and late carouse. Pope. CAROUSE Ca*rouse", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caroused; p. pr. & vb. n. Carousing.] Defn: To drink deeply or freely in compliment; to take in a carousal; to engage in drunken revels. He had been aboard, carousing to his mates. Shak. CAROUSE Ca*rouse" v. t. Defn: To drink up; to drain; to drink freely or jovially. [Archaic] Guests carouse the sparkling tears of the rich grape. Denham. Egypt's wanton queen, Carousing gems, herself dissolved in love. Young. CAROUSER Ca*rous"er, n. Defn: One who carouses; a reveler. CAROUSING Ca*rous"ing, a. Defn: That carouses; relating to a carouse. CAROUSINGLY Ca*rous"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a carouser. CARP Carp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Carped; p. pr. & vb. n. Carping.] Etym: [OE. carpen to say, speak; from Scand. (cf. Icel. karpa to boast), but influenced later by L. carpere to pluck, calumniate.] 1. To talk; to speak; to prattle. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To find fault; to cavil; to censure words or actions without reason or ill-naturedly; -- usually followed by at. Carping and caviling at faults of manner. Blackw. Mag. And at my actions carp or catch. Herbert. CARP Carp, v. t. 1. To say; to tell. [Obs.] 2. To find fault with; to censure. [Obs.] Dryden. CARP Carp, n.; pl. Carp, formerly Carps. Etym: [Cf. Icel. karfi, Dan. karpe, Sw. karp, OHG. charpho, G. karpfen, F. carpe, LL. carpa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fresh-water herbivorous fish (Cyprinus carpio.). Several other species of Cyprinus, Catla, and Carassius are called carp. See Cruclan carp. Note: The carp was originally from Asia, whence it was early introduced into Europe, where it is extensively reared in artificial ponds. Within a few years it has been introduced into America, and widely distributed by the government. Domestication has produced several varieties, as the leather carp, which is nearly or quite destitute of scales, and the mirror carp, which has only a few large scales. Intermediate varieties occur. Carp louse (Zoöl.), a small crustacean, of the genus Argulus, parasitic on carp and allied fishes. See Branchiura. -- Carp mullet (Zoöl.), a fish (Moxostoma carpio) of the Ohio River and Great Lakes, allied to the suckers. -- Carp sucker (Zoöl.), a name given to several species of fresh- water fishes of the genus Carpiodes in the United States; -- called also quillback. CARPAL Car"pal, a. Etym: [From Carpus.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the carpus, or wrist. -- n. Defn: One of the bones or cartilages of the carpus; a carpale. Carpal angle (Zoöl.), the angle at the last joint of the folded wing of a bird. CARPALE Car*pa"le, n.; pl. Carpalia. Etym: [NL., fr. E. carpus.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the bones or cartilages of the carpus; esp. one of the series articulating with the metacarpals. CARPATHIAN Car*pa"thi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a range of mountains in Austro-Hungary, called the Carpathians, which partially inclose Hungary on the north, east, and south. CARPEL; CARPELLUM Car"pel, Car*pel"lum, n. Etym: [NL. carpellum, fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A simple pistil or single-celled ovary or seed vessel, or one of the parts of a compound pistil, ovary, or seed vessel. See Illust of Carpaphore. CARPELLARY Car"pel*la"ry, a. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to, forming, or containing carpels. CARPENTER Car"pen*ter, n. Etym: [OF. carpentier, F. charpentier, LL. carpentarius, fr. L. carpentum wagon, carriage.] Defn: An artificer who works in timber; a framer and builder of houses, ships, etc. Syn. -- Carpenter, Joiner. The carpenter frames and puts together roofs, partitions, floors, and other structural parts of a building. The joiner Supplies stairs, doors shutters, mantelpieces, cupboards, and other parts necessary to finishing the building. In America the two trades are commonly united. Carpenter ant (Zoöl.), any species of ant which gnaws galleries in the wood of trees and constructs its nests therein. They usually select dead or somewhat decayed wood. The common large American species is Formica Pennsylvanica. -- Carpenter bee (Zoöl.), a large hymenopterous insect of the genus Xylocopa; -- so called because it constructs its nest by gnawing long galleries in sound timber. The common American species is Xylocopa Virginica. CARPENTERING Car"pen*ter*ing, n. Defn: The occupation or work of a carpenter; the act of workingin timber; carpentry. CARPENTRY Car"pen*try, n. Etym: [F. charpenterie, OF. also carpenterie. See Carpenter.] 1. The art of cutting, framing, and joining timber, as in the construction of buildings. 2. An assemblage of pieces of timber connected by being framed together, as the pieces of a roof, floor, etc.; work done by a carpenter. CARPER Carp"er, n. Defn: One who carps; a caviler. Shak. CARPET Car"pet, n. Etym: [OF. carpite rug, soft of cloth, F. carpette coarse packing cloth, rug (cf. It. carpita rug, blanket), LL. carpeta, carpita, woolly cloths, fr. L. carpere to pluck, to card (wool); cf. Gr. Harvest.] 1. A heavy woven or felted fabric, usually of wool, but also of cotton, hemp, straw, etc.; esp. a floor covering made in breadths to be sewed together and nailed to the floor, as distinguished from a rug or mat; originally, also, a wrought cover for tables. Tables and beds covered with copes instead of carpets and coverlets. T. Fuller. 2. A smooth soft covering resembling or suggesting a carpet. "The grassy carpet of this plain." Shak. Carpet beetle or Carpet bug (Zoöl.), a small beetle (Anthrenus scrophulariæ), which, in the larval state, does great damage to carpets and other woolen goods; -- also called buffalo bug. -- Carpet knight. (a) A knight who enjoys ease and security, or luxury, and has not known the hardships of the field; a hero of the drawing room; an effeminate person. Shak. (b) One made a knight, for some other than military distinction or service. -- Carpet moth (Zoöl.), the larva of an insect which feeds on carpets and other woolen goods. There are several kinds. Some are the larvæ of species of Tinea (as T. tapetzella); others of beetles, esp. Anthrenus. -- Carpet snake (Zoöl.), an Australian snake. See Diamond snake, under Diamond. -- Carpet sweeper, an apparatus or device for sweeping carpets. -- To be on the carpet, to be under consideration; to be the subject of deliberation; to be in sight; -- an expression derived from the use of carpets as table cover. -- Brussels carpet. See under Brussels. CARPET Car"pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carpeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Carpeting.] Defn: To cover with, or as with, a carpet; to spread with carpets; to furnish with a carpet or carpets. Carpeted temples in fashionable squares. E. Everett. CARPETBAG Car"pet*bag`, n. Defn: A portable bag for travelers; -- so called because originally made of carpet. CARPETBAGGER Car"pet*bag"ger, n. Defn: An adventurer; -- a term of contempt for a Northern man seeking private gain or political advancement in the southern part of the United States after the Civil War (1865). [U. S.] CARPETING Car"pet*ing, n. Defn: 1. The act of covering with carpets. 2. Cloth or materials for carpets; carpets, in general. The floor was covered with rich carpeting. Prescott. CARPETLESS Car"pet*less, a. Defn: Without a carpet. CARPETMONGER Car"pet*mon`ger, n. 1. One who deals in carpets; a buyer and seller of carpets. 2. One fond of pleasure; a gallant. Shak. CARPETWAY Car"pet*way`, n. (Agric.) Defn: A border of greensward left round the margin of a plowed field. Ray. CARPHOLOGY Car*phol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. carphologie.] (Med.) Defn: See Flaccillation. CARPING Carp"ing, a. Defn: Fault-finding; censorious caviling. See Captious. -- Carp"ing*ly, adv. CARPINTERO Car`pin*te"ro, n. Etym: [Sp., a carpenter, a woodpecker.] Defn: A california woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus), noted for its habit of inserting acorns in holes which it drills in trees. The acorns become infested by insect larvæ, which, when grown, are extracted for food by the bird. CARPOGENIC Car`po*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Bot.) Defn: Productive of fruit, or causing fruit to be developed. CARPOLITE Car"po*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite, cf. F. carpolithe.] Defn: A general term for a fossil fruit, nut, or seed. CARPOLOGICAL Car`po*log"i*cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to carpology. CARPOLOGIST Car*pol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who describes fruits; one versed in carpology. CARPOLOGY Car*pol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: That branch of botany which relates to the structure of seeds and fruit. CARPOPHAGOUS Car*poph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Living on fruits; fruit-consuming. CARPOPHORE Car"po*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A slender prolongation of the receptacle as an axis between the carpels, as in Geranium and many umbelliferous plants. CARPOPHYLL Car"po*phyll, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A leaf converted into a fruit or a constituent portion of a fruit; a carpel. Note: [See Illust. of Gymnospermous.] CARPOPHYTE Car"po*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A flowerless plant which forms a true fruit as the result of fertilization, as the red seaweeds, the Ascomycetes, etc. Note: The division of alge and fungi into four classes called Carpophytes, Oöphytes, Protophytes, and Zygophytes (or Carposporeæ, Oösporeæ, Protophyta, and Zygosporeæ) was proposed by Sachs about 1875. CARPOSPORE Car"po*spore, n. Etym: [Gr. -spore.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of spore formed in the conceptacles of red algæ. -- Car`po*spor"ic (, a. CARPUS Car"pus, n.; pl. Carpi. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The wrist; the bones or cartilages between the forearm, or antibrachium, and the hand or forefoot; in man, consisting of eight short bones disposed in two rows. CARRACK Car"rack, n. Defn: See Carack. CARRAGEEN; CARRIGEEN Car"ra*geen`, Car"ri*geen`, n. Defn: A small, purplish, branching, cartilaginous seaweed (Chondrus crispus), which, when bleached, is the Irish moss of commerce. [Also written carragheen, carageen.] CARRANCHA Car*ran"cha, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Brazilian kite (Polyborus Brasiliensis); -- so called in imitation of its notes. CARRAWAY Car"ra*way, n. Defn: See Caraway. CARREL Car"rel, n. Defn: See Quarrel, an arrow. CARREL Car"rel, n. (Arch.) Defn: Same as 4th Carol. CARRIABLE Car"ri*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being carried. CARRIAGE Car"riage, n. Etym: [OF. cariage luggage, carriage, chariage carriage, cart, baggage, F. charriage, cartage, wagoning, fr. OF. carier, charier, F. charrier, to cart. See Carry.] 1. That which is carried; burden; baggage. [Obs.] David left his carriage in the hand of the keeper of the carriage. 1. Sam. xvii. 22. And after those days we took up our carriages and went up to Jerusalem. Acts. xxi. 15. 2. The act of carrying, transporting, or conveying. Nine days employed in carriage. Chapman. 3. The price or expense of carrying. 4. That which carries of conveys, as: (a) A wheeled vehicle for persons, esp. one designed for elegance and comfort. (b) A wheeled vehicle carrying a fixed burden, as a gun carriage. (c) A part of a machine which moves and carries of supports some other moving object or part. (d) A frame or cage in which something is carried or supported; as, a bell carriage. 5. The manner of carrying one's self; behavior; bearing; deportment; personal manners. His gallant carriage all the rest did grace. Stirling. 6. The act or manner of conducting measures or projects; management. The passage and whole carriage of this action. Shak. Carriage horse, a horse kept for drawing a carriage. -- Carriage porch (Arch.), a canopy or roofed pavilion covering the driveway at the entrance to any building. It is intended as a shelter for those who alight from vehicles at the door; -- sometimes erroneously called in the United States porte-cochère. CARRIAGEABLE Car"riage*a*ble, a. Defn: Passable by carriages; that can be conveyed in carriages. [R.] Ruskin. CARRIBOO Car"ri*boo, n. Defn: See Caribou. CARRICK Car"rick, n. (Naut.) Defn: A carack. See Carack. Carrick bend (Naut.), a kind of knot, used for bending together hawsers or other ropes. -- Carrick bitts (Naut.), the bitts which support the windlass. Totten. CARRIER Car"ri*er, n. Etym: [From Carry.] 1. One who, or that which, carries or conveys; a messenger. The air which is but . . . a carrier of the sounds. Bacon. 2. One who is employed, or makes it his business, to carry goods for others for hire; a porter; a teamster. The roads are crowded with carriers, laden with rich manufactures. Swift. 3. (Mach.) Defn: That which drives or carries; as: (a) A piece which communicates to an object in a lathe the motion of the face plate; a lathe dog. (b) A spool holder or bobbin holder in a braiding machine. (c) A movable piece in magazine guns which transfers the cartridge to a position from which it can be thrust into the barrel. Carrier pigeon (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic pigeon used to convey letters from a distant point to to its home. -- Carrier shell (Zoöl.), a univalve shell of the genus Phorus; -- so called because it fastens bits of stones and broken shells to its own shell, to such an extent as almost to conceal it. -- Common carrier (Law.) See under Common, a. CARRION Car"ri*on, n. Etym: [OE. caroyne, OF. caroigne, F. charogne, LL. caronia, fr. L. caro flesh Cf. Crone, Crony.] 1. The dead and putrefying body or flesh of an animal; flesh so corrupted as to be unfit for food. They did eat the dead carrions. Spenser. 2. A contemptible or worthless person; -- a term of reproach. [Obs.] "Old feeble carrions." Shak. CARRION Car"ri*on, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to dead and putrefying carcasses; feeding on carrion. A prey for carrion kites. Shak. Carrion beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle that feeds habitually on dead animals; -- also called sexton beetle and burying beetle. There are many kinds, belonging mostly to the family Silphidæ. -- Carrion buzzard (Zoöl.), a South American bird of several species and genera (as Ibycter, Milvago, and Polyborus), which act as scavengers. See Caracara. -- Carrion crow, the common European crow (Corvus corone) which feeds on carrion, insects, fruits, and seeds. CARROL Car"rol, n. (Arch.) Defn: See 4th Carol. CARROM Car"rom, n. (Billiards) Defn: See Carom. CARROMATA Car`ro*ma"ta, n. [Sp. in Phil. I.] Defn: In the Philippines, a light, two-wheeled, boxlike vehicle usually drawn by a single native pony and used to convey passengers within city limits or for traveling. It is the common public carriage. CARRONADE Car`ron*ade, n. Etym: [From Carron, in Scotland where it was first made.] (Med.) Defn: A kind of short cannon, formerly in use, designed to throw a large projectile with small velocity, used for the purpose of breaking or smashing in, rather than piercing, the object aimed at, as the side of a ship. It has no trunnions, but is supported on its carriage by a bolt passing through a loop on its under side. CARRON OIL Car"ron oil. Defn: A lotion of linseed oil and lime water, used as an application to burns and scalds; -- first used at the Carron iron works in Scotland. CARROT Car"rot, n. Etym: [F. carotte, fr. L. carota; cf. Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous biennial plant (Daucus Carota), of many varieties. 2. The esculent root of cultivated varieties of the plant, usually spindle-shaped, and of a reddish yellow color. CARROTY Car"rot*y, a. Defn: Like a carrot in color or in taste; -- an epithet given to reddish yellow hair, etc. CARROW Car"row, n. Etym: [Ir & Gael. carach cunning.] Defn: A strolling gamester. [Ireland] Spenser. CARRY Car"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carried; p. pr. & vb. n. Carrying.] Etym: [OF. carier, charier, F. carrier, to cart, from OF. car, char, F. car, car. See Car.] 1. To convey or transport in any manner from one place to another; to bear; -- often with away or off. When he dieth he small carry nothing away. Ps. xiix. 17. Devout men carried Stephen to his burial. Acts viii, 2. Another carried the intelligence to Russell. Macaulay. The sound will be carried, at the least, twenty miles. Bacon. 2. To have or hold as a burden, while moving from place to place; to have upon or about one's person; to bear; as, to carry a wound; to carry an unborn child. If the ideas . . . were carried along with us in our minds. Locke. 3. To move; to convey by force; to impel; to conduct; to lead or guide. Go, carry Sir John Falstaff to the Fleet. Shak. He carried away all his cattle. Gen. xxxi. 18. Passion and revenge will carry them too far. Locke. 4. To transfer from one place (as a country, book, or column) to another; as, to carry the war from Greece into Asia; to carry an account to the ledger; to carry a number in adding figures. 5. To convey by extension or continuance; to extend; as, to carry the chimney through the roof; to carry a road ten miles farther. 6. To bear or uphold successfully through conflict, as a leader or principle; hence, to succeed in, as in a contest; to bring to a successful issue; to win; as, to carry an election. "The greater part carries it." Shak. The carrying of our main point. Addison. 7. To get possession of by force; to capture. The town would have been carried in the end. Bacon. 8. To contain; to comprise; to bear the aspect of ; to show or exhibit; to imply. He thought it carried something of argument in it. Watts. It carries too great an imputation of ignorance. Lacke. 9. To bear (one's self); to behave, to conduct or demean; -- with the refexive pronouns. He carried himself so insolently in the house, and out of the house, to all persons, that he became odious. Clarendon. 10. To bear the charges or burden of holding or having, as stocks, merchandise, etc., from one time to another; as, a merchant is carrying a large stock; a farm carries a mortgage; a broker carries stock for a customer; to carry a life insurance. Carry arms (Mil. Drill), a command of the Manual of Arms directing the soldier to hold his piece in the right hand, the barrel resting against the hollow of the shoulder in a nearly perpendicular position. In this position the soldier is said to stand, and the musket to be held, at carry. -- To carry all before one, to overcome all obstacles; to have uninterrupted success. -- To carry arms (a) To bear weapons. (b) To serve as a soldier. -- To carry away. (a) (Naut.) to break off; to lose; as, to carry away a fore-topmast. (b) To take possession of the mind; to charm; to delude; as, to be carried by music, or by temptation. -- To carry coals, to bear indignities tamely, a phrase used by early dramatists, perhaps from the mean nature of the occupation. Halliwell. -- To carry coals to Newcastle, to take things to a place where they already abound; to lose one's labor. -- To carry off (a) To remove to a distance. (b) To bear away as from the power or grasp of others. (c) To remove from life; as, the plague carried off thousands. -- To carry on (a) To carry farther; to advance, or help forward; to continue; as, to carry on a design. (b) To manage, conduct, or prosecute; as, to carry on husbandry or trade. -- To carry out. (a) To bear from within. (b) To put into execution; to bring to a successful issue. (c) To sustain to the end; to continue to the end. -- To carry through. (a) To convey through the midst of. (b) To support to the end; to sustain, or keep from falling, or being subdued. "Grace will carry us . . . through all difficulties." Hammond. (c) To complete; to bring to a succesful issue; to succeed. -- To carry up, to convey or extend in an upward course or direction; to build. -- To carry weight. (a) To be handicapped; to have an extra burden, as when one rides or runs. "He carries weight, he rides a race" Cowper. (b) To have influence. CARRY Car"ry, v. i. 1. To act as a bearer; to convey anything; as, to fetch and carry. 2. To have propulsive power; to propel; as, a gun or mortar carries well. 3. To hold the head; -- said of a horse; as, to carry well i. e., to hold the head high, with arching neck. 4. (Hunting) Defn: To have earth or frost stick to the feet when running, as a hare. Johnson. To carry on, to behave in a wild, rude, or romping manner. [Colloq.] CARRY Car"ry, n.; pl. Carries. Defn: A tract of land, over which boats or goods are carried between two bodies of navigable water; a carrying place; a portage. Etym: [U.S.] CARRYALL Car"ry*all`, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. cariole.] Defn: A light covered carriage, having four wheels and seats for four or more persons, usually drawn by one horse. CARRYING Car"ry*ing, n. Defn: The act or business of transporting from one place to another. Carrying place, a carry; a portage. -- Carrying trade, the business of transporting goods, etc., from one place or country to another by water or land; freighting. We are rivals with them in . . . the carrying trade. Jay. CARRYK Car"ryk, n. Defn: A carack. [Obs.] Chaucer. CARRYTALE Car"ry*tale`, n. Defn: A talebearer. [R.] Shak. CARSE Carse, n. Etym: [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. cars bog, fen. carsen reed, Armor. kars, korsen, bog plant, reed.] Defn: Low, fertile land; a river valley. [Scot.] Jomieson. CART Cart, n. Etym: [AS. cræt; cf. W. cart, Ir. & Gael. cairt, or Icel. kartr. Cf. Car.] 1. A common name for various kinds of vehicles, as a Scythian dwelling on wheels, or a chariot. "Phoebus' cart." Shak. 2. A two-wheeled vehicle for the ordinary purposes of husbandry, or for transporting bulky and heavy articles. Packing all his goods in one poor cart. Dryden. 3. A light business wagon used by bakers, grocerymen, butchers, atc. 4. An open two-wheeled pleasure carriage. Cart horse, a horse which draws a cart; a horse bred or used for drawing heavy loads. -- Cart load, or Cartload, as much as will fill or load a cart. In excavating and carting sand, gravel, earth, etc., one third of a cubic yard of the material before it is loosened is estimated to be a cart load. -- Cart rope, a stout rope for fastening a load on a cart; any strong rope. -- To put (or get or set) the cart before the horse, to invert the order of related facts or ideas, as by putting an effect for a cause. CART Cart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carted; p. pr. & vb. n. Carting.] 1. To carry or convey in a cart. 2. To expose in a cart by way of punishment. She chuckled when a bawd was carted. Prior. CART Cart, v. i. Defn: To carry burdens in a cart; to follow the business of a carter. CARTAGE Cart"age, n. 1. The act of carrying in a cart. 2. The price paid for carting. CARTBOTE Cart"bote`, n. Etym: [Cart + bote.] (Old Eng. Law.) Defn: Wood to which a tenant is entitled for making and repairing carts and other instruments of husbandry. CARTE Carte, n. Etym: [F. See 1st Card.] 1. Bill of fare. 2. Short for Carte de visite. CARTE BLANCHE Carte` blanche". Etym: [F., fr. OF. carte paper + -blanc, blanche, white. See 1st Card.] Defn: A blank paper, with a person's signature, etc., at the bottom, given to another person, with permission to superscribe what conditions he pleases. Hence: Unconditional terms; unlimited authority. CARTE DE VISITE Carte" de vi*site`, pl. Cartes de visite (. Etym: [F.] 1. A visiting card. 2. A photographic picture of the size formerly in use for a visiting card. CARTEL Car*tel", n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. cartellus a little paper, dim. fr. L. charta. See 1st Card.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: An agreement between belligerents for the exchange of prisoners. Wilhelm. 2. A letter of defiance or challenge; a challenge to single combat. [Obs.] He is cowed at the very idea of a cartel., Sir W. Scott. Cartel, or Cartel ship, a ship employed in the exchange of prisoners, or in carrying propositions to an enemy; a ship beating a flag of truce and privileged from capture. CARTEL Car"tel, v. t. Defn: To defy or challenge. [Obs.] You shall cartel him. B. Jonson. CARTE QUARTE Carte. Quarte, n. Etym: [F. quarte, prop., a fourth. Cf. Quart.] (Fencing) Defn: A position in thrusting or parrying, with the inside of the hand turned upward and the point of the weapon toward the adversary's right breast. CARTER Cart"er, n. 1. A charioteer. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A man who drives a cart; a teamster. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of Phalangium; -- also called harvestman. (b) A British fish; the whiff. CARTESIAN Car*te"sian, a. Etym: [From Renatus Cartesius, Latinized from of René Descartes: cf. F. cartésien.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the French philosopher René Descartes, or his philosophy. The Cartesion argument for reality of matter. Sir W. Hamilton. Cartesian coördinates (Geom), distance of a point from lines or planes; -- used in a system of representing geometric quantities, invented by Descartes. -- Cartesian devil, a small hollow glass figure, used in connection with a jar of water having an elastic top, to illustrate the effect of the compression or expansion of air in changing the specific gravity of bodies. -- Cartesion oval (Geom.), a curve such that, for any point of the curve mr + m'r' = c, where r and r' are the distances of the point from the two foci and m, m' and c are constant; -- used by Descartes. CARTESIAN Car*te"sian, n. Defn: An adherent of Descartes. CARTESIANISM Car*te"sian*ism, n. Defn: The philosophy of Descartes. CARTHAGINIAN Car`tha*gin"i*an, a. Defn: Of a pertaining to ancient Carthage, a city of northern Africa. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Carthage. CARTHAMIN Car"tha*min, n. (Chem.) Defn: A red coloring matter obtained from the safflower, or Carthamus tinctorius. CARTHUSIAN Car*thu"sian, n. Etym: [LL. Cartusianus, Cartusiensis, from the town of Chartreuse, in France.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A member of an exceeding austere religious order, founded at Chartreuse in France by St. Bruno, in the year 1086. CARTHUSIAN Car*thu"sian, a. Defn: Pertaining to the Carthusian. CARTILAGE Car"ti*lage, n. Etym: [L. cartilago; cf. F. cartilage.] (Anat.) Defn: A translucent, elastic tissue; gristle. Note: Cartilage contains no vessels, and consists of a homogeneous, intercellular matrix, in which there are numerous minute cavities, or capsules, containing protoplasmic cells, the cartilage corpuscul. See Illust under Duplication. Articular cartilage, cartilage that lines the joints. -- Cartilage bone (Anat.), any bone formed by the ossification of cartilage. -- Costal cartilage, cartilage joining a rib with he sternum. See Illust. of Thorax. CARTILAGINEOUS Car`ti*la*gin"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. cartilageneus.] Defn: See Cartilaginous. Ray. CARTILAGINIFICATION Car"ti*la*gin`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. cartilago, -laginis, cartilage + facere to make.] Defn: The act or process of forming cartilage. Wright. CARTILAGINOUS Car`ti*lag"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. cartilaginosus: cf. F. cartilagineux.] 1. Of or pertaining to cartilage; gristly; firm and tough like cartilage. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the skeleton in the state of cartilage, the bones containing little or no calcareous matter; said of certain fishes, as the sturgeon and the sharks. CARTIST Car"tist, n. [Sp. cartista, fr. carta paper, document (cf. Pg. carta). See Charta; cf. Chartist.] Defn: In Spain and Portugal, one who supports the constitution. CARTMAN Cart"man, n.; pl. Cartmen (. Defn: One who drives or uses a cart; a teamster; a carter. CARTOGRAM Car"to*gram, n. [F. cartogramme.] Defn: A map showing geographically, by shades or curves, statistics of various kinds; a statistical map. CARTOGRAPHER Car*tog"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who make charts or maps. CARTOGRAPHIC; CARTOGRAPHICAL Car`to*graph"ic, Car`to*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to cartography. CARTOGRAPHICALLY Car`to*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By cartography. CARTOGRAPHY Car*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cartographie. See Card, and - graphy.] Defn: The act business of forming chart's or maps. CARTOMANCY Car"to*man`cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cartomancie. See Card, and -mancy.] Defn: The act of telling fortunes with cards. CARTON Car"ton, n. Etym: [F. See Cartoon.] Defn: Pasteboard for paper boxes; also, a pasteboard box. Carton pierre (, a species of papier-maché, imitating stone or bronze sculpture. Knight. CARTOON Car*toon", n. Etym: [F. carton (cf. It. cartons pasteboard, cartoon.); fr. L. charta. See 1st card.] 1. A design or study drawn of the full size, to serve as a model for transferring or copying; -- used in the making of mosaics, tapestries, fresco pantings and the like; as, the cartoons of Raphael. 2. A large pictorial sketch, as in a journal or magazine; esp. a pictorial caricature; as , the cartoons of "Puck." CARTOONIST Car"toon"ist, n. Defn: One skilled in drawing cartoons. CARTOUCH Car*touch", n.; pl. Cartouches Etym: [F. cartouche, It. cartuccia, cartoccio, cornet, cartouch, fr. L. charta paper. See 1st Card, and cf. Cartridge.] 1. (Mil.) (a) A roll or case of paper, etc., holding a charge for a firearm; a cartridge. (b) A cartridge box. (c) A wooden case filled with balls, to be shot from a cannon. (d) A gunner's bag for ammunition. (e) A military pass for a soldier on furlough. 2. (Arch.) (a) A cantalever, console, corbel, or modillion, which has the form of a scroll of paper. (b) A tablet for ornament, or for receiving an inscription, formed like a sheet of paper with the edges rolled up; hence, any tablet of ornamental form. 3. (Egyptian Antiq.) Defn: An oval figure on monuments, and in papyri, containing the name of a sovereign. CARTRIDGE Car"tridge, n. Etym: [Formerlly cartrage, corrupted fr. F. cartouche. See Cartouch.] (Mil.) Defn: A complete charge for a firearm, contained in, or held together by, a case, capsule, or shell of metal, pasteboard, or other material. Ball cartridge, a cartridge containing a projectile. -- Blank cartrige, a cartridge without a projectile, -- Center-fire cartridge, a cartridge in which the fulminate occupies an axial position usually in the center of the base of the capsule, instead of being contained in its rim. In the Prussian needle gun the fulminate is applied to the middle of the base of the bullet. Rim-fire cartridge, a cartridge in which the fulminate is contained in a rim surrounding its base. -- Cartridge bag, a bag of woolen cloth, to hold a charge for a cannon. -- Cartridge belt, a belt having pocket for cartridges. -- Cartridge box, a case, usually of leather, attached to a belt or strap, for holding cartridges. -- Cartridge paper. (a) A thick stout paper for inclosing cartridges. (b) A rough tinted paper used for covering walls, and also for making drawings upon. CARTULARY Car"tu*la*ry, n.; pl. Cartularies. Etym: [LL. cartularium, chartularium, fr. L. charta paper: cf. F. cartulaire. See 1st Card.] 1. A register, or record, as of a monastery or church. Defn: 2. An ecclesiastical officer who had charge of records or other public papers. CARTWAY Cart"way`, n. Defn: A way or road for carts. CARTWRIGHT Cart"wright`, n. Etym: [Cart + wright.] Defn: An artificer who makes carts; a cart maker. CARUCAGE Car"u*cage, n. Etym: [LL. carrucagium (OF. charuage.), fr. LL. carruca plow, fr. L. carruca coach.] 1. (Old Eng. Law.) Defn: A tax on every plow or plowland. 2. The act of plowing. [R.] CARUCATE Car"u*cate, n. Etym: [LL. carucata, carrucata. See Carucage.] Defn: A plowland; as much land as one team can plow in a year and a day; -- by some said to be about 100 acres. Burrill. CARUNCLE; CARUNCULA Car"un*cle, Ca*run"cu*la, n. Etym: [L. caruncula a little piece of flesh, dim. of caro flesh.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A small fleshy prominence or excrescence; especially the small, reddish body, the caruncula lacrymalis, in the inner angle of the eye. 2. (Bot.) Defn: An excrescence or appendage surrounding or near the hilum of a seed. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A naked, flesh appendage, on the head of a bird, as the wattles of a turkey, etc. CARUNCULAR; CARUNCULOUS Ca*run"cu*lar, Ca*run"cu*lous, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, a caruncle; furnished with caruncles. CARUNCULATE; CARUNCULATED Ca*run"cu*late, Ca*run"cu*la`ted, a. Defn: Having a caruncle or caruncles; caruncular. CARUS Ca"rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Coma with complete insensibility; deep lethargy. CARVACROL Car"va*crol, n. (Chem.) Defn: A thick oily liquid, C10H13.OH, of a strong taste and disagreeable odor, obtained from oil of caraway (Carum carui). CARVE Carve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carved; p. pr. & vb. n. Carving.] Etym: [AS. ceorfan to cut, carve; akin to D. kerven, G. kerben, Dan. karve, Sw. karfva, and to Gr. -graphy. Cf. Graphic.] 1. To cut. [Obs.] Or they will carven the shepherd's throat. Spenser. 2. To cut, as wood, stone, or other material, in an artistic or decorative manner; to sculpture; to engrave. Carved with figures strange and sweet. Coleridge. 3. To make or shape by cutting, sculpturing, or engraving; to form; as, to carve a name on a tree. An angel carved in stone. Tennyson. We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone. C. Wolfe. 4. To cut into small pieces or slices, as meat at table; to divide for distribution or apportionment; to apportion. "To carve a capon." Shak. 5. To cut: to hew; to mark as if by cutting. My good blade carved the casques of men. Tennyson. A million wrinkles carved his skin. Tennyson. 6. To take or make, as by cutting; to provide. Who could easily have carved themselves their own food. South. 7. To lay out; to contrive; to design; to plan. Lie ten nights awake carving the fashion of a new doublet. Shak. To carve out, to make or get by cutting, or as if by cutting; to cut out. "[Macbeth] with his brandished steel . . . carved out his passage." Shak. Fortunes were carved out of the property of the crown. Macaulay. CARVE Carve, v. i. 1. To exercise the trade of a sculptor or carver; to engrave or cut figures. 2. To cut up meat; as, to carve for all the guests. CARVE Carve, n. Defn: A carucate. [Obs.] Burrill. CARVEL Car"vel, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. caravel.] 1. Same as Caravel. 2. A species of jellyfish; sea blubber. Sir T. Herbert. CARVELBUILT Car"vel*built, a. (Shipbuilding) Defn: Having the planks meet flush at the seams, instead of lapping as in a clinker-built vessel. CARVEN Car"ven, a. Defn: Wrought by carving; ornamented by carvings; carved. [Poetic] A carven bowl well wrought of beechen tree. Bp. Hall. The carven cedarn doors. Tennyson. A screen of carven ivory. Mrs. Browning. CARVENE Car"vene, n. Etym: [F. carvi caraway.] Defn: An oily substance, C10H16, extracted from oil caraway. CARVER Carv"er, n. 1. One who carves; one who shapes or fashions by carving, or as by carving; esp. one who carves decorative forms, architectural adornments, etc. "The carver's chisel." Dodsley. The carver of his fortunes. Sharp (Richardson's Dict. ) 2. One who carves or divides meat at table. 3. A large knife for carving. CARVING Carv"ing, n. 1. The act or art of one who carves. 2. A piece of decorative work cut in stone, wood, or other material. "Carving in wood." Sir W. Temple. 3. The whole body of decorative sculpture of any kind or epoch, or in any material; as, the Italian carving of the 15th century. CARVIST Car"vist, n. Etym: [A corruption of carry fist.] (Falconary) Defn: A hawk which is of proper age and training to be carried on the hand; a hawk in its first year. Booth. CARVOL Car"vol, n. (Chem.) Defn: One of a species of aromatic oils, resembling carvacrol. CAR WHEEL Car" wheel`, Defn: A flanged wheel of a railway car or truck. CARYATIC; CARYATID Car`y*at"ic, Car`y*at"id, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a caryatid. CARYATID Car`y*at"id, n.; pl. Caryatids Etym: [See Caryatides.] Defn: (Arch.) A draped female figure supporting an entablature, in the place of a column or pilaster. CARYATIDES Car`y*at"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Arch) Defn: Caryatids. Note: Corresponding male figures were called Atlantes, Telamones, and Persians. CARYOPHYLLACEOUS Car`y*o*phyl*la"ceous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) (a) Having corollas of five petals with long claws inclosed in a tubular, calyx, as the pink. (b) Belonging to the family of which the pink and the carnation are the types. CARYOPHYLLIN Car`y*oph"yl*lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A tasteless and odorless crystalline substance, extracted from cloves, polymeric with common camphor. CARYOPHYLLOUS Car`y*oph"yl*lous, a. Defn: Caryophyllaceous. CARYOPSIS Car`y*op"sis, n.; pl. Caryopses. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. (Bot.) Defn: A one-celled, dry, indehiscent fruit, with a thin membranous pericarp, adhering closely to the seed, so that fruit and seed are incorporated in one body, forming a single grain, as of wheat, barley, etc. CASA Ca"sa, n. [Sp. or It., fr. L. casa cabin.] Defn: A house or mansion. [Sp. Amer. & Phil. Islands] I saw that Enriquez had made no attempt to modernize the old casa, and that even the garden was left in its lawless native luxuriance. Bret Harte. CASAL Ca"sal, a. (Gram.) Defn: Of or pertaining to case; as, a casal ending. CASCABEL Cas"ca*bel, n. Etym: [Sp. cascabel a little bell, also (fr. the shape), a knob at the breech end of a cannon.] Defn: The projection in rear of the breech of a cannon, usually a knob or breeching loop connected with the gun by a neck. In old writers it included all in rear of the base ring. Note: [See Illust. of Cannon.] CASCADE Cas*cade", n. Etym: [F. cascade, fr. It. cascata, fr. cascare to ball.] Defn: A fall of water over a precipice, as in a river or brook; a waterfall less than a cataract. The silver brook . . . pours the white cascade. Longjellow. Now murm'ring soft, now roaring in cascade. Cawper. CASCADE Cas*cade", v. i. 1. To fall in a cascade. Lowell. 2. To vomit. [Slang] Smollett. CASCADE METHOD Cas*cade" meth"od. (Physics) Defn: A method of attaining successively lower temperatures by utilizing the cooling effect of the expansion of one gas in condensing another less easily liquefiable, and so on. CASCADE SYSTEM Cascade system. (Elec.) Defn: A system or method of connecting and operating two induction motors so that the primary circuit of one is connected to the secondary circuit of the other, the primary circuit of the latter being connected to the source of supply; also, a system of electric traction in which motors so connected are employed. The cascade system is also called tandem, or concatenated, system; the connection a cascade, tandem, or concatenated, connection, or a concatenation; and the control of the motors so obtained a tandem, or concatenation, control. In the cascade system of traction the cascade connection is used for starting and for low speeds up to half speed. For full speed the short-circuited motor is cut loose from the other motor and is either left idle or (commonly) connected direct to the line. CASCALHO Cas*cal"ho, n. Etym: [Pg., a chip of stone, gravel.] Defn: A deposit of pebbles, gravel, and ferruginous sand, in which the Brazilian diamond is usually found. CASCARA BUCKTHORN Cas"ca*ra buck"thorn`. (Bot.) Defn: The buckthorn (Rhamnus Purshiana) of the Pacific coast of the United States, which yields cascara sagrada. CASCARA SAGRADA Cas"ca*ra sa*gra"da. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: Holy bark; the bark of the California buckthorn (Rhamnus Purshianus), used as a mild cathartic or laxative. CASCARILLA Cas`ca*ril"la, n.Etym: [Sp., small thin bark, Peruvian bark, dim. of cáscara bark.] (Bot.) Defn: A euphorbiaceous West Indian shrub (Croton Eleutheria); also, its aromatic bark. Cascarilla bark (or Cascarila) (Med.), the bark of Croton Eleutheria. It has an aromatic odor and a warm, spicy, bitter taste, and when burnt emits a musky odor. It is used as a gentle tonic, and sometimes, for the sake of its fragrance, mixed with smoking tobacco, when it is said to occasion vertigo and intoxication. CASCARILLIN Cas`ca*ril"lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystallizable, bitter substance extracted from oil of cascarilla. CASCARON Cas`ca*ron", n. [Sp. cascarón.] Defn: Lit., an eggshell; hence, an eggshell filled with confetti to be thrown during balls, carnivals, etc. [Western U. S.] CASE Case, n. Etym: [OF. casse, F. caisse (cf. It. cassa), fr. L. capsa chest, box, case, fr. caper to take, hold See Capacious, and cf. 4th Chase, Cash, Enchase, 3d Sash.] 1. A box, sheath, or covering; as, a case for holding goods; a case for spectacles; the case of a watch; the case (capsule) of a cartridge; a case (cover) for a book. 2. A box and its contents; the quantity contained in a box; as, a case of goods; a case of instruments. 3. (Print.) Defn: A shallow tray divided into compartments or "boxes" for holding type. Note: Cases for type are usually arranged in sets of two, called respectively the upper and the lower case. The upper case contains capitals, small capitals, accented; the lower case contains the small letters, figures, marks of punctuation, quadrats, and spaces. 4. An inclosing frame; a casing; as, a door case; a window case. 5. (Mining) Defn: A small fissure which admits water to the workings. Knight. CASE Case, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cased; p. pr. & vb. n. Casing.] 1. To cover or protect with, or as with, a case; to inclose. The man who, cased in steel, had passed whole days and nights in the saddle. Prescott. 2. To strip the skin from; as, to case a box. [Obs.] CASE Case, n. Etym: [F. cas, fr. L. casus, fr. cadere to fall, to happen. Cf. Chance.] 1. Chance; accident; hap; opportunity. [Obs.] By aventure, or sort, or cas. Chaucer. 2. That which befalls, comes, or happens; an event; an instance; a circumstance, or all the circumstamces; condition; state of things; affair; as, a strange case; a case of injustice; the case of the Indian tribes. In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge. Deut. xxiv. 13. If the case of the man be so with his wife. Matt. xix. 10. And when a lady's in the case. You know all other things give place. Gay. You think this madness but a common case. Pope. I am in case to justle a constable, Shak. 3. (Med. & Surg.) Defn: A patient under treatment; an instance of sickness or injury; as, ten cases of fever; also, the history of a disease or injury. A proper remedy in hypochondriacal cases. Arbuthnot. 4. (Law) Defn: The matters of fact or conditions involved in a suit, as distinguished from the questions of law; a suit or action at law; a cause. Let us consider the reason of the case, for nothing is law that is not reason. Sir John Powell. Not one case in the reports of our courts. Steele. 5. (Gram.) Defn: One of the forms, or the inflections or changes of form, of a noun, pronoun, or adjective, which indicate its relation to other words, and in the aggregate constitute its declension; the relation which a noun or pronoun sustains to some other word. Case is properly a falling off from the nominative or first state of word; the name for which, however, is now, by extension of its signification, applied also to the nominative. J. W. Gibbs. Note: Cases other than the nominative are oblique cases. Case endings are terminations by which certain cases are distinguished. In old English, as in Latin, nouns had several cases distinguished by case endings, but in modern English only that of the possessive case is retained. Action on the case (Law), according to the old classification (now obsolete), was an action for redress of wrongs or injuries to person or property not specially provided against by law, in which the whole cause of complaint was set out in the writ; -- called also trespass on the case, or simply case. -- All a case, a matter of indifference. [Obs.] "It is all a case to me." L'Estrange. -- Case at bar. See under Bar, n. -- Case divinity, casuistry. -- Case lawyer, one versed in the reports of cases rather than in the science of the law. -- Case stated or agreed on (Law), a statement in writing of facts agreed on and submitted to the court for a decision of the legal points arising on them. -- A hard case, an abandoned or incorrigible person. [Colloq.] -- In any case, whatever may be the state of affairs; anyhow. -- In case, or In case that, if; supposing that; in the event or contingency; if it should happen that. "In case we are surprised, keep by me." W. Irving. -- In good case, in good condition, health, or state of body. -- To put a case, to suppose a hypothetical or illustrative case. Syn. -- Situation, condition, state; circumstances; plight; predicament; occurrence; contingency; accident; event; conjuncture; cause; action; suit. CASE Case, v. i. Defn: To propose hypothetical cases. [Obs.] "Casing upon the matter." L'Estrange. CASEATION Ca`se*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. caséation. See Casein.] (Med.) Defn: A degeneration of animal tissue into a cheesy or curdy mass. CASE-BAY Case"-bay`, n. (Arch.) (a) The space between two principals or girders. (b) One of the joists framed between a pair of girders in naked flooring. CASEHARDEN Case"hard`en, v. t. 1. To subject to a process which converts the surface of iron into steel. 2. To render insensible to good influences. CASEHARDENED Case"hard`ened, a. 1. Having the surface hardened, as iron tools. 2. Hardened against, or insusceptible to, good influences; rendered callous by persistence in wrongdoing or resistance of good influences; -- said of persons. CASEHARDENING Case"hard`en*ing, n. Defn: The act or process of converting the surface of iron into steel. Ure. Note: Casehardening is now commonly effected by cementation with charcoal or other carbonizing material, the depth and degree of hardening (carbonization) depending on the time during which the iron is exposed to the heat. See Cementation. CASEIC Ca"se*ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. caséique, fr. L. caseus cheese.] Defn: OF or pertaining to cheese; as, caseic acid. CASEIN Ca"se*in, n. Etym: [Cf. F. caséine, fr. L. caseur cheese. Cf. Cheese.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A proteid substance present in both the animal and the vegetable kingdom. In the animal kindom it is chiefly found in milk, and constitutes the main part of the curd separated by rennet; in the vegetable kingdom it is found more or less abundantly in the seeds of leguminous plants. Its reactions resemble those of alkali albumin. [Written also caseine.] CASE KNIFE Case" knife`. 1. A knife carried in a sheath or case. Addison. 2. A large table knife; -- so called from being formerly kept in a case. CASEMATE Case"mate, n. Etym: [F. casemate, fr. It. casamatta, prob. from casa house + matto, f. matta, mad, weak, feeble, dim. from the same source as E. -mate in checkmate.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A bombproof chamber, usually of masonry, in which cannon may be placed, to be fired through embrasures; or one capable of being used as a magazine, or for quartering troops. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A hollow molding, chiefly in cornices. CASEMATED Case"ma`ted, a. Defn: Furnished with, protected by, or built like, a casemate. Campbell. CASEMENT Case"ment, n. Etym: [Shortened fr. encasement. See Incase 1st Case, and cf. Incasement.] (Arch.) Defn: A window sash opening on hinges affixed to the upright side of the frame into which it is fitted. (Poetically) A window. A casement of the great chamber window. Shak. CASEMENTED Case"ment*ed, a. Defn: Having a casement or casements. CASEOSE Ca"se*ose, n. [Casein + -ose.] (Physiol.Chem.) Defn: A soluble product (proteose) formed in the gastric and pancreatic digestion of casein and caseinogen. CASEOUS Ca"se*ous, a. Etym: [L. caseus. Cf. Casein.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, cheese; having the qualities of cheese; cheesy. Caseous degeneration, a morbid process, in scrofulous or consumptive persons, in which the products of inflammation are converted into a cheesy substance which is neither absorbed nor organized. CASERN Ca"sern, n. Etym: [F. caserne.] Defn: A lodging for soldiers in garrison towns, usually near the rampart; barracks. Bescherelle. CASE SHOT Case" shot`. (Mil.) Defn: A collection of small projectiles, inclosed in a case or canister. Note: In the United States a case shot is a thin spherical or oblong cast-iron shell containing musket balls and a bursting charge, with a time fuse; -- called in Europe shrapnel. In Europe the term case shot is applied to what in the United States is called canister. Wilhelm. CASE SYSTEM Case system. (Law) Defn: The system of teaching law in which the instruction is primarily a historical and inductive study of leading or selected cases, with or without the use of textbooks for reference and collateral reading. CASEUM Ca"se*um, n. Etym: [L. caseus cheese.] Defn: Same as Casein. CASEWORM Case"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A worm or grub that makes for itself a case. See Caddice. CASH Cash, n. Etym: [F. caisse case, box, cash box, cash. See Case a box.] Defn: A place where money is kept, or where it is deposited and paid out; a money box. [Obs.] This bank is properly a general cash, where every man lodges his money. Sir W. Temple. £20,000 are known to be in her cash. Sir R. Winwood. 2. (Com.) (a) Ready money; especially, coin or specie; but also applied to bank notes, drafts, bonds, or any paper easily convertible into money. (b) Immediate or prompt payment in current funds; as, to sell goods for cash; to make a reduction in price for cash. Cash account (Bookkeeping), an account of money received, disbursed, and on hand. -- Cash boy, in large retail stores, a messenger who carries the money received by the salesman from customers to a cashier, and returns the proper change. [Colloq.] -- Cash credit, an account with a bank by which a person or house, having given security for repayment, draws at pleasure upon the bank to the extent of an amount agreed upon; -- called also bank credit and cash account. -- Cash sales, sales made for ready, money, in distinction from those on which credit is given; stocks sold, to be delivered on the day of transaction. Syn. -- Money; coin; specie; currency; capital. CASH Cash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Casing.] Defn: To pay, or to receive, cash for; to exchange for money; as, cash a note or an order. CASH Cash, v. t. Etym: [See Cashier.] Defn: To disband. [Obs.] Garges. CASH Cash, n.sing & pl. Defn: A Chinese coin. Note: The cash (Chinese tsien) is the only current coin made by the chinese government. It is a thin circular disk of a very base alloy of copper, with a square hole in the center. 1,000 to 1,400 cash are equivalent to a dollar. CASHBOOK Cash"book, n. (Bookkeeping) Defn: A book in which is kept a register of money received or paid out. CASHEW Ca*shew", n. Etym: [F. acajou, for cajou, prob. from Malay kayu tree; cf. Pg. acaju, cf. Acajou.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree (Anacardium occidentale) of the same family which the sumac. It is native in tropical America, but is now naturalized in all tropical countries. Its fruit, a kidney-shaped nut, grows at the extremity of an edible, pear-shaped hypocarp, about three inches long. Casbew nut, the large, kidney-shaped fruit of the cashew, which is edible after the caustic oil has been expelled from the shell by roasting the nut. CASHIER Cash*ier", n. Etym: [F. caissier, fr. caisse. See Cash.] Defn: One who has charge of money; a cash keeper; the officer who has charge of the payments and receipts (moneys, checks, notes), of a bank or a mercantile company. CASHIER Cash*ier", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cahiered; p. pr. &vb. n. Cashiering.] Etym: [Earlier cash, fr. F. casser to break, annul, cashier, fr. L. cassare, equiv. to cassum reddere, to annul; cf. G. cassiren. Cf. Quash to annul, Cass.] 1. To dismiss or discard; to discharge; to dismiss with ignominy from military service or from an office or place of frust. They have cashiered several of their followers. Addison. He had insolence to cashier the captain of the lord lieutenant's own body guard. Macaulay. 2. To put away or reject; to disregard. [R.] Connections formed for interest, and endeared By selfish views, [are] censured and cashiered. Cowper. They absolutely cashier the literal express sense of the words. Sowth. CASHIERER Cash*ier"er, n. Defn: One who rejects, discards, or dismisses; as, a cashierer of monarchs. [R.] Burke. CASHIER'S CHECK Cash*ier's" check. (Banking) Defn: A check drawn by a bank upon its own funds, signed by the cashier. CASHMERE Cash"mere, n. 1. A rich stuff for shawls, acaris, etc., originally made in Cashmere from the soft wool found beneath the hair of the goats of Cashmere, Thibet, and the Himalayas. Some cashmere, of fine quality, is richly embroidered for sale to Europeans. 2. A dress fabric made of fine wool, or of fine wool and cotton, in imitation of the original cashmere. Cashmere shawl, a rich and costly shawl made of cashmere; -- other called camel's-hair shawl. CASHMERETTE Cash`me*rette", n. Defn: A kind of dress goods, made with a soft and glossy surface like cashmere. CASHOO Ca*shoo", n. Etym: [F. cachou, NL. catechu, Cochin-Chin. cay cau from the tree called mimosa, or areca catechu. Cf. Catechu.] Defn: See Catechu. CASH RAILWAY Cash railway. Defn: A form of cash carrier in which a small carrier or car travels upon a kind of track. CASH REGISTER Cash register. Defn: A device for recording the amount of cash received, usually having an automatic adding machine and a money drawer and exhibiting the amount of the sale. CASING Cas"ing, n. 1. The act or process of inclosing in, or covering with, a case or thin substance, as plaster, boards, etc. 2. An outside covering, for protection or ornament, or to precent the radiation of heat. 3. An inclosing frame; esp. the framework around a door or a window. See Case, n., 4. CASINGS Ca"sings, n. pl. Defn: Dried dung of cattle used as fuel. [Prov. Eng.] Waterland. CASINO Ca*si"no, n.; pl. E. Casinos, It. Casini. Etym: [It. casino, dim. of casa house, fr. L. casa cottage. Cf. Cassing.] 1. A small country house. 2. A building or room used for meetings, or public amusements, for dancing, gaming, etc. 3. A game at cards. See Cassino. CASK Cask, n. Etym: [Sp. casco potsherd, skull, helmet, prob. fr. cascar to break, fr. L. Quassure to break. Cf. Casque, Cass.] 1. Same as Casque. [Obs.] 2. A barrel-shaped vessel made of staves headings, and hoops, usually fitted together so as to hold liquids. It may be larger or smaller than a barrel. 3. The quantity contained in a cask. 4. A casket; a small box for jewels. [Obs.] Shak. CASK Cask, v. t. Defn: To put into a cask. CASKET Cas"ket, n. Etym: [Cf. F. casquet, dim. of casque belmet, fr. Sp. casco.] 1. A small chest or box, esp. of rich material or ornamental character, as for jewels, etc. The little casket bring me hither. Shak. 2. A kind of burial case. [U. S.] 3. Anything containing or intended to contain something highly esteemed; as: (a) The body. (Shak). (b) The tomb. (Milton). (c) A book of selections. [poetic] They found him dead . . . an empty casket. Shak. CASKET Cas"ket, n. (Naut.) Defn: A gasket. See Gasket. CASKET Cas"ket, v. t. Defn: To put into, or preserve in, a casket. [Poetic] "I have casketed my treasure." Shak. CASQUE Casque, n. Etym: [F. casque, fr. Sp. casco See Cask.] Defn: A piece of defensive or ornamental armor (with or without a vizor) for the head and neck; a helmet. His casque overshadowed with brilliant plumes. Prescott. CASS Cass, v. t. Etym: [F. casser, LL. cassare, fr. L. cassus empty, hollow, and perhaps influenced by L. quassare to shake, shatter, v. intens. of quatere to shake. Cf. Cashier, v. t., Quash, Cask.] Defn: To render useless or void; to annul; to reject; to send away. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleing. CASSADA Cas"sa*da, n. Defn: See Cassava. CASSAREEP Cas"sa*reep, n. Defn: A condiment made from the sap of the bitter cassava (Manihot utilissima) deprived of its poisonous qualities, concentrated by boiling, and flavored with aromatics. See Pepper pot. CASSATE Cas"sate, v. t. Etym: [LL. cassare. See Cass.] Defn: To render void or useless; to vacate or annul. [Obs.] CASSATION Cas*sa"tion, n. Etym: [F. cassation. See Cass.] Defn: The act of annulling. A general cassation of their constitutions. Motley. Court of cassation, the highest court of appeal in France, which has power to quash (Casser) or reverse the decisions of the inferior courts. CASSAVA Cas"sa*va, n. Etym: [F. cassave, Sp. cazabe, fr. kasabi, in the language of Hayti.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A shrubby euphorbiaceous plant of the genus Manihot, with fleshy rootstocks yielding an edible starch; -- called also manioc. Note: There are two species, bitter and sweet, from which the cassava of commerce is prepared in the West Indies, tropical America, and Africa. The bitter (Manihot utilissima) is the more important; this has a poisonous sap, but by grating, pressing, and baking the root the poisonous qualities are removed. The sweet (M. Aipi) is used as a table vegetable. 2. A nutritious starch obtained from the rootstocks of the cassava plant, used as food and in making tapioca. CASSAVA WOOD Cas"sa*va wood`. (Bot.) Defn: A West Indian tree (Turpinia occidentalis) of the family Staphyleaceæ. CASSEL BROWN; CASSEL EARTH Cas"sel brown, Cas"sel earth . Defn: A brown pigment of varying permanence, consisting of impure lignite. It was found originally near Cassel (now Kassel), Germany. CASSE PAPER Cas"se Pa"per. Etym: [F. papier cassé. See Cass.] Defn: Broken paper; the outside quires of a ream. CASSEROLE Cas"se*role n. Etym: [F. a saucepan, dim. from casse a basin.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A small round dish with a handle, usually of porcelain. 2. (Cookery) Defn: A mold (in the shape of a hollow vessel or incasement) of boiled rice, mashed potato or paste, baked, and afterwards filled with vegetables or meat. CASSE-TETE Casse`-tête", n. [F., fr. casser to breal (see 2d Quash) + tête head.] Defn: A small war club, esp. of savages; -- so called because of its supposed use in crushing the skull. CASSETTE Cas`sette", n. [F., prop., a casket, dim. of casse a case. See lst Case.] Defn: Same as Seggar. CASSIA Cas"sia, n. Etym: [L. cassia and casia, Gr. qetsi\'beh, fr. qatsa' to cut off, to peel off.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of leguminous plants (herbs, shrubs, or trees) of many species, most of which have purgative qualities. The leaves of several species furnish the senna used in medicine. 2. The bark of several species of Cinnamommum grown in China, etc.; Chinese cinnamon. It is imported as cassia, but commonly sold as cinnamon, from which it differs more or less in strength and flavor, and the amount of outer bark attached. Note: The medicinal "cassia" (Cassia pulp) is the laxative pulp of the pods of a leguminous tree (Cassia fistula or Pudding-pipe tree), native in the East Indies but naturalized in various tropical countries. Cassia bark, the bark of Cinnamomum Cassia, etc. The coarser kinds are called Cassia lignea, and are often used to adulterate true cinnamon. -- Cassia buds, the dried flower buds of several species of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia, atc..). -- Cassia oil, oil extracted from cassia bark and cassia buds; -- called also oil of cinnamon. CASSICAN Cas"si*can, n. Etym: [NL. cassicus helmeted, fr. L. cassis a belmet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An American bird of the genus Cassicus, allied to the starlings and orioles, remarkable for its skillfully constructed and suspended nest; the crested oriole. The name is also sometimes given to the piping crow, an Australian bird. CASSIDEOUS Cas*sid"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. Cassis helmet.] (Bot.) Defn: Helmet-shaped; -- applied to a corolla having a broad, helmet- shaped upper petal, as in aconite. CASSIDONY Cas"si*do*ny, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. cassidonium, F. Cassidoine. See Chalcedony.] (Bot.) (a) The French lavender (Lawandula Stachas). (b) The goldilocks (Chrysocoma linosyris) and perhaps other plants related to the genus Gnaphalium or cudweed. CASSIMERE Cas"si*mere, n. Etym: [Cf. F. casimir, prob. of the same origin as E. cashmere. Cf. Kerseymere.] Defn: A thin, twilled, woolen cloth, used for men's garments. [Written also kerseymere.] CASSINETTE Cas`si*nette", n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. casinete, G. cassinet.] Defn: A cloth with a cotton wart, and a woof of very fine wool, or wool and silk. CASSINIAN OVALS Cas*sin"i*an o"vals. (Math.) Defn: See under Oval. CASSINO Cas*si"no, n. Etym: [It. casino a small house, a gaming house. See asing.] Defn: A game at cards, played by two or more persons, usually for twenty-one points. Great cassino, the ten of diamonds. -- Little cassino, the two of spades. CASSIOBERRY Cas"si*o*ber`ry, n. Etym: [NL. cassine, from the language of the Florida Indians.] Defn: The fruit of the Viburnum obovatum, a shrub which grows from Virginia to Florida. CASSIOPEIA Cas`si*o*pe"ia, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Astron.) Defn: A constellation of the northern hemisphere, situated between Capheus and Perseus; -- so called in honor of the wife of Cepheus, a fabuolous king of Ethiopia. Cassiopeia's Chair, a group of six stars, in Cassiopeia, somewhat resembling a chair. CASSITERITE Cas*sit"er*ite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Native tin dioxide; tin stone; a mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals of reddish brown color, and brilliant adamantine luster; also massive, sometimes in compact forms with concentric fibrous structure resembling wood (wood tin), also in rolled fragments or pebbly (Stream tin). It is the chief source of metallic tin. See Black tin, under Black. CASSIUS Cas"sius, n. Etym: [From the name of the discoverer, A. Cassius, a German physician of the 17th centry.] Defn: A brownish purple pigment, obtained by the action of some compounds of tin upon certain salts of gold. It is used in painting and staining porcelain and glass to give a beautiful purple color. Commonly called Purple of Cassius. CASSOCK Cas"sock, n. Etym: [F. casaque, fr. It. casacca, perh. fr. L. casa cottage, in It., house; or of Slavic origin.] 1. A long outer garment formerly worn by men and women, as well as by soldiers as part of their uniform. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A garment resembling a long frock coat worn by the clergy of certain churches when officiating, and by others as the usually outer garment. CASSOCKED Cas"socked, a. Defn: Clothed with a cassock. CASSOLETTE Cas`so*lette", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: a box, or vase with a perforated cover to emit perfumes. CASSONADE Cas`son*ade", n. Etym: [F., fr. casson, for caisson a large chest. This sugar comes from Brazil in large chests.] Defn: Raw sugar; sugar not refined. Mc Elrath. CASSOWARY Cas"so*wa*ry, n.; pl. Cassowaries. Etym: [Malay kasuari.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large bird, of the genus Casuarius, found in the east Indies. It is smaller and stouter than the ostrich. Its head is armed with a kind of helmet of horny substance, consisting of plates overlapping each other, and it has a group of long sharp spines on each wing which are used as defensive organs. It is a shy bird, and runs with great rapidity. Other species inhabit New Guinea, Australia, etc. CASSUMUNAR; CASSUMUNIAR Cas`su*mu"nar, Cas`su*mu"ni*ar, n. Etym: [Hind.] (Med.) Defn: A pungent, bitter, aromatic, gingerlike root, obtained from the East Indies. CAST Cast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cast; p. pr. & vb. n. Casting.] Etym: [Cf. Dan. kastw, Icel. & Sw. kasta; perh. akin to L. gerer to bear, carry. E. Jest.] 1. To send or drive by force; to throw; to fling; to hurl; to impel. Uzziash prepared . . . slings to cast stones. 2 Chron. xxvi. 14 Cast thy garment about thee, and follow me. Acts. xii. 8 We must be cast upon a certain island. Acts. xxvii. 26. 2. To direct or turn, as the eyes. How earnestly he cast his eyes upon me! Shak. 3. To drop; to deposit; as, to cast a ballot. 4. To throw down, as in wrestling. Shak. 5. To throw up, as a mound, or rampart. Thine enemies shall cast a trench [bank] about thee. Luke xix. 48. 6. To throw off; to eject; to shed; to lose. His filth within being cast. Shak. Neither shall your vine cast her fruit. Mal. iii. 11 The creatures that cast the skin are the snake, the viper, etc. Bacon. 7. To bring forth prematurely; to slink. Thy she-goats have not cast their young. Gen. xxi. 38. 8. To throw out or emit; to exhale. [Obs.] This . . . casts a sulphureous smell. Woodward. 9. To cause to fall; to shed; to reflect; to throw; as, to cast a ray upon a screen; to cast light upon a subject. 10. To impose; to bestow; to rest. The government I cast upon my brother. Shak. Cast thy burden upon the Lord. Ps. iv. 22. 11. To dismiss; to discard; to cashier. [Obs.] The state can not with safety casthim. 12. To compute; to reckon; to calculate; as, to cast a horoscope. "Let it be cast and paid." Shak. You cast the event of war my noble lord. Shak. 13. To contrive; to plan. [Archaic] The cloister . . . had, I doubt not, been cast for [an orange- house]. Sir W. Temple. 14. To defeat in a lawsuit; to decide against; to convict; as, to be cast in damages. She was cast to be hanged. Jeffrey. Were the case referred to any competent judge, they would inevitably be cast. Dr. H. More. 15. To turn (the balance or scale); to overbalance; hence, to make preponderate; to decide; as, a casting voice. How much interest casts the balance in cases dubious! South. 16. To form into a particular shape, by pouring liquid metal or other material into a mold; to fashion; to found; as, to cast bells, stoves, bullets. 17. (Print.) Defn: To stereotype or electrotype. 18. To fix, distribute, or allot, as the parts of a play among actors; also to assign (an actor) for a part. Our parts in the other world will be new cast. Addison. To cast anchor (Naut.) Se under Anchor. -- To cast a horoscope, to calculate it. -- To cast a horse, sheep, or other animal, to throw with the feet upwards, in such a manner as to prevent its rising again. -- To cast a shoe, to throw off or lose a shoe, said of a horse or ox. -- To cast aside, to throw or push aside; to neglect; to reject as useless or inconvenient. -- To cast away. (a) To throw away; to lavish; to waste. "Cast away a life" Addison. (b) To reject; to let perish. "Cast away his people." Rom. xi. 1. "Cast one away." Shak. (c) To wreck. "Cast away and sunk." Shak. -- To cast by, to reject; to dismiss or discard; to throw away. -- To cast down, to throw down; to destroy; to deject or depress, as the mind. "Why art thou cast down. O my soul" Ps. xiii. 5. -- To cast forth, to throw out, or eject, as from an inclosed place; to emit; to send out. -- To cast in one's lot with, to share the fortunes of. -- To cast in one's teeth, to upbraid or abuse one for; to twin. -- To cast lots. See under Lot. -- To cast off. (a) To discard or reject; to drive away; to put off; to free one's self from. (b) (Hunting) To leave behind, as dogs; also, to set loose, or free, as dogs. Crabb. (c) (Naut.) To untie, throw off, or let go, as a rope. -- To cast off copy, (Print.), to estimate how much printed matter a given amount of copy will make, or how large the page must be in order that the copy may make a given number of pages. -- To cast one's self on or upon to yield or submit one's self unreservedly to. as to the mercy of another. -- To cast out, to throy out; to eject, as from a house; to cast forth; to expel; to utter. -- To cast the lead (Naut.), to sound by dropping the lead to the botton. -- To cast the water (Med.), to examine the urine for signs of disease. [Obs.]. -- To cast up. (a) To throw up; to raise. (b) To compute; to reckon, as the cost. (c) To vomit. (d) To twit with; to throw in one's teeth. CAST Cast, v. i. 1. To throw, as a line in angling, esp, with a fly hook. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To turn the head of a vessel around from the wind in getting under weigh. Weigh anchor, cast to starboard. Totten. 3. To consider; to turn or revolve in the mind; to plan; as, to cast about for reasons. She . . . cast in her mind what manner of salution this should be. Luke. i. 29. 4. To calculate; to compute. [R.] Who would cast and balance at a desk. Tennyson. 5. To receive form or shape in a mold. It will not run thin, so as to cast and mold. Woodward. 6. To warp; to become twisted out of shape. Stuff is said to cast or warp when . . . it alters its flatness or straightness. Moxon. 7. To vomit. These verses . . . make me ready to cast. B. Jonson. CAST Cast, Defn: 3d pres. of Cast, for Casteth. [Obs.] Chaucer. CAST Cast, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel., Dan., & Sw. kast.] 1. The act of casting or throwing; a throw. 2. The thing thrown. A cast of dreadful dust. Dryden. 3. The distance to which a thing is or can be thrown. "About a stone's cast." Luke xxii. 41. 4. A throw of dice; hence, a chance or venture. An even cast whether the army should march this way or that way. Sowth. I have set my life upon a cast, And I will stand the hazard of the die. Shak. 5. That which is throw out or off, shed, or ejected; as, the skin of an insect, the refuse from a hawk's stomach, the excrement of a earthworm. 6. The act of casting in a mold. And why such daily cast of brazen cannon. Shak. 7. An impression or mold, taken from a thing or person; amold; a pattern. 8. That which is formed in a mild; esp. a reproduction or copy, as of a work of art, in bronze or plaster, etc.; a casting. 9. Form; appearence; mien; air; style; as, a pecullar cast of countenance. "A neat cast of verse." Pope. An heroic poem, but in another cast and figure. Prior. And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought. Shak. 10. A tendency to any color; a tinge; a shade. Gray with a cast of green. Woodward. 11. A chance, opportunity, privilege, or advantage; specifically, an opportunity of riding; a lift. [Scotch] We bargained with the driver to give us a cast to the next stage. Smollett. If we had the cast o' a cart to bring it. Sir W. Scott. 12. The assignment of parts in a play to the actors. 13. (Falconary) Defn: A flight or a couple or set of hawks let go at one time from the hand. Grabb. As when a cast of falcons make their flight. Spenser. 14. A stoke, touch, or trick. [Obs.] This was a cast of Wood's politics; for his information was wholly false. Swift. 15. A motion or turn, as of the eye; direction; look; glance; squint. The cast of the eye is a gesture of aversion. Bacon. And let you see with one cast of an eye. Addison. This freakish, elvish cast came into the child's eye. Hawthorne. 16. A tube or funnel for conveying metal into a mold. 17. Four; that is, as many as are thrown into a vessel at once in counting herrings, etc; a warp. 18. Contrivance; plot, design. [Obs.] Chaucer. A cast of the eye, a slight squint or strabismus. -- Renal cast (Med.), microscopic bodies found in the urine of persons affected with disease of the kidneys; -- so called because they are formed of matter deposited in, and preserving the outline of, the renal tubes. -- The last cast, the last throw of the dice or last effort, on which every thing is ventured; the last chance. CASTALIAN Cas*ta"li*an, a. Etym: [L. Castalius] Defn: Of or pertaining to Castalia, a mythical fountain of inspiration on Mt. Parnassus sacred to the Muses. Milton. CASTANEA Cas*ta"ne*a, n. Etym: [L., a chestnut, fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of nut-bearing trees or shrubs including the chestnut and chinquapin. CASTANET Cas"ta*net, n. Defn: See Castanets. CASTANETS Cas"ta*nets, n. pl. Etym: [F. castagnettes, Sp. castañetas, fr. L. castanea (Sp. castaña) a chestnut. So named from the resemblance to two chestnuts, or because chestnuts were first used for castanets. See Chestnut.] Defn: Two small, concave shells of ivory or hard wood, shaped like spoons, fastened to the thumb, and beaten together with the middle finger; -- used by the Spaniards and Moors as an accompaniment to their dance and guitars. Note: The singular, castanet, is used of one of the pair, or, sometimes, of the pair forming the instrument. The dancer, holding a castanet in each hand, rattles then to the motion of his feet. Moore (Encyc. of Music). CASTAWAY Cast"a*way, n. 1. One who, or that which, is cast away or shipwrecked. 2. One who is ruined; one who has made moral shipwreck; a reprobate. Lest . . . when I have preached to others, I myself should be a castaway. 1 Cor. ix. 27. CASTAWAY Cast"a*way, a. Defn: Of no value; rejected; useless. CASTE Caste, n. Etym: [Pg. casta race, lineage, fr. L. castus pure, chaste: cf. F. caste, of same origin.] 1. One of the hereditary classes into which the Hindoos are divided according to the laws of Brahmanism. Note: The members of the same caste are theoretically of equal rank, and same profession or occupation, and may not eat or intermarry with those not of their own caste. The original are four, viz., the Brahmans, or sacerdotal order; the Kshatriyas, or soldiers and rulers; the Vaisyas, or husbandmen and merchants; and the Sudras, or laborers and mechanics. Men of no caste are Pariahs, outcasts. Numerous mixed classes, or castes, have sprung up in the progress of time. 2. A separate and fixed order or class of persons in society who chiefly hold intercourse among themselves. The tinkers then formed an hereditary caste. Macaulay. To lose caste, to be degraded from the caste to which one has belonged; to lose social position or consideration. CASTELLAN Cas"tel*lan, n. Etym: [OF. castelain, F. châtelain, L. castellanus pertaining to a castle, an occupant of a caste, LL., a governor of a castle, fr. L. catellum castle, citadel, dim. of castrum fortifled place. See Castle, and cf. Chatelaine.] Defn: A goveror or warden of a castle. CASTELLANY Cas"tel*la*ny, n.; pl. Castellanies. Etym: [LL. castellania.] Defn: The lordship of a castle; the extent of land and jurisdiction appertaining to a castle. CASTELLATED Cas"tel*la`ted, a. Etym: [LL. castellatus, fr. castellare. See Castle.] 1. Inclosed within a building; as, a fountain or cistern castellated. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Furnished with turrets and battlements, like a castle; built in the style of a castle. CASTELLATION Cas`tel*la"tion, n. Etym: [LL. castellation, fr. castellare, fr. L. castellum. See Castle.] Defn: The act of making into a castle. CASTER Cast"er, n. 1. One who casts; as, caster of stones, etc. ; a caster of cannon; a caster of accounts. 2. A vial, cruet, or other small vessel, used to contain condiments at the table; as, a set of casters. 3. A stand to hold a set of cruets. 4. A small wheel on a swivel, on which furniture is supported and moved. CASTIGATE Cas"ti*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Castigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Castigating.] Etym: [L. castigatus, p. p. of castigare to correct, punish; castus pure, chaste + agere to move, drive. See Caste, and cf. Chasten.] 1. To punish by stripes; to chastise by blows; to chasten; also, to chastise verbally; to reprove; to criticise severely. 2. To emend; to correct. [Obs.] CASTIGATION Cas`ti*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. catigatio.] 1. Corrective punishment; chastisement; reproof; pungent criticism. The keenest castigation of her slanderers. W. Irving. 2. Emendation; correction. [Obs.] CASTIGATOR Cas`ti*ga"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who castigates or corrects. CASTIGATORY Cas`ti*ga*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. castigatorius.] Defn: Punitive in order to amendment; corrective. CASTIGATORY Cas"ti*ga*to*ry, n. Defn: An instrument formerly used to punish and correct arrant scolds; -- called also a ducking stool, or trebucket. Blacktone. CASTILE SOAP Cas"tile soap". Etym: [From Castile, or Castilia, a province in Spain, from which it originally came.] Defn: A kind of fine, hard, white or mottled soap, made with olive and soda; also, a soap made in imitation of the above-described soap. CASTILIAN Cas*til"ian, n. Etym: [Sp. castellano, from Castila, NL. Castilia, Castella. Castile, which received its name from the castles erected on the frontiers as a barrier against the Moors.] 1. An inhabitant or native of Castile, in Spain. 2. The Spanish language as spoken in Castile. CASTILLAN Cas*til"lan, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Castile, in Spain. CASTING Cast"ing, n. 1. The act of one who casts or throws, as in fishing. 2. The act or process of making cast or impressions, or of shaping metal or plaster in a mold; the act or the process of pouring molten metal into a mold. 3. That which is cast in a mold; esp. the mass of metal so cast; as, a casting in iron; bronze casting. 4. The warping of a board. Brande & C. 5. The act of casting off, or that which is cast off, as skin, feathers, excrement, etc. Casting of draperies, the proper distribution of the folds of garments, in painting and sculpture. -- Casting line (Fishing), the leader; also, sometimes applied to the long reel line. Casting net, a net which is cast and drawn, in distinction from a net that is set and left. -- Casting voice, Casting vote, the decisive vote of a presiding officer, when the votes of the assembly or house are equally divided. "When there was an equal vote, the governor had the casting voice." B. Trumbull. -- Casting weight, a weight that turns a balance when exactly poised. CAST IRON Cast" i`ron. Defn: Highly carbonized iron, the direct product of the blast furnace; -- used for making castings, and for conversion into wrought iron and steel. It can not be welded or forged, is brittle, and sometimes very hard. Besides carbon, it contains sulphur, phosphorus, silica, etc. CAST-IRON Cast"-i`ron, a. Defn: Made of cast iron. Hence, Fig.: like cast iron; hardy; unyielding. CASTLE Cas"tle, n. Etym: [AS. castel, fr. L. castellum, dim. of castrum a fortified place, castle.] 1. A fortified residence, especially that of a prince or nobleman; a fortress. The house of every one is to him castle and fortress, as well for his defense againts injury and violence, as for his repose. Coke. Our castle's strength Will laugh a siege to scorn. Shak. Note: Originally the mediæval castle was a single strong tower or keep, with a palisaded inclosure around it and inferior buidings, such as stables and the like, and surrounded by a moat; then such a keep or donjon, with courtyards or baileys and accessory buildings of greater elaboration a great hall and a chapel, all surrounded by defensive walls and a moat, with a drawbridge, etc. Afterwards the name was retained by large dwellings that had formerly been fortresses, or by those which replaced ancient fortresses. A Donjon or Keep, an irregular building containing the dwelling of the lord and his family; B C Large round towers ferming part of the donjon and of the exterior; D Square tower, separating the two inner courts and forming part of the donjon; E Chapel, whose apse forms a half-round tower, F, on the exterior walls; G H Round towers on the exterior walls; K Postern gate, reached from outside by a removable fight of steps or inclined plane for hoisting in stores, and leading to a court, L (see small digagram) whose pavement is on a level with the sill of the postern, but below the level of the larger court, with which it communicates by a separately fortified gateway; M Turret, containing spiral stairway to all the stories of the great tower, B, and serving also as a station for signal fire, banner, etc.; N Turret with stairway for tower, C; O Echauguettes; P P P Battlemants consisting of merlons and crenels alternately, the merlons being pierced by loopholes; Q Q Machicolations (those at Q defend the postern K); R Outwork defending the approach, which is a road ascending the hill and passing under all four faces of the castle; S S Wall of the outer bailey. The road of approach enters the bailey at T and passes thence into the castle by the main entrance gateway (which is in the wall between, and defended by the towers, C H) and over two drawbridges and through fortified passages to the inner court. 2. Any strong, imposing, and stately mansion. 3. A small tower, as on a ship, or an elephant's back. 4. A piece, made to represent a castle, used in the game of chess; a rook. Castle in the air, a visionary project; a baseless scheme; an air castle; -- sometimes called a castle in Spain (F. Château en Espagne). Syn. -- Fortress; fortification; citadel; stronghold. See Fortress. CASTLE Cas"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Castled (. p. pr. & vb. n. Castling.] (Chess) Defn: To move the castle to the square next to king, and then the king around the castle to the square next beyond it, for the purpose of covering the king. CASTLEBUILDER Cas"tle*build`er, n. Defn: Fig.: one who builds castles in the air or forms visionary schemes. -- Cas"tle*build`ing, n. CASTLED Cas"tled, a. Defn: Having a castle or castles; supporting a castle; as, a castled height or crag. 2. Fortified; turreted; as, castled walls. CASTLE-GUARD Cas"tle-guard`, n. 1. The guard or defense of a castle. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A tax or imposition an a dwelling within a certain distance of a castle, for the purpose of maintaining watch and ward in it; castle-ward. 3. A feudal tenure, obliging the tenant to perform service within the realm, without limitation of time. CASTLERY Cas"tle*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. castelerie. See Castle.] Defn: The government of a castle. Blount. CASTLET Cas"tlet, n. Defn: A small castle. Leland. CASTLEWARD Cas"tle*ward`, n. Defn: Same as Castleguard. CASTLING Cast"ling, n. Defn: That which is cast or brought forth prematurely; an abortion. Sir T. Browne. CASTLING Cas"tling, n. (Chess) Defn: A compound move of the king and castle. See Castle, v. i. CAST-OFF Cast"-off`, a. Defn: Cast or laid aside; as, cast-off clothes. CASTOR Cas"tor, n. Etym: [L. castor the beaver, Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of rodents, including the beaver. See Beaver. 2. Castoreum. See Castoreum. 3. A hat, esp. one made of beaver fur; a beaver. I have always been known for the jaunty manner in which I wear my castor. Sir W. Scott. 4. A heavy quality of broadcloth for overcoats. CASTOR Cast"or, n. Defn: See Caster, a small wheel. CASTOR Cas"tor, n. Etym: [L.] (Astron.) Defn: the northernmost of the two bright stars in the constellation Gemini, the other being Pollux. CASTOR; CASTORITE Cas"tor, Cas"tor*ite, n. Etym: [The minerals castor and pollux were so named because found together on the island of Elba. See Castor and Pollux.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of the mineral called petalite, from Elba. CASTOR AND POLLUX Cas"tor and Pol"lux. Etym: [Castor and Pollux were twin sons of Jupiter and Leda.] (Naut.) Defn: See Saint Elmo's fire, under Saint. CASTOR BEAN Cas"tor bean". (Bot.) Defn: The bean or seed of the castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi.) CASTOREUM Cas*to"re*um, n. Etym: [L. See Castor.] Defn: A peculiar bitter orange-brown substance, with strong, penetrating odor, found in two sacs between the anus and external genitals of the beaver; castor; -- used in medicine as an antispasmodic, and by perfumers. CASTORIN Cas"to*rin, n. Etym: [From 1st Castor.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance obtained from castoreum. CASTOR OIL Cas"tor oil. Defn: A mild cathartic oil, expressed or extracted from the seeds of the Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi. When fresh the oil is inodorus and insipid. Castor-oil plant. Same as Palma Christi. CASTRAMETATION Cas`tra*me*ta"tion, n. Etym: [F. castramétation, fr. L. castra camp + metari to measure off, fr. meta limit.] (Mil.) Defn: The art or act of encamping; the making or laying out of a camp. CASTRATE Cas"trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Castrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Castrating.] Etym: [L. castrarus, p; p. of castrare to castrate, asin to Skr. çastra knife.] 1. To deprive of the testicles; to emasculate; to geld; to alter. 2. To cut or take out; esp. to remove anything erroneous, or objectionable from, as the obscene parts of a writing; to expurgate. My . . . correspondent . . . has sent me the following letter, which I have castrated in some places. Spectator. CASTRATION Cas*tra"tion, n. Etym: [L. castratio; cf. F. castration.] Defn: The act of castrating. CASTRATO Cas*tra"to, n. Etym: [L., properly p. p. of castrare. See Castrate.] Defn: A male person castrated for the purpose of improving his voice for singing; an artificial, or male, soprano. Swift. CASTREL Cas"trel, n. Etym: [Cf. F. crécerelle, cristel, OF. crecel, cercele. Cf. Kestrel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Kestrel. CASTRENSIAL Cas*tren"sial, a. Etym: [L. castrensis, fr. castra camp.] Defn: Belonging to a camp. Sir T. Browne. CASTRENSIAN Cas*tren"sian, a. Defn: Castrensial. [R.] CAST STEEL Cast" steel". Defn: See Cast steel, under Steel. CASUAL Cas"u*al, a. Etym: [OE. casuel, F. casuel, fr. L. casualis, fr. casus fall, accident, fr. cadere to fall. See Case.] 1. Happening or coming to pass without design, and without being foreseen or expected; accidental; fortuitous; coming by chance. Casual breaks, in the general system. W. Irving. 2. Coming without regularity; occasional; incidental; as, casual expenses. A constant habit, rather than a casual gesture. Hawthorne. Syn. -- Accidental; fortutious; incidental; occasional; contingent; unforeseen. See Accidental. CASUAL Cas"u*al, n. Defn: One who receives relief for a night in a parish to which he does not belong; a vagrant. CASUALISM Cas"u*al*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine that all things exist or are controlled by chance. CASUALIST Cas"u*al*ist, n. Defn: One who believes in casualism. CASUALLY Cas"u*al*ly, adv. Defn: Without design; accidentally; fortuitously; by chance; occasionally. CASUALNESS Cas"u*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being casual. CASUALTY Cas"u*al*ty, n.; pl. Casualties. Etym: [F. casualité, LL. casualitas.] 1. That which comes without design or without being foreseen; contingency. Losses that befall them by mere casualty. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Any injury of the body from accident; hence, death, or other misfortune, occasioned by an accident; as, an unhappy casualty. 3. pl. (Mil. & Naval) Defn: Numerical loss caused by death, wounds, discharge, or desertion. Casualty ward, A ward in a hospital devoted to the treatment of injuries received by accident. Syn. -- Accident; contingency; fortuity; misfortune. CASUARINA Cas`u*a*ri"na, n. Etym: [NL., supposed to be named from the resemblance of the twigs to the feathers of the cassowary, of the genus Casuarius.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of leafles trees or shrubs, with drooping branchlets of a rushlike appearance, mostly natives of Australia. Some of them are large, producing hard and heavy timber of excellent quality, called beefwood from its color. CASUIST Cas"u*ist, n. Etym: [L. casus fall, case; cf. F. casuiste. See Casual.] Defn: One who is skilled in, or given to, casuistry. The judment of any casuist or learned divine concerning the state of a man's soul, is not sufficient to give him confidence. South. CASUIST Cas"u*ist, v. i. Defn: To play the casuist. Milton. CASUISTIC; CASUISTICAL Cas`u*is"tic, Cas`u*is"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to casuists or casuistry. CASUISTRY Cas"u*ist*ry, a. 1. The science or doctrine of dealing with cases of conscience, of resolving questions of right or wrong in conduct, or determining the lawfulness or unlawfulness of what a man may do by rules and principles drawn from the Scriptures, from the laws of society or the church, or from equity and natural reason; the application of general moral rules to particular cases. The consideration of these nice and puzzling question in the science of ethics has given rise, in modern times, to a particular department of it, distinguished by the title of casuistry. Stewart. Casuistry in the science of cases (i.e., oblique deflections from the general rule). De Quincey. 2. Sophistical, equivocal, or false reasoning or teaching in regard to duties, obligations, and morals. CASUS Ca"sus, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: An event; an occurrence; an occasion; a combination of circumstances; a case; an act of God. See the Note under Accident. Casus belli, an event or combination of events which is a cause war, or may be alleged as a justification of war. -- Casus fortuitus, an accident against which due prudence could not have provided. See Act of God, under Act. -- Casus omissus, a case not provided for by the statute. CAT Cat, n. Etym: [AS. cat; akin to D. & Dan. kat, Sw. kett, Icel. köttr, G. katze, kater, Ir. Cat, W. cath, Armor. kaz, LL. catus, Bisc. catua, NGr cot, Turk. kedi, Ar. qitt; of unknown origin. CF. Ketten.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal of various species of the genera Felis and Lynx. The domestic cat is Felis domestica. The European wild cat (Felis catus) is much larger than the domestic cat. In the United States the name wild cat is commonly applied to the bay lynx (Lynx rufus) See Wild cat, and Tiger cat. Note: The domestic cat includes many varieties named from their place of origin or from some peculiarity; as, the Angora cat; the Maltese cat; the Manx cat. Note: The word cat is also used to designate other animals, from some fancied resemblance; as, civet cat, fisher cat, catbird, catfish shark, sea cat. 2. (Naut.) (a) A strong vessel with a narrow stern, projecting quarters, and deep waist. It is employed in the coal and timber trade. (b) A strong tackle used to draw an anchor up to the cathead of a ship. Totten. 3. A double tripod (for holding a plate, etc.), having six feet, of which three rest on the ground, in whatever position in is placed. 4. An old game; (a) The game of tipcat and the implement with which it is played. See Tipcat. (c) A game of ball, called, according to the number of batters, one old cat, two old cat, etc. 5. A cat o' nine tails. See below. Angora cat, blind cat, See under Angora, Blind. -- Black cat the fisher. See under Black. -- Cat and dog, like a cat and dog; quarrelsome; inharmonius. "I am sure we have lived a cat and dog life of it." Coleridge. -- Cat block (Naut.), a heavy iron-strapped block with a large hook, part of the tackle used in drawing an anchor up to the cathead. -- Cat hook (Naut.), a strong hook attached to a cat block. -- Cat nap, a very short sleep. [Colloq.] -- Cat o' nine tails, an instrument of punishment consisting of nine pieces of knotted line or cord fastened to a handle; -- formerly used to flog offenders on the bare back. -- Cat's cradle, game played, esp. by children, with a string looped on the fingers so, as to resemble small cradle. The string is transferred from the fingers of one to those of another, at each transfer with a change of form. See Cratch, Cratch cradle. -- To let the cat out of the bag, to tell a secret, carelessly or willfully. [Colloq.] -- Bush cat, the serval. See Serval. CAT Cat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tted; p. pr. & vb. n. Catting.] (Naut.) Defn: To bring to the cathead; as, to cat an anchor. See Anchor. Totten. CATA Cat"a. Etym: [Gr. kata`.] Defn: The Latin and English form of a Greek preposition, used as a prefix to signify down, downward, under, against, contrary or opposed to, wholly, completely; as in cataclysm, catarrh. It sometimes drops the final vowel, as in catoptric; and is sometimes changed to cath, as in cathartic, catholic. CATABAPTIST Cat`a*bap"tist, n. Etym: [Pref. cata + aptist. See Baptist.] (Eccl.) Defn: One who opposes baptism, especially of infants. [Obs.] Featley. CATABASION Cat`a*ba"sion, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A vault under altar of a Greek church. CATABIOTIC Cat`a*bi*ot"ic, a. Defn: Aee under Force. CATACAUSTIC Cat`a*caus"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. cata + caustic.] (Physics) Defn: Relating to, or having the properties of, a caustic curve formed by reflection. See Caustic, a. Nichol. CATACAUSTIC Cat`a*caus"tic, n. (Physics) Defn: A caustic curve formed by reflection of light. Nichol. CATACHRESIS Cat`a*chre"sis, n. Etym: [L. fr. Gr. (Rhel.) Defn: A figure by which one word is wrongly put for another, or by which a word is wrested from its true signification; as, "To take arms against a sea of troubles. " Shak. "Her voice was but the shadow of a sound." Young. CATACHRESTIC; CATACHRESTICAL Cat`a*chres"tic, Cat"a*chres"tic*al, a. Defn: Belonging to, or in the manner of, a catachresis; wrested from its natural sense or form; forced; far-fatched. -- Cat`a*chres"tic*al*ly, adv. [A] catachrestical and improper way of speaking. Jer. Taylor. CATACLASM Cat"a*clasm, n. [Gr. ; down + to break.] Defn: A breaking asunder; disruption. CATACLYSM Cat"a*clysm, n. Etym: [L. cataclysmos, Gr. cataclysme.] 1. An extensive overflow or sweeping flood of water; a deluge. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Any violent catastrophe, involving sudden and extensive changes of the earth's surface. CATACLYSMAL; CATACLYSMIC Cat`a*clys"mal, Cat"a*clys"mic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a cataclysm. CATACLYSMIST Cat`a*clys"mist, n. Defn: One who believes that the most important geological phenomena have been produced by cataclysms. CATACOMB Cat"a*comb, n. Etym: [It. catacomba, fr. L. catacumba perh. from Gr. Defn: A cave, grotto, or subterraneous place of large extent used for the burial of the dead; -- commonly in the plural. Note: The terms is supposed to have been applied originally to the tombs under the church of St. Sebastain in Rome. The most celebrated catacombs are those near Rome, on the Appian Way, supposed to have been the place or refuge and interment of the early Chrictians; those of Egypt, extending for a wide distance in the vicinity of Cairo; and those of Paris, in abandoned stone quarries, excavated under a large portion of the city. CATACOUSTIC Cat`a*cous"tic, n. Etym: [Pref. cata _ acoustics: cf. F. caraconstique.] (Physics) Defn: That part of acoustics which treats of reflected sounds or echoes See Acoustics. Hutton. CATACROTIC Cat`a*crot"ic, a. [Cata- + Gr. a beating.] (Physiol.) Defn: Designating, pertaining to, or characterized by, that form of pulse tracing, or sphygmogram, in which the descending portion of the curve is marked by secondary elevations due to two or more expansions of the artery in the same beat. -- Ca*tac"rotism (#), n. CATADICROTISM Cat`a*di"cro*tism, n. [Cata-+ dicrotism.] (Physiol.) Defn: Quality or state of being catacrotic. -- Cat`a*di*crot"ic (#), a. CATADIOPTRIC; CATADIOPTRICAL Cat`a*di*op"tric, Cat`a*di*op"tric*al, a. Etym: [Pref. cata + dioptric: cf. F. catadioptrique.] (Physics) Defn: Pertaining to, produced by, or involving, both the reflection and refraction of light; as, a catadioptric light. Hutton. CATADIOPTRICS Cat`a*di*op"trics, n. Defn: The science which treats of catadioptric phenomena, or of the used of catadioptric instruments. CATADROME Cat"a*drome, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A race course. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A machine for raising or lowering heavy weights. CATADROMOUS Ca*tad"ro*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Having the lowest inferior segment of a pinna nearer the rachis than the lowest superior one; -- said of a mode of branching in ferns, and opposed to anadromous. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Living in fresh water, and going to the sea to spawn; -- opposed to anadromous, and of the eel. CATAFALCO Cat`a*fal"co, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: See Catafalque. CATAFALQUE Cat"a*falque`, n. Etym: [F., fr. It. catafalco, scaffold, funeral canopy; of uncertain origin; cf. Sp. catafalso, cadahalso, cadalso, Pr. casafalc, OF. chafaut. Cf. Scaffold.] Defn: A temporary structure sometimes used in the funeral solemnities of eminent persons, for the public exhibition of the remains, or their conveyance to the place of burial. CATAGMATIC Cat`*ag*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. catagmatique.] (Med.) Defn: Having the quality of consolidating broken bones. CATAIAN Ca*ta"ian, n. Defn: A native of Cathay or China; a foreigner; -- formerly a term of reproach. Shak. CATALAN Cat"a*lan, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Catalonia. -- n. Defn: A native or inbabitant of Catalonia; also, the language of Catalonia. Catalan furnace, Catalan forge (Metal.), a kind of furnace for producing wrought iron directly from the ore. It was formerly much used, esp. in Catalonia, and is still used in some parts of the United States and elsewhere. CATALECTIC Cat`a*lec"tic, a. Etym: [L. catalecticus, Gr. 1. (Pros.) Defn: Wanting a syllable at the end, or terminating in an imperfect foot; as, a catalectic verse. 2. (Photog. & Chem.) Defn: Incomplete; partial; not affecting the whole of a substance. Abney. CATALEPSY; CATALEPSIS Cat"a*lep`sy, Cat`a*lep"sis, n. Etym: [NL. catalepsis, fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A sudden suspension of sensation and volition, the body and limbs preserving the position that may be given them, while the action of the heart and lungs continues. CATALEPTIC Cat`a*lep"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, catalepsy; affected with catalepsy; as, a cataleptic fit. CATALLACTA Cat`al*lac"ta, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Catallactics.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Protozoa, of which Magosphæra is the type. They exist both in a myxopod state, with branched pseudopodia, and in the form of ciliated bodies united in free, spherical colonies. CATALLACTICS Cat`al*lac"tics n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The science of exchanges, a branch of political economy. CATALOG Cat"a*log, n. & v. Defn: Catalogue. CATALOGIZE Cat"a*lo*gize, v. t. Defn: To insert in a catalogue; to register; to catalogue. [R.] Coles. CATALOGUE Cat"a*logue, n. Etym: [F., fr. catalogus, fr. Gr. Defn: A list or enumeration of names, or articles arranged methodically, often in alphabetical order; as, a catalogue of the students of a college, or of books, or of the stars. Card catalogue, a catalogue, as of books, having each item entered on a separate card, and the cards arranged in cases by subjects, or authors, or alphabetically. -- Catalogue raisonné Etym: [F.], a catalogue of books, etc., classed according to their subjects. Syn. -- List; roll; index; schedule; enumeration; inventory. See List. CATALOGUE Cat"a*logue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catalogued; p. pr. & vb. n. Cataloguing.] Defn: To make a list or catalogue; to insert in a catalogue. CATALOGUER Cat"a*log`uer, n. Defn: A maker of catalogues; esp. one skilled in the making of catalogues. CATALPA Ca*tal"pa, n. Etym: [From the language of the Indians of Carolina, where Catesby discovered this tree in the year 1726.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of American and East Indian trees, of which the best know species are the Catalpa bignonioides, a large, ornamental North American tree, with spotted white flowers and long cylindrical pods, and the C. speciosa, of the Mississipi valley; -- called also Indian bean. CATALYSIS Ca*tal"y*sis, n.; pl. Catalyse. Etym: [ML., fr. Gr. 1. Dissolution; degeneration; decay. [R.] Sad catalysis and declension of piety. Evelyn. 2. (Chem.) (a) A process by which reaction occurs in the presence of certain agents which were formerly believed to exert an influence by mere contact. It is now believed that such reactions are attended with the formation of an intermediate compound or compounds, so that by alternate composition and decomposition the agent is apparenty left unchanged; as, the catalysis of making ether from alcohol by means of sulphuric acid; or catalysis in the action of soluble ferments (as diastase, or ptyalin) on starch. (b) The catalytic force. CATALYTIC Cat`a*ly"tic, a. Defn: Relating to, or causing, catalysis. "The catalytic power is ill understood." Ure. Catalytic force, that form of chemical energy formerly supposed to determine catalysis. CATALYTIC Cat`a*lyt"ic, n. (Chem.) Defn: An agent employed in catalysis, as platinum black, aluminium chloride, etc. CATAMARAN Cat`a*ma*ran", n. Etym: [The native East Indian name.] 1. A kind of raft or float, consisting of two or more logs or pieces of wood lashed together, and moved by paddles or sail; -- used as a surf boat and for other purposes on the coasts of the East and West Indies and South America. Modified forms are much used in the lumber regions of North America, and at life-saving stations. 2. Any vessel with twin hulls, whether propelled by sails or by steam; esp., one of a class of double-hulled pleasure boats remarkable for speed. 3. A kind of fire raft or torpedo bat. The incendiary rafts prepared by Sir Sidney Smith for destroying the French flotilla at Boulogne, 1804, were called catamarans. Knight. 4. A quarrelsome woman; a scold. [Colloq.] CATAMENIA Cat`a*me"nia, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The monthly courses of women; menstrual discharges; menses. CATAMENIAL Cat`a*me"ni*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to the catamenia, or menstrual discharges. CATAMITE Cat"a*mite, n. Etym: [L. Catamitus, an old form of Ganymedes Ganymede, Gr. Defn: A boy kept for unnatural purposes. CATAMOUNT Cat"a*mount, n. Etym: [Cat + mount; cf. Sp. gato mentes mountain cat.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The cougar. Applied also, in some parts of the United States, to the lynx. CATANADROMOUS Cat"a*nad`ro*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Ascending and descending fresh streams from and to the sea, as the salmon; anadromous. [R.] CATAPASM Cat"a*pasm, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A compound medicinal powder, used by the ancients to sprinkle on ulcers, to absorb perspiration, etc. Dunglison. CATAPELTIC Cat`a*pel"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a catapult. CATAPETALOUS Cat`a*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. cata + petalous.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the petals held together by stamens, which grow to their bases, as in the mallow. CATAPHONIC Cat`a*phon"ic, a. Defn: Of or relating to cataphonics; catacoustic. CATAPHONICS Cat`a*phon"ics, n. Etym: [Pref. cata + phonic: cf. F. cataphonique.] (Physics) Defn: That branch of acoustics which treats of reflested sounds; catacoustics. CATAPHRACT Cat"a*phract, n. Etym: [L. cataphractes, Gr. 1. (Mil. Antiq.) Defn: Defensive armor used for the whole body and often for the horse, also, esp. the linked mail or scale armor of some eastern nations. 2. A horseman covered with a cataphract. Archers and slingers, cataphracts, and spears. Milton. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The armor or plate covering some fishes. CATAPHRACTED Cat"a*phract`ed, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Covered with a cataphract, or armor of plates, scales, etc.; or with that which corresponds to this, as horny or bony plates, hard, callous skin, etc. CATAPHRACTIC Cat`a*phrac"tic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a cataphract. CATAPHYSICAL Cat`a*phys"ic*al, a. Etym: [Pref. cata + physical.] Defn: Unnatural; contrary to nature. [R.] Some artists . . . have given to Sir Walter Scott a pile of forehead which is unpleassing and cataphysical. De Quincey. CATAPLASM Cat"a*plasm, n. Etym: [L. cataplasma, Gr. (Med.) Defn: A soft and moist substance applied externally to some part of the body; a poultice. Dunglison. CATAPLEXY Cat"a*plex`y, n. [Gr. amazement: cf. Apoplexy.] (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition caused by an overwhelming shock or extreme fear and marked by rigidity of the muscles. -- Cat`a*plec"tic (#), a. CATAPUCE Cat"a*puce, n. Etym: [F.] (Bot.) Defn: Spurge. [Obs.] CATAPULT Cat"a*pult, n. Etym: [L. catapulta, Gr. 1. (Mil. Antiq.) Defn: An engine somewhat resembling a massive crossbow, used by the ancient Greeks and Romans for throwing stones, arrows, spears, etc. 2. A forked stick with elasti band for throwing small stones, etc. CATARACT Cat"a*ract, n. Etym: [L. cataracta, catarracles, a waterfall, Gr. 1. A great fall of water over a precipice; a large waterfall. 2. (Surg.) Defn: An opacity of the crystalline lens, or of its capsule, which prevents the passage of the rays of light and impairs or destroys the sight. 3. (Mach.) Defn: A kind of hydraulic brake for regulating the action of pumping engines and other machines; -- sometimes called dashpot. CATARACTOUS Cat`a*rac"tous, a. Defn: Of the nature of a cataract in the eye; affected with cataract. CATARRH Ca*tarrh", n. Etym: [L. catarrhus, Gr. Stream.] (Med.) Defn: An inflammatory affection of any mucous membrane, in which there are congestion, swelling, and an altertion in the quantity and quality of mucus secreted; as catarrh of the stomach; catarrh of the bladder. Note: In America, the term catarrh is applied especially to a chronic inflammation of, and hypersecretion fron, the membranes of the nose or air passages; in England, to an acute influenza, resulting a cold, and attended with cough, thirst, lassitude, and watery eyes; also, to the cold itself. CATARRHAL Ca*tarrh"al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, produced by, or attending, catarrh; of the nature of catarrh. CATARRHINE Cat"ar*rhine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Catarrhina, a division of Quadrumana, including the Old World monkeys and apes which have the nostrils close together and turned downward. See Monkey. CATARRHOUS Ca*tarrh"ous, a. Defn: Catarrhal. [R.] CATASTALTIC Cat`a*stal"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Checking evacutions through astringent or styptic qualities. CATASTASIS Ca*tas"ta*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Rhet.) Defn: That part of a speech, usually the exordium, in which the orator sets forth the subject matter to be discussed. 2. (Med.) Defn: The state, or condition of anything; constitution; habit of body. CATASTERISM Ca*tas"ter*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A placing among the stars; a catalogue of stars. The catasterisms of Eratosthenes. Whewell. CATASTROPHE Ca*tas"tro*phe, n. Etym: [L. catastropha, Gr. 1. An event producing a subversion of the order or system of things; a final event, usually of a calamitous or disastrous nature; hence, sudden calamity; great misfortune. The strange catastrophe of affairs now at London. Bp. Buret. The most horrible and portentous catastrophe that nature ever yet saw. Woodward. 2. The final event in a romance or a dramatic piece; a denouement, as a death in a tragedy, or a marriage in a comedy. 3. (Geol.) Defn: A violent and widely extended change in the surface of the earth, as, an elevation or subsidence of some part of it, effected by internal causes. Whewell. CATASTROPHIC Cat`a*stroph"ic, a. Defn: Of a pertaining to a catastrophe. B. Powell. CATASTROPHISM Ca*tas"tro*phism, n. (Geol.) Defn: The doctrine that the geological changes in the earth's crust have been caused by the sudden action of violent physical causes; -- opposed to the doctrine of uniformism. CATASTROPHIST Ca*tas"tro*phist, n. (Geol.) Defn: One who holds the theory or catastrophism. CATAWBA Ca*taw"ba, n. 1. A well known light red variety of American grape. 2. A light-colored, sprightly American wine from the Catawba grape. CATAWBAS Ca*taw"bas, n. pl. Defn: ; sing. Catawba. (Ethnol.) An appalachian tribe of Indians which originally inhabited the regions near the Catawba river and the head waters of the Santee. CATBIRD Cat"bird, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American bird (Galeoscoptes Carolinensis), allied to the mocking bird, and like it capable of imitating the notes of other birds, but less perfectly. Its note resembles at times the mewing of a cat. CATBOAT Cat"boat`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A small sailboat, with a single mast placed as far forward as possible, carring a sail extended by a graff and long boom. See Illustration in Appendix. CATCALL Cat"call`, n. Defn: A sound like the cry of a cat, such as is made in playhouses to express dissatisfaction with a play; also, a small shrill instrument for making such a noise. Upon the rising of the curtain. I was very much surprised with the great consort of catcalls which was exhibited. Addison. CATCH Catch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caught or Catched (; p. pr. & vb. n. Catching. Catched is rarely used.] Etym: [OE. cacchen, OF. cachier, dialectic form of chacier to hunt, F. chasser, fr. (assumend) LL. captiare, for L. capture, V. intens. of capere to take, catch. See Capacious, and cf. Chase, Case a box.] 1. To lay hold on; to seize, especially with the hand; to grasp (anything) in motion, with the effect of holding; as, to catch a ball. 2. To seize after pursuing; to arrest; as, to catch a thief. "They pursued . . . and caught him." Judg. i. 6. 3. To take captive, as in a snare or net, or on a hook; as, to catch a bird or fish. 4. Hence: To insnare; to entangle. "To catch him in his words". Mark xii. 13. 5. To seize with the senses or the mind; to apprehend; as, to catch a melody. "Fiery thoughts . . . whereof I catch the issue." Tennyson. 6. To communicate to; to fasten upon; as, the fire caught the adjoining building. 7. To engage and attach; to please; to charm. The soothing arts that catch the fair. Dryden. 8. To get possession of; to attain. Torment myself to catch the English throne. Shak. 9. To take or receive; esp. to take by sympathy, contagion, infection, or exposure; as, to catch the spirit of an occasion; to catch the measles or smallpox; to catch cold; the house caught fire. 10. To come upon unexpectedly or by surprise; to find; as, to catch one in the act of stealing. 11. To reach in time; to come up with; as, to catch a train. To catch fire, to become inflamed or ignited. -- to catch it to get a scolding or beating; to suffer punishment. [Colloq.] -- To catch one's eye, to interrupt captiously while speaking. [Colloq.] "You catch me up so very short." Dickens. -- To catch up, to snatch; to take up suddenly. CATCH Catch, v. i. 1. To attain possession. [Obs.] Have is have, however men do catch. Shak. 2. To be held or impeded by entanglement or a light obstruction; as, a kite catches in a tree; a door catches so as not to open. 3. To take hold; as, the bolt does not catch. 4. To spread by, or as by, infecting; to communicate. Does the sedition catch from man to man Addison. To catch at, to attempt to seize; to be egger to get or use. "[To] catch at all opportunities of subverting the state." Addison. -- To catch up with, to come up with; to overtake. CATCH Catch, n. 1. Act of seizing; a grasp. Sir P. Sidney. 2. That by which anything is caught or temporarily fastened; as, the catch of a gate. 3. The posture of seizing; a state of preparation to lay hold of, or of watching he opportunity to seize; as, to lie on the catch. [Archaic] Addison. The common and the canon law . . . lie at catch, and wait advantages one againt another. T. Fuller. 4. That which is caught or taken; profit; gain; especially, the whole quantity caught or taken at one time; as, a good catch of fish. Hector shall have a great catch if he knock out either of your brains. Shak. 5. Something desirable to be caught, esp. a husband or wife in matrimony. [Colloq.] Marryat. 6. pl. Defn: Passing opportunities seized; snatches. It has been writ by catches with many intervals. Locke. 7. A slight remembrance; a trace. We retain a catch of those pretty stories. Glanvill. 8. (Mus.) Defn: A humorous canon or round, so contrived that the singers catch up each other's words. CATCHABLE Catch"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being caught. [R.] CATCH-BASIN Catch"-ba`sin, n. Defn: A cistern or vault at the point where a street gutter discharges into a sewer, to oatch bulky matters which would not pass readly throught the sewer. Knight. CATCH CROP Catch crop. Defn: Any crop grown between the rows of another crop or intermediate between two crops in ordinary rotation in point of time. -- Catch"- crop`ping, n. Radishes . . . are often grown as a catch crop with other vegetables. L. H. Bailey. CATCHDRAIN Catch"drain`, n. Defn: A dich or drain along the side of a hill to catch the surface water; also, a ditch at the side of a canal to catch the surplus water. CATCHER Catch"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, catches. 2. (Baseball) Defn: The player who stands behind the batsman to catch the ball. CATCHFLY Catch"fly, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant with the joints of the stem, and sometimes other parts, covered with a viscid secretion to which small insects adhere. The species of Silene are examples of the catchfly. CATCHING Catch"ing a. 1. Infections; contagious. 2. Captavating; alluring. CATCHING Catch"ing, n. Defn: The act of seizing or taking hold of Catching bargain (Law), a bargain made with an heir expectant for the purchase of his expectancy at an inadequate price. Bouvier. CATCH-MEADOW Catch"-mead`ow, n. Defn: meadow irrigated by water from a spring or rivulet on the side of hill. CATCHMENT Catch"ment, n. Defn: A surface of ground on which water may be caught and collected into a reservoir. CATCHPENNY Catch"pen*ny, a. Defn: Made or contrived for getting small sums of money from the ignorant or unwary; as, a catchpenny book; a catchpenny show. -- n. Defn: Some worthless catchpenny thing. CATCHPOLL Catch"poll`, n. Etym: [OF. chacepol, chacipol.] Defn: A bailiff's assistant. CATCH TITLE Catch title. Defn: A short expressive title used for abbreviated book lists, etc. CATCHUP; CATSUP Catch"up, Cat"sup, n. Etym: [Probably of East Indian origin, because it was originally a kind of East Indian pickles.] Defn: A table sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. [Written also ketchup.] CATCHWATER Catch"wa`ter, n. Defn: A ditch or drain for catching water. See Catchdrain. CATCHWEED Catch"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Cleavers. CATCHWEIGHT Catch"weight`, adv. (Horseracing) Defn: Without any additional weight; without being handicapped; as, to ride catchweight. CATCHWORD Catch"word`, n. 1. Among theatrical performers, the last word of the preceding speaker, which reminds one that he is to speak next; cue. 2. (Print.) Defn: The first word of any page of a book after the first, inserted at the right hand bottom corner of the preceding page for the assistance of the reader. It is seldom used in modern printing. 3. A word or phrase caught up and repeated for effect; as, the catchword of a political party, etc. CATCHWORK Catch"work`, n. Defn: A work or artificial watercourse for throwing water on lands that lie on the slopes of hills; a catchdrain. CATCHY Catch"y, a. 1. Apt or tending to catch the fancy or attention; catching; taking; as, catchy music. 2. Tending to catch or insnare; entangling; -- usually used fig.; as, a catchy question. 3. Consisting of, or occuring in, disconnected parts or snatches; changeable; as, a catchy wind. It [the fox's scent] is . . . flighty or catchy, if variable. Encyc. of Sport. CATE Cate, n. Defn: Food. [Obs.] See Cates. CATECHETIC; CATECHETICAL Cat`e*chet"ic, Cat`e*chet"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Catechise.] Defn: Relating to or consisting in, asking questions and receiving answers, according to the ancient manner of teaching. Socrates introduced a catechetical method of arguing. Addison. CATECHETICALLY Cat`e*chet"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a catechetical manner; by question and answer. CATECHETICS Cat`e*chet"ics, n. Defn: The science or practice of instructing by questions and answers. CATECHIN Cat"e*chin, n. (Chem.) Defn: One of the tannic acids, extracted from catechu as a white, crystaline substance; -- called also catechuic acid, and catechuin. CATECHISATION Cat`e*chi*sa"tion, n. Etym: [LL. catechizatio.] Defn: The act of catechising. CATECHISE Cat"e*chise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catechised; p. pr. & vb. n. Catechising.] Etym: [L. catechizare, Gr. 1. To instruct by asking questions, receiving answeres, and offering explanations and corrections, -- esp. in regard to points of religious faith. 2. To question or interrogate; to examine or try by questions; -- sometimes with a view to reproof, by eliciting from a person answers which condemn his own conduct. Swift. CATECHISER Cat"e*chi`ser, n. Defn: One who catechises. CATECHISM Cat"e*chism, n. Etym: [L. catechismus, fr. Gr. See Catechise.] 1. A form of instruction by means of questions answers. 2. A book containing a summary of principles, especially of religious doctrine, reduced to the form of questions and answers. The Jews, even till this day, have their catechisms. Hooker. The Larger Catechism, The Shorter Catechism. See Westminster Assembly, under Assembly. CATECHISMAL Cat`e*chis"mal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a catechism, having the form of questions and answers; catechical. CATECHIST Cat"e*chist, n. Etym: [L. catechista, fr. Gr.] Defn: One who instructs by question and answer, especially in religions matters. CATECHISTIC; CATECHISTICAL Cat`e*chis"tic, Cat`e*chis"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a catechist or to a catechism. Dr. H. More. CATECHIZE Cat"e*chize, v. t. Defn: See Catechise. CATECHU Cat"e*chu, n. Etym: [See Cashoo.] (Chem.) Defn: A dry, brown, astringent extract, obtained by decoction and evaporation from the Acacia catechu, and several other plants growing in India. It contains a large portion of tannin or tannic acid, and is used in medicine and in the arts. It is also known by the names terra japonica, cutch, gambier, etc. Ure. Dunglison. CATECHUIC Cat`e*chu"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to catechu or its derivatives. See catechin. CATECHUMEN Cat"e*chu`men, n. Etym: [L. catechunenus, Gr. Catechise.] (Eccl.) Defn: One who is receiving rudimentary instruction in the doctrines of Christianity; a neophyte; in the primitive church, one officially recognized as a Christian, and admitted to instruction preliminary to admission to full membership in the church. CATECHUMENATE Cat`e*chu"men*ate, n. Defn: The state or condition of a catechumen or the time during which one is a catechumen. CATECHUMENICAL Cat`e*chu*men"i*cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to catechumens; as, catechumenical instructions. CATECHUMENIST Cat`e*chu"men*ist, n. Defn: A catechumen. Bp. Morton. CATEGOREMATIC Cat`e*gor`e*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Category.] (Logic.) Defn: Capable of being employed by itself as a term; -- said of a word. CATEGORICAL Cat`e*gor"ic*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a category. 2. Not hypothetical or relative; admitting no conditions or exceptions; declarative; absolute; positive; express; as, a categorical proposition, or answer. The scriptures by a multitude of categorical and intelligible decisions . . . distinguish between the things seen and temporal and those that are unseen and eternal. I. Taylor. CATEGORICALLY Cat`e*gor"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Absolutely; directly; expressly; positively; as, to affirm categorically. CATEGORICALNESS Cat`e*gor"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being categorical, positive, or absolute. A. Marvell. CATEGORIST Cat"e*go*rist, n. Defn: One who inserts in a category or list; one who classifies. Emerson. CATEGORIZE Cat"e*go*rize, v. t. Defn: To insert in a category or list; to class; to catalogue. CATEGORY Cat"e*go*ry, n.; pl. Categories Etym: [L. categoria, Gr. 1. (Logic.) Defn: One of the highest classes to which the objects of knowledge or thought can be reduced, and by which they can be arranged in a system; an ultimate or undecomposable conception; a predicament. The categories or predicaments -- the former a Greek word, the latter its literal translation in the Latin language -- were intended by Aristotle and his followers as an enumeration of all things capable of being named; an enumeration by the summa genera i.e., the most extensive classes into which things could be distributed. J. S. Mill. 2. Class; also, state, condition, or predicament; as, we are both in the same category. There is in modern literature a whole class of writers standing within the same category. De Quincey. CATEL Cat"el, n. Etym: [See Chattel.] Defn: Property; -- often used by Chaucer in contrast with rent, or income. "For loss of catel may recovered be, But loss of tyme shendeth us," quod he. Chaucer. CATELECTRODE Cat`e*lec"trode, n. Etym: [Pref. cata + elecrode.] (Physics) Defn: The negative electrode or pole of a voltaic battery. Faraday. CATELECTROTONIC Cat`e*lec`tro*ton"ic, a. (Physics) Defn: Relating to, or characterized by, catelectrotonus. CATELECTROTONUS Cat`e*lec*trot"o*nus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Electro-) + (Physics) Defn: The condition of increased irritability of a nerve in the region of the cathode or negative electrode, on the passage of a current of electricity through it. CATENA Ca*te"na, n.; pl. Catene. Etym: [L., a chain.] Defn: A chain or series of things connected with each other. I have . . . in no case sought to construct those catenæ of games, which it seems now the fashion of commentators to link together. C. J. Ellicott. CATENARY; CATENARIAN Cat"e*na*ry, Cat`e*na"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. catenarius, fr. catena a chain. See Chain.] Defn: Relating to a chain; like a chain; as, a catenary curve. CATENARY Cat"e*na*ry, n.; pl. Catenaries (. (Geol.) Defn: The curve formed by a rope or chain of uniform density and perfect flexibility, hanging freely between two points of suspension, not in the same vertical line. CATENATE Cat"e*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catenated; p. pr. & vb. n. Catenating.] Etym: [L. catenatus, p. p. of catenare, fr. catena chain. See Chain.] Defn: To connect, in a series of links or ties; to chain. E. Darwin. CATENATION Cat`e*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. catenatio.] Defn: Connection of links or union of parts, as in a chain; a regular or connected series. See Concatenation. Sir T. Browne. CATENULATE Ca*ten"u*late, a. Etym: [L. catenuia, dim. of catena chain.] 1. Consisting of little links or chains. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Chainlike; -- said both or color marks and of indentations when arranged like the links of a chain, as on shells, etc. CATER Ca"ter, n. Etym: [OE. catour purchaser, caterer, OF. acator, fr. acater, F. acheter, to buy, provide, fr. LL. accaptare; L. ad + captare to strive, to seize, intens, of capere to take, seize. Cf. Acater, Capacious.] Defn: A provider; a purveyor; a caterer. [Obs.] Chaucer. CATER Ca"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Catered; p. pr. & vb. n. Catering.] Etym: [From Cater, n.] 1. To provide food; to buy, procure, or prepare provisions. [He] providently caters for the sparrow. Shak. 2. By extension: To supply what is needed or desired, at theatrical or musical entertainments; -- followed by for or to. CATER Ca"ter, n. Etym: [F. quatre four.] Defn: The four of cards or dice. CATER Ca"ter, v. t. Defn: To cut diagonally. [Obs.] Halliwell. CATERAN Cat"e*ran, n. Etym: [Gael. ceatharnach. Cf. Kern Irish foot soldier.] Defn: A Highland robber: a kind of irregular soldier. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. CATER-CORNERED Ca"ter-cor"nered, a. Etym: [Cf. Cater to cut diagonally.] Defn: Diagonal. [Colloq.] CATER-COUSIN Ca"ter-cous`in, n. Defn: A remote relation. See Quater-cousin. Shak. CATERER Ca"ter*er, n. Defn: One who caters. The little fowls in the air have God for Their provider and caterer. Shelton. CATERESS Ca"ter*ess, n. Defn: A woman who caters. Milton. CATERPILLAR Cat"er*pil`lar, n. Etym: [OE. catyrpel, corrupted fr. OF. chatepelouse, or cate pelue, fr. chate, F. chatte, she-cat, fem. of chat, L. catus + L. pilosus hairy, or F. pelu hairy, fr. L. pilus hair. See Cat, and Pile hair.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larval state of a butterfly or any lepidopterous insect; sometimes, but less commonly, the larval state of other insects, as the sawflies, which are also called false caterpillars. The true caterpillars have three pairs of true legs, and several pairs of abdominal fleshy legs (prolegs) armed with hooks. Some are hairy, others naked. They usually feed on leaves, fruit, and succulent vegetables, being often very destructive, Many of them are popularly called worms, as the cutworm, cankerworm, army worm, cotton worm, silkworm. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Scorpiurus, with pods resembling caterpillars. Caterpillar catcher, or Caterpillar eater (Zoöl.), a bird belonging to the family of Shrikes, which feeds on caterpillars. The name is also given to several other birds. -- Caterpillar hunter (Zoöl.), any species of beetles of the genus Callosoma and other allied genera of the family Carabidæ which feed habitually upon caterpillars. CATERWAUL Cat"er*waul, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caterwauled; p. pr. & vb. n. Caterwauling.] Etym: [Cat + waul, wawl, to cry as a cat.] Defn: To cry as cats in rutting time; to make a harsh, offensive noise. Coleridge. CATERWAUL Cat"er*waul, n. Defn: A caterwauling. CATERWAULING Cat"er*waul`ing, n. Defn: The cry of cats; a harsh, disagreeable noise or cry like the cry of cats. Shak. CATERY Ca"ter*y, n. Etym: [See Cater, n.] Defn: The place where provisions are deposited. [Obs.] CATES Cates, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. Acates, and see Cater, n.] Defn: Provisions; food; viands; especially, luxurious food; delicacies; dainties. Shak. Cates for which Apicius could not pay. Shurchill. Choicest cates and the fiagon's best spilth. R. Browning. CAT-EYED Cat"-eyed`, a. Defn: Having eyes like a cat; hence, able to see in the dark. CATFALL Cat"fall`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A rope used in hoisting the anchor to the cathead. Totten. CATFISH Cat"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A name given in the United States to various species of siluroid fishes; as, the yellow cat (Amiurus natalis); the bind cat (Gronias nigrilabrus); the mud cat (Pilodictic oilwaris), the stone cat (Noturus flavus); the sea cat (Arius felis), etc. This name is also sometimes applied to the wolf fish. See Bullhead. CATGUT Cat"gut`, n. Etym: [Cat + gut.] 1. A cord of great toughness made from the intestines of animals, esp. of sheep, used for strings of musical instruments, etc. 2. A sort of linen or canvas, with wide interstices. CATHARINE WHEEL Cath"a*rine wheel`. Defn: See catherine wheel. CATHARIST Cath"a*rist, n. Etym: [LL. catharista, fr. Gr. Defn: One aiming at or pretending to a greater purity of like than others about him; -- applied to persons of various sects. See Albigenses. CAT-HARPIN Cat"-harp`in, n. Defn: See Cat-harping. CAT-HARPING Cat"-harp`ing n. (Naut.) Defn: One of the short ropes or iron cramps used to brace in the shrouds toward the masts so a to give freer sweep to the yards. CATHARSIS Ca*thar"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Cathartic.] (Med.) Defn: A natural or artificial purgation of any passage, as of the mouth, bowels, etc. CATHARTIC; CATHARICAL Ca*thar"tic, Ca*thar"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. chaste.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Cleansing the bowels; promoting evacuations by stool; purgative. 2. Of or pertaining to the purgative principle of senna, as cathartic acid. CATHARTIC Ca*thar"tic, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A medicine that promotes alvine discharges; a purge; a purgative of moderate activity. Note: The cathartics are more energetic and certain in action that the laxatives, which simply increase the tendency to alvine evacuation; and less powerful and irritaint that the drastic purges, which cause profuse, repeated, and watery evacuations. -- Ca*thar"tic*al*ly, adv. -- Ca*thar"tic*al*ness, n. CATHARTIN ca*thar"tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: The bitter, purgative principle of senna. It is a glucoside with the properties of a weak acid; -- called also cathartic acid, and cathartina. CATHAY Ca*thay", n. Defn: China; -- an old name for the Celestial Empire, said have been introduced by Marco Polo and to be a corruption of the Tartar name for North China (Khitai, the country of the Khitans.) Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay. Tennyson. CATHEAD Cat"head`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A projecting piece of timber or iron near the bow of vessel, to which the anchor is hoisted and secured. CATHEDRA Cath"e*dra, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Chair.] Defn: The official chair or throne of a bishop, or of any person in high authority. Ex cathedra Etym: [L., from the chair], in the exercise of one's office; with authority. The Vatican Council declares that the Pope, is infallible "when he speaks ex cathedra." Addis & Arnold's Cath. Dict. CATHEDRAL Ca*the"dral, n. Etym: [LL. cathedralis (sc. ecclesia): cf. F. cathédrale. See Cathedra.] Defn: The principal church in a diocese, so called because in it the bishop has his official chair (Cathedra) or throne. CATHEDRAL Ca*the"dral, a. Etym: [LL. cathedralis: cf. F. cathédral.] 1. Pertaining to the head church of a diocese; as, a cathedral church; cathedral service. 2. Emanating from the chair of office, as of a pope or bishop; official; authoritative. Now, what solemnity can be more required for the pope to make a cathedral determination of an article! Jer. Taylor. 3. Resembling the aisles of a cathedral; as, cathedral walks. Pope. CATHEDRALIC Cath`e*dral"ic, a. Defn: Cathedral. [R.] CATHEDRATED Cath`e*dra"ted, a. Etym: [From Cathedra.] Defn: Relating to the chair or office of a teacher. [Obs.] CATHERETIC Cath`e*ret"ic, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A mild kind caustic used to reduce warts and other excrescences. Dunglison. CATHERINE WHEEL Cath"er*ine wheel`. Etym: [So called from St. Catherine of Alexandria, who is represented with a wheel, in allusion to her martyrdom.] 1. (Geoth.Arth.) Defn: Same as Rose window and Wheel window. Called also Catherine- wheel window. 2. (Pyrotechny) Defn: A revolving piece of fireworks resembling in form the window of the same name. [Written also Catharine wheel.] CATHETER Cath"e*ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The name of various instruments for passing along mucous canals, esp. applied to a tubular instrument to be introduced into the bladder through the urethra to draw off the urine. Eustachian catheter. See under Eustachian. -- Prostatic catheter, one adapted for passing an enlarged prostate. CATHETERISM; CATHETERIZATION Cath"e*ter*ism, Cath`e*ter*i*za"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: The operation of introducing a catheter. CATHETERIZE Cath"e*ter*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catheterized; p. pr. & vb. n. Catheterizing.] (Med.) Defn: To operate on with a catheter. Dunglison. CATHETOMETER Cath`e*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [From Gr. -meter.] Defn: An instrument for the accurate measurement of small differences of height; esp. of the differences in the height of the upper surfaces of two columns of mercury or other fluid, or of the same column at different times. It consists of a telescopic leveling apparatus (d), which slides up or down a perpendicular metallic standard very finely graduated (bb). The telescope is raised or depressed in order to sight the objects or surfaces, and the differences in vertical height are thus shown on the graduated standard. [Written also kathetometer.] CATHETUS Cath"e*tus, n.; pl. catheti. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Catheter.] (Geom.) Defn: One line or radius falling perpendicularly on another; as, the catheti of a right-angled triangle, that is, the two sides that include the right angle. Barlow. CATHODE Cath"ode, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physics) Defn: The part of a voltaic battery by which the electric current leaves substances through which it passes, or the surface at which the electric current passes out of the electrolyte; the negative pole; -- opposed to anode. Faraday. Cathode ray (Phys.), a kind of ray generated at the cathode in a vacuum tube, by the electrical discharge. CATHODIC Ca*thod"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: A term applied to the centrifugal, or efferent course of the nervous infuence. Marshall Hall. CATHODOGRAPH; CATHODEGRAPH Ca*thod"o*graph, n. Also Ca*thod"e*graph. [Cathode + -graph.] (Physics) Defn: A picture produced by the Röntgen rays; a radiograph. CAT-HOLE Cat"-hole`, n. (Naut.) Defn: One of two small holes astern, above the gunroom ports, through which hawsers may be passed. CATHOLIC Cath"o*lic, a. Etym: [L. catholicus, Gr. solid: cf. F. catholique.] 1. Universal or general; as, the catholic faith. Men of other countries [came] to bear their part in so great and catholic a war. Southey. Note: This epithet, which is applicable to the whole Christian church, or its faith, is claimed by Roman Catholics to belong especially to their church, and in popular usage is so limited. 2. Not narrow-minded, partial, or bigoted; liberal; as, catholic tastes. 3. Of or pertaining to, or affecting the Roman Catholics; as, the Catholic emancipation act. Catholic epistles, the espistles of the apostles which are addressed to all the faithful, and not to a particular church; being those of James, Peter, Jude, and John. CATHOLIC Cath"o*lic, n. 1. A person who accepts the creeds which are received in common by all parts of the orthodox Christian church. 2. An adherent of the Roman Catholic church; a Roman Catholic. Old Catholic, the name assumed in 1870 by members of the Roman Catholic church, who denied the ecumenical character of the Vatican Council, and Rejected its decrees, esp. that concerning the infallibility of the pope, as contrary to the ancient Catholic faith. CATHOLICAL Ca*thol"i*cal, a. Defn: Catholic. [Obs.] CATHOLICISM Ca*thol"i*cism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. catholicisme.] 1. The state or quality of being catholic or universal; catholicity. Jer. Taylor. 2. Liberality of sentiment; breadth of view. 3. The faith of the whole orthodox Christian church, or adherence thereto. 4. The doctrines or faith of the Roman Catholic church, or adherence thereto. CATHOLICITY Cath`o*lic"i*ty, n. 1. The state or quality of being catholic; universality. 2. Liberality of sentiments; catholicism. 3. Adherence or conformity to the system of doctrine held by all parts of the orthodox Christian church; the doctrine so held; orthodoxy. 4. Adherence to the doctrines of the church of Rome, or the doctrines themselves. CATHOLICIZE Ca*thol"i*cize, v. t. & i. Defn: To make or to become catholic or Roman Catholic. CATHOLICLY Cath"o*lic*ly, adv. Defn: In a catholic manner; generally; universally. Sir L. Cary. CATHOLICNESS Cath"o*lic*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being catholic; universality; catholicity. CATHOLICON Ca*thol"i*con, n. Etym: [Gr. Catholic.] (Med.) Defn: A remedy for all diseases; a panacea. CATHOLICOS Ca*thol"i*cos, n. Etym: [NL. See Catholic.] (Eccl.) Defn: The spiritual head of the Armenian church, who resides at Etchmiadzin, Russia, and has ecclesiastical jurisdiction over, and consecrates the holy oil for, the Armenians of Russia, Turkey, and Persia, including the Patriarchs of Constantinople, Jerusalem, and Sis. Note: The Patriarch of Constantinople is the civil head of the Armenians in Turkey. CATILINARIAN Cat`i*li*na"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Catilinarius.] Defn: Pertaining to Catiline, the Roman conspirator; resembling Catiline's conspiracy. CATION Cat"i*on, n. Etym: [Gr. p. pr. of (Chem.) Defn: An electro-positive substance, which in electro-decomposition is evolved at the cathode; -- opposed to anion. Faraday. CATKIN Cat"kin, n. Etym: [Cat + -kin.] (Bot.) Defn: An ament; a species of inflorescence, consisting of a slender axis with many unisexual apetalous flowers along its sides, as in the willow and poplar, and (as to the staminate flowers) in the chestnut, oak, hickory, etc. -- so called from its resemblance to a cat's tail. See Illust. of Ament. CATLIKE Cat"like`, a. Defn: Like a cat; stealthily; noiselessly. CATLING Cat"ling, n. Etym: [Cat + -ing.] 1. A little cat; a kitten. "Cat nor catling." Drummond. 2. Catgut; a catgut string. [R.] Shak. 3. (Surg.) Defn: A double-edged, sharp-pointed dismembering knife. [Spelt also catlin.] Crobb. CATLINITE Cat"lin*ite, n. Etym: [From George Catlin, an American traveler.] Defn: A red clay from the Upper Missouri region, used by the Indians for their pipes. CATNIP; CATMINT Cat"nip`, Cat"mint`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A well-know plant of the genus Nepeta (N. Cataria), somewhat like mint, having a string scent, and sometimes used in medicine. It is so called because cats have a peculiar fondness for it. CATO-CATHARTIC Cat`o-ca*thar"tic, n. Etym: [Gr. Cathartic.] (Med.) Defn: A remedy that purges by alvine discharges. CATONIAN Ca*to"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Catonionus.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the stern old Roman, Cato the Censor; severe; inflexible. CAT O' NINE TAILS Cat" o' nine" tails`. Defn: See under Cat. CATOPRON Ca*top"ron, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Catopter. CATOPTER; CATOPTRON Ca*top"ter, Ca*top"tron, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A reflecting optical glass or instrument; a mirror. [Obs.] CATOPTRIC; CATOPTRICAL Ca*top"tric, Ca*top"tric*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Catopter.] Defn: Of or pertaining to catoptrics; produced by reflection. Catoptric light, a light in which the rays are concentrated by reflectors into a beam visible at a distance. CATOPTRICS Ca*top"trics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. catoptrique. See Catropric.] (Physics) Defn: That part of optics which explants the properties and phenomena of reflected light, and particularly that which is reflected from mirrors or polished bodies; --- formerly caled anacamptics. CATOPTROMANCY Ca*top"tro*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy. See Catopter.] (Antiq.) Defn: A species of divination, which was perforned by letting down a mirror into water, for a sick person to look at his face in it. If his countenance appeared distorted and ghastly, it was an ill omen; if fresh and healthy, it was favorable. CATPIPE Cat`pipe", n. Defn: See Catcall. CAT-RIGGED Cat"-rigged`, a. Defn: Rigged like a catboat. CAT-SALT Cat"-salt`, n. Defn: A sort of salt, finely granulated, formed out of the bittern or leach brine. CAT'S-EYE Cat's"-eye`, n. (Min.) Defn: A variety of quartz or chalcedony, exhibiting opalescent reflections from within, like the eye of a cat. The mane is given to other gems affording like effects, esp. the chrysoberyl. CAT'S-FOOT Cat's`-foot, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Nepeta Glechoma) of the same genus with catnip; ground ivy. CAT-SILVER Cat"-sil`ver, n. Defn: Mica. [Archaic] CATSKILL PERIOD Cats"kill pe`ri*od. (Geol.) Defn: The closing subdivision of the Devonian age in America. The rocks of this period are well developed in the Catskill mountains, and extend south and west under the Carboniferous formation. See the Diagram under Geology. CATSO Cat"so, n.; pl. Catsos. Etym: [It. cazzo.] Defn: A base fellow; a rogue; a cheat. [Obs.] B. Jonson. CAT'S-PAW Cat's"-paw`, n. 1. (Naut.) (a) A light transitory air which ruffles the surface of the water during a calm, or the ripples made by such a puff of air. (b) A particular hitch or turn in the bight of a rope, into which a tackle may be hooked. 2. A dupe; a tool; one who, or that which, is used by another as an instrument to a accomplish his purposes. Note: In this sense the term refers to the fable of the monkey using the cat's paw to draw the roasting chestnuts out of the fire. CAT'S-TAIL Cat's"-tail, n. Defn: See Timothy, Cat-tail, Cirrus. CATSTICK Cat"stick`, n. Defn: A stick or club employed in the game of ball called cat or tipcat. Massinger. CATSTITCH Cat"stitch, v. t. (Needlework) Defn: To fold and sew down the edge of with a coarse zigzag stitch. CATSUP Cat"sup, n. Defn: Same as Catchup, and Ketchup. CAT-TAIL Cat"-tail, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tall rush or flag (Typha latifolia) growing in marshes, with long, glat leaves, and having its flowers in a close cylindrical spike at the top of the stem. The leaves are frequently used for seating chairs, making mats, etc. See Catkin. Note: The lesser cat-tail is Typha angustifolia. CATTISH Cat"tish, a. Defn: Catlike; feline Drummond. CATTLE Cat"tle, n. pl. Etym: [OE. calet, chatel, goods, property, OF. catel, chatel, LL. captale, capitale, goods, property, esp. cattle, fr. L. capitals relating to the head, chief; because in early ages beasts constituted the chief part of a man's property. See Capital, and cf. Chattel.] Defn: Quadrupeds of the Bovine family; sometimes, also, including all domestic quadrupeds, as sheep, goats, horses, mules, asses, and swine. Belted cattle, Black cattle. See under Belted, Black. -- Cattle guard, a trench under a railroad track and alongside a crossing (as of a public highway). It is intended to prevent cattle from getting upon the track. -- cattle louse (Zoöl.), any species of louse infecting cattle. There are several species. The Hæmatatopinus eurysternus and H. vituli are common species which suck blood; Trichodectes scalaris eats the hair. -- Cattle plague, the rinderpest; called also Russian cattle plague. -- Cattle range, or Cattle run, an open space through which cattle may run or range. [U. S.] Bartlett. -- Cattle show, an exhibition of domestic animals with prizes for the encouragement of stock breeding; -- usually accompanied with the exhibition of other agricultural and domestic products and of implements. CATTY Cat"ty, n. Etym: [Malay kati. See Caddy.] Defn: An East Indian Weight of 11/3 pounds. CAUCASIAN Cau*ca"sian, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Caucasus, a mountainous region between the Black and Caspian seas. 2. Of or pertaining to the white races of mankind, of whom the people about Mount Caucasus were formerly taken as the type. CAUCASIAN Cau*ca"sian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of the Caucasus, esp. a Circassian or Georgian. 2. A member of any of the white races of mankind. CAUCUS Cau"cus, n. Etym: [Etymology uncertain. Mr. J. H. Trumbull finds the origin of caucus in the N. A. Indian word cawcawwassough or caú cau- as'u one who urges or pushes on, a promoter. See citation for an early use of the word caucus.] Defn: A meeting, especially a preliminary meeting, of persons belonging to a party, to nominate candidates for public office, or to select delegates to a nominating convention, or to confer regarding measures of party policy; a political primary meeting. This day learned that the caucus club meets, at certain times, in the garret of Tom Dawes, the adjutant of the Boston regiment. John Adams's Diary [Feb. , 1763]. CAUCUS Cau"cus, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caucused; p. pr. & vb. n. Caucusing.] Defn: To hold, or meet in, a caucus or caucuses. CAUDAD Cau"dad, adv. Etym: [L. cauda tail + ad to.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Backwards; toward the tail or posterior part. CAUDA GALLI Cau"da gal*li, (. Etym: [L., tail of a cock.] (Paleon.) Defn: A plume-shaped fossil, supposed to be a seaweed, characteristic of the lower Devonian rocks; as, the cauda galli grit. Gauda galli epoch (Geol.), an epoch at the begining of the Devonian age in eastern America, so named from the characteristic gritty sandstone marked with impressions of cauda galli. See the Diagram under Geology. CAUDAL Cau"dal, a. Etym: [L. Cauda tail. Cf. Coward.] Defn: Of the nature of, or pertaining to, a tail; having a tail-like appendage. The male widow-bird, remarkable for his caudal plumes. Darwin. Caudal fin (Zoöl.), the terminal fin (or "tail") of a fish. CAUDATA Cau*da"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. cauda tail.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Urodela. CAUDATE; CAUDATED Cau"date, Cau"da*ted. a. Etym: [L. cauda tail.] Defn: Having a taill; having a termination like a tail. CAUDEX Cau"dex, n.; pl. L. Caudices, E. Caudexes. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: The sterm of a tree., esp. a sterm without a branch, as of a palm or a tree fern; also, the pernnial rootstock of an herbaceous plant. CAUDICLE; CAUDICULA Cau"di*cle, Cau*dic"u*la, n. Etym: [Dim. of L. cauda tail, appendage.] (Bot.) Defn: A slender, elastic process, to which the masses of pollen in orchidaceous plants are attached. CAUDLE Cau"dle, n. Etym: [OF. caudel, F. chaudeau, dim. of LL calidum a sweet drink, fr. L. caidus warm. See Caldron.] Defn: A kind of warm drink for sick persons, being a mixture of wine with eggs, bread, sugar, and spices. CAUDLE Cau"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caudled; p. pr. & vb. n. Caudling.] 1. To make into caudle. 2. Too serve as a caudle to; to refresh. [R.] Shak. CAUF Cauf, n. Etym: [Perh. akin to Celtic caff, cav, cau, L. cavus hollow, or to L. caphinus, Gr. Defn: A chest with holes for keeping fish alive in water. Philips. CAUFLE Cau"fle, n. Defn: A gung of slaves. Same as Coffle. CAUGHT Caught, imp. & p. p. Defn: f Catch. CAUK; CAUKER Cauk, n., Cauk"er, n. Defn: See Cawk, Calker. CAUL Caul, n. Etym: [OE. calle, kelle, prob. fr. F. cale; cf. Ir. calla a veil.] 1. A covering of network for the head, worn by women; also, a net. Spenser. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The fold of membrane loaded with fat, which covers more or less of the intestines in mammals; the great omentum See Omentum. The caul serves for warming of the lower belly. Ray. 3. A part of the amnion, one of the membranes enveloping the fetus, which sometimes is round the head of a child at its birth. It is deemed lucky to be with a caul or membrane over the face. This caul is esteemed an infallible preservative against drowning . . . According to Chysostom, the midwives frequently sold it for magic uses. Grose. I was born with a caul, which was advertised for sale, in the newspapers, at the low price of fifteen guineas. Dickens. CAULESCENT Cau*les"cent, a. Etym: [L. caulis stalk, stem: cf. F. caulescent.] (Bot.) Defn: Having a leafy stem. CAULICLE Cau"li*cle, n. (Bot.) Defn: A short caulis or stem, esp. the rudimentary stem seen in the embryo of seed; -- otherwise called a radicle. CAULICULUS Cau*lic"u*lus, n.; pl. Cauliculi Etym: [L. caulculus little stalk, dim. of caulis.] (Arch.) Defn: In the Corinthian capital, one of the eight stalks rising out of the lower leafage and terminating in leaves which seem to suport the volutes. See Illust. of Corinthian order, under Corinthian. CAULIFLOWER Cau"li*flow`er, n. Etym: [F. choufleur, modified by E. Cole. L. caulis, and by E. flower; F. chou cabbage is fr. L. caulis stalk, cabbage, and fleur flower is fr. L. flos flower. See Cole, and Flower.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An annual variety of Brassica oleracea, or cabbage of which the cluster of young flower stalks and buds is eaten as a vegetable. 2. The edible head or "curd" of a caulifower plant. CAULIFORM Cau"li*form, a. Etym: [L. caulis + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of a caulis. CAULINE Cau"line, a. (Bot.) Defn: Growing immediately on a caulis; of or pertaining to a caulis. CAULIS Cau"lis, n.; L. pl. Caules. Etym: [L., a stem.] (Bot.) Defn: An herbaceous or woody stem which bears leaves, and may bear flowers. CAULK Caulk, v. t. & n. Defn: See Calk. CAULOCARPOUS Cau`lo*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having stems which bear flowers and fruit year after year, as most trees and shrubs. CAULOME Cau"lome, n. [Gr. kalo`s stem + -ome as in rhizome.] (Bot.) Defn: A stem structure or stem axis of a plant, viewed as a whole. -- Cau*lom"ic (#), a. CAUMA Cau"ma, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Great heat, as of the body in fever. CAUPONIZE Cau"po*nize, v. i. Etym: [L. cauponari, fr. caupo huckster, innkeeper.] Defn: To sell wine or victuals. [Obs.] Warburfon. CAUSABLE Caus"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being caused. CAUSAL Caus"al, a. Etym: [L. causalis. See Cause.] Defn: Relating to a cause or causes; inplying or containing a cause or causes; expressing a cause; causative. Causal propositions are where two propositions are joined by causal words. Watts. CAUSAL Caus"al, n. Defn: A causal word or form of speech. Anglo-Saxon drencan to drench, causal of Anglo-Saxon drincan to drink. Skeat. CAUSALITY Cau*sal"i*ty, n.; pl. Causalities (. 1. The agency of a cause; the action or power of a cause, in producing its effect. The causality of the divine mind. Whewell. 2. (Phren.) Defn: The faculty of tracing effects to their causes. G. Combe. CAUSALLY Caus"al*ly, adv. Defn: According to the order or series of causes; by tracing effects to causes. CAUSALLY Caus"al*ly, n. (Mining.) Defn: The lighter, earthy parts of ore, carried off washing. CAUSATION Cau*sa"tion, n. Defn: The act of causing; also the act or agency by which an effect is produced. The kind of causation by which vision is produced. Whewell. Law of universal causation, the theoretical or asserted law that every event or phenomenon results from, or is the sequel of, some previous event or phenomenon, which being present, the other is certain to take place. CAUSATIONIST Cau*sa"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who believes in the law of universal causation. CAUSATIVE Caus"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. causativus pertaining to a lawsuit (causa), but in the English sense from E. cause.] 1. Effective, as a cause or agent; causing. Causative in nature of a number of effects. Bacon. 2. Expressing a cause or reason; causal; as, the ablative is a causative case. CAUSATIVE Caus"a*tive, n. Defn: A word which expresses or suggests a cause. CAUSATIVELY Caus"a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a causative manner. CAUSATOR Cau*sa"tor, n. Etym: [See Cause.] Defn: One who causes. [R.] Sir T. Browne. CAUSE Cause, n. Etym: [F. cause, fr. L. causa. Cf. Cause, v., Kickshaw.] 1. That which produces or effects a result; that from which anything proceeds, and without which it would not exist. Cause is substance exerting its power into act, to make one thing begin to be. Locke. 2. That which is the occasion of an action or state; ground; reason; motive; as, cause for rejoicing. 3. Sake; interest; advantage. [Obs.] I did it not for his cause. 2 Cor. vii. 12. 4. (Law) Defn: A suit or action in court; any legal process by which a party endeavors to obtain his claim, or what he regards as his right; case; ground of action. 5. Any subject of discussion or debate; matter; question; affair in general. What counsel give you in this weighty cause! Shak. 6. The side of a question, which is espoused, advocated, and upheld by a person or party; a principle which is advocated; that which a person or party seeks to attain. God befriend us, as our cause is just. Shak. The part they take against me is from zeal to the cause. Burke. Efficient cause, the agent or force that produces a change or redult. -- Final cause, the end, design, or object, for which anything is done. -- Formal cause, the elements of a conception which make the conception or the thing conceived to be what it is; or the idea viewed as a formative principle and coöperating with the matter. -- Material cause, that of which anything is made. -- Proximate cause. See under Proximate. -- To make common cause with, to join with in purposes and aims. Macaulay. Syn. -- Origin; source; mainspring; motive; reason; incitement; inducement; purpose; object; suit; action. CAUSE Cause, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caused; p. pr. & v. n. Causing.] Etym: [F. causer, fr. cause, fr. L. causa. See Cause, n., and cf. Acouse.] Defn: To effect as an agent; to produce; to be the occasion of; to bring about; to bring into existence; to make; -- usually followed by an infinitive, sometimes by that with a finite verb. I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days. Gen. vii. 4. Cause that it be read also in the church of the Laodiceans. Col. iv. 16. Syn. -- To create; produce; beget; effect; occasion; originate; induce; bring about. CAUSE Cause, v. i. Defn: To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse. [Obs.] Spenser. CAUSE Cause, conj. Defn: Abbreviation of Because. B. Jonson. CAUSEFUL Cause"ful, n. Defn: Having a cause. [Obs.] CAUSELESS Cause"less, a. Defn: 1. Self-originating; uncreated. 2. Without just or sufficient reason; groundless. My fears are causeless and ungrounded. Denham. CAUSELESS Cause"less, adv. Defn: Without cause or reason. CAUSELESSNESS Cause"less*ness, n. Defn: The state of being causeless. CAUSER Caus"er, n. Defn: One who or that which causes. CAUSERIE Cause`rie", n. [F., fr. causer to chat.] Defn: Informal talk or discussion, as about literary matters; light conversation; chat. CAUSEUSE Cau`seuse", n. Etym: [F., fr. causer to talk.] Defn: A kind of sofa for two person. A tête-a-tête. CAUSEWAY; CAUSEY Cause"way, Cau"sey, n. Etym: [OE. cauci, cauchie, OF. cauchie, F. chaussée, from LL. (via) calciata, fr calciare to make a road, either fr. L. calx lime, hence, to pave with limestone (cf. E. chalk), or from L. calceus shoe, from calx heel, hence, to shoe, pave, or wear by treading.] Defn: A way or road rasid above the natural level of the ground, serving as a dry passage over wet or marshy ground. But that broad causeway will direct your way. Dryden. The other way Satan went down The causey to Hell-gate. Milton. CAUSEWAYED; CAUSEYED Cause"wayed, Cau"seyed. a. Defn: Having a raised way (causeway or causey); paved. Sir W. Scott. C. Bronté. CAUSIDICAL Cau*sid"i*cal, a. Etym: [L. causidicakis; causa a cause in law + dicare to say.] Defn: Pertaining to an advocate, or to the maintenance and defense of suits. CAUSTIC; CAUSTICAL Caus"tic, Caus"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. caustucs, Ge. Calm, Ink.] 1. Capable of destroying the texture of anything or eating away its substance by chemical action; burning; corrosive; searing. 2. Severe; satirical; sharp; as, a caustic remark. Caustic curve (Optics), a curve to which the ray of light, reflected or refracted by another curve, are tangents, the reflecting or refracting curve and the luminous point being in one plane. -- Caustic lime. See under Lime. -- Caustic potash, Caustic soda (Chem.), the solid hydroxides potash, KOH, and soda, NaOH, or solutions of the same. -- Caustic silver, nitrate of silver, lunar caustic. -- Caustic surface (Optics), a surface to which rays reflected or refracted by another surface are tangents. Caustic curves and surfaces are called catacaustic when formed by reflection, and diacaustic when formed by refraction. Syn. -- Stinging; cutting; pungent; searching. CAUSTIC Cau"stic, n. Etym: [L. causticum (sc. medicamentum). See Caustic, a.] 1. Any substance or means which, applied to animal or other organic tissue, burns, corrodes, or destroys it by chemical action; an escharotic. 2. (Optics) Defn: A caustic curve or caustic surface. CAUSTICALLY Caus"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a caustic manner. CAUSTICILY Caus*tic"i*ly, n. 1. The quality of being caustic; corrosiveness; as, the causticity of potash. 2. Severity of language; sarcasm; as, the causticity of a reply or remark. CAUSTICNESS Caus"tic*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being caustic; causticity. CAUTEL Cau"tel, n. Etym: [F. cautèle, L. cautela, fr. cavere to be on one's guard, to take care.] 1. Caution; prudence; wariness. [Obs.] Fulke. 2. Craft; deceit; falseness. [Obs.] Shak. CAUTELOUS Cau"te*lous, a. Etym: [F. cauteleux, LL. cautelosus. See Cautel.] 1. Caution; prudent; wary. [Obs.] "Cautelous, though young." Drayton. 2. Crafty; deceitful; false. [Obs.] Shak. -- Cau"te*lous*ly, adv. -- Cau"te*lous*ness, n. [Obs.] CAUTER Cau"ter, n. Etym: [F. cautère, L. cauterium, fr. Gr. Caustic, Cautery.] Defn: A hot iron for searing or cauterizing. Minsheu. CAUTERANT Cau"ter*ant, n. Defn: A cauterizing substance. CAUTERISM Cau"ter*ism, n. Defn: The use or application of a caustic; cautery. Ferrand. CAUTERIZATION Cau`ter*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cautèrisation.] (Med.) Defn: The act of searing some morbid part by the application of a cautery or caustic; also, the effect of such application. CAUTERIZE Cau"ter*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cauterized; p. pr. & vb. n. Cauterizing.] Etym: [L. cauterizare, Gr. cautérised.. See cauter.] 1. To burn or sear with a cautery or caustic. Dunglison. 2. To sear, as the conscience. Jer. Taylor. CAUTERY Cau"ter*y, n.; pl. Cauteries. Etym: [L. cauterium, Gr. Cauter.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A burning or searing, as of morbid flesh, with a hot iron, or by application of a caustic that will burn, corrode, or destroy animal tissue. 2. The iron of other agent in cauterizing. Actual cautery, a substance or agent (as a hot iron) which cauterizes or sears by actual heat; or the burning so effected. -- Potential cautery, a substance which cauterizes by chemical action; as, lunar caustic; also, the cauterizing produced by such substance. CAUTION Cau"tion, n. Etym: [F. caution a security, L. cautio, fr. cavere (For scavere) to be on one's guard, to take care (orig.) to be on the watch, see; akin to E. show.] 1. A careful attention to the probable effects of an act, in order that failure or harm may be avoided; prudence in regard to danger; provident care; wariness. 2. Security; guaranty; bail. [R.] The Parliament would yet give his majesty sufficient caution that the war should be prosecuted. Clarendon. 3. Precept or warning against evil of any kind; exhortation to wariness; advice; injunction. In way of caution I must tell you. Shak. Caution money, money deposited by way of security or guaranty, as by a student at an English university. Syn. -- Care; forethought; forecast; heed; prudence; watchfulness; vigilance; circumspection; anxiety; providence; counsel; advice; warning; admonition. CAUTION Cau"tion v. t. [imp & p. p. Cautioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Cautioning.] Defn: To give notice of danger to; to warn; to exhort [one] to take heed. You cautioned me against their charms. Swift. CAUTIONARY Cau"tion*a*ry, a. 1. Conveying a caution, or warning to avoid danger; as, cautionary signals. 2. Given as a pledge or as security. He hated Barnevelt, for his getting the cautionary towns out of his hands. Bp. Burnet. 3. Wary; cautious. [Obs.] Bacon. CAUTIONARY BLOCK Cau"tion*a*ry block. (Railroads) Defn: A block in which two or more trains are permitted to travel, under restrictions imposed by a caution card or the like. CAUTIONER Cau"tion*er, n. 1. One who cautions or advises. 2. (Scots Law) Defn: A surety or sponsor. CAUTIONRY Cau"tion*ry, n. (Scots Law) Defn: Suretyship. CAUTIOUS Cau"tious, a. Etym: [Cf. L. cautus, fr. caver. See Caution.] Defn: Attentive to examine probable effects and consequences of acts with a view to avoid danger or misfortune; prudent; circumspect; wary; watchful; as, a cautious general. Cautious feeling for another's pain. Byron. Be swift to hear; but cautious of your tongue. Watts. Syn. -- Wary; watchful; vigilant; prudent; circumspect; discreet; heedful; thoughtful; scrupulous; anxious; careful. -- Cautious, Wary, Circumspect. A man is cautious who realizes the constant possibility of danger; one may be wary, and yet bold and active; a man who is circumspect habitually examines things on every side in order to weigh and deliberate. It is necessary to be cautious at all times; to be wary in cases of extraordinary danger; to be circumspect in matters of peculiar delicacy and difficulty. CAUTIOUSLY Cau"tious*ly, adv. Defn: In a cautious manner. CAUTIOUSNESS Cau"tious*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being cautious. CAVALCADE Cav"al*cade`, n. Etym: [F. cavalcade, fr. It. cavalcata, fr. cavalcare to go on horseback, fr. LL. caballicare, fr. L. caballus an inferior horse, Gr. Cavalier, Cavalry.] Defn: A procession of persons on horseback; a formal, pompous march of horsemen by way of parade. He brought back war-worn cavalcade to the city. Prescott. CAVALERO; CAVALIERO Cav`a*le"ro, Cav`a*lie"ro, n. Etym: [Sp. caballero. See Cavalier.] Defn: A cavalier; a gallant; a libertine. Shak. CAVALIER Cav`a*lier", n. Etym: [F. cavalier, It. cavaliere, LL. caballarius, fr. L. caballus. See Cavalcade, and cf. Cavallier, Caballine.] 1. A military man serving on horseback; a knight. 2. A gay, sprightly, military man; hence, a gallant. 3. One of the court party in the time of king Charles L. as contrasted with a Roundhead or an adherent of Parliament. Clarendon. 4. (Fort.) Defn: A work of more that ordinary heigh, rising from the level ground of a bastion, etc., and overlooking surrounding parts. CAVALIER Cav`a*lier", a. Defn: Gay; easy; offhand; frank. The plodding, persevering scupulous accuracy of the one, and the easy, cavalier, verbal fluency of the other, from a complete contrast. Hazlitt. 2. High-spirited. [Obs.] "The people are naturally not valiant, and not much cavalier." Suckling. 3. Supercilious; haughty; disdainful; curt; brusque. 4. Of or pertaining to the party of King Charles I. "An old Cavalier family." Beaconsfleld. CAVALIERISH Cav`a*lier"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat like a cavalier. CAVALIERISM Cav`a*lier"ism, n. Defn: The practice or principles of cavaliers. Sir. W. Scott. CAVALIERLY Cav`a*lier"ly, adv. Defn: In a supercilious, disdainful, or haughty manner; arroganty. Junius. CAVALIERNESS Cav`a*lier"ness, n. Defn: A disdanful manner. CAVALLY Ca*val"ly, n. Etym: [Cf. Pg. cavalla a kind of fish; Sp. caballa; prob. fr. Pg. cavallo horse, Sp. caballa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A carangoid fish of the Atlantic coast (Caranx hippos): -- called also horse crevallé. Note: [See Illust. under Carangoid.] CAVALRY Cav"al*ry, n. Etym: [F. cavalerie, fr. It. cavalleria. See Cavalier, and cf. chivalry.] (Mil.) Defn: That part of military force which serves on horseback. Note: Heavy cavalry and light cavalry are so distinguished by the character of their armament, and by the size of the men and horses. CAVALRYMAN Cav"al*ry*man, n.; pl. Cavalrymen (. Defn: One of a body of cavalry. CAVATINA Ca`va*ti"na, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Originally, a melody of simpler form than the aria; a song without a second part and a da capo; -- a term now variously and vaguely used. CAVE Cave, n. Etym: [F. cave, L. cavus hollow, whence cavea cavity. Cf. Cage.] 1. A hollow place in the earth, either natural or artificial; a subterraneous cavity; a cavern; a den. 2. Any hollow place, or part; a cavity. [Obs.] "The cave of the ear." Bacon. Cave bear (Zoöl.), a very large fossil bear (Ursus spelæus) similar to the grizzly bear, but large; common in European caves. -- Cave dweller, a savage of prehistoric times whose dwelling place was a cave. Tylor. -- Cave hyena (Zoöl.), a fossil hyena found abundanty in British caves, now usually regarded as a large variety of the living African spotted hyena. -- Cave lion (Zoöl.), a fossil lion found in the caves of Europe, believed to be a large variety of the African lion. -- Bone cave. See under Bone. CAVE Cave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caved; p. pr. & vb. n. Caving.] Etym: [Cf. F. caver. See Cave, n.] Defn: To make hollow; to scoop out. [Obs.] The mouldred earth cav'd the banke. Spenser. CAVE Cave, v. i. 1. To dwell in a cave. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Etym: [See To cave in, below.] Defn: To fall in or down; as, the sand bank caved. Hence (Slang), to retreat from a position; to give way; to yield in a disputed matter. To cave in. Etym: [Flem. inkalven.] (a) To fall in and leave a hollow, as earth on the side of a well or pit. (b) To submit; to yield. [Slang] H. Kingsley. CAVEAT Ca"ve*at, n. Etym: [L. caved let him beware, pres. subj. of cavere to be on one's guard to, beware.] 1. (Law) Defn: A notice given by an interested party to some officer not to do a certain act until the party is heard in opposition; as, a caveat entered in a probate court to stop the proving of a will or the taking out of letters of administration, etc. Bouvier. 2. (U. S. Patent Laws) Defn: A description of some invention, designed to be patented, lodged in the patent office before the patent right is applied for, and operating as a bar to the issue of letters patent to any other person, respecting the same invention. Note: A caveat is operative for one year only, but may be renewed. 3. Intimation of caution; warning; protest. We think it right to enter our caveat against a conclusion. Jeffrey. Caveat emptor Etym: [L.] (Law), let the purchaser beware, i. e., let him examine the article he is buying, and act on his own judgment. CAVEATING Ca"ve*a`ting, n. (Fencing) Defn: Shifting the sword from one side of an adversary's sword to the other. CAVEATOR Ca"ve*a`tor, n. Defn: One who enters a caveat. CAVENDISH Cav"en*dish, n. Defn: Leaf tobacco softened, sweetened, and pressed into plugs or cakes. Cut cavendish, the plugs cut into long shreds for smoking. CAVERN Cav"ern, n. Etym: [L. caverna, fr. cavus hollow: cf. F. caverne.] Defn: A large, deep, hollow place in the earth; a large cave. CAVERNED Cav"erned, a. 1. Containing caverns. The wolves yelled on the caverned hill. Byron. 2. Living in a cavern. "Caverned hermit." Pope. CAVERNOUS Cav"ern*ous, a. Etym: [L. cavernosus: cf. F. caverneux.] 1. Full of caverns; resembling a cavern or large cavity; hollow. 2. Filled with small cavities or cells. 3. Having a sound caused by a cavity. Cavernous body, a body of erectile tissue with large interspaces which may be distended with blood, as in the penis or clitoris. -- Cavernous respiration, a peculiar respiratory sound andible on auscultation, when the bronchial tubes communicate with morbid cavities in the lungs. CAVERNULOUS Ca*ver"nu*lous, a.Etym: [L. cavernula, dim. of caverna cavern.] Defn: Full of little cavities; as, cavernulous metal. Black. CAVESSON; CAVEZON Cav"es*son, Cav"e*zon, n. Etym: [F. caveçon, augm. fr. LL. capitium a head covering hood, fr. L. caput head. Cf. Caberzon.] (Man.) Defn: A kind of noseband used in breaking and training horses. [Written also caveson, causson.] White. CAVETTO Ca*vet"to, n. Etym: [It. cavetto, fr. cavo hollow, L. cavus.] (Arch.) Defn: A concave molding; -- used chiefly in classical architecture. See Illust. of Calumn. CAVIARE; CAVIAR Ca*viare", Cav"i*ar, n. Etym: [F. caviar, fr. It. caviale, fr. Turk. Havi\'ber.] Defn: The roes of the sturgeon, prepared and salted; -- used as a relish, esp. in Russia. Note: Caviare was considered a delicacy, by some, in Shakespeare's time, but was not relished by most. Hence Hamlet says of a certain play. "'T was caviare to the general," i. e., above the taste of the common people. CAVICORN Cav"i*corn, a. Etym: [L. cavus hollow + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having hollow horns. CAVICORNIA Cav`i*cor"ni*a, n.; pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of ruminants whose horns are hollow, and planted on a bony process of the front, as the ox. CAVIL Cav"il, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caviled or Cavilled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Caviling or Cavilling.] Etym: [L. cavillari to practice jesting, to censure, fr. cavilla bantering jests, sophistry: cf. OF. caviller.] Defn: To raise captious and frivolous objections; to find fault without good reason. You do not well in obstinacy To cavil in the course of this contract. Shak. CAVIL Cav"il, v. t. Defn: To cavil at. [Obs.] Milton. CAVIL Cav"il, n. Defn: A captious or frivolous objection. All the cavils of prejudice and unbelief. Shak. CAVIL; CAVILER; CAVILLER Cav"il or Cav"il*er, n. Defn: One who cavils. Cavilers at the style of the Scriptures. Boyle. CAVILING Cav"il*ing, a. Defn: Disposed to cavil; finding fault without good reason. See Captious. His depreciatory and caviling criticism. Lewis. CAVILINGLY Cav"il*ing*ly, adb. Defn: In a caviling manner. CAVILLATION Cav`il*la"tion, n.Etym: [F. cavillation, L. cavillatio.] Defn: Frivolous or sophistical objection. [Obs.] Hooker. CAVILOUS; CAVILLOUS Cav"il*ous or Cav"il*lous, a. Etym: [L. cavillosus.] Defn: Characterized by caviling, or disposed to cavil; quibbing. [R.] -- Cav"il*ous*ly, adv. [R.] -- Cav"il*ous*ness, n. [R.] CAVIN Cav"in, n. Etym: [F. See Cave.] (Mil.) Defn: A hollow way, adapted to cover troops, and facilitate their aproach to a place. Farrow. CAVITARY Cav"i*ta*ry, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Containing a body cavity; as, the cavitary or nematoid worms. CAVITY Cav"i*ty, n.; pl. Cavities. Etym: [L. cavus hollow: cf. F. cavité.] 1. Hollowness. [Obs.] The cavity or hollowness of the place. Goodwin. 2. A hollow place; a hollow; as, the abdominal cavity. An instrument with a small cavity, like a small spoon. Arbuthot. Abnormal spaces or excavations are frequently formed in the lungs, which are designated cavities or vomicæ. Quain. Body cavity, the coelum. See under Body. CAVO-RELIEVO Ca"vo-re*lie"vo, n. Defn: Cavo-rilievo. CAVO-RILIEVO Ca"vo-ri*lie"vo, n. Etym: [It.] (Sculp.) Defn: Hollow relief; sculpture in relief within a sinking made for the purpose, so no part of it projects beyond the plain surface around. CAVORT Ca*vort", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cavorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Cavorting.] Defn: To prance ostentatiously; -- said of a horse or his rider. [Local slang U. S.] CAVY Ca"vy, n.; pl. Cavies (. Etym: [NL. cavia, fr. Brazilian cabiai: cf. F. cabiai.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A rodent of the genera cavia and Dolichotis, as the guinea pig (Cavia cabaya). Cavies are natives of South America. Water cavy (Zoöl.), The capybara. CAW Caw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Cawing.] Etym: [Imitative. *22 Cf. Chough.] Defn: To cry like a crow, rook, or raven. Rising and cawing at the gun's report. Shak. CAW Caw, n. Defn: The cry made by the crow, rook, or raven. CAWK Cawk, n. Etym: [Prov. E. cauk limestone. A doublet of chalk.] (Min.) Defn: An opaque, compact variety of barite, or heavy spar. [Also written cauk.] CAWKER Cawk"er, n. Defn: See Calker. CAWKY Cawk"y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to cawk; like cawk. CAXON Cax"on, n. Defn: A kind of wig. [Obs.] Lamb. CAXTON Cax"ton, n. (Bibliog.) Defn: Any book printed by William Caxton, the first English printer. Hansard. CAY Cay, n. Defn: See Key, a ledge. CAYENNE Cay*enne, n. Etym: [From Cayenne, a town and island in French Guiana, South America.] Defn: Cayenne pepper. Cayenne pepper. (a) (Bot.) A species of capsicum (C. frutescens) with small and intensely pungent fruit. (b) A very pungent spice made by drying and grinding the fruits or seeds of several species of the genus Capsicum, esp. C. annuum and C. Frutescens; -- Called also red pepper. It is used chiefly as a condiment. CAYMAN Cay"man, n. Etym: [From the language of Guiana: cf. Sp. caiman.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The south America alligator. See Alligator. [Sometimes written caiman.] CAYO Ca"yo, n.; pl. -yos (#). [Sp.] Defn: A small island or ledge of rock in the water; a key. [Sp. Am.] CAYUGAS Ca*yu"gas, n. pl. Defn: ; sing Cayuga. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians formerly inbabiting western New-York, forming part of the confederacy called the Five Nations. CAYUSE Cay*use", n. Defn: An Indian pony. [Northw. U. S.] CAZIQUE; CAZIC Ca*zique", Cazic", n. Etym: [Sp. Cacique, fr. the language of Hayti.] Defn: A chief or petty king among some tribes of Indians in America. CC IRA Ça" i*ra". [F. ça ira, ça ira, les aristocrates à la lanterne, it shall go on, it shall go on, [hang]the arictocrats to the lantern (lamp-post).] Defn: The refrain of a famous song of the French Revolution. CEASE Cease, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ceased; p. pr. & vb. n. Ceasing.] Etym: [OE. cessen, cesen, F. cesser, fr. L. cessare, v. intemsive fr. cedere to withdraw. See Cede , and cf. Cessation.] 1. To come to an end; to stop; to leave off or give over; to desist; as, the noise ceased "To cease from strife." Prov. xx. 3. 2. To be wanting; to fail; to pass away. The poor shall never cease out of the land. Deut. xv. 11. Syn. -- To intermit; desist; stop; abstain; quit; discontinue; refrain; leave off; pause; end. CEASE Cease, v. t. Defn: To put a stop to; to bring to an end. But he, her fears to cease Sent down the meek-eyed peace. Milton. Cease, then, this impious rage. Milton CEASE Cease, n. Defn: Extinction. [Obs.] Shak. CEASELESS Cease"less, a. Defn: Without pause or end; incessant. CEASELESS Cease"less, adv. Defn: Without intermission or end. CECIDOMYIA Cec`i*do*my"i*a, n. Etym: [Nl., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small dipterous files, including several very injurious species, as the Hessian fly. See Hessian fly. CECITY Ce"ci*ty, n. Etym: [L. caecitas, fr. caecus blind: cf. F. cécité.] Defn: Blindness. [R.] Sir T. Browne. CECUTIENCY Ce*cu"tien*cy, n. Etym: [L. caecutire to be blind, fr. caecus blind.] Defn: Partial blindness, or a tendency to blindness. [R.] Sir T. Browne. CEDAR Ce"dar, n. Etym: [AS. ceder, fr. L. cedrus, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The name of several evergreen trees. The wood is remarkable for its durability and fragrant odor. Note: The cedar of Lebanon is the Cedrus Libani; the white cedar (Cupressus thyoides) is now called Chamoecyparis sphæroidea; American red cedar is the Juniperus Virginiana; Spanish cedar, the West Indian Cedrela odorata. Many other trees with odoriferous wood are locally called cedar. Cedar bird (Zoöl.), a species of chatterer (Ampelis cedrarum), so named from its frequenting cedar trees; -- called also cherry bird, Canada robin, and American waxwing. CEDAR Ce"dar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to cedar. CEDARED Ce"dared, a. Defn: Covered, or furnished with, cedars. CEDARN Ce"darn, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the cedar or its wood. [R.] CEDE Cede, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Ceding.] Etym: [L. cedere to withdraw, yield; akin to cadere to fall, and to E. chance; cf. F. céder.] Defn: To yield or surrender; to give up; to resign; as, to cede a fortress, a province, or country, to another nation, by treaty. The people must cede to the government some of their natural rights. Jay. CEDILLA Ce*dil"la, n. Etym: [Sp. cedilla, cf. F. cédille; dim. of zeta, the Gr. name of the letter z, because this letter was formerly written after the c, to give it the sound of s.] Defn: A mark placed under the letter c [thus, ç], to show that it is to be sounded like s, as in façade. CEDRAT Ce"drat, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cédrat. See Cedar.] (Bot.) Defn: Properly the citron, a variety of Citrus medica, with large fruits, not acid, and having a high perfume. CEDRENE Ce"drene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A rich aromatic oil, C15H24, extracted from oil of red cedar, and regarded as a polymeric terpene; also any one of a class of similar substances, as the essential oils of cloves, cubebs, juniper, etc., of which cedrene proper is the type. [Written also cedren.] CEDRINE Ce"drine, a. Etym: [L. cedrinus, Gr. Cedar.] Defn: Of or pertaining to cedar or the cedar tree. CEDRIRET Ce"dri*ret, n. Defn: Same as Coerulignone. CEDRY Ce"dry, a. Defn: Of the nature of cedar. [R.] CEDULE Ced"ule, n. Etym: [F. cédule, fr. L. shedula. See Shedule.] Defn: A scroll; a writing; a schedule. [Obs.] CEDUOUS Ced"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. caeduus, fr. caedere to cut down.] Defn: Fit to be felled. [Obs.] Eyelyn. CEIL Ceil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ceiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Ceiling.] Etym: [From an older noun, fr. F. ciel heaven, canopy, fr. L. carlum heaven, vault, arch, covering; cf. Gr. 1. To overlay or cover the inner side of the roof of; to furnish with a ceiling; as, to ceil a room. The greater house he ceiled with fir tree. 2 Chron. iii. 5 2. To line or finish a surface, as of a wall, with plaster, stucco, thin boards, or the like. CEILING Ceil"ing, n. Etym: [See Cell, v. t.] 1. (Arch.) (a) The inside lining of a room overhead; the under side of the floor above; the upper surface opposite to the floor. (b) The lining or finishing of any wall or other surface, with plaster, thin boards, etc.; also, the work when done. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The inner planking of a vessel. Camp ceiling. See under Camp. -- Ceiling boards, Thin narrow boards used to ceil with. CEINT Ceint, n. Etym: [See Cincture.] Defn: A girdle. [Obs.] CEINTURE Cein`ture", n. [F.] Defn: A cincture, girdle, or belt; -- chiefly used in English as a dressmaking term. CELADON Cel"a*don, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A pale sea-green color; also, porcelain or fine pottery of this tint. CELANDINE; CALANDINE Cel"an*dine, Cal"an*dine, n. Etym: [OE. celidoine, OF. celidoine, F. chélidoine, fr. L. chelidonia (sc. herba), fr. chelidonius pertaining to the swallow, Gr. hirundo a swallow.] (Bot.) Defn: A perennial herbaceous plant (Chelidonium majus) of the poppy family, with yellow flowers. It is used as a medicine in jandice, etc., and its acrid saffron-colored juice is used to cure warts and the itch; -- called also greater celandine and swallowwort. Lasser celandine, the pilewort (Ranunculus Ficaria). CELATURE Cel"a*ture, n. Etym: [L. caelatura, fr. caelare to engrave in relief.] 1. The act or art of engraving or embossing. 2. That which is engraved. [Obs.] Hakewill. CELEBRANT Cel"e*brant, n. Etym: [L. celebrans, p. pr. of celebrare. See Celebrate.] Defn: One who performs a public religious rite; -- applied particularly to an officiating priest in the Roman Catholic Church, as distinguished from his assistants. CELEBRATE Cel"e*brate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Celebrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Celebrating.] Etym: [L. celebratus, p. p. of celebrare to frequent, to celebrate, fr. celeber famous.] 1. To extol or honor in a solemn manner; as, to celebrate the name of the Most High. 2. To honor by solemn rites, by ceremonies of joy and respect, or by refraining from ordinary business; to observe duly; to keep; as, to celebrate a birthday. Fron even unto shall ye celebrate your Sabbath. Lev. xxiii. 32. 3. To perforn or participate in, as a sacrament or solemn rite; to solemnize; to perform with appropriate rites; as, to celebrate a marriage. Syn. -- To commemorate; distinguish; honor. -- To Celebrate, Commemorate. We commemorate events which we desire to keep in remembrance, when we recall them by some special observace; as, to commemorate the death of our Savior. We celebrate by demonstrations of joy or solemnity or by appropriate ceremonies; as, to celebrate the birthday of our Independence. We are called upon to commemorate a revolution as surprising in its manner as happy in its consequences. Atterbury. Earth, water, air, and fire, with feeling glee, Exult to celebrate thy festival. Thomson. CELEBRATED Cel"e*bra`ted, a. Defn: Having celebrity; distinguished; renowned. Celebrated for the politeness of his manners. Macaulay. Syn. -- Distinguished; famous; noted; famed; renowned; illustrious. See Distinguished. CELEBRATION Cel`e*bra"tion, n. Etym: [L. celebratio.] Defn: The act, process, or time of celebrating. His memory deserving a particular celebration. Clarendok. Celebration of Mass is equivalent to offering Mass Cath. Dict. To hasten the celebration of their marriage. Sir P. Sidney. CELEBRATOR Cel"e*bra`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who celebrates; a praiser. Boyle. CELEBRIOUS Ce*le"bri*ous, a. Defn: Famous. [Obs.] Speed. CELEBRITY Ce*leb"ri*ty, n.; pl. Celebriries. Etym: [L. celebritas: cf. F. célébrité.] 1. Celebration; solemnization. [Obs.] The celebrity of the marriage. Bacon. 2. The state or condition of being celebrated; fame; renown; as, the celebrity of Washington. An event of great celebrity in the history of astronomy. Whewell. 3. A person of distinction or renown; -- usually in the plural; as, he is one of the celebrities of the place. CELERIAC Ce*le"ri*ac, n. (Bot.) Defn: Turnip-rooted celery, a from of celery with a large globular root, which is used for food. CELERITY Ce*ler"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. celeritas, from celer swiftm speedy: sf. F. célérité.] Defn: Rapidity of motion; quickness; swiftness. Time, with all its celerity, moves slowly to him whose whole employment is to watch its flight. Johnson. CELERY Cel"er*y, n. Etym: [F. céleri, cf. Prov. It. seleno, seler; fr. Gr. celery. Cf. Parsley.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the Parsley family (Apium graveolens), of which the blanched leafstalks are used as a salad. CELESTIAL Ce*les"tial, a. Etym: [OF. celestial, celestied, fr. L. caelestic, fr. caelum heaved. See Cell.] 1. Belonging to the aërial regions, or visible heavens. "The twelve celestial signs." Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to the spiritual heaven; heavenly; divine. "Celestial spirits." "Celestial light," Milton. Celestial city, heaven; the heavenly Jerusalem. Bunyan. -- Celestial empire, China; -- so called from the Chinese words, tien chan, Heavenly Dynasty, as being the kingdom ruled over by the dynasty appoined by heaven. S. W. Williams. CELESTIAL Ce*les"tial, n. 1. An inhabitant of heaven. Pope. 2. A native of China. CELESTIALIZE Ce*les"tial*ize, v. t. Defn: To make celestial. [R.] CELESTIALLY Ce*les"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In a celestial manner. CELESTIFY Ce*les"ti*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. caelestis heavenly + -fly.] Defn: To make like heaven. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. CELESTINE; CELESTITE Cel"es*tine, Cel"es*tite,, n. Etym: [LL. caelestinus bine.] (Min.) Defn: Native strontium sulphate, a mineral so named from its occasional delicate blue color. It occurs crystallized, also in compact massive and fibrous forms. CELESTINE; CELESTINIAN Cel"es*tine, Cel`es*tin"i*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A monk of the austere branch of the Franciscan Order founded by Celestine V. in the 13th centry. CELIAC Ce"li*ac, a. (Anat.) Defn: See Coellac. CELIBACY Ce*lib"a*cy, n. Etym: [See Celibate, n.] Defn: The state of being unmarried; single life, esp. that of a bachelor, or of one bound by vows not to marry. "The celibacy of the clergy." Hallom. CELIBATE Cel"i*bate, n. Etym: [L. aelibatus, fr. caelebs unmarried, single.] 1. Celibate state; celibacy. [Obs.] He . . . preferreth holy celibate before the estate of marrige. Jer. Taylor. 2. One who is unmarried, esp. a bachelor, or one bound by vows not to marry. CELIBATE Cel"i*bate, a. Defn: Unmarried; single; as, a celibate state. CELIBATIST Ce*lib"a*tist, n. Defn: One who lives unmarried. [R.] CELIDOGRAPHY Cel`i*dog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. célidographie.] Defn: A description of apparent spots on the disk of the sun, or on planets. CELL Cell, n. Etym: [OF. celle, fr. L. cella; akin to celare to hide, and E. hell, helm, conceal. Cf. Hall.] 1. A very small and close apartment, as in a prison or in a monastery or convent; the hut of a hermit. The heroic confessor in his cell. Macaulay. 2. A small religious house attached to a monastery or convent. "Cells or dependent priories." Milman. 3. Any small cavity, or hollow place. 4. (Arch.) (a) The space between the ribs of a vaulted roof. (b) Same as Cella. 5. (Elec.) Defn: A jar of vessel, or a division of a compound vessel, for holding the exciting fluid of a battery. 6. (Biol.) Defn: One of the minute elementary structures, of which the greater part of the various tissues and organs of animals and plants are composed. Note: All cells have their origin in the primary cell from which the organism was developed. In the lowest animal and vegetable forms, one single cell constitutes the complete individual, such being called unicelluter orgamisms. A typical cell is composed of a semifluid mass of protoplasm, more or less granular, generally containing in its center a nucleus which in turn frequently contains one or more nucleoli, the whole being surrounded by a thin membrane, the cell wall. In some cells, as in those of blood, in the amoeba, and in embryonic cells (both vegetable and animal), there is no restricting cell wall, while in some of the unicelluliar organisms the nucleus is wholly wanting. See Illust. of Bipolar. Air cell. See Air cell. -- Cell development (called also cell genesis, cell formation, and cytogenesis), the multiplication, of cells by a process of reproduction under the following common forms; segmentation or fission, gemmation or budding, karyokinesis, and endogenous multiplication. See Segmentation, Gemmation, etc. -- Cell theory. (Biol.) See Cellular theory, under Cellular. CELL Cell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Celled.] Defn: To place or inclosed in a cell. "Celled under ground." [R.] Warner. CELLA Cel"la, n. Etym: [L.] (Arch.) Defn: The part inclosed within the walls of an ancient temple, as distinguished from the open porticoes. CELLAR Cel"lar, n. Etym: [OE. celer, OF. celier, F. celier, fr. L. cellarium a receptacle for food, pantry, fr. cella storeroom. See Cell.] Defn: A room or rooms under a building, and usually below the surface of the ground, where provisions and other stores are kept. CELLARAGE Cel"lar*age, n. 1. The space or storerooms of a cellar; a cellar. Sir W. Scott. You hear this fellow in the cellarage. Shak. 2. Chare for storage in a cellar. CELLARER Cel"lar*er, n. Etym: [LL. cellararius, equiv. to L. cellarius steward: cf. F. cellérier. See Cellar.] (Eccl.) Defn: A steward or butler of a monastery or chapter; one who has charge of procuring and keeping the provisions. CELLARET Cel`lar*et", n. Etym: [Dim of cellar.] Defn: A receptacle, as in a dining room, for a few bottles of wine or liquor, made in the form of a chest or coffer, or a deep drawer in a sideboard, and usually lined with metal. CELLARIST Cel"lar*ist, n. Defn: Same as Cellarer. CELLED Celled, a. Defn: Containing a cell or cells. CELLEPORE Cel"le*pore, n. Etym: [L. cella cell + porus, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of delicate branching corals, made up of minute cells, belonging to the Bryozoa. CELLIFEROUS Cel*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Cell + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing or producing cells. CELLO Cel"lo, n.; pl. E. Cellos (, It. Celli (. Defn: A contraction for Violoncello. CELLULAR Cel"lu*lar, a. Etym: [L. cellula a little cell: cf. F. cellulaire. See Cellule.] Defn: Consisting of, or containing, cells; of or pertaining to a cell or cells. Cellular plants, Cellular cryptogams (Bot.), those flowerless plants which have no ducts or fiber in their tissue, as mosses, fungi, lichens, and algæ. -- Cellular theory, or Cell theory (Biol.), a theory, according to which the essential element of every tissue, either vegetable or animal, is a cell; the whole series of cells having been formed from the development of the germ cell and by differentiation converted into tissues and organs which, both in plants ans animals, are to be considered as a mass of minute cells communicating with each other. -- Cellular tissue. (a) (Anat.) See conjunctive tissue under Conjunctive. (b) (Bot.) Tissue composed entirely of parenchyma, and having no woody fiber or ducts. cellular telephone, a portable radio- telephone transmitting and receiving the radio-telephonic signals from one of a group of transmitter-receiver stations so arranged that they provide adequate signal contact for such telephones over a certain geographical area. The area within which one transmitter may service such portable telephones is called its "cell. CELLULATED Cel"lu*la`ted, a. Defn: Cellular. Caldwell. CELLULE Cel"lule, n. Etym: [L. cellula a small apartment, dim. of cella: cf. F. cellule. See Cell.] Defn: A small cell. CELLULIFEROUS Cel`lu*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. cellula + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing or producing little cells. CELLULITIS Cel`lu*li"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. cellula + -itis.] Defn: An inflammantion of the cellular or areolar tissue, esp. of that lying immediately beneath the skin. CELLULOID Cel"lu*loid`, n. Etym: [Cellulose + -oid.] Defn: A substance composed essentially of gun cotton and camphor, and when pure resembling ivory in texture and color, but variously colored to imitate coral, tortoise shell, amber, malachite, etc. It is used in the manufacture of jewelry and many small articles, as combs, brushes, collars, and cuffs; -- originaly called xylonite. CELLULOSE Cel"lu*lose`, a. Defn: Consisting of, or containing, cells. CELLULOSE Cel"lu*lose`, n. (Chem.) Defn: The substance which constitutes the essential part of the solid framework of plants, of ordinary wood, linen, paper, etc. It is also found to a slight extent in certain animals, as the tunicates. It is a carbohydrate, (C6H10O5)n, isomeric with starch, and is convertible into starches and sugars by the action of heat and acids. When pure, it is a white amorphous mass. See Starch, Granulose, Lignin. Unsized, well bleached linen paper is merely pure cellulose. Goodale. Starch cellulose, the delicate framework which remains when the soluble part (granulose) of starch is removed by saliva or pepsin. Goodale. CELOTOMY Ce*lot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: The act or operation of cutting, to relieve the structure in strangulated hernia. [Frequently written kelotomy.] CELSITURE Cel"si*ture, n. Etym: [L. celstudo, from celsus high: cf. celsitude.] Defn: Height; altitude. [Obs.] CELSIUS Cel"si*us, n. Defn: The Celsius thermometer or scale, so called from Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, who invented it. It is the same as the centigrade thermometer or scale. CELT Celt, n. Etym: [L. Celtae, Gr. Celtiad one that dwells in a covert, an inhabitant of the wood, a Celt, fr. celt covert, shelter, celu to hide.] Defn: One of an ancient race of people, who formerly inhabited a great part of Central and Western Europe, and whose descendants at the present day occupy Ireland, Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, and the northern shores of France. [Written also Kelt. The letter C was pronounced hard in Celtic languages.] CELT Celt, n. Etym: [LL. celts a chisel.] (Archæol.) Defn: A weapon or implement of stone or metal, found in the tumuli, or barrows, of the early Celtic nations. CELTIBERIAN Celt`i*be"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Celtiber, Celtibericus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the ancient Celtiberia (a district in Spain lying between the Ebro and the Tagus) or its inhabitants the Celtiberi (Celts of the river Iberus). -- n. Defn: An inhabitant of Celtiberia. CELTIC Celt"ic, a. Etym: [L. Celticus, Gr. Celt.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Celts; as, Celtic people, tribes, literature, tongue. [Written also Keltic.] CELTIC Celt"ic, n. Defn: The language of the Celts. Note: The remains of the old Celtic language are found in the Gaelic, the Erse or Irish the Manx, and the Welsh and its cognate dialects Cornish and Bas Breton. CELTICISM Celt"i*cism, n. Defn: A custom of the Celts, or an idiom of their language. Warton. CELTICIZE Celt"i*cize`, v. t. Defn: To render Celtic; to assimilate to the Celts. CELTIUM Cel"ti*um, n. [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: A supposed new element of the rare-earth group, accompanying lutecium and scandium in the gadolinite earths. Symbol, Ct (no period). CEMBALO Cem"ba*lo, n. Etym: [It. See Cymbal.] Defn: An old mname for the harpsichord. CEMENT Ce*ment", n. Etym: [OF. cement, ciment, F. ciment, fr. L. caementum a rough, unhewn stone, pieces or chips of marble, from which mortar was made, contr. fr. caedimentum, fr. caedere to cut, prob. akin to scindere to cleave, and to E. shed, v. t.] 1. Any substance used for making bodies adhere to each other, as mortar, glue, etc. 2. A kind of calcined limestone, or a calcined mixture of clay and lime, for making mortar which will harden under water. 3. The powder used in cementation. See Cementation, n.., 2. 4. Bond of union; that which unites firmly, as persons in friendship, or men in society. "The cement of our love." 5. (Anat.) Defn: The layer of bone investing the root and neck of a tooth; -- called also cementum. Hydraulic cement. See under Hydraulic. CEMENT Ce*ment", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cemented; p. pr. & vb. n. Cementing.] Etym: [Cf. F. cimenter. See Cement, n.] 1. To unite or cause to adhere by means of a cement. Bp. Burnet. 2. To unite firmly or closely. Shak. 3. To overlay or coat with cement; as, to cement a cellar bottom. CEMENT Ce*ment", v. i. Defn: To become cemented or firmly united; to cohere. S. Sharp. CEMENTAL Ce*ment"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to cement, as of a tooth; as, cemental tubes. R. Owen. CEMENTATION Cem`en*ta"tion, n. 1. The act or process of cementing. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A process which consists in surrounding a solid body with the powder of other substances, and heating the whole to a degree not sufficient to cause fusion, the physical properties of the body being changed by chemical combination with powder; thus iron becomes steel by cementation with charcoal, and green glass becomes porcelain by cementation with sand. CEMENTATORY Ce*ment"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Having the quality of cementating or uniting firmly. CEMENTER Ce*ment"er, n. Defn: A person or thing that cements. CEMENTITIOUS Cem`en*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. caementitius pertaining to quarry stones. See Cement, n. ] Defn: Of the nature of cement. [R.] Forsyth. CEMENT STEEL Ce*ment" steel. Defn: Steel produced by cementation; blister steel. CEMETERIAL Cem`e*te"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a cemetery. "Cemeterial cells." [R.] Sir T. Browne. CEMETERY Cem"e*ter*y, n.; pl. Cemeteries (. Etym: [L. cemeterium, Gr. Defn: A place or ground set apart for the burial of the dead; a graveyard; a churchyard; a necropolis. CENANTHY Ce*nan"thy, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The absence or suppression of the essential organs (stamens and pistil) in a flower. CENATION Ce*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. cenatio.] Defn: Meal-taking; dining or supping. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. CENATORY Cen"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. cenatorius, fr. cenare to dine, sup, fr. cena, coena, dinner, supper.] Defn: Of or pertaining to dinner or supper. [R.] The Romans washed, were anointed, and wore a cenatory garment. Sir T. Browne. CENOBITE Cen"o*bite, n. Etym: [L. coenobita, fr. Gr. cénobite.] Defn: One of a religious order, dwelling in a convent, or a community, in opposition to an anchoret, or hermit, who lives in solitude. Gibbon. CENOBITIC; CENOBITICAL Cen`o*bit"ic, Cen`o*bit"ic*al a. Etym: [Cf. F. cénobitique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a cenobite. CENOBITISM Cen"o*bi*tism, n. Defn: The state of being a cenobite; the belief or practice of a cenobite. Milman. CENOGAMY Ce*nog"a*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The state of a communty which permits promiseuous sexual intercourse among its members, as in certain societies practicing communism. CENOTAPH Cen"o*taph, n. Etym: [Gr. cénotaphe.] Defn: An empty tomb or a monument erected in honor of a person who is buried elsewhere. Dryden. A cenotaph in Westminster Abbey. Macaulay. CENOTAPHY Cen"o*taph`y, n. Defn: A cenotaph. [R.] Lord Cobham honored him with a cenotaphy. Macaulay. CENOZOIC Ce`no*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Geol.) Defn: Belonging to the most recent division of geological time, including the tertiary, or Age of mammals, and the Quaternary, or Age of man. [Written also cænozoic, cainozoic, kainozoic.] See Geology. Note: This word is used by many authors as synonymous with Tertiary, the Quaternary Age not being included. CENSE Cense, n. Etym: [OF. cense, F. cens, L. census. See Census.] 1. A census; -- also, a public rate or tax. [Obs.] Howell. Bacon. 2. Condition; rank. [Obs.] B. Jonson. CENSE Cense, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Censed; p. pr. & vb. n. Censing.] Etym: [Abbrev. from incense.] Defn: To perfume with odors from burning gums and spices. The Salii sing and cense his altars round. Dryden. CENSE Cense, v. i. Defn: To burn or scatter incense. CENSER Cen"ser, n. Etym: [For incenser, fr. OF. encensier, F. encensoir, fr. LL. incensarium, incensorium, fr. L. incensum incense. See Incense, and cf. Incensory.] Defn: A vessel for perfumes; esp. one in which incense is burned. Note: The ecclesiastical censer is usually cup-shaped, has a cover pierced with holes, and is hung by chains. The censer bearer swings it to quicken the combustion. Her thoughts are like the fume of frankincense Which from a golden censer forth doth rise. Spenser. CENSOR Cen"sor, n. Etym: [L. censor, fr. censere to value, tax.] 1. (Antiq.) Defn: One of two magistrates of Rome who took a register of the number and property of citizens, and who also exercised the office of inspector of morals and conduct. 2. One who is empowered to examine manuscripts before they are committed to the press, and to forbid their publication if they contain anything obnoxious; -- an official in some European countries. 3. One given to fault-finding; a censurer. Nor can the most circumspect attention, or steady rectitude, escape blame from censors who have no inclination to approve. Rambler. 4. A critic; a reviewer. Received with caution by the censors of the press. W. Irving. CENSORIAL Cen*so"ri*al, a. 1. Belonging to a censor, or to the correction of public morals. Junius. 2. Full of censure; censorious. The censorial declamation of Juvenal. T. Warton. CENSORIAN Cen*so"ri*an, a. Defn: Censorial. [R.] Bacon. CENSORIOUS Cen*so"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. censorius pertaining to the censor. See Censor.] 1. Addicted to censure; apt to blame or condemn; severe in making remarks on others, or on their writings or manners. A dogmatical spirit inclines a man to be consorious of his neighbors. Watts. 2. Implying or expressing censure; as, censorious remarks. Syn. -- Fault-finding; carping; caviling; captious; severe; condemnatory; hypercritical. -- Cen*so"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Cen*so"ri*ous*ness, n. CENSORSHIP Cen"sor*ship, n. Defn: The office or power of a censor; as, to stand for a censorship. Holland. The press was not indeed at that moment under a general censorship. Macaulay. CENSUAL Cen"su*al, a. Etym: [L. censualis, fr. census.] Defn: Relating to, or containing, a census. He caused the whole realm to be described in a censual roll. Sir R. Baker. CENSURABLE Cen"sur*a*ble, a. Defn: Deserving of censure; blamable; culpable; reprehensible; as, a censurable person, or censurable conduct. -- Cen"sur*a*bleness, n. -- Cen"sur*a*bly, adv. CENSURE Cen"sure, n. Etym: [L. censura fr. censere: cf. F. censure. Cf. Censor.] 1. Judgment either favorable or unfavorable; opinion. [Obs.] Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment. Shak. 2. The act of blaming or finding fault with and condemning as wrong; reprehension; blame. Both the censure and the praise were merited. Macaulay. 3. Judicial or ecclesiastical sentence or reprimand; condemnatory judgment. Excommunication or other censure of the church. Bp. Burnet. Syn. -- Blame; reproof; condemnation; reprobation; disapproval; disapprobation; reprehension; animadversion; reprimand; reflection; dispraise; abuse. CENSURE Cen"sure, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Censured; p. pr. & vb. n. Censuring.] Etym: [Cf. F. ensurer.] 1. To form or express a judgment in regard to; to estimate; to judge. [Obs.] "Should I say more, you might well censure me a flatterer." Beau. & Fl. 2. To find fault with and condemn as wrong; to blame; to express disapprobation of. I may be censured that nature thus gives way to loyalty. Shak. 3. To condemn or reprimand by a judicial or ecclesiastical sentence. Shak. Syn. -- To blame; reprove; rebuke; condemn; reprehend; reprimand. CENSURE Cen"sure, v. i. Defn: To judge. [Obs.] Shak. CENSURER Cen"sur*er, n. Defn: One who censures. Sha. CENSUS Cen"sus, n. Etym: [L. census, fr. censere. See Censor.] 1. (Bot. Antiq.) Defn: A numbering of the people, and valuation of their estate, for the purpose of imposing taxes, etc.; -- usually made once in five years. 2. An official registration of the number of the people, the value of their estates, and other general statistics of a country. Note: A general census of the United States was first taken in 1790, and one has been taken at the end of every ten years since. CENT Cent, n. Etym: [F. cent hundred, L. centum. See Hundred.] 1. A hundred; as, ten per cent, the proportion of ten parts in a hundred. 2. A United States coin, the hundredth part of a dollar, formerly made of copper, now of copper, tin, and zinc. 3. An old game at cards, supposed to be like piquet; -- so called because 100 points won the game. Nares. CENTAGE Cent"age, n. Defn: Rate by the hundred; percentage. CENTAL Cen"tal, n. Etym: [L. centum a hundred.] Defn: A weight of one hundred pounds avoirdupois; -- called in many parts of the United States a Hundredweight. CENTAL Cen"tal, n. Defn: Relating to a hundred. Cental system, the method of buying and selling by the cental, or hundredweight. CENTARE Cen"tare`, n. Etym: [F. centiare; centi- (L. centum) + -are.] Defn: A measure of area, the hundredth part of an are; one square meter, or about 1 CENTAUR Cen"taur, n. Etym: [L. centaurus, Gr. 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A fabulous being, represented as half man and half horse. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A constellation in the southern heavens between Hydra and the Southern Cross. CENTAUREA Cen`tau*re"a, n. Etym: [NL. See Centaury.] (Bot.) Defn: A large genus of composite plants, related to the thistles and including the cornflower or bluebottle (Centaurea Cyanus) and the star thistle (C. Calcitrapa). CENTAUROMACHY Cen`tau*rom"a*chy, n. [Gr. ; centaur + battle.] (Ancient Art) Defn: A fight in which centaurs take part, -- a common theme for relief sculpture, as in the Parthenon metopes. CENTAURY Cen"tau*ry, n. Etym: [L. centaureum and centauria, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A gentianaceous plant not fully identified. The name is usually given to the Erytheræa Centaurium and the Chlora perfoliata of Europe, but is also extended to the whole genus Sabbatia, and even to the unrelated Centaurea. CENTENARIAN Cen`te*na"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or relating to a hundred years. -- n. Defn: A person a hundred years old. CENTENARY Cen"te*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. centenarius, fr. centum a hundred.] 1. Relating to, or consisting of, a hundred. 2. Occurring once in every hundred years; centennial. "Centenary solemnities." Fuller. CENTENARY Cen"te*na*ry, n.; pl. Centenaries (. 1. The aggregate of a hundred single things; specifically, a century. "Every centenary of years." Hakewill. 2. A commemoration or celebration of an event which occurred a hudred years before. CENTENNIAL Cen*ten"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. centum a hundred + annus year.] 1. Relating to, or associated with, the commemoration of an event that happened a hundred years before; as, a centennial ode. 2. Happening once in a hundred years; as, centennial jubilee; a centennial celebration. 3. Lasting or aged a hundred years. Thet opened through long lines Of sacred ilex and centennial pines. Longfellow. CENTENNIAL Cen*ten"ni*al, n. Defn: The celebration of the hundredth anniversary of any event; a centenary. [U. S.] CENTENNIALLY Cen*ten"ni*al*ly, adv. Defn: Once in a hundred years. CENTENNIAL STATE Centennial State. Defn: Colorado; -- a nickname alluding to the fact that it was admitted to the Union in the centennial year, 1876. CENTER Cen"ter, n. Etym: [F. centre, fr. L. centrum, fr. round which a circle is described, fr. 1. A point equally distant from the extremities of a line, figure, or body, or from all parts of the circumference of a circle; the middle point or place. 2. The middle or central portion of anything. 3. A principal or important point of concentration; the nucleus around which things are gathered or to which they tend; an object of attention, action, or force; as, a center of attaction. 4. The earth. [Obs.] Shak. 5. Those members of a legislative assembly (as in France) who support the existing government. They sit in the middle of the legislative chamber, opposite the presiding officer, between the conservatives or monarchists, who sit on the right of the speaker, and the radicals or advanced republicans who occupy the seats on his left, See Right, and Left. 6. (Arch.) Defn: A temporary structure upon which the materials of a vault or arch are supported in position util the work becomes self-supporting. 7. (Mech.) (a) One of the two conical steel pins, in a lathe, etc., upon which the work is held, and about which it revolves. (b) A conical recess, or indentation, in the end of a shaft or other work, to receive the point of a center, on which the work can turn, as in a lathe. Note: In a lathe the live center is in the spindle of the head stock; the dead center is on the tail stock. Planer centers are stocks carrying centers, when the object to be planed must be turned on its axis. Center of an army, the body or troops ossupying the place in the line between the wings. -- Center of a curve or surface (Geom.) (a) A point such that every line drawn through the point and terminated by the curve or surface is bisected at the point. (b) The fixed point of reference in polar coördinates. See Coördinates. -- Center of curvature of a curve (Geom.), the center of that circle which has at any given point of the curve closer contact with the curve than has any other circle whatever. See Circle. -- Center of a fleet, the division or column between the van and rear, or between the weather division and the lee. -- Center of gravity (Mech.), that point of a body about which all its parts can be balanced, or which being supported, the whole body will remain at rest, though acted upon by gravity. -- Center of gyration (Mech.), that point in a rotating body at which the whole mass might be concentrated (theoretically) without altering the resistance of the intertia of the body to angular acceleration or retardaton. -- Center of inertia (Mech.), the center of gravity of a body or system of bodies. -- Center of motion, the point which remains at rest, while all the other parts of a body move round it. -- Center of oscillation, the point at which, if the whole matter of a suspended body were collected, the time of oscillation would be the same as it is in the actual form and state of the body. -- Center of percussion, that point in a body moving about a fixed axis at which it may strike an obstacle without communicating a shock to the axis. -- Center of pressure (Hydros.), that point in a surface pressed by a fluid, at which, if a force equal to the whole pressure and in the same line be applied in a contrary direction, it will balance or counteract the whole pressure of the fluid. CENTER; CENTRE Cen"ter, Cen"tre v. i. [imp. & p. p. Centered or Centred (; p. pr. & vb. n. Centering or Centring.] 1. To be placed in a center; to be central. 2. To be collected to a point; to be concentrated; to rest on, or gather about, as a center. Where there is no visible truth wherein to center, error is as wide as men's fancies. Dr. H. More. Our hopes must center in ourselves alone. Dryden. CENTER; CENTRE Cen"ter , Cen"tre, v. t. 1. To place or fix in the center or on a central point. Milton. 2. To collect to a point; to concentrate. Thy joys are centered all in me alome. Prior. 3. (Mech.) Defn: To form a recess or indentation for the reception of a center. CENTERBIT; CENTREBIT Cen"ter*bit`, Cen"tre*bit`, n. Defn: An instrument turning on a center, for boring holes. See Bit, n., 3. CENTERBOARD; CENTREBOARD Cen"ter*board`, Cen"tre*board,, n. (Naut.) Defn: A movable or sliding keel formed of a broad board or slab of wood or metal which may be raised into a water-tight case amidships, when in shallow water, or may be lowered to increase the area of lateral resistance and prevent leeway when the vessel is beating to windward. It is used in vessels of all sizes along the coast of the United States CENTERFIRE CARTRIDGE Cen"ter*fire` car"tridge. Defn: See under Cartridge. CENTERING Cen"ter*ing, n. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Center, n., 6. [Written also centring.] CENTERPIECE; CENTREPIECE Cen"ter*piece`, Cen"tre*piece`, n. Defn: An ornament to be placed in the center, as of a table, ceiling, atc.; a central article or figure. CENTESIMAL Cen*tes"i*mal, a. Etym: [L. centesimus the hundredth, fr. centum a hundred: cf. F. centésimal.] Defn: Hundredth. -- n. Defn: A hundredth part. The neglect of a few centesimals. Arbuthnot. CENTESIMATION Cen*tes`i*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. centesimore to take out or select every hudredth, fr. centesimus hundredth.] (Mil.) Defn: The infliction of the death penalty upon one person in every hundred, as in cases of mutiny. CENTESIMO Cen*tes"i*mo, n.; pl. -mi. Etym: [It. & Sp.] Defn: A copper coin of Italy and Spain equivalent to a centime. CENTESM Cen"tesm, n. Etym: [L. centesima.] Defn: Hundredth. CENTIARE Cen"ti*are`, n. Etym: [F. See Centare.] Defn: See centare. CENTICIPITOUS Cen`ti*cip"i*tous, a. Etym: [L. centiceps, -cipitis; centum a hunder + caput head.] Defn: Hundred-headed. CENTIFIDOUS Cen*tif"i*dous, a. Etym: [L. centifidus; centum + findere to split.] Defn: Divided into a hundred parts. CENTIFOLIOUS Cen`ti*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. centifolius; centum + folium leaf.] Defn: Having a hundred leaves. CENTIGRADE Cen"ti*grade, a. Etym: [L. centum a hundred + gradus degree: cf. F. centigrade.] Defn: Consisting of a hundred degrees; graduated into a hundred divisions or equal parts. Spesifically: of or pertaining the centigrade thermometer; as, 10° centigrade (or 10° C.). Centigrade thermometer, a thermometer having the zero or 0 at the point indicating the freezing state of water, and the distance between that and the point indicating the boiling state of water divided into one hundred degrees. It is called also the Celsius thermometer, from Anders Celsius, the originator of this scale. CENTIGRAM; CENTIGRAMME Cen"ti*gram, Cen"ti*gramme, n. Etym: [F. centigramme; centi- (L. centum) + gramme. See Gram.] Defn: The hundredth part of a gram; a weight equal to .15432 of a grain. See Gram. CENTILITER; CENTILITRE Cen"ti*li`ter, Cen"ti*li`tre, n. Etym: [F. centilitre; centi (L. centum) + litre. See Liter.] Defn: The hundredth part of a liter; a measure of volume or capacity equal to a little more than six tenths (0.6102) of a cubic inch, or one third (0.338) of a fluid ounce. CENTILOQUY Cen*til"o*quy, n. Etym: [L. centum hundred + logui to speak.] Defn: A work divided into a hundred parts. [R.] Burton. CENTIME Cen`time", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. centesimus. See Centesimal.] (F. Coinage) Defn: The hundredth part of a franc; a small French copper coin and money of account. CENTIMETER; CENTIMETRE Cen"ti*me`ter, Cen"ti*me`tre, n. Etym: [F. centimètre; centi- (L. centum) + mètre. See Meter.] Defn: The hundredth part of a meter; a measure of length equal to rather more than thirty-nine hundredths (0.3937) of an inch. See Meter. CENTINEL Cen"ti*nel, n. Defn: Sentinel. [Obs.] Sackville. CENTINODY Cen*tin"o*dy, n. Etym: [L. centum a hundred + nodus knot: cf. F. centinode.] (Bot.) Defn: A weed with a sterm of many joints (Illecebrum verticillatum); also, the Polygonum aviculare or knotgrass. CENTIPED Cen"ti*ped, n. Etym: [L. centipeda; centum a hundred + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. centipède.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of the Myriapoda; esp. the large, flattened, venomous kinds of the order Chilopoda, found in tropical climates. they are many-jointed, and have a great number of feet. [Written also centipede ( CENTISTERE Cen"ti*stere, n. Etym: [F. centistère; centi- (l. centum) + stère.] Defn: The hundredth part of a stere, equal to .353 cubic feet. CENTNER Cent"ner, n. Etym: [Cf. G. centner a hundred-weight, fr. L. centenarius of a hundred, fr. centum a hundred.] 1. (Metal. & Assaying) Defn: A weight divisible first into a hundred parts, and then into smaller parts. Note: The metallurgists use a weight divided into a hundred equal parts, each one pound; the whole they call a centner: the pound is divided into thirty-two parts, or half ounces; the half ounce into two quarters; and each of these into two drams. But the assayers use different weights. With them a centner is one dram, to which the other parts are proportioned. 2. The commercial hundredweight in several of the continental countries, varying in different places from 100 to about 112 pounds. CENTO Cen"to, n.; pl. Centos. Etym: [L. cento a garment of several pieces sewed together, patchwork, a poem made up of various verses of another poem.] Defn: A literary or a musical composition formed by selections from different authors disposed in a new order. CENTONISM Cen"to*nism, n. Defn: The composition of a cento; the act or practice of composing a cento or centos. CENTRAL Cen"tral, a. Etym: [L. centralis, fr. centrum: cf. F. central. See Center.] Defn: Relating to the center; situated in or near the center or middle; containing the center; of or pertaining to the parts near the center; equidistant or equally accessible from certain points. Central force (Math.), a force acting upon a body towards or away from a fixed or movable center. -- Center sun (Astron.), a name given to a hypothetical body about which Mädler supposed the solar system together with all the stars in the Milky Way, to be revolving. A point near Alcyone in the Pleiades was supposed to possess characteristics of the position of such a body. CENTRAL; CENTRALE Cen"tral, Cen*tra"le, n. Etym: [NL. centrale, fr. L. centralis.] (Anat.) Defn: The central, or one of the central, bones of the carpus or or tarsus. In the tarsus of man it is represented by the navicular. CENTRALISM Cen"tral*ism, n. 1. The state or condition of being central; the combination of several parts into one whole; centralization. 2. The system by which power is centralized, as in a government. CENTRALITY Cen*tral"i*ty, n.; pl. Centralities (. Defn: The state of being central; tendency towards a center. Meantime there is a great centrality, a centripetence equal to the centrifugence. R. W. Emerson. CENTRALIZATION Cen`tral*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. centralisation.] Defn: The act or process of centralizing, or the state of being centralized; the act or process of combining or reducing several parts into a whole; as, the centralization of power in the general government; the centralization of commerce in a city. CENTRALIZE Cen"tral*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Centralized; p. pr. & vb. n. Centralizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. centraliser.] Defn: To draw or bring to a center point; to gather into or about a center; to bring into one system, or under one control. [To] centralize the power of government. Bancroft. CENTRALLY Cen"tral*ly, adv. Defn: In a central manner or situation. CENTRE Cen"tre, n. & v. Defn: See Center. CENTRIC; CENTRICAL Cen"tric, Cen"tric*al, a. Defn: Placed in the center or middle; central. At York or some other centrical place. Sir W. Scott. -- Cen"tric*al*ly, adv. -- Cen"tric*al*ness, n. CENTRICITY Cen*tric"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being centric; centricalness. CENTRIFUGAL Cen*trif"u*gal, a. Etym: [L. centrum center + fugere to flee.] 1. Tending, or causing, to recede from the center. 2. (Bot.) (a) Expanding first at the summit, and later at the base, as a flower cluster. (b) Having the radicle turned toward the sides of the fruit, as some embryos. Centrifugal force (Mech.), a force whose direction is from a center. Note: When a body moves in a circle with uniform velocity, a force must act on the body to keep it in the circle without change of velocity. The direction of this force is towards the center of the circle. If this force is applied by means of a string to the body, the string will be in a state of tension. To a person holding the other end of the string, this tension will appear to be directed toward the body as if the body had a tendency to move away from the center of the circle which it is describing. Hence this latter force is often called centrifugal force. The force which really acts on the body being directed towards the center of the circle is called centripetal force, and in some popular treatises the centripetal and centrifugal forces are described as opposing and balancing each other. But they are merely the different aspects of the same stress. Clerk Maxwell. Centrifugal impression (Physiol.), an impression (motor) sent from a nerve center outwards to a muscle or muscles by which motion is produced. -- Centrifugal machine, A machine for expelling water or other fluids from moist substances, or for separating liquids of different densities by centrifugal action; a whirling table. -- Centrifugal pump, a machine in which water or other fluid is lifted and discharged through a pipe by the energy imparted by a wheel or blades revolving in a fixed case. Some of the largest and most powerful pumps are of this kind. CENTRIFUGAL Cen*trif"u*gal, n. Defn: A centrifugal machine. CENTRIFUGAL FILTER Cen*trif"u*gal fil"ter. Defn: A filter, as for sugar, in which a cylinder with a porous or foraminous periphery is rapidly rotated so as to drive off liquid by centrifugal action. CENTRIFUGENCE Cen*trif"u*gence, n. Defn: The property or quality of being centrifugal. R. W. Emerson. CENTRING Cen"tring, n. Defn: See Centring. CENTRIPETAL Cen*trip"e*tal, a. Etym: [L. centrum center + peter to more toward.] 1. Tending, or causing, to approach the center. 2. (Bot.) (a) Expanding first at the base of the inflorescence, and proceeding in order towards the summit. (b) Having the radicle turned toward the axis of the fruit, as some embryos. 3. Progressing by changes from the exterior of a thing toward its center; as, the centripetal calcification of a bone. R. Owen. Centripetal force (Mech.), a force whose direction is towards a center, as in case of a planet revolving round the sun, the center of the system, See Centrifugal force, under Centrifugal. -- Centripetal impression (Physiol.), an impression (sensory) transmitted by an afferent nerve from the exterior of the body inwards, to the central organ. CENTRIPETENCE Cen*trip"e*tence, n. Defn: Centripetency. CENTRIPETENCY Cen*trip"e*ten*cy, n. Defn: Tendency toward the center. CENTRISCOID Cen*tris"coid, a. Etym: [NL. Centriscus (r. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Allied to, or resembling, the genus Centriscus, of which the bellows fish is an example. CENTROBARIC Cen`tro*bar"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. ( Defn: Relating to the center of gravity, or to the process of finding it. Centrobaric method (Math.), a process invented for the purpose of measuring the area or the volume generated by the rotation of a line or surface about a fixed axis, depending upon the principle that every figure formed by the revolution of a line or surface about such an axis has for measure the product of the line or surface by the length of the path of its center of gravity; -- sometimes called theorem of Pappus, also, incorrectly, Guldinus's properties. See Barycentric calculus, under Calculus. CENTRODE Cen"trode, n. (Kinematics) Defn: In two figures having relative motion, one of the two curves which are the loci of the instantaneous center. CENTROID Cen"troid, n. Etym: [L. centrum + -oid.] Defn: The center of mass, inertia, or gravity of a body or system of bodies. CENTROLECITHAL Cen`tro*lec"i*thal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Having the food yolk placed at the center of the ovum, segmentation being either regular or unequal. Balfour. CENTROLINEAD Cen`tro*lin"e*ad, n. Defn: An instrument for drawing lines through a point, or lines converging to a center. CENTROLINEAL Cen`tro*lin"e*al, a. Etym: [L. centrum + linea line.] Defn: Converging to a center; -- applied to lines drawn so as to meet in a point or center. CENTROSOME Cen"tro*some`, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A peculiar rounded body lying near the nucleus of a cell. It is regarded as the dynamic element by means of which the machinery of cell division is organized. CENTROSPHERE Cen"tro*sphere, n. [Gr. centre + sphere.] 1. (Geol.) Defn: The nucleus or central part of the earth, forming most of its mass; -- disting. from lithosphere, hydrosphere, etc. 2. (Biol.) The central mass of an aster from which the rays extend and within which the centrosome lies when present; the attraction sphere. The name has been used both as excluding and including the centrosome, and also to designate a modified mass of protoplasm about a centrosome whether aster rays are developed or not. CENTROSTALTIC Cen`tro*stal"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A term applied to the action of nerve force in the spinal center. Marshall Hall. CENTRUM Cen"trum, n.; pl. E. Centrums, L. Centra. Etym: [L., center.] (Anat.) Defn: The body, or axis, of a vertebra. See Vertebra. CENTRY Cen"try, n. Defn: See Sentry. [Obs.] Gray. CENTUMVIR Cen*tum"vir, n.; pl. Centumviri. Etym: [L., fr. centum hundred + Vir man.] (Rom. Hist.) Defn: One of a court of about one hundred judges chosen to try civil suits. Under the empire the court was increased to 180, and met usually in four sections. CENTUMVIRAL Cen*tum"vi*ral, a. Etym: [L. centumvitalis.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the centumviri, or to a centumvir. CENTUMVIRATE Cen*tum"vi*rate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. centumvirat.] Defn: The office of a centumvir, or of the centumviri. CENTUPLE Cen"tu*ple, a. Etym: [L. centuplex; centum + plicare to fold; cf. F. centuple.] Defn: Hundredfold. CENTUPLE Cen"tu*ple, v. t. Defn: To increase a hundredfold. CENTUPLICATE Cen*tu"pli*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Centuplicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Centuplicating.] Etym: [L. centuplicare. See Centuple, a.] Defn: To make a hundredfold; to repeat a hundred times. [R.] Howell. CENTURIAL Cen*tu"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. See Century.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a century; as, a centurial sermon. [R.] CENTURIATE Cen*tu"ri*ate, a. Etym: [L. centuriatus, p. p. of centuriare to divide (men) into centuries.] Defn: Pertaining to, or divided into, centuries or hundreds. [R.] Holland. CENTURIATE Cen*tu"ri*ate, v. t. Etym: [See century.] Defn: To divide into hundreds. [Obs.] CENTURIATOR; CENTURIST Cen*tu"ri*a`tor, Cen"tu*rist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. centuriateur.] Defn: An historian who distinguishes time by centuries, esp. one of those who wrote the "Magdeburg Centuries." See under Century. [R.] CENTURION Cen*tu"ri*on, n. Etym: [L. centurio, fr. centuria; cf. F. centurion. See Century.] (Rom. Hist.) Defn: A military officer who commanded a minor division of the Roman army; a captain of a century. A centurion of the hand called the Italian band. Acts x. 1. CENTURY Cen"tu*ry, n.; pl. Centuries. Etym: [L. centuria (in senses 1 & 3), fr. centum a hundred: cf. F. centurie. See Cent.] 1. A hundred; as, a century of sonnets; an aggregate of a hundred things. [Archaic.] And on it said a century of prayers. Shak. 2. A period of a hundred years; as, this event took place over two centuries ago. Note: Century, in the reckoning of time, although often used in a general way of any series of hundred consecutive years (as, a century of temperance work), usually signifies a division of the Christian era, consisting of a period of one hundred years ending with the hundredth year from which it is named; as, the first century (a. d. 1-100 inclusive); the seventh century (a.d. 601-700); the eighteenth century (a.d. 1701-1800). With words or phrases connecting it with some other system of chronology it is used of similar division of those eras; as, the first century of Rome (A.U.C. 1-100). 3. (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A division of the Roman people formed according to their property, for the purpose of voting for civil officers. (b) One of sixty companies into which a legion of the army was divided. It was Commanded by a centurion. Century plant (Bot.), the Agave Americana, formerly supposed to flower but once in a century; - - hence the name. See Agave. -- The Magdeburg Centuries, an ecclesiastical history of the first thirteen centuries, arranged in thirteen volumes, compiled in the 16th century by Protestant scholars at Magdeburg. CEORL Ceorl (keôrl or cherl), n. [AS. See Churl, n.] (O. Eng. Hist.) Defn: A freeman of the lowest class; one not a thane or of the servile classes; a churl. CEPACEOUS Ce*pa"ceous, a. [L. cepa, caepa, onion.] Defn: Of the nature of an onion, as in odor; alliaceous. CEPEVOROUS Ce*pev"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. cepa an onion + varare to devour.] Defn: Feeding upon onions. [R.] Sterling. CEPHALAD Ceph"a*lad, adv. Etym: [Gr. ad toward.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Forwards; towards the head or anterior extremity of the body; opposed to caudad. CEPHALALGIA; CEPHALALGY Ceph`a*lal"gi*a, Ceph"a*lal`gy, n. Etym: [L. cephalalgia, Gr. céphalalgie.] (Med.) Defn: Pain in the head; headache. CEPHALALGIC Ceph`a*lal"gic, a. Etym: [L. cephalalgicus, Gr. (Med.) Defn: Relating to, or affected with, headache. -- n. Defn: A remedy for the headache. CEPHALANTHIUM Ceph`a*lan"thi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Anthodium. CEPHALASPIS Ceph`a*las"pis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of fossil ganoid fishes found in the old red sandstone or Devonian formation. The head is large, and protected by a broad shield-shaped helmet prolonged behind into two lateral points. CEPHALATA Ceph`a*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large division of Mollusca, including all except the bivalves; -- so called because the head is distinctly developed. See Illustration in Appendix. CEPHALATE Ceph"a*late, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a head. CEPHALIC Ce*phal"ic, a. Etym: [L. cephalicus, Gr. céphalique.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the head. See the Note under Anterior. Cephalic index (Anat.), the ratio of the breadth of the cranium to the length, which is taken as the standard, and equal to 100; the breadth index. -- Cephalic vein, a large vein running from the back of the head alond the arm; -- so named because the ancients used to open it for disorders of the head. Dunglison. CEPHALIC Ce*pha"lic, n. Defn: A medicine for headache, or other disorder in the head. CEPHALISM Ceph"a*lism, n. [Gr. head.] (Anthropol.) Defn: Form or development of the skull; as, the races of man differ greatly in cephalism. CEPHALITIS Ceph`a*li"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Same as Phrenitis. CEPHALIZATION Ceph`a*li*za"tion, n. Defn: Domination of the head in animal life as expressed in the physical structure; localization of important organs or parts in or near the head, in animal development. Dana. CEPHALO; CEPHALO- Ceph"a*lo. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form denoting the head, of the head, connected with the head; as, cephalosome, cephalopod. CEPHALOCERCAL Ceph`a*lo*cer"cal, a. Etym: [Cephalo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Relating to the long axis of the body. CEPHALOID Ceph"a*loid, a. Etym: [Cephalo- + -oid.] Defn: Shaped like the head. Craing. CEPHALOLOGY Ceph`a*lol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of the head. CEPHALOMERE Ceph"a*lo*mere, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + -mere.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the somites (arthromeres) which make up the head of arthropods. Packard. CEPHALOMETER Ceph`a*lom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + -meter.] (Med.) Defn: An instrument measuring the dimensions of the head of a fetus during delivery. CEPHALOMETRY Ceph`a*lom"e*try, n. (Anthropometry) Defn: The measurement of the heads of living persons. -- Ceph`a*lo*met"ric (#),a. CEPHALON Ceph"a*lon, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The head. CEPHALOPHORA Ceph`a*loph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The cephalata. CEPHALOPOD; CEPHALOPODE Ceph"a*lo*pod, Ceph"a*lo*pode, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Cephalopoda. CEPHALOPODA Ceph"`a*lop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., gr. Gr. -poda: cf. F. céphalopode.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The highest class of Mollusca. Note: They have, around the front of the head, a group of elongated muscular arms, which are usually furnished with prehensile suckers or hooks, The head is highly developed, with large, well organized eyes and ears, and usually with a cartilaginous brain case. The higher forms, as the cuttlefishes, squids, and octopi, swim rapidly by ejecting a jet of water from the tubular siphon beneath the head. They have a pair of powerful horny jaws shaped like a parrot's beak, and a bag of inklike fluid which they can eject from the siphon, thus clouding the water in order to escape from their enemies. They are divided into two orders, the Dibranchiata, having two gills and eight or ten sucker-bearing arms, and the Tetrabranchiata, with four gills and numerous arms without suckers. The latter are all extinct except the Nautilus. See Octopus, Squid, Nautilus. CEPHALOPODIC; CEPHALOPODOUS Ceph`a*lo*pod"ic, Ceph`a*lop"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, the cephalopods. CEPHALOPTERA Ceph`a*lop"te*ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the generic names of the gigantic ray (Manta birostris), known as devilfish and sea devil. It is common on the coasts of South Carolina, Florida, and farther south. Some of them grow to enormous size, becoming twenty feet of more across the body, and weighing more than a ton. CEPHALOSOME Ceph"a*lo*some, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + -some body.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The anterior region or head of insects and other arthropods. Packard. CEPHALOSTYLE Ceph"a*lo*style, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The anterior end of the notochord and its bony sheath in the base of cartilaginous crania. CEPHALOTHORAX Ceph`a*lo*tho"rax, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + thorax.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The anterior portion of any one of the Arachnida and higher Crustacea, consisting of the united head and thorax. CEPHALOTOME Ceph"a*lo*tome, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: An instrument for cutting into the fetal head, to facilitate delivery. CEPHALOTOMY Ceph`a*lot"o*my, n. 1. Dissection or opening of the head. 2. (Med.) Defn: Craniotomy; -- usually applied to bisection of the fetal head with a saw. CEPHALOTRIBE Ceph"a*lo*tribe, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + Gr. to rub, grind.] Defn: An obstetrical instrument for performing cephalotripsy. CEPHALOTRIPSY Ceph"a*lo*trip`sy, n. Etym: [See Cephalotribe.] (Med.) Defn: The act or operation of crushing the head of a fetus in the womb in order to effect delivery. CEPHALOTROCHA Ceph`a*lot"ro*cha, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of annelid larva with a circle of cilia around the head. CEPHALOUS Ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a head; -- applied chiefly to the Cephalata, a division of mollusks. CEPHEUS Ce"pheus, n. Defn: (Astron.) A northern constellation near the pole. Its head, which is in the Milky Way, is marked by a triangle formed by three stars of the fourth magnitude. See Cassiopeia. CERACEOUS Ce*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [L. cera wax.] Defn: Having the texture and color of new wax; like wax; waxy. CERAGO Ce*ra"go, n. Etym: [L. cera wax.] Defn: Beebread. CERAMIC Ce*ram"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Keramic.] Defn: Of or pertaining to pottery; relating to the art of making earthenware; as, ceramic products; ceramic ornaments for ceilings. CERAMICS Ce*ram"ics, n. Etym: [See Ceramic.] 1. The art of making things of baked clay; as pottery, tiles, etc. 2. pl. Defn: Work formed of clay in whole or in part, and baked; as, vases, urns, etc. Knight. CERARGYRITE Ce*rar"gy*rite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Native silver chloride, a mineral of a white to pale yellow or gray color, darkening on exposure to the light. It may be cut by a knife, like lead or horn (hence called horn silver). CERASIN Cer"a*sin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white amorphous substance, the insoluble part of cherry gum; -- called also meta-arabinic acid. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A gummy mucilaginous substance; -- called also bassorin, tragacanthin, etc. CERASINOUS Ce*ras"i*nous, a. 1. Pertaining to, or containing, cerasin. 2. Of a cherry color. CERASTES Ce*ras"tes, n. Etym: [L., a horned serpent, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of poisonous African serpents, with a horny scale over each eye; the horned viper. CERATE Ce"rate, n. Etym: [L. ceratum, ceratm, fr. cera wax.] (Med.) Defn: An unctuous preparation for external application, of a consistence intermediate between that of an ointment and a plaster, so that it can be spread upon cloth without the use of heat, but does not melt when applied to the skin. Note: Cerate consists essentially of wax (for which resin or spermaceti is sometimes substituted) mixed with oil, lard, and various medicinal ingredients. The cerate (formerly called simple cerate) of the United States Pharmacopoeia is a mixture of three parts of white wax and seven parts of lard. CERATED Ce"ra*ted, p. a. Etym: [L. ceratus, p. p. of cerare to wax, fr. cera wax.] Defn: Covered with wax. CERATINE Cer"a*tine, a. Etym: [Gr. (Lagic.) Defn: Sophistical. CERATOBRANCHIA Cer`a*to*bran"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. n. pl., gills.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of nudibranchiate Mollusca having on the back papilliform or branched organs serving as gills. CERATOBRANCHIAL Cer`a*to*bran"chi*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the bone, or cartilage, below the epibranchial in a branchial arch. -- n. Defn: A ceratobranchial bone, or cartilage. CERATODUS Ce*rat"o*dus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of ganoid fishes, of the order Dipnoi, first known as Mesozoic fossil fishes; but recently two living species have been discovered in Australian rivers. They have lungs so well developed that they can leave the water and breathe in air. In Australia they are called salmon and baramunda. See Dipnoi, and Archipterygium. CERATOHYAL Cer`a*to*hy"al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the bone, or carts, large, below the epihyal in the hyoid arch. -- n. Defn: A ceratohyal bone, or cartilage, which, in man, forms one of the small horns of the hyoid. CERATOSAURUS Cer`a*to*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A carnivorous American Jurassic dinosaur allied to the European Megalosaurus. The animal was nearly twenty feet in length, and the skull bears a bony horn core on the united nasal bones. See Illustration in Appendix. CERATOSPONGIAE Cer`a*to*spon"gi*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of sponges in which the skeleton consists of horny fibers. It includes all the commercial sponges. CERAUNICS Ce*rau"nics, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: That branch of physics which treats of heat and electricity. R. Park. CERAUNOSCOPE Ce*rau"no*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] Defn: An instrument or apparatus employed in the ancient mysteries to imitate thunder and lightning. T. Moore. CERBEREAN Cer*be"re*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or resembling, Cerberus. [Written also Cerberian.] With wide Cerberean mouth. Milton. CERBERUS Cer"be*rus, n. Etym: [L. Cerberus (in sense 1), gr. 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A monster, in the shape, of a three-headed dog, guarding the entrance into the infernal regions, Hence: Any vigilant custodian or guardian, esp. if surly. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of East Indian serpents, allied to the pythons; the bokadam. CERCAL Cer"cal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the tail. CERCARIA Cer*ca"ri*a, n.; pl. Cercarle ( Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larval form of a trematode worm having the shape of a tadpole, with its body terminated by a tail-like appendage. CERCARIAN Cer*ca"ri*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, like, or pertaining to, the Cercariæ. -- n. Defn: One of the Cercariæ. CERCOPOD Cer"co*pod, n. Etym: [Gr. -pod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the jointed antenniform appendage of the posterior somites of cartain insects. Packard. CERCUS Cer"cus, n.; pl. Cerci (. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Cercopod. CERE Cere, n. Etym: [L. cera wax: cf. F. cire.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The soft naked sheath at the base of the beak of birds of prey, parrots, and some other birds. See Beak. CERE Cere, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cering.] Etym: [L. cerare, fr. cera wax: cf. F. cirer.] Defn: To wax; to cover or close with wax. Wiseman. CEREAL Ce"re*al, a. Etym: [L. Cerealis pert. to Ceres, and hence, to agriculture. See Ceres.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the grasses which are cultivated for their edible seeds (as wheat, maize, rice, etc.), or to their seeds or grain. CEREAL Ce"re*al n. Defn: Any grass cultivated for its edible grain, or the grain itself; -- usually in the plural. CEREALIA Ce`re*a"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [L. See Cereal.] 1. (Antiq.) Defn: Public festivals in honor of Ceres. 2. The cereals. Crabb. CEREALIN Ce"re*a*lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous substance closely resembling diastase, obtained from bran, and possessing the power of converting starch into dextrin, sugar, and lactic acid. Watts. CEREBEL Cer"e*bel, n. Defn: The cerebellum. Derham. CEREBELLAR; CEREBELLOUS Cer`e*bel"lar, Cer`e*bel"lous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the cerebellum. CEREBELLUM Cer`e*bel"lum, n.; pl. E. Cerebellums (, L. Cerebella (. Etym: [L., dim. of cerebrum brain.] (Anat.) Defn: The large lobe of the hind brain in front of and above the medulla; the little brain. It controls combined muscular action. See Brain. CEREBRAL Cer"e*bral, a. Etym: [L. cerebrum brain; akin to Gr. cérébral. See Cheer.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the cerebrum. Cerebral apoplexy. See under Apoplexy. CEREBRAL Cer"e*bral, n. Etym: [A false translation of the Skr. murdhanya, lit., head-sounds.] Defn: One of a class of lingual consonants in the East Indian languages. See Lingual, n. Note: Prof. W. D. Whitney calls these letters linguals, and this is their usual designation in the United States. CEREBRALISM Cer"e*bral*ism, n. (Philos.) Defn: The doctrine or theory that psychical phenomena are functions or products of the brain only. CEREBRALIST Cer"e*bral*ist, n. Defn: One who accepts cerebralism. CEREBRATE Cer"e*brate, v. i. (Physiol.) Defn: To exhibit mental activity; to have the brain in action. CEREBRATION Cer`e*bra"tion, n. Defn: Action of the brain, whether conscious or unconscious. CEREBRIC Cer"e*bric, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the brain. Cerebric acid (Physiol. Chem.), a name formerly sometimes given to cerebrin. CEREBRICITY Cer`e*bric"i*ty, n. Defn: Brain power. [R.] CEREBRIFORM Ce*reb"ri*form, a. Etym: [Cerebrum + -form.] Defn: Like the brain in form or substance. CEREBRIFUGAL Cer`e*brif"u*gal, a. Etym: [Cerebrum + L. fugere to flee.] (Physiol.) Defn: Applied to those nerve fibers which go from the brain to the spinal cord, and so transfer cerebral impulses (centrifugal impressions) outwards. CEREBRIN Cer"e*brin, n. Etym: [From Cerebrum.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A nonphosphorized, nitrogenous substance, obtained from brain and nerve tissue by extraction with boiling alcohol. It is uncertain whether it exists as such in nerve tissue, or is a product of the decomposition of some more complex substance. CEREBRIPETAL Cer`e*brip"e*tal, a. Etym: [Cerebrum + L. petere to seek.] (Physiol.) Defn: Applied to those nerve fibers which go from the spinal cord to the brain and so transfer sensations (centripetal impressions) from the exterior inwards. CEREBRITIS Cer`e*bri"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. E. cerebrum + -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the cerebrum. CEREBROID Cer"e*broid, a. Etym: [Cerebrum + -oid.] Defn: Resembling, or analogous to, the cerebrum or brain. CEREBROLOGY Cer`e*brol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Cerebrum + -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of the cerebrum or brain. CEREBROPATHY Cer`e*brop"a*thy, n. Etym: [Cerebrum + Gr. (Med.) Defn: A hypochondriacal condition verging upon insanity, occurring in those whose brains have been unduly taxed; -- called also brain fag. CEREBROSCOPY Cer`e*bros"co*py, n. Etym: [Cerebrum + -scopy.] (Med.) Defn: Examination of the brain for the diagnosis of diseas; esp., the act or process of diagnosticating the condition of the brain by examination of the interior of the eye (as with an ophthalmoscope). Buck. CEREBROSE Cer`e*brose", n. Etym: [From Cerebrum.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A sugarlike body obtained by the decomposition of the nitrogenous non-phosphorized principles of the brain. CEREBRO-SPINAL Cer`e*bro-spi"nal, a. Etym: [Cerebrum + spinal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. Cerebro-spinal fluid (Physiol.), a serous fluid secreted by the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. -- Cerebro-spinal meningitis, Cerebro-spinal fever (Med.), a dangerous epidemic, and endemic, febrile disease, characterized by inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord, giving rise to severe headaches, tenderness of the back of the neck, paralysis of the ocular muscles, etc. It is sometimes marked by a cutaneous eruption, when it is often called spotted fever. It is not contagious. CEREBRUM Cer"e*brum, n.; pl. E. Cerebrums, L. Cerebra. Etym: [L., the brain.] (Anat.) Defn: The anterior, and in man the larger, division of the brain; the seat of the reasoning faculties and the will. See Brain. CERECLOTH Cere"cloth`, n. Etym: [L. cera wax + E. cloth.] Defn: A cloth smeared with melted wax, or with some gummy or glutinous matter. Linen, besmeared with gums, in manner of cerecloth. Bacon. CEREMENT Cere"ment, n. Etym: [L. cera wax: cf. F. cirement.] (a) A cerecloth used for the special purpose of enveloping a dead body when embalmed. (b) Any shroud or wrapping for the dead. CEREMONIAL Cer`e*mo"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. caerimonialis: cf. F. cérimonial. See Ceremony.] 1. Relating to ceremony, or external rite; ritual; according to the forms of established rites. Ceremonial observances and outward show. Hallam. 2. Observant of forms; ceremonious. Note: [In this sense ceremonious is now preferred.] Donne. He moves in the dull ceremonial track. Druden. CEREMONIAL Cer`e*mo"ni*al, n. 1. A system of rules and ceremonies, enjoined by law, or established by custom, in religious worship, social intercourse, or the courts of princes; outward form. The gorgeous ceremonial of the Burgundian court. Prescott. 2. The order for rites and forms in the Roman Catholic church, or the book containing the rules presribed to be observed on solemn occasions. CEREMONIALISM Cer`e*mo"ni*al*ism, n. Defn: Adherence to external rites; fondness for ceremony. CEREMONIALLY Cer`e*mo"ni*al*ly, adv. Defn: According to rites and ceremonies; as, a person ceremonially unclean. CEREMONIALNESS Cer`e*mo"ni*al*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being ceremonial. CEREMONIOUS Cer`e*mo"ni*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. cérémonieux, L. Caerimoniosus.] 1. Consisting of outward forms and rites; ceremonial. Note: [In this sense ceremonial is now preferred.] The ceremonious part of His worship. South. 2. According to prescribed or customary rules and forms; devoted to forms and ceremonies; formally respectful; punctilious. "Ceremonious phrases." Addison. Too ceremonious and traditional. Shak. Syn. -- Formal; precise; exact. See Formal. CEREMONIOUSLY Cer`e*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a ceremonious way. CEREMONIOUSNESS Cer`e*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality, or practice, of being ceremonious. CEREMONY Cer"e*mo*ny, n.; pl. Ceremonies. Etym: [F. cérémonie, L. caerimonia; perh. akin to E. create and from a root signifying to do or make.] 1. Ar act or series of acts, often of a symbolical character, prescribed by law, custom, or authority, in the conduct of important matters, as in the performance of religious duties, the transaction of affairs of state, and the celebration of notable events; as, the ceremony of crowning a sovereign; the ceremonies observed in consecrating a church; marriage and baptismal ceremonies. According to all the rites of it, and according to all the ceremonies thereof shall ye keep it [the Passover]. Numb. ix. 3 Bring her up the high altar, that she may The sacred ceremonies there partake. Spenser. [The heralds] with awful ceremony And trumpet's sound, throughout the host proclaim A solemn council. Milton. 2. Behavior regulated by strict etiquette; a formal method of performing acts of civility; forms of civility prescribed by custom or authority. Ceremony was but devised at first To set a gloss on . . . hollow welcomes . . . But where there is true friendship there needs none. Shak. Al ceremonies are in themselves very silly things; but yet a man of the world should know them. Chesterfield. 3. A ceremonial symbols; an emblem, as a crown, scepter, garland, etc. [Obs.] Disrobe the images, If you find them decked with ceremonies. . . . Let no images Be hung with Cæsar's trophies. Shak. 4. A sign or prodigy; a portent. [Obs.] Cæsar, I never stood on ceremonies, Yet, now they fright me. Shak. Master of ceremonies, an officer who determines the forms to be observed, or superintends their observance, on a public occasion. -- Not to stand on ceremony, not to be ceremonious; to be familiar, outspoken, or bold. CEREOUS Ce"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. cereus, fr. cera was.] Defn: Waxen; like wax. [Obs.] Gayton. CERES Ce"res, n. Etym: [L., Ceres, also corn, grain, akin to E. create.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The daughter of Saturn and Ops or Rhea, the goddess of corn and tillage. 2. (Actron.) Defn: The first discovered asteroid. CERESIN Cer"e*sin, n. Etym: [L. cera wax.] (Chem.) Defn: A white wax, made by bleaching and purifying ozocerite, and used as a substitute for beeswax. CEREUS Ce"re*us, n. Etym: [L., a wax candle, fr. cera wax. So named from the resemblance of one species to the columnar shape of a wax candle.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants of the Cactus family. They are natives of America, from California to Chili. Note: Although several species flower in the night, the name Night- blooming cereus is specially applied to the Cereus grandiflorus, which is cultivated for its beautiful, shortlived flowers. The Cereus giganteus, whose columnar trunk is sometimes sixty feet in height, is a striking feature of the scenery of New Mexico, Texas, etc. CEREVIS Cer"e*vis (ser"e*vis; G. tser`e*ves"), n. [G., fr. L. cerevisia, cervisia, beer.] Defn: A small visorless cap, worn by members of German student corps. It is made in the corps colors, and usually bears the insignia of the corps. CERIA Ce"ri*a (se"ri*a), n. (Chem.) Defn: Cerium oxide, CeO2, a white infusible substance constituting about one per cent of the material of the common incandescent mantle. CERIAL Cer"i*al, a. Defn: Same as Cerial. [Obs.] Chaucer. CERIFEROUS Ce*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. ra wax + -ferous.] Defn: Producing wax. CERIN Ce"rin, n. Etym: [L. cera wax + -in: cf. L. cerinus wax-colored.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A waxy substance extracted by alcohol or ether from cork; sometimes applied also to the portion of beeswax which is soluble in alcohol. Watts. 2. (Min.) Defn: A variety of the mineral allanite. CERINTHIAN Ce*rin"thi*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of an ancient religious sect, so called fron Cerinthus, a Jew, who attempted to unite the doctrines of Christ with the opinions of the Jews and Gnostics. Hook. CERIPH Cer"iph, n. (Type Founding) Defn: One of the fine lines of a letter, esp. one of the fine cross strokes at the top and bottom of letters. [Spelt also seriph.] Savage. CERISE Ce*rise", a. Etym: [F., a cherry. See Cherry.] Defn: Cherry-colored; a light bright red; --- applied to textile fabrics, especially silk. CERITE Ce"rite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A gastropod shell belonging to the family Cerithiïdæ; -- so called from its hornlike form. CERITE Ce"rite, n. Etym: [From Cherium.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a brownish of cherry-red color, commonly massive. It is a hydrous silicate of cerium and allied metals. CERIUM Ce"ri*um, n. Etym: [Named dy Berzelius in 1803 from the asteroid Ceres, then just discovered (1801).] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element, occurring in the minerals cerite, allanite, monazite, etc. Symbol Ce. Atomic weight 141.5. It resembles iron in color and luster, but is soft, and both malleable and ductile. It tarnishes readily in the air. CERNUOUS Cer"nu*ous, a. Etym: [L. cernuus with the face turned toward the earth.] (Bot.) Defn: Inclining or nodding downward; pendulous; drooping; -- said of a bud, flower, fruit, or the capsule of a moss. CERO Ce"ro, n. Etym: [Corrupt. fr. Sp. sierra saw, sawfish, cero.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large and valuable fish of the Mackerel family, of the genus Scomberomorus. Two species are found in the West Indies and less commonly on the Atlantic coast of the United States, -- the common cero (Scomberomorus caballa), called also kingfish, and spotted, or king, cero (S. regalis). CEROGRAPH Ce"ro*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. khros wax + -graph.] Defn: A writing on wax. Knight. CEROGRAPHIC; CEROGRAPHICAL Ce`ro*graph"ic, Ce`ro*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to cerography. CEROGRAPHIST Ce*rog"ra*phist, n. Defn: One who practices cerography. CEROGRAPHY Ce*rog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] 1. The art of making characters or designs in, or with, wax. 2. A method of making stereotype plates from inscribed sheets of wax. CEROLITE Cer"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. * wax + -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous silicate of magnesium, allied to serpentine, occurring in waxlike masses of a yellow or greenish color. CEROMA Ce*ro"ma, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. The unguent (a composition of oil and wax) with which wrestles were anointed among the ancient Romans. 2. (Anc. Arch.) Defn: That part of the baths and gymnasia in which bathers and wrestlers anointed themselves. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The cere of birds. CEROMANCY Cer"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by dropping melted wax in water. CEROON Ce*roon", n. Etym: [See Seroon.] Defn: A bale or package. covered with hide, or with wood bound with hide; as, a ceroon of indigo, cochineal, etc. CEROPLASTIC Ce`ro*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Fine arts) (a) Relating to the art of modeling in wax. (b) Modeled in wax; as, a ceroplastic figure. CEROPLASTICS; CEROPLASTY Ce`ro*plas"tics, Ce`ro*plas"ty, n. Etym: [Gr. céroplastique.] Defn: The art of modeling in wax. CEROSIN Cer"o*sin, n. Etym: [L. cera wax.] (Chem.) Defn: A waxy substance obtained from the bark of the sugar cane, and crystallizing in delicate white laminæ. CEROTE Ce"rote, n. Etym: [Obs.] Defn: See Cerate. CEROTENE Cer"o*tene, n. Etym: [L. cerotum a pomade. See Cerate.] (Chem.) Defn: A white waxy solid obtained from Chinese wax, and by the distillation of cerotin. CEROTIC Ce*rot"ic, a. Etym: [See Cerotene.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, beeswax or Chinese wax; as, cerotic acid or alcohol. CEROTIN Cer"o*tin, n. Etym: [See Cerotene.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance, C27H55.OH, obtained from Chinese wax, and regarded as an alcohol of the marsh gas series; -- called also cerotic alcohol, ceryl alcohol. CEROTYPE Ce"ro*type`, n. [Gr. wax + -type.] Defn: A printing process of engraving on a surface of wax spread on a steel plate, for electrotyping. CERRIAL Cer"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. cerreus, fr. cerrus a kind of oak.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the cerris. Chaplets green of cerrial oak. Dryden. CERRIS Cer"ris, n. Etym: [L. cerrus.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of oak (Quercus cerris) native in the Orient and southern Europe; -- called also bitter oak and Turkey oak. CERTAIN Cer"tain, a. Etym: [F. certain, fr. (assumed) LL. certanus, fr. L. certus determined, fixed, certain, orig. p. p. of cernere to perceive, decide, determine; akin to Gr. concern, critic, crime, riddle a sieve, rinse, v.] 1. Assured in mind; having no doubts; free from suspicions concerning. To make her certain of the sad event. Dryden. I myself am certain of you. Wyclif. 2. Determined; resolved; -- used with an infinitive. However, I with thee have fixed my lot, Certain to undergo like doom. Milton. 3. Not to be doubted or denied; established as a fact. The dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure. Dan. ii. 45. 4. Actually existing; sure to happen; inevitable. Virtue that directs our ways Through certain dangers to uncertain praise. Dryden. Death, as the Psalmist saith, is certain to all. Shak. 5. Unfailing; infallible. I have often wished that I knew as certain a remedy for any other distemper. Mead. 6. Fixed or stated; regular; determinate. The people go out and gather a certain rate every day. Ex. xvi. 4. 7. Not specifically named; indeterminate; indefinite; one or some; -- sometimes used independenty as a noun, and meaning certain persons. It came to pass when he was in a certain city. Luke. v. 12. About everything he wrote there was a certain natural grace und decorum. Macaulay. For certain, assuredly. -- Of a certain, certainly. Syn. -- Bound; sure; true; undeniable; unquestionable; undoubted; plain; indubitable; indisputable; incontrovertible; unhesitating; undoubting; fixed; stated. CERTAIN Cer"tain, n. 1. Certainty. [Obs.] Gower. 2. A certain number or quantity. [Obs.] Chaucer. CERTAIN Cer"tain, adv. Defn: Certainly. [Obs.] Milton. CERTAINLY Cer"tain*ly, adv. Defn: Without doubt or question; unquestionably. CERTAINNESS Cer"tain*ness, n. Defn: Certainty. CERTAINTY Cer"tain*ty, n.; pl. Certainties. Etym: [OF. certaineté.] 1. The quality, state, or condition, of being certain. The certainty of punishment is the truest security against crimes. Fisher Ames. 2. A fact or truth unquestionable established. Certainties are uninteresting and sating. Landor. 3. (Law) Defn: Clearness; freedom from ambiguity; lucidity. Of a certainty, certainly. CERTES Cer"tes, adv. Etym: [F. certes, for à certes, fr. L. certus. See Certain.] Defn: Certainly; in truth; verily. [Archaic] Certes it great pity was to see Him his nobility so foul deface. Spenser. CERTIFICATE Cer*tif"i*cate, n. Etym: [F. certificat, fr. LL. certificatus made certain, p. p. of certificare. See tify.] 1. A written testimony to the truth of any fact; as, certificate of good behavior. 2. A written declaration legally authenticated. Trial by certificate, a trial which the testimony of the person certifying is the only proper criterion of the point in dispute; as, when the issue is whether a person was absent in the army, this is tried by the certificate of the proper officer in writing, under his seal. Blackstone. CERTIFICATE Cer*tif"i*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Certificated; p. pr. & vb. n. Certificating.] Etym: [See Certify.] 1. To verify or vouch for by certificate. 2. To furnish with a certificate; as, to certificate the captain of a vessel; a certificated teacher. CERTIFICATION Cer`ti*fi*ca"tion, n.Etym: [L. certificatio: cf. F. certification.] Defn: The act of certifying. CERTIFIER Cer"ti*fi`er, n. Defn: One who certifies or assures. CERTIFY Cer"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Certified; p. pr. & vb. n. Certifying.] Etym: [F. certifier, LL. certificare; L. certus certain + facere to make. See Certain, and cf. Certificate, v. t.] 1. To give cetain information to; to assure; to make certain. We certify the king, that . . . thou shalt have no portion on this side the river. Ezra iv. 16. 2. To give certain information of; to make certain, as a fact; to verify. Hammond. The industry of science at once certifies and greatly extends our knowledge of the vastness of the creation. I. Taylor. 3. To testify to in writing; to make a declaration concerning, in writing, under hand, or hand and seal. The judges shall certify their opinion to the chancellor, and upon such certificate the decree is usually founded. Blackstone. Certified check, A bank check, the validity of which is certified by the bank on which it is drawn. CERTIORARI Cer`ti*o*ra"ri, n. Etym: [So named from the emphatic word certiorari in the Latin form of the writ, which read certiorar volumus we wish to be certified.] (Law) Defn: A writ issuing out of chancery, or a superior court, to call up the records of a inferior court, or remove a cause there depending, in order that the party may have more sure and speedy justice, or that errors and irreguarities may be corrected. It is obtained upon complaint of a party that he has not received justice, or can not have an impartial trial in the inferior court. Note: A certiorari is the correct process to remove the proceedings of a court in which cases are tried in a manner different from the course of the common law, as of county commissioners. It is also used as an auxiliary process in order to obtain a full return to some other process. Bouvier. CERTITUDE Cer"ti*tude, n. Etym: [LL. certitudo, fr. L. certus: cf. F. certitude. See Certain.] Defn: Freedom from doubt; assurance; certainty. J. H. Newman. CERULE Cer"ule, a. Etym: [L. caerulus, eguiv. to caeruleus.] Defn: Blue; cerulean. [Obs.] Dyer. CERULEAN Ce*ru"le*an, a. Etym: [L. caeruleus.] Defn: Sky-colored; blue; azure. Cowper. Blue, blue, as if that sky let fall A flower from its cerulean wall. Bryant. CERULEIN Ce*ru"le*in, n. [L. caeruleus sky-blue.] (Chem.) Defn: A fast dyestuff, C20H8O6, made by heating gallein with strong sulphuric acid. It dyes mordanted fabrics green. CERULEOUS Ce*ru"le*ous, a. Defn: Cerulean. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. CERULESCENT Ce`ru*les"cent, a. [L. caeruleus sky-blue + -escent.] Defn: Tending to cerulean; light bluish. CERULEUM Ce*ru"le*um, n. [NL.] Defn: A greenish blue pigment prepared in various ways, consisting essentially of cobalt stannate. Unlike other cobalt blues, it does not change color by gaslight. CERULIFIC Cer`u*lif"ic, a. Etym: [L.arulus dark blue + facere to make.] Defn: Producing a blue or sky color. [R.] CERUMEN Ce*ru"men, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. cera wax.] (Physiol.) Defn: The yellow, waxlike secretion from the glands of the external ear; the earwax. CERUMINOUS Ce*ru"mi*nous, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or secreting, cerumen; as, the ceruminous glands. CERUSE Ce"ruse, n. Etym: [F. céruse, L. cerussa.] 1. White lead, used as a pigment. See White lead, under White. 2. A cosmetic containing white lead. To distinguish ceruse from natural bloom. Macaulay. 3. (Min.) Defn: The native carbonate of lead. CERUSED Ce"rused, a. Defn: Washed with a preparation of white lead; as, cerused face. Beau. & Fl. CERUSITE; CERUSSITE Ce"ru*site, Ce"rus*site, n. (Min.) Defn: Native lead carbonate; a mineral occurring in colorless, white, or yellowish transparent crystals, with an adamantine, also massive and compact. CERVANTITE Cer"van*tite, n. Etym: [Named from Cervantes a town in Spain.] (Min.) Defn: See under Antimony. CERVELAT Cer"ve*lat, n. Etym: [F.] (Mus.) Defn: An ancient wind instrument, resembling the bassoon in tone. CERVICAL Cer"vi*cal, a. Etym: [L. cervix, -icis, neck: cf. F. cervical.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the neck; as, the cervical vertebræ. CERVICIDE Cer"vi*cide, n. Etym: [L. cervus deer + caedere to kill.] Defn: The act of killing deer; deer-slaying. [R.] CERVINE Cer"vine, a. Etym: [L. cervinus, fr. cervus deer: cf. F. cervin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the deer, or to the family Cervidæ. CERVIX Cer"vix, n.; pl. E. Cervixes, L. Cervices. Etym: [L.] (Anat.) Defn: The neck; also, the necklike portion of any part, as of the womb. See Illust. of Bird. CERVUS Cer"vus, n. Etym: [L., a deer.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of ruminants, including the red deer and other allied species. Note: Formerly all species of deer were included in the genus Cervus. CERYL Ce"ryl, n. Etym: [L. cera wax + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A radical, C27H55 supposed to exist in several compounds obtained from Chinese wax, beeswax, etc. CESAREAN; CESARIAN Ce*sa"re*an, Ce*sa"ri*an, a. Defn: Same as Cæsarean, Cæsarian. CESARISM Ce"sar*ism, n. Defn: See Cæsarism. CESPITINE Ces"pi*tine, n. Etym: [L. caespes, caespitis, a turf.] Defn: An oil obtained by distillation of peat, and containing various members of the pyridine series. CESPITITIOUS Ces"pi*ti`tious, a. Etym: [L. caespiticius, fr. caespes turf.] Defn: Same as Cespitious. [R.] Gough. CESPITOSE Ces"pi*tose`, a. Etym: [L. caespes turf.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the form a piece of turf, i. e., many stems from one rootstock or from many entangled rootstocks or roots. [Written also cæspitose.] CESPITOUS Ces"pi*tous, a. Etym: [See Cespitose.] Defn: Pertaining to, consisting, of resembling, turf; turfy. A cespitous or turfy plant has many stems from the same root, usually forming a close, thick carpet of matting. Martyn. CESS Cess, n. Etym: [For sess, conts. from Assess.] 1. A rate or tax. [Obs. or Prof. Eng. & Scot.] Spenser. 2. Bound; measure. [Obs.] The poor jade is wrung in the withers out of all cess. Shak. CESS Cess, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cessed; p. pr. & vb. n. Cessing.] Defn: To rate; to tax; to assess. Spenser. CESS Cess, v. i. Etym: [F. cesser. See Cease.] Defn: To cease; to neglect. [Obs.] Spenser. CESSANT Ces"sant a. Etym: [L. cessans, p. pr. of cessare. See Cease.] Defn: Inactive; dormant [Obs.] W. Montagu. CESSATION Ces*sa"tion, n. Etym: [F. cessation, L. cessatio, fr. cessare. See Cease.] Defn: A ceasing of discontinuance, as of action, whether termporary or final; a stop; as, a cessation of the war. The temporary cessation of the papal iniquities. Motley. The day was yearly observed for a festival by cessation from labor. Sir J. Hayward. Cessation of arms (Mil.), an armistice, or truce, agreed to by the commanders of armies, to give time for a capitulation, or for other purposes. Syn. -- Stop; rest; stay; pause; discontinuance; intermission; interval; respite; interruption; recess; remission. CESSAVIT Ces*sa"vit, n. Etym: [L., he has ceased.] [O. Eng. Law] Defn: A writ given by statute to recover lands when the tenant has for two years failed to perform the conditions of his tenure. CESSER Ces"ser, n. Etym: [From Cess, v. i.] (Law) Defn: a neglect of a tenant to perform services, or make payment, for two years. CESSIBLE Ces"si*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. cessible. See Cession.] Defn: Giving way; yielding. [Obs.] -- Ces`si*bil"i*ty, n. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby. CESSION Ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. cessio, fr. cedere to give way: cf. F. Cession. See Cede.] 1. A yielding to physical force. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Concession; compliance. [Obs.] 3. A yielding, or surrender, as of property or rights, to another person; the act of ceding. A cession of the island of New Orleans. Bancroft. 4. (Eccl. Law) Defn: The giving up or vacating a benefice by accepting another without a proper dispensation. 5. (Civil Law) Defn: The voluntary surrender of a person's effects to his creditors to avoid imprisonment. CESSIONARY Ces"sion*a*ry, a. Etym: [LL. cessionarius, from cessionare to cede, fr. L. cessio: cf. F. cessionnaire. See Cession.] Defn: Having surrendered the effects; as, a cessionary bankrupt. Martin. CESSMENT Cess"ment, n. Etym: [From Cess, v. t.] Defn: An assessment or tax. [Obs.] Johnson. CESSOR Ces"sor, n. Etym: [From Cess, v. i. Cf. Cesser.] (Law) Defn: One who neglects, for two years, to perform the service by which he holds lands, so that he incurs the danger of the writ of cessavit. See Cessavit. Cowell. CESSOR Ces"sor, n. Etym: [From Cess, v. t.] Defn: An assessor. [Obs.] CESSPIPE Cess`pipe", n. Defn: A pipe for carrying off waste water, etc., from a sink or cesspool. Knight. CESSPOOL Cess"pool`, n. Etym: [See Sesspol.] Defn: A cistern in the course, or the termination, of a drain, to collect sedimentary or superfluous matter; a privy vault; any receptace of filth. [Written also sesspool.] CEST Cest, n. Etym: [L. cestus: cf. OF. ceste.] Defn: A woman's girdle; a cestus. [R.] Collins. CESTODE Ces"tode, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cestoidea. -- n. Defn: One of the Cestoidea. CESTOID Ces"toid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cestoidea. -- n. Defn: One of the Cestoidea. CESTOIDEA Ces*toid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., gr. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of parasitic worms (Platelminthes) of which the tapeworms are the most common examples. The body is flattened, and usually but not always long, and composed of numerous joints or segments, each of which may contain a complete set of male and female reproductive organs. They have neither mouth nor intestine. See Tapeworm. [Written also Cestoda.] CESTOLDEAN Ces*told"e*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Cestoidea. CESTRACIONT Ces*tra"ci*ont, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A shark of the genus Cestracion, and of related genera. The posterior teeth form a pavement of bony plates for crushing shellfish. Most of the species are extinct. The Port Jackson shark and a similar one found in California are living examples. CESTRACIONT Ces*tra"ci*ont, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the genus Cestracion. CESTUS Ces"tus, n. Etym: [L. cestus girdle, Gr. 1. (Antiq.) Defn: A girdle; particularly that of Aphrodite (or Venus) which gave the wearer the power of exciting love. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Ctenophora. The typical species (Cestus Veneris) is remarkable for its brilliant iridescent colors, and its long, girdlelike form. CESTUS Ces"tus, n. Etym: [L. caestus, and cestus.] (Antiq.) Defn: A covering for the hands of boxers, made of leather bands, and often loaded with lead or iron. CESTUY; CESTUI Ces"tuy or Ces"tui, pron. Etym: [Norm. F.] (Law) Defn: He; the one. Cestuy que trust ( Etym: [norm. F.], a person who has the equitable and beneficial interest in property, the legal interest in which is vested in a trustee. Wharton. -- Cestuy que use ( Etym: [Norm. F.], a person for whose use land, etc., is granted to another. CESURA Ce*su"ra, n. Defn: See Cæsura. CESURAL Ce*su"ral, a. Defn: See Cæsural. CETACEA Ce*ta"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. cetus whale, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of marine mammals, including the whales. Like ordinary mammals they breathe by means of lungs, and bring forth living young which they suckle for some time. The anterior limbs are changed to paddles; the tail flukes are horizontal. There are two living suborders: (a) The Mysticete or whalebone whales, having no true teeth after birth, but with a series of plates of whalebone [see Baleen.] hanging down from the upper jaw on each side, thus making a strainer, through which they receive the small animals upon which they feed. (b) The Denticete, including the dolphins and sperm whale, which have teeth. Another suborder (Zeuglodontia) is extinct. The Sirenia were formerly included in the Cetacea, but are now made a separate order. CETACEAN Ce*ta"cean, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Cetacea. CETACEOUS Ce*ta"ceous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cetacea. CETE Ce"te, n. Etym: [L., pl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Cetacea, or collectively, the Cetacea. CETENE Ce"tene, n. Etym: [See Cete.] (Chem.) Defn: An oily hydrocarbon, C16H32, of the ethylene series, obtained from spermaceti. CETERACH Cet"e*rach, n. Etym: [F. cétérac, fr. Ar. shetrak.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of fern with fronds (Asplenium Ceterach). CETEWALE Cet"e*wale, n. Etym: [OF. citoal, F. zedoaire. See Zedoary.] Defn: Same as Zedoary. [Obs.] Chaucer. CETIC Ce"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a whale. CETIN Ce"tin, n. Etym: [L. cetus whale.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, waxy substance, forming the essential part of spermaceti. CETOLOGICAL Ce`to*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to cetology. CETOLOGIST Ce*tol"o*gist, a. Defn: One versed in cetology. CETOLOGY Ce*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. cétologie.] Defn: The description or natural history of cetaceous animals. CETRARIC Ce*trar"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the lichen, Iceland moss (Cetaria Islandica). Cetraric acid. See Cetrarin. CETRARIN Cet"ra*rin, n. Etym: [From Cetraria Islandica, the scientific name of Iceland moss.] (Chem.) Defn: A white substance extracted from the lichen, Iceland moss (Cetraria Islandica). It consists of several ingredients, among which is cetraric acid, a white, crystalline, bitter substance. CETYL Ce"tyl, n. Etym: [Gr. -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A radical, C16H33, not yet isolated, but supposed to exist in a series of compounds homologous with the ethyl compounds, and derived from spermaceti. CETYLIC Ce*tyl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, spermaceti. Cetylic alcohol (Chem.), a white, waxy, crystalline solid, obtained from spermaceti, and regarded as homologous with ordinary, or ethyl, alcohol; ethal; - - called also cetyl alcohol. CEYLANITE Cey"lan*ite, n. Etym: [F., fr. Ceylan Ceylon.] (Min.) Defn: A dingy blue, or grayish black, variety of spinel. It is also called pleonaste. [Written also ceylonite.] CEYLONESE Cey`lon*ese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Ceylon. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or natives of Ceylon. C.G.S. C.G.S. Defn: An abbreviation for Centimeter, Gram, Second. -- applied to a system of units much empoyed in physical science, based upon the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of weight or mass, and the second as the unit of time. C. G. S. C. G. S. Defn: An abbreviation for Centimeter, Gram, Second. -- applied to a system of units much employed in physical science, based upon the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of weight or mass, and the second as the unit of time. C. G. T. C. G. T. Defn: An abbreviation for Confédération Générale du Travail (the French syndicalist labor union). CHA Cha (chä), n. [Chin. ch"a.] [Also chaa, chais, tsia, etc.] Defn: Tea; -- the Chinese (Mandarin) name, used generally in early works of travel, and now for a kind of rolled tea used in Central Asia. A pot with hot water . . . made with the powder of a certain herb called chaa, which is much esteemed. Tr. J. Van Linschoten's Voyages (1598). CHAB Chab, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The red-bellied wood pecker (Melanerpes Carolinus). CHABASITE; CABAZITE Chab"a*site, Cab"a*zite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral occuring in glassy rhombohedral crystals, varying, in color from white to yellow or red. It is essentially a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Called also chabasie. CHABLIS Cha*blis", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A white wine made near Chablis, a town in France. CHABOUK; CHABUK Cha*bouk", Cha*buk", n. Etym: [Hind. chabuk horsewhip.] Defn: A long whip, such as is used in the East in the infliction of punishment. Balfour. CHACE Chace, n. Defn: See 3d Chase, n., 3. CHACE Chace, v. t. Defn: To pursue. See Chase v. t. CHACHALACA Cha`cha*la"ca, n. Etym: [Native name, prob. given in imitation of its cry.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The texan guan (Ortalis vetula). [written also chiacalaca.] CHACMA Chac"ma, n. Etym: [Native name.] Defn: A large species of African baboon (Cynocephalus porcarius); -- called also ursine baboon. Note: [See Illust. of Baboon.] CHACONNE Cha*conne", n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. chacona.] (Mus.) Defn: An old Spanish dance in moderate three-four measure, like the Passacaglia, which is slower. Both are used by classical composers as themes for variations. CHAD Chad, n. Defn: See Shad. [Obs.] CHAETETES Chæ*te"tes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fossil corals, common in the lower Silurian limestones. CHAETIFEROUS Chæ*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Bearing setæ. CHAETODONT Chæ"to*dont, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine fish of the family Chætodontidæ. The chætodonts have broad, compressed bodies, and usually bright colors. CHAETODONT Chæto*dont, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Chætodonts or the family Chætodontidæ. CHAETOGNATH Chæ"tog*nath, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Chætognatha. CHAETOGNATHA Chæ*tog"na*tha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl) Defn: An order of free-swimming marine worms, of which the genus Sagitta is the type. They have groups of curved spines on each side of the head. CHAETOPOD Chæ"to*pod, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Chætopoda. -- n. Defn: One of the Chætopoda. CHAETOPODA Chæ*top"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A very extensive order of Annelida, characterized by the presence of lateral setæ, or spines, on most or all of the segments. They are divided into two principal groups: Oligochæta, including the earthworms and allied forms, and Polychæta, including most of the marine species. CHAETOTAXY Chæ"to*tax`y, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The arrangement of bristles on an insect. CHAFE Chafe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chafed; p pr. & vb. n. Chafing.] Etym: [OE. chaufen to warm, OF. chaufer, F. chauffer, fr. L. calefacere, calfacere, to make warm; calere to be warm + facere to make. See Caldron.] 1. To ecxite heat in by friction; to rub in order to stimulate and make warm. To rub her temples, and to chafe her skin. Spenser. 2. To excite passion or anger in; to fret; to irritate. Her intercession chafed him. Shak. 3. To fret and wear by rubbing; as, to chafe a cable. Two slips of parchment which she sewed round it to prevent its being chafed. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- To rub; fret; gall; vex; excite; inflame. CHAFE Chafe, v. i. Defn: To rub; to come together so as to wear by rubbing; to wear by friction. Made its great boughs chafe together. Longfellow. The troubled Tiber chafing with her shores. Shak. 2. To be worn by rubbing; as, a cable chafes. 3. To have a feeling of vexation; to be vexed; to fret; to be irritated. Spenser. He will chafe at the doctor's marrying my daughter. Shak. CHAFE Chafe, n. 1. Heat excited by friction. 2. Injury or wear caused by friction. 3. Vexation; irritation of mind; rage. The cardinal in a chafe sent for him to Whitehall. Camden. CHAFER Chaf"er, n. 1. One who chafes. 2. A vessel for heating water; -- hence, a dish or pan. A chafer of water to cool the ends of the irons. Baker. CHAFER Chaf"er, n. Etym: [AS. ceafor; akin to D. kever, G këfer.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of beetle; the cockchafer. The name is also applied to other species; as, the rose chafer. CHAFERY Chaf"er*y, n. Etym: [See Chafe, v. t.] (Iron Works) Defn: An open furnace or forge, in which blooms are heated before being wrought into bars. CHAFEWAX; CHAFFWAX Chafe"wax`, or Chaff"wax`, n. (Eng. Law) Defn: Formerly a chancery officer who fitted wax for sealing writs and other documents. CHAFEWEED Chafe"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The cudweed (Gnaphalium), used to prevent or cure chafing. CHAFF Chaff, n. Etym: [AC. ceaf; akin to D. kaf, G. kaff.] 1. The glumes or husks of grains and grasses separated from the seed by threshing and winnowing, etc. So take the corn and leave the chaff behind. Dryden. Old birds are not caught with caff. Old Proverb. 2. Anything of a comparatively light and worthless character; the refuse part of anything. The chaff and ruin of the times. Shak. 3. Straw or hay cut up fine for the food of cattle. By adding chaff to his corn, the horse must take more time to eat it. In this way chaff is very useful. Ywatt. 4. Light jesting talk; banter; raillery. 5. (Bot.) Defn: The scales or bracts on the receptacle, which subtend each flower in the heads of many Compositæ, as the sunflower. Gray. Chaff cutter, a machine for cutting, up straw, etc., into "chaff" for the use of cattle. CHAFF Chaff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chaffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chaffing.] Defn: To use light, idle lagnguage by way of fun or ridicule; to banter. CHAFF Chaff, v. t. Defn: To make fun of; to turn into ridicule by addressing in ironical or bantering language; to quiz. Morgan saw that his master was chaffing him. Thackeray. A dozen honest fellows . . . chaffed each other about their sweethearts. C. Kingsley. CHAFFER Chaff"er, n. Defn: One who chaffs. CHAFFER Chaf"fer, n. Etym: [OE. chaffare, cheapfare; AS. ceáp a bargain, price + faru a journey; hence, originally, a going to barain, to market. See Cheap, and Fare.] Defn: Bargaining; merchandise. [Obs.] Holished. CHAFFER Chaf"fer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chaffered; p. pr. & vb. n. Chaffering.] Etym: [OE. chaffaren, fr. chaffare, chapfare, cheapfare, a bargaining. See Chaffer, n.] 1. To treat or dispute about a purchase; to bargain; to haggle or higgle; to negotiate. To chaffer for preferments with his gold. Dryden. 2. To talk much and idly; to chatter. Trench. CHAFFER Chaf"fer, v. t. 1. To buy or sell; to trade in. He chaffered chairs in which churchmen were set. Spenser. 2. To exchange; to bandy, as words. Spenser. CHAFFERER Chaf"fer*er, n. Defn: One who chaffers; a bargainer. CHAFFERN Chaf"fern, n. Etym: [See Chafe, v. t.] Defn: A vessel for heating water. [Obs.] Johnson. CHAFFERY Chaf"fer*y, n. Defn: Traffic; bargaining. [Obs.] Spenser. CHAFFINCH Chaf"finch, n. Etym: [Cf. Chiff-chaff.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of Europe (Fringilla coelebs), having a variety of very sweet songs, and highly valued as a cage bird; -- called also copper finch. CHAFFING Chaff"ing, n. Defn: The use of light, frivolous language by way of fun or ridicule; raillery; banter. CHAFFLESS Chaff"less, a. Defn: Without chaff. CHAFFY Chaff"y, a. 1. Abounding in, or resembling, chaff. Chaffy grain beneath the thresher's flail. Coleridge. 2. Light or worthless as chaff. Slight and chaffy opinion. Glanvill. 3. (Bot.) (a) Resembling chaff; composed of light dry scales. (b) Bearing or covered with dry scales, as the under surface of certain ferns, or the disk of some composite flowers. CHAFING Chaf"ing, n. Etym: [See Chafe, v. t.] Defn: The act of rubbing, or wearing by friction; making by rubbing. Chafing dish, a dish or vessel for cooking on the table, or for keeping food warm, either by coals, by a lamp, or by hot water; a portable grate for coals. -- Chafing gear (Naut.), any material used to protect sails, rigging, or the like, at points where they are exposed to friction. CHAGREEN Cha*green", n. Defn: See Shagreen. CHAGRES FEVER Cha"gres fe"ver. (Med.) Defn: A form of malarial fever occurring along the Chagres River, Panama. CHAGRIN Cha*grin", n. Etym: [F., fr. chagrin shagreen, a particular kind of rough and grained leather; also a rough fishskin used for graters and files; hence (Fig.), a gnawing, corroding grief. See Shagreen.] Defn: Vexation; mortification. I must own that I felt rather vexation and chagrin than hope and satisfaction. Richard Porson. Hear me, and touch Belinda with chagrin. Pope. Syn. -- Vexation; mortification; peevishness; fretfulness; disgust; disquiet. Chagrin, Vexation, Mortification. These words agree in the general sense of pain produced by untoward circumstances. Vexation is a feeling of disquietude or irritating uneasiness from numerous causes, such as losses, disappointments, etc. Mortification is a stronger word, and denotes that keen sense of pain which results fron wounded pride or humiliating occurrences. Chagrin is literally the cutting pain produced by the friction of Shagreen leather; in its figurative sense, it varies in meaning, denoting in its lower degrees simply a state of vexation, and its higher degrees the keenest sense of mortification. "Vexation arises chiefly fron our wishes and views being crossed: mortification, from our self-importance being hurt; chagrin, from a mixture of the two." Crabb. CHAGRIN Cha*grin", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chagrined; p. pr. & vb. n. Chargrining.] Etym: [Cf. F. chagriner See Chagrin, n.] Defn: To excite ill-humor in; to vex; to mortify; as, he was not a little chagrined. CHAGRIN Cha*grin", v. i. Defn: To be vexed or annoyed. Fielding. CHAGRIN Cha*grin", a. Defn: Chagrined. Dryden. CHAIN Chain, n. Etym: [F. chaîne, fr. L. catena. Cf. Catenate.] 1. A series of links or rings, usually of metal, connected, or fitted into one another, used for various purposes, as of support, of restraint, of ornament, of the exertion and transmission of mechanical power, etc. [They] put a chain of gold about his neck. Dan. v. 29. 2. That which confines, fetters, or secures, as a chain; a bond; as, the chains of habit. Driven down To chains of darkness and the undying worm. Milton. 3. A series of things linked together; or a series of things connected and following each other in succession; as, a chain of mountains; a chain of events or ideas. 4. (Surv.) Defn: An instrument which consists of links and is used in measuring land. Note: One commonly in use is Gunter's chain, which consists of one hundred links, each link being seven inches and ninety-two one hundredths in length; making up the total length of rods, or sixty- six, feet; hence, a measure of that length; hence, also, a unit for land measure equal to four rods square, or one tenth of an acre. 5. pl. (Naut.) Defn: Iron links bolted to the side of a vessel to bold the dead-eyes connected with the shrouds; also, the channels. 6. (Weaving) Defn: The warp threads of a web. Knight. Chain belt (Mach.), a belt made of a chain; -- used for transmitting power. -- Chain boat, a boat fitted up for recovering lost cables, anchors, etc. -- Chain bolt (a) (Naut.) The bolt at the lower end of the chain plate, which fastens it to the vessel's side. (b) A bolt with a chain attached for drawing it out of position. -- Chain bond. See Chain timber. -- Chain bridge, a bridge supported by chain cables; a suspension bridge. -- Chain cable, a cable made of iron links. -- Chain coral (Zoöl.), a fossil coral of the genus Halysites, common in the middle and upper Silurian rocks. The tubular corallites are united side by side in groups, looking in an end view like links of a chain. When perfect, the calicles show twelve septa. -- Chain coupling. (a) A shackle for uniting lengths of chain, or connecting a chain with an object. (b) (Railroad) Supplementary coupling together of cars with a chain. -- Chain gang, a gang of convicts chained together. -- Chain hook (Naut.), a hook, used for dragging cables about the deck. -- Chain mail, flexible, defensive armor of hammered metal links wrought into the form of a garment. -- Chain molding (Arch.), a form of molding in imitation of a chain, used in the Normal style. -- Chain pier, a pier suspended by chain. -- Chain pipe (Naut.), an opening in the deck, lined with iron, through which the cable is passed into the lockers or tiers. -- Chain plate (Shipbuilding), one of the iron plates or bands, on a vessel's side, to which the standing rigging is fastened. -- Chain pulley, a pulley with depressions in the periphery of its wheel, or projections from it, made to fit the links of a chain. -- Chain pumps. See in the Vocabulary. -- Chain rule (Arith.), a theorem for solving numerical problems by composition of ratios, or compound proportion, by which, when several ratios of equality are given, the consequent of each being the same as the antecedent of the next, the relation between the first antecedent and the last consequent is discovered. -- Chain shot (Mil.), two cannon balls united by a shot chain, formerly used in naval warfare on account of their destructive effect on a ship's rigging. -- Chain stitch. See in the Vocabulary. -- Chain timber. (Arch.) See Bond timber, under Bond. -- Chain wales. (Naut.) Same as Channels. -- Chain wheel. See in the Vocabulary. -- Closed chain, Open chain (Chem.), terms applied to the chemical structure of compounds whose rational formulæ are written respectively in the form of a closed ring (see Benzene nucleus, under Benzene), or in an open extended form. -- Endless chain, a chain whose ends have been united by a link. CHAIN Chain, v. t. [imp. p. p. Chained (chand); p. pr. & vb. n. Chaining.] 1. To fasten, bind, or connect with a chain; to fasten or bind securely, as with a chain; as, to chain a bulldog. Chained behind the hostile car. Prior. 2. To keep in slavery; to enslave. And which more blest who chained his country, say Or he whose virtue sighed to lose a day Pope. 3. To unite closely and strongly. And in this vow do chain my soul to thine. Shak. 4. (Surveying) Defn: To measure with the chain. 5. To protect by drawing a chain across, as a harbor. CHAINLESS Chain"less, a. Defn: Having no chain; not restrained or fettered. "The chainless mind." Byron. CHAINLET Chain"let, n. Defn: A small chain. Sir W. Scott. CHAIN PUMP Chain" pump`. Defn: A pump consisting of an endless chain, running over a drum or wheel by which it is moved, and dipping below the water to be raised. The chain has at intervals disks or lifts which fit the tube through which the ascending part passes and carry the water to the point of discharge. CHAIN STITCH Chain" stitch`. 1. An ornamental stitch like the links of a chain; -- used in crocheting, sewing, and embroidery. 2. (Machine Sewing) Defn: A stitch in which the looping of the thread or threads forms a chain on the under side of the work; the loop stitch, as distinguished from the lock stitch. See Stitch. CHAIN TIE Chain tie. (Arch.) Defn: A tie consisting of a series of connected iron bars or rods. CHAIN WHEEL Chain" wheel`. 1. A chain pulley, or sprocket wheel. 2. An inversion of the chain pump, by which it becomes a motor driven by water. CHAINWORK Chain"work`, n. Defn: Work looped or linked after the manner of a chain; chain stitch work. CHAIR Chair, n. Etym: [OE. chaiere, chaere, OF. chaiere, chaere, F. chaire pulpit, fr. L. cathedra chair, armchair, a teacher's or professor's chair, Gr. sit. See Sit, and cf. Cathedral, chaise.] 1. A movable single seat with a back. 2. An official seat, as of a chief magistrate or a judge, but esp. that of a professor; hence, the office itself. The chair of a philosophical school. Whewell. A chair of philology. M. Arnold. 3. The presiding officer of an assembly; a chairman; as, to address the chair. 4. A vehicle for one person; either a sedan borne upon poles, or two- wheeled carriage, drawn by one horse; a gig. Shak. Think what an equipage thou hast in air, And view with scorn two pages and a chair. Pope. 5. An iron blok used on railways to support the rails and secure them to the sleepers. Chair days, days of repose and age. -- To put into the chair, to elect as president, or as chairman of a meeting. Macaulay. -- To take the chair, to assume the position of president, or of chairman of a meeting. CHAIR Chair, v. t. [imp. & p. pr. Chaired; p. pr. & vb. n. Chairing.] 1. To place in a chair. 2. To carry publicly in a chair in triumph. [Eng.] CHAIRMAN Chair"man, n.; pl. Chairmen (. 1. The presiding officer of a committee, or of a public or private meeting, or of any organized body. 2. One whose business it is to cary a chair or sedan. Breaks watchmen's heads and chairmen's glasses. Prior. CHAIRMANSHIP Chair"man*ship, n. Defn: The office of a chairman of a meeting or organized body. CHAISE Chaise, n. Etym: [F. chaise seat, or chair, chaise or carriage, for chaire, from a peculiar Parisian pronunciation. See Chair.] 1. A two-wheeled carriage for two persons, with a calash top, and the body hung on leather straps, or thoroughbraces. It is usually drawn by one horse. 2. Loosely, Defn: a carriage in general. Cowper. CHAJA Cha"ja, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The crested screamer of Brazil (Palamedea, or Chauna, chavaria), so called in imitation of its notes; -- called also chauna, and faithful kamichi. It is often domesticated and is useful in guarding other poultry. See Kamichi. CHAK Chak, v. i. Defn: To toss up the head frequently, as a horse to avoid the restraint of the bridle. CHALAZA Cha*la"za, n.; pl. E. Chalazas, L. Chalazæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: The place on an ovule, or seed, where its outer coats cohere with each other and the nucleus. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A spiral band of thickened albuminous substance which exists in the white of the bird's egg, and serves to maintain the yolk in its position; the treadle. CHALAZAL Cha*la"zal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the chalaza. CHALAZE Cha*laze", n. Defn: Same as Chalaza. CHALAZIFEROUS Chal`a*zif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Chalaza + -ferous.] Defn: Having or bearing chalazas. CHALAZION Cha*la"zi*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A small circumscribed tumor of the eyelid caused by retention of secretion, and by inflammation of the Melbomian glands. CHALAZOGAMY Chal`a*zog"a*my, n. [Chalaza + -gamy, as in polygamy.] (Bot.) Defn: A process of fecundation in which the pollen tube penetrates to the embryosac through the tissue of the chalaza, instead of entering through the micropyle. It was originally discovered by Treub in Casuarina, and has since been found to occur regularly in the families Betulaceæ and Juglandaceæ. Partial chalazogamy is found in Ulmus, the tube here penetrating the nucleus midway between the chalaza and micropyle. --Chal`a*zo*gam"ic (#), a. CHALCANTHITE Chal*can"thite, n. Etym: [L. chalcanthum a solution of blue vitriol, Gr. (Min.) Defn: Native blue vitriol. See Blue vitriol, under Blue. CHALCEDONIC Chal"ce*don"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to chalcedony. CHALCEDONY Chal*ced"o*ny, n.; pl. Chalcedonies. Etym: [ L. chalcedonius, fr. Gr. calcédoine, OE. calcidoine, casidoyne. Cf. Cassidony.] (Min.) Defn: A cryptocrystalline, translucent variety of quartz, having usually a whitish color, and a luster nearly like wax. [Written also calcedony.] Note: When chalcedony is variegated with with spots or figures, or arranged in differently colored layers, it is called agate; and if by reason of the thickness, color, and arrangement of the layers it is suitable for being carved into cameos, it is called onyx. Chrysoprase is green chalcedony; carnelian, a flesh red, and sard, a brownish red variety. CHALCHIHUITL Chal`chi*huitl, n. (Min.) Defn: The Mexican name for turquoise. See Turquoise. CHALCID FLY Chal"cid fly`. Etym: [From Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a numerous family of hymenopterous insects (Chalcididæ. Many are gallflies, others are parasitic on insects. CHALCIDIAN Chal*cid"i*an, n. Etym: [L. chalcis a lizard, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a tropical family of snakelike lizards (Chalcidæ), having four small or rudimentary legs. CHALCOCITE Chal"co*cite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Native copper sulphide, called also copper glance, and vitreous copper; a mineral of a black color and metallic luster. [Formerly written chalcosine.] CHALCOGRAPHER; CHALCOGRAPHIST Chal*cog"ra*pher, Chal*cog"ra*phist, n. Defn: An engraver on copper or brass; hence, an engraver of copper plates for printing upon paper. CHALCOGRAPHY Chal*cog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: The act or art of engraving on copper or brass, especially of engraving for printing. CHALCOPYRITE Chal`co*pyr"ite, n. Etym: [Gr. pyrite. So named from its color.] (Min.) Defn: Copper pyrites, or yellow copper ore; a common ore of opper, containing copper, iron, and sulphur. It occurs massive and in tetragonal crystals of a bright brass yellow color. CHALDAIC Chal*da"ic, a. Etym: [L. Chaldaicus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Chaldes. -- n. Defn: The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; Chaldee. CHALDAISM Chal"da*ism, n. Defn: An idiom or peculiarity in the Chaldee dialect. CHALDEAN Chal*de"an, a. Etym: [L. Chaldaeus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Chaldea. -- n. (a) A native or inhabitant of Chaldea. (b) A learned man, esp. an astrologer; -- so called among the Eastern nations, because astrology and the kindred arts were much cultivated by the Chaldeans. (c) Nestorian. CHALDEE Chal"dee, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Chaldea. -- n. Defn: The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; eastern Aramaic, or the Aramaic used in Chaldea. Chaldee Paraphrase, A targum written in Aramaic. CHALDRICH; CHALDER Chal"drich, Chal"der, n. Etym: [Icel. tjaldr.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of bird; the oyster catcher. CHALDRON Chal"dron, n. Etym: [OF. chaldron, F. chaudron kettle. The same word as caldron.] Defn: An English dry measure, being, at London, 36 bushels heaped up, or its equivalent weight, and more than twice as much at Newcastle. Now used exlusively for coal and coke. Note: In the United States the chaldron is ordinarily 2,940 lbs, but at New York it is 2,500 lbs. De Colange. CHALET Cha*let", n. Etym: [F.] 1. A herdsman's hut in the mountains of Switzerland. Chalets are summer huts for the Swiss herdsmen. Wordsworth. 2. A summer cottage or country house in the Swiss mountains; any country house built in the style of the Swiss cottages. CHALICE Chal"ice, n. Etym: [OR. chalis, calice, OF. chalice, calice, F. calice, fr. L. calix, akin to Gr. helmet. Cf. Calice, Calyx.] Defn: A cup or bowl; especially, the cup used in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. CHALICED Chal"iced, a. Defn: Having a calyx or cup; cupshaped. "Chaliced flowers." Shak. CHALK Chalk, n. Etym: [AS. cealc lime, from L. calx limestone. See Calz, and Cawk.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A soft, earthy substance, of a white, grayish, or yellowish white color, consisting of calcium carbonate, and having the same composition as common limestone. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: Finely prepared chalk, used as a drawing implement; also, by extension, a compound, as of clay and black lead, or the like, used in the same manner. See Crayon. Black chalk, a mineral of a bluish color, of a slaty texture, and soiling the fingers when handled; a variety of argillaceous slate. -- By a long chalk, by a long way; by many degrees. [Slang] Lowell. -- Chalk drawing (Fine Arts), a drawing made with crayons. See Crayon. -- Chalk formation. See Cretaceous formation, under Cretaceous. -- Chalk line, a cord rubbed with chalk, used for making straight lines on boards or other material, as a guide in cutting or in arranging work. -- Chalk mixture, a preparation of chalk, cinnamon, and sugar in gum water, much used in diarrheal affection, esp. of infants. -- Chalk period. (Geol.) See Cretaceous period, under Cretaceous. -- Chalk pit, a pit in which chalk is dug. -- Drawing chalk. See Crayon, n., 1. -- French chalk, steatite or soapstone, a soft magnesian mineral. -- Red chalk, an indurated clayey ocher containing iron, and used by painters and artificers; reddle. CHALK Chalk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chalked; p. pr. & vb. n. Chalking.] 1. To rub or mark with chalk. 2. To manure with chalk, as land. Morimer. 3. To make white, as with chalk; to make pale; to bleach. Tennyson. Let a bleak paleness chalk the door. Herbert. To chalk out, to sketch with, or as with, chalk; to outline; to indicate; to plan. [Colloq.] "I shall pursue the plan I have chalked out." Burke. CHALKCUTTER Chalk"cut`ter, n. Defn: A man who digs chalk. CHALKINESS Chalk"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being chalky. CHALKSTONE Chalk"stone`, n. 1. A mass of chalk. As chalkstones . . . beaten in sunder. Isa. xxvii. 9. 2. (Med.) Defn: A chalklike concretion, consisting mainly of urate of sodium, found in and about the small joints, in the external ear, and in other situations, in those affected with gout; a tophus. CHALKY Chalk"y, a. Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, chalk; containing chalk; as, a chalky cliff; a chalky taste. CHALLENGE Chal"lenge, n. Etym: [OE. chalenge claim, accusation, challenge, OF. chalenge, chalonge, claim, accusation, contest, fr. L. calumnia false accusation, chicanery. See Calumny.] 1. An invitation to engage in a contest or controversy of any kind; a defiance; specifically, a summons to fight a duel; also, the letter or message conveying the summons. A challenge to controversy. Goldsmith. 2. The act of a sentry in halting any one who appears at his post, and demanding the countersign. 3. A claim or demand. [Obs.] There must be no challenge of superiority. Collier. 4. (Hunting) Defn: The opening and crying of hounds at first finding the scent of their game. 5. (Law) Defn: An exception to a juror or to a member of a court martial, coupled with a demand that he should be held incompetent to act; the claim of a party that a certain person or persons shall not sit in trial upon him or his cause. Blackstone 6. An exception to a person as not legally qualifed to vote. The challenge must be made when the ballot is offered. [U. S.] Challenge to the array (Law), an exception to the whole panel. -- Challenge to the favor, the alleging a special cause, the sufficiency of which is to be left to those whose duty and office it is to decide upon it. -- Challenge to the polls, an exception taken to any one or more of the individual jurors returned. -- Peremptory challenge, a privilege sometimes allowed to defendants, of challenging a certain number of jurors (fixed by statute in different States) without assigning any cause. -- Principal challenge, that which the law allows to be sufficient if found to be true. CHALLENGE Chal"lenge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Challenged; p. pr. & vb. n. Challenging.] Etym: [OE. chalengen to accuse, claim, OF. chalengier, chalongier, to claim, accuse, dispute, fr. L. calumniar to attack with false accusations. See Challenge, n., and cf. Calumniate.] 1. To call to a contest of any kind; to call to answer; to defy. I challenge any man to make any pretense to power by right of fatherhood. Locke. 2. To call, invite, or summon to answer for an offense by personal combat. By this I challenge him to single fight. Shak. 3. To claim as due; to demand as a right. Challenge better terms. Addison. 4. To censure; to blame. [Obs.] He complained of the emperors . . . and challenged them for that he had no greater revenues . . . from them. Holland. 5. (Mil.) Defn: To question or demand the countersign from (one who attempts to pass the lines); as, the sentinel challenged us, with "Who comes there" 6. To take exception to; question; as, to challenge the accuracy of a statement or of a quotation. 7. (Law) Defn: To object to or take exception to, as to a juror, or member of a court. 8. To object to the reception of the vote of, as on the ground that the person in not qualifed as a voter. [U. S.] To challenge to the array, favor, polls. See under Challenge, n. CHALLENGE Chal"lenge, v. i. Defn: To assert a right; to claim a place. Where nature doth with merit challenge. Shak. CHALLENGEABLE Chal"lenge*a*ble, a. Defn: That may be challenged. CHALLENGER Chal"len*ger, n. Defn: One who challenges. CHALLIS Chal"lis, n. Etym: [F. chaly, challis, a stuff made of goat's hair.] Defn: A soft and delicate woolen, or woolen and silk, fabric, for ladies' dresses. [Written also chally.] CHALON Cha"lon, n. Defn: A bed blanket. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHALYBEAN Cha*lyb"e*an, a. Etym: [L. chalybeïus, fr. chalybs steel, Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to the Chalybes, an ancient people of Pontus in Asia Minor, celebrated for working in iron and steel. 2. Of superior quality and temper; -- applied to steel. [Obs.] Milton. CHALYBEATE Cha*lyb"e*ate, a. Etym: [NL. chalybeatus, fr. chalubeïus. See Chalubean.] Defn: Impregnated with salts of iron; having a taste like iron; as, chalybeate springs. CHALYBEATE Cha*lyb"e*ate, n. Defn: Any water, liquid, or medicine, into which iron enters as an ingredient. CHALYBEOUS Cha*lyb"e*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Steel blue; of the color of tempered steel. CHALYBITE Chal"y*bite, n. (Min.) Defn: Native iron carbonate; -- usually called siderite. CHAM Cham, v. t. Etym: [See Chap.] Defn: To chew. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Sir T. More. CHAM Cham, n. Etym: [See Khan.] Defn: The sovereign prince of Tartary; -- now usually written khan. Shak. CHAMADE Cha*made, n. Etym: [F. chamade, fr. Pg. chamada, fr. chamar to call, fr. L. clamare.] (Mil.) Defn: A signal made for a parley by beat of a drum. They beat the chamade, and sent us carte blanche. Addison. CHAMAL Cha"mal, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Angora goat. See Angora goat, under Angora. CHAMBER Cham"ber, n. Etym: [F. chambre, fr. L. camera vault, arched roof, in LL. chamber, fr. Gr. kmar to be crooked. Cf. Camber, Camera, Comrade.] 1. A retired room, esp. an upper room used for sleeping; a bedroom; as, the house had four chambers. 2. pl. Defn: Apartments in a lodging house. "A bachelor's life in chambers." Thackeray. 3. A hall, as where a king gives audience, or a deliberative body or assembly meets; as, presence chamber; senate chamber. 4. A legislative or judicial body; an assembly; a society or association; as, the Chamber of Deputies; the Chamber of Commerce. 5. A compartment or cell; an inclosed space or cavity; as, the chamber of a canal lock; the chamber of a furnace; the chamber of the eye. 6. pl. (Law.) Defn: A room or rooms where a lawyer transacts business; a room or rooms where a judge transacts such official business as may be done out of court. 7. A chamber pot. [Colloq.] 8. (Mil.) (a) That part of the bore of a piece of ordnance which holds the charge, esp. when of different diameter from the rest of the bore; -- formerly, in guns, made smaller than the bore, but now larger, esp. in breech-loading guns. (b) A cavity in a mine, usually of a cubical form, to contain the powder. (c) A short piece of ornance or cannon, which stood on its breech, without any carriage, formerly used chiefly for rejoicings and theatrical cannonades. Air chamber. See Air chamber, in the Vocabulary. -- Chamber of commerce, a board or association to protect the interests of commerce, chosen from among the merchants and traders of a city. -- Chamber council, a secret council. Shak. -- Chamber counsel or counselor, a counselor who gives his opinion in private, or at his chambers, but does not advocate causes in court. -- Chamber fellow, a chamber companion; a roommate; a chum. -- Chamber hangings, tapestry or hangings for a chamber. -- Chamber lye, urine. Shak. -- Chamber music, vocal or instrumental music adapted to performance in a chamber or small apartment or audience room, instead of a theater, concert hall, or chuch. -- Chamber practice (Law.), the practice of counselors at law, who give their opinions in private, but do not appear in court. -- To sit at chambers, to do business in chambers, as a judge. CHAMBER Cham"ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chambered; p. pr. & vb. n. Chambering.] 1. To reside in or occupy a chamber or chambers. 2. To be lascivious. [Obs.] CHAMBER Cham"ber, v. t. 1. To shut up, as inn a chamber. Shak. 2. To furnish with a chamber; as, to chamber a gun. CHAMBERED Cham"bered, a. Defn: Having a chamber or chambers; as, a chambered shell; a chambered gun. CHAMBERER Cham"ber*er, n. 1. One who attends in a chamber; a chambermaid. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A civilian; a carpetmonger. [Obs.] CHAMBERING Cham"ber*ing, n. Defn: Lewdness. [Obs.] Rom. xiii. 13. CHAMBERLAIN Cham"ber*lain, n. Etym: [OF. chamberlain, chambrelencF. chambellon, OHG. chamerling, chamarlinc, G. kämmerling, kammer chamber (fr. L. camera) + -ling. See Chamber, and -ling.] [Formerly written chamberlin.] 1. An officer or servant who has charge of a chamber or chambers. 2. An upper servant of an inn. [Obs.] 3. An officer having the direction and management of the private chambers of a nobleman or monarch; hence, in Europe, one of the high officers of a court. 4. A treasurer or receiver of public money; as, the chamberlain of London, of North Wales, etc. The lord chamberlain of England, an officer of the crown, who waits upon the sovereign on the day of coronation, and provides requisites for the palace of Westminster, and for the House of Lords during the session of Parliament. Under him are the gentleman of the black rod and other officers. His office is distinct from that of the lord chamberlain of the Household, whose functions relate to the royal housekeeping. CHAMBERLAINSHIP Cham"ber*lain*ship, n. Defn: Office if a chamberlain. CHAMBERMAID Cham"ber*maid`, n. 1. A maidservant who has the care of chambers, making the beds, sweeping, cleaning the rooms, etc. 2. A lady's maid. [Obs.] Johnson. CHAMBERTIN Cham`ber*tin", n. Defn: A red wine from Chambertin near Dijon, in Burgundy. CHAMBRANLE Cham`bran"le, n. [F.] (Arch.) Defn: An ornamental bordering or framelike decoration around the sides and top of a door, window, or fireplace. The top piece is called the traverse and the side pieces the ascendants. CHAMBRAY Cham"bray, n. [From Cambrai, France. Cf. Cambric.] Defn: A gingham woven in plain colors with linen finish. CHAMBREL Cham"brel, n. Defn: Same as Gambrel. CHAMECK Cha*meck", n. Etym: [Native Brazilian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of spider monkey (Ateles chameck), having the thumbs rudimentary and without a nail. CHAMELEON Cha*me"le*on, n. Etym: [L. Chamaeleon, Gr. Humble, and Lion.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A lizardlike reptile of the genus Chamæleo, of several species, found in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The skin is covered with fine granmulations; the tail is prehensile, and the body is much compressed laterally, giving it a high back. Note: Its color changes more or less with the color of the objects about it, or with its temper when disturbed. In a cool, dark place it is nearly white, or grayish; on admitting the light, it changes to brown, bottle-green, or blood red, of various shades, and more or less mottled in arrangment. The American chameleons belong to Anolis and allied genera of the family Iguanidæ. They are more slender in form than the true chameleons, but have the same power of changing their colors. Chameleon mineral (Chem.), the compound called potassium permanganate, a dark violet, crystalline substance, KMnO4, which in formation passes through a peculiar succession of color from green to blue, purple, red, etc. See Potassium permanganate, under Potassium. CHAMELEONIZE Cha*me"le*on*ize, v. t. Defn: To change into various colors. [R.] CHAMFER Cham"fer, n. Etym: [See Chamfron.] Defn: The surface formed by cutting away the arris, or angle, formed by two faces of a piece of timber, stone, etc. CHAMFER Cham"fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chamfered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chamfering.( 1. (Carp.) Defn: To cut a furrow in, as in a column; to groove; to channel; to flute. 2. To make a chamfer on. CHAMFRET Cham"fret, n. Etym: [See Chamfron.] 1. (Carp.) Defn: A small gutter; a furrow; a groove. 2. A chamfer. CHAMFRON Cham"fron, n. Etym: [F. chanfrein.] (Anc. Armor) Defn: The frontlet, or head armor, of a horse. [Written also champfrain and chamfrain.] CHAMISAL Cha`mi*sal", n. [Amer. Sp., fr. Sp. chamiza a kind of wild cane.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A California rosaceous shrub (Adenostoma fasciculatum) which often forms an impenetrable chaparral. 2. A chaparral formed by dense growths of this shrub. CHAMLET Cham"let, n. Defn: See Camlet. [Obs.] CHAMOIS Cham"ois, n. Etym: [F. chamois, prob. fr. OG. gamz, G. gemse.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small species of antelope (Rupicapra tragus), living on the loftiest mountain ridges of Europe, as the Alps, Pyrenees, etc. It possesses remarkable agility, and is a favorite object of chase. 2. A soft leather made from the skin of the chamois, or from sheepskin, etc.; -- called also chamois leather, and chammy or shammy leather. See Shammy. CHAMOMILE Cham"o*mile, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Camomile. CHAMP Champ, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Champed; p. pr. & vb. n. Champing.] Etym: [Prob, of Scand. orgin; cf. dial. Sw. kämsa to chew with difficulty, champ; but cf. also OF. champier, champeyer, champoyer, to graze in fields, fr. F. champ field, fr. L. campus. Cf. Camp.] 1. To bite with repeated action of the teeth so as to be heard. Foamed and champed the golden bit. Dryden. 2. To bite into small pieces; to crunch. Steele. CHAMP Champ, v. i. Defn: To bite or chew impatiently. They began . . . irefully to champ upon the bit. Hooker. CHAMP; CHAMPE Champ, Champe, n. Etym: [F. champ, L. campus field.] (Arch.) Defn: The field or ground on which carving appears in relief. CHAMPAGNE Cham*pagne", n. Etym: [F. See Champaign.] Defn: A light wine, of several kinds, originally made in the province of Champagne, in France. Note: Champagne properly includes several kinds not only of sparkling but off still wines; but in America the term is usually restricted to wines which effervesce. CHAMPAIGN Cham*paign", n. Etym: [OF. champaigne; same word as campagne.] Defn: A flat, open country. Fair champaign, with less rivers interveined. Milton. Through Apline vale or champaign wide. Wordsworth. CHAMPAIGN Cham*paign", a. Defn: Flat; open; level. A wide, champaign country, filled with herds. Addison. CHAMPER Champ"er, n. Defn: One who champs, or bites. CHAMPERTOR Cham"per*tor, n. Etym: [F. champarteur a divider of fields or field rent. See Champerty.] (Law) Defn: One guilty of champerty; one who purchases a suit, or the right of suing, and carries it on at his own expense, in order to obtain a share of the gain. CHAMPERTY Cham"per*ty, n. Etym: [F. champart field rent, L. campipars; champ (L. campus) field + part (L. pars) share.] 1. Partnership in power; equal share of authority. [Obs.] Beauté ne sleighte, strengthe ne hardyness, Ne may with Venus holde champartye. Chaucer. 2. (Law) Defn: The prosecution or defense of a suit, whether by furnishing money or personal services, by one who has no legitimate concern therein, in consideration of an agreement that he shall receive, in the event of success, a share of the matter in suit; maintenance with the addition of an agreement to divide the thing in suit. See Maintenance. Note: By many authorities champerty is defined as an agreement of this nature. From early times the offence of champerty has been forbidden and punishable. CHAMPIGNON Cham*pi"gnon, n. Etym: [F., a mushroom, ultimately fr. L. campus field. See Camp.] (Bot.) Defn: An edible species of mushroom (Agaricus campestris). Fairy ring champignon, the Marasmius oreades, which has a strong flavor but is edible. CHAMPION Cham"pi*on, n. Etym: [F. champion, fr. LL.campio, of German origin; cf. OHG. chempho, chemphio, fighter, champf, G. kampf, contest; perh. influenced by L. campus field, taken in the sense of "field of battle."] 1. One who engages in any contest; esp. one who in ancient times contended in single combat in behalf of another's honor or rights; or one who acts or speaks in behalf of a person or a cause; a defender; an advocate; a hero. A stouter champion never handled sword. Shak. Champions of law and liberty. Fisher Ames. 2. One who by defeating all rivals, has obtained an acknowledged supremacy in any branch of athetics or game of skill, and is ready to contend with any rival; as, the champion of England. Note: Champion is used attributively in the sense of surpassing all competitors; overmastering; as, champion pugilist; champion chess player. Syn. -- Leader; chieftain; combatant; hero; warrior; defender; protector. CHAMPION Cham"pi*on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Championed; p. pr. & vb. n. Championing.] [Obs.] Shak. 2. To furnish with a champion; to attend or defend as champion; to support or maintain; to protect. Championed or unchampioned, thou diest. Sir W. Scott. CHAMPIONNESS Cham"pi*on*ness, n. Defn: A female champion. Fairfax. CHAMPIONSHIP Cham"pi*on*ship, n. Defn: State of being champion; leadership; supremancy. CHAMPLAIN PERIOD Cham*plain" pe"ri*od. (Geol.) Defn: A subdivision of the Quaternary age immediately following the Glacial period; -- so named from beds near Lake Champlain. Note: The earlier deposits of this period are diluvial in character, as if formed in connection with floods attending the melting of the glaciers, while the later deposits are of finer material in more quiet waters, as the alluvium. CHAMPLEVE Champ`le*vé", a. [F., p. p. of champlever to engrave. See 3d Champ, Camp, Lever a bar.] (Art) Defn: Having the ground engraved or cut out in the parts to be enameled; inlaid in depressions made in the ground; -- said of a kind of enamel work in which depressions made in the surface are filled with enamel pastes, which are afterward fired; also, designating the process of making such enamel work. --n. Defn: A piece of champlevé enamel; also, the process or art of making such enamel work; champlevé work. CHAMSIN Cham*sin", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Kamsin. CHANCE Chance, n. Etym: [F. chance, OF. cheance, fr. LL. cadentia a allusion to the falling of the dice), fr. L. cadere to fall; akin to Skr. çad to fall, L. cedere to yield, E. cede. Cf. Cadence.] 1. A supposed material or psychical agent or mode of activity other than a force, law, or purpose; fortune; fate; -- in this sense often personifed. It is strictly and philosophically true in nature and reason that there is no such thing as chance or accident; it being evident that these words do not signify anything really existing, anything that is truly an agent or the cause of any event; but they signify merely men's ignorance of the real and immediate cause. Samuel Clark. Any society into which chance might throw him. Macaulay. That power Which erring men call Chance. Milton. 2. The operation or activity of such agent. By chance a priest came down that way. Luke x. 31. 3. The supposed effect of such an agent; something that befalls, as the result of unknown or unconsidered forces; the issue of uncertain conditions; an event not calculated upon; an unexpected occurrence; a happening; accident; fortuity; casualty. It was a chance that happened to us. 1 Sam. vi. 9. The Knave of Diamonds tries his wily arts, And wins (O shameful chance!) the Queen of Hearts. Pope. I spake of most disastrous chance. Shak. 4. A possibity; a likelihood; an opportunity; -- with reference to a doubtful result; as, a chance result; as, a chance to escape; a chance for life; the chances are all against him. So weary with disasters, tugged with fortune. That I would get my life on any chance, To mend it, or be rid on't Shak. 5. (Math.) Defn: Probability. Note: The mathematical expression, of a chance is the ratio of frequency with which an event happens in the long run. If an event may happen in a ways and may fail in b ways, and each of these a + b ways is equally likely, the chance, or probability, that the event will happen is measured by the fraction a/(a + b), and the chance, or probability, that it will fail is measured by b/(a + b). Chance comer, one who, comes unexpectedly. -- The last chance, the sole remaining ground of hope. -- The main chance, the chief opportunity; that upon which reliance is had, esp. self-interest. -- Theory of chances, Doctrine of chances (Math.), that branch of mathematics which treats of the probability of the occurrence of particular events, as the fall of dice in given positions. -- To mind one's chances, to take advantage of every circumstance; to seize every opportunity. CHANCE Chance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Chancing.] Defn: To happen, come, or arrive, without design or expectation. "Things that chance daily." Robynson (More's Utopia). If a bird's nest chance to be before thee. Deut. xxii. 6. I chanced on this letter. Shak. Note: Often used impersonally; as, how chances it How chance, thou art returned so soon Shak. CHANCE Chance, v. t. 1. To take the chances of; to venture upon; -- usually with it as object. Come what will, I will chance it. W. D. Howells. 2. To befall; to happen to. [Obs.] W. Lambarde. CHANCE Chance, a. Defn: Happening by chance; casual. CHANCE Chance, adv. Defn: By chance; perchance. Gray. CHANCEABLE Chance"a*ble, a. Defn: Fortuitous; casual. [Obs.] CHANCEABLY Chance"a*bly, adv. Defn: By chance. [Obs.] CHANCEFUL Chance"ful, a. Defn: Hazardous. [Obs.] Spenser. CHANCEL Chan"cel, n. Etym: [OF. chancel, F. chanceau, cancel, fr. L. cancelli lattices, crossbars. (The chancel was formerly inclosed with lattices or crossbars) See Cancel, v. t.] (Arch.) (a) That part of a church, reserved for the use of the clergy, where the altar, or communion table, is placed. Hence, in modern use; (b) All that part of a cruciform church which is beyond the line of the transept farthest from the main front. Chancel aisle (Arch.), the aisle which passes on either side of or around the chancel. -- Chancel arch (Arch.), the arch which spans the main opening, leading to the chancel -- Chancel casement, the principal window in a chancel. Tennyson. -- Chancel table, the communion table. CHANCELLERY Chan"cel*ler*y, n. Etym: [Cf. Chancery.] Defn: Chancellorship. [Obs.] Gower. CHANCELLOR Chan"cel*lor, n. Etym: [OE. canceler, chaunceler, F. chancelier, LL. cancellarius chancellor, a director of chancery, fr. L. cancelli lattices, crossbars, which surrounded the seat of judgment. See Chancel.] Defn: A judicial court of chancery, which in England and in the United States is distinctively a court with equity jurisdiction. Note: The chancellor was originally a chief scribe or secretary under the Roman emperors, but afterward was invested with judicial powers, and had superintendence over the other officers of the empire. From the Roman empire this office passed to the church, and every bishop has his chancellor, the principal judge of his consistory. In later times, in most countries of Europe, the chancellor was a high officer of state, keeper of the great seal of the kingdom, and having the supervision of all charters, and like public instruments of the crown, which were authenticated in the most solemn manner. In France a secretary is in some cases called a chancellor. In Scotland, the appellation is given to the foreman of a jury, or assize. In the present German empire, the chancellor is the president of the federal council and the head of the imperial administration. In the United States, the title is given to certain judges of courts of chancery or equity, established by the statutes of separate States. Blackstone. Wharton. Chancellor of a bishop, or of a diocese (R. C. Ch. & ch. of Eng.), a law officer appointed to hold the bishop's court in his diocese, and to assist him in matter of ecclesiastical law. -- Chancellor of a cathedral, one of the four chief dignitaries of the cathedrals of the old foundation, and an officer whose duties are chiefly educational, with special reference to the cultivation of theology. -- Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, an officer before whom, or his deputy, the court of the duchy chamber of Lancaster is held. This is a special jurisdiction. -- Chancellor of a university, the chief officer of a collegiate body. In Oxford, he is elected for life; in Cambridge, for a term of years; and his office is honorary, the chief duties of it devolving on the vice chancellor. -- Chancellor of the exchequer, a member of the British cabinet upon whom devolves the charge of the public income and expenditure as the highest finance minister of the government. -- Chancellor of the order of the Garter (or other military orders), an officer who seals the commissions and mandates of the chapter and assembly of the knights, keeps the register of their proceedings, and delivers their acts under the seal of their order. -- Lord high chancellor of England, the presiding judge in the court of chancery, the highest judicial officer of the crown, and the first lay person of the state after the blood royal. He is created chancellor by the delivery into his custody of the great seal, of which he becomes keeper. He is privy counselor by his office, and prolocutor of the House of Lords by prescription. CHANCELLORSHIP Chan"cel*lor*ship, n. Defn: The office of a chancellor; the time during which one is chancellor. CHANCE-MEDLEY Chance"-med`ley, n. Etym: [Chance + medley.] 1. (Law) Defn: The kiling of another in self-defense upon a sudden and unpremeditated encounter. See Chaud-Medley. Note: The term has been sometimes applied to any kind of homicide by misadventure, or to any accidental killing of a person without premeditation or evil intent, but, in strictness, is applicable to such killing as happens in defending one's self against assault. Bouvier. 2. Luck; chance; accident. Milton. Cowper. CHANCERY Chan"cer*y, n. Etym: [F. chancellerie, LL. cancellaria, from L. cancellarius. See Chancellor, and cf. Chancellery.] 1. In England, formerly, the highest court of judicature next to the Parliament, exercising jurisdiction at law, but chiefly in equity; but under the jurisdiction act of 1873 it became the chancery division of the High Court of Justice, and now exercises jurisdiction only in equity. 2. In the Unites States, a court of equity; equity; proceeding in equity. Note: A court of chancery, so far as it is a court of equity, in the English and American sense, may be generally, if not precisely, described as one having jurisdiction in cases of rights, recognized and protected by the municipal jurisprudence, where a plain, adequate, and complete remedy can not be had in the courts of common law. In some of the American States, jurisdiction at law and in equity centers in the same tribunal. The courts of the United States also have jurisdiction both at law and in equity, and in all such cases they exercise their jurisdiction, as courts of law, or as courts of equity, as the subject of adjudication may require. In others of the American States, the courts that administer equity are distinct tribunals, having their appropriate judicial officers, and it is to the latter that the appellation courts of chancery is usually applied; but, in American law, the terms equity and court of equity are more frequently employed than the corresponding terms chancery and court of chancery. Burrill. Inns of chancery. See under Inn. -- To get (or to hold) In chancery (Boxing), to get the head of an antagonist under one's arm, so that one can pommel it with the other fist at will; hence, to have wholly in One's power. The allusion is to the condition of a person involved in the chancery court, where he was helpless, while the lawyers lived upon his estate. CHANCRE Chan"cre, n. Etym: [F. chancere. See Cancer.] (Med.) Defn: A venereal sore or ulcer; specifically, the initial lesion of true syphilis, whether forming a distinct ulcer or not; -- called also hard chancre, indurated chancre, and Hunterian chancre. Soft chancre. A chancroid. See Chancroid. CHANCROID Chan"croid, n. Etym: [Chancre + -oil.] (Med.) Defn: A venereal sore, resembling a chancre in its seat and some external characters, but differing from it in being the starting point of a purely local process and never of a systemic disease; -- called also soft chancre. CHANCROUS Chan"crous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chancreux.] (Med.) Defn: Of the nature of a chancre; having chancre. CHANDELIER Chan`de*lier", n. Etym: [F. See Chandler.] 1. A candlestick, lamp, stand, gas fixture, or the like, having several branches; esp., one hanging from the ceiling. 2. (Fort.) Defn: A movable parapet, serving to support fascines to cover pioneers. [Obs.] CHANDLER Chan"dler, n. Etym: [F. chandelier a candlestick, a maker or seller of candles, LL. candelarius chandler, fr. L. candela candle. See Candle, and cf. Chandelier.] 1. A maker or seller of candles. The chandler's basket, on his shoulder borne, With tallow spots thy coat. Gay. 2. A dealer in other commodities, which are indicated by a word prefixed; as, ship chandler, corn chandler. CHANDLERLY Chan"dler*ly, a. Defn: Like a chandler; in a petty way. [Obs.] Milton. CHANDLERY Chan"dler*y, n. Defn: Commodities sold by a chandler. CHANDOO Chan*doo", n. Defn: An extract or preparation of opium, used in China and India for smoking. Balfour. CHANDRY Chan"dry, n. Defn: Chandlery. [Obs.] "Torches from the chandry." B. Jonson. CHANFRIN Chan"frin, n. Etym: [F. chanfrein. Cf. Chamfron.] Defn: The fore part of a horse's head. CHANGE Change, v. t. [Imp. & p. p. Changed; p. pr. & vb. n. Changing.] Etym: [F. changer, fr. LL. cambiare, to exchange, barter, L. cambire. Cf. Cambial.] 1. To alter; to make different; to cause to pass from one state to another; as, to change the position, character, or appearance of a thing; to change the countenance. Therefore will I change their glory into shame. Hosea. iv. 7. 2. To alter by substituting something else for, or by giving up for something else; as, to change the clothes; to change one's occupation; to change one's intention. They that do change old love for new, Pray gods, they change for worse! Peele. 3. To give and take reciprocally; to exchange; -- followed by with; as, to change place, or hats, or money, with another. Look upon those thousands with whom thou wouldst not, for any interest, change thy fortune and condition. Jer. Taylor. 4. Specifically: To give, or receive, smaller denominations of money (technically called change) for; as, to change a gold coin or a bank bill. He pulled out a thirty-pound note and bid me change it. Goldsmith. To change a horse, or To change hand (Man.), to turn or bear the horse's head from one hand to the other, from the left to right, or from the right to the left. -- To change hands, to change owners. -- To change one's tune, to become less confident or boastful. [Colloq.] -- To change step, to take a break in the regular succession of steps, in marching or walking, as by bringing the hollow of one foot against the heel of the other, and then stepping off with the foot which is in advance. Syn. -- To alter; vary; deviate; substitute; innovate; diversify; shift; veer; turn. See Alter. CHANGE Change, v. i. 1. To be altered; to undergo variation; as, men sometimes change for the better. For I am Lord, I change not. Mal. iii. 6. 2. To pass from one phase to another; as, the moon changes to-morrow night. CHANGE Change, n. Etym: [F. change, fr. changer. See Change. v. t.] 1. Any variation or alteration; a passing from one state or form to another; as, a change of countenance; a change of habits or principles. Apprehensions of a change of dynasty. Hallam. All the days of my appointed time will I wait, till my change come. Job xiv. 14. 2. A succesion or substitution of one thing in the place of another; a difference; novelty; variety; as, a change of seasons. Our fathers did for change to France repair. Dryden. The ringing grooves of change. Tennyson. 3. A passing from one phase to another; as, a change of the moon. 4. Alteration in the order of a series; permutation. 5. That which makes a variety, or may be substituted for another. Thirty change (R.V. changes) of garments. Judg. xiv. 12. 6. Small money; the money by means of which the larger coins and bank bills are made available in small dealings; hence, the balance returned when payment is tendered by a coin or note exceeding the sum due. 7. Etym: [See Exchange.] Defn: A place where merchants and others meet to transact business; a building appropriated for mercantile transactions. [Colloq. for Exchange.] 8. A public house; an alehouse. [Scot.] They call an alehouse a change. Burt. 9. (Mus.) Defn: Any order in which a number of bells are struck, other than that of the diatonic scale. Four bells admit twenty-four changes in ringing. Holder. Change of life, the period in the life of a woman when menstruation and the capacity for conception cease, usually occurring between forty-five and fifty years of age. -- Change ringing, the continual production, without repetition, of changes on bells, See def. 9. above. -- Change wheel (Mech.), one of a set of wheels of different sizes and number of teeth, that may be changed or substituted one for another in machinery, to produce a different but definite rate of angular velocity in an axis, as in cutting screws, gear, etc. -- To ring the changes on, to present the same facts or arguments in variety of ways. Syn. -- Variety; variation; alteration; mutation; transition; vicissitude; innovation; novelty; transmutation; revolution; reverse. CHANGEABILITY Change`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Changeableness. CHANGEABLE Change"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. changeable.] 1. Capable of change; subject to alteration; mutable; variable; fickle; inconstant; as, a changeable humor. 2. Appearing different, as in color, in different lights, or under different circumstances; as, changeable silk. Syn. -- Mutable; alterable; variable; inconstant; fitful; vacillating; capricious; fickle; unstable; unsteady; unsettled; wavering; erratic; giddy; volatile. CHANGEABLENESS Change"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being changeable; fickleness; inconstancy; mutability. CHANGEABLY Change"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a changeable manner. CHANGEFUL Change"ful, a. Defn: Full of change; mutable; inconstant; fickle; uncertain. Pope. His course had been changeful. Motley. -- Change"ful*ly, adv. -- Change"ful*ness, n. CHANGE GEAR Change gear. (Mach.) Defn: A gear by means of which the speed of machinery or of a vehicle may be changed while that of the propelling engine or motor remains constant; -- called also change-speed gear. CHANGE KEY Change key. Defn: A key adapted to open only one of a set of locks; -- distinguished from a master key. CHANGELESS Change"less, a. Defn: That can not be changed; constant; as, a changeless purpose. -- Change"less*ness, n. CHANGELING Change"ling, n. Etym: [Change + -ling.] 1. One who, or that which, is left or taken in the place of another, as a child exchanged by fairies. Such, men do changelings call, so changed by fairies' theft. Spenser. The changeling [a substituted writing] never known. Shak. 2. A simpleton; an idiot. Macaulay. Changelings and fools of heaven, and thence shut out. Wildly we roam in discontent about. Dryden. 3. One apt to change; a waverer. "Fickle changelings." Shak. CHANGELING Change"ling, a. 1. Taken or left in place of another; changed. "A little changeling boy." Shak. 2. Given to change; inconstant. [Obs.] Some are so studiously changeling. Boyle. CHANGER Chan"ger, n. 1. One who changes or alters the form of anything. 2. One who deals in or changes money. John ii. 14. 3. One apt to change; an inconstant person. CHANK Chank", n. Etym: [Skr. çankha. See Conch.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The East Indian name for the large spiral shell of several species of sea conch much used in making bangles, esp. Turbinella pyrum. Called also chank chell. CHANNEL Chan"nel, n. Etym: [OE. chanel, canel, OF. chanel, F. chenel, fr. L. canalis. See Canal.] 1. The hollow bed where a stream of water runs or may run. 2. The deeper part of a river, harbor, strait, etc., where the main current flows, or which affords the best and safest passage for vessels. 3. (Geog.) Defn: A strait, or narrow sea, between two portions of lands; as, the British Channel. 4. That through which anything passes; means of passing, conveying, or transmitting; as, the news was conveyed to us by different channels. The veins are converging channels. Dalton. At best, he is but a channel to convey to the National assembly such matter as may import that body to know. Burke. 5. A gutter; a groove, as in a fluted column. 6. pl. Etym: [Cf. Chain wales.] (Naut.) Defn: Flat ledges of heavy plank bolted edgewise to the outside of a vessel, to increase the spread of the shrouds and carry them clear of the bulwarks. Channel bar, Channel iron (Arch.), an iron bar or beam having a section resembling a flat gutter or channel. -- Channel bill (Zoöl.), a very large Australian cucko (Scythrops Novæhollandiæ. -- Channel goose. (Zoöl.) See Gannet. CHANNEL Chan"nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Channeled, or Channelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Channeling, or Channelling.] 1. To form a channel in; to cut or wear a channel or channels in; to groove. No more shall trenching war channel her fields. Shak. 2. To course through or over, as in a channel. Cowper. CHANNELING Chan"nel*ing, n. 1. The act or process of forming a channel or channels. 2. A channel or a system of channels; a groove. CHANSON Chan"son, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. cantion song. See Cantion, Canzone.] Defn: A song. Shak. CHANSON DE GESTE Chan`son" de geste". [F., prop., song of history.] Defn: Any Old French epic poem having for its subject events or exploits of early French history, real or legendary, and written originally in assonant verse of ten or twelve syllables. The most famous one is the Chanson de Roland. Langtoft had written in the ordinary measure of the later chansons de geste. Saintsbury. CHANSONNETTE Chan`son*nette", n.; pl. Chansonnettes. Etym: [F., dim. of chanson.] Defn: A little song. These pretty little chansonnettes that he sung. Black. CHANT Chant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Chanting.] Etym: [F. chanter, fr. L. cantare, intens. of canere to sing. Cf. Cant affected speaking, and see Hen.] 1. To utter with a melodious voice; to sing. The cheerful birds . . . do chant sweet music. Spenser. 2. To celebrate in song. The poets chant in the theaters. Bramhall. 3. (Mus.) Defn: To sing or recite after the manner of a chant, or to a tune called a chant. CHANT Chant, v. i. 1. To make melody with the voice; to sing. "Chant to the sound of the viol." Amos vi. 5. 2. (Mus.) Defn: To sing, as in reciting a chant. To chant (or chaunt) horses, to sing their praise; to overpraise; to cheat in selling. See Chaunter. Thackeray. CHANT Chant, n.Etym: [F. chant, fr. L. cantus singing, song, fr. canere to sing. See Chant, v. t.] 1. Song; melody. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A short and simple melody, divided into two parts by double bars, to which unmetrical psalms, etc., are sung or recited. It is the most ancient form of choral music. 3. A psalm, etc., arranged for chanting. 4. Twang; manner of speaking; a canting tone. [R.] His strange face, his strange chant. Macaulay. Ambrosian chant, See under Ambrosian. Chant royal Etym: [F.], in old French poetry, a poem containing five strophes of eleven lines each, and a concluding stanza. -- each of these six parts ending with a common refrain. -- Gregorian chant. See under Gregorian. CHANTANT Chan`tant", a. Etym: [F. singing.] (Mus.) Defn: Composed in a melodious and singing style. CHANTER Chant"er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chanteur.] 1. One who chants; a singer or songster. Pope. 2. The chief singer of the chantry. J. Gregory. 3. The flute or finger pipe in a bagpipe. See Bagpipe. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hedge sparrow. CHANTERELLE Chan`te*relle", n. Etym: [F.] (Bot.) Defn: A name for several species of mushroom, of which one (Cantharellus cibrius) is edible, the others reputed poisonous. CHANTEY Chant"ey, n. [Cf. F. chanter to sing, and Chant. n.] Defn: A sailor's song. May we lift a deep-sea chantey such as seamen use at sea Kipling. CHANTICLEER Chan"ti*cleer, n. Etym: [F. Chanteclair, name of the cock in the Roman du Renart (Reynard the Fox); chanter to chant + clair clear. See Chant, and Clear.] Defn: A cock, so called from the clearness or loundness of his voice in crowing. CHANTING Chant"ing, n. Defn: Singing, esp. as a chant is sung. Chanting falcon (Zoöl.), an African falcon (Melierax canorus or musicus). The male has the habit, remarkable in a bird of prey, of singing to his mate, while she is incubating. CHANTOR Chant"or, n. Defn: A chanter. CHANTRESS Chant"ress, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. chanteresse.] Defn: A female chanter or singer. Milton. CHANTRY Chant"ry, n.; pl. Chantries. Etym: [OF. chanterie, fr. chanter to sing.] 1. An endowment or foundation for the chanting of masses and offering of prayers, commonly for the founder. 2. A chapel or altar so endowed. Cowell. CHAOMANCY Cha"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by means of apperances in the air. CHAOS Cha"os, n. Etym: [L. chaos chaos (in senses 1 & 2), Gr. Chasm.] 1. An empty, immeasurable space; a yawning chasm. [Archaic] Between us and there is fixed a great chaos. Luke xvi. 26 (Rhemish Trans. ). 2. The confused, unorganized condition or mass of matter before the creation of distinct and order forms. 3. Any confused or disordered collection or state of things; a confused mixture; confusion; disorder. CHAOTIC Cha*ot"ic, a. Defn: Resembling chaos; confused. CHAOTICALLY Cha*ot"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a chaotic manner. CHAP Chap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Chapping.] Etym: [See Chop to cut.] 1. To cause to open in slits or chinks; to split; to cause the skin of to crack or become rough. Then would unbalanced heat licentious reign, Crack the dry hill, and chap the russet plain. Blackmore. Nor winter's blast chap her fair face. Lyly. 2. To strike; to beat. [Scot.] CHAP Chap, v. i. 1. To crack or open in slits; as, the earth chaps; the hands chap. 2. To strike; to knock; to rap. [Scot.] CHAP Chap, n. Etym: [From Chap, v. t. & i.] 1. A cleft, crack, or chink, as in the surface of the earth, or in the skin. 2. A division; a breach, as in a party. [Obs.] Many clefts and chaps in our council board. T. Fuller. 3. A blow; a rap. [Scot.] CHAP Chap, n. Etym: [OE. chaft; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel kjaptr jaw, Sw. Käft, D. kiæft; akin to G. kiefer, and E. jowl. Cf. Chops.] 1. One of the jaws or the fleshy covering of a jaw; -- commonly in the plural, and used of animals, and colloquially of human beings. His chaps were all besmeared with crimson blood. Cowley. He unseamed him [Macdonald] from the nave to the chaps. Shak. 2. One of the jaws or cheeks of a vise, etc. CHAP Chap, n. Etym: [Perh. abbreviated fr. chapman, but used in a more general sense; or cf. Dan. kiæft jaw, person, E. chap jaw.] 1. A buyer; a chapman. [Obs.] If you want to sell, here is your chap. Steele. 2. A man or boy; a youth; a fellow. [Colloq.] CHAP Chap, v. i. Etym: [See Cheapen.] Defn: To bargain; to buy. [Obs.] CHAPARAJOS Cha`pa*ra"jos, n. pl. [Mex. Sp.] Defn: Overalls of sheepskin or leather, usually open at the back, worn, esp. by cowboys, to protect the legs from thorny bushes, as in the chaparral; -- called also chapareras or colloq. chaps. [Sp. Amer.] CHAPARERAS Cha`pa*re"ras, n. pl. [Mex. Sp.] Defn: Same as Chaparajos. [Sp. Amer.] CHAPARRAL Cha`par*ral", n. Etym: [Sp., fr. chaparro an evergeen oak.] 1. A thicket of low evergreen oaks. 2. An almost impenetrable thicket or succession of thickets of thorny shrubs and brambles. Chaparral cock; fem. Chaparral hen (Zoöl.), a bird of the cuckoo family (Geococcyx Californianus), noted for running with great speed. It ranges from California to Mexico and eastward to Texas; -- called also road runner, ground cuckoo, churea, and snake killerit is the state bird of New Mexico. CHAPBOOK Chap"book`, n. Etym: [See Chap to cheapen.] Defn: Any small book carried about for sale by chapmen or hawkers. Hence, any small book; a toy book. CHAPE Chape, n. Etym: [F., a churchman's cope, a cover, a chape, fr. L. cappa. See Cap.] 1. The piece by which an object is attached to something, as the frog of a scabbard or the metal loop at the back of a buckle by which it is fastened to a strap. 2. The transverse guard of a sword or dagger. 3. The metal plate or tip which protects the end of a scabbard, belt, etc. Knight. CHAPEAU Cha`peau", n.; pl. Chapeux. Etym: [F., fr. OF. chapel hat. See Chaplet.] 1. hat or covering for the head. 2. (Her.) Defn: A cap of maintenance. See Maintenance. Chapeau bras ( Etym: [F. chapeau hat + bras arm], a hat so made that it can be compressed and carried under the arm without injury. Such hats were particularly worn on dress occasions by gentlemen in the 18th century. A chapeau bras is now worn in the United States army by general and staff officers. CHAPED Chaped, p. p. or a. Defn: Furnished with a chape or chapes. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHAPEL Chap"el, n. Etym: [OF. chapele, F. chapelle, fr. LL. capella, orig., a short cloak, hood, or cowl; later, a reliquary, sacred vessel, chapel; dim. of cappa, capa, cloak, cape, cope; also, a covering for the head. The chapel where St. Martin's cloak was preserved as a precious relic, itself came to be called capella, whence the name was applied to similar paces of worship, and the guardian of this cloak was called capellanus, or chaplain. See Cap, and cf. Chaplain., Chaplet.] 1. A subordinate place of worship; as, (a) a small church, often a private foundation, as for a memorial; (b) a small building attached to a church; (c) a room or recess in a church, containing an altar. Note: In Catholic churches, and also in cathedrals and abbey churches, chapels are usually annexed in the recesses on the sides of the aisles. Gwilt. 2. A place of worship not connected with a church; as, the chapel of a palace, hospital, or prison. 3. In England, a place of worship used by dissenters from the Established Church; a meetinghouse. 4. A choir of singers, or an orchastra, attached to the court of a prince or nobleman. 5. (Print.) (a) A printing office, said to be so called because printing was first carried on in England in a chapel near Westminster Abbey. (b) An association of workmen in a printing office. Chapel of ease. (a) A chapel or dependent church built for the ease or a accommodation of an increasing parish, or for parishioners who live at a distance from the principal church. (b) A privy. (Law) -- Chapel master, a director of music in a chapel; the director of a court or orchestra. -- To build a chapel (Naut.), to chapel a ship. See Chapel, v. t., 2. -- To hold a chapel, to have a meeting of the men employed in a printing office, for the purpose of considering questions affecting their interests. CHAPEL Chap"el, v. t. 1. To deposit or inter in a chapel; to enshrine. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To cause (a ship taken aback in a light breeze) so to turn or make a circuit as to recover, without bracing the yards, the same tack on which she had been sailing. CHAPELESS Chape"less, a. Defn: Without a chape. CHAPELET Chap"e*let, n. Etym: [F. See Chaplet.] 1. A pair of Straps, with stirrups, joined at the top and fastened to the pommel or the frame of the saddle, after they have been adjusted to the convenience of the rider. [Written also chaplet.] 2. A kind of chain pump, or dredging machine. CHAPELLANY Chap"el*la*ny, n.; pl. Chapellanies. Etym: [Cf. E. chapellenie, LL. capellania. See Chaplain.] Defn: A chapel within the jurisdiction of a church; a subordinate ecclesiastical foundation. CHAPELRY Chap"el*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. chapelerie.] Defn: The territorial disrict legally assigned to a chapel. CHAPERON Chap"er*on, n. Etym: [F. chaperon. See Chape, Cape, Cap.] 1. A hood; especially, an ornamental or an official hood. His head and face covered with a chaperon, out of which there are but two holes to look through. Howell. 2. A divice placed on the foreheads of horses which draw the hearse in pompous funerals. 3. A matron who accompanies a young lady in public, for propriety, or as a guide and protector. CHAPERON Chap"er*on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chaperoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Chaperoning.] Etym: [Cf. F. chaperonner, fr. chaperon.] Defn: To attend in public places as a guide and protector; to matronize. Fortunately Lady Bell Finley, whom I had promised to chaperon, sent to excuse herself. Hannah More. CHAPERONAGE Chap"er*on`age, n. Defn: Attendance of a chaperon on a lady in public; protection afforded by a chaperon. CHAPFALLEN Chap"fall`en, a. Defn: Having the lower chap or jaw drooping, -- an indication of humiliation and dejection; crestfallen; discouraged. See Chopfallen. CHAPITER Chap"i*ter, n. Etym: [OF. chapitel, F. chapiteau, from L. capitellum, dim. of caput head. Cf. Capital, Chapter.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A capital [Obs.] See Chapital. Ex. xxxvi. 38. 2. (Old Eng. Law) Defn: A summary in writing of such matters as are to be inquired of or presented before justices in eyre, or justices of assize, or of the peace, in their sessions; -- also called articles. Jacob. CHAPLAIN Chap"lain, n. Etym: [F. chapelain, fr. LL. capellanus, fr. capella. See Chapel.] 1. An ecclesiastic who has a chapel, or who performs religious service in a chapel. 2. A clergyman who is officially atteched to the army or navy, to some public institution, or to a family or court, for the purpose of performing divine service. 3. Any person (clergyman or layman) chosen to conduct religious exercises for a society, etc.; as, a chaplain of a Masonic or a temperance lodge. CHAPLAINCY Chap"lain*cy, n.; pl. Chaplaincies (. Defn: The office, position, or station of a chaplain. Swift. CHAPLAINSHIP Chap"lain*ship, n. 1. The office or business of a chaplain. The Bethesda of some knight's chaplainship. Milton. 2. The possession or revenue of a chapel. Johnson. CHAPLESS Chap"less, a. Defn: Having no lower jaw; hence, fleshless. [R.] "Yellow, chapless skulls." Shak. CHAPLET Chap"let, n. Etym: [F. chapelet, dim. of OF. chapel hat, garland, dim. fr. LL. cappa. See Cap, and cf. Chapelet, Chapeau.] 1. A garland or wreath to be worn on the head. 2. A string of beads, or part of a string, used by Roman Catholic in praying; a third of a rosary, or fifty beads. Her chaplet of beads and her missal. Longfellow. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A small molding, carved into beads, pearls, olives, etc. 4. (Man.) Defn: A chapelet. See Chapelet, 1. 5. (Founding) Defn: A bent piece of sheet iron, or a pin with thin plates on its ends, for holding a core in place in the mold. 6. A tuft of feathers on a peacock's head. Johnson. CHAPLET Chap"let, n. Defn: A small chapel or shrine. CHAPLET Chap"let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chapleted.] Defn: To adorn with a chaplet or with flowers. R. Browning. CHAPMAN Chap"man, n.; pl. Chapmen. Etym: [AS. ceápman; ceáp trade + man man; akin to D. koopman, Sw. köpman, Dan. kiöpmand, G. kaufmann.f. Chap to cheapen, and see Cheap.] 1. One who buys and sells; a merchant; a buyer or a seller. [Obs.] The word of life is a quick commodity, and ought not, as a drug to be obtruded on those chapmen who are unwilling to buy it. T. Fuller. 2. A peddler; a hawker. CHAPPY Chap"py, Defn: Full of chaps; cleft; gaping; open. CHAPS Chaps, n. pl. Defn: The jaws, or the fleshy parts about them. See Chap. "Open your chaps again." Shak. CHAPTER Chap"ter, n. Etym: [OF. chapitre, F. chapitre, fr. L. capitulum, dim. of caput head, the chief person or thing, the principal division of a writing, chapter. See Chief, and cf, Chapiter.] 1. A division of a book or treatise; as, Genesis has fifty chapters. 2. (Eccl.) (a) An assembly of monks, or of the prebends and other clergymen connected with a cathedral, conventual, or collegiate church, or of a diocese, usually presided over by the dean. (b) A community of canons or canonesses. (c) A bishop's council. (d) A business meeting of any religious community. 3. An organized branch of some society or fraternity as of the Freemasons. Robertson. 4. A meeting of certain organized societies or orders. 5. A chapter house. [R.] Burrill. 6. A decretal epistle. Ayliffe. 7. A location or compartment. In his bosom! In what chapter of his bosom Shak. Chapter head, or Chapter heading, that which stands at the head of a chapter, as a title. -- Chapter house, a house or room where a chapter meets, esp. a cathedral chapter. -- The chapter of accidents, chance. Marryat. CHAPTER Chap"ter, v. t. 1. To divide into chapters, as a book. Fuller. 2. To correct; to bring to book, i. e., to demand chapter and verse. [Obs.] Dryden. CHAPTREL Chap"trel, n. Etym: [See Chapiter.] (Arch.) Defn: An impost. [Obs.] CHAR; CHARR Char, Charr, n. Etym: [Ir. cear, Gael. ceara, lit., red, blood- colored, fr. cear blood. So named from its red belly.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the several species of fishes of the genus Salvelinus, allied to the spotted trout and salmon, inhabiting deep lakes in mountainous regions in Europe. In the United States, the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is sometimes called a char. CHAR Char, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A car; a chariot. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHAR Char, n. Etym: [OE. cherr, char a turning, time, work, AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, occasion, business, fr. cerran, cyrran, to turn; akin to OS. kërian, OHG. chëran, G. kehren. Cf. Chore, Ajar.] Defn: Work done by the day; a single job, or task; a chore. [Written also chare.] [Eng.] When thou hast done this chare, I give thee leave To play till doomsday. Shak. CHAR; CHARE Char, Chare, v. t. Etym: [See 3d Char.] 1. To perform; to do; to finish. [Obs.] Nores. Thet char is chared, as the good wife said when she had hanged her husband. Old Proverb. 2. To work or hew, as stone. Oxf. Gloss. CHAR; CHARE Char, Chare, v. i. Defn: To work by the day, without being a regularly hired servant; to do small jobs. CHAR Char, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charred; p. pr. & vb. n. Charring.] Etym: [Prob. the same word as char to perform (see Char, n.), the modern use coming from charcoal, prop. coal-turned, turned to coal.] 1. To reduce to coal or carbon by exposure to heat; to reduce to charcoal; to burn to a cinder. 2. To burn slightly or partially; as, to char wood. CHARA Cha"ra, n. Etym: [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of flowerless plants, having articulated stems and whorled branches. They flourish in wet places. CHAR-A-BANC Char`-a-banc", n.; pl. Chars-a-banc. Etym: [F.] Defn: A long, light, open vehicle, with benches or seats running lengthwise. CHARACT Char"act, n. Defn: A distinctive mark; a character; a letter or sign. [Obs.] See Character. In all his dressings, characts, titles, forms. Shak. CHARACTER Char"ac*ter, n. Etym: [L., an instrument for marking, character, Gr. caractère.] 1. A distinctive mark; a letter, figure, or symbol. It were much to be wished that there were throughout the world but one sort of character for each letter to express it to the eye. Holder. 2. Style of writing or printing; handwriting; the peculiar form of letters used by a particular person or people; as, an inscription in the Runic character. You know the character to be your brother's Shak. 3. The peculiar quality, or the sum of qualities, by which a person or a thing is distinguished from others; the stamp impressed by nature, education, or habit; that which a person or thing really is; nature; disposition. The character or that dominion. Milton. Know well each Ancient's proper character; His fable, subject, scope in every page; Religion, Country, genius of his Age. Pope. A man of . . . thoroughly subservient character. Motley. 4. Strength of mind; resolution; independence; individuality; as, he has a great deal of character. 5. Moral quality; the principles and motives that control the life; as, a man of character; his character saves him from suspicion. 6. Quality, position, rank, or capacity; quality or conduct with respect to a certain office or duty; as, in the miserable character of a slave; in his character as a magistrate; her character as a daughter. 7. The estimate, individual or general, put upon a person or thing; reputation; as, a man's character for truth and veracity; to give one a bad character. This subterraneous passage is much mended since Seneca gave so bad a character of it. Addison. 8. A written statement as to behavior, competency, etc., given to a servant. [Colloq.] 9. A unique or extraordinary individuality; a person characterized by peculiar or notable traits; a person who illustrates certain phases of character; as, Randolph was a character; Cæsar is a great historical character. 10. One of the persons of a drama or novel. Note: "It would be well if character and reputation were used distinctively. In truth, character is what a person is; reputation is what he is supposed to be. Character is in himself, reputation is in the minds of others. Character is injured by temptations, and by wrongdoing; reputation by slanders, and libels. Character endures throughout defamation in every form, but perishes when there is a voluntary transgression; reputation may last through numerous transgressions, but be destroyed by a single, and even an unfounded, accusation or aspersion." Abbott. CHARACTER Char"ac*ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charactered.] 1. To engrave; to inscribe. [R.] These trees shall be my books. And in their barks my thoughts I 'll character. Shak. 2. To distinguish by particular marks or traits; to describe; to characterize. [R.] Mitford. CHARACTERISM Char"ac*ter*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A distinction of character; a characteristic. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. CHARACTERISTIC Char`ac*ter*is"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. charactéristique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or serving to constitute, the character; showing the character, or distinctive qualities or traits, of a person or thing; peculiar; distinctive. Characteristic clearness of temper. Macaulay. CHARACTERISTIC Char`ac*ter*is"tic, n. 1. A distinguishing trait, quality, or property; an element of character; that which characterized. Pope. The characteristics of a true critic. Johnson. 2. (Math.) Defn: The integral part (whether positive or negative) of a logarithm. CHARACTERISTICAL Char`ac*ter*is"tic*al, a. Defn: Characteristic. CHARACTERISTICALLY Char`ac*ter*is"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a characteristic manner; in a way that characterizes. CHARACTERIZATION Char`ac*ter*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of characterizing. CHARACTERIZE Char"ac*ter*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Characterized; p. pr. & vb. n. Characterizing.] Etym: [LL. characterizare, Gr. charactériser.] 1. To make distinct and recognizable by peculiar marks or traits; to make with distinctive features. European, Asiatic, Chinese, African, and Grecian faces are Characterized. Arbuthot. 2. To engrave or imprint. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 3. To indicate the character of; to describe. Under the name of Tamerlane he intended to characterize King William. Johnson. 4. To be a characteristic of; to make, or express the character of. The softness and effeminacy which characterize the men of rank in most countries. W. Irving. Syn. -- To describe; distinguish; mark; designate; style; particularize; entitle. CHARACTERLESS Char"ac*ter*less, a. Defn: Destitute of any distinguishing quality; without character or force. CHARACTERY Char"ac*ter*y, n. 1. The art or means of characterizing; a system of signs or characters; symbolism; distinctive mark. Fairies use flowers for their charactery. Shak. 2. That which is charactered; the meaning. [Obs.] I will construe to thee All the charactery of my sad brows. Shak. CHARADE Cha*rade", n. Etym: [F. charade, cf. Pr. charrada long chat, It ciarlare to chat, whence E. charlatan.] Defn: A verbal or acted enigma based upon a word which has two or more significant syllables or parts, each of which, as well as the word itself, is to be guessed from the descriptions or representations. CHARBOCLE Char"bo*cle, n. Defn: Carbuncle. [Written also Charboncle.] [Obs.] Chaucer. CHARBON Char"bon, n. Etym: [F., coal, charbon.] 1. (Far.) Defn: A small black spot or mark remaining in the cavity of the corner tooth of a horse after the large spot or mark has become obliterated. 2. A very contagious and fatal disease of sheep, horses, and cattle. See Maligmant pustule. CHARCOAL Char"coal`, n. Etym: [See Char, v. t., to burn or to reduce to coal, and Coal.] 1. Impure carbon prepared from vegetable or animal substances; esp., coal made by charring wood in a kiln, retort, etc., from which air is excluded. It is used for fuel and in various mechanical, artistic, and chemical processes. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: Finely prepared charcoal in small sticks, used as a drawing implement. Animal charcoal, a fine charcoal prepared by calcining bones in a closed vessel; -- used as a filtering agent in sugar refining, and as an absorbent and disinfectant. -- Charcoal blacks, the black pigment, consisting of burnt ivory, bone, cock, peach stones, and other substances. -- Charcoal drawing (Fine Arts), a drawing made with charcoal. See Charcoal, 2. Until within a few years this material has been used almost exclusively for preliminary outline, etc., but at present many finished drawings are made with it. -- Charcoal point, a carbon pencil prepared for use un an electric light apparatus. -- Mineral charcoal, a term applied to silky fibrous layers of charcoal, interlaminated in beds of ordinary bituminous coal; -- known to miners as mother of coal. CHARD Chard, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carde esclent thistle.] 1. The tender leaves or leafstalks of the artichoke, white beet, etc., blanched for table use. 2. A variety of the white beet, which produces large, succulent leaves and leafstalks. CHARE Chare, n. Defn: A narrow street. [Prov. Eng.] CHARE Chare, n. & v. Defn: A chore; to chore; to do. See Char. CHARGE Charge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charged; p. pr. & vb. n. Charging.] Etym: [OF. chargier, F. charger, fr. LL. carricare, fr. L. carrus wagon. Cf. Cargo, Caricature, Cark, and see Car.] 1. To lay on or impose, as a load, tax, or burden; to load; to fill. A carte that charged was with hay. Chaucer. The charging of children's memories with rules. Locke. 2. To lay on or impose, as a task, duty, or trust; to command, instruct, or exhort with authority; to enjoin; to urge earnestly; as, to charge a jury; to charge the clergy of a diocese; to charge an agent. Moses . . . charged you to love the Lord your God. Josh. xxii. 5. Cromwell, I charge thee, fing away ambition. Shak. 3. To lay on, impose, or make subject to or liable for. When land shal be charged by any lien. Kent. 4. To fix or demand as a prince; as, he charges two dollars a barrelk for apples. 5. To place something to the account of as a debt; to debit, as to charge one with goods. Also, to enter upon the debit side of an account; as, to charge a sum to one. 6. To impute or ascribe; to lay to one's charge. No more accuse thy pen, but charge the crime On native loth and negligence of time. Dryden. 7. To accuse; to make a charge or assertion against (a) person or thing); to lay the responsibility (for something said or done) at the door of. If the did that wrong you charge with. Tennyson. 8. To place within or upon any firearm, piece of apparatus or machinery, the quantity it is intended and fitted to hold or bear; to load; to fill; as, to charge a gun; to charge an electrical machine, etc. Their battering cannon charged to the mouths. Shak. 9. To ornament with or cause to bear; as, to charge an architectural member with a molding. 10. (Her.) Defn: To assume as a bearing; as, he charges three roses or; to add to or represent on; as, he charges his shield with three roses or. 11. To call to account; to challenge. [Obs.] To charge me to an answer. Shak. 12. To bear down upon; to rush upon; to attack. Charged our main battle's front. Shak. Syn. -- To intrust; command; exhort; instruct; accuse; impeach; arraign. See Accuse. CHARGE Charge, v. i. 1. To make an onset or rush; as, to charge with fixed bayonets. Like your heroes of antiquity, he charges in iron. Glanvill. "Charge for the guns!" he said. Tennyson. 2. To demand a price; as, to charge high for goods. 3. To debit on an account; as, to charge for purchases. 4. To squat on its belly and be still; -- a command given by a sportsman to a dog. CHARGE Charge, n. Etym: [F. charge, fr. charger to load. See Charge, v. t., and cf. Cargo, Caricature.] 1. A load or burder laid upon a person or thing. 2. A person or thing commited or intrusted to the care, custody, or management of another; a trust. Note: The people of a parish or church are called the charge of the clergyman who is set over them. 3. Custody or care of any person, thing, or place; office; responsibility; oversight; obigation; duty. 'Tis a great charge to come under one body's hand. Shak. 4. Heed; care; anxiety; trouble. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. Harm. [Obs.] Chaucer. 6. An order; a mandate or command; an injunction. The king gave cherge concerning Absalom. 2. Sam. xviii. 5. 7. An address (esp. an earnest or impressive address) containing instruction or exhortation; as, the charge of a judge to a jury; the charge of a bishop to his clergy. 8. An accusation of a wrong of offense; allegation; indictment; specification of something alleged. The charge of confounding very different classes of phenomena. Whewell. 9. Whatever constitutes a burden on property, as rents, taxes, lines, etc.; costs; expense incurred; -- usually in the plural. 10. The price demanded for a thing or service. 11. An entry or a account of that which is due from one party to another; that which is debited in a business transaction; as, a charge in an account book. 12. That quantity, as of ammunition, electricity, ore, fuel, etc., which any apparatus, as a gun, battery, furnace, machine, etc., is intended to receive and fitted to hold, or which is actually in it at one time 13. The act of rushing upon, or towards, an enemy; a sudden onset or attack, as of troops, esp. cavalry; hence, the signal for attack; as, to sound the charge. Never, in any other war afore, gave the Romans a hotter charge upon the enemies. Holland. The charge of the light brigade. Tennyson. 14. A position (of a weapon) fitted for attack; as, to bring a weapon to the charge. 15. (Far.) Defn: A soft of plaster or ointment. 16. (Her.) Defn: A bearing. See Bearing, n., 8. 17. Etym: [Cf. Charre.] Defn: Thirty-six pigs of lead, each pig weighing about seventy pounds; -- called also charre. 18. Weight; import; value. Many suchlike "as's" of great charge. Shak. Back charge. See under Back, a. -- Bursting charge. (a (Mil.) The charge which bursts a shell, etc. (b (Mining) A small quantity of fine powder to secure the ignition of a charge of coarse powder in blasting. -- Charge and discharge (Equity Practice), the old mode or form of taking an account before a master in chancery. -- Charge sheet, the paper on which are entered at a police station all arrests and accusations. -- To sound the charge, to give the signal for an attack. Syn. -- Care; custody; trust; management; office; expense; cost; price; assault; attack; onset; injunction; command; order; mandate; instruction; accusation; indictment. CHARGEABLE Charge"a*ble, a. 1. That may be charged, laid, imposed, or imputes; as, a duty chargeable on iron; a fault chargeable on a man. 2. Subject to be charge or accused; liable or responsible; as, revenues chargeable with a claim; a man chargeable with murder. 3. Serving to create expense; costly; burdensome. That we might not be chargeable to any of you. 2. Thess. iii. 8. For the sculptures, which are elegant, were very chargeable. Evelyn. CHARGEABLENESS Charge"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being chargeable or expensive. [Obs.] Whitelocke. CHARGEABLY Charge"a*bly, adv. Defn: At great cost; expensively. [Obs.] CHARGEANT Char"geant, a. Etym: [F. chargeant, fr. charger to load.] Defn: Burdensome; troublesome. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHARGE D'AFFAIRES Char`gé" d'af`faires", n.; pl. Chargés d'affaires. Etym: [F., "charged with affairs."] Defn: A diplomatic representative, or minister of an inferior grade, accredited by the government of one state to the minister of foreign affairs of another; also, a substitute, ad interim, for an ambassador or minister plenipotentiary. CHARGEFUL Charge"ful, a. Defn: Costly; expensive. [Obs.] The fineness of the gold and chargeful fashion. Shak. CHARGEHOUSE Charge"house`, n. Defn: A schoolhouse. [Obs.] CHARGELESS Charge"less, a. Defn: Free from, or with little, charge. CHARGEOUS Char"geous, a. Defn: Burdensome. [Obs.] I was chargeous to no man. Wyclif, (2 Cor. xi. 9). CHARGER Char"ger, n. 1. One who, or that which charges. 2. An instrument for measuring or inserting a charge. 3. A large dish. [Obs.] Give me here John Baptist's head in a charger. Matt. xiv. 8. 4. A horse for battle or parade. Macaulay. And furious every charger neighed. Campbell. CHARGESHIP Char*ge"ship, n. Defn: The office of a chargé d'affaires. CHARILY Char"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a chary manner; carefully; cautiously; frugally. CHARINESS Char"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being chary. CHARIOT Char"i*ot, n. Etym: [F. Chariot, from char car. See Car.] 1. (Antiq.) Defn: A two-wheeled car or vehicle for war, racing, state processions, etc. First moved the chariots, after whom the foot. Cowper. 2. A four-wheeled pleasure or state carriage, having one seat. Shak. CHARIOT Char"i*ot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charioted; p. pr. & vb. n. Charioting.] Defn: To convey in a chariot. Milton. CHARIOTEE Char`i*ot*ee", n. Defn: A light, covered, four-wheeled pleasure carriage with two seats. CHARIOTEER Char`i*ot*eer", n. 1. One who drives a chariot. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A constellation. See Auriga, and Wagones. CHARISM Cha"rism, n. Etym: [Gr. .] (Eccl.) Defn: A miraculously given power, as of healing, speaking foreign languages without instruction, etc., attributed to some of the early Christians. CHARISMATIC Char`is*mat"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a charism. CHARITABLE Char"i*ta*ble, a.Etym: [F. See Charity.] 1. Full of love and good will; benevolent; kind. Be thy intents wicked or charitable, . . . . . . I will speak to thee. Shak. 2. Liberal in judging of others; disposed to look on the best side, and to avoid harsh judgment. 3. Liberal in benefactions to the poor; giving freely; generous; beneficent. What charitable men afford to beggars. Shak. 4. Of or pertaining to charity; springing from, or intended for, charity; relating to almsgiving; elemosynary; as, a charitable institution. 5. Dictated by kindness; favorable; lenient. By a charitable construction it may be a sermon. L. Andrews. Syn. -- Kind; beneficent; benevolent; generous; lenient; forgiving; helpful; liberal; favorable; indulgent. CHARITABLENESS Char"i*ta*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being charitable; the exercise of charity. CHARITABLY Char"i*ta*bly, adv. Defn: In a charitable manner. CHARITY Char"i*ty, n.; pl. Charities. Etym: [F. charité fr. L. caritas dearness, high regard, love, from carus dear, costly, loved; asin to Skr. kam to wish, love, cf. Ir. cara a friend, W. caru to love. Cf. Caress.] 1. Love; universal benevolence; good will. Defn: Now abideth faith, hope, charity, three; but the greatest of these is charity. 1. Cor. xiii. 13. They, at least, are little to be envied, in whose hearts the great charities . . . lie dead. Ruskin. With malice towards none, with charity for all. Lincoln. 2. Liberality in judging of men and their actions; a disposition which inclines men to put the best construction on the words and actions of others. The highest exercise of charity is charity towards the uncharitable. Buckminster. 3. Liberality to the poor and the suffering, to benevolent institutions, or to worthy causes; generosity. The heathen poet, in commending the charity of Dido to the Trojans, spake like a Christian. Dryden. 4. Whatever is bestowed gratuitously on the needy or suffering for their relief; alms; any act of kindness. She did ill then to refuse her a charity. L'Estrange. 5. A charitable institution, or a gift to create and support such an institution; as, Lady Margaret's charity. 6. pl. (Law) Defn: Eleemosynary appointments [grants or devises] including relief of the poor or friendless, education, religious culture, and public institutions. The charities that soothe, and heal, and bless, Are scattered at the feet of man like flowers. Wordsworth. Sisters of Charity (R. C. Ch.), a sisterhood of religious women engaged in works of mercy, esp. in nursing the sick; -- a popular designation. There are various orders of the Sisters of Charity. Syn. -- Love; benevolence; good will; affection; tenderness; beneficence; liberality; almsgiving. CHARIVARI Cha*ri`va*ri", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A mock serenade of discordant noises, made with kettles, tin horns, etc., designed to annoy and insult. Note: It was at first performed before the house of any person of advanced age who married a second time. CHARK Chark, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. charcoal.] Defn: Charcoal; a cinder. [Obs.] DeFoe. CHARK Chark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charked.] Defn: To burn to a coal; to char. [Obs.] CHARLATAN Char"la*tan, n. Etym: [F. charlatan, fr. It. ciarlatano, fr. ciarlare to chartter, prate; of imitative origin; cf. It. zirlare to whistle like a thrush.] Defn: One who prates much in his own favor, and makes unwarrantable pretensions; a quack; an impostor; an empiric; a mountebank. CHARLATANIC; CHARLATANICAL Char`la*tan"ic, Char`la*tan"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or like a charlatan; making undue pretension; empirical; pretentious; quackish. -- Char`la*tan"ic*al*ly, adv. CHARLATANISM Char"la*tan*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. charlatanisme.] Defn: Charlatanry. CHARLATANRY Char"la*tan*ry, n. Etym: [F. charlatanrie, from It. ciarlataneria. See Charlatan.] Defn: Undue pretensions to skill; quackery; wheedling; empiricism. CHARLES'S WAIN Charles's Wain. Etym: [Charles + wain; cf. AS. Carles w (for wægn), Sw. karlvagnen, Dan. karlsvogn. See Churl, and Wain.] (Astron.) Defn: The group of seven stars, commonly called the Dipper, in the constellation Ursa Major, or Great Bear. See Ursa major, under Ursa. Note: The name is sometimes also applied to the Constellation. CHARLIE Char"lie, n. 1. A familiar nickname or substitute for Charles. 2. A night watchman; -- an old name. 3. A short, pointed beard, like that worn by Charles I. 4. As a proper name, a fox; -- so called in fables and familiar literature. CHARLOCK Char"lock, n. Etym: [AS. cerlic; the latter part perh. fr. AS. leác leek. Cf. Hemlock.] (Bot.) Defn: A cruciferous plant (Brassica sinapistrum) with yellow flowers; wild mustard. It is troublesome in grain fields. Called also chardock, chardlock, chedlock, and kedlock. Jointed charlock, White charlock, a troublesome weed (Raphanus Raphanistrum) with straw- colored, whitish, or purplish flowers, and jointed pods: wild radish. CHARLOTTE Char"lotte, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A kind of pie or pudding made by lining a dish with slices of bread, and filling it with bread soaked in milk, and baked. Charlotte Russe (, or Charlotte à la russe Etym: [F., lit., Russian charlotte] (Cookery), a dish composed of custard or whipped cream, inclosed in sponge cake. CHARM Charm, n. Etym: [F. charme, fr. L. carmen song, verse, incantation, for casmen, akin to Skr. çasman, çasa, a laudatory song, from a root signifying to praise, to sing.] 1. A melody; a song. [Obs.] With charm of earliest birds. Milton. Free liberty to chant our charms at will. Spenser. 2. A word or combination of words sung or spoken in the practice of magic; a magical combination of words, characters, etc.; an incantation. My high charms work. Shak. 3. That which exerts an irresistible power to please and attract; that which fascinates; any alluring quality. Charms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul. Pope. The charm of beauty's powerful glance. Milton. 4. Anything worn for its supposed efficacy to the wearer in averting ill or securing good fortune. 5. Any small decorative object worn on the person, as a seal, a key, a silver whistle, or the like. Bunches of charms are often worn at the watch chain. Syn. - Spell; incantation; conjuration; enchantment; fascination; attraction. CHARM Charm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Charming.] Etym: [Cf. F. charmer. See Charm, n.] 1. To make music upon; to tune. [Obs. & R.] Here we our slender pipes may safely charm. Spenser. 2. To subdue, control, or summon by incantation or supernatural influence; to affect by magic. No witchcraft charm thee! Shak. 3. To subdue or overcome by some secret power, or by that which gives pleasure; to allay; to soothe. Music the fiercest grief can charm. Pope. 4. To attract irresistibly; to delight exceedingly; to enchant; to fascinate. They, on their mirth and dance Intent, with jocund music charm his ear. Milton. 5. To protect with, or make invulnerable by, spells, charms, or supernatural influences; as, a charmed life. I, in my own woe charmed, Could not find death. Shak. Syn. - To fascinate; enchant; enrapture; captivate; bewitch; allure; subdue; delight; entice; transport. CHARM Charm, v. i. 1. To use magic arts or occult power; to make use of charms. The voice of charmers, charming never so wisely. Ps. lviii. 5. 2. To act as, or produce the effect of, a charm; to please greatly; to be fascinating. 3. To make a musical sound. [Obs.] Milton. CHARMEL Char"mel, n. Etym: [Heb.] Defn: A fruitful field. Libanus shall be turned into charmel, and charmel shall be esteemed as a forest. Isa. xxix. 17 (Douay version). CHARMER Charm"er, n. 1. One who charms, or has power to charm; one who uses the power of enchantment; a magician. Deut. xviii. 11. 2. One who delights and attracts the affections. CHARMERESS Charm"er*ess, n. Defn: An enchantress. Chaucer. CHARMFUL Charm"ful, a. Defn: Abounding with charms. "His charmful lyre." Cowley. CHARMING Charm"ing, a. Defn: Pleasing the mind or senses in a high degree; delighting; fascinating; attractive. How charming is divine philosophy. Milton. Syn. - Enchanting; bewitching; captivating; enrapturing; alluring; fascinating; delightful; pleasurable; graceful; lovely; amiable; pleasing; winning. -- Charm"ing*ly, adv. -- Charm"ing*ness, n. CHARMLESS Charm"less, a. Defn: Destitute of charms. Swift. CHARNECO; CHARNICO Char"ne*co, Char"ni*co, n. Defn: A sort of sweet wine. [Obs.] Shak. CHARNEL Char"nel, a. Etym: [F. charnel carnal, fleshly, fr. L. carnalis. See Carnal.] Defn: Containing the bodies of the dead. "Charnel vaults." Milton. Charnel house, a tomb, vault, cemetery, or other place where the bones of the dead are deposited; originally, a place for the bones thrown up when digging new graves in old burial grounds. CHARNEL Char"nel, n. Defn: A charnel house; a grave; a cemetery. In their proud charnel of Thermopylæ. Byron. CHARON Cha"ron, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Cless. Myth.) Defn: The son of Erebus and Nox, whose office it was to ferry the souls of the dead over the Styx, a river of the infernal regions. Shak. CHARPIE Char"pie, n. Etym: [F., properly fem. p. p. of OF. charpir, carpir, to pluck, fr. L. carpere. Cf. Carpet.] (Med.) Defn: Straight threads obtained by unraveling old linen cloth; -- used for surgical dressings. CHARQUI Char"qui, n. Etym: [Sp. A term used in South America, Central America, and the Western United States.] Defn: Jerked beef; beef cut into long strips and dried in the wind and sun. Darwin. CHARR Charr, n. Defn: See 1st Char. CHARRAS Char"ras, n. Defn: The gum resin of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Same as Churrus. Balfour. CHARRE Charre, n. Etym: [LL. charrus a certain weight.] Defn: See Charge, n., 17. CHARRY Char"ry, a. Etym: [See 6th Char.] Defn: Pertaining to charcoal, or partaking of its qualities. CHART Chart, n. Etym: [A doublet of card: cf. F. charte charter, carte card. See Card, and cf. Charter.] 1. A sheet of paper, pasteboard, or the like, on which information is exhibited, esp. when the information is arranged in tabular form; as, an historical chart. 2. A map; esp., a hydrographic or marine map; a map on which is projected a portion of water and the land which it surrounds, or by which it is surrounded, intended especially for the use of seamen; as, the United States Coast Survey charts; the English Admiralty charts. 3. A written deed; a charter. Globular chart, a chart constructed on a globular projection. See under Globular. -- Heliographic chart, a map of the sun with its spots. -- Mercator's chart, a chart constructed on the principle of Mercator's projection. See Projection. -- Plane chart, a representation of some part of the superficies of the globe, in which its spherical form is disregarded, the meridians being drawn parallel to each other, and the parallels of latitude at equal distances. -- Selenographic chart, a map representing the surface of the moon. -- Topographic chart, a minute delineation of a limited place or region. CHART Chart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charted.] Defn: To lay down in a chart; to map; to delineate; as, to chart a coast. CHARTA Char"ta, n. Etym: [L., leaf of paper. See Chart.] (Law) (a) Material on which instruments, books, etc., are written; parchment or paper. (b) A charter or deed; a writing by which a grant is made. See Magna Charta. CHARTACEOUS Char*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [L. chartaceus. See Charta.] Defn: Resembling paper or parchment; of paper-like texture; papery. CHARTE Charte, n. Etym: [F. See Chart.] Defn: The constitution, or fundamental law, of the French monarchy, as established on the restoration of Louis XVIII., in 1814. CHARTER Char"ter, n. Etym: [OF. chartre, F. chartre, charte, fr. L. chartula a little paper, dim. of charta. See Chart, Card.] 1. A written evidence in due form of things done or granted, contracts made, etc., between man and man; a deed, or conveyance. [Archaic] 2. An instrument in writing, from the sovereign power of a state or country, executed in due form, bestowing rights, franchises, or privileges. The king [John, a.d. 1215], with a facility somewhat suspicious, signed and sealed the charter which was required of him. This famous deed, commonly called the "Great Charter," either granted or secured very important liberties and privileges to every order of men in the kingdom. Hume. 3. An act of a legislative body creating a municipal or other corporation and defining its powers and privileges. Also, an instrument in writing from the constituted authorities of an order or society (as the Freemasons), creating a lodge and defining its powers. 4. A special privilege, immunity, or exemption. My mother, Who has a charter to extol her blood, When she does praise me, grieves me. Shak. 5. (Com.) Defn: The letting or hiring a vessel by special contract, or the contract or instrument whereby a vessel is hired or let; as, a ship is offered for sale or charter. See Charter party, below. Charter land (O. Eng. Law), land held by charter, or in socage; bookland. -- Charter member, one of the original members of a society or corporation, esp. one named in a charter, or taking part in the first proceedings under it. -- Charter party Etym: [F. chartre partie, or charte partie, a divided charter; from the practice of cutting the instrument of contract in two, and giving one part to each of the contractors] (Com.), a mercantile lease of a vessel; a specific contract by which the owners of a vessel let the entire vessel, or some principal part of the vessel, to another person, to be used by the latter in transportation for his own account, either under their charge or his. -- People's Charter (Eng. Hist.), the document which embodied the demands made by the Chartists, so called, upon the English government in 1838. CHARTER Char"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chartered; p. pr. & vb. n. Chartering.] 1. To establish by charter. 2. To hire or let by charter, as a ship. See Charter party, under Charter, n. CHARTERED Char"tered, a. 1. Granted or established by charter; having, or existing under, a charter; having a privilege by charter. The sufficiency of chartered rights. Palfrey. The air, a chartered libertine. Shak. 2. Hired or let by charter, as a ship. CHARTERER Char"ter*er, n. Defn: One who charters; esp. one who hires a ship for a voyage. CHARTERHOUSE Char"ter*house`, n. Defn: A well known public school and charitable foundation in the building once used as a Carthusian monastery (Chartreuse) in London. CHARTERIST Char"ter*ist, n. Defn: Same as Chartist. CHARTISM Chart"ism, n. Etym: [F. charte charter. Cf. Charte, Chart.] Defn: The principles of a political party in England (1838-48), which contended for universal suffrage, the vote by ballot, annual parliaments, equal electoral districts, and other radical reforms, as set forth in a document called the People's Charter. CHARTIST Chart"ist, n. Defn: A supporter or partisan of chartism. [Eng.] CHARTLESS Chart"less, a. 1. Without a chart; having no guide. 2. Not mapped; uncharted; vague. Barlow. CHARTOGRAPHER; CHARTOGRAPHIC; CHARTOGRAPHY Char*tog"ra*pher, n., Char`to*graph"ic (, a., Char*tog"ra*phy (, n., etc. Defn: Same as Cartographer, Cartographic, Cartography, etc. CHARTOMANCY Char"to*man`cy, n. Etym: [L. charta paper + -mancy. Cf. Cartomancy.] Defn: Divination by written paper or by cards. CHARTOMETER Char*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Chart + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring charts or maps. CHARTREUSE Char`treuse", n. Etym: [F.] 1. A Carthusian monastery; esp. La Grande Chartreuse, mother house of the order, in the mountains near Grenoble, France. 2. An alcoholic cordial, distilled from aromatic herbs; -- made at La Grande Chartreuse. CHARTREUX Char`treux", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A Carthusian. CHARTULARY Char"tu*la*ry, n. Defn: See Cartulary. CHARWOMAN Char"wom`an, n.; pl. Charwomen. Etym: [See Char a chore.] Defn: A woman hired for odd work or for single days. CHARY Char"y, a. Etym: [AS. cearig careful, fr. cearu care. See Care.] Defn: Careful; wary; cautious; not rash, reckless, or spendthrift; saving; frugal. His rising reputation made him more chary of his fame. Jeffrey. CHARYBDIS Cha*ryb"dis, n. Etym: [L., Gr. Defn: A dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily opposite Scylla on the Italian coast. It is personified as a female monster. See Scylla. CHASABLE Chas"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being chased; fit for hunting. Gower. CHASE Chase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chased; p. pr. & vb. n. Chasing.] Etym: [OF. chacier, F. chasser, fr. (assumed) LL. captiare, fr. L. captare to strive to seize. See Catch.] 1. To pursue for the purpose of killing or taking, as an enemy, or game; to hunt. We are those which chased you from the field. Shak. Philologists, who chase A panting syllable through time and place. Cowper. 2. To follow as if to catch; to pursue; to compel to move on; to drive by following; to cause to fly; -- often with away or off; as, to chase the hens away. Chased by their brother's endless malice from prince to prince and from place to place. Knolles. 3. To pursue eagerly, as hunters pursue game. Chasing each other merrily. Tennyson. CHASE Chase, v. i. Defn: To give chase; to hunt; as, to chase around after a doctor. [Colloq.] CHASE Chase, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chasse, fr. chasser. See Chase, v.] 1. Vehement pursuit for the purpose of killing or capturing, as of an enemy, or game; an earnest seeking after any object greatly desired; the act or habit of hunting; a hunt. "This mad chase of fame." Dryden. You see this chase is hotly followed. Shak. 2. That which is pursued or hunted. Nay, Warwick, seek thee out some other chase, For I myself must hunt this deer to death. Shak. 3. An open hunting ground to which game resorts, and which is private properly, thus differing from a forest, which is not private property, and from a park, which is inclosed. Sometimes written chace. [Eng.] 4. (Court Tennis) Defn: A division of the floor of a gallery, marked by a figure or otherwise; the spot where a ball falls, and between which and the dedans the adversary must drive his ball in order to gain a point. Chase gun (Naut.), a cannon placed at the bow or stern of an armed vessel, and used when pursuing an enemy, or in defending the vessel when pursued. -- Chase port (Naut.), a porthole from which a chase gun is fired. -- Stern chase (Naut.), a chase in which the pursuing vessel follows directly in the wake of the vessel pursued. CHASE Chase, n. Etym: [F. cháse, fr. L. capsa box, case. See Case a box.] (Print.) 1. A rectangular iron frame in which pages or columns of type are imposed. 2. (Mil.) Defn: The part of a cannon from the reënforce or the trunnions to the swell of the muzzle. See Cannon. 3. A groove, or channel, as in the face of a wall; a trench, as for the reception of drain tile. 4. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A kind of joint by which an overlap joint is changed to a flush joint, by means of a gradually deepening rabbet, as at the ends of clinker-built boats. CHASE Chase, v. t. Etym: [A contraction of enchase.] 1. To ornament (a surface of metal) by embossing, cutting away parts, and the like. 2. To cut, so as to make a screw thread. CHASER Chas"er, n. 1. One who or that which chases; a pursuer; a driver; a hunter. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Same as Chase gun, esp. in terms bow chaser and stern chaser. See under Bow, Stern. CHASER Chas"er, n. 1. One who chases or engraves. See 5th Chase, and Enchase. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A tool with several points, used for cutting or finishing screw threads, either external or internal, on work revolving in a lathe. CHASIBLE Chas"i*ble, n. Defn: See Chasuble. CHASING Chas"ing, n. Defn: The art of ornamenting metal by means of chasing tools; also, a piece of ornamental work produced in this way. CHASM Chasm, n. Etym: [L. chasma, Gr. Chaos.] 1. A deep opening made by disruption, as a breach in the earth or a rock; a yawning abyss; a cleft; a fissure. That deep, romantic chasm which slanted down the green hill. Coleridge. 2. A void space; a gap or break, as in ranks of men. Memory . . . fills up the chasms of thought. Addison. CHASMED Chasmed, a. Defn: Having gaps or a chasm. [R.] CHASMY Chas"my, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a chasm; abounding in chasms. Carlyle. They cross the chasmy torrent's foam-lit bed. Wordsworth. CHASSE Chas`se", n. Etym: [F., fr. chassé, p. p. of chasser to chase.] Defn: A movement in dancing, as across or to the right or left. CHASSE Chas`se", v. i. (Dancing) Defn: To make the movement called chassé; as, all chassé; chassé to the right or left. CHASSE-CAFE Chasse`-ca`fé", n. [F., fr. chasser to chase + café coffee.] Defn: See Chasse, n., above. CHASSELAS Chas"se*las, n. Etym: [F., from the village of Chasselas.] Defn: A white grape, esteemed for the table. CHASSE-MAREE Chasse`-ma`rée", n. [F., fr. chasser to chase + marée tide.] (Naut.) Defn: A French coasting lugger. CHASSEPOT Chasse`pot", n. Etym: [From the French inventor, A. A. Chassepot.] (Mil.) Defn: A kind of breechloading, center-fire rifle, or improved needle gun. CHASSEUR Chas`seur", n. Etym: [F., a huntsman. See Chase to pursue.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: One of a body of light troops, cavalry or infantry, trained for rapid movements. 2. An attendant upon persons of rank or wealth, wearing a plume and sword. The great chasseur who had announced her arrival. W. Irving. CHASSIS Chas"sis, n. Etym: [F. ch.] (Mil.) Defn: A traversing base frame, or movable railway, along which the carriage of a barbette or casemate gum moves backward and forward. [See Gun carriage.] CHAST Chast, v. t. Defn: to chasten. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHASTE Chaste, a. Etym: [F. chaste, from L. castus pure, chaste; cf. Gr. to purify.] 1. Pure from unlawful sexual intercourse; virtuous; continent. "As chaste as Diana." Shak. Whose bed is undefiled and chaste pronounced. Milton. 2. Pure in thought and act; innocent; free from lewdness and obscenity, or indecency in act or speech; modest; as, a chaste mind; chaste eyes. 3. Pure in design and expression; correct; free from barbarisms or vulgarisms; refined; simple; as, a chaste style in composition or art. That great model of chaste, lofty, and eloquence, the Book of Common Prayer. Macaulay. 4. Unmarried. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. -- Undefiled; pure; virtuous; continent; immaculate; spotless. Chaste tree. Same as Agnus castus. CHASTELY Chaste"ly, adv. Defn: In a chaste manner; with purity. CHASTEN Chas"ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chastened; p. pr. & vb. n. Chastening.] Etym: [OE. chastien, OF. Chastier, F. Ch, fr. L. castigare to punish, chastise; castus pure + agere to lead, drive. See Chaste, Act, and cf. Castigate, Chastise.] 1. To correct by punishment; to inflict pain upon the purpose of reclaiming; to discipline; as, to chasten a son with a rod. For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth. Heb. xii. 6. 2. To purify from errors or faults; to refine. They [classics] chasten and enlarge the mind, and excite to noble actions. Layard. Syn. -- To chastise; punish; correct; discipline; castigate; afflict; subdue; purify. To Chasten, Punish, Chastise. To chasten is to subject to affliction or trouble, in order to produce a general change for the better in life or character. To punish is to inflict penalty for violation of law, disobedience to authority, or intentional wrongdoing. To chastise is to punish a particular offense, as with stripes, especially with the hope that suffering or disgrace may prevent a repetition of faults. CHASTENED Chas"tened, a. Defn: Corrected; disciplined; refined; purified; toned down. Sir. W. Scott. Of such a finished chastened purity. Tennyson. CHASTENER Chas"ten*er, n. Defn: One who chastens. CHASTENESS Chaste"ness, n. 1. Chastity; purity. 2. (Literature & Art) Defn: Freedom from all that is meretricious, gaundy, or affected; as, chasteness of design. CHASTISABLE Chas*tis"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable or deserving of chastisement; punishable. Sherwood. CHASTISE Chas*tise", v. t. [imp & p. p. Chastised; p. pr. & vb. n. Chastising.] Etym: [OE. chastisen; chastien + ending -isen + modern - ise, ize, L. izare, G. Chasten.] 1. To inflict pain upon, by means of stripes, or in any other manner, for the purpose of punishment or reformation; to punish, as with stripes. How fine my master is! I am afraid He will chastise me. Shak. I am glad to see the vanity or envy of the canting chemists thus discovered and chastised. Boyle. 2. To reduce to order or obedience; to correct or purify; to free from faults or excesses. The gay, social sense, by decency chastised. Thomson. Syn. -- See Chasten. CHASTISEMENT Chas"tise*ment, n. Etym: [From Chastise.] Defn: The act of chastising; pain inflicted for punishment and correction; discipline; punishment. Shall I so much dishonor my fair stars, On equal terms to give him chastesement! Shak. I have borne chastisement; I will not offend any more. Job xxxiv. 31. CHASTISER Chas*tis"er, n. Defn: One who chastises; a punisher; a corrector. Jer. Taylor. The chastiser of the rich. Burke. CHASTITY Chas"ti*ty, n. Etym: [F. chasteté, fr. L. castitas, fr. castus. See Chaste.] 1. The state of being chaste; purity of body; freedom from unlawful sexual intercourse. She . . . hath preserved her spotless chastity. T. Carew. 2. Moral purity. So dear to heaven is saintly chastity, That, when a soul is found sicerely so A thousand liveried angels lackey her. Milton. 3. The unmarried life; celibacy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. (Literature & Art) Defn: Chasteness. CHASUBLE Chas"u*ble, n. Etym: [F. chasuble, LL. casubula, cassibula, casula, a hooded garment, covering the person like a little house; cf. It. casupola, casipola, cottage, dim of L. casa cottage.] (Eccl.) Defn: The outer vestment worn by the priest in saying Mass, consisting, in the Roman Catholic Church, of a broad, flat, back piece, and a narrower front piece, the two connected over the shoulders only. The back has usually a large cross, the front an upright bar or pillar, designed to be emblematical of Christ's sufferings. In the Greek Church the chasuble is a large round mantle. [Written also chasible, and chesible.] CHAT Chat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Chatting.] Etym: [From Chatter. *22.] Defn: To talk in a light and familiar manner; to converse without form or ceremony; to gossip. Shak. To chat a while on their adventures. Dryden. Syn. -- To talk; chatter; gossip; converse. CHAT Chat, v. t. Defn: To talk of. [Obs.] CHAT Chat, n. 1. Light, familiar talk; conversation; gossip. Snuff, or fan, supply each pause of chat, With singing, laughing, ogling, and all that. Pope. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of the genus Icteria, allied to the warblers, in America. The best known species are the yelow-breasted chat (I. viridis), and the long chat (I. longicauda). In Europe the name is given to several birds of the family Saxicolidæ, as the stonechat, and whinchat. Bush chat. (Zoöl.) See under Bush. CHAT Chat, n. 1. A twig, cone, or little branch. See Chit. 2. pl. (Mining) Defn: Small stones with ore. Chat potatoes, small potatoes, such as are given to swine. [Local.] CHATEAU Cha`teau", n.; pl. Chateux. Etym: [F. château a castle. See Castle.] 1. A castle or a fortress in France. 2. A manor house or residence of the lord of the manor; a gentleman's country seat; also, particularly, a royal residence; as, the chateau of the Louvre; the chateau of the Luxembourg. Note: The distinctive, French term for a fortified caste of the middle ages is château-fort. Chateau en Espagne ( Etym: [F.], a castle in Spain, that is, a castle in the air, Spain being the region of romance. CHATELAINE Chat"e*laine, n. Etym: [F. châtelaine the wife of a castellan, the mistress of a chateau, a chatelaine chain.] Defn: An ornamental hook, or brooch worn by a lady at her waist, and having a short chain or chains attached for a watch, keys, trinkets, etc. Also used adjectively; as, a chatelaine chain. CHATELET Chat"e*let, n. Etym: [F. châtelet, dim. of château. See Castle.] Defn: A little castle. CHATELLANY Chat"el*la*ny, n. Etym: [F. châtellenie.] Defn: Same as Castellany. CHATI Cha`ti", n. Etym: [Cf. F. chat cat.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small South American species of tiger cat (Felis mitis). CHATOYANT Cha*toy"ant, a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of chatoyer to be chatoyant, fr. chat cat.] (Min.) Defn: Having a changeable, varying luster, or color, like that of a changeable silk, or oa a cat's eye in the dark. CHATOYANT Cha*toy"ant, n. (Min.) Defn: A hard stone, as the cat's-eye, which presents on a polished surface, and in the interior, an undulating or wary light. CHATOYMENT Cha*toy"ment, n. Etym: [F. chatoiement. See Chatoyant.] Defn: Changeableness of color, as in a mineral; play of colors. Cleaceland. CHATTEL Chat"tel, n. Etym: [OF. chatel; another form of catel. See Cattle.] (Law) Defn: Any item of movable or immovable property except the freehold, or the things which are parcel of it. It is a more extensive term than goods or effects. Note: Chattels are personal or real: personal are such as are movable, as goods, plate, money; real are such rights in land as are less than a freehold, as leases, mortgages, growing corn, etc. Chattel mortgage (Law), a mortgage on personal property, as distinguished from one on real property. CHATTELISM Chat"tel*ism, n. Defn: The act or condition of holding chattels; the state of being a chattel. CHATTER Chat"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chattered; p. pr. & vb. n. Chattering.] Etym: [Of imitative origin. Cf. Chat, v. i. Chitter.] 1. To utter sounds which somewhat resemble language, but are inarticulate and indistinct. The jaw makes answer, as the magpie chatters. Wordsworth. 2. To talk idly, carelessly, or with undue rapidity; to jabber; to prate. To tame a shrew, and charm her chattering tongue. Shak. 3. To make a noise by rapid collisions. With chattering teeth, and bristling hair upright. Dryden. CHATTER Chat"ter, v. t. Defn: To utter rapidly, idly, or indistinctly. Begin his witless note apace to chatter. Spenser. CHATTER Chat"ter, n. 1. Sounds like those of a magpie or monkey; idle talk; rapid, thoughtless talk; jabber; prattle. Your words are but idle and empty chatter. Longfellow. 2. Noise made by collision of the teeth, as in shivering. CHATTERATION Chat*ter*a"tion, n. Defn: The act or habit of chattering. [Colloq.] CHATTERER Chat"ter*er, n. 1. A prater; an idle talker. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of the family Ampelidæ -- so called from its monotonous note. The Bohemion chatterer (Ampelis garrulus) inhabits the arctic regions of both continents. In America the cedar bird is a more common species. See Bohemian chatterer, and Cedar bird. CHATTERING Chat"ter*ing, n. Defn: The act or habit of talking idly or rapidly, or of making inarticulate sounds; the sounds so made; noise made by the collision of the teeth; chatter. CHATTER MARK Chat"ter mark`. (a) (Mach.) One of the fine undulations or ripples which are formed on the surface of work by a cutting tool which chatters. (b) (Geol.) A short crack on a rock surface planed smooth by a glacier. CHATTINESS Chat"ti*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being chatty, or of talking easily and pleasantly. CHATTY Chat"ty, a. Defn: Given to light, familiar talk; talkative. Lady M. W. Montagu. CHATTY Chat"ty, n. Etym: [Tamil shati.] Defn: A porous earthen pot used in India for cooling water, etc. CHATWOOD Chat"wood`, n. Etym: [Chat a little stick + wood.] Defn: Little sticks; twigs for burning; fuel. Johnson. CHAUD-MEDLEY Chaud"-med`ley, n. Etym: [F. chaude mêlée; chaud hot + mêler (Formerly sometimes spelt medler) to mingle.] (Law) Defn: The killing of a person in an affray, in the heat of blood, and while under the influence of passion, thus distinguished from chance- medley or killing in self-defense, or in a casual affray. Burrill. CHAUDRON Chau"dron, n. Defn: See Chawdron. [Obs.] CHAUFFER Chauf"fer, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chauffoir a kind of stone, fr. chauffer to heat. See Chafe.] (Chem.) Defn: A table stove or small furnace, usually a cylindrical box of sheet iron, with a grate at the bottem, and an open top. CHAUFFEUR Chauf`feur", n. [F., lit., stoker.] 1. [pl.] (F. Hist.) Defn: Brigands in bands, who, about 1793, pillaged, burned, and killed in parts of France; -- so called because they used to burn the feet of their victims to extort money. 2. One who manages the running of an automobile; esp., the paid operator of a motor vehicle. CHAUFFEUSE Chauf`feuse", n. [F., fem. of chauffeur.] Defn: A woman chauffeur. CHAULDRON Chaul"dron, n. Defn: See Chawdron. [Obs.] CHAUN Chaun, n. Defn: A gap. [Obs.] Colgrave. CHAUN Chaun, v. t. & i. Defn: To open; to yawn. [Obs.] O, chaun thy breast. Marston. CHAUNT Chaunt, n. & v. Defn: See Chant. CHAUNTER Chaunt"er, n. 1. A street seller of ballads and other broadsides. [Slang, Eng.] 2. A deceitful, tricky dealer or horse jockey. [Colloq.] He was a horse chaunter; he's a leg now. Dickens. 3. The flute of a bagpipe. See Chanter, n., 3. CHAUNTERIE Chaunt"er*ie, n. Defn: See Chantry. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHAUS Cha"us, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: a lynxlike animal of Asia and Africa (Lynx Lybicus). CHAUSSES Chausses, n. pl. Etym: [F.] Defn: The garment for the legs and feet and for the body below the waist, worn in Europe throughout the Middle Ages; applied also to the armor for the same parts, when fixible, as of chain mail. CHAUSSURE Chaus`sure", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A foot covering of any kind. CHAUTAUQUA SYSTEM OF EDUCATION Chau*tau"qua sys"tem of education. Defn: The system of home study established in connection with the summer schools assembled at Chautauqua, N. Y., by the Methodist Episcopal bishop, J. H. Vincent. CHAUVINISM Chau"vin*ism, n. Etym: [F. chauvinisme, from Chauvin, a character represented as making grotesque and threatening displays of his attachment to his fallen chief, Napoleon I., in 1815.] Defn: Blind and absurd devotion to a fallen leader or an obsolete cause; hence, absurdly vainglorious or exaggerated patriotism. -- Chau"vin*ist, n. -- Chau`vin*is"tic (, a. Note: To have a generous belief in the greatness of one's country is not chauvinism. It is the character of the latter quality to be wildly extravagant, to be fretful and childish and silly, to resent a doubt as an insult, and to offend by its very frankness. Prof. H. Tuttle. CHAVENDER Chav"en*der, n. Etym: [Cf. Cheven.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The chub. Walton. CHAW Chaw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chawing.] Etym: [See Chew.] 1. To grind with the teeth; to masticate, as food in eating; to chew, as the cud; to champ, as the bit. The trampling steed, with gold and purple trapped, Chawing the foamy bit, there fiercely stood. Surrey. 2. To ruminate in thought; to consider; to keep the mind working upon; to brood over. Dryden. Note: A word formerly in good use, but now regarded as vulgar. CHAW Chaw, n. Etym: [See Chaw, v. t.] 1. As much as is put in the mouth at once; a chew; a quid. [Law] 2. Etym: [Cf. Jaw.] Defn: The jaw. [Obs.] Spenser. Chaw bacon, a rustic; a bumpkin; a lout. (Law) -- Chaw tooth, a grinder. (Law) CHAWDRON Chaw"dron, n. Etym: [OF. chaudun, caudun, caldun; cf. G. kaldaunen guts, bowels, LL. calduna intestine, W. coluddyn gut, dim. of coludd bowels.] Defn: Entrails. [Obs.] [Written also chaudron, chauldron.] Shak. CHAY ROOT Chay" root`. Etym: [Tamil shaya.] Defn: The root of the Oldenlandia umbellata, native in India, which yieds a durable red dyestuff. [Written also choy root.] CHAZY EPOCH Cha*zy" ep"och. (Geol.) Defn: An epoch at the close of the Canadian period of the American Lower Silurian system; -- so named from a township in Clinton Co., New York. See the Diagram under Geology. CHEAP Cheap, n. Etym: [AS. ceáp bargain, sale, price; akin to D. Koop purchase, G. Kauf, ICel. kaup bargain. Cf. Cheapen, Chapman, Chaffer, Cope, v. i.] Defn: A bargain; a purchase; cheapness. [Obs.] The sack that thou hast drunk me would have bought me lights as good cheap at the dearest chandler's in Europe. Shak. CHEAP Cheap, a. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. "good cheap": a good purchase or bargain; cf. F. bon marché, à bon marché. See Cheap, n., Cheapen.] 1. Having a low price in market; of small cost or price, as compared with the usual price or the real value. Where there are a great sellers to a few buyers, there the thing to be sold will be cheap. Locke. 2. Of comparatively small value; common; mean. You grow cheap in every subject's eye. Dryden. Dog cheap, very cheap, -- a phrase formed probably by the catachrestical transposition of good cheap. [Colloq.] CHEAP Cheap, adv. Defn: Cheaply. Milton. CHEAP Cheap, v. i. Defn: To buy; to bargain. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHEAPEN Cheap"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheapened; p. pr. & vb. n. Cheapening.] Etym: [OE. cheapien, chepen, to trade, buy, sell, AS. ceápian; akin to D. koopen to buy, G. kaufen, Icel. kaupa, Goth. kaupon to trade. Cf. Chap to bargain.] 1. To ask the price of; to bid, bargain, or chaffer for. [Obsoles.] Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy. Swift. 2. Etym: [Cf. Cheap, a.] Defn: To beat down the price of; to lessen the value of; to depreciate. Pope. My proffered love has cheapened me. Dryden. CHEAPENER Cheap"en*er, n. Defn: One who cheapens. CHEAP-JACK; CHEAP-JOHN Cheap"-jack`, Cheap"-john`, n. Defn: A seller of low-priced or second goods; a hawker. CHEAPLY Cheap"ly, adv. Defn: At a small price; at a low value; in a common or inferior manner. CHEAPNESS Cheap"ness, n. Defn: Lowness in price, considering the usual price, or real value. CHEAR Chear, n. & v. [Obs.] Defn: See Cheer. CHEAT Cheat, n. Etym: [rob. an abbrevation of escheat, lands or tenements that fall to a lord or to the state by forfeiture, or by the death of the tenant without heirs; the meaning being explained by the frauds, real or supposed, that were resorted to in procuring escheats. See Escheat.] 1. An act of deception or fraud; that which is the means of fraud or deception; a fraud; a trick; imposition; imposture. When I consider life, 'tis all a cheat. Dryden. 2. One who cheats or deceives; an impostor; a deceiver; a cheater. Airy wonders, which cheats interpret. Johnson 3. (Bot.) Defn: A troublesome grass, growing as a weed in grain fields; -- called also chess. See Chess. 4. (Law) Defn: The obtaining of property from another by an intentional active distortion of the truth. Note: When cheats are effected by deceitful or illegal symbols or tokens which may affect the public at large and against which common prudence could not have guarded, they are indictable at common law. Wharton. Syn. -- Deception; imposture; fraud; delusion; artifice; trick; swindle; deceit; guile; finesse; stratagem. CHEAT Cheat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheated; p. pr. & vb. n. Cheating.] Etym: [See CHeat, n., Escheat.] 1. To deceive and defraud; to impose upon; to trick; to swindle. I am subject to a tyrant, a sorcerer, that by his cunning hath cheated me of this island. Shak. 2. To beguile. Sir W. Scott. To cheat winter of its dreariness. W. Irving. Syn. -- To trick; cozen; gull; chouse; fool; outwit; circumvent; beguile; mislead; dupe; swindle; defraud; overreach; delude; hoodwink; deceive; bamboozle. CHEAT Cheat, v. i. Defn: To practice fraud or trickery; as, to cheat at cards. CHEAT Cheat, n. Etym: [Perh. from OF. cheté goods, chattels.] Defn: Wheat, or bread made from wheat. [Obs.] Drayton. Their purest cheat, Thrice bolted, kneaded, and subdued in paste. Chapman. CHEATABLE Cheat"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being cheated. CHEATABLENESS Cheat"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Capability of being cheated. CHEATER Cheat"er, n. 1. One who cheats. 2. An escheator. [R.] Shak. CHEBACCO Che*bac"co, n. Etym: [From Chebacco, the former name of Essex, a town in Massachusetts where such vessels were built.] (Naut.) Defn: A narrow-sterned boat formerly much used in the Newfoundland fisheries; -- called also pinkstern and chebec. Bartlett. CHEBEC Che"bec, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Chebacco. CHEBEC Che*bec", n. Etym: [Named from its note.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small American bird (Empidonax minimus); the least flycatcher. CHECK Check, n. Etym: [OE. chek, OF. eschec, F. échec, a stop, hindrance, orig. check in the game of chess, pl. échecs chess, through AR., fr. Pers. shah king. See Shah, and cf. Checkmate, Chess, Checker.] 1. (Chess) Defn: A word of warning denoting that the king is in danger; such a menace of a player's king by an adversary's move as would, if it were any other piece, expose it to immediate capture. A king so menaced is said to be in check, and must be made safe at the next move. 2. A condition of interrupted or impeded progress; arrest; stop; delay; as, to hold an enemy in check. Which gave a remarkable check to the first progress of Christianity. Addison. No check, no stay, this streamlet fears. Wordsworth. 3. Whatever arrests progress, or limits action; an obstacle, guard, restraint, or rebuff. Useful check upon the administration of government. Washington. A man whom no check could abash. Macaulay. 4. A mark, certificate, or token, by which, errors may be prevented, or a thing or person may be identified; as, checks placed against items in an account; a check given for baggage; a return check on a railroad. 5. A written order directing a bank or banker to pay money as therein stated. See Bank check, below. 6. A woven or painted design in squares resembling the patten of a checkerboard; one of the squares of such a design; also, cloth having such a figure. 7. (Falconry) Defn: The forsaking by a hawk of its proper game to follow other birds. 8. Small chick or crack. Bank check, a written order on a banker or broker to pay money in his keeping belonging to the signer. -- Check book, a book containing blank forms for checks upon a bank. -- Check hook, a hook on the saddle of a harness, over which a checkrein is looped. -- Check list, a list or catalogue by which things may be verified, or on which they may be checked. -- Check nut (Mech.), a secondary nut, screwing down upon the primary nut to secure it. Knight. -- Check valve (Mech.), a valve in the feed pipe of a boiler to prevent the return of the feed water. -- To take check, to take offense. [Obs.] Dryden. Syn. -- Hindrance; setback; interruption; obstruction; reprimand; censure; rebuke; reproof; repulse; rebuff; tally; counterfoil; counterbalance; ticket; draft. CHECK Check, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checked; p. pr. & vb. n. checking.] 1. (Chess) Defn: To make a move which puts an adversary's piece, esp. his king, in check; to put in check. 2. To put a sudden restraint upon; to stop temporarily; to hinder; to repress; to curb. So many clogs to check and retard the headlong course of violence and oppression. Burke. 3. To verify, to guard, to make secure, by means of a mark, token, or other check; to distinguish by a check; to put a mark against (an item) after comparing with an original or a counterpart in order to secure accuracy; as, to check an account; to check baggage. 4. To chide, rebuke, or reprove. The good king, his master, will check him for it. Shak. 5. (Naut.) Defn: To slack or ease off, as a brace which is too stiffly extended. 6. To make checks or chinks in; to cause to crack; as, the sun checks timber. Syn. -- To restrain; curb; bridle; repress; control; hinder; impede; obstruct; interrupt; tally; rebuke; reprove; rebuff. CHECK Check, v. i. Defn: To make a stop; to pause; -- with at. The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, either is disabled for the future, or else checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after. Locke. 2. To clash or interfere. [R.] Bacon. 3. To act as a curb or restraint. It [his presence] checks too strong upon me. Dryden. 4. To crack or gape open, as wood in drying; or to crack in small checks, as varnish, paint, etc. 5. (Falconry) Defn: To turn, when in pursuit of proper game, and fly after other birds. And like the haggard, check at every feather That comes before his eye. Shak. CHECK Check, a. Defn: Checkered; designed in checks. CHECKAGE Check"age, n. 1. The act of checking; as, the checkage of a name or of an item in a list. 2. The items, or the amount, to which attention is called by a check or checks. CHECKER Check"er, n. Etym: [From Check, v. t.] Defn: One who checks. CHECKER Check"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checkered; p. pr. & vb. n. Checkering.] Etym: [From OF. eschequier a chessboard, F. échiquier. See Check, n., and cf. 3d Checker.] 1. To mark with small squares like a checkerboard, as by crossing stripes of different colors. 2. To variegate or diversify with different qualities, color, scenes, or events; esp., to subject to frequent alternations of prosterity and adversity. Our minds are, as it were, checkered with truth and falsehood. Addison. CHECKER Check"er, n. Etym: [OF. eschequier. See Checker, v. t.] 1. A piece in the game of draughts or checkers. 2. A pattern in checks; a single check. 3. Checkerwork. Note: This word is also written chequer. CHECKERBERRY Check"er*ber`ry, n.; pl. Checkerberries. (Bot.) Defn: A spicy plant and its bright red berry; the wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens). Also incorrectly applied to the partridge berry (Mitchella repens). CHECKERBOARD Check"er*board, n. Defn: A board with sixty-four squares of alternate color, used for playing checkers or draughts. CHECKERED Check"ered, a. 1. Marked with alternate squares or checks of different color or material. Dancing in the checkered shade. Milton. 2. Diversified or variegated in a marked manner, as in appearance, character, circumstances, etc. This checkered narrative. Macaulay. CHECKERS Check"ers, n. pl. Etym: [See Checher, v.] Defn: A game, called also daughts, played on a checkerboard by two persons, each having twelve men (counters or checkers) which are moved diagonally. The game is ended when either of the players has lost all his men, or can not move them. CHECKERWORK Check"er*work`, n. 1. Work consisting of or showing checkers varied alternately as to colors or materials. 2. Any aggregate of varied vicissitudes. How strange a checkerwork of Providence is the life of man. De Foe. CHECKLATON Check"la*ton, n. 1. Ciclatoun. [Obs.] 2. Gilded leather. [Obs.] Spenser. CHECKLESS Check"less, a. Defn: That can not be checked or restrained. CHECKMATE Check"mate, n. Etym: [F. échec et mat, fr. Per. shah mat ceckmate, lit., the king is dead, fr. Ar. mata he died, is dead. The king, when made prisoner, or checkmated, is assumed to be dead, and the game is finished. See Chess.] 1. The position in the game of chess when a king is in check and cannot be released, -- which ends the game. 2. A complete check; utter defeat or overthrow. CHECKMATE Check"mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checkmated; p. pr. & vb. n. Checkmating.] 1. (Chess) Defn: To check (an adversary's king) in such a manner that escape in impossible; to defeat (an adversary) by putting his king in check from which there is no escape. 2. To defeat completely; to terminate; to thwart. To checkmate and control my just demands. Ford. CHECKREIN Check"rein`, n. 1. A short rein looped over the check hook to prevent a horse from lowering his head; -- called also a bearing rein. 2. A branch rein connecting the driving rein of one horse of a span or pair with the bit of the other horse. CHECKROLL Check"roll`, n. Defn: A list of servants in a household; -- called also chequer roll. CHECKSTRING Check"string`, n. Defn: A cord by which a person in a carriage or horse car may signal to the driver. CHECKWORK Check"work, n. Defn: Anything made so as to form alternate squares lke those of a checkerboard. CHECKY Check"y, a. (Her.) Defn: Divided into small alternating squares of two tinctures; -- said of the field or of an armorial bearing. [Written also checquy, cheguy.] CHEDDAR Ched"dar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or made at, Cheddar, in England; as, Cheddar cheese. CHEEK Cheek, n. Etym: [OE. cheke, cheoke, AS. céace, céoce; cf. Goth. kukjan to kiss, D. kaak cheek; perh. akin to E. chew, jaw.] 1. The side of the face below the eye. 2. The cheek bone. [Obs.] Caucer. 3. pl. (Mech.) Defn: Those pieces of a machine, or of any timber, or stone work, which form corresponding sides, or which are similar and in pair; as, the cheeks (jaws) of a vise; the cheeks of a gun carriage, etc. 4. pl. Defn: The branches of a bridle bit. Knight. 5. (Founding) Defn: A section of a flask, so made that it can be moved laterally, to permit the removal of the pattern from the mold; the middle part of a flask. 6. Cool confidence; assurance; impudence. [Slang] Cheek of beef. See Illust. of Beef. -- Cheek bone (Anat.) the bone of the side of the fase; esp., the malar bone. -- Cheek by jowl, side by side; very intimate. -- Cheek pouch (Zoöl.), a sacklike dilation of the cheeks of certain monkeys and rodents, used for holding food. -- Cheeks of a block, the two sides of the shell of a tackle block. -- Cheeks of a mast, the projection on each side of a mast, upon which the trestletrees rest. -- Cheek tooth (Anat.), a hinder or molar tooth. -- Butment cheek. See under Butment. CHEEK Cheek, v. t. Defn: To be impudent or saucy to. [Slang.] CHEEKED Cheeked, a. Defn: Having a cheek; -- used in composition. "Rose-cheeked Adonis." Shak. CHEEKY Cheek"y, Defn: a Brazen-faced; impudent; bold. [Slang.] CHEEP Cheep, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cheeped.] Etym: [Cf. Chirp]. Defn: To chirp, as a young bird. CHEEP Cheep, v. t. Defn: To give expression to in a chirping tone. Cheep and twitter twenty million loves. Tennyson. CHEEP Cheep, n. Defn: A chirp, peep, or squeak, as of a young bird or mousse. CHEER Cheer, n. Etym: [OE. chere face, welcome, cheer, OF. chiere, F. chère, fr. LL. cara face, Gr. , L. cerebrum brain, G. hirn, and E. cranium.] 1. The face; the countenance or its expression. [Obs.] "Sweat of thy cheer." Wyclif. 2. Feeling; spirit; state of mind or heart. Be of good cheer. Matt. ix. 2. The parents . . . fled away with heavy cheer. Holland. 3. Gayety; mirth; cheerfulness; animation. I have not that alacrity of spirit, Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have. Shak. 1. That which promotes good spirits or cheerfulness; provisions prepared for a feast; entertainment; as, a table loaded with good cheer. 5. A shout, hurrah, or acclamation, expressing joy enthusiasm, applause, favor, etc. Welcome her, thundering cheer of the street. Tennyson. Whzt cheer Now do you fare What is there that is cheering CHEER Cheer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheered; p. pr. & vb. n. cheering.] 1. To cause to rejoice; to gladden; to make cheerful; -- often with up. Cowpe. 2. To infuse life, courage, animation, or hope, into; to inspirit; to solace or comfort. The proud he tamed, the penitent he cheered. Dryden. 3. To salute or applaud with cheers; to urge on by cheers; as, to cheer hounds in a chase. To cheer ship, to salute a passing ship by cheers of sailors stationed in the rigging. Syn. -- To gladden; encourage; inspirit; comfort; console; enliven; refresh; exhilarate; animate; applaud. CHEER Cheer, v. i. 1. To grow cheerful; to become gladsome or joyous; -- usually with up. At sight of thee my gloomy soul cheers up. A. Philips. 2. To be in any state or temper of mind. [Obs.] How cheer'st thou, Jessica Shak. 3. To utter a shout or shouts of applause, triumph, etc. And even the ranks of Tusculum Could scare forbear to cheer. Macaulay. CHEERER Cheer"er, n. Defn: One who cheers; one who, or that which, gladdens. "Thou cheerer of our days." Wotton. "Prime cheerer, light." Thomson. CHEERFUL Cheer"ful, a. Defn: Having or showing good spirits or joy; cheering; cheery; contented; happy; joyful; lively; animated; willing. To entertain a cheerful disposition. Shak. The cheerful birds of sundry kind Do chant sweet music. Spenser. A cheerful confidence in the mercy of God. Macaulay. This general applause and cheerful shout. Shak. Syn. -- Lively; animated; gay; joyful; lightsome; gleeful; blithe; airy; sprightly; jocund; jolly; joyous; vivacious; buoyant; sunny; happy; hopeful. CHEERFULLY Cheer"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a cheerful manner, gladly. CHEERFULNESS Cheer"ful*ness, n. Defn: Good spirits; a state of moderate joy or gayety; alacrity. CHEERILY Cheer"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a cheery manner. CHEERINESS Cheer"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being cheery. CHEERINGLY Cheer"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner to cheer or encourage. CHEERISNESS Cheer"is*ness, n. Defn: Cheerfulness. [Obs.] There is no Christian duty that is not to be seasoned and set off with cheerishness. Milton. CHEERLESS Cheer"less, a. Defn: Without joy, gladness, or comfort. -- Cheer"less*ly, adv. -- Cheer"less*ness, n. My cheerful day is turned to cheerles night. Spenser. Syn. -- Gloomy; sad; comfortless; dispiriting; dicsconsolate; dejected; melancholy; forlorn. CHEERLY Cheer"ly, a. Defn: Gay; cheerful. [Obs.] Shak. CHEERLY Cheer"ly, adv. Defn: Cheerily. [Archaic] Tennyson. CHEERRY Cheer"ry, a. Defn: Cheerful; lively; gay; bright; pleasant; as, a cheery person. His cheery little study, where the sunshine glimmered so pleasantly. Hawthorne. CHEESE Cheese, n. Etym: [OE. chese, AS. cese, fr. L. caseus, LL. casius. Cf. Casein.] 1. The curd of milk, coagulated usually with rennet, separated from the whey, and pressed into a solid mass in a hoop or mold. 2. A mass of pomace, or ground apples, pressed togehter in the form of a cheese. 3. The flat, circuliar, mucilaginous fruit of the dwarf mallow (Malva rotundifolia). [Colloq.] 4. A low courtesy; -- so called on account of the cheese form assumed by a woman's dress when she stoops after extending the skirts by a rapid gyration. De Quincey. Thackeray. Cheese cake, a cake made of or filled with, a composition of soft curds, sugar, and butter. Prior. -- Cheese fly (Zoöl.), a black dipterous insect (Piophila casei) of which the larvæ or maggots, called ckippers or hoppers, live in cheese. -- Cheese mite (Zoöl.), a minute mite (Tryoglyhus siro) in cheese and other articles of food. -- Cheese press, a press used in making cheese, to separate the whey from the curd, and to press the curd into a mold. -- Cheese rennet (Bot.), a plant of the Madder family (Golium verum, or yellow bedstraw), sometimes used to coagulate milk. The roots are used as a substitute for madder. -- Cheese vat, a vat or tub in which the curd is formed and cut or broken, in cheese making. CHEESE CLOTH Cheese" cloth`. Defn: A thin, loosewoven cotton cloth, such as is used in pressing cheese curds. CHEESELEP Cheese"lep, n. Etym: [Cf. Keslop.] Defn: A bag in which rennet is kept. CHEESEMONGER Cheese"mon`ger, n. Defn: One who deals incheese. B. Jonson. CHEESEPARING Cheese"par`ing, n. Defn: A thin portion of the rind of a cheese. -- a. Defn: Scrimping; mean; as, cheeseparing economy. CHEESINESS Chees"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being cheesy. CHEESY Chees"y, a. Defn: Having the nature, qualities, taste, form, consistency, or appearance of cheese. CHEETAH Chee"tah, n. Etym: [Hind. chita.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of leopard (Cynælurus jubatus) tamed and used for hunting in India. The woolly cheetah of South Africa is C. laneus. [Written also chetah.] CHEF Chef, n. Etym: [F.] 1. A chief of head person. 2. The head cook of large establishment, as a club, a family, etc. 3. (Her.) Defn: Same as Chief. CHEF-D'OEUVRE Chef`-d'oeuvre", n.; pl. Chefs-d'oeuvre. Etym: [F.] Defn: A masterpiece; a capital work in art, literature, etc. CHEGOE; CHEGRE Cheg"oe, Cheg"re, n. Defn: See Chigoe. CHEILOPLASTY Chei"lo*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Gr. -plasty.] (Surg.) Defn: The process of forming an artificial tip or part of a lip, by using for the purpose a piece of healthy tissue taken from some neighboring part. CHEILOPODA Chei*lop"o*da, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Ch. CHEIROPTER Chei*rop"ter, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Cheiroptera. CHEIROPTERA Chei*rop"te*ra, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of mammalia, including the bats, having four toes of each of the anterior limbs elongated and connected by a web, so that they can be used like wings in flying. See Bat. CHEIROPTEROUS Chei*rop"ter*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Cheiroptera, or Bat family. CHEIROPTERYGIUM Chei*rop`te*ryg"i*um, n.; pl. Cheiropterygia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The typical pentadactyloid limb of the higher vertebrates. CHEIROSOPHY Chei*ros"o*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The art of reading character as it is delineated in the hand. -- Chei*ros"o*phist (, n. CHEIROTHERIUM Chei`ro*the"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Poleon.) Defn: A genus of extinct animals, so named from fossil footprints rudely resembling impressions of the human hand, and believed to have been made by labyrinthodont reptiles. See Illustration in Appendix. CHEKELATOUN Chek`e*la*toun", n. Defn: See Ciclatoun. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHEKMAK Chek"mak, n. Defn: A turkish fabric of silk and cotton, with gold thread interwoven. CHELA Che"la, n.; pl. Chelæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pincherlike claw of Crustacea and Arachnida. CHELATE Che"late, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Cheliferous. CHELERYTHRINE Chel`e*ryth"rine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Am alkaloidal principle obtained from the celandine, and named from the red color of its salts, It is a coloriess crystalline substance, and acts as an acrid narcotic poison. It is identical with sanguinarine. CHELICERA Che*lic"e*ra, n.; pl. Cheliceræ Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the anterior pair of mouth organs, terminated by a pincherlike claw, in scorpions and allied Arachnida. They are homologous with the falcers of spiders, and probably with the mandibles of insects. CHELIDON Chel"i*don, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The hollow at the flexure of the arm. CHELIDONIC Chel`i*don"ic, a. Etym: [See Celandine.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the celandine. Cheidonic acid, a weak acid extracted fron the celandine (Chelidonium majus), as a white crystalline substance. CHELIDONIUS Chel`i*do"ni*us, n. Etym: [L. (sc. lapillus.)] Defn: A small stone taken from the gizzard of a young swallow. -- anciently worn as a medicinal charm. CHELIFER Chel"i*fer, n. Etym: [Gr. -fer.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Book scorpion, under Book. CHELIFEROUS Che*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having cheliform claws, like a crab. CHELIFORM Chel"i*form, a. Etym: [Gr. -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a movable joint or finger closing againts a preceding joint or a projecting part of it, so that the whole may be ised for grasping, as the claw of a crab; pincherlike. CHELONE Che*lo"ne, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of hardy perennial flowering plants, of the order Scrophulariaceaæ., natives of North America; -- called also snakehead, turtlehead, shellflower, etc. CHELONIA Che*lo"ni*a, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of reptiles, including the tortoises and turtles, perculiar in having a part of the vertebræ, ribs, and sternum united with the dermal plates so as to form a firm shell. The jaws are covered by a horny beak. See Reptilia; also, Illust. in Appendix. CHELONIAN Che*lo"ni*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to animals of the tortoise kind. -- n. Defn: One of the Chelonia. CHELURA Che*lu"ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine amphipod crustacea, which bore into and sometimes destroy timber. CHELY Che"ly, n. Defn: A claw. See Chela. [Obs.] CHEMIC Chem"ic, n. Etym: [See Chenistry.] 1. A chemist; an alchemist. [Obs.] 2. (Bleaching) Defn: A solution of chloride of line. CHEMIC Chem"ic, a. Defn: Chemical. Blackw. Mag. CHEMICAL Chem"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to chemistry; characterized or produced by the forces and operations of chemistry; employed in the processes of chemistry; as, chemical changes; chemical comnbinations. Chemical attraction or affinity. See under Attraction. CHEMICAL Chem"ic*al, n. Defn: A substance used for producing a chemical effect; a reagent. CHEMICALLY Chem"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: According to chemical principles; by chemical process or operation. CHEMIGLYPHIC Chem`i*glyph"ic, a. Etym: [Chemical + Defn: Engraved by a voltaic battary. CHEMIGRAPHY Che*mig"ra*phy, n. [Chemical + -graphy.] Defn: Any mechanical engraving process depending upon chemical action; specif., a process of zinc etching not employing photography. -- Chem`i*graph"ic (#), a. CHEMILOON Chem`i*loon", n. Defn: A garment for women, consisting of chemise and drawers united in one. [U. S.] CHEMISE Che*mise", n. Etym: [F., shirt, fr. LL. camisa, camisia, shirt, thin dress; cf. G. hemd, or Olr. coimumse sort of garment. Cf. Camis.] 1. A shift, or undergarment, worn by women. 2. A wall that lines the face of a bank or earthwork. CHEMISETTE Chem`i*sette", n.Etym: [F., dim. of chemise.] Defn: An under-garment, worn by women, usually covering the neck, shoulders, and breast. CHEMISM Chem"ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chimisme. See Chemistry.] Defn: The force exerted between the atoms of elementary substance whereby they unite to form chemical compounds; chemical attaction; affinity; -- sometimes used as a general expression for chemical activity or relationship. CHEMIST Chem"ist, n. Etym: [Shortened from alchemist; cf. F. chimiste.] Defn: A person versed in chemistry or given to chemical investigation; an analyst; a maker or seller of chemicals or drugs. CHEMISTRY Chem"is*try, n. Etym: [From Chemist. See Alchemy.] 1. That branch of science which treats of the composition of substances, and of the changes which they undergo in consequence of alterations in the constitution of the molecules, which depend upon variations of the number, kind, or mode of arrangement, of the constituent atoms. These atoms are not assumed to be indivisible, but merely the finest grade of subdivision hitherto attained. Chemistry deals with the changes in the composition and constitution of molecules. See Atom, Molecule. Note: Historically, chemistry is an outgrowth of alchemy (or alchemistry), with which it was anciently identified. 2. An application of chemical theory and method to the consideration of some particular subject; as, the chemistry of iron; the chemistry of indigo. 3. A treatise on chemistry. Note: This word and its derivatives were formerly written with y, and sometimes with i, instead of e, in the first syllable, chymistry, chymist, chymical, etc., or chimistry, chimist, chimical, etc.; and the pronunciation was conformed to the orthography. Inorganic chemistry, that which treats of inorganic or mineral substances. -- Organic chemistry, that which treats of the substances which from the structure of organized beings and their products, whether animal or vegetable; -- called also chemistry of the carbon compounds. There is no fundamental difference between organic and inorganic chemistry. -- Physiological chemistry, the chemistry of the organs and tissues of the body, and of the various physiological processes incident to life. -- Practical chemistry, or Applied chemistry, that which treats of the modes of manufacturing the products of chemistry that are useful in the arts, of their applications to economical purposes, and of the conditions essential to their best use. -- Pure chemistry, the consideration of the facts and theories of chemistry in their purely scientific relations, without necessary reference to their practical applications or mere utility. CHEMITYPE Chem"i*type, n. Etym: [Chemical + -type.] (Engraving) Defn: One of a number of processes by which an impression from an engraved plate is obtained in relief, to be used for printing on an ordinary printing press. CHEMOLYSIS Che*mol"y*sis, n. Etym: [Chemical + Gr. Defn: A term sometimes applied to the decomposition of organic substance into more simple bodies, by the use of chemical agents alone. Thudichum. CHEMOSIS Che*mo"sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. a swelling of the cornea resembling a cockleshell, fr. a gaping, hence a cockleshell.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammatory swelling of the conjunctival tissue surrounding the cornea. --Che*mot"ic (#), a. CHEMOSMOSIS Chem`os*mo"sis, n. Etym: [Chemical + osmosis.] Defn: Chemical action taking place through an intervening membrane. CHEMOSMOTIC Chem`os*mot"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or produced by, chemosmosis. [R.] CHEMOSYNTHESIS Chem`o*syn"the*sis, n. [Chemical + synthesis.] (Plant Physiol.) Defn: Synthesis of organic compounds by energy derived from chemical changes or reactions. Chemosynthesis of carbohydrates occurs in the nitrite bacteria through the oxidation of ammonia to nitrous acid, and in the nitrate bacteria through the conversion of nitrous into nitric acid. -- Chem`o*syn*thet"ic (#), a. CHEMOTAXIS; CHEMIOTAXIS Chem`o*tax"is, n. Formerly also Chem`i*o*tax"is. [Chemical + Gr. arrangement, fr. to arrange.] (Biol.) Defn: The sensitiveness exhibited by small free-swimming organisms, as bacteria, zoöspores of algæ, etc., to chemical substances held in solution. They may be attracted (positive chemotaxis) or repelled (negative chemotaxis). -- Chem`o*tac"tic (#), a. -- Chem`o*tac"tic*al*ly, adv. CHEMUNG PERIOD Che*mung" pe"ri*od, (Geol.) Defn: A subdivision in the upper part of the Devonian system in America, so named from the Chemung River, along which the rocks are well developed. It includes the Portage and Chemung groups or epochs. See the Diagram under Geology. CHENG Cheng, n. Etym: [Chinese.] Defn: A chinese reed instrument, with tubes, blown by the mouth. CHENILLE Che*nille", n. Etym: [F., prop., a caterpillar.] Defn: Tufted cord, of silk or worsted, for the trimimg of ladies' dresses, for embroidery and fringes, and for the weft of chenille rugs. CHENOMORPHAE Che`no*mor"phæ, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of birds, including the swans, ducks, geese, flamingoes and screamers. CHEPSTER Chep"ster, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European starling. [Local, Eng.] CHEQUE Cheque, n. Defn: See Check. CHEQUER Cheq"uer, n. & v. Defn: Same as Checker. CHEQUING Che*quing", n. Defn: A coin. See Sequin. Shak. CHEQUY Cheq"uy, n. (Her.) Defn: Same as Checky. CHERIF Cher"if, n. Defn: See Cherif. CHERIMOYER Cher`i*moy"er, n. Etym: [F. chérimolier.] (Bot.) 1. A small downy-leaved tree (Anona Cherimolia), with fragrant flowers. It is a native of Peru. 2. Its delicious fruit, which is succulent, dark purple, and similar to the custard apple of the West Indies. CHERISH Cher"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cherished; p. pr. & vb. n. Cherising.] Etym: [F. chérir, fr. cher dear, fr. L. carus. See Caress, Finish.] 1. To treat with tenderness and affection; to nurture with care; to protect and aid. We were gentle among you, even as a nurse cherisheth her children. 1 Thess. ii. 7. 2. To hold dear; to embrace with interest; to indulge; to encourage; to foster; to promote; as, to cherish religious principle. To cherish virtue and humanity. Burke. Syn. -- To nourish; foster; nurse; nurture; entertain; encourage; comfort; protect; support; See Nurture. CHERISHER Cher"ish*er, n. Defn: One who cherishes. The cherisher of my flesh and blood. Shak. CHERISHMENT Cher"ish*ment, n. Defn: Encouragement; comfort. [Obs.] Rich bounty and dear cherishment. Spenser. CHERMES Cher"mes, n. Defn: See Kermes. CHEROGRIL Cher"o*gril, n. Etym: [L. choerogryllus, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Cony. CHEROKEES Cher`o*kees", n. pl.; sing. Cherokee. (Ethnol.) Defn: An Appalachian tribe of Indians, formerly inhabiting the region about the head waters of the Tennessee River. They are now mostly settled in the Indian Territory, and have become one of the most civilized of the Indian Tribes. CHEROOT Che*root", n. Etym: [Tamil shuruttu, prop., a roll.] Defn: A kind of cigar, originally brought from Mania, in the Philippine Islands; now often made of inferior or adulterated tabacco. CHERRY Cher"ry, n. Etym: [OE. chery, for cherys, fr. F. cerise (cf. AS. cyrs cherry), fr. LL. ceresia, fr. L. cerasus Cherry tree, Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A tree or shrub of the genus Prunus (Which also includes the plum) bearing a fleshy drupe with a bony stone; (a) The common garden cherry (Prunus Cerasus), of which several hundred varieties are cultivated for the fruit, some of which are, the begarreau, blackheart, black Tartarian, oxheart, morelle or morello, May-duke (corrupted from Médoc in France). (b) The wild cherry; as, prunus serotina (wild black cherry), valued for its timber; P. Virginiana (choke cherry), an American shrub which bears astringent fruit; P. avium and P. Padus, European trees (bird cherry). 2. The fruit of the cherry tree, a drupe of various colors and flavors. 3. The timber of the cherry tree, esp. of the black cherry, used in cabinetmaking, etc. 4. A peculiar shade of red, like that of a cherry. Barbadoes cherry. See under Barbadoes. -- Cherry bird (Zoöl.), an American bird; the cedar bird; -- so called from its fondness for cherries. -- Cherry bounce, cherry brandy and sugar. -- Cherry brandy, brandy in which cherries have been steeped. -- Cherry laurel (Bot.), an evergren shrub (Prunus Lauro-cerasus) common in shrubberies, the poisonous leaves of which have a flavor like that of bitter almonds. -- Cherry pepper (Bot.), a species of Capsicum (C. cerasiforme), with small, scarlet, intensely piquant cherry-shaped fruit. -- Cherry pit. (a) A child's play, in which cherries are thrown into a hole. Shak. (b) A cherry stone. -- Cherry rum, rum in which cherries have been steeped. -- Cherry sucker (Zoöl.), the European spotted flycatcher (Musicapa grisola); -- called also cherry chopper cherry snipe. Cherry tree, a tree that bears cherries. -- Ground cherry, Winter cherry, See Alkekengi. CHERRY Cher"ry, a. Defn: Like a red cherry in color; ruddy; blooming; as, a cherry lip; cherry cheeks. CHERSONESE Cher"so*nese, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A peninsula; a tract of land nearly surrounded by water, but united to a larger tract by a neck of land or isthmus; as, the Cimbric Chersonese, or Jutland; the Tauric Chersonese, or Crimea. CHERT Chert, n. Etym: [Ir. ceart stone, perh. akin to E. crag.] (Min.) Defn: An impure, massive, flintlike quartz or hornstone, of a dull color. CHERTY Chert"y, a. Defn: Like chert; containing chert; flinty. CHERUB Cher"ub, n.; pl. Cherubs; but the Hebrew plural Cherubim is also used. Etym: [Heb. kerub.] 1. A mysterious composite being, the winged footstool and chariot of the Almighty, described in Ezekiel i. and x. I knew that they were the cherubim. Ezek. x. 20. He rode upon a cherub and did fly. Ps. xviii. 10. 2. A symbolical winged figure of unknown form used in connection with the mercy seat of the Jewish Ark and Temple. Ez. xxv. 18. 3. One of a order of angels, variously represented in art. In European painting the cherubim have been shown as blue, to denote knowledge, as distinguished from the seraphim (see Seraph), and in later art the children's heads with wings are generally called cherubs. 4. A beautiful child; -- so called because artists have represented cherubs as beautiful children. CHERUBIC; CHERUBICAL Che*ru"bic, Che*ru"bic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to cherubs; angelic. "The cherubic host." Milton. CHERUBIM Cher"u*bim, n. Defn: The Hebrew plural of Cherub.. Cf. Seraphim. Note: Cherubims, in the King James version of the bible, is an incorrect form, made by adding the English plural termination to the Hebrew plural cherubim instead of to the singular cherub. CHERUBIN Cher"u*bin, a. Defn: Cherubic; angelic. [Obs.] Shak. CHERUBIN Cher"u*bin, n. Defn: A cherub. [Obs.] Dryden. CHERUP Cher"up, v. i. Etym: [Prob. fr. chirp.] Defn: To make a short, shrill, cheerful sound; to chirp. See Chirrup. "Cheruping birds." Drayton. CHERUP Cher"up, v. t. Defn: To excite or urge on by making a short, shrill, cheerful sound; to cherup to. See Chirrup. He cherups brisk ear-erecting steed. Cowper. CHERUP Cher"up, n. Defn: A short, sharp, cheerful noise; a chirp; a chirrup; as, the cherup of a cricket. CHERVIL Cher"vil, n. Etym: [AS. cerfille, fr. L. caerefolium, chaerephyllum, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Anthriscus cerefolium) with pinnately divided aromatic leaves, of which several curled varieties are used in soups and salads. CHES Ches, Defn: pret. of Chese. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHESE Chese, v. t. Defn: To choose [Obs.] Chaucer. CHESIBLE Ches"i*ble, n. Defn: See Chasuble. CHESLIP Ches"lip, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wood louse. [Prov. Eng.] CHESS Chess, n. Etym: [OE. ches, F. échecs, prop. pl. of échec check. See 1st Check.] Defn: A game played on a chessboard, by two persons, with two differently colored sets of men, sixteen in each set. Each player has a king, a queen, two bishops, two knights, two castles or rooks, and eight pawns. CHESS Chess, n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of brome grass (Bromus secalinus) which is a troublesome weed in wheat flelds, and is often erroneously regarded as degenerate or changed wheat; it bears a very slight resemblance to oats, and if reaped and ground up with wheat, so as to be used for food, is said to produce narcotic effects; -- called also cheat and Willard's bromus. [U. S.] Note: Other species of brome grass are called upright chess, soft chess, etc. CHESS-APPLE Chess"-ap`ple, n. Defn: The wild service of Europe (Purus torminalis). CHESSBOARD Chess"board`, n. Defn: The board used in the game of chess, having eight rows of alternate light and dark squares, eight in each row. See Checkerboard. Note: The chessboard and the checkerboard are alike. CHESSEL Ches"sel, n. Defn: The wooden mold in which cheese is pressed. Simmonds. CHESSES Chess"es, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. F. chassis a framework of carpenty.] (Mil.) Defn: The platforms, consisting of two or more planks doweled together, for the flooring of a temporary military bridge. Wilhelm. A singular, chess, is sometimes used. "Each chess consists of three planks." Farrow. CHESSIL Ches"sil, n. Etym: [OE. chesil, AS. ceosel gravel, sand.] Defn: Gravel or pebbles. Halliwell. CHESSMAN Chess"man, n.; pl. Chessmen. Defn: A piece used in the game of chess. CHESSOM Ches"som, n. Etym: [Cf. Chisley.] Defn: Mellow earth; mold. [Obs.] Bacon. CHESSTREE Chess"tree`, n. Etym: [Cf. F chassis a framework of carpentry.] (Naut.) Defn: A piece of oak bolted perpendicularly on the side of a vessel, to aid in drawing down and securing the clew of the mainsail. CHESSY COPPER Ches`sy" cop"per. (Min.) Defn: The mineral azurite, found in fine crystallization at Chessy, near Lyons; called also chessylite. CHEST Chest, n. Etym: [OE. chest, chist, AS. cest, cist, cyst, L. cista, fr. Gr. Cist, Cistern.] 1. A large box of wood, or other material, having, like a trunk, a lid, but no covering of skin, leather, or cloth. Heaps of money crowded in the chest. Dryden. 2. A coffin. [Obs.] He is now dead and mailed in his cheste. Chaucer. 3. The part of the body inclosed by the ribs and breastbone; the thorax. 4. (Com.) Defn: A case in which certain goods, as tea, opium, etc., are transported; hence, the quantity which such a case contains. 5. (Mech.) Defn: A tight receptacle or box, usually for holding gas, steam, liguids, etc.; as, the steam chest of an engine; the wind chest of an organ. Bomb chest, See under Bomb. -- Chest of drawers, a case or movable frame containing drawers. CHEST Chest, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chested.] 1. To deposit in a chest; to hoard. 2. To place in a coffin. [Obs.] He dieth and is chested. Gen. 1. 26 (heading). CHEST Chest, n. Etym: [AS. ceást.] Defn: Strife; contention; controversy. [Obs.] P. Plowman. CHESTED Chest"ed, a. Defn: Having (such) a chest; -- in composition; as, broad-chested; narrow-chested. CHESTERLITE Ches"ter*lite, n. Etym: [See -lite.] Defn: A variety of feldspar found in crystals in the county of Chester, Pennsylvania. CHESTEYN Ches"teyn, n. Defn: The chestnut tree. [Obs.] Wilwe, elm, plane, assch, box, chesteyn. Chaucer. CHEST FOUNDER Chest" foun`der. (Far.) Defn: A rheumatic affection of the muscles of the breast and fore legs of a horse, affecting motion and respiration. CHESTNUT Chest"nut, n. Etym: [For chesten-nut; OE. chestein, chesten, chastein, chestnut, fr. AS. cisten in cistenbeám chestnut tree, influenced by OF. chastaigne, F. châtaigne, both the AS. and the F. words coming from L. castanea a chestnut, Gr. Castanets.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The edible nut of a forest tree (Castanea vesce) of Europe and America. Commonly two or more of the nuts grow in a prickly bur. 2. The tree itself, or its light, coarse-grained timber, used for ornamental work, furniture, etc. 3. A bright brown color, like that of the nut. 4. The horse chestnut (often so used in England). 5. One of the round, or oval, horny plates on the inner sides of the legs of the horse, and allied animals. 6. An old joke or story. [Slang] Chestnut tree, a tree that bears chestnuts. CHESTNUT Chest"nut, a. Defn: Of or pertaining of a chestnut; of a reddish brown color; as, chestnut curls. CHETAH Che"tah, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Cheetah. CHETVERT Chet"vert, n. Etym: [Russ. chetverte.] Defn: A measure of grain equal to 0.7218 of an imperial quarter, or 5.95 Winchester bushels. [Russia] CHEVACHIE Chev"a*chie`, n. Defn: See Chivachie. [Obs.] CHEVAGE Che"vage, n. Defn: See Chiefage. [Obs.] CHEVAL Che*val", n.; pl. Chevaux. Etym: [F. See Cavalcade.] Defn: A horse; hence, a support or frame. Cheval glass, a mirror swinging in a frame, and large enough to reflect the full leght figure. CHEVAL-DE-FRISE Che*val"-de-frise", n.; commonly used in the pl. Chevaux-de-frise. Etym: [F.; cheval horse + Frise Friesland, where it was first used.] (Mil.) Defn: A piece of timber or an iron barrel traversed with iron-pointed spikes or spears, five or six feet long, used to defend a passage, stop a breach, or impede the advance of cavalry, etc. Obstructions of chain, boom, and cheval-de-frise. W. Irving. CHEVALIER Che`va*lier", n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. caballarius. See Cavaller.] 1. A horseman; a knight; a gallant young man. "Mount, chevaliers; to arms." Shak. 2. A member of certain orders of knighthood. Chevalier d'industrie ( Etym: [F.], one who lives by persevering fraud; a pickpocket; a sharper. -- The Chevalier St. George (Eng. Hist.), James Francis Edward Stuart (son of James II.), called "The Pretender." -- The Young Chevalier, Charles Edward Stuart, son of the Chevalier St. George. CHEVAUX Che*vaux", n. pl. Defn: See Cheval. CHEVE Cheve, v. i. Etym: [OF. chevir. See Chievance.] Defn: To come to an issue; to turn out; to succed; as, to cheve well in a enterprise. [Prov. or Obs.] Holland. CHEVELURE Cheve*lure", n. Etym: [F., head of hair.] Defn: A hairlike envelope. The nucleus and chevelure of nebulous star. Sir. W. Hershel. CHEVEN Chev"en, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chevanne. Cf. Chavender.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A river fish; the chub. Sir T. Browne. CHEVENTEIN Chev"en*tein, n. Defn: A variant of Chieftain. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHEVERIL Chev"er*il, n. Etym: [OF. chevrel, F. chevreau, kid, dim. of chevre goat, fr. L. capra. See Caper, v. i.] Defn: Soft leather made of kid skin. Fig.: Used as a symbol of flexibility. [Obs.] Here's wit of cheveril, that stretches from an inch narrow to an ell broad. Shak. CHEVERIL Chev"er*il, a. Defn: Made of cheveril; pliant. [Obs.] A cheveril conscience and a searching wit. Drayton. CHEVERLIIZE Chev"er*li*ize, v. i. Defn: To make as pliable as kid leather. [Obs.] Br. Montagu. CHEVET Che*vet", n. Etym: [F., head of the bed, dim. fr. chef head. See Chief.] (Arch.) Defn: The extreme end of the chancel or choir; properly the round or polygonal part. CHEVIOT Chev"i*ot, n. 1. A valuable breed of mountain sheep in Scotland, which takes its name from the Cheviot hills. 2. A woolen fabric, for men's clothing. CHEVISANCE Chev"i*sance, n. Etym: [Of. chevisance, chevissance, fr. chevircome to an end, perform, fr. chef head, end, from L. caput head. See Chieve, Chief.] 1. Achievement; deed; performance. [Obs.] Fortune, the foe of famous chevisance. Spenser. 2. A bargain; profit; gain. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 3. (O. Eng. Law) (a) A making of contracts. (b) A bargain or contract; an agreement about a matter in dispute, such as a debt; a business compact. (c) An unlawful agreement or contract. CHEVRETTE Chev*rette", n. Etym: [F., fr. chévre goat, fr. L. capra. Cf. Chevron.] (Mil.) Defn: A machine for raising guns or mortar into their carriages. CHEVRON Chev"ron, n. Etym: [F., rafter, chevron, from chévre goat, OF. chevre, fr. L. capra she-goat. See Cheveril.] 1. (Her.) Defn: One of the nine honorable ordinaries, consisting of two broad bands of the width of the bar, issuing, respectively from the dexter and sinister bases of the field and conjoined at its center. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A distinguishing mark, above the elow, on the sleeve of a noncommisioned officer's coat. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A zigzag molding, or group of moldings, common in Norman architecture. Chevron bones (Anat.), The V-shaped subvertebral arches which inclose the caudal blood vessels in some animals. CHEVRONED Chev"roned, p. a. Defn: Having a chevron; decorated with an ornamental figure of a zigzag from. [A garment] whose nether parts, with their bases, were of watchet cloth of silver, chevroned all over with lace. B. Jonson. CHEVRONEL Chev"ron*el, n. (Her.) Defn: A bearing like a chevron, but of only half its width. CHEVRONWISE Chev"ron*wise`, adv. (Her.) Defn: In the manner of a chevron; as, the field may be divided chevronwise. CHEVROTAIN Chev`ro*tain", n. Etym: [F. chevrotin, OF. chevrot little goat, roe, dim. of chevre goat. See Chevron.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small ruminant of the family Tragulidæ a allied to the musk deer. It inhabits Africa and the East Indies. See Kanchil. CHEVY Chev"y, v. t. Defn: See Chivy, v. t. [Slang, Eng.] One poor fellow was chevied about among the casks in the storm for ten minutes. London Times. CHEW Chew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chewing.] Etym: [As ceówan, akin to D. kauwen, G. kauen. Cf. Chaw, Jaw.] 1. To bite and grind with the teeth; to masticate. 2. To ruminate mentally; to meditate on. He chews revenge, abjuring his offense. Prior. To chew the cud, to chew the food ocer again, as a cow; to ruminate; hence, to meditate. Every beast the parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat. Deut. xxiv. 6. CHEW Chew, v. i. Defn: To perform the action of biting and grinding with the teeth; to ruminate; to meditate. old politicians chew wisdom past. Pope. CHEW Chew, n. Defn: That which is chewed; that which is held in the mouth at once; a cud. [Law] CHEWER Chew"er, n. Defn: One who chews. CHEWET Chew"et, n. Defn: A kind of meat pie. [Obs.] CHEWINK Che"wink, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An american bird (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) of the Finch family, so called from its note; -- called also towhee bunting and ground robin. CHEYENNES Chey*ennes", n. pl.; sing. cheyenne. (Ethnol.) Defn: A warlike tribe of indians, related to the blackfeet, formerly inhabiting the region of Wyoming, but now mostly on reservations in the Indian Territory. They are noted for their horsemanship. CHIAN Chi"an a. Etym: [L. chius, fr. Chios the island Chios, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Chios, an island in the Ægean Sea. Chian earth, a dense, compact kind of earth, from Chios, used anciently as an astringent and a cosmetic. -- Chian turpentine, a fragrant, almost transparent turpentine, obtained from the Pistacia Terebinthus. CHIAROSCURIST Chi*a`ros*cu"rist, n. Defn: A painter who cares for and studies light and shade rather than color. CHIAROSCURO; CHIARO-OSCURO Chia`ro*scu"ro, Chi*a"ro-os*cu"ro, n. Etym: [It., clear dark.] (a) The arrangement of light and dark parts in a work of art, such as a drawing or painting, whether in monochrome or in color. (b) The art or practice of so arranging the light and dark parts as to produce a harmonious effect. Cf. Clair-obscur. CHIASM; CHIASMA Chi"asm, Chi*as"ma, n. Etym: [NL. chiasma, fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A commissure; especially, the optic commissure, or crucial union of the optic nerves. -- Chi*as"mal (, a.. CHIASMUS Chi*as"mus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Chiasm.] (Rhet.) Defn: An inversion of the order of words or phrases, when repeated or subsequently referred to in a sentence; thus, If e'er to bless thy sons My voice or hands deny, These hands let useful skill forsake, This voice in silence die. Dwight. CHIASTOLITE Chi*as"to*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite. See Chiasm. So called from the resemblance of the cross cuts of is crystals to the Greek letter x.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of andalusite; -- called also macle. The tesselated apperance of a cross section is due to the symmetrical arrangement of impurities in the crystal. CHIBBAL Chib"bal, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Cibol. CHIBOUQUE; CHIBOUK Chi*bouque", Chi*bouk", n. Etym: [F. chibouque, fr. Turk.] Defn: A Turkish pipe, usually with a mouthpiece of amber, a stem, four or five feet long and not pliant, of some valuable wood, and a bowl of baked clay. CHIC Chic, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Good form; style. [Slang] CHICA Chi"ca, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A red coloring matter. extracted from the Bignonia Chica, used by some tribes of South American Indians to stain the skin. 2. A fermented liquor or beer made in South American from a decoction of maize. 3. A popular Moorish, Spanish, and South American dance, said to be the original of the fandango, etc. CHICALOTE Chi`ca*lo"te, n. [Sp., prob. of Mex. origin.] (Bot.) Defn: A Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone platyceras), which has migrated into California. CHICANE Chi*cane", n. Etym: [F., prob. earlier meaning a dispute, orig. in the game of mall (F. mail), fr. LGr. chaugan club or bat; or possibly ultimated fr. L. ciccus a trible.] Defn: The use of artful subterfuge, designed to draw away attention from the merits of a case or question; -- specifically applied to legal proceedings; trickery; chicanery; caviling; sophistry. Prior. To shuffle from them by chicane. Burke. To cut short this, I propound it fairly to your own canscience. Berkeley. CHICANE Chi*cane", v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. chicaner. See Chicane, n.] Defn: To use shifts, cavils, or artifices. Burke. CHICANER Chi*can"er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chicaneur.] Defn: One who uses chicanery. Locke. CHICANERY Chi*can"er*y, n. Etym: [F. chicanerie.] Defn: Mean or unfair artifice to perplex a cause and obscure the truth; stratagem; sharp practice; sophistry. Irritated by perpetual chicanery. Hallam. Syn. -- Trickery; sophistry; stratagem. CHICCORY Chic"co*ry, n. Defn: See Chicory. CHICH Chich, n.; pl. Chiches (. Etym: [F. chiche, pois chiche, a dwarf pea, from L. cicer the chick-pea.] (Bot.) Defn: The chick-pea. CHICHA Chi"cha, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: See Chica. CHICHEVACHE Chiche"vache`, n. Etym: [F. chiche lean + vache cow.] Defn: A fabulous cow of enormous size, whose food was patient wives, and which was therefore in very lean condition. CHICHLING; CHICHLING VETCH Chich"ling, Chich"ling vetch`, n. Etym: [Chich + -ling.] (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous plant (Lathyrus sativus), with broad flattened seeds which are sometimes used for food. CHICK Chick, v. i. Etym: [OE. chykkyn, chyke, chicken.] Defn: To sprout, as seed in the ground; to vegetate. Chalmers. CHICK Chick, n. 1. A chicken. 2. A child or young person; -- a term of endearment. Shak. CHICKABIDDY Chick"a*bid`dy, n. Defn: A chicken; a fowl; also, a trivial term of endearment for a child. CHICKADEE Chick"a*dee`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small bird, the blackcap titmouse (Parus atricapillus), of North America; -- named from its note. CHICKAREE Chick"a*ree`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American red squirrel (Sciurus Hudsonius); -- so called from its cry. CHICKASAWS Chick"a*saws, n. pl.; sing. Chickasaw. (Ethnol.) Defn: A trible of North American Indians (Southern Appalachian) allied to the Choctaws. They formerly occupied the northern part of Alabama and Mississippi, but now live in the Indian Territory. CHICKEN Chick"en, n. Etym: [AS. cicen, cyceun, dim. of coc cock; akin to LG. kiken, küken, D. Kieken, kuiken, G. küchkein. See Cock the animal.] 1. A young bird or fowl, esp. a young barnyard fowl. 2. A young person; a child; esp. a young woman; a maiden. "Stella is no chicken." Swift. Chicken cholera, a contagious disease of fowls; - - so called because first studied during the prevalence of a cholera epidemic in France. It has no resemblance to true cholera. CHICKEN-BREASTED Chick"en-breast`ed, a. Defn: Having a narrow, projecting chest, caused by forward curvature of the vertebral column. CHICKEN-HEARTED Chick"en-heart`ed, a. Defn: Timid; fearful; cowardly. Bunyan. CHICKEN POX Chick"en pox". (Med.) Defn: A mild, eruptive disease, generally attacking children only; varicella. CHICKLING Chick"ling, n. Etym: [Chick+-ling.] Defn: A small chick or chicken. CHICK-PEA Chick"-pea`, n. Etym: [See Chich.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A Small leguminous plant (Cicer arietinum) of Asia, Africa, and the sounth of Europe; the chick; the dwarf pea; the gram. 2. Its nutritious seed, used in cookery, and especially, when roasted (parched pulse), as food for travelers in the Eastern deserts. CHICKWEED Chick"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The name of several caryophyllaseous weeds, especially Stellaria media, the seeds and flower buds of which are a favorite food of small birds. CHICKY Chick"y, n. Defn: A chicken; -- used as a diminutive or pet name, especially in calling fowls. CHICLE; CHICLE GUM Chic"le, n., Chicle gum. [Amer. Sp. chicle.] Defn: A gumlike substance obtained from the bully tree (Mimusops globosa) and sometimes also from the naseberry or sapodilla (Sapota zapotilla). It is more plastic than caoutchouc and more elastic than gutta-percha, as an adulterant of which it is used in England. It is used largely in the United States in making chewing gum. CHICO Chi"co, n. 1. Var. of Chica. 2. The common greasewood of the western United States (Sarcobatus vermiculatus). 3. In the Philippines, the sapodilla or its fruit; also, the marmalade tree or its fruit. CHICORY Chic"o*ry, n. Etym: [F. chicorée, earlier also cichorée, L. cichorium, fr. Gr. , , Cf. Succory.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A branching perennial plant (Cichorium Intybus) with bright blue flowers, growing wild in Europe, Asia, and America; also cultivated for its roots and as a salad plant; succory; wild endive. See Endive. 2. The root, which is roasted for mixing with coffe. CHICORY Chi"co*ry, n. Defn: See Chiccory. CHIDE Chide, v. t. Etym: [imp. Chid, or Chode (Obs.); p. p. Chidden, Chid; p. pr. & vb. n. Chiding.] Etym: [AS. cidan; of unknown origin.] 1. To rebuke; to reprove; to scold; to find fault with. Upbraided, chid, and rated at. Shak. 2. Fig.: To be noise about; to chafe against. The sea that chides the banks of England. Shak. To chide hither, chide from, or chide away, to cause to come, or to drive away, by scolding or reproof. Syn. -- To blame; rebuke; reprove; scold; censure; reproach; reprehend; reprimand. CHIDE Chide, v. i. 1. To utter words of disapprobation and displeasure; to find fault; to contend angrily. Wherefore the people did chide with Moses. Ex. xvii. 2. 2. To make a clamorous noise; to chafe. As doth a rock againts the chiding flood. Shak. CHIDE Chide, n. Etym: [AS. cid] Defn: A continuous noise or murmur. The chide of streams. Thomson. CHIDER Chid"er, n. Defn: One who chides or quarrels. Shak. CHIDERESS Chid"er*ess, n. Defn: She who chides. [Obs.] CHIDESTER Chide"ster, n. Etym: [Chide + -ster.] Defn: A female scold. [Obs.] CHIDINGLY Chid"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a chiding or reproving manner. CHIEF Chief, n. Etym: [OE. chief, chef, OF. chief, F. chef, fr. L. caput head, possibly akin to E. head. Cf. Captain, Chapter] 1. The head or leader of any body of men; a commander, as of an army; a head man, as of a tribe, clan, or family; a person in authority who directs the work of others; the pricipal actio or agent. 2. The principal part; the most valuable portion. The chief of the things which should be utterly destroyed.1. Sam. xv. 21 3. (Her.) Defn: The upper third part of the field. It is supposed to be composed of the dexter, sinister, and middle chiefs. In chief. (a) At the head; as, a commander in chief. (b) (Eng. Law) From the king, or sovereign; as, tenure in chief, tenure directly from the king. Syn. -- Chieftain; captain; general; commander; leader; head; principal; sachem; sagamore; sheik. -- Chief, chieftain, Commander, Leader. These words fluctuate somewhat in their meaning according to circumstances, but agree in the general idea of rule and authority. The term chief is now more usually applied to one who is a head man, leader, or commander in civil or military affairs, or holds a hereditary or acquired rank in a tribe or clan; as, the chief of police; the chief of an Indian tribe. A chieftain is the chief of a clan or tribe , or a military leader. A commander directs the movements of or has control over a body of men, as a military or naval force. A leader is one whom men follow, as in a political party, a legislative body, a military or scientific expedition, etc., one who takes the command and gives direction in particular enterprises. CHIEF Chief, a. 1. Highest in office or rank; principal; head. "Chief rulers." John. xii. 42. 2. Principal or most eminent in any quality or action; most distinguished; having most influence; taking the lead; most important; as, the chief topic of conversation; the chief interest of man. 3. Very intimate, near, or close. [Obs.] A whisperer separateth chief friends. Prov. xvi. 28. Syn. -- Principal; head; leading; main; paramount; supreme; prime; vital; especial; great; grand; eminent; master. CHIEFAGE Chief"age, n. Etym: [OF. chevage, fr. chief head. See Chief.] Defn: A tribute by the head; a capitation tax. [Written also chevage and chivage.] [Obs.] CHIEF BARON Chief" bar"on. (Eng. Law) Defn: The presiding judge of the court of exchequer. CHIEFEST Chief"est, a. Etym: [Superl. of Chief.] Defn: First or foremost; chief; principal. [Archaic] "Our chiefest courtier." Shak. The chiefest among ten thousand. Canticles v. 10. CHIEF HARE Chief" hare`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small rodent (Lagamys princeps) inhabiting the summits of the Rocky Mountains; -- also called crying hare, calling hare, cony, American pika, and little chief hare. Note: It is not a true hare or rabbit, but belongs to the curious family Lagomyidæ. CHIEF JUSTICE Chief" jus"tice. Defn: The presiding justice, or principal judge, of a court. Lord Chief Justice of England, The presiding judge of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. The highest judicial officer of the realm is the Lord High Chancellor. -- Chief Justice of the United States, the presiding judge of the Supreme Court, and Highest judicial officer of the republic. CHIEF-JUSTICESHIP Chief"-jus"tice*ship, n. Defn: The office of chief justice. Jay selected the chief-justiceship as most in accordance with his tastes. The Century. CHIEFLESS Chief"less, a. Defn: Without a chief or leader. CHIEFLY Chief"ly, adv. 1. In the first place; principally; preëminently; above; especially. Search through this garden; leave unsearched no nook; But chiefly where those two fair creatures lodge. Milton. 2. For the most part; mostly. Those parts of the kingdom where the . . . estates of the dissenters chiefly lay. Swift. CHIEFRIE Chief"rie, n. Defn: A small rent paid to the lord paramount. [Obs.] Swift. CHIEFTAIN Chief"tain, n. Etym: [OE. cheftayn, chevetayn, OF. chevetain, F. capitaine, LL. capitanus, fr. L. caput head. Cf. Captain, and see chief.] Defn: A captain, leader, or commander; a chief; the head of a troop, army, or clan. Syn. -- Chief; commander; leader; head. See Chief. CHIEFTAINCY; CHIEFTAINSHIP Chief"tain*cy, Chief"tain*ship, n. Defn: The rank, dignity, or office of a chieftain. CHIERTE Chier"te, n. Etym: [OF. cherté. See Charity.] Defn: Love; tender regard. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHIEVANCE Chiev"ance, n. Etym: [OF. chevance property, equiv. To chevisance, fr. chevir to accomplish. See Chevisance.] Defn: An unlawful bargain; traffic in which money is exported as discount. [Obs.] Bacon. CHIEVE Chieve, v. i. Defn: See Cheve, v. i. [Obs.] CHIFF-CHAFF Chiff"-chaff (, n. Etym: [So called from its note.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of European warbler (Sylvia hippolais); -- called also chip-chap, and pettychaps. CHIFFON Chif`fon", n. [F., lit., rag. See Chiffonier.] 1. Defn: Any merely ornamental adjunct of a woman's dress, as a bunch of ribbon, lace, etc. 2. A kind of soft gauzy material used for ruches, trimmings, etc. CHIFFONIER; CHIFFONIERE Chif`fo*nier", fem. Chif`fo-nière", n. Etym: [F. chiffonnier, fem. chiffonnière, fr. chiffon rag, fr. chiffe a rag, fimsy cloth.] 1. One who gathers rags and odds and ends; a ragpicker. 2. A receptacle for rags or shreds. 3. A movable and ornamental closet or piece of furniture with shelves or drawers. G. Eliot. CHIGNON Chi"gnon (, n. Etym: [F., prop. equiv. to chaînon link, fr. chaîne chain, fr. L. catena Cf. Chain.] Defn: A knot, boss, or mass of hair, natural or artificial, worn by a woman at the back of the head. A curl that had strayed from her chignon. H. James. CHIGOE; CHIGRE Chig"oe, Chig"re, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chigue, perh. fr. Catalan chic small, Sp. chico; or of Peruvian origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of flea (Pulex penetrans), common in the West Indies and South America, which often attacks the feet or any exposed part of the human body, and burrowing beneath the skin produces great irritation. When the female is allowed to remain and breed, troublesome sores result, which are sometimes dangerous. See Jigger. [Written also chegre, chegoe, chique, chigger, jigger.] Note: The name is sometimes erroneously given to certain mites or ticks having similar habits. CHIH FU Chih" fu`. [Chin. chih fu, lit., (He who) knows (the) prefecture.] Defn: An official administering a prefecture of China; a prefect, supervising the civil business of the hsiens or districts comprised in his fu (which see). CHIH HSIEN Chih" hsien`. [Chin. chih hsien, lit., (He who) knows (the) district.] Defn: An official having charge of a hsien, or administrative district, in China; a district magistrate, responsible for good order in his hsien (which see), and having jurisdiction in its civil and criminal cases. CHIH TAI Chih" tai`. [Chin. chih to govern + t"ai an honorary title.] Defn: A Chinese governor general; a tsung tu (which see). CHIKARA Chi*ka"ra (, n. Etym: [Hind.] (Zoöl.) (a) The Ingoat antelope (Tragops Bennettii) Of India. (b) The Indian four-horned antelope (Tetraceros quadricornis). CHILBLAIN Chil"blain`, n. Etym: [Chill + Blain.] Defn: A blain, sore, or inflammatory swelling, produced by exposure of the feet or hands to cold, and attended by itching, pain, and sometimes ulceration. CHILBLAIN Chil"blain`, v. t. Defn: To produce chilblains upon. CHILD Child, n.; pl. Children. Etym: [AS. cild, pl. cildru; cf. Goth. kilÞei womb, in-kilÞ\'d3 with child.] 1. A son or a daughter; a male or female descendant, in the first degree; the immediate progeny of human parents; -- in law, legitimate offspring. Used also of animals and plants. 2. A descendant, however remote; -- used esp. in the plural; as, the children of Israel; the children of Edom. 3. One who, by character of practice, shows signs of relationship to, or of the influence of, another; one closely connected with a place, occupation, character, etc.; as, a child of God; a child of the devil; a child of disobedience; a child of toil; a child of the people. 4. A noble youth. See Childe. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. A young person of either sex. esp. one between infancy and youth; hence, one who exhibits the characteristics of a very young person, as innocence, obedience, trustfulness, limited understanding, etc. When I was child. I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I became a man, I put away childish things. 1. Cor. xii. 11. 6. A female infant. [Obs.] A boy or a child, I wonder Shak. To be with child, to be pregnant. -- Child's play, light work; a trifling contest. CHILD Child, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Childed; p. pr. & vb. n. Childing.] Defn: To give birth; to produce young. This queen Genissa childing died. Warner. It chanced within two days they childed both. Latimer. CHILDBEARING Child"bear`ing, n. Defn: The act of producing or bringing forth children; parturition. Milton. Addison. CHILDBED Child"bed, n. Defn: The state of a woman bringing forth a child, or being in labor; parturition. CHILDBIRTH Child"birth, n. Defn: The act of bringing forth a child; travail; labor. Jer. Taylor. CHILDCROWING Child"crow`ing, n. (Med.) Defn: The crowing noise made by children affected with spasm of the laryngeal muscles; false croup. CHILDE Childe, n. Defn: A cognomen formerly prefixed to his name by the oldest son, until he succeeded to his ancestral titles, or was knighted; as, Childe Roland. CHILDED Child"ed, a. Defn: Furnished with a child. [Obs.] CHILDERMAS DAY Chil"dermas day`. Etym: [AS. cildamæsse-dæg; cild child +dæg day.] (Eccl.) Defn: A day (December 28) observed by mass or festival in commemoration of the children slain by Herod at Bethlehem; -- called also Holy Innocent's Day. CHILDHOOD Child"hood, n. Etym: [AS. cildhad; cild child + -had. See Child, and hood.] 1. The state of being a child; the time in which persons are children; the condition or time from infancy to puberty. I have walked before you from my childhood. 1. Sam. xii. 2. 2. Children, taken collectively. [R.] The well-governed childhood of this realm. Sir. W. Scott. 3. The commencement; the first period. The childhood of our joy. Shak. Second childhood, the state of being feeble and incapable from old age. CHILDING Child"ing, a. Etym: [See Child, v. i.] Defn: Bearing Children; (Fig.) productive; fruitful. [R.] Shak. CHILDISH Child"ish, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, befitting, or resembling, a child. "Childish innocence." Macaulay. 2. Peurile; trifling; weak. Methinks that simplicity in her countenance is rather childish than innocent. Addison. Note: Childish, as applied tc persons who are grown up, is in a disparaging sense; as, a childish temper. CHILDISHLY Child"ish*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a child; in a trifling way; in a weak or foolish manner. CHILDISHNESS Child"ish*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being childish; simplicity; harmlessness; weakness of intellect. CHILDLESSNESS Child"less*ness, n. Defn: The state of being childless. CHILDLIKE Child"like, a. Defn: Resembling a child, or that which belongs to children; becoming a child; meek; submissive; dutiful. "Childlike obedience." Hooker. Note: Childlike, as applied to persons grown up, is commonly in a good sense; as, childlike grace or simplicity; childlike modesty. CHILDLY Child"ly, a. Defn: Having tthe character of a child; belonging, or appropriate, to a child. Gower. CHILDLY Child"ly, adv. Defn: Like a child. Mrs. Browning. CHILDNESS Child"ness, n. Defn: The manner characteristic of a child. [Obs.] "Varying childness." Shak. CHILDREN Chil"dren, n.; Defn: pl. of Child. CHILDSHIP Child"ship, n. Defn: The state or relation of being a child. CHILD STUDY Child study. Defn: A scientific study of children, undertaken for the purpose of discovering the laws of development of the body and the mind from birth to manhood. CHILEAN Chil"e*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Chile. CHILEAN Chil"e*an, n. Defn: A native or resident of Chile; Chilian. CHILEAN PINE Chilean pine. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Monkey-puzzle. CHILI Chil"i, n. Etym: [Sp. chili, chile.] Defn: A kind of red pepper. See Capsicum [Written also chilli and chile.] CHILIAD Chil"i*ad, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A thousand; the aggregate of a thousand things; especially, a period of a thousand years. The world, then in the seventh chiliad, will be assumed up unto God. Sir. T. More. CHILIAGON Chil"i*a*gon, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A plane figure of a thousand angles and sides. Barlow. CHILIAHEDRON Chil"i*a*hedron, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A figure bounded by a thousand plane surfaces [Spelt also chiliaëdron.] CHILIAN Chil"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Chili. -- n. Defn: A native or citizen of Chili. CHILIAN; CHILIARCH Chil"i*an, Chil"i*arch`, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The commander or chief of a thousand men. CHILIARCHY Chil"i*arch`y, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A body consisting of a thousand men. Mitford. CHILIASM Chil"i*asm, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. The millennium. 2. The doctrine of the personal reign of Christ on earth during the millennium. CHILIAST Chil"i*ast, n. Etym: [Gr. Chiliasm.] Defn: One who believes in the second coming of Christ to reign on earth a thousand years; a milllenarian. CHILIASTIC Chili*astic, a. Defn: Millenarian. "The obstruction offered by the chiliastic errors." J. A. Alexander. CHILL Chill, n. Etym: [AS. cele, cyle, from the same root as celan, calan, to be cold; akin to D. kil cold, coldness, Sw. kyla to chill, and E. cool. See Cold, and cf. Cool.] 1. A moderate but disagreeable degree of cold; a disagreeable sensation of coolness, accompanied with shivering. "[A] wintry chill." W. Irving. 2. (Med.) Defn: A sensation of cold with convulsive shaking of the body, pinched face, pale skin, and blue lips, caused by undue cooling of the body or by nervous excitement, or forming the precursor of some constitutional disturbance, as of a fever. 3. A check to enthusiasm or warmth of feeling; discouragement; as, a chill comes over an assemblly. 4. An iron mold or portion of a mold, serving to cool rapidly, and so to harden, the surface of molten iron brought in contact with it. Raymond. 5. The hardened part of a casting, as the tread of a car wheel. Knight. Chill and fever, fever and ague. CHILL Chill, a. 1. Moderately cold; tending to cause shivering; chilly; raw. Noisome winds, and blasting vapors chill. Milton. 2. Affected by cold. "My veins are chill." Shak. 3. Characterized by coolness of manner, feeling, etc.; lacking enthusiasm or warmth; formal; distant; as, a chill reception. 4. Discouraging; depressing; dispiriting. CHILL Chill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chilled (chìld); p. pr. & vb. n. Chilling.] 1. To strike with a chill; to make chilly; to cause to shiver; to affect with cold. When winter chilled the day. Goldsmith. 2. To check enthusiasm or warmth of feeling of; to depress; to discourage. Every thought on God chills the gayety of his spirits. Rogers. 3. (Metal.) Defn: To produce, by sudden cooling, a change of crystallization at or near the surface of, so as to increase the hardness; said of cast iron. CHILL Chill, v. i. (Metal.) Defn: To become surface-hardened by sudden cooling while solidifying; as, some kinds of cast iron chill to a greater depth than others. CHILLED Chilled, a. 1. Hardened on the surface or edge by chilling; as, chilled iron; a chilled wheel. 2. (Paint.) Defn: Having that cloudiness or dimness of surface that is called "blooming." CHILLI Chil"li, n. Defn: See Chili. CHILLINESS Chill"i*ness, n. 1. A state or sensation of being chilly; a disagreeable sensation of coldness. 2. A moderate degree of coldness; disagreeable coldness or rawness; as, the chilliness of the air. 3. Formality; lack of warmth. CHILLING Chill"ing, a. Defn: Making chilly or cold; depressing; discouraging; cold; distant; as, a chilling breeze; a chilling manner. -- Chill"ing"ly, adv. CHILLNESS Chill"ness, n. Defn: Coolness; coldness; a chill. Death is the chillness that precedes the dawn. Longfellow. CHILLY Chill"y, a. Defn: Moderately cold; cold and raw or damp so as to cause shivering; causing or feeling a disagreeable sensation of cold, or a shivering. CHILOGNATH Chi"log*nath, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A myriapod of the order Chilognatha. CHILOGNATHA Chi*log"na*tha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the two principal orders of myriapods. They have numerous segments, each bearing two pairs of small, slender legs, which are attached ventrallly, near together. CHILOMA Chi*lo"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oma.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The tumid upper lip of certain mammals, as of a camel. CHILOPOD Chi"lo*pod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A myriapod of the order Chilopoda. CHILOPODA Chi*lop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the orders of myriapods, including the centipeds. They have a single pair of elongated legs attached laterally to each segment; well developed jaws; and a pair of thoracic legs converted into poison fangs. They are insectivorous, very active, and some species grow to the length of a foot. CHILOSTOMA; CHILOSTOMATA Chi*los"to*ma, Chi*lo*stom"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive suborder of marine Bryozoa, mostly with calcareous shells. They have a movable lip and a lid to close the aperture of the cells. [Also written Chillostomata.] CHILOSTOMATOUS Chi`lo*stoma*tous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Chilostoma. CHILTERN HUNDREDS Chiltern Hundreds. Etym: [AS. Chiltern the Chiltern, high hills in Buckinghamshire, perh. Fr. ceald cold + ern, ærn, place.] Defn: A tract of crown land in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, England, to which is attached the nominal office of steward. As members of Parliament cannot resign, when they wish to go out they accept this stewardship, which legally vacates their seats. CHIMAERA Chi*mæ"ra, n. Etym: [NL. See Chimera.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A cartilaginous fish of several species, belonging to the order Holocephali. The teeth are few and large. The head is furnished with appendages, and the tail terminates in a point. CHIMAEROID Chi*mæ"roid, a. Etym: [Chimæra + old.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Related to, or like, the chimæra. CHIMANGO Chi*man"go Etym: [Native name] (Zoöl.) Defn: A south American carrion buzzard (Milvago chimango). See Caracara. CHIMB Chimb (chim), n. Etym: [AS. cim, in cimstan base of a pillar; akin to D. kim, f. Sw. kim., G. kimme f.] Defn: The edge of a cask, etc; a chine. See Chine, n., 3. [Written also hime.] CHIMB Chimb, v. i. Defn: Chime. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHIME Chime, n. Etym: [See Chimb.] Defn: See Chine, n., 3. CHIME Chime, n. Etym: [OE. chimbe, prop., cymbal, OF. cymbe, cymble, in a dialectic form, chymble, F. cymbale, L. cymbalum, fr. Gr. Cymbal.] 1. The harmonious sound of bells, or of musical instruments. Instruments that made melodius chime. Milton. 2. A set of bells musically tuned to each other; specif., in the pl., the music performed on such a set of bells by hand, or produced by mechanism to accompany the striking of the hours or their divisions. We have heard the chimes at midnight. Shak. 3. Pleasing correspondence of proportion, relation, or sound. "Chimes of verse." Cowley. CHIME Chime, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chimed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chiming.] Etym: [See Chime, n.] 1. To sound in harmonious accord, as bells. 2. To be in harmony; to agree; to sut; to harmonize; to correspond; to fall in with. Everything chimed in with such a humor. W. irving. 3. To join in a conversation; to express assent; -- followed by in or in with. [Colloq.] 4. To make a rude correspondence of sounds; to jingle, as in rhyming. Cowley CHIME Chime, v. i. 1. To cause to sound in harmony; to play a tune, as upon a set of bells; to move or strike in harmony. And chime their sounding hammers. Dryden. 2. To utter harmoniously; to recite rhythmically. Chime his childish verse. Byron. CHIMER Chim"er, n. Defn: One who chimes. CHIMERA Chime"ra, n.; pl. Chimeras. Etym: [L. chimaera a chimera (in sense 1), Gr. qymbr a yearling ewe.] 1. (Myth.) Defn: A monster represented as vomiting flames, and as having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. "Dire chimeras and enchanted isles." Milton. 2. A vain, foolish, or incongruous fancy, or creature of the imagination; as, the chimera of an author. Burke. CHIMERE Chi*mere", n. Etym: [OF. chamarre., F. simarre (cf. It. zimarra), fr. Sp. chamarra, zamarra, a coat made of sheepskins, a sheepskin, perh. from Ar. sammur the Scythian weasel or marten, the sable. Cf. Simarre.] Defn: The upper robe worn by a bishop, to which lawn sleeves are usually attached. Hook. CHIMERIC Chi*mer"ic, a. Defn: Chimerical. CHIMERICAL Chi*mer"ic*al, a. Defn: Merely imaginary; fanciful; fantastic; wildly or vainly conceived; having, or capable of having, no existence except in thought; as, chimerical projects. Syn. -- Imaginary; fanciful; fantastic; wild; unfounded; vain; deceitful; delusive. CHIMERICALLY Chi*mer"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Wildy; vainly; fancifully. CHIMINAGE Chim"i*nage, n. Etym: [OF. cheminage, fr. chemin way, road.] (Old Law) Defn: A toll for passage through a forest. [Obs.] Cowell. CHIMNEY Chim"ney, n.; pl. Chimneys. Etym: [F. cheminée, LL. caminata, fr. L. caminus furnace, fireplace, Gr. 1. A fireplace or hearth. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 2. That part of a building which contains the smoke flues; esp. an upright tube or flue of brick or stone, in most cases extending through or above the roof of the building. Often used instead of chimney shaft. Hard by a cottage chimney smokes. Milton. 3. A tube usually of glass, placed around a flame, as of a lamp, to create a draft, and promote combustion. 4. (Min.) Defn: A body of ore, usually of elongated form, extending downward in a vein. Raymond. Chimney board, a board or screen used to close a fireplace; a fireboard. -- Chimney cap, a device to improve the draught of a chimney, by presenting an exit aperture always to leeward. -- Chimney corner, the space between the sides of the fireplace and the fire; hence, the fireside. -- Chimney hook, a hook for holding pats and kettles over a fire, -- Chimney money, hearth money, a duty formerly paid in England for each chimney. -- Chimney pot (Arch.), a cylinder of earthenware or sheet metal placed at the top of a chimney which rises above the roof. -- Chimney swallow. (Zoöl.) (a) An American swift (Chæture pelasgica) which lives in chimneys. (b) In England, the common swallow (Hirundo rustica). -- Chimney sweep, Chimney sweeper, one who cleans chimneys of soot; esp. a boy who climbs the flue, and brushes off the soot. CHIMNEY-BREAST Chim"ney-breast`, n. (Arch.) Defn: The horizontal projection of a chimney from the wall in which it is built; -- commonly applied to its projection in the inside of a building only. CHIMNEY-PIECE Chim"ney-piece`, n. (Arch.) Defn: A decorative construction around the opning of a fireplace. CHIMPANZEE Chim*pan"zee, n. Etym: [From the native name: cf. F. chimpanzé, chimpansé, chimpanzée.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An african ape (Anthropithecus troglodytes or Troglodytes niger) which approaches more nearly to man, in most respects, than any other ape. When full grown, it is from three to four feet high. CHIN Chin, n. Etym: [AS. cin, akin to OS. kin, G kinn, Icel. kinn, cheek, Dan. & Sw. kind, L. gena, Gr. hanu. *232.] 1. The lower extremity of the face below the mouth; the point of the under jaw. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The exterior or under surface embraced between the branches of the lower jaw bone, in birds. CHINA Chi"na, n. 1. A country in Eastern Asia. 2. China ware, which is the modern popular term for porcelain. See Porcelain. China aster (Bot.), a well-known garden flower and plant. See Aster. -- China bean. See under Bean, 1. -- China clay See Kaolin. -- China grass, Same as Ramie. -- China ink. See India ink. -- China pink (Bot.), an anual or biennial species of Dianthus (D. Chiensis) having variously colored single or double flowers; Indian pink. -- China root (Med.), the rootstock of a species of Smilax (S. China, from the East Indies; -- formerly much esteemed for the purposes that sarsaparilla is now used for. Also the galanga root (from Alpinia Gallanga and Alpinia officinarum). -- China rose. (Bot.) (a) A popular name for several free-blooming varieties of rose derived from the Rosa Indica, and perhaps other species. (b) A flowering hothouse plant (Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis) of the Mallow family, common in the gardens of China and the east Indies. -- China shop, a shop or store for the sale of China ware or of crockery. -- China ware, porcelain; -- so called in the 17th century because brought from the far East, and differing from the pottery made in Europa at that time; also, loosely, crockery in general. -- Pride of China, China tree. (Bot.) See Azedarach. CHINALDINE Chin*al"dine, n. Etym: [NL. chinium quinine + aldehyde.] (Chem.) Defn: See Quinaldine. CHINAMAN Chi"na*man, n.; pl. Chinamen (. Defn: A native of China; a Chinese. CHINCAPIN Chin"ca*pin, n. Defn: See Chinquapin. CHINCH Chinch, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. chinche, fr. L. cimex.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The bedbug (Cimex lectularius). 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bug (Blissus leucopterus), which, in the United States, is very destructive to grass, wheat, and other grains; -- also called chiniz, chinch bug, chink bug. It resembles the bedbug in its disgusting odor. CHINCHA Chin"cha, n. Etym: [Cf. Chinchilla.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A south American rodent of the genus Lagotis. CHINCHE Chinche, a. Etym: [F. chiche miserly.] Defn: Parsimonious; niggardly. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHINCHERIE Chinch"er*ie, n. Defn: Penuriousness. [Obs.] By cause of his skarsete and chincherie. Caucer. CHINCHILLA Chin*chil"la, n. Etym: [Sp.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small rodent (Chinchilla lanigera), of the size of a large squirrel, remarkable for its fine fur, which is very soft and of a pearly gray color. It is a native of Peru and Chili. 2. The fur of the chinchilla. 3. A heavy, longnapped, tufted woolen cloth. CHINCHONA; CHINCONA Chin*cho"na, Chin*co"na. Defn: See Cinchona. CHIN COUGH Chin" cough". Etym: [For chink cough; cf. As. cincung long laughter, Scot. kink a violent fit of coughing, akin to MHG. kichen to pant. Cf. Kinknaust, Cough.] Defn: Whooping cough. CHINE Chine, n. Etym: [Cf. Chink.] Defn: A chink or cleft; a narrow and deep ravine; as, Shanklin Chine in the Isle of Wight, a quarter of a mile long and 230 feet deep. [Prov. Eng.] "The cottage in a chine." J. Ingelow. CHINE Chine, n.Etym: [OF. eschine, F. échine, fr. OHG. skina needle, prickle, shin, G. schiene splint, schienbein shin. For the meaning cf. L. spina thorn, prickle, or spine, the backbone. Cf. Shin.] 1. The backbone or spine of an animal; the back. "And chine with rising bristles roughly spread." Dryden. 2. A piece of the backbone of an animal, with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking. Note: [See Illust. of Beef.] 3. The edge or rim of a cask, etc., formed by the projecting ends of the staves; the chamfered end of a stave. CHINE Chine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chined.] 1. To cut through the backbone of; to cut into chine pieces. 2. Too chamfer the ends of a stave and form the chine.. CHINED Chined, a. 1. Pertaining to, or having, a chine, or backbone; -- used in composition. Beau. & Fl. 2. Broken in the back. [Obs.] He's chined, goodman. Beau. & Fl. CHINESE Chi"nese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to China; peculiar to China. Chinese paper. See India paper, under India. -- Chinese wax, a snowy-wgite, waxlike substance brought from China. It is the bleached secretion of certain insects of the family Coccidæ especially Coccus Sinensis. CHINESE Chi*nese", n. sing. & pl. 1. A native or natives of China, or one of that yellow race with oblique eyelids who live principally in China. 2. sing. Defn: The language of China, which is monosyllabic. Note: Chineses was used as a plural by the contemporaries of Shakespeare and Milton. CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT Chinese Exclusion Act. Defn: Any of several acts forbidding the immigration of Chinese laborers into the United States, originally from 1882 to 1892 by act of May 6, 1882, then from 1892 to 1902 by act May 5, 1892. By act of April 29, 1902, all existing legislation on the subject was reënacted and continued, and made applicable to the insular possessions of the United States. CHINK Chink, n. Etym: [OE. chine, AS. cine fissure, chink, fr. cinan to gape; akin to Goth. Keinan to sprout, G. keimen. Cf. Chit.] Defn: A small cleft, rent, or fissure, of greater length than breadth; a gap or crack; as, the chinks of wall. Through one cloudless chink, in a black, stormy sky. Shines out the dewy morning star. Macaulay. CHINK Chink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chinked; p. pr. & vb. n. Chinking.] Defn: To crack; to open. CHINK Chink, v. t. 1. To cause to open in cracks or fissures. 2. To fill up the chinks of; as, to chink a wall. CHINK Chink, n. Etym: [Of imitative origin. Cf. Jingle.] 1. A short, sharp sound, as of metal struck with a slight degree of violence. "Chink of bell." Cowper. 2. Money; cash. [Cant] "To leave his chink to better hands." Somerville. CHINK Chink, v. t. Defn: To cause to make a sharp metallic sound, as coins, small pieces of metal, etc., by bringing them into collision with each other. Pope. CHINK Chink, v. i. Defn: To make a slight, sharp, metallic sound, as by the collision of little pieces of money, or other small sonorous bodies. Arbuthnot. CHINKY Chink"y, a. Defn: Full of chinks or fissures; gaping; opening in narrow clefts. Dryden. CHINNED Chinned, a. Defn: Having a chin; -- used chiefly in compounds; as, short-chinned. CHINOIDINE Chi*noid"ine, n. Etym: [NL. chinium quinine (cf. G. & F. china Peruvian bark) + --oil + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: See Quinodine. CHINOISERIE Chi`noi`se*rie" (she`nwa`z'*re"), n. [F.] Defn: Chinese conduct, art, decoration, or the like; also, a specimen of Chinese manners, art, decoration, etc. CHINOLINE Chin"o*line, n. Etym: [NL. chinium quinine (see Chinoldine) + L. oleum oil + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: See Quinoline. CHINONE Chi"none, n. Etym: [NL. chinium quinine (see Chinoidine.) + -one.] (Chem.) Defn: See Quinone. CHINOOK Chi*nook", n. 1. (Ethnol.) Defn: One of a tribe of North American Indians now living in the state of Washington, noted for the custom of flattening their skulls. Chinooks also called Flathead Indians. 2. A warm westerly wind from the country of the Chinooks, sometimes experienced on the slope of the Rocky Mountains, in Montana and the adjacent territory. 3. A jargon of words from various languages (the largest proportion of which is from that of the Chinooks) generally understood by all the Indian tribes of the northwestern territories of the United States. CHINOOK STATE Chi*nook" State. Defn: Washington -- a nickname. See Chinook, n. CHINQUAPIN Chin"qua*pin, n. (Bot.) Defn: A branching, nut-bearing tree or shrub (Castanea pumila) of North America, from six to twenty feet high, allied to the chestnut. Also, its small, sweet, edible nat. [Written also chincapin and chinkapin.] Chinquapin oak, a small shrubby oak (Quercus prinoides) of the Atlantic States, with edible acorns. -- Western Chinquapin, an evergreen shrub or tree (Castanopes chrysophylla) of the Pacific coast. In California it is a shrub; in Oregon a tree 30 to 125 feet high. CHINSE Chinse, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Chinsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chinsing.] (Naut.) Defn: To thrust oakum into (seams or chinks) with a chisel , the point of a knife, or a chinsing iron; to calk slightly. Chinsing iron, a light calking iron. CHINTZ Chintz, n.; pl. Chintzes. Etym: [Hindi chint spotted cotton clooth, chinta spot.] Defn: Cotton cloth, printed with flowers and other devices, in a number of different colors, and often glazed. Swift. CHIOPPINE Chiop*pine", n. Defn: Same as Chopine, n. CHIP Chip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Chipping.] Etym: [Cf. G. kippen to cut off the edge, to clip, pare. Cf. Chop to cut.] 1. To cut small pieces from; to diminsh or reduce to shape, by cutting away a little at a time; to hew. Shak. 2. To break or crack, or crack off a portion of, as of an eggshell in hatching, or a piece of crockery. 3. To bet, as with chips in the game of poker. To chip in, to contribute, as to a fund; to share in the risks or expenses of. [Slang. U. S.] CHIP Chip, v. i. Defn: To break or fly off in small pieces. CHIP Chip, n. 1. A piece of wood, stone, or other substance, separated by an ax, chisel, or cutting instrument. 2. A fragment or piece broken off; a small piece. 3. Wood or Cuban palm leaf split into slips, or straw plaited in a special manner, for making hats or bonnets. 4. Anything dried up, withered, or without flavor; -- used contemptuously. 5. One of the counters used in poker and other games. 6. (Naut.) Defn: The triangular piece of wood attached to the log line. Buffalo chips. See under Buffalo. -- Chip ax, a small ax for chipping timber into shape. -- Chip bonnet, Chip hat, a bonnet or a hat made of Chip. See Chip, n., 3. -- A chip off the old block, a child who resembles either of his parents. [Colloq.] Milton.- Potato chips, Saratoga chips, thin slices of raw potato fried crisp. CHIPMUNK Chip"munk`, n. Etym: [Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A squirrel-like animal of the genus Tamias, sometimes called the striped squirrel, chipping squirrel, ground squirrel, hackee. The common species of the United States is the Tamias striatus. [Written also chipmonk, chipmuck, and chipmuk.] CHIPPENDALE Chip"pen*dale, a. Defn: Designating furniture designed, or like that designed, by Thomas Chippendale, an English cabinetmaker of the 18th century. Chippendale furniture was generally of simple but graceful outline with delicately carved rococo ornamentation, sculptured either in the solid wood or, in the cheaper specimens, separately and glued on. In the more elaborate pieces three types are recognized: French Chippendale, having much detail, like Louis Quatorze and Louis Quinze; Chinese Chippendale, marked by latticework and pagodalike pediments; and Gothic Chippendale, attempting to adapt medieval details. The forms, as of the cabriole and chairbacks, often resemble Queen Anne. In chairs, the seat is widened at the front, and the back toward the top widened and bent backward, except in Chinese Chippendale, in which the backs are usually rectangular. -- Chip"pen*dal*ism (#), n. It must be clearly and unmistakably understood, then, that, whenever painted (that is to say, decorated with painted enrichment) or inlaid furniture is described as Chippendale, no matter where or by whom, it is a million chances to one that the description is incorrect. R. D. Benn. CHIPPER Chip"per, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Cheep, Chirp.] Defn: To chirp or chirrup. [ Prov. Eng.] Forby. CHIPPER Chip"per, a. Defn: Lively; cheerful; talkative. [U. S.] CHIPPEWAYS Chip"pe*ways, n. pl.; sing. Chippeway. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting the northern and weastern shores of Lake Superior; -- called also Objibways. CHIPPING Chip"ping, n. 1. A chip; a piece separated by a cutting or graving instrument; a fragment. 2. The act or process of cutting or breaking off small pieces, as in dressing iron with a chisel, or reducing a timber or block of stone to shape. 3. The breaking off in small pieces of the edges of potter's ware, porcelain, etc. CHIPPING BIRD Chip"ping bird`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chippy. CHIPPING SQUIRREL Chip"ping squir"rel. Defn: See Chipmunk. CHIPPY Chip"py, a. Defn: Abounding in, or resembling, chips; dry and tasteless. CHIPPY Chip"py, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small American sparrow (Spizella socialis), very common near dwelling; -- also called chipping bird and chipping sparrow, from its simple note. CHIPS Chips, n. (Naut.) Defn: A ship's carpenter. [Cant.] CHIRAGRA Chi*ra"gra, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Gout in the hand. CHIRAGRICAL Chi*rag"ric*al, a. Defn: Having the gout in the hand, or subject to that disease. Sir. T. Browne. CHIRETTA Chi*ret"ta, n. Etym: [Hind. chira\'c6ta.] Defn: A plant (Agathotes Chirayta) found in Northern India, having medicinal properties to the gentian, and esteemed as a tonic and febrifuge. CHIRK Chirk, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Chirp, also Creak.] 1. To shriek; to gnash; to utter harsh or shrill cries. [Obs.] All full of chirkyng was that sorry place. Cheucer. 2. To chirp like a bird. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHIRK Chirk, v. t. Defn: To cheer; to enliven; as, to chirk one up. [Colloq. New Eng. ] CHIRK Chirk, a. Etym: [From Chirk, v. i.] Defn: Lively; cheerful; in good spirits. [Colloq. New Eng.] CHIRM Chirm, v. i. Etym: [Cf. AS. cyrman, cirman, to cry out. *24 Cf. Chirp.] Defn: To chirp or to make a mournful cry, as a bird. [Obs.] Huloet. CHIROGNOMY Chi*rog"no*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The art of judging character by the shape and apperance of the hand. CHIROGRAPH Chi"ro*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. (Old. Law) (a) A writing which, reguiring a counterpart, was engrossed twice on the same piece of parchment, with a space between, in which was written the word chirographum, through which the parchment was cut, and one part given to each party. It answered to what is now called a charter party. (b) The last part of a fine of land, commonly called the foot of the fine. Bouvier. CHIROGRAPHER Chi*rog"ra*pher, n. 1. One who practice the art or business of writing or engrossing. 2. See chirographist, 2. Chirographer of fines (Old Eng. Law), an officer in the court of common pleas, who engrossed fines. CHIROGRAPHIC; CHIROGRAPHICAL Chi`ro*graph"ic, Chi`ro*graph"ic*al a. Defn: Of or pertaining to chirography. CHIROGRAPHIST Chi*rog"ra*phist, n. 1. A chirographer; a writer or engrosser. 2. One who tells fortunes by examining the hand. CHIROGRAPHY Chi*rog"ra*phy, n. 1. The art of writing or engrossing; handwriting; as, skilled in chirography. 2. The art of telling fortunes by examining the hand. CHIROGYMNAST Chi`ro*gym"nast, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A mechanocal contrivance for exercesing the fingers of a pianist. CHIROLOGICAL Chi`ro*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Relating to chirology. CHIROLOGIST Chi*rol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who communicates thoughts by signs made with the hands and fingers. CHIROLOGY Chi*rol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The art or practice of using the manual alphabet or of communicating thoughts by sings made by the hands and fingers; a substitute for spoken or written language in intercourse with the deaf and dumb. See Dactylalogy. CHIROMANCER Chi"ro*man`cer, n. Defn: One who practices chiromancy. Dryden. CHIROMANCY Chi"ro*mancy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: The art or practice of foretelling events, or of telling the fortunes or the disposition of persons by inspecting the hand; palmistry. CHIROMANIST; CHIROMANTIST Chi"ro*man`ist, Chi"ro*man`tist n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A chiromancer. CHIROMANTIC; CHIROMANTICAL Chi`ro*man"tic, Chi`ro*man"tic*al a. Defn: Of or pertaining to chiromancy. CHIROMONIC Chi`ro*mon"ic, a. Defn: Relating to chironomy. CHIRONOMY Chi*ron"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The art of moving the hands in oratory or in pantomime; gesture [Obs.] CHIROPLAST Chi"ro*plast, n. Etym: [Gr. (Mus.) Defn: An instrument to guid the hands and fingers of pupils in playing on the piano, etc. CHIROPODIST Chi*rop"o*dist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who treats diseases of the hands and feet; especially, one who removes corns and bunions. CHIROPODY Chirop"ody, n. Defn: The art of treating diseases of the hands and feet. CHIROSOPHIST Chiros"ophist, n. Etym: [Gr. Sophist.] Defn: A fortune teller. CHIRP Chirp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chirped; p. pr. & vb. n. Chirping.] Etym: [Of imitative orgin. Cf. Chirk, Chipper, Cheep, Chirm, Chirrup.] Defn: To make a shop, sharp, cheerful, as of small birds or crickets. CHIRP Chirp, n. Defn: A short, sharp note, as of a bird or insect. "The chirp of flitting bird." Bryant. CHIRPER Chirp"er, n. Defn: One who chirps, or is cheerful. CHIRPING Chirp"ing, a. Defn: Cheering; enlivening. He takes his chirping pint, he cracks his jokes. Pope. CHIRPINGLY Chirp"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a chirping manner. CHIRRE Chirre, v. i. Etym: [Cf. G. girren, AS. corian to murmur, complain. *24.] Defn: To coo, as a pigeon. [Obs.] CHIRRUP Chir"rup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chirruped; p. pr. & vb. n. Chirruping.] Etym: [See Chirp.] Defn: To quicken or animate by chirping; to cherup. CHIRRUP Chir"rup, v. i. Defn: To chirp. Tennyson. The criket chirrups on the hearth. Goldsmith. CHIRRUP Chir"rup, n. Defn: The act of chirping; a chirp. The sparrows' chirrup on the roof. Tennyson. CHIRRUPY Chir"rupy, a. Defn: Cheerful; joyous; chatty. CHIRURGEON Chi*rur"geon, n. Etym: [F. chirurgien, from chirurgie surgery, fr. Gr. Surgeon, Work.] Defn: A surgeon. [Obs.] CHIRURGEONLY Chi*rur"geon*ly, adv. Defn: Surgically. [Obs.] Shak. CHIRURGERY Chi*rur"ger*y, n. Etym: [See Chirurgeon, and cf. Surgery.] Defn: Surgery. [Obs.] CHIRURGIC; CHIRURGICAL Chi*rur"gic, Chirur"gical, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chirurgiquerurgical, L. Chirurgicus, Gr. Chirurgeon, and cf. Surgical.] Defn: Surgical [Obs.] "Chirurgical lore" Longfellow. CHISEL Chis"el, n. Etym: [OF. chisel, F. ciseau, fr. LL. cisellus, prob. for caesellus, fr. L. caesus, p. p. of caedere to cut. Cf. Scissors.] Defn: A tool with a cutting edge on one end of a metal blade, used in dressing, shaping, or working in timber, stone, metal, etc.; -- usually driven by a mallet or hammer. Cold chisel. See under Cold, a. CHISEL Chis"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chiseled, or Chiselled (p. pr. & vb. n. Chiseling, or Chiselling.] Etym: [Cf. F. ciseler.] 1. To cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel; as, to chisel a block of marble into a statue. 2. To cut close, as in a bargain; to cheat. [Slang] CHISLEU Chis"leu, n. Etym: [Heb.] Defn: The ninth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, answering to a part of November with a part of December. CHISLEY Chis"ley, a. Etym: [AS. ceosel gravel or sand. Cf. Chessom.] Defn: Having a large admixture of small pebbles or gravel; -- said of a soil. Gardner. CHIT Chit, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. ci shoot, sprig, from the same root as cinan to yawn. See Chink a cleft.] 1. The embryo or the growing bud of a plant; a shoot; a sprout; as, the chits of Indian corn or of potatoes. 2. A child or babe; as, a forward chit; also, a young, small, or insignificant person or animal. A little chit of a woman. Thackeray. 3. An excrescence on the body, as a wart. [Obs.] 4. A small tool used in cleaving laths. Knight. CHIT Chit, v. i. Defn: To shoot out; to sprout. I have known barley chit in seven hours after it had been thrown forth. Mortimer. CHIT Chit, 3d sing. of Chide. Defn: Chideth. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHITCHAT Chit"chat, n. Etym: [From Chat, by way of reduplication.] Defn: Familiar or trifling talk; prattle. CHITIN Chi"tin, n. Etym: [See Chiton.] (Chem.) Defn: A white amorphous horny substance forming the harder part of the outer integument of insects, crustacea, and various other invertebrates; entomolin. CHITINIZATION Chi`ti*ni*za"tion, n. Defn: The process of becoming chitinous. CHITINOUS Chi"ti*nous, a. Defn: Having the nature of chitin; consisting of, or containing, chitin. CHITON Chi"ton, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. An under garment among the ancient Greeks, nearly representing the modern shirt. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group of gastropod mollusks, with a shell composed of eight movable dorsal plates. See Polyplacophora. CHITTER Chit"ter, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Chatter.] 1. To chirp in a tremulous manner, as a bird. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To shiver or chatter with cold. [Scot.] Burns. CHITTERLING Chit"ter*ling, n. Defn: The frill to the breast of a shirt, which when ironed out resembled the small entrails. See Chitterlings. [Obs.] Gascoigne. CHITTERLINGS Chit"ter*lings, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. AS. cwiÞ womb, Icel. kvith, Goth. qiÞus, belly, womb, stomach, G. kutteln chitterlings.] (Cookery) Defn: The smaller intestines of swine, etc., fried for food. CHITTRA Chit"tra, n. Etym: [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The axis deer of India. CHITTY Chit"ty, a. 1. Full of chits or sprouts. 2. Childish; like a babe. [Obs.] CHIVACHIE Chiv"a*chie`, n. Etym: [OF. chevauchie, chevauchée; of the same origin as E. cavalcade.] Defn: A cavalry raid; hence, a military expedition. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHIVALRIC Chiv"al*ric, a. Etym: [See Chivalry.] Defn: Relating to chivalry; knightly; chivalrous. CHIVALROUS Chiv"al*rous, a. Etym: [OF. chevalerus, chevalereus, fr. chevalier. See Chivalry.] Defn: Pertaining to chivalry or knight-errantry; warlike; heroic; gallant; high-spirited; high-minded; magnanimous. In brave pursuit of chivalrous emprise. Spenser. CHIVALROUSLY Chiv"al*rous*ly, adv. Defn: In a chivalrous manner; gallantly; magnanimously. CHIVALRY Chiv"al*ry, n. Etym: [F. chevalerie, fr. chevalier knight, OF., horseman. See Chevalier, and cf. Cavalry.] 1. A body or order of cavaliers or knights serving on horseback; illustrious warriors, collectively; cavalry. "His Memphian chivalry." Milton. By his light Did all the chivalry of England move, To do brave acts. Shak. 2. The dignity or system of knighthood; the spirit, usages, or manners of knighthood; the practice of knight-errantry. Dryden. 3. The qualifications or character of knights, as valor, dexterity in arms, courtesy, etc. The glory of our Troy this day doth lie On his fair worth and single chivalry. Shak. 4. (Eng. Law) Defn: A tenure of lands by knight's service; that is, by the condition of a knight's performing service on horseback, or of performing some noble or military service to his lord. 5. Exploit. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. Court of chivalry, a court formerly held before the lord high constable and earl marshal of England as judges, having cognizance of contracts and other matters relating to deeds of arms and war. Blackstone. CHIVARRAS; CHIVARROS Chi*var"ras, Chi*var"ros, n. pl. [Mex. Sp.] Defn: Leggings. [Mex. & Southwestern U. S.] CHIVE Chive, n. (Bot.) Defn: A filament of a stamen. [Obs.] CHIVE Chive, n. Etym: [F. cive, fr. L. cepa, caepa, onion. Cf. Cives, Cibol.] (Bot.) Defn: A perennial plant (Allium Schoenoprasum), allied to the onion. The young leaves are used in omelets, etc. [Written also cive.] CHIVY Chiv"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chivied; p. pr. & vb. n. Chivying.] Etym: [Cf. Chevy.] Defn: To goad, drive, hunt, throw, or pitch. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens. CHLAMYDATE Chlam"y*date, a. Etym: [L. chlamydatus dressed in a military cloak. See Chlamys.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a mantle; -- applied to certain gastropods. CHLAMYPHORE Chlam"y*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small South American edentate (Chlamyphorus truncatus, and C. retusus) allied to the armadillo. It is covered with a leathery shell or coat of mail, like a cloak, attached along the spine. CHLAMYS Chla"mys, n.; pl. E. Chlamyses, L. Chlamydes. Etym: [L., from Gr. Defn: A loose and flowing outer garment, worn by the ancient Greeks; a kind of cloak. CHLOASMA Chlo*as"ma, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A cutaneous affection characterized by yellow or yellowish brown pigmented spots. CHLORAL Chlo"ral, n. Etym: [Chlorine + alcohol.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless oily liquid, CCl3.CHO, of a pungent odor and harsh taste, obtained by the action of chlorine upon ordinary or ethyl alcohol. 2. (Med.) Defn: Chloral hydrate. Chloral hydrate, a white crystalline substance, obtained by treating chloral with water. It produces sleep when taken internally or hypodermically; -- called also chloral. CHLORALAMIDE Chlo"ral*am`ide, n. Etym: [Chloral + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound of chloral and formic amide used to produce sleep. CHLORALISM Chlo"ral*ism, n. (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition of the system resulting from excessive use of chloral. CHLORALUM Chlor`al"um, n. Etym: [Chlorine + aluminium.] Defn: An impure aqueous solution of chloride of aluminium, used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. CHLORANIL Chlor`an"il, n. Etym: [Chlorine + aniline.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline substance, C6Cl4.O2, regarded as a derivative of quinone, obtained by the action of chlorine on certain benzene derivatives, as aniline. CHLORATE Chlo"rate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chlorate. See Chlorine.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of chloric acid; as, chlorate of potassium. CHLORAURATE Chlor`au"rate, n. Etym: [Chlorine + aurate.] (Chem.) Defn: See Aurochloride. CHLORHYDRIC Chlor`hy"dric, a. Etym: [Chlorine + hydrogen + -ic.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Hydrochloric. CHLORHYDRIN Chlor`hy"drin, n. (Chem.) Defn: One of a class of compounds formed from certain polybasic alcohols (and especially glycerin) by the substitution of chlorine for one or more hydroxyl groups. CHLORIC Chlo"ric, a. Etym: [From Chlorine.] Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, chlorine; -- said of those compounds of chlorine in which this element has a valence of five, or the next to its highest; as, chloric acid, HClO3. Chloric ether (Chem.), ethylene dichloride. See Dutch liquid, under Dutch. CHLORIDATE Chlo"ri*date, v.t. Defn: To treat or prepare with a chloride, as a plate with chloride of silver, for the purposes of photography. R. Hunt. CHLORIDE Chlo"ride, n. (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of chlorine with another element or radical; as, chloride of sodium (common salt). Chloride of ammonium, sal ammoniac. -- Chloride of lime, bleaching powder; a grayish white substance, CaOClcalcium hypochlorite. See Hypochlorous acid, under Hypochlorous. -- Mercuric chloride, corrosive sublimate. CHLORIDIC Chlo*rid"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a chloride; containing a chloride. CHLORIDIZE Chlo"rid*ize, v. t. Defn: See Chloridate. CHLORIMETRY Chlo*rim"e*try, n. Defn: See Chlorometry. CHLORINATE Chlo"rin*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chlorinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Chlorinating.] (Chem.) Defn: To treat, or cause to combine, with chlorine. CHLORINATION Chlo`ri*na"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of subjecting anything to the action of chlorine; especially, a process for the extraction of gold by exposure of the auriferous material to chlorine gas. CHLORINE Chlo"rine, n. Etym: [Gr. Yellow.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the elementary substances, commonly isolated as a greenish yellow gas, two and one half times as heavy as air, of an intensely disagreeable suffocating odor, and exceedingly poisonous. It is abundant in nature, the most important compound being common salt. It is powerful oxidizing, bleaching, and disinfecting agent. Symbol Cl. Atomic weight, 35.4. Chlorine family, the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, called the halogens, and classed together from their common peculiariries. CHLORIODIC Chlor`i*od"ic, a. Defn: Compounded of chlorine and iodine; containing chlorine and iodine. CHLORIODINE Chlor`i"o*dine, n. Defn: A compound of chlorine and iodine. [R.] CHLORITE Chlo"rite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: The name of a group of minerals, usually of a green color and micaceous to granular in structure. They are hydrous silicates of alumina, iron, and magnesia. Chlorite slate, a schistose or slaty rock consisting of alumina, iron, and magnesia. CHLORITE Chlo"rite, n. Etym: [Chlorous + -ite.] (Chem.) Defn: Any salt of chlorous acid; as, chlorite of sodium. CHLORITIC Chlo*rit"ic, a. Etym: [From 1st Chlorite.] Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, chlorite; as, chloritic sand. CHLORMETHANE Chlor`meth"ane, n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless gas, CH3Cl, of a sweet odor, easily condensed to a liquid; -- called also methyl chloride. CHLORO- Chlo"ro-. (Chem.) Defn: A prefix denoting that chlorine is an ingredient in the substance named. CHLOROCRUORIN Chlo`ro*cru"o*rin, n. Etym: [Gr. cruorin.] (Physiol.) Defn: A green substance, supposed to be the cause of the green color of the blood in some species of worms. Ray Lankester. CHLORODYNE Chlo"ro*dyne, n. Etym: [From chlorine, in imitation of anodyne.] (Med.) Defn: A patent anodyne medicine, containing opium, chloroform, Indian hemp, etc. CHLOROFORM Chlo"ro*form, n. Etym: [Chlorine + formyl, it having been regarded as a trichloride of this radical: cf. F. chloroforme, G. chloroform.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless volatile liquid, CHCl3, having an ethereal odor and a sweetish taste, formed by treating alcohol with chlorine and an alkali. It is a powerful solvent of wax, resin, etc., and is extensively used to produce anæsthesia in surgical operations; also externally, to alleviate pain. CHLOROFORM Chlo"ro*form, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chloroformed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chloroforming.] Defn: To treat with chloroform, or to place under its influence. CHLOROLEUCITE Chlo`ro*leu"cite, n. Etym: [Gr. leucite.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Chloroplastid. CHLOROMETER Chlo*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chloromètre. See Chlorine, and - meter.] Defn: An instrument to test the decoloring or bleaching power of chloride of lime. CHLOROMETRY Chlo*rom"e*try, n. Defn: The process of testing the bleaching power of any combination of chlorine. CHLOROPAL Chlo*ro"pal, n. Etym: [Gr. opal.] (Min.) Defn: A massive mineral, greenish in color, and opal-like in appearance. It is essentially a hydrous silicate of iron. CHLOROPEPTIC Chlo`ro*pep"tic, a. Etym: [Chlorine + peptic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an acid more generally called pepsin- hydrochloric acid. CHLOROPHANE Chlo"ro*phane, n. Etym: [Gr. chlorophane.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A variety of fluor spar, which, when heated, gives a beautiful emerald green light. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The yellowish green pigment in the inner segment of the cones of the retina. See Chromophane. CHLOROPHYLL Chlo"ro*phyll, n. Etym: [Gr. chlorophylle.] (Bot.) Defn: Literally, leaf green; a green granular matter formed in the cells of the leaves (and other parts exposed to light) of plants, to which they owe their green color, and through which all ordinary assimilation of plant food takes place. Similar chlorophyll granules have been found in the tissues of the lower animals. [Written also chlorophyl.] CHLOROPLAST Chlo"ro*plast, n. [Pref. chloro-+ Gr. to mold, form.] (Biol.) Defn: A plastid containing chlorophyll, developed only in cells exposed to the light. Chloroplasts are minute flattened granules, usually occurring in great numbers in the cytoplasm near the cell wall, and consist of a colorless ground substance saturated with chlorophyll pigments. Under light of varying intensity they exhibit phototactic movements. In animals chloroplasts occur only in certain low forms. CHLOROPLASTID Chlo`ro*plas"tid, n. Etym: [Gr. plastid.] (Bot.) Defn: A granule of chlorophyll; -- also called chloroleucite. CHLOROPLATINIC Chlo`ro*pla*tin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: See Platinichloric. CHLOROSIS Chlo*ro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. chlorose.] 1. (Med.) Defn: The green sickness; an anæmic disease of young women, characterized by a greenish or grayish yellow hue of the skin, weakness, palpitation, etc. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A disease in plants, causing the flowers to turn green or the leaves to lose their normal green color. CHLOROTIC Chlo*rot"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chlorotique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or affected by, chlorosis. CHLOROUS Chlo"rous, a. Etym: [See Chlorine.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, chlorine; -- said of those compounds of chlorine in which this element has a valence of three, the next lower than in chloric compounds; as, chlorous acid, HClO2. 2. (Chem. Physics) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the electro-negative character of chlorine; hence, electro-negative; -- opposed to basylous or zincous. [Obs.] CHLORPICRIN Chlor`pi"crin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A heavy, colorless liquid, CCl3.NO2, of a strong pungent odor, obtained by subjecting picric acid to the action of chlorine. [Written also chloropikrin.] CHLORURET Chlo"ru*ret, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chlorure.] (Chem.) Defn: A chloride. [Obs.] CHOAK Choak, v. t. & i. Defn: See Choke. CHOANOID Cho"a*noid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Funnel-shaped; -- applied particularly to a hollow muscle attached to the ball of the eye in many reptiles and mammals. CHOCARD Cho"card, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chough. CHOCK Chock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chocked; p. pr. & vb. n. Chocking.] Defn: To stop or fasten, as with a wedge, or block; to scotch; as, to chock a wheel or cask. CHOCK Chock, v. i. Defn: To fill up, as a cavity. "The woodwork . . . exactly chocketh into joints." Fuller. CHOCK Chock, n. 1. A wedge, or block made to fit in any space which it is desired to fill, esp. something to steady a cask or other body, or prevent it from moving, by fitting into the space around or beneath it. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A heavy casting of metal, usually fixed near the gunwale. It has two short horn-shaped arms curving inward, between which ropes or hawsers may pass for towing, mooring, etc. CHOCK Chock, adv. (Naut.) Defn: Entirely; quite; as, chock home; chock aft. CHOCK Chock, v. t. Etym: [F. choquer. Cf. Shock, v. t.] Defn: To encounter. [Obs.] CHOCK Chock, n. Defn: An encounter. [Obs.] CHOCKABLOCK Chock"a*block, a. (Naut.) Defn: Hoisted as high as the tackle will admit; brought close together, as the two blocks of a tackle in hoisting. CHOCK-FULL Chock"-full`, a. Defn: Quite full; choke-full. CHOCOLATE Choc"o*late, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. the Mexican name of the cacao. Cf. Cacao, Cocoa.] 1. A paste or cake composed of the roasted seeds of the Theobroma Cacao ground and mixed with other ingredients, usually sugar, and cinnamon or vanilla. 2. The beverage made by dissolving a portion of the paste or cake in boiling water or milk. Chocolate house, a house in which customers may be served with chocolate. -- Chocolate nut. See Cacao. CHOCTAWS Choc"taws, n. pl. Defn: ; sing. Choctaw. (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians (Southern Appalachian), in early times noted for their pursuit of agriculture, and for living at peace with the white settlers. They are now one of the civilized tribes of the Indian Territory. CHODE Chode, Defn: the old imp. of chide. See Chide. CHOGSET Chog"set, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Cunner. CHOICE Choice, n. Etym: [OE. chois, OF. chois, F. choix, fr. choisir to choose; of German origin; cf. Goth. kausjan to examine, kiusan to choose, examine, G. kiesen. *46. Cf. Choose.] 1. Act of choosing; the voluntary act of selecting or separating from two or more things that which is preferred; the determination of the mind in preferring one thing to another; election. 2. The power or opportunity of choosing; option. Choice there is not, unless the thing which we take be so in our power that we might have refused it. Hooker. 3. Care in selecting; judgment or skill in distinguishing what is to be preferred, and in giving a preference; discrimination. I imagine they [the apothegms of Cæsar] were collected with judgment and choice. Bacon. 4. A sufficient number to choose among. Shak. 5. The thing or person chosen; that which is approved and selected in preference to others; selection. The common wealth is sick of their own choice. Shak. 6. The best part; that which is preferable. The flower and choice Of many provinces from bound to bound. Milton. To make a choice of, to choose; to select; to separate and take in preference. Syn. - See Volition, Option. CHOICE Choice, a. [Compar. Choicer; superl. Choicest.] 1. Worthly of being chosen or preferred; select; superior; precious; valuable. My choicest hours of life are lost. Swift. 2. Preserving or using with care, as valuable; frugal; -- used with of; as, to be choice of time, or of money. 3. Selected with care, and due attention to preference; deliberately chosen. Choice word measured phrase. Wordsworth. Syn. - Select; precious; exquisite; uncommon; rare; chary; careful/ CHOICEFUL Choice"ful, a. Defn: Making choices; fickle. [Obs.] His choiceful sense with every change doth fit. Spenser. CHOICELY Choice"ly, adv. 1. With care in choosing; with nice regard to preference. "A band of men collected choicely, from each county some." Shak. 2. In a preferable or excellent manner; excellently; eminently. "Choicely good." Walton. CHOICENESS Choice"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being of particular value or worth; nicely; excellence. CHOIR Choir, n. Etym: [OE. quer, OF. cuer, F. choeur, fr. L. chorus a choral dance, chorus, choir, fr. Gr. hortus garden, and E. yard. See Chorus.] 1. A band or organized company of singers, especially in church service. [Formerly written also quire.] 2. That part of a church appropriated to the singers. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The chancel. Choir organ (Mus.), one of the three or five distinct organs included in the full organ, each separable from the rest, but all controlled by one performer; a portion of the full organ, complete in itself, and more practicable for ordinary service and in the accompanying of the vocal choir. -- Choir screen, Choir wall (Arch.), a screen or low wall separating the choir from the aisles. -- Choir service, the service of singing performed by the choir. T. Warton. CHOKE Choke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Choked; p. pr. & vb. n. Choking.] Etym: [OE. cheken, choken; cf. AS. aceocian to suffocate, Icel. koka to gulp, E. chincough, cough.] 1. To render unable to breathe by filling, pressing upon, or squeezing the windpipe; to stifle; to suffocate; to strangle. With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder. Shak. 2. To obstruct by filling up or clogging any passage; to block up. Addison. 3. To hinder or check, as growth, expansion, progress, etc.; to stifle. Oats and darnel choke the rising corn. Dryden. 4. To affect with a sense of strangulation by passion or strong feeling. "I was choked at this word." Swift. 5. To make a choke, as in a cartridge, or in the bore of the barrel of a shotgun. To choke off, to stop a person in the execution of a purpose; as, to choke off a speaker by uproar. CHOKE Choke, v. i. 1. To have the windpipe stopped; to have a spasm of the throat, caused by stoppage or irritation of the windpipe; to be strangled. 2. To be checked, as if by choking; to stick. The words choked in his throat. Sir W. Scott. CHOKE Choke, n. 1. A stoppage or irritation of the windpipe, producing the feeling of strangulation. 2. (Gun.) (a) The tied end of a cartridge. (b) A constriction in the bore of a shotgun, case of a rocket, etc. CHOKEBERRY Choke"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The small apple-shaped or pear-shaped fruit of an American shrub (Pyrus arbutifolia) growing in damp thickets; also, the shrub. CHOKEBORE Choke"bore`, n. 1. In a shotgun, a bore which is tapered to a slightly smaller diameter at a short distance (usually 2½ to 3 inches) to the rear of the muzzle, in order to prevent the rapid dispersion of the shot. 2. A shotgun that is made with such a bore. CHOKEBORE Choke"bore`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chokebored; p. pr. & vb. n. Chokeboring.] Defn: To provide with a chokebore. CHOKECHERRY Choke"cher`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The astringent fruit of a species of wild cherry (Prunus Virginiana); also, the bush or tree which bears such fruit. CHOKE DAMP Choke" damp`. Defn: See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic. CHOKEDAR Cho`ke*dar", n. Etym: [Hindi chauki-dar.] Defn: A watchman; an officer of customs or police. [India] CHOKE-FULL Choke"-full`, a. Defn: Full to the brim; quite full; chock-full. CHOKE PEAR Choke" pear`. 1. A kind of pear that has a rough, astringent taste, and is swallowed with difficulty, or which contracts the mucous membrane of the mouth. 2. A sarcasm by which one is put to silence; anything that can not be answered. [Low] S. Richardson. CHOKER Chok"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, chokes. 2. A stiff wide cravat; a stock. [Slang] CHOKE-STRAP Choke"-strap`, n. (Saddlery) Defn: A strap leading from the bellyband to the lower part of the collar, to keep the collar in place. CHOKING Chok"ing, a. 1. That chokes; producing the feeling of strangulation. 2. Indistinct in utterance, as the voice of a person affected with strong emotion. CHOKING COIL Choking coil. (Elec.) Defn: A coil of small resistance and large inductance, used in an alternating-current circuit to impede or throttle the current, or to change its phase; --called also reactance coil or reactor, these terms being now preferred in engineering usage. CHOKY; CHOKEY Chok"y Chok"ey, a. 1. Tending to choke or suffocate, or having power to suffocate. 2. Inclined to choke, as a person affected with strong emotion. "A deep and choky voice." Aytoun. The allusion to his mother made Tom feel rather chokey. T. Hughes. CHOLAEMAA Cho*læ"ma*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A disease characterized by severe nervous symptoms, dependent upon the presence of the constituents of the bile in the blood. CHOLAGOGUE Chol"a*gogue, a. Etym: [Gr. cholagogue.] (Med.) Defn: Promoting the discharge of bile from the system. -- n. Defn: An agent which promotes the discharge of bile from the system. CHOLATE Cho"late, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of cholic acid; as, sodium cholate. CHOLECYSTIS Chol`e*cys"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The gall bladder. CHOLECYSTOTOMY Chol`e*cys*tot"o*my, n. Etym: [Cholecystis + Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of making an opening in the gall bladder, as for the removal of a gallstone. CHOLEDOLOGY Chol`e*dol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy. Cf. F. cholédologie.] (Med.) Defn: A treatise on the bile and bilary organs. Dunglison. Note: Littré says that the word cholédologie is absolutely barbarous, there being no Greek word cholology. CHOLEIC Cho*le"ic, a. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, bile; as, choleic acid. CHOLER Chol"er, n. Etym: [OE. coler, F. colère anger, L. cholera a bilious complaint, fr. Gr. Gall, and cf. Cholera.] 1. The bile; -- formerly supposed to be the seat and cause of irascibility. [Obs.] His [Richard Hooker's] complexion . . . was sanguine, with a mixture of choler; and yet his motion was slow. I. Warton. 2. Irritation of the passions; anger; wrath. He is rash and very sudden in choler. Shak. CHOLERA Chol"er*a, n. Etym: [L., a bilious disease. See Choler.] (Med.) Defn: One of several diseases affecting the digestive and intestinal tract and more or less dangerous to life, esp. the one commonly called Asiatic cholera. Asiatic cholera, a malignant and rapidly fatal disease, originating in Asia and frequently epidemic in the more filthy sections of other lands, to which the germ or specific poison may have been carried. It is characterized by diarrhea, rice- water evacuations, vomiting, cramps, pinched expression, and lividity, rapidly passing into a state of collapse, followed by death, or by a stage of reaction of fever. -- Cholera bacillus. See Comma bacillus. -- Cholera infantum, a dangerous summer disease, of infants, caused by hot weather, bad air, or poor milk, and especially fatal in large cities. -- Cholera morbus, a disease characterized by vomiting and purging, with gripings and cramps, usually caused by imprudence in diet or by gastrointestinal disturbance. -- Chicken cholera. See under Chicken. -- Hog cholera. See under Hog. -- Sporadic cholera, a disease somewhat resembling the Asiatic cholera, but originating where it occurs, and rarely becoming epidemic. CHOLERAIC Chol`er*a"ic, a. Defn: Relating to, or resulting from, or resembling, cholera. CHOLERIC Chol"er*ic, a. Etym: [L. cholericus, Gr. cholérique.] 1. Abounding with, or producing choler, or bile. Dryden. 2. Easily irritated; irascible; inclined to anger. 3. Angry; indicating anger; excited by anger. "Choleric speech." Sir W. Raleigh. Choleric temperament, the bilious temperament. CHOLERICLY Chol"er*ic*ly, adv. Defn: In a choleric manner; angrily. CHOLERIFORM Chol"er*i*form`, a. Etym: [Cholera + -form.] Defn: Resembling cholera. CHOLERINE Chol"er*ine, n. (Med.) (a) The precursory symptoms of cholera. (b) The first stage of epidemic cholera. (c) A mild form of cholera. CHOLEROID Chol"er*oid, a. Etym: [Cholera + -oid.] Defn: Choleriform. CHOLESTERIC Cho`les*ter"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. cholestérique.] Defn: Pertaining to cholesterin, or obtained from it; as, cholesteric acid. Ure. CHOLESTERIN Cho*les"ter*in, n. Etym: [Gr. cholestérine. See Stearin.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, fatty, crystalline substance, tasteless and odorless, found in animal and plant products and tissue, and especially in nerve tissue, in the bile, and in gallstones. CHOLIAMB; CHOLIAMBIC Cho"li*amb, Cho`li*am"bic, n. Etym: [L. choliambus, Gr. (Pros.) Defn: A verse having an iambus in the fifth place, and a spondee in the sixth or last. CHOLIC; CHOLINIC Chol"ic, Cho*lin"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, the bile. Cholic acid (Chem.), a complex organic acid found as a natural constituent of taurocholic and glycocholic acids in the bile, and extracted as a resinous substance, convertible under the influence of ether into white crystals. CHOLINE Cho"line, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: See Neurine. CHOLOCHROME Chol"o*chrome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: See Bilirubin. CHOLOPHAEIN Chol`o*phæ"in, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: See Bilirubin. CHOLTRY Chol"try, n. Defn: A Hindoo caravansary. CHOMAGE Cho`mage", n. [F. chomage.] 1. Defn: Stoppage; cessation (of labor). 2. A standing still or idle (of mills, factories, etc.). CHOMP Chomp, v. i. Defn: To chew loudly and greedily; to champ. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] Halliwell. CHONDRIFICATION Chon`dri*fi*ca"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: Formation of, or conversion into, cartilage. CHONDRIFY Chon"dri*fy, v. t. & i. Etym: [Gr. -fy.] Defn: To convert, or be converted, into cartilage. CHONDRIGEN Chon"dri*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The chemical basis of cartilage, converted by long boiling in water into a gelatinous body called chondrin. CHONDRIGENOUS Chon*drig"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. -genous.] (Physiol.) Defn: Affording chondrin. CHONDRIN Chon"drin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A colorless, amorphous, nitrogenous substance, tasteless and odorless, formed from cartilaginous tissue by long-continued action of boiling water. It is similar to gelatin, and is a large ingredient of commercial gelatin. CHONDRITE Chon"drite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A meteoric stone characterized by the presence of chondrules. CHONDRITIC Chon*drit"ic, a. (Min.) Defn: Granular; pertaining to, or having the granular structure characteristic of, the class of meteorites called chondrites. CHONDRITIS Chon*dri"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: An inflammation of cartilage. CHONDRO- Chon"dro-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form meaning a grain, granular, granular cartilage, cartilaginous; as, the chondrocranium, the cartilaginous skull of the lower vertebrates and of embryos. CHONDRODITE Chon"dro*dite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A fluosilicate of magnesia and iron, yellow to red in color, often occurring in granular form in a crystalline limestone. CHONDROGANOIDEA Chon`dro*ga*noi"de*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ganoidei. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of ganoid fishes, including the sturgeons; -- so called on account of their cartilaginous skeleton. CHONDROGEN Chon"dro*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Same as Chondrigen. CHONDROGENESIS Chon`dro*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. genesis.] (Physiol.) Defn: The development of cartilage. CHONDROID Chon"droid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Resembling cartilage. CHONDROLOGY Chon*drol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. chondrologie.] (Anat.) Defn: The science which treats of cartilages. Dunglison. CHONDROMA Chon*dro"ma, n.; pl. Chondromata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oma.] Defn: A cartilaginous tumor or growth. CHONDROMETER Chon*drom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: A steelyard for weighting grain. CHONDROPTERYGIAN Chon*drop`ter*yg"i*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chondropterygien.] Defn: Having a cartilaginous skeleton. -- n. Defn: One of the Chondropterygii. CHONDROPTERYGII Chon*drop`te*ryg"i*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of fishes, characterized by cartilaginous fins and skeleton. It includes both ganoids (sturgeons, etc.) and selachians (sharks), but is now often restricted to the latter. [Written also Chondropterygia.] CHONDROSTEI Chon*dros"te*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes, including the sturgeons; -- so named because the skeleton is cartilaginous. CHONDROTOMY Chon*drot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The dissection of cartilages. CHONDRULE Chon"drule, n. Etym: [Dim. from Gr. (Min.) Defn: A peculiar rounded granule of some mineral, usually enstatite or chrysolite, found imdedded more or less aboundantly in the mass of many meteoric stones, which are hence called chondrites. CHOOSE Choose, v. t. [imp. Chose; p. p. Chosen, Chose (Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Choosing.] Etym: [OE. chesen, cheosen, AS. ceósan; akin to OS. kiosan, D. kiezen, G. kiesen, Icel. kjosa, Goth. kiusan, L. gustare to taste, Gr. jush to enjoy. *46. Cf. Choice, 2d Gust.] 1. To make choice of; to select; to take by way of preference from two or more objects offered; to elect; as, to choose the least of two evils. Choose me for a humble friend. Pope. 2. To wish; to desire; to prefer. [Colloq.] The landlady now returned to know if we did not choose a more genteel apartment. Goldsmith. To choose sides. See under Side. Syn. - To select; prefer; elect; adopt; follow. -- To Choose, Prefer, Elect. To choose is the generic term, and denotes to take or fix upon by an act of the will, especially in accordance with a decision of the judgment. To prefer is to choose or favor one thing as compared with, and more desirable than, another, or more in accordance with one's tastes and feelings. To elect is to choose or select for some office, employment, use, privilege, etc., especially by the concurrent vote or voice of a sufficient number of electors. To choose a profession; to prefer private life to a public one; to elect members of Congress. CHOOSE Choose, v. i. 1. To make a selection; to decide. They had only to choose between implicit obedience and open rebellion. Prescott. 2. To do otherwise. "Can I choose but smile" Pope. Can not choose but, must necessarily. Thou canst not choose but know who I am. Shak. CHOOSER Choos"er, n. Defn: One who chooses; one who has the power or right of choosing; an elector. Burke. CHOP Chop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chopped; p. pr. & vb. n. Chopping.] Etym: [Cf. LG. & D. kappen, Dan. kappe, Sw. kappa. Cf. Chap to crack.] 1. To cut by striking repeatedly with a sharp instrument; to cut into pieces; to mince; -- often with up. 2. To sever or separate by one more blows of a sharp instrument; to divide; -- usually with off or down. Chop off your hand, and it to the king. Shak. 3. To seize or devour greedily; -- with up. [Obs.] Upon the opening of his mouth he drops his breakfast, which the fox presently chopped up. L'estrange. CHOP Chop, v. i. 1. To make a quick strike, or repeated strokes, with an ax or other sharp instrument. 2. To do something suddenly with an unexpected motion; to catch or attempt to seize. Out of greediness to get both, he chops at the shadow, and loses the substance. L'Estrange. 3. To interrupt; -- with in or out. This fellow interrupted the sermon, even suddenly chopping in. Latimer. CHOP Chop, v. t. Etym: [Cf. D. koopen to buy. See Cheapen, v. t., and cf. Chap, v. i., to buy.] 1. To barter or truck. 2. To exchange; substitute one thing for another. We go on chopping and changing our friends. L'Estrange. To chop logic, to dispute with an affected use of logical terms; to argue sophistically. CHOP Chop, v. i. 1. To purchase by way of truck. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To vary or shift suddenly; as, the wind chops about. 3. To wrangle; to altercate; to bandy words. Let not the counsel at the bar chop with the judge. Bacon. CHOP Chop, n. Defn: A change; a vicissitude. Marryat. CHOP Chop, v. t. & i. Defn: To crack. See Chap, v. t. & i. CHOP Chop, n. 1. The act of chopping; a stroke. 2. A piece chopped off; a slice or small piece, especially of meat; as, a mutton chop. 3. A crack or cleft. See Chap. CHOP Chop, n. Etym: [See Chap.] 1. A jaw of an animal; -- commonly in the pl. See Chops. 2. A movable jaw or cheek, as of a wooden vise. 3. The land at each side of the mouth of a river, harbor, or channel; as, East Chop or West Chop. See Chops. CHOP Chop, n. Etym: [Chin. & Hind. chap stamp, brand.] 1. Quality; brand; as, silk of the first chop. 2. A permit or clearance. Chop dollar, a silver dollar stamped to attest its purity. -- chop of tea, a number of boxes of the same make and quality of leaf. -- Chowchow chop. See under Chowchow. -- Grand chop, a ship's port clearance. S. W. Williams. CHOPBOAT Chop"boat`, n. Etym: [Chin. chop sort, quality.] Defn: A licensed lighter employed in the transportation of goods to and from vessels. [China] S. W. Williams. CHOPCHURCH Chop"church`, n. Etym: [See Chop to barter.] (Old Eng. Law) Defn: An exchanger or an exchange of benefices. [Cant] CHOPFALLEN Chop`fall`en, a. Defn: Having the lower chop or jaw depressed; hence, crestfallen; dejected; dispirited;downcast. See Chapfallen. CHOPHOUSE Chop"house`, n. Defn: A house where chops, etc., are sold; an eating house. The freedom of a chophouse. W. Irving. CHOPHOUSE Chop"house`, n. Etym: [See Chop quality.] Defn: A customhouse where transit duties are levied. [China] S. W. Williams. CHOPIN Chop"in, n. Etym: [F. chopine, fr. G. schoppen.] Defn: A liquid measure formerly used in France and Great Britain, varying from half a pint to a wine quart. CHOPIN Chop"in, n. Defn: See Chopine. CHOPINE Cho*pine", n. Etym: [Cf. OF. chapin, escapin, Sp. chapin, Pg. chapim.] Defn: A clog, or patten, having a very thick sole, or in some cases raised upon a stilt to a height of a foot or more. [Variously spelt chioppine, chopin, etc.] Your ladyship is nearer to heaven than when I saw you last, by the altitude of a chopine. Shak. CHOP-LOGIC Chop"-log`ic, n. Defn: One who bandies words or is very argunentative. [Jocular] Shak. CHOPNESS Chop"ness, n. Defn: A kind of spade. [Eng.] CHOPPER Chop"per, n. Defn: One who, or that which, chops. CHOPPING Chop"ping, a. Etym: [Cf. Chubby.] Defn: Stout or plump; large. [Obs.] Fenton. CHOPPING Chop"ping, a. Etym: [See Chop to barter.] Defn: Shifting or changing suddenly, as the wind; also, having tumbling waves dashing against each other; as, a chopping sea. CHOPPING Chop"ping, n. Defn: Act of cutting by strokes. Chopping block, a solid block of wood on which butchers and others chop meat, etc. -- Chopping knife, a knife for chopping or mincing meat, vegetables, etc.; -- usually with a handle at the back of the blade instead of at the end. CHOPPY Chop"py, a. Etym: [Cf. Chappy.] 1. Full of cracks. "Choppy finger." Shak. 2. Etym: [Cf. Chop a change.] Defn: Rough, with short, tumultuous waves; as, a choppy sea. CHOPS Chops, n. pl. Etym: [See Chop a jaw.] 1. The jaws; also, the fleshy parts about the mouth. 2. The sides or capes at the mouth of a river, channel, harbor, or bay; as, the chops of the English Channel. CHOPSTICK Chop"stick", n. Defn: One of two small sticks of wood, ivory, etc., used by the Chinese and Japanese to convey food to the mouth. CHOP SUEY; CHOP SOOY Chop su"ey or Chop soo"y . [Chin. (Cantonese) shap sui odds and ends, fr. shap for sap to enter the mouth + sui small bits pounded fine.] Defn: A mélange served in Chinese restaurants to be eaten with rice, noodles, etc. It consists typically of bean sprouts, onions, mushrooms, etc., and sliced meats, fried and flavored with sesame oil. [U. S.] CHORAGIC Cho*rag"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a choragus. Choragic monument, a building or column built by a victorious choragus for the reception and exhibition of the tripod which he received as a prize. Those of Lysicrates and Thrasyllus are still to be seen at Athens. CHORAGUS Cho*ra"gus, n.; pl. Choragi. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A chorus leader; esp. one who provided at his own expense and under his own supervision one of the choruses for the musical contents at Athens. CHORAL Cho"ral, a. Etym: [LL. choralis, fr. L. chorus. See Chorus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a choir or chorus; singing, sung, or adapted to be sung, in chorus or harmony. Choral service, a service of song. CHORAL Cho"ral, n. (Mus.) Defn: A hymn tune; a simple sacred tune, sung in unison by the congregation; as, the Lutheran chorals. [Sometimes written chorale.] CHORALIST Cho"ral*ist, n. Defn: A singer or composer of chorals. CHORALLY Cho"ral*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a chorus; adapted to be sung by a choir; in harmony. CHORD Chord, n. Etym: [L chorda a gut, a string made of a gut, Gr. cord. See Cord.] 1. The string of a musical instrument. Milton. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A combination of tones simultaneously performed, producing more or less perfect harmony, as, the common chord. 3. (Geom.) Defn: A right line uniting the extremities of the arc of a circle or curve. 4. (Anat.) Defn: A cord. See Cord, n., 4. 5. (Engin.) Defn: The upper or lower part of a truss, usually horizontal, resisting compression or tension. Waddell. Accidental, Common, and Vocal chords. See under Accidental, Common, and Vocal. -- Chord of an arch. See Illust. of Arch. -- Chord of curvature, a chord drawn from any point of a curve, in the circle of curvature for that point. -- Scale of chords. See Scale. CHORD Chord, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chorded; p. pr. & vb. n. Chording.] Defn: To provide with musical chords or strings; to string; to tune. When Jubal struck the chorded shell. Dryden. Even the solitary old pine tree chords his harp. Beecher. CHORD Chord, v. i. (Mus.) Defn: To accord; to harmonize together; as, this note chords with that. CHORDA Chor"da, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. chorda. See Chord.] (Anat.) Defn: A cord. Chorda dorsalis (. Etym: [NL., lit., cord of the back.] (Anat.) See Notochord. CHORDAL Chor"dal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a chord. CHORDATA Chor*da"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. chorda cord.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A comprehensive division of animals including all Vertebrata together with the Tunicata, or all those having a dorsal nervous cord. CHORDEE Chor*dee", n. Etym: [F. cordé, cordée, p. p. of corder to cord.] (Med.) Defn: A painful erection of the penis, usually with downward curvature, occurring in gonorrhea. CHORE Chore, n. Etym: [The same word as char work done by the day.] Defn: A small job; in the pl., the regular or daily light work of a household or farm, either within or without doors. [U. S.] CHORE Chore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chored; p. pr. & vb. n. Choring.] Defn: To do chores. [U. S.] CHORE Chore, n. Defn: A choir or chorus. [Obs.] B. Jonson. CHOREA Cho*re"a. n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: St. Vitus's dance; a disease attended with convulsive twitchings and other involuntary movements of the muscles or limbs. CHOREE Cho*ree", n. Etym: [F. chorée.] Defn: See Choreus. CHOREGRAPHIC; CHOREGRAPHICAL Cho`re*graph"ic, Cho`re*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to choregraphy. CHOREGRAPHY Cho*reg"ra*phy, n. Etym: [GR. -graphy.] Defn: The art of representing dancing by signs, as music is represented by notes. Craig. CHOREIC Cho*re"ic, a. Defn: Of the nature of, or pertaining to, chorea; convulsive. CHOREPISCOPAL Cho`re*pis"co*pal, a. Defn: Pertaining to a chorepiscopus or his change or authority. CHOREPISCOPUS Cho`re*pis"co*pus, n.; pl. Chorepiscopi. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Bishop.] (Eccl.) Defn: A "country" or suffragan bishop, appointed in the ancient church by a diocesan bishop to exercise episcopal jurisdiction in a rural district. CHOREUS; CHOREE Cho*re"us, Cho*ree" (, n. Etym: [L. choreus, Gr. chorée.] (Anc. Pros.) (a) a trochee. (b) A tribrach. CHORIAMB Cho"ri*amb, n.; pl. Choriambs (. Defn: Same as Choriambus. CHORIAMBIC Cho`ri*am"bic, a. Etym: [L. choriambicus, gr. Defn: Pertaining to a choriamb. -- n. Defn: A choriamb. CHORIAMBUS Cho`ri*am"bus, n.; pl. L. Choriambi, E. Choriambuses. Etym: [L. choriambus, Gr. (Anc. Pros.) Defn: A foot consisting of four syllables, of which the first and last are long, and the other short (- ~ ~ -); that is, a choreus, or trochee, and an iambus united. CHORIC Cho"ric, a. Etym: [L. choricus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a chorus. I remember a choric ode in the Hecuba. Coleridge. CHORION Cho"ri*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Anat.) (a) The outer membrane which invests the fetus in the womb; also, the similar membrane investing many ova at certain stages of development. (b) The true skin, or cutis. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The outer membrane of seeds of plants. CHORISIS Cho"ri*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The separation of a leaf or floral organ into two more parts. Note: In collateral chorisis the parts are side by side. -- In parallel or median chorisis they are one in front of another. CHORIST Cho"rist, n. Etym: [F. choriste.] Defn: A singer in a choir; a chorister. [R.] CHORISTER Chor"is*ter, n. Etym: [See Chorus.] 1. One of a choir; a singer in a chorus. Dryden. 2. One who leads a choir in church music. [U. S.] CHORISTIC Cho*ris"tic, a. Defn: Choric; choral. [R.] CHOROGRAPH Cho"ro*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: An instrument for constructing triangles in marine surveying, etc. CHOROGRAPHER Cho*rog"ra*pher, n. 1. One who describes or makes a map of a district or region. "The chorographers of Italy." Sir T. Browne. 2. A geographical antiquary; one who investigates the locality of ancient places. CHOROGRAPHICAL Cho`ro*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to chorography. -- Cho`ro*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. CHOROGRAPHY Cho*rog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [L. chorographia, Gr. Defn: the mapping or description of a region or district. The chorography of their provinces. Sir T. Browne. CHOROID Cho"roid, a. Etym: [gr. (Anat.) Defn: resembling the chorion; as, the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain, and the choroid coat of the eyeball. -- n. Defn: The choroid coat of the eye. See Eye. Choroid plexus (Anat.), one of the delicate fringelike processes, consisting almost entirely of blood vessels, which project into the ventricles of the brain. CHOROIDAL Cho*roid"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the choroid coat. CHOROLOGY Cho*rol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] (Biol.) Defn: The science which treats of the laws of distribution of living organisms over the earth's surface as to latitude, altitude, locality, etc. Its distribution or chorology. Huxley. CHOROMETRY Cho*rom"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.] Defn: The art of surveying a region or district. CHORTLE Chor"tle, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Chortled; p. pr. & vb. n. Chor"tling.] Defn: A word coined by Lewis Carroll (Charles L. Dodgson), and usually explained as a combination of chuckle and snort. [Humorous] O frabjous day ! Callooh ! Callay ! He chortled in his joy. Lewis Carroll. CHORUS Cho"rus, n.; pl. Choruses. Etym: [L., a dance in a ring, a dance accompanied with song; a chorus, a band of dancers and singers. Gr. Choir.] 1. (Antiq.) Defn: A band of singers and dancers. The Grecian tragedy was at first nothing but a chorus of singers. Dryden. 2. (Gr. Drama) Defn: A company of persons supposed to behold what passed in the acts of a tragedy, and to sing the sentiments which the events suggested in couplets or verses between the acts; also, that which was thus sung by the chorus. What the lofty, grave tragedians taught In chorus or iambic. Milton. 3. An interpreter in a dumb show or play. [Obs.] 4. (Mus.) Defn: A company of singers singing in concert. 5. (Mus.) Defn: A composition of two or more parts, each of which is intended to be sung by a number of voices. 6. (Mus.) Defn: Parts of a song or hymn recurring at intervals, as at the end of stanzas; also, a company of singers who join with the singer or choir in singer or choir in singing such parts. 7. The simultaneous of a company in any noisy demonstration; as, a Chorus of shouts and catcalls. CHORUS Cho"rus, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chorused; p. pr. & vb. n. Chorusing.] Defn: To sing in chorus; to exclaim simultaneously. W. D. Howells. CHOSE Chose, n.; pl. Choses. Etym: [F., fr. L. causa cause, reason. See Cause.] (Law) Defn: A thing; personal property. Chose in action, a thing of which one has not possession or actual enjoyment, but only a right to it, or a right to demand it by action at law, and which does not exist at the time in specie; a personal right to a thing not reduced to possession, but recoverable by suit at law; as a right to recover money due on a contract, or damages for a tort, which can not be enforced against a reluctant party without suit. -- Chose in possession, a thing in possession, as distinguished from a thing in action. -- Chose local, a thing annexed to a place, as a mill. -- Chose transitory, a thing which is movable. Cowell. Blount. CHOSE Chose, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Choose. CHOSEN Cho"sen, p. p. of Choose. Defn: Selected from a number; picked out; choice. Seven hundred chosen men left-handed. Judg. xx. 16. CHOSEN Cho"sen, n. Defn: One who, or that which is the object of choice or special favor. CHOU Chou, n.; pl. Choux (#). [F., fr. L. caulis stalk.] 1. A cabbage. 2. A kind of light pastry, usually in the form of a small round cake, and with a filling, as of jelly or cream. 3. A bunch, knot, or rosette of ribbon or other material, used as an ornament in women's dress. CHOUAN Chou"an, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: One of the royalist insurgents in western France (Brittany, etc.), during and after the French revolution. CHOUGH Chough, n. Etym: [OE. choughe, kowe (and cf. OE. ca), fr. AS. ceó; cf. also D. kauw, OHG. chaha; perh. akin to E. caw. *22. Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of the Crow family (Fregilus graculus) of Europe. It is of a black color, with a long, slender, curved bill and red legs; -- also called chauk, chauk-daw, chocard, Cornish chough, red-legged crow. The name is also applied to several allied birds, as the Alpine chough. Cornish chough (Her.), a bird represented black, with red feet, and beak; -- called also aylet and sea swallow. CHOUICHA Chou"i*cha, n. Etym: [Native name] (Zoöl.) Defn: The salmon of the Columbia River or California. See Quinnat. CHOUKA Chou"ka, n. Etym: [Native name] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Indian four-horned antelope; the chikara. CHOULE Choule, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Jowl. Sir W. Scott. CHOULTRY Choul"try, n. Defn: See Choltry. CHOUSE Chouse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Choused; p. pr. & vb. n. Chousing.] Etym: [From Turk. cha\'d4sh a messenger or interpreter, one of whom, attached to the Turkish embassy, in 1609 cheated the Turkish merchants resident in England out of £4,000.] Defn: To cheat, trick, defraud; -- followed by of, or out of; as, to chouse one out of his money. [Colloq.] The undertaker of the afore-cited poesy hath choused your highness. Landor. CHOUSE Chouse, n. 1. One who is easily cheated; a tool; a simpleton; a gull. Hudibras. 2. A trick; sham; imposition. Johnson. 3. A swindler. B. Jonson. CHOUT Chout, n. Etym: [Mahratta chauth one fourth part.] Defn: An assessment equal to a fourth part of the revenue. [India] J. Mill. CHOW Chow, n. [Chin chou.] Defn: A prefecture or district of the second rank in China, or the chief city of such a district; -- often part of the name of a city, as in Foochow. CHOWCHOW Chow"chow`, a. Etym: [Chin.] Defn: Consisting of several kinds mingled together; mixed; as, chowchow sweetmeats (preserved fruits put together). Chowchow chop, the last lighter containing the small sundry packages sent off to fill up a ship. S. W. Williams. CHOWCHOW Chow"chow`, n. (Com.) Defn: A kind of mixed pickles. CHOWDER Chow"der, n. Etym: [F. chaudière a kettle, a pot. Cf. Caldron.] 1. (Cookery) Defn: A dish made of fresh fish or clams, biscuit, onions, etc., stewed together. 2. A seller of fish. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Chowder beer, a liquor made by boiling black spruce in water and mixing molasses with the decoction. CHOWDER Chow"der, v. t. Defn: To make a chowder of. CHOWRY Chow"ry, n. Etym: [Hind. chaunri.] Defn: A whisk to keep off files, used in the East Indies. Malcom. CHOWTER Chow"ter, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OE. chowre, and Prov. E. chow, to grumble.] Defn: To grumble or mutter like a froward child. [Obs.] E. Phillips. CHOY ROOT Choy" root`. Defn: See Chay root. CHREMATISTICS Chre`ma*tis"tics, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The science of wealth; the science, or a branch of the science, of political economy. CHREOTECHNICS Chre`o*tech"nics, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The science of the useful arts, esp. agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. [R.] CHRESTOMATHIC Chres`to*math"ic, a. Defn: Teaching what is useful. "A chrestomathic school." Southey. CHRESTOMATHY Chres*tom"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A selection of passages, with notes, etc., to be used in acquiring a language; as, a Hebrew chrestomathy. CHRISM Chrism, n. Etym: [OE. crisme, from AS. crisma; also OE. creme, fr. OF. cresme, like the AS. word fr. LL. chrisma, fr. Gr. friare, fricare, to rub, Skr. gharsh, E. friable, friction. Cf. Chrisom.] (Gr. & R. C. Church 1. Olive oil mixed with balm and spices, consecrated by the bishop on Maundy Thursday, and used in the administration of baptism, confirmation, ordination, etc. 2. The same as Chrisom. CHRISMAL Chris"mal, a. Etym: [LL. chrismalis.] Defn: Of or pertaining to or used in chrism. CHRISMATION Chris*ma"tion, n. Etym: [LL. chrismatio.] Defn: The act of applying the chrism, or consecrated oil. Chrismation or cross-signing with ointment, was used in baptism. Jer. Taylor. CHRISMATORY Chris"ma*to*ry, n. Etym: [LL. chrismatorium.] Defn: A cruet or vessel in which chrism is kept. CHRISOM Chris"om, n. Etym: [See Chrism.] 1. A white cloth, anointed with chrism, or a white mantle thrown over a child when baptized or christened. [Obs.] 2. A child which died within a month after its baptism; -- so called from the chrisom cloth which was used as a shroud for it. [Obs.] Blount. CHRIST Christ, n. Etym: [L. Christus, Gr. chri`ein to anoint. See Chrism.] Defn: The Anointed; an appellation given to Jesus, the Savior. It is synonymous with the Hebrew Messiah. CHRISTCROSS Christ"cross`, n. 1. The mark of the cross, as cut, painted, written, or stamped on certain objects, -- sometimes as the sign of 12 o'clock on a dial. The fescue of the dial is upon the christcross of noon. Old Play. Nares. 2. The beginning and the ending. [Obs.] Quarles. CHRISTCROSS-ROW Christ"cross-row`, Defn: The alphabet; -- formerly so called, either from the cross usually set before it, or from a superstitious custom, sometimes practiced, of writing it in the form of a cross, by way of a charm. From infant conning of the Christcross-row. Wordsworth. CHRISTEN Chris"ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Christened; p. pr. & vb. n. Christening.] Etym: [AS. cristnian to make a Christian, fr. cristen a Christian.] 1. To baptize and give a Christian name to. 2. To give a name; to denominate. "Christen the thing what you will." Bp. Burnet. 3. To Christianize. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. 4. To use for the first time. [Colloq.] CHRISTENDOM Chris"ten*dom, n. Etym: [AS. cristend; cristen a Christian + -dom.] 1. The profession of faith in Christ by baptism; hence, the Christian religion, or the adoption of it. [Obs.] Shak. 2. The name received at baptism; or, more generally, any name or appelation. [Obs.] Pretty, fond, adoptious christendoms. Shak. 3. That portion of the world in which Christianity prevails, or which is governed under Christian institutions, in distinction from heathen or Mohammedan lands. The Arian doctrine which then divided Christendom. Milton A wide and still widening Christendom. Coleridge. 4. The whole body of Christians. Hooker. CHRISTIAN Chris"tian, n. Etym: [L. christianus, Gr. cristen. See Christ.] 1. One who believes, or professes or is assumed to believe, in Jesus Christ, and the truth as taught by Him; especially, one whose inward and outward life is conformed to the doctrines of Christ. The disciples were called Christians first in Antioch. Acts xi. 26. 2. One born in a Christian country or of Christian parents, and who has not definitely becomes an adherent of an opposing system. 3. (Eccl.) (a) One of a Christian denomination which rejects human creeds as bases of fellowship, and sectarian names. They are congregational in church government, and baptize by immersion. They are also called Disciples of Christ, and Campbellites. (b) One of a sect (called Christian Connection) of open-communion immersionists. The Bible is their only authoritative rule of faith and practice. Note: In this sense, often pronounced, but not by the members of the sects, kris"chan. CHRISTIAN Chris"tian, a. 1. Pertaining to Christ or his religion; as, Christian people. 3. Pertaining to the church; ecclesiastical; as, a Christian court. Blackstone. 4. Characteristic of Christian people; civilized; kind; kindly; gentle; beneficent. The graceful tact; the Christian art. Tennyson. Christian Commission. See under Commission. -- Christian court. Same as Ecclesiastical court. -- Christian era, the present era, commencing with the birth of Christ. It is supposed that owing to an error of a monk (Dionysius Exiguus, d. about 556) employed to calculate the era, its commencement was fixed three or four years too late, so that 1890 should be 1893 or 1894. -- Christian name, the name given in baptism, as distinct from the family name, or surname. CHRISTIAN ERA Christian Era. Defn: The era in use in all Christian countries, which was intended to commence with the birth of Christ. The era as now established was first used by Dionysius Exiguus (died about 540), who placed the birth of Christ on the 25th of December in the year of Rome 754, which year he counted as 1 a. d. This date for Christ's birth is now generally thought to be about four years too late. CHRISTIANISM Chris`tian*ism, n. Etym: [L. christianismus, Gr. christianisme.] 1. The Christian religion. [Obs.] Milton. 2. The Christian world; Christendom. [Obs.] Johnson CHRISTIANITE Chris"tian*ite, n. Etym: [In sense (a) named after Christian Frederic, of Denmark; in sense (b) after Christian VII., of Denmark.] (Min.) (a) Same as Anorthite. [R.] (b) See Phillipsite. CHRISTIANITY Chris*tian"i*ty, n. Etym: [OE. cristiente, OF. cristienté, F. chrétienté, fr. L. christianitas. ] 1. The religion of Christians; the system of doctrines and precepts taught by Christ. 2. Practical conformity of one's inward and outward life to the spirit of the Christian religion 3. The body of Christian believers. [Obs.] To Walys fled the christianitee Of olde Britons. Chaucer. CHRISTIANIZATION Chris`tian*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of converting or being converted to a true Christianity. CHRISTIANIZE Chris"tian*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Christianized (; p. pr. vb. n. Christianizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. christianiser, L. christianizare, fr. Gr. 1. To make Christian; to convert to Christianity; as, to Christianize pagans. 2. To imbue with or adapt to Christian principles. Christianized philosophers. I. Taylor. CHRISTIANIZE Chris"tian*ize, v. i. Defn: To adopt the character or belief of a Christian; to become Christian. The pagans began to Christianize. Latham. CHRISTIANLIKE Chris"tian*like`, a. Defn: Becoming to a Christian. A virtuous and a Christianlike conclusion. Shak. CHRISTIANLY Chris"tian*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner becoming the principles of the Christian religion. Sufferings . . . patiently and Christianly borne. Sharp. CHRISTIANLY Chris"tian*ly, a. Defn: Christianlike. Longfellow. CHRISTIANNESS Chris"tian*ness, n. Defn: Consonance with the doctrines of Christianity. [Obs.] Hammond. CHRISTIAN SCIENCE Christian Science. Defn: A system of healing disease of mind and body which teaches that all cause and effect is mental, and that sin, sickness, and death will be destroyed by a full understanding of the Divine Principle of Jesus' teaching and healing. The system was founded by Rev. Mary Baker Glover Eddy, of Concord, N. H., in 1866, and bases its teaching on the Scriptures as understood by its adherents. CHRISTIAN SCIENTIST Christian Scientist. Defn: A believer in Christian Science; one who practices its teachings. CHRISTIAN SENECA Christian Seneca. Defn: Joseph Hall (1574 -- 1656), Bishop of Norwich, a divine eminent as a moralist. CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM Christian Socialism. Defn: Any theory or system that aims to combine the teachings of Christ with the teachings of socialism in their applications to life; Christianized socialism; esp., the principles of this nature advocated by F. D. Maurice, Charles Kingsley, and others in England about 1850. -- Christian socialist. CHRISTLESS Christ"less, a. Defn: Without faith in Christ; unchristian. Tennyson. CHRISTLIKE Christ"like`, a. Defn: Resembling Christ in character, actions, etc. -- Christ"like`ness, n. CHRISTLY Christ"ly, a. Defn: Christlike. H. Bushnell. CHRISTMAS Christ"mas, n. Etym: [Christ + mass.] Defn: An annual church festival (December 25) and in some States a legal holiday, in memory of the birth of Christ, often celebrated by a particular church service, and also by special gifts, greetings, and hospitality. Christmas box. (a) A box in which presents are deposited at Christmas. (b) A present or small gratuity given to young people and servants at Christmas; a Christmas gift. -- Christmas carol, a carol sung at, or suitable for, Christmas. -- Christmas day. Same as Christmas. -- Christmas eve, the evening before Christmas. -- Christmas fern (Bot.), an evergreen North American fern (Aspidium acrostichoides), which is much used for decoration in winter. -- Christmas flower, Christmas rose, the black hellebore, a poisonous plant of the buttercup family, which in Southern Europe often produces beautiful roselike flowers midwinter. -- Christmas tree, a small evergreen tree, set up indoors, to be decorated with bonbons, presents, etc., and illuminated on Christmas eve. CHRISTMASTIDE Christ"mas*tide`, n. Etym: [Christmas + tide time.] Defn: The season of Christmas. CHRISTOCENTRIC Chris"to*cen"tric, a. Etym: [Christ + centric.] Defn: Making Christ the center, about whom all things are grouped, as in religion or history; tending toward Christ, as the central object of thought or emotion. J. W. Chadwick. CHRISTOLOGY Chris*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Crist + -logy.] Defn: A treatise on Christ; that department of theology which treats of the personality, attributes, or life of Christ. CHRISTOM Chris"tom, n. Defn: See Chrisom. [Obs.] Shak. CHRISTOPHANY Chris*toph"a*ny, n. Etym: [Christ + Gr. Defn: An appearance of Christ, as to his disciples after the crucifixion. CHRIST'S-THORN Christ's-thorn`, n. (Bot.) Defn: One of several prickly or thorny shrubs found in Palestine, especially the Paliurus aculeatus, Zizyphus Spina-Christi, and Z. vulgaris. The last bears the fruit called jujube, and may be considered to have been the most readily obtainable for the Crown of Thorns. CHROMASCOPE Chro"ma*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] Defn: An instrument for showing the optical effects of color. CHROMATE Chro"mate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chromate. See Chrome.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of chromic acid. CHROMATIC Chro*mat"ic, a. Etym: [L. chromaticus, Gr. 1. Relating to color, or to colors. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Proceeding by the smaller intervals (half steps or semitones) of the scale, instead of the regular intervals of the diatonic scale. Note: The intermediate tones were formerly written and printed in colors. Chromatic aberration. (Opt.) See Aberration, 4. -- Chromatic printing, printing from type or blocks covered with inks of various colors. -- Chromatic scale (Mus.), the scale consisting of thirteen tones, including the eight scale tones and the five intermediate tones. CHROMATICAL Chro*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Chromatic. [Obs.] CHROMATICALLY Chro*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a chromatic manner. CHROMATICS Chro*mat"ics, n. Defn: The science of colors; that part of optics which treats of the properties of colors. CHROMATIN Chro"ma*tin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Tissue which is capable of being stained by dyes. CHROMATISM Chro"ma*tism, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Optics) Defn: The state of being colored, as in the case of images formed by a lens. 2. (Bot.) Defn: An abnormal coloring of plants. CHROMATOGENOUS Chro`ma*tog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. -genous.] Defn: Producing color. CHROMATOGRAPHY Chro`ma*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A treatise on colors CHROMATOLOGY Chro`ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: A treatise on colors. CHROMATOPHORE Chro"ma*to*phore`, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A contractile cell or vesicle containing liquid pigment and capable of changing its form or size, thus causing changes of color in the translucent skin of such animals as possess them. They are highly developed and numerous in the cephalopods. 2. (Bot.) Defn: One of the granules of protoplasm, which in mass give color to the part of the plant containing them. CHROMATOSCOPE Chro"ma*to*scope`, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Astron.) Defn: A reflecting telescope, part of which is made to rotate eccentrically, so as to produce a ringlike image of a star, instead of a point; -- used in studying the scintillation of the stars. CHROMATOSPHERE Chro"ma*to*sphere`, n. Defn: A chromosphere. [R.] CHROMATROPE Chro"ma*trope, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Physics) Defn: An instrument for exhibiting certain chromatic effects of light (depending upon the persistence of vision and mixture of colors) by means of rapidly rotating disks variously colored. 2. A device in a magic lantern or stereopticon to produce kaleidoscopic effects. CHROMATYPE Chro"ma*type, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Photog.) Defn: A colored photographic picture taken upon paper made sensitive with potassium bichromate or some other salt of chromium. 2. The process by which such picture is made. CHROME Chrome, n. Defn: Same as Chromium. Chrome alum (Chem.), a dark violet substance, (SO4)3Cr2.K2SO4.24H2O, analogous to, and crystallizing like, common alum. It is regarded as a double sulphate of chromium and potassium. -- Chrome green (a) The green oxide of chromium, Cr2O3, used in enamel painting, and glass staining. (b) A pigment made by mixing chrome yellow with Prussian blue. -- Chrome red, a beautiful red pigment originally prepared from the basic chromate of lead, but now made from red oxide of lead. -- Chrome yellow, a brilliant yellow pigment, PbCrO4, used by painters. CHROME STEEL Chrome steel. Defn: Same as Chromium steel, under Steel. CHROMIC Chro"mic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, chromium; -- said of the compounds of chromium in which it has its higher valence. Chromic acid, an acid, H2CrO4, analogous to sulphuric acid, not readily obtained in the free state, but forming well known salts, many of which are colored pigments, as chrome yellow, chrome red, etc. -- Chromic anhydride, a brilliant red crystalline substance, CrO3, regarded as the anhydride of chromic acid. It is one of the most powerful oxidizers known. CHROMID Chro"mid, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Chromidæ, a family of fresh-water fishes abundant in the tropical parts of America and Africa. Some are valuable food fishes, as the bulti of the Nile. CHROMIDROSIS Chro`mi*dro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Secretion of abnormally colored perspiration. CHROMISM Chro"mism, n. Defn: Same as Chromatism. CHROMITE Chro"mite, n. 1. (Min.) Defn: A black submetallic mineral consisting of oxide of chromium and iron; -- called also chromic iron. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A compound or salt of chromous hydroxide regarded as an acid. [R.] CHROMIUM Chro"mi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A comparatively rare element occurring most abundantly in the mineral chromite. Atomic weight 52.5. Symbol Cr. When isolated it is a hard, brittle, grayish white metal, fusible with difficulty. Its chief commercial importance is for its compounds, as potassium chromate, lead chromate, etc., which are brilliantly colored and are used dyeing and calico printing. Called also chrome. CHROMO Chro"mo, n.; pl. Chromos. Etym: [Abbrev. from chromolithograph.] Defn: A chromolithograph. CHROMOBLAST Chro"mo*blast, n. Etym: [Gr. -blast.] Defn: An embryonic cell which develops into a pigment cell. CHROMOGEN Chro"mo*gen, Etym: [Gr. -gen.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Vegetable coloring matter other than green; chromule. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Any colored compound, supposed to contain one or more chromophores. CHROMOGENIC Chro"mo*gen"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Containing, or capable of forming, chromogen; as, chromogenic bacteria. CHROMOGRAPH Chro"mo*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: An apparatus by which a number of copies of written matter, maps, plans, etc., can be made; -- called also hectograph. CHROMOLEUCITE Chro`mo*leu"cite, n. Etym: [Gr. leucite.] (Bot.) Defn: A chromoplastid. CHROMOLITHOGRAPH Chro`mo*lith"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. lithograph.] Defn: A picture printed in tints and colors by repeated impressions from a series of stones prepared by the lithographic process. CHROMOLITHOGRAPHER Chro`mo*li*thog"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who is engaged in chromolithography. CHROMOLITHOGRAPHIC Chro"mo*lith`o*graph"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or made by, chromolithography. CHROMOLITHOGRAPHY Chro"mo*li*thog"ra*phy, n. Defn: Lithography adapted to printing in inks of various colors. CHROMOPHANE Chro"mo*phane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A general name for the several coloring matters, red, green, yellow, etc., present in the inner segments in the cones of the retina, held in solution by fats, and slowly decolorized by light; distinct from the photochemical pigments of the rods of the retina. CHROMOPHORE Chro"mo*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Any chemical group or residue (as NO CHROMOPHOTOGRAPH Chro`mo*pho"to*graph, n. [Gr. color + photograph.] Defn: A picture made by any of the processes for reproducing photographs in colors. --Chro`mo*pho`to*graph"ic (#), a. CHROMOPHOTOGRAPHY Chro`mo*pho*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. photography.] Defn: The art of producing photographs in colors. CHROMOPHOTOLITHOGRAPH Chro"mo*pho`to*lith"o*graph, n. Defn: A photolithograph printed in colors. CHROMOPLASTID Chro`mo*plas"tid, n. Etym: [Gr. plastid.] (Bot.) Defn: A protoplasmic granule of some other color than green; -- also called chromoleucite. CHROMOSOME Chro"mo*some`, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: One of the minute bodies into which the chromatin of the nucleus is resolved during mitotic cell division; the idant of Weismann. CHROMOSPHERE Chro"mo*sphere, n. Etym: [Gr. sphere.] (Astron.) Defn: An atmosphere of rare matter, composed principally of incandescent hydrogen gas, surrounding the sun and enveloping the photosphere. Portions of the chromosphere are here and there thrown up into enormous tongues of flame. CHROMOSPHERIC Chro`mo*spher"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the chromosphere. CHROMOTYPE Chro"mo*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.] 1. A sheet printed in colors by any process, as a chromolithograph. See Chromolithograph. 2. A photographic picture in the natural colors. CHROMOUS Chro"mous, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, chromium, when this element has a valence lower than that in chromic compounds. Chromous acid, a bluish gray powder, CrO.OH, of weak acid properties and regard as an acid. CHROMULE Chro"mule, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A general name for coloring matter of plants other than chlorophyll, especially that of petals. CHRONIC Chron"ic, a. Etym: [L. chronicus, Gr. chronique.] 1. Relating to time; according to time. 2. Continuing for a long time; lingering; habitual. Chronic disease, one which is inveterate, of long continuance, or progresses slowly, in distinction from an acute disease, which speedly terminates. CHRONICAL Chron"ic*al, a. Defn: Chronic. Partly on a chronical, and partly on a topical method. J. A. Alexander. CHRONICLE Chron"i*cle, n. Etym: [OE. cronicle, fr. cronique, OF. cronique, F. chronique, L. chronica, fr. Gr. Chronic.] 1. An historical register or account of facts or events disposed in the order of time. 2. A narrative of events; a history; a record. 3. pl. Defn: The two canonical books of the Old Testament in which immediately follow 2 Kings. Syn. - Register; record; annals. See History. CHRONICLE Chron"i*cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chronicled; p. pr. & vb. n. Chronicling.] Defn: To record in a history or chronicle; to record; to register. Shak. CHRONICLER Chron"i*cler, n. Defn: A writer of a chronicle; a recorder of events in the order of time; an historian. Such an honest chronicler as Griffith. Shak. CHRONIQUE Chro`nique", n. Etym: [F. See Chronicle.] Defn: A chronicle. L. Addison. CHRONOGRAM Chron"o*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. chronogramme.] 1. An inscription in which certain numeral letters, made to appear specially conspicuous, on being added together, express a particular date or epoch, as in the motto of a medal struck by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632: ChrIstVs DVX; ergo trIVMphVs. - the capitals of which give, when added as numerals, the sum 1632. 2. The record or inscription made by a chronograph. CHRONOGRAMMATIC; CHRONOGRAMMATICAL Chron`o*gram*mat"ic, Chron`o*gram*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chronogrammatique.] Defn: Belonging to a chronogram, or containing one. CHRONOGRAMMATIST Chron`o*gram"ma*tist, n. Defn: A writer of chronograms. CHRONOGRAPH Chron"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph: cf. F. chronographe.] 1. An instrument for measuring or recording intervals of time, upon a revolving drum or strip of paper moved by clockwork. The action of the stylus or pen is controlled by electricity. 2. Same as Chronogram, 1. [R.] 3. A chronoscope. CHRONOGRAPHER Chro*nog"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who writes a chronography; a chronologer. Tooke. CHRONOGRAPHIC Chron`o*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a chronograph. CHRONOGRAPHY Chro*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. Chronograph.] Defn: A description or record of past time; history. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. CHRONOLOGER Chro*nol"o*ger, n. Defn: Same as Chronologist. CHRONOLOGIC; CHRONOLOGICAL Chron`o*log"ic, Chron`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Relating to chronology; containing an account of events in the order of time; according to the order of time; as, chronological tables. Raleigh. -- Chron`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. CHRONOLOGIST; CHRONOLOGER Chro*nol"o*gist, Chro*nol"o*ger, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A person who investigates dates of events and transactions; one skilled in chronology. That learned noise and dust of the chronologist is wholly to be avoided. Locke. THe most exact chronologers tell us that Christ was born in October, and not in December. John Knox. CHRONOLOGY Chro*nol"o*gy, n.; pl. Chronologies. Etym: [Gr. chronologie.] Defn: The science which treats of measuring time by regular divisions or periods, and which assigns to events or transactions their proper dates. If history without chronology is dark and confused, chronology without history is dry and insipid. A. Holmes. CHRONOMETER Chro*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. chronomètre.] 1. An instrument for measuring time; a timekeeper. 2. A portable timekeeper, with a heavy compensation balance, and usually beating half seconds; -- intended to keep time with great accuracy for use an astronomical observations, in determining longitude, etc. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A metronome. Box chronometer. See under Box. -- Pocket chronometer, a chronometer in the form of a large watch. -- To rate a chronometer. See Rate, v. t. CHRONOMETRIC; CHRONOMETRICAL Chron`o*met"ric, Chron`o*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chronométrique.] Defn: Pertaining to a chronometer; measured by a chronometer. CHRONOMETRY Chro*nom"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chronométrie.] Defn: The art of measuring time; the measuring of time by periods or divisions. CHRONOPHER Chron"o*pher, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An instrument signaling the correct time to distant points by electricity. CHRONOPHOTOGRAPH Chron`o*pho"to*graph, n. [Gr. time + photograph.] Defn: One of a set of photographs of a moving object, taken for the purpose of recording and exhibiting successive phases of the motion. --Chron`o*pho*tog"ra*phy, n. CHRONOSCOPE Chron"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] Defn: An instrument for measuring minute intervals of time; used in determining the velocity of projectiles, the duration of short-lived luminous phenomena, etc. CHRYSALID Chrys"a*lid, a. Defn: Pertaining to a chrysalis; resembling a chrysalis. CHRYSALID Chrys"a*lid, n.; pl. Chrysalids. Defn: See Chrysalis. CHRYSALIS Chrys"a*lis, n.; pl. Chrysalides. Etym: [L. chrysallis the gold- colored pupa of butterflies, Gr. Aurelia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The pupa state of certain insects, esp. of butterflies, from which the perfect insect emerges. See Pupa, and Aurelia (a). CHRYSANILINE Chrys*an"i*line, n. Etym: [Gr. anilene.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow substance obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of rosaniline. It dyes silk a fine golden-yellow color. CHRYSANTHEMUM Chrys*an"the*mum, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of composite plants, mostly perennial, and of many species including the many varieties of garden chrysanthemums (annual and perennial), and also the feverfew and the oxeye daisy. CHRYSAROBIN Chrys`a*ro"bin, n. Etym: [Gr. araroba a foreign name of Goa powder + -in.] (Chem.) Defn: A bitter, yellow substance forming the essential constituent of Goa powder, and yielding chrysophanic acid proper; hence formerly called also chrysphanic acid. CHRYSAURIN Chrys*au"rin, n. Etym: [Gr. aurum gold. So called from its color.] Defn: An orange-colored dyestuff, of artificial production. CHRYSELEPHANTINE Chrys`el*e*phan"tine, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Composed of, or adorned with, gold and ivory. Note: The chryselephantine statues of the Greeks were built up with inferior materials, veneered, as it were, with ivory for the flesh, and gold decorated with color for the hair and garments. CHRYSENE Chry"sene, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: One of the higher aromatic hydrocarbons of coal tar, allied to napthalene and anthracene. It is a white crystalline substance, C18H12, of strong blue fluorescence, but generally colored yellow by impurities. CHRYSOBERYL Chrys"o*ber`yl, n. Etym: [L. chrysoberyllus, Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral, found in crystals, of a yellow to green or brown color, and consisting of aluminia and glucina. It is very hard, and is often used as a gem. CHRYSOCHLORE Chrys"o*chlore, n. Etym: [Gr. chrysochlore.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South African mole of the genus Chrysochloris; the golden mole, the fur of which reflects brilliant metallic hues of green and gold. CHRYSOCOLLA Chrys"o*col`la, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Min.) Defn: A hydrous silicate of copper, occurring massive, of a blue or greenish blue color. CHRYSOGEN Chrys"o*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline substance extracted from crude anthracene. CHRYSOGRAPHY Chry*sog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. The art of writing in letters of gold. 2. A writing executed in letters of gold. CHRYSOIDINE Chrys*o"ï*dine, n. Etym: [Gr. -oid + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: An artificial, yellow, crystalline dye, C6H5N2.C6H3(NH2)2. Also, one of a group of dyestuffs resembling chrysoïdine proper. CHRYSOLITE Chrys"o*lite, n. Etym: [L. chrysolithos, Gr. chrysolithe.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral, composed of silica, magnesia, and iron, of a yellow to green color. It is common in certain volcanic rocks; -- called also olivine and peridot. Sometimes used as a gem. The name was also early used for yellow varieties of tourmaline and topaz. CHRYSOLOGY Chry*sol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: That branch of political economy which relates to the production of wealth. CHRYSOPA Chrys*o"pa, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of neuropterous insects. See Lacewing. CHRYSOPHANE Chrys"o*phane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside extracted from rhubarb as a bitter, yellow, crystalline powder, and yielding chrysophanic acid on decomposition. CHRYSOPHANIC Chrys`o*phan"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, or resembling, chrysophane. Chrysophanic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance extracted from rhubarb, yellow dock, sienna, chrysarobin, etc., and shown to be a derivative of an anthracene. It is used in the treatment of skin diseases; -- called also rhein, rheic acid, rhubarbarin, etc. CHRYSOPRASE Chrys"o*prase, n. Etym: [OE. crisopace, OF. crisoprace, F. chrysoprase, L. chrysoprasus, fr. Gr. (Min.) Defn: An apple-green variety of chalcedony, colored by nickel. It has a dull flinty luster, and is sometimes used in jewelry. CHRYSOPRASUS Chry*sop"ra*sus, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Chrysoprase. Rev. xxi. 20. CHRYSOSPERM Chrys"o*sperm, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The seed of gold; a means of creating gold. [Obs.] B. Jonson. CHRYSOTYPE Chrys"o*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.] 1. A photographic picture taken upon paper prepared by the use of a sensitive salt of iron and developed by the application of chloride of gold. Abney. 2. 2process, invented by Sir J.Herschel. CHTHONIAN Chtho"ni*an, a. [Gr. in or under the earth, fr. , , earth.] Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, gods or spirits of the underworld; esp., relating to the underworld gods of the Greeks, whose worship is widely considered as more primitive in form than that of the Olympian gods. The characteristics of chthonian worship are propitiatory and magical rites and generalized or euphemistic names of the deities, which are supposed to have been primarily ghosts. CHTHONIC Chthon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to the earth; earthy; as, chthonic religions. [The] chthonic character of the wife of Zeus. Max Müller. CHTHONOPHAGIA; CHTHONOPHAGY Chthon`o*pha"gi*a, Chtho*noph"a*gy, n. Etym: [NL. chthonophagia; Gr. Defn: A disease characterized by an irresistible desire to eat earth, observed in some parts of the southern United States, the West Indies, etc. CHUB Chub, n. Etym: [This word seems to signify a large or thick fish. Cf. Sw. kubb a short and thick piece of wood, and perh. F. chabot chub.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species to fresh-water fish of the Cyprinidæ or Carp family. The common European species is Leuciscus cephalus; the cheven. In America the name is applied to various fishes of the same family, of the genera Semotilus, Squalius, Ceratichthys, etc., and locally to several very different fishes, as the tautog, black bass, etc. Chub mackerel (Zoöl.), a species of mackerel (Scomber colias) in some years found in abundance on the Atlantic coast, but absent in others; -- called also bull mackerel, thimble-eye, and big-eye mackerel. -- Chub sucker (Zoöl.), a fresh-water fish of the United States (Erimyzon sucetta); -- called also creekfish. CHUBBED Chub"bed, a. Defn: Chubby. [R.] H. Brooke. CHUBBEDNESS Chub"bed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being chubby. CHUBBY Chub"by, a. Defn: Like a chub; plump, short, and thick. "Chubby faces." I. Taylor. CHUB-FACED Chub"-faced`, a. Defn: Having a plump, short face. CHUCK Chuck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Chucking.] Etym: [Imitative of the sound.] 1. To make a noise resembling that of a hen when she calls her chickens; to cluck. 2. To chuckle; to laugh. [R.] Marston. CHUCK Chuck, v. t. Defn: To call, as a hen her chickens. Dryden. CHUCK Chuck, n. 1. The chuck or call of a hen. 2. A sudden, small noise. 3. A word of endearment; -- corrupted from chick. "Pray, chuck, come hither." Shak. CHUCK Chuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Chucking.] Etym: [F. choquer to strike. Cf. Shock, v. t.] 1. To strike gently; to give a gentle blow to. Chucked the barmaid under the chin. W. Irving. 2. To toss or throw smartly out of the hand; to pitch. [Colloq.] "Mahomet Ali will just be chucked into the Nile." Lord Palmerson. 3. (Mech.) Defn: To place in a chuck, or hold by means of a chuck, as in turning; to bore or turn (a hole) in a revolving piece held in a chuck. CHUCK Chuck, n. 1. A slight blow or pat under the chin. 2. A short throw; a toss. 3. (Mach.) Defn: A contrivance or machine fixed to the mandrel of a lathe, for holding a tool or the material to be operated upon. Chuck farthing, a play in which a farthing is pitched into a hole; pitch farthing. -- Chuck hole, a deep hole in a wagon rut. -- Elliptic chuck, a chuck having a silder and an eccentric circle, which, as the work turns round, give it a sliding motion across the center which generates an ellipse. Knight. CHUCK Chuck, n. 1. A small pebble; -- called also chuckstone and chuckiestone. [Scot.] 2. pl. Defn: A game played with chucks, in which one or more are tossed up and caught; jackstones. [Scot.] CHUCK Chuck, n. Defn: A piece of the backbone of an animal, from between the neck and the collar bone, with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking; as, a chuck steak; a chuck roast. [Colloq.] CHUCKLE Chuc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chuckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Chuckling.] Etym: [From lst Chuck.] 1. To call, as a hen her chickens; to cluck. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. To fondle; to cocker. [Obs.] Dryden. CHUCKLE Chuc"kle, n. Defn: A short, suppressed laugh; the expression of satisfaction, exultation, or derision. CHUCKLE Chuc"kle, v. i. Etym: [From lst Chuck.] Defn: To laugh in a suppressed or broken manner, as expressing inward satisfaction, exultation, or derision. CHUCKLEHEAD Chuc"kle*head`, n. Defn: A person with a large head; a numskull; a dunce. [Low] Knowles. CHUCKLEHEADED Chuc"kle*head`ed, a. Defn: Having a large head; thickheaded; dull; stupid. Smart. CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW Chuck`-Will's-wid"ow, n. (Zool.) Defn: A species of goatsucker (Antrostomus Carolinensis), of the southern United States; -- so called from its note. CHUD Chud, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Chew, Cud.] Defn: To champ; to bite. [Obs.] A. Stafford. CHUET Chu"et, n. Etym: [From Chew, v. t.] Defn: Minced meat. [Obs.] Bacon. CHUFA Chu"fa, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Bot.) Defn: A sedgelike plant (Cyperus esculentus) producing edible tubers, native about the Mediterranean, now cultivated in many regions; the earth almond. CHUFF Chuff, n. Etym: [Perh. a modification of chub: cf. W. cyff stock, stump.] Defn: A coarse or stupid fellow. Shak. CHUFF Chuff, a. Defn: Stupid; churlish. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. CHUFFILY Chuff"i*ly, adv. Defn: Clownishly; surlily. CHUFFINESS Chuff"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being chuffy. CHUFFY Chuff"y, a. 1. Fat or puffed out in the cheeks. 2. Rough; clownish; surly. CHULAN Chu"lan, n. (Bot.) Defn: The fragrant flowers of the Chloranthus inconspicuus, used in China for perfuming tea. CHUM Chum, n. Etym: [Perh. a contraction fr. comrade or chamber fellow: cf. also AS. cuma a comer, guest.] Defn: A roommate, especially in a college or university; an old and intimate friend. CHUM Chum, v. i. [imp. p. p. Chummed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chumming.] Defn: To occupy a chamber with another; as, to chum together at college. [U. S.] CHUM Chum, n. Defn: Chopped pieces of fish used as bait. [U. S.] CHUMP Chump, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kumbr a chopping, E. chop.] Defn: A short, thick, heavy piece of wood. Morton. Chump end, the thick end; as, the chump end of a joint of meat. Dickens. CHUNAM Chu*nam", n. Etym: [Hind. chuna, from Skr. curna powder, dust; or a Dravidian word.] Defn: Quicklime; also, plaster or mortar. [India] Whitworth. CHUNK Chunk, n. Etym: [Cf. Chump.] Defn: A short, thick piece of anything. [Colloq. U. S. & Prov. Eng.] CHUNKY Chunk"y, a. Defn: Short and thick. [U. S.] Kane. CHUPATTY Chu*pat"ty, n.; pl. -ties (#). [Hind. chapati.] Defn: A kind of griddlecake of unleavened bread, used among the natives of India. [Anglo-Indian] CHUPRASSY; CHUPRASSIE Chu*pras"sy Chu*pras"sie, n. [Hind. chaprassi, fr. chapras badge.] Defn: A messenger or servant wearing an official badge. [Anglo- Indian] CHURCH Church, n. Etym: [OE. chirche, chireche, cherche, Scot. kirk, from AS. circe, cyrice; akin to D. kerk, Icel. kirkja, Sw. kyrka, Dan. kirke, G. kirche, OHG. chirihha; all fr. Gr. ç\'d4ra hero, Zend. çura strong, OIr. caur, cur, hero. Cf. Kirk.] 1. A building set apart for Christian worship. 2. A Jewish or heathen temple. [Obs.] Acts xix. 37. 3. A formally organized body of Christian believers worshiping together. "When they had ordained them elders in every church." Acts xiv. 23. 4. A body of Christian believers, holding the same creed, observing the same rites, and acknowledging the same ecclesiastical authority; a denomination; as, the Roman Catholic church; the Presbyterian church. 5. The collective body of Christians. 6. Any body of worshipers; as, the Jewish church; the church of Brahm. 7. The aggregate of religious influences in a community; ecclesiastical influence, authority, etc.; as, to array the power of the church against some moral evil. Remember that both church and state are properly the rulers of the people, only because they are their benefactors. Bulwer. Note: Church is often used in composition to denote something belonging or relating to the church; as, church authority; church history; church member; church music, etc. Apostolic church. See under Apostolic. -- Broad church. See Broad Church. -- Catholic or Universal church, the whole body of believers in Christ throughout the world. -- Church of England, or English church, the Episcopal church established and endowed in England by law. -- Church living, a benefice in an established church. -- Church militant. See under Militant. -- Church owl (Zoöl.), the white owl. See Barn owl. -- Church rate, a tax levied on parishioners for the maintenance of the church and its services. -- Church session. See under Session. -- Church triumphant. See under Triumphant. -- Church work, work on, or in behalf of, a church; the work of a particular church for the spread of religion. -- Established church, the church maintained by the civil authority; a state church. CHURCH Church, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Churched; p. pr. & vb. n. Churching.] Defn: To bless according to a prescribed form, or to unite with in publicly returning thanks in church, as after deliverance from the dangers of childbirth; as, the churching of women. CHURCH-ALE Church"-ale`, n. Defn: A church or parish festival (as in commemoration of the dedication of a church), at which much ale was used. Wright. Nares. CHURCH-BENCH Church"-bench`, n. Defn: A seat in the porch of a church. Shak. CHURCHDOM Church"dom, n. Defn: The institution, government, or authority of a church. [R.] Bp. Pearson. CHURCHGOER Church"go`er, n. Defn: One who attends church. CHURCHGOING Church"go`ing, a. 1. Habitually attending church. 2. Summoning to church. The sound of the churchgoing bell. Cowper. CHURCH-HAW Church"-haw`, n. Etym: [Church + haw a yard.] Defn: Churchyard. [Obs.] Chaucer. CHURCHISM Church"ism, n. Defn: Strict adherence to the forms or principles of some church organization; sectarianism. CHURCHLESS Church"less, a. Defn: Without a church. T. Fuller. CHURCHLIKE Church"like`, a. Defn: Befitting a church or a churchman; becoming to a clergyman. Shak. CHURCHLINESS Church"li*ness, n. Defn: Regard for the church. CHURCHLY Church"ly, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or suitable for, the church; ecclesiastical. CHURCHMAN Church"man, n.; pl. Churchmen. 1. An ecclesiastic or clergyman. 2. An Episcopalian, or a member of the Established Church of England. "A zealous churchman." Macaulay. 3. One was is attached to, or attends, church. CHURCHMANLY Church"man*ly, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or becoming, a churchman. Milman. CHURCHMANSHIP Church"man*ship, n. Defn: The state or quality of being a churchman; attachment to the church. CHURCH MODES Church" modes`. (Mus.) Defn: The modes or scales used in ancient church music. See Gregorian. CHURCHSHIP Church"ship, n. Defn: State of being a church. South. CHURCHWARDEN Church"ward`en, n. 1. One of the officers (usually two) in an Episcopal church, whose duties vary in different dioceses, but always include the provision of what is necessary for the communion service. 2. A clay tobacco pipe, with a long tube. [Slang, Eng.] There was a small wooden table placed in front of the smoldering fire, with decanters, a jar of tobacco, and two long churchwardens. W. Black. CHURCHWARDENSHIP Church"ward`en*ship, n. Defn: The office of a churchwarden. CHURCHY Church"y, a. Defn: Relating to a church; unduly fond of church forms. [Colloq.] CHURCHYARD Church"yard`, n. Defn: The ground adjoining a church, in which the dead are buried; a cemetery. Like graves in the holy churchyard. Shak. Syn. -- Burial place; burying ground; graveyard; necropolis; cemetery; God's acre. CHURL Churl, n. Etym: [AS. ceorl a freeman of the lowest rank, man, husband; akin to D. karel, kerel, G. kerl, Dan. & Sw. karl, Icel. karl, and to the E. proper name Charles (orig., man, male), and perh. to Skr. jara lover. Cf. Carl, Charles's Wain.] 1. A rustic; a countryman or laborer. "A peasant or churl." Spenser. Your rank is all reversed; let men of cloth Bow to the stalwart churls in overalls. Emerson. 2. A rough, surly, ill-bred man; a boor. A churl's courtesy rarely comes, but either for gain or falsehood. Sir P. Sidney. 3. A selfish miser; an illiberal person; a niggard. Like to some rich churl hoarding up his pelf. Drayton. CHURL Churl, a. Defn: Churlish; rough; selfish. [Obs.] Ford. CHURLISH Churl"ish, a. 1. Like a churl; rude; cross-grained; ungracious; surly; illiberal; niggardly. "Churlish benefits." Ld. Burleigh. Half mankind maintain a churlish strife. Cowper. 2. Wanting pliancy; unmanageable; unyielding; not easily wrought; as, a churlish soil; the churlish and intractable nature of some minerals. Boyle. CHURLISHLY Churl"ish*ly, adv. Defn: In a churlish manner. CHURLISHNESS Churl"ish*ness, n. Defn: Rudeness of manners or temper; lack of kindness or courtesy. CHURLY Churl"y, a. Defn: Rude; churlish; violent. Longfellow. CHURME; CHIRM Churme, Chirm, n. Etym: [See Chirm.] Defn: Clamor, or confused noise; buzzing. [Obs.] The churme of a thousand taunts and reproaches. Bacon. CHURN Churn, n. Etym: [OE. chirne, cherne, AS. ceren, cyrin; akin to D. karn, Dan. kierne. See Churn, v. t.] Defn: A vessel in which milk or cream is stirred, beaten, or otherwise agitated (as by a plunging or revolving dasher) in order to separete the oily globules from the other parts, and obtain butter. CHURN Churn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Churned; p. pr. & vb. n. Churning.] Etym: [OE. chernen, AS. cernan; akin to LG. karnen, G. kernen, D. karnen, Dan. kierne, Sw. kärna, and also to E. corn, kernel, the meaning coming from the idea of extracting the kernel or marrow. See Kernel.] 1. To stir, beat, or agitate, as milk or cream in a churn, in order to make butter. 2. To shake or agitate with violence. Churned in his teeth, the foamy venom rose. Addison. CHURN Churn, v. i. Defn: To perform the operation of churning. CHURNING Churn"ing, n. 1. The act of one who churns. 2. The quantity of butter made at one operation. CHURR Churr, n. [Cf. Chirr.] Defn: A vibrant or whirring noise such as that made by some insects, as the cockchafer, or by some birds, as the nightjar, the partridge, etc. CHURR Churr, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Churred; p. pr. & vb. n. Churr"ing.] Defn: To make a churr, as a cockchafer. That's the churring of the nightjar. Hall Caine. CHURR Churr, v. t. Defn: To utter by churring. CHURRUS Chur"rus, n. Etym: [Hind. charas.] Defn: A powerfully narcotic and intoxicating gum resin which exudes from the flower heads, seeds, etc., of Indian hemp. CHURRWORM Churr"worm`, n. Etym: [AS. cyrran, cerran, to turn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect that turns about nimbly; the mole cricket; -- called also fan cricket. Johnson. CHUSE Chuse, v. t. Defn: See Choose. [Obs.] CHUTE Chute, n. Etym: [F. chute, prop. a fall.] 1. A framework, trough, or tube, upon or through which objects are made to slide from a higher to a lower level, or through which water passes to a wheel. 2. See Shoot. CHUTNEY; CHUTNEE Chut"ney, Chut"nee, n. Etym: [Hind. chatni.] Defn: A warm or spicy condiment or pickle made in India, compounded of various vegetable substances, sweets, acids, etc. CHYLACEOUS Chy*la"ceous, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Possessed of the properties of chyle; consisting of chyle. CHYLAQUEOUS Chy*la"que*ous, a. Etym: [Chyle + aqueous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Consisting of chyle much diluted with water; -- said of a liquid which forms the circulating fluid of some inferior animals. CHYLE Chyle, n. Etym: [NL. chylus, Gr. chyle; prob. akin to E. fuse to melt.] (Physiol.) Defn: A milky fluid containing the fatty matter of the food in a state of emulsion, or fine mechanical division; formed from chyme by the action of the intestinal juices. It is absorbed by the lacteals, and conveyed into the blood by the thoracic duct. CHYLIFACTION Chyl`i*fac"tion, n. Etym: [Chyle + L. facere to make.] (Physiol.) Defn: The act or process by which chyle is formed from food in animal bodies; chylification, -- a digestive process. CHYLIFACTIVE Chyl`i*fac"tive, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Producing, or converting into, chyle; having the power to form chyle. CHYLIFEROUS Chy*lif"er*ous, a. Defn: [Chyle + -ferous: cf. F. chylifère.] (Physiol.) Transmitting or conveying chyle; as, chyliferous vessels. CHYLIFIC Chy*lif"ic, a. Defn: Chylifactive. CHYLIFICATION Chyl`i*fi*ca"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The formation of chyle. See Chylifaction. CHYLIFICATORY Chy*lif"i*ca*to*ry ( or ), a. Defn: Chylifactive. CHYLIFY Chy"li*fy, v. t. & i. Etym: [Chyle + -ly.] (Physiol.) Defn: To make chyle of; to be converted into chyle. CHYLOPOETIC Chy`lo*po*et"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. chylopoiei^n to make into juice, chylo`s juice, chyle + poiei^n to make.] (Physiol.) Defn: Concerned in the formation of chyle; as, the chylopoetic organs. CHYLOUS Chy"lous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chyleux.] (Physiol.) Defn: Consisting of, or similar to, chyle. CHYLURIA Chy*lu"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. from Gr. (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition in which the urine contains chyle or fatty matter, giving it a milky appearance. CHYME Chyme, n. Etym: [L. chymus chyle, Gr. chyme. See Chyle.] (Physiol.) Defn: The pulpy mass of semi-digested food in the small intestines just after its passage from the stomach. It is separated in the intestines into chyle and excrement. See Chyle. CHYMIC; CHYMIST; CHYMISTRY Chym"ic, Chym"ist, Chym"is*try. [Obs.] Defn: See Chemic, Chemist, Chemistry. CHYMIFEROUS Chy*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Chyme + -ferous.] (Physiol.) Defn: Bearing or containing chyme. CHYMIFICATION Chym`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Chyme + L. facere to make: cf. F. Chymification.] (Physiol.) Defn: The conversion of food into chyme by the digestive action of gastric juice. CHYMIFY Chym"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Chyme + -fy: cf. F. chymifier.] (Physiol.) Defn: To form into chyme. CHYMOUS Chy"mous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to chyme. CHYOMETER Chy*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Chem.) Defn: An instrument for measuring liquids. It consists of a piston moving in a tube in which is contained the liquid, the quantity expelled being indicated by the graduation upon the piston rod. CIBARIOUS Ci*ba"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. cibaruus, fr. cibus food.] Defn: Pertaining to food; edible. Johnson. CIBATION Ci*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. cibatio, fr. cibare to feed.] 1. The act of taking food. 2. (Alchemy) Defn: The process or operation of feeding the contents of the crucilbe with fresh material. B. Jonson. CIBOL Cib"ol, n. Etym: [F. ciboule, LL. cepula, cepola, dim. of L. cepa, caepa, caepe, an onion. Cf. Chibbal, Cives.] Defn: A perennial alliaceous plant (Allium fistulosum), sometimes called Welsh onion. Its fistular leaves areused in cookery. CIBORIUM Ci*bo"ri*um, n.: pl. Ciboria. Etym: [LL., fr. L. ciborium a cup, fr. Gr. 1. (Arch.) Defn: A canopy usually standing free and supported on four columns, covering the high altar, or, very rarely, a secondary altar. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The coffer or case in which the host is kept; the pyx. CICADA Ci*ca"da, n.; pl. E. Cicadas, L. Cicadæ. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of the genus Cicada. They are large hemipterous insects, with nearly transparent wings. The male makes a shrill sound by pecular organs in the under side of the abdomen, consisting of a pair of stretched membranes, acted upon by powerful muscles. A noted American species (C. septendecim) is called the seventeen year locust. Another common species is the dogday cicada. CICALA Ci*ca"la, n. Etym: [It., fr. L. cicada.] Defn: A cicada. See Cicada. "At eve a dry cicala sung." Tennison. CICATRICE Cic"a*trice, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. cicatrix.] Defn: A cicatrix. CICATRICIAL Cic`a*tri"cial, a. (Med.) Defn: Relating to, or having the character of, a cicatrix. Dunglison. CICATRICLE Cic"a*tri`cle, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cicatricule, fr. L. cicatricula a small scar, fr. cicatrix a scar.] (Biol.) Defn: The germinating point in the embryo of a seed; the point in the yolk of an egg at which development begins. CICATRISIVE Cic"a*tri`sive, a. Defn: Tending to promote the formation of a cicatrix; good for healing of a wound. CICATRIX Ci*ca"trix, n.; pl. Cicatrices. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: The pellicle which forms over a wound or breach of continuity and completes the process of healing in the latter, and which subsequently contracts and becomes white, forming the scar. CICATRIZANT Cic"a*tri`zant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cicatrisant, properly p. pr. of cicatriser.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine or application that promotes the healing of a sore or wound, or the formation of a cicatrix. CICATRIZATION Cic`a*tri*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cicatrisation.] (Med.) Defn: The process of forming a cicatrix, or the state of being cicatrized. CICATRIZE Cic"a*trize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cicatrized; p. pr. & vb. n. Cicatrizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. cicatriser, fr. cicatrice, L. cicatrix, scar.] (Med.) Defn: To heal or induce the formation of a cicatrix in, as in wounded or ulcerated flesh. Wiseman. CICATRIZE Cic"a*trize, v. i. (Med.) Defn: To heal; to have a new skin. CICATROSE Cic"a*trose`, a. Defn: Full of scars. Craig. CICELY Cic"e*ly, n. Etym: [L. seselis, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Any one of several umbelliferous plants, of the genera Myrrhis, Osmorrhiza, etc. CICERO Cic"e*ro, n. (Print.) Defn: Pica type; -- so called by French printers. CICERONE Ci`ce*ro"ne, n.; pl. It. Ciceroni, E. Cicerones. Etym: [It., fr. L. Cicero, the Roman orator. So called from the ordinary talkativeness of such a guide.] Defn: One who shows strangers the curiosities of a place; a guide. Every glib and loquacious hireling who shows strangers about their picture galleries, palaces, and ruins, is termed by them [the Italians] a cicerone, or a Cicero. Trench. CICERONIAN Cic`e*ro"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Ciceronianus, fr. Cicero, the orator.] Defn: Resembling Cicero in style or action; eloquent. CICERONIANISM Cic`e*ro"ni*an*ism, n. Defn: Imitation of, or resemblance to, the style or action Cicero; a Ciceronian phrase or expression. "Great study in Ciceronianism, the chief abuse of Oxford." Sir P. Sidney. CICHORACEOUS Cich`o*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [See Chicory.] Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, a suborder of composite plants of which the chicory (Cichorium) is the type. CICH-PEA Cich"-pea`, n. Defn: The chick-pea. Holland. CICISBEISM Ci*cis"be*ism, n. Defn: The state or conduct of a cicisbeo. CICISBEO Ci`cis*be"o, n.; pl. It. Cicisbei. Etym: [It.] 1. A professed admirer of a married woman; a dangler about women. 2. A knot of silk or ribbon attached to a fan, walking stick, etc. [Obs.] CICLATOUN Cic"la*toun`, n. Etym: [Of. ciclaton.] Defn: A costly cloth, of uncertain material, used in the Middle Ages. [Obs.] [Written also checklaton, chekelatoun.] His robe was of ciclatoun, That coste many a Jane. Chaucer. CICURATE Cic"u*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. cicurare to tame, fr. cicur tame.] Defn: To tame. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. CICURATION Cic`u*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cicuration.] Defn: The act of taming. [Obs.] Ray. CICUTA Ci*cu"ta, n. Etym: [L., the poison hemlock.] (Bot.) Defn: a genus of poisonous umbelliferous plants, of which the water hemlock or cowbane is best known. Note: The name cicuta is sometimes erroneously applied to Conium maculatum, or officinal hemlock. CICUTOXIN Cic`u*tox"in, n. (Chem.) Defn: The active principle of the water hemlock (Cicuta) extracted as a poisonous gummy substance. CID Cid, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. Ar. seid lord.] 1. Chief or commander; in Spanish literature, a title of Ruy Diaz, Count of Bivar, a champion of Christianity and of the old Spanish royalty, in the 11th century. 2. An epic poem, which celebrates the exploits of the Spanish national hero, Ruy Diaz. CIDER Ci"der, n. Etym: [F. cidre, OF. sidre, fr. L. sicera a kind of strong drink, Gr. shakar to be intoxicated, shekar strong drink.] Defn: The expressed juice of apples. It is used as a beverage, for making vinegar, and for other purposes. Note: Cider was formerly used to signify the juice of other fruits, and other kinds of strong liquor, but was not applied to wine. Cider brandy, a kind of brandy distilled from cider. -- Cider mill, a mill in which cider is made. -- Cider press, the press of a cider mill. CIDERIST Ci`der*ist, n. Defn: A maker of cider. [Obs.] Mortimer. CIDERKIN Ci"der*kin, n. Etym: [Cider + -kin.] Defn: A kind of weak cider made by steeping the refuse pomace in water. Ciderkin is made for common drinking, and supplies the place of small beer. Mortimer. CI-DEVANT Ci`-de*vant", a. Etym: [F., hitherto, formerly.] Defn: Former; previous; of times gone by; as, a cidevant governor. CIERGE Cierge, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. cera wax.] Defn: A wax candle used in religous rites. CIGAR Ci*gar", n. Etym: [Sp. cigarro, orig., a kind of tobacco in the island of Cuba: cf. F. cigare.] Defn: A small roll of tobacco, used for smoking. Cigar fish (Zoöl.), a fish (Decapterus punctatus), allied to the mackerel, found on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. CIGARETTE Cig`a*rette", n. Etym: [F. cigarette.] Defn: A little cigar; a little fine tobacco rolled in paper for smoking. CILIA Cil"i*a, n. pl. Cilium, the sing., is rarely used. Etym: [L. cilium eyelid.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The eyelashes. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Small, generally microscopic, vibrating appendages lining certain organs, as the air passages of the higher animals, and in the lower animals often covering also the whole or a part of the exterior. They are also found on some vegetable organisms. In the Infusoria, and many larval forms, they are locomotive organs. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Hairlike processes, commonly marginal and forming a fringe like the eyelash. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Small, vibratory, swimming organs, somewhat resembling true cilia, as those of Ctenophora. CILIARY Cil"ia*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ciliaire.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the cilia, or eyelashes. Also applied to special parts of the eye itself; as, the ciliary processes of the choroid coat; the ciliary muscle, etc. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to or connected with the cilia in animal or vegetable organisms; as, ciliary motion. CILIATA Cil`i*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Cilia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the orders of Infusoria, characterized by having cilia. In some species the cilia cover the body generally, in others they form a band around the mouth. CILIATE; CILIATED Cil"i*ate, Cil"i*a`ted, a. Defn: Provided with, or surrounded by, cilia; as, a ciliate leaf; endowed with vibratory motion; as, the ciliated epithelium of the windpipe. CILICE Cil"ice, n. Etym: [F. See Cilicious.] Defn: A kind of haircloth undergarment. Southey. CILICIAN Ci*li"cian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Cilicia in Asia Minor. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Cilicia. CILICIOUS Ci*li"cious, a. Etym: [L. cilicium a covering, orig. made of Cilician goat's hair, fr. Cilicious Cilician, fr. Cilicia, a province of Asia Minor.] Defn: Made, or consisting, of hair. [Obs.] A Cilicious or sackcloth habit. Sir T. Browne. CILIFORM; CILIIFORM Cil"i*form, Cil"i*i*form`, a. Etym: [Cilium + -form] Defn: Having the form of cilia; very fine or slender. CILIOGRADE Cil"i*o*grade, a. Etym: [Cilium + L. gradi to step: cf. F. ciliograde.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Moving by means of cilia, or cilialike organs; as, the ciliograde Medusæ. CILIUM Cil"i*um, n. Etym: [L., eyelid.] Defn: See Cilia. CILL Cill, n. Defn: See Sill., n. a foundation. CILLOSIS Cil*lo"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. cilium eyelid.] (Med.) Defn: A spasmodic trembling of the upper eyelid. CIMA Ci"ma, n. (Arch.) Defn: A kind of molding. See Cyma. CIMAR Ci*mar", n. Defn: See Simar. CIMBAL Cim"bal, n. Etym: [It. ciambella.] Defn: A kind of confectionery or cake. [Obs.] Nares. CIMBIA Cim"bi*a, n. (Arch.) Defn: A fillet or band placed around the shaft of a column as if to strengthen it. [Written also cimia.] CIMBRIAN Cim"bri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cimbri. -- n. Defn: One of the Cimbri. See Cimbric. CIMBRIC Cim"bric, a. Defn: Pertaining to the Cimbri, an ancient tribe inhabiting Northern Germany. -- n. Defn: The language of the Cimbri. CIMELIARCH Ci*me"li*arch, n. Etym: [L. cimeliarcha, Gr. Defn: A superintendent or keeper of a church's valuables; a churchwarden. [Obs.] Bailey. CIMETER Cim"e*ter, n. Defn: See Scimiter. CIMEX Ci"mex, n.; pl. Cimices. Etym: [L., a bug.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of hemipterous insects of which the bedbug is the best known example. See Bedbug. CIMIA Cim"i*a, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Cimbia. CIMISS Ci"miss, n. Etym: [L. cimex, -icis, a bug.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The bedbug. [Obs.] Wright. CIMMERIAN Cim*me"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Cimmerius.] [Written also Kimmerian.] 1. Pertaining to the Cimmerii, a fabulous people, said to have lived, in very ancient times, in profound and perpetual darkness. 2. Without any light; intensely dark. In dark Cimmerian desert ever dwell. Milton. CIMOLITE Cim"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. Cimolus, an island of the Cyclades.] (Min.) Defn: A soft, earthy, clayey mineral, of whitish or grayish color. CINCH Cinch, n. Etym: [Sp. cincha, fr. L. cingere to gird.] 1. A strong saddle girth, as of canvas. [West. U. S.] 2. A tight grip. [Colloq.] CINCHONA Cin*cho"na, n. Etym: [So named from the wife of Count Chinchon, viceroy of Peru in the seventeenth century, who by its use was freed from an intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain, contributed to the general propagation of this remedy.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees growing naturally on the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, but now cultivated in the East Indies, producing a medicinal bark of great value. 2. (Med.) Defn: The bark of any species of cinchona containing three per cent. or more of bitter febrifuge alkaloids; Peruvian bark; Jesuits' bark. CINCHONACEOUS Cin`cho*na"ceous, a. Defn: Allied or pertaining to cinchona, or to the plants that produce it. CINCHONIC Cin*chon"ic, a. Defn: Belonging to, or obtained from, cinchona. Mayne. CINCHONIDINE Cin*chon"i*dine, n. Etym: [From Cinchona.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the quinine group of alkaloids, found especially in red cinchona bark. It is a white crystalline substance, C19H22N2O, with a bitter taste and qualities similar to, but weaker than, quinine; -- sometimes called also cinchonidia. CINCHONINE Cin"cho*nine, n. Etym: [From Cinchona: cf. F. cinchonine.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the quinine group of alkaloids isomeric with and resembling cinchonidine; -- called also cinchonia. CINCHONISM Cin"cho*nism, n. Etym: [From Cinchona.] (Med.) Defn: A condition produced by the excessive or long-continued use of quinine, and marked by deafness, roaring in the ears, vertigo, etc. CINCHONIZE Cin"cho*nize, v. t. Defn: To produce cinchonism in; to poison with quinine or with cinchona. CINCINNATI EPOCH Cin`cin*na"ti ep"och. (Geol.) Defn: An epoch at the close of the American lower Silurian system. The rocks are well developed near Cincinnati, Ohio. The group includes the Hudson River and Lorraine shales of New york. CINCINNUS Cin*cin"nus, n.; pl. -ni (#). [Also cicinus, cicinnus.] [L., a curl of hair.] (Bot.) Defn: A form of monochasium in which the lateral branches arise alternately on opposite sides of the false axis; -- called also scorpioid cyme. --Cin*cin"nal (#), a. CINCTURE Cinc"ture, n. Etym: [L. cinctura, fr. cingere, cinctum, to gird.] 1. A belt, a girdle, or something worn round the body, -- as by an ecclesiastic for confining the alb. 2. That which encompasses or incloses; an inclosure. "Within the cincture of one wall." Bacon. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The fillet, listel, or band next to the apophyge at the extremity of the shaft of a column. CINCTURED Cinc"tured, n. Defn: Having or wearing a cincture or gridle. CINDER Cin"der, n. Etym: [AS. sinder slag, dross; akin to Icel. sindr dross, Sw. sinder, G. sinter, D. sintel; perh. influenced by F. cendre ashes, fr. L. cinis. Cf. Sinter.] 1. Partly burned or vitrified coal, or other combustible, in which fire is extinct. 2. A hot coal without flame; an ember. Swift. 3. A scale thrown off in forging metal. 4. The slag of a furnace, or scoriaceous lava from a volcano. Cinder frame, a framework of wire in front of the tubes of a locomotive, to arrest the escape of cinders. -- Cinder notch (Metal.), the opening in a blast furnace, through which melted cinder flows out. CINDERY Cin"der*y, a. Defn: Resembling, or composed of, cinders; full of cinders. CINEFACTION Cin`e*fac"tion, n. Etym: [LL. cinefactio: L. cinis ashes + facere to make: cf. F. cinéfaction.] Defn: Cineration; reduction to ashes. [Obs.] CINEMATIC; CINEMATICAL Cin`e*mat"ic, Cin`e*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: See Kinematic. CINEMATICS Cin`e*mat"ics, n. sing. Defn: See Kinematics. CINEMATOGRAPH Cin`e*mat"o*graph, n. [Gr. , , motion + -graph.] 1. Defn: A machine, combining magic lantern and kinetoscope features, for projecting on a screen a series of pictures, moved rapidly (25 to 50 a second) and intermittently before an objective lens, and producing by persistence of vision the illusion of continuous motion; a moving-picture machine; also, any of several other machines or devices producing moving pictorial effects. Other common names for the cinematograph are animatograph, biograph, bioscope, electrograph, electroscope, kinematograph, kinetoscope, veriscope, vitagraph, vitascope, zoögyroscope, zoöpraxiscope, etc. The cinematograph, invented by Edison in 1894, is the result of the introduction of the flexible film into photography in place of glass. Encyc. Brit. 2. A camera for taking chronophotographs for exhibition by the instrument described above. CINEMATOGRAPHER Cin`e*ma*tog"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who exhibits moving pictures or who takes chronophotographs by the cinematograph. -- Cin`e*mat`o*graph"ic (#), a. -- Cin`e*mat`o*graph"ic*al*ly (#), adv. CINEMOGRAPH Ci*ne"mo*graph, n. [Gr. motion + -graph.] Defn: An integrating anemometer. CINERACEOUS Cin`er*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. cineraceus, fr. cinis ashes.] Defn: Like ashes; ash-colored; cinerous. CINERARIA Cin`e*ra"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. LL. cinerarius pert. to ashes, fr. cinis ashes. So called from the ash-colored down on the leaves.] (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan genus of free-flowering composite plants, mostly from South Africa. Several species are cultivated for ornament. CINERARY Cin"er*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. cinerarius, fr. cinis ashes.] Defn: Pertaining to ashes; containing ashes. Cinerary urns, vessels used by the ancients to preserve the ashes of the dead when burned. CINERATION Cin`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. cinis ashes: cf. F. cinération.] Defn: The reducing of anything to ashes by combustion; cinefaction. CINEREOUS Ci*ne"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. cinereus, fr. cinis ashes.] Defn: Like ashes; ash-colored; grayish. CINERESCENT Cin`er*es"cent, a. Defn: Somewhat cinereous; of a color somewhat resembling that of wood ashes. CINERITIOUS Cin`er*i"tious, a. Etym: [L. cineritius, cinericius, fr. cinis ashes.] Defn: Like ashes; having the color of ashes, -- as the cortical substance of the brain. CINERULENT Ci*ner"u*lent, a. Defn: Full of ashes. [Obs.] CINGALESE Cin`ga*lese", n. sing. & pl. Etym: [Cf. F. Cingalais.] Defn: A native or natives of Ceylon descended from its primitive inhabitants; also (sing.), Defn: the language of the Cingalese. -- a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cingalese. [Written also Singhalese.] Note: Ceylonese is applied to the inhabitants of the island in general. CINGLE Cin"gle, n. Etym: [L. cingula, cingulum, fr. cingere to gird.] Defn: A girth. [R.] See Surcingle. CINGULUM Cin"gu*lum, n. Etym: [L., a girdle.] (Zoöl.) (a) A distinct girdle or band of color; a raised spiral line as seen on certain univalve shells. (b) The clitellus of earthworms. (c) The base of the crown of a tooth. CINNABAR Cin"na*bar, n. Etym: [L. cinnabaris, Gr. qinbar, Hind. shangarf.] 1. (Min.) Defn: Red sulphide of mercury, occurring in brilliant red crystals, and also in red or brown amorphous masses. It is used in medicine. 2. The artificial red sulphide of mercury used as a pigment; vermilion. Cinnabar Græcorum (. Etym: [L. Graecorum, gen. pl., of the Greeks.] (Med.) Same as Dragon's blood. -- Green cinnabar, a green pigment consisting of the oxides of cobalt and zinc subjected to the action of fire. -- Hepatic cinnabar (Min.), an impure cinnabar of a liver-brown color and submetallic luster. CINNABARINE Cin"na*ba*rine, a. Etym: [Cf. F. cinabarin.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, cinnabar; consisting of cinnabar, or containing it; as, cinnabarine sand. CINNAMENE Cin"na*mene, n. Etym: [From Cinnamic.] (Chem.) Defn: Styrene (which was formerly called cinnamene because obtained from cinnamic acid). See Styrene. CINNAMIC Cin*nam"ic, a. Etym: [From Cinnamon.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, cinnamon. Cinnamic acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, odorless substance. C6H5.C2H2C2H2.CO2H, formerly obtained from storax and oil of cinnamon, now made from certain benzene derivatives in large quantities, and used for the artificial production of indigo. CINNAMOMIC Cin`na*mom"ic, a. Etym: [L. cinnamomum cinnamon.] (Chem.) Defn: See Cinnamic. CINNAMON Cin"na*mon, n. Etym: [Heb. qinnamon; cf. Gr. cinnamomum, cinnamon. The Heb. word itself seems to have been borrowed from some other language; cf. Malay kaju manis sweet wood.] (a) The inner bark of the shoots of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, a tree growing in Ceylon. It is aromatic, of a moderately pungent taste, and is one of the best cordial, carminative, and restorative spices. (b) Cassia. Cinnamon stone (Min.), a variety of garnet, of a cinnamon or hyacinth red color, sometimes used in jewelry. -- Oil of cinnamon, a colorless aromatic oil obtained from cinnamon and cassia, and consisting essentially of cinnamic aldehyde, C6H5.C2H2.CHO. -- Wild cinnamon. See Canella. CINNAMONE Cin"na*mone, n. Etym: [Cinnamic + -one.] Defn: A yellow crystalline substance, (C6H5.C2H2)2CO, the ketone of cinnamic acid. CINNAMYL Cin"na*myl, n. Etym: [Cinnamic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical, (C6H5.C2H2)2C, of cinnamic compounds. [Formerly written also cinnamule.] CINNOLINE Cin"no*line, n. Etym: [Cinnamic + quinoline.] Defn: A nitrogenous organic base, C8H6N2, analogous to quinoline, obtained from certain complex diazo compounds. CINQUE Cinque, n. Etym: [F. cinq, fr. L. quinque five. See Five.] Defn: Five; the number five in dice or cards. CINQUECENTIST Cin`que*cen"tist, n. 1. An Italian of the sixteenth century, esp. a poet or artist. 2. A student or imitator of the art or literature of the Cinquecento. CINQUECENTO Cin`que*cen"to, n. & a. Etym: [It., five hundred, abbrev. for fifteen hundred. The Cinquecento style was so called because it arose after the year 1500.] Defn: The sixteenth century, when applied to Italian art or literature; as, the sculpture of the Cinquecento; Cinquecento style. CINQUEFOIL Cinque"foil`, n. Etym: [Cinque five + foil, F. feuille leaf. See Foil.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The name of several different species of the genus Potentilla; -- also called five-finger, because of the resemblance of its leaves to the fingers of the hand. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An ornamental foliation having five points or cups, used in windows, panels, etc. Gwilt. Marsh cinquefoil, the Potentilla palustris, a plant with purple flowers which grows in fresh-water marshes. CINQUE-PACE Cinque"-pace`, n. Etym: [Cinque + pace.] Defn: A lively dance (called also galliard), the steps of which were regulated by the number five. [Obs.] Nares. Shak. CINQUE PORTS Cinque" Ports`. Etym: [Cinque + port.] (Eng. Hist.) Defn: Five English ports, to which peculiar privileges were anciently accorded; -- viz., Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich; afterwards increased by the addition of Winchelsea, Rye, and some minor places. Baron of the Cinque Ports. See under Baron. CINQUE-SPOTTED Cinque"-spot`ted, a. Defn: Five-spotted. [R.] Shak. CINTER Cin"ter, n. Etym: [F. cintre.] (Arch.) Defn: See Center. CINURA Ci*nu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The group of Thysanura which includes Lepisma and allied forms; the bristletails. See Bristletail, and Lepisma. CION Ci"on, n. Etym: [OF. cion. See Scion.] Defn: See Scion. The cion overruleth the stock; and the stock is but passive, and giveth aliment, but no motion, to the graft. Bacon. CIPHER Ci"pher, n. Etym: [OF. cifre zero, F. Chiffre figure (cf. Sp.cifra, LL. cifra), fr. Ar. çifrun, çafrun, empty, cipher, zero, fr. çafira to be empty. Cf. Zero.] 1. (Arith.) Defn: A character [0] which, standing by itself, expresses nothing, but when placed at the right hand of a whole number, increases its value tenfold. 2. One who, or that which, has no weight or influence. Here he was a mere cipher. W. Irving. 3. A character in general, as a figure or letter. [Obs.] This wisdom began to be written in ciphers and characters and letters bearing the forms of creatures. Sir W. Raleigh. 4. A combination or interweaving of letters, as the initials of a name; a device; a monogram; as, a painter's cipher, an engraver's cipher, etc. The cut represents the initials N. W. 5. A private alphabet, system of characters, or other mode of writing, contrived for the safe transmission of secrets; also, a writing in such characters. His father . . . engaged him when he was very young to write all his letters to England in cipher. Bp. Burnet. Cipher key, a key to assist in reading writings in cipher. CIPHER Ci"pher, a. Defn: Of the nature of a cipher; of no weight or influence. "Twelve cipher bishops." Milton. CIPHER Ci"pher, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ciphered; p. pr. & vb. n. Ciphering.] Defn: To use figures in a mathematical process; to do sums in arithmetic. "T was certain he could write and cipher too. Goldsmith. CIPHER Ci"pher, v. t. 1. To write in occult characters. His notes he ciphered with Greek characters. Hayward. 2. To get by ciphering; as, to cipher out the answer. 3. To decipher. [Obs.] Shak. 4. To designate by characters. [Obs.] Shak. CIPHERER Ci"pher*er, n. Defn: One who ciphers. CIPHERHOOD Ci"pher*hood, n. Defn: Nothingness. [R.] Goodwin. CIPOLIN Cip"o*lin, n. Etym: [It. cippollino, prop., a little onion, fr. cipolla onion (cf. E. cibol). So called because its veins consist, like onions, of different strata, one lying upon another.] (Min.) Defn: A whitish marble, from Rome, containiing pale greenish zones. It consists of calcium carbonate, with zones and cloudings of talc. CIPPUS Cip"pus, n.; pl. Cippi. Etym: [L., stake, post.] Defn: A small, low pillar, square or round, commonly having an inscription, used by the ancients for various purposes, as for indicating the distances of places, for a landmark, for sepulchral inscriptions, etc. Gwilt. CIRC Circ, n. Etym: [See Circus.] Defn: An amphitheatrical circle for sports; a circus. [R.] T. Warton. CIRCAR Cir*car", n. Etym: [See Sircar.] Defn: A district, or part of a province. See Sircar. [India] CIRCASSIAN Cir*cas"sian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Circassia, in Asia. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Circassia. CIRCEAN Cir*ce"an, a. Etym: [L. Circaeus.] Defn: Having the characteristics of Circe, daughter of Sol and Perseis, a mythological enchantress, who first charmed her victims and then changed them to the forms of beasts; pleasing, but noxious; as, a Circean draught. CIRCENSIAL; CIRCENSIAN Cir*cen"sial, Cir*cen"sian, a. Etym: [L. Circensis, ludi Circenses, the games in the Circus Maximus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to, or held in, the Circus, In Rome. The pleasure of the Circensian shows. Holyday. CIRCINAL Cir"ci*nal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Circinate. CIRCINATE Cir"ci*nate, a. Etym: [L. circinatus, p. p. of circinare to make round, fr. circinus a pair of compasses, from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Rolled together downward, the tip occupying the center; -- a term used in reference to foliation or leafing, as in ferns. Gray. CIRCINATE Cir"ci*nate, v. t. Defn: To make a circle around; to encompass. [Obs.] Bailey. CIRCINATION Cir`ci*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. circinatio circle.] 1. An orbicular motion. [Obs.] bailey. 2. A circle; a concentric layer. [Obs.] "The circinations and spherical rounds of onions." Sir T. Browne. CIRCLE Cir"cle, n. Etym: [OE. cercle, F. cercle, fr. L. circulus (Whence also AS. circul), dim. of circus circle, akin to Gr. Circus, Circum- .] 1. A plane figure, bounded by a single curve line called its circumference, every part of which is equally distant from a point within it, called the center. 2. The line that bounds sush a figure; a circumference; a ring. 3. (Astron.) Defn: An instrument of observation, the graduated limb of which consists of an entire circle. Note: When it is fixed to a wall in an observatory, it is called a mural circle; when mounted with a telescope on an axis and in Y's, in the plane of the meridian, a meridian or transit circle; when involving the principle of reflection, like the sextant, a reflecting circle; and when that of repeating an angle several times continuously along the graduated limb, a repeating circle. 4. A round body; a sphere; an orb. It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth. Is. xi. 22. 5. Compass; circuit; inclosure. In the circle of this forest. Shak. 6. A company assembled, or conceived to assemble, about a central point of interest, or bound by a common tie; a class or division of society; a coterie; a set. As his name gradually became known, the circle of his acquaintance widened. Macaulay. 7. A circular group of persons; a ring. 8. A series ending where it begins, and repeating itself. Thus in a circle runs the peasant's pain. Dryden. 9. (Logic) Defn: A form of argument in which two or more unproved statements are used to prove each other; inconclusive reasoning. That heavy bodies descend by gravity; and, again, that gravity is a quality whereby a heavy body descends, is an impertinent circle and teaches nothing. Glanvill. 10. Indirect form of words; circumlocution. [R.] Has he given the lie, In circle, or oblique, or semicircle. J. Fletcher. 11. A territorial division or district. Note: The Circles of the Holy Roman Empire, ten in number, were those principalities or provinces which had seats in the German Diet. Azimuth circle. See under Azimuth. -- Circle of altitude (Astron.), a circle parallel to the horizon, having its pole in the zenith; an almucantar. -- Circle of curvature. See Osculating circle of a curve (Below). -- Circle of declination. See under Declination. -- Circle of latitude. (a) (Astron.) A great circle perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, passing through its poles. (b) (Spherical Projection) A small circle of the sphere whose plane is perpendicular to the axis. -- Circles of longitude, lesser circles parallel to the ecliptic, diminishing as they recede from it. -- Circle of perpetual apparition, at any given place, the boundary of that space around the elevated pole, within which the stars never set. Its distance from the pole is equal to the latitude of the place. -- Circle of perpetual occultation, at any given place, the boundary of the space around the depressed pole, within which the stars never rise. -- Circle of the sphere, a circle upon the surface of the sphere, called a great circle when its plane passes through the center of the sphere; in all other cases, a small circle. -- Diurnal circle. See under Diurnal. -- Dress circle, a gallery in a theater, generally the one containing the prominent and more expensive seats. -- Druidical circles (Eng. Antiq.), a popular name for certain ancient inclosures formed by rude stones circularly arranged, as at Stonehenge, near Salisbury. -- Family circle, a gallery in a theater, usually one containing inexpensive seats. -- Horary circles (Dialing), the lines on dials which show the hours. -- Osculating circle of a curve (Geom.), the circle which touches the curve at some point in the curve, and close to the point more nearly coincides with the curve than any other circle. This circle is used as a measure of the curvature of the curve at the point, and hence is called circle of curvature. -- Pitch circle. See under Pitch. -- Vertical circle, an azimuth circle. -- Voltaic circle or circuit. See under Circuit. -- To square the circle. See under Square. Syn. -- Ring; circlet; compass; circuit; inclosure. CIRCLE Cir"cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circled; p. pr. & vb. n. Circling.] Etym: [OE. cerclen, F. cercler, fr. L. circulare to make round. See Circle, n., and cf. Circulate.] 1. To move around; to revolve around. Other planets circle other suns. Pope. 2. To encompass, as by a circle; to surround; to inclose; to encircle. Prior. Pope. Their heads are circled with a short turban. Dampier. So he lies, circled with evil. Coleridge. To circle in, to confine; to hem in; to keep together; as, to circle bodies in. Sir K. Digby. CIRCLE Cir"cle, v. i. Defn: To move circularly; to form a circle; to circulate. Thy name shall circle round the gaping through. Byron. CIRCLED Cir"cled, a. Defn: Having the form of a circle; round. "Monthly changes in her circled orb." Shak. CIRCLER Cir"cler, n. Defn: A mean or inferior poet, perhaps from his habit of wandering around as a stroller; an itinerant poet. Also, a name given to the cyclic poets. See under Cyclic, a. [Obs.] B. Jonson. CIRCLET Cir"clet, n. 1. A little circle; esp., an ornament for the person, having the form of a circle; that which encircles, as a ring, a bracelet, or a headband. Her fair locks in circlet be enrolled. Spenser. 2. A round body; an orb. Pope. Fairest of stars . . . that crown'st the smiling morn With thy bright circlet. Milton. 3. A circular piece of wood put under a dish at table. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. CIRCOCELE Cir"co*cele, n. Defn: See Cirsocele. CIRCUIT Cir"cuit, n. Etym: [F. circuit, fr. L. circuitus, fr. circuire or circumire to go around; circum around + ire to go.] 1. The act of moving or revolving around, or as in a circle or orbit; a revolution; as, the periodical circuit of the earth round the sun. Watts. 2. The circumference of, or distance round, any space; the measure of a line round an area. The circuit or compass of Ireland is 1,800 miles. J. Stow. 3. That which encircles anything, as a ring or crown. The golden circuit on my head. Shak. 4. The space inclosed within a circle, or within limits. A circuit wide inclosed with goodliest trees. Milton. 5. A regular or appointed journeying from place to place in the exercise of one's calling, as of a judge, or a preacher. 6. (a) (Law) A certain division of a state or country, established by law for a judge or judges to visit, for the administration of justice. Bouvier. (b) (Methodist Church) A district in which an itinerant preacher labors. 7. Circumlocution. [Obs.] "Thou hast used no circuit of words." Huloet. Circuit court (Law), a court which sits successively in different places in its circuit (see Circuit, 6). In the United States, the federal circuit courts are commonly presided over by a judge of the supreme court, or a special circuit judge, together with the judge of the district court. They have jurisdiction within statutory limits, both in law and equity, in matters of federal cognizance. Some of the individual States also have circuit courts, which have general statutory jurisdiction of the same class, in matters of State cognizance. -- Circuit or Circuity of action (Law), a longer course of proceedings than is necessary to attain the object in view. -- To make a circuit, to go around; to go a roundabout way. -- Voltaic or Galvanic circuit or circle, a continous electrical communication between the two poles of a battery; an arrangement of voltaic elements or couples with proper conductors, by which a continuous current of electricity is established. CIRCUIT Cir"cuit, v. i. Defn: To move in a circle; to go round; to circulate. [Obs.] J. Philips. CIRCUIT Cir"cuit, v. t. Defn: To travel around. [Obs.] "Having circuited the air." T. Warton. CIRCUITEER Cir`cuit*eer", n. Defn: A circuiter. Pope. CIRCUITER Cir"cuit*er, n. Defn: One who travels a circuit, as a circuit judge. [R.] R. Whitlock. CIRCUITION Cir`cu*i"tion, n. Etym: [L. circuitio. See Circuit.] Defn: The act of going round; circumlocution. [R.] CIRCUITOUS Cir*cu"i*tous, a. Etym: [LL. circuitosus.] Defn: Going round in a circuit; roundabout; indirect; as, a circuitous road; a circuitous manner of accompalishing an end. -- Cir*cu"i*tous*ly, adv. -- Cir*cu"i*tous*ness, n. Syn. -- Tortuous; winding; sinuous; serpentine. CIRCUITY Cir*cu"i*ty, n. Defn: A going round in a circle; a course not direct; a roundabout way of proceeding. CIRCULABLE Cir"cu*la*ble, a. Defn: That may be circulated. CIRCULAR Cir"cu*lar, a. Etym: [L. circularis, fr. circulus circle: cf. F. circulaire. See Circle.] 1. In the form of, or bounded by, a circle; round. 2. repeating itself; ending in itself; reverting to the point of beginning; hence, illogical; inconclusive; as, circular reasoning. 3. Adhering to a fixed circle of legends; cyclic; hence, mean; inferior. See Cyclic poets, under Cyclic. Had Virgil been a circular poet, and closely adhered to history, how could the Romans have had Dido Dennis. 4. Addressed to a circle, or to a number of persons having a common interest; circulated, or intended for circulation; as, a circular letter. A proclamation of Henry III., . . . doubtless circular throughout England. Hallam. 5. Perfect; complete. [Obs.] A man so absolute and circular In all those wished-for rarities that may take A virgin captive. Massinger. Circular are, any portion of the circumference of a circle. -- Circular cubics (Math.), curves of the third order which are imagined to pass through the two circular points at infinity. -- Circular functions. (Math.) See under Function. -- Circular instruments, mathematical instruments employed for measuring angles, in which the graduation extends round the whole circumference of a circle, or 360º. -- Circular lines, straight lines pertaining to the circle, as sines, tangents, secants, etc. -- Circular note or letter. (a) (Com.) See under Credit. (b) (Diplomacy) A letter addressed in identical terms to a number of persons. -- Circular numbers (Arith.), those whose powers terminate in the same digits as the roots themselves; as 5 and 6, whose squares are 25 and 36. Bailey. Barlow. -- Circular points at infinity (Geom.), two imaginary points at infinite distance through which every circle in the plane is, in the theory of curves, imagined to pass. -- Circular polarization. (Min.) See under Polarization. -- Circular or Globular sailing (Naut.), the method of sailing by the arc of a great circle. -- Circular saw. See under Saw. CIRCULAR Cir"cu*lar, n. Etym: [Cf. (for sense 1) F. circulaire, lettre circulaire. See Circular, a.] 1. A circular letter, or paper, usually printed, copies of which are addressed or given to various persons; as, a business circular. 2. A sleeveless cloak, cut in circular form. CIRCULARISE circularise v. 1. to canvass by distributing letters. Syn. -- circularize. [WordNet 1.5] 2. to distribute circulars to. Syn. -- circularize. [WordNet 1.5] 3. to to pass around, as information. Syn. -- circulate, circularize, distribute, disseminate, propagate, broadcast, spread, diffuse, disperse. [WordNet 1.5] CIRCULARITY Cir`cu*lar"i*ty, n. Etym: [LL. circularitas.] Defn: The quality or state of being circular; a circular form. CIRCULARLY Cir"cu*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a circular manner. CIRCULARY Cir"cu*la*ry, a. Defn: Circular; illogical. [Obs. & .] "Cross and circulary speeches." Hooker. CIRCULATE Cir"cu*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ciorculated; P. pr. & vb. n. Circulating.] Etym: [L. circulatus, p. p. of circulare, v. t., to surround, make round, circulari, v. i., to gather into a circle. See Circle.] 1. To move in a circle or circuitously; to move round and return to the same point; as, the blood circulates in the body. Boyle. 2. To pass from place to place, from person to person, or from hand to hand; to be diffused; as, money circulates; a story circulates. Circulating decimal. See Decimal. -- Circulating library, a library whose books are loaned to the public, usually at certain fixed rates. -- Circulating medium. See Medium. CIRCULATE Cir"cu*late, v. t. Defn: To cause to pass from place to place, or from person to person; to spread; as, to circulate a report; to circulate bills of credit. Circulating pump. See under Pump. Syn. -- To spread; diffuse; propagate; disseminate. CIRCULATION Cir`cu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. circulatio: cf. F. circulation.] 1. The act of moving in a circle, or in a course which brings the moving body to the place where its motion began. This continual circulation of human things. Swift. 2. The act of passing from place to place or person to person; free diffusion; transmission. The true doctrines of astronomy appear to have had some popular circulation. Whewell. 3. Currency; circulating coin; notes, bills, etc., current for coin. 4. The extent to which anything circulates or is circulated; the measure of diffusion; as, the circulation of a newspaper. 5. (Physiol.) Defn: The movement of the blood in the blood-vascular system, by which it is brought into close relations with almost every living elementary constituent. Also, the movement of the sap in the vessels and tissues of plants. CIRCULATIVE Cir"cu*la*tive, a. Defn: Promoting circulation; circulating. [R.] Coleridge. CIRCULATOR Cir"cu*la`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. L. circulator a peddler.] Defn: One who, or that which, circulates. CIRCULATORIOUS Cir`cu*la*to"ri*ous, a. Defn: Travelling from house to house or from town to town; itinerant. [Obs.] "Circulatorious jugglers." Barrow. CIRCULATORY Cir"cu*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. circulatorius pert. to a mountebank: cf. F. circulatoire.] 1. Circular; as, a circulatory letter. Johnson. 2. Circulating, or going round. T. Warton. 3. (Anat.) Defn: Subserving the purposes of circulation; as, circulatory organs; of or pertaining to the organs of circulation; as, circulatory diseases. CIRCULATORY Cir"cu*la*to*ry, n. Defn: A chemical vessel consisting of two portions unequally exposed to the heat of the fire, and with connecting pipes or passages, through which the fluid rises from the overheated portion, and descends from the relatively colder, maintaining a circulation. CIRCULET Cir"cu*let, n. Defn: A circlet. [Obs.] Spenser. CIRCULINE Cir"cu*line, a. Defn: Proceeding in a circle; circular. [Obs.] "With motion circuline". Dr. H. More. CIRCUM- Cir"cum-. Etym: [Akin to circle, circus.] Defn: A Latin preposition, used as a prefix in many English words, and signifying around or about. CIRCUMAGITATE Cir`cum*ag"i*tate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. circum + agitate.] Defn: To agitate on all sides. Jer. Taylor. CIRCUMAMBAGE Cir`cum*am"bage, n. Etym: [Pref. circum- + ambage, obs. sing. of ambages.] Defn: A roundabout or indirect course; indirectness. [Obs.] S. Richardson. CIRCUMAMBIENCY Cir`cum*am"bi*en*cy, n. Defn: The act of surrounding or encompassing. Sir T. Browne. CIRCUMAMBIENT Cir`cum*am"bi*ent, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + ambient.] Defn: Surrounding; inclosing or being on all sides; encompassing. "The circumambient heaven." J. Armstrong. CIRCUMAMBULATE Cir`cum*am"bu*late, v. t. Etym: [L. circumambulatus, p. p. of circumambulare to walk around; circum + ambulare. See Ambulate.] Defn: To walk round about. -- Cir`cum*am`bu*la"tion, n. CIRCUMBENDIBUS Cir`cum*bend"i*bus, n. Defn: A roundabout or indirect way. [Jocular] Goldsmith. CIRCUMCENTER Cir`cum*cen"ter, n. (Geom.) Defn: The center of a circle that circumscribes a triangle. CIRCUMCISE Cir"cum*cise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumcised; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumcising.] Etym: [L. circumcisus, p. p. of circumcidere to cut around, to circumcise; circum + caedere to cut; akin to E. cæsura, homicide, concise, and prob. to shed, v. t.] 1. To cut off the prepuce of foreskin of, in the case of males, and the internal labia of, in the case of females. 2. (Script.) Defn: To purify spiritually. CIRCUMCISER Cir"cum*ci`ser, n. Defn: One who performs circumcision. Milton. CIRCUMCISION Cir`cum*cision, n. Etym: [L. circumcisio.] 1. The act of cutting off the prepuce or foreskin of males, or the internal labia of females. Note: The circumcision of males is practiced as a religious rite by the Jews, Mohammedans, etc. 2. (Script.) (a) The Jews, as a circumcised people. (b) Rejection of the sins of the flesh; spiritual purification, and acceptance of the Christian faith. CIRCUMCLUSION Cir`cum*clu"sion, n. Etym: [L. circumcludere, -clusum, to inclose.] Defn: Act of inclosing on all sides. [R.] CIRCUMCURSATION Cir`cum*cur*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumcursare, -satum, to run round about.] Defn: The act of running about; also, rambling language. [Obs.] Barrow. CIRCUMDENUDATION Cir`cum*den`u*da"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. circum- + denudation.] (Geol.) Defn: Denudation around or in the neighborhood of an object. Hills of circumdenudation, hills which have been produced by surface erosion; the elevations which have been left, after denudation of a mass of high ground. Jukes. CIRCUMDUCE Cir`cum*duce", v. t. Etym: [See Circumduct.] (Scots Law) Defn: To declare elapsed, as the time allowed for introducing evidence. Sir W. Scott. CIRCUMDUCT Cir`cum*duct", v. t. Etym: [L. circumductus, p. p. of circumducere to lead around; circum + ducere to lead.] 1. To lead about; to lead astray. [R.] 2. (Law) Defn: To contravene; to nullify; as, to circumduct acts of judicature. [Obs.] Ayliffe. CIRCUMDUCTION Cir`cum*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumductio.] 1. A leading about; circumlocution. [R.] Hooker. 2. An annulling; cancellation. [R.] Ayliffe. 3. (Phisiol.) Defn: The rotation of a limb round an imaginary axis, so as to describe a concial surface. CIRCUMESOPHAGAL Cir`cum*e*soph"a*gal, a. Etym: [Pref. circum + esophagal.] (Anat.) Defn: Surrounding the esophagus; -- in Zool. said of the nerve commissures and ganglia of arthropods and mollusks. CIRCUMESOPHAGEAL Cir`cum*e`so*phag"e*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Circumesophagal. CIRCUMFER Cir"cum*fer, v. t. Etym: [L. circumferre; circum + ferre to bear. See lst Bear.] Defn: To bear or carry round. [Obs.] Bacon. CIRCUMFERENCE Cir*cum"fer*ence, n. Etym: [L. circumferentia.] 1. The line that goes round or encompasses a circular figure; a periphery. Millon. 2. A circle; anything circular. His ponderous shield . . . Behind him cast. The broad circumference Hung on his shoulders like the moon. Milton. 3. The external surface of a sphere, or of any orbicular body. CIRCUMFERENCE Cir*cum"fer*ence, v. t. Defn: To include in a circular space; to bound. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. CIRCUMFERENTIAL Cir*cum`fer*en"tial, a. Etym: [LL. circumferentialis.] Defn: Pertaining to the circumference; encompassing; encircling; circuitous. Parkhurst. CIRCUMFERENTIALLY Cir*cum`fer*en"tial*ly, adv. Defn: So as to surround or encircle. CIRCUMFERENTOR Cir*cum`fer*en"tor, n. Etym: [See Circumfer.] 1. A surveying instrument, for taking horizontal angles and bearings; a surveyor's compass. It consists of a compass whose needle plays over a circle graduated to 360º, and of a horizontal brass bar at the ends of which are standards with narrow slits for sighting, supported on a tripod by a ball and socket joint. 2. A graduated wheel for measuring tires; a tire circle. CIRCUMFLANT Cir"cum*flant, a. Etym: [L. circumflans, p. pr. of circumflare.] Defn: Blowing around. [Obs.] Evelyn. CIRCUMFLECT Cir"cum*flect, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumflecting.] Etym: [L. circumflectere. See Circumflex.] 1. To bend around. 2. To mark with the circumflex accent, as a vowel. [R.] CIRCUMFLECTION Cir`cum*flec"tion, n. Defn: See Circumflexion. CIRCUMFLEX Cir"cum*flex, n. Etym: [L. circumflexus a bending round, fr. circumflectere, circumflexum, to bend or turn about; circum + flectere to bend. See Flexible.] 1. A wave of the voice embracing both a rise and fall or a fall and a rise on the same a syllable. Walker. 2. A character, or accent, denoting in Greek a rise and of the voice on the same long syllable, marked thus [~ or Accent, n., 2. CIRCUMFLEX Cir"cum*flex, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumflexed; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumflexing.] Defn: To mark or pronounce with a circumflex. Walker. CIRCUMFLEX Cir"cum*flex, a. Etym: [Cf. L. circumflexus, p. p.] 1. Moving or turning round; circuitous. [R.] Swift. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Curved circularly; -- applied to several arteries of the hip and thigh, to arteries, veins, and a nerve of the shoulder, and to other parts. CIRCUMFLEXION Cir`cum*flex"ion, n. 1. The act of bending, or causing to assume a curved form. 2. A winding about; a turning; a circuity; a fold. CIRCUMFLUENCE Cir*cum"flu*ence, n. Defn: A flowing round on all sides; an inclosing with a fluid. CIRCUMFLUENT; CIRCUMFLUOUS Cir*cum"flu*ent, Cir*cum"flu*ous, a. Etym: [L. circumfluere, p. pr. of circumfluere; circum + fluere to flow; also L. circumfluus.] Defn: Flowing round; surrounding in the manner of a fluid. "The deep, circumfluent waves." Pope. CIRCUMFORANEAN; CIRCUMFORANEOUS Cir`cum*fo*ra"ne*an, Cir`cum*fo*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. circumforaneus found in markets; circum + forum a market place.] Defn: Going about or abroad; walking or wandering from house to house. Addison. CIRCUMFULGENT Cir`cum*ful"gent, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + fulgent.] Defn: Shining around or about. CIRCUMFUSE Cir`cum*fuse", v. t. Etym: [L. circumfusus, p. p. of circumfundere to pour around; circum + fundere to pour.] Defn: To pour round; to spread round. His army circumfused on either wing. Milton. CIRCUMFUSILE Cir`cum*fu"sile, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + L. fusilis fusil, a.] Defn: Capable of being poured or spread round. "Circumfusile gold." Pope. CIRCUMFUSION Cir`cum*fu"sion, n. Etym: [L. circumfusio.] Defn: The act of pouring or spreading round; the state of being spread round. Swift. CIRCUMGESTATION Cir`cum*ges*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumgestare to carry around; circum + gestare to carry.] Defn: The act or process of carrying about. [Obs.] Circumgestation of the eucharist to be adored. Jer. Taylor. CIRCUMGYRATE Cir`cum*gy"rate, v. t. & i. Etym: [Pref. circum- + gyrate.] Defn: To roll or turn round; to cause to perform a rotary or circular motion. Ray. CIRCUMGYRATION Cir`cum*gy*ra"tion, n. Defn: The act of turning, rolling, or whirling round. A certain turbulent and irregular circumgyration. Holland. CIRCUMGYRATORY Cir`cum*gy"ra*to*ry, a. Defn: Moving in a circle; turning round. Hawthorne. CIRCUMGYRE Cir`cum*gyre", v. i. Defn: To circumgyrate. [Obs.] CIRCUMINCESSION Cir`cum*in*ces"sion, n. Etym: [Pref. circum- + L. incedere, incessum, to walk.] (Theol.) Defn: The reciprocal existence in each other of the three persons of the Trinity. CIRCUMJACENCE Cir`cum*ja"cence, n. Defn: Condition of being circumjacent, or of bordering ou every side. CIRCUMJACENT Cir`cum*ja"cent, a. Etym: [L. circumjacens, p. pr. of circumjacere; circum + jac to lie.] Defn: Lying round; borderong on every side. T. Fuller. CIRCUMJOVIAL Cir`cum*jo"vi*al, n. Etym: [Pref. circum- + L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, Jove.] Defn: One of the moons or satellites of the planet Jupiter. [Obs.] Derham. CIRCUMLITTORAL Cir`cum*lit"to*ral, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + littus, littoris, shore; preferable form, litus, litoria.] Defn: Adjointing the shore. CIRCUMLOCUTION Cir`cum*lo*cu"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumlocutio, fr. circumloqui, - locutus, to make use of circumlocution; circum + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] Defn: The use of many words to express an idea that might be expressed by few; indirect or roundabout language; a periphrese. the plain Billingagate way of calling names . . . would save abundance of time lost by circumlocution. Swift. Circumlocution office, a term of riducle for a governmental office where business is delayed by passing through the hands of different officials. CIRCUMLOCUTIONAL Cir`cum*lo*cu"tion*al, a. Defn: Relating to, or consisting of, circumlocutions; periphrastic; circuitous. CIRCUMLOCUTORY Cir`cum*loc"u*to*ry, a. Defn: Characterised by circumlocution; periphrastic. Shenstone. The officials set to work in regular circumlocutory order. Chambers's Journal. CIRCUMMERIDIAN Cir`cum*me*rid"i*an, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + meridian.] Defn: About, or near, the meridian. CIRCUMMURE Cir`cum*mure", v. t. Etym: [Pref. circum- + mure, v. t.] Defn: To encompass with a wall. Shak. CIRCUMNAVIGABLE Cir`cum*nav"i*ga*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being sailed round. Ray. CIRCUMNAVIGATE Cir`cum*nav"i*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumnavigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumnavigating.] Etym: [L. circumnavigatus, p. p. of circumnavigare to sail round; circum + navigare to navigate.] Defn: To sail completely round. Having circumnavigated the whole earth. T. Fuller. CIRCUMNAVIGATION Cir`cum*nav`i*ga"tion, n. Defn: The act of circumnavigating, or sailing round. Arbuthnot. CIRCUMNAVIGATOR Cir`cum*nav"iga`tor, n. Defn: One who sails round. W. Guthrie. CIRCUMNUTATE Cir`cum*nu"tate, v. i. Etym: [Pref. circum- + nutate.] Defn: To pass through the stages of circumnutation. CIRCUMNUTATION Cir`cum*nu*ta"tion, n. (Bot.) Defn: The successive bowing or bending in different directions of the growing tip of the stems of many plants, especially seen in climbing plants. CIRCUMPOLAR Cir`cum*po"lar, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + polar.] Defn: About the pole; -- applied to stars that revolve around the pole without setting; as, circumpolar stars. CIRCUMPOSITION Cir`cum*po*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumpositio, fr. circumponere, - positium, to place around.] Defn: The act of placing in a circle, or round about, or the state of being so placed. Evelyn. CIRCUMROTARY; CIRCUMROTATORY Cir`cum*ro"tary, Cir`cum*ro"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + rotary, rotatory.] Defn: turning, rolling, or whirling round. CIRCUMROTATE Cir`cum*ro"tate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. circumrotare; circum + rotare to turn round.] Defn: To rotate about. [R.] CIRCUMROTATION Cir`cum*ro*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of rolling or revolving round, as a wheel; circumvolution; the state of being whirled round. J. Gregory. CIRCUMSCISSILE Cir`cum*scis"sile, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + scissle.] (Bot.) Defn: Dehiscing or opening by a transverse fissure extending around (a capsule or pod). See Illust. of Pyxidium. CIRCUMSCRIBABLE Cir`cum*scrib"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being circumscribed. CIRCUMSCRIBE Cir`cum*scribe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumscribed; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumscribing.] Etym: [L. circumscribere, -scriptum; circum + scribere to write, draw. See Soribe.] 1. to write or engare around. [R.] Thereon is circumscribed this epitaph. Ashmole. 2. To inclose within a certain limit; to hem in; to surround; to bound; to confine; to restrain. To circumscribe royal power. Bancroft. 3. (Geom.) Defn: To draw a line around si as to touch at certain points without cutting. See Inscribe, 5. Syn. -- To bound; limit; restrict; confine; abridge; restrain; environ; encircle; inclose; encompass. CIRCUMSCRIBER Cir`cum*scrib"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, circumscribes. CIRCUMSCRIPTIBLE Cir`cum*scrip"ti*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being circumscribed or limited by bounds. CIRCUMSCRIPTION Cir`cum*scrip"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumscriptio. See Circumscribe.] 1. An inscription written around anything. [R.] Ashmole. 2. The exterior line which determines the form or magnitude of a body; outline; periphery. Ray. 3. The act of limiting, or the state of being limited, by conditions or restraints; bound; confinement; limit. The circumscriptions of terrestrial nature. Johnson. I would not my unhoused, free condition Put into circumscription and confine. Shak. CIRCUMSCRIPTIVE Cir`cum*scrip"tive, a. Defn: Circumscribing or tending to circumscribe; marcing the limits or form of. CIRCUMSCRIPTIVELY Cir`cum*scrip"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a limited manner. CIRCUMSCRIPTLY Cir"cum*script`ly, adv. Defn: In a literal, limited, or narrow manner. [R.] Milton. CIRCUMSPECT Cir"cum*spect, a. Etym: [L. circumspectus, p. p. of circumspicere to look about one's self, to observe; circum + spicere, specere, to look. See Spy.] Defn: Attentive to all the circustances of a case or the probable consequences of an action; cautious; prudent; wary. Syn. -- See Cautious. CIRCUMSPECTION Cir`cum*spec"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumspectio.] Defn: Attention to all the facts and circumstances of a case; caution; watchfulness. With silent circumspection, unespied. Milton. Syn. -- Caution; prudence; watchfulness; deliberation; thoughtfulness; wariness; forecast. CIRCUMSPECTIVE Cir`cum*spec"tive, a. Defn: Looking around everi way; cautious; careful of consequences; watchful of danger. "Circumspective eyes." Pope. CIRCUMSPECTIVELY Cir`cum*spec"tive*ly, adv. Defn: Circumspectly. CIRCUMSPECTLY Cir"cum*spect"ly, adv. Defn: In a circumspect manner; cautiously; warily. CIRCUMSPECTNESS Cir"cum*spect"ness, n. Defn: Vigilance un guarding against evil from every quarter; caution. [Travel] forces circumspectness on those abroad, who at home are nursed in security. Sir H. Wotton. CIRCUMSTANCE Cir"cum*stance, n. Etym: [L. circumstantia, fr. circumstans, -antis, p. pr. of circumstare to stand around; circum + stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. That which attends, or relates to, or in some way affects, a fact or event; an attendant thing or state of things. The circumstances are well known in the country where they happened. W. Irving. 2. An event; a fact; a particular incident. The sculptor had in his thoughts the conqoeror weeping for new worlds, or the like circumstances in histery. Addison. 3. Circumlocution; detail. [Obs.] So without more circumstance at all I hold it fit that shake hands and part. Shak. 4. pl. Defn: Condition in regard to worldly estate; state of property; situation; surroundings. When men are easy in their circumstances, they are naturally enemies to innovations. Addison. Not a circumstance, of no account. [Colloq.] -- Under the circumstances, taking all things into consideration. Syn. -- Event; occurrence; incident; situation; condition; position; fact; detail; item. See Event. CIRCUMSTANCE Cir"cum*stance, v. t. Defn: To place in a particular situation; to suppy relative incidents. The poet took the matters of fact as they came down to him and circumstanced them, after his own manner. Addison. CIRCUMSTANCED Cir"cum*stanced, p. a. 1. Placed in a particular position or condition; situated. The proposition is, that two bodies so circumstanced will balance each other. Whewell. 2. Governed by events or circumstances. [Poetic & R.] "I must be circumstanced." Shak. CIRCUMSTANT Cir"cum*stant, a. Etym: [L. circumstans. See Circumstance.] Defn: Standing or placed around; surrounding. [R.] "Circumstant bodies." Sir K. Digby. CIRCUMSTANTIABLE Cir`cum*stan"tia*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being circumstantiated. [Obs.] Jer Taylor. CIRCUMSTANTIAL Cir`cum*stan"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. circonstanciel.] 1. Consisting in, or pertaining to, circumstances or particular incidents. The usual character of human testimony is substantial truth under circumstantial variety. Paley. 2. Incidental; relating to, but not essential. We must therefore distinguish between the essentials in religious worship . . . and what is merely circumstantial. Sharp. 3. Abounding with circumstances; detailing or exhibiting all the circumstances; minute; particular. Tedious and circumstantial recitals. Prior. Circumstantial evidence (Law), evidence obtained from circumstances, which necessarily or usually attend facts of a particular nature, from which arises presumption. According to some authorities circumstantial is distinguished from positive evidence in that the latter is the testimony of eyewitnesses to a fact or the admission of a party; but the prevalent opinion now is that all such testimony is dependent on circumstances for its support. All testimony is more or less circumstantial. Wharton. Syn. -- See Minute. CIRCUMSTANTIAL Cir`cum*stan"tial, n. Defn: Something incidental to the main subject, but of less importance; opposed to an essential; -- generally in the plural; as, the circumstantials of religion. Addison. CIRCUMSTANTIALITY Cir`cum*stan`ti*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The state, characteristic, or quality of being circumstantial; particularity or minuteness of detail. "I will endeavor to describe with sufficient circumstantiality." De Quincey. CIRCUMSTANTIALLY Cir`cum*stan"tial*ly, adv. 1. In respect to circumstances; not essentially; accidentally. Of the fancy and intellect, the powers are only circumstantially different. Glanvill. 2. In every circumstance or particular; minutely. To set down somewhat circumstantially, not only the events, but the manner of my trials. Boyle. CIRCUMSTANTIATE Cir`cum*stan"ti*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumstantiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumstantiating.] Etym: [See Circumstantiating ( 1. To place in particular circumstances; to invest with particular accidents or adjuncts. [R.] If the act were otherwise circumstantiated, it might will that freely which now it wills reluctantly. Bramhall. 2. To prove or confirm by circumstances; to entr into details concerning. Neither will time permint to circumstantiate these particulars, which I have only touched in the general. State Trials (1661). CIRCUMTERRANEOUS Cir`cum*ter*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + L. terra earth.] Defn: Being or dwelling around the earth. "Circumterraneous demouns." H. Hallywell. CIRCUMUNDULATE Cir`cum*un"du*late, v. t. Etym: [Pref. circum- + undulate.] Defn: To flow round, as waves. [R.] CIRCUMVALLATE Cir`cum*val"late, v. t. Etym: [L. circumvallatus, p. p. of circumvallare to surround with a wall; circum + vallare to wall, fr. vallum rampart.] Defn: To surround with a rampart or wall. Johnson. CIRCUMVALLATE Cir`cum*val"late, a. 1. Surrounded with a wall; inclosed with a rampart. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Surrounded by a ridle or elevation; as, the circumvallate papillæ, near the base of the tongue. CIRCUMVALLATION Cir`cum*val*la"tion, n. (Mil.) (a) The act of surrounding with a wall or rampart. (b) A line of field works made around a besieged place and the besieging army, to protect the camp of the besiegers against the attack of an enemy from without. CIRCUMVECTION Cir`cum*vec"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumvectio; circum + vehere to carry.] Defn: The act of carrying anything around, or the state of being so carried. CIRCUMVENT Cir`cum*vent", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumvented; p. pr. vb. n. Circumventing.] Etym: [L. circumventis, p. p. of circumvenire, to come around, encompass, decieve; circum + venire to come, akin to E. come.] Defn: To gain advantage over by arts, stratagem, or deception; to decieve; to delude; to get around. I circumvented whom I could not gain. Dryden. CIRCUMVENTION Cir`cum*ven"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumventio.] Defn: The act of prevailing over another by arts, address, or fraud; deception; fraud; imposture; delusion. A school in which he learns sly circumvention. Cowper. CIRCUMVENTIVE Cir`cum*vent"ive, a. Defn: Tending to circumvent; deceiving by artifices; deluding. CIRCUMVENTOR Cir`cum*vent"or, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who circumvents; one who gains his purpose by cunning. CIRCUMVEST Cir`cum*vest", v. t. Etym: [L. circumvestire; circum + vestire to clothe.] Defn: To cover round, as woth a garment; to invest. [Obs.] Circumvested with much prejudice. Sir H. Wotton. CIRCUMVOLANT Cir*cum"vo*lant, a. Etym: [L. circumvolans, p. pr. See Circumvolation.] Defn: Flying around. The circumvolant troubles of humanity. G. Macdonald. CIRCUMVOLATION Cir`cum*vo*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumvolate. -volatum, to fly around; circum + volare to fly.] Defn: The act of flying round. [R.] CIRCUMVOLUTION Cir`cum*vo*lu"tion, n. Etym: [See Circumvolve.] 1. The act of rolling round; the state of being rolled. 2. A thing rolled round another. Arbuthnot. 3. A roundabout procedure; a circumlocution. He had neither time nor temper for sentimental circumvolutions. Beaconsfield. CIRCUMVOLVE Cir`cum*volve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumvolved; p. pr. vb. n. Circumvolving.] Etym: [L. circumvolvere, -volutum; circum + volvere to roll.] Defn: To roll round; to cause to revolve; to put into a circular motion. Herrick. CIRCUMVOLVE Cir`cum*volve", v. i. Defn: To roll round; to revolve. CIRCUS Cir"cus, n.; pl. Circuses. Etym: [L. circus circle, ring, circus (in sense 1). See Circle, and cf. Cirque.] 1. (Roman Antiq.) Defn: A level oblong space surrounded on three sides by seats of wood, earth, or stone, rising in tiers one above another, and divided lengthwise through the middle by a barrier around which the track or course was laid out. It was used for chariot races, games, and public shows. Note: The Circus Maximus at Rome could contain more than 100,000 spectators. Harpers' Latin Dict. 2. A circular inclosure for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship, acrobatic displays, etc. Also, the company of performers, with their equipage. 3. Circuit; space; inclosure. [R.] The narrow circus of my dungeon wall. Byron. CIRL BUNTING Cirl" bun`ting. Etym: [Cf. It. cirlo.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European bunting (Emberiza cirlus). CIRQUE Cirque, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. circus.] 1. A circle; a circus; a circular erection or arrangement of objects. A dismal cirque Of Druid stones upon a forlorn moor. Keats. 2. A kind of circular valley in the side of a mountain, walled around by precipices of great height. CIRRATE Cir"rate, a. Etym: [L. cirratus having ringlets, fr. cirrus a curl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having cirri along the margin of a part or organ. CIRRHIFEROUS Cir*rhif"er*ous, a. Defn: See Cirriferous. CIRRHOSE Cir"rhose, a. Defn: Same as Cirrose. CIRRHOSIS Cir*rho"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. cirrhose. So called from the yellowish appearance which the diseased liver often presents when cut.] (Med.) Defn: A disease of the liver in which it usually becomes smaller in size and more dense and fibrous in consistence; hence sometimes applied to similar changes in other organs, caused by increase in the fibrous framework and decrease in the proper substance of the organ. CIRRHOTIC Cir*rhot"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, caused by, or affected with, cirrhosis; as, cirrhotic degeneration; a cirrhotic liver. CIRRHOUS Cir"rhous, a. Defn: See Cirrose. CIRRHUS Cir"rhus, n. Defn: Same as Cirrus. CIRRI Cir"ri, n. pl. Defn: See Cirrus. CIRRIFEROUS Cir*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Cirrus + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing cirri, as many plants and animals. CIRRIFORM Cir"ri*form, a. Etym: [Cirrus + -form.] (Biol.) Defn: Formed like a cirrus or tendril; -- said of appendages of both animals and plants. CIRRIGEROUS Cir*rig"er*ous, a. Etym: [Cirrus + -gerous.] (Biol.) Defn: Having curled locks of hair; supporting cirri, or hairlike appendages. CIRRIGRADE Cir"ri*grade, a. Etym: [Cirrus + L. gradi to walk.] (Biol.) Defn: Moving or moved by cirri, or hairlike appendages. CIRRIPED Cir"ri*ped, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Cirripedia. CIRRIPEDIA Cir`ri*pe"di*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. cirrus curl + pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Crustacea including the barnacles. When adult, they have a calcareous shell composed of several pieces. From the opening of the shell the animal throws out a group of curved legs, looking like a delicate curl, whence the name of the group. See Anatifa. CIRROBRANCHIATA Cir`ro*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. E. cirrus + L. branchiae gills.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Mollusca having slender, cirriform appendages near the mouth; the Scaphopoda. CIRRO-CUMULUS Cir`ro-cu"mu*lus, n. Etym: [Cirrus + cumulus.] (Meteor.) Defn: See under Cloud. CIRROSE Cir"rose, a. Etym: [See Cirrus.] (Bot.) (a) Bearing a tendril or tendrils; as, a cirrose leaf. (b) Resembling a tendril or cirrus. [Spelt also cirrhose.] CIRROSTOMI Cir`ros"to*mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. E. cirrus + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lowest group of vertebrates; -- so called from the cirri around the mouth; the Leptocardia. See Amphioxus. CIRRO-STRATUS Cir`ro-stra"tus, n. Etym: [Cirrus + stratus.] (Meteor.) Defn: See under Cloud. CIRROUS Cir"rous, a. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Cirrose. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Tufted; -- said of certain feathers of birds. CIRRUS Cir"rus, n.; pl. Cirri. Etym: [L., lock, curl, ringlet.] [Also written cirrhus.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A tendril or clasper. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A soft tactile appendage of the mantle of many Mollusca, and of the parapodia of Annelida. Those near the head of annelids are Tentacular cirri; those of the last segment are caudal cirri. (b) The jointed, leglike organs of Cirripedia. See Annelida, and Polychæta. Note: In some of the inferior animals the cirri aid in locomotion; in others they are used in feeding; in the Annelida they are mostly organs of touch. Some cirri are branchial in function. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The external male organ of trematodes and some other worms, and of certain Mollusca. 4. (Meteor.) Defn: See under Cloud. CIRSOCELE Cir"so*cele, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: The varicose dilatation of the spermatic vein. CIRSOID Cir"soid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Med.) Defn: Varicose. Cirsoid aneurism, a disease of an artery in which it becomes dilated and elongated, like a varicose vein. CIRSOTOMY Cir*sot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: Any operation for the removal of varices by incision. Dunglison. CIS- Cis-. Defn: A Latin preposition, sometimes used as a prefix in English words, and signifying on this side. CISALPINE Cis*al"pine, a. Etym: [L. Cisalpinus; cis on this side + Alpinus Alpine.] Defn: On the hither side of the Alps with reference to Rome, that is, on the south side of the Alps; -- opposed to transalpine. CISATLANTIC Cis`at*lan"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. cis- + Atlantic.] Defn: On this side of the Atlantic Ocean; -- used of the eastern or the western side, according to the standpoint of the writer. Story. CISCO Cis"co, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Lake herring (Coregonus Artedi), valuable food fish of the Great Lakes of North America. The name is also applied to C. Hoyi, a related species of Lake Michigan. CISELURE Ci`se*lure", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The process of chasing on metals; also, the work thus chased. Weale. CISLEITHAN Cis*lei"than, a. Etym: [Pref. cis- + Leitha.] Defn: On the Austrian side of the river Leitha; Austrian. CISMONTANE Cis*mon"tane, a. Etym: [Pref. cis- + L. mons mountain.] Defn: On this side of the mountains. See under Ultramontane. CISPADANE Cis"pa*dane`, a. Etym: [Pref. cis- + L. Padanus, pert. to the Padus or Po.] Defn: On the hither side of the river Po with reference to Rome; that is, on the south side. CISSOID Cis"soid, n. Etym: [Gr. (Geom.) Defn: A curve invented by Diocles, for the purpose of solving two celebrated problems of the higher geometry; viz., to trisect a plane angle, and to construct two geometrical means between two given straight lines. CIST Cist, n. Etym: [L. cista box, chest, Gr. Chest.] 1. (Antiq.) Defn: A box or chest. Specifically: (a) A bronze receptacle, round or oval, frequently decorated with engravings on the sides and cover, and with feet, handles, etc., of decorative castings. (b) A cinerary urn. See Illustration in Appendix. 2. See Cyst. CISTED Cist"ed, a. Defn: Inclosed in a cyst. See Cysted. CISTERCIAN Cis*ter"cian, n. Etym: [LL. Cistercium. F. Cîteaux, a convent not far from Dijon, in France: cf. F. cistercien.] (Eccl.) Defn: A monk of the prolific branch of the Benedictine Order, established in 1098 at Cîteaux, in France, by Robert, abbot of Molesme. For two hundred years the Cistercians followed the rule of St. Benedict in all its rigor. -- a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cistercians. CISTERN Cis"tern, n. Etym: [OE. cisterne, OF. cisterne, F. cisterne, fr. L. cisterna, fr. cista box, chest. See Cist, and cf. chest.] 1. An artificial reservoir or tank for holding water, beer, or other liquids. 2. A natural reservoir; a hollow place containing water. "The wide cisterns of the lakes." Blackmore. CISTIC Cist"ic, a. Defn: See Cystic. CIT Cit (, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. citizen.] Defn: A citizen; an inhabitant of a city; a pert townsman; -- used contemptuously. "Insulted as a cit". Johnson Which past endurance sting the tender cit. Emerson. CITABLE Cit"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being cited. CITADEL Cit"a*del, n. Etym: [F. citadelle, It. citadella, dicitt city, fr. L. civitas. See City.] Defn: A fortress in or near a fortified city, commanding the city and fortifications, and intended as a final point of defense. Syn. - Stronghold. See Fortress. CITAL Cit"al, n. Etym: [From Cite] 1. Summons to appear, as before a judge. [R.] Johnson 2. Citation; quotation [R.] Johnson. CITATION Ci*ta"tion, n. Etym: [F. citation, LL. citatio, fr.L. citare to cite. See Cite] 1. An official summons or notice given to a person to appear; the paper containing such summons or notice. 2. The act of citing a passage from a book, or from another person, in his own words; also, the passage or words quoted; quotation. This horse load of citations and fathers. Milton. 3. Enumeration; mention; as, a citation of facts. 4. (Law) Defn: A reference to decided cases, or books of authority, to prove a point in law. CITATOR Ci*ta"tor, n. Defn: One who cites. [R] CITATORY Ci"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [LL. citatirius.] Defn: Having the power or form of a citation; as, letters citatory. CITE Cite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cited; p. pr. & vb. n. Citing] Etym: [F. citer, fr. L. citare, intens. of cire, ciere, to put in motion, to excite; akin to Gr. 1. To call upon officially or authoritatively to appear, as before a court; to summon. The cited dead, Of all past ages, to the general doom Shall hasten. Milton. Cited by finger of God. De Quincey. 2. To urge; to enjoin. [R.] Shak. 3. To quote; to repeat, as a passage from a book, or the words of another. The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose. Shak. 4. To refer to or specify, as for support, proof, illustration, or confirmation. The imperfections which you have cited. Shak. 5. To bespeak; to indicate. [Obs.] Aged honor cites a virtuous youth. Shak. 6. (Law) Defn: To notify of a proceeding in court. Abbot Syn. -- To quote; mention, name; refer to; adduce; select; call; summon. See Quote. CITER Cit"er, n. Defn: One who cites. CITESS Cit"ess, n. Etym: [From Cit.] Defn: A city woman [R.] CITHARA Cith"a*ra, n. Etym: [L. Cf. Cittern, Guitar.] (Mus.) Defn: An ancient instrument resembling the harp. CITHARISTIC Cith`a*ris"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining, or adapted, to the cithara. CITHERN Cith"ern, n. Defn: See Cittern. CITICISM Cit"i*cism, n. Etym: [From cit.] Defn: The manners of a cit or citizen. CITIED Cit"ied, a. 1. Belonging to, or resembling, a city. "Smoky, citied towns" [R.] Drayton. 2. Containing, or covered with, cities. [R.] "The citied earth." Keats. CITIFIED Cit"i*fied, a. Etym: [City +-fy.] Defn: Aping, or having, the manners of a city. CITIGRADAE Cit`i*gra"dæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. citus swift (p. p. of cire, ciere, to move) + gradi to walk. See Cite.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Arachnoidea, including the European tarantula and the wolf spiders (Lycosidae) and their allies, which capture their prey by rapidly running and jumping. See Wolf spider. CITIGRADE Cit"i*grade, a. Etym: [Cf. F. citigrade.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Citigradæ. -- n. Defn: One of the Citigradæ. CITINER Cit"i*ner, n. Defn: One who is born or bred in a city; a citizen. [Obs.] Champan. CITIZEN Cit"i*zen, n. Etym: [OE. citisein, OF. citeain, F. citoyen, fr. cité city. See City, and cf. Cit.] 1. One who enjoys the freedom and privileges of a city; a freeman of a city, as distinguished from a foreigner, or one not entitled to its franchises. That large body of the working men who were not counted as citizens and had not so much as a vote to serve as an anodyne to their stomachs. G. Eliot. 2. An inhabitant of a city; a townsman. Shak. 3. A person, native or naturalized, of either sex, who owes allegiance to a government, and is entitled to reciprocal protection from it. Note: This protection is . . . national protection, recognition of the individual, in the face of foreign nations, as a member of the state, and assertion of his security and rights abroad as well as at home. Abbot 4. One who is domiciled in a country, and who is a citizen, though neither native nor naturalized, in such a sense that he takes his legal status from such country. CITIZEN Cit"i*zen, a. 1. Having the condition or qualities of a citizen, or of citizens; as, a citizen soldiery. 2. Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of a city; characteristic of citizens; effeminate; luxurious. [Obs.] I am not well, But not so citizen a wanton as To seem to die ere sick. Shak. CITIZENESS Cit"i*zen*ess, n. Defn: A female citizen. [R.] CITIZENSHIP Cit"i*zen*ship, n. Defn: The state of being a citizen; the status of a citizen. CITOLE Cit"ole, n. Etym: [OF. citole, fr. L. cithara. See Cittern.] (Mus.) Defn: A musical instrument; a kind of dulcimer. [Obs.] CITRACONIC Cit`ra*con"ic, a. Etym: [Citric + aconitic.] Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or having certain characteristics of, citric and aconitic acids. Citraconic acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, deliquescent substance, C3H4(CO2H)2, obtained by distillation of citric acid. It is a compound of the ethylene series. CITRANGE Cit"range, n. [Citrus + orange.] Defn: A citrous fruit produced by a cross between the sweet orange and the trifoliate orange (Citrus trifoliata). It is more acid and has a more pronounced aroma than the orange; the tree is hardier. There are several varieties. CITRATE Cit"rate, n. Etym: [From Citric.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of citric acid. CITRIC Cit"ric, a. Etym: [Cf. F. citrique. See Citron.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the citron or lemon; as, citric acid. Citric acid (Chem.), an organic acid, C3H4OH.(CO2H)3, extracted from lemons, currants, gooseberies, etc., as a white crystalline substance, having a pleasant sour taste. CITRINATION Cit`ri*na"tion, n. Etym: [See Citrine.] Defn: The process by which anything becomes of the color of a lemon; esp., in alchemy, the state of perfection in the philosopher's stone indicated by its assuming a deep yellow color. Thynne. CITRINE Cit"rine, a. Etym: [F. citrin. See Citron.] Defn: Like a citron or lemon; of a lemon color; greenish yellow. Citrine ointment (Med.), a yellowish mercurial ointment, the unquentum hydrargyri nitratis. CITRINE Cit"rine, n. Defn: A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz. CITRON Cit"ron, n. Etym: [F. citron, LL. citro, fr. L. citrus citron tree (cf. citreum, sc. malum, a citron), from Gr. 1. (Bot) Defn: A fruit resembling a lemon, but larger, and pleasantly aromatic. The thick rind, when candied, is the citron of commerce. 2. A citron tree. 3. A citron melon. Citron melon. (a) A small variety of muskmelon with sugary greenish flesh. (b) A small variety of watermelon, whose solid white flesh is used in making sweetmeats and preserves. -- Citron tree (Bot.), the tree which bears citrons. It was probably a native of northern India, and is now understood to be the typical form of Citrus Medica. CITRUS Cit"rus, n. Etym: [L., a citron tree.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees including the orange, lemon, citron, etc., originally natives of southern Asia. CITTERN Cit"tern, n. Etym: [L.cithara, Gr. Cithara, Gittern.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument shaped like a lute, but strung with wire and played with a quill or plectrum. [Written also cithern.] Shak. Note: Not to be confounded with zither. CITTERN-HEAD Cit"tern-head`, n. Defn: Blockhead; dunce; -- so called because the handle of a cittern usually ended with a carved head. Marsion CITY Cit"y (, n.; pl. Cities. Etym: [OE. cite, F. citcivitas citizenship, state, city, fr. civis citizen; akin to Goth. heiwa (in heiwafrauja man of the house), AS. heirath marriage, prop., providing a house, E. hind a peasant.] 1. A large town. 2. A corporate town; in the United States, a town or collective body of inhabitants, incorporated and governed by a mayor and aldermen or a city council consisting of a board of aldermen and a common council; in Great Britain, a town corporate, which is or has been the seat of a bishop, or the capital of his see. A city is a town incorporated; which is, or has been, the see of a bishop; and though the bishopric has been dissolved, as at Westminster, it yet remaineth a city. Blackstone When Gorges constituted York a city, he of course meant it to be the seat of a bishop, for the word city has no other meaning in English law. Palfrey 3. The collective body of citizens, or inhabitants of a city. "What is the city but the people" Shak. Syn. -- See Village. CITY Cit"y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a city. Shak. City council. See under Council. -- City court, The municipal court of a city. [U. S.] -- City ward, a watchman, or the collective watchmen, of a city. [Obs.] Fairfax. CIVE Cive, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Chive. CIVET Civ"et, n. Etym: [F. civette (cf. It. zibetto) civet, civet cat, fr. LGr. zub, zab, civet.] 1. A substance, of the consistence of butter or honey, taken from glands in the anal pouch of the civet (Viverra civetta). It is of clear yellowish or brownish color, of a strong, musky odor, offensive when undiluted, but agreeble when a small portion is mixed with another substance. It is used as a perfume. 2. (Zoöl) Defn: The animal that produces civet (Viverra civetta); -- called also civet cat. It is carnivorous, from two to three feet long, and of a brownish gray color, with transverse black bands and spots on the body and tail. It is a native of northern Africa and of Asia. The name is also applied to other species. CIVET Civ"et, v. t. Defn: To scent or perfume with civet. Cowper CIVIC Civ"ic, a. Etym: [L.civicus, fr. civis citizen. See City.] Defn: Relating to, or derived from, a city or citizen; relating to man as a member of society, or to civil affairs. Civic crown (Rom. Antiq.), a crown or garland of oak leaves and acorns, bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle. CIVICISM Civ"i*cism, n. Defn: The principle of civil government. CIVICS Civ"ics, n. Defn: The science of civil government. CIVIL Civ"il, a. Etym: [L. civilis, fr. civis citizen: cf. F. civil. See City.] 1. Pertaining to a city or state, or to a citizen in his relations to his fellow citizens or to the state; within the city or state. 2. Subject to government; reduced to order; civilized; not barbarous; -- said of the community. England was very rude and barbarous; for it is but even the other day since England grew civil. Spenser. 3. Performing the duties of a citizen; obedient to government; -- said of an individual. Civil men come nearer the saints of God than others; they come within a step or two of heaven. Preston 4. Having the manners of one dwelling in a city, as opposed to those of savages or rustics; polite; courteous; complaisant; affable. Note: "A civil man now is one observant of slight external courtesies in the mutual intercourse between man and man; a civil man once was one who fulfilled all the duties and obligations flowing from his position as a 'civis' and his relations to the other members of that 'civitas.'" Trench 5. Pertaining to civic life and affairs, in distinction from military, ecclesiastical, or official state. 6. Relating to rights and remedies sought by action or suit distinct from criminal proceedings. Civil action, an action to enforce the rights or redress the wrongs of an individual, not involving a criminal proceeding. -- Civil architecture, the architecture which is employed in constructing buildings for the purposes of civil life, in distinction from military and naval architecture, as private houses, palaces, churches, etc. -- Civil death. (Law.) See under Death. -- Civil engineering. See under Engineering. -- Civil law. See under Law. -- Civil list. See under List. -- Civil remedy (Law), that given to a person injured, by action, as opposed to a criminal prosecution. -- Civil service, all service rendered to and paid for by the state or nation other than that pertaining to naval or military affairs. -- Civil service reform, the substitution of business principles and methods for the spoils system in the conduct of the civil service, esp. in the matter of appointments to office. -- Civil state, the whole body of the laity or citizens not included under the military, maritime, and ecclesiastical states. -- Civil suit. Same as Civil action. -- CCivil war. See under War. -- Civil year. See under Year. CIVILIAN Ci*vil"ian, n. Etym: [From Civil] 1. One skilled in the civil law. Ancient civilians and writers upon government. Swift. 2. A student of the civil law at a university or college. R. Graves. 3. One whose pursuits are those of civil life, not military or clerical. CIVILIST Civ"il*ist, n. Defn: A civilian. [R.] Warbur CIVILITY Ci*vil"i*ty, n.; pl. Civilities. Etym: [L. civilitas: cf. F. civilité. See Civil.] 1. The state of society in which the relations and duties of a citizen are recognized and obeyed; a state of civilization. [Obs.] Monarchies have risen from barbarrism to civility, and fallen again to ruin. Sir J. Davies. The gradual depature of all deeper signification from the word civility has obliged the creation of another word -- civilization. Trench. 2. A civil office, or a civil process [Obs.] To serve in a civility. Latimer. 3. Courtesy; politeness; kind attention; good breeding; a polite act or expression. The insolent civility of a proud man is, if possible, more shocking than his rudeness could be. Chesterfield. The sweet civilities of life. Dryden. Syn. -- Urbanity; affability; complaisance. CIVILIZABLE Civ"i*li`za*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being civilized. CIVILIZATION Civ`i*li*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. civilisation.] 1. The act of civilizing, or the state of being civilized; national culture; refinement. Our manners, our civilization, and all the good things connected with manners, and with civilization, have, in this European world of ours, depended for ages upon two principles -- . . . the spirit of a gentleman, and spirit of religion. Burke 2. (Law) Defn: Rendering a criminal process civil. [Obs.] CIVILIZE Civ"i*lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Civilized; p. pr. & vb. n. Civilizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. civilizer, fr.L. civilis civil. See Civil.] 1. To reclaim from a savage state; to instruct in the rules and customs of civilization; to educate; to refine. Yet blest that fate which did his arms dispose Her land to civilize, as to subdue. Dryden 2. To admit as suitable to a civilized state. [Obs. or R.] "Civilizing adultery." Milton. Syn. -- To polish; refine; humanize. CIVILIZED Civ"i*lized, a. Defn: Reclaimed from savage life and manners; instructed in arts, learning, and civil manners; refined; cultivated. Sale of conscience and duty in open market is not reconcilable with the present state of civilized society. J. Quincy. CIVILIZER Civ"i*li*zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, civilizes or tends to civilize. CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION Civil Service Commission. Defn: In the United States, a commission appointed by the President, consisting of three members, not more than two of whom may be adherents of the same party, which has the control, through examinations, of appointments and promotions in the classified civil service. It was created by act of Jan, 16, 1883 (22 Stat. 403). CIVIL SERVICE REFORM Civil Service Reform. Defn: The substitution of business principles and methods for political methods in the conduct of the civil service. esp. the merit system instead of the spoils system in making appointments to office. CIVILY Civ"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a civil manner; as regards civil rights and privileges; politely; courteously; in a well bred manner. CIVISM Civ"ism, n. Etym: [Cf.F. civisme, fr.L. civis citizen.] Defn: State of citizenship. [R.] Dyer. CIZAR Ciz"ar, v. i. Etym: [From Cizars.] Defn: To clip with scissors. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. CIZARS Ciz"ars, n. pl. Defn: Scissors. [Obs.] Swift. CIZE Cize, n. Defn: Bulk; largeness. [Obs.] See Size. CLABBER Clab"ber, n. Etym: [See Bonnyclabber] Defn: Milk curdled so as to become thick. CLABBER Clab"ber, v. i. Defn: To become clabber; to lopper. CLACHAN Clach"an, n. Etym: [Scot., fr.Gael.] Defn: A small village containing a church. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott Sitting at the clachon alehouse. R. L. Stevenson. CLACK Clack, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clacked;p. pr. & vb. n. Clacking.] Etym: [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. F.claquer to clap, crack, D. klakken, MHG. klac crack, Ir. clagaim I make a noise, ring. Cf. Clack, n., Clatter, Click.] 1. To make a sudden, sharp noise, or a succesion of such noises, as by striking an object, or by collision of parts; to rattle; to click. We heard Mr.Hodson's whip clacking on the ahoulders of the poor little wretches. Thackeray. 2. To utter words rapidly and continually, or with abruptness; to let the tongue run. CLACK Clack, v. t. 1. To cause to make a sudden, sharp noise, or succession of noises; to click. 2. To utter rapidly and inconsiderately. Feltham. To clack wool, to cut off the sheep's mark, in order to make the wool weigh less and thus yield less duty. [Eng.] CLACK Clack, n. Etym: [Cf. F. claque a slap or smack, MHG. klac crack, W. clec crack, gossip. See Clack, v. t.] 1. A sharp, abrupt noise, or succession of noises, made by striking an object. 2. Anything that causes a clacking noise, as the clapper of a mill, or a clack valve. 3. Continual or importunate talk; prattle; prating. Whose chief intent is to vaunt his spiritual clack. South. Clack box (Mach.), the box or chamber in which a clack valve works. -- Clack dish, a dish with a movable lid, formerly carried by beggars, who clacked the lid to attract notice. Shak. Clack door (Mining), removable cover of the opening through which access is had to a pump valve. -- Clack valve (Mach.), a valve; esp. one hinged at one edge, which, when raised from its seat, falls with a clacking sound. CLACKER Clack"er, n. 1. One who clacks; that which clacks; especially, the clapper of a mill. 2. A claqueur. See Claqueur. CLAD Clad, v.t Defn: To clothe. [Obs.] Holland. CLAD Clad, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Clothe. CLADOCERA Cla*doc"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of the Entomostraca. Note: They have a bivalve shell, covering the body but not the head, and from four to six pairs of legs and two pairs of antenæ, for use in swimming. They mostly inhabit fresh water. CLADOPHYLL Clad"o*phyll, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A special branch, resembling a leaf, as in the apparent foliage of the broom (Ruscus) and of the common cultivated smilax (Myrsiphillum). CLAGGY Clag"gy, a. Etym: [Cf. Clog.] Defn: Adhesive; -- said of a roof in a mine to which coal clings. CLAIK Claik, n. Defn: See Clake. CLAIM Claim (klam), v. [imp. & p. p. Claimed (klamd); p. pr. & vb. n. Claiming.] Etym: [OE. clamen, claimen, OF. clamer, fr. L. clamare to cry out, call; akin to calare to proclaim, Gr. kal to sound, G. holen to fetch, E. hale haul.] 1. To ask for, or seek to obtain, by virtue of authority, right, or supposed right; to challenge as a right; to demand as due. 2. To proclaim. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To call or name. [Obs.] Spenser. 4. To assert; to maintain. [Colloq.] CLAIM Claim, v. i. Defn: To be entitled to anything; to deduce a right or title; to have a claim. We must know how the first ruler, from whom any one claims, came by his authority. Locke. CLAIM Claim, n. Etym: [Of. claim cry, complaint, from clamer. See Claim, v.t.] 1. A demand of a right or supposed right; a calling on another for something due or supposed to be due; an assertion of a right or fact. 2. A right to claim or demand something; a title to any debt, privilege, or other thing in possession of another; also, a title to anything which another should give or concede to, or confer on, the claimant. "A bar to all claims upon land." Hallam. 3. The thing claimed or demanded; that (as land) to which any one intends to establish a right; as a settler's claim; a miner's claim. [U.S. & Australia] 4. A laoud call. [Obs.] Spenser To lay claim to, to demand as a right. "Doth he lay claim to thine inheritance" Shak. CLAIMABLE Claim"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being claimed. CLAIMANT Claim"ant, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. clamant, p. pr. of clamer. Cf.Clamant.] Defn: One who claims; one who asserts a right or title; a claimer. CLAIMER Claim"er, n. Defn: One who claims; a claimant. CLAIMLESS Claim"less, a. Defn: Having no claim. CLAIRAUDIENCE Clair*au"di*ence, n. [F. clair clear + F. & E. audience a hearing. See Clear.] Defn: Act of hearing, or the ability to hear, sounds not normally audible; -- usually claimed as a special faculty of spiritualistic mediums, or the like. CLAIRAUDIENT Clair*au"di*ent, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, clairaudience. CLAIRAUDIENT Clair*au"di*ent, n. Defn: One alleged to have the power of clairaudience. CLAIRE Claire, n. [F.] Defn: A small inclosed pond used for gathering and greening oysters. CLAIR-OBSCUR Clair"-ob*scur" (, n. Etym: [F. See Clare-obscure.] Defn: See Chiaroscuro. CLAIRVOYANCE Clair*voy"ance, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A power, attributed to some persons while in a mesmeric state, of discering objects not perceptible by the senses in their normal condition. CLAIRVOYANT Clair*voy"ant, a. Etym: [F., fr. clair clear + voyant, p. pr. of voir to see. See Clear, and Vision.] Defn: Pertaining to clairvoyance; discerning objects while in a mesmeric state which are not present to the senses. CLAIRVOYANT Clair*voy"ant n. Defn: One who is able, when in a mesmeric state, to discern objects not present to the senses. CLAKE; CLAIK Clake, Claik, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The bernicle goose; -- called also clack goose. CLAM Clam, n. Etym: [Cf. Clamp, Clam, v. t., Clammy.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bivalve mollusk of many kinds, especially those that are edible; as, the long clam (Mya arenaria), the quahog or round clam (Venus mercenaria), the sea clam or hen clam (Spisula solidissima), and other species of the United States. The name is said to have been given originally to the Tridacna gigas, a huge East Indian bivalve. You shall scarce find any bay or shallow shore, or cove of sand, where you may not take many clampes, or lobsters, or both, at your pleasure. Capt. John Smith (1616). Clams, or clamps, is a shellfish not much unlike a coclke; it lieth under the sand. Wood (1634). 2. (Ship Carp.) Defn: Strong pinchers or forceps. 3. pl. (Mech.) Defn: A kind of vise, usually of wood. Blood clam. See under Blood. CLAM Clam (clam), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clammed; p. pr. & vb. n. Clamming.] Etym: [Cf. AS. clæman to clam, smear; akin to Icel. kleima to smear, OHG. kleimjan, chleimen, to defile, or E. clammy.] Defn: To clog, as with glutinous or viscous matter. A swarm of wasps got into a honey pot, and there they cloyed and clammed Themselves till there was no getting out again. L'Estrange. CLAM Clam, v. i. Defn: To be moist or glutinous; to stick; to adhere. [R.] Dryden CLAM Clam, n. Defn: Claminess; moisture. [R.] "The clam of death." Carlyle. CLAM Clam, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. clamor.] Defn: A crash or clangor made by ringing all the bells of a chime at once. Nares. CLAM Clam, v. t. & i. Defn: To produce, in bell ringing, a clam or clangor; to cause to clang. Nares. CLAMANT Cla"mant, a. Etym: [L. clamans, p. pr. of clamare to call. Cf. Claimant.] Defn: Crying earnestly, beseeching clamorousky. "Clamant children." Thomson. CLAMATION Cla*ma"tion, n. Etym: [LL. clamatio, fr. L. clamare to call.] Defn: The act of crying out. Sir T. Browne. CLAMATORES Clam`a*to"res, n. pl. Etym: [L. clamator, pl. clamatores, a bawler.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of passerine birds in which the vocal muscles are but little developed, so that they lack the power of singing. CLAMATORIAL Clam`a*to"rial, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the Clamatores. CLAMBAKE Clam"bake, n. Defn: The backing or steaming of clams on heated stones, between layers of seaweed; hence, a picnic party, gathered on such an occasion. CLAMBER Clam"ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clambered; p. pr. & vb. n. Clambering.] Etym: [OE clambren, clameren, to heap together, climb; akin to Icel. klambra to clamp, G. klammern. Cf. Clamp, Climb.] Defn: To climb with difficulty, or with hands and feet; -- also used figuratively. The narrow street that clambered toward the mill. Tennyson. CLAMBER Clam"ber, n. Defn: The act of clambering. T. Moore. CLAMBER Clam"ber, v. t. Defn: To ascend by climbing with difficulty. Clambering the walls to eye him. Shak. CLAMJAMPHRIE Clam*jam"phrie, n. Defn: Low, worthless people; the rabble. [Scot.] Jamieson. CLAMMILY Clam"mi*ly, adv. Defn: In a clammy manner. "Oozing so clammily." Hood. CLAMMINESS Clam"mi*ness, n. Defn: State of being clammy or viscous. CLAMMY Clam"my, a. [Compar. Clammier; superl. Clammiest.] Etym: [Cf. AS. clam clay. See Clam to clog, and cf. Clay.] Defn: Having the quality of being viscous or adhesive; soft and sticky; glutinous; damp and adhesive, as if covered with a cold perspiration. CLAMOR Clam"or, n. Etym: [OF. clamour, clamur, F. clameur, fr. L. clamor, fr. clamare to cry out. See Claim.] 1. A great outcry or vociferation; loud and continued shouting or exclamation. Shak. 2. Any loud and continued noise. Addison. 3. A continued expression of dissatisfaction or discontent; a popular outcry. Macaulay. Syn. -- Outcry; exclamation; noise; uproar. CLAMOR Clam"or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clamored; p. pr. & vb. n. Clamoring.] 1. To salute loudly. [R.] The people with a shout Rifted the air, clamoring their god with praise. Milton . 2. To stun with noise. [R.] Bacon. 3. To utter loudly or repeatedly; to shout. Clamored their piteous prayer incessantly. Longfellow. To clamor bells, to repeat the strokes quickly so as to produce a loud clang. Bp. Warbur CLAMOR Clam"or, v. i. Defn: To utter loud sounds or outcries; to vociferate; to complain; to make importunate demands. The obscure bird Clamored the livelong night. Shak. CLAMORER Clam"or*er, n. Defn: One who clamors. CLAMOROUS Clam"or*ous, a. Etym: [LL. clamorosus, for L. Clamosus: cf. OF. clamoreux.] Defn: Speaking and repeating loud words; full of clamor; calling or demanding loudly or urgently; vociferous; noisy; bawling; loud; turbulent. "My young ones were clamorous for a morning's excursion." Southey. -- Clam"or*ous*ly, adv. -- Clam"or*ous*ness, n. CLAMP Clamp, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. & D. klamp, Dan. klampe, also D. klampen to fasten, clasp. Cf. Clam, Cramp.] 1. Something rigid that holds fast or binds things together; a piece of wood or metal, used to hold two or more pieces together. 2. (a) An instrument with a screw or screws by which work is held in its place or two parts are temporarily held together. (b) (Joinery) A piece of wood placed across another, or inserted into another, to bind or strengthen. 3. One of a pair of movable pieces of lead, or other soft material, to cover the jaws of a vise and enable it to grasp without bruising. 4. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A thick plank on the inner part of a ship's side, used to sustuan the ends of beams. 5. A mass of bricks heaped up to be burned; or of ore for roasting, or of coal coking. 6. A mollusk. See Clam. [Obs.] Clamp nails, nails used to fasten on clamps in ships. CLAMP Clamp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clamped p. pr. & vb. n. Clamping.] 1. To fasten with a clamp or clamps; to apply a clamp to; to place in a clamp. 2. To cover, as vegetables, with earth. [Eng.] CLAMP Clamp, n. Etym: [Prob. an imitative word. Cf.Clank.] Defn: A heavy footstep; a tramp. CLAMP Clamp, v. i. Defn: To tread heavily or clumsily; to clump. The policeman with clamping feet. Thackeray. CLAMPER Clamp"er, n. Defn: An instrument of iron, with sharp prongs, attached to a boot or shoe to enable the wearer to walk securely upon ice; a creeper. Kane. CLAN Clan, n. Etym: [Gael. clann offspring, descendants; akin to Ir. clann, cland, offspring, tribe, family; perh. from L. plania scion, slip, cutting. Cf. Plant, n.] 1. A tribe or collection of families, united under a chieftain, regarded as having the same common ancestor, and bearing the same surname; as, the clan of Macdonald. "I have marshaled my clan." Campbell. 2. A clique; a sect, society, or body of persons; esp., a body of persons united by some common interest or pursuit; -- sometimes used contemptuously. Partidge and the rest of his clan may hoot me. Smolett. The whole clan of the enlightened among us. Burke. CLANCULAR Clan"cu*lar, a. Etym: [L. clancularius , from clanculum secretly, adv. dim. of clam secretly.] Defn: Conducted with secrecy; clandestine; concealed. [Obs.] Not close and clancular, but frank and open. Barrow. CLANCULARLY Clan"cu*lar*ly, adv. Defn: privately; secretly. [Obs.] CLANDESTINE Clan*des"tine, a. Etym: [L. clandestinus, fr. clam secretly; akin to celare, E. conceal: cf. F. clandestin.] Defn: Conducted with secrecy; withdrawn from public notice, usually for an evil purpose; kept secret; hidden; private; underhand; as, a clandestine marriage. Locke. Syn. -- Hidden; secret; private; concealed; underhand; sly; stealthy; surreptitious; furtive; fraudulent. -- Clan*des"tine*ly, adv. -- Clan*des"tine*ness, n. CLANDESTINITY Clan`des*tin"i*ty, n. Defn: Privacy or secrecy. [R.] CLANG Clang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clanged; p. pr. & vb. n. Clanging.] Etym: [L. clangere; akin to Gr. clank.] Defn: To strike together so as to produce a ringing metallic sound. The fierce Caretes . . . clanged their sounding arms. Prior. CLANG Clang, v. i. Defn: To give out a clang; to resound. "Clanging hoofs." Tennyson. CLANG Clang, n. 1. A loud, ringing sound, like that made by metallic substances when clanged or struck together. The broadsword's deadly clang, As if a thousand anvils rang. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Qualyty of tone. CLANGOR Clan"gor, n. Etym: [L., fr. clangere. See Clang, v. t.] Defn: A sharp, harsh, ringing sound. Dryden. CLANGOROUS Clan"gor*ous, a. Etym: [LL. clangorosus.] Defn: Making a clangor; having a ringing, metallic sound. CLANGOUS Clan"gous, a. Defn: Making a clang, or a ringing metallic sound. [Obs.] CLANJAMFRIE Clan*jam"frie, n. Defn: Same as Clamjamphrie. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. CLANK Clank, n. Etym: [Akin to clink, and of imitative origin; cf. G. klang sound, D. klank. Cf. Clang.] Defn: A sharp, brief, ringing sound, made by a collision of metallic or other sonorous bodies; -- usually expressing a duller or less resounding sound than clang, and a deeper and stronger sound than clink. But not in chains to pine, His spirit withered with tyeur clank. Byron. CLANK Clank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clanked; p. pr. & vb. n. Clanking.] Defn: To cause to sound with a clank; as, the prisoners clank their chains. CLANK Clank, v. i. Defn: To sound with a clank. CLANKLESS Clank"less, a. Defn: Without a clank. Byreon. CLAN-NA-GAEL Clan"-na-Gael", n. [Ir., clan of the Gaels.] Defn: A secret society of Irish Fenians founded in Philadelphia in 1881. CLANNISH Clan"nish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a clan; closely united, like a clan; disposed to associate only with one's clan or clique; actuated by the traditions, prejudices, habits, etc., of a clan. -- Clan"nish*ly, adv. -- Clan"nish*ness, n. CLANSHIP Clan"ship, n. Defn: A state of being united togheter as in a clan; an association under a chieftain. CLANSMAN Clans"man, n.; pl. Clansmen. Defn: One belonging to the same clan with another. CLAP Clap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Clapping.] Etym: [AS. clappan; akin to Icel. & Sw. klappa, D, klappen, to clap, prate, G. klaffen, v.i., to split open, yelp, klopfen, v.t. & i., to knock.] 1. To strike; to slap; to strike, or strike together, with a quick motion, so, as to make a sharp noise; as, to clap one's hands; a clapping of wings. Then like a bird it sits and sings, And whets and claps its silver wings. Marvell. 2. To thrust, drive, put, or close, in a hasty or abrupt manner; -- often followed by to, into, on, or upon. He had just time to get in and clap to the door. Locke Clap an extinguaisher upon your irony. Lamb. 3. To manifest approbation of, by striking the hands together; to applaud; as, to clap a performance. To clap hands. (a) To pledge faith by joining hands. [Obs.] Shak. (b) To express contempt or derision. [Obs.] Lam. ii. 15. To clap hold of, to seize roughly or quickly. -- To clap up. (a) To imprison hastily or without due formality. (b) To make or contrive hastily. [Obs.] "Was ever match clapped up so suddenly" Shak. CLAP Clap, v. i. 1. To knock, as at a door. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To strike the hands together in applause. Their ladies bid them clap. Shak. 3. To come together suddenly with noise. The doors around me clapped. Dryden. 4. To enter with alacrity and briskness; -- with to or into. [Obs.] "Shall we clap into it roundly, without . . . saying we are hoarse" Shak. 5. To talk noisily; to chatter loudly. [Obs.] Chaucer. CLAP Clap, n. 1. A loud noise made by sudden collision; a bang. "Give the door such a clap, as you go out, as will shake the whole room." Swift. 2. A burst of sound; a sudden explosion. Horrible claps of thunder. Hakewill. 3. A single, sudden act or motion; a stroke; a blow. What, fifty of my followers at a clap! Shak. 4. A striking of hands to express approbation. Unextrected claps or hisses. Addison. 5. Noisy talk; chatter. [Obs.] Chaucer. 6. (Falconry) Defn: The nether part of the beak of a hawk. Clap dish. See Clack dish, under Clack, n. -- Clap net, a net for taking birds, made to close or clap together. CLAP Clap, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. clapoir.] Defn: Gonorrhea. CLAPBOARD Clap"board, n. 1. A narrow board, thicker at one edge than at the other; -- used for weatherboarding the outside of houses. [U. S.] 2. A stave for a cask. [Eng.] Halliwell. CLAPBOARD Clap"board, v. t. Defn: To cover with clapboards; as, to clapboard the sides of a house. [U. S.] Bartlett. CLAPBREAD; CLAPCAKE Clap"bread`, Clap"cake`, n. Defn: Oatmeal cake or bread clapped or beaten till it is thin. [Obs.] Halliwell. CLAPE Clape, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird; the flicker. CLAPPER Clap"per, n. 1. A person who claps. 2. That which strikes or claps, as the tongue of a bell, or the piece of wood that strikes a mill hopper, etc. See Illust. of Bell. Clapper rail (Zoöl.), an Americam species of rail (Rallus scepitans). CLAPPER Clap"per, n. Etym: [F. clapier.] Defn: A rabbit burrow. [Obs.] CLAPPERCLAW Clap"per*claw, v. t. Etym: [Clap + claw.] 1. To fight and scratch. C. Smart. 2. To abuse with the tongue; to revile; to scold. CLAPS Claps, v. t. Defn: Variant of Clasp [Obs.] Chaucer. CLAPTRAP Clap"trap`, n. 1. A contrivance for clapping in theaters. [Obs.] 2. A trick or device to gain applause; humbug. CLAPTRAP Clap"trap`, a. Defn: Contrived for the purpose of making a show, or gaining applause; deceptive; unreal. CLAQUE Claque, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A collection of persons employed to applaud at a theatrical exhibition. CLAQUEUR Cla`queur", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: One of the claque employed to applaud at a theater. CLARE Clare, n. Defn: A nun of the order of St.Clare. CLARENCE Clar"ence, n. Defn: A close four-wheeled carriage, with one seat inside, and a seat for the driver. CLARENCEUX; CLARENCIEUX Clar"en*ceux, Clar"en*cieux, n. (Her.) Defn: See King-at-arms. CLARENDON Clar"en*don, n. Defn: A style of type having a narrow and heave face. It is made in all sizes. Note: This line is in nonpareil Clarendon. CLARE-OBSCURE Clare"-ob*scure", n. Etym: [L. clarus clear + obscurus obscure; cf. F. clair-obscur. Cf. Chiaroscuro.] (Painting) Defn: See Chiaroscuro. CLARET Clar"et, n. Etym: [OE. claret, clare, clarry, OF. claret, clar, fr. cler, F. clair, clear, fr. L. clarus clear. See Clear.] Defn: The name firat given in England to the red wines of M CLARIBELLA Clar`i*bel"la, n. Etym: [NL., from L. clarus clear + bellus fine.] (Mus.) Defn: A soft, sweet stop, or set of open wood pipes in an organ. CLARICHORD Clar"i*chord, n. Etym: [F. clatocorde, fr.L. clarus clear + chorda string. See Chord.] Defn: A musical instrument, formerly in use, in form of a spinet; -- called also manichord and clavichord. CLARIFICATION Clar`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. clarification, L. clarificatio glorification.] 1. The act or process of making clear or transparent, by freeing visible impurities; as, the clarification of wine. 2. The act of freeing from obscurities. The clarification of men's ideas. Whewell. CLARIFIER Clar"i*fi`er, n. 1. That which clarifies. 2. A vessel in which the process of clarification is conducted; as, the clarifier in sugar works. Ure. CLARIFY Clar"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clarified; p. pr. & vb. n. Clarifying.] Etym: [F. clarifier, from L. clarificare; clarus clear + facere to make. See Clear, and Fact.] 1. To make clear or bright by freeing from feculent matter; to defecate; to fine; -- said of liquids, as wine or sirup. "Boiled and clarified." Ure. 2. To make clear; to free from obscurities; to brighten or illuminate. To clarify his reason, and to rectify his will. South. 3. To glorify. [Obs.] Fadir, clarifie thi name. Wyclif (John ii. 28). CLARIFY Clar"i*fy, v. i. 1. To grow or become clear or transparent; to become free from feculent impurities, as wine or other liquid under clarification. 2. To grow clear or bright; to clear up. Whosoever hath his mind fraught with many thoughts, his wits and understanding do clarify and break up in the discoursing with another. Bacon. CLARIGATE Clar"i*gate, v. i. Etym: [L. clarigare] Defn: To declare war with certain ceremonies. [Obs.] Holland. CLARINET Clar"i*net`, n. Etym: [F. clarinette, dim. of clarine, from L. clarus. See Clear, and cf. Clarion.] (Mus.) Defn: A wind instrument, blown by a single reed, of richer and fuller tone than the oboe, which has a double reed. It is the leading instrument in a military band. Note: [Often improperly called clarionet.] CLARINO Cla*ri"no, n. Etym: [It. a trumpet.] (Mus.) Defn: A reed stop in an organ. CLARION Clar"i*on, n. Etym: [OE. clarioun, OF. clarion, F. clairon, LL. clario, claro; so called from its clear tone, fr. L. clarus clear. See Clear.] Defn: A kind of trumpet, whose note is clear and shrill. He sounds his imperial clarion along the whole line of battle. E. Everett. CLARIONET Clar`i*o*net", n. Etym: [See Clarion, Clarinet.] (Mus.) Defn: See Clarinet. CLARISONUS Cla*ris"o*nus, a. Etym: [L. clarisonus; clarus + sonus.] Defn: Having a clear sound. [Obs.] Ash. CLARITUDE Clar"i*tude, n. Etym: [L. claritudo, fr. clarus clear.] Defn: Clearness; splendor. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. CLARITY Clar"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. claritas, fr. clarus clear: cf. F. clarté.] Defn: Clearness; brightness; splendor. Floods, in whose more than crystal clarity, Innumerable virgin graces row. Beaumont. CLARO-OBSCURO Cla"ro-ob*scu"ro, n. Defn: See Chiaroscuro. CLARRE Clar`ré", n. Etym: [See Claret.] Defn: Wine with a mixture of honey and species. [Obs.] Chaucer. CLART Clart, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Armor. kalar mud, mire, kalara to dirt, Sw. lort mud.] Defn: To daub, smear, or spread, as with mud, etc. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. CLARTY Clart"y, a. Defn: Sticky and foul; muddy; filthy; dirty. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. CLARY Clar"y, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Clarion.] Defn: To make a loud or shrill noise. [Obs.] Golding. CLARY Cla"ry, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. sclarea, scarlea, D. & G. scharlei, F. sclarée.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Salvia sclarea) of the Sage family, used in flavoring soups. Clary water, a composition of clary flowers with brandy, etc., formerly used as a cardiac. CLASH Clash, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Clashing.] Etym: [Of imitative origin; cf. G. klatschen, Prov. G. kleschen, D. kletsen, Dan. klaske, E. clack.] 1. To make a noise by striking against something; to dash noisily together. 2. To meet in opposition; to act in a contrary direction; to come onto collision; to interfere. However some of his interests might clash with those of the chief adjacent colony. Palfrey. CLASH Clash, v. t. Defn: To strike noisily against or together. CLASH Clash n. 1. A loud noise resulting from collision; a noisy collision of bodies; a collision. The roll of cannon and clash of arms. Tennyson. 2. Opposition; contradiction; as between differing or contending interests, views, purposes, etc. Clashes between popes and kings. Denham. CLASH GEAR Clash gear. (Mach.) Defn: A change-speed gear in which the gears are changed by sliding endwise. CLASHINGLY Clash"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With clashing. CLASP Clasp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clasped; p. pr. & vb. n. Clasping] Etym: [OE. claspen, clapsen, prob. akin to E. clap.] 1. To shut or fasten together with, or as with, a clasp; to shut or fasten (a clasp, or that which fastens with a clasp). 2. To inclose and hold in the hand or with the arms; to grasp; to embrace. 3. To surround and cling to; to entwine about. "Clasping ivy." Milton. CLASP Clasp, n. 1. An adjustable catch, bent plate, or hook, for holding together two objects or the parts of anything, as the ends of a belt, the covers of a book, etc. 2. A close embrace; a throwing of the arms around; a grasping, as with the hand. Clasp knife, a large knife, the blade of which folds or shuts into the handle. -- Clasp lock, a lock which closes or secures itself by means of a spring. CLASPER Clasp"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, clasps, as a tendril. "The claspers of vines." Derham. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of a pair of organs used by the male for grasping the female among many of the Crustacea. (b) One of a pair of male copulatory organs, developed on the anterior side of the ventral fins of sharks and other elasmobranchs. See Illust. of Chimæra. CLASPERED Clasp"ered, a. Defn: Furnished with tendrils. CLASS Class, n. Etym: [F. classe, fr. L. classis class, collection, fleet; akin to Gr. claim, haul.] 1. A group of individuals ranked together as possessing common characteristics; as, the different classes of society; the educated class; the lower classes. 2. A number of students in a school or college, of the same standing, or pursuing the same studies. 3. A comprehensive division of animate or inanimate objects, grouped together on account of their common characteristics, in any classification in natural science, and subdivided into orders, families, tribes, gemera, etc. 4. A set; a kind or description, species or variety. She had lost one class energies. Macaulay. 5. (Methodist Church) Defn: One of the sections into which a church or congregation is divided, and which is under the supervision of a class leader. Class of a curve (Math.), the kind of a curve as expressed by the number of tangents that can be drawn from any point to the curve. A circle is of the second class. -- Class meeting (Methodist Church), a meeting of a class under the charge of a class leader, for counsel and relegious instruction. CLASS Class, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Classed; p. pr. & vb. n. Classing.] Etym: [Cf. F. classer. See Class, n.] 1. To arrange in classes; to classify or refer to some class; as, to class words or passages. Note: In scientific arrangement, to classify is used instead of to class. Dana. 2. To divide into classes, as students; to form into, or place in, a class or classes. CLASS Class, v. i. Defn: To grouped or classed. The genus or famiky under which it classes. Tatham. CLASS DAY Class day. Defn: In American colleges and universities, a day of the commencement season on which the senior class celebrates the completion of its course by exercises conducted by the members, such as the reading of the class histories and poem, the delivery of the class oration, the planting of the class ivy, etc. CLASSIBLE Class"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being classed. CLASSIC; CLASSICAL Clas"sic, Clas"sic*al, a. Etym: [L. classicus relating to the classes of the Roman people, and especially to the frist class; hence, of the first rank, superior, from classis class: cf. F. classique. See Class, n.] 1. Of or relating to the first class or rank, especially in literature or art. Give, as thy last memorial to the age, One classic drama, and reform the stage. Byron. Mr. Greaves may justly be reckoned a classical author on this subject [Roman weights and coins]. Arbuthnot. 2. Of or pertaining to the ancient Greeks and Romans, esp. to Greek or Roman authors of the highest rank, or of the period when their best literature was produced; of or pertaining to places inhabited by the ancient Greeks and Romans, or rendered famous by their deeds. Though throned midst Latium's classic plains. Mrs. Hemans. The epithet classical, as applied to ancient authors, is determined less by the purity of their style than by the period at which they wrote. Brande & C. He [Atterbury] directed the classical studies of the undergraduates of his college. Macaulay. 3. Conforming to the best authority in literature and art; chaste; pure; refined; as, a classical style. Classical, provincial, and national synods. Macaulay. Classicals orders. (Arch.) See under Order. CLASSIC Clas"sic, n. 1. A work of acknowledged excellence and authrity, or its author; -- originally used of Greek and Latin works or authors, but now applied to authors and works of a like character in any language. In is once raised him to the rank of a legitimate English classic. Macaulay. 2. One learned in the literature of Greece and Rome, or a student of classical literature. CLASSICALISM Clas"sic*al*ism, n. 1. A classical idiom, style, or expression; a classicism. 2. Adherence to what are supposed or assumed to be the classical canons of art. CLASSICALIST Clas"sic*al*ist, n. Defn: One who adheres to what he thinks the classical canons of art. Ruskin. CLASSICALITY; CLASSICALNESS Clas`si*cal"i*ty, Clas"sic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being classical. CLASSICALLY Clas"sic*al*ly, adv. 1. In a classical manner; according to the manner of classical authors. 2. In the manner of classes; according to a regular order of classes or sets. CLASSICISM Clas"si*cism, n. Defn: A classic idiom or expression; a classicalism. C. Kingsley. CLASSICIST Clas"si*cist, n. Defn: One learned in the classics; an advocate for the classics. CLASSIFIABLE Clas"si*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being classified. CLASSIFIC Clas*sif"ic, a. Defn: Characterizing a class or classes; relating to classification. CLASSIFICATION Clas`si*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. classification.] Defn: The act of forming into a class or classes; a distibution into groups, as classes, orders, families, etc., according to some common relations or affinities. Artificial classification. (Science) See under Artifitial. CLASSIFICATORY Clas"si*fi*ca`to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to classification; admitting of classification. "A classificatory system." Earle. CLASSIFIER Clas"si*fi`er, n. Defn: One who classifies. CLASSIFY Clas"si*fy, v. t. [imp. & pp. Classified; p. pr. & vb. n. Classifying.] Etym: [L. classis class + Defn: To distribute into classes; to arrange according to a system; to arrnge in sets according to some method founded on common properties or characters. Syn. -- To arrange; distibute; rank. CLASSIS Clas"sis, n.; pl. Classes. Etym: [L. See Class, n.] 1. A class or order; sort; kind. [Obs.] His opinion of that classis of men. Clarendon. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: An ecclesiastical body or judicat CLASSMAN Class"man, n.; pl. Classmen(#). 1. A member of a class; a classmate. 2. A candidate for graduation in arts who is placed in an honor class, as opposed to a passman, who is not classified. [Oxford, Eng.] CLASSMATE Class"mate`, n. Defn: One who is in the same class with another, as at school or college. CLASTIC Clas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Pertaining to what may be taken apart; as, clastic anatomy (of models). 2. (Min.) Defn: Fragmental; made up of brokas, sandstone is a clastic rock. CLATCH Clatch, n. [Cf. Scot. clatch a slap, the noise caused by the collision of soft bodies; prob. of imitative origin.] (Scot. & Dial. Eng.) 1. A soft or sloppy lump or mass; as, to throw a clatch of mud. 2. Anything put together or made in a careless or slipshod way; hence, a sluttish or slipshod woman. CLATCH Clatch, v. t. & i. Defn: To daub or smear, as with lime; to make or finish in a slipshod way. [Scot.] CLATHRATE Clath"rate, a. Etym: [L. clathri latti 1. (Bot.) Defn: Shaped like a lattice; cancellate. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the surface marked with raised lines resembling a lattice, as many shells. CLATTER Clat"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clattered; p. pr. & vb. n. Clattering.] Etym: [AS. cla a rattle, akin to D. klateren to rattle. Cf. Clack.] 1. To make a rattling sound by striking hard bodies together; to make a succession of abrupt, rattling sounds. Clattering loud with clamk. Longfellow. 2. To talk fast and noisily; to rattle with the tongue. I see thou dost but clatter. Spenser. CLATTER Clat"ter, v. t. Defn: To make a rattling noise with. You clatter still your brazen kettle. Swift. CLATTER Clat"ter, n. 1. A rattling noise, esp. that made by the collision of hard bodies; also, any loud, abrupt sound; a repetition of abrupt sounds. The goose let fall a golden egg With cackle and with clatter. Tennyson. 2. Commotion; disturbance. "Those mighty feats which made such a clatter in story." Barrow. 3. Rapid, noisy talk; babble; chatter. "Hold still thy clatter." Towneley Myst. (15 th Cent. ). Throw by your clatter And handle the matter. B. Jonson CLATTERER Clat"ter*er, n. Defn: One who clatters. CLATTERINGLY Clat"ter*ing*ly, adv. Defn: With clattering. CLAUDE LORRAINE GLASS Claude" Lor*raine" glass`. Etym: [Its name is supposed to be derived from the similarity of the effects it gives to those of a picture by Claude Lorrain (often written Lorraine).] Defn: A slightly convex mirror, commonly of black glass, used as a toy for viewing the reflected landscape. CLAUDENT Clau"dent, a. Etym: [L. claudens, p. pr. of claudere to shut.] Defn: Shutting; confining; drawing together; as, a claudent muscle. [R.] Jonson CLAUDICANT Clau"di*cant, a. Etym: [L. claudicans, p. pr. of claudicare to limp, fr. claudus lame.] Defn: Limping. [R.] CLAUDICATION Clau`di*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. claudicatio.] Defn: A halting or limping. [R.] Tatler. CLAUSE Clause, n. Etym: [F. clause, LL. clausa, equiv. to L. clausula clause, prop., close of claudere to shut, to end. See Close.] 1. A separate portion of a written paper, paragraph, or sentence; an article, stipulation, or proviso, in a legal document. The usual attestation clause to a will. Bouvier. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A subordinate portion or a subdivision of a sentence containing a subject and its predicate. CLAUSE Clause, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Letters clause or close, under Letter. CLAUSTRAL Claus"tral, a. Etym: [F., fr. LL. claustralis, fr. L. claustrum. See Cloister.] Defn: Cloistral. Ayliffe CLAUSTRUM Claus"trum, n.; pl. Claustra. Etym: [L., a bolt or bar.] (Anat.) Defn: A thin lamina of gray matter in each cerebral hemiphere of the brain of man. -- Claus"tral, a. CLAUSULAR Clau"su*lar, a. Etym: [From L. clausula. See Clause, n.] Defn: Consisting of, or having, clauses. Smart. CLAUSURE Clau"sure, n. Etym: [L. clausura. See Closure.] Defn: The act of shutting up or confining; confinement. [R.] Geddes. CLAVATE; CLAVATED Cla"vate, Cla"va*ted, a. Etym: [L. clava club.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Club-shaped; having the form of a club; growing gradually thicker toward the top. Note: [See Illust. of Antennae.] CLAVE Clave, Defn: imp. of Cleave. [Obs.] CLAVECIN Clav"e*cin, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The harpsichord. CLAVEL Cla"vel, n. Defn: See Clevis. CLAVELLATE Clav"el*late, a. Defn: See Clavate. CLAVELLATED Clav"el*la`ted, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. cineres clavelatti ashes of burnt lees or dregs of wine, F. clavel an inferior sort of soda, E. clavate.] (Old Chem.) Defn: Said of potash, probably in reference to its having been obtained from billets of wood by burning. [Obs.] CLAVER Clav"er, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Clover. Holland. CLAVER Clav"er, n. Defn: Frivolous or nonsensical talk; prattle; chattering. [Scot. & North of Eng.] Emmy found herself entirely at a loss in the midst of their clavers. Thackeray. CLAVICHORD Clav"i*chord, n. Etym: [F. clavicorde, fr. L. clavis key + chorda string.] (Mus.) Defn: A keyed stringed instrument, now superseded by the pianoforte. See Clarichord. CLAVICLE Clav"i*cle, n. Etym: [F. clavicule, fr. L. clavicula a little key, tendril, dim. of clavis key, akin to claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Clef.] (Anat.) Defn: The collar bone, which is joined at one end to the scapula, or shoulder blade, and at the other to the sternum, or breastbone. In man each clavicle is shaped like the letter CLAVICORN Clav"i*corn, a. Etym: [Cf. F. clavicorne.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having club-shaped antennæ. See Antennæ -- n. Defn: One of the Clavicornes. CLAVICORNES Clav`i*cor"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL.; Fr. L. clava club + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of beetles having club-shaped antennæ. CLAVICULAR Cla*vic"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. claviculaire. See Clavicle.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the clavicle. CLAVIER Cla"vi*er ( F. ), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. clavis key.] (Mus.) Defn: The keyboard of an organ, pianoforte, or harmonium. Note: Clavier ( CLAVIFORM Clav"i*form, a. Etym: [L. clava club + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Club-shaped; clavate. Craig. CLAVIGER Clav"i*ger, n. Etym: [L., fr. clavis key + gerere to carry.] Defn: One who carries the keys of any place. CLAVIGER Clav"i*ger, n. Etym: [L., fr. clava club + gerere to carry.] Defn: One who carries a club; a club bearer. CLAVIGEROUS Cla*vig"er*ous, a. Defn: Bearing a club or a key. CLAVIS Cla"vis, n.; pl. L. Claves, E. Clavises. Etym: [L.] Defn: A key; a glossary. CLAVUS Cla"vus, n. Etym: [L., a nail.] Defn: A callous growth, esp. one the foot; a corn. CLAVY Cla"vy, n.; pl. Clavies. Etym: [Cf. F. claveau centerpiece of an arch.] (Arch.) Defn: A mantelpiece. CLAW Claw, n. Etym: [AS. clawu, cla, cleó; akin to D. klaauw, G. Klaue, Icel. klo, SW. & Dan. klo, and perh. to E. clew.] 1. A sharp, hooked nail, as of a beast or bird. 2. The whole foot of an animal armed with hooked nails; the pinchers of a lobster, crab, etc. 3. Anything resembling the claw of an animal, as the curved and forked end of a hammer for drawing nails. 4. (Bot.) Defn: A slender appendage or process, formed like a claw, as the base of petals of the pink. Gray. Claw hammer, a hammer with one end of the metallic head cleft for use in extracting nails, etc. -- Claw hammer coat, a dress coat of the swallowtail pattern. [Slang] -- Claw sickness, foot rot, a disease affecting sheep. CLAW Claw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Clawing.] Etym: [AS. clawan. See Claw, n.] 1. To pull, tear, or scratch with, or as with, claws or nails. 2. To relieve from some uneasy sensation, as by scratching; to tickle; hence, to flatter; to court. [Obs.] Rich men they claw, soothe up, and flatter; the poor they contemn and despise. Holland. 3. To rail at; to scold. [Obs.] In the aforesaid preamble, the king fairly claweth the great monasteries, wherein, saith he, religion, thanks be to God, is right well kept and observed; though he claweth them soon after in another acceptation. T. Fuller Claw me, claw thee, stand by me and I will stand by you; -- an old proverb. Tyndale. To claw away, to scold or revile. "The jade Fortune is to be clawed away for it, if you should lose it." L'Estrange. To claw (one) on the back, to tickle; to express approbation. (Obs.) Chaucer. -- To claw (one) on the gall, to find falt with; to vex. [Obs.] Chaucer. CLAW Claw, v. i. Defn: To scrape, scratch, or dig with a claw, or with the hand as a claw. "Clawing [in ash barrels] for bits of coal." W. D. Howells. To claw off (Naut.), to turn to windward and beat, to prevent falling on a lee shore. CLAWBACK Claw"back`, n. Defn: A flatterer or sycophant. [Obs.] "Take heed of these clawbacks." Latimer. CLAWBACK Claw"back`, a. Defn: Flattering; sycophantic. [Obs.] Like a clawback parasite. Bp. Hall. CLAWBACK Claw"back`, v. t. Defn: To flatter. [Obs.] Warner. CLAWED Clawed, a. Defn: Furnished with claws. N. Grew. CLAWLESS Claw"less, a. Defn: Destitute of claws. CLAY Clay, n. Etym: [AS. clæg; akin to LG. klei, D. klei, and perh. to AS. clam clay, L. glus, gluten glue, Gr. glue. Cf. Clog.] 1. A soft earth, which is plastuc, or may be molded with the hands, consisting of hydrous silicate of alumunium. It is the result of the wearing down and decomposition, in part, of rocks containing aluminous minerals, as granite. Lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, and other ingredients, are often present as impurities. 2. (Poetry & Script.) Defn: Earth in general, as representing the elementary particles of the human body; hence, the human body as formed from such particles. I also am formed out of the clay. Job xxxiii. 6. The earth is covered thick with other clay, Which her own clay shall cover. Byron. Bowlder clay. See under Bowlder. -- Brick clay, the common clay, containing some iron, and therefore turning red when burned. -- Clay cold, cold as clay or earth; lifeless; inanimate. -- Clay ironstone, an ore of iron consisting of the oxide or carbonate of iron mixed with clay or sand. -- Clay marl, a whitish, smooth, chalky clay. -- Clay mill, a mill for mixing and tempering clay; a pug mill. -- Clay pit, a pit where clay is dug. -- Clay slate (Min.), argillaceous schist; argillite. -- Fatty clays, clays having a greasy feel; they are chemical compounds of water, silica, and aluminia, as halloysite, bole, etc. -- Fire clay , a variety of clay, entirely free from lime, iron, or an alkali, and therefore infusible, and used for fire brick. -- Porcelain clay, a very pure variety, formed directly from the decomposition of feldspar, and often called kaolin. -- Potter's clay, a tolerably pure kind, free from iron. CLAY Clay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Claying.] 1. To cover or manure with clay. 2. To clarify by filtering through clay, as sugar. CLAY-BRAINED Clay"-brained`, a. Defn: Stupid. [Obs.] Shak. CLAYES Clayes, n. pl. Etym: [F. claie hurdle.] (Fort.) Defn: Wattles, or hurdles, made with stakes interwoven with osiers, to cover lodgments. [Obs.] CLAYEY Clay"ey, a. Defn: Consisting of clay; abounding with clay; partaking of clay; like clay. CLAYISH Clay"ish, a. Defn: Partaking of the nature of clay, or containing particles of it. CLAYMORE Clay"more`, n. Etym: [Gael. claidheamhmor a broadsword; Gael. claidheamh sword + mor great, large. Cf. Claymore.] Defn: A large two-handed sword used formerly by the Scottish Highlanders. CLAYTONIA Clay*to"ni*a, n. Etym: [Named after Dr.John Clayton, an American botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: An American genus of perennial herbs with delicate blossoms; -- sometimes called spring beauty. CLEADING Clead"ing, n. Etym: [Scot., clothing. See Cloth.] 1. A jacket or outer covering of wood, etc., to prevent radiation of heat, as from the boiler, cylinder. etc., of a steam engine. 2. The planking or boarding of a shaft, cofferdam, etc. CLEAN Clean, a. [Compar. Cleaner (; superl. Cleanest.] Etym: [OE. clene, AS. cl; akin to OHG. chleini pure, neat, graceful, small, G. klein small, and perh. to W. glan clean, pure, bright; all perh. from a primitive, meaning bright, shining. Cf. Glair.] 1. Free from dirt or filth; as, clean clothes. 2. Free from that which is useless or injurious; without defects; as, clean land; clean timber. 3. Free from awkwardness; not bungling; adroit; dexterous; as, aclean trick; a clean leap over a fence. 4. Free from errors and vulgarisms; as, a clean style. 5. Free from restraint or neglect; complete; entire. When ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not make clean riddance of corners of thy field. Le 6. Free from moral defilement; sinless; pure. Create in me a clean heart, O God. Ps. li. 10 That I am whole, and clean, and meet for Heaven Tennyson. 7. (Script.) Defn: Free from ceremonial defilement. 8. Free from that which is corrupting to the morals; pure in tone; healthy. "Lothair is clean." F. Harrison. 9. Well-proportioned; shapely; as, clean limbs. A clean bill of health, a certificate from the proper authrity that a ship is free from infection. -- Clean breach. See under Breach, n., 4. -- To make a clean breast. See under Breast. CLEAN Clean, adv. 1. Without limitation or remainder; quite; perfectly; wholly; entirely. "Domestic broils clean overblown." Shak. "Clean contrary." Milton. All the people were passed clean over Jordan. Josh. iii. 17. 2. Without miscarriage; not bunglingly; dexterously. [Obs.] "Pope came off clean with Homer." Henley. CLEAN Clean, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleaned; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaning.] Etym: [See Clean, a., and cf. Cleanse.] Defn: To render clean; to free from whatever is foul, offensive, or extraneous; to purify; to cleanse. To clean out, to exhaust; to empty; to get away from (one) all his money. [Colloq.] De Quincey. CLEAN-CUT Clean"-cut`, a. Defn: See Clear-cut. CLEANER Clean"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, cleans. CLEANING Clean"ing, n. 1. The act of making clean. 2. The afterbirth of cows, ewes, etc. Gardner. CLEANLILY Clean"li*ly, adv. Defn: In a cleanly manner. CLEAN-LIMBED Clean"-limbed`, a. Defn: With well-proportioned, unblemished limbs; as, a clean-limbed young fellow. Dickens. CLEANLINESS Clean"li*ness, n. Etym: [From Cleanly.] Defn: State of being cleanly; neatness of person or dress. Cleanliness from head to heel. Swift. CLEANLY Clean"ly, a. [Compar. Cleanlier; superl. Cleanliest.] Etym: [From Clean.] 1. Habitually clean; pure; innocent. "Cleanly joys." Glanvill. Some plain but cleanly country maid. Dryden. Displays her cleanly platter on the board. Goldsmith. 2. Cleansing; fitted to remove moisture; dirt, etc. [Obs.] "With cleanly powder dry their hair." Prior. 3. Adroit; skillful; dexterous; artful. [Obs.] Through his fine handling and his cleanly play. Spenser. CLEANLY Clean"ly, adv. 1. In a clean manner; neatly. He was very cleanly dressed. Dickens. 2. Innocently; without stain. Shak. 3. Adroitly; dexterously. Middleton. CLEANNESS Clean"ness, n. Etym: [AS. cl. See Clean.] 1. The state or quality of being clean. 2. Purity of life or language; freedom from licentious courses. Chaucer. CLEANSABLE Cleans"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being cleansed. Sherwood. CLEANSE Cleanse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleansed; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleansing.] Etym: [AS. clænsian, fr. clæne clean. See Clean.] Defn: To render clean; to free from fith, pollution, infection, guilt, etc.; to clean. If we walk in the light . . . the blood of Jesus Christ his son cleanseth us from all sin. 1 John i. 7. Can'st thou not minister to a mind diseased, And with some sweet oblivious antidote Cleanse the suffed bosom of that perilous stuff Which weighs upon the heart Shak. CLEANSER Cleans"er, n. Etym: [AS. cl.] Defn: One who, or that which, cleanses; a detergent. Arbuthnot. CLEAN-TIMBERED Clean"-tim`bered, a. Defn: Well-propotioned; symmetrical. [Poetic] Shak. CLEAR Clear, a. [Compar. Clearer; superl. Clearest.] Etym: [OE. cler, cleer, OF. cler, F. clair, fr.L. clarus, clear, broght, loud, distinct, renownwd; perh. akin to L. clamare to call, E. claim. Cf. Chanticleer, Clairvoyant, Claret, Clarufy.] 1. Free from opaqueness; transparent; bright; light; luminous; unclouded. The stream is so transparent, pure, and clear. Denham. Fair as the moon, clear as the sun. Canticles vi. 10. 2. Free from ambiquity or indistinctness; lucid; perspicuous; plain; evident; manifest; indubitable. One truth is clear; whatever is, is right. Pop 3. Able to perceive clearly; keen; acute; penetrating; discriminating; as, a clear intellect; a clear head. Mother of science! now I feel thy power Within me clear, not only to discern Things in their causes, but to trace the ways Of highest agents. Milton. 4. Not clouded with passion; serene; cheerful. With a countenance as clear As friendship wears at feasts. Shak. 5. Easily or distinctly heard; audible; canorous. Hark! the numbers soft and clear Gently steal upon the ear. Pope. 6. Without mixture; entirely pure; as, clear sand. 7. Without defect or blemish, such as freckles or knots; as, a clear complexion; clear lumber. 8. Free from guilt or stain; unblemished. Statesman, yet friend to truth! in soul sincere, In action faithful, and in honor clear. Pope. 9. Without diminution; in full; net; as, clear profit. I often wished that I had clear, For life, six hundred pounds a-year. Swift . 10. Free from impediment or obstruction; unobstructed; as, a clear view; to keep clear of debt. My companion . . . left the way clear for him. Addison. 11. Free from embarrassment; detention, etc. The cruel corporal whispered in my ear, Five pounds, if rightly tipped, would set me clear. Gay. Clear breach. See under Breach, n., 4. -- Clear days (Law.), days reckoned from one day to another, excluding both the first and last day; as, from Sunday to Sunday there are six clear days. -- Clear stuff, boards, planks, etc., free from knots. Syn. -- Manifest; pure; unmixed; pellucid; transparent; luminous; obvious; visible; plain; evident; apparent; distinct; perspicuous. See Manifest. CLEAR Clear, n. (Carp.) Defn: Full extent; distance between extreme limits; especially; the distance between the nearest surfaces of two bodies, or the space between walls; as, a room ten feet square in the clear. CLEAR Clear, adv. 1. In a clear manner; plainly. Now clear I understand What oft . . . thoughts have searched in vain. Milton. 2. Without limitation; wholly; quite; entirely; as, to cut a piece clear off. CLEAR Clear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleared; p. pr. & vb. n. Clearing.] 1. To render bright, transparent, or undimmed; to free from clouds. He sweeps the skies and clears the cloudy north. Dryden. 2. To free from impurities; to clarify; to cleanse. 3. To free from obscurity or ambiguity; to relive of perplexity; to make perspicuous. Many knotty points there are Which all discuss, but few can clear. Prior. 4. To render more quick or acute, as the understanding; to make perspicacious. Our common prints would clear up their understandings. Addison 5. To free from impediment or incumbrance, from defilement, or from anything injurious, useless, or offensive; as, to clear land of trees or brushwood, or from stones; to clear the sight or the voice; to clear one's self from debt; -- often used with of, off, away, or out. Clear your mind of cant. Dr. Johnson. A statue lies hid in a block of marble; and the art of the statuary only clears away the superfluous matter. Addison. 6. To free from the imputation of guilt; to justify, vindicate, or acquit; -- often used with from before the thing imputed. I . . . am sure he will clear me from partiality. Dryden. How! wouldst thou clear rebellion Addison. 7. To leap or pass by, or over, without touching or fallure; as, to clear a hedge; to clear a reef. 8. To gain without deduction; to net. The profit which she cleared on the cargo. Macaulay. To clear a ship at the customhouse, to exhibit the documents required by law, give bonds, or perform other acts requisite, and procure a permission to sail, and such papers as the law requires. -- To clear a ship for action, or To clear for action (Naut.), to remove incumbrances from the decks, and prepare for an engagement. -- To clear the land (Naut.), to gain such a distance from shore as to have sea room, and be out of danger from the land. -- To clear hawse (Naut.), to disentangle the cables when twisted. -- To clear up, to explain; to dispel, as doubts, cares or fears. CLEAR Clear, v. i. 1. To become free from clouds or fog; to become fair; -- often fallowed by up, off, or away. So foul a sky clears without a strom. Shak. Advise him to stay till the weather clears up. Swift. 2. To disengage one's self frpm incumbrances, distress, or entanglements; to become free. [He that clears at once will relapse; for finding himself out of straits, he will revert to the customs; but he that cleareth by degrees induceth a habit of frugality. Bacon. 3. (Banking) Defn: To make exchanges of checks and bills, and settle balances, as is done in a clearing house. 4. To obtain a clearance; as, the steamer cleared for Liverpool to- day. To clear out, to go or run away; to depart. [Colloq.] CLEARAGE Clear"age, n. Defn: The act of reforming anything; clearance. [R.] CLEARANCE Clear"ance, n. 1. The act of clearing; as, to make a through clearance. 2. A certificate that a ship or vessel has been cleared at the customhouse; permission to sail. Every ship was subject to seizure for want of stamped clearances. Durke 3. Clear or net profit. Trollope. 4. (Mach.) Defn: The distance by which one object clears another, as the distance between the piston and cylinder head at the end of a stroke in a steam engine, or the least distance between the point of a cogwell tooth and the bottom of a space between teeth of a wheel with which it engages. Clearance space (Steam engine), the space inclosed in one end of the cylinder, between the valve or valves and the piston, at the beginning of a stroke; waste room. It includes the space caused by the piston's clearance and the space in ports, passageways, etc. Its volume is often expressed as a certain proportion of the volume swept by the piston in a single stroke. CLEARCOLE Clear"cole`, n. [F. claire colle clear glue; clair clear (f. claire) + colle glue, Gr. ] Defn: A priming of size mixed with whiting or white lead, used in house painting, etc.; also, a size upon which gold leaf is applied in gilding. CLEARCOLE Clear"cole`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clearcoled; p. pr. & vb. n. Clearcoling.] Defn: To coat or paint with clearcole. CLEAR-CUT Clear"-cut`, a. 1. Having a sharp, distinct outline, like that of a cameo. She has . . . a cold and clear-cut face. Tennyson. 2. Concisely and distinctly expressed. CLEAREDNESS Clear"ed*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being cleared. Imputed by his friends to the clearedness, by his foes to the searedness, of his conscience. T. Fuller. CLEARER Clear"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, clears. Gold is a wonderful clearer of the understanding. Addison. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A tool of which the hemp for lines and twines, used by sailmakers, is finished. CLEAR-HEADED Clear"-head`ed, a. Defn: Having a clear understanding; quick of perception; intelligent. "He was laborious and clear-headed." Macaulay. -- Clear"-head`ed*ness, n. CLEARING Clear"ing, n. 1. The act or process of making clear. The better clearing of this point. South. 2. A tract of land cleared of wood for cultivation. A lonely clearing on the shores of Moxie Lake. J. Burroughs. 3. A method adopted by banks and bankers for making an exchange of checks held by each against the others, and settling differences of accounts. Note: In England, a similar method has been adopted by railroads for adjusting their accounts with each other. 4. The gross amount of the balances adjusted in the clearing house. Clearing house, the establishment where the business of clearing is carried on. See above, 3. CLEARLY Clear"ly, adv. Defn: In a clear manner. CLEARNESS Clear"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being clear. Syn. -- Clearness, Perspicuity. Clearness has reference to our ideas, and springs from a distinct conception of the subject under consideration. Perspicuity has reference to the mode of expressing our ideas and belongs essentially to style. Hence we speak of a writer as having clear ideas, a clear arrangement, and perspicuous phraseology. We do at times speak of a person's having great clearness of style; but in such cases we are usually thinking of the clearness of his ideas as manifested in language. "Whenever men think clearly, and are thoroughly interested, they express themselves with perspicuity and force." Robertson. CLEAR-SEEING Clear"-see`ing, a. Defn: Having a clear physical or mental vision; having a clear understanding. CLEAR-SHINING Clear"-shin`ing, a. Defn: Shining brightly. Shak. CLEAR-SIGHTED Clear"-sight`ed, a. Defn: Seeing with clearness; discerning; as, clear-sighted reason CLEAR-SIGHTEDNESS Clear"-sight`ed*ness, n. Defn: Acute discernment. CLEARSTARCH Clear"starch`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clearstarched; p. pr. & vb. n. Clearstraching.] Defn: To stiffen with starch, and then make clear by clapping with the hands; as, to clearstarch muslin. CLEARSTARCHER Clear"starch`er, n. Defn: One who clearstarches. CLEARSTORY; CLERESTORY Clear"sto`ry, Clere"sto`ry, n. (Arch.) Defn: The upper story of the nave of a church, containing windows, and rising above the aisle roofs. CLEARWING Clear"wing`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A lepidop terous insect with partially transparent wings, of the family Ægeriadæ, of which the currant and peach-tree borers are examples. CLEAT Cleat (klet), n. Etym: [OE. clete wedge; cf.D. kloot ball, Ger. kloss, klotz, lump. clod, MHG. kloz lump, ball, wedge, OHG. chloz ball, round mass.] 1. (Carp.) Defn: A strip of wood or iron fastened on transversely to something in order to give strength, prevent warping, hold position, etc. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A device made of wood or metal, having two arms, around which turns may be taken with a line or rope so as to hold securely and yet be readily released. It is bolted by the middle to a deck or mast, etc., or it may be lashed to a rope. CLEAT Cleat, v. t. Defn: To strengthen with a cleat. CLEAVABLE Cleav"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of cleaving or being divided. CLEAVAGE Cleav"age, n. 1. The act of cleaving or splitting. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: The quality possessed by many crystallized substances of splitting readily in one or more definite directions, in which the cohesive attraction is a minimum, affording more or less smooth surfaces; the direction of the dividing plane; a fragment obtained by cleaving, as of a diamond. See Parting. 3. (Geol.) Defn: Division into laminæ, like slate, with the lamination not necessarily parallel to the plane of deposition; -- usually produced by pressure. Basal cleavage, cleavage parallel to the base of a crystal, or to the plane of the lateral axes. -- Cell cleavage (Biol.), multiplication of cells by fission. See Segmentation. -- Cubuc cleavage, cleavage parallel to the faces of a cube. -- Diagonal cleavage, cleavage parallel to ta diagonal plane. -- Egg clavage. (Biol.) See Segmentation. -- Lateral cleavage, cleavage parallel to the lateral planes. -- Octahedral, Dodecahedral, or Rhombohedral, cleavage, cleavage parallel to the faces of an octahedron, dodecahedron, or rhombohedron. -- Prismatic cleavage, cleavage parallel to a vertical prism. CLEAVE Cleave, v. i. [.. Cleaved (, Clave (, (Obs.); p. p. Cleaved; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaving.] Etym: [OE. cleovien, clivien, cliven, AS. cleofian, clifian; akin to OS. klibon, G. kleben, LG. kliven, D. kleven, Dan. klæbe, Sw. klibba, and also to G. kleiben to cleve, paste, Icel. klifa to climb. Cf. Climb.] 1. To adhere closely; to stick; to hold fast; to cling. My bones cleave to my skin. Ps. cii. 5. The diseases of Egypt . . . shall cleave unto thee. Deut. xxviii. 60. Sophistry cleaves close to and protects Sin's rotten trunk, concealing its defects. Cowper. 2. To unite or be united closely in interest or affection; to adhere with strong attachment. Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife. Gen. ii. 24. Cleave unto the Lord your God. Josh. xxiii. 8. 3. To fit; to be adapted; to assimilate. [Poetic.] New honors come upon him, Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mold But with the aid of use. Shak. CLEAVE Cleave, v. t. [imp. Cleft, Clave (, Clove (, (Obsolescent); p. p. Cleft, Cleaved ( or Cloven (; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaving.] Etym: [OE. cleoven, cleven, AS. cleófan; akin to OS. klioban, D. klooven, G. klieben, Icel. kljufa, Sw. klyfva, Dan. klöve and prob. to Gr. glubere to peel. Cf. Cleft.] 1. To part or divide by force; to split or rive; to cut. O Hamlet, thou hast cleft my heart in twain. Shak. 2. To pert or open naturally; to divide. Every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws. Deut. xiv. 6. CLEAVE Cleave, v. i. Defn: To part; to open; to crack; to separate; as parts of bodies; as, the ground cleaves by frost. The Mount of Olives shall cleave in the midst. Zech. xiv. 4. CLEAVELANDITE Cleave"land*ite, n. Etym: [From Professor Parker Cleaveland.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of albite, white and lamellar in structure. CLEAVER Cleav"er, n. Defn: One who cleaves, or that which cleaves; especially, a butcher's instrument for cutting animal bodies into joints or pieces. CLEAVERS Cleav"ers, n. Etym: [From Cleave to stick.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of Galium (G. Aparine), having a fruit set with hooked bristles, which adhere to whatever they come in contact with; -- called also, goose grass, catchweed, etc. CLECHE Clé`ché", a. Etym: [F. cléché.] (Her.) Defn: Charged with another bearing of the same figure, and of the color of the field, so large that only a narrow border of the first bearing remains visible; -- said of any heraldic bearing. Compare Voided. CLECHY Cle"chy, a. Defn: See Cléché. CLEDGE Cledge, n. Etym: [Cf. Clay.] (Mining.) Defn: The upper stratum of fuller's earth. CLEDGY Cledg"y, a. Defn: Stiff, stubborn, clayey, or tenacious; as, a cledgy soil. Halliwell. CLEE Clee, n. Defn: A claw. [Holland. CLEE Clee, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The redshank. CLEEK Cleek, n. 1. A large hook or crook, as for a pot over a fire; specif., an iron- headed golf club with a straight, narrow face and a long shaft. 2. Act of cleeking; a clutch. [Scot.] CLEEK Cleek, v. t. [pret. Claught; pret. & p. p. Cleeked; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleeking.] [ME. cleken, clechen, to seize, clutch; perh. akin to E. clutch.] [Scot & Dial. Eng.] 1. Defn: To seize; clutch; snatch; catch; pluck. 2. To catch or draw out with a cleek, as a fish; to hook. 3. To hook or link (together); hence, to marry. Scott. CLEF Clef, n. Etym: [F. clef key, a key in music, fr. L. clavis key. See Clavicle.] (Mus.) Defn: A character used in musical notation to determine the position and pitch of the scale as represented on the staff. Note: The clefs are three in number, called the C, F, and G clefs, and are probably corruptions or modifications of these letters. They indicate that the letters of absolute pitch belonging to the lines upon which they are placed, are respectively C, F, and G. The F or bass clef, and the G or treble clef, are fixed in their positions upon the staff. The C clef may have three positions. It may be placed upon the first or lower line of the staff, in which case it is called soprano clef, upon the third line, in which case it called alto clef, or upon the fourth line, in which case tenor clef. It rarely or never is placed upon the second line, except in ancient music. See other forms of C clef under C, 2. Alto clef, Bass clef. See under Alto, Bass. CLEFT Cleft, imp. & p. p. Defn: from Cleave. CLEFT Cleft, a. 1. Divided; split; partly divided or split. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Incised nearly to the midrob; as, a cleft leaf. CLEFT Cleft, n. Etym: [OE. clift; cf. Sw. klyft cave, den, Icel. kluft cleft, Dan. klöft, G. kluft. See Cleave to split and cf. 2d Clift, 1st Clough.] 1. A space or opening made by splitting; a crack; a crevice; as, the cleft of a rock. Is. ii. 21. 2. A piece made by splitting; as, a cleft of wood. 3. (Far.) Defn: A disease in horses; a crack on the band of the pastern. Branchial clefts. See under Branchial. Syn. -- Crack; crevice; fissure; chink; cranny. CLEFT-FOOTED Cleft"-foot`ed, a. Defn: Having a cloven foot. CLEFTGRAFT Cleft"graft`, v. t. Defn: To ingraft by cleaving the stock and inserting a scion. Mortimer. CLEG Cleg, n. Etym: [Northern Eng. & Scot. gleg: cf. Gael. crethleag.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small breeze or horsefly. [North of Eng. & Scot.] Jamieson. CLEISTOGAMIC; CLEISTOGAMOUS Cleis`to*gam"ic, Cleis*tog"a*mous a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having, beside the usual flowers, other minute, closed flowers, without petals or with minute petals; -- said of certain species of plants which possess flowers of two or more kinds, the closed ones being so constituted as to insure self-fertilization. Darwin. CLEM Clem, v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. clam to clog, or G. klemmen to pinch, Icel. kl, E. clamp.] Defn: To starve; to famish. [Obs.] B. Jonson. CLEMATIS Clem"a*tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of flowering plants, of many species, mostly climbers, having feathery styles, which greatly enlarge in the fruit; -- called also virgin's bower. CLEMENCE Clem"ence, n. Defn: Clemency. [Obs.] Spenser. CLEMENCY Clem"en*cy, n.; pl. Clemencies. Etym: [L. clementia, fr. clemens mild, calm.] 1. Disposition to forgive and spare, as offenders; mildness of temper; gentleness; tenderness; mercy. Great clemency and tender zeal toward their subjects. Stowe. They had applied for the royal clemency. Macaulay. 2. Mildness or softness of the elements; as, the clemency of the season. Syn. -- Mildness; tenderness; indulgence; lenity; mercy; gentleness; compassion; kindness. CLEMENT Clem"ent, a. Etym: [L. clemens; -entis; cf. F. cl.] Defn: Mild in temper and disposition; merciful; compassionate. Shak. -- Clem"ent*ly, adv. CLEMENTINE Clem"ent*ine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Clement, esp. to St.Clement of Rome and the spurious homilies attributed to him, or to Pope Clement V. and his compilations of canon law. CLENCH Clench, n. & v. t. Defn: See Clinch. CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLE Cle`o*pa"tra's nee"dle. [So named after Cleopatra, queen of Egypt.] Defn: Either of two obelisks which were moved in ancient times from Heliopolis to Alexandria, one of which is now on the Thames Embankment in London, and the other in Central Park, in the City of New York. Some writers consider that only the obelisk now in Central Park is properly called Cleopatra's needle. CLEPE Clepe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleped or; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleping. Cf. Ycleped.] Etym: [AS. clepan, cleopian, clipian, clypian, to cry, call.] Defn: To call, or name. [Obs.] That other son was cleped Cambalo. Chaucer. CLEPE Clepe, v. i. Defn: To make appeal; to cry out. [Obs.] Wandering in woe, and to the heavens on high Cleping for vengeance of this treachery. Mir. for Mag. CLEPSINE Clep"si*ne, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of freshwater leeches, furnished with a proboscis. They feed upon mollusks and worms. CLEPSYDRA Clep"sy*dra, n. Etym: [L. from Gr. Defn: A water clock; a contrivance for measuring time by the graduated flow of a liquid, as of water, through a small aperture. See Illust. in Appendix. CLEPTOMANIA Clep`to*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Kleptomania. CLERESTORY Clere"sto`ry, n. Defn: Same as Clearstory. CLERGEON Cler"geon, n. Etym: [F., dim. of clerc. See Clerk.] Defn: A chorister boy. [Obs.] Chaucer. CLERGIAL Cler"gi*al, a. Defn: Learned; erudite; clercial. [Obs.] Chaucer. CLERGICAL Cler"gi*cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the clergy; clerical; clerkily; learned. [Obs.] Milton. CLERGY Cler"gy, n. Etym: [OE. clergie, clergi, clerge, OF. clergie, F. clergie (fr. clerc clerc, fr. L. clericus priest) confused with OF. clergié, F. clergé, fr. LL. clericatus office of priest, monastic life, fr. L. clericus priest, LL. scholar, clerc. Both the Old French words meant clergy, in sense 1, the former having also sense 2. See Clerk.] 1. The body of men set apart, by due ordination, to the service of God, in the Christian church, in distinction from the laity; in England, usually restricted to the ministers of the Established Church. Hooker. 2. Learning; also, a learned profession. [Obs.] Sophictry . . . rhetoric, and other cleargy. Guy of Warwick. Put their second sons to learn some clergy. State Papers (1515). 3. The privilege or benefit of clergy. If convicted of a clergyable felony, he is entitled equally to his clergy after as before conviction. Blackstone. Benefit of clergy (Eng., Law), the exemption of the persons of clergymen from criminal process before a secular judge -- a privilege which was extended to all who could read, such persons being, in the eye of the law, clerici, or clerks. This privilege was abridged and modified by various statutes, and finally abolished in the reign of George IV. (1827). -- Regular clergy, Secular clergy See Regular, n., and Secular, a. CLERGYABLE Cler"gy*a*ble, a. Defn: Entitled to, or admitting, the benefit of clergy; as, a clergyable felony. Blackstone. CLERGYMAN Cler"gy*man, n.; pl. Clergymen. Defn: An ordained minister; a man regularly authorized to peach the gospel, and administer its ordinances; in England usually restricted to a minister of the Established Church. CLERIC Cler"ic, n. Etym: [AS., fr. L. clericus. See Clerk.] Defn: A clerk, a clergyman. [R.] Bp. Horsley. CLERIC Cler"ic, a. Defn: Same as Clerical. CLERICAL Cler"ic*al, a. Etym: [LL. clericalis. See Clerk.] 1. Of or pertaining to the clergy; suitable for the clergy. "A clerical education." Burke. 2. Of or relating to a clerk or copyist, or to writing. "Clerical work." E. Everett. A clerical error, an error made in copying or writing. CLERICALISM Cler"ic*al*ism, n. Defn: An excessive devotion to the interests of the sacerdotal order; undue influence of the clergy; sacerdotalism. CLERICITY Cler*ic"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being a clergyman. CLERISY Cler"i*sy, n. Etym: [LL. clericia. See Clergy.] 1. The literati, or well educated class. 2. The clergy, or their opinions, as opposed to the laity. CLERK Clerk (; in Eng. ; 277), n. Etym: [Either OF. clerc, fr. L. clericus a priest, or AS. clerc, cleric, clerk, priest, fr. L. clericus, fr. Gr. Clergy.] 1. A clergyman or ecclesiastic. [Obs.] All persons were styled clerks that served in the church of Christ. Ayliffe. 2. A man who could read; a scholar; a learned person; a man of letters. [Obs.] "Every one that could read . . . being accounted a clerk." Blackstone. He was no great clerk, but he was perfectly well versed in the interests of Europe. Burke. 3. A parish officer, being a layman who leads in reading the responses of the Episcopal church service, and otherwise assists in it. [Eng.] Hook. And like unlettered clerk still cry "Amen". Shak. 4. One employed to keep records or accounts; a scribe; an accountant; as, the clerk of a court; a town clerk. The clerk of the crown . . . withdrew the bill. Strype. Note: In some cases, clerk is synonymous with secretary. A clerk is always an officer subordinate to a higher officer, board, corporation, or person; whereas a secretary may be either a subordinate or the head of an office or department. 5. An assistant in a shop or store. [U. S.] CLERK-ALE Clerk"-ale` ( in Eng. , n. Defn: A feast for the benefit of the parish clerk. [Eng.] T. Warton. CLERKLESS Clerk"less, a. Defn: Unlearned. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse. CLERKLIKE Clerk"like`, a. Defn: Scholarlike. [Obs.] Shak. CLERKLINESS Clerk"li*ness, n. Defn: Scholarship. [Obs.] CLERKLY Clerk"ly, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a clerk. Cranmer. CLERKLY Clerk"ly, adv. Defn: In a scholarly manner. [Obs.] Shak. CLERKSHIP Clerk"ship, n. Defn: State, quality, or business of a clerk. CLEROMANCY Cler"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy; cf. F. cléromancie.] Defn: A divination by throwing dice or casting lots. CLERONOMY Cle*ron"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Inheritance; heritage. CLERSTORY Cler"sto`ry, n. Defn: See Clearstory. CLEVER Clev"er, a. Etym: [Origin uncertain. Cf. OE. cliver eager, AS. clyfer (in comp.) cloven; or clifer a claw, perh. connected with E. cleave to divide, split, the meaning of E. clever perh. coming from the idea of grasping, seizing (with the mind).] 1. Possessing quickness of intellect, skill, dexterity, talent, or adroitness; expert. Though there were many clever men in England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only two great creative minds. Macaulay. Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever. C. Kingsley. 2. Showing skill or adroitness in the doer or former; as, a clever speech; a clever trick. Byron. 3. Having fitness, propriety, or suitableness. "T would sound more clever To me and to my heirs forever. Swift. 4. Well-shaped; handsome. "The girl was a tight, clever wench as any was." Arbuthnot. 5. Good-natured; obliging. [U. S.] Syn. -- See Smart. CLEVERISH Clev"er*ish, a. Defn: Somewhat clever. [R.] CLEVERLY Clev"er*ly, adv. Defn: In a clever manner. Never was man so clever absurd. C. Smart. CLEVERNESS Clev"er*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being clever; skill; dexterity; adroitness. Syn. -- See Ingenuity. CLEVIS Clev"is, n. Etym: [Cf. Cleave to adhere, Clavel.] Defn: A piece of metal bent in the form of an oxbow, with the two ends perforated to receive a pin, used on the end of the tongue of a plow, wagen, etc., to attach it to a draft chain, whiffletree, etc.; -- called also clavel, clevy. CLEW; CLUE Clew, Clue, n. Etym: [OE. clewe, clowe, clue, AS. cleowen, cliwen, clywe ball of thread; akin to D. kluwen, OHG. chliwa, chliuwa, G. dim. kleuel, knäuel, and perch. to L. gluma hull, husk, Skr. glaus sort of ball or tumor. Perch. akin to E. claw. *26. Cf. Knawel.] 1. A ball of thread, yarn, or cord; also, The thread itself. Untwisting his deceitful clew. Spenser. 2. That which guides or directs one in anything of a doubtful or intricate nature; that which gives a hint in the solution of a mystery. The clew, without which it was perilous to enter the vast and intricate maze of countinental politics, was in his hands. Macaulay. 3. (Naut.) (a.) Defn: A lower corner of a square sail, or the after corner of a fore- and-aft sail. (b.) Defn: A loop and thimbles at the corner of a sail. (c.) Defn: A combination of lines or nettles by which a hammock is suspended. Clew garnet (Naut.), one of the ropes by which the clews of the courses of square-rigged vessels are drawn up to the lower yards. -- Clew line (Naut.), a rope by which a clew of one of the smaller square sails, as topsail, topgallant sail, or royal, is run up to its yard. -- Clew-line block (Naut.), The block through which a clew line reeves. See Illust. of Block. CLEW Clew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. & vb. n. Clewing.] Etym: [Cf. D. kluwenen. See Clew, n.] 1. To direct; to guide, as by a thread. [Obs.] Direct and clew me out the way to happiness. Beau. && Fl. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To move of draw (a sail or yard) by means of the clew garnets, clew lines, etc.; esp. to draw up the clews of a square sail to the yard. To clew down (Naut.), to force (a yard) down by hauling on the clew lines. -- To clew up (Naut.), to draw (a sail) up to the yard, as for furling. CLICHE Cli`ché", n. Etym: [F. cliché, from clicher to stereotype.] Defn: A stereotype plate or any similar reproduction of ornament, or lettering, in relief. Cliché casting, a mode of obtaining an impression from a die or woodcut, or the like, by striking it suddenly upon metal which has been fused and is just becoming solid; also, the casting so obtained. CLICK Click, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clicked; p. pr. & vb. n. Clicking.] Etym: [Prob. an onomatopoetic word: cf. OF. cliquier. See Clack, and cf. Clink, Clique.] Defn: To make a slight, sharp noise (or a succession of such noises), as by gentle striking; to tick. The varnished clock that clicked behind the door. Goldsmith. CLICK Click, v. t. 1. To more with the sound of a click. She clicked back the bolt which held the window sash. Thackeray. 2. To cause to make a clicking noise, as by striking together, or against something. [Jove] clicked all his marble thumbs. Ben Jonson. When merry milkmaids click the latch. Tennyson. CLICK Click, n. 1. A slight sharp noise, such as is made by the cocking of a pistol. 2. A kind of articulation used by the natives of Southern Africa, consisting in a sudden withdrawal of the end or some other portion of the tongue from a part of the mouth with which it is in contact, whereby a sharp, clicking sound is produced. The sounds are four in number, and are called cerebral, palatal, dental, and lateral clicks or clucks, the latter being the noise ordinarily used in urging a horse forward. CLICK Click, v. t. Etym: [OE. kleken, clichen. Cf. Clutch.] Defn: To snatch. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. CLICK Click, n. Etym: [Cf. 4th Click, and OF. clique latch.] 1. A detent, pawl, or ratchet, as that which catches the cogs of a ratchet wheel to prevent backward motion. See Illust. of Ratched wheel. 2. The latch of a door. [Prov. Eng.] CLICK BEETLE Click" bee"tle. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Elater. CLICKER Click"er, n. 1. One who stands before a shop door to invite people to buy. [Low, Eng.] 2. (Print.) Defn: One who as has charge of the work of a companionship. CLICKET Click"et, n. Etym: [OF. cliquet the latch of a door. See 5th Click.] 1. The knocker of a door. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A latch key. [Eng.] Chaucer. CLICKY Click"y, a. Defn: Resembling a click; abounding in clicks. "Their strange clicky language." The Century. CLIDASTES Cli*das"tes, n. Etym: [NL., prob. from Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of exinct marine reptiles, allied to the Mosasaurus. See Illust. in Appendix. CLIENCY Cli"en*cy, n. Defn: State of being a client. CLIENT Cli"ent, n. Etym: [L. cliens, -emtis, for cluens, one who hears (in relation to his protector), a client, fr. L. cluere to be named or called; akin to Gr. çry, and E. loud: cf. F. client. See Loud.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A citizen who put himself under the protection of a man of distinction and influence, who was called his patron. 2. A dependent; one under the protection of another. I do think they are your friends and clients, And fearful to disturb you. B. Jonson. 3. (Law) Defn: One who consults a legal adviser, or submits his cause to his management. CLIENTAGE Cli"ent*age, n. 1. State of being client. 2. A body of clients. E. Everett. CLIENTAL Cli*en"tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a client. A dependent and cliental relation. Burke. I sat down in the cliental chair. Dickens. CLIENTED Cli"ent*ed, a. Defn: Supplied with clients. [R.] The least cliented pettifiggers. R. Carew. CLIENTELAGE Cli*en"te*lage, n. Defn: See Clientele, n., 2. CLIENTELE Cli`en*tele" ( or ), n. Etym: [L. clientela: cf. F. clientèle.] 1. The condition or position of a client; clientship. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. The clients or dependents of a nobleman of patron. 3. The persons who make habitual use of the services of another person; one's clients, collectively; as, the clientele of a lawyer, doctor, notary, etc. CLIENTSHIP Cli"ent*ship, n. Defn: Condition of a client; state of being under the protection of a patron. Dryden. CLIFF Cliff, n. Etym: [AS. clif, cloef; akin to OS. klif, D. klif, klip, Icel. klif, Dan. & G. klippe, Sw. klippa; perh. orig. a climbing place. See Climb.] Defn: A high, steep rock; a precipice. Cliff swallow (Zoöl.), a North American swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons), which builds its nest against cliffs; the eaves swallow. CLIFF Cliff, n. (Mus.) Defn: See Clef. [Obs.] CLIFF LIMESTONE Cliff" lime"stone`. (Geol.) Defn: A series of limestone strata found in Ohio and farther west, presenting bluffs along the rivers and valleys, formerly supposed to be of one formation, but now known to be partly Silurian and partly Devonian. CLIFFY Cliff"y, a. Defn: Having cliffs; broken; craggy. CLIFT Clift, n. Etym: [See 1st Cliff, n.] Defn: A cliff. [Obs.] That gainst the craggy clifts did loudly roar. Spenser. CLIFT Clift, n. Etym: [See Cleft, n.] 1. A cleft of crack; a narrow opening. [Obs.] 2. The fork of the legs; the crotch. [Obs.] Chaucer. CLIFTED Clift"ed, a. Etym: [From Clift a cleft.] Defn: Broken; fissured. Climb the Andeclifted side. Grainger. CLIMACTER Cli*mac"ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. climactère. See Climax.] Defn: See Climacteric, n. CLIMACTERIC Cli*mac"ter*ic ( or ; 277), a. Etym: [L. climactericus, Gr. Climacter.] Defn: Relating to a climacteric; critical. CLIMACTERIC Cli*mac"ter*ic, n. 1. A period in human life in which some great change is supposed to take place in the constitution. The critical periods are thought by some to be the years produced by multiplying 7 into the odd numbers 3, 5, 7, and 9; to which others add the 81st year. 2. Any critical period. It is your lot, as it was mine, to live during one of the grand climacterics of the world. Southey. Grand or Great climacteric, the sixty-third year of human life. I should hardly yield my rigid fibers to be regenerated by them; nor begin, in my grand climacteric, to squall in their new accents, or to stammer, in my second cradle, the elemental sounds of their barbarous metaphysics. Burke. CLIMACTERICAL Clim`ac*ter"ic*al, a. & n. Defn: See Climacteric. Evelyn. CLIMACTIC Cli*mac"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a climax; forming, or of the nature of, a climax, or ascending series. A fourth kind of parallelism . . . is still sufficiently marked to be noticed by the side of those described by Lowth, viz., climactic parallelism (sometimes called "ascending rhythm"). S. R. Driver. CLIMATAL Cli"ma*tal, a. Defn: Climatic. Dunglison. CLIMATARCHIC Cli`ma*tar"chic, a. Etym: [Climate + Gr. Defn: Presiding over, or regulating, climates. CLIMATE Cli"mate, n. Etym: [F. climat, L. clima, -atis, fr. Gr. lean, v. i. See Lean, v. i., and cf. Clime.] 1. (Anc. Geog.) Defn: One of thirty regions or zones, parallel to the equator, into which the surface of the earth from the equator to the pole was divided, according to the successive increase of the length of the midsummer day. 2. The condition of a place in relation to various phenomena of the atmosphere, as temperature, moisture, etc., especially as they affect animal or vegetable life. CLIMATE Cli"mate, v. i. Defn: To dwell. [Poetic] Shak. CLIMATIC Cli*mat"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a climate; depending on, or limited by, a climate. CLIMATICAL Cli*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Climatic. CLIMATIZE Cli"ma*tize, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Climatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Climatizing.] Defn: To acclimate or become acclimated. CLIMATOGRAPHY Cli`ma*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Climate + -graphy.] Defn: A description of climates. CLIMATOLOGICAL Cli`ma*to*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to climatology. CLIMATOLOGIST Cli`ma*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in, or who studies, climatology. CLIMATOLOGY Cli`ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Climate + -logy: cf. F. climatologie.] Defn: The science which treats of climates and investigates their phenomena and causes. Brande & C. CLIMATURE Cli"ma*ture, n. Etym: [Cf. F. climature.] Defn: A climate. [Obs.] Shak. CLIMAX Cli"max, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. Ladder, Lean, v. i.] 1. Upward movement; steady increase; gradation; ascent. Glanvill. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure of which the parts of a sentence or paragraph are so arranged that each sicceeding one rise "Tribulation worketh patience, patience experience, and experience hope" -- a happy climax. J. D. Forbes. 3. The highest point; the greatest degree. We must look higher for the climax of earthly good. I. Taylor. To cap the climax, to surpass everything, as in excellence or in absurdity. [Colloq.] CLIMB Climb, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Climbed, Obs. or Vulgar Clomb (; p. pr. & vb. n. Climbing.] Etym: [AS. climban; akin to OHG. chlimban, G. & D. klimmen, Icel. klifa, and E. cleave to adhere.] 1. To ascend or mount laboriously, esp. by use of the hands and feet. 2. To ascend as if with effort; to rise to a higher point. Black vapors climb aloft, and cloud the day. Dryden. 3. (Bot.) Defn: To ascend or creep upward by twining about a support, or by attaching itself by tendrills, rootlets, etc., to a support or upright surface. CLIMB Climb, v. t. Defn: To ascend, as by means of the hands and feet, or laboriously or slowly; to mount. CLIMB Climb, n. Defn: The act of one who climbs; ascent by climbing. Warburton. CLIMBABLE Climb"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being climbed. CLIMBER Climb"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, climbs: (a) (Bot.) A plant that climbs. (b) (Zoöl.) A bird that climbs, as a woodpecker or a parrot. CLIMBER Climb"er, v. i. Etym: [From Climb; cf. Clamber.] Defn: To climb; to mount with effort; to clamber. [Obs.] Tusser. CLIMBING Climb"ing, Defn: p. pr. & vb. n. of Climb. Climbing fern. See under Fern. -- Climbing perch. (Zoöl.) See Anabas, and Labyrinthici. CLIME Clime, n. Etym: [L. clima. See Climate.] Defn: A climate; a tract or region of the earth. See Climate. Turn we to sutvey, Where rougher climes a nobler race display. Goldsmith. CLINANTHIUM Cli*nan"thi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The receptacle of the flowers in a composite plant; -- also called clinium. CLINCH Clinch (; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clinched; p. pr. & vb. n. Clinching.] Etym: [OE. clenchen, prop. causative of clink to cause to clink, to strike; cf. D. klinken to tinkle, rivet. See Clink.] 1. To hold firmly; to hold fast by grasping or embracing tightly. "Clinch the pointed spear." Dryden. 2. To set closely together; to close tightly; as, to clinch the teeth or the first. Swift. 3. The bend or turn over the point of (something that has been driven trough an object), so that it will hold fast; as, to clinch a nail. 4. To make conclusive; to confirm; to establish; as, to clinch an argument. South. CLINCH Clinch, v. i. Defn: To hold fast; to grasp something firmly; to seize or grasp one another. CLINCH Clinch, n. 1. The act or process of holding fast; that which serves to hold fast; a grip; a grasp; a clamp; a holdfast; as, to get a good clinch of an antagonist, or of a weapon; to secure anything by a clinch. 2. A pun. Pope. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A hitch or bend by which a rope is made fast to the ring of an anchor, or the breeching of a ship's gun to the ringbolts. CLINCHER Clinch"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, clinches; that which holds fast. Pope. 2. That which ends a dispute or controversy; a decisive argument. CLINCHER-BUILT Clinch"er-built, a. Defn: See Clinker-built. CLING Cling, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clung, Clong (Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Clinging.] Etym: [AS. clingan to adhere, to wither; akin to Dan. klynge to cluster, crowd. Cf. Clump.] Defn: To adhere closely; to stick; to hold fast, especially by twining round or embracing; as, the tendril of a vine clings to its support; -- usually followed by to or together. And what hath life for thee That thou shouldst cling to it thus Mrs. Hemans. CLING Cling, v. t. 1. To cause to adhere to, especially by twining round or embraching. [Obs.] I clung legs as close to his side as I could. Swift. 2. To make to dry up or wither. [Obs.] If thou speak'st false, Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive, Till famine cling thee. Shak. CLING Cling, n. Defn: Adherence; attachment; devotion. [R.] A more tenacious cling to worldly respects. Milton. CLINGSTONE Cling"stone`, a. Defn: Having the flesh attached closely to the stone, as in some kinds of peaches. -- n. Defn: A fruit, as a peach, whose flesh adheres to the stone. CLINGY Cling"y, a. Defn: Apt to cling; adhesive. [R.] CLINIC Clin"ic, n. Etym: [See Clinical.] 1. One confined to the bed by sickness. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: One who receives baptism on a sick bed. [Obs.] Hook. 3. (Med.) Defn: A school, or a session of a school or class, in which medicine or surgery is taught by the examination and treatment of patients in the presence of the pupils. CLINICAL; CLINIC Clin"ic*al, Clin"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. clinique. See Lean, v. i.] 1. Of or pertaining to a bed, especially, a sick bed. 2. Of or pertaining to a clinic, or to the study of disease in the living subject. Clinical baptism, baptism administered to a person on a sick bed. -- Clinical instruction, instruction by means of clinics. -- Clinical lecture (Med.), a discourse upon medical topics illustrared by the exhibition and examination of living patients. -- Clinical medicine, Clinical surgery, that part of medicine or surgery which is occupied with the investigation of disease in the living subject. CLINICALLY Clin"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a clinical manner. CLINIQUE Cli*nique", n. Etym: [F.] (Med.) Defn: A clinic. CLINIUM Clin"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: See Clinanthium. CLINK Clink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clinked; p. pr. & vb. n. Clinking.] Etym: [OE. clinken; akin to G. klingen, D. klinken, SW. klinga, Dan. klinge; prob. of imitative origin. Cf. Clank, Clench, Click, v. i.] Defn: To cause to give out a slight, sharp, tinkling, sound, as by striking metallic or other sonorous bodies together. And let me the canakin clink. Shak. CLINK Clink, v. i. 1. To give out a slight, sharp, thinkling sound. "The clinking latch." Tennyson. 2. To rhyme. [Humorous]. Cowper. CLINK Clink, n. Defn: A slight, sharp, tinkling sound, made by the collision of sonorous bodies. "Clink and fall of swords." Shak. CLINKANT Clin"kant, a. Defn: See Clnquant. CLINKER Clink"er, n. Etym: [From clink; cf. D. clinker a brick which is so hard that it makes a sonorous sound, from clinken to clink. Cf. Clinkstone.] 1. A mass composed of several bricks run together by the action of the fire in the kiln. 2. Scoria or vitrified incombustible matter, formed in a grate or furnace where anthracite coal in used; vitrified or burnt matter ejected from a volcano; slag. 3. A scale of oxide of iron, formed in forging. 4. A kind of brick. See Dutch klinker, under Dutch. CLINKER-BUILT Clink"er-built, a. (Naut.) Defn: Having the side planks (af a boat) so arranged that the lower edge of each overlaps the upper edge of the plank next below it like clapboards on a house. See Lapstreak. CLINKSTONE Clink"stone` (; 110), n. Etym: [Clink + stone; -- from its sonorousness.] (Min.) Defn: An igneous rock of feldspathic composition, lamellar in structure, and clinking under the hammer. See Phonolite. CLINODIAGONAL Cli`no*di*ag"o*nal, n. Etym: [Gr. diagonal.] (Crystallog.) Defn: That diagonal or lateral axis in a monoclinic crystal which makes an oblique angle witch the vertical axis. See Crystallization. -- a. Defn: Pertaining to, or the direction of, the clinidiagonal. CLINODOME Cli"no*dome`, n. Etym: [Gr. dome.] (Crystallog.) Defn: See under Dome. CLINOGRAPHIC Cli"no*graph"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. + -graph.] Defn: Pertaining to that mode of projection in drawing in which the rays of light are supposed to fall obliquely on the plane of projection. CLINOID Cli"noid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Like a bed; -- applied to several processes on the inner side of the sphenoid bone. CLINOMETER Cli*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Geol.) Defn: An instrument for determining the dip of beds or strata, pr the slope of an embankment or cutting; a kind of plumb level. Dana. CLINOMETRIC Clin`o*met"ric, a. 1. Pertaining to, or ascertained by, the clinometer. 2. Pertaining to the oblique crystalline forms, or to solids which have oblique angles between the axes; as, the clinometric systems. CLINOMETRY Cli*nom"e*try, n. (geol.) Defn: That art or operation of measuring the inclination of strata. CLINOPINACOID Cli`no*pin"a*coid, n. Etym: [Gr. pinacoid.] (Crystallog.) Defn: The plane in crystals of the monoclinic system which is parallel to the vertical and the inclined lateral (clinidiagonal) axes. CLINORHOMBIC Cli`no*rhom"bic, a. Etym: [Gr. rhombic: cf. F. clinorhombique.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Possessing the qualities of a prism, obliquely inclined to a rhombic base; monoclinic. CLINOSTAT Cli"no*stat, n. [Gr. to incline + to make to stand.] (Bot.) Defn: An apparatus consisting of a slowly revolving disk, usually regulated by clockwork, by means of wich the action of external agents, as light and gravity, on growing plants may be regulated or eliminated. CLINQUANT Clin"quant, a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Glittering; dressed in, or overlaid with, tinsel finery. [Obs.] Shak. CLINQUANT Clin"quant, n. Defn: Tinse;l; Dutch gold. CLIO Cli"o, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The Muse who presided over history. CLIONE Cli*o"ne, n. Defn: A genus of naked pteropods. One species (Clione papilonacea), abundant in the Arctic Ocean, constitutes a part of the food of the Greenland whale. It is sometimes incorrectly called Clio. CLIP Clip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clipped (; p. pr. & vb. n. Clipping.] Etym: [OE. cluppen, clippen, to embrace, AS. clyran to embrace, clasp; cf. OHG. kluft tongs, shears, Icel, klypa to pinch, squeeze, also OE. clippen to cut, shear, Dan. klippe to clip, cut, SW. & Icel. klippa.] 1. To embrace, hence; to encompass. O . . . that Neptune's arms, who clippeth thee about, Would bear thee from the knowledge of thyself. Shak. 2. To cut off; as with shears or scissors; as, to clip the hair; to clip coin. Sentenced to have his ears clipped. Macaulay. 3. To curtail; to cut short. All my reports go with the modest truth; No more nor clipped, but so. Shak. In London they clip their words after one manner about the court, another in the city, and a third in the suburbs. Swift. CLIP Clip, v. i. Defn: To move swiftly; -- usually with indefinite it. Straight flies as chek, and clips it down the wind. Dryden. CLIP Clip, n. 1. An embrace. Sir P. Sidney. 2. A cutting; a shearing. 3. The product of a single shearing of sheep; a season's crop of wool. 4. A clasp or holder for letters, papers, etc. 5. An embracing strap for holding parts together; the iron strap, with loop, at the ends of a whiffletree. Knight. 6. (Far.) Defn: A projecting flange on the upper edge of a horseshoe, turned up so as to embrace the lower part of the hoof; -- called also toe clip and beak. Youatt. 7. A blow or stroke with the hand; as, he hit him a clip. [Colloq. U. S.] CLIPPER Clip"per, n. 1. One who clips; specifically, one who clips off the edges of coin. The value is pared off from it into the clipper's pocket. Locke. 2. A machine for clipping hair, esp. the hair of horses. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A vessel with a sharp bow, built and rigged for fast sailing. -- Clip"per-built` (, a. Note: The name was first borne by "Baltimore clippers" famous as privateers in the early wars of the United States. CLIPPING Clip"ping, n. 1. The act of embracing. [Obs.] 2. The act of cutting off, curtailing, or diminishing; the practice of clipping the edges of coins. clipping by Englishmen is robbing the honest man who receives clipped money. Locke. 3. That which is clipped off or out of something; a piece separated by clipping; as, newspaper clippings. CLIQUE Clique, n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. cliquer to click. See Click, v. i.] Defn: A narrow circle of persons associated by common interests or for the accomplishment of a common purpose; -- generally used in a bad sense. CLIQUE Clique, v. i. Defn: To To associate together in a clannish way; to act with others secretly to gain a desired end; to plot; -- used with together. CLIQUISH Cli"quish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a clique; disposed to from cliques; exclusive in spirit. -- Cli"*quish*ness, n. CLIQUISM Cli"quism, n. Defn: The tendency to associate in cliques; the spirit of cliques. CLITELLUS Cli*tel"lus, n. Etym: [NL., prob. fr. L. clitellae a packsadle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A thickened glandular portion of the body of the adult earthworm, consisting of several united segments modified for reproductive purposes. CLITORIS Cli"to*ris ( or ), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. labia pudendi.] (Anat.) Defn: A small organ at the upper part of the vulva, homologous to the penis in the male. CLIVERS Cliv"ers ( or ), n. Defn: See Cleavers. CLIVITY Cliv"i*ty, n.; pl. Clivities. Etym: [L. clivus hill.] Defn: Inclination; ascent or descent; a gradient. [R.] CLOACA Clo"a"ca, n.; pl. Cloacæ. Etym: [L.] 1. A sewer; as, the Cloaca Maxima of Rome. 2. A privy. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary, and generative canals discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes. CLOACAL Clo*a"cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a cloaca. CLOAK Cloak (; 110), n. Etym: [Of. cloque cloak (from the bell-like shape), bell, F. cloche bell; perh. of Celtik origin and the same word as E. clock. See 1st Clock.] 1. A loose outer garment, extending from the neck downwards, and commonly without sleeves. It is longer than a cape, and is worn both by men and by women. 2. That which conceals; a disguise or pretext; an excuse; a fair pretense; a mask; a cover. No man is esteemed any ways considerable for policy who wears religion otherwise than as a cloak. South. Cloak bag, a bag in which a cloak or other clothes are carried; a portmanteau. Shak. CLOAK Cloak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Cloaking.] Defn: To cover with, or as with, a cloak; hence, to hide or conceal. Now glooming sadly, so to cloak her matter. Spenser. Syn. -- See Palliate. CLOAKEDLY Cloak"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a concealed manner. CLOAKING Cloak"ing, n. 1. The act of covering with a cloak; the act of concealing anything. To take heed of their dissembings and cloakings. Strype. 2. The material of which of which cloaks are made. CLOAKROOM Cloak"room`, n. Defn: A room, attached to any place of public resort, where cloaks, overcoats, etc., may be deposited for a time. CLOCHE Cloche, n. [F., prop., bell.] (Aëronautics) Defn: An apparatus used in controlling certain kinds of aëroplanes, and consisting principally of a steering column mounted with a universal joint at the base, which is bellshaped and has attached to it the cables for controlling the wing-warping devices, elevator planes, and the like. CLOCK Clock, n. Etym: [AS. clucge bell; akin to D. klok clock, bell, G. glocke, Dan. klokke, Sw. klocka, Icel. klukka bell, LL. clocca, cloca (whence F. cloche); al perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. clog bell, clock, W. cloch bell. Cf. Cloak.] 1. A machine for measuring time, indicating the hour and other divisions by means of hands moving on a dial plate. Its works are moved by a weight or a spring, and it is often so constructed as to tell the hour by the stroke of a hammer on a bell. It is not adapted, like the watch, to be carried on the person. 2. A watcg, esp. one that strikes. [Obs.] Walton. 3. The striking of a clock. [Obs.] Dryden. 4. A figure or figured work on the ankle or side of a stocking. Swift. Note: The phrases what o'clock it is nine o'clock, etc., are contracted from what of the clock it is nine of the clock, etc. Alarm clock. See under Alarm. -- Astronomical clock. (a) A clock of superior construction, with a compensating pendulum, etc., to measure time with great accuracy, for use in astronomical observatories; -- called a regulator when used by watchmakers as a standard for regulating timepieces. (b) A clock with mechanism for indicating certain astronomical phenomena, as the phases of the moon, position of the sun in the ecliptic, equation of time, etc. -- Electric clock. (a) A clock moved or regulated by electricity or electro-magnetism. (b) A clock connected with an electro-magnetic recording apparatus. -- Ship's clock (Naut.), a clock arranged to strike from one to eight strokes, at half hourly intervals, marking the divisions of the ship's watches. -- Sidereal clock, an astronomical clock regulated to keep sidereal time. CLOCK Clock, v. t. Defn: To ornament with figured work, as the side of a stocking. CLOCK Clock, v. t. & i. Defn: To call, as a hen. See Cluck. [R.] CLOCK Clock, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large beetle, esp. the European dung beetle (Scarabæus stercorarius). CLOCKLIKE Clock"like`, a. Defn: Like a clock or like clockwork; mechanical. Their services are clocklike, to be set Blackward and vorward at their lord's command. B. Jonson. CLOCKWISE Clock"wise`, a. & adv. Defn: Like the motion of the hands of a clock; -- said of that direction of a rotation about an axis, or about a point in a plane, which is ordinarily reckoned negative. CLOCKWORK Clock"work`, n. Defn: The machinery of a clock, or machinary resembling that of a clock; machinery which produced regularity of movement. CLOD Clod, n. Etym: [OE. clodde, latter form of clot. See Clot.] 1. A lump or mass, especially of earth, turf, or clay. "Clods of a slimy substance." Carew. "Clods of iron and brass." Milton. "Clods of blood." E. Fairfax. The earth that casteth up from the plow a great clod, is not so good as that which casteth up a smaller clod. Bacon. 2. The ground; the earth; a spot of earth or turf. The clod Where once their sultan's horse has trod. Swift. 3. That which is earthy and of little relative value, as the body of man in comparison with the soul. This cold clod of clay which we carry about with us. T. Burnet. 4. A dull, gross, stupid fellow; a dolt Dryden. 5. A pert of the shoulder of a beef creature, or of the neck piece near the shoulder. See Illust. of Beef. CLOD Clod, v.i Defn: To collect into clods, or into a thick mass; to coagulate; to clot; as, clodded gore. See Clot. Clodded in lumps of clay. G. Fletcher. CLOD Clod, v. t. 1. To pelt with clods. Jonson. 2. To throw violently; to hurl. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. CLODDISH Clod"dish, a. Defn: Resembling clods; gross; low; stupid; boorish. Hawthorne. -- Clod"dish*ness, n. CLODDY Clod"dy, a. Defn: Consisting of clods; full of clods. CLODHOPPER Clod"hop`per, n. Defn: A rude, rustic fellow. CLODHOPPING Clod"hop`ping, a. Defn: Boorish; rude. C. Bronté. CLODPATE Clod"pate`, n. Defn: A blockhead; a dolt. CLODPATED Clod"pat`ed, a. Defn: Stupid; dull; doltish. CLODPOLL Clod"poll`, n. Etym: [Clod + poll head.] Defn: A stupid fellow; a dolt. [Written also clodpole.] Shak. CLOFF Cloff, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Formerly an allowance of two pounds in every three hundred weight after the tare and tret are subtracted; now used only in a general sense, of small deductions from the original weight. [Written also clough.] McCulloch. CLOG Clog, n. Etym: [OE. clogge clog, Scot. clag, n., a clot, v., to to obstruct, cover with mud or anything adhesive; prob. of the same origin as E. clay.] 1. That which hinders or impedes motion; hence, an encumbrance, restraint, or impediment, of any kind. All the ancient, honest, juridical principles and institutions of England are so many clogs to check and retard the headlong course of violence and opression. Burke. 2. A weight, as a log or block of wood, attached to a man or an animal to hinder motion. As a dog . . . but chance breaks loose, And quits his clog. Hudibras. A clog of lead was round my feet. Tennyson. 3. A shoe, or sandal, intended to protect the feet from wet, or to increase the apparent stature, and having, therefore, a very thick sole. Cf. Chopine. In France the peasantry goes barefoot; and the middle sort . . . makes use of wooden clogs. Harvey. Clog almanac, a primitive kind of almanac or calendar, formerly used in England, made by cutting notches and figures on the four edges of a clog, or square piece of wood, brass, or bone; -- called also a Runic staff, from the Runic characters used in the numerical notation. -- Clog dance, a dance performed by a person wearing clogs, or thick-soled shoes. -- Clog dancer. CLOG Clog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Clogging.] 1. To encumber or load, especially with something that impedes motion; to hamper. The winds of birds were clogged with ace and snow. Dryden. 2. To obstruct so as to hinder motion in or through; to choke up; as, to clog a tube or a channel. 3. To burden; to trammel; to embarrass; to perplex. The commodities are clogged with impositions. Addison. You 'll rue the time That clogs me with this answer. Shak. Syn. -- Impede; hinder; obstruct; embarrass; burden; restrain; restrict. CLOG Clog, v. i. 1. To become clogged; to become loaded or encumbered, as with extraneous matter. In working through the bone, the teeth of the saw will begin to clog. S. Sharp. 2. To coalesce or adhere; to unite in a mass. Move it sometimes with a broom, that the seeds clog not together. Evelyn. CLOGGINESS Clog"gi*ness, n. Defn: The state of being clogged. CLOGGING Clog"ging, n. Defn: Anything which clogs. Dr. H. More. CLOGGY Clog"gy, a. Defn: Clogging, or having power to clog. CLOISONNE Cloi`son*né, a. Etym: [F., partitioned, fr. cloison a partition.] Defn: Inlaid between partitions: -- said of enamel when the lines which divide the different patches of fields are composed of a kind of metal wire secured to the ground; as distinguished from champlevé enamel, in which the ground is engraved or scooped out to receive the enamel. S. Wells Williams. CLOISTER Clois"ter, n. Etym: [OF. cloistre, F. cloître, L. claustrum, pl. claustra, bar, bolt, bounds, fr. claudere, clausum, to close. See Close, v. t., and cf. Claustral.] 1. An inclosed place. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A covered passage or ambulatory on one side of a court; (pl.) the series of such passages on the different sides of any court, esp. that of a monastery or a college. But let my due feet never fail To walk the studious cloister's pale. Milton. 3. A monastic establishment; a place for retirement from the world for religious duties. Fitter for a cloister than a crown. Daniel. Cloister garth (Arch.), the garden or open part of a court inclosed by the cloisters. Syn. -- Cloister, Monastery, Nunnery, Convent, Abbey, Priory. Cloister and convent are generic terms, and denote a place of seclusion from the world for persons who devote their lives to religious purposes. They differ is that the distinctive idea of cloister is that of seclusion from the world, that of convent, community of living. Both terms denote houses for recluses of either sex. A cloister or convent for monks is called a monastery; for nuns, a nunnery. An abbey is a convent or monastic institution governed by an abbot or an abbess; a priory is one governed by a prior or a prioress, and is usually affiliated to an abbey. CLOISTER Clois"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloistered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cloistering.] Defn: To confine in, or as in, a cloister; to seclude from the world; to immure. None among them are throught worthy to be styled religious persons but those that cloister themselves up in a monastery. Sharp. CLOISTERAL Clois"ter*al, a. Defn: Cloistral. [Obs.] I. Walton. CLOISTERED Clois"tered, a. 1. Dwelling in cloisters; solitary. "Cloistered friars and vestal nuns." Hudibras. In cloistered state let selfish sages dwell, Proud that their heart is narrow as their cell. Shenstone. 2. Furnished with cloisters. Sir H. Wotton. CLOISTERER Clois"ter*er, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. cloistier.] Defn: One belonging to, or living in, a cloister; a recluse. CLOISTRAL Clois"tral, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or confined in, a cloister; recluse. [Written also cloisteral.] Best become a cloistral exercise. Daniel. CLOISTRESS Clois"tress, n. Defn: A nun. [R.] Shak. CLOKE Cloke, n. & v. Defn: See Cloak. [Obs.] CLOMB; CLOMBEN Clomb, Clomb"en, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Climb (for climbed). [Obs.] The sonne, he sayde, is clomben up on hevene. Chaucer. CLOMP Clomp, n. Defn: See Clamp. CLONG Clong, Defn: imp. of Cling. [Obs.] CLONIC Clon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. clonique.] (Med.) Defn: Having an irregular, convulsive motion. Dunglison. Clonic spasm. (Med.) See under Spasm. CLONUS Clo"nus, n. [NL., fr. Gr. violent, confused motion.] (Med.) Defn: A series of muscular contractions due to sudden stretching of the muscle, -- a sign of certain neuropathies. CLOOM Cloom, v. t. Etym: [A variant of clam to clog.] Defn: To close with glutinous matter. [Obs.] Mortimer. CLOOP Cloop, n. Etym: [An onomatopoeia.] Defn: The sound made when a cork is forcibly drawn from a bottle. "The cloop of a cork wrenched from a bottle." Thackeray. CLOOT Cloot, n. [Cf. G. dial. kleuzen to split.] (Scot. & Dial. Eng.) 1. One of the divisions of a cleft hoof, as in the ox; also, the whole hoof. 2. The Devil; Clootie; -- usually in the pl. Burns. CLOOTIE Cloot"ie, n. (Scot. & Dial. Eng.) 1. Defn: A little hoof. 2. The Devil. "Satan, Nick, or Clootie." Burns. CLOSE Close, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Closed; p. pr. & vb. n. Closing.] Etym: [From OF. & F. clos, p. p. of clore to close, fr. L. claudere; akin to G. schliessen to shut, and to E. clot, cloister, clavicle, conclude, sluice. Cf. Clause, n.] 1. To stop, or fill up, as an opening; to shut; as, to close the eyes; to close a door. 2. To bring together the parts of; to consolidate; as, to close the ranks of an army; -- often used with up. 3. To bring to an end or period; to conclude; to complete; to finish; to end; to consummate; as, to close a bargain; to close a course of instruction. One frugal supper did our studies close. Dryden. 4. To come or gather around; to inclose; to encompass; to confine. The depth closed me round about. Jonah ii. 5. But now thou dost thyself immure and close In some one corner of a feeble heart. Herbert. A closed sea, a sea within the jurisdiction of some particular nation, which controls its navigation. CLOSE Close, v. i. 1. To come together; to unite or coalesce, as the parts of a wound, or parts separated. What deep wounds ever closed without a scar Byron. 2. To end, terminate, or come to a period; as, the debate closed at six o'clock. 3. To grapple; to engange in hand-to-hand fight. They boldly closed in a hand-to-hand contest. Prescott. To close on or upon, to come to a mutual agreement; to agree on or join in. "Would induce France and Holland to close upon some measures between them to our disadvantage." Sir W. Temple. -- To close with. (a) To accede to; to consent or agree to; as, to close with the terms proposed. (b) To make an agreement with. -- To close with the land (Naut.), to approach the land. CLOSE Close, n. 1. The manner of shutting; the union of parts; junction. [Obs.] The doors of plank were; their close exquisite. Chapman. 2. Conclusion; cessation; ending; end. His long and troubled life was drawing to a close. Macaulay. 3. A grapple in wrestling. Bacon. 4. (Mus.) (a) The conclusion of a strain of music; cadence. (b) A double bar marking the end. At every close she made, the attending throng Replied, and bore the burden of the song. Dryden. Syn. -- Conclusion; termination; cessation; end; ending; extremity; extreme. CLOSE Close ( or ), n. Etym: [OF. & F. clos an inclosure, fr. clos, p. p. of clore. See Close, v. t.] 1. An inclosed place; especially, a small field or piece of land surrounded by a wall, hedge, or fence of any kind; -- specifically, the precinct of a cathedral or abbey. Closes surrounded by the venerable abodes of deans and canons. Macaulay. 2. A narrow passage leading from a street to a court, and the houses within. [Eng.] Halliwell 3. (Law) Defn: The interest which one may have in a piece of ground, even though it is not inclosed. Bouvier. CLOSE Close, a. [Compar. Closer; superl. Closest.] Etym: [Of. & F. clos, p. p. of clore. See Close, v. t.] 1. Shut fast; closed; tight; as, a close box. From a close bower this dainty music flowed. Dryden. 2. Narrow; confined; as, a close alley; close quarters. "A close prison." Dickens. 3. Oppressive; without motion or ventilation; causing a feeling of lassitude; -- said of the air, weather, etc. If the rooms be low-roofed, or full of windows and doors, the one maketh the air close, . . . and the other maketh it exceeding unequal. Bacon. 4. Strictly confined; carefully quarded; as, a close prisoner. 5. Out of the way observation; secluded; secret; hidden. "He yet kept himself close because of Saul." 1 Chron. xii. 1 "Her close intent." Spenser. 6. Disposed to keep secrets; secretive; reticent. "For servecy, no lady closer." Shak. 7. Having the parts near each other; dense; solid; compact; as applied to bodies; viscous; tenacious; not volatile, as applied to liquids. The golden globe being put into a press, . . . the water made itself way through the pores of that very close metal. Locke. 8. Concise; to the point; as, close reasoning. "Where the original is close no version can reach it in the same compass." Dryden. 9. Adjoining; near; either in space; time, or thought; -- often followed by to. Plant the spring crocuses close to a wall. Mortimer. The thought of the Man of sorrows seemed a very close thing -- not a faint hearsay. G. Eliot. 10. Short; as, to cut grass or hair close. 11. Intimate; familiar; confidential. League with you I seek And mutual amity, so strait, so close, That I with you must dwell, or you with me. Milton. 12. Nearly equal; almost evenly balanced; as, a close vote. "A close contest." Prescott. 13. Difficult to obtain; as, money is close. Bartlett. 14. Parsimonious; stingy. "A crusty old fellow, as close as a vise." Hawthorne. 15. Adhering strictly to a standard or original; exact; strict; as, a close translation. Locke. 16. Accurate; careful; precise; also, attentive; undeviating; strict; not wandering; as, a close observer. 17. (Phon.) Defn: Uttered with a relatively contracted opening of the mouth, as certain sounds of e and o in French, Italian, and German; -- opposed to open. Close borough. See under Borough. -- Close breeding. See under Breeding. -- Close communion, communion in the Lord's supper, restricted to those who have received baptism by immersion. -- Close corporation, a body or corporation which fills its own vacancies. -- Close fertilization. (Bot.) See Fertilization. -- Close harmony (Mus.), compact harmony, in which the tones composing each chord are not widely distributed over several octaves. -- Close time, a fixed period during which killing game or catching certain fish is prohibited by law. -- Close vowel (Pron.), a vowel which is pronounced with a diminished aperture of the lips, or with contraction of the cavity of the mouth. -- Close to the wind (Naut.), directed as nearly to the point from which the wind blows as it is possible to sail; closehauled; -- said of a vessel. CLOSE Close, adv. 1. In a close manner. 2. Secretly; darkly. [Obs.] A wondrous vision which did close imply The course of all her fortune and posterity. Spenser. CLOSE-BANDED Close"-band`ed, a. Defn: Closely united. CLOSE-BARRED Close"-barred`, a. Defn: Firmly barred or closed. CLOSE-BODIED Close"-bod`ied, a. Defn: Fitting the body exactly; setting close, as a garment. Ayliffe. CLOSE-FIGHTS Close"-fights`, n. pl. (Naut.) Defn: Barriers with loopholes, formerly erected on the deck of a vessel to shelter the men in a close engagement with an enemy's boarders; -- called also close quarters. [Obs.] CLOSEFISTED Close"fist`ed, a. Defn: Covetous; niggardly. Bp. Berkeley. "Closefisted contractors." Hawthorne. CLOSEHANDED Close"hand`ed, a. Defn: Covetous; penurious; stingy; closefisted. -- Close"hand`ed*ness, n. CLOSEHAULED Close"hauled`, a. (Naut.) Defn: Under way and moving as nearly as possible toward the direction from which the wind blows; -- said of a sailing vessel. CLOSELY Close"ly, adv. 1. In a close manner. 2. Secretly; privately. [Obs.] That nought she did but wayle, and often steepe Her dainty couch with tears which closely she did weepe. Spenser. CLOSEMOUTHED Close"mouthed`, a. Defn: Cautious in speaking; secret; wary; uncommunicative. CLOSEN Clos"en, v. t. Defn: To make close. [R.] CLOSENESS Close"ness, n. Defn: The state of being close. Half stifled by the closeness of the room. Swift. We rise not against the piercing judgment of Augustus, nor the extreme caution or closeness of Tiberius. Bacon. An affectation of closeness and covetousness. Addison. Syn. -- Narrowness; oppressiveness; strictness; secrecy; compactness; conciseness; nearness; intimacy; tightness; stinginess; literalness. CLOSER Clos"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, closes; specifically, a boot closer. See under Boot. 2. A finisher; that which finishes or terminates. 3. (Masonry) Defn: The last stone in a horizontal course, if of a less size than the others, or a piece of brick finishing a course. Gwilt. CLOSEREEFED Close"reefed`, a. (Naut.) Defn: Having all the reefs taken in; -- said of a sail. CLOSE-STOOL Close"-stool`, n. Defn: A utensil to hold a chamber vessel, for the use of the sick and infirm. It is usually in the form of a box, with a seat and tight cover. CLOSET Clos"et, n. Etym: [OF. closet little inclosure, dim. of clos. See Close an inclosure.] 1. A small room or apartment for retirement; a room for privacy. A chair-lumbered closet, just twelve feet by nine. Goldsmith. When thou prayest, enter into thy closet. Matt. vi. 6. 2. A small apartment, or recess in the side of a room, for household utensils, clothing, etc. Dryden. Closet sin, sin commited in privacy. Bp. Hall. CLOSET Clos"et, v. t. [imp. & p. pr. & vb. n. Closeting.] 1. To shut up in, or as in, a closet; to conceal. [R.] Bedlam's closeted and handcuffed charge. Cowper. 2. To make into a closet for a secret interview. He was to call a new legislature, to closet its members. Bancroft. He had been closeted with De Quadra. Froude. CLOSE-TONGUED Close"-tongued` (, a. Defn: Closemouthed; silent. "Close-tongued treason." Shak. CLOSH Closh, n. Etym: [CF. F. clocher to limp, halt.] Defn: A disease in the feet of cattle; laminitis. Crabb. CLOSH Closh, n. Etym: [CF. D. klossen to play at bowls.] Defn: The game of ninepins. [Obs.] Halliwell. CLOSURE Clo"sure (, 135), n. Etym: [Of. closure, L. clausura, fr. clauedere to shut. See Close, v. t.] 1. The act of shutting; a closing; as, the closure of a chink. 2. That which closes or shuts; that by which separate parts are fastened or closed. Without a seal, wafer, or any closure whatever. Pope. 3. That which incloses or confines; an inclosure. O thou bloody prison . . . Within the guilty closure of thy walls Richard the Second here was hacked to death. Shak. 4. A conclusion; an end. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Parliamentary Practice) Defn: A method of putting an end to debate and securing an immediate vote upon a measure before a legislative body. It is similar in effect to the previous question. It was first introduced into the British House of Commons in 1882. The French word clôture was originally applied to this proceeding. CLOT Clot, n. Etym: [OE. clot, clodde, clod; akin to D. kloot ball, G. kloss clod, dumpling, klotz block, Dan. klods, Sw. klot bowl, globe, klots block; cf. AS. clate bur. Cf. Clod, n., Clutter to clot.] Defn: A concretion or coagulation; esp. a soft, slimy, coagulated mass, as of blood; a coagulum. "Clots of pory gore." Addison. Doth bake the egg into clots as if it began to poach. Bacon. Note: Clod and clot appear to be radically the same word, and are so used by early writers; but in present use clod is applied to a mass of earth or the like, and clot to a concretion or coagulation of soft matter. CLOT Clot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Clotting.] Defn: To concrete, coagulate, or thicken, as soft or fluid matter by evaporation; to become a cot or clod. CLOT Clot, v. t. Defn: To form into a slimy mass. CLOTBUR Clot"bur`, n. Etym: [Cf. Clote.] 1. The burdock. [Prov. Engl.] Prior. 2. Same as Cocklebur. CLOTE Clote, n. Etym: [AS. cl: cf. G. klette.] Defn: The common burdock; the clotbur. [Obs.] Wyclif. CLOTH Cloth, n.; pl. Cloths (#; 115), except in the sense of garments, when it is Clothes (klothz or kloz). Etym: [OE. clath cloth, AS. cla\'ed cloth, garment; akin to D. kleed, Icel. klæ\'ebi, Dan. klæde, cloth, Sw. kläde, G. kleid garment, dress.] 1. A fabric made of fibrous material (or sometimes of wire, as in wire cloth); commonly, a woven fabric of cotton, woolen, or linen, adapted to be made into garments; specifically, woolen fabrics, as distinguished from all others. 2. The dress; raiment. [Obs.] See Clothes. I'll ne'er distust my God for cloth and bread. Quarles. 3. The distinctive dress of any profession, especially of the clergy; hence, the clerical profession. Appeals were made to the priesthood. Would they tamely permit so gross an insult to be offered to their cloth Macaulay. The cloth, the clergy, are constituted for administering and for giving the best possible effect to . . . every axiom. I. Taylor. Body cloth. See under Body. -- Cloth of gold, a fabric woven wholly or partially of threads of gold. -- Cloth measure, the measure of length and surface by which cloth is measured and sold. For this object the standard yard is usually divided into quarters and nails. -- Cloth paper, a coarse kind of paper used in pressing and finishing woolen cloth. -- Cloth shearer, one who shears cloth and frees it from superfluous nap. CLOTHE Clothe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clothed ( or Clad; p. pr. & vb. n. Clothing.] Etym: [OE. clathen, clothen, clethen, AS. cla\'ebian, clæ\'eban. See Cloth.] 1. To put garments on; to cover with clothing; to dress. Go with me, to clothe you as becomes you. Shak. 2. To provide with clothes; as, to feed and clothe a family; to clothe one's self extravagantly. Drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags. Prov. xxiii. 21 The naked every day he clad, When he put on his clothes. Goldsmith. 3. Fig.: To cover or invest, as with a garment; as, to clothe one with authority or power. Language in which they can clothe their thoughts. Watts. His sides are clothed with waving wood. J. Dyer. Thus Belial, with with words clothed in reason's garb. Milton. CLOTHE Clothe, v. i. Defn: To wear clothes. [Poetic] Care no more to clothe eat. Shak. CLOTHES Clothes ( or ; 277), n. pl. Etym: [From Cloth.] 1. Covering for the human body; dress; vestments; vesture; -- a general term for whatever covering is worn, or is made to be worn, for decency or comfort. She . . . speaks well, and has excellent good clothes. Shak. If I may touch but his clothes, I shall be whole. Mark. v. 28. 2. The covering of a bed; bedclothes. She turned each way her frighted head, Then sunk it deep beneath the clothes. Prior. Body clothes. See under Body. -- Clothes moth (Zoöl.), a small moth of the genus Tinea. The most common species (T. flavifrontella)is yellowish white. The larvæ eat woolen goods, furs, feathers, etc. They live in tubular cases made of the material upon which they feed, fastened together with silk. Syn. -- Garments; dress; clothing; apparel; attire; vesture; raiment; garb; costume; habit; habiliments. CLOTHESHORSE Clothes"horse`, n. Defn: A frame to hang clothes on. CLOTHESLINE Clothes"line`, n. Defn: A rope or wire on which clothes are hung to dry. CLOTHESPIN Clothes"pin` ( or ), n. Defn: A forked piece of wood, or a small spring clamp, used for fastening clothes on a line. CLOTHESPRESS Clothes"press`, n. Defn: A receptacle for clothes. CLOTHIER Cloth"ier, n. 1. One who makes cloths; one who dresses or fulls cloth. Hayward. 2. One who sells cloth or clothes, or who makes and sells clothes. CLOTHING Cloth"ing, n. 1. Garments in general; clothes; dress; raiment; covering. From others he shall stand in need of nothing, Yet on his brothers shall depend for clothing. Milton. As for me, . . . my clothing was sackloth. Ps. xxxv. 13 2. The art of process of making cloth. [R.] Instructing [refugees] in the art of clothing. Ray. 3. A covering of non-conducting material on the outside of a boiler, or steam chamber, to prevent radiation of heat. Knight. 4. (Mach.) Defn: See Card clothing, under 3d Card. CLOTHRED Clot"hred, p. p. Defn: Clottered. [Obs.] Chaucer. CLOTPOLL Clot"poll`, n. Defn: See Clodpoll. [Obs.] Shak. CLOTTED Clot"ted, a. Defn: Composed of clots or clods; having the quality or form of a clot; sticky; slimy; foul. "The clotted glebe." J. Philips. When lust . . . Lets in defilement to the inward parts, The soul grows clotted by contagion. Milton. CLOTTER Clot"ter, v. i. Etym: [From Clot.] Defn: To concrete into lumps; to clot. [Obs.] "Clottered blood." Chapman. CLOTTY Clot"ty, a. Etym: [From Clot, n.] Defn: Full of clots, or clods. "Clotty matter." Harvey. CLOTURE Clô`ture", n. Etym: [F.] (Parliamentary Practice) Defn: See Closure, 5. CLOTWEED Clot"weed`, n. Etym: [See Clote.] Defn: Cocklebur. CLOUD Cloud, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. AS. cld a rock or hillock, the application arising from the frequent resemblance of clouds to rocks or hillocks in the sky or air.] 1. A collection of visible vapor, or watery particles, susponded in the upper atmosphere. I do set my bow in the cloud. Gen. ix. 13. Note: A classification of clouds according to their chief forms was first proposed by the meteorologist Howard, and this is still substantially employed. The following varieties and subvarieties are recognized: (a) Cirrus. This is the most elevated of all the forms of clouds; is thin, long-drawn, sometimes looking like carded wool or hair, sometimes like a brush or room, sometimes in curl-like or fleecelike patches. It is the cat's-tail of the sailor, and the mare's-tail of the landsman. (b) Cumulus. This form appears in large masses of a hemispherical form, or nearly so, above, but flat below, one often piled above another, forming great clouds, common in the summer, and presenting the appearance of gigantic mountains crowned with snow. It often affords rain and thunder gusts. (c) Stratus. This form appears in layers or bands extending horizontally. (d) Nimbus. This form is characterized by its uniform gray tint and ragged edges; it covers the sky in seasons of continued rain, as in easterly storms, and is the proper rain cloud. The name is sometimes used to denote a raining cumulus, or cumulostratus. (e) Cirro-cumulus. This form consists, like the cirrus, of thin, broken, fleecelice clouds, but the parts are more or less rounded and regulary grouped. It is popularly called mackerel sky. (f) Cirro-stratus. In this form the patches of cirrus coalesce in long strata, between cirrus and stratus. (g) Cumulo-stratus. A form between cumulus and stratus, often assuming at the horizon a black or bluish tint. -- Fog, cloud, motionless, or nearly so, lying near or in contact with the earth's surface. -- Storm scud, cloud lying quite low, without form, and driven rapidly with the wind. 2. A mass or volume of smoke, or flying dust, resembling vapor. "A thick cloud of incense." Ezek. viii. 11. 3. A dark vein or spot on a lighter material, as in marble; hence, a blemish or defect; as, a cloud upon one's reputation; a cloud on a title. 4. That which has a dark, lowering, or threatening aspect; that which temporarily overshadows, obscures, or depresses; as, a cloud of sorrow; a cloud of war; a cloud upon the intellect. 5. A great crowd or multitude; a vast collection. "So great a cloud of witnesses." Heb. xii. 1. 6. A large, loosely-knitted scarf, worn by women about the head. Cloud on a (or the) title (Law), a defect of title, usually superficial and capable of removal by release, decision in equity, or legislation. -- To be under a cloud, to be under suspicion or in disgrace; to be in disfavor. -- In the clouds, in the realm of facy and imagination; beyond reason; visionary. CLOUD Cloud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Clouding.] 1. To overspread or hide with a cloud or clouds; as, the sky is clouded. 2. To darken or obscure, as if by hiding or enveloping with a cloud; hence, to render gloomy or sullen. One day too late, I fear me, noble lord, Hath clouded all thy happy days on earth. Shak. Be not disheartened, then, nor cloud those looks. Milton. Nothing clouds men's minds and impairs their honesty like prejudice. M. Arnold. 3. To blacken; to sully; to stain; to tarnish; to damage; -- esp. used of reputation or character. I would not be a stander-by to hear My sovereign mistress clouded so, without My present vengeance taken. Shak. 4. To mark with, or darken in, veins or sports; to variegate with colors; as, to cloud yarn. And the nice conduct of a clouded cane. Pope. CLOUD Cloud, v. i. Defn: To grow cloudy; to become obscure with clouds; -- often used with up. Worthies, away! The scene begins to cloud. Shak. CLOUDAGE Cloud"age, n. Defn: Mass of clouds; cloudiness. [R.] A scudding cloudage of shapes. Coleridge. CLOUDBERRY Cloud"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of raspberry (Rubus Chamæmerous) growing in the northern regions, and bearing edible, amber-colored fruit. CLOUD-BUILT Cloud"-built, a. Defn: Built of, or in, the clouds; airy; unsubstantial; imaginary. Cowper. So vanished my cloud-built palace. Goldsmith. CLOUD-BURST Cloud"-burst`, n. Defn: A sudden copious rainfall, as the whole cloud had been precipitated at once. CLOUD-CAPPED Cloud"-capped`, a. Defn: Having clouds resting on the top or head; reaching to the clouds; as, cloud-capped mountains. CLOUD-COMPELLER Cloud"-com*pel`ler, n. Defn: Cloud-gatherer; -- an epithet applied to Zeus. [Poetic.] Pope. CLOUDILY Cloud"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a cloudy manner; darkly; obscurely. Dryden. CLOUDINESS Cloud"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being cloudy. CLOUDING Cloud"ing, n. 1. A mottled appearance given to ribbons and silks in the process of dyeing. 2. A diversity of colors in yarn, recurring at regular intervals. Knight. CLOUDLAND Cloud"land`, n. Defn: Dreamland. CLOUDLESS Cloud"less, a. Defn: Without a cloud; clear; bright. A cloudless winter sky. Bankroft. -- Cloud"less*ly, adv. -- Cloud"less*ness, n. CLOUDLET Cloud"let, n. Defn: A little cloud. R. Browning. Eve's first star through fleecy cloudlet peeping. Coleridge. CLOUDY Cloud"y (, a. [Compar. Cloudier (; superl. Cloudiest.] Etym: [From Cloud, n.] 1. Overcast or obscured with clouds; clouded; as, a cloudy sky. 2. Consisting of a cloud or clouds. As Moses entered into the tabernacle, the cloudy pillar descended. Ex. xxxiii. 9 3. Indicating gloom, anxiety, sullenness, or ill-nature; not open or cheerful. "A cloudy countenance." Shak. 4. Confused; indistinct; obscure; dark. Cloudy and confused notions of things. Watts. 5. Lacking clearness, brightness, or luster. "A cloudy diamond." Boyle. 6. Marked with veins or sports of dark or various hues, as marble. CLOUGH Clough, n. Etym: [OE. clough, cloghe, clou, clewch, AS. (assumed) cloh, akin to G. klinge ravine.] 1. A cleft in a hill; a ravine; a narrow valley. Nares. 2. A sluice used in returning water to a channel after depositing its sediment on the flooded land. Knight. CLOUGH Clough, n. (Com.) Defn: An allowance in weighing. See Cloff. CLOUT Clout, n. Etym: [AS. clut a little cloth, piece of metal; cf. Sw. klut, Icel. klutr a kerchief, or W. clwt a clout, Gael. clud.] 1. A cloth; a piece of cloth or leather; a patch; a rag. His garments, nought but many ragged clouts, With thorns together pinned and patched was. Spenser. A clout upon that head where late the diadem stood. Shak. 2. A swadding cloth. 3. A piece; a fragment. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. The center of the butt at which archers shoot; -- probably once a piece of white cloth or a nail head. A'must shoot nearer or he'll ne'er hit the clout. Shak. 5. An iron plate on an axletree or other wood to keep it from wearing; a washer. 6. A blow with the hand. [Low] Clout nail, a kind of wrought-iron nail heaving a large flat head; -- used for fastening clouts to axletrees, plowshares, etc., also for studding timber, and for various purposes. CLOUT Clout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Clouting.] Etym: [OE. clutien. clouten, to patch. See Clout, n.] 1. To cover with cloth, leather, or other material; to bandage; patch, or mend, with a clout. And old shoes and clouted upon their feet. Josh. ix. 5. Paul, yea, and Peter, too, had more skill in . . . clouting an old tent than to teach lawyers. Latimer. 2. To join or patch clumsily. If fond Bavius vent his clouted song. P. Fletcher 3. To quard with an iron plate, as an axletree. 4. To give a blow to; to strike. [Low] The . . . queen of Spain took off one of her chopines and clouted Olivarez about the noddle with it. Howell. 5. To stud with nails, as a timber, or a boot sole. Clouted cream, clotted cream, i. e., cream obtained by warming new milk. A. Philips. Note: "Clouted brogues" in Shakespeare and "clouted shoon" in Milton have been understood by some to mean shoes armed with nails; by others, patched shoes. CLOUTERLY Clout"er*ly, a. Etym: [From Clout, n.] Defn: Clumsy; awkward. [Obs.] Rough-hewn, cloutery verses. E. Phillips. CLOVE Clove, Defn: imp. of Cleave. Cleft. Spenser. Clove hitch (Naut.) See under Hitch. -- Clove hook (Naut.), an iron two-part hook, with jaws overlapping, used in bending chain sheets to the clews of sails; -- called also clip hook. Knight. CLOVE Clove, n. Etym: [D. kloof. See Cleave, v. t.] Defn: A cleft; a gap; a ravine; -- rarely used except as part of a proper name; as, Kaaterskill Clove; Stone Clove. CLOVE Clove, n. Etym: [OE. clow, fr. F. clou nail, clou de girofle a clove, lit. nail of clove, fr. L. clavus nail, perh. akin to clavis key, E. clavicle. The clove was so called from its resemblance to a nail. So in D. kruidnagel clove, lit. herb-nail or spice-nail. Cf. Cloy.] Defn: A very pungent aromatic spice, the unexpanded flower bud of the clove tree (Eugenia, or Caryophullus, aromatica), a native of the Molucca Isles. Clove camphor. (Chem.) See Eugenin. -- Clove gillyflower, Clove pink (Bot.), any fragrant self-colored carnation. CLOVE Clove, n. Etym: [AS. clufe an ear of corn, a clove of garlic; cf. cleófan to split, E. cleave.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: One of the small bulbs developed in the axils of the scales of a large bulb, as in the case of garlic. Developing, in the axils of its skales, new bulbs, of what gardeners call cloves. Lindley. 2. A weight. A clove of cheese is about eight pounds, of wool, about seven pounds. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. CLOVEN Clo"ven, p. p. & a. Defn: from Cleave, v. t. To show the cloven foot or hoof, to reveal a devilish character, or betray an evil purpose, notwithstanding disguises, -- Satan being represented dramatically and symbolically as having cloven hoofs. CLOVEN-FOOTED; CLOVEN-HOOFED Clo"ven-foot`ed, Clo"ven-hoofed`, a. Defn: Having the foot or hoof divided into two parts, as the ox. CLOVER Clo"ver, n. Etym: [OE. claver, clover, AS. cl; akin to LG. & Dan. klever, D. klaver, G. klee, Sw. kl.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of differend species of the genus Trifolium; as the common red clover, T. pratense, the white, T. repens, and the hare's foot, T. arvense. Clover weevil (Zoöl.) a small weevil (Apion apricans), that destroys the seeds of clover. -- Clover worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a small moth (Asopia costalis), often very destructive to clover hay. -- In clover, in very pleasant circumstances; fortunate. [Colloq.] - - Sweet clover. See Meliot. CLOVERED Clo"vered, a. Defn: Covered with growing clover. Flocks thick nibbling through the clovered vale. Thomson. CLOWE-GILOFRE Clowe"-gi*lof`re, n. Etym: [See 3d Clove, and Gilliflower.] Defn: Spice clove. [Obs.] Chaucer. CLOWN Clown, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. klunni a clumsy, boorish fellow, North Fries. kl clown, dial. Sw. klunn log, Dan. klunt log block, and E. clump, n.] 1. A man of coarse nature and manners; an awkward fellow; an illbred person; a boor. Sir P. Sidney. 2. One who works upon the soil; a rustic; a churl. The clown, the child of nature, without guile. Cowper. 3. The fool or buffoon in a play, circus, etc. The clown shall make those laugh whose lungs are tickle o'the sere. Shak. CLOWN Clown, v. i. Defn: To act as a clown; -- with it [Obs.] Beclowns it properly indeed. B. Jonson. CLOWNAGE Clown"age, n. Defn: Behavior or manners of a clown; clownery. [Obs.] B. Jonson. CLOWNERY Clown"er*y, n. Defn: Clownishness. L'Estrange. CLOWNISH Clown"ish, a. Defn: Of or resembling a clown, or characteristic of a clown; ungainly; awkward. "Clownish hands." Spenser. "Clownish mimic." Prior. -- Clown"ish*ly, adv. Syn. -- Coarse; rough; clumsy; awkward; ungainly; rude; uncivil; ill- bred; boorish; rustic; untutored. CLOWNISHNESS Clown"ish*ness, n. Defn: The manners of a clown; coarseness or rudeness of behavior. That plainness which the alamode people call clownishness. Locke. CLOY Cloy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloyed (kloid); p. pr. & vb. n. Cloying.] Etym: [OE. cloer to nail up, F. clouer, fr. OF. clo nail, F. clou, fr. L. clavus nail. Cf. 3d Clove.] 1. To fill or choke up; to stop up; to clog. [Obs.] The duke's purpose was to have cloyed the harbor by sinking ships, laden with stones. Speed. 2. To glut, or satisfy, as the appetite; to satiate; to fill to loathing; to surfeit. [Who can] cloy the hungry edge of appetite By bare imagination of a feast Shak. He sometimes cloys his readers instead of satisfying. Dryden. 3. To penetrate or pierce; to wound. Which, with his cruel tusk, him deadly cloyed. Spenser. He never shod horse but he cloyed him. Bacon. 4. To spike, as a cannon. [Obs.] Johnson. 5. To stroke with a claw. [Obs.] Shak. CLOYLESS Cloy"less, a. Defn: That does not cloy. Shak. CLOYMENT Cloy"ment, n. Defn: Satiety. [Obs.] Shak. CLUB Club, n. Etym: [CF. Icel. klubba, klumba, club, klumbuf a clubfoot, SW. klubba club, Dan. klump lump, klub a club, G. klumpen clump, kolben club, and E. clump.] 1. A heavy staff of wood, usually tapering, and wielded the hand; a weapon; a cudgel. But make you ready your stiff bats and clubs; Rome and her rats are at the point of battle. Shak. 2. Etym: [Cf. the Spanish name bastos, and Sp. baston staff, club.] Defn: Any card of the suit of cards having a figure like the trefoil or clover leaf. (pl.) The suit of cards having such figure. 3. An association of persons for the promotion of some common object, as literature, science, politics, good fellowship, etc.; esp. an association supported by equal assessments or contributions of the members. They talked At wine, in clubs, of art, of politics. Tennyson. He [Goldsmith] was one of the nine original members of that celebrated fraternity which has sometimes been called the Literary Club, but which has always disclaimed that epithet, and still glories in the simple name of the Club. Macaulay. 4. A joint charge of expense, or any person's share of it; a contribution to a common fund. They laid down the club. L'Estrange. We dined at a French house, but paid ten shillings for our part of the club. Pepys. Club law, government by violence; lynch law; anarchy. Addison. -Club moss (Bot.), an evergreen mosslike plant, much used in winter decoration. The best know species is Lycopodium clavatum, but other Lycopodia are often called by this name. The spores form a highly inflammable powder. -- Club root (Bot.), a disease of cabbages, by which the roots become distorted and the heads spoiled. -- Club topsail (Naut.), a kind of gaff topsail, used mostly by yachts having a fore-and-aft rig. It has a short "club" or "jack yard" to increase its spread. CLUB Club, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Clubbing.] 1. To beat with a club. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To throw, or allow to fall, into confusion. To club a battalion implies a temporary inability in the commanding officer to restore any given body of men to their natural front in line or column. Farrow. 3. To unite, or contribute, for the accomplishment of a common end; as, to club exertions. 4. To raise, or defray, by a proportional assesment; as, to club the expense. To club a musket (Mil.), to turn the breach uppermost, so as to use it as a club. CLUB Club, v. i. 1. To form a club; to combine for the promotion of some common object; to unite. Till grosser atoms, tumbling in the stream Of fancy, madly met, and clubbed into a dream. Dryden. 2. To pay on equal or proportionate share of a common charge or expense; to pay for something by contribution. The owl, the raven, and the bat, Clubbed for a feather to his hat. Swift. 3. (Naut.) Defn: To drift in a current with an anchor out. CLUBBABLE Club"ba*ble, a. Defn: Suitable for membership in a club; sociable. [Humorous.] G. W. Curtis. CLUBBED Clubbed, a. Defn: Shaped like a club; grasped like, or used as, a club. Skelton. CLUBBER Club"ber, n. 1. One who clubs. 2. A member of a club. [R.] Massinger. CLUBBISH Club"bish, a. 1. Rude; clownish. [Obs.] 2. Disposed to club together; as, a clubbish set. CLUBBIST Club"bist, n. Defn: A member of a club; a frequenter of clubs. [R.] Burke. CLUBFIST Club"fist`, n. 1. A large, heavy fist. 2. A coarse, brutal fellow. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag. CLUBFISTED Club"fist`ed, a. Defn: Having a large fist. Howell. CLUBFOOT Club"foot, n. Etym: [Club + foot.] (Med.) Defn: A short, variously distorted foot; also, the deformity, usually congenital, which such a foot exhibits; talipes. CLUBFOOTED Club"foot`ed, a. Defn: Having a clubfoot. CLUBHAND Club"hand`, n. (Med.) Defn: A short, distorted hand; also, the deformity of having such a hand. CLUBHAUL Club"haul`, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To put on the other tack by dropping the lee anchor as soon as the wind is out of the sails (which brings the vessel's head to the wind), and by cutting the cable as soon as she pays off on the other tack. Clubhauling is attempted only in an exigency. CLUBHOUSE Club"house`, n. Defn: A house occupied by a club. CLUBROOM Club"room`, n. Defn: The apartment in which a club meets. Addison. CLUB-RUSH Club"-rush`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A rushlike plant, the reed mace or cat-tail, or some species of the genus Scirpus. See Bulrush. CLUB-SHAPED Club"-shaped, a. Defn: Enlarged gradually at the end, as the antennæ of certain insects. CLUCK Cluck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clucked; p pr. & vb. n. Clucking.] Etym: [AS. cloccian; cf. D. klokken, G. glucken, glucksen, LG. klukken, Dan. klukke; all prob. of imitative origin.] Defn: To make the noise, or utter the call, of a brooding hen. Ray. CLUCK Cluck, v. t. Defn: To call together, or call to follow, as a hen does her chickens. She, poor hen, fond of no second brood, Has clucked three to the wars. Shak. CLUCK Cluck, n. 1. The call of a hen to her chickens. 2. A click. See 3d Click, 2. CLUCKING Cluck"ing, n. Defn: The noise or call of a brooding hen. CLUE Clue, n. Etym: [See Clew, n.] Defn: A ball of thread; a thread or other means of guidance. Same as Clew. You have wound a goodly clue. Shak. This clue once found unravels all the rest. Pope. Serve as clues to guide us into further knowledge. Locke. CLUM Clum, interj. Defn: Silence; hush. [Obs.] Chaucer. CLUMBER Clum"ber, n. Etym: [Named from the estate of the Duke of Newcastle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of field spaniel, with short legs and stout body, which, unlike other spaniels, hunts silently. CLUMP Clump, n. Etym: [Cf. D. klomp lump, G. klump, klumpen, Dan. klump, Sw. kllimp; perh. akin to L. globus, E. globe. Cf. Club.] 1. An unshaped piece or mass of wood or other substance. 2. A cluster; a group; a thicket. A clump of shrubby trees. Hawthorne. 3. The compressed clay of coal strata. Brande & C. CLUMP Clump, v. t. Defn: To arrange in a clump or clumps; to cluster; to group. Blackmore. CLUMP Clump, v. i. Defn: To tread clumsily; to clamp. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. CLUMPER Clump"er, v. t. Etym: [Cf. G. klümpern to clod. See Clump, n.] Defn: To form into clumps or masses. [Obs.] Vapors . . . clumpered in balls of clouds. Dr. H. More. CLUMPS Clumps, n. Defn: A game in which questions are asked for the purpose of enabling the questioners to discover a word or thing previously selected by two persons who answer the questions; -- so called because the players take sides in two "clumps" or groups, the "clump" which guesses the word winning the game. CLUMPY Clump"y, a. Etym: [From Clump, n.] Defn: Composed of clumps; massive; shapeless. Leigh Hunt. CLUMSILY Clum"si*ly, adv. Defn: In a clumsy manner; awkwardly; as, to walk clumsily. CLUMSINESS Clum"si*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being clusy. The drudging part of life is chiefly owing to clumsiness and ignorance. Collier. CLUMSY Clum"sy, a. [Compar. Clumsier; superl. Clumsiest.] Etym: [OE. clumsed benumbed, fr. clumsen to be benumbed; cf. Icel. klumsa lockjaw, dial. Sw. klummsen benumbed with cold. Cf. 1st Clam, and 1st Clamp.] 1. Stiff or benumbed, as with cold. [Obs.] 2. Without skill or grace; wanting dexterity, nimbleness, or readiness; stiff; awkward, as if benumbed; unwieldy; unhandy; hence; ill-made, misshapen, or inappropriate; as, a clumsy person; a clumsy workman; clumsy fingers; a clumsy gesture; a clumsy excuse. But thou in clumsy verse, unlicked, unpointed, Hast shamefully defied the Lord's anointed. Dryden. Syn. -- See Awkward. CLUNCH Clunch, n. Etym: [Perh. fr. clinch to make fast] Defn: . 1. (Mining) Defn: Indurated clay. See Bind, n., 3. 2. One of the hard beds of the lower chalk. Dana. CLUNG Clung, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Cling. CLUNG Clung, a. Etym: [Prop. p. p. fr. OE. clingen to wither. See Cling, v. i.] Defn: Wasted away; shrunken. [Obs.] CLUNIAC Clu"ni*ac, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A monk of the reformed branch of the Benedictine Order, founded in 912 at Cluny (or Clugny) in France. -- Also used as a. CLUNIACENSIAN Clu`ni*a*cen"sian, a. Defn: Cluniac. CLUPEOID Clu"pe*oid, a. Etym: [L.clupea a kind of fish, NL., generic name of the herring + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Herring family. CLUSTER Clus"ter, n. Etym: [AS. cluster, clyster; cf. LG. kluster (also Sw. & Dan. klase a cluster of grapes, D. klissen to be entangled.)] 1. A number of things of the same kind growing together; a bunch. Her deeds were like great clusters of ripe grapes, Which load the bunches of the fruitful vine. Spenser. 2. A number of similar things collected together or lying contiguous; a group; as, a cluster of islands. "Cluster of provinces." Motley. 3. A number of individuals grouped together or collected in one place; a crowd; a mob. As bees . . . Pour forth their populous youth about the hive In clusters. Milton. We loved him; but, like beasts And cowardly nobles, gave way unto your clusters, Who did hoot him out o' the city. Shak. CLUSTER Clus"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clustered; p. pr. & vb. n. Clustering.] Defn: To grow in clusters or assemble in groups; to gather or unite in a cluster or clusters. His sunny hair Cluster'd about his temples, like a god's. Tennyson. The princes of the country clustering together. Foxe. CLUSTER Clus"ter, v. t. Defn: To collect into a cluster or clusters; to gather into a bunch or close body. Not less the bee would range her cells, . . . The foxglove cluster dappled bells. Tennyson. Or from the forest falls the clustered snow. Thomson. Clustered column (Arch.), a column which is composed, or appears to be composed, of several columns collected together. CLUSTERINGLY Clus"ter*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In clusters. CLUSTERY Clus"ter*y, a. Etym: [From Cluster, n.] Defn: Growing in, or full of, clusters; like clusters. Johnson. CLUTCH Clutch (kluch; 224), n. Etym: [OE. cloche, cloke, claw, Scot. clook, cleuck, also OE. cleche claw, clechen, cleken, to seize; cf. AS. gelæccan (where ge- is a prefix) to seize. Cf. Latch a catch.] 1. A gripe or clinching with, or as with, the fingers or claws; seizure; grasp. "The clutch of poverty." Cowper. An expiring clutch at popularity. Carlyle. But Age, with his stealing steps, Hath clawed me in his clutch. Shak. 2. pl. Defn: The hands, claws, or talons, in the act of grasping firmly; -- often figuratively, for power, rapacity, or cruelty; as, to fall into the clutches of an adversary. I must have . . . little care of myself, if I ever more come near the clutches of such a giant. Bp. Stillingfleet. 3. (Mach.) Defn: A device which is used for coupling shafting, etc., so as to transmit motion, and which may be disengaged at pleasure. 4. Any device for gripping an object, as at the end of a chain or tackle. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The nest complement of eggs of a bird. Bayonet clutch (Mach.), a clutch in which connection is made by means of bayonets attached to arms sliding on a feathered shaft. The bayonets slide through holes in a crosshead fastened on the shaft. CLUTCH Clutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clutched; p. pr. & vb. n. Clutching.] Etym: [OE. clucchen. See Clutch, n.] 1. To seize, clasp, or gripe with the hand, hands, or claws; -- often figuratively; as, to clutch power. A man may set the poles together in his head, and clutch the whole globe at one intellectual grasp. Collier. Is this a dagger which I see before me . . . Come, let me clutch thee. Shak. 2. To close tightly; to clinch. Not that I have the power to clutch my hand. Shak. CLUTCH Clutch, v. i. Defn: To reach (at something) as if to grasp; to catch or snatch; -- often followed by at. Clutching at the phantoms of the stock market. Bankroft. CLUTTER Clut"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. W. cludair heap, pile, cludeirio to heap.] 1. A confused collection; hence, confusion; disorder; as, the room is in a clutter. He saw what a clutter there was with huge, overgrown pots, pans, and spits. L'Estrange. 2. Clatter; confused noise. Swift. CLUTTER Clut"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cluttered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cluttering.] Defn: To crowd together in disorder; to fill or cover with things in disorder; to throw into disorder; to disarrange; as, to clutter a room. CLUTTER Clut"ter, v. i. Defn: To make a confused noise; to bustle. It [the goose] cluttered here, it chuckled there. Tennyson. CLUTTER Clut"ter, v. t. Etym: [From Clod, n.] Defn: To clot or coagulate, as blood. [Obs.] Holland. CLYDESDALE Clydes"dale, n. Defn: One of a breed of heavy draft horses originally from Clydesdale, Scotland. They are about sixteen hands high and usually brown or bay. CLYDESDALE TERRIER Clydesdale terrier. Defn: One of a breed of small silky-haired terriers related to, but smaller than, the Skye terrier, having smaller and perfectly erect ears. CLYPEASTROID Clyp`e*as"troid, a. Etym: [NL. Clypeaster (L. clupeus shield + aster star) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or related to the genus Clupeaster; -- applied to a group of flattened sea urchins, with a rosette of pores on the upper side. CLYPEATE Clyp"e*ate, a. Etym: [L. clupeatus, p. p. of clupeare to arm with a shield, fr. clupeus, clipeus shield.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Shaped like a round buckler or shield; scutate. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Furnished with a shield, or a protective plate or shell. CLYPEIFORM Clyp"e*i*form`, a. Etym: [L. clupeus shield + -form.] Defn: Shield-shaped; clypeate. CLYPEUS Clyp"e*us, n.; pl. Clypei. Etym: [L., a shield.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The frontal plate of the head of an insect. CLYSMIAN Clys"mi*an, a. Etym: [Gr. Clyster.] Defn: Connected with, or related to, the deluge, or to a cataclysm; as, clysmian changes. Smart. CLYSMIC Clys"mic, a. Defn: Washing; cleansing. CLYSTER Clys"ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. G. hlutrs pure, G. lauter: cf. F. clystère] (Med.) Defn: A liquid injected into the lower intestines by means of a syringe; an injection; an enema. Clyster pipe, a tube or pipe used for injections. CLYTIE KNOT Cly"tie knot. Defn: In hair dressing, a loose, low coil at the back of the head, like the knot on the head of the bust of Clytie by G. F. Watts. CNEMIAL Cne"mi*al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the shin bone. Cnemial crest, a crestlike prominence on the proximal end of the tibia of birds and some reptiles. CNIDA Cni"da, n.; pl. Cnidæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the peculiar stinging, cells found in Coelenterata; a nematocyst; a lasso cell. CNIDARIA Cni*da"ri*a, n., pl. Etym: [NL. See Cnida.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A comprehensive group equivalent to the true Coelenterata, i.e., exclusive of the sponges. They are so named from presence of stinging cells (cnidae) in the tissues. See Coelenterata. CNIDOBLAST Cni"do*blast, n. Etym: [Cnida + -blast.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the cells which, in the Coelenterata, develop into cnidæ. CNIDOCIL Cni"do*cil, n. Etym: [Cnida + cilium eyelash.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The fine filiform process of a cnidoblast. CO- Co- (. Defn: A form of the prefix com-, signifying with, together, in conjunction, joint. It is used before vowels and some consonants. See Com-. COACERVATE Co`a*cer"vate, a. Etym: [L. coacervatus, p. p. of coacervare to heap up; co- + acervare. See Acervate.] Defn: Raised into a pile; collected into a crowd; heaped. [R.] Bacon. COACERVATE Co`a*cer"vate, v. t. Defn: To heap up; to pile. [R.] COACERVATION Co*ac`er*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. coacervatio.] Defn: A heaping together. [R.] Bacon. COACH Coach (; 224), n. Etym: [F. coche, fr. It. cocchio, dim. of cocca little boat, fr. L. concha mussel, mussel shell, Gr. çankha. Cf. Conch, Cockboat, Cockle.] 1. A large, closed, four-wheeled carriage, having doors in the sides, and generally a front and back seat inside, each for two persons, and an elevated outside seat in front for the driver. Note: Coaches have a variety of forms, and differ in respect to the number of persons they can carry. Mail coaches and tallyho coaches often have three or more seats inside, each for two or three persons, and seats outside, sometimes for twelve or more. 2. A special tutor who assists in preparing a student for examination; a trainer; esp. one who trains a boat's crew for a race. [Colloq.] Wareham was studying for India with a Wancester coach. G. Eliot. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A cabin on the after part of the quarterdeck, usually occupied by the captain. [Written also couch.] [Obs.] The commanders came on board and the council sat in the coach. Pepys. 4. (Railroad) Defn: A first-class passenger car, as distinguished from a drawing- room car, sleeping car, etc. It is sometimes loosely applied to any passenger car. COACH Coach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coached; p. pr. & vb. n. Coaching.] 1. To convey in a coach. Pope. 2. To prepare for public examination by private instruction; to train by special instruction. [Colloq.] I coached him before he got his scholarship. G. Eliot. COACH Coach, v. i. Defn: To drive or to ride in a coach; -- sometimes used with it. [Colloq.] "Coaching it to all quarters." E. Waterhouse. COACHBOX Coach"box`. Defn: The seat of a coachman. COACHDOG Coach"dog`. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a breed of dogs trained to accompany carriages; the Dalmatian dog. COACHEE Coach"ee, n. Defn: A coachman [Slang] COACHER Coach"er, n. 1. A coachman. [Obs.] 2. A coach horse. 3. One who coaches; specif. (Baseball), Defn: one of the side at the bat posted near first or third base to direct a base runner. COACHFELLOW Coach"fel`low, n. Defn: One of a pair of horses employed to draw a coach; hence (Fig.), a comrade. Shak. COACHMAN Coach"man, n.; pl. Coachmen. 1. A man whose business is to drive a coach or carriage. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tropical fish of the Atlantic ocean (Dutes auriga); -- called also charioteer. The name refers to a long, lashlike spine of the dorsal fin. COACHMANSHIP Coach"man*ship, n. Defn: Skill in driving a coach. COACHWHIP SNAKE Coach"whip` snake". (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, slender, harmless snake of the southern United States (Masticophis flagelliformis). Note: Its long and tapering tail has the scales so arranged and colored as to give it a braided appearance, whence the name. COACT Co*act", v. t. Etym: [L. coactare, intens. fr. cogere, coactum, to force. See Cogent.] Defn: To force; to compel; to drive. [Obs.] The faith and service of Christ ought to be voluntary and not coacted. Foxe. COACT Co*act", v. i. Etym: [Pref. co- + act, v.i.] Defn: To act together; to work in concert; to unite. [Obs.] But if I tell you how these two did coact. Shak. COACTION Co*ac"tion, n. Etym: [L. coactio.] Defn: Force; compulsion, either in restraining or impelling. Sojth. COACTIVE Co*ac"tive, a. Etym: [In sense 1, fr. 1st Coact; in sense 2, fr. 2d Coact.] 1. Serving to compel or constrain; compulsory; restrictive. Any coactive power or the civil kind. Bp. Warburton. 2. Acting in concurrence; united in action. With what's unreal thou coactive art. Shak. COACTIVELY Co*ac"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a coactive manner. COACTIVITY Co`ac*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: Unity of action. COADAPTATION Co*ad`ap*ta"tion, n. Defn: Mutual adaption. R. Owen. COADAPTED Co`a*dapt"ed, a. Defn: Adapted one to another; as, coadapted pulp and tooth. R. Owen. COADJUMENT Co*ad"ju*ment, n. Defn: Mutual help; coöperation. [R.] Johnson. COADJUST Co`ad*just", v. t. Defn: To adjust by mutual adaptations. R. Owen. COADJUSTMENT Co`ad*just"ment, n. Defn: Mutual adjustment. COADJUTANT Co*ad"ju*tant, a. Defn: Mutually assisting or operating; helping. J. Philips. COADJUTANT Co*ad"ju*tant, n. Defn: An assistant. R. North. COADJUTING Co*ad"ju*ting, a. Defn: Mutually assisting. [Obs.] Drayton. COADJUTIVE Co*ad"ju*tive, a. Defn: Rendering mutual aid; coadjutant. Feltham. COADJUTOR Co`ad*ju"tor, n. Etym: [L. See Co-, and Aid.] 1. One who aids another; an assistant; a coworker. Craftily outwitting her perjured coadjutor. Sheridan. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The assistant of a bishop or of a priest holding a benefice. COADJUTORSHIP Co`ad*ju"tor*ship, n. Defn: The state or office of a coadjutor; joint assistance. Pope. COADJUTRESS; COADJUTRIX Co`ad*ju"tress, Co`ad*ju"trix, n. Defn: A female coadjutor or assistant. Holland. Smollett. COADJUVANCY Co*ad"ju*van*cy, n. Defn: Joint help; coöperation. Sir T. Browne. COADJUVANT Co*ad"ju*vant, a. Defn: Coöperating. COADJUVANT Co*ad"ju*vant, n. (Med.) Defn: An adjuvant. COADUNATE Co*ad"u*nate, a. Etym: [L. coadunatus, p. p. of coadunare to unite. See Adunation.] (Bot.) Defn: United at the base, as contiguous lobes of a leaf. COADUNATION Co*ad`u*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. coadunatio.] Defn: Union, as in one body or mass; unity. Jer. Taylor. The coadunation of all the civilized provinces. Coleridge. COADUNITION Co*ad`u*ni"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. co- + pref. ad- + unition.] Defn: Coadunation. [R.] Sir M. Hale. COADVENTURE Co`ad*ven"ture, n. Defn: An adventure in which two or more persons are partakers. COADVENTURE Co`ad*ven"ture, v. i. Defn: To share in a venture. Howell. COADVENTURER Co`ad*ven"tur*er, n. Defn: A fellow adventurer. COAFFOREST Co`af*for"est, v. t. Defn: To convert into, or add to, a forest. Howell. COAG Coag, n. Defn: See Coak, a kind of tenon. COAGENCY Co*a"gen*cy, n. Defn: Agency in common; joint agency or agent. Coleridge. COAGENT Co*a"gent, n. Defn: An associate in an act; a coworker. Drayton. COAGMENT Co`ag*ment", v. t. Etym: [L. coagmentare, fr. coagmentum a joining together, fr. cogere. See Cogent.] Defn: To join together. [Obs.] Glanvill. COAGMENTATION Co*ag`men*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. coagmentatio.] Defn: The act of joining, or the state of being joined, together; union. [Obs.] B. Jonson. COAGULABILITY Co*ag`u*la*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being coagulable; capacity of being coagulated. Ure. COAGULABLE Co*ag"u*la*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being coagulated. Boyle. COAGULANT Co*ag"u*lant, n. Etym: [L. coagulans, p. pr.] Defn: That which produces coagulation. COAGULATE Co*ag"u*late, a. Etym: [L. coagulatus, p. p. of coagulare to coagulate, fr. coagulum means of coagulation, fr. cogere, coactum, to drive together, coagulate. See Cogent.] Defn: Coagulated. [Obs.] Shak. COAGULATE Co*ag"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coagulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Coagulating.] Defn: To cause (a liquid) to change into a curdlike or semisolid state, not by evaporation but by some kind of chemical reaction; to curdle; as, rennet coagulates milk; heat coagulates the white of an egg. COAGULATE Co*ag"u*late, v. i. Defn: To undergo coagulation. Boyle. Syn. -- To thicken; concrete; curdle; clot; congeal. COAGULATED Co*ag"u*la`ted, a. Defn: Changed into, or contained in, a coagulum or a curdlike mass; curdled. Coagulated proteid (Physiol. Chem.), one of a class of bodies formed in the coagulation of a albuminous substance by heat, acids, or other agents. COAGULATION Co*ag`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. coagulatio.] 1. The change from a liquid to a thickened, curdlike, insoluble state, not by evaporation, but by some kind of chemical reaction; as, the spontaneous coagulation of freshly drawn blood; the coagulation of milk by rennet, or acid, and the coagulation of egg albumin by heat. Coagulation is generally the change of an albuminous body into an insoluble modification. 2. The substance or body formed by coagulation. COAGULATIVE Co*ag"u*la*tive, a. Defn: Having the power to cause coagulation; as, a coagulative agent. Boyle. COAGULATOR Co*ag"u*la`tor, n. Defn: That which causes coagulation. Hixley. COAGULATORY Co*ag"u*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Serving to coagulate; produced by coagulation; as, coagulatory effects. Boyle. COAGULUM Co*ag"u*lum, n.; pl. Coagula. Etym: [L. See Coagulate, a.] Defn: The thick, curdy precipitate formed by the coagulation of albuminous matter; any mass of coagulated matter, as a clot of bloot. COAITA Co*ai"ta, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The native name of certain South American monkeys of the genus Ateles, esp. A. paniscus. The black-faced coaita is Ateles ater. See Illustration in Appendix. COAK Coak, n. Defn: See Coke, n. COAK Coak, n. 1. (Carp.) Defn: A kind of tenon connecting the face of a scarfed timber with the face of another timber, or a dowel or pin of hard wood or iron uniting timbers. [Also spelt coag.] 2. A metallic bushing or strengthening piece in the center of a wooden block sheve. COAK Coak, v. t. (Carp.) Defn: To unite, as timbers, by means of tenons or dowels in the edges or face. Totten. COAL Coal, n. Etym: [AS. col; akin to D. kool, OHG. chol, cholo, G. kohle, Icel. kol, pl., Sw. kol, Dan. kul; cf. Skr. jval to burn. Cf. Kiln, Collier.] 1. A thoroughly charred, and extinguished or still ignited, fragment from wood or other combustible substance; charcoal. 2. (Min.) Defn: A black, or brownish black, solid, combustible substance, dug from beds or veins in the earth to be used for fuel, and consisting, like charcoal, mainly of carbon, but more compact, and often affording, when heated, a large amount of volatile matter. Note: This word is often used adjectively, or as the first part of self-explaining compounds; as, coal-black; coal formation; coal scuttle; coal ship. etc. Note: In England the plural coals is used, for the broken mineral coal burned in grates, etc.; as, to put coals on the fire. In the United States the singular in a collective sense is the customary usage; as, a hod of coal. Age of coal plants. See Age of Acrogens, under Acrogen. -- Anthracite or Glance coal. See Anthracite. -- Bituminous coal. See under Bituminous. -- Blind coal. See under Blind. -- Brown coal, or Lignite. See Lignite. -- Caking coal, a bituminous coal, which softens and becomes pasty or semi-viscid when heated. On increasing the heat, the volatile products are driven off, and a coherent, grayish black, cellular mass of coke is left. -- Cannel coal, a very compact bituminous coal, of fine texture and dull luster. See Cannel coal. -- Coal bed (Geol.), a layer or stratum of mineral coal. -- Coal breaker, a structure including machines and machinery adapted for crushing, cleansing, and assorting coal. -- Coal field (Geol.), a region in which deposits of coal occur. Such regions have often a basinlike structure, and are hence called coal basins. See Basin. -- Coal gas, a variety of carbureted hydrogen, procured from bituminous coal, used in lighting streets, houses, etc., and for cooking and heating. -- Coal heaver, a man employed in carrying coal, and esp. in putting it in, and discharging it from, ships. -- Coal measures. (Geol.) (a) Strata of coal with the attendant rocks. (b) A subdivision of the carboniferous formation, between the millstone grit below and the Permian formation above, and including nearly all the workable coal beds of the world. -- Coal oil, a general name for mineral oils; petroleum. -- Coal plant (Geol.), one of the remains or impressions of plants found in the strata of the coal formation. -- Coal tar. See in the Vocabulary. -- To haul over the coals, to call to account; to scold or censure. [Colloq.] -- Wood coal. See Lignite. COAL Coal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coaled; p. pr. & vb. n. Coaling.] 1. To burn to charcoal; to char. [R.] Charcoal of roots, coaled into great pieces. Bacon. 2. To mark or delineate with charcoal. Camden. 3. To supply with coal; as, to coal a steamer. COAL Coal, v. i. Defn: To take in coal; as, the steaer coaled at Southampton. COAL-BLACK Coal"-black, a. Defn: As black as coal; jet black; very black. Dryden. COALERY Coal"er*y, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Colliery. COALESCE Co`a*lesce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coalesced; p. pr. & vb. n. Coalescing.] Etym: [L. coalescere, coalitium; co- + alescere to grow up, incho. fr. alere to nourish. See Aliment, n.] 1. To grow together; to unite by growth into one body; as, the parts separated by a wound coalesce. 2. To unite in one body or product; to combine into one body or community; as, vapors coalesce. The Jews were incapable of coalescing with other nations. Campbell. Certain combinations of ideas that, once coalescing, could not be shaken loose. De Quincey. Syn. -- See Add. COALESCENCE Co`a*les"cence, n. Defn: The act or state of growing together, as similar parts; the act of uniting by natural affinity or attraction; the state of being united; union; concretion. COALESCENT Co`a*les"cent, a. Etym: [L. coalescens, p. pr.] Defn: Growing together; cohering, as in the organic cohesion of similar parts; uniting. COALFISH Coal"fish`, n. Etym: [Named from the dark color of the back.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pollock; -- called also, coalsey, colemie, colmey, coal whiting, etc. See Pollock. (b) The beshow or candlefish of Alaska. (c) The cobia. COALGOOSE Coal"goose`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The cormorant; -- so called from its black color. COALITE Co"a*lite, v. i. Etym: [L. coalitus, p. p. of coalescere. See Coalesce.] Defn: To unite or coalesce. [Obs.] Let them continue to coalite. Bolingbroke. COALITE Co"a*lite, v. t. Defn: To cause to unite or coalesce. [Obs.] Time has by degrees blended . . . and coalited the conquered with the conquerors. Burke. COALITION Co`a*li"tion, n. Etym: [LL. coalitio: cf. F. coalition. See Coalesce.] 1. The act of coalescing; union into a body or mass, as of separate bodies or parts; as, a coalition of atoms. Bentley. 2. A combination, for temporary purposes, of persons, parties, or states, having different interests. A coalition of the puritan and the blackleg. J. Randolph. The coalition between the religious and worldly enemies of popery. Macaulay. Syn. -- Alliance; confederation; confederacy; league; combination; conjunction; conspiracy; union. COALITIONER Co`a*li"tion*er, n. Defn: A coalitionist. COALITIONIST Co`a*li"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who joins or promotes a coalition; one who advocates coalition. CO-ALLY Co`-al*ly", n.; pl. Co-allies. Defn: A joint ally. Kent. COAL-METER Coal"-me`ter, n. Defn: A licensed or official coal measurer in London. See Meter. Simmonds. COALMOUSE Coal"mouse`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small species of titmouse, with a black head; the coletit. COALPIT Coal"pit`, n. 1. A pit where coal is dug. 2. A place where charcoal is made. [U. S.] COALSACK Coal"sack`, n. [Coal + 2d sack.] (Astron.) Defn: Any one of the spaces in the Milky Way which are very black, owing to the nearly complete absence of stars; esp., the large space near the Southern Cross sometimes called the Black Magellanic Cloud. COAL TAR Coal" tar`. Defn: A thick, black, tarry liquid, obtained by the distillation of bituminous coal in the manufacture of illuminating gas; used for making printer's ink, black varnish, etc. It is a complex mixture from which many substances have been obtained, especially hydrocarbons of the benzene or aromatic series. Note: Among its important ingredients are benzene, aniline, phenol, naphtalene, anthracene, etc., which are respectively typical of many dye stuffs, as the aniline dyes, the phthaleïns, indigo, alizarin, and many flavoring extracts whose artificial production is a matter of great commercial importance. COAL-WHIPPER Coal"-whip`per, n. Defn: One who raises coal out of the hold of a ship. [Eng.] Dickens. COAL WORKS Coal" works. Defn: A place where coal is dug, including the machinery for raising the coal. COALY Coal"y, a. Etym: [From Coal, n.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, coal; containing coal; of the nature of coal. COAMINGS Coam"ings, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. Comb a crest.] (Naut.) Defn: Raised pieces of wood of iron around a hatchway, skylight, or other opening in the deck, to prevent water from running bellow; esp. the fore-and-aft pieces of a hatchway frame as distinguished from the transverse head ledges. [Written also combings.] COANNEX Co`an*nex", v. t. Defn: To annex with something else. COAPTATION Co`ap*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. coaptatio, fr. coaptare to fit together; co- + aptare. See Aptate.] Defn: The adaptation or adjustment of parts to each other, as of a broken bone or dislocated joint. COARCT; COARCTATE Co*arct", Co*arc"tate, v. t. Etym: [See Coarctate, a.] 1. To press together; to crowd; to straiten; to confine closely. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To restrain; to confine. [Obs.] Ayliffe. COARCTATE Co*arc"tate, a. Etym: [L. coarctatus, p. p. of coarctare to press together; co- + arctare to press together, from arctus, p. p. See Arctation.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pressed together; closely connected; -- applied to insects having the abdomen separated from the thorax only by a constriction. Coarctate pupa (Zoöl.), a pupa closely covered by the old larval skin, as in most Diptera. COARCTATION Co`arc*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. coarctatio.] 1. Confinement to a narrow space. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Pressure; that which presses. [Obs.] Ray. 3. (Med.) Defn: A stricture or narrowing, as of a canal, cavity, or orifice. COARSE Coarse, a. [Compar. Coarser; superl. Coarsest.] Etym: [As this word was anciently written course, or cours, it may be an abbreviation of of course, in the common manner of proceeding, common, and hence, homely, made for common domestic use, plain, rude, rough, gross, e. g., "Though the threads be course." Gascoigne. See Course.] 1. Large in bulk, or composed of large parts or particles; of inferior quality or appearance; not fine in material or close in texture; gross; thick; rough; -- opposed to fine; as, coarse sand; coarse thread; coarse cloth; coarse bread. 2. Not refined; rough; rude; unpolished; gross; indelicate; as, coarse manners; coarse language. I feel Of what coarse metal ye are molded. Shak. To copy, in my coarse English, his beautiful expressions. Dryden. Syn. -- Large; thick; rough; gross; blunt; uncouth; unpolished; inelegant; indelicate; vulgar. COARSE-GRAINED Coarse"-grained`, a. Defn: Having a coarse grain or texture, as wood; hence, wanting in refinement. COARSELY Coarse"ly, adv. Defn: In a coarse manner; roughly; rudely; inelegantly; uncivilly; meanly. COARSEN Coars"en, v. t. Defn: To make coarse or vulgar; as, to coarsen one's character. [R.] Graham. COARSENESS Coarse"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being coarse; roughness; melegance; vulgarity; grossness; as, coarseness of food, texture, manners, or language. "The coarseness of the sackcloth." Dr. H. More. Pardon the coarseness of the illustration. L'Estrange. A coarseness and vulgarity in all the proceedings. Burke. COARTICULATION Co`ar*tic`u*la"tion, n. (Anat.) Defn: The unoin or articulation of bones to form a joint. CO-ASSESSOR Co`-as*sess"or, n. Defn: A joint assessor. COAST Coast, n. Etym: [OF. coste, F. côte, rib, hill, shore, coast, L. costa rib, side. Cf. Accost, v. t., Cutlet.] 1. The side of a thing. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. 2. The exterior line, limit, or border of a country; frontier border. [Obs.] From the river, the river Euphrates, even to the uttermost sea, shall your coast be. Deut. xi. 24. 3. The seashore, or land near it. He sees in English ships the Holland coast. Dryden. We the Arabian coast do know At distance, when the species blow. Waller. The coast is clear, the danger is over; no enemy in sight. Dryden. Fig.: There are no obstacles. "Seeing that the coast was clear, Zelmane dismissed Musidorus." Sir P. Sidney. Coast guard. (a) A body of men originally employed along the coast to prevent smuggling; now, under the control of the admiralty, drilled as a naval reserve. [Eng.] (b) The force employed in lifesaving stations along the seacoast. [U. S.] -- Coast rat (Zoöl.), a South African mammal (Bathyergus suillus), about the size of a rabbit, remarkable for its extensive burrows; -- called also sand mole. -- Coast waiter, a customhouse officer who superintends the landing or shipping of goods for the coast trade. [Eng.] COAST Coast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Coasting.] Etym: [OE. costien, costeien, costen, OF. costier, costoier, F. côtoyer, fr. Of. coste coast, F. côte. See Coast, n.] 1. To draw or keep near; to approach. [Obs.] Anon she hears them chant it lustily, And all in haste she coasteth to the cry. Shak. 2. To sail by or near the shore. The ancients coasted only in their navigation. Arbuthnot. 3. To sail from port to port in the same country. 4. Etym: [Cf. OF. coste, F. côte, hill, hillside.] Defn: To slide down hill; to slide on a sled, upon snow or ice. [Local, U. S.] COAST Coast, v. t. 1. To draw near to; to approach; to keep near, or by the side of. [Obs.] Hakluyt. 2. To sail by or near; to follow the coast line of. Nearchus, . . . not knowing the compass, was fain to coast that shore. Sir T. Browne. 3. To conduct along a coast or river bank. [Obs.] The Indians . . . coasted me along the river. Hakluyt. COASTAL Coast"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a cast. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Coast and Geodetic Survey. Defn: A bureau of the United States government charged with the topographic and hydrographic survey of the coast and the execution of belts of primary triangulation and lines of precise leveling in the interior. It now belongs to the Department of Commerce and Labor. COASTER Coast"er, n. 1. A vessel employed in sailing along a coast, or engaged in the coasting trade. 2. One who sails near the shore. COASTING Coast"ing, a. Defn: Sailing along or near a coast, or running between ports along a coast. Coasting trade, trade carried on by water between neighboring ports of the same country, as distinguished fron foreign trade or trade involving long voyages. -- Coasting vessel, a vessel employed in coasting; a coaster. COASTING Coast"ing, n. 1. A sailing along a coast, or from port to port; a carrying on a coasting trade. 2. Sliding down hill; sliding on a sled upon snow or ice. [Local, U. S.] COASTWISE; COASTWAYS Coast"wise`, Coast"ways`, adv. Defn: By way of, or along, the coast. COAT Coat (; 110), n. Etym: [OF. cote, F. cotte, petticoat, cotte d'armes coat of arms, cotte de mailles coat of mail, LL. cota, cotta, tunic, prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. chozzo coarse mantle, G. klotze, D. kot, hut, E. cot. Cf. Cot a hut.] 1. An outer garment fitting the upper part of the body; especially, such a garment worn by men. Let each His adamantine coat gird well. Milton. 2. A petticoat. [Obs.] "A child in coats." Locke. 3. The habit or vesture of an order of men, indicating the order or office; cloth. Men of his coat should be minding their prayers. Swift. She was sought by spirits of richest coat. Shak. 4. An external covering like a garment, as fur, skin, wool, husk, or bark; as, the horses coats were sleek. Fruit of all kinds, in coat Rough or smooth rined, or bearded husk, or shell. Milton. 5. A layer of any substance covering another; a cover; a tegument; as, the coats of the eye; the coats of an onion; a coat of tar or varnish. 6. Same as Coat of arms. See below. Hark, countrymen! either renew the fight, Or tear the lions out of England's coat. Shak. 7. A coat card. See below. [Obs.] Here's a trick of discarded cards of us! We were ranked with coats as long as old master lived. Massinger. Coat armor. See under Armor. -- Coat of arms (Her.), a translation of the French cotte d'armes, a garment of light material worn over the armor in the 15th and 16th centuries. This was often charged with the heraldic bearings of the wearer. Hence, an heraldic achievement; the bearings of any person, taken together. -- Coat card, a card bearing a coated figure; the king, queen, or knave of playing cards. "`I am a coat card indeed.' `Then thou must needs be a knave, for thou art neither king nor queen.'" Rowley. -- Coat link, a pair of buttons or studs joined by a link, to hold together the lappels of a double-breasted coat; or a button with a loop for a single-breasted coat. -- Coat of mail, a defensive garment of chain mail. See Chain mail, under Chain. -- Mast coat (Naut.), a piece of canvas nailed around a mast, where it passes through the deck, to prevent water from getting below. -- Sail coat (Naut.), a canvas cover laced over furled sails, and the like, to keep them dry and clean. COAT Coat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coated; p. pr. & vb. n. Coating.] 1. To cover with a coat or outer garment. 2. To cover with a layer of any substance; as, to coat a jar with tin foil; to coat a ceiling. COATEE Coat*ee", n. Defn: A coat with short flaps. COATI Co*a"ti ( or , n. Etym: [From the native name: cf. F. coati.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A mammal of tropical America of the genus Nasua, allied to the raccoon, but with a longer body, tail, and nose. Note: The red coati (N. socialis), called also coati mondi, inhabits Mexico and Central America. The brown coati (N. narica) is found in Surinam and Brazil. COATING Coat"ing, n. 1. A coat or covering; a layer of any substance, as a cover or protection; as, the coating of a retort or vial. 2. Cloth for coats; as, an assortment of coatings. COATLESS Coat"less, a. Defn: Not wearing a coat; also, not possessing a coat. COAX Coax (; 110), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coaxed; p. pr. & vb. n. Coaxing.] Etym: [Cf. OE. cokes fool, a person easily imposed upon, W. coeg empty, foolish; F. coquin knave, rogue.] Defn: To persuade by gentle, insinuating courtesy, flattering, or fondling; to wheedle; to soothe. Syn. -- To wheedle; cajole; flatter; persuade; entice. COAX Coax, n. Defn: A simpleton; a dupe. [Obs.] Beau & Fl. COAXATION Co`ax*a"tion, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The act of croaking. [R] Dr. H. More. COAXER Coax"er, n. Defn: One who coaxes. COAXINGLY Coax"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a coaxing manner; by coaxing. COB Cob, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. cop, copp, head, top, D. kop, G. kopf, kuppe, LL. cuppa cup (cf. E. brainpan), and also W. cob tuft, spider, cop, copa, top, summit, cobio to thump. Cf. Cop top, Cup, n.] 1. The top or head of anything. [Obs.] W. Gifford. 2. A leader or chief; a conspicuous person, esp. a rich covetous person. [Obs.] All cobbing country chuffs, which make their bellies and their bags their god, are called rich cobs. Nash. 3. The axis on which the kernels of maize or indian corn grow. [U. S.] 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A spider; perhaps from its shape; it being round like a head. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young herring. B. Jonson. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish; -- also called miller's thumb. 7. A short-legged and stout horse, esp. one used for the saddle. [Eng.] 8. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sea mew or gull; esp., the black-backed gull (Larus marinus). [Written also cobb.] 9. A lump or piece of anything, usually of a somewhat large size, as of coal, or stone. 10. A cobnut; as, Kentish cobs. See Cobnut. [Eng.] 11. Clay mixed with straw. [Prov. Eng.] The poor cottager contenteth himself with cob for his walls, and thatch for his covering. R. Carew. 12. A punishment consisting of blows inflicted on the buttocks with a strap or a flat piece of wood. Wright. 13. A Spanish coin formerly current in Ireland, worth abiut 4s. 6d. [Obs.] Wright. Cob coal, coal in rounded lumps from the size of an egg to that of a football; -- called also cobbles. Grose. -- Cob loaf, a crusty, uneven loaf, rounded at top. Wright. -- Cob money, a kind of rudely coined gold and silver money of Spanish South America in the eighteenth century. The coins were of the weight of the piece of eight, or one of its aliquot parts. COB Cob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cobbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Cobbing.] 1. To strike [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. (Mining) Defn: To break into small pieces, as ore, so as to sort out its better portions. Raymond. 3. (Naut.) Defn: To punish by striking on the buttocks with a strap, a flat piece of wood, or the like. COBAEA Co*bæ"a, n. Etym: [Named after D. Cobo, a Spanish botanist.] Defn: A genus of climbing plants, native of Mexico and South America. C. scandens is a consrvatory climber with large bell-shaped flowers. COBALT Co"balt (; 277, 74), n. Etym: [G. kobalt, prob. fr. kobold, kobel, goblin, MHG. kobolt; perh. akin to G. koben pigsty, hut, AS. cofa room, cofgodas household gods, Icel. kofi hut. If so, the ending -old stands for older -walt, -wald, being the same as -ald in E. herald and the word would mean ruler or governor in a house, house spirit, the metal being so called by miners, because it was poisonous and troublesome. Cf. Kobold, Cove, Goblin.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A tough, lustrous, reddish white metal of the iron group, not easily fusible, and somewhat magnetic. Atomic weight 59.1. Symbol Co. Note: It occurs in nature in combination with arsenic, sulphur, and oxygen, and is obtained from its ores, smaltite, cobaltite, asbolite, etc. Its oxide colors glass or any flux, as borax, a fine blue, and is used in the manufacture of smalt. It is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. 2. A commercial name of a crude arsenic used as fly poison. Cobalt bloom. Same as Erythrite. -- Cobalt blue, a dark blue pigment consisting of some salt of cobalt, as the phosphate, ignited with alumina; -- called also cobalt ultramarine, and Thenard's blue. -- Cobalt crust, earthy arseniate of cobalt. -- Cobalt glance. (Min.) See Cobaltite. -- Cobalt green, a pigment consisting essentially of the oxides of cobalt and zinc; -- called also Rinman's green. -- Cobalt yellow (Chem.), a yellow crystalline powder, regarded as a double nitrite of cobalt and potassium. COBALTIC Co*balt"ic (; 74), a. Etym: [Cf. F. cobaltique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cobalt; -- said especially of those compounds in which cobalt has higher valence; as, cobaltic oxide. Luteo-cobaltic compounds (Chem.), an extensive series of complex yellow compounds of ammonia and cobaltic salts. -- Roseo-cobaltic compounds (Chem.), an extensive series of complex red compounds of cobalt and ammonia. Modifications of these are the purpureo-cobaltic compounds. COBALTIFEROUS Co`balt*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Cobalt + -ferous.] (Min.) Defn: Containing cobalt. COBALTINE; COBALTITE Co"balt*ine, Co"balt*ite n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a nearly silver-white color, composed of arsenic, sulphur, and cobalt. COBALTOUS Co*balt"ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cobalt; -- said esp. of cobalt compounds in which the metal has its lower valence. Cobaltous chloride, a crystalline compound, CoCl2, of a pale rose color when hydrous, blue when dehydrated. Its solution is used for a sympathetic ink, the writing being nearly colorless when dried in the air, owing to absorbed moisture, and becoming bright blue when warmed. COBBING Cob"bing, a. Defn: Haughty; purse-proud. See Cob, n., 2. [Obs.] Withals (1608). COBBLE Cob"ble, n. Defn: A fishing boat. See Coble. COBBLE Cob"ble, n. Etym: [From Cob a lump. See Cob, n., 9, and cf. Copple, Copplestone.] 1. A cobblestone. "Their slings held cobbles round." Fairfax. 2. pl. Defn: Cob coal. See under Cob. COBBLE Cob"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cobbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Cobbling.] Etym: [OF. cobler, copler, to join or knit together, couple, F. coupler, L. copulare to couple, join. Cf. Couple, n. & v. t.] 1. To make or mend coarsely; to patch; to botch; as, to cobble shoes. Shak. "A cobbled saddle." Thackeray. 2. To make clumsily. "Cobbled rhymes." Dryden. 3. To pave with cobblestones. COBBLER Cob"bler, n. 1. A mender of shoes. Addison. 2. A clumsy workman. Shak. 3. A beverage. See Sherry cobbler, under Sherry. Cobbler fish (Zoöl.), a marine fish (Blepharis crinitus) of the Atlantic. The name alludes to its threadlike fin rays. COBBLESTONE Cob"ble*stone`, n. Defn: A large pebble; a rounded stone not too large to be handled; a small boulder; -- used for paving streets and for other purposes. COBBY Cob"by, a. Etym: [From Cob, n.] 1. Headstrong; obstinate. [Obs.] Brockett. 2. Stout; hearty; lively. [Obs.] COBELLIGERENT Co`bel*lig"er*ent, a. Defn: Carryng on war in conjunction with another power. COBELLIGERENT Co`bel*lig"er*ent, n. Defn: A nation or state that carries on war in connection with another. COBIA Co"bi*a, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An oceanic fish of large size (Elacate canada); the crabeater; -- called also bonito, cubbyyew, coalfish, and sergeant fish. COBIRON Cob"i`ron, n. Etym: [From Cob the top.] Defn: An andiron with a knob at the top. Bacon. COBISHOP Co`bish"op, n. Defn: A joint or coadjutant bishop. Ayliffe. COBLE Co"ble, n. Etym: [AS. cuopel; cf. W. ceubal skiff, ferryboat.] Defn: A flat-floored fishing boat with a lug sail, and a drop rudder extending from two to four feet below the keel. It was originally used on the stormy coast of Yorkshire, England. COBNUT Cob"nut`, n. 1. (Com.) Defn: A large roundish variety of the cultivated hazelnut. 2. A game played by children with nuts. COBOOSE Co*boose", n. Defn: See Caboose. COBOURG Co"bourg, n. Etym: [Named from the town of Coburg in Germany.] Defn: A thin worsted fabric for women's dresses. COBRA Co"bra, n. Defn: See Copra. COBRA Co"bra, n. Defn: The cobra de capello. COBRA DE CAPELLO Co"bra de ca*pel"lo. Etym: [Pg., serpent of the hood.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The hooded snake (Naia tripudians), a highly venomous serpent inhabiting India. COBSTONE Cob"stone`, n. Defn: Cobblestone. [Prov. Eng.] COBSWAN Cob"swan`, n. Defn: A large swan. B. Jonson. COBWALL Cob"wall`, n. Etym: [Cob clay mixed with straw + wall.] Defn: A wall made of clay mixed with straw. COBWEB Cob"web`, n. Etym: [Cob a spider + web.] 1. The network spread by a spider to catch its prey. 2. A snare of insidious meshes designed to catch the ignorant and unwary. I can not but lament thy splendid wit Entangled in the cobwebs of the schools. Cowper. 3. That which is thin and unsubstantial, or flimsy and worthless; rubbish. The dust and cobwebs of that uncivil age. Sir P. Sidney. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European spotted flycatcher. Cobweb lawn, a fine linen, mentioned in 1640 as being in pieces of fifteen yards. Beck. Draper's Dict. Such a proud piece of cobweb lawn. Beau. & Fl. Cobweb micrometer, a micrometer in which threads of cobwed are substituted for wires. COBWEBBED Cob"webbed`, a. Defn: Abounding in cobwebs. "The cobwebbed cottage." Young. COBWEBBY Cob"web`by, a. Defn: Abounding in cobwebs, or any fine web; resembling a cobweb. COBWORK Cob"work`, a. Defn: Built of logs, etc., laid horizontally, with the ends dovetailed together at the corners, as in a log house; in marine work, often surrounding a central space filled with stones; as, a cobwork dock or breakwater. COCA Co"ca, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. native name.] Defn: The dried leaf of a South American shrub (Erythroxylon Coca). In med., called Erythroxylon. Note: Coca leaves resemble tea leaves in size, shape, and odor, and are chewed (with an alkali) by natives of Peru and Bolivia to impart vigor in prolonged exertion, or to sustain strength in absence of food. Mexican coca, an American herb (Richardsonia scabra), yielding a nutritious fodder. Its roots are used as a substitute for ipecacuanha. COCAGNE Coc*agne", n. Etym: [F. cocagne, pays de cocagne; of uncertian origin, cf. Prov. F. couque cake, Catal. coca, L. coquere to cook; as if the houses in this country were covered with cakes. Cf. Cook, Cockney.] 1. An imaginary country of idleness and luxury. 2. The land of cockneys; cockneydom; -- a term applied to London and its suburbs. Smart. COCAINE Co"ca*ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A powerful alkaloid, C17H21NO4, obtained from the leaves of coca. It is a bitter, white, crystalline substance, and is remarkable for producing local insensibility to pain. COCAINISM Co*ca"in*ism, n. (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition produced by the habitual and excessive use of cocaine. -- Co*ca"in*ist, n. COCAINIZE Co*ca"in*ize, v. t. Defn: To treat or anæsthetize with cocaine. -- Co*ca`in*i*za"tion (#), n. COCCIFEROUS Coc*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. coccum a berry + -ferous. See Coccus.] Defn: Bearing or producing berries; bacciferous; as, cocciferrous trees or plants. COCCINELLA Coc`ci*nel"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. coccineus scarlet-colored. See Cochoneal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small beetles of many species. They and their larvæ feed on aphids or plant lice, and hence are of great benefit to man. Also called ladybirds and ladybugs. COCCOBACTERIUM Coc`co*bac*te"ri*um, n.; pl. Coccobacteria. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. bacterium. So called from its round shape.] (Biol.) Defn: One of the round variety of bacteria, a vegetable organism, generally less than a thousandth of a millimeter in diameter. COCCOLITE Coc"co*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. coccalite.] (Min.) Defn: A granular variety of pyroxene, green or white in color. COCCOLITH Coc"co*lith, n. Etym: [Gr. -lith.] (Biol.) Defn: One of a kind of minute, calcareous bodies, probably vegetable, often abundant in deep-sea mud. COCCOSPHERE Coc"co*sphere, n. Etym: [Gr. sphere.] (Biol.) Defn: A small, rounded, marine organism, capable of braking up into coccoliths. COCCOSTEUS Coc*cos"te*us, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of Devonian ganoid fishes, having the broad plates about the head studded with berrylike tubercles. COCCULUS INDICUS Coc"cu*lus In"di*cus, n. Etym: [NL. cocculus (dim. of L. coccum kermes berry) + L. Indicus of India.] (Bot.) Defn: The fruit or berry of the Anamirta Cocculus, a climbing plant of the East Indies. It is a poisonous narcotic and stimulant. COCCUS Coc"cus, n.; pl. Cocci. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Cochineal.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: One of the separable carpels of a dry fruit. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of hemipterous insects, including scale insects, and the cochineal insect (Coccus cacti). 3. (Biol.) Defn: A form of bacteria, shaped like a globule. COCCYGEAL Coc*cyg"e*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the coccyx; as, the coccygeal vertebræ. Coccygeal glands (Zoöl.) , glands situated at the base of the tail of birds. They secrete the oil with which the plumage is dressed. COCCYGEOUS Coc*cyg"e*ous, a. Defn: Coccygeal. [R.] COCCYX Coc"cyx, n.; pl. L. Coccyges. Etym: [L., cuckoo, Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The end of the vertebral column beyond the sacrum in man and tailless monkeys. It is composed of several vertebræ more or less consolidated. COCHINEAL Coch"i*neal, Etym: [Sp. cochinilla, dim. from L. coccineus, coccinus, scarlet, fr. coccum the kermes berry, G. Quercus coccifera; but cf. also Sp. cochinilla wood louse, dim. of cochina sow, akin to F. cochon pig.] Defn: A dyestuff consisting of the dried bodies of females of the Coccus cacti, an insect native in Mexico, Central America, etc., and found on several species of cactus, esp. Opuntia cochinellifera. Note: These insects are gathered from the plant, killed by the application of heat, and exposed to the sun to dry. When dried they resemble small, rough berries or seeds, of a brown or purple color, and form the cochineal of the shops, which is used for making carmine, and also as a red dye. Note: Cochineal contains as its essential coloring matter carminic acid, a purple red amorphous substance which yields carmine red. COCHINEAL FIG Coch"i*neal fig, (Bot.) Defn: A plant of Central and Southern Anerica, of the Cactus familly, extensively cultivated for the sake of the cochineal insect, which lives on it. COCHIN FOWL Co"chin fowl`, (Zoöl.) Defn: A large variety of the domestic fowl, originally from Cochin China (Anam). COCHLEA Coch"le*a, n. Etym: [L., a snail, or snail shell, Gr. (Anat.) Defn: An appendage of the labyrinth of the internal ear, which is elongated and coiled into a spiral in mammals. See Ear. COCHLEAR Coch"le*ar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. COCHLEARE Coch`le*a"re, n. Etym: [L.] 1. A spoon. Andrews. 2. (Med) Defn: A spoonful. Dungleson. COCHLEARIFORM Coch`le*ar"i*form, a. Etym: [Cochleare + -form.] Defn: Spoon-shaped. COCHLEARY Coch"le*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. cochlearum penfor snails (meaning formerly given, snail shell). See Cjchlea.] Defn: Same as Cochleate. COCHLEATE; COCHLEATED Coch"le*ate, Coch"le*a`ted, a. Etym: [L. cochleatus spiral or screw- formed. See Cochlea.] Defn: Having the form of a snail shell; spiral; turbinated. COCK Cock, n. Etym: [AS. coc; of unkown origin, perh. in imitation of the cry of the cock. Cf. Chicken.] 1. The male of birds, particulary of gallinaceous or domestic fowls. 2. A vane in the shape of a cock; a weathercock. Drenched our steeples, drowned the cocks! Shak. 3. A chief man; a leader or master. [Humorous] Sir Andrew is the cock of the club, since he left us. Addison. 4. The crow of a cock, esp. the first crow in the morning; cockcrow. [Obs.] He begins at curfew, and walks till the first cock. Shak. 5. A faucet or valve. Note: Jonsons says, "The handly probably had a cock on the top; things that were contrived to turn seem anciently to have had that form, whatever was the reason." Skinner says, because it used to be constructed in forma critæ galli, i.e., in the form of a cock's comb. 6. The style of gnomon of a dial. Chambers. 7. The indicator of a balance. Johnson. 8. The bridge piece which affords a bearing for the pivot of a balance in a clock or watch. Knight. Ball cock. See under Ball. -- Chaparral cock. See under Chaparral. -- Cock and bull story, an extravagant, boastful story; a canard. -- Cock of the plains (Zoöl.) See Sage cock. -- Cock of the rock (Zoöl.), a South American bird (Rupicola aurantia) having a beautiful crest. -- Cock of the walk, a chief or master; the hero of the hour; one who has overcrowed, or got the better of, rivals or competitors. -- Cock of the woods. See Capercailzie. COCK Cock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cocked; p. pr. & vb. n. Cocking.] Etym: [Cf. Gael. coc to cock.] 1. To set erect; to turn up. Our Lightfoot barks, and cocks his ears. Gay. Dick would cock his nose in scorn. Swift. 2. To shape, as a hat, by turning up the brim. 3. To set on one side in a pert or jaunty manner. They cocked their hats in each other's faces. Macaulay. 4. To turn (the eye) obliquely and partially close its lid, as an expression of derision or insinuation. Cocked hat. (a) A hat with large, stiff flaps turned up to a peaked crown, thus making its form triangular; -- called also three-cornered hat. (b) A game similar to ninepins, except that only three pins are used, which are set up at the angles of a triangle. COCK Cock, v. i. Defn: To strut; to swagger; to look big, pert, or menacing. Addison. COCK Cock, n. Defn: The act of cocking; also, the turn so given; as, a cock of the eyes; to give a hat a saucy cock. COCK Cock, n. Etym: [It. cocca notch of an arrow.] 1. The notch of an arrow or crossbow. 2. The hammer in the lock of a firearm. At cock, At full cock, with the hammer raised and ready to fire; -- said of firearms, also, jocularly, of one prepared for instant action. -- At half cock. See under Half. -- Cock feather (Archery), the feather of an arrow at right angles to the direction of the cock or notch. Nares. COCK Cock, v. t. Defn: To draw the hammer of (a firearm) fully back and set it for firing. COCK Cock, v. i. Defn: To draw back the hammer of a firearm, and set it for firing. Cocked, fired, and missed his man. Byron. COCK Cock, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kökkr lump, Dan. kok heap, or E. cock to set erect.] Defn: A small concial pile of hay. COCK Cock, v. t. Defn: To put into cocks or heaps, as hay. Under the cocked hay. Spenser. COCK Cock, n. Etym: [Of. coque, F. coche, a small vessel, L. concha muscle shell, a vessel. See Coach, and cf.Cog Defn: A small boat. Yond tall anchoring bark [appears] Diminished to her cock; her cock, a buoy Almost too small for sight. Shak. COCK Cock, n. Defn: A corruption or disguise of the word God, used in oaths. [Obs.] "By cock and pie." Shak. COCKADE Cock*ade", n. Etym: [F. cocarble, fr. coquard vain, OF. coquart, fr. coq cock, prob. of imitative origin. The ornament is so named from its resemblance to the crest of a cock. Cf. Coquette.] Defn: A badge, usually in the form of a rosette, or knot, and generally worn upon the hat; -- used as an indication of military or naval service, or party allegiance, and in England as a part of the livery to indicate that the wearer is the servant of a military or naval officer. Seduced by military liveries and cockades. Burke. COCKADED Cock*ad"ed, a. Defn: Wearing a cockade. Young. COCK-A-HOOP Cock`-a-hoop", a. Defn: Boastful; defiant; exulting. Also used adverbially. COCKAL Cock"al, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. A game played with sheep's bones instead of dice [Obs.] 2. The bone used in playing the game; -- called also huckle bone. [Obs.] Nares. A little transverse bone Which boys and bruckeled children call (Playing for points and pins) cockal. Herrick. COCKALEEKIE Cock`a*leek"ie, n. Etym: [From cock + leek.] Defn: A favorite soup in Scotland, made from a capon highly seasoned, and boiled with leeks and prunes. COCKAMAROO Cock`a*ma*roo", n. Defn: The Russian variety of bagatelle. COCKATEEL Cock"a*teel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Australian parrot (Calopsitta Novæ-Hollandiæ); -- so called from its note. COCKATOO Cock`a*too, n. Etym: [Malayan kakatua.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of the Parrot family, of the subfamily Cacatuinæ, having a short, strong, and much curved beak, and the head ornamented with a crest, which can be raised or depressed at will. There are several genera and many species; as the broad-crested (Plictolophus, or Cacatua, cristatus), the sulphur-crested (P. galeritus), etc. The palm or great black cockatoo of Australia is Microglossus aterrimus. Cock"a*trice, n. Etym: [OF. cocatrice crocodile, F. cocatrix, cocatrice. The word is a corruption from the same source as E. crocodile, but was confused with cock the bird, F. coq, whence arose the fable that the animal was produced from a cock's egg. See Crocodile.] 1. A fabulous serpent whose breath and look were said to be fatal. See Basilisk. That bare vowel, I, shall poison more Than the death-darting eye of cockatrice. Shak. 2. (Her.) Defn: A representation of this serpent. It has the head, wings, and legs of a bird, and tail of a serpent. 3. (Script.) Defn: A venomous serpent which which cannot now be identified. The weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice's Note: [Rev. Ver. basilisk's] den. Is. xi. 8. 4. Any venomous or deadly thing. This little cockatrice of a king. Bacon. COCKATRICE Cock"a*trice (-tris; 277), n. [OF. cocatrice crocodile, F. cocatrix, cocatrice. The word is a corruption from the same source as E. crocodile, but was confused with cock the bird, F. coq, whence arose the fable that the animal was produced from a cock's egg. See Crocodile.] 1. A fabulous serpent whose breath and look were said to be fatal. See Basilisk. That bare vowel, I, shall poison more Than the death-darting eye of cockatrice. Shak. 2. (Her.) A representation of this serpent. It has the head, wings, and legs of a bird, and tail of a serpent. 3. (Script.) A venomous serpent which which cannot now be identified. The weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice's [Rev. Ver. basilisk's] den. Is. xi. 8. 4. Any venomous or deadly thing. This little cockatrice of a king. Bacon. COCKBILL Cock"bill, v. t. Etym: [See Cock to set erect.] (Naut.) Defn: To tilt up one end of so as to make almost vertical; as, to cockbill the yards as a sign of mourning. To cockbill the anchor, to suspend it from the cathead preparatory to letting it go. See Acockbill. COCKBOAT Cock"boat`, n. Etym: [See Cock a boat.] Defn: A small boat, esp. one used on rivers or near the shore. COCK-BRAINED Cock"-brained`, a. Defn: Giddy; rash. Milton. COCKCHAFER Cock"chaf`er, n. Etym: [See Chafer the beetle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A beetle of the genus Melolontha (esp. M. vulgaris) and allied genera; -- called also May bug, chafer, or dorbeetle. COCKCROW; COCKCROWING Cock"crow, Cock"crow`ing, n. Defn: The time at which cooks first crow; the early morning. COCKER Cock"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cockered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cockering.] Etym: [OE. cokeren; cf. W. cocru to indulge, fondle, E. cock the bird, F. coqueliner to dandle (Cotgrave), to imitate the crow of a cock, to run after the girls, and E. cockle, v.] Defn: Th treat with too great tenderness; to fondle; to indulge; to pamper. Cocker thy child and he shall make thee afraid. Ecclesiasticus xxx. 9. Poor folks cannot afford to cocker themselves up. J. Ingelow. COCKER Cock"er, n. Etym: [From Cock the bird.] 1. One given to cockfighting. [Obs.] Steele. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small dog of the spaniel kind, used for starting up woodcocks, etc. COCKER Cock"er, n. Etym: [OE. coker qyiver, boot, AS. cocer quiver; akin to G. köcher quiver, and perh. originally meaning receptacle, holder. Cf. Quiver (for arrows).] Defn: A rustic high shoe or half-boots. [Obs.] Drayton. COCKEREL Cock"er*el, n. Etym: [Prob. a double dim. of cock.] Defn: A young cock. COCKER SPANIEL Cock"er span"iel. Defn: One of a breed of small or medium-sized spaniels kept for hunting or retrieving game or for household pets. They usually weigh from eighteen to twenty-eight pounds. They have the head of fair length, with square muzzle, the ears long and set low, the legs short or of medium length, and the coat fine and silky, wavy but not curly. Various colors are bred, as black, liver, red, black and white, black and tan, etc. COCKET Cock"et, a. Etym: [F. coquet coquettish. See Coquette, n.] Defn: Pert; saucy. [Obs.] Halliwell. COCKET Cock"et, n. 1. (Eng. Law) Defn: A customhouse seal; a certified document given to a shopper as a warrant that his goods have been duly enstered and have paid duty. 2. An office in a customhouse where goods intended for export are entered. [Eng.] 3. A measure for bread. [Obs.] Blount. COCKEYE Cock"eye`, n. Etym: [From cock to turn up.] Defn: A squinting eye. Forby. COCKEYE Cock"eye`, n. (Mach.) Defn: The socket in the ball of a millstone, which sits on the cockhead. COCKFIGHT Cock"fight`, n. Defn: A match or contest of gamecocks. COCKFIGHTING Cock"fight`ing, n. Defn: The act or practice of pitting gamecocks to fight. COCKFIGHTING Cock"fight`ing, a. Defn: Addicted to cockfighting. COCKHEAD Cock"head`, n. (Mach.) Defn: The rounded or pointed top of a grinding mill spindle, forming a pivot on which the stone is balanced. COCKHORSE Cock"horse`, n. 1. A child's rocking-horse. Ride a cockhorse to Banbury cross. Mother Goose. 2. A high or tall horse. [R.] COCKHORSE Cock"horse`, a. 1. Lifted up, as one is on a tall horse. 2. Lofty in feeling; exultant; pround; upstart. Our painted fools and cockhorse peasantry. Marlowe. COCKIELEEKIE Cock`ie*leek"ie, n. Defn: Same as Cockaleekie. COCKING Cock"ing, n. Defn: Cockfighting. Ben Jonson. COCKLE Coc"kle, n. Etym: [OE. cockes cockles, AS. s sea cockles, prob, from Celtic; cf. W. cocs cockles, Gael. cochull husk. Perh. influenced by EF. coquille shell, a dim. from the root of E. conch. Cf. Coach.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bivalve mollusk, with radiating ribs, of the genus Cardium, especially C. edule, used in Europe for food; -- sometimes applied to similar shells of other genera. 2. A cockleshell. 3. The mineral black tourmaline or schorl; -- so called by the Cornish miners. Raymond. 4. The fire chamber of a furnace. [Eng.] Knight. 5. A hop-drying kiln; an oast. Knight. 6. The dome of a heating furnace. Knight. Cockle hat, a hat ornamented with a cockleshell, the badge of a pilgrim. Shak. -- Cockle stairs, winding or spiral stairs. COCKLE Coc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cockled; p. pr. & vb. n. Cockling.] Etym: [Of uncertian origin.] Defn: To cause to contract into wrinkles or ridges, as some kinds of cloth after a wetting. Cockling sea, waves dashing against each other with a short and quick motion. Ham. Nav. Encyc. COCKLE Coc"kle, n. Etym: [AS. coccel, cocel; cf. Gael. cogall tares, husks, cockle.] (Bot.) (a) A plant or weed that grows among grain; the corn rose (Luchnis Githage). (b) The Lotium, or darnel. COCKLEBUR Coc"kle*bur`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A coarse, composite weed, having a rough or prickly fruit; one of several species of the genus Xanthium; -- called also clotbur. COCKLED Coc"kled, a. Defn: Inclosed in a shell. The tender horns of cockled snails. Shak. COCKLED Coc"kled, a. Defn: Wrinkled; puckered. Showers soon drench the camlet's cockled grain. Gay. COCKLER Coc"kler, n. Defn: One who takes and sells cockles. COCKLESHELL Coc"kle*shell`, n. 1. One of the shells or valves of a cockle. 2. A light boat. To board the cockleshell in those plunding waters. W. Black. COCKLOFT Cock"loft` n. Etym: [Prop., a loft where cocks roost.] Defn: An upper loft; a garret; the highest room in a building. Dryden. Swift. COCKMASTER Cock"mas`ter, n. Defn: One who breeds gamecocks. L'Estrange. COCKMATCH Cock"match`, n. Defn: A cockfight. COCKNEY Cock"ney, n.; pl. Cockneys. Etym: [OE. cocknay, cokenay, a spoiled child, effeminate person, an egg; prob. orig. a cock's egg, a small imperfect egg; OE. cok cock + nay, neye, for ey egg (cf. Newt), AS. æg. See 1st Cock, Egg, n.] 1. An effeminate person; a spoilt child. "A young heir or cockney, that is his mother's darling." Nash (1592). This great lubber, the world, will prove a cockney. Shak. 2. A native or resident of the city of London; -- used contemptuosly. A cockney in a rural village was stared at as much as if he had entered a kraal of Hottentots. Macaulay. COCKNEY Cock"ney, a. Defn: Of or relating to, or like, cockneys. COCKNEYDOM Cock"ney*dom, n. Defn: The region or home of cockneys; cockneys, collectively. Thackeray. COCKNEYFY Cock"ney*fy, v. t. Etym: [Cockney + -fy.] Defn: To form with the manners or character of a cockney. [Colloq.] COCKNEYISH Cock"ney*ish, a. Defn: Characteristic of, or resembling, cockneys. COCKNEYISM Cock"ney*ism, n. Defn: The charasteristics, manners, or dialect, of a cockney. COCK-PADDLE Cock"-pad`dle, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Lumpfish. [Scot.] COCK-PADLE Cock"-pad`le, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Lumpfish. [Scot.] COCKPIT Cock"pit`, n. 1. A pit, or inclosed area, for cockfights. Henry the Eight had built . . . a cockpit. Macaulay. 2. The Privy Council room at Westminster; -- so called because built on the site of the cockpit of Whitehall palace. Brande & C. 3. (Naut.) (a) That part of a war vessel appropriated to the wounded during an engagement. (b) In yachts and other small vessels, a space lower than the rest of the deck, which affords easy access to the cabin. COCKROACH Cock"roach, n. Etym: [Sp. cucaracha.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An orthopterus insect of the genus Blatta, and allied genera. Note: The species are numerous, especially in hot countries. Those most commonly infesting houses in Europe and North America are Blatta orientalis, a large species often called black beetle, and the Croton bug (Ectobia Germanica). COCKSCOMB Cocks"comb, n. Etym: [1st cock, n. + comb crest.] 1. See Coxcomb. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Celosia cristata), of many varieties, cultivated for its broad, fantastic spikes of brilliant flowers; -- sometimes called garden cockscomb. Also the Pedicularis, or lousewort, the Rhinanthus Crista-galli, and the Onobrychis Crista-galli. COCKSHEAD Cocks"head`, n. Defn: (Bot.) A leguminous herb (Onobrychis Caput-galli), having small spiny-crested pods. COCKSHUT Cock"shut`, n. Defn: A kind of net to catch woodcock. [Obs.] Nares. Cockshut time or light, evening twilight; nightfall; -- so called in allusion to the tome at which the cockshut used to be spread. [Obs.] Shak. B. Jonson. COCKSHY Cock"shy`, n. 1. A game in which trinkets are set upon sticks, to be thrown at by the players; -- so called from an ancient popular sport which consisted in "shying" or throwing cudgels at live cocks. 2. An object at which stones are flung. "Making a cockshy of him," replied the hideous small boy. Dickens. COCKSPUR Cock"spur, n. (Bot.) Defn: A variety of Cratægus, or hawthorn (C. Crus-galli), having long, straight thorns; -- called also Cockspur thorn. COCKSURE Cock"sure`, a. 1. Perfectly safe. [Obs.] We steal as in a castle, cocksure: . . . we walk invisible. Shak. 2. Quite certain. [Colloq.] I throught myself cocksure of the horse which he readily promised me. Pope. COCKSWAIN Cock"swain (, colloq. ), n. Etym: [Cock a boat + swain; hence, the master of a boat.] Defn: The steersman of a boat; a petty officer who has charge of a boat and its crew. COCKTAIL Cock"tail`, n. 1. A beverage made of brandy, whisky, or gin, iced, flavored, and sweetened. [U. S.] 2. (Stock Breeding) Defn: A horse, not of pure breed, but having only one eighth or one sixteenth impure blood in his veins. Darwin. 3. A mean, half-hearted fellow; a coward. [Slang, Eng.] It was in the second affair that poor little Barney showed he was a cocktail. Thackeray. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of rove beetle; -- so called from its habit of elevating the tail. COCKUP Cock"up, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, highly esteemed, edible fish of India (Lates calcarifer); -- also called begti. COCKWEED Cock"weed, n. (Bot.) Defn: Peppergrass. Johnson. COCKY Cock"y, a. Etym: [See Cocket.] Defn: Pert. [Slang] COCKYOLLY BIRD; COCKYOLY BIRD Cock`y*ol"ly bird or Cock`y*ol"y bird. [Cf. Cock, fowl; Yellow.] Defn: A pet name for any small bird. COCO; COCO PALM Co"co, n. or Co"co palm. Defn: See Cocoa. COCOA; COCOA PALM Co"coa, n., Co"coa palm` Etym: [Sp. & Pg. coco cocoanut, in Sp. also, cocoa palm. The Portuguese name is said to have been given from the monkeylike face at the base of the nut, fr. Pg. coco a bugbear, an ugly mask to frighten children. Cf., however, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A palm tree producing the cocoanut (Cocos nucifera). It grows in nearly all tropical countries, attaining a height of sixty or eighty feet. The trunk is without branches, and has a tuft of leaves at the top, each being fifteen or twenty feet in length, and at the base of these the nuts hang in clusters; the cocoanut tree. COCOA Co"coa, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. cacao.] Defn: A preparation made from the seeds of the chocolate tree, and used in making, a beverage; also the beverage made from cocoa or cocoa shells. Cocoa shells, the husks which separate from the cacao seeds in preparing them for use. COCOANUT Co"coa*nut`, n. Defn: The large, hard-shelled nut of the cocoa palm. It yields an agreeable milky liquid and a white meat or albumen much used as food and in making oil. COCOBOLO; COCOBOLAS Co`co*bo"lo, Co`co*bo"las, n. Etym: [Sp. cocobolo.] (Bot.) Defn: A very beautiful and hard wood, obtained in the West India Islands. It is used in cabinetmaking, for the handles of tools, and for various fancy articles. COCOON Co*coon", n. Etym: [F. cocon, dim. of coque shell of egge and insects, fr. L. concha mussel shell. See Conch.] 1. An oblong case in which the silkworn lies in its chrysalis state. It is formed of threads of silk spun by the worm just before leaving the larval state. From these the silk of commerce is prepared. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The case constructed by any insect to contain its larva or pupa. (b) The case of silk made by spiders to protect their eggs. (c) The egg cases of mucus, etc., made by leeches and other worms. COCOONERY Co*coon"er*y, n. Defn: A building or apartment for silkworms, when feeding and forming cocoons. COCTIBLE Coc"ti*ble, a. Etym: [See Coctile.] Defn: Capable of being cooked. Blount. COCTILE Coc"tile, a. Etym: [L. coctilis, fr. coguere. See Cook.] Defn: Made by baking, or exposing to heat, as a brick. COCTION Coc"tion, n. Etym: [L. coctio.] 1. Act of boiling. 2. (Med.) (a) Digestion. [Obs.] (b) The change which the humorists believed morbific matter undergoes before elimination. [Obs.] Dunglison. COCUS WOOD Co"cus wood`. Defn: A West Indian wood, used for making flutes and other musical instruments. COD Cod, n. Etym: [AS. codd small bag; akin to Icel. koddi pillow, Sw. kudde cushion; cf. W. cod, ciod, bag, shell.] 1. A husk; a pod; as, a peascod. [Eng.] Mortimer. 2. A small bag or pouch. [Obs.] Halliwell. 3. The scortum. Dunglison. 4. A pillow or cushion. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. COD Cod, n. Etym: [Cf. G. gadde, and (in Heligoland) gadden, L. gadus merlangus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An important edible fish (Gadus morrhua), Taken in immense numbers on the northern coasts of Europe and America. It is especially abundant and large on the Grand Bank of Newfoundland. It is salted and dried in large quantities. Note: There are several varieties; as shore cod, from shallow water; bank cod, from the distant banks; and rock cod, which is found among ledges, and is often dark brown or mottled with red. The tomcod is a distinct species of small size. The bastard, blue, buffalo, or cultus cod of the Pacific coast belongs to a distinct family. See Buffalo cod, under Buffalo. Cod fishery, the business of fishing for cod. -- Cod line, an eighteen-thread line used in catching codfish. McElrath. CODA Co"da, n. Etym: [It., tail, fr. L. cauda.] (Mus.) Defn: A few measures added beyond the natural termination of a composition. CODDER Cod"der, n. Defn: A gatherer of cods or peas. [Obs. or Prov.] Johnson. CODDING Cod"ding, a. Defn: Lustful. [Obs.] Shak. CODDLE Cod"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Coddling.] Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. caddle to coax, spoil, fondle, and Cade, a. & v. t.] [Written also codle.] 1. To parboil, or soften by boiling. It [the guava fruit] may be coddled. Dampier. 2. To treat with excessive tenderness; to pamper. How many of our English princes have been coddled at home by their fond papas and mammas! Thackeray. He [Lord Byron] never coddled his reputation. Southey. CODDYMODDY Cod"dy*mod"dy, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A gull in the plumage of its first year. CODE Code, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. codex, caudex, the stock or 1. A body of law, sanctioned by legislation, in which the rules of law to be specifically applied by the courts are set forth in systematic form; a compilation of laws by public authority; a digest. Note: The collection of laws made by the order of Justinian is sometimes called, by way of eminence. "The Code" Wharton. 2. Any system of rules or regulations relating to one subject; as, the medical code, a system of rules for the regulation of the professional conduct of physicians; the naval code, a system of rules for making communications at sea means of signals. Code civil or Code Napoleon, a code enacted in France in 1803 and 1804, embodying the law of rights of persons and of property generally. Abbot. CODEFENDANT Co`de*fend"ant, n. Defn: A joint defendant. Blackstone. CODEINE Co*de"ine, n. Etym: [Gr. cod.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the opium alkaloids; a white crystalline substance, C18H21NO3, similar to and regarded as a derivative of morphine, but much feebler in its action; -- called also codeia. CODETTA Co*det"ta, n. Etym: [It., dim. of coda tail.] (Mus.) Defn: A short passage connecting two sections, but not forming part of either; a short coda. CODEX Co"dex, n.; pl. Codices. Etym: [L. See Code.] 1. A book; a manuscript. 2. A collection or digest of laws; a code. Burrill. 3. An ancient manuscript of the Sacred Scriptures, or any part of them, particularly the New Testament. 4. A collection of canons. Shipley. CODFISH Cod"fish, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of fish. Same as Cod. CODGER Codg"er, n. Etym: [Cf. Cadger.] 1. A miser or mean person. 2. A singular or odd person; -- a familiar, humorous, or depreciatory appellation. [Colloq.] A few of us old codgers met at the fireside. Emerson. CODICAL Cod"i*cal, a. Defn: Ralating to a codex, or a code. CODICIL Cod"i*cil, n. Etym: [L. codicillus, dim. of codex: cf. F. codicille. See Code.] (Law) Defn: A clause added to a will. CODICILLARY Cod`i*cil"la*ry, a. Etym: [L. codicillaris, codicillarius.] Defn: Of the nature of a codicil. CODIFICATION Co`di*fi*ca"tion ( or ), n. Etym: [Cf. F. codification.] Defn: The act or process of codifying or reducing laws to a code. CODIFIER Co"di*fi`er ( or ), n. Defn: One who codifies. CODIFY Co"di*fy ( or ; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Codified; p. pr. & vb. n. Codifying.] Etym: [Code + -fy: cf. F. codifier.] Defn: To reduce to a code, as laws. CODILLA Co*dil"la, n. Etym: [Cf. L. codicula a little tail, dim. of cauda tail.] (Com.) Defn: The coarse tow of flax and hemp. McElrath. CODILLE Co*dille", n. Etym: [F. codile.] Defn: A term at omber, signifying that the game is won. Pope. CODIST Co"dist, n. Defn: A codifier; a maker of codes. [R.] CODLE Co"dle, v. t. Defn: See Coddle. CODLIN; CODLING Cod"lin, Cod"ling, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. codæppel a quince.] (a) An apple fit to stew or coddle. (b) An immature apple. A codling when 't is almost an apple. Shak. Codling moth (Zoöl.), a small moth (Carpocapsa Pomonella), which in the larval state (known as the apple worm) lives in apples, often doing great damage to the crop. CODLING Cod"ling, n. Etym: [Dim. of cod the fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young cod; also, a hake. COD LIVER Cod" liv`er, n. Defn: The liver of the common cod and allied species. Cod-liver oil, an oil obtained fron the liver of the codfish, and used extensively in medicine as a means of supplying the body with fat in cases of malnutrition. CODPIECE Cod"piece`, n. Etym: [Cod, n., piece.] Defn: A part of male dress in front of the breeches, formerly made very conspicuous. Shak. Fosbroke. COECILIAN Coe*cil"i*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Cæcilian. COEDUCATION Co*ed`u*ca"tion, n. Defn: An educating together, as of persons of different sexes or races. Co*ed`u*ca"tion*al (, a. COEFFICACY Co*ef"fi*ca*cy, n. Defn: Joint efficacy. COEFFICIENCY Co`ef*fi"cien*cy, n. Defn: Joint efficiency; coöperation. Glanvill. COEFFICIENT Co`ef*fi"cient, a. Defn: Coöperating; acting together to produce an effect. Co`ef*fi"cient*ly, adv. COEFFICIENT Co`ef*fi"cient, n. 1. That which unites in action with something else to produce the same effect. 2. Etym: [Cf. F. coefficient.] (Math.) Defn: A number or letter put before a letter or quantity, known or unknown, to show how many times the latter is to be taken; as, 6x; bx; here 6 and b are coefficients of x. 3. (Physics) Defn: A number, commonly used in computation as a factor, expressing the amount of some change or effect under certain fixed conditions as to temperature, length, volume, etc.; as, the coefficient of expansion; the coefficient of friction. Arbitrary coefficient (Math.), a literal coefficient placed arbitrarily in an algebraic, expression, the value of the coefficient being afterwards determined by the conditions of the problem. COEHORN Coe"horn, n. Etym: [From its inventor, Baron Coehorn.] (Mil.) Defn: A small bronze mortar mounted on a wooden block with handles, and light enough to be carried short distances by two men. COELACANTH Coel"a*canth ( or , a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having hollow spines, as some ganoid fishes. COELECTRON Co`e*lec"tron, n. Defn: See Electron. COELENTERA; COELENTERATA Coe*len"te*ra or Coe*len`te*ra"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A comprehensive group of Invertebrata, mostly marine, comprising the Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, and Ctenophora. The name implies that the stomach and body cavities are one. The group is sometimes enlarged so as to include the sponges. COELENTERATE Coe*len"ter*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Coelentra. -- n. Defn: One of the Coelentera. COELIA Coe"li*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A cavity. Note: The word is applied to the ventricles of the brain, the different venticles being indicated by prefixes like those characterizing the parts of the brain in which the cavities are found; as, epicoelia, mesocoelia, metacoelia, procoelia, etc. B. G. Wilder. COELIAC; CELIAC Coe"li*ac, Ce"li*ac, a. Etym: [L. coeliacus, Gr. Defn: Relating to the abdomen, or to the cavity of the abdomen. Coeliac artery (Anat.), the artery which issues from the aorta just below the diaphragm; -- called also coeliac axis. -- Coeliac flux, Coeliac passion (Med.), a chronic flux or diarrhea of undigested food. COELODONT Coe"lo*dont, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having hollow teeth; -- said of a group lizards. -- n. Defn: One of a group of lizards having hollow teeth. COELOSPERMOUS Coel`o*sper"mous ( or , a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Hollow-seeded; having the ventral face of the seedlike carpels incurved at the ends, as in coriander seed. COELUM Coe"lum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: See Body cavity, under Body. COEMPTION Co*emp"tion, n. Etym: [L. coëmptio, fr. coëmere to buy up. See Emption.] Defn: The act of buying the whole quantity of any commodity. [R.] Bacon. COENDOO Co*en"doo, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Brazilian porcupine (Cercolades, or Sphingurus, prehensiles), remarkable for its prehensile tail. COENENCHYM; COENENCHYMA Coe*nen"chym, Coe*nen"chy*ma n. Etym: [NL. coenenchyma, fr. Gr. parenchyma.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The common tissue which unites the polyps or zooids of a compound anthozoan or coral. It may be soft or more or less ossified. See Coral. COENESTHESIS Coen`es*the"sis ( or ), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Common sensation or general sensibility, as distinguished from the special sensations which are located in, or ascribed to, separate organs, as the eye and ear. It is supposed to depend on the ganglionic system. COENOBITE Coen"o*bite ( or ), n. Defn: See Cenobite. COENOECIUM Coe*noe"ci*um ( or ), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common tissue which unites the various zooids of a bryozoan. COENOGAMY Coe*nog"a*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The state of a community which permits promiscuous sexual intercourse among its members; -- as in certain primitive tribes or communistic societies. [Written also cenogamy.] COENOSARC Coen"o*sarc ( or ), n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common soft tissue which unites the polyps of a compound hydroid. See Hydroidea. COENURUS Coe*nu"rus, n. Etym: [NL. fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larval stage of a tapeworm (Tænia coenurus) which forms bladderlike sacs in the brain of sheep, causing the fatal disease known as water brain, vertigo, staggers or gid. Note: This bladder worm has on its surface numerous small heads, each of which, when swallowed by a dog, becomes a mature tapeworm in the dog's intestine. COEQUAL Co*e"qual, a. Etym: [L. coaequalis; co- + aequalis equal.] Defn: Being on an equality in rank or power. -- n. Defn: One who is on an equality with another. In once he come to be a cardinal, He'll make his cap coequal with the crown. Shak. COEQUALITY Co`e*qual"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being on an equality, as in rank or power. COEQUALLY Co*e"qual*ly, adv. Defn: With coequality. COERCE Co*erce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coerced; p. pr. & vb. n. Coercing.] Etym: [L. coërcere; co- + arcere to shut up, to press together. See Ark.] 1. To restrain by force, especially by law or authority; to repress; to curb. Burke. Punishments are manifold, that they may coerce this profligate sort. Ayliffe. 2. To compel or constrain to any action; as, to coerce a man to vote for a certain candidate. 3. To compel or enforce; as, to coerce obedience. Syn. -- To Coerce, Compel. To compel denotes to urge on by force which cannot be resisted. The term aplies equally to physical and moral force; as, compelled by hunger; compelled adverse circumstances; compelled by parental affection. Coerce had at first only the negative sense of checking or restraining by force; as, to coerce a bad man by punishments or a prisoner with fetters. It has now gained a positive sense., viz., that of driving a person into the performance of some act which is required of him by another; as, to coerce a man to sign a contract; to coerce obedience. In this sense (which is now the prevailing one), coerce differs but little from compel, and yet there is a distinction between them. Coercion is usually acomplished by indirect means, as threats and intimidation, physical force being more rarely employed in coercing. COERCIBLE Co"er"ci*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being coerced. -- Co*er"ci*ble*ness, n. COERCION Co*er"cion, n. Etym: [L. coercio, fr. coercere. See Coerce.] 1. The act or process of coercing. 2. (Law) Defn: The application to another of either physical or moral force. When the force is physical, and cannot be resisted, then the act produced by it is a nullity, so far as concerns the party coerced. When the force is moral, then the act, though voidable, is imputable to the party doing it, unless he be so paralyzed by terror as to act convulsively. At the same time coercion is not negatived by the fact of submission under force. "Coactus volui" (I consented under compulsion) is the condition of mind which, when there is volition forced by coercion, annuls the result of such coercion. Wharton. COERCITIVE Co*er"ci*tive, a. Defn: Coercive. "Coercitive power in laws." Jer. Taylor. COERCIVE Co*er"cive, a. Defn: Serving or intended to coerce; having power to constrain. -- Co*er"cive*ly, adv. -- Co*er"cive*ness, n. Coercive power can only influence us to outward practice. Bp. Warburton. Coercive or Coercitive force (Magnetism), the power or force which in iron or steel produces a slowness or difficulty in imparting magnetism to it, and also interposes an obstacle to the return of a bar to its natural state when active magnetism has ceased. It plainly depends on the molecular constitution of the metal. Nichol. The power of resisting magnetization or demagnization is sometimes called coercive force. S. Thompson. COERULIGNONE Coe`ru*lig"none, n. Etym: [L. coeruleus cerulean + lignum wood + E. quinone.] (Chem.) Defn: A bluish violet, crystalline substance obtained in the purification of crude wood vinegar. It is regarded as a complex quinone derivative of diphenyl; -- called also cedriret. COESSENTIAL Co`es*sen"tial, a. Defn: Partaking of the same essence. -- Co`es*sen"tial*ly, adv. We bless and magnify that coessential Spirit, eternally proceeding from both [The Father and the Son]. Hooker. COESSENTIALITY Co`es*sen`ti*al"i*ty ( or ; 106), n. Defn: Participation of the same essence. Johnson. COESTABLISHMENT Co`es*tab"lish*ment, n. Defn: Joint establishment. Bp. Watson. COESTATE Co`es*tate", n. Defn: Joint estate. Smolett. COETANEAN Co`e*ta"ne*an, n. Defn: A personcoetaneous with another; a contemporary. [R.] A . . . coetanean of the late earl of SouthamptoAubrey. COETANEOUS Co`e*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. coaetaneus; co- + aetas age.] Defn: Of the same age; beginning to exist at the same time; contemporaneous. -- Co`e*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. And all [members of the body] are coetaneous. Bentley. COETERNAL Co`e*ter"nal, a. Defn: Equally eternal. -- Co`e*ter"nal*ly, adv. Hail, holy Light, offspring of Heaven first born! Or of the Eternal coeternal beam. Milton. COETERNITY Co`e*ter"ni*ty, n. Defn: Existence from eternity equally with another eternal being; equal eternity. COEVAL Co*e"val, a. Etym: [L. coaevus; co- + aevum lifetime, age. See Age, n.] Defn: Of the same age; existing during the same period of time, especially time long and remote; -- usually followed by with. Silence! coeval with eternity! Pope. Oaks coeval spread a mournful shade. Cowper. COEVAL Co*e"val, n. Defn: One of the same age; a contemporary. As if it were not enough to have outdone all your coevals in wit. Pope. COEVOUS Co*e"vous, a. Defn: Coeaval [Obs.] South. COEXECUTOR Co`ex*ec"u*tor, n. Defn: A joint executor. COEXECUTRIX Co`ex*ec"u*trix, n. Defn: A joint executrix. COEXIST Co`ex*ist, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coexisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Coexisting.] Defn: To exist at the same time; -- sometimes followed by with. Of substances no one has any clear idea, farther than of certain simple ideas coexisting together. Locke. So much purity and integrity . . . coexisting with so much decay and so many infirmities. Warburton. COEXISTENCE Co`ex*ist"ence, n. Defn: Existence at the same time with another; -- contemporary existence. Without the help, or so much as the coexistence, of any condition. Jer. Taylor. COEXISTENT Co`ex*ist"ent, a. Defn: Existing at the same time with another. -- n. Defn: That which coexists with another. The law of coexistent vibrations. Whewell. COEXISTING Co`ex*ist"ing, a. Defn: Coexistent. Locke. COEXTEND Co`ex*tend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coextended; p. pr. & vb. n. Coextending.] Defn: To extend through the same space or time with another; to extend to the same degree. According to which the least body may be coextended with the greatest. Boyle. Has your English language one single word that is coextended through all these significations Bentley. COEXTENSION Co`ex*ten"sion, n. Defn: The act of extending equally, or the state of being equally extended. COEXTENSIVE Co`ex*ten"sive, a. Defn: Equally extensive; having as, consciousness and knowledge are coextensive. Sir W. Hamilton. -- Co`ex*ten"sive*ly, adv. -- Co`ex*ten"sive*ness, n. COFFEE Cof"fee, n. Etym: [Turk. qahveh, Ar. qahuah wine, coffee, a decoction of berries. Cf. Café.] 1. The "beans" or "berries" (pyrenes) obtained from the drupes of a small evergreen tree of the genus Coffea, growing in Abyssinia, Arabia, Persia, and other warm regions of Asia and Africa, and also in tropical America. 2. The coffee tree. Note: There are several species of the coffee tree, as, Coffea Arabica, C. occidentalis, and C. Liberica. The white, fragrant flowers grow in clusters at the root of the leaves, and the fruit is a red or purple cherrylike drupe, with sweet pulp, usually containing two pyrenes, commercially called "beans" or "berries". 3. The beverage made from the roasted and ground berry. They have in Turkey a drink called coffee . . . This drink comforteth the brain and heart, and helpeth digestion. Bacon. Note: The use of coffee is said to have been introduced into England about 1650, when coffeehouses were opened in Oxford and London. Coffee bug (Zoöl.), a species of scale insect (Lecanium coffæa), often very injurious to the coffee tree. -- Coffee rat (Zoöl.) See Musang. COFFEEHOUSE Cof"fee*house`, n. Defn: A house of entertainment, where guests are supplied with coffee and other refreshments, and where men meet for conversation. The coffeehouse must not be dismissed with a cursory mention. It might indeed, at that time, have been not improperly called a most important political institution . . . The coffeehouses were the chief organs through which the public opinion of the metropolis vented itself . . . Every man of the upper or middle class went daily to his coffeehouse to learn the news and discuss it. Every coffeehouse had one or more orators, to whose eloquence the crowd listened with admiration, and who soon became what the journalists of our own time have been called -- a fourth estate of the realm. Macaulay. COFFEEMAN Cof"fee*man, n. Defn: One who keeps a coffeehouse. Addison. COFFEEPOT Cof"fee*pot, n. Defn: A covered pot im which coffee is prepared, COFFEEROOM Cof"fee*room`, n. Defn: A public room where coffee and other refreshments may be obtained. COFFER Cof"fer, n. Etym: [OF. cofre, F. coffre, L. cophinus basket, fr. Gr. Coffin, n.] 1. A casket, chest, or trunk; especially, one used for keeping money or other valuables. Chaucer. In ivory coffers I have stuffed my crowns. Shak. 2. Fig.: Treasure or funds; -- usually in the plural. He would discharge it without any burden to the queen's coffers, for honor sake. Bacon. Hold, here is half my coffer. Shak. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A panel deeply recessed in the ceiling of a vault, dome, or portico; a caisson. 4. (Fort.) Defn: A trench dug in the botton of a dry moat, and extending across it, to enable the besieged to defend it by a raking fire. 5. The chamber of a canal lock; also, a caisson or a cofferdam. Coffer dam. (Engin.) See Cofferdam, in the Vocabulary. -- Coffer fish. (Zoöl.) See Cowfish. COFFER Cof"fer, v. t. 1. To put into a coffer. Bacon. 2. (Mining.) Defn: To secure from leaking, as a chaft, by ramming clay behind the masonry or timbering. Raymond. 3. To form with or in a coffer or coffers; to turnish with a coffer or coffers. COFFERDAM Cof"fer*dam, n. Defn: A water-tight inclosure, as of piles packed with clay, from which the water is pumped to expose the bottom (of a river, etc.) and permit the laying of foundations, building of piers, etc. COFFERER Cof"fer*er, n. Defn: One who keeps treasures in a coffer. [R.] COFFERWORK Cof"fer*work`, n. (Masonry) Defn: Rubblework faced with stone. Knight. COFFIN Cof"fin, n. Etym: [OE., a basket, receptacle, OF. cofin, fr. L. cophinus. See Coffer, n.] 1. The case in which a dead human body is inclosed for burial. They embalmed him [Joseph], and he was put in a coffin. Gen. 1. 26. 2. A basket. [Obs.] Wyclif (matt. xiv. 20). 3. A casing or crust, or a mold, of pastry, as for a pie. Of the paste a coffin I will rear. Shak. 4. A conical paper bag, used by grocers. [Obs.] Nares. 5. (Far.) Defn: The hollow crust or hoof of a horse's foot, below the coronet, in which is the coffin bone. Coffin bone, the foot bone of the horse and allied animals, inclosed within the hoof, and corresponding to the third phalanx of the middle finger, or toe, of most mammals. -- Coffin joint, the joint next above the coffin bone. COFFIN Cof"fin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coffined; p. pr. & vb. n. Coffining.] Defn: To inclose in, or as in, a coffin. Would'st thou have laughed, had I come coffined home Shak. Devotion is not coffined in a cell. John Hall (1646). COFFINLESS Cof"fin*less, a. Defn: Having no coffin. COFFLE Cof"fle, n. Etym: [Ar. kafala caravan.] Defn: A gang of negro slaves being driven to market. COG Cog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Cogging.] Etym: [Cf. W. coegio to make void, to beceive, from coeg empty, vain, foolish. Cf. Coax, v. t.] 1. To seduce, or draw away, by adulation, artifice, or falsehood; to wheedle; to cozen; to cheat. [R.] I'll . . . cog their hearts from them. Shak. 2. To obtrude or thrust in, by falsehood or deception; as, to cog in a word; to palm off. [R.] Fustian tragedies . . . have, by concerted applauses, been cogged upon the town for masterpieces. J. Dennis To cog a die, to load so as to direct its fall; to cheat in playing dice. Swift. COG Cog, v. i. Defn: To deceive; to cheat; to play false; to lie; to wheedle; to cajole. For guineas in other men's breeches, Your gamesters will palm and will cog. Swift. COG Cog, n. Defn: A trick or deception; a falsehood. Wm. Watson. COG Cog, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. kugge a cog, or W. cocos the cogs of a wheel.] 1. (Mech.) Defn: A tooth, cam, or catch for imparting or receiving motion, as on a gear wheel, or a lifter or wiper on a shaft; originally, a separate piece of wood set in a mortise in the face of a wheel. 2. (Carp.) (a) A kind of tenon on the end of a joist, received into a notch in a bearing timber, and resting flush with its upper surface. (b) A tenon in a scarf joint; a coak. Knight. 3. (Mining.) Defn: One of the rough pillars of stone or coal left to support the roof of a mine. COG Cog, v. t. Defn: To furnish with a cog or cogs. Cogged breath sound (Auscultation), a form of interrupted respiration, in which the interruptions are very even, three or four to each inspiration. Quain. COG Cog, n. Etym: [OE. cogge; cf. D. kog, Icel. kuggr Cf. Cock a boat.] Defn: A small fishing boat. Ham. Nav. Encyc. COGENCY Co"gen*cy, n. Etym: [See Cogent.] Defn: The quality of being cogent; power of compelling conviction; conclusiveness; force. An antecedent argument of extreme cogency. J. H. Newman. COGENIAL Co*ge"ni*al, a. Defn: Congenial. [Obs.] COGENT Co"gent, a. Etym: [L. cogens, p. pr. of cogere to drive together, to force; co- + agere to drive. See Agent, a., and cf. Coact to force, Coagulate, p. a.] 1. Compelling, in a physical sense; powerful. [Obs.] The cogent force of nature. Prior. 2. Having the power to compel conviction or move the will; constraining; conclusive; forcible; powerful; not easily reasisted. No better nor more cogent reason. Dr. H. More. Proofs of the most cogent description. Tyndall. The tongue whose strains were cogent as commands, Revered at home, and felt in foreign lands. Cowper. Syn. -- Forcible; powerful; potent; urgent; strong; persuasive; convincing; conclusive; influential. COGENTLY Co"gent*ly, adv. Defn: In a cogent manner; forcibly; convincigly; conclusively. Locke. COGGER Cog"ger, n. Etym: [From Cog to wheedle.] Defn: A flatterer or deceiver; a sharper. COGGERY Cog"ger*y, n. Defn: Trick; deception. Bp. Watson. COGGLE Cog"gle, n. Etym: [See Cog small boat.] Defn: A small fishing boat. Ham. Nav. Encyc. COGGLE Cog"gle, n. Etym: [Cf. Cobble a cobblestone.] Defn: A cobblestone. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. COGITABILITY Cog`i*ta*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being cogitable; conceivableness. COGITABLE Cog"i*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. cogitabilis, fr. cogitare to think.] Defn: Capable of being brought before the mind as a throught or idea; conceivable; thinkable. Creation is cogitable by us only as a putting forth of divine power. Sir W. Hamilton. COGITABUND Cog"i*ta*bund`, a. Etym: [L. cogitabundus.] Defn: Full of thought; thoughtful. [R.] Leigh Hunt. COGITATE Cog"i*tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cogitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Cogitating.] Etym: [L. cogitatus, p. p. of cogitare to reflect upon, prob. fr. co- + the root of aio I say; hence, prop., to discuss with one's self. Cf. Adage.] Defn: To engage in continuous thought; to think. He that calleth a thing into his mind, whether by impression or recordation, cogitateth and considereth, and he that employeth the faculty of his fancy also cogitateth. Bacon. COGITATE Cog"i*tate, v. t. Defn: To think over; to plan. He . . . is our witness, how we both day and night, revolving in our minds, did cogitate nothing more than how to satisfy the parts of a good pastor. Foxe. COGITATION Cog`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. cogitatio: cf. F. cogitation.] Defn: The act of thinking; thought; meditation; contemplation. "Fixed in cogitation deep." Milton. COGITATIVE Cog"i*ta*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. cogitativus.] 1. Possessing, or pertaining to, the power of thinking or meditating. "Cogitative faculties." Wollaston. 2. Given to thought or contemplation. Sir H. Wotton. COGMAN Cog"man, n. Defn: A dealer in cogware or coarse cloth. [Obs.] Wright. COGNAC Co"gnac`, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A kind of French brandy, so called from the town of Cognac. COGNATE Cog"nate, a. Etym: [L. cognatus; co- + gnatus, natus, p. p. of nasci, anciently gnasci, to be born. See Nation, and cf. Connate.] 1. Allied by blood; kindred by birth; specifically (Law), related on the mother's side. 2. Of the same or a similar nature; of the same family; proceeding from the same stock or root; allied; kindred; as, a cognate language. COGNATE Cog"nate, n. 1. (Law) Defn: One who is related to another on the female side. Wharton. 2. One of a number of things allied in origin or nature; as, certain letters are cognates. COGNATENESS Cog"nate*ness, n. Defn: The state of being cognate. COGNATI Cog*na"ti, n. pl. Etym: [L.] (Law) Defn: Relatives by the mother's side. Wharton. COGNATION Cog*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. cognatio.] 1. Relationship by blood; descent from the same original; kindred. As by our cognation to the body of the first Adam. Jer. Taylor. 2. Participation of the same nature. Sir T. Browne. A like temper and cognation. Sir K. Digby. 3. (Law) Defn: That tie of consanguinity which exists between persons descended from the same mother; -- used in distinction from agnation. COGNATUS Cog*na"tus, n. Etym: [L., a kinsman.] (Law) Defn: A person cinnected through cognation. COGNISOR; COGNISEE Cog`ni*sor" ( or ), Cog`ni*see, n. Defn: See Cognizor, Cognizee. COGNITION Cog*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L. cognitio, fr. cognoscere, cognitum, to become acquainted with, to know; co- + noscere, gnoscere, to get a knowledge of. See Know, v. t.] 1. The act of knowing; knowledge; perception. I will not be myself nor have cognation Of what I feel: I am all patience. Shak. 2. That which is known. COGNITIVE Cog"ni*tive, a. Defn: Knowing, or apprehending by the understanding; as, cognitive power. South. COGNIZABLE Cog"ni*za*ble ( or , a. Etym: [F. connaissable, fr. connaître to know, L. cognoscere. See Cognition.] 1. Capable of being known or apprehended; as, cognizable causes. 2. Fitted to be a subject of judicial investigation; capable of being judicially heard and determined. Cognizable both in the ecclesiastical and secular courts. Ayliffe. COGNIZABLY Cog"ni*za*bly, adv. Defn: In a cognizable manner. COGNIZANCE Cog"ni*zance ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [OF. conissance, conoissance, F. conaissance, LL. cognoscentia, fr. L. cognoscere to know. See Cognition, and cf. Cognoscence, Connoisseur.] 1. Apprehension by the understanding; perception; observation. Within the cognizance and lying under the control of their divine Governor. Bp. Hurd 2. Recollection; recognition. Who, soon as on that knight his eye did glance, Eftsoones of him had perfect cognizance. Spenser. 3. (Law) (a) Jurisdiction, or the power given by law to hear and decide controversies. (b) The hearing a matter judicially. (c) An acknowledgment of a fine of lands and tenements or confession of a thing done. [Eng.] (d) A form of defense in the action of replevin, by which the defendant insists that the goods were lawfully taken, as a distress, by defendant, acting as servant for another. [Eng.] Cowell. Mozley & W. 4. The distinguishing mark worn by an armed knight, usually upon the helmet, and by his retainers and followers: Hence, in general, a badge worn by a retainer or dependent, to indicate the person or party to which he belonged; a token by which a thing may be known. Wearing the liveries and cognizance of their master. Prescott. This pale and angry rose, As cognizance of my blood-drinking hate. Shak. COGNIZANT Cog"ni*zant ( or ), a. Etym: [See Cognizance, and cf. Connusant.] Defn: Having cognizance or knowledge. (of). COGNIZE Cog"nize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Cognizant, Recognize.] Defn: To know or perceive; to recognize. The reasoning faculty can deal with no facts until they are cognized by it. H. Spencer. COGNIZEE Cog`ni*zee" ( or ), n. (Law) Defn: One to whom a fine of land was ackowledged. Blackstone. COGNIZOR Cog`ni*zor, n. Etym: [See Cognizance.] (Law) Defn: One who ackowledged the right of the plaintiff or cognizee in a fine; the defendant. Blackstone. COGNOMEN Cog*no"men, n. Etym: [L.: co- + (g)nomen name.] 1. The last of the three names of a person among the ancient Romans, denoting his house or family. 2. (Eng. Law) Defn: A surname. COGNOMINAL Cog*nom"i*nal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a cognomen; of the nature of a surname. COGNOMINAL Cog*nom"i*nal, n. Defn: One bearing the same name; a namesake. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. COGNOMINATION Cog*nom`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. cognominatio.] Defn: A cognomen or surname. [R.] Jer. Taylor. COGNOSCENCE Cog*nos"cence, n. Etym: [LL. cognoscentia. See Cognizance.] Defn: Cognizance. [R.] Dr. H. More. COGNOSCENTE Cog`nos*cen"te, n.; pl. Cognoscenti. Etym: [OIt. cognoscente, p. pr. of cognoscere, It. conoscere to know.] Defn: A conoisseur. Mason. COGNOSCIBILITY Cog*nos`ci*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being cognoscible. Cudworth. COGNOSCIBLE Cog*nos"ci*ble, a. 1. Capable of being known. "Matters intelligible and cognoscible." Sir M. Hale. 2. Liable to judicial investigation. Jer. Taylor. COGNOSCITIVE Cog*nos"ci*tive, a. Defn: Having the power of knowing. [Obs.] "An innate cognoscitive power." Cudworth. COGNOVIT Cog*no"vit, n. Etym: [L., he has acknowledged.] (Law) Defn: An instrument in writting whereby a defendant in an action acknowledges a plaintiff's demand to be just. Mozley & W. COGON Co*gon", n. [Sp., prob. fr. a native name.] Defn: A tall, coarse grass (Imperata arundinacea) of the Philippine Islands and adjacent countries, used for thatching. COGUARDIAN Co*guard"i*an, n. Defn: A joint guardian. COGUE Cogue, n. Etym: [Cf. Cog a small boat.] Defn: A small wooden vessel; a pail. [Scot.] Jamieson. COGWARE Cog"ware`, n. Defn: A coarse, narrow cloth, like frieze, used by the lower classes in the sixteenth century. Halliwell. COGWHEEL Cog"wheel`, n. Defn: A wheel with cogs or teeth; a gear wheel. See Illust. of Gearing. COHABIT Co*hab"it, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cohabited; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohabiting.] Etym: [L. cohabitare; co- + habitare to dwell, to have possession of (a place), freg. of habere to have. See Habit, n. & v.] 1. To inhabit or reside in company, or in the same place or country. The Philistines were worsted by the captived ark . . . : they were not able to cohabit with that holy thing. South. 2. To dwell or live together as husband and wife. The law presumes that husband and wife cohabit together, even after a voluntary separation has taken place between them. Bouvier. Note: By the common law as existing in the United States, marriage is presumed when a man and woman cohabit permanently together, being reputed by those who know them to be husband and wife, and admitting the relationship. Wharton. COHABITANT Co*hab"it*ant, n. Etym: [L. cohabitans, p. pr.] Defn: One who dwells with another, or in the same place or country. No small number of the Danes became peaceable cohabitants with the Saxons in England. Sir W. Raleigh. COHABITATION Co*hab"i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. cohabitatio.] 1. The act or state of dwelling together, or in the same place with another. Feltham. 2. (Law) Defn: The living together of a man and woman in supposed sexual relationship. That the duty of cohabitation is released by the cruelty of one of the parties is admitted. Lord Stowell. COHABITER Co*hab"it*er, n. Defn: A cohabitant. Hobbes. COHEIR Co*heir, n. Defn: A joint heir; one of two or more heirs; one of several entitled to an inheritance. COHEIRESS Co*heir"ess, n. Defn: A female heir who inherits with other heiresses; a joint heiress. COHEIRSHIP Co*heir"ship, n. Defn: The state of being a coheir. COHERALD Co*her"ald, n. Defn: A joint herald. COHERE Co*here", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cohered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohering.] Etym: [L. cohaerere, cohaesum; co- + haerere to stick, adhere. See Aghast, a.] 1. To stick together; to cleave; to be united; to hold fast, as parts of the same mass. Neither knows he . . . how the solid parts of the body are united or cohere together. Locke. 2. To be united or connected together in subordination to one purpose; to follow naturally and logically, as the parts of a discourse, or as arguments in a train of reasoning; to be logically consistent. They have been inserted where they best seemed to cohere. Burke. 3. To suit; to agree; to fit. [Obs.] Had time cohered with place, or place with wishing. Shak. Syn. -- To cleave; unite; adhere; stick; suit; agree; fit; be consistent. COHERENCE; COHERENCY Co*her"ence, Co*her"en*cy, n. Etym: [L. cohaerentia: cf. F. cohérence.] 1. A sticking or cleaving together; union of parts of the same body; cohesion. 2. Connection or dependence, proceeding from the subordination of the parts of a thing to one principle or purpose, as in the parts of a discourse, or of a system of philosophy; consecutiveness. Coherence of discourse, and a direct tendency of all the parts of it to the argument in hand, are most eminently to be found in him. Locke. COHERENT Co*her"ent, a. Etym: [L. cohaerens, p. pr. See Cohere.] 1. Sticking together; cleaving; as the parts of bodies; solid or fluid. Arbuthnot. 2. Composed of mutually dependent parts; making a logical whole; consistent; as, a coherent plan, argument, or discourse. 3. Logically consistent; -- applied to persons; as, a coherent thinker. Watts. 4. Suitable or suited; adapted; accordant. [Obs.] Instruct my daughter how she shall persever, That time and place, with this deceit so lawful, May prove coherent. Shak. COHERENTLY Co*her"ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a coherent manner. COHERER Co*her"er, n. (Elec.) Defn: Any device in which an imperfectly conducting contact between pieces of metal or other conductors loosely resting against each other is materially improved in conductivity by the influence of Hertzian waves; -- so called by Sir O. J. Lodge in 1894 on the assumption that the impact of the electic waves caused the loosely connected parts to cohere, or weld together, a condition easily destroyed by tapping. A common form of coherer as used in wireless telegraphy consists of a tube containing filings (usually a pinch of nickel and silver filings in equal parts) between terminal wires or plugs (called conductor plugs). COHESIBILITY Co*he`si*bil"i*ty ( or ), n. Defn: The state of being cohesible. Good. COHESIBLE Co*he"si*ble, a. Defn: Capable of cohesion. COHESION Co*he"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cohésion. See Cohere.] 1. The act or state of sticking together; close union. 2. (Physics) Defn: That from of attraction by which the particles of a body are united throughout the mass, whether like or unlike; -- distinguished from adhesion, which unites bodies by their adjacent surfaces. Solids and fluids differ in the degree of cohesion, which, being increased, turns a fluid into a solid. Arbuthnot. 3. Logical agreement and dependence; as, the cohesion of ideas. Locke. COHESIVE Co*he"sive, a. 1. Holding the particles of a homogeneous body together; as, cohesive attraction; producing cohesion; as, a cohesive force. 2. Cohering, or sticking together, as in a mass; capable of cohering; tending to cohere; as, cohesive clay. Cohesive attraction. See under Attraction. -- Co*he"sive*ly, adv. -- Co*he"sive*ness, n. COHIBIT Co*hib"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cohibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohibiting.] Etym: [L. cohibitus, p. p. of cohibere to confine; co- + habere to hold.] Defn: To restrain. [Obs.] Bailey. COHIBITION Co`hi*bi"tion, n. Etym: [L. cohibitio.] Defn: Hindrance; restraint. [Obs.] COHOBATE Co`ho*bate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cohobated; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohobating.] Etym: [LL. cohobare; prob. of Arabic origin: cf. F. cohober.] (Anc. Chem.) Defn: To repeat the distillation of, pouring the liquor back upon the matter remaining in the vessel. Arbuthnot. COHOBATION Co`ho*ba"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cohobation.] (Anc. Chem.) Defn: The process of cohobating. Grew. COHORN Co"horn, n. (Mil.) Defn: See Coehorn. COHORT Co"hort, n. Etym: [L. cohors, prop. an inclosure: cf. F. cohorte. See Court, n.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A body of about five or six hundred soldiers; the tenth part of a legion. 2. Any band or body of warriors. With him the cohort bright Of watchful cherubim. Milton. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A natural group of orders of plants, less comprehensive than a class. COHOSH Co"hosh, n. (Bot.) Defn: A perennial American herb (Caulophyllum thalictroides), whose roostock is used in medicine; -- also called pappoose root. The name is sometimes also given to the Cimicifuga racemosa, and to two species of Actæa, plants of the Crowfoot family. COHUNE; COHUNE PALM Co*hune", n., or Cohune palm . [Prob. fr. a native name in Honduras.] Defn: A Central and South American pinnate-leaved palm (Attalea cohune), the very large and hard nuts of which are turned to make fancy articles, and also yield an oil used as a substitute for coconut oil. COIF Coif (koif), n. Etym: [OF. coife, F. coiffe, LL. cofea, cuphia, fr. OHG. kuppa, kuppha, miter, perh. fr. L. cupa tub. See Cup, n. ; but cf. also Cop, Cuff the article of dress, Quoif, n.] Defn: A cap. Specifically: (a) A close-fitting cap covering the sides of the head, like a small hood without a cape. (b) An official headdress, such as that worn by certain judges in England. [Writting also quoif.] From point and saucy ermine down To the plain coif and russet gown. H. Brocke. The judges, . . . althout they are not of the first magnitude, nor need be of the degree of the coif, yet are they considerable. Bacon. COIF Coif (koif), v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. coiffer.] Defn: To cover or dress with, or as with, a coif. And coif me, where I'm bald, with flowers. J. G. Cooper. COIFED Coifed (koift), a. Defn: Wearing a coif. COIFFEUR Coif`feur", n. [F.] Defn: A hairdresser. COIFFURE Coif"fure, n. Etym: [F., fr. coiffer. See Coif.] Defn: A headdress, or manner of dressing the hair. Addison. COIGN Coign, n. Defn: A var. spelling of Coin, Quoin, a corner, wedge; -- chiefly used in the phrase coign of vantage, a position advantageous for action or observation. From some shielded nook or coign of vantage. The Century. The lithosphere would be depressed on four faces; . . . the four projecting coigns would stand up as continents. Nature. COIGNE Coigne (koin), n. Etym: [See Coin, n.] Defn: A quoin. See you yound coigne of the Capitol yon corner stone Shak. COIGNE; COIGNY Coigne, Coign"y, n. Defn: The practice of quartering one's self as landlord on a tenant; a quartering of one's self on anybody. [Ireland] Spenser. COIL Coil (koil), v.t. [imp. & p. p. Coiled (koild); p. pr. & vb. n. Coiling.] Etym: [OF. coillir, F. cueillir, to collect, gather together, L. coligere; col- + legere to gather. See Legend, and cf. Cull, v. t., Collect.] 1. To wind cylindrically or spirally; as, to coil a rope when not in use; the snake coiled itself before springing. 2. To encircle and hold with, or as with, coils. [Obs. or R.] T. Edwards. COIL Coil, v. i. Defn: To wind itself cylindrically or spirally; to form a coil; to wind; -- often with about or around. You can see his flery serpents . . . Coiting, playing in the water. Longfellow. COIL Coil, n. 1. A ring, series of rings, or spiral, into which a rope, or other like thing, is wound. The wild grapevines that twisted their coils from trec to tree. W. Irving. 2. Fig.: Entanglement; toil; mesh; perplexity. 3. A series of connected pipes in rows or layers, as in a steam heating apparatus. Induction coil. (Elec.) See under Induction. -- Ruhmkorff's coil (Elec.), an induction coil, sometimes so called from Ruhmkorff (, a prominent manufacturer of the apparatus. COIL Coil, n. Etym: [Of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. goil fume, rage.] Defn: A noise, tumult, bustle, or confusion. [Obs.] Shak. COILON Coi"lon, n. Etym: [F. See Cullion.] Defn: A testicle. [Obs.] Chaucer. COIN Coin (koin), n. Etym: [F. coin, formerly also coing, wedge, stamp, corner, fr. L. cuneus wedge; prob. akin to E. cone, hone. See Hone, n., and cf. Coigne, Quoin, Cuneiform.] 1. A quoin; a corner or external angle; a wegde. See Coigne, and Quoin. 2. A piece of metal on which certain characters are stamped by government authority, making it legally current as money; -- much used in a collective sense. It is alleged that it [a subsidy] exceeded all the current coin of the realm. Hallam. 3. That which serves for payment or recompense. The loss of present advantage to flesh and blood is repaid in a nobler coin. Hammond. Coin balance. See Illust. of Balance. -- To pay one in his own coin, to return to one the same kind of injury or ill treatment as has been received from him. [Colloq.] COIN Coin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coined (koind); p. pr. & vb. n. Coining.] 1. To make of a definite fineness, and convert into coins, as a mass of metal; to mint; to manufacture; as, to coin silver dollars; to coin a medal. 2. To make or fabricate; to invent; to originate; as, to coin a word. Some tale, some new pretense, he daily coined, To soothe his sister and delude her mind. Dryden. 3. To acquire rapidly, as money; to make. Tenants cannot coin rent just at quarter day. Locke. COIN Coin, v. i. Defn: To manufacture counterfeit money. They cannot touch me for coining. Shak. COINAGE Coin"age, n. Etym: [From Coin, v. t., cf. Cuinage.] 1. The act or process of converting metal into money. The care of the coinage was committed to the inferior magistrates. Arbuthnot. 2. Coins; the aggregate coin of a time or place. 3. The cost or expense of coining money. 4. The act or process of fabricating or inventing; formation; fabrication; that which is fabricated or forged. "Unnecessary coinage . . . of words." Dryden. This is the very coinage of your brain. Shak. COINCIDE Co`in*cide", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coincided; p. pr. & vb. n. Coinciding.] Etym: [L. co- + incidere to fall on; in + cadere to fall: cf. F. coïncider. See Chance, n.] 1. To occupy the same place in space, as two equal triangles, when placed one on the other. If the equator and the ecliptic had coincided, it would have rendered the annual revoluton of the earth useless. Cheyne. 2. To occur at the same time; to be contemporaneous; as, the fall of Granada coincided with the discovery of America. 3. To correspond exactly; to agree; to concur; as, our aims coincide. The rules of right jugdment and of good ratiocination often coincide with each other. Watts. COINCIDENCE Co*in"ci*dence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. coïncidence.] 1. The condition of occupying the same place in space; as, the coincidence of circles, surfaces, etc. Bentley. 2. The condition or fact of happening at the same time; as, the coincidence of the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. 3. Exact correspondence in nature, character, result, circumstances, etc.; concurrence; agreement. The very concurrence and coincidence of ao many evidences . . . carries a great weight. Sir M. Hale. Those who discourse . . . of the nature of truth . . . affirm a perfect coincidence between truth and goodness. South. COINCIDENCY Co*in"ci*den*cy, n. Defn: Coincidence. [R.] COINCIDENT Co*in"ci*dent, a. Etym: [Cf. F. coïncident.] Defn: Having coincidence; occupying the same place; contemporaneous; concurrent; -- followed by with. Christianity teaches nothing but what is perfectly suitable to, and coincident with, the ruling principles of a virtuous and well- inclined man. South. COINCIDENT Co*in"ci*dent, n. Defn: One of two or more coincident events; a coincidence. [R.] "Coincidents and accidents." Froude. COINCIDENTAL Co*in`ci*den"tal, a. Defn: Coincident. COINCIDENTLY Co*in"ci*dent*ly, adv. Defn: With coincidence. COINCIDER Co`in*cid"er, n. Defn: One who coincides with another in an opinion. COINDICATION Co*in`di*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. coïdication.] Defn: One of several signs or sumptoms indicating the same fact; as, a coindication of disease. COINER Coin"er, n. 1. One who makes or stamps coin; a maker of money; -- usually, a maker of counterfeit money. Precautions such as are employed by coiners and receivers of stolen goods. Macaulay. 2. An inventor or maker, as of words. Camden. COINHABITANT Co`in*hab"it*ant, n. Defn: One who dwells with another, or with others. "Coinhabitants of the same element." Dr. H. More. COINHERE Co`in*here", v. i. Defn: To inhere or exist together, as in one substance. Sir W. Hamilton. COINHERITANCE Co`in*her"it*ance, n. Defn: Joint inheritance. COINHERITOR Co`in*her"it*or, n. Defn: A coheir. COINITIAL Co`in*i"tial, a. (Math.) Defn: Having a common beginning. COINQUINATE Co*in"qui*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. coinquinatus, p. p. of coinquinare to defile. See Inquinate.] Defn: Topollute. [Obs.] Skelton. COINQUINATION Co*in`qui*na"tion, n. Defn: Defilement. [Obs.] COINSTANTANEOUS Co*in"stan*ta"ne*ous, a. Defn: Happening at the same instant. C. Darwin. COINSURANCE Co`in*sur"ance, n. [Co- + insurance.] Defn: Insurance jointly with another or others; specif., that system of fire insurance in which the insurer is treated as insuring himself to the extent of that part of the risk not covered by his policy, so that any loss is apportioned between him and the insurance company on the principle of average, as in marine insurance or between other insurers. COINTENSE Co`intense", a. Defn: Equal in intensity or degree; as, the relations between 6 and 12, and 8 and 16, are cointense. H. Spencer. COINTENSION Co`in*ten"sion, n. Defn: The condition of being of equal in intensity; -- applied to relations; as, 3 : 6 and 6 : 12 are relations of cointension. Cointension . . . is chosen indicate the equality of relations in respect of the contrast between their terms. H. Spencer. COIR Coir (koir), n. Etym: [Tamil kayiru.] 1. A material for cordage, matting, etc., consisting of the prepared fiber of the outer husk of the cocoanut. Homans. 2. Cordage or cables, made of this material. COISTRIL Cois"tril, n. Etym: [Prob. from OF. coustillier groom or lad. Cf. Custrel.] 1. An inferior groom or lad employed by an esquire to carry the knight's arms and other necessaries. [Written also coistrel.] 2. A mean, paltry fellow; a coward. [Obs.] Shak. COIT Coit (koit), n. Etym: [See Quoit.] Defn: A quoit. [Obs.] Carew. COIT Coit, v. t. Defn: To throw, as a stone. [Obs.] See Quoit. COITION Co*i"tion, n. Etym: [L. coitio, fr. coire to come together; co- + ire to go.] Defn: A coming together; sexual intercourse; copulation. Grew. COJOIN Co*join", v. t. Defn: To join; to conjoin. [R.] Shak. COJUROR Co*ju"ror, n. Defn: One who swears to another's credibility. W. Wotton. COKE Coke, n. Etym: [Perh. akin to cake, n.] Defn: Mineral coal charred, or depriver of its bitumen, sulphur, or other volatile matter by roasting in a kiln or oven, or by distillation, as in gas works. It is lagerly used where [Written also coak.] Gas coke, the coke formed in gas retorts, as distinguished from that made in ovens. COKE Coke, v. t. Defn: To convert into coke. COKENAY Coke"nay, n. Defn: A cockney. [Obs.] Chaucer. COKERNUT Co"ker*nut`, n. (Com.) Defn: The cocoanut. Note: A mode of spelling introduced by the London customhouse to distinguish more widely between this and other articles spelt much in the same manner. COKES Cokes, n. Etym: [OE. Cf. Coax.] Defn: A simpleton; a gull; a dupe. [Obs.] B. Jonson. COKEWOLD Coke"wold, n. Defn: Cuckold. [Obs.] Chaucer. COL; COL- Col Defn: - (with, together. See Com-. COL Col, n. Etym: [F., neck, fr. L. collum neck.] Defn: A short ridge connecting two higher elevations or mountains; the pass over such a ridge. COLA Co"la, n. [NL., fr. a native name.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of sterculiaceous trees, natives of tropical Africa, esp. Guinea, but now naturalized in tropical America, esp. in the West Indies and Brazil. (b) Same as Cola nut, below. COLA Co"la, n., Defn: L. pl. of Colon. COLABORER Co*la"bor*er, n. Defn: One who labors with another; an associate in labor. COLANDER Col"an*der, n. Etym: [L. colans, -antis, p. pr. of colare to filter, to strain, fr. colum a strainer. Cf. Cullis, Culvert.] Defn: A utensil with a bottom perforated with little holes for straining liquids, mashed vegetable pulp, etc.; a strainer of wickerwork, perfprated metal, or the like. COLA NUT; COLA SEED Cola nut, Cola seed. (Bot.) Defn: The bitter fruit of Cola acuminata, which is nearly as large as a chestnut, and furnishes a stimulant, which is used in medicine. COLATION Co*la"tion, n. Etym: [See Colander.] Defn: The act or process of straining or filtering. [R.] COLATITUDE Co*lat"i*tude (; 134), n. Etym: [Formed like cosine. See Cosine.] Defn: The complement of the latitude, or the difference between any latitude and ninety degrees. COLATURE Col"a*ture, n. Etym: [L. colatura, from colare: cf. F. colature. See Colander.] Defn: The process of straining; the matter strained; a strainer. [R.] COLBERTINE Col"ber*tine, n. Etym: [From Jean Baptiste Colbert, a minister of Louis XIV., who encouraged the lace manufacture in France.] Defn: A kind of lace. [Obs.] Pinners edged with colbertine. Swift. Difference rose between Mechlin, the queen of lace, and colbertine. Young. COLCHICINE Col"chi*cine ( or ), n. Etym: [Cf. F. colchicine.] (Chem.) Defn: A powerful vegetable alkaloid, C17H19NO5, extracted from the Colchicum autumnale, or meadow saffron, as a white or yellowish amorphous powder, with a harsh, bitter taste; -- called also colchicia. COLCHICUM Col"chi*cum, n. Etym: [L., a plant with a poisonous root, fr. Colchicus Colchian, fr. Colchis, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of bulbous-rooted plants found in many parts of Europe, including the meadow saffron. Note: Preparations made from the poisonous bulbs and seeds, and perhaps from the flowers, of the Colchicum autumnale (meadow saffron) are used as remedies for gout and rheumatism. COLCOTHAR Col"co*thar, n. Etym: [NL. colcothar vitrioli, fr. Ar. qolqotar.] (Chem.) Defn: Polishing rouge; a reddish brown oxide of iron, used in polishing glass, and also as a pigment; -- called also crocus Martis. COLD Cold, a. [Compar. Colder; superl. Coldest.] Etym: [OE. cold, cald, AS. cald, ceald; akin to OS. kald, D. koud, G. kalt, Icel. kaldr, Dan. kold, Sw. kall, Goth. kalds, L. gelu frost, gelare to freeze. Orig. p. p. of AS. calan to be cold, Icel. kala to freeze. Cf. Cool, a., Chill, n.] 1. Deprived of heat, or having a low temperature; not warm or hot; gelid; frigid. "The snowy top of cold Olympis." Milton. 2. Lacking the sensation of warmth; suffering from the absence of heat; chilly; shivering; as, to be cold. 3. Not pungent or acrid. "Cold plants." Bacon 4. Wanting in ardor, intensity, warmth, zeal, or passion; spiritless; unconcerned; reserved. A cold and unconcerned spectator. T. Burnet. No cold relation is a zealous citizen. Burke. 5. Unwelcome; disagreeable; unsatisfactory. "Cold news for me." "Cold comfort." Shak. 6. Wanting in power to excite; dull; uninteresting. What a deal of cold business doth a man misspend the better part of life in! B. Jonson. The jest grows cold . . . when in comes on in a second scene. Addison. 7. Affecting the sense of smell (as of hunting dogs) but feebly; having lost its odor; as, a cold scent. 8. Not sensitive; not acute. Smell this business with a sense as cold As is a dead man's nose. Shak. 9. Distant; -- said, in the game of hunting for some object, of a seeker remote from the thing concealed. 10. (Paint.) Defn: Having a bluish effect. Cf. Warm, 8. Cold abscess. See under Abscess. -- Cold blast See under Blast, n., 2. Cold blood. See under Blood, n., 8. -- Cold chill, an ague fit. Wright. -- Cold chisel, a chisel of peculiar strength and hardness, for cutting cold metal. Weale. -- Cold cream. See under Cream. -- Cold slaw. See Cole slaw. -- In cold blood, without excitement or passion; deliberately. He was slain in cold blood after thefight was over. Sir W. Scott. To give one the cold shoulder, to treat one with neglect. Syn. -- Gelid; bleak; frigid; chill; indifferent; unconcerned; passionless; reserved; unfeeling; stoical. COLD Cold, n. 1. The relative absence of heat or warmth. 2. The sensation produced by the escape of heat; chilliness or chillness. When she saw her lord prepared to part, A deadly cold ran shivering to her heart. Dryden. 3. (Med.) Defn: A morbid state of the animal system produced by exposure to cold or dampness; a catarrh. Cold sore (Med.), a vesicular eruption appearing about the mouth as the result of a cold, or in the course of any disease attended with fever. -- To leave one out in the cold, to overlook or neglect him. [Colloq.] Cold, v. i. Defn: To become cold. [Obs.] Chaucer. COLD-BLOODED Cold"-blood`ed, a. 1. Having cold blood; -- said of fish or animals whose blood is but little warmer than the water or air about them. 2. Deficient in sensibility or feeling; hard-hearted. 3. Not thoroughbred; -- said of animals, as horses, which are derived from the common stock of a country. COLDFINCH Cold"finch`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A British wagtail. COLD-HEARTED Cold"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Wanting passion or feeling; indifferent. -- Cold"-heart`ed*ness, n. COLDISH Cold"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat cold; cool; chilly. COLDLY Cold"ly, adv. Defn: In a cold manner; without warmth, animation, or feeling; with indifference; calmly. Withdraw unto some private place, And reason coldly of your grievances. Shak. COLDNESS Cold"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being cold. COLD-SHORT Cold"-short`, a. Defn: Brittle when cold; as, cold-short iron. COLD-SHUT Cold"-shut`, a. (Metal.) Defn: Closed while too cold to become thoroughly welded; -- said of a forging or casting. -- n. Defn: An imperfection caused by such insufficient welding. COLD WAVE Cold" wave". (Meteor.) Defn: In the terminology of the United States Weather Bureau, an unusual fall in temperature, to or below the freezing point, exceeding 16º in twenty-four hours or 20º in thirty-six hours, independent of the diurnal range. COLE Cole, n. Etym: [OE. col, caul, AS. cawl, cawel, fr. L. caulis, the stalk or stem of a plant, esp. a cabbage stalk, cabbage, akin to Gr. Cauliflower, Kale.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the Brassica or Cabbage genus; esp. that form of B. oleracea called rape and coleseed. CO-LEGATEE Co-leg`a*tee", n. Defn: A joint legatee. COLEGOOSE Cole"goose`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Coalgoose. COLEMANITE Cole"man*ite, n. Etym: [From W.T. Coleman of San Francisco.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous borate of lime occurring in transparent colorless or white crystals, also massive, in Southern California. COLEMOUSE Cole"mouse`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Coletit. COLEOPTER Co`le*op"ter, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Coleoptera. COLEOPTERA Co`le*op"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of insects having the anterior pair of wings (elytra) hard and horny, and serving as coverings for the posterior pair, which are membranous, and folded transversely under the others when not in use. The mouth parts form two pairs of jaws (mandibles and maxillæ) adapted for chewing. Most of the Coleoptera are known as beetles and weevils. COLEOPTERAL; COLEOPTEROUS Co`le*op"ter*al, Co`le*op"ter*ous a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having wings covered with a case or sheath; belonging to the Coleoptera. COLEOPTERAN Co`le*op"ter*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the order of Coleoptera. COLEOPTERIST Co`le*op"ter*ist, n. Defn: One versed in the study of the Coleoptera. COLEORHIZA Co`le*o*rhi"za, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A sheath in the embryo of grasses, inclosing the caulicle. Gray. COLEPERCH Cole"perch`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of small black perch. COLERA Col"e*ra, n. Etym: [L. cholera. See Choler.] Defn: Bile; choler. [Obs.] Chaucer. COLERIDGIAN Cole*ridg"i*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, or to his poetry or metaphysics. COLESEED Cole"seed`, n. Defn: The common rape or cole. COLESLAW Cole"slaw`, n. Etym: [D. kool slaa cabbage salad.] Defn: A salad made of sliced cabbage. CO-LESSEE Co`-les*see", n. Defn: A partner in a lease taen. CO-LESSOR Co`-les*sor", n. Defn: A partner in giving a lease. COLESTAFF Cole"staff`, n. Defn: See Colstaff. COLET; COLLET Col"et, Col"letEtym: [Corrupted fr. acolyte.] Defn: An inferior church servant. [Obs.] See Acolyte. COLETIT; COALTIT Cole"tit` or Coal"tit, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European titmouse (Parus ater), so named from its black color; -- called also coalmouse and colemouse. COLEUS Co"le*us, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of several species of the Mint family, cultivated for its bright-colored or variegated leaves. COLEWORT Cole"wort`, n. Etym: [AS. cawlwyrt; cawl cole + wyrt wort. Cf. Collards.] 1. A variety of cabbage in which the leaves never form a compact head. 2. Any white cabbage before the head has become firm. COLFOX Col"fox`, n. Defn: A crafty fox. [Obs.] Chaucer. COLIC Col"ic, n. Etym: [F. colique, fr. L. colicus sick with the colic, GR. Colon.] (Med.) Defn: A severe paroxysmal pain in the abdomen, due to spasm, obstruction, or distention of some one of the hollow viscera. Hepatic colic, the severe pain produced by the passage of a gallstone from the liver or gall bladder through the bile duct. -- Intestinal colic, or Ordinary colic, pain due to distention of the intestines by gas. -- Lead colic, Painter's colic, a violent form of intestinal colic, associated with obstinate constipation, produced by chronic lead poisoning. -- Renal colic, the severe pain produced by the passage of a calculus from the kidney through the ureter. -- Wind colic. See Intestinal colic, above. COLIC Col"ic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to colic; affecting the bowels. Milton. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the colon; as, the colic arteries. COLICAL Col"ic*al, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, colic. Swift. COLICKY Col"ick*y, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or troubled with, colic; as, a colicky disorder. COLICROOT Col"ic*root`, n. Defn: A bitter American herb of the Bloodwort family, with the leaves all radical, and the small yellow or white flowers in a long spike (Aletris farinosa and A. aurea). Called sometimes star grass, blackroot, blazing star, and unicorn root. COLIN Col"in, n. Etym: [F. colin; prop. a dim. of Colas, contr. fr. Nicolas Nicholas.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The American quail or bobwhite. The name is also applied to other related species. See Bobwhite. COLISEUM Col`i*se"um, n. Etym: [NL. (cf. It. coliseo, colosseo), fr. L. colosseus colossal, fr. colossus a colossus. See Colossus, and cf. Colosseum.] Defn: The amphitheater of Vespasian at Rome, the largest in the world. [Written also Colosseum.] COLITIS Co*li"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: An inflammation of the large intestine, esp. of its mucous membrane; colonitis. COLL Coll, v. t. Etym: [OF. coler, fr. L. collum neck.] Defn: To embrace. [Obs.] "They coll and kiss him." Latimer. COLLABORATEUR Col*la`bo*ra*teur", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Collaborator. COLLABORATION Col*lab`o*ra"tion, n. Defn: The act ofworking together; united labor. COLLABORATOR Col*lab"o*ra`tor, n. Etym: [L. collaborare to labor together; col- + laborare to labor: cf. F. collaborateur.] Defn: An associate in labor, especially in literary or scientific labor. COLLAGEN Col"la*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The chemical basis of ordinary connective tissue, as of tendons or sinews and of bone. On being boiled in water it becomes gelatin or glue. COLLAGENOUS Col*lag"e*nous, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Containing or resembling collagen. COLLAPSE Col*lapse", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Collapsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Collapsing] Etym: [L. collapsus, p. p. of collabi to collapse; col- + labi to fall, slide. See Lapse.] 1. To fall together suddenly, as the sides of a hollow vessel; to close by falling or shrinking together; to have the sides or parts of (a thing) fall in together, or be crushed in together; as, a flue in the boiler of a steam engine sometimes collapses. A balloon collapses when the gas escapes from it. Maunder. 2. To fail suddenly and completely, like something hollow when subject to too much pressure; to undergo a collapse; as, Maximilian's government collapsed soon after the French army left Mexico; many financial projects collapse after attaining some success and importance. COLLAPSE Col*lapse", n. 1. A falling together suddenly, as of the sides of a hollow vessel. 2. A sudden and complete failure; an utter failure of any kind; a breakdown. [Colloq.] 3. (Med.) Defn: Extreme depression or sudden failing o COLLAPSION Col*lap"sion, n. Etym: [L. collapsio.] Defn: Collapse. [R.] Johnson. COLLAR Col"lar, n. Etym: [OE. coler, coller, OF. colier, F. collier, necklace, collar, fr. OF. col neck, F. cou, fr. L. collum; akin to AS. heals, G. & Goth. hals. Cf. Hals, n.] 1. Something worn round the neck, whether for use, ornament, restraint, or identification; as, the collar of a coat; a lady's collar; the collar of a dog. 2. (Arch.) (a) A ring or cinture. (b) A collar beam. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The neck or line of junction between the root of a plant and its stem. Gray. 4. An ornament worn round the neck by knights, having on it devises to designate their rank or order. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) A ringlike part of a mollusk in connection with esophagus. (b) A colored ring round the neck of a bird or mammal. 6. (Mech.) Defn: A ring or round flange upon, surrounding, or against an object, and used for rastraining motion within given limits, or for holding something to its place, or for hibing an opening around an object; as, a collar on a shaft, used to prevent endwise motion of the shaft; a collar surrounding a stovepipe at the place where it enters a wall. The flanges of a piston and the gland of a stuffing box are sometimes called collars. 7. (Naut.) Defn: An eye formed in the bight or bend of a shroud or stay to go over the masthead; also, a rope to which certain parts of rigging, as dead-eyes, are secured. 8. (Mining) Defn: A curb, or a horizontal timbering, around the mouth of a shaft. Raymond. Collar beam (Arch.), a horizontal piece of timber connecting and tying together two opposite rafters; -- also, called simply collar. -- Collar of brawn, the quantity of brawn bound up in one parcel. [Eng.] Johnson. -- Collar day, a day of great ceremony at the English court, when persons, who are dignitaries of honorary orders, wear the collars of those orders. -- To slip the collar, to get free; to disentangle one's self from difficulty, labor, or engagement. Spenser. COLLAR Col"lar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collared; p. pr. & vb. n. Collaring.] 1. To seize by the collar. 2. To put a collar on. To collar beef (or other meat), to roll it up, and bind it close with a string preparatory to cooking it. COLLAR BONE Col"lar bone`. (Anat.) Defn: The clavicle. COLLARDS Col"lards, n., pl. Etym: [Corrupted fr. colewort.] Defn: Young cabbage, used as "greens"; esp. a kind cultivated for that purpose; colewort. [Colloq. Souther U. S.] COLLARED Col"lared, a. 1. Wearing a collar. "Collared with gold." Chaucer. 2. (Her.) Defn: Wearing a collar; -- said of a man or beast used as a bearing when a collar is represented as worn around the neck or loins. 3. Rolled up and bound close with a string; as, collared beef. See To collar beef, under Collar, v. t. COLLARET; COLLARETTE Col`lar*et", Col`la*rette", n. [F. collerette, dim. of collier. See Collar.] Defn: A small collar; specif., a woman's collar of lace, fur, or other fancy material. COLLATABLE Col*lat"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being collated. Coleridge. COLLATE Col*late", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collated; p. pr. & vb. n. Collating.] Etym: [From Collation.] 1. To compare critically, as books or manuscripts, in order to note the points of agreement or disagreement. I must collage it, word, with the original Hebrew. Coleridge. 2. To gather and place in order, as the sheets of a book for binding. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: To present and institute in a benefice, when the person presenting is both the patron and the ordinary; -- followed by to. 4. To bestow or confer. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. COLLATE Col*late", v. i. (Ecl.) Defn: To place in a benefice, when the person placing is both the patron and the ordinary. If the bishop neglets to collate within six months, the right to do it devolves on the archbishop. Encyc. Brit. COLLATERAL Col*lat"er*al, a. Etym: [LL. collateralis; col- + lateralis lateral. See Lateral.] 1. Coming from, being on, or directed toward, the side; as, collateral pressure. "Collateral light." Shak. 2. Acting in an indirect way. If by direct or by collateral hand They find us touched, we will our kingdom give . . . To you in satisfaction. Shak. 3. Related to, but not strictly a part of, the main thing or matter under consideration; hence, subordinate; not chief or principal; as, collateral interest; collateral issues. That he [Attebury] was altogether in the wrong on the main question, and on all the collateral questions springing out of it, . . . is true. Macaulay. 4. Tending toward the same conclusion or result as something else; additional; as, collateral evidence. Yet the attempt may give Collateral interest to this homely tale. Wordsworth. 5. (Genealogy) Defn: Descending from the same stock or ancestor, but not in the same line or branch or one from the other; -- opposed to lineal. Note: Lineal descendants proceed one from another in a direct line; collateral relations spring from a common ancestor, but from different branches of that common stirps or stock. Thus the children of brothers are collateral relations, having different fathers, but a common grandfather. Blackstone. Collateral assurance, that which is made, over and above the deed itself. -- Collateral circulation (Med. & Physiol.), circulation established through indirect or subordinate branches when the supply through the main vessel is obstructed. -- Collateral issue. (Law) (a) An issue taken upon a matter aside from the merits of the case. (b) An issue raised by a criminal convict who pleads any matter allowed by law in bar of execution, as pardon, diversity of person, etc. (c) A point raised, on cross- examination, aside from the issue fixed by the pleadings, as to which the answer of the witness, when given, cannot subsequently be contradicted by the party asking the question. -- Collateral security, security for the performance of covenants, or the payment of money, besides the principal security, COLLATERAL Col*lat"er*al, n. 1. A collateral relative. Ayliffe. 2. Collateral security; that which is pledged or deposited as collateral security. COLLATERALLY Col*lat"er*al*ly, adv. 1. Side by side; by the side. These pulleys . . . placed collaterally. Bp. Wilkins. 2. In an indirect or subordinate manner; indirectly. The will hath force upon the conscience collaterally and indirectly. Jer. Taylor. 3. In collateral relation; not lineally. COLLATERALNESS Col*lat"er*al*ness, n. Defn: The state of being collateral. COLLATION Col*la"tion, n. Etym: [OE. collacioun speech, conference, reflection, OF. collacion, F. collation, fr. L. collatio a bringing together, comparing, fr. collatum (used as the supine of conferre); col- + latium (used as the supine of ferre to bear), for tlatum. See Tolerate, v. t.] 1. The act of collating or comparing; a comparison of one copy er thing (as of a book, or manuscript) with another of a like kind; comparison, in general. Pope. 2. (Print.) Defn: The gathering and examination of sheets preparatory to binding. 3. The act of conferring or bestowing. [Obs.] Not by the collation of the king . . . but by the people. Bacon. 4. A conference. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. (Eccl. Law) Defn: The presentation of a clergyman to a benefice by a bishop, who has it in his own gift. 6. (Law) (a) The act of comparing the copy of any paper with its original to ascertain its conformity. (b) The report of the act made by the proper officers. 7. (Scots Law) Defn: The right which an heir has of throwing the whole heritable and movable estates of the deceased into one mass, and sharing it equaly with others who are of the same degree of kindred. Note: This also obtains in the civil law, and is found in the code of Louisiana. Bouvier. 8. (Eccles.) Defn: A collection of the Lives of the Fathers or other devout work read daily in monasteries. 9. A light repast or luncheon; as, a cold collation; -- first applied to the refreshment on fast days that accompanied the reading of the collation in monasteries. A collation of wine and sweetmeats. Whiston. Collation of seals (Old Law), a method of ascertaining the genuineness of a seal by comparing it with another known to be genuine. Bouvier. COLLATION Col*la"tion, v. i. Defn: To partake of a collation. [Obs.] May 20, 1658, I . . . collationed in Spring Garden. Evelyn. COLLATIONER Col*la"tion*er, n. (Print.) Defn: One who examines the sheets of a book that has just been printed, to ascertain whether they are correctly printed, paged, etc. [Eng.] COLLATITIOUS Col`la*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. collatitius. See Collation.] Defn: Brought together; contributed; done by contributions. [Obs.] Bailey. COLLATIVE Col*la"tive, a. Etym: [L. collativus brought together. ] Defn: Passing or held by collation; -- said of livings of which the bishop and the patron are the same person. COLLATOR Col*la"tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. One who collates manuscripts, books, etc. Addison. 2. (Eccl. Law) Defn: One who collates to a benefice. 3. One who confers any benefit. [Obs.] Feltham. COLLAUD Col*laud", v. t. Etym: [L. collaudare; col- + laudare to praise.] Defn: To join in praising. [Obs.] Howell. COLLEAGUE Col"league, n. Etym: [F. coll*gue, L. collega one chosen at the same time with another, a partner in office; col- + legare to send or choose as deputy. See Legate.] Defn: A partner or associate in some civil or ecclesiastical office or employment. It is never used of partners in trade or manufactures. Syn. -- Helper; assistant; coadjutor; ally; associate; companion; confederate. COLLEAGUE Col*league", v.t & i. Defn: To unite or associate with another or with others. [R.] Shak. COLLEAGUESHIP Col"league*ship, n. Defn: Partnership in office. Milton. COLLECT Col*lect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collected; p. pr. & vb. n. Collecting.] Etym: [L. collecrus, p. p. of collerige to bind together; col- + legere to gather: cf. OF. collecter. See Legend, and cf. Coil, v. t., Cull, v. t.] 1. To gather into one body or place; to assemble or bring together; to obtain by gathering. A band of men Collected choicely from each country. Shak. 'Tis memory alone that enriches the mind, by preserving what our labor and industry daily collect. Watts. 2. To demand and obtain payment of, as an account, or other indebtedness; as, to collect taxes. 3. To infer from observed facts; to conclude from premises. [Archaic.] Shak. Which sequence, I conceive, is very ill collected. Locke. To collect one's self, to recover from surprise, embarrassment, or fear; to regain self-control. Syn. -- To gather; assemble; congregate; muster; accumulate; garner; aggregate; amass; infer; deduce. COLLECT Col*lect", v. i. 1. To assemble together; as, the people collected in a crowd; to accumulate; as, snow collects in banks. 2. To infer; to conclude. [Archaic] Whence some collect that the former word imports a plurality of persons. South. COLLECT Col"lect, n. Etym: [LL. collecta, fr. L. collecta a collection in money; an assemblage, fr. collerige: cf. F. collecte. See Collect, v. t.] Defn: A short, comprehensive prayer, adapted to a particular day, occasion, or condition, and forming part of a liturgy. The noble poem on the massacres of Piedmont is strictly a collect in verse. Macaulay. COLLECTANEA Col`lec*ta"ne*a, n. pl. Etym: [Neut. pl. from L. collectaneus collected, fr. colligere. See Collect, v. t.] Defn: Passages selected from various authors, usually for purposes of instruction; miscellany; anthology. COLLECTED Col*lect"ed, a. 1. Gathered together. 2. Self-possessed; calm; composed. COLLECTEDLY Col*lect"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Composedly; coolly. COLLECTEDNESS Col*lect"ed*ness, n. Defn: A collected state of the mind; self-possession. COLLECTIBLE Col*lect"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being collected. COLLECTION Col*lec"tion, n. Etym: [L. collectio: cf. F. collection.] 1. The act or process of collecting or of gathering; as, the collection of specimens. 2. That which is collected; as: (a) A gathering or assemblage of objects or of persons. "A collection of letters." Macaulay. (b) A gathering of money for charitable or other purposes, as by passing a contribution box for freewill offerings. "The collection for the saints." 1 Cor. xvi. 1 (c) (Usually in pl.) That which is obtained in payment of demands. (d) An accumulation of any substance. "Collections of moisture." Whewell. "A purulent collection." Dunglison. 3. The act of inferring or concluding from premises or observed facts; also, that which is inferred. [Obs.] We may safely say thus, that wrong collections have been hitherto made out of those words by modern divines. Milton. 4. The jurisdiction of a collector of excise. [Eng.] Syn. -- Gathering; assembly; assemblage; group; crowd; congregation; mass; heap; compilation. COLLECTIONAL Col*lec"tion*al (-al), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to collecting. The first twenty-five [years] must have been wasted for collectional purposes. H. A. Merewether. COLLECTIVE Col*lect"ive, a. Etym: [L. collectivus: cf. F. collectif.] 1. Formed by gathering or collecting; gathered into a mass, sum, or body; congregated or aggregated; as, the collective body of a nation. Bp. Hoadley. 2. Deducing consequences; reasoning; inferring. [Obs.] "Critical and collective reason." Sir T. Browne. 3. (Gram.) Defn: Expressing a collection or aggregate of individuals, by a singular form; as, a collective name or noun, like assembly, army, juri, etc. 4. Tending to collect; forming a collection. Local is his throne . . . to fix a point, A central point, collective of his sons. Young. 5. Having plurality of origin or authority; as, in diplomacy, a note signed by the representatives of several governments is called a collective note. Collective fruit (Bot.), that which is formed from a mass of flowers, as the mulberry, pineapple, and the like; -- called also multiple fruit. Gray. COLLECTIVE Col*lect"ive, n. (Gram.) Defn: A collective noun or name. COLLECTIVELY Col*lect"ive*ly, adv. Defn: In a mass, or body; in a collected state; in the aggregate; unitedly. COLLECTIVENESS Col*lect"ive*ness, n. Defn: A state of union; mass. COLLECTIVISM Col*lect"iv*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. collectivisme.] (Polit. Econ.) Defn: The doctrine that land and capital should be owned by society collectively or as a whole; communism. W. G. Summer. COLLECTIVIST Col*lect"iv*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. collectiviste.] Defn: An advocate of collectivism. -- a. Defn: Relating to, or characteristic of, collectivism. COLLECTIVITY Col`lec*tiv"i*ty, n. 1. Quality or state of being collective. 2. The collective sum. aggregate, or mass of anything; specif., the people as a body; the state. The proposition to give work by the collectivity is supposed to be in contravention of the sacred principle of monopolistic competition. W. D. Howells. 3. (Polit. Econ.) Collectivism. COLLECTOR Col*lect"or, n. Etym: [LL. collector one who collects: cf. F. collecteur.] 1. One who collects things which are separate; esp., one who makes a business or practice of collecting works of art, objects in natural history, etc.; as, a collector of coins. I digress into Soho to explore a bookstall. Methinks I have been thirty years a collector. Lamb. 2. A compiler of books; one who collects scattered passages and puts them together in one book. Volumes without the collector's own reflections. Addison. 3. (Com.) Defn: An officer appointed and commissioned to collect and receive customs, duties, taxes, or toll. A great part of this is now embezzled . . . by collectors, and other officers. Sir W. Temple. 4. One authorized to collect debts. 5. A bachelor of arts in Oxford, formerly appointed to superintend some scholastic proceedings in Lent. Todd. COLLECTORATE Col*lect"or*ate, n. Defn: The district of a collector of customs; a collectorship. COLLECTORSHIP Col*lect"or*ship, n. Defn: The office of a collector of customs or of taxes. COLLEEN Col*leen", n. [Ir. cailin.] Defn: A girl; a maiden. [Anglo-Irish] Of all the colleens in the land Sweet Mollie is the daisy. The Century. COLLEGATARY Col*leg"a*ta*ry, n. Etym: [L. collegetarius. See Legatary.] (Law) Defn: A joint legatee. COLLEGE Col"lege, n. Etym: [F. collège, L. collegium, fr. collega colleague. See Colleague.] 1. A collection, body, or society of persons engaged in common pursuits, or having common duties and interests, and sometimes, by charter, peculiar rights and privileges; as, a college of heralds; a college of electors; a college of bishops. The college of the cardinals. Shak. Then they made colleges of sufferers; persons who, to secure their inheritance in the world to come, did cut off all their portion in this. Jer. Taylor. 2. A society of scholars or friends of learning, incorporated for study or instruction, esp. in the higher branches of knowledge; as, the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and many American colleges. Note: In France and some other parts of continental Europe, college is used to include schools occupied with rudimentary studies, and receiving children as pupils. 3. A building, or number of buildings, used by a college. "The gate of Trinity College." Macaulay. 4. Fig.: A community. [R.] Thick as the college of the bees in May. Dryden. College of justice, a term applied in Scotland to the supreme civil courts and their principal officers. -- The sacred college, the college or cardinals at Rome. COLLEGIAL Col*le"gi*al, n. Etym: [LL. collegialis.] Defn: Collegiate. [R.] COLLEGIAN Col*le"gi*an, n. Defn: A member of a college, particularly of a literary institution so called; a student in a college. COLLEGIATE Col*le"gi*ate, a. Etym: [L. collegiatus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a college; as, collegiate studies; a collegiate society. Johnson. Collegiate church. (a) A church which, although not a bishop's seat, resembles a cathedral in having a college, or chapter of canons (and, in the Church of England, a dean), as Westminster Abbey. (b) An association of churches, possessing common revenues and administered under the joint pastorate of several ministers; as, the Reformed (Dutch) Collegiate Church of New York. COLLEGIATE Col*le"gi*ate, n. Defn: A member of a college. Burton. COLLEMBOLA Col*lem"bo*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of Thysanura which includes Podura, and allied forms. COLLENCHYMA Col*len"chy*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. parenchyma.] (Bot.) Defn: A tissue of vegetable cells which are thickend at the angles and (usually) elongated. COLLET Col"let, n. Etym: [F. collet, dim. fr. L. collum neck. See Collar.] 1. A small collar or neckband. Foxe. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A small metal ring; a small collar fastened on an arbor; as, the collet on the balance arbor of a watch; a small socket on a stem, for holding a drill. 3. (Jewelry) (a) The part of a ring containing the bezel in which the stone is set. (b) The flat table at the base of a brilliant. See Illust. of Brilliant. How full the collet with his jewel is! Cowley. COLLETERIAL Col`le*te"ri*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the colleterium of insects. R. Owen. COLLETERIUM Col`le*te"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Colletic.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An organ of female insects, containing a cement to unite the ejected ova. COLLETIC Col*let"ic, a. Etym: [L. colleticus suitable for gluing, Gr. Defn: Agglutinant. -- n. Defn: An agglutinant. COLLEY Col"ley, n. Defn: See Collie. COLLIDE Col*lide", v. i. Etym: [L. collidere, collisum; col- + laedere to strike. See Lesion.] Defn: To strike or dash against each other; to come into collision; to clash; as, the vessels collided; their interests collided. Across this space the attraction urges them. They collide, they recoil, they oscillate. Tyndall. No longer rocking and swaying, but clashing and colliding. Carlyle. COLLIDE Col*lide", v. t. Defn: To strike or dash against. [Obs.] Scintillations are . . . inflammable effluencies from the bodies collided. Sir T. Browne. COLLIDINE Col"li*dine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: One of a class of organic bases, C8H11N, usually pungent oily liquids, belonging to the pyridine series, and obtained from bone oil, coal tar, naphtha, and certain alkaloids. COLLIE Col"lie, n. Etym: [Gael. cuilean whelp, puppy, dog.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Scotch shepherd dog. There are two breeds, the rough-haired and smooth-haired. It is remarkable for its intelligence, displayed especially in caring for flocks. [Written also colly, colley.] COLLIED Col"lied, p. & a. Defn: Darkened. See Colly, v. t. COLLIER Col"lier, n. Etym: [OE. colier. See Coal.] 1. One engaged in the business of digging mineral coal or making charcoal, or in transporting or dealing in coal. 2. A vessel employed in the coal trade. COLLIERY Col"lier*y, n.; pl. Collieries. Etym: [Cf. Coalery, Collier.] 1. The place where coal is dug; a coal mine, and the buildings, etc., belonging to it. 2. The coal trade. [Obs.] Johnson. COLLIFLOWER Col"li*flow`er, n. Defn: See Cauliflower. COLLIGATE Col"li*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colligated; p. pr. & vb. n. Colligating.] Etym: [L. colligatus, p. p. of colligare to collect; co- + ligare to bind.] 1. To tie or bind together. The pieces of isinglass are colligated in rows. Nicholson. 2. (Logic) Defn: To bring together by colligation; to sum up in a single proposition. He had discovered and colligated a multitude of the most wonderful . . . phenomena. Tundall. COLLIGATE Col"li*gate, a. Defn: Bound together. COLLIGATION Col`li*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. colligatio.] 1. A binding together. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Logic) Defn: That process by which a number of isolated facts are brought under one conception, or summed up in a general proposition, as when Kepler discovered that the various observed positions of the planet Mars were points in an ellipse. "The colligation of facts." Whewell. Colligation is not always induction, but induction is always colligation. J. S. Mill. COLLIMATE Col"li*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collimated; p. p. & vb. n. Collimating.] Etym: [See Collimation.] (Physics & Astron.) Defn: To render parallel to a certain line or direction; to bring into the same line, as the axes of telescopes, etc.; to render parallel, as rays of light. Collimating eyepiece, an eyepiece with a diagonal reflector for illumination, used to determine the error of collimation in a transit instrument by observing the image of a cross wire reflected from mercury, and comparing its position in the field with that of the same wire seen directly. -- Collimating lens (Optics), a lens used for producing parallel rays of light. COLLIMATION Col`li*ma"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. collimation, fr. a false reading (collimare) for L. collineare to direct in a straight line; col- + linea line. Cf. Collineation.] Defn: The act of collimating; the adjustment of the line of the sights, as the axial line of the telescope of an instrument, into its proper position relative to the other parts of the instrument. Error of collimation, the deviation of the line collimation of an astronomical instrument from the position it ought to have with respect to the axis of motion of the instrument. -- Line of collimation, the axial line of the telescope of an astronomical or geodetic instrument, or the line which passes through the optical center of the object glass and the intersection of the cross wires at its focus. COLLIMATOR Col"li*ma`tor, n. 1. (Astron.) Defn: A telescope arranged and used to determine errors of collimation, both vertical and horizontal. Nichol. 2. (Optics) Defn: A tube having a convex lens at one end and at the other a small opening or slit which is at the principal focus of the lens, used for producing a beam of parallel rays; also, a lens so used. COLLIN Col"lin, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A very pure form of gelatin. COLLINE Col"line, n. Etym: [F. colline, fr. L. collis a hill.] Defn: A small hill or mount. [Obs.] And watered park, full of fine collines and ponds. Evelyn. COLLINEATION Col*lin`e*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. collineare to direct in a straight line. See Collimation.] Defn: The act of aiming at, or directing in a line with, a fixed object. [R.] Johnson. COLLING Coll"ing, n. Etym: [From Coll, v. t.] Defn: An embrace; dalliance. [Obs.] Halliwell. COLLINGLY Coll"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With embraces. [Obs.] Gascoigne. COLLINGUAL Col*lin"gual, a. Defn: Having, or pertaining to, the same language. COLLIQUABLE Col*liq"ua*ble, a. Defn: Liable to melt, grow soft, or become fluid. [Obs.] Harvey. COLLIQUAMENT Col*liq"ua*ment, n. Defn: The first rudiments of an embryo in generation. Dr. H. More. COLLIQUATE Col"li*quate, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Colliquated; p. pr. & vb. n. Colliquating.] Etym: [Pref. col- + L. liquare, liquatum, to melt.] Defn: To change from solid to fluid; to make or become liquid; to melt. [Obs.] The ore of it is colliquated by the violence of the fire. Boyle. [Ice] will colliquate in water or warm oil. Sir T. Browne. COLLIQUATION Col`li*qua"tion, n. 1. A melting together; the act of melting; fusion. When sand and ashes are well melted together and suffered to cool, there is generated, by the colliquation, that sort of concretion we call "glass". Boyle. 2. (Med.) Defn: A processive wasting or melting away of the solid parts of the animal system with copious excretions of liquids by one or more passages. [Obs.] COLLIQUATIVE Col*liq"ua*tive, a. Defn: Causing rapid waste or exhaustion; melting; as, collequative sweats. COLLIQUEFACTION Col*liq`ue*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. colliquefactus melted; col- + liquefacere; liquere to be liquid + facere to make.] Defn: A melting together; the reduction of different bodies into one mass by fusion. The incorporation of metals by simple colliquefaction. Bacon. COLLISH Col"lish, n. (Shoemaking) Defn: A tool to polish the edge of a sole. Knight. COLLISION Col*li"sion, n. Etym: [L. collisio, fr. collidere. See Collide.] 1. The act of striking together; a striking together, as of two hard bodies; a violent meeting, as of railroad trains; a clashing. 2. A state of opposition; antagonism; interference. The collision of contrary false principles. Bp. Warburton. Sensitive to the most trifling collisions. W. Irving. Syn. -- Conflict; clashing; encounter; opposition. COLLISIVE Col*li"sive, a. Defn: Colliding; clashing. [Obs.] COLLITIGANT Col*lit"i*gant, a. Defn: Disputing or wrangling. [Obs.] -- n. Defn: One who litigates or wrangles. [Obs.] COLLOCATE Col"lo*cate, a. Etym: [L. collocatus, p. p. of collocare. See Couch.] Defn: Set; placed. [Obs.] Bacon. COLLOCATE Col"lo*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Collocating.] Defn: To set or place; to set; to station. To marshal and collocate in order his battalions. E. Hall. COLLOCATION Col`lo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. collocatio.] Defn: The act of placing; the state of being placed with something else; disposition in place; arrangement. The choice and collocation of words. Sir W. Jones. COLLOCUTION Col`lo*cu"tion, n. Etym: [L. collocutio, fr. colloqui, -locutum, to converse; col- + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] Defn: A speaking or conversing together; conference; mutual discourse. Bailey. COLLOCUTOR Col"lo*cu`tor, n. Etym: [L. collocutor] Defn: One of the speakers in a dialogue. Derham. COLLODION Col*lo"di*on, n. Etym: [Gr. Colloid.] (Chem.) Defn: A solution of pyroxylin (soluble gun cotton) in ether containing a varying proportion of alcohol. It is strongly adhesive, and is used by surgeons as a containing for wounds; but its chief application is as a vehicle for the sensitive film in photography. Collodion process (Photog.), a process in which a film of sensitized collodion is used in preparing the plate for taking a picture. -- Styptic collodion, collodion containing an astringent, as tannin. COLLODIONIZE Col*lo"di*on*ize, v. t. Defn: To prepare or treat with collodion. R. Hunt. COLLODIOTYPE Col*lo"di*o*type, n. Defn: A picture obtained by the collodion process; a melanotype or ambrotype. COLLODIUM Col*lo"di*um, n. Defn: See Collodion. COLLOGUE Col*logue", v. i. Etym: [Cf. L. colloqui and E. dialogue. Cf. Collocution.] Defn: To talk or confer secretly and confidentially; to converse, especially with evil intentions; to plot mischief. [Archaic or Colloq.] Pray go in; and, sister, salve the matter, Collogue with her again, and all shall be well. Greene. He had been colloguing with my wife. Thackeray. COLLOID Col"loid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid. Cf. Collodion.] Defn: Resembling glue or jelly; characterized by a jellylike appearance; gelatinous; as, colloid tumors. COLLOID Col"loid, n. 1. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A substance (as albumin, gum, gelatin, etc.) which is of a gelatinous rather than a crystalline nature, and which diffuses itself through animal membranes or vegetable parchment more slowly than crystalloids do; -- opposed to crystalloid. 2. (Med.) Defn: A gelatinous substance found in colloid degeneration and colloid cancer. Styptic colloid (Med.), a preparation of astringent and antiseptic substances with some colloid material, as collodion, for ready use. COLLOIDAL Col*loid"al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, colloids. COLLOIDALITY Col`loi*dal"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being colloidal. COLLOP Col"lop, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin; cf. OF. colp blow, stroke, piece, F. coup, fr. L. colophus buffet, cuff, Gr. [Written also colp.] 1. A small slice of meat; a piece of flesh. God knows thou art a collop of my flesh. Shak. Sweetbread and collops were with skewers pricked. Dryden. 2. A part or piece of anything; a portion. Cut two good collops out of the crown land. Fuller. COLLOPED Col"loped, a. Defn: Having ridges or bunches of flesh, like collops. With that red, gaunt, and colloped neck astrain. R. Browning. COLLOPHORE Col"lo*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) A suckerlike organ at the base of the abdomen of insects belonging to the Collembola. (b) An adhesive marginal organ of the Lucernariae. COLLOQUIAL Col*lo"qui*al, a. Etym: [See Colloqui.] Defn: Pertaining to, or used in, conversation, esp. common and familiar conversation; conversational; hence, unstudied; informal; as, colloquial intercourse; colloquial phrases; a colloquial style. -- Col*lo"qui*al*ly, adv. His [Johnson's] colloquial talents were, indeed, of the highest order. Macaulay. COLLOQUIALISM Col*lo"qui*al*ism, n. Defn: A colloquial expression, not employed in formal discourse or writing. COLLOQUIALIZE Col*lo"qui*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To make colloquial and familiar; as, to colloquialize one's style of writing. COLLOQUIST Col"lo*quist, n. Defn: A speaker in a colloquy or dialogue. Malone. COLLOQUY Col"lo*quy, n.; pl. Colloquies. Etym: [L. colloquium. See Collocution.] 1. Mutual discourse of two or more persons; conference; conversation. They went to Worms, to the colloquy there about religion. A. Wood. 2. In some American colleges, a part in exhibitions, assigned for a certain scholarship rank; a designation of rank in collegiate scholarship. COLLOTYPE Col"lo*type, n. [Gr. glue + -type.] Defn: A photomechanical print made directly from a hardened film of gelatin or other colloid; also, the process of making such prints. According to one method, the film is sensitized with potassium dichromate and exposed to light under a reversed negative. After the dichromate has been washed out, the film is soaked in glycerin and water. As this treatment causes swelling in those parts of the film which have been acted on by light, a plate results from which impressions can be taken with prepared ink. The albertype, phototype, and heliotype are collotypes. COLLOW Col"low, n. Defn: Soot; smut. See 1st Colly. [Obs.] COLLUCTANCY Col*luc"tan*cy, n. Etym: [L. colluctari to struggle with.] Defn: A struggling to resist; a striving against; resistance; opposition of nature. [Obs.] COLLUCTATION Col`luc*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. colluctatio, fr. colluctari to struggle with; col- + luctari to struggle.] Defn: A struggling; a contention. [Obs.] Colluctation with old hags and hobgoblins. Dr. H. More. COLLUDE Col*lude", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Colluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Colluding.] Etym: [L. colludere, -lusum; col- + ludere to play. See Ludicrous.] Defn: To have secretly a joint part or share in an action; to play into each other's hands; to conspire; to act in concert. If they let things take their course, they will be represented as colluding with sedition. Burke. COLLUDER Col*lud"er, n. Defn: One who conspires in a fraud. COLLUM Col"lum, n.; pl. Colla. Etym: [L., neck.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A neck or cervix. Dunglison. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Collar. Gray. COLLUSION Col*lu"sion, n. Etym: [L. collusio: cf. F. collusion. See Collude.] 1. A secret agreement and cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose; a playing into each other's hands; deceit; fraud; cunning. The foxe, maister of collusion. Spenser. That they [miracles] be done publicly, in the face of the world, that there may be no room to suspect artifice and collusion. Atterbury. By the ignorance of the merchants or dishonesty of the weavers, or the collusion of both, the ware was bad and the price excessive. Swift. 2. (Law) Defn: An agreement between two or more persons to defraud a person of his rights, by the forms of law, or to obtain an object forbidden by law. Bouvier. Abbott. Syn. -- Collusion, Connivance. A person who is guilty of connivance intentionally overlooks, and thus sanctions what he was bound to prevent. A person who is guilty of collusion unites with others (playing into their hands) for fraudulent purposes. COLLUSIVE Col*lu"sive, a. 1. Characterized by collusion; done or planned in collusion. "Collusive and sophistical arguings." J. Trapp. "Collusive divorces." Strype. 2. Acting in collusion. "Collusive parties." Burke. -- Col*lu"sive*ly, adv. -- Col*lu"sive*ness, n. COLLUSORY Col*lu"so*ry, a. Etym: [L. collusorius.] Defn: Collusive. COLLUTORY Col"lu*to*ry, n. Etym: [L. colluere, collutum, to wash.] (Med.) Defn: A medicated wash for the mouth. COLLUVIES Col*lu"vi*es, n. [L., a collection of washings, dregs, offscourings, fr. colluere to wash; col-+ luere to wash.] 1. A collection or gathering, as of pus, or rubbish, or odds and ends. 2. A medley; offscourings or rabble. COLLY Col"ly, n. Etym: [From Coal.] Defn: The black grime or soot of coal. [Obs.] Burton. COLLY Col"ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collied; p. pr. & vb. n. Collying.] Defn: To render black or dark, as of with coal smut; to begrime. [Archaic.] Thou hast not collied thy face enough. B. Jonson. Brief as the lighting in the collied night. Shak. COLLY Col"ly, n. Defn: A kind of dog. See Collie. COLLYBIST Col"ly*bist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A money changer. [Obs.] In the face of these guilty collybists. Bp. Hall. COLLYRIUM Col*lyr"i*um, n.; pl. E. Collyriums, L. Collyria. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: An application to the eye, usually an eyewater. COLOBOMA Col`o*bo"ma, n. [NL. fr. Gr. , the part taken away in mutilation, fr. to mutilate.] (Anat. & Med.) Defn: A defect or malformation; esp., a fissure of the iris supposed to be a persistent embryonic cleft. COLOCOLO Col`o*co"lo, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American wild cat (Felis colocolo), of the size of the ocelot. COLOCYNTH Col"ocynth, n. Etym: [L. colocynthis, Gr. Coloquintida.] (Med.) Defn: The light spongy pulp of the fruit of the bitter cucumber (Citrullus, or Cucumis, colocynthis), an Asiatic plant allied to the watermelon; coloquintida. It comes in white balls, is intensely bitter, and a powerful cathartic. Called also bitter apple, bitter cucumber, bitter gourd. COLOCYNTHIN Col`o*cyn"thin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. colocynthine.] (Chem.) Defn: The active medicinal principle of colocynth; a bitter, yellow, crystalline substance, regarded as a glucoside. COLOGNE Co*logne", n. Etym: [Originally made in Cologne, the French name of Köln, a city in Germany.] Defn: A perfumed liquid, composed of alcohol and certain aromatic oils, used in the toilet; -- called also cologne water and eau de cologne. COLOGNE EARTH Co*logne" earth`. Etym: [From Cologne the city.] (Min.) Defn: An earth of a deep brown color, containing more vegetable than mineral matter; an earthy variety of lignite, or brown coal. COLOMBIER Col"om*bier, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A large size of paper for drawings. See under Paper. COLOMBIN Co*lom"bin, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Calumbin. COLOMBO Co*lom"bo, n. (Med.) Defn: See Calumba. COLON Co"lon, n. Etym: [L. colon, colum, limb, member, the largest of the intestines, fr. Gr. colon. Cf. Colic.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: That part of the large intestines which extends from the cæcum to the rectum. Note: [See Illust of Digestion.] 2. (Gram.) Defn: A point or character, formed thus [:], used to separate parts of a sentence that are complete in themselves and nearly independent, often taking the place of a conjunction. COLONEL Colo"nel, n. Etym: [F. colonel, It. colonello, prop., the chief or commander of a column, fr. colonna column, L. columna. See Column.] (Mil.) Defn: The chief officer of a regiment; an officer ranking next above a lieutenant colonel and next below a brigadier general. COLONELCY Colo"nel*cy, n. (Mil.) Defn: The office, rank, or commission of a colonel. COLONELSHIP Colo"nel*ship, n. Defn: Colonelcy. Swift. COLONER Col"o*ner, n. Defn: A colonist. [Obs.] Holland COLONIAL Co*lo"ni*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. colonial.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a colony; as, colonial rights, traffic, wars. COLONIALISM Co*lo"ni*al*ism, n. 1. The state or quality of, or the relationship involved in, being colonial. The last tie of colonialism which bound us to the mother country is broken. Brander Matthews. 2. A custom, idea, feature of government, or the like, characteristic of a colony. 3. The colonial system or policy in political government or extension of territory. COLONICAL Co*lon"i*cal, a. Etym: [L. colonus husbandman.] Defn: Of or pertaining to husbandmen. [Obs.] COLONIST Col"o*nist, n. Defn: A member or inhabitant of a colony. COLONITIS Col`o*ni"tis, n. (Med.) Defn: See Colitis. COLONIZATION Col`o*ni*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. colonisation.] Defn: Tha act of colonizing, or the state of being colonized; the formation of a colony or colonies. The wide continent of America invited colonization. Bancroft. COLONIZATIONIST Col`o*ni*za"tion*ist, n. Defn: A friend to colonization, esp. (U. S. Hist) to the colonization of Africa by emigrants from the colored population of the United States. COLONIZE Col"o*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Colonizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. coloniser.] Defn: To plant or establish a colony or colonies in; to people with colonists; to migrate to and settle in. Bacon. They that would thus colonize the stars with inhabitants. Howell. COLONIZE Col"o*nize, v. i. Defn: To remove to, and settle in, a distant country; to make a colony. C. Buchanan. COLONIZER Col"o*ni`zer, n. Defn: One who promotes or establishes a colony; a colonist. Bancroft. COLONNADE Col`on*nade", n. Etym: [F. colonnade, It. colonnata, fr. colonna column. See Colonel.] (Arch.) Defn: A series or range of columns placed at regular intervals with all the adjuncts, as entablature, stylobate, roof, etc. Note: When in front of a building, it is called a portico; when surrounding a building or an open court or square, a peristyle. COLONY Col"o*ny, n.; pl. Colonies. Etym: [L. colonia, fr. colonus farmer, fr. colere to cultivate, dwell: cf. F. colonie. Cf. Culture.] 1. A company of people transplanted from their mother country to a remote province or country, and remaining subject to the jurisdiction of the parent state; as, the British colonies in America. The first settlers of New England were the best of Englishmen, well educated, devout Christians, and zealous lovers of liberty. There was never a colony formed of better materials. Ames. 2. The district or country colonized; a settlement. 3. A company of persons from the same country sojourning in a foreign city or land; as, the American colony in Paris. 4. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: A number of animals or plants living or growing together, beyond their usual range. COLOPHANY Col"o*pha`ny ( or ), n. Defn: See Colophony. COLOPHENE Co"lo*phene ( or ), n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, oily liquid, formerly obtained by distillation of colophony. It is regarded as a polymeric form of terebenthene. Called also diterebene. COLOPHON Col"o*phon, n. Etym: [L. colophon finishing stroke, Gr. culmen top, collis hill. Cf. Holm.] Defn: An inscription, monogram, or cipher, containing the place and date of publication, printer's name, etc., formerly placed on the last page of a book. The colophon, or final description, fell into disuse, and . . . the title page had become the principal direct means of identifying the book. De Morgan. The book was uninjured from title page to colophon. Sir W. Scott. COLOPHONITE Col"o*pho*nite ( or ), n. Etym: [Cf. F. colophonite. So named from its resemblance to the color of colophony.] (Min.) Defn: A coarsely granular variety of garnet. COLOPHONY Col"o*pho`ny ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Rosin. COLOQUINTIDA Col`o*quin"ti*da, n. Defn: See Colocynth. Shak. COLOR Col"or, n. [Written also colour.] Etym: [OF. color, colur, colour, F. couleur, L. color; prob. akin to celare to conceal (the color taken as that which covers). See Helmet.] 1. A property depending on the relations of light to the eye, by which individual and specific differences in the hues and tints of objects are apprehended in vision; as, gay colors; sad colors, etc. Note: The sensation of color depends upon a peculiar function of the retina or optic nerve, in consequence of which rays of light produce different effects according to the length of their waves or undulations, waves of a certain length producing the sensation of red, shorter waves green, and those still shorter blue, etc. White, or ordinary, light consists of waves of various lengths so blended as to produce no effect of color, and the color of objects depends upon their power to absorb or reflect a greater or less proportion of the rays which fall upon them. 2. Any hue distinguished from white or black. 3. The hue or color characteristic of good health and spirits; ruddy complexion. Give color to my pale cheek. Shak. 4. That which is used to give color; a paint; a pigment; as, oil colors or water colors. 5. That which covers or hides the real character of anything; semblance; excuse; disguise; appearance. They had let down the boat into the sea, under color as though they would have cast anchors out of the foreship. Acts xxvii. 30. That he should die is worthy policy; But yet we want a color for his death. Shak. 6. Shade or variety of character; kind; species. Boys and women are for the most part cattle of this color. Shak. 7. A distinguishing badge, as a flag or similar symbol (usually in the plural); as, the colors or color of a ship or regiment; the colors of a race horse (that is, of the cap and jacket worn by the jockey). In the United States each regiment of infantry and artillery has two colors, one national and one regimental. Farrow. 8. (Law) Defn: An apparent right; as where the defendant in trespass gave to the plaintiff an appearance of title, by stating his title specially, thus removing the cause from the jury to the court. Blackstone. Note: Color is express when it is asverred in the pleading, and implied when it is implied in the pleading. Body color. See under Body. -- Color blindness, total or partial inability to distinguish or recognize colors. See Daltonism. -- Complementary color, one of two colors so related to each other that when blended together they produce white light; -- so called because each color makes up to the other what it lacks to make it white. Artificial or pigment colors, when mixed, produce effects differing from those of the primary colors, in consequence of partial absorption. -- Of color (as persons, races, etc.), not of the white race; -- commonly meaning, esp. in the United States, of negro blood, pure or mixed. -- Primary colors, those developed from the solar beam by the prism, viz., red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, which are reduced by some authors to three, -- red, green, and violet-blue. These three are sometimes called fundamental colors. -- Subjective or Accidental color, a false or spurious color seen in some instances, owing to the persistence of the luminous impression upon the retina, and a gradual change of its character, as where a wheel perfectly white, and with a circumference regulary subdiveded, is made to revolve rapidly over a dark object, the teeth, of the wheel appear to the eye of different shades of color varying with the rapidity of rotation. See Accidental colors, under Accidental. COLOR Col"or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colored; p. pr. & vb. n. Coloring.] Etym: [F. colorer.] 1. To change or alter the bue or tint of, by dyeing, staining, painting, etc.; to dye; to tinge; to aint; to stain. The rays, to speak properly, are not colored; in them there is nothing else than a certain power and disposition to stir up a sensation of this or that color. Sir I. Newton. 2. To change or alter, as if by dyeing or painting; to give a false appearance to; usually, to give a specious appearance to; to cause to appear attractive; to make plausible; to palliate or excuse; as, the facts were colored by his prejudices. He colors the falsehood of Æneas by an express command from Jupiter to forsake the queen. Dryden. 3. To hide. [Obs.] That by his fellowship he color might Both his estate and love from skill of any wight. Spenser. COLOR Col"or, v. i. Defn: To acquire color; to turn red, especially in the face; to blush. COLORABLE Col"or*a*ble, a. Defn: Specious; plausible; having an appearance of right or justice. "Colorable pretense for infidility." Bp. Stillingfleet. -- Col"or*a*ble*ness, n. -- Col"or*a*bly, adv. Colorable and subtle crimes, that seldom are taken within the walk of human justice. Hooker. COLORADO BEETLE Col`o*ra"do bee"tle. (Zoöl.) Defn: A yellowish beetle (Doryphora decemlineata), with ten longitudinal, black, dorsal stripes. It has migrated eastwards from its original habitat in Colorado, and is very destructive to the potato plant; -- called also potato beetle and potato bug. See Potato beetle. COLORADO GROUP Col`o*ra"do group. (Geol.) Defn: A subdivision of the cretaceous formation of western North America, especially developed in Colorado and the upper Missouri region. COLORADOITE Col`o*ra"do*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: Mercury telluride, an iron-black metallic mineral, found in Colorado. COLORATE Col"or*ate, a. Etym: [L. coloratus, p. p. of colorare to color.] Defn: Colored. [Obs.] Ray. COLORATION Col`or*a"tion, n. Defn: The act or art of coloring; the state of being colored. Bacon. The females . . . resemble each other in their general type of coloration. Darwin. COLORATURE Col"or*a*ture, n. Etym: [Cf. G. coloratur, fr. LL. coloratura.] (Mus.) Defn: Vocal music colored, as it were, by florid ornaments, runs, or rapid passages. COLOR-BLIND Col"or-blind, a. Defn: Affected with color blindness. See Color blindness, under Color, n. COLORED Col"ored, a. 1. Having color; tinged; dyed; painted; stained. The lime rod, colored as the glede. Chaucer. The colored rainbow arched wide. Spenser. 2. Specious; plausible; aborned so as to appear well; as, a highly colored description. Sir G. C. Lewis. His colored crime with craft to cloke. Spenser. 3. Of some other color than black or white. 4. (Ethnol.) Defn: Of some other color than white; specifically applied to negroes or persons having negro blood; as, a colored man; the colored people. 5. (Bot.) Defn: Of some other color than green. Colored, meaning, as applied to foliage, of some other color than green. Gray. Note: In botany, green is not regarded as a color, but white is. Wood. COLORIFIC Col`or*if"ic, a. Etym: [L. color color + facere to make: cf. F. colorifique.] Defn: Capable of communicating color or tint to other bodies. COLORIMETER Col`or*im"e*ter, n. Etym: [Color + -meter: cf. F. colorimètre.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the depth of the color of anything, especially of a liquid, by comparison with a standard liquid. COLORIMETRY Col`or*im"e*try, n. [See Colorimeter.] 1. Defn: The quantitative determination of the depth of color of a substance. 2. A method of quantitative chemical analysis based upon the comparison of the depth of color of a solution with that of a standard liquid. COLORING Col"or*ing, n. 1. The act of applying color to; also, that which produces color. 2. Change of appearance as by addition of color; appearance; show; disguise; misrepresentation. Tell the whole story without coloring or gloss. Compton Reade. Dead coloring. See under Dead. COLORIST Col"or*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. coloriste.] Defn: One who colors; an artist who excels in the use of colors; one to whom coloring is of prime importance. Titian, Paul Veronese, Van Dyck, and the rest of the good colorists. Dryden. COLORLESS Col"or*less, a. 1. Without color; not distinguished by any hue; transparent; as, colorless water. 2. Free from any manifestation of partial or peculiar sentiment or feeling; not disclosing likes, dislikes, prejudice, etc.; as, colorless music; a colorless style; definitions should be colorless. COLORMAN Col"or*man, n.; pl. Colormen. Defn: A vender of paints, etc. Simmonds. COLOR SERGEANT Col"or ser"geant. Defn: See under Sergeant. COLOSSAL Co*los"sal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. cossal, L. colosseus. See Colossus.] 1. Of enormous size; gigantic; huge; as, a colossal statue. "A colossal stride." Motley. 2. (Sculpture & Painting) Defn: Of a size larger than heroic. See Heroic. COLOSSEAN Col`os*se"an, a. Defn: Colossal. [R.] COLOSSEUM Col`os*se"um, n. Etym: [Neut., fr. L. coloseus gigantic. See Coliseum.] Defn: The amphitheater of Vespasian in Rome. [Also written Coliseum.] COLOSSUS Co*los"sus, n.; pl. L. Colossi, E. Colossuses. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. A statue of gigantic size. The name was especially applied to certain famous statues in antiquity, as the Colossus of Nero in Rome, the Colossus of Apollo at Rhodes. He doth bestride the narrow world Like a colossus. Shak. Note: There is no authority for the statement that the legs of the Colossus at Rhodes extended over the mouth of the harbor. Dr. Wm. Smith. 2. Any man or beast of gigantic size. COLOSTRUM Co*los"trum, n. Etym: [L., biestings.] (Med.) (a) The first milk secreted after delivery; biestings. (b) A mixture of turpentine and the yolk of an egg, formerly used as an emulsion. COLOTOMY Co*lot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: An operation for opening the colon COLOUR Col"our, n. Defn: See Color. COLP Colp, n. Defn: See Collop. COLPORTAGE Col"por`tage, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The distribution of religious books, tracts, etc., by colporteurs. COLPORTER Col"por`ter, n. Defn: Same as Colporteur. COLPORTEUR Col"por`teur, n. Etym: [F. colporteur one who carries on his neck, fr. colporter to carry on one's neck; col (L. collum) neck + porter (L. portare) to carry.] Defn: A hawker; specifically, one who travels about selling and distributing religious tracts and books. COLSTAFF Col"staff`, n. Etym: [F. col neck + E. staff. Cf. Coll.] Defn: A staff by means of which a burden is borne by two persons on their shoulders. COLT Colt (; 110), n. Etym: [OE. colt a young horse, ass, or camel, AS. colt; cf. dial. Sw. kullt a boy, lad.] 1. The young of the equine genus or horse kind of animals; -- sometimes distinctively applied to the male, filly being the female. Cf. Foal. Note: In sporting circles it is usual to reckon the age of colts from some arbitrary date, as from January 1, or May 1, next preceding the birth of the animal. 2. A young, foolish fellow. Shak. 3. A short knotted rope formerly used as an instrument of punishment in the navy. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Colt's tooth, an imperfect or superfluous tooth in young horses. -- To cast one's colt's tooth, to cease from youthful wantonness. "Your colt's tooth is not cast yet." Shak. -- To have a colt's tooth, to be wanton. Chaucer. COLT Colt (; 110), v. i. Defn: To frisk or frolic like a colt; to act licentiously or wantonly. [Obs.] They shook off their bridles and began to colt. Spenser. COLT Colt, v. t. 1. To horse; to get with young. Shak. 2. To befool. [Obs.] Shak. COLTER Col"ter, n. Etym: [AS. culter, fr. L. culter plowshare, knife. Cf. Cutlass.] Defn: A knife or cutter, attached to the beam of a plow to cut the sward, in advance of the plowshare and moldboard. [Written also coulter.] COLTISH Colt"ish, a. Defn: Like a colt; wanton; frisky. He was all coltish, full of ragery. Chaucer. -- Colt"ish*ly, adv. -- Colt"ish*ness, n. COLT PISTOL Colt pistol. (Firearms) Defn: A self-loading or semi-automatic pistol with removable magazine in the handle holding seven cartridges. The recoil extracts and ejects the empty cartridge case, and reloads ready for another shot. Called also Browning, and Colt-Browning, pistol. COLT REVOLVER Colt revolver. (Firearms) Defn: A revolver made according to a system using a patented revolving cylinder, holding six cartridges, patented by Samuel Colt, an American inventor, in 1835. With various modifications, it has for many years been the standard for the United States army. COLTSFOOT Colts"foot`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A perennial herb (Tussilago Farfara), whose leaves and rootstock are sometimes employed in medicine. Butterbur coltsfoot (Bot.), a European plant (Petasites vulgaris). COLT'S TOOTH Colt's" tooth`. Defn: See under Colt. COLUBER Col"u*ber, n. Etym: [L., a serpent.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of harmless serpents. Note: Linnæus placed in this genus all serpents, whether venomous or not, whose scales beneath the tail are arranged in pairs; but by modern writers it is greatly restricted. COLUBRINE Col"u*brine, a. Etym: [L. colubrinus.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: like or related to snakes of the genus Coluber. 2. Like a snake; cunning; crafty. Johnson. COLUGO Co*lu"go, n. Etym: [Prob. an aboriginal name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar East Indian mammal (Galleopithecus volans), having along the sides, connecting the fore and hind limbs, a parachutelike membrane, by means of which it is able to make long leaps, like the flying squirrel; -- called also flying lemur. COLUMBA Co*lum"ba, n. (Med.) Defn: See Calumba. COLUMBAE Co*lum"bæ, n. pl.; Etym: [L. columba pigeon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of birds, including the pigeons. COLUMBARIUM Col`um*ba"ri*um, n.; pl. L. Columbaria Etym: [L. See Columbary.] (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A dovecote or pigeon house. (b) A sepulchral chamber with niches for holding cinerary urns. COLUMBARY Col"um*ba*ry, n.; pl. Columbaries. Etym: [L. columbarium, fr. columba a dove.] Defn: A dovecote; a pigeon house. Sir T. Browne. COLUMBATE Co*lum"bate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. colombate. See Columbium.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of columbic acid; a niobate. See Columbium. COLUMBATZ FLY Co*lum"batz fly`. Etym: [From Kolumbatz, a mountain in Germany.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Buffalo fly, under Buffalo. COLUMBELLA Col`um*bel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. columba a dove. So called from a fancied resemblance in color and form, of some species.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of univale shells, abundant in tropical seas. Some species, as Columbella mercatoria, were formerly used as shell money. COLUMBIA Co*lum"bi*a, n. Defn: America; the United States; -- a poetical appellation given in honor of Columbus, the discoverer. Dr. T. Dwight. COLUMBIAD Co*lum"bi*ad, n. Etym: [From Columbia the United States.] (Mil.) Defn: A form of seacoast cannon; a long, chambered gun designed for throwing shot or shells with heavy charges of powder, at high angles of elevation. Note: Since the War of 1812 the Columbiad has been much modified form now used in seacoast defense is often called the Rodman gun. COLUMBIAN Co*lum"bi*an, a. Etym: [From Columbia.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the United States, or to America. COLUMBIC Co*lum"bic, a. Etym: [From Columbium.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, columbium or niobium; niobic. Columbic acid (Chem.), a weak acid derived from columbic or niobic oxide, Nb2O5; -- called also niobic acid. COLUMBIC Co*lum"bic, a. Etym: [From Columbo.] Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the columbo root. Columbic acid (Chem.), an organic acid extracted from the columbo root as a bitter, yellow, amorphous substance. COLUMBIER Co*lum"bi*er, n. Defn: See Colombier. COLUMBIFEROUS Col"um*bif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Columbium + -ferous.] Defn: Producing or containing columbium. COLUMBIN Co*lum"bin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, bitter substance. See Calumbin. COLUMBINE Col"um*bine, a. Etym: [L. columbinus, fr. columba dove.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a dove; dovelike; dove-colored. "Columbine innocency." Bacon. COLUMBINE Col"um*bine, n. Etym: [LL. columbina, L. columbinus dovelike, fr. columba dove: cf. F. colombine. Perh. so called from the beaklike spurs of its flowers.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of several species of the genus Aquilegia; as, A. vulgaris, or the common garden columbine; A. Canadensis, the wild red columbine of North America. 2. The mistress or sweetheart of Harlequin in pantomimes. Brewer. COLUMBITE Co*lum"bite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. colombite. See Columbium.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a black color, submetallic luster, and high specific specific gravity. It is a niobate (or columbate) of iron and manganese, containing tantalate of iron; -- first found in New England. COLUMBIUM Co*lum"bi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Columbia America.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare element of the vanadium group, first found in a variety of the mineral columbite occurring in Connecticut, probably at Haddam. Atomic weight 94.2. Symbol Cb or Nb. Now more commonly called niobium. COLUMBO Co*lum"bo, n. (Med.) Defn: See Calumba. COLUMBUS DAY Co*lum"bus Day. Defn: The 12th day of October, on which day in 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered America, landing on one of the Bahama Islands (probably the one now commonly called Watling Island), and naming it "San Salvador"; -- called also Discovery Day. This day is made a legal holiday in many States of The United States. COLUMELLA Col`u*mel"la, n. Etym: [L., dim. of columen column. See Column.] 1. (Bot.) (a) An axis to which a carpel of a compound pistil may be attached, as in the case of the geranium; or which is left when a pod opens. (b) A columnlike axis in the capsule of mosses. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A term applied to various columnlike parts; as, the columnella, or epipterygoid bone, in the skull of many lizards; the columella of the ear, the bony or cartilaginous rod connecting the tympanic membrane with the internal ear. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The upright pillar in the axis of most univalve shells. (b) The central pillar or axis of the calicles of certain corals. COLUMELLIFORM Col`u*mel"li*form, a. Etym: [Columella + -form.] Defn: Shaped like a little column, or columella. COLUMN Col"umn, n. Etym: [L. columna, fr. columen, culmen, fr. cellere (used only in comp.), akin to E. excel, and prob. to holm. See Holm, and cf. Colonel.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A kind of pillar; a cylindrical or polygonal support for a roof, ceiling, statue, etc., somewhat ornamented, and usually composed of base, shaft, and capital. See Order. 2. Anything resembling, in form or position, a column an architecture; an upright body or mass; a shaft or obelisk; as, a column of air, of water, of mercury, etc. ; the Column Vendôme; the spinal column. 3. (Mil.) (a) A body of troops formed in ranks, one behind the other; -- contradistinguished from line. Compare Ploy, and Deploy. (b) A small army. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A number of ships so arranged as to follow one another in single or double file or in squadrons; -- in distinction from "line", where they are side by side. 5. (Print.) Defn: A perpendicular set of lines, not extending across the page, and separated from other matter by a rule or blank space; as, a column in a newspaper. 6. (Arith.) Defn: A perpendicular line of figures. 7. (Bot.) Defn: The body formed by the union of the stamens in the Mallow family, or of the stamens and pistil in the orchids. Attached column. See under Attach, v. t. -- Clustered column. See under Cluster, v. t. -- Column rule, a thin strip of brass separating columns of type in the form, and making a line between them in printing. COLUMNAR Co*lum"*nar, a. Etym: [L. columnaris, fr. columna.] Defn: Formed in columns; having the form of a column or columns; like the shaft of a column. Columnar epithelium (Anat.), epithelium in which the cells are priismatic in form, and set upright on the surface they cover. -- Columnar structure (Geol.), a structure consisting of more or less regular columns, usually six-sided, but sometimes with eight or more sides. The columns are often fractured transversely, with a cup joint, showing a concave surface above. This structure is characteristic of certain igneous rocks, as basalt, and is due to contraction in cooling. COLUMNARITY Col`um*nar"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being columnar. COLUMNATED Co*lum"na*ted, a. Defn: Having columns; as, columnated temples. COLUMNED Col"umned, a. Defn: Having columns. Troas and Ilion's columned citadel. Tennyson. COLUMNIATION Co*lum`ni*a"tion, n. Defn: The employment or arrangement of columns in a structure. Gwilt. COLURE Co*lure", n.; pl. Colures. Etym: [F. colure, L. coluri, pl., fr. Gr. (Astron. & Geog.) Defn: One of two great circles intersecting at right angles in the poles of the equator. One of them passes through the equinoctial points, and hence is denominated the equinoctial colure; the other intersects the equator at the distance of 90º from the former, and is called the solstitial colure. Thrice the equinoctial line He circled; four times crossed the car of night From pole to pole, traversing each colure. Milton. COLY Co"ly, n.; pl. Colies. Etym: [NL. colius, prob. fr. Gr. Defn: Any bird of the genus Colius and allied genera. They inhabit Africa. COLZA Col"za, n. Etym: [F., fr. D. koolzaad, prob., cabbage seed; kool (akin to E. cole) + zaad akin to E. seed.] (Bot.) Defn: A variety of cabbage (Brassica oleracea), cultivated for its seeds, which yield an oil valued for illuminating and lubricating purposes; summer rape. COM- Com-. Defn: A prefix from the Latin preposition cum, signifying with, together, in conjunction, very, etc. It is used in the form com- before b, m, p, and sometimes f, and by assimilation becomes col- before l, cor- before r, and con- before any consonant except b, h, l, m, p, r, and w. Before a vowel com- becomes co-; also before h, w, and sometimes before other consonants. COMA Co"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Cemetery.] Defn: A state of profound insensibility from which it is difficult or impossible to rouse a person. See Carus. COMA Co"ma, n. Etym: [L., hair, fr. Gr. 1. (Astron.) Defn: The envelope of a comet; a nebulous covering, which surrounds the nucleus or body of a comet. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A tuft or bunch, -- as the assemblage of branches forming the head of a tree; or a cluster of brachts when empty and terminating the inflorescence of a plant; or a tuft of long hairs on certain seeds. Coma Berenices ( Etym: [L.] (Astron.), a small constellation north of Virgo; -- called also Berenice's Hair. COMANCHES Co*man"ches ( or ), n. pl.; sing. Comanche ( or ) . (Ethnol.) Defn: A warlike, savage, and nomadic tribe of the Shoshone family of Indians, inhabiting Mexico and the adjacent parts of the United States; -- called also Paducahs. They are noted for plundering and cruelty. COMART Co"mart`, n. Defn: A covenant. [Obs.] Shak. COMATE Co"mate, a. Etym: [L. comatus, fr. comare to clothe with hair, fr. coma hair.] Defn: Encompassed with a coma, or bushy appearance, like hair; hairy. CO-MATE Co"-mate`, n. Etym: [Pref. co- + mate.] Defn: A companion. Shak. COMATOSE Co"ma*tose` ( or ; 277), a. Etym: [From Coma lethargy.] Defn: Relating to, or resembling, coma; drowsy; lethargic; as, comatose sleep; comatose fever. COMATOUS Co"ma*tous, a. Defn: Comatose. COMATULA Co*mat"u*la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. comatulus having hair neatly curled, dim. fr. coma hair.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A crinoid of the genus Antedon and related genera. When young they are fixed by a stem. When adult they become detached and cling to seaweeds, etc., by their dorsal cirri; -- called also feather stars. COMATULID Co*mat"u*lid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any crinoid of the genus Antedon or allied genera. COMB Comb (; 110), n. Etym: [AS.. camb; akin to Sw., Dan., & D. kam, Icel. kambr, G. kamm, Gr. jambha tooth.] 1. An instrument with teeth, for straightening, cleansing, and adjusting the hair, or for keeping it in place. 2. An instrument for currying hairy animals, or cleansing and smoothing their coats; a currycomb. 3. (Manuf. & Mech.) (a) A toothed instrument used for separating and cleansing wool, flax, hair, etc. (b) The serrated vibratory doffing knife of a carding machine. (c) A former, commonly cone-shaped, used in hat manufacturing for hardening the soft fiber into a bat. (d) A tool with teeth, used for chasing screws on work in a lathe; a chaser. (e) The notched scale of a wire micrometer. (f) The collector of an electrical machine, usually resembling a comb. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) The naked fleshy crest or caruncle on the upper part of the bill or hood of a cock or other bird. It is usually red. (b) One of a pair of peculiar organs on the base of the abdomen of scorpions. 5. The curling crest of a wave. 6. The waxen framework forming the walls of the cells in which bees store their honey, eggs, etc.; honeycomb. "A comb of honey." Wyclif. When the bee doth leave her comb. Shak. 7. The thumbpiece of the hammer of a gunlock, by which it may be cocked. COMB Comb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Combed; p. pr. & vb. n. Combing.] Defn: To disentangle, cleanse, or adjust, with a comb; to lay smooth and straight with, or as with, a comb; as, to comb hair or wool. See under Combing. Comb down his hair; look, look! it stands upright. Shak. COMB Comb, v. i. Etym: [See Comb, n., 5.] (Naut.) Defn: To roll over, as the top or crest of a wave; to break with a white foam, as waves. COMB; COMBE Comb, Combe ( or ), n. Etym: [AS. comb, prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. cwm a dale, valley.] Defn: That unwatered portion of a valley which forms its continuation beyond and above the most elevated spring that issues into it. [Written also coombe.] Buckland. A gradual rise the shelving combe Displayed. Southey. COMB Comb, n. Defn: A dry measure. See Coomb. COMBAT Com"bat ( or ; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Combated; p. pr. & vb. n. Combating.] Etym: [F. combattre; pref. com- + battre to beat, fr. L. battuere to strike. See Batter.] Defn: To struggle or contend, as with an opposing force; to fight. To combat with a blind man I disdain. Milton. After the fall of the republic, the Romans combated only for the choice of masters. Gibbon. COMBAT Com"bat, v. t. Defn: To fight with; to oppose by force, argument, etc.; to contend against; to resist. When he the ambitious Norway combated. Shak. And combated in silence all these reasons. Milton. Minds combat minds, repelling and repelled. Goldsmith. Syn. -- To fight against; resist; oppose; withstand; oppugn; antagonize; repel; resent. COMBAT Com"bat, n. Etym: [Cf. F. combat.] 1. A fight; a contest of violence; a struggle for supremacy. My courage try by combat, if thou dar'st. Shak. The noble combat that 'twixt joy and sorrow was fought in Paulina. Shak. 2. (Mil.) Defn: An engagement of no great magnitude; or one in which the parties engaged are not armies. Single combat, one in which a single combatant meets a single opponent, as in the case of David and Goliath; also a duel. Syn. -- A battle; engagement; conflict; contest; contention; struggle; fight, strife. See Battle, Contest. COMBATABLE Com"bat*a*ble ( or ), a. Etym: [Cf. F. combattable.] Defn: Such as can be, or is liable to be, combated; as, combatable foes, evils, or arguments. COMBATANT Com"bat*ant, a. Etym: [F. combattant, p. pr.] Defn: Contending; disposed to contend. B. Jonson. COMBATANT Com"bat*ant, n. Etym: [F. combattant.] Defn: One who engages in combat. "The mighty combatants." Milton. A controversy which long survived the original combatants. Macaulay COMBATER Com"bat*er, n. Defn: One who combats. Sherwood. COMBATIVE Com"bat*ive or Defn: ( COMBATIVENESS Com"bat*ive*ness, n. 1. The quality of being combative; propensity to contend or to quarrel. 2. (Phren.) Defn: A cranial development supposed to indicate a combative disposition. COMBATTANT Com`bat`tant", a. Etym: [F.] (Her.) Defn: In the position of fighting; -- said of two lions set face to face, each rampant. COMBBROACH Comb"broach`, n. Defn: A tooth of a wool comb. [Written also combrouch.] COMBE Combe ( or ), n. Defn: See Comb. COMBER Comb"er, n. 1. One who combs; one whose occupation it is to comb wool, flax, etc. Also, a machine for combing wool, flax, etc. 2. A long, curling wave. COMBER Com"ber, v. t. Defn: To cumber. [Obs.] Spenser. COMBER Com"ber, n. Defn: Encumbrance. [Obs.] COMBER Com"ber, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The cabrilla. Also, a name applied to a species of wrasse. [Prov. Eng.] COMBINABLE Com*bin"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. combinable.] Defn: Capable of combinding; consistent with. [R.] M. Arnold. -- Com*bin"a*ble*ness, n. COMBINATE Com"bi*nate, a. Etym: [LL. combinatus, p. p.] Defn: United; joined; betrothed. [R.] COMBINATION Com`bi*na"tion, n. Etym: [LL. combinatio. See Combine.] 1. The act or process of combining or uniting persons and things. Making new compounds by new combinations. Boyle. A solemn combination shall be made Of our dear souls. Shak. 2. The result of combining or uniting; union of persons or things; esp. a union or alliance of persons or states to effect some purpose; -- usually in a bad sense. A combination of the most powerful men in Rome who had conspired my ruin. Melmoth. 3. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of uniting by chemical affinity, by which substances unite with each other in definite proportions by weight to form distinct compounds. 4. pl. (Math.) Defn: The different arrangements of a number of objects, as letters, into groups. Note: In combinations no regard is paid to the order in which the objects are arranged in each group, while in variations and permutations this order is respected. Brande & C. Combination car, a railroad car containing two or more compartments used for different purposes. [U. S.] -- Combination lock, a lock in which the mechanism is controlled by means of a movable dial (sometimes by several dials or rings) inscribed with letters or other characters. The bolt of the lock can not be operated until after the dial has been so turned as to combine the characters in a certain order or succession. -- Combination room, in the University of Cambridge, Eng., a room into which the fellows withdraw after dinner, for wine, dessert, and conversation. -- Combination by volume (Chem.), the act, process, or ratio by which gaseous elements and compounds unite in definite proportions by volume to form distinct compounds. -- Combination by weight (Chem.), the act, process, or ratio, in which substances unite in proportions by weight, relatively fixed and exact, to form distinct compounds. See Law of definite proportions, under Definite. Syn. -- Cabal; alliance; association; league; union; confederacy; coalition; conspiracy. See Cabal. COMBINE Com*bine", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Combined; p. pr. & vb. n. Combining.] Etym: [LL. combinare, combinatum; L. com- + binus, pl. bini, two and two, double: cf. F. combiner. See Binary.] 1. To unite or join; to link closely together; to bring into harmonious union; to cause or unite so as to form a homogeneous, as by chemical union. So fitly them in pairs thou hast combined. Milton. Friendship is the which really combines mankind. Dr. H. More. And all combined, save what thou must combine By holy marriage. Shak. Earthly sounds, though sweet and well combined. Cowper. 2. To bind; to hold by a moral tie. [Obs.] I am combined by a sacred vow. Shak. COMBINE Com*bine", v. i. 1. To form a union; to agree; to coalesce; to confederate. You with your foes combine, And seem your own destruction to design Dryden. So sweet did harp and voice combine. Sir W. Scott. 2. To unite by affinity or natural attraction; as, two substances, which will not combine of themselves, may be made to combine by the intervention of a third. 3. (Card Playing) Defn: In the game of casino, to play a card which will take two or more cards whose aggregate number of pips equals those of the card played. Combining weight (Chem.), that proportional weight, usually referred to hydrogen as a standard, and for each element fixed and exact, by which an element unites with another to form a distinct compound. The combining weights either are identical with, or are multiples or multiples of, the atomic weight. See Atomic weight, under Atomic, a. COMBINED Com*bined", a. Defn: United closely; confederated; chemically united. COMBINEDLY Com*bin"ed*ly, adv. In combination or coöperation Defn: ; jointly. COMBINER Com*bin"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, combines. COMBING Comb"ing, n. 1. The act or process of using a comb or a number of combs; as, the combing of one's hair; the combing of wool. Note: The process of combing is used in straightening wool of long staple; short wool is carded. 2. pl. (a) That which is caught or collected with a comb, as loose, tangled hair. (b) Hair arranged to be worn on the head. The baldness, thinness, and . . . deformity of their hair is supplied by borders and combings. Jer. Taylor. (c) (Naut.) Defn: See Coamings. Combing machine (Textile Manuf.), a machine for combing wool, flax, cotton, etc., and separating the longer and more valuable fiber from the shorter. See also Carding machine, under Carding. COMBLESS Comb"less, a. Defn: Without a comb or crest; as, a combless ceck. COMBOLOIO Com`bo*lo"io, n. Defn: A Mohammedan rosary, consisting of ninety-nine beads. Byron. COMB-SHAPED Comb"-shaped`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pectinate. COMBUST Com*bust", a. Etym: [L. combustus, p. p. of comburere to burn up; com- + burere (only in comp.), of uncertian origin; cf. bustum fineral pyre, prurire to itch, pruna a live coal, Gr. plush to burn.] 1. Burnt; consumed. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Astron.) Defn: So near the sun as to be obscured or eclipsed by his light, as the moon or planets when not more than eight degrees and a half from the sun. [Obs.] Planets that are oft combust. Milton. COMBUSTIBILITY Com*bus`ti*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being combustible. COMBUSTIBLE Com*bus"ti*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. combustble.] 1. Capable of taking fire and burning; apt to catch fire; inflammable. Sin is to the soul like fire to combustible matter. South. 2. Ea Arnold was a combustible character. W. Irving. COMBUSTIBLE Com*bus"ti*ble, n. Defn: A substance that may bee set on fire, or which is liable to take fire and burn. All such combustibles as are cheap enough for common use go under the name of fuel. Ure. COMBUSTIBLENESS Com*bus"ti*ble*ness, n. Defn: Combustibility. COMBUSTION Com*bus"tion, n. Etym: [L. combustio: cf. F. combustion.] 1. The state of burning. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The combination of a combustible with a supporter of combustion, producing heat, and sometimes both light and heat. Combustion results is common cases from the mutual chemical action and reaction of the combustible and the oxygen of the atmosphere, whereby a new compound is formed. Ure. Supporter of combustion (Chem.), a gas as oxygen, the combination of which with a combustible, as coal, constitutes combustion. 3. Violent agitation; confusion; tumult. [Obs.] There [were] great combustions and divisions among the heads of the university. Mede. But say from whence this new combustion springs. Dryden. COMBUSTION CHAMBER Com*bus"tion cham`ber. (Mech.) (a) A space over, or in front of , a boiler furnace where the gases from the fire become more thoroughly mixed and burnt. (b) The clearance space in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine where the charge is compressed and ignited. COMBUSTIOUS Com*bus"tious, a. Defn: Inflammable. [Obs.] Shak. COME Come, v. i. [imp. Came; p. p. Come; p. pr & vb. n. Coming.] Etym: [OE. cumen, comen, AS. cuman; akin to OS.kuman, D. komen, OHG. queman, G. kommen, Icel. koma, Sw. komma, Dan. komme, Goth. giman, L. venire (gvenire), Gr. gam. *23. Cf. Base, n., Convene, Adventure.] 1. To move hitherward; to draw near; to approach the speaker, or some place or person indicated; -- opposed to go. Look, who comes yonder Shak. I did not come to curse thee. Tennyson. 2. To complete a movement toward a place; to arrive. When we came to Rome. Acts xxviii. 16. Lately come from Italy. Acts vviii. 2. 3. To approach or arrive, as if by a journey or form a distance. "Thy kingdom come." Matt. vi. 10. The hour is comming, and now is. John. v. 25. So quik bright things come to confusion. Shak. 4. To approach or arrive, as the result of a cause, or of the act of another. From whence come wars James iv. 1. Both riches and honor come of thee! Chron. xxix. 12. 5. To arrive in sight; to be manifest; to appear. Then butter does refuse to come. Hudibras. 6. To get to be, as the result of change or progress; -- with a predicate; as, to come united. How come you thus estranged Shak. How come her eyes so bright Shak. Note: Am come, is come, etc., are frequently used instead of have come, has come, etc., esp. in poetry. The verb to be gives adjectival significance to the participle as expressing a state or condition of the subject, while the auxiliary have expresses simply the completion of the action signified by the verb. Think not that I am come to destroy. Matt. v. 17. We are come off like Romans. Shak. The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year. Bryant. Note: Come may properly be used (instead of go) in speaking of a movement hence, or away, when there is reference to an approach to the person addressed; as, I shall come home next week; he will come to your house to-day. It is used with other verbs almost as an auxiliary, indicative of approach to the action or state expressed by the verb; as, how came you to do it Come is used colloquially, with reference to a definite future time approaching, without an auxilliary; as, it will be two years, come next Christmas; i. e., when Christmas shall come. They were cried In meeting, come next Sunday. Lowell. Come, in the imperative, is used to excite attention, or to invite to motion or joint action; come, let us go. "This is the heir; come, let us kill him." Matt. xxi. 38. When repeated, it sometimes expresses haste, or impatience, and sometimes rebuke. "Come, come, no time for lamentation now." Milton. To come, yet to arrive, future. "In times to come." Dryden. "There's pippins and cheese to come." Shak. -- To come about. (a) To come to pass; to arrive; to happen; to result; as, how did these things come about (b) To change; to come round; as, the ship comes about. "The wind is come about." Shak. On better thoughts, and my urged reasons, They are come about, and won to the true side. B. Jonson. -- To come abroad. (a) To move or be away from one's home or country. "Am come abroad to see the world." Shak. (b) To become public or known. [Obs.] "Neither was anything kept secret, but that it should come abroad." Mark. iv. 22. -- To come across, to meet; to find, esp. by chance or suddenly. "We come across more than one incidental mention of those wars." E. A. Freeman. "Wagner's was certainly one of the strongest and most independent natures I ever came across." H. R. Heweis. -- To come after. (a) To follow. (b) To come to take or to obtain; as, to come after a book. -- To come again, to return. "His spirit came again and he revived." Judges. xv. 19. -- To come and go. (a) To appear and disappear; to change; to alternate. "The color of the king doth come and go." Shak. (b) (Mech.) To play backward and forward. -- To come at. (a) To reach; to arrive within reach of; to gain; as, to come at a true knowledge of ourselves. (b) To come toward; to attack; as, he came at me with fury. -- To come away, to part or depart. -- To come between, to interverne; to separate; hence, to cause estrangement. -- To come by. (a) To obtain, gain, acquire. "Examine how you came by all your state." Dryden. (b) To pass near or by way of. -- To come down. (a) To descend. (b) To be humbled. -- To come down upon, to call to account, to reprimand. [Colloq.] Dickens. -- To come home. (a) To retuen to one's house or family. (b) To come close; to press closely; to touch the feelings, interest, or reason. (b) (Naut.) To be loosened from the ground; -- said of an anchor. -- To come in. (a) To enter, as a town, house, etc. "The thief cometh in." Hos. vii. 1. (b) To arrive; as, when my ship comes in. (c) To assume official station or duties; as, when Lincoln came in. (d) To comply; to yield; to surrender. "We need not fear his coming in" Massinger. (e) To be brought into use. "Silken garments did not come in till late." Arbuthnot. (f) To be added or inserted; to be or become a part of. (g) To accrue as gain from any business or investment. (h) To mature and yield a harvest; as, the crops come in well. (i) To have sexual intercourse; -- with to or unto. Gen. xxxviii. 16. (j) To have young; to bring forth; as, the cow will come in next May. [U. S.] -- To come in for, to claim or receive. "The rest came in for subsidies." Swift. -- To come into, to join with; to take part in; to agree to; to comply with; as, to come into a party or scheme. -- To come it ever, to hoodwink; to get the advantage of. [Colloq.] -- To come near or nigh, to approach in place or quality to be equal to. "Nothing ancient or modern seems to come near it." Sir W. Temple. -- To come of. (a) To descend or spring from. "Of Priam's royal race my mother came." Dryden. (b) To result or follow from. "This comes of judging by the eye." L'Estrange. -- To come off. (a) To depart or pass off from. (b) To get free; to get away; to escape. (c) To be carried through; to pass off; as, it came off well. (d) To acquit one's self; to issue from (a contest, etc.); as, he came off with honor; hence, substantively, a come off, an escape; an excuse; an evasion. [Colloq.] (e) To pay over; to give. [Obs.] (f) To take place; to happen; as, when does the race come off (g) To be or become after some delay; as, the weather came off very fine. (h) To slip off or be taken off, as a garment; to separate. (i) To hurry away; to get through. Chaucer. -- To come off by, to suffer. [Obs.] "To come off by the worst." Calamy. -- To come off from, to leave. "To come off from these grave disquisitions." Felton. -- To come on. (a) To advance; to make progress; to thrive. (b) To move forward; to approach; to supervene. -- To come out. (a) To pass out or depart, as from a country, room, company, etc. "They shall come out with great substance." Gen. xv. 14. (b) To become public; to appear; to be published. "It is indeed come out at last." Bp. Stillingfleet. (c) To end; to result; to turn out; as, how will this affair come out he has come out well at last. (d) To be introduced into society; as, she came out two seasons ago. (e) To appear; to show itself; as, the sun came out. (f) To take sides; to take a stand; as, he came out against the tariff.(g) To publicly admit oneself to be homosexual. -- To come out with, to give publicity to; to disclose. -- To come over. (a) To pass from one side or place to another. "Perpetually teasing their friends to come over to them." Addison. (b) To rise and pass over, in distillation. -- To come over to, to join. -- To come round. (a) To recur in regular course. (b) To recover. [Colloq.] (c) To change, as the wind. (d) To relent. J. H. Newman. (e) To circumvent; to wheedle. [Colloq.] -- To come short, to be deficient; to fail of attaining. "All have sinned and come short of the glory of God." Rom. iii. 23. -- To come to. (a) To consent or yield. Swift. (b) (Naut.) (with the accent on to) To luff; to brin the ship's head nearer the wind; to anchor. (c) (with the accent on to) To recover, as from a swoon. (d) To arrive at; to reach. (e) To amount to; as, the taxes come to a large sum. (f) To fall to; to be received by, as an inheritance. Shak. -- To come to blows. See under Blow. -- To come to grief. See under Grief. -- To come to a head. (a) To suppurate, as a boil. (b) To mature; to culminate; as a plot. -- To come to one's self, to recover one's senses. -- To come to pass, to happen; to fall out. -- To come to the scratch. (a) (Prize Fighting) To step up to the scratch or mark made in the ring to be toed by the combatants in beginning a contest; hence: (b) To meet an antagonist or a difficulty bravely. [Colloq.] -- To come to time. (a) (Prize Fighting) To come forward in order to resume the contest when the interval allowed for rest is over and "time" is called; hence: (b) To keep an appointment; to meet expectations. [Colloq.] -- To come together. (a) To meet for business, worship, etc.; to assemble. Acts i. 6. (b) To live together as man and wife. Matt. i. 18. -- To come true, to happen as predicated or expected. -- To come under, to belong to, as an individual to a class. -- To come up (a) to ascend; to rise. (b) To be brought up; to arise, as a question. (c) To spring; to shoot or rise above the earth, as a plant. (d) To come into use, as a fashion. -- To come up the capstan (Naut.), to turn it the contrary way, so as to slacken the rope about it. -- To come up the tackle fall (Naut.), to slacken the tackle gently. Totten. -- To come up to, to rise to; to equal. -- To come up with, to overtake or reach by pursuit. -- To come upon. (a) To befall. (b) To attack or invade. (c) To have a claim upon; to become dependent upon for support; as, to come upon the town. (d) To light or chance upon; to find; as, to come upon hid treasure. COME Come, v. t. Defn: To carry through; to succeed in; as, you can't come any tricks here. [Slang] To come it, to succeed in a trick of any sort. [Slang] COME Come, n. Defn: Coming. Chaucer. COME-ALONG Come"-a*long`, n. Defn: A gripping device, as for stretching wire, etc., consisting of two jaws so attached to a ring that they are closed by pulling on the ring. CO-MEDDLE Co-med"dle, v. t. Defn: To mix; to mingle, to temper. [Obs.] Shak. COMEDIAN Co*me"di*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. comédien.] 1. An actor or player in comedy. "The famous comedian, Roscius." Middleton. 2. A writer of comedy. Milton. COMEDIENNE Co*mé`di*enne", n. Etym: [F., fem. of com.] Defn: A women who plays in comedy. COMEDIETTA Co*me`di*et"ta, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A dramatic sketch; a brief comedy. COMEDO Com"e*do, n.; pl. Comedones. Etym: [L., a glutton. See Comestible.] (Med.) Defn: A small nodule or cystic tumor, common on the nose, etc., which on pressure allows the escape of a yellow wormlike mass of retained oily secretion, with a black head (dirt). COMEDOWN Come"down`, n. Defn: A downfall; an humillation. [Colloq.] COMEDY Com"e*dy, n.; pl. Comedies. Etym: [F. comédie, L. comoedia, fr. Gr. home) + Home, and Ode.] Defn: A dramatic composition, or representation of a bright and amusing character, based upon the foibles of individuals, the manners of society, or the ludicrous events or accidents of life; a play in which mirth predominates and the termination of the plot is happy; -- opposed to tragedy. With all the vivacity if comedy. Macaulay. Are come to play a pleasant comedy. Shak. COMELILY Come"li*ly, adv. Defn: In a suitable or becoming manner. [R.] Sherwood. COMELINESS Come"li*ness, n. Etym: [See Comely.] Defn: The quality or state of being comely. Comeliness is a disposing fair Of things and actions in fit time and place. Sir J. Davies. Strength, comeliness of shape, or amplest merit. Milton. Comeliness signifies something less forcible than beauty, less elegant than grace, and less light than prettiness. Johnson. COMELY Come"ly, a. [Compar. Comelier; superl. Comeliest.] Etym: [OE. comeliche, AS. cymlic; cyme suitable (fr. cuman to come, become) + lic like.] 1. Pleasing or agreeable to the sight; well-proportioned; good- looking; handsome. He that is comely when old and decrepit, surely was very beautiful when he was young. South. Not once perceive their foul disfigurement But boast themselves more comely than before. Milton. 2. Suitable or becoming; proper; agreeable. This is a happier and more comely time Than when these fellows ran about the streets, Crying confusion. Shak. It is good to sing praises unto our God; for it is pleasant; and praise is comely. Ps. cxlvii. 1. COMELY Come"ly, adv. Defn: In a becoming manner. Ascham. COME-OUTER Come-out"er, n. Defn: One who comes out or withdraws from a religious or other organization; a radical reformer. [Colloq. U. S.] COMER Com"er, n. Defn: One who comes, or who has come; one who has arrived, and is present. All comers, all who come, or offer, to take part in a matter, especially in a contest or controversy. "To prove it against all comers." Bp. Stillingfleet. COMES Co"mes, n. Etym: [L., a companion.] (Mus.) Defn: The answer to the theme (dux) in a fugue. COMESSATION Com`es*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. comissatio, comessatio.] Defn: A reveling; a rioting. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. COMESTIBLE Co*mes"ti*ble, a. Etym: [F. comestible, fr. L. comesus, comestus, p. p. pf comedere to eat; com- + edere to eat.] Defn: Suitable to be eaten; eatable; esculent. Some herbs are most comestible. Sir T. Elyot. COMESTIBLE Co*mes"ti*ble, n. Defn: Something suitable to be eaten; -- commonly in the plural. Thackeray. COMET Com"et, n. Etym: [L. cometes, cometa, from Gr. coma: cf. F. comète.] (Astron.) Defn: A member of the solar system which usually moves in an elongated orbit, approaching very near to the sun in its perihelion, and receding to a very great distance from it at its aphelion. A comet commonly consists of three parts: the nucleus, the envelope, or coma, and the tail; but one or more of these parts is frequently wanting. See Illustration in Appendix. COMETARIUM Com`e*ta"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL.] (Astron.) Defn: An instrument, intended to represent the revolution of a comet round the sun. Hutton. COMETARY Com"et*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. cométaire.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a comet. Cheyne. COMET-FINDER; COMET-SEEKER Com"et-find`er, or Com"et-seek`er, n. (Astron.) Defn: A telescope of low power, having a large field of view, used for finding comets. COMETHER Co*meth"er, n. [Prob. dial. pron. of come hither, used in calling cows, etc.] [Dial. or Colloq., Brit.] 1. Defn: Matter; affair. 2. Friendly communication or association. To put the, or one's, comether on, to exercise persuasion upon; to get under one's influence; to beguile; to wheedle. How does ut come about, sorr, that whin a man has put the comether on wan woman he's sure bound to put ut on another Kipling. COMETIC Co*met"ic, a. Defn: Relating to a comet. COMETOGRAPHER Com`et*og"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who describes or writes about comets. COMETOGRAPHY Com`et*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Comet + -graphy: cf. F. cométographie.] Defn: A description of, or a treatise concerning, comets. COMETOLOGY Com`et*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Comet + -logy.] Defn: The department of astronomy relating to comets. COMFIT Com"fit, n. Etym: [F. confit, prop. a p. p., fr. confire to preserve, pickle, fr. L. conficere to prepare; con- + facere to make. See Fact, and cf. Confect.] Defn: A dry sweetmeat; any kind of fruit, root, or seed preserved with sugar and dried; a confection. COMFIT Com"fit, v. t. Defn: To preserve dry with sugar. The fruit which does so quickly waste, . . . Thou comfitest in sweets to make it last. Cowley. COMFITURE Com"fi*ture, n. Etym: [F. confiture; cf. LL. confecturae sweetmeats, confectura a preparing. See Comfit, and cf. Confiture.] Defn: See Comfit, n. COMFORT Com"fort, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comforted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comforting.] Etym: [F. conforter, fr. L. confortare to strengthen much; con- + fortis strong. See Fort.] 1. To make strong; to invigorate; to fortify; to corroborate. [Obs.] Wyclif. God's own testimony . . . doth not a little comfort and confirm the same. Hooker. 2. To assist or help; to aid. [Obs.] I . . . can not help the noble chevalier: God comfort him in this necessity! Shak. 3. To impart strength and hope to; to encourage; to relieve; to console; to cheer, Light excelleth in comforting the spirits of men. Bacon. That we may be adle to comfort them that are in any affliction. 2 Cor. i. 4. (Rev. Ver. ). A perfect woman, nobly planned, To warn, to comfort, and command. Wordsworth. Syn. -- To cheer; solace; console; revive; encourage; enliven; invigorate; inspirit, gladden; recreate; exhilarate; refresh; animate; confirm; strengthen. -- To Comfort, Console, Solace. These verbs all suppose some antecedent state of suffering or sorrow. Console in confined to the act giving sympathetic relief to the mind under affliction or sorrow, and points to some definite source of that relief; as, the presence of his friend consoled him; he was much consoled by this intelligence. The act of consoling commonly implies the inculcation of resignation. Comfort points to relief afforded by the communication of positive pleasure, hope, and strength, as well as by the diminution of pain; as, "They brought the young man alive, and were not a little comforted." Acts xx. 12. Note: Solace is from L. solacium, which means according to Dumesnil, consolation inwardly felt or applied to the case of the sufferer. Hence, the verb to solace denotes the using of things for the purpose of affording relief under sorrow or suffering; as, to solace one's self with reflections, with books, or with active employments. COMFORT Com"fort, n. Etym: [OF. confort, fr. conforter.] 1. Assistance; relief; support. [Obs. except in the phrase "aid and comfort." See 5 below.] Shak. 2. Encouragement; solace; consolation in trouble; also, that which affords consolation. In comfort of her mother's fears. Shak. Cheer thy spirit with this comfort. Shak. Speaking words of endearment where words of comfort availed not. Longfellow. 3. A state of quiet enjoyment; freedom from pain, want, or anxiety; also, whatever contributes to such a condition. I had much joy and comfort in thy love. Phil. 7 (Rev. Ver. ). He had the means of living in comfort. Macaulay. 4. A wadded bedquilt; a comfortable. [U. S.] 5. (Law) Defn: Unlawful support, countenance, or encouragement; as, to give aid and comfort to the enemy. Syn. -- Comfort, Consolation. Comfort has two meanings: 1. Strength and relief received under affliction; 2. Positive enjoyment, of a quiet, permanent nature, together with the sources thereof; as, the comfort of love; surrounded with comforts; but it is with the former only that the word consolation is brought into comparison. As thus compared, consolation points to some specific source of relief for the afflicted mind; as, the consolations of religion. Comfort supposes the relief to be afforded by imparting positive enjoyment, as well as a diminution of pain. "Consolation, or comfort, signifies some alleviation to that pain to which it is not in our power to afford the proper and adequate remedy; they imply rather an augmentation of the power of bearing, than a diminution of the burden." Johnson. COMFORTABLE Com"fort*a*ble, a. Etym: [OF. confortable.] 1. Strong; vigorous; valiant. [Obs.] Wyclif. Thy conceit is nearer death than thy powers. For my sake be comfortable; hold death a while at the arm's end. Shak. 2. Serviceable; helpful. [Obs.] Be comfortable to my mother, your mistress, and make much of her. Shak. 3. Affording or imparting comfort or consolation; able to comfort; cheering; as, a comfortable hope. "Kind words and comfortable." Cowper. A comfortable provision made for their subsistence. Dryden. 4. In a condition of comfort; having comforts; not suffering or anxious; hence, contented; cheerful; as, to lead a comfortable life. My lord leans wondrously to discontent; His comfortable temper has forsook him: He is much out of health. Shak. 5. Free, or comparatively free, from pain or distress; -- used of a sick person. [U. S.] COMFORTABLE Com"fort*a*ble, n. Defn: A stuffed or quilted coverlet for a bed; a comforter; a comfort. [U. S.] COMFORTABLENESS Com"fort*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: State of being comfortable or comforting manner. Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem. Is. xl. 2. COMFORTABLY Com"fort*a*bly, adv. Defn: In a comfortable or comforting manner. Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem. Is. xl. 2. COMFORTER Com"fort*er, n. 1. One who administers comfort or consolation. Let no comforter delight mine ear But such a one whose wrongs do suit with mine. Shak. 2. (Script.) Defn: The Holy Spirit, -- reffering to his office of comforting believers. But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things. John xiv. 26. 3. A knit woolen tippet, long and narrow. [U. S.] The American schoolboy takes off his comforter and unbuttons his jacket before going in for a snowball fight. Pop. Sci. Monthly. 4. A wadded bedquilt; a comfortable. [U. S.] Job's comforter, a boil. [Colloq.] COMFORTLESS Com"fort*less, a. Defn: Without comfort or comforts; in want or distress; cheerless. Comfortless through turanny or might. Spenser. Syn. -- Forlorn; desolate; cheerless; inconsolable; disconsolate; wretched; miserable. -- Com"fort*less*ly, adv. -- Com"fort*less*ness, n. When all is coldly, comfortlessly costly. Milton. COMFORTMENT Com"fort*ment, n. Defn: Act or process of administering comfort. [Obs.] The gentle comfortment and entertainment of the said embassador. Hakluyt. COMFORTRESS Com"fort*ress, n. Defn: A woman who comforts. To be your comfortress, and to preserve you. B. Jonson. COMFREY Com"frey, n. Etym: [Prob. from F. conferve, L. conferva, fr. confervere to boil together, in medical language, to heal, grow together. So called on account of its healing power, for which reason it was also called consolida.] (Bot.) Defn: A rough, hairy, perennial plant of several species, of the genus Symphytum. Note: A decoction of the mucilaginous root of the "common comfrey" (S. officinale) is used in cough mixtures, etc.; and the gigantic "prickly comfrey" (S. asperrimum) is somewhat cultivated as a forage plant. COMIC Com"ic, a. Etym: [L. comicus pertaining to comedy, Gr. comique. See Comedy.] 1. Relating to comedy, as distinct from tragedy. I can not for the stage a drama lay, Tragic or comic, but thou writ'st the play. B. Jonson. 2. Causing mirth; ludicrous. "Comic shows." Shak. COMIC Com"ic, n. Defn: A comedian. [Obs.] Steele. COMICAL Com"ic*al, a. 1. Relating to comedy. They deny it to be tragical because its catastrphe is a wedding, which hath ever been accounted comical. Gay. 2. Exciting mirth; droll; laughable; as, a comical story. "Comical adventures." Dryden. Syn. -- Humorous; laughable; funny. See Droll. -- Com"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Com"ic*al"ness, n. COMICALITY Com`i*cal"i*ty, n.; pl. Comicalities. Defn: The quality of being comical; something comical. COMICRY Com"ic*ry, n. Defn: The power of exciting mirth; comicalness. [R.] H. Giles. COMING Com"ing, a. 1. Approaching; of the future, especially the near future; the next; as, the coming week or year; the coming exhibition. Welcome the coming, speed the parting, guest. Pope. Your coming days and years. Byron. 2. Ready to come; complaisant; fond. [Obs.] Pope. COMING Com"ing, n. 1. Approach; advent; manifestation; as, the coming of the train. 2. Specifically: The Second Advent of Christ. Coming in. (a) Entrance; entrance way; manner of entering; beginning. "The goings out thereof, and the comings in thereof." Ezek. xliii. 11 (b) Income or revenue. "What are thy comings in" Shak. COMITIA Co*mi"ti*a, n., pl. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A public assembly of the Roman people for electing officers or passing laws. Note: There were three kinds of comitia: comitia curiata, or assembly of the patricians, who voted in curiæ; comitia centuriata, or assembly of the whole Roman people, who voted by centuries; and comitia tributa, or assembly of the plebeians according to their division into tribes. COMITIAL Co*mi"tial, a. Etym: [L. comitialis.] Defn: Relating to the comitia, or popular assembles of the Romans for electing officers and passing laws. Middleton. COMITIVA Co`mi*ti"va, n. [It.] Defn: A body of followers; -- applied to the lawless or brigand bands in Italy and Sicily. COMITY Com"i*ty, n.; pl. Comities. Etym: [L. comitas, fr. comis courteous, kind.] Defn: Mildness and suavity of manners; courtesy between equals; friendly equals; friendly civility; as, comity of manners; the comity of States. Comity of nations (International Law), the courtesy by which nations recognize within their own territory, or in their courts, the peculiar institutions of another nation or the rights and privileges acquired by its citizens in their own land. By some authorities private international law rests on this comity, but the better opinion is that it is part of the common law of the land, and hence is obligatory as law. Syn. -- Civility; good breeding; courtesy; good will. COMMA Com"ma, n. Etym: [L. comma part of a sentence, comma, Gr. Capon.] 1. A character or point [,] marking the smallest divisions of a sentence, written or printed. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A small interval (the difference beyween a major and minor half step), seldom used except by tuners. Comma bacillus (Physiol.), a variety of bacillus shaped like a comma, found in the intestines of patients suffering from cholera. It is considered by some as having a special relation to the disease; -- called also cholera bacillus. -- Comma butterfly (Zoöl.), an American butterfly (Grapta comma), having a white comma-shaped marking on the under side of the wings. COMMAND Com*mand" (; 61), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Commanding.] Etym: [OE. comaunden, commanden, OF. comander, F. commander, fr. L. com- + mandare to commit to, to command. Cf. Commend, Mandate.] 1. To order with authority; to lay injunction upon; to direct; to bid; to charge. We are commanded to forgive our enemies, but you never read that we are commanded to forgive our friends. Bacon. Go to your mistress: Say, I command her come to me. Shak. 2. To exercise direct authority over; to have control of; to have at one's disposal; to lead. Monmouth commanded the English auxiliaries. Macaulay. Such aid as I can spare you shall command. Shak. 3. To have within a sphere of control, influence, access, or vision; to dominate by position; to guard; to overlook. Bridges commanded by a fortified house. Motley. Up to the eastern tower, Whose height commands as subject all the vale. Shak. One side commands a view of the finest garden. Addison. 4. To have power or influence of the nature of authority over; to obtain as if by ordering; to reeceive as a due; to challenge; to claim; as, justice commands the respect and affections of the people; the best goods command the best price. 'Tis not in mortals to command success. Addison. 5. To direct to come; to bestow. [Obs.] I will command my blessing upon you. Lev. xxv. 21. Syn. -- To bid; order; direct; dictate; charge; govern; rule; overlook. COMMAND Com*mand", v. i. 1. To have or to exercise direct authority; to govern; to sway; to influence; to give an order or orders. And reigned, commanding in his monarchy. Shak. For the king had so commanded concerning [Haman]. Esth. iii. 2. 2. To have a view, as from a superior position. Far and wide his eye commands. Milton. COMMAND Com*mand", n. 1. An authoritative order requiring obedience; a mandate; an injunction. A waiting what command their mighty chief Had to impose. Milton. 2. The possession or exercise of authority. Command and force may often create, but can never cure, an aversion. Locke. 3. Authority; power or right of control; leadership; as, the forces under his command. 4. Power to dominate, command, or overlook by means of position; scope of vision; survey. Te steepy stand Which overlooks the vale with wide command. Dryden. 5. Control; power over something; sway; influence; as, to have command over one's temper or voice; the fort has command of the bridge. He assumed an absolute command over his readers. Druden. 6. A body of troops, or any naval or military force or post, or the whole territory under the authority or control of a particular officer. Word of command (Mil.), a word or phrase of definite and established meaning, used in directing the movements of soldiers; as, aim; fire; shoulder arms, etc. Syn. -- Control; sway; power; authority; rule; dominion; sovereignty; mandate; order; injunction; charge; behest. See Direction. COMMANDABLE Com*mand"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being commanded. COMMANDANT Com`man*dant", n. Etym: [F., orig. p. pr. of commander.] Defn: A commander; the commanding officer of a place, or of a body of men; as, the commandant of a navy-yard. COMMANDATORY Com*mand"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Mandatory; as, commandatory authority. [Obs.] COMMANDEER Com`man*deer", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commandeered; p. pr. & vb. n. Commandeering.] [D. kommandeeren to command, in South Africa to commandeer, fr. F. commander to command. See Command.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: To compel to perform military service; to seize for military purposes; -- orig. used of the Boers. 2. To take arbitrary or forcible possession of. [Colloq.] COMMANDER Com*mand"er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. commandeur. Cf. Commodore, Commender.] 1. A chief; one who has supreme authority; a leader; the chief officer of an army, or of any division of it. A leader and commander to the people. Is. lv. 4. 2. (Navy) Defn: An officer who ranks next below a captain, -- ranking with a lieutenant colonel in the army. 3. The chief officer of a commandery. 4. A heavy beetle or wooden mallet, used in paving, in sail lofts, etc. Commander in chief, the military title of the officer who has supreme command of the land or naval forces or the united forces of a nation or state; a generalissimo. The President is commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States. Syn. -- See Chief. COMMANDERSHIP Com*mand"er*ship, n. Defn: The office of a commander. COMMANDERY Com*mand"er*y, n.; pl. Commanderies. Etym: [F. commanderie.] 1. The office or rank of a commander. [Obs.] 2. A district or a manor with lands and tenements appertaining thereto, under the control of a member of an order of knights who was called a commander; -- called also a preceptory. 3. An assembly or lodge of Knights Templars (so called) among the Freemasons. [U. S.] 4. A district under the administration of a military commander or governor. [R.] Brougham. COMMANDING Com*mand"ing, a. 1. Exercising authority; actually in command; as, a commanding officer. 2. Fitted to impress or control; as, a commanding look or presence. 3. Exalted; overlooking; having superior strategic advantages; as, a commanding position. Syn. -- Authoritative; imperative; imperious. COMMANDINGLY Com*mand"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a commanding manner. COMMANDMENT Com*mand"ment, n. Etym: [OF. commandement, F. commandement.] 1. An order or injunction given by authority; a command; a charge; a precept; a mandate. A new commandment I give unto you, that ye love one another. John xiii. 34. 2. (Script.) Defn: One of the ten laws or precepts given by God to the Israelites at Mount Sinai. 3. The act of commanding; exercise of authority. And therefore put I on the countenance Of stern commandment. Shak. 4. (Law) Defn: The offense of commanding or inducing another to violate the law. The Commandments, The Ten Commandments, the Decalogue, or summary of God's commands, given to Moses at Mount Sinai. (Ex. xx.) COMMANDO Com*man"do, n. [D. See Command, v. t.] Defn: In South Africa, a military body or command; also, sometimes, an expedition or raid; as, a commando of a hundred Boers. The war bands, called commandos, have played a great part in the . . . military history of the country. James Bryce. COMMANDRESS Com*mand"ress, n. Defn: A woman invested with authority to command. Hooker. COMMANDRY Com*mand"ry, n. Defn: See Commandery. COMMARK Com"mark`, n. Etym: [Of. comarque, or LL. commarca, commarcha; com- + marcha, boundary. See March a confine.] Defn: The frontier of a country; confines. [Obs.] Shelton. COMMATERIAL Com`ma*te"ri*al, a. Defn: Consisting of the same material. [Obs.] Bacon. COMMATIC Com*mat"ic, a. Etym: [L. commaticus, Gr. Comma.] Defn: Having short clauses or sentences; brief; concise. COMMATISM Com"ma*tism, n. Etym: [See Commatic.] Defn: Conciseness in writing. Bp. Horsley. COMMEASURABLE Com*meas"ur*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. Commensurable.] Defn: Having the same measure; commensurate; proportional. She being now removed by death, a commeasurable grief took as full possession of him as joy had one. I. Walton. COMMEASURE Com*meas"ure, v. t. Defn: To be commensurate with; to equal. Tennyson. COMMEMORABLE Com*mem"o*ra"ble, a. Etym: [L. commemorabilis.] Defn: Worthy to be commemorated. COMMEMORATE Com*mem"o*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commemorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commemorating.] Etym: [L. commemoratus, p. p. of commemorare to remember; com- + memorare to mention, fr. memor mindful. See Memory.] Defn: To call to remembrance by a special act or observance; to celebrate with honor and solemnity; to honor, as a person or event, by some act of respect of affection, intended to preserve the remembrance of the person or event; as, to commemorate the sufferings and dying love of our Savior by the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; to commemorate the Declaration of Independence by the observance of the Fourth of July. We are called upon to commemorate a revolution. Atterbury. Syn. -- See Celebrate. COMMEMORATION Com*mem`o*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. commemoratio.] 1. The act of commemorating; an observance or celebration designed to honor the memory of some person or event. This sacrament was designed to be a standing commemoration of the death and passion of our Lord. Abp. Tillotson. The commonwealth which . . . chooses the most flagrant act of murderous regicide treason for a feast of eternal commemoration. Burke. 2. Whatever serves the purpose of commemorating; a memorial. Commemoration day, at the University of Oxford, Eng., an annual observance or ceremony in honor of the benefactors of the University, at which time honorary degrees are conferred. COMMEMORATIVE Com*mem"o*ra*tive, a. Defn: Tending or intended to commemorate. "A sacrifice commemorative of Christ's offering up his body for us." Hammond. An inscription commemorative of his victory. Sir G. C. Lewis. COMMEMORATOR Com*mem"o*ra`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who commemorates. COMMEMORATORY Com*mem"o*ra*to*ry, a. Defn: Serving to commemorate; commomerative. Bp. Hooper. COMMENCE Com*mence", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commenced; p. pr. & vb. n. Commencing.] Etym: [F. commencer, OF. commencier, fr. L. com- + initiare to begin. See Initiate.] 1. To have a beginning or origin; to originate; to start; to begin. Here the anthem doth commence. Shak. His heaven commences ere the world be past. Goldsmith. 2. To begin to be, or to act as. [Archaic] We commence judges ourselves. Coleridge. 3. To take a degree at a university. [Eng.] I question whether the formality of commencing was used in that age. Fuller. COMMENCE Com*mence", v. t. Defn: To enter upon; to begin; to perform the first act of. Many a wooer doth commence his suit. Shak. Note: It is the practice of good writers to use the verbal noun (instead of the infinitive with to) after commence; as, he commenced studying, not he commenced to study. COMMENCEMENT Com*mence"ment, n. Etym: [F. comencement.] 1. The first existence of anything; act or fact of commencing; rise; origin; beginnig; start. The time of Henry VII . . . nearly coincides with the commencement of what is termed "modern history." 2. The day when degrees are conferred by colleges and universities upon students and others. COMMEND Com*mend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commended; p. pr. & vb. n. Commending.] Etym: [L. commendare; com- + mandare to intrust to one's charge, enjoin, command. Cf. Command, Mandate.] 1. To commit, intrust, or give in charge for care or preservation. His eye commends the leading to his hand. Shak. Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit. Luke xxiii. 46. 2. To recommend as worthy of confidence or regard; to present as worthy of notice or favorable attention. Among the objects of knowlwdge, two especially commend themselves to our contemplation. Sir M. Hale. I commend unto you Phebe our sister. Rom. xvi. 1. 3. To mention with approbation; to praise; as, to commend a person or an act. Historians commend Alexander for weeping when he read the actions of Achilles. Dryden. 4. To mention by way of courtesy, implying remembrance and good will. [Archaic] Commend me to my brother. Shak. COMMEND Com*mend", n. 1. Commendation; praise. [Obs.] Speak in his just commend. Shak. 2. pl. Defn: Compliments; greetings. [Obs.] Hearty commends and much endeared love to you. Howell. COMMENDABLE Com*mend"a*ble, a. Note: (Formerly accented on the first syllable.) Etym: [L. commendabilis.] Defn: Worthy of being commended or praised; laudable; praiseworthy. Order and decent ceremonies in the church are not only comely but commendable. Bacon. -- Com*mend"a*ble*ness, n. -- Com*mend"a*bly, adv. COMMENDAM Com*men"dam, n. Etym: [LL. dare in commendam to give into trust.] (Eng. Eccl. Law) Defn: A vacant living or benefice commended to a cleric (usually a bishop) who enjoyed the revenue until a pastor was provided. A living so held was said to be held in commendam. The practice was abolished by law in 1836. There was [formerly] some sense for commendams. Selden. Partnership in commendam. See under Partnership. COMMENDATARY Com*mend"a*ta*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. commendataire, LL. commendatarius.] Defn: One who holds a living in commendam. COMMENDATION Com`men*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. commendatio.] 1. The act of commending; praise; favorable representation in words; recommendation. Need we . . . epistles of commendatiom 2 Cor. iii. 1. By the commendation of the great officers. Bacon. 2. That which is the ground of approbation or praise. Good nature is the most godlike commendation of a man. Dryden. 3. pl. Defn: A message of affection or respect; compliments; greeting. [Obs.] Hark you, Margaret; No princely commendations to my king Shak. COMMENDATOR Com*mend"a*tor ( or ), n. Etym: [LL.] Defn: One who holds a benefice in commendam; a commendatary. Chalmers. COMMENDATORY Com*mend"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. commendatorius.] 1. Serving to commend; containing praise or commendation; commending; praising. "Commendatory verses." Pope. 2. Holding a benefice in commendam; as, a commendatory bishop. Burke. Commendatory prayer (Book of Common Prayer), a prayer read over the dying. "The commendatory prayer was said for him, and, as it ended, he [William III.] died." Bp. Burnet. COMMENDATORY Com*mend"a*to*ry, n. Defn: A commendation; eulogy. [R.] "Commendatories to our affection." Sharp. COMMENDER Com*mend"er, n. Defn: One who commends or praises. COMMENSAL Com*men"sal, n. Etym: [LL. commensalis; L. com- + mensa table: cf. F. commensal. Cf. Mensal.] 1. One who eats at the same table. [Obs.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal, not truly parasitic, which lives in with, or on, another, partaking usually of the same food. Both species may be benefited by the association. COMMENSAL Com*men"sal, a. Defn: Having the character of a commensal. COMMENSALISM Com*men"sal*ism, n. Defn: The act of eating together; table fellowship. COMMENSALITY Com`men*sal"i*ty, n. Defn: Fellowship at table; the act or practice of eating at the same table. [Obs.] "Promiscuous commensality." Sir T. Browne. COMMENSATION Com`men*sa"tion, n. Defn: Commensality. [Obs.] Daniel . . . declined pagan commensation. Sir T. Browne. COMMENSURABILITY Com*men`su*ra*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. commensurabilite.] Defn: The quality of being commersurable. Sir T. Browne. COMMENSURABLE Com*men"su*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. commensurabilis; pref. com- + mensurable. See Commensurate, and cf. Commeasurable.] Defn: Having a common measure; capable of being exactly measured by the same number, quantity, or measure. -- Com*men"su*ra*ble*ness, n. Commensurable numbers or quantities (Math.), those that can be exactly expressed by some common unit; thus a foot and yard are commensurable, since both can be expressed in terms of an inch, one being 12 inches, the other 36 inches. -- Numbers, or Quantities, commensurable in power, those whose squares are commensurable. COMMENSURABLY Com*men"su*ra*bly, adv. Defn: In a commensurable manner; so as to be commensurable. COMMENSURATE Com*men"su*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commensurated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commensurating.] Etym: [Pref. com- + mensurate.] 1. To reduce to a common measure. Sir T. Browne. 2. To proportionate; to adjust. T. Puller COMMENSURATE Com*men"su*rate, a. 1. Having a common measure; commensurable; reducible to a common measure; as, commensurate quantities. 2. Equal in measure or extent; proportionate. Those who are persuaded that they shall continue forever, can not choose but aspire after a hapiness commensurate to their duration. Tillotson. COMMENSURATELY Com*men"su*rate*ly, adv. 1. In a commensurate manner; so as to be equal or proportionate; adequately. 2. With equal measure or extent. Goodwin. COMMENSURATENESS Com*men"su*rate*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being commensurate. Foster. COMMENSURATION Com*men`su*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. commensuration.] Defn: The act of commensurating; the state of being commensurate. All fitness lies in a particular commensuration, or proportion of one thing to another. South. COMMENT Com"ment, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commented; p. pr. & vb. n. Commenting.] Etym: [F. commenter, L. commentary to meditate upon, explain, v. intens, of comminisci, commentus, to reflect upon, invent; com- + the root of meminisse to remember, mens mind. See Mind.] Defn: To make remarks, observations, or criticism; especially, to write notes on the works of an author, with a view to illustrate his meaning, or to explain particular passages; to write annotations; -- often followed by on or upon. A physician to comment on your malady. Shak. Critics . . . proceed to comment on him. Dryden. I must translate and comment. Pope. COMMENT Com"ment, v. t. Defn: To comment on. [Archaic.] Fuller. COMMENT Com"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. comment.] 1. A remark, observation, or criticism; gossip; discourse; talk. Their lavish comment when her name was named. Tennyson. 2. A note or observation intended to explain, illustrate, or criticise the meaning of a writing, book, etc.; explanation; annotation; exposition. All the volumes of philosophy, With all their comments. Prior. COMMENTARY Com"men*ta*ry, n.; pl. Commentaries. Etym: [L. commentarius, commentarium, note book, commentary: cf. F. commentaire. See Comment, v. i.] 1. A series of comments or annotations; esp., a book of explanations or expositions on the whole or a part of the Scriptures or of some other work. This letter . . . was published by him with a severe commentary. Hallam. 2. A brief account of transactions or events written hastily, as if for a memorandum; -- usually in the plural; as, Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War. COMMENTATE Com"men*tate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. commentatus, p. p. of commentari to meditate.] Defn: To write comments or notes upon; to make comments. [R.] Commentate upon it, and return it enriched. Lamb. COMMENTATION Com`men*ta"tion, n. 1. The act or process of commenting or criticising; exposition. [R.] The spirit of commentation. Whewell. 2. The result of the labors of a commentator. COMMENTATOR Com"men*ta`tor, n. Etym: [L. commentator: cf. F. commentateur.] Defn: One who writes a commentary or comments; an expositor; an annotator. The commentator's professed object is to explain, to enforce, to illustrate doctrines claimed as true. Whewell. COMMENTATORIAL Com`men*ta*to"ri*al ( or , a. Defn: Pertaining to the making of commentaries. Whewell. COMMENTATORSHIP Com"men*ta`tor*ship, n. Defn: The office or occupation of a commentator. COMMENTER Com"ment`er, n. Defn: One who makes or writes comments; a commentator; an annotator. COMMENTITIOUS Com`men*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. commentitius.] Defn: Fictitious or imaginary; unreal; as, a commentitious system of religion. [Obs.] Warburton. COMMERCE Com"merce, n. Note: (Formerly accented on the second syllable.) Etym: [F. commerce, L. commercium; com- + merx, mercis, merchadise. See Merchant.] 1. The exchange or buying and selling of commodities; esp. the exchange of merchandise, on a large scale, between different places or communities; extended trade or traffic. The public becomes powerful in proportion to the opulence and extensive commerce of private men. Hume. 2. Social intercourse; the dealings of one person or class in society with another; familiarity. Fifteen years of thought, observation, and commerce with the world had made him [Bunyan] wiser. Macaulay. 3. Sexual intercourse. W. Montagu. 4. A round game at cards, in which the cards are subject to exchange, barter, or trade. Hoyle. Chamber of commerce. See Chamber. Syn. -- Trade; traffic; dealings; intercourse; interchange; communion; communication. COMMERCE Com*merce" ( or , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commerced; p. pr. & vb. n. Commercing.] Etym: [Cf. F. commercer, fr. LL. commerciare.] 1. To carry on trade; to traffic. [Obs.] Beware you commerce not with bankrupts. B. Jonson. 2. To hold intercourse; to commune. Milton. Commercing with himself. Tennyson. Musicians . . . taught the people in angelic harmonies to commerce with heaven. Prof. Wilson. COMMERCE DESTROYER Com"merce de*stroy"er. (Nav.) Defn: A very fast, unarmored, lightly armed vessel designed to capture or destroy merchant vessels of an enemy. Not being intended to fight, they may be improvised from fast passenger steamers. COMMERCIAL Com*mer"cial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. commercial.] Defn: Of or pertaining to commerce; carrying on or occupied with commerce or trade; mercantile; as, commercial advantages; commercial relations. "Princely commercial houses." Macaulay. Commercial college, a school for giving instruction in commercial knowledge and business. -- Commercial law. See under Law. -- Commercial note paper, a small size of writing paper, usually about 5 by 7½ or 8 inches. -- Commercial paper, negotiable paper given in due course of business. It includes bills of exchange, promissory notes, bank cheks, etc. -- Commercial traveler, an agent of a wholesale house who travels from town to town to solicit orders. Syn. -- See Mercantile. COMMERCIALISM Com*mer"cial*ism, n. Defn: The commercial spirit or method. C. Kingsley. COMMERCIALLY Com*mer"cial*ly, adv. Defn: In a commercial manner. COMMIGRATE Com"mi*grate, v. i. Etym: [L. commigrare, commigratum.] Defn: To migrate together. [R.] COMMIGRATION Com`mi*gra"tion, n. Etym: [L. commigratio.] Defn: Migration together. [R.] Woodward. COMMINATION Com`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. comminatio, from comminary to threaten; com- + minari to threaten: cf. F. commination.] 1. A threat or threatening; a denunciation of punishment or vengeance. With terrible comminations to all them that did resist. I. Taylor. 2. An office in the liturgy of the Church of England, used on Ash Wednesday, containing a recital of God's anger and judgments against sinners. COMMINATORY Com*min"a*to"ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. comminatoire.] Defn: Threatening or denouncing punishment; as, comminatory terms. B. Jonson. COMMINGLE Com*min"gle, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Commingled; p. pr. & vb. n. Commingling.] Defn: To mingle together; to mix in one mass, or intimately; to blend. Bacon. COMMINGLER Com*min"gler, n. Defn: One that commingles; specif., a device for noiseless heating of water by steam, in a vessel filled with a porous mass, as of pebbles. COMMINUTE Com"mi*nute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comminuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comminuting.] Etym: [L. comminutus, p. p. of comminuere to comminute; com- + minuere to lessen. See Minute.] Defn: To reduce to minute particles, or to a fine powder; to pulverize; to triturate; to grind; as, to comminute chalk or bones; to comminute food with the teeth. Pennant. Comminuted fracture. See under Fracture. COMMINUTION Com`mi*nu"tion, n. 1. The act of reducing to a fine powder or to small particles; pulverization; the state of being comminuted. Bentley. 2. (Surg.) Defn: Fracture (of a bone) into a number of pieces. Dunglison. 3. Gradual diminution by the removal of small particles at a time; a lessening; a wearing away. Natural and necessary comminution of our lives. Johnson. COMMISERABLE Com*mis"er*a*ble, a. Defn: Pitiable. [Obs.] Bacon. COMMISERATE Com*mis"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commiserated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commiserating.] Etym: [L. commiseratus, p. p. of commiserari to commiserate; com- + miserari to pity. See Miserable.] Defn: To feel sorrow, pain, or regret for; to pity. Then must we those, who groan, beneath the weight Of age, disease, or want, commiserate. Denham. We should commiserate our mutual ignorance. Locke. Syn. -- To pity; compassionate; lament; condole. COMMISERATION Com*mis`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [F. commis, fr. L. commiseratio a part of an oration intended to exite compassion.] Defn: The act of commiserating; sorrow for the wants, afflictions, or distresses of another; pity; compassion. And pluck commiseration of his state From brassy bosoms and rough hearts of flint. Shak. Syn. -- See Sympathy. COMMISERATIVE Com*mis"er*a*tive, a. Defn: Feeling or expressing commiseration. Todd. COMMISERATOR Com*mis"er*a`tor, n. Defn: One who pities. COMMISSARIAL Com`mis*sa"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a commissary. COMMISSARIAT Com`mis*sa"ri*at, n. Etym: [F. commissariat.] (Mil.) (a) The organized system by which armies and military posts are supplied with food and daily necessaries. (b) The body of officers charged with such service. COMMISSARY Com"mis*sa*ry, n.; pl. Commissaries. Etym: [LL. commissarius, fr. L. commissus, p. p. of committere to commit, intrust to. See Commit.] 1. One to whom is committed some charge, duty, or office, by a superior power; a commissioner. Great Destiny, the Commissary of God. Donne. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: An officer on the bishop, who exercises ecclesiastical jurisdiction in parts of the diocese at a distance from the residence of the bishop. Ayliffe. 3. (Mil.) (a) An officer having charge of a special sevice; as, the commissary of musters. (b) An officer whose business is to provide food for a body of troops or a military post; -- officially called commissary of subsistence. [U. S.] Washington wrote to the President of Congress . . . urging the appointment of a commissary general, a quartermaster general, a commissary of musters, and a commissary of artillery. W. Irving Commissary general, an officer in charge of some special department of army service; as: (a) The officer in charge of the commissariat and transport department, or of the ordinace store department. [Eng.] (b) The commissary general of subsistence. [U. S.] -- Commissary general of subsistence (Mil. U. S.), the head of the subsistence department, who has charge of the purchase and issue of provisions for the army. COMMISSARYSHIP Com"mis*sa*ry*ship, n. Defn: The office or employment of a commissary. Ayliffe. COMMISSION Com*mis"sion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. commissio. See Commit.] 1. The act of committing, doing, or performing; the act of perpetrating. Every commission of sin introduces into the soul a certain degree of hardness. South. 2. The act of intrusting; a charge; instructions as to how a trust shall be executed. 3. The duty or employment intrusted to any person or persons; a trust; a charge. 4. A formal written warrant or authority, granting certain powers or privileges and authorizing or commanding the performance of certain duties. Let him see our commission. Shak. 5. A certificate conferring military or naval rank and authority; as, a colonel's commission. 6. A company of persons joined in the performance of some duty or the execution of some trust; as, the interstate commerce commission. A commission was at once appointed to examine into the matter. Prescott. 7. (Com.) (a) The acting under authority of, or on account of, another. (b) The thing to be done as agent for another; as, I have three commissions for the city. (c) The brokerage or allowance made to a factor or agent for transacting business for another; as, a commission of ten per cent on sales. See Del credere. Commission of array. (Eng. Hist.) See under Array. -- Commission of bankrupty, a commission apointing and empowering certain persons to examine into the facts relative to an alleged bankrupty, and to secure the bankrupt's lands and effects for the creditors. -- Commission of lunacy, a commission authoring and inquiry whether a person is a lunatic or not. -- Commission merchant, one who buys or sells goods on commission, as the agent of others, receiving a rate per cent as his compensation. -- Commission, or Commissioned, officer (Mil.), one who has a commission, in distingtion from a noncommossioned or warrant officer. -- Commission of the peace, a commission under the great seal, constituting one or more persons justices of the peace. [Eng.] -- To put a vessel into commission (Naut.), to equip and man a goverment vessel, and send it out on service after it has been laid up; esp., the formal act of tacking command of a vessel for service, hoisting the flag, reading the orders, etc. -- To put a vessel out of commission (Naut.), to detach the officers and crew and retire it from active service, temporarily or permanently. -- To put the great seal, or the Treasury, into commission, to place it in the hands of a commissioner or commissioners during the abeyance of the ordinary administration, as between the going out of one lord keeper and accession of another. [Eng.] -- The United States Christians Commission, an organization among the people of the North, during the Civil War, which afforded material comforts to the Union soldiers, and performed services of a religious character in the field and in hospitals. -- The United States Sanitary Commission, an organization formed by the people of the North to coöperate with and supplement the medical department of the Union armies during the Civil War. Syn. -- Charge; warrant; authority; mandate; office; trust; employment. COMMISSION Com*mis"sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commissioned; p. pr & vb. n. Commissioning.] 1. To give a commission to; to furnish with a commission; to empower or authorize; as, to commission persons to perform certain acts; to commission an officer. 2. To send out with a charge or commission. A chosen band He first commissions to the Latian land. Dryden. Syn. -- To appoint; depute; authorize; empower; delegate; constitute; ordain. COMMISSIONAIRE Com*mis`sion*aire", n. [F. commissionnaire. Cf. Commissioner.] 1. One intrusted with a commission, now only a small commission, as an errand; esp., an attendant or subordinate employee in a public office, hotel, or the like. The commissionaire familiar to European travelers performs miscellaneous services as a light porter, messenger, solicitor for hotels, etc. 2. One of a corps of pensioned soldiers, as in London, employed as doorkeepers, messengers, etc. COMMISSIONAL; COMMISSIONARY Com*mis"sion*al, Com*mis"sion*a*ry a. Defn: Of pertaining to, or conferring, a commission; conferred by a commission or warrant. [R.] Delegate or commissionary authority. Bp. Hall. COMMISSIONATE Com*mis"sion*ate, v. t. Defn: To commission [Obs.] COMMISSIONER Com*mis"sion*er, n. 1. A person who has a commission or warrant to perform some office, or execute some bussiness, for the goverment, corporation, or person employing him; as, a commissioner to take affidavits or to adjust claims. To another adress which requisted that a commission might be sent to examine into the state of things in Ireland, William returned a gracious answer, and desired the Commons to name the commissioners. Macaulay. 2. An officer having charge of some department or bureau of the public service. Herbert was first commissioner of the Admiralty. Macaulay. The commissioner of patents, the commissioner of the land office, the commissioner of Indian affairs, are subotdinates of the secretary of the interior. Bartlett. Commissioner of deeds, an officer having authority to take affidavits, depositions, acknowledgment of deeds, etc., for use in the State by which he is appointed. [U. S.] -- County commissioners, certain administrative officers in some of the States, invested by local laws with various powers in reference to the roads, courthouses, financial matters, etc., of the county. [U. S.] COMMISSIONNAIRE Com*mis`sion*naire" (; F. ), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. commissio.] 1. An agent or factor; a commission merchant. 2. One of a class of attendants, in some European cities, who perform miscellaneous services for travelers. COMMISSIONSHIP Com*mis"sion*ship, n. Defn: The office of commissioner. Sir W. Scott. COMMISSIVE Com*mis"sive, a. Defn: Relating to commission; of the nature of, or involving, commission. [R.] COMMISSURAL Com*mis"su*ral ( or ), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a commissure. COMMISSURE Com*mis"sure ( or ; 134-6), n. Etym: [L. commissura a joing together: cf. F. commissure. See Commit.] 1. A joint, seam, or closure; the place where two bodies, or parts of a body, meet and unite; an interstice, cleft, or juncture. 2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) (a) The point of union between two parts, as the angles of the lips or eyelids, the mandibles of a bird, etc. (b) A collection of fibers connecting parts of the brain or spinal marrow; a chiasma. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The line of junction or cohering face of two carpels, as in the parsnip, caraway, etc. COMMIT Com*mit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commited; p. pr. & vb. n. Commiting.] Etym: [L. committere, commissum, to connect, commit; com- + mittere to send. See Mission.] 1. To give in trust; to put into charge or keeping; to intrust; to consign; -- used with to, unto. Commit thy way unto the Lord. Ps. xxxvii. 5. Bid him farewell, commit him to the grave. Shak. 2. To put in charge of a jailor; to imprison. These two were commited. Clarendon. 3. To do; to perperate, as a crime, sin, or fault. Thou shalt not commit adultery. Ex. xx. 14. 4. To join a contest; to match; -- followed by with. [R.] Dr. H. More. 5. To pledge or bind; to compromise, expose, or endanger by some decisive act or preliminary step; -- often used reflexively; as, to commit one's self to a certain course. You might have satisfied every duty of political friendship, without commiting the honor of your sovereign. Junius. Any sudden assent to the proposal . . . might possibly be considered as committing the faith of the United States. Marshall. 6. To confound. [An obsolete Latinism.] Committing short and long [quantities]. Milton. To commit a bill (Legislation), to refer or intrust it to a committee or others, to be considered and reported. -- To commit to memory, or To commit, to learn by heart; to memorize. Syn. -- To Commit, Intrust, Consign. These words have in common the idea of transferring from one's self to the care and custody of another. Commit is the widest term, and may express only the general idea of delivering into the charge of another; as, to commit a lawsuit to the care of an attorney; or it may have the special sense of intrusting with or without limitations, as to a superior power, or to a careful servant, or of consigning, as to writing or paper, to the flames, or to prison. To intrust denotes the act of committing to the exercise of confidence or trust; as, to intrust a friend with the care of a child, or with a secret. To consign is a more formal act, and regards the thing transferred as placed chiefly or wholly out of one's immediate control; as, to consign a pupil to the charge of his instructor; to consign goods to an agent for sale; to consign a work to the press. COMMIT Com"mit, v. i. Defn: To sin; esp., to be incontinent. [Obs.] Commit not with man's sworn spouse. Shak. COMMITMENT Com*mit"ment, n. 1. The act of commiting, or putting in charge, keeping, or trust; consigment; esp., the act of commiting to prison. They were glad to compound for his bare commitment to the Tower, whence he was within few days enlarged. Clarendon. 2. A warrant or order for the imprisonment of a person; -- more frequently termed a mittimus. 3. The act of referring or intrusting to a committee for consideration and report; as, the commitment of a petition or a bill. 4. A doing, or preperation, in a bad sense, as of a crime or blunder; commission. 5. The act of pledging or engaging; the act of exposing, endangering, or compromising; also, the state of being pledged or engaged. Hamilton. COMMITTABLE Com*mit"ta*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being committed. COMMITTAL Com*mit"tal, n. Defn: The act of commiting, or the state of being committed; commitment. COMMITTEE Com*mit"tee, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. comité company, and LL. comitatus jurisdiction or territory of a count, county, assize, army. The word was apparently influenced by the verb commit, but not directly formed from it. Cf. County.] Defn: One or more persons elected or appointed, to whom any matter or bussiness is referred, either by a legislative body, or by a court, or by any collective body of men acting together. Commitee of the whole [house], a committee, embracing all the members present, into which a legislative or deliberative body sometimes resolves itself, for the purpose of considering a particular measure under the operation of different rules from those governing the general legislative proceedings. The committee of the whole has its own chairman, and reports its action in the form of recommendations. -- Standing committee. See under Standing. COMMITTEE Com`mit*tee", n. Etym: [From Commit, v. t.] (Law) Defn: One to whom the charge of the person or estate of another, as of a lunatic, is committed by suitable authority; a guardian. COMMITTEEMAN Com*mit"tee*man, n. Defn: A member of a committee. COMMITTER Com*mit"ter, n. 1. One who commits; one who does or perpetrates. South. 2. A fornicator. [Obs.] T. Decker. COMMITTIBLE Com*mit"ti*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being committed; liable to be committed. [R.] Sir T. Browne. COMMIX Com*mix", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Commixed; p. pr. & vb. n. Commixing.] Etym: [Pref. com+ + mix: cf. L. commixtus, p. p.of commiscere. See Mix.] Defn: To mix or mingle together; to blend. The commixed impressions of all the colors do stir up and beget a sensation of white. Sir I. Newton. To commix With winds that sailors rail at. Shak. COMMIXION Com*mix"ion, n. Etym: [See Commix.] Defn: Commixture. Shak. COMMIXTION Com*mix"tion, n. Etym: [L. commixtio.] Defn: Commixture; mingling. [R.] An exact commixtion of the ingredients. Boyle. COMMIXTURE Com*mix"ture, n. Etym: [L. commixtura.] 1. The act or process of mixing; the state of being mingled; the blending of ingredients in one mass or compound. In the commixture of anything that is more oily or sweet, such bodies are least apt to putrefy. Bacon. 2. The mass formed by mingling different things; a compound; a mixture. Bacon. COMMODATE Com"mo*date, n. Etym: [L. commodatum thing lent, loan.] (Scots Law) Defn: A gratuitous loan. COMMODE Com*mode", n. Etym: [F. commode, fr. commode convenient, L. commodus; com- + modus measure, mode. See Mode.] 1. A kind of headdress formerly worn by ladies, raising the hair and fore part of the cap to a great height. Or under high commodes, with looks erect. Granville. 2. A piece of furniture, so named according to temporary fashion; as: (a) A cheat of drawers or a bureau. (b) A night stand with a compartment for holding a chamber vessel. (c) A kind of close stool. (d) A movable sink for a wash bowl, with closet. COMMODIOUS Com*mo"di*ous, a. Etym: [LL. commodiosus, fr. L. commodum convenience, fr. commodus. See Commode.] Defn: Adapted to its use or purpose, or to wants and necessities; serviceable; spacious and convenient; roomy and comfortable; as, a commodious house. "A commodious drab." Shak. "Commodious gold." Pope. The haven was not commodious to winter in. Acts. xxvii. 12. Syn. -- Convenient; suitable; fit; proper; advantageous; serviceable; useful; spacious; comfortable. COMMODIOUSLY Com*mo"di*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a commodious manner. To pass commodiously this life. Milton. COMMODIOUSNESS Com*mo"di*ous*ness, n. Defn: State of being commodious; suitableness for its purpose; convience; roominess. Of cities, the greatness and riches increase according to the commodiousness of their situation. Sir W. Temple. The commodiousness of the harbor. Johnson. COMMODITY Com*mod"i*ty, n.; pl. Commodities. Etym: [F. commodit, fr. L. commoditas. See Commode.] 1. Convenience; accommodation; profit; benefit; advantage; interest; commodiousness. [Obs.] Drawn by the commodity of a footpath. B. Jonson. Men may seek their own commodity, yet if this were done with injury to others, it was not to be suffered. Hooker. 2. That which affords convenience, advantage, or profit, especially in commerce, including everything movable that is bought and sold (except animals), -- goods, wares, merchandise, produce of land and manufactures, etc. 3. A parcel or quantity of goods. [Obs.] A commodity of brown paper and old ginger. Shak. COMMODORE Com"mo*dore`, n. Etym: [Prob. a corruption of commander, or Sp. comendador a knight of a military order who holds a commandery; also a superior of a monastery;, fr. LL. commendare to command. Cf. Commend, Command, Commander.] 1. (U. S. Navy) Defn: An officer who ranks next above a captain; sometimes, by courtesy, the senior captain of a squadron. The rank of commodore corresponds with that of brigadier general in the army. 2. (Brititsh Navy) Defn: A captain commanding a squadron, or a division of a fleet, or having the temporary rank of rear admiral. 3. A title given courtesy to the senior captain of a line of merchant vessels, and also to the chief officer of a yachting or rowing club. 4. A familiar for the flagchip, or for the principal vessel of a squadron or fleet. COMMON Com"mon, a. [Compar. Commoner; superl. Commonest.] Etym: [OE. commun, comon, OF. comun, F. commun, fr. L. communis; com- + munis ready to be of service; cf. Skr. mi to make fast, set up, build, Coth. gamains common, G. gemein, and E. mean low, common. Cf. Immunity, Commune, n. & v.] 1. Belonging or relating equally, or similary, to more than one; as, you and I have a common interest in the property. Though life and sense be common to men and brutes. Sir M. Hale. 2. Belonging to or shared by, affecting or serving, all the members of a class, consired together; general; public; as, propertis common to all plants; the common schools; the Book of Common Prayer. Such actions as the common good requereth. Hocker. The common enemy of man. Shak. 3. Often met with; usual; frequent; customary. Grief more than common grief. Shak. 4. Not distinguished or exceptional; inconspicuous; ordinary; plebeian; -- often in a depreciatory sense. The honest, heart-felt enjoyment of common life. W. Irving. This fact was infamous And ill beseeming any common man, Much more a knight, a captain and a leader. Shak. Above the vulgar flight of common souls. A. Murpphy. 5. Profane; polluted. [Obs.] What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common. Acts x. 15. 6. Given to habits of lewdness; prostitute. A dame who herself was common. L'Estrange. Common bar (Law) Same as Blank bar, under Blank. -- Common barrator (Law), one who makes a business of instigating litigation. -- Common Bench, a name sometimes given to the English Court of Common Pleas. -- Common brawler (Law), one addicted to public brawling and quarreling. See Brawler. -- Common carrier (Law), one who undertakes the office of carrying (goods or persons) for hire. Such a carrier is bound to carry in all cases when he has accommodation, and when his fixed price is tendered, and he is liable for all losses and injuries to the goods, except those which happen in consequence of the act of God, or of the enemies of the country, or of the owner of the property himself. -- Common chord (Mus.), a chord consisting of the fundamental tone, with its third and fifth. -- Common council, the representative (legislative) body, or the lower branch of the representative body, of a city or other munisipal corporation. -- Common crier, the crier of a town or city. -- Common divisor (Math.), a number or quantity that divides two or more numbers or quantities without a remainder; a common measure. -- Common gender (Gram.), the gender comprising words that may be of either the masculine or the feminine gender. -- Common law, a system of jurisprudence developing under the guidance of the courts so as to apply a consistent and reasonable rule to each litigated case. It may be superseded by statute, but unless superseded it controls. Wharton. Note: It is by others defined as the unwritten law (especially of England), the law that receives its binding force from immemorial usage and universal reception, as ascertained and expressed in the judgments of the courts. This term is often used in contradistinction from statute law. Many use it to designate a law common to the whole country. It is also used to designate the whole body of English (or other) law, as distinguished from its subdivisions, local, civil, admiralty, equity, etc. See Law. -- Common lawyer, one versed in common law. -- Common lewdness (Law), the habitual performance of lewd acts in public. -- Common multiple (Arith.) See under Multiple. -- Common noun (Gram.), the name of any one of a class of objects, as distinguished from a proper noun (the name of a particular person or thing). -- Common nuisance (Law), that which is deleterious to the health or comfort or sense of decency of the community at large. -- Common pleas, one of the three superior courts of common law at Westminster, presided over by a chief justice and four puisne judges. Its jurisdiction is confined to civil matters. Courts bearing this title exist in several of the United States, having, however, in some cases, botth civil and criminal jurisdiction extending over the whole State. In other States the jurisdiction of the common pleas is limited to a county, and it is sometimes called a county court. Its powers are generally defined by statute. -- Common prayer, the liturgy of the Church of England, or of the Protestant Episcopal church of the United States, which all its clergy are enjoined use. It is contained in the Book of Common Prayer. -- Common school, a school maintained at the public expense, and open to all. -- Common scold (Law), a woman addicted to scolding indiscriminately, in public. -- Common seal, a seal adopted and used by a corporation. -- Common sense. (a) A supposed sense which was held to be the common bond of all the others. [Obs.] Trench. (b) Sound judgment. See under Sense. -- Common time (Mus.), that variety of time in which the measure consists of two or of four equal portions. -- In common, equally with another, or with others; owned, shared, or used, in community with others; affecting or affected equally. -- Out of the common, uncommon; extraordinary. -- Tenant in common, one holding real or personal property in common with others, having distinct but undivided interests. See Joint tenant, under Joint. -- To make common cause with, to join or ally one's self with. Syn. -- General; public; popular; universal; frequent; ordinary; customary; usual; familiar; habitual; vulgar; mean; trite; stale; threadbare; commonplace. See Mutual, Ordinary, General. COMMON Com"mon, n. 1. The people; the community. [Obs.] "The weal o' the common." Shak. 2. An inclosed or uninclosed tract of ground for pleasure, for pasturage, etc., the use of which belongs to the public; or to a number of persons. 3. (Law) Defn: The right of taking a profit in the land of another, in common either with the owner or with other persons; -- so called from the community of interest which arises between the claimant of the right and the owner of the soil, or between the claimants and other commoners entitled to the same right. Common appendant, a right belonging to the owners or occupiers of arable land to put commonable beasts upon the waste land in the manor where they dwell. -- Common appurtenant, a similar right applying to lands in other manors, or extending to other beasts, besides those which are generally commonable, as hogs. -- Common because of vicinage or neighborhood, the right of the inhabitants of each of two townships, lying contiguous to each other, which have usually intercommoned with one another, to let their beasts stray into the other's fields. -- Common in gross or at large, a common annexed to a man's person, being granted to him and his heirs by deed; or it may be claimed by prescriptive right, as by a parson of a church or other corporation sole. Blackstone. -- Common of estovers, the right of taking wood from another's estate. -- Common of pasture, the right of feeding beasts on the land of another. Burill. -- Common of piscary, the right of fishing in waters belonging to another. -- Common of turbary, the right of digging turf upon the ground of another. COMMON Com"mon, v. i. 1. To converse together; to discourse; to confer. [Obs.] Embassadors were sent upon both parts, and divers means of entreaty were commoned of. Grafton. 2. To participate. [Obs.] Sir T. More. 3. To have a joint right with others in common ground. Johnson. 4. To board together; to eat at a table in common. COMMONABLE Com"mon*a*ble, a. 1. Held in common. "Forests . . . and other commonable places." Bacon. 2. Allowed to pasture on public commons. Commonable beasts are either beasts of the plow, or such as manure the ground. Blackstone. COMMONAGE Com"mon*age, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. communage.] Defn: The right of pasturing on a common; the right of using anything in common with others. The claim of comonage . . . in most of the forests. Burke. COMMONALTY Com"mon*al*ty, n.; pl. Commonalties. Etym: [Of. communalté; F. communauté, fr. communal. See Communal.] 1. The common people; those classes and conditions of people who are below the rank of nobility; the commons. The commonalty, like the nobility, are divided into several degrees. Blackstone. The ancient fare of our kings differed from that of the commonalty in plenteousness only. Landon. 2. The majority or bulk of mankind. [Obs.] Hooker. COMMONER Com"mon*er, n. 1. One of the common people; one having no rank of nobility. All below them [the peers] even their children, were commoners, and in the eye law equal to each other. Hallam. 2. A member of the House of Commons. 3. One who has a joint right in common ground. Much good land might be gained from forests . . . and from other commonable places, so as always there be a due care taken that the poor commoners have no injury. Bacon. 4. One sharing with another in anything. [Obs.] Fuller. 5. A student in the university of Oxford, Eng., who is not dependent on any foundation for support, but pays all university charges; -- at Cambrige called a pensioner. 6. A prostitute. [Obs.] Shak. COMMONISH Com"mon*ish, a. Defn: Somewhat common; commonplace; vulgar. COMMONITION Com`mo*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L. commonitio. See Monition.] Defn: Advice; warning; instruction. [Obs.] Bailey. COMMONITIVE Com*mon"i*tive, a. Defn: Monitory. [Obs.] Only commemorative and commonitive. Bp. Hall. COMMONITORY Com*mon"i*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. commonitorius.] Defn: Calling to mind; giving admonition. [Obs.] Foxe. COMMONLY Com"mon*ly, adv. 1. Usually; generally; ordinarily; frequently; for the most part; as, confirmed habits commonly continue trough life. 2. In common; familiary. [Obs.] Spenser. COMMONNESS Com"mon*ness, n. 1. State or quality of being common or usual; as, the commonness of sunlight. 2. Triteness; meanness. COMMONPLACE Com"mon*place`, a. Defn: Common; ordinary; trite; as, a commonplace person, or observation. COMMONPLACE Com"mon*place`, n. 1. An idea or expression wanting originality or interest; a trite or customary remark; a platitude. 2. A memorandum; something to be frequently consulted or referred to. Whatever, in my reading, occurs concerning this our fellow creature, I do never fail to set it down by way of commonplace. Swift. Commonplace book, a book in which records are made of things to be remembered. COMMONPLACE Com"mon*place`, v. t. Defn: To enter in a commonplace book, or to reduce to general heads. Felton. COMMONPLACE Com"mon*place`, v. i. Defn: To utter commonplaces; to indulge in platitudes. [Obs.] Bacon. COMMONPLACENESS Com"mon*place`ness, n. Defn: The quality of being commonplace; commonness. COMMONS Com"mons, n. pl., 1. The mass of the people, as distinguished from the titled chasses or nobility; the commonalty; the common people. [Eng.] 'T is like the commons, rude unpolished hinds, Could send such message to their sovereign. Shak. The word commons in its present ordinary signification comprises all the people who are under the rank of peers. Blackstone. 2. The House of Commons, or lower house of the British Parliament, consisting of representatives elected by the qualified voters of counties, boroughs, and universities. It is agreed that the Commons were no part of the great council till some ages after the Conquest. Hume. 3. Provisions; food; fare, -- as that provided at a common table in colleges and universities. Their commons, though but coarse, were nothing scant. Dryden. 4. A club or association for boarding at a common table, as in a college, the members sharing the expenses equally; as, to board in commons. 5. A common; public pasture ground. To shake his ears, and graze in commons. Shak. Doctors' Commons, a place near St. Paul's Chuchyard in London where the doctors of civil law used to common together, and where were the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts and offices having jurisdiction of marriage licenses, divorces, registration of wills, etc. -- To be on short commons, to have small allowance of food. [Colloq.] COMMON SENSE Com"mon sense". Defn: See Common sense, under Sense. COMMONTY Com"mon*ty, n. (Scots Law) Defn: A common; a piece of land in which two or more persons have a common right. Bell. COMMONWEAL Com"mon*weal", n. [Common + weal.] Defn: Commonwealth. Such a prince, So kind a father of the commonweal. Shak. COMMONWEALTH Com"mon*wealth`, n. Etym: [Common + wealth well-being.] 1. A state; a body politic consisting of a certain number of men, united, by compact or tacit agreement, under one form of government and system of laws. The trappings of a monarchy would set up an ordinary commonwealth. Milton. Note: This term is applied to governments which are considered as free or popular, but rarely, or improperly, to an absolute government. The word signifies, strictly, the common well-being or happiness; and hence, a form of government in which the general welfare is regarded rather than the welfare of any class. 2. The whole body of people in a state; the public. 3. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: Specifically, the form of government established on the death of Charles I., in 1649, which existed under Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard, ending with the abdication of the latter in 1659. Syn. -- State; realm; republic. COMMORANCE Com"mo*rance, n. Defn: See Commorancy. COMMORANCY Com"mo*ran*cy, n. 1. (Law) Defn: A dwelling or ordinary residence in a place; habitation. Commorancy consists in usually lying there. Blackstone. 2. (Am. Law) Defn: Residence temporarily, or for a short time. COMMORANT Com"mo*rant, n. Etym: [L. commorans, p. pr. of commorari to abide; com- + morari to delay.] 1. (Law) Defn: Ordinarily residing; inhabiting. All freeholders within the precinct . . . and all persons commorant therein. Blackstone. 2. (Am. Law) Defn: Inhabiting or occupying temporarily. COMMORANT Com"mo*rant, n. Defn: A resident. Bp. Hacket. COMMORATION Com`mo*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. commoratio.] Defn: The act of staying or residing in a place. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. COMMORIENT Com*mo"ri*ent, a. Etym: [L. commoriens, p. pr. of commoriri.] Defn: Dying together or at the same time. [R.] Sir G. Buck. COMMORSE Com*morse", n. Etym: [L. commorsus, p. p. of commordere to bite sharply.] Defn: Remorse. [Obs.] "With sad commorse." Daniel. COMMOTE Com*mote", v. t. Etym: [See Commove.] Defn: To commove; to disturb; to stir up. [R.] Society being more or less commoted and made uncomfortable. Hawthorne. COMMOTION Com*mo"tion, n. Etym: [L. commotio: cf. F. commotion. See Motion.] 1. Disturbed or violent motion; agitation. [What] commotion in the winds! Shak. 2. A popular tumult; public disturbance; riot. When ye shall hear of wars and commotions. Luke xxi. 9. 3. Agitation, perturbation, or disorder, of mind; heat; excitement. "He could not debate anything without some commotion." Clarendon. Syn. -- Excitement; agitation; perturbation; disturbance; tumult; disorder; violence. COMMOVE Com*move", v. t. [inp. & p. p. Commoved; p. pr. & vb. n. Commoving.] Etym: [L. commovere, commotum; com- + movere to move.] 1. To urge; to persuade; to incite. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To put in motion; to disturb; to unsettle. [R.] Straight the sands, Commoved around, in gathering eddies play. Thomson. COMMUNAL Com"mu*nal ( or ), a. Etym: [Cf. F. communal.] Defn: Pertaining to a commune. COMMUNALISM Com"mu*nal*ism, n. Defn: A French theory of government which holds that commune should be a kind of independent state, and the national government a confederation of such states, having only limited powers. It is advocated by advanced French republicans; but it should not be confounded with communism. COMMUNALIST Com"mu*nal*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. communaliste.] Defn: An advocate of communalism. COMMUNALISTIC Com`mu*nal*is"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to communalism. COMMUNE Com*mune", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Communed; p. pr. & vb. n. Communing.] Etym: [OF. communier, fr. L. communicare to communicate, fr. communis common. See Common, and cf. Communicate.] 1. To converse together with sympathy and confidence; to interchange sentiments or feelings; to take counsel. I would commune with you of such things That want no ear but yours. Shak. 2. To receive the communion; to partake of the eucharist or Lord's supper. To commune under both kinds. Bp. Burnet. To commune with one's self or one's heart, to think; to reflect; to meditate. COMMUNE Com"mune, n. Defn: Communion; sympathetic intercourse or conversation between friends. For days of happy commune dead. Tennyson. COMMUNE Com"mune, n. Etym: [F., fr. commun. See Common.] 1. The commonalty; the common people. [Obs.] Chaucer. In this struggle -- to use the technical words of the time -- of the "commune", the general mass of the inhabitants, against the "prudhommes" or "wiser" few. J. R. Green. 2. A small terrotorial district in France under the government of a mayor and municipal council; also, the inhabitants, or the government, of such a district. See Arrondissement. 3. Absolute municipal self-government. The Commune of Paris, or The Commune (a) The government established in Paris (1792-94) by a usurpation of supreme power on the part of representatives chosen by the communes; the period of its continuance is known as the "Reign of Terror." (b) The revolutionary government, modeled on the commune of 1792, which the communists, so called, attempted to establish in 1871. COMMUNICABILITY Com*mu`ni*ca*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. communicabilité.] Defn: The quality of being communicable; capability of being imparted. COMMUNICABLE Com*mu"ni*ca*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. communicable, LL. communicabilis.] 1. Capable of being communicated, or imparted; as, a communicable disease; communicable knowledge. 2. Communicative; free-speaking. [Obs.] B. Jonson. -- Com*mu"ni*ca*ble*ness, n. -- Com*mu"ni*ca"bly, adv. COMMUNICANT Com*mu"ni*cant, n. Etym: [L. communicans, p. pr.] 1. One who partakes of, or is entitled to partake of, the sacrament of the Lord's supper; a church member. A never-failing monthly communicant. Atterbury. 2. One who communicates. Foxe. COMMUNICANT Com*mu"ni*cant, a. Defn: Communicating. [R.] Coleridge. COMMUNICATE Com*mu"ni*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Communicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Communicating.] Etym: [L. communicatus, p. p. of communicare to communicate, fr. communis common. See Commune, v. i.] 1. To share in common; to participate in. [Obs.] To thousands that communicate our loss. B. Jonson 2. To impart; to convey; as, to communicate a disease or a sensation; to communicate motion by means of a crank. Where God is worshiped, there he communicates his blessings and holy influences. Jer. Taylor. 3. To make known; to recount; to give; to impart; as, to communicate information to any one. 4. To administer the communion to. [R.] She [the church] . . . may communicate him. Jer. Taylor. Note: This verb was formerly followed by with before the person receiving, but now usually takes to after it. He communicated those thoughts only with the Lord Digby. Clarendon. Syn. -- To impart; bestow; confer; reveal; disclose; tell; announce; recount; make known. -- To Communicate, Impart, Reveal. Communicate is the more general term, and denotes the allowing of others to partake or enjoy in common with ourselves. Impart is more specific. It is giving to others a part of what we had held as our own, or making them our partners; as, to impart our feelings; to impart of our property, etc. Hence there is something more intimate in imparting intelligence than in communicating it. To reveal is to disclose something hidden or concealed; as, to reveal a secret. COMMUNICATE Com*mu"ni*cate, v. i. 1. To share or participate; to possess or enjoy in common; to have sympathy. Ye did communicate with my affliction. Philip. iv. 4. 2. To give alms, sympathy, or aid. To do good and to communicate forget not. Heb. xiii. 16. 3. To have intercourse or to be the means of intercourse; as, to communicate with another on business; to be connected; as, a communicating artery. Subjects suffered to communicate and to have intercourse of traffic. Hakluyt. The whole body is nothing but a system of such canals, which all communicate with one another. Arbutnot. 4. To partake of the Lord's supper; to commune. The primitive Christians communicated every day. Jer. Taylor. COMMUNICATION Com*mu`ni*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. communicatio.] 1. The act or fact of communicating; as, communication of smallpox; communication of a secret. 2. Intercourse by words, letters, or messages; interchange of thoughts or opinions, by conference or other means; conference; correspondence. Argument . . . and friendly communication. Shak. 3. Association; company. Evil communications corrupt manners. 1 Cor. xv. 33. 4. Means of communicating; means of passing from place to place; a connecting passage; connection. The Euxine Sea is conveniently situated for trade, by the communication it has both with Asia and Europe. Arbuthnot. 5. That which is communicated or imparted; intelligence; news; a verbal or written message. 6. Participation in the Lord's supper. Bp. Pearson. 7. (Rhet.) Defn: A trope, by which a speaker assumes that his hearer is a partner in his sentiments, and says we, instead of I or you. Beattie. Syn. -- Correspondence; conference; intercourse. COMMUNICATIVE Com*mu"ni*ca*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. Communicatif, LL. communicativus.] Defn: Inclined to communicate; ready to impart to others. Determine, for the future, to be less communicative. Swift. COMMUNICATIVENESS Com*mu"ni*ca*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being communicative. Norris. COMMUNICATOR Com*mu"ni*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who communicates. Boyle. COMMUNICATORY Com*mu"ni*ca"to*ry, a. Etym: [LL. communicatorius.] Defn: Imparting knowledge or information. Canonical and communicatory letters. Barrow. COMMUNION Com*mun"ion, n. Etym: [L. communio: cf. F. communion. See Common.] 1. The act of sharing; community; participation. "This communion of goods." Blackstone. 2. Intercourse between two or more persons; esp., intimate association and intercourse implying sympathy and confidence; interchange of thoughts, purposes, etc.; agreement; fellowship; as, the communion of saints. We are naturally induced to seek communion and fellowship with others. Hooker. What communion hath light with darkness 2 Cor. vi. 14. Bare communion with a good church can never alone make a good man. South. 3. A body of Christians having one common faith and discipline; as, the Presbyterian communion. 4. The sacrament of the eucharist; the celebration of the Lord's supper; the act of partaking of the sacrament; as, to go to communion; to partake of the communion. Close communion. See under Close, a. -- Communion elements, the bread and wine used in the celebration of the Lord's supper. -- Communion service, the celebration of the Lord's supper, or the office or service therefor. -- Communion table, the table upon which the elements are placed at the celebration of the Lord's supper. -- Communion in both kinds, participation in both the bread and wine by all communicants. -- Communion in one kind, participation in but one element, as in the Roman Catholic Church, where the laity partake of the bread only. Syn. -- Share; participation; fellowship; converse; intercourse; unity; concord; agreement. COMMUNISM Com"mu*nism, n. Etym: [F. communisme, fr. commun common.] Defn: A scheme of equalizing the social conditions of life; specifically, a scheme which contemplates the abolition of inequalities in the possession of property, as by distributing all wealth equally to all, or by holding all wealth in common for the equal use and advantage of all. Note: At different times, and in different countries, various schemes pertaining to socialism in government and the conditions of domestic life, as well as in the distribution of wealth, have been called communism. COMMUNIST Com"mu*nist, n. Etym: [F. communiste.] 1. An advocate for the theory or practice of communism. 2. A supporter of the commune of Paris. COMMUNISTIC Com`mu*nis"tic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to communism or communists; as, communistic theories. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Living or having their nests in common, as certain birds. COMMUNITY Com*mu"ni*ty, n.; pl. Communities. Etym: [L. communitas: cf. OF. communité. Cf. Commonalty, and see Common.] 1. Common possession or enjoyment; participation; as, a community of goods. The original community of all things. Locke. An unreserved community of thought and feeling. W. Irwing. 2. A body of people having common rights, privileges, or interests, or living in the same place under the same laws and regulations; as, a community of monks. Hence a number of animals living in a common home or with some apparent association of interests. Creatures that in communities exist. Wordsworth. 3. Society at large; a commonwealth or state; a body politic; the public, or people in general. Burdens upon the poorer classes of the community. Hallam. Note: In this sense, the term should be used with the definite article; as, the interests of the community. 4. Common character; likeness. [R.] The essential community of nature between organic growth and inorganic growth. H. Spencer. 5. Commonness; frequency. [Obs.] Eyes . . . sick and blunted with community. Shak. COMMUTABILITY Com*mu`ta*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being commutable. COMMUTABLE Com*mut"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. commutabilis.] Defn: Capable of being commuted or interchanged. The predicate and subject are not commutable. Whately. COMMUTABLENESS Com*mut"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being commutable; interchangeableness. COMMUTATION Com`mu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. commutatio: cf. F. commutation.] 1. A passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation. [R.] So great is the commutation that the soul then hated only that which now only it loves. South. 2. The act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange. [Obs.] The use of money is . . . that of saving the commutation of more bulky commodities. Arbuthnot. 3. (Law) Defn: The change of a penalty or punishment by the pardoning power of the State; as, the commutation of a sentence of death to banishment or imprisonment. Suits are allowable in the spiritual courts for money agreed to be given as a commutation for penance. Blackstone. 4. A substitution, as of a less thing for a greater, esp. a substitution of one form of payment for another, or one payment for many, or a specific sum of money for conditional payments or allowances; as, commutation of tithes; commutation of fares; commutation of copyright; commutation of rations. Angle of commutation (Astron.), the difference of the geocentric longitudes of the sun and a planet. -- Commutation of tithes, the substitution of a regular payment, chargeable to the land, for the annual tithes in kind. -- Commutation ticket, a ticket, as for transportation, which is the evidence of a contract for service at a reduced rate. See 2d Commute, 2. COMMUTATION TICKET Com`mu*ta"tion tick"et. Defn: A ticket for transportation at a reduced rate in consideration of some special circumstance, as increase of travel; specif., a ticket for a certain number of, or for daily, trips between neighboring places at a reduced rate, such as are commonly used by those doing business in a city and living in a suburb. Commutation tickets are excepted from the prohibition against special rates contained in the Interstate Commerce Act of Feb. 4, 1887 (24 Stat. 379), and in 145 U. S. 263 it was held that party tickets were also excepted as being "obviously within the commuting principle." COMMUTATIVE Com*mut"a*tive, a. Etym: [CF. F. commutatif.] Defn: Relative to exchange; interchangeable; reciprocal. -- Com*mut"a*tive"ly, adv. Rich traders, from their success, are presumed . . . to have cultivated an habitual regard to commutative justice. Burke. COMMUTATOR Com"mu*ta`tor, n. (Elec.) Defn: A piece of apparatus used for reversing the direction of an electrical current; an attachment to certain electrical machines, by means of which alternating currents are made to be continuous or to have the same direction. COMMUTE Com*mute", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Commuting.] Etym: [L. commutare, -mutatum; com- + mutare to change. See Mutation.] Defn: To exchange; to put or substitute something else in place of, as a smaller penalty, obligation, or payment, for a greater, or a single thing for an aggregate; hence; to lessen; to diminish; as, to commute a sentence of death to one of imprisonment for life; to commute tithes; to commute charges for fares. The sounds water and fire, being once annexed to those two elements, it was certainly more natural to call beings participating of the first "watery", and the last "fiery", than to commute the terms, and call them by the reverse. J. Harris The utmost that could be obtained was that her sentence should be commuted from burning to beheading. Macaulay. COMMUTE Com*mute", v. i. 1. To obtain or bargain for exemption or substitution; to effect a commutation. He . . . thinks it unlawful to commute, and that he is bound to pay his vow in kind. Jer. Taylor. 2. To pay, or arrange to pay, in gross instead of part by part; as, to commute for a year's travel over a route. COMMUTER Com*mut"er, n. Defn: One who commutes; especially, one who commutes in traveling. COMMUTUAL Com*mu"tu*al, a. Etym: [Pref. com- + mutual.] Defn: Mutual; reciprocal; united. [R.] There, with commutual zeal, we both had strove. Pope. COMOSE Co"mose ( or ), a. Etym: [L. comosus hairy, from coma hair.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing a tuft of soft hairs or down, as the seeds of milkweed. Gray. COMPACT Com*pact", p. p. & a Etym: [L. compactus, p. p. of compingere to join or unite; com- + pangere to fasten, fix: cf. F. compacte. See Pact.] 1. Joined or held together; leagued; confederated. [Obs.] "Compact with her that's gone." Shak. A pipe of seven reeds, compact with wax together. Peacham. 2. Composed or made; -- with of. [Poetic] A wandering fire, Compact of unctuous vapor. Milton. 3. Closely or firmly united, as the particles of solid bodies; firm; close; solid; dense. Glass, crystal, gems, and other compact bodies. Sir I. Newton. 4. Brief; close; pithy; not diffuse; not verbose; as, a compact discourse. Syn. -- Firm; close; solid; dense; pithy; sententious. COMPACT Com*pact", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Compacting.] 1. To thrust, drive, or press closely together; to join firmly; to consolidate; to make close; -- as the parts which compose a body. Now the bright sun compacts the precious stone. Blackstone. 2. To unite or connect firmly, as in a system. The whole body fitly joined together and compacted by that which every joint supplieth. Eph. iv. 16. COMPACT Com"pact, n. Etym: [L. compactum, fr. compacisci, p. p. compactus, to make an agreement with; com- + pacisci to make an agreement. See Pact.] Defn: An agreement between parties; a covenant or contract. The law of nations depends on mutual compacts, treaties, leagues, etc. Blackstone. Wedlock is described as the indissoluble compact. Macaulay. The federal constitution has been styled a compact between the States by which it was ratified. Wharton. Syn. -- See Covenant. COMPACTED Com*pact"ed, a. Defn: Compact; pressed close; concentrated; firmly united. COMPACTEDLY Com*pact"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a compact manner. COMPACTEDNESS Com*pact"ed*ness, n. Defn: A state of being compact. COMPACTER Com*pact"er, n. Defn: One who makes a compact. COMPACTIBLE Com*pact"i*ble, a. Defn: That may be compacted. COMPACTION Com*pac"tion, n. Etym: [L. compactio.] Defn: The act of making compact, or the state of being compact. [Obs.] Bacon. COMPACTLY Com*pact"ly, adv. Defn: In a compact manner; with close union of parts; densely; tersely. COMPACTNESS Com*pact"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being compact; close union of parts; density. COMPACTURE Com*pac"ture, n. Etym: [L. compactura.] Defn: Close union or connection of parts; manner of joining; construction. [Obs.] "With comely compass and compacture strong." Spenser. COMPAGES Com*pa"ges, n. sing & pl. Etym: [L., fr. compingere. See Compact, v. t.] Defn: A system or structure of many parts united. A regular compages of pipes and vessels. Ray. COMPAGINATE Com*pag"i*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. compaginare, compaginatum.] Defn: To unite or hold together; as, the side pieces compaginate the frame. [Obs.] W. Montagu. COMPAGINATION Com*pag`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. compaginatio.] Defn: Union of parts; structure. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. COMPANABLE Com"pa*na*ble, a. Etym: [OF. compaignable.] Defn: Companionable; sociable. [Obs.] Chaucer. COMPANATOR Com"pa*na`tor, n. Etym: [LL. companatores, pl.] (Eccl.) Defn: Same as Impanator. COMPANIABLE Com*pan"i*a*ble, a. Defn: Companionable; sociable. [Obs.] Bacon. COMPANION Com*pan"ion, n. Etym: [F. compagnon, OF. compaing, fr. as assumed LL. companio (cf. companium fellowship, a mess), fr. L. com- + panis bread. See Pantry.] 1. One who accompanies or is in company with another for a longer or shorter period, either from choice or casually; one who is much in the company of, or is associated with, another or others; an associate; a comrade; a consort; a partner. The companions of his fall. Milton. The companion of fools shall smart for it. Prov. xiii. 20 (Rev. Ver. ) Here are your sons again; and I must lose Two of the sweetest companions in the world. Shak. A companion is one with whom we share our bread; a messmate. Trench. 2. A knight of the lowest rank in certain orders; as, a companion of the Bath. 3. A fellow; -- in contempt. [Obs.] Shak. 4. Etym: [Cf. OSp. compaña an outhouse, office.] (Naut.) (a) A skylight on an upper deck with frames and sashes of various shapes, to admit light to a cabin or lower deck. (b) A wooden hood or penthouse covering the companion way; a companion hatch. Companion hatch (Naut.), a wooden porch over the entrance or staircase of the cabin. -- Companion ladder (Naut.), the ladder by which officers ascend to, or descend from, the quarter-deck. Totten. -- Companion way (Naut.), a staircase leading to the cabin. -- Knights companions, in certain honorary orders, the members of the lowest grades as distinguished from knights commanders, knights grand cross, and the like. Syn. -- Associate; comrade; mate; compeer; partner; ally; confederate; coadjutor; accomplice. COMPANION Com*pan"ion, v. t. 1. To be a companion to; to attend on; to accompany. [R.] Ruskin. 2. To qualify as a companion; to make equal. [Obs.] Companion me with my mistress. Shak. COMPANIONABLE Com*pan"ion*a*ble, a. Defn: Fitted to be a companion; fit for good fellowship; agreeable; sociable. "Each companionable guest." Mallett. "Companionable wit." Clarendon. -- Com*pan"ion*a*ble*ness, n. -- Com*pan"ion*a*bly, adv. COMPANIONLESS Com*pan"ion*less, a. Defn: Without a companion. COMPANIONSHIP Com*pan"ion*ship, n. Defn: Fellowship; association; the act or fact of keeping company with any one. Shak. He never seemed to avail himself of my sympathy other than by mere companionship. W. Irwing COMPANY Com"pa*ny, n.; pl. Companies. Etym: [F. compagnie, fr. OF. compaing. See Companion.] 1. The state of being a companion or companions; the act of accompaying; fellowship; companionship; society; friendly intercourse. Shak. Evil company doth corrupt good manners. 1 Cor. xv. 33. (Rev. Ver. ). Brethren, farewell: your company along I will not wish. Milton. 2. A companion or companions. To thee and thy company I bid A hearty welcome. Shak. 3. An assemblage or association of persons, either permanent or transient. Thou shalt meet a company of prophets. 1 Sam. x. 5. 4. Guests or visitors, in distinction from the members of a family; as, to invite company to dine. 5. Society, in general; people assembled for social intercourse. Nature has left every man a capacity of being agreeable, though not of shining in company. Swift. 6. An association of persons for the purpose of carrying on some enterprise or business; a corporation; a firm; as, the East India Company; an insurance company; a joint-stock company. 7. Partners in a firm whose names are not mentioned in its style or title; -- often abbreviated in writing; as, Hottinguer & Co. 8. (Mil.) Defn: A subdivision of a regiment of troops under the command of a captain, numbering in the United States (full strength) 100 men. 9. (Naut.) Defn: The crew of a ship, including the officers; as, a whole ship's company. 10. The body of actors employed in a theater or in the production of a play. To keep company with. See under Keep, v. t. Syn. -- Assemblage; assembly; society; group; assembly; society; group; circle; crowd; troop; crew; gang; corporation; association; fraternity; guild; partnership; copartnery; union; club; party; gathering. COMPANY Com"pa*ny, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Companied; p. pr. & vb. n. Companying.] Defn: To accompany or go with; to be companion to. [Obs.] COMPANY Com"pa*ny, v. i. 1. To associate. Men which have companied with us all the time. Acts i. 21. 2. To be a gay companion. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To have sexual commerce. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. COMPARABLE Com"pa*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. comparabilis: cf. F. comparable.] Defn: Capable of being compared; worthy of comparison. There is no blessing of life comparable to the enjoyment of a discreet and virtuous friend. Addison. -- Com"pa*ra*ble*ness, n. -- Com"pa*ra*bly, adv. COMPARATE Com"pa*rate, n. Etym: [L. comparatum, fr. comparatus, p. p. of comparare. See 1st Compare.] (Logic) Defn: One of two things compared together. COMPARATION Com`pa*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. comparatio. See Compare to get.] Defn: A making ready; provision. [Obs.] COMPARATIVE Com*par"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. comparativus: cf. F. comparatif.] 1. Of or pertaining to comparison. "The comparative faculty." Granvill. 2. Proceeding from, or by the method of, comparison; as, the comparative anatomy. 3. Estimated by comparison; relative; not positive or absolute, as compared with another thing or state. The recurrence of comparative warmth and cold. Whewell. The bubble, by reason of its comparative levity to the fluid that incloses it, would necessarily ascend to the top. Bentley. 4. (Gram.) Defn: Expressing a degree greater or less than the positive degree of the quality denoted by an adjective or adverb. The comparative degree is formed from the positive by the use of -er, more, or less; as, brighter, more bright, or less bright. Comparative sciences, those which are based on a comprehensive comparison of the range of objects or facts in any branch or department, and which aim to study out and treat of the fundamental laws or systems of relation pervading them; as, comparative anatomy, comparative physiology, comparative philology. COMPARATIVE Com*par"a*tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: The comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs; also, the form by which the comparative degree is expressed; as, stronger, wiser, weaker, wore stormy, less windy, are all comparatives. In comparatives is expressed a relation of two; as in superlatives there is a relation of many. 2. An equal; a rival; a compeer. [Obs.] Gerard ever was His full comparative. Beau. & Fl. 3. One who makes comparisons; one who affects wit. [Obs.] "Every beardless vain comparative." Shak. COMPARATIVELY Com*par"a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: According to estimate made by comparison; relatively; not positively or absolutely. With but comparatively few exceptions. Prescott. COMPARATOR Com"pa*ra`tor ( or ), n. Etym: [L., a comparater.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument or machine for comparing anything to be measured with a standard measure; -- applied especially to a machine for comparing standards of length. COMPARE Com*pare", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compared; p. pr. & vb. n. Comparing.] Etym: [L.comparare, fr. compar like or equal to another; com- + par equal: cf. F. comparer. See Pair, Peer an equal, and cf. Compeer.] 1. To examine the character or qualities of, as of two or more persons or things, for the purpose of discovering their resemblances or differences; to bring into comparison; to regard with discriminating attention. Compare dead happiness with living woe. Shak. The place he found beyond expression bright, Compared with aught on earth. Milton. Compare our faces and be judge yourself. Shak. To compare great things with small. Milton. 2. To represent as similar, for the purpose of illustration; to liken. Solon compared the people unto the sea, and orators and counselors to the winds; for that the sea would be calm and quiet if the winds did not trouble it. Bacon. 3. (Gram.) Defn: To inflect according to the degrees of comparison; to state positive, comparative, and superlative forms of; as, most adjectives of one syllable are compared by affixing "-er" and "-est" to the positive form; as, black, blacker, blackest; those of more than one syllable are usually compared by prefixing "more" and "most", or "less" and "least", to the positive; as, beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful. Syn. -- To Compare, Compare with, Compare to. Things are compared with each other in order to learn their relative value or excellence. Thus we compare Cicero with Demosthenes, for the sake of deciding which was the greater orator. One thing is compared to another because of a real or fanciful likeness or similarity which exists between them. Thus it has been common to compare the eloquence of Demosthenes to a thunderbolt, on account of its force, and the eloquence of Cicero to a conflagration, on account of its splendor. Burke compares the parks of London to the lungs of the human body. COMPARE Com*pare", v. i. 1. To be like or equal; to admit, or be worthy of, comparison; as, his later work does not compare with his earlier. I should compare with him in excellence. Shak. 2. To vie; to assume a likeness or equality. Shall pack horses . . . compare with Cæsars Shak. COMPARE Com*pare", n. 1. Comparison. [Archaic] His mighty champion, strong beyond compare. Milton. Their small galleys may not hold compare With our tall ships. Waller. 2. Illustration by comprison; simile. [Obs.] Rhymes full of protest, of oath, and big compare. Shak. Beyond compare. See Beyond comparison, under Comparison. COMPARE Com*pare", v. t. Etym: [L. comparare to prepare, procure; com- + parare. See Prepare, Parade.] Defn: To get; to procure; to obtain; to acquire [Obs.] To fill his bags, and richesse to compare. Spenser. COMPARER Com*par"er, n. Defn: One who compares. COMPARISON Com*par"i*son ( or ), n. Etym: [F. comparaison, L. comparatio. See 1st Compare.] 1. The act of comparing; an examination of two or more objects with the view of discovering the resemblances or differences; relative estimate. As sharp legal practitioners, no class of human beings can bear comparison with them. Macaulay. The miracles of our Lord and those of the Old Testament afford many interesting points of comparison. Trench. 2. The state of being compared; a relative estimate; also, a state, quality, or relation, admitting of being compared; as, to bring a thing into comparison with another; there is no comparison between them. 3. That to which, or with which, a thing is compared, as being equal or like; illustration; similitude. Whereto shall we liken the kingdom of God Or with what comparison shall we compare it Mark iv. 30. 4. (Gram.) Defn: The modification, by inflection or otherwise, which the adjective and adverb undergo to denote degrees of quality or quantity; as, little, less, least, are examples of comparison. 5. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which one person or thing is compared to another, or the two are considered with regard to some property or quality, which is common to them both; e.g., the lake sparkled like a jewel. 6. (Phren.) Defn: The faculty of the reflective group which is supposed to perceive resemblances and contrasts. Beyond comparison, so far superior as to have no likeness, or so as to make comparison needless. -- In comparison of, In comparison with, as compared with; in proportion to. [Archaic] "So miserably unpeopled in comparison of what it once was." Addison. -- Comparison of hands (Law), a mode of proving or disproving the genuineness of a signature or writing by comparing it with another proved or admitted to be genuine, in order to ascertain whether both were written by the same person. Bouvier. Burrill. COMPARISON Com*par"i*son, v. t. Defn: To compare. [Obs.] Wyclif. COMPART Com*part", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comparted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comparting.] Etym: [L. compartiri; com- + partiri, partire to share, pars, partis, part, share: cf. OF. compartir. See Part, v. t.] Defn: To divide; to mark out into parts or subdivisions. [R.] The crystal surface is comparted all In niches verged with rubies. Glover. COMPARTITION Com`par*ti"tion, n. Etym: [LL. compartitio.] Defn: The act of dividing into parts or compartments; division; also, a division or compartment. [Obs.] Their temples . . . needed no compartitions. Sir H. Wotton. COMPARTMENT Com*part"ment, n. Etym: [F. compartiment, OF. compartir to divide. See Compart.] 1. One of the parts into which an inclosed portion of space is divided, as by partitions, or lines; as, the compartments of a cabinet, a house, or a garden. In the midst was placed a large compartment composed of grotesque work. Carew. 2. (Shipbuilding) Defn: One of the sections into which the hold of a ship is divided by water-tight bulkheads. COMPARTNER Com*part"ner, n. Defn: See Copartner. [Obs.] COMPASS Com"pass, n. Etym: [F. compas, fr. LL. compassus circle, prop., a stepping together; com- + passus pace, step. See Pace, Pass.] 1. A passing round; circuit; circuitous course. They fetched a compass of seven day's journey. 2 Kings iii. 9. This day I breathed first; time is come round, And where I did begin, there shall I end; My life is run his compass. Shak. 2. An inclosing limit; boundary; circumference; as, within the compass of an encircling wall. 3. An inclosed space; an area; extent. Their wisdom . . . lies in a very narrow compass. Addison. 4. Extent; reach; sweep; capacity; sphere; as, the compass of his eye; the compass of imagination. The compass of his argument. Wodsworth. 5. Moderate bounds, limits of truth; moderation; due limits; -- used with within. In two hundred years before (I speak within compass), no such commission had been executed. Sir J. Davies. 6. (Mus.) Defn: The range of notes, or tones, within the capacity of a voice or instument. You would sound me from my lowest note to the top of my compass. Shak. 7. An instrument for determining directions upon the carth's surface by means of a magnetized bar or needle turning freely upon a pivot and pinting in a northerly and southerly direction. He that firat discovered the use of the compass did more for the supplying and increase of useful commodities than those who built workhouses. Locke. 8. A pair of compasses. [R.] To fix one foot of their compass wherever they please. Swift. 9. A circle; a continent. [Obs.] The tryne compas [the threefold world containing earth, sea, and heaven. Skeat.] Chaucer. Azimuth compass. See under Azimuth. -- Beam compass. See under Beam. -- Compass card, the eircular card attached to the needles of a mariner's compass, on which are marked the thirty-two points or rhumbs. -- Compass dial, a small pocket compass fitted with a sundial to tell the hour of the day. -- Compass plane (Carp.), a plane, convex in the direction of its length on the under side, for smoothing the concave faces of curved woodwork. -- Compass plant, Compass flower (Bot.), a plant of the American prairies (Silphium laciniatum), not unlike a small sunflower; rosinweed. Its lower and root leaves are vertical, and on the prairies are disposed to present their edges north and south. Its leaves are turned to the north as true as the magnet: This is the compass flower. Longefellow. -- Compass saw, a saw with a narrow blade, which will cut in a curve; -- called also fret saw and keyhole saw. -- Compass timber (Shipbuilding), curved or crooked timber. -- Compass window (Arch.), a circular bay window or oriel window. It has two or more magnetic needles permanently attached to a card, which moves freely upon a pivot, and is read with reference to a mark on the box representing the ship's head. The card is divided into thirty-two points, called also rhumbs, and the glass-covered box or bowl containing it is suspended in gimbals within the binnacle, in order to preserve its horizontal position. -- Surveyor's compass, an instrument used in surveying for measuring horizontal angles. See Circumferentor. -- Variation compass, a compass of delicate construction, used in observations on the variations of the needle. -- To fetch a compass, to make a circuit. COMPASS Com"pass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Compassing.] Etym: [F. compasser, LL. compassare.] 1. To go about or entirely round; to make the circuit of. Ye shall compass the city seven times. Josh. vi. 4. We the globe can compass soon. Shak. 2. To inclose on all sides; to surround; to encircle; to envior; to invest; to besiege; -- used with about, round, around, and round about. With terrors and with clamors compassed round. Milton. Now all the blessings Of a glad cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round.uke xix. 43. 3. To reach round; to circumvent; to get within one's power; to obtain; to accomplish. If I can chek my erring love, I will: If not, to compass her I'll use my skill. Shak. How can you to compass your designs Denham. 4. To curve; to bend into a circular form. [Obs. except in carpentry and shipbuilding.] Shak. 5. (Law) Defn: To purpose; to intend; to imagine; to plot. Compassing and imagining the death of the king are synonymous terms; compassing signifying the purpose or design of the mind or will, and not, as in common speech, the carrying such design to effect. Blackstone. COMPASSABLE Com"pass*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being compassed or accomplished. Burke. COMPASSED Com"passed, a. Defn: Rounded; arched. [Obs.] She came . . . into the compassed window. Shak. COMPASSES Com"pass*es, n., pl. Defn: An instrument for describing circles, measuring figures, etc., consisting of two, or (rarely) more, pointed branches, or legs, usually joined at the top by a rivet on which they move. Note: The compasses for drawing circles have adjustable pen points, pencil points, etc.; those used for measuring without adjustable points are generally called dividers. See Dividers. Bow compasses. See Bow-compass. -- Caliber compasses, Caliper compasses. See Calipers. -- Proportional, Triangular, etc., compasses. See under Proportional, etc. COMPASSING Com"pass*ing, a. (Shipbuilding) Defn: Curved; bent; as, compassing timbers. COMPASSION Com*pas"sion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. compassio, fr. compati to have compassion; com- + pati to bear, suffer. See Patient.] Defn: Literally, suffering with another; a sensation of sorrow excited by the distress or misfortunes of another; pity; commiseration. Womanly igenuity set to work by womanly compassion. Macaulay. Syn. -- Pity; sympathy; commiseration; fellow-feeling; mercy; condolence. See Pity. COMPASSION Com*pas"sion, v. t. Defn: To pity. [Obs.] Shak. COMPASSIONABLE Com*pas"sion*a*ble, a. Defn: Deserving compassion or pity; pitiable. [R.] Barrow. COMPASSIONATE Com*pas"sion*ate, a. 1. Having a temper or disposition to pity; sympathetic; merciful. There never was any heart truly great and generous, that was not also tender and compassionate. South. 2. Complaining; inviting pity; pitiable. [R.] Shak. Syn. -- Sympathizing; tender; merciful; pitiful. COMPASSIONATE Com*pas"sion*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compassionated; p. pr. & vb. n. Compassionating.] Defn: To have compassion for; to pity; to commiserate; to sympathize with. Compassionates my pains, and pities me. Addison. COMPASSIONATELY Com*pas"sion*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In a compassionate manner; mercifully. Clarendon. COMPASSIONATENESS Com*pas"sion*ate*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being compassionate. COMPASSLESS Com"pass*less, a. Defn: Having no compass. Knowles. COMPATERNITY Com`pa*ter"ni*ty, n. Etym: [LL. compaternitas, fr. compater godfather; com- + pater father.] Defn: The relation of a godfather to a person. [Obs.] The relation of gossipred or compaternity by the cannon law is a spiritual affinity. Sir J. Da COMPATIBILITY Com*pat`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. compatibilit.] Defn: The quality or power of being compatible or congruous; congruity; as, a compatibility of tempers; a compatibility of properties. COMPATIBLE Com*pat"i*ble, a. Etym: [F., fr. LL.compatibilis, fr. L. compati. See Compassion.] Defn: Capable of existing in harmony; congruous; suitable; not repugnant; -- usually followed by with. Our poets have joined together such qualities as are by nature the most compatible. Broome. Syn. -- Consistent; suitable; agreeable; accordant. COMPATIBLENESS Com*pat"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: Compatibility; consistency; fitness; agreement. COMPATIBLY Com*pat"i*bly, adv. Defn: In a compatible manner. COMPATIENT Com*pa"tient, a. Etym: [L. compatients, p. pr. of compati. See Compassion.] Defn: Suffering or enduring together. [Obs.] Sir G. Buck. COMPATRIOT Com*pa"tri*ot, n. Etym: [F. compatriote, LL. compatriotus; com- + patriota a native. See Patriot, and cf. Copatriot.] Defn: One of the same country, and having like interests and feeling. The distrust with which they felt themselves to be regarded by their compatriots in America. Palfrey. COMPATRIOT Com*pa"tri*ot, a. Defn: Of the same country; having a common sentiment of patriotism. She [Britain] rears to freedom an undaunted race, Compatriot, zealous, hospitable, kind. Thomson. COMPATRIOTISM Com*pa"tri*ot*ism, n. Defn: The condition of being compatriots. COMPEAR Com*pear", v. i. Etym: [F. comparior, L. compar; com- + par to appear.] 1. To appear. [Obs.] 2. (Law) Defn: To appear in court personally or by attorney. [Scot] COMPEER Com*peer", Etym: [OE. comper, through French fr. L. compar; com- + par equal. See Peer an equal, and cf. 1st Compare.] Defn: An equal, as in rank, age, prowess, etc.; a companion; a comrade; a mate. And him thus answer 'd soon his bold compeer. Milton. COMPEER Com*peer", v. t. Defn: To be equal with; to match. [R.] In my rights, By me invested, he compeers the best. Shak. COMPEER; COMPEIR Com*peer", Com*peir", v. i. Defn: See Conpear. COMPEL Com*pel", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compelled; p. pr. & vb. n Compelling.] Etym: [L. compellere, compilstum, to drive together, to compel, urge; com- + pellere to drive: cf. OF. compellir. See Pulse.] 1. To drive or urge with force, or irresistibly; to force; to constrain; to oblige; to necessitate, either by physical or moral force. Wolsey . . . compelled the people to pay up the whole subsidy at once. Hallam. And they compel one Simon . . . to bear his cross. Mark xv. 21. 2. To take by force or violence; to seize; to exact; to extort. [R.] Commissions, which compel from each The sixth part of his substance. Shak. 3. To force to yield; to overpower; to subjugate. Easy sleep their weary limbs compelled. Dryden. I compel all creatures to my will. Tennyson. 4. To gather or unite in a crowd or company. [A Latinism] "In one troop compelled." Dryden. 5. To call forth; to summon. [Obs.] Chapman. She had this knight from far compelled. Spenser. Syn. -- To force; constrain; oblige; necessitate; coerce. See Coerce. COMPEL Com*pel", v. i. Defn: To make one yield or submit. "If she can not entreat, I can not compel." Shak. COMPELLABLE Com*pel"la*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being compelled or constrained. Blackstone. COMPELLABLY Com*pel"la*bly, adv. Defn: By compulsion. COMPELLATION Com`pel*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. compellatio, fr. compellare to accost, fr. compellere. See Compel.] Defn: Style of address or salutation; an appellation. "Metaphorical compellations." Milton. He useth this endearing compellation, "My little children." Bp. Beveridge. The peculiar compellation of the kings in France is by "Sire," which is nothing else but father. Sir W. Temple. COMPELLATIVE Com*pel"la*tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: The name by which a person is addressed; an appellative. COMPELLATORY Com*pel"la*to*ry, a. Defn: Serving to compel; compulsory. [R.] COMPELLER Com*pel"ler, n. Defn: One who compels or constrains. COMPEND Com"pend, n. Defn: A compendium; an epitome; a summary. A compend and recapitulation of the Mosaical law. Bp. Burnet. COMPENDIARIOUS Com*pen`di*a"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. compendiarius.] Defn: Short; compendious. [Obs.] Bailey. COMPENDIATE Com*pen"di*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. compendiatus, p. p. of compendiare to shorten, fr. compendium.] Defn: To sum or collect together. [Obs.] Bp. King. COMPENDIOUS Com*pen"di*ous, a. Etym: [L. compendiosus.] Defn: Containing the substance oe general principles of a subject or work in a narrow compass; abridged; summarized. More compendious and exeditious ways. Woodward. Three things be required in the oration of a man having authority -- that it be compendious, sententious, and delectable. Sir T. Elyot. Syn. -- Short; summary; abridged; condensed; comprehensive; succinct; brief; concise. COMPENDIOUSLY Com*pen"di*ous*ly, dv. Defn: In a compendious manner. Compendiously exressed by the word chaos. Bentley. COMPENDIOUSNESS Com*pen"di*ous*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being compendious. COMPENDIUM Com*pen"di*um, n.; pl. E. Compendiums, L. Compendia. Etym: [L. compendium that which is wieghed, saved, or shortened, a short way, fr. compendere to weigh; com- + pendere to weigh. See Pension, and cf. Compend.] Defn: A brief compilation or composition, containing the principal heads, or general principles, of a larger work or system; an abridgment; an epitome; a compend; a condensed summary. A short system or compendium of a sience. I. Watts. Syn. -- See Abridgment. COMPENSATE Com"pen*sate ( or ; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compensated; p. pr. & vb. n. Compensating.] Etym: [L. compensatus, p. p. of compensare, prop., to weigh several things with one another, to balance with one another, verb intens. fr. compendere. See Compendum.] 1. To make equal return to; to remunerate; to recompence; to give an equivalent to; to requite suitably; as, to compensate a laborer for his work, or a merchant for his losses. 2. To be equivalent in value or effect to; to counterbalance; to make up for; to make amends for. The length of the night and the dews thereof do compensate the heat of the day. Bacon. The pleasures of life do not compensate the miseries. Prior. Syn. -- To recompense; remunerate; indemnify; reward; requite; counterbalance. COMPENSATE Com"pen*sate, v. i. Defn: To make amends; to supply an equivalent; -- followed by for; as, nothing can compensate for the loss of reputation. COMPENSATION Com`pen*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. compensatio a weighing, a balancing of accounts.] 1. The act or principle of compensating. Emerson. 2. That which constitutes, or is regarded as, an equivalent; that which makes good the lack or variation of something else; that which compensates for loss or privation; amends; remuneration; recompense. The parliament which dissolved the monastic foundations . . . vouchsafed not a word toward securing the slightest compensation to the dispossessed owners. Hallam. No pecuniary compensation can possibly reward them. Burke. 3. (Law) (a) The extinction of debts of which two persons are reciprocally debtors by the credits of which they are reciprocally creditors; the payment of a debt by a credit of equal amount; a set-off. Bouvier. Wharton. (b) A recompense or reward for some loss or service. (c) An equivalent stipulated for in contracts for the sale of real eatate, in which it is customary to privide that errors in description, etc., shall not avoid, but shall be the subject of compensation. Compensation balance, or Compensated balance, a kind of balance wheel for a timepiece. The rim is usually made of two different expansibility under changes of temperature, so arranged as to counteract each other and preserve uniformity of movement. -- Compensation pendulum. See Pendulum. Syn. -- Recompense; reward; indemnification; consideration; requital; satisfaction; set-off. COMPENSATIVE Com*pen"sa*tive, a. Etym: [LL. compensativus.] Defn: Affording compensation. COMPENSATIVE Com*pen"sa*tive, n. Defn: Compensation. [R.] Lamb. COMPENSATOR Com"pen*sa`tor, n. 1. One who, or that which, compensates; -- a name applied to various mechanical devices. 2. (Naut.) Defn: An iron plate or magnet placed near the compass on iron vessels to neutralize the effect of the ship's attraction on the needle. COMPENSATORY Com*pen"sa*to*ry, a. Defn: Serving for compensation; making amends. Jer. Taylor. COMPENSE Com*pense", v. t. Etym: [F. compenser. See Compensate.] Defn: To compensate. [Obs.] Bacon. COMPERENDINATE Com`pe*ren"di*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. comperendinatus, p. p. of comperendinare to defer (the time of trial.)] Defn: To delay. Bailey. COMPESCE Com*pesce", v. t. Etym: [L. compescere.] Defn: To hold in check; to restrain. [R.] Carlyle. COMPETE Com*pete", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Competed; p. pr. & vb. n. Competing.] Etym: [L. completere, competitum; com- + petere to seek. See Petition.] Defn: To contend emulously; to seek or strive for the same thing, position, or reward for which another is striving; to contend in rivalry, as for a prize or in business; as, tradesmen compete with one another. The rival statesmen, with eyes fixed on America, were all the while competing for European alliances. Bancroft. COMPETENCE; COMPETENCY Com"pe*tence, Com"pe*ten*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. compétence, from L. competentia agreement.] 1. The state of being competent; fitness; ability; adequacy; power. The loan demonstrates, in regard to instrumental resources, the competency of this kingdom to the assertion of the common cause. Burke. To make them act zealously is not in the competence of law. Burke. 2. Property or means sufficient for the necessaries and conveniences of life; sifficiency without excess. Reason's whole pleasure, all the joys of sense, Lie in three words -- health, peace, and competence. Pope. Superfluity comes sooner by white hairs, but competency lives longer. Shak. 3. (Law) (a) Legal capacity or qualifications; fitness; as, the competency of a witness or of a evidence. (b) Right or authority; legal power or capacity to take cognizance of a cause; as, the competence of a judge or court. Kent. COMPETENT Com"pe*tent (; 94), a. Etym: [F. compétent, p. pr. of compéter to be in the competency of, LL. competere to strive after together, to agree with; hence, to be fit. See Compete.] 1. Answering to all requirements; adeqouate; sufficient; suitable; capable; legally qualified; fit. "A competent knowledge of the world." Arrerbury. "Competent age." Grafton. "Competent statesmen." Palfrey. /"A competent witness." Bouvier. 2. Rightfully or properly belonging; incident; -- followed by to. [Rare, except in legal usage.] That is the privillege of the infinite Author of things, . . . but is not competent to any finite being. Locke. Syn. -- See Qualified. COMPETENTLY Com"pe*tent*ly, adv. Defn: In a competent manner; adequately; suitably. COMPETIBLE Com*pet"i*ble, a. Defn: Compatible; suitable; consistent. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. COMPETITION Com`pe*ti"tion, n. Etym: [L. competitio. See Conpete.] Defn: The act of seeking, or endevearing to gain, what another is endeavoring to gain at the same time; common strife for the same objects; strife for superiority; emulous contest; rivalry, as for approbation, for a prize, or as where two or more persons are engaged in the same business and each seeking patronage; -- followed by for before the object sought, and with before the person or thing competed with. Competition to the crown there is none, nor can be. Bacon. A portrait, with which one of Titian's could not come in competititon. Dryden. There is no competition but for the second place. Dryden. Where competition does not act at all there is complete monopoly. A. T. Hadley. Syn. -- Emulation; rivalry; rivalship; contest; struggle; contention; opposition; jealousy. See Emulation. COMPETITIVE Com*pet"i*tive, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to competition; producing competition; competitory; as, a competitive examination. COMPETITOR Com*pet"i*tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. compétiteur.] 1. One who seeks what another seeks, or claims what another claims; one who competes; a rival. And can not brook competitors in love. Shak. 2. An associate; a confederate. [Obs.] Every hour more competitors Flock to their aid, and still their power increaseth. Shak. COMPETITORY Com*pet"i*to*ry, a. Defn: Acting in competition; competing; rival. COMPETITRESS Com*pet"i*tress, n. Defn: A woman who competes. COMPETITRIX Com*pet"i*trix, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A competitress. COMPILATION Com"pi*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. compilatio: cf. F. compilation.] 1. The act or process of compiling or gathering together from various sources. 2. That which is compiled; especially, a book or document composed of materials gathering from other books or documents. His [Goldsmith's] compilations are widely distinguished from the compilations of ordinary bookmakers. Macaulay. COMPILATOR Com"pi*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Compiler. [Obs.] COMPILE Com*pile", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Compiling.] Etym: [F. compiler, fr.L. compilare to plunder, pillage; com- + pilare to plunder. See Pill, v. t., Pillage.] 1. To put together; to construct; to build. [Obs.] Before that Merlin died, he did intend A brazen wall in compass to compile. Spenser. 2. To contain or comprise. [Obs.] Which these six books compile. Spenser. 3. To put together in a new form out of materials already existing; esp., to put together or compose out of materials from other books or documents. He [Goldsmith] compiled for the use of schools a History of Rome. Macaulay. 4. To write; to compose. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple. COMPILEMENT Com*pile"ment, n. Defn: Compilation. [R.] COMPILER Com*pil"er, n. Etym: [OE. compiluor; cf. OF. compileor, fr. L. compilator.] Defn: One who compiles; esp., one who makes books by compilation. COMPINGE Com*pinge", v. t. Etym: [L. compingere.] Defn: To compress; to shut up. [Obs.] Burton. COMPLACENCE; COMPLACENCY Com*pla"cence, Com*pla"cen*cy, n. Etym: [LL. complacentia: cf. F. complaisance. See Complacent, and cf. Complaisance.] 1. Calm contentment; satisfaction; gratification. The inward complacence we find in acting reasonably and virtuously. Atterbury. Others proclaim the infirmities of a great man with satisfaction and complacency, if they discover none of the like in themselves. Addison. 2. The cause of pleasure or joy. "O thou, my sole complacence." Milton. 3. The manifestation of contentment or satisfaction; good nature; kindness; civility; affability. Complacency, and truth, and manly sweetness, Dwell ever on his tongue, and smooth his thoughts. Addison. With mean complacence ne'er betray your trust. Pope. COMPLACENT Com*pla"cent, a. Etym: [L. complacens very pleasing, p. pr. of complacere; com- + placere to please: cf. F. complaisant. See Please and cf. Complaisant.] Defn: Self-satisfied; contented; kindly; as, a complacent temper; a complacent smile. They look up with a sort of complacent awe . . . to kings. Burke. COMPLACENTIAL Com`pla*cen"tial, a. Defn: Marked by, or causing, complacence. [Obs.] "Complacential love." Baxter. COMPLACENTLY Com*pla"cent*ly, adv. Defn: In a complacent manner. COMPLAIN Com*plain", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Complained; p. pr. & vb. n. Complaining.] Etym: [F. complaindre, LL. complangere; com- + L. plangere to strike, beat, to beat the breast or head as a sign of grief, to lament. See Plaint.] 1. To give utterance to expression of grief, pain, censure, regret. etc.; to lament; to murmur; to find fault; -- commonly used with of. Also, to creak or squeak, as a timber or wheel. O lose of sight, of three I most complain! Milton. 2. To make a formal accusation; to make a charge. Now, Master Shallow, you'll complain of me to the king Shak. Syn. -- To repine; grumble; deplore; bewail; grieve; mourn; regret; murmur. COMPLAIN Com*plain", v. t. Defn: To lament; to bewail. [Obs.] They might the grievance inwardly complain. Daniel. By chaste Lucrece's soul that late complain'd Her wrongs to us. Shak. COMPLAINABLE Com*plain"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be complained of. [R.] Feltham. COMPLAINANT Com*plain"ant, n. Etym: [F. complaignant, p. pr. of complaindre.] 1. One who makes complaint. Eager complainants of the dispute. Collier. 2. (Law) (a) One who commences a legal process by a complaint. (b) The party suing in equity, answering to the plaintiff at common law. He shall forfeit one moiety to the use of the town, and the other moiety to the use of the complainant. Statutes of Mass. COMPLAINER Com*plain"er, n. Defn: One who complains or laments; one who finds fault; a murmurer. Beattie. Speechless complainer, I will learn thy thought. Shak. COMPLAINT Com*plaint", n. Etym: [F. complainte. See Complain.] 1. Expression of grief, regret, pain, censure, or resentment; lamentation; murmuring; accusation; fault-finding. I poured out my complaint before him. Ps. cxlii. 2. Grievous complaints of you. Shak. 2. Cause or subject of complaint or murmuring. The poverty of the clergy in England hath been the complaint of all who wish well to the church. Swift. 3. An ailment or disease of the body. One in a complaint of his bowels. Arbuthnot. 4. (Law) Defn: A formal allegation or charge against a party made or presented to the appropriate court or officer, as for a wrong done or a crime committed (in the latter case, generally under oath); an information; accusation; the initial bill in proceedings in equity. Syn. -- Lamentation; murmuring; sorrow; grief; disease; illness; disorder; malady; ailment. COMPLAINTFUL Com*plaint"ful, a. Defn: Full of complaint. [Obs.] COMPLAISANCE Com"plai*sance`, n. Etym: [F. complaisance. See Complaisant, and cf. Complacence.] Defn: Disposition to please or oblige; obliging compliance with the wishes of others; a deportment indicative of a desire to please; courtesy; civility. These [ladies] . . . are by the just complaisance and gallantry of our nation the most powerful part of our people. Addison. They strive with their own hearts and keep them down, In complaisance to all the fools in town. Young. Syn. -- Civility; courtesy; urbanity; suavity; affability; good breeding. COMPLAISANT Com"plai*sant, a. Etym: [F. complaisant, p. pr. of complaire to acquiesce as a favor, fr. L. complacere. See Complacent.] Defn: Desirous to please; courteous; obliging; compliant; as, a complaisant gentleman. There are to whom my satire seems too bold: Scarce to wise Peter complaisant enough. Pope. Syn. -- Obliging; courteous; affable; gracious; civil; polite; well-bred. See Obliging. -- Com"plai*sant`ly, adv. -- Com"plai*sant`ness, n. COMPLANAR Com*pla"nar, a. Defn: See Coplanar. COMPLANATE Com"pla*nate ( or , a. Etym: [L. complanatus, p. p. of complanare to make plane. See Plane, v. t.] Defn: Flattened to a level surface. [R.] COMPLANATE Com"pla*nate, v. t. Defn: To make level. [R.] COMPLECTED Com*plect"ed, a. Defn: Complexioned. [Low, New Eng.] COMPLEMENT Com"ple*ment, n. Etym: [L. complementun: cf. F. complément. See Complete, v. t., and cf. Compliment.] 1. That which fills up or completes; the quantity or number required to fill a thing or make it complete. 2. That which is required to supply a deficiency, or to complete a symmetrical whole. History is the complement of poetry. Sir J. Stephen. 3. Full quantity, number, or amount; a complete set; completeness. To exceed his complement and number appointed him which was one hundred and twenty persons. Hakluyt. 4. (Math.) Defn: A second quantity added to a given quantity to make equal to a third given quantity. 5. Something added for ornamentation; an accessory. [Obs.] Without vain art or curious complements. Spenser. 6. (Naut.) Defn: The whole working force of a vessel. 7. (Mus.) Defn: The interval wanting to complete the octave; -- the fourth is the complement of the fifth, the sixth of the third. 8. A compliment. [Obs.] Shak. Arithmetical compliment of a logarithm. See under Logarithm. -- Arithmetical complement of a number (Math.), the difference between that number and the next higher power of 10; as, 4 is the complement of 6, and 16 of 84. -- Complement of an arc or angle (Geom.), the difference between that arc or angle and 90º. -- Complement of a parallelogram. (Math.) See Gnomon. -- In her complement (Her.), said of the moon when represented as full. COMPLEMENT Com"ple*ment, v. t. 1. To supply a lack; to supplement. [R.] 2. To compliment. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. COMPLEMENTAL Com`ple*men"tal, a. 1. Supplying, or tending to supply, a deficiency; fully completing. "Complemental ceremony." Prynne. 2. Complimentary; courteous. [Obs.] Shak. Complemental air (Physiol.), the air (averaging 100 cubic inches) which can be drawn into the lungs in addition to the tidal air, by the deepest possible inspiration. -- Complemental males (Zoöl.), peculiar small males living parasitically on the ordinary hermaphrodite individuals of certain barnacles. COMPLEMENTARY Com`ple*men"ta"ry, a. Defn: Serving to fill out or to complete; as, complementary numbers. Complementary colors. See under Color. -- Complementary angles (Math.), two angles whose sum is 90°. COMPLEMENTARY Com`ple*men"ta*ry, n. Etym: [See Complimentary.] Defn: One skilled in compliments. [Obs.] B. Jonson. COMPLETE Com"plete", a. Etym: [L. completus, p. p. of complere to fill. See Full, a., and cf. Comply, Compline.] 1. Filled up; with no part or element lacking; free from deficienty; entire; perfect; consummate. "Complete perfections." Milton. Ye are complete in him. Col. ii. 10. That thou, dead corse, again in complete steel Revesit'st thus the glimpses of the moon. Shak. 2. Finished; ended; concluded; completed; as, the edifice is complete. This course of vanity almost complete. Prior. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Having all the parts or organs which belong to it or to the typical form; having calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil. Syn. -- See Whole. COMPLETE Com*plete", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Completed; p. pr. & vb. n. Completing.] Defn: To bring to a state in which there is no deficiency; to perfect; to consummate; to accomplish; to fulfill; to finish; as, to complete a task, or a poem; to complete a course of education. Bred only and completed to the taste Of lustful appetence. Milton. And, to complete her bliss, a fool for mate. Pope. Syn. -- To perform; execute; terminate; conclude; finish; end; fill up; achieve; realize; effect; consummate; accomplish; effectuate; fulfill; bring to pass. COMPLETELY Com*plete"ly, adv. Defn: In a complete manner; fully. COMPLETEMENT Com*plete"ment, n. Defn: Act of completing or perfecting; completion. [Obs.] Dryden. COMPLETENESS Com*plete"ness, n. Defn: The state of being complete. COMPLETION Com*ple"tion, n. Etym: [L. completio a filling, a fulfillment.] 1. The act or process of making complete; the getting through to the end; as, the completion of an undertaking, an education, a service. The completion of some repairs. Prescott. 2. State of being complete; fulfillment; accomplishment; realization. Predictions receiving their completion in Christ. South. COMPLETIVE Com*ple"tive, a. Etym: [L. completivus: cf. F. compl.] Defn: Making complete. [R.] J. Harris. COMPLETORY Com*ple"to*ry, a. Defn: Serving to fulfill. Completory of ancient presignifications. Barrow. COMPLETORY Com"ple*to"ry ( or ), n. Etym: [L. completorium.] (Eccl.) Defn: Same as Compline. COMPLEX Com"plex, a. Etym: [L. complexus, p. p. of complecti to entwine around, comprise; com- + plectere to twist, akin to plicare to fold. See Plait, n.] 1. Composed of two or more parts; composite; not simple; as, a complex being; a complex idea. Ideas thus made up of several simple ones put together, I call complex; such as beauty, gratitude, a man, an army, the universe. Locke. 2. Involving many parts; complicated; intricate. When the actual motions of the heavens are calculated in the best possible way, the process is difficult and complex. Whewell. Complex fraction. See Fraction. -- Complex number (Math.), in the theory of numbers, an expression of the form a + bsq. root-1, when a and b are ordinary integers. Syn. -- See Intricate. COMPLEX Com"plex, n. Etym: [L. complexus] Defn: Assemblage of related things; colletion; complication. This parable of the wedding supper comprehends in it the whole complex of all the blessings and privileges exhibited by the gospel. South. Complex of lines (Geom.), all the possible straight lines in space being considered, the entire system of lines which satisfy a single relation constitute a complex; as, all the lines which meet a given curve make up a complex. The lines which satisfy two relations constitute a congruency of lines; as, the entire system of lines, each one of which meets two given surfaces, is a congruency. COMPLEXED Com*plexed", a. Defn: Complex, complicated. [Obs.] "Complexed significations." Sir T. Browne. COMPLEXEDNESS Com*plex"ed*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being complex or involved; complication. The complexedness of these moral ideas. Locke. COMPLEXION Com*plex"ion, n. Etym: [F. complexion, fr. L. complexio. See Complex, a.] 1. The state of being complex; complexity. [Obs.] Though the terms of propositions may be complex, yet . . . it is proprly called a simple syllogism, since the complexion does not belong to the syllogistic form of it. I. Watts. 2. A combination; a complex. [Archaic] This paragraph is . . . a complexion of sophisms. Coleridge. 3. The bodily constitution; the temperament; habitude, or natural disposition; character; nature. [Obs.] If his complexion incline him to melancholy. Milton. It is the complexion of them all to leave the dam. Shak. 4. The color or hue of the skin, esp. of the face. Tall was her stature, her complexion dark. Wordswoorth. Between the pale complexion of true love, And the red glow of scron and proud disdain. Shak. 5. The general appearance or aspect; as, the complexion of the sky; the complexion of the news. COMPLEXIONAL Com*plex"ion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to constitutional complexion. A moral rather than a complexional timidity. Burke. COMPLEXIONALLY Com*plex"ion*al*ly, adv. Defn: Constitutionally. [R.] Though corruptible, not complexionally vicious. Burke. COMPLEXIONARY Com*plex"ion*a*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to the complexion, or to the care of it. Jer. Taylor. COMPLEXIONED Com*plex"ioned, a. Defn: Having (such) a complexion; -- used in composition; as, a dark- complexioned or a ruddy-complexioned person. A flower is the best-complexioned grass, as a pearl is the best- colored clay. Fuller. COMPLEXITY Com*plex"i*ty, n.; pl. Complexities. Etym: [Cf. F. complexité.] 1. The state of being complex; intricacy; entanglement. The objects of society are of the greatest possible complexity. Burke. 2. That which is complex; intricacy; complication. Many-corridored complexities Of Arthur's palace. Tennyson. COMPLEXLY Com"plex`ly, adv. Defn: In a complex manner; not simply. COMPLEXNESS Com"plex`ness, n. Defn: The state of being complex; complexity. A. Smith. COMPLEXUS Com*plex"us, n. Etym: [L., an embracing.] Defn: A complex; an aggregate of parts; a complication. COMPLIABLE Com*pli"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of bending or yielding; apt to yield; compliant. Another compliable mind. Milton. The Jews . . . had made their religion compliable, and accemodated to their passions. Jortin. COMPLIANCE Com*pli"ance, n. Etym: [See Comply.] 1. The act of complying; a yielding; as to a desire, demand, or proposal; concession; submission. What compliances will remove dissension Swift. Ready compliance with the wishes of his people. Macaulay. 2. A disposition to yield to others; complaisance. A man of few words and of great compliance. Clarendon. Syn. -- Concession; submission; consent; obedience; performance; execution; acqquiescence; assent. COMPLIANCY Com*pli"an*cy, n. Defn: Compliance; disposition to yield to others. Goldsmith. COMPLIANT Com*pli"ant, a. Defn: Yielding; bending; pliant; submissive. "The compliant boughs." Milton. COMPLIANTLY Com*pli"ant*ly, adv. Defn: In a compliant manner. COMPLICACY Com"pli*ca*cy, n. Defn: A state of being complicate or intricate. Mitford. COMPLICANT Com"pli*cant, a. Etym: [L. complicans, p. pr.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Overlapping, as the elytra of certain beetles. COMPLICATE Com"pli*cate, a. Etym: [L. complicatus, p. p. of complicare to fold together. See Complex.] 1. Composed of two or more parts united; complex; complicated; involved. How poor, how rich, how abject, how august, How complicate, how wonderful is man! Young. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Folded together, or upon itself, with the fold running lengthwise. COMPLICATE Com"pli*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Complicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Complicating.] Defn: To fold or twist together; to combine intricately; to make complex; to combine or associate so as to make intricate or difficult. Nor can his complicated sinews fail. Young. Avarice and luxury very often become one complicated principle of action. Addison. When the disease is complicated with other diseases. Arbuthnot. COMPLICATELY Com"pli*cate*ly, adv. Defn: In a complex manner. COMPLICATENESS Com"pli*cate*ness, n. Defn: Complexity. Sir M. Hale. COMPLICATION Com`pli*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. compliasion: cf. F. complication.] 1. The act or process of complicating; the state of being complicated; intricate or confused relation of parts; entaglement; complexity. A complication of diseases. Macaulay. Through and beyond these dark complications of the present, the New England founders looked to the great necessities of future times. Palfrey. 2. (Med.) Defn: A disease or diseases, or adventitious circumstances or conditions, coexistent with and modifying a primary disease, but not necessarily connected with it. COMPLICE Com"plice, n.; pl. Complices. Etym: [F., fr. L. complex, -plicis, closely connected with one, confederate. See Complicate, and cf. Accomplice.] Defn: An accomplice. [Obs.] To quell the rebels and their complices. Shak. COMPLICITY Com*plic"i*ty, n.; pl. Complicities. Etym: [F. complicité.] Defn: The state of being an accomplice; participation in guilt. COMPLIER Com*pli"er, n. Defn: One who complies, yields, or obeys; one of an easy, yieldy temper. Swift. COMPLIMENT Com"pli*ment, n. Etym: [F. compliment. It complimento, fr. comlire to compliment, finish, suit, fr. L. complere to fill up. See Complete, and cf. Complement.] Defn: An expression, by word or act, of approbation, regard, confidence, civility, or admiration; a flattering speech or attention; a ceremonious greeting; as, to send one's compliments to a friend. Tedious waste of time, to sit and hear So many hollow compliments and lies. Milton. Many a compliment politely penned. Cowper. To make one a compliment, to show one respect; to praise one in a flattering way.Locke. -- To make one's compliments to, to offer formal courtesias to. -- To stand on compliment, to treat with ceremony. Syn. -- See Adulation. COMPLIMENT Com"pli*ment, v. t. Defn: To praise, flatter, or gratify, by expressions of approbation, respect, or congratulation; to make or pay a compliment to. Monarchs should their inward soul disguise; . . . Should compliment their foes and shun their friends. Prior. Syn. -- To praise; flatter; adulate; commend. COMPLIMENT Com"pli*ment, v. i. Defn: To pass compliments; to use conventional expressions of respect. I make the interlocutors, upon occasion, compliment with one another. Boyle. COMPLIMENTAL Com`pli*men"tal, a. Defn: Complimentary. [Obs.] Languages . . . grow rich and abundant in complimental phrases, and such froth. Sir H. Wotton. -- Com`pli*men"tal*ly, adv. [Obs.] Boyle. -- Com`pli*men"tal*ness, n. [Obs.] Hammond. COMPLIMENTARY Com`pli*men"ta*ry, a. Defn: Expressive of regard or praise; of the nature of, or containing, a compliment; as, a complimentary remark; a complimentary ticket. "Complimentary addresses." Prescott. COMPLIMENTATIVE Com`pli*men"ta*tive, a. Defn: Complimentary. [R.] Boswell. COMPLIMENTER Com"pli*ment`er, n. Defn: One who compliments; one given to complimenting; a flatterer. COMPLINE; COMPLIN Com"pline, Com"plin, n. Etym: [From OE. complie, OF. complie, F. complies, pl., fr. LL. completa (prop. fem. of L. completus) the religious exercise which completes and closes the service of the day. See Complete.] (Eccl.) Defn: The last division of the Roman Catholic breviary; the seventh and last of the canonical hours of the Western church; the last prayer of the day, to be said after sunset. The custom of godly man been to shut up the evening with a compline of prayer at nine of the night. Hammond. COMPLOT Com"plot, n. Etym: [F. complot, prob. for comploit, fr.L. complicitum, prop. p. p. of complicare, but equiv. to complicatio complication, entangling. See Complicate, and cf. Plot.] Defn: A plotting together; a confederacy in some evil design; a conspiracy. I know their complot is to have my life. Shak. COMPLOT Com*plot", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Complotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Complotting.] Etym: [Cf. F. comploter, fr. complot.] Defn: To plot or plan together; to conspire; to join in a secret design. We find them complotting together, and contriving a new scence of miseries to the Trojans. Pope. COMPLOTMENT Com*plot"ment, n. Defn: A plotting together. [R.] COMPLOTTER Com*plot"ter, n. Defn: One joined in a plot. Dryden. COMPLUTENSIAN Com`plu*ten"sian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Complutum (now Alcala de Henares) a city near Madrid; as, the Complutensian Bible. COMPLUVIUM Com*plu"vi*um, n. Etym: [L.] (Arch.) Defn: A space left unroofed over the court of a Roman dwelling, through which the rain fell into the impluvium or cistern. COMPLY Com*ply", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Complied; p. pr. & vb. n. Complying.] Etym: [Perh. formed fr. compliment, influenced by ply, pliant, which are of different origin: cf. It. complire to compliment, finish, suit. See Compliment, Complete.] 1. To yield assent; to accord; agree, or acquiesce; to adapt one's self; to consent or conform; -- usually followed by with. Yet this be sure, in nothing to comply, Scandalous or forbidden in our law. Milton. They did servilely comply with the people in worshiping God by sensible images. Tillotson. He that complies against his will Is of his own opinion still. Hudibras. 2. To be ceremoniously courteous; to make one's compliments. [Obs.] Shak. COMPLY Com*ply", v. t. Etym: [See comply, v. i.] 1. To fulfill; to accomplish. [Obs.] Chapman. 2. Etym: [Cf. L. complicare to fold up. See Ply.] Defn: To infold; to embrace. [Obs.] Seemed to comply, Cloudlike, the daintie deitie. Herrick. COMPO Com"po, n.; pl. -pos (#). Defn: Short for Composition; -- used, esp. in England, colloq. in various trade applications; as : (a) A mortar made of sand and cement. (b) A carver's mixture of resin, whiting, and glue, used instead of plaster of Paris for ornamenting walls and cornices. (c) A composition for billiard balls. (d) A preparation of which printer's rollers are made. (e) A preparation used in currying leather. (f) Composition paid by a debtor. COMPONE Com*pone", v. t. Etym: [L. componere. See Compound.] Defn: To compose; to settle; to arrange. [Obs.] A good pretense for componing peace. Strype. COMPONE Com*po"ne, a. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Compony. COMPONENT Com*po"nent, a. Etym: [L. componens, p. pr. of componere. See Compound, v. t.] Defn: Serving, or helping, to form; composing; constituting; constituent. The component parts of natural bodies. Sir I. Newton. COMPONENT Com*po"nent, n. Defn: A constituent part; an ingredient. Component of force (Mech.), a force which, acting conjointly with one or more forces, produces the effect of a single force or resultant; one of a number of forces into which a single force may be resolved. COMPONY; COMPONE Com*po"ny, Com*po"né, a. Etym: [F. componé.] (Her.) Defn: Divided into squares of alternate tinctures in a single row; -- said of any bearing; or, in the case of a bearing having curved lines, divided into patches of alternate colors following the curve. If there are two rows it is called counter-compony. COMPORT Com*port", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Comported; p. pr. & vb. n. Comporting.] Etym: [F. comporter, LL. comportare, fr.L. comportare to bring together; com- + portare to carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. To bear or endure; to put up (with); as, to comport with an injury. [Obs.] Barrow. 2. To agree; to accord; to suit; -- sometimes followed by with. How ill this dullness doth comport with greatness. Beau. & Fl. How their behavior herein comported with the institution. Locke. COMPORT Com*port", v. t. 1. To bear; to endure; to brook; to put with. [Obs.] The malcontented sort That never can the present state comport. Daniel. 2. To carry; to conduct; -- with a reflexive pronoun. Observe how Lord Somers . . . comported himself. Burke. COMPORT Com"port (, formerly , n. Etym: [Cf.OF. comport.] Defn: Manner of acting; behavior; conduct; deportment. [Obs.] I knew them well, and marked their rude comport. Dryden. COMPORTABLE Com*port"a*ble, a. Defn: Suitable; consistent. [Obs.] "Some comportable method." Wotton. COMPORTANCE Com*port"ance, n. Defn: Behavior; comport. [Obs.] Goodly comportance each to other bear. Spenser. COMPORTATION Com`por*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. comportatio.] Defn: A bringing together. [Obs.] Bp. Richardson. COMPORTMENT Com*port"ment, n. Etym: [F. comportement.] Defn: Manner of acting; behavior; bearing. A graceful comportment of their bodies. Cowley. Her serious and devout comportment. Addison. COMPOSE Com*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Composed; p. pr. & vb. n. Composing.] Etym: [F. composer; com- + poser to place. The sense is that of L. componere, but the prigin is different. See Pose, v. t.] 1. To form by putting together two or more things or parts; to put together; to make up; to fashion. Zeal ought to be composed of the hidhest degrees of all pious affection. Bp. Sprat. 2. To form the substance of, or part of the substance of; to constitute. Their borrowed gold composed The calf in Oreb. Milton. A few useful things . . . compose their intellectual possessions. I. Watts. 3. To construct by mental labor; to design and execute, or put together, in a manner involving the adaptation of forms of expression to ideas, or to the laws of harmony or proportion; as, to compose a sentence, a sermon, a symphony, or a picture. Let me compose Something in verse as well as prose. Pope. The genius that composed such works as the "Standard" and "Last Supper". B. R. Haydon. 4. To dispose in proper form; to reduce to order; to put in proper state or condition; to adjust; to regulate. In a peaceful grave my corpse compose. Dryden. How in safety best we may Compose our present evils. Milton. 5. To free from agitation or disturbance; to tranquilize; to soothe; to calm; to quiet. Compose thy mind; Nor frauds are here contrived, nor force designed. Dryden. 6. (Print.) Defn: To arrange (types) in a composing stick in order for printing; to set (type). COMPOSE Com*pose", v. i. Defn: To come to terms. [Obs.] Shak. COMPOSED Com*posed", a. Defn: Free from agitation; calm; sedate; quiet; tranquil; self- possessed. The Mantuan there in sober triumph sate, Composed his posture, and his look sedate. Pope. -- Com*pos"ed*ly (, adv. -- Com*pos"ed*ness, n. COMPOSER Com*pos"er, n. 1. One who composes; an author. Specifically, an author of a piece of music. If the thoughts of such authors have nothing in them, they at least . . . show an honest industry and a good intention in the composer. Addison. His [Mozart's] most brilliant and solid glory is founded upon his talents as a composer. Moore (Encyc. of Mus. ). 2. One who, or that which, quits or calms; one who adjust a difference. Sweet composes of the pensive sGay. COMPOSING Com*pos"ing, a. 1. Tending to compose or soothe. 2. Pertaining to, or used in, composition. Composing frame (Print.), a stand for holding cases of type when in use. -- Composing rule (Print.), a thin slip of brass or steel, against which the type is arranged in a composing stick, or by the aid of which stickfuls or handfuls or type are lifted; -- called also setting rule. -- Composing stick (Print.), an instrument usually of metal, which the compositor holds in his left hand, and in which he arranges the type in words and lines. It has one open side, and one adjustable end by means of which the length of the lines, and consequently the width of the page or column, may be determined. COMPOSITAE Com*pos"i*tæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. compositus made up of parts. See Composite.] (Bot.) Defn: A large family of dicotyledonous plants, having their flowers arranged in dense heads of many small florets and their anthers united in a tube. The daisy, dandelion, and asters, are examples. COMPOSITE Com*pos"ite, a. Etym: [L. compositus made up of parts, p. p. of componere. See Compound, v. t., and cf. Compost.] 1. Made up of distinct parts or elements; compounded; as, a composite language. Happiness, like air and water . . . is composite. Landor. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Belonging to a certain order which is composed of the Ionic order grafted upon the Corinthian. It is called also the Roman or the Italic order, and is one of the five orders recognized by the Italian writers of the sixteenth century. See Capital. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to the order Compositæ; bearing involucrate heads of many small florets, as the daisy, thistle, and dandelion. Composite carriage, a railroad car having compartments of different classes. [Eng.] -- Composite number (Math.), one which can be divided exactly by a number exceeding unity, as 6 by 2 or 3.prime number. -- Composite photograph or portrait, one made by a combination, or blending, of several distinct photographs. F. Galton. -- Composite sailing (Naut.), a combination of parallel and great circle sailing. -- Composite ship, one with a wooden casing and iron frame. COMPOSITE Com*pos"ite, n. Defn: That which is made up of parts or compounded of several elements; composition; combination; compound. [R.] COMPOSITION Com`po*si"tion, n. Etym: [F. composition, fr. L. compositio. See Composite.] 1. The act or art of composing, or forming a whole or integral, by placing together and uniting different things, parts, or ingredients. In specific uses: (a) The invention or combination of the parts of any literary work or discourse, or of a work of art; as, the composition of a poem or a piece of music. "The constant habit of elaborate composition." Macaulay. (b) (Fine Arts) The art or practice of so combining the different parts of a work of art as to produce a harmonious whole; also, a work of art considered as such. See 4, below. (c) The act of writing for practice in a language, as English, Latin, German, etc. (d) (Print.) The setting up of type and arranging it for printing. 2. The state of being put together or composed; conjunction; combination; adjustment. View them in composition with other things. I. Watts. The elementary composition of bodies. Whewell. 3. A mass or body formed by combining two or more substances; as, a chemical composition. A omposition that looks . . . like marble. Addison. 4. A literary, musical, or artistic production, especially one showing study and care in arrangement; -- often used of an elementary essay or translation done as an educational exercise. 5. Consistency; accord; congruity. [Obs.] There is no composition in these news That gives them credit. Shak. 6. Mutual agreement to terms or conditions for the settlement of a difference or controversy; also, the terms or conditions of settlement; agreement. Thus we are agreed: I crave our composition may be written. Shak. 7. (Law) Defn: The adjustment of a debt, or avoidance of an obligation, by some form of compensation agreed on between the parties; also, the sum or amount of compensation agreed upon in the adjustment. Compositions for not taking the order of knighthood. Hallam. Cleared by composition with their creditors. Blackstone. 8. Synthesis as opposed to analysis. The investigation of difficult things by the method of analysis ought ever to precede the method of composition. Sir I. Newton. Composition cloth, a kind of clotch covered with a preparation making it waterproof. -- Composition deed, an agreement for composition between a debtor and several creditors. -- Composition plane (Crystallog.), the plane by which the two individuals of a twin crystal are united in their reserved positions. -- Composition of forces (Mech.), the finding of a single force (called the resultant) which shall be equal in effect to two or more given forces (called the components) when acting in given directions. Herbert. -- Composition metal, an alloy resembling brass, which is sometimes used instead of copper for sheathing vessels; -- also called Muntz metal and yellow metal. -- Composition of proportion (Math.), an arrangement of four proportionals so that the sum of the arrangement of four proportionals so that the sum of the third and fourth to the fourth.COMPOSITIVE Com*pos"i*tive, a. Etym: [L. compositivus.] Defn: Having the quality of entering into composition; compounded. [R.] COMPOSITIVE Com*pos"i*tive, a. [L. compositivus.] Defn: Having the quality of entering into composition; compounded. [R.] COMPOSITOR Com*pos"i*tor, n. Etym: [L., an arranger.] 1. One who composes or sets in order. 2. (Print.) Defn: One who sets type and arranges it for use. COMPOSITOUS Com*pos"i*tous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to the Compositæ; composite. [R.] Darwin. COMPOS-MENTIS Com"pos-men"tis, n. Defn: One who is compos mentis. [Colloq.] COMPOSSIBLE Com*pos"si*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. com- + possible.] Defn: Able to exist with another thing; consistent. [R.] Chillingworth. COMPOST Com"post, n.Etym: [OF. compost, fr. L. compositus, p. p. See Composite.] 1. A mixture; a compound. [R.] A sad compost of more bitter than sweet. Hammond. 2. (Agric.) Defn: A mixture for fertilizing land; esp., a composition of various substances (as muck, mold, lime, and stable manure) thoroughly mingled and decomposed, as in a compost heap. And do not spread the compost on the weeds To make them ranker. Shak. COMPOST Com"post, v. t. 1. To manure with compost. 2. To mingle, as different fertilizing substances, in a mass where they will decompose and form into a compost. COMPOSTURE Com*pos"ture, n. Etym: [L. compositura, -postura, a joining.] Defn: Manure; compost. [Obs.] Shak. COMPOSURE Com*po"sure, n. Etym: [From Compose.] 1. The act of composing, or that which is composed; a composition. [Obs.] Signor Pietro, who had an admirable way both of composure [in music] and teaching. Evelyn. 2. Orderly adjustment; disposition. [Obs.] Various composures and combinations of these corpuscles. Woodward. 3. Frame; make; temperament. [Obs.] His composure must be rare indeed Whom these things can not blemish. Shak. 4. A settled state; calmness; sedateness; tranquillity; repose. "We seek peace and composure." Milton. When the passions . . . are all silent, the mind enjoys its most perfect composure. I. Watts. 5. A combination; a union; a bond. [Obs.] Shak. COMPOTATION Com`po*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. compotatio; com- + potare to drink.] Defn: The act of drinking or tippling together. [R.] The fashion of compotation. Sir W. Scott. COMPOTATOR Com"po*ta`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who drinks with another. [R.] Pope. COMPOTE Com"pote, n. Etym: [F. See Compost.] Defn: A preparation of fruit in sirup in such a manner as to preserve its form, either whole, halved, or quartered; as, a compote of pears. Littr COMPOTIER Com`po`tier" (kôN`po`tya"), n.; pl. Compotiers (F. tya"). [F.] Defn: A dish for holding compotes, fruit, etc. COMPOUND Com"pound, n. Etym: [Malay kompund a village.] Defn: In the East Indies, an inclosure containing a house, outbuildings, etc. COMPOUND Com*pound", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Compounding.] Etym: [OE. componen, compounen, L. componere, compositum; com-+ ponere to put set. The d is excrescent. See Position, and cf. Componé.] 1. To form or make by combining different elements, ingredients, or parts; as, to compound a medicine. Incapacitating him from successfully compounding a tale of this sort. Sir W. Scott. 2. To put together, as elements, ingredients, or parts, in order to form a whole; to combine, mix, or unite. We have the power of altering and compounding those images into all the varieties of picture. Addison. 3. To modify or change by combination with some other thing or part; to mingle with something else. Only compound me with forgotten dust. Shak. 4. To compose; to constitute. [Obs.] His pomp and all what state compounds. Shak. 5. To settle amicably; to adjust by agreement; to compromise; to discharge from obligation upon terms different from those which were stipulated; as, to compound a debt. I pray, my lords, let me compound this strife. Shak. To compound a felony, to accept of a consideration for forbearing to prosecute, such compounding being an indictable offense. See Theftbote. COMPOUND Com*pound", v. i. Defn: To effect a composition; to come to terms of agreement; to agree; to settle by a compromise; -- usually followed by with before the person participating, and for before the thing compounded or the consideration. Here's a fellow will help you to-morrow; . . . compound with him by the year. Shak. They were at last glad to compound for his bare commitment to the Tower. Clarendon. Cornwall compounded to furnish ten oxen after Michaelmas for thirty pounds. R. Carew. Compound for sins they are inclined to By damning those they have no mind to. Hudibras. COMPOUND Com"pound, a. Etym: [OE. compouned, p. p. of compounen. See Compound, v. t.] Defn: Composed of two or more elements, ingredients, parts; produced by the union of several ingredients, parts, or things; composite; as, a compound word. Compound substances are made up of two or more simple substances. I. Watts. Compound addition, substraction, multiplication, division (Arith.), the addition, substraction, etc., of compound numbers. -- Compound crystal (Crystallog.), a twin crystal, or one seeming to be made up of two or more crystals combined according to regular laws of composition. -- Compound engine (Mech.), a form of steam engine in which the steam that has been used in a high-pressure cylinder is made to do further service in a larger low-pressure cylinder, sometimes in several larger cylinders, successively. -- Compound ether. (Chem.) See under Ether. -- Compound flower (Bot.), a flower head resembling a single flower, but really composed of several florets inclosed in a common calyxlike involucre, as the sunflower or dandelion. -- Compound fraction. (Math.) See Fraction. -- Compound fracture. See Fracture. -- Compound householder, a householder who compounds or arranges with his landlord that his rates shall be included in his rents. [Eng.] -- Compound interest. See Interest. -- Compound larceny. (Law) See Larceny. -- Compound leaf (Bot.), a leaf having two or more separate blades or leaflets on a common leafstalk. -- Compound microscope. See Microscope. -- Compound motion. See Motion. -- Compound number (Math.), one constructed according to a varying scale of denomination; as, 3 cwt., 1 qr., 5 lb.; -- called also denominate number. -- Compound pier (Arch.), a clustered column. -- Compound quantity (Alg.), a quantity composed of two or more simple quantities or terms, connected by the sign + (plus) or - (minus). Thus, a + b - c, and bb - b, are compound quantities. -- Compound radical. (Chem.) See Radical. -- Compound ratio (Math.), the product of two or more ratios; thus ab:cd is a ratio compounded of the simple ratios a:c and b:d. -- Compound rest (Mech.), the tool carriage of an engine lathe. -- Compound screw (Mech.), a screw having on the same axis two or more screws with different pitch (a differential screw), or running in different directions (a right and left screw). -- Compound time (Mus.), that in which two or more simple measures are combined in one; as, 6-8 time is the joining of two measures of 3-8 time. -- Compound word, a word composed of two or more words; specifically, two or more words joined together by a hyphen. COMPOUND Com"pound, n. 1. That which is compounded or formed by the union or mixture of elements ingredients, or parts; a combination of simples; a compound word; the result of composition. Shak. Rare compound of oddity, frolic, and fun. Goldsmith. When the word "bishopric" was first made, it was made as a compound. Earle. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A union of two or more ingredients in definite proportions by weight, so combined as to form a distinct substance; as, water is a compound of oxygen and hydrogen. Note: Every definite chemical compound always contains the same elements, united in the same proportions by weight, and with the same internal arrangement. Binary compound (Chem.). See under Binary. -- Carbon compounds (Chem.). See under Carbon. COMPOUNDABLE Com*pound"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be compounded. COMPOUND CONTROL Com"pound con*trol". (Aëronautics) Defn: A system of control in which a separate manipulation, as of a rudder, may be effected by either of two movements, in different directions, of a single lever, etc. COMPOUNDER Com*pound"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, compounds or mixes; as, a compounder of medicines. 2. One who attempts to bring persons or parties to terms of agreement, or to accomplish, ends by compromises. "Compounder in politics." Burke. 3. One who compounds a debt, obligation, or crime. Religious houses made compounders For the horrid actions of their founders. Hudibras. 4. One at a university who pays extraordinary fees for the degree he is to take. [Eng.] A. Wood. 5. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: A Jacobite who favored the restoration of James II, on condition of a general amnesty and of guarantees for the security of the civil and ecclesiastical constitution of the realm. COMPRADOR Com`pra*dor, n. Etym: [Pg., a buyer.] Defn: A kind of steward or agent. [China] S. W. Williams COMPRECATION Com`pre*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. comprecatio, fr. comprecari to pray to. See Precarious.] Defn: A praying together. [Obs.] Bp. Wilkins. COMPREHEND Com`pre*hend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Comprehending.] Etym: [L. comprehendere, comprehensum; com- + prehendere to grasp, seize; prae before + hendere (used only in comp.). See Get, and cf. Comprise.] 1. To contain; to embrace; to include; as, the states comprehended in the Austrian Empire. Who hath . . . comprehended the dust of the earth in a measure. Is. xl. 12. 2. To take in or include by construction or implication; to comprise; to imply. Comprehended all in this one word, Discretion. Hobbes. And if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying. Rom. xiii. 9. 3. To take into the mind; to grasp with the understanding; to apprehend the meaning of; to understand. At a loss to comprehend the question. W. Irwing. Great things doeth he, which we can not comprehend. Job. xxxvii. 5. Syn. -- To contain; include; embrace; comprise; inclose; grasp; embody; involve; imply; apprehend; imagine; conceive; understand. See Apprehend. COMPREHENSIBILITY Com`pre*hen`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being comprehensible; capability of being understood. COMPREHENSIBLE Com"pre*hen"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. comprehensibilis: cf. F. compreéhensible.] 1. Capable of being comprehended, included, or comprised. Lest this part of knowledge should seem to any not comprehensible by axiom, we will set down some heads of it. Bacon. 2. Capable of being understood; intelligible; conceivable by the mind. The horizon sets the bounds . . . between what is and what is not comprehensible by us. Locke. COMPREHENSIBLENESS Com`pre*hen"si*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being comprehensible; comprehensibility. COMPREHENSIBLY Com`pre*hen"si*bly, adv. 1. With great extent of signification; comprehensively. Tillotson. 2. Intelligibly; in a manner to be comprehended or understood. COMPREHENSION Com`pre*hen"sion, n. Etym: [L. comprehensio: cf. F. compréhension.] 1. The act of comprehending, containing, or comprising; inclusion. In the Old Testament there is a close comprehension of the New; in the New, an open discovery of the Old. Hooker. 2. That which is comrehended or inclosed within narrow limits; a summary; an epitome. [Obs.] Though not a catalogue of fundamentals, yet . . . a comprehension of them. Chillingworth. 3. The capacity of the mind to perceive and understand; the power, act, or process of grasping with the intellect; perception; understanding; as, a comprehension of abstract principles. 4. (Logic) Defn: The complement of attributes which make up the notion signified by a general term. 5. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which the name of a whole is put for a part, or that of a part for a whole, or a definite number for an indefinite. COMPREHENSIVE Com`pre*hen"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. compréhensif.] 1. Including much; comprising many things; having a wide scope or a full view. A very comprehensive definition. Bentley. Large and comprehensive idea. Channing. 2. Having the power to comprehend or understand many things. "His comprehensive head." Pope. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Possessing peculiarities that are characteristic of several diverse groups. Note: The term is applied chiefly to early fossil groups which have a combination of structures that appear in more fully developed or specialized forms in later groups. Synthetic, as used by Agssiz, is nearly synonymous. Syn. -- Extensive; wide; large; full; compendious. COMPREHENSIVELY Com`pre*hen"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In a comprehensive manner; with great extent of scope. COMPREHENSIVENESS Com`pre*hen"sive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being comprehensive; extensiveness of scope. Compare the beauty and comprehensiveness of legends on ancient coins. Addison. COMPREHENSOR Com`pre*hen"sor, n. Defn: One who comprehends; one who has attained to a full knowledge. [Obs.] When I shall have dispatched this weary pilgrimage, and from a traveler shall come to be a comprehensor, farewell faith and welcome vision. Bp. Hall. COMPRESS Com*press", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compressed; p. pr & vb. n. Compressing.] Etym: [L. compressus, p. p. of comprimere to compress: com- + premere to press. See Press.] 1. To press or squeeze together; to force into a narrower compass; to reduce the volume of by pressure; to compact; to condense; as, to compress air or water. Events of centuries . . . compressed within the compass of a single life. D. Webster. The same strength of expression, though more compressed, runs through his historical harangues. Melmoth. 2. To embrace sexually. [Obs.] Pope. Syn. -- To crowd; squeeze; condense; reduce; abridge. COMPRESS Com"press, n. Etym: [F. compresse.] (Surg.) Defn: A folded piece of cloth, pledget of lint, etc., used to cover the dressing of wounds, and so placed as, by the aid of a bandage, to make due pressure on any part. COMPRESSED Com*pressed", a. 1. Pressed together; compacted; reduced in volume by pressure. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Flattened lengthwise. Compessed air engine, an engine operated by the elastic force of compressed air. COMPRESSED YEAST Com*pressed" yeast. Defn: A cake yeast made by filtering the cells from the liquid in which they are grown, subjecting to heavy pressure, and mixing with starch or flour. COMPRESSIBILITY Com*press`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. compressibilité.] Defn: The quality of being compressible of being compressible; as, the compressibility of elastic fluids. COMPRESSIBLE Com*press"i*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. compressible.] Defn: Capable of being pressed together or forced into a narrower compass, as an elastic or spongy substance. COMPRESSIBLENESS Com*press"ible*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being compressible; compressibility. COMPRESSION Com*pres"sion, n. Etym: [L. compressio: cf. F. compression.] Defn: The act of compressing, or state of being compressed. "Compression of thought." Johnson. COMPRESSION PROJECTILE Com*pres"sion pro*jec"tile. Defn: A projectile constructed so as to take the grooves of a rifle by means of a soft copper band firmly attached near its base or, formerly, by means of an envelope of soft metal. In small arms the modern projectile, having a soft core and harder jacket, is subjected to compression throughout the entire cylindrical part. COMPRESSIVE Com*press"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. compressif.] Defn: Compressing, or having power or tendency to compress; as, a compressive force. COMPRESSOR Com*press"or, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Anything which serves to compress; as: (a) (Anat.) A muscle that compresses certain parts. (b) (Surg.) An instrument for compressing an artery (esp., the femoral artery) or other part. (c) An apparatus for confining or flattening between glass plates an object to be examined with the microscope; -- called also compressorium. (d) (Mach.) A machine for compressing gases; especially, an air compressor. COMPRESSURE Com*pres"sure, n. Defn: Compression. COMPRINT Com*print", v. t. & i. 1. To print together. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: To print surreptitiously a work belonging to another. E. Phillips. COMPRINT Com"print, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The surreptitious printing of another's copy or book; a work thus printed. COMPRISAL Com*pris"al, n. Defn: The act of comprising or comprehending; a compendium or epitome. A comprisal . . . and sum of all wickedness. Barrow. COMPRISE Com*prise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comprised; p. pr. & vb. n. Comprising.] Etym: [From F. compris, comprise, p. p. of comprendre, L. comprehendere. See Comprehend.] Defn: To comprehend; to include. Comprise much matter in few words. Hocker. Friendship does two souls in one comprise. Roscommon. Syn. -- To embrace; include; comprehend; contain; encircle; inclose; involve; imply. COMPROBATE Com"pro*bate, v. i. Etym: [L. comprobatus, p. p. of comprobare, to approve wholly.] Defn: To agree; to concur. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. COMPROBATION Com`pro*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. comprobatio.] 1. Joint attestation; proof. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Approbation. [Obs.] Foxe. COMPROMISE Com"pro*mise, n. Etym: [F. compromis, fr. L. compromissum a mutual promise to abide by the decision of an arbiter, fr. compromittere to make such a promise; com- + promittere to promise. See Promise.] 1. A mutual agreement to refer matters in dispute to the decision of arbitrators. [Obs.] Burrill. 2. A settlement by arbitration or by mutual consent reached by concession on both sides; a reciprocal abatement of extreme demands or rights, resulting in an agreement. But basely yielded upon compromise That which his noble ancestors achieved with blows. Shak. All government, indeed every human benefit and enjoyment, every virtue and every prudent act, is founded on compromise and barter. Burke. An abhorrence of concession and compromise is a never failing characteristic of religious factions. Hallam. 3. A committal to something derogatory or objectionable; a prejudicial concession; a surrender; as, a compromise of character or right. I was determined not to accept any fine speeches, to the compromise of that sex the belonging to which was, after all, my strongest claim and title to them. Lamb. COMPROMISE Com"pro*mise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compromised; p. pr. & vb. n. Compromising.] Etym: [From Compromise, n.; cf. Compromit.] 1. To bind by mutual agreement; to agree. [Obs.] Laban and himself were compromised That all the eanlings which were streaked and pied Should fall as Jacob's hire. Shak. 2. To adjust and settle by mutual concessions; to compound. The controversy may easily be compromised. Fuller. 3. To pledge by some act or declaration; to endanger the life, reputation, etc., of, by some act which can not be recalled; to expose to suspicion. To pardon all who had been compromised in the late disturbances. Motley. COMPROMISE Com"pro*mise, v. i. 1. To agree; to accord. [Obs.] 2. To make concession for concilation and peace. COMPROMISER Com"pro*mi`ser, n. Defn: One who compromises. COMPROMISSORIAL Com`pro*mis*so"ri*al, a. Defn: Relating to compromise. [R.] Chalmers. COMPROMIT Com"pro*mit`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compromitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Compromitting.] Etym: [L. compromittere. See Compromise, n.] 1. To pledge by some act or declaration; to promise. State Trials (1529). 2. To put to hazard, by some indiscretion; to endanger; to compromise; as, to compromit the honor or the safety of a nation. COMPROVINCIAL Com`pro*vin"cial, a. Defn: Belonging to, or associated in, the same province. [Obs.] -- n. Defn: One who belongs to the same province. [Obs.] The six islands, comprovincial In ancient times unto Great Britain. Spenser. COMPSOGNATHUS Comp*sog"na*thus ( , n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Dinosauria found in the Jurassic formation, and remarkable for having several birdlike features. COMPT Compt (kount, formerly kòmt; 215), n. Etym: [F. compte. See Count an account.] Defn: Account; reckoning; computation. [Obs.] Shak. COMPT Compt, v. t. Etym: [F. compter. See Count, v. t.] Defn: To compute; to count. [Obs.] See Count. COMPT Compt, a. Etym: [L. comptus, p. p. of comere to care for, comb, arrange, adorn.] Defn: Neat; spruce. [Obs.] Cotgrave. COMPTER Compt"er, n. Defn: A counter. [Obs.] Shak. COMPTE RENDU Compte" ren`du. Etym: [F.] Defn: A report of an officer or agent. COMPTIBLE Compt"i*ble, a. Etym: [See Compt, v. t.] Defn: Accountable; responsible; sensitive. [Obs.] I am very comptible even to the least sinister usage. Shak. COMPTLY Compt"ly, adv. Defn: Neatly. [Obs.] Sherwood. COMPTOGRAPH Comp"to*graph, n. [F. compter to count + -graph.] Defn: A machine for adding numbers and making a printed record of the sum. COMPTOMETER Comp*tom"e*ter, n. [See Count; -meter.] Defn: A calculating machine; an arithmometer. COMPTROL Comp*trol", n. & v. Defn: See Control. COMPTROLER Comp*trol"er, n. Defn: A controller; a public officer whose duty it is to examine certify accounts. COMPULSATIVE Com*pul"sa*tive, a. Etym: [From L. compulsare, v. intens. of compellere. See Compel.] Defn: Compulsatory. [R.] Shak. COMPULSATIVELY Com*pul"sa*tive*ly, adv. Defn: By compulsion. [R.] COMPULSATORY Com*pul"sa*to*ry, a. Defn: Operating with force; compelling; forcing; constraininig; resulting from, or enforced by, compulsion. [R.] To recover of us, by strong hand And terms compulsatory, those foresaid lands. Shak. COMPULSION Com*pul"sion, n. Etym: [L. compulsio. See Compel.] Defn: The act of compelling, or the state of being compelled; the act of driving or urging by force or by physical or moral constraint; subjection to force. If reasons were as plentiful as blackberries, I would give no man a reason upon compulsion. Shak. With what complusion and laborious flight We sunk thus low. Milton. Syn. -- See Constraint. COMPULSIVE Com*pul"sive, a. Defn: Having power to compel; exercising or applying compulsion. Religion is . . . inconsistent with all compulsive motives. Sharp. COMPULSIVELY Com*pul"sive*ly, adv. Defn: By compulsion; by force. COMPULSORILY Com*pul"so*ri*ly, adv. In a compulsory manner Defn: ; by force or constraint. COMPULSORY Com*pul"so*ry, a. Etym: [LL. compulsorius.] 1. Having the power of compulsion; constraining. 2. Obligatory; enjoined by authority; necessary; due to complusion. This contribution therestening fall infinitely short of their hopes, they soon made it compulsory. Burke. COMPUNCT Com*punct", a. Etym: [LL. compunctus, p. p.] Defn: Affected with compunction; conscience-stricken. [Obs.] COMPUNCTION Com*punc"tion, n. Etym: [OF. compunction, F. componction, L. compunctio, fr. compungere, compunctum, to prick; com- + pungere to prick, sting. See Pungent.] 1. A pricking; stimulation. [Obs.] That acid piecering spirit which, with such activity and compunction, invadeth the brains and nostrils. Sir T. Browne. 2. A picking of heart; poignant grief proceeding from a sense of guilt or consciousness of causing pain; the sting of conscience. He acknowledged his disloyalty to the king, with expressions of great compunction. Clarendon. Syn. -- Compunction, Remorse, Contrition. Remorse is anguish of soul under a sense of guilt or consciousness of having offened God or brought evil upon one's self or others. Compunction is the pain occasioned by a wounded and awakened conscience. Neither of them implies true contrition, which denotes self-condemnation, humiliation, and repentance. We speak of the gnawings of remorse; of compunction for a specific act of transgression; of deep contrition in view of our past lives. See Regret. COMPUNCTIONLESS Com*punc"tion*less, a. Defn: Without compunction. COMPUNCTIOUS Com*punc"tious, a. Defn: Of the nature of compunction; caused by conscience; attended with, or causing, compunction. That no compunctious vistings of nature Shake my fell purpose. Shak. COMPUNCTIOUSLY Com*punc"tious*ly, adv. Defn: With compunction. COMPUNCTIVE Com*punc"tive, a. Defn: Sensitive in respect of wrongdoing; conscientious. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. COMPURGATION Com`pur*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. compurgatio, fr. compurgare to purify wholly; com- + purgare to make pure. See Purge, v. t.] 1. (Law) Defn: The act or practice of justifying or confirming a man's veracity by the oath of others; -- called also wager of law. See Purgation; also Wager of law, under Wager. 2. Exculpation by testimony to one's veracity or innocence. He was privileged from his childhood from suspicion of incontinency and needed no compurgation. Bp. Hacket. COMPURGATOR Com"pur*ga`tor, n. Etym: [LL.] Defn: One who bears testimony or swears to the veracity or innocence of another. See Purgation; also Wager of law, under Wager. All they who know me . . . will say they have reason in this matter to be my compurgators. Chillingworth. COMPURGATORIAL Com*pur`ga*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Relating to a compurgator or to compurgation. "Their compurgatorial oath." Milman. COMPUTABLE Com*put"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. computabilis.] Defn: Capable of being computed, numbered, or reckoned. Not easily computable by arithmetic. Sir M. Hale. COMPUTATION Com`pu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. computatio: cf. F. computation.] 1. The act or process of computing; calculation; reckoning. By just computation of the time. Shak. By a computation backward from ourselves. Bacon. 2. The result of computation; the amount computed. Syn. -- Reckoning; calculation; estimate; account. COMPUTE Com*pute", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Computed; p. pr. & vb. n. Computing.] Etym: [L. computare. See Count, v. t.] Defn: To determine calculation; to reckon; to count. Two days, as we compute the days of heaven. Milton. What's done we partly may compute, But know not what's resisted. Burns. Syn. -- To calculate; number; count; recken; estimate; enumerate; rate. See Calculate. COMPUTE Com*pute", n. Etym: [L. computus: cf. F. comput.] Defn: Computation. [R.] Sir T. Browne. COMPUTER Com*put"er, n. Defn: One who computes. COMPUTIST Com"pu*tist, n. Defn: A computer. COMRADE Com"rade ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [Sp. camarada, fr. L. camara, a chamber; hence, a chamber-fellowship, and then a chamber-fellow: cf. F. camarade. Cf. Chamber.] Defn: A mate, companion, or associate. And turned my flying comrades to the charge. J. Baillie. I abjure all roofs, and choose . . . To be a comrade with the wolf and owl. Shak. COMRADERY Com"rade*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. camarederie.] Defn: The spirit of comradeship; comradeship. [R.] "Certainly", said Dunham, with the comradery of the smoker. W. D. Howells. COMRADESHIP Com"rade*ship, n. Defn: The state of being a comrade; intimate fellowship. COMROGUE Com"rogue`, n. Defn: A fellow rogue. [Obs.] COMTISM Com"tism ( or ), n. Etym: [Named after the French philosopher, Auguste Comte.] Defn: Positivism; the positive philosophy. See Positivism. COMTIST Com"tist, n. Defn: A disciple of Comte; a positivist. CON; CON- Con Defn: - (cum, signifying with, together, etc. See Com-. CON Con, adv. Etym: [Abbrev. from L. contra against.] Defn: Against the affirmative side; in opposition; on the negative side; -- The antithesis of pro, and usually in connection with it. See Pro. CON Con, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conned; p. pr. & vb. n. Conning.] Etym: [AS. cunnan to know, be able, and (derived from this) cunnian to try, test. See Can, v. t. & i.] 1. To know; to understand; to acknowledge. [Obs.] Of muses, Hobbinol, I con no skill. Spenser. They say they con to heaven the highway. Spenser. 2. To study in order to know; to peruse; to learn; to commit to memory; to regard studiously. Fixedly did look Upon the muddy waters which he conned As if he had been reading in a book. Wodsworth. I did not come into Parliament to con my lesson. Burke. To con answer, to be able to answer. [Obs.] -- To con thanks, to thank; to acknowledge obligation. [Obs.] Shak. CON Con, v. t. Etym: [See Cond.] (Naut.) Defn: To conduct, or superintend the steering of (a vessel); to watch the course of (a vessel) and direct the helmsman how to steer. CONACRE Con*a"cre, v. t. Defn: To underlet a proportion of, for a single crop; -- said of a farm. [Ireland] CONACRE Con*a"cre, n. Defn: A system of letting a proportion of a farm for a single crop. [Ireland] Also used adjectively; as, the conacre system or principle. Mozley & W. CONARIUM Co*na"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The pineal gland. CONATION Co*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. conatio.] (Philos.) Defn: The power or act which directs or impels to effort of any kind, whether muscular or psychical. Of conation, in other words, of desire and will. J. S. Mill. CONATIVE Co"na*tive ( or ), a. Etym: [See Conatus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to conation. This division of mind into the three great classes of the cognitive faculties, the feelings, . . . and the exertive or conative powers, . . . was first promulgated by Kant. Sir W. Hamilton. CONATUS Co*na"tus, n. Etym: [L., fr. conatus, p. p. of conari to attempt.] Defn: A natural tendency inherent in a body to develop itself; an attempt; an effort. What conatus could give prickles to the porcupine or hedgehog, or to the sheep its fleece Paley. CONCAMERATE Con*cam"er*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. concameratus, p. p. of concamerare to arch over. See Camber.] 1. To arch over; to vault. Of the upper beak an inch and a half consisteth of one concamerated bone. Grew. 2. To divide into chambers or cells. Woodward. CONCAMERATION Con*cam`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. concameratio.] 1. An arch or vault. 2. A chamber of a multilocular shell. Glanvill. CONCATENATE Con*cat"e*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concatenated; p. pr. & vb. n. Concatenating.] Etym: [L. concatenatus, p. p. of concatenare to concatenate. See Catenate.] Defn: To link together; to unite in a series or chain, as things depending on one another. This all things friendly will concatenate. Dr. H. More CONCATENATION Con*cat`e*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. concatenatio.] Defn: A series of links united; a series or order of things depending on each other, as if linked together; a chain, a succession. The stoics affirmed a fatal, unchangeable concatenation of causes, reaching even to the illicit acts of man's will. South. A concatenation of explosions. W. Irving. CONCAUSE Con*cause", n. Defn: A joint cause. Fotherby. CONCAVATION Con`ca*va"tion, n. Defn: The act of making concave. CONCAVE Con"cave ( or ; 277), a. Etym: [L. concavus; con- + cavus hollow: cf. F. concave. See Cave a hollow.] 1. Hollow and curved or rounded; vaulted; -- said of the interior of a curved surface or line, as of the curve of the of the inner surface of an eggshell, in opposition to convex; as, a concave mirror; the concave arch of the sky. 2. Hollow; void of contents. [R.] As concave . . . as a worm-eaten nut. Shak. CONCAVE Con"cave, n. Etym: [L. concavum.] 1. A hollow; an arched vault; a cavity; a recess. Up to the fiery concave towering hight. Milton. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A curved sheath or breasting for a revolving cylinder or roll. CONCAVE Con"cave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. concaved (; p. pr.& vb. n. Concaving.] Defn: To make hollow or concave. CONCAVED Con"caved, a. (Her.) Defn: Bowed in the form of an arch; -- called also arched. CONCAVENESS Con"cave*ness, n. Defn: Hollowness; concavity. CONCAVITY Con*cav"i*ty, n.; pl. Concavities. Etym: [L. concavitas: cf. F. concavité. See Concave.] Defn: A concave surface, or the space bounded by it; the state of being concave. CONCAVO-CONCAVE Con*ca`vo-con"cave, a. Defn: Concave or hollow on both sides; double concave. CONCAVO-CONVEX Con*ca`vo-con"vex, a. 1. Concave on one side and convex on the other, as an eggshell or a crescent. 2. (Optics) Defn: Specifically, having such a combination of concave and convex sides as makes the focal axis the shortest line between them. See Illust. under Lens. CONCAVOUS Con*ca*"vous, a. Etym: [L. concavus.] Defn: Concave. Abp. potter. -- Con*ca"vous*ly, adv. CONCEAL Con*ceal", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concealed; p. pr. & vb. n. Concealing.] Etym: [OF. conceler, L. concelare; con- + celareto hide; akin to AS. helan, G. hehlen, E. hele (to cover), helmet. See Hell, Helmet.] Defn: To hide or withdraw from observation; to cover; to cover or keep from sight; to prevent the discovery of; to withhold knowledge of. It is the glory of God to conceal a thing. Prov. xxv. 2. Declare ye among the nations, . . . publish and conceal not. Jer. 1. 2. He which finds him shall deserve our thanks, . . . He that conceals him, death. Shak. Syn. -- To hide; secrete; screen; cover; disguise; dissemble; mask; veil; cloak; screen. -- To Conceal, Hide, Disguise, Dissemble, Secrete. To hide is the generic term, which embraces all the rest. To conceal is simply not make known what we wish to keep secret. In the Bible hide often has the specific meaning of conceal. See 1 Sam. iii. 17, 18. To disguise or dissemble is to conceal by assuming some false appearance. To secrete is to hide in some place of secrecy. A man may conceal facts, disguise his sentiments, dissemble his feelings, secrete stolen goods. Bur double griefs afflict concealing hearts. Spenser. Both dissemble deeply their affections. Shak. We have in these words a primary sense, which reveals a future state, and a secondary sense, which hides and secretes it. Warburton. CONCEALABLE Con*ceal"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being concealed. CONCEALED Con*cealed", a. Defn: Hidden; kept from sight; secreted. -- Con*ceal"ed*ly (, adv. -- Con*ceal"ed*ness, n. Concealed weapons (Law), dangerous weapons so carried on the person as to be knowingly or willfully concealed from sight, -- a practice forbidden by statute. CONCEALER Con*ceal"er, n. Defn: One who conceals. CONCEALMENT Con*ceal"ment, n. Etym: [OF. concelement.] 1. The act of concealing; the state of being concealed. But let concealment, like a worm i' the bud, Feed on her damask cheek. Shak. Some dear cause Will in concealment wrap me up awhile. Shak. 2. A place of hiding; a secret place; a retreat frem observation. The cleft tree Offers its kind concealment to a few. Thomson. 3. A secret; out of the way knowledge. [Obs.] Well read in strange concealments. Shak. 4. (Law) Defn: Suppression of such facts and circumstances as in justice ought to be made known. Wharton. CONCEDE Con*cede", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Conceding.] Etym: [L. concedere, concessum; con- + cedere to go along, give way, yield: cf. F. concéder. See Cede.] 1. To yield or suffer; to surrender; to grant; as. to concede the point in question. Boyle. 2. To grant, as a right or privilege; to make concession of. 3. To admit to be true; to acknowledge. We concede that their citizens were those who lived under different forms. Burke. Syn. -- To grant; allow; admit; yield; surrender. CONCEDE Con*cede", v. i. Defn: To yield or make concession. I wished you to concede to America, at a time when she prayed concession at our feet. Burke. CONCEIT Con*ceit", n. Etym: [Through French, fr. L. conceptus a conceiving, conception, fr. concipere to conceive: cf. OF. p. p. nom. conciez conceived. See Conceive, and cf. Concept, Deceit.] 1. That which is conceived, imagined, or formed in the mind; idea; thought; image; conception. In laughing, there ever procedeth a conceit of somewhat ridiculous. Bacon. A man wise in his own conceit. Prov. xxvi. 12. 2. Faculty of conceiving ideas; mental faculty; apprehension; as, a man of quick conceit. [Obs.] How often, alas! did her eyes say unto me that they loved! and yet I, not looking for such a matter, had not my conceit open to understand them. Sir P. Sidney. 3. Quickness of apprehension; active imagination; lively fancy. His wit's as thick as Tewksbury mustard; there's more conceit in him than is in a mallet. Shak. 4. A fanciful, odd, or extravagant notion; a quant fancy; an unnatural or affected conception; a witty thought or turn of expression; a fanciful device; a whim; a quip. On his way to the gibbet, a freak took him in the head to go off with a conceit. L'Estrange. Some to conceit alone their works confine, And glittering thoughts struck out at every line. Pope. Tasso is full of conceits . . . which are not only below the dignity of heroic verse but contrary to its nature. Dryden. 5. An overweening idea of one's self; vanity. Plumed with conceit he calls aloud. Cotton. 6. Design; pattern. [Obs.] Shak. In conceit with, in accord with; agreeing or conforming. -- Out of conceit with, not having a favorable opinion of; not pleased with; as, a man is out of conceit with his dress. -- To put [one] out conceit with, to make one indifferent to a thing, or in a degree displeased with it. CONCEIT Con*ceit", v. t. Defn: To conceive; to imagine. [Archaic] The strong, by conceiting themselves weak, are therebly rendered as inactive . . . as if they really were so. South. One of two bad ways you must conceit me, Either a coward or a flatterer. Shak. CONCEIT Con*ceit", v. i. Defn: To form an idea; to think. [Obs.] Those whose . . . vulgar apprehensions conceit but low of matrimonial purposes. Milton. CONCEITED Con*ceit"ed, a. 1. Endowed with fancy or imagination. [Obs.] He was . . . pleasantly conceited, and sharp of wit. Knolles. 2. Entertaining a flattering opinion of one's self; vain. If you think me too conceited Or to passion quickly heated. Swift. Conceited of their own wit, science, and politeness. Bentley. 3. Curiously contrived or designed; fanciful. [Obs.] A conceited chair to sleep in. Evelyn. Syn. -- Vain; proud; opinionated; egotistical. CONCEITEDLY Con*ceit"ed*ly, adv. 1. In an egotistical manner. 2. Fancifully; whimsically. CONCEITEDNESS Con*ceit"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being conceited; conceit; vanity. Addison. CONCEITLESS Con*ceit"less, a. Defn: Without wit; stupid. [Obs.] Think'st thou I am so shallow, so conceitless. To be seduced by thy flattery Shak. CONCEIVABLE Con*ceiv"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. concevable.] Defn: Capable of being conceived, imagined, or understood. "Any conceivable weight." Bp. Wilkins. It is not conceivable that it should be indeed that very person whose shape and voice it assumed. Atterbury. -- Con*ceiv"a*ble*ness, n. -- Con*ceiv"a*bly, adv. CONCEIVE Con*ceive", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conceived; p. pr. & vb. n. Conceiving.] Etym: [OF. conzoivre, concever, conceveir, F. concevoir, fr. L. oncipere to take, to conceive; con- + capere to seize or take. See Capable, and cf. Conception.] 1. To receive into the womb and begin to breed; to begin the formation of the embryo of. She hath also conceived a son in her old age. Luke i. 36. 2. To form in the mind; to plan; to devise; to generate; to originate; as, to conceive a purpose, plan, hope. It was among the ruins of the Capitol that I first conceived the idea of a work which has amused and exercised near twenty years of my life. Gibbon. Conceiving and uttering from the heart words of falsehood. Is. lix. 13. 3. To apprehend by reason or imagination; to take into the mind; to know; to imagine; to comprehend; to understand. "I conceive you." Hawthorne. O horror, horror, horror! Tongue nor heart Cannot conceive nor name thee! Shak. You will hardly conceive him to have been bred in the same climate. Swift. Syn. -- To apprehend; imagine; suppose; understand; comprehend; believe; think. CONCEIVE Con*ceive", v. i. 1. To have an embryo or fetus formed in the womb; to breed; to become pregnant. A virgin shall conceive, and bear a son. Isa. vii. 14. 2. To have a conception, idea, or opinion; think; -- with of. Conceive of things clearly and distinctly in their own natures. I. Watts. CONCEIVER Con*ceiv"er, n. Defn: One who conceives. CONCELEBRATE Con*cel"e*brate, v. t. Etym: [L. concelebratus, p. p. of concelebrare to concelebrate.] Defn: To celebrate together. [Obs.] Holland. CONCENT Con*cent", n. Etym: [L. concentus, fr. concinere to sing together; con- + canere to sing.] 1. Concert of voices; concord of sounds; harmony; as, a concent of notes. [Archaic.] Bacon. That undisturbed song of pure concent. Milton. 2. Consistency; accordance. [Obs.] In concent to his own principles. Atterbury. CONCENTER; CONCENTRE Con*cen"ter, Con*cen"tre, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concentered or Concentred (; p. pr & vb. n. Concentering or Concentring (.] Etym: [F. concentrer, fr. L. con- + centrum center. See Center, and cf. Concentrate] Defn: To come to one point; to meet in, or converge toward, a common center; to have a common center. God, in whom all perfections concenter. Bp. Beveridge. CONCENTER; CONCENTRE Con*cen"ter, Con*cen"tre, v. t. Defn: To draw or direct to a common center; to bring together at a focus or point, as two or more lines; to concentrate. In thee concentering all their precious beams. Milton. All is concentered in a life intense. Byren. CONCENTRATE Con*cen"trate ( or ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concentrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Concentrating.] Etym: [Pref. con- + L. centrum center. Cf. Concenter.] 1. To bring to, or direct toward, a common center; to unite more closely; to gather into one body, mass, or force; to fix; as, to concentrate rays of light into a focus; to concentrate the attention. (He) concentrated whole force at his own camp. Motley. 2. To increase the strength and diminish the bulk of, as of a liquid or an ore; to intensify, by getting rid of useless material; to condense; as, to concentrate acid by evaporation; to concentrate by washing; -- opposed to Ant: dilute. Spirit of vinegar concentrated and reduced to its greatest strength. Arbuthnot. Syn. -- To combine; to condense; to consolidate. CONCENTRATE Con*cen"trate ( or ), v. i. Defn: To approach or meet in a common center; to consolidate; as, population tends to concentrate in cities. CONCENTRATION Con`cen*tra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. concentration.] 1. The act or process of concentrating; the process of becoming concentrated, or the state of being concentrated; concentration. Concentration of the lunar beams. Boyle. Intense concetration of thought. Sir J. Herschel. 2. The act or process of reducing the volume of a liquid, as by evaporation. The acid acquires a higher degree of concentration. Knight. 3. (Metal.) Defn: The act or process of removing the dress of ore and of reducing the valuable part to smaller compass, as by currents of air or water. CONCENTRATIVE Con*cen"tra*tive, a. Defn: Serving or tending to concentrate; characterized by concentration. A discrimination is only possible by a concentrative act, or act of attention. Sir W. Hamilton. CONCENTRATIVENESS Con*cen"tra*tive*ness, n. 1. The quality of concentrating. 2. (Phren.) Defn: The faculty or propensity which has to do with concentrating the intellectual the intellectual powers. Combe. CONCENTRATOR Con"cen*tra`tor, n. (Mining) Defn: An apparatus for the separation of dry comminuted ore, by exposing it to intermittent puffs of air. Knight. CONCENTRIC; CONCENTRICAL Con*cen"tric, Con*cen"tric*al, a. Etym: [F. concentrique. See Concenter.] Defn: Having a common center, as circles of different size, one within another. Concentric circles upon the surface of the water. Sir I. Newton. Concentrical rings like those of an onion. Arbuthnot. CONCENTRIC Con*cen"tric, n. Defn: That which has a common center with something else. Its pecular relations to its concentrics. Coleridge. CONCENTRICALLY Con*cen"tric*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a concentric manner. CONCENTRICITY Con`cen*tric"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being concentric. CONCENTUAL Con*cen"tu*al, a. [From Concent.] Defn: Possesing harmony; accordant. [R.] Warton. CONCEPT Con"cept, n. Etym: [L. conceptus (cf. neut. conceptum fetus), p. p. of concipere to conceive: cf. F. concept. See Conceit.] Defn: An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal. The words conception, concept, notion, should be limited to the thought of what can not be represented in the imagination; as, the thought suggested by a general term. Sir W. Hamilton. CONCEPTACLE Con*cep"ta*cle, n. Etym: [L. conceptaculum, fr. concipere to receive. See Conceive.] 1. That in which anything is contained; a vessel; a receiver or receptacle. [Obs.] Woodward. 2. (Bot.) (a) A pericarp, opening longitudinally on one side and having the seeds loose in it; a follicle; a double follicle or pair of follicles. (b) One of the cases containing the spores, etc., of flowerless plants, especially of algae. CONCEPTIBILITY Con*cep`ti*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being conceivable; conceivableness. Cudworth. CONCEPTIBLE Con*cep"ti*ble, a. Etym: [See Conceive.] Defn: Capable of being conceived; conceivable. Sir M. Hale. CONCEPTION Con*cep"tion, n. Etym: [F. conception, L. conceptio, fr. concipere to conceive. See Conceive.] 1. The act of conceiving in the womb; the initiation of an embryonic animal life. I will greaty multiply thy sorrow and thy conception. Gen. iii. 16. 2. The state of being conceived; beginning. Joy had the like conception in our eyes. Shak. 3. The power or faculty of apprehending of forming an idea in the mind; the power of recalling a past sensation or perception. Under the article of conception, I shall confine myself to that faculty whose province it is to enable us to form a notion of our past sensations, or of the objects of sense that we have formerly perceived. Stewart. 4. The formation in the mind of an image, idea, or notion, apprehension. Conception consists in a conscious act of the understanding, bringing any given object or impression into the same class with any number of other objects or impression, by means of some character or characters common to them all. Coleridge. 5. The image, idea, or notion of any action or thing which is formed in the mind; a concept; a notion; a universal; the product of a rational belief or judgment. See Concept. He [Herodotus] says that the sun draws or attracts the water; a metaphorical term obviously intended to denote some more general and abstract conception than that of the visible operation which the word primarily signifies. Whewell. 6. Idea; purpose; design. Note this dangerous conception. Shak. 7. Conceit; affected sentiment or thought. [Obs.] He . . . is full of conceptions, points of epigram, and witticism. Dryden. Syn. -- Idea; notion; perception; apprehemsion; comprehension. CONCEPTIONAL Con*cep"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to conception. CONCEPTIONALIST Con*cep"tion*al*ist, n. Defn: A conceptualist. CONCEPTIOUS Con*cep"tious, a. Defn: Apt to conceive; fruitful. [Obs.] Shak. CONCEPTIVE Con*cep"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conceptif, L. conceptivus.] Defn: Capable of conceiving. Sir T. Browne CONCEPTUAL Con*cep"tu*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to conception. CONCEPTUALISM Con*cep"tu*al*ism, n. (Metaph.) Defn: A theory, intermediate between realism and nominalism, that the mind has the power of forming for itself general conceptions of individual or single objects. Stewart. CONCEPTUALIST Con*cep"tu*al*ist, n. (Metaph.) Defn: One who maintains the theory of conceptualism. Stewart. CONCERN Con*cern", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concerned; p. pr. & vb. n. Concerning.] Etym: [F. concerner, LL. concernere to regard, concern, fr. L. concernere to mix or mingle together, as in a sieve for separating; con- + cernere to separate, sift, distinguish by the senses, and especially by the eyes, to perceive, see. See Certain.] 1. To relate or belong to; to have reference to or connection with; to affect the interest of; to be of importance to. Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ. Acts xxviii. 31. Our wars with France have affected us in our most tender interests, and concerned us more than those with any other nation. Addison. It much concerns a preacher first to learn The genius of his audience and their turn. Dodsley. Ignorant, so far as the usual instruction is concerned. J. F. Cooper. 2. To engage by feeling or sentiment; to interest; as, a good prince concerns himself in the happiness of his subjects. They think themselves out the reach of Providence, and no longer concerned to solicit his favor. Rogers. CONCERN Con*cern", v. i. Defn: To be of importance. [Obs.] Which to deny concerns more than avails. Shak. CONCERN Con*cern", n. 1. That which relates or belongs to one; business; affair. The private concerns of fanilies. Addison. 2. That which affects the welfare or happiness; interest; moment. Mysterious secrets of a high concern. Roscommon. 3. Interest in, or care for, any person or thing; regard; solicitude; anxiety. O Marcia, let me hope thy kind concerns And gentle wishes follow me to battle.--Addison. 4. (Com.) Defn: Persons connected in business; a firm and its business; as, a banking concern. The whole concern, all connected with a particular affair or business. Syn. -- Care; anxiety; solicitude; interest; regard; business; affair; matter; moment. See Care. CONCERNED Con*cerned", a. Etym: [See Concern, v. t., 2.] Defn: Disturbed; troubled; solicitous; as, to be much concerned for the safety of a friend. CONCERNEDLY Con*cern"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a concerned manner; solicitously; sympathetically. CONCERNING Con*cern"ing, prep. Defn: Pertaining to; regarding; having relation to; respecting; as regards. I have accepted thee concerning this thing. Gen. xix. 21. The Lord hath spoken good concerning Israel. Num. x. 29. CONCERNING Con*cern"ing, a. Defn: Important. [Archaic] So great and so concerning truth. South. CONCERNING Con*cern"ing, n. 1. That in which one is concerned or interested; concern; affair; interest. "Our everlasting concernments." I. Watts. To mix with thy concernments I desist. Milton. 2. Importance; moment; consequence. Let every action of concernment to begun with prayer. Jer. Taylor. 3. Concern; participation; interposition. He married a daughter to the earl without any other approbation of her father or concernment in it, than suffering him and her come into his presence. Clarendon. 4. Emotion of mind; solicitude; anxiety. While they are so eager to destory the fame of others, their ambition is manifest in their concernment. Dryden. CONCERT Con*cert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concerted; p. pr. & vb. n. Concerting.] Etym: [F. concerter, It. concertare, conertare, prob. from L. consertus, p. p. of conserere to join together; con- + serere to join together, influenced by concertare to contend; con- + centare to strive; properly, to try to decide; fr. cernere to distinguish. See Series, and cf. Concern.] 1. To plan together; to settle or adjust by conference, agreement, or consultation. It was concerted to begin the siege in March. Bp. Burnet. 2. To plan; to devise; to arrange. A commander had more trouble to concert his defense before the people than to plan . . . the compaign. Burke. CONCERT Con*cert", v. i. Defn: To act in harmony or conjunction; to form combined plans. The ministers of Denmark were appointed to concert with Talbot. Bp. Burnet CONCERT Con"cert, n. Etym: [F. concert, It. concerto, conserto, fr. concertare. See Concert, v. t.] 1. Agreement in a design or plan; union formed by mutual communication of opions and viewa; accordance in a scheme; harmony; simultaneous action. All these discontens, how ruinous soever, have arisen from the want of a due communication and concert. Swift. 2. Musical accordance or harmony; concord. Let us in concert to the season sing. Cowper. 3. A musical entertainment in which several voices or instruments take part. Visit by night your lady's chamber window With some sweet concert. Shak. And boding screech owls make the concert full. Shak. Concert pitch. See under Pitch. CONCERTANTE Con`cer*tan"te (; It. ), n. Etym: [It., orig p. pr. of concertare to form or perform a concert. See Concert.] (Mus.) Defn: A concert for two or more principal instruments, with orchestral accompaniment. Also adjectively; as, concertante parts. CONCERTATION Con`cer*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. concertatio.] Defn: Strife; contention. [Obs.] Bailey. CONCERTATIVE Con*cer"ta*tive, a. Etym: [L. concertativus.] Defn: Contentious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Bailey. CONCERTED Con*cert"ed, a. Defn: Mutually contrived or planned; agreed on; as, concerted schemes, signals. Concerted piece (Mus.), a composition in parts for several voices or instrument, as a trio, a quartet, etc. CONCERTINA Con`cer*ti"na, n. Etym: [From It. concerto a concert.] Defn: A small musical imstrument on the principle of the accordion. It is a small elastic box, or bellows, having free reeds on the inside, and keys and handles on the outside of each of the two hexagonal heads. CONCERTINO Con`cer*ti"no, n. Etym: [See Concertina.] (Mus.) Defn: A piece for one or more solo instruments with orchestra; -- more concise than the concerto. CONCERTION Con*cer"tion, n. Defn: Act of concerting; adjustment. [R.] Young. CONCERTMEISTER Con*cert`meis"ter, n. Etym: [G.] (Mus.) Defn: The head violinist or leader of the strings in an orchestra; the sub-leader of the orchestra; concert master. CONCERTO Con*cer"to (; It. ), n.; pl. Concertos. Etym: [It. See Concert, n.] (Mus.) Defn: A composition (usually in symphonic form with three movements) in which one instrument (or two or three) stands out in bold relief against the orchestra, or accompaniment, so as to display its qualities or the performer's skill. CONCERT OF EUROPE; EUROPEAN CONCERT Concert of Europe, or European concert. Defn: An agreement or understanding between the chief European powers to take only joint action in the (European) Eastern Question. CONCERT OF THE POWERS Concert of the powers. Defn: An agreement or understanding between the chief European powers, the United States, and Japan in 1900 to take only joint action in the Chinese aspect of the Eastern Question. CONCESSION Con*ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. concessio, fr. concedere: cf. F. concession. See Concede.] 1. The act of conceding or yielding; usually implying a demand, claim, or request, and thus distinguished from giving, which is voluntary or spontaneous. By mutual concession the business was adjusted. Hallam. 2. A thing yielded; an acknowledgment or admission; a boon; a grant; esp. a grant by government of a privilege or right to do something; as, a concession to build a canal. This is therefore a concession , that he doth . . . believe the Scriptures to be sufficiently plain. Sharp. When a lover becomes satisfied by small compliances without further pursuits, then expect to find popular assemblies content with small concessions. Swift. CONCESSIONAIRE; CONCESSIONNAIRE Con*ces`sion*aire", Con`ces`sion`naire", n. [F. concessionnaire.] Defn: The beneficiary of a concession or grant. CONCESSIONARY Con*ces"sion*a*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a concession. -- n.; pl. -ries. Defn: A concessionaire. CONCESSIONIST Con*ces"sion*ist, n. Defn: One who favors concession. CONCESSIVE Con*ces"sive, a. Etym: [L. concessivus.] Defn: Implying concession; as, a concessive conjunction. Lowth. CONCESSIVELY Con*ces"sive*ly, adv. Defn: By way of concession. CONCESSORY Con*ces"so*ry, a. Defn: Conceding; permissive. CONCETTISM Con*cet"tism, n. Defn: The use of concetti or affected conceits. [R.] C. Kingsley. CONCETTO Con*cet"to (; It. ), n.; pl. Concetti. Etym: [It., fr. L. conceptus. See Conceit.] Defn: Affected wit; a conceit. Chesterfield. CONCH Conch, n. Etym: [L. concha, Gr. Coach, n.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A name applied to various marine univalve shells; esp. to those of the genus Strombus, which are of large size. S. gigas is the large pink West Indian conch. The large king, queen, and cameo conchs are of the genus Cassis. See Cameo. Note: The conch is sometimes used as a horn or trumpet, as in fogs at sea, or to call laborers from work. 2. In works of art, the shell used by Tritons as a trumpet. 3. One of the white natives of the Bahama Islands or one of their descendants in the Florida Keys; -- so called from the commonness of the conch there, or because they use it for food. 4. (Arch.) Defn: See Concha, n. 5. The external ear. See Concha, n., 2. CONCHA Con"cha, n. Etym: [LL. (in sense 1), fr. concha. See Conch.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: The plain semidome of an apse; sometimes used for the entire apse. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The external ear; esp. the largest and deepest concavity of the external ear, surrounding the entrance to the auditory canal. CONCHAL Con"chal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the concha, or external ear; as, the conchal cartilage. CONCHIFER Con"chi*fer, n. Etym: [Cf. F. conchofère.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Conchifera. CONCHIFERA Con*chif"e*ra, n, pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. concha + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: That class of Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells; the Lamellibranchiata. See Mollusca. CONCHIFEROUS Con*chif"er*ous, a. Defn: Producing or having shells. CONCHIFORM Con"chi*form, a. Etym: [Conch + -form.] Defn: Shaped like one half of a bivalve shell; shell-shaped. CONCHININE Con"chi*nine ( or ), n. Etym: [Formed by transposition fr. cinchonine.] Defn: See Quinidine. CONCHITE Con"chite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. conchite. See Conch.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil or petrified conch or shell. CONCHITIC Con*chit"ic, a. Defn: Composed of shells; containing many shells. CONCHOID Con"choid, n. Etym: [Gr. conchoïde.] (Geom.) Defn: A curve, of the fourth degree, first made use of by the Greek geometer, Nicomedes, who invented it for the purpose of trisecting an angle and duplicating the cube. CONCHOIDAL Con*choid"al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conchoïdal.] (Min.) Defn: Having elevations or depressions in form like one half of a bivalve shell; -- applied principally to a surface produced by fracture. CONCHOLOGICAL Con`cho*log"ic*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or connected with, conchology. CONCHOLOGIST Con*chol"o*gist, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One who studies, or is versed in, conchology. CONCHOLOGY Con*chol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Conch + -logy.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The science of Mollusca, and of the shells which they form; malacology. CONCHOMETER Con*chom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Conch + -meter.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An instrument for measuring shells, or the angle of their spire. CONCHOMETRY Con*chom"e*try, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The art of measuring shells or their curves; conchyliometry. CONCHO-SPIRAL Con`cho-spi"ral, n. Defn: A kind of spiral curve found in certain univalve shells. Agassiz. CONCHYLACEOUS; CONCHYLIACEOUS Con`chy*la"ceous, Con*chyl`i*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. conchylium shell, Gr. Conch.] Defn: Of or pertaining to shells; resembling a shell; as, conchyliaceous impressions. Kirwan. CONCHYLIOLOGIST; CONCHYLIOLOGY Con*chyl`i*ol"o*gist, n., Con*chyl`i*ol"o*gy, n. Defn: See Conchologist, and Conchology. CONCHYLIOMETRY Con*chyl`i*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.] Defn: Same as Conchometry. CONCHYLIOUS Con*chyl"i*ous, a. Defn: Conchylaceous. CONCIATOR Con"ci*a`tor, n. Etym: [It. conciatore, fr. conciare to adjust, dress, fr. L. comtus, p. p. See Compt, a.] (Glass Works) Defn: The person who weighs and proportions the materials to be made into glass, and who works and tempers them. CONCIERGE Con`cierge", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: One who keeps the entrance to an edifice, public or private; a doorkeeper; a janitor, male or female. CONCIERGERIE Con`cier`ge*rie", n. [F.] 1. The office or lodge of a concierge or janitor. 2. A celebrated prison, attached to the Palais de Justice in Paris. CONCILIABLE Con*cil"i*a*ble, n. Etym: [L. conciliabulum, fr. concitium assembly: cf. F. conciliabule. See Council.] Defn: A small or private assembly, especially of an ecclesiastical nature. [Obs.] Bacon. CONCILIABLE Con*cil"i*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conciliable.] Defn: Capable of being conciliated or reconciled. Milton. CONCILIABULE Con*cil"i*a*bule, n. Etym: [See Conciliable, n.] Defn: An obscure ecclesiastical council; a conciliable. Milman. CONCILIAR; CONCILIARY Con*cil"i*ar, Con*cil"i*a*ry a. Etym: [Cf. F. conciliare.] Defn: Of or pertaining to, or issued by, a council. Jer. Taylor. CONCILIATE Con*cil"i*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conciliated; p. pr & vb. n. Conciliating.] Etym: [L. conciliatus, p. p. of conciliare to draw or bring together, unite, from concilium council. See Council.] Defn: To win ower; to gain from a state of hostility; to gain the good will or favor of; to make friendly; to mollify; to propitiate; to appease. The rapacity of his father's administration had excited such universal discontent, that it was found expedient to conciliate the nation. Hallam. Syn. -- To reconcile; propitiate; appease; pacify. CONCILIATION Con*cil`i*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. conciliatio.] Defn: The act or process of conciliating; the state of being conciliated. The house has gone further; it has declared conciliation admissible previous to any submission on the part of America. Burke. CONCILIATIVE Con*cil"i*a*tive, a. Defn: Conciliatory. Coleridge. CONCILIATOR Con*cil"i*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who conciliates. CONCILIATORY Con*cil"i*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to conciliate; pacific; mollifying; propitiating. The only alternative, therefore, was to have recourse to the conciliatory policy. Prescott. CONCINNATE Con*cin"nate, v. t. Etym: [L. concinnatus, p. p. of concinnare to concinnate. See Concinnity.] Defn: To place fitly together; to adapt; to clear. [Obs.] Holland. CONCINNITY Con*cin"ni*ty, n. Etym: [L. concinnitas, fr. concinnus skillfully put together, beautiful. Of uncertain origin.] Defn: Internal harmony or fitness; mutual adaptation of parts; elegance; -- used chiefly of style of discourse. [R.] An exact concinnity and eveness of fancy. Howell. CONCINNOUS Con*cin"nous, a. Etym: [L. concinnus.] Defn: Characterized by concinnity; neat; elegant. [R.] The most concinnous and most rotund of proffessors, M. Heyne. De Quiency. CONCIONATE Con"cio*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. concionatus, p. p. of concionari to adress.] Defn: To preach. [Obs.] Lithgow. CONCIONATOR Con"cio*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. An haranguer of the people; a preacher. 2. (Old Law) Defn: A common councilman. [Obs.] CONCIONATORY Con"cio*na`to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to preaching or public addresses. [Obs.] Howell. CONCISE Con*cise", a. Etym: [L. concisus cut off, short, p. p. of concidere to cut to pieces; con- + caedere to cut; perh. akin to scindere to cleave, and to E. shed, v.t.; cf. F. concis.] Defn: Expressing much in a few words; condensed; brief and compacted; -- used of style in writing or speaking. The concise style, which expresseth not enough, but leaves somewhat to be understood. B. Jonson. Where the author is . . . too brief and concise, amplify a little. I. Watts. Syn. -- Laconic; terse; brief; short; compendious; summary; succinct. See Laconic, and Terse. CONCISELY Con*cise"ly, adv. Defn: In a concise manner; briefly. CONCISENESS Con*cise"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being concise. CONCISION Con*ci"sion, n. Etym: [L. concisio: cf. F. concision. See Concise.] Defn: A cutting off; a division; a schism; a faction. South. CONCITATION Con`ci*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. concitatio. See Concite.] Defn: The act of stirring up, exciting, or agitating. [Obs.] "The concitation of humors." Sir T. Browne. CONCITE Con*cite", v. t. Etym: [L. concitare; con- + citare. See Cite.] Defn: To excite or stir up. [Obs.] Cotgrave. CONCLAMATION Con`cla*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. conclamatio.] Defn: An outcry or shout of many together. [R.] Before his funeral conclamation. May (Lucan). CONCLAVE Con"clave ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. conclave a room that may locked up; con- + clavis key. See Clavicle.] 1. The set of apartments within which the cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church are continuously secluded while engaged in choosing a pope. 2. The body of cardinals shut up in the conclave for the election of a pope; hence, the body of cardinals. It was said a cardinal, by reason of his apparent likelihood to step into St. Peter's chair, that in two conclaves he went in pope and came out again cardinal. South. 3. A private meeting; a close or secret assembly. The verdicts pronounced by this conclave (Johnson's Club) on new books, were speedily known over all London. Macaulay. To be in conclave, to be engaged in a secret meeting; -- said of several, or a considerable number of, persons. CONCLAVIST Con"cla`vist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. conclaviste, It. conclavista.] Defn: One of the two ecclesiastics allowed to attend a cardinal in the conclave. CONCLUDE Con*clude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Concluding.] Etym: [L. concludere, conclusum; con- + claudere to shut. See Close, v. t.] 1. To shut up; to inclose. [Obs.] The very person of Christ [was] concluded within the grave. Hooker. 2. To include; to comprehend; to shut up together; to embrace. [Obs.] For God hath concluded all in unbelief. Rom. xi. 32. The Scripture hath concluded all under sin. Gal. iii. 22. 3. To reach as an end of reasoning; to infer, as from premises; to close, as an argument, by inferring; -- sometimes followed by a dependent clause. No man can conclude God's love or hatred to any person by anything that befalls him. Tillotson. Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith. Rom. iii. 28. 4. To make a final determination or judgment concerning; to judge; to decide. But no frail man, however great or high, Can be concluded blest before he die. Addison. Is it concluded he shall be protector Shak. 5. To bring to an end; to close; to finish. I will conclude this part with the speech of a counselor of state. Bacon. 6. To bring about as a result; to effect; to make; as, to conclude a bargain. "If we conclude a peace." Shak. 7. To shut off; to restrain; to limit; to estop; to bar; -- generally in the passive; as, the defendant is concluded by his own plea; a judgment concludes the introduction of further evidence argument. If therefore they will appeal to revelation for their creation they must be concluded by it. Sir M. Hale. Syn. -- To infer; decide; determine; settle; close; finish; terminate; end. CONCLUDE Con*clude", v. i. 1. To come to a termination; to make an end; to close; to end; to terminate. A train of lies, That, made in lust, conclude in perjuries. Dryden. And, to conclude, The victory fell on us. Shak. 2. To form a final judgment; to reach a decision. Can we conclude upon Luther's instability Bp. Atterbury. Conclude and be agreed. Shak. CONCLUDENCY Con*clud"en*cy, n. Defn: Deduction from premises; inference; conclusion. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. CONCLUDENT Con*clud"ent, a. Etym: [L. concludens, p. pr.] Defn: Bringing to a close; decisive; conclusive. [Obs.] Arguments highly consequential and concludent to my purpose. Sir M. Hale. CONCLUDER Con*clud"er, n. Defn: One who concludes. CONCLUDINGLY Con*clud"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Conclusively. [R.] Digby. CONCLUSIBLE Con*clu"si*ble, a. Defn: Demonstrable; determinable. [Obs.] Hammond. CONCLUSION Con*clu"sion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. conclusio. See Conclude.] 1. The last part of anything; close; termination; end. A fluorish of trumpets announced the conclusion of the contest. Prescott. 2. Final decision; determination; result. And the conclusion is, she shall be thine. Shak. 3. Any inference or result of reasoning. 4. (Logic) Defn: The inferred proposition of a syllogism; the necessary consequence of the conditions asserted in two related propositions called premises. See Syllogism. He granted him both the major and minor, but denied him the conclusion. Addison. 5. Drawing of inferences. [Poetic] Your wife Octavia, with her modest eyes And still conclusion. Shak. 6. An experiment, or something from which a conclusion may be drawn. [Obs.] We practice likewise all conclusions of grafting and inoculating. Bacon. 7. (Law) (a) The end or close of a pleading, e.g., the formal ending of an indictment, "against the peace," etc. (b) An estoppel or bar by which a person is held to a particular position. Wharton. Conclusion to the country (Law), the conclusion of a pleading by which a party "puts himself upon the country," i.e., appeals to the verdict of a jury. Mozley & W. -- In conclusion. (a) Finally. (b) In short. -- To try conclusions, to make a trial or an experiment. Like the famous ape, To try conclusions, in the basket creep. Shak. Syn. -- Inference; deduction; result; consequence; end; decision. See Inference. CONCLUSIVE Con*clu"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conclusif.] Defn: Belonging to a close or termination; decisive; convincing; putting an end to debate or question; leading to, or involving, a conclusion or decision. Secret reasons . . . equally conclusive for us as they were for them. Rogers. Conclusive evidence (Law), that of which, from its nature, the law allows no contradiction or explanation. -- Conclusive presumption (Law), an inference which the law makes so peremptorily that it will not allow it to be overthrown by any contrary proof, however strong. Syn. -- Final; ultimate; unanswerable. See Final. CONCLUSIVELY Con*clu"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In the way of conclusion; decisively; positively. Burke. CONCLUSIVENESS Con*clu"sive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being conclusive; decisiveness. CONCLUSORY Con*clu"so*ry, a. Defn: Conclusive. [R.] CONCOCT Con*coct", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concocted; p. pr. & vb. n. Concocting.] Etym: [L. concoctus, p. p. of concoquere to cook together, to digest, mature; con- + coquere to cook. See Cook.] 1. To digest; to convert into nourishment by the organs of nutrition. [Obs.] Food is concocted, the heart beats, the blood circulates. Cheyne. 2. To purify or refine chemically. [Obs.] Thomson. 3. To prepare from crude materials, as food; to invent or prepare by combining different ingredients; as, to concoct a new dish or beverage. 4. To digest in the mind; to devise; to make up; to contrive; to plan; to plot. He was a man of a feeble stomach, unable to concoct any great fortune. Hayward. 5. To mature or perfect; to ripen. [Obs.] Bacon. CONCOCTER Con*coct"er, n. Defn: One who concocts. CONCOCTION Con*coc"tion, n. Etym: [L. concoctio.] 1. A change in food produced by the organs of nutrition; digestion. [Obs.] 2. The act of concocting or preparing by combining different ingredients; also, the food or compound thus prepared. 3. The act of digesting in the mind; planning or devising; rumination. Donne. 4. (Med.) Defn: Abatement of a morbid process, as a fever and return to a normal condition. [Obs.] 5. The act of perfecting or maturing. [Obs.] Bacon. CONCOCTIVE Con*coct"ive, a. Defn: Having the power of digesting or ripening; digestive. Hence the concoctive powers, with various art, Subdue the cruder aliments to chyle. J. Armstrong. CONCOLOR Con"col`or, a. Etym: [L. concolor; con- + color color.] Defn: Of the same color; of uniform color. [R.] "Concolor animals." Sir T. Browne. CONCOLOROUS Con"col`or*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of the same color throughout. CONCOMITANCE; CONCOMITANCY Con*com"i*tance, Con*com"i*tan*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. concomitance, fr. LL. concomitantia.] 1. The state of accompanying; accompaniment. The secondary action subsisteth not alone, but in concomitancy with the other. Sir T. Browne. 2. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: The doctrine of the existence of the entire body of Christ in the eucharist, under each element, so that the body and blood are both received by comunication in one kind only. CONCOMITANT Con*com"i*tant, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. con- + comitari to accompany, comes companion. See Count a nobleman.] Defn: Accompanying; conjoined; attending. It has pleased our wise Creator to annex to several objects, as also to several of our thoughts, a concomitant pleasure. Locke. CONCOMITANT Con*com"i*tant, n. Defn: One who, or that which, accompanies, or is collaterally connected with another; a companion; an associate; an accompaniment. Reproach is a concomitant to greatness. Addison. The other concomitant of ingratitude is hardheartedness. South. CONCOMITANTLY Con*com"i*tant*ly, adv. Defn: In company with others; unitedly; concurrently. Bp. pearson. CONCORD Con"cord, n. Etym: [F. concorde, L. concordia, fr. concors of the same mind, agreeing; con- + cor, cordis, heart. See Heart, and cf. Accord.] 1. A state of agreement; harmony; union. Love quarrels oft in pleasing concord end. Milton. 2. Agreement by stipulation; compact; covenant; treaty or league. [Obs.] The concord made between Henry and Roderick. Davies. 3. (Gram.) Defn: Agreement of words with one another, in gender, number, person, or case. 4. (Old Law) Defn: An agreement between the parties to a fine of land in reference to the manner in which it should pass, being an acknowledgment that the land in question belonged to the complainant. See Fine. Burril. 5. Etym: [Prob. influenced by chord.] (Mus.) Defn: An agreeable combination of tones simultaneously heard; a consonant chord; consonance; harmony. CONCORD Con"cord, n. Defn: A variety of American grape, with large dark blue (almost black) grapes in compact clusters. CONCORD Con*cord", v. i. Etym: [F. concorder, L. concordare.] Defn: To agree; to act together. [Obs.] Clarendon. CONCORDABLE Con*cord"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. concordabilis.] Defn: Capable of according; agreeing; harmonious. CONCORDANCE Con*cord"ance, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. concordantia.] 1. Agreement; accordance. Contrasts, and yet concordances. Carlyle. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Concord; agreement. [Obs.] Aschlam. 3. An alphabetical verbal index showing the places in the text of a book where each principal word may be found, with its immediate context in each place. His knowledge of the Bible was such, that he might have been called a living concordance. Macaulay. 4. A topical index or orderly analysis of the contents of a book. CONCORDANCY Con*cord"an*cy, n. Defn: Agreement. W. Montagu. CONCORDANT Con*cord"ant, a. Etym: [L. concordans, p. pr. of concordare: cf. F. concordant. See Concord.] Defn: Agreeing; correspondent; harmonious; consonant. Were every one employed in points concordant to their natures, professions, and arts, commonwealths would rise up of themselves. Sir T. Browne CONCORDANTLY Con*cord"ant*ly, adv. Defn: In a concordant manner. CONCORDAT Con*cor"dat, n. Etym: [F. concordat, L. concordato, prop. p. p. of concordare. See Concord.] 1. A compact, covenant, or agreement concerning anything. 2. An agreement made between the pope and a sovereign or government for the regulation of ecclesiastical matters with which both are concerned; as, the concordat between Pope Pius VIL and Bonaparte in 1801. Hook. CONCORD BUGGY Con"cord bug"gy (kon"kerd). [From Concord, New Hampshire, where first made.] Defn: A kind of buggy having a body with low sides, and side springs. CONCORDIST Con*cord"ist, n. Defn: The compiler of a concordance. CONCORPORATE Con*cor"po*rate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. concorporatus, p. p. of concorporare.] Defn: To unite in one mass or body; to incorporate. [Archaic.] Jer. Taylor. CONCORPORATE Con*cor"po*rate, a. Defn: United in one body; incorporated. [Archaic] B. Jonson. CONCORPORATION Con*cor`po*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. concorporatio.] Defn: Union of things in one mass or body. [R.] Dr. H. More. CONCOURSE Con"course, n. Etym: [F. concours, L. concursus, fr. concurrere to run together. See Concur.] 1. A moving, flowing, or running together; confluence. The good frame of the universe was not the product of chance or fortuitous concourse of particles of matter. Sir M. Hale. 2. An assembly; a gathering formed by a voluntary or spontaneous moving and meeting in one place. Amidst the concourse were to be seen the noble ladies of Milan, in gay, fantastic cars, shining in silk brocade. Prescott. 3. The place or point of meeting or junction of two bodies. [Obs.] The drop will begin to move toward the concourse of the glasses. Sir I. Newton. 4. An open space where several roads or paths meet; esp. an open space in a park where several roads meet. 5. Concurrence; coöperation. [Obs.] The divine providence is wont to afford its concourse to such proceeding. Barrow. CONCREATE Con`cre*ate" ( or ), v. t. Defn: To create at the same time. If God did concreate grace with Adam. Jer. Taylor. CONCREMATION Con`cre*ma"tion ( or ), n. Etym: [L. concrematio, fr. concremare. See Cremate.] Defn: The act of burning different things together. [Obs.] CONCREMENT Con"cre*ment, n. Etym: [L. concrementum, fr. concrescere. See Concrete.] Defn: A growing together; the collection or mass formed by concretion, or natural union. [Obs.] The concrement of a pebble or flint. Sir M. Hale CONCRESCENCE Con*cres"cence, n. Etym: [L. concrescentia.] Defn: Coalescence of particles; growth; increase by the addition of particles. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh. CONCRESCIBLE Con*cres"ci*ble, a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Capable of being changed from a liquid to a solid state. [Obs.] They formed a . . . fixed concrescible oil. Fourcroy (Trans. ). CONCRESCIVE Con*cres"cive, a. Defn: Growing together, or into union; uniting. [R.] Eclec. Rev. CONCRETE Con"crete ( or ), a. Etym: [L. concretus, p. p. of concrescere to grow together; con- + crescere to grow; cf. F. concret. See Crescent.] 1. United in growth; hence, formed by coalition of separate particles into one mass; united in a solid form. The first concrete state, or consistent surface, of the chaos must be of the same figure as the last liquid state. Bp. Burnet. 2. (Logic) (a) Standing for an object as it exists in nature, invested with all its qualities, as distingushed from standing for an attribute of an object; -- opposed to abstract. Hence: (b) Applied to a specific object; special; particular; -- opposed to general. See Abstract, 3. Concrete is opposed to a abstract. The names of individuals are concrete, those of classes abstract. J. S. Mill. Concrete terms, while they express the quality, do also express, or imply, or refer to, some subject to which it belongs. I. Watts. Concrete number, a number associated with, or applied to, a particular object, as three men, five days, etc., as distinguished from an abstract number, or one used without reference to a particular object. -- Concrete quantity, a physical object or a collection of such objects. Davies & Peck. -- Concrete science, a physical science, one having as its subject of knowledge concrete things instead of abstract laws. -- Concrete sound or movement of the voice, one which slides continuously up or down, as distinguished from a discrete movement, in which the voice leaps at once from one line of pitch to another. Rush. CONCRETE Con"crete, n. 1. A compound or mass formed by concretion, spontaneous union, or coalescence of separate particles of matter in one body. To divide all concretes, minerals and others, into the same number of distinct substances. Boyle. 2. A mixture of gravel, pebbles, or broken stone with cement or with tar, etc., used for sidewalks, roadways, foundations, etc., and esp. for submarine structures. 3. (Logic) Defn: A term designating both a quality and the subject in which it exists; a concrete term. The concretes "father" and "son" have, or might have, the abstracts "paternity" and "filiety". J. S. Mill. 4. (Sugar Making) Defn: Sugar boiled down from cane juice to a solid mass. CONCRETE Con*crete", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concreted; p. pr & vb. n. Concreting.] Defn: To unite or coalesce, as separate particles, into a mass or solid body. Note: Applied to some substances, it is equivalent to indurate; as, metallic matter concretes into a hard body; applied to others, it is equivalent to congeal, thicken, inspissate, coagulate, as in the concretion of blood. "The blood of some who died of the plague could not be made to concrete." Arbuthnot. CONCRETE Con*crete", v. t. 1. To form into a mass, as by the cohesion or coalescence of separate particles. There are in our inferior world divers bodies that are concreted out of others. Sir M. Hale. 2. To cover with, or form of, concrete, as a pavement. CONCRETELY Con*crete"ly, adv. Defn: In a concrete manner. CONCRETENESS Con*crete"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being concrete. CONCRETION Con*cre"tion, n. Etym: [L. concretio.] 1. The process of concreting; the process of uniting or of becoming united, as particles of matter into a mass; solidification. 2. A mass or nodule of solid matter formed by growing together, by congelation, condensation, coagulation, induration, etc.; a clot; a lump; a calculus. Accidental ossifications or deposits of phosphates of lime in certain organs . . . are called osseous concretions. Dunglison. 3. (Geol.) Defn: A rounded mass or nodule produced by an aggregation of the material around a center; as, the calcareous concretions common in beds of clay. CONCRETIONAL Con*cre"tion*al, a. Defn: Concretionary. CONCRETIONARY Con*cre"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or formed by, concretion or aggregation; producing or containing concretions. CONCRETIVE Con*cre"tive, a. Defn: Promoting concretion. Sir T. Browne. CONCRETIVELY Con*cre"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a concrete manner. CONCRETURE Con*cre"ture, n. Defn: A mass formed by concretion. [Obs.] Johnson. CONCREW Con*crew", v. i. Etym: [See Concrete, a., and Accrue.] Defn: To grow together. [Obs.] Spenser. CONCRIMINATION Con*crim`i*na"tion, n. Defn: A joint accusation. CONCUBINACY Con*cu"bi*na*cy, n. Defn: The practice of concubinage. [Obs.] Strype. CONCUBINAGE Con*cu"bi*nage, n. 1. The cohabiting of a man and a woman who are not legally married; the state of being a concubine. Note: In some countries, concubinage is marriage of an inferior kind, or performed with less solemnity than a true or formal marriage; or marriage with a woman of inferior condition, to whom the husband does not convey his rank or quality. Under Roman law, it was the living of a man and woman in sexual relations without marriage, but in conformity with local law. 2. (Law) Defn: A plea, in which it is alleged that the woman suing for dower was not lawfully married to the man in whose lands she seeks to be endowed, but that she was his concubine. CONCUBINAL Con*cu"bi*nal, a. Etym: [L. concubinalis.] Defn: Of or pertaining to concubinage. CONCUBINARIAN Con*cu`bi*na"ri*an, a. & n. Defn: Concubinary. The married and concubinarian, as well as looser clergy. Milman. CONCUBINARY Con*cu"bi*na*ry, a. Etym: [LL. concubinarius.] Defn: Relating to concubinage; living in concubinage. CONCUBINARY Con*cu"bi*na*ry, n.; pl. Concubinaries. Defn: One who lives in concubinage. Jer. Taylor. CONCUBINATE Con*cu"bi*nate, n. Etym: [L. concubinatus.] Defn: Concubinage. [Obs.] Johnson. CONCUBINE Con"cu*bine, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. concubina; con- + cubare to lie down, concumbere to lie together, akin to E. cubit.] 1. A woman who cohabits with a man without being his wife; a paramour. Note: Concubine has been sometimes, but rarely, used of a male paramour as well as of a female. Trench. 2. A wife of inferior condition; a lawful wife, but not united to the man by the usual ceremonies, and of inferior condition. Such were Hagar and Keturah, the concubines of Abraham; and such concubines were allowed by the Roman laws. Their children were not heirs of their father. CONCULCATE Con*cul"cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concultated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conculcating.] Etym: [L. conculcatus, p. p. of conculcare to conculcate fr. calx heel.] Defn: To tread or trample under foot. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu -- Con`cul*ca"tion (, n. [Obs.] CONCUPISCENCE Con*cu"pis*cence, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. concupiscentia.] Defn: Sexual lust; morbid carnal passion. Concupiscence like a pestilence walketh in darkness. Horne. CONCUPISCENT Con*cu"pis*cent, a. Etym: [L. concupiscens, p. pr. of concupiscere, v. incho. of concupere to long for; con- + cupere. See Covet.] Defn: Having sexual lust; libidinous; lustful; lecherous; salacious. Johnson. CONCUPISCENTIAL Con*cu`pis*cen"tial, a. Defn: Relating to concupiscence. [Obs.] Johnson. CONCUPISCENTIOUS Con*cu`pis*cen"tious, a. Defn: Concupiscent. [Obs.] CONCUPISCIBLE Con*cu`pis*ci*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. concupiscible.] 1. Exciting to, or liable to be affected by, concupiscence; provoking lustful desires. Shak. 2. Exciting desire, good or evil. The schools reduce all the passions to these two heads, the concupiscible and irascible appetite. South. CONCUPISCIBLENESS Con*cu"pis*ci*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state of being concupiscible. [Obs.] CONCUPY Con"cu*py, n. Defn: Concupiscence. Note: [Used only in "Troilus and Cressida"] Shak. CONCUR Con*cur", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concurred (; p. pr. & vb. n. Concurring.] Etym: [L. concurrere to run together, agree; con- + currere to run. See Current.] 1. To run together; to meet. [Obs.] Anon they fierce encountering both concurred With grisly looks and faces like their fates. J. Hughes. 2. To meet in the same point; to combine or conjoin; to contribute or help toward a common object or effect. When outward causes concur. Jer. Colier. 3. To unite or agree (in action or opinion); to join; to act jointly; to agree; to coincide; to correspond. Mr. Burke concurred with Lord Chatham in opinion. Fox. Tories and Whigs had concurred in paying honor to Walker. Makaulay. This concurs directly with the letter. Shak. 4. To assent; to consent. [Obs.] Milton. Syn. -- To agree; unite; combine; conspire; coincide; approve; acquiesce; assent. CONCURRENCE Con*cur"rence, n. Etym: [F., competition, equality of rights, fr. LL. concurrentia competition.] 1. The act of concurring; a meeting or coming together; union; conjunction; combination. We have no other measure but our own ideas, with the concurence of other probable reasons, to persuade us. Locke. 2. A meeting of minds; agreement in opinion; union in design or act; -- implying joint approbation. Tarquin the Proud was expelled by the universal concurrence of nobles and people. Swift. 3. Agreement or consent, implying aid or contribution of power or influence; coöperation. We collect the greatness of the work, and the necessity of the divine concurrence to it. Rogers. An instinct that works us to its own purposes without our concurrence. Burke. 4. A common right; coincidence of equal powers; as, a concurrence of jurisdiction in two different courts. CONCURRENCY Con*cur"ren*cy, n. Defn: Concurrence. CONCURRENT Con*cur"rent, a. Etym: [F. concurrent, L. concurrens, p. pr. of concurrere.] 1. Acting in conjunction; agreeing in the same act or opinion; contibuting to the same event of effect; coöperating. I join with these laws the personal presence of the kings' son, as a concurrent cause of this reformation. Sir J. Davies. The concurrent testimony of antiquity. Bp. Warburton. 2. Conjoined; associate; concomitant; existing or happening at the same time. There is no difference the concurrent echo and the iterant but the quickness or slowness of the return. Bacon. Changes . . . concurrent with the visual changes in the eye. Tyndall. 3. Joint and equal in authority; taking cognizance of similar questions; operating on the same objects; as, the concurrent jurisdiction of courts. 4. (Geom.) Defn: Meeting in one point. Syn. -- Meeting; uniting; accompanying; conjoined; associated; coincident; united. CONCURRENT Con*cur"rent, n. 1. One who, or that which, concurs; a joint or contributory cause. To all affairs of importance there are three necessary concurrents . . . time, industry, and faculties. Dr. H. More. 2. One pursuing the same course, or seeking the same objects; hence, a rival; an opponent. Menander . . . had no concurrent in his time that came near unto him. Holland. 3. (Chron.) Defn: One of the supernumerary days of the year over fifty-two complete weeks; -- so called because they concur with the solar cycle, the course of which they follow. CONCURRENTLY Con*cur"rent*ly, adv. Defn: With concurrence; unitedly. CONCURRENTNESS Con*cur"rent*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being concurrent; concurrence. CONCURRING Con*cur"ring, a. Defn: Agreeing. Concurring figure (Geom.), one which, being laid on another, exactly meets every part of it, or one which correspondends with another in all its parts. CONCUSS Con*cuss", v. t. Etym: [L. concussus, p. p. of concutere. See Concussion.] 1. To shake or agitate. "Concussed with uncertainty." Daniel. 2. (Law) Defn: To force (a person) to do something, or give up something, by intimidation; to coerce. Wharton. CONCUSSATION Con`cus*sa"tion, n. Defn: A violent shock or agitation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. CONCUSSION Con*cus"sion, n. Etym: [L. concussio, fr. concutere, concussum, to shake violenty; con- + quatere to shake. See Cashier, Quash.] 1. A shaking or agitation; a shock; caused by the collision of two bodies. It is believed that great ringing of bells, in populous cities, hath dissipated pestilent air; which may be from the concussion of the air. Bacon. 2. (Med.) Defn: A condition of lowered functional activity, without visible structural change, produced in an organ by a shock, as by fall or blow; as, a concussion of the brain. 3. (Civil Law) Defn: The unlawful forcing of another by threats of violence to yield up something of value. Then concussion, rapine, pilleries, Their catalogue of accusations fill. Daniel. Concussion fuse (Mil.), one that is ignited by the concussion of the shell when it strikes. Syn. -- See Shock. CONCUSSIVE Con*cus"sive, a. Defn: Having the power or quality of shaking or agitating. Johnson. COND Cond, v. t. Etym: [OE. conduen, condien, F. conduire to conduct, fr. L. conducere. See Conduct, and cf. Con (Naut.), Conn. Cun.] (Naut.) Defn: To con, as a ship. CONDEMN Con*demn", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condemned; p. pr. & vb. n. Condemning ( or ]. Etym: [L. condemnare; con- + damnare to condemn: cf. F. condamner. See Damn.] 1. To pronounce to be wrong; to disapprove of; to censure. Condemn the fault, and not the actor of it! Why, every fault's condemned ere it be done. Shak. Wilt thou condemn him that is most just Job xxxiv. 17. 2. To declare the guilt of; to make manifest the faults or unworthiness of; to convict of guilt. The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it. Matt. xii. 42. 3. To pronounce a judicial sentence against; to sentence to punishment, suffering, or loss; to doom; -- with to before the penalty. Driven out from bliss, condemned In this abhorred deep to utter woe. Milton. To each his sufferings; all are men, Condemned alike to groan. Gray. And they shall condemn him to death. Matt. xx. 18. The thief condemned, in law already dead. Pope. No flocks that range the valley free, To slaughter I condemn. Goldsmith. 4. To amerce or fine; -- with in before the penalty. The king of Egypt . . . condemned the land in a hundred talents of silver. 2 Cron. xxxvi. 3. 5. To adjudge or pronounce to be unfit for use or service; to adjudge or pronounce to be forfeited; as, the ship and her cargo were condemned. 6. (Law) Defn: To doom to be taken for public use, under the right of eminent domain. Syn. -- To blame; censure; reprove; reproach; upbraid; reprobate; convict; doom; sentence; adjudge. CONDEMNABLE Con"dem*na"ble, a. Etym: [L. condemnabilis.] Defn: Worthy of condemnation; blamable; culpable. CONDEMNATION Con"dem*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. condemnatio.] 1. The act of condemning or pronouncing to be wrong; censure; blame; disapprobation. In every other sense of condemnation, as blame, censure, reproof, private judgment, and the like. Paley. 2. The act of judicially condemning, or adjudging guilty, unfit for use, or forfeited; the act of dooming to punishment or forfeiture. A legal and judicial condemnation. Paley. Whose condemnation is pronounced. Shak. 3. The state of being condemned. His pathetic appeal to posterity in the hopeless hour of condemnation. W. Irving. 4. The ground or reason of condemning. This is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather light, because their deeds were evil. John iii. 19. CONDEMNATORY Con*dem"na*to*ry, a. Defn: Condemning; containing or imposing condemnation or censure; as, a condemnatory sentence or decree. CONDEMNED Con*demned", a. 1. Pronounced to be wrong, guilty, worthless, or forfeited; adjudged or sentenced to punishment, destruction, or confiscation. 2. Used for condemned persons. Richard Savage . . . had lain with fifty pounds weight of irons on his legs in the condemned ward of Newgate. Macaulay. CONDEMNER Con*dem"ner ( or ), n. Defn: One who condemns or censures. CONDENSABILITY Con*den`sa*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability of being condensed. CONDENSABLE Con*den"sa*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. condensable.] Defn: Capable of being condensed; as, vapor is condensable. CONDENSATE Con*den"sate, a. Etym: [L. condensatus, p. p. of condensare. See Condense, v. t.] Defn: Made dense; condensed. Water . . . thickened or condensate. Peacham. CONDENSATE Con*den"sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condensated; p. pr. & vb. n. Condensating.] Defn: To condense. [R.] Hammond. CONDENSATION Con`den*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. condensatio: cf. F. condensation.] 1. The act or process of condensing or of being condensed; the state of being condensed. He [Goldsmith] was a great and perhaps an unequaled master of the arts of selection and condensation. Macaulay. 2. (Physics) Defn: The act or process of reducing, by depression of temperature or increase of pressure, etc., to another and denser form, as gas to the condition of a liquid or steam to water. 3. (Chem.) Defn: A rearrangement or concentration of the different constituents of one or more substances into a distinct and definite compound of greater complexity and molecular weight, often resulting in an increase of density, as the condensation of oxygen into ozone, or of acetone into mesitylene. Condensation product (Chem.), a substance obtained by the polymerization of one substance, or by the union of two or more, with or without separation of some unimportant side products. -- Surface condensation, the system of condensing steam by contact with cold metallic surfaces, in distinction from condensation by the injection of cold water. CONDENSATIVE Con*den"sa*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. condensatif.] Defn: Having the property of condensing. CONDENSE Con*dense", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condensed; p. pr. & vb. n. Condensing.] Etym: [L. condensare; con- + densare to make thick or dense, densus thick, dense: cf. F. condenser. See Dense, and cf. Condensate.] 1. To make more close, compact, or dense; to compress or concentrate into a smaller compass; to consolidate; to abridge; to epitomize. In what shape they choose, Dilated or condensed, bright or obscure. Milton. The secret course pursued at Brussels and at Madrid may be condensed into the usual formula, dissimulation, procrastination, and again dissimulation. Motley. 2. (Chem. & Physics) Defn: To reduce into another and denser form, as by cold or pressure; as, to condense gas into a liquid form, or steam into water. Condensed milk, milk reduced to the consistence of very thick cream by evaporation (usually with addition of sugar) for preservation and transportation. -- Condensing engine, a steam engine in which the steam is condensed after having exerted its force on the piston. Syn. -- To compress; contract; crowd; thicken; concentrate; abridge; epitomize; reduce. CONDENSE Con*dense", v. i. 1. To become more compact; to be reduced into a denser form. Nitrous acid is gaseous at ordinary temperatures, but condenses into a very volatile liquid at the zero of Fahrenheit. H. Spencer. 2. (Chem.) (a) To combine or unite (as two chemical substances) with or without separation of some unimportant side products. (b) To undergo polymerization. CONDENSE Con*dense", a. Etym: [L. condensus.] Defn: Condensed; compact; dense. [R.] The huge condense bodies of planets. Bentley. CONDENSER Con*dens"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, condenses. 2. (Physic) (a) An instrument for condensing air or other elastic fluids, consisting of a cylinder having a movable piston to force the air into a receiver, and a valve to prevent its escape. (b) An instrument for concentrating electricity by the effect of induction between conducting plates separated by a nonconducting plate. (c) A lens or mirror, usually of short focal distance, used to concentrate light upon an object. 3. (Chem.) Defn: An apparatus for receiving and condensing the volatile products of distillation to a liquid or solid form, by cooling. 4. (Steam Engine) Defn: An apparatus, separate from the cylinder, in which the exhaust steam is condensed by the action of cold water or air. See Illust. of Steam engine. Achromatic condenser (Optics), an achromatic lens used as a condenser. -- Bull's-eye condenser, or Bull's-eye (Optics), a lens of short focal distance used for concentrating rays of light. -- Injection condenser, a vessel in which steam is condensed by the direct contact of water. -- Surface condenser, an apparatus for condensing steam, especially the exhaust of a steam engine, by bringing it into contact with metallic surface cooled by water or air. CONDENSIBLE Con*den"si*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being condensed; as, a gas condensible to a liquid by cold. CONDER Cond"er, n. Etym: [From Cond.] Defn: One who watches shoals of fish; a balker. See Balker. CONDESCEND Con`de*scend", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Condescended; p. pr. & vb. n. Condescending.] Etym: [F. condescendre, LL. condescendere, fr. L. con- + descendere. See Descend.] 1. To stoop or descend; to let one's self down; to submit; to waive the privilege of rank or dignity; to accommodate one's self to an inferior. "Condescend to men of low estate." Rom. xii. 16. Can they think me so broken, so debased With corporal servitude, that my mind ever Will condescend to such absurd commands Milton. Spain's mighty monarch, In gracious clemency, does condescend, On these conditions, to become your friend. Dryden. Note: Often used ironically, implying an assumption of superiority. Those who thought they were honoring me by condescending to address a few words to me. F. W. Robinson. 2. To consent. [Obs.] All parties willingly condescended heruento. R. Carew. Syn. -- To yield; stoop; descend; deign; vouchsafe. CONDESCENDENCE; CONDESCENDENCY Con`de*scend"ence, Con`de*scend"en*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. condescendance.] Defn: Condescension. [Obs.] CONDESCENDINGLY Con`de*scend"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a condescending manner. Atterbury. CONDESCENSION Con`de*scen"sion, n. Etym: [L. condescensio.] Defn: The act of condescending; voluntary descent from one's rank or dignity in intercourse with an inferior; courtesy toward inferiors. It forbids pride . . . and commands humility, modesty, and condescension to others. Tillotson. Such a dignity and condescension . . . as are suitable to a superior nature. Addison. Syn. -- Complaisance; courtesy; affability. CONDESCENT Con`de*scent", n. Etym: [Cf. Condescend, Descent.] Defn: An act of condescension. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. CONDIGN Con*dign", a. Etym: [F. condigne, L. condignus very worthy; con- + dignus worthy. See Deign, and cf. Digne.] 1. Worthy; suitable; deserving; fit. [Obs.] Condign and worthy praise. Udall. Herself of all that rule she deemend most condign. Spenser. 2. Deserved; adequate; suitable to the fault or crime. "Condign censure." Milman. Unless it were a bloody murderer . . . I never gave them condign punishment. Shak. CONDIGNITY Con*dig"ni*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. condignité.] (Scholastic Theol.) Defn: Merit, acguired by works, which can claim reward on the score of general benevolence. Such a worthiness of condignity, and proper merit of the heavenly glory, cannot be found in any the best, most perfect, and excellent of created beings. Bp. Bull. CONDIGNLY Con*dign"ly, adv. Defn: According to merit. CONDIGNNESS Con*dign"ness, n. Defn: Agreeableness to deserts; suitableness. CONDIMENT Con"di*ment, n. Etym: [L. condimentum, fr. condire. See Condite.] Defn: Something used to give relish to food, and to gratify the taste; a pungment and appetizing substance, as pepper or mustard; seasoning. As for radish and the like, they are for condiments, and not for nourishment. Bacon. CONDISCIPLE Con`dis*ci"ple, n. Etym: [L. condiscipulus. See Disciple.] Defn: A schoolfellow; a fellow-student. [R.] CONDITE Con"dite, a. Etym: [L. conditus, p. p. of condire to preserve, pickle, season. See Recondite.] Defn: Preserved; pickled. [Obs.] Burton. CONDITE Con*dite", v. t. Defn: To pickle; to preserve; as, to condite pears, quinces, etc. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. CONDITION Con*di"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. conditio (better condicio) agreement, compact, condition; con- + a root signifying to show, point out, akin to dicere to say, dicare to proclaim, dedicate. See Teach, Token.] 1. Mode or state of being; state or situation with regard to external circumstances or influences, or to physical or mental integrity, health, strength, etc.; predicament; rank; position, estate. I am in my condition A prince, Miranda; I do think, a king. Shak. And O, what man's condition can be worse Than his whom plenty starves and blessings curse Cowley. The new conditions of life. Darwin. 2. Essential quality; property; attribute. It seemed to us a condition and property of divine powers and beings to be hidden and unseen to others. Bacon. 3. Temperament; disposition; character. [Obs.] The condition of a saint and the complexion of a devil. Shak. 4. That which must exist as the occasion or concomitant of something else; that which is requisite in order that something else should take effect; an essential qualification; stipulation; terms specified. I had as lief take her dowry with this condition, to be whipped at the high cross every morning. Shak. Many are apt to believe remission of sins, but they believe it without the condition of repentance. Jer. Taylor. 5. (Law) Defn: A clause in a contract, or agreement, which has for its object to suspend, to defeat, or in some way to modify, the principal obligation; or, in case of a will, to suspend, revoke, or modify a devise or bequest. It is also the case of a future uncertain event, which may or may not happen, and on the occurrence or non-occurrence of which, the accomplishment, recission, or modification of an obligation or testamentary disposition is made to depend. Blount. Tomlins. Bouvier. Wharton. Equation of condition. (Math.) See under Equation. -- On or Upon condition (that), used for if in introducing conditional sentences. "Upon condition thou wilt swear to pay him tribute . . . thou shalt be placed as viceroy under him." Shak. -- Conditions of sale, the terms on which it is proposed to sell property by auction; also, the instrument containing or expressing these terms. Syn. -- State; situation; circumstances; station; case; mode; plight; predicament; stipulation; qualification; requisite; article; provision; arrangement. See State. CONDITION Con*di"tion, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conditioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Conditioning.] 1. To make terms; to stipulate. Pay me back my credit, And I'll condition with ye. Beau. & Fl. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: To impose upon an object those relations or conditions without which knowledge and thought are alleged to be impossible. To think of a thing is to condition. Sir W. Hamilton. CONDITION Con*di"tion, v. t. Etym: [Cf. LL. conditionare. See Condition, n.] 1. To invest with, or limit by, conditions; to burden or qualify by a condition; to impose or be imposed as the condition of. Seas, that daily gain upon the shore, Have ebb and flow conditioning their march. Tennyson. 2. To contract; to stipulate; to agree. It was conditioned between Saturn and Titan, that Saturn should put to death all his male children. Sir W. Raleigh. 3. (U. S. Colleges) Defn: To put under conditions; to require to pass a new examination or to make up a specified study, as a condition of remaining in one's class or in college; as, to condition a student who has failed in some branch of study. 4. To test or assay, as silk (to ascertain the proportion of moisture it contains). McElrath. Defn: train; acclimate. CONDITIONAL Con*di"tion*al, a. Etym: [L. conditionalis.] 1. Containing, implying, or depending on, a condition or conditions; not absolute; made or granted on certain terms; as, a conditional promise. Every covenant of God with man . . . may justly be made (as in fact it is made) with this conditional punishment annexed and declared. Bp. Warburton. 2. (Gram. & Logic) Defn: Expressing a condition or supposition; as, a conditional word, mode, or tense. A conditional proposition is one which asserts the dependence of one categorical proposition on another. Whately. The words hypothetical and conditional may be . . . used synonymously. J. S. Mill. CONDITIONAL Con*di"tion*al, n. 1. A limitation. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A conditional word, mode, or proposition. Disjunctives may be turned into conditionals. L. H. Atwater. CONDITIONALITY Con*di`tion*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being conditional, or limited; limitation by certain terms. CONDITIONALLY Con*di"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a conditional manner; subject to a condition or conditions; not absolutely or positively. Shak. CONDITIONATE Con*di"tion*ate, a. Etym: [LL. conditionatus, p. p. See Condition, v. t.] Defn: Conditional. [Obs.] Barak's answer is faithful, though conditionate. Bp. Hall. CONDITIONATE Con*di"tion*ate, v. t. 1. To qualify by conditions; to regulate. [Obs.] 2. To put under conditions; to render conditional. CONDITIONED Con*di"tioned, a. 1. Surrounded; circumstanced; in a certain state or condition, as of property or health; as, a well conditioned man. The best conditioned and unwearied spirit. Shak. 2. Having, or known under or by, conditions or relations; not independent; not absolute. Under these, thought is possible only in the conditioned interval. Sir W. Hamilton. CONDITIONLY Con*di"tion*ly, adv. Defn: Conditionally. [Obs.] CONDITORY Con"di*to*ry, n.; pl. Conditories. Etym: [L. conditorium, fr. condere to hide. See Recondite.] Defn: A repository for holding things; a hinding place. CONDOG Con*dog", v. i. Etym: [A punning corruption of concur.] Defn: To concur; to agree. [Burlesque] Note: This word appears in early dictionaries as a synonym for the word agree; thus. "Agree; concurre, cohere, condog, condescend." Cockeram. CONDOLATORY Con*do"la*to*ry, a. Defn: Expressing condolence. Smart. CONDOLE Con*dole", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Condoled; p. pr. & vb. n. Condoling.] Etym: [L. condolere; con- + dolere to feel pain, grieve. See Doleful.] Defn: To express sympathetic sorrow; to grieve in sympathy; -- followed by with. Your friends would have cause to rejoice, rather than condole with you. Sir W. Temple. CONDOLE Con*dole", v. t. Defn: To lament or grieve over. [R.] I come not, Samson, to condole thy chance. Milton. CONDOLEMENT Con*dole"ment, n. 1. Condolence. "A pitiful condolement." Milton. 2. Sorrow; mourning; lamentation. Shak. CONDOLENCE Con*do"lence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. condoléance.] Defn: Expression of sympathy with another in sorrow or grief. Their congratulations and their condolences. Steele. A special mission of condolence. Macaulay. CONDOLER Con*dol"er, n. Defn: One who condoles. CONDONATION Con`do*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. condonatio a giving away.] 1. The act of condoning or pardoning. 2. (Law) Defn: Forgiveness, either express or implied, by a husband of his wife or by a wife of her husband, for a breach of marital duty, as adultery, with an implied condition that the offense shall not be repeated. Bouvier. Wharton. CONDONE Con*done", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Condoning.] Etym: [L. condonare, -donatum, to give up, remit, forgive; con- + donare to give. See Donate.] 1. To pardon; to forgive. A fraud which he had either concocted or condoned. W. Black. It would have been magnanimous in the men then in power to have overlooked all these things, and, condoning the politics, to have rewarded the poetry of Burns. J. C. Shairp. 2. (Law) Defn: To pardon; to overlook the offense of; esp., to forgive for a violation of the marriage law; -- said of either the husband or the wife. CONDOR Con"dor, n. Etym: [Sp. condor, fr. Peruvian cuntur.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large bird of the Vulture family (Sarcorhamphus gryphus), found in the most elevated parts of the Andes. CONDOTTIERE Con`dot*tie"re, n.; pl. Condottieri. Etym: [It., captain.] Defn: A military adventurer of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, who sold his services, and those of his followers, to any party in any contest. CONDUCE Con*duce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conduced; p. pr. & vb. n. Conducing.] Etym: [L. conducere to bring together, conduce, hire; con- + ducere to lead. See Duke and cf. Conduct, n., Cond.] Defn: To lead or tend, esp. with reference to a favorable or desirable result; to contribute; -- usually followed by to or toward. He was sensible how much such a union would conduce to the happiness of both. Macaulay. The reasons you allege do more conduce To the hot passion of distemper'd blood. Shak. Syn. -- To contribute; aid; assist; tend; subserve. CONDUCE Con*duce", v. t. Defn: To conduct; to lead; to guide. [Obs.] He was sent to conduce hither the princess. Sir H. Wotton. CONDUCENT Con*du"cent, a. Etym: [L. conducens, p. pr.] Defn: Conducive; tending. Conducent to the good success of this business. Abp. Laud. CONDUCIBILITY Con*du"ci*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being conducible; conducibleness. Bp. Wilkins. CONDUCIBLE Con*du"ci*ble, a. Etym: [L. conducibilis.] Defn: Conducive; tending; contributing. Bacon. All his laws are in themselves conducible to the temporal interest of them that observe them. Bentley. CONDUCIBLENESS Con*du"ci*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being conducible. CONDUCIBLY Con*du"ci*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner to promote. [R.] CONDUCIVE Con*du"cive, a. Defn: Loading or tending; helpful; contributive; tending to promote. However conducive to the good or our country. Addison. CONDUCIVENESS Con*du"cive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of conducing. CONDUCT Con"duct, n. Etym: [LL. conductus defense, escort, fr. L. conductus, p. p. of conducere. See Conduce, and cf. Conduit.] 1. The act or method of conducting; guidance; management. Christianity has humanized the conduct of war. Paley. The conduct of the state, the administration of its affairs. Ld. Brougham. 2. Skillful guidance or management; generalship. Conduct of armies is a prince's art. Waller. Attacked the Spaniards . . . with great impetuosity, but with so little conduct, that his forces were totally routed. Robertson. 3. Convoy; escort; guard; guide. [Archaic] I will be your conduct. B. Jonson. In my conduct shall your ladies come. Shak. 4. That which carries or conveys anything; a channel; a conduit; an instrument. [Obs.] Although thou been conduct of my chame. Shak. 5. The manner of guiding or carrying one's self; personal deportment; mode of action; behavior. All these difficulties were increased by the conduct of Shrewsbury. Macaulay. What in the conduct of our life appears So well designed, so luckily begun, But when we have our wish, we wish undone Dryden. 6. Plot; action; construction; manner of development. The book of Job, in conduct and diction. Macaulay. Conduct money (Naut.), a portion of a seaman's wages retained till the end of his engagement, and paid over only if his conduct has been satisfactory. Syn. -- Behavior; deportment; demeanor; bearing; management; guidance. See Behavior. CONDUCT Con*duct", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conducted; p. pr. & vb. n. Conducting.] Etym: [See Conduct, n.] 1. To lead, or guide; to escort; to attend. I can conduct you, lady, to a low But loyal cottage, where you may be safe. Milton. 2. To lead, as a commander; to direct; to manage; to carry on; as, to conduct the affairs of a kingdom. Little skilled in the art of conducting a siege. Prescott. 3. To behave; -- with the reflexive; as, he conducted himself well. 4. (Physics) Defn: To serve as a medium for conveying; to transmit, as heat, light, electricity, etc. 5. (Mus.) Defn: To direct, as the leader in the performance of a musical composition. CONDUCT Con*duct", v. i. 1. To act as a conductor (as of heat, electricity, etc.); to carry. 2. To conduct one's self; to behave. [U. S.] CONDUCTANCE Con*duct"ance (kon*duk"tans), n. [Conduct, v. + -ance.] (Elec.) Defn: Conducting power; -- the reciprocal of resistance. A suggested unit is the mho, the reciprocal of the ohm. Conductance is an attribute of any specified conductor, and refers to its shape, length, and other factors. Conductivity is an attribute of any specified material without direct reference to its shape or other factors. Sloane's Elec. Dict. CONDUCTIBILITY Con*duct`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. conductibilité.] 1. Capability of being conducted; as, the conductibility of heat or electricity. 2. Conductivity; capacity for receiving and transmitting. CONDUCTIBLE Con*duct"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being conducted. CONDUCTION Con*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. conductio a bringing together: cf. F. conduction.] 1. The act of leading or guiding. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. The act of training up. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. (Physics) Defn: Transmission through, or by means of, a conductor; also, conductivity. [The] communication [of heat] from one body to another when they are in contact, or through a homogenous body from particle to particle, constitutes conduction. Amer. Cyc. CONDUCTIVE Con*duct"ive, a. Defn: Having the quality or power of conducting; as, the conductive tissue of a pistil. The ovarian walls . . . are seen to be distinctly conductive. Goodale (Gray's Bot. ). CONDUCTIVITY Con`duc*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or power of conducting, or of receiving and transmitting, as, the conductivity of a nerve. Thermal conductivity (Physics), the quantity of heat that passes in unit time through unit area of plate whose thickness is unity, when its opposite faces differ in temperature by one degree. J. D. Everett. -- Thermometic conductivity (Physics), the thermal conductivity when the unit of heat employed is the heat required to raise unit volume of the substance one degree. CONDUCTOR Con*duct"or, n. Etym: [LL., a carrier, transporter, L., a lessee.] 1. One who, or that which, conducts; a leader; a commander; a guide; a manager; a director. Zeal, the blind conductor of the will. Dryden. 2. One in charge of a public conveyance, as of a railroad train or a street car. [U. S.] 3. (Mus.) Defn: The leader or director of an orchestra or chorus. 4. (Physics) Defn: A substance or body capable of being a medium for the transmission of certain forces, esp. heat or electricity; specifically, a lightning rod. 5. (Surg.) Defn: A grooved sound or staff used for directing instruments, as lithontriptic forceps, etc.; a director. 6. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Leader. Prime conductor (Elec.), the largest conductor of an electrical machine, serving to collect, accumulate, or retain the electricity. CONDUCTORY Con*duct"o*ry, a. Etym: [LL. conductorius.] Defn: Having the property of conducting. [R.] CONDUCTRESS Con*duct"ress, n. Defn: A woman who leads or directs; a directress. CONDUIT Con"duit ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. conductus escort, conduit. See Conduct.] 1. A pipe, canal, channel, or passage for conveying water or fluid. All the conduits of my blood froze up. Shak. This is the fountain of all those bitter waters, of which, through a hundred different conduits, we have drunk. Burke. 2. (Arch.) (a) A structure forming a reservoir for water. Oxf. Gloss. (b) A narrow passage for private communication. CONDUIT SYSTEM; CONDUIT RAILWAY Con"duit sys"tem. (Elec.) Defn: A system of electric traction, esp. for light railways, in which the actuating current passes along a wire or rail laid in an underground conduit, from which the current is "picked up" by a plow or other device fixed to the car or electric locomotive. Hence Conduit railway. CONDUPLICATE Con*du"pli*cate, a. Etym: [L. conduplicatus, p. p. of conduplicare. See Duplicate.] (Bot.) Defn: Folded lengthwise along the midrib, the upper face being within; -- said of leaves or petals in vernation or æstivation. CONDUPLICATION Con*du`pli*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. conduplicatio.] Defn: A doubling together or folding; a duplication. [R.] CONDURANGO Con`du*ran"go, n. (Med.) Defn: See Cundurango. CONDURRITE Con*dur"rite, n. (Min.) Defn: A variety of the mineral domeykite, or copper arsenide, from the Condurra mine in Cornwall, England. CONDYLAR Con"dy*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a condyle. Condylar foramen (Anat.), a formen in front of each condyle of the occipital bone; -- sometimes called the anterior condylar foramen when a second, or posterior, foramen is present behind the condyle, as often happens in man. CONDYLE Con"dyle ( or ), n. Etym: [L. condylus knuckle, joint, Gr. condyle.] (Anat.) Defn: A bony prominence; particularly, an eminence at the end of a bone bearing a rounded articular surface; -- sometimes applied also to a concave articular surface. CONDYLOID Con"dy*loid, a. Etym: [Condyle + -oid: cf. F. condyloïde.] (Anat.) Defn: Shaped like or pertaining to a condyle. CONDYLOMA; CONDYLOME Con`dy*lo"ma, Con"dy*lome, n.; pl. Condylomata or, E. Condylomes. Etym: [NL. condyloma, fr. Gr. -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A wartlike new growth on the outer skin or adjoining mucous membrance. Note: There are two kinds of condylomata, the pointed and the broad, the latter being of syphilitic origin. CONDYLOPOD Con*dyl"o*pod, n. Etym: [Gr. -pod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An arthropod. CONE Cone, n. Etym: [L. conus cone (in sense 1), Gr. çana whetstone, L. cuneus wedge, and prob. to E. hone. See Hone, n.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A solid of the form described by the revolution of a right- angled triangle about one of the sides adjacent to the right angle; - - called also a right cone. More generally, any solid having a vertical point and bounded by a surface which is described by a straight line always passing through that vertical point; a solid having a circle for its base and tapering to a point or vertex. 2. Anything shaped more or less like a mathematical cone; as, a volcanic cone, a collection of scoriæ around the crater of a volcano, usually heaped up in a conical form. Now had Night measured with her shadowy cone Half way up hill this vast sublunar vault. Milton. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The fruit or strobile of the Coniferæ, as of the pine, fir, cedar, and cypress. It is composed of woody scales, each one of which has one or two seeds at its base. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A shell of the genus Conus, having a conical form. Cone of rays (Opt.), the pencil of rays of light which proceed from a radiant point to a given surface, as that of a lens, or conversely. -- Cone pulley. See in the Vocabulary. -- Oblique or Scalene cone, a cone of which the axis is inclined to the plane of its base. -- Eight cone. See Cone, 1. CONE Cone, v. t. Defn: To render coneshaped; to bevel like the circular segment of a cone; as, to cone the tires of car wheels. CONE CLUTCH Cone clutch. (Mach.) Defn: A friction clutch with conical bearing surfaces. CONEFLOWER Cone"flow`er, n. Defn: Any plant of the genus Rudbeckia; -- so called from the cone- shaped disk of the flower head. Also, any plant of the related genera Ratibida and Brauneria, the latter usually known as purple coneflower. CONE-IN-CONE Cone"-in-cone", a. (Geol.) Defn: Consisting of a series of parallel cones, each made up of many concentric cones closely packed together; -- said of a kind of structure sometimes observed in sedimentary rocks. CONEINE Co*ne"ine ( or ; 104), n. (Chem.) Defn: See Conine. CONE-NOSE Cone"-nose`, n. Defn: A large hemipterous insect of the family Reduviidæ, often found in houses, esp. in the southern and western United States. It bites severely, and is one of the species called kissing bugs. It is also called big bedbug. CONEPATE; CONEPATL Co"ne*pate, Co"ne*patl, n. Etym: [Mexican conepatl and epatl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The skunk. CONE PULLEY Cone" pul"ley. Defn: A pulley for driving machines, etc., having two or more parts or steps of different diameters; a pulley having a conical shape. CONESTOGA WAGON; CONESTOGA WAIN Con`es*to"ga wag`on, Con`es*to"ga wain. [From Conestoga, Pennsylvania.] Defn: A kind of large broad-wheeled wagon, usually covered, for traveling in soft soil and on prairies. CONEY Co"ney ( or ), n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A rabbit. See Cony. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish. See Cony. CONFAB Con"fab, n. Etym: [Contr. from confabulation.] Defn: Familiar talk or conversation. [Colloq.] CONFABULATE Con*fab"u*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Confabulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Confabulating.] Etym: [L. confabulatus, p. p. of confabulary, to converse together; con- + fabulary to speak, fr. fabula. See Fable.] Defn: To talk familiarly together; to chat; to prattle. I shall not ask Jean Jaques Rousseau If birds confabulate or no. Cowper. CONFABULATION Con*fab`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. confabulatio.] Defn: Familiar talk; easy, unrestrained, unceremonious conversation. Friends' confabulations are comfortable at all times, as fire in winter. Burton. CONFABULATORY Con*fab"u*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Of the nature of familiar talk; in the form of a dialogue. Weever. CONFALON Con"fa*lon, n. Etym: [F. See Confalon.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: One of a fraternity of seculars, also called Penitents. CONFARREATION Con*far`re*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. confarreatio, fr. confarreare to marry; con- + farreum (sc. libum cake) a spelt cake, fr. farreus made of spelt, fr. far a sort of grain.] (Antiq.) Defn: A form of marriage among the Romans, in which an offering of bread was made, in presence of the high priest and at least ten witnesses. CONFATED Con*fat"ed, p.a. Defn: Fated or decreed with something else. [R.] A. Tucker. CONFECT Con*fect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confected; p. pr. & vb. n. Confecting.] Etym: [L. confectus, p. p. of conficere to prepare. See Comfit.] 1. To prepare, as sweetmeats; to make a confection of. [Obs.] Saffron confected in Cilicia. W. Browne. 2. To construct; to form; to mingle or mix. [Obs.] Of this were confected the famous everlasting lamps and tapers. Sir T. Herbert. [My joys] are still confected with some fears. Stirling. CONFECT Con"fect, n. Defn: A comfit; a confection. [Obs.] At supper eat a pippin roasted and sweetened with sugar of roses and caraway confects. Harvey. CONFECTION Con*fec"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. confectio.] 1. A composition of different materials. [Obs.] A new confection of mold. Bacon. 2. A preparation of fruits or roots, etc., with sugar; a sweetmeat. Certain confections . . . are like to candied conserves, and are made of sugar and lemons. Bacon. 3. A composition of drugs. Shak. 4. (Med.) Defn: A soft solid made by incorporating a medicinal substance or substances with sugar, sirup, or honey. Note: The pharmacopoeias formerly made a distinction between conserves (made of fresh vegetable substances and sugar) and electuaries (medicinal substances combined with sirup or honey), but the distinction is now abandoned and all are called confections. CONFECTIONARY Con*fec"tion*a*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. confectionaris a pharmacist.] Defn: A confectioner. [Obs.] He will take your daughters to be confectionaries, and to be cooks. 1 Sam. viii. 13. CONFECTIONARY Con*fec"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Prepared as a confection. The biscuit or confectionary plum. Cowper. CONFECTIONER Con*fec"tion*er, n. 1. A compounder. [Obs.] Canidia Neapolitana was confectioner of unguents. Haywood. 2. One whose occupation it is to make or sell confections, candies, etc. CONFECTIONERS' SUGAR Con*fec"tion*ers' sug`ar. Defn: A highly refined sugar in impalpable powder, esp. suited to confectioners' uses. CONFECTIONERY Con*fec"tion*er*y, n. 1. Sweetmeats, in general; things prepared and sold by a confectioner; confections; candies. 2. A place where candies, sweetmeats, and similar things are made or sold. CONFECTORY Con*fec"to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to the art of making sweetmeats. [Obs.] Beaumont. CONFECTURE Con*fec"ture, n. Defn: Same as Confiture. [Obs.] CONFEDER Con*fed"er, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. conf. See Confederate.] Defn: To confederate. [Obs.] Sir T. North. CONFEDERACY Con*fed"er*a*cy, n.; pl. Confederacies. Etym: [From Confederate, a.] 1. A league or compact between two or more persons, bodies of men, or states, for mutual support or common action; alliance. The friendships of the world are oft Confederacies in vice or leagues of pleasure. Addison. He hath heard of our confederacy. Shak. Virginia promoted a confederacy. Bancroft. 2. The persons, bodies, states, or nations united by a league; a confederation. The Grecian common wealth, . . . the most heroic confederacy that ever existed. Harris. Virgil has a whole confederacy against him. Dryden. 3. (Law) Defn: A combination of two or more persons to commit an unlawful act, or to do a lawful act by unlawful means. See Conspiracy. Syn. -- League; compact; alliance; association; union; combination; confederation. CONFEDERATE Con*fed"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. confoederatus, p. p. of confoederare to join by a league; con- + foederare to establish by treaty or league, fr. foedus league, compact. See Federal.] 1. United in a league; allied by treaty; engaged in a confederacy; banded together; allied. All the swords In Italy, and her confederate arms, Could not have made this peace. Shak. 2. (Amer. Hist.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the government of the eleven Southern States of the United States which (1860-1865) attempted to establish an independent nation styled the Confederate States of America; as, the Confederate congress; Confederate money. CONFEDERATE Con*fed"er*ate, n. 1. One who is united with others in a league; a person or a nation engaged in a confederacy; an ally; also, an accomplice in a bad sense. He found some of his confederates in gaol. Macaulay. 2. (Amer. Hist.) Defn: A name designating an adherent to the cause of the States which attempted to withdraw from the Union (1860-1865). CONFEDERATE Con*fed"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confederated; p. pr. & vb. n. Confederating.] Defn: To unite in a legue or confederacy; to ally. With these the Piercies them confederate. Daniel. CONFEDERATE Con*fed"er*ate, v. i. Defn: To unite in a league; to join in a mutual contract or covenant; to band together. By words men . . . covenant and confederate. South. CONFEDERATER Con*fed"er*a`ter, n. Defn: A confederate. CONFEDERATION Con*fed`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. confoederatio: cf. F. confédération.] 1. The act of confederating; a league; a compact for mutual support; alliance, particulary of princes, nations, or states. The three princes enter into some strict league and confederation among themselves. Bacon. This was no less than a political confederation of the colonies of New England. Palfrey. 2. The parties that are confederated, considered as a unit; a confederacy. Articles of confederation. See under Article. CONFEDERATIVE Con*fed"er*a*tive ( or ), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a confederation. CONFEDERATOR Con*fed"er*a`tor, n. Defn: A confederate. Grafton. CONFER Con*fer", v.t. [imp. & p. p. Conferred; p. pr. & vb. n. Conferring.] Etym: [L. conferre to bring together, contribute, consult; con- + ferre to bear: cf. F. conférer. See 1st Bear.] 1. To bring together for comparison; to compare. [Obs.] If we confer these observations with others of the like nature, we may find cause to rectify the general opinion. Boyle. 2. To grant as a possession; to bestow. The public marks of honor and reward Conferred upon me. Milton. 3. To contribute; to conduce. [Obs.] The closeness and compactness of the parts resting together doth much confer to the strength of the union. Glanvill. CONFER Con*fer", v. i. Defn: To have discourse; to consult; to compare views; to deliberate. Festus, when he had conferred with the council, answered. Acts xxv. 12. You shall hear us confer of this. Shak. Syn. -- To counsel; advise; discourse; converse. CONFEREE Con`fer*ee", n. Etym: [Cf. Referee.] 1. One who is conferred with, or who takes part in a conference; as, the conferees on the part of the Senate. 2. One upon whom something is conferred. CONFERENCE Con"fer*ence, n. Etym: [F. conférence. See Confer.] 1. The act of comparing two or more things together; comparison. [Obs.] Helps and furtherances which . . . the mutual conference of all men's collections and observations may afford. Hocker. 2. The act of consulting together formally; serious conversation or discussion; interchange of views. Nor with such free and friendly conference As he hath used of old. Shak. 3. A meeting for consultation, discussion, or an interchange of opinions. 4. A meeting of the two branches of a legislature, by their committees, to adjust between them. 5. (Methodist Church) Defn: A stated meeting of preachers and others, invested with authority to take cognizance of ecclesiastical matters. 6. A voluntary association of Congregational churches of a district; the district in which such churches are. Conference meeting, a meeting for conference. Specifically, a meeting conducted (usually) by laymen, for conference and prayer. [U. S.] -- Conference room, a room for conference and prayer, and for the pastor's less formal addresses. [U. S.] CONFERENTIAL Con`fer*en"tial, a. Defn: Relating to conference. [R.] Clarke. CONFERRABLE Con*fer"ra*ble a. Defn: Capable of being conferred. CONFERREE Con`fer*ree", n. Defn: Same as Conferee. CONFERRER Con*fer"rer, n. 1. One who confers; one who converses. Johnson. 2. One who bestows; a giver. CONFERRUMINATE; CONFERRUMINATED Con`fer*ru"mi*nate, Con`fer*ru"mi*na`ted, a. Etym: [L. conferruminare to cement. See Ferruminate.] (Bot.) Defn: Closely united by the coalescence, or sticking together, of contiguous faces, as in the case of the cotyledons of the live-oak acorn. CONFERVA Con*fer"va, n.; pl. Confervæ. Etym: [L., a kind of water plant. See Comfrey.] (Bot.) Defn: Any unbranched, slender, green plant of the fresh-water algae. The word is frequently used in a wider sense. CONFERVACEOUS Con`fer*va"ceous, a. Defn: Belonging to the confervae. CONFERVOID Con*fer"void, a. Etym: [Conferva + -oid.] Defn: Like, or related to, the confervae. Loudon. CONFERVOUS Con*fer"vous, a. Defn: Pertaining to confervae; consisting of, or resembling, the confervae. Yon exiguous pool's confervous scum. O. W. Holmes. CONFESS Con*fess", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Confessed; p.pr. & vb.n. Confessing.] Etym: [F. confesser, fr. L. confessus, p.p. of confiteri to confess; con- + fateri to confess; akin to fari to speak. See 2d Ban, Fame.] 1. To make acknowledgment or avowal in a matter pertaining to one's self; to acknowledge, own, or admit, as a crime, a fault, a debt. And there confess Humbly our faults, and pardon beg. Milton. I must confess I was most pleased with a beautiful prospect that none of them have mentioned. Addison. 2. To acknowledge faith in; to profess belief in. Whosoever, therefore, shall confess me before men, him will I confess, also, before my Father which is in heaven. Matt. x. 32. For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit; but the Pharisees confess both. Acts xxiii. 8. 3. To admit as true; to assent to; to acknowledge, as after a previous doubt, denial, or concealment. I never gave it him. Send for him hither, And let him confess a truth. Shak. As I confess it needs must be. Tennyson. As an actor confessed without rival to shine. Goldsmith. 4. (Eccl.) (a) To make known or acknowledge, as one's sins to a priest, in order to receive absolution; -- sometimes followed by the reflexive pronoun. Our beautiful votary took an opportunity of confessing herself to this celebrated father. Addison. (b) To hear or receive such confession; -- said of a priest. He . . . heard mass, and the prince, his son, with him, and the most part of his company were confessed. Ld. Berners. 5. To disclose or reveal, as an effect discloses its cause; to prove; to attest. Tall thriving trees confessed the fruitful mold. Pope. Syn. -- Admit; grant; concede; avow; own; assent; recognize; prove; exhibit; attest. -- To Confess, Acknowledge, Avow. Acknowledge is opposed to conceal. We acknowledge what we feel must or ought to be made known. (See Acknowledge.) Avow is opposed to withhold. We avow when we make an open and public declaration, as against obloquy or opposition; as, to avow one's principles; to avow one's participation in some act. Confess is opposed to deny. We confess (in the ordinary sense of the word) what we feel to have been wrong; as, to confess one's errors or faults. We sometimes use confess and acknowledge when there is no admission of our being in the wrong; as, this, I confess, is my opinion; I acknowledge I have always thought so; but in these cases we mean simply to imply that others may perhaps think us in the wrong, and hence we use the words by way of deference to their opinions. It was in this way that the early Christians were led to use the Latin confiteor and confessio fidei to denote the public declaration of their faith in Christianity; and hence the corresponding use in English of the verb confess and the noun confession. CONFESS Con*fess", v. i. 1. To make confession; to disclose sins or faults, or the state of the conscience. Every tongue shall confess to God. Rom. xiv. 11. 2. To acknowledge; to admit; to concede. But since (And I confess with right) you think me bound. Tennyson. CONFESSANT Con*fess"ant, n. Etym: [F. confessant.] Defn: One who confesses to a priest. [Obs.] Bacon. CONFESSARY Con*fess"a*ry, n. Etym: [LL. confessarius.] Defn: One who makes a confession. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. CONFESSEDLY Con*fess"ed*ly, adv. Defn: By confession; without denial. [Written also confessly.] CONFESSER Con*fess"er, n. Defn: One who makes a confession. CONFESSION Con*fes"sion, n. Etym: [F. confession, L. confessio.] 1. Acknowledgment; avowal, especially in a matter pertaining to one's self; the admission of a debt, obligation, or crime. With a crafty madness keeps aloof, When we would bring him on to some confession Of his true state. Shak. 2. Acknowledgment of belief; profession of one's faith. With the mouth confession is made unto salvation. Rom. x. 10. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: The act of disclosing sins or faults to a priest in order to obtain sacramental absolution. Auricular confession . . . or the private and special confession of sins to a priest for the purpose of obtaining his absolution. Hallam. 4. A formulary in which the articles of faith are comprised; a creed to be assented to or signed, as a preliminary to admission to membership of a church; a confession of faith. 5. (Law) Defn: An admission by a party to whom an act is imputed, in relation to such act. A judicial confession settles the issue to which it applies; an extrajudical confession may be explained or rebutted. Wharton. Confession and avoidance (Law), a mode of pleading in which the party confesses the facts as stated by his adversary, but alleges some new matter by way of avoiding the legal effect claimed for them. Mozley & W. Confession of faith, a formulary containing the articles of faith; a creed. -- General confession, the confession of sins made by a number of persons in common, as in public prayer. -- Westminster Confession. See Westminster Assembly, under Assembly. CONFESSIONAL Con*fes"sion*al, n. Etym: [F. confessional.] Defn: The recess, seat, or inclosed place, where a priest sits to hear confessions; often a small structure furnished with a seat for the priest and with a window or aperture so that the penitent who is outside may whisper into the priest's ear without being seen by him or heard by others. CONFESSIONAL Con*fes"sion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to a confession of faith. Confessional equality, equality before the law of persons confessing different creeds. CONFESSIONALISM Con*fes"sion*al*ism, n. (Eccl.) Defn: An exaggerated estimate of the importance of giving full assent to any particular formula of the Christian faith. Shaff. CONFESSIONALIST Con*fes"sion*al*ist, n. Defn: A priest hearing, or sitting to hear, confession. [R.] Boucher CONFESSIONARY Con*fes"sion*a*ry, n. Etym: [LL. confessionarium.] Defn: A confessional. [Obs.] Johnson. CONFESSIONARY Con*fes"sion*a*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to auricular confession; as, a confessionary litany. CONFESSIONIST Con*fes"sion*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. confessioniste.] Defn: One professing a certain faith. Bp. Montagu. CONFESSOR Con*fess"or, n. Etym: [OF. confessor, F. confesseur, fr. L. & LL. confessor.] 1. One who confesses; one who acknowledges a fault, or the truth of a charge, at the risk of suffering; specifically, one who confesses himself a follower of Christ and endures persecution for his faith. He who dies for religion is a martyr; he who suffers for it is a confessor. Latham. Our religion which hath been sealed with the blood of so many martyrs and confessors. Bacon. 2. A priest who hears the confessions of others and is authorized to grant them absolution. CONFESSORSHIP Con*fess"or*ship, n. Defn: The act or state of suffering persecution for religious faith. Our duty to contend even to confessorship. J. H. Newman. CONFESTLY Con*fest"ly, adv. Defn: See Cofessedly. CONFETTI Con*fet"ti, n. pl.; sing. -fetto. [It. Cf. Comfit.] Defn: Bonbons; sweetmeats; confections; also, plaster or paper imitations of, or substitutes for, bonbons, often used by carnival revelers, at weddings, etc. CONFIDANT; CONFIDANTE Con`fi*dant"; 277), n. masc., Con`fi*dante", n. fem.Etym: [F. confident, confidente, formerly also spelt confidant, confidante. See Confide, and cf. Confident.] Defn: One to whom secrets, especially those relating to affairs of love, are confided or intrusted; a confidential or bosom friend. You love me for no other end Than to become my confidant and friend; As such I keep no secret from your sight. Dryden. CONFIDE Con*fide", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Confided; p.pr. & vb.n. Confiding.] Etym: [L. confidere; con- + fidere to trust. See Faith, and cf. Affiance.] Defn: To put faith (in); to repose confidence; to trust; -- usually followed by in; as, the prince confides in his ministers. By thy command I rise or fall, In thy protection I confide. Byron. Judge before friendships, then confide till death. Young. CONFIDE Con*fide", v. t. Defn: To intrust; to give in charge; to commit to one's keeping; -- followed by to. Congress may . . . confide to the Circuit jurisdiction of all offenses against the United States. Story. CONFIDENCE Con"fi*dence, n. Etym: [L. confidentia firm trust in, self- confidence: cf. F. confidence.] 1. The act of confiding, trusting, or putting faith in; trust; reliance; belief; -- formerly followed by of, now commonly by in. Society is built upon trust, and trust upon confidence of one another's integrity. South. A cheerful confidence in the mercy of God. Macaulay. 2. That in which faith is put or reliance had. The Lord shall be thy confidence. Prov. iii. 26. 3. The state of mind characterized by one's reliance on himself, or his circumstamces; a feeling of self-sufficiency; such assurance as leads to a feeling of security; self-reliance; -- often with self prefixed. Your wisdom is consumed in confidence; Do not go forth to-day. Shak. But confidence then bore thee on secure Either to meet no danger, or to find Matter of glorious trial. Milton. 4. Private conversation; (pl.) secrets shared; as, there were confidences between them. Sir, I desire some confidence with you. Shak. Confidence game, any swindling operation in which advantage is taken of the confidence reposed by the victim in the swindler. -- Confidence man, a swindler. -- To take into one's confidence, to admit to a knowledge of one's feelings, purposes, or affairs. Syn. -- Trust; assurance; expectation; hope. I am confident that very much be done. Boyle. 2. Trustful; without fear or suspicion; frank; unreserved. Be confident to speak, Northumberland; We three are but thyself. Shak. 3. Having self-reliance; bold; undaunted. As confident as is the falcon's flight Against a bird, do I with Mowbray fight. Shak. 4. Having an excess of assurance; bold to a fault; dogmatical; impudent; presumptuous. The fool rageth and is confident. Prov. xiv. 16. 5. Giving occasion for confidence. [R.] The cause was more confident than the event was prosperious. Jer. Taylor. CONFIDENT Con"fi*dent, n. Defn: See Confidant. South. Dryden. CONFIDENTIAL Con`fi*den"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. confidentiel.] 1. Enjoying, or treated with, confidence; trusted in; trustworthy; as, a confidential servant or clerk. 2. Communicated in confidence; secret. "Confidential messages." Burke. Confidential communication (Law) See Privileged communication, under Privileged. -- Confidential creditors, those whose claims are of such a character that they are entitled to be paid before other creditors. -- Confidential debts, debts incurred for borrowed money, and regarded as having a claim to be paid before other debts. McElrath. CONFIDENTIALLY Con`fi*den"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In confidence; in reliance on secrecy. CONFIDENTLY Con"fi*dent*ly, adv. Defn: With confidence; with strong assurance; positively. CONFIDENTNESS Con"fi*dent*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being confident. CONFIDER Con*fid"er, n. Defn: One who confides. CONFIDING Con*fid"ing, a. Defn: That confides; trustful; unsuspicious. -- Con*fid"ing*ly, adv. -- Con*fid"ing*ness, n. CONFIGURATE Con*fig"ur*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. configuratus, p.p. of configurare to form or after; con- + figurare to form, figura form. See Figure.] Defn: To take form or position, as the parts of a complex structure; to agree with a pattern. Known by the name of uniformity; Where pyramids to pyramids relate And the whole fabric doth configurate. Jordan. CONFIGURATION Con*fig`u*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. configuratio.] 1. Form, as depending on the relative disposition of the parts of a thing' shape; figure. It is the variety of configurations [of the mouth] . . . which gives birth and origin to the several vowels. Harris. 2. (Astrol.) Defn: Relative position or aspect of the planets; the face of the horoscope, according to the relative positions of the planets at any time. They [astrologers] undertook . . . to determine the course of a man's character and life from the configuration of the stars at the moment of his birth. Whewell. CONFIGURE Con*fig"ure, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Configured; p.pr. & vb.n. Configuring.] Etym: [L. configurare: cf. F. configurer. See Configurate.] Defn: To arrange or dispose in a certain form, figure, or shape. Bentley. CONFINABLE Con*fin"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being confined, restricted, or limited. Not confinable to any limits. Bp. Hall. CONFINE Con*fine", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Confined; p.pr. & vb.n. Confining.] Etym: [F. confiner to border upon, LL. confinare to set bounds to; con- + finis boundary, end. See Final, Finish.] Defn: To restrain within limits; to restrict; to limit; to bound; to shut up; to inclose; to keep close. Now let not nature's hand Keep the wild flood confined! let order die! Shak. He is to confine himself to the compass of numbers and the slavery of rhyme. Dryden. To be confined, to be in childbed. Syn. -- To bound; limit; restrain; imprison; immure; inclose; circumscribe; restrict. CONFINE Con"fine or Defn: (v. i. To have a common boundary; to border; to lie contiguous; to touch; -- followed by on or with. [Obs.] Where your g;oomy bounds Confine with heaven. Milton. Beywixt hezven and earth and skies there stands a place. Confuining on all three. Dryden. CONFINE Con"fine, n. 1. Common boundary; border; limit; -- used chiefly in the plural. Events that came to pass within the confines of Judea. Locke. And now in little space The confines met of emryrean heaven, And of this world. Milton. On the confines of the city and the Temple. Macaulay. 2. Apartment; place of restraint; prison. [Obs.] Confines, wards, and dungeons. Shak. The extravagant and erring spirit hies To his confine. Shak. CONFINELESS Con"fine`less ( or ), a. Defn: Without limitation or end; boundless. Shak. CONFINEMENT Con*fine"ment, n. 1. Restraint within limits; imprisonment; any restraint of liberty; seclusion. The mind hates restraint, and is apt to fancy itself under confinement when the sight is pent up. Addison. 2. Restraint within doors by sickness, esp. that caused by childbirth; lying-in. CONFINER Con*fin"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, limits or restrains. CONFINER Con"fi`ner ( or , n. Defn: One who lives on confines, or near the border of a country; a borderer; a near neighbor. [Obs.] Bacon. Happy confiners you of other lands, That shift your soil, and oft 'scape tyrants' hands. Daniel. CONFINITY Con*fin"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. confinité.] Defn: Community of limits; contiguity. [R.] Bailey. CONFIRM Con*firm", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Confrmed; p.pr. & vb.n. Confirming.] Etym: [OE. confermen, confirmen, OF. confermer, F. confirmer, fr. L. confirmare; con- + firmare to make firm, fr. firmus firm. See Firm.] 1. To make firm or firmer; to add strength to; to establish; as, health is confirmed by exercise. Confirm the crown to me and to mine heirs. Shak. Annd confirmed the same unto Jacob for a law. Ps. cv. 10. 2. To strengthen in judgment or purpose. Confirmed, then, I resolve Adam shall share with me in bliss or woe. Milton. 3. To give new assurance of the truth of; to render certain; to verify; to corroborate; as, to confirm a rumor. Your eyes shall witness and confirm my tale. Pope. These likelihoods confirm her flight. Shak. 4. To render valid by formal assent; to complete by a necessary sanction; to ratify; as, to confirm the appoinment of an official; the Senate confirms a treaty. That treaty so prejudicial ought to have been remitted rather than confimed. Swift. 5. (Eccl.) Defn: To administer the rite of confirmation to. See Confirmation, 3. Those which are thus confirmed are thereby supposed to be fit for admission to the sacrament. Hammond. Syn. -- To strengthen; corroborate; substantiate; establish; fix; ratify; settle; verify; assure. CONFIRMABLE Con*firm"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be confirmed. CONFIRMANCE Con*firm"ance, n. Defn: Confirmation. [Obs.] CONFIRMATION Con`fir*ma"tion, n. Etym: [F. confirmation, L. confirmatio.] 1. The act of confirming or strengthening; the act of establishing, ratifying, or sanctioning; as, the confirmation of an appointment. Their blood is shed In confirmation of the noblest claim. Cowper. 2. That which confirms; that which gives new strength or assurance; as to a statement or belief; additional evidence; proof; convincing testimony. Trifles light as air Are to the jealous confirmations strong As proofs of holy writ. Shak. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: A rite supplemental to baptism, by which a person is admitted, through the laying on of the hands of a bishop, to the full privileges of the church, as in the Roman Catholic, the Episcopal Church, etc. This ordinance is called confirmation, because they who duly receive it are confirmed or strengthened for the fulfillment of their Christian duties, by the grace therein bestowed upon them. Hook. 4. (Law) Defn: A conveyance by which a voidable estate is made sure and not voliable, or by which a particular estate is increased; a contract, express or implied, by which a person makes that firm and binding which was before voidable. CONFIRMATIVE Con*firm"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. confirmativus: cf. F. confirmatif.] Defn: Tending confirm or establish. Sherwood. -- Con*firm"a*tive*ly, adv. CONFIRMATOR Con"fir*ma`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who, or that which, confirms; a confirmer. Sir T. Browne. CONFIRMATORY Con*firm"a*to*ry, a. . Defn: Serving to confirm; corroborative. A fact confirmatory of the conclusion. I. Taylor. 2. Pertaining to the rite of confirmation. Compton. CONFIRMEDLY Con*firm"ed*ly, adv. Defn: With confirmation. CONFIRMEDNESS Con*firm"ed*ness, n. Defn: A fixed state. CONFIRMEE Con`fir*mee", n. Etym: [F. confirm, p.p. of confirmer.] (Law) Defn: One to whom anuthing is confirmed. CONFIRMER Con*firm"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, confirms, establishes, or ratifies; one who corroborates. Shak. CONFIRMINGLY Con*firm"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a confirming manner. CONFISCABLE Con*fis"ca*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. confiscable.] Defn: Capable of being confiscated; liable to forfeiture. CONFISCATE Con"fis*cate ( or , a. Etym: [L. confiscatus, p.p. of confiscare to confiscate, prop., to lay up in a chest; con- + fiscus basket, purse, treasury. See Fiscal.] Defn: Seized and appropriated by the government to the public use; forfeited. Lest that your goods too soon be confiscate. Shak. CONFISCATE Con"fis*cate ( or , v. t. [imp & p. p. Confiscated; p.pr & vb. n. Confiscating.] Defn: To seize as forfeited to the public treasury; to appropriate to the public use. It was judged that he should be banished and his whole estate confiscated and seized. Bacon. CONFISCATION Con`fis*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. confiscatio.] Defn: The act or process of taking property or condemning it to be taken, as forfeited to the public use. The confiscations following a subdued rebellion. Hallam. CONFISCATOR Con"fis*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L., a treasurer.] Defn: One who confiscates. Burke. CONFISCATORY Con*fis"ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Effecting confiscation; characterized by confiscations. "Confiscatory and exterminatory periods." Burke. CONFIT Con"fit, n. Defn: Same as Comfit. [Obs.] CONFITENT Con"fi*tent, n. Etym: [L. confitens, p.pr.] Defn: One who confesses his sins and faults. [Obs.] CONFITEOR Con*fit"e*or, n. Etym: [L., I confess. See Confess.] (R.C.Ch.) Defn: A form of prayer in which public confession of sins is made. CONFITURE Con"fi*ture ( or , n. Defn: The state or quality of being congenial; natural affinity; adaptation; suitableness. Sir J. Reynolds. If congeniality of tastes could have made a marriage happy, that union should have been thrice blessed. Motley. CONFIX Con*fix", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confixed; p. pr. & vb. n. Confixing.] [L. confixus, p. p. of configere to fasten together.] Defn: To fix; to fasten. [Obs.] Shak. CONFIXURE Con*fix"ure (; 135), n. Defn: Act of fastening. [Obs.] CONFLAGRANT Con*fla"grant, a. [L. conflagrans, p. pr. of conflagrare; con- + flagrare to blaze. See Flagrant.] Defn: Burning together in a common flame. [R.] "The conflagrant mass." Milton. CONFLAGRATION Con`fla*gra"tion, n. [L. conflagratio: cf. F. conflagration.] Defn: A fire extending to many objects, or over a large space; a general burning. Till one wide conflagration swallows all. Pope. CONFLATE Con*flate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conflated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conflating.] [L. conflatus, p. p. of conflare to blow together; con- + flare to blow.] Defn: To blow together; to bring together; to collect; to fuse together; to join or weld; to consolidate. The State-General, created and conflated by the passionate effort of the whole nation. Carlyle. CONFLATION Con*fla"tion, n. [L. conflatio.] Defn: A blowing together, as of many instruments in a concert, or of many fires in a foundry. [R.] Bacon. CONFLICT Con"flict, n. [L. conflictus a striking together, fr. confligere, - flictum, to strike together, to fight: cf. F. conflit, formerly also conflict. See Conflict, v.] 1. A striking or dashing together; violent collision; as, a conflict of elements or waves. 2. A strife for the mastery; hostile contest; battle; struggle; fighting. As soon as he [Atterbury] was himself again, he became eager for action and conflict. Macaulay. An irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring forces. W. H. Seward. Conflict of laws, that branch of jurisprudence which deals with individual litigation claimed to be subject to the conflicting laws of two or more states or nations; -- often used as synonymous with Private international law. Syn. -- Contest; collision; struggle; combat; strife; contention; battle; fight; encounter. See Contest. CONFLICT Con*flict", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Conflicting.] [L. conflictus, p. p. of confligere to conflict (cf. conflictare); con- + fligere to strike; cf. Gr. fli`bein, qli`bein, to press, L. flagrum whip.] 1. To strike or dash together; to meet in violent collision; to collide. Shak. Fire and water conflicting together. Bacon. 2. To maintain a conflict; to contend; to engage in strife or opposition; to struggle. A man would be content to . . . conflict with great difficulties, in hopes of a mighty reward. Abp. Tillotson. 3. To be in opposition; to be contradictory. The laws of the United States and of the individual States may, in some cases, conflict with each other. Wheaton. Syn. -- To fight; contend; contest; resist; struggle; combat; strive; battle. CONFLICTING Con*flict"ing, a. Defn: Being in conflict or collision, or in opposition; contending; contradictory; incompatible; contrary; opposing. Torn with sundry conflicting passions. Bp. Hurd. CONFLICTIVE Con*flict"ive, a. Defn: Tending to conflict; conflicting. Sir W. Hamilton. CONFLUENCE Con"flu*ence, n. [L. confluentia.] 1. The act of flowing together; the meeting or junction of two or more streams; the place of meeting. New York stood at the confluence of two rivers. Bancroft. 2. Any running together of separate streams or currents; the act of meeting and crowding in a place; hence, a crowd; a concourse; an assemblage. You see this confluence, this great flood of vistors. Shak. The confluence . . . of all true joys. Boyle. CONFLUENT Con"flu*ent, a. [L. confluens, -entis, p. pr. of confluere, -fluxum; con- + fluere to flow. See Fluent.] 1. Flowing together; meeting in their course; running one into another. These confluent steams make some great river's head. Blackmore. 2. (Bot.) Blended into one; growing together, so as to obliterate all distinction. 3. (Med.) (a) Running together or uniting, as pimples or pustules. (b) Characterized by having the pustules, etc., run together or unite, so as to cover the surface; as, confluent smallpox. Dunglison. CONFLUENT Con"flu*ent, n. 1. A small steam which flows into a large one. 2. The place of meeting of steams, currents, etc. [Obs.] Holland. CONFLUX Con"flux, n. [From L. confluxus, p. p. See Confluent.] 1. A flowing together; a meeting of currents. "The conflux of meeting sap." Shak. The general conflux and concourse of the whole people. Clarendon. 2. A large assemblage; a passing multitude. To the gates cast round thine eye, and see What conflux issuing forth, or entering in. Milton. CONFLUXIBILITY Con*flux`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The tendency of fluids to run together. [R.] Boyle. CONFLUXIBLE Con*flux"i*ble, a. Defn: Inclined to flow or run together. --Con*flux"i*ble*ness, n. CONFOCAL Con*fo"cal, a. (Math.) Defn: Having the same foci; as, confocal quadrics. CONFORM Con*form", a. [L. conformis; con- + forma form: cf. F. conforme.] Defn: Of the same form; similar in import; conformable. Bacon. Care must be taken that the interpretation be every way conform to the analogy of faith. Bp.Hall. CONFORM Con*form", v. i. 1. To be in accord or harmony; to comply; to be obedient; to submit; -- with to or with. A rule to which experience must conform. Whewell. 2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) To comply with the usages of the Established Church; to be a conformist. About two thousand ministers whose consciences did not suffer them to conform were driven from their benefices in a day. Macaulay. CONFORM Con*form", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conformed; p. pr. & vb. n. Conforming.] [F. conformer, L. conformare, -formatum; con- + formare to form, forma form. See Form.] Defn: To shape in accordance with; to make like; to bring into harmony or agreement with; -- usually with to or unto. Demand of them wherefore they conform not themselves unto the order of the church. Hooker. CONFORMABILITY Con*form`a*bil"i*ty, n. 1. The state of being conformable. 2. (Geol.) The parallelism of two sets of strata which are in contact. CONFORMABLE Con*form"a*ble, a. 1. Corresponding in form, character, opinions, etc.; similar; like; consistent; proper or suitable; --usually followed by to. The fragments of Sappho give us a taste of her way of writing perfectly conformable with that character. Addison. Conformable to Scripture as well as to philosophy. Whewell. To make matters somewhat conformable for the old knight. Sir W. Scott. 2. Disposed to compliance or obedience; ready to follow directions; submissive; compliant. I have been to you a true and humble wife, At all times to your will conformable. Shak. 3. (Geol.) Parallel, or nearly so; -- said of strata in contact. CONFORMABLENESS Con*form"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being conformable; conformability. CONFORMABLY Con*form"a*bly, adv. Defn: With conformity or in conformity; suitably; agreeably. Conformably to the law and nature of God. Bp. Beveridge. CONFORMANCE Con*form"ance, n. Defn: Conformity. [R.] Marston. CONFORMATE Con*form"ate, a. [L. conformatus, p. p. See Conform.] Defn: Having the same form. [R.] CONFORMATION Con`for*ma"tion, n. [L. conformatio: cf. F. conformation.] 1. The act of conforming; the act of producing conformity. The conformation of our hearts and lives to the duties of true religion and morality. I. Watts. 2. The state of being conformed; agreement; hence; structure, as depending on the arrangement of parts; form; arrangement. In Hebrew poetry, there may be observed a certain conformation of the sentences. Lowth. A structure and conformation of the earth. Woodward. CONFORMATOR Con"for*ma`tor, n. [L., a framer.] Defn: An apparatus for taking the conformation of anything, as of the head for fitting a hat, or, in craniometry, finding the largest horizontal area of the head. CONFORMER Con*form"er, n. Defn: One who conforms; one who complies with established forms or doctrines. CONFORMIST Con*form"ist, n. Defn: One who conforms or complies; esp., one who conforms to the Church of England, or to the Established Church, as distinguished from a dissenter or nonconformist. A cheeful conformist to your judgment. Jer.Taylor. CONFORMITY Con*form"i*ty, n.; pl. Conformities (#). [Cf. F. conformité.] 1. Correspondence in form, manner, or character; resemblance; agreement; congruity; -- followed by to, with, or between. By our conformity to God. Tillotson. The end of all religion is but to draw us to a conformity with God. Dr. H.More. A conformity between the mental taste and the sensitive taste. Addison. 2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) Compliance with the usages of the Established Church. The king [James I.] soon afterward put forth a proclamation requiring all ecclesiastical and civil officers to do their duty by enforcing conformity. Hallam. CONFORTATION Con`for*ta"tion, n. [Cf. F. confortation, LL. confortatio. Cf. Comfort.] Defn: The act of strengthening. [Obs.] Bacon. CONFOUND Con*found" (kon*found"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Confounding.] [F. confondre, fr. L. confundere, -fusum, to pour together; con- + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt, and cf. Confuse.] 1. To mingle and blend, so that different elements can not be distinguished; to confuse. They who strip not ideas from the marks men use for them, but confound them with words, must have endless dispute. Locke. Let us go down, and there confound their language. Gen. xi. 7. 2. To mistake for another; to identify falsely. They [the tinkers] were generally vagrants and pilferers, and were often confounded with the gypsies. Macaulay. 3. To throw into confusion or disorder; to perplex; to strike with amazement; to dismay. The gods confound... The Athenians both within and out that wall. Shak. They trusted in thee and were not confounded. Ps. xxii. 5. So spake the Son of God, and Satan stood A while as mute, confounded what to say. Milton. 4. To destroy; to ruin; to waste. [Obs.] One man's lust these many lives confounds. Shak. How couldst thou in a mile confound an hour Shak. Syn. -- To abash; confuse; baffle; dismay; astonish; defeat; terrify; mix; blend; intermingle. See Abash. CONFOUNDED Con*found"ed, a. 1. Confused; perplexed. A cloudy and confounded philosopher. Cudworth. 2. Excessive; extreme; abominable. [Colloq.] He was a most confounded tory. Swift. The tongue of that confounded woman. Sir. W. Scott. CONFOUNDEDLY Con*found"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Extremely; odiously; detestably. [Colloq.] "Confoundedly sick." Goldsmith. CONFOUNDEDNESS Con*found"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being confounded. Their witty descant of my confoundedness. Milton. CONFOUNDER Con*found"er, n. Defn: One who confounds. CONFRACT Con"fract`, a. [L. confractus, p. p. of confringere.] Defn: Broken in pieces; severed. [Obs.] CONFRAGOSE Con`fra*gose", a. [L. confragosus; con- + fragosus, fr. frangere. See Fragile.] Defn: Broken; uneven. [Obs.] "Confragose cataracts." Evelyn. CONFRATERNITY Con`fra*ter"ni*ty, n.; pl. Confraternities (#). [LL. confraternitas: cf. F. confraternité. See Fraternity.] Defn: A society or body of men united for some purpose, or in some profession; a brotherhood. These live in one society and confraternity. Stow. CONFRERE Con`frere", n. [F.] Defn: Fellow member of a fraternity; intimate associate. CONFRICATION Con`fri*ca"tion, n. [L. confricatio, fr. confricare to rub vigorously.] Defn: A rubbing together; friction. [Obs.] Bacon. CONFRIER Con*fri"er, n. [Cf. F. confrère. See Friar.] Defn: A confrère. [Obs.] Weever. CONFRONT Con*front", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Confronting.] [F. confronter; L. con- + frons the forehead or front. See Front.] 1. To stand facing or in front of; to face; esp. to face hostilely; to oppose with firmness. We four, indeed, confronted were with four In Russian habit. Shak. He spoke and then confronts the bull. Dryden. Hester caught hold of Pearl, and drew her forcibly into her arms, confronting the old Puritan magistrate with almost a fierce expression. Hawthorne. It was impossible at once to confront the might of France and to trample on the liberties of England. Macaulay. 2. To put face to face; to cause to face or to meet; as, to confront one with the proofs of his wrong doing. 3. To set in opposition for examination; to put in contrast; to compare. When I confront a medal with a verse, I only show you the same design executed by different hands. Addison. CONFRONTATION Con`fron*ta"tion, n. [LL. confrontatio.] Defn: Act of confronting. H. Swinburne. CONFRONTE Con`fron`té", a. [F., p. p. confronter.] (Her.) Defn: Same as Affronté. CONFRONTER Con*front"er, n. Defn: One who confronts. A confronter in authority. Speed. CONFRONTING confronting n. Defn: dealing with (a person or problem) directly; taking the bull by the horns. Syn. -- braving, coping with, grappling, tackling. [WordNet 1.5 +PJC] CONFRONTMENT Con*front"ment, n. Defn: The act of confronting; the state of being face to face. CONFRONTMENT Con*front"ment, n. Defn: The act of confronting; the state of being face to face. CONFUCIAN Con*fu"cian, a. Defn: Of, or relating to, Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher and teacher. -- n. Defn: A Confucianist. CONFUCIANISM Con*fu"cian*ism, n. Defn: The political morality taught by Confucius and his disciples, which forms the basis of the Chinese jurisprudence and education. It can hardly be called a religion, as it does not inculcate the worship of any god. S. W. Williams. CONFUCIANIST Con*fu"cian*ist, n. Defn: A follower of Confucius; a Confucian. S. W. Williams. CONFUS Con*fus, a. [F. See Confuse, a.] Defn: Confused, disturbed. [Obs.] Chaucer. CONFUSABILITY Con*fus`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability of being confused. CONFUSABLE Con*fus"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being confused. CONFUSE Con*fuse", a. [F. confus, L. confusus, p. p. of confundere. See Confound.] Defn: Mixed; confounded. [Obs.] Baret. CONFUSE Con*fuse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confused; p. pr. & vb. n. Confusing.] 1. To mix or blend so that things can not be distinguished; to jumble together; to confound; to render indistinct or obscure; as, to confuse accounts; to confuse one's vision. A universal hubbub wild Of stunning sounds and voices all confused. Milton. 2. To perplex; to disconcert; to abash; to cause to lose self- possession. Nor thou with shadowed hint confuse A life that leads melodious days. Tennyson. Confused and sadly she at length replied. Pope. Syn. -- To abash; disorder; disarrange; disconcert; confound; obscure; distract. See Abash. CONFUSEDLY Con*fus"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a confused manner. CONFUSEDNESS Con*fus"ed*ness, n. Defn: A state of confusion. Norris. CONFUSELY Con*fuse"ly, adv. Defn: Confusedly; obscurely. [Obs.] CONFUSION Con*fu"sion, n. [F. confusion, L. confusio.] 1. The state of being mixed or blended so as to produce indistinctness or error; indistinct combination; disorder; tumult. The confusion of thought to which the Aristotelians were liable. Whewell. Moody beggars starving for a time Of pellmell havoc and confusion. Shak. 2. The state of being abashed or disconcerted; loss self-possession; perturbation; shame. Confusion dwelt in every face And fear in every heart. Spectator. 3. Overthrow; defeat; ruin. Ruin seize thee, ruthless king, Confusion on thy banners wait. Gray. 4. One who confuses; a confounder. [Obs.] Chapmen. Confusion of goods (Law), the intermixture of the goods of two or more persons, so that their respective portions can no longer be distinguished. Blackstone. Bouvier. CONFUSIVE Con*fu"sive, a. Defn: Confusing; having a tendency to confusion. Bp. Hall. CONFUTABLE Con*fut"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be confuted. A conceit . . . confutable by daily experience. Sir T.Browne. CONFUTANT Con*fut"ant, n. [L. confutans, p. pr. of confutare.] Defn: One who undertakes to confute. Milton. CONFUTATION Con`fu*ta"tion, n. [L. confutatio: cf. F. confutation.] Defn: The act or process of confuting; refutation. "For the edification of some and the confutation of others." Bp. Horne. CONFUTATIVE Con*fut"a*tive, a. Defn: Adapted or designed to confute. Bp. Warburton CONFUTE Con*fute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Confuting.] [L. confutare to chek (a boiling liquid), to repress, confute; con- + a root seen in futis a water vessel), prob. akin to fundere to pour: cf. F. confuter. See Fuse to melt.] Defn: To overwhelm by argument; to refute conclusively; to prove or show to be false or defective; to overcome; to silence. Satan stood . . . confuted and convinced Of his weak arguing fallacious drift. Milton. No man's error can be confuted who doth not . . . grant some true principle that contradicts his error. Chillingworth. I confute a good profession with a bad conversation. Fuller. Syn. -- To disprove; overthrow; sed aside; refute; oppugn. -- To Confute, Refute. Refute is literally to and decisive evidence; as, to refute a calumny, charge, etc. Confute is literally to check boiling, as when cold water is poured into hot, thus serving to allay, bring down, or neutralize completely. Hence, as applied to arguments (and the word is never applied, like refute, to charges), it denotes, to overwhelm by evidence which puts an end to the case and leaves an opponent nothing to say; to silence; as, "the atheist is confuted by the whole structure of things around him." CONFUTEMENT Con*fute"ment, n. Defn: Confutation. [Obs.] Milton. CONFUTER Con*fut"er, n. Defn: One who confutes or disproves. CONG Cong, n. (Med.) Defn: An abbreviation of Congius. CONGE Con"ge, v. i. [Imp. & p. p. Congeed; p. pr. & vb. n. Congeing.] [OF. congier, congeer, F. congédier, fr. congé. See Congé, n.] Defn: To take leave with the customary civilities; to bow or courtesy. I have congeed with the duke, done my adieu with his nearest. Shak. CONGE Con`gé" (kôN`zhay"; E. kon"je; 277), n. [F., leave, permission, fr. L. commeatus a going back and forth, a leave of absence, furlough, fr. commeare, -meatum, to go and come; com- + meare to go. Cf. Permeate.] [Formerly written congie.] 1. The act of taking leave; parting ceremony; farewell; also, dismissal. Should she pay off old Briggs and give her her congé Thackeray. 2. The customary act of civility on any occasion; a bow or a courtesy. The captain salutes you with congé profound. Swift. 3. (Arch.) An apophyge. Gwilt. Congé d'élire [F., leave to choose] (Eccl.), the sovereign's license or permission to a dean and chapter to choose as bishop the person nominated in the missive. CONGEABLE Con"ge*a*ble, a. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Permissible; done lawfully; as, entry congeable. CONGEAL Con*geal", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Congealed; p. pr. & vb. n. Congealing.] [F. congeler, L. congelare, -gelatumn; con- + gelare to freeze, gelu frost. See Gelid.] 1. To change from a fluid to a solid state by cold; to freeze. A vapory deluge lies to snow congealed. Thomson. 2. To affect as if by freezing; to check the flow of, or cause to run cold; to chill. As if with horror to congeal his blood. Stirling. CONGEAL Con*geal", v. i. Defn: To grow hard, stiff, or thick, from cold or other causes; to become solid; to freeze; to cease to flow; to run cold; to be chilled. Lest zeal, now melted . . . Cool and congeal again to what it was. Shak. CONGEALABLE Con*geal"a*ble, a. [Cf. F. congelable.] Defn: Capable of being congealed. --Con*geal"a*ble*ness, n. CONGEALEDNESS Con*geal"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being congealed. Dr. H.More. CONGEALMENT Con*geal"ment, n. 1. The act or the process of congealing; congeliation. 2. That which is formed by congelation; a clot. [Obs.] Wash the congealment from your wounds. Shak. CONGEE Con"gee, n. & v. Defn: See Congé, Conge. [Obs.] And unto her his congee came to take. Spenser. CONGEE Con*gee", n. 1. [Tamil kashi boilings.] Defn: Boiled rice; rice gruel. [India] 2. A jail; a lockup. [India] Congee discharges, rice water discharges. Dunglison. -- Congee water, water in which rice has been boiled. CONGELATION Con`ge*la"tion, n. [F. congélation, L. congelatio.] 1. The act or process of passing, or causing to pass, from a fluid to a solid state, as by the abstraction of heat; the act or process of freezing. The capillary tubes are obstructed either by outward compression or congelation of the fluid. Arbuthnot. 2. The state of being congealed. 3. That which is congealed. Sugar plums . . . with a multitude of congelations in jellies of various colors. Taller. CONGENER Con"ge*ner (; 277), n. [From L. congener. See Congenerous.] Defn: A thing of the same genus, species, or kind; a thing allied in nature, character, or action. The cherry tree has been often grafted on the laurel, to which it is a congener. P. Miller. Our elk is more polygamous in his habits than any other deer except his congener, the red deer of Europe. Caton. CONGENERACY Con*gen"er*a*cy, n. Defn: Similarity of origin; affinity. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. CONGENERIC; CONGENERICAL Con`ge*ner"ic, Con`ge*ner"ic*al, a. Defn: Belonging to the same genus; allied in origin, nature, or action. R. Owen. CONGENEROUS Con*gen"er*ous, a. [L. congener; con- + genus, generis, birth, kind, race. See Genus, and cf. Congener.] Defn: Allied in origin or cause; congeneric; as, congenerous diseases. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. -- Con*gen"er*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] Hallywell. CONGENIAL Con*gen"ial (; 106), a. [Pref. con- + genial.] 1. Partaking of the same nature; allied by natural characteristics; kindred; sympathetic. Congenial souls! whose life one avarice joins. Pope. 2. Naturally adapted; suited to the disposition. "Congenial clime." C. J. Fox. To defame the excellence with which it has no sympathy . . . is its congenial work. I. Taylor. CONGENIALITY Con*ge`ni*al"i*ty ( or ; 106), n. Defn: The state or quality of being congenial; natural affinity; adaptation; suitableness. Sir J. Reynolds. If congeniality of tastes could have made a marriage happy, that union should have been thrice blessed. Motley. CONGENIALIZE Con*gen"ial*ize, v. t. Defn: To make congenial. [R.] CONGENIALLY Con*gen"ial*ly, adv. Defn: In a congenial manner; as, congenially married or employed. CONGENIALNESS Con*gen"ial*ness, n. Defn: Congeniality. CONGENIOUS Con*gen"ious, a. Defn: Congeneric. [Obs.] CONGENITAL Con*gen"i*tal, a. Etym: [From Congenite.] Defn: Existing at, or dating from, birth; pertaining to one from birth; born with one; connate; constitutinal; natural; as, a congenital deformity. See Connate. CONGENITALLY Con*gen"i*tal*ly, dv. Defn: In a congenital manner. CONGENITE Con*gen"ite, a. Etym: [L. congenitus; con- + genitus, p.p. of gignere to beget. See Generate.] Defn: Congenital; connate; inborn. See Congenital. [Obs.] Many conclusions, of moral and intellectual truths, seem . . . to be congenite with us. Sir M. Hale. CONGER Con"ger, n. Etym: [L. conger, congrus, akin to Gr. congre.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The conger eel; -- called also congeree. Conger sea (Zoöl.), the sea eel; a large species of eel (Conger vulgaris), which sometimes grows to the length of ten feet. CONGERIES Con*ge"ri*es, n. sing & pl. Etym: [L., fr. congerere. See Congest.] Defn: A collection of particles or bodies into one mass; a heap; an aggregation. CONGEST Con*gest", v. t. Etym: [L. congestus, p. p. of congere to bring together; con- + gerere. See Gerund.] 1. To collect or gather into a mass or aggregate; to bring together; to accumulate. To what will thy congested guilt amount Blackmore. 2. (Med.) Defn: To cause an overfullness of the blood vessels (esp. the capillaries) of an organ or part. CONGESTED Con*gest"ed, a. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Crowded together. Gray. 2. (Med.) Defn: Containing an unnatural accumulation of blood; hyperæmic; -- said of any part of the body. CONGESTION Con*ges"tion, n. Etym: [L. congestio: cf. F. congestion.] 1. The act of gathering into a heap or mass; accumulation. [Obs.] The congestion of dead bodies one upon another. Evelyn. 2. (Med.) Defn: Overfullness of the capillary and other blood vessels, etc., in any locality or organ (often producing other morbid symptoms); local hyperas, arterial congestion; venous congestion; congestion of the lungs. CONGESTIVE Con*gest"ive, a. (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to, indicating, or attended with, congestion in some part of the body; as, a congestive fever. CONGIARY Con"gi*a*ry, n.; pl. Congiaries. Etym: [L. congiarium, fr. congius a liquid measure.] Defn: A present, as of corn, wine, or oil, made by a Roman emperor to the soldiers or the people; -- so called because measured to each in a congius. Addison. Note: In later years, when gifts of money were distributed, the name congius was retained. CONGIUS Con"gi*us, n. Etym: [L.] 1. (Roman Antiq.) Defn: A liquid measure containing about three quarts. 2. (Med.) Defn: A gallon, or four quarts. [Often abbreviated to cong.] CONGLACIATE Con*gla"ci*ate (; 221), v. t. & i. Etym: [L. conglaciatus, p.p. of conglaciare. See Glaciate.] Defn: To turn to ice; to freeze. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. CONGLACIATION Con*gla`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. conglaciation.] Defn: The act or process of changing into ice, or the state of being converted to ice; a freezing; congelation; also, a frost. Bacon. CONGLOBATE Con*glo"bate, a. Etym: [L. conglobatus, p.p. of conglobare to conglobate. See Globate.] Defn: Collected into, or forming, a rounded mass or ball; as, the conglobate [lymphatic] glands; conglobate flowers. CONGLOBATE Con*glo"bate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conglobated; p.pr. & vb.n. Conglobating.] Etym: [Cf. Conglore.] Defn: To collect or form into a ball or rounded mass; to gather or mass together. Conglobated bubbles undissolved. Wordsworth. CONGLOBATION Con`glo*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. conglobatio: cf. F. conglobation.] 1. The act or process of forming into a ball. Sir T. Browne. 2. A round body. CONGLOBE Con*globe", v. t. [imp & p. p. Conglobed; p. pr. & vb. n. Conglobing.] Etym: [L. conglobare: cf. F. conglober. Cf. Conglobate.] Defn: To gather into a ball; to collect into a round mass. Then founded, then conglobed Like things to like. Milton. CONGLOBE Con*globe", v. i. Defn: To collect, unite, or coalesce in a round mass. Milton. CONGLOBULATE Con*glob"u*late, v. i. Etym: [Pref. con- + globule.] Defn: To gather into a small round mass. CONGLOMERATE Con*glom"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. conglomeratus, p.p. of conglomerare to roll together; con- + glomerare to wind into a ball. See Glomerate.] 1. Gathered into a ball or a mass; collected together; concentrated; as, conglomerate rays of light. Beams of light when they are multiplied and conglomerate. Bacon. Fluids are separated in the liver and the other conglobate and conglomerate glands. Cheyne. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Closely crowded together; densly clustered; as, conglomerate flowers. Gray. 3. (Geol.) Defn: Composed of stones, pebbles, or fragments of rocks, cemented together. CONGLOMERATE Con*glom"er*ate, n. 1. That which is heaped together in a mass or conpacted from various sources; a mass formed of fragments; collection; accumulation. A conglomerate of marvelous anecdotes, marvelously heaped together. Trench. 2. (Geol.) Defn: A rock, composed or rounded fragments of stone cemented together by another mineral substance, either calcareous, siliceous, or argillaceous; pudding stone; -- opposed to agglomerate. See Breccia. A conglomerate, therefore, is simply gravel bound together by a cement. Lyell. CONGLOMERATE Con*glom"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conglomerated; p.pr. & vb.n. Conglomerating.] Defn: To gather into a ball or round body; to collect into a mass. CONGLOMERATION Con*glom`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. conglomeratio: cf. F. conglomeration.] Defn: The act or process of gathering into a mass; the state of being thus collected; collection; accumulation; that which is conglomerated; a mixed mass. Bacon. CONGLUTIN Con*glu"tin, n. Etym: [From Conglutinate.] (Chem.) Defn: A variety of vegetable casein, resembling legumin, and found in almonds, rye, wheat, etc. CONGLUTINANT Con*glu"ti*nant, a. Etym: [L., conglutinans, p.pr.] Defn: Cementing together; uniting closely; causing to adhere; promoting healing, as of a wound or a broken bone, by adhesion of the parts. CONGLUTINATE Con*glu"ti*nate, a. Etym: [L. conglutinatus, p.p. of conglutinare to glue; con- + glutinare to glue, gluten glue.] Defn: Glued together; united, as by some adhesive substance. CONGLUTINATE Con*glu"ti*nate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conglutinated; p.pr. & vb.n. Conglutinating.] Defn: To glue together; to unite by some glutinous or tenacious substance; to cause to adhere or to grow together. Bones . . . have had their broken parts conglutinated within three or four days. Boyle. CONGLUTINATE Con*glu"ti*nate, v. i. Defn: To unite by the intervention of some glutinous substance; to coalesce. CONGLUTINATION Con*glu`ti*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. conglutinatio: cf. F. conglutination.] Defn: A gluing together; a joining by means of some tenacious substance; junction; union. Conglutination of parts separated by a wound. Arbuthnot. CONGLUTINATIVE Con*glu"ti*na"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conglutinatif.] Defn: Conglutinant. CONGO; CONGOU Con"go, Con"gou, n. Etym: [Chin. kung-foo labor.] Defn: Black tea, of higher grade (finer leaf and less dusty) than the present bohea. See Tea. Of black teas, the great mass is called Congou, or the "well worked", a name which took the place of the Bohea of 150 years ago, and is now itself giving way to the term "English breakfast tea." S. W. Williams. CONGO GROUP Con"go group. [From Congo red.] Defn: A group of artificial dyes with an affinity for vegetable fibers, so that no mordant is required. Most of them are azo compounds derived from benzidine or tolidine. Called also benzidine dyes. CONGO RED Congo red. (Chem.) Defn: An artificial red dye from which the Congo group received its name. It is also widely used either in aqueous solution or as test paper (Congo paper) for the detection of free acid, which turns it blue. CONGO SNAKE Con"go snake". (Zoöl.) Defn: An amphibian (Amphiuma means) of the order Urodela, found in the southern United States. See Amphiuma. CONGRATULANT Con*grat"u*lant, a. Etym: [L. congratulans, p. pr.] Defn: Rejoicing together; congratulatory. With like joy Congratulant approached him. Milton. CONGRATULATE Con*grat"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Congratulated; p.pr. & vb.n. Congratulating.] Etym: [L. congratulatus, p.p. of congratulari to wish joy abundantly; con- + gratulari to wish joy, from gratus pleasing. See Grateful.] Defn: To address with expressions of sympathetic pleasure on account of some happy event affecting the person addressed; to wish joy to. It is the king's most sweet pleasure and affection to congratulate the princess at her pavilion. Shak. To congratulate one's self, to rejoice; to feel satisfaction; to consider one's self happy or fortunate. Syn. -- To Congratulate, Felicitate. To felicitate is simply to wish a person joy. To congratulate has the additional signification of uniting in the joy of him whom we congratulate. Hence they are by no means synonymous. One who has lost the object of his affections by her marriage to a rival, might perhaps felicitate that rival on his success, but could never be expected to congratulate him on such an event. Felicitations are little better than compliments; congratulations are the expression of a genuine sympathy and joy. Trench. CONGRATULATE Con*grat"u*late, v. i. Defn: To express of feel sympathetic joy; as, to congratulate with one's country. [R.] Swift. The subjects of England may congratulate to themselves. Dryden. CONGRATULATION Con*grat`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. congratulatio: cf. F. congratulation.] Defn: The act of congratulating; an expression of sympathetic pleasure. With infinite congratulations for our safe arrival. Dr. J. Scott. CONGRATULATOR Con*grat"u*la`tor, n. Defn: One who offers congratulation. Milton. CONGRATULATORY Con*grat"u*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Expressive of sympathetic joy; as, a congratulatory letter. CONGREE Con*gree", v. i. Etym: [Pref.on-+ L. gratus pleasing. Cf. Agree.] Defn: To agree. [bs.] Shak. CONGREET Con*greet", v. t. Defn: To salute mutually. [Obs.] CONGREGATE Con"gre*gate, a. Etym: [L. congregatus, p.p. of congregare to congregate; on- + gregare to collect into a flock, fr. grex flock, herd. See Gregarious.] Defn: Collected; compact; close. [R.] Bacon. CONGREGATE Con"gre*gate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Congregated; p.pr. & vb.n. Congregating] Defn: To collect into an assembly or assemblage; to assemble; to bring into one place, or into a united body; to gather together; to mass; to compact. Any multitude of Christian men congregated may be termed by the name of a church. Hooker. Cold congregates all bodies. Coleridge. The great receptacle Of congregated waters he called Seas. Milton. CONGREGATE Con"gre*gate, v. i. Defn: To come together; to assemble; to meet. Even there where merchants most do congregate. Shak. CONGREGATION Con`gre*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. congregatio: cf. F. congrégation.] 1. The act of congregating, or bringing together, or of collecting into one aggregate or mass. The means of reduction in the fire is but by the congregation of homogeneal parts. Bacon. 2. A collection or mass of separate things. A foul and pestilent congregation of vapors. Shak. 3. An assembly of persons; a gathering; esp. an assembly of persons met for the worship of God, and for religious instruction; a body of people who habitually so meet. He [Bunyan] rode every year to London, and preached there to large and attentive congregations. Macaulay. 4. (Anc. Jewish Hist.) Defn: The whole body of the Jewish people; -- called also Congregation of the Lord. It is a sin offering for the congregation. Lev. iv. 21. 5. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A body of cardinals or other ecclesiastics to whom as intrusted some departament of the church business; as, the Congregation of the Propaganda, which has charge of the missions of the Roman Catholic Church. (b) A company of religious persons forming a subdivision of a monastic order. 6. The assemblage of Masters and Doctors at Oxford or Cambrige University, mainly for the granting of degrees. [Eng.] 7. (Scotch Church Hist.) Defn: the name assumed by the Protestant party under John Knox. The leaders called themselves (1557) Lords of the Congregation. CONGREGATIONAL Con`gre*ga"tion*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a congregation; conducted, or participated in, by a congregation; as, congregational singing. 2. Belonging to the system of Congregationalism, or to Congregationalist; holding to the faith and polity of Congregationalism; as, a Congregational church. CONGREGATIONALISM Con`gre*ga"tion*al*ism, n. 1. That system of church organization which vests all ecclesiastical power in the assembled brotherhood of each local church. 2. The faith and polity of the Congregational churches, taken collectively. Note: In this sense (which is its usual signification) Congregationalism is the system of faith and practice common to a large body of evangelical Trinitarian churches, which recognize the local brotherhood of each church as independent of all dictation in ecclesiastical matters, but are united in fellowship and joint action, as in councils for mutual advice, and in consociations, conferences, missionary organizations, etc., and to whose membership the designation "Congregationalists" is generally restricted; but Unitarian and other churches are Congregational in their polity. CONGREGATIONALIST Con`gre*ga"tion*al*ist, n. Defn: One who belongs to a Congregational church or society; one who holds to Congregationalism. CONGRESS Con"gress, n.; pl. Congresses. Etym: [L. congressus, fr. congredi, p.p. -gressus, to go or come together; con- + grati to go or step, gradus step: cf. F. congr. See Grade.] 1. A meeting of individuals, whether friendly or hostile; an encounter. [Obs.] Here Pallas urges on, and Lausus there;congress in the field great Jove withstands. Dryden. 2. A sudden encounter; a collision; a shock; -- said of things. [Obs.] From these laws may be deduced the rules of the congresses and reflections of two bodies. Cheyne. 3. The coming together of a male and female in sexual commerce; the act of coition. Pennant. 4. A gathering or assembly; a conference. 5. A formal assembly, as of princes, deputies, representatives, envoys, or commissioners; esp., a meeting of the representatives of several governments or societies to consider and determine matters of common interest. The European powers strove to . . . accommodate their differences at the congress of Vienna. Alison. 6. The collective body of senators and representatives of the people of a nation, esp. of a republic, constituting the chief legislative body of the nation. Note: In the Congress of the United States (which took the place of the Federal Congress, March 4, 1789), the Senate consists of two Senators from each State, chosen by the State legislature for a term of six years, in such a way that the terms of one third of the whole number expire every year; the House of Representatives consists of members elected by the people of the several Congressional districts, for a term of two years, the term of all ending at the same time. The united body of Senators and Representatives for any term of two years for which the whole body of Representatives is chosen is called one Congress. Thus the session which began in December, 1887, was the first (or long) session, and that which began in December, 1888, was the second (or short) session, of the Fiftieth Congress. When an extra session is had before the date of the first regular meeting of a Congress, that is called the first session, and the following regular session is called the second session. 7. The lower house of the Spanish Cortes, the members of which are elected for three years. The Continental Congress, an assembly of deputies from the thirteen British colonies in America, appointed to deliberate in respect to their common interests. They first met in 1774, and from time thereafter until near the close of the Revolution. -- The Federal Congress, the assembly of representatives of the original States of the American Union, who met under the Articles of Confederation from 1781 till 1789. -- Congress boot or gaiter, a high shoe or half-boot, coming above the ankle, and having the sides made in part of some elastic material which stretches to allow the boot to be drawn on and off. [U.S.] -- Congress water, a saline mineral water from the Congress spring at Saratoga, in the State of New York. Syn. -- Assembly; meeting; convention; convocation; council; diet; conclave; parliament; legislature. CONGRESSION Con*gres"sion ( or , n. Etym: [L. congressio.] Defn: A coming or bringing together, as in a public meeting, in a dispute, in the act of comparing, or in sexual intercourse. [R.] Jer. Taylor. CONGRESSIONAL Con*gres"sion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a congress, especially, to the Congress of the United States; as, congressional debates. Congressional and official labor. E. Everett. Congressional District, one of the divisions into which a State is periodically divided (according to population), each of which is entitled to elect a Representative to the Congress of the United States. CONGRESSIVE Con*gres"sive, a. Defn: Encountering, or coming together. Sir T. Browne. CONGRESSMAN Con"gress*man, n.; pl. Congressmen (. Defn: A member of the Congress of the United States, esp. of the House of Representatives. CONGREVE ROCKET Con"greve rock"et. Defn: See under Rocket. CONGRUE Con"grue", v. i. Etym: [L. congruere. See Congruous.] Defn: To agree; to be suitable. [Obs.] Shak. CONGRUENCE Con"gru*ence, n. Etym: [L. congruentia: cf. OF. cornguence.] Defn: Suitableness of one thing to another; agreement; consistency. Holland. CONGRUENCY Con"gru*en*cy ( or ), n. Defn: Congruence. Congruency of lines. (Geom.) See Complex of lines, under Complex, n. CONGRUENT Con"gru*ent, a. Etym: [L. congruens, p.pr. of congruere: cf. F. congruent.] Defn: Possessing congruity; suitable; agreeing; corresponding. The congruent and harmonious fitting of parts in a sentence. B. Jonson. Congruent figures (Geom.), concurring figures. CONGRUISM Con"gru*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. congruisme.] (Scholastic Theol.) Defn: See Congruity. CONGRUITY Con*gru"i*ty ( or , n.; pl. Congruities. Etym: [Cf. F. congruit.] 1. The state or quality of being congruous; the relation or agreement between things; fitness; harmony; correspondence; consistency. With what congruity doth the church of Rome deny that her enemies do at all appertain to the church of Christ Hooker. A whole sentence may fail of its congruity by wanting one particle. Sir P. Sidney. 2. (Geom.) Defn: Coincidence, as that of lines or figures laid over one another. 3. (Scholastic Theol.) Defn: That, in an imperfectly good persons, which renders it suitable for God to bestow on him gifts of grace. CONGRUOUS Con"gru*ous, a. Etym: [L. congruus, fr. congruere to come together, to coincide, to agree. Of uncertain origin.] Defn: Suitable or concordant; accordant; fit; harmonious; correspondent; consistent. Not congruous to the nature of epic poetry. Blair. It is no ways congruous that God should be always frightening men into an acknowledgment of the truth. Atterbury. CONGRUOUSLY Con"gru*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a congruous manner. CONHYDRINE Con*hy"drine ( or , n. Etym: [Conium + hydrate.] (Chem.) Defn: A vegetable alkaloid found with conine in the poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). It is a white crystalline substance, C8H17NO, easily convertible into conine. CONIA Co*ni"a ( or , n. Etym: [NL. See Conium.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Conine. CONIC; CONICAL Con"ic, Con"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. conique. See Cone.] 1. Having the form of, or resembling, a geometrical cone; round and tapering to a point, or gradually lessening in circumference; as, a conic or conical figure; a conical vessel. 2. Of or pertaining to a cone; as, conic sections. Conic section (Geom.), a curved line formed by the intersection of the surface of a right cone and a plane. The conic sections are the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. The right lines and the circle which result from certain positions of the plane are sometimes, though not generally included. -- Conic sections, that branch of geometry which treats of the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. -- Conical pendulum. See Pendulum. -- Conical projection, a method of delineating the surface of a sphere upon a plane surface as if projected upon the surface of a cone; -- much used by makers of maps in Europe. -- Conical surface (Geom.), a surface described by a right line moving along any curve and always passing through a fixed point that is not in the plane of that curve. CONIC Con"ic, n. (Math.) Defn: A conic section. CONICALITY Con`i*cal"i*ty, n. Defn: Conicalness. CONICALLY Con"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the form of a cone. CONICALNESS Con"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being conical. CONICO- Con"i*co- (, a. Etym: [See Conic.] Defn: A combining form, meaning somewhat resembling a cone; as, conico-cylindrical, resembling a cone and a cylinder; conico- hemispherical; conico-subulate. CONICOID Con"i*coid, a. Etym: [Conic + -oid.] (Math.) Defn: Same as Conoidal. CONICS Con"ics, n. 1. That branch of geometry which treats of the cone and the curves which arise from its sections. 2. Conic sections. CONIDIUM Co*nid"i*um, n.; pl. Conida. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A peculiar kind of reproductive cell found in certain fungi, and often containing zoöspores. CONIFER Co"ni*fer, n. Etym: [L. conifer; conus cone + ferre to bear: cf. F. conifère.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree or shrub bearing cones; one of the order Coniferae, which includes the pine, cypress, and (according to some) the yew. CONIFERIN Co*nif"er*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside extracted from the cambium layer of coniferous trees as a white crystalline substance. CONIFEROUS Co*nif"er*ous, a. (a) Bearing cones, as the pine and cypress. (b) Pertaining to the order Coniferae, of which the pine tree is the type. CONIFORM Co"ni*form, a. Etym: [Cone + -form: cf. F. coniforme.] Defn: Cone-shaped; conical. CONIINE Co*ni"ine ( or , n. Defn: See Conine. CONIMENE Co"ni*mene, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Olibene. CONINE Co"nine ( or , n. Etym: [From Conium.] (Chem.) Defn: A powerful and very poisonous vegetable alkaloid found in the hemlock (Conium maculatum) and extracted as a colorless oil, C8H17N, of strong repulsive odor and acrid taste. It is regarded as a derivative of piperidine and likewise of one of the collidines. It occasions a gradual paralysis of the motor nerves. Called also coniine, coneine, conia, etc. See Conium, 2. CONIROSTER Co`ni*ros"ter, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Conirostres. CONIROSTRAL Co`ni*ros"tral, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Conirostres. CONIROSTRES Co`ni*ros"tres, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. conus cone + rostrum beak: cf. F. conirostre.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of perching birds, including those which have a strong conical bill, as the finches. CONISOR Con`i*sor", n. Etym: [Obs.] Defn: See Cognizor. CONISTRA Co*nis"tra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Greek Antiq.) Defn: Originally, a part of the palestra, or gymnasium among the Greeks; either the place where sand was stored for use in sprinkling the wrestlers, or the wrestling ground itself. Hence, a part of the orchestra of the Greek theater. CONITE Co"nite, n. Etym: [Gr. conite. So called on account of its gray color.] (Min.) Defn: A magnesian variety of dolomite. CONIUM Co*ni"um ( or , n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of biennial, poisonous, white-flowered, umbelliferous plants, bearing ribbed fruit ("seeds") and decompound leaves. 2. (Med.) Defn: The common hemlock (Conium maculatum, poison hemlock, spotted hemlock, poison parsley), a roadside weed of Europe, Asia, and America, cultivated in the United States for medicinal purpose. It is an active poison. The leaves and fruit are used in medicine. CONJECT Con*ject", v. t. Etym: [L. conjectus, p.p. of conjicere. See Conjecture, n.] Defn: To throw together, or to throw. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu. CONJECT Con*ject", v. t. Defn: To conjecture; also, to plan. [Obs.] CONJECTOR Con*ject"or, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who guesses or conjectures. [Obs.] A great conjector at other men by their writings. Milton. CONJECTURABLE Con*jec"tur*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being conjectured or guessed. CONJECTURAL Con*jec"tur*al, a. Etym: [L. conjecturalis: cf. F. conjectural.] Defn: Dependent on conjecture; fancied; imagined; guessed at; undetermined; doubtful. And mak'st conjectural fears to come into me. Shak. A slight expense of conjectural analogy. Hugh Miller. Who or what such editor may be, must remain conjectural. Carlyle. CONJECTURALIST Con*jec"tur*al*ist, n. Defn: A conjecturer. [R.] Month. rev. CONJECTURALLY Con*jec`tur*al"ly, n. Defn: That which depends upon guess; guesswork. [R.] Sir T. Browne. CONJECTURALLY Con*jec`tur*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a conjectural manner; by way of conjecture. Boyle. CONJECTURE Con*jec"ture, n. Etym: [L. conjectura, fr. conjicere, conjectum, to throw together, infer, conjecture; con- + jacere to throw: cf. F. conjecturer. See Jet a shooting forth.] Defn: An opinion, or judgment, formed on defective or presumptive evidence; probable inference; surmise; guess; suspicion. He [Herodotus] would thus have corrected his first loose conjecture by a real study of nature. Whewell. Conjectures, fancies, built on nothing firm. Milton. CONJECTURE Con*jec"ture, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conjectured; p.pr. & vb.n. Conjecturing.] Etym: [Cf. F. conjecturer. Cf. Conject.] Defn: To arrive at by conjecture; to infer on slight evidence; to surmise; to guess; to form, at random, opinions concerning. Human reason can then, at the best, but conjecture what will be. South. CONJECTURE Con*jec"ture, v. i. Defn: To make conjectures; to surmise; to guess; to infer; to form an opinion; to imagine. CONJECTURER Con*jec"tur*er, n. Defn: One who conjectures. Hobbes. CONJOIN Con*join, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conjoined; p.pr. & vb.n. Conjoining.] Etym: [F. conjoindre, fr. L. conjungere, -junctum; con- + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Conjugate, Conjunction.] Defn: To join together; to unite. The English army, that divided was Into two parties, is now conjoined in one. Shak. If either of you know any inward impediment why you should not be conjoined. Shak. Let that which he learns next be nearly conjoined with what he knows already. Locke. CONJOIN Con*join", v. i. Defn: To unite; to join; to league. Shak. CONJOINED Con*joined", a. (Her.) Defn: Joined together or touching. CONJOINT Con*joint", a. Etym: [F. conjoint, p.p. of conjoindre. See Conjoin, and cf. Conjunct.] Defn: United; connected; associated. "Influence conjoint." Glover. Conjoint degrees (Mus.), two notes which follow each other immediately in the order of the scale, as ut and re. Johnson. Conjoint tetrachords (Mus.), two tetrachords or fourths, where the same note is the highest of one and the lowest of the other; -- also written conjunct. CONJOINTLY Con*joint"ly, adv. Defn: In a conjoint manner; untitedly; jointly; together. Sir T. Browne. CONJOINTNESS Con*joint"ness, n. Defn: The qquality of being conjoint. CONJUBILANT Con*ju"bi*lant, a. Defn: Shouting together for joy; rejoicing together. [R.] Neale. CONJUGAL Con"ju*gal, a. Etym: [L. conjugalis, fr. conjux husband, wife, consort, fr. conjungere to unite, join in marriage. See Conjoin.] Defn: Belonging to marriage; suitable or appropriate to the marriage state or to married persons; matrimonial; connubial. "Conjugal affection." Milton. CONJUGALITY Con`ju*gal"i*ty, n. Defn: The conjugal state; sexual intercourse. [R.] Milton. CONJUGALLY Con"ju*gal*ly, adv. Defn: In a conjugal manner; matrimonially; connubially. CONJUGATE Con"ju*gate, a. Etym: [L. conjugatus, p.p. or conjugare to unite; con- + jugare to join, yoke, marry, jugum yoke; akin to jungere to join. See Join.] 1. United in pairs; yoked together; coupled. 2. (Bot.) Defn: In single pairs; coupled. 3. (Chem.) Defn: Containing two or more radicals supposed to act the part of a single one. [R.] 4. (Gram.) Defn: Agreeing in derivation and radical signification; -- said of words. 5. (Math.) Defn: Presenting themselves simultaneously and having reciprocal properties; -- frequently used in pure and applied mathematics with reference to two quantities, points, lines, axes, curves, etc. Conjugate axis of a hyperbola (Math.), the line through the center of the curve, perpendicular to the line through the two foci. -- Conjugate diameters (Conic Sections), two diameters of an ellipse or hyperbola such that each bisects all chords drawn parallel to the other. -- Conjugate focus (Opt.) See under Focus. -- Conjugate mirrors (Optics), two mirrors so placed that rays from the focus of one are received at the focus of the other, especially two concave mirrors so placed that rays proceeding from the principal focus of one and reflected in a parallel beam are received upon the other and brought to the principal focus. -- Conjugate point (Geom.), an acnode. See Acnode, and Double point. -- Self-conjugate triangle (Conic Sections), a triangle each of whose vertices is the pole of the opposite side with reference to a conic. CONJUGATE Con`ju*gate, n. Etym: [L. conjugatum a combining, etymological relationship.] 1. A word agreeing in derivation with another word, and therefore generally resembling it in signification. We have learned, in logic, that conjugates are sometimes in name only, and not in deed. Abp. Bramhall. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A complex radical supposed to act the part of a single radical. [R.] CONJUGATE Con"ju*gate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conjugated; p.pr. & vb.n. Conjugating.] 1. To unite in marriage; to join. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 2. (Gram.) Defn: To inflect (a verb), or give in order the forms which it assumed in its several voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons. CONJUGATE Con"ju*gate, v. i. (Biol.) Defn: To unite in a kind of sexual union, as two or more cells or individuals among the more simple plants and animals. CONJUGATION Con`ju*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. conjugatio conjugation (in senses 1 & 3).] 1. the act of uniting or combining; union; assemblage. [Obs.] Mixtures and conjugations of atoms. Bentley. 2. Two things conjoined; a pair; a couple. [Obs.] The sixth conjugations or pair of nerves. Sir T. Browne. 3. (Gram.) (a) The act of conjugating a verb or giving in order its various parts and inflections. (b) A scheme in which are arranged all the parts of a verb. (c) A class of verbs conjugated in the same manner. 4. (Biol.) Defn: A kind of sexual union; -- applied to a blending of the contents of two or more cells or individuals in some plants and lower animals, by which new spores or germs are developed. CONJUGATIONAL Con`ju*ga"tion*al, a. Defn: relating to conjugation. Ellis. CONJUGIAL Con*ju"gi*al, a. Etym: [L. conjugialis, fr. conjugium. Cf. Conjugal.] Defn: Conjugal. [R.] Swedenborg. CONJUGIUM Con*ju"gi*um, n. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Law) Defn: The marriage tie. CONJUNCT Con*junct", a. Etym: [L. conjunctus, p.p. See Conjoin.] 1. United; conjoined; concurrent. [Archaic] 2. (Her.) Defn: Same as Conjoined. CONJUNCTION Con*junc"tion, n. Etym: [L. conjunctio: cf. F. conjunction. See Conjoin.] 1. The act of conjoining, or the state of being conjoined, united, or associated; union; association; league. He will unite the white rose and the red: Smille heaven upon his fair conjunction. Shak. Man can effect no great matter by his personal strength but as he acts in society and conjunction with others. South. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The meeting of two or more stars or planets in the same degree of the zodiac; as, the conjunction of the moon with the sun, or of Jupiter and Saturn. See the Note under Aspect, n., 6. Note: Heavenly bodies are said to be in conjunction when they are seen in the same part of the heavens, or have the same longitude or right ascension. The inferior conjunction of an inferior planet is its position when in conjunction on the same side of the sun with the earth; the superior conjunction of a planet is its position when on the side of the sun most distant from the earth. 3. (Gram.) Defn: A connective or connecting word; an indeclinable word which serves to join together sentences, clauses of a sentence, or words; as, and, but, if. Though all conjunctions conjoin sentences, yet, with respect to the sense, some are conjunctive and some disjunctive. Harris. CONJUNCTIONAL Con*junc"tion*al, a. Defn: Relating to a conjunction. CONJUNCTIVA Con`junc*ti"va, n. Etym: [NL., from L. conjunctivus connective.] (Anat.) Defn: The mucous membrane which covers the external surface of the ball of the eye and the inner surface of the lids; the conjunctival membrance. CONJUNCTIVAL Con`junc*ti"val, a. 1. Joining; connecting. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the conjunctiva. CONJUNCTIVE Con*junc"tive, a. Etym: [L. conjunctivus.] 1. Serving to unite; connecting together. 2. Closely united. [Obs.] Shak. Conjunctive mood (Gram.), the mood which follows a conjunction or expresses contingency; the subjunctive mood. -- Conjunctive tissue (Anat.), the tissue found in nearly all parts of most animals. It yields gelatin on boiling, and consists of vriously arranged fibers which are imbedded protoplasmic cells, or corpuscles; -- called also cellular tissue and connective tissue. Adipose or fatty tissue is one of its many forms, and cartilage and bone are sometimes included by the phrase. CONJUNCTIVELY Con*junc"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In conjunction or union; together. Sir T. Browne. CONJUNCTIVENESS Con*junc"tive*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being conjunctive. Johnson. CONJUNCTIVITIS Con*junc`ti*vi"tis ( or , n. (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the conjunctiva. CONJUNCTLY Con*junct"ly, adv. Defn: In union; conjointly; unitedly; together. Sir W. Hamilton. CONJUNCTURE Con*junc"ture, n. Etym: [Cf. F. conjoncture, LL. conjunctura.] 1. The act of joining, or state of being joined; union; connection; combination. The conjuncture of philosophy and divinity. Hobbes. A fit conjuncture or circumstances. Addison. 2. A crisis produced by a combination of circumstances; complication or combination of events or circumstances; plight resulting from various conditions. He [Chesterfield] had recently governed Ireland, at a momentous conjuncture, with eminent firmness, wisdom, and humanity. Macaulay. CONJURATION Con`ju*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. conjuratio, cf. F. conjuration.] 1. The act of calling or summoning by a sacred name, or in solemn manner; the act of binding by an oath; an earnest entreaty; adjuration. We charge you, in the name of God, take heed; . . . Under this conjuration speak, my lord. Shak. 2. The act or process of invoking supernatural aid by the use of a magical form of words; the practice of magic arts; incantation; enchantment. Pretended conjurations and prophecies of that event. Hallam. 3. A league for a criminal purpose; conspiracy. [Obs.] "The conjuration of Catiline." Sir T. Elyot. CONJURATOR Con"ju*ra`tor, n. Etym: [LL.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: One who swears or is sworn with others; one bound by oath with others; a compurgator. Burrill. CONJURE Con*jure", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conjured; p.pr. & vb.n. Conjuring.] Etym: [F. conjurer, fr. L. conjurare to swear together, to conspire; con- + jurare to swear. See Jury.] Defn: To call on or summon by a sacred name or in solemn manner; to implore earnestly; to adjure. I conjure you, let him know, Whate'er was done against him, Cato did it. Addison. CONJURE Con*jure", v. i. Defn: To combine together by an eath; to conspire; to confederate. [A Latinism] Drew after him the third part of Heaven's sons Conjured against the Highest. Milton. CONJURE Con"jure, v. t. Defn: To affect or effect by conjuration; to call forth or send away by magic arts; to excite or alter, as if by magic or by the aid of supernatural powers. The habitation which your prophet . . . conjured the devil into. Shak. To conjure up, or make visible, as a spirit, by magic arts; hence, to invent; as, to conjure up a story; to conjure up alarms. CONJURE Con"jure, v. i. Defn: To practice magical arts; to use the tricks of a conjurer; to juggle; to charm. She conjures; away with her. Shak. CONJUREMENT Con*jure"ment, n. Defn: Serious injunction; solemn demand or entreaty. [Obs.] Milton. CONJURER Con*jur"er, n. Defn: One who conjures; one who calls, entreats, or charges in a solemn manner. CONJURER Con"jur*er, n. 1. One who practices magic arts; one who pretends to act by the aid super natural power; also, one who performs feats of legerdemain or sleight of hand. Dealing with witches and with conjurers. Shak. From the account the loser brings, The conjurer knows who stole the things. Prior. 2. One who conjectures shrewdly or judges wisely; a man of sagacity. [Obs.] Addison. CONJUROR Con*ju"ror, n. (Law) Defn: One bound by a common cath with others. [Obs.] CONJURY Con"ju*ry, n. Defn: The practice of magic; enchantment. Motley. CONN Conn, v. t. Defn: See Con, to direct a ship. CONNASCENCE; CONNASCENCY Con*nas"cence, Con*nas"cen*cy, n. Etym: [L. con- + nascentia birth, fr. nascens, p.pr. of nasci to be born.] 1. The common birth of two or more at the same tome; production of two or more together. Johnson. 2. That which is born or produced with another. 3. The act of growing together. [Obs.] Wiseman. CONNASCENT Con*nas"cent, a. Defn: Born together; produced at the same time. Craig. CONNATE Con"nate, a. Etym: [L. connatus; con- + natus born, p.p. of nasci. See Cognate.] 1. Born with another; being of the same birth. 2. Congenital; existing from birth. "Connate notions." South. A difference has been made by some; those diseases or conditions which are dependent on original conformation being called congenital; while the diseases of affections that may have supervened during gestation or delivery are called connate. Dunglison. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Congenitally united; growing from one base, or united at their bases; united into one body; as, connate leaves or athers. See Illust. of Connate-perfoliate. CONNATE-PERFOLIATE Con"nate-per*fo"li*ate, a. (Bot.) Defn: Connate or coalescent at the base so as to produce a broad foliaceous body through the center of which the stem passes; -- applied to leaves, as the leaves of the boneset. CONNATION Con*na"tion, n. Defn: Connection by birth; natural union. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. CONNATURAL Con*nat"u*ral, a. Etym: [Pref. con- + natural.] 1. Connected by nature; united in nature; inborn; inherent; natural. These affections are connatural to us. L'Estrange. 2. Partaking of the same nature. And mix with our connatural dust. Milton. CONNATURALITY Con*nat`u*ral"i*ty, n. Defn: Participation of the same nature; natural union or connection. [R.] A congruity and connaturality between them. Sir M. Hale. CONNATURALIZE Con*nat"u*ral*ize, v. t. Defn: To bring to the same nature as something else; to adapt. [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott. CONNATURALLY Con*nat"u*ral*ly, adv. Defn: By the act of nature; originally; from birth. Sir M. Hale. CONNATURALNESS Con*nat"u*ral*ness, n. Defn: Participation of the same nature; natural union. I. Walton. CONNATURE Con*na"ture, n. Defn: Participation in a common nature or character. [R.] Connature was defined as likeness in kind between either two changes in consciousness, or two states of consciousness. H. Spencer. CONNECT Con*nect", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Connected; p.pr. & vb.n. Connecting.] Etym: [L. connectere, -nexum; con- + nectere to bind. See Annex.] 1. To join, or fasten together, as by something intervening; to associate; to combine; to unite or link together; to establish a bond or relation between. He fills, he bounds, connect and equals all. Pope. A man must the connection of each intermediate idea with those that it connects before he can use it in a syllogism. Locke. 2. To associate (a person or thing, or one's self) with another person, thing, business, or affair. Connecting rod (Mach.), a rod or bar joined to, and connecting, two or more moving parts; esp. a rod connecting a crank wrist with a beam, crosshead, piston rod, or piston, as in a steam engine. CONNECT Con*nect", v. i. Defn: To join, unite, or cohere; to have a close relation; as, one line of railroad connects with another; one argument connect with another. CONNECTEDLY Con*nect"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a connected manner. CONNECTION Con*nec"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. Connexion.] 1. The act of connecting, or the state of being connected; junction; union; alliance; relationship. He [Algazel] denied the possibility of a known connection between cause and effect. Whewell. The eternal and inserable connection between virtue and hapiness. Atterbury. 2. That which connects or joins together; bond; tie. Any sort of connection which is perceived or imagined between two or more things. I. Taylor. 3. A relation; esp. a person connected with another by marriage rather than by blood; -- used in a loose and indefinite, and sometimes a comprehensive, sense. 4. The persons or things that are connected; as, a business connection; the Methodist connection. Men elevated by powerful connection. Motley. At the head of a strong parliamentary connection. Macaulay. Whose names, forces, connections, and characters were perfectly known to him. Macaulay. In this connection, in connection with this subject. Note: [A phrase objected to by some writers.] Note: This word was formerly written, as by Milton, with x instead of t in the termination, connexion, and the same thing is true of the kindred words inflexion, reflexion, and the like. But the general usage at present is to spell them connection, inflection, reflection, etc. Syn. -- Union; coherence; continuity; junction; association; dependence; intercourse; commerce; communication; affinity; relationship. CONNECTIVE Con*nect"ive, a. Defn: Connecting, or adapted to connect; involving connection. Connection tissue (Anat.) See Conjunctive tissue, under Conjunctive. CONNECTIVE Con*nect"ive, n. Defn: That which connects. Specifically: (a) (Gram.) A word that connect words or sentences; a conjunction or preposition. (b) (Bot.) That part of an anther which connects its thecæ, lobes, or cells. CONNECTIVELY Con*nect"ive*ly, adv. Defn: In connjunction; jointly. CONNECTOR Con*nect"or, n. Defn: One who, or that which, connects; as: (a) A flexible tube for connecting the ends of glass tubes in pneumatic experiments. (b) A device for holding two parts of an electrical conductor in contact. CONNER Con"ner, n. Etym: [Cf. Cunner.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine European fish (Crenilabrus melops); also, the related American cunner. See Cunner. CONNEX Con*nex", v. t. Etym: [L. connexus, p.p. See Connect.] Defn: To connect. Sir M. Hale. CONNEXION Con*nex"ion, n. Etym: [L. connexio: cf. F. connexion.] Defn: Connection. See Connection. CONNEXIVE Con*nex"ive, a. Defn: See Connective. CONNING TOWER Con"ning tow"er, n. Defn: The shotproof pilot house of a war vessel. CONNIVANCE Con*niv"ance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. connivence, L. conniventia.] 1. Intentional failure or forbearance to discover a fault or wrongdoing; voluntary oversight; passive consent or co 2. (Law) Defn: Corrupt or guilty assent to wrongdoing, not involving actual participation in, but knowledge of, and failure to prevent or oppose it. Syn. -- See Collusion. CONNIVE Con*nive", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Connived; p.pr. & vb.n. Conniving.] Etym: [L. connivere to shut the eues, connive, fr. con- + (perh.) a word akin to nicere to beckon, nictare to wink.] 1. To open and close the eyes rapidly; to wink. [Obs.] The artist is to teach them how to nod judiciously, and to connive with either eye. Spectator. 2. To close the eyes upon a fault; to wink (at); to fail or forbear by intention to discover an act; to permit a proceeding, as if not aware of it; -- usually followed by at. To connive at what it does not approve. Jer. Taylor. In many of these, the directors were heartily concurring; in most of them, they were encouraging, and sometimes commanding; in all they were conniving. Burke. The government thought it expedient, occasionally, to connive at the violation of this rule. Macaulay. CONNIVE Con*nive", v. t. Defn: To shut the eyes to; to overlook; to pretend not to see. [R. & Obs.] "Divorces were not connived only, but with eye open allowed." Milton. CONNIVENCY Con*niv"en*cy, n. Defn: Connivance. [Obs.] CONNIVENT Con*niv"ent, a. Etym: [L. connivens, p. pr.] 1. Forbearing to see; designedly inattentive; as, connivent justice. [R.] Milton. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Brought close together; arched inward so that the points meet; converging; in close contact; as, the connivent petals of a flower, wings of an insect, or folds of membrane in the human system, etc. CONNIVER Con*niv"er, n. Defn: One who connives. CONNOISSEUR Con`nois*seur", n. Etym: [F. connaisseur, formerly connoisseur, fr. connaître to know, fr. L. cognoscere to become acquainted with; co- + noscere, gnoscere, to learn to know. See Know, amd cf. Cognizor.] Defn: One well versed in any subject; a skillful or knowing person; a critical judge of any art, particulary of one of the fine arts. The connoisseur is "one who knows," as opposed to the dilettant, who only "thinks he knows." Fairholt. CONNOISSEURSHIP Con`nois*seur"ship, n. Defn: State of being a connoisseur. CONNOTATE Con"no*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. con- + notatus, p.p.of notare to mark. Cf. Connote.] Defn: To connote; to suggest or designate (something) as additional; to include; to imply. Hammond. CONNOTATION Con`no*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. connotation.] Defn: The act of connoting; a making known or designating something additional; implication of something more than is asserted. CONNOTATIVE Con*no"ta*tive ( or ), a. 1. Implying something additional; illative. 2. (Log.) Defn: Implying an attribute. See Connote. Connotative term, one which denotes a subject and implies an attribute. J. S. Mill. CONNOTATIVELY Con*no"ta*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a connotative manner; expressing connotation. CONNOTE Con*note", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Connoted; p.pr. & vb.n. Connoting.] Etym: [See Connotate, and Note.] 1. To mark along with; to suggest or indicate as additional; to designate by implication; to include in the meaning; to imply. Good, in the general notion of it, connotes also a certain suitableness of it to some other thing. South. 2. (Logic) Defn: To imply as an attribute. The word "white" denotes all white things, as snow, paper, the foam of the sea, etc., and ipmlies, or as it was termed by the schoolmen, connotes, the attribute "whiteness." J. S. Mill. CONNUBIAL Con*nu"bi*al, a. Etym: [L. connubialis, fr. connubium marriage; con- + nubere to veil, to marry. See Nupital.] Defn: Of or pertaining to marriage, or the marriage state; conjugal; nuptial. Nor Eve the rites Mysterious of connubial love refused. Milton. Kind, connubial tenderness. Goldsmith. CONNUBIALITY Con*nu`bi*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being connubial; something characteristics of the conjugal state; an expression of connubial tenderness. Some connubialities which had begun to pass between Mr. and Mrs. B. Dickens. CONNUMERATION Con*nu`mer*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. connumeratio, fr. L. connumerare, - numeratum, to number with.] Defn: A reckoning together. [R.] Porson. CONNUSANCE Con"nu*sance, n. (Law) Defn: See Cognizance. [Obs.] CONNUSANT Con"nu*sant, a. (Law) Defn: See Cognizant. [Obs.] CONNUSOR Con`nu*sor", n. (Law) Defn: See Cognizor. [Obs.] CONNUTRITIOUS Con`nu*tri"tious, a. Defn: Nutritious by force of habit; -- said of certain kinds of food. [Obs.] Crabb. CONNY Con"ny, a. [Canny, Gunning.] Defn: Brave; fine; canny. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. CONODONT Co"no*dont, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar toothlike fossil of many forms, found especially in carboniferous rocks. Such fossils are supposed by some to be the teeth of marsipobranch fishes, but they are probably the jaws of annelids. CONOID Co"noid, n. Etym: [Gr. conoïde.] 1. Anything that has a form resembling that of a cone. 2. (Geom.) (a) A solid formed by the revolution of a conic section about its axis; as, a parabolic conoid, elliptic conoid, etc.; -- more commonly called paraboloid, ellipsoid, etc. (b) A surface which may be generated by a straight line moving in such a manner as always to meet a given straight line and a given curve, and continue parallel to a given plane. Math. Dict. CONOID Co"noid Defn: , Resembling a cone; conoidal. CONOIDAL Co*noid"al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conoïdal.] Defn: Nearly, but not exactly, conical. Lindley. CONOIDIC; CONOIDICAL Co*noid"ic, Co*noid"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to a conoid; having the form of a conoid. CONOMINEE Co*nom`i*nee", n. Defn: One nominated in conjunction with another; a joint nominee. Kirby. CONQUADRATE Con*quad"rate, v. t. Etym: [L. conquadratus, p.p. of conquadrare.] Defn: To bring into a square. [R.] Ash. CONQUASSATE Con*quas"sate, v. t. Etym: [L. conquassatus, p.p. of conquassare.] Defn: To shake; to agitate. [Obs.] Harvey. -- Con`quas*sa"tion, n. [Obs.] CONQUER Con"quer, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conquered; p.pr. & vb.n. Conquering.] Etym: [OF. conquerre, F. conquérir, fr. L. conquirere, -quisitum, to seek or search for, to bring together, LL., to conquer; con- + quaerere to seek. See Quest.] 1. To gain or acquire by force; to take possession of by violent means; to gain dominion over; to subdue by physical means; to reduce; to overcome by force of arms; to cause to yield; to vanquish. "If thou conquer Rome." Shak. If we be conquer'd, let men conquer us. Shak. We conquered France, but felt our captive's charms. Pope. 2. To subdue or overcome by mental or moral power; to surmount; as, to conquer difficulties, temptatin, etc. By winning words to conquer hearts, And make persuasion do the work of fear. Milton. 3. To gain or obtain, overcoming obstacles in the way; to win; as, to conquer freedom; to conquer a peace. Syn. -- To subdue; vanquish; overcome; overpower; overthrow; defeat; rout; discomfit; subjugate; reduce; humble; crush; surmount; subject; master. -- To Conquer, Vanquish, Subdue, Subjugate, Overcome. These words agree in the general idea expressed by overcome, -- that of bringing under one's power by the exertion of force. Conquer is wider and more general than vanquish, denoting usually a succession of conflicts. Vanquish is more individual, and refers usually to a single conflict. Thus, Alexander conquered Asia in a succession of battles, and vanquished Darius in one decisive engagement. Subdue implies a more gradual and continual pressure, but a surer and more final subjection. We speak of a nation as subdued when its spirit is at last broken, so that no further resistance is offered. Subjugate is to bring completely under the yoke of bondage. The ancient Gauls were never finally subdued by the Romans until they were completely subjugated. These words, when used figuratively, have correspondent meanings. We conquer our prejudices or aversions by a succesion of conflicts; but we sometimes vanquish our reluctance to duty by one decided effort: we endeavor to subdue our evil propensities by watchful and persevering exertions. Subjugate is more commonly taken in its primary meaning, and when used figuratively has generally a bad sense; as, his reason was completely subjugated to the sway of his passions. CONQUER Con"quer, v. i. Defn: To gain the victory; to overcome; to prevail. He went forth conquering and to conquer. Rev. vi. 2. The champions resolved to conquer or to die. Waller. CONQUERABLE Con*quer*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being conquered or subdued. South. -- Con"quer*a*ble*ness, n. CONQUERESS Con"quer*ess, n. Defn: A woman who conquers. Fairfax. CONQUEROR Con"quer*or, n. Etym: [OF. conquereor, fr. conquerre,] Defn: One who conquers. The Conqueror (Eng. Hist.). William the Norman (1027-1067) who invaded England, defeated Harold in the battle of Hastings, and was crowned king, in 1066. CONQUEST Con"quest, n. Etym: [OF. conquest, conqueste, F. conquête, LL. conquistum, conquista, prop. p.p. from L. conquirere. See Conquer.] 1. The act or process of conquering, or acquiring by force; the act of overcoming or subduing opposition by force, whether physical or moral; subjection; subjugation; victory. In joys of conquest he resigns his breath. Addison. Three years sufficed for the conquest of the country. Prescott. 2. That which is conquered; possession gained by force, physical or moral. Wherefore rejoice What conquest brings he home Shak. 3. (Feudal Law) Defn: The acquiring of property by other means than by inheritance; acquisition. Blackstone. 4. The act of gaining or regaining by successful strugle; as, the conquest of liberty or peace. The Conquest (Eng. Hist.), the subjugation of England by William of Normandy in 1066. Syn. -- Victory; triumph; mastery; reduction; subjugation; subjection. CONQUIAN Con"qui*an, n. (Card Playing) Defn: A game for two, played with 40 cards, in which each player tries to form three or four of a kind or sequences. CONSANGUINEAL Con`san*guin"e*al, a. Defn: Of the same blood; related by birth. Sir T. Browne. CONSANGUINED Con*san"guined, a. Defn: Of kin blood; related. [R.] Johnson. CONSANGUINEOUS Con`san*guin"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. conguineus; con- + sanguis blood: cf. F. consanguin. See Sanquine.] Defn: Of the same blood; related by birth; descended from the same parent or ancestor. Shak. CONSANGUINITY Con`san*guin"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. consanguinitas: cf. F. consanguintit.] Defn: The relation of person by blood, is distinction from affinity or relation by marriage; blood relationship; as, lineal consanguinity; collateral consanguinity. Invoking aid by the ties of consanguinity. Prescott. CONSARCINATION Con*sar`ci*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. consarcinare, -natum, to patch together.] Defn: A patching together; patchwork. [Obs.] Bailey. CONSCIENCE Con"science, n. Etym: [F. conscience, fr. L. conscientia, fr. consciens, p.pr. of conscire to know, to be conscious; con- + scire to know. See Science.] 1. Knowledge of one's own thoughts or actions; consciousness. [Obs.] The sweetest cordial we receive, at last, Is conscience of our virtuous actions past. Denham. 2. The faculty, power, or inward principle which decides as to the character of one's own actions, purposes, and affections, warning against and condemning that which is wrong, and approving and prompting to that which is right; the moral faculty passing judgment on one's self; the moral sense. My conscience hath a thousand several tongues, And every tongue brings in a several tale, And every tale condemns me for a villain. Shak. As science means knowledge, conscience etymologically means self- knowledge . . . But the English word implies a moral standard of action in the mind as well as a consciousness of our own actions. . . . Conscience is the reason, employed about questions of right and wrong, and accompanied with the sentiments of approbation and condemnation. Whewell. 3. The estimate or determination of conscience; conviction or right or duty. Conscience supposes the existence of some such [i.e., moral] faculty, and properly signifies our consciousness of having acted agreeably or contrary to its directions. Adam Smith. 4. Tenderness of feeling; pity. [Obs.] Chaucer. Conscience clause, a clause in a general law exempting persons whose religious scruples forbid compliance therewith, -- as from taking judicial oaths, rendering military service, etc. -- Conscience money, stolen or wrongfully acquired money that is voluntarily restored to the rightful possessor. Such money paid into the United States treasury by unknown debtors is called the Conscience fund. -- Court of Conscience, a court established for the recovery of small debts, in London and other trading cities and districts. [Eng.] Blackstone. -- In conscience, In all conscience, in deference or obedience to conscience or reason; in reason; reasonably. "This is enough in conscience." Howell. "Half a dozen fools are, in all conscience, as many as you should require." Swift. -- To make conscience of, To make a matter of conscience, to act according to the dictates of conscience concerning (any matter), or to scruple to act contrary to its dictates. CONSCIENCED Con"scienced, a. Defn: Having a conscience. [R.] "Soft-conscienced men." Shak. CONSCIENCELESS Con"science*less, a. Defn: Without conscience; indifferent to conscience; unscrupulous. Conscienceless and wicked patrons. Hookre. CONSCIENT Con"scient, a. Etym: [L. consciens, -entis, p.pr.] Defn: Conscious. [R.] Bacon. CONSCIENTIOUS Con`sci*en"tious, a. Etym: [Cf. F. consciencieux, LL. conscientiosus.] 1. Influenced by conscience; governed by a strict regard to the dictates of conscience, or by the known or supposed rules of right and wrong; -- said of a person. The advice of wise and conscientious men. Prescott. 2. Characterized by a regard to conscience; conformed to the dictates of conscience; -- said of actions. A holy and conscientious course. Abp. Tillotson. Syn. -- Scrupulous; exact; faithful; just; upright. CONSCIENTIOUSLY Con`sci*en"tious*ly, adv. Defn: In a conscientious manner; as a matter of conscience; hence; faithfully; accurately; completely. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS Con`sci*en"tious*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being conscientious; a scrupulous regard to the dictates of conscience. CONSCIONABLE Con"scion*a*ble, a. Etym: [Irregularly formed fr. conscience.] Defn: Governed by, or according to, conscience; reasonable; just. Let my debtors have conscionable satisfaction. Sir H. Wotton. CONSCIONABLENESS Con"scion*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being conscionable; reasonableness. Johnson. CONSCIONABLY Con"scion*a*bly, adv. Defn: Reasonably; justly. CONSCIOUS Con"scious, a. Etym: [L. conscius; con- + scire to know. See Conscience.] 1. Possessing the faculty of knowing one's own thoughts or mental operations. Some are thinking or conscious beings, or have a power of thought. I. Watts. 2. Possessing knowledge, whether by internal, conscious experience or by external observation; cognizant; aware; sensible. Her conscious heart imputed suspicion where none could have been felt. Hawthorne. The man who breathes most healthilly is least conscious of his own breathing. De Quincey. 3. Made the object of consciousness; known to one's self; as, conscious guilt. With conscious terrors vex me round. Milton. Syn. -- Aware; apprised; sensible; felt; known. CONSCIOUSLY Con"scious*ly, adv. Defn: In a conscious manner; with knowledge of one's own mental operations or actions. CONSCIOUSNESS Con"scious*ness, n. 1. The state of being conscious; knowledge of one's own existence, condition, sensations, mental operations, acts, etc. Consciousness is thus, on the one hand, the recognition by the mind or "ego" of its acts and affections; -- in other words, the self- affirmation that certain modifications are known by me, and that these modifications are mine. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. Immediate knowledge or perception of the presence of any object, state, or sensation. See the Note under Attention. Annihilate the consciousness of the object, you annihilate the consciousness of the operation. Sir W. Hamilton. And, when the steam Which overflowed the soul had passed away, A consciousness remained that it had left. . . . images and precious thoughts That shall not die, and can not be destroyed. Wordsworth. The consciousness of wrong brought with it the consciousness of weakness. Froude. 3. Feeling, persuasion, or expectation; esp., inward sense of guilt or innocence. [R.] An honest mind is not in the power of a dishonest: to break its peace there must be some guilt or consciousness. Pope. CONSCRIBE Con*scribe", v. t. Etym: [L. conscribere. See Conscript.] Defn: To enroll; to enlist. [Obs.] E. Hall. CONSCRIPT Con"script, a. Etym: [L. conscriptus, p.p. of conscribere to write together, to enroll; con- + scribere to write. See Scribe.] Defn: Enrolled; written; registered. Conscript fathers (Rom. Antiq.), the senators of ancient Rome. When certain new senators were first enrolled with the "fathers" the body was called Patres et Conscripti; afterward all were called Patres conscripti. CONSCRIPT Con"script, n. Defn: One taken by lot, or compulsorily enrolled, to serve as a soldier or sailor. CONSCRIPT Con*script", v. t. Defn: To enroll, by compulsion, for military service. CONSCRIPTION Con*scrip"tion, n. Etym: [L. conscriptio: cf. F. conscription.] 1. An enrolling or registering. The conscription of men of war. Bp. Burnet. 2. A compulsory enrollment of men for military or naval service; a draft. CONSCRIPTION Con*scrip"tion, a. Defn: Belonging to, or of the nature of, a conspiration. CONSECRATE Con"se*crate, a. Etym: [L. consceratus, p.p. of conscerare to conscerate; con- + sacrare to consecrate, sacer sacred. See Sacred.] Defn: Consecrated; devoted; dedicated; sacred. They were assembled in that consecrate place. Bacon. CONSECRATE Con"se*crate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Consecrated; p.pr. & vb.n. Consecrating.] 1. To make, or declare to be, sacred; to appropriate to sacred uses; to set apart, dedicate, or devote, to the service or worship of God; as, to consecrate a church; to give (one's self) unreservedly, as to the service of God. One day in the week is . . . consecrated to a holy rest. Sharp. 2. To set apart to a sacred office; as, to consecrate a bishop. Thou shalt consecrate Aaron and his sons. Ex. xxix. 9. 3. To canonize; to exalt to the rank of a saint; to enroll among the gods, as a Roman emperor. 4. To render venerable or revered; to hallow; to dignify; as, rules or principles consecrated by time. Burke. Syn. -- See Addict. CONSECRATER Con"se*cra`ter, n. Defn: Consecrator. CONSECRATION Con`se*cra"tion, n. Etym: [L. consecratio: cf. F. consécration.] Defn: The act or ceremony of consecrating; the state of being consecrated; dedication. Until the days of your consecration be at an end. Lev. viii. 33. Consecration makes not a place sacred, but only solemny declares it so. South. CONSECRATOR Con"se*cra`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who consecrates; one who performs the rites by which a person or thing is devoted or dedicated to sacred purposes. [Written also consecrater.] CONSECRATORY Con"se*cra*to*ry ( or ), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the act of consecration; dedicatory. The consecratory prayer. Bp. Burnet. CONSECTANEOUS Con`sec*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. consectaneus.] Defn: Following as a matter of course. Blount. CONSECTARY Con"sec*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. consectarius, fr. consectari to follow after eagerly; con- + sectari to follow eagerly, fr. sequi to follow.] Defn: Following by consequence; consequent; deducible. [R.] "Consectary impieties." Sir T. Browne. CONSECTARY Con"sec*ta*ry, n. Defn: That which follows by consequence or is logically deducible; deduction from premises; corollary. [R.] Milton. CONSECUTE Con"se*cute, v. t. Defn: To follow closely; to endeavor to overtake; to pursue. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet. CONSECUTION Con`se*cu"tion, n. Etym: [L. consecutio. See Consequent.] 1. A following, or sequel; actual or logical dependence. Sir M. Hale. 2. A succession or series of any kind. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. Month of consecution (Astron.), a month as reckoned from one conjunction of the moon with the sun to another. CONSECUTIVE Con*sec"u*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. consécutif. See Consequent.] 1. Following in a train; suceeding one another in a regular order; successive; uninterrupted in course or succession; with no interval or break; as, fifty consecutive years. 2. Following as a consequence or result; actually or logically dependent; consequential; succeeding. The actions of a man consecutive to volition. Locke. 3. (Mus.) Defn: Having similarity of sequence; -- said of certain parallel progressions of two parts in a piece of harmony; as, consecutive fifths, or consecutive octaves, which are forbidden. Consecutive chords (Mus.), chords of the same kind suceeding one another without interruption. CONSECUTIVELY Con*sec"u*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a consecutive manner; by way of sequence; successively. CONSECUTIVENESS Con*sec"u*tive*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being consecutive. CONSENSION Con*sen"sion, n. Etym: [L. consensio.] Defn: Agreement; accord. Bentley. CONSENSUAL Con*sen"su*al, a. Etym: [See Consent, v. i., and cf. Sensual.] 1. (Law) Defn: Existing, or made, by the mutual consent of two or more parties. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Excited or caused by sensation, sympathy, or reflex action, and not by conscious volition; as, consensual motions. Consensual contract (Law), a contract formed merely by consent, as a marriage contract. CONSENSUS Con*sen"sus, n. Etym: [L. See Consent.] Defn: Agreement; accord; consent. That traditional consensus of society which we call public opinion. Tylor. CONSENT Con*sent", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Consented; p.pr. & vb.n Consenting.] Etym: [F. consentir, fr. L. consentire, -sensum, to feel together, agree; con- + sentire to feel. See Sense.] 1. To agree in opinion or sentiment; to be of the same mind; to accord; to concur. And Saul was consenting unto his death. Acts. viii. 1. Flourishing many years before Wyclif, and much consenting with him in jugdment. Fuller. 2. To indicate or express a willingness; to yield to guidance, persuasion, or necessity; to give assent or approval; to comply. My poverty, but not my will, consents. Shak. And whispering "I will ne'er consent," -- consented. Byron. Syn. -- To accede; yield; assent; comply; agree; allow; concede; permit; admit; concur; acquiesce. CONSENT Con*sent", v. t. Defn: To grant; to allow; to assent to; to admit. [Obs.] Interpreters . . . will not consent it to be a true story. Milton. CONSENT Con*sent", n. Etym: [Cf. OF. consent.] 1. Agreement in opinion or sentiment; the being of one mind; accord. All with one consent began to make exuse. Luke xiv. 18. They feil together all, as by consent. Shak. 2. Correspondence in parts, qualities, or operations; agreement; harmony; coherence. The melodious consent of the birds. Holland. Such is the world's great harmony that springs From union, order, full consent of things. Pope. 3. Voluntary accordance with, or concurrence in, what is done or proposed by another; acquiescence; compliance; approval; permission. Thou wert possessed of David's throne By free consent of all. Milton. 4. (Law) Defn: Capable, deliberate, and voluntary assent or agreement to, or concurrence in, some act or purpose, implying physical and mental power and free action. 5. (Physiol.) Defn: Sympathy. See Sympathy, 4. Syn. -- Assent; acquiescence; concurrence; agreement; approval; permission. See Assent. Age of consent (Law), an age, fixed by statute and varying in different jurisdictions, at which one is competent to give consent. Sexual intercourse with a female child under the age of consent is punishable as rape. CONSENTANEITY Con*sen`ta*ne"i*ty, n. Defn: Mutual agreement. [R.] CONSENTANEOUS Con`sen*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. consentaneus.] Defn: Consistent; agreeable; suitable; accordant to; harmonious; concurrent. A good law and consentaneous to reason. Howell. -- Con`sen*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Con`sen*ta"ne*ous*ness, n. CONSENTANT Con*sent"ant, a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of consentir.] Defn: Consenting. [Obs.] Chaucer. CONSENTER Con*sent"er, a. Defn: One who consents. CONSENTIENT Con*sen"tient, a. Etym: [L. consentients, p. pr. See Consent.] Defn: Agreeing in mind; accordant. The consentient judgment of the church. Bp. Pearson. CONSENTINGLY Con*sent"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With consent; in a compliant manner. Jer. Taylor. CONSEQUENCE Con"se*quence, n. Etym: [L., consequentia: cf. F. conséquence. See Consequent.] 1. That which follows something on which it depends; that which is produced by a cause; a result. Shun to taste, And shun the bitter consequence. Milton. 2. (Logic) Defn: A proposition collected from the agreement of other previous propositions; any conclusion which results from reason or argument; inference. 3. Chain of causes and effects; consecution. Such fatal consequence unites us three. Milton. Link follows link by necessary consequence. Coleridge. 4. Importance with respect to what comes after; power to influence or produce an effect; value; moment; rank; distinction. It is a matter of small consequence. Shak. A sense of your own worth and consequence. Cowper. In consequence, hence; for this cause. -- In consequence of, by reason of; as the effect of. Syn. -- Effect; result; end. See Effect. CONSEQUENCING Con"se*quen`cing, n. Defn: Drawing inference. [R.] Milton. CONSEQUENT Con"se*quent, a. Etym: [L. consequens, -entis, p. pr. of consequi to follow; con- + sequi to follow: cf. F. conséquent. See Second, and cf. Consecution.] 1. Following as a result, inference, or natural effect. The right was consequent to, and built on, an act perfectly personal. Locke. 2. (Logic) Defn: Following by necessary inference or rational deduction; as, a proposition consequent to other propositions. Consequent points, Consequent poles (Magnetism), a number of poles distributed under certain conditions, along the axis of a magnetized steel bar, which regularly has but the two poles at the extremities. CONSEQUENT Con"se*quent, n. 1. That which follows, or results from, a cause; a result or natural effect. They were ill-governed, which is always a consequent of ill payment. Sir J. Davies. 2. (Logic) Defn: That which follows from propositions by rational deduction; that which is deduced from reasoning or argumentation; a conclusion, or inference. 3. (Math.) Defn: The second term of a ratio, as the term b in the ratio a:b, the first a, being the antecedent. CONSEQUENTIAL Con`se*quen"tial, a. 1. Following as a consequence, result, or logical inference; consequenment. All that is revealed in Scripture has a consequential necessity of being believed . . . because it is of divine authority. Locke. These kind of arguments . . . are highly consequential and concludent to my purpose. Sir M. Hale. 2. Assuming or exhibiting an air of consequence; pretending to importance; pompous; self-important; as, a consequential man. See Consequence, n., 4. His stately and consequential pace. Sir W. Scott. Consequential damage (Law) (a) Damage so remote as not to be actionable (b) Damage which although remote is actionable. (c) Actionable damage, but not following as an immediate result of an act. CONSEQUENTIALLY Con`se*quen"tial*ly, adv. 1. With just deduction of consequence; with right connection of ideas; logically. The faculty of writing consequentially. Addison. 2. By remote consequence; not immediately; eventually; as, to do a thing consequentially. South. 3. In a regular series; in the order of cause and effect; with logical concatenation; consecutively; continuously. 4. With assumed importance; pompously. CONSEQUENTIALNESS Con`se*quen"tial*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being consequential. CONSEQUENTLY Con"se*quent*ly, adv. Defn: By consequence; by natural or logical sequence or connection. Syn. -- See Accordingly. CONSERTION Con*ser"tion, n. Etym: [L. consertio, fr. conserere, -sertum to connect; con- + serere to join.] Defn: Junction; adaptation [R.] Consertion of design, how exquisite. Young. CONSERVABLE Con*serv"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. conservabilitis.] Defn: Capable of being preserved from decay or injury. CONSERVANCY Con*serv"an*cy, n. Defn: Conservation, as from injury, defilement, or irregular use. [An act was] passed in 1866, for vesting in the Conservators of the River Thames the conservancy of the Thames and Isis. Mozley & W. CONSERVANT Con*serv"ant, a. Etym: [L. conservans, p.pr.] Defn: Having the power or quality of conservation. CONSERVATION Con`ser*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. conservatio: cf. F. conservation.] Defn: The act of preserving, guarding, or protecting; the keeping (of a thing) in a safe or entire state; preservation. A step necessary for the conservation of Protestantism. Hallam. A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation. Burke. Conservation of areas (Astron.), the principle that the radius vector drawn from a planet to the sun sweeps over equal areas in equal times. -- Conservation of energy, or Conservation of force (Mech.), the principle that the total energy of any material system is a quantity which can neither be increased nor diminished by any action between the parts of the system, though it may be transformed into any of the forms of which energy is susceptible. Clerk Maxwell. CONSERVATIONAL Con`ser*va"tion*al, a. Defn: Tending to conserve; preservative. CONSERVATISM Con*serv"a*tism, n. Etym: [For conservatism.] Defn: The disposition and tendency to preserve what is established; opposition to change; the habit of mind; or conduct, of a conservative. CONSERVATIVE Con*serv"a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conservatif.] 1. Having power to preserve in a safe of entire state, or from loss, waste, or injury; preservative. 2. Tending or disposed to maintain existing institutions; opposed to change or innovation. 3. Of or pertaining to a political party which favors the conservation of existing institutions and forms of government as the Conservative party in england; -- contradistinguished from Liberal and Radical. We have always been conscientuously attached to what is called the Tory, and which might with more propierty be called the Conservative, party. Quart. Rev. (1830). Conservative system (Mech.), a material sustem of such a nature that after the system has undergone any series of changes, and been brought back in any manner to its original state, the whole work done by external agents on the system is equal to the whole work done by the system overcoming external forces. Clerk Maxwell. CONSERVATIVE Con*serv"a*tive, n. 1. One who, or that which, preserves from ruin, injury, innovation, or radical change; a preserver; a conserver. The Holy Spirit is the great conservative of the new life. Jer. Taylor. 2. One who desires to maintain existing institutions and customs; also, one who holds moderate opinions in politics; -- opposed to revolutionary or radical. 3. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: A member of the Conservative party. CONSERVATIVENESS Con*serv"a*tive*ness, a. Defn: The quality of being conservative. CONSERVATOIRE Con`ser"va*toire`, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A public place of instruction in any special branch, esp. music and the arts. [See Conservatory, 3]. CONSERVATOR Con"ser*va`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. conservateur.] 1. One who preserves from injury or violation; a protector; a preserver. The great Creator and Conservator of the world. Derham. 2. (Law) (a) An officer who has charge of preserving the public peace, as a justice or sheriff. (b) One who has an official charge of preserving the rights and privileges of a city, corporation, community, or estate. The lords of the secret council were likewise made conservators of the peace of the two kingdoms. Clarendon. The conservator of the estate of an idiot. Bouvier. Conservators of the River Thames, a board of comissioners instituted by Parliament to have the conservancy of the Thames. CONSERVATORY Con*serv"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conservatoire, LL. conservatorius.] Defn: Having the quality of preserving from loss, decay, or injury. CONSERVATORY Con*serv"a*to*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. conservatoire, LL. conservatorium.] 1. That which preserves from injury. [Obs.] "A conservatory of life." Jer. Taylor. 2. A place for preserving anything from loss, decay, waste, or injury; particulary, a greenhouse for preserving exotic or tender plants. 3. A public place of instruction, designed to preserve and perfect the knowledge of some branch of science or art, esp. music. CONSERVATRIX Con`ser*va"trix, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A woman who preserves from loss, injury, etc. CONSERVE Con*serve", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conserved; p.pr. & vb.n. Conserving.] Etym: [F. conserver, L. conservare; con- + servare to keep, guard. See Serve.] 1. To keep in a safe or sound state; to save; to preserve; to protect. The amity which . . . they meant to conserve and maintain with the emperor. Strype. 2. To prepare with sugar, etc., for the purpose of preservation, as fruits, etc.; to make a conserve of. CONSERVE Con"serve, n. Etym: [F. conserve, fr. conserver.] 1. Anything which is conserved; especially, a sweetmeat prepared with sugar; a confection. I shall . . . study broths, plasters, and conserves, till from a fine lady I become a notable woman. Tatler. 2. (Med.) Defn: A medicinal confection made of freshly gathered vegetable substances mixed with finely powdered refined sugar. See Confection. 3. A conservatory. [Obs.] Evelyn. CONSERVER Con*serv"er, n. Defn: One who conserves. CONSIDER Con*sid"er, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Considered; p.pr. & vb.n. Considering.] Etym: [F. considérer, L. considerare, -sideratum, to consider, view attentively, prob. fr. con- + sidus, sideris, star, constellation; orig., therefore, to look at the stars. See Sidereal, and cf. Desire.] 1. To fix the mind on, with a view to a careful examination; to thank on with care; to ponder; to study; to meditate on. I will consider thy testimonies. Ps. cxix. 95. Thenceforth to speculations high or deep I turned my thoughts, and with capacious mind Considered all things visible. Milton. 2. To look at attentively; to observe; to examine. She considereth a field, and buyeth it. Prov. xxxi. 16. 3. To have regard to; to take into view or account; to pay due attention to; to respect. Consider, sir, the chance of war: the day Was yours by accident. Shak. England could grow into a posture of being more united at home, and more considered abroad. Sir W. Temple. 4. To estamate; to think; to regard; to view. Considered as plays, his works are absurd. Macaulay. Note: The proper sense of consider is often blended with an idea of the result of considering; as, "Blessed is he that considereth the poor." Ps. xli. 1. ; i.e., considers with sympathy and pity. "Which [services] if I have not enough considered." Shak. ; i.e., requited as the sufficient considering of them would suggest. "Consider him liberally." J. Hooker. Syn. -- To ponder; weigh; revolve; study; reflect or meditate on; contemplate; examine. See Ponder. CONSIDER Con*sid"er, v. i. 1. To think seriously; to make examination; to reflect; to deliberate. We will consider of your suit. Shak. 'T were to consider too curiously, to consider so. Shak. She wished she had taken a moment to consider, before rushing down stairs. W. Black 2. To hesitate. [Poetic & R.] Dryden. CONSIDERABLE Con*sid"er*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. considérable.] 1. Worthy of consideration, borne in mind, or attended to. It is considerable, that some urns have had inscriptions on them expressing that the lamps were burning. Bp. Wilkins. Eternity is infinitely the most considerable duration. Tillotson. 2. Of some distinction; noteworthy; influential; respectable; -- said of persons. You are, indeed, a very considerable man. Junius. 3. Of importance or value. In painting, not every action, nor every person, is considerable enough to enter into the cloth. Dryden. A considerable sum of money. Prescott. CONSIDERABLENESS Con*sid"er*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Worthiness of consideration; dignity; value; size; amount. CONSIDERABLY Con*sid"er*a*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner or to a degree not trifling or unimportant; greatly; much. The breeds . . . differ considerably from each other. Darwin. CONSIDERANCE Con*sid"er*ance, n. Etym: [L. considerantia.] Defn: Act of considering; consideration. [Obs.] Shak. CONSIDERATE Con*sid"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. consideratus, p.p.] 1. Given to consideration or to sober reflection; regardful of consequences or circumstances; circumspect; careful; esp. careful of the rights, claims, and feelings of other. Of dauntless courage and considerate pride. Milton. considerate, and careful of his people. Dryden. The wisest and most considerate men in the world. Sharp. 2. Having respect to; regardful. [R.] They may be . . . more considerate of praise. Dr. H. More. Syn. -- Thoughtful; reflective; careful; discreet; prudent; deliberate; serious. See Thoughtful. -- Con*sid"er*ate*ly, adv. -- Con*sid"er*ate*ness, n. CONSIDERATION Con*sid`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. consideratio: cf. F. consid.] 1. The act or process of considering; continuous careful thought; examination; contemplation; deliberation; attention. Let us think with consideration. Sir P. Sidney. Consideration, like an angel, came. Shak. 2. Attentive respect; appreciative regard; -- used especially in diplomatic or stately correspondence. The undersigned has the honor to repeat to Mr. Hulseman the assurance of his high consideration. D. Webster. The consideration with which he was treated. Whewell. 3. Thoughtful or sympathetic regard or notice. Consideration for the poor is a doctrine of the church. Newman. 4. Claim to notice or regard; some degree of importance or consequence. Lucan is the only author of consideration among the Latin poets who was not explained for . . . the Dauphin. Addison. 5. The result of delibration, or of attention and examonation; matured opinion; a reflection; as, considerations on the choice of a profession. 6. That which is, or should be, taken into account as a ground of opinion or action; motive; reason. He was obliged, antecedent to all other considerations, to search an asylum. Dryden. Some considerations which are necessary to the forming of a correct judgment. Macaulay. 7. (Law) Defn: The cause which moves a contracting party to enter into an agreement; the material cause of a contract; the price of a stripulation; compensation; equivalent. Bouvier. Note: Consideration is what is done, or promised to be done, in exchange for a promise, and "as a mere advantage to the promisor without detriment to the promisee would not avail, the proper test is detriment to the promisee." Wharton. CONSIDERATIVE Con*sid"er*a*tive, a. Defn: Considerate; careful; thoughtful. [Archaic] I love to be considerative. B. Jonson. CONSIDERATOR Con*sid"er*a`tor, n. Defn: One who considers. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. CONSIDERER Con*sid"er*er, n. Defn: One who considers; a man of reflection; a thinker. Milton. CONSIDERINGLY Con*sid"er*ing*ly, adv. Defn: With consideration or deliberation. CONSIGN Con*sign", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Consigned 3; p.pr. & vb.n. Consigning.] Etym: [F. consigner, L. consignare, -signatu,, to seal or sign; con- + signare, fr. signum mark. See Sign.] 1. To give, transfer, or deliver, in a formal manner, as if by signing over into the possession of another, or into a different state, with the sense of fixedness in that state, or permanence of possession; as, to consign the body to the grave. At the day of general account, good men are to be consigned over to another state. Atterbury. 2. To give in charge; to commit; to intrust. Atrides, parting for the Trojan war, Consigned the youthful consort to his care. Pope. The four evangelists consigned to writing that history. Addison. 3. (Com.) Defn: To send or address (by bill of lading or otherwise) to an agent or correspondent in another place, to be cared for or sold, or for the use of such correspondent; as, to cosign a cargo or a ship; to set apart. 4. To assign; to devote; to set apart. The French commander consigned it to the use for which it was intended by the donor. Dryden. 5. To stamp or impress; to affect. [Obs.] Consign my spirit with great fear. Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- To commit; deliver; intrust; resign. See Commit. CONSIGN Con*sign", v. i. 1. To submit; to surrender or yield one's self. [Obs.] All lovers young, all lovers must Consign to thee, and come to dust. Shak. 2. To yield consent; to agree; to acquiesce. [Obs.] Augment or alter . . . And we'll consign thereto. Shak. CONSIGNATARY Con*sig"na*ta*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. Consignitary.] Defn: A consignee. [Obs.] Jenkins. CONSIGNATION Con`sig*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. consignatio written proof, document: cf. F. consignation comsignation.] 1. The act of consigning; the act of delivering or committing to another person, place, or state. [Obs.] So is despair a certain consignation to eternal ruin. Jer. Taylor. 2. The act of ratifying or establishing, as if signing; confirmation; ratuficator. A direct consignation of pardon. Jer. Taylor. 3. A stamp; an indication; a sign. [Obs.] The most certain consignations of an excellent virtue. Jer. Taylor. CONSIGNATORY Con*sig"na*to*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. Consignitary.] Defn: One of several that jointly sign a written instrument, as a treaty. Fallows. CONSIGNATURE Con*sig"na*ture; 135), n. Defn: Joint signature. [R.] Colgrave. CONSIGNE Con"signe, n. Etym: [F.] (Mil.) (a) A countersign; a watchword. (b) One who is orders to keep within certain limits. CONSIGNEE Con`sign*ee", n. Etym: [F. consign, p.p. of consigner.] Defn: The person to whom goods or other things are consigned; a factor; -- correlative to consignor. Consigner and consignee are used by merchants to express generally the shipper of merchandise, and the person to whom it is addressed, by bill of lading or otherwise. De Colange. CONSIGNER Con*sign"er, n. Defn: One who consigns. See Consignor. CONSIGNIFICANT Con`sig*nif"i*cant, a. Defn: Having joint or equal signification; synonymous. [R.] Spelman. CONSIGNIFICATION Con*sig`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: Joint signification. [R.] CONSIGNIFICATIVE Con`sig*nif"i*ca*tive, a. Defn: Consignificant; jointly significate. [R.] CONSIGNIFY Con*sig"ni*fy, v. t. Etym: [Pref. con- + sognify.] Defn: To signify or denote in combination with something else. The cipher . . . only serves to connote and consignify, and to change the value or the figures. Horne Tooke. CONSIGNMENT Con*sign"ment, n. 1. The act of consigning; consignation. 2. (Com.) Defn: The act of consigning or sending property to an agent or correspondent in another place, as for care, sale, etc. 3. (Com.) Defn: That which is consigned; the goods or commodities sent or addressed to a consignee at one time or by one conveyance. To increase your consignments of this valuable branch of national commerce. Burke. 4. The writing by which anything is consigned. CONSIGNOR Con*sign"or ( or , n. Defn: One who consigns something to another; -- opposed to consignee. [Written also consigner.] CONSILIENCE Con*sil"i*ence, n. Etym: [con- + salire to leap.] Defn: Act of concurring; coincidence; concurrence. The consilience of inductions takes place when one class of facts coincides with an induction obtained from another different class. Whewell. CONSIMILITUDE; CONSIMILITY Con`si*mil"i*tude, Con`si*mil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. consimilitude. See Similitude.] Defn: Common resemblance. [Obs.] Aubrey. CONSIST Con*sist", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Consisted; p.pr. & vb.n. Consisting.] Etym: [L. consistere to stand still or firm; con- + sistere to stand, cause to stand, stare to stand: cf. F. consister. See Stand.] 1. To stand firm; to be in a fixed or permanent state, as a body composed of parts in union or connection; to hold together; to be; to exist; to subsist; to be supported and maintained. He is before all things, and by him all things consist. Col. i. 17. 2. To be composed or made up; -- followed by of. The land would consist of plains and valleys. T. Burnet. 3. To have as its substance or character, or as its foundation; to be; -- followed by in. If their purgation did consist in words. Shak. A man's life consisteth not in the abudance of the things which he possesseth. Luke xii. 15. 4. To be cosistent or harmonious; to be in accordance; -- formerly used absolutely, now followed by with. This was a consisting story. Bp. Burnet. Health consists with temperance alone. Pope. For orders and degrees Jar not with liberty, but well consist. Milton. 5. To insist; -- followed by on. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- To Consist, Consist of, Consist in. The verb consist is employed chiefly for two purposes, which are marked and distinguished by the prepositions used. When we wish to indicate the parts which unite to compose a thing, we use of; as when we say, "Macaulay's Miscellanies consist chiefly of articles which were first published in the Edinburgh Review." When we wish to indicate the true nature of a thing, or that on which it depends, we use in; as, "There are some artists whose skill consists in a certain manner which they have affected." "Our safety consists in a strict adherence to duty." CONSISTENCE; CONSISTENCY Con*sist"ence, Con*sist"en*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. consistance.] 1. The condition of standing or adhering together, or being fixed in union, as the parts of a body; existence; firmness; coherence; solidity. Water, being divided, maketh many circles, till it restore itself to the natural consistence. Bacon. We are as water, weak, and of no consistence. Jer. Taylor. The same form, substance, and consistency. T. Burned. 2. A degree of firmness, density, or spissitude. Let the expressed juices be boiled into the consistence of a sirup. Arbuthnot. 3. That which stands together as a united whole; a combination. The church of God, as meaning whole consistence of orders and members. Milton. 4. Firmness of constitution or character; substantiality; durability; persistency. His friendship is of a noble make and a lasting consistency. South. 5. Agreement or harmony of all parts of a complex thing among themselves, or of the same thing with itself at different times; the harmony of conduct with profession; congruity; correspondence; as, the consistency of laws, regulations, or judicial decisions; consistency of opinions; consistency of conduct or of character. That consistency of behavior whereby he inflexibly pursues those measures which appear the most just. Addison. Consistency, thou art a jewel. Popular Saying. CONSISTENT Con*sist"ent, a. Etym: [L. consistens, p.pr.: cf. F. consistant.] 1. Possessing firmness or fixedness; firm; hard; solid. The humoral and consistent parts of the body. Harvey. 2. Having agreement with itself or with something else; having harmony among its parts; possesing unity; accordant; harmonious; congruous; compatible; uniform; not contradictory. Show me one that has it in his power To act consistent with himself an hour. Pope. With reference to such a lord, to serve and to be free are terms not consistent only, but equivalent. South. 3. Living or acting in conformity with one's belief or professions. It was utterly to be at once a consistent Quaker and a conspirator. Macaulay. CONSISTENTLY Con*sist"ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a consistent manner. CONSISTORIAL Con`sis*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. consistorial.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a consistory. "Consistorial laws." Hooker. "Consistorial courts." Bp. Hoadley. CONSISTORIAN Con`sis*to"rian, a. Defn: Pertaining to a Presbyterian consistory; -- a contemptuous term of 17th century controversy. You fall next on the consistorian schismatics; for so you call Presbyterians. Milton. CONSISTORY Con*sis"to*ry ( or ; 277) n.; pl. Consistories. Etym: [L. consistorium a place of assembly, the place where the emperor's council met, fr. consistere: cf. F. consistoire, It. consistorio. See Consist.] 1. Primarily, a place of standing or staying together; hence, any solemn assembly or council. To council summons all his mighty peers, Within thick clouds and dark tenfold involved, A gloomy consistory. Milton. 2. (Eng. Ch.) Defn: The spiritual court of a diocesan bishop held before his chancellor or commissioner in his cathedral church or elsewhere. Hook. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: An assembly of prelates; a session of the college of cardinals at Rome. Pius was then hearing of causes in consistory. Bacon. 4. A church tribunal or governing body. Note: In some churches, as the Dutch Reformed in America, a consistory is composed of the minister and elders of an individual church, corresponding to a Presbyterian church session, and in others, as the Reformed church in France, it is composed of ministers and elders, corresponding to a presbytery. In some Lutheran countries it is a body of clerical and lay officers appointed by the sovereign to superintend ecclesiastical affairs. 5. A civil court of justice. [Obs.] Chaucer. CONSISTORY Con*sis"to*ry, a. Defn: Of the nature of, or pertaining to, a consistory. "To hold consistory session." Strype. CONSOCIATE Con*so"ci*ate, n. Etym: [L. nsociatus, p.p. of consociare to associate, unite; con- + sociare to join, unite. See Social.] Defn: An associate; an accomplice. [Archaic] "Wicked consociates." Bp. Hall. CONSOCIATE Con*so"ci*ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Consociated; p.pr. & vb.n. Consociating.] 1. To bring into alliance, confederacy, or relationship; to bring together; to join; to unite. [R.] Join pole to pole, consociate severed worlds. Mallet. 2. To unite in an ecclesiastical consociation. [U.S.] CONSOCIATE Con*so"ci*ate, v. i. 1. To be allied, confederated, or associated; to coalescence. [R.] Bentley. 2. To form an ecclesiastical consociation. [U.S.] CONSOCIATION Con*so`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. consociatio.] 1. Intimate union; fellowship; alliance; companionship; confederation; association; intimacy. A friendly consociation with your kindred elements. Warburton. 2. A voluntary and permanent council or union of neighboring Congregational churches, for mutual advice and co Note: In Connecticut some of the Congregational churhes are associated in consociations and the others in conferences. CONSOCIATIONAL Con*so`ci*a"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a consociation. [U.S.] CONSOL Con*sol", n. Defn: A consolidated annuity (see Consols); -- chiefly in combination or attributively. CONSOLABLE Con*sol"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. consolabilis: cf. F. consolable.] Defn: Capable of receiving consolation. CONSOLATE Con"so*late, v. t. Etym: [L. consolatus, p.p. See Console, v. t.] Defn: To console; to comfort. [Obs.] Shak. CONSOLATION Con`so*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. consolatio: cf. F. consolation.] Defn: The act of consoling; the state of being consoled; allevation of misery or distress of mind; refreshment of spirit; comfort; that which consoles or comforts the spirit. Against such cruelties With inward consolations recompensed. Milton. Are the consolations of God small with thee Job xv. 11. Syn. -- Comfort; solace; allevation. See Comfort. CONSOLATION GAME; CONSOLATION MATCH; CONSOLATION POT; CONSOLATION RACE Con`so*la"tion game, match, pot, race, etc. Defn: A game, match, etc., open only to losers in early stages of contests. CONSOLATO DEL MARE Con`so*la"to del ma"re. Etym: [It., the consulate of the sea.] Defn: A collection of maritime laws of disputed origin, supposed to have been first published at Barcelona early in the 14th century. It has formed the basis of most of the subsequent collections of maritime laws. Kent. Bouvier. CONSOLATOR Con"so*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who consoles or comforts. Johnson. CONSOLATORY Con*sol"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. consolatorius.] Defn: Of a consoling or comforting nature. The punishment of tyrants is a noble and awful act of justice; and it has with truth been said to be consolatory to the human mind. Burke. CONSOLATORY Con*sol"a*to*ry, n. Defn: That which consoles; a speech or writing intended for consolation. [R.] Milton. CONSOLE Con*sole", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Consoled; p.pr. & vb.n. Consoling.] Etym: [L. consolari,. p.p. consolatus; con- + solari to console, comfort: cf. F. consoler. See Solace.] Defn: To cheer in distress or depression; to alleviate the grief and raise the spirits of; to relieve; to comfort; to soothe. And empty heads console with empty sound. Pope. I am much consoled by the reflection that the religion of Christ has been attacked in vain by all the wits and philosophers, and its triumph has been complete. P. Henry. Syn. -- To comfort; solace; soothe; cheer; sustain; encourage; support. See Comfort. CONSOLE Con"sole, n. Etym: [F.] (Arch.) (a) A bracket whose projection is not more than half its height. (b) Any small bracket; also, a console table. Console table, a table whose top is supported by two or more consoles instead of legs. CONSOLER Con*sol"er, n. Defn: One who gives consolation. CONSOLIDANT Con*sol"i*dant, a. Etym: [L. consolidans, p.pr. of consolidare: cf. F. consolidant.] Defn: Serving to unite or consolidate; having the quality of consolidating or making firm. CONSOLIDATE Con*sol"i*date, a. Etym: [L. consolidatus, p.pr. of consolidare to make firm; con- + solidare to make firm; solidus solid. See Solid, and cf. Consound.] Defn: Formed into a solid mass; made firm; consolidated. [R.] A gentleman [should learn to ride] while he is tender and the brawns and sinews of his thighs not fully consolidate. Elyot. CONSOLIDATE Con*sol"i*date, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Consolidated; p.pr. & vb.n. Consolidating.] 1. To make solid; to unite or press together into a compact mass; to harden or make dense and firm. He fixed and consolidated the earth. T. Burnet. 2. To unite, as various particulars, into one mass or body; to bring together in close union; to combine; as, to consolidate the armies of the republic. Consolidating numbers into unity. Wordsworth. 3. (Surg.) Defn: To unite by means of applications, as the parts of a broken bone, or the lips of a wound. [R.] Syn. -- To unite; combine; harden; compact; condense; compress. CONSOLIDATE Con*sol"i*date, v. i. Defn: To grow firm and hard; to unite and become solid; as, moist clay consolidates by drying. In hurts and ulcers of the head, dryness maketh them more apt to consolidate. Bacon. CONSOLIDATED Con*sol"i*da`ted, p.p. & a. 1. Made solid, hard, or compact; united; joined; solidified. The Aggregate Fund . . . consisted of a great variety of taxes and surpluses of taxes and duties which were [in 1715] consolidated. Rees. A mass of partially consolidated mud. Tyndall. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having a small surface in proportion to bulk, as in the cactus. Consolidated plants are evidently adapted and designed for very dry regions; in such only they are found. Gray. The Consolidated Fund, a British fund formed by consolidating (in 1787) three public funds (the Aggregate Fund, the General Fund, and the South Sea Fund). In 1816, the larger part of the revenues of Great Britian and Ireland was assigned to what has been known as the Consolidated Fund of the United Kingdom, out of which are paid the interest of the national debt, the salaries of the civil list, etc. CONSOLIDATION Con*sol`i*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. consolidatio a confirming: cf. F. consolidation.] 1. The act or process of consolidating, making firm, or uniting; the state of being consolidated; solidification; combination. The consolidation of the marble and of the stone did not fall out at random. Woodward. The consolidation of the great European monarchies. Hallam. 2. (Bot.) Defn: To organic cohesion of different circled in a flower; adnation. 3. (Law) Defn: The combination of several actions into one. CONSOLIDATIVE Con*sol"i*da*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. consolidatif.] Defn: Tending or having power to consolidate; healing. CONSOLING Con*sol"ing, a. Defn: Adapted to console or comfort; cheering; as, this is consoling news. CONSOLS Con"sols ( or , n. pl. Etym: [A contraction of consolidated (annuities).] Defn: The leading British funded government security. Note: A considerable part of the public debt of Great Britian, which had been contracted in the form of annuities yielding various rates of interest, was, in 1757, consolidated into one fund at 3 per cent interest, the account of which is kept at the Bank of England. This debt has been diminished and increased at different times, and now constitutes somewhat more than half of the entire national debt. The stocks are transferable, and Their value in the market constantly fluctuates; the price at any time being regarded as a gauge of the national prosperity and public confidence. CONSOMME Con`som`me, n. Etym: [F., lit. p.p. of consommer to finish.] (Cookery) Defn: A clear soup or bouillion boiled down so as to be very rich. CONSONANCE; CONSONANCY Con"so*nance, Con"so*nan*cy, n. Etym: [L. consonantia: cf. F. consonnance.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: Accord or agreement of sounds produced simultaneously, as a note with its third, fifth, and eighth. 2. Agreement or congruity; harmony; accord; consistency; suitableness. The perfect consonancy of our persecuted church to the doctrines of Scripture and antiquity. Hammond. The optic nerve responds to the waves with which it is in consonance. Tyndall. 3. Friendship; concord. [Obs.] By the consonancy of our youth. Shak. Syn. -- Agreement; accord; consistency; unison; harmony; congruity; suitableness; agreeableness. CONSONANT Con"so*nant, a. Etym: [L. consonans, -antis; p.pr. of consonare to sound at the same time, agree; con- + sonare to sound: cf. F. consonnant. See Sound to make a noise.] 1. Having agreement; congruous; consistent; according; -- usually followed by with or to. Each one pretends that his opinion . . . is consonant to the words there used. Bp. Beveridge. That where much is given shall be much required is a thing consonant with natural equity. Dr. H. More. 2. Having like sounds. Consonant words and syllables. Howell. 3. (Mus.) Defn: harmonizing together; accordant; as, consonant tones, consonant chords. 4. Of or pertaining to consonants; made up of, or containing many, consonants. No Russian whose dissonant consonant name Almost shatters to fragments the trumpet of fame. T. Moore. CONSONANT Con"so*nant, n. Etym: [L. consonans, -antis.] Defn: An articulate sound which in utterance is usually combined and sounded with an open sound called a vowel; a member of the spoken alphabet other than a vowel; also, a letter or character representing such a sound. Note: Consonants are divided into various classes, as mutes, spirants, sibilants, nasals, semivowels, etc. All of them are sounds uttered through a closer position of the organs than that of a vowel proper, although the most open of them, as the semivowels and nasals, are capable of being used as if vowels, and forming syllables with other closer consonants, as in the English feeble (taken ( Note: "A consonant is the result of audible friction, squeezing, or stopping of the breath in some part of the mouth (or occasionally of the throath.) The main distinction between vowels and consonants is, that while in the former the mouth configuration merely modifies the vocalized breath, which is therefore an essential element of the vowels, in consonants the narrowing or stopping of the oral passage is the foundation of the sound, and the state of the glottis is something secondary." H. Sweet. CONSONANTAL Con`so*nan"tal Defn: , CONSONANTIZE Con"so*nant*ize, v. t. Defn: To change into, or use as, a consonant. "The vowel is consonantized, that is, made closer in position." Peile. CONSONANTLY Con"so*nant*ly, adv. Defn: In a consonant, consistent, or congruous manner; agreeably. CONSONANTNESS Con"so*nant*ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being consonant, agreeable, or consistent. CONSONOUS Con"so*nous, a. Etym: [L. consonus. See Consonant.] Defn: Agreeing in sound; symphonious. CONSOPIATION Con*so`pi*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of sleeping, or of lulling, to sleep. [Obs.] Pope. CONSOPITE Con"so*pite, a. Etym: [L. consopitus, p.p. of consopire.] Defn: Lulled to sleep. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. CONSOPITE Con"so*pite, v. t. Defn: To lull to sleep; to quiet; to compose. [Obs.] The operation of the masculine faculties of the soul were, for a while, well slacked and consopited. Dr. H. More. CONSORT Con"sort, n. Etym: [L. consore, -sortis; con- + sors lot, fate, share. See Sort.] 1. One who shares the lot of another; a companion; a partner; especially, a wife or husband. Milton. He single chose to live, and shunned to wed, Well pleased to want a consort of his bed. Dryden. The consort of the queen has passed from this troubled sphere. Thakeray. The snow-white gander, invariably accompanied by his darker consort. Darwin. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A ship keeping company with another. 3. Concurrence; conjunction; combination; association; union. "By Heaven's consort." Fuller. "Working in consort." Hare. Take it singly, and is carries an air of levity; but, in consort with the rest, has a meaning quite different. Atterbury. 4. Etym: [LL. consortium.] Defn: An assembly or association of persons; a company; a group; a combination. [Obs.] In one consort there sat Cruel revenge and rancorious despite, Disloyal treason, and heart-burning hate. Spenser. Lord, place me in thy consort. Herbert. 5. Etym: [Perh. confused with concert.] Defn: Harmony of sounds; concert, as of musical instruments. [Obs.] Milton. To make a sad consort`; Come, let us join our mournful song with theirs. Spenser. Prince consort, the husband of a queen regnant. -- Queen consort, the wife of a king, as distinguished from a queen regnant, who rules alone, and a queen dowager, the window of a king. CONSORT Con*sort", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Consorted; p.pr. & vb.n. Consorting.] Defn: To unite or to keep company; to associate; -- used with with. Which of the Grecian chiefs consorts with thee Dryden. CONSORT Con*sort", v. t. 1. To unite or join, as in affection, harmony, company, marriage, etc.; to associate. He with his consorted Eve. Milton. For all that pleasing is to living ears Was there consorted in one harmony. Spenser. He begins to consort himself with men. Locke. 2. To attend; to accompany. [Obs.] Thou, wretched boy, that didst consort him here, Shalt with him hence. Shak. CONSORTABLE Con*sort"a*ble, a. Defn: Suitable for association or companionship. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. CONSORTION Con*sor"tion, n. Etym: [L. consortio.] Defn: Fellowship; association; companionship. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. CONSORTSHIP Con"sort*ship, n. Defn: The condition of a consort; fellowship; partnership. Hammond. CONSOUND Con"sound, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. F. consoude, fr L. consolida comfrey (so called because supposed to have healing power); con- + solidus solid, consolidare to make solid. Cf. Comfrey, Consolidate.] (Bot.) Defn: A name applied loosely to several plants of different genera, esp. the comfrey. CONSPECIFIC Con`spe*cif"ic, a. Defn: Of the same species. CONSPECTUITY Con`spec*tu"i*ty, n.; pl. Conspectuities. Defn: The faculty of seeing; sight; eye. Note: [A word of Menenius's making. Coriolanus ii. 1] Shak. CONSPECTUS Con*spec"tus, n. Defn: A general sketch or outline of a subject; a synopsis; an epitome. CONSPERSION Con*sper"sion, n. Etym: [L. conspersio, fr. conspergere to sprinkle.] Defn: The act of sprinkling. [Obs.] The conspersion washing the doorposts. Jer. Taylor. CONSPICUITY Con`spi*cu"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being clear or bright; brightness; conspicuosness. [R.] Chapman. CONSPICUOUS Con*spic"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. conspicuus, fr. conspicere to get sight of, to perceive; con- + spicere, specere, to look. See Spy] 1. Open to the view; obvious to the eye; easy to be seen; plainly visible; manifest; attracting the eye. It was a rock Of alabaster, piled up to the clouds, Conspicious far. Milton. Conspicious by her veil and hood, Signing the cross, the abbess stood. Sir W. Scott. 2. Obvious to the mental eye; easily recognized; clearly defined; notable; prominent; eminent; distinguished; as, a conspicuous exellence, or fault. A man who holds a conspicuous place in the political, eccesiastical, and literary history of England. Macaulay. Syn. -- Distinguished; eminent; famous; illustrious; prominent; celebrated. See Distinguished. -- Con*spic"u*ous*ly, adv. -- Con*spic"u*ous*ness, n. CONSPIRACY Con*spir"a*cy, n.; pl. Conspiracies. Etym: [See Conspiration.] 1. A combination of men for an evil purpose; as agreement, between two or more persons, to commit a crime in concert, as treason; a plot. When shapen was all his conspiracy From point to point. Chaucer. They made a conspiracy against [Amaziah]. 2 Kings xiv. 19. I had forgot that foul conspiracy Of the beast Caliban and his confederates. Shak. 2. A concurence or general tendency, as of circumstances, to one event, as if by agreement. A conspiracy in all heavenly and earthly things. Sir P. Sidney. 3. (Law) Defn: An agreement, manifesting itself in words or deeds, by which two or more persons confederate to do an unlawful act, or to use unlawful to do an act which is lawful; confederacy. Syn. -- Combination; plot; cabal. CONSPIRANT Con*spir"ant, a. Etym: [L. conspirans, p.pr. of conspirare: cf. F. conspirant.] Defn: Engaging in a plot to commit a crime; conspiring. [Obs.] Shak. CONSPIRATION Con`spi*ra"tion, n. Etym: [F. conspiration, L. conspiratio.] Defn: Agreement or concurrence for some end or purpose; conspiracy. [R.] As soon as it was day, certain Jews made a conspiration. Udall. In our natural body every part has a nacassary sympathy with every other, and all together form, by their harmonious onspiration, a healthy whole. Sir W. Hamilton. CONSPIRATOR Con*spir"a*tor, n. Defn: One who engages in a conspiracy; a plotter. 2 Sam. xv. 31. CONSPIRE Con*spire", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Conspired; p.pr. & vb.n. Conspiring.] Etym: [F. conspirer, L. onspirare to blow together, harmonize, agree, plot; con- + spirare to breathe, blow. See Spirit.] 1. To make an agreement, esp. a secret agreement, to do some act, as to commit treason or a crime, or to do some unlawful deed; to plot together. They conspired against [Joseph] to slay him. Gen. xxxvii. 18. You have conspired against our royal person, Joined with an enemy proclaimed. Shak. 2. To concur to one end; to agree. The press, the pulpit, and the stage Conspire to censure and expose our age. Roscommon. Syn. -- To unite; concur; complot; confederate; league. CONSPIRE Con*spire", v. t. Defn: To plot; to plan; to combine for. Angry clouds conspire your overthrow. Bp. Hall. CONSPIRER Con*spir"er, n. Defn: One who conspires; a conspirator. CONSPIRINGLY Con*spir"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a conspirator; by conspiracy. Milton. CONSPISSATION Con`spis*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. conspissatio, fr. onspissare to make thick.] Defn: A making thick or viscous; thickness; inspissation. [R.] Dr. H. More. CONSPURCATE Con*spur"cate, v. t. Etym: [L. conspurcatus, p.p. of conspurcare.] Defn: To pollute; to defile. [Obs.] Cockeram. CONSPURCATION Con`spur*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. conspurcare, -spuratum, to defile.] Defn: This act of defiling; defilement; pollution. Bp. Hall. CONSTABLE Con"sta*ble, n. Etym: [OE. conestable, constable, a constable (in sense 1), OF. conestable, F. conn, LL. conestabulus, constabularius, comes stabuli, orig., count of the stable, master of the horse, equerry; comes ount (L. ompanion) + L. stabulum stable. See Count a nobleman, and Stable.] 1. A high officer in the monarhical establishments of the Middle Ages. Note: The constable of France was the first officer of the crown, and had the chief ommand of the army. It was also his duty to regulate all matters of chivalry. The office was suppressed in 1627. The constable, or lord high constable, of England, was one of the highest officers of the crown, commander in chief of the forces, and keeper of the peace of the nation. He also judicial cognizance of many important matters. The office was as early as the Conquest, but has been disused (except on great and solemn occasions), since the attainder of Stafford, duke of Buckingham, in the reign of Henry VIII. 2. (Law) Defn: An officer of the peace having power as a conservator of the public peace, and bound to exeute the warrants of judicial offiers. Bouvier. Note: In England, at the present time, the constable is a conservator of the peace within his district, and is also charged by various statutes with other duties, such as serving summons, precepts, warrants, etc. In the United States, constables are town or its officers of the peace, with powers similar to those of the constables of England. In addition to their duties as conservators of the peace, they are invested with others by statute, such as to execute civil as well as criminal process in certain cases, to attend courts, keep juries, etc. In some cities, there are officers called high constables, who act as shiefs of the constabulary or police force. In other cities the title of constable, as well as the office, is merged in that of the polie officer. High constable, a constable having certain duties and powers within a hundred. [Eng.] -- Petty constable, a conservator of the peace within a parish or tithing; a tithingman. [Eng.] -- Special constable, a person appointed to act as constable of special occasions. -- To overrun, or outrun, the constable, the spend more than one's income; to get into debt. [Colloq.] Smollett. CONSTABLERY Con"sta*bler*y ( or , n. Etym: [OF. conestablerie. Cf. Constabulary.] 1. The constabulary. [Obs.] 2. The distrit or jurisdiction of a constable. [Obs.] CONSTABLESHIP Con"sta*bleship, n. Defn: The office or functions of a constable. CONSTABLESS Con"sta*bless, n. Defn: The wife of a constable. [Obs.] CONSTABLEWICK Con"sta*ble*wick`, n. Etym: [Constable + wick a village] Defn: The district to which a constable's power is limited. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. CONSTABULARY Con*stab"u*la*ry, a. Etym: [LL. constabularius an equerry. See Constable.] Defn: Of or pertaining to constables; consisting of constables. CONSTABULARY Con*stab"u*la*ry, n. Defn: The collective body of constables in any town, district, or country. CONSTABULATORY Con*stab"u*la*to*ry, n. Defn: A constabulary. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet. CONSTANCY Con"stan*cy, n. Etym: [L. constantia: cf. F. constance. See Constant.] 1. The state or quality of being constant or steadfast; freedom from hange; stability; fixedness; immutabilitu; asm the constancy of God in his nature and attributes. 2. Fixedness or firmness of mind; persevering resolution; especially, firmness of mind under sufferings, steadiness in attashments, or perseverance in enterprise; stability; fidelity. A fellow of plain unoined constancy. Shak. Constancy and contempt of danger. Prescott. Syn. -- Fixedness; stability; firmness; steadiness; permanence; steadfastness; resolution. See Firmness. CONSTANT Con"stant, a. Etym: [L. onstans, -antis, p.pr. of constare to stand firm, to be consistent; con- + stare to stand: cf.F. constant. See Stand and f. Cost, v. t.] 1. Firm; solid; fixed; immovable; -- opposed to fluid. [Obs.] If . . . you mix them, you may turn these two fluid liquors into a constant body. Boyle. 2. Not liable, or given, to change; permanent; regular; continuous; continually recurring; steadfast; faithful; not fickle. Both loving one fair maid, they yet remained constant friends. Sir P. Sidney. I am constant to my purposes. Shak. His gifts, his constant ourtship, nothing gained. Dryden. Onward the constant current sweeps. Longfellow. 3. (Math. & Physics) Defn: Remaining unchanged or invariable, as a quantity, forc, law, etc. 4. Consistent; logical. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Fixed; steadfast; unchanging; permanent; unalterable; immutable; perpetual; continual; resolute; firm; unshaken; determined. -- Constant, Continual, Perpetual. These words are sometimes used in an absolute and sometimes in a qualified sense. Constant denotes, in its absolute sense, unchangeably fixed; as, a constant mind or purpose. In its qualified sense, it marks something as a "standing" fact or occurence; as, liable to constant interruptions; constantly called for. Continual, in its absolute sense, coincides with continuous. See Continuous. In its qualified sense, it describes, a thing as occuring in steady and rapid succession; as, a round of continual calls; continually changing. Perpetual denotes, in its absolute sense, what literally never ceases or comes to an end; as, perpetual motion. In its qualified sense, it is used hyperbolically, and denotes that which rarely ceases; as, perpetual disturbance; perpetual noise; perpetual intermeddling. CONSTANT Con"stant, n. 1. That which is not subject to change; that which is invariable. 2. (Math.) Defn: A quantity that does not change its value; -- used in countradistinction variable. Absolute costant (Math.), one whose value is absolutely the same under all cirumstanes, as the number 10, or any numeral. -- Arbitrary constant, an undetermined constant in a differential equation having the same value during all changes in the values of the variables. CONSTANTIA Con*stan"ti*a ( or , n. Defn: A superior wine, white and red, from Constantia, in Cape Colony. CONSTANTLY Con"stant*ly, adv. Defn: With constancy; steadily; continually; perseveringly; without cessation; uniformly. But she constantly affirmed that it was even so. Acts. xii. 15. CONSTAT Con"stat, n. Etym: [L., it is evident.] (Law) Defn: A certificate showing what appears upon record touching a matter in question. CONSTATE Con*state", v. t. Etym: [F. constater; L. con- + stare to stand.] Defn: To ascertain; to verify; to establish; to prove. F. P. Cobbe. CONSTELLATE Con"stel*late ( or , v. i. Etym: [Pref. con- + L. stellatus, p.p. of stellare to cover with stars, stella star. See Stellate.] Defn: To join luster; to shine with united radiance, or one general light. [R.] The several things which engage our affections . . . shine forth and constellate in God. Boule. CONSTELLATE Con"stel*late, v. t. 1. To unite in one luster or radiane, as stars. [R.] Whe know how to constellate these lights. Boyle. 2. To set or adorn with stars or constellations; as, constellated heavens. J. Barlow. CONSTELLATION Con`stel*la"tion, n. Etym: [F. constellation, L. constellatio.] 1. A cluster or group of fixed stars, or dvision of the heavens, designated in most cases by the name of some animal, or of some mythologial personage, within whose imaginary outline, as traced upon the heavens, the group is included. The constellations seem to have been almost purposely named and delineated to cause as much confusion and inconvenience as possible. Sir J. Herschel. Note: In each of the constellations now recognized by astronomers (about 90 in number) the brightest stars, both named and unnamed are designated nearly in the order of brilliancy by the letters of the Greek alphabet; as, 2. An assemblage of splendors or excellences. The constellations of genius had already begun to show itself . . . which was to shed a glory over the meridian and close of Philip's reign. Prescott. 3. Fortune; fate; destiny. [Obs.] It is constellation, which causeth all that a man doeth. Gower. CONSTERNATION Con`ster*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. consternatio, fr. consternare to overome, perplex, an accessory form of consternere to trow down, prostrate; con + sternere to spread out, throw down: cf. F. consternation. See Straum.] Defn: Amazement or horror that confounds the faculties, and incapacitates for refletion; terror, combined with amaxement; dismay. The chiefs around, In silence wrapped, in onsternation downed. Attend the stern reply. Pope. Syn. -- Alarm; fright; amazement; astonishment; surprise; panic; returbation. See Alarm. CONSTIPATE Con"sti*pate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Constipated; p.pr. & vb.n. Constipating.] Etym: [L. constipatus, p.p. of constipare; con- + stipare to crowd together. See Costive.] 1. To crowd or cram into a narrow compass; to press together or condense. [Obs.] Of cold the property is to condense and constipate. Bacon. 2. To stop (a channel) by filling it, and preventing passage through it; as, to constipate the capillary vessels. 3. (Med.) Defn: To render costive; to cause constipation in. CONSTIPATION Con`sti*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. constipatio a crowding together: cf.F. constipation.] 1. Act of crowding anything into a less compass, or the state of being crowded or pressed together; condensation. [Obs.] Fullness of matter, or a pretty close constipation . . . of its particles. Boyle. 2. A state of the bowels in which the evacuations are infrequent and difficult, or the intestines become filled with hardened faces; costiveness. CONSTITUENCY Con*stit"u*en*cy, n.; pl. Constituencies (. Defn: A body of constituents, as the body of citizens or voters in a representative district. CONSTITUENT Con*stit"u*ent, a. Etym: [L. constituens, -entis, p.pr. See Constitute.] 1. Serving to form, compose, or make up; elemental; component. Body, soul, and reason are the three parts necessarily constituent of a man. Dryden. 2. Having the power of electing or appointing. A question of right arises between the constituent and representative body. Junius. CONSTITUENT Con*stit"u*ent, n. 1. The person or thing which constitutes, determines, or constructs. Their first composure and origination require a higher and nobler constituent than chance. Sir M. Hale 2. That which constitutes or composes, as a part, or an essential part; a component; an element. We know how to bring these constituents together, and to cause them to form water. Tyndall. 3. One for whom another acts; especially, one who is represented by another in a legislative assembly; -- correlative to representative. The electors in the district of a representative in Congress, or in the legislature of a State, are termed his constituents. Abbot. To appeal from the representatives to the constituents. Macaulay. 4. (Law) Defn: A person who appoints another to act for him as attorney in fact. Burrill. CONSTITUTE Con"sti*tute, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Constituted; p.pr. & vb.n. Constituting.] Etym: [L. constitutus, p.p. of constiture to constitute; con- + statuere to place, set, fr. status station, fr. stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. To cause to stand; to establish; to enact. Laws appointed and constituted by lawful authority. Jer. Taylor. 2. To make up; to compose; to form. Truth and reason constitute that intellectual gold that defies destruction. Johnson. 3. To appoint, depute, or elect to an offie; to make and empower. Me didst Thou constitute a priest of thine. Wordsworth. Constituted authorities, the officers of government, collectively, as of a nation, city, town, etc. Bartlett. CONSTITUTE Con"sti*tute, n. Defn: An established law. [Obs.] T. Preston. CONSTITUTER Con"sti*tu`ter, n. Defn: One who constitutes or appoints. CONSTITUTION Con`sti*tu"tion, n. Etym: [F. constitution, L. constitute.] 1. The act or process of constituting; the action of enacting, establishing, or appointing; enactment; establishment; formation. 2. The state of being; that form of being, or structure and connection of parts, which constitutes and characterizes a system or body; natural condition; structure; texture; conformation. The physical constitution of the sun. Sir J. Herschel. 3. The agregate of all one's inherited physical qualities; the aggregate of the vital powers of an individual, with refernce to ability to endure hardship, resist disease, etc.; as, a robust constitution. Our constitutions have never been enfeebled by the vices or luxuries of the oid world. Story. 4. The aggregate of mental qualities; temperament. He defended himself with . . . less passion than was expected from his constitution. Clarendon. 5. The fundamental, organic law or principles of government of men, embodied in written documents, or implied in the institutions and usages of the country or society; also, a written instrument embodying such organic law, and laying down fundamental rules and principles for the conduct of affairs. Our constitution had begun to exist in times when statesmen were not much accustomed to frame exact definitions. Macaulay. Note: In England the constitution is unwritten, and may be modified from time to time by act of Parliament. In the United States a constitution cannot ordinarily be modified, exept through such processes as the constitution itself ordains. 6. An authoritative ordinance, regulation or enactment; especially, one made by a Roman emperor, or one affecting ecclesiastical doctrine or disipline; as, the constitutions of Justinian. The positive constutions of our own churches. Hooker. A constitution of Valentinian addressed to Olybrius, then prefect of Rome, for the regulation of the conduct of advocates. George Long. Apostolic constitutions. See under Apostolic. CONSTITUTIONAL Con`sti*tu"tion*al, a. Etym: [f. F. constitutionnel.] 1. Belonging to, or inherent in, the constitution, or in the structure of body or mind; as, a constitutional infirmity; constitutional ardor or dullness. 2. In accordance with, or authorized by, the constitution of a state or a society; as, constitutional reforms. 3. Regulated by, dependent on, or secured by, a constitution; as, constitutional government; constitutional rights. Hallam. 4. Relating to a constitution, or establishment form of government; as, a constitutional risis. The anient constitutional traditions of the state. Macaulay. 5. For the benefit or one's constitution or health; as, a constitutional walk. [Colloq.] Constitutional law, law that relates to the constitution, as a permanent system of political and juridical government, as distinguished from statutory and common law, which relate to matters subordinate to such constitution. CONSTITUTIONAL Con`sti*tu"tion*al, n. Defn: A walk or other exercise taken for one's health or constitution. [Colloq.] Thackeray. The men trudged diurnal constitutionals along the different roads. Compton Reade. CONSTITUTIONALISM Con`sti*tu"tion*al*ism, n. Defn: The theory, principles, or authority of constitutional government; attachment or adherene to a constitution or constitutional government. Carlyle. CONSTITUTIONALIST Con`sti*tu"tion*al*ist, n. Defn: One who advocates a constitutional form of government; a constitutionalist. CONSTITUTIONALITY Con`sti*tu`tion*al"i*ty, n.; pl. -ties. Etym: [f. F. constitutionalité.] 1. The quality or state of being constitutional, or inherent in the natural frame. 2. The state of being consistent with the constitution or frame of government, or of being authorized by its provisions. Burke. Constitutionalities, bottomless cavilings and questionings about written laws. Carlyle. CONSTITUTIONALLY Con`sti*tu"tion*al*ly, adv. 1. In accordance with the constitution or natural disposition of the mind or body; naturally; as, he was constitutionally timid. The English were constitutionally humane. Hallam. 2. In accordance with the constitution or fundamental law; legally; as, he was not constitutionally appointed. Nothing would indue them to acknowledge that [such] an assembly . . . was constitutionally a Parliament. Macaulay. CONSTITUTIONIST Con`sti*tu"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who adheres to the constitution of the country. Bolingbroke. CONSTITUTIVE Con"sti*tu`tive, a. 1. Tending or assisting to constitute or compose; elemental; essential. An ingredient and constitutive part of every virtue. Barrow. 2. Having power to enact, establish, or create; instituting; determining. Sir W. Hamilton. CONSTITUTIVELY Con"sti*tu`tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a constitutive manner. CONSTRAIN Con*strain", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Constrained; p.pr. & vb.n. Constraining.] Etym: [OF. constraindre, F. contrainde, L. constringere; con- + stringere to draw tight. See Strain, and. cf. Constrict, Conbstringere.] 1. To secure by bonds; to chain; to bond or con He binds in hains The droway prophet, and his limbs constrains. Dryden. When winter frosts constrain the fields with old. Dryden. 2. To bring into a narrow compass; to compress. How the strait stays the slender waist constrain. Gay. 3. To hold back by force; to restrain; to repress. My sire in caves constrains the winds. Dryden. 4. To compel; to force; to necessiate; to oblige. The love of Christ constraineth us. 2. Cor. v. 14. I was constrained to appeal unto CActs xxviii. 19. 5. To violate; to ravish. [Obs.] Shak. 6. To produce in such a manner as to give an unnatural effet; as, a constrained voice. Syn. -- To compel; force; drive; impel; urge; press. CONSTRAINABLE Con*strain"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. constraignable, F. contraignable.] Defn: Capable of being constrained; liable to constraint, or to restraint. Hooker. CONSTRAINED Con*strained", a. Defn: Marked by constraint; not free; not voluntary; embarrassed; as, a constrained manner; a constrained tone. CONSTRAINEDLY Con*strain"ed*ly, adv. Defn: By constraint or compulsion; in a constrained manner. Hooker. CONSTRAINER Con*strain"er, n. Defn: One who constrains. CONSTRAINT Con*straint", n. Etym: [OF. constrainte, F. constrainte.] Defn: The act of constraining, or the state of being constrained; that which compels to, or restrains from, action; compulsion; restraint; necessity. Long imprisonment and hard constraint. Spenser. Not by constraint, but bDryden. Syn. -- Compulsion; violence; necessity; urgency. -- Constraint, Compulsion. Constraint implies strong binding force; as, the constraint of necessity; the constraint of fear. Compulsion implies the exertion of some urgent impelling force; as, driven by compulsion. The former prevents us from acting agreeably to our wishes; the latter forces us to act contrary to our will. Compulsion is always produced by some active agent; a constraint may be laid upon us by the forms of civil society, or by other outward circumstances. Crabb. CONSTRAINTIVE Con*straint"ive, a. Defn: Constraining; compulsory. [R.] "Any constraintive vow." R. Carew. CONSTRICT Con*strict", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Constricted; p.pr. & vb.n. Constricting.] Etym: [L. constrictus, p.p. of constringere. See Constrain.] Defn: To draw together; to render narrower or smaller; to bind; to cramp; to contract or ause to shrink. Such things as constrict the fibers. Arbuthnot. Membranous organs inclosing a cavity which their contraction constrict. Todd & Bowman. CONSTRICTED Con*strict"ed, a. 1. Drawn together; bound; contracted; cramped. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Contracted or compressed so as to be smaller in certain places or parts than in others. CONSTRICTION Con*stric"tion, n. Etym: [L. constrictio: cf. F. constriction.] 1. The act of constricting by means of some inherent power or by movement or change in the thing itself, as distinguished from compression. 2. The state of being constricted; the point where a thing is constricted; a narrowing or binding. A constriction of the parts inservient to speech. Grew. CONSTRICTIVE Con*strict"ive, a. Defn: Serving or tending to bind or constrict. CONSTRICTOR Con*strict"or, n. 1. That which constricts, draws together, or contracts. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A muscle which contracts or closes an orifice, or which compresses an organ; a sphincter. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A serpent that kills its prey by inclosing and crushing it with its folds; as, the boa constrictor. CONSTRINGE Con*stringe", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Constringed; p.pr. & vb.n. Constringing.] Etym: [L. constringere. See onstrain.] Defn: To dawn together; to contract; to force to contract itself; to constrict; to cause to shrink. [R.] Strong liquors . . . intoxicate, constringe, harden the fibers, and coagulate the fluids. Arbuthnot. CONSTRINGENT Con*strin"gent, a. Etym: [L. constringens, p.pr.] Defn: Having the quality of contracting, binding, or compressing. Thomson. CONSTRUCT Con*struct", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Constructed; p.pr. & vb.n. Constructing.] Etym: [L. constructus, p.p. of construere to bring together, to construct; con- + struere to pile up, set in order. See Structure, and cf. Construe.] 1. To put together the constituent parts of (something) in their proper place and order; to build; to form; to make; as, to construct an edlifice. 2. To devise; to invent; to set in order; to arrange; as, to construct a theory of ethics. Syn. -- To build; erect; form; compile; make; fabricate; originate; invent. CONSTRUCT Con"struct, a. Defn: Formed by, or relating to, construction, interpretation, or inference. Construct form or state (Heb. Gram.), that of a noun used before another which has the genitive relation to it. CONSTRUCTER Con*struct"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, constructs or frames. CONSTRUCTION Con*struc"tion, n. Etym: [L. constructio: cf. F. construction.] 1. The process or art of constructing; the act of building; erection; the act of devising and forming; fabrication; composition. 2. The form or manner of building or putting together the parts of anything; structure; arrangement. An astrolabe of peculiar construction. Whewell. 3. (Gram.) Defn: The arrangement and connection of words in a sentence; syntactical arrangement. Some particles . . . in certain constructions have the sense of a whole sentence contained in them. Locke. 4. The method of construing, interpreting, or explaining a declaration or fact; an attributed sense or meaning; understanding; explanation; interpretation; sense. Any person . . . might, by the sort of construction that would be put on this act, become liable to the penalties of treason. Hallam. Strictly, the term [construction] signifies determining the meaning and proper effect of language by a consideration of the subject matter and attendant circumstances in connection with the words employed. Abbott. Interpretation properly precedes construction, but it does not go beyond the written text. Parsons. Construction of an equation (Math.), the drawing of such lines and figures as will represent geometrically the quantities in the equation, and their relations to each other. -- Construction train (Railroad), a train for transporting men and materials for construction or repairs. CONSTRUCTIONAL Con*struc"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or deduced from, construction or interpretation. CONSTRUCTIONIST Con*struc"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who puts a certain construction upon some writing or instrument, as the Constitutions of the United States; as, a strict constructionist; a broad constructionist. CONSTRUCTIVE Con*struct"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. constructif.] 1. Having ability to construct or form; employed in construction; as, to exhibit constructive power. The constructive fingers of Watts. Emerson. 2. Derived from, or depending on, construction or interpretation; not directly expressed, but inferred. Constructive crimes (Law), acts having effects analogous to those of some statutory or common law crimes; as, constructive treason. Constructive crimes are no longer recognized by the courts. -- Constructive notice, notice imputed by construction of law. -- Constructive trust, a trust which may be assumed to exist, though no actual mention of it be made. CONSTRUCTIVELY Con*struct"ive*ly, adv. Defn: In a constructive manner; by construction or inference. A neutral must have notice of a blockade, either actually by a formal information, or constructively by notice to his government. Kent. CONSTRUCTIVENESS Con*struct"ive*ness, n. 1. Tendency or ability to form or construct. 2. (Phren.) Defn: The faculty which enables one to construct, as in mechanical, artistic, or literary matters. CONSTRUCTOR Con*struct"or, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. constructor.] Defn: A constructer. CONSTRUCTURE Con*struc"ture, n. Defn: That which is constructed or formed; an edifice; a fabric. [Obs.] CONSTRUE Con*strue (; Archaic ), v. t. [imp & p. p. Construed; p. pr & vb. n. Construing.] Etym: [L. construere: cf. F. construire. See Construct.] 1. To apply the rules of syntax to (a sentence or clause) so as to exhibit the structure, arrangement, or connection of, or to discover the sense; to explain the construction of; to interpret; to translate. 2. To put a construction upon; to explain the sense or intention of; to interpret; to understand. Thus we are put to construe and paraphrase our own words to free ourselves either from the ignorance or malice of our enemies. Bp. Stilingfleet. And to be dull was construed to be good. Pope. CONSTUPRATE Con"stu*prate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Construprated; p.p. & vb.n. Constuprating.] Etym: [L. constupratus, p.p. of constuprare to ravish; con- + stuprare to ravish, stuprum rape.] Defn: To ravish; to debauch. Burton. CONSTUPRATION Con`stu*pra"tion, n. Defn: The act of ravishing; violation; defilement. Bp. Hall. CONSUBSTANTIAL Con`sub*stan"tial, a. Etym: [L. consubstantialis; con- + substantialis: cf. F. consubstantiel. See Substantial.] Defn: Of the same kind or nature; having the same substance or essence; coessential. Christ Jesus . . . coeternal and consubstantial with the Father and with the Holy Ghost. Foxe. CONSUBSTANTIALISM Con`sub*stan"tial*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine of consubstantiation. CONSUBSTANTIALIST Con`sub*stan"tial*ist, n. Defn: One who believes in consubstantiation. Barrow. CONSUBSTANTIALITY Con`sub*stan"ti*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. consubstantialité.] Defn: Participation of the same nature; coexistence in the same substance. "His [the Son's] . . . consubstantiality with the Father." Hammend. CONSUBSTANTIALLY Con`sub*stan"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In a consubstantial manner; with identity of substance or nature. CONSUBSTANTIATE Con`sub*stan"ti*ate, v. t. [imp & p. p. Consubstantiated; p.pr & vb. n. Consubstantiating.] Defn: To cause to unite, or to regard as united, in one common substance or nature. [R.] His soul must be consubstantiated with reason. Jer. Taylor. CONSUBSTANTIATE Con`sub*stan"ti*ate, v. i. Defn: To profess or belive the doctrine of consubstantion. The consubstantiating church and priest. Dryden. CONSUBSTANTIATE Con`sub*stan"ti*ate, a. Defn: Partaking of the same substance; united; consubstantial. We must love her [the wife] that is thus consubstantiate with us. Feltham. CONSUBSTANTIATION Con`sub*stan`ti*a"tion, n. 1. An identity or union of substance. 2. (Theol.) Defn: The actual, substantial presence of the body of Christ with the bread and wine of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; impanation; -- opposed to transubstantiation. Note: This view, held by Luther himself, was called consubstantiation by non Lutheran writers in contradistinction to transsubstantiation, the Catholic view. CONSUETUDE Con"sue*tude (; 144), n. Etym: [L. consuetudo. See Custom.] Defn: Custom, habit; usage. [R.] To observe this consuetude or law. Barnes . CONSUETUDINAL Con`sue*tu"di*nal, a. Etym: [LL. consuetudinalis.] Defn: According to custom; customary; usual. [R.] CONSUETUDINARY Con`sue*tu"di*na"ry, a. Etym: [LL. consuetudinarius.] Defn: Customary. CONSUETUDINARY Con`sue*tu"di*na*ry, n.; pl. Consuetudinaries (. Defn: A manual or ritual of customary devotional exercises. CONSUL Con"sul, n. Etym: [L., prob. fr. consulere to deliberate. See Consult.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: One of the two chief magistrates of the republic. Note: They were chosen annually, originally from the patricians only, but later from the plebeians also. 2. A senator; a counselor. [Obs.] Many of the consuls, raised and met, Are at the duke's already. Shak. With kings and consuls of the earth. Job. iii. 14 (Douay Ver. ) 3. (Fr. Hist.) Defn: One of the three chief magistrates of France from 1799 to 1804, who were called, respectively, first, second, and third consul. 4. An official comissioned to reside in some foreign country, to care for the commercial interests of the citizens of the appointing government, and to protect its seamen. Consul general, a consul of the first rank, stationed in an important place, or having jurisdiction in several places or over several consula. -- Vice consul, a consular officer holding the place of a consul during the consul's absence or after he has been relieved. CONSULAGE Con"sul*age, n. (Com.) Defn: A duty or tax paid by merchants for the protection of their connerce by means of a consul in a foreign place. CONSULAR Con"su*lar, a. Etym: [L. consularis; cf. F. consulaire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a consul; performing the duties of a consul; as, consular power; consular dignity; consular officers. CONSULARY Con"su*la"ry, a. Defn: Consular. [Obs.] Holland. CONSULATE Con"su*late, n. Etym: [L. consulatus: cf. F. consulat.] 1. The office of a consul. Addison. 2. The jurisdiction or residence of a consul. Kent. 3. Consular government; term of office of a consul. CONSULSHIP Con"sul*ship, n. 1. The office of a consul; consulate. 2. The term of office of a consul. CONSULT Con*sult", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Consulted; p.pr. & vb.n. Consulting.] Etym: [L. consultare, fr. consulere to consult: cf. f. consulter. Cf. Counsel.] Defn: To seek the opinion or advice of another; to take consel; to deliberate together; to confer. Let us consult upon to-morrow's business. Shak. All the laws of England have been made by the kings England, consulting with the nobility and commons. Hobbes. CONSULT Con*sult", v. t. 1. To ask advice of; to seek the opinion of; to apply to for information or instruction; to refer to; as, to consult a physician; to consult a dictionary. Men fergot, or feared, to consult . . . ; they were content to consult liberaries. Whewell. 2. To have reference to, in judging or acting; to have regard to; to consider; as, to consult one's wishes. We are . . . to consult the necessities of life, rather than matters of ornament and delight. L'Estrange. 3. To deliberate upon; to take for. [Obs.] Manythings were there consulted for the future, yet nothing was positively resolved. Clarendon. 4. To bring about by counsel or contrivance; to devise; to contrive. [Obs.] Thou hast consulted shame to thy Hab. ii. 10. CONSULT Con*sult" ( or ), n. 1. The act of consulting or deliberating; consultation; also, the result of consulation; determination; decision. [Obs.] The council broke; And all grave consults dissolved in smoke. Dryden. 2. A council; a meeting for consultation. [Obs.] "A consult of coquettes." Swift. 3. Agreement; concert [Obs.] Dryden. CONSULTARY Con*sult"a*ry, a. Defn: Formed by consultation; resulting from conference. Consultary response (Law), the opinion of a court on a special case. Wharton. CONSULTATION Con`sul*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. consultatio: cf. F. consultation.] 1. The act of consulting or conferring; deliberation of two or more persons on some matter, with a view to a decision. Thus they doubtful consultations dark Ended. Milton. 2. A council or conference, as of physicians, held to consider a special case, or of lawyers restained in a cause. Writ of consultation (Law), a writ by which a cause, improperly removed by prohibition from one court to another, is returned to the court from which it came; -- so called because the judges, on consultation, find the prohibition ill-founded. CONSULTATIVE Con*sult"a*tive, a. Defn: Pertaining to consultation; having the privilege or right of conference. "A consultative . . . power." Abp. Bramhall. CONSULTATORY Con*sult"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Formed by, or resulting from, consultation; advisory. Bancroft. CONSULTER Con*sult"er, n. Defn: One who consults, or asks counsel or information. CONSULTING Con*sult"ing, a. Defn: That consults. Consulting physician (Med.), a physician who consults with the attending practitioner regarding any case of disease. CONSULTIVE Con*sult"ive, a. Defn: Determined by, or pertaining to, consultation; deliberate; consultative. He that remains in the grace of God sins not by any deliberative, consultive, knowing act. Jer. Taylor. CONSUMABLE Con*sum"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being consumed; that may be destroyed, dissipated, wasted, or spent. "Consumable commodities." Locke. CONSUME Con*sume", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Consumed; p.pr. & vb.n. Consuming.] Etym: [L. consumere to take wholly or complectely, to consume; con- + sumere to take; sub + emere to buv. See Redeem.] Defn: To destroy, as by decomposition, dissipation, waste, or fire; to use up; to expend; to waste; to burn up; to eat up; to devour. If he were putting to my house the brand That shall consume it. Shak. Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth consume. Matt. vi. 20 (Rev. Ver. ). Let me alone . . . that I may consume them. Ex. xxxii. 10. Syn. -- To destroy; swallow up; ingulf; absorb; waste; exhaust; spend; expend; squander; lavish; dissipate. CONSUME Con*sume", v. i. Defn: To waste away slowly. Therefore, let Renedick, like covered fire, Consume away in sighs. Shak. CONSUMEDLY Con*sum"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Excessively. [Low] He's so consumedly pround of it. Thackeray. CONSUMER Con*sum"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, consumes; as, the consumer of food. CONSUMER'S GOODS Con*sum"er's goods. (Polit. Econ.) Defn: Economic goods that directly satisfy human wants or desires, such as food, clothes, pictures, etc.; -- called also consumption goods, or goods of the first order, and opposed to producer's goods. CONSUMER'S SURPLUS Consumer's surplus. (Polit. econ.) Defn: The excess that a purchaser would be willing to pay for a commodity over that he does pay, rather than go without the commodity; -- called also consumer's rent. The price which a person pays for a thing can never exceed, and seldom comes up to, that which he would be willing to pay rather than go without it. . . . The excess of the price which he would be willing to pay rather than go without it, over that which he actually does pay, is the economic measure of this surplus satisfaction. It has some analogies to a rent; but is perhaps best called simply consumer's surplus. Alfred Marshall. CONSUMINGLY Con*sum"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a consuming manner. CONSUMMATE Con*sum"mate, a. Etym: [L. consummatus, p.p. or consummare to accomplish, sum up; con- + summa sum. See Sum.] Defn: Carried to the utmost extent or degree; of the highest quality; complete; perfect. "A man of perfect and consummate virtue." Addison. The little band held the post with consummate tenacity. Motley CONSUMMATE Con"sum*mate, v. t. [imp & p. p. Consummated; p. pr & vb. n. Consummating.] Defn: To bring to completion; to raise to the highest point or degree; to complete; to finish; to perfect; to achieve. To consummate this business happily. Shak. CONSUMMATELY Con*sum"mate*ly, adv. Defn: In a consummate manner; completely. T. Warton. CONSUMMATION Con`sum*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. consummatio.] Defn: The act of consummating, or the state of being consummated; completed; completion; perfection; termination; end (as of the world or of life). "Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. Shak. From its original to its consummation. Addison. Quiet consummation have, And renownShak. Consummation of marrige, completion of the connubial relation by actual cohabition. CONSUMMATIVE Con*sum"ma*tive, a. Defn: Serving to consummate; completing. "The final, the consummative procedure of philosophy." Sir W. Hamilton. CONSUMPTION Con*sump"tion, n.. Etym: [L. consumptio: cf. F. consomption.] 1. The act or process of consuming by use, waste, etc.; decay; destruction. Every new advance of the price to the consumer is a new incentive to him to retrench the quality of his consumption. Burke. 2. The state or process of being consumed, wasted, or diminished; waste; diminution; loss; decay. 3. (Med.) Defn: A progressive wasting away of the body; esp., that form of wasting, attendant upon pulmonary phthisis and associated with cough, spitting of blood, hectic fever, etc.; pulmonary phthisis; -- called also pulmonary consumption. Consumption of the bowels (Med.), inflammation and ulceration of the intestines from tubercular disease. Syn. -- Decline; waste; decay. See Decline. CONSUMPTIVE Con*sump"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. consomptif.] 1. Of or pertaining to consumption; having the quality of consuming, or dissipating; destructive; wasting. It [prayer] is not consumptive or our time. Sharp. A long consumptive war. Addison. 2. (Med.) Defn: Affected with, or inclined to, consumption. The lean, consumptive wench, with coughs decayed. Dryden. CONSUMPTIVE Con*sump"tive, n. Defn: One affected with consumption; as, a resort for consumptives. CONSUMPTIVELY Con*sump"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a way tending to or indication consumption. Beddoes. CONSUMPTIVENESS Con*sump"tive*ness, n. Defn: A state of being consumptive, or a tendency to a consumption. CONTABESCENT Con`ta*bes"cent, a. Etym: [L. contabescenc, p.pr. of contabescere.] Defn: Wasting away gradually. Darwin. - Con*ta*bes"cence, n. CONTACT Con"tact, n. Etym: [L. contactus, fr. contingere, -tactum, to touch on all sides. See Contingent.] 1. A close union or junction of bodies; a touching or meeting. 2. (Geom.) Defn: The property of two curves, or surfaces, which meet, and at the point of meeting have a common direction. 3. (Mining) Defn: The plane between two adjacent bodies of dissimilar rock. Raymond. Contact level, a delicate level so pivoted as to tilt when two parts of a measuring apparatus come into contact with each other; -- used in precise determinations of lengths and in the accurate graduation of instruments. CONTACTION Con*tac"tion, n. Defn: Act of touching. [Obs.] CONTAGION Con*ta"gion, n. Etym: [L. contagio: cf. F. contagion. See Contact.] 1. (Med.) Defn: The transmission of a disease from one person to another, by direct or indirect contact. Note: The term has been applied by some to the action of miasmata arising from dead animal or vegetable matter, bogs, fens, etc., but in this sense it is now abandoned. Dunglison. And will he steal out of his wholesome bed To dare the vile contagion of the night Shak. 2. That which serves as a medium or agency to transmit disease; a virus produced by, or exhalation proceeding from, a diseased person, and capable of reproducing the disease. 3. The act or means of communicating any influence to the mind or heart; as, the contagion of enthusiasm. "The contagion of example." Eikon Basilike. When lust . . . Lets in defilement to the inward parts, The soul grows clotted by contagion. Milton. 4. Venom; poison. [Obs.] "I'll touch my point with this contagion." Shak. Syn. -- See Infection. CONTAGIONED Con*ta"gioned, a. Defn: Affected by contagion. CONTAGIONIST Con*ta"gion*ist, n. Defn: One who believes in the contagious character of certain diseases, as of yellow fever. CONTAGIOUS Con*ta"gious, a. Etym: [L. contagiosus: cf. F. contagieux.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Communicable by contact, by a virus, or by a bodily exhalation; catching; as, a contagious disease. 2. Conveying or generating disease; pestilential; poisonous; as, contagious air. 3. Spreading or communicable from one to another; exciting similar emotions or conduct in others. His genius rendered his courage more contagious. Wirt. The spirit of imitation is contagious. Ames. Syn. -- Contagious, Infectious. These words have been used in very diverse senses; but, in general, a contagious disease has considered as one which is caught from another by contact, by the breath, by bodily effluvia, etc.; while an infectious disease supposes some entirely different cause acting by a hidden influence, like the miasma of prison ships, of marshes, etc., infecting the system with disease. "This distinction, though not universally admitted by medical men, as to the literal meaning, of the words, certainly applies to them in their figurative use. Thus we speak of the contagious influence of evil associates; their contagion of bad example, the contagion of fear, etc., when we refer to transmission by proximity or contact. On the other hand, we speak of infection by bad principles, etc., when we consider anything as diffused by some hidden influence. CONTAGIOUS DISEASE Con*ta"gious dis*ease". (Med.) Defn: A disease communicable by contact with a patient suffering from it, or with some secretion of, or object touched by, such a patient. Most such diseases have already been proved to be germ diseases, and their communicability depends on the transmission of the living germs. Many germ diseases are not contagious, some special method of transmission or inoculation of the germs being required. CONTAGIOUSLY Con*ta"gious*ly, adv. Defn: In a contagious manner. CONTAGIOUSNESS Con*ta"gious*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being contagious. CONTAGIUM Con*ta"gi*um, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Contagion; contagious matter. "Contagium of measles." Tyndall. CONTAIN Con*tain", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contained; p.pr. & vb.n. Containing.] Etym: [OE. contenen, conteinen, F. contenir, fr. L. continere, - tentum; con- + tenere to hold. See Tenable, and cf. Countenance.] 1. To hold within fixed limits; to comprise; to include; to inclose; to hold. Behold, heaven and the heaven of heavens can not contain thee; how much less this house! 2 Chron. vi. 18. When that this body did contain a spirit. Shak. What thy stores contain bring forth. Milton. 2. To have capacity for; to be able to hold; to hold; to be equivalent to; as, a bushel contains four pecks. 3. To put constraint upon; to restrain; to confine; to keep within bounds. [Obs., exept as used reflexively.] The king's person contains the unruly people from evil occasions. Spenser. Fear not, my lord: we can contain ourselves. Shak. CONTAIN Con*tain", v. i. Defn: To restrain desire; to live in continence or chastity. But if they can not contain, let them marry. 1 Cor. vii. 9. CONTAINABLE Con*tain"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being contained or comprised. Boyle. CONTAINANT Con*tain"ant, n. Defn: A container. CONTAINER Con*tain"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, contains. CONTAINMENT Con*tain"ment, n. Defn: That which is contained; the extent; the substance. [Obs.] The containment of a rich man's estate. Fuller. CONTAMINABLE Con*tam"i*na*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being contaminated. CONTAMINATE Con*tam"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contaminated; p.pr. & vb.n. Contaminating.] Etym: [L. contaminatus, p.p. of contaminare to bring into contact, to contaminate, fr. contamen contagion, for contagmen; con- + root of tangere to touch. See Contact.] Defn: To soil, stain, or corrupt by contact; to tarnish; to sully; to taint; to pollute; to defile. Shall we now Contaminate our figures with base bribes Shak. I would neither have simplicity imposed upon, nor virtue contaminated. Goldsmith. Syn. -- To pollute; defile; sully; taint; tarnish; soil; stain; corrupt. CONTAMINATE Con*tam"i*nate, a. Defn: Contaminated; defiled; polluted; tainted. "Contaminate drink." Daniel. CONTAMINATION Con*tam`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. contaminatio.] Defn: The act or process of contaminating; pollution; defilement; taint; also, that which contaminates. CONTAMITIVE Con*tam"i*tive, a. Defn: Tending or liable to contaminate. CONTANGO Con*tan"go, n.; pl. Contangoes. Etym: [Prob. a corruption of contingent.] 1. (Stock Exchange) Defn: The premium or interest paid by the buyer to the seller, to be allowed to defer paying for the stock purchased until the next fortnightly settlement day. [Eng.] 2. (Law) Defn: The postponement of payment by the buyer of stock on the payment of a premium to the seller. See Backwardation. N. Biddle. CONTE Conte, n.; pl. Contes (#). [F.] Defn: A short narrative or tale, esp. one dealing with surprising or marvelous events. The conte (sic) is a tale something more than a sketch, it may be, and something less than a short story. . . . The "Canterbury Tales" are contes, most of them, if not all, and so are some of the "Tales of a Wayside Inn." Brander Matthews. CONTECTION Con*tec"tion, n. Etym: [L. contegere, -tectum, to cover up.] Defn: A covering. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. CONTEK Con"tek, n. Etym: [OE. conteck, conteke, contake, perh. a corruption either of contact or contest.] 1. Quarrel; contention; contest. [Obs.] Contek with bloody knife. Chaucer. 2 2 Defn: Contumely; reproach. [Obs.] Wyclif. CONTEMN Con*temn", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contemned; p.pr. & vb.n. Contemning ( or ).] Etym: [L. contemnere, -temptum; con- + temnere to slight, despise: cf. OF. contemner.] Defn: To view or treat with contempt, as mean and despicable; to reject with disdain; to despise; to scorn. Thy pompous delicacies I contemn. Milton. One who contemned divine and human laws. Dryden. Syn. -- To despise; scorn; disdain; spurn; slight; neglect; underrate; overlook. -- To Contemn, Despise, Scorn, Disdain. Contemn is the generic term, and is applied especially to objects, qualities, etc., which are deemed contemptible, and but rarely to individuals; to despise is to regard or treat as mean, unbecoming, or worthless; to scorn is stronger, expressing a quick, indignant contempt; disdain is still stronger, denoting either unwarrantable pride and haughtiness or an abhorrence of what is base. CONTEMNER Con*tem"ner ( or ), n. Defn: One who contemns; a despiser; a scorner. "Contemners of the gods." South. CONTEMNINGLY Con*tem"ning*ly, adv. Defn: Contemptuously. [R.] CONTEMPER Con*tem"per, v. t. Etym: [L. contemperare, -temperatum; con- + temperare to temper. Cf. Contemperate.] Defn: To modify or temper; to allay; to qualify; to moderate; to soften. [Obs.] The antidotes . . . have allayed its bitterness and contempered its malignancy. Johnson. CONTEMPERATE Con*tem"per*ate, v. t. Etym: [See Contemper.] Defn: To temper; to moderate. [Obs.] Moisten and contemperate the air. Sir T. Browne. CONTEMPERATION Con*tem`per*a"tion, n. 1. The act of tempering or moderating. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Proportionate mixture or combination. "Contemperation of light and shade." Boyle. CONTEMPERATURE Con*tem"per*a*ture, n. Defn: The condition of being tempered; proportionate mixture; temperature. [Obs.] The different contemperature of the elements. SDouth. CONTEMPLANCE Con*tem"plance, n. Defn: Contemplation. [Obs.] Chaucer. CONTEMPLANT Con*tem"plant, a. Etym: [L. contemplans, p.pr.] Defn: Given to contemplation; meditative. [R.] Coleridge. CONTEMPLATE Con"tem*plate, v. t. [imp & p. p. Contemplated (# or #); p.pr & vb. n. Contemplating.] Etym: [L. contemplatus, p.p. of contemplari to contemplate; con- + templum a space for observation marked out by the augur. See Temple.] 1. To look at on all sides or in all its bearings; to view or consider with continued attention; to regard with deliberate care; to meditate on; to study. To love, at least contemplate and admire, What I see excellent. Milton. We thus dilate Our spirits to the size of that they contemplate. Byron. 2. To consider or have in view, as contingent or probable; to look forward to; to purpose; to intend. There remain some particulars to complete the information contemplated by those resolutions. A. Hamilton. If a treaty contains any stipulations which contemplate a state of future war. Kent. Syn. -- To view; behold; study; ponder; muse; meditate on; reflect on; consider; intend; design; plan; propose; purpose. See Meditate. CONTEMPLATE Con"tem*plate, v. i. Defn: To consider or think studiously; to ponder; to reflect; to muse; to meditate. So many hours must I contemplate. Shak. CONTEMPLATION Con`tem*pla"tion, n. Etym: [F. contemplation, L. contemplatio.] 1. The act of the mind in considering with attention; continued attention of the mind to a particular subject; meditation; musing; study. In contemplation of created things, By steps we may ascend to God. Milton. Contemplation is keeping the idea which is brought into the mind for some time actually in view. Locke. 2. Holy meditation. [Obs.] To live in prayer and contemplation. Shak. 3. The act of looking forward to an event as about to happen; expectation; the act of intending or purposing. In contemplation of returning at an early date, he left. Reid. To have in contemplation, to inted or purpose, or to have under consideration. CONTEMPLATIST Con*tem"pla*tist, n. Defn: A contemplator. [R.] I. Taylor. CONTEMPLATIVE Con*tem"pla*tive, a. Etym: [F. contemplatif, L. contemplativus.] 1. Pertaining to contemplation; addicted to, or employed in, contemplation; meditative. Fixed and contemplative their looks. Denham. 2. Having the power of contemplation; as, contemplative faculties. Ray. CONTEMPLATIVE Con*tem"pla*tive, n. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A religious or either sex devoted to prayer and meditation, rather than to active works of charity. CONTEMPLATIVELY Con*tem"pla*tive*ly, adv. Defn: With contemplation; in a contemplative manner. CONTEMPLATIVENESS Con*tem"pla*tive*ness, n. Defn: The state of being contemplative; thoughtfulness. CONTEMPLATOR Con"tem*pla`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who contemplates. Sir T. Browne. CONTEMPORANEITY Con*tem`po*ra*ne"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being contemporaneous. The lines of contemporaneity in the oölitic system. J. Philips. CONTEMPORANEOUS Con*tem`po*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. contemporaneus; con- + tempus time. See Temporal, and cf. Contemporaneous.] Defn: Living, existing, or occurring at the same time; contemporary. The great age of Jewish philosophy, that of Aben Esra, Maimonides, and Kimchi, had been contemporaneous with the later Spanish school of Arabic philosophy. Milman - Con*tem`po*ra"ne*ous*ness, n. CONTEMPORANEOUSLY Con*tem`po*ra"ne*ous*ly, adv. Defn: At the same time with some other event. CONTEMPORARINESS Con*tem"po*ra*ri*ness, n. Defn: Existence at the same time; contemporaneousness. Howell. CONTEMPORARY Con*tem"po*ra*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. con- + L. temporarius of belonging to time, tempus time. See Temporal, and cf. Contemporaneous.] 1. Living, occuring, or existing, at the same time; done in, or belonging to, the same times; contemporaneous. This king [Henry VIII.] was contemporary with the greatest monarchs of Europe. Strype. 2. Of the same age; coeval. A grove born with himself he sees, And loves his old contemporary trees. Cowley. CONTEMPORARY Con*tem"po*ra*ry, n.; pl. Contemporaries. Defn: One who lives at the same time with another; as, Petrarch and Chaucer were contemporaries. CONTEMPT Con*tempt", n. Etym: [L. contemptus, fr. contemnere: cf. OF. contempt. See Contemn.] 1. The act of contemning or despising; the feeling with which one regards that which is esteement mean, vile, or worthless; disdain; scorn. Criminal contempt of public feeling. Macaulay. Nothing, says Longinus, can be great, the contempt of which is great. Addison. 2. The state of being despised; disgrace; shame. Contempt and begarry hangs upon thy back. Shaks. 3. An act or expression denoting contempt. Little insults and contempts. Spectator. The contempt and anger of his lip. Shak. 4. (Law) Defn: Disobedience of the rules, orders, or process of a court of justice, or of rules or orders of a legislative body; disorderly, contemptuous, or insolent language or behavior in presence of a court, tending to disturb its proceedings, or impair the respect due to its authority. Note: Contempt is in some jurisdictions extended so as to include publications reflecting injuriously on a court of justice, or commenting unfairly on pending proceedings; in other jurisdictions the courts are prohibited by statute or by the constitution from thus exercising this process. Syn. -- Disdain; scorn; derision; mockery; contumely; neglect; disregard; slight. CONTEMPTIBILITY Con*tempt`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being contemptible; contemptibleness. Speed. CONTEMPTIBLE Con*tempt"i*ble, a. 1. Worthy of contempt; deserving of scorn or disdain; mean; vile; despicable. Milton. The arguments of tyranny are ascontemptible as its force is dreadful. Burke. 2. Despised; scorned; neglected; abject. Locke. 3. Insolent; scornful; contemptuous. [Obs.] If she should make tender of her love, 't is very possible he 'll scorn it; for the man . . . hath a contemptible spirit. Shak. Syn. -- Despicable; abject; vile; mean; base; paltry; worthless; sorry; pitiful; scurrile. See Contemptuous. -- Contemptible, Despicable, Pitiful, Paltry. Despicable is stronger than contemptible, as despise is stronger than contemn. It implies keen disapprobation, with a mixture of anger. A man is despicable chiefly for low actions which mark his life, such as servility, baseness, or mean adulation. A man is contemptible for mean qualities which distinguish his character, especially those which show him to be weak, foolish, or worthless. Treachery is despicable, egotism is contemptible. Pitiful and paltry are applied to cases which are beneath anger, and are simply contemptible in a high degree. CONTEMPTIBLENESS Con*tempt"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being contemptible, or of being despised. CONTEMPTIBLY Con*tempt"i*bly, adv. Defn: In a contemptible manner. CONTEMPTUOUS Con*temp"tu*ous, a. Defn: Manifecting or expressing contempt or disdain; scornful; haughty; insolent; disdainful. A proud, contemptious behavior. Hammond. Savage invectiveand contemptuous sarcasm. Macaulay. Rome . . . entertained the most contemptuous opinion of the Jews. Atterbury. Syn. -- Scornful; insolent; haughty; disdainful; supercilious; insulting; contumelious. -- Contemptuous, Contemptible. These words, from their similarity of sound, are sometimes erroneously interchanged, as when a person speaks of having "a very contemptible opinion of another." Contemptible is applied to that which is the object of contempt; as, contemptible conduct; acontemptible fellow. Contemptuous is applied to that which indicates contempts; as, a contemptuous look; a contemptuous remark; contemptuous treatment. A person, or whatever is personal, as an action, an expression, a feeling, an opinion, may be either contemptuous or contemptible; a thing may be contemptible, but can not be contemptuous. CONTEMPTUOUSLY Con*temp"tu*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a contemptuous manner; with scorn or disdain; despitefully. The apostles and most eminent Christians were poor, and used contemptuously. Jer. Taylor. CONTEMPTUOUSNESS Con*temp"tu*ous*ness, n. Defn: Disposition to or manifestion of contempt; insolence; haughtiness. CONTEND Con*tend", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Contended; p.pr. & vb.n. Contending.] Etym: [OF. contendre, L. contendere, -tentum; con- + tendere to strech. See Tend.] 1. To strive in opposition; to contest; to dispute; to vie; to quarrel; to fight. For never two such kingdoms did content Without much fall of blood. Shak. The Lord said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle. Deut. ii. 9. In ambitious strength I did Contend against thy valor. Shak. 2. To struggle or exert one's self to obtain or retain possession of, or to defend. You sit above, and see vain men below Contend for what you only can bestow. Dryden. 3. To strive in debate; to engage in discussion; to dispute; to argue. The question which our author would contend for. Locke. Many things he fiercely contended about were trivial. Dr. H. More. Syn. -- To struggle; fight; combat; vie; strive; oppose; emulate; contest; litigate; dispute; debate. CONTEND Con*tend", v. t. Defn: To struggle for; to contest. [R.] Carthage shall contend the world with Rome.Dryden. CONTENDENT Con*tend"ent, n. Etym: [L. contendens, p.pr.] Defn: n antagonist; a contestant. [Obs.] In all notable changes and revolutions the contendents have been still made a prey to the third party. L'Estrange. CONTENDER Con*tend"er, n. Defn: One who contends; a contestant. CONTENDRESS Con*tend"ress, n. Defn: A female contestant. [R.] CONTENEMENT Con*ten"e*ment, n. Etym: [Pref. con- + tenemnt.] (Law) Defn: That which is held together with another thing; that which is connected with a tenetment, or thing holden, as a certin quantity of land a Burrill. CONTENT Con*tent, a. Etym: [F. content, fr. L. contentus, p.p. of contenire to hold together, restrain. See Contain.] Defn: Contained within limits; hence, having the desires limited by that which one has; not disposed to repine or grumble; satisfied; contented; at rest. Having food rainment, let us be therewith content. 1 Tim. vi. 8. CONTENT Con"tent ( or ; 277), n.; usually in pl., Contents. 1. That which is contained; the thing or things held by a receptacle or included within specified limits; as, the contents of a cask or bale or of a room; the contents of a book. I shall prove these writings . . . authentic, and the contents true, and worthy of a divine original. Grew. 2. Power of containing; capacity; extent; size. [Obs.] Strong ship's, of great content. Bacon. 3. (Geom.) Defn: Area or quantity of space or matter contained within certain limits; as, solid contents; superficial contents. The geometrical content, figure, and situation of all the lands of a kingdom. Graunt. Table of contents, or Contents, a table or list of topics in a book, showing their order and the place where they may be found: a summary. CONTENT Con*tent", v. t. Etym: [F. contenter, LL. contentare, fr. L. contentus, p.p. See Content, a.] 1. To satisfy the desires of; to make easy in any situation; to appease or quiet; to gratify; to please. Do not content yourselves with obscure and confused ideas, where clearer are to be attained. I. Watts. Pilate, willing to content the people, released Barabbas unto them. Mark xv. 15. 2. To satisfy the expectations of; to pay; to requite. Come the next Sabbath, and I will content you. Shak. Syn. -- To satisfy; appease; plese. See Satiate. CONTENT Con*tent", n. 1. Rest or quietness of the mind in one's present condition; freedom from discontent; satisfaction; contentment; moderate happiness. Such is the fullness of my heart's content. Shak. 2. Acquiescence without examination. [Obs.] The sense they humbly take upon content. Pope. 3. That which contents or satisfies; that which if attained would make one happy. So will I in England work your grace's full content. Shak. 4. (Eng. House of Lords) Defn: An expression of assent to a bill or motion; an affirmate vote; also, a member who votes "Content.". Supposing the number of "Contents" and "Not contents" strictly equal in number and consequence.Burke. CONTENTATION Con`ten*ta"tion, n. Etym: [LL. contentatio.] Defn: Content; satisfaction. [Obs.] Bacon. CONTENTED Con*tent"ed, a. Defn: Content; easy in mind; satisfied; quiet; willing. -- Con*tent"ed*ly, adv. -- Con*tent"ed*ness, n. CONTENTFUL Con*tent"ful, a. Defn: Full of content. [Obs.] Barrow. CONTENTION Con*ten"tion, n. Etym: [F. contention, L. contentio. See Contend.] 1. A violent effort or struggle to obtain, or to resist, something; contest; strife. I would my arcontenion. Shak. 2. Strife in words; controversy; altercation quarrel; dispute; as, a bone of contention. Contentions and strivings about the law. Titus iii. 9. 3. Vehemence of endeavor; eagerness; ardor; zeal. An end . . . worthy our utmost contenion to obtain. Rogers. 4. A point maintained in an argument, or a line of argument taken in its support; the subject matter of discussion of strife; a position taken or contended for. All men seem agreed what is to be done; the contention is how the subject is to be divided and defined. Bagehot. This was my original contention, and I still maintain that you should abide by your former decision. Jowett. Syn. -- Struggle; strife; contest; quarrel; combat; conflict; feud; litigation; controversy; dissension; variance; disagreement; debate; competition; emulation. -- Contention, Strife. A struggle between two parties is the idea common to these two words. Strife is a struggle for mastery; contention is a struggle for the possession of some desired object, or the accomplishment of some favorite end. Neither of the words is necessairly used in a bad sense, since there may be a generous strife or contention between two friends as to which shall incur danger or submit to sacrifices. Ordinarily, however, these words denote a struggle arising from bad passions. In that case, strife usually springs from a quarrelsome temper, and contention from, a selfish spirit which seeks its own aggrandizement, or is fearful lest others should obtain too such. Strife has more reference to the manner than to the object of a struggle, while contention takes more account of the end to be gained. CONTENTIOUS Con*ten"tious, a. Etym: [L. contentiosus: cf. F. contentieux.] 1. Fond of contention; given to angry debate; provoking dispute or contention; quarrelsome. Despotic and contentious temper. Macaulay. 2. Relating to contention or strife; involving or characterized by contention. Spenser. More cheerfull; though not less contentious, regions. Brougham. 3. (Law) Defn: Contested; litigated; litigious; having power to decide controversy. Contentious jurisdiction (Eng. Eccl. Law), jurisdiction over matters in controversy between parties, in contradistinction to voluntary jurisdiction, or that exercised upon matters not opposed or controverted. Syn. -- Quarrelsome; pugnacious; dissentious; wrangling; litigious; perverse; peevish. - Con*ten"tious*ly, adv. -- Con*ten"tious*ness, n. CONTENTLESS Con*tent"less, a. Etym: [Content + -less.] Defn: Discontented; dissatisfied. [R.] Shak. CONTENTLY Con*tent"ly, adv. Defn: In a contented manner. [Obs.] CONTENTMENT Con*tent"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. contentement. See Content, v. t.] 1. The state of being contented or satisfied; content. Contentment without external honor is humility. Grew. Godliness with contentment is great gain. 1 Tim. vi. 6. 2. The act or process of contenting or satisfying; as, the contentment of avarice is impossible. 3. Gratification; pleasure; satisfaction. [Obs.] At Paris the prince spent one whole day to give his mind some contentment in viewing of a famous city. Sir H. Wotton. CONTENTS Con*tents ( or ; 277), n. pl. Defn: See Content, n. CONTERMINABLE Con*ter"mi*na*ble, a. Defn: Having the same bounds; terminating at the same time or place; conterminous. Love and life not conterminable. Sir H. Wotton. CONTERMINAL Con*ter"mi*nal, a. Etym: [LL. conterminalis.] Defn: Conterminous. CONTERMINANT Con*ter"mi*nant, a. Defn: Having the same limits; ending at the same time; conterminous. Lamb. CONTERMINATE Con*ter"mi*nate, a. Etym: [L. conterminare to border upon, fr. conterminus conterminous; con- + terminus border.] Defn: Having the same bounds; conterminous. [Obs.] B. Jonson. CONTERMINOUS Con*ter"mi*nous, a. Etym: [L. conterminus. Cf. Conterminous.] Defn: Having the same bounds, or limits; bordering upon; contiguous. This conformed so many of them as were conterminous to the colonies and garrisons, to the Roman laws. Sir M. Hale. CONTERRANEAN; CONTERRANEOUS Con`ter*ra"ne*an, Con`ter*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. conterraneus; con- + terra country.] Defn: Of or belonging to the same country. Howell. CONTESSERATION Con*tes`ser*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. contesseratio, from contesserare to contract friendship by means of the tesserae (friendship tokens).] Defn: An assemblage; a collection; harmonious union. [Obs.] That person of his [George Herbert], which afforded so unusual a contesseration of elegancies. Oley. CONTEST Con*test", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contested; p.pr. & vb.n. Contesting.] Etym: [F. contester, fr. L. contestari to call to witness, contestari litem to introduce a lawsuit by calling witnesses, to bring an action; con- + testari to be a witness, testic witness. See Testify.] 1. To make a subject of dispute, contention, litigation, or emulation; to contend for; to call in question; to controvert; to oppose; to dispute. The people . . . contested not what was done. Locke. Few philosophical aphorisms have been more frequenty repeated, few more contested than this. J. D. Morell. 2. To strive earnestly to hold or maintain; to struggle to defend; as, the troops contested every inch of ground. 3. (Law) Defn: To make a subject of litigation; to defend, as a suit; to dispute or resist; as a claim, by course of law; to controvert. To contest an election. (Polit.) (a) To strive to be elected. (b) To dispute the declared result of an election. Syn. -- To dispute; controvert; debate; litigate; oppose; argue; contend. CONTEST Con*test", v. i. Defn: To engage in contention, or emulation; to contend; to strive; to vie; to emulate; -- followed usually by with. The difficulty of an argument adds to the pleasure of contesting with in, when there are hopes of victory. Bp. Burnet. Of man, who dares in pomp with Jove contest Pope. CONTEST Con"test, n. 1. Earnest dispute; strife in argument; controversy; debate; altercation. Leave all noisy contests, all immodest clamors and brawling language. I. Watts. 2. Earnest struggle for superiority, victory, defense, etc.; competition; emulation; strife in arms; conflict; combat; encounter. The late battle had, in effect, been a contest between one usurper and another. Hallam. It was fully expected that the contest there would be long and fierce. Macaulay. Syn. -- Conflict; combat; battle; encounter; shock; struggle; dispute; altercation; debate; controvesy; difference; disagreement; strife. -- Contest, Conflict, Combat, Encounter. Contest is the broadest term, and had originally no reference to actual fighting. It was, on the contrary, a legal term signifying to call witnesses, and hence came to denote first a struggle in argument, and then a struggle for some common object between opposing parties, usually one of considerable duration, and implying successive stages or acts. Conflict denotes literally a close personal engagement, in which sense it is applied to actual fighting. It is, however, more commonly used in a figurative sense to denote strenuous or direct opposition; as, a mental conflict; conflicting interests or passions; a conflict of laws. An encounter is a direct meeting face to face. Usually it is a hostile meeting, and is then very nearly coincident with conflict; as, an encounter of opposing hosts. Sometimes it is used in a looser sense; as, "this keen encounter of our wits." Shak. Combat is commonly applied to actual fighting, but may be used figuratively in reference to a strife or words or a struggle of feeling. CONTESTABLE Con*test"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. contestable.] Defn: Capable of being contested; debatable. CONTESTANT Con*test"ant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. contestant.] Defn: One who contests; an opponent; a litigant; a disputant; one who claims that which has been awarded to another. CONTESTATION Con`tes*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. contestatio testimony: cf. F. contestation a contesting.] 1. The act of contesting; emulation; rivalry; strife; dispute. "Loverlike contestation." Milton. After years spent in domestic, unsociable contestations, she found means to withdraw. Clarendon. 2. Proof by witness; attestation; testimony. [Obs.] A solemn contestation ratified on the part of God. Barrow. CONTESTINGLY Con*test"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a contending manner. CONTEX Con*tex, v. t. Defn: To context. [Obs.] Boyle. CONTEXT Con*text", a. Etym: [L. contextus, p.p. of contexere to weave, to unite; con- + texere to weave. See Text.] Defn: Knit or woven together; close; firm. [Obs.] The coats, without, are context and callous. Derham. CONTEXT Con"text, n. Etym: [L. contextus; cf. F. contexte .] Defn: The part or parts of something written or printed, as of Scripture, which precede or follow a text or quoted sentence, or are so intimately associated with it as to throw light upon its meaning. According to all the light that the contexts afford. Sharp. CONTEXT Con*text", v. t. Defn: To knit or bind together; to unite closely. [Obs.] Feltham. The whole world's frame, which is contexted only by commerce and contracts. R. Junius. CONTEXTURAL Con*tex"tur*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to contexture or arrangement of parts; producing contexture; interwoven. Dr. John Smith (1666). CONTEXTURE Con*tex"ture, n. Etym: [Cf. F. contexture.] Defn: The arrangement and union of the constituent parts of a thing; a weaving together of parts; structural character of a thing; system; constitution; texture. That wonderful contexture of all created beings. Dryden. He was not of any delicate contexture; his limbs rather sturdy than dainty. Sir H. Wotton. CONTEXTURED Con*tex"tured, a. Defn: Formed into texture; woven together; arranged; composed. [R.] Carlyle. CONTICENT Con"ti*cent, a. Etym: [L. conticens, p.pr. of conticere; con- + tacere to be silent.] Defn: Silent. [R.] "The guests sit conticent." Thackeray. CONTIGNATION Con`tig*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. contignatio, fr. contignare to join with beams; con- + tignum beam.] 1. The act or process of framing together, or uniting, as beams in a fabric. Burke. 2. A framework or fabric, as of beams. Sir H. Wotton. CONTIGUATE Con*tig"u*ate, a. Etym: [LL. contiguatus.] Defn: Contiguous; touching. [Obs.] Holland. CONTIGUITY Con`ti*gu"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. contiguit, LL. contiguitas.] Defn: The state of being contiguous; intimate association; nearness; proximity. The convicinity and contiguity of the two parishes. T. Warton. CONTIGUOUS Con*tig"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. contiguus; akin to contigere to touch on all sides. See Contingent.] Defn: In actual contact; touching; also, adjacent; near; neighboring; adjoining. The two halves of the paper did not appear fully divided . . . but seemed contiguous at one of their angles. Sir I. Newton. Sees no contiguous palace rear its head. Goldsmith. Contiguous angles. See Adjacent angles, under Angle. Syn. -- Adjoining; adjacent. See Adjacent. - Con*tig"u*ous*ly, adv. -- Con*tig"u*ous*ness, n. CONTINENCE; CONTINENCY Con"ti*nence, Con"ti*nen*cy, n. Etym: [F. continence, L. continentia. See Continent, and cf. Countenance.] 1. Self-restraint; self-command. He knew what to say; he knew also, when to leave off, -- a continence which is practiced by few writers. Dryden. 2. The restraint which a person imposes upon his desires and passions; the act or power of refraining from indulgence of the sexual appetite, esp. from unlawful indulgence; sometimes, moderation in sexual indulgence. If they [the unmarried and widows] have not continency, let them marry. 1 Cor. vii. 9 (Rev. Ver. ). Chastity is either abstinence or continence: abstinence is that of virgins or widows; continence, that of married persons. Jer. Taylor. 3. Uninterrupted course; continuity. [Obs.] Ayliffe. CONTINENT Con"ti*nent, a. Etym: [L. continens, -entis, prop., p. pr. of continere to hold together, to repress: cf. F. continent. See Contain.] 1. Serving to restrain or limit; restraining; opposing. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Exercising restraint as to the indulgence of desires or passions; temperate; moderate. Have a continent forbearance till the speed of his rage goes slower. Shak. 3. Abstaining from sexual intercourse; exercising restraint upon the sexual appetite; esp., abstaining from illicit sexual intercourse; chaste. My past life Hath been as continent, as chaste, as true, As I am now unhappy. Shak. 4. Not interrupted; connected; continuous; as, a continent fever. [Obs.] The northeast part of Asia is, if not continent with the west side of America, yet certainly it is the least disoined by sea of all that coast. Berrewood. CONTINENT Con"ti*nent, n. Etym: [L. continens, prop., a holding together: cf. F. continent. See Continent, a.] 1. That which contains anything; a receptacle. [Obs.] The smaller continent which we call a pipkin. Bp. Kennet. 2. One of the grand divisions of land on the globe; the main land; specifically (Phys. Geog.), a large body of land differing from an island, not merely in its size, but in its structure, which is that of a large basin bordered by mountain chains; as, the continent of North America. Note: The continents are now usually regarded as six in number: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. But other large bodies of land are also reffered to as continents; as, the Antarctic continent; the continent of Greenland. Europe, Asia, and Africa are often grouped together as the Eastern Continent, and North and South America as the Western Continent. The Continent, the main land of Europe, as distinguished from the islands, especially from England. CONTINENTAL Con`ti*nen"tal, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a continent. 2. Of or pertaining to the main land of Europe, in distinction from the adjacent islands, especially England; as, a continental tour; a continental coalition. Macaulay. No former king had involved himself so frequently in the labyrinth of continental alliances. Hallam. 3. (Amer. Hist.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the confederated colonies collectively, in the time of the Revolutionary War; as, Continental money. The army before Boston was designated as the Continental army, in contradistinction to that under General Gage, which was called the "Ministerial army." W. Irving. Continental Congress. See under Congress. -- Continental system (Hist.), the blockade of Great Britain ordered by Napoleon by the decree of Berlin, Nov. 21, 1806; the object being to strike a blow at the maritime and commercial supremacy of Great Britain, by cutting her off from all intercourse with the continent of Europe. CONTINENTAL Con`ti*nen"tal, n. (Amer. Hist.) Defn: A soldier in the Continental army, or a piece of the Continental currency. See Continental, a., 3. CONTINENTAL DRIVE Con`ti*nen"tal drive. (Automobiles) Defn: A transmission arrangement in which the longitudinal crank shaft drives the rear wheels through a clutch, change-speed gear, countershaft, and two parallel side chains, in order. CONTINENTAL GLACIER Continental glacier. Defn: A broad ice sheet resting on a plain or plateau and spreading outward from a central névé, or region of accumulation. CONTINENTAL PRONUNCIATION Continental pronunciation (of Latin and Greek.) Defn: A method of pronouncing Latin and Greek in which the vowels have their more familiar Continental values, as in German and Italian, the consonants being pronounced mostly as in English. The stricter form of this method of pronouncing Latin approaches the Roman, the modified form the English, pronunciation. The Continental method of Greek pronunciation is often called Erasmian. CONTINENTAL SYSTEM Continental system. (Hist.) Defn: The system of commercial blockade aiming to exclude England from commerce with the Continent instituted by the Berlin decree, which Napoleon I. issued from Berlin Nov. 21, 1806, declaring the British Isles to be in a state of blockade, and British subjects, property, and merchandise subject to capture, and excluding British ships from all parts of Europe under French dominion. The retaliatory measures of England were followed by the Milan decree, issued by Napoleon from Milan Dec. 17, 1807, imposing further restrictions, and declaring every ship going to or from a port of England or her colonies to be lawful prize. CONTINENTLY Con"ti*nent*ly, adv. Defn: In a continent manner; chastely; moderately; temperately. CONTINGENCE Con*tin"gence, n. Defn: See Contingency. CONTINGENCY Con*tin"gen*cy, n,; pl. Contingencies. Etym: [Cf. F. contingence.] 1. Union or connection; the state of touching or contact. "Point of contingency." J. Gregory. 2. The quality or state of being contingent or casual; the possibility of coming to pass. Aristotle says we are not to build certain rules on the contingency of human actions. South. 3. An event which may or may not occur; that which is possible or probable; a fortuitous event; a chance. The remarkable position of the queen rendering her death a most important contingency. Hallam. 4. An adjunct or accessory. Wordsworth. 5. (Law) Defn: A certain possible event that may or may not happen, by which, when happening, some particular title may be affected. Syn. -- Casualty; accident; chance. CONTINGENT Con*tin"gent, a. Etym: [L. contingens, -entis, p.pr. of contingere to touch on all sides, to happen; con- + tangere to touch: cf. F. contingent. See Tangent, Tact.] 1. Possible, or liable, but not certain, to occur; incidental; casual. Weighing so much actual crime against so much contingent advantage. Burke. 2. Dependent on that which is undetermined or unknown; as, the success of his undertaking is contingent upon events which he can not control. "Uncertain and contingent causes." Tillotson. 3. (Law) Defn: Dependent for effect on something that may or may not occur; as, a contingent estate. If a contingent legacy be left to any one when he attains, or if he attains, the age of twenty-one. Blackstone. CONTINGENT Con*tin"gent, n. 1. An event which may or may not happen; that which is unforeseen, undetermined, or dependent on something future; a contingency. His understanding could almost pierce into future contingets. South. 2. That which falls to one in a division or apportionment among a number; a suitable share; proportion; esp., a quota of troops. From the Alps to the border of Flanders, contingents were required . . . 200,000 men were in arms. Milman. CONTINGENTLY Con*tin"gent*ly, adv. Defn: In a contingent manner; without design or foresight; accidentally. CONTINGENTNESS Con*tin"gent*ness, n. Defn: The state of being contingent; fortuitousness. CONTINUABLE Con*tin"u*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being continued [R.] CONTINUAL Con*tin"u*al, a. Etym: [OE. continuel, F. continuel. See Continue.] 1. Proceeding without interruption or cesstaion; continuous; unceasing; lasting; abiding. He that is of a merry heart hath a continual feast. Prov. xv. 15. 2. Occuring in steady and rapid succession; very frequent; often repeated. The eye is deligh by a continental succession of small landscapes. W. Irwing. Continual proportionals (Math.), quantities in continued proportion. Brande & C. Syn. -- Constant; prepetual; incessant; unceasing; uninterrupted; unintermitted; continuous. See Constant, and Continuous. CONTINUALLY Con*tin"u*al*ly, adv. 1. Without cessation; unceasingly; continuously; as, the current flows continually. Why do not all animals continually increase in bigness Bentley. 2. In regular or repeated succession; very often. Thou shalt eat bread at my table continually. 2 Sam. ix. 7. CONTINUANCE Con*tin"u*ance, n. Etym: [OF. continuance.] 1. A holding on, or remaining in a particular state; permanence, as of condition, habits, abode, etc.; perseverance; constancy; duration; stay. Great plagues, and of long continuence. Deut. xxviii. 59. Patient continuance i well-doing. Rom. ii. 7. 2. Uninterrupted succession; continuation; constant renewell; perpetuation; propagation. The brute immedistely regards his own preservation or the continuance of his species. Addison. 3. A holding together; continuity. [Obs.] Bacon. 4. (Law) (a) The adjournment of the proceedings in a cause from one day, or from one stated term of a court, to another. (b) The entry of such adjuornment and the grounds thereof on the record. CONTINUANT Con*tin"u*ant, a. Defn: Continuing; prolonged; sustained; as, a continuant sound. -- n. Defn: A continuant sound; a letter whose sound may be prolonged. CONTINUATE Con*tin"u*ate, a. Etym: [L. continuatus, p.p. See Continue.] 1. Immediately united together; intimately connocted. [R.] We are of Him and in Him, even as though our very flesh and bones should be made continuate with his. Hooker. 2. Uninterrupted; unbroken; continual; continued. An untirable and continuate goodness. Shak. CONTINUATION Con*tin`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. continuatio: cf. F. connuation.] 1. That act or state of continuing; the state of being continued; uninterrupted extension or succession; prolongation; propagation. Preventing the continuation of the royal line. Macaulay. 2. That which extends, increases, supplements, or carries on; as, the continuation of a story. My continuation of the version of Statius. Pope. CONTINUATIVE Con*tin"u*a*tive, n. Etym: [Cf. F. continuatif.] 1. (Logic) Defn: A term or expression denoting continuance. [R.] To these may be added continuatives; as, Rome remains to this day; which includes, at least, two propositions, viz., Rome was, and Rome is. I. Watts. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A word that continues the connection of sentences or subjects; a connective; a conjunction. Continuatives . . . consolidate sentences into one continuous whole. Harris. CONTINUATOR Con*tin"u*a`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. continuateur.] Defn: One who, or that which, continues; esp., one who continues a series or a work; a continuer. Sir T. Browne. CONTINUE Con*tin"ue, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Continued; p.pr. & vb.n. Continuing.] Etym: [F. continuer, L. continuare, -tinuatum, to connect, continue, fr. continuus. See Continuous, and cf. Continuate.] 1. To remain ina given place or condition; to remain in connection with; to abide; to stay. Here to continue, and build up here A growing empire. Milton. They continue with me now three days, and have nothing to eat. Matt. xv. 32. 2. To be permanent or durable; to endure; to last. But now thy kingdom shall not continue. 1 Sam. xiii. 14. 3. To be steadfast or constant in any course; to persevere; to abide; to endure; to persist; to keep up or maintain a particular condition, course, or series of actions; as, the army continued to advance. If ye continue in my word, then are ye my disciples indeed. John viii. 31. Syn. -- To persevere; persist. See Persevere. CONTINUE Con*tin"ue, v. t. 1. To unite; to connect. [Obs.] the use of the navel is to continue the infant unto the mother. Sir T. browne. 2. To protract or extend in duration; to preserve or persist in; to cease not. O continue thy loving kindness unto them that know thee. Ps. xxxvi. 10. You know how to make yourself happy by only continuing such a life as you have been long acustomed to lead. Pope. 3. To carry onward or extend; to prolong or produce; to add to or draw out in length. A bridge of wond'rous length, From hell continued, reaching th' utmost orb of this frall world. Milton. 4. To retain; to suffer or cause to remain; as, the trustees were continued; also, to suffer to live. And how shall we continue Claudio. Shak. CONTINUED Con*tin"ued, p.p. & a. Defn: Having extension of time, space, order of events, exertion of energy, etc.; extended; protacted; uninterrupted; also, resumed after interruption; extending through a succession of issues, session, etc.; as, a continued story. "Continued woe." Jenyns. "Continued succession." Locke. Continued bass (Mus.), a bass continued through an entire piece of music, while the other parts of the harmony are indicated by figures beneath the bass; the same as thorough bass or figured bass; basso continuo. [It.] -- Continued fever (Med.), a fever which presents no interruption in its course. -- Continued fraction (Math.), a fraction whose numerator is 1, and whose denominator is a whole number plus a fraction whose numerator is 1 and whose denominator is a whole number, plus a fraction, and so on. -- Continued proportion (Math.), a proportion composed of two or more equal ratios, in which the consequent of each preceding ratio is the same with the antecedent of the folowing one; as, 4 : 8 : 8 : 16 :: 16 : 32. CONTINUEDLY Con*tin"u*ed*ly ( or , adv. Defn: Continuously. CONTINUER Con*tin"u*er, n. Defn: One who continues; one who has the power of perseverance or persistence. "Indulgent continuers in sin." Hammond. I would my horse had the speed of your tongue, and so good a continuer. Shak. CONTINUITY Con`ti*nu"i*ty, n.; pl. Continuities. Etym: [L. continuitas: cf. F. continuit. See Continuous.] Defn: the state of being continuous; uninterupted connection or succession; close union of parts; cohesion; as, the continuity of fibers. Grew. The sight would be tired, if it were attracted by a continuity of glittering objects. Dryden. Law of continuity (Math. & Physics), the principle that nothing passes from one state to another without passing through all the intermediate states. -- Solution of continuity. (Math.) See under Solution. CONTINUO Con*ti"nu*o ( or , n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Basso continuo, or continued bass. CONTINUOUS Con*tin"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. continuus, fr. continere to hold together. See Continent.] 1. Without break, cessation, or interruption; without intervening space or time; uninterrupted; unbroken; continual; unceasing; constant; continued; protracted; extended; as, a continuous line of railroad; a continuous current of electricity. he can hear its continuous murmur. Longfellow. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Not deviating or varying from uninformity; not interrupted; not joined or articulated. Continuous brake (Railroad), a brake which is attached to each car a train, and can be caused to operate in all the cars simultaneously from a point on any car or on the engine. -- Continuous impost. See Impost. Syn. -- Continuous, Continual. Continuous is the stronger word, and denotes that the continuity or union of parts is absolute and uninterrupted; as, a continuous sheet of ice; a continuous flow of water or of argument. So Daniel Webster speaks of "a continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England." Continual, in most cases, marks a close and unbroken succession of things, rather than absolute continuity. Thus we speak of continual showers, implying a repetition with occasional interruptions; we speak of a person as liable to continual calls, or as subject to continual applications for aid, etc. See Constant. CONTINUOUSLY Con*tin"u*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a continuous maner; without interruption. -- Con*tin"u*ous*ness, n. CONTLINE Cont"line`, n. 1. (Ropemaking) Defn: The space between the strands on the outside of a rope. Knight. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The space between the bilges of two casks stowed side by side. CONTORNIATE; CONTORNIATE Con*tor"ni*ate, Con*tor"ni*a`te, n., Etym: [It. contorniato, p.pr. of contorniare to make a circuit or outline, fr. contorno circuit, outline. See Contour.] (Numis.) Defn: A species of medal or medallion of bronze, having a deep furrow on the contour or edge; -- supposed to have been struck in the days of Constantine and his successors. R. S. Poole. CONTORSION Con*tor"sion, n. Defn: See Contortion. CONTORT Con*tort", v. t. Etym: [L. contortus, p.p. of contorquere to twist; con- + torquere to twist. See Torture.] Defn: To twist, or twist together; to turn awry; to bend; to distort; to wrest. The vertebral arteries are variously contorted. Ray. Kant contorted the term category from the proper meaning of attributed. Sir W. Hamilton. CONTORTED Con*tort"ed, a. 1. Twisted, or twisted together. "A contorted chain of icicles." Massinger. 2. (Bot.) (a) Twisted back upon itself, as some parts of plants. (b) Arranged so as to overlap each other; as, petals in contorted or convolute æstivation. CONTORTION Con*tor"tion, n. Etym: [L. contortio: cf. F. contorsion. See Contort, and cf. Torsion.] Defn: A twisting; a writhing; wry motion; a twist; as, the contortion of the muscles of the face. Swift. All the contortions of the sibyl, without the inspiration. Burke. CONTORTIONIST Con*tor"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who makes or practices contortions. CONTORTIVE Con*tor"tive, a. Defn: Expressing contortion. CONTORTUPLICATE Con`tor*tu"pli*cate, a. Etym: [L. contortuplicatus; contortus contorted + plicare to fold.] (Bot.) Defn: Plaited lengthwise and twisted in addition, as the bud of the morning-glory. Gray. CONTOUR Con*tour", n. Etym: [F. contour, fr. contourner to mark the outlines; con- + tourner to turn. See Turn.] 1. The outline of a figure or body, or the line or lines representing such an outline; the line that bounds; periphery. Titian's coloring and contours. A. Drummond. 2. (Mil.) Defn: The outline of a horizontal section of the ground, or of works of fortification. Contour feathers (Zoöl.), those feathers that form the general covering of a bird. -- Contour of ground (Surv.), the outline of the surface of ground with respect to its undulation, etc. -- Contour line (Topographical Suv.), the line in which a horizontal plane intersects a portion of ground, or the corresponding line in a map or chart. CONTOURNE Con`tour`ne, a. Etym: [F., p.p. of contourner to twist.] (Her.) Defn: Turned in a direction which is not the usual one; -- said of an animal turned to the sinister which is usually turned to the dexter, or the like. CONTOURNIATED Con*tour"ni*a`ted, a. Etym: [Cf. Contorniate.] (Numis.) Defn: Having furrowed edges, as if turned in a lathe. CONTRA Con"tra. Defn: A Latin adverb and preposition, signifying against, contrary, in opposition, etc., entering as a prefix into the composition of many English words. Cf. Counter, adv. & pref. CONTRABAND Con"tra*band, n. Etym: [It. contrabando; contra + bando ban, proclamation: cf. F. contrebande. See Ban an edict.] 1. Illegal or prohobited traffic. Persons the most bound in duty to prevent contraband, and the most interested in the seizures. Burke. 2. Goods or merchandise the importation or exportation of which is forbidden. 3. A negro slave, during the Civil War, escaped to, or was brought within, the Union lines. Such slave was considered contraband of war. [U.S.] Contraband of war, that which, according to international law, cannot be supplied to a hostile belligerent except at the risk of seizure and condemnation by the aggrieved belligerent. Wharton. CONTRABAND Con"tra*band, a. Defn: Prohibited or excluded by law or treaty; forbidden; as, contraband goods, or trade. The contraband will always keep pace, in some measure, with the fair trade. Burke. CONTRABAND Con"tra*band, v. t. 1. To import illegaly, as prohibited goods; to smuggle. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. To declare prohibited; to forbid. [Obs.] The law severly contrabands Our taking business of men's hands. Hudibras. CONTRABANDISM Con"tra*band*ism, n. Defn: Traffic in contraband gods; smuggling. CONTRABANDIST Con"tra*band`ist, n. Defn: One who traffic illegaly; a smuggler. CONTRABASS Con`tra*bass" Defn: , n. (Mus.) Double bass; -- applied to any instrument of the same deep range as the stringed double bass; as, the contrabass ophicleide; the cotrabass tuba or bombardon. CONTRABASSO Con`tra*bas"so, n. Etym: [It. contrabasso.] (Mus.) Defn: The largest kind of bass viol. See Violone. CONTRACT Con*tract", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contracted; p.pr. & vb.n. Contracting.] Etym: [L. contractus, p.p. of contrahere to contract; con- + trahere to draw: cf. F. contracter. See Trace, and cf. Contract, n.] 1. To draw together or nearer; to reduce to a less compass; to shorten, narrow, or lesen; as, to contract one's shpere of action. In all things desuetude doth contract and narrow our faculties. Dr. H. More. 2. To draw together so as to wrinkle; to knit. Thou didst contract and purse thy brow. Shak. 3. To bring on; to incur; to acquire; as, to contract a habit; to contract a debt; to contract a disease. Each from each contract new strength and light. Pope. Such behavior we contract by having much conversed with persons of high statiSwift. 4. To enter into, with mutual obligations; to make a bargain or covenant for. We have contracted an inviolable amity, peace, and lague with the aforesaid queen. Hakluyt. Many persons . . . had contracted marriage within the degrees of consanguinity . . . prohibited by law. Strype. 5. To betroth; to affiance. The truth is, she and I, long since contracted, Are now so sure, that nothing can dissolve us. Shak. 6. (Gram.) Defn: To shorten by omitting a letter or letters or by reducing two or more vowels or syllables to one. Syn. -- To shorten; abridge; epitomize; narrow; lessen; condense; reduce; confine; incur; assume. CONTRACT Con*tract", v. i. 1. To be drawn together so as to be diminished in size or extent; to shrink; to be reduced in compass or in duration; as, iron contracts in cooling; a rope contracts when wet. Years contracting to a moment. Wordsworth. 2. To make an agreement; to covenant; to agree; to bargain; as, to contract for carrying the mail. CONTRACT Con"tract, a. Defn: Contracted: as, a contract verb. Goodwin. CONTRACT Con*tract", a. Etym: [L. contractus, p.p.] Defn: Contracted; affianced; betrothed. [Obs.] Shak. CONTRACT Con"tract, n. Etym: [L. contractus, fr. contrahere: cf. F. contrat, formerly also contract.] 1. (Law) Defn: The agreement of two or more persons, upon a sufficient consideration or cause, to do, or to abstain from doing, some act; an agreement in which a party undertakes to do, or not to do, a particular thing; a formal bargain; a compact; an interchange of legal rights. Wharton. 2. A formal writing which contains the agreement of parties, with the terms and conditions, and which serves as a proof of the obligation. 3. The act of formally betrothing a man and woman. This is the the night of the contract. Longwellow. Syn. -- Covenant; agreement; compact; stipulation; bargain; arrangement; obligation. See Covenant. CONTRACTED Con*tract"ed, a. 1. Drawn together; shrunken; wrinkled; narrow; as, a contracted brow; a contracted noun. 2. Narrow; illiberal; selfish; as, a contracted mind; contracted views. 3. Bargained for; betrothed; as, a contracted peace. Inquire me out contracted bachelors. Shak. CONTRACTEDNESS Con*tract"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being contracted; narrowness; meannes; selfishness. CONTRACTIBILITY Con*tract`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability of being contracted; quality of being contractible; as, the contractibiliy and dilatability of air. Arbuthnot. CONTRACTIBLE Con*tract"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of contraction. Small air bladders distable and contractible. Arbuthnot. CONTRACTIBLENESS Con*tract"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: Contractibility. CONTRACTILE Con*tract"ile, a. Etym: [Cf. F. contractile.] Defn: tending to contract; having the power or property of contracting, or of shrinking into shorter or smaller dimensions; as, the contractile tissues. The heart's contractile force. H. Brooke. Each cilium seems to be composed of contractile substance. Hixley. Contractile vacuole (Zoöl.), a pulsating cavity in the interior of a protozoan, supposed to be excretory in function. There may be one, two, or more. CONTRACTILITY Con`trac*til"i*ty, n. 1. The quality or property by which bodies shrink or contract. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The power possessed by the fibers of living muscle of contracting or shortening. Note: When subject to the will, as in the muscles of locomotion, such power is called voluntary contractility; when not controlled by the will, as in the muscles of the heart, it is involuntary contractility. CONTRACTION Con*trac"tion, n. Etym: [L. contractio: cf. F. contraction.] 1. The act or process of contracting, shortening, or shrinking; the state of being contracted; as, contraction of the heart, of the pupil of the eye, or of a tendion; the contraction produced by cold. 2. (Math.) Defn: The process of shortening an operation. 3. The act of incurring or becoming subject to, as liabilities, obligation, debts, etc.; the process of becoming subject to; as, the contraction of a disease. 4. Something contracted or abbreviated, as a word or phrase; -- as, plenipo for plenipotentiary; crim. con. for criminal conversation, etc. 5. (Gram.) Defn: The shortening of a word, or of two words, by the omission of a letter or letters, or by reducing two or more vowels or syllables to one; as, ne'er for never; can't for can not; don't for do not; it's for it is. 6. A marriage contract. [Obs.] Shak. CONTRACTIVE Con*tract"ive, a. Defn: Tending to contract; having the property or power or power of contracting. CONTRACTOR Con*tract"or, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who contracts; one of the parties to a bargain; one who covenants to do anything for another; specifically, one who contracts to perform work on a rather large scale, at a certain price or rate, as in building houses or making a railroad. CONTRACT SYSTEM Con"tract sys"tem. 1. The sweating system. 2. The system of employing convicts by selling their labor (to be performed inside the prison) at a fixed price per day to contractors who are allowed to have agents in the prison to superintend the work. CONTRACT TABLET Con"tract tablet. (Babylonian & Assyrian Antiq.) Defn: A clay tablet on which was inscribed a contract, for safe keeping. Such tablets were inclosed in an outer case (often called the envelope), on which was inscribed a duplicate of the inscription on the inclosed tablet. CONTRACTURE Con*trac"ture, n. Etym: [L. contractura a drawing together.] (Med.) Defn: A state of permanent rigidity or contraction of the muscles, generally of the flexor muscles. CONTRADANCE Con"tra*dance`, n. Etym: [Pref. contra- + dance: cf. F. contrdance. Cf. Country-dance.] Defn: A dance in which the partners are arranged face to face, or in opposite lines. CONTRADICT Con`tra*dict", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contradicted; p.pr. & vb.n Contradicting.] Etym: [L. contradictus, p.p. of contradicere to speak against; contra + dicere to speak. See Diction.] 1. To assert the contrary of; to oppose in words; to take issue with; to gainsay; to deny the truth of, as of a statement or a speaker; to impugn. Dear Duff, I prithee, contradict thyself, And say it is not so. Shak. The future can not contradict the past. Wordsworth. 2. To be contrary to; to oppose; to resist. [Obs.] No truth can contradict another truth. Hooker. A greater power than we can contradict Hath thwarted our intents. Shak. CONTRADICT Con`tra*dict, v. i. Defn: To oppose in words; to gainsay; to deny, or assert the contrary of, something. They . . . spake against those things which were spoken by Paul, contradicting and blaspheming. Acts xiii. 45. CONTRADICTABLE Con`tra*dict"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being contradicting. CONTRADICTER Con`tra*dict"er, n. Defn: one who contradicts. Swift. CONTRADICTION Con`tra*dic"tion, n. Etym: [L. contradictio answer, objection: cf. F. contradiction.] 1. An assertion of the contrary to what has been said or affirmed; denial of the truth of a statement or assertion; contrary declaration; gainsaying. His fair demands Shall be accomplished without contradiction. Shak. 2. Direct opposition or repugnancy; inconsistency; incongruity or contrariety; one who, or that which, is inconsistent. can be make deathless death That were to make Strange contradiction. Milton. We state our experience and then we come to a manly resolution of acting in contradiction to it. Burke. Both parts of a contradiction can not possibly be true. Hobbes. Of contradictions infinite the slave. Wordsworth. Principle of contradiction (Logic), the axiom or law of thought that a thing cannot be and not be at the same time, or a thing must either be or not be, or the same attribute can not at the same time be affirmed and and denied of the same subject. It develops itself in three specific forms which have been called the "Three Logical Axioms." First. "A is A." Second, "A is not Not-A" Third, "Everything is either A or Not-A." CONTRADICTIONAL Con`tra*dic"tion*al, a. Defn: Contradictory; inconsistent; opposing. [R.] Milton. CONTRADICTIOUS Con`tra*dic"tious, a. 1. Filled with contradictions; inconsistent. [Obs.] 2. Inclined to contradict or cavil [Obs.] Sharp. -- Con`tra*dic"tious*ness, n. Norris. CONTRADICTIVE Con`tra*dict"ive, a. Defn: Contradictory; inconsistent. -- Con`tra*dict"ive*ly, adv.. CONTRADICTOR Con`tra*dict"or, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A contradicter. CONTRADICTORILY Con`tra*dict"o*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a contradictory manner. Sharp. CONTRADICTORINESS Con"tra*dict`o*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being contradictory; opposition; inconsistency. J. Whitaker. CONTRADICTORY Con`tra*dict"o*ry, a. Etym: [LL. contradictorius: cf. F. contradictoire.] 1. Affirming the contrary; implying a denial of what has been asserted; also, mutually contradicting; inconsistent. "Contradictory assertions." South. 2. Opposing or opposed; repugnant. Schemes . . . contradictory to common sense. Addisn. CONTRADICTORY Con`tra*dict"o*ry, n.; pl. Contradictories (. 1. A proposition or thing which denies or opposes another; contrariety. It is common with princes to will contradictories. Bacon. 2. pl. (Logic) Defn: propositions with the same terms, but opposed to each other both in quality and quantity. CONTRADISTINCT Con`tra*dis*tinct", a. Defn: Distinguished by opposite qualities. J. Goodwin. CONTRADISTINCTION Con`tra*dis*tinc"tion, n. Defn: Distinction by contrast. That there are such things as sins of infirmity in contradistinction to those of presumption is not to be questioned. South. CONTRADISTINCTIVE Con`tra*dis*tinc"tive, a. Defn: having the quality of contradistinction; distinguishing by contrast. -- Con`tra*dis*tinc"tive, n. CONTRADISTINGUISH Con`tra*dis*tin"guish (; 144), v. t. [imp & p. p. Contradistinguished; p. pr. & vb. n. Contradistinguishing.] Defn: To distinguish by a contrast of opposite qualities. These are our complex ideas of soul and body, as contradistinguished. Locke. CONTRAFAGETTO Con`tra*fa*get"to, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: The double bassoon, an octave deeper than the bassoon. CONTRAFISSURE Con`tra*fis"sure, n. (Med.) Defn: A fissure or fracture on the side opposite to that which received the blow, or at some distance from it. Coxe. CONTRAHENT Con"tra*hent, a. Etym: [L. contrahens, p.pr. See Contract.] Defn: Entering into covenant; contracting; as, contrahent parties. [Obs.] Mede. CONTRAINDICANT Con"tra*in"di*cant, n. (Med.) Defn: Something, as a symptom, indicating that the usual mode of treatment is not to be followed. Burke. CONTRAINDICATE Con"tra*in*"di*cate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contraindicated; p.pr. & vb.n. Contraindicating.] (Med.) Defn: To indicate, as by a symptom, some method of treatment contrary to that which the general tenor of the case would seem to require. Contraindicating symptoms must be observed. Harvey. CONTRAINDICATION Con"tra*in`di*ca"tion, n. (med.) Defn: An indication or symptom which forbids the method of treatment usual in such cases. CONTRALTO Con*tral"to ( or , n. Etym: [It., fr. contra + alto. See Alto.] (Mus.) (a) The part sung by the highest male or lowest female voices; the alto or counter tenor. (b) the voice or singer performing this part; as, her voice is a contralto; she is a contralto. Note: The usual range of the contralto voice is from G, below middle C, to the C above that; though exceptionally it embraces two octaves. CONTRALTO Con*tral"to ( or , a. (Mus.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a contralto, or to the part in music called contralto; as, a contralto voice. CONTRAMURE Con"tra*mure, n. Etym: [Cf. Countermure.] (fort.) Defn: An outer wall. [Obs.] Chambers. CONTRANATURAL Con"tra*nat"u*ral, a. Etym: [Cf. Counternatural.] Defn: Opposed to or against nature; unnatural. [R.] Bp. Rust. CONTRAPLEX Con"tra*plex, a. [Contra- + -plex as in duplex.] (Teleg.) Defn: Pertaining to the sending of two messages in opposite directions at the same time. CONTRAPOSITION Con"tra*po*si"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. contra- + position: cf. f. conterposition.] 1. A placing over against; opposite position. [Obs.] F. Potter. 2. (Logic) Defn: A so-called immediate inference which consists in denying the original subject of the contradictory predicate; e.g.: Every S is P; therefore, no Not-P is S. CONTRAPTION Con*trap"tion, n. Defn: A contrivance; a new-fangled device; -- used scornfully. [Colloq. or Dial.] -- Con*trap"tious (#), a. We all remember some of the extraordinary contraptions which have been thus evolved and put upon the market. F. M. Ware. CONTRAPUNTAL Con`tra*pun"tal, a. Etym: [It. contrappunto counterpoint. See Counterpoint.] (Mus.) Defn: Pertaining to, or according to the rules of, counterpoint. CONTRAPUNTIST Con`tra*pun"tist, n. Etym: [It. contrappuntista.] (Mus.) Defn: One skilled in counterpoint. L. Mason. CONTRAREMONSTRANT Con"tra*re*mon"strant, n. Defn: One who remonstrates in opposition or answer to a remonstraint. [R.] They did the synod wrong to make this distinction of contraremonstrants and remonstrants. Hales. CONTRARIANT Con*tra"ri*ant, a. Etym: [LL. contrarians, p.pr. of contrariare to oppose, fr. L. contrarius: cf. F. contrariant, p.pr. of contrarier to contradict. See Contrary.] Defn: Contrary; opposed; antagonistic; inconsistent; contradictory. [R.] The struggles of contrariant factions. Coleridge. CONTRARIANTLY Con*tra"ri*ant*ly, adv. Defn: Contrarily. [Obs.] CONTRARIES Con"tra*ries ( or , n. pl. Etym: [Pl. of Contrary, n.] (Logic) Defn: Propositions which directly and destructively contradict each other, but of which the falsehood of one does not establish the truth of the other. If two universals differ in quality, they are contraries; as, every vine is a tree; no vine is a tree. These can never be both true together; but they may be both false. I. Watts. CONTRARIETY Con`tra*ri"e*ty n.; pl. Contrarieties. Etym: [L. contrarietas: cf. F. contrariété.] 1. The state or quality of being contrary; opposition; repugnance; disagreement; antagonism. There is a contrariety between those things that conscience inclines to, and those that entertain the senses. South. 2. Something which is contrary to, or inconsistent with, something else; an inconsistency. How can these contrarieties agree Shak. Syn. -- Inconsistency; discrepancy; repugnance. CONTRARILY Con"tra*ri*ly or Defn: (adv. In a contrary manner; in opposition; on the other side; in opposite ways. CONTRARINESS Con"tra*ri*ness, n. Defn: state or quality of being contrary; opposition; inconsistency; contrariety; perverseness; obstinancy. CONTRARIOUS Con*tra"ri*ous, a. Etym: [LL. contrariosus: cf. OF. contrarios contralius.] Defn: Showing contrariety; repugnant; perverse. [Archaic] Milton. She flew contrarious in the face of God. Mrs. Browning. CONTRARIOUSLY Con*tra"ri*ous*ly, adv. Defn: Contrarily; oppositely. Shak. CONTRARIWISE Con"tra*ri*wise ( or , adv. 1. On the contrary; oppositely; on the other hand. Not rendering evil for evil, or railing for railing; but contrariwise, blessing. 1 Pet. iii. 9. 2. In a contrary order; conversely. Everything that acts upon the fluids must, at the same time, act upon the solids, and contrariwise. Arbuthnot. CONTRAROTATION Con`tra*ro*ta"tion, n. Defn: Circular motion in a direction contrary to some other circular motion. CONTRARY Con"tra*ry ( or ; 48), a. Etym: [OE. contrarie, contraire, F. contraire, fr. L. contrarius, fr. contra. See Contra-.] 1. Opposite; in an opposite direction; in opposition; adverse; as, contrary winds. And if ye walk contrary unto me, and will not hearken unto me. Lev. xxvi. 21. We have lost our labor; they are gone a contrary way. Shak. 2. Opposed; contradictory; repugnant; inconsistent. Fame, if not double-faced, is double mouthed, And with contrary blast proclaims most deeds. Milton. The doctrine of the earth's motion appeared to be contrary to the sacred Scripture. Whewell. 3. Given to opposition; perverse; forward; wayward; as, a contrary disposition; a contrary child. 4. (Logic) Defn: Affirming the opposite; so opposed as to destroy each other; as, contrary propositions. Contrary motion (Mus.), the progression of parts in opposite directions, one ascending, the other descending. Syn. -- Adverse; repugnant; hostile; inimical; discordant; inconsistent. CONTRARY Con"tra*ry, n.; pl. Contraries (. 1. A thing that is of contrary or opposite qualities. No contraries hold more antipathy Than I and such a knave. Shak. 2. An opponent; an enemy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. the opposite; a proposition, fact, or condition incompatible with another; as, slender proofs which rather show the contrary. See Converse, n., 1. Locke. 4. (Logic) Defn: See Contraries. On the contrary, in opposition; on the other hand. Swift. -- To the contrary, to an opposite purpose or intent; on the other side. "They did it, not for want of instruction to the contrary." Bp. Stillingfleet. CONTRARY Con"tra*ry, v. t. Etym: [F. contrarier. See Contrary, a.] Defn: To contradict or oppose; to thwart. [Obs.] I was advised not to contrary the king. Bp. Latimer. CONTRAST Con*trast", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Contrasted; p.pr. & vb.n. Contrasting.] Etym: [F. contraster, LL. contrastare to resist, withstand, fr. L. contra + stare to stand. See Stand.] Defn: To stand in opposition; to exhibit difference, unlikeness, or opposition of qualities. The joints which divide the sandstone contrast finely with the divisional planes which separate the basalt into pillars. Lyell. CONTRAST Con*trast", v. t. 1. To set in opposition, or over against, in order to show the differences between, or the comparative excellences and defects of; to compare by difference or contrariety of qualities; as, to contrast the present with the past. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: To give greater effect to, as to a figure or other object, by putting it in some relation of opposition to another figure or object. the figures of the groups must not be all on side . . . but must contrast each other by their several position. Dryden. CONTRAST Con"trast, n. Etym: [F. contraste: cf. It. contrasto.] 1. The act of contrasting, or the state of being contrasted; comparison by contrariety of qualities. place the prospect of the soul In sober contrast with reality. Wordsworth. 2. Opposition or dissimilitude of things or qualities; unlikeness, esp. as shown by juxtaposition or comparison. The contrasts and resemblances of the seasons. Whewell. 3. (Fine Arts) Defn: The opposition of varied forms, colors, etc., which by such juxtaposition more vividly express each other's pecularities. Fairholt. CONTRASTIMULANT Con`tra*stim"u*lant, a. Defn: Counteracting the effects of stimulants; relating to a course of medical treatment based on a theory of contrastimulants. -- n. (Med.) Defn: An agent which counteracts the effect of a stimulant. CONTRATE Con"trate, a. Etym: [See Contra-.] Defn: Having cogs or teeth projecting parallel to the axis, instead of radiating from it. [R.] Contrate wheel. See Crown wheel. CONTRATENOR Con"tra*ten`or, n. Etym: [Cf. Counter tenor.] (Mus.) Defn: Counter tenor; contralto. CONTRAVALLATION Con`tra*val*la"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. contra- + vallation: cf. F. contrevallation. Cf. Countervallation.] (Fort.) Defn: A trench guarded with a parapet, constructed by besiegers, to secure themselves and check sallies of the besieged. CONTRAVENE Con`tra*vene", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contravened; p.pr. & vb.n. Contravening.] Etym: [LL. contravenire; L. contra + venire to come: cf. F. contrevenir. See Come.] 1. To meet in the way of opposition; to come into conflict with; to oppose; to contradict; to obstruct the operation of; to defeat. So plain a proposition . . . was not likely to be contravened. Southey. 2. To violate; to nullify; to be inconsistent with; as, to contravene a law. Laws that place the subjects in such a state contravene the first principles of the compact of authority. Johnson. Syn. -- To contradict; set aside; nullify; defeat; cross; obstruct; baffle; thwart. CONTRAVENER Con`tra*ven"er, n. Defn: One who contravenes. CONTRAVENTION Con`tra*ven"tion, n. Etym: [Cf.F. contravention.] Defn: The act of contravening; opposition; obstruction; transgression; violation. Warrants in contravention of the acts of Parliament. Macaulay. In contravention of all his marriage stipulations. Motley. CONTRAVERSION Con`tra*ver"sion, n. Defn: A turning to the opposite side; antistrophe. Congreve. CONTRAYERVA Con`tra*yer"va, n. Etym: [Sp. contrayerba, literally, a counter herb, hence, an antidote for poison, fr. l. contra + herba herb.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of Dorstenia (D. Contrayerva), a South American plant, the aromatic root of which is sometimes used in medicine as a gentle stimulant and tonic. CONTRECOUP Con`tre*coup", n. Etym: [F., fr. contre (L. contra) + coup a blow.] (med.) Defn: A concussion or shock produced by a blow or other injury, in a part or region opposite to that at which the blow is received, often causing rupture or disorganisation of the parts affected. CONTREDANSE Con"tre*danse`, n. [Cf. F. contredanse (fr. E. Country-dance). ] 1. (a) A dance in which the partners are arranged face to face, or in opposite lines. (b) The quadrille. [Obs.] 2. (Music) A piece of music in the rhythm of such a dance. CONTRETEMPS Con`tre*temps", n. Etym: [F., fr. contre (L. conta) + temps time, fr. L. tempus.] Defn: An unexpected and untoward accident; something inopportune or embarassing; a hitch. In this unhappy contretemps. De Quincey. CONTRIBUTABLE Con*trib"u*ta*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being contributed. CONTRIBUTARY Con*trib"u*ta*ry, a. 1. Contributory. [R.] 2. Tributary; contributing. [R.] It was situated on the Ganges, at the place where this river received a contributary stream. D'Anville (Trans. ). CONTRIBUTE Con*trib"ute, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contributed; p.pr. & vb.n. Contributing.] Etym: [L. contributus, p.p. of contribuere to bring together, to add; con- + tribuere to grant, impart. See Tribute.] Defn: To give or grant i common with others; to give to a common stock or for a common purpose; to furnish or suply in part; to give (money or other aid) for a specified object; as, to contribute food or fuel for the poor. England contributes much more than any other of the allies. Addison. CONTRIBUTE Con*trib"ute, v. i. 1. To give a part to a common stock; to lend assistance or aid, or give something, to a common purpose; to have a share in any act or effect. We are engaged in war; the secretary of state calls upon the colonies to contribute. Burke. 2. To give or use one's power or influence for any object; to assist. These men also contributed to obstruct the progress of wisdom. Goldsmith. CONTRIBUTION Con`tri*bu"tion, n. Etym: [L. contributio: cf. F. contribution.] 1. The act of contributing. 2. That which is contributed; -- either the portion which an individual furnishes to the common stock, or the whole which is formed by the gifts of individuals. A certain contribution for the poor saints which are at jerusalem. Rom. xv. 26. Aristotle's actual contributions to the physical sciences. Whewell. 3. (Mil.) Defn: An irregular and arbitrary imposition or tax leved on the people of a town or country. These sums, . . . and the forced contributions paid by luckless peasants, enabled him to keep his straggling troops together. Motley. 4. (Law) Defn: Payment, by each of several jointly liable, of a share in a loss suffered or an amount paid by one of their number for the common benefit. CONTRIBUTIONAL Con`tri*bu"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or furnishing, a contribution. CONTRIBUTION PLAN Con`tri*bu"tion plan. (Life Insurance) Defn: A plan of distributing surplus by giving to each policy the excess of premiums and interest earned thereon over the expenses of management, cost of insurance, and the policy value at the date of computation. This excess is called the contribution of the policy. CONTRIBUTIVE Con*trib"u*tive, a. Defn: Contributing, or tending to contribute. Fuller. CONTRIBUTOR Con*trib"u*tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, contributes; specifically, one who writes articles for a newspaper or magazine. CONTRIBUTORY Con*trib"u*to*ry, a. Defn: Contributing to the same stock or purpose; promoting the same end; bringing assistance to some joint design, or increase to some common stock; contributive. Milton. Bonfires of contributory wood. Chapman. Contributory negligence (Law), negligence by an injured party, which combines with the negligence of the injurer in producing the injury, and which bars recovery when it is the proximate cause of the injury. Wharton. CONTRIBUTORY Con*trib"u*to*ry, n.; pl. Contributories (. Defn: One who contributes, or is liable to be called upon to contribute, as toward the discharge of a common indebtedness. Abbott. CONTRIST Con*trist", v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. contrister. See Contristate.] Defn: To make sad. [Obs.] To deject and contrist myself. Sterne. CONTRISTATE Con*tris"tate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. contristatus, p.p. of contristare to sadden; con- + tristis sad.] Defn: To make sorrowful. [Obs.] Bacon. CONTRITE Con"trite, a. Etym: [L. contritus bruised, p. p. of contrere to grind, bruise; con- + terere to rub, grind: cf. F. contrit See Trite.] 1. Thoroughly bruised or broken. [Obs.] 2. Broken down with grief and penitence; deeply sorrowful for sin because it is displeasing to God; humbly and thoroughly penitent. A contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise. Ps. li. 17. Be penitent, and for thy fault contrite. Milton. Syn. -- Penitent; repentant; humble; sorrowful. CONTRITE Con"trite, n. Defn: A contrite person. Hooker. CONTRITE Con"trite, v. Defn: In a contrite manner. CONTRITENESS Con"trite`ness, n. Defn: Deep sorrow and penitence for sin; contrition. CONTRITION Con*tri"tion, n. Etym: [F. contrition, L. contritio.] 1. The act of grinding or ribbing to powder; attrition; friction; rubbing. [Obs.] The breaking of their parts into less parts by contrition. Sir I. Newton. 2. The state of being contrite; deep sorrow and repentance for sin, because sin is displeasing to God; humble penitence; through repentance. My future days shall be one whole contrition. Dryden. Syn. -- repentance; penitence; humiliation; compunction; self-reproach; remorse. -- Contrition, Attrition, repentance. -- Contrition is deep sorrow and self-condemnation, with through repetance for sin because it is displeasing to God, and implies a feeling of love toward God. Attrition is sorrow for sin, or imperfect repentance produced by fear of punishment or a sense of the baseness of sin. Repentance is a penitent renunciation of, and turning from, sin; thorough repentance produces a new life. Repentance is often used as synonymous with contrition. See Compunction. CONTRITURATE Con*trit"u*rate, v. t. Defn: To triturate; to pulverize. [R.] CONTRIVABLE Con*triv"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being contrived, planned, invented, or devised. A perpetual motion may seem easily contrivable. Bp. Wilkins. CONTRIVANCE Con*triv"ance, n. 1. The act or faculty of contriving, inventing, devising, or planning. The machine which we are inspecting demonstrates, by its construction, contrivance and design. Contrivance must have had a contriver. Paley. 2. The thing contrived, invented, or planned; disposition of parts or causes by design; a scheme; plan; atrifice; arrangement. Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants. Burke. Syn. -- Device; plan; scheme; invention; machine; project; design; artifice; shift. See Device. CONTRIVE Con*trive", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contrived; p.pr. & vb.n. Contriving.] Etym: [OE. contriven, contreven, controven, to invent, OF. controver, contruver; con- + trouver to find. See Troubadour, trover.] Defn: To form by an exercise of ingenuity; to devise; to invent; to design; to plan. What more likely to contrive this admirable frame of the universe than infinite wisdom. Tillotson. neither do thou imagine that I shall contrive aught against his life. Hawthorne. Syn. -- To invent; discover; plan; design; project; plot; concert; hatch. CONTRIVE Con*trive", v. i. Defn: To make devices; to form designs; to plan; to scheme; to plot. The Fates with traitors do contrive. Shak. Thou hast contrived against th very life Of the defendant. Shak. CONTRIVEMENT Con*trive"ment, n. Defn: Contrivance; invention; arrangement; design; plan. [Obs.] Consider the admirable contrivement and artifice of this great fabric. Glanvill. Active to meet their contrivements. Sir G. Buck. CONTRIVER Con*triv"er, n. Defn: One who contrives, devises, plans, or schemas. Swift. CONTROL Con*trol", n. Etym: [F. contrôle a counter register, contr. fr. contr-rôle; contre (L. contra) + rôle roll, catalogue. See Counter and Roll, and cf. Counterroll.] 1. A duplicate book, register, or account, kept to correct or check another account or register; a counter register. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. That which serves to check, restrain, or hinder; restraint. "Speak without control." Dryden. 3. Power or authority to check or restrain; restraining or regulating influence; superintendence; government; as, children should be under parental control. The House of Commons should exercise a control over all the departments of the executive administration. Macaulay. Board of control. See under Board. CONTROL Con*trol", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Controlled; p.pr. & vb.n. Controlling.] Etym: [F. contrôler, fr. contrôle.] [Formerly written comptrol and controul.] 1. To check by a counter register or duplicate account; to prove by counter statements; to confute. [Obs.] This report was controlled to be false. Fuller. 2. To exercise restraining or governing influence over; to check; to counteract; to restrain; to regulate; to govern; to overpower. Give me a staff of honor for mine age, But not a scepter to control the world. Shak. I feel my virtue struggling in my soul: But stronger passion does its power control. Dryden. Syn. -- To restrain; rule; govern; manage; guide; regulate; hinder; direct; check; curb; counteract; subdue. CONTROLLABILITY Con*trol`la*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability of being controlled; controllableness. CONTROLLABLE Con*trol"la*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being controlled, checked, or restrained; amenable to command. Passion is the drunkeness of the mind, and, therefore, . . . not always controllable by reason. South. CONTROLLABLENESS Con*trol"la*ble*ness, n. Defn: Capability of being controlled. CONTROLLER Con*trol"ler, n. Etym: [From control, v.t.: cf. F. contrôleur.] 1. One who, or that which, controls or restraines; one who has power or authority to regulate or control; one who governs. The great controller of our fate Deigned to be man, and lived in low estate. Dryden. 2. An officer appointed to keep a counter register of accounts, or to examine, rectify, or verify accounts. [More commonly written controller.] 3. (Naut.) Defn: An iron block, usually bolted to a ship's deck, for controlling the running out of a chain cable. The links of the cable tend to drop into hollows in the block, and thus hold fast until disengaged. CONTROLLERSHIP Con*trol"ler*ship, n. Defn: The office of a controller. CONTROLMENT Con*trol"ment, n. 1. The power or act of controlling; the state of being rstrained; control; restraint; regulation; superintendence. You may do it without controlment. Shak. 2. Opposition; resistance; hostility. [Obs.] Here have we war for war, and blood for blood, Controlment for controlment. Shak. CONTROVERSAL Con`tro*ver"sal, a. 1. Turning or looking opposite ways. [Obs.] The temple of Janus, with his two controversal faces. Milton. 2. Controversal. [Obs.] Boyle. CONTROVERSARY Con`tro*ver"sa*ry, a. Defn: Controversial. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. CONTROVERSE Con"tro*verse, n. Etym: [Cf. F. controverse.] Defn: Controversy. [Obs.] Spenser. CONTROVERSE Con"tro*verse, v. t. Etym: [L. controversari, fr. controversus turned against, disputed.] Defn: To dispute; to controvert. [Obs.] "Controversed causes." Hooker. CONTROVERSER Con"tro*ver`ser, n. Defn: A disputant. [Obs.] CONTROVERSIAL Con`tro*ver"sial, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. controversialis.] Defn: Relating to, or consisting of, controversy; disputatious; polemical; as, controversial divinity. Whole libraries of controversial books. Macaulay. CONTROVERSIALIST Con`tro*ver"sial*ist, n. Defn: One who carries on a controversy; a disputant. He [Johnson] was both intellectually and morally of the stuff of which controversialists are made. Macaulay. CONTROVERSIALLY Con`tro*ver"sial*ly, adv. Defn: In a controversial manner. CONTROVERSION Con`tro*ver"sion, n. Defn: Act of controverting; controversy. [Obs.] Hooker. CONTROVERSOR Con"tro*ver`sor, n. Defn: A controverser. [Obs.] CONTROVERSY Con"tro*ver`sy, n.; pl. Controversies. Etym: [L. controversia, fr. controversus turned against, disputed; contro- = contra + versus, p.p. of vertere to turn. See Verse.] 1. Contention; dispute; debate; discussion; agitation of contrary opinions. This left no room for controversy about the title. Locke. A dispute is commonly oral, and a controversy in writing. Johnson. 2. Quarrel; strife; cause of variance; difference. The Lord hath a controversy with the nations. Jer. xxv. 31. 3. A suit in law or equity; a question of right. [Obs.] When any man that had a controversy came to the king for judgment. 2 Sam. xv. 2. Syn. -- Dispute; debate; disputation; disagreement; altercation; contention; wrangle; strife; quarrel. CONTROVERT Con"tro*vert, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Controverted; p.pr. & vb.n. Controverting.] Etym: [See Controversy.] Defn: To make matter of controversy; to dispute or oppose by reasoning; to contend against in words or writings; to contest; to debate. Some controverted points had decided according to the sense of the best jurists. Macaulay. CONTROVERTER Con"tro*ver`ter, n. Defn: One who controverts; a controversial writer; a controversialist. Some controverters in divinity are like swaggerers in a tavern. B. Jonson. CONTROVERTIBLE Con`tro*ver"ti*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being controverted; disputable; admitting of question. -- Con`tro*ver"ti*bly, adv. CONTROVERTIST Con"tro*ver`tist, n. Defn: One skilled in or given to controversy; a controversialist. How unfriendly is the controvertist to the discernment of the critic! Campbell. CONTUBERNAL; CONTUBERNIAL Con*tu"ber*nal, Con`tu*ber"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. contubernalis a tent companion, fr. contubernium tent companionship.] Defn: Living or messing together; familiar; in companionship. Humble folk ben Christes friends: they ben contubernial with the Lord, thy King. Chaucer. CONTUMACIOUS Con`tu*ma"cious, a. Etym: [L. contumax, -acis. See Contumacy.] 1. Exhibiting contumacy; contemning authority; obstinate; perverse; stubborn; disobedient. There is another very, efficacious method for subding the most obstinate, contumacious sinner. Hammond. 2. (Law) Defn: Willfully disobedient to the summous or prders of a court. Blackstone. Syn. -- Stubborn; obstinate; obdurate; disobedient; perverse; unyielding; headstrong. -- Con`tu*ma"cious*ly, adv. -- Con`tu*ma"cious*ness, n. CONTUMACY Con"tu*ma*cy, n.; pl. Contumacies. Etym: [L. contumacia, fr. contumax, -acis, insolent; prob. akin to contemnere to despise: cf. F. contumace. Cf. Contemn.] 1. Stubborn perverseness; pertinacious resistance to authority. The bishop commanded him . . . to be thrust into the stocks for his manifest and manifold contumacy. Strype. 2. (Law) Defn: A willful contempt of, and disobedience to, any lawful summons, or to the rules and orders of court, as a refusal to appear in court when legally summoned. Syn. -- Stubbornness; perverseness; obstinacy. CONTUMELIOUS Con`tu*me"li*ous (or ; 106), a. Etym: [L. contumeliosus.] 1. Exhibiting contumely; rudely contemptuous; insolent; disdainful. Scoffs, and scorns, and contumelious taunts. Shak. Curving a contumelious lip. Tennyson. 2. Shameful; disgraceful. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. -- Con`tu*me"li*ous*ly, adv. -- Con`tu*me"li*ous*ness, n. CONTUMELY Con"tu*me*ly, n. Etym: [L. contumelia, prob. akin to contemnere to despise: cf. OF. contumelie. Cf. Contumacy.] Defn: Rudeness compounded of haughtiness and contempt; scornful insolence; despiteful treatment; disdain; contemptuousness in act or speech; disgrace. The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely. Shak. Nothing aggravates tyranny so much as contumely. Burke. CONTUSE Con*tuse", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contused; p.pr. & vb.n. Contusing.] Etym: [L. contusus, p.p. of contundere to beat, crush; con- + tundere to beat, akin to Skr. tud (for stud) to strike, Goth. stautan. See Stutter.] 1. To beat, pound, or together. Roots, barks, and seeds contused together. Bacon. 2. To bruise; to injure or disorganize a part without breaking the skin. Contused wound, a wound attended with bruising. CONTUSION Con*tu"sion, n. Etym: [L. contusio: cf. F. contusion.] 1. The act or process of beating, bruising, or pounding; the state of being beaten or bruised. 2. (Med.) Defn: A bruise; an injury attended with more or less disorganization of the subcutaneous tissue and effusion of blood beneath the skin, but without apparent wound. CONUNDRUM Co*nun"drum, n. Etym: [Origin unknown.] 1. A kind of riddle based upon some fanciful or fantastic resemblance between things quite unlike; a puzzling question, of which the answer is or involves a pun. Or pun ambiguous, or conundrum quaint. J. Philips. 2. A question to which only a conjectural answer can be made. Do you think life is long enough to let me speculate on conundrums like that W. Black. CONURE Co*nure", n. Etym: [NL. conurus, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American parrakeet of the genus Conurus. Many species are known. See Parrakeet. CONUS Co"nus, n. Etym: [L., a cone.] 1. A cone. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A Linnean genus of mollusks having a conical shell. See Cone, n., 4. CONUSABLE Con"u*sa*ble, a. Defn: Cognizable; liable to be tried or judged. [Obs.] Bp. Barlow. CONUSANT Con"u*sant, a. (Law) Defn: See Cognizant. CONUSOR Con`u*sor", n. (Law) Defn: See Cognizor. CONVALESCE Con`va*lesce", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Convalesced; p.pr. & vb.n. Convalescing.] Etym: [L. convalscere; con- + valescere to grow strong, v. incho. of valere to be strong. See Vallant.] Defn: To recover health and strength gradually, after sickness or weakness; as, a patient begins to convalesce. CONVALESCED Con`va*lesced", a. Defn: Convalescent. [R.] He found the queen somewhat convalesced. J. Knox. CONVALESCENCE; CONVALESCENCY Con`va*les"cence, Con`va*les"cen*cy, n. Etym: [L. convalescentia: cf. F. convalescence.] Defn: The recovery of heath and strength after disease; the state of a body renewing its vigor after sickness or weakness; the time between the subsidence of a disease and complete restoration to health. CONVALESCENT Con`va*les"cent, a. Etym: [L. convalescens, -entis, p.pr.: cf. F. convalescent.] 1. Recovering from siclness or debility; partially restored to health or strength. 2. Of or pertaining to convalescence. CONVALESCENT Con`va*les"cent, n. Defn: One recovering from sickness. CONVALESCENTLY Con`va*les"cent*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a convalescent; with increasing strength or vigor. CONVALLAMARIN Con*val"la*ma`rin, n. Etym: [Convalaria + L. amarus bitter.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, poisonous substance, regarded as a glucoside, extracted from the lily of the valley (Convallaria Majalis). Its taste is first bitter, then sweet. CONVALLARIA Con`val*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., from L. convallis a valley; con- + vallis valley.] (Bot. & Med.) Defn: The lily of the valley. CONVALLARIN Con`val*la"rin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline glucoside, of an irritating taste, extracted from the convallaria or lily of the valley. CONVECTION Con*vec"tion, n. Etym: [L. convectio, fr. convehere to bring together; con- + vehere to carry.] 1. The act or process of conveying or transmitting. 2. (Physics) Defn: A process of transfer or transmission, as of heat or electricity, by means of currents in liquids or gases, resulting from changes of temperature and other causes. Liquids are generally heated by convection -- when heat is applied from bellow. Nichol. CONVECTIVE Con*vec"tive, a. Defn: Caused or accomplished by convection; as, a convective discharge of electricity. Faraday. CONVECTIVELY Con*vec"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a convective manner. Hare. CONVELLENT Con*vel"lent, a. Etym: [L. convellens, p.pr. of convellere. See Convulse.] Defn: Tending to tear or pull up. [Obs.] The ends of the fragment . . . will not yield to the convellent force. Todd & Bowman. CONVENABLE Con*ven"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being convened or assembled. CONVENABLE Con"ve*na*ble, a. Etym: [F. convenable, fr. convenir. See Convene.] Defn: Consistent; accordant; suitable; proper; as, convenable remedies. [Obs.] With his wod his work is convenable. Spenser. CONVENANCE Con"ve*nance, n. Etym: [F., fitness, suitableness.] Defn: That which is suitable, agreeable, or convenient. And they missed Their wonted convenance, cheerly hid the loss. Emerson. CONVENE Con*vene", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Convened; p.pr. & vb.n. Convenong.] Etym: [L. convenire; con- + venire to come: cf. F. convenir to agree, to be fitting, OF. also, to assemble. See Come, and cf. Covenant.] 1. To come together; to meet; to unite. [R.] In shortsighted men . . . the rays converge and convene in the eyes before they come at the bottom. Sir I. Newton. 2. To come together, as in one body or for a public purpose; to meet; to assemble. Locke. The Parliament of Scotland now convened. Sir R. Baker. Faint, underneath, the household fowls convene. Thomson. Syn. -- To meet; to assemble; to congregate; to collect; to unite. CONVENE Con*vene", v. t. 1. To cause to assemble; to call together; to convoke. And now the almighty father of the gods Convenes a council in the blest abodes. Pope. 2. To summon judicially to meet or appear. By the papal canon law, clerks . . . can not be convened before any but an ecclesiastical judge. Ayliffe. CONVENER Con*ven"er, n. 1. One who convenes or meets with others. [Obs.] 2. One who calls an assembly together or convenes a meeting; hence, the chairman of a committee or other organized body. [Scot.] CONVENIENCE; CONVENIENCY Con*ven"ience, Con*ven"ien*cy, n. Etym: [L. convenientia agreement, fitness. See Convenient.] 1. The state or quality of being convenient; fitness or suitableness, as of place, time, etc.; propriety. Let's futher think of this; Weigh what convenience both of time and means May fit us to our shape. Shak. With all brief and plain conveniency, Let me have judgment. Shak. 2. Freedom from discomfort, difficulty, or trouble; commodiousness; ease; accommodation. Thus necessity invented stools, Convenience next suggested elbow chairs. Cowper. We are rather intent upon the end of God's glory than our own conveniency. Jer. Taylor. 3. That which is convenient; that which promotes comfort or advantage; that which is suited to one's wants; an accommodation. A pair of spectacles and several other little conveniences. Swift. 4. A convenient or fit time; opportunity; as, to do something at one's convenience. CONVENIENT Con*ven"ient, a. Etym: [L. conveniens, -entis, suitable, p.pr. of convenire to be suitable, to come. See Convene, v. i.] 1. Fit or adapted; suitable; proper; becoming; appropriate. [Archaic] Feed me with food convenient for me. Prov. xxx. 8. Neither filthiness, nor foolish talking, nor jesting, which are not convenient. Eph. v. 4. 2. Affording accommodation or advantage; well adapted to use; handly; as, a convenient house; convenient implements or tools. 3. Seasonable; timely; opportune; as, a convenient occasion; a convenient season. Acts xxiv. 25. 4. Near at hand; easy of access. [Colloq.] Hereties used to be brought thither, convenient for burning. Thackeray. Syn. -- Fit; suitable; proper; adapted; fitted; suited; handly; commodious. CONVENIENTLY Con*ven"ient*ly, adv. Defn: In a convenient manner, form, or situation; without difficulty. CONVENT Con"vent, n. Etym: [L. conventus a meeting, LL. also, a convent. See Convene, v. i.] 1. A coming together; a meeting. [Obs.] A usual ceremony at their [the witches] convents or meetings. B. Jonson. 2. An association or community of recluses devoted to a religious life; a body of monks or nuns. One of our convent, and his [the duke's] confessor. Shak. 3. A house occupied by a community of religious recluses; a monastery or nunnery. One seldom finds in Italy a spot of ground more agreeable than ordinary that is not covered with a convent. Addison. Syn. -- Nunnery; monastery; abbey. See Cloister. CONVENT Con*vent", v. i. Etym: [L. conventus, p.p. of convenire. See Convene, v. i.] 1. To meet together; to concur. [obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. To be convenient; to serve. [Obs.] When that is known and golden time convents. Shak. CONVENT Con*vent", v. t. Defn: To call before a judge or judicature; to summon; to convene. [Obs.] Shak. CONVENTICAL Con*vent"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or from, or pertaining to, a convent. "Conventical wages." Sterne. Conventical prior. See Prior. CONVENTICLE Con*ven"ti*cle, n. Etym: [L. conventiculum, dim. of conventus: cf. F. conventicule. See Convent, n.] 1. A small assembly or gathering; esp., a secret assembly. They are commanded to abstain from all conventicles of men whatsoever. Ayliffe. 2. An assembly for religious worship; esp., such an assembly held privately, as in times of persecution, by Nonconformists or Dissenters in England, or by Covenanters in Scotland; -- often used opprobriously, as if those assembled were heretics or schismatics. The first Christians could never have had recourse to nocturnal or clandestine conventicles till driven to them by the violence of persecution. Hammond. A sort of men who . . . attend its [the curch of England's] service in the morning, and go with their wives to a conventicle in the afternoon. Swift. CONVENTICLER Con*ven"ti*cler, n. Defn: One who supports or frequents conventicles. Dryden. CONVENTICLING Con*ven"ti*cling, a. Defn: Belonging or going to, or resembling, a conventicle. [Obs.] Conventicling schools . . . set up and taught secretly by fanatics. South. CONVENTION Con*ven"tion, n. Etym: [L. conventio: cf. F. convention. See Convene, v. i.] 1. The act of coming together; the state of being together; union; coalition. The conventions or associations of several particles of matter into bodies of any certain denomination. Boyle. 2. General agreement or concurrence; arbitrary custom; usage; conventionality. There are thousands now Such women, but convention beats them down. Tennyson. 3. A meeting or an assembly of persons, esp. of delegates or representatives, to accomplish some specific object, -- civil, social, political, or ecclesiastical. He set himself to the making of good laws in a grand convention of his nobles. Sir R. Baker. A convention of delegates from all the States, to meet in Philadelphia, for the sole and express purpose of reserving the federal system, and correcting its defects. W. Irving. 4. (Eng. Hist) Defn: An extraordinary assembly of the parkiament or estates of the realm, held without the king's writ, -- as the assembly which restored Charles II. to the throne, and that which declared the throne to be abdicated by James II. Our gratitude is due . . . to the Long Parliament, to the Convention, and to William of Orange. Macaulay. 5. An agreement or contract less formal than, or preliminary to, a traety; an informal compact, as between commanders of armies in respect to suspension of hostilities, or between states; also, a formal agreement between governments or sovereign powers; as, a postal convetion between two governments. This convention, I think from my soul, is nothing but a stipulation for national ignominy; a truce without a suspension of hostilities. Ld. Chatham. The convention with the State of georgia has been ratified by their Legislature. T. Jefferson. CONVENTIONAL Con*ven"tion*al, a. Etym: [L. conventionalis: cf. F. conventionnel.] 1. Formed by agreement or compact; stipulated. Conventional services reserved by tenures upon grants, made out of the crown or knights' service. Sir M. Hale. 2. Growing out of, or depending on, custom or tacit agreement; sanctioned by general concurrence or usage; formal. "Conventional decorum." Whewell. The conventional language appropriated to monarchs. Motley. The ordinary salutations, and other points of social behavior, are conventional. Latham. 3. (Fine Arts) (a) Based upon tradition, whether religious and historical or of artistic rules. (b) Abstracted; removed from close representation of nature by the deliberate selection of what is to be represented and what is to be rejected; as, a conventional flower; a conventional shell. Cf. Conventionalize, v. t. CONVENTIONALISM Con*ven"tion*al*ism, n. 1. That which is received or established by convention or arbitrary agreement; that which is in accordance with the fashion, tradition, or usage. All the artifice and conventionalism of life. Hawthorne. They gaze on all with dead, dim eyes, -- wrapped in conventionalisms, . . . simulating feelings according to a received standart. F. W. Robertson. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: The principles or practice of conventionalizing. See Conventionalize, v. t. CONVENTIONALIST Con*ven"tion*al*ist, n. 1. One who adheres to a convention or treaty. 2. One who is governed by conventionalism. CONVENTIONALITY Con*ven`tion*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Conventionalities (. Defn: The state of being conventional; adherence to social formalities or usages; that which is established by conventional use; one of the customary usages of social life. CONVENTIONALIZATION Con*ven`tion*al*i*za"tion, n. (Fine Arts) (a) The act of making conventional. (b) The state of being conventional. CONVENTIONALIZE Con*ven"tion*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conventionalized; p.pr. & vb.n. Conventionalizing.] 1. To make conventional; to bring under the influence of, or cause to conform to, conventional rules; to establish by usage. 2. (Fine Arts) (a) To represent by selecting the important features and those which are expressible in the medium employed, and omitting the others. (b) To represent according to an established principle, whether religious or traditional, or based upon certain artistic rules of supposed importance. CONVENTIONALIZE Con*ven"tion*al*ize, v. i. (Fine Arts) Defn: To make designs in art, according to conventional principles. Cf. Conventionalize, v. t., 2. CONVENTIONALLY Con*ven"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a conventional manner. CONVENTIONARY Con*ven"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Acting under contract; settled by express agreement; as, conventionary tenants. [Obs.] R. Carew. CONVENTIONER Con*ven"tion*er, n. Defn: One who belongs to a convention or assembly. CONVENTIONIST Con*ven"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who enters into a convention, covenant, or contract. CONVENTUAL Con*ven"tu*al, a. Etym: [LL. conventualis: cf. F. conventuel.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a convent; monastic. "A conventual garb." Macaulay. Conventual church, a church attached or belonging to a convent or monastery. Wordsworth. CONVENTUAL Con*ven"tu*al, n. Defn: One who lives in a convent; a monk or num; a recluse. Addison. CONVERGE Con*verge", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Converged; p.pr. & vb.n. Converging.] Etym: [Pref. con- + L. vergere to turn, incline; cf. F. converger. See Verge, v. i.] Defn: To tend to one point; to incline and approach nearer together; as, lines converge. The mountains converge into a single ridge. Jefferson. CONVERGE Con*verge", v. t. Defn: To cause to tend to one point; to cause to incline and approach nearer together. I converge its rays to a focus of dazzling brilliancy. Tyndall. CONVERGENCE; CONVERGENCY Con*ver"gence, Con*ver"gen*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. convergence.] Defn: The condition or quality of converging; tendency to one point. The convergence or divergence of the rays falling on the pupil. Berkeley. CONVERGENT Con*ver"gent, a. Etym: [Cf. F. convergent.] Defn: tending to one point of focus; tending to approach each other; converging. As many rays of light, as conveniently can be let in, and made convergent. Boyle. The vast dome of its cathedral . . . directing its convergent curves to heaven. Hallam. CONVERGING Con*ver"ging, a. Defn: Tending to one point; approaching each other; convergent; as, converging lines. Whewell. Converging rays(Opt.), rays of light, which, proceeding from different points of an object, tend toward a single point. -- Converging series (Math.), a series in which if an indefinitely great number of terms be taken, their sum will become indefinitely near in value to a fixed quantity, which is called the sum of the series; -- opposed to a diverging series. CONVERSABLE Con*vers"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conversable.] Defn: Qualified for conversation; disposed to converse; sociable; free in discourse. While young, humane, conversable, and kind. Cowper. CONVERSABLENESS Con*vers"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being conversable; disposition to converse; sociability. CONVERSABLY Con*vers"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a conversable manner. CONVERSANCE Con"ver*sance, n. Defn: The state or quality of being conversant; habit of familiarity; familiar acquaintance; intimacy. [R.] CONVERSANCY Con"ver*san*cy, n. Defn: Conversance [R.] CONVERSANT Con"ver*sant, a. Etym: [L. conversans, p.pr. of conversari: cf. F. conversant.] 1. Having frequent or customary intercourse; familiary associated; intimately acquainted. I have been conversant with the first persons of the age. Dryden. 2. Familiar or acquainted by use or study; well-informed; versed; -- generally used with with, sometimes with in. Deeply conversant in the Platonic philosophy. Dryden. he uses the different dialects as one who had been conversant with them all. Pope. Conversant only with the ways of men. Cowper. 3. Concerned; occupied. Education . . . is conversant about children. W. Wotton. CONVERSANT Con*vers"ant, n. Defn: One who converses with another; a convenser. [R.] CONVERSANTLY Con"ver*sant*ly, adv. Defn: In a familiar manner. CONVERSATION Con`ver*sa"tion, n. Etym: [OE. conversacio (in senses 1 & 2), OF. conversacion, F. conversation, fr. L. conversatio frequent abode in a place, intercourse, LL. also, manner of life.] 1. General course of conduct; behavior. [Archaic] Let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel. Philip. i. 27. 2. Familiar intercourse; intimate fellowship or association; close acquaintance. "Conversation with the best company." Dryden. I set down, out of long experience in business and much conversation in books, what I thought pertinent to this business. Bacon. 3. Commerce; intercourse; traffic. [Obs.] All traffic and mutual conversation. Hakluyt. 4. Colloqual discourse; oral interchange of sentiments and observations; informal dialogue. The influence exercised by his [Johnson's] conversation was altogether without a parallel. Macaulay. 5. Sexual intercourse; as, criminal conversation. Syn. -- Intercourse; communion; commerce; familiarity; discourse; dialogue; colloque; talk; chat. -- Conversation, Talk. There is a looser sense of these words, in which they are synonymous; there is a stricter sense, in which they differ. Talk is usually broken, familiar, and versatile. Conversation is more continuous and sustained, and turns ordinarily upon topics or higher interest. Children talk to their parents or to their companions; men converse together in mixed assemblies. Dr. Johnson once remarked, of an evening spent in society, that there had been a great deal of talk, but no conversation. CONVERSATIONAL Con`ver*sa"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to conversation; in the manner of one conversing; as, a conversational style. Thackeray. CONVERSATIONALIST Con`ver*sa"tion*al*ist, n. Defn: A conversationist. CONVERSATIONED Conver*sa"tioned, a. Defn: Acquainted with manners and deportment; behaved. [Obs.] Till she be better conversationed, . . . I'll keep As far from her as the gallows. Beau. & Fl. CONVERSATIONISM Con`ver*sa"tion*ism, n. Defn: A word or phrase used in conversation; a colloqualism. CONVERSATIONIST Con`ver*sa"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who converses much, or who excels in conversation. Byron. CONVERSATIVE Con*ver"sa*tive, a. Defn: Relating to intercourse with men; social; -- opposed to contemplative. She chose . . . to endue him with the conversative qualities of youth. Sir H. Wotton. CONVERSAZIONE Con`ver*sa`zio"ne (or ), n.; pl. Conversazioni. Etym: [It. See Conversation.] Defn: A meeting or assembly for conversation, particularly on literary or scientific subjects. Gray. These conversazioni [at Florence] resemble our card assemblies. A. Drummond. CONVERSE Con*verse", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Conversed; p.pr. & vb.n. Conversing.] Etym: [F. converser, L. conversari to associate with; con- + versari to be turned, to live, remain, fr. versare to turn often, v. intens. of vertere to turn See Convert.] 1. To keep company; to hold intimate intercourse; to commune; -- followed by with. To seek the distant hills, and there converse With nature. Thomson. Conversing with the world, we use the world's fashions. Sir W. Scott. But to converse with heaven -This is not easy. Wordsworth. 2. To engage, in familiar colloqui; to interchange thoughts and opinions in a free, informal manner; to chat; -- followed by with before a person; by on, about, concerning, etc., before a thing. Companions That do converse and waste the time together. Shak. We had conversed so often on that subject. Dryden. 3. To have knowledge of, from long intercourse or study; -- said of things. According as the objects they converse with afford greater or less variety. Locke. Syn. -- To associate; commune; discourse; talk; chat. CONVERSE Con"verse, n. 1. Frequent intercourse; familiar communion; intimate association. Glanvill. "T is but to hold Converse with Nature's charms, and view her stores unrolled. Byron. 2. Familiar discourse; free interchange of thoughts or views; conversation; chat. Formed by thy converse happily to steer From grave to gay, from lively to severe. Pope. CONVERSE Con"verse Defn: , a. Etym: [L. conversus, p.p. of convertere. See Convert.] Turned about; reversed in order or relation; reciprocal; as, a converse proposition. CONVERSE Con"verse, n. 1. (Logic) Defn: A proposition which arises from interchanging the terms of another, as by putting the predicate for the subject, and the subject for the predicate; as, no virtue is vice, no vice is virtue. Note: It should not (as is often done) be confounded with the contrary or opposite of a proposition, which is formed by introducing the negative not or no. 2. (Math.) Defn: A proposition in which, after a conclusion from something supposed has been drawn, the order is inverted, making the conclusion the supposition or premises, what was first supposed becoming now the conclusion or inference. Thus, if two sides of a sides of a triangle are equal, the angles opposite the sides are equal; and the converse is true, i.e., if these angles are equal, the two sides are equal. CONVERSELY Con"verse*ly ( or , adv. Defn: In a converse manner; with change of order or relation; reciprocally. J. S. Mill. CONVERSER Con*vers"er, n. Defn: One who engages in conversation. CONVERSIBLE Con*ver"si*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being converted or reversed. Hammond. CONVERSION Con*ver"sion, n. Etym: [L. conversio: cf. F. conversion. See Convert.] 1. The act of turning or changing from one state or condition to another, or the state of being changed; transmutation; change. Artificial conversion of water into ice. Bacon. The conversion of the aliment into fat. Arbuthnot. 2. The act of changing one's views or course, as in passing from one side, party, or from of religion to another; also, the state of being so changed. "Conversion to Christianity." Prescott. 3. (Law) Defn: An appropriation of, and dealing with the property of another as if it were one's own, without right; as, the conversion of a horse. Or bring my action of conversion And trover for my goods. Hudibras. 4. (Logic) Defn: The act of interchanging the terms of a proposition, as by putting the subject in the place of the predicate, or the contrary. 5. (Math.) Defn: A change or reduction of the form or value of a proposition; as, the conversion of equations; the conversion of proportions. 6. (Mil.) (a) A change of front, as a body of troops attacked in the flank. (b) A change of character or use, as of smoothbore guns into rifles. 7. (Theol.) Defn: A spiritual and moral change attending a change of belief with conviction; a change of heart; a change from the service of the world to the service of God; a change of the ruling disposition of the soul, involving a transformation of the outward life. He oft Frequented their assemblies, . . . and to them preached Conversion and repentance, as to souls In prison under judgments imminent. Milton. CONVERSIVE Con*ver"sive, a. 1. Capable of being converted or changed. 2. Ready to converse; social. [Archaic] Feltham. CONVERT Con*vert", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Converted; p.pr. & vb.n. Converting.] Etym: [L. convertere, -versum; con- + vertere to turn: cf. F. convertir. See Verse.] 1. To cause to turn; to turn. [Obs.] O, which way shall I first convert myself B. Jonson. 2. To change or turn from one state or condition to another; to alter in form, substance, or quality; to transform; to transmute; as, to convert water into ice. If the whole atmosphere were converted into water. T. Burnet. That still lessens The sorrow, and converts it nigh to joy. Milton. 3. To change or turn from one belief or course to another, as from one religion to another or from one party or sect to another. No attempt was made to convert the Moslems. Prescott. 4. To produce the spiritual change called conversion in (any one); to turn from a bad life to a good one; to change the heart and moral character of (any one) from the controlling power of sin to that of holiness. He which converteth the sinner from the error of his way shall save a soul from death. Lames v. 20. 5. To apply to any use by a diversion from the proper or intended use; to appropriate dishonestly or illegally. When a bystander took a coin to get it changed, and converted it, [it was] held no larceny. Cooley. 6. To exchange for some specified equivalent; as, to convert goods into money. 7. (Logic) Defn: To change (one proposition) into another, so that what was the subject of the first becomes the predicate of the second. 8. To turn into another language; to translate. [Obs.] Which story . . . Catullus more elegantly converted. B. Jonson. Converted guns, cast-iron guns lined with wrought-iron or steel tubes. Farrow. -- Converting furnace (Steel Manuf.), a furnace in which wrought iron is converted into steel by cementation. Syn. -- To change; turn; transmute; appropriate. CONVERT Con*vert", v. i. Defn: To be turned or changed in character or direction; to undergo a change, physically or morally. If Nebo had had the preaching that thou hast, they [the Neboites] would have converted. Latimer. A red dust which converth into worms. Sandys. The public hope And eye to thee converting. Thomson. CONVERT Con"vert, n. 1. A person who is converted from one opinion or practice to another; a person who is won over to, or heartily embraces, a creed, religious system, or party, in which he has not previously believed; especially, one who turns from the controlling power of sin to that of holiness, or from unbelief to Christianity. The Jesuits did not persuade the converts to lay aside the use of images. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. A lay friar or brother, permitted to enter a monastery for the service of the house, but without orders, and not allowed to sing in the choir. Syn. -- Proselyte; neophyte. -- Convert, Proselyte, Pervert. A convert is one who turns from what he believes to have been a decided error of faith or practice. Such a change may relate to religion, politics, or other subjects. properly considered, it is not confined to speculation alone, but affects the whole current of one's feelings and the tenor of his actions. As such a change carries with it the appearance of sincerity, the term convert is usually taken in a good sense. Proselyte is a term of more ambiguous use and application. It was first applied to an adherent of one religious system who had transferred himself externally to some other religious system; and is also applied to one who makes a similar transfer in respect to systems of philosophy or speculation. The term has little or no reference to the state of the heart. Pervert is a term of recent origin, designed to express the contrary of convert, and to stigmatize a person as drawn off perverted from the true faith. It has been more particulary applied by members of the Church of England to those who have joined the Roman Catholic Church. CONVERTEND Con`ver*tend", n. Etym: [L. convertenus to be converted.] (Logic) Defn: Any proposition which is subject to the process of conversion; -- so called in its relation to itself as converted, after which process it is termed the conversae. See Converse, n. (Logic). CONVERTER Con*vert"er, n. 1. One who converts; one who makes converts. 2. (Steel Manuf.) Defn: A retort, used in the Bessemer process, in which molten cast iron is decarburized and converted into steel by a blast of air forced through the liquid metal. CONVERTIBILITY Con*vert`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being convertible; capability of being exchanged; convertibleness. The mutual convertibility of land into money, and of money into land. Burke. CONVERTIBLE Con*vert"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. convertibilis: cf. F. convertible.] 1. Capable of being converted; susceptible of change; transmutable; transformable. Minerals are not convertible into another species, though of the same genus. Harvey. 2. Capable of being exchanged or interchanged; reciprocal; interchangeable. So long as we are in the regions of nature, miraculous and improbable, miraculous and incredible, may be allowed to remain convertible terms. Trench. CONVERTIBLENESS Con*vert"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state of being convertible; convertibility. CONVERTIBLY Con*vert"i*bly, adv. Defn: In a convertible manner. CONVERTITE Con"vert*ite, n. Etym: [Cf. It. convertito, p.p. of convertire to convert.] Defn: A convert. [Obs.] Shak. CONVEX Con"vex, a. Etym: [L. convexus vaulted, arched, convex, concave, fr. convehere to bring together: cf. F. convexe. See Vehicle.] Defn: Rising or swelling into a spherical or rounded form; regularly protuberant or bulging; -- said of a spherical surface or curved line when viewed from without, in opposition to concave. Drops of water naturally form themselves into figures with a convex surface. Whewell. Double convex, convex on both sides; convexo-convex. CONVEX Con"vex, n. Defn: A convex body or surface. Half heaven's convex glitters with the flame. Tickell. Note: This word was often pronounced con-vex' by early writers, as by Milton, and occasionallyby later poets. CONVEXED Con"vexed ( or ), a. Defn: Made convex; protuberant in a spherical form. Sir T. Browne. CONVEXEDLY Con*vex"ed*ly, dv. Defn: In a convex form; convexly. Sir T. Browne. CONVEXEDNESS Con*vex"ed*ness, n. Defn: Convexity. CONVEXITY Con*vex"i*ty, n.; pl. Convexities. Etym: [L. convexitas: cf. F. convexité.] Defn: The state of being convex; the exterior surface of a convex body; roundness. A smooth, uniform convexity and rotundity of a globe. Bentley. CONVEXLY Con"vex*ly, adv. Defn: In a convex form; as, a body convexly shaped. CONVEXNESS Con"vex*ness, n. Defn: The state of being convex; convexity. CONVEXO-CONCAVE Con*vex"o-con"cave (or ), a. Defn: Convex on one side, and concave on the other. The curves of the convex and concave sides may be alike or may be different. See Meniscus. CONVEXO-CONVEX Con*vex"o-con"vex, a. Defn: Convex on botConvex, a. CONVEXO-PLANE Con*vex"o-plane`, a. Defn: Convex on one side, and flat on the other; plano-convex. CONVEY Con*vey", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conveyed; p.pr. & vb.n. Conveying.] Etym: [OF. conveir, convoier, to escort, convoy, F. convoyer, LL. conviare, fr. L. con- + via way. See Viaduct, Voyage, and cf. Convoy.] 1. To carry from one place to another; to bear or transport. I will convey them by sea in fleats. 1 Kings v. 9. Convey me to my bed, then to my grave. Shak. 2. To cause to pass from one place or person to another; to serve as a medium in carrying (anything) from one place or person to another; to transmit; as, air conveys sound; words convey ideas. 3. To transfer or deliver to another; to make over, as property; more strictly (Law), to transfer (real estate) or pass (a title to real estate) by a sealed writing. The Earl of Desmond . . . secretly conveyed all his lands to feoffees in trust. Spenser. 4. To impart or communicate; as, to convey an impression; to convey information. Men fill one another's heads with noise and sound, but convey not thereby their thoughts. Locke. 5. To manage with privacy; to carry out. [Obs.] I . . . will convey the business as I shall find means. Shak. 6. To carry or take away secretly; to steal; to thieve. [Obs.] 7. To accompany; to convoy. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. -- To carry; transport; bear; transmit; trnsfer. CONVEY Con*vey", v. i. Defn: To play the thief; to steal. [Cant] But as I am Crack, I will convey, crossbite, and cheat upon Simplicius. Marston. CONVEYABLE Con*vey"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being conveyed or transferred. Burke. CONVEYANCE Con*vey"ance, n. 1. The act of conveying, carrying, or transporting; carriage. The long joirney was to be performed on horseback, -- the only sure mode of conveyamce. Prescott. Following th river downward, there is conveyance into the countries named in the text. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. The instrument or means of carrying or transporting anything from place to place; the vehicle in which, or means by which, anything is carried from one place to another; as, stagecoaches, omnibuses, etc., are conveyances; a canal or aqueduct is a conveyance for water. There pipes and these conveyances of our blood. Shak. 3. The act or process of transferring, transmitting, handing down, or communicating; transmission. Tradition is no infallible way of conveyance. Stillingfleet. 4. (Law) Defn: The act by which the title to property, esp. real estate, is transferred; transfer of ownership; an instrument in writing (as a deed or mortgage), by which the title to property is conveyed from one person to another. [He] found the conveyances in law to be so firm, that in justice he must decree the land to the earl. Clarendon. 5. Dishonest management, or artifice. [Obs.] the very jesuits themselves . . . can not possibly devise any juggling conveyance how to shift it off. Hakewill. CONVEYANCER Con*vey"an*cer, n. (Law) Defn: One whose business is to draw up conveyances of property, as deeds, mortgages, leases, etc. Burrill. CONVEYANCING Con*vey"an*cing, n. (Law) Defn: The business of a conveyancer; the act or business of drawing deeds, leases, or other writings, for transferring the title to property from one person to another. CONVEYER Con*vey"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, conveys or carries, transmits or transfers. 2. One given to artifices or secret practices; a juggler; a cheat; a thief. [Obs.] Shak. CONVEYOR Con*vey"or, n. (Mach.) Defn: A contrivance for carrying objects from place to place; esp., one for conveying grain, coal, etc., -- as a spiral or screw turning in a pipe or trough, an endless belt with buckets, or a truck running along a rope. CONVICIATE Con*vi"ci*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. conviciatus, p.p. of conviciari to revile, fr. convicium loud reproach.] Defn: To utter reproaches; to raise a clamor; to rail. [Obs.] To conviciate instead of accusing. Laud. CONVICINITY Con`vi*cin"i*ty, n.; pl. Convicinities (. Defn: Immediate vicinity; neighborhood. The convicinity and contiguity of the two parishes. T. Warton. CONVICIOUS Con*vi"cious, a. Defn: Expressing reproach; abusive; railing; taunting. [Obs.] "Convicious words." Queen Elizabeth (1559). CONVICT Con*vict", p.a. Etym: [L. convictus, p.p. of convincere to convict, prove. See Convice.] Defn: Proved or found guilty; convicted. [Obs.] Shak. Convict by flight, and rebel to all law. Milton. CONVICT Con"vict, n. 1. A person proved guilty of a crime alleged against him; one legally convicted or sentenced to punishment for some crime. 2. A criminal sentenced to penal servitude. Syn. -- Malefactor; culprit; felon; criminal. CONVICT Con*vict", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Convicted; p.pr. & vb.n. Convicting.] 1. To prove or find guilty of an offense or crime charged; to pronounce guilty, as by legal decision, or by one's conscience. He [Baxter] . . . had been convicted by a jury. Macaulay. They which heard it, being convicted by their own conscience, went out one by one. John viii. 9. 2. To prove or show to be false; to confute; to refute. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 3. To demonstrate by proof or evidence; to prove. Imagining that these proofs will convict a testament, to have that in it which other men can nowhere by reading find. Hooker. 4. To defeat; to doom to destruction. [Obs.] A whole armado of convicted sail. Shak. Syn. -- To confute; defect; convince; confound. CONVICTIBLE Con*victi*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being convicted. [R.] Ash. CONVICTION Con*vic"tion, n. Etym: [L. convictio proof: cf. F. conviction conviction (in sense 3 & 4). See Convict, Convince.] 1. The act of convicting; the act of proving, finding, or adjudging, guilty of an offense. The greater certainty of conviction and the greater certainty of punishment. Hallam. 2. (Law) Defn: A judgment of condemnation entered by a court having jurisdiction; the act or process of finding guilty, or the state of being found guilty of any crime by a legal tribunal. Conviction may accrue two ways. Blackstone. 3. The act of convincing of error, or of compelling the admission of a truth; confutation. For all his tedious talk is but vain boast, Or subtle shifts conviction to evade. Milton. 4. The state of being convinced or convicted; strong persuasion or belief; especially, the state of being convicted of sin, or by one's conscience. To call good evil, and evil good, against the conviction of their own consciences. Swift. And did you presently fall under the power of this conviction Bunyan. Syn. -- Conviction; persuasion. -- Conviction respects soley matters of belief or faith; persuasion respects matters of belief or practice. Conviction respects our most important duties; persuasion is frequently applied to matters of indifference. Crabb. -- Conviction is the result of the [operation of the] understanding; persuasion, of the will. Conviction is a necessity of the mind, persuasion an acquiescence of the inclination. C. J. Smith. -- Persuasion often induces men to act in opposition to their conviction of duty. CONVICTISM Con"vict*ism, n. Defn: The policy or practice of transporting convicts to penal settlements. "The evils of convictism." W. Howitt. CONVICTIVE Con*vict"ive, a. Defn: Convincing. [R.] The best and most convictive argument. Glanwill. -- Con*vict"ive*ly, adv. -- Con*vict"ive*ness, n. CONVINCE Con*vince", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Convinced; p.pr. & vb.n. Convincing.] Etym: [L. convincere, -victum, to refute, prove; con- + vincere to conquer. See Victor, and cf. Convict.] 1. To overpower; to overcome; to subdue or master. [Obs.] His two chamberlains Will I with wine and wassail so convince That memory, the warder of the brain, Shall be a fume. Shak. 2. To overcome by argument; to force to yield assent to truth; to satisfy by proof. Such convincing proofs and assurances of it as might enable them to convince others. Atterbury. 3. To confute; to prove the fallacy of. [Obs.] God never wrought miracle to convince atheism, because his ordinary works convince it. Bacon. 4. To prove guilty; to convinct. [Obs.] Which of you convinceth me of sin John viii. 46. Seek not to convince me of a crime Which I can ne'er repent, nor you can pardon. Dryden. Syn. -- To persuade; satisfy; convict. -- To Convince, persuade. To convince is an act of the understanding; to persuade, of the will or feelings. The one is effected by argument, the other by motives. There are cases, however, in which persuade may seem to be used in reference only to the assent of the understanding; as when we say, I am persuaded it is so; I can not persuade myself of the fact. But in such instances there is usually or always a degree of awakened feeling which has had its share in producing the assent of the understanding. CONVINCEMENT Con*vince"ment, n. Defn: Act of convincing, or state of being convinced; conviction. [R.] The fear of a convincement. Milton. CONVINCER Con*vin"cer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, convinces; one who wins over by proof. CONVINCIBLE Con*vin"ci*ble, a. 1. Capable of being convinced or won over. 2. Capable of being confuted and disproved by argument; refutable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. CONVINCINGLY Con*vin"cing*ly, adv. Defn: in a convincing manner; in a manner to compel assent. CONVINCINGNESS Con*vin"cing*ness, n. Defn: The power of convincing, or the quality of being convincing. CONVIVAL Con*viv"al, a. Etym: [L. convivalis. See Convive.] Defn: pertaining to a feast or to festivity; convivial. [Obs.] "A convival dish." Sir T. Browne. CONVIVE Con*vive", v. i. Etym: [L. convivari; akin to convivium a feast, convivere to live or feast together; con- + vivere to live.] Defn: To feast together; to be convivial. [Obs.] "There, in the full, convive we." Shak. CONVIVE Con"vive, n. Etym: [L. conviva: cf. F. convive.] Defn: A quest at a banquet. [R.] Beaumont. CONVIVIAL Con*viv"i*al, a. Etym: [From L. convivium a feast; con- + vivere to live. See Victuals, and cf. Convive.] Defn: Of or relating to a feast or entertainment, or to eating and drinking, with accompanying festivity; festive; social; gay; jovial. Which feasts convivial meetings we did name. Denham. CONVIVIALIST Con*viv"i*al*ist, n. Defn: A person of convivial habits. CONVIVIALITY Con*viv`i*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Convivialities (. Defn: The good humor or mirth indulged in upon festive occasions; a convivial spirit or humor; festivity. CONVIVIALLY Con*viv"i*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a convivial manner. CONVOCATE Con"vo*cate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Convocated; p.pr. & vb.n. Convocating.] Etym: [L. convocatus, p.p. of convocare to convocate; con- + vocare to call. See Vocal, and cf. Convoce.] Defn: To convoke; to call together. [Obs.] May (Lucan). CONVOCATION Con`vo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. convocatio: cf. F. convocation. See Convoke.] 1. The act of calling or assembling by summons. 2. An assembly or meeting. In the first day there shall be a holy convocation. Ex. xii. 16. 3. (Ch. of Eng.) Defn: An assembly of the clergy, by their representatives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs. Note: In England, the provinces of Canterbury and York have each their convocation, but no session for business were allowed from 1717 to 1861. The Convocation of Canterbury consists of two houses. In the Convocation of York the business has been generally conducted in one assembly. 4. (Oxf. University) Defn: An academical assembly, in which the business of the university is transacted. Syn. -- meeting; assembly; congregation; congress; diet; convention; synod; council. CONVOCATIONAL Con`vo*ca"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a convocation. CONVOCATIONIST Con`vo*ca"tion*ist, n. Defn: An advocate or defender of convocation. CONVOKE Con*voke", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Convoked; p.pr. & vb.n. Convoking.] Etym: [L. convocare: cf. F. convoquer. See Convocate.] Defn: To call together; to summon to meet; to assemble by summons. There remained no resource but the dreadful one of convoking a parliament. palfrey. Syn. -- To summon; assemble; convene. See Call. CONVOLUTE Con"vo*lute, a. Etym: [L. convolutus, p.p. of convolvere. See Convolve.] (Bot.) Defn: Rolled or wound together, one part upon another; -- said of the leaves of plants in æstivation. CONVOLUTED Con"vo*lu`ted, a. 1. Having convolutions. beaks recurved and convoluted like a ram's horn. Pennant. 2. Folded in tortuous windings. A highly convoluted brain. North Amer. Rev. CONVOLUTION Con`vo*lu"tion, n. 1. The act of rolling anything upon itself, or one thing upon another; a winding motion. O'er the calm sea, in convolution swift, The feathered eddy floats. Thomson. 2. The state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or doubled together; a tortuous or sinuous winding or fold, as of something rolled or folded upon itself. Blackmore. 3. (Anat.) Defn: An irregular, tortuous folding of an organ or part; as, the convolutions of the intestines; the cerebral convolutions. See Brain. CONVOLVE Con*volve", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Convolved; p.pr. & vb.n. Convolving.] Etym: [L. convolvere, -volutum; con- + volvere to roll. See Voluble.] Defn: To roll or wind together; to roll or twist one part on another. Then Satan first knew pain, And writhed him to and fro convolved. Milton. CONVOLVULACEOUS Con*vol`vu*la"ceous, a. Etym: [From Convolvus.] (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the bindweed and the morning-glory are common examples. CONVOLVULIN Con*vol"vu*lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside occurring in jalap (the root of a convolvulaceous plant), and extracted as a colorless, tasteless, gummy mass of powerful purgative properties. CONVOLVULUS Con*vol"vu*lus, n.; pl. L.Convolvuli, E. Convoluluses. Etym: [L., bindweed, fr. convolvere to roll around. So named from its twining stems.] (Bot.) Defn: A large genus of plants having monopetalous flowers, including the common bindweed (C. arwensis), and formerly the morning-glory, but this is now transferred to the genus Ipomæa. The luster of the long convolvuluses That coiled around the stately stems. Tennyson. CONVOY Con*voy", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Convoyed; p.pr. & vb.n. Convoying.] Etym: [F. convoyer, OF. conveier, convoier. See Convey.] Defn: To accompany for protection, either by sea or land; to attend for protection; to escort; as, a frigate convoys a merchantman. I know ye skillful to convoy The total freight of hope and joy. Emerson. CONVOY Con"voy, n. Etym: [F. convoi.] 1. The act of attending for defense; the state of being so attended; protection; escort. To obtain the convoy of a man-of-war. Macaulay. 2. A vessel or fleet, or a train or trains of wagons, employed in the transportation of munitions of war, money, subsistence, clothing, etc., and having an armed escort. 3. A protection force accompanying ships, etc., on their way from place to place, by sea or land; an escort, for protection or guidance. When every morn my bosom glowed To watch the convoy on the road. Emerson. 4. Conveyance; means of transportation. [Obs.] Shak. 5. A drag or brake applied to the wheels of a carriage, to check their velocity in going down a hill. Knight. CONVOY PENNANT Con"voy pen"nant. A white pennant with red border, carried : (a) Forward on all vessels on convoy duty. (b) Alone by a senior officer present during evolutions or drills, when it commands "Silence." (c) Over a signal number, when it refers to the signal number of an officer in the Annual Navy Register. CONVULSE Con*vulse", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Convulsed; p.pr. & vb.n. Convulsing.] Etym: [L. convulsus, p.p. of convellere to tear up, to shake; con- + vellere to pluck, pull.] 1. To contract violently and irregulary, as the muscular parts of an animal body; to shake with irregular spasms, as in excessive laughter, or in agony from grief or pain. With emotions which checked his voice and convulsed his powerful frame. Macaulay. 2. To agitate greatly; to shake violently. The world is convulsed by the agonies of great nations. Macaulay. Syn. -- To agitate; disturb; shake; tear; rend. CONVULSION Con*vul"sion, n. Etym: [L. convulsio: cf. F. convulsion.] 1. (Med.) Defn: An unnatural, violent, and unvoluntary contraction of the muscular parts of an animal body. 2. Any violent and irregular motion or agitation; a violent shaking; a tumult; a commotion. Those two massy pillars, With horrible convulsion, to and fro He tugged, he shook, till down they came. Milton. Times of violence and convulsion. Ames. Syn. -- Agitation; commotion; tumult; disturbance. CONVULSIONAL Con*vul"sion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or having, convulsions; convulsionary. [R.] Lamb. CONVULSIONARY Con*vul"sion*a*ry (, a. Etym: [Cf. F. convulsionnaire.] Defn: Pertaining to convulsion; convulsive. "Convulsionary struggles." Sir W. Scott. CONVULSIONARY Con*vul"sion*a*ry, n. Defn: A convulsionist. CONVULSIONIST Con*vul"sion*ist, n. Defn: One who has convulsions; esp., one of a body of fanatics in France, early in the eighteenth century, who went into convulsions under the influence of religious emotion; as, the Convulsionists of St. Médard. CONVULSIVE Con*vul"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. convulsif.] Defn: Producing, or attended with, convulsions or spasms; characterized by convulsions; convulsionary. An irregular, convulsive movement may be necessary to throw off an irregular, convulsive disease. Burke. CONVULSIVELY Con*vul"sive*ly, adv. Defn: in a convulsive manner. CONY Co"ny ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [OE. coning, conig, coni, OF. connin, conin, connil, fr. L. cuniculus a rabbit, cony, prob. an Hispanic word.] [Written also coney.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A rabbit, esp., the European rabbit (Lepus cuniculus). (b) The chief hare. Note: The cony of Scripture is thought to be Hyrax Syriacus, called also daman, and cherogril. See Daman. 2. A simpleton. [Obs.] It is a most simple animal; whence are derived our usual phrases of cony and cony catcher. Diet's Dry Dinner (1599). 3. (Zoöl.) (a) An important edible West Indian fish (Epinephelus apua); the hind of Bermuda. (b) A local name of the burbot. [Eng.] CONY-CATCH Co"ny-catch, v. t. Defn: To deceive; to cheat; to trick. [Obs.] Take heed, Signor Baptista, lest you be cony-catched in the this business. Shak. CONY-CATCHER Co"ny-catch`er, n. Defn: A cheat; a sharper; a deceiver. [Obs.] Minsheu. CONYLENE Con"y*lene, n. Etym: [Conine + acetylene.] Defn: An oily substance, C8H14, obtained from several derivatives of conine. CONYRINE Con"y*rine, n. Etym: [From Conine.] (Chem.) Defn: A blue, fluorescent, oily base (regarded as a derivative of pyridine), obtained from conine. COO Coo, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Cooed; p.pr. & vb.n. Cooing.] 1. To make a low repeated cry or sound, like the characteristic note of pigeons or doves. The stockdove only through the forest cooes, Mournfully hoarse. Thomson. 2. To show affection; to act in a loving way. See under Bill, v. i. "Billing or cooing." Byron. COOEY; COOEE Coo"ey, Coo"ee, n. Etym: [Of imitative origin.] Defn: A peculiar whistling sound made by the Australian aborigenes as a call or signal. [Written also cooie.] COOK Cook, v. i. Etym: [Of imitative origin.] Defn: To make the noise of the cuckoo. [Obs. or R.] Constant cuckoos cook on every side. The Silkworms (1599). COOK Cook, v. t. Etym: [Etymol. unknown.] Defn: To throw. [Prov.Eng.] "Cook me that ball." Grose. COOK Cook, n. Etym: [AS. coc, fr. l. cocus, coquus, coquus, fr. coquere to cook; akin to Gr. pac, and to E. apricot, biscuit, concoct, dyspepsia, precocious. Cf. Pumpkin.] 1. One whose occupation is to prepare food for the table; one who dresses or cooks meat or vegetables for eating. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish, the European striped wrasse. COOK Cook, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cooked; p.pr & vb.n. Cooking.] 1. To prepare, as food, by boiling, roasting, baking, broiling, etc.; to make suitable for eating, by the agency of fire or heat. 2. To concoct or prepare; hence, to tamper with or alter; to garble; -- often with up; as, to cook up a story; to cook an account. [Colloq.] They all of them receive the same advices from abroad, and very often in the same words; but their way of cooking it is so different. Addison. COOK Cook, v. i. Defn: To prepare food for the table. COOKBOOK Cook"book`, n. Defn: A book of directions and receipts for cooking; a cookery book. [U.S.] "Just How": a key to the cookbooks. Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney. COOKEE Cook*ee", n. Defn: A female cook. [R.] COOKERY Cook"er*y, n. 1. The art or process of preparing food for the table, by dressing, compounding, and the application of heat. 2. A delicacy; a dainty. [Obs.] R. North. COOKEY; COOKIE Cook"ey, Cook"ie, n. Defn: See Cooky. COOKMAID Cook"maid`, n. Defn: A female servant or maid who dresses provisions and assists the cook. COOKROOM Cook"room`, n. Defn: A room for cookery; a kitchen; the galley or caboose of a ship. Sir W. Raleigh. COOKSHOP Cook`shop, n. Defn: An eating house. "A subterranean cookshop." Macaulay. COOKY Cook"y, n.; pl. Cookies. Etym: [Cf. D. koek cake, dim. koekje; akin to G. kuchen, E. cake; or cf. OE. coket, prob., a sort of cake, and prob. of French origin.] Defn: A small, flat, sweetened cake of various kinds. COOL Cool, a. [Compar. Cooler; superl. Coolest.] Etym: [AS. col; akin to D. koel, G. kühl, OHG. chouli, Dan. kölig, Sw. kylig, also to AS. calan to be cold, Icel. kala. See Cold, and cf. Chill.] 1. Moderately cold; between warm and cold; lacking in warmth; producing or promoting coolness. Fanned with cool winds. Milton. 2. Not ardent, warm, fond, or passionate; not hasty; deliberate; exercising self-control; self-possessed; dispassionate; indifferent; as, a cool lover; a cool debater. For a patriot, too cool. Goldsmith. 3. Not retaining heat; light; as, a cool dress. 4. Manifesting coldness or dislike; chilling; apathetic; as, a cool manner. 5. Quietly impudent; negligent of propriety in matters of minor importance, either ignorantly or willfully; presuming and selfish; audacious; as, cool behavior. Its cool stare of familiarity was intolerable. Hawthorne. 6. Applied facetiously, in a vague sense, to a sum of money, commonly as if to give emphasis to the largeness of the amount. He had lost a cool hundred. Fielding. Leaving a cool thousand to Mr.Matthew Pocket. Dickens. Syn. -- Calm; dispassionate; self-possessed; composed; repulsive; frigid; alienated; impudent. COOL Cool, n. Defn: A moderate state of cold; coolness; -- said of the temperature of the air between hot and cold; as, the cool of the day; the cool of the morning or evening. COOL Cool, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cooled; p.pr. & vb.n. Cooling.] 1. To make cool or cold; to reduce the temperature of; as, ice cools water. Send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue. Luke xvi. 24. 2. To moderate the heat or excitement of; to allay, as passion of any kind; to calm; to moderate. We have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal stings, our unbitted lusts. Shak. To cool the heels, to dance attendance; to wait, as for admission to a patron's house. [Colloq.] Dryden. COOL Cool, v. i. 1. To become less hot; to lose heat. I saw a smith stand with his hammer, thus, the whilst his iron did on the anvil cool. Shak. 2. To lose the heat of excitement or passion; to become more moderate. I will not give myself liberty to think, lest I should cool. Congreve. COOLER Cool"er, n. Defn: That which cools, or abates heat or excitement. if acid things were used only as coolers, they would not be so proper in this case. Arbuthnot. 2. Anything in or by which liquids or other things are cooled, as an ice chest, a vessel for ice water, etc. COOL-HEADED Cool"-head`ed, a. Defn: Having a temper not easily excited; free from passion. -- Cool"-head`ed*ness, n. COOLIE Coo"lie, n. Defn: Same as Cooly. COOLING Cool"ing, p.a. Defn: Adapted to cool and refresh; allaying heat. "The cooling brook." Goldsmith. Cooling card, something that dashes hopes. [Obs.] -- Cooling time (Law), such a lapse of time as ought, taking all the circumstances of the case in view, to produce a subsiding of passion previously provoked. Wharton. COOLISH Cool"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat cool. The nights began to grow a little coolish. Goldsmith. COOLLY Cool"ly, a. Defn: Coolish; cool. [Obs.] Spenser. COOLLY Cool"ly, adv. Defn: In a cool manner; without heat or excessive cold; without passion or ardor; calmly; deliberately; with indifference; impudently. COOLNESS Cool"ness, n. 1. The state of being cool; a moderate degree of cold; a moderate degree, or a want, of passion; want of ardor, zeal, or affection; calmness. 2. Calm impudence; self-possession. [Colloq.] COOLUNG Coo"lung, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The great gray crane of India (Grus cinerea). [Also written coolen and cullum.] COOLY; COOLIE Coo"ly, Coo"lie, n.; pl. Coolies. Etym: [Hind. k a laborer, porter: cf. Turk. k, ky, slave.] Defn: An East Indian porter or carrier; a laborer transported from the East Indies, China, or Japan, for service in some other country. COOM Coom, n. Etym: [Cf. G. kahm mold gathered on liquids, D. kam, Sw. kimrök pine soot, smoke black, Icel. kam grime, film of dirt.] Defn: Soot; coal dust; refuse matter, as the dirty grease which comes from axle boxes, or the refuse at the mouth of an oven. Phillips. Bailey. COOMB Coomb, n. Etym: [AS. cumb a liquid measure, perh. from LL. cumba boat, tomb of stone, fr. Gr. kumpf bowl.] Defn: A dry measure of four bushels, or half a quarter. [Written also comb.] COOMB; COOMBE Coomb, Coombe, n. Etym: [See Comb, Combe, in this sense.] Defn: A hollow in a hillside. [Prov. Eng.] See Comb, Combe. COON Coon, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A raccoon. See Raccoon. COONCAN Coon"can, n. [Corrupt of conquian.] Defn: A game of cards derived from conquian, played by two or more players with one or two full packs of cards. COONTIE Coon"tie, n. (Bot.) Defn: A cycadaceous plant of Florida and the West Indies, the Zamia integrifolia, from the stems of which a kind of sago is prepared. COOP Coop, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. cypa a measure, D. kuip tub, Icel. kupa bowl, G. kufe coop tub; all fr. L. cupa vat, tub, LL. cupa, copa, cup. See Cup, and cf. Keeve.] 1. A barrel or cask for liquor. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. An inclosure for keeping small animals; a pen; especially, a grated box for confining poultry. 3. A cart made close with boarde; a tumbrel. [Scotch] COOP Coop, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cooped; p.pr. & vb.n. Cooping.] Defn: To confine in a coop; hence, to shut up or confine in a narrow compass; to cramp; -- usually followed by up, sometimes by in. The Trojans coopet within their walls so long. Dryden. The contempt of all other knowledge . . . coops the understanding up within narrow bounds. Locke. 2. To work upon in the manner of a cooper. [Obs.] "Shaken tubs . . . be new cooped." Holland. Syn. -- To crowd; confine; imprison. COOPEE Coo*pee", n. Defn: See Coupe. [Obs.] Johnson. COOPER Coop"er, n. Etym: [From Coop.] Defn: One who makes barrels, hogsheads, casks, etc. COOPER Coop"er, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Coopered; p.pr. & vb.n. Coopering.] Defn: To do the work of a cooper upon; as, to cooper a cask or barrel. COOPERAGE Coop"er*age, n. 1. Work done by a cooper. 2. The price paid for coopers; work. 3. A place where coopers' work is done. COOPERANT Co*öp"er*ant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. coopérant.] Defn: Operating together; as, coöperant forces. COOPERATE Co*öp"er*ate, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Coöperated; p.pr. & vb.n. Coöperating.] Etym: [L. coöperatus, p.p. of coöperari to coöperate; co + operari to work, opus work. See Operate.] Defn: To act or operate jointly with another or others; to concur in action, effort, or effect. Whate'er coöperates to the common mirth. Crashaw. COOPERATION Co*öp`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. coöperatio: cf. F. coopération.] 1. The act of coöperating, or of operating together to one end; joint operation; concurrent effort or labor. Not holpen by the coöperation of angels. Bacon. 2. (Polit. Econ.) Defn: The association of a number of persons for their benefit. COOPERATIVE Co*öp"er*a*tive, a. Defn: Operating jointly to the same end. Coöperative society, a society established on the principle of a joint-stock association, for the production of commodities, or their purchase and distribution for consumption, or for the borrowing and lending of capital among its members. -- Coöperative store, a store established by a coöperative society, where the members make their purchases and share in the profits or losses. COOPERATOR Co*öp"er*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. coopérateur.] Defn: One who labors jointly with others to promote the same end. "Coöperators with the truth." Boyle. COOPERING Coop"er*ing, n. Defn: Work done by a cooper in making or repairing barrels, casks, etc.; the business of a cooper. COOPERY Coop"er*y, a. Defn: Relating to a cooper; coopered. [Obs.] Coopery vessels made of wood. Holland. COOPERY Coop"er*y, n. Defn: The occupation of a cooper. Crabb. COOPT Co*öpt", v. t. Etym: [See Coöptate. Cf. F. coopter.] Defn: To choose or elect in concert with another. [R.] Each of the hundred was to coöpt three others. Jowett (Thysyd. ). COOPTATE Co*öp"tate, v. t. Etym: [L. coöptatus, p.p. of coötare to elect to something; co- + optare to choose.] Defn: To choose; to elect; to coöpt. [Obs.] Cockeram. COOPTATION Co`öp*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. coöptatio.] Defn: The act of choosing; selection; choice. [Obs.] The first election and coöptation of a friend. Howell. COORDAIN Co`ör*dain, v. t. Defn: To ordain or appoint for some purpose along with another. COORDINANCE Co*ör"di*nance, n. Defn: Joint ordinance. COORDINATE Co*ör"di*nate, a. Etym: [Pref. co- + L. ordinatus, p.p. of ordinare to regulate. See Ordain.] Defn: Equal in rank or order; not subordinate. Whether there was one Supreme Governor of the world, or many coördinate powers presiding over each country. Law. Conjunctions joint sentences and coördinate terms. Rev. R. Morris. Coördinate adjectives, adjectives disconnected as regards ane another, but referring equally to the same subject. -- Coördinate conjunctions, conjunctions joining independent propositions. Rev. R. Morris. COORDINATE Co*ör"di*nate , v. t. [imp. & p.p. Coördinated; p.pr. & vb.n. Coördinating.] 1. To make coördinate; to put in the same order or rank; as, to coördinate ideas in classification. 2. To give a common action, movement, or condition to; to regulate and combine so as to produce harmonious action; to adjust; to harmonize; as, to coördinate muscular movements. COORDINATE Co*ör"di*nate, n. 1. A thing of the same rank with another thing; one two or more persons or things of equal rank, authority, or importance. It has neither coördinate nor analogon; it is absolutely one. Coleridge. 2. pl. (Math.) Defn: Lines, or other elements of reference, by means of which the position of any point, as of a curve, is defined with respect to certain fixed lines, or planes, called coördinate axes and coördinate planes. See Abscissa. Note: Coördinates are of several kinds, consisting in some of the different cases, of the following elements, namely: (a) (Geom. of Two Dimensions) The abscissa and ordinate of any point, taken together; as the abscissa PY and ordinate PX of the point P (Fig. 2, referred to the coördinate axes AY and AX. (b) Any radius vector PA (Fig. 1), together with its angle of inclination to a fixed line, APX, by which any point A in the same plane is referred to that fixed line, and a fixed point in it, called the pole, P. (c) (Geom. of Three Dimensions) Any three lines, or distances, PB, PC, PD (Fig. 3), taken parallel to three coördinate axes, AX, AY, AZ, and measured from the corresponding coördinate fixed planes, YAZ, XAZ, XAY, to any point in space, P, whose position is thereby determined with respect to these planes and axes. (d) A radius vector, the angle which it makes with a fixed plane, and the angle which its projection on the plane makes with a fixed line line in the plane, by which means any point in space at the free extremity of the radius vector is referred to that fixed plane and fixed line, and a fixed point in that line, the pole of the radius vector. Cartesian coördinates. See under Cartesian. -- Geographical coördinates, the latitude and longitude of a place, by which its relative situation on the globe is known. The height of the above the sea level constitutes a third coördinate. -- Polar coördinates, coördinates made up of a radius vector and its angle of inclination to another line, or a line and plane; as those defined in (b) and (d) above. -- Rectangular coördinates, coördinates the axes of which intersect at right angles. -- Rectilinear coördinates, coördinates made up of right lines. Those defined in (a) and (c) above are called also Cartesian coördinates. -- Trigonometrical or Spherical coördinates, elements of reference, by means of which the position of a point on the surface of a sphere may be determined with respect to two great circles of the sphere. -- Trilinear coördinates, coördinates of a point in a plane, consisting of the three ratios which the three distances of the point from three fixed lines have one to another. COORDINATELY Co*ör"di*nate*ly, adv. Defn: In a coördinate manner. COORDINATENESS Co*ör"di*nate*ness, n. Defn: The state of being coördinate; equality of rank or authority. COORDINATION Co*ör`di*na"tion, n. 1. The act of coördinating; the act of putting in the same order, class, rank, dignity, etc.; as, the coördination of the executive, the legislative, and the judicial authority in forming a government; the act of regulating and combining so as to produce harmonious results; harmonious adjustment; as, a coördination of functions. "Coördination of muscular movement by the cerebellum." Carpenter. 2. The state of being coördinate, or of equal rank, dignity, power, etc. In this high court of parliament, there is a rare coördination of power. Howell. COORDINATIVE Co*ör"di*na*tive, a. (Gram.) Defn: Expressing coördination. J. W. Gibbs. COOT Coot, n. Etym: [Cf. D. koet, W. cwtair; cwta short, bodtailed + iar hen; cf. cwtau ro dock. Cf. Cut.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A wading bird with lobate toes, of the genus Fulica. The common European or bald coot is F. atra (see under bald); the American is F. Americana. (b) The surf duck or scoter. In the United States all the species of (Edemia are called coots. See Scoter. "As simple as a coot." Halliwell. 2. A stupid fellow; a simpleton; as, a silly coot. [Colloq.] COOTER Coot"er, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A fresh-water tortoise (Pseudemus concinna) of Florida. (b) The box tortoise. COOTFOOT Coot`foot, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pharalope; -- so called because its toes are like the coot's. COOTHAY Coo*thay", n. Defn: A striped satin made in India. McElrath. COP Cop, n. Etym: [AS. cop; cf. G. kopf head. Cf. Cup, Cob.] 1. The top of a thing; the head; a crest. [Obs.] Cop they used to call The tops of many hills. Dra 2. A conical or conical-ended mass of coiled thread, yarn, or roving, wound upon a spindle, etc. 3. A tube or quill upon which silk is wound. 4. (Mil. Arch.) Defn: same as Merlon. 5. A policeman. [Slang] Cop waste, a kind of cotton waste, composed chiefly COPAIBA; COPAIVA Co*pai"ba, Co*pai"va, n. Etym: [Sp. & Pg., fr. Brazil. cupaúba.] (Med.) Defn: A more or less viscid, vellowish liquid, the bitter oleoresin of several species of Copaifera, a genus of trees growing in South America and the West Indies. It is stimulant and diuretic, and is much used in affections of the mucous membranes; -- called also balsam of copaiba. [Written also capivi.] COPAL Co"pal, Etym: [Sp., fr. Mexican copalli, Clavigero.] Defn: A resinous substance flowing spontaneously from trees of Zanzibar, Madagascar, and South America (Trachylobium Hornemannianum, T. verrocosum, and Hymenæa Courbaril), and dug from earth where forests have stood in Africa; -- used chiefly in making varnishes. Ur COPALM Co"palm`, n. Defn: The yellowish, fragrant balsam yielded by the sweet gum; also, the tree itself. COPARCENARY Co*par"ce*na*ry, n.; pl. Coparcenaries. Etym: [Pref. co- + parcenary] (Law) Defn: Partnership in inheritance; joint heirship; joint right of sucession to an inheritance. COPARCENER Co*par"ce*ner, n. Etym: [Pref. co- + parcener.] (Law) Defn: One who has an equal portion with others of an inheritance. All the coparceners together make but one heir, and have but one estate among them. blackstone. COPARCENY Co*par"ce*ny, n. Etym: [Abbrev. of Coparcenary.] (Law) Defn: An equal share of an inheritance. COPART Co*part, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Compart] Defn: To share. [Obs.] For, of all miserias, I hold that chief Wretched to be, when none coparts our grief. Webster (1661). COPARTMENT Co*part"ment, n. Defn: A compartment. [Obs.] T. Warton. COPARTNER Co*part"ner, n. Defn: One who is jointly concerned with one or more persons in business, etc.; a partner; an associate; a partaker; a sharer. the associates and copartners of our loss. Milton. COPARTNERSHIP Co*part"ner*ship, n. 1. The state of being a copartner or of having a joint interest in any matter. 2. A partnership or firm; as, A. and B. have this day formed a copartnership. COPARTNERY Co*part"ner*y, n.; pl. Copartneries (. Defn: the state of being copartners in any undertaking. [R.] COPATAIN Cop"a*tain, a. Etym: [Formed fr. cop, in imitation of captain. See Cop, Captain.] Defn: Having a high crown, or a point or peak at top. [Obs.] A copatain hat made on a Flemish block. Gascoigne. COPATRIOT Co*pa"tri*ot, n. Defn: A joint patriot. COPE Cope, n. Etym: [A doublet of cape. See Cape, Cap.] 1. A covering for the head. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Anything regarded as extended over the head, as the arch or concave of the sky, the roof of a house, the arch over a door. "The starry cope of heaven." Milton. 3. An ecclesiastical vestment or cloak, semicircular in form, reaching from the shoulders nearly to the feet, and open in front except at the top, whereit is united by a band or clasp. It is worn in processions and on some other occasions. Piers plowman. A hundred and sixty priests all in their copes. Bp. Burnet. 4. An ancient tribute due to the lord of the soil, out of the lead mines in derbyshire, England. 5. (Founding) Defn: The top part of a flask or mold; the outer part of a loam mold. Knight. De Colange. COPE Cope, v. i. Defn: To form a cope or arch; to bend or arch; to bow. [Obs.] Some bending down and coping to ward the earth. Holland. COPE Cope, v. t. (Falconry) Defn: To pare the beak or talons of (a hawk). J. H. Walsh. COPE Cope, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Coped; p.pr. & vb.n. Coping.] Etym: [OE. copen, coupen, to buy, bargain, prob. from D. koopen to buy, orig., to bargain. See Chear.] 1. To exchange or barter. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To encounter; to meet; to have to do with. Horatio, thou art e'en as just a man As e'er my conversation coped withal. Shak. 3. To enter into or maintain a hostile contest; to struggle; to combat; especially, to strive or contend on equal terms or with success; to match; to equal; -- usually followed by with. Host coped with host, dire was the din of war. Philips. Their generals have not been able to cope with the troops of Athens. Addison. COPE Cope, v. t. 1. To bargain for; to buy. [Obs.] 2. To make return for; to requite; to repay. [Obs.] three thousand ducats due unto the Jew, We freely cope your courteous pains withal. Shak. 3. To match one's self against; to meet; to encounter. I love to cope him in these sullen fits. Shak. They say he yesterday coped Hector in the battle, and struck him down. Shak. COPE-CHISEL Cope"-chis`el, n. Defn: A narrow chisel adapted for cutting a groove. Knight. COPECK Co"peck, n. Etym: [Russ. kopeika] Defn: A Russian copper coin. See Kopeck. COPED Coped, a. Defn: Clad in a cope. COPELATA Cop`e*la"ta, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Larvalla. COPEMAN Cope"man, n. Etym: [D. koopman, fr. koopen to buy. See Cope, v. i. Chapman.] Defn: A chapman; a dealer; a merchant. [Obs.] He would have sold his part of paradise For ready money, had he met a copeman. B. Jonson. COPENHAGEN Co`pen*ha"gen, n. [From Copenhagen, Denmark.] 1. Defn: A sweetened hot drink of spirit and beaten eggs. 2. A children's game in which one player is inclosed by a circle of others holding a rope. COPEPOD Cop"e*pod, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Copepoda. -- n. Defn: One of the Copepoda. COPEPODA Co*pep"o*da, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Entomastraca, including many minute Crustacea, both freshwater and marine. Note: They have a distinct carapace. The eggs are carried in a pair of external pouches. Some are parasites of fishes. COPERNICAN Co*per"ni*can, a. Defn: Pertaining to Copernicus, a Prussian by birth (b. 1473, d. 1543), who taught the world the solar system now received, called the Copernican system. COPESMATE Copes"mate`, n. Defn: An associate or companion; a friend; a partner. [Obs.] Misshapen time, copesmate of ugly Night. Shak. COPESTONE Cope"stone`, n. (Arch.) Defn: A stone for coping. See Coping. COPIER Cop"i*er, n. Etym: [From. Copy.] 1. One who copies; one who writes or transcribes from an original; a transcriber. 2. An imitator; one who imitates an example; hence, a plagiarist. COPING Cop"ing, n. Etym: [See Cope, n.] (Arch.) Defn: The highest or covering course of masonry in a wall, often with sloping edges to carry off water; -- sometimes called capping. Gwill. COPIOUS Co"pi*ous, a. Etym: [L. copiosus, fr. copia abundance: cf. F. copieux. See Copy, Opulent.] Defn: Large in quantity or amount; plentiful; abundant; fruitful. Kindly pours its copious treasures forth. Thomson. Hail, Son of God, Savior of men! thy name Shall be the copious matter of my song. Milton. Syn. -- Ample; abundant; plentiful; plenteous; rich; full; exuberant; overflowing; full. See Ample. COPIOUSLY Co"pi*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a copious manner. COPIOUSNESS Co"pi*ous*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being copious; abudance; plenty; also, diffuseness in style. To imitatethe copiousness of Homer. Dryden. Syn. -- Abudance; plenty; richness; exuberance. COPIST Cop"ist, n. Etym: [F. copiste. See Copy.] Defn: A copier. [Obs.] "A copist after nature." Shaftesbury. COPLANAR Co*plan"ar, a. Etym: [Pref. co- + plane.] (Math.) Defn: Situated in one plane. COPLAND Cop"land`, n. Etym: [Cop + land.] Defn: A piece of ground terminating in a point or acute angle. [Obs.] COPORTION Co*por"tion, n. Defn: Equal share. [Obs.] Myself will bear . . . coportion of your pack. Spenser. COPPED Copped, a. Etym: [From Cop.] Defn: Rising to a point or head; conical; pointed; crested. Wiseman. COPPEL Cop"pel, n. & v. Defn: See Cupel. COPPER Cop"per, n. Etym: [OE. coper (cf. D. koper, Sw. koppar, Dan. kobber, G. kupfer), LL. cuper, fr. L. cuprum for earlier Cyprium, Cyprium aes, i.e., Cyprian brass, fr. Gr. Cypreous.] 1. A common metal of a reddish color, both ductile and malleable, and very tenacious. It is one of the best conductors of heat and electricity. Symbol Cu. Atomic weight 63.3. It is one of the most useful metals in itself, and also in its alloys, brass and bronze. Note: Copper is the only metal which occurs native abundantly in large masses; it is found also in various ores, of which the most important are chalcopyrite, chalcocite, cuprite, and malachite. Copper mixed with tin forms bell metal; with a smaller proportion, bronze; and with zinc, it forms brass, pinchbeck, and other alloys. 2. A coin made of copper; a penny, cent, or other minor coin of copper. [Colloq.] My friends filled my pockets with coppers. Franklin. 3. A vessel, especially a large boiler, made of copper. 4. pl. Specifically (Naut.), Defn: the boilers in the galley for cooking; as, a ship's coppers. Note: Copper is often used adjectively, commonly in the sense of made or consisting of copper, or resembling copper; as, a copper boiler, tube, etc. All in a hot and copper sky. Coleridge. Note: It is sometimes written in combination; as, copperplate, coppersmith, copper-colored. Copper finch. (Zoöl.) See Chaffinch. -- Copper glance, or Vitreous copper. (Min.) See Chalcocite. -- Indigo copper. (Min.) See Covelline. COPPER Cop"per, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Coppered; p.pr. & vb.n. Coppering.] Defn: To cover or coat with copper; to sheathe with sheets of copper; as, to copper a ship. COPPERAS Cop"per*as, n. Etym: [OE. coperose, F. couperose, fr. (assumed) L. cuprirosa, equiv. to G. cha`lkanqos, i. e. copper flower, vitriol. See Copper and Rose.] Defn: Green vitriol, or sulphate of iron; a green crystalline substance, of an astringent taste, used in making ink, in dyeing black, as a tonic in medicine, etc. It is made on a large scale by the oxidation of iron pyrites. Called also ferrous sulphate. Note: The term copperas was formerly synonymous with vitriol, and included the green, blue, and white vitriols, or the sulphates of iron, copper, and zinc. COPPER-BOTTOMED Cop"per-bot`tomed, a. Defn: Having a bottom made of copper, as a tin boiler or other vessel, or sheathed with copper, as a ship. COPPER-FACED Cop"per-faced`, a. Defn: Faced or covered with copper; as, copper-faced type. COPPER-FASTENED Cop"per-fas`tened, a. Defn: Fastened with copper bolts, as the planks of ships, etc.; as, a copper-fastened ship. COPPERHEAD Cop"per*head`, n. Etym: [From its color.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A poisonous American serpent (Ancistrodon conotortrix), closely allied to the rattlesnake, but without rattles; -- called also copper-belly, and red viper. 2. A nickname applied to a person in the Northern States who sympathized with the South during the Civil War. [U.S.] COPPERING Cop"per*ing, n. 1. The act of covering with copper. 2. An envelope or covering of copper. COPPERISH Cop"per*ish, a. Defn: Containing, or partaking of the nature of, copper; like copper; as, a copperish taste. COPPER-NICKEL Cop"per-nick`el, n. (Min.) Defn: Nicolite. COPPER-NOSE Cop"per-nose, n. Defn: A red nose. Shak. COPPERPLATE Cop"per*plate, n. (a) A plate of polished copper on which a design or writing is engraved. (b) An impression on paper taken from such a plate. Note: In printing from a copper- or steel plate the lines are filled with ink, the surface of the plate is wiped clean, the paper laid upon it, and the impression taken by pressing it under the roller of a plate press. Copperplate press. See Plate press, under Plate. COPPERSMITH Cop"per*smith, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to manufacture copper utensils; a worker in copper. COPPER WORKS Cop"per works. Defn: A place where copper is wrought or manufactured. Woodward. COPPERWORM Cop"per*worm, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The teredo; -- so called because it injures the bottoms of vessels, where not protected by copper. (b) The ringworm. COPPERY Cop"per*y, a. Defn: Mixed with copper; containing copper, or made of copper; like copper. COPPICE Cop"pice, n. Etym: [OF. copeiz, fr. coper, couper, to cut, F. couper, fr. cop, coup, colp, a blow, F. coup, L. colaphus, fr. G. Copse, and cf. Coup, Coupee.] Defn: A grove of small growth; a thicket of brushwood; a wood cut at certain times for fuel or other purposes. See Copse. The rate of coppice lands will fall, upon the discovery of coal mines. Locke. COPPIN Cop"pin, n.Etym: [See Cop.] Defn: A cop of thread. COPPLE Cop"ple, n. Etym: [A dim. of Cop.] Defn: Something rising in a conical shape; specifically, a hill rising to a point. A low cape, and upon it a copple not very high. Hakluyt. COPPLE-CROWN Cop"ple-crown, n. Defn: A created or high-topped crown or head. "Like the copple-crown the lapwing has." T. Randolph. -- Cop"ple-crowned`, a. COPPLED Cop"pled, a. Etym: [From Copple.] Defn: Rising to a point; conical; copped. [Obs.] Woodward. COPPLE DUST Cop"ple dust`. Defn: Cupel dust. [Obs.] Powder of steel, or copple dust. Bacon. COPPLESTONE Cop"ple*stone`, n. Defn: A cobblestone. [Obs.] COPPS Copps, n. Defn: See Copse. [Obs.] COPRA Co"pra, n. Etym: [Malayálam koppara or Hind. khopra.] (Com.) Defn: The dried meat of the cocoanut, from which cocoanut oil is expressed. [Written also cobra, copperah, coppra.] COPROLITE Cop"ro*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. ko`pros dung + -lite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A piece of petrified dung; a fossil excrement. COPROLITIC Cop`ro*lit"ic, a. Defn: Containing, pertaining to, or of the nature of, coprolites. COPROPHAGAN Co*proph"a*gan, n. Etym: [See Coprophagous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of beetle which feeds upon dung. COPROPHAGOUS Co*proph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Feeding upon dung, as certain insects. COP-ROSE Cop-rose`, n. Etym: [F. coprose, of uncertain origin; cf. D. klaproos, klapperroos.] Defn: The red, or corn, poppy. [Written also cup-rose.] COPS Cops, n. Etym: [AS. cops, cosp, fetter.] Defn: The connecting crook of a harrow. [Prov. Eng.] COPSE Copse, n. Etym: [Contr. from coppice.] Defn: A wood of small growth; a thicket of brushwood. See Coppice. Near yonder copse where once the garden smiled. Goldsmith. COPSE Copse, v. t. 1. To trim or cut; -- said of small trees, brushwood, tufts of grass, etc. Halliwell. 2. To plant and preserve, as a copse. Swift. COPSEWOOD Copse"wood, n. Defn: Brushwood; coppice. Macaulay. COPSY Cops"y, a. Defn: Characterized by copses. "Copsy villages." "Copsy banks." J. Dyer. COPTIC Cop"tic, a. Etym: [Abbrev. from L. Aegyptius an Egyprian, Gr. kibti, pl. kibt.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Copts. -- n. Defn: The language of the Copts. COPTIC CHURCH Coptic Church. Defn: The native church of Egypt or church of Alexandria, which in general organization and doctrines resembles the Roman Catholic Church, except that it holds to the Monophysitic doctrine which was condemned (a. d. 451) by the council of Chalcedon, and allows its priests to marry. The "pope and patriarch" has jurisdiction over the Abyssinian Church. Since the 7th century the Coptic Church has been so isolated from modifying influences that in many respects it is the most ancient monument of primitive Christian rites and ceremonies. But centuries of subjection to Moslem rule have weakened and degraded it. COPTS Copts, n. pl.; sing. Copt. Etym: [See Coptic.] (Etnol.) 1. An Egyptian race thought to be descendants of the ancient Egyptians. 2. The principal sect of Christians in Egypt and the valley of the Nile. Note: they belong to the Jacobite sect of Monophysite Christians, and for eleven centuries have had possession of the patriarchal chair of Alexandria. COPULA Cop"u*la, n. Etym: [L., bond, band. See Couple.] 1. (Logic & Gram.) Defn: The word which unites the subject and predicate. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The stop which connects the manuals, or the manuals with the pedals; -- called also coupler. COPULATE Cop"u*late, a. Etym: [L. copulatus, p.p. of copulare to couple, fr. copula. See Copula.] 1. Joined; associated; coupled. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Joining subject and predicate; copulative. F. A. March. COPULATE Cop"u*late, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Copulated; p.pr. & vb.n. Copulating.] Defn: To unite in sexual intercourse; to come together in the act of generation. COPULATION Cop`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. copulatio: cf. F. copulation.] 1. The act of coupling or joining; union; conjunction. Wit, you know, is the unexpected copulation of ideas. Johnson. 2. The coming together of male and female in the act of generation; sexual union; coition. COPULATIVE Cop"u*la"tive, a. Etym: [L. copulativus: cf. F. copulatif.] Defn: Serving to couple, unite, or connect; as, a copulative conjunction like "and". COPULATIVE Cop"u*la*tive, n. 1. Connection. [Obs.] Rycaut. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A copulative conjunction. COPULATIVELY Cop"u*la"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a copulative manner. COPULATORY Cop"u*la*tory, a. 1. Pertaining to copulation; tending or serving to unite; copulative. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Used in sexual union; as, the copulatory organs of insects. COPY Cop"y, n.; pl. Copies. Etym: [F. copie, fr. L. copia abundance, number, LL. also, a transcript; co- + the root of opes riches. See Opulent, and cf. Copious.] 1. An abundance or plenty of anything. [Obs.] She was blessed with no more copy of wit, but to serve his humor thus. B. Jonson. 2. An imitation, transcript, or reproduction of an original work; as, a copy of a letter, an engraving, a painting, or a statue. I have not the vanity to think my copy equal to the original. Denham. 3. An individual book, or a single set of books containing the works of an author; as, a copy of the Bible; a copy of the works of Addison. 4. That which is to be imitated, transcribed, or reproduced; a pattern, model, or example; as, his virtues are an excellent copy for imitation. Let him first learn to write, after a copy, all the letters. Holder. 5. (print.) Defn: Manuscript or printed matter to be set up in type; as, the printers are calling for more copy. 6. A writing paper Bastard. See under Paper. 7. Copyhold; tenure; lease. [Obs.] Shak. Copy book, a book in which copies are written or printed for learners to imitate. -- Examined copies (Law), those which have been compared with the originals. -- Exemplified copies, those which are attested under seal of a court. -- Certified or Office copies, those which are made or attested by officers having charge of the originals, and authorized to give copies officially. Abbot. Syn. -- Imitation; transcript; duplicate; counterfeit. COPY Cop"y, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Copied; p.pr. & vb.n. Copying.] Etym: [Cf. F. copir, fr. LL. copiare. See Copy, n.] 1. To make a copy or copies of; to write; print, engrave, or paint after an original; to duplicate; to reproduce; to transcribe; as, to copy a manuscript, inscription, design, painting, etc.; -- often with out, sometimes with off. I like the work well; ere it be demanded (As like enough it will), I'd have it copied. Shak. Let this be copied out, And keep it safe for our remembrance. Shak. 2. To imitate; to attempt to resemble, as in manners or course of life. We copy instinctively the voices of our companions, their accents, and their modes of pronunciation. Stewart. COPY Cop"y, v. i. 1. To make a copy or copies; to imitate. 2. To yield a duplicate or transcript; as, the letter did not copy well. Some . . . never fail, when they copy, to follow the bad as well as the good things. Dryden. COPYER Cop"y*er, n. Defn: See Copier. COPYGRAPH Cop"y*graph, n. Defn: A contrivance for producing manifold copies of a writing or drawing. Note: The writing or drawing is made with aniline ink on paper, and a reverse copy transferred by pressure to a slab of gelatin softened with glycerin. A large number of transcripts can be taken while the ink is fresh. Various names have been given to the process [the gelatin copying process], some of them acceptable and others absurd; hectograph, polygraph, copygraph, lithogram, etc. Knight. COPYHOLD Cop"y*hold`, n. (Eng. Law) (a) A tenure of estate by copy of court roll; or a tenure for which the tenant has nothing to show, except the rolls made by the steward of the lord's court. Blackstone. (b) Land held in copyhold. Milton. Note: Copyholds do not exist in the United States. COPYHOLDER Cop"y*hold`er, n. 1. (Eng. Law) Defn: One possessed of land in copyhold. 2. (print.) (a) A device for holding copy for a compositor. (b) One who reads copy to a proof reader. COPYING Cop"y*ing, a. & n. Defn: From Copy, v. Copying ink. See under Ink. -- Copying paper, thin unsized paper used for taking copies of letters, etc., in a copying press. -- Copying press, a machine for taking by pressure, an exact copy of letters, etc., written in copying ink. COPYIST Cop"y*ist, n. Defn: A copier; a transcriber; an imitator; a plagiarist. COPYRIGHT Cop"y*right, n. Defn: The right of an author or his assignee, under statute, to print and publish his literary or artistic work, exclusively of all other persons. This right may be had in maps, charts, engravings, plays, and musical compositions, as well as in books. Note: In the United States a copyright runs for the term of twenty- eight years, with right of renewal for fourteen years on certain conditions. International copyright, an author's right in his productions as secured by treaty between nations. COPYRIGHT Cop"y*right`, v. t. Defn: To secure a copyright on. COQUE Coque, n. [F., prop., a shell.] Defn: A small loop or bow of ribbon used in making hats, boas, etc. COQUELICOT Coque"li*cot`, n. Etym: [F.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The wild poppy, or red corn rose. 2. The color of the wild poppy; a color nearly red, like orange mixed with scarlet. COQUET Co*quet", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Coquetted; p.pr. & vb.n. Coquetting.] Defn: To attempt to attract the notice, admiration, or love of; to treat with a show of tenderness or regard, with a view to deceive and disappoint. You are coquetting a maid of honor. Swift. COQUET Co*quet", v. i. Defn: To trifle in love; to stimulate affection or interest; to play the coquette; to deal playfully instead of seriously; to play (with); as, we have coquetted with political crime. COQUETRY Co*quet"ry, n.; pl. Coquetries. Etym: [F. coquetterie.] Defn: Attempts to attract admoration, notice, or love, for the mere gratification of vanity; trifling in love. "Little affectations of coquetry." Addison. COQUETTE Co*quette", n. Etym: [F., fr. coquet, coquette, coquettish, orig., cocklike, strutting like a cock, fr. coq a cock. Cf. Cock, Cocket, Cocky, Cockade.] 1. A vain, trifling woman, who endeavors to attract admiration from a desire to grafity vanity; a flirt; -- formerly sometimes applied also to men. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tropical humming bird of the genus Lophornis, with very elegant neck plumes. Several species are known. See Illustration under Spangle, v. t. COQUETTISH Co*quet"tish, a. Defn: Practicing or exhibiting coquetry; alluring; enticing. A pretty, coquettish housemaid. W. Irving. COQUETTISHLY Co*quet"tish*ly, adv. Defn: In a coquettish manner. COQUILLA NUT Co*quil"la nut. Etym: [Pg. coquilho, Sp. coquillo, dim. of coco a cocoanut.] (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of a Brazilian tree (Attalea funifera of Martius.). Note: Its shell is hazel-brown in color, very hard and close in texture, and much used by turners in forming ornamental articles, such as knobs for umbrella handles. COQUILLE Co*quille" (ko*kel"; F. ko`ke"y'), n. [F.] Lit., a shell; hence: (a) A shell or shell-like dish or mold in which viands are served. (b) The expansion of the guard of a sword, dagger, etc. (c) A form of ruching used as a dress trimming or for neckwear, and named from the manner in which it is gathered or fulled. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] COQUIMBITE Co*quim"bite, n. Defn: A mineral consisting principally of sulphate of iron; white copperas; -- so called because found in the province of Coquimbo, Chili. COQUINA Co*qui"na, n. Etym: [Sp., shellfish, cockle.] Defn: A soft, whitish, coral-like stone, formed of broken shells and corals, found in the southern United States, and used for roadbeds and for building material, as in the fort at St. Augustine, Florida. COR- Cor-. Defn: A prefix signifying with, together, etc. See Com-. COR Cor, n. Etym: [Heb. k.] Defn: A Hebrew measure of capacity; a homer. [Written also core.] CORA Co"ra, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Arabian gazelle (Gazella Arabica), found from persia to North Africa. CORACLE Cor"a*cle, n. Etym: [W. corwgl, cwrwgl, fr. corwg, cwrwg, any round body or vessel, the trunk of the body, carcass.] Defn: A boat made by covering a wicker frame with leather or oilcloth. It was used by the ancient Britons, and is still used by fisherman in Wales and some parts of Ireland. Also, a similar boat used in Thibet and in Egypt. CORACOID Cor"a*coid, a.Etym: [Gr. ko`rax crow + e'i^dos form.] 1. Shaped like a crow's beak. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to a bone of the shoulder girdle in most birds, reptiles, and amphibians, which is reduced to a process of the scapula in most mammals. CORACOID Cor"a*coid, n. Defn: The coracoid bone or process. CORAGE Cor"age (; OF. , n. Defn: See Courage [Obs.] To Canterbury with full devout corage. Chaucer. CORAH Co"rah, n. [Hind. kora virgin, plain.] Defn: Plain; undyed; -- applied to Indian silk. -- n. Defn: Corah silk. CORAL Cor"al, n. Etym: [Of. coral, F, corail, L. corallum, coralium, fr. Gr. kora`llion.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hard parts or skeleton of various Anthozoa, and of a few Hydrozoa. Similar structures are also formed by some Bryozoa. Note: The large stony corals forming coral reefs belong to various genera of Madreporaria, and to the hydroid genus, Millepora. The red coral, used in jewelry, is the stony axis of the stem of a gorgonian (Corallium rubrum) found chiefly in the Mediterranean. The fan corals, plume corals, and sea feathers are species of Gorgoniacea, in which the axis is horny. Organ-pipe coral is formed by the genus Tubipora, an Alcyonarian, and black coral is in part the axis of species of the genus Antipathes. See Anthozoa, Madrepora. 2. The ovaries of a cooked lobster; -- so called from their color. 3. A piece of coral, usually fitted with small bells and other appurtenances, used by children as a plaything. Brain coral, or Brain stone coral. See under Brain. -- Chain coral. See under Chain. -- Coral animal (Zoöl.), one of the polyps by which corals are formed. They are often very erroneously called coral insects. -- Coral fish. See in the Vocabulary. -- Coral reefs (Phys. Geog.), reefs, often of great extent, made up chiefly of fragments of corals, coral sands, and the solid limestone resulting from their consolidation. They are classed as fringing reefs, when they border the land; barrier reefs, when separated from the shore by a broad belt of water; atolls, when they constitute separate islands, usually inclosing a lagoon. See Atoll. -- Coral root (Bot.), a genus (Corallorhiza) of orchideous plants, of a yellowish or brownish red color, parasitic on roots of other plants, and having curious jointed or knotted roots not unlike some kinds of coral. See Illust. under Coralloid. -- Coral snake. (Zo) (a) A small, venomous, Brazilian snake (Elaps corallinus), coral-red, with black bands. (b) A small, harmless, South American snake (Tortrix scytale). -- Coral tree (Bot.), a tropical, leguminous plant, of several species, with showy, scarlet blossoms and coral-red seeds. The best known is Erythrina Corallodendron. -- Coral wood, a hard, red cabinet wood. McElrath. CORALED Cor"aled, a. Defn: Having coral; covered with coral. CORAL FISH Cor"al fish`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bright-colored fish of the genera Chætodon, Pomacentrus, Apogon, and related genera, which live among reef corals. CORALLACEOUS Cor`al*la"ceous, a. Defn: Like coral, or partaking of its qualities. CORALLIAN Co*ral"li*an, n. (Geol.) Defn: A deposit of coralliferous limestone forming a portion of the middle division of the oölite; -- called also coral-rag. CORALLIFEROUS Cor`al*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. corallum coral + -ferous.] Defn: Containing or producing coral. CORALLIFORM Cor"al*li*form, a. Etym: [L. corallum coral + -form.] Defn: resembling coral in form. CORALLIGENA Cor`al*lig"e*na, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. corallum coral + root of gignere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Anthozoa. CORALLIGENOUS Cor`al*lig"e*nous, a. Defn: producing coral; coraligerous; coralliferous. Humble. CORALLIGEROUS Cor`al*lig"er*ous, a Etym: [L. corallum coral + -gerous.] Defn: Producing coral; coraliferous. CORALLIN Cor"al*lin, n. Etym: [So named in allusion to the color of red corallin, fr. L. corallum coral.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow coal-tar dyestuff which probably consists chiefly of rosolic acid. See Aurin, and Rosolic acid under Rosolic. Red corallin, a red dyestuff which is obtained by treating aurin or rosolic acid with ammonia; -- called also pæonin. -- Yellow corallin. See Aurin. CORALLINE Cor"al*line ( or ), a. Etym: [Cf. L. corallinus coralred.] Defn: Composed of corallines; as, coralline limestone. CORALLINE Cor"al*line, n. Etym: [Cf. F. coralline.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A submarine, semicalcareous or calcareous plant, consisting of many jointed branches. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Formerly any slender coral-like animal; -- sometimes applied more particulary to bryozoan corals. CORALLINITE Cor"al*lin*ite, n. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil coralline. CORALLITE Cor"al*lite, n. Etym: [L. corallum coral.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A mineral substance or petrifaction, in the form of coral. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the individual members of a compound coral; or that part formed by a single coral animal. [Written also corallet.] CORALLOID Cor"al*loid, a. Etym: [L. corallum coral + -oid: cf. F. coralloïde.] Defn: Having the form of coral; branching like coral. CORALLOIDAL Cor`al*loid"al, a. Defn: resembling coral; coralloid. Sir T. browne. CORALLUM Co*ral"lum, n. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The coral or skeleton of a zoöphyte, whether calcareous of horny, simple or compound. See Coral. CORAL-RAG Cor"al-rag`, n. (geol.) Defn: Same as Corallian. CORALWORT Cor"al*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A cruciferous herb of certain species of Dentaria; -- called also toothwort, tooth violet, or pepper root. CORANACH Cor"a*nach, n. Etym: [Gael. coranach, or corranach, a crying, the Irish funeral cry (the keen), a dirge; comh with + ranaich a roaring, ran to roar, shriek.] Defn: A lamentation for the dead; a dirge. [Written also coranich, corrinoch, coronach, cronach, etc.] [Scot.] CORANT; CORANTO Co*rant, Co*ran"to, n. Etym: [See Courant.] Defn: A sprightly but somewhat stately dance, now out of fashion. It is harder to dance a corant well, than a jig. Sir W. temple. Dancing a coranto with him upon the heath. Macaulay. CORB Corb, n. Etym: [L. corbis basket. Cf. Corbeil, Corp.] 1. A basket used in coal mines, etc. see Corf. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An ornament in a building; a corbel. CORBAN Cor"ban, n. Etym: [Heb. qorban, akin to Ar. qurban.] 1. (Jewish Antiq.) An offering of any kind, devoted to God and therefore not be appropriated to any other use; esp., an offering in fulfillment of a vow. Note: In the old Testament the hebrew word is usually translated "oblation" as in Numb. xviii. 9, xxxi. 50. Note: The traditionists laid down that a man might interdict himself by vow, not only from using for himself, but from giving to another, or receiving from him, some particular object, whether of food or any other kind. A person might thus exempt himself from assisting parents in distress, under plea of corban. Dr. W. Smith. 2. An alms basket; a vessel to receive gifts of charity; a treasury of the church, where offerings are deposited. CORBE Corbe, a. Etym: [OF. corbe, fr. L. curvus. See Cuve.] Defn: Crooked. [Obs.] "Corbe shoulder." Spenser. CORBEIL Cor"beil, n. Etym: [F. corbeile, fr. L. corbicula a little basket, dim. of corbis basket. Cf. Corbel, Corb, Corvette.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A sculptured basket of flowers; a corbel. [Obs.] 2. pl. (Fort.) Defn: Small gabions. Brande & C. CORBEL Cor"bel, n. Etym: [F. corbeau, for older corbel, dim. of L. corbis basket. (Corbels were often in the form of a basket.) See Corbeil.] (Arch.) Defn: A bracket supporting a superincumbent object, or receiving the spring of an arch. Corbels were employed largely in Gothic architecture. Note: A common form of corbel consists of courses of stones or bricks, each projecting slightly beyond the next below it. CORBEL Cor"bel, v. t. Defn: To furnish with a corbel or corbels; to support by a corbel; to make in the form of a corbel. To corbel out, to furnish with a corbel of courses, each projecting beyond the one next below it. CORBELING; CORBELLING Cor"bel*ing, Cor"bel*ling, n. Defn: Corbel work or the construction of corbels; a series of corbels or piece of continuous corbeled masonry, sometimes of decorative purpose, as in the stalactite ornament of the Moslems. CORBEL-TABLE Cor"bel-ta`ble, n. (Arch.) Defn: A horizontal row of corbels, with the panels or filling between them; also, less properly used to include the stringcourse on them. CORBIE; CORBY Cor"bie or Cor"by, n.; pl. Corbies. Etym: [F. corbeau, OF. corbel, dim. fr. L. corvus raven.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The raven. [Scot.] 2. (her.) Defn: A raven, crow, or chough, used as a charge. Corbie crow, the carrion crow. [Scot.] CORBIESTEP Cor"bie*step`, n. (Arch.) Defn: One of the steps in which a gable wall is often finished in place of a continuous slope; -- also called crowstep. CORCHORUS Cor"cho*rus, n. Etym: [Nl., fr. L. corchorus a poor kind of pulse, Gr. ko`rchoros a wild plant of bitter taste.] (Bot.) Defn: The common name of the kerria Japonica or Japan globeflower, a yellow-flowered, perennial, rosaceous plant, seen in old-fashioned gardens. CORCLE; CORCULE Cor"cle, Cor"cule, n. Etym: [L. corculum a little heart, dim. of cor heart.] (Bot.) Defn: The heart of the seed; the embryo or germ. [Obs.] CORD Cord, n. Etym: [F. corde, L. chorda catgut, chord, cord, fr. Gr. haruspex soothsayer (inspector of entrails), Icel. görn, pl. garnir gut, and E. yarn. Cf. Chord, Yarn.] 1. A string, or small rope, composed of several strands twisted together. 2. A solid measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet; a pile of wood, or other coarse material, eight feet long, four feet high, and four feet broad; -- originally measured with a cord or line. 3. Fig.: Any moral influence by which persons are caught, held, or drawn, as if by a cord; an enticement; as, the cords of the wicked; the cords of sin; the cords of vanity. The knots that tangle human creeds, The wounding cords that bind and strain The heart until it bleeds. Tennyson. 4. (Anat.) Defn: Any structure having the appearance of a cord, esp. a tendon or a nerve. See under Spermatic, Spinal, Umbilical, Vocal. 5. (Mus.) Defn: See Chord. [Obs.] Cord wood, wood for fuel cut to the length of four feet (when of full measure). CORD Cord (krd), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Corded; p. pr. & vb. n. Cording.] 1. To bind with a cord; to fasten with cords; to connect with cords; to ornament or finish with a cord or cords, as a garment. 2. To arrange (wood, etc.) in a pile for measurement by the cord. CORDAGE Cord"age (krd"j), n. Etym: [F. cordage. See Cord.] Defn: Ropes or cords, collectively; hence, anything made of rope or cord, as those parts of the rigging of a ship which consist of ropes. CORDAL Cord"al (krd"al), n. Defn: Same as Cordelle. CORDATE Cordate (kr"dt), a. Etym: [L. cor, cordis, heart.] (Bot.) Defn: Heart-shaped; as, a cordate leaf. CORDATELY Cor"date*ly, adv. Defn: In a cordate form. CORDED Cord"ed (krd"d), a. 1. Bound or fastened with cords. 2. Piled in a form for measurement by the cord. 3. Made of cords. [Obs.] "A corded ladder." Shak. 4. Striped or ribbed with cords; as, cloth with a corded surface. 5. (Her.) Defn: Bound about, or wound, with cords. CORDELIER Cor`de*lier" (kr`dlr"), n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. cordel, F. cordeau, dim. fr. corde string, rope. See Cord.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A Franciscan; -- so called in France from the girdle of knotted cord worn by all Franciscans. 2. (Fr. Hist.) Defn: A member of a French political club of the time of the first Revolution, of which Danton and Marat were members, and which met in an old Cordelier convent in Paris. CORDELING Cor"del*ing (kr"dlng), a. Etym: [F. cordeler to twist, fr. OF. cordel. See Cordelier.] Defn: Twisting. CORDELLE Cor*delle" (kr-dl"), n. Etym: [F., dim. of corde cord.] Defn: A twisted cord; a tassel. Halliwell. CORDIAL Cor"dial (kr"jal, formally krd"yal; 106, 277), a. Etym: [LL. cordialis, fr. L. cor heart: cf. F. cordial. See Heart.] 1. Proceeding from the heart. [Obs.] A rib with cordial spirits warm. Milton. 2. Hearty; sincere; warm; affectionate. He . . . with looks of cordial love Hung over her enamored. Milton. 3. Tending to revive, cheer, or invigorate; giving strength or spirits. Behold this cordial julep here That flames and dances in his crystal bounds. Milton. Syn. -- Hearty; sincere; heartfelt; warm; affectionate; cheering; invigorating. See Hearty. CORDIAL Cor"dial, n. 1. Anything that comforts, gladdens, and exhilarates. Charms to my sight, and cordials to my mind. Dryden. 2. (Med) Defn: Any invigorating and stimulating preparation; as, a peppermint cordial. 3. (Com.) Defn: Aromatized and sweetened spirit, used as a beverage; a liqueur. CORDIALITY Cor*dial"i*ty (k, n.; pl. Cordialities (-t. Etym: [LL. cordialitas, fr. cordialis sincere: cf. F. cordialité.] 1. Relation to the heart. [Obs.] That the ancients had any respect of cordiality or reference unto the heart, will much be doubted. Sir T. Browne. 2. Sincere affection and kindness; warmth of regard; heartiness. Motley. CORDIALIZE Cor"dial*ize (kr"jal-z or krd"yal-z; 106), v. t. 1. To make into a cordial. 2. To render cordial; to reconcile. CORDIALIZE Cor"dial*ize, v. i. Defn: To grow cordial; to feel or express cordiality. [R.] CORDIALLY Cor"dial*ly, adv. Defn: In a cordial manner. Dr. H. More. CORDIALNESS Cor"dial*ness, n. Defn: Cordiality. Cotgrave. CORDIERITE Cor"di*er*ite (k, n. Etym: [Named after the geologist Cordier.] (Min.) Defn: See Iolite. CORDIFORM Cor"di*form (kr"d-frm), a. Etym: [L. cor, cordis, heart + -form, cf. F. cordiforme.] Defn: Heart-shaped. Gray. CORDILLERA Cor*dil"ler*a (kr-dl"lr-; Sp. kr`d-ly"r), n. Etym: [Sp., fr. OSp. cordilla, cordiella, dim. of cuerda a rope, string. See Cord.] (Geol.) Defn: A mountain ridge or chain. Note: Cordillera is sometimes applied, in geology, to the system of mountain chains near the border of a continent; thus, the western cordillera of North America in the United States includes the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Coast and Cascade ranges. CORDINER Cor"di*ner (kr"d-nr), n. Defn: A cordwainer. [Obs.] CORDITE Cord"ite, n. [From Cord, n.] (Mil.) Defn: A smokeless powder composed of nitroglycerin, guncotton, and mineral jelly, and used by the British army and in other services. In making it the ingredients are mixed into a paste with the addition of acetone and pressed out into cords (of various diameters) resembling brown twine, which are dried and cut to length. A variety containing less nitroglycerin than the original is known as cordite M. D. CORDON Cor"don (kr"dn; F. kr"dn"), n. Etym: [F., fr. corde. See Cord.] 1. A cord or ribbon bestowed or borne as a badge of honor; a broad ribbon, usually worn after the manner of a baldric, constituting a mark of a very high grade in an honorary order. Cf. Grand cordon. 2. The cord worn by a Franciscan friar. Sir E. Sandys. 3. (Fort.) Defn: The coping of the scarp wall, which projects beyong the face of the wall a few inches. 4. (Mil.) Defn: A line or series of sentinels, or of military posts, inclosing or guarding any place or thing. 5. A rich and ornamental lace or string, used to secure a mantle in some costumes of state. Cordon bleu (kd" bl Etym: [F., blue cordon], a first-rate cook, or one worthy to be the cook of the cordons bleus, or Knights of the Holy Ghost, famous for their good dinners. -- Cordon sanitaire (kd" s Etym: [F., sanitary cordon], a line of troops or military posts around a district infected with disease, to cut off communication, and thus prevent the disease from spreading. CORDONNET Cor`don`net" (kr`dn`n"), n. Etym: [F., dim. of cordon. See Cardon.] Defn: Doubled and twisted thread, made of coarse silk, and used for tassels, fringes, etc. McElrath. CORDOVAN Cor"do*van (kr"d-vn), n. Etym: [Sp. cordoban, fr. Cordova, or Cordoba, in Spain. Cf. Cordwain.] Defn: Same as Cordwain. in England the name is applied to leather made from horsehide. CORDUROY Cor"du*roy` (kr"d-roi` or kr"d-roi"), n. Etym: [Prob. for F. corde du roi king's cord.] 1. A sort of cotton velveteen, having the surface raised in ridges. 2. pl. Defn: Trousers or breeches of corduroy. Corduroy road, a roadway formed of logs laid side by side across it, as in marshy places; -- so called from its rough or ribbed surface, resembling corduroy. [U.S.] CORDUROY Cor"du*roy`, v. t. Defn: To form of logs laid side by side. "Roads were corduroyed." Gemn. W.T. Sherman. CORDWAIN Cord"wain (krd"wn), n. Etym: [OE. cordewan, cordian, OF. cordoan, cordouan, fr. Sp. cordoban. See Cordovan.] Defn: A term used in the Middle Ages for Spanish leather (goatskin tanned and dressed), and hence, any leather handsomely finished, colored, gilded, or the like. Buskins he wore of costliest cordwain. Spenser. CORDWAINER Cord"wain*er (-r), n. Etym: [OE. cordwaner, cordiner, fr. OF. cordoanier, cordouanier, F. cordonnier.] Defn: A worker in cordwain, or cordovan leather; a shoemaker. [Archaic.] CORDY Cord"y (kôr"dy), a. [Compar. Cordier; superl. Cordiest.] Defn: Of, or like, cord; having cords or cordlike parts. CORE Core (kr), n. Etym: [F. corps. See Corps.] Defn: A body of individuals; an assemblage. [Obs.] He was in a core of people. Bacon. CORE Core, n. Etym: [Cf. Chore.] (Mining.) Defn: A miner's underground working time or shift. Raymond. Note: The twenty-four hours are divided into three or four cores. CORE Core, n. Etym: [Heb. k: cf. Gr. Defn: A Hebrew dry measure; a cor or homer. Num. xi. 32 (Douay version). CORE Core, n. Etym: [OF. cor, coer, cuer, F. c, fr. L. cor heart. See Heart.] 1. The heart or inner part of a thing, as of a column, wall, rope, of a boil, etc.; especially, the central part of fruit, containing the kernels or seeds; as, the core of an apple or quince. A fever at the core, Fatal to him who bears, to all who ever bore. Byron. 2. The center or inner part, as of an open space; as, the core of a ssquare. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 3. The most important part of a thing; the essence; as, the core of a subject. 4. (Founding) Defn: The prtion of a mold which shapes the interior of a cylinder, tube, or other hollow casting, or which makes a hole in or through a casting; a part of the mold, made separate from and inserted in it, for shaping some part of the casting, the form of which is not determined by that of the pattern. 5. A disorder of sheep occasioned by worms in the liver. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 6. (Anat.) Defn: The bony process which forms the central axis of the horns in many animals. Core box (Founding), a box or mold, usually divisible, in which cores are molded. -- Core print (Founding), a projecting piece on a pattern which forms, in the mold, an impression for holding in place or steadying a core. CORE Core, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cord (krd); p. pr. & vb. n. Coring.] 1. To take out the core or inward parts of; as, to core an apple. He's likee a corn upon my great toe . . . he must be cored out. Marston. 2. To form by means of a core, as a hole in a casting. CO-REGENT Co-re"gent (k-r"jent), n. Defn: A joint regent or ruler. CO-RELATION Co`-re*la"tion (k`r-l"shn), n. Defn: Corresponding relation. CO-RELIGIONIST Co`-re*li"gion*ist (-lj"n-st), n. Defn: One of the same religion with another. CORE LOSS Core loss. (Elec.) Defn: Energy wasted by hysteresis or eddy currents in the core of an armature, transformer, etc. COREOPSIS Co`re*op"sis (k`r-p"ss), n. Etym: [NL., fr. GR. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbaceous composite plants, having the achenes two- horned and remotely resembling some insect; tickseed. C. tinctoria, of the Western plains, the commonest plant of the genus, has been used in dyeing. COREPLASTY Cor"e*plas`ty (kor"e*plas`ty), n. [Gr. ko`rh pupil + -plasty.] (Med.) Defn: A plastic operation on the pupil, as for forming an artificial pupil. -- Cor`e*plas"tic (-plas"tik), a. CORER Cor"er (krr"rr), n. Defn: That which cores; an instrument for coring fruit; as, an apple corer. CO-RESPONDENT Co`-re*spond"ent (k`rr-spnd"ent), n. (Law) Defn: One who is called upon to answer a summons or other proceeding jointly with another. CORF Corf (krrf), n.; pl. Corves (k. Etym: [Cf.LG. & D. korf basket, G. korb, fr. L. corbis.] 1. A basket. 2. (Mining) (a) A large basket used in carrying or hoisting coal or ore. (b) A wooden frame, sled, or low-wheeled wagon, to convey coal or ore in the mines. CORFIOTE; CORFUTE Cor"fi*ote (kr"f-t), Cor"fute (kr"ft), n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Corfu, an island in the Mediterranean Sea. CORIACEOUS Co`ri*a"ceous (k`r-"shs), a. Etym: [L. coriaceous, fr. corium leather. See Cuirass.] 1. Consisting of or resembling, leather; leatherlike; tough. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Stiff, like leather or parchment. CORIANDER Co`ri*an"der (k`r-n"dr), n Etym: [L. coriandrum, fr. Gr. coriandre.] (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous plant, the Coriandrum sativum, the fruit or seeds of which have a strong smell and a spicy taste, and in medicine are considered as stomachic and carminative. CORIDINE Co"ri*dine (k"r-dn; 104), n. Etym: [From L. cortium leather.] Defn: A colorless or yellowish oil, C10H15N, of a leathery odor, occuring in coal tar, Dippel's oil, tobacco smoke, etc., regarded as an organic base, homologous with pyridine. Also, one of a series of metameric compounds of which coridine is a type. [Written also corindine.] CORINDON Co*rin"don (k-rn"dn), n. (Min.) Defn: See Corrundum. CORINNE Co`rinne" (k`rn"), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common gazelle (Gazella dorcas). See Gazelle. [Written also korin.] CORINTH Cor"inth (kr"nth), n. Etym: [L. Corinthus, Gr. Currant.] 1. A city of Greece, famed for its luxury and extravagance. 2. A small fruit; a currant. [Obs.] Broome. CORINTHIAC Co*rin"thi*ac (k-rn"th-k), a. Etym: [L. Corinthiacus.] Defn: Pertaining to Corinth. CORINTHIAN Co*rin"thi*an (-an), a. 1. Of or relating to Corinth. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Corinthian order of architecture, invented by the Greeks, but more commonly used by the Romans. This is the lightest and most ornamental of the three orders used by the Greeks. Parker. 3. Debauched in character or practice; impure. Milton. 4. Of or pertaining to an amateur sailor or yachtsman; as, a corinthian race (one in which the contesting yachts must be manned by amateurs.) CORINTHIAN Co*rin"thi*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Corinth. 2. A gay, licentious person. [Obs.] CORIUM Co"ri*um (k"r-m), n. Etym: [L. corium leather.] 1. Armor made of leather, particularly that used by the Romans; used also by Enlish soldiers till the reign of Edward I. Fosbroke. 2. (Anat.) (a) Same as Dermis. (b) The deep layer of mucous membranes beneath the epithelium. CORIVAL Co*ri"val (k-r"val), n. Defn: A rival; a corrival. CORIVAL Co*ri"val, v. t. Defn: To rival; to pretend to equal. Shak. CORIVALRY; CORIVALSHIP Co*ri"val*ry, Co*ri"val*ship, n. Defn: Joint rivalry. CORK Cork (krk), n. Etym: [Cf. G., Dan., & Sw. kork, D. kurk; all fr. Sp. corcho, fr. L. cortex, corticis, bark, rind. Cf. Cortex.] 1. The outer layer of the bark of the cork tree (Quercus Suber), of which stoppers for bottles and casks are made. See Cutose. 2. A stopper for a bottle or cask, cut out of cork. 3. A mass of tabular cells formed in any kind of bark, in greater or less abundance. Note: Cork is sometimes used wrongly for calk, calker; calkin, a sharp piece of iron on the shoe of a horse or ox. Cork jackets, a jacket having thin pieces of cork inclosed within canvas, and used to aid in swimming. -- Cork tree (Bot.), the species of oak (Quercus Suber of Southern Europe) whose bark furnishes the cork of commerce. CORK Cork, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Corking.] 1. To stop with a cork, as a bottle. 2. To furnish or fit with cork; to raise on cork. Tread on corked stilts a prisoner's pace. Bp. Hall. Note: To cork is sometimes used erroneously for to calk, to furnish the shoe of a horse or ox with sharp points, and also in the meaning of cutting with a calk. CORKAGE Cork"age (-j), n. Defn: The charge made by innkeepers for drawing the cork and taking care of bottles of wine bought elsewhere by a guest. CORKED Corked (krkt), a. Defn: having acquired an unpleasant taste from the cork; as, a bottle of wine is corked. CORK FOSSIL Cork" fos`sil (krk" fs`sl). (Min.) Defn: A variety of amianthus which is very light, like cork. CORKINESS Cork"i*ness (--ns), n. Defn: The quality of being corky. CORKING PIN Cork"ing pin` (krk"ng pn`). Defn: A pin of a large size, formerly used attaching a woman's headdress to a cork mold. [Obs.] Swift. CORKSCREW Cork"screw` (-skr"), n. Defn: An instrument with a screw or a steel spiral for drawing corks from bottles. Corkscrew starts, a spiral staircase around a solid newel. CORKSCREW Cork"screw`, v. t. Defn: To press forward in a winding way; as, to corksrew one's way through a crowd. [Colloq.] Dickens. CORKWING Cork"wing` (-wng`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish; the goldsinny. CORKWOOD Cork"wood` (kôrk"wood`), n. 1. The wood of the cork oak. [Obs.] 2. Any one of several trees or shrubs having light or corky wood; esp.: (a) In the United States, the tree Leitneria floridana. (b) In the West Indies: (1) Either of the cotton trees Ochroma lagopus and Pariti tiliaceum. (2) Defn: The tree producing the aligator apple. (3) Defn: The blolly. CORKY Cork"y (-), a. 1. Consisting of, or like, cork; dry shriveled up. Bind fast hiss corky arms. Shak. 2. Tasting of cork. CORM Corm (krm), n. Etym: [See Cormus.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A solid bulb-shaped root, as of the crocus. See Bulb. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Cormus, 2. CORMOGENY Cor*mog"e*ny (kr-mj"-n), n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The embryological history of groups or families of individuals. CORMOPHYLOGENY Cor`mo*phy*log"e*ny (kr`m-f-lj"-n), n. Etym: [Gr. phylogeny.] (Biol.) Defn: The phylogeny of groups or families of individuals. Haeckel. CORMOPHYTES; CORMOPHYTA Cor"mo*phytes (kr"m-fts), Cor*moph"y*ta (kr-mf"-t), n. pl. Etym: [NL. cormophyta, fr. Gr. trunk of a tree + (Bot.) Defn: A term proposed by Endlicher to include all plants with an axis containing vascular tissue and with foliage. CORMORANT Cor`mo*rant (kr"m-rant), n. Etym: [F. cormoran, fr. Armor. m a sea raven; m sea + bran raven, with cor, equiv. to L. corvus raven, pleonastically prefixed; or perh. fr. L. corvus marinus sea raven.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Phalacrocorax, a genus of sea birds having a sac under the beak; the shag. Cormorants devour fish voraciously, and have become the emblem of gluttony. They are generally black, and hence are called sea ravens, and coalgeese. [Written also corvorant.] 2. A voracious eater; a glutton, or gluttonous servant. B. Jonson. CORMORAUT Cor"mo*raut, a. Defn: Ravenous; voracious. Cormorant, devouring time. Shak. CORMUS Cor"mus (kr"ms), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: See Corm. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A vegetable or animal made up of a number of individuals, such as, for example, would be formed by a process of budding from a parent stalk wherre the buds remain attached. CORN Corn (krn), n. Etym: [L. cornu horn: cf. F. corne horn, hornlike excrescence. See Horn.] Defn: A thickening of the epidermis at some point, esp. on the toees, by friction or pressure. It is usually painful and troublesome. Welkome, gentlemen! Ladies that have their toes Unplagued with corns, will have a bout with you. Shak. Note: The substance of a corn usually resembles horn, but where moisture is present, as between the toes, it is white and sodden, and is called a soft corn. CORN Corn, n. Etym: [AS. corn; akin to OS. korn, D. koren, G., Dan., Sw., & Icel. korn, Goth. ka, L. granum, Russ. zerno. Cf. Grain, Kernel.] 1. A single seed of certain plants, as wheat, rye, barley, and maize; a grain. 2. The various farinaceous grains of the cereal grasses used for food, as wheat, rye, barley, maize, oats. Note: In Scotland, corn is generally restricted to oats, in the United States, to maize, or Indian corn, of which there are several kinds; as, yellow corn, which grows chiefly in the Northern States, and is yellow when ripe; white or southern corn, which grows to a great height, and has long white kernels; sweet corn, comprising a number of sweet and tender varieties, grown chiefly at the North, some of which have kernels that wrinkle when ripe and dry; pop corn, any small variety, used for popping. 3. The plants which produce corn, when growing in the field; the stalks and ears, or the stalks, ears, and seeds, after reaping and before thrashing. In one night, ere glimpse of morn, His shadowy flail had thrashed the corn. Milton. 4. A small, hard particle; a grain. "Corn of sand." Bp. Hall. "A corn of powder." Beau & Fl. Corn ball, a ball of popped corn stuck together with soft candy from molasses or sugar. -- Corn bread, bread made of Indian meal. -- Corn cake, a kind of corn bread; johnny cake; hoecake. -- Corn cockle (Bot.), a weed (Agrostemma or Lychnis Githago), having bright flowers, common in grain fields. -- Corn flag (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gladiolus; -- called also sword lily. -- Corn fly. (Zoöl.) (a) A small fly which, in the larval state, is injurious to grain, living in the stalk, and causing the disease called "gout," on account of the swelled joints. The common European species is Chlorops tæniopus. (b) A small fly (Anthomyia ze) whose larva or maggot destroys seed corn after it has been planted. -- Corn fritter, a fritter having green Indian corn mixed through its batter. [U. S.] -- Corn laws, laws regulating trade in corn, especially those in force in Great Britain till 1846, prohibiting the importation of foreign grain for home consumption, except when the price rose above a certain rate. -- Corn marigold. (Bot.) See under Marigold. -- Corn oyster, a fritter containing grated green Indian corn and butter, the combined taste resembling that of oysters. [U.S.] -- Corn parsley (Bot.), a plant of the parsley genus (Petroselinum ssegetum), a weed in parts of Europe and Asia. -- Corn popper, a utensil used in popping corn. -- Corn poppy (Bot.), the red poppy (Papaver Rhoeas), common in European cornfields; -- also called corn rose. -- Corn rent, rent paid in corn. -- Corn rose. See Corn poppy. -- Corn salad (Bot.), a name given to several species of Valerianella, annual herbs sometimes used for salad. V. olitoria is also called lamb's lettuce. -- Corn stone, red limestone. [Prov. Eng.] -- Corn violet (Bot.), a species of Campanula. -- Corn weevil. (Zoöl.) (a) A small weevil which causes great injury to grain. (b) In America, a weevil (Sphenophorus zeæ) which attacks the stalk of maize near the root, often doing great damage. See Grain weevil, under Weevil. CORN Corn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corned (krnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Corning.] 1. To preserve and season with salt in grains; to sprinkle with salt; to cure by salting; now, specifically, to salt slightly in brine or otherwise; as, to corn beef; to corn a tongue. 2. To form into small grains; to granulate; as, to corn gunpowder. 3. To feed with corn or (in Sctland) oats; as, to corn horses. Jamieson. 4. To render intoxicated; as, ale strong enough to corn one. [Colloq.] Corning house, a house or place where powder is corned or granulated. CORNAGE Cor"nage (kr"nj), n. Etym: [OF.,, horn-blowing, tax on horned cattle, fr. F. corne a horn, L. cornu.] (Law) Defn: Anancient tenure of land, which obliged the tenant to give notice of an invasion by blowing a horn. CORNAMUTE Cor"na*mute (kr"n-mt), n. Defn: A cornemuse. [Obs.] CORNBIND Corn"bind` (krn"bnd`), n. (Bot.) Defn: A weed that binds stalks of corn, as Convolvulus arvensis, Polygonum Convolvulus. [Prov. Eng.] CORNCOB Corn"cob` (krn"kb`), n. Defn: The cob or axis on which the kernels of Indian corn grow. [U.S.] CORNCRAKE Corn"crake` (-krk`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird (Crex crex or C. pratensis) which frequents grain fields; the European crake or land rail; -- called also corn bird. CORNCRIB Corn"crib` (krn"krb`), n. Defn: A crib for storing corn. CORNCUTTER Corn"cut`ter (-kt`tr), n. 1. A machine for cutting up stalks of corn for food of cattle. 2. An implement consisting of a long blade, attached to a handle at nearly a right angle, used for cutting down the stalks of Indian corn. CORNDODGER Corn"dodg`er (-dj`r), n. Defn: A cake made of the meal of Indian corn, wrapped in a covering of husks or paper, and baked under the embers. [U.S.] Bartlett. CORNEA Cor"ne*a (kr"n-), n.; pl. Corneas (-. Etym: [Fem. sing., fr. L. corneus horny, fr. cornu a horn. See Horn.] (Anat.) Defn: The transparent part of the coat of the eyeball which covers the iris and pupil and admits light to the interior. See Eye. CORNEAL Cor"ne*al (-al), a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the cornea. CORNEL Cor"nel (-nl), n. Etym: [OF. cornille, cornoille, F. cornouille, cornel berry, LL. cornolium cornel tree, fr. L. cornus, fr. cornu horn, in allusion to the hardness of the wood. See Horn.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The cornelian cherry (Cornus Mas), a European shrub with clusters of small, greenish flowers, followed by very acid but edible drupes resembling cherries. 2. Any species of the genus Cornus, as C. florida, the flowering cornel; C. stolonifera, the osier cornel; C. Canadensis, the dwarf cornel, or bunchberry. CORNELIAN Cor*nel"ian (kr-nlyan), n. Etym: [F. cornaline, OF. corneline, fr. L. cornu horn. So called from its horny appearance when broken. See Horn, and cf. Carnelian.] (Min.) Defn: Same as Carnelian. CORNEMUSE Corne"muse (krn"mz), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A wind instrument nearly identical with the bagpipe. Drayton. CORNEOCALCAREOUS Cor"ne*o*cal*ca"re*ous (krn--kl-k"r-s), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Formed of a mixture of horny and calcareous materials, as some shells and corals. 2. Horny on one side and calcareous on the other. CORNEOUS Cor"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. corneus, fr. cornu horn.] Defn: Of a texture resembling horn; horny; hard. Sir T. Browne. CORNER Cor"ner (kr"nr), n. Etym: [OF. corniere, cornier, LL. cornerium, corneria, fr. L. cornu horn, end, point. See Horn.] 1. The point where two converging lines meet; an angle, either external or internal. 2. The space in the angle between converging lines or walls which meet in a point; as, the chimney corner. 3. An edge or extremity; the part farthest from the center; hence, any quarter or part. From the four corners of the earth they come. Shak. 4. A secret or secluded place; a remote or out of the way place; a nook. This thing was not done in a corner. Acts xxvi. 26. 5. Direction; quarter. Sits the wind in that corner! Shak. 6. The state of things produced by a combination of persons, who buy up the whole or the available part of any stock or species of property, which compels those who need such stock or property to buy of them at their own price; as, a corner in a railway stock. [Broker's Cant] Corner stone, the stone which lies at the corner of two walls, and unites them; the principal stone; especially, the stone which forms the corner of the foundation of an edifice; hence, that which is fundamental importance or indispensable. "A prince who regarded uniformity of faith as the corner stone of his government." Prescott. -- Corner tooth, one of the four teeth which come in a horse's mouth at the age of four years and a half, one on each side of the upper and of the lower jaw, between the middle teeth and the tushes. CORNER Cor"ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cornered (-nrd);p. pr. & vb. n. Cornering.] 1. To drive into a corner. 2. To drive into a position of great difficaulty or hopeless embarrassment; as, to corner a person in argument. 3. To get command of (a stock, commodity, etc.), so as to be able to put one's own price on it; as, to corner the shares of a railroad stock; to corner petroleum. CORNERCAP Cor"ner*cap` (-kp`), n. Defn: The chief ornament. [Obs.] Thou makest the triumviry the cornercap of society. Shak. CORNERED Cor"nered (-nrd), p. a. Defn: 1 Having corners or angles. 2. In a possition of great difficulty; brought to bay. CORNERWISE Cor"ner*wise` (-wz`), adv. Defn: With the corner in front; diagonally; not square. CORNET Cor"net (kr"nt), n. Etym: [F. cornet, m. (for senses 1 & 2), cornette, f. & m. (for senses 3 & 4), dim. of corne horn, L. cornu. See Horn.] 1. (Mus.) (a) An obsolete rude reed instrument (Ger. Zinken), of the oboe family. (b) A brass instrument, with cupped mouthpiece, and furnished with valves or pistons, now used in bands, and, in place of the trumpet, in orchestras. See Cornet-à-piston. (c) A certain organ stop or register. 2. A cap of paper twisted at the end, used by retailers to inclose small wares. Cotgrave. 3. (Mil.) (a) A troop of cavalry; -- so called from its being accompanied by a cornet player. [Obs.] "A body of five cornets of horse." Clarendon. (b) The standard of such a troop. [Obs.] (c) The lowest grade of commissioned officer in a British cavalry troop, who carried the standard. The office was abolished in 1871. 4. A headdress: (a) A square cap anciently worn as a mark of certain professions. (b) A part of a woman's headdress, in the 16th century. 5. Etym: [Cf. Coronet.] (Far.) Defn: See Coronet, 2. CORNET-A-PISTON Cor"net-à-pis`ton (kr"nt--ps"tn; F. kr`n`ps`tn"), n.; pl. Cornets-à- piston. Etym: [F.] (Mus.) Defn: A brass wind instrument, like the trumpet, furnished with valves moved by small pistons or sliding rods; a cornopean; a cornet. CORNETCY Cor"net*cy (kr"nt-s), n. Defn: The commission or rank of a cornet. CORNETER Cor"net*er (kr"nt-r), n. Defn: One who blows a cornet. CORNEULE Cor"neule (kr"nl), n. Etym: [F., dim. of corn the cornea.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the corneas of a compound eye in the invertebrates. Carpenter. CORNFIELD Corn"field` (krn"fld`), n. Defn: A field where corn is or has been growing; -- in England, a field of wheat, rye, barley, or oats; in America, a field of Indian corn. CORNFLOOR Corn"floor` (-flr`), n. Defn: A thrashing floor. Hos. ix. 1. CORNFLOWER Corn"flow`er (-flou`r), n. (Bot.) Defn: A conspicuous wild flower (Centaurea Cyanus), growing in grainfields. CORNIC Cor"nic (kr"nk), a. Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, the dogwood (Cornus florida). CORNICE Cor"nice (kr"ns), n. Etym: [F. corniche, It. cornice, LL. coronix, cornix, fr. L. coronis a curved line, a flourish with the pen at the end of a book or chapter, Gr. corona crown. sEE Crown, and cf. Coronis.] (Arch.) Defn: Any horizontal, molded or otherwise decorated projection which crowns or finishes the part to which it is affixed; as, the cornice of an order, pedestal, door, window, or house. Gwilt. Cornice ring, the ring on a cannon next behind the muzzle ring. CORNICED Cor"niced (kr"nst), a. Defn: Having a cornice. CORNICLE Cor"ni*cle (kr"n-k'l), n. Etym: [L. corniculum, dim. of cornu horn.] Defn: A little horn. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. CORNICULAR Cor*nic"u*lar (-lr), n. Etym: [L. cornicularius.] Defn: A secretary or clerk. [Obs.] Chaucer. CORNICULATE Cor/nic"u*late (kr-nk"-lt), a. Etym: [L. corniculatus.] 1. Horned; having horns. Dr. H. More. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having processes resembling small horns. CORNICULUM Cor*nic"u*lum (kr-nk"-lm), n.; pl. Cornicula (-l. Etym: [L. corniculum little horn.] (Anat.) Defn: A small hornlike part or process. CORNIFEROUS Cor*nif"er*ous (kr-nf"r-s), a. Etym: [L. cornu horn + -ferous.] (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the lowest period of the Devonian age.(See the Diagram, under Geology.) The Corniferous period has been so called from the numerous seams of hornstone which characterize the later part of the period, as developed in the State of New York. CORNIFIC Cor*nif"ic (kr-nf"k), a. Etym: [L. cornu horn + facere to make.] Defn: Producing horns; forming horn. CORNIFICATION Cor`ni*fi*ca"tion (kr`n-f-k"shn), n. Defn: Conversion into, or formation of, horn; a becoming like horn. CORNIFIED Cor"ni*fied (kr"n-fd), a. Etym: [L. cornu horn + -fy.] (Anat.) Defn: Converted into horn; horny. CORNIFORM Cor"ni*form (-frm), a. Etym: [L. cornu horn + -form.] Defn: Having the shape of a horn; horn-shaped. CORNIGEROUS Cor*nig"er*ous (kr-nj"r-s), a. Etym: [L. corniger; cornu horn + gerere to bear.] Defn: Horned; having horns; as, cornigerous animals. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. CORNIN Cor"nin (kr"nn), n. (Chem.) (a) A bitter principle obtained from dogwood (Cornus florida), as a white crystalline substance; -- called also cornic acid. (b) An extract from dogwood used as a febrifuge. CORNIPLUME Cor"ni*plume (kr"n-plm), n. Etym: [L. cornu horn + pluma feather.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A hornlike tuft of feathers on the head of some birds. CORNISH Cor"nish (kr"nsh), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Cornwall, in England. Cornish chough. See Chough. -- Cornish engine, a single-acting pumping engine, used in mines, in Cornwall and elsewhere, and for water works. A heavy pump rod or plunger, raised by the steam, forces up the water by its weight, in descending. CORNISH Cor"nish, n. Defn: The dialect, or the people, of Cornwall. CORNIST Cor"nist, n. Defn: A performer on the cornet or horn. CORNLOFT Corn"loft` (krn"lft`), n. Defn: A loft for corn; a granary. CORNMUSE Corn"muse (-mz), n. Defn: A cornemuse. CORNO DI BASSETTO Cor"no di bas*set"to (kr"n d bs-st"t or bs-st"t); pl. Corni (-n di basseto. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A tenor clarinet; -- called also basset horn, and sometimes confounded with the English horn, which is a tenor oboe. CORNO INGLESE Cor"no In*gle"se (n-gl"z); pl. Corni Inglesi (-z. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A reed instrument, related to the oboe, but deeper in pitch; the English horn. CORNOPEAN Cor*no"pe*an (kr-n"p-an), n. (Mus.) Defn: An obsolete name for the cornet-à-piston. CORNSHELLER Corn"shell`er (krn"shl`r), n. Defn: A machine that separates the kernels of corn from the cob. CORNSHUCK Corn"shuck` (-shk`), n. Defn: The husk covering an ear of Indian corn. [Colloq. U.S.] CORNSTALK Corn"stalk` (-stk`), n. Defn: A stalk of Indian corn. CORNSTARCH Corn"starch` (-strch`), n. Defn: Starch made from Indian corn, esp. a fine white flour used for puddings, etc. CORNU Cor"nu (kr"n), n; pl. Cornua (-n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A horn, or anything shaped like or resembling a horn. CORNU AMMONIS Cor"nu Am*mo"nis (m-m"ns); pl. Cornua Ammonis. Etym: [L., horn of Ammon. See Ammonite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil shell, curved like a ram's horn; an obsolete name for an ammonite. CORNUCOPIA Cor`nu*co"pi*a (kr`n-k"p-), n.; pl. Cornucopias (-. Etym: [L. cornu copiae horn of plenty. See Horn, and Copious.] 1. The horn of plenty, from which fruits and flowers are represented as issuing. It is an emblem of abundance. 2. pl. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of grasses bearing spikes of flowers resembling the cornucopia in form. Note: Some writers maintain that this word should be written, in the singular, cornu copiæ, and in the plural, cornua copiæ. CORNUTE; CORNUTED Cor"nute (kr"nt or kr-nt"), Cor*nut"ed (kr-n"td), a. Etym: [L. cornutus horned, from cornu horn.] 1. Bearing horns; horned; horn-shaped. 2. Cuckolded. [R.] "My being cornuted." LEstrange. CORNUTE Cor*nute" (kr-nt"), v. t. Defn: To bestow horns upon; to make a cuckold of; to cuckold. [Obs.] Burton. CORNUTO Cor*nu"to (kr-n"t), n. Etym: [It., fr. L. cornutus horned.] Defn: A man that wears the horns; a cuckold. [R.] Shak. CORNUTOR Cor*nu"tor (-tr), n. Defn: A cuckold maker. [R.] Jordan. CORNY Cor"ny (kr"n), a. Etym: [L. cornu horn.] Defn: Strong, stiff, or hard, like a horn; resembling horn. Up stood the cornu reed. Milton. CORNY Corn"y, a. 1. Producing corn or grain; furnished with grains of corn. [R.] "The corny ear." Prior. 2. Containing corn; tasting well of malt. [R.] A draught of moist and corny ale. Chaucer. 3. Tipsy. [Vulgar, Eng.] Forby. COROCORE Cor"o*core (kr"-kr), n. Defn: A kind of boat of various forms, used in the Indian Archipelago. CORODY Cor"o*dy (kr"-d), n. Etym: [LL. corrodium, corredium, conredium, furniture, provision: cf. OF. conroi. See Curry.] (Old Law) Defn: An allowance of meat, drink, or clothing due from an abbey or other religious house for the sustenance of such of the king's servants as he may designate to receive it. [Written also corrody.] COROL Cor"ol (kr"l), n. (Bot.) Defn: A corolla. COROLLA Co*rol"la (k-rl"l), n. Etym: [L. corolla a little crown or garland, dim. of corona. See Crown.] (Bot.) Defn: The inner envelope of a flower; the part which surrounds the organs of fructification, consisting of one or more leaves, called petals. It is usually distinguished from the calyx by the fineness of its texture and the gayness of its colors. See the Note under Blossom. COROLLACEOUS Cor`ol*la"ceous (kr`l-l"shs), a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a corolla; having the form or texture of a corolla. COROLLARY Cor"ol*la*ry (kr"l-l-r; 277), n.; pl. Corollaries (-r. Etym: [L. corollarium gift, corollary, fr. corolla. See Corolla.] 1. That which is given beyond what is actually due, as a garland of flowers in addition to wages; surplus; something added or superfluous. [Obs.] Now come, my Ariel; bring a corollary, Rather than want a spirit. Shak. 2. Something which follows from the demonstration of a proposition; an additional inference or deduction from a demonstrated proposition; a consequence. COROLLATE; COROLLATED Cor"ol*late (kr"l-lt), Cor"ol*la`ted (-l`td), a. Defn: Having a corolla or corollas; like a corolla. COROLLET Cor"ol*let (kr"l-lt), n. Etym: [Dim. fr. corolla.] (Bot.) Defn: A floret in an aggregate flower. [Obs.] Martyn. COROLLIFLORAL; COROLLIFLOROUS Co*rol`li*flo"ral (k-rl`l-fl"ral), Co*rol`li*flo"rous (-fl"rs), a. Etym: [Corolla + L. flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the stamens borne on the petals, and the latter free from the calyx. Compare Calycifloral and Thalamifloral. COROLLINE Cor"ol*line (-ln), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a corolla. COROMANDEL Cor`o*man"del (kr`-mn"del), n. (Geol.) Defn: The west coast, or a portion of the west coast, of the Bay of Bengal. Coromandel gooseberry. See Carambola. -- Coromandel wood, Calamander wood. CORONA Co*ro"na (k-r"n), n.; pl. L. Coronæ (-nCoronas (-n. Etym: [L. corona crown. See Crown.] 1. A crown or garland bestowed among the Romans as a reward for distinguished services. 2. (Arch.) Defn: The projecting part of a Classic cornice, the under side of which is cut with a recess or channel so as to form a drip. See Illust. of Column. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The upper surface of some part, as of a tooth or the skull; a crown. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The shelly skeleton of a sea urchin. 5. (Astrol.) Defn: A peculiar luminous apearance, or aureola, which surrounds the sun, and which is seen only when the sun is totally eclipsed by the moon. 6. (Bot.) (a) An inner appendage to a petal or a corolla, often forming a special cup, as in the daffodil and jonquil. (b) Any crownlike appendage at the top of an organ. 7. (Meteorol.) (a) A circle, usually colored, seen in peculiar states of the atmosphere around and close to a luminous body, as the sun or moon. (b) A peculiar phase of the aurora borealis, formed by the concentration or convergence of luminous beams around the point in the heavens indicated by the direction of the dipping needle. 8. A crown or circlet suspended from the roof or vaulting of churches, to hold tapers lighted on solemn occasions. It is sometimes formed of double or triple circlets, arranged pyramidically. Called also corona lucis. Fairholt. 9. (Mus.) Defn: A character [] called the pause or hold. CORONACH Cor"o*nach (kr"-nk), n. Defn: See Coranach. CORONAL Cor"o*nal (kr"-nal or, esp. in science, k-r"nal; 277), a. Etym: [L. coronalis: cf. F. coronal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a corona (in any of the senses). The coronal light during the eclipse is faint. Abney. 2. Of or pertaining to a king's crown, or coronation. The law and his coronal oath require his undeniable assent to what laws the Parliament agree upon. Milton. 3. Of or pertaining to the top of the head or skull. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the shell of a sea urchin. Coronal suture (Anat.), a suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones; the frontoparietal suture. CORONAL Cor"o*nal, n. 1. A crown; wreath; garland. Spenser. 2. The frontal bone, over which the ancients wore their coronæ or garlands. Hooper. CORONAMEN Cor`o*na"men (kr`-n"mn), n. Etym: [L., a crowning.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The upper margin of a hoof; a coronet. CORONARY Cor"o*na*ry (kr"-n-r), a. Etym: [L. coronarius: cf. F. coronaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to a crown; ferming, or adapted to form, a crown or garland. "Coronary thorns." Bp. Pearson. The catalogue of coronary plants is not large in Theophrastus. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Resembling, or situated like, a crown or circlet; as, the coronary arteries and veins of the heart. CORONARY Cor"o*na*ry, n. Defn: A small bone in the foot of a horse. CORONARY BONE Cor"o*na*ry bone. Defn: The small pastern bone of the horse and allied animals. CORONARY CUSHION Coronary cushion. Defn: A cushionlike band of vascular tissue at the upper border of the wall of the hoof of the horse and allied animals. It takes an important part in the secretion of the horny walls. CORONATE; CORONATED Cor"o*nate (kr"-nt), Cor"o*na`ted (-n`ted), a. Etym: [L. coronatus, p. p. of coronare to crown, fr. corona. See Crown.] 1. Having or wearing a crown. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the coronal feathers lengthened or otherwise distinguished; -- said of birds. (b) Girt about the spire with a row of tubercles or spines; -- said of spiral shells. 3. (Biol.) Defn: Having a crest or a crownlike appendage. CORONATION Cor`o*na"tion (kr`-n"shn), n. Etym: [See Coronate.] 1. The act or solemnity of crowning a sovereign; the act of investing a prince with the insignia of royalty, on his succeeding to the sovereignty. 2. The pomp or assembly at a coronation. Pope. CORONEL Coro"nel (kr"nel), n. Etym: [See Colonel.] Defn: A colonel. [Obs.] Spenser. CORONEL Cor"o*nel (kr"-nl or kr"nl), n. Etym: [Cf. Cronel, Crown.] (Anc. Armor) Defn: The iron head of a tilting spear, divided into two, three, or four blunt points. [Written also cronel.] Grose. CORONER Cor"o*ner (kr"-nr), n. Etym: [From OE. coronen to crown, OF. coroner, fr. L. coronare, fr. corona crown. Formed as a translation of LL. coronator coroner, fr. L. corona crown, the coroner having been originally a prosecuting officer of the crown. See Crown.] Defn: An officer of the peace whose principal duty is to inquire, with the help of a jury, into the cause of any violent, sudden or mysterious death, or death in prison, usually on sight of the body and at the place where the death occurred. [In England formerly also written and pronounced crowner.] Note: In some of the United States the office of coroner is abolished, that of medical examiner taking its place. Coroner's inquest. See under Inquest. CORONET Cor"o*net (kr"-nt), n. Etym: [Dim. of OE. corone crown; cf. OF. coronete. See Crown, and cf. Crownet, Cronet.] 1. An ornamental or honorary headdress, having the shape and character of a crown; particularly, a crown worn as the mark of high rank lower than sovereignty. The word is used by Shakespeare to denote also a kingly crown. Without a star, a coronet, or garter. Goldsmith. Note: The coronet of the Prince of Wales consist of a circlet of gold with four crosses pattée around the edge between as many fleurs-de- lis. The center crosses are connected by an arch which is surmounted by a globe or cross. The coronet of a British duke is adorned with strawberry leaves; that of a marquis has leaves with pearls interposed; that of an earl raises the pearls above the leaves; that of a viscount is surrounded with pearls only; that of a baron has only four pearls. 2. (Far.) Defn: The upper part of a horse's hoof, where the horn terminates in skin. James White. 3. (Anc. Armor) Defn: The iron head of a tilting spear; a coronel. Crose. CORONETED Cor"o*net*ed (-nt-d), a. Defn: Wearing, or entitled to wear, a coronet; of noble birth or rank. CORONIFORM Co*ron"i*form (k-rn"-frm or k-r"n-), a. Etym: [L. corona crown + - form.] Defn: Having the form of a crown or coronet; resembling a crown. CORONILLA Cor`o*nil"la (kr`-nl"l), n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. corona crown: cf. F. coronille.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants related to the clover, having their flowers arranged in little heads or tufts resembling coronets. CORONIS Co*ro"nis (k-r"ns), n. Etym: [Gr. Cornice.] 1. In Greek grammar, a sign ['] sometimes placed over a contracted syllable. W. W. Goodwin. 2. The curved line or flourish at the end of a book or chapter; hence, the end. [R.] Bp. Hacket. CORONIUM Co*ro"ni*um, n. [NL. See Corona.] (Chem. & Astron.) Defn: The principal gaseous substance forming the solar corona, characterized by a green line in the coronal spectrum. CORONOID Cor"o*noid (kr"-noid), a. Etym: [Gr. -oid: cf. F. corono.] (Anat.) Defn: Resembling the beak of a crow; as, the coronoid process of the jaw, or of the ulna. CORONULE Cor"o*nule (kr"-nl), n. Etym: [L. coronula, dim. of corona crown.] (Bot.) Defn: A coronet or little crown of a seed; the downy tuft on seeds. See Pappus. Martyn. COROUN Co*roun" (k-roun"), v. & n. Defn: Crown. [Obs.] Chaucer. COROZO; COROSSO Co*ro"zo Co*ros"so (k-r"th or -s), n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. cerozo a kind of palm tree.] Defn: The name in Central America for the seed of a true palm; also, a commercial name for the true ivory nut. See Ivory nut. CORPORACE Cor"po*race (kr"p-rs), n. Defn: See Corporas. CORPORAL Cor"po*ral (kr"p-ral), n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. F. caporal, It. caporale, fr. capo head, chief, L. caput. See Chief, and cf. Caporal.] (Mil.) Defn: A noncommissioned officer, next below a sergeant. In the United States army he is the lowest noncomissioned officer in a company of infantry. He places and relieves sentinels. Corporal's guard, a detachment such as would be in charge of a corporal for guard duty, etc.; hence, derisively, a very small number of persons. -- Lance corporal, an assistant corporal on private's pay. Farrow. -- Ship's corporal (Naut.), a petty officer who assists the master at arms in his various duties. CORPORAL Cor"po*ral, a. Etym: [L. corporalis, fr. corpus body. See Corpse.] 1. Belonging or relating to the body; bodily. "Past corporal toil." Shak. Pillories and other corporal infections. Milton. Corporal punishment (law), punishment applied to the body of the offender, including the death penalty, whipping, and imprisonment. 2. Having a body or substance; not spiritual; material. In this sense now usually written corporeal. Milton. A corporal heaven . . . .where the stare are. Latimer. What seemed corporal melted As breath into the wind. Shak. Syn. -- Corporal, Bodily, Corporeal. Bodily is opposed to mental; as, bodily affections. Corporeal refers to the whole physical structure or nature, of the body; as, corporeal substance or frame. Corporal, as now used, refers more to punishment or some infliction; as, corporal punishment. To speak of corporeal punishment is an error. Bodily austerities; the corporeal mold. CORPORAL; CORPORALE Cor"po*ral (kr"p-ral), Cor`po*ra"le (-r"l), n. Etym: [LL. corporale: cf.F. corporal. See Corporal,a.] Defn: A fine linen cloth, on which the sacred elements are consecrated in the eucharist, or with which they are covered; a communion cloth. Corporal oath, a solemn oath; -- so called from the fact that it was the ancient usage for the party taking it to touch the corporal, or cloth that covered the consecrated elements. CORPORALITY Cor`po*ral"i*ty (kr`p-rl"l-t), n.: pl. Corporalities (-t. Etym: [L. corporalitas: cf. F.corporalit.] 1. The state of being or having a body; bodily existence; corporeality; -- opposed to spirituality. Dr. H. More. 2. A confraternity; a guild. [Obs.] Milton. CORPORALLY Cor"po*ral*ly (kr"p-ral-ly), adv. Defn: In or with the body; bodily; as, to be corporally present. Sharp. CORPORALSHIP Cor"po*ral*ship, n. (Mil.) Defn: A corporal's office. CORPORAS Cor"po*ras (kr"p-rs), n. Etym: [Prop. pl. of corporal.] Defn: The corporal, or communion cloth. [Obs.] Fuller. CORPORATE Cor"po*rate (kr"p-rt), a. Etym: [L. corporatus, p. p. of corporare to shape into a body, fr. corpus body. See Corpse.] 1. Formed into a body by legal enactment; united in an association, and endowed by law with the rights and liabilities of an individual; incorporated; as, a corporate town. 2. Belonging to a corporation or incorporated body. "Corporate property." Hallam. 3. United; general; collectively one. They answer in a joint and corporate voice. Shak. Corporate member, an actual or voting member of a corporation, as distinguished from an associate or an honorary member; as, a corporate member of the American Board. CORPORATE Cor"po*rate (-rt), v. t. Defn: To incorporate. [Obs.] Stow. CORPORATE Cor"po*rate, v. i. Defn: To become incorporated. [Obs.] CORPORATELY Cor"po*rate*ly (-rt-l), adv. 1. In a corporate capacity; acting as a coprporate body. 2. In, or as regarda, the body. Fabyan. CORPORATION Cor`po*ra"tion (kr`p-r"shn), n. Etym: [L. corporatio incarnation: cf. F. corporation corporation.] Defn: A body politic or corporate, formed and authorized by law to act as a single person, and endowed by law with the capacity of succession; a society having the capacity of transacting business as an individual. Note: Corporations are aggregate or sole. Corporations aggregate consist of two or more persons united in a society, which is preserved by a succession of members, either forever or till the corporation is dissolved by the power that formed it, by the death of all its members, by surrender of its charter or franchises, or by forfeiture. Such corporations are the mayor and aldermen of cities, the head and fellows of a college, the dean and chapter of a cathedral church, the stockholders of a bank or insurance company, etc. A corporation sole consists of a single person, who is made a body corporate and politic, in order to give him some legal capacities, and especially that of succession, which as a natural person he can not have. Kings, bishops, deans, parsons, and vicars, are in England sole corporations. A fee will not pass to a corporation sole without the word "successors" in the grant. There are instances in the United States of a minister of a parish seized of parsonage lands in the right of his parish, being a corporation sole, as in Massachusetts. Corporations are sometimes classified as public and private; public being convertible with municipal, and private corporations being all corporations not municipal. Close corporation. See under Close. CORPORATOR Cor"po*ra`tor (kr"p-r`tr), n. Defn: A member of a corporation, esp. one of the original members. CORPORATURE Cor"po*ra*ture (kr"p-r-tr), n. Defn: The state of being embodied; bodily existence. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. CORPOREAL Cor*po"re*al (kr-p"r-al), a. Etym: [L. corporeus, fr. corpus body.] Defn: Having a body; consisting of, or pertaining to, a material body or substance; material; -- opposed to spiritual or immaterial. His omnipotence That to corporeal substance could add Speed almost spiritual. Milton. Corporeal property, such as may be seen and handled (as opposed to incorporeal, which can not be seen or handled, and exists only in contemplation). Mozley & W. Syn. -- Corporal; bodily. See Corporal. CORPOREALISM Cor*po"re*al*ism (-z'm), n. Defn: Materialism. Cudworth. CORPOREALIST Cor*po"re*al*ist (kr-p"r-al-st), n. Defn: One who denies the reality of spiritual existences; a materialist. Some corporealists pretended . . . to make a world without a God. Bp. Berkeley. CORPOREALITY Cor*po`re*al"i*ty (-l"-t), n.: pl. Corporealities (-t. Defn: The state of being corporeal; corporeal existence. CORPOREALLY Cor*po"re*al*ly (kr-p"r-al-l), adv. Defn: In the body; in a bodily form or manner. CORPOREALNESS Cor*po"re*al*ness (-ns), n. Defn: Corporeality; corporeity. CORPOREITY Cor`po*re"i*ty (kr`p-r"-t), n. Etym: [LL. corporeitas: cf. F. corpor.] Defn: The state of having a body; the state of being corporeal; materiality. The one attributed corporeity to God. Bp. Stillingfleet. Those who deny light to be matter, do not therefore deny its corporeity. Coleridge. CORPORIFY Cor*por"i*fy (kr-pr"-f), v. t. Etym: [L. corpus body + -fy: cf. F. corporifier.] Defn: To embody; to form into a body. [Obs.] Boyle. CORPOSANT Cor"po*sant (kr"p-znt), n. Etym: [It. corpo santo holy body.] Defn: St. Elmo's fire. See under Saint. CORPS Corps (kr, pl. krz), n. sing. & pl. Etym: [F., fr. L. corpus body. See Corpse.] 1. The human body, whether living or dead. [Obs.] See Corpse, 1. By what craft in my corps, it cometh [commences] and where. Piers Plowman. 2. A body of men; esp., an organized division of the military establishment; as, the marine corps; the corps of topographical engineers; specifically, an army corps. A corps operating with an army should consist of three divisions of the line, a brigade of artillery, and a regiment of cavalry. Gen. Upton (U. S. Tactics. ) 3. A body or code of laws. [Obs.] The whole corps of the law. Bacon. 4. (Eccl.) Defn: The land with which a prebend or other ecclesiastical office is endowed. [Obs.] The prebendaries over and above their reserved rents have a corps. Bacon. Army corps, or (French) Corps d'armée (k, a body containing two or more divisions of a large army, organized as a complete army in itself. -- Corps de logis (ke l Etym: [F., body of the house], the principal mass of a building, considered apart from its wings. -- Corps diplomatique (k Etym: [F., diplomatic body], the body of ministers or envoys accredited to a government. CORPSE Corpse (krps), n. Etym: [OF. cors (sometimes written corps), F. corps, L. corpus; akin to AS. hrif womb. See Midriff, and cf. Corse, Corselet, Corps, Cuerpo.] 1. A human body in general, whether living or dead; -- sometimes contemptuosly. [Obs.] Note: Formerly written (after the French form) corps. See Corps, n., 1. 2. The dead body of a human being; -- used also Fig. He touched the dead corpse of Public Credit, and it sprung upon its feet. D. Webster. Corpse candle. (a) A thick candle formerly used at a lich wake, or the customary watching with a corpse on the night before its interment. (b) A luminous appearance, resembling the flame of a candle, sometimes seen in churchyards and other damp places, superstitiously regarded as portending death. -- Corpse gate, the gate of a burial place through which the dead are carried, often having a covered porch; -- called also lich gate. CORPULENCE; CORPULENCY Cor"pu*lence (kr"p-lens), Cor"pu*len*cy (kr"p-len-s), n. Etym: [L. corpulentia: cf. F. corpulence.] 1. Excessive fatness; fleshiness; obesity. 2. Thickness; density; compactness. [Obs.] The heaviness and corpulency of water requiring a great force to divide it. Ray. CORPULENT Cor"pu*lent (-p-lent), a. Etym: [L. corpulentus, fr. corpus: cf. F. corpulent. See Corpse.] 1. Very fat; obese. 2. Solid; gross; opaque. [Obs.] Holland. Syn. -- Stout; fleshy; bulky; obese. See Stout. CORPULENTLY Cor"pu*lent*ly, adv. Defn: In a corpulent manner. CORPUS Cor"pus (-ps), n.; pl. Corpora (-p. Etym: [L.] Defn: A body, living or dead; the corporeal substance of a thing. Corpus callosum (k; pl. Corpora callosa (-s Etym: [NL., callous body] (Anat.), the great band of commissural fibers uniting the cerebral hemispheries. See Brain. -- Corpus Christi (kr Etym: [L., body of Christ] (R. C. Ch.), a festival in honor of the eucharist, observed on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. -- Corpus Christi cloth. Same as Pyx cloth, under Pyx. -- Corpus delicti (d Etym: [L., the body of the crime] (Law), the substantial and fundamental fact of the comission of a crime; the proofs essential to establish a crime. -- Corpus luteum (l; pl. Corpora lutea (-. Etym: [NL., luteous body] (Anat.), the reddish yellow mass which fills a ruptured Grafian follicle in the mammalian ovary. -- Corpus striatum (str; pl. Corpora striata (-t. Etym: [NL., striate body] (Anat.), a ridge in the wall of each lateral ventricle of the brain. CORPUSCLE Cor"pus*cle (-ps-s'l), n. Etym: [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus.] 1. A minute particle; an atom; a molecule. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A protoplasmic animal cell; esp., such as float free, like blood, lymph, and pus corpuscles; or such as are imbedded in an intercellular matrix, like connective tissue and cartilage corpuscles. See Blood. Virchow showed that the corpuscles of bone are homologous with those of connective tissue. Quain's Anat. Red blood corpuscles (Physiol.), in man, yellowish, biconcave, circular discs varying from 1/3500 to 1/3200 of an inch in diameter and about 1/12400 of an inch thick. They are composed of a colorless stroma filled in with semifluid hæmoglobin and other matters. In most mammals the red corpuscles are circular, but in the camels, birds, reptiles, and the lower vertebrates generally, they are oval, and sometimes more or less spherical in form. In Amphioxus, and most invertebrates, the blood corpuscles are all white or colorless. -- White blood corpuscles (Physiol.), rounded, slightly flattened, nucleated cells, mainly protoplasmic in composition, and possessed of contractile power. In man, the average size is about 1/2500 of an inch, and they are present in blood in much smaller numbers than the red corpuscles. CORPUSCULAR Cor*pus"cu*lar (kr-ps"k-lr), a. Etym: [Cf. F. corpusculaire.] Defn: Pertaining to, or composed of, corpuscles, or small particles. Corpuscular philosophy, that which attempts to account for the phenomena of nature, by the motion, figure, rest, position, etc., of the minute particles of matter. -- Corpuscular theory (Opt.), the theory enunciated by Sir Isaac Newton, that light consists in the emission and rapid progression of minute particles or corpuscles. The theory is now generally rejected, and supplanted by the undulatory theory. CORPUSCULARIAN Cor*pus`cu*la"ri*an (-l"r-an), a. Defn: Corpuscular. [Obs.] CORPUSCULARIAN Cor*pus`cu*la"ri*an, n. Defn: An adherent of the corpuscular philosophy. Bentley. CORPUSCULE Cor*pus"cule (kr-ps"kl), n. Defn: A corpuscle. [Obs.] CORPUSCULOUS Cor*pus"cu*lous (-k-ls), a. Defn: Corpuscular. Tyndall. CORRADE Cor*rade" (kr-rd"), v. t. Etym: [L. corradere, -rasum; cor- + radere to rub.] 1. To gnaw into; to wear away; to fret; to consume. [Obs.] Dr. R. Clerke. 2. (Geol.) Defn: To erode, as the bed of a stream. See Corrosion. CORRADIAL Cor*ra"di*al (kr-r"d-al), a. Defn: Radiating to or from the same point. [R.] Coleridge. CORRADIATE Cor*ra"di*ate (kr-r"d-t), v. t. Defn: To converge to one point or focus, as light or rays. CORRADIATION Cor*ra`di*a"tion (kr-r`d-"shn), n. Defn: A conjunction or concentration of rays in one point. Bacom CORRAL Cor*ral" (kr-rl"; Sp. kr-rl"), n. Etym: [Sp., a yard, a yard for cattle, fr. corro a circle or ring, fr. L. currere to run. Cf. Kraal.] Defn: A pen for animals; esp., an inclosure made with wagons, by emigrants in the vicinity of hostile Indians, as a place of security for horses, cattle, etc. CORRAL Cor*ral", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corraled (-rld" or -rld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Corralling.] Defn: To surround and inclose; to coop up; to put into an inclosed space; -- primarily used with reference to securing horses and cattle in an inclosure of wagons while traversing the plains, but in the Southwestern United States now colloquially applied to the capturing, securing, or penning of anything. Bartlett. CORRASION Cor*ra"sion (kr-r"zhn), n. Etym: [See Corrade.] (Geol.) Defn: The erosion of the bed of a stream by running water, principally by attrition of the detritus carried along by the stream, but also by the solvent action of the water. CORRASIVE Cor*ra"sive (-sv), a. Defn: Corrosive. [Obs.] Corrasive sores which eat into the flesh. Holland. CORRECT Cor*rect" (kr-rkt"), a. Etym: [L. correctus, p. p. of corrigere to make straight, to correct; cor- + regere to lead straight: cf. F. correct. See Regular, Right, and cf. Escort.] Defn: Set right, or made straight; hence, conformable to truth, rectitude, or propriety, or to a just standard; nnot faulty or imperfect; free from error; as, correct behavior; correct views. Always use the most correct editions. Felton. Syn. -- Accurate; right, exact; precise; regular; faultless. See Accurate. CORRECT Cor*rect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrected; p. pr. & vb. n. Correcting.] 1. To make right; to bring to the standard of truth, justice, or propriety; to rectify; as, to correct manners or principles. This is a defect in the first make of same men's minds which can scarce ever be corrected afterwards. T. Burnet. 2. To remove or retrench the faults or errors of; to amend; to set right; as, to correct the proof (that is, to mark upon the margin the changes to be made, or to make in the type the changes so marked). 3. To bring back, or attempt to bring back, to propriety in morals; to reprove or punish for faults or deviations from moral rectitude; to chastise; to discipline; as, a child should be corrected for lying. My accuser is my 'prentice; and when I did correct him for his fault the other day, he did vow upon his knees he would be even with me. Shak. 4. To counteract the qualities of one thing by those of another; -- said of whatever is wrong or injurious; as, to correct the acidity of the stomach by alkaline preparations. Syn. -- To amend; rectify; emend; reform; improve; chastise; punish; discipline; chasten. See Amend. CORRECTIBLE; CORRECTABLE Cor*rect"i*ble (-rk"t-b'l), Cor*rect"a*ble (-rk"t-b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being corrected. CORRECTIFY Cor*rect"i*fy (kr-rk"t-f), v. t. Defn: To correct. [Obs.] When your worship's plassed to correctify a lady. Beau & Fl. CORRECTION Cor*rec"tion (kr-rk"shn), n. Etym: [L. correctio: cf. F. correction.] 1. The act of correcting, or making that right which was wrong; change for the better; amendment; rectification, as of an erroneous statement. The due correction of swearing, rioting, neglect of God's word, and other scandalouss vices. Strype. 2. The act of reproving or punishing, or that which is intended to rectify or to cure faults; punishment; discipline; chastisement. Correction and instruction must both work Ere this rude beast will profit. Shak. 3. That which is substituted in the place of what is wrong; an emendation; as, the corrections on a proof sheet should be set in the margin. 4. Abatement of noxious qualities; the counteraction of what is inconvenient or hurtful in its effects; as, the correction of acidity in the stomach. 5. An allowance made for inaccuracy in an instrument; as, chronometer correction; compass correction. Correction line (Surv.), a parallel used as a new base line in laying out township in the government lands of the United States. The adoption at certain intervals of a correction line is necessitated by the convergence of of meridians, and the statute requirement that the townships must be squares. -- House of correction, a house where disorderly persons are confined; a bridewell. -- Under correction, subject to correction; admitting the possibility of error. CORRECTIONAL Cor*rec"tion*al (kr-rk"shn-al), a. Etym: [Cf. F. correctionnel.] Defn: Tending to, or intended for, correction; used for correction; as, a correctional institution. CORRECTIONER Cor*rec"tion*er (-r), n. Defn: One who is, or who has been, in the house of correction. [Obs.] Shak. CORRECTIVE Cor*rect"ive (krr-rk"tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. correctif.] 1. Having the power to correct; tending to rectify; as, corrective penalties. Mulberries are pectoral, corrective of billious alkali. Arbuthnot. 2. Qualifying; limiting. "The Psalmist interposeth . . . this corrective particle." Holdsworth. CORRECTIVE Cor*rect"ive, n. 1. That which has the power of correcting, altering, or counteracting what is wrong or injurious; as, alkalies are correctives of acids; penalties are correctives of immoral conduct. Burke. 2. Limitation; restriction. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. CORRECTLY Cor*rect"ly (kr-rkt"l), adv. Defn: In a correct manner; exactly; acurately; without fault or error. CORRECTNESS Cor*rect"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being correct; as, the correctness of opinions or of manners; correctness of taste; correctness in writing or speaking; the correctness of a text or copy. Syn. -- Accuracy; exactness; precision; propriety. CORRECTOR Cor*rect"or (kr-rkt"r), n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who, or that which, corrects; as, a corrector of abuses; a corrector of the press; an alkali is a corrector of acids. CORRECTORY Cor*rect"o*ry (--r), a. Defn: Containing or making correction; corrective. CORRECTRESS Cor*rect"ress (-rs), n. Defn: A woman who corrects. CORREGIDOR Cor*reg"i*dor (kr-rj"-dr; Sp. kr-r`h-dr"), n. Etym: [Sp., orig., a corrector.] Defn: The chief magistrate of a Spanish town. CORREI Cor"rei (kr"r), n. Etym: [Scot., perh. fr. Celt. cor a corner.] Defn: A hollow in the side of a hill, where game usually lies. "Fleet foot on the correi." Sir W. Scott. CORRELATABLE Cor`re*lat"a*ble (k3r`r-lt"-b'l), a. Defn: Such as can be correlated; as, correlatable phenomena. CORRELATE Cor`re*late" (kr`r-lt" or kr"r-lt`), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Correlated; p. pr. & vb. n. Correlating.] Etym: [Pref. cor- + relate.] Defn: To have reciprocal or mutual relations; to be mutually related. Doctrine and worship correlate as theory and practice. Tylor. CORRELATE Cor`re*late", v. t. Defn: To put in relation with each other; to connect together by the disclosure of a mutual relation; as, to correlate natural phenomens. Darwin. CORRELATE Cor"re*late (kr"r-lt), n. Defn: One who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal relation to something else, as father to son; a correlative. South. CORRELATION Cor`re*la"tion (-l"shn), n. Etym: [LL. correlatio; L. cor- + relatio: cf. F. corrélation. Cf. Correlation.] Defn: Reciprocal relation; corresponding similarity or parallelism of relation or law; capacity of being converted into, or of giving place to, one another, under certain conditions; as, the correlation of forces, or of zymotic diseases. Correlation of energy, the relation to one another of different forms of energy; -- usually having some reference to the principle of conservation of energy. See Conservation of energy, under Conservation. -- Correlation of forces, the relation between the forces which matter, endowed with various forms of energy, may exert. CORRELATIVE Cor*rel"a*tive (kr-rl"-tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. corrélatif.] Defn: Having or indicating a reciprocal relation. Father and son, prince and subject, stranger and citizen, are correlative terms. Hume. CORRELATIVE Cor*rel"a*tive, n. 1. One who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal relation, or is correlated, to some other person or thing. Locke. Spiritual things and spiritual men are correlatives. Spelman. 2. (Gram.) Defn: The antecedent of a pronoun. CORRELATIVELY Cor*rel"a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a correlative relation. CORRELATIVENESS Cor*rel"a*tive*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being correlative. CORRELIGIONIST Cor`re*li"gion*ist (kr`r-lj"n-st), n. Defn: A co-religion CORREPTION Cor*rep"tion (kr-rp"shn), n. Etym: [L. correptio, fr. corripere to seize.] Defn: Chiding; reproof; reproach. [Obs.] Angry, passionate correption being rather apt to provoke, than to amend. Hammond. CORRESPOND Cor`re*spond" (kr`r-spnd"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Corresponded; p. pr. & vb. n. Corresponding.] Etym: [Pref. cor- + respond: cf. f. correspondre.] 1. To be like something else in the dimensions and arrangement of its parts; -- followed by with or to; as, concurring figures correspond with each other throughout. None of them [the forms of Sidney's sonnets] correspond to the Shakespearean type. J. A. Symonds. 2. To be adapted; to be congruous; to suit; to agree; to fit; to answer; -- followed by to. Words being but empty sounds, any farther than they are signs of our ideas, we can not but assent to them as they correspond to those ideas we have, but no farther. Locke. 3. To have intercourse or communion; especially, to hold intercourse or to communicate by sending and receiving letters; -- followed by with. After having been long in indirect communication with the exiled family, he [Atterbury] began to correspond directly with the Pretender. Macualay. Syn. -- To agree; fit; answer; suit; write; address. CORRESPONDENCE Cor`re*spond"ence (-spnd"ens), n. Etym: [Cf. F. correspondance.] 1. Friendly intercourse; reciprocal exchange of civilities; especially, intercourse between persons by means of letters. Holding also good correspondence with the other great men in the state. Bacon. To facilitate correspondence between one part of London and another, was not originally one of the objects of the post office. Macualay. 2. The letters which pass between correspondents. 3. Mutual adaptation, relation, or agreement, of one thing to another; agreement; congruity; fitness; relation. CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL Cor`res*pond"ence school. Defn: A school that teaches by correspondence, the instruction being based on printed instruction sheets and the recitation papers written by the student in answer to the questions or requirements of these sheets. In the broadest sense of the term correspondence school may be used to include any educational institution or department for instruction by correspondence, as in a university or other educational bodies, but the term is commonly applied to various educational institutions organized on a commercial basis, some of which offer a large variety of courses in general and technical subjects, conducted by specialists. CORRESPONDENCY Cor`re*spond"en*cy (k$r`r--spnd"en-s), n.; pl. Correspondencies (-s. Defn: Same as Correspondence, 3. The correspondencies of types and antitypes . . . may be very reasonable confirmations. S. Clarke. CORRESPONDENT Cor`re*spond"ent (-ent), a. Etym: [Cf. F. correspondant.] Defn: Suitable; adapted; fit; corresponding; congruous; conformable; in accord or agreement; obedient; willing. Action correspondent or repugnant unto the law. Hooker. As fast the correspondent passions rise. Thomson. I will be correspondent to command. Shak. CORRESPONDENT Cor`re*spond"ent, n. 1. One with whom intercourse is carried on by letter. Macualay. 2. One who communicates information, etc., by letter or telegram to a newspaper or periodical. 3. (Com.) Defn: One who carries on commercial intercourse by letter or telegram with a person or firm at a distance. CORRESPONDENTLY Cor`re*spond"ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a a corresponding manner; conformably; suitably. CORRESPONDING Cor`re*spond"ing, a. 1. Answering; conformable; agreeing; suiting; as, corresponding numbers. 2. Carrying on intercourse by letters. Corresponding member of a society, one residing at a distance, who has been invited to correspond with the society, and aid in carrying out its designs without taking part in its management. CORRESPONDINGLY Cor`re*spond"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a corresponding manner; conformably. CORRESPONSIVE Cor`re*spon"sive (-r-spn"sv), a. Defn: Corresponding; conformable; adapted. Shak. -- Cor`re*spon"sive*ly, adv. CORRIDOR Cor"ri*dor (kr"r-dr or -dr), n. Etym: [F., fr. Itt. corridpore, or Sp. corredor; prop., a runner, hence, a running or long line, a gallery, fr. L. currere to run. See Course.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A gallery or passageway leading to several apartments of a house. 2. (Fort.) Defn: The covered way lying round the whole compass of the fortifications of a place. [R.] CORRIDOR TRAIN Cor"ri*dor train. Defn: A train whose coaches are connected so as to have through its entire length a continuous corridor, into which the compartments open. [Eng.] CORRIE Cor"rie (kr"r), n. Defn: Same as Correi. [Scot.] Geikie. CORRIGENDUM Cor`ri*gen"dum (kr`r-jn"dm), n.; pl. Corrigenda (-d. Etym: [L.] Defn: A fault or error to be corrected. CORRIGENT Cor"ri*gent (kr"r--jent), n. Etym: [L. corrigens, p. pr. of corrigere to correct.] (Med.) Defn: A substance added to a medicine to mollify or modify its action. Dunglison. CORRIGIBILITY Cor`ri*gi*bil"i*ty (-j-bl"-t), n. Defn: Quality of being corrigible; capability of being corrected; corrigibleness. CORRIGIBLE Cor"ri*gi*ble (kr"r-j-b'l), a. Etym: [LL. corribilis, fr. L. corrigere to correct: cf. F. corrigible. See Correrct.] 1. Capable of being set right, amended, or reformed; as, a corrigible fault. 2. Submissive to correction; docile. "Bending down his corrigible neck." Shak. 3. Deserving chastisement; punishable. [Obs.] He was taken up very short, and adjudged corrigible for such presumptuous language. Howell. 4. Having power to correct; corrective. [Obs.] The . . . .corrigible authority of this lies in our wills. Shak. CORRIGIBLENESS Cor"ri*gi*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being corrigible; corrigibility. CORRIVAL Cor*ri"val (kr-r"val), n. Defn: A fellow rival; a competitor; a rival; also, a companion. [R.] Shak. CORRIVAL Cor*ri"val, a. Defn: Having rivaling claims; emulous; in rivalry. [R.] Bp. Fleetwood. CORRIVAL Cor*ri"val, v. i. & t. Defn: To compete with; to rival. [R.] CORRIVALRY Cor*ri"val*ry (kr-r"val-r), n. Defn: Corivalry. [R.] CORRIVALSHIP Cor*ri"val*ship, n. Defn: Corivalry. [R.] By the corrivalship of Shager his false friend. Sir T. Herbert. CORRIVATE Cor"ri*vate (kr"r-vt), v. t. Etym: [L. corrivatus, p. p. of corrivare to corrivate.] Defn: To cause to flow together, as water drawn from several streams. [Obs.] Burton. CORRIVATION Cor`ri*va"tion (-v"shn), n. Etym: [L. corrivatio.] Defn: The flowing of different streams into one. [Obs.] Burton. CORROBORANT Cor*rob"o*rant (kr-rb"-rant), a. Etym: [L. corroborans, p. pr. See Corroborate.] Defn: Strengthening; supporting; corroborating. Bacon. -- n. Defn: Anything which gives strength or support; a tonic. The brain, with its proper corroborants, especially with sweet odors and with music. Southey. CORROBORATE Cor*rob"o*rate (kr-rb"-rt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corroborated (-r`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Corroborating (-r`tng). ] Etym: [L. corroboratus, p. p. of corroborare to corroborate; cor- + roborare to strengthen, robur strength. See Robust.] 1. To make strong, or to give additional strength to; to strengthen. [Obs.] As any limb well and duly exercised, grows stronger, the nerves of the body are corroborated thereby. I. Watts. 2. To make more certain; to confirm; to establish. The concurrence of all corroborates the same truth. I. Taylor. CORROBORATE Cor*rob"o*rate (-rt), a. Defn: Corroborated. [Obs.] Bacon. CORROBORATION Cor*rob`o*ra"tion (kr-rb`-r"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. corroboration.] 1. The act of corroborating, strengthening, or confirming; addition of strength; confirmation; as, the corroboration of an argument, or of information. 2. That which corroborates. CORROBORATIVE Cor*rob"o*ra*tive (kr-rb"-r-tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. corroboratif.] Defn: Tending to strengthen of confirm. CORROBORATIVE Cor*rob"o*ra*tive, n. Defn: A medicine that strengthens; a corroborant. Wiseman. CORROBORATORY Cor*rob"o*ra*to*ry (-t-r), a. Defn: Tending to strengthen; corroborative; as, corroboratory facts. CORROBOREE Cor*rob"o*ree`, n. [Also corrobboree, corrobori, etc.] [Native name.] 1. A nocturnal festivity with which the Australian aborigines celebrate tribal events of importance. Symbolic dances are given by the young men of the tribe, while the women act as musicians. 2. A song or chant made for such a festivity. 3. A festivity or social gathering, esp. one of a noisy or uproarious character; hence, tumult; uproar. [Australia] CORROBORY Cor*rob"o*ry, n. & v. Defn: See Corroboree. CORRODE Cor*rode" (kr-rd") v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corroded; p. pr. & vb. n. Corroding.] Etym: [L. corrodere, -rosum; cor + rodere to gnaw: cf. F. corroder. See Rodent.] 1. To eat away by degrees; to wear away or diminish by gradually separating or destroying small particles of, as by action of a strong acid or a caustic alkali. Aqua fortis corroding copper . . . is wont to reduce it to a green- blue solution. Boyle. 2. To consume; to wear away; to prey upon; to impair. CORRODE Cor*rode", v. i. Defn: To have corrosive action; to be subject to corrosion. Corroding lead, lead sufficiently pure to be used in making white lead by a process of corroding. Syn. -- To canker; gnaw; rust; waste; wear away. CORRODENT Cor*rod"ent (kr-r"dent), a. Etym: [L. corrodens, p. pr. of corrodere.] Defn: Corrosive. [R.] Bp. King. CORRODENT Cor*rod"ent, n. Defn: Anything that corrodes. Bp. King. CORRODIATE Cor*ro"di*ate (kr-r"d-t), v. t. Etym: [See Corrode.] Defn: To eat away by degrees; to corrode. [Obs.] Sandys. CORRODIBILITY Cor*ro`di*bil"i*ty (kr-r`d-bl"-t), n. Defn: The qualityof being corrodible. [R.] Johnson. CORRODIBLE Cor*rod"i*ble (kr-r"d-b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being corroded; corrosible. Sir T. Browne. CORROSIBILITY Cor*ro`si*bil"i*ty (kr-r`s-bl"-t), n. Defn: Corrodibility. "Corrosibility . . . answers corrosiveness." Boyle. CORROSIBLE Cor*ro"si*ble (kr-r"s-b'l), a. Defn: Corrodible. Bailey. CORROSIBLENESS Cor*ro"si*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being corrosible. Bailey. CORROSION Cor*ro"sion (kr-r"zhn), n. Etym: [LL. corrosio: cf. F. corrosion. See Corrode.] Defn: The action or effect of corrosive agents, or the process of corrosive change; as, the rusting of iron is a variety of corrosion. Corrosion is a particular species of dissolution of bodies, either by an acid or a saline menstruum. John Quincy. CORROSIVE Cor*ro"sive (kr-r"sv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. corrosif.] 1. Eating away; having the power of gradually wearing, changing, or destroying the texture or substance of a body; as, the corrosive action of an acid. "Corrosive liquors." Grew. "Corrosive famine."Thomson. 2. Having the quality of fretting or vexing. Care is no cure, but corrosive. Shak. Corrosive sublimate (Chem.), mercuric chloride, HgCl2; so called because obtained by sublimation, and because of its harsh irritating action on the body tissue. Usually it is in the form of a heavy, transparent, crystalline substance, easily soluble, and of an acrid, burning taste. It is a virulent poison, a powerful antiseptic, and an exellent antisyphilitic; called also mercuric bichloride. It is to be carefully distinguished from calomel, the mild chloride of mercury. CORROSIVE Cor*ro"sive, n. 1. That which has the quality of eating or wearing away gradually. [Corrosives] act either directly, by chemically destroying the part, or indirectly by causing inflammation and gangrene. Dunglison. 2. That which has the power of fretting or irritating. Such speeches . . . are grievous corrosives. Hooker. -- Cor*ro"sive*ly, adv. -- Cor*ro"sive*ness, n. CORROVAL Cor*ro"val (kr-r"val), n. Defn: A dark brown substance of vegetable origin, allied to curare, and used by the natives of New Granada as an arrow poison. CORROVALINE Cor*ro"va*line (-v-ln or -ln), n. (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous alkaloid extracted from corroval, and characterized by its immediate action in paralyzing the heart. CORRUGANT Cor"ru*gant (kr"r-gant), a. Etym: [L. corrugans, p. pr. See Corrugate.] Defn: Having the power of contracting into wrinkles. Johnson. CORRUGATE Cor"ru*gate (kr"r-gt), a. Etym: [L. corrugatus, p. p. of corrugare; cor-+ rugare to wrinkle, ruga wrinkle; of uncertain origin.] Defn: Wrinkled; crumpled; furrowed; contracted into ridges and furrows. CORRUGATE Cor"ru*gate (-gt), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Corrugated (-g`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Corrugating (-g`tng).] Defn: To form or shape into wrinkles or folds, or alternate ridges and grooves, as by drawing, contraction, pressure, bending, or otherwise; to wrinkle; to purse up; as, to corrugate plates of iron; to corrugate the forehead. Corrugated iron, sheet iron bent into a series of alternate ridges and grooves in parallel lines, giving it greater stiffness. -- Corrugated paper, a thick, coarse paper corrugated in order to give it elasticity. It is used as a wrapping material for fragile articles, as bottles. CORRUGATION Cor`ru*ga"tion (kr`r-g"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. corrugation.] Defn: The act corrugating; contraction into wrinkles or alternate ridges and grooves. CORRUGATOR Cor"ru*ga`tor (kr"r-g`tr), n. Etym: [NL.; cf. F. corrugateur.] (Anat.) Defn: A muscle which contracts the skin of the forehead into wrinkles. CORRUGENT Cor*ru"gent (kr-r"jent), a. (Anat.) Defn: Drawing together; contracting; -- said of the corrugator. [Obs.] CORRUMP Cor*rump" (kr-rmp"), v. t. Etym: [L. corrumpere.] Defn: To corrupt. See Corrupt. [Obs.] Chauser. CORRUMPABLE Cor*rump"a*ble (--b'l), a. Defn: Corruptible. [Obs.] CORRUPT Cor*rupt` (kr-rpt"), a. Etym: [L. corruptus, p. p. of corrumpere to corrupt; cor- + rumpere to break. See Rupture.] 1. Changed from a sound to a putrid state; spoiled; tainted; vitiated; unsound. Who with such corrupt and pestilent bread would feed them. Knolles. 2. Changed from a state of uprightness, correctness, truth, etc., to a worse state; vitiated; depraved; debased; perverted; as, corrupt language; corrupt judges. At what ease Might corrupt minds procure knaves as corrupt To swear against you. Shak. 3. Abounding in errors; not genuine or correct; as, the text of the manuscript is corrupt. CORRUPT Cor*rupt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Corrupting.] 1. To change from a sound to a putrid or putrescent state; to make putrid; to putrefy. 2. To change from good to bad; to vitiate; to deprave; to pervert; to debase; to defile. Evil communications corrupt good manners. 1. Cor. xv. 33. 3. To draw aside from the path of rectitude and duty; as, to corrupt a judge by a bribe. Heaven is above all yet; there sits a Judge That no king can corrupt. Shak. 4. To debase or render impure by alterations or innovations; to falsify; as, to corrupt language; to corrupt the sacred text. He that makes an ill use of it [language], though he does not corrupt the fountains of knowledge, . . . yet he stops the pines. Locke. 5. To waste, spoil, or consume; to make worthless. Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt. Matt. vi. 19. CORRUPT Cor*rupt" (kr-rpt"), v. i. 1. To become putrid or tainted; to putrefy; to rot. Bacon. 2. To become vitiated; to lose putity or goodness. CORRUPTER Cor*rupt"er (kr-rp"tr), n. Defn: One who corrupts; one who vitiates or taints; as, a corrupter of morals. CORRUPTFUL Cor*rupt"ful (-fl), a. Defn: Tending to corrupt; full of corruption. [Obs.] "Corruptful bribes." Spenser. CORRUPTIBILITY Cor*rupt`i*bil"i*ty (kr-rp`t-bl"-t), n. Etym: [L. corruptibilitas: cf. F. corruptibilité.] Defn: The quality of being corruptible; the possibility or liability of being corrupted; corruptibleness. Burke. CORRUPTIBLE Cor*rupt"i*ble (kr-rp"t-b'l), a. Etym: [L. corruptibilis: cf. F. corruptible.] 1. Capable of being made corrupt; subject to decay. "Our corruptible bodies." Hooker. Ye were not redeemed with corruptible things, as silver and gold. 1 Pet. i. 18. 2. Capable of being corrupted, or morally vitiated; susceptible of depravation. They systematically corrupt very corruptible race. Burke. -- Cor*rupt"i*ble*ness, n. -- Cor*rupt"i*bly, adv. CORRUPTIBLE Cor*rupt"i*ble, n. Defn: That which may decay and perish; the human body. [Archaic] 1 Cor. xv. 53. CORRUPTINGLY Cor*rupt"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner that corrupts. CORRUPTION Cor*rup"tion (kr-rp"shn), n. Etym: [F. corruption, L. corruptio.] 1. The act of corrupting or making putrid, or state of being corrupt or putrid; decomposition or disorganization, in the process of putrefaction; putrefaction; deterioration. The inducing and accelerating of putrefaction is a subject of very universal inquiry; for corruption is a reciprocal to "generation". Bacon. 2. The product of corruption; putrid matter. 3. The act of corrupting or of impairing integrity, virtue, or moral principle; the state of being corrupted or debased; loss of purity or integrity; depravity; wickedness; impurity; bribery. It was necessary, by exposing the gross corruptions of monasteries, . . . to exite popular indignation against them. Hallam. They abstained from some of the worst methods of corruption usual to their party in its earlier days. Bancroft. Note: Corruption, when applied to officers, trustees, etc., signifies the inducing a violation of duty by means of pecuniary considerations. Abbott. 4. The act of changing, or of being changed, for the worse; departure from what is pure, simple, or correct; as, a corruption of style; corruption in language. Corruption of blood (Law), taint or impurity of blood, in consequence of an act of attainder of treason or felony, by which a person is disabled from inheriting any estate or from transmitting it to others. Corruption of blood can be removed only by act of Parliament. Blackstone. Syn. -- Putrescence; putrefaction; defilement; contamination; deprivation; debasement; adulteration; depravity; taint. See Depravity. CORRUPTIONIST Cor*rup"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who corrupts, or who upholds corruption. Sydney Smith. CORRUPTIVE Cor*rupt"ive (kr-rp"tv), a. Etym: [L. corruptivus: cf. F. corruptif.] Defn: Having the quality of taining or vitiating; tending to produce corruption. It should be endued with some corruptive quality for so speedy a dissolution of the meat. Ray. CORRUPTLESS Cor*rupt"less (kr-rpt"ls), a. Defn: Not susceptible of corruption or decay; incorruptible. Dryden. CORRUPTLY Cor*rupt"ly, adv. Defn: In a corrupt manner; by means of corruption or corrupting influences; wronfully. CORRUPTNESS Cor*rupt"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being corrupt. CORRUPTRESS Cor*rupt"ress (-rs), n. Defn: A woman who corrupts. Thou studied old corruptress. Beau & Fl. CORSAC Cor"sac (kr"sk), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The corsak. CORSAGE Cor"sage (kr"sj), n. Etym: [F. See Corset.] Defn: The waist or bodice of a lady's dress; as. a low corsage. CORSAIR Cor"sair (kr"sr), n. Etym: [F. corsaire (cf. It. corsare, corsale, Pr. corsari), LL. corsarius, fr. L. cursus a running, course, whence Sp. corso cruise, corsa cruise, coasting voyage, corsear to cruise against the enemy, to pirate, corsario cruising, a privateer authorized to cruise against the enemy. See Course.] 1. A pirate; one who cruises about without authorization from any government, to seize booty on sea or land. 2. A piratical vessel. Barbary corsairs . . . infested the coast of the Mediterranean. Prescott. CORSAK Cor"sak (kr"sk), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small foxlike mammal (Cynalopex corsac), found in Central Asia. [Written also corsac.] CORSE Corse (krs or krs; 277), n. Etym: [OF. cors, F. corps. See Corpse.] 1. A living body or its bulk. [Obs.] For he was strong, and of so mighty corse As ever wielded spear in warlike hand. Spenser. 2. A corpse; the dead body of a human being. [Archaic or Poetic] Set down the corse; or, by Saint Paul, I'll make a corse of him that disobeys. Shak. CORSELET Corse"let (krs"lt), n. Etym: [F., dim. of OF. cors. F. corps, body. See Corse.] 1. Armor for the body, as, the body breastplate and backpiece taken together; -- also, used for the entire suit of the day, including breastplate and backpiece, tasset and headpiece. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The thorax of an insect. CORSEPRESENT Corse"pres`ent (krs"prz`ent or krs"-), n. (Engl.Law) Defn: An offering made to the church at the interment of a dead body. Blackstone. CORSET Cor"set (kr"st), n. Etym: [F., dim. of OF. cors, F. corps, body. See Corse.] 1. In the Middle Ages, a gown or basque of which the body was close fitting, worn by both men and women. 2. An article of dress inclosing the chest and waist worn (chiefly by women) to support the body or to modify its shape; stays. CORSET Cor"set (kr"st), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corseted; p. pr. & vb. n. Corseting.] Defn: To inclose in corsets. CORSLET Cors"let (krs"lt), n. Defn: A corselet. [Obs.] Hakluyt. CORSNED Cors"ned (krs"nd), n. Etym: [AS. corsn.] (AS. Laws) Defn: The morsel of execration; a species of ordeal consisting in the eating of a piece of bread consecrated by imprecation. If the suspected person ate it freely, he was pronounced innocent; but if it stuck in his throat, it was considered as a proof of his guilt. Burril. CORTEGE Cor`tége" (kr`tzh"), n. Etym: [F., fr. It. corteggio train, fr. corte court. See Court.] Defn: A train of attendants; a procession. CORTES Cor"tes (kr"ts), n. pl. Etym: [Sp. & Pg., fr. corte court.] Defn: The legislative assembly, composed of nobility, clergy, and representatives of cities, which in Spain and in Portugal answers, in some measure, to the Parliament of Great Britain. CORTES GERAES Cor"tes Ge*ra"es. [Pg.] Defn: See Legislature, Portugal. CORTEX Cor"tex (kr"tks), n.; pl. Cortices (-t. Etym: [L., bark. Cf. Cork.] 1. Bark, as of a tree; hence, an outer covering. 2. (Med.) Defn: Bark; rind; specifically, cinchona bark. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The outer or superficial part of an organ; as, the cortex or gray exterior substance of the brain. CORTICAL Cor"ti*cal (kr"t-kal), a. Etym: [L. cortex bark: cf. F. cortical.] Defn: Belonging to, or consisting of, bark or rind; resembling bark or rind; external; outer; superficial; as, the cortical substance of the kidney. CORTICATE; CORTICATED Cor"ti*cate (kr"t-kt), Cor"ti*ca`ted (-k`td), a. Etym: [L. corticatus.] Defn: Having a special outer covering of a nature unlike the interior part. CORTICIFER Cor*tic"i*fer (kr-ts"-fr), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Gorgoniacea; -- so called because the fleshy part surrounds a solid axis, like a bark. CORTICIFEROUS Cor`ti*cif"er*ous (kr`t-sf"r-s), a. Etym: [L. cortex, corticis, bark -- -ferous: cf. F. corticif.] 1. Producing bark or something that resembling that resembles bark. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a barklike c CORTICIFORM Cor*tic"i*form (kr-ts"-frm), a. Etym: [L. cortex, corticis, bark + - form: cf. F. corticiforme.] Defn: Resembling, or having the form of, bark or rind. CORTICINE Cor"ti*cine (kr"t-sn), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. cortex, corticis, bark.] Defn: A material for carpeting or floor covering, made of ground cork and caoutchouc or India rubber. CORTICOSE Cor"ti*cose` (-ks`), a. Etym: [L. corticosus.] Defn: Abounding in bark; resembling bark; barky. CORTICOUS Cor"ti*cous (-ks), a. Defn: Relating to, or resembling, bark; corticose. CORTILE Cor"tile (kr"tl; It. kr-t"l), n. Etym: [It., fr. corte court.] Defn: An open internal courtyard inclosed by the walls of a large dwelling house or other large and stately building. CORUNDUM Co*run"dum (k-rn"dm), n.; pl. Corundums (-d. [Also corindon.] Etym: [From Hind. kurand corundum stone.] (Min.) Defn: The earth alumina, as found native in a crystalline state, including sapphire, which is the fine blue variety; the oriental ruby, or red sapphire; the oriental amethyst, or purple sapphire; and adamantine spar, the hair-brown variety. It is the hardest substance found native, next to the diamond. Note: The name corundum is sometimes restricted to the non- transparent or coarser kinds. Emery is a dark-colored granular variety, usually admixed with magnetic iron ore. CORUSCANT Co*rus"cant (k-rs"kant), a. Etym: [L. coruscans, p. pr. See Coruscate.] Defn: Glittering in flashes; flashing. Howell. CORUSCATE Cor"us*cate (kr"s-kt or k-rs"kr), v. i. Etym: [L. coruscare to flash, vibrate.] Defn: To glitter in flashes; to flash. Syn. -- To glisten; gleam; sparkle; radiate. CORUSCATION Cor`us*ca"tion (kr`s-k"shn), n. Etym: [L. coruscatio: cf. F. coruscattion.] 1. A sudden flash or play of light. A very vivid but exceeding short-lived splender, not to call coruscation. Boyle. 2. A flash of intellectual brilliancy. He might have illuminated his times with the incessant cor of his genius. I. Taylor. Syn. -- Flash; glitter; blaze; gleam; sparkle. CORVE Corve (krv), n. Defn: See Corf. CORVEE Cor`vee" (kr`v" or -v"), n. Etym: [F. corvée, fr. LL. corvada, corrogata, fr. L. corrogare to entreat togetther; cor- + rogare to ask.] (Feudal Law) Defn: An obligation to perform certain services, as the repair of roads, for the lord or sovereign. CORVEN Cor"ven (kr"ven), obs. Defn: p. p. of Carve. Chaucer. CORVET; CORVETTE Cor"vet (kr"vt), Cor*vette" (kr-vr"), n. Etym: [F. corvette, fr. Pg. corveta or Sp. corbeta, fr. L. corbita a slow-sailing ship of burden, fr, corbis basket. Cf. Corbeil.] (Naut.) Defn: A war vessel, ranking next below a frigate, and having usually only one tier of guns; -- called in the United States navy a sloop of war. CORVETTO Cor*vet"to (-vt"t), n. (Min.) Defn: A curvet. Peacham. CORVINE Cor"vine (kr"vn), a. Etym: [L. corvinus, fr. corvus crow.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the crow; crowlike. CORVORANT Cor"vo*rant (kr"v-rant), n. Defn: See Cormorant. CORYBANT Cor"y*bant (kr"-bnt), n.; pl. E. Corybants (-bCorybantes (-b. Etym: [L. Corybas, Gr. Defn: One of the priests of Cybele in Phrygia. The rites of the Corybants were accompanied by wild music, dancing, etc. CORYBANTIASM Cor`y*ban"ti*asm (-bn"t-z'm), n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A kind of frenzy in which the patient is tormented by fantastic visions and want of sleep. Dunglison. CORYBANTIC Cor`y*ban"tic (kr`-bn"tk), a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the Corybantes or their rites; frantic; frenzied; as, a corybantic dance. CORYMB Cor"ymb (kr"mb or -m; 220), n. Etym: [L. corymbus cluster of flowers, Gr. (Bot.) (a) A flat-topped or convex cluster of flowers, each on its own footstalk, and arising from different points of a common axis, the outermost blossoms expanding first, as in the hawthorn. (b) Any flattish flower cluster, whatever be the order of blooming, or a similar shaped cluster of fruit. CORYMBED Cor"ymbed (kr"mbd), a. (Bot.) Defn: Corymbose. CORYMBIFEROUS Cor`ym*bif"er*ous (kr`m-bf"r-s), a. Etym: [L. corymbifer; corymbus a cluster of flowers + ferre to bearcorimbif.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing corymbs of flowers or fruit. CORYMBOSE Co*rym"bose (k-rm"bs or kr"m-bs`), a. (Bot.) Defn: Consisting of corymbs, or resembling them in form. [Written also corymbous.] CORYMBOSELY Co*rym"bose*ly, adv. Defn: In corymbs. CORYPHAENOID Cor`y*phæ"noid (kr`-f"noid), a. Etym: [NL. coruphaena + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to, or like, the genus Coryphæna. See Dolphin. CORYPHEE Co`ry`phee (k`r`f"), n. Etym: [F.] (Drama) Defn: A ballet dancer. CORYPHENE Cor"y*phene` (kr"-fn`), n. Etym: [NL. coryphena, fr. Gr. coryph.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of the genus Coryphæna. See Dolphin. (2) CORYPHEUS Cor`y*phe"us (kr`-f"s), n.; pl. E. Corypheuses (-Coryphei (-f. Etym: [L. coryphaeus, fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: The conductor, chief, or leader of the dramatic chorus; hence, the chief or leader of a party or interest. That noted corypheus [Dr. John Owen] of the Independent faction. South. CORYPHODON Co*ryph"o*don (k-rf"-dn), n. Etym: [Gr. (Palen.) Defn: A genus of extinct mammals from the eocene tertiary of Europe and America. Its species varied in size between the tapir and rhinoceros, and were allied to those animals, but had short, plantigrade, five-toed feet, like the elephant. CORYPHODONT Co*ryph"o*dont (-dnt), a. (Paleon.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the genus Coryphodon. CORYZA Co*ry"za (k-r"z), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Nasal catarrh. COSCINOMANCY Cos*cin"o*man`cy (ks-sn"-mn`s or ks"s-n-), n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by means of a suspended sieve. COSCOROBA Cos`co*ro"ba (ks`k-r"b), n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, white, South American duck, of the genus Cascoroba, resembling a swan. COSECANT Co*se"cant (k-s"knt), n. Etym: [For co. secans, an abbrev. of L. complementi secans.] (Trig.) Defn: The secant of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions. COSEN Cos"en (kz"'n), v. t. Defn: See Cozen. COSENAGE Cos"en*age (kz"'n-j), n. Defn: See Cozenage. COSENING Cos"en*ing, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Anything done deceitfully, and which could not be properly designated by any special name, whether belonging to contracts or not. Burrill. COSENTIENT Co*sen"tient (k-sn"shent), a. Defn: Perceiving together. COSEY Co"sey (k"z), a. Defn: See Cozy. Dickens. COSHER Cosh"er (ksh"r), v. t. Etym: [Ir. cosair a feast, a banquet or cf. F. coucher to lie. Cf. Couch, Coshering.] 1. (Old Law) Defn: To levy certain exactions or tribute upon; to lodge and eat at the expense of. See Coshering. 2. To treat with hospitality; to pet. [Ireland] COSHERER Cosh"er*er (ksh"r-r), n. Defn: One who coshers. COSHERING Cosh"er*ing, n. (Old Law) Defn: A feudal prerogative of the lord of the soil entitling him to lodging and food at his tenant's house. Burrill. Sometimes he contrived, in deflance of the law, to live by coshering, that is to say, by quartering himself on the old tentants of his family, who, wretched as was their own condition, could not refuse a portion of their pittance to one whom they still regarded as their rightful lord. Macaulay. COSIER Co"sier (k"zhr), n. Etym: [Cf. OF. coussier maker of mattresses; or couseor tailor, fr. OF. & F. coudre, p. p. cousu to sew, fr. L. consuere to sew together; con- + seure to sew. See Sew to stitch.] Defn: A tailor who botches his work. [Obs.] Shak. COSIGNIFICATIVE Co`sig*nif"i*ca*tive (k`s"), a. Defn: Having the same signification. Cockerham. COSIGNITARY Co*sig"ni*ta*ry (k-sg"n-t-r), a. Etym: [Pref. co- + sign. Cf. Signatory.] Defn: Signing some important public document with another or with others; as, a treaty violated by one of the cosignitary powers. COSIGNITARY Co*sig"ni*ta*ry, n.; pl. Cosignitaries (-r. Defn: One who signs a treaty or public document along with others or another; as, the cosignitaries of the treaty of Berlin. COSILY Co"si*ly (k"z-l), adv. Defn: See Cozily. COSINAGE Cos"in*age (ks"'n-j), n. Etym: [See Cousinage.] (Law) (a) Collateral relationship or kindred by blood; consanguinity. Burrill. (b) A writ to recover possession of an estate in lands, when a stranger has entered, after the death of the grandfather's grandfather, or other distant collateral relation. Blackstone. COSINE Co"sine (k"sn), n. Etym: [For co. sinus, an abbrev. of L. complementi sinus.] (Trig.) Defn: The sine of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions. COSMETIC; COSMETICAL Cos*met"ic (kz-mt"k), Cos*met"ic*al (--kal), a. Etym: [Gr. kosmitiko`s skilled in decorating, fr. ko`smos order, ornament: cf. F. cosmétique. See Cosmos.] Defn: Imparting or improving beauty, particularly the beauty of the complexion; as, a cosmetical preparation. First, robed in white, the nymph intent adores, With head uncovered, the cosmetic powers. Pope. COSMETIC Cos*met"ic, n. Defn: Any external application intended to beautify and improve the complexion. COSMIC; COSMICAL Cos"mic (kz"mk), Cos"mic*al (-m-kal), a. Etym: [Gr. kosmiko`s of the world, fr. ko`smos: cf. F. cosmique. See Cosmos.] 1. Pertaining to the universe, and having special reference to universal law or order, or to the one grand harmonious system of things; hence; harmonious; orderly. 2. Pertaining to the solar system as a whole, and not to the earth alone. 3. Characteristic of the cosmos or universe; inconceivably great; vast; as, cosmic speed. "Cosmic ranges of time." Tyndall. 4. (Astron.) Defn: Rising or setting with the sun; -- the opposite of acronycal. COSMICALLY Cos"mic*al*ly, adv. 1. With the sun at rising or setting; as, a star is said to rise or set cosmically when it rises or sets with the sun. 2. Universally. [R.] Emerson. COSMOGONAL; COSMOGONIC; COSMOGONICAL Cos*mog"o*nal (kz-mg"-nal), Cos`mo*gon"ic (kz`m-gn"k), Cos`mo*gon"ic*al (-gn"-kal), a. Defn: Belonging to cosmogony. B. Powell. Gladstone. COSMOGONIST Cos*mog"o*nist (kz-mg"-nst), n. Defn: One who treats of the origin of the universe; one versed in cosmogony. COSMOGONY Cos*mog"o*ny (-n), n.; pl. Cosmogonies (-n. Etym: [Gr. kosmogoni`a; ko`smos the world + root of gi`gnesthai to be born: cf. F. cosmogonie.] Defn: The creation of the world or universe; a theory or account of such creation; as, the poetical cosmogony of Hesoid; the cosmogonies of Thales, Anaxagoras, and Plato. The cosmogony or creation of the world has puzzled philosophers of all ages. Goldsmith. COSMOGRAPHER Cos*mog"ra*pher (-r-fr), n. Defn: One who describes the world or universe, including the heavens and the earth. The name of this island is nowhere found among the old and ancient cosmographers. Robynson (More's Utopia). COSMOGRAPHIC; COSMOGRAPHICAL Cos`mo*graph"ic (kz`m-grf"k), Cos`mo*graph"ic*al (--kal), a. Etym: [Cf. F. cosmographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to cosmography. COSMOGRAPHICALLY Cos`mo*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a cosmographic manner; in accordance with cosmography. COSMOGRAPHY Cos*mog"ra*phy (kz-mg"r-f), n.; pl. Cosmographies (-f. Etym: [Gr. cosmographie.] Defn: A description of the world or of the universe; or the science which teaches the constitution of the whole system of worlds, or the figure, disposition, and relation of all its parts. COSMOLABE Cos"mo*labe (kz"m-lb), n. Etym: [Gr. cosmolade.] Defn: An instrument resembling the astrolabe, formerly used for measuring the angles between heavenly bodies; -- called also pantacosm. COSMOLATRY Cos*mol"a*try (kz-ml"-tr), n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Worship paid to the world. Cudworth. COSMOLINE Cos"mo*line (kz"m-ln), n. Etym: [Prob. fr. cosmetic + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: A substance obtained from the residues of the distillation of petroleum, essentially the same as vaseline, but of somewhat stiffer consistency, and consisting of a mixture of the higher paraffines; a kind of petroleum jelly. COSMOLOGICAL Cos`mo*log"ic*al (kz`m-lj"-kal), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to cosmology. COSMOLOGIST Cos*mol"o*gist (kz-ml"-jst), n. Defn: One who describes the universe; one skilled in cosmology. COSMOLOGY Cos*mol"o*gy (kz-ml"-j), n. Etym: [Gr. ko`smos the world + -logy: cf. F. cosmologie.] Defn: The science of the world or universe; or a treatise relating to the structure and parts of the system of creation, the elements of bodies, the modifications of material things, the laws of motion, and the order and course of nature. COSMOMETRY Cos*mom"e*try (kz-mm"-tr), n. Etym: [Gr. ko`smos the world + -metry.] Defn: The art of measuring the world or the universe. Blount. COSMOPLASTIC Cos`mo*plas"tic (kz`m-pls"tk), a. Etym: [Gr. ko`smos the world + pla`ssein to form.] Defn: Pertaining to a plastic force as operative in the formation of the world independently of God; world-forming. "Cosmoplastic and hylozoic atheisms." Gudworth. COSMOPOLITAN; COSMOPOLITE Cos`mo*pol"i*tan (-pl"-tan), Cos*mop"o*lite (kz-mp"-lt), n. Etym: [Gr. cosmopolitain, cosmopolite.] Defn: One who has no fixed residence, or who is at home in every place; a citizen of the world. COSMOPOLITAN; COSMOPOLITE Cos`mo*pol"i*tan, Cos*mop"o*lite, a. 1. Having no fixed residence; at home in any place; free from local attachments or prejudices; not provincial; liberal. In other countries taste is perphaps too exclusively national, in Germany it is certainly too cosmopolite. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. Common everywhere; widely spread; found in all parts of the world. The Cheiroptera are cosmopolitan. R. Owen. COSMOPOLITANISM Cos`mo*pol"i*tan*ism (kz`m-pl"-tan-z'm), n. Defn: The quality of being cosmopolitan; cosmopolitism. COSMOPOLITE Cos*mop"o*lite (-mp"-lt), a. & n. Defn: See Cosmopolitan. COSMOPOLITICAL Cos`mo*po*lit"ic*al (kz`m-p-lt"-kal), a. Defn: Having the character of a cosmopolite. [R.] Hackluyt. COSMOPOLITISM Cos*mop"o*li*tism (kz-mp"-l-tz'm), n. Defn: The condition or character of a cosmopolite; disregard of national or local peculiarities and prejudices. COSMORAMA Cos`mo*ra"ma (kz`m-r"m or -r"m), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: An exhibition in which a series of views in various parts of the world is seen reflected by mirrors through a series of lenses, with such illumination, etc., as will make the views most closely represent reality. COSMORAMIC Cos`mo*ram"ic (kz`m-rm"k), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a cosmorama. COSMOS Cos"mos (kz"ms), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ko`smos order, harmony, the world (from its perfect order and arrangement); akin to Skr. to distinguish one's self.] 1. The universe or universality of created things; -- so called from the order and harmony displayed in it. 2. The theory or description of the universe, as a system displaying order and harmony. Humboldt. COSMOSPHERE Cos"mo*sphere (kz"m-sfr), n. Etym: [Gr. sphere.] Defn: An apparattus for showing the position of the earth, at any given time, with respect to the fixed stars. It consist of a hollow glass globe, on which are depicted the stars and constellations, and within which is a terrestrial globe. COSMOTHEISM Cos"mo*the`ism (kz"m-th`z'm), n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Same as Pantheism. [R.] COSMOTHETIC Cos`mo*thet"ic (kz`m-tht"k), a. Etym: [Gr. (Metaph.) Defn: Assuming or positing the actual existence or reality of the physical or external world. Cosmothetic idealists (Metaph.), those who assume, without attempting to prove, the reality of external objects as corresponding to, and being the ground of, the ideas of which only the mind has direct cognizance. The cosmothetic idealists . . . deny that mind is immediately conscious of matter. Sir W. Hamilton. COSOVEREIGN Co*sov"er*eign (k-sv"r-n or k-sv"-), n. Defn: A joint sovereign. COSS Coss (ks), n. Etym: [Cf. Pers. k a road measure of about two miles; or Skr. kr.] Defn: A Hindoo measure of distance, varying from one and a half to two English miles. Whitworth. COSS Coss, n. Etym: [It. cosa.] Defn: A thing (only in phrase below). Rule of Coss, an old name for Algebra. Etym: [It. regola di cosa rule of thing, the unknown quantity being called the cosa, or the thing.] COSSACK Cos"sack (ks"sk), n. Etym: [Russ. kozak', kazak': cf. Turk. kaz.] Defn: One of a warlike, pastoral people, skillful as horsemen, inhabiting different parts of the Russian empire and furnishing valuable contingents of irregular cavalry to its armies, those of Little Russia and those of the Don forming the principal divisions. COSSACK POST Cos"sack post. (Mil.) Defn: An outpost consisting of four men, forming one of a single line of posts substituted for the more formal line of sentinels and line of pickets. COSSAS Cos"sas (ks"ss), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Plain India muslin, of various qualities and widths. COSSET Cos"set (ks"st), n. Etym: [Cf. AS. cotsetla cottager, G. kossat, kothsasse, fr. kot, koth E. (cot) hut, and cf. also E. cade, a., cot a cade lamb.] Defn: A lamb reared without the aid of the dam. Hence: A pet, in general. COSSET Cos"set, v. t. Defn: To treat as a pet; to fondle. She was cosseted and posseted and prayed over and made much of. O. W. Holmes. COSSETTE Cos*sette", n. [F.] Defn: One of the small chips or slices into which beets are cut in sugar making. COSSIC; COSSICAL Cos"sic (ks"sk), Cos"sic*al (-s-kal), a. Etym: [It. cossico. See 2d Coss.] Defn: Of or relating to algebra; as, cossic numbers, or the cossic art. [Obs.] "Art of numbers cossical." Digges (1579). COST Cost (kst; 115), n. Etym: [L. costa rib. See Coast.] 1. A rib; a side; a region or coast. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Betwixt the costs of a ship. B. Jonson. 2. (Her.) Defn: See Cottise. COST Cost (kst; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cost; p. pr. & vb. n. Costing.] Etym: [OF. coster, couster, F. co, fr. L. constare to stand at, to cost; con- + stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Constant.] 1. To require to be given, expended, or laid out therefor, as in barter, purchase, acquisition, etc.; to cause the cost, expenditure, relinquishment, or loss of; as, the ticket cost a dollar; the effort cost his life. A d'amond gone, cost me two thousand ducats. Shak. Though it cost me ten nights' watchings. Shak. 2. To require to be borne or suffered; to cause. To do him wanton rites, whichcost them woe. Milton. To cost dear, to require or occasion a large outlay of money, or much labor, self-denial, suffering, etc. COST Cost, n. Etym: [OF. cost, F. co. See Cost, v. t. ] 1. The amount paid, charged, or engaged to be paid, for anything bought or taken in barter; charge; expense; hence, whatever, as labor, self-denial, suffering, etc., is requisite to secure benefitt. One day shall crown the alliance on 't so please you, Here at my house, and at my proper cost. Shak. At less cost of life than is often expended in a skirmish, [Charles V.] saved Europe from invasion. Prescott. 2. Loss of any kind; detriment; pain; suffering. I know thy trains, Though dearly to my cost, thy gins and toils. Milton. 3. pl. (Law) Defn: Expenses incurred in litigation. Note: Costs in actions or suits are either between attorney and client, being what are payable in every case to the attorney or counsel by his client whether he ultimately succeed or not, or between party and party, being those which the law gives, or the court in its discretion decrees, to the prevailing, against the losing, party. Bill of costs. See under Bill. -- Cost free, without outlay or expense. "Her duties being to talk French, and her privileges to live cost free and to gather scraps of knowledge." Thackeray. COSTA Cos"ta (ks"t), n. Etym: [L., rib. See Coast.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A rib of an animal or a human being. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A rib or vein of a leaf, especially the midrib. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior rib in the wing of an insect. (b) One of the riblike longitudinal ridges on the exterior of many corals. COSTAGE Cost"age (kst"j; 115), n. Etym: [OF. coustage.] Defn: Expense; cost. [Obs.] Chaucer. COSTAL Cos"tal (ks"tal), a. Etym: [Cf. F. costal. See Costa.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the ribs or the sides of the body; as, costal nerves. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Relating to a costa, or rib. Costal cartilage. See Cartilage, and Illust. of Thorax. COSTAL-NERVED Cos"tal-nerved` (ks"tal-nrvd`), a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the nerves spring from the midrib. COSTARD Cos"tard (ks"trd), n. Etym: [Prob. fr. OF. coste rib, side, F. côte, and meaning orig., a ribbed apple, from the ribs or angles on its sides. See Coast.] 1. An apple, large and round like the head. Some [apples] consist more of air than water . . . ; others more of water than wind, as your costards and pomewaters. Muffett. 2. The head; -- used contemptuously. Try whether your costard or my bat be the harder. Shak. COSTARDMONGER Cos"tard*mon`ger (-mn`gr), n. Defn: A costermonger. COSTATE; COSTATED Cos"tate (ks"tt), Cos"ta*ted (-t-td), a. Etym: [L. costatus, fr. costa rib.] Defn: Having ribs, or the appearance of ribs; (Bot.) having one or more longitudinal ribs. COSTEAN Cos"tean` (ks"tn`), v. i. Etym: [Cornish cothas dropped + stean tin.] Defn: To search after lodes. See Costeaning. COSTEANING Cos"tean`ing, n. Defn: The process by which miners seek to discover metallic lodes. It consist in sinking small pits through the superficial deposits to the solid rock, and then driving from one pit to another across the direction of the vein, in such manner as to cross all the veins between the two pits. COSTELLATE Cos*tel"late (ks-tl"lt), a. Etym: [L. costa rib.] Defn: Finely ribbed or costated. COSTER Cos"ter (ks"tr), n.Etym: [Abbrev. of costermonger.] Defn: One who hawks about fruit, green vegetables, fish, etc. COSTERMONGER Cos"ter*mon`ger (ks"tr-mn`gr), n. Etym: [See Costard.] Defn: An apple seller; a hawker of, or dealer in, any kind of fruit or vegetables; a fruiterer. [Written also costardmonger.] COSTIFEROUS Cos*tif"er*ous (ks-tf"r-s), a. Etym: [Costa + -ferous.] (Anat.) Defn: Rib-bearing, as the dorsal vertebræ. COSTIVE Cos"tive (ks"tv), a. Etym: [OF. costev, p. p. of costever, F. constiper, L. constipare to press closely together, to cram; con- + stipare to press together, cram. See Stipulate, Stiff, and cf. Constipate.] 1. Retaining fecal matter in the bowels; having too slow a motion of the bowels; constipated. 2. Reserved; formal; close; cold. [Obs.] "A costive brain." Prior. "Costive of laughter." B. Jonson. You must be frank, but without indiscretion; and close, but without being costive. Lord Chesterfield. 3. Dry and hard; impermeable; unyielding. [Obs.] Clay in dry seasons is costive, hardening with the sun and wind. Mortimer. COSTIVELY Cos"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a costive manner. COSTIVENESS Cos"tive*ness, n. 1. An unnatural retention of the fecal matter of the bowels; constipation. 2. Inability to express one's self; stiffness. [Obs.] A reverend disputant of the same costiveness in public elocution with myself. Wakefield. COSTLESS Cost"less (kst"ls; 115), a. Defn: Costing nothing. COSTLEWE Cost"lewe (-l), a. Defn: Costly. [Obs.] Chaucer. COSTLINESS Cost"li*ness (-l-ns), n. Defn: The quality of being costy; expensiveness; sumptuousness. COSTLY Cost"ly (kst"l; 115), a. Etym: [From Cost expense.] 1. Of great cost; expensive; dear. He had fitted up his palace in the most costly and sumptuous style, for the accomodation of the princess. Prescott. 2. Gorgeous; sumptuous. [Poetic.] To show how costly summer was at hand. Shak. COSTMARY Cost"ma*ry (kst"m-r), n. Etym: [L. costum an Oriental aromatic plant (Gr. kost, kust) + Maria Mary. Cf.Alecost.] (Bot.) Defn: A garden plant (Chrysanthemum Balsamita) having a strong balsamic smell, and nearly allied to tansy. It is used as a pot herb and salad plant and in flavoring ale and beer. Called also alecost. COSTON LIGHTS Cos"ton lights. Defn: Signals made by burning lights of different colors and used by vessels at sea, and in the life-saving service; -- named after their inventor. COSTOTOME Cos"to*tome (ks"t-tm), n. Etym: [Costa + Gr. Defn: An instrument (chisel or shears) to cut the ribs and open the thoracic cavity, in post-mortem examinations and dissections. Knight. COSTREL Cos"trel (ks"trl), n. Etym: [CF.W. costrel, OF. costrel, LL. costrellum, a liquid measure, costrellus a wine cup.] Defn: A bottle of leather, earthenware, or wood, having ears by which it was suspended at the side. [Archaic] A youth, that, following with a costrel, bore The means of goodly welcome, flesh and wine. Tennyson. COSTUME Cos"tume` (ks"tm` or ks-tm"), n. Etym: [F. costume, It. costume custom, dress, fr. L. consuetumen (not found), for consuetudo custom. See Custom, and cf. Consuetude.] 1. Dress in general; esp., the distinctive style of dress of a people, class, or period. 2. Such an arrangement of accessories, as in a picture, statue, poem, or play, as is appropriate to the time, place, or other circumstances represented or described. I began last night to read Walter Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel . . . .I was extremely delighted with the poetical beauty of some parts . . . .The costume, too, is admirable. Sir J. Mackintosh. 3. A character dress, used at fancy balls or for dramatic purposes. COSTUMER Cos"tum`er (-tm`r), n. Defn: One who makes or deals in costumes, as for theaters, fancy balls, etc. CO-SUFFERER Co-suf"fer*er (k-sf"fr-r), n. Defn: One who suffers with another. Wycherley. COSUPREME Co`su*preme" (k`s-prm"), n. Defn: A partaker of supremacy; one jointly supreme. Shak. COSURETY Co*sure"ty (k-shr"t; 136), n.; pl. Cosureties (-t. Defn: One who is surety with another. COSY Co"sy (k"z), a. Defn: See Cozy. COT Cot (kt), n. Etym: [OE. cot, cote, AS. cot, cote, cottage; akin to D. & Icel. kot, G. koth, kot, kothe. Cf. Coat.] 1. A small house; a cottage or hut. The sheltered cot, the cultivated farm. Goldsmith. 2. A pen, coop, or like shelter for small domestic animals, as for sheep or pigeons; a cote. 3. A cover or sheath; as, a roller cot (the clothing of a drawing roller in a spinning frame); a cot for a sore finger. 4. Etym: [Cf. Ir. cot.] Defn: A small, rudely-formed boat. Bell cot. (Arch.) See under Bell. COT Cot (kt), n. Etym: [AS. cot cottage, bedchamber; or cf. OF. coite, F. couette (E. quilt), LL. cottum, cottus, mattress. See Cot a cottage.] Defn: A sleeping place of limited size; a little bed; a cradle; a piece of canvas extended by a frame, used as a bed. [Written also cott.] COTANGENT Co*tan"gent (k-tn"jent), n. Etym: [For co. tangens, an abbrev. of L. complementi tangens. See Tangent.] (Trig.) Defn: The tangent of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions. COTARNINE Co*tar"nine (k-tr"nn or -nn), n. Etym: [F., fr. narcotine, by transposition of letters.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline substance, C12H13NO3, obtained as a product of the decomposition of narcotine. It has weak basic properties, and is usually regarded as an alkaloid. COTE Cote (kt), n. Etym: [See 1st Cot.] 1. A cottage or hut. [Obs.] 2. A shed, shelter, or inclosure for small domestic animals, as for sheep or doves. Watching where shepherds pen their flocks, at eve, In hurdled cotes. Milton. COTE Cote, v. t. Etym: [Prob. from F. c sode, OF. costet, LL. costatus, costatum, fr. L. costu rib, side: cf. F. c to go or keep at the side of. See Coast.] Defn: To go side by side with; hence, to pass by; to outrun and get before; as, a dog cotes a hare. [Obs.] Drayton. We coted them on the way, and hither are they coming. Shak. COTE Cote, v. t. Etym: [See Quote.] Defn: To quote. [Obs.] Udall. COTEAU Co`teau", n.; pl. Coteaux (#). [F., a hill.] [Canada & U. S.] 1. A hilly upland including the divide between two valleys; a divide. 2. The side of a valley. COTEMPORANEOUS Co*tem`po*ra"ne*ous (k-tm`p-r"n-s), a. Etym: [See Contemporaneous.] Defn: Living or being at the same time; contemporaneous. -- Co*tem`po*ra"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Co*tem`po*ra"ne*ous*ness, n. COTEMPORARY Co*tem"po*ra*ry (k-tm"p-r-r), a. Defn: Living or being at the same time; contemporary. COTEMPORARY Co*tem"po*ra*ry, n.; pl. Cotemporaries (-r. Defn: One who lives at the same time with another; a contemporary. COTENANT Co*ten"ant (k-tn"ant), n. Defn: A tenant in common, or a joint tenant. COTERIE Co`te*rie" (k`Te-r"; 277), n. Etym: [F., prob. from OF. coterie servile tenure, fr. colier cotter; of German origin. See 1st Cot.] Defn: A set or circle of persons who meet familiarly, as for social, literary, or other purposes; a clique. "The queen of your coterie." Thackeray. COTERMINOUS Co*ter"mi*nous (k-tr"m-ns), a. Etym: [Cf. Conterminous.] Defn: Bordering; conterminous; -- followed by with. COTGARE Cot"gare` (kt"gr`), n. Defn: Refuse wool. [Obs. or Prov.] COTHURN Co"thurn (k"thrn), n. Etym: [L. cothurnus, Gr. Cothurnus.] Defn: A buskin anciently used by tragic actors on the stage; hence, tragedy in general. The moment had arrived when it was thought that the mask and the cothurn might be assumed with effect. Motley. COTHURNATE; COTHURNATED Co*thur"nate (k-thr"nt), Co*thur"na*ted (-n-td), a. 1. Wearing a cothurn. 2. Relating to tragedy; solemn; grave. COTHURNUS Co*thur"nus (-ns), n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Same as Cothurn. COTICULAR Co*tic"u*lar (k-tk"-lr), a. Etym: [L. coticula a small touchstone, dim. cos, cotis, whetstone.] Defn: Pertaining to whetstones; like or suitable for whetstones. COTIDAL Co*tid"al (k-td"al), a. Defn: Marking an equality in the tides; having high tide at the same time. Cotidal lines (Phys. Geog.), lines on a map passing through places that have high tide at the same time. COTILLON; COTILLION Co`til`lon" (k`t`yn" or k`tl`-;277), Co*til"lion (k-tl"yn), n. Etym: [F. cotillon, fr. OF. cote coat, LL. cotta tunic. See Coat.] 1. A brisk dance, performed by eight persons; a quadrille. 2. A tune which regulates the dance. 3. A kind of woolen material for women's skrits. COTINGA Co*tin"ga (k-tn"g), n. Etym: [Native South American name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of the family Cotingidæ, including numerous bright- colored South American species; -- called also chatterers. COTISE Cot"ise (kt"s), n. (Her.) Defn: See Cottise. COTISED Cot"ised (-st), a. (Her.) Defn: See Cottised. COTLAND Cot"land (kt"lnd), n. Defn: Land appendant to a cot or cottage, or held by a cottager or cotter. COTQUEAN Cot"quean` (kt"kwn`), n. Etym: [Cot a cottage + quean.] 1. A man who busies himself with affairs which properly belong to women. Addison. 2. A she-cuckold; a cucquean; a henhussy. [Obs.] What, shall a husband be afraid of his wife's face We are a king, cotquean, and we will reign in our pleasures. B. Jonson. COTQUEANITY Cot*quean"i*ty (kt-kwn"-t), n. Defn: The condition, character, or conduct of a cotquean. [Obs.] B. Jonson. COTRUSTEE Co`trus*tee" (k`trs-t"), n. Defn: A joint trustee. COTSWOLD Cots"wold` (kts"wld`), n. Etym: [Cot a cottage or hut + wold an open country.] Defn: An open country abounding in sheepcotes, as in the Cotswold hills, in Gloucestershire, England. Cotswold sheep, a long-wooled breed of sheep, formerly common in the counties of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester, Eng.; -- so called from the Cotswold Hills. The breed is now chiefly amalgamated with others. COTTA Cot"ta, n. [LL. See Coat.] 1. (Eccl.) Defn: A surplice, in England and America usually one shorter and less full than the ordinary surplice and with short sleeves, or sometimes none. 2. A kind of very coarse woolen blanket. COTTAGE Cot"tage (kt"tj; 48), n. Etym: [From Cot a cotttage.] Defn: A small house; a cot; a hut. Note: The term was formerly limited to a habitation for the poor, but is now applied to any small tasteful dwelling; and at places of summer resort, to any residence or lodging house of rustic architecture, irrespective of size. Cottage allotment. See under Alloment. [Eng.] -- Cottage cheese, the thick part of clabbered milk strained, salted, and pressed into a ball. COTTAGED Cot"taged (-tjd), a. Defn: Set or covered with cottages. Even humble Harting's cottaged vale. Collins. COTTAGELY Cot"tage*ly (-tj-l), a. Defn: Cottagelike; suitable for a cottage; rustic. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. COTTAGER Cot"ta*ger (kt"t-jr), n. 1. One who lives in a cottage. 2. (Law) Defn: One who lives on the common, without paying any rent, or having land of his own. COTTER; COTTAR Cot"ter, Cot"tar (kt"tr), n. Etym: [LL. cotarius, cottarius, coterius. See Cot.] Defn: A cottager; a cottier. Burns. Through Sandwich Notch the West Wind sang Good morrow to the cotter. Whittier. COTTER Cot"ter (kt"tr), n. 1. A piece of wood or metal, commonly wedge-shaped, used for fastening together parts of a machine or structure. It is driven into an opening through one or all of the parts. Note: [See Illust.] In the United States a cotter is commonly called a key. 2. A toggle. COTTER Cot"ter, v. t. Defn: To fasten with a cotter. COTTIER Cot"ti*er (-t-r), n. Etym: [OF. cotier. See Coterie, and cf. Cotter.] Defn: In Great Britain and Ireland, a person who hires a small cottage, with or without a plot of land. Cottiers commonly aid in the work of the landlord's farm. [Written also cottar and cotter.] COTTISE Cot"tise (kt"ts), n. Etym: [Cf. F. c side, L. costa rib.] (Her.) Defn: A diminutive of the bendlet, containing one half its area or one quarter the area of the bend. When a single cottise is used alone it is often called a cost. See also Couple-close. COTTISED Cot"tised (-tst), a. (Her.) Defn: Set between two cottises, -- said of a bend; or between two barrulets, -- said of a bar or fess. COTTOID Cot"toid (kt"toid), a. Etym: [NL. cottus sculpin + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like a fish of the genus Cottus. -- n. Defn: A fish belonging to, or resembling, the genus Cottus. See Sculpin. COTTOLENE Cot"to*lene`, n. Defn: A product from cottonseed, used as lard. COTTON Cot"ton (kt"t'n), n. Etym: [F. coton, Sp. algodon the cotton plant and its wool, coton printed cotton, cloth, fr. Ar. qutun, alqutun, cotton wool. Cf. Acton, Hacqueton.] 1. A soft, downy substance, resembling fine wool, consisting of the unicellular twisted hairs which grow on the seeds of the cotton plant. Long-staple cotton has a fiber sometimes almost two inches long; short-staple, from two thirds of an inch to an inch and a half. 2. The cotton plant. See Cotten plant, below. 3. Cloth made of cotton. Note: Cotton is used as an adjective before many nouns in a sense which commonly needs no explanation; as, cottton bagging; cotton clotch; cotton goods; cotton industry; cotton mill; cotton spinning; cotton tick. Cotton cambric. See Cambric, n., 2. -- Cotton flannel, the manufactures' name for a heavy cotton fabric, twilled, and with a long plush nap. In England it is called swan's- down cotton, or Canton flannel. -- Cotton gin, a machine to separate the seeds from cotton, invented by Eli Whitney. -- Cotton grass (Bot.), a genus of plants (Eriphorum) of the Sedge family, having delicate capillary bristles surrounding the fruit (seedlike achenia), which elongate at maturity and resemble tufts of cotton. -- Cotton mouse (Zool.), a field mouse (Hesperomys gossypinus), injurious to cotton crops. -- Cotton plant (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gossypium, of several species, all growing in warm climates, and bearing the cotton of commerce. The common species, originally Asiatic, is G. herbaceum. -- Cotton press, a building and machinery in which cotton bales are compressed into smaller bulk for shipment; a press for baling cotton. -- Cotton rose (Bot.), a genus of composite herbs (Filago), covered with a white substance resembling cotton. -- Cotton scale (Zoöl.), a species of bark louse (Pulvinaria innumerabilis), which does great damage to the cotton plant. -- Cotton shrub. Same as Cotton plant. -- Cotton stainer (Zoöl.), a species of hemipterous insect (Dysdercus suturellus), which seriously damages growing cotton by staining it; -- called also redbug. -- Cotton thistle (Bot.), the Scotch thistle. See under Thistle. -- Cotton velvet, velvet in which the warp and woof are both of cotton, and the pile is of silk; also, velvet made wholly of cotton. -- Cotton waste, the refuse of cotton mills. -- Cotton wool, cotton in its raw or woolly state. -- Cotton worm (Zool.), a lepidopterous insect (Aletia argillacea), which in the larval state does great damage to the cotton plant by eating the leaves. It also feeds on corn, etc., and hence is often called corn worm, and Southern army worm. COTTON Cot"ton, v. i. 1. To rise with a regular nap, as cloth does. [Obs.] It cottons well; it can not choose but bear A pretty nap. Family of Love. 2. To go on prosperously; to succeed. [Obs.] New, Hephestion, does not this matter cotton as I would Lyly. 3. To unite; to agree; to make friends; -- usually followed by with. [Colloq.] A quarrel will end in one of you being turned off, in which case it will not be easy to cotton with another. Swift. Didst see, Frank, how the old goldsmith cottoned in with his beggarly companion Sir W. Scott. 4. To take a liking to; to stick to one as cotton; -- used with to. [Slang] COTTONADE Cot"ton*ade` (kt"t'n-d`), n. Etym: [F. cottonade.] Defn: A somewhat stoun and thick fabric of cotton. COTTONARY Cot"ton*a*ry (--r), a. Defn: Relating to, or composed of, cotton; cottony. [Obs.] Cottomary and woolly pillows. Sir T. Browne. COTTON BATTING Cot"ton bat"ting. Defn: Cotton prepared in sheets or rolls for quilting, upholstering, and similar purposes. COTTONOUS Cot"ton*ous (-s), a. Defn: Resembling cotton. [R.] Evelyn. COTTON SEED; COTTONSEED Cotton seed, or, usually collectively, Cot"ton*seed`, n. Defn: The seed of the cotton plant. COTTONSEED MEAL Cottonseed meal. Defn: A meal made from hulled cotton seeds after the oil has been expressed. COTTONSEED OIL Cottonseed oil. Defn: A fixed, semidrying oil extracted from cottonseed. It is pale yellow when pure (sp. gr., .92-.93). and is extensively used in soap making, in cookery, and as an adulterant of other oils. COTTON STATE Cotton State. Defn: Alabama; -- a nickname. COTTONTAIL Cot"ton*tail` (kt"t'n-tl`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American wood rabbit (Lepus sylvaticus); -- also called Molly cottontail. COTTONWEED Cot"ton*weed` (-wd`), n. (Bot.) Defn: See Cudweed. COTTONWOOD Cot"ton*wood` (-wd`), n. (Bot.) Defn: An American tree of the genus Populus or polar, having the seeds covered with abundant cottonlike hairs; esp., the P. monilifera and P. angustifolia of the Western United States. COTTONY Cot"ton*y (-), a. 1. Covered with hairs or pubescence, like cotton; downy; nappy; woolly. 2. Of or pertaining to cotton; resembling cotton in appearance or character; soft, like cotton. COTTREL Cot"trel (kt"trl), n. Defn: A trammel, or hook to support a pot over a fire. Knight. COTYLA; COTYLE Cot"y*la (kt"-l), Cot"y*le (kt"-l), n. Etym: [Gr. cotyla a measure.] (Anat.) Defn: A cuplike cavity or organ. Same as Acetabulum. COTYLEDON Cot`y*le"don (kt`-l"dn), n. Etym: [Gr.Cotyle.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the patches of villi found in some forms of placenta. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A leaf borne by the caulicle or radicle of an embryo; a seed leaf. Note: Many plants, as the bean and the maple, have two cotyledons, the grasses only one, and pines have several. In one African plant (Welwitschia) the cotyledons are permanent and grow to immense proportions. COTYLEDONAL Cot`y*led"on*al (kt`-ld"n-al), a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a cotyledon. COTYLEDONARY Cot`y*led"on*a*ry (--r), a. Defn: Having a cotyledon; tufted; as, the cotyledonary placenta of the cow. COTYLEDONOUS Cot`y*led"on*ous (-s; 277), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a cotyledon or cotyledons; having a seed lobe. COTYLIFORM Co*tyl"i*form (k-tl"-frm), a. Etym: [Cotyle + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Shaped like a cotyle or a cup. COTYLIGEROUS Cot`y*lig"er*ous (kt`-lj"r-s), a. Etym: [Cotyle + -gerous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having cotyles. COTYLOID Cot"y*loid (kt"-loid), a. Etym: [Cotyle + -oid] (Anat.) (a) Shaped like a cup; as, the cotyloid cavity, which receives the head of the thigh bone. (b) Pertaining to a cotyloid cavity; as, the cotyloid ligament, or notch. COUCAL Cou"cal (k"kl), n. Etym: [Prob. native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, Old World, ground cuckoo of the genus Centropus, of several species. COUCH Couch (kouch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Couched (koucht); p. pr. & vb. n. Couching.] Etym: [F. coucher to lay down, lie down, OF. colchier, fr. L. collocare to lay, put, place; col- + locare to place, fr. locus place. See Locus.] 1. To lay upon a bed or other resting place. Where unbruised youth, with unstuffed brain, Does couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign. Shak. 2. To arrauge or dispose as in a bed; -- sometimes followed by the reflexive pronoun. The waters couch themselves as may be to the center of this globe, in a spherical convexity. T. Burnet. 3. To lay or deposit in a bed or layer; to bed. It is at this day in use at Gaza, to couch potsherds, or vessels of earth, in their walls. Bacon. 4. (Paper Making) Defn: To transfer (as sheets of partly dried pulp) from the wire clotch mold to a felt blanket, for further drying. 5. To conceal; to include or involve darkly. There is all this, and more, that lies naturally couched under this allegory. L'Estrange. 6. To arrange; to place; to inlay. [Obs.] Chaucer. 7. To put into some form of language; to express; to phrase; -- used with in and under. A well-couched invective. Milton. I had received a letter from Flora couched in rather cool terms. Blackw. Mag. 8. (Med.) Defn: To treat by pushing down or displacing the opaque lens with a needle; as, to couch a cataract. To couch a spear or lance, to lower to the position of attack; to place in rest. He stooped his head, and couched his spear, And spurred his steed to full career. Sir W. Scott. To couch malt, to spread malt on a floor. Mortimer. COUCH Couch, v. i. 1. To lie down or recline, as on a bed or other place of rest; to repose; to lie. Where souls do couch on flowers, we 'll hand in hand. Shak. If I court moe women, you 'll couch with moe men. Shak. 2. To lie down for concealment; to hide; to be concealed; to be included or involved darkly. We 'll couch in the castle ditch, till we see the light of our fairies. Shak. The half-hidden, hallf-revealed wonders, that yet couch beneath the words of the Scripture. I. Taylor. 3. To bend the body, as in reverence, pain, labor, etc.; to stoop; to crouch. [Obs.] An aged squire That seemed to couch under his shield three-square. Spenser. COUCH Couch, n. Etym: [F. couche, OF. colche, culche, fr. colchier. See Couch, v. t. ] 1. A bed or place for repose or sleep; particularly, in the United States, a lounge. Gentle sleep . . . why liest thou with the vile In loathsome beds, and leavest the kingly couch Shak. Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams. Bryant. 2. Any place for repose, as the lair of a beast, etc. 3. A mass of steeped barley spread upon a floor to germinate, in malting; or the floor occupied by the barley; as, couch of malt. 4. (Painting & Gilding) Defn: A preliminary layer, as of color, size, etc. COUCHANCY Couch"an*cy (kouch"an-s), n. Defn: State of lying down for repose. [R.] COUCHANT Couch"ant (kouch"ant), a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of coucher. See Couch, v. t.] 1. Lying down with head erect; squatting. 2. (Her.) Defn: Lying down with the head raised, which distinguishes the posture of couchant from that of dormant, or sleeping; -- said of a lion or other beast. Couchant and levant (Law), rising up and lying down; -- said of beasts, and indicating that they have been long enough on land, not belonging to their owner, to lie down and rise up to feed, -- such time being held to include a day and night at the least. Blackstone. COUCHE Cou`ché" (k`sh"), a. Etym: [F., p. p. of coucher. See Couch, v. t. ] (Her.) (a) Not erect; inclined; -- said of anything that is usually erect, as an escutcheon. (b) Lying on its side; thus, a chevron couché is one which emerges from one side of the escutcheon and has its apex on the opposite side, or at the fess point. COUCHED Couched (koucht), a. (Her.) Defn: Same as Couch. COUCHEE Cou"chee (k"sh; F. k"sh"), n. Etym: [F. couch a sleeping place from coucher. See Couch, v. t. ] Defn: A reception held at the time of going to bed, as by a sovereign or great prince. [Obs.] Dryden. The duke's levees and couchees were so crowded that the antechambers were full. Bp. Burnet. COUCHER Couch"er (kouch"r), n. 1. One who couches. 2. (Paper Manuf.) Defn: One who couches paper. 3. Etym: [Cf. L. collectarius.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A factor or agent resident in a country for traffic. Blount. (b) The book in which a corporation or other body registers its particular acts. [Obs.] Cowell. COUCH GRASS Couch" grass` (grs`). (Bot.) Defn: See Quitch grass. COUCHING Couch"ing, n. 1. (Med.) Defn: The operation of putting down or displacing the opaque lens in cataract. 2. Embroidering by laying the materials upon the surface of the foundation, instead of drawing them through. COUCHLESS Couch"less (kouch"ls), a. Defn: Having no couch or bed. COUDEE Cou"dee (k"d; F. k`d"), n. Etym: [F. coud, from coude elbow.] Defn: A measure of length; the distance from the elbow to the end of the middle finger; a cubit. COUGAR Cou"gar (k"gr), n. Etym: [F. couguar, from the native name in the South American dialects, cuguacuara, cuguacuarana.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An American feline quadruped (Felis concolor), resembling the African panther in size and habits. Its color is tawny, without spots; hence writers often called it the American lion. Called also puma, panther, mountain lion, and catamount. See Puma. COUGH Cough (kf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coughed (kft); p. pr. & vb. n. Coughing.] Etym: [Cf. D. kuchen, MHG. k to breathe, G. keuchen to pant, and E. chincough, the first part of which is prob. akin to cough; cf. also E. choke.] Defn: To expel air, or obstructing or irritating matter, from the lungs or air passages, in a noisy and violent manner. COUGH Cough, v. t. 1. To expel from the lungs or air passages by coughing; -- followed by up; as, to cough up phlegm. 2. To bring to a specified state by coughing; as, he coughed himself hoarse. To cough down, to silence or put down (an objectionable speaker) by simulated coughing. COUGH Cough, n. Etym: [Cg. D. kuch. See Cough, v. i. ] 1. A sudden, noisy, and violent expulsion of air from the chest, caused by irritation in the air passages, or by the reflex action of nervous or gastric disorder, etc. 2. The more or less frequent repetition of coughing, constituting a symptom of disease. Stomach cough, Ear cough, cough due to irritation in the stomach or ear. COUGHER Cough"er (kf"r), n. Defn: One who coughs. COUHAGE Cou"hage (kou"j), n. (Bot.) Defn: See Cowhage. COULD Could (kd), imp. of Can. Etym: [OF. coude. The l was inserted by mistake, under the influence of should and would.] Defn: Was, should be, or would be, able, capable, or susceptible. Used as an auxiliary, in the past tense or in the conditional present. COULEE Cou`lee" (k`l"), n. Etym: [F. coulée, fr. couler to run or flow.] Defn: A stream; (Geol.) Defn: a stream of lava. Also, in the Western United States, the bed of a stream, even if dry, when deep and having inclined sides; distinguished from a cañon, which has precipitous sides. COULEUR Cou`leur", n. [F.] 1. Color; -- chiefly used in a few French phrases, as couler de rose, color of rose; and hence, adjectively, rose-colored; roseate. 2. A suit of cards, as hearts or clubs; --used in some French games. COULISSE Cou*lisse" (k-ls"; F. k`ls"), n. Etym: [F., fr. couler to flow, glide.] 1. A piece of timber having a groove in which something glides. 2. One of the side scenes of the stage in a theater, or the space included between the side scenes. COULOIR Cou`loir" (k`lwr"), n. Etym: [F., a strainer.] 1. A deep gorge; a gully. 2. (Hydraul. Engin.) Defn: A dredging machine for excavating canals, etc. COULOMB Cou`lomb" (k`ln"), n. Etym: [From Coulomb, a French physicist and electrican.] (Physics) Defn: The standard unit of quantity in electrical measurements. It is the quantity of electricity conveyed in one second by the current produced by an electro-motive force of one volt acting in a circuit having a resistance of one ohm, or the quantitty transferred by one ampère in one second. Formerly called weber. COULOMB METER Cou`lomb" me"ter. (Elec.) Defn: Any instrument by which electricity can be measured in coulombs. COULOMB'S LAW Cou`lomb's" law. (Physics) Defn: The law that the force exerted between two electric or magnetic charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely to the square of the distance between them. COULTER Coul"ter (kl"tr), n. Defn: Same as Colter. COULTERNEB Coul"ter*neb` (-nb`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The puffin. COULURE Cou*lure", n. [F., prop., a dropping.] (Hort.) Defn: A disease affecting grapes, esp. in California, manifested by the premature dropping of the fruit. COUMARIC Cou*mar"ic (k-mr"k), a. Defn: Relating to, derived from, or like, the Dipterix odorata, a tree of Guiana. Coumaric acid (Chem.), one of a series of aromatic acids, related to cinnamic acid, the most important of which is a white crystalline substance, HO.C6H4.C2H2.CO2H, obtained from the tonka bean, sweet clover, etc., and also produced artifically. COUMARIN Cou"ma*rin (k"m-rn), n. Etym: [F., fr. coumarou, a tree of Guiana.] (Chem.) Defn: The concrete essence of the tonka bean, the fruit of Dipterix (formerly Coumarouna) odorata and consisting essentially of coumarin proper, which is a white crystalline substance, C9H6O2, of vanilla- like odor, regarded as an anhydride of coumaric acid, and used in flavoring. Coumarin in also made artificially. COUMAROU Cou"ma*rou, n. [See Coumarin.] (Bot.) Defn: The tree (Dipteryx odorata) which bears the tonka bean; also, the bean itself. COUNCIL Coun"cil (koun"sl), n. Etym: [F. concile, fr. L. concilium; con- + calare to call, akin to Gr. hale, v., haul. Cf. Conciliate. This word is often confounded with counsel, with which it has no connection.] 1. An assembly of men summoned or convened for consultation, deliberation, or advice; as, a council of physicians for consultation in a critical case. 2. A body of man elected or appointed to constitute an advisory or a legislative assembly; as, a governor's council; a city council. An old lord of the council rated me the other day. Shak. 3. Act of deliberating; deliberation; consultation. Satan . . . void of rest, His potentates to council called by night. Milton. O great in action and in council wise. Pope. Aulic council. See under Aulic. -- Cabinet council. See under Cabinet. -- City council, the legislative branch of a city government, usually consisting of a board of aldermen and common council, but sometimes otherwise constituted. -- Common council. See under Common. -- Council board, Council table, the table round which a council holds consultation; also, the council itself in deliberation. -- Council chamber, the room or apartment in which a council meets. -- Council fire, the ceremonial fire kept burning while the Indians hold their councils. [U.S.] Barilett. -- Council of war, an assembly of officers of high rank, called to consult with the commander in chief in regard to measures or importance or nesessity. -- Ecumenical council (Eccl.), an assembly of prelates or divines convened from the whole body of the church to regulate matters of doctrine or discipline. -- Executive council, a body of men elected as advisers of the chief magistrate, whether of a State or the nation. [U.S.] -- Legislative council, the upper house of a legislature, usually called the senate. -- Privy council. See under Privy. [Eng.] Syn. -- Assembly; meeting; congress; diet; parliament; convention; convocation; synod. COUNCILIST Coun"cil*ist (koun"sl-st), n. Defn: One who belong to a council; one who gives an opinion. [Obs.] I will in three months be an expert counsilist. Milton. COUNCILMAN Coun"cil*man (koun`sl-man), n.; pl. Councilmen (-men). Defn: A member of a council, especially of the common council of a city; a councilor. COUNCILOR Coun"cil*or (koun"sl-r), n. Defn: A member of a council. [Written also councillor.] Note: The distinction between councilor, a member of a council, and counselor, one who gives councel, was not formerly made, but is now very generally recognized and observed. CO-UNE Co`-une" (k`n"), v. t. Etym: [L. co- + unus one.] Defn: To combine or unite. [Obs.] "Co-uned together." Feltham. CO-UNITE Co`-u*nite" (k`-nt"), v. t. Defn: To unite. [Obs.] CO-UNITE Co`-u*nite", a. Defn: United closely with another. [Obs.] COUNSEL Coun"sel (koun"sl), n. Etym: [OE. conc, F. conseil, fr. L. consilium, fr. the root of consulere to consult, of uncertain origin. Cf. Consult, Consul.] 1. Interchange of opinions; mutual advising; consultation. All the chief priest and elders of the people took counsel against Jesus, to put him to death. Matt. xxvii. 1. 2. Examination of consequences; exercise of deliberate judgment; prudence. They all confess, therefore, in the working of that first cause, that counsel is used. Hooker. 3. Result of consultation; advice; instruction. I like thy counsel; well hast thou advised. Shak. It was ill counsel had misled the girl. Tennyson. 4. Deliberate purpose; design; intent; scheme; plan. The counsel of the Lord standeth forever. Ps. xxxiii. 11. The counsels of the wicked are deceit. Prov. xii. 5. 5. A secret opinion or purpose; a private matter. Thilke lord . . . to whom no counsel may be hid. Gower. 6. One who gives advice, especially in legal matters; one professionally engaged in the trial or management of a cause in court; also, collectively, the legal advocates united in the management of a case; as, the defendant has able counsel. The King found his counsel as refractory as his judges. Macaulay. Note: The some courts a distinction is observed between the attorney and the counsel in a cause, the former being employed in the management iof the more mechanical parts of the suit, the latter in attending to the pleadings, managing the cause at the trial, and in applying the law to the exigencies of the case during the whole progress of the suit. In other courts the same person can exercise the powers of each. See Attorney. Kent. In counsel, in secret. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To keep counsel, or To keep one's own counsel, to keep one's thoughts, purposes, etc., undisclosed. The players can not keep counsel: they 'll tell all. Shak. Syn. -- Advice; consideration; consultation; purpose; scheme; opinion. COUNSEL Coun"sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counseled (-sld) or Counselled; p. pr. & vb. n. Counseling or Counselling.] Etym: [OE. conseilen, counseilen, F. conseiller, fr. L. consiliari, fr. consilium counsel.] 1. To give advice to; to advice, admonish, or instruct, as a person. Good sir, I do in friendship counsel you To leave this place. Shak. 2. To advise or recommend, as an act or course. They who counsel war. Milton. Thus Belial, with words clothed in reson's garb, Counseled ignoble ease and peaceful sloth. Milton. COUNSELABLE Coun"sel*a*ble (--b'l), a. Etym: [Written also counsellable.] 1. Willing to receive counsel or follow advice. [R.] Few men of so great parts were upon all occasions more counselable than he. Clarendon. 2. Suitable to be advised; advisable, wise. [Obs.] He did not believe it counselable. Clarendon. COUNSELOR Coun"sel*or (koun"sl-r), n. [Written also counsellor.] Etym: [OE. conseiler, F. conseiller, fr. L. consiliarius, fr. consilium counsel.] 1. One who counsels; an adviser. Can he that speaks with the tongue of an enemy be a good counselor, or no Shak. 2. A member of council; one appointed to advise a sovereign or chief magistrate. Note: [See under Consilor.] 3. One whose profession is to give advice in law, and manage causes for clients in court; a barrister. Good counselors lack no clients. Shak. COUNSELORSHIP Coun"sel*or*ship (koun"sl-r-shp), n. Defn: The function and rank or office of a counselor. Bacon. COUNT Count (kount), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counting.] Etym: [OF. conter, and later (etymological spelling) compter, in modern French thus distinguished; conter to relate (cf. Recount, Account), compter to count; fr. L. computuare to reckon, compute; com- + putare to reckon, settle, order, prune, orig., to clean. See Pure, and cf. Compute.] 1. To tell or name one by one, or by groups, for the purpose of ascertaining the whole number of units in a collection; to number; to enumerate; to compute; to reckon. Who can count the dust of Jacob Num. xxiii. 10. In a journey of forty miles, Avaux counted only three miserable cabins. Macaulay. 2. To place to an account; to ascribe or impute; to consider or esteem as belonging. Abracham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness. Rom. iv. 3. 3. To esteem; to account; to reckon; to think, judge, or consider. I count myself in nothing else so happy As in a soul remembering my good friends. Shak. To count out. (a) To exclude (one) will not particapate or cannot be depended upon. (b) (House of Commons) To declare adjourned, as a sitting of the House, when it is ascertained that a quorum is not present. (c) To prevent the accession of (a person) to office, by a fraudulent return or count of the votes cast; -- said of a candidate really elected. [Colloq.] Syn. -- To calculate; number; reckon; compute; enumerate. See Calculate. COUNT Count, v. i. 1. To number or be counted; to possess value or carry weight; hence, to increase or add to the strength or influence of some party or interest; as, every vote counts; accidents count for nothing. This excellent man . . . counted among the best and wisest of English statesmen. J. A. Symonds. 2. To reckon; to rely; to depend; -- with on or upon. He was brewer to the palace; and it was apprehended that the government counted on his voice. Macaulay. I think it a great error to count upon the genius of a nation as a standing argument in all ages. Swift. 3. To take account or note; -- with of. [Obs.] "No man counts of her beauty." Shak. 4. (Eng. Law) Defn: To plead orally; to argue a matter in court; to recite a count. Burrill. COUNT Count, n. Etym: [F. conte and compte, with different meanings, fr. L. computus a computation, fr. computare. See Count, v. t.] 1. The act of numbering; reckoning; also, the number ascertained by counting. Of blessed saints for to increase the count. Spenser. By this count, I shall be much in years. Shak. 2. An object of interest or account; value; estimation. [Obs.] "All his care and count." Spenser. 3. (Law) Defn: A formal statement of the plaintiff's case in court; in a more technical and correct sense, a particular allegation or charge in a declaration or indictment, separately setting forth the cause of action or prosecution. Wharton. Note: In the old law books, count was used synonymously with declaration. When the plaintiff has but a single cause of action, and makes but one statement of it, that statement is called indifferently count or declaration, most generally, however, the latter. But where the suit embraces several causes, or the plaintiff makes several different statements of the same cause of action, each statement is called a count, and all of them combined, a declaration. Bouvier. Wharton. COUNT Count, n. Etym: [F. conte, fr. L. comes, comitis, associate, companion, one of the imperial court or train, properly, one who goes with another; com- + ire to go, akin to Skr. i to go.] Defn: A nobleman on the continent of Europe, equal in rank to an English earl. Note: Though the tittle Count has never been introduced into Britain, the wives of Earls have, from the earliest period of its history, been designated as Countesses. Brande & C. Count palatine. (a) Formerly, the proprietor of a county who possessed royal prerogatives within his county, as did the Earl of Chester, the Bishop of Durham, and the Duke of Lancaster. [Eng.] See County palatine, under County. (b) Originally, a high judicial officer of the German emperors; afterward, the holder of a fief, to whom was granted the right to exercise certain imperial powers within his own domains. [Germany] COUNTABLE Count"a*ble (--b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being numbered. COUNTENANCE Coun"te*nance (koun"t-nans), n. Etym: [OE. contenance, countenaunce, demeanor, composure, F. contenance demeanor, fr. L. continentia continence, LL. also, demeanor, fr. L. continere to hold together, repress, contain. See Contain, and cf. Continence.] 1. Appearance or expression of the face; look; aspect; mien. So spake the Son, and into terror changed His countenance. Milton. 2. The face; the features. In countenance somewhat doth resemble you. Shak. 3. Approving or encouraging aspect of face; hence, favor, good will, support; aid; encouragement. Thou hast made him . . . glad with thy countenance. Ps. xxi. 6. This is the magistrate's peculiar province, to give countenance to piety and virtue, and to rebuke vice. Atterbury. 4. Superficial appearance; show; pretense. [Obs.] The election being done, he made countenance of great discontent thereat. Ascham. In countenance, in an assured condition or aspect; free from shame or dismay. "It puts the learned in countenance, and gives them a place among the fashionable part of mankind." Addison. -- Out of countenance, not bold or assured; confounded; abashed. "Their best friends were out of countenance, because they found that the imputations . . . were well grounded." Clarendon. -- To keep the countenance, to preserve a composed or natural look, undisturbed by passion or emotion. Swift. COUNTENANCE Coun"te*nance (koun"t-nans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countenanced (- nanst); p. pr. & vb. n. Countenancing.] 1. To encourage; to favor; to approve; to aid; to abet. This conceit, though countenanced by learned men, is not made out either by experience or reason. Sir T. Browne. Error supports custom, custom countenances error. Milton. 2. To make a show of; to pretend. [Obs.] Which to these ladies love did countenance. Spenser. COUNTENANCER Coun"te*nan*cer (-nan-sr), n. Defn: One who countenances, favors, or supports. COUNTER Coun"ter (koun"tr-). Note: [See Counter, adv. ] Defn: A prefix meaning contrary, opposite, in opposition; as, counteract, counterbalance, countercheck. See Counter, adv. & a. COUNTER Count"er (koun"tr), n. Etym: [OE. countere, countour, a counter (in sense 1), OF. contere, conteor, fr. conter to count. See Count, v. t. ] 1. One who counts, or reckons up; a calculator; a reckoner. 2. A piece of metal, ivory, wood, or bone, used in reckoning, in keeping account of games, etc. The old gods of our own race whose names . . . serve as counters reckon the days of the week. E. B. Tylor. What comes the wool to . . . I can not do it witthout counters. Shak. 3. Money; coin; -- used in contempt. [Obs.] To lock such rascal counters from his friends. Shak. 4. A prison; either of two prisons formerly in London. Anne Aysavugh . . . imprisoned in the Counter. Fuller. 5. A telltale; a contrivance attached to an engine, printing press, or other machine, for the purpose of counting the revolutions or the pulsations. Knight. COUNTER Coun"ter, n. Etym: [OE. countour, OF. contouer, comptouer, F. comptoir, LL. computatorium, prop., a computing place, place of accounts, fr. L. computare. See Count, v. t.] Defn: A table or board on which money is counted and over which business is transacted; a long, narrow table or bench, on which goods are laid for examination by purchasers, or on which they are weighed or measured. COUNTER Coun"ter, adv. Etym: [F. contre, fr. L. contra against. Cf. Contra-.] 1. Contrary; in opposition; in an opposite direction; contrariwise; - - used chiefly with run or go. Running counter to all the rules of virtue. Locks. 2. In the wrong way; contrary to the right course; as, a hound that runs counter. This is counter, you false Danish dogs! Shak. 3. At or against the front or face. [R.] Which [darts] they never throw counter, but at the back of the flier. Sandys. COUNTER Coun"ter, a. Defn: Contrary; opposite; contrasted; opposed; adverse; antagonistic; as, a counter current; a counter revolution; a counter poison; a counter agent; counter fugue. "Innumerable facts attesting the counter principle." I. Taylor. Counter approach (Fort.), a trench or work pushed forward from defensive works to meet the approaches of besiegers. See Approach. -- Counter bond (Law), in old practice, a bond to secure one who has given bond for another. -- Counter brace. See Counter brace, in Vocabulary. -- Counter deed (Law), a secret writing which destroys, invalidates, or alters, a public deed. -- Counter distinction, contradistinction. [Obs.] -- Counter drain, a drain at the foot of the embankment of a canal or watercourse, for carrying off the water that may soak through. -- Counter extension (Surg.), the fixation of the upper part of a limb, while extension is practiced on the lower part, as in cases of luxation or fracture. -- Counter fissure (Surg.) Same as Contrafissure. -- Counter indication. (Med.) Same as Contraindication. -- Counter irritant (Med.), an irritant to produce a blister, a pustular eruption, or other irritation in some part of the body, in order to relieve an existing irritation in some other part. "Counter irritants are of as great use in moral as in physical diseases." Macaulay. -- Counter irritation (Med.), the act or the result of applying a counter irritant. -- Counter opening, an aperture or vent on the opposite side, or in a different place. -Counter parole (Mil.), a word in addition to the password, given in time of alarm as a signal. -- Counter plea (Law), a replication to a plea. Cowell. -- Counter pressure, force or pressure that acts in a contrary direction to some other opposing pressure. -- Counter project, a project, scheme, or proposal brought forward in opposition to another, as in the negotiation of a treaty. Swift. -- Counter proof, in engraving, a print taken off from another just printed, which, by being passed through the press, gives a copy in reverse, and of course in the same position as that of plate from which the first was printed, the object being to enable the engraver to inspect the state of the plate. -- Counter revolution, a revolution opposed to a former one, and restoring a former state of things. -- Counter revolutionist, one engaged in, or befriending, a counter revolution. -- Counter round (Mil.), a body of officers whose duty it is to visit and inspect the rounds and sentinels. -- Counter sea (Naut.), a sea running in an opposite direction from the wind. -- Counter sense, opposite meaning. -- Counter signal, a signal to answer or correspond to another. -- Counter signature, the name of a secretary or other officer countersigned to a writing. . Tooke. -- Counter slope, an overhanging slope; as, a wall with a counter slope. Mahan. -- Counter statement, a statement made in opposition to, or denial of, another statement. -- Counter surety, a counter bond, or a surety to secure one who has given security. -- Counter tally, a tally corresponding to another. -- Counter tide, contrary tide. COUNTER Coun"ter, n. Etym: [See Counter, adv., Contra.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: The after part of a vessel's body, from the water line to the stern, -- below and somewhat forward of the stern proper. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Same as Contra. Formerly used to designate any under part which served for contrast to a principal part, but now used as equivalent to counter tenor. 3. (Far.) Defn: The breast, or thet part of a horse between the shoulders and under the neck. 4. The back leather or heel part of a boot. COUNTER Coun"ter (koun"tr), n. Defn: An encounter. [Obs.] With kindly counter under mimic shade. Spenser. COUNTER Coun"ter, v. i. (Boxing) Defn: To return a blow while receiving one, as in boxing. His left hand countered provokingly. C. Kingsley. COUNTERACT Coun`ter*act" (koun`tr-kt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counteracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counteracting.] Defn: To act in opposition to; to hinder, defeat, or frustrate, by contrary agency or influence; as, to counteract the effect of medicines; to counteract good advice. COUNTERACTION Coun`ter*ac"tion (koun`tr-k"shn), n. Defn: Action in opposition; hindrance resistance. [They] do not . . . overcome the counteraction of a false principle or of stubborn partiality. Johnson. COUNTERACTIVE Coun`ter*act"ive (-kt"v), a. Defn: Tending to counteract. COUNTERACTIVE Coun`ter*act"ive, n. Defn: One who, or that which, counteracts. COUNTERACTIVELY Coun`ter*act"ive*ly, adv. Defn: By counteraction. COUNTERBALANCE Coun`ter*bal"ance (-bl"ans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterbalanced (- anst); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterbalancing.] Defn: To oppose with an equal weight or power; to counteract the power or effect of; to countervail; to equiponderate; to balance. The remaining air was not able to counterbalance the mercurial cylinder. Boyle. The cstudy of mind is necessary to counterbalance and correct the influence of the study of nature. Sir W. Hamilton. COUNTERBALANCE Coun"ter*bal`ance (koun"tr-bl`ans), n. Defn: A weight, power, or agency, acting against or balancing another; as: (a) A mass of metal in one side of a driving wheel or fly wheel, to balance the weight of a crank pin, etc., on the opposite side of the wheel. (b) A counterpoise to balance the weight of anything, as of a drawbridge or a scale beam. Money is the counterbalance to all other things purchasable by it. Locke. COUNTERBORE Coun"ter*bore` (-br`), n. 1. A flat-bottomed cylindrical enlargement of the mouth of a hole, usually of slight depth, as for receiving a cylindrical screw head. 2. A kind of pin drill with the cutting edge or edges normal to the axis; -- used for enlarging a hole, or for forming a flat-bottomed recess at its mouth. COUNTERBORE Coun`ter*bore" (koun`tr-br"), v. t. Defn: To form a counterbore in, by boring, turning, or drilling; to enlarge, as a hole, by means of a counterbore. COUNTER BRACE Coun"ter brace` (brs`). 1. (Naut.) Defn: The brace of the fore-topsail on the leeward side of a vessel. 2. (Engin.) Defn: A brace, in a framed structure, which resists a strain of a character opposite to that which a main brace is designed to receive. Note: In a quadrilateral system of bracing, the main brace is usually in the direction of one diagonal, and the counter brace in the direction of the other. Strains in counter braces are occasioned by the live load only, as, in a roof, by the wind, or, in a bridge, by a moving train. COUNTERBRACE Coun"ter*brace`, v. t. 1. (Naut.) Defn: To brace in opposite directions; as, to counterbrace the yards, i. e., to brace the head yards one way and the after yards another. 2. (Engin.) Defn: To brace in such a way that opposite strains are resisted; to apply counter braces to. COUNTERBUFF Coun`ter*buff" (koun`tr-bf"), v. t. Defn: To strike or drive back or in an opposite direction; to stop by a blow or impulse in front. Dryden. COUNTERBUFF Coun"ter*buff` (koun"tr-bf`), n. Defn: A blow in an opposite direction; a stroke that stops motion or cause a recoil. COUNTERCAST Coun"ter*cast` (koun"tr-kst`), n. Defn: A trick; a delusive contrivance. [Obs.] Spenser. COUNTERCASTER Coun"ter*cast`er (-r), n. Defn: A caster of accounts; a reckoner; a bookkeeper; -- used conteptuously. COUNTERCHANGE Coun`ter*change" (koun`tr-chnj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterchanged (-chnjd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterchanging.] 1. To give and receive; to cause to change places; to exchange. 2. To checker; to diversify, as in heraldic counterchanging. See Counterchaged, a., 2. With-elms, that counterchange the floor Of this flat lawn with dusk and bright. Tennyson. COUNTERCHANGE Coun"ter*change` (koun"tr-chnj`), n. Defn: Exchange; reciprocation. COUNTERCHANGED Coun`ter*changed" (-chnjd"), a. 1. Exchanged. 2. (Her.) Defn: Having the tinctures exchanged mutually; thus, if the field is divided palewise, or and azure, and cross is borne counterchanged, that part of the cross which comes on the azure side will be or, and that on the or side will be azure. COUNTERCHARGE Coun"ter*charge` (koun"tr-chrj`), n. Defn: An opposing charge. COUNTERCHARM Coun`ter*charm" (koun`tr-chrm"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countercharmed (-chrmd`); p. pr. & vb. n. Countercharming.] Defn: To destroy the effect of a charm upon. COUNTERCHARM Coun"ter*charm` (koun"tr-chrm`), n. Defn: That which has the power of destroying the effect of a charm. COUNTERCHECK Coun`ter*check" (koun`tr-chk"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterchecked (- chckt"); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterchecking.] Defn: To oppose or check by some obstacle; to check by a return check. COUNTERCHECK Coun"ter*check` (koun"tr-chk`), n. 1. A check; a stop; a rebuke, or censure to check a reprover. 2. Any force or device designed to restrain another restraining force; a check upon a check. The system of checks and counterchecks. J. H. Newton. COUNTERCLAIM Coun"ter*claim` (-klm`), n. (Law) Defn: A claim made by a person as an offset to a claim made on him. COUNTER-COMPONY Coun"ter-com*po`ny (-km-p`n), a. (Her.) Defn: See Compony. COUNTER-COUCHANT Coun"ter-couch`ant (koun"tr-kouch"ant), a. (Her.) Defn: Lying down, with their heads in opposite directions; -- said of animals borne in a coat of arms. COUNTER-COURANT Coun"ter-cou*rant" (-k-rnt"), a. (Her.) Defn: Running in opposite directions; -- said of animals borne in a coast of arms. COUNTERCURRENT Coun"ter*cur`rent (koun"tr-kr`-rent), a. Defn: Running in an opposite direction. COUNTERCURRENT Coun"ter*cur`rent, n. Defn: A current running in an opposite direction to the main current. COUNTERDRAW Coun`ter*draw" (koun`tr-dr"), v. t. [imp. Counterdrew (-dr"); p. p. Counterdrawn (-drn"); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterdrawing.] Defn: To copy, as a design or painting, by tracing with a pencil on oiled paper, or other transparent substance. COUNTERFAISANCE Coun"ter*fai"sance (koun"tr-f"zans), n. Defn: See Counterfesance. [Obs.] COUNTERFEIT Coun"ter*feit (koun"tr-ft), a. Etym: [F. contrefait, p. p. of contrefaire to counterfeit; contre (L. contra) + faire to make, fr. L. facere. See Counter, adv., and Fact.] 1. Representing by imitation or likeness; having a resemblance to something else; portrayed. Look here upon this picture, and on this-The counterfeit presentment of two brothers. Shak. 2. Fabricated in imitation of something else, with a view to defraud by passing the false copy for genuine or original; as, counterfeit antiques; counterfeit coin. "No counterfeit gem." Robinson (More's Utopia). 3. Assuming the appearance of something; false; spurious; deceitful; hypocritical; as, a counterfeit philanthropist. "An arrant counterfeit rascal." Shak. Syn. -- Forged; fictitious; spurious; false. COUNTERFEIT Coun"ter*feit, n. 1. That which resembles or is like another thing; a likeness; a portrait; a counterpart. Thou drawest a counterfeit Best in all Athens. Shak. Even Nature's self envied the same, And grudged to see the counterfeit should shame The thing itself. Spenser. 2. That which is made in imitation of something, with a view to deceive by passing the false for the true; as, the bank note was a counterfeit. Never call a true piece of gold a counterfeit. Shak. Some of these counterfeits are fabricated with such exquisite taste and skill, that it is the achievement of criticism to distinguish them from originals. Macaulay. 3. One who pretends to be what he is not; one who personates another; an impostor; a cheat. I fear thou art another counterfeit; And yet, in faith, thou bears'st thee like a king. Shak. COUNTERFEIT Coun"ter*feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterfeited; p. pr. & vb. n. Counterfeiting.] 1. To imitate, or put on a semblance of; to mimic; as, to counterfeit the voice of another person. Full well they laughed with counterfeited glee At all his jokes, for many a joke had he. Goldsmith. 2. To imitate with a view to deceiving, by passing the copy for that which is original or genuine; to forge; as, to counterfeit the signature of another, coins, notes, etc. COUNTERFEIT Coun"ter*feit, v. i. 1. To carry on a deception; to dissemble; to feign; to pretend. The knave counterfeits well; a good knave. Shak. 2. To make counterfeits. COUNTERFEITER Coun"ter*feit`er (-ft`r), n. 1. One who counterfeits; one who copies or imitates; especially, one who copies or forges bank notes or coin; a forger. The coin which was corrupted by counterfeiters. Camden. 2. One who assumes a false appearance or semblance; one who makes false pretenses. Counterfeiters of devotion. Sherwood. COUNTERFEITLY Coun"ter*feit`ly, adv. Defn: By forgery; falsely. COUNTERFESANCE Coun"ter*fe`sance (-f"zans), n. Etym: [OF. contrefaisance, fr. contrefaire. See Counterfeit, a.] Defn: The act of forging; forgery. [Obs.] [Written also counterfaisance.] COUNTERFLEURY Coun"ter*fleu`ry (koun"tr-fl`r), a. Etym: [F. contrefleuri.] (Her.) Defn: Counterflory. COUNTERFLORY Coun"ter*flo`ry (-fl`r), a. Etym: [See Counterfleury.] (Her.) Defn: Adorned with flowers (usually fleurs-de-lis) so divided that the tops appear on one side and the bottoms on the others; -- said of any ordinary. COUNTERFOIL Coun"ter*foil` (-foil), n. Etym: [Counter- + foil a leaf.] 1. That part of a tally, formerly in the exchequer, which was kept by an officer in that court, the other, called the stock, being delivered to the person who had lent the king money on the account; - - called also counterstock. [Eng.] 2. The part of a writing (as the stub of a bank check) in which are noted the main particulars contained in the corresponding part, which has been issued. COUNTERFORCE Coun"ter*force` (-frs`), n. Defn: An opposing force. COUNTERFORT Coun"ter*fort` (-frt`), n. 1. (Fort.) Defn: A kind of buttress of masonry to strengthen a revetment wall. 2. A spur or projection of a mountain. Imp. Dict. COUNTERGAGE Coun"ter*gage` (-gj`), n. (Carp.) Defn: An adjustable gage, with double points for transferring measurements from one timber to another, as the breadth of a mortise to the place where the tenon is to be made. Knight. COUNTERGLOW Coun"ter*glow`, n. (Astron.) Defn: An exceedingly faint roundish or somewhat oblong nebulous light near the ecliptic and opposite the sun, best seen during September and October, when in the constellations Sagittarius and Pisces. Its cause is not yet understood. Called also Gegenschein. COUNTERGUARD Coun"ter*guard` (koun"tr-grd`), n. (Fort.) Defn: A low outwork before a bastion or ravelin, consisting of two lines of rampart parallel to the faces of the bastion, and protecting them from a breaching fire. COUNTERIRRITANT; COUNTERIRRITATION Coun"ter*ir`ri*tant (-r"r-tant), n., Coun"ter*ir`ri*ta"tion, n. Defn: See Counter irritant, etc., under Counter, a. COUNTERIRRITATE Coun"ter*ir"ri*tate (koun"tr-r"r-tt), v. t. (Med.) Defn: To produce counter irritation in; to treat with one morbid process for the purpose of curing another. COUNTERJUMPER Coun"ter*jump`er (koun"tr-jmp`r), n. Defn: A salesman in a shop; a shopman; -- used contemtuously. [Slang] COUNTERLATH Coun"ter*lath`, n. (Building) (a) A batten laid lengthwise between two rafters to afford a bearing for laths laid crosswise. (b) Any lath laid without actual measurement between two gauged laths. (c) Any of a series of laths nailed to the timbers to raise the sheet lathing above their surface to afford a key for plastering. (d) One of many laths used in preparing one side of a partition or framed wall, when the other side has been covered in and finished. COUNTERMAN Coun"ter*man (koun"tr-man), n.; pl. Countermen (-men). Defn: A man who attends at the counter of a shop to sell goods. [Eng.] COUNTERMAND Coun`ter*mand" (koun`tr-mnd"), v. t. [imp & p. p. Countermanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Countermanding.] Etym: [F. contremander; contre (L. contra) + mander to command, fr. L. mandare. Cf. Mandate.] 1. To revoke (a former command); to cancel or rescind by giving an order contrary to one previously given; as, to countermand an order for goods. 2. To prohibit; to forbid. [Obs.] Avicen countermands letting blood in choleric bodles. Harvey. 3. To oppose; to revoke the command of. For us to alter anuthing, is to lift ourselves against God; and, as it were, to countermand him. Hooker. COUNTERMAND Coun"ter*mand (koun"tr-mnd), n. Defn: A contrary order; revocation of a former order or command. Have you no countermand for Claudio yet, But he must die to-morrow Shak. COUNTERMANDABLE Coun`ter*mand"a*ble (-mnd"-b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being countermanded; revocable. Bacon. COUNTERMARCH Coun`ter*march" (koun`tr-mrch"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Countermarched (-mrcht"); p. pr. & vb. n. Countermarching.] (Mil.) Defn: To march back, or to march in reversed order. The two armies marched and countermarched, drew near and receded. Macaulay. COUNTERMARCH Coun"ter*march` (koun"tr-mrch`), n. 1. A marching back; retrocession. 2. (Mil.) Defn: An evolution by which a body of troops change front or reverse the direction of march while retaining the same men in the front rank; also, a movement by which the rear rank becomes the front one, either with or without changing the right to the left. 3. A change of measures; alteration of conduct. Such countermarches and retractions as we do not willingly impute to wisdom. T. Burnet. COUNTERMARK Coun"ter*mark` (-mrk`), n. 1. A mark or token added to those already existing, in order to afford security or proof; as, an additional or special mark put upon a package of goods belonging to several persons, that it may not be opened except in the presence of all; a mark added to that of an artificer of gold or silver work by the Goldsmiths' Company of London, to attest the standard quality of the gold or silver; a mark added to an ancient coin or medal, to show either its change of value or that it was taken from an enemy. 2. (Far.) Defn: An artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses that have outgrown their natural mark, to disguise their age. COUNTERMARK Coun`ter*mark" (koun`tr-mrk"), v. t. Defn: To apply a countenmark to; as, to countermark silverware; to countermark a horse's teeth. COUNTERMINE Coun"ter*mine` (koun"tr-mn`), n. Etym: [Counter- + mine underground gallery: cf. F. contermine.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: An underground gallery excavated to intercept and destroy the mining of an enemy. 2. A stratagem or plot by which another sratagem or project is defeated. Thinking himself contemned, knowing no countermine against contempt but terror. Sir P. Sidney. COUNTERMINE Coun`ter*mine" (koun`tr-mn"), v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. contreminer.] [imp. & p. p. Countermined; p. pr. & vb. n. Countermining.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: To oppose by means or a countermine; to intercept with a countermine. 2. To frustrate or counteract by secret measures. COUNTERMINE Coun`ter*mine", v. i. Defn: To make a countermine or counterplot; to plot secretly. 'Tis hard for man to countermine with God. Chapman. COUNTERMOVE Coun`ter*move" (koun`tr-mv"), v. t. & i. Defn: To move in a contrary direction to. COUNTERMOVE; COUNTERMOVEMENT Coun"ter*move` (-mv`), n. Coun"ter*move`ment (-ment). Defn: A movement in opposition to another. COUNTERMURE Coun"ter*mure` (-mr`), n. Etym: [Counter- + mure: cf. F. contremur.] (Fort.) Defn: A wall raised behind another, to supply its place when breached or destroyed. [R.] Cf. Contramure. Knolles. COUNTERMURE Coun`ter*mure" (koun`tr-mr"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countermured (- mrd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Countermuring.] Etym: [Cf. F. contremurer.] Defn: To fortify with a wall behind another wall. [R.] Kyd. COUNTERNATURAL Coun"ter*nat`u*ral (koun"tr-nt`-ral; 135), a. Defn: Contrary to nature. [R.] Harvey. COUNTER-PALY Coun"ter-pa`ly (-p`l), a. Etym: [F. contre-palé.] (Her.) Defn: Paly, and then divided fesswise, so that each vertical piece is cut into two, having the colors used alternately or counterchanged. Thus the escutcheon in the illustration may also be blazoned paly of six per fess counterchanged argent and azure. COUNTERPANE Coun"ter*pane` (koun"tr-pn`), n. Etym: [See Counterpoint, corrupted into counterpane, from the employment of pane-shaped figures in these coverlets. ] Defn: A coverlet for a bed, -- originally stitched or woven in squares or figures. On which a tissue counterpane was cast. Drayton. COUNTERPANE Coun"ter*pane`, n. Etym: [OF. contrepan a pledge, security; contre + pan a skirt, also, a pawn or gage, F. pan a skirt. See Pane, and cf. Pawn.] (O. Law) Defn: A duplicate part or copy of an indenture, deed, etc., corresponding with the original; -- now called counterpart. Read, scribe; give me the counterpane. B. Jonson. COUNTERPART Coun"ter*part` (koun"tr-prt`), n. 1. A part corresponding to another part; anything which answers, or corresponds, to another; a copy; a duplicate; a facsimile. In same things the laws of Normandy agreed with the laws of England, so that they seem to be, as it were, copies or counterparts one of another. Sir M. Hale. 2. (Law) Defn: One of two corresponding copies of an instrument; a duplicate. 3. A person who closely resembles another. 4. A thing may be applied to another thing so as to fit perfectly, as a seal to its impression; hence, a thing which is adapted to another thing, or which suplements it; that which serves to complete or complement anything; hence, a person or thing having qualities lacking in another; an opposite. O counterpart Of our soft sex, well are you made our lords. Dryden. COUNTERPASSANT Coun"ter*pas`sant (-ps"sant), a. Etym: [Counter- + passant:cf. F. contrepassant.] (Her.) Defn: Passant in opposite directions; -- said of two animals. COUNTERPLEAD Coun`ter*plead" (koun`tr-pld"), v. t. Defn: To plead the contrary of; to plead against; to deny. COUNTERPLOT Coun`ter*plot" (koun`tr-plt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterplotted;p. pr. & vb. n. Counterplotting.] Defn: To oppose, as another plot, by plotting; to attempt to frustrate, as a stratagem, by stratagem. Every wile had proved abortive, every plot had been counterplotted. De Quinsey. COUNTERPLOT Coun"ter*plot` (koun"tr-plt`), n. Defn: A plot or artifice opposed to another. L'Estrange. COUNTERPOINT Coun"ter*point` (koun"tr-point`), n. Etym: [Counter- + point.] Defn: An opposite point [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys. COUNTERPOINT Coun"ter*point`, n. Etym: [F. contrepoint; cf. It. contrappunto. Cf. Contrapuntal.] (Mus.) (a) The setting of note against note in harmony; the adding of one or more parts to a given canto fermo or melody. (b) The art of polyphony, or composite melody, i. e., melody not single, but moving attended by one or more related melodies. (c) Music in parts; part writing; harmony; polyphonic music. See Polyphony. Counterpoint, an invention equivalent to a new creation of music. Whewell. COUNTERPOINT Coun"ter*point`, n. Etym: [OF. contrepoincte, corruption of earlier counstepointe, countepointe, F. courtepointe, fr. L. culcita cushion, mattress (see Quilt, and cf. Cushion) + puncta, fem. p. p. of pungere to prick (see Point). The word properly meant a stitched quilt, with the colors broken one into another.] Defn: A coverlet; a cover for a bed, often stitched or broken into squares; a counterpane. See 1st Counterpane. Embroidered coverlets or counterpoints of purple silk. Sir T. North. COUNTERPOISE Coun"ter*poise` (koun"tr-poiz`; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterpoised (-poizd`); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterpoising.] Etym: [OE. countrepesen, counterpeisen, F. contrepeser. See Counter, adv., and Poise, v. t. ] 1. To act against with equal weight; to equal in weght; to balance the weight of; to counterbalance. Weigts, counterpoising one another. Sir K. Digby. 2. To act against with equal power; to balance. So many freeholders of English will be able to beard and counterpoise the rest. Spenser. COUNTERPOISE Coun"ter*poise` (koun"tr-poiz`), n. Etym: [OE. countrepese, OF. contrepois, F. contrepods. See Counter, adv., and Poise, n.] 1. A weight sufficient to balance another, as in the opposite scale of a balance; an equal weight. Fastening that to our exact balance, we put a metalline counterpoise into the opposite scale. Boyle. 2. An equal power or force acting in opposition; a force sufficient to balance another force. The second nobles are a counterpoise to the higher nobility, that they grow not too potent. Bacon. 3. The relation of two weights or forces which balance each other; equilibrum; equiponderance. The pendulous round eart, with balanced air, In counterpoise. Milton. COUNTERPOLE Coun"ter*pole` (-pl`), n. Defn: The exact opposite. The German prose offers the counterpole to the French style. De Quincey. COUNTERPONDERATE Coun`ter*pon"der*ate (-pn"dr-t), v. t. Defn: TO equal in weight; to counterpoise; to equiponderate. COUNTERPROVE Coun`ter*prove" (koun`tr-prv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterproved (- prvd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterproving.] Defn: To take a counter proof of, or a copy in reverse, by taking an impression directly from the face of an original. See Counter proof, under Counter. COUNTERREVOLUTIONARY; COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY counterrevolutionary counter-revolutionary adj. Defn: marked by opposition or antipathy to revolution; as, ostracized for his counterrevolutionary tendencies. Opposite of revolutionary. [WordNet 1.5] COUNTER-ROLL Coun"ter-roll` (-rl`), n. Etym: [Cf. Control.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A duplicate roll (record or account) kept by an officer as a check upon another officer's roll. Burrill. Note: As a verb this word is contracted into control. See Control. COUNTERROLMENT Coun`ter*rol"ment (koun`tr-rl"ment), n. Defn: A counter account. See Control. [Obs.] Bacon. COUNTER-SALIENT Coun`ter-sa"li*ent (-s"l-ent or -sl"yent; 106), a. (Her.) Defn: Leaping from each other; -- said of two figures on a coast of arms. COUNTERSCALE Coun"ter*scale` (koun"tr-skl`), n. Defn: Counterbalance; balance, as of one scale against another. [Obs.] Howell. COUNTERSCARF Coun"ter*scarf` (-skrf`), n. Etym: [Counter- + scarp: cf. F. contrescarpe.] (Fort.) Defn: The exterior slope or wall of the ditch; -- sometimes, the whole covered way, beyond the ditch, with its parapet and glacis; as, the enemy have lodged themselves on the counterscarp. COUNTERSEAL Coun`ter*seal" (koun`tr-sl"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersealed (- sld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Countersealing.] Defn: To seal or ratify with another or others. Shak. COUNTERSECURE Coun`ter*se*cure" (-s-kr"), v. t. Defn: To give additional security to or for. Burke. COUNTERSHAFT Coun"ter*shaft` (koun"tr-shft`), n. (Mach.) Defn: An intermediate shaft; esp., one which receives motion from a line shaft in a factory and transmits it to a machine. COUNTERSIGN Coun`ter*sign" (-sn`; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersigned (- snd`); p. pr. & vb. n. Countersigning.] Etym: [Counter- + sign: cf. F. contresigner.] Defn: To sign on the opposite side of (an instrument or writing); hence, to sign in addition to the signature of a principal or superior, in order to attest the authenticity of a writing. COUNTERSIGN Coun"ter*sign`, a. 1. The signature of a secretary or other officer to a writing signed by a principal or superior, to attest its authenticity. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A private signal, word, or phrase, which must be given in order to pass a sentry; a watchword. COUNTERSINK Coun"ter*sink` (koun"tr-sk`; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersunk (- s; p. pr. & vb. n. Countersinking.] 1. To chamfer or form a depression around the top of (a hole in wood, metal, etc.) for the reception of the head of a screw or bolt below the surface, either wholly or in part; as, to countersink a hole for a screw. 2. To cause to sink even with or below the surface; as, to countersink a screw or bolt into woodwork. COUNTERSINK Coun"ter*sink`, n. 1. An enlargement of the upper part of a hole, forming a cavity or depression for receiving the head of a screw or bolt. Note: In the United States a flaring cavity formed by chamfering the edges of a round hole is called a countersink, while a cylindrical flat-bottomed enlargement of the mouth of the hole is usually called a conterbore. 2. A drill or cutting tool for countersinking holes. COUNTERSTAND Coun"ter*stand` (-st, n. Defn: Resistance; opposition; a stand against. Making counterstand to Robert Guiscard. Longfellow. COUNTERSTEP Coun"ter*step` (koun"tr-stp`), n. Defn: A contrary method of procedure; opposite course of action. COUNTERSTOCK Coun"ter*stock` (-stk`), n. Defn: See Counterfoil. COUNTERSTROKE Coun"ter*stroke` (-strk`), n. Defn: A stroke or blow in return. Spenser. COUNTERSUNK Coun"ter*sunk` (-snk`), p. p. & a. from Countersink. 1. Chamfered at the top; -- said of a hole. 2. Sunk into a chamfer; as, a countersunk bolt. 3. Beveled on the lower side, so as to fit a chamfered countersink; as, a countersunk nailhead. COUNTERSWAY Coun"ter*sway` (-sw`), n. Defn: A swaying in a contrary direction; an opposing influence. [Obs.] A countersway of restraint, curbing their wild exorbitance. Milton. COUNTER TENOR Coun"ter ten`or (tn`r). Etym: [OF. contreteneur. Cf. Contratenor, and see Tenor a part in music.] (Mus.) Defn: One of the middle parts in music, between the tenor and the treble; high tenor. Counter-tenor clef (Mus.), the C clef when placed on the third line; -- also called alto clef. COUNTERTERM Coun"ter*term` (-trm`), n. Defn: A term or word which is the opposite of, or antithesis to, another; an antonym; -- the opposite of synonym; as, "foe" is the counterterm of "friend". C. J. Smith. COUNTERTIME Coun"ter*time` (-tm`), n. 1. (Man.) Defn: The resistance of a horse, that interrupts his cadence and the measure of his manege, occasioned by a bad horseman, or the bad temper of the horse. 2. Resistance; opposition. [Obs.] Give not shus the countertime to fate. Dryden. COUNTERTRIPPANT Coun"ter*trip`pant (-trp`pant), a. (Her.) Defn: Trippant in opposite directions. See Trippant. COUNTERTRIPPING Coun"ter*trip`ping (-trp`png), a. (Her.) Defn: Same as Countertrippant. COUNTERTURN Coun"ter*turn` (-t, n. Defn: The critical moment in a play, when, contrary to expectation, the action is embroiled in new difficulties. Dryden. COUNTERVAIL Coun`ter*vail" (koun`tr-vl"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countervailed (- vld); p. pr. & vb. n. Countervailing.] Etym: [OF. contrevaloir; contre (L. contra) + valoir to avail, fr. L. valere to be strong, avail. See Vallant.] Defn: To act against with equal force, power, or effect; to thwart or overcome by such action; to furnish an equivalent to or for; to counterbalance; to compensate. Upon balancing the account, the profit at last will hardly countervail the inconveniences that go allong with it. L'Estrange. COUNTERVAIL Coun"ter*vail` (koun"tr-vl`), n. Defn: Power or value sufficient to obviate any effect; equal weight, strength, or value; equivalent; compensation; requital. [Obs.] Surely, the present pleasure of a sinful act is a poor countervail for the bitterness of the review. South. COUNTERVALLATION Coun`ter*val*la"tion (-vl-l"sn), n. (Fort.) Defn: See Contravallation. COUNTERVIEW Coun"ter*view` (koun"tr-v`), n. 1. An opposite or opposing view; opposition; a posture in which two persons front each other. Within the gates of hell sat Death and Sin, In counterview. Milton M. Peisse has ably advocated the counterview in his preface and appendixx. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. A position in which two dissimilar things illustrate each other by opposition; contrast. I have drawn some lines of Linger's character, on purpose to place it in counterview, or contrast with that of the other company. Swift. COUNTERVOTE Coun`ter*vote" (koun`tr-vt"), v. t. Defn: To vote in opposition ti; to balance or overcome by viting; to outvote. Dr. J. Scott. COUNTERWAIT Coun`ter*wait", v. t. Defn: To wait or watch for; to be on guard against. [Obs.] Chaucer. COUNTERWEIGH Coun`ter*weigh" (-w"), v. t. Defn: To weigh against; to counterbalance. COUNTER WEIGHT Coun"ter *weight` (-wt`), n. Defn: A counterpoise. COUNTERWHEEL Coun`ter*wheel" (-hwl"), v. t. (Mil.) Defn: To cause to wheel or turn in an opposite direction. COUNTERWORK Coun`ter*work" (-wrk"), v. t. Defn: To work in oppositeion to; to counteract. That counterworksh folly and caprice. Pope. COUNTESS Count"ess (kount"s), n.; pl. Countesses (-. Etym: [F. comtesse. See Count a nobleman.] Defn: The wife of an earl in the British peerage, or of a count in the Continental nobility; also, a lady possessed of the same dignity in her own right. See the Note under Count. COUNTINGHOUSE; COUNTINGROOM Count"ing*house` (kount"ng-hous`), Count"ing*room` (kount"ng-rm`), n. Etym: [See Count, v. ] Defn: The house or room in which a merchant, trader, or manufacturer keeps his books and transacts business. COUNTLESS Count"less (-ls), a. Defn: Incapable of being counted; not ascertainable; innumerable. COUNTOR Count"or (kount"r), n. Etym: [From Count, v. t. (in sense 4).] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: An advocate or professional pleader; one who counted for his client, that is, orally pleaded his cause. [Obs.] Burrill. COUNTOUR; COUNTOURHOUSE Coun*tour" (kn-tr"), Coun*tour"house` (-hous`), n. Etym: [See 2d Counter.] Defn: A merchant's office; a countinghouse. [Obs.] Chaucer. COUNTRE- Coun"tre- (koun"ter-). Defn: Same as prefix Counter-. [Obs.] COUNTREPLETE Coun`tre*plete" (-plt"), v. t. Etym: [Countre- + plete to plead.] Defn: To counterplead. [Obs.] Chaucer. COUNTRETAILLE Coun"tre*taille` (koun"tr-tl`), n. Etym: [F. contretaille; contre (L. contra) + taille cut. See Tally.] Defn: A counter tally; correspondence (in sound). [Obs.] At the countretaille, in return. Chaucer. COUNTRIFIED Coun"tri*fied (kn"tr-fld), p. a. Defn: Having the appearance and manners of a rustic; rude. As being one who took no pride, And was a deal too countrified. Lloyd. COUNTRIFY Coun"tri*fy (kn"tr-f), v. t. Defn: To give a rural appearance to; to cause to appear rustic. Lamb. COUNTRY Coun"try (kn"tr), n.; pl. Countries (-tr. Etym: [F. contr, LL. contrata, fr. L. contra over against, on the opposite side. Cf. Counter, adv., Contra.] 1. A tract of land; a region; the territory of an independent nation; (as distinguished from any other region, and with a personal pronoun) the region of one's birth, permanent residence, or citizenship. Return unto thy country, and to thy kindred. Gen. xxxxii. 9. I might have learned this by my last exile, that change of countries cannot change my state. Stirling. Many a famous realm And country, whereof here needs no account Milton. 2. Rural regions, as opposed to a city or town. As they walked, on their way into the country. Mark xvi. 12 (Rev. Ver. ). God made the covatry, and man made the town. Cowper. Only very great men were in the habit of dividing the year between town and country. Macualay. 3. The inhabitants or people of a state or a region; the populace; the public. Hence: (a) One's constituents. (b) The whole body of the electors of state; as, to dissolve Parliament and appeal to the country. All the country in a general voice Cried hate upon him. Shak. 4. (Law) (a) A jury, as representing the citizens of a country. (b) The inhabitants of the district from which a jury is drawn. 5. (Mining.) Defn: The rock through which a vein runs. Conclusion to the country. See under Conclusion. -- To put, or throw, one's self upon the country, to appeal to one's constituents; to stand trial before a jury. COUNTRY Coun"try, a. 1. Pertaining to the regions remote from a city; rural; rustic; as, a country life; a country town; the country party, as opposed to city. 2. Destitute of refinement; rude; unpolished; rustic; not urbane; as, country manners. 3. Pertaining, or peculiar, to one's own country. She, bowing herself towards him, laughing the cruel tyrant to scorn, spake in her country language. 2 Macc. vii. 27. COUNTRY BANK Coun"try bank. (Banking) Defn: A national bank not in a reserve city. [Colloq., U. S.] COUNTRY-BASE Coun"try-base` (-bs`), n. Defn: Same as Prison base. COUNTRY CLUB Coun"try club. Defn: A club usually located in the suburbs or vicinity of a city or town and devoted mainly to outdoor sports. COUNTRY COUSIN Coun"try cousin. Defn: A relative from the country visiting the city and unfamiliar with city manners and sights. COUNTRY-DANCE Coun"try-dance` (-dns`), n. Etym: [Prob. an adaptation of contradance.] Defn: See Contradance. He had introduced the English country-dance to the knowledge of the Dutch ladies. Macualay. COUNTRYMAN Coun"try*man (kn"tr-man), n.; pl. Countrymen (-men). 1. An inhabitant or native of a region. Shak. 2. One born in the same country with another; a compatriot; -- used with a possessive pronoun. In perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils by mine own countrymen. 2 Cor. xi. 26. 3. One who dwells in the country, as distinguished from a townsman or an inhabitant of a city; a rustic; a husbandman or farmer. A simple countryman that brought her figs. Shak. COUNTRY SEAT Coun"try seat` (kn"tr st`). Defn: A dwelling in the country, used as a place of retirement from the city. COUNTRYSIDE Coun"try*side` (-sd`), n. Defn: A particular rural district; a country neighborhood. [Eng.] W. Black. Blackmore. COUNTRYWOMAN Coun"try*wom`an (-wm`an), n.; pl. Countrywomen (-w. Defn: A woman born, or dwelling, in the country, as opposed to the city; a woman born or dwelling in the same country with another native or inhabitant. Shak. COUNT-WHEEL Count"-wheel` (kount"hwl`), n. Defn: The wheel in a clock which regulates the number of strokes. COUNTY Coun"ty (koun"t), n.; pl. Counties (-t. Etym: [F. comt, fr. LL. comitatus. See Count.] 1. An earldom; the domain of a count or earl. [Obs.] 2. A circuit or particular portion of a state or kingdom, separated from the rest of the territory, for certain purposes in the administration of justice and public affairs; -- called also a shire. See Shire. Every county, every town, every family, was in agitation. Macaulay. 3. A count; an earl or lord. [Obs.] Shak. County commissioners. See Commissioner. -- County corporate, a city or town having the privilege to be a county by itself, and to be governed by its own sheriffs and other magistrates, irrespective of the officers of the county in which it is situated; as London, York, Bristol, etc. [Eng.] Mozley & W. -- County court, a court whose jurisdiction is limited to county. -- County palatine, a county distingushed by particular privileges; -- so called a palatio (from the palace), because the owner had originally royal powers, or the same powers, in the administration of justice, as the king had in his palace; but these powers are now abridged. The counties palatine, in England, are Lancaster, Chester, and Durham. -- County rates, rates levied upon the county, and collected by the boards of guardians, for the purpose of defraying the expenses to which counties are liable, such as repairing bridges, jails, etc. [Eng.] -- County seat, a county town. [U.S.] -- County sessions, the general quarter sessions of the peace for each county, held four times a year. [Eng.] -- County town, the town of a county, where the county business is transacted; a shire town. COUP Coup (k), n. Etym: [F., fr.L. colaphus a cuff, Gr. Defn: A sudden stroke; an unexpected device or stratagem; -- a term used in various ways to convey the idea of promptness and force. Coup de grace (ke gr Etym: [F.], the stroke of mercy with which an executioner ends by death the sufferings of the condemned; hence, a decisive, finishing stroke. -- Coup de main (ke m Etym: [F.] (Mil.), a sudden and unexpected movement or attack. -- Coup de soleil (k Etym: [F.] (Med.), a sunstroke. See Sunstroke. -- Coup d'état (k Etym: [F.] (Politics), a sudden, decisive exercise of power whereby the existing government is subverted without the consent of the people; an unexpected measure of state, more or less violent; a stroke of policy. -- Coup d'oeil (k. Etym: [F.] (a) A single view; a rapid glance of the eye; a comprehensive view of a scene; as much as can be seen at one view. (b) The general effect of a picture. (c) (Mil.) The faculty or the act of comprehending at a glance the weakness or strength of a military position, of a certain arrangement of troops, the most advantageous position for a battlefield, etc. COUPABLE Cou (k"p-b'l), a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Culpable. [Obs.] COUPE Cou`pé" (k`p"), n. Etym: [F., fr. coupé, p. p. of couper to cut. See Coppice.] 1. The front compartment of a French diligence; also, the front compartment (usually for three persons) of a car or carriage on British railways. 2. A four-wheeled close carriage for two persons inside, with an outside seat for the driver; -- so called because giving the appearance of a larger carriage cut off. COUPED Couped (kpt), a. Etym: [F. couper to cut.] (Her.) Defn: Cut off smoothly, as distinguished from erased; -- used especially for the head or limb of an animal. See Erased. COUPEE Cou*pee" (k-p"; F. k`p), n. Etym: [F. coupé, n., properly p. p. of couper to cut. Cf. Coupé, Coopee.] Defn: A motion in dancing, when one leg is a little bent, and raised from the floor, and with the other a forward motion is made. Chambers. COUPE-GORGE Coupe`-gorge" (kp`grzh"), n. Etym: [F., cut throat.] (Mil.) Defn: Any position giving the enemy such advantage that the troops occupying it must either surrender or be cut to pieces. Farrow. COUPLE Cou"ple (kp"'l), n. Etym: [F. couple, fr. L. copula a bond, band; co- + apere, aptum, ti join. See Art, a., and cf.Copula.] 1. That which joins or links two things together; a bond or tie; a coupler. [Obs.] It is in some sort with friends as it is with dogs in couples; they should be of the same size and humor. L'Estrange. I'll go in couples with her. Shak. 2. Two of the same kind connected or considered together; a pair; a brace. "A couple of shepherds." Sir P. Sidney. "A couple of drops" Adduson. "A couple of miles." Dickens. "A couple of weeks." Carlyle. Adding one to one we have the complex idea of a couple. Locke. [Ziba] met him with a couple of asses saddled. 2 Sam. xvi. 1. 3. A male and female associated together; esp., a man and woman who are married or betrothed. Such were our couple, man and wife. Lloyd. Fair couple linked in happy, nuptial league. Milton. 4. (Arch.) Defn: See Couple-close. 5. (Elec.) Defn: One of the pairs of plates of two metals which compose a voltaic battery; -- called a voltaic couple or galvanic couple. 6. (Mech.) Defn: Two rotations, movements, etc., which are equal in amount but opposite in direction, and acting along parallel lines or around parallel axes. Note: The effect of a couple of forces is to produce a rotation. A couple of rotations is equivalent to a motion of translation. COUPLE Cou"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coupled (kp"'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Coupling (-lng).] Etym: [F. coupler, fr. L. copulare. See Couple, n., and cf. Copulate, Cobble, v. ] 1. To link or tie, as one thing to another; to connect or fasten together; to join. Huntsman, I charge thee, tender well my hounds, . . . And couple Clowder with the deep-mouthed brach. Shak. 2. To join in wedlock; to marry. [Colloq.] A parson who couples all our beggars. Swift. COUPLE Cou"ple, v. i. Defn: To come together as male and female; to copulate. [Obs.] Milton. Bacon. COUPLE-BEGGAR Cou"ple-beg`gar (-bg`gr), n. Defn: One who makes it his business to marry beggars to each other. Swift. COUPLE-CLOSE Cou"ple-close` (kp"-kls`), n.; pl. Couple-closes (-kl 1. (Her.) Defn: A diminutive of the chevron, containing one fourth of its surface. Couple-closes are generally borne one on each side of a chevron, and the blazoning may then be either a chevron between two couple-closes or chevron cottised. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A pair of rafters framed together with a tie fixed at their feet, or with a collar beam. [Engl.] COUPLEMENT Cou"ple*ment (kp"'l-ment), n. Etym: [Cf. OF. couplement.] Defn: Union; combination; a coupling; a pair. [Obs.] Shak. And forth together rode, a goodly couplement. Spenser. COUPLER Coup"ler (kp"lr), n. Defn: One who couples; that which couples, as a link, ring, or shackle, to connect cars. Coupler of an organ, a contrivance by which any two or more of the ranks of keys, or keys and pedals, are connected so as to act together when the organ is played. COUPLET Coup"let (-lt), n. Etym: [F. couplet, dim. of couple. See Couple, n. ] Defn: Two taken together; a pair or couple; especially two lines of verse that rhyme with each other. A sudden couplet rushes on your mind. Crabbe. COUPLING Coup"ling (-lng), n. 1. The act of bringing or coming together; connection; sexual union. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A device or contrivance which serves to couple or connect adjacent parts or objects; as, a belt coupling, which connects the ends of a belt; a car coupling, which connects the cars in a train; a shaft coupling, which connects the ends of shafts. Box coupling, Chain coupling. See under Box, Chain. -- Coupling box, a coupling shaped like a journal box, for clamping together the ends of two shafts, so that they may revolve together. -- Coupling pin, a pin or bolt used in coupling or joining together railroad cars, etc. COUPON Cou"pon (k"pn; F. k`pn"), n. Etym: [F., fr. couper to cut, cut off. See Coppice.] 1. (Com.) Defn: A certificate of interest due, printed at the bottom of transferable bonds (state, railroad, etc.), given for a term of years, designed to be cut off and presented for payment when the interest is due; an interest warrant. 2. A section of a ticket, showing the holder to be entitled to some specified accomodation or service, as to a passage over a designated line of travel, a particular seat in a theater, or the like. COUPSTICK Coup"stick` (koo"stik`), n. [Coup + stick.] Defn: A stick or switch used among some American Indians in making or counting a coup. COUPURE Cou*pure" (k-pr"), n. Etym: [F., fr. couper to cut.] (Fort.) Defn: A passage cut through the glacis to facilitate sallies by the besieged. Wilhelm. COURAGE Cour"age (kr"j;48), n. Etym: [OE. corage heart, mind, will, courage, OF. corage, F. courage, fr. a LL. derivative of L. cor heart. See Heart.] 1. The heart; spirit; temper; disposition. [Obs.] So priketh hem nature in here corages. Chaucer. My lord, cheer up your spirits; our foes are nigh, and this soft courage makes your followers faint. Shak. 2. Heart; inclination; desire; will. [Obs.] Chaucer. I'd such a courage to do him good. Shak. 3. That quality of mind which enables one to encounter danger and difficulties with firmness, or without fear, or fainting of heart; valor; boldness; resolution. The king-becoming graces . . . Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude, I have no relish of them. Shak. Courage that grows from constitution often forsakes a man when he has occasion for it. Addison. Syn. -- Heroism; bravery; intrepidity; valor; gallantry; daring; firmness; hardihood; boldness; dauntlessness; resolution. See Heroism. -- Courage, Bravery, Fortitude, Intrepidity, Gallantry, Valor. Courage is that firmness of spirit and swell of soul which meets danger without fear. Bravery is daring and impetuous courage, like that of one who has the reward continually in view, and displays his courage in daring acts. Fortitude has often been styled "passive courage," and consist in the habit of encountering danger and enduring pain with a steadfast and unbroken spirit. Valor is courage exhibited in war, and can not be applied to single combats; it is never used figuratively. Intrepidity is firm, unshaken courage. Gallantry is adventurous courage, which courts danger with a high and cheerful spirit. A man may show courage, fortitude, or intrepidity in the common pursuits of life, as well as in war. Valor, bravery, and gallantry are displayed in the contest of arms. Valor belongs only to battle; bravery may be shown in single combat; gallantry may be manifested either in attack or defense; but in the latter ease, the defense is usually turned into an attack. COURAGE Cour"age, v. t. Defn: To inspire with courage. [Obs.] Paul writeth unto Timothy . . . to courage him. Tyndale. COURAGEOUS Cour*a"geous (kr-"js), a. Etym: [F. courageux.] Defn: Possessing, or characterized by, courage; brave; bold. With this victory, the women became most courageous and proud, and the men waxed . . . fearful and desperate. Stow. Syn. -- Gallant; brave; bold; daring; valiant; valorous; heroic; intrepid; fearless; hardy; stout; adventurous; enterprising. See Gallant. COURAGEOUSLY Cour*a"geous*ly, adv. Defn: In a courageous manner. COURAGEOUSNESS Cour*a"geous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being courageous; courage. COURANT Cou*rant" (k-rnt"), a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of courir to run, L. currere. Cf. Current.] (Her.) Defn: Represented as running; -- said of a beast borne in a coat of arms. COURANT Cou*rant" (k-rnt"), n. Etym: [F. courante, fr. courant, p. pr.] 1. A piece of music in triple time; also, a lively dance; a coranto. 2. A circulating gazette of news; a newspaper. COURANTO Cou*ran"to (-rn"t), n. Defn: A sprightly dance; a coranto; a courant. COURAP Cou*rap" (k-rp), n. (Med.) Defn: A skin disease, common in India, in which there is perpetual itching and eruption, esp. of the groin, breast, armpits, and face. COURB Courb (krb), a. Etym: [F. courbe, fr. L. curvus. See Curve, a.] Defn: Curved; rounded. [Obs.] Her neck is short, her shoulders courb. Gower. COURB Courb (krb), v. i. Etym: [F. courber. See Curs.] Defn: To bend; to stop; to bow. [Obs.] Then I courbed on my knees. Piers Plowman. COURBARIL Cour"ba*ril (kr"b-rl), n. Etym: [F. courbaril, from a South American word.] Defn: See Animé, n. COURCHE Courche (krsh), n. Etym: [Cf. Kerchief.] Defn: A square piece of linen used formerly by women instead of a cap; a kerchief. [Scot.] [Written also curch.] Jamieson. COURIER Cou"ri*er (k"r-r), n. Etym: [F. courrier, fr. courre, courir, to run, L. currere. See Course, Current.] 1. A messenger sent with haste to convey letters or dispatches, usually on public busuness. The wary Bassa . . . by speedy couriers, advertised Solyman of the enemy's purpose. Knolles. 2. An attendant on travelers, whose business it is to make arrangements for their convenience at hotels and on the way. COURLAN Cour"lan (kr"ln), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American bird, of the genus Aramus, allied to the rails. COURSE Course (krs), n. Etym: [F. cours, course, L. cursus, fr. currere to run. See Current.] 1. The act of moving from one point to another; progress; passage. And when we had finished our course from Tyre, we came to Ptolemais. Acts xxi. 7. 2. THe ground or path traversed; track; way. The same horse also run the round course at Newmarket. Pennant. 3. Motion, considered as to its general or resultant direction or to its goal; line progress or advance. A light by which the Argive squadron steers Their silent course to Ilium's well known shore. Dennham. Westward the course of empire takes its way. Berkeley. 4. Progress from point to point without change of direction; any part of a progress from one place to another, which is in a straight line, or on one direction; as, a ship in a long voyage makes many courses; a course measured by a surveyor between two stations; also, a progress without interruption or rest; a heat; as, one course of a race. 5. Motion considered with reference to manner; or derly progress; procedure in a certain line of thought or action; as, the course of an argument. The course of true love never did run smooth. Shak. 6. Customary or established sequence of evants; re currence of events according to natural laws. By course of nature and of law. Davies. Day and night, Seedtime and harvest, heat and hoary frost, Shall hold their course. Milton. 7. Method of procedure; manner or way of conducting; conduct; behavior. My lord of York commends the plot and the general course of the action. Shak. By perseverance in the course prescribed. Wodsworth. You hold your course without remorse. Tennyson. 8. A series of motions or acts arranged in order; a succession of acts or practices connectedly followed; as, a course of medicine; a course of lectures on chemistry. 9. The succession of one to another in office or duty; order; turn. He appointed . . . the courses of the priests 2 Chron. viii. 14. 10. That part of a meal served at one time, with its accompaniments. He [Goldsmith] wore fine clothes, gave dinners of several courses, paid court to venal beauties. Macualay. 11. (Arch.) Defn: A continuous level range of brick or stones of the same height throughout the face or faces of a building. Gwilt. 12. (Naut.) Defn: The lowest sail on any mast of a square-rigged vessel; as, the fore course, main course, etc. 13. pl. (Physiol.) Defn: The menses. In course, in regular succession. -- Of course, by consequence; as a matter of course; in regular or natural order. -- In the course of, at same time or times during. "In the course of human events." T. Jefferson. Syn. -- Way; road; route; passage; race; series; succession; manner; method; mode; career; progress. COURSE Course, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coursed (krst)); p. pr. & vb. n. Coursing.] 1. To run, hunt, or chase after; to follow hard upon; to pursue. We coursed him at the heels. Shak. 2. To cause to chase after or pursue game; as, to course greyhounds after deer. 3. To run through or over. The bounding steed courses the dusty plain. Pope. COURSE Course, v. i. 1. To run as in a race, or in hunting; to pursue the sport of coursing; as, the sportsmen coursed over the flats of Lancashire. 2. To move with speed; to race; as, the blood courses through the veins. Shak. COURSED Coursed (krst), a. 1. Hunted; as, a coursed hare. 2. Arranged in courses; as, coursed masonry. COURSER Cours"er (krs"r), n. Etym: [F. coursier.] 1. One who courses or hunts. leash is a leathern thong by which . . . a courser leads his greyhound. Hanmer. 2. A swift or spirited horse; a racer or a war horse; a charger. [Poetic.] Pope. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A grallatorial bird of Europe (Cursorius cursor), remarkable for its speed in running. Sometimes, in a wider sense, applied to running birds of the Ostrich family. COURSEY Cour"sey (kr"s), n. Etym: [Cf. OF. corsie, coursie, passage way to the stern. See Course, n. ] (Naut.) Defn: A space in the galley; a part of the hatches. Ham. Nav. Encyc. COURSING Cours"ing (krs"ng), n. Defn: The pursuit or running game with dogs that follow by sight instead of by scent. In coursing of a deer, or hart, with greyhounds. Bacon COURT Court (krt), n. Etym: [OF. court, curt, cort, F. co, LL. cortis, fr. L. cohors, cors, chors, gen. cohortis, cortis, chortis, an inclosure, court, thing inclosed, crowd, throng; co- + a root akin to Gr. garden, yard, orchard. See Yard, and cf. Cohort, Curtain.] 1. An inclosed space; a courtyard; an uncovered area shut in by the walls of a building, or by different building; also, a space opening from a street and nearly surrounded by houses; a blind alley. The courts the house of our God. Ps. cxxxv. 2. And round the cool green courts there ran a row Cf cloisters. Tennyson. Goldsmith took a garret in a miserable court. Macualay. 2. The residence of a sovereign, prince, nobleman, or ether dignitary; a palace. Attends the emperor in his royal court. Shak. This our court, infected with their manners, Shows like a riotous inn. Shak. 3. The collective body of persons composing the retinue of a sovereign or person high in aithority; all the surroundings of a sovereign in his regal state. My lord, there is a nobleman of the court at door would speak with you. Shak. Love rules the court, the camp, the grove. Sir. W. Scott. 4. Any formal assembling of the retinue of a sovereign; as, to hold a court. The princesses held their court within the fortres. Macualay. 5. Attention directed to a person in power; conduct or address designed to gain favor; courtliness of manners; civility; compliment; flattery. No solace could her paramour intreat Her once to show, ne court, nor dalliance. Spenser. I went to make my court to the Dike and Duches of Newcastle. Evelyn. 6. (Law) (a) The hall, chamber, or place, where justice is administered. (b) The persons officially assembled under authority of law, at the appropriate time and place, for the administration of justice; an official assembly, legally met together for the transaction of judicial business; a judge or judges sitting for the hearing or trial of causes. (c) A tribunal established for the administration of justice. (d) The judge or judges; as distinguished from the counsel or jury, or both. Most heartily I do beseech the court To give the judgment. Shak. 7. The session of a judicial assembly. 8. Any jurisdiction, civil, military, or ecclesiastical. 9. A place arranged for playing the game of tennis; also, one of the divisions of a tennis court. Christian court, the English ecclesiastical courts in the aggregate, or any one of them. -- Court breeding, education acquired at court. -- Court card. Same as Coat card. -- Court circular, one or more paragraphs of news respecting the sovereign and the royal family, together with the proceedings or movements of the court generally, supplied to the newspapers by an officer specially charged with such duty. [Eng.] Edwards. -- Court day, a day on which a court sits to administer justice. -- Court dress, the dress prescribed for appearance at the court of a sovereign. -- Court fool, a buffoon or jester, formerly kept by princes and nobles for their amusement. -- Court guide, a directory of the names and adresses of the nobility and gentry in a town. -- Court hand, the hand or manner of writing used in records and judicial proceedings. Shak. -- Court lands (Eng. Law), lands kept in demesne, -- that is, for the use of the lord and his family. -- Court marshal, one who acts as marshal for a court. -- Court party, a party attached to the court. -- Court rolls, the records of a court. SeeRoll. -- Court in banc, or Court in bank, The full court sitting at its regular terms for the hearing of arguments upon questions of law, as distinguished from a sitting at nisi prius. -- Court of Arches, audience, etc. See under Arches, Audience, etc. -- Court of Chancery. See Chancery, n. -- Court of Common pleas. (Law) See Common pleas, under Common. -- Court of Equity. See under Equity, and Chancery. -- Court of Inquiry (Mil.) , a court appointed to inquire into and report on some military matter, as the conduct of an officer. -- Court of St. James, the usual designation of the British Court; - - so called from the old palace of St. James, which is used for the royal receptions, levees, and drawing-rooms. -- The court of the Lord, the temple at Jerusalem; hence, a church, or Christian house of worship. -- General Court, the legislature of a State; -- so called from having had, in the colonial days, judical power; as, the General Court of Massachusetts. [U.S.] -- To pay one's court, to seek to gain favor by attentions. "Alcibiades was assiduous in paying his court to Tissaphernes." Jowett. -- To put out of court, to refuse further judicial hearing. COURT Court, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Courted; p. pr. & vb. n. Courting.] 1. To endeavor to gain the favor of by attention or flattery; to try to ingratiate one's self with. By one person, hovever, Portland was still assiduously courted. Macualay. 2. To endeavor to gain the affections of; to seek in marriage; to woo. If either of you both love Katharina . . . leave shall you have to court her at your pleasure. Shak. 3. To attempt to gain; to solicit; to seek. They might almost seem to have courted the crown of martyrdem. Prescott. Guilt and misery . . . court privacy and silitude. De Quincey. 4. To invite by attractions; to allure; to attract. A well-worn pathway courted us To one green wicket in a privet hedge. Tennyson. COURT Court, v. i. 1. To play the lover; to woo; as, to go courting. COURT-BARON Court"-bar`on (-br`n), n. (Law) Defn: An inferior court of civil jurisdiction, attached to a manor, and held by the steward; a baron's court; -- now fallen into disuse. COURTBRED Court"bred` (-brd`), a. Defn: Bred, or educated, at court; polished; courtly. COURT-CRAFT Court"-craft` (krt"krft`), n. Defn: The artifices, intrigues, and plottings, at courts. COURT-CUPBOARD Court"-cup`board (-kb`brd), n. Defn: A movable sideboard or buffet, on which plate and other articles of luxury were displayed on special ocasions. [Obs.] A way with the joint stools, remove the court-cupboard, look to the plate. Shak. COURTELLE Courtelle n. Defn: a wool-like fabric. [WordNet 1.5] COURTEOUS Cour"te*ous (kr"t-s; 277), a. Etym: [OE. cortais, corteis, cortois, rarely corteous, OF. corties, corteis, F. courtois. See Court.] Defn: Of courtlike manners; pertaining to, or exxpressive of, courtesy; characterized by courtesy; civil; obliging; well bred; polite; affable; complaisant. A patient and courteous bearing. Prescott. His behavior toward his people is grave and courteous. Fuller. COURTEOUSLY Cour"te*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a courteous manner. COURTEOUSNESS Cour"te*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being courteous; politeness; courtesy. COURTEPY Cour"te*py (kr"t-p), n. Etym: [D. kort short + pije a coarse cloth.] Defn: A short coat of coarse cloth. [Obs.] Full threadbare was his overeste courtepy. Chaucer. COURTER Court"er (krt"r), n. Defn: One who courts; one who plays the lover, or who solicits in marriage; one who flatters and cajoles. Sherwood. COURTESAN Cour"te*san (kr"t-zn; 277), n. Etym: [F. courtisane, fr. courtisan courtier, It. cortigiano; or directly fr. It. cortigiana, or Sp. cortesana. See Court.] Defn: A woman who prostitutes herself for hire; a prostitute; a harlot. Lasciviously decked like a courtesan. Sir H. Wotton. COURTESANSHIP Cour"te*san*ship, n. Defn: Harlotry. COURTESY Cour"te*sy (kr"t-s), n.; pl. Courtesies (-s. Etym: [OE. cortaisie, corteisie, courtesie, OF. curteisie, cortoisie, OF. curteisie, cortoisie, F. courtoisie, fr. curteis, corteis. See Courteous.] 1. Politeness; civility; urbanity; courtliness. And trust thy honest-offered courtesy, With oft is sooner found in lowly sheds, With smoky rafters, than in tapestry walls And courts of princes, where it first was named, And yet is most pretended. Milton. Pardon me, Messer Claudio, if once more I use the ancient courtesies of speech. Longfellow. 2. An act of civility or respect; an act of kindness or favor performed with politeness. My lord, for your many courtesies I thank you. Shak. 3. Favor or indulgence, as distinguished from right; as, a title given one by courtesy. Courtesy title, a title assumed by a person, or popularly conceded to him, to which he has no valid claim; as, the courtesy title of Lord prefixed to the names of the younger sons of noblemen. Syn. -- Politiness; urbanity; civility; complaisance; affability; courteousness; elegance; refinement; courtliness; good breeding. See Politeness. COURTESY Courte"sy (krt"s), n. Etym: [See the preceding word.] Defn: An act of civility, respect, or reverence, made by women, consisting of a slight depression or dropping of the body, with bending of the kness. [Written also curtsy.] The lady drops a courtesy in token of obedience, and the ceremony proceeds as usual. Golgsmith. COURTESY Courte"sy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Courtesied (-sd);; p. pr. & vb. n. Courtesyng.] Defn: To make a respectful salutation or movement of respect; esp. (with reference to women), to bow the body slightly, with bending of the knes. COURTESY Courte"sy, v. t. Defn: To treat with civility. [Obs.] COURTHOUSE Court"house`, n. 1. A house in which established courts are held, or a house appropriated to courts and public meetings. [U.S.] 2. A county town; -- so called in Virginia and some others of the Southern States. Providence, the county town of Fairfax, is unknown by that name, and passes as Fairfax Court House. Barlett. COURTIER Court"ier (krt"yr), n. Etym: [From Court.] 1. One who is in attendance at the court of a prince; one who has an appointment at court. You know I am no courtier, nor versed in state affairs. Bacon. This courtier got a frigate, and that a company. Macualay. 2. One who courts or solicits favor; one who flatters. There was not among all our princes a greater courtier of the people than Richard III. Suckling. COURTIERY Court"ier*y (-), n. Defn: The manners of a courtier; courtliness. [Obs.] B. Jonson. COURT-LEET Court"-leet` (-lt`), n. (Eng. Law) Defn: A court of record held once a year, in a particular hundred, lordship, or manor, before the steward of the leet. Blackstone. COURTLIKE Court"like` (-lk`), a. Defn: After the manner of a court; elegant; polite; courtly. COURTLINESS Court"li*ness (-l-ns), n. Etym: [From Courtly.] Defn: The quality of being courtly; elegance or dignity of manners. COURTLING Court"ling (-lng), n. Etym: [Court + -ling.] Defn: A sycophantic courtier. B. Jonson. COURTLY Court"ly (-l), a. Etym: [From Court.] 1. Relating or belonging to a court. 2. Elegant; polite; courtlike; flattering. In courtly company or at my beads. Shak. 3. Disposed to favor the great; favoring the policy or party of the court; obsequious. Macualay. COURTLY Court"ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of courts; politely; gracefully; elegantly. They can produce nothing so courtly writ. Dryden COURT-MARTIAL Court`-mar"tial (krt`mr"shal), n.; pl. Courts-martial (k. Defn: A court consisting of military or naval officers, for the trial of one belonging to the army or navy, or of offenses against military or naval law. COURT-MARTIAL Court`-mar"tial, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Court-martialed (-shald); p. pr. & vb. n. Court-martialing.] Defn: To subject to trial by a court-martial. COURT-PLASTER Court"-plas`ter (krt"pls`tr), n. Defn: Sticking plaster made by coating taffeta or silk on one side with some adhesive substance, commonly a mixture of isinglass and glycerin. COURTSHIP Court"ship (krt"shp), n. 1. The act of paying court, with the intent to solicit a favor. Swift. 2. The act of wooing in love; solicitation of woman to marriage. This method of courtship, [by which] both sides are prepared for all the matrimonial adventures that are to follow. Goldsmith. 3. Courtliness; elegance of manners; courtesy. [Obs.] Trim gallants, full of courtship and of state. Shak. 4. Court policy; the character of a courtier; artifice of a court; court-craft; finesse. [Obs.] She [the Queen] being composed of courtship and Popery. Fuller. COURT TENNIS Court" ten"nis (krt" tn"ns). Defn: See under Tennis. COURTYARD Court"yard (krt"yrd`), n. Defn: A court or inclosure attached to a house. COUSCOUS Cous"cous` (ks"ks`), n. Defn: A kind of food used by the natives of Western Africa, made of millet flour with flesh, and leaves of the baobab; -- called also lalo. COUSCOUSOU Cous`cou*sou" (ks`k-s"), n. Defn: A favorite dish in Barbary. See Couscous. COUSIN Cous"in (kz"'n), n. Etym: [F. cousin, LL. cosinus, cusinus, contr. from L. consobrinus the child of a mother's sister, cousin; con- + sobrinus a cousin by the mother's side, a form derived fr. soror (forsosor) sister. See Sister, and cf. Cozen, Coz.] 1. One collaterally related more remotely than a brother or sister; especially, the son or daughter of an uncle or aunt. Note: The children of brothers and sisters are usually denominated first cousins, or cousins-german. In the second generation, they are called second cousins. See Cater-cousin, and Quater-cousin. Thou art, great lord, my father's sister's son, A cousin-german to great Priam's seed. Shak. 2. A title formerly given by a king to a nobleman, particularly to those of the council. In English writs, etc., issued by the crown, it signifies any earl. My noble lords and cousins, all, good morrow. Shak. COUSIN Cous"in, n. Defn: Allied; akin. [Obs.] Chaucer. COUSINAGE Cous"in*age (-j), n. Etym: [F. cousinage, OF., also, cosinage. Cf. Cosinage, Cozenage.] Defn: Relationship; kinship. [Obs.] Wyclif. COUSIN-GERMAN Cous"in-ger"man (-jr"man), n. Etym: [Cousin + german closely akin.] Defn: A first cousin. See Note under Cousin, 1. COUSINHOOD Cous"in*hood (-hd), n. Defn: The state or condition of a cousin; also, the collective body of cousins; kinsfolk. COUSINLY Cous"in*ly, a. Defn: Like or becoming a cousin. COUSINRY Cous"in*ry (kz"'n-r), n. Defn: A body or collection of cousins; the whole number of persons who stand in the relation of cousins to a given person or persons. COUSINSHIP Cous"in*ship, n. Defn: The relationship of cousins; state of being cousins; cousinhood. G. Eliot. COUSSINET Cous"si*net` (ks"s-nt`), n. Etym: [F., dim. of coussin cushion. See Cushionet.] (Arch.) (a) A stone placed on the impost of a pier for receiving the first stone of an arch. (b) That part of the Ionic capital between the abacus and quarter round, which forms the volute. Gwilt. COUTEAU Cou*teau" (k-t"), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A knife; a dagger. COUTH Couth (kth), imp. & p. p. of Can. Etym: [See Can, and cf. Uncouth.] Defn: Could; was able; knew or known; understood. [Obs.] Above all other one Daniel He loveth, for he couth well Divine, that none other couth; To him were all thing couth, As he had it of God's grace. Gower. COUVADE Cou`vade" (k`vd"), n. Etym: [F., fr. couver. See Covey.] Defn: A custom, among certain barbarous tribes, that when a woman gives birth to a child her husband takes to his bed, as if ill. The world-wide custom of the couvade, where at childbirth the husband undergoes medical treatment, in many cases being put to bed for days. Tylor. COUVEUSE Cou`veuse", n. [F.] (Med.) Defn: An incubator for sickly infants, esp. those prematurely born. COVARIANT Co*va"ri*ant (k-v"r-ant), n. (Higher Alg.) Defn: A function involving the coefficients and the variables of a quantic, and such that when the quantic is lineally transformed the same function of the new variables and coefficients shall be equal to the old function multiplied by a factor. An invariant is a like function involving only the coefficients of the quantic. COVE Cove (kv), n. Etym: [AS. cofa room; akin to G. koben pigsty, orig., hut, Icel kofi hut, and perh. to E. cobalt.] 1. A retired nook; especially, a small, sheltered inlet, creek, or bay; a recess in the shore. Vessels which were in readiness for him within secret coves and nooks. Holland. 2. A strip of prairie extending into woodland; also, a recess in the side of a mountain. [U.S.] 3. (Arch.) (a) A concave molding. (b) A member, whose section is a concave curve, used especially with regard to an inner roof or ceiling, as around a skylight. COVE Cove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coved (kvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Coving.] (Arch.) Defn: To arch over; to build in a hollow concave form; to make in the form of a cove. The mosques and other buildings of the Arabians are rounded into domes and coved roofs. H. Swinburne. Coved ceiling, a ceiling, the part of which next the wail is constructed in a cove. -- Coved vault, a vault composed of four coves meeting in a central point, and therefore the reverse of a groined vault. COVE Cove, v. t. Etym: [CF. F. couver, It. covare. See Covey.] Defn: To brood, cover, over, or sit over, as birds their eggs. [Obs.] Not being able to cove or sit upon them [eggs], she [the female tortoise] bestoweth them in the gravel. Holland. COVE Cove, n. Etym: [A gypsy word, covo that man, covi that woman.] Defn: A boy or man of any age or station. [Slang] There's a gentry cove here. Wit's Recreations (1654). Now, look to it, coves, that all the beef and drink Be not filched from us. Mrs. Browning. COVELLINE; COVELLITE Co*vel"line (k-vl"ln), Co*vel"lite (-lt), n. Etym: [After Covelli, the discoverer.] (Min.) Defn: A native sulphide of copper, occuring in masses of a dark blue color; -- hence called indigo copper. COVENABLE Cov"e*na*ble (kv"-n-b'l), a. Etym: [OF. covenable, F. convenable. See Covenant.] Defn: Fit; proper; suitable. [Obs.] "A covenable day." Wyclif (Mark vi. 21). COVENABLY Cov"e*na*bly (kv"-n-bly), adv. Defn: Fitly; suitably. [Obs.] "Well and covenably." Chaucer. COVENANT Cov"e*nant (kv"-nant), n. Etym: [OF. covenant, fr. F. & OF. convenir to agree, L. convenire. See Convene.] 1. A mutual agreement of two or more persons or parties, or one of the stipulations in such an agreement. Then Jonathan and David made a covenant. 1 Sam. xviiii. 3. Let there be covenants drawn between us. Shak. If we conclude a peace, It shall be with such strict and severe covenants As little shall the Frenchmen gain thereby. Shak. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: An agreement made by the Scottish Parliament in 1638, and by the English Parliament in 1643, to preserve the reformed religion in Scotland, and to extirpate popery and prelacy; -- usually called the "Solemn League and Covenant." He [Wharton] was born in the days of the Covenant, and was the heir of a covenanted house. Macualay. 3. (Theol.) Defn: The promises of God as revealed in the Scriptures, conditioned on certain terms on the part of man, as obedience, repentance, faith, etc. I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee. Gen. xvii. 7. 4. A solemn compact between members of a church to maintain its faith, discipline, etc. 5. (Law) (a) An undertaking, on sufficient consideration, in writing and under seal, to do or to refrain from some act or thing; a contract; a stipulation; also, the document or writing containing the terms of agreement. (b) A form of action for the violation of a promise or contract under seal. Syn. -- Agreement; contract; compact; bargain; arrangement; stipulation. -- Covenant, Contract, Compact, Stipulation. These words all denote a mutual agreement between two parties. Covenant is frequently used in a religious sense; as, the covenant of works or of grace; a church covenant; the Solemn League and Covenant. Contract is the word most used in the business of life. Crabb and Taylor are wrong in saying that a contract must always be in writing. There are oral and implied contracts as well as written ones, and these are equally enforced by law. In legal usage, the word covenant has an important place as connected with contracts. A compact is only a stronger and more solemn contract. The term is chiefly applied to political alliances. Thus, the old Confederation was a compact between the States. Under the present Federal Constitution, no individual State can, without consent of Congress, enter into a compact with any other State or foreign power. A stipulation is one of the articles or provisions of a contract. COVENANT Cov"e*nant (kv"-nnt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Covenanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Covenanting.] Defn: To agree (with); to enter into a formal agreement; to bind one's self by contract; to make a stipulation. Jupiter covenanted with him, that it should be hot or cold, wet or dry, . . . as the tenant should direct. L'Estrange. And they covenanted with him for thyrty pieces of silver. Matt. xxvi. 15. Syn. -- To agree; contract; bargain; stipulate. COVENANT Cov"e*nant, v. t. Defn: To grant or promise by covenant. My covenant of peace that I covenanted with you. Wyclif. COVENANTEE Cov`e*nan*tee" (kv`-nan-t"), n. (Law) Defn: The person in whose favor a covenant is made. COVENANTER Cov"e*nant*er (kv"-nnt-r), n. 1. One who makes a covenant. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One who subscribed and defended the "Solemn League and Covenant." See Covenant. COVENANTING Cov"e*nant*ing, a. Defn: Belonging to a covenant. Specifically, belonging to the Scotch Covenanters. Be they covenanting traitors, Or the brood of false Argyle Aytoun. COVENANTOR Cov"e*nant*or` (-r`), n. (Law) Defn: The party who makes a covenant. Burrill. COVENOUS Cov"e*nous (kv"-ns), a. Defn: See Covinous, and Covin. COVENT Cov"ent (kv"ent), n. Etym: [OF. covent, F. couvent. See Convent.] Defn: A convent or monastery. [Obs.] Bale. Covent Garden, a large square in London, so called because originally it was the garden of a monastery. COVENTRY Cov"en*try (kv"en-tr), n. Defn: A town in the county of Warwick, England. To send to Coventry, to exclude from society; to shut out from social intercourse, as for ungentlemanly conduct. -- Coventry blue, blue thread of a superior dye, made at Coventry, England, and used for embroidery. COVER Cov"er (kv"r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Covered (-rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Covering.] Etym: [OF. covrir, F. couvrir, fr. L. cooperire; co- + operire to cover; probably fr. ob towards, over + the root appearing in aperire to open. Cf. Aperient, Overt, Curfew.] 1. To overspread the surface of (one thing) with another; as, to cover wood with paint or lacquer; to cover a table with a cloth. 2. To envelop; to clothe, as with a mantle or cloak. And with the majesty of darkness round Covers his throune. Milton. All that beauty than doth cover thee. Shak. 3. To invest (one's self with something); to bring upon (one's self); as, he covered himself with glory. The powers that covered themselves with everlasting infamy by the partition of Poland. Brougham. 4. To hide sight; to conceal; to cloak; as, the snemy were covered from our sight by the woods. A cloud covered the mount. Exod. xxiv. 15. In vain shou striv'st to cover shame with shame. Milton. 5. To brood or sit on; to incubate. While the hen is covering her eggs, the male . . . diverts her with his songs. Addison. 6. To overwhelm; to spread over. The waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen. Ex. xiv. 28. 7. To shelter, as from evil or danger; to protect; to defend; as, the cavalry covered the retreat. His calm and blameless life Does with substantial blessedness abound, And the soft wings of peace cover him round. Cowley. 8. To remove from remembrance; to put away; to remit."Blessed is he whose is covered." Ps. xxxii. 1. 9. To extend over; to be sufficient for; to comprehend, include, or embrace; to account for or solve; to counterbalance; as, a mortgage which fully covers a sum loaned on it; a law which covers all possible cases of a crime; receipts than do not cover expenses. 10. To put the usual covering or headdress on. Cover thy head . . . ; nay, prithee, be covered. Shak. 11. To copulate with (a female); to serve; as. a horse covers a mare; -- said of the male. To cover ground or distance, to pass over; as, the rider covered the ground in an hour. -- To cover one's short contracts (Stock Exchange), to buy stock when the market rises, as a dealer who has sold short does in order to protect himself. -- Covering party (Mil.), a detachment of troops sent for the protection of another detachment, as of men working in the trenches. -- To cover into, to transfer to; as, to cover into the treasury. Syn. -- To shelter; screen; shield; hide; overspread. COVER Cov"er (kv"r), n. 1. Anything which is laid, set, or spread, upon, about, or over, another thing; an envelope; a lid; as, the cover of a book. 2. Anything which weils or conceals; a screen; disguise; a cloack. "Under cover of the night." Macualay. A hendsome cover for imperfections. Collier. 3. Shelter; protection; as, the troops fought under cover of the batteries; the woods afforded a good cover. Being compelled to lodge in the field . . . whilst his army was under cover, they might be forced to retire. Clarendon. 4. (Huntig) Defn: The woods, underbrush, etc., which shelter and conceal game; covert; as, to beat a cover; to ride to cover. 5. That portion of a slate, tile, or shingle, which is hidden by the overlap of the course above. Knight. 6. (Steam Engine) Defn: The lap of a slide valve. 7. Etym: [Cf. F. couvert.] Defn: A tablecloth, and the other table furniture; esp., the table furniture for the use of one person at a meal; as, covers were laid for fifty guests. To break cover, to start from a covert or lair; -- said of game. -- Under cover, in an envelope, or within a letter; -- said of a written message. Letters . . . dispatched under cover to her ladyship. Thackeray. COVER Cov"er, v. i. Defn: To spread a table for a meal; to prepare a banquet. [Obs.] Shak. COVERAGE Cov"er*age, n. Defn: The aggregate of risks covered by the terms of a contract of insurance. COVERCHIEF Cov"er*chief (chf), n. Etym: [See Kerchef.] Defn: A covering for the head. [Obs.] Chaucer. COVERCLE Cov"er*cle (kv"r-k'l), n. Etym: [OF. covercle, F. couvercle, fr. L. coöperculum fr. coöperire. See cover] Defn: A small cover; a lid. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. COVER CROP Cov"er crop. Defn: A catch crop planted, esp. in orchards. as a protection to the soil in winter, as well as for the benefit of the soil when plowed under in spring. COVERED Cov"ered (kv"rd), a. Defn: Under cover; screened; sheltered; not exposed; hidden. Covered way (Fort.), a corridor or banquette along the top of the counterscarp and covered by an embankment whose slope forms the glacis. It gives the garrisonn an open line of communication around the works, and a standing place beyond the ditch. See Illust. of Ravelin. COVERER Cov"er*er (-r), n. Defn: One who, or that which, covers. COVERING Cov"er*ing, n. Defn: Anything which covers or conceals, as a roof, a screen, a wrapper, clothing, etc. Noah removed the covering of the ark. Gen. viii. 13. They cause the naked to lodge without clothing, that they have no covering in the cold. Job. xxiv. 7. A covering over the well's mouth. 2 Sam. xvii. 19. COVERLET Cov"er*let (kv"r-lt), n. Etym: [F. couvre-lit; couvrir to cover + lit bed, fr. L. lectus bed. See Cover.] Defn: The uppermost cover of a bed or of any piece of furniture. Lay her in lilies and in violets . . . And odored sheets and arras coverlets. Spenser. COVERLID Cov"er*lid (-ld), n. Defn: A coverlet. All the coverlid was clocth of gold. Tennyson. COVER-POINT Cov"er-point` (-point!), n. Defn: The fielder in the games of cricket and lacrosse who supports "point." COVERSED SINE Co*versed" sine (k-vrst" sn`). Etym: [Co- (=co- in co- sine) + versed sine.] (Geom.) Defn: The versed sine of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions. COVER-SHAME Cov"er-shame` (-shm`), n. Defn: Something used to conceal infamy. [Obs.] Dryden. COVERSIDE Cov"er*side`, n. Defn: A region of country having covers; a hunting country. COVERT Cov"ert (kv"rt), a. Etym: [OF. covert, F. couvert, p. p. of couvrir. See Cover, v. t.] 1. Covered over; private; hid; secret; disguised. How covert matters may be best disclosed. Shak. Whether of open war or covert guile. Milton 2. Sheltered; not open or exposed; retired; protected; as, a covert nook. Wordsworth. Of either side the green, to plant a covert alley. Bacon. 3. (Law) Defn: Under cover, authority or protection; as, a feme covert, a married woman who is considered as being under the protection and control of her husband. Covert way, (Fort.) See Covered way, under Covered. Syn. -- Hidden; secret; private; covered; disguised; insidious; concealed. See Hidden. COVERT Cov"ert, n. Etym: [OF. See Covert, a.] 1. A place that covers and protects; a shelter; a defense. A tabernacle . . . for a covert from storm. Is. iv. 6. The highwayman has darted from his covered by the wayside. Prescott. 2. Etym: [Cf. F. couverte.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the special feathers covering the bases of the quills of the wings and tail of a bird. See Illust. of Bird. COVERT BARON Cov"ert bar`on (br`n). (Law) Defn: Under the protection of a husband; married. Burrill. COVERTLY Cov"ert*ly, adv. Defn: Secretly; in private; insidiously. COVERTNESS Cov"ert*ness (kv"rt-ns), n. Defn: Secrecy; privacy. [R.] COVERTURE Cov"er*ture (kv"r-tr; 135), n. Etym: [OF. coverture,F.couverture.] 1. Covering; shelter; defence; hiding. Protected by walls or other like coverture. Woodward. Beatrice, who even now Is couched in the woodbine coverture. Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: The condition of a woman during marriage, because she is considered under the cover, influence, power, and protection of her husband, and therefore called a feme covert, or femme couverte. COVET Cov"et (kv"t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Covered; p. pr. & vb. n. Coveting.] Etym: [OF. coveitier, covoitier, F. convoiter, from a derivative fr. L. cupere to desire; cf. Skr. kup to become excited. Cf. Cupidity.] 1. To wish for with eagerness; to desire possession of; -- used in a good sen Covet earnestly the best gifts. 1. Cor. xxii. 31. If it be a sin to covet honor, I am the most offending soul alive. Shak. 2. To long for inordinately or unlawfully; to hanker after (something forbidden). Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house. Ex. xx. 17. Syn: To long for; desire; hanker after; crave. COVET Cov"et, v. i. Defn: To have or indulge inordinate desire. Which [money] while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith. 1 Tim. vi. 10. COVETABLE Cov"et*a*ble (kv"t--b'l), a. Defn: That may be coveted; desirable. COVETER Cov"et*er (-r), n. Defn: One who covets. COVETISE Cov"et*ise (-s), n. Etym: [OF. coveitise, F. convoitise. See Covet, v. t. ] Defn: Avarice. [Obs.] Spenser. COVETIVENESS Cov"et*ive*ness (-v-), n. (Phren.) Defn: Acquisitiveness. COVETOUS Cov"et*ous (kv"t-s), a. Etym: [OF. coveitos, F. convoiteux. See Covet, v. t.] 1. Very desirous; eager to obtain; -- used in a good sense. [Archaic] Covetous of wisdom and fair virtue. Shak. Covetous death bereaved us all, To aggrandize one funeral. Emerson. 2. Inordinately desirous; excessively eager to obtain and possess (esp. money); avaricious; -- in a bad sense. The covetous person lives as if the world were madealtogether for him, and not he for the world. South. Syn. -- Avaricious; parsimonious; penurious; misrely; niggardly. See Avaricious. COVETOUSLY Cov"et*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a covetous manner. COVETOUSNESS Cov"et*ous*ness, n. 1. Strong desire. [R.] When workmen strive to do better than well, They do confound their skill in covetousness. Shak. 2. A strong or inordinate desire of obtaining and possessing some supposed good; excessive desire for riches or money; -- in a bad sense. Covetousness, by a greed of getting more, deprivess itself of the true end of getting. Sprat. Syn. -- Avarice; cupidity; eagerness. COVEY Cov"ey (kv"), n. Etym: [OF. cov, F. couv, fr. cover, F. couver, to sit or brood on, fr. L. cubare to lie down; cf. E. incubate. See Cubit, and cf. Cove to brood.] 1. A brood or hatch of birds; an old bird with her brood of young; hence, a small flock or number of birds together; -- said of game; as, a covey of partridges. Darwin. 2. A company; a bevy; as, a covey of girls. Addison. COVEY Cov"ey, v. i. Defn: To brood; to incubate. [Obs.] [Tortoises] covey a whole year before they hatch. Holland. COVEY Cov"ey, n. Defn: A pantry. [Prov. Eng.] Parker. COVIN Cov"in (kv"n), n. Etym: [OF. covine, covaine, fr. covenir to agree. See Covenant.] 1. (Law) Defn: A collusive agreement between two or more persons to prejudice a third. 2. Deceit; fraud; artifice. [Obs.] Chaucer. COVING Cov"ing, n. (Arch.) (a) A cove or series of coves, as the concaved surface under the overhang of a projecting upper story. (b) The splayed jambs of a flaring fireplace. COVINOUS Cov"in*ous (kv"n-s), a. (Law) Defn: Deceitful; collusive; fraudulent; dishonest. COW Cow (kou), n. Etym: [See Cowl a hood.] Defn: A chimney cap; a cowl COW Cow, n.; pl. Cows (kouz); old pl. Kine (k. Etym: [OE. cu, cou, AS. c; akin to D. koe, G. kuh, OHG. kuo, Icel. k, Dan. & Sw. ko, L. bos ox, cow, Gr. g. sq. root223. Cf. Beef, Bovine, Bucolic, Butter, Nylghau.] 1. The mature female of bovine animals. 2. The female of certain large mammals, as whales, seals, etc. COW Cow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cowed (koud);; p. pr. & vb. n. Cowing.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. kuga, Sw. kufva to check, subdue, Dan. kue. Cf. Cuff, v. t.] Defn: To depress with fear; to daunt the spirits or courage of; to overawe. To vanquish a people already cowed. Shak. THe French king was cowed. J. R. Green. COW Cow, n. Etym: [Prob. from same root as cow, v.t.] (Mining) Defn: A wedge, or brake, to check the motion of a machine or car; a chock. Knight. COWAGE Cow"age (kou1j), n. (Bot.) Defn: See Cowhage. COWALKER Co`walk"er, n. Defn: A phantasmic or "astral" body deemed to be separable from the physical body and capable of acting independently; a doppelgänger. COWAN Cow"an (kou"an), n. Etym: [Cf. OF. couillon a coward, a cullion.] Defn: One who works as a mason without having served a regular apprenticeship. [Scot.] Note: Among Freemasons, it is a cant term for pretender, interloper. COWARD Cow"ard (kou"rd), a. Etym: [OF. couard, coard, coart, n. and adj., F. couard, fr. OF. coe, coue, tail, F. queue (fr. L. coda, a form of cauda tail) + -ard; orig., short-tailed, as an epithet of the hare, or perh., turning tail, like a scared dog. Cf. Cue, Queue, Caudal.] 1. (Her.) Defn: Borne in the escutcheon with his tail doubled between his legs; -- said of a lion. 2. Destitute of courage; timid; cowardly. Fie, coward woman, and soft-hearted wretch. Shak. 3. Belonging to a coward; proceeding from, or expressive of, base fear or timidity. He raised the house with loud and coward cries. Shak. Invading fears repel my coward joy. Proir. COWARD Cow"ard, n. Defn: A person who lacks courage; a timid or pusillanimous person; a poltroon. A fool is nauseous, but a coward worse. Dryden. Syn. -- Craven; poltroon; dastard. COWARD Cow"ard, v. t. Defn: To make timoroys; to frighten. [Obs.] That which cowardeth a man's heart. Foxe. COWARDICE Cow"ard*ice (-s), n. Etym: [F. couardise, fr. couard. See Coward.] Defn: Want of courage to face danger; extreme timidity; pusillanimity; base fear of danger or hurt; lack of spirit. The cowardice of doing wrong. Milton. Moderation was despised as cowardice. Macualay. COWARDIE Cow"ard*ie (kou"rd-), n. Etym: [OF. couardie.] Defn: Cowardice. [Obs.] COWARDISH Cow"ard*ish, a. Defn: Cowardly. [Obs.] " A base and a cowardish mind." Robynson (More's Utopia). COWARDIZE Cow"ard*ize (-, v. t. Defn: To render cowardly. [Obs.] God . . . cowardizeth . . . insolent spirits. Bp. Hall. COWARDLINESS Cow"ard*li*ness (-l-ns), n. Defn: Cowardice. COWARDLY Cow"ard*ly, a. 1. Wanting courage; basely or weakly timid or fearful; pusillanimous; spiritless. The cowardly rascals that ran from the battle. Shak. 2. Proceeding from fear of danger or other consequences; befitting a coward; dastardly; base; as, cowardly malignity. Macualay. The cowardly rashness of those who dare not look danger in the face. Burke. Syn. -- Timid; fearful; timorous; dastardly; pusillanimous; recreant; craven; faint-hearted; chicken-hearted; white-livered. COWARDLY Cow"ard*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a coward. Spenser. COWARDSHIP Cow"ard*ship, n. Defn: Cowardice. [Obs.] Shak. COWBANE Cow"bane` (kou"bn`), n. (Bot.) Defn: A poisonous umbelliferous plant; in England, the Cicuta virosa; in the United States, the Cicuta maculata and the Archemora rigida. See Water hemlock. COWBERRY Cow"ber`ry (-br`r), n.; pl. Cowberries (-r. (Bot.) Defn: A species of Vaccinium (V. Vitis-id), which bears acid red berries which are sometimes used in cookery; -- locally called mountain cranberry. COWBIRD Cow"bird` (-brd`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The cow blackbird (Molothrus ater), an American starling. Like the European cuckoo, it builds no nest, but lays its eggs in the nests of other birds; -- so called because frequently associated with cattle. COWBLAKES Cow"blakes` (-blks`), n. pl. Defn: Dried cow dung used as fuel.[Prov. Eng.] Simmonds. COWBOY Cow"boy` (-boi`), n. 1. A cattle herder; a drover; specifically, one of an adventurous class of herders and drovers on the plains of the Western and Southwestern United States. 2. One of the marauders who, in the Revolutionary War infested the neutral ground between the American and British lines, and committed depredations on the Americans. COWCATCHER Cow"catch`er (-kch`r), n. Defn: A strong inclined frame, usually of wrought-iron bars, in front of a locomotive engine, for catching or throwing off obstructions on a railway, as cattle; the pilot. [U.S.] COWDIE Cow"die (kou"d), n. (Bot.) Defn: See Kauri. COWER Cow"er (-r), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cowered (-rd);p. pr. & vb. n. Cowering.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. kera to doze, liequiet, Sw. kura, Dan. kure, G. kauern to cower, W. cwrian.] Defn: To stoop by bending the knees; to crouch; to squat; hence, to quail; to sink through fear. Our dame sits cowering o'er a kitchen fire. Dryden. Like falcons, cowering on the nest. Goldsmith. COWER Cow"er (kou"r), v. t. Defn: To cherish with care. [Obs.] COWFISH Cow"fish` (-fch`), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The grampus. (b) A California dolphin (Tursiops Gillii). (c) A marine plectognath fish (Ostracoin quadricorne, and allied species), having two projections, like horns, in front; -- called also cuckold, coffer fish, trunkfish. COWHAGE Cow"hage (kou"hj), n. Etym: [Cf. Hind. kaw, ko.] (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous climbing plant of the genus Mucuna, having crooked pods covered with sharp hairs, which stick to the fingers, causing intolerable itching. The spiculæ are sometimes used in medicine as a mechanical vermifuge. [Written also couhage, cowage, and cowitch.] COWHEARTED Cow"heart`ed (-hrt`d), a. Defn: Cowardly. The Lady Powis . . . patted him with her fan, and called him a cowhearted fellow. R. North. COWHERD Cow"herd` (-hrd`), n. Etym: [AS. c; c cow + hyrde a herder.] Defn: One whose occupation is to tend cows. COWHIDE Cow"hide` (-hd`), n. 1. The hide of a cow. 2. Leather made of the hide of a cow. 3. A coarse whip made of untanned leather. COWHIDE Cow"hide`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cowhided; p. pr. & vb. n. Cowhiding.] Defn: To flog with a cowhide. COWISH Cow"ish (kou"sh), a. Etym: [From Cow, v. t.] Defn: Timorous; fearful; cowardly. [R.] Shak. COWISH Cow"ish, n. (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous plant (Peucedanum Cous) with edible tuberous roots, found in Oregon. [Written also cous.] COWITCH Cow"itch (kou"ch; 224), n. (Bot.) Defn: See Cowhage. COWL Cowl (koul), n. Etym: [AS cuhle, cugle, cugele; cf. dial. G. kogel, gugel, OF. coule, goule; all fr. LL. cuculla, cucullus, fr. L. cucullus cap, hood; perh. akin to celare to conceal, cella cell. Cf. Cucullate.] 1. A monk's hood; -- usually attached to the gown. The nname was also applied to the hood and garment together. What differ more, you cry, than crown and cowl Pope. 2. A cowl-shaped cap, commonly turning with the wind, used to improve the draft of a chimney, ventilatingshaft, etc. 3. A wire cap for the smokestack of a locomotive. COWL Cowl, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. cuvele, cuvel, dim. of F. cuve tub, vat, fr. L. cupa. See Cup.] Defn: A vessel carried on a pole between two persons, for conveyance of water. Johnson. COWLED Cowled (kould), a. Defn: Wearing a cowl; hooded; as, a cowled monk. "That cowled churchman." Emerson. COWLEECH Cow"leech` (kou"lch`), n. Etym: [2d cow + leech a physician.] Defn: One who heals disease of cows; a cow doctor. COWLEECHING Cow"leech`ing, n. Defn: Healing the distemper of cows. COWLICK Cow"lick` (-lk`), n. Defn: A tuft of hair turned up or awry (usually over the forehead), as if licked by a cow. COWLIKE Cow"like` (-lk`), a. Defn: Resembling a cow. With cowlike udders and with oxlike eyes. Pope. COWLSTAFF Cowl"staff` (koul"stf`), n. Etym: [Cowl a vessel + staff.] Defn: A staff or pole on which a vessel is supported between two persons. Suckling. COWORKER Co`work"er (k`wrk"r), n. Defn: One who works with another; a co COW PARSLEY Cow" pars`ley (kou` prs`l). (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous plant of the genus Chærophyllum (C. temulum and C. sylvestre). COW PARSNIP Cow" pars`nip (-np). (Bot.) Defn: A coarse umbelliferous weed of the genus Heracleum (H. sphondylium in England, and H. lanatum in America). COWPEA Cow"pea` (-p`), n. Defn: The seed of one or more leguminous plants of the genus Dolichos; also, the plant itself. Many varieties are cultivated in the southern part of the United States. COWPER'S GLANDS Cow"per's glands` (kou"prz glndz`). Etym: [After the discoverer, William Cowper, an English surgeon.] (Anat.) Defn: Two small glands discharging into the male urethra. COW-PILOT Cow"-pi`lot (kou"p`lt), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A handsomely banded, coral-reef fish, of Florida and the West Indies (Pomacentrus saxatilis); -- called also mojarra. COWPOCK Cow"pock` (-pk`), n. Defn: See Cowpox. Dunglison. COWPOX Cow"pox` (--pks`), n. (Med.) Defn: A pustular eruptive disease of the cow, which, when communicated to the human system, as by vaccination, protects from the smallpox; vaccinia; -- called also kinepox, cowpock, and kinepock. Dunglison. COWQUAKE Cow"quake` (-kwk`), n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants (Briza); quaking grass. COWRIE Cow"rie (-r), n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Kauri. COWRIE; COWRY Cow"rie Cow"ry (kou"r), n.; pl. Cowries (-r. Etym: [Hind. kaur.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine shell of the genus Cypræa. Note: There are numerous species, many of them ornamental. Formerly C. moneta and several other species were largely used as money in Africa and some other countries, and they are still so used to some extent. The value is always trifling, and varies at different places. COWSLIP Cow"slip` (-slp`), n. Etym: [AS. c, c, prob. orig., cow's droppings. Cf. Slop, n.] (Bot.) 1. A common flower in England (Primula veris) having yellow blossoms and appearing in early spring. It is often cultivated in the United States. 2. In the United States, the marsh marigold (Caltha palustris), appearing in wet places in early spring and often used as a pot herb. It is nearer to a buttercup than to a true cowslip. See Illust. of Marsh marigold. American cowslip (Bot.), a pretty flower of the West (Dodecatheon Meadia), belonging to the same order (Primulaceæ) with the English cowslip. -- French cowslip (Bot.), bear's-ear (Primula Auricula). COWSLIPPED Cow"slipped` (-slpt`), a. Defn: Adorned with cowslips. "Cowslipped lawns." Keats. COW'S LUNGWORT Cow's" lung"wort` (kouz" lng"wrt`). Defn: Mullein. COW TREE Cow" tree` (kou" tr`). Etym: [Cf. SP. palo de vaca.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree (Galactodendron utile or Brosimum Galactodendron) of South America, which yields, on incision, a nourishing fluid, resembling milk. COWWEED Cow"weed" (-wEd`),, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Cow parsley. COWWHEAT Cow"wheat` (-hwt`), n. (Bot.) Defn: A weed of the genus Melampyrum, with black seeds, found on European wheatfields. COX Cox (kks), n. Etym: [OE. cokes. Cf. Coax.] Defn: A coxcomb; a simpleton; a gull. [Obs.] Go; you're a brainless cox, a toy, a fop. Beau. & Fl. COXA Cox"a (kks"), n. Etym: [L., the hip.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The first joint of the leg of an insect or crustacean. COXALGIA; COXALGY Cox*al"gi*a (-l"j-), Cox"al`gy (kks"l`j), n. Etym: [NL. coxalgia, fr. L. coxa hip. + Gr. coxalgie.] (Med.) Defn: Pain in the hip. COXCOMB Cox"comb` (kks"km`), n. Etym: [A corrupted spelling of cock's comb.] 1. (a) A strip of red cloth notched like the comb of a cock, which licensed jesters formerly wore in their caps. (b) The cap itself. 2. The top of the head, or the head itself. We will belabor you a little better, And beat a little more care into your coxcombs. Beau & Fl. 3. A vain, showy fellow; a conceited, silly man, fond of display; a superficial pretender to knowledge or accomplishments; a fop. Fond to be seen, she kept a bevy Of powdered coxcombs at her levee. Goldsmith. Some are bewildered in the maze of schools, And some made coxcombs, nature meant but fools. Pope. 4. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several plants of different genera, but particularly to Celosia cristata, or garden cockscomb. Same as Cockscomb. COXCOMBICAL Cox*comb"ic*al (kks-km"-kal), a. Defn: Befitting or indicating a coxcomb; like a coxcomb; foppish; conceited. -- Cox*comb"ic*al*ly, adv. Studded all over in coxcombical fashion with little brass nails. W. Irving. COXCOMBLY Cox"comb"ly (kks"km`l), a. Defn: like a coxcomb. [Obs.] "You coxcombly ass, you!" Beau & Fl. COXCOMBRY Cox"comb`ry (-r), n. Defn: The manners of a coxcomb; foppishness. COXCOMICAL Cox*com"ic*al (kks-km"-kal), a. Defn: Coxcombical. [R.] COXCOMICALLY Cox*com"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Conceitedly. [R.] COXSWAIN Cox"swain` (kk"swn, Colloq. kk"s'n), n. Defn: See Cockswain. COY Coy (koi), a. Etym: [OE. coi quiet, still, OF. coi, coit, fr.L. quietus quiet, p. p. of quiescere to rest, quie rest; prob. akin to E. while. See While, and cf. Quiet, Quit, Quite.] 1. Quiet; still. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Shrinking from approach or familiarity; reserved; bashful; shy; modest; -- usually applied to women, sometimes with an implication of coquetry. Coy, and difficult to win. Cowper. Coy and furtive graces. W. Irving. Nor the coy maid, half willings to be pressed, Shall kiss the cup, to pass it to the rest. Goldsmith. 3. Soft; gentle; hesitating. Enforced hate, Instead of love's coy touch, shall rudely tear thee. Shak. Syn. -- Shy; shriking; reserved; modest; bashful; backward; distant. COY Coy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coyed (koid); p. pr. & vb. n. Coying.] 1. To allure; to entice; to decoy. [Obs.] A wiser generation, who have the art to coy the fonder sort into their nets. Bp. Rainbow. 2. To caress with the hand; to stroke. Come sit thee down upon this flowery bed, While I thy amiable cheeks do coy. Shak. COY Coy, v. i. 1. To behave with reserve or coyness; to shrink from approach or familiarity. [Obs.] Thus to coy it, With one who knows you too! Rowe. 2. To make difficulty; to be unwilling. [Obs.] If he coyed To hear Cominius speak, I 'll keep at home. Shak. COYISH Coy"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat coy or reserved. Warner. COYLY Coy"ly, adv. Defn: In a coy manner; with reserve. COYNESS Coy"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being coy; feigned o When the kind nymph would coyness feign, And hides but to be found again. Dryden. Syn. -- Reserve; shrinking; shyness; backwardness; modesty; bashfulness. COYOTE Coy"o*te (k"-t or k"t), n. Etym: [Spanish Amer., fr. Mexican coyotl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A carnivorous animal (Canis latrans), allied to the dog, found in the western part of North America; -- called also prairie wolf. Its voice is a snapping bark, followed by a prolonged, shrill howl. COYOTE STATE Coyote State. Defn: South Dakota; -- a nickname. COYOTILLO Co`yo*til"lo, n. [Mex. Sp. dim. See Coyote.] Defn: A low rhamnaceous shrub (Karwinskia humboldtiana) of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Its berries are said to be poisonous to the coyote. COYPU Coy"pu (koi"p), n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American rodent (Myopotamus coypus), allied to the beaver. It produces a valuable fur called nutria. [Written also coypou.] COYSTREL Coys"trel (kois"trl), n. Defn: Same as Coistril. COZ Coz (kz), n. Defn: A contraction of cousin. Shak. COZEN Coz"en (kz"'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cozened (-'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cozening (-'n-ng). ] Etym: [From cousin, hence, literally, to deceive through pretext of relationship, F. cousiner.] Defn: To cheat; to defrand; to beguile; to deceive, usually by small arts, or in a pitiful way. He had cozened the world by fine phrases. Macualay. Children may be cozened into a knowledge of the letters. Locke. Goring loved no man so well but that he would cozen him, and expose him to public mirth for having been cozened. Clarendon. COZEN Coz"en, v. i. Defn: To deceive; to cheat; to act deceitfully. Some cogging,cozening slave. Shak. COZENAGE Coz"en*age (-j), n. Etym: [See Cozen, and cf. Cousinage.] Defn: The art or practice of cozening; artifice; fraud. Shak. COZENER Coz"en*er (kz"'n-r), n. Defn: One who cheats or defrauds. COZIER Co*zier (k"zhr), n. Defn: See Cosier. COZILY Co"zi*ly (k"z-l), adv. Defn: Snugly; comfortably. COZINESS Co"zi*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being cozy. COZY Co"zy (k"z), a. [Compar. Cozier (-z-r); superl. Coziest.] Etym: [Cf. Scot. cosie, cozie, prob. from Gael. cosach abounding in hollows, or cosagach full of holes or crevices, snug, sheltered, from cos a hollow, a crevice.] 1. Snug; comfortable; easy; contented. [Written also cosey and cosy.] 2. Etym: [Cf. F. causer to chat, talk.] Defn: Chatty; talkative; sociable; familiar. [Eng.] COZY Co"zy, n. Etym: [See Cozy,a.] Defn: A wadded covering for a teakettle or other vessel to keep the contents hot. CRAB Crab (krb), n. Etym: [AS. crabba; akin to D. krab, G. krabbe, krebs, Icel. krabbi, Sw. krabba, Dan. krabbe, and perh. to E. cramp. Cf. Crawfish.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the brachyuran Crustacea. They are mostly marine, and usually have a broad, short body, covered with a strong shell or carapace. The abdomen is small and curled up beneath the body. Note: The name is applied to all the Brachyura, and to certain Anomura, as the hermit crabs. Formerly, it was sometimes applied to Crustacea in general. Many species are edible, the blue crab of the Atlantic coast being one of the most esteemed. The large European edible crab is Cancer padurus. Soft-shelled crabs are blue crabs that have recently cast their shells. See Cancer; also, Box crab, Fiddler crab, Hermit crab, Spider crab, etc., under Box, Fiddler. etc. 2. The zodiacal constellation Cancer. 3. Etym: [See Crab, a.] (Bot.) Defn: A crab apple; -- so named from its harsh taste. When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl, Then nightly sings the staring owl. Shak. 4. A cudgel made of the wood of the crab tree; a crabstick. [Obs.] Garrick. 5. (Mech.) (a) A movable winch or windlass with powerful gearing, used with derricks, etc. (b) A form of windlass, or geared capstan, for hauling ships into dock, etc. (c) A machine used in ropewalks to stretch the yarn. (d) A claw for anchoring a portable machine. Calling crab. (Zoöl.) See Fiddler., n., 2. -- Crab apple, a small, sour apple, of several kinds; also, the tree which bears it; as, the European crab apple (Pyrus Malus var.sylvestris); the Siberian crab apple (Pyrus baccata); and the American (Pyrus coronaria). -- Crab grass. (Bot.) (a) A grass (Digitaria, or Panicum, sanguinalis); -- called also finger grass. (b) A grass of the genus Eleusine (E. Indica); -- called also dog's-tail grass, wire grass, etc. -- Crab louse (Zoöl.), a species of louse (Phthirius pubis), sometimes infesting the human body. -- Crab plover (Zoöl.), an Asiatic plover (Dromas ardeola). -- Crab's eyes, or Crab's stones, masses of calcareous matter found, at certain seasons of the year, on either side of the stomach of the European crawfishes, and formerly used in medicine for absorbent and antacid purposes; the gastroliths. -- Crab spider (Zoöl.), one of a group of spiders (Laterigradæ); -- called because they can run backwards or sideways like a crab. -- Crab tree, the tree that bears crab applies. -- Crab wood, a light cabinet wood obtained in Guiana, which takes a high polish. McElrath. -- To catch a crab (Naut.), a phrase used of a rower: (a) when he fails to raise his oar clear of the water; (b) when he misses the water altogether in making a stroke. CRAB Crab (krb), v. t. 1. To make sour or morose; to embitter. [Obs.] Sickness sours or crabs our nature. Glanvill. 2. To beat with a crabstick. [Obs.] J. Fletcher. CRAB Crab, v. i. (Naut.) Defn: To drift sidewise or to leeward, as a vessel. Ham. Nav. Encyc. CRAB Crab, a. Etym: [Prob. from the same root as crab, n.] Defn: Sour; rough; austere. The crab vintage of the neighb'ring coast. Dryden. CRABBED Crab"bed (krb"bd), a. Etym: [See Crab,n.] 1. Characterized by or manifesting, sourness, peevishness, or moroseness; harsh; cross; cynical; -- applied to feelings, disposition, or manners. Crabbed age and youth can not live together. Shak. 2. Characterized by harshness or roughness; unpleasant; -- applied to things; as, a crabbed taste. 3. Obscure; difficult; perplexing; trying; as, a crabbed author. "Crabbed eloquence." Chaucer. How charming is divine philosophy! Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools suppose. Milton. 4. Cramped; irregular; as, crabbed handwriting. -- Crab"bed*ly, adv. -- Crab"bed*ness, n. CRABBER Crab"ber (krb"br), n. Defn: One who catches crabs. CRABBING Crab"bing, n. 1. The act or art of catching crabs. 2. (Falconry) Defn: The foghting of hawks with each other. 3. (Woolem Manuf.) Defn: A process of scouring clocth be CRABBISH Crab"bish (krb"bsh), a. Defn: Somewhat sour or cross. The wips of the most crabbish Satyristes. Decker. CRABBY Crab"by (-b), a. Defn: Crabbed; difficult, or perplexing. "Persius is crabby, because ancient." Marston. CRABEATER Crab"eat`er (krb"t`r), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The cobia. (b) An etheostomoid fish of the southern United States (Hadropterus nigrofasciatus). (c) A small European heron (Ardea minuta, and other allied species). CRABER Cra"ber (kr"br), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The water rat. Walton. CRABFACED Crab"faced` (krb"fst`), a. Defn: Having a sour, disagreeable countenance. Beau & Fl. CRABSIDLE Crab"si`dle (-s`d'l), v. i. Defn: To move sidewise, as a crab. [Jocular]. Southey. CRABSTICK Crab"stick` (-stk`), n. Defn: A stick, cane, or cudgel, made of the wood of the carb tree. CRAB TREE Crab" tree (tr`). Defn: See under Crab. CRAB-YAWS Crab"-yaws` (krb"yz`), n. (Med.) Defn: A disease in the West Indies. It is a kind of ulcer on the soles of the feet, with very hard edges. See Yaws. Dunglison. CRACHE Crache (krch), v. Defn: To scratch. [Obs.] Chaucer. CRACK Crack (krk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cracked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cracking.] Etym: [OE. cracken, craken, to crack, break, boast, AS. cracian, cearcian, to crack; akin to D. kraken, G. krachen; cf. Skr. garj to rattle, or perh. of imitative origin. Cf. Crake, Cracknel, Creak.] 1. To break or burst, with or without entire separation of the parts; as, to crack glass; to crack nuts. 2. To rend with grief or pain; to affect deeply with sorrow; hence, to disorder; to distract; to craze. O, madam, my old hear is cracked. Shak. He thought none poets till their brains were cracked. Roscommon. 3. To cause to sound suddenly and sharply; to snap; as, to crack a whip. 4. To utter smartly and sententiously; as, to crack a joke. B. Jonson. 5. To cry up; to extol; -- followed by up. [Low] To crack a bottle, to open the bottle and drink its contents. -- To crack a crib, to commit burglary. [Slang] -- To crack on, to put on; as, to crack on more sail, or more steam. [Colloq.] CRACK Crack, v. i. 1. To burst or open in chinks; to break, with or without quite separating into parts. By misfortune it cracked in the coling. Boyle. The mirror cracked from side to side. Tennyson. 2. To be ruined or impaired; to fail. [Collog.] The credit . . . of exchequers cracks, when little comes in and much goes out. Dryden. 3. To utter a loud or sharp, sudden sound. As thunder when the clouds in autumn crack. Shak. 4. To utter vain, pompous words; to brag; to boast; -- with of. [Archaic.] Ethoipes of their sweet complexion crack. Shak. CRACK Crack, n. 1. A partial separation of parts, with or without a perceptible opening; a chink or fissure; a narrow breach; a crevice; as, a crack in timber, or in a wall, or in glass. 2. Ropture; flaw; breach, in a moral sense. My love to thee is sound, sans crack or flaw. Shak. 3. A sharp, sudden sound or report; the sound of anything suddenly burst or broken; as, the crack of a falling house; the crack of thunder; the crack of a whip. Will the stretch out to the crack of doom Shak. 4. The tone of voice when changed at puberty. Though now our voices Have got the mannish crack. Shak. 5. Mental flaw; a touch of craziness; partial insanity; as, he has a crack. 6. A crazy or crack-brained person. [Obs.] I . . . can not get the Parliament to listen to me, who look upon me as a crack and a projector. Addison. 7. A boast; boasting. [Obs.] "Crack and brags." Burton. "Vainglorius cracks." Spenser. 8. Breach of chastity. [Obs.] Shak. 9. A boy, generally a pert, lively boy. [Obs.] Val. 'Tis a noble child. Vir. A crack, madam. Shak. 10. A brief time; an instant; as, to be with one in a crack. [Eng. & Scot. Colloq.] 11. Free conversation; friendly chat. [Scot.] What is crack in English . . . Acrack . . . a chat with a good, kindly human heart in it. P. P. Alexander. CRACK Crack, a. Defn: Of superior excellence; having qualities to be boasted of. [Colloq.] One of our crack speakers in the Commons. Dickens. CRACKAJACK Crack"a*jack`, n. 1. An individual of marked ability or excellence, esp. in some sport; as, he is a crackajack at tennis. [Slang] 2. A preparation of popped corn, candied and pressed into small cakes. [U. S.] CRACKAJACK Crack"a*jack`, a. Defn: Of marked ability or excellence. [Slang] CRACK-BRAINED Crack"-brained` (-brnd`), a. Defn: Having an impaired intellect; whimsical; crazy. Pope. CRACKED Cracked (krkt), a. 1. Coarsely ground or broken; as, cracked wheat. 2. Crack-brained. [Colloq.] CRACKER Crack"er (krk"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, cracks. 2. A noisy boaster; a swaggering fellow. [Obs.] What cracker is this same that deafs our ears Shak. 3. A small firework, consisting of a little powder inclossed in a thick paper cylinder with a fuse, and exploding with a sharp noise; - - often called firecracker. 4. A thin, dry biscuit, often hard or crisp; as, a Boston cracker; a Graham cracker; a soda cracker; an oyster cracker. 5. A nickname to designate a poor white in some parts of the Southern United States. Bartlett. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pintail duck. 7. pl. (Mach.) Defn: A pair of fluted rolls for grinding caoutchouc. Knight. CRACKER STATE Cracker State. Defn: Georgia; -- a nickname. See Cracker, n. 5. CRACKLE Crac"kle (krk"k'l), v. i. Etym: [Dim. of crack.] Defn: To make slight cracks; to make small, sharp, sudden noises, rapidly or frequently repeated; to crepitate; as, burning thorns crackle. The unknown ice that crackles underneath them. Dryden. CRACKLE Crac"kle, n. 1. The noise of slight and frequent cracks or reports; a crackling. The crackle of fireworks. Carlyle. 2. (Med.) Defn: A kind of crackling sound or râle, heard in some abnormal states of the lungs; as, dry crackle; moist crackle. Quain. 3. (Fine Arts) Defn: A condition produced in certain porcelain, fine earthenware, or glass, in which the glaze or enamel appears to be cracked in all directions, making a sort of reticulated surface; as, Chinese crackle; Bohemian crackle. CRACKLED Crac"kled (-k'ld), a. (Fine Arts) Defn: Covered with minute cracks in the glaze; -- said of some kinds of porcelain and fine earthenware. CRACKLEWARE Crac"kle*ware` (-wr`), n. Defn: See Crackle, n., 3. CRACKLING Crac"kling (krk"klng), n. 1. The making of small, sharp cracks or reports, frequently repeated. As the crackling of thorns under a pot, so is the laughter of the fool. Eccl. vii. 6. 2. The well-browned, crisp rind of roasted pork. For the first time in his life he tested crackling. Lamb. 3. pl. Defn: Food for dogs, made from the refuse of tallow melting. CRACK-LOO; CRACKALOO Crack"-loo`, n. Also Crack"a*loo` . Defn: A kind of gambling game consisting in pitching coins to or towards the ceiling of a room so that they shall fall as near as possible to a certain crack in the floor. [Gamblers' Cant, U. S.] CRACKNEL Crack"nel (krk"nl), n. Etym: [F. craquelin, fr. D. krakeling, fr. krakken to crack. See Crack, v. t.] Defn: A hard brittle cake or biscuit. Spenser. CRACKSMAN Cracks"man (krks"man), n., pl. Cracksmen (-men). Defn: A burglar. [Slang] CRACOVIAN Cra*co"vi*an (kr-k"v-an), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Cracow in Poland. CRACOVIENNE Cra*co`vi*enne" (kr-k`v-n"), n. Etym: [F., fr. Cracow, the city.] (Mus.) Defn: A lively Polish dance, in 2-4 time. CRACOWES Cra"cowes (kr"kz), n. pl. Defn: Long-toed boots or shoes formerly worn in many parts of Europe; -- so called from Cracow, in Poland, where they were first worn in the fourteenth century. Fairholt. CRADLE Cra"dle (krd'l), n. Etym: [AS. cradel, cradol, prob. from Celtic; cf. Gael. creathall, Ir. craidhal, W. cryd a shaking or rocking, a cradle; perh. akin to E. crate.] 1. A bed or cot for a baby, oscillating on rockers or swinginng on pivots; hence, the place of origin, or in which anything is nurtured or protected in the earlier period of existence; as, a cradle of crime; the cradle of liberty. The cradle that received thee at thy birth. Cowper. No sooner was I crept out of my cradle But I was made a king, at nine months old. Shak. 2. Infancy, or very early life. From their cradles bred together. Shak. A form of worship in which they had been educated from their cradles. Clarendon. 3. (Agric.) Defn: An implement consisting of a broad scythe for cutting grain, with a set of long fingers parallel to the scythe, designed to receive the grain, and to lay it eventlyin a swath. 4. (Engraving) Defn: A tool used in mezzotint engraving, which, by a rocking motion, raises burrs on the surface of the plate, so preparing the ground. 5. A framework of timbers, or iron bars, moving upon ways or rollers, used to support, lift, or carry ships or other vessels, heavy guns, etc., as up an inclined plane, or across a strip of land, or in launching a ship. 6. (Med.) (a) A case for a broken or dislocated limb. (b) A frame to keep the bedclothes from conntact with the person. 7. (Mining) (a) A machine on rockers, used in washing out auriferous earth; -- also called a rocker. [U.S.] (b) A suspended scaffold used in shafts. 8. (Carp.) Defn: The ribbing for vaulted ceilings and arches intended to be covered with plaster. Knight. 9. (Naut.) Defn: The basket or apparatus in which, when a line has been made fast to a wrecked ship from the shore, the people are brought off from the wreck. Cat's cradle. See under Cat. -- Cradle hole, a sunken place in a road, caused by thawing, or by travel over a soft spot. -- Cradle scythe, a broad scythe used in a cradle for cutting grain. CRADLE Cra"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cradled (-d'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cradling (-dlng).] 1. To lay to rest, or rock, as in a cradle; to lull or quiet, as by rocking. It cradles their fears to sleep. D. A. Clark. 2. To nurse or train in infancy. He that hath been cradled in majesty will not leave the throne to play with beggars. Glanvill. 3. To cut and lay with a cradle, as grain. 4. To transport a vessel by means of a cradle. In Lombardy . . . boats are cradled and transported over the grade. Knight. To cradle a picture, to put ribs across the back of a picture, to prevent the panels from warping. CRADLE Cra"dle, v. i. Defn: To lie or lodge, as in a cradle. Withered roots and husks wherein the acorn cradled. Shak. CRADLELAND Cra"dle*land` (kra"d'l*land`), n. Defn: Land or region where one was cradled; hence, land of origin. CRADLING Cra"dling (-dlng), n. 1. The act of using a cradle. 2. (Coopering) Defn: Cutting a cask into two pieces lengthwise, to enable it to pass a narrow place, the two parts being afterward united and rehooped. 3. (Carp.) Defn: The framework in arched or coved ceilings to which the laths are nailed. Knight. CRAFT Craft (krft), n. Etym: [AS. cr strength, skill, art, cunning; akin to OS., G., Sw., & Dan. kraft strength, D. kracht, Icel. kraptr; perh. originally, a drawing together, stretching, from the root of E. cramp.] 1. Strength; might; secret power. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Art or skill; dexterity in particular manual employment; hence, the occupation or employment itself; manual art; a trade. Ye know that by this craft we have our wealth. Acts xix. 25. A poem is the work of the poet; poesy is his skill or craft of making. B. Jonson. Since the birth of time, throughout all ages and nations, Has the craft of the smith been held in repute. Longfellow. 3. Those engaged in any trade, taken collectively; a guild; as, the craft of ironmongers. The control of trade passed from the merchant guilds to the new craft guilds. J. R. Green. 4. Cunning, art, or skill, in a bad sense, or applied to bad purposes; artifice; guile; skill or dexterity employed to effect purposes by deceit or shrewd devices. You have that crooked wisdom which is called craft. Hobbes. The chief priets and the scribes sought how they might take him by craft, and put him to death. Mark xiv. 1. 5. (Naut.) Defn: A vessel; vessels of any kind; -- generally used in a collective sense. The evolutions of the numerous tiny craft moving over the lake. Prof. Wilson. Small crafts, small vessels, as sloops, schooners, ets. CRAFT Craft, v.t. Defn: To play tricks; to practice artifice. [Obs.] You have crafted fair. Shak. CRAFTER crafter n. Defn: a creator of great skill in the manual arts. Syn. -- craftsman. [WordNet 1.5] CRAFTILY Craft"i*ly (--l), adv. Etym: [See Crafty.] Defn: With craft; artfully; cunningly. CRAFTINESS Craft"i*ness (krft"-ns), n. Defn: Dexterity in devising and effecting a purpose; cunning; artifice; stratagem. He taketh the wise in their own craftiness. Job. v. 13. CRAFTLESS Craft"less (-ls), a. Defn: Without craft or cunning. Helpless, craftless, and innocent people. Jer. Taylor. CRAFTSMAN Crafts"man (krfts"man), n.; pl. Craftsmen (-men). Defn: One skilled in some trade or manual occupation; an artificer; a mechanic. CRAFTSMANSHIP Crafts"man*ship, n. Defn: The work of a craftsman. CRAFTSMASTER Crafts"mas`ter (-ms`tr), n. Defn: One skilled in his craft or trade; one of superior cunning. In cunning persuasion his craftsmaster. Holland. CRAFTY Craft"y (krft"), a. Etym: [AS. cr.] 1. Relating to, or characterized by, craft or skill; dexterous. [Obs.] "Crafty work." Piers Plowman. 2. Possessing dexterity; skilled; skillful. A noble crafty man of trees. Wyclif. 3. Skillful at deceiving others; characterized by craft; cunning; wily. "A pair of crafty knaves." Shak. With anxious care and crafty wiles. J. Baillie. Syn. -- Skillful; dexterous; cunning; artful; wily; Cunning. CRAG Crag (krg), n. Etym: [W. craig; akin to Gael. creag, Corn. karak, Armor. karrek.] 1. A steep, rugged rock; a cough, broken cliff, or point of a rock, on a ledge. From crag to crag the signal fiew. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Geol.) Defn: A partially compacted bed of gravel mixed with shells, of the Tertiary age. CRAG Crag, n. Etym: [A form of craw: cf. D. kraag neck, collar, G. kragen. See Craw.] 1. The neck or throat [Obs.] And bear the crag so stiff and so state. Spenser. 2. The neck piece or scrag of mutton. Johnson. CRAGGED Crag"ged (-gd), a. Defn: Full of crags, or steep, broken Into its cragged rents descend. J. Baillie. CRAGGEDNESS Crag"ged*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being cragged; cragginess. CRAGGINESS Crag"gi*ness (-g-ns), n. Defn: The state of being craggy. CRAGGY Crag"gy (krg"g), a. Defn: Full of crags; rugged with projecting points of rocks; as, the craggy side of a mountain. "The craggy ledge." Tennyson. CRAGSMAN Crags"man (krgz"man), n.; pl. Cragsmen (-men). Defn: One accustomed to climb rocks or crags; esp., one who makes a business of climbing the cliffs overhanging the sea to get the eggs of sea birds or the birds themselves. CRAIE Craie (kr), n. Defn: See Crare. [Obs.] CRAIG FLOUNDER Craig" floun`der (krg" floun`dr). Etym: [Scot. craig a rock. See 1st Crag.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The pole flounder. CRAIL Crail (krl),, n. Etym: [See Creel.] Defn: A creel or osier basket. CRAKE Crake (krk), v. t. & i. Etym: [See Crack.] 1. To cry out harshly and loudly, like the bird called crake. 2. To boast; to speak loudly and boastfully. [Obs.] Each man may crake of that which was his own. Mir. for Mag. CRAKE Crake, n. Defn: A boast. See Crack, n. [Obs.] Spenser. CRAKE Crake, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kr crow, kr raven, Sw. kr, Dan. krage; perh. of imitative origin. Cf. Crow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species or rail of the genera Crex and Porzana; -- so called from its singular cry. See Corncrake. CRAKEBERRY Crake"ber`ry (-br`r), n. (Bot.) Defn: See Crowberry. CRAKER Crak"er (krk"r), n. Defn: One who boasts; a braggart. [Obs.] Old Play. CRAM Cram (krm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crammed (krmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cramming.] Etym: [AS. crammian to cram; akin to Icel. kremia to squeeze, bruise, Sw. krama to press. Cf. Cramp.] 1. To press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrustung one thing into another; to stuff; to crowd; to fill to superfluity; as, to cram anything into a basket; to cram a room with people. Their storehouses crammed with grain. Shak. He will cram his brass down our throats. Swift. 2. To fill with food to satiety; to stuff. Children would be freer from disease if they were not crammed so much as they are by fond mothers. Locke. Cram us with praise, and make us As fat as tame things. Shak. 3. To put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study, as in preparation for an examination; as, a pupil is crammed by his tutor. CRAM Cram, v. i. 1. To eat greedly, and to satiety; to stuff. Gluttony . . . . Cr, and blasphemes his feeder. Milton. 2. To make crude preparation for a special occasion, as an examination, by a hasty and extensive course of memorizing or study. [Colloq.] CRAM Cram, n. 1. The act of cramming. 2. Innformation hastily memorized; as. a cram from an examination. [Colloq.] 3. (Weaving) Defn: A warp having more than two threads passing through each dent or split of the reed. CRAMBO Cram"bo, n. Etym: [Cf. Cramp, a., difficult.] 1. A game in which one person gives a word, to which another finds a rhyme. I saw in one corner . . . a cluster of men and women,diverting themselves with a game at crambo. I heard several double rhymes . . . which raised a great deal of mirth. Addison. 2. A werd rhyming with another word. His similes in order set And every crambo he could get. Swift. Dumb crambo, a game in which one party of players give a word which rhymes with another, which last to be guessed by the opposing party, who represent in dumb show what they think it to be. CRAMMER Cram"mer (krm"mr), n. Defn: One who crams; esp., one who prepares a pupil hastily for an exxamination, or a pupil who is thus prepared. Dickens. CRAMOISIE; CRAMOISY Cra*moi"sie Cra*moi"sy (kr-moi"z), a. Etym: [F. cramoisi crimson. See Crimson.] Defn: Crimson. [Obs.] A splendid seignior, magnificent in cramoisy velevet. Motley. CRAMP Cramp (krmp), n. Etym: [OE. crampe, craumpe; akin to D. & Sw. kramp, Dan. krampe, G. krampf (whence F. crampe), Icel. krappr strait, narrow, and to E. crimp, crumple; cf. cram. See Grape.] 1. That which confines or contracts; a restraint; a shakle; a hindrance. A narrow fortune is a cramp to a great mind. L'Estrange. Crippling his pleasures with the cramp of fear. Cowper. 2. (Masonry) Defn: A device, usually of iron bent at the ends, used to hold together blocks of stone, timbers, etc.; a cramp iron. 3. (Carp.) Defn: A rectangular frame, with a tightening screw, used for compressing the jionts of framework, etc. 4. A piece of wood having a curve corresponding to that of the upper part of the instep, on which the upper leather of a boot is stretched to give it the requisite shape. 5. (Med.) Defn: A spasmodic and painful involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, as of the leg. The cramp, divers nights, gripeth him in his legs. Sir T. More. Cramp bone, the patella of a sheep; -- formerly used as a charm for the cramp. Halliwell. "He could turn cramp bones into chess men." Dickens. -- Cramp ring, a ring formerly supposed to have virtue in averting or curing cramp, as having been consecrated by one of the kings of England on Good Friday. CRAMP Cramp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cramped (krp. pr. & vb. n. Cramping.] 1. To compress; to restrain from free action; to confine and contract; to hinder. The mind my be as much cramped by too much knowledge as by ignorance. Layard. 2. To fasten or hold with, or as with, a cramp. 3. Hence, to bind together; to unite. The . . . fabric of universal justic is well cramped and bolted together in all its parts. Burke. 4. To form on a cramp; as, to cramp boot legs. 5. To afflict with cramp. When the gout cramps my joints. Ford. To cramp the wheels of wagon, to turn the front wheels out of line with the hind wheels, so that one of them shall be against the body of the wagon. CRAMP Cramp, a. Etym: [See Cramp, n.] Defn: Knotty; difficult. [R.] Care being taken not to add any of the cramp reasons for this opinion. Coleridge. CRAMPET Cram"pet (krm"pt), n. Etym: [See Cramp,n.] (Mil.) Defn: A cramp iron or cramp ring; a chape, as of a scabbard. [Written also crampit and crampette.] CRAMPFISH Cramp"fish` (krmp"fsh`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The torpedo, or electric ray, the touch of which gives an electric shock. See Electric fish, and Torpedo. CRAMP IRON Cramp" i`ron (`rn). Defn: See Cramp, n., 2. CRAMPIT Cram"pit (krm"pt), n. (Mil.) Defn: See Crampet. CRAMPON Cram"pon (krm"pn), n. Etym: [F. See Crampoons.] (Bot.) Defn: An a CRAMPONEE Cram`po*nee" (krm`p-n"), a. Etym: [F. cramponn. See Crampoons.] (Her.) Defn: Having a cramp or square piece at the end; -- said of a cross so furnished. CRAMPOONS Cram*poons" (krm-pnz"), n. pl. Etym: [F. crampon, fr. OHG. chramph crooked; akin to G. krampf cramp. See Cramp,n., and cf. Crampon.] 1. A clutch formed of hooked pieces of iron, like double calipers, for raising stones, lumber, blocks of ice, etc. 2. Iron insruments with sharp points, worn on the shoes to assist in gaining or keeping a foothold. CRAMPY Cramp"y (krmp"), 1. Affected with cramp. 2. Productive of, or abounding in, cramps. "This crampy country." Howitt. CRAN; CRANE Cran (krn), Crane (krn), n. Etym: [Scot., fr. Gael. crann.] Defn: A measure for fresh herrings, -- as many as will fill a barrel. [Scot.] H. Miller. CRANAGE Cran"age (krn"j), n. Etym: [See Crane.] 1. The liberty of using a crane, as for loading and unloading vessels. 2. The money or price paid for the use of a crane. CRANBERRY Cran"ber*ry (krn"br-r), n.; pl. Cranberries (-r Etym: [So named from its fruit being ripe in the spring when the cranes return. Dr. Prior.] (Bot.) Defn: A red, acid berry, much used for making sauce, etc.; also, the plant producing it (several species of Vaccinum or Oxycoccus.) The high cranberry or cranberry tree is a species of Viburnum (V. Opulus), and the other is sometimes called low cranberry or marsh cranberry to distinguish it. CRANCH Cranch (krnch), v. t. Defn: See Craunch. CRANDALL Cran"dall (kran"dal), n. [Prob. from Crandall, a proper name.] (Stonecutting) Defn: A kind of hammer having a head formed of a group of pointed steel bars, used for dressing ashlar, etc. -- v. t. Defn: To dress with a crandall. CRANE Crane (krn), n. Etym: [AS. cran; akin to D. & LG. craan, G. kranich, krahn (this in sense 2), Gr. grus, W. & Armor. garan, OSlav. zerav, Lith. gerve, Icel. trani, Sw. trana, Dan. trane. Geranium.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A wading bird of the genus Grus, and allied genera, of various species, having a long, straight bill, and long legs and neck. Note: The common European crane is Grus cinerea. The sand-hill crane (G. Mexicana) and the whooping crane (G. Americana) are large American species. The Balearic or crowned crane is Balearica pavonina. The name is sometimes erroneously applied to the herons and cormorants. 2. A machine for raising and lowering heavy weights, and, while holding them suspended, transporting them through a limited lateral distance. In one form it consists of a projecting arm or jib of timber or iron, a rotating post or base, and the necessary tackle, windlass, etc.; -- so called from a fancied similarity between its arm and the neck of a crane See Illust. Of Derrick. 3. An iron arm with horizontal motion, attached to the side or back of a fireplace, for supporting kettles, etc., over a fire. 4. A siphon, or bent pipe, for drawing liquors out of a cask. 5. (Naut.) Defn: A forked post or projecting bracket to support spars, etc., -- generally used in pairs. See Crotch, 2. Crane fly (Zoöl.), a dipterous insect with long legs, of the genus Tipula. -- Derrick crane. See Derrick. -- Gigantic crane. (Zoöl.) See Adjutant, n., 3. -- Traveling crane, Traveler crane, Traversing crane (Mach.), a crane mounted on wheels; esp., an overhead crane consisting of a crab or other hoisting apparatus traveling on rails or beams fixed overhead, as in a machine shop or foundry. -- Water crane, a kind of hydrant with a long swinging spout, for filling locomotive tenders, water carts, etc., with water. CRANE Crane (krn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craned (krnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Craning.] 1. To cause to rise; to raise or lift, as by a crane; -- with up. [R.] What engines, what instruments are used in craning up a soul, sunk below the center, to the highest heavens. Bates. An upstart craned up to the height he has. Massinger. 2. To stretch, as a crane stretches its neck; as, to crane the neck disdainfully. G. Eliot. CRANE crane, v. i. Defn: to reach forward with head and neck, in order to see better; as, a hunter cranes forward before taking a leap. Beaconsfield. Thackeray. The passengers eagerly craning forward over the bulwarks. Howells. CRANE'S-BILL Crane's"-bill` (krnz"bl`), n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: The geranium; -- so named from the long axis of the fruit, which resembles the beak of a crane. Dr. Prior. 2. (Surg.) Defn: A pair of long-beaked forceps. CRANG Crang (krng), n. Defn: See Krang. CRANIA Cra"ni*a (kr"n-), n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of living Brachiopoda; -- so called from its fancied resemblance to the cranium or skull. CRANIAL Cra"ni*al (kr"n-al), a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the cranium. CRANIOCLASM Cra"ni*o*clasm (kr"n--klz'm), n. Etym: [Cranium + Gr. (Med.) Defn: The crushing of a child's head, as with the cranioclast or craniotomy forceps in cases of very difficult delivery. Dunglison. CRANIOCLAST Cra"ni*o*clast (-klst), n. (Med.) Defn: An instrument for crushing the head of a fetus, to facilitate delivery in difficult eases. CRANIOFACIAL Cra`ni*o*fa"cial (-f"shal), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the cranium and face; as, the craniofacial angle. CRANIOGNOMY Cra`ni*og"no*my (-g"n-m), n. Etym: [Cranium + Gr. Defn: The science of the form and characteristics of the skull. [R.] CRANIOLOGICAL Cra`ni*o*log"ic*al (--lj"-kal), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to craniology. CRANIOLOGIST Cra`ni*ol"o*gist (-l"-jst), n. Defn: One proficient in craniology; a phrenologist. CRANIOLOGY Cra`ni*ol"o*gy (-j), n. Etym: [Cranium + -logy.] Defn: The department of science (as of ethnology or archæology) which deals with the shape, size, proportions, indications, etc., of skulls; the study of skulls. CRANIOMETER Cra`ni*om"e*ter (kr`n-m"-tr), n. Etym: [Cranium + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the size of skulls. CRANIOMETRIC; CRANIOMETRICAL Cra`ni*o*met"ric (--mt"rk), Cra`ni*o*met"ric*al (-r-kal), a. Defn: Pertaining to craniometry. CRANIOMETRY Cra`ni*om"e*try (kr`n-m"-tr), n. Defn: The art or act of measuring skulls. CRANIOSCOPIST Cra`ni*os"co*pist (kr`n-s"k-pst), n. Defn: One skilled in, or who practices, cranioscopy. It was found of equal dimension in a literary man whose skull puzzied the cranioscopists. Coleridge. CRANIOSCOPY Cra`ni*os"co*py (-p), n. Etym: [Cranium + -scopy.] Defn: Scientific examination of the cranium. CRANIOTA Cra`ni*o"ta (kr`n-t), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. cranium.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A comprehensive division of the Vertebrata, including all those that have a skull. CRANIOTOMY Cra`ni*ot"o*my (kr`n-t"-m), n. Etym: [Cranium + Gr. (Med.) Defn: The operation of opening the fetal head, in order to effect delivery. CRANIUM Cra"ni*um (kr"n-m), n.; pl. E. Craniums (-Crania (-. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: The skull of an animal; especially, that part of the skull, either cartilaginous or bony, which immediately incloses the brain; the brain case or brainpan. See Skull. CRANK Crank (krnk), n. Etym: [OE. cranke; akin to E. cringe, cringle, crinkle, and to crank, a., the root meaning, probably, "to turn, twist." See Cringe.] 1. (Mach.) Defn: A bent portion of an axle, or shaft, or an arm keyed at right angles to the end of a shaft, by which motion is imparted to or received from it; also used to change circular into reciprocating motion, or reciprocating into circular motion. See Bell crank. 2. Any bend, turn, or winding, as of a passage. So many turning cranks these have, so many crooks. Spenser. 3. A twist or turn in speech; a conceit consisting in a change of the form or meaning of a word. Quips, and cranks, and wanton wiles. Milton. 4. A twist or turn of the mind; caprice; whim; crotchet; also, a fit of temper or passion. [Prov. Eng.] Violent of temper; subject to sudden cranks. Carlyle. 5. A person full of crotchets; one given to fantastic or impracticable projects; one whose judgment is perverted in respect to a particular matter. [Colloq.] 6. A sick person; an invalid. [Obs.] Thou art a counterfeit crank, a cheater. Burton. Crank axle (Mach.), a driving axle formed with a crank or cranks, as in some kinds of locomotives. -- Crank pin (Mach.), the cylindrical piece which forms the handle, or to which the connecting rod is attached, at the end of a crank, or between the arms of a double crank. -- Crank shaft, a shaft bent into a crank, or having a crank fastened to it, by which it drives or is driven. -- Crank wheel, a wheel acting as a crank, or having a wrist to which a connecting rod is attached. CRANK Crank (krnk), a. Etym: [AS. cranc weak; akin to Icel. krangr, D. & G. krank sick, weak (cf.D. krengen to careen). Cf. Crank, n.] 1. Sick; infirm. [Prov. Eng.] 2. (Naut.) Defn: Liable to careen or be overest, as a ship when she is too narrow, or has not sufficient ballast, or is loaded too high, to carry full sail. 3. Full of spirit; brisk; lively; sprightly; overconfident; opinionated. He who was, a little before, bedrid, . . . was now crank and lusty. Udall. If you strong electioners did not think you were among the elect, you would not be so crank about it. Mrs. Stowe. CRANK Crank, v. i. Etym: [See Crank, n. ] Defn: To run with a winding course; to double; to crook; to wind and turn. See how this river comes me cranking in. Shak. CRANKBIRD Crank"bird` (-brd`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European woodpecker (Picus minor). CRANKED Cranked (krnkt), a. Defn: Formed with, or having, a bend or crank; as, a cranked axle. CRANKINESS Crank"i*ness (krnk"-ns), n. Defn: Crankness. Lowell. CRANKLE Cran"kle (krn"k'l), v. t. Etym: [Cf. Crinkle.] Defn: To break into bends, turns, or angles; to crinkle. Old Veg's stream . . . drew her humid train aslope, Crankling her banks. J. Philips. CRANKLE Cran"kle, v. i. Defn: To bend, turn, or wind. Along the crankling path. Drayton. CRANKLE Cran"kle, n. Defn: A bend or turn; a twist; a crinkle. CRANKNESS Crank"ness (krnk"ns), n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: Liability to be overset; -- said of a ship or other vessel. 2. Sprightliness; vigor; health. CRANKY Crank"y (-), a. 1. Full of spirit; crank. 2. Addicted to crotchets and whims; unreasonable in opinions; crotchety. [Colloq.] 3. Unsteady; easy to upset; crank. CRANNIED Cran"nied (krn"nd), a. Defn: Having crannies, chinks, or fissures; as, a crannied wall. Tennyson. CRANNOG; CRANNOGE Cran"nog (krn"ng), Cran"noge (krn"nj), n. Etym: [From Celtic; cf. Gael. crann a tree.] Defn: One of the stockaded islands in Scotland and Ireland which in ancient times were numerous in the lakes of both countries. They may be regarded as the very latest class of prehistoric strongholds, reaching their greatest development in early historic times, and surviving through the Middle Ages. See also Lake dwellings, under Lake. Encyc. Brit. CRANNY Cran"ny (krn"n), n.; pl. Crannies (-n. Etym: [F. cran notch, prob. from L. crena (a doubful word).] 1. A small, narrow opening, fissure, crevice, or chink, as in a wall, or other substance. In a firm building, the cavities ought not to be filled with rubbish, but with brick or stone fitted to the crannies. Dryden. He peeped into every cranny. Arbuthnot. 2. (Glass Making) Defn: A tool for forming the necks of bottles, etc. CRANNY Cran"ny, v. i. [imp & p. p. Crannied (-nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crannying.] 1. To crack into, or become full of, crannies. [R.] The ground did cranny everywhere. Golding. 2. To haunt, or enter by, crannies. All tenantless, save to the cranning wind. Byron. CRANNY Cran"ny, a. Etym: [Perh. for cranky. See Crank, a. ] Defn: Quick; giddy; thoughtless. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. CRANTARA Cran*ta"ra (krn-t"r or -t"r), n. Etym: [Gael. cranntara.] Defn: The fiery cross, used as a rallying signal in the Highlands of Scotland. CRANTS Crants (krnts), n. Etym: [Cf. D. krans, G. kranz.] Defn: A garland carried before the bier of a maiden. [Obs.] Yet here she is allowed her virgin crants, Her maaiden strewments. Shak. CRAP Crap (krap), n. Defn: In the game of craps, a first throw of the dice in which the total is two, three, or twelve, in which case the caster loses. CRAPAUD Cra*paud", n. [Written also crapawd, crapald, crepaud, etc.] [F. crapaud.] 1. Defn: A toad. [Obs.] 2. (Pronounced kra`po") As a proper name, Johnny Crapaud, or Crapaud, a nickname for a Frenchman. CRAPAUDINE Crap"au*dine (krp"-dn), a. Etym: [F., n.] (Arch.) Defn: Turning on pivots at the top and bottom; -- said of a door. CRAPAUDINE Crap"au*dine, n. Etym: [F.] (Far.) Defn: An ulcer on the coronet of a horse. Bailey. CRAPE Crape (krp), n. Etym: [F. cr, fr. L. crispus curled, crisped. See Crisp.] Defn: A thin, crimped stuff, made of raw silk gummed and twisted on the mill. Black crape is much used for mourning garments, also for the dress of some clergymen. A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn. Pope. Crape myrtle (Bot.), a very ornamental shrub (Lagerströmia Indica) from the East Indies, often planted in the Southern United States. Its foliage is like that of the myrtle, and the flower has wavy crisped petals. -- Oriental crape. See Canton crape. CRAPE Crape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craped (krpt); p. pr. & vb.n. Craping.] Etym: [F. cr, fr. L. crispare to curl, crisp, fr. crispus. See Crape, n.] Defn: To form into ringlets; to curl; to crimp; to friz; as, to crape the hair; to crape silk. The hour for curling and craping the hair. Mad. D'Arblay. CRAPEFISH Crape"fish` (krp"fsh`), n. Defn: Salted codfish hardened by pressure. Kane. CRAPNEL Crap"nel (krp"nel), n. Defn: A hook or drag; a grapnel. CRAPPIE Crap"pie (krp"p), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of fresh-water bass of the genus Pomoxys, found in the rivers of the Southern United States and Mississippi valley. There are several species. [Written also croppie.] CRAPPLE Crap"ple (krp"p'l), n. Etym: [See Graple.] Defn: A claw. [Obs.] CRAPS Craps (krps), n. Defn: A gambling game with dice. [Local, U.S.] CRAP SHOOTING Crap shooting. Defn: Same as Craps. CRAPULA; CRAPULE Crap"u*la (krp"-l), Crap"ule (krp"l), n. Etym: [L. crapula intoxication.] Defn: Same as Crapulence. CRAPULENCE Crap"u*lence (--lens), n. Defn: The sickness occasioned by intemperance; surfeit. Bailey. CRAPULENT; CRAPULOUS Crap"u*lent (-lent), Crap"u*lous (-ls), a. Etym: [L. crapulentus, crapulosus: cf. F. crapuleux.] Defn: Surcharged with liquor; sick from excessive indulgence in liquor; drunk; given to excesses. [R.] CRAPY Crap"y (krp"), a. Defn: Resembling crape. CRARE Crare (krr), n. Etym: [OF. craier, creer, croyer, ship of war, LL. craiera, creyera, perh. from G. krieger warrior, or D. krijger.] Defn: A slow unwieldy trading vessel. [Obs.] [Written also crayer, cray, and craie.] Shak. CRASE Crase (krz), v. t. Etym: [See Craze.] Defn: To break in pieces; to crack. [Obs.] "The pot was crased." Chaucer. CRASH Crash (kr), v. t. [imp & p. p. Crashed (kr; p. pr & vb. n. Crashing.] Etym: [OE. crashen, the same word as crasen to break, E. craze. See Craze.] Defn: To break in pieces violently; to dash together with noise and violence. [R.] He shakt his head, and crasht his teeth for ire. Fairfax. CRASH Crash, v. i. 1. To make a loud, clattering sound, as of many things falling and breaking at once; to break in pieces with a harsh noise. Roofs were blazing and walls crashing in every part of the city. Macualay. 2. To break with violence and noise; as, the chimney in falling crashed through the roof. CRASH Crash, n. 1. A loud, sudden, confused sound, as of manu things falling and breaking at once. The wreck of matter and the crash of worlds. Addison. 2. Ruin; failure; sudden breaking down, as of a business house or a commercial enterprise. CRASH Crash, n. Etym: [L. crassus coarse. See Crass.] Defn: Coarse, heavy, narrow linen cloth, used esp. for towels. CRASHING Crash"ing, n. Defn: The noise of many things falling and breaking at once. There shall be . . . a great crashing from the hills. Zeph. i. 10. CRASIS Cra"sis (kr"ss), n. Etym: [LL., temperament, fr. Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: A mixture of constituents, as of the blood; constitution; temperament. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A contraction of two vowels (as the final and initial vowels of united words) into one long vowel, or into a dipthong; synæresis; as, cogo for coago. CRASPEDOTA Cras`pe*do"ta (krs`p-d"t), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hydroid or naked-eyed medusæ. See Hydroidea. CRASPEDOTE Cras"pe*dote (krs"p-dt), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Craspedota. CRASS Crass (krs), a. Etym: [L. crassus thick, fat, gross, prob. orig., closely woven See Crease animal fat, and cf. Crate, Hurdle.] Defn: Cross; thick; dense; coarse; not elaborated or refined. "Crass and fumid exhalations." Sir. T. Browne. "Crass ignorance" Cudworth. CRASSAMENT; CRASSAMENTUM Cras"sa*ment (krs"s-ment), Cras`sa*men"tum (-mn"tm), n. Etym: [L. crassamentum, fr. crassare to make thick. See Crass, a.] Defn: A semisolid mass or clot, especially that formed in coagulation of the blood. CRASSIMENT Cras"si*ment (krs"s-ment), n. Defn: See Crassament. CRASSITUDE Cras"si*tude (-td), n. Etym: [L. crassitudo.] Defn: Crossness; coarseness; thickness; density. Bacon. CRASSNESS Crass"ness (krs"ns), n. Defn: Grossness. [Obs.] Glanvill. CRASTINATION Cras`ti*na"tion (krs`t-n"shn), n. Etym: [L. crastinus of to-morrow, from cras to-morrow.] Defn: Procrastination; a putting off till to-morrow. [Obs.] CRATAEGUS Cra*tæ"gus (kr-t"gs), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of small, hardy trees, including the hawthorn, much used for ornamental purposes. CRATCH Cratch (krch; 224), n. Etym: [OE. crache, creche, F. cr crib, manger, fr. OHG. krippa, krippea,G. krippe crib. See Crib.] Defn: A manger or open frame for hay; a crib; a rack. [Obs.] Begin from first where He encradled was, In simple cratch, wrapt in a wad of hay. Spenser. Cratch cradle, a representation of the figure of the cratch, made upon the fingers with a string; cat's cradle; -- called also scratch cradle. CRATE Crate (krt), n. Etym: [L. cratis hurdle; perh. akin to E. cradle. See Hurdle, and cf. Crate a framework.] 1. A large basket or hamper of wickerwork, used for the transportation of china, crockery, and similar wares. 2. A box or case whose sides are of wooden slats with interspaces, -- used especially for transporting fruit. CRATE Crate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crated; p. pr. & vb. n. Crating.] Defn: To pack in a crate or case for transportation; as, to crate a sewing machine; to crate peaches. CRATER Cra"ter (krtr), n. Etym: [L. crater, cratera, a mixing vessel, the mouth of a volcano, Gr. ir to cook, Crail, in Holy Grail.] 1. The basinlike opening or mouth of a volcano, through which the chief eruption comes; similarly, the mouth of a gevser, about which a cone of silica is often built up. 2. (Mil.) Defn: The pit left by the explosion of a mine. 3. (Astron.) Defn: A constellation of the southen hemisphere; -- called also the Cup. CRATERIFORM Cra*ter"i*form (kr-tr"-frm), a. Etym: [L. cratera + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of a shallow bowl; -- said of a corolla. CRATEROUS CRa"ter*ous (kr"tr-s), a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a crater. [R.] R. Browning. CRAUNCH Craunch (krnch), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Craunched (krncht);p. pr. & vb. n. Craunching.] Etym: [See Crunch.] Defn: To crush with the teeth; to chew with violence and noise; to crunch. Swift. CRAVAT Cra*vat" (kr-vt"), n. Etym: [F. cravate, fr. Cravate a Croat, an inhabitant of Croatia, one of a body of Austrian troops, from whom, in 1636, this article of dress was adopted in France.] Defn: A neckcloth; a piece of silk, fine muslin, or other cloth, worn by men about the neck. While his wig was combed and his cravat tied. Macualay. CRAVATTED Cra*vat`ted (kr-vt"td), a. Defn: Wearing a cravat. The young men faultlessly appointed, handsomely cravatted. Thackeray. CRAVE Crave (krv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craved (kr; p pr. & vb. n. Craving.] Etym: [AS. crafian; akin to Icel. krefia, Sw. kr, Dan. kr.] 1. To ask with earnestness or importunity; to ask with submission or humility; to beg; to entreat; to beseech; to implore. I crave your honor's pardon. Shak. Joseph . . . went in boldly unto Pilate, and craved the body of Jesus. Mark xv. 43. 2. To call for, as a gratification; to long for; hence, to require or demand; as, the stomach craves food. His path is one that eminently craves weary walking. Edmund Gurney. Syn. -- To ask; seek; beg; beseech; implore; entreat; solicit; request; supplicate; adjure. CRAVE Crave, v. i. Defn: To desire strongly; to feel an insatiable longing; as, a craving appetite. Once one may crave for love. Suckling. CRAVEN Cra"ven (kr"v'n), a. Etym: [OE. cravant, cravaunde, OF. cravant struck down, p. p. of cravanter, crevanter, to break, crush, strike down, fr. an assumed LL. crepantare, fr. L. crepans, p. pr. of crepare to break, crack, rattle. Cf. Crevice, Crepitate.] Defn: Cowardly; fainthearted; spiritless. "His craven heart." Shak. The poor craven bridegroom said never a word. Sir. W. Scott. In craven fear of the sarcasm of Dorset. Macualay. CRAVEN Cra"ven, n. Etym: [Formerly written also cravant and cravent.] Defn: A recreant; a coward; a weak-hearted, spiritless fellow. See Recreant, n. King Henry. Is it fit this soldier keep his oath Fluellen.He is a craven and a villain else. Shak. Syn. -- Coward; poltroon; dastard. CRAVEN Cra"ven, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cravened (-v'nd);p. pr. & vb. n. Cravening.] Defn: To make recreant, weak, spiritless, or cowardly. [Obs.] There is a prohibition so divine, That cravens my weak hand. Shak. CRAVER Crav"er (krv"r), n. Defn: One who craves or begs. CRAVING Crav"ing (-ng), n. Defn: Vehement or urgent desire; longing for; beseeching. A succession of cravings and satiety. L'Estrange. -- Crav"ing*ly, adv. -- Crav"ing*ness, n. CRAW Craw (kr), n. Etym: [Akin to D. kraag neck, collar, G. kragen, Sw. kr craw, Dan. kro, and possibly to Gr.bronchus), or Crag neck.] (Zoöl.) (a) The crop of a bird. (b) The stomach of an animal. CRAWFISH; CRAYFISH Craw"fish` (kr"fsh`), Cray"fish` (kr"fsh`), n.; pl. -fishes or -fish. Etym: [Corrupted fr. OE. crevis, creves, OF. crevice, F. , fr. OHG. krebiz crab, G. krebs. See Crab. The ending -fish arose from confusion with E. fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any crustacean of the family Astacidæ, resembling the lobster, but smaller, and found in fresh waters. Crawfishes are esteemed very delicate food both in Europe and America. The North American species are numerous and mostly belong to the genus Cambarus. The blind crawfish of the Mamoth Cave is Cambarus pellucidus. The common European species is Astacus fluviatilis. CRAWFORD Craw"ford (kr"frd), n. Defn: A Crawford peach; a well-known freestone peach, wich yellow flesh, first raised by Mr. William Crawford, of New Jersey. CRAWL Crawl (krl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crawled (krld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crawling.] Etym: [Dan. kravle, or Icel. krafla, to paw, scrabble with the hands; akin to Sw. kr to crawl; cf. LG. krabbeln, D. krabbelen to scratch.] 1. To move slowly by drawing the body along the ground, as a worm; to move slowly on hands and kness; to creep. A worm finds what it searches after only by feeling, as it crawls from one thing to another. Grew. 2. Hence, to move or advance in a feeble, slow, or timorous manner. He was hardly able to crawl about the room. Arbuthnot. The meanest thing that crawl'd beneath my eyes. Byron. 3. To advance slowly and furtively; to insinuate one's self; to advance or gain influence by servile or obsequious conduct. Secretly crawling up the battered walls. Knolles. Hath crawled into the favor of the king. Shak. Absurd opinions crawl about the world. South. 4. To have a sensation as of insect creeping over the body; as, the flesh crawls. See Creep, v. i. ,7. CRAWL Crawl (krl), n. Defn: The act or motion of crawling; CRAWL Crawl, n. Etym: [Cf. Kraal.] Defn: A pen or inclosure of stakes and hurdles on the seacoast, for holding fish. CRAWLER Crawl"er (krl"r), n. Defn: One who, or that which, crawls; a creeper; a reptile. CRAWL STROKE Crawl stroke. (Swimming) Defn: A racing stroke, in which the swimmer, lying flat on the water with face submerged, takes alternate overhand arm strokes while moving his legs up and down alternately from the knee. CRAWLY Crawl"y (krl"), a. Defn: Creepy. [Colloq.] CRAY; CRAYER Cray (kr), Cray"er (-r), n. Defn: See Crare. [Obs.] CRAYFISH Cray"fish (kr"fsh), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Crawfish. CRAYON Cray"on (kr"n), n. Etym: [F., a crayon, a lead pencil (crayon Conté Conté's pencil, i. e., one made a black compound invented by Conté), fr. craie chalk, L. creta; said to be, properly, Cretan earth, fr. Creta the island Crete. Cf. Cretaceous.] 1. An implement for drawing, made of clay and plumbago, or of some preparation of chalk, usually sold in small prisms or cylinders. Let no day pass over you . . . without giving some strokes of the pencil or the crayon. Dryden. Note: The black crayon gives a deeper black than the lead pencil. This and the colored crayons are often called chalks. The red crayon is also called sanguine. See Chalk, and Sanguine. 2. A crayon drawing. 3. (Electricity) Defn: A pencil of carbon used in producing electric light. Crayon board, cardboard with a surface prepared for crayon drawing. -- Crayon drawing, the act or art of drawing with crayons; a drawing made with crayons. CRAYON Cray"on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crayoned (-nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crayoning.] Etym: [Cf. F. crayonner.] Defn: To sketch, as with a crayon; to sketch or plan. He soon afterwards composed that discourse, conformably to the plan which he had crayoned out. Malone. CRAZE Craze (krz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crazed (krzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crazing.] Etym: [OE. crasen to break, fr. Scand., perh. through OF.; cf. Sw. krasa to crackle, sl, to break to pieces, F. to crush, fr. the Scand. Cf. Crash.] 1. To break into pieces; to crush; to grind to powder. See Crase. God, looking forth, will trouble all his host, And craze their chariot wheels. Milton. 2. To weaken; to impair; to render decrepit. [Obs.] Till length of years, And sedentary numbness, craze my limbs. Milton. 3. To derange the intellect of; to render insane. Any man . . . that is crazed and out of his wits. Tilloston. Grief hath crazed my wits. Shak. CRAZE Craze, v. i. 1. To be crazed, or to act or appear as She would weep and he would craze. Keats. 2. To crack, as the glazing of porcelain or pottery. CRAZE Craze, n. 1. Craziness; insanity. 2. A strong habitual desire or fancy; a crotchet. It was quite a craze with him [Burns] to have his Jean dressed genteelly. Prof. Wilson. 3. A temporary passion or infatuation, as for same new amusement, pursuit, or fashion; as, the bric-a-brac craze; the æsthetic craze. Various crazes concerning health and disease. W. Pater. CRAZEDNESS Craz"ed*ness (-d-ns), n. Defn: A broken state; decrepitude; an impaired state of the intellect. CRAZE-MILL; CRAZING-MILL Craze"-mill` (krz"m*l`), Craz"ing-mill` (kr"zng-), n. Etym: [See 1st Craze.] Defn: A mill for grinding tin ore. CRAZILY Cra"zi*ly (kr*"z-l), adv. Defn: In a crazy manner. CRAZINESS Cra"zi*ness, n. 1. The state of being broken down or weakened; as, the craziness of a ship, or of the limbs. 2. The state of being broken in mind; imbecility or weakness of intellect; derangement. CRAZY Cra"zy (kr"z), a. Etym: [From Craze.] 1. Characterized by weakness or feeblness; decrepit; broken; falling to decay; shaky; unsafe. Piles of mean andcrazy houses. Macualay. One of great riches, but a crazy constitution. Addison. They . . . got a crazy boat to carry them to the island. Jeffrey. 2. Broken, weakened, or dissordered in intellect; shattered; demented; deranged. Over moist and crazy brains. Hudibras. 3. Inordinately desirous; foolishly eager. [Colloq.] The girls were crazy to be introduced to him. R. B. Kimball. Crazy bone, the bony projection at the end of the elbow (olecranon), behind which passes the ulnar nerve; -- so called on account of the curiously painful tingling felt, when, in a particular position, it receives a blow; -- called also funny bone. -- Crazy quilt, a bedquilt made of pieces of silk or other material of various sizes, shapes, and colors, fancifully stitched together without definite plan or arrangement. CREABLE Cre"a*ble (kr"-b'l), a. Etym: [L. creabilis, from creare to create. See Create.] Defn: Capable of being created. [Obs.] I. Watts. CREAGHT Creaght (krt), n. Etym: [Ir. & Gael. graidh, graigh.] Defn: A drove or herd. [Obs.] Haliwell. CREAGHT Creaght, v. i. Defn: To graze. [Obs.] Sir. L. Davies. CREAK Creak (krk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Creaked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Creaking.] Etym: [OE. creken, prob. of imitative origin; cf. E. crack, and. D. kreiken to crackle, chirp.] Defn: To make a prolonged sharp grating or ssqueaking sound, as by the friction of hard substances; as, shoes creak. The creaking locusts with my voice conspire. Dryden. Doors upon their hinges creaked. Tennyson. CREAK Creak, v. t. Defn: To produce a creaking sound with. Creaking my shoes on the plain masonry. Shak. CREAK Creak (krk), n. Defn: Thew sound produced by anuthing that creaks; a creaking. Roget. CREAKING CReak"ing, n. Defn: A harsh grating or squeaking sound, or the act of making such a sound. Start not at the creaking of the door. Longfellow. CREAM Cream (krm), n. Etym: [F. cr, perh. fr. LL. crema cteam of milk; cf. L. cremor thick juice or broth, perh. akin to cremare to burn.] 1. The rich, oily, and yellowish part of milk, which, when the milk stands unagitated, rises, and collects on the surface. It is the part of milk from which butter is obtained. 2. The part of any liquor that rises, and collects on the surface. [R.] 3. A delicacy of several kinds prepared for the table from cream, etc., or so as to resemble cream. 4. A cosmetic; a creamlike medicinal preparation. In vain she tries her paste and creams, To smooth her skin or hide its seams. Goldsmith. 5. The best or choicest part of a thing; the quintessence; as. the cream of a jest or story; the cream of a collection of books or pictures. Welcome, O flower and cream of knights errant. Shelton. Bavarian cream, a preparation of gelatin, cream, sugar, and eggs, whipped; -- to be eaten cold. -- Cold cream, an ointment made of white wax, almond oil, rose water, and borax, and used as a salve for the hands and lips. -- Cream cheese, a kind of cheese made from curd from which the cream has not been taken off, or to which cream has been added. -- Cream gauge, an instrument to test milk, being usually a graduated glass tube in which the milk is placed for the cream to rise. -- Cream nut, the Brazil nut. -- Cream of lime. (a) A scum of calcium carbonate which forms on a solution of milk of lime from the carbon dioxide of the air. (b) A thick creamy emulsion of lime in water. -- Cream of tartar (Chem.), purified tartar or argol; so called because of the crust of crystals which forms on the surface of the liquor in the process of purification by recrystallization. It is a white crystalline substance, with a gritty acid taste, and is used very largely as an ingredient of baking powders; -- called also potassium bitartrate, acid potassium tartrate, etc. CREAM Cream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creamed (krmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Creaming.] 1. To skim, or take off by skimming, as cream. 2. To take off the best or choicest part of. 3. To furnish with, or as with, cream. Creaming the fragrant cups. Mrs. Whitney. To cream butter (Cooking), to rub, stir, or beat, butter till it is of a light creamy consistency. CREAM Cream, v. i. Defn: To form or become covered with cream; to become thick like cream; to assume the appearance of cream; hence, to grow stiff or formal; to mantle. There are a sort of men whose visages Do cream and mantle like a standing pool. Shak. CREAMCAKE Cream"cake` (-kk`), n. (Cookery) Defn: A kind of cake filled with custard made of cream, eggs, etc. CREAM-COLORED Cream"-col`ored (-kl`rd), a. Defn: Of the color of cream; light yellow. "Cream-colored horses." Hazlitt. CREAMERY Cream"er*y (-r-), n.; pl. Creameries (-. Etym: [CF. F. cr.] 1. A place where butter and cheese are made, or where milk and cream are put up in cans for market. 2. A place or apparatus in which milk is set for raising cream. 3. An establishment where cream is sold. CREAM-FACED Cream"-faced` (krm"fst`), a. Defn: White or pale, as the effect of fear, or as the natural complexion. Thou cream-faced loon. Shak. CREAM-FRUIT Cream"-fruit` (krm"frt`), n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of Sierra Leone which yields a wholesome, creamy juice. CREAMINESS Cream"i*ness (--ns), n. Defn: The quality of being creamy. CREAM LAID Cream" laid` (krm" ld`). Defn: See under Laid. CREAM-SLICE Cream"-slice` (-sls`), n. Defn: A wooden knife with a long thin blade, used in handling cream or ice cream. CREAM-WHITE Cream"-white` (-hwt`), a. Defn: As white as cream. CREAMY Cream"y (krm"), a. Defn: Full of, or containing, cream; resembling cream, in nature, appearance, or taste; creamlike; unctuous. "Creamy bowis." Collins. "Lines of creamy spray." Tennyson. "Your creamy words but cozen." Beau & Fl. CREANCE Cre"ance (kr"ans), n. Etym: [F. créance, lit., credence, fr. L. credere to trust. See Credence.] 1. Faith; belief; creed. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Falconry) Defn: A fine, small line, fastened to a hawk's leash, when it is first lured. CREANCE Cre"ance (kr*"ans), v. i. & t. Defn: To get on credit; to borrow. [Obs.] Chaucer. CREANT Cre"ant (kr"ant), a. Etym: [L. creans, p. pr. of creare to create.] Defn: Creative; formative. [R.] Mrs. Browning. CREASE Crease (krs), n. Defn: See Creese. Tennison. CREASE Crease, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. krus, G. krause, crispness, krausen, kr, to crisp, curl, lay on folds; or perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Armor.kriz a wrinkle, crease, kriza to wrinkle, fold, W. crych a wrinkle, crychu to rumple, ripple, crease.] 1. A line or mark made by folding or doubling any pliable substance; hence, a similar mark, howewer produced. 2. (Cricket) Defn: One of the lines serving to define the limits of the bowler and the striker. Bowling crease (Cricket), a line extending three feet four inches on each side of the central strings at right angles to the line between the wickets. -- Return crease (Cricket), a short line at each end of the bowling crease and at right angles to it, extending toward the bowler. -- Popping crease (Cricket),, a line drawn in front of the wicket, four feet distant from it, parallel to the bowling crease and at least as long as the latter. J. H. Walsh (Encyc. of Rural Sports). CREASE Crease, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creased (krst); p. pr. & vb. n. Creasing.] Defn: To make a crease or mark in, as by folding or doubling. Creased, like dog's ears in a folio. Gray. CREASER Creas"er (krs"r), n. 1. A tool, or a sewing-mashine attachment, for making lines or creases on leather or cloth, as guides to sew by. 2. A tool for making creases or beads, as in sheet iron, or for rounding small tubes. 3. (Bookbinding) Defn: A tool for making the band impression distinct on the back. Knight. CREASING Creas"ing (krs"ng), n. (Arch.) Defn: A layer of tiles forming a corona for a wall. CREASOTE Cre"a*sote (kr"-st), n. Defn: See Creosote. CREASY Creas"y (krs"), a. Defn: Full of creases. Tennyson. CREAT Cre"at (kr"t), n. Etym: [F. cr, ultimateli fr. L. creatus created, begotten; cf. It. creato pupil, servant, Sp. criado a servant, client.] (Man.) Defn: An usher to a riding master. CREATABLE Cre*at"a*ble (kr-"t-b'l), a. Defn: That may be created. CREATE Cre*ate" (kr-t"), a.Etym: [L. creatus, p. p. of creare to create; akin to Gr. k to make, and to E. ending -cracy in aristocracy, also to crescent, cereal.] Defn: Created; composed; begotte. [Obs.] Hearts create of duty and zeal. Shak. CREATE Cre*ate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Created;p. pr. & vb. n. Creating.] 1. To bring into being; to form out of nothing; to cause to exist. In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth. Gen. i. 1. 2. To effect by the agency, and under the laws, of causation; to be the occasion of; to cause; to produce; to form or fashion; to renew. Your eye in Scotland Would create soldiers. Shak. Create in me a clean heart. Ps. li. 10. 3. To invest with a new form, office, or character; to constitute; to appoint; to make; as, to create one a peer. "I create you companions to our person." Shak. CREATIC Cre*at"ic (kr-t"k), a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Relating to, or produced by, flesh or animal food; as, creatic nausea. [Written also kreatic.] CREATIN Cre"a*tin (kr"-tn), n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance found abundantly in muscle tissue. [Written also kreatine.] CREATININ Cre*at"i*nin (kr-t"-nn), n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, nitrogenous body closely related to creatin but more basic in its properties, formed from the latter by the action of acids, and occurring naturally in muscle tissue and in urine. [Written also kretinine.] CREATION Cre*a"tion (kr-A"shn), n. Etym: [L. creatio: cf. F. cr. See Create.] 1. The act of creating or causing to exist. Specifically, the act of bringing the universe or this world into existence. From the creation to the general doom. Shak. As when a new particle of matter dotn begin to exist, in rerum natura, which had before no being; and this we call creation. Locke. 2. That which is created; that which is produced or caused to exist, as the world or some original work of art or of the imagination; nature. We know that the whole creation groaneth. Rom. viii. 22. A dagger of the mind, a false creation. Shak. Choice pictures and creations of curious art. Beaconsfield. 3. The act of constituting or investing with a new character; appointment; formation. An Irish peer of recent creation. Landor. CREATIONAL Cre*a"tion*al (-al), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to creation. CREATIONISM Cre*a"tion*ism (-z'm), n. Defn: The doctrine that a soul is specially created for each human being as soon as it is formed in the womb; -- opposed to traducianism. CREATIVE Cre*a"tive (-tv), a. Defn: Having the power to create; exerting the act of creation. "Creative talent." W. Irving. The creative force exists in the germ. Whewell. CREATIVENESS Cre*a"tive*ness, n. Defn: The qualiyu of being creative. CREATOR Crea*"tor (kr-"tr), n. Etym: [L. creator: cf. F. cr.] Defn: One who creates, produces, or constitutes. Specifically, the Supreme Being. To sin's rebuke and my Creater's praise. Shak. The poets and artists of Greece, who are at the same time its prophets, the creators of its divinities, and the revealers of its theological beliefs. Caird. CREATORSHIP Cre*a"tor*ship, n. Defn: State or condition of a creator. CREATRESS Cre*a"tress, n. Etym: [L. creatrix: cf. F. cr.] Defn: She who creates. Spenser. CREATRIX Cre*a"trix (-trks), n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A creatress. [R.] CREATURAL Crea"tur*al (kr"tr-al; 135), a. Defn: Belonging to a creature; having the qualities of a creature. [R.] CREATURE Crea"ture (kr"tr; 135), n. Etym: [F. cr, L. creatura. See Create.] 1. Anything created; anything not self-existent; especially, any being created with life; an animal; a man. He asked water, a creature so common and needful that it was against the law of nature to deny him. Fuller. God's first creature was light. Bacon. On earth, join, all ye creatures, to extol Him first, him last, him midst, and without end. Milton. And most attractive is the fair result Of thought, the creature of a polished mind. Cowper. 2. A human being, in pity, contempt, or endearment; as, a poor creature; a pretty creature. The world hath not a sweeter creature. Shak. 3. A person who owes his rise and fortune to another; a servile dependent; an instrument; a tool. A creature of the queen's, Lady Anne Bullen. Shak. Both Charles himself and his creature, Laud. Macualay. 4. A general term among farmers for horses, oxen, etc. Creature comforts, those which minister to the comfort of the body. CREATURELESS Crea"ture*less, a. Defn: Without created beings; alone. God was alone And creatureless at first. Donne. CREATURELY Crea"ture*ly, a. Defn: Creatural; characteristic of a creature. [R.] "Creaturely faculties." Cheyne. CREATURESHIP Crea"ture*ship, n. Defn: The condition of being a creature. CREATURIZE Crea"tur*ize (-z), v. t. Defn: To make like a creature; to degrade [Obs.] Degrade and creaturize that mundane soul. Cudworth. CREAZE Creaze (krz), n. (Mining) Defn: The tin ore which collects in the central part of the washing pit or buddle. CREBRICOSTATE Cre`bri*cos"tate (kr`br-ks"tt), a. Etym: [L. creber close + costa rib.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Marked with closely set ribs or ridges. CREBRISULCATE Cre`bri*sul"cate (kr`br-sl"kt), a. Etym: [L. creber close + sulcus furrow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Marked with closely set transverse furrows. CREBRITUDE Creb"ri*tude (krb"r-td), n. Etym: [L. crebritudo, fr. creber close.] Defn: Frequency. [Obs.] Bailey. CREBROUS Cre"brous (kr"brs), a. Etym: [L. creber close set, frequent.] Defn: Frequent; numerous. [Obs.] Goodwin. CRECHE Creche (krsh), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A public nursery, where the young children of poor women are cared for during the day, while their mothers are at work. CREDENCE Cre"dence (kr"dens), n. Etym: [LL. credentia, fr. L. credens, -entis, p. pr. of credere to trust, believe: cf. OF. credence. See Creed, and cf. Credent, Creance.] 1. Reliance of the mind on evidence of facts derived from other sources than personal knowledge; belief; credit; confidence. To give credence to the Scripture miracles. Trench. An assertion which might easily find credence. Macualay. 2. That which gives a claim to credit, belief, or confidence; as, a letter of credence. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: The small table by the side of the altar or communion table, on which the bread and wine are placed before being consecrated. 4. A cupboard, sideboard, or cabinet, particularly one intended for the display of rich vessels or plate, and consisting chiefly of open shelves for that purpose. CREDENCE Cre"dence, v. t. Defn: To give credence to; to believe. [Obs.] CREDENDUM Cre*den"dum (kr-dn"dm), n.;pl. Credenda (-d. Etym: [L., fr. credere to belive.] (Theol.) Defn: A thing to be believed; an article of faith; -- distinguished from agendum, a practical duty. The great articles and credenda of Christianity. South. CREDENT Cre"dent (kr"dent), a. Etym: [. credens, -entis, p. pr. of credere to trust, believe. See Creed.] 1. Believing; giving credence; credulous. [R.] If with too credent esr you list songs. Shak. 2. Having credit or authority; credible. [Obs.] For my authority bears of a credent bulk. Shak. CREDENTIAL Cre*den"tial (kr-dn"shal), a. Etym: [Cf. It. credenziale, fr. LL. credentia. See Credence.] Defn: Giving a title or claim to credit or confidence; accrediting. Their credential letters on both sides. Camden. CREDENTIAL Cre*den"tial, n. Etym: [Cf. It. credenziale.] 1. That which gives a title to credit or confidence. 2. pl. Defn: Testimonials showing that a person is entitled to credit, or has right to exercise official power, as the letters given by a government to an ambassador or envoy, or a certificate that one is a duly elected delegate. The committee of estates excepted against the credentials of the English commissioners. Whitelocke. Had they not shown undoubted credentials from the Divine Person who sent them on such a message. Addison. CREDIBILITY Cred`i*bil"i*ty (krd`-bl"-t), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cr.] Defn: The quality of being credible; credibleness; as, the credibility of facts; the credibility of witnesses. CREDIBLE Cred"i*ble (krd"-b'l), a. Etym: [L. credibilis, fr. credere. See Creed.] Defn: Capable of being credited or believed; worthy of belief; entiled to confidence; trustworthy. Things are made credible either by the known condition and quality of the utterer or by the manifest likelihood of truth in themselves. Hooker. A very diligent and observing person, and likewise very sober and credible. Dampier. CREDIBLENESS Cred"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being credible; worthness of belief; credibility. [R.] Boyle. CREDIBLY Cred"i*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner inducing belief; as, I have been credibly informed of the event. CREDIT Cred"it (krd"t), n. Etym: [F. cr (cf. It. credito), L. creditum loan, prop. neut. of creditus, p. p. of credere to trust, loan, believe. See Creed.] 1. Reliance on the truth of something said or done; belief; faith; trust; confidence. When Jonathan and the people heard these words they gave no credit into them, nor received them. 1 Macc. x. 46. 2. Reputation derived from the confidence of others; esteem; honor; good name; estimation. John Gilpin was a citizen Of credit and renown. Cowper. 3. A ground of, or title to, belief or confidence; authority derived from character or reputation. The things which we properly believe, be only such as are received on the credit of divine testimony. Hooker. 4. That which tends to procure, or add to, reputation or esteem; an honor. I published, because I was told I might please such as it was a credit to please. Pope. 5. Influence derived from the good opinion, confidence, or favor of others; interest. Having credit enough with his master to provide for his own interest. Clarendon. 6. (Com.) Defn: Trust given or received; expectation of future playment for property transferred, or of fulfillment or promises given; mercantile reputation entitling one to be trusted; -- applied to individuals, corporations, communities, or nations; as, to buy goods on credit. Credit is nothing but the expectation of money, within some limited time. Locke. 7. The time given for payment for lands or goods sold on trust; as, a long credit or a short credit. 8. (Bookkeeping) Defn: The side of an account on which are entered all items reckoned as values received from the party or the category named at the head of the account; also, any one, or the sum, of these items; -- the opposite of debit; as, this sum is carried to one's credit, and that to his debit; A has several credits on the books of B. Bank credit, or Cash credit. See under Cash. -- Bill of credit. See under Bill. -- Letter of credit, a letter or notification addressed by a banker to his correspondent, informing him that the person named therein is entitled to draw a certain sum of money; when addressed to several different correspondents, or when the money can be drawn in fractional sums in several different places, it is called a circular letter of credit. -- Public credit. (a) The reputation of, or general confidence in, the ability or readiness of a government to fulfull its pecuniary engagements. (b) The ability and fidelity of merchants or others who owe largely in a community. He touched the dead corpse of Public Credit, and it sprung upon its feet. D. Webster. CREDIT Cred"it (krd"t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Credited; p. pr. & vb. n. Crediting.] 1. To confide in the truth of; to give credence to; to put trust in; to believe. How shall they credit A poor unlearned virgin Shak. 2. To bring honor or repute upon; to do credit to; to raise the estimation of. You credit the church as much by your government as you did the school formerly by your wit. South. 3. (Bookkeeping) Defn: To enter upon the credit side of an account; to give credit for; as, to credit the amount paid; to set to the credit of; as, to credit a man with the interest paid on a bond. To credit with, to give credit for; to assign as justly due to any one. Crove, Helmholtz, and Meyer, are more than any others to be credited with the clear enunciation of this doctrine. Newman. CREDITABLE Cred"it*a*ble (--b'l), a. 1. Worthy of belief. [Obs.] Divers creditable witnesses deposed. Ludlow. 2. Deserving or possessing reputation or esteem; reputable; estimable. This gentleman was born of creditable parents. Goldsmith. 3. Bringing credit, reputation, or honor; honorable; as, such conduct is highly creditable to him. Macualay. He settled him in a good creditable way of living. Arbuthnot. CREDITABLENESS Cred"it*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being creditable. CREDITABLY Cred"it*a*bly (--bl), adv. Defn: In a creditable manner; reputably; with credit. CREDIT FONCIER Cre`dit" fon`cier" (krd" fn`s"). Etym: [F. cr credit & foncier relating to land, landed.] Defn: A company licensed for the purpose of carrying out improvements, by means of loans and advances upon real securities. ] CREDIT MOBILIER Cre`dit" mo`bi`lier" (m`b`ly"). Etym: [F. cr credit & mobilier personal, pertaining to personal property.] Defn: A joint stock company, formed for general banking business, or for the construction of public works, by means of loans on personal estate, after the manner of the crédit foncier on real estate. In practice, however, this distinction has not been strictly observed. CREDITOR Cred"it*or (krd"t-r), n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. cr. See Credit.] 1. One who credits, believes, or trusts. The easy creditors of novelties. Daniel. 2. One who gives credit in business matters; hence, one to whom money is due; -- correlative to debtor. Creditors have better memories than debtors. Franklin. CREDITRESS; CREDITRIX Cred"it*ress (krd"t-rs), Cred"i*trix (krd"-trks), n. Etym: [L. creditrix.] Defn: A female creditor. CREDO Cre"do (kr"d), n. Etym: [L. See Creed.] Defn: The creed, as sung or read in the Roman Catholic church. He repeated Aves and Credos. Macualay. CREDULITY Cre*du"li*ty (kr-d"l-t), n. Etym: [L. credulitas, fr. credulus: cf. F. cr. See Credulous.] Defn: Readiness of belief; a disposition to believe on slight evidence. That implict credulity is the mark of a feeble mind will not be disputed. Sir W. Hamilton. CREDULOUS Cred"u*lous (krd"-ls; 135), a. Etym: [L. credulus, fr. credere. See Creed.] 1. Apt to believe on slight evidence; easly imposed upon; unsuspecting. Landor. Eve, our credulous mother. Milton. 2. Believed too readily. [Obs.] Beau & Fl. CREDULOUSLY Cred"u*lous*ly, adv. Defn: With credulity. CREDULOUSNESS Cred"u*lous*ness, n. Defn: Readiness to believe on slight evidence; credulity. Beyond all credulity is the credulousness of atheists. S. Clarke. CREED Creed (krd), n. Etym: [OE. credo, crede, AS. creda, fr. L. credo I believe, at the beginning of the Apostles' creed, fr. credere to believe; akin to OIr. cretin I believe, and Skr. ; crat trust + dh to put. See Do, v. t., and cf. Credo, Grant.] 1. A definite summary of what is believed; esp., a summary of the articles of Christian faith; a confession of faith for public use; esp., one which is brief and comprehensive. In the Protestant system the creed is not coördinate with, but always subordinate to, the Bible. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. 2. Any summary of principles or opinions professed or adhered to. I love him not, nor fear him; there's my creed. Shak. Apostles' creed, Athanasian creed, Nicene creed. See under Apostle, Athanasian, Nicene. CREED Creed, v. t. Defn: To believe; to credit. [Obs.] That part which is so creeded by the people. Milton. CREEDLESS Creed"less, a. Defn: Without a creed. Carlyle. CREEK Creek (krk), n. Etym: [AS. crecca; akin to D. kreek, Icel. kriki crack, nook; cf. W. crig crack, crigyll ravine, creek. Cf. Crick, Crook.] 1. A small inlet or bay, narrower and extending further into the land than a cove; a recess in the shore of the sea, or of a river. Each creek and cavern of the dangerous shore. Cowper. They discovered a certain creek, with a shore. Acts xxvii. 39. 2. A stream of water smaller than a river and larger than a brook. Lesser streams and rivulets are denominated creeks. Goldsmith. 3. Any turn or winding. The passages of alleys, creeks, and narrow lands. Shak. CREEKFISH Creek"fish (krk"fsh), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chub sucker. CREEKS Creeks (krks), n. pl.; sing. Creek. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe or confederacy of North American Indians, including the Muskogees, Seminoles, Uchees, and other subordinate tribes. They formerly inhabited Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. CREEKY Creek"y (krk"), a. Defn: Containing, or abounding in, creeks; characterized by creeks; like a creek; winding. "The creeky shore." Spenser. CREEL Creel (krl), n. Etym: [Gael. craidhleag basket, creel.] 1. An osier basket, such as anglers use. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Spinning) Defn: A bar or set of bars with skewers for holding paying-off bobbins, as in the roving machine, throstle, and mule. CREEP Creep (krp), v. t. [imp. Crept (krpt) (Crope (kr, Obs.); p. p. Crept; p. pr. & vb. n. Creeping.] Etym: [OE. crepen, creopen, AS. cre; akin to D. kruipen, G. kriechen, Icel. krjupa, Sw. krypa, Dan. krybe. Cf. Cripple, Crouch.] 1. To move along the ground, or on any other surface, on the belly, as a worm or reptile; to move as a child on the hands and knees; to crawl. Ye that walk The earth, and stately tread, or lowly creep. Milton. 2. To move slowly, feebly, or timorously, as from unwillingness, fear, or weakness. The whining schoolboy . . . creeping, like snail, Unwillingly to school. Shak. Like guilty thing, Icreep. Tennyson. 3. To move in a stealthy or secret manner; to move imperceptibly or clandestinely; to steal in; to insinuate itself or one's self; as, age creeps upon us. The sothistry which creeps into most of the books of argument. Locke. Of this sort are they which creep into houses, and lead captive silly women. 2. Tim. iii. 6. 4. To slip, or to become slightly displaced; as, the collodion on a negative, or a coat of varnish, may creep in drying; the quicksilver on a mirror may creep. 5. To move or behave with servility or exaggerated humility; to fawn; as, a creeping sycophant. To come as humbly as they used to creep. Shak. 6. To grow, as a vine, clinging to the ground or to some other support by means of roots or rootlets, or by tendrils, along its length. "Creeping vines." Dryden. 7. To have a sensation as of insects creeping on the skin of the body; to crawl; as, the sight made my flesh creep. See Crawl, v. i.,4. 8. To drag in deep water with creepers, as for recovering a submarine cable. CREEP Creep, n. 1. The act or process of creeping. 2. A distressing sensation, or sound, like that occasioned by the creeping of insects. A creep of undefinable horror. Blackwood's Mag. Out of the stillness, with gathering creep, Like rising wind in leaves. Lowell. 3. (Mining) Defn: A slow rising of the floor of a gallery, occasioned by the pressure of incumbent strata upon the pillars or sides; a gradual movement of mining ground. CREEPER Creep"er (krp"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, creeps; any creeping thing. Standing waters are most unwholesome, . . . full of mites,creepers; slimy, muddy, unclean. Burton. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant that clings by rootlets, or by tendrils, to the ground, or to trees, etc.; as, the Virginia creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia). 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small bird of the genus Certhia, allied to the wrens. The brown or common European creeper is C. familiaris, a variety of which (var. Americana) inhabits America; -- called also tree creeper and creeptree. The American black and white creeper is Mniotilta varia. 4. A kind of patten mounted on short pieces of iron instead of rings; also, a fixture with iron points worn on a shoe to prevent one from slipping. 5. pl. Defn: A spurlike device strapped to the boot, which enables one to climb a tree or pole; -- called often telegraph creepers. 6. A small, low iron, or dog, between the andirons. 7. pl. Defn: An instrument with iron hooks or claws for dragging at the bottom of a well, or any other body of water, and bringing up what may lie there. 8. Any device for causing material to move steadily from one part of a machine to another, as an apron in a carding machine, or an inner spiral in a grain screen. 9. pl. (Arch.) Defn: Crockets. See Crocket. CREEPHOLE Creep"hole` (-hl`), n. 1. A hole or retreat onto which an animal may creep, to escape notice or danger. 2. A subterfuge; an excuse. CREEPIE Creep"ie (-), n. Defn: A low stool. [Scot.] CREEPINESS Creep"i*ness (--ns), n. Defn: An uneasy sensation as of insects creeping on the skin. She felt a curious, uneasy creepiness. Mrs. Alexander. CREEPING Creep"ing, a. 1. Crawling, or moving close to the ground. "Every creeping thing." Gen. vi. 20. 2. Growing along, and clinging to, the ground, or to a wall, etc., by means of rootlets or tendrils. Casements lined with creeping herbs. Cowper. Ceeping crowfoot (Bot.), a plant, the Ranunculus repens.- Creeping snowberry, an American plant (Chiogenes hispidula) with white berries and very small round leaves having the flavor of wintergreen. CREEPING CHARLIE Creep"ing Char"lie. Defn: The stonecrop (Sedum acre). CREEPINGLY Creep"ing*ly, adv. Defn: by creeping slowly; in the manner of a reptile; insidiously; cunningly. How slily and creepingly did he address himself to our first parents. South. CREEPLE Cree"ple (kr"p'l), n. Etym: [See Cripple.] 1. A creeping creature; a reptile. [Obs.] There is one creeping beast, or long creeple (as the name is in Devonshire), that hath a rattle at his tail that doth discover his age. Morton (1632). 2. One who is lame; a cripple. [Obs.] Thou knowest how lame a creeple this world is. Donne. CREEPY Creep"y (krp"), a. Defn: Crawly; having or producing a sensation like that caused by insects creeping on the skin. [Colloq.] One's whole blood grew curdling and creepy. R. Browning. CREES Crees (krz), n. pl.; sing. Cree. (Ethnol.) Defn: An Algonquin tribe of Indians, inhabiting a large part of British America east of the Rocky Mountains and south of Hudson's Bay. CREESE Creese (krs), n. Etym: [Malay. kris.] Defn: A dagger or short sword used by the Malays, commonly having a serpentine blade. [Written also crease and kris.] From a Malayan creese to a sailor's jackknife. Julian Hawthorne. CREMAILLERE Cré`mail`lère" (kr`m`lyr" or -m`yr"), n. Etym: [F.] (Fort.) Defn: An indented or zigzaged line of intrenchment. CREMASTER Cre*mas"ter (kr-ms"tr), n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: A thin muscle which serves to draw up the testicle. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The apex of the last abdominal segment of an insect. CREMASTERIC Crem`as*ter"ic (krm`3s-tr"k), a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the cremaster; as, the cremasteric artery. CREMATE Cre"mate (kr"mt or kr-mt"), v. t. Etym: [L. crematus, p. p. of cremare to burn; cf. Skr. cr to cook.] Defn: To burn; to reduce to ashes by the action of fire, either directly or in an oven or retort; to incremate or incinerate; as, to cremate a corpse, instead of burying it. CREMATION Cre*ma"tion (kr-m"shn), n. Etym: [L. crematio.] Defn: A burning; esp., the act or practice of cremating the dead. Without cremation . . . of their bodies. Sir T. Browne. CREMATIONIST Cre*ma"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who advocates the practice of cremation. CREMATOR Cre*ma"tor (-tr), n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who, or that which, cremmates or consumes to ashes. CREMATORIUM; CREMATORY Crem`a*to"ri*um (krm`-t"r-m), Crem"a*to*ry (krm"-t-r), n.; pl. Crematoriums (-Crematories (-r. Etym: [NL. crematorium, fr. L. cremator.] Defn: A furnace for cremating corpses; a building containing such a furnace. CREMATORY Crem"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or employed in, cremation. CREME Crême, n. [F.] Defn: Cream; -- a term used esp. in cookery, names of liqueurs, etc. CREMOCARP Crem"o*carp (krm"-krp or kr"m-), n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The peculiar fruit of fennel, carrott, parsnip, and the like, consisting of a pair of carpels pendent from a supporting axis. CREMONA Cre*mo"na (kr-m"n), n. Defn: A superior kind of violin, formerly made at Cremona, in Italy. CREMOR Cre"mor (kr"mr), n. Etym: [L. CF. Cream.] Defn: Cream; a substance resembling cream; yeast; scum. CREMOSIN Crem"o*sin (krm"-sn), n. Defn: See Crimson. [Obs.] CREMS Crems (krmz), n. Defn: See Krems. CRENATE; CRENATED Cre"nate (krnt), Cre"na*ted (kr"n-td), a. Etym: [L. crena notch. See Cranny.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the margin cut into rounded teeth notches, or scallops. CRENATION Cre*na"tion (kr-n"shn), n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A rounded tooth on the edge of a leaf. 2. The condition of being crenate. CRENATURE Cren"a*ture (krn"-tr or kr"n-; 135), n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A rounded tooth or notch of a crenate leaf, or any part that is crenate; -- called also crenelle. 2. The state of being crenated or notched. CRENEL Cre*nel" (kr-nl"), n. Defn: See Crenelle. CRENELATE Cren"el*ate (krn"l-t or kr"nl-t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crenelated (- `td); p. pr. & vb. n. Crenelating (-`tng).] Etym: [LL. crenellare, kernellare: cf. F. cr to indent. See Crenelle.] [Written also crenellate.] 1. To furnish with crenelles. 2. To indent; to notch; as, a crenelated leaf. Crenelated molding (Arch.), a kind of indented molding used in Norman buildings. CRENELATION Cren`el*a"tion (-"shn), n. Defn: The act of crenelating, or the state of being crenelated; an indentation or an embrasure. [Written also crenellation.] CRENELLE; CRENEL Cre*nelle", Cre*nel" (kr-nl"), n. Etym: [OF. crenel, F. cr, LL. crenellus, kernellus, dim. (prob.) fr. L. crena notch. See Crenny.] 1. An embrasure or indentation in a battlement; a loophole in a fortress; an indentation; a notch. See Merlon, and Illust. of Battlement. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Crenature. CRENELLED Cre*nelled" (kr a. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Crenate. CRENGLE; CRENKLE Cren"gle (krn"g'l), Cren"kle (-k'l), n. Defn: See Cringle. CRENULATE; CRENULATED Cren"u*late (krn"-lt), Cren"u*la`ted (-l`td), a. Etym: [Dim. of crenate.] (Bot.) Defn: Minutely crenate. CRENULATION Cren`u*la"tion (-l"shn), n. 1. A minute crenation. 2. The state of being minutely scalloped. CREOLE Cre"ole (kr"l), n. Etym: [F. cr, Sp. criollo, from an American negro word, perh. a corruption of a Sp. criadillo, dim. of criado servant, formerly also, child, fr. L. creatus, p. p. of creare to create. Cf. Create.] Defn: One born of European parents in the American colonies of France or Spain or in the States which were once such colonies, esp. a person of French or Spanish descent, who is a native inhabitant of Louisiana, or one of the States adjoining, bordering on the Gulf of of Mexico. Note: "The term creole negro is employed in the English West Indies to distinguish the negroes born there from the Africans imported during the time of the slave trade. The application of this term to the colored people has led to an idea common in some parts of the United States, though wholly unfounded, that it implies an admixture greater or less of African blood." R. Hildreth. Note: "The title [Creole] did not first belong to the descendants of Spanish, but of French, settlers, But such a meaning implied a certain excellence of origin, and so came early to include any native of French or Spanish descent by either parent, whose nonalliance with the slave race entitled him to social rank. Later, the term was adopted by, not conceded to, the natives of mixed blood, and is still so used among themselves. . . . Besides French and Spanish, there are even, for convenience of speech, 'colored' Creoles; but there are no Italian, or Sicilian, nor any English, Scotch, Irish, or 'Yankee' Creoles, unless of parentage married into, and themselves thoroughly proselyted in, Creole society." G. W. Cable. CREOLE Cre"ole (kr"l), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a Creole or the Creoles. Note: In New Orleans the word Creole is applied to any product, or variety of manufacture, peculiar to Louisiana; as, Creole ponies, chickens, cows, shoes, eggs, wagons, baskets, etc. CREOLEAN; CREOLIAN Cre*o"le*an (kr-"l-an), Cre*o"li*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Creoles. -- n. Defn: A Creole. CREOLE STATE Creole State. Defn: Louisiana; -- a nickname. See Creole, n. & a. CREOSOL Cre"o*sol (kr"-sl), n. Etym: [Cresote + phenol.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless liquid resembling phenol or carbolic acid, homologous with pyrocatechin, and obtained from beechwood tar and gum guaiacum. [Written also creasol.] CREOSOTE Cre"o*sote (kr"-st), n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Wood-tar oil; an oily antiseptic liquid, of a burning smoky taste, colorless when pure, but usually colored yellow or brown by impurity or exposure. It is a complex mixture of various phenols and their ethers, and is obtained by the distillation of wood tar, especially that of beechwood. Note: It is remarkable as an antiseptic and deodorizer in the preservation of wood, flesh, etc., and in the prevention of putrefaction; but it is a poor germicide, and in this respect has been overrated. Smoked meat, as ham, owes its preservation and taste to a small quantity of creosote absorbed from the smoke to which it is exposed. Carbolic acid is phenol proper, while creosote is a mixture of several phenols. Coal-tar creosote (Chem.), a colorless or yellow, oily liquid, obtained in the distillation of coal tar, and resembling wood-tar oil, or creosote proper, in composition and properties. CREOSOTE Cre"o*sote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creosoted (-s"td); p. pr. & vb. n. Creosoting.] Defn: To saturate or impregnate with creosote, as timber, for the prevention of decay. CREOSOTE BUSH Cre"o*sote bush. Defn: A shrub (Covillea mexicana) found in desert regions from Colorado to California and southward through Mexico. It has yellow flowers and very resinous foliage with a strong odor of creosote. CREPANCE; CREPANE Cre"pance (kr"pans), Cre"pane (kr"pn), n. Etym: [Cf. L. crepare to crack.] (Far.) Defn: An injury in a horse's leg, caused by the shoe of one hind foot striking and cutting the other leg. It sometimes forms an ulcer. CREPE Crêpe (krp), n. Defn: Same as Crape. CREPITANT Crep"i*tant (krp"-tant), a. Etym: [See Crepitate.] Defn: Having a crackling sound; crackling; rattling. Crepitant rale (Med.), a peculiar crackling sound audible with inspiration in pneumonia and other lung disease. CREPITATE Crep"i*tate (kr, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crepitated (-t; p. pr. & vb. n. Crepitating (-t.] Etym: [L. crepitatus, p. p. of crepitare to crackle, v. intensive of crepare to crack. Cf. Crevice.] Defn: To make a series of small, sharp, rapidly repeated explosions or sounds, as salt in fire; to crackle; to snap. CREPITATION Crep`i*ta"tion (krp`-t"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. crépitation.] 1. The act of crepitating or crackling. 2. (Med.) (a) A grating or crackling sensation or sound, as that produced by rubbing two fragments of a broken bone together, or by pressing upon cellular tissue containing air. (b) A crepitant râle. CREPITUS Crep"i*tus (krp"-ts), n. Etym: [L., fr. crepare to crack.] (Med.) (a) The noise produced bu a sudden discharge of wind from the bowels. (b) Same as Crepitation, 2. CREPON Cre"pon (kr"pn; F. kr`pn"), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A thin stuff made of the finest wool or silk, or of wool and silk. CREPT Crept (krpt), Defn: imp. & p. p. of Creep. CREPUSCLE; CREPUSCULE Cre*pus"cle (kr-ps"s'l), Cre*pus"cule (kr-ps"kl), n. Etym: [L. crepusculum, fr. creper dusky, dark: cf. F. cr.] Defn: Twilight. Bailey. CREPUSCULAR; CREPUSCULOUS Cre*pus"cu*lar (-k-lr), Cre*pus"cu*lous (-ls), a. Etym: [Cf. F. cr.] 1. Pertaining to twilight; glimmering; hence, imperfectly clear or luminous. This semihistorical and crepuscular period. Sir G. C. Lewis. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Flying in the twilight or evening, or before sunrise; -- said certain birds and insects. Others feed only in the twilight, as bats and owls, and are called crepuscular. Whewell. CREPUSCULINE Cre*pus"cu*line, a. Defn: Crepuscular. [Obs.] Sprat. CRESCENCE Cres"cence (krs"sens), n. Etym: [See Crescent.] Defn: Increase; enlargement. [Obs.] And toward the moon's attractive crescence bend. H. Brooke. CRESCENDO Cres*cen"do (krs-sn"d; It. kr-shn"d), a. & adv. Etym: [It., from crescere to increase. See Crescent.] (Mus.) Defn: With a constantly increasing volume of voice; with gradually increasing strength and fullness of tone; -- a direction for the performance of music, indicated by the mark, or by writing the word on the score. CRESCENDO Cres*cen"do, n. (Mus.) (a) A gradual increase in the strength and fullness of tone with which a passage is performed. (b) A pssage to be performed with constantly increasing volume of tone. CRESCENT Cres"cent (krs"sent), n. Etym: [OE. cressent, cressaunt, crescent (in sense 1), OF. creissant increasing, F. croissant, p. pr. of cro, OF. creistre, fr. L. crescere to increase, v. incho.; akin to creare to create. See Create, and cf. Accrue, Increase, Crescendo.] 1. The increasing moon; the moon in her first quarter, or when defined by a concave and a convex edge; also, applied improperly to the old or decreasing moon in a like state. 2. Anything having the shape of a crescent or new moon. 3. A representation of the increasing moon, often used as an emblem or badge; as: (a) A symbol of Artemis, or Diana. (b) The ancient symbol of Byzantium or Constantinople. Hence: (c) The emblem of the Turkish Empire, adopted after the taking of Constantinople. The cross of our faith is replanted, The pale, dying crescent is daunted. Campbell. 4. Any one of three orders of knighthood; the first instituted by Charles I., king of Naples and Sicily, in 1268; the second by René of Anjou, in 1448; and the third by the Sultan Selim III., in 1801, to be conferred upon foreigners to whom Turkey might be indebted for valuable services. Brande & C. 5. (Her.) Defn: The emblem of the increasing moon with horns directed upward, when used in a coat of arms; -- often used as a mark of cadency to distinguish a second son and his descendants. CRESCENT Cres"cent (krs"sent), a. 1. Shaped like a crescent. Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. Milton. 2. Increasing; growing. O, I see the crescent promise of my spirit hath not set. Tennyson. CRESCENT Cres"cent, v. t. 1. To form into a crescent, or something resembling a crescent. [R.] Anna Seward. 2. To adorn with crescents. CRESCENTIC Cres*cen"tic (krs-sn"tk), a. Defn: Crescent-shaped. "Crescentic lobes." R. Owen. CRESCENTWISE Cres"cent*wise` (krs"sent-wz`), adv. Defn: In the form of a crescent; like a crescent. Tennyson. CRESCIVE Cres"cive (krs"sv), a. Etym: [L. crescere to increase.] Defn: Increasing; growing. [R.] Unseen, yet crescive in his faculty. Shak. CRESOL Cre"sol (kr"sl), n. Etym: [From Creosote.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of three metameric substances, CH3.C6H4.OH, homologous with and resembling phenol. They are obtained from coal tar and wood tar, and are colorless, oily liquids or solids. Note: [Called also cresylic acid.] CRESORCIN Cre*sor"cin (kr-sr"sn), n. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Isorcin. CRESS Cress (krs), n.; pl. Cresses (kr. Etym: [OE. ces, cresse, kers, kerse, AS. cresse, cerse; akin to D. kers, G. kresse, Dan. karse, Sw. krasse, and possibly also to OHG. chresan to creep.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of various species, chiefly cruciferous. The leaves have a moderately pungent taste, and are used as a salad and antiscorbutic. Note: The garden cress, called also peppergrass, is the Lepidium sativum; the water cress is the Nasturtium officinale. Various other plants are sometimes called cresses. To strip the brook with mantling cresses spread. Goldsmith. Bitter cress. See under Bitter. -- Not worth a cress, or "not worth a kers." a common old proverb, now turned into the meaningless "not worth a curse." Skeat. CRESSELLE Cres*selle" (krs-sl"), n. Etym: [F. crécelle rattle.] (Eccl.) Defn: A wooden rattle sometimes used as a substitute for a bell, in the Roman Catholic church, during the latter part of Holy Week, or the last week of Lent. CRESSET Cres"set (krs"st), n. Etym: [OF. crasset, cresset, sort of lamp or torch; perh. of Dutch or German origin, and akin to E. cruse, F. creuset crucible, E. crucible.] 1. An open frame or basket of iron, filled with combustible material, to be burned as a beacon; an open lamp or firrepan carried on a pole in nocturnal processions. Starry lamps and blazing cressets, fed With naphtha and asphaltus. Milton. As a cresset true that darts its length Of beamy luster from a tower of strength. Wordsworth. 2. (Coopering) Defn: A small furnace or iron cage to hold fire for charring the inside of a cask, and making the staves flexible. Knight. CRESSY Cress"y (krs"), a. Defn: Abounding in cresses. The cressy islets white in flower. Tennyson. CREST Crest (krst), n. Etym: [OF. creste, F. cr, L. crista.] 1. A tuft, or other excrescence or natural ornament, growing on animal's head; the comb of a cock; the swelling on the head of a serpent; the lengthened feathers of the crown or nape of bird, etc. Darwin. [Attack] his rising crest, and drive the serpent back. C. Pitt. 2. The plume of feathers, or other decoration, worn on a helmet; the distinctive ornament of a helmet, indicating the rank of the weare; hence, also, the helmet. Stooping low his lofty crest. Sir W. Scott. And on his head there stood upright A crest, in token of a knight. Gower. 3. (Her.) Defn: A bearing worn, not upon the shield, but usually above it, or separately as an ornament for plate, liveries, and the like. It is a relic of the ancient cognizance. See Cognizance, 4. 4. The upper curve of a horse's neck. Throwing the base thong from his bending crest. Shak. 5. The ridge or top of wave. Like wave with crest of sparkling foam. Sir W. Scott. 6. The summit of a hill or mountain ridge. 7. The helm or head, as typical of a high spirit; pride; courage. Now the time is come That France must vail her lofty plumed crest. Shak. 8. (Arch.) Defn: The ornamental finishing which surmounts the ridge of a roof, canopy, etc. The finials of gables and pinnacles are sometimes called crest. Parker. 9. (Engin.) Defn: The top line of a slope or embankment. Crest tile, a tile made to cover the ridge of a roof, fitting upon it like a saddle. -- Interior crest (Fort.), the highest line of the parapet. CREST Crest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crested; p. pr. & vb. n. Cresting.] 1. To furnish with, or surmount as, a crest; to serve as a crest for. His legs bestrid the ocean, his reared arm Crested the world. Shak. Mid groves of clouds that crest the mountain's brow. Wordsworth. 2. To mark with lines or streaks, like, or regarded as like, waving plumes. Like as the shining sky in summer's night, . . . Is crested with lines of fiery light. Spenser. CREST Crest (krst), v. i. Defn: To form a crest. CRESTED Crest"ed (krst"d), a. 1. Having a crest. But laced crested helm. Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a crest of feathers or hair upon the head. "The crested bird." Dryden. 3. (Bott.) Defn: Bearing any elevated appendage like a crest, as an elevated line or ridge, or a tuft. Gray. CRESTFALLEN Crest"fall`en (-fl`'n), a. 1. With hanging head; hence, dispirited; dejected; cowed. Let it make thee crestfullen; Ay, and allay this thy abortive pride. Shak. 2. Having the crest, or upper part of the neck, hanging to one side; -- said of a horse. CRESTING Crest"ing, n. (Arch.) Defn: An ornamental finish on the top of a wall or ridge of a roof. CRESTLESS Crest"less, a. Defn: Without a crest or escutcheon; of low birth. "Crestless yeomen." Shak. CRESYLIC Cre*syl"ic (kr-sl"k), a. Etym: [From Creosote.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, cresol, creosote, etc. Cresylic acid. (Chem.) See Cresol. CRETACEOUS Cre*ta"ceous (kr-t"shs), a. Etym: [L. cretaceus, fr. creta chalk. See Crayon.] Defn: Having the qualities of chalk;abounding with chalk; chalky; as, cretaceous rocks and formations. See Chalk. Cretaceous acid, an old name for carbonic acid. -- Cretaceous formation (Geol.), the series of strata of various kinds, including beds of chalk, green sand, etc., formed in the Cretaceous period; -- called also the chalk formation. See the Diagram under Geology. -- Cretaceous period (Geol.), the time in the latter part of the Mesozoic age during which the Cretaceous formation was deposited. CRETACEOUS; CRETACIC Cre*ta"ceous, a. Also Cre*tac"ic. (Geol.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, the period of time following the Jurassic and preceding the Eocene. CRETACEOUSLY Cre*ta"ceous*ly, adv. Defn: In a chalky manner; as chalk. CRETAN Cre"tan (kr"tan), a. Defn: Pertaining to Crete, or Candia. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Crete or Candia. CRETE Crete (krt), n. Etym: [L. Cres, Cretis.] Defn: A Cretan CRETIAN Cre"tian (kr"shan), a. & n. Defn: See Cretan. CRETIC Cre"tic (kr"tk), n. Etym: [L. Creticus (sc. pes foot), Gr. (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) Defn: A poetic foot, composed of one short syllable between two long ones (-Bentley. CRETICISM Cre"ti*cism (-t-sz'm), n. Defn: Falsehood; lying; cretism. CRETIN Cre"tin (kr"tn), n. Etym: [F. crétin; of uncertain origin.] Defn: One afflicted with cretinism. CRETINISM Cre"tin*ism (kr"tn-*z'm), n. Etym: [F. cr.] Defn: A condition of endemic or inherited idiocy, accompanied by physical degeneracy and deformity (usually with goiter), frequent in certain mountain valleys, esp. of the Alps. CRETINOUS Cre"tin*ous (-s), a. Defn: Having the characteristics of a cretin. "Cretinous stupefaction." Ruskin. CRETISM Cre"tism (kr"tz'm), n. Etym: [Gr. Titus i. 12.] Defn: A Cretan practice; iying; a falsehood. CRETONNE Cre*tonne" (kr-tn"), n. Etym: [F., gr. Creton, its first manufacturer.] 1. A strong white fabric with warp of hemp and welt of flax. 2. A fabric with cotton warp and woolen weft. 3. A kind of chintz with a glossy surface. CRETOSE Cre"tose (kr"ts), a. Etym: [L. cretosus, fr. creta chalk.] Defn: Chalky; cretaceous. [Obs.] Ash. CREUTZER Creut"zer Defn: (kroitn. See Kreutzer. CREUX Creux (kr), n. Etym: [F., adj., hollow, n., a hollow.] Defn: Used in English only in the expression en creux. Thus, engraving en creux is engraving in intaglio, or by sinking or hollowing out the design. CREVALLE Cre`val*le" (kr`vl-l"), n. Etym: [Prob. of same origin as cavally. See Cavally.] (Zoöl.) (a) The cavally or jurel. See Cavally, and Jurel. (b) The pompano (Trachynotus Carolinus). CREVASSE Cre`vasse" (kr`vs"), n. Etym: [F. See Crevice.] 1. A deep crevice or fissure, as in embankment; one of the clefts or fissure by which the mass of a glacier is divided. 2. A breach in the levee or embankment of a river, caused by the pressure of the water, as on the lower Mississippi. [U.S.] CREVET Crev"et (krv"t), n. Etym: [Cf. Creut.] Defn: A crucible or melting pot; a cruset. Crabb. CREVICE Crev"ice (krv"s), n. Etym: [OE. crevace, crevice. F. crevasse, fr. crever to break, burst, fr. L. crepare to crack,break. Cf. Craven, Crepitate, Crevasse.] Defn: A narrow opening resulting from a split or crack or the separation of a junction; a cleft; a fissure; a rent. The mouse, Behind the moldering wainscot, shrieked, Or from the crevice peered about. Tennyson. CREVICE Crev"ice, v. t. Defn: To crack; to flaw. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. CREVICED Crev"iced (-st), a. Defn: Having a crevice or crevices; as, a creviced structure for storing ears of corn. Trickling through the creviced rock. J. Cunningham. CREVIS Crev"is (-s), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The crawfish. [Prov. Eng.] CREW Crew (kr), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Manx shearwater. CREW Crew (kr), n. Etym: [From older accrue accession, reAccrue, Crescent.] 1. A company of people associated together; an assemblage; a throng. There a noble crew Of lords and ladies stood on every side. Spenser. Faithful to whom to thy rebellious crew Milton. 2. The company of seamen who man a ship, vessel, or at; the company belonging to a vessel or a boat. Note: The word crew, in law, is ordinarily used as equivalent to ship's company, including master and other officers. When the master and other officers are excluded, the context always shows it. Story. Burrill. 3. In an extended sense, any small body of men associated for a purpose; a gang; as (Naut.), the carpenter's crew; the boatswain's crew. Syn. -- Company; band; gang; horde; mob; herd; throng; party. CREW Crew (kr), Defn: imp. of Crow. CREWEL Crew"el (kr"l), n. Etym: [Perh. for clewel, dim. of clew a ball of thread; or cf. D. krul curl, E. curl. sq. root26.] Defn: Worsted yarn,, slackly twisted, used for embroidery. CREWELWORK Crew"el*work` (-wrk`), n. Defn: Embroidery in crewels, commonly done upon some plain material, such as linen. CREWET Crew"et (kr"t), n. Defn: See Cruet. CRIB Crib (krb), n. Etym: [AS. crybb; akin to OS. kribbja, D. krib, kribbe, Dan. krybbe, G. krippe, and perh. to MHG. krebe basket, G, korb, and E. rip a sort of wicker basket.] 1. A manger or rack; a feeding place for animals. The steer lion at one crib shall meet. Pope. 2. A stall for oxen or other cattle. Where no oxen are, the crib is clean. Prov. xiv. 4. 3. A small inclosed bedstead or cot for a child. 4. A box or bin, or similar wooden structure, for storing grain, salt, etc.; as, a crib for corn or oats. 5. A hovel; a hut; a cottage. Why rather, Sleep, liest thou in smoky cribs, . . . Than in the perfumed chambers of the great Shak. 6. (Mining) Defn: A structure or frame of timber for a foundation, or for supporting a roof, or for lining a shaft. 7. A structure of logs to be anchored with stones; -- used for docks, pier, dams, etc. 8. A small raft of timber. [Canada] 9. A small theft; anything purloined;; a plagiaris [Colloq.] The Latin version technically called a crib. Ld. Lytton. Occasional perusal of the Pagan writers, assisted by a crib. Wilkie Collins. 10. A miner's luncheon. [Cant] Raymond. 11. (Card Playing) Defn: The discarded cards which the dealer can use in scoring points in cribbage. CRIB Crib, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cribbed (krbd); p.pr. & vb. n. Cribbing.] 1. To shut up or confine in a narrow habitation; to cage; to cramp. If only the vital energy be not cribbed or cramped. I. Taylor. Now I am cabin'd, cribbed, confined. Shak. 2. To pilfer or purloin; hence, to steal from an author; to appropriate; to plagiarize; as, to crib a line from Milton. [Colloq.] Child, being fond of toys, cribbed the necklace. Dickens. CRIB Crib, v. i. 1. To crowd together, or to be confined, as in a crib or in narrow accommodations. [R.] Who sought to make . . . bishops to crib in a Presbyterian trundle bed. Gauden. 2. To make notes for dishonest use in recitation or examination. [College Cant] 3. To seize the manger or other solid object with the teeth and draw in wind; -- said of a horse. CRIBBAGE Crib"bage (krb"j), n. Etym: [From Crib, v. t., 2.] Defn: A game of cards, played by two or four persons, in which there is a crib. (See Crib, 11.) It is characterized by a great variety of chances. A man's fancy would be summed up in cribbage. John Hall. Cribbage board, a board with holes and pegs, used by cribbage players to score their game. CRIBBER; CRIB-BITER Crib"ber (krb"r), Crib"-bit`er (-bt"r), n. Defn: A horse that has the habit of cribbing. CRIBBING Crib"bing (krb"bng), n. 1. The act of inclosing or confining in a crib or in close quarters. 2. Purloining; stealing; plagiarizing. [Colloq.] 3. (Mining) Defn: A framework of timbers and plank backing for a shaft lining, to prevent caving, percolation of water, etc. 4. A vicious habit of a horse; crib-biting. The horse lays hold of the crib or manger with his teeth and draws air into the stomach with a grunting sound. CRIB-BITING Crib"-bit`ing (krb"bt`ng), n. Defn: Same as Cribbing, 4. CRIBBLE Crib"ble (krb"b'l), n. Etym: [F. crible, LL. criblus sieve, fr. L. cribrum.] 1. A coarse sieve or screen. 2. Coarse flour or meal. [Obs.] Johnson. CRIBBLE Crib"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cribbled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cribbling (-blng).] Etym: [Cf. F. cribler.] Defn: To cause to pass through a sieve or riddle; to sift. CRIBBLE Crib"ble, a. Defn: Coarse; as, cribble bread. [Obs.] Huloet. CRIBELLUM Cri*bel"lum (krbl"lm), n. Etym: [L., a small sieve, dim. of cribrum sieve.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar perforated organ of certain spiders (Ciniflonidæ), used for spinning a special kind of silk. CRIBRATE Crib"rate (krb"rt), a. Etym: [L. cribratus, p.p. of cribrare to sift, fr. cribrum a sieve.] Defn: Cribriform. CRIBRATION Cri*bra"tion (kr-br"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cribration, fr. L. cribrare to sift. See Cribble, n.] (Pharmacy) Defn: The act or process of separating the finer parts of drugs from the coarser by sifting. CRIBRIFORM Crib"ri*form (krb"rfrm), a. Etym: [L. cribrum sieve + -form: cf. F. cribriforme.] Defn: Resembling, or having the form of, a sieve; pierced with hokes; as, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone; a cribriform compress. Cribriform cells (Bot.), those which have here and there oblique or transverse sieve plates, or places perforated with many holes. CRIBROSE Crib"rose (krb"rs), a. Etym: [L. cribrum sieve.] Defn: Perforated like a sieve; cribriform. CRIC Cric (krk), n. Etym: [prob. fr. F. cric a jackscrew.] Defn: The ring which turns inward and condenses the flame of a lamp. Knight. CRICK Crick (krk), n. Etym: [See Creak.] Defn: The creaking of a door, or a noise resembling it. [Obs.] Johnson. CRICK Crick, n. Etym: [The same as creek a bending, twisting. See Creek, Crook.] 1. A painful, spasmodic affection of the muscles of some part of the body, as of the neck or back, rendering it difficult to move the part. To those also that, with a crick or cramp, have thei necks drawn backward. Holland. 2. Etym: [Cf. F. cric.] Defn: A small jackscrew. Knight. CRICKET Crick"et (krk"t), n. Etym: [OE. criket, OF. crequet, criquet; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. creak; cf. D. kriek a cricket. See Creak.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An orthopterous insect of the genus Gryllus, and allied genera. The males make chirping, musical notes by rubbing together the basal parts of the veins of the front wings. Note: The common European cricket is Gryllus domesticus; the common large black crickets of America are G. niger, G. neglectus, and others. Balm cricket. See under Balm. -- Cricket bird, a small European bird (Silvia locustella); -- called also grasshopper warbler. -- Cricket frog, a small American tree frog (Acris gryllus); -- so called from its chirping. CRICKET Crick"et, n. Etym: [AS. cricc, crycc, crooked staff, crutch. Perh. first used in sense 1, a stool prob. having been first used as a wicket. See Crutch.] 1. A low stool. 2. A game much played in England, and sometimes in America, with a ball, bats, and wickets, the players being arranged in two contesting parties or sides. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A small false roof, or the raising of a portion of a roof, so as to throw off water from behind an obstacle, such as a chimney. CRICKET Crick"et, v. i. Defn: To play at cricket. Tennyson. CRICKETER Crick"et*er (krk"t-r), n. Defn: One who plays at cricket. CRICOID Cri"coid (kr"koid), a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Resembling a ring; -- said esp. of the cartilage at the larynx, and the adjoining parts. CRICOTHYROID Cri`co*thy"roid (-k-th"roid), a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining both to the cricoid and the thyroid cartilages. CRIED Cried (krd), Defn: imp. & p. p. of Cry. CRIER Cri"er (kr"r), n. Etym: [Cf. F. crieur. See Cry.] Defn: One who cries; one who makes proclamation. Specifically, an officer who proclams the orders or directions of a court, or who gives public notice by loud proclamation; as, a town-crier. He openeth his mouth like a crier. Ecclus. xx. 15. CRIME Crime (krm), n.Etym: [F. crime, fr. L. crimen judicial decision, that which is subjected to such a decision, charge, fault, crime, fr. the root of cernere to decide judicially. See Certain.] 1. Any violation of law, either divine or human; an omission of a duty commanded, or the commission of an act forbidden by law. 2. Gross violation of human law, in distinction from a misdemeanor or trespass, or other slight offense. Hence, also, any aggravated offense against morality or the public welfare; any outrage or great wrong. "To part error from crime." Tennyson. Note: Crimes, in the English common law, are grave offenses which were originally capitally punished (murder, rape, robbery, arson, burglary, and larceny), as distinguished from misdemeanors, which are offenses of a lighter grade. See Misdemeanors. 3. Any great wickedness or sin; iniguity. Nocrime was thine, if 'tis no crime to love. Pope. 4. That which occasion crime. [Obs.] The tree of life, the crime of our first father's fall. Spenser. Capital crime, a crime punishable with death. Syn. -- Sin; vice; iniquity; wrong. -- Crime, Sin,Vice. Sin is the generic term, embracing wickedness of every kind, but specifically denoting an offense as committed against God. Crime is strictly a violation of law either human or divine; but in present usage the term is commonly applied to actions contrary to the laws of the State. Vice is more distinctively that which springs from the inordinate indulgence of the natural appetites, which are in themselves innocent. Thus intemperance, unchastity, duplicity, etc., are vices; while murder, forgery, etc., which spring from the indulgence of selfish passions, are crimes. CRIMEFUL Crime"ful (krm"fl), a. Defn: Criminal; wicked; contrary to law, right, or dury. [Obs.] Shak. CRIMELESS Crime"less, a. Defn: Free from crime; innocent. Shak. CRIMINAL Crim"i*nal (krm"-nal), a. Etym: [L. criminalis, fr. crimen: cf. F. criminel. See Crime.] 1. Guilty of crime or sin. The neglect of any of the relative duties renders us criminal in the sight of God. Rogers. 2. Involving a crime; of the nature of a crime; -- said of an act or of conduct; as, criminal carelessness. Foppish and fantastic ornaments are only indications of vice, not criminal in themselves. Addison. 3. Relating to crime; -- opposed to civil; as, the criminal code. The officers and servants of the crown, violating the personal liberty, or other right of the subject . . . were in some cases liable to criminal process. Hallam. Criminal action (Law), an action or suit instituted to secure conviction and punishment for a crime. -- Criminal conversation (Law), unlawful intercourse with a married woman; adultery; -- usually abbreviated, crim. con. -- Criminal law, the law which relates to crimes. CRIMINAL Crim"i*nal, n. Defn: One who has commited a crime; especially, one who is found guilty by verdict, confession, or proof; a malefactor; a felon. CRIMINALIST Crim"i*nal*ist, n. Defn: One versed in criminal law. [R.] CRIMINALITY Crim`i*nal"i*ty (krm`-nl"-t), n. Etym: [LL. criminalitas, fr. L. criminalis. See Criminal.] Defn: The quality or state of being criminal; that which constitutes a crime; guiltiness; guilt. This is by no means the only criterion of criminality. Blackstone. CRIMINALLY Crim"i*nal*ly (krm"-nal-l), adv. Defn: In violation of law; wickedly. CRIMINALNESS Crim"i*nal*ness, n. Defn: Criminality. [R.] CRIMINATE Crim"i*nate (kr, v. t. [imp & p. p. Criminated (-n; p. pr. & vb. n. Criminating (-n.] Etym: [L. criminatus, p. p. of criminare, criminari, to criminate, fr. crimen. See Crime.] 1. To accuse of, or charge with, a crime. To criminate, with the heavy and ungrounded charge of disloyalty and disaffection, an uncorrupt, independent, and reforming parliament. Burke. 2. To involve in a crime or in its consequences; to render liable to a criminal charge. Impelled by the strongest pressure of hope and fear to criminate him. Macaulay. CRIMINATION Crim`i*na"tion (krm`-n"shn), n. Etym: [L. criminatio.] Defn: The act of accusing; accusation; charge; complaint. The criminations and recriminations of the adverse parties. Macaulay. CRIMINATIVE Crim"i*na*tive (krm"-n-tv), a. Defn: Charging with crime; accusing; criminatory. R. North. CRIMINATORY Crim"i*na*to*ry (-t-r), a. Defn: Relating to, or involving, crimination; accusing; as, a criminatory conscience. CRIMINOLOGY Crim`i*nol"o*gy (-nl"-j), n. Etym: [L. crimen, crimenis, crime + - logy.] Defn: A treatise on crime or the criminal population. -- Crim`i*nol"o*gist (-j, n. CRIMINOUS Crim"i*nous (krm"-ns), a. Etym: [L. criminosus, fr. crimen. See Crime.] Defn: Criminal; involving great crime or grave charges; very wicked; heinous. [Obs.] Holland. -- Crim"i*nous*ly, adv.. -- Crim"i*nous*ness,n. [Obs.] CRIMOSIN Crim"o*sin (krm"-zn), n. [Obs.] Defn: See Crimson. CRIMP Crimp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimped (krmt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimping.] Etym: [Akin to D. krimpen to shrink, shrivel, Sw. krympa, Dan. krympe, and to E. cramp. See Cramp.] 1. To fold or plait in regular undulation in such a way that the material will retain the shape intended; to give a wavy apperance to; as, to crimp the border of a cap; to crimp a ruffle. Cf. Crisp. The comely hostess in a crimped cap. W. Irving. 2. To pinch and hold; to seize. 3. Hence, to entrap into the military or naval service; as, to crimp seamen. Coaxing and courting with intent to crimp him. Carlyle. 4. (Cookery) Defn: To cause to contract, or to render more crisp, as the flesh of a fish, by gashing it, when living, with a knife; as, to crimp skate, etc. Crimping house, a low lodging house, into which men are decoyed and plied with drink, to induce them to ship or enlist as sailors or soldiers. -- Crimping iron. (a) An iron instrument for crimping and curling the hair. (b) A crimping machine. -- Crimping machine, a machine with fluted rollers or with dies, for crimping ruffles leather, iron, etc. -- Crimping pin, an instrument for crimping or puckering the border of a lady's cap. CRIMP Crimp, a. 1. Easily crumbled; friable; brittle. [R.] Now the fowler . . . treads the crimp earth. J. Philips. 2. Weak; inconsistent; contradictory. [R.] The evidance is crimp; the witnesses swear backward and forward, and contradict themselves. Arbuthnot. CRIMP Crimp, n. 1. A coal broker. [Prov. Eng.] De Foe. 2. One who decoys or entraps men into the military or naval service. Marryat. 3. A keeper of a low lodging house where sailors and emigrants are entrapped and fleeced. 4. Hair which has been crimped; -- usually in pl. 5. A game at cards. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Boot crimp. See under Boot. CRIMPAGE Crimp"age (-j), n. Defn: The act or practice of crimping; money paid to a crimp for shipping or enlisting men. CRIMPER Crimp"er (-r), n. Defn: One who, or that which, crimps; as: (a) A curved board or frame over which the upper of a boot or shoe is stretched to the required shape. (b) A device for giving hair a wavy apperance. (c) A machine for crimping or ruffling textile fabrics. CRIMPLE Crim"ple (krm"p'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimpled (-p'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimpling (-plng).] Etym: [Dim. of crimp, v. t. ] Defn: To cause to shrink or draw together; to contract; to curl. [R.] Wiseman. CRIMPY Crimp"y (krmp"), a. Defn: Having a crimped appearance; frizzly; as, the crimpy wool of the Saxony sheep. CRIMSON Crim"son (krm"z'n), n. Etym: [OE. crimson, OF. crimoisin, F. cramoisi (cf. Sp. carmesi.) LL. carmesinus, fr. Ar. qermazi, fr. qermez crimson, kermes, fr. Skr. k produced by a worm; k worm or insect + jan to generate; akin to E. kin. CF. Carmine, Kermes.] Defn: A deep red color tinged with blue; also, red color in general. Theugh jour be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool. Is. i. 18. A maid jet rosed over with the virgin crimson of modesty. Shak. CRIMSON Crim"son, a. Defn: Of a deep red color tinged with blue; deep red. "A crimson tide." Mrs. Hemans. The blushing poppy with a crimson hue. Prior. CRIMSON Crim"son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimsoned (-z'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimsoning.] Defn: To dye with crimson or deep red; to redden. Signed in thy spoil and crimsoned in thy lethe. Shak. CRIMSON Crim"son, b. t. Defn: To become crimson; to blush. Ancient towers . . . beginning to crimson with the radiant luster of a cloudless July morning. De Quincey. CRINAL Cri"nal (kr"nal), a. Etym: [L. crinalis, fr. crinis the hair.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the hair. [R.] Blount. CRINATED Cri"na*ted (kr"n-td), a. Defn: Having hair; hairy. CRINATORY Cri"na*to*ry (kr"n-t-r), a. Defn: Crinitory. Craig. CRINCUM Crin"cum (krn"km), n. Etym: [Cf. Crinkle.] Defn: A twist or bend; a turn; a whimsey. [Colloq.] Hudibras. CRINCUM-CRANCUM Crin"cum-cran"cum (krn"km-krn"km), n. Defn: A twist; a whimsey or whim. [Colloq.] CRINED Crined (krnd), a. Etym: [L. crinis hair.] (Her.) Defn: Having the hair of a different tincture from the rest of the body; as, a charge crined of a red tincture. CRINEL; CRINET Cri"nel (kr"nEl), Cri"net (kr"nt), n. Etym: [L. crinis hair.] Defn: A very fine, hairlike feather. Booth. CRINGE Cringe (krnj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crnged (krnjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cringing.] Etym: [As. crincgang, cringan, crincan, to jield, fall; akin to E. crank.] Defn: To draw one's self together as in fear or servility; to bend or crouch with base humility; to wince; hence; to make court in a degrading manner; to fawn. When they were come up to the place where the lions were, the boys that went before were glad to cringe behind, for they were afraid of the lions. Bunyan. Sly hypocrite, . . . who more than thou Once fawned and cringed, and servilely adored Heaven's awful monarch Milton. Flatterers . . . are always bowing and cringing. Arbuthnot. CRINGE Cringe, v. t. Defn: To contract; to draw together; to cause to shrink or wrinkle; to distort. [Obs.] Till like a boy you see him cringe his face, And whine aloud for mercy. Shak. CRINGE Cringe, n. Defn: Servile civility; fawning; a shrinking or bowing, as in fear or servility. "With cringe and shrug, and bow obsequious." Cowper. CRINGELING Cringe"ling, n. Defn: One who cringes meanly; a fawner. CRINGER Crin"ger (krn"jr), n. Defn: One who cringes. CRINGINGLY Crin"ging*ly, adv. Defn: In a cringing manner. CRINGLE Crin"gle (krn"g'l), n. Etym: [Icel. kringla orb; akin to kring around, and to D. kring circle, and to E. cringe, crank.] 1. A withe for fastening a gate. 2. (Naut.) Defn: An iron or pope thimble or grommet worked into or attached to the edges and corners of a sail; -- usually in the plural. The cringles are used for making fast the bowline bridles, earings, etc. CRINICULTURAL Crin`i*cul"tur*al (krn`-kl"tr-al; 135), a. Etym: [L. crinis hair + cultura.] Defn: Relating to the growth of hair. [R.] CRINIGEROUS Cri*nig"er*ous (kr-nj"r-s), a. Etym: [L. criniger; crinis hair + gerere to bear.] Defn: Bearing hair; hairy. [R.] CRINITAL Cri"ni*tal (kr"n-tal), a. Defn: Same as Crinite, 1. He the star crinital adoreth. Stanyhurst. CRINITE Cri"nite (kr"nt), a. Etym: [L. crinitus, p. p. of crinire to provide or cover with hair, fr. crinis hair.] 1. Having the appearance of a tuft of hair; having a hairlike tail or train. "Comate, crinite, caudate stars." 2. (Bot.) Defn: Bearded or tufted with hairs. Gray. CRINITORY Cri"ni*to*ry (kr"n-t-r), a. Defn: Of or relating to hair; as, a crinitory covering. T. Hook. CRINKLE Crin"kle (krn"k'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crinkled (-k'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crinkling (-klng).] Etym: [A dim., fr. the root of cringe; akin to D. krinkelen to wind or twist. Cf. Cringle, Cringe.] Defn: To form with short turns, bends, or wrinkles; to mold into inequalites or sinuosities; to cause to wrinkle or curl. The houscrinkled to and fro. Chaucer. Her face all bowsy, Comely crinkled, Wondrously wrinkled. Skelton. The flames through all the casements pushing forth, Like red-not devils crinkled into snakes. Mrs. Browning. CRINKLE Crin"kle, v. i. Defn: To turn or wind; ti run in and out in many short bends or turns; to curl; to run in wavws; to wrinkle; also, to rustle, as stiff cloth when moved. The green wheat crinkles like a lake. L. T. Trowbridge. And all the rooms Were full of crinkling silks. Mrs. Browning. CRINKLE Crin"kle, n. Defn: A winding or turn; wrinkle; sinuosity. The crinkles in this glass, making objects appear double. A. Tucker. CRINKLED Crin"kled (krn"k'ld), a. Defn: Having short bends, turns, or wrinkles; wrinkled; wavy; zigzag. "The crinkled lightning." Lowell. CRINKLY Crin"kly (-kl), a. Defn: Having crinkles; wavy; wrinkly. CRINOID Cri"noid (kr"noid), a. [See Crinoidea.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Crinoidal. -- n. Defn: One of the Crinoidea. CRINOIDAL Cri*noid"al (kr-noidal), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of pertaining to crinoids; consisting of, or containing, crinoids. CRINOIDEA Cri*noid"e*a (kr-noid"-), n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -oid: cf. F. crino.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large class of Echinodermata, including numerous extinct families and genera, but comparatively few living ones. Most of the fossil species, like some that are recent, were attached by a jointed stem. See Blastoidea, Cystoidea, Comatula. CRINOIDEAN Cri*noid"e*an (-an), n. (Zoöl) Defn: One of the Crinoidea. CRINOLINE Crin"o*line (krn"-ln), n. Etym: [F., fr. crin hair,L. crinis.] 1. A kind of stiff cloth, used chiefly by women, for underskirts, to expand the gown worn over it; -- so called because originally made of hair. 2. A lady's skirt made of any stiff material; latterly, a hoop skirt. CRINOSE Cri*nose" (kr-ns"), a. Etym: [L. crinis hair.] Defn: Hairy. [R.] CRINOSITY Cri*nos"i*ty (kr-ns"-t), n. Defn: Hairiness. [R.] CRINUM Cri"num (kr"nm), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of bulbous plants, of the order Amaryllidace, cultivated as greenhouse plants on account of their beauty. CRIOSPHINX Cri"o*sphinx` (kr"-sfnks`), n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A sphinx with the head of a ram. CRIPPLE Crip"ple (krp"p'l), n. Etym: [OE. cripel, crepel, crupel, AS. crypel (akin to D. kreuple, G. kr, Dan. kr, Icel. kryppill), prop., one that can not walk, but must creep, fr. AS. cre to creep. See Creep.] Defn: One who creeps, halts, or limps; one who has lost, or never had, the use of a limb or limbs; a lame person; hence, one who is partially disabled. I am a cripple in my limbs; but what decays are in my mind, the reader must determine. Dryden. CRIPPLE Crip"ple (krp"p'l), a. Defn: Lame; halting. [R.] "The cripple, tardy-gaited night." Shak. CRIPPLE Crip"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crippled (-p'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crippling (-plng).] 1. To deprive of the use of a limb, particularly of a leg or foot; to lame. He had crippled the joints of the noble child. Sir W. Scott. 2. To deprive of strength, activity, or capability for service or use; to disable; to deprive of resources; as, to be financially crippled. More serious embarrassments . . . were crippling the energy of the settlement in the Bay. Palfrey. An incumbrance which would permanently cripple the body politic. Macaulay. CRIPPLED Crip"pled (krp"p'ld), a. Defn: Lamed; lame; disabled; impeded. "The crippled crone." Longfellow. CRIPPLENESS Crip"ple*ness, n. Defn: Lameness. [R.] Johnson. CRIPPLER Crip"pler (-plr), n. Defn: A wooden tool used in graining leather. Knight. CRIPPLING Crip"pling (-plng), n. Defn: Spars or timbers set up as a support against the side of a building. CRIPPLY Crip"ply (-pl), a. Defn: Lame; disabled; in a crippled condition. [R.] Mrs. Trollope. CRISIS Cri"sis (kr"ss), n.; pl. Crises (-s. Etym: [L. crisis, Gr. Certain.] 1. The point of time when it is to be decided whether any affair or course of action must go on, or be modified or terminate; the decisive moment; the turning point. This hour's the very crisis of your fate. Dryden. The very times of crisis for the fate of the country. Brougham. 2. (Med.) Defn: That change in a disease which indicates whether the result is to be recovery or death; sometimes, also, a striking change of symptoms attended by an outward manifestation, as by an eruption or sweat. Till some safe crisis authorize their skill. Dryden. CRISP Crisp (krsp), a. Etym: [AS. crisp, fr. L. crispus; cf. carpere to pluck, card (wool), and E. harvest. Cf. Crape.] 1. Curling in stiff curls or ringlets; as, crisp hair. 2. Curled with the ripple of the water. [Poetic] You numphs called Naiads, of the winding brooks . . . Leave jour crisp channels. Shak. 3. Brittle; friable; in a condition to break with a short, sharp fracture; as, crisp snow. The cakes at tea ate short and crisp. Goldsmith. 4. Possessing a certain degree of firmness and freshness; in a fresh, unwilted condition. It [laurel] has been plucked nine months, and yet looks as hale and crisp as if it would last ninety years. Leigh Hunt. 5. Lively; sparking; effervescing. Your neat crisp claret. Beau & Fl. 6. Brisk; crackling; cheerful; lively. The snug, small room, and the crisp fire. Dickens. CRISP Crisp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crisped (krspt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crisping.] Etym: [L. crispare, fr. crispus. See Crisp. a. ] 1. To curl; to form into ringlets, as hair, or the nap of cloth; to interweave, as the branches of trees. 2. To cause to undulate irregularly, as crape or water; to wrinkle; to cause to ripple. Cf. Crimp. The lover with the myrtle sprays Adorns his crisped tresses. Drayton. Along the crisped shades and bowers. Milton. The crisped brooks, Rolling on orient pearl and sands of gold. Milton. 3. To make crisp or brittle, as in cooking. Crisping iron, an instrument by which hair or any textile fabric is crisped. -- Crisping pin, the simplest form of crisping iron. Is. iii. 22. CRISP Crisp, v. i. Defn: To undulate or ripple. Cf. Crisp, v. t. To watch the crisping ripples on the beach. Tennuson. CRISP Crisp, n. Defn: That which is crisp or brittle; the state of being crisp or brittle; as, burned to a crisp; specifically, the rind of roasted pork; crackling. CRISPATE; CRISPATED Cris"pate (krs"pt), Cris"pa*ted (-p-td), a. Etym: [L. crispatus, p. p. of crispare.] Defn: Having a crisped appearance; irregularly curled or twisted. CRISPATION Cris*pa"tion (krs-p"shn), n. Etym: [CF. F. crispation.] 1. The act or process of curling, or the state of being curled. Bacon. 2. A very slight convulsive or spasmodic contraction of certain muscles, external or internal. Few men can look down from a great height without creepings and crispations. O. W. Holmes. CRISPATURE Cris"pa*ture (krs"p-tr; 135), n. Defn: The state of being crispate. CRISPER Crisp"er (krs"pr), n. Defn: One who, or that which, crisps or curls; an instrument for making little curls in the nap of cloth, as in chinchilla. CRISPIN Cris"pin (krs"pn), n. 1. A shoemaker; -- jocularly so called from the patron sant of the craft. 2. A member of a union or association of shoemakers. CRISPLY Crisp"ly (krsp"l), adv. Defn: In a crisp manner. CRISPNESS Crisp"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being crisp. CRISPY Crisp"y (-), a. 1. Formed into short, close ringlets; frizzed; crisp; as, crispy locks. 2. Crisp; brittle; as. a crispy pie crust. CRISSAL Cris"sal (krs"sal), a. (Zoöl.) 1. Pertaining to the crissum; as, crissal feathers. 2. Having highly colored under tail coverts; as, the crissal thrasher. CRISSCROSS Criss"cross` (krs"krs`; 115), n. Etym: [A corruption of Christcross.] 1. A mark or cross, as the signature of a person who is unable to write. 2. A child's game played on paper or on a slate, consisting of lines arranged in the form of a cross. CRISSCROSS Criss"cross`, v. t. Defn: To mark or cover with cross lines; as, a paper was crisscrossed with red marks. CRISSCROSS Criss"cross` (krs"krs`;115), adv. 1. In opposite directions; in a way to cross something else; crossing one another at various angles and in various ways. Logs and tree luing crisscross in utter confusion. W. E. Boardman. 2. With opposition or hindrance; at cross purposes; contrarily; as, things go crisscross. CRISSCROSS-ROW Criss"cross-row` (-r`), n. Defn: See Christcross-row. CRISSUM Cris"sum (krs"sm),, n.; pl. Crissa (-s. Etym: [NL.; cf. L. crisso to move the haunches.] (Zoöl.) Defn: That part of a bird, or the feathers, surrounding the cloacal opening; the under tail coverts. CRISTATE Cris"tate (krs"tt), a. Etym: [L. ctistatus, fr. crista crest.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Crested. CRITERION Cri*te"ri*on (kr-t"r-n), n.; pl. Criteria (-Criterions (-. Etym: [Gr. Certain.] Defn: A standard of judging; any approved or established rule or test, by which facts, principles opinions, and conduct are tried in forming a correct judgment respecting them. Of the diseases of the mind there is no criterion. Donne. Inferences founded on such enduring criteria. Sir G. C. Lewis. Syn. -- Standard; measure; rule. CRITH Crith (krth), n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: The unit for estimating the weight of a CRITHOMANCY Crith"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy: cf. F. crithomancie.] Defn: A kind of divination by means of the dough of the cakes offered in the ancient sacrifices, and the meal strewed over the victims. CRITIC Crit"ic (krt"k), n. Etym: [L. criticus, Gr. able to discuss, from Certain, and cf. Critique.] 1. One skilled in judging of the merits of literary or artistic works; a connoisseur; an adept; hence, one who examines literary or artistic works, etc., and passes judgment upon them; a reviewer. The opininon of the most skillful critics was, that nothing finer [than Goldsmith's "Traveler"] had appeared in verse since the fourth book of the "Dunciad." Macaulay. 2. One who passes a rigorous or captious judgment; one who censures or finds fault; a harsh examiner or judge; a caviler; a carper. When an author has many beauties consistent with virtue, piety, and truth, let not little critics exalt themselves, and shower down their ill nature. I. Watts. You know who the critics are the men who have failed in literature and art. Beaconsfield. 3. The art of criticism. [Obs.] Locke. 4. An act of criticism; a critique. [Obs.] And make each day a critic on the last. Pope. CRITIC Crit"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to critics or criticism; critical. [Obs.] "Critic learning." Pope. CRITIC Crit"ic, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. critiquer.] Defn: To criticise; to play the critic. [Obs.] Nay, if you begin to critic once, we shall never have done. A. Brewer. CRITICAL Crit"ic*al (krt"-kal), a. Etym: [See Critic, n., Crisis.] 1. Qualified to criticise, or pass judgment upon, literary or artistic productions. It is submitted to the judgment of more critical ears to direct and determine what is graceful and what is not. Holder. 2. Pertaining to criticism or the critic's art; of the nature of a criticism; accurate; as, critical knowledge; a critical dissertation. 3. Inclined to make nice distinctions, or to exercise careful judgment and selection; exact; nicely judicious. Virgil was so critical in the rites of religion. that he would never have brought in such prayers as these, if they had not been agreeable to the Roman customs. Bp. Stillingfleet. 4. Inclined to criticise or find fault; fastidious; captious; censorious; exacting. O gentle lady, do not put me to 't, For I am nothing, if not critical. Shak. 5. Characterized by thoroughness and a reference to principles, as becomes a critic; as, a critical analysis of a subject. 6. Etym: [See Crisis.] Defn: Pertaining to, or indicating, a crisis, turning point, or specially important juncture; important as regards consequences; hence, of doubtful issue; attended with risk; dangerous; as, the critical stage of a fever; a critical situation. Our circumstances are indeed critical. Burke. The small moment, the exact point, the critical minute, on which every good work so much depends. South. Critical angle (Optics), that angle of incidence of a luminous ray at which it is wholly reflected, and no portion of it transmitted. The sine of this angle is the reciprocal of the refractive index of the medium. -- Critical philosophy, the metaphysical system of Kant; -- so called from his most important work, the "Critique of Pure Reason." - - Critical point (Physics), a certain temperature, different for different gases, but always the same for each gas, regarded as the limit above which no amount of pressure can produce condensation to a liquid. CRITICALLY Crit"ic*al*ly, adv. 1. In a critical manner; with nice discernment; accurately; exactly. Critically to discern good writers from bad. Dryden. 2. At a crisis; at a critical time; in a situation. place, or condition of decisive consequence; as, a fortification critically situated. Coming critically the night before the session. Bp. Burnet. CRITICALNESS Crit"ic*al*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being critical, or of occurring at a critical time. 2. Accuracy in examination or decision; exactness. CRITICASTER Crit"ic*as`ter (krt"k-s`tr), n. Defn: A contemptible or vicious critic. The rancorous and reptile crew of poeticules, who decompose into criticasters. Swinburne. CRITICISABLE Crit"i*cis`a*ble (krt"-sz`-b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being criticised. CRITICISE Crit"i*cise (krt"-sz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Criticised (-szd); p. pr. & vb. n. Criticising.] Etym: [Written also, more analogically, but less commonly, criticize.] Etym: [Cf. G. kritisiren. See Critic.] 1. To examine and judge as a critic; to pass literary or artistic judgment upon; as, to criticise an author; to criticise a picture. 2. To express one's views as to the merit or demerit of; esp., to animadvert upon; to find fault with; as, to criticise conduct. Blackwood's Mag. CRITICISE Crit"i*cise, v. i. 1. To act as a critic; to pass literary or artistic judgment; to play the critic; -- formerly used with on or upon. Several of these ladies, indeed, criticised upon the form of the association. Addison. 2. To discuss the merits or demerits of a thing or person; esp., to find fault. Cavil you may, but never criticise. Pope. CRITICISER Crit"i*ci`ser (-s`zr), n. Defn: One who criticises; a critic. CRITICISM Crit"i*cism (krt"-sz'm), n. 1. The rules and principles which regulate the practice of the critic; the art of judging with knowledge and propriety of the beauties and faults of a literary performance, or of a production in the fine arts; as, dramatic criticism. The elements ofcriticism depend on the two principles of Beauty and Truth, one of which is the final end or object of study in every one of its pursuits: Beauty, in letters and the arts; Truth, in history and sciences. Brande & C. By criticism, as it was first instituted by Aristotle, was meant a standard of judging well. Dryden. 2. The act of criticising; a critical judgment passed or expressed; a critical observation or detailed examination and review; a critique; animadversion; censure. About the plan of "Rasselas" little was said by the critics; and yet the faults of the plan might seem to invite severe criticism. Macaulay. CRITIQUE Cri*tique" (kr-tk"), n. Etym: [F. critique, f., fr. Gr. Critic.] 1. The art of criticism. [Written also critic.] [R.] 2. A critical examination or estimate of a work of literature or art; a critical dissertation or essay; a careful and through analysis of any subject; a criticism; as, Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason." I should as soon expect to see a critique on the poesy of a ring as on the inscription of a medal. Addison. 3. A critic; one who criticises. [Obs.] A question among critiques in the ages to come. Bp. Lincoln. CRITIQUE Cri*tique", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Critic, v.] Defn: To criticise or pass judgment upon. [Obs.] Pope. CRIZZEL Criz"zel (krz"z'l), n. Etym: [Cf. grizzle darkish gray, or G. griselig gravelly, granular, speckled.] Defn: A kind of roughness on the surface of glass, which clouds its transparency. [Written also crizzeling and crizzle.] CROAK Croak (krk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Croaked. (krp. pr. & vb. n. Croaking.] Etym: [From the primitive of AS. cracettan to croak as a raven; akin to G. kr to croak, and to E. creak, crake.] 1. To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog, a raven, or a crow; hence, to make any hoarse, dismal sound. Loud thunder to its bottom shook the bog, And the hoarse nation croaked. Pope. 2. To complain; especially, to grumble; to forebode evil; to utter complaints or forebodings habitually. Marat . . . croaks with reasonableness. Carlyle. CROAK Croak, v. t. Defn: To utter in a low, hoarse voice; to announce by croaking; to forebode; as, to croak disaster. The raven himself is hoarse, That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan. Shak. Two ravens now began to croak Their nuptial song. Wordsworth. CROAK Croak, n. Defn: The coarse, harsh sound uttered by a frog or a raven, or a like sound. CROAKER Croak"er (-r), n. 1. One who croaks, murmurs, grumbles, or complains unreasonably; one who habitually forebodes evil. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American fish (Micropogon undulatus), of the Atlantic coast. (a) An American fresh-water fish (Aplodinotus grunniens); -- called also drum. (c) The surf fish of California. Note: When caught these fishes make a croaking sound; whence the name, which is often corrupted into crocus. CROAT Cro"at (kr"t), n. Etym: [Cf. Cravat.] 1. A native of Croatia, in Austria; esp., one of the native Slavic race. 2. An irregular soldier, generally from Croatia. CROATIAN Cro*a"tian (kr-"shan), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Croatia. -- n. Defn: A Croat. CROCEIN Cro"ce*in (kr"s-n), n. Etym: [See Croceous.] (Chem.) Defn: A name given to any one of several yellow or scarlet dyestuffs of artificial production and complex structure. In general they are diazo and sulphonic acid derivatives of benzene and naphthol. CROCEOUS Cro"ceous (kr"shs), a. Etym: [L. croceus, fr. crocus saffron. See Crocus.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, saffron; deep reddish yellow. [R.] CROCETIN Cro"ce*tin (kr"s-tn), n. (Chem.) Defn: A dyestuff, obtained from the Chinese croicin, which produces a brilliant yellow. CROCHE Croche (krch), n. Etym: [OF. croche, equiv. to F. crochet, croc, hook. See Crotchet, Crook.] Defn: A little bud or knob at the top of a deer's antler. CROCHET Cro*chet" (kr-sh"), n. Etym: [F. crochet small hook. See Croche.] Defn: A kind of knitting done by means of a hooked needle, with worsted, silk, or cotton; crochet work. Commonly used adjectively. Crochet hook, Crochet needle, a small hook, or a hooked needle (often of bone), used in crochet work. CROCHET Cro*chet", v. t. & i. [imp. & p.p. Crocheted (shd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Crocheting (-sh"ng).] Defn: To knit with a crochet needle or hook; as, to rochett a shawl. CROCIARY Cro"ci*a*ry (kr"sh--r), n. Etym: [See Crosier.] (Eccl.) Defn: One who carries the cross before an archbishop. [Obs.] CROCIDOLITE Cro*cid"o*lite (kr-sd"-lt), n. Etym: [Gr. kroky`s nap on cloth + - lite.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occuring in silky fibers of a lavender blue color. It is related to hornblende and is essentially a silicate of iron and soda; -- called also blue asbestus. A silicified form, in which the fibers penetrating quartz are changed to oxide of iron, is the yellow brown tiger-eye of the jewelers. CROCIN Cro"cin (kr"sn), n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) (a) The coloring matter of Chinese yellow pods, the fruit of Gardenia grandiflora. Watts. (b) A red powder (called also polychroite), which is made from the saffron (Crocus sativus). See Polychroite. CROCK Crock (krk), n. Etym: [Cf. W. croeg cover, Scot. crochit covered.] Defn: The loose black particles collected from combustion, as on pots and kettles, or in a chimney; soot; smut; also, coloring matter which rubs off from cloth. CROCK Crock, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Crocked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crocking.] Defn: To soil by contact, as with soot, or with the coloring matter of badly dyed cloth. CROCK Crock, v. i. Defn: To give off crock or smut. CROCK Crock, n. Defn: A low stool. "I . . . seated her upon a little crock." Tatler. CROCK Crock (krk), n. Etym: [AS. croc, croca, crog, croh; akin to D. kruik, G. krug, Icel. krukka, Dan. krukke, Sw. kruka; but cf. W. crwc bucket, pail, crochan pot, cregen earthen vessel, jar. Cf. Cruet.] Defn: Any piece of crockery, especially of coarse earthenware; an earthen pot or pitcher. Like foolish flies about an honey crock. Spenser. CROCK Crock, v. t. Defn: To lay up in a crock; as, to crock butter. Halliwell. CROCKER Crock"er (-r), n. Defn: A potter. [Obs.] Wyclif. CROCKERY Crock"er*y ( krk"r-), n. Etym: [From Crock an earthen vessel.] Defn: Earthenware; vessels formed of baked clay, especially the coarser kinds. CROCKET Crock"et (krk"t), n. Etym: [OF. croquet, F. crochet, dim. of croc hook. See Crook, and cf. Crotchet.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: An ornament often resembling curved and bent foliage, projecting from the sloping edge of a gable, spire, etc. 2. A croche, or knob, on the top of a stag's antler. The antlers and the crockets. W. Black. CROCKETED Crock"et*ed, a. (Arch.) Defn: Ornamented with crockets. CROCKETING Crock"et*ing, n. (Arch.) Defn: Ornamentation with crockets. Ruskin. CROCKY Crock"y (-), a. Etym: [From Crock soot.] Defn: Smutty. CROCODILE Croc"o*dile (krk"-dl; 277), n. Etym: [L. crocodilus, Gr. crocodile. Cf. Cookatrice.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large reptile of the genus Crocodilus, of several species. They grow to the length of sixteen or eighteen feet, and inhabit the large rivers of Africa, Asia, and America. The eggs, laid in the sand, are hatched by the sun's heat. The best known species is that of the Nile (C. vulgaris, or C. Niloticus). The Florida crocodile (C. Americanus) is much less common than the alligator and has longer jaws. The name is also sometimes applied to the species of other related genera, as the gavial and the alligator. 2. (Logic) Defn: A fallacious dilemma, mythically supposed to have been first used by a crocodile. Crocodile bird (Zoöl.), an African plover (Pluvianus ægypticus) which alights upon the crocodile and devours its insect parasites, even entering its open mouth (according to reliable writers) in pursuit of files, etc.; -- called also Nile bird. It is the trochilos of ancient writers. -- Crocodile tears, false or affected tears; hypocritical sorrow; -- derived from the fiction of old travelers, that crocodiles shed tears over their prey. CROCODILIA Croc`o*dil"i*a (-dl"-), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. crocodilus crocodile.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of reptiles including the crocodiles, gavials, alligators, and many extinct kinds. CROCODILIAN Croc`o*dil"i*an (krk`-dl"-an), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the crocodile; characteristic of the crocodile. -- n. Defn: One of the Crocodilia. CROCODILITY Croc`o*dil"i*ty (--t), n. (Logic) Defn: A caption or sophistical mode of arguing. [R.] CROCOISITE Cro"cois*ite (kr"kois-t), n. Etym: [Cf. F. croco.] (Min.) Defn: Same as Crocoite. CROCOITE Cro"co*ite (kr"k-t), n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Lead chromate occuring in crystals of a bright hyacinth red color; -- called also red lead ore. CROCONATE Cro"con*ate (kr"kn-t), n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt formed by the union of croconic acid with a base. CROCONIC Cro*con"ic (kr-kn"k), a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling saffron; having the color of saffron; as, croconic acid. 2. Pertaining to, or derived from, croconic acid. Croconic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance, C5O3(OH)2, obtained from potassium carboxide, rhodizonic acid, and various phenol and quinone derivatives of benzene, and forming yellow or orange colored salts. CROCOSE Cro"cose (kr"ks), n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline sugar, metameric with glucose, obtained from the coloring matter of saffron. [Written also crokose.] CROCUS Cro"cus (kr"ks), n. Etym: [L., saffron, fr. Gr. kark, Ar. kurkum, Skr. ku.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of iridaceous plants, with pretty blossoms rising separately from the bulb or corm. C. vernus is one of the earliest of spring-blooming flowers; C. sativus produces the saffron, and blossoms in the autumn. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A deep yellow powder; the oxide of some metal calcined to a red or deep yellow color; esp., the oxide of iron (Crocus of Mars or colcothar) thus produced from salts of irron, and used as a polishing powder. Crocus of Venus (Old Chem.), oxide of copper. CROESUS Croe"sus (kr"ss), n. Etym: [L., fr. G. Defn: A king of Lydia who flourished in the 6th century b. c., and was renowned for his vast wealth; hence, a common appellation for a very rich man; as, he is veritable Croesus. CROFT Croft (krft; 115), n. Etym: [AS. croft; akin to D. kroft hillock; cf. Gael. croit hump, croft.] Defn: A small, inclosed field, adjoining a house; a small farm. A few small crofts of stone-encumbered ground. Wordsworth. CROFTER Croft"er (-r), n. Defn: One who rents and tills a small farm or helding; as, the crofters of Scotland. CROFTING Croft"ing, n. 1. Croftland. [Scot.] Jamieson. 2. (Textile Manuf.) Defn: Exposing linen to the sun, on the grass, in the process of bleaching. CROFTLAND Croft"land (-lnd), n. Defn: Land of superior quality, on which successive crops are raised. [Scot.] Jamieson. CROFTON SYSTEM Crof"ton sys"tem. [After Sir Walter Crofton, Irish penologist.] (Penology) Defn: A system of prison discipline employing for consecutive periods cellular confinement, associated imprisonment under the mark system, restraint intermediate between imprisonment and freedom, and liberation on ticket of leave. CROIS Crois (krois). n. Etym: [OF.] Defn: See Cross, n. [Obs.] CROISADE; CROISADO Croi*sade" (kroi-sd"), Croi*sa"do (-s"d), n. Etym: [F. criosade. See Crusade.] Defn: A holy war; a crusade. [Obs.] Bacon. CROISE Croise (krois), n. Etym: [F. crois crusader, fr. OF. crois, F. croix, cross. See Cross.] 1. A pilgrim bearing or wearing a cross. [Obs.] 2. A crusader. [Obs.] The conquesta of the croises extending over Palestine. Burke. CROISSANTE Crois`san`te" (krw`sn`t"), a. Etym: [F. croissant, adj. & n., crescent.] (Her.) Defn: Terminated with crescent; -- said of a cross the ends of which are so terminated. CROKER Cro"ker (kr"kr), n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A cultivator of saffron; a dealer in saffron. [Obs.] Holinshed. CROMA Cro"ma (kr"m), n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A quaver. [Obs.] CROMLECH Crom"lech (krm"l*k), n. Etym: [W. cromlech; crom bending or bent, concave + llech a flat stone; akin to Ir. cromleac.] (Arch Defn: A monument of rough stones composed of one or more large ones supported in a horizontal position upon others. They are found chiefly in countris inhabited by the ancient Celts, and are of a period anterior to the introduction of Christianity into these countries. CROMORNA Cro*mor"na (kr-mr"n), n. Etym: [F. cromorne (cf. It. cromorno0, fr. G. krummhorn crooked horn, cornet, an organ pipe turned like a trumpet; krumm crooked + horn horn.] (Mus.) Defn: A certain reed stop in the organ, of a quality of tone resembling that of the oboe. [Corruptly written cromona.] CRONE Crone (krn), n. Etym: [OD. kronie, karonie, an old sheep, OF. carogne, F. charogne, carrion (also F. carogne illnatured woman.). See Carrion, and Crony.] 1. An old ewe. [Obs.] Tusser. 2. An old woman; -- usually in contempt. But still the crone was constant to her note. Dryden. 3. An old man; especially, a man who talks and acts like an old woman. [R.] The old crone [a negro man] lived in a hovel, . . . which his master had given him. W. Irving. A few old battered crones of office. Beaconsfield. CRONEL Cro"nel (kr"nl), n. Etym: [Cf. Coronel spearhead, Crown.] Defn: The iron head of a tilting spear. CRONET Cro"net (kr"nt), n. Etym: [Cf. Coronet, Crownet.] Defn: The coronet of a horse. CRONIAN Cro"ni*an (kr"n-an), a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Saturnian; -- applied to the North Polar Sea. [R.] Milton. CRONSTEDTITE Cron"stedt*ite (krn"stt-t), n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral consisting principally of silicate of iron, and crystallizing in hexagonal prisms with perfect basal cleavage; -- so named from the Swedish mineralogist Cronstedt. CRONY Cro"ny (kr"n), n.; pl. Cronies (-n. Etym: [Orig., an old woman. See Crone.] 1. A crone. [Obs.] "Marry not an old crony." Burton. 2. An intimate companion; a familiar frend. [Colloq.] He soon found his former cronies, though all rather the worse for the wear and tear of time. W. Irving. CROODLE Croo"dle (kr"d'l), v. i. Etym: [Cf. Cruddle, Crudle.] 1. To cower or cuddle together, as from fear or cold; to lie close and snug together, as pigs in straw. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Forby. A dove to fly home her nest and croodle there. C. Kingsley. 2. To fawn or coax. [Obs.] 3. To coo. [Scot.] CROOK Crook (krk), n. Etym: [OE. crok; akin to Icel. kr hook,bend, SW. krok, Dan. krog, OD. krooke; or cf. Gael. crecan crook, hook, W. crwca crooked. Cf. Crosier, Crotchet, Crutch, Encroach.] 1. A bend, turn, or curve; curvature; flexure. Through lanes, and crooks, and darkness. Phaer. 2. Any implement having a bent or crooked end. Especially: (a) The staff used by a shepherd, the hook of which serves to hold a runaway sheep. (b) A bishop's staff of office. Cf. Pastoral stafu. He left his crook, he left his flocks. Prior. 3. A pothook. "As black as the crook." Sir W. Scott. 4. An artifice; trick; tricky device; subterfuge. For all yuor brags, hooks, and crooks. Cranmer. 5. (Mus.) Defn: A small tube, usually curved, applied to a trumpet, horn, etc., to change its pitch or key. 6. A person given to fraudulent practices; an accomplice of thieves, forgers, etc. [Cant, U.S.] By hook or by crook, in some way or other; by fair means or foul. CROOK Crook (krk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crooked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crooking.] Etym: [OE. croken; cf. Sw. kr, Dan. kr. See Crook, n.] 1. To turn from a straight line; to bend; to curve. Crook the pregnant hinges of the knee. Shak. 2. To turn from the path of rectitude; to pervert; to misapply; to twist. [Archaic] There is no one thing that crooks youth more than such unlawfull games. Ascham. What soever affairs pass such a man's hands, he crooketh them to his own ends. Bacon. CROOK Crook, v. i. Defn: To bend; to curve; to wind; to have a curvature. " The port . . . crooketh like a bow." Phaer. Their shoes and pattens are snouted, and piked more than a finger long, crooking upwards. Camden. CROOKBACK Crook"back` (krk"bk), n. Defn: A crooked back; one who has a crooked or deformed back; a hunchback. CROOKBACK Crook"back`, a. Defn: Hunched. Shak. ` CROOKBILL Crook"bill` ( -bl`), n. (Zoöl) Defn: A New Zealand plover (Anarhynchus frontalis), remarkable for having the end of the beak abruptly bent to the right. CROOKED Crook"ed (krk"d), a. 1. Characterized by a crook or curve; not straight; turning; bent; twisted; deformed. "Crooked paths." Locke. he is deformed, crooked, old, and sere. Shak. 2. Not straightforward; deviating from rectitude; distorted from the right. They are a perverse and crooked generation. Deut. xxxii. 5. 3. False; dishonest; fraudulent; as, crooked dealings. Crooked whisky, whisky on wich the paiment of duty has been fraudulently evaded. [Slang, U.S.] Barlett. CROOKEDLY Crook"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a curved or crooked manner; in a perverse or untoward manner. CROOKEDNESS Crook"ed*ness, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being crooked; hence, deformity of body or of mind; deviation from moral rectitude; perverseness. CROOKEN Crook"en (krk"'n), v. t. Defn: To make crooked. [Obs.] CROOKES SPACE Crookes space (krooks). [After Sir William Crookes, English chemist, who first described it.] (Physics) Defn: The dark space within the negative-pole glow at the cathode of a vacuum tube, observed only when the pressure is low enough to give a striated discharge; -- called also Crookes layer. CROOKES TUBE Crookes" tube` (krks" tb`). (Phys.) Defn: A vacuum tube in which the exhaustion is carried to a very high degree, with the production of a distinct class of effects; -- so called from W. Crookes who introduced it. CROOKNECK Crook"neck`, n. Defn: Either of two varieties of squash, distinguished by their tapering, recurved necks. The summer crookneck is botanically a variety of the pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) and matures early in the season. It is pale yellow in color, with warty excrescences. The winter crookneck belongs to a distinct species (C. moschata) and is smooth and often striped. [U. S.] CROON Croon (krn), v. i. Etym: [OE. croinen, cf. D. kreunen to moan. 1. To make a continuous hollow moan, as cattle do when in pain. [Scot.] Jamieson. 2. To hum or sing in a low tone; to murmur softly. Here an old grandmother was crooning over a sick child, and rocking it to and fro. Dickens. CROON Croon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crooned (krnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crooning.] 1. To sing in a low tone, as if to one's self; to hum. Hearing such stanzas crooned in her praise. C. Bront 2. To soothe by singing softly. The fragment of the childish hymn with which he sung and crooned himself asleep. Dickens. CROON Croon, n. 1. A low, continued moan; a murmur. 2. A low singing; a plain, artless melody. CROP Crop (krp), n. Etym: [OE. crop, croppe, craw, top of a plant, harvest, AS. crop, cropp, craw, top, bunch, ear of corn; akin to D. krop craw, G. kropf, Icel. kroppr hump or bunch on the body, body; but cf. also W. cropa, croppa, crop or craw of a bird, Ir. & Gael. sgroban. Cf. Croup, Crupper, Croup.] 1. The pouchlike enlargement of the gullet of birds, serving as a receptacle for food; the craw. 2. The top, end, or highest part of anything, especially of a plant or tree. [Obs.] "Crop and root." Chaucer. 3. That which is cropped, cut, or gathered from a single felld, or of a single kind of grain or fruit, or in a single season; especially, the product of what is planted in the earth; fruit; harvest. Lab'ring the soil, and reaping plenteous crop, Corn, wine, and oil. Milton. 4. Grain or other product of the field while standing. 5. Anything cut off or gathered. Guiltless of steel, and from the razor free, It falls a plenteous crop reserved for thee. Dryden. 6. Hair cut close or short, or the act or style of so cutting; as, a convict's crop. 7. (Arch.) Defn: A projecting ornament in carved stone. Specifically, a finial. [Obs.] 8. (Mining.) (a) Tin ore prepared for smelting. (b) Outcrop of a vein or seam at the surface. Knight. 9. A riding whip with a loop instead of a lash. Neck and crop, altogether; roughly and at once. [Colloq.] CROP Crop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cropped (krpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cropping.] 1. To cut off the tops or tips of; to bite or pull off; to browse; to pluck; to mow; to reap. I will crop off from the top of his young twigs a tender one. Ezek. xvii. 22. 2. Fig.: To cut off, as if in harvest. Death . . . .crops the growing boys. Creech. 3. To cause to bear a crop; as, to crop a field. CROP Crop, v. i. Defn: To yield harvest. To crop out. (a) (Geol.) To appear above the surface, as a seam or vein, or inclined bed, as of coal. (b) To come to light; to be manifest; to appear; as, the peculiarities of an author crop out. -- To crop up, to sprout; to spring up. "Cares crop up in villas." Beaconsfield. CROP-EAR Crop"-ear` (krp"r`), n. Defn: A person or animal whose ears are cropped. CROP-EARED Crop"-eared` (krp"rd`), a. Defn: Having the ears cropped. CROPFUL Crop"ful (-fl), a. Defn: Having a full crop or belly; satiated. Milton. CROPPER Crop"per (krp"pr), n. 1. One that crops. 2. A variety of pigeon with a large crop; a pouter. 3. (Mech.) Defn: A machine for cropping, as for shearing off bolts or rod iron, or for facing cloth. 4. A fall on one's head when riding at full speed, as in hunting; hence, a sudden failure or collapse. [Slang.] CROPSICK Crop"sick` (kr"sk`), a. Defn: Sick from excess in eating or drinking. [Obs.] "Cropsick drunkards." Tate. -- Crop"sick`ness, n. [Obs.] Whitlock. CROP-TAILED Crop"-tailed` (-tld`), a. Defn: Having the tail cropped. CROQUANTE Cro`quante", n. [F.] Defn: A brittle cake or other crisp pastry. CROQUET Cro*quet" (kr-k"), n. Etym: [From French; cf. Walloon croque blow, fillip. F. croquet a crisp biscuit, croquer to crunch, fr. croc a crackling sound, of imitative origin. Croquet then properly meant a smart tap on the ball.] 1. An open-air game in which two or more players endeavor to drive wooden balls, by means of mallets, through a series of hoops or arches set in the ground according to some pattern. 2. The act of croqueting. CROQUET Cro*quet", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Croqueted (-kd); p. pr. & vb. n. Croqueting (-k"ng).] Defn: In the game of croquet, to drive away an opponent's ball, after putting one's own in contact with it, by striking one's own ball with the mallet. CROQUETTE Cro*quette", n. Etym: [F., fr. croquer to crunch.] (Cookery) Defn: A ball of minced meat, fowl, rice, or other ingredients, highly seasoned, and fried. CRORE Crore (krr), n. Etym: [Hind. karor, Skr. koTi.] Defn: Ten millions; as, a crore of rupees (which is nearly $5,000,000). [East Indies] Malcolm. CROSIER Cro"sier (kr"zhr), n. Etym: [OE. rocer, croser, croyser, fr. croce crosier, OF. croce, croche, F. crosse, fr. LL. crocea, crocia, from the same German or Celtic sourse as F. croc hook; akin to E. crook.] Defn: The pastoral staff of a bishop (also of an archbishop, being the symbol of his office as a shepherd of the flock of God. Note: The true shape of the crosier was with a hooked or curved top; the archbishop's staff alone bore a cross instead of a crook, and was of exceptional, not of regular form. Skeat. CROSIERED Cro"siered (-zhrd), a. Defn: Bearing a crosier. CROSLET Cros"let (krs"lt; 115), n. Defn: See Crosslet. CROSS Cross (krs; 115), n. Etym: [OE. crois, croys, cros; the former fr. OF. crois, croiz, F. croix, fr. L. crux; the second is perh. directly fr. Prov. cros, crotz. fr. the same L. crux; cf. Icel. kross. Cf. Crucial, Crusade, Cruise, Crux.] 1. A gibbet, cosisting of two pieces of timber placed transversely upon one another, in various forms, as a T, or +, with the horizontal piece below the upper end of the upright, or as an X. It was anciently used in the execution of criminals. Nailed to the cross By his own nation. Milton. 2. The sign or mark of the cross, made with the finger, or in ink, etc., or actually represented in some material; the symbol of Christ's death; the ensign and chosen symbol of Christianity, of a Christian people, and of Christendom. The custom of making the sign of the cross with the hand or finger, as a means of conferring blessing or preserving from evil, is very old. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. Before the cross has waned the crescent's ray. Sir W. Scott. Tis where the cross is preached. Cowper. 3. Affiction regarded as a test of patience or virtue; trial; disappointment; opposition; misfortune. Heaven prepares a good man with crosses. B. Jonson. 4. A piece of money stamped with the figure of a cross, also, that side of such a piece on which the cross is stamped; hence, money in general. I should bear no cross if I did bear you; for I think you have no money in your purse. Shak. 5. An appendage or ornament or anything in the form of a cross; a badge or ornamental device of the general shape of a cross; hence, such an ornament, even when varying considerably from that form; thus, the Cross of the British Order of St. George and St. Michael consist of a central medallion with seven arms radiating from it. 6. (Arch.) Defn: A monument in the form of a cross, or surmounted bu a cross, set up in a public place; as, a market cross; a boundary cross; Charing Cross in London. Dun-Edin's Cross, a pillared stone, Rose on a turret octagon. Sir W. Scott. 7. (Her.) Defn: A common heraldic bearing, of which there are many varieties. See the Illustration, above. 8. The crosslike mark or symbol used instead of a signature by those unable to write. Five Kentish abbesses . . . .subscribed their names and crosses. Fuller. 9. Church lands. [Ireland] [Obs.] Sir J. Davies. 10. A line drawn across or through another line. 11. Hence: A mixing of breeds or stock, especially in cattle breeding; or the product of such intermixture; a hybrid of any kind. Toning down the ancient Viking into a sort of a cross between Paul Jones and Jeremy Diddler. Lord Dufferin. 12. (Surveying) Defn: An instrument for laying of offsets perpendicular to the main course. 13. (Mech.) Defn: A pipe-fitting with four branches the axes of which usually form's right angle. Cross and pile, a game with money, at which it is put to chance whether a coin shall fall with that side up which bears the cross, or the other, which is called pile, or reverse; the game called heads or tails. -- Cross bottony or bottoné. See under Bottony. -- Cross estoilé (Her.). a cross, each of whose arms is pointed like the ray of a star; that is, a star having four long points only. -- Cross of Calvary. See Calvary, 3. -- Southern cross. (Astron.) See under Southern. -- To do a thing on the cross, to act dishonestly; -- opposed to acting on the square. [Slang] -- To take up the cross, to bear troubles and afflictions with patience from love to Christ. CROSS Cross (krs), a. 1. Not parallel; lying or falling athwart; transverse; oblique; intersecting. The cross refraction of the second prism. Sir I. Newton. 2. Not accordant with what is wished or expected; interrupting; adverse; contrary; thwarting; perverse. "A cross fortune." Jer. Taylor. The cross and unlucky issue of my design. Glanvill. The article of the resurrection seems to lie marvelously cross to the common experience of mankind. South. We are both love's captives, but with fates so cross, One must be happy by the other's loss. Dryden. 3. Characterized by, or in a state of, peevishness, fretfullness, or ill humor; as, a cross man or woman. He had received a cross answer from his mistress. Jer. Taylor. 4. Made in an opposite direction, or an inverse relation; mutually inverse; interchanged; as, cross interrogatories; cross marriages, as when a brother and sister marry persons standing in the same relation to each other. Cross action (Law), an action brought by a party who is sued against the person who has sued him, upon the same subject matter, as upon the same contract. Burrill. -- Cross aisle (Arch.), a transept; the lateral divisions of a cruciform church. -- Cross axie. (a) (Mach.) A shaft, windlass, or roller, worked by levers at opposite ends, as in the copperplate printing press. (b) A driving axle. with cranks set at an angle of 90º with each other. -- Cross bedding (Geol.), oblique lamination of horizontal beds, -- Cross bill. See in the Vocabulary. -- Cross bitt. Same as Crosspiece. -- Cross bond, a form of bricklaying, in which the joints of one stretcher course come midway between those of the stretcher courses above and below, a course of headers and stretchers intervening. See Bond, n., 8. -- Cross breed. See in the Vocabulary. -- Cross breeding. See under Breeding. -- Cross buttock, a particular throw in wrestling; hence, an unexpected defeat or repulse. Smollet. -- Cross country, across the country; not by the road. "The cross- country ride." Cowper. -- Cross fertilization, the fertilization of the female products of one physiological individual by the male products of another, -- as the fertilization of the ovules of one plant by pollen from another. See Fertilization. -- Cross file, a double convex file, used in dressing out the arms or crosses of fine wheells. -- Cross fire (Mil.), lines of fire, from two or more points or places, crossing each other. -- Cross forked. (Her.) See under Forked. -- Cross frog. See under Frog. -- Cross furrow, a furrow or trench cut across other furrows to receive the water running in them and conduct it to the side of the field. -- Cross handle, a handle attached transversely to the axis of a tool, as in the augur. Knight. -- Cross lode (Mining), a vein intersecting the true or principal lode. -- Cross purpose. See Cross-purpose, in the Vocabulary. -- Cross reference, a reference made from one part of a book or register to another part, where the same or an allied subject is treated of. -- Cross sea (Naut.), a chopping sea, in which the waves run in contrary directions. -- Cross stroke, a line or stroke across something, as across the letter t. -- Cross wind, a side wind; an unfavorable wind. -- Cross wires, fine wires made to traverse the field of view in a telescope, and moved by a screw with a graduated head, used for delicate astronomical observations; spider lines. Fixed cross wires are also used in microscopes, etc. Syn. -- Fretful; peevish. See Fretful. CROSS Cross, prep. Defn: Athwart; across. [Archaic or Colloq.] A fox was taking a walk one night cross a village. L'Estrange. To go cross lots, to go across the fields; totake a short cut. [Colloq.] CROSS Cross, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crossed (krst; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Crossing.] 1. To put across or athwart; to cause to intersect; as, to cross the arms. 2. To lay or draw something, as a line, across; as, to cross the letter t. 3. To pass from one side to the other of; to pass or move over; to traverse; as, to cross a stream. A hunted hare . . . crosses and confounds her former track. I. Watts. 4. To pass, as objects going in an opposite direction at the same time. "Your kind letter crossed mine." J. D. Forbes. 5. To run counter to; to thwart; to obstruct; to hinder; to clash or interfere with. In each thing give him way; cross him in nothing. Shak. An oyster may be crossed onlove. Sheridan. 6. To interfere and cut off; to debar. [Obs.] To cross me from the golden time I look for. Shak. 7. To make the sign of the cross upon; -- followed by the reflexive pronoun; as, he crossed himself. 8. To cancel by marking crosses on or over, or drawing a line across; to erase; -- usually with out, off, or over; as, to cross out a name. 9. To cause to interbreed; -- said of different stoocks or races; to mix the breed of. To cross one's path, to oppose one's plans. Macualay. CROSS Cross, v. i. 1. To lie or be athwart. 2. To move or pass from one side to the other, or from place to place; to make a transit; as, to cross from New York to Liverpool. 3. To be inconsistent. [Obs.] Men's actions do not always cross with reason. Sir P. Sidney. 4. To interbreed, as races; to mix distinct breeds. If two individuals of distinct races cross, a third is invariably produced different from either. Coleridge. CROSS-ARMED Cross"-armed` (krs"rmd), a. Defn: With arms crossed. CROSS-BANDED Cross"-band`ed (-bnd`d), a. Defn: A term used when a narrow ribbon of veneer is inserted into the surfase of any piece of furniture, wainscoting, etc., so that the grain of it is contrary to the general surface. CROSSBAR Cross"bar` (-br`), n. Defn: A transverse bar or piece, as a bar across a door, or as the iron bar or stock which passes through the shank of an anchor to insure its turning fluke down. Russell. Crossbar shot, a projectile which folds into a sphere for loading, but on leaving the gun expands to a cross with a quarter ball at the end of each arm; -- used in naval actions for cutting the enemy's rigging. CROSSBARRED Cross"barred` (-brd`), a. 1. Secured by, or furnished with, crossbars. Milton. 2. Made or patterned in lines crossing each other; as, crossbarred muslin. CROSSBEAK Cross"beak` (-bk`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Crossbill. CROSSBEAM Cross"beam` (-bm`). n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: A girder. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A beam laid across the bitts, to which the cable is fastened when riding at anchor. CROSS-BEARER Cross"-bear`er (-br`r), n. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: A subdeacon who bears a cross before an archbishop or primate on solemn occasions. CROSSBILL Cross"bill` (-bl`). (Law) Defn: A bill brought by a defendant, in an equity or chancery suit, against the plaintiff, respecting the matter in question in that suit. Bouvier. Note: In criminal practice, cross bills of indictment for assault, in which the prosecutor in once case is the defendant in another, may be tried together. CROSSBILL Cross"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of the genus Loxia, allied to the finches. Their mandibles are strongly curved and cross each other; the crossbeak. CROSS-BIRTH Cross"-birth` (-brth`), n. (Med.) Defn: Any preternatural labor, in whiche the boly of the child lies across the pelvis of the mother, so that the shoulder, arm, or trunk is the part first presented at the mouth of the uterus. CROSSBITE Cross"bite` (-bt`), n. Defn: A deeption; a cheat. [Obs.] CROSSBITE Cross"bite", b. t. Defn: To deceive; to trick; to gull. [Obs.] CROSSBONES Cross"bones` (-bnz`), n. pl. Defn: A representation of two of the leg bones or arm bones of a skeleton, laid crosswise, often surmounted with a skull, and serving as a symbol of death. Crossbones, scythes, hourglasses, and other lugubrios emblems of mortality. Hawthorne. CROSSBOW Cross"bow` (-b`), n. (Archery) Defn: A weapon, used in discharging arrows, formed by placing a bow crosswise on a stock. CROSSBOWER Cross"bow`er (-b`r), n. Defn: A crossbowman.[Obs.] CROSSBOWMAN Cross"bow`man (-man), n. Defn: One who shoots with a crossbow. See Arbalest. CROSSBRED Cross"bred` (-brd`), a. (Stock Breeding) Defn: Produced by mixing distinct breeds; mongrel. CROSSBREED Cross"breed` (-brd`), n. 1. A breed or an animal produced from parents of different breeds; a new variety, as of plants, combining the qualites of two parent varieties or stocks. 2. Anything partaking of the natures of two different things; a hybrid. CROSS-BUN Cross"-bun` (-bn`), n. Defn: A bun or cake marked with a cross, and intended to be eaten on Good Friday. CROSS-BUTTOCK Cross"-but`tock, n. (Wrestling) Defn: A throw in which the wrestler turns his left side to his opponent, places his left leg across both legs of his opponent, and pulls him forward over his hip; hence, an unexpected defeat or repulse. CROSS-CROSSLET Cross`-cross"let (-krs"lt; 115), n. (Her.) Defn: A cross having the three upper ends crossed, so as to from three small crosses. CROSSCUT Cross"cut` (-kt`) Defn: , v. t. To cut across or through; to intersect. CROSSCUT Cross"cut`, n. 1. A short cut across; a path shorter than by the high road. 2. (Mining) Defn: A level driven across the course of a vein, or across the main workings, as from one gangway to another. Crosscut saw. (a) A saw, the teeth of which are so set as to adapt it for sawing wood crosswise of the grain rather than lengthwise. (b) A saw managed by two men, one at each end, for cutting large logs crosswise. CROSS-DAYS Cross"-days` (-dz`), n. pl. (Eccl.) Defn: The three days preceding the Feast of the Ascension. CROSSE Crosse, n. [F., crosier, hooked stick.] Defn: The implement with which the ball is thrown and caught in the game of lacrosse. CROSSETTE Cros*sette" (krs-st`), n. Etym: [F., dim. of crosse. See Crosier.] (Arch.) (a) A return in one of the corners of the architrave of a door or window; -- called also ancon, ear, elbow. (b) The shoulder of a joggled keystone. CROSS-EXAMINATION Cross"-ex*am`i*na"tion (krs"gz-m`-n"shn; 115), n. (Low) Defn: The interrogating or questioning of a witness by the party against whom he has been called and examined. See Examination. CROSS-EXAMINE Cross"-ex*am"ine (-m"n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross-examined (-nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-examining.] (Low) Defn: To examine or question, as a witness who has been called and examined by the opposite party. "The opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses." Kent. CROSS-EXAMINER Cross"-ex*am"in*er (-r), n. Defn: One who cross-examines or conducts a crosse-examination. CROSS-EYE Cross"-eye` (-`), n. Defn: See Strabismus. CROSS-EYED Cross"-eyed` (-d`), a. Defn: Affected with strabismus; squint-eyed; squinting. CROSS-FERTILIZE Cross"-fer"ti*lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross-fertilized; p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-fertilizing.] (Bot.) Defn: To fertilize, as the stigmas of a flower or plant, with the pollen from another individual of the same species. CROSSFISH Cross"fish` (-fsh`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A starfish. CROSSFLOW Cross"flow` (-fl`), v. i. Defn: To flow across, or in a contrary direction. "His crossflowing course." Milton. CROSS-GARNET Cross"-gar`net (krs"gr`nt), n. Defn: A hinge having one strap perpendicular and the other strap horizontal giving it the form of an Egyptian or T cross. CROSSGRAINED Cross"grained (-grnd`), a. 1. Having the grain or fibers run diagonally, or more or less transversely an irregularly, so as to interfere with splitting or planing. If the stuff proves crossgrained, . . . then you must turn your stuff to plane it the contrary way. Moxon. 2. Perverse; untractable; contrary. She was none of your crossgrained, termagant, scolding jades. Arbuthnot. CROSSHATCH Cross"hatch` (-hch`; 224), v. t. Defn: To shade by means of crosshatching. CROSSHATCHING Cross"hatch`ing, n. Defn: In drawing and line engraving, shading with lines that cross one another at an angle. CROSSHEAD Cross"head` (-hd), n. (Mach.) Defn: A beam or bar across the head or end of a rod, etc., or a block attached to it and carrying a knuckle pin; as the solid crosspiece running between parallel slides, which receives motion from the piston of a steam engine and imparts it to the connecting rod, which is hinged to the crosshead. CROSSING Cross"ing, n. Etym: [See Cross, v. t. ] 1. The act by which anything is crossed; as, the crossing of the ocean. 2. The act of making the sign of the cross. Bp. Hall. 3. The act of interbreeding; a mixing of breeds. 4. Intersection, as of two paths or roads. 5. A place where anything (as a stream) is crossed; a paved walk across a street. 6. Contradiction; thwarting; obstruction. I do not bear these crossings. Shak. CROSSJACK Cross"jack` (krs"jk` or kr"jk`), n. (Naut.) Defn: The lowest square sail, or the lower yard of the mizzenmast. CROSSLEGGED CRoss"legged` (-lgd`), a. Defn: Having the legs crossed. CROSSLET Cross"let (-lEt), n. Etym: [Dim. of cross.] 1. A small cross. Spenser. 2. Etym: [Cf. OF. croisel crucible, and E. Cresset.] Defn: A crucible. [Obs.] Chaucer. CROSSLET Cross"let, a. (Her.) Defn: Crossed again; -- said of a cross the arms of which are crossed. SeeCross-crosslet. CROSSLY Cross"ly, adv. Defn: Athwart; adversely; unfortunately; peevishly; fretfully; with ill humor. CROSSNESS Cross"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being cross; peevishness; fretfulness; ill humor. CROSSOPTERYGIAN Cros*sop`ter*yg"i*an (krs-sp`tr-j-an), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Crossopterygii. -- n. Defn: One of the Crossopterygii. CROSSOPTERYGII Cros*sop`te*ryg"i*i (krs-sp`t-rj-), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of ganoid fishes including among living species the bichir (Polypterus). See Brachioganoidei. CROSSPATCH Cross"patch` (-pch`; 224), n. Defn: An ill-natured person. [Colloq.] "Crosspatch, draw the latch." Mother Goose. CROSS-PAWL Cross"-pawl` (-pl`), n. (Shipbuilding) Defn: Same as Cross-spale. CROSSPIECE Cross"piece` (krs"ps`; 115), n. 1. A piece of any structure which is fitted or framed crosswise. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A bar or timber connecting two knightheads or two bitts. CROSS-PURPOSE Cross"-pur`pose (-pr`ps), n. 1. A counter or opposing purpose; hence, that which is inconsistent or contradictory. Shaftesbury. 2. pl. Defn: A conversational game, in which questions and answers are made so as to involve ludicrous combinations of ideas. Pepys. To be at cross-purposes, to misunderstand or to act counter to one another without intending it; -- said of persons. CROSS-QUESTION Cross"-ques`tion (-kws`chn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross-questioned (- chnd), p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-questioning.] Defn: To cross-examine; to subject to close questioning. CROSS-READING Cross"-read`ing (rd`ng), n. Defn: The reading of the lines of a newspaper directly across the page, instead of down the columns, thus producing a ludicrous combination of ideas. CROSSROAD Cross"road` (-rd`), n. Defn: A road that crosses another; an obscure road intersecting or avoiding the main road. CROSSROW Cross"row` (-r`), n. 1. The alphabet; -- called also Christcross-row. And from the crossrow plucks the letter G. Shak. 2. A row that crosses others. CROSSRUFF Cross"ruff` (-rf`), n. (Whist) Defn: The play in whist where partners trump each a different suit, and lead to each other for that purpose; -- called also seesaw. CROSS-SPALE; CROSS-SPALL Cross"-spale` (-spl`), Cross"-spall` (-spl`), n. Etym: [See Spale & Spall.] (Shipbuilding) Defn: One of the temporary wooden braces, placed horizontally across a frame to hold it in position until the deck beams are in; a cross- pawl. CROSS-SPRINGER Cross"-spring`er (-sprng`r), n. (Arch.) Defn: One of the ribs in a groined arch, springing from the corners in a diagonal direction. Note: [See Illustr. of Groined vault.] CROSS-STAFF Cross"-staff` (-stf`), n. 1. An instrument formerly used at sea for taking the altitudes of celestial bodies. 2. A surveyor's instrument for measuring offsets. CROSS-STITCH Cross"-stitch` (-stch`; 224), n. Defn: A form of stitch, where the stitches are diagonal and in pairs, the thread of one stitch crossing that of the other. "Tent and cross- stitch." Sir W. Scott. -- Cross"-stitch`, v. t. & i. CROSS-STONE Cross"-stone` (-stn`), n. (Min.) Defn: See Harmotome, and Staurotide. CROSS-TAIL Cross"-tail` (-tl`), n. (Steam Engine) Defn: A bar connecting the ends of the side rods or levers of a backaction or side-lever engine. CROSS-TIE Cross"-tie` (-t`), n. (Railroad) Defn: A sleeper supporting and connecting the rails, and holding them in place. CROSS-TINING Cross"-tin`ing (krs"tn`ng), n. (Agric.) Defn: A mode of harrowing crosswise, or transversely to the ridges. Crabb. CROSSTREES Cross"trees` (-trz`), n. pl. (Naut.) Defn: Pieces of timber at a masthead, to which are attached the upper shrouds. At the head of lower masts in large vessels, they support a semicircular platform called the "top." CROSS-VAULTING Cross"-vault`ing (-vlt`ng), n. (Arch.) Defn: Vaulting formed by the intersection of two or more simple vaults. CROSSWAY Cross"way` (-w`), n. Defn: See Crossroad. CROSS-WEEK Cross"-week` (-wk`), n. Defn: Rogation week, when the cross was borne in processions. CROSSWISE Cross"wise` (-wz`), adv. Defn: In the form of a cross; across; transversely. Longfellow. CROSSWORT Cross"wort` (-wrt`), n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several inconspicuous plants having leaves in whorls of four, as species of Crucianella, Valantia, etc. CROTALARIA Crot`a*la"ri*a (krt`-l"r- or kr`t-l"r-A), n. Etym: [NL. See Crotalum.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of leguminous plants; rattlebox. Note: Crotalaria juncea furnishes the fiber called sunn or Bombay hemp. CROTALINE Crot"a*line (krt"-ln or kr`t-), a. Etym: [See Crotalus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling, or pertaining to, the Crotalidae, or Rattlesnake family. CROTALO Crot"a*lo (-l), n. Defn: A Turkish musical instrument. CROTALUM Crot"a*lum (-lm), n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Mus.) Defn: A kind of castanet used by the Corybantes. CROTALUS Crot"a*lus (-ls), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of poisonous serpents, including the rattlesnakes. CROTAPHITE Crot"a*phite (krt"-ft), n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The temple or temporal fossa. Also used adjectively. CROTAPHITIC Crot`a*phit"ic (krt`-ft"k), n. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the temple; temporal. CROTCH Crotch (krch; 224), n.; pl. Crotches (-. Etym: [Cf. Crotchet, Crutch.] 1. The angle formed by the parting of two legs or branches; a fork; the point where a trunk divides; as, the crotch of a tree. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A stanchion or post of wood or iron, with two arms for supporting a boom, spare yards, etc.; -- called also crane and crutch. Totten. CROTCH CHAIN Crotch chain. (Logging) Defn: A form of tackle for loading a log sideways on a sled, skidway, etc. CROTCHED Crotched (krcht), a. 1. Having a crotch; forked. 2. Cross; peevish. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. CROTCHET Crotch"et (krch"t; 224), n. Etym: [F. crochet, prop., a little hook, a dim. from the same source as croc hook. See Crook, and cf. Crochet, Crocket, Crosier.] 1. A forked support; a crotch. The crotchets of their cot in columns rise. Dryden. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A time note, with a stem, having one fourth the value of a semibreve, one half that of a minim, and twice that of a quaver; a quarter note. 3. (Fort.) Defn: An indentation in the glacis of the covered way, at a point where a traverse is placed. 4. (Mil.) Defn: The arrangement of a body of troops, either forward or rearward, so as to form a line nearly perpendicular to the general line of battle. 5. (Print.) Defn: A bracket. See Bracket. 6. (Med.) Defn: An instrument of a hooked form, used in certain cases in the extraction of a fetus. Dunglison. 7. A perverse fancy; a whim which takes possession of the mind; a conceit. He ruined himself and all that trusted in him by crotchets that he could never explain to any rational man. De Quincey. CROTCHET Crotch"et, v. i. Defn: To play music in measured time. [Obs.] Donne. CROTCHETED Crotch"et*ed, a. Defn: Marked or measured by crotchets; having musical notation. Harmar (1587). CROTCHETINESS Crotch"et*i*ness (krch"t--ns), n. Defn: The state or character of being crotchety, or whimsical. This belief in rightness is a kind of conscientiousness, and when it degenerates it becomes crotchetiness. J. Grote. CROTCHETY Crotch"et*y (krch"t-), a. Defn: Given to crotchets; subject to whims; as, a crotchety man. CROTON Cro"ton (kr"tn), n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of euphorbiaceous plants belonging to tropical countries. Croton oil (Med.), a viscid, acrid, brownish yellow oil obtained from the seeds of Croton Tiglium, a small tree of the East Indies. It is a most powerful drastic cathartic, and is used externally as a pustulant. CROTON BUG Cro"ton bug` (bg`). Etym: [From the Croton water of New York.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, active, winged species of cockroach (Ectobia Germanica), the water bug. It is common aboard ships, and in houses in cities, esp. in those with hot-water pipes. CROTONIC Cro*ton"ic (kr-tn"k), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or derived from, a plant of the genus Croton, or from croton oil. Crotonic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline organic acid, C3H5.CO2H, of the ethylene, or acrylic acid series. It was so named because formerly supposed to exist in croton oil. Also, any acid metameric with crotonic acid proper. Note: The acid characteristic of croton oil is tiglic or tiglinic acid, a derivative of crotonic acid. CROTONINE Cro"ton*ine (kr"tn-n), n. (Chem.) Defn: A supposed alkaloid obtained from croton oil by boiling it with water and magnesia, since found to be merely a magnesia soap of the oil. Watts. CROTONYLENE Cro*ton"y*lene (kr-tn"-ln), n. Etym: [Crotonic + acet-ylene.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, volatile, pungent liquid, C4H6, produced artificially, and regarded as an unsaturated hydrocarbon of the acetylene series, and analogous to crotonic acid. CROTTLES Crot"tles (krt"t'lz), n. pl. Etym: [Gael. crotal.] Defn: A name given to various lichens gathered for dyeing. [Scot.] CROUCH Crouch (krouch; 129), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crouched (kroucht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crouching.] Etym: [OE. cruchen, crouchen, crouken; cf. E. creep, G. krauchen, kriechen, or E. crook to bend, also crouch to cross.] 1. To bend down; to stoop low; to lie close to the ground with the logs bent, as an animal when waiting for prey, or in fear. Now crouch like a cur. Beau. & Fl. 2. To bend servilely; to stoop meanly; to fawn; to cringe. "A crouching purpose." Wordsworth. Must I stand and crouch Under your testy humor Shak. CROUCH Crouch, v. t. Etym: [OE. cruchen, crouchen, from cruche, crouche, cross. Cf. Crosier, Crook.] 1. To sign with the cross; to bless. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To bend, or cause to bend, as in humility or fear. She folded her arms across her chest, And crouched her head upon her breast. Colerige. CROUCHED Crouched (kroucht), a. Defn: Marked with the sign of the cross. [Obs.] Crouched friar. See Crutched friar, under Crutched. CROUD Croud (kroud), n. (Mus.) Defn: See Crowd, a violin. CROUKE Crouke (krouk), n. Defn: A crock; a jar. [Obs.] Chauser. CROUP Croup (krp), n. Etym: [F. croupe hind quarters, croup, rump, of German or Icel. origin; cf. Icel. kryppa hump; akin to Icel. kroppr. Cf. Crop.] Defn: The hinder part or buttocks of certain quadrupeds, especially of a horse; hence, the place behind the saddle. So light to the croup the fair lady he swung, So light to the saddle before her he sprung. Sir W. Scott. CROUP Croup (krp), n. Etym: [Scot. croup, cf. croup, crowp, to croak, to cry or speak with a hoarse voice; cf. also LG. kropp, G. kropf, the crop or craw of a bird, and tumor on the anterior part of the neck, a wen, etc. Cf. Crop.] (Med.) Defn: An inflammatory affection of the larynx or trachea, accompanied by a hoarse, ringing cough and stridulous, difficult breathing; esp., such an affection when associated with the development of a false membrane in the air passages (also called membranous croup). See False croup, under False, and Diphtheria. CROUPADE Crou*pade" (kr-pd"), n. Etym: [F., fr. croupe hind quarters.] (Man.) Defn: A leap in which the horse pulls up his hind legs toward his belly. CROUPAL Croup"al (krp"al), a. Defn: Croupy. CROUPER Croup"er (krp"r), n. Defn: See Crupper. CROUPIER Crou"pi*er (kr, n. Etym: [F.; prop., one who sits on the croup, and hence, in the second place; an assistant. See 1st Croup.] 1. One who presides at a gaming table and collects the stakes. 2. One who, at a public dinner party, sits at the lower end of the table as assistant chairman. CROUPOUS Croup"ous (krp"s), a. (Med.) Defn: Relating to or resembling croup; especially, attended with the formation of a deposit or membrance like that found in membranous croup; as, croupous laryngitis. Croupous pneumonia, pneumonia attended with deposition of fibrinous matter in the air vesicles of the lungs; ordinary acute pneumonia. CROUPY Croup"y (krp"), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to croup; resembling or indicating croup; as, a croupy cough. CROUSE Crouse (krs), a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Brisk; lively; bold; self-complacent. [Scot.] Burns. CROUSTADE Crou`stade" (kr`std"), n. Etym: [F., fr. cro a crust, OF. crouste.] (Cookery) Defn: Bread baked in a mold, and scooped out, to serve minces upon. Bishop. CROUT Crout (krout), n. Etym: [G. kraut.] Defn: See Sourkrout. CROUTON Crou`ton" (kr`tn"), n. Etym: [F. cro, fr. cro a crust.] (Cookery) Defn: Bread cut in various forms, and fried lightly in butter or oil, to garnish hashes, etc. CROW Crow (kr), v. i. [imp. Crew (kr or Crowed (kr; p. p. Crowed (Crown (krn), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Crowing.] Etym: [AS. cr; akin to D. kraijen, G. kr, cf. Lith. groti to croak. sq. root24. Cf. Crake.] 1. To make the shrill sound characteristic of a cock, either in joy, gayety, or defiance. "The cock had crown." Bayron. The morning cock crew loud. Shak. 2. To shout in exultation or defiance; to brag. 3. To utter a sound expressive of joy or pleasure. The sweetest little maid, That ever crowed for kisses. Tennyson. To crow over, to exult over a vanquished antagonist. Sennacherib crowing over poor Jerusalem. Bp. Hall. CROW Crow, n. Etym: [AS. cr a crow (in sense 1); akin to D. kraai, G. kr; cf. Icel. kr crow. So named from its cry, from AS. cr to crow. See Crow, v. i. ] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird, usually black, of the genus Corvus, having a strong conical beak, with projecting bristles. It has a harsh, croaking note. See Caw. Note: The common crow of Europe, or carrion crow, is C. corone. The common American crow is C. Americanus. See Carrion crow, and Illustr., under Carrion. 2. A bar of iron with a beak, crook, or claw; a bar of iron used as a lever; a crowbar. Get me an iron crow, and bring it straight Unto my cell. Shak. 3. The cry of the cock. See Crow, v. i., 1. 4. The mesentery of a beast; -- so called by butchers. Carrion crow. See under Carrion. -- Crow blackbird (Zoöl.), an American bird (Quiscalus quiscula); -- called also purple grackle. -- Crow pheasant (Zoöl.), an Indian cuckoo; the common coucal. It is believed by the natives to give omens. See Coucal. -- Crow shrike (Zoöl.), any bird of the genera Gymnorhina, Craticus, or Strepera, mostly from Australia. -- Red-legged crow. See Crough. -- As the crow flies, in a direct line. -- To pick a crow, To pluck a crow, to state and adjust a difference or grievance (with any one). CROWBAR Crow"bar` (kr"br), n. Defn: A bar of iron sharpened at one end, and used as a lever. CROWBERRY Crow`ber`ry (kr"br`r), n. (Bot.) Defn: A heathlike plant of the genus Empetrum, and its fruit, a black, scarcely edible berry; -- also called crakeberry. CROWD Crowd (kroud), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crowded; p. pr. & vb. n. Crowding.] Etym: [OE. crouden, cruden, AS. cr; cf. D. kruijen to push in a wheelbarrow.] 1. To push, to press, to shove. Chaucer. 2. To press or drive together; to mass together. "Crowd us and crush us." Shak. 3. To fill by pressing or thronging together; hence, to encumber by excess of numbers or quantity. The balconies and verandas were crowded with spectators, anxious to behold their future sovereign. Prescott. 4. To press by solicitation; to urge; to dun; hence, to treat discourteously or unreasonably. [Colloq.] To crowd out, to press out; specifically, to prevent the publication of; as, the press of other matter crowded out the article. -- To crowd sail (Naut.), to carry an extraordinary amount of sail, with a view to accelerate the speed of a vessel; to carry a press of sail. CROWD Crowd, v. i. 1. To press together or collect in numbers; to swarm; to throng. The whole company crowded about the fire. Addison. Images came crowding on his mind faster than he could put them into words. Macaulay. 2. To urge or press forward; to force one's self; as, a man crowds into a room. CROWD Crowd, n. Etym: [AS. croda. See Crowd, v. t. ] 1. A number of things collected or closely pressed together; also, a number of things adjacent to each other. A crowd of islands. Pope. 2. A number of persons congregated or collected into a close body without order; a throng. The crowd of Vanity Fair. Macualay. Crowds that stream from yawning doors.--Tennyson. 3. The lower orders of people; the populace; the vulgar; the rabble; the mob. To fool the crowd with glorious lies. Tennyson. He went not with the crowd to see a shrine. Dryden. Syn. -- Throng; multitude. See Throng. CROWD Crowd, n. Etym: [W. crwth; akin to Gael. cruit. Perh. named from its shape, and akin to Gr. curve. Cf. Rote.] Defn: An ancient instrument of music with six strings; a kind of violin, being the oldest known stringed instrument played with a bow. [Written also croud, crowth, cruth, and crwth.] A lackey that . . . can warble upon a crowd a little. B. Jonson. CROWD Crowd, v. t. Defn: To play on a crowd; to fiddle. [Obs.] "Fiddlers, crowd on." Massinger. CROWDER Crowd"er (kroud"r), n. Defn: One who plays on a crowd; a fiddler. [Obs.] "Some blind crowder." Sir P. Sidney. CROWDER Crowd"er, n. Defn: One who crowds or pushes. CROWDY Crow"dy (krou"d), n. Defn: A thick gruel of oatmeal and milk or water; food of the porridge kind. [Scot.] CROWFLOWER Crow"flow`er (kr"flou`r), n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of campion; according to Gerarde, the Lychnis Flos- cuculi. CROWFOOT Crow"foot` (kr"ft`), n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: The genus Ranunculus, of many species; some are common weeds, others are flowering plants of considerable beauty. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A number of small cords rove through a long block, or euphroe, to suspend an awning by. 3. (Mil.) Defn: A caltrop. [Written also crow's-foot.] 4. (Well Boring) Defn: A tool with a side claw for recovering broken rods, etc. Raymond. CROWKEEPER Crow"keep`er (-kp`r), n. Defn: A person employed to scare off crows; hence, a scarecrow. [Obs.] Scaring the ladies like a crowkeeper. Shak. CROWN Crown (krn), Defn: p. p. of Crow. [Obs.] CROWN Crown (kroun), n. Etym: [OE. corone, coroun, crune, croun, OF. corone, corune, F. couronne, fr. L. corona crown, wreath; akin to Gr. curvus curved, E. curve, curb, Gael. cruinn round, W. crwn. Cf. Cornice, Corona, Coroner, Coronet.] 1. A wreath or garland, or any ornamental fillet encircling the head, especially as a reward of victory or mark of honorable distinction; hence, anything given on account of, or obtained by, faithful or successful effort; a reward. "An olive branch and laurel crown." Shak. They do it to obtain a corruptible crown; but we an incorruptiblle. 1 Cor. ix. 25. Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. Rev. ii. 10. 2. A royal headdress or cap of sovereignty, worn by emperors, kings, princes, etc. Note: Nobles wear coronets; the triple crown of the pope is usually called a tiara. The crown of England is a circle of gold with crosses, fleurs-de-lis, and imperial arches, inclosing a crimson velvet cap, and ornamented with thousands of diamonds and precious stones. 3. The person entitled to wear a regal or imperial crown; the sovereign; -- with the definite article. Parliament may be dissolved by the demise of the crown. Blackstone. Large arrears of pay were due to the civil and military servants of the crown. Macaulay. 4. Imperial or regal power or dominion; sovereignty. There is a power behind the crown greater than the crown itself. Junius. 5. Anything which imparts beauty, splendor, honor, dignity, or finish. The hoary head is a crown of glory, if it be found in the way of righteousness. Prov. xvi. 31. A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband. Prov. xvi. 4. 6. Highest state; acme; consummation; perfection. Mutual love, the crown of all our bliss. Milton. 7. The topmost part of anything; the summit. The steepy crown of the bare mountains. Dryden. 8. The topmost part of the head (see Illust. of Bird.); that part of the head from which the hair descends toward the sides and back; also, the head or brain. From toe to crown he'll fill our skin with pinches. Shak. Twenty things which I set down: This done, I twenty more-had in my crown. Bunyan. 9. The part of a hat above the brim. 10. (Anat.) Defn: The part of a tooth which projects above the gum; also, the top or grinding surface of a tooth. 11. (Arch.) Defn: The vertex or top of an arch; -- applied generally to about one third of the curve, but in a pointed arch to the apex only. 12. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Corona. 13. (Naut.) (a) That part of an anchor where the arms are joined to the shank. (b) The rounding, or rounded part, of the deck from a level line. (c) pl. Defn: The bights formed by the several turns of a cable. Totten. 14. The upper range of facets in a rose diamond. 15. The dome of a furnace. 16. (Geom.) Defn: The area inclosed between two concentric perimeters. 17. (Eccl.) Defn: A round spot shaved clean on the top of the head, as a mark of the clerical state; the tonsure. 18. A size of writing paper. See under Paper. 19. A coin stamped with the image of a crown; hence,a denomination of money; as, the English crown, a silver coin of the value of five shillings sterling, or a little more than $1.20; the Danish or Norwegian crown, a money of account, etc., worth nearly twenty-seven cents. 20. An ornaments or decoration representing a crown; as, the paper is stamped with a crown. Crown of aberration (Astron.), a spurious circle around the true circle of the sun. -- Crown antler (Zoöl.), the topmost branch or tine of an antler; also, an antler having a cuplike top, with tines springing from the rim. -- Crown bar, one of the bars which support the crown sheet of steam-boiler furnace. -- Crown glass. See under Glass. -- Crown imperial. (Bot.) See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown jewels, the jewels appertaining to the sovereign while wearing the crown. [Eng.] "She pawned and set to sale the crown jewels." Milton. -- Crown land, land belonging to the crown, that is, to the sovereign. -- Crown law, the law which governs criminal prosecutions. [Eng.] -- Crown lawyer, one employed by the crown, as in criminal cases. [Eng.] -- Crown octavo. See under Paper. -- Crown office. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown paper. See under Paper. -- Crown piece. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown Prince, the heir apparent to a crown or throne. -- Crown saw. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown scab (Far.), a cancerous sore formed round the corners of a horse's hoof. -- Crown sheet, the flat plate which forms the top of the furnace or fire box of an internally fired steam boiler. -- Crown shell. (Zoöl.) See Acorn-shell. -- Crown side. See Crown office. -- Crown tax (Eccl. Hist.), a golden crown, or its value, which was required annually from the Jews by the king of Syria, in the time of the Maccabees. 1 Macc. x. 20. -- Crown wheel. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown work. See in the Vocabulary. -- Pleas of the crown (Engl. law), criminal actions. CROWN Crown (kroun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crowned (kround); p. pr. & vb. n. Crowning.] Etym: [OE. coronen, corunen, crunien, crounien, OF. coroner, F. couronner, fr. L. coronare, fr. corona a crown. See Crown, n.] 1. To cover, decorate, or invest with a crown; hence, to invest with royal dignity and power. Her who fairest does appear, Crown her queen of all the year. Dryden. Crown him, and say, "Long live our emperor." Shak. 2. To bestow something upon as a mark of honor, dignity, or recompense; to adorn; to dignify. Thou . . . hast crowned him with glory and honor. Ps. viii. 5. 3. To form the topmost or finishing part of; to complete; to consummate; to perfect. Amidst the grove that crowns yon tufted hill. Byron. One day shall crown the alliance. Shak. To crown the whole, came a proposition. Motley. 4. (Mech.) Defn: To cause to round upward; to make anything higher at the middle than at the edges, as the face of a machine pulley. 5. (Mil.) Defn: To effect a lodgment upon, as upon the crest of the glacis, or the summit of the breach. To crown a knot (Naut.), to lay the ends of the strands over and under each other. CROWN COLONY Crown colony. Defn: A colony of the British Empire not having an elective magistracy or a parliament, but governed by a chief magistrate (called Governor) appointed by the Crown, with executive councilors nominated by him and not elected by the people. CROWNED Crowned (kround), p. p. & a. 1. Having or wearing a crown; surmounted, invested, or adorned, with a crown, wreath, garland, etc.; honored; rewarded; completed; consummated; perfected. "Crowned with one crest." Shak. "Crowned with conquest." Milton. With surpassing glory crowned. Milton. 2. Great; excessive; supreme. [Obs.] Chaucer. CROWNER Crown"er (kroun"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, crowns. Beau. & FL. 2. Etym: [Cf. Coroner.] Defn: A coroner. [Prov. Eng. or Scot.] CROWNET Crown"et (kroun"t), n. Etym: [See Crown, Coronet.] 1. A coronet. [R.] P. Whitehead. 2. The ultimate end and result of an undertaking; a chief end. [Obs.] O this false soul of Egypt! this grave charm . . . . Whose bosom was my crownet, my chief end. Shak. CROWN-IMPERIAL Crown"-im*pe"ri*al (-m-p"r-al), n. (Bot.) Defn: A spring-blooming plant (Fritillaria imperialis) of the Lily family, having at the top of the stalk a cluster of pendent bell- shaped flowers surmounted with a tuft of green leaves. CROWNLAND Crown"land`, n. [G. kronland.] Defn: In Austria-Hungary, one of the provinces, or largest administrative divisions of the monarchy; as, the crownland of Lower Austria. CROWNLESS Crown"less, a. Defn: Without a crown. CROWNLET Crown"let (-lt), n. Defn: A coronet. [Poetic] Sir W. Scott. CROWN OFFICE Crown" of`fice (f`fs; 115). (Eng. Law) Defn: The criminal branch of the Court of King's or Queen's Bench, commonly called the crown side of the court, which takes cognizance of all criminal cases. Burrill. CROWNPIECE Crown"piece` (-ps`), n. (a) A piece or part which passes over the head, as in a bridle. (b) A coin [In sense (b) properly crown piece.] See Crown, 19. CROWN-POST Crown"-post` (kroun"pst`), n. Defn: Same as King-post. CROWN-SAW Crown"-saw` (-s`), n. Etym: [From its supposed resemblance to a crown.] (Mech.) Defn: A saw in the form of a hollow cylinder, with teeth on the end or edge, and operated by a rotative motion. Note: The trephine was the first of the class of crownsaws. Knight. CROWN SIDE Crown" side` (sd`). Defn: See Crown office. CROWN WHEEL Crown" wheel` (hwl`). Etym: [Named from its resemblance to a crown.] (Mach.) Defn: A wheel with cogs or teeth set at right angles to its plane; -- called also a contrate wheel or face wheel. CROWNWORK Crown"work` (-wrk`), n. (Fort.) Defn: A work consisting of two or more bastioned fronts, with their outworks, covering an enceinte, a bridgehead, etc., and connected by wings with the main work or the river bank. CROW-QUILL Crow"-quill` (kr"kwl`), n. Defn: A quill of the crow, or a very fine pen made from such a quill. CROWS Crows (krz), n. pl.; sing. Crow. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians of the Dakota stock, living in Montana; -- also called Upsarokas. CROW'S-FOOT Crow's"-foot` (krz"ft`), n.; pl. Crow's-feet (-f. 1. pl. Defn: The wrinkles that appear, as the effect of age or dissipation, under and around the outer corners of the eyes. Tennyson. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A caltrop. [Written also crowfoot.] 3. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Bird's-mouth. [U.S.] CROW-SILK Crow"-silk` (kr"slk`), n. (Bot.) Defn: A filamentous fresh-water alga (Conferva rivularis of Linnaeus, Rhizoclonium rivulare of Kutzing). CROW'S-NEST Crow's-nest` (krz"nst`), n. (Naut.) Defn: A box or perch near the top of a mast, esp. in whalers, to shelter the man on the lookout. CROWSTEP Crow"step` (kr"stp`), n. (Arch.) Defn: See Corriestep. CROWSTONE Crow"stone` (kr"stn`), n. (Arch.) Defn: The top stone of the gable end of a house. Halliwell. CROWTH Crowth (krouth), n. Defn: An ancient musical instrument. See 4th Crowd. CROWTOE Crow"toe` (kr"t`), n. (Bot.) 1. The Lotus corniculatus. Dr. Prior. 2. An unidentified plant, probably the crowfoot. "The tufted crowtoe." Milton. CROW-TRODDEN Crow"-trod`den (kr"trd`d'n), a. Defn: Marked with crow's-feet, or wrinkles, about the eyes. [Poetic] Do I look as if I were crow-trodden Beau. & FL. CROYDON Croy"don, n. [From Croydon, England.] 1. Defn: A kind of carriage like a gig, orig. of wicker-work. 2. A kind of cotton sheeting; also, a calico. CROYLSTONE Croyl"stone` (kroil"stn`), n. (Min.) Defn: Crystallized cawk, in which the crystals are small. CROYS Croys (krois), n. Defn: See Cross, n. [Obs.] Chaucer. CROZE Croze (krz), n. Etym: [Cf. Cross, and Crosier.] Defn: A cooper's tool for making the grooves for the heads of casks, etc.; also, the groove itself. CROZIER Cro"zier (kr"zhr), n. Defn: See Crosier. CROZIERED Cro"ziered (-zhrd), a. Defn: Crosiered. CRUCIAL Cru"cial (kr"shal), a. Etym: [F. crucial, fr. L. crux, crucis, cross, torture. See Cross.] 1. Having the form of a cross; appertaining to a cross; cruciform; intersecting; as, crucial ligaments; a crucial incision. 2. Severe; trying or searching, as if bringing to the cross; decisive; as, a crucial test. CRUCIAN CARP Cru"cian carp` (-shan krp`). Etym: [Cf. Sw. karussa, G. karausche, F. carousse, -assin, corassin, LL. coracinus, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of European carp (Carasius vulgaris), inferior to the common carp; -- called also German carp. Note: The gibel or Prussian carp is now generally considered a variety of the crucian carp, or perhaps a hybrid between it and the common carp. CRUCIATE Cru"ci*ate (kr"sh-t or -sht; 106), a. Etym: [L. cruciatus, p. p. of cruciare to crucify, torture, fr. crux, crucis, a cross. See Cross.] 1. Tormented. [Obs.] Bale. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having the leaves or petals arranged in the form of a cross; cruciform. CRUCIATE Cru"ci*ate (kr"sh-t), v. t. Defn: To torture; to torment. [Obs.] See Excruciate. Bale. CRUCIATION Cru`ci*a"tion (kr`sh-"shn), n. Etym: [LL. cruciatio.] Defn: The act of torturing; torture; torment. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. CRUCIBLE Cru"ci*ble (kr"s-b'l), n. Etym: [LL. crucubulum a hanging lamp, an earthen pot for melting metals (cf. OF. croisel, creuseul, sort of lamp, crucible, F. creuset crucible), prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. kr, LG. kr, hanging lamp, kroos, kruus, mug, jug, jar, D. kroes cup, crucible, Dan. kruus, Sw. krus, E. cruse. It was confused with derivatives of L. crux cross (cf. Crosslet), and crucibles were said to have been marked with a cross, to prevent the devil from marring the chemical operation. See Cruse, and cf. Cresset.] 1. A vessel or melting pot, composed of some very refractory substance, as clay, graphite, platinum, and used for melting and calcining substances which require a strong degree of heat, as metals, ores, etc. 2. A hollow place at the bottom of a furnace, to receive the melted metal. 3. A test of the most decisive kind; a severe trial; as, the crucible of affliction. Hessian crucible (Chem.), a cheap, brittle, and fragile, but very refractory crucible, composed of the finest fire clay and sand, and commonly used for a single heating; -- named from the place of manufacture. CRUCIBLE STEEL Cru"ci*ble steel. Defn: Cast steel made by fusing in crucibles crude or scrap steel, wrought iron, and other ingredients and fluxes. CRUCIFER Cru"ci*fer (-fr), n. Etym: [See Cruciferous.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the order Cruciferæ. CRUCIFEROUS Cru*cif"er*ous (kr-sf"r-s), a. Etym: [L. crux, crucis, cross + - ferous: cf. F. crucif.] 1. Bearing a cross. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants which have four petals arranged like the arms of a cross, as the mustard, radish, turnip, etc. CRUCIFIER Cru"ci*fi`er (kr"s-f`r), n. Defn: One who crucifies; one who subjects himself or another to a painful trial. CRUCIFIX Cru"ci*fix (kr"s-fks), n.; pl. Crucifixes (-. Etym: [F. crucifix or LL. crucifixum, fr. L. crux, crucis, cross + figere, fixum, to fix. See Cross, and Fix, and cf. Crucify.] 1. A representation in art of the figure of Christ upon the cross; esp., the sculptured figure affixed to a real cross of wood, ivory, metal, or the like, used by the Roman Catholics in their devotions. The cross, too, by degrees, become the crucifix. Milman. And kissing oft her crucifix, Unto the block she drew. Warner. 2. The cross or religion of Christ. [R.] Jer. Taylor. CRUCIFIXION Cru`ci*fix"ion (kr`s-fk"shn), n. 1. The act of nailing or fastening a person to a cross, for the purpose of putting him to death; the use of the cross as a method of capital punishment. 2. The state of one who is nailed or fastened to a cross; death upon a cross. 3. Intense suffering or affliction; painful trial. Do ye prove What crucifixions are in love Herrick. CRUCIFORM Cru"ci*form (kr"s-frm), a. Etym: [L. crux, crucis, cress + -form: cf. F. cruciforme.] Defn: Cross-shaped; (Bot.) having four parts arranged in the form of a cross. CRUCIFY Cru"ci*fy (-f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crucified (-fd); p. pr. & vb.n. Crucifying.] Etym: [F. crucifier, fr. (assumed) LL. crucificare, for crucifigere, fr, L. crux, crucis, cross + figere to fix, the ending - figere being changed to -ficare, F. -fier (in compounds), as if fr. L. facere to do, make. See Cross, and Fix, and cf. Crucifix.] 1. To fasten to a cross; to put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross or gibbet. They cried, saying, Crucify him, cricify him. Luke xxiii. 21. 2. To destroy the power or ruling influence of; to subdue completely; to mortify. They that are Christ's have crucified the flesh, with the affections and lusts. Gal. v. 24. 3. To vex or torment. Beau. & FL. CRUCIGEROUS Cru*cig"er*ous (kr-sj"r-s), a. Etym: [L. crux, cricis, cross + - gerous.] Defn: Bearing the cross; marked with the figure of a cross. Sir. T. Browne. CRUD Crud (krd), n. Defn: See Curd. [Obs.] CRUDDLE Crud"dle (-d'l), v. i. Defn: To curdle. [Obs.] See how thy blood cruddles at this. Bea CRUDE Crude (krd), a. [Compar. Cruder (-r); superl. Crudest.] Etym: [L. crudus raw; akin to cruor blood (which flows from a wound). See Raw, and cf. Cruel.] 1. In its natural state; not cooked or prepared by fire or heat; undressed; not altered, refined, or prepared for use by any artificial process; raw; as, crude flesh. "Common crude salt." Boyle. Molding to its will each successive deposit of the crude materials. I. Taylor. 2. Unripe; not mature or perfect; immature. I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude. Milton. 3. Not reduced to order or form;unfinished; not arranged or prepared; ill-considered; immature. "Crudeprojects." Macualay. Crude, undigested masses of suggestion, furnishing rather raw materials for composition. De Quincey. The originals of Nature in their crude Conception. Milton. 4. Undigested; unconcocted; not brought into a form to give nourishment. "Crude and inconcoct." Bacon. 5. Having, or displaying, superficial and undigested knowledge; without culture or profudity; as, a crude reasoner. 6. (Paint.) Defn: Harsh and offensive, as a color; tawdry or in bad taste, as a combination of colors, or any design or work of art. CRUDELY Crude"ly, adv. Defn: In a crude, immature manner. CRUDENESS Crude"ness, n. Defn: A crude, undigested, or unprepared state; rawness; unripeness; immatureness; unfitness for a destined use or purpose; as, the crudeness of iron ore; crudeness of theories or plans. CRUDITY Cru"di*ty (kr"d-t), n.; pl. Crudities (-t. Etym: [L. cruditas, fr. crudus: cf. F. crudit. See Crude.] 1. The condition of being crude; rawness. 2. That which is in a crude or undigested state; hence, superficial, undigested views, not reduced to order or form. "Cridities in the stomach." Arbuthnot. CRUDLE Cru"dle (-d'l), v. i. Defn: See Cruddle. CRUDY Crud"y (krd"), a. Etym: [From Crud.] Defn: Coagulated. [Obs.] His cruel wounds with crudy blood congealed. Spenser. CRUDY Cru"dy (kr"d), a. Etym: [From Crude.] Defn: Characterized by crudeness; raw. [Obs.] The foolish and dull and crudy vapors. Shak. CRUEL Cru"el (kr"l), n. Defn: See Crewel. CRUEL Cru"el (kr*"l), a. Etym: [F. cruel, fr. L. crudelis, fr. crudus. See Crude.] 1. Disposed to give pain to others; willing or pleased to hurt, torment, or afflict; destitute of sympathetic kindness and pity; savage; inhuman; hard-hearted; merciless. Behold a people cometh from the north country; . . . they are cruel and have no mercy. Jer. vi. 22,23. 2. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain, grief, or misery. Cruel wars, wasting the earth. Milton. Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath for it was cruel. Gen. xlix. 7. 3. Attended with cruetly; painful; harsh. You have seen cruel proof of this man's strength. Shak. CRUELLY Cru"el*ly, adv. 1. In a cruel manner. 2. Extremly; very. [Colloq.] Spectator. CRUELNESS Cru"el*ness, n. Defn: Cruelty. [Obs.] Spenser. CRUELS Cru"els (kr"lz), n. pl. Etym: [Corrupt. fr. F. scrofula.] Defn: Glandular scrofulous swellings in the neck. CRUELTY Cru"el*ty (-t), n.; pl. Cruelties (-t. Etym: [OF. cruelt, F. cruaut, fr. L. crudelitas, fr. crudelis. See Cruel.] 1. The attribute or quality of being cruel; a disposition to give unnecessary pain or suffering to others; inhumanity; barbarity. Pierced through the heart with your stern cruelty. Shak. 2. A cruel and barbarous deed; inhuman treatment; the act of willfully causing unnecessary pain. Cruelties worthy of the dungeons of the Inquisition. Macualay. CRUENTATE Cru"en*tate (kr"n-tt), a. Etym: [L. cruentatus, p. p. of cruentare to make bloody, fr. cruentus bloody, fr. cruor. See Crude.] Defn: Smeared with blood. [Obs.] Glanwill. CRUENTOUS Cru*en"tous (kr-n"ts), a. Etym: [L. cruentus.] Defn: Bloody; cruentate. [Obs.] CRUET Cru"et, n. Etym: [Anglo-French cruet, a dim. from OF. crue, cruie; of German or Celtic origin, and akin to E. crock an earthen vessel.] 1. A bottle or vessel; esp., aviai or small glass bottle for holding vinegar, oil, pepper, or the like, for the table; a caster. Swift. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A vessel used to hold wine, oil, or water for the service of the altar. Cruet stand, a frame for holding cruets; a caster. CRUISE Cruise (krs), n. Defn: See Cruse, a small bottle. CRUISE Cruise (krz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cruised (krzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cruising.] Etym: [D. kruisen to move crosswise or in a zigzag, to cruise, fr. kruis cross, fr. OF. crois, croiz, F. croix, or directly fr. OF. croisier, F. croiser, to cross, cruise, fr. crois a cross. See Cross.] 1. To sail back and forth on the ocean; to sail, as for the potection of commerce, in search of an enemy, for plunder, or for pleasure. Note: A ship cruises in any particular sea or ocean; as, in the Baltic or in the Atlantic. She cruises off any cape; as, off the Lizard; off Ushant. She cruises on a coast; as, on the coast of Africa. A priate cruises to seize vessels; a yacht cruises for the pleasure of the owner. Ships of war were aent to cruise near the isle of Bute. Macualay. 'Mid sands, and rocks, and storms to cruise for pleasure. Young. 2. To wander hither and thither on land. [Colloq.] CRUISE Cruise, n. Defn: A voyage made in various directions, as of an armed vessel, for the protection of other vessels, or in search of an enemy; a sailing to and fro, as for exploration or for pleasure. He feigned a compliance with some of his men, who were bent upon going a cruise to Manilla. Dampier. CRUISER Cruis"er (kr"zr), n. Defn: One who, or a vessel that, cruises; -- usually an armed vessel. CRUIVE Cruive (krv), n. Defn: A kind of weir or dam for trapping salmon; also, a hovel. [Scot.] CRULL Crull (krl), a. Etym: [SeeCurl.] Defn: Curly; curled. [Obs.] CRULLER Crul"ler (krl"lr), n. Etym: [Cf. Curl.] Defn: A kind of sweet cake cut in strips and curled or twisted, and fried crisp in boiling fat. [Also written kruller.] CRUMB Crumb (krm), n. Etym: [AS. cruma, akin to D. kruim, G. krume; cf. G. krauen to scratch, claw.] [Written also crum.] 1. A small fragment or piece; especially, a small piece of bread or other food, broken or cut off. Desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table. Luke xvi. 21. 2. Fig.: A little; a bit; as, a crumb of comfort. 3. The soft part of bread. Dust unto dust, what must be, must; If you can't get crumb, you'd best eat crust. Old Song. Crumb brush, a brush for sweeping crumbs from a table. -- To a crum, with great exactness; completely. CRUMB Crumb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumbed (krmd); p. pr. & vb.n. Crumbing (krm"ng).] Defn: To break into crumbs or small pieces with the fingers; as, to crumb bread. [Written also crum.] CRUMBCLOTH Crumb"cloth` (-kl, n. Defn: A cloth to be laid under a dining table to receive falling fragments, and keep the carpet or floor clean. [Written also crumcloth.] CRUMBLE Crum"ble (krm"b'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumbled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumbling (-blng).] Etym: [Dim. of crumb, v. t., akin to D. krimelen G. kr.] Defn: To break into small pieces; to cause to fall in pieces. He with his bare wand can unthread thy joints, And crumble all thy sinews. Milton. CRUMBLE Crum"ble, v. i. Defn: To fall into small pieces; to break or part into small fragments; hence, to fall to decay or ruin; to become disintegrated; to perish. If the stone is brittle, it will crumble and pass into the form of gravel. Arbuthnot. The league deprived of its principal supports must soon crumble to pieces. Prescott. CRUMBLY Crum"bly (-bl), a. Defn: EAsily crumbled; friable; brittle. "The crumbly soil." Hawthorne. CRUMENAL Cru"me*nal (kr"m-nal), n. Etym: [L. crumena purse.] Defn: A purse. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. CRUMMABLE Crum"ma*ble (krm"mA-b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being crumbed or broken into small pieces. CRUMMY Crum"my (krm"m), a. 1. Full of crumb or crumbs. 2. Soft, as the crumb of bread is; not crusty. CRUMP Crump (krmp), a. Etym: [AS. crumb stooping, bent down; akin to OHG. chrumb, G. krumm, Dan. krum, D. krom, and E. cramp.] 1. Crooked; bent. [Obs.] Crooked backs and crump shoulders. Jer. Taylor. 2. Hard or crusty; dry baked; as, a crump loaf. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Hallivell. CRUMPET Crump"et (krmp"t), n. Etym: [Prob. from W. crempog, crammwgth, a pancake or fritter.] Defn: A kind of large. thin muffin or cake, light and spongy, and cooked on a griddle or spider. CRUMPLE Crum"ple (krm"p'l), v. t. [imp & p. p. Crumpled (-p'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumpling (-plng).] Etym: [Dim. fr. crump, a.] Defn: To draw or press into wrinkles or folds to crush together; to rumple; as, to crumple paper. They crumpled it into all shapes, and diligently scanned every wrinkle that could be made. Addison. CRUMPLE Crum"ple, v. i. Defn: To contract irregularly; to show wrinkless after being crushed together; as, leaves crumple. CRUMPY Crump"y (krmp"Y), a. Defn: Brittle; crisp. Wright. CRUNCH Crunch (krnch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crunched (krncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crunching.] Etym: [Prob. of imitative origin; or cf. D. schransen to eat heartily, or E. scrunch.] 1. To chew with force and noise; to craunch. And their white tusks crunched o'er the whiter skull. Byron. 2. To grind or press with violence and noise. The ship crunched through the ice. Kane. 3. To emit a grinding or craunching noise. The crunching and ratting of the loose stones. H. James. CRUNCH Crunch, v. t. Defn: To crush with the teeth; to chew with a grinding noise; to craunch; as, to crunch a biscuit. CRUNK; CRUNKLE Crunk (krnk), Crun"kle (krn"k'l), v. i. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kr to croak.] Defn: To cry like a crane. [Obs.] "The crane crunketh." Withals (1608). CRUNODAL Cru*no"dal (kr-n"dal), a. (Geom.) Defn: Possessing, or characterized by, a crunode; -- used of curves. CRUNODE Cru"node (kr"nd), n. Etym: [Prob. fr. L. crux a cross + E. node.] (Geom.) Defn: A point where one branch of a curve crosses another branch. See Double point, under Double, a. CRUOR Cru"or (kr"r), n. Etym: [L., blood. See Crude.] Defn: The coloring matter of the blood; the clotted portion of coagulated blood, containing the coloring matter; gore. CRUORIN Cru"o*rin (--rn), n. (Physiol.) Defn: The coloring matter of the blood in the living animal; hæmoglobin. CRUP Crup (krp), a. Etym: [Cf. OHG. grop, G. grob, coarse.] Defn: Short; brittle; as, crup cake. Todd. CRUP Crup (krp), n. Defn: See Croup, the rump of a horse. CRUPPER Crup"per (krp"pr in U.S.; krp"r in Eng.), n. Etym: [F. croupi, fr. croupe. See Croup the rump of a horse.] [Written also crouper.] 1. The buttocks or rump of a horse. 2. A leather loop, passing under a horse's tail, and buckled to the saddle to keep it from slipping forwards. CRUPPER Crup"per, v. t. Defn: To fit with a crupper; to place a crupper upon; as, to crupper a horse. CRURA Cru"ra (kr"r), n. pl. (Anat.) Defn: See Crus. CRURAL Cru"ral (-ral), a. Etym: [L. cruralis, fr. crus, cruris, leg: cf. F. crural.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the thigh or leg, or to any of the parts called crura; as, the crural arteries; crural arch; crural canal; crural ring. CRUS Crus (krs), n.; pl. Crura (kr. Etym: [L., the leg.] (Anat.) (a) That part of the hind limb between the femur, or thigh, and the ankle, or tarsus; the shank. (b) Often applied, especially in the plural, to parts which are supposed to resemble a pair of legs; as, the crura of the diaphragm, a pair of muscles attached to it; crura cerebri, two bundles of nerve fibers in the base of the brain, connecting the medulla and the forebrain. CRUSADE Cru*sade" (kr-sd"), n. Etym: [F. croisade, fr. Pr. crozada, or Sp cruzada, or It. crociata, from a verb signifying to take the cross, mark one's self with a cross, fr. L. crux cross; or possibly taken into English directly fr. Pr. Cf. Croisade, Crosado, and see Cross.] 1. Any one of the military expeditions undertaken by Christian powers, in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Mohammedans. 2. Any enterprise undertaken with zeal and enthusiasm; as, a crusade against intemperance. 3. A Portuguese coin. See Crusado. CRUSADE Cru*sade", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crusaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Crusading.] Defn: To engage in a crusade; to attack in a zealous or hot-headed manner. "Cease crusading against sense." M. Green. CRUSADER Cru*sad"er (-s"dr), n. Defn: One engaged in a crusade; as, the crusaders of the Middle Ages. Azure-eyed and golden-haired, Forth the young crusaders fared. Longfellow. CRUSADING Cru*sad"ing, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a crusade; as, a crusading spirit. CRUSADO Cru*sa"do (-s"d), n. Etym: [Pg. cruzado, fr. cruz, fr. L. crux. See Crusade, 3.] Defn: An old Portuguese coin, worth about seventy cents. [Written also cruade.] Shak. CRUSE Cruse (krs), n. Etym: [Akin to LG. kruus, kroos, mug, jug, jar, D. kroes, G. krause, Icel. krus, Sw. krus, Dan. kruus. Cf. Crucible, Cresset.] 1. A cup or dish. Take with thee . . . a cruse of honey. 1 Kings xiv. 3. 2. A bottle for holding water, oil, honey, etc. So David took . . . the cruse of water. 1 Sam. xxvi. 12. CRUSET Cru"set (kr"st), n. Etym: [Cf. F. creuset. See Cruse, Crucible.] Defn: A goldsmith's crucible or melting pot. CRUSH Crush (krsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crushed (krsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crushing.] Etym: [OE. cruschen, crousshen, Of. cruisir, croissir, fr. LL. cruscire, prob. of Ger. origin, from a derivative of the word seen in Goth. kruistan to gnash; akin to Sw. krysta to squeeze, Dan. kryste, Icel. kreysta.] 1. To press or bruise between two hard bodies; to squeeze, so as to destroy the natural shape or integrity of the parts, or to force together into a mass; as, to crush grapes. Ye shall not offer unto the Lord that which is bruised, or crushed, or broken, or cut. Lev. xxii. 24. The ass . . . thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed Balaam's foot against the wall. Num. xxii. 25. 2. To reduce to fine particles by pounding or grinding; to comminute; as, to crush quartz. 3. To overwhelm by pressure or weight; to beat or force down, as by an incumbent weight. To crush the pillars which the pile sustain. Dryden. Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again. Bryant. 4. To oppress or burden grievously. Thou shalt be only oppressed and crushed alway. Deut. xxviii. 33. 5. To overcome completely; to subdue totally. Speedily overtaking and crushing the rebels. Sir. W. Scott. To crush a cup, to drink. [Obs.] -- To crush out. (a) To force out or separate by pressure, as juice from grapes. (b) To overcome or destroy completely; to suppress. CRUSH Crush (krsh), v. i. Defn: To be or become broken down or in, or pressed into a smaller compass, by external weight or force; as, an eggshell crushes easily. CRUSH Crush, n. 1. A violent collision or compression; a crash; destruction; ruin. The wreck of matter, and the crush of worlds. Addison. 2. Violent pressure, as of a crowd; a crowd which produced uncomfortable pressure; as, a crush at a peception. Crush hat, a hat which collapses, and can be carried under the arm, and when expanded is held in shape by springs; hence, any hat not injured by compressing. -- Crush room, a large room in a theater, opera house, etc., where the audience may promenade or converse during the intermissions; a foyer. Politics leave very little time for the bow window at White's in the day, or for the crush room of the opera at night. Macualay. CRUSHER Crush"er (-r), n. Defn: One who, or that which, crushes. Crusher gauge, an instrument for measuring the explosive force of gunpowder, etc., by its effect in compressing a piece of metal. CRUSHING Crush"ing, a. Defn: That crushes; overwhelming. "The blow must be quick and crushing." Macualay. CRUST Crust (krst), n. Etym: [L. crusta: cf. OF. crouste, F. cro; prob. akin to Gr. crystal, from the same root as E. crude, raw. See Raw, and cf. Custard.] 1. The hard external coat or covering of anything; the hard exterior surface or outer shell; an incrustation; as, a crust of snow. I have known the statute of an emperor quite hid under a crust of dross. Addison. Below this icy crust of conformity, the waters of infidelity lay dark and deep as ever. Prescott. 2. (Cookery) (a) The hard exterior or surface of bread, in distinction from the soft part or crumb; or a piece of bread grown dry or hard. (b) The cover or case of a pie, in distinction from the soft contents. (c) The dough, or mass of doughy paste, cooked with a potpie; -- also called dumpling. Th' impenetrable crust thy teeth defies. Dryden. He that keeps nor crust nor crumb. Shak. They . . . made the crust for the venison pasty. Macualay. 3. (Geol.) Defn: The exterior portion of the earth, formerly universally supposed to inclose a molten interior. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The shell of crabs, lobsters, etc. 5. (Med.) Defn: A hard mass, made up of dried secretions blood, or pus, occurring upon the surface of the body. 6. An incrustation on the interior of wine bottles, the result of the ripening of the wine; a deposit of tartar, etc. See Beeswing. CRUST Crust, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Crusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Crusting.] Etym: [Cf. OF. crouster, L. crustare. See Crust, n. ] Defn: To cover with a crust; to cover or line with an incrustation; to incrust. The whole body is crusted over with ice. Boyle. And now their legs, and breast, and bodies stood Crusted with bark. Addison. Very foul and crusted bottles. Swift. Their minds are crusted over, like diamonds in the rock. Felton. CRUST Crust, v. i. Defn: To gather or contract into a hard crust; to become incrusted. The place that was burnt . . . crusted and healed. Temple. CRUSTA Crus"ta (krs"t), n. Etym: [L., shell, crust, inlaid work.] 1. A crust or shell. 2. A gem engraved, or a plate embossed in low relief, for inlaying a vase or other object. CRUSTACEA Crus*ta"ce*a (krs-t"sh-), n. pl. Etym: [Neut. pl. of NL. crustaceus pert. to the crust or shell, from L. crusta the hard surfsce of a body, rind, shell.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the classes of the arthropods, including lobsters and crabs; -- so called from the crustlike shell with which they are covered. Note: The body usually consists of an anterior part, made up of the head and thorax combined, called the cephalothorax, and of a posterior jointed part called the abdomen, postabdomen, and (improperly) tail. They breathe by means of gills variously attached to some of the limbs or to the sides the body, according to the group. They are divisible into two subclasses, Entomostraca and Malacostraca, each of which includes several orders. CRUSTACEAN Crus*ta"cean (krs-t"shan; 97), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Crustacea; crustaceous. -- n. Defn: An animal belonging to the class Crustacea. CRUSTACEOLOGICAL Crus*ta`ce*o*log"ic*al (-sh--lj"-kal), a. Defn: Pertaining to crustaceology. CRUSTACEOLOGIST Crus*ta`ce*ol"o*gist (-ll"-jst), n. Defn: One versed in crustaceology; a crustalogist. CRUSTACEOLOGY Crus*ta`ce*ol"o*gy (-j), n. Etym: [Crustacea + -logy.] Defn: That branch of Zoölogy which treats of the Crustacea; malacostracology; carcinology. CRUSTACEOUS Crus*ta"ceous (krs-t"shs; 97), a. Etym: [NL. crustaceous. See crustacea.] 1. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, crust or shell; having a crustlike shell. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Crustacea; crustacean. CRUSTACEOUSNESS Crus*ta"ceous*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being crustaceous or having a crustlike shell. CRUSTAL Crust"al (krst"al), a. Defn: Relating to a crust. CRUSTALOGICAL Crus`ta*log"ic*al (krs`t-lj"-kal), a. Defn: Pertaining to crustalogy. CRUSTALOGIST Crus*tal"o*gist (-t, n. Defn: One versed in crustalogy. CRUSTALOGY Crus*tal"o*gy (krs-tl"-j), n. Etym: [L. crusta shell + -logy.] Defn: Crustaceology. CRUSTATED Crus"ta*ted (krs"t-td), a. Etym: [L. crustatus, p. p. of crustare, fr. crusta. See Crust.] Defn: Covered with a crust; as, crustated basalt. CRUSTATION Crus*ta"tion (krs-t"shn), n. Defn: An adherent crust; an incrustation. Pepys. CRUSTED Crust"ed (krst"d), a. Defn: Incrusted; covered with, or containing, crust; as, old, crusted port wine. CRUSTIFIC Crus*tif`ic (krs-tf"k), a. Etym: [L. crusta crust + -facere to make.] Defn: Producing or forming a crust or skin. [R.] CRUSTILY Crust"i*ly (krst"-l*), adv. Defn: In a crusty or surly manner; morosely. CRUSTINESS Crust"i*ness (--ns), n. 1. The state or quality of having crust or being like crust; hardness. 2. The quality of being crusty or surly. Old Christy forgot his usual crustiness. W. Irving. CRUSTY Crust"y (-), a. 1. Having the nature of crust; pertaining to a hard covering; as, a crusty coat; a crusty surface or substance. 2. Etym: [Possibly a corruption of cursty. Cf. Curst, Curstness.] Defn: Having a hard exterior, or a short, rough manner, though kind at heart; snappish; peevish; surly. Thou crusty batch of nature, what's the news Shak. CRUT Crut (krt), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cro crust.] Defn: The rough, shaggy part of oak bark. CRUTCH Crutch (krch; 224), n.; pl. Crutches (-. Etym: [OE. cruche, AS. crycc, cricc; akin to D. kruk, G. kr, Dan. krykke, Sw. krycka, and to E. crook. See Crook, and cf. Cricket a low stool.] 1. A staff with a crosspiece at the head, to be placed under the arm or shoulder, to support the lame or infirm in walking. I'll lean upon one crutch, and fight with the other. Shak. Rhyme is a crutch that lifts the weak alone. H. Smith. 2. A form of pommel for a woman's saddle, consisting of a forked rest to hold the leg of the rider. 3. (Naut.) (a) A knee, or piece of knee timber. (b) A forked stanchion or post; a crotch. See Crotch. CRUTCH Crutch, v. t. Defn: To support on crutches; to prop up. [R.] Two fools that crutch their feeble sense on verse. Dryden. CRUTCHED Crutched (krcht), a. 1. Supported upon crutches. 2. Etym: [See Crouch, v. t., and Crouched, a. ] Defn: Marked with the sign of the cross; crouched. Crutched friar (Eccl.), one of a religious order, so called because its members bore the sign of the cross on their staves and habits; -- called also crossed friar and crouched friar. CRUTH Cruth (krth), n. Etym: [W. crwth.] (Mus.) Defn: See 4th Crowd. CRUX Crux (krks), n.; pl. E. Cruxes (-, L. Cruces (kr. Etym: [L., cross, torture, trouble.] Defn: Anything that is very puzzling or difficult to explain. Dr. Sheridan. The perpetual crux of New Testament chronologists. Strauss. CRUX ANSATA Crux an*sa"ta. [L., cross with a handle.] Defn: A cross in the shape of the ankh. CRUZADO Cru*za"do (kr-z"d), n. Defn: A coin. See Crusado. CRWTH Crwth (krth), n. Etym: [W.] (Mus) Defn: See 4th Crowd. CRY Cry (kr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cried (krd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crying.] Etym: [F. crier, cf. L. quiritare to raise a plaintive cry, scream, shriek, perh. fr. queri to complain; cf. Skr. cvas to pant, hiss, sigh. Cf. Quarrel a brawl, Querulous.] 1. To make a loud call or cry; to call or exclaim vehemently or earnestly; to shout; to vociferate; to proclaim; to pray; to implore. And about the ninth hour, Jesus cried with a loud voice. Matt. xxvii. 46. Clapping their hands, and crying with loud voice. Shak. Hear the voice of my supplications when I cry unto thee. Ps. xxviii. 2. The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord. Is. xl. 3. Some cried after him to return. Bunyan. 2. To utter lamentations; to lament audibly; to express pain, grief, or distress, by weeping and sobbing; to shed tears; to bawl, as a child. Ye shall cry for sorrow of heart. Is. lxv. 14. I could find it in my heart to disgrace my man's apparel and to cry like a woman. Shak. 3. To utter inarticulate sounds, as animals. The young ravens which cry. Ps. cxlvii. 9. In a cowslip's bell I lie There I couch when owls do cry. Shak. To cry on or upon, to call upon the name of; to beseech."No longer on Saint Denis will we cry." Shak. -- To cry out. (a) To exclaim; to vociferate; to scream; to clamor. (b) To complain loudly; to lament. -- To cry out against, to complain loudly of; to censure; to blame. -- To cry out on or upon, to denounce; to censure. "Cries out upon abuses." Shak. -- To cry to, to call on in prayer; to implore. -- To cry you mercy, to beg your pardon. "I cry you mercy, madam; was it you" Shak. CRY Cry, v. t. 1. To utter loudly; to call out; to shout; to sound abroad; to declare publicly. All, all, cry shame against ye, yet I 'll speak. Shak. The man . . . ran on,crying, Life! life! Eternal life! Bunyan. 2. To cause to do something, or bring to some state, by crying or weeping; as, to cry one's self to sleep. 3. To make oral and public proclamation of; to declare publicly; to notify or advertise by outcry, especially things lost or found, goods to be sold, ets.; as, to cry goods, etc. Love is lost, and thus she cries him. Crashaw. 4. Hence, to publish the banns of, as for marriage. I should not be surprised if they were cried in church next Sabbath. Judd. To cry aim. See under Aim. -- To cry down, to decry; to depreciate; to dispraise; to condemn. Men of dissolute lives cry down religion, because they would not be under the restraints of it. Tillotson. -- To cry out, to proclaim; to shout."Your gesture cries it out." Shak. -- To cry quits, to propose, or declare, the abandonment of a contest. -- To cry up, to enhance the value or reputation of by public and noisy praise; to extol; to laud publicly or urgently. CRY Cry (kr), n.; pl. Cries (kr. Etym: [F. cri, fr. crier to cry. See Cry, v. i. ] 1. A loud utterance; especially, the inarticulate sound produced by one of the lower animals; as, the cry of hounds; the cry of wolves. Milton. 2. Outcry; clamor; tumult; popular demand. Again that cry was found to have been as unreasonable as ever. Macaulay. 3. Any expression of grief, distress, etc., accompanied with tears or sobs; a loud sound, uttered in lamentation. There shall be a great cry throughout all the land. Ex. xi. 6. An infant crying in the night, An infant crying for the light; And with no language but a cry. Tennyson. 4. Loud expression of triumph or wonder or of popular acclamation or favor. Swift. The cry went once on thee. Shak. 5. Importunate supplication. O, the most piteous cry of the poor souls. Shak. 6. Public advertisement by outcry; proclamation, as by hawkers of their wares. The street cries of London. Mayhew. 7. Common report; fame. The cry goes that you shall marry her. Shak. 8. A word or phrase caught up by a party or faction and repeated for effect; as, the party cry of the Tories. All now depends upon a good cry. Beaconsfield. 9. A pack of hounds. Milton. A cry more tunable Was never hollaed to, nor cheered with horn. Shak. 10. A pack or company of persons; -- in contempt. Would not this . . . get me a fellowship in a cry of players Shak. 11. The cracklling noise made by block tin when it is bent back and forth. A far cry, a long distance; -- in allusion to the sending of criers or messengers through the territory of a Scottish clan with an announcement or summons. CRYAL Cry"al (kr"al), n. Etym: [Cf. W. creyr, cryr, crychydd. Cf. Cruer a hawk.] Defn: The heron [Obs.] Ainsworth. CRYER Cry"er (-r), n. Etym: [F. faucon gruyer a falcon trained to fly at the crane, fr. crye crane, fr. L. crus crane. Cf. Cryal.] Defn: The female of the hawk; a falcon-gentil. CRYING Cry"ing, a. Defn: Calling for notice; compelling attention; notorious; heinous; as, a crying evil. Too much fondness for meditative retirement is not the crying sin of our modern Christianity. I. Taylor. CRYOHYDRATE Cry`o*hy"drate (kr`-h"drt), n. Etym: [Gr. hydrate.] (Chem.) Defn: A substance, as salt, ammonium chloride, etc., which crystallizes with water of crystallization only at low temperatures, or below the freezing point of water. F. Guthrie. CRYOLITE Cry"o*lite (kr"-lt), n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. cryolithe.] (Min.) Defn: A fluoride of sodium and aluminum, found in Greenland, in white cleavable masses; -- used as a source of soda and alumina. CRYOMETER Cry*om"e*ter, n. [Gr. cold, frost + -meter.] (Physics) Defn: A thermometer for the measurement of low temperatures, esp. such an instrument containing alcohol or some other liquid of a lower freezing point than mercury. CRYOPHORUS Cry*oph"o*rus (kr-f"-rs), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Chem.) Defn: An instrument used to illustrate the freezing of water by its own evaporation. The ordinary form consist of two glass bulbs, connected by a tube of the same material, and containing only a quantity of water and its vapor, devoid of air. The water is in one of the bulbs, and freezes when the other is cooled below 32º Fahr. CRYPT Crypt (krpt), n. Etym: [L. crypta vault, crypt, Gr. Crot, Crotto.] 1. A vault wholly or partly under ground; especially, a vault under a church, whether used for burial purposes or for a subterranean chapel or oratory. Priesthood works out its task age after age, . . . treasuring in convents and crypts the few fossils of antique learning. Motley. My knees are bowed in crypt and shrine. Tennyson. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A simple gland, glandular cavity, or tube; a follicle; as, the cryps of Lieberk. CRYPTAL Crypt"al (-al), a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to crypts. CRYPTIC; CRYPTICAL Cryp"tic (krp"tk), Cryp"tic*al (-t-kal), a. Etym: [L. crypticus, Gr. Defn: Hidden; secret; occult. "Her [nature's] more cryptic ways of working." Glanvill. CRYPTICALLY Cryp"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Secretly; occultly. CRYPTIDINE Cryp"ti*dine (krp"t-dn; 104), n. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the quinoline bases, obtained from coal tar as an oily liquid, C11H11N; also, any one of several substances metameric with, and resembling, cryptidine proper. CRYPTOBRANCHIATA Cryp`to*bran`chi*a"ta (krp`t-bra`k-"t), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. krypto`s hidden + L. branchia a gill.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of the Amphibia; the Derotremata. (b) A group of nudibranch mollusks. CRYPTOBRANCHIATE Cryp`to*bran"chi*ate (-br"k-t), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having concealed or rudimentary gills. CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE Cryp`to*crys"tal*line (-krs"tal-ln), a. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden + E. crystalline.] (Geol.) Defn: Indistinctly crystalline; -- applied to rocks and minerals, whose state of aggregation is so fine that no distinct particles are visible, even under the microscope. CRYPTOGAM Cryp"to*gam (krp"t-gm), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cryptogame. See Cryptogamia.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant belonging to the Cryptogamia. Henslow. CRYPTOGAMIA Cryp`to*ga"mi*a (krp`t-g"m-), n.; pl. Cryptogamiæ (-. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. krypto`s hidden, secret + ga`mos marriage.] (Bot.) Defn: The series or division of flowerless plants, or those never having true stamens and pistils, but propagated by spores of various kinds. Note: The subdivisions have been variously arranged. The following arrangement recognizes four classes: --I. Pteridophyta, or Vascular Acrogens. These include Ferns, Equiseta or Scouring rushes, Lycopodiaceæ or Club mosses, Selaginelleæ, and several other smaller orders. Here belonged also the extinct coal plants called Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, and Calamites. II. Bryophita, or Cellular Acrogens. These include Musci, or Mosses, Hepaticæ, or Scale mosses and Liverworts, and possibly Characeæ, the Stoneworts. III. Algæ, which are divided into Florideæ, the Red Seaweeds, and the orders Dictyoteæ, Oösporeæ, Zoösporeæ, Conjugatæ, Diatomaceæ, and Cryptophyceæ. IV. Fungi. The molds, mildews, mushrooms, puffballs, etc., which are variously grouped into several subclasses and many orders. The Lichenes or Lichens are now considered to be of a mixed nature, each plant partly a Fungus and partly an Alga. CRYPTOGAMIAN; CRYPTOGAMIC; CRYPTOGAMOUS Cryp`to*ga"mi*an (krp`t-g"m-an), Cryp`to*gam"ic (krp`t-gm"k), Cryp*to"gam*ous a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the series Cryptogamia, or to plants of that series. CRYPTOGAMIST Cryp*tog"a*mist (-mst), n. Defn: One skilled in cryptogamic botany. CRYPTOGRAM Cryp"to*gram (krp"t-grm), n. Defn: A cipher writing. Same as Cryptograph. CRYPTOGRAPH Cryp"to*graph (-grf), n. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden + -graph: cf. F. cryptographe.] Defn: Cipher; something written in cipher. "Decipherers of cryptograph." J. Earle. CRYPTOGRAPHAL Cryp*tog"ra*phal (krp-tg"r-fal), a. Defn: Pertaining to cryptography; cryptographical. Boyle. CRYPTOGRAPHER Cryp*tog"ra*pher (krp-tg"r-fr), n. Defn: One who writes in cipher, or secret characters. CRYPTOGRAPHIC; CRYPTOGRAPHICAL Cryp`to*graph"ic (krp`t-grf"k), Cryp`to*graph"ic*al (krp`t-grf"-kal), a. Defn: Relating to cryptography; written in secret characters or in cipher, or with sympathetic ink. CRYPTOGRAPHIST Cryp*tog"ra*phist (krp-tg"r-fst), n. Defn: Same as Cryptographer. CRYPTOGRAPHY Cryp*tog"ra*phy (-f), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cryptographie.] Defn: The act or art of writing in secret characters; also, secret characters, or cipher. CRYPTOLOGY Cryp*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden + -logy.] Defn: Secret or enigmatical language. Johnson. CRYPTONYM Cryp"to*nym (krp"t-nm), n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A secret name; a name by which a person is known only to the initiated. CRYPTOPINE Cryp"to*pine (krp"t-pn; 104), n. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden + E. opium.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless crystalline alkaloid obtained in small quantities from opium. CRYPTURI Cryp*tu"ri (krp-t"r), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of flying, dromTinamou. CRYSTAL Crys"tal (krs"tal), n. Etym: [OE. cristal, F. cristal, L. crystallum crystal, ice, fr. Gr. crystalla, fr. L. crystallum; prob. akin to E. crust. See Crust, Raw.] 1. (Chem. & Min.) Defn: The regular form which a substance tends to assume in solidifying, through the inherent power of cohesive attraction. It is bounded by plane surfaces, symmetrically arranged, and each species of crystal has fixed axial ratios. See Crystallization. 2. The material of quartz, in crystallization transparent or nearly so, and either colorless or slightly tinged with gray, or the like; - - called also rock crystal. Ornamental vessels are made of it. Cf. Smoky quartz, Pebble; also Brazilian pebble, under Brazilian. 3. A species of glass, more perfect in its composition and manufacture than common glass, and often cut into ornamental forms. See Flint glass. 4. The glass over the dial of a watch case. 5. Anything resembling crystal, as clear water, etc. The blue crystal of the seas. Byron. Blood crystal. See under Blood. -- Compound crystal. See under Compound. -- Iceland crystal, a transparent variety of calcite, or crystallized calcium carbonate, brought from Iceland, and used in certain optical instruments, as the polariscope. -- Rock crystal, or Mountain crystal, any transparent crystal of quartz, particularly of limpid or colorless quartz. CRYSTAL Crys"tal, a. Defn: Consisting of, or like, crystal; clear; transparent; lucid; pellucid; crystalline. Through crystal walls each little mote will peep. Shak. By crystal streams that murmur through the meads. Dryden. The crystal pellets at the touch congeal, And from the ground rebounds the ratting hail. H. Brooks. CRYSTALLIN Crys"tal*lin (-ln), n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: See Gobulin. CRYSTALLINE Crys"tal*line (krs"tal-ln or -ln; 277), a. Etym: [L. crystallinus, from Gr. cristallin. See Crystal.] 1. Consisting, or made, of crystal. Mount, eagle, to my palace crystalline. Shak. 2. Formed by crystallization; like crystal in texture. Their crystalline structure. Whewell. 3. Imperfectly crystallized; as, granite is only crystalline, while quartz crystal is perfectlly crystallized. 4. Fig.: Resembling crystal; pure; transparent; pellucid. "The crystalline sky." Milton. Crystalline heavens, or Crystalline spheres, in the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, two transparent spheres imagined to exist between the region of the fixed stars and the primum mobile (or outer circle of the heavens, which by its motion was supposed to carry round all those within it), in order to explain certain movements of the heavently bodies. -- Crystalline lens (Anat.), the capsular lenslike body in the eye, serving to focus the rays of light. It consists of rodlike cells derived from the external embryonic epithelium. CRYSTALLINE Crys"tal*line, n. 1. A crystalline substance. 2. See Aniline. [Obs.] CRYSTALLITE Crys"tal*lite (krs"tal-lt), n. Etym: [See Crystal.] (Min.) Defn: A minute mineral form like those common in glassy volcanic rocks and some slags, not having a definite crystalline outline and not referable to any mineral species, but marking the first step in the crystallization process. According to their form crystallites are called trichites, belonites, globulites, etc. CRYSTALLIZABLE Crys"tal*li`za*ble (krs"tal-l`z-b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being crystallized; that may be formed into crystals. CRYSTALLIZATION Crys`tal*li*za"tion (krs`tal-l-z"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cristallization.] 1. (Chem. & Min.) Defn: The act or process by which a substance in solidifying assumes the form and sructure of a crystal, or becomes crystallized. 2. The body formed by crystallizing; as, silver on precipitation forms arborescent crystallizations. Note: The systems of crystallization are the several classes to which the forms are mathematically referable. They are most simply described according to the relative lengths and inclinations of certain assumed lines called axes; but the real distinction is the degree of symmetry characterizing them. 1. The Isometric, or Monometric, system has the axes all equal, as in the cube, octahedron, etc. 2. The Tetragonal, or Dimetric, system has a varying vertical axis, while the lateral are equal, as in the right square prism. 3. The Orthorhombic, or Trimetric, system has the three axes unequal, as in the rectangular and rhombic prism. In this system, the lateral axes are called, respectively, macrodiagonal and brachydiagonal. -- The preceding are erect forms, the axes intersecting at right angles. The following are oblique. 4. The Monoclinic system, having one of the intersections oblique, as in the oblique rhombic prism. In this system, the lateral axes are called respectively, clinodiagonal and orthodiagonal. 5. The Triclinic system, having all the three intersections oblique, as in the oblique rhomboidal prism. There is also: 6. The Hexagonal system (one division of which is called Rhombohedral), in which there are three equal lateral axes, and a vertical axis of variable length, as in the hexagonal prism and the rhombohedron. Note: The Diclinic system, sometimes recognized, with two oblique intersections, is only a variety of the Triclinic. CRYSTALLIZE Crys"tal*lize (krs"tal-lz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crystallized (-lzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crystallizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. cristalliser. See Crystal.] Defn: To cause to form crystals, or to assume the crystalline form. CRYSTALLIZE Crys"tal*lize, v. i. Defn: To be converted into a crystal; to take on a crystalline form, through the action of crystallogenic or cohesive attraction. CRYSTALLOGENIC; CRYSTALLOGENICAL Crys`tal*lo*gen"ic (-l-jn"k), Crys`tal*lo*gen"ic*al (--kal), a. Defn: Pertaining to the production of crystals; crystal-producing; as, crystallogenic attraction. CRYSTALLOGENY Crys`tal*log"e*ny (krs`tal-lj"-n), n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The science which pertains to the production of crystals. CRYSTALLOGRAPHER Crys`tal*log"ra*pher (krs`tal-lg"r-fr), n. Defn: One who describes crystals, or the manner of their formation; one versed in crystallography. CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC; CRYSTALLOGRAPHICAL Crys`tal*lo*graph"ic (-l-grf"k), Crys`tal*lo*graph"ic*al (--kal), a. Etym: [Cf. F. crystallographique.] Defn: Pertaining to crystallography. CRYSTALLOGRAPHICALLY Crys`tal*lo*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of crystallography. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Crys`tal*log"ra*phy (krs`tal-lg"r-f), n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. cristallographie. See Crystal.] 1. The doctrine or science of crystallization, teaching the system of forms among crystals, their structure, and their methods of formation. 2. A discourse or treatise on crystallization. CRYSTALLOID Crys"tal*loid (krs"tal-loid), a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Crystal-like; transparent like crystal. CRYSTALLOID Crys"tal*loid, n. 1. (Chem.) Defn: A body which, in solution, diffuses readily through animal membranes, and generally is capable of being crystallized; -- opposed to colloid. 2. (Bot.) Defn: One of the microscopic particles resembling crystals, consisting of protein matter, which occur in certain plant cells; -- called also protein crystal. CRYSTALLOLOGY; CRISTALLOLOGY Crys`tal*lol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of the crystalline structure of inorganic bodies. CRYSTALLOMANCY Crys"tal*lo*man`cy (-l-mn`s), n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by means of a crystal or other transparent body, especially a beryl. CRYSTALLOMETRY Crys`tal*lom"e*try (-lm"-tr), n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.] Defn: The art of measuring crystals. CRYSTALLURGY Crys"tal*lur`gy (-lr`j), n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Crystallizaton. CTENOCYST Cte"no*cyst (t"n-sst), n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An organ of the Ctenophora, supposed to be sensory. CTENOID Cte"noid (t"noid or tn"oid), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a comblike margin, as a ctenoid scale. (b) Pertaining to the Ctenoidei. -- n. Defn: A ctenoidean. CTENOIDEAN Cte*noid"e*an (t-noid"-an), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Relating to the Ctenoidei. -- n. Defn: One of the Ctenoidei. CTENOIDEI Cte*noid"e*i (--), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of fishes, established by Agassiz, characterized by having scales with a pectinated margin, as in the perch. The group is now generally regarded as artificial. CTENOPHORA Cte*noph"o*ra (t-nf"-r), n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of Coelenterata, commonly ellipsoidal in shape, swimming by means of eight longitudinal rows of paddles. The separate paddles somewhat resemble combs. CTENOPHORE Cten"o*phore (tn"-fr), n. Defn: (Zoöl.) One of the Ctenophora. CTENOPHORIC; CTENOPHOROUS Cten`o*phor"ic (tn`-fr"k), Cte*noph"o*rous (t-nf"-rs), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ctenophora. CTENOSTOMATA Cten`o*stom"a*ta (tn`-stm"-t), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Bryozoa, usually having a circle of bristles below the tentacles. CUB Cub (kb), n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. cuib cub, whelp, young dog, Ir. & Gael. cu dog; akin to E. hound.] 1. A young animal, esp. the young of the bear. 2. Jocosely or in contempt, a boy or girl, esp. an awkward, rude, illmannered boy. O, thuo dissembling cub! what wilt thou be When time hath sowed a drizzle on thy case Shak. CUB Cub, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cubbed (kp. pr. & vb. n. Cubbing.] Defn: To bring forth; -- said of animals, or in contempt, of persons. "Cubb'd in a cabin." Dryden. CUB Cub, n. Etym: [Cf. Cub a young animal.] 1. A stall for cattle. [Obs.] I would rather have such . . . .in cubor kennel than in my closet or at my table. Landor. 2. A cupboard. [Obs.] Laud. CUB Cub, v. t. Defn: To shut up or confine. [Obs.] Burton. CUBAN Cu"ban (k"ban), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Cuba or its inhabitants. -- n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Cuba. CUBATION Cu*ba"tion (k-b"shn), n. Etym: [L. cubatio, fr. cubare to lie down.] Defn: The act of lying down; a reclining. [Obs.] CUBATORY Cu"ba*to*ry (k"b-t-r), a. Etym: [L. cubator he who lies down, fr. cubare.] Defn: Lying down; recumbent. [R.] CUBATURE Cu"ba*ture (k"b-tr; 135), n. Etym: [L. cubus cube: cf. F. cubature. See Cube.] Defn: The process of determining the solid or cubic contents of a body. CUBBRIDGE-HEAD Cub"bridge-head` (kb"rjj-hd), n. (Naut.) Defn: A bulkhead on the forecastle and half deck of a ship. CUBBY; CUBBYHOLE Cub"by (kb"b), Cub"by*hole` (-hl`), n. Etym: [See Cub a stall.] Defn: A snug or confined place. CUBDRAWN Cub"*drawn` (kb"drn`), a. Defn: Sucked by cubs. [R.] This night, wherein the cub-drawn bear would couch. Shak. CUBE Cube (kb), n. Etym: [F. cube, L. cubus, fr. Gr. 1. (Geom.) Defn: A regular solid body, with six equal square sides. 2. (Math.) Defn: The product obtained by taking a number or quantity three times as a factor; as, 4x4=16, and 16x4=64, the cube of 4. Cube ore (Min.), pharmacosiderite. It commonly crystallizes in cubes of a green color. -- Cube root. (Math.), the number or quantity which, multiplied into itself, and then into the product, produces the given cube; thus, 3 is the cube root of 27, for 3x3x3 = 27. -- Cube spar (Min.), anhydrite; anhydrous calcium sulphate. CUBE Cube, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cubed (kbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cubing.] Defn: To raise to the third power; to obtain the cube of. CUBEB Cu"beb (k"bb), n. Etym: [F. cub (cf. It. cubebe, Pr., Sp., Pg., & NL. cubeba), fr. Ar. kab.] Defn: The small, spicy berry of a species of pepper (Piper Cubeba; in med., Cubeba officinalis), native in Java and Borneo, but now cultivated in various tropical countries. The dried unripe fruit is much used in medicine as a stimulant and purgative. CUBEBIC Cu*beb"ic (k-bb"k), a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, cubebs; as, cubebic acid (a soft olive-green resin extracted from cubebs). CUBHOOD Cub"hood (kb"hd), n. Defn: The state of being a cub. [Jocose] "From cubhood to old age." W. B. Dawkins. CUBIC; CUBICAL Cu"bic (k"bk), Cu"bic*al (-b-kal), a. Etym: [L. cubicus, Gr. cubique. See Cube.] 1. Having the form or properties of a cube; contained, or capable of being contained, in a cube. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: Isometric or monometric; as, cubic cleavage. See Crystallization. Cubic equation, an equation in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is a cube. -- Cubic foot, a volume equivalent to a cubical solid which measures a foot in each of its dimensions. -- Cubic number, a number produced by multiplying a number into itself, and that product again by the same number. See Cube. -- Cubical parabola (Geom.), two curves of the third degree, one plane, and one on space of three dimensions. CUBIC Cu"bic, n. (Geom.) Defn: A curve of the third degree. Circular cubic. See under Circular. CUBICALLY Cu"bic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a cubical method. CUBICALNESS Cu"bic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being cubical. CUBICLE Cu"bi*cle (k"b-k'l), n. Etym: [L. cubiculum.] Defn: A loding room; esp., a sleeping place partitioned off from a large dormitory. CUBICULAR Cu*bic"u*lar (k-k"-lr), a. Etym: [L. cubicularis, fr. cubiculum a sleeping room, fr. cubare to lie down.] Defn: Belonging to a chamber or bedroom. [Obs.] Howell. CUBIFORM Cu"bi*form (k"b-frm), a. Defn: Of the form of a cube. CUBILE Cu*bi"le (k-b"l), n. Etym: [L., bed.] Defn: The lowest course of stones in a building. CUBILOSE Cu"bi*lose` (k"b-ls`), n. Etym: [L. cubile bed, nest.] Defn: A mucilagenous secretion of certain birds found as the characteristic ingredient of edible bird's-nests. CUBISM Cu"bism (ku"biz'm), n. (Painting) Defn: A movement or phase in post-impressionism (which see, below). - - Cu"bist (#), n. CUBIT Cu"bit (k"bt), n. Etym: [L. cubitum, cubitus; elbow, ell, cubit, fr. (because the elbow serves focubare to lie down, recline; cf. Gr. Incumbent, Covey.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The forearm; the ulna, a bone of the arm extending from elbow to wrist. [Obs.] 2. A measure of length, being the distance from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger. Note: The cubit varies in length in different countries, the Roman cubit being 17,47 inches, the Greek 18,20, the Hebrew somewhat longer, and the English 18 inches. CUBITAL Cu"bit*al (k"bt-al), a. Etym: [L. cubitalis.] 1. Of or pertaining to the cubit or ulna; as, the cubital nerve; the cubital artery; the cubital muscle. 2. Of the length of a cubit. Sir. T. Browne. CUBITAL Cu"bit*al, n. Defn: A sleeve covering the arm from the elbow to the hand. Crabb. CUBITED Cu"bit*ed, a. Defn: Having the measure of a cubit. CUBLESS Cub"less (kb"ls), a. Defn: Having no cubs. Byron. CUBOID Cu"boid (k"boid), a. Etym: [Cube + -oid: cf. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Cube-shaped, or nearly so; as, the cuboid bone of the foot. -- n. (Anat.) Defn: The bone of the tarsus, which, in man and most mammals, supports the metatarsals of the fourth and fifth toes. CUBOIDAL Cu*boid"al (k-boid"al), a. (Anat.) Defn: Cuboid. CUBO-OCTAHEDRAL Cu`bo-oc`ta*he"dral (k`b-k`t-hdral), a. Defn: Presenting a combination of a cube and an octahedron. CUBO-OCTAHEDRON Cu`bo-oc`ta*he"dron (-drn), n. (Crystallog.) Defn: A combination of a cube and octahedron, esp. one in which the octahedral faces meet at the middle of the cubic edges. CUCA Cu"ca (k"k), n. Etym: [Sp., fr. native name.] Defn: See Coca. CUCKING STOOL Cuck"ing stool` (k. Etym: [Cf. AS. scealfingstol, a word of similar meaning, allied to scealfor a diver, mergus avis; or possibly from F. coquine a hussy, slut, jade, f. of coquin, OE. cokin, a rascal; or cf. Icel. k to dung, k dung, the name being given as to a disgracing or infamous punishment.] Defn: A kind of chair formerly used for punishing scolds, and also dishonest tradesmen, by fastening them in it, usually in front of their doors, to be pelted and hooted at by the mob, but sometimes to be taken to the water and ducked; -- called also a castigatory, a tumbrel, and a trebuchet; and often, but not so correctly, a ducking stool. Sir. W. Scott. CUCKOLD Cuck"old (kk"ld), n. Etym: [OE. kukeweld, cokewold, cokold, fr. OF. coucoul, cucuault, the last syllable being modified by the OE. suffix -wold (see Herald); cf. F. cocu a cuckold, formerly also, a cuckoo, and L. cuculus a cuckoo. The word alludes to the habit of the female cuckoo, who lays her eggs in the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them.] 1. A man whose wife is unfaithful; the husband of an adulteress. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A West Indian plectognath fish (Ostracion triqueter). (b) The cowfish. CUCKOLD Cuck"old, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cuckolded;p. pr. & vb. n. Cuckolding.] Defn: To make a cuckold of, as a husband, by seducing his wife, or by her becoming an adulteress. Shak. CUCKOLDIZE Cuck"old*ize (-z), v. t. Defn: To cuckold. Dryden. CUCKOLDLY Cuck"old*ly, a. Defn: Having the qualities of a cuckold; mean-spirited; sneaking. Shak. CUCKOLDOM Cuck"ol*dom (-l-dm), n. Defn: The state of a cuckold; cuckolds, collectively. Addison. CUCKOLDRY Cuck"old*ry (-ld-r), n. Defn: The state of being a cuckold; the practice of making cuckolds. CUCKOLD'S KNOT Cuck"old's knot` (kk"ldz nt`). (Naut.) Defn: A hitch or knot, by which a rope is secured to a spar, the two parts of the rope being crossed and seized together; -- called also cuckold's neck. Ham. Nav. Encyc. CUCKOO Cuck"oo (kk"), n. Etym: [OE. coccou, cukkow, F. coucou, prob. of imitative origin; cf. L. cuculus, Gr. k, G. kuckuk, D. koekoek.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird belonging to Cuculus, Coccyzus, and several allied genera, of many species. Note: The European cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) builds no nest of its own, but lays its eggs in the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them. The American yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus Americanus) and the black-billed cuckoo (C. erythrophthalmus) build their own nests. Cuckoo bee (Zool.), a bee, parasitic in the larval stage in the nests of other bees, feeding either upon their food or larvae. They belong to the genera Nomada, Melecta, Epeolus, and others. -- Cuckoo clock, a clock so constructed that at the time for striking it gives forth sounds resembling the cry of the cuckoo. -- Cuckoo dove (Zoöl.), a long-tailed pigeon of the genus Macropygia. Many species inhabit the East Indies. -- Cuckoo fish (Zoöl.), the European red gurnard (Trigla cuculus). The name probably alludes to the sound that it utters. -- Cuckoo falcon (Zoöl.), any falcon of the genus Baza. The genus inhabits Africa and the East Indies. -- Cuckoo maid (Zoöl.), the wryneck; -- called also cuckoo mate. -- Cuckoo ray (Zoöl.), a British ray (Raia miraletus). -- Cuckoo spit, or Cuckoo spittle. (a) A frothy secretion found upon plants, exuded by the larvae of certain insects, for concealment; -- called also toad spittle and frog spit. (b) (Zoöl.) A small hemipterous insect, the larva of which, living on grass and the leaves of plants, exudes this secretion. The insects belong to Aphrophora, Helochara, and allied genera. -- Ground cuckoo, the chaparral cock. CUCKOOBUD Cuck"oo*bud" (kk"-bd`), n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of Ranunculus (R. bulbosus); -- called also butterflower, buttercup, kingcup, goldcup. Shak. CUCKOOFLOWER Cuck"oo*flow`er (-flou`r), n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of Cardamine (C. pratensis), or lady's smock. Its leaves are used in salads. Also, the ragged robin (Lychnis Flos- cuculi). CUCKOOPINT Cuck"oo*pint` (-pnt`), n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Arum (A. maculatum); the European wake- robin. CUCQUEAN Cuc"quean` (kk"kwn`), n. Etym: [Cuckold + quean.] Defn: A woman whose husband is unfaithful to her. [Obs.] CUCUJO Cu*cu"jo (k-k"h), n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The fire beetle of Mexico and the West Indies. CUCULLATE; CUCULLATED Cu"cul*late (k"kl-lt or k-kl"lt), Cu"cul*la`ted (-l`td or -l-td), a. Etym: [LL. cullatus, fr. L. cucullus a cap, hood. See Cowl a hood.] 1. Hooded; cowled; covered, as with a hood. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having the edges toward the base rolled inward, as the leaf of the commonest American blue violet. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the prothorax elevated so as to form a sort of hood, receiving the head, as in certain insects. (b) Having a hoodlike crest on the head, as certain birds, mammals, and reptiles. CUCULLUS Cu*cul"lus, n.; pl. Cuculli (#). [L., a hood.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A hood-shaped organ, resembling a cowl or monk's hood, as certain concave and arched sepals or petals. 2. (Zoöl.) A color marking or structure on the head somewhat resembling a hood. CUCULOID Cu"cu*loid (kk-loid), a. Etym: [L.cuculus a cuckoo + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or belonging to the cuckoos (Cuculidæ). CUCUMBER Cu"cum*ber (k`km-br, formerly kou"km-br), n.Etym: [OE. cucumer, cocumber, cucumber, fr. L. cucmis, gen.cucumeris; cf. OF. cocombre,F. concombre.] (Bot.) Defn: A creeping plant, and its fruit, of several species of the genus Cucumis, esp. Cucumis sativus, the unripe fruit of which is eaten either fresh or picked. Also, similar plants or fruits of several other genera. See below. Bitter cucumber (Bot.), the Citrullus or Cucumis Colocynthis. SeeColocynth. -- Cucumber beetle. (Zoöl.) (a) A small, black flea-beetle (Crepidodera cucumeris), which destroys the leaves of cucumber, squash, and melon vines. (b) The squash beetle. -- Cucumber tree.(a) A large ornamental or shade tree of the genus Magnolia (M. acuminata), so called from a slight resemblance of its young fruit to a small cucumber. (b) An East Indian plant (Averrhoa Bilimbi) which produces the fruit known as bilimbi. -- Jamaica cucumber, Jerusalem cucumber, the prickly-fruited gherkin (Cucumis Anguria). -- Snake cucumber, a species (Cucumis flexuosus) remarkable for its long, curiously-shaped fruit. -- Squirting cucumber, a plant (Ecbalium Elaterium) whose small oval fruit separates from the footstalk when ripe and expels its seeds and juice with considerable force through the opening thus made. See Elaterium. -- Star cucumber,a climbing weed (Sicyos angulatus) with prickly fruit. CUCUMIFORM Cu*cu"mi*form (k-k"m-frm), a. Etym: [L. cucumis cucumber + -form.] Defn: Having the form of a cucumber; having the form of a cylinder tapered and rounded at the ends, and either straight or curved. CUCUMIS Cu"cu*mis (kk--ms), n. Etym: [L., cucumber.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants including the cucumber, melon, and same kinds of gourds. CUCURBIT; CUCURBITE Cu*cur"bit Cu*cur"bite (k-kr"bt), n. Etym: [L. cucurbita a gourd: cf. F. cucurbite. See Gourd.] (Chem.) Defn: A vessel of flask for distillation, used with, or forming part of, an alembic; a matrass; -- originally in the shape of a gourd, with a wide mouth. See Alembic. CUCURBITACEOUS Cu*cur`bi*ta"ceous (-b-t"shs), a. Etym: [Cf. F. cucurbitac.] (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants of which the cucumber, melon, and gourd are common examples. CUCURBITIVE Cu*cur"bi*tive (k-kr"b-tv), a. Defn: Having the shape of a gourd seed; -- said of certain small worms. CUD Cud (kd), n Etym: [AS. cudu, cwudu,cwidu,cweodo, of uncertain origin; cf, G. k bait, Icel. kvi womb, Goth. qipus. Cf. Quid.] 1. That portion of food which is brought up into the mouth by ruminating animals from their first stomach, to be cheved a second time. Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is cloven-footed, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat. Levit. xi. 3 2. A portion of tobacco held in the mouth and chewed; a quid. [Low] 3. The first stomach of ruminating beasts. Crabb. To chew the cud, to ruminate; to meditate; used with of; as, to chew the cud of bitter memories. Chewed the thrice turned cudof wrath. Tennyson. CUDBEAR Cud"bear` (kd"br`), n Etym: [Also cudbeard, corrupted fr. the name of Dr. Cuthbert Gordon, a Scotchman, who first brought it into notice.] 1. A powder of a violet red color, difficult to moisten with water, used for making violet or purple dye. It is prepared from certain species of lichen, especially Lecanora tartarea. Ure. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A lichen (Lecanora tartarea), from which the powder is obtained. CUDDEN Cud"den (kd"d'n), n. Etym: [For sense 1, cf. Scot.cuddy an ass; for sense 2, see 3d Cuddy.] 1. A clown; a low rustic; a dolt. [Obs.] The slavering cudden, propped upon his staff. Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The coalfish. See 3d Cuddy. CUDDLE Cud"dle (kd"d'l), v. i. [imp. & p.p. Cuddled (-d'ld); p.pr. & vb. n. Cuddling (-dlng).] Etym: [Prob. for couthle, fr. couth known; cf. OE. kuppen to cuddle, or cu to make friends with. SeeCouth, Uncouth, Can.] Defn: To She cuddles low beneath the brake; Nor would she stay, nor dares she fly. Prior. CUDDLE Cud"dle, v. t. Defn: To embrace closely; to foundle. Forby. CUDDLE Cud"dle, n. Defn: A close embrace. CUDDY Cud"dy (-d), n. Etym: [See Cudden. ] 1. An ass; esp., one driven by a huckster or greengrocer. [Scot.] 2. Hence: A blockhead; a lout. Hood. 3. (Mech.) Defn: A lever mounted on a tripod for lifting stones, leveling up railroad ties, etc. Knight. CUDDY Cud"dy (kd"d), n. Etym: [Prob. a contraction fr. D. kajuit cabin: cf. F.cahute hut.] (Naut.) Defn: A small cabin: also, the galley or kitchen of a vessel. CUDDY Cud"dy, n. Etym: [Scot.; cf. Gael. cudaig, cudainn, or E.cuttlefish, or cod, codfish.] (Zoöl) Defn: The coalfish (Pollachius carbonarius). [Written also cudden.] CUDGEL Cudg"el (kj"l), n. Etym: [OE. kuggel; cf. G. keule club (with a round end), kugel ball, or perh. W. cogyl cudgel, or D. cudse, kuds, cudgel.] Defn: A staff used in cudgel play, shorter than the quarterstaff, and wielded with one hand; hence, any heavy stick used as a weapon. He getteth him a grievous crabtree cudgel and . . . falls to rating of them as if they were dogs. Bunyan. Cudgel play, a fight or sportive contest with cudgels. -- To cross the cudgels, to forbear or give up the contest; -- a phrase borrowed from the practice of cudgel players, who lay one cudgel over another when the contest is ended. -- To take up cudgels for, to engage in a contest in behalf of (some one or something). CUDGEL Cudg"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cudgeled or Cudgelled (-; p. pr. & vb. n. Cudgeling or cudgelling.] Defn: To beat with a cudgel. An he here, I would cudgel him like a dog. Shak. To cudgel one's brains, to exercise one's wits. CUDGELER Cudg"el*er (-r), n. Defn: One who beats with a cudgel. [Written also cudgeller.] CUDWEED Cud"weed` (kd"wd`), n Etym: [Apparently fr. cud. + weed, but perh. a corruption of cottonweed; or of cut weed, so called from its use as an application to cuts and chafings.] (Bot.) Defn: A small composite plant with cottony or silky stem and leaves, primarily a species of Gnaphalium, but the name is now given to many plants of different genera, as Filago, Antennaria, etc.; cottonweed. CUE Cue (k, n. Etym: [ OF. coue, coe, F. queue, fr. L. coda, cauda, tail. Cf. Caudal, Coward, Queue.] 1. The tail; the end of a thing; especially, a tail-like twist of hair worn at the back of the head; a queue. 2. The last words of a play actor's speech, serving as an intimation for the next succeeding player to speak; any word or words which serve to remind a player to speak or to do something; a catchword. When my cue comes, call me, and I will answer. Shak. 3. A hint or intimation. Give them [the servants] their cue to attend in two lines as he leaves the house. Swift. 4. The part one has to perform in, or as in, a play. Were it my cueto fight, I should have known it Without a prompter. Shak. 5. Humor; temper of mind. [Colloq.] Dickens. 6. A straight tapering rod used to impel the balls in playing billiards. CUE Cue, v. t. Defn: To form into a cue; to braid; to twist. CUE Cue, n. Etym: [From q, an abbreviation for quadrans a farthing.] Defn: A small portion of bread or beer; the quantity bought with a farthing or half farthing. [Obs.] Note: The term was formerly current in the English universities, the letter q being the mark in the buttery books to denote such a portion. Nares. Hast thou worn Gowns in the university, tossed logic, Sucked philosophy, eat cues Old Play. CUERPO Cuer"po (kwr"p), n. Etym: [Sp. cuerpo, fr. L. corpus body. See Corpse.] Defn: The body. In cuerpo, without full dress, so that the shape of the Body is exposed; hence, naked or uncovered. Exposed in cuerpo to their rage. Hudibras. CUESTA Cues"ta, n. [Sp.] Defn: A sloping plain, esp. one with the upper end at the crest of a cliff; a hill or ridge with one face steep and the opposite face gently sloping. [Southwestern U. S.] CUFF Cuff (kf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cuffed (k; p. pr. & vb. n. Cuffing.] Etym: [Cf. Sw. kuffa to knock, push,kufva to check, subdue, and E. cow, v. t. ] 1. To strike; esp., to smite with the palm or flat of the hand; to slap. I swear I'll cuff you, if you strike again. Shak. They with their quills did all the hurt they could, And cuffed the tender chickens from their food. Dryden. 2. To buffet. "Cuffed by the gale." Tennyson. CUFF Cuff, v. i. Defn: To fight; to scuffle; to box. While the peers cuff to make the rabble sport. Dryden. CUFF Cuff, n. Defn: A blow; esp.,, a blow with the open hand; a box; a slap. Snatcheth his sword, and fiercely to him flies; Who well it wards, and quitten cuff with cuff. Spenser. Many a bitter kick and cuff. Hudibras. CUFF Cuff, n. Etym: [Perh. from F. coiffe headdress, hood, or coif; as if the cuff were a cap for the hand. Cf. Coif.] 1. The fold at the end of a sleeve; the part of a sleeve turned back from the hand. He would visit his mistress in a morning gown, band,short cuffs, and a peaked beard. Arbuthnot. 2. Any ornamental appendage at the wrist, whether attached to the sleeve of the garment or separate;especially, in modern times, such an appendage of starched linen, or a substitute for it of paper, or the like. CUFFY Cuf"fy (k, n. Defn: A name for a negro. [Slang] CUFIC Cu"fic (k`fk), a. Etym: [So called from the town of Cufa, in the province of Bagdad.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the older characters of the Arabic language. [Written also Kufic.] CUI BONO Cui` bo"no. [L.] Defn: Lit., for whose benefit; incorrectly understood, it came to be used in the sense, of what good or use; and hence, (what) purpose; object; specif., the ultimate object of life. CUINAGE Cuin"age (kwn`j), n.Etym: [Corrupted fr. coinage.] Defn: The stamping of pigs of tin, by the proper officer, with the arms of the duchy of Cornwall. CUIRASS Cui*rass" (kw-rs`, or kw`rs; 277), n.; pl. Cuirasses(-. Etym: [ F.cuirasse, orig., a breascuir, cuirie influenced by It. corazza, or Sp. cora, fr. an assumed LL. coriacea, fr. L. coriacevs, adj., of leather, fr. corium leather, hide; akin to Gr. skora hide, Lith. skura hide, leather. Cf. Coriaceous.] 1. (a) A piece of defensive armor, covering the body from the neck to the girdle. (b) The breastplate taken by itself. Note: The cuirass covered the body before and behind. It consisted of two parts, a breast- and backpiece of iron fastened together by means of straps and buckles or other like contrivances. It was originally, as the name imports, made of leather, but afterward of metal. Crose. 2. (Zoöl) Defn: An armor of bony plates, somewhat resembling a cuirass. CUIRASSED Cui*rassed" (kw-rst` or kw`rst), a. 1. Wearing a cuirass. 2. (Zoöl) Defn: Having a covering of bony plates, resembling a cuirass;- said of certain fishes. CUIRASSIER Cui`ras*sier" (kw`rs-sr"), n. Etym: [F. cuirassier. See Curass.] Defn: A soldier armed with a cuirass. Milton. CUIR BOUILLI Cuir" bou`illi". [F.] Defn: In decorative art, boiled leather, fitted by the process to receive impressed patterns, like those produced by chasing metal, and to retain the impression permanently. CUISH Cuish (kws), n. Etym: [F. cuisse thigh, fr. L. coxa hip: cf. F. cuissard, OF, cuissot, armor for the thigh, cuish. Cf. Hough.] Defn: Defensive armor for the thighs. [ Written also cuisse, and quish.] CUISINE Cui`sine" (kw`zn"), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. coquina kitchen, fr. coquere to cook. See Kitchen.] 1. The kitchen or cooking department. 2. Manner or style of cooking. CULASSE Cu`lasse" (ku`ls"), n. Etym: [F., fr. cul back.] Defn: The lower faceted portion of a brilliant-cut diamond. CULDEE Cul*dee" (k, n. Etym: [ Prob. fr. Gael.cuilteach; cf. Ir. ceilede.] Defn: One of a class of anchorites who lived in various parts of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. The pure Culdees Were Albyn's earliest priests of God. Campbell. CUL-DE-SAC Cul`-de-sac" (ku`de-sk" or kul`de-sk"), n.; pl. Culs-de-sac (ku`- or kulz`-). Etym: [ F., lit., bottom of a bag.] 1. A passage with only one outlet, as a street closed at one end; a blind alley; hence, a trap. 2. (Mil.) Defn: a position in which an army finds itself with no way of exit but to the front. 3. (Anat.) Defn: Any bag-shaped or tubular cavity, vessel, or organ, open only at one end. CULERAGE Cul"er*age (kl"r-j), n. (Bot.) Defn: See Culrage. CULEX Cu"lex (k"lks), n. Etym: [L., a gnat.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of dipterous insects, including the gnat and mosquito. CULICID Cu"li*cid, a. [L. culex, -icis, gnat.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the Mosquito family (Culicidæ). -- n. Defn: A culicid insect. CULICIFORM Cu*lic"i*form (k-ls"i-frm). a. Etym: [L. culex a gnat + -form:cf. F. culiciforme.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Gnat-shaped. CULINARILY Cu"li*na*ri*ly (k`l-n-r-l), adv. Defn: In the manner of a kitchen; in connection with a kitchen or cooking. CULINARY Cu"li*na*ry (k"l-n-r), a. Etym: [L. culinarius, fr. culina kitchen, perh. akin to carbo coal: cf. F. culinare.] Defn: Relating to the kitchen, or to the art of cookery; used in kitchens; as, a culinary vessel; the culinary art. CULL Cull (kl), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Culled (kld); p. pr.& Culling.] Etym: [OE., OF. cuillir, coillir, F.cueillir, to gather, pluck, pick, fr. L. colligere. See Coil, v. t., and cf. Collect.] Defn: To separate, select, or pick out; to choose and gather or collect; as, to cuil flowers. From his herd he culls, For slaughter, from the fairest of his bulls. Dryden. Whitest honey in fairy gardens culled. Tennyson. CULL Cull, n. Defn: A cully; a dupe; a gull. See Gully. CULLENDER Cul"len*der (kl"ln-dr), n. Defn: A strainer. See Colander. CULLER Cull"er (kl"r), n. Defn: One who piks or chooses; esp., an inspector who select wares suitable for market. CULLET Cul"let (kl"lt), n. Etym: [From Cull, v. t. ] Defn: Broken glass for remelting. CULLET Cul"let, n. Etym: [A dim. from F. cul back.] Defn: A small central plane in the back of a cut gem. See Collet, 3 (b). CULLIBILITY Cul`li*bil"i*ty (-l-bl"-ty), n. Etym: [From cully to trick, cheat.] Defn: Gullibility. [R.] Swift. CULLIBLE Cul"li*ble (kl"l-b'l), a. Defn: Easily deceived; gullible. CULLING Cull"ing (kl"ng), n 1. The act of one who culls. 2. pl. Defn: Anything separated or selected from a mass. CULLION Cul"lion (kl"yn), n. Etym: [OF. couillon, coillon, F. co, a vile fellow, coward, dupe, from OF. couillon, coillon, testicle, fr. il the scrotum, fr. L. coleus a leather bag, the scrotum.] Defn: A mean wretch; a base fellow; a poltroon; a scullion. "Away, base cullions." Shak. CULLIONLY Cul"lion*ly, a. Defn: Mean; base. Shak. CULLIS Cul"lis (k, n. Etym: [OF. coleïs, F. coulis, fr. OF. & F. couler to strain, to flow, fr. L. colare to filter, strain; cf. LL. coladicium. Cf. Colander.] Defn: A strong broth of meat, strained and made clear for invalids; also, a savory jelly. [Obs.] When I am exellent at caudles And cullises . . . you shall be welcome to me. Beau. & Fl. CULLIS Cul"lis, n.; pl. Cullises (-. Etym: [F.coulisse groove, fr. the same source as E. cullis broth.] (Arch.) Defn: A gutter in a roof; a channel or groove. CULLS Culls (klz), n. pl. Etym: [From Cull,, v. t.] 1. Refuse timber, from which the best part has been culled out. 2. Any refuse stuff, as rolls not properly baked. CULLY Cul"ly (kl"l), n.; pl. Cullies (-l. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. cullion.] Defn: A person easily deceived, tricked, or imposed on; a mean dupe; a gull. I have learned that . . . I am not the first cully whom she has passed upon for a countess. Addison. CULLY Cul"ly, v. t. Etym: [See Cully,n., and cf. D. kullen to cheat, gull.] Defn: To trick, cheat, or impose on; to deceive. "Tricks to cully fools." Pomfret. CULLYISM Cul"ly*ism (-z'm), n. Defn: The state of being a cully. Less frequent instances of eminent cullyism. Spectator. CULM Culm (klm), n. Etym: [L. culmus stark, stem; akin to colasmus. SeeHalm.] (Bot.) Defn: The stalk or stem of grain and grasses (including the bamboo), jointed and usually hollow. CULM Culm, n. Etym: [Perh. from W. cwlm knot or tie, applied to this species of coal, which is much found in balls or knots in some parts of Wales: cf. OE. culme smoke, soot.] (Min.) (a) Mineral coal that is not bituminous; anthracite, especially when found in small masses. (b) The waste of the Pennsylvania anthracite mines, consisting of fine coal, dust, etc., and used as fuel. Raymond. CULMEN Cul"men (kl"mn), n. Etym: [L., fr. cellere (in comp.) to impel; cf. celsus pushed upward, lofty.] 1. Top; summit; acme. R. North. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dorsal ridge of a bird's bill. CULMIFEROUS Cul*mif"er*ous (kl-mf"r-s), a. Etym: [L. culmus stalk or stem + - ferous: cf. F. culmif.] Defn: Having jointed stems or culms. CULMIFEROUS Cul*mif"er*ous (kl-mf"r-s), a.Etym: [2d culm + -ferous.] (Min.) Defn: Containing, or abounding in, culm or glance coal. CULMINAL Cul"mi*nal (kl"m-nal), a. Defn: Pertaining to a culmen. CULMINANT Cul"mi*nant (-nant), a. Defn: Being vertical, or at the highest point of altitude; hence, predominant. [R.] CULMINATE Cul"mi*nate (kl"m-nt), v. i. [imp. & p.p. Culminated (-n`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Culminating (-n Etym: [L. cuimen top or ridge. See Column.] 1. To reach its highest point of altitude; to come to the meridian; to be vertical or directly overhead. As when his beams at noon Culminate from the equator. Milton. 2. To reach the highest point, as of rank, size, power, numbers, etc. The reptile race culminated in the secondary era. Dana. The house of Burgundy was rapidly culminating. Motley. CULMINATE Cul"mi*nate (kl"m-nt), a. Defn: Growing upward, as distinguished from a laterral growth; -- applied to the growth of corals. Dana. CULMINATION Cul"mi*na"tion (kl`m-n"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F.culmination] 1. The attainment of the highest point of altitude reached by a heavently body; passage across the meridian; transit. 2. Attainment or arrival at the highest pitch of glory, power, etc. CULPA Cul"pa (kl"p), n. Etym: [L.] (Law) Defn: Negligence or fault, as distinguishable from dolus (deceit, fraud), which implies intent, culpa being imputable to defect of intellect, dolus to defect of heart. Wharton. CULPABILITY Cul`pa*bil"i*ty (kl`p-bl`-t), n.; pl. Culpabilities (-t. Etym: [Cf. F. culpabilité.] Defn: The state of being culpable. CULPABLE Cul"pa*ble (kl"p-b'l), a. Etym: [OE. culpable, coulpable, coupable, F. coupable, formerly also coupable, formerly also coulpable, culpable, fr. L. culpabilis, fr. culpare to blame, fr. culpa fault.] 1. Deserving censure; worthy of blame; faulty; immoral; criminal. State Trials (1413). If he acts according to the best reason he hath, he is not culpable, though he be mistaken in his measures. Sharp. 2. Guilty; as, clpable of a crime. [Obs.] Spenser. -- Cul"pa*ble*ness, n. -- Cul"pa*bly, adv. CULPATORY Cul"pa*to*ry (-t-r), a. Defn: Expressing blame; censuring; reprehensory; inculpating. Adjectives . . . commonly used by Latian authors in a culpatory sense. Walpole. CULPE Culpe (klp), n. Etym: [F. coulpe, fr.L.culpa.] Defn: Blameworthiness. [Obs.] Banished out of the realme . . . without culpe. E. Hall. CULPON Cul"pon (kl"pn), n. Etym: [See Coupon.] Defn: A shered; a fragment; a strip of wood. [Obs.] Chaucer. CULPRIT Cul"prit (kl"prt), n. Etym: [Prob. corrupted for culpate, fr. Law Latin culpatus the accused, p. p. of L. culpare to blame. See Culpable.] 1. One accused of, or ar An author is in the condition of a culprit; the public are his judges. Prior. 2. One quilty of a fault; a criminal. CULRAGE Cul"rage (kl"rj), n. Etym: [OE. culrage, culrache; prob. fr. F. cul the buttok + F. & E. rage; F. curage.] (Bot.) Defn: Smartweed (Polygonum Hydropiper). CULT Cult (klt) n .Etym: [F. culte, L. cultus care, culture, fr. colere to cultivate. Cf. Cultus.] 1. Attentive care; homage; worship. Every one is convinced of the reality of a better self, and of. thecult or homage which is due to it. Shaftesbury. 2. A system of religious belief and worship. That which was the religion of Moses is the ceremonial or cult of the religion of Christ. Coleridge. CULTCH Cultch (klch;224), n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Empty oyster shells and other substances laid down on oyster grounds to furnish points for the attachment of the spawn of the oyster. [Also written cutch.] CULTER Cul"ter (kl"tr), n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A colter. See Colter. CULTIROSTRAL Cul`ti*ros"tral (-t-rs"tral), a. Etym: [See Cultirostres.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a bill shaped like the colter of a plow, or like a knife, as the heron, stork, etc. CULTIROSTRES Cul`ti*ros"tres (-trz), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. culter colter of a plow, knife + rostrum bill.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of wading birds including the stork, heron, crane, etc. CULTIVABLE Cul"ti*va*ble (kl"t-v-b'l), a. Etym: [Cf. F. cultivable.] Defn: Capable of being cultivated or tilled. Todd. CULTIVATABLE Cul"ti*va`ta*ble (kl"t-v`t-b'l), a. Defn: Cultivable. CULTIVATE Cul"ti*vate (kl"t-vt), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cultivated (-v`td); p.pr. & vb. n. Cultivating (-v`-t*ng).] Etym: [LL. cultivatus, p.p. of cultivare to cultivate, fr. cultivus cultivated, fr. L. cultus, p.p. of colere to till, cultivate. Cf. Colony.] 1. To bestow attention, care, and labor upon, with a view to valuable returns; to till; to fertilize; as, to cultivate soil. 2. To direct special attention to; to devote time and thought to; to foster; to cherish. Leisure . . . to cultivate general literature. Wordsworth. 3. To seek the society of; to court intimacy with. I ever looked on Lord Keppel as one of the greatest and best men of his age; and I loved and cultivated him accordingly. Burke. 4. To improve by labor, care, or study; to impart culture to; to civilize; to refine. To cultivate the wild, licentious savage. Addison. The mind of man hath need to be prepared for piety and virtue; it must be cultivated to the end. Tillotson. 5. To raise or produce by tillage; to care for while growing; as, to cultivate corn or grass. CULTIVATION Cul`ti*va"tion (kl`t-v"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cultivation.] 1. The art or act of cultivating; improvement for agricultural purposes or by agricultural processes; tillage; production by tillage. 2. Bestowal of time or attention for self-improvement or for the benefit of others; fostering care. 3. The state of being cultivated; advancement in physical, intellectual, or moral condition; refinement; culture. Italy . . . was but imperfectly reduced to cultivation before the irruption of the barbarians. Hallam. CULTIVATOR Cul"ti*va`tor (kl"t-v`tr), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cultivateur.] 1. One who cultivates; as, a cultivator of the soil; a cultivator of literature. Whewell. 2. An agricultural implement used in the tillage of growing crops, to loosen the surface of the earth and kill the weeds; esp., a triangular frame set with small shares, drawn by a horse and by handles. Note: In a broader signification it includes any complex implement for pulverizing or stirring the surface of the soil, as harrows, grubbers, horse hoes, etc. CULTRATE; CULTRATED Cul"trate (kl"trt), Cul"tra*ted (-tr-td), a. Etym: [L. cultratus knife-shaped, fromculter, cultri, knife.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Sharp-edged and pointed; shaped like a pruning knife, as the beak of certain birds. CULTRIFORM Cul"tri*form (-tr-frm), a. Etym: [L. culter, cultri, knife + -form.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Shaped like a pruning knife; cultrate. CULTRIVOROUS Cul*triv"o*rous (kl-trb"-rs), a. Etym: [L. culter, cultri, knife + vorare to devour.] Defn: Devouring knives; swallowing, or pretending to swallow, knives; -- applied to persons who have swallowed, or have seemed to swallow, knives with impunity. Dunglison. CULTURABLE Cul"tur*a*ble (kl"tr--b'l; 135), a. Defn: Capable of, or fit for, being cultivated; capable or becoming cultured. London Spectator. CULTURAL Cul"tur*al (kl"tr-al), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to culture. CULTURE Cul"ture (kl"tr; 135), n. Etym: [F. culture, L. cultura, fr. colere to till, cultivate; of uncertain origin. Cf. Colony.] 1. The act or practice of cultivating, or of preparing the earth for seed and raising crops by tillage; as, the culture of the soil. 2. The act of, or any labor or means employed for, training, disciplining, or refining the moral and intellectual nature of man; as. the culture of the mind. If vain our toil We ought to blame theculture, not the soil. Pepe. 3. The state of being cultivated; result of cultivation; physical improvement; enlightenment and discipline acquired by mental and moral training; civilization; refinement in manners and taste. What the Greeks expressed by their humanitas, we less happily try to express by the more artificial word culture. J. C. Shairp. The list of all the items of the general life of a people represents that whole which we call its culture. Tylor. Culture fluid, a fluid in which the germs of microscopic organisms are made to develop, either for purposes of study or as a means of modifying their virulence. CULTURE Cul"ture, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cultured (-trd; 135); p. pr. & vb. n. Culturing.] Defn: To cultivate; to educate. They came . . . into places well inhabited and cultured. Usher. CULTURED Cul"tured (kl"trd), a. 1. Under culture; cultivated. "Cultured vales." Shenstone. 2. Characterized by mental and moral training; disciplined; refined; well-educated. The sense of beauty in nature, even among cultured people, is less often met with than other mental endowments. I. Taylor. The cunning hand and cultured brain. Whittier. CULTURE FEATURES Culture features. (Surv.) Defn: The artificial features of a district as distinguished from the natural. CULTURELESS Cul"ture*less, a. Defn: Having no culture. CULTURE MYTH Culture myth. Defn: A myth accounting for the discovery of arts and sciences or the advent of a higher civilization, as in the Prometheus myth. CULTURIST Cul"tur*ist, n. 1. A cultivator. 2. One who is an advocate of culture. The culturists, by which term I mean not those who esteem culture (as what intelligent man does notJ. C. Shairp CULTUS Cul"tus (kl"ts), n. sing. & pl.; E. pl.Cultuses (-. Etym: [L., cultivation, culture. See Cult.] Defn: Established or accepted religious rites or usages of worship; state of religious development. Cf.Cult, 2. CULTUS COD Cul"tus cod` (kd`). Etym: [Chinook cultus of little worth.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Cod, and Buffalo cod, under Buffalo. CULVER Cul"ver (k"vr), n. Etym: [AS. culfre, perh. fr. L. columba.] Defn: A dove. "Culver in the falcon's fist." Spenser. CULVER Cul"ver, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. Culverin.] Defn: A culverin. Falcon and culver on each tower Stood prompt their deadly hail to shower. Sir W. Scott. CULVERHOUSE Cul"ver*house` (-hous`), n. Defn: A dovecote. CULVERIN Cul"ver*in (kl"vr-n), n.Etym: [F. coulevrine, prop. fem. of couleuvrin like a serpent, fr. couleuvre adder, fr. L. coluber, colubra.] Defn: A long cannon of the 16th century, usually an 18-pounder with serpent-shaped handles. Trump, and drum, and roaring culverin. Mac CULVERKEY Cul"ver*key` (-k`), n. 1. A bunch of the keys or samaras of the ash tree. Wright. 2. An English meadow plant, perhaps the columbine or the bluebell squill (Scilla nutans). [Obs.] A girl cropping culverkeys and cowslips to make garlands. Walton. CULVER'S PHYSIC; CULVER'S ROOT Cul"ver's phys"ic, or Cul"ver's root`. [So called after a Dr. Culver, who used it.] (Bot.) Defn: The root of a handsome erect herb (Leptandra, syn. Veronica, Virginica) common in most moist woods of North America , used as an active cathartic and emetic; also, the plant itself. CULVERT Cul"vert (kl"vrt), n. Etym: [Prob. from OF. coulouere, F. couloir, channel, gutter, gallery, fr. couler to flow. See Cullis.] Defn: A transverse drain or waterway of masonry under a road, railroad, canal, etc.; a small bridge. CULVERTAIL Cul"ver*tail` (kl"vr-tl`), n. (Carp.) Defn: Dovetail. CULVERTAILED Cul"ver*tailed` (-tld`), a. Defn: United or fastened by a dovetailed joint. CUMACEA Cu*ma"ce*a (k-m"sh- or -s-), n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of marine Crustacea, mostly of small size. CUMBENT Cum"bent (km"bent), a. Etym: [Cf. Recumbent, Covey.] Defn: Lying down; recumbent. J. Dyer. CUMBER Cum"ber (km"br), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cumbered (-brd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cumbering.] Etym: [OE. combren, cumbren,OF. combrer to hinder, from LL. cumbrus a heap, fr. L. cumulus; cf. Skr. to increase, grow strong. Cf. Cumulate.] Defn: To rest upon as a troublesome or useless weight or load; to be burdensome or oppressive to; to hinder or embarrass in attaining an object, to obstruct or occupy uselessly; to embarrass; to trouble. Why asks he what avails him not in fight, And would but cumber and retard his flight Dryden. Martha was cumbered about much serving. Luke x. 40. Cut it down; why cumbereth it the ground Luke xiii. 7. The multiplying variety of arguments, especially frivolous ones, . . . but cumbers the memory. Locke. CUMBER Cum"ber (km"br), n. Etym: [Cf. encombre hindrance, impediment. See Cuber,v.] Defn: Trouble; embarrassment; distress. [Obs.] [Written also comber.] A place of much distraction and cumber. Sir H. Wotton. Sage counsel in cumber. Sir W. Scott. CUMBERSOME Cum"ber*some (k, a. 1. Burdensome or hindering, as a weight or drag; embarrassing; vexatious; cumbrous. To perform a cumbersome obedience. Sir. P. Sidney. 2. Not easily managed; as, a cumbersome contrivance or machine. He holds them in utter contempt, as lumbering, cumbersome, circuitous. I. Taylor. -- Cum"ber*some*ly, adv. -- Cum"ber*some*ness,n. CUMBRANCE Cum"brance (km"brans), n. Defn: Encumbrance. [Obs.] Extol not riches then, the toil of fools, The wise man's cumbrance, if not snare. Milton. CUMBRIAN Cum"bri*an (km"br-an), a. Defn: Pertaining to Cumberland, England, or to a system of rocks found there. Cumbrian system (Geol.), the slate or graywacke system of rocks, now included in the Cambrian or Silurian system; -- so called because most prominent at Cumberland. CUMBROUS Cum"brous (km"brs), a. 1. Rendering action or motion difficult or toilsome; serving to obstruct or hinder; burdensome; clogging. He sunk beneath the cumbrous weight. Swift. That cumbrousand unwieldy style which disfigures English composition so extensively. De Quincey. 2. Giving trouble; vexatious. [Obs.] A clud of cumbrous gnats. Spenser. -- Cum"brous*ly, adv. -- Cum"brous*ness, n. CUMENE Cu"mene (k"mn), n. Etym: [From Cumin.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless oily hydrocarbon, C6H5.C3H7, obtained by the distillation of cuminic acid; -- called also cumol. CUMFREY Cum"frey (km"fr), n. (Bot.) Defn: See Comfrey. CUMIC Cu"mic (k"mk), a. (Chem.) Defn: See Cuming. CUMIDINE Cu"mi*dine (k"m-dn or -dn), n. Etym: [From Cumin.] (Chem.) Defn: A strong, liquid, organic base, C3H7.C6H4.NH2, homologous with aniline. CUMIN Cum"in (km"n), n. Etym: [OE.comin, AS. cymen, fr. L. cuminum, Gr.kamm, Heb. kamm; cf. OF. comin, F. cumin. Cf. Kummel.] (Bot.) Defn: A dwarf umbelliferous plant, somewhat resembling fennel (Cuminum Cyminum), cultivated for its seeds, which have a bitterish, warm taste, with an aromatic flavor, and are used like those of anise and caraway. [Written also cummin.] Rank-smelling rue, and cumin good for eyes. Spenser. Black cumin (Bot.), a plant (Nigella sativa) with pungent seeds, used by the Afghans, etc. CUMINIC Cu*min"ic (k-mn"k), a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, cumin, or from oil of caraway; as, cuminic acid. Cuminic acid (Chem.), white crystalline substance, C3H7.C6H4.CO2H, obtained from oil of caraway. CUMINIL Cu"mi*nil (k"m-nl), n . Defn: A substance, analogous to benzil, obtained from oil of caraway. CUMINOL Cu"mi*nol (-nl), n. Etym: [Cuminic + L. oleum.] Defn: A liquid, C3H7.C6H4.CHO, obtained from oil of caraway; -- called also cuminic aldehyde. CUMMERBUND Cum"mer*bund`, n. [Written also kummerbund, cummerband, etc.] [Hind. kamarband, fr. Per. Kamar loins + band fastening.] Defn: A sash for the waist; a girdle. [India] CUMMIN Cum"min (km"mn), n. Defn: Same as Cumin. Ye pay tithe of mint, and cummin. Matt. xxiii. 23. CUMQUAT Cum"quat, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Kumquat. CUMSHAW Cum"shaw (km"sha), n. Etym: [Chin. kom-tsie.] Defn: A present or bonus; -- originally applied to that paid on ships which entered the port of Canton. S. Wells Williams. CUMSHAW Cum"shaw, v. t. Defn: To give or make a present to. CUMU-CIRRO-STRATUS Cu"mu-cir`ro-stra"tus (k`m*-sr`r-str"ts), n. (Meteor.) Defn: Nimbus, or rain cloud. See Nimbus, and Cloud. CUMULATE Cu"mu*late (k"m-lt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cumulated (-l`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Cumulating (-l`tng).] Etym: [L. cumulatus, p. p. of cumulare to heap up, fr. cumulus a heap. See Cumber.] Defn: To gather or throw into a heap; to heap together; to accumulate. Shoals of shells, bedded and cumulated heap upon heap. Woodward. CUMULATION Cu`mu*la"tion (k`m-l"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cumulation.] Defn: The act of heaping together; a heap. See Accumulation. CUMULATIST Cu"mu*la*tist (k"m-l-tst), n. Defn: One who accumulates; one who collects. [R.] CUMULATIVE Cu"mu*la*tive (k"m-l-tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. cumulatif.] 1. Composed of parts in a heap; forming a mass; agregated. "As for knowledge which man receiveth by teaching, it is cumulative, njt original." Bacon 2. Augmenting, gaining, or giving force, by successive additions; as, a cumulative argument, i. e., one whose force increases as the statement proceeds. The argument . . . is in very truth not logical and single, but moral and cumulative. Trench. 3. (Law) (a) Tending to prove the same point to which other evidence has been offered; -- said of evidence. (b) Given by same testator to the same legatee; -- said of a legacy. Bouvier. Wharton. Cumulative action (Med.), that action of certain drugs, by virtue of which they produce, when administered in small doses repeated at considerable intervals, the same effect as if given in a single large dose. -- Cumulative poison, a poison the action of which is cumulative. -- Cumulative vote or system of voting (Politics), that system which allows to each voter as many votes as there are persons to be voted for, and permits him to accumulate these votes upon one person, or to distribute them among the candidates as he pleases. CUMULOSE Cu"mu*lose` (k"m-ls`), a. Etym: [From Cumulus.] Defn: Full of heaps. CUMULOSTRATUS Cu"mu*lo*stra"tus (k"m-l-str"ts), n. (Meteor.) Defn: A form of cloud. See Cloud. CUMULUS Cu"mu*lus (k"m-ls), n.; pl. Cumuli (-l. Etym: [L., a heap. See Cumber.] (Meteor.) Defn: One of the four principal forms of clouds. SeeCloud. CUN Cun (kn), v. t. Etym: [See Cond.] Defn: To con (a ship). [Obs.] CUN Cun, v. t. Etym: [See 1st Con.] Defn: To know. See Con. [Obs.] CUNABULA Cu*nab"u*la (k-nb"-l), n. pl. Etym: [L., a cradle, earliest abode, fr. cunae cradle.] 1. The earliest abode; original dwelling place; originals; as, the cunabula of the human race. 2. (Bibliography) Defn: The extant copies of the first or earliest printed books, or of such as were printed in the 15th century. CUNCTATION Cunc*ta"tion (knk-t"shn), n. Etym: [L. cunctatio, fr. cunctari, p.p. cunctatus, to delay.] Defn: Delay; procrastination. [R.] Carlyle. CUNCTATIVE Cunc"ta*tive (knk"t-tv), a. Defn: Slow; tardy; dilatory; causing delay. CUNCTATOR Cunc*ta"tor (knk-t"tr), n. Etym: [L., lit., a delayer; -- applied as a surname to Q. Fabius Maximus.] Defn: One who delays or lingers. [R.] CUNCTIPOTENT Cunc*tip"o*tent (knk-tp"-tent), a. Etym: [L. cunctipotens; cunctus all + potens powerful.] Defn: All-powerful; omnipotent. [R] "God cunctipotent." Neale (Trans. Rhythm of St. Bernard). CUND Cund (k*nd), v. t. Etym: [See Cond.] Defn: To con (a ship). [Obs.] CUNDURANGO Cun`du*ran"go (kn`d-rn"g), n. (Med.) Defn: The bark of a South American vine (Gonolobus Condurango) of the Milkweed family. It has been supposed, but erroneously, to be a cure for cancer. [Written also condurango.] CUNEAL Cu"ne*al (k"n-al), Etym: [L. cuneus a wege. See Coin.] Defn: Relating to a wedge; wedge-shaped. CUNEATE; CUNEATED Cu"ne*ate (k"n-t), Cu"ne*a`ted (-`tEd), a. Etym: [L.cuneatus, fr. cuneus a wege SeeCoin.] Defn: Wedge-shaped; (Bot.), wedge-shaped, with the point at the base; as, a cuneate leaf. CUNEATIC Cu`ne*at"ic (k`n-t"k), a. Defn: Cuneiform. "Cuneatic decipherment." Sayce. CUNEIFORM; CUNIFORM Cu*ne"i*form (k-n"-frm), Cu"ni*form (k"n-frm), a. Etym: [L. cuneus a wedge + -form: cf. F. cunei-forme. See Coin.] 1. Wedge-shaped; as, a cuneiform bone; -- especially applied to the wedge-shaped or arrowheaded characters of ancient Persian and Assyrian inscriptions. See Arrowheaded. 2. Pertaining to, or versed in, the ancient wedge-shaped characters, or the inscriptions in them. "A cuneiform scholar." Rawlinson. CUNEIFORM; CUNIFORM Cu*ne"i*form, Cu"ni*form, n. 1. The wedge-shaped characters used in ancient Persian and Assyrian inscriptions. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). 2. (Anat.) (a) One of the three tarsal bones supporting the first, second third metatarsals. They are usually designated as external, middle, and internal, or ectocuniform, mesocuniform, and entocuniform, respectively. (b) One of the carpal bones usually articulating wich the ulna; -- called also pyramidal and ulnare. CUNETTE Cu*nette" (k-nt"), n. Etym: [F.] (Fort.) Defn: A drain trench, in a ditch or moat; -- called also cuvette. CUNNER Cun"ner (kn"nr), n. Etym: [Cf. Conner.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small edible fish of the Atlantic coast (Ctenolabrus adspersus); -- called also chogset, burgall, blue perch, and bait stealer. [Written also conner.] (b) A small shellfish; the limpet or patella. CUNNING Cun"ning (kn"nng), a. Etym: [AS. cunnan to know, to be able. See 1st Con, Can.] 1. Knowing; skillfull; dexterous. "A cunning workman." Ex. xxxviii. 23. "Tis beauty truly blent, whose red and white Nature's own sweet and cunning hand laid on. Shak. Esau was a cunning hunter. Gen xxv. 27. 2. Wrought with, or exibiting, skill or ingenuity; ingenious; curious; as, cunning work. Over them Arachne high did lift Her cunning web. Spenser. 3. Crafty; sly; artful; designid; deceitful. They are resolved to be cunning; let others run the hazard of being sincere. South. 4. Pretty or pleasing; as, a cunning little boy. [Colloq. U.S.] Barlett. Syn. -- Cunning, Artful, Sly, Wily, Crafty. These epithets agree in expressing an aptitude for attaining some end by peculiar and secret means. Cunning is usually low; as, a cunning trick. Artful is more ingenious and inventive; as, an artful device. Sly implies a turn for what is double or concealed; as, sly humor; a sly evasion. Crafty denotes a talent for dexterously deceiving; as, a crafty manager. Wily describes a talent for the use of stratagems; as, a wily politician. "Acunning man often shows his dexterity in simply concealing. An artful man goes further, and exerts his ingenuity in misleading. A crafty man mingles cunning with art, and so shapes his actions as to lull suspicions. The young may be cunning, but the experienced only can be crafty. Slyness is a vulgar kind of cunning; the sly man goes cautiously and silently to work. Wiliness is a species of cunning or craft applicable only to cases of attack and defence." Crabb. CUNNING Cun"ning, n. Etym: [AS. cunnung trial, or Icel. kunnandi knowledge. See Cunning, a.] 1. Knowledge; art; skill; dexterity. [Archaic] Let my right hand forget her cunning. Ps. cxxxvii. 5. A carpenter's desert Stands more in cunning than in power. Chapman. 2. The faculty or act of using stratagem to accomplish a purpose; fraudulent skill or dexterity; deceit; craft. Discourage cunning in a child; cunning is the ape of wisdom. Locke. We take cunning for a sinister or crooked wisdom. Bacon. CUNNINGLY Cun"ning*ly (kn"nng-l), adv. Defn: In a cunning manner; with cunning. CUNNINGMAN Cun"ning*man` (-mn`), n. Defn: A fortune teller; one who pretends to reveal mysteries. [Obs.] Hudibras. CUNNINGNESS Cun"ning*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being cunning; craft. CUP Cup (kp), n. Etym: [AS. cuppe, LL. cuppa cup; cf. L. cupa tub, cask; cf. also Gr. k pit, hollow, OSlav. kupa cup. Cf. Coop, Cupola, Cowl a water vessel, and Cob, Coif, Cop.] 1. A small vessel, used commonly to drink from; as, a tin cup, a silver cup, a wine cup; especially, in modern times, the pottery or porcelain vessel, commonly with a handle, used with a saucer in drinking tea, coffee, and the like. 2. The contents of such a vessel; a cupful. Give me a cup of sack, boy. Shak. 3. pl. Defn: Repeated potations; social or exessive indulgence in intoxicating drinks; revelry. Thence from cups to civil broils. Milton. 4. That which is to be received or indured; that which is allotted to one; a portion. O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me. Matt. xxvi. 39. 5. Anything shaped like a cup; as, the cup of an acorn, or of a flower. The cowslip's golden cup no more I see. Shenstone. 6. (Med.) Defn: A cupping glass or other vessel or instrument used to produce the vacuum in cupping. Cup and ball, a familiar toy of children, having a cup on the top of a piece of wood to which, a ball is attached by a cord; the ball, being thrown up, is to be caught in the cup; bilboquet. Milman.- Cup and can, familiar companions. -- Dry cup, Wet cup (Med.), a cup used for dry or wet cupping. See under Cupping. -- To be in one's cups, to be drunk. CUP Cup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cupped (kpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cupping.] 1. To supply with cups of wine. [R.] Cup us, till the world go round. Shak. 2. (Surg.) Defn: To apply a cupping apparatus to; to subject to the operation of cupping. See Cupping. 3. (Mech.) Defn: To make concave or in the form of a cup; as, to cup the end of a screw. CUPBEARER Cup"bear`er (-br`r), n. 1. One whose office it is to fill and hand the cups at an enterainment. 2. (Antiq.) Defn: One of the attendants of a prince or noble, permanently charged with the performance of this office for his master. "I was the king's cupbearer." Neh. i. 11. CUPBOARD Cup"board (kb"brd), n. Etym: [Cup + board.] 1. A board or shelf for cups and dishes. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A small closet in a room, with shelves to receive cups, dishes, food, etc.; hence, any small closet. Cupboard love, interested love, or that which has an eye to the cupboard. "A cupboard love is seldom true." Poor Robin. [Colloq.] -- To cry cupboard, to call for food; to express hunger. [Colloq.] "My stomach cries cupboard." W. Irving. CUPBOARD Cup"board, v. t. Defn: To collect, as into a cupboard; to hoard. [R.] Shak. CUPEL Cu"pel (k"pl), n. Etym: [LL. cupella cup (cf. L. cupella, small cask, dim. of cupa) : cf. F. coupelle. See Cup, and cf. Coblet.] Defn: A shallow porus cup, used in refining precious metals, commonly made of bone ashes (phosphate of lime). [Written also coppel.] Cupel dust, powder used in purifying metals. CUPEL Cu*pel" (k-pl"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cupelled (-pld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Cupelling.] Defn: To refine by means of a cupel. CUPELLATION Cu`pel*la"tion (k`pl-l"shn), n. Etym: [See Cupel.] Defn: The act or process of refining gold or silver, etc., in a cupel. Note: The process consist in exposing the cupel containing the metal to be assayed or refined to a hot blast, by which the lead, copper, tin, etc., are oxidized, dissolved, and carried down into the porous cupel, leaving the unoxidizable precious metal. If lead is not already present in the alloy it must be added before cupellation. CUPFUL Cup"ful (kp"fl), n.; pl. Cupfuls (-f. Defn: As much as a cup will hold. CUP-GALL Cup"-gall` (-gl`), n. Defn: A kind of oak-leaf gall. See Gall. CUPID Cu"pid (k"pd), n . Etym: [L.Cupido, fr. cupido desire, desire of love, fr. cupidus. See Cupidity.] (Rom. Myth.) Defn: The god of love, son of Venus; usually represented as a naked, winged boy with bow and arrow. Pretty dimpled boys, like smiling cupids. Shak. CUPIDITY Cu*pid"i*ty (k-pd"-t), n. Etym: [F. cupidite, L. cupiditas, fr. cupidus longing, desiring, fr. cupere to long for, desire. See Covet.] 1. A passionate desire; love. [Obs.] 2. Eager or inordinate desire, especially for wealth; greed of gain; avarice; covetousness. With the feelings of political distrust were mingled those of cupidity and envy, as the Spaniard saw the fairest provinces of the south still in the hands of the accursed race of Ishmael. Prescott. CUP-MOSS Cup"-moss` (kp"ms`; 115), n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of lichen, of the genus Cladonia. CUPOLA Cu"po*la (k"p-l), n.; pl. Cupolas (-l. Etym: [It. cupola, LL. cupula, cuppula (cf. L. cupula little tub). fr. cupa, cuppa, cup; cf. L. cupa tub. So called on account of its resemblance to a cup turned over. See Cup, and cf.Cupule.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A roof having a rounded form, hemispherical or nearly so; also, a celing having the same form. When on a large scale it is usually called dome. 2. A small structure standing on the top of a dome; a lantern. 3. A furnace for melting iron or other metals in large quantity, -- used chiefly in foundries and steel works. 4. A revoling shot-proof turret for heavy ordnance. 5. (Anat.) Defn: The top of the spire of the cochlea of the ear. CUPPER Cup"per (kp"pr), n. Etym: [Fropm cup.] Defn: One who performs the operation of cupping. CUPPING Cup"ping (kp"png), n. (Med.) Defn: The operation of drawing blood to or from the surface of the person by forming a partial vacuum over the spot. Also, sometimes, a similar operation for drawing pus from an abscess. Cupping glass, a glass cup in which a partial vacuum is produced by heat, in the process of cupping. -- Dry cupping, the application of a cupping instrument without scarification, to draw blood to the surface, produce counter irritation, etc. -- Wet cupping, the operation of drawing blood by the application of a cupping instrument after scarification. CUPPY Cup"py, a. 1. Hollow; cuplike; also, full of cups, or small depressions. 2. Characterized by cup shakes; -- said of timber. CUPREOUS Cu"pre*ous (k"pr-s), a. Etym: [L. cupreus, fr. cuprum.] Defn: Consisting of copper or resembling copper; coppery. CUPRIC Cu"pric (k"prk), a Etym: [From Cuprum.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, copper; containing copper; -- said of those compounds of copper in which this element is present in its lowest proportion. CUPRIFEROUS Cu*prif"er*ous (k-prf"r-s), a. Etym: [Cuprum + -ferous.] Defn: Containing copper; as, cupriferous silver. CUPRITE Cu"prite (k"prt), n. (Min.) Defn: The red oxide of copper; red copper; an important ore of copper, occurring massive and in isometric crystals. CUPROID Cu"proid (k"proid), n. Etym: [Cuprum + -oid.] Defn: (Crystalloq.) A solid related to a tetrahedron, and contained under twelve equal triangles. CUP-ROSE Cup"-rose (kp"rz), n. Defn: Red poppy. See Cop-rose. CUPROUS Cu"prous (k"prs), a. Etym: [From Cuprum.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, copper; containing copper; -- said of those compounds of copper in which this element is present in its highest proportion. CUPRUM Cu"prum (k"prm), n. Etym: [L.] (Chem.) Defn: Copper. CUP SHAKE Cup shake. (Forestry) Defn: A shake or fissure between the annual rings of a tree, found oftenest near the roots. CUPULATE Cu"pu*late (k"p-lt), a. Defn: Having or bearing cupeles; cupuliferous. CUPULE Cu"pule (k"pl), n. Etym: [See Cupola.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A cuplet or little cup, as the acorn; the husk or bur of the filbert, chestnut, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sucker or acetabulum. CUPULIFEROUS Cu`pu*lif"er*ous (k`p-lf"r-s), a. Etym: [Cupule + -ferous: cf. F. cupulif.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants ot which the oak and the chestnut are examples, -- trees bearing a smooth, solid nut inclosed in some kind of cup or bur; bearing, or furnished with, a cupule. CUR Cur (kr), n. Etym: [OE. curre, kur; cf. dial. Sw. kurre dog, OD. korre watchdog, and Icel. kurra to murmur, grumble, Sw. kurra to rumble, croak, Dan. kurre to coo, whirr; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. A mongrel or inferior dog. They . . . like to village curs, Bark when their fellows do. Shak. 2. A worthless, snarling fellow; -- used in contempt. What would you have, you curs, That like nor peace nor war Shak. CURABILITY Cur`a*bil"i*ty (kr`-bl"-t), n. Defn: The state of being curable; curableness. CURABLE Cur"a*ble (kr"-b'l), a. Etym: [Cf. F. curable. See Cure, v. t.] Defn: Capable of being cured; admitting remedy. "Curable diseases." Harvey. -- Cur"a*ble*ness, n. -- Cur`a*bly, adv. CURACAO; CURACOA Cu`ra*çao", Cu`ra*çoa", (k`r-s"), n. Defn: A liqueur, or cordial, flavored with orange peel, cinnamon, and mace; -- first made at the island of Curaçcao. CURACY Cu"ra*cy (k"r-s), n.; pl. Curacies (-s. Etym: [See Cure, Curate.] Defn: The office or employment of a curate. CURARE; CURARI Cu*ra"re Cu*ra"ri (k-r"r), n. Etym: [Native name. Cf. Wourall.] Defn: A black resinoid extract prepared by the South American Indians from the bark of several species of Strychnos (S. toxifera, etc.). It sometimes has little effect when taken internally, but is quickly fatal when introduced into the blood, and used by the Indians as an arrow poison. [Written also urari, woorali, woorari, etc.] CURARINE Cu"ra*rine (k"r-rn or k-r"rn; 104), n. (Chem.) Defn: A deadly alkaloid extracted from the curare poison and from the Strychnos toxifera. It is obtained in crystalline colorless salts. CURARIZE Cu"ra*rize (-rz), v. t. Defn: To poison with curare. CURASSOW Cu*ras"sow (k-rs"s), n. Etym: [Native name in Brazil.] (Zool.) Defn: A large gallinaceous bird of the American genera Crax, Ourax, etc., of the family Cracidæ. Note: The crested curassow (Crax alector) is black, and about the size of a small hen-turkey, with an erectile crest of curled feathers. It ranges from Mexico to Brazil. The galeated curassow or cushew bird (Ourax Pauxi) is similar in size, and has a large, hollow, blue, pear-shaped protuberance on the head. CURAT Cu"rat (k"rt), n. Etym: [SeeCuirass.] Defn: A cuirass or breastplate. [Obs.] Spenser. CURATE Cu"rate (k"rt), n. Etym: [LL. curatus, prop., one who is charged with the care (L. cura) of souls. See Cure, n., and cf. Cur] Defn: One who has the cure souls; originally, any clergyman, but now usually limited to one who assist a rector or vicar Hook. All this the good old man performed alone, He spared no pains, for curate he had none. Dryden. CURATESHIP Cu"rate*ship, n. Defn: A curacy. CURATION Cu*ra"tion (k-r"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. OF.curacion.] Defn: Cure; healing. [Obs.] Chaucer. CURATIVE Cur"a*tive (kr"-tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F.curatif. See Cure, v. t.] Defn: Relating to, or employed in, the cure of diseases; tending to cure. Arbuthnot. CURATOR Cu*ra"tor (k-r"tr). n. Etym: [L., fr. curare to take care of, fr. cura care.] 1. One who has the care and superintendence of anything, as of a museum; a custodian; a keeper. 2. One appointed to act as guardian of the estate of a person not legally competent to manage it, or of an absentee; a trustee; a guardian. CURATORSHIP Cu*ra"tor*ship, n. Defn: The office of a curator. CURATRIX Cu*ra"trix (-trks), n. Etym: [L.] 1. A woman who cures. 2. A woman who is a guardian or custodian. Burrill. CURB Curb (krb), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Curbed (krbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Curbing.] Etym: [F. courber to bend, curve, L.curvare, fr. curvus bent, curved; cf. Gr. Curve.] 1. To bend or curve [Obs.] Crooked and curbed lines. Holland. 2. To guide and manage, or restrain, as with a curb; to bend to one's will; to subject; to subdue; to restrain; to confine; to keep in check. Part wield their arms, part curb the foaming steed. Milton. Where pinching want must curbthy warm desires. Prior. 3. To furnish wich a curb, as a well; also, to restrain by a curb, as a bank of earth. CURB Curb, v. i. Defn: To bend; to crouch; to cringe. [Obs.] Virtue itself of vice must pardon beg, Yea, curb and woo for leave to do him good. Shak. CURB Curb, n. 1. That which curbs, restrains, or subdues; a check or hindbrance; esp., a chain or strap attached to the upper part of the branches of a bit, and capable of being drawn tightly against the lower jaw of the horse. He that before ran in the pastures wild Felt the stiff curb control his angry jaws. Drayton. By these men, religion,that should be The curb, is made the spur of tyranny. Denham. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An assemblage of three or more pieces of timber, or a metal member, forming a frame around an opening, and serving to maintain the integrity of that opening; also, a ring of stone serving a similar purpose, as at the eye of a dome. 3. A frame or wall round the mouth of a well; also, a frame within a well to prevent the earth caving in. 4. A curbstone. 5. (Far.) Defn: A swelling on the back part of the hind leg of a horse, just behind the lowest part of the hock joint, generally causing lameness. James Law. Curb bit, a stiff bit having branches by which a leverage is obtained upon the jaws of horse. Knight. -- Curb pins (Horology), the pins on the regulator which restrain the hairspring. -- Curb plate (Arch.), a plate serving the purpose of a curb. -- Deck curb. See under Deck. CURBLESS Curb"less, a. Defn: Having no curb or restraint. CURB ROOF Curb" roof` (rf`). Defn: A roof having a double slope, or composed, on each side, of two parts which have unequal inclination; a gambrel roof. CURBSTONE Curb"stone` (krb"stn`), n. Defn: A stone Curbstone broker.See under Broker. CURCH Curch (krch), n. Defn: See Courche. CURCULIO Cur*cu"li*o (kr-r"l-), n.; pl. Curculios (-. Etym: [L., a grain weevil.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a large group of beetles (Rhynchophora) of many genera; -- called also weevils, snout beetles, billbeetles, and billbugs. Many of the species are very destructive, as the plum curculio, the corn, grain, and rice weevils, etc. CURCULIONIDOUS Cur`cu*li*on"i*dous (kr`-k-l-n"-ds), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Curculionideæ, or weevil tribe. CURCUMA Cur"cu*ma (kr"k-m), n. Etym: [Cf. F., It., & Sp. curcuma; all fr. Ar. kurkum. Cf. Turmeric.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants of the order Scitamineæ, including the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa). Curcuma paper. (Chem.) See Turmeric paper, under Turmeric. CURCUMIN Cur"cu*min (-mn), n. (Chem.) Defn: The coloring principle of turmeric, or curcuma root, extracted as an orange yellow crystalline substance, C14H14O4, with a green fluorescence. Note: It possesses acid properties and with alkalies forms brownish salts. This change in color from yellow to brown is the characteristic reaction of tumeric paper. See Turmeric paper, under Turmeric. CURD Curd (krd), n. Etym: [Of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. gruth, Ir, gruth, cruth, curd, cruthaim I milk.] [Sometimes written crud.] 1. The coagulated or thickened part of milk, as distingushed from the whey, or watery part. It is eaten as food, especially when made into cheese. Curds and cream, the flower of country fare. Dryden. 2. The coagulated part of any liquid. 3. The edible flower head of certain brassicaceous plants, as the broccoli and cauliflower. Broccoli should be cut while the curd, as the flowering mass is termed, is entire. R. Thompson. Cauliflowers should be cut for use while the head, or curd, is still close and compact. F. Burr. CURD Curd (krd), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Curded;p. pr. &* vb. n. Curding.] Defn: To cause to coagulate or thicken; to cause to congeal; to curdle. Does it curd thy blood To say I am thy mother Shak. CURD Curd, v. i. Defn: To become coagulated or thickened; to separate into curds and whey Shak. CURDINESS Curd"i*ness (--ns), n. Defn: The state of being curdy. CURDLE Cur"dle (kr"d'l), v. i. Etym: [From Curd.] [Sometimes written crudle and cruddle.] 1. To change into curd; to coagulate; as, rennet causes milk to curdle. Thomson. 2. To thicken; to congeal. Then Mary could feel her heart's blood curdle cold. Southey. CURDLE Cur"dle, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Curdled (-d'ld); p.pr. & vb. n. Curdling (-dlng).] 1. To change into curd; to cause to coagulate. "To curdle whites of eggs" Boyle. 2. To congeal or thicken. My chill blood is curdled in my veins. Dryden. CURDLESS Curd"less (krd"ls), a. Defn: Destitute of curd. CURDY Curd"y (krd"), a. Defn: Like curd; full of curd; coagulated. "A curdy mass." Arbuthnot. CURE Cure (k, n. Etym: [OF, cure care, F., also, cure, healing, cure of souls, L. cura care, medical attendance, cure; perh. akin to cavere to pay heed, E. cution. Cure is not related to care.] 1. Care, heed, or attention. [Obs.] Of study took he most cure and most heed. Chaucer. Vicarages of greatcure, but small value. Fuller. 2. Spiritual charge; care of soul; the office of a parish priest or of a curate; hence, that which is committed to the charge of a parish priest or of a curate; a curacy; as, to resign a cure; to obtain a cure. The appropriator was the incumbent parson, and had the cure of the souls of the parishioners. Spelman. 3. Medical or hygienic care; remedial treatment of disease; a method of medical treatment; as, to use the water cure. 4. Act of healing or state of being healed; restoration to health from disease, or to soundness after injury. Past hope! pastcure! past help. Shak. I do cures to-day and to-morrow. Luke xii. 32. 5. Means of the removal of disease or evil; that which heals; a remedy; a restorative. Cold, hunger, prisons, ills without a cure. Dryden. The proper cure of such prejudices. Bp. Hurd. CURE Cure, v. t. [imp.& p.p. Cured (krd); p. pr. & vb. n. Curing.] Etym: [OF. curer to take care, to heal, F., only, to cleanse, L. curare to take care, to heal, fr. cura. See Cure,.] 1. To heal; to restore to health, soundness, or sanity; to make well; -- said of a patient. The child was cured from that very hour. Matt. xvii. 18. 2. To subdue or remove by remedial means; to remedy; to remove; to heal; -- said of a malady. To cure this deadly grief. Shak. Then he called his twelve disciples together, and gave them power . . . to cure diseases. Luke ix. 1. 3. To set free from (something injurious or blameworthy), as from a bad habit. I never knew any man cured of inattention. Swift. 4. To prepare for preservation or permanent keeping; to preserve, as by drying, salting, etc.; as, to cure beef or fish; to cure hay. CURE Cure, v. i. 1. To pay heed; to care; to give attention. [Obs.] 2. To restore health; to effect a cure. Whose smile and frown, like to Achilles' spear, Is able with the change to kill and cure. Shak. 3. To become healed. One desperate grief cures with another's languish. Shak. CURE Cu`ré" (k`r"), n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. curatus. See Curate.] Defn: A curate; a pardon. CUREALL Cure"*all` (kr"l`), n. Defn: A remedy for all diseases, o CURELESS Cure"less, a. Defn: Incapable of cure; incurable. With patience undergo A cureless ill, since fate will have it so. Dryden. CURER Cur"er (-r), n. 1. One who cures; a healer; a physician. 2. One who prepares beef, fish, etc., for preservation by drying, salting, smoking, etc. CURETTE Cu*rette" (k-rt"), n.Etym: [F., fr. curer to cleanse.] (Med.) Defn: A scoop or ring with either a blunt or a cutting edge, for removing substances from the walls of a cavity, as from the eye, ear, or womb. CURFEW Cur"few (kr"f), n. Etym: [OE. courfew, curfu, fr. OF. cuevrefu, covrefeu, F. couvre-feu; covrir to cover + feu fire, fr. L. focus fireplace, hearth. See Cover, and Focus.] 1. The ringing of an evening bell, originally a signal to the inhabitants to cover fires, extinguish lights, and retire to rest, -- instituted by William the Conqueror; also, the bell itself. He begins at curfew, and walks till the first cock. Shak. The village curfew, as it tolled profound. Campbell. 2. A utensil for covering the fire. [Obs.] For pans, pots, curfews, counters and the like. Bacon. CURIA Cu"ri*a (k"r-), n.; pl. Curle (-. Etym: [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) (a) One of the thirty parts into which the Roman people were divided by Romulus. (b) The place of assembly of one of these divisions. (c) The place where the meetings of the senate were held; the senate house. 2. (Middle Ages) Defn: The court of a sovereign or of a feudal lord; also; his residence or his household. Burrill. 3. (Law) Defn: Any court of justice. 4. The Roman See in its temporal aspects, including all the machinery of administration; -- called also curia Romana. CURIAL Cu"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the papal curia; as, the curial etiquette of the Vatican. -- n. Defn: A member of a curia, esp. of that of Rome or the later Italian sovereignties. CURIALISM Cu"ri*a*lism (k"r--lz'm), n. Defn: The wiew or doctrins of the ultramontane party in the Latin Church. Gladstone. CURIALIST Cu"ri*a*list (k"r--lst), n. Defn: One who belongs to the ultramontane party in the Latin Church. Shipley. CURIALISTIC Cu`ri*a*lis"tic (-ls"tk), a. Etym: [L.curialis belonging to the imperial court, fr. curia, LL., also, counselors and retinue of a king.] 1. Pertaining to a court. 2. Relating or belonging to the ultramonate party in the Latin Church. CURIALITY Cu`ri*al"i*ty (-l"-t), n. Etym: [Cf. LL. curialitas courtesy, fr. curialis.] Defn: The privileges, prerogatives, or retinue of a court. [Obs.] Bacon. CURIET Cu"ri*et (k"r-t), n. Defn: A cuirass. [Obs.] Spenser. CURING Cur"ing (kr"ng), Defn: p. a. & vb. n. of Cure. Curing house, a building in which anything is cured; especially, in the West Indies, a building in which sugar is drained and dried. CURIO Cu"ri*o (k"r-), n.; pl.Curios (-. Etym: [Abbreviation of curiosity.] Defn: Any curiosity or article of virtu. The busy world, which does not hunt poets as collectors hunt for curios. F. Harrison. CURIOLOGIC Cu`ri*o*log"ic (--lj"k), a. Etym: [Gr. Cyriologic.] Defn: Pertaining to a rude kind of hieroglyphics, in which a thing is represented by its picture instead of by a symbol. CURIOSITY Cu`ri*os"i*ty (k`r-s"-t), n.; pl. Curiosities (-t. Etym: [OE. curiouste, curiosite, OF. curioseté, curiosité, F. curiosit, fr. L. curiositas, fr. curiosus. See Currious, and cf. Curio.] 1. The state or quality or being curious; nicety; accuracy; exactness; elaboration. [Obs.] Bacon. When thou wast in thy gilt and thy perfume, they mocked thee for too much curiosity. Shak. A screen accurately cut in tapiary work . . . with great curiosity. Evelin. 2. Disposition to inquire, investigate, or seek after knowledge; a desire to gratify the mind with new information or objects of interest; inquisitiveness. Milton. 3. That which is curious, or fitted to excite or reward attention. We took a ramble together to see the curiosities of this great town. Addison. There hath been practiced also a curiosity, to set a tree upon the north side of a wall, and, at a little hieght, to draw it through the wall, etc. Bacon. CURIOSO Cu`ri*o"so (k`r-"z or k`r-"s), n.; pl. Curiosos (-zor -s. Etym: [It. See Curious.] Defn: A virtuoso. CURIOUS Cu"ri*ous (k"r-s), a. Etym: [OF. curios, curius, F. curieux, L. curiosus careful, inquisitive, fr. cura care. See Cure.] 1. Difficult to please or satisfy; solicitous to be correct; careful; scrupulous; nice; exact. [Obs.] Little curious in her clothes. Fuller. How shall we, If he be curious, work upon his faith Bean & 2. Exhibiting care or nicety; artfully constructed; elaborate; wrought with elegance or skill. To devise curious works. Ex. xxxv. 32 His body couched in a curious bed. Shak. 3. Careful or anxious to learn; eager for knowledge; given to research or inquiry; habitually inquisitive; prying; -- sometimes with after or of. It is a picurious after things that were elegant and beatiful should not have been as curious as to their origin, their uses, and their natural history. Woodward. 4. Exciting attention or inquiry; awakening surprise; inviting and rewarding inquisitiveness; not simple or plain; strange; rare. "Acurious tale" Shak. A multitude of curious analogies. Mocaulay. Many a quaint and curiousvolume of forgotten lore. E. A. Poe. Abstruse investigations in recondite branches of learning or sciense often bring to light curious results. C. J. Smith. Curious arts, magic. [Obs.] Many . . . which used curious arts brought their books together, and burned them. Acts xix. 19. Syn. -- Inquisitive; prying. See Inquisitive. CURIOUSLY Cu"ri*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a curious manner. CURIOUSNESS Cu"ri*ous*ness, n. 1. Carefulness; painstaking. [Obs.] My father's care With curiousness and cost did train me up. Massinger. 2. The state of being curious; exactness of workmanship; ingenuity of contrivance. 3. Inquisitiveness; curiosity. CURL Curl (krl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Curled (krld); p. pr. & vb. n. Curling.] Etym: [Akin to D. krullen, Dan. kr, dial. Sw. krulla to curl, crisp; possibly akin to E. crook. Cf. Curl, n., Cruller.] 1. To twist or form into ringlets; to crisp, as the hair. But curl their locks with bodkins and with braid. Cascoigne. 2. To twist or make onto coils, as a serpent's body. Of his tortuous train, Curled many a wanton wreath in sight of Eve. Milton. 3. To deck with, or as with, curls; to ornament. Thicker than the snaky locks That curledMegæra. Milton. Curling with metaphors a plain intention. Herbert. 4. To raise in waves or undulations; to ripple. Seas would be pools without the brushing air To curl the waves. Dryden. 5. (Hat Making) Defn: To shape (the brim) into a curve. CURL Curl, v. i. 1. To contract or bend into curis or ringlets, as hair; to grow in curls or spirals, as a vine; to be crinkled or contorted; to have a curly appearance; as, leaves lie curled on the ground. Thou seest it [hair] will not curl by nature. Shak. 2. To move in curves, spirals, or undulations; to contract in curving outlines; to bend in a curved form; to make a curl or curls. "Cirling billows." Dryden. Then round her slender waist he curled. Dryden. Curling smokes from village tops are seen. Pope. Gayly curl the waves before each dashing prow. Byron. He smiled a king of sickly smile, and curled up on the floor. Bret Harte. . 358 3. To play at the game called curling. [Scot.] CURL Curl (krl), n. Etym: [Akin to D. krul, Dan. kr. See Curl, v. ] 1. A ringlet, especially of hair; anything of a spiral or winding form. Under a coronet, his flowing hair In curls on either cheek played. Milton. 2. An undulating or waving line or streak in any substance, as wood, glass, etc.; flexure; sinuosity. If the glass of the prisms . . . be without those numberless waves or curls which usually arise from the sand holes. Sir I. Newton. 3. A disease in potatoes, in which the leaves, at their first appearance, seem curled and shrunken. Blue curls. (Bot.) See under Blue. CURLED Curled (lrld), a. Defn: Having curls; curly; sinuous; wavy; as, curled maple (maple having fibers which take a sinnuous course). Curled hair (Com.), the hair of the manes and tails of horses, prepared for upholstery purposes. McElrath. CURLEDNESS Curl"ed*ness, n. Defn: State of being curled; curliness. CURLER Curl"er (-r), n. 1. One who, or that which, curls. 2. A player at the game called curling. Burns. CURLEW Cur"lew (kr"l), n. Etym: [F. courlieu, corlieu, courlis; perh. of imitative origin, but cf. OF. corlieus courier; L. currere to run + levis light.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A wading bird of the genus Numenius, remarkable for its long, slender, curved bill. Note: The common European curlew is N. arquatus. The long-billed (N. longirostris), the Hudsonian (N. Hudsonicus), and the Eskimo curlew (N. borealis, are American species. The name is said to imitate the note of the European species. Curlew Jack (Zoöl.) the whimbrel or lesser curlew. -- Curlew sandpiper (Zoöl.), a sandpiper (Tringa ferruginea, or subarquata), common in Europe, rare in America, resembling a curlew in having a long, curved bill. See Illustation in Appendix. CURLINESS Curl"i*ness (krl"-ns), n. Defn: State of being curly. CURLING Curl"ing, n. 1. The act or state of that which curls; as, the curling of smoke when it rises; the curling of a ringlet; also, the act or process of one who curls something, as hair, or the brim of hats. 2. A scottish game in which heavy weights of stone or iron are propelled by hand over the ice towards a mark. Curling . . . is an amusement of the winter, and played on the ice, by sliding from one mark to another great stones of 40 to 70 pounds weight, of a hemispherical form, with an iron or wooden handle at top. The object of the player is to lay his stone as near to the mark as possible, to guard that of his partner, which has been well laid before, or to strike off that of his antagonist. Pennant (Tour in Scotland. 1772). Curling irons, Curling tong, an instrument for curling the hair; -- commonly heated when used. CURLINGLY Curl"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With a curl, or curls. CURLY Curl"y (krl"), a. Defn: Curling or tending to curl; having curls; full of ripples; crinkled. CURLYCUE Curl"y*cue (krl"-k), n. Etym: [Cf. F. caracole.] Defn: Some thing curled or spiral,, as a flourish made with a pen on paper, or with skates on the ice; a trick; a frolicsome caper. [Sometimes written carlicue.] [ Colloq. U.S.] To cut a curlycue, to make a flourish; to cut a caper. I gave a flourishing about the room and cut a curlycue with my right foot. McClintock. CURMUDGEON Cur*mudg"eon (kr-mj"n), n. Etym: [OE. cornmudgin, where -mudgin is prob. from OF. muchier, mucier, F. musser to hide; of uncertain origin; cf. OE. muchares skulking thieves, E. miche, micher.] Defn: An avaricious, grasping fellow; a miser; a niggard; a churl. A gray-headed curmudgeon of a negro. W. Irving. CURMUDGEONLY Cur*mudg"eon*ly, a. Defn: Like a curmudgeon; niggardly; churlish; as, a curmudgeonly fellow. CURMURRING Cur*mur"ring (kr-mr"rng), n. Defn: Murmuring; grumbling; -- sometimes applied to the rumbling produced by a slight attack of the gripes. [Scot.] Burns. CURR Curr (kr), v. i. Etym: [Prob. imitative.] Defn: To coo. [Scot.] The owlets hoot, the owlets curr. Wordsworth. CURRANT Cur"rant (kr"rant), n. Etym: [F. corinthe (raisins de Corinthe raisins of Corinth) currant (in sense 1), from the city of Corinth in Greece, whence, probably, the small dried grape (1) was first imported, the Ribes fruit (2) receiving the name from its resemblance to that grape.] 1. A small kind of seedless raisin, imported from the Levant, chiefly from Zante and Cephalonia; -- used in cookery. 2. The acid fruit or berry of the Ribes rubrum or common red currant, or of its variety, the white currant. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A shrub or bush of several species of the genus Ribes (a genus also including the gooseberry); esp., the Ribes rubrum. Black currant,a shrub or bush (Ribes nigrum and R. floridum) and its black, strong-flavored, tonic fruit. -- Cherry currant, a variety of the red currant, having a strong, symmetrical bush and a very large berry. -- Currant borer (Zoöl.), the larva of an insect that bores into the pith and kills currant bushes; specif., the larvae of a small clearwing moth (Ægeria tipuliformis) and a longicorn beetle (Psenocerus supernotatus). -- Currant worm (Zoöl.), an insect larva which eats the leaves or fruit of the currant. The most injurious are the currant sawfly (Nematus ventricosus), introduced from Europe, and the spanworm (Eufitchia ribearia). The fruit worms are the larva of a fly (Epochra Canadensis), and a spanworm (Eupithecia). -- Flowering currant, Missouri currant, a species of Ribes (R. aureum), having showy yellow flowers. CURRENCY Cur"ren*cy (kr"rn-c), n.; pl. Currencies (-s. Etym: [Cf. LL. currentia a current, fr. L. currens, p. pr. of currere to run. See Current.] 1. A continued or uninterrupted course or flow like that of a sream; as, the currency of time. [Obs.] Ayliffe. 2. The state or quality of being current; general acceptance or reception; a passing from person to person, or from hand to hand; circulation; as, a report has had a long or general currency; the currency of bank notes. 3. That which is in circulation, or is given and taken as having or representing value; as, the currency of a country; a specie currency; esp., government or bank notes circulating as a substitute for metallic money. 4. Fluency; readiness of utterance. [Obs.] 5. Current value; general estimation; the rate at which anything is generally valued. He . . . takes greatness of kingdoms according to their bulk and currency, and not after intrinsic value. Bacon. The bare name of Englishman . . . too often gave a transient currency to the worthless and ungrateful. W. Irving. CURRENT Cur"rent (kr"rent), a. Etym: [OE. currant, OF. curant, corant, p. pr. of curre, corre, F. courre, courir, to run, from L. currere; perh. akin to E. horse. Cf. Course, Concur, Courant, Coranto.] 1. Running or moving rapidly. [Archaic] Like the current fire, that renneth Upon a cord. Gower. To chase a creature that was current then In these wild woods, the hart with golden horns. Tennyson. 2. Now passing, as time; as, the current month. 3. Passing from person to person, or from hand to hand; circulating through the community; generally received; common; as, a current coin; a current report; current history. That there was current money in Abraham's time is past doubt. Arbuthnot. Your fire-new stamp of honor is scarce current. Shak. His current value, which is less or more as men have occasion for him. Grew. 4. Commonly estimated or acknowledged. 5. Fitted for general acceptance or circulation; authentic; passable. O Buckingham, now do I play the touch To try if thou be current gold indeed. Shak. Account current. See under Account. -- Current money, lawful money. Abbott. CURRENT Cur"rent, n. Etym: [Cf. F. courant. See Current, a. ] 1. A flowing or passing; onward motion. Hence: A body of fluid moving continuously in a certain direction; a stream; esp., the swiftest part of it; as, a current of water or of air; that which resembles a stream in motion; as, a current of electricity. Two such silver currents, when they join, Do glorify the banks that bound them in. Shak. The surface of the ocean is furrowed by currents, whose direction . . . the navigator should know. Nichol. 2. General course; ordinary procedure; progressive and connected movement; as, the current of time, of events, of opinion, etc. Current meter, an instrument for measuring the velocity, force, etc., of currents. -- Current mill, a mill driven by a current wheel. -- Current wheel, a wheel dipping into the water and driven by the current of a stream or by the ebb and flow of the tide. Syn. -- Stream; course. See Stream. CURRENTLY Cur"rent*ly, adv. Defn: In a current manner; generally; commonly; as, it is currently believed. CURRENTNESS Cur"rent*ness, n. 1. The quality of being current; currency; circulation; general reception. 2. Easiness of pronunciation; fluency. [Obs.] When currentness [combineth] with staidness, how can the language . . . sound other than most full of sweetness Camden. CURRICLE Cur"ri*cle (kr"r-k'l), n. Etym: [L.curriculum a running, a race course, fr. currere to run. See Current, and cf. Curriculum.] 1. A small or short course. Upon a curricle in this world depends a long course of the next. Sir T. Browne. 2. A two-wheeled chaise drawn by two horses abreast. CURRICULUM Cur*ric"u*lum (kr-rk"-lm), n.; pl. E. Curriculums (-lCurricula (-l. Etym: [L. See Curricle.] 1. A race course; a place for running. 2. A course; particularly, a specified fixed course of study, as in a university. CURRIE Cur"rie (kr"r), n. & v. Defn: See 2d & 3d Curry. CURRIED Cur"ried (-r, p.a. Etym: [See Curry, v. t., and Curry, n.] 1. Dressed by currying; cleaned; prepared. 2. Prepared with curry; as, curried rice, fowl, etc. CURRIER Cur"ri*er (k"r-r), n. Etym: [From 1st Curry.] Defn: One who curries and dresses leather, after it is tanned. CURRISH Cur"rish (kr"rsh), a. Etym: [From Cur.] Defn: Having the qualities, or exhibiting the characteristics, of a cur; snarling; quarrelsome; snappish; churlish; hence, also malicious; malignant; brutal. Thy currish spirit Governed a wolf. Shak. Some currish plot, -- some trick. Lockhart. -- Cur"rish*ly, adv. -- Cur"rish*ness, n. CURRY Cur"ry (kr"r), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Curried (-rd); p.pr. & vb. n. Currying.] Etym: [OE. curraien, curreien, OF. cunreer, correier, to prepare, arrange, furnish, curry (a horse), F. corroyer to curry (leather) (cf. OF. conrei, conroi, order, arrangement, LL. conredium); cor- (L.com-) + roi, rei, arrangement, order; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. ready. See Ready, Greith, and cf. Corody, Array.] 1. To dress or prepare for use by a process of scraping, cleansing, beating, smoothing, and coloring; -- said of leather. 2. To dress the hair or coat of (a horse, ox, or the like) with a currycomb and brush; to comb, as a horse, in order to make clean. Your short horse is soon curried. Beau. & FL. 3. To beat or bruise; to drub; -- said of persons. I have seen him curry a fellow's carcass handsomely. Beau. & FL. To curry favor, to seek to gain favor by flattery or attentions. See Favor, n. CURRY Cur"ry, n. Etym: [Tamil kari.] [Written also currie.] 1. (Cookery) Defn: A kind of sauce much used in India, containing garlic, pepper, ginger, and other strong spices. 2. A stew of fowl, fish, or game, cooked with curry. Curry powder (Cookery), a condiment used for making curry, formed of various materials, including strong spices, as pepper, ginger, garlic, coriander seed, etc. CURRY Cur"ry (kr"r), v. t. Defn: To flavor or cook with curry. CURRYCOMB Cur"ry*comb` (kr"r-km`), n. Defn: A kind of card or comb having rows of metallic teeth or serrated ridges, used in curryng a horse. CURRYCOMB Cur"ry*comb`, v. t. Defn: To comb with a currycomb. CURSE Curse (krs), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cursed (krst) or Curst; p. pr. & vb. n. Cursing.] Etym: [AS. cursian, corsian, perh. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. korse to make the sign of the cross, Sw. korsa, fr. Dan. & Sw. kors cross, Icel kross, all these Scand. words coming fr. OF. crois, croiz, fr. L. crux cross. Cf. Cross.] 1. To call upon divine or supernatural power to send injury upon; to imprecate evil upon; to execrate. Thou shalt not . . . curse the ruler of thy people. Ex. xxii. 28. Ere sunset I'll make thee curse the deed. Shak. 2. To bring great evil upon; to be the cause of serious harm or unhappiness to; to furnish with that which will be a cause of deep trouble; to afflict or injure grievously; to harass or torment. On impious realms and barbarous kings impose Thy plagues, and curse 'em with such sons as those. Pope. To curse by bell, book, and candle. See under Bell. CURSE Curse, v. i. Defn: To utter imprecations or curses; to affirm or deny with imprecations; to swear. Then began he to curse and to swear. Matt. xxi. 74. His spirits hear me, And yet I need must curse. Shak. CURSE Curse, n. Etym: [AS. curs. See Curse, v. t.] 1. An invocation of, or prayer for, harm or injury; malediction. Lady, you know no rules of charity, Which renders good for bad, blessings for curses. Shak. 2. Evil pronounced or invoked upon another, solemnly, or in passion; subjection to, or sentence of, divine condemnation. The priest shall write these curses in a book. Num. v. 23. Curses, like chickens, come home to roost. Old Proverb. 3. The cause of great harm, evil, or misfortune; that which brings evil or severe affliction; torment. The common curse of mankind, folly and ignorance. Shak. All that I eat, or drink, or shall beget, Is propagated curse. Milton. The curse of Scotland (Card Playing), the nine of diamonds. -- Not worth a curse. See under Cress. Syn. -- Malediction; imprecation; execration. See Malediction. CURSED Curs"ed (krs"d), a. Defn: Deserving a curse; execrable; hateful; detestable; abominable. Let us fly this cursed place. Milton. This cursed quarrel be no more renewed. Dryden. CURSEDLY Curs"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a cursed manner; miserably; in a manner to be detested; enormously. [Low] CURSEDNESS Curs"ed*ness, n. 1. The state of being under a curse or of being doomed to execration or to evil. 2. Wickedness; sin; cursing. Chaucer. 3. Shrewishness. "My wife's cursedness." Chaucer. CURSER Curs"er (krs"r), n. Defn: One who curses. CURSHIP Cur"ship (kr"shp), n. Etym: [Cur +-ship.] Defn: The state of being a cur; one who is currish. [Jocose] How durst he, I say, oppose thy curship! Hudibras. CURSITATING Cur"si*ta`ting (kr"s-t`tng), a. Etym: [See Cursitor.] Defn: Moving about slightly. [R.] H. Bushnell. CURSITOR Cur"si*tor (kr"s-tr), n. Etym: [LL. cursitor, equiv. to L. cursor, fr. cursare to run hither and thither, fr. currere to run. See Current, and cf. Cursor.] 1. A courier or runner. [Obs.] "Cursitors to and fro." Holland. 2. (Eng.Law) Defn: An officer in the Court of Chancery, whose business is to make out original writs. CURSIVE Cur"sive (kr"sv), a. Etym: [LL. cursivus: cf. F. cursif See Cursitor.] Defn: Running; flowing. Cursive hand,a running handwriting. CURSIVE Cur"sive, n. 1. A character used in cursive writing. 2. A manuscript, especially of the New Testament, written in small, connected characters or in a running hand; -- opposed to uncial. Shipley. CURSOR Cur"sor (kr"sr), n. Etym: [L., a runner. See Cursitor.] Defn: Any part of a mathematical instrument that moves or slides backward and forward upon another part. CURSORARY Cur"so*ra*ry (-s-r-r), a. Defn: Cursory; hasty. [Obs.] With a cursorary eye o'erglanced the articles. Shak. CURSORES Cur*so"res (kr-s"rEz), n. pl. Etym: [L. cursor, pl. cursores, a runner.] (Zoöl.) (a) An order of running birds including the ostrich, emu, and allies; the Ratitaæ. (b) A group of running spiders; the wolf spiders. CURSORIAL Cur*so"ri*al (kr-s"r-al), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Adapted to running or walking, and not to prehension; as, the limbs of the horse are cursorial. See Illust. of Aves. (b) Of or pertaining to the Cursores. CURSORILY Cur"so*ri*ly (kr"s-r-l), adv. Defn: In a running or hasty manner; carelessly. CURSORINESS Cur"so*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being cursory; superficial performance; as, cursoriness of view. CURSORY Cur"so*ry (kr"s-r), a. Etym: [L. cursorius, fr. cursor. See Cursor.] 1. Running about; not stationary. [Obs.] 2. Characterized by haste; hastily or superficially performed; slight; superficial; careless. Events far too important to be treated in a cursory manner. Hallam. CURST Curst (krst), Defn: imp. & p.p. of Curse. CURST Curst, a. Etym: [SeeCurse.] Defn: Froward; malignant; mischievous; malicious; snarling. [Obs.] Though his mind Be ne'er so curst, his tonque is kind. Crashaw. CURSTFULLY Curst"ful*ly (-fl-l), adv. Defn: Peevishly; vexatiously; detestably. [Obs.] "Curstfully mad." Marston. CURSTNESS Curst"ness (krst"ns), n. Defn: Peevishness; malignity; frowardness; crabbedness; surliness. [Obs.] Shak. CURT Curt (krt), a. Etym: [L. curtus; cf. Skr. kart to cut. Cf. Curtail.] Defn: Characterized by exessive brevity; short; rudely concise; as, curt limits; a curt answer. The curt, yet comprehensive reply. W. Irving. CURTAIL Cur*tail" (kr-tl"), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Curtailed (-tld"); p.pr. & vb.n. Curtailing.] Etym: [See Curtal.] Defn: To cut off the end or tail, or any part, of; to shorten; to abridge; to diminish; to reduce. I, that am curtailed of this fair proportion. Shak. Our incomes have been curtailed; his salary has been doubled. Macualay. CURTAIL Cur"tail (kr"tl), n. Defn: The scroll termination of any architectural member, as of a step, etc. CURTAIL DOG Cur"tail dog` (d. Defn: A dog with a docked tail; formerly, the dog of a person not qualified to course, which, by the forest laws, must have its tail cut short, partly as a mark, and partly from a notion that the tail is necessary to a dog in running; hence, a dog not fit for sporting. Hope is a curtail dog in some affairs. Shak. CURTAILER Cur*tail"er (kr-tl"r), n. Defn: One who curtails. CURTAILMENT Cur*tail"ment (kr-tl"ment), n. Defn: The act or result of curtailing or cutting off. Bancroft. CURTAIN Cur"tain (kr"tn; 48), n. Etym: [OE.cortin, curtin,fr. OF. cortine, curtine, F. courtine, LL. cortina, curtian (in senses 1 and 2), also, small court, small inclosure surrounded by walls, from cortis court. See Court.] 1. A hanging screen intended to darken or conceal, and admitting of being drawn back or up, and reclosed at pleasure; esp., drapery of cloth or lace hanging round a bed or at a window; in theaters, and like places, a movable screen for concealing the stage. 2. (Fort.) Defn: That part of the rampart and parapet which is between two bastions or two gates. See Illustrations of Ravelin and Bastion. 3. (Arch.) Defn: That part of a wall of a building which is between two pavilions, towers, etc. 4. A flag; an ensign; -- in contempt. [Obs.] Shak. Behind the curtain, in concealment; in secret. -- Curtain lecture, a querulous lecture given by a wife to her husband within the bed curtains, or in bed. Jerrold. A curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and long-suffering. W. Irving. -- The curtain falls, the performance closes. -- The curtain rises, the performance begins. -- To draw the curtain, to close ot over an object, or to remove it; hence: (a) To hide or to disclose an object. (b) To commence or close a performance. -- To drop the curtain, to end the tale, or close the performance. CURTAIN Cur"tain, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Curtained (-tnd; 48); p. pr. & vb. n. Curtaining.] Defn: To inclose as with curtains; to furnish with curtains. So when the sun in bed Curtained with cloudy red. Milton. CURTAL Cur"tal (kr"tal), a. Etym: [OF. courtault, F. courtaud, having a docked tail (cf. It. cortaldo), fr. court short, L. curtus. See Curt, and Curtail.] Defn: Curt; brief; laconic. Essays and curtal aphorisms. Milton. Curtal dog. See Curtail dog. CURTAL Cur"tal, n. Defn: A horse with a docked tail; hence, anything cut short. [Obs] Nares. CURTAL AX; CURTLE AX; CURTELASSE Cur"tal ax`, Cur"tle ax`, Curte"lasse (krt"las). Defn: A corruption of Cutlass. CURTAL FRIAR Cur"tal fri`ar (fr`r). Defn: A friar who acted as porter at the gate of a monastery. Sir W. Scott. CURTANA Cur*ta"na (kr-t"n), n. Defn: The pointless sword carried before English monarchs at their coronation, and emblematically considered as the sword of mercy; -- also called the sword of Edward the Confessor. CURTATE Cur"tate (kr"tt), a. Etym: [L. curtatus, p.p. of curtare to shorten, fr. curtus. See Curt.] (Astron.) Defn: Shortened or reduced; -- said of the distance of a planet from the sun or earth, as measured in the plane of the ecliptic, or the distance from the sun or earth to that point where a perpendicular, let fall from the planet upon the plane of the ecliptic, meets the ecliptic. Curtate cycloid. (Math.) See Cycloid. CURTATION Cur*ta"tion (kr-t"shn), n. (Astron.) Defn: The interval by which the curtate distance of a planet is less than the true distance. CURTEIN Cur*tein" (kr-tn"), n. Defn: Same as Curtana. CURTES Cur*tes" (kr-ts"), a. Defn: Courteous. [Obs.] Chaucer. CURTESY Cur"te*sy (kr"t-s), n.; pl. Curtesies (-s. Etym: [Either fr. courlesy, the lands being held as it were by favor; or fr. court (LL. curtis), the husband being regarded as holding the lands as a vassal of the court. See Court, Courtesy.] (Law) Defn: the life estate which a husband has in the lands of his deceased wife, which by the common law takes effect where he has had issue by her, born alive, and capable of inheriting the lands. Mozley & W. CURTILAGE Cur"ti*lage (k, n. Etym: [OF. cortillage, curtillage, fr. cortil court, courtyard, LL. cortis court. See Court.] (Law) Defn: A yard, courtyard, or piece of ground, included within the fence surrounding a dwelling house. Burrill. CURTLY Curt"ly (krt"l), adv. Defn: In a curt manner. CURTNESS Curt"ness, n. Defn: The quality of bing curt. CURTSY Curt"sy (krt"s), n. Defn: Same as Courtesy, an act of respect. CURULE Cu"rule (k"rl), a. Etym: [L. curulis, fr. currus a charoit: cf. F. curule.] 1. Of or pertaining to a charoit. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a kind of chair appropriated to Roman magistrates and dignitaries; pertaining to, having, or conferring, the right to sit in the curule chair; hence, official. Note: The curule chair was usually shaped like a camp stool, and provided with curved legs. It was at first ornamented with ivory, and later sometimes made of ivory and inlaid with gold. Curule dignity right of sitting in the curule chair. CURURO Cu*ru"ro (k-r"r), n. Etym: [Chilian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A Chilian burrowing rodent of the genus Spalacopus. CURVAL; CURVANT Cur"val (kr"val), Cur"vant (-vant), a. Etym: [L. curvans, p. pr. ] (Her.) Defn: Bowed; bent; curved. CURVATE; CURVATED Cur"vate (kr"vt), Cur"va*ted (-v-td), a. Etym: [L. curvatus p. p. of curvare to curve, fr. curvus. See Curve.] Defn: Bent in a regular form; curved. CURVATION Cur*va"tion (kr-v"shn), n. Etym: [L. curvatio.] Defn: The act of bending or crooking. CURVATIVE Cur"va*tive (kr"v-tv), a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the margins only a little curved; -- said of leaves. Henslow. CURVATURE Cur"va*ture (kr"v-tr; 135), n. Etym: [L. curvatura. See Curvate.] 1. The act of curving, or the state of being bent or curved; a curving or bending, normal or abnormal, as of a line or surface from a rectilinear direction; a bend; a curve. Cowper. The elegant curvature of their fronds. Darwin. 2. (Math.) Defn: The amount of degree of bending of a mathematical curve, or the tendency at any point to depart from a tangent drawn to the curve at that point. Aberrancy of curvature (Geom.), the deviation of a curve from a curcular form. -Absolute curvature. See under Absolute. -- Angle of curvature (Geom.), one that expresses the amount of curvature of a curve. -- Chord of curvature. See under Chord. -- Circle of curvature. See Osculating circle of a curve, under Circle. -- Curvature of the spine (Med.), an abnormal curving of the spine, especially in a lateral direction. -- Radius of curvature, the radius of the circle of curvature, or osculatory circle, at any point of a curve. CURVE Curve (krv), a. Etym: [L. curvus bent, curved. See Cirb.] Defn: Bent without angles; crooked; curved; as, a curve line; a curve surface. CURVE Curve, n. Etym: [See Curve, a., Cirb.] 1. A bending without angles; that wcich is bent; a flexure; as, a curve in a railway or canal. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A line described according to some low, and having no finite portion of it a straight line. Axis of a curve. See under Axis. -- Curve of quickest descent. See Brachystochrone. -- Curve tracing (Math.), the process of determining the shape, location, singular points, and other perculiarities of a curve from its equation. -- Plane curve (Geom.), a curve such that when a plane passes through three points of the curve, it passes through all the other points of the curve. Any other curve is called a curve of double curvature, or a twisted curve. CURVE Curve, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Curved (krvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Curving.] Etym: [L. curvare., fr. curvus. See Curve, a., Curb.] Defn: To bend; to crook; as, to curve a line; to curve a pipe; to cause to swerve from a straight course; as, to curve a ball in pitching it. CURVE Curve, v. i. Defn: To bend or turn gradually from a given direction; as, the road curves to the right. CURVEDNESS Curv"ed*ness (-d-ns), n. Defn: The state of being curved. CURVET Cur"vet (kr"vt or kr-vt"; 277), n. Etym: [OE. corvet, It.corvetta: cf. F. courbette. See Curve, and cf. Corvetto.] 1. (Man.) Defn: A particular leap of a horse, when he raises both his fore legs at once, equally advanced, and, as his fore legs are falling, raises his hind legs, so that all his legs are in the air at once. 2. A prank; a frolic. CURVET Cur"vet, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Curveted or -vetted; p.pr. & vb. n. Curveting or -vetting.] Etym: [Cf. It. corvettare. See Curvet, n.] 1. To make a curvet; to leap; to bound. 'Oft and high he did curvet." Drayton. 2. To leap and frisk; to frolic. Shak. CURVET Cur"vet, v. t. Defn: To cause to curvet. Landor. CURVICAUDATE Cur`vi*cau"date (kr`v-k"dt), a. Etym: [L. curvus bent + E. caudate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a curved or crooked tail. CURVICOSTATE Cur`vi*cos"tate (kr`v-ks"tt), a. Etym: [L. curvus + E. costate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having bent ribs. CURVIDENTATE Cur`vi*den"tate (kr`v-dn"tt), a. Etym: [L. curvus + E. dentate.] Defn: Having curved teeth. CURVIFORM Cur"vi*form (kr"v-frm), a. Etym: [L. curvus + -form.] Defn: Having a curved form. CURVILINEAD Cur`vi*lin"e*ad (kr`v-ln"-d), n. (Geom.) Defn: An instrument for drawing curved lines. CURVILINEAL; CURVILINEAR Cur`vi*lin"e*al (-al), Cur`vi*lin"e*ar (-r), a. Etym: [L. curvus bent + E. lineal, linear.] Defn: Consisting of, or bounded by, curved lines; as, a curvilinear figure. CURVILINEARITY Cur`vi*lin`e*ar"i*ty (-r"-t), n. Defn: The state of being curvilinear or of being bounded by curved lines. CURVILINEARLY Cur`vi*lin"e*ar*ly (-r-l), adv. Defn: In a curvilinear manner. CURVINERVED Cur"vi*nerved` (-nrvd`), a. Etym: [L. curvus bent + E. nerve. ] (Bot.) Defn: Having the ribs or the veins of the leaves curved; -- called also curvinervate and curve-veined. CURVIROSTRAL Cur`vi*ros"tral (-rs"tral), a. Etym: [L. curvus + E. rostral.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a crooked beak, as the crossbill. CURVIROSTRES Cur"vi*ros"tres (-rs"trz), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. curvus curved + rostrum beak, rostrum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of passerine birds, including the creepers and nuthatches. CURVISERIAL Cur`vi*se"ri*al (-s"r-al), a. Etym: [L. curvus bent + E. serial.] (Bot.) Defn: Distributed in a curved line, as leaves along a stem. CURVITY Cur"vi*ty (kr"v-y), n. Etym: [L. curvitas, from curvus bent: cf. F. curvité.] Defn: The state of being curved; a bending in a regular form; crookedness. Holder. CURVOGRAPH Cur"vo*graph (kr"v-grf), n. Etym: [L. curvus bent + -graph.] (Geom.) Defn: An arcograph. CUSCUS Cus"cus, n. [The same word as Couscous, fr. F. couscous couscous, Ar. kuskus.] (Bot.) Defn: A soft grass (Pennisetum typhoideum) found in all tropical regions, used as food for men and cattle in Central Africa. CUSCUS OIL Cuscus oil. Defn: Same as Vetiver oil. CUSHAT Cush"at (ksh"t), n. Etym: [AS. cusceote.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The ringdove or wood pigeon. Scarce with cushat's homely song can vie. Sir W. Scott. CUSHEWBIRD Cush"ew*bird (ksh"-brd`), n. (Zoöl) Defn: The galeated curassow. See Curassow. CUSHION Cush"ion (ksh"n), n. Etym: [OE. cuischun, quisshen, OF. coissin, cuissin, F. coussin, fr. (assumed) LL. culcitinum, dim. of L. culcita cushion, mattress, pillow. See Quilt, and cf. Counterpoint a coverlet.] 1. A case or bag stuffed with some soft and elastic material, and used to sit or recline upon; a soft pillow or pad. Two cushions stuffed with straw, the seat to raise. Dryden. 2. Anything resembling a cushion in properties or use; as: (a) a pad on which gilders cut gold leaf; (b) a mass of steam in the end of the cylinder of a steam engine to receive the impact of the piston; (c) the elastic edge of a billiard table. 3. A riotous kind of dance, formerly common at weddings; -- called also cushion dance. Halliwell. Cushion capital.(Arch.) A capital so sculptured as to appear like a cushion pressed down by the weight of its entablature. (b) A name given to a form of capital, much used in the Romanesque style, modeled like a bowl, the upper part of which is cut away on four sides, leaving vertical faces. -- Cushion star (Zoöl.) a pentagonal starfish belonging to Goniaster, Astrogonium, and other allied genera; -- so called from its form. CUSHION Cush"ion (ksh"n), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cushioned (-nd); p. pr. & vb. Cushioning.] 1. To seat or place on, or as on a cushion. Many who are cushioned on thrones would have remained in obscurity. Bolingbroke. 2. To furnish with cushions; as, to cushion a chaise. 3. To conceal or cover up, as under a cushion. Cushioned hammer, a dead-stroke hammer. See under Dead-stroke. CUSHIONET Cush"ion*et (ksh"n-t), n. Etym: [OF. coissinet, F. coussinet. See Cushion, and cf. Coussinet.] Defn: A little cushion. CUSHIONLESS Cush"ion*less, a. Defn: Hot furnished with a cushion. Rows of long, cushionless benches, supplying the place of pews. Hawthorne. CUSHION TIRE Cushion tire. Defn: A thick solid-rubber tire, as for a bicycle, with a hollow groove running lengthwise on the inside. CUSHIONY Cush"ion*y (-), a. Defn: Like a cushion; soft; pliable. A flat and cushiony noce. Dickens. CUSHITE Cush"ite (ksh"t), n. Defn: A descendant of Cush, the son of Ham and grandson of Noah. CUSK Cusk (ksk), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, edible, marine fish (Brosmius brosme), allied to the cod, common on the northern coasts of Europe and America; -- called also tusk and torsk. CUSKIN Cus"kin (ks"kn), n. Defn: A kind of drinking cup. [Obs.] CUSP Cusp (ksp), n. Etym: [L. cuspis, -idis, point, pointed end.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A triangular protection from the intrados of an arch, or from an inner curve of tracery. 2. (Astrol.) Defn: The beginning or first entrance of any house in the calculations of nativities, etc. 3. (Astron) Defn: The point or horn of the crescent moon or other crescent-shaped luminary. 4. (Math.) Defn: A multiple point of a curve at which two or more branches of the curve have a common tangent. 5. (Anat.) Defn: A prominence or point, especially on the crown of a tooth. 6. (Bot.) Defn: A sharp and rigid point. CUSP Cusp, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cusped (kspt); p.pr. & vb. n. Cusping.] Defn: To furnish with a cusp or cusps. CUSPATED Cus"pa*ted (ks"p-td), a. Defn: Ending in a point. CUSPID Cus"pid (ks"pd), n. Etym: [See Cusp.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the canine teeth; -- so called from having but one point or cusp on the crown. See Tooth. CUSPIDAL Cus"pi*dal (-p-dal), a. Etym: [From L. cuspis, cuspidis. See Cusp.] Defn: Ending in a point. CUSPIDATE Cus"pi*date (-dt), v. t. Defn: To make pointed or sharp. CUSPIDATE; CUSPIDATED Cus"pi*date (ks"p-dt), Cus"pi*da`ted (-d`td), a. Etym: [L. cuspidatus, p.p. of cuspidare to make pointed, fr. cuspis. See Cusp.] Defn: Having a sharp end, like the point of a spear; terminating in a hard point; as, a cuspidate leaf. CUSPIDOR Cus"pi*dor (-dr), n. Etym: [Pg. cuspideria, fr. cuspir to spit.] Defn: Any ornamental vessel used as a spittoon; hence, to avoid the common term, a spittoon of any sort. CUSPIS Cus"pis (ks"ps), n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A point; a sharp end. CUSSEDNESS Cuss"ed*ness, n. [Cussed (for cursed) + -ness.] Defn: Disposition to willful wrongdoing; malignity; perversity; cantankerousness; obstinacy. [Slang or Colloq., U. S.] In her opinion it was all pure "cussedness." Mrs. Humphry Ward. Disputatiousness and perversity (what the Americans call "cussedness"). James Bryce. CUSTARD Cus"tard (ks"trd), n. Etym: [Prob. the same word as OE. crustade, crustate, a pie made with a crust, fr. L. crustatus covered with a crust, p. p. of crustare, fr. crusta crust; cf. OF. croustade pasty, It. crostata, or F. coutarde. See Crust, and cf. Crustated.] Defn: A mixture of milk and eggs, sweetened, and baked or boiled. Custard apple (Bot.), a low tree or shrub of tropical America, including several species of Anona (A. squamosa, reticulata, etc.), having a roundish or ovate fruit the size of a small orange, containing a soft, yellowish, edible pulp. -- Custard coffin, pastry, or crust, which covers or coffins a custard [Obs.] Shak. CUSTODE Cus"tode (ks"td), n. Etym: [F. or It. custode, fr. L. custos, -odis.] Defn: See Custodian. CUSTODIAL Cus*to"di*al (ks-t"d-al), a. Etym: [Cf. F. custodial, fr. L. custodia. See Custody.] Defn: Relating to custody or guardianship. CUSTODIAN Cus*to"di*an (ks-t"d-an), n. Etym: [From Custody.] Defn: One who has care or custody, as of some public building; a keeper or superintendent. CUSTODIANSHIP Cus*to"di*an*ship, n. Defn: Office or duty of a custodian. CUSTODIER Cus*to"di*er (-r), n. Etym: [Cf. LL. custodiarus.] Defn: A custodian. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. CUSTODY Cus"to*dy (ks"t-d), n. Etym: [L. custodia, fr. custos guard; prob. akin to Gr. hide. Seee Hide to cover.] 1. A keeping or guarding; care, watch, inspection, for keeping, preservation, or security. A fleet of thirty ships for the custody of the narrow seas. Bacon. 2. Judicial or penal safe-keeping. Jailer, take him to thy custody. Shak. 3. State of being guarded and watched to prevent escape; restraint of liberty; confinement; imprisonment. What pease will be given To us enslaved, but custody severe, And stripes and arbitrary punishment Milton. CUSTOM Cus"tom (ks"tm), n. Etym: [OF. custume, costume, Anglo-Norman coustome, F. coutume, fr. (assumed) LL. consuetumen custom, habit, fr. L. consuetudo, -dinis, fr. consuescere to accustom, verb inchoative fr. consuere to be accustomed; con- + suere to be accustomed, prosuus one's own; akin to E. so, adv. Cf. Consuetude, Costume.] 1. Frequent repetition of the same act; way of acting common to many; ordinary manner; habitual practice; usage; method of doing or living. And teach customs which are not lawful. Acts xvi. 21. Moved beyong his custom, Gama said. Tennyson. A custom More honored in the breach than the observance. Shak. 2. Habitual buying of goods; practice of frequenting, as a shop, manufactory, etc., for making purchases or giving orders; business support. Let him have your custom, but not your votes. Addison. 3. (Law) Defn: Long-established practice, considered as unwritten law, and resting for authority on long consent; usage. See Usage, and Prescription. Note: Usage is a fact. Custom is a law. There can be no custom without usage, though there may be usage without custom. Wharton. 4. Familiar aquaintance; familiarity. [Obs.] Age can not wither her, nor custom stale Her infinite variety. Shak. Custom of merchants, a system or code of customs by which affairs of commerce are regulated. -- General customs, those which extend over a state or kingdom. -- Particular customs, those which are limited to a city or district; as, the customs of London. Syn. -- Practice; fashion. See Habit, and Usage. CUSTOM Cus"tom, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. costumer. Cf. Accustom.] 1. To make familiar; to accustom. [Obs.] Gray. 2. To supply with customers. [Obs.] Bacon. CUSTOM Cus"tom, v. i. Defn: To have a custom. [Obs.] On a bridge he custometh to fight. Spenser. CUSTOM Cus"tom, n. Etym: [OF. coustume, F. coutume, tax, i. e., the usual tax. See 1st Custom.] Defn: 1 the customary toll,tax, or tribute. Render, therefore, to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whom custom. Rom. xiii. 7. 2. pl. Defn: Duties or tolls imposed by law on commodities, imported or exported. CUSTOM Cus"tom, v. t. Defn: To pay the customs of. [Obs.] Marlowe. CUSTOMABLE Cus"tom*a*ble (--b'l), a. Etym: [Cf. OF. coustumable.] 1. Customary. [Obs.] Sir T. More. 2. Subject to the payment of customs; dutiable. CUSTOMABLENESS Cus"tom*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being customable; conformity to custom. [Obs.] CUSTOMABLY Cus"tom*a*bly, adv. Defn: Usually. [Obs.] Milton. CUSTOMARILY Cus"tom*a*ri*ly (--r-l), adv. Defn: In a customary manner; habitually. CUSTOMARINESS Cus"tom*a*ri*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being customary. CUSTOMARY Cus"tom*a*ry (ks"tm--r), a. Etym: [CF. OF. coustumier, F. coutumier. See Custom, and cf. Customer.] 1. Agreeing with, or established by, custom; established by common usage; conventional; habitual. Even now I met him With customary compliment. Shak. A formal customary attendance upon the offices. South. 2. (Law) Defn: Holding or held by custom; as, customary tenants; customary service or estate. CUSTOMARY Cus"tom*a*ry, n. Etym: [OF. coustumier, F. coutumier.] Defn: A book containing laws and usages, or customs; as, the Customary of the Normans. Cowell. CUSTOMER Cus"tom*er (ks"tm-r), n. Etym: [A doublet of customary, a.: cf. LL. custumarius toll gatherer. See Custom.] 1. One who collect customs; a toll gatherer. [Obs.] The customers of the small or petty custom and of the subsidy do demand of them custom for kersey cloths. Hakluyt. 2. One who regularly or repeatedly makes purchases of a trader; a purchaser; a buyer. He has got at last the character of a good customer; by this means he gets credit for something considerable, and then never pays for it. Goldsmith. 3. A person with whom a business house has dealings; as, the customers of a bank. J. A. H. Murray. 4. A peculiar person; -- in an indefinite sense; as, a queer customer; an ugly customer. [Colloq.] Dickens. 5. A lewd woman. [Obs.] Shak. CUSTOMHOUSE Cus"tom*house" (-hous`), n. Defn: The building where customs and duties are paid, and where vessels are entered or cleared. Customhouse broker, an agent who acts for merchants in the business of entering and clearing goods and vessels. CUSTOS Cus"tos (ks"ts), n.; pl. Custodes (k. Etym: [L.] Defn: A keeper; a custodian; a superintendent. [Obs.] Custos rotulorum (r Etym: [LL., keeper of the rolls] (Eng. Law), the principal justice of the peace in a county, who is also keeper of the rolls and records of the sessions of the peace. CUSTREL Cus"trel (ks"trel), n Etym: [OF. coustillier. See Coistril.] Defn: An armor-bearer to a knight. [Obs.] CUSTREL Cus"trel, n. Defn: See Costrel. [Obs.] Ainsworth. CUSTUMARY Cus"tu*ma*ry (-t-m-r), a. Defn: See Customary. [Obs.] CUT Cut (kt), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cut; p.pr. & vb. n. Cutting.] Etym: [OE. cutten, kitten, ketten; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. cwtau to shorten, curtail, dock, cwta bobtailed, cwt tail, skirt, Gael. cutaich to shorten, curtail, dock, cutach short, docked, cut a bobtail, piece, Ir. cut a short tail, cutach bobtailed. Cf. Coot.] 1. To sparate the parts of with, or as with, a sharp instrument; to make an incision in; to gash; to sever; to divide. You must cut this flesh from off his breast. Shak. Before the whistling winds the vessels fly, With rapid swiftness cut the liquid way. Pope. 2. To sever and cause to fall for the purpose of gathering; to hew; to mow or reap. Thy servants can skill to cut timer. 2. Chron. ii. 8 3. To sever and remove by cutting; to cut off; to dock; as, to cut the hair; to cut the nails. 4. To castrate or geld; as, to cut a horse. 5. To form or shape by cutting; to make by incision, hewing, etc.; to carve; to hew out. Why should a man. whose blood is warm within, Sit like his grandsire cut in alabaster Shak. Loopholes cut through thickest shade. Milton. 6. To wound or hurt deeply the snsibilities of; to pierce; to lacerate; as, sarcasm cuts to the quick. The man was cut to the heart. Addison. 7. To intersect; to cross; as, one line cuts another at right angles. 8. To refuse to recognize; to ignorre; as, to cut a person in the street; to cut one's acquaintance. [Colloq.] 9. To absent one's self from; as, to cut an appointment, a recitation. etc. [Colloq.] An English tradesman is always solicitous to cut the shop whenever he can do so with impunity. Thomas Hamilton. To cut a caper. See under Caper. -- To cut the cards, to divide a pack of cards into portions, in order to determine the deal or the trump, or to change the cards to be dealt. -- To cut a dash or a figure, to make a display. [Colloq.] -- To cut down. (a) To sever and cause to fall; to fell; to prostrate. "Timber . . . cut down in the mountains of Cilicia." Knolles. (b) To put down; to abash; to humble, [Obs] "So great is his natural eloquence, that he cuts doun the finest orator." Addison (c) To lessen; to retrench; to curtail; as, to cut down expenses. (d) (Naut.) To raze; as, to cut down a frigate into a sloop. -- To cut the knot or the Gordian knot, to dispose of a difficulty summarily; to solve it by prompt, arbitrary action, rather than by skill or patience. -- To cut lots, to determine lots by cuttings cards; to draw lots. -- To cut off. (a) To sever; to separate. I would to God, . . . The king had cut off my brother's. Shak. (b) To put an untimely death; to put an end to; to destroy. "Irencut off by martyrdom." Addison. (c) To interrupt; as, to cut off communication; to cut off (the flow of) steam from (the boiler to) a steam engine. (d) To intercept; as,, to cut off an enemy's retreat. (e) To end; to finish; as, to cut off further debate. -- To cut out. (a) To remove by cutting or carving; as, to cut out a piece from a board. (b) To shape or form by cutting; as, to cut out a garment. " A large forest cut out into walks." Addison. (c) To scheme; to contrive; to prepare; as, to cut out work for another day. "Every man had cut out a place for himself." Addison. (d) To step in and take the place of; to supplant; as, to cut out a rival. [Colloq.] (e) To debar. "I am cut out from anything but common acknowledgments." Pope. (f) To seize and carry off (a vessel) from a harbor, or from under the guns of an enemy. -- To cut to pieces. (a) To cut into pieces; as, to cut cloth to pieces. (b) To slaughter; as, to cut an army to pieces. -- To cut a play (Drama), to shorten it by leaving out passages, to adapt it for the stage. -- To cut rates (Railroads, etc.), to reduce the charges for transportation below the rates established between competing lines. -- To cut short, to arrest or check abruptly; to bring to a sudden termination. "Achilles cut him short, and thus replied." Dryden. -- To cut stick, to make off clandestinely or precipitately. [Slang] -- To cut teeth, to put forth teeth; to have the teeth pierce through the gum and appear. -- To have cut one's eyeteeth, to be sharp and knowing. [Colloq.] -- To cut one's wisdom teeth, to come to years of discretion. -- To cut under, to undersell; as, to cut under a competitor in trade. -- To cut up. (a) To cut to pieces; as, to cut up an animal, or bushes. (b) To damage or destroy; to injure; to wound; as, to cut up a book or its author by severe criticism. "This doctrine cuts up all government by the roots." Locke. (c) To afflict; to discourage; to demoralize; as, the death of his friend cut him up terribly. [Colloq.] Thackeray. CUT Cut (kt), v. i. 1. To do the work of an edged tool; to serve in dividing or gashing; as, a knife cuts well. 2. To admit of incision or severance; to yield to a cutting instrument. Panels of white wood that cuts like cheese. Holmes. 3. To perform the operation of dividing, severing, incising, intersecting, etc.; to use a cutting instrument. He saved the lives of thousands by manner of cutting for the stone. Pope. 4. To make a stroke with a whip. 5. To interfere, as a horse. 6. To move or make off quickly. [Colloq.] 7. To divide a pack of cards into two portion to decide the deal or trump, or to schange the order of the cards to be dealt. To cut across, to pass over or through in the most direct way; as, to cut across a field. -- To cut and run, to make off suddenly and quickly; -- from the cutting of a ship's cable, when there is not time to raise the anchor. [Colloq.] -- To cut in or into, to interrupt; to jont an anything suddenly. -- To cut up. (a) To play pranks. [Colloq.] (b) To divide into portions well or ill; to have the property left at one's death turn out well or poorly when divided among heirs, legatees, etc. [Slang.] "When I die, may I cut up as well as Morgan Pendennis." Thackeray. CUT Cut, n. 1. An opening made with an edged instrument; a cleft; a gash; a slash; a wound made by cutting; as, a sword cut. 2. A stroke or blow or cutting motion with an edged instrument; a stroke or blow with a whip. 3. That which wounds the feelings, as a harsh remark or criticism, or a sarcasm; personal discourtesy, as neglecting to recognize an acquaintance when meeting him; a slight. Rip called him by name, but the cur snarled, snapped his teeth, and passed on. This was an unkind cut indeed. W. Irving. 4. A notch, passage, or channel made by cutting or digging; a furrow; a groove; as, a cut for a railroad. This great cut or ditch Secostris . . . purposed to have made a great deal wider and deeper. Knolles. 5. The surface left by a cut; as, a smooth or clear cut. 6. A portion severed or cut off; a division; as, a cut of beef; a cut of timber. It should be understood, moreover, . . . that the group are not arbitrary cuts, but natural groups or types. Dana. 7. An engraved block or plate; the impression from such an engraving; as, a book illustrated with fine cuts. 8. (a) The act of dividing a pack cards. (b) The right to divide; as, whose cut is it 9. Manner in which a thing is cut or formed; shape; style; fashion; as, the cut of a garment. With eyes severe and beard of formal cut. Shak. 10. A common work horse; a gelding. [Obs.] He'll buy me a cut, forth for to ride. Beau. & Fl. 11. The failure of a college officer or student to be present at any appointed exercise. [College Cant] 12. A skein of yarn. Wright. A cut in rates (Railroad), a reduction in fare, freight charges, etc., below the established rates. -- A short cut, a cross route which shortens the way and cuts off a circuitous passage. -- The cut of one's jib, the general appearance of a person. [Colloq.] -- To draw cuts, to draw lots, as of paper, etc., cut unequal lengths. Now draweth cut . . . The which that hath the shortest shall begin. Chaucer. CUT Cut (kt), a. 1. Gashed or divided, as by a cutting instrument. 2. Formed or shaped as by cuttting; carved. 3. Overcome by liquor; tipsy. [Slang] Cut and dried, prepered beforehand; not spontaneous. -- Cut glass, glass having a surface ground and polished in facets or figures. -- Cut nail, a nail cut by machinery from a rolled plate of iron, in distinction from a wrought nail. -- Cut stone, stone hewn or chiseled to shape after having been split from the quarry. CUTANEOUS Cu*ta"ne*ous (k-t"n-s), a. Etym: [Cf. F. cutan, fr. L. cutis skin. See Cuticle.] Defn: Of pertaining to the skin; existing on, or affecting, the skin; as, a cutaneous disease; cutaneous absorption; cutaneous respiration. CUTAWAY Cut"a*way` (kt"-w`), a. Defn: Having a part cut off or away; having the corners rounded or cut away. Cutaway coat, a coat whose skirts are cut away in front so as not to meet at the bottom. CUTCH Cutch (kch; 224), n. Defn: See Catechu. CUTCH Cutch, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Cultch. CUTCHERY Cutch"er*y (kch"r-), n. Etym: [Hind. kachahri.] Defn: A hindoo hall of justice. Malcom. CUTE Cute (kt), a. Etym: [An abbrev. of acute.] Defn: Clever; sharp; shrewd; ingenious; cunning. [Colloq.] CUTENESS Cute"ness, n. Defn: Acuteness; cunning. [Colloq.] CUTGRASS Cut"grass` (kt"grs`). Defn: A grass with leaves having edges furnished with very minute hooked prickles, which form a cutting edge; one or more species of Leersia. CUTICLE Cu"ti*cle (k"t-k'l), n. Etym: [L. cuticula, dim. of cuttis skin; akin to E. hide skin of an animal.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The scarfskin or epidermis. See Skin. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The outermost skin or pellicle of a plant, found especially in leaves and young stems. 3. A thin skin formed on the surface of a liquid. CUTICULAR Cu*tic"u*lar (k-tk"-lr), a. Defn: Pertaining to the cuticle, or external coat of the skin; epidermal. CUTIN Cu"tin (k"tn), n. Etym: [L. cutis skin, outside.] (Bot.) Defn: The substance which, added to the material of a cell wall, makes it waterproof, as in cork. CUTINIZATION Cu`tin*i*za"tion (k`tn--z"shn), n. (Bot.) Defn: The conversion of cell walls into a material which repels water, as in cork. CUTINIZE Cu"tin*ize (k"tn-z), v. t. & i. Defn: To change into cutin. CUTIS Cu"tis (k"ts), n. Etym: [L. See Cuticle.] (Anat.) Defn: See Dermis. CUTLASS Cut"lass (kt"lass), n.; pl. Cutlasses (-Ez). Etym: [F. coutelas (cf. It. coltellaccio), augm. fr. L. cuttellus a smallknife, dim. of culter knife. See Colter, and cf. Curtal ax.] Defn: A short, heavy, curving sword, used in the navy. See Curtal ax. Cutlass fish, (Zoöl.), a peculiar, long, thin, marine fish (Trichirus lepturus) of the southern United States and West Indies; -- called also saber fish, silver eel, and, improperly, swordfish. CUTLER Cut"ler (kUt"lEr), n. Etym: [OE. coteler, F. coutelier, LL. cultellarius, fr. L. cultellus. See Cutlass.] Defn: One who makes or deals in cutlery, or knives and other cutting instruments. CUTLERY Cut"ler*y (kt"lr-), n. 1. The business of a cutler. 2. Edged or cutting instruments, collectively. CUTLET Cut"let (kt"lt), n. Etym: [F. c, prop., little rib, dim. of c rib, fr. L. costa. See Coast.] Defn: A piece of meat, especially of veal or mutton, cut for broiling. CUTLING Cut"ling (kt"lng), n., Etym: [Cf. Cuttle a knife.] Defn: The art of making edged tools or cutlery. [Obs.] Milton. CUT-OFF Cut"-off` (kt"f`; 115), n. 1. That which cuts off or shortens, as a nearer passage or road. 2. (Mach.) (a) The valve gearing or mechanism by which steam is cut off from entering the cylinder of a steam engine after a definite point in a stroke, so as to allow the remainder of the stroke to be made by the expansive force of the steam already let in. See Expansion gear, under Expansion. (b) Any device for stopping or changing a current, as of grain or water in a spout. CUTOSE Cu"tose (k"ts), n. Etym: [L. cutis skin.] (Chem.) Defn: A variety of cellulose, occuring as a fine transparent membrane covering the aerial organs of plants, and forming an essential ingredient of cork; by oxidation it passes to suberic acid. CUT-OUT Cut"-out` (kt"out`), n. (a) (Telegraphy) A species of switch for changing the current from one circuit to another, or for shortening a circuit. (b) (Elec.) A divice for breaking or separating a portion of circuit. CUTPURSE Cut"purse` (kt"prs`), n. Defn: One who cuts purses for the sake of stealing them or their contents (an act common when men wore purses fastened by a string to their girdles); one who steals from the person; a pickpocket To have an open ear, a quick eye, and a nimble hand, is necessary for a cutpurse. Shak. CUTTER Cut"ter (kt"tr), n. 1. One who cuts; as, a stone cutter; a die cutter; esp., one who cuts out garments. 2. That which cuts; a machine or part of a machine, or a tool or instrument used for cutting, as that part of a mower which severs the stalk, or as a paper cutter. 3. A fore tooth; an incisor. Ray. 4. (Naut.) (a) A boat used by ships of war. (b) A fast sailing vessel with one mast, rigged in most essentials like a sloop. A cutter is narrower end deeper than a sloop of the same length, and depends for stability on a deep keel, often heavily weighted with lead. (c) A small armed vessel, usually a steamer, in the revenue marine service; -- also called revenue cutter. 5. A small, light one-horse sleigh. 6. An officer in the exchequer who notes by cutting on the tallies the sums paid. 7. A ruffian; a bravo; a destroyer. [Obs.] 8. A kind of soft yellow brick, used for facework; -- so called from the facility with which it can be cut. Cutter bar.(Mach.) (a) A bar which carries a cutter or cutting tool, as in a boring machine. (b) The bar to which the triangular knives of a harvester are attached. -- Cutter head (Mach.), a rotating head, which itself forms a cutter, or a rotating stock to which cutters may be attached, as in a planing or matching machine. Knight. CUTTHROAT Cut"throat` (kt"thrt`), n. Defn: One who cuts throats; a murderer; an assassin. CUTTHROAT Cut"throat`, a. Defn: Murderous; cruel; barbarous. CUTTING Cut"ting (kt"tng), n. 1. The act or process of making an incision, or of severing, felling, shaping, etc. 2. Something cut, cut off, or cut out, as a twig or CUTTING Cut"ting, a. 1. Adapted to cut; as, a cutting tool. 2. Chilling; penetratinn; sharp; as, a cutting wind. 3. Severe; sarcastic; biting; as, a cutting reply. CUTTINGLY Cut"ting*ly, adv. Defn: In a cutting manner. CUTTLE Cut"tle (kt"t'l), n. Etym: [OF. cultel, coltel, coutel, fr. L. cultellus. See Cutlass.] Defn: A knife. [Obs.] Bale. CUTTLE; CUTTLEFISH Cut"tle (kt"t'l), Cut"tle*fish` (-fsh`), n. Etym: [OE. codule, AS. cudele; akin to G. kuttelfish; cf. G. k, D. keutel, dirt from the guts, G. kuttel bowels, entrails. AS. cwip womb, Gith. qipus belly, womb.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A cephalopod of the genus Sepia, having an internal shell, large eyes, and ten arms furnished with denticulated suckers, by means of which it secures its prey. The name is sometimes applied to dibranchiate cephalopods generally. Note: It has an ink bag, opening into the siphon, from which, when pursued, it throws out a dark liquid that clouds the water, enabling it to escape observation. 2. A foul-mouthed fellow. "An you play the saucy cuttle me." Shak. CUTTLE BONE Cut"tle bone` (bn`). Defn: The shell or bone of cuttlefishes, used for various purposes, as for making polishing powder, etc. CUTTOO PLATE Cut*too" plate` (kt-t" plt`). Defn: A hood over the end of a wagon wheel hub to keep dirt away from the axle. CUTTY Cut"ty, a. Etym: [Cf. Ir. & Gael. cut a short tail, cutach bobtailed. See Cut.] Defn: Short; as, a cutty knife; a cutty sark. [Scot.] CUTTY Cut"ty (kt"t), n. Etym: [Scotch.] 1. A short spoon. 2. A short tobacco pipe. Ramsay. 3. A light or unchaste woman. Sir W. Scott. CUTTYSTOOL Cut"ty*stool` (-stl`), n. 1. A low stool [Scot.] 2. A seat in old Scottish churches, where offenders were made to sit, for public rebuke by the minister. CUTWAL Cut"wal (kt"wl), n. Etym: [Per. kotw.] Defn: The chief police officer of a large city. [East Indies] CUTWATER Cut"wa`ter (kt"wa`tr), n. (Naut.) 1. The fore part of a ship's prow, which cuts the water. 2. A starling or other structure attached to the pier of a birdge, with an angle or edge directed up stream, in order better to resist the action of water, ice, etc.; the sharpened upper end of the pier itself. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sea bird of the Atlantic (Rhynchops nigra); -- called also black skimmer, scissorsbill, and razorbill. See Skimmer. CUTWORK Cut"work` (kt"wrk`), n. (Fine Arts) Defn: An ancient term for embroidery, esp. applied to the earliest form of lace, or to that early embroidery on linen and the like, from which the manufacture of lace was developed. CUTWORM Cut"worm` (-wrm`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A caterpillar which at night eats off young plants of cabbage, corn, etc., usually at the ground. Some kinds ascend fruit trees and eat off the flower buds. During the day, they conceal themselves in the earth. The common cutworms are the larvæ of various species of Agrotis and related genera of noctuid moths. CUVETTE Cu*vette" (k-wt"), n. Etym: [F., dim. of cuve a tub.] 1. A pot, bucket, or basin, in which molten plate glass is carried from the melting pot to the casting table. 2. (Fort.) Defn: A cunette. 3. (Spectrometry) (Analytical chemistry) Defn: A small vessel with at least two flat and transparent sides, used to hold a liquid sample to be analysed in the light path of a spectrometer. Note: The shape and materials vary; for ultraviolet spectrometry, quartz is typically used. For visible-light spectrometry, plastic cuvettes may be employed. Occasionally, small vessels used for other laboratory purposes are called cuvettes. cuvette holder, (Spectrometry) A small device used to hold one or more cuvettes[3], shaped specifically to fit in the sample chamber of a particular type of spectrometer, with openings to permit light to pass through the holder and the cuvettes, and designed so as to hold the cuvette accurately and reproducibly within the light path of the spectrometer. For cuvettes with a square horizontal cross-section, the compartments will have a corresponding square cross-section, usu. slightly larger than the cuvette. CYAMELIDE Cy*am"e*lide (s-m"-ld or -ld; 104), n. (Chem.) Defn: A white amorphous substance, regarded as a polymeric modification of isocyanic acid. CYAMELLONE Cy*am"el*lone (s-m"l-ln), n. (Chem) Defn: A complex derivative of cyanogen, regarded as an acid, and known chiefly in its salts; -- called also hydromellonic acid. CYANATE Cy"a*nate (s"-nt), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cuanate. See Cyanic.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of cyanic acid. Ammonium cyanate (Chem.), a remarkable white crystalline substance, NH4.O.CN, which passes, on standing, to the organic compound, urea, CO.(NH)2. CYANAURATE Cy`an*au"rate (s`n-"rt), n. Defn: See Aurocyanide. CYANEAN Cy*a"ne*an (s-"n-an), a. Etym: [Gr. kya`neos dark blue.] Defn: Having an azure color. Pennant. CYANIC Cy*an"ic (s-n"k), a. Etym: [Gr. cyanique. Cf. Kyanite.] 1. Pertaining to, or containing, cyanogen. 2. Of or pertaining to a blue color. Cyanic acid (Chem.), an acid, HOCN, derived from cyanogen, well known in its salts, but never isolated in the free state. -- Cyanic colors (Bot.), those colors (of flowers) having some tinge of blue; -- opposed to xanthic colors. A color of either series may pass into red or white, but not into the opposing color. Red and pure white are more common among flowers of cyanic tendency than in those of the other class. CYANIDE Cy"a*nide (s"-nd or -nd; 104), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cyanide. See Cyanic.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound formed by the union of cyanogen with an element or radical. CYANIN Cy"a*nin (s"-nn), n. Etym: [See Cyanic.] (Chem.) Defn: The blue coloring matter of flowers; -- called also anthokyan and anthocyanin. CYANINE Cy"a*nine (s"-nn or -nn; 104), n. (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of artificial blue or red dyes obtained from quinoline and lepidine and used in calico printing. CYANITE Cy"a*nite (-nt), n. Etym: [See Cyanic.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occuring in thin-bladed crystals and crystalline aggregates, of a sky-blue color. It is a silicate of aluminium. [Written also kyanite.] CYANOGEN Cy*an"o*gen (s-n"-jn), n. Etym: [Gr. -gen: cf. F. cyanogène. So called because it produced blue dyes.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, inflammable, poisonous gas, C2N2, with a peach- blossom odor, so called from its tendency to form blue compounds; obtained by heating ammonium oxalate, mercuric cyanide, etc. It is obtained in combination, forming an alkaline cyanide when nitrogen or a nitrogenous compound is strongly ignited with carbon and soda or potash. It conducts itself like a member of the halogen group of elements, and shows a tendency to form complex compounds. The name is also applied to the univalent radical, CN (the half molecule of cyanogen proper), which was one of the first compound radicals recognized. Note: Cyanogen is found in the commercial substances, potassium cyanide, or prussiate of potash, yellow prussiate of potash, Prussian blue, Turnbull's blue, prussic acid, etc. CYANOMETER Cy`a*nom"e*ter (s`-nm"-tr), n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. cyanomètre.] Defn: An instrument for measuring degress of blueness. CYANOPATHY Cy`a*nop"a*thy (-np"-th), n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A disease in which the body is colored blue in its surface, arising usually from a malformation of the heart, which causes an imperfect arterialization of the blood; blue jaundice. CYANOPHYLL Cy*an"o*phyll (s-n"-fl), n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A blue coloring matter supposed by some to be one of the component parts ofchlorophyll. CYANOSED Cy"a*nosed (s"-nst), a. Etym: [See Cyanic.] Defn: Rendered blue, as the surface of the body, from cyanosis or deficient a CYANOSIS Cy`a*no"sis (s`-n"ss), n. Etym: [NL. See Cyanic.] (Med.) Defn: A condition in which, from insufficient aCyanopathy. CYANOSITE Cy*an"o*site (s-n"-st), n. Etym: [See Cyanic.] (Min.) Defn: Native sulphate of copper. Cf. Blue vitriol, under Blue. CYANOTIC Cy`a*not"ic (s`-nt"k), a. (Med.) Defn: Relating to cyanosis; affected with cyanosis; as, a cyanotic patient; having the hue caused by cyanosis; as, a cyanitic skin. CYANOTYPE Cy*an"o*type (s-n"-tp), n. Etym: [Cyanide + -type.] Defn: A photographic picture obtained by the use of a cyanide. CYANURATE Cy"an"u*rate (s-n"-rt), n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of cyanuric acid. CYANURET Cy*an"u*ret (-rt), n. (Chem.) Defn: A cyanide. [Obs.] CYANURIC Cy`a*nu"ric (s`-n"rk), a. Etym: [Cyanic + uric: Cf. F. cyanurique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, cyanic and uric acids. CYANURIC ACID Cyanuric acid (Chem.), Defn: an organic acid, C3O3N3H3, first obtained by heating uric acid or urea, and called pyrouric acid; afterwards obtained from isocyanic acid. It is a white crystalline substance, odorless and almost tasteless; -- called also tricarbimide. CYATHIFORM Cy*ath"i*form (s-th"-frm), a. Etym: [L. cyathus a cup (Gr, ky`aqos) - form:cf. F. cyathiforme.] Defn: In the form of a cup, a little widened at the top. CYATHOLITH Cy*ath"olith (s-th"-lth), n. Etym: [Gr. ky`aqos a cup + -lith.] (Biol.) Defn: A kind of coccolith, which in shape resembles a minute cup widened at the top, and varies in size from CYATHOPHYLLOID Cy`a*tho*phyl"loid (s`-th-fl"loid), a. Etym: [NL. cyathophyllum, fr. Gr. ky`aqos a cup + fy`llon a leaf.] (Pale Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the family Cyathophyllidæ. CYATHOPHYLLOID Cy`a*tho*phyl"loid, n. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil coral of the family Cyathophyllidæ; sometimes extended to fossil corals of other related families belonging to the group Rugosa; -- also called cup corals. Thay are found in paleozoic rocks. CYCAD Cy"cad (s"kd), n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the natural order Cycadeceæ, as the sago palm, etc. CYCADACEOUS Cyc`a*da"ceous (sk`-d"shs or s`k-), a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, an order of plants like the palms, but having exogenous wood. The sago palm is an example. CYCAS Cy"cas (s"ks), n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin. Linnæus derives it from one of the "obscure Greek words."] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees, intermediate in character between the palms and the pines. The pith of the trunk of some species furnishes a valuable kind of sago. CYCLAMEN Cyc"la*men (sk"l-mn), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. kykla`minos, kyklami`s.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants of the Primrose family, having depressed rounded corms, and pretty nodding flowers with the petals so reflexed as to point upwards, whence it is called rabbit's ears. It is also called sow bread, because hogs are said to eat the corms. CYCLAMIN Cyc"la*min (-mn), n. Defn: A white amorphous substance, regarded as a glucoside, extracted from the corm of Cyclamen Europæum. CYCLAS Cy"clas (s"kls), n. Etym: [Cf.Ciclatoun.] Defn: A long gown or surcoat (cut off in front), worn in the Middle Ages. It was sometimes embroidered or interwoven with gold. Also, a rich stuff from which the gown was made. CYCLE Cy"cle (s"k'l), n. Etym: [F. ycle, LL. cyclus, fr. Gr. cakra wheel, circle. See Wheel.] 1. An imaginary circle or orbit in the heavens; one of the celestial spheres. Milton. 2. An interval of time in which a certain succession of events or phenomena is completed, and then returns again and again, uniformly and continually in the same order; a periodical space of time marked by the recurrence of something peculiar; as, the cucle of the seasons, or of the year. Wages . . . bear a full proportion . . . to the medium of provision during the last bad cycle of twenty years. Burke. 3. An age; a long period of time. Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay. Tennyson. 4. An orderly list for a given time; a calendar. [Obs.] We . . . present our gardeners with a complete cycle of what is requisite to be done throughout every month of the year. Evelyn. 5. The circle of subjects connected with the exploits of the hero or heroes of some particular period which have severed as a popular theme for poetry, as the legend aof Arthur and the knights of the Round Table, and that of Charlemagne and his paladins. 6. (Bot.) Defn: One entire round in a circle or a spire; as, a cycle or set of leaves. Gray. 7. A bicycle or tricycle, or other light velocipede. Calippic cycle, a period of 76 years, or four Metonic cycles; -- so called from Calippus, who proposed it as an improvement on the Metonic cycle. -- Cycle of eclipses, a priod of about 6,586 days, the time of revolution of the moon's node; -- called Saros by the Chaldeans. -- Cycle of indiction, a period of 15 years, employed in Roman and ecclesiastical chronology, not founded on any astronomical period, but having reference to certain judicial acts which took place at stated epochs under the Greek emperors. -- Cycle of the moon, or Metonic cycle, a period of 19 years, after the lapse of which the new and full moon returns to the same day of the year; -- so called from Meton, who first proposed it. -- Cycle of the sun, Solar cycle, a period of 28 years, at the end of which time the days of the month return to the same days of the week. The dominical or Sunday letter follows the same order; hence the solar cycle is also called the cycle of the Sunday letter. In the Gregorian calendar the solar cycle is in general interrupted at the end of the century. CYCLE Cy"cle (s"k'l), v. i. [imp. & p.p. Cycled. (-k'ld); p.pr. & vb. n. Cycling (-kl.] 1. To pass through a cycle of changes; to recur in cycles. Tennyson. Darwin. 2. To ride a bicycle, tricycle, or other form of cycle. CYCLIC; CYCLICAL Cyc"lic (sk"lk or s"klk), Cyc"lic*al (sk"l-kal), a. Etym: [Cf. F. cycluque, Gr.Cycle.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a cycle or circle; moving in cycles; as, cyclical time. Coleridge. Cyclic chorus, the chorus which performed the songs and dances of the dithyrambic odes at Athens, dancing round the altar of Bacchus in a circle. -- Cyclic poets, certain epic poets who followed Homer, and wrote merely on the Trojan war and its heroes; -- so called because keeping within the circle of a singe subject. Also, any series or coterie of poets writing on one subject. Milman. CYCLIDE Cy"clide (s"kld), n. Etym: [Gr. (Geom.) Defn: A surface of the fourth degree, having certain special relations to spherical surfaces. The tore or anchor ring is one of the cyclides. CYCLING Cy"cling (s"klng), n. Defn: The act, art, or practice, of riding a cycle, esp. a bicycle or tricycle. CYCLIST Cy"clist (s"klst), n. Defn: A cycler. CYCLO- Cy"clo- (s"kl-). Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form meaning circular, of a circle or wheel. CYCLOBRANCHIATE Cy`clo*bran"chi*ate (s`kl-brn"k-t), a. Etym: [Cyclo- + branchiate.] (Zoöl) Defn: Having the gills around the margin of the body, as certain limpets. CYCLOGANOID Cy`clo*ga"noid (s`kl-g"noid or -gn"oid), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cycloganoidei. CYCLOGANOID Cy`clo*ga"noid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Cycloganoidei. CYCLOGANOIDEI Cy`clo*ga*noi"de*i (s"kl-g-noi"d-), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ganoidei. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of ganoid fishes, having cycloid scales. The bowfin (Amia calva) is a living example. CYCLOGRAPH Cy"clo*graph (s"kl-grf), n. Etym: [Cyclo- + -graph.] Defn: See Arcograph. CYCLOID Cy"cloid (s"kloid), n. Etym: [Cyclo- + -oid: cf. F. cycloïde.] (Geom.) Defn: A curve generated by a point in the plane of a circle when the circle is rolled along a straight line, keeping always in the same plane. Note: The common cycloid is the curve described when the generating point (p) is on the circumference of the generating circle; the curtate cycloid, when that point lies without the circumference; the prolate or inflected cycloid, when the generating point (p) lies within that circumference. CYCLOID Cy"cloid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cycloidei. Cycloid scale (Zoöl.), a fish scale which is thin and shows concentric lines of growth, without serrations on the margin. CYCLOID Cy"cloid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Cycloidei. CYCLOIDAL Cy*cloid"al (-al), a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a cycloid; as, the cycloidal space is the space contained between a cycloid and its base. Cycloidal engine. See Geometric lathe. CYCLOIDEI Cy*cloi"de*i (s-kloi"d-), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes, formerly proposed by Agassiz, for those with thin, smooth scales, destitute of marginal spines, as the herring and salmon. The group is now regarded as artificial. CYCLOIDIAN Cy*cloid"i*an (s-kloid"-an), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as 2d and 3d Cycloid. CYCLOMETER Cy*clom"e*ter (s-klm"-tr), n. Etym: [Cyclo- + -meter.] Defn: A contrivance for recording the revolutions of a wheel, as of a bicycle. CYCLOMETRY Cy*clom"e*try (-tr), n. Etym: [Cyclo- + -metry: cf. F. cyclom.] (Geom.) Defn: The art of measuring circles. CYCLONE Cy"clone (s"kln), n. Etym: [Gr. (Meteor.) Defn: A violent storm, often of vast extent, characterized by high winds rotating about a calm center of low atmospheric pressure. This center moves onward, often with a velocity of twenty or thirty miles an hour. Note: The atmospheric disturbance usually accompanying a cyclone, marked by an onward moving area of high pressure, is called an anticyclone. CYCLONE CELLAR; CYCLONE PIT Cyclone cellar or pit . Defn: A cellar or excavation used for refuge from a cyclone, or tornado. [Middle U. S.] CYCLONIC Cy*clon"ic (s-kln"k), a. Defn: Pertaining to a cyclone. CYCLONOSCOPE Cy*clo"no*scope, n. [Cyclone + -scope.] Defn: An apparatus to assist in locating the center of a cyclone. CYCLOP Cy"clop (s"klp), n. Defn: See Note under Cyclops, 1. CYCLOPEAN Cy`clo*pe"an (s`kl-p"an), a. Etym: [L. Cyclopeus, Gr. cyclopeen.] Defn: Pertaining to the Cyclops; characteristic of the Cyclops; huge; gigantic; vast and rough; massive; as, Cyclopean labors; Cyclopean architecture. CYCLOPEDIA; CYCLOPAEDIA Cy`clo*pe"di*a Cy`clo*pae"di*a (s`kl-p"d-), n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. ky`klos circle + paidei`a the bringing up of a child, education, erudition, fr. paidey`ein to bring up a child. See Cycle, and cf. Encyclopedia, Pedagogue.] Defn: The circle or compass of the arts and sciences (originally, of the seven so-called liberal arts and sciences); circle of human knowledge. Hence, a work containing, in alphabetical order, information in all departments of knowledge, or on a particular department or branch; as, a cyclopedia of the physical sciences, or of mechanics. See Encyclopedia. CYCLOPEDIC Cy`clo*ped"ic (s`kl-pd"k or -p"dk), a. Defn: Belonging to the circle of the sciences, or to a cyclopedia; of the nature of a cyclopedia; hence, of great range, extent, or amount; as, a man of cyclopedic knowledge. CYCLOPEDIST Cy`clo*pe"dist (-p"dst), n. Defn: A maker of, or writer for, a cyclopedia. CYCLOPIC Cy*clop"ic (s-klp"k), a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to the Cyclops; Cyclopean. CYCLOPS Cy"clops (s"klps), n. sing. & pl. Etym: [L. Cyclops, Gr. 1. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: One of a race of giants, sons of Neptune and Amphitrite, having but one eye, and that in the middle of the forehead. They were fabled to inhabit Sicily, and to assist in the workshops of Vulcan, under Mt. Etna. Note: Pope, in his translation of the "Odyssey," uniformly spells this word Cyclop, when used in the singular. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of minute Entomostraca, found both in fresh and salt water. See Copepoda. 3. A portable forge, used by tinkers, etc. CYCLORAMA Cy`clo*ra"ma (s`kl-r"m or -r"m), n. Etym: [Cyclo- + Gr. Defn: A pictorial view which is extended circularly, so that the spectator is surrounded by the objects represented as by things in nature. The realistic effect is increased by putting, in the space between the spectator and the picture, things adapted to the scene represented, and in some places only parts of these objects, the completion of them being carried out pictorially. CYCLOSCOPE Cy"clo*scope (s"kl-skp), n. Etym: [Cyclo- + -scope.] Defn: A machine for measuring at any moment velocity of rotation, as of a wheel of a steam engine. Knight. CYCLOSIS Cy*clo"sis (s-kl"ss), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Cyclone.] (Bot.) Defn: The circulation or movement of protoplasmic granules within a living vegetable cell. CYCLOSTOMATA Cy`clo*stom"a*ta (s`kl-stm"-t) Defn: CYCLOSTOME Cy*clos"to*me, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Bryozoa, in which the cells have circular apertures. CYCLOSTOME; CYCLOSTOMOUS Cy"clo*stome (s"kl-stm), Cy*clos"to*mous (s-kls"t-ms), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Cyclostomi. CYCLOSTOMI Cy*clos"to*mi (s-kls"t-m), n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Cyclostomata.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A glass of fishes having a suckerlike mouth, without jaws, as the lamprey; the Marsipobranchii. CYCLOSTYLAR Cy`clo*sty"lar (s`kl-st"r), a. Etym: [Cyclo- + Gr. Defn: Relating to a structure composed of a circular range of columns, without a core or building within. Weale. CYCLOSTYLE Cy"clo*style (s"kl-stl), n. Etym: [Cyclo + style.] Defn: A contrivance for producing manifold copies of writing or drawing. The writing or drawing is done with a style carrying a small wheel at the end which makes minute punctures in the paper, thus converting it into a stencil. Copies are transferred with an inked roller. CYDER Cy"der (s"dr), n. Defn: See Cider. [Archaic] CYDONIN Cy*do"nin (s-d"nn), n. (Chem.) Defn: A peculiar mucilaginous substance extracted from the seeds of the quince (Cydonia vulgaris), and regarded as a variety of amylose. CYGNET Cyg"net (sg"nt), n. Etym: [Dim. of F. cygne swan, L. cycnus. cygnus, fr. Gr. cugne seems to be an etymological spelling of OF. cisne, fr. LL. cecinus, cicinus, perh. ultimately also fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young swan. Shak. CYGNUS Cyg"nus (sg"ns), n. Etym: [L., a swan.] (Astron.) Defn: A constellation of the northern hemisphere east of, or following, Lyra; the Swan. CYLINDER Cyl"in*der (sl"n-dr), n. Etym: [F. cylindre, OF. cilindre, L. cylindrus, fr. Gr. Calender the machine.] 1. (Geom.) (a) A solid body which may be generated by the rotation of a parallelogram round one its sides; or a body of rollerlike form, of which the longitudinal section is oblong, and the cross section is circular. (b) The space inclosed by any cylindrical surface. The space may be limited or unlimited in length. 2. Any hollow body of cylindrical form, as: (a) The chamber of a steam engine in which the piston is moved by the force of steam. (b) The barrel of an air or other pump. (c) (Print.) The revolving platen or bed which produces the impression or carries the type in a cylinder press. (d) The bore of a gun; the turning chambered breech of a revolver. 3. The revolving square prism carryng the cards in a Jacquard loom. Cylinder axis. (Anat.) SeeAxis cylinder, under Axis. -- Cylinder engine (Paper Making), a machine in which a cylinder takes up the pulp and delivers it in a continuous sheet to the dryers. -- Cylinder escapement. See Escapement. -- Cylinder glass. See Glass. -- Cylinder mill. See Roller mill. -- Cylinder press. See Press. CYLINDRACEOUS Cyl`in*dra"ceous (-dr"shs), a. Etym: [Cf. F. cylyndrac] Defn: Cylindrical, or approaching a cylindrical form. CYLINDRIC; CYLINDRICAL Cy*lin"dric (s-ln"drk), Cy*lin"dric*al (-dr-kal), a. Etym: [Gr.cylindrique.] Defn: Having the form of a cylinder, or of a section of its convex surface; partaking of the properties of the cylinder. Cylindrical lens, a lens having one, or more than one, cylindrical surface. -- Cylindric, or Cylindrical, surface (Geom.), a surface described by a straight line that moves according to any law, but so as to be constantly parallel to a given line. -- Cylindrical vault. (Arch.) See under Vault, n. CYLINDRICALLY Cy*lin"dric*al*ly (s-ln"dr-kal-l), adv. Defn: In the manner or shape of a cylinder; so as to be cylindrical. CYLINDRICITY Cyl*`in*dric"i*ty (sl`n-drs"-t), n Defn: The quality or condition of being cylindrical. CYLINDRIFORM Cy*lin"dri*form (s-ln"dr-frm), a. Etym: [L. cylindrus (Gr. -form: cf.F. cylindriforme.] Defn: Having the form of a cylinder. CYLINDROID Cyl"in*droid (sl"n-droid), n. Etym: [Gr. -oid: cf. F. cylindro.] 1. A solid body resembling a right cylinder, but having the bases or ends elliptical. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A certain surface of the third degree, described by a moving straight line; -- used to illustrate the motions of a rigid body and also the forces acting on the body. CYLINDROMETRIC Cy*lin`dro*met"ric (s-ln`dr-mt"rk), a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Belonging to a scale used in measuring cylinders. CYMA Cy"ma (s"m) n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Cyme] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A member or molding of the cornice, the profile of which is wavelike in form. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A cyme. See Cyme. Cyma recta, or Cyma, a cyma, hollow in its upper part and swelling below. -- Cyma reversa, or Ogee, a cyma swelling out on the upper part and hollow below. CYMAR Cy*mar" (s-mr"), n. Etym: [F. simarre. See Chimere.] Defn: A sight covering; a scarf. See Simar. Her body shaded with a light cymar. Dryden. CYMATIUM Cy*ma"ti*um (s-m"sh-m), n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Arch.) Defn: A capping or crowning molding in classic architecture. CYMBAL Cym"bal (sm"bal). n. Etym: [OE. cimbale, simbale, OF. cimbale, F. cymbale, L. cymbalum, fr. Gr. kubha pot. Cf. Chime.] 1. A musical instrument used by the ancients. It is supposed to have been similar to the modern kettle drum, though perhaps smaller. 2. A musical instrument of brass, shaped like a circular dish or a flat plate, with a handle at the back; -- used in pairs to produce a sharp ringing sound by clashing them together. Note: In orchestras, one cymbal is commonly attached to the bass drum, and the other heid in the drummer's left hand, while his right hand uses the drumstick. 3. A musical instrument used by gypsies and others, made of steel wire, in a triangular form, on which are movable rings. CYMBALIST Cym"bal*ist, n. Defn: A performer upon cymbals. CYMBIFORM Cym"bi*form (sm"b-frm),, a. Etym: [L. cymba boat (Gr. -form: cf. F. cymbiforme.] Defn: Shaped like a boat; (Bot.) elongated and having the upper surface decidedly concave, as the glumes of many grasses. CYMBIUM Cym"bi*um (sm"b-m), n. Etym: [L., a small cup, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine univalve shells; the gondola. CYME Cyme (sm), n. Etym: [L. cyma the young sprount of a cabbage, fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A flattish or convex flower cluster, of the centrifugal or determinate type, differing from a corymb chiefly in the order of the opening of the blossoms. CYMENE Cy"mene (s"mn), n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, liquid, combustible hydrocarbon, CH3.C6H4.C3H7, of pleasant odor, obtained from oil of cumin, oil of caraway, carvacrol, camphor, etc.; -- called also paracymene, and formerly camphogen. CYMENOL Cy"me*nol (s"m-nl), n. (Chem.) Defn: See Carvacrol. CYMIDINE Cy"mi*dine ( s"m-dn or -dn; 104), n. (Chem.) Defn: A liquid organic base, C10H13.NH2, derived from cymene. CYMIFEROUS Cy*mif"er*ous (s-mf"r-s), a. Etym: [Cyme + -ferous.] Defn: Producing cymes. CYMLING; CYMBLING Cym"ling, Cymb"ling (sm"lng), n. Defn: A scalloped or "pattypan" variety of summer squash. CYMOGENE Cy"mo*gene (s"m-jn), n. (Chem.) Defn: A highly volatile liquid, condensed by cold and pressure from the first products of the distillation of petroleum; -- used for producing low temperatures. CYMOGRAPH Cy"mo*graph, n. [Cyma + -graph.] (a) An instrument for making tracings of the outline or contour of profiles, moldings, etc. (b) Var. of Kymograph. --Cy`mo*graph"ic (#), a. CYMOGRAPH Cy"mo*graph, v. t. Defn: To trace or copy with a cymograph. CYMOID Cy"moid (s"moid), a. Etym: [Cyme + -oid.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of a cyme. CYMOMETER Cy*mom"e*ter, n. [Gr. wave -meter.] Defn: An instrument for exhibiting and measuring wave motion; specif. (Elec.), Defn: an instrument for determining the frequency of electic wave oscillations, esp. in connection with wireless telegraphy. CYMOPHANE Cym"o*phane (sm"-fn or s"m-), n. Etym: [Gr.cymophane. So named in allusion to a peculiar opalescence often seen in it.] (Min.) Defn: See Chrysoberyl. CYMOPHANOUS Cy*moph"a*nous (s-mf"-ns or s-), a. Defn: Having a wavy, floating light; opalescent; chatoyant. CYMOSCOPE Cy"mo*scope, n. [Gr. wave + -scope.] (Elec.) Defn: Any device for detecting the presence of electric waves. The influence of electric waves on the resistance of a particular kind of electric circuit, on the magnetization of steel, on the polarization of an electrolytic cell, or on the electric condition of a vacuum has been applied in the various cymoscopes. CYMOSE; CYMOUS Cy"mose (s"ms; 277), Cy"mous (s"ms), a. Etym: [L. cymosus full of shoots: cf. FF. cymeux. See Cyme.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the nature of a cyme, or derived from a cyme; bearing, or pertaining to, a cyme or cymes. CYMRIC Cym"ric (km"rk), a. Etym: [W. Cymru Wales.] Defn: Welsh. -- n. Defn: The Welsh language. [Written also Kymric.] CYMRY Cym"ry (-r), n. Etym: [W., pl.] Defn: A collective term for the Welsh race; -- so called by themselves . [Written also Cymri, Cwmry, Kymry, etc.] CYMULE Cy"mule (s"ml), n. Etym: [Cf. L. cymula a tender sprout, dim. of cyna. See Cyme.] (Bot.) Defn: A small cyme, or one of very few flowers. CYNANCHE Cy*nan"che (s-nn"k), n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Quinsy.] (Med.) Defn: Any disease of the tonsils, throat, or windpipe, attended with inflammation, swelling, and difficulty of breathing and swallowing. CYNANTHROPY Cy*nan"thro*py (s-nn"thr-p), n. Etym: [Gr. cynanthropie.] (Med.) Defn: A kind of madness in which men fancy themselves changed into dogs, and imitate the voice and habits of that animal. CYNARCTOMACHY Cyn`arc*tom"a*chy (sn`rk-tm"-k). n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Bear baiting with a dog. Hudibras. CYNARRHODIUM Cyn`ar*rho"di*um (sn`r-r"d-m), n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A fruit like that of the rose, consisting of a cup formed of the calyx tube and receptacle, and containing achenes. CYNEGETICS Cyn`e*get"ics (sn`-jt"ks), n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The art of hunting with dogs. CYNIC; CYNICAL Cyn"ic (sn"k), Cyn"ic*al (--kal), a. Etym: [L. cynicus of the sect of Cynics, fr. Gr. Hound.] 1. Having the qualities of a surly dog; snarling; captious; currish. I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received. Johnson. 2. Pertaining to the Dog Star; as, the cynic, or Sothic, year; cynic cycle. 3. Belonging to the sect of philosophers called cynics; having the qualities of a cynic; pertaining to, or resembling, the doctrines of the cynics. 4. Given to sneering at rectitude and the conduct of life by moral principles; disbelieving in the reality of any human purposes which are not suggested or directed by self-interest or self-indulgence; as, a cynical man who scoffs at pretensions of integrity; characterized by such opinions; as, cynical views of human nature. Note: In prose, cynical is used rather than cynic, in the senses 1 and 4. Cynic spasm (Med.), a convulsive contraction of the muscles of one side of the face, producing a sort of grin, suggesting certain movements in the upper lip of a dog. CYNIC Cyn"ic, n. (Gr. Philos) 1. One of a sect or school of philosophers founded by Antisthenes, and of whom Diogenes was a disciple. The first Cynics were noted for austere lives and their scorn for social customs and current philosophical opinions. Hence the term Cynic symbolized, in the popular judgment, moroseness, and contempt for the views of others. 2. One who holds views resembling those of the Cynics; a snarler; a misanthrope; particularly, a person who believes that human conduct is directed, either consciously or unconsciously, wholly by self- interest or self-indulgence, and that appearances to the contrary are superficial and untrustworthy. He could obtain from one morose cynic, whose opinion it was impossible to despise, scarcely any not acidulated with scorn. Macaulay. CYNICALLY Cyn"ic*al*ly (sn"-kal-l), adv. Defn: In a cynical manner. CYNICALNESS Cyn"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being cynical. CYNICISM Cyn"i*cism (sn"-sz'm), n. Defn: The doctrine of the Cynics; the quality of being cynical; the mental state, opnions, or conduct, of a cynic; morose and contemptuous views and opinions. CYNOIDEA Cy*noi"de*a (s-noi"d-a), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Carnivora, including the dogs, wolves, and foxes. CYNOREXIA Cyn`o*rex"i*a (sn`-rks"-), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A voracious appetite, like that of a starved dog. CYNOSURAL Cy`no*su"ral (s`n-sh"ral or sn`-), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a cynosure. CYNOSURE Cy"no*sure (s"n-shr or sn"-shr; 277), n. Etym: [L. Cynosura theconstellation Cynosure, Gr. Cynic.] 1. The constellation of the Lesser Bear, to which, as containing the polar star, the eyes of mariners and travelers were often directed. 2. That which serves to direct. Southey. 3. Anything to which attention is strongly turned; a center of attraction. Where perhaps some beauty lies, The cynosure of neighboring eyes. Milton. CYON Cy"on (s"n), n. Defn: See Cion, and Scion. CYPERACEOUS Cyp`er*a"ceous (sp`r-"shs or s`pr-), a. (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a large family of plants of which the sedge is the type. CYPERUS Cyp"e*rus (sp"-rs), n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A large genus of plants belonging to the Sedge family, and including the species called galingale, several bulrushes, and the Egyptian papyrus. CYPHER Cy"pher (s"fr), n. & v. Defn: See Cipher. CYPHONAUTES Cyph`o*nau"tes (sf`-n"tz), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The free-swimming, bivalve larva of certain Bryozoa. CYPHONISM Cyph"o*nism (sf`-nz'm or s, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A punishment sometimes used by the ancients, consisting in the besmearing of the criminal with honey, and exposing him to insects. It is still in use among some Oriental nations. CYPRAEA Cy*præ"a (s-pr"), n. Etym: [NL.; cf. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of mollusks, including the cowries. See Cowrie. CYPRES Cy`pres" (s`pr" or s`prs"), n. Etym: [OF., nearly.] (Law) Defn: A rule for construing written instruments so as to conform as nearly to the intention of the parties as is consistent with law. Mozley & W. CYPRESS Cy"press (s"prs), n.; pl. Cypresses (- Etym: [OE. cipres, cipresse, OF. cipres, F. cypr, L. cupressus, cyparissus (cf. the usual Lat. form cupressus), fr. Gr. g, Gen. vi. 14.] (Bot) Defn: A coniferous tree of the genus Cupressus. The species are mostly evergreen, and have wood remarkable for its durability. Note: Among the trees called cypress are the common Oriental cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, the evergreen American cypress, C. thyoides (now called Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea), and the deciduous American cypress, Taxodium distichum. As having anciently been used at funerals, and to adorn tombs, the Oriental species is an emblem of mourning and sadness. Cypress vine (Bot.), a climbing plant with red or white flowers (Ipotoea Quamoclit, formerly Quamoclit vulgaris). CYPRIAN Cyp"ri*an (sp"r-an), a. Etym: [L. Cyprius, fr. Cyprus, Gr. 1. Belonging to Cyprus. 2. Of, pertaining, or conducing to, lewdness. CYPRIAN Cyp"ri*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Cyprus, especially of ancient Cyprus; a Cypriot. 2. A lewd woman; a harlot. CYPRINE Cyp"rine (sp"rn or s"prn), a. Etym: [Cf. Cypress.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the cypress. CYPRINE Cyp"rine, a. Etym: [See Cyprinoid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Cyprinoid. CYPRINODONT Cy*prin"o*dont (s-prn"-dnt), n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Cyprinodontidae, a family of fishes including the killifishes or minnows. See Minnow. CYPRINOID Cyp"ri*noid (sp"r-noid), a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like the carp (Cyprinus). -- n. Defn: One of the Cyprinidae, or Carp family, as the goldfish, barbel, etc. CYPRIOT Cyp"ri*ot (sp"r-t), n. Etym: [F. Cypriot, Chypriot.] Defn: A native or inhabitant of Cyprus. CYPRIPEDIUM Cyp`ri*pe"di*um (sp`r-p"d-m), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Cypris Venus + pes, pedis, foot.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of orchidaceous plants including the lady's slipper. CYPRIS Cy"pris (s"prs), n.; pl. Cyprides (s. Etym: [L. Cypris, the Cyprian goddess Venus, Gr. Cyprian.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small, bivalve, freshwater Crustacea, belonging to the Ostracoda; also, a member of this genus. CYPRUS Cy"prus (s"prs), n. Etym: [OE. cipres, cypirs; perh. so named as being first manufactured in Cyprus. Cf. Cipers.] Defn: A thin, transparent stuff, the same as, or corresponding to, crape. It was either white or black, the latter being most common, and used for mourning. [Obs.] Lawn as white as driven snow, Cyprus black as e'er was crow. Shak. CYPRUSLAWN Cy"prus*lawn` (-ln`), n. Defn: Same as Cyprus. Milton. CYPSELA Cyp"se*la (sp"s-l), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A one-seeded, one-called, indehiscent fruit; an achene with the calyx tube adherent. CYPSELIFORM Cyp*sel"i*form (sp-sl"-frm), a. Etym: [L. cypselus a kind of swallow, Gr. -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or belonging to the swifts (Cypselidæ.) CYRENAIC Cyr`e*na"ic (sr`-n"k or s`r-), a. Etym: [L. Cyrenaicus, fr. Cyrene, in Libya.] Defn: Pertaining to Cyrenaica, an ancient country of northern Africa, and to Cyrene, its principal city; also, to a school of philosophy founded by Aristippus, a native of Cyrene. -- n. Defn: A native of Cyrenaica; also, a disciple of the school of Aristippus. See Cyrenian, n. CYRENIAN Cy*re"ni*an (s-r"n-an), a. Defn: Pertaining to Cyrene, in Africa; Cyrenaic. CYRENIAN Cy*re"ni*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Cyrene. 2. One of a school of philosophers, established at Cyrene by Aristippus, a disciple of Socrates. Their doctrines were nearly the same as those of the Epicureans. CYRIOLOGIC Cyr`i*o*log"ic (sr`--lj"k or s`r-), a. Etym: [See Curiologic.] Defn: Relating to capital letters. CYRTOSTYLE Cyr"to*style (sr"t-stl), n. Etym: [Gr. (Arch.) Defn: A circular projecting portion. CYST Cyst (sst), n. Etym: [Gr. Cyme.] 1. (Med.) (a) A pouch or sac without opening, usually membranous and containing morbid matter, which is accidentally developed in one of the natural cavaties or in the substance of an organ. (b) In old authors, the urinary bladder, or the gall bladder. [Written also cystis.] 2. (Bot.) Defn: One of the bladders or air vessels of certain algæ, as of the great kelp of the Pacific, and common rockweeds (Fuci) of our shores. D. C. Eaton. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A small capsule or sac of the kind in which many immature entozoans exit in the tissues of living animals; also, a similar form in Rotifera, etc. (b) A form assumed by Protozoa inwhich they become saclike and quiescent. It generally precedes the production of germs. See Encystment. CYSTED Cyst"ed (ss"td), a. Defn: Inclosed in a cyst. CYSTIC Cyst"ic (ss"tk), a. Etym: [Cf. F. cystique.] 1. Having the form of, or living in, a cyst; as, the cystic entozoa. 2. Containing cysts; cystose; as, cystic sarcoma. 3. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or contained in, a cyst; esp., pertaining to, or contained in, either the urinary bladder or the gall bladder. Cystic duct, the duct from the gall bladder which unites with the hepatic to form the common bile duct. -- Cystic worm (Zoöl.), a larval tape worm, as the cysticercus and echinococcus. CYSTICERCE; CYSTICERCUS Cys"ti*cerce (ss"t-srs), Cys`ti*cer"cus (-sr"ks), n. Etym: [NL. cysticercus, fr. Gr. cysticerque.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The larval form of a tapeworm, having the head and neck of a tapeworm attached to a saclike body filled with fluid; -- called also bladder worm, hydatid, and measle (as, pork measle). Note: These larvae live in the tissues of various living animals, and, when swallowed by a suitable carnivorous animal, develop into adult tapeworms in the intestine. See Measles, 4, Tapeworm. CYSTICULE Cys"ti*cule (ss"t-kl), n. Etym: [Dim. of cyst.] (Anat.) Defn: An appendage of the vestibular ear sac of fishes. Owen. CYSTID Cys"tid (ss"td), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Cystidea. CYSTIDEA Cys*tid"e*a (ss-td"-), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Crinoidea, mostly fossils of the Paleozoic rocks. They were usually roundish or egg-shaped, and often unsymmetrical; some were sessile, others had short stems. CYSTIDEAN Cys*tid"e*an (-td"-an), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Cystidea. CYSTINE Cyst"ine (ss"tn; 104), n. Etym: [See Cyst.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance, C3H7NSO2, containing sulphur, occuring as a constituent of certain rare urinary calculi, and occasionally found as a sediment in urine. CYSTIS Cys"tis (ss"ts), n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A cyst. See Cyst. CYSTITIS Cys*ti"tis (ss-t"ts), n. Etym: [Cyst + -itis: cf. F. cystite.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the bladder. CYSTOCARP Cys"to*carp (ss"t-krp), n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A minute vesicle in a red seaweed, which contains the reproductive spores. CYSTOCELE Cys"to*cele (-sl), n. Etym: [Gr. cystocele.] (Med.) Defn: Hernia in which the urinary bladder protrudes; vesical hernia. CYSTOID; CYSTOIDEAN Cys"toid, Cys*toid"e*an, n. Defn: Same as Cystidean. CYSTOIDEA Cys*toi"de*a (ss-toi"d-), n. Defn: Same as Cystidea. CYSTOLITH Cys"to*lith (ss"t-lth), n. Etym: [Gr. -lith.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A concretion of mineral matter within a leaf or other part of a plant. 2. (Med.) Defn: A urinary calculus. CYSTOLITHIC Cys`to*lith"ic (-lth"k), a. (Med.) Defn: Relating to stone in the bladder. CYSTOPLAST Cys"to*plast (-plst), n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A nucleated cell having an envelope or cell wall, as a red blood corpuscle or an epithelial cell; a cell concerned in growth. CYSTOSE Cyst"ose (ss"ts), a. Defn: Containing, or resembling, a cyst or cysts; cystic; bladdery. CYSTOTOME Cys"to*tome (ss"t-tm), n. Etym: [Gr. cystotome.] (Surg.) Defn: A knife or instrument used in cystotomy. CYSTOTOMY Cys*tot"o*my (ss-tt"-m), n. Etym: [Gr. cystotomie.] Defn: The act or practice of opening cysts; esp., the operation of cutting into the bladder, as for the extraction of a calculus. CYTHEREAN Cyth`er*e"an (sth`r--"an), a. Etym: [L. Cythereus, from Cythera, Gr. Cerigo, an island in the Ægean Sea, celebrated for the worship of Venus.] Defn: Pertaining to the goddess Venus. CYTOBLAST Cy"to*blast (s"t-blst), n. Etym: [Gr. -blast.] (Biol.) Defn: The nucleus of a cell; the germinal or active spot of a cellule, through or in which cell development takes place. CYTOBLASTEMA Cy`to*blas*te"ma (-bls-t"m), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: See Protoplasm. CYTOCOCCUS Cy`to*coc"cus (-kk"ks), n.; pl. Cytococci (-s. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The nucleus of the cytula or parent cell. Hæckel. CYTODE Cy"tode (s"td), n. Etym: [Gr. Cyst.] (Biol.) Defn: A nonnucleated mass of protoplasm, the supposed simplest form of independent life differing from the amoeba, in which nuclei are present. CYTOGENESIS Cy`to*gen"e*sis (s`t-jn"-ss), n. Etym: [Gr. genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: Development of cells in animal and vegetable organisms. See Gemmation, Budding, Karyokinesis; also Cell development, under Cell. CYTOGENIC; CYTOGENETIC Cy`to*gen"ic (s`t-jn"k), Cy`to*ge*net"ic (-j-nt"k), a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to cytogenesis or cell development. CYTOGENOUS Cy*tog"e*nous (s-tj"-ns), a. (Anat.) Defn: Producing cells; -- applied esp. to lymphatic, or adenoid, tissue. CYTOGENY Cy*tog"e*ny (-n), n . (Biol.) Defn: Cell production or development; cytogenesis. CYTOID Cy"toid (s"toid), a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Physiol.) Defn: Cell-like; -- applied to the corpuscles of lymph, blood, chyle, etc. CYTOPLASM Cy"to*plasm (s"t-plz'm), n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The substance of the body of a cell, as distinguished from the karyoplasma, or substance of the nucleus. -- Cy`to*plas"mic (-pl, a. CYTULA Cyt"u*la (st"-l), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The fertilized egg cell or parent cell, from the development of which the child or other organism is formed. Hæckel. CZAR Czar (zär), n. Etym: [Russ. tsare, fr. L. Caesar Cæsar; cf. OPol. czar, Pol. car. ] Defn: A king; a chief; the title of the emperor of Russia. [Written also tzar.] CZAREVNA Cza*rev"na (z-rv"n), n. Etym: [Russ. tsarevna.] Defn: The title of the wife of the czarowitz. CZARINA Cza*ri"na (z-r"n), n. Etym: [Cf. G. Zarin, Czarin, fem., Russ. tsaitsa.] Defn: The title of the empress of Russia. CZARINIAN Cza*rin"i*an (z-rn"-an), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the czar or the czarina; czarish. CZARISH Czar"ish (zr"sh), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the czar. CZAROWITZ Czar"o*witz (zr"-wts or tr"-vch), n.; pl. Czarowitzes (-. Etym: [Russ. tsar.] Defn: The title of the eldest son of the czar of Russia. CZECH Czech (chk; 204), n. 1. One of the Czechs. 2. The language of the Czechs (often called Bohemian), the harshest and richest of the Slavic languages. CZECHIC Czech"ic (chk"k), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Czechs. "One Czechic realm." The Nation. CZECHS Czechs (chks), n. pl.; sing. Czech. Etym: [Named after their chieftain, Czech.] (Ethnol.) Defn: The most westerly branch of the great Slavic family of nations, numbering now more than 6,000,000, and found principally in Bohemia and Moravia. D 1. The fourth letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonent. The English letter is from Latin, which is from Greek, which took it from Phoenician, the probable ultimate origin being Egyptian. It is related most nearly to t and th; as, Eng. deep, G. tief; Eng. daughter, G. tochter, Gr. duhitr. See Guide to Pronunciation, sq. root178, 179, 229. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The nominal of the second tone in the model major scale (that in C), or of the fourth tone in the relative minor scale of C (that in A minor), or of the key tone in the relative minor of F. 3. As a numeral D stands for 500. in this use it is not the initial of any word, or even strictly a letter, but one half of the sign DAB Dab, n. Etym: [Perh. corrupted fr. adept.] Defn: A skillful hand; a dabster; an expert. [Colloq.] One excels at a plan or the titlepage, another works away at the body of the book, and the therd is a dab at an index. Goldsmith. DAB Dab, n. Etym: [Perh. so named from its quickness in diving beneath the sand. Cf. Dabchick.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A name given to several species of Pleuronectes . TheAmerican rough dab is Hippoglossoides platessoides. DAB Dab, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Dabbed; p.pr.& vb.n. Dabbing.] Etym: [OE. dabben to strice; akin to OD. dabben to pinch, knead, fumble, dabble, and perh. to G. tappen to grope.] 1. To strike or touch gently, as with a soft or moist substance; to tap; hence, to besmear with a dabber. A sore should . . . be wiped . . . only by dabbing it over with fine lint. S. Sharp. 2. To strike by a thrust; to hit with a sudden blow or thrust. "To dab him in the neck." Sir T. More. DAB Dab, n. 1. A gentle blow with the hand or some soft substance; a sudden blow or hit; a peck. Astratch of her clame, a dab of her beack. Hawthorne. 2. A small mass of anything soft or moist. DABB Dabb, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, spine-tailed lizard (Uromastix spinipes), found in Egypt, Arabia, and Palestine; -- called also dhobb, and dhabb. DABBER Dab"ber, n. Defn: That with which one dabs; hence, a pad or other device used by printers, engravers, etc., as for dabbing type or engraved plates with ink. DABBLE Dab"ble, v. t. [imp.&p.p Dabbled; p.pr.&vb.n. Dabbling.] Etym: [Freq. of dab: cf. OD. dabbelen.] Defn: To wet by little dips or strokes; to spatter; to sprinkle; to moisten; to wet. "Bright hair dabbled in blood." Shak. DABBLE Dab"ble, v. i. 1. To play in water, as with the hands; to paddle or splash in mud or water. Wher the duck dabbles Wordsworth. 2. To work in slight or superficial manner; to do in a small way; to tamper; to meddle. "Dabbling here and there with the text." Atterbury. During the ferst year at Dumfries, Burns for the ferst time began to dabble in politics. J. C. Shairp. DABBLER Dab"bler, n. 1. One who dabbles. 2. One who dips slightly into anything; a superficial meddler. "our dabblers in politics." Swift. DABBLINGLY Dab"bling*ly, adv. Defn: In a dabbling manner. DABCHICK Dab"chick`, n. Etym: [For dabchick. See Dap, Dip, cf. Dipchick.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small water bird (Podilymbus podiceps), allied to the grebes, remarkable for its quickness in diving; -- called also dapchick, dobchick, dipchick, didapper, dobber, devil-diver, hell-diver, and pied-billed grebe. DABOIA Da*boi"a, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large and highly venomous Asiatic viper (Daboia xanthica). DABSTER Dab"ster, n. Etym: [Cf. Dab an expert.] Defn: One who is skilled; a master of his business; a proficient; an adept. [Colloq.] Note: Sometimes improperly used for dabbler; as, "I am but a dabster with gentle art." DACAPO Da`ca"po. Etym: [It., from [the] head or beginning.] (Mus.) Defn: From the beginning; a direction to return to, and end with, the first strain; -- indicated by the letters D. C. Also, the strain so repeated. DACE Dace, n. Etym: [Written also dare, dart, fr. F. dard dase, dart, of German origin. Dace is for an older darce, fr. an OF. nom. darz. See Dart a javelin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European cyprinoid fish (Squalius leuciscus or Leuciscus vulgaris); -- called also dare. Note: In America the name is given to several related fishes of the genera Squalius, Minnilus, etc. The black-nosed dace is Rhinichthys atronasus the horned dace is Semotilus corporalis. For red dace, see Redfin. DACHSHUND Dachs"hund`, n. Etym: [G., from dachs badger + hund dog.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a breed of small dogs with short crooked legs, and long body; -- called also badger dog. There are two kinds, the rough- haired and the smooth-haired. DACIAN Da"cian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Dacia or the Dacians. -- n. Defn: A native of ancient Dacia. DACOIT Da*coit" (da*koit"), n. [Hind. dsakait, dsakayat.] Defn: One of a class of robbers, in India, who act in gangs. DACOITY Da*coit"y, n. Defn: The practice of gang robbery in India; robbery committed by dacoits. DACOTAHS Da*co"tahs, n. pl.; sing. Dacotan (. (Ethnol.) Defn: Same as Dacotas. Longfellow. DACTYL Dac"tyl, n. Etym: [L. dactylus, Gr. Digit.] 1. (Pros.) Defn: A poetical foot of three sylables (-- ~ ~), one long followed by two short, or one accented followed by two unaccented; as, L. tëgmînê, E. mer"ciful; -- so called from the similarity of its arrangement to that of the joints of a finger. [Written also dactyle.] 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A finger or toe; a digit. (b) The claw or terminal joint of a leg of an insect or crustacean. DACTYLAR Dac"tyl*ar, a. 1. Pertaining to dactyl; dactylic. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a finger or toe, or to the claw of an insect crustacean. DACTYLET Dac"tyl*et, n. Etym: [Dactyl + .] Defn: A dactyl. [Obs.] DACTYLIC Dac*tyl"ic, a. Etym: [L. dactylicus, Gr. , fr. .] Defn: Pertaining to, consisting chiefly or wholly of, dactyls; as, dactylic verses. DACTYLIC Dac*tyl"ic, n. 1. A line consisting chiefly or wholly of dactyls; as, these lines are dactylics. 2. pl. Defn: Dactylic meters. DACTYLIOGLYPH Dactyl"i*o*glyph, n. Etym: [Gr. an engraver of gems; finger ring (fr. finger) + to engrave.] (Fine Arts) (a) An engraver of gems for rings and other ornaments. (b) The inscription of the engraver's name on a finger ring or gem. DACTYLIOGLYPHY Dac*tyl`i*og"ly*phy, n. Defn: The art or process of gem engraving. DACTYLIOGRAPHY Dac*tyl`i*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. finger ring + .] (Fine Arts) (a) The art of writing or engraving upon gems. (b) In general, the literature or history of the art. DACTYLIOLOGY Dac*tyl`i* ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. finger ring + .] (Fine Arts) (a) That branch of archæology which has to do with gem engraving. (b) That branch of archæology which has to do with finger rings. DACTYLIOMANCY Dac*tyl"i*o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. dakty`lios + -mancy.] Defn: Divination by means of finger rings. DACTYLIST Dac"tyl*ist, n. Defn: A writer of dactylic verse. DACTYLITIS Dac`tyl*i"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. finger + -itis.] (Med.) Defn: An inflammatory affection of the fingers. Gross. DACTYLOLOGY Dac`tyl*o"logy, n. Etym: [Gr. finger + -logy.] Defn: The art of communicating ideas by certain movements and positions of the fingers; -- a method of conversing practiced by the deaf and dumb. Note: There are two different manual alphabets, the one hand alphabet (which was perfected by Abbé de l'Epée, who died in 1789), and the two hand alphabet. The latter was probably based on the manual alphabet published by George Dalgarus of Aberdeen, in 1680. See Illustration in Appendix. DACTYLOMANCY Dac*tyl"o*man`cy, n. Defn: Dactylio mancy. [R.] Am. Cyc. DACTYLONOMY Dac`tyl*on"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. finger + law, distribution.] Defn: The art of numbering or counting by the fingers. DACTYLOPTEROUS Dac`tyl*op"ter*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. finger + wing, fin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the inferior rays of the pectoral fins partially or entirely free, as in the gurnards. DACTYLOTHECA Dac`ty*lo*the"ca, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. finger, toe + case, box.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The scaly covering of the toes, as in birds. DACTYLOZOOID Dac`tyl*o*zo"oid, n. Etym: [Gr. finger + E. zooid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of zooid of Siphonophora which has an elongated or even vermiform body, with one tentacle, but no mouth. See Siphonophora. DAD Dad, n. Etym: [Prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. daid, Gael. daidein, W. tad, OL. , , Skr. tata.] Defn: Father; -- a word sometimes used by children. I was never so bethumped withwords, Since I first called my brother's father dad. Shak. DADDLE Dad"dle, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Daddled, p.pr. & vb.n. Daddling.] Etym: [Prob. freq. of dade.] Defn: To toddle; to walk unsteadily, like a child or an old man; hence, to do anything slowly or feebly. DADDOCK Dad"dock, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. dad a large piece.] Defn: The rotten body of a tree. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. DADDY Dad"dy, n. Defn: Diminutive of Dad. Dryden. DADDY LONGLEGS Dad"dy long"legs`. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: An arachnidan of the genus Phalangium, and allied genera, having a small body and four pairs of long legs; -- called also harvestman, carter, and grandfather longlegs. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A name applied to many species of dipterous insects of the genus Tipula, and allied genera, with slender bodies, and very long, slender legs; the crane fly; -- called also father longlegs. DADE Dade, v. t. Etym: [Of. uncertain origin. Cf. Dandle, Daddle.] Defn: To hold up by leading strings or by the hand, as a child while he toddles. [Obs.] Little children when they learn to go By painful mothers daded to and fro. Drayton. DADE Dade, v. i. Defn: To walk unsteadily, as a child in leading strings, or just learning to walk; to move slowly. [Obs.] No sooner taught to dade, but from their mother trip. Drayton. DADO Da"do, n.; pl. Dadoes. Etym: [It. dado die, cube, pedestal; of the same origin as E. die, n. See Die, n.] (Arch.) (a) That part of a pedestal included between the base and the cornice (or surbase); the die. See Illust. of Column. Hence: (b) In any wall, that part of the basement included between the base and the base course. See Base course, under Base. (c) In interior decoration, the lower part of the wall of an apartment when adorned with moldings, or otherwise specially decorated. DAEDAL; DAEDALIAN Dæ"dal, Dæ*dal"ian, a. Etym: [L. daedalus cunningly wrought, fr. Gr. ; cf. to work cunningly. The word also alludes to the mythical Dædalus (Gr. , lit., the cunning worker).] 1. Cunningly or ingeniously formed or working; skillful; artistic; ingenious. Our bodies decked in our dædalian arms. Chapman. The dædal hand of Nature. J. Philips. The doth the dædal earth throw forth to thee, Out of her fruitful, abundant flowers. Spenser. 2. Crafty; deceitful. [R.] Keats. DAEDALOUS Dæd"a*lous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a variously cut or incised margin; -- said of leaves. DAEMON; DAEMONIC Dæ"mon, n., Dæ*mon"ic (, a. Defn: See Demon, Demonic. DAFF Daff, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Doff.] Defn: To cast aside; to put off; to doff. [Obs.] Canst thou so daff me Thou hast killed my child. Shak. DAFF Daff, n. Etym: [See Daft.] Defn: A stupid, blockish fellow; a numskull. [Obs.] Chaucer. DAFF Daff, v. i. Defn: To act foolishly; to be foolish or sportive; to toy. [Scot.] Jamieson. DAFF Daff, v. t. Defn: To daunt. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. DAFFODIL Daf"fo*dil, n. Etym: [OE. affodylle, prop., the asphodel, fr. LL. affodillus (cf. D. affodille or OF. asphodile, aphodille, F. asphodèle), L. asphodelus, fr. Gr. . The initial d in English is not satisfactorily explained. See Asphodel.] (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Asphodelus. (b) A plant of the genus Narcissus (N. Pseudo-narcissus). It has a bulbous root and beautiful flowers, usually of a yellow hue. Called also daffodilly, daffadilly, daffadowndilly, daffydowndilly, etc. With damasc roses and daffadowndillies set. Spenser. Strow me the ground with daffadowndillies, And cowslips, and kingcups, and loved lilies. Spenser. A college gown That clad her like an April Daffodilly. Tennyson And chance-sown daffodil. Whittier. DAFT Daft, a. Etym: [OE. daft, deft, deft, stupid; prob. the same word as E. deft. See Deft.] 1. Stupid; folish; idiotic; also, delirious; insance; as, he has gone daft. Let us think no more of this daft business Sir W. Scott. 2. Gay; playful; frolicsome. [Scot.] Jamieson. DAFTNESS Daft"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being daft. DAG Dag, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dague, LL. daga, D. dagge (fr. French); all prob. fr. Celtic; Cf. Gael. dag a pistol, Armor. dag dagger, W. dager, dagr, Ir. daigear. Cf. Dagger.] 1. A dagger; a poniard. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. A large pistol formerly used. [Obs.] The Spaniards discharged their dags, and hurt some. Foxe. A sort of pistol, called dag, was used about the same time as hand guns and harquebuts. Grose. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The unbrunched antler of a young deer. DAG Dag, n. Etym: [Of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. dagg, Icel. dögg. sq. root71. See Dew.] Defn: A misty shower; dew. [Obs.] DAG Dag, n. Etym: [OE. dagge (cf. Dagger); or cf. AS. dag what is dangling.] Defn: A loose end; a dangling shred. Daglocks, clotted locks hanging in dags or jags at a sheep's tail. Wedgwood. DAG Dag, v. t. Etym: [1, from Dag dew. 2, from Dag a loose end.] 1. To daggle or bemire. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson. 2. To cut into jags or points; to slash; as, to dag a garment. [Obs.] Wright. DAG Dag, v. i. Defn: To be misty; to drizzle. [Prov. Eng.] DAGGER Dag"ger, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. daggen to pierce, F. daguer. See Dag a dagger.] 1. A short weapon used for stabbing. This is the general term: cf. Poniard, Stiletto, Bowie knife, Dirk, Misericorde, Anlace. 2. (Print.) Defn: A mark of reference in the form of a dagger [|]. It is the second in order when more than one reference occurs on a page; -- called also obelisk. Dagger moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Apatalea. The larvæ are often destructive to the foliage of fruit trees, etc. -- Dagger of lath, the wooden weapon given to the Vice in the old Moralities. Shak. -- Double dagger, a mark of reference [||] which comes next in order after the dagger. -- To look, or speak, daggers, to look or speak fiercely or reproachfully. DAGGER Dag"ger, v. t. Defn: To pierce with a dagger; to stab. [Obs.] DAGGER Dag"ger, n. Etym: [Perh. from diagonal.] Defn: A timber placed diagonally in a ship's frame. Knight. DAGGES Dagges, n. pl. Etym: [OE. See Dag a loose end.] Defn: An ornamental cutting of the edges of garments, introduced about a. d. 1346, according to the Chronicles of St Albans. [Obs.] Halliwell. DAGGLE Dag"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Daggling.] Etym: [Freq. of dag, v. t., 1.] Defn: To trail, so as to wet or befoul; to make wet and limp; to moisten. The warrior's very plume, I say, Was daggled by the dashing spray. Sir W. Scott. DAGGLE Dag"gle, v. i. Defn: To run, go, or trail one's self through water, mud, or slush; to draggle. Nor, like a puppy [have I] daggled through the town. Pope. DAGGLE-TAIL; DAGGLE-TAILED Dag"gle-tail`, Dag"gle-tailed`, a. Defn: Having the lower ends of garments defiled by trailing in mire or filth; draggle-tailed. DAGGLE-TAIL Dag"gle-tail`, n. Defn: A slovenly woman; a slattern; a draggle-tail. DAGLOCK Dag"lock`, n. Etym: [Dag a loose and + lock.] Defn: A dirty or clotted lock of wool on a sheep; a taglock. DAGO Da"go, n.; pl. Dagos. Etym: [Cf. Sp. Diego, E. James.] Defn: A nickname given to a person of Spanish (or, by extension, Portuguese or Italian) descent. [U. S.] DAGOBA Da*go"ba, n. Etym: [Singhalese dagoba.] Defn: A dome-shaped structure built over relics of Buddha or some Buddhist saint. [East Indies] DAGON Da"gon, Etym: [Heb. Dagon, fr. dag a fish: cf. Gr. .] Defn: The national god of the Philistines, represented with the face and hands and upper part of a man, and the tail of a fish. W. Smith. This day a solemn feast the people hold To Dagon, their sea idol. Milton. They brought it into the house of Dagon. 1 Sam. v. 2. DAGON Dag"on, n. Etym: [See Dag a loose end.] Defn: A slip or piece. [Obs.] Chaucer. DAGSWAIN Dag"swain`, n. Etym: [From Dag a loose end] Defn: Acoarse woolen fabric made of daglocks, or the refuse of wool. "Under coverlets made of dagswain." Holinshed. DAG-TAILED Dag"-tailed`, a. Etym: [Dag a loose end + tail.] Defn: Daggle-tailed; having the tail clogged with daglocks. "Dag- tailed sheep." Bp. Hall. DAGUERREAN; DAGUERREIAN Da*guer"re*an, Da*guerre"i*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to Daguerre, or to his invention of the daguerreotype. DAGUERREOTYPE Da*guerre"o*type, n. Etym: [From Daguerre the inventor + -type.] 1. An early variety of photograph, produced on a silver plate, or copper plate covered with silver, and rendered sensitive by the action of iodine, or iodine and bromine, on which, after exposure in the camera, the latent image is developed by the vapor of mercury. 2. The process of taking such pictures. DAGUERREOTYPE Da*guerre"o*type, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Daguerreotyped; p. pr. & vb. n. Daguerreotyping.] 1. To produce or represent by the daguerreotype process, as a picture. 2. To impress with great distinctness; to imprint; to imitate exactly. DAGUERREOTYPER; DAGUERREOTYPIST Da*guerre"o*ty`per, Da*guerre"o*ty`pist, n. Defn: One who takes daguerreotypes. DAGUERREOTYPY Da*guerre"o*ty`py, n. Defn: The art or process of producing pictures by method of Daguerre. DAHABEAH Da`ha*be"ah, n. Etym: [Ar.] Defn: A nile boat DAHLIA Dah"lia, n.; pl. Dahlias. Etym: [Named after Andrew Dahl a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants native to Mexico and Central America, of the order Compositæ; also, any plant or flower of the genus. The numerous varieties of cultivated dahlias bear conspicuous flowers which differ in color. DAHLIN Dah"lin, n. Etym: [From Dahlia.] (Chem.) Defn: A variety of starch extracted from the dahlia; -- called also inulin. See Inulin. DAHOON Da*hoon" (da*hoon"), [Origin unknown.] Defn: An evergreen shrub or small tree (Ilex cassine) of the southern United States, bearing red drupes and having soft, white, close- grained wood; -- called also dahoon holly. DAILINESS Dai"li*ness, n. Defn: Daily occurence. [R.] DAILY Dai"ly, a. Etym: [AS. dæglic; dæg day + -lic like. See Day.] Defn: Happening, or belonging to, each successive day; diurnal; as, daily labor; a daily bulletin. Give us this day our daily bread. Matt. vi. 11. Bunyan has told us . . . that in New England his dream was the daily subject of the conversation of thousands. Macaulay. Syn. -- Daily, Diurnal. Daily is Anglo-Saxon, and diurnal is Latin. The former is used in reference to the ordinary concerns of life; as, daily wants, daily cares, daily employments. The latter is appropriated chiefly by astronomers to what belongs to the astronomical day; as, the diurnal revolution of the earth. Man hath his daily work of body or mind Appointed, which declares his dignity, And the regard of Heaven on all his ways. Milton. Half yet remains unsung, but narrower bound Within the visible diurnal sphere. Milton. DAILY Dai"ly, n.; pl. Dailies (. Defn: A publication which appears regularly every day; as, the morning dailies. DAILY Dai"ly, adv. Defn: Every day; day by day; as, a thing happens daily. DAIMIO Dai"mi*o, n.; pl. Daimios. Etym: [Jap., fr. Chin. tai ming great name.] Defn: The title of the feudal nobles of Japan.daimyo The daimios, or territorial nobles, resided in Yedo and were divided into four classes. Am. Cyc. DAINT Daint, n. Etym: [See Dainty, n.] Defn: Something of exquisite taste; a dainty. [Obs.] -- a. Defn: Dainty. [Obs.] To cherish him with diets daint. Spenser. DAINTIFY Dain"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daintified; p. pr. & vb. n. Daintifying.] Etym: [Dainty + -fy.] Defn: To render dainty, delicate, or fastidious. "Daintified emotion." Sat. rev. DAINTILY Dain"ti*ly, adv. Defn: In a dainty manner; nicely; scrupulously; fastidiously; deliciously; prettily. DAINTINESS Dain"ti*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being dainty; nicety; niceness; elegance; delicacy; deliciousness; fastidiousness; squeamishness. The daintiness and niceness of our captains Hakluyt. More notorious for the daintiness of the provision . . . than for the massiveness of the dish. Hakewill. The duke exeeded in the daintiness of his leg and foot, and the earl in the fine shape of his hands, Sir H. Wotton. DAINTREL Dain"trel, n. Etym: [From daint or dainty; cf. OF. daintier.] Defn: Adelicacy. [Obs.] Halliwell. DAINTY Dain"ty, n.; pl. Dainties. Etym: [OE. deinie, dainte, deintie, deyntee, OF. deintié delicacy, orig., dignity, honor, fr. L. dignitas, fr. dignus worthy. See Deign, and cf. Dignity.] 1. Value; estimation; the gratification or pleasure taken in anything. [Obs.] I ne told no deyntee of her love. Chaucer. 2. That which is delicious or delicate; a delicacy. That precious nectar may the taste renew Of Eden's dainties, by our parents lost. Beau. & Fl. 3. A term of fondness. [Poetic] B. Jonson. Syn. -- Dainty, Delicacy. These words are here compared as denoting articles of food. The term delicacy as applied to a nice article of any kind, and hence to articles of food which are particularly attractive. Dainty is stronger, and denotes some exquisite article of cookery. A hotel may be provided with all the delicacies of the season, and its table richly covered with dainties. These delicacies I mean of taste, sight, smell, herbs, fruits, and flowers, Walks and the melody of birds. Milton. [A table] furnished plenteously with bread, And dainties, remnants of the last regale. Cowper. DAINTY Dain"ty, a. [Compar. Daintier; superl. Daintiest.] 1. Rare; valuable; costly. [Obs.] Full many a deynté horse had he in stable. Chaucer. Note: Hence the proverb "dainty maketh dearth," i. e., rarity makes a thing dear or precious. 2. Delicious to the palate; toothsome. Dainty bits Make rich the ribs. Shak. 3. Nice; delicate;elegant, in form, manner, or breeding; well-formed; neat; tender. Those dainty limbs which nature lent For gentle usage and soft delicacy. Milton. Iwould be the girdle. About her dainty, dainty waist. Tennyson. 4. Requirinig daintles. Hence; Overnice; hard to please; fastidious; sqrupulous; ceremonious. Thew were a fine and Dainty people. Bacon. And let us not be dainty of leave taking, But shift away. Shak. To make dainty, to assume or affect delicacy or fastidiousness. [Obs.] Ah ha, my mistresses! which of you all Will now deny to dance She that makes dainty, She, I'll swear, hath corns. Shak. DAIRA Da"ï*ra, n. [Turk. daire circuit department, fr. Ar. daïrah circle.] Defn: Any of several valuable estates of the Egyptian khedive or his family. The most important are the Da"i*ra Sa"ni*eh, or Sa"ni*yeh, and the Da"i*ra Khas"sa, administered by the khedive's European bondholders, and known collectively as the Daira, or the Daira estates. DAIRY Dai"ry, n.;pl. Dairies. Etym: [OE. deierie, from deie, daie, maid; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. deigja maid, dairymaid, Sw. deja, orig., a baking maid, fr. Icel. deig. Dough.] 1. The place, room, or house where milk is kept, and converted into butter or cheese. What stores my dairies and my folds contain. Dryden. 2. That department of farming which is concerned in the production of milk, and its conversion into butter and cheese. Grounds were turned much in England either to feeding or dairy; and this advanced the trade of English butter. Temple. 3. A dairy farm. [R.] Note: Dairy is much used adjectively or in combination; as, dairy farm, dairy countries, dairy house or dairyhouse, dairyroom, dairywork, etc. DAIRYING Dai"ry*ing, n. Defn: The business of conducting a dairy. DAIRYMAID Dai"ry*maid`, n. Defn: A female servant whose business is the care of the dairy. DAIRYMAN Dai"ry*man, n.; pl. Dairymen (. Defn: A man who keeps or takes care of a dairy. DAIRYWOMAN Dai"ry*wom`an, n.; pl. Dairywomen (. Defn: A woman who attends to a dairy. DAIS Da"is (da"îs), n. Etym: [OE. deis, des, table, dais, OF. deis table, F. dais a canopy, L. discus a quoit, a dish (from the shape), LL., table, fr. Gr. a quoit, a dish. See Dish.] 1. The high or principal table, at the end of a hall, at which the chief guests were seated; also, the chief seat at the high table. [Obs.] 2. A platform slightly raised above the floor of a hall or large room, giving distinction to the table and seats placed upon it for the chief guests. 3. A canopy over the seat of a person of dignity. [Obs.] Shiply. DAISIED Dai"sied, a. Defn: Full of daisies; adorned with daisies. "The daisied green." Langhorne. The grass all deep and daisied. G. Eliot. DAISY Dai"sy, n.; pl. Daisies. Etym: [OE. dayesye, AS. dæges day's eye, daisy. See Day, and Eye.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of low herbs (Bellis), belonging to the family Compositæ. The common English and classical daisy is B. prennis, which has a yellow disk and white or pinkish rays. (b) The whiteweed (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum), the plant commonly called daisy in North America; -- called also oxeye daisy. See Whiteweed. Note: The word daisy is also used for composite plants of other genera, as Erigeron, or fleabane. Michaelmas daisy (Bot.), any plant of the genus Aster, of which there are many species. -- Oxeye daisy (Bot.), the whiteweed. See Daisy (b). DAK Dak, n. Etym: [Hind. .] Defn: Post; mail; also, the mail or postal arrangements; -- spelt also dawk, and dauk. [India] Dak boat, a mail boat. Percy Smith. -- Dak bungalow, a traveler's rest-house at the and of a dak stage. -- To travel by dak, to travel by relays of palanquines or other carriage, as fast as the post along a road. DAKER; DAKIR Da"ker, Da"kir, n. Etym: [See Dicker.] (O. Eng. & Scots Law) Defn: A measure of certain commodities by number, usually ten or twelve, but sometimes twenty; as, a daker of hides consisted of ten skins; a daker of gloves of ten pairs. Burrill. DAKER HEN Da"ker hen`. Etym: [Perh. fr. W. crecial the daker hen; crec a sharp noise (creg harsh, hoarse, crechian to scream) + iar hen; or cf. D. duiken to dive, plunge.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The corncrake or land rail. DAKOIT; DAKOITY Da*koit", n., Da*koit"y, n. Defn: See Dacoit, Dacoity. DAKOTA GROUP Da*ko"ta group`. (Geol.) Defn: A subdivision at the base of the cretaceous formation in Western North America; -- so named from the region where the strata were first studied. DAKOTAS Da*ko"tas, n. pl.; sing. Dacota (. (Ethnol.) Defn: An extensive race or stock of Indians, including many tribes, mostly dwelling west of the Mississippi River; -- also, in part, called Sioux. [Written also Dacotahs.] DAL Dal, n. Etym: [Hind.] Defn: Split pulse, esp. of Cajanus Indicus. [East Indies] DALE Dale, n. Etym: [AS. dæl; akin to LG., D., Sw., Dan., OS., & Goth. dal, Icel. dalr, OHG. tal, G. thal, and perth. to Gr. a rotunda, Skr. dhara depth. Cf. Dell.] 1. A low place between hills; a vle or valley. Where mountaines rise, umbrageous dales descend. Thomson. 2. A trough or spout to carry off water, as from a pump. Knight. DALESMAN Dales"man, n.; pl. Dalesmen (. Defn: One living in a dale; -- a term applied particularly to the inhabitants of the valleys in the north of England, Norway, etc. Macaulay. DALF Dalf, Defn: imp. of Delve. [Obs.] Chaucer. DALLES Dalles (dalz), n. pl. [F. dalle a tube, gutter, trough.] Defn: A rapid, esp. one where the channel is narrowed between rock walls. [Northwestern U. S. & Canada] The place below, where the compressed river wound like a silver thread among the flat black rocks, was the far-famed Dalles of the Columbia. F. H. Balch. DALLIANCE Dal"li*ance, n. Etym: [From Dally.] 1. The act of dallying, trifling, or fondling; interchange of caresses; wanton play. Look thou be true, do not give dalliance Too mnch the rein. Shak. O, the dalliance and the wit, The flattery and the strifeTennyson. 2. Delay or procrastination. Shak. 3. Entertaining discourse. [Obs.] Chaucer. DALLIER Dal"li*er, n. Defn: One Who fondles; a trifler; as, dalliers with pleasant words. Asham. DALLOP Dal"lop, n. Etym: [Etymol. unknown.] Defn: A tuft or clump. [Obs.] Tusser. DALLY Dal"ly, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dallied; p. pr. & vb. n. Dallying.] Etym: [OE. , dailien; cf. Icel. pylja to talk, G. dallen, dalen, dahlen, to trifle, talk nonsense, OSw. tule a droll or funny man; or AS. dol foolish, E. dull.] 1. To waste time in effeminate or voluptuous pleasures, or in idleness; to fool away time; to delay unnecessarily; to tarry; to trifle. We have trifled too long already; it is madness to dally any longer. Calamy. We have put off God, and dallied with his grace. Barrow. 2. To interchange caresses, especially with one of the opposite sex; to use fondling; to wanton; to sport. Not dallying with a brace of courtesans. Shak. Our aerie . . . dallies with the wind. Shak. DALLY Dal"ly, v. t. Defn: To delay unnecessarily; to while away. Dallying off the time with often skirmishes. Knolles. DALMANIA Dal*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [From Dalman, the geologist.] (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of trilobites, of many species, common in the Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks. DALMANITES Dal`ma*ni"tes, n. Defn: Same as Dalmania. DALMATIAN Dal*ma"tian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Dalmatia. Dalmatian dog (Zoöl.), a carriage dog, shaped like a pointer, and having black or bluish spots on a white ground; the coach dog. DALMATICA; DALMATIC Dal*mat"i*ca, n., Dal*mat"ic (, n. Etym: [LL. dalmatica: cf. F. dalmatique.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A vestment with wide sleeves, and with two stripes, worn at Mass by deacons, and by bishops at pontifical Mass; -- imitated from a dress originally worn in Dalmatia. 2. A robe worn on state ocasions, as by English kings at their coronation. DAL SEGNO Dal` se"gno. Etym: [It., from the sign.] (Mus.) Defn: A direction to go back to the sign Segno. DALTONIAN Dal*to"ni*an, n. Defn: One afflicted with color blindness. DALTONISM Dal"ton*ism, n. Defn: Inability to perceive or distinguish certain colors, esp. red; color blindness. It has various forms and degrees. So called from the chemist Dalton, who had this infirmity. Nichol. DAM Dam, n. Etym: [OE. dame mistress, lady; also, mother, dam. See Dame.] 1. A female parent; -- used of beasts, especially of quadrupeds; sometimes applied in contempt to a human mother. Our sire and dam, now confined to horses, are a relic of this age (13th century) . . . .Dame is used of a hen; we now make a great difference between dame and dam. T. L. K. Oliphant. The dam runs lowing up end down, Looking the way her harmless young one went. Shak. 2. A kind or crowned piece in the game of draughts. DAM Dam, n. Etym: [Akin to OLG., D., & Dan. dam, G. & Sw. damm, Icel. dammr, and AS. fordemman to stop up, Goth. Faúrdammjan.] 1. A barrier to prevent the flow of a liquid; esp., a bank of earth, or wall of any kind, as of masonry or wood, built across a water course, to confine and keep back flowing water. 2. (Metal.) Defn: A firebrick wall, or a stone, which forms the front of the hearth of a blast furnace. Dam plate (Blast Furnace), an iron plate in front of the dam, to strengthen it. DAM Dam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dammed; p. pr. & vb. n. Damming.] 1. To obstruct or restrain the flow of, by a dam; to confine by constructing a dam, as a stream of water; -- generally used with in or up. I'll have the current in this place dammed up. Shak. A weight of earth that dams in the water. Mortimer. 2. To shut up; to stop up; to close; to restrain. The strait pass was dammed With dead men hurt behind, and cowards. Shak. To dam out, to keep out by means of a dam. DAMAGE Dam"age, n. Etym: [OF. damage, domage, F. dommage, fr. assumed LL. damnaticum, from L. damnum damage. See Damn.] 1. Injury or harm to person, property, or reputation; an inflicted loss of value; detriment; hurt; mischief. He that sendeth a message by the hand of a fool cutteth off the feet and drinketh damage. Prov. xxvi. 6. Great errors and absurdities many commit for want of a friend to tell them of them, to the great damage both of their fame and fortune. Bacon. 2. pl. (Law) Defn: The estimated reparation in money for detriment or injury sustained; a compensation, recompense, or satisfaction to one party, for a wrong or injury actually done to him by another. Note: In common-law action, the jury are the proper judges of damages. Consequential damage. See under Consequential. -- Exemplary damages (Law), damages imposed by way of example to others. -- Nominal damages (Law), those given for a violation of a right where no actual loss has accrued. -- Vindictive damages, those given specially for the punishment of the wrongdoer. Syn. -- Mischief; injury; harm; hurt; detriment; evil; ill. See Mischief. DAMAGE Dam"age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Damages; p. pr. & vb. n. Damaging.] Etym: [Cf. OF. damagier, domagier. See Damage, n.] Defn: To ocassion damage to the soudness, goodness, or value of; to hurt; to injure; to impair. He . . . came up to the English admiral and gave him a broadside, with which he killed many of his men and damaged the ship. Clarendon. DAMAGE Dam"age, v. i. Defn: To receive damage or harm; to be injured or impaired in soudness or value; as. some colors in damage in sunlight. DAMAGEABLE Dam"age*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. dammageable, for sense 2.] 1. Capable of being injured or impaired; liable to, or susceptible of, damage; as, a damageable cargo. 2. Hurtful; pernicious. [R.] That it be not demageable unto your royal majesty. Hakluit. DAMAGE FEASANT Dam"age fea`sant. Etym: [OF. damage + F. faisant doing, p. pr. See Feasible.] (Law) Defn: Doing injury; trespassing, as cattle. Blackstone. DAMAN Da"man, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small herbivorous mammal of the genus Hyrax. The species found in Palestine and Syria is Hyrax Syriacus; that of Northern Africa is H. Brucei; -- called also ashkoko, dassy, and rock rabbit. See Cony, and Hyrax. DAMAR Dam"ar, n. Defn: See Dammar. DAMARA Da*ma"ra, n. [The name is supposed to be from Hottentot dama vanquished.] Defn: A native of Damaraland, German Southwest Africa. The Damaras include an important and warlike Bantu tribe, and the Hill Damaras, who are Hottentots and mixed breeds hostile to the Bantus. DAMASCENE Dam"as*cene, a. Etym: [L. Damascenus of Damascus, fr. Damascus the city, Gr. . See Damask, and cf. Damaskeen, Damaskin, Damson.] Defn: Of or relating to Damascus. DAMASCENE Dam"as*cene, n. Defn: A kind of plume, now called damson. See Damson. DAMASCENE Dam"as*cene, v. t. Defn: Same as Damask, or Damaskeen, v. t. "Damascened armor." Beaconsfield. "Cast and damascened steel." Ure. DAMASCUS Da*mas"cus, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A city of Syria. Damascus blade, a sword or scimiter, made chiefly at Damascus, having a variegated appearance of watering, and proverbial for excellence. -- Damascus iron, or Damascus twist, metal formed of thin bars or wires of iron and steel elaborately twisted and welded together; used for making gun barrels, etc., of high quality, in which the surface, when polished and acted upon by acid, has a damasc appearance. -- Damascus steel. See Damask steel, under Damask, a. DAMASCUS STEEL Da*mas"cus steel. Defn: See Damask steel, under Damask. DAMASK Dam"ask, n. Etym: [From the city Damascus, L. Damascus, Gr. , Heb. Dammesq, Ar. Daemeshq; cf. Heb. d'meseq damask; cf. It. damasco, Sp. damasco, F. damas. Cf. Damascene, DamassÉ.] 1. Damask silk; silk woven with an elaborate pattern of flowers and the like. "A bed of ancient damask." W. Irving. 2. Linen so woven that a pattern in produced by the different directions of the thread, without contrast of color. 3. A heavy woolen or worsted stuff with a pattern woven in the same way as the linen damask; -- made for furniture covering and hangings. 4. Damask or Damascus steel; also, the peculiar markings or "water" of such steel. 5. A deep pink or rose color. Fairfax. DAMASK Dam"ask, a. 1. Pertaining to, or originating at, the city of Damascus; resembling the products or manufactures of Damascus. 2. Having the color of the damask rose. But let concealment, like a worm i' the bud, Feed on her damask cheek. Shak. Damask color, a deep rose-color like that of the damask rose. -- Damask plum, a small dark-colored plum, generally called damson. -- Damask rose (Bot.), a large, pink, hardy, and very fragrant variety of rose (Rosa damascena) from Damascus. "Damask roses have not been known in England above one hundred years." Bacon. -- Damask steel, or Damascus steel, steel of the kind originally made at Damascus, famous for its hardness, and its beautiful texture, ornamented with waving lines; especially, that which is inlaid with damaskeening; -- formerly much valued for sword blades, from its great flexibility and tenacity. DAMASK Dam"ask, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Damasked; p. pr. & vb. n. Damasking.] Defn: To decorate in a way peculiar to Damascus or attributed to Damascus; particularly: (a) with flowers and rich designs, as silk; (b) with inlaid lines of gold, etc., or with a peculiar marking or "water," as metal. See Damaskeen. Mingled metal damasked o'er with gold. Dryde On the soft, downy bank, damasked with flowers. Milton. DAMASKEEN; DAMASKEN Dam"as*keen`, Dam"as*ken, v. t. Etym: [F. damaschinare. See Damascene, v.] Defn: To decorate, as iron, steel, etc., with a peculiar marking or "water" produced in the process of manufacture, or with designs produced by inlaying or incrusting with another metal, as silver or gold, or by etching, etc., to damask. Damaskeening is is partly mosaic work, partly engraving, and partly carving. Ure. DAMASKIN Dam"as*kin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. damasquin, adj., It. damaschino, Sp. damasquino. See Damaskeen.] Defn: A sword of Damask steel. No old Toledo blades or damaskins. Howell DAMASSE Da*mas*sé", a. Etym: [F. damassé, fr. damas. See Damask.] Defn: Woven like damask. -- n. Defn: A damassé fabric, esp. one of linen. DAMASSIN Dam"as*sin, n. Etym: [F., fr. damas. See Damask.] Defn: A kind of modified damask or blocade. DAMBONITE Dambo*nite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dambonite.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline, sugary substance obtained from an African caotchouc. DAMBOSE Dam"bose, n. (Chem.) Defn: A crystalline vari ety of fruit sugar obtained from dambonite. DAME Dame, n. Etym: [F. dame, LL. domna, fr. L. domina mistress, lady, fem. of dominus master, ruler, lord; akin to domare to tame, subdue. See Tame, and cf. Dam mother, Dan, Danger, Dangeon, Dungeon, Dominie, Don, n., Duenna.] 1. A mistress of a family, who is a lady; a womam in authority; especially, a lady. Then shall these lords do vex me half so much, As that proud dame, the lord protector's wife. Shak. 2. The mistress of a family in common life, or the mistress of a common school; as, a dame's school. In the dame's classes at the village school. Emerson. 3. A woman in general, esp. an elderly woman. 4. A mother; -- applied to human beings and quadrupeds. [Obs.] Chaucer. DAMEWORT Dame"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A cruciferrous plant (Hesperis matronalis), remarkable for its fragrance, especially toward the close of the day; -- called also rocket and dame's violet. Loudon. DAMIANA Da`mi*a"na, n. Etym: [NL.; of uncertain origin.] (Med.) Defn: A Mexican drug, used as an aphrodisiac. Note: There are several varieties derived from different plants, esp. from a species of Turnera and from Bigelovia veneta. Wood & Bache. DAMIANIST Da"mi*an*ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Damian, patriarch of Alexandria in the 6th century, who held heretical opinions on the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. DAMMAR; DAMMARA Dam"mar, Dam"ma*ra, n. Etym: [Jav. & Malay. damar.] Defn: An oleoresin used in making varnishes; dammar gum; dammara resin. It is obtained from certain resin trees indigenous to the East Indies, esp. Shorea robusta and the dammar pine. Dammar pine, (Bot.), a tree of the Moluccas (Agathis, or Dammara, orientalis), yielding dammar. DAMMARA Dam"ma*ra, n. (Bot.) Defn: A large tree of the order Coniferæ, indigenous to the East Indies and Australasia; -- called also Agathis. There are several species. DAMN Damn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Damned; p. pr. & vb. n. Damning.] Etym: [OE. damnen dap), OF. damner, dampner, F. damner, fr. L. damnare, damnatum, to condemn, fr. damnum damage, a fine, penalty. Cf. Condemn, Damage.] 1. To condemn; to declare guilty; to doom; to adjudge to punishment; to sentence; to censhure. He shall not live; look, with a spot I damn him. Shak. 2. (Theol.) Defn: To doom to punishment in the future world; to consign to perdition; to curse. 3. To condemn as bad or displeasing, by open expression, as by denuciation, hissing, hooting, etc. You are not so arrant a critic as to damn them [the works of modern poets] . . . without hearing. Pope. Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer, And without sneering teach the rest to sneer. Pope. Note: Damn is sometimes used interjectionally, imperatively, and intensively. DAMN Damn, v. i. Defn: To invoke damnation; to curse. "While I inwardly damn." Goldsmith. DAMNABILITY Dam`na*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being damnable; damnableness. Sir T. More. DAMNABLE Dam"na*ble, a. Etym: [L. damnabilis, fr. damnare: cf. F. damnable. See Damn.] 1. Liable to damnation; deserving, or for which one deserves, to be damned; of a damning nature. A creature unprepared unmeet for dealth, And to transport him in the mind hi is, Were damnable. Shak. 2. Odious; pernicious; detestable. Begin, murderer; . . . leave thy damnable faces. Shak. DAMNABLENESS Dam"na*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of deserving damnation; execrableness. The damnableness of this most execrable impiety. Prynne. DAMNABLY Dam"na*bly, adv. 1. In a manner to incur sever 2. Odiously; detestably; excessively. [Low] DAMNATION Dam*na"tion, n. Etym: [F. damnation, L. damnatio, fr. damnare. See Damn.] 1. The state of being damned; condemnation; openly expressed disapprobation. 2. (Theol.) Defn: Condemnation to everlasting punishment in the future state, or the punishment itself. How can ye escape the damnation of hell Matt. xxiii. 33. Wickedness is sin, and sin is damnation. Shak. 3. A sin daserving of everlasting punishment. [R.] The deep damnation of his taking-off. Shak. DAMNATORY Dam"na*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. damnatorius, fr. damnator a condemner.] Defn: Doo "Damnatory invectives." Hallam. DAMNED Damned, a. 1. Sentenced to punishment in a future state; condemned; consigned to perdition. 2. Hateful; detestable; abominable. But, O, what damned minutes tells he o'er Who doats, yet doubts, suspects, yet strongly loves. Shak. DAMNIFIC Dam*nif"ic, a. Etym: [L. damnificus; damnum damage, loss + facere to make. See Damn.] Defn: Procuring or causing loss; mischievous; injurious. DAMNIFICATION Dam`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [LL. damnificatio.] Defn: That which causes damage or loss. DAMNIFY Dam"ni*fy, v. t. Etym: [LL. damnificare, fr. L. damnificus: cf. OF. damnefier. See Damnific.] Defn: To cause loss or damage to; to injure; to imparir. [R.] This work will ask as many more officials to make expurgations and expunctions, that the commonwealth of learning be not damnified. Milton. DAMNING Damn"ing, a. Defn: That damns; damnable; as, damning evidence of guilt. DAMNINGNESS Damn"ing*ness, n. Defn: Tendency to bring damnation. "The damningness of them [sins]." Hammond. DAMNUM dam"num, n. Etym: [L.] (law) Defn: Harm; detriment, either to character or property. DAMOSEL; DAMOSELLA; DAMOISELLE Dam"o*sel, Dam`o*sel"la, Da`moi`selle", n. Defn: See Damsel. [Archaic] DAMOURITE Dam"our*ite, n. Etym: [Ater the French chemist Damour.] (Min.) Defn: A kind of Muscovite, or potash mica, containing water. DAMP Damp, n. Etym: [Akin to LG., D., & Dan. damp vapor, steam, fog, G. dampf, Icel. dampi, Sw. damb dust, and to MNG. dimpfen to smoke, imp. dampf.] 1. Moisture; humidity; fog; fogginess; vapor. Night . . . with black air Accompanied, with damps and dreadful gloom. Milton. 2. Dejection; depression; cloud of the mind. Even now, while thus I stand blest in thy presence, A secret damp of grief comes o'er my soul. Addison. It must have thrown a damp over your autumn excursion. J. D. Forbes. 3. (Mining) Defn: A gaseous prodact, formed in coal mines, old wells, pints, etc. Choke damp, a damp consisting principally of carboniCarbonic acid, under Carbonic. -- Damp sheet, a curtain in a mine gallery to direct air currents and prevent accumulation of gas. -- Fire damp, a damp consisting chiefly of light carbureted hydrogen; -- so called from its tendence to explode when mixed with atmospheric air and brought into contact with flame. DAMP Damp, a. [Compar. Damper; superl. Dampest.] 1. Being in a state between dry and wet; moderately wet; moist; humid. O'erspread with a damp sweat and holy fear. Dryden. 2. Dejected; depressed; sunk. [R.] All these and more came flocking, but with looks Downcast and damp. Milton. DAMP Damp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Damped; p. pr. & vb. n. Damping.] Etym: [OE. dampen to choke, suffocate. See Damp, n.] 1. To render damp; to moisten; to make humid, or moderately wet; to dampen; as, to damp cloth. 2. To put out, as fire; to depress or deject; to deaden; to cloud; to check or restrain, as action or vigor; to make dull; to weaken; to discourage. "To damp your tender hopes." Akenside. Usury dulls and damps all industries, improvements, and new inventions, wherein money would be stirring if it were not for this slug. Bacon. How many a day has been damped and darkened by an angry word! Sir J. Lubbock. The failure of his enterprise damped the spirit of the soldiers. Macaulay. DAMPEN Damp"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dampened; p. pr. & vb. n. Dampening.] 1. To make damp or moist; to make slightly wet. 2. To depress; to check; to make dull; to lessen. In a way that considerably dampened our enthusiasm. The Century. DAMPEN Damp"en, v. i. Defn: To become damp; to deaden. Byron. DAMPER Damp"er, n. Defn: That which damps or checks; as: (a) A valve or movable plate in the flue or other part of a stove, furnace, etc., used to check or regulate the draught of air. (b) A contrivance, as in a pianoforte, to deaden vibrations; or, as in other pieces of mechanism, to check some action at a particular time. Nor did Sabrina's presence seem to act as any damper at the modest little festivities. W. Black. DAMPISH Damp"ish, a. Defn: Moderately damp or moist. -- Damp"ish*ly, adv. -- Damp"ish*ness, n. DAMPNE Damp"ne, v. t. Defn: To damn. [Obs.] Chaucer. DAMPNESS Damp"ness, n. Defn: Moderate humidity; moisture; fogginess; moistness. DAMP OFF Damp" off`. Defn: To decay and perish through excessive moisture. DAMPY Damp"y, a. 1. Somewhat damp. [Obs.] Drayton. 2. Dejected; gloomy; sorrowful. [Obs.] "Dispel dampy throughts." Haywards. DAMSEL Dam"sel, n. Etym: [OE. damosel, damesel, damisel, damsel, fr. OF. damoisele, damisele, gentlewoman, F. demoiselle young lady; cf. OF. damoisel young nobleman, F. damoiseau; fr. LL. domicella, dominicella, fem., domicellus, dominicellus, masc., dim. fr. L. domina, dominus. See Dame, and cf. Demoiselle, Doncella.] 1. A young person, either male or female, of noble or gentle extraction; as, Damsel Pepin; Damsel Richard, Prince of Wales. [Obs.] 2. A young unmarried woman; a gerl; a maiden. With her train of damsels she was gone, In shady walks the scorching heat to shum. Dryden. Sometimes a troop of damsels glad, . . . Goes by to towered Cameleot. Tennyson. 3. (Milling) Defn: An attachment to a millstone spindle for shaking the hoppe DAMSON Dam"son, n. Etym: [OE. damasin the Damascus plum, fr. L. Damascenus. See Damascene.] Defn: A small oval plum of a blue color, the fruit of a variety of the Prunus domestica; -- called also damask plum. DAN Dan, n. Etym: [OE. dan, danz, OF. danz (prop. only nom.), dan, master, fr. L. dominus. See Dame.] Defn: A title of honor equivalent to master, or sir. [Obs.] Old Dan Geoffry, in gently spright The pure wellhead of poetry did dwell. Spenser. What time Dan Abraham left the Chaldee land. Thomson. DAN Dan, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Mining) Defn: A small truck or sledge used in coal mines. DANAIDE Da"na*ide, n. Etym: [From the mythical Danaides, who were condemned to fill with water a vessel full of holes.] (Mach.) Defn: A water wheel having a vertical axis, and an inner and outer tapering shell, between which are vanes or floats attached usually to both shells, but sometimes only to one. DANAITE Da"na*ite, n. Etym: [Named after J. Freeman Dana.] (Min.) Defn: A cobaltiferous variety of arsenopyrite. DANALITE Da"na*lite, n. Etym: [Named after James Dwight Dana.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occuring in octahedral crystals, also massive, of a reddish color. It is a silicate of iron, zinc manganese, and glicinum, containing sulphur. DANBURITE Dan"bu*rite, n. (Min.) Defn: A borosilicate of lime, first found at Danbury, Conn. It is near the topaz in form. Dana. DANCE Dance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Danced; p. pr. & vb. n. Dancing.] Etym: [F. danser, fr. OHG. dans to draw; akin to dinsan to draw, Goth. apinsan, and prob. from the same root (meaning to stretch) as E. thin. See Thin.] 1. To move with measured steps, or to a musical accompaniment; to go through, either alone or in company with others, with a regulated succession of movements, (commonly) to the sound of music; to trip or leap rhytmically. Jack shall pipe and Gill shall dance. Wiher. Good shepherd, what fair swain is this Which dances with your dauther Shak. 2. To move nimbly or merrily; to express pleasure by motion; to caper; to frisk; to skip about. Then, 'tis time to dance off. Thackeray. More dances my rapt heart Than when I first my wedded mistress saw. Shak. Shadows in the glassy waters dance. Byron. Where rivulets dance their wayward round. Wordsworth. To dance on a rope, or To dance on nothing, to be hanged. DANCE Dance, v. t. Defn: To cause to dance, or move nimbly or merrily about, or up and down; to dandle. To dance our ringlets to the whistling wind. Shak. Thy grandsire loved thee well; Many a time he danced thee on his knee. Shak. To dance attendance, to come and go obsequiously; to be or remain in waiting, at the beck and call of another, with a view to please or gain favor. A man of his place, and so near our favor, To dance attendance on their lordships' pleasure. Shak. DANCE Dance, n. Etym: [F. danse, of German origin. See Dance, v. i.] 1. The leaping, tripping, or measured stepping of one who dances; an amusement, in which the movements of the persons are regulated by art, in figures and in accord with music. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A tune by which dancing is regulated, as the minuet, the waltz, the cotillon, etc. Note: The word dance was used ironically, by the older writers, of many proceedings besides dancing. Of remedies of love she knew parchance For of that art she couth the olde dance. Chaucer. Dance of Death (Art), an allegorical representation of the power of death over all, -- the old, the young, the high, and the low, being led by a dancing skeleton. -- Morris dance. See Morris. -- To lead one a dance, to cause one to go through a series of movements or experiences as if guided by a partner in a dance not understood. DANCER Dan"cer, n. Defn: One who dances or who practices dancing. The merry dancers, beams of the northern lights when they rise and fall alternately without any considerable change of length. See Aurora borealis, under Aurora. DANCERESS Dan"cer*ess, n. Defn: A female dancer. [Obs.] Wyclif. DANCETTE Dan`cet`té", a. Etym: [Cf. F. danché dancetté, dent tooth.] (Her.) Defn: Deeply indented; having large teeth; thus, a fess dancetté has only three teeth in the whole width of the escutcheon. DANCING Dan"cing, p. a. & vb. n. Defn: from Dance. Dancing girl, one of the women in the East Indies whose profession is to dance in the temples, or for the amusement of spectators. There are various classes of dancing girls. -- Dancing master, a teacher of dancing. -- Dancing school, a school or place where dancing is taught. DANCY Dan"cy, a. (Her.) Defn: Same as Dancetté. DANDELION Dan"de*li`on, n. Etym: [F. dent de lion lion's tooth, fr. L. dens tooth + leo lion. See Tooth, n., and Lion.] (Bot.) Defn: A well-known plant of the genus Taraxacum (T. officinale, formerly called T. Dens-leonis and Leontodos Taraxacum) bearing large, yellow, compound flowers, and deeply notched leaves. DANDER Dan"der, n. Etym: [Corrupted from dandruff.] 1. Dandruff or scurf on the head. 2. Anger or vexation; rage [Low] Halliwell. DANDER Dan"der, v. i. Etym: [See Dandle.] Defn: To wander about; to saunter; to talk incoherently. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. DANDI Dan"di, n. Etym: [Hind. , fr. an oar.] Defn: A boatman; an oarsman. [India] DANDIE Dan"die, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a breed of small terriers; -- called also Dandie Dinmont. DANDIE DINMONT; DANDIE Dan"die Din"mont, or Dan"die, n. 1. Defn: In Scott's "Guy Mannering", a Border farmer of eccentric but fine character, who owns two terriers claimed to be the progenitors of the Dandie Dinmont terriers. 2. One of a breed of terriers with short legs, long body, and rough coat, originating in the country about the English and Scotch border. DANDIFIED Dan"di*fied, a. Defn: Made up like a dandy; having the dress or manners of a dandy; buckish. DANDIFY Dan"di*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dandified; p. pr. & vb. n. Dandifying.] Etym: [Dandy + -fy.] Defn: To cause to resemble a dandy; to make dandyish. DANDIPRAT Dan"di*prat, n. Etym: [Dandy + brat child.] 1. A little fellow; -- in sport or contempt. "A dandiprat hop-thumb." Stanyhurst. 2. A small coin. Henry VII. stamped a small coin called dandiprats. Camden. DANDLE Dan"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dandled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dandling.] Etym: [Cf. G. dändeln to trifly, dandle, OD. & Prov. G. danten, G. tand trifly, prattle; Scot. dandill, dander, to go about idly, to trifly.] 1. To move up and down on one's knee or in one's arms, in affectionate play, as an infant. Ye shall be dandled . . . upon her knees. Is. 2. To treat with fondness, as if a child; to fondle; to toy with; to pet. They have put me in a silk gown and gaudy fool's cap; I as ashamed to be dandled thus. Addison. The book, thus dandled into popularity by bishops and good ladies, contained many pieces of nursery eloquence. Jeffrey. 3. To play with; to put off or delay by trifles; to wheedle. [Obs.] Captains do so dandle their doings, and dally in the service, as it they would not have the enemy subdued. Spenser. DANDLER Dan"dler, n. Defn: One who dandles or fondles. DANDRIFF Dan"driff, n. Defn: See Dandruff. Swift. DANDRUFF Dandruff, n. Etym: [Prob. from W. toncrust, peel, skin + AS. dr dirty, draffy, or W. drwg bad: cf. AS. tan a letter, an eruption. sq. root240.] Defn: A scurf which forms on the head, and comes off in small or particles. [Written also dandriff.] DANDY Dan"dy, n.; pl. Dandies. Etym: [Cf. F. dandin, ninny, silly fellow, dandiner to waddle, to play the fool; prob. allied to E. dandle. Senses 2&3 are of uncertain etymol.] 1. One who affects special finery or gives undue attention to dress; a fop; a coxcomb. 2. (Naut.) (a) A sloop or cutter with a jigger on which a lugsail is set. (b) A small sail carried at or near the stern of small boats; -- called also jigger, and mizzen. 3. A dandy roller. See below. Dandy brush, a yard whalebone brush. -- Dandy fever. See Dengue. -- Dandy line, a kind of fishing line to which are attached several crosspieces of whalebone which carry a hook at each end. -- Dandy roller, a roller sieve used in machines for making paper, to press out water from the pulp, and set the paper. DANDY-COCK; DANDY-HEN Dan"dy-cock` (, n. masc., Dan"dy-hen` (, n. fem. Etym: [See Dandy.] Defn: A bantam fowl. DANDYISE; DANDYIZE Dan"dy*ise, v. t. & i. Defn: To make, or to act, like a dandy; to dandify. DANDYISH Dan"dy*ish, a. Defn: Like a dandy. DANDYISM Dan"dy*ism, n. Defn: The manners and dress of a dandy; foppishness. Byron. DANDYLING Dan"dy*ling, n. Etym: [Dandy + .] Defn: A little or insignificant dandy; a contemptible fop. DANE Dane, n. Etym: [LL. Dani: cf. AS. Dene.] Defn: A native, or a naturalized inhabitant, of Denmark. Great Dane. (Zoöl.) See Danish dog, under Danish. DANEGELD; DANEGELT Dane"geld`, Dane"gelt`, n. Etym: [AS. danegeld. See Dane, and Geld, n.] (Eng. Hist.) Defn: An annual tax formerly laid on the English nation to buy off the ravages of Danish invaders, or to maintain forces to oppose them. It afterward became a permanent tax, raised by an assessment, at first of one shilling, afterward of two shillings, upon every hide of land throughout the realm. Wharton's Law Dict. Tomlins. DANEWORT Dane"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A fetid European species of elder (Sambucus Ebulus); dwarf elder; wallwort; elderwort; -- called also Daneweed, Dane's weed, and Dane's-blood. Note: [Said to grow on spots where battles were fought against the Danes.] DANG Dang, Defn: imp. of Ding. [Obs.] DANG Dang, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Ding.] Defn: To dash. [Obs.] Till she, o'ercome with anguish, shame, and rage, Danged down to hell her loathsome carriage. Marlowe. DANGER Dan"ger, n. Etym: [OE. danger, daunger, power, arrogance, refusal, difficulty, fr. OF. dagier, dongier (with same meaning), F. danger danger, fr. an assumed LL. dominiarium power, authority, from L. dominium power, property. See Dungeon, Domain, Dame.] 1. Authority; jurisdiction; control. [Obs.] In dangerhad he . . . the young girls. Chaucer. 2. Power to harm; subjection or liability to penalty. [Obs.] See In one's danger, below. You stand within his danger, do you not Shak. Covetousness of gains hath brought [them] in dangerof this statute. Robynson (More's Utopia). 3. Exposure to injury, loss, pain, or other evil; peril; risk; insecurity. 4. Difficulty; sparingness. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. Coyness; disdainful behavior. [Obs.] Chaucer. In one's danger, in one's power; liable to a penalty to be inflicted by him. [Obs.] This sense is retained in the proverb, "Out of debt out of danger." Those rich man in whose debt and danger they be not. Robynson (More's Utopia). -- To do danger, to cause danger. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Peril; hazard; risk; jeopardy. -- Danger, Peril, Hazard, Risk, Jeopardy. Danger is the generic term, and implies some contingent evil in prospect. Peril is instant or impending danger; as, in peril of one's life. Hazard arises from something fortuitous or beyond our control; as, the hazard of the seas. Risk is doubtful or uncertain danger, often incurred voluntarily; as, to risk an engagement. Jeopardy is extreme danger. Danger of a contagious disease; the perils of shipwreck; the hazards of speculation; the risk of daring enterprises; a life brought into jeopardy. DANGER Dan"ger, v. t. Defn: To endanger. [Obs.] Shak. DANGERFUL Dan"ger*ful, a. Defn: Full of danger; dangerous. [Obs.] -- Dan"ger*ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] Udall. DANGERLESS Dan"ger*less, a. Defn: Free from danger. [R.] DANGEROUS Dan"ger*ous, a. Etym: [OE., haughty, difficult, dangerous, fr. OF. dangereus, F. dangereux. See Danger.] 1. Attended or beset with danger; full of risk; perilous; hazardous; unsafe. Our troops set forth to-morrow; stay with us; The ways are dangerous. Shak. It is dangerous to assert a negative. Macaulay. 2. Causing danger; ready to do harm or injury. If they incline to think you dangerous To less than gods. Milton. 3. In a condition of danger, as from illness; threatened with death. [Colloq.] Forby. Bartlett. 4. Hard to suit; difficult to please. [Obs.] My wages ben full strait, and eke full small; My lord to me is hard and dangerous. Chaucer. 5. Reserved; not affable. [Obs.] "Of his speech dangerous." Chaucer. -- Dan"ger*ous*ly, adv. -- Dan"ger*ous*ness, n. DANGLE Dan"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dangling.] Etym: [Akin to Dan. dangle, dial. Sw. dangla, Dan. dingle, Sw. dingla, Icel. dingla; perh. from E. ding.] Defn: To hang loosely, or with a swinging or jerking motion. he'd rather on a gibbet dangle Than miss his dear delight, to wrangle. Hudibras. From her lifted hand Dangled a length of ribbon. Tennyson. To dangle about or after, to hang upon importunately; to court the favor of; to beset. The Presbyterians, and other fanatics that dangle after them, are well inclined to pull down the present establishment. Swift. DANGLE Dan"gle, v. t. Defn: To cause to dangle; to swing, as something suspended loosely; as, to dangle the feet. And the bridegroom stood dangling his bonnet and plume. Sir W. Scott. DANGLEBERRY Dan"gle*ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: A dark blue, edible berry with a white bloom, and its shrub (Gaylussacia frondosa) closely allied to the common huckleberry. The bush is also called blue tangle, and is found from New England to Kentucky, and southward. DANGLER Dan"gler, n. Defn: One who dangles about or after others, especially after women; a trifler. " Danglers at toilets." Burke. DANIEL Dan"i*el, n. Defn: A Hebrew prophet distinguished for sagacity and ripeness of judgment in youth; hence, a sagacious and upright judge. A Daniel come to judgment. Shak. DANISH Dan"ish, a. Etym: [See Dane.] Defn: Belonging to the Danes, or to their language or country. -- n. Defn: The language of the Danes. Danish dog (Zoöl.), one of a large and powerful breed of dogs reared in Denmark; -- called also great Dane. See Illustration in Appendix. DANITE Dan"ite, n. 1. A descendant of Dan; an Israelite of the tribe of Dan. Judges xiii. 2. 2. Etym: [So called in remembrance of the prophecy in Gen. xlix. 17, "Dan shall be a serpent by the way," etc.] Defn: One of a secret association of Mormons, bound by an oath to obey the heads of the church in all things. [U. S.] DANK Dank, a. Etym: [Cf. dial, Sw. dank a moist place in a field, Icel. dökk pit, pool; possibly akin to E. damp or to daggle dew.] Defn: Damp; moist; humid; wet. Now that the fields are dank and ways are mire. Milton. Cheerless watches on the cold, dank ground. Trench. DANK Dank, n. Defn: Moisture; humidity; water. [Obs.] DANK Dank, n. Defn: A small silver coin current in Persia. DANKISH Dank"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat dank. -- Dank"ish*ness, n. In a dark and dankish vault at home. Shak. DANNEBROG Dan"ne*brog, n. Defn: The ancient battle standard of Denmark, bearing figures of cross and crown. Order of Dannebrog, an ancient Danish order of knighthood. DANSEUSE Dan`seuse", n. Etym: [F., fr. danser to dance.] Defn: a professional female dancer; a woman who dances at a public exhibition as in a ballet. DANSK Dansk, a. Etym: [Dan.] Defn: Danish. [Obs.] DANSKER Dansk"er, n. Defn: A Dane. [Obs.] Inquire me first what Danskers are in Paris. Shak. DANTEAN Dan*te"an, a. Defn: Relatingto, emanating from or resembling, the poet Dante or his writings. DANTESQUE Dan*tesque", a. Etym: [Cf. It. Dantesco.] Defn: Dantelike; Dantean. Earle. DANUBIAN Da*nu"bi*an, a. Defn: Pertainingto, or bordering on, the river Danube. DAP Dap, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Dip.] (Angling) Defn: To drop the bait gently on the surface of the water. To catch a club by dapping with a grasshoper. Walton. DAPATICAL Da*pat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. dapaticus, fr. daps feast.] Defn: Sumptuous in cheer. [Obs.] Bailey. DAPHNE Daph"ne, n. Etym: [L., a laurel tree, from Gr. .] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of diminutive Shrubs, mostly evergreen, and with fragrant blossoms. 2. (Myth.) Defn: A nymph of Diana, fabled to have been changed into a laurel tree. DAPHNETIN Daph"ne*tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless crystalline substance, C9H6O4, extracted from daphnin. DAPHNIA Daph"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of the genus Daphnia. DAPHNIN Daph"nin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. daphnine.] (Chem.) (a) A dark green bitter resin extracted from the mezereon (Daphne mezereum) and regarded as the essential principle of the plant. [R.] (b) A white, crystalline, bitter substance, regarded as a glucoside, and extracted from Daphne mezereum and D. alpina. DAPHNOMANCY Daph"no*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. da`fnh the laurel + -mancy.] Defn: Divination by means of the laurel. DAPIFER Dap"i*fer, n. Etym: [L., daps a feast + ferre to bear.] Defn: One who brings meat to the table; hence, in some countries, the official title of the grand master or steward of the king's or a nobleman's household. DAPPER Dap"per, a. Etym: [OE. daper; prob. fr. D. dapper brave, valiant; akin to G. tapfer brave, OHG. taphar heavy, weighty, OSlav. dobrû good, Russ. dobrui. Cf. Deft.] Defn: Little and active; spruce; trim; smart; neat in dress or appearance; lively. He wondered how so many provinces could be held in subjection by such a dapper little man. Milton. The dapper ditties that I wont devise. Spenser. Sharp-nosed, dapper steam yachts. Julian Hawthorne. DAPPERLING Dap"per*ling, n. Defn: A dwarf; a dandiprat. [r.] DAPPLE Dap"ple, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. depill a spot, a dot, a dog with spots over the eyes, dapi a pool, and E. dimple.] Defn: One of the spots on a dappled animal. He has . . . as many eyes on his body as my gray mare hath dapples. Sir P. Sidney. DAPPLE; DAPPLED Dap"ple, Dap"pled, a. Defn: Marked with spots of different shades of color; spotted; variegated; as, a dapple horse. Some dapple mists still floated along the peaks. Sir W. Scott. Note: The word is used in composition to denote that some color is variegated or marked with spots; as, dapple-bay; dapple-gray. His steed was all dapple-gray. Chaucer. O, swiftly can speed my dapple-gray steed. Sir W. Scott. DAPPLE Dap"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dappled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dappling.] Defn: To variegate with spots; to spot. The gentle day, . . . Dapples the drowsy east with spots of gray. Shak. The dappled pink and blushing rose. Prior. DARBIES Dar"bies, n. pl. Defn: Manacles; handcuffs. [Cant] Jem Clink will fetch you the darbies. Sir W. Scott. Note: In "The Steel Glass" by Gascoigne, printed in 1576, occurs the line "To binde such babes in father Derbies bands." DARBY Dar"by, n. Defn: A plasterer's float, having two handles; -- used in smoothing ceilings, etc. DARBYITE Dar"by*ite, n. Defn: One of the Plymouth Brethren, or of a sect among them; -- so called from John N. Darby, one of the leaders of the Brethren. DARDANIAN Dar*da"ni*an, a. & n.Etym: [From L. Dardania, poetic name of Troy.] Defn: Trojan. DARE Dare, v. i. [imp. Durst or Dared (; p. p. Dared; p. pr. & vb. n. Daring.] Etym: [OE. I dar, dear, I dare, imp. dorste, durste, AS. ic dear I dare, imp. dorste. inf. durran; akin to OS. gidar, gidorsta, gidurran, OHG. tar, torsta, turran, Goth. gadar, gadaúrsta, Gr. tharsei^n, tharrei^n, to be bold, tharsy`s bold, Skr. Dhrsh to be bold. sq. root70.] Defn: To have adequate or sufficient courage for any purpose; to be bold or venturesome; not to be afraid; to venture. I dare do all that may become a man; Who dares do more is none. Shak. Why then did not the ministers use their new law Bacause they durst not, because they could not. Macaulay. Who dared to sully her sweet love with suspicion. Thackeray. The tie of party was stronger than the tie of blood, because a partisan was more ready to dare without asking why. Jowett (Thu Note: The present tense, I dare, is really an old past tense, so that the third person is he dare, but the form he dares is now often used, and will probably displace the obsolescent he dare, through grammatically as incorrect as he shalls or he cans. Skeat. The pore dar plede (the poor man dare plead). P. Plowman. You know one dare not discover you. Dryden. The fellow dares nopt deceide me. Shak. Here boldly spread thy hands, no venom'd weed Dares blister them, no slimly snail dare creep. Beau. & Fl. Note: Formerly durst was also used as the present. Sometimes the old form dare is found for durst or dared. DARE Dare, v. y. [imp. & p. p. Dared; p. pr. & vb. n. Daring.] 1. To have courage for; to attempt courageously; to venture to do or to undertake. What high concentration of steady feeling makes men dare every thing and do anything Bagehot. To wrest it from barbarism, to dare its solitudes. The Century. 2. To challenge; to provoke; to defy. Time, I dare thee to discover Such a youth and such a lover. Dryden. DARE Dare, n. 1. The quality of daring; venturesomeness; boldness; dash. [R.] It lends a luster . . . A large dare to our great enterprise. Shak. 2. Defiance; challenge. Childish, unworthy dares Are not enought to part our powers. Chapman. Sextus Pompeius Hath given the dare to Cæsar. Shak. DARE Dare, v. i. Etym: [OE. darien, to lie hidden, be timid.] Defn: To lurk; to lie hid. [Obs.] Chaucer. DARE Dare, v. t. Defn: To terrify; to daunt. [Obs.] For I have done those follies, those mad mischiefs, Would dare a woman. Beau. & Fl. To dare larks, to catch them by producing terror through to use of mirrors, scarlet cloth, a hawk, etc., so that they lie still till a net is thrown over them. Nares. DARE Dare, n. Etym: [See Dace.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small fish; the dace. DARE-DEVIL Dare"-dev`il, n. Defn: A reckless fellow. Also used adjectively; as, dare-devil excitement. A humorous dare-devil -- the very man To suit my prpose. Ld. Lytton. DARE-DEVILTRY Dare"-dev`il*try, n; pl. Dare-deviltries (. Defn: Reckless mischief; the action of a dare-devil. DAREFUL Dare"ful, a. Defn: Full af daring or of defiance; adveturous. [R.] Shak. DARER Dar"er, n. Defn: One who dares or defies. DARG; DARGUE Darg, Dargue, n. Etym: [Scot., contr. fr. day work.] Defn: A day's work; also, a fixed amount of work, whether more or less than that of a day. [Local, Eng. & Scott] DARIC Dar"ic, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Antiq.) (a) A gold coin of ancient Persia, weighing usually a little more than 128 grains, and bearing on one side of the figure of an archer. (b) A silver coin of about 86 grains, having the figure of an archer, and hence, in modern times, called a daric. 2. Any very pure gold coin. DARING Dar"ing, n. Defn: Boldness; fearlessness; adventurousness; also, a daring act. DARING Dar"ing, a. Defn: Bold; fearless; adventurous; as, daring spirits. -- Dar"ing*ly, adv. -- Dar"ing*ness, n. DARIOLE Da`ri*ole", n. [F.] 1. A crustade. [Obs.] 2. A shell or cup of pastry filled with custard, whipped cream, crushed macaroons, etc. DARK Dark, a. Etym: [OE. dark, derk, deork, AS. dearc, deorc; cf. Gael. & Ir. dorch, dorcha, dark, black, dusky.] 1. Destitute, or partially destitute, of light; not receiving, reflecting, or radiating light; wholly or partially black, or of some deep shade of color; not light-colored; as, a dark room; a dark day; dark cloth; dark paint; a dark complexion. O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon, Irrecoverable dark, total eclipse Without all hope of day! milton. In the dark and silent grave. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Not clear to the understanding; not easily The dark problems of existence. Shairp. What may seem dark at the first, will afterward be found more plain. Hooker. What's your dark meaning, mouse, of this light word Shak. 3. Destitute of knowledge and culture; in moral or intellectual darkness; unrefined; ignorant. The age wherin he lived was dark, but he Cobld not want light who taught the world oto see. Denhan. The tenth century used to be reckoned by mediæval historians as the darkest part of this intellectual night. Hallam. 4. Evincing blaxk or foul traits of character; vile; wicked; atrocious; as, a dark villain; a dark deed. Left him at large to his own dark designs. Milton. 5. Foreboding evil; gloomy; jealous; suspicious. More dark and dark our woes. Shak. A deep melancholy took possesion of him, and gave a dark tinge to all his views of human nature. Macaulay. There is, in every true woman-s heart, a spark of heavenly fire, which beams and blazes in the dark hour of adversity. W. Irving. 6. Deprived of sight; blind. [Obs.] He was, I think, at this time quite dark, and so had been for some years. Evelyn. Note: Dark is sometimes used to qualify another adjective; as, dark blue, dark green, and sometimes it forms the first part of a compound; as, dark-haired, dark-eyed, dark-colored, dark-seated, dark-working. A dark horse, in racing or politics, a horse or a candidate whose chances of success are not known, and whose capabilities have not been made the subject of general comment or of wagers. [Colloq.] -- Dark house, Dark room, a house or room in which madmen were confined. [Obs.] Shak. -- Dark lantern. See Lantern. -- The Dark Ages, a period of stagnation and obscurity in literature and art, lasting, according to Hallam, nearly 1000 years, from about 500 to about 1500 A. D.. See Middle Ages, under Middle. -- The Dark and Bloody Ground, a phrase applied to the State of Kentucky, and said to be the significance of its name, in allusion to the frequent wars that were waged there between Indians. -- The dark day, a day (May 19, 1780) when a remarkable and unexplained darkness extended over all New England. -- To keep dark, to reveal nothing. [Low] DARK Dark, n. 1. Absence of light; darkness; obscurity; a place where there is little or no light. Here stood he in the dark, his sharp sword out. Shak. 2. The condition of ignorance; gloom; secrecy. Look, what you do, you do it still i' th' dark. Shak. Till we perceive by our own understandings, we are as mucdark, and as void of knowledge, as before. Locke. 3. (Fine Arts) Defn: A dark shade or dark passage in a painting, engraving, or the like; as, the light and darks are well contrasted. The lights may serve for a repose to the darks, and the darks to the lights. Dryden. DARK Dark, v. t. Defn: To darken to obscure. [Obs.] Milton. DARKEN Dark"en, v. t. [Imp. & p. p. Darkened; p. pr. & vb. n. Darkening.] Etym: [AS. deorcian. See Dark, a.] 1. To make dark or black; to deprite of light; to obscure; as, a darkened room. They [locusts] covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened. Ex. x. 15. So spake the Sovran Voice; and clouds began To darken all the hill. Milton. 2. To render dim; to deprive of vision. Let their eyes be darkened, that they may not see. Rom. xi. 10. 3. To cloud, obscure, or perplex; to render less clear or intelligible. Such was his wisdom that his confidence did seldom darkenhis foresight. Bacon. Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge Job. xxxviii. 2. 4. To cast a gloom upon. With these forced thoughts, I prithee, darken not The mirth of the feast. Shak. 5. To make foul; to sully; to tarnish. I must not think there are Evils enough to darken all his goodness. Shak. DARKEN Dark"en, v. i. Defn: To grow or darker. DARKENER Dark"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, darkens. DARKENING Dark"en*ing, n. Defn: Twilight; gloaming. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wright. DARKFUL Dark"ful, a. Defn: Full of darkness. [Obs.] DARKISH Dark"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat dark; dusky. DARKLE Dar"kle, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of dark.] Defn: To grow dark; to show indistinctly. Thackeray. DARKLING Dark"ling, adv. Etym: [Dark + the adverbial suffix -ling.] Defn: In the dark. [Poetic] So, out went the candle, and we were left darkling. Shak. As the wakeful bird Sings darkling. Milton. DARKLING Dark"ling, p. pr. & a. 1. Becoming dark or gloomy; frowing. His honest brows darkling as he looked towards me. Thackeray. 2. Dark; gloomy. "The darkling precipice." Moore. DARKLY Dark"ly, adv. 1. With imperfect light, clearness, or knowledge; obscurely; dimly; blindly; uncertainly. What fame to future times conveys but darkly down. Dryden. so softly dark and darkly pure. Byron. 2. With a dark, gloomy, cruel, or menacing look. Looking darkly at the clerguman. Hawthorne. DARKNESS Dark"ness, n. 1. The absence of light; blackness; obscurity; gloom. And darkness was upon the face of the deep. Gen. i. 2. 2. A state of privacy; secrecy. What I tell you in darkness, that speak ye in light. Matt. x. 27. 3. A state of ignorance or error, especially on moral or religious subjects; hence, wickedness; impurity. Men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil. John. iii. 19. Pursue these sons of darkness: drive them out From all heaven's bounds. Milton. 4. Want of clearness or perspicuity; obscurity; as, the darkness of a subject, or of a discussion. 5. A state of distress or trouble. A day of clouds and of thick darkness. Joel. ii. 2. Prince of darkness, the Devil; Satan. "In the power of the Prince of darkness." Locke. Syn. -- Darkness, Dimness, Obscurity, Gloom. Darkness arises from a total, and dimness from a partial, want of light. A thing is obscure when so overclouded or covered as not to be easily perceived. As tha shade or obscurity increases, it deepens into gloom. What is dark is hidden from view; what is obscure is difficult to perceive or penetrate; the eye becomes dim with age; an impending storm fills the atmosphere with gloom. When taken figuratively, these words have a like use; as, the darkness of ignorance; dimness of discernment; obscurity of reasoning; gloom of superstition. DARKSOME Dark"some, a. Defn: Dark; gloomy; obscure; shaded; cheerless. [Poetic] He brought him through a darksome narrow pass To a broad gate, all built of beaten gold. Spenser. DARKY Dark"y, n. Defn: A negro. [Sleng] DARLING Dar"ling, n. Etym: [OE. derling, deorling, AS. deórling; deóre dear + -ling. See Dear, and -ling.] Defn: One dearly beloved; a favorite. And can do naught but wail her darling's loss. Shak. DARLING Dar"ling, a. Defn: Dearly beloved; regarded with especial kindness and tenderness; favorite. "Some darling science." I. Watts. "Darling sin." Macaulay. DARLINGTONIA Dar`ling*to"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named after Dr. William Darlington, a botanist of West Chester, Penn.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of California pitcher plants consisting of a single species. The long tubular leaves are hooded at the top, and frequently contain many insects drowned in the secretion of the leaves. DARN Darn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Darned; p. pr. & vb. n. Darning.] Etym: [OE. derne, prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. darnio to piece, break in pieces, W. & Arm. to E. tear. Cf. Tear, v. t.] Defn: To mend as a rent or hole, with interlacing stitches of yarn or thread by means of a needle; to sew together with yarn or thread. He spent every day ten hours in his closet, in darning his stockins. Swift. Darning last. See under Last. -- Darning needle. (a) A long, strong needle for mending holes or rents, especially in stockings. (b) (Zoöl.) Any species of dragon fly, having a long, cylindrical body, resembling a needle. These flies are harmless and without stings. Note: [In this sense, usually written with a hyphen.] Called also devil's darning-needle. DARN Darn, n. Defn: A place mended by darning. DARN Darn, v. t. Defn: A colloquial euphemism for Damn. DARNEL Dar"nel, n. Etym: [OE. darnel, dernel, of uncertain origin; cf. dial. F. darnelle, Sw. dår-repe; perh. named from a supposed intoxicating quality of the plant, and akin to Sw. dåra to infatuate, OD. door foolish, G. thor fool, and Ee. dizzy.] (Bot.) Defn: Any grass of the genus Lolium, esp. the Lolium temulentum (bearded darnel), the grains of which have been reputed poisonous. Other species, as Lolium perenne (rye grass or ray grass), and its variety L. Italicum (Italian rye grass), are highly esteemed for pasture and for making hay. Note: Under darnel our early herbalists comprehended all kinds of cornfield weeds. Dr. Prior. DARNER Darn"er, n. Defn: One who mends by darning. DARNEX; DARNIC Dar"nex, Dar"nic, n. Defn: Same as Dornick. DAROO Da*roo", n. (Bot.) Defn: The Egyptian sycamore (Ficus Sycamorus). See Sycamore. DARR Darr, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European black tern. DARRAIGN; DARRAIN Dar"raign, Dar"rain,, v. t. Etym: [OF. deraisnier to explain, defend, to maintain in legal action by proof and reasonings, LL. derationare; de- + rationare to discourse, contend in law, fr. L. ratio reason, in LL., legal cause. Cf. Arraign, and see Reason.] 1. To make ready to fight; to array. [Obs.] Darrain your battle, for they are at hand. Shak. 2. To fight out; to contest; to decide by combat. [Obs.] "To darrain the battle." Chaucer . DARREIN Dar"rein, a. Etym: [OF. darrein, darrain, fr. an assumed LL. deretranus; L. de + retro back, backward.] (Law) Defn: Last; as, darrein continuance, the last continuance. DART Dart, n. Etym: [OF. dart, of German origin; cf. OHG. tart javelin, dart, AS. dara, daro, Sw. dart dagger, Icel. darra dart.] 1. A pointed missile weapon, intended to be thrown by the hand; a short lance; a javelin; hence, any sharp-pointed missile weapon, as an arrow. And he [Joab] took three darts in his hand, and thrust them through the heart of Absalom. 2 Sa. xviii. 14. 2. Anything resembling a dart; anything that pierces or wounds like a dart. The artful inquiry, whose venomed dart Scarce wounds the hearing while it stabs the heart. Hannan More. 3. A spear set as a prize in running. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish; the dace. See Dace. Dart sac (Zoöl.), a sac connected with the reproductive organs of land snails, which contains a dart, or arrowlike structure. DART Dart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Darted; p. pr. & vb. n. Darting.] 1. To throw with a sudden effort or thrust, as a dart or other missile weapon; to hurl or launch. 2. To throw suddenly or rapidly; to send forth; to emit; to shoot; as, the sun darts forth his beams. Or what ill eyes malignant glances dart Pope. DART Dart, v. i. 1. To fly or pass swiftly, as a dart. 2. To start and run with velocity; to shoot rapidly along; as, the deer darted from the thicket. DARTARS Dar"tars, n. Etym: [F. dartre eruption, dandruff. Defn: A kind of scab or ulceration on the skin of lambs. DARTER Dart"er, n. 1. One who darts, or who throw darts; that which darts. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The snakebird, a water bird of the genus Plotus; -- so called because it darts out its long, snakelike neck at its prey. See Snakebird. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small fresh-water etheostomoid fish. The group includes numerous genera and species, all of them American. See Etheostomoid. DARTINGLY Dart"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Like a dart; rapidly. DARTLE Dar"tle, v. t. & i. Defn: To pierce or shoot through; to dart repeatedly: -- frequentative of dart. My star that dartles the red and the blue. R. Browning. DARTOIC Dar*to"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the dartos. DARTOID Dar"toid, a. Etym: [Dartos + -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Like the dartos; dartoic; as, dartoid tissue. DARTOS Dar"tos, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. flayed.] (Anat.) Defn: A thin layer of peculiar contractile tissue directly beneath the skin of the scrotum. DARTROUS Dar"trous, a. Etym: [F. dartreux. See Dartars.] (Med.) Defn: Relating to, or partaking of the nature of, the disease called tetter; herpetic. Dartroud diathesis, A morbid condition of the system predisposing to the development of certain skin deseases, such as eczema, psoriasis, and pityriasis. Also called rheumic diathesis, and hipretism. Piffard. DARWINIAN Dar*win"i*an, a. Etym: [From the name of Charles Darwin, an English scientist.] Defn: Pertaining to Darwin; as, the Darwinian theory, a theory of the manner and cause of the supposed development of living things from certain original forms or elements. Note: This theory was put forth by Darwin in 1859 in a work entitled "The Origin of species by Means of Natural Selection." The author argues that, in the struggle for existence, those plants and creatures best fitted to the requirements of the situation in which they are placed are the ones that will live; in other words, that Nature selects those which are survive. This is the theory of natural selection or the survival of the fillest. He also argues that natural selection is capable of modifying and producing organisms fit for their circumstances. See Development theory, under Development. DARWINIAN Dar*win"i*an, n. Defn: An advocate of Darwinism. DARWINIANISM Dar*win"i*an*ism, n. Defn: Darwinism. DARWINISM Dar"win*ism, n. (Biol.) Defn: The theory or doctrines put forth by Darwin. See above. Huxley. DASE Dase, v. t. Defn: See Daze. [Obs.] Chaucer. DASEWE Dase"we, v. i. Etym: [OE. dasewen, daswen; cf. AS. dysegian to be foolish.] Defn: To become dim-sighted; to become dazed or dazzled. [Obs.] Chauscer. DASH Dash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dashing.] Etym: [Of. Scand. origin; cf. Dan daske to beat, strike, Sw. & Icel. daska, Dan. & Sw. dask blow.] 1. To throw with violence or haste; to cause to strike violently or hastily; -- often used with against. If you dash a stone against a stone in the botton of the water, it maketh a sound. Bacon. 2. To break, as by throwing or by collision; to shatter; to crust; to frustrate; to ruin. Thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter's vessel. Ps. ii. 9. A brave vessel, . . . Dashed all to pieces. Shak. To perplex and dash Maturest counsels. Milton. 3. To put to shame; to confound; to confuse; to abash; to depress. South. Dash the proud gamesPope. 4. To throw in or on in a rapid, careless manner; to mix, reduce, or adulterate, by throwing in something of an inferior quality; to overspread partially; to bespatter; to touch here and there; as, to dash wine with water; to dash paint upon a picture. I take care to dash the character with such particular circumstance as may prevent ill-natured applications. Addison. The very source and fount of day Is dashed with wandering isles of night. Tennyson. 5. To form or sketch rapidly or carelessly; to execute rapidly, or with careless haste; -- with off; as, to dash off a review or sermon. 6. To erase by a stroke; to strike out; knock out; -- with out; as, to dash out a word. DASH Dash, v. i. Defn: To rust with violence; to move impetuously; to strike violently; as, the waves dash upon rocks. [He] dashed through thick and thin. Dryden. On each hand the gushing waters play, And down the rough cascade all dashing fall. Thomson. DASH Dash, n. 1. Violent striking together of two bodies; collision; crash. 2. A sudden check; abashment; frustration; ruin; as, his hopes received a dash. 3. A slight admixture, infusion, or adulteration; a partial overspreading; as, wine with a dash of water; red with a dash of purple. Innocence when it has in it a dash of folly. Addison. 4. A rapid movement, esp. one of short duration; a quick stroke or blow; a sudden onset or rush; as, a bold dash at the enemy; a dash of rain. She takes upon her bravely at first dash. Shak. 5. Energy in style or action; animation; spirit. 6. A vain show; a blustering parade; a flourish; as, to make or cut a great dash. [Low] 7. (Punctuation) Defn: A mark or line [--], in writing or printing, denoting a sudden break, stop, or transition in a sentence, or an abrupt change in its construction, a long or significant pause, or an unexpected or epigrammatic turn of sentiment. Dashes are also sometimes used instead of marks or parenthesis. John Wilson. 8. (Mus.) (a) The sign of staccato, a small mark [. (b) The line drawn through a figure in the thorough bass, as a direction to raise the interval a semitone. 9. (Racing) Defn: A short, spirited effort or trial of speed upon a race course; -- used in horse racing, when a single trial constitutes the race. DASHBOARD Dash"board`, n. 1. A board placed on the fore part of a carriage, sleigh, or other vechicle, to intercept water, mud, or snow, thrown up by the heels of the horses; -- in England commonly called splashboard. 2. (Naut.) (a) The float of a paddle wheel. (b) A screen at the bow af a steam launch to keep off the spray; -- called also sprayboard. DASHEEN Dash`een", n. Defn: A tropical aroid (of the genus Caladium, syn. Colocasia) having an edible farinaceous root. It is related to the taro and to the tanier, but is much superior to it in quality and is as easily cooked as the potato. It is a staple food plant of the tropics, being prepared like potatoes, and has been introduced into the Southern United States. DASHER Dash"er, n. 1. That which dashes or agitates; as, the dasher of a churn. 2. A dashboard or splashboard. [U. S.] 3. One who makes an ostentatious parade. [Low] DASHING Dash"ing, a. Defn: Bold; spirited; showy. The dashing and daring spirit is preferable to the listless. T. Campbell. DASHINGLY Dash"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Conspicuously; showily. [Colloq.] A dashingly dressed gentleman. Hawthorne. DASHISM Dash"ism, n. Defn: The character of making ostentatious or blustering parade or show. [R. & Colloq.] He must fight a duel before his claim to . . . dashism can be universally allowed. V. Knox. DASHPOT Dash"pot`, n. (Mach.) Defn: A pneumatic or hydraulic cushion for a falling weight, as in the valve gear of a steam engine, to prevent shock. Note: It consists of a chamber, containing air or a liquid, in which a piston (a), attached to the weight, falls freely until it enters a space (as below the openings, b) from which the air or liquid can escape but slowly (as through cock c), when its fall is gradually checked. Note: A cataract of an engine is sometimes called a dashpot. DASHY Dash"y, a. Etym: [From Dash.] Defn: Calculated to arrest attention; ostentatiously fashionable; showy. [Colloq.] DASTARD Das"tard, n. Etym: [Prob. from Icel. dæstr exhausted. breathless, p. p. of dæsa to groan, lose one's breath; cf. dasask to become exhausted, and E. daze.] Defn: One who meanly shrinks from danger; an arrant coward; a poltroon. You are all recreants and dashtards, and delight to live in slavery to the nobility. Shak. DASTARD Das"tard, a. Defn: Meanly shrinking from danger; cowardly; dastardly. "Their dastard souls." Addison. DASTARD Das"tard, v. t. Defn: To dastardize. [R.] Dryden. DASTARDIZE Das"tard*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dastardized; p. pr. & vb. n. Dastardizing.] Defn: To make cowardly; to intimidate; to dispirit; as, to dastardize my courage. Dryden. DASTARDLINESS Das"tard*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being dastardly; cowardice; base fear. DASTARDLY Das"tard*ly, a. Defn: Meanly timid; cowardly; base; as, a dastardly outrage. DASTARDNESS Das"tard*ness, n. Defn: Dastardliness. DASTARDY Das"tard*y, n. Defn: Base timidity; cowardliness. DASWE Das"we, v. i. Defn: See Dasewe [Obs.] Chaucer. DASYMETER Da*sym"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. rough, thick + -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for testing the density of gases, consisting of a thin glass globe, which is weighed in the gas or gases, and then in an atmosphere of known density. DASYPAEDAL Das`y*pæ"dal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Dasypædic. DASYPAEDES Das`y*pæ"des, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. hairy, shaggy + , , a child.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Those birds whose young are covered with down when hatched. DASYPAEDIC Das`y*pæ"dic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Dasypædes; ptilopædic. DASYURE Das"y*ure, n. Etym: [Gr. thick, shaggy + tail: cf. F. dasyure.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A carnivorous marsupial quadruped of Australia, belonging to the genus Dasyurus. There are several species. DASYURINE Das`y*u"rine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or like, the dasyures. DATA Da"ta, n. pl. Etym: [L. pl. of datum.] Defn: See Datum. DATABLE Dat"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be dated; having a known or ascertainable date. "Datable almost to a year." The Century. DATARIA Da*ta"ri*a, n. Etym: [LL., fr. L. datum given.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Formerly, a part of the Roman chancery; now, a separate office from which are sent graces or favors, cognizable in foro externo, such as appointments to benefices. The name is derived from the word datum, given or dated (with the indications of the time and place of granting the gift or favor). DATARY Da"ta*ry, n. Etym: [LL. datarius. See Dataria.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: An officer in the pope's court, having charge of the Dataria. 2. The office or employment of a datary. DATE Date, n.Etym: [F. datte, L. dactylus, fr. Gr. , prob. not the same word as finger, but of Semitic origin.] (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of the date palm; also, the date palm itself. Note: This fruit is somewhat in the shape of an olive, containing a soft pulp, sweet, esculent, and wholesome, and inclosing a hard kernel. Date palm, or Date tree (Bot.), the genus of palms which bear dates, of which common species is Phoenix dactylifera. See Illust. -- Date plum (Bot.), the fruit of several species of Diospyros, including the American and Japanese persimmons, and the European lotus (D. Lotus). -- Date shell, or Date fish (Zoöl.), a bivalve shell, or its inhabitant, of the genus Pholas, and allied genera. See Pholas. DATE Date, n. Etym: [F. date, LL. data, fr. L. datus given, p.p. of dare to give; akin to Gr. , OSlaw. dati, Skr. da. Cf. Datum, Dose, Dato, Die.] 1. That addition to a writing, inscription, coin, etc., which specifies the time (as day, month, and year) when the writing or inscription was given, or executed, or made; as, the date of a letter, of a will, of a deed, of a coin. etc. And bonds without a date, they say, are void. Dryden. 2. The point of time at which a transaction or event takes place, or is appointed to take place; a given point of time; epoch; as, the date of a battle. He at once, Down the long series of eventful time, So fixed the dates of being, so disposed To every living soul of every kind The field of motion, and the hour of rest. Akenside. 3. Assigned end; conclusion. [R.] What Time would spare, from Steel receives its date. Pope. 4. Given or assigned length of life; dyration. [Obs.] Good luck prolonged hath thy date. Spenser. Through his life's whole date. Chapman. To bear date, to have the date named on the face of it; -- said of a writing. DATE Date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dating.] Etym: [Cf. F. dater. See 2d Date.] 1. To note the time of writing or executing; to express in an instrument the time of its execution; as, to date a letter, a bond, a deed, or a charter. 2. To note or fix the time of, as of an event; to give the date of; as, to date the building of the pyramids. Note: We may say dated at or from a place. The letter is dated at Philadephia. G. T. Curtis. You will be suprised, I don't question, to find among your correspondencies in foreign parts, a letter dated from Blois. Addison. In the countries of his jornal seems to have been written; parts of it are dated from them. M. Arnold. DATE Date, v. i. Defn: To have beginning; to begin; to be dated or reckoned; -- with from. The Batavian republic dates from the successes of the French arms. E. Everett. DATELESS Date"less, a. Defn: Without date; having no fixed time. DATE LINE Date line. Defn: The hypothetical line on the surface of the earth fixed by international or general agreement as a boundary on one side of which the same day shall have a different name and date in the calendar from its name and date on the other side. Speaking generally, the date line coincides with the meridian 180º from Greenwich. It deflects between north latitudes 80º and 45º, so that all Asia lies to the west, all North America, including the Aleutian Islands, to the east of the line; and between south latitudes 12º and 56º, so that Chatham Island and the Tonga group lie to the west of it. A vessel crossing this line to the westward sets the date forward by one day, as from Sunday to Monday. A vessel crossing the line to the eastward sets the date back by one day, as from Monday to Sunday. Hawaii has the same day name as San Francisco; Manila, the same day name as Australia, and this is one day later than the day of Hawaii. Thus when it is Monday May 1st at San Francisco it is Tuesday may 2d at Manila. DATER Dat"er, n. Defn: One who dates. DATISCIN Da*tis"cin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline glucoside extracted from the bastard hemp (Datisca cannabina). DATIVE Da"tive, a. Etym: [L. dativus appropriate to giving, fr. dare to give. See 2d Date.] 1. (Gram.) Defn: Noting the case of a noun which expresses the remoter object, and is generally indicated in English by to or for with the objective. 2. (Law) (a) In one's gift; capable of being disposed of at will and pleasure, as an office. (b) Removable, as distinguished from perpetual; -- said of an officer. (c) Given by a magistrate, as distinguished from being cast upon a party by the law. Burril. Bouvier. Dative executor, one appointed by the judge of probate, his office answering to that of an administrator. DATIVE Da"tive, n. Etym: [L. dativus.] Defn: The dative case. See Dative, a., 1. DATIVELY Da"tive*ly, adv. Defn: As a gift. [R.] DATOLITE Dat"o*lite, n. Etym: [From. Gr. to divide + -lite; in allusion to the granular structure of a massive variety.] (Min.) Defn: A borosilicate of lime commonly occuring in glassy,, greenish crystals. [Written also datholite.] DATUM Da"tum, n.; pl. Data. Etym: [L. See 2d Date.] 1. Something given or admitted; a fact or principle granted; that upon which an inference or an argument is based; -- used chiefly in the plural. Any writer, therefore, who . . . furnishes us with data sufficient to determine the time in which he wrote. Priestley. 2. pl. (Math.) Defn: The quantities or relations which are assumed to be given in any problem. Datum line (Surv.), the horizontal or base line, from which the heights of points are reckoned or measured, as in the plan of a railway, etc. DATURA Da*tu"ra, n. Etym: [NL.; cf. Skr. dhatt, Per. & Ar. tat, Tat.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of solanaceous plants, with large funnel-shaped flowers and a four-celled, capsular fruit. Note: The commonest species are the thorn apple (D. stramonium), with a prickly capsule (see Illust. of capsule), white flowers and green stem, and D. tatula, with a purplish tinge of the stem and flowers. Both are narcotic and dangerously poisonous. DATURINE Da*tu"rine, n. Etym: [From Datura.] (Chem.) Defn: Atropine; -- called also daturia and daturina. DAUB Daub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daubed; p. pr. & vb. n. Daubing.] Etym: [OE. dauben to smear, OF. dauber to plaster, fr. L. dealbare to whitewash, plaster; de- + albare to whiten, fr. albus white, perh. also confused with W. dwb plaster, dwbio to plaster, Ir. & OGael. dob plaster. See Alb, and cf. Dealbate.] 1. To smear with soft, adhesive matter, as pitch, slime, mud, etc.; to plaster; to bedaub; to besmear. She took for him an ark of bulrushes, and daubed it with slime and with pitch. Ex. ii. 3. 2. To paint in a coarse or unskillful manner. If a picture is daubed with many bright and glaring colors, the vulgar admire it is an excellent piece. I. Watts. A lame, imperfect piece, rudely daubed over. Dryden. 3. To cover with a specious or deceitful exterior; to disguise; to conceal. So smooth he daubed his vice with show of virtue. Shak. 4. To flatter excessively or glossy. [R.] I can safely say, however, that, without any daubing at all, I am very sincerely your very affectionate, humble servant. Smollett. 5. To put on without taste; to deck gaudily. [R.] Let him be daubed with lace. Dryden. DAUB Daub, v. i. Defn: To smear; to play the flatterer. His conscience . . . will not daub nor flatter. South. DAUB Daub, n. 1. A viscous, sticky application; a spot smeared or dabed; a smear. 2. (Paint.) Defn: A picture coarsely executed. Did you . . . take a look at the grand picture . . . 'T is a melancholy daub, my lord. Sterne. DAUBER Daub"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, daubs; especially, a coarse, unskillful painter. 2. (Copperplate Print.) Defn: A pad or ball of rags, covered over with canvas, for inking plates; a dabber. 3. A low and gross flattere. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The mud wasp; the mud dauber. DAUBERY; DAUBRY Daub"er*y, or Daub"ry, n. Defn: A daubing; specious coloring; false pretenses. She works by charms, by spells, by the figure, and such daubery as this is. Shak. DAUBING Daub"ing, n. 1. The act of one who daubs; that which is daubed. 2. A rough coat of mortar put upon a wall to give it the appearance of stone; rough-cast. 3. In currying, a mixture of fish oil and tallow worked into leather; -- called also dubbing. Knight. DAUBREELITE Dau"bree*lite, n. Etym: [From Daubrée, a French mineralogist.] (Min.) Defn: A sulphide of chromium observed in some meteoric irons. DAUBY Daub"y, a. Defn: Smeary; viscous; glutinous; adhesive. "Dauby wax." DAUGHTER Daugh"ter, n.; pl. Daughters; obs. pl. Daughtren. Etym: [OE. doughter, doghter, dohter, AS. dohtor, dohter; akin to OS. dohtar, D. dochter, G. tochter, Icel. d, Sw. dotter, Dan. dotter, datter, Goth. daúhtar,, OSlav. d, Russ. doche, Lith. dukt, Gr. , Zendughdhar, Skr. duhit; possibly originally, the milker, cf. Skr. duh to milk. sq. root68, 245.] 1. The female offspring of the human species; a female child of any age; -- applied also to the lower animals. 2. A female descendant; a woman. This woman, being a daughter of Abraham. Luke xiii. 16. Dinah, the daughter of Leah, which she bare unto Jacob, went out to see the daughter of the land. Gen. xxxiv. 1. 3. A son's wife; a daughter-in-law. And Naomi said, Turn again, my daughters. Ruth. i. 11. 4. A term of adress indicating parental interest. Daughter, be of good comfort. Matt. ix. 22. Daughter cell (Biol.), one of the cells formed by cell division. See Cell division, under Division. DAUGHTER-IN-LAW Daugh"ter-in-law`, n.; pl. Daughters-in-law. Defn: The wife of one's son. DAUGHTERLINESS Daugh"ter*li*ness, n. Defn: The state of a daughter, or the conduct becoming a daughter. DAUGHTERLY Daugh"ter*ly, a. Defn: Becoming a daughter; filial. Sir Thomas liked her natural and dear daughterly affection towards him. Cavendish. DAUK Dauk, v. t. Defn: See Dawk, v. t., to cut or gush. DAUN Daun, n. Defn: A variant of Dan, a title of honor. [Obs.] Chaucer. DAUNT Daunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Daunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Daunting.] Etym: [OF. danter, F. dompter to tame, subdue, fr. L. domitare, v. intens. of domare to tame. See Tame.] 1. To overcome; to conquer. [Obs.] 2. To repress or subdue the courage of; to check by fear of danger; to cow; to intimidate; to dishearten. Some presences daunt and discourage us. Glanvill. Syn. -- To dismay; appall. See Dismay. DAUNTER Daunt"er, n. Defn: One who daunts. DAUNTLESS Daunt"less, a. Defn: Incapable of being daunted; undaunted; bold; fearless; intrepid. Dauntless he rose, and to the fight returned. Dryden. -- Daunt"less*ly, adv. -- Daunt"less*ness, n. DAUPHIN Dau"phin, n. Etym: [F. dauphin, prop., a dolphin, from L. delphinus. See Dolphin. The name was given, for some reason unexplained, to Guigo, count of Vienne, in the 12th century, and was borne by succeeding counts of Vienne. In 1349, Dauphiny was bequeathed to Philippe de Valois, king of France, on condition that the heir of the crown should always hold the title of Dauphin de Viennois.] Defn: The title of the eldest son of the king of France, and heir to the crown. Since the revolution of 1830, the title has been discontinued. DAUPHINESS; DAUPHINE Dau"phin*ess, or Dau"phine, n. Defn: The title of the wife of the dauphin. DAUW Dauw, n. Etym: [D.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The striped quagga, or Burchell's zebra, of South Africa (Asinus Burchellii); -- called also peechi, or peetsi. DAVENPORT Dav"en*port, n. Etym: [From the name of the original maker. Encyc. Dict.] Defn: A kind of small writing table, generally somewhat ornamental, and forming a piece of furniture for the parlor or boudoir. A much battered davenport in one of the windows, at which sat a lady writing. A. B. Edwards. DAVIDIC Da*vid"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to David, the king and psalmist of Israel, or to his family. DAVIT Dav"it, n. Etym: [Cf. F. davier forceps, davit, cooper's instrument, G. david davit; all probably from the proper name David.] (Naut.) (a) A spar formerly used on board of ships, as a crane to hoist the flukes of the anchor to the top of the bow, without injuring the sides of the ship; -- called also the fish davit. (b) pl. Defn: Curved arms of timber or iron, projecting over a ship's side of stern, having tackle to raise or lower a boat, swing it in on deck, rig it out for lowering, etc.; -- called also boat davits. Totten. DAVY JONES Da"vy Jones". Defn: The spirit of the sea; sea devil; -- a term used by sailors. This same Davy Jones, according to the mythology of sailors, is the fiend that presides over all the evil spirits of the deep, and is seen in various shapes warning the devoted wretch of death and woe. Smollett. Davy Jones's Locker, the ocean, or bottom of the ocean. -- Gone to Davy Jones's Locker, dead, and buried in the sea; thrown overboard. DAVY LAMP Da"vy lamp`. Defn: See Safety lamp, under Lamp. DAVYNE Da"vyne, n. Etym: [See Davyum.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of nephelite from Vesuvius. DAVYUM Da"vy*um, n. Etym: [Named after Sir Humphry Davy, the English chemist.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element found in platinum ore. It is a white malleable substance. Symbol Da. Atomic weight 154. DAW Daw, n. Etym: [OE. dawe; akin to OHG. taha, MHG. tahe, tahele, G. dohle. Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European bird of the Crow family (Corvus monedula), often nesting in church towers and ruins; a jackdaw. The loud daw, his throat displaying, draw The whole assembly of his fellow daws. Waller. Note: The daw was reckoned as a silly bird, and a daw meant a simpleton. See in Shakespeare: -- "Then thou dwellest with daws too." (Coriolanus iv. 5, 1. 47.) Skeat. DAW Daw, v. i. Etym: [OE. dawen. See Dawn.] Defn: To dawn. [Obs.] See Dawn. DAW Daw, v. t. Etym: [Contr. fr. Adaw.] 1. To rouse. [Obs.] 2. To daunt; to terrify. [Obs.] B. Jonson. DAWDLE Daw"dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dawdled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dawdling.] Etym: [Cf. Daddle.] Defn: To waste time in trifling employment; to trifle; to saunter. Come some evening and dawdle over a dish of tea with me. Johnson. We . . . dawdle up and down Pall Mall. Thackeray. DAWDLE Daw"dle, v. t. Defn: To waste by trifling; as, to dawdle away a whole morning. DAWDLE Daw"dle, n. Defn: A dawdler. Colman & Carrick. DAWDLER Daw"dler, n. Defn: One who wastes time in trifling employments; an idler; a trifler. DAWE Dawe, n. Etym: [See Day.] Defn: Day. [Obs.] Chaucer. DAWISH Daw"ish, a. Defn: Like a daw. DAWK Dawk, n. Defn: See Dak. DAWK Dawk, v. t. Etym: [Prov. E. dauk to cut or pierce with a jerk; cf. OE. dalk a dimple. Cf. Ir. tolch, tollachd, tolladh, a hole, crevice, toll to bore, pierce, W. tyllu.] Defn: To cut or mark with an incision; to gash. Moxon. DAWK Dawk, n. Defn: A hollow, crack, or cut, in timber. Moxon. DAWN Dawn, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dawned; p. pr. & vb. n. Dawning.] Etym: [OE. dawnen, dawen, dagen, daien, AS. dagian to become day, to dawn, fr. dæg day; akin to D. dagen, G. tagen, Icel. daga, Dan. dages, Sw. dagas. See Day. 1. To begin to grow light in the morning; to grow light; to break, or begin to appear; as, the day dawns; the morning dawns. In the end of the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary Magdalene . . . to see the sepulcher. Matt. xxviii. 1. 2. To began to give promise; to begin to appear or to expand. "In dawning youth." Dryden. When life awakes, and dawns at every line. Pope. Dawn on our darkness and lend us thine aid. Heber, DAWN Dawn, n. 1. The break of day; the first appeareance of light in the morning; show of approaching sunrise. And oft at dawn, deep noon, or falling eve. Thomson. No sun, no moon, no morn, no noon, No dawn, no dusk, no proper time of day. Hood. 2. First opening or expansion; first appearance; beginning; rise. "The dawn of time." Thomson. These tender circumstances diffuse a dawn of serenity over the soul. Pope. DAWSONITE Daw"son*ite, n. Etym: [Named after J. W. Dawson of Montreal.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous carbonate of alumina and soda, occuring in white, bladed crustals. DAY Day, n. Etym: [OE. day, dai,, dei, AS. dæg; akin to OS., D., Dan., & Sw. dag, G, tag, Icel. dagr, Goth. dags; cf. Skr. dah (for dhagh ) to burn. *69. Cf. Dawn.] 1. The time of light, or interval between one night and the next; the time between sunrise and sunset, or from dawn to darkness; hence, the light; sunshine. 2. The period of the earth's revolution on its axis. -- ordinarily divided into twenty-four hours. It is measured by the interval between two successive transits of a celestial body over the same meridian, and takes a specific name from that of the body. Thus, if this is the sun, the day (the interval between two successive transits of the sun's center over the same meridian) is called a solar day; if it is a star, a sidereal day; if it is the moon, a lunar day. See Civil day, Sidereal day, below. 3. Those hours, or the daily recurring period, allotted by usage or law for work. 4. A specified time or period; time, considered with reference to the existence or prominence of a person or thing; age; time. A man who was great among the Hellenes of his day. Jowett (Thucyd. ) If my debtors do not keep their day, . . . I must with patience all the terms attend. Dryden. 5. (Preceded by the) Some day in particular, as some day of contest, some anniversary, etc. The field of Agincourt, Fought on the day of Crispin Crispianus. Shak. His name struck fear, his conduct won the day. Roscommon. Note: Day is much used in self-explaining compounds; as, daybreak, daylight, workday, etc. Anniversary day. See Anniversary, n. -- Astronomical day, a period equal to the mean solar day, but beginning at noon instead of at midnight, its twenty-four hours being numbered from 1 to 24; also, the sidereal day, as that most used by astronomers. -- Born days. See under Born. -- Canicular days. See Dog day. -- Civil day, the mean solar day, used in the ordinary reckoning of time, and among most modern nations beginning at mean midnight; its hours are usually numbered in two series, each from 1 to 12. This is the period recognized by courts as constituting a day. The Babylonians and Hindoos began their day at sunrise, the Athenians and Jews at sunset, the ancient Egyptians and Romans at midnight. -- Day blindness. (Med.) See Nyctalopia. -- Day by day, or Day after day, daily; every day; continually; without intermission of a day. See under By. "Day by day we magnify thee." Book of Common Prayer. -- Days in bank (Eng. Law), certain stated days for the return of writs and the appearance of parties; -- so called because originally peculiar to the Court of Common Bench, or Bench (bank) as it was formerly termed. Burrill. -- Day in court, a day for the appearance of parties in a suit. -- Days of devotion (R. C. Ch.), certain festivals on which devotion leads the faithful to attend mass. Shipley. -- Days of grace. See Grace. -- Days of obligation (R. C. Ch.), festival days when it is obligatory on the faithful to attend Mass. Shipley. -- Day owl, (Zoöl.), an owl that flies by day. See Hawk owl. -- Day rule (Eng. Law), an order of court (now abolished) allowing a prisoner, under certain circumstances, to go beyond the prison limits for a single day. -- Day school, one which the pupils attend only in daytime, in distinction from a boarding school. -- Day sight. (Med.) See Hemeralopia. -- Day's work (Naut.), the account or reckoning of a ship's course for twenty-four hours, from noon to noon. -- From day to day, as time passes; in the course of time; as, he improves from day to day. -- Jewish day, the time between sunset and sunset. -- Mean solar day (Astron.), the mean or average of all the apparent solar days of the year. -- One day, One of these days, at an uncertain time, usually of the future, rarely of the past; sooner or later. "Well, niece, I hope to see you one day fitted with a husband." Shak. -- Only from day to day, without certainty of continuance; temporarily. Bacon. -- Sidereal day, the interval between two successive transits of the first point of Aries over the same meridian. The Sidereal day is 23 h. 56 m. 4.09 s. of mean solar time. -- To win the day, to gain the victory, to be successful. S. Butler. -- Week day, any day of the week except Sunday; a working day. -- Working day. (a) A day when work may be legally done, in distinction from Sundays and legal holidays. (b) The number of hours, determined by law or custom, during which a workman, hired at a stated price per day, must work to be entitled to a day's pay. DAYAKS Day"aks, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: See Dyaks. DAYBOOK Day"book, n. Defn: A journal of accounts; a primary record book in which are recorded the debts and credits, or accounts of the day, in their order, and from which they are transferred to the journal. DAYBREAK Day"break`, n. Defn: The time of the first appearance of light in the morning. DAY-COAL Day"-coal`, n. (Mining) Defn: The upper stratum of coal, as nearest the light or surface. DAYDREAM Day"dream`, n. Defn: A vain fancy speculation; a reverie; a castle in the air; unfounded hope. Mrs. Lambert's little daydream was over. Thackeray. DAYDREAMER Day"dream`er, n. Defn: One given to draydreams. DAYFLOWER Day"flow`er, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus consisting mostly of tropical perennial herbs (Commelina), having ephemeral flowers. DAYFLY Day"fly`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A neuropterous insect of the genus Ephemera and related genera, of many species, and inhabiting fresh water in the larval state; the ephemeral fly; -- so called because it commonly lives but one day in the winged or adult state. See Ephemeral fly, under Ephemeral. DAY-LABOR Day"-la`bor, n. Defn: Labor hired or performed by the day. Milton. DAY-LABORER Day"-la`bor*er, n. Defn: One who works by the day; -- usually applied to a farm laborer, or to a workman who does not work at any particular trade. Goldsmith. DAYLIGHT Day"light`, n. 1. The light of day as opposed to the darkness of night; the light of the sun, as opposed to that of the moon or to artificial light. 2. pl. Defn: The eyes. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. DAY LILY Day" lil`y. (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants (Hemerocallis) closely resembling true lilies, but having tuberous rootstocks instead of bulbs. The common species have long narrow leaves and either yellow or tawny-orange flowers. (b) A genus of plants (Funkia) differing from the last in having ovate veiny leaves, and large white or blue flowers. DAYMAID Day"maid`, n. Defn: A dairymaid. [Obs.] DAYMARE Day"mare`, n. Etym: [Day + mare incubus.] (Med.) Defn: A kind of incubus which occurs during wakefulness, attended by the peculiar pressure on the chest which characterizes nightmare. Dunglison. DAY-NET Day"-net`, n. Defn: A net for catching small birds. DAY-PEEP Day"-peep`, n. Defn: The dawn. [Poetic] Milton. DAYSMAN Days"man, n. Etym: [From day in the sense of day fixed for trial.] Defn: An umpire or arbiter; a mediator. Neither is there any daysman betwixt us. Job ix. 33. DAYSPRING Day"spring, n. Defn: The beginning of the day, or first appearance of light; the dawn; hence, the beginning. Milton. The tender mercy of our God; whereby the dayspring from on high hath visited us. Luke i. 78. DAY-STAR Day"-star`, n. 1. The morning star; the star which ushers in the day. A dark place, until the day dawn, and the day-star arise in your hearts. 2 Peter i. 19. 2. The sun, as the orb of day. [Poetic] So sinks the day-star in the ocean bed, And yet anon repairs his drooping head, And tricks his beams, and with new-spangled ore Flames in the forehead of the morning sky. Milton. DAYTIME Day"time`, n. Defn: The time during which there is daylight, as distinguished from the night. DAYWOMAN Day"wom`an, n. Defn: A dairymaid. [Obs.] DAZE Daze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dazed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dazing.] Etym: [OE. dasen, prob. from Icel. dasask to become weary, a reflexive verb; cf. Sw. dasa to lie idle, and OD. daesen to be foolish, insane, daes, dwaes, D. dwaas, foolish, insane, AS. dw, dysig, stupid. Dizzy, Doze.] Defn: To stupefy with excess of light; with a blow, with cold, or with fear; to confuse; to benumb. While flashing beams do daze his feeble eyen. Spenser. Such souls, Whose sudden visitations daze the world. Sir H. Taylor. He comes out of the room in a dazed state, that is an odd though a sufficient substitute for interest. Dickens. DAZE Daze, n. 1. The state of being dazed; as, he was in a daze. [Colloq.] 2. (Mining) Defn: A glittering stone. DAZZLE Daz"zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dazzled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dazzling.] Etym: [Freq. of daze.] 1. To overpower with light; to confuse the sight of by brilliance of light. Those heavenly shapes Will dazzle now the earthly, with their blaze Insufferably bright. Milton. An unreflected light did never yet Dazzle the vision feminine. Sir H. Taylor. 2. To bewilder or surprise with brilliancy or display of any kind. "Dazzled and drove back his enemies." Shak. DAZZLE Daz"zle, v. i. 1. To be overpoweringly or intensely bright; to excite admiration by brilliancy. Ah, friend! to dazzle, let the vain design. Pope. 2. To be overpowered by light; to be confused by excess of brightness. An overlight maketh the eyes dazzle. Bacon. I dare not trust these eyes; They dance in mists, and dazzle with surprise. Dryden. DAZZLE Daz"zle, n. Defn: A light of dazzling brilliancy. DAZZLEMENT Daz"zle*ment, n. Defn: Dazzling flash, glare, or burst of light. Donne. DAZZLINGLY Daz"zling*ly, adv. Defn: In a dazzling manner. DE- De-. Defn: A prefix from Latin de down, from, away; as in debark, decline, decease, deduct, decamp. In words from the French it is equivalent to Latin dis- apart, away; or sometimes to de. Cf. Dis-. It is negative and opposite in derange, deform, destroy, etc. It is intensive in deprave, despoil, declare, desolate, etc. DEACON Dea"con, n. Etym: [OE. diakne, deakne, deken, AS. diacon, deacon, L. diaconus, fr. Gr. dean.] 1. (Eccl.) Defn: An officer in Christian churches appointed to perform certain subordinate duties varying in different communions. In the Roman Catholic and Episcopal churches, a person admitted to the lowest order in the ministry, subordinate to the bishops and priests. In Presbyterian churches, he is subordinate to the minister and elders, and has charge of certain duties connected with the communion service and the care of the poor. In Congregational churches, he is subordinate to the pastor, and has duties as in the Presbyterian church. 2. The chairman of an incorporated company. [Scot.] DEACON Dea"con, v. t. Defn: To read aloud each line of (a psalm or hymn) before singing it, -- usually with off. [Colloq. New. Eng.] See Line, v. t. Note: The expression is derived from a former custom in the Congregational churches of New England. It was part of the office of a deacon to read aloud the psalm given out, one line at a time, the congregation singing each line as soon as read; -- called, also, lining out the psalm. DEACONESS Dea"con*ess, n. (Eccl.) Defn: A female deacon; as: (a) (Primitive Ch.) One of an order of women whose duties resembled those of deacons. (b) (Ch. of Eng. and Prot. Epis. Ch.) Defn: A woman set apart for church work by a bishop. (c) A woman chosen as a helper in church work, as among the Congregationalists. DEACONHOOD Dea"con*hood, n. Defn: The state of being a deacon; office of a deacon; deaconship. DEACONRY Dea"con*ry, n. Defn: See Deaconship. DEACONSHIP Dea"con*ship, n. Defn: The office or ministry of a deacon or deaconess. DEAD Dead, a. Etym: [OE. ded, dead, deed, AS. deád; akin to OS. d, D. dood, G. todt, tot, Icel. dau, Sw. & Dan. död, Goth. daubs; prop. p. p. of an old verb meaning to die. See Die, and cf. Death.] 1. Deprived of life; -- opposed to alive and living; reduced to that state of a being in which the organs of motion and life have irrevocably ceased to perform their functions; as, a dead tree; a dead man. "The queen, my lord, is dead." Shak. The crew, all except himself, were dead of hunger. Arbuthnot. Seek him with candle, bring him dead or living. Shak. 2. Destitute of life; inanimate; as, dead matter. 3. Resembling death in appearance or quality; without show of life; deathlike; as, a dead sleep. 4. Still as death; motionless; inactive; useless; as, dead calm; a dead load or weight. 5. So constructed as not to transmit sound; soundless; as, a dead floor. 6. Unproductive; bringing no gain; unprofitable; as, dead capital; dead stock in trade. 7. Lacking spirit; dull; lusterless; cheerless; as, dead eye; dead fire; dead color, etc. 8. Monotonous or unvaried; as, a dead level or pain; a dead wall. "The ground is a dead flat." C. Reade. 9. Sure as death; unerring; fixed; complete; as, a dead shot; a dead certainty. I had them a dead bargain. Goldsmith. 10. Bringing death; deadly. Shak. 11. Wanting in religious spirit and vitality; as, dead faith; dead works. "Dead in trespasses." Eph. ii. 1. 12. (Paint.) (a) Flat; without gloss; -- said of painting which has been applied purposely to have this effect. (b) Not brilliant; not rich; thus, brown is a dead color, as compared with crimson. 13. (Law) Defn: Cut off from the rights of a citizen; deprived of the power of enjoying the rights of property; as, one banished or becoming a monk is civilly dead. 14. (Mach.) Defn: Not imparting motion or power; as, the dead spindle of a lathe, etc. See Spindle. Dead ahead (Naut.), directly ahead; -- said of a ship or any object, esp. of the wind when blowing from that point toward which a vessel would go. -- Dead angle (Mil.), an angle or space which can not be seen or defended from behind the parapet. -- Dead block, either of two wooden or iron blocks intended to serve instead of buffers at the end of a freight car. -- Dead calm (Naut.), no wind at all. -- Dead center, or Dead point (Mach.), either of two points in the orbit of a crank, at which the crank and connecting rod lie a straight line. It corresponds to the end of a stroke; as, A and B are dead centers of the crank mechanism in which the crank C drives, or is driven by, the lever L. -- Dead color (Paint.), a color which has no gloss upon it. -- Dead coloring (Oil paint.), the layer of colors, the preparation for what is to follow. In modern painting this is usually in monochrome. -- Dead door (Shipbuilding), a storm shutter fitted to the outside of the quarter-gallery door. -- Dead flat (Naut.), the widest or midship frame. -- Dead freight (Mar. Law), a sum of money paid by a person who charters a whole vessel but fails to make out a full cargo. The payment is made for the unoccupied capacity. Abbott. -- Dead ground (Mining), the portion of a vein in which there is no ore. -- Dead hand, a hand that can not alienate, as of a person civilly dead. "Serfs held in dead hand." Morley. See Mortmain. -- Dead head (Naut.), a rough block of wood used as an anchor buoy. -- Dead heat, a heat or course between two or more race horses, boats, etc., in which they come out exactly equal, so that neither wins. -- Dead horse, an expression applied to a debt for wages paid in advance. [Law] -- Dead language, a language which is no longer spoken or in common use by a people, and is known only in writings, as the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. -- Dead letter. (a) A letter which, after lying for a certain fixed time uncalled for at the post office to which it was directed, is then sent to the general post office to be opened. (b) That which has lost its force or authority; as, the law has become a dead letter. -- Dead-letter office, a department of the general post office where dead letters are examined and disposed of. -- Dead level, a term applied to a flat country. -- Dead lift, a direct lift, without assistance from mechanical advantage, as from levers, pulleys, etc.; hence, an extreme emergency. "(As we say) at a dead lift." Robynson (More's Utopia). -- Dead line (Mil.), a line drawn within or around a military prison, to cross which involves for a prisoner the penalty of being instantly shot. -- Dead load (Civil Engin.), a constant, motionless load, as the weight of a structure, in distinction from a moving load, as a train of cars, or a variable pressure, as of wind. -- Dead march (Mus.), a piece of solemn music intended to be played as an accompaniment to a funeral procession. -- Dead nettle (Bot.), a harmless plant with leaves like a nettle (Lamium album). -- Dead oil (Chem.), the heavy oil obtained in the distillation of coal tar, and containing phenol, naphthalus, etc. -- Dead plate (Mach.), a solid covering over a part of a fire grate, to prevent the entrance of air through that part. -- Dead pledge, a mortgage. See Mortgage. -- Dead point. (Mach.) See Dead center. -- Dead reckoning (Naut.), the method of determining the place of a ship from a record kept of the courses sailed as given by compass, and the distance made on each course as found by log, with allowance for leeway, etc., without the aid of celestial observations. -- Dead rise, the transverse upward curvature of a vessel's floor. -- Dead rising, an elliptical line drawn on the sheer plan to determine the sweep of the floorheads throughout the ship's length. -- Dead-Sea apple. See under Apple. -- Dead set. See under Set. -- Dead shot. (a) An unerring marksman. (b) A shot certain to be made. -- Dead smooth, the finest cut made; -- said of files. -- Dead wall (Arch.), a blank wall unbroken by windows or other openings. -- Dead water (Naut.), the eddy water closing in under a ship's stern when sailing. -- Dead weight. (a) A heavy or oppressive burden. Dryden. (b) (Shipping) A ship's lading, when it consists of heavy goods; or, the heaviest part of a ship's cargo. (c) (Railroad) The weight of rolling stock, the live weight being the load. Knight. -- Dead wind (Naut.), a wind directly ahead, or opposed to the ship's course. -- To be dead, to die. [Obs.] I deme thee, thou must algate be dead. Chaucer. Syn. -- Inanimate; deceased; extinct. See Lifeless. DEAD Dead, adv. Defn: To a degree resembling death; to the last degree; completely; wholly. [Colloq.] I was tired of reading, and dead sleepy. Dickens. Dead drunk, so drunk as to be unconscious. DEAD Dead, n. 1. The most quiet or deathlike time; the period of profoundest repose, inertness, or gloom; as, the dead of winter. When the drum beat at dead of night. Campbell. 2. One who is dead; -- commonly used collectively. And Abraham stood up from before his dead. Gen. xxiii. 3. DEAD Dead, v. t. Defn: To make dead; to deaden; to deprive of life, force, or vigor. [Obs.] Heaven's stern decree, With many an ill, hath numbed and deaded me. Chapman. DEAD Dead, v. i. Defn: To die; to lose life or force. [Obs.] So iron, as soon as it is out of the fire, deadeth straightway. Bacon. DEAD BEAT Dead` beat". Defn: See Beat, n., 7. [Low, U.S.] DEADBEAT Dead"beat`, a. (Physics) Defn: Making a beat without recoil; giving indications by a single beat or excursion; -- said of galvanometers and other instruments in which the needle or index moves to the extent of its deflection and stops with little or no further oscillation. Deadbeat escapement. See under Escapement. DEADBORN Dead"born`, a. Defn: Stillborn. Pope. DEADEN Dead"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deadened; p. pr. & vb. n. Deadening.] Etym: [From Dead; cf. AS. d to kill, put to death. See Dead, a.] 1. To make as dead; to impair in vigor, force, activity, or sensation; to lessen the force or acuteness of; to blunt; as, to deaden the natural powers or feelings; to deaden a sound. As harper lays his open palm Upon his harp, to deaden its vibrations. Longfellow. 2. To lessen the velocity or momentum of; to retard; as, to deaden a ship's headway. 3. To make vapid or spiritless; as, to deaden wine. 4. To deprive of gloss or brilliancy; to obscure; as, to deaden gilding by a coat of size. DEADENER Dead"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, deadens or checks. DEAD-EYE Dead"-eye`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A round, flattish, wooden block, encircled by a rope, or an iron band, and pierced with three holes to receive the lanyard; -- used to extend the shrouds and stays, and for other purposes. Called also deadman's eye. Totten. DEADHEAD Dead"head`, n. 1. One who receives free tickets for theaters, public conveyances, etc. [Colloq. U. S.] 2. (Naut.) Defn: A buoy. See under Dead, a. DEADHEARTED; DEAD-HEARTED Dead"*heart`ed, a. Defn: Having a dull, faint heart; spiritless; listless. -- Dead"*heart`ed*ness, n. Bp. Hall. DEADHOUSE Dead"house`, n. Defn: A morgue; a place for the temporary reception and exposure of dead bodies. DEADISH Dead"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat dead, dull, or lifeless; deathlike. The lips put on a deadish paleness. A. Stafford. DEADLATCH Dead"latch`, n. Defn: A kind of latch whose bolt may be so locked by a detent that it can not be opened from the inside by the handle, or from the outside by the latch key. Knight. DEADLIGHT Dead"light`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A strong shutter, made to fit open ports and keep out water in a storm. DEADLIHOOD Dead"li*hood, n. Defn: State of the dead. [Obs.] DEADLINESS Dead"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being deadly. DEADLOCK Dead"lock`, n. 1. A lock which is not self-latching, but requires a key to throw the bolt forward. 2. A counteraction of things, which produces an entire stoppage; a complete obstruction of action. Things are at a deadlock. London Times. The Board is much more likely to be at a deadlock of two to two. The Century. DEADLY Dead"ly, a. 1. Capable of causing death; mortal; fatal; destructive; certain or likely to cause death; as, a deadly blow or wound. 2. Aiming or willing to destroy; implacable; desperately hostile; flagitious; as, deadly enemies. Thy assailant is quick, skillful, and deadly. Shak. 3. Subject to death; mortal. [Obs.] The image of a deadly man. Wyclif (Rom. i. 23). Deadly nightshade (Bot.), a poisonous plant; belladonna. See under Nightshade. DEADLY Dead"ly, adv. 1. In a manner resembling, or as if produced by, death. "Deadly pale." Shak. 2. In a manner to occasion death; mortally. The groanings of a deadly wounded man. Ezek. xxx. 24. 3. In an implacable manner; destructively. 4. Extremely. [Obs.] "Deadly weary." Orrery. "So deadly cunning a man." Arbuthnot. DEADNESS Dead"ness, n. Defn: The state of being destitute of life, vigor, spirit, activity, etc.; dullness; inertness; languor; coldness; vapidness; indifference; as, the deadness of a limb, a body, or a tree; the deadness of an eye; deadness of the affections; the deadness of beer or cider; deadness to the world, and the like. DEAD-PAY Dead"-pay`, n. Defn: Pay drawn for soldiers, or others, really dead, whose names are kept on the rolls. O you commanders, That, like me, have no dead-pays. Massinger. DEAD-RECKONING Dead"-reck`on*ing, n. (Naut.) Defn: See under Dead, a. DEADS Deads, n. pl. (Mining) Defn: The substances which inclose the ore on every side. DEAD-STROKE Dead"-stroke`, a. (Mech.) Defn: Making a stroke without recoil; deadbeat. Dead-stroke hammer (Mach.), a power hammer having a spring interposed between the driving mechanism and the hammer head, or helve, to lessen the recoil of the hammer and reduce the shock upon the mechanism. DEADWOOD Dead"wood`, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: A mass of timbers built into the bow and stern of a vessel to give solidity. 2. Dead trees or branches; useless material. DEADWORKS Dead"works`, n. pl. (Naut.) Defn: The parts of a ship above the water when she is laden. DEAF Deaf, a. Etym: [OE. def, deaf, deef, AS. deáf; akin to D. doof, G. taub, Icel. daufr, Dan. döv, Sw. döf, Goth. daubs, and prob. to E. dumb (the original sense being, dull as applied to one of the senses), and perh. to Gr. toben to rage. Cf. Dumb.] 1. Wanting the sense of hearing, either wholly or in part; unable to perceive sounds; hard of hearing; as, a deaf man. Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf. Shak. 2. Unwilling to hear or listen; determinedly inattentive; regardless; not to be persuaded as to facts, argument, or exhortation; -- with to; as, deaf to reason. O, that men's ears should be To counsel deaf, but not to flattery! Shak. 3. Deprived of the power of hearing; deafened. Deaf with the noise, I took my hasty flight. Dryden. 4. Obscurely heard; stifled; deadened. [R.] A deaf murmur through the squadron went. Dryden. 5. Decayed; tasteless; dead; as, a deaf nut; deaf corn. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. If the season be unkindly and intemperate, they [peppers] will catch a blast; and then the seeds will be deaf, void, light, and naught. Holland. Deaf and dumb, without the sense of hearing or the faculty of speech. See Deaf-mute. DEAF Deaf, v. t. Defn: To deafen. [Obs.] Dryden. DEAFEN Deaf"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deafened; p. pr. & vb. n. Deafening.] Etym: [From Deaf.] 1. To make deaf; to deprive of the power of hearing; to render incapable of perceiving sounds distinctly. Deafened and stunned with their promiscuous cries. Addison. 2. (Arch.) Defn: To render impervious to sound, as a partition or floor, by filling the space within with mortar, by lining with paper, etc. DEAFENING Deaf"en*ing, n. Defn: The act or process of rendering impervious to sound, as a floor or wall; also, the material with which the spaces are filled in this process; pugging. DEAFLY Deaf"ly, adv. Defn: Without sense of sounds; obscurely. DEAFLY Deaf"ly, a. Defn: Lonely; solitary. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. DEAF-MUTE Deaf"-mute`, n. Defn: A person who is deaf and dumb; one who, through deprivation or defect of hearing, has either failed the acquire the power of speech, or has lost it. [See Illust. of Dactylology.] Deaf-mutes are still so called, even when, by artificial methods, they have been taught to speak imperfectly. DEAF-MUTISM Deaf"-mut`ism, n. Defn: The condition of being a deaf-mute. DEAFNESS Deaf"ness, n. 1. Incapacity of perceiving sounds; the state of the organs which prevents the impression which constitute hearing; want of the sense of hearing. 2. Unwillingness to hear; voluntary rejection of what is addressed to the understanding. Nervous deafness, a variety of deafness dependent upon morbid change in some portion of the nervous system, especially the auditory nerve. DEAL Deal, n. Etym: [OE. del, deel, part, AS. d; akin to OS. d, D. & Dan. deel, G. theil, teil, Icel. deild, Sw. del, Goth. dails. Dole.] 1. A part or portion; a share; hence, an indefinite quantity, degree, or extent, degree, or extent; as, a deal of time and trouble; a deal of cold. Three tenth deals [parts of an ephah] of flour. Num. xv. 9. As an object of science it [the Celtic genius] may count for a good deal . . . as a spiritual power. M. Arnold. She was resolved to be a good deal more circumspect. W. Black. Note: It was formerly limited by some, every, never a, a thousand, etc.; as, some deal; but these are now obsolete or vulgar. In general, we now qualify the word with great or good, and often use it adverbially, by being understood; as, a great deal of time and pains; a great (or good) deal better or worse; that is, better by a great deal, or by a great part or difference. 2. The process of dealing cards to the players; also, the portion disturbed. The deal, the shuffle, and the cut. Swift. 3. Distribution; apportionment. [Colloq.] 4. An arrangement to attain a desired result by a combination of interested parties; -- applied to stock speculations and political bargains. [Slang] 5. Etym: [Prob. from D. deel a plank, threshing floor. See Thill.] Defn: The division of a piece of timber made by sawing; a board or plank; particularly, a board or plank of fir or pine above seven inches in width, and exceeding six feet in length. If narrower than this, it is called a batten; if shorter, a deal end. Note: Whole deal is a general term for planking one and one half inches thick. 6. Wood of the pine or fir; as, a floor of deal. Deal tree, a fir tree. Dr. Prior. DEAL Deal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dealt; p. pr. & vb. n. Dealing.] Etym: [OE. delen, AS. d, fr. d share; akin to OS. d, D. deelen, G. theilen, teilen, Icel. deila, Sw. dela, Dan. dele, Goth. dailjan. See Deal, n.] 1. To divide; to separate in portions; hence, to give in portions; to distribute; to bestow successively; -- sometimes with out. Is not to deal thy bread to the hungry Is. lviii. 7. And Rome deals out her blessings and her gold. Tickell. The nightly mallet deals resounding blows. Gay. Hissing through the skies, the feathery deaths were dealt. Dryden. 2. Specifically: To distribute, as cards, to the players at the commencement of a game; as, to deal the cards; to deal one a jack. DEAL Deal, v. i. 1. To make distribution; to share out in portions, as cards to the players. 2. To do a distributing or retailing business, as distinguished from that of a manufacturer or producer; to traffic; to trade; to do business; as, he deals in flour. They buy and sell, they deal and traffic. South. This is to drive to wholesale trade, when all other petty merchants deal but for parcels. Dr. H. More. 3. To act as an intermediary in business or any affairs; to manage; to make arrangements; -- followed by between or with. Sometimes he that deals between man and man, raiseth his own credit with both, by pretending greater interest than he hath in either. Bacon. 4. To conduct one's self; to behave or act in any affair or towards any one; to treat. If he will deal clearly and impartially, . . . he will acknowledge all this to be true. Tillotson. 5. To contend (with); to treat (with), by way of opposition, check, or correction; as, he has turbulent passions to deal with. To deal by, to treat, either well or ill; as, to deal well by servants. "Such an one deals not fairly by his own mind." Locke. -- To deal in. (a) To have to do with; to be engaged in; to practice; as, they deal in political matters. (b) To buy and sell; to furnish, as a retailer or wholesaler; as, they deal in fish. -- To deal with. (a) To treat in any manner; to use, whether well or ill; to have to do with; specifically, to trade with. "Dealing with witches." Shak. (b) To reprove solemnly; to expostulate with. The deacons of his church, who, to use their own phrase, "dealt with him" on the sin of rejecting the aid which Providence so manifestly held out. Hawthorne. Return . . . and I will deal well with thee. Gen. xxxii. 9. DEALBATE De*al"bate, v. t. Etym: [L. dealbatus, p. p. of dealbare. See Daub.] Defn: To whiten. [Obs.] Cockeram. DEALBATION De`al*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. dealbatio: cf. F. déalbation.] Defn: Act of bleaching; a whitening. [Obs.] DEALER Deal"er, n. 1. One who deals; one who has to do, or has concern, with others; esp., a trader, a trafficker, a shopkeeper, a broker, or a merchant; as, a dealer in dry goods; a dealer in stocks; a retail dealer. 2. One who distributes cards to the players. DEALFISH Deal"fish`, n. Etym: [From deal a long, narrow plank.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A long, thin fish of the arctic seas (Trachypterus arcticus). DEALING Deal"ing, n. Defn: The act of one who deals; distribution of anything, as of cards to the players; method of business; traffic; intercourse; transaction; as, to have dealings with a person. Double dealing, insincere, treacherous dealing; duplicity. -- Plain dealing, fair, sincere, honorable dealing; honest, outspoken expression of opinion. DEALTH Dealth, n. Defn: Share dealt. [Obs.] DEAMBULATE De*am"bu*late, v. i. Etym: [L. deambulare, deambulatum; de- + ambulare to walk.] Defn: To walk abroad. [Obs.] Cockeram. DEAMBULATION De*am`bu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. deambulatio.] Defn: A walking abroad; a promenading. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. DEAMBULATORY De*am"bu*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. deambulator a traveler.] Defn: Going about from place to place; wandering; of or pertaining to a deambulatory. [Obs.] "Deambulatory actors." Bp. Morton. DEAMBULATORY De*am"bu*la*to*ry, n. Etym: [L. deambulatorium.] Defn: A covered place in which to walk; an ambulatory. DEAN Dean, n. Etym: [OE. dene, deene, OF. deien, dien, F. doyen, eldest of a corporation, a dean, L. decanus the chief of ten, one set over ten persons, e. g., over soldiers or over monks, from decem ten. See Ten, and cf. Decemvir.] 1. A dignitary or presiding officer in certain ecclesiastical and lay bodies; esp., an ecclesiastical dignitary, subordinate to a bishop. Dean of cathedral church, the chief officer of a chapter; he is an ecclesiastical magistrate next in degree to bishop, and has immediate charge of the cathedral and its estates. -- Dean of peculiars, a dean holding a preferment which has some peculiarity relative to spiritual superiors and the jurisdiction exercised in it. [Eng.] -- Rural dean, one having, under the bishop, the especial care and inspection of the clergy within certain parishes or districts of the diocese. 2. The collegiate officer in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, England, who, besides other duties, has regard to the moral condition of the college. Shipley. 3. The head or presiding officer in the faculty of some colleges or universities. 4. A registrar or secretary of the faculty in a department of a college, as in a medical, or theological, or scientific department. [U.S.] 5. The chief or senior of a company on occasion of ceremony; as, the dean of the diplomatic corps; -- so called by courtesy. Cardinal dean, the senior cardinal bishop of the college of cardinals at Rome. Shipley. -- Dean and chapter, the legal corporation and governing body of a cathedral. It consists of the dean, who is chief, and his canons or prebendaries. -- Dean of arches, the lay judge of the court of arches. -- Dean of faculty, the president of an incorporation or barristers; specifically, the president of the incorporation of advocates in Edinburgh. -- Dean of guild, a magistrate of Scotch burghs, formerly, and still, in some burghs, chosen by the Guildry, whose duty is to superintend the erection of new buildings and see that they conform to the law. -- Dean of a monastery, Monastic dean, a monastic superior over ten monks. -- Dean's stall. See Decanal stall, under Decanal. DEANERY Dean"er*y, n.; pl. Deaneries (. 1. The office or the revenue of a dean. See the Note under Benefice, n., 3. 2. The residence of a dean. Shak. 3. The territorial jurisdiction of a dean. Each archdeaconry is divided into rural deaneries, and each deanery is divided into parishes. Blackstone. DEANSHIP Dean"ship, n. Defn: The office of a dean. I dont't value your deanship a straw. Swift. DEAR Dear, a. [Compar. Dearer; superl. Dearest.] Etym: [OE. dere, deore, AS. deóre; akin to OS. diuri, D. duur, OHG. tiuri, G. theuer, teuer, Icel. d, Dan. & Sw. dyr. Cf. Darling, Dearth.] 1. Bearing a high price; high-priced; costly; expensive. The cheapest of us is ten groats too dear. Shak. 2. Marked by scarcity or dearth, and exorbitance of price; as, a dear year. 3. Highly valued; greatly beloved; cherished; precious. "Hear me, dear lady." Shak. Neither count I my life dear unto myself. Acts xx. 24. And the last joy was dearer than the rest. Pope. Dear as remember'd kisses after death. Tennyson. 4. Hence, close to the heart; heartfelt; present in mind; engaging the attention. (a) Of agreeable things and interests. [I'll] leave you to attend him: some dear cause Will in concealment wrap me up awhile. Shak. His dearest wish was to escape from the bustle and glitter of Whitehall. Macaulay. (b) Of disagreeable things and antipathies. In our dear peril. Shak. Would I had met my dearest foe in heaven Or ever I had seen that day. Shak. DEAR Dear, n. Defn: A dear one; lover; sweetheart. That kiss I carried from thee, dear. Shak. DEAR Dear, adv. Defn: Dearly; at a high price. If thou attempt it, it will cost thee dear. Shak. DEAR Dear, v. t. Defn: To endear. [Obs.] Shelton. DEARBORN Dear"born, n. Defn: A four-wheeled carriage, with curtained sides. DEAR-BOUGHT Dear"-bought`, a. Defn: Bought at a high price; as, dear-bought experience. DEARE Deare, Defn: variant of Dere, v. t. & n. [Obs.] DEARIE Dear"ie, n. Defn: Same as Deary. Dickens. DEARLING Dear"ling, n. Defn: A darling. [Obs.] Spenser. DEAR-LOVED Dear"-loved`, a. Defn: Greatly beloved. Shak. DEARLY Dear"ly, adv. 1. In a dear manner; with affection; heartily; earnestly; as, to love one dearly. 2. At a high rate or price; grievously. He buys his mistress dearly with his throne. Dryden. 3. Exquisitely. [Obs.] Shak. DEARN Dearn, a. Etym: [AS. derne, dyrne, dierne, hidden, secret. Cf. Derne.] Defn: Secret; lonely; solitary; dreadful. [Obs.] Shak. -- Dearn"ly, adv. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEARN Dearn, v. t. Defn: Same as Darn. [Obs.] DEARNESS Dear"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being dear; costliness; excess of price. The dearness of corn. Swift. 2. Fondness; preciousness; love; tenderness. The dearness of friendship. Bacon. DEARTH Dearth, n. Etym: [OE. derthe, fr. dere. See Dear.] Defn: Scarcity which renders dear; want; lack; specifically, lack of food on account of failure of crops; famine. There came a dearth over all the land of Egypt. Acts vii. 11. He with her press'd, she faint with dearth. Shak. Dearth of plot, and narrowness of imagination. Dryden. DEARTICULATE De`ar*tic"u*late, v. t. Defn: To disjoint. DEARWORTH Dear"worth`, a. Etym: [See Derworth.] Defn: Precious. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. DEARY Dear"y, n. Defn: A dear; a darling. [Familiar] DEAS De"as, n. Defn: See Dais. [Scot.] DEATH Death, n. Etym: [OE. deth, dea, AS. deá; akin to OS. d, D. dood, G. tod, Icel. dau, Sw. & Dan. död, Goth. daupus; from a verb meaning to die. See Die, v. i., and cf. Dead.] 1. The cessation of all vital phenomena without capability of resuscitation, either in animals or plants. Note: Local death is going on at times and in all parts of the living body, in which individual cells and elements are being cast off and replaced by new; a process essential to life. General death is of two kinds; death of the body as a whole (somatic or systemic death), and death of the tissues. By the former is implied the absolute cessation of the functions of the brain, the circulatory and the respiratory organs; by the latter the entire disappearance of the vital actions of the ultimate structural constituents of the body. When death takes place, the body as a whole dies first, the death of the tissues sometimes not occurring until after a considerable interval. Huxley. 2. Total privation or loss; extinction; cessation; as, the death of memory. The death of a language can not be exactly compared with the death of a plant. J. Peile. 3. Manner of dying; act or state of passing from life. A death that I abhor. Shak. Let me die the death of the righteous. Num. xxiii. 10. 4. Cause of loss of life. Swiftly flies the feathered death. Dryden. He caught his death the last county sessions. Addison. 5. Personified: The destroyer of life, -- conventionally represented as a skeleton with a scythe. Death! great proprietor of all. Young. And I looked, and behold a pale horse; and his name that at on him was Death. Rev. vi. 8. 6. Danger of death. "In deaths oft." 2 Cor. xi. 23. 7. Murder; murderous character. Not to suffer a man of death to live. Bacon. 8. (Theol.) Defn: Loss of spiritual life. To be death. Rom. viii. 6. 9. Anything so dreadful as to be like death. It was death to them to think of entertaining such doctrines. Atterbury. And urged him, so that his soul was vexed unto death. Judg. xvi. 16. Note: Death is much used adjectively and as the first part of a compound, meaning, in general, of or pertaining to death, causing or presaging death; as, deathbed or death bed; deathblow or death blow, etc. Black death. See Black death, in the Vocabulary. -- Civil death, the separation of a man from civil society, or the debarring him from the enjoyment of civil rights, as by banishment, attainder, abjuration of the realm, entering a monastery, etc. Blackstone. -- Death adder. (Zoöl.) (a) A kind of viper found in South Africa (Acanthophis tortor); -- so called from the virulence of its venom. (b) A venomous Australian snake of the family Elapidæ, of several species, as the Hoplocephalus superbus and Acanthopis antarctica. -- Death bell, a bell that announces a death. The death bell thrice was heard to ring. Mickle. -- Death candle, a light like that of a candle, viewed by the superstitious as presaging death. -- Death damp, a cold sweat at the coming on of death. -- Death fire, a kind of ignis fatuus supposed to forebode death. And round about in reel and rout, The death fires danced at night. Coleridge. -- Death grapple, a grapple or struggle for life. -- Death in life, a condition but little removed from death; a living death. [Poetic] "Lay lingering out a five years' death in life." Tennyson. -- Death knell, a stroke or tolling of a bell, announcing a death. -- Death rate, the relation or ratio of the number of deaths to the population. At all ages the death rate is higher in towns than in rural districts. Darwin. -- Death rattle, a rattling or gurgling in the throat of a dying person. -- Death's door, the boundary of life; the partition dividing life from death. -- Death stroke, a stroke causing death. -- Death throe, the spasm of death. -- Death token, the signal of approaching death. -- Death warrant. (a) (Law) An order from the proper authority for the execution of a criminal. (b) That which puts an end to expectation, hope, or joy. -- Death wound. (a) A fatal wound or injury. (b) (Naut.) The springing of a fatal leak. -- Spiritual death (Scripture), the corruption and perversion of the soul by sin, with the loss of the favor of God. -- The gates of death, the grave. Have the gates of death been opened unto thee Job xxxviii. 17. -- The second death, condemnation to eternal separation from God. Rev. ii. 11. -- To be the death of, to be the cause of death to; to make die. "It was one who should be the death of both his parents." Milton. Syn. -- Death, Decrase, Departure, Release. Death applies to the termination of every form of existence, both animal and vegetable; the other words only to the human race. Decease is the term used in law for the removal of a human being out of life in the ordinary course of nature. Demise was formerly confined to decease of princes, but is now sometimes used of distinguished men in general; as, the demise of Mr. Pitt. Departure and release are peculiarly terms of Christian affection and hope. A violent death is not usually called a decease. Departure implies a friendly taking leave of life. Release implies a deliverance from a life of suffering or sorrow. DEATHBED Death"bed, n. Defn: The bed in which a person dies; hence, the closing hours of life of one who dies by sickness or the like; the last sickness. That often-quoted passage from Lord Hervey in which the Queen's deathbed is described. Thackeray. DEATHBIRD Death"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Tengmalm's or Richardson's owl (Nyctale Tengmalmi); -- so called from a superstition of the North American Indians that its note presages death. DEATHBLOW Death"blow`, n. Defn: A mortal or crushing blow; a stroke or event which kills or destroys. The deathblow of my hope. Byron. DEATHFUL Death"ful, a. 1. Full of death or slaughter; murderous; destructive; bloody. These eyes behold The deathful scene. Pope. 2. Liable to undergo death; mortal. The deathless gods and deathful earth. Chapman. DEATHFULNESS Death"ful*ness, n. Defn: Appearance of death. Jer. Taylor. DEATHLESS Death"less, a. Defn: Not subject to death, destruction, or extinction; immortal; undying; imperishable; as, deathless beings; deathless fame. DEATHLIKE Death"like`, a. 1. Resembling death. A deathlike slumber, and a dead repose. Pope. 2. Deadly. [Obs.] "Deathlike dragons." Shak. DEATHLINESS Death"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being deathly; deadliness. Southey. DEATHLY Death"ly, a. Defn: Deadly; fatal; mortal; destructive. DEATHLY Death"ly, adv. Defn: Deadly; as, deathly pale or sick. DEATH'S-HEAD Death's"-head`, n. Defn: A naked human skull as the emblem of death; the head of the conventional personification of death. I had rather be married to a death's-head with a bone in his mouth. Shak. Death's-head moth (Zoöl.), a very large European moth (Acherontia atropos), so called from a figure resembling a human skull on the back of the thorax; -- called also death's-head sphinx. DEATH'S-HERB Death's"-herb`, n. Defn: The deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna). Dr. Prior. DEATHSMAN Deaths"man, n. Defn: An executioner; a headsman or hangman. [Obs.] Shak. DEATHWARD Death"ward, adv. Defn: Toward death. DEATHWATCH Death"watch` (; 224), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A small beetle (Anobium tessellatum and other allied species). By forcibly striking its head against woodwork it makes a ticking sound, which is a call of the sexes to each other, but has been imagined by superstitious people to presage death. (b) A small wingless insect, of the family Psocidæ, which makes a similar but fainter sound; -- called also deathtick. She is always seeing apparitions and hearing deathwatches. Addison. I did not hear the dog howl, mother, or the deathwatch beat. Tennyson. 2. The guard set over a criminal before his execution. DEAURATE De*au"rate, a. Etym: [L. deauratus, p. p. of deaurare to gild; de- + aurum gold.] Defn: Gilded. [Obs.] DEAURATE De*au"rate, v. t. Defn: To gild. [Obs.] Bailey. DEAURATION De`au*ra"tion, n. Defn: Act of gilding. [Obs.] DEAVE Deave, v. t. Etym: [See Deafen.] Defn: To stun or stupefy with noise; to deafen. [Scot.] DEBACCHATE De*bac"chate, v. i. Etym: [L. debacchatus, p. p. of debacchari to rage; de- + bacchari to rage like a bacchant.] Defn: To rave as a bacchanal. [R.] Cockeram. DEBACCHATION De`bac*cha"tion, n. Etym: [L. debacchatio.] Defn: Wild raving or debauchery. [R.] Prynne. DEBACLE De*ba"cle, n. Etym: [F. débâcle, fr. débâcler to unbar, break loose; pref. dé- (prob. = L. dis) + bâcler to bolt, fr. L. baculum a stick.] (Geol.) Defn: A breaking or bursting forth; a violent rush or flood of waters which breaks down opposing barriers, and hurls forward and disperses blocks of stone and other débris. DEBAR De*bar", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debarred; p. pr. & vb. n. Debarring.] Etym: [Pref. de- + bar.] Defn: To cut off from entrance, as if by a bar or barrier; to preclude; to hinder from approach, entry, or enjoyment; to shut out or exclude; to deny or refuse; -- with from, and sometimes with of. Yet not so strictly hath our Lord imposed Labor, as to debar us when we need Refreshment. Milton. Their wages were so low as to debar them, not only from the comforts but from the common decencies of civilized life. Buckle. DEBARB De*barb", v. t. Etym: [Pref. de- + L. barba beard.] Defn: To deprive of the beard. [Obs.] Bailey. DEBARK De"bark", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Debarked; p. pr. & vb. n. Debarking.] Etym: [F. débarquer; pref. dé- (L. dis-) + barque. See Bark the vessel, and cf. Disbark.] Defn: To go ashore from a ship or boat; to disembark; to put ashore. DEBARKATION De`bar*ka"tion, n. Defn: Disembarkation. The debarkation, therefore, had to take place by small steamers. U. S. Grant. DEBARMENT De*bar"ment, n. Defn: Hindrance from approach; exclusion. DEBARRASS De*bar"rass, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. débarrasser. See Embarrass.] Defn: To disembarrass; to relieve. [R.] DEBASE De*base", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debased; p. pr. & vb. n. Debasing.] Etym: [Pref. de- + base. See Base, a., and cf. Abase.] Defn: To reduce from a higher to a lower state or grade of worth, dignity, purity, station, etc.; to degrade; to lower; to deteriorate; to abase; as, to debase the character by crime; to debase the mind by frivolity; to debase style by vulgar words. The coin which was adulterated and debased. Hale. It is a kind of taking God's name in vain to debase religion with such frivolous disputes. Hooker. And to debase the sons, exalts the sires. Pope. Syn. -- To abase; degrade. See Abase. DEBASED De*based", a. (Her.) Defn: Turned upside down from its proper position; inverted; reversed. DEBASEMENT De*base"ment, n. Defn: The act of debasing or the state of being debased. Milton. DEBASER De*bas"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, debases. DEBASINGLY De*bas"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner to debase. DEBATABLE De*bat"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. debatable. See Debate.] Defn: Liable to be debated; disputable; subject to controversy or contention; open to question or dispute; as, a debatable question. The Debatable Land or Ground, a tract of land between the Esk and the Sark, claimed by both England and Scotland; the Batable Ground. DEBATE De*bate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debated; p. pr. & vb. n. Debating.] Etym: [OF. debatre, F. débattre; L. de + batuere to beat. See Batter, v. t., and cf. Abate.] 1. To engage in combat for; to strive for. Volunteers . . . thronged to serve under his banner, and the cause of religion was debated with the same ardor in Spain as on the plains of Palestine. Prescott. 2. To contend for in words or arguments; to strive to maintain by reasoning; to dispute; to contest; to discuss; to argue for and against. A wise council . . . that did debate this business. Shak. Debate thy cause with thy neighbor himself. Prov. xxv. 9. Syn. -- To argue; discuss; dispute; controvert. See Argue, and Discuss. DEBATE De*bate", v. i. 1. To engage in strife or combat; to fight. [Obs.] Chaucer. Well could he tourney and in lists debate. Spenser. 2. To contend in words; to dispute; hence, to deliberate; to consider; to discuss or examine different arguments in the mind; -- often followed by on or upon. He presents that great soul debating upon the subject of life and death with his intimate friends. Tatler. DEBATE De*bate", n. Etym: [F. débat, fr. débattre. See Debate, v. t.] 1. A fight or fighting; contest; strife. [Archaic] On the day of the Trinity next ensuing was a great debate . . . and in that murder there were slain . . . fourscore. R. of Gloucester. But question fierce and proud reply Gave signal soon of dire debate. Sir W. Scott. 2. Contention in words or arguments; discussion for the purpose of elucidating truth or influencing action; strife in argument; controversy; as, the debates in Parliament or in Congress. Heard, noted, answer'd, as in full debate. Pope. 3. Subject of discussion. [R.] Statutes and edicts concerning this debate. Milton. DEBATEFUL De*bate"ful, a. Defn: Full of contention; contentious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Spenser. DEBATEFULLY De*bate"ful*ly, adv. Defn: With contention. [Obs.] DEBATEMENT De*bate"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. debatement a beating.] Defn: Controversy; deliberation; debate. [R.] A serious question and debatement with myself. Milton. DEBATER De*bat"er, n. Defn: One who debates; one given to argument; a disputant; a controvertist. Debate where leisure serves with dull debaters. Shak. DEBATING De*bat"ing, n. Defn: The act of discussing or arguing; discussion. Debating society or club, a society or club for the purpose of debate and improvement in extemporaneous speaking. DEBATINGLY De*bat"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a debate. DEBAUCH De*bauch", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Debauched; p. pr. & vb. n. Debauching.] Etym: [F. débaucher, prob. originally, to entice away from the workshop; pref. dé- (L. dis- or de) + OF. bauche, bauge, hut, cf. F. bauge lair of a wild boar; prob. from G. or Icel., cf. Icel. balkr. See Balk, n.] Defn: To lead away from purity or excellence; to corrupt in character or principles; to mar; to vitiate; to pollute; to seduce; as, to debauch one's self by intemperance; to debauch a woman; to debauch an army. Learning not debauched by ambition. Burke. A man must have got his conscience thoroughly debauched and hardened before he can arrive to the height of sin. South. Her pride debauched her judgment and her eyes. Cowley. DEBAUCH De*bauch", n. Etym: [Cf. F. débauche.] 1. Excess in eating or drinking; intemperance; drunkenness; lewdness; debauchery. The first physicians by debauch were made. Dryden. 2. An act or occasion of debauchery. Silenus, from his night's debauch, Fatigued and sick. Cowley. DEBAUCHED De*bauched", a. Defn: Dissolute; dissipated. "A coarse and debauched look." Ld. Lytton. DEBAUCHEDLY De*bauch"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a profligate manner. DEBAUCHEDNESS De*bauch"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being debauched; intemperance. Bp. Hall. DEBAUCHEE Deb`au*chee", n. Etym: [F. dé, n., properly p. p. of débaucher. See Debauch, v. t.] Defn: One who is given to intemperance or bacchanalian excesses; a man habitually lewd; a libertine. DEBAUCHER De*bauch"er, n. Defn: One who debauches or corrupts others; especially, a seducer to lewdness. DEBAUCHERY De*bauch"er*y, n.; pl. Debaucheries (. 1. Corruption of fidelity; seduction from virtue, duty, or allegiance. The republic of Paris will endeavor to complete the debauchery of the army. Burke. 2. Excessive indulgence of the appetites; especially, excessive indulgence of lust; intemperance; sensuality; habitual lewdness. Oppose . . . debauchery by temperance. Sprat. DEBAUCHMENT De*bauch"ment, n. Defn: The act of corrupting; the act of seducing from virtue or duty. DEBAUCHNESS De*bauch"ness, n. Defn: Debauchedness. [Obs.] DEBEIGE De*beige", n. Etym: [F. de of + beige the natural color of wool.] Defn: A kind of woolen or mixed dress goods. [Written also debage.] DEBEL De*bel", v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. débeller. See Debellate.] Defn: To conquer. [Obs.] Milton. DEBELLATE De*bel"late, v. t. Etym: [L. debellatus, p. p. of debellare to subdue; de- + bellum war.] Defn: To subdue; to conquer in war. [Obs.] Speed. DEBELLATION Deb`el*la"tion, n. Etym: [LL. debellatio.] Defn: The act of conquering or subduing. [Obs.] DE BENE ESSE De be"ne es"se. Etym: [L.] (Law) Defn: Of well being; of formal sufficiency for the time; conditionally; provisionally. Abbott. DEBENTURE De*ben"ture, n. Etym: [L. debentur they are due, fr. debere to owe; cf. F. debentur. So called because these receipts began with the words Debentur mihi.] 1. A writing acknowledging a debt; a writing or certificate signed by a public officer, as evidence of a debt due to some person; the sum thus due. 2. A customhouse certificate entitling an exporter of imported goods to a drawback of duties paid on their importation. Burrill. Note: It is applied in England to deeds of mortgage given by railway companies for borrowed money; also to municipal and other bonds and securities for money loaned. DEBENTURED De*ben"tured, a. Defn: Entitled to drawback or debenture; as, debentured goods. DEBENTURE STOCK Debenture stock. (Finance) Defn: The debt or series of debts, collectively, represented by a series of debentures; a debt secured by a trust deed of property for the benefit of the holders of shares in the debt or of a series of debentures. By the terms of much debenture stock the holders are not entitled to demand payment until the winding up of the company or default in payment; in the winding up of the company or default in payment; in the case of railway debentures, they cannot demand payment of the principal, and the debtor company cannot redeem the stock, except by authority of an act of Parliament. [Eng.] DEBILE Deb"ile, a. Etym: [L. debilis: cf. F. débile. See Debility.] Defn: Weak. [Obs.] Shak. DEBILITANT De*bil"i*tant, a. Etym: [L. debilitants, p. pr.] (Med.) Defn: Diminishing the energy of organs; reducing excitement; as, a debilitant drug. DEBILITATE De*bil"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debilitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Debilitating.] Etym: [L. debilitatus, p. p. of debilitare to debilitate, fr. debilis. See Debility.] Defn: To impair the strength of; to weaken; to enfeeble; as, to debilitate the body by intemperance. Various ails debilitate the mind. Jenyns. The debilitated frame of Mr. Bertram was exhausted by this last effort. Sir W. Scott. DEBILITATION De*bil`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. debilitatio: cf. F. débilitation.] Defn: The act or process of debilitating, or the condition of one who is debilitated; weakness. DEBILITY De*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. debilitas, fr. debilis weak, prob. fr. de- + habilis able: cf. F. débilité. See Able, a.] Defn: The state of being weak; weakness; feebleness; languor. The inconveniences of too strong a perspiration, which are debility, faintness, and sometimes sudden death. Arbuthnot. Syn. -- Debility, Infirmity, Imbecility. An infirmity belongs, for the most part, to particular members, and is often temporary, as of the eyes, etc. Debility is more general, and while it lasts impairs the ordinary functions of nature. Imbecility attaches to the whole frame, and renders it more or less powerless. Debility may be constitutional or may be the result or superinduced causes; Imbecility is always constitutional; infirmity is accidental, and results from sickness or a decay of the frame. These words, in their figurative uses, have the same distinctions; we speak of infirmity of will, debility of body, and an Imbecility which affects the whole man; but Imbecility is often used with specific reference to feebleness of mind. DEBIT Deb"it, n. Etym: [L. debitum what is due, debt, from debere to owe: cf. F. débit. See Debt.] Defn: A debt; an entry on the debtor (Dr.) side of an account; -- mostly used adjectively; as, the debit side of an account. DEBIT Deb"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Debited; p. pr. & vb. n. Debiting.] 1. To charge with debt; -- the opposite of, and correlative to, credit; as, to debit a purchaser for the goods sold. 2. (Bookkeeping) Defn: To enter on the debtor (Dr.) side of an account; as, to debit the amount of goods sold. DEBITOR Deb"it*or, n. Etym: [L. See Debtor.] Defn: A debtor. [Obs.] Shak. DEBITUMINIZATION De`bi*tu`mi*ni*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of depriving of bitumen. DEBITUMINIZE De`bi*tu"mi*nize, v. t. Defn: To deprive of bitumen. DEBLAI Dé`blai", n. Etym: [F.] (Fort.) Defn: The cavity from which the earth for parapets, etc. (remblai), is taken. DEBONAIR Deb`o*nair", a. Etym: [OE. debonere, OF. de bon aire, debonaire, of good descent or lineage, excellent, debonair, F. débonnaire debonair; de of (L. de) + bon good (L. bonus) + aire. See Air, and Bounty, and cf. Bonair.] Defn: Characterized by courteousness, affability, or gentleness; of good appearance and manners; graceful; complaisant. Was never prince so meek and debonair. Spenser. DEBONAIRITY Deb`o*nair"i*ty, n. Etym: [OF. debonaireté, F. débonnaireté.] Defn: Debonairness. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEBONAIRLY Deb`o*nair"ly, adv. Defn: Courteously; elegantly. DEBONAIRNESS Deb`o*nair"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being debonair; good humor; gentleness; courtesy. Sterne. DEBOSH De*bosh", v. t. Etym: [Old form of debauch.] Defn: To debauch. [Obs.] "A deboshed lady." Beau. & Fl. DEBOSHMENT De*bosh"ment, n. Defn: Debauchment. [Obs.] DEBOUCH De*bouch", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Debouched; p. pr. & vb. n. Debouching.] Etym: [F. déboucher; pref. dé- (L. dis- or de) + boucher to stop up, fr. bouche mouth, fr. L. bucca the cheek. Cf. Disembogue.] Defn: To march out from a wood, defile, or other confined spot, into open ground; to issue. Battalions debouching on the plain. Prescott. DEBOUCHE Dé`bou`ché", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A place for exit; an outlet; hence, a market for goods. The débouchés were ordered widened to afford easy egress. The Century. DEBOUCHURE Dé`bou`chure", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The outward opening of a river, of a valley, or of a strait. DEBRIS Dé`bris", n. Etym: [F., fr. pref. dé- (L. dis) + briser to break, shatter; perh. of Celtic origin.] 1. (Geol.) Defn: Broken and detached fragments, taken collectively; especially, fragments detached from a rock or mountain, and piled up at the base. 2. Rubbish, especially such as results from the destruction of anything; remains; ruins. DEBRUISED De*bruised", a. Etym: [Cf. OF. debruisier to shatter, break. Cf. Bruise.] (Her.) Defn: Surmounted by an ordinary; as, a lion is debruised when a bend or other ordinary is placed over it, as in the cut. The lion of England and the lilies of France without the baton sinister, under which, according to the laws of heraldry, they where debruised in token of his illegitimate birth. Macaulay. DEBT Debt, n. Etym: [OE. dette, F. dette, LL. debita, fr. L. debitus owed, p. p. of debere to owe, prop., to have on loan; de- + habere to have. See Habit, and cf. Debit, Due.] 1. That which is due from one person to another, whether money, goods, or services; that which one person is bound to pay to another, or to perform for his benefit; thing owed; obligation; liability. Your son, my lord, has paid a soldier's debt. Shak. When you run in debt, you give to another power over your liberty. Franklin. 2. A duty neglected or violated; a fault; a sin; a trespass. "Forgive us our debts." Matt. vi. 12. 3. (Law) Defn: An action at law to recover a certain specified sum of money alleged to be due. Burrill. Bond debt, Book debt, etc. See under Bond, Book, etc. -- Debt of nature, death. DEBTED Debt"ed, p. a. Defn: Indebted; obliged to. [R.] I stand debted to this gentleman. Shak. DEBTEE Debt*ee", n. (Law) Defn: One to whom a debt is due; creditor; -- correlative to debtor. Blackstone. DEBTLESS Debt"less, a. Defn: Free from debt. Chaucer. DEBTOR Debt"or, n. Etym: [OE. dettur, dettour, OF. detor, detur, detour, F. débiteur, fr. L. debitor, fr. debere to owe. See Debt.] Defn: One who owes a debt; one who is indebted; -- correlative to creditor. [I 'll] bring your latter hazard back again, And thankfully rest debtor for the first. Shak. In Athens an insolvent debtor became slave to his creditor. Mitford. Debtors for our lives to you. Tennyson. DEBULLIATE De*bul"li*ate, v. i. Etym: [Pref. dé- + L. bullire to boil.] Defn: To boil over. [Obs.] DEBULLITION Deb`ul*li"tion, n. Etym: [See Debulliate.] Defn: A bubbling or boiling over. [Obs.] Bailey. DEBURSE De*burse", v. t. & i. Etym: [Pref. de + L. bursa purse.] Defn: To disburse. [Obs.] Ludlow. DEBUSCOPE De"bu*scope, n. Etym: [From the inventor, Debus, a French optician + -scope.] (Opt.) Defn: A modification of the kaleidoscope; -- used to reflect images so as to form beautiful designs. DEBUT Dé`but", n. Etym: [F. début, prop., the first cast or throw at play, fr. but aim, mark. See Butt an end.] Defn: A beginning or first attempt; hence, a first appearance before the public, as of an actor or public speaker. DEBUTANT; DEBUTANTE De`bu`tant", n.; fem. De`bu`tante" (. Etym: [F., p. pr. of débuter to have the first throw, to make one's début. See Début.] Defn: A person who makes his (or her) first appearance before the public. DECA- Dec"a-. Etym: [Cf. Ten.] Defn: A prefix, from Gr. de`ka, signifying ten; specifically (Metric System), a prefix signifying the weight or measure that is ten times the principal unit. DECACERATA De*cac`e*ra"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. de`ka ten + ke`ras a horn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of Cephalopoda which includes the squids, cuttlefishes, and others having ten arms or tentacles; -- called also Decapoda. [Written also Decacera.] See Dibranchiata. DECACHORD; DECACHORDON Dec"a*chord, Dec`a*chor"don, n. Etym: [Gr. deka`chordos tenstringed; de`ka ten + chordj` a string.] 1. An ancient Greek musical instrument of ten strings, resembling the harp. 2. Something consisting of ten parts. W. Watson. DECACUMINATED Dec`a*cu"mi*na`ted, a. Etym: [L. decacuminare to cut off the top. See Cacuminate.] Defn: Having the point or top cut off. [Obs.] Bailey. DECAD Dec"ad, n. Defn: A decade. Averill was a decad and a half his elder. Tennyson. DECADAL Dec"a*dal, a. Defn: Pertaining to ten; consisting of tens. DECADE Dec"ade, n. Etym: [F. décade, L. decas, -adis, fr. Gr. Ten.] Defn: A group or division of ten; esp., a period of ten years; a decennium; as, a decade of years or days; a decade of soldiers; the second decade of Livy. [Written also decad.] During this notable decade of years. Gladstone. DECADENCE; DECADENCY De*ca"dence, De*ca"den*cy, n. Etym: [LL. decadentia; L. de- + cadere to fall: cf. F. décadence. See Decay.] Defn: A falling away; decay; deterioration; declension. "The old castle, where the family lived in their decadence.' Sir W. Scott. DECADENT De*ca"dent, a. Defn: Decaying; deteriorating. DECADIST Dec"a*dist, n. Defn: A writer of a book divided into decades; as, Livy was a decadist. [R.] DECAGON Dec"a*gon, n. Etym: [Pref. deca- + Gr. décagone.] (Geom.) Defn: A plane figure having ten sides and ten angles; any figure having ten angles. A regular decagon is one that has all its sides and angles equal. DECAGONAL De*cag"o*nal, a. Defn: Pertaining to a decagon; having ten sides. DECAGRAM; DECAGRAMME Dec"a*gram, Dec"a*gramme, n. Etym: [F. décagramme; Gr. gramme. See Gram.] Defn: A weight of the metric system; ten grams, equal to about 154.32 grains avoirdupois. DECAGYNIA Dec`a*gyn"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan order of plants characterized by having ten styles. DECAGYNIAN; DECCAGYNOUS Dec`a*gyn"i*an, Dec*cag"y*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. décagyne.] (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to the Decagynia; having ten styles. DECAHEDRAL Dec`a*he"dral, a. Defn: Having ten sides. DECAHEDRON Dec`a*he"dron, n.; pl. E. Decahedrons, L. Decahedra. Etym: [Pref. deca- + Gr. 'e`dra a seat, a base, fr. 'e`zesthai to sit: cf. F. décaèdre.] (Geom.) Defn: A solid figure or body inclosed by ten plane surfaces. [Written also, less correctly, decaedron.] DECALCIFICATION De*cal`ci*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The removal of calcareous matter. DECALCIFY De*cal"ci*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decalcified; p. pr. & vb. n. Decalcifying.] Defn: To deprive of calcareous matter; thus, to decalcify bones is to remove the stony part, and leave only the gelatin. DECALCOMANIA; DECALCOMANIE De*cal`co*ma"ni*a, De*cal`co*ma"nie, n. Etym: [F. décalcomanie.] Defn: The art or process of transferring pictures and designs to china, glass, marble, etc., and permanently fixing them thereto. DECALITER; DECALITRE Dec"a*li`ter, Dec"a*li`tre, n. Etym: [F. décalitre; Gr. litre. See Liter.] Defn: A measure of capacity in the metric system; a cubic volume of ten liters, equal to about 610.24 cubic inches, that is, 2.642 wine gallons. DECALOG Dec"a*log, n. Defn: Decalogue. DECALOGIST De*cal"o*gist, n. Defn: One who explains the decalogue. J. Gregory. DECALOGUE Dec"a*logue, n. Etym: [F. décalogue, L. decalogus, fr. Gr. Ten.] Defn: The Ten Commandments or precepts given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, and originally written on two tables of stone. DECAMERON De*cam"e*ron, n. Etym: [It. decamerone, fr. Gr. décaméron.] Defn: A celebrated collection of tales, supposed to be related in ten days; -- written in the 14th century, by Boccaccio, an Italian. DECAMETER; DECAMETRE Dec"a*me`ter, Dec"a*me`tre, n. Etym: [F. décamètre; Gr. mètre. See Meter.] Defn: A measure of length in the metric system; ten meters, equal to about 393.7 inches. DECAMP De*camp", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Decamped; p. pr. & vb. n. Decamping.] Etym: [F. décamper; pref. dé- (L. dis) + camp camp. See Camp.] 1. To break up a camp; to move away from a camping ground, usually by night or secretly. Macaulay. 2. Hence, to depart suddenly; to run away; -- generally used disparagingly. The fathers were ordered to decamp, and the house was once again converted into a tavern. Goldsmith. DECAMPMENT De*camp"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. décampement.] Defn: Departure from a camp; a marching off. DECANAL Dec"a*nal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. décanal. See Dean.] Defn: Pertaining to a dean or deanery. His rectorial as well as decanal residence. Churton. Decanal side, the side of the choir on which the dean's tall is placed. -- Decanal stall, the stall allotted to the dean in the choir, on the right or south side of the chancel. Shipley. DECANDRIA De*can"dri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants characterized by having ten stamens. DECANDRIAN; DECANDROUS De*can"dri*an, De*can"drous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. décandre.] (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to the Decandria; having ten stamens. DECANE Dec"ane, n. Etym: [See Deca-.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon, C10H22, of the paraffin series, including several isomeric modifications. DECANGULAR Dec*an"gu*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. deca- + angular.] Defn: Having ten angles. DECANI De*ca"ni, a. Etym: [L., lit., of the dean.] Defn: Used of the side of the choir on which the dean's stall is placed; decanal; -- correlative to cantoris; as, the decanal, or decani, side. DECANT De*cant", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Decanting.] Etym: [F. décanter (cf. It. decantare), prop., to pour off from the edge of a vessel; pref. dé- (L. de) + OF. cant (It. canto) edge, border, end. See Cant an edge.] Defn: To pour off gently, as liquor, so as not to disturb the sediment; or to pour from one vessel into another; as, to decant wine. DECANTATE De*can"tate, v. t. Defn: To decant. [Obs.] DECANTATION De`can*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. décantation.] Defn: The act of pouring off a clear liquor gently from its lees or sediment, or from one vessel into another. DECANTER De*cant"er, n. 1. A vessel used to decant liquors, or for receiving decanted liquors; a kind of glass bottle used for holding wine or other liquors, from which drinking glasses are filled. 2. One who decants liquors. DECAPHYLLOUS De*caph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Pref. deca- + Gr. décaphylle.] (Bot.) Defn: Having ten leaves. DECAPITATE De*cap"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decapitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decapitating.] Etym: [LL. decapitatus, p. p. of decapitare; L. de- + caput head. See Chief.] 1. To cut off the head of; to behead. 2. To remove summarily from office. [Colloq. U. S.] DECAPITATION De*cap`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [LL. decapitatio: cf. F. décapitation.] Defn: The act of beheading; beheading. DECAPOD Dec"a*pod, n. Etym: [Cf. F. décapode.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A crustacean with ten feet or legs, as a crab; one of the Decapoda. Also used adjectively. DECAPODA De*cap"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The order of Crustacea which includes the shrimps, lobsters, crabs, etc. Note: They have a carapace, covering and uniting the somites of the head and thorax and inclosing a gill chamber on each side, and usually have five (rarely six) pairs of legs. They are divided into two principal groups: Brachyura and Macrura. Some writers recognize a third (Anomura) intermediate between the others. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of the dibranchiate cephalopods including the cuttlefishes and squids. See Decacera. DECAPODAL; DECAPODOUS Dec*ap"o*dal, Dec*ap"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the decapods; having ten feet; ten-footed. DECARBONATE De*car"bon*ate, v. t. Defn: To deprive of carbonic acid. DECARBONIZATION De*car`bon*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The action or process of depriving a substance of carbon. DECARBONIZE De*car"bon*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decarbonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Decarbonizing.] Defn: To deprive of carbon; as, to decarbonize steel; to decarbonize the blood. Decarbonized iron. See Malleable iron. -- Decarbonized steel, homogenous wrought iron made by a steel process, as that of Bessemer; ingot iron. DECARBONIZER De*car"bon*i`zer, n. Defn: He who, or that which, decarbonizes a substance. DECARBURIZATION De*car`bu*ri*za"tion, n. Defn: The act, process, or result of decarburizing. DECARBURIZE De*car"bu*rize, v. t. Defn: To deprive of carbon; to remove the carbon from. DECARD De*card", v. t. Defn: To discard. [Obs.] You have cast those by, decarded them. J. Fletcher. DECARDINALIZE De*car"di*nal*ize, v. t. Defn: To depose from the rank of cardinal. DECASTERE Dec"a*stere, n. Etym: [L. décastère; Gr. stère a stere.] (Metric System) Defn: A measure of capacity, equal to ten steres, or ten cubic meters. DECASTICH Dec"a*stich, n. Etym: [Pref. deca- + Gr. Defn: A poem consisting of ten lines. DECASTYLE Dec"a*style, a. Etym: [Gr. (Arch.) Defn: Having ten columns in front; -- said of a portico, temple, etc. -- n. Defn: A portico having ten pillars or columns in front. DECASYLLABIC Dec`a*syl*lab"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. deca- + syllabic: cf. F. décasyllabique, décasyllable.] Defn: Having, or consisting of, ten syllables. DECATHLON De*cath"lon, n. [See Deca-; Pentathlon.] Defn: In the modern Olympic Games, a composite contest consisting of a 100-meter run, a broad jump, putting the shot, a running high-jump, a 400-meter run, throwing the discus, a 100-meter hurdle race, pole vaulting, throwing the javelin, and a 1500-meter run. DECATOIC Dec`a*to"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, decane. DECAY De*cay", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Decayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Decaying.] Etym: [OF. decaeir, dechaer, decheoir, F. déchoir, to decline, fall, become less; L. de- + cadere to fall. See Chance.] Defn: To pass gradually from a sound, prosperous, or perfect state, to one of imperfection, adversity, or dissolution; to waste away; to decline; to fail; to become weak, corrupt, or disintegrated; to rot; to perish; as, a tree decays; fortunes decay; hopes decay. Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates and men decay. Goldsmith. DECAY De*cay", v. t. 1. To cause to decay; to impair. [R.] Infirmity, that decays the wise. Shak. 2. To destroy. [Obs.] Shak. DECAY De*cay", n. 1. Gradual failure of health, strength, soundness, prosperity, or of any species of excellence or perfection; tendency toward dissolution or extinction; corruption; rottenness; decline; deterioration; as, the decay of the body; the decay of virtue; the decay of the Roman empire; a castle in decay. Perhaps my God, though he be far before, May turn, and take me by the hand, and more -May strengthen my decays. Herbert. His [Johnson's] failure was not to be ascribed to intellectual decay. Macaulay. Which has caused the decay of the consonants to follow somewhat different laws. James Byrne. 2. Destruction; death. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. Cause of decay. [R.] He that plots to be the only figure among ciphers, is the decay of the whole age. Bacon. Syn. -- Decline; consumption. See Decline. DECAYED De*cayed", a. Defn: Fallen, as to physical or social condition; affected with decay; rotten; as, decayed vegetation or vegetables; a decayed fortune or gentleman. -- De*cay"ed*ness, n. DECAYER De*cay"er, n. Defn: A causer of decay. [R.] DECEASE De*cease", n. Etym: [OE. deses, deces, F. décès, fr. L. decessus departure, death, fr. decedere to depart, die; de- + cedere to withdraw. See Cease, Cede.] Defn: Departure, especially departure from this life; death. His decease, which he should accomplish at Jerusalem. Luke ix. 31. And I, the whilst you mourn for his decease, Will with my mourning plaints your plaint increase. Spenser. Syn. -- Death; departure; dissolution; demise; release. See Death. DECEASE De*cease", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deceased; p. pr. & vb. n. Deceasing.] Defn: To depart from this life; to die; to pass away. She's dead, deceased, she's dead. Shak. When our summers have deceased. Tennyson. Inasmuch as he carries the malignity and the lie with him, he so far deceases from nature. Emerson. DECEASED De*ceased", a. Defn: Passed away; dead; gone. The deceased, the dead person. DECEDE De*cede", v. i. Etym: [L. decedere. See Decease, n.] Defn: To withdraw. [Obs.] Fuller. DECEDENT De*ce"dent, a. Etym: [L. decedens, p. pr. of decedere.] Defn: Removing; departing. Ash. DECEDENT De*ce"dent, n. Defn: A deceased person. Bouvier. DECEIT De*ceit", n. Etym: [OF. deceit, des, decept (cf. deceite, de), fr. L. deceptus deception, fr. decipere. See Deceive.] 1. An attempt or disposition to deceive or lead into error; any declaration, artifice, or practice, which misleads another, or causes him to believe what is false; a contrivance to entrap; deception; a wily device; fraud. Making the ephah small and the shekel great, and falsifying the balances by deceit. Amos viii. 5. Friendly to man, far from deceit or guile. Milton. Yet still we hug the dear deceit. N. Cotton. 2. (Law) Defn: Any trick, collusion, contrivance, false representation, or underhand practice, used to defraud another. When injury is thereby effected, an action of deceit, as it called, lies for compensation. Syn. -- Deception; fraud; imposition; duplicity; trickery; guile; falsifying; double-dealing; stratagem. See Deception. DECEITFUL De*ceit"ful, a. Defn: Full of, or characterized by, deceit; serving to mislead or insnare; trickish; fraudulent; cheating; insincere. Harboring foul deceitful thoughts. Shak. DECEITFULLY De*ceit"ful*ly, adv. Defn: With intent to deceive. DECEITFULNESS De*ceit"ful*ness, n. 1. The disposition to deceive; as, a man's deceitfulness may be habitual. 2. The quality of being deceitful; as, the deceitfulness of a man's practices. 3. Tendency to mislead or deceive. "The deceitfulness of riches." Matt. xiii. 22. DECEITLESS De*ceit"less, a. Defn: Free from deceit. Bp. Hall. DECEIVABLE De*ceiv"a*ble, a. Etym: [F. décevable.] 1. Fitted to deceive; deceitful. [Obs.] The fraud of deceivable traditions. Milton. 2. Subject to deceit; capable of being misled. Blind, and thereby deceivable. Milton. DECEIVABLENESS De*ceiv"a*ble*ness, n. 1. Capability of deceiving. With all deceivableness of unrighteousness. 2 Thess. ii. 10. 2. Liability to be deceived or misled; as, the deceivableness of a child. DECEIVABLY De*ceiv"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a deceivable manner. DECEIVE De*ceive", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deceived; p. pr. & vb. n. Deceiving.] Etym: [OE. deceveir, F. décevoir, fr. L. decipere to catch, insnare, deceive; de- + capere to take, catch. See Capable, and cf. Deceit, Deception.] 1. To lead into error; to cause to believe what is false, or disbelieve what is true; to impose upon; to mislead; to cheat; to disappoint; to delude; to insnare. Evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse, deceiving, and being deceived. 2 Tim. iii. 13. Nimble jugglers that deceive the eye. Shak. What can 'scape the eye Of God all-seeing, or deceive his heart Milton. 2. To beguile; to amuse, so as to divert the attention; to while away; to take away as if by deception. These occupations oftentimes deceived The listless hour. Wordsworth. 3. To deprive by fraud or stealth; to defraud. [Obs.] Plant fruit trees in large borders, and set therein fine flowers, but thin and sparingly, lest they deceive the trees. Bacon. Syn. -- Deceive, Delude, Mislead. Deceive is a general word applicable to any kind of misrepresentation affecting faith or life. To delude, primarily, is to make sport of, by deceiving, and is accomplished by playing upon one's imagination or credulity, as by exciting false hopes, causing him to undertake or expect what is impracticable, and making his failure ridiculous. It implies some infirmity of judgment in the victim, and intention to deceive in the deluder. But it is often used reflexively, indicating that a person's own weakness has made him the sport of others or of fortune; as, he deluded himself with a belief that luck would always favor him. To mislead is to lead, guide, or direct in a wrong way, either willfully or ignorantly. DECEIVER De*ceiv"er, n. Defn: One who deceives; one who leads into error; a cheat; an impostor. The deceived and the deceiver are his. Job xii. 16. Syn. -- Deceiver, Impostor. A deceiver operates by stealth and in private upon individuals; an impostor practices his arts on the community at large. The one succeeds by artful falsehoods, the other by bold assumption. The faithless friend and the fickle lover are deceivers; the false prophet and the pretended prince are impostors. DECEMBER De*cem"ber, n. Etym: [F. décembre, from L. December, fr. decem ten; this being the tenth month among the early Romans, who began the year in March. See Ten.] 1. The twelfth and last month of the year, containing thirty-one days. During this month occurs the winter solstice. 2. Fig.: With reference to the end of the year and to the winter season; as, the December of his life. DECEMBRIST De*cem"brist, n. (Russian Hist.) Defn: One of those who conspired for constitutional government against the Emperor Nicholas on his accession to the throne at the death of Alexander I., in December, 1825; -- called also Dekabrist. He recalls the history of the decembrists . . . that gallant band of revolutionists. G. Kennan. DECEMDENTATE De`cem*den"tate, a. Etym: [L. decem ten + E. dentate.] Defn: Having ten points or teeth. DECEMFID De*cem"fid, a. Etym: [L. decem ten + root of findere to cleave.] (Bot.) Defn: Cleft into ten parts. DECEMLOCULAR De`cem*loc"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. decem ten + E. locular.] (Bot.) Defn: Having ten cells for seeds. DECEMPEDAL De*cem"pe*dal, a. Etym: [L. decem ten + E. pedal.] 1. Ten feet in length. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having ten feet; decapodal. [R.] Bailey. DECEMVIR De*cem"vir, n.; pl. E. Decemvirs, L. Decemviri. Etym: [L., fr. decem ten + vir a man.] 1. One of a body of ten magistrates in ancient Rome. Note: The title of decemvirs was given to various bodies of Roman magistrates. The most celebrated decemvirs framed "the laws of the Twelve Tables," about 450 B. C., and had absolute authority for three years. 2. A member of any body of ten men in authority. DECEMVIRAL De*cem"vi*ral, a. Etym: [L. decemviralis.] Defn: Pertaining to the decemvirs in Rome. DECEMVIRATE De*cem"vi*rate, n. Etym: [L. decemviratus.] 1. The office or term of office of the decemvirs in Rome. 2. A body of ten men in authority. DECEMVIRSHIP De*cem"vir*ship, n. Defn: The office of a decemvir. Holland. DECENCE De"cence, n. Defn: Decency. [Obs.] Dryden. DECENCY De"cen*cy, n.; pl. Decencies. Etym: [L. decentia, fr. decens: cf. F. décence. See Decent.] 1. The quality or state of being decent, suitable, or becoming, in words or behavior; propriety of form in social intercourse, in actions, or in discourse; proper formality; becoming ceremony; seemliness; hence, freedom from obscenity or indecorum; modesty. Observances of time, place, and of decency in general. Burke. Immodest words admit of no defense, For want of decency is want of sense. Roscommon. 2. That which is proper or becoming. The external decencies of worship. Atterbury. Those thousand decencies, that daily flow From all her words and actions. Milton. DECENE De"cene, n. Etym: [L. decem ten.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the higher hydrocarbons, C10H20, of the ethylene series. DECENNARY De*cen"na*ry, n.; pl. Decennaries. Etym: [L. decennium a period of ten years; decem ten + annus a year.] 1. A period of ten years. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A tithing consisting of ten neighboring families. Burrill. DECENNIAL De*cen"ni*al, a. Etym: [See Decennary.] Defn: Consisting of ten years; happening every ten years; as, a decennial period; decennial games. Hallam. DECENNIAL De*cen"ni*al, n. Defn: A tenth year or tenth anniversary. DECENNIUM De*cen"ni*um, n.; pl. Decenniums, L. Decennia. Etym: [L.] Defn: A period of ten years. "The present decennium." Hallam. "The last decennium of Chaucer's life." A. W. Ward. DECENNOVAL; DECENNOVARY De*cen"no*val, De*cen"no*va*ry, a. Etym: [L. decem ten + novem nine.] Defn: Pertaining to the number nineteen; of nineteen years. [R.] Holder. DECENT De"cent, a. Etym: [L. decens, decentis, p. pr. of decere to be fitting or becoming; akin to decus glory, honor, ornament, Gr. d to grant, to give; and perh. akin to E. attire, tire: cf. F. décent. Cf. Decorate, Decorum, Deig.] 1. Suitable in words, behavior, dress, or ceremony; becoming; fit; decorous; proper; seemly; as, decent conduct; decent language. Shak. Before his decent steps. Milton. 2. Free from immodesty or obscenity; modest. 3. Comely; shapely; well-formed. [Archaic] A sable stole of cyprus lawn Over thy decent shoulders drawn. Milton. By foreign hands thy decent limbs composed. Pope. 4. Moderate, but competent; sufficient; hence, respectable; fairly good; reasonably comfortable or satisfying; as, a decent fortune; a decent person. A decent retreat in the mutability of human affairs. Burke. -- De"cent*ly, adv. -- De"cent*ness, n. DECENTRALIZATION De*cen`tral*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The action of decentralizing, or the state of being decentralized. "The decentralization of France." J. P. Peters. DECENTRALIZE De*cen"tral*ize, v. t. Defn: To prevent from centralizing; to cause to withdraw from the center or place of concentration; to divide and distribute (what has been united or concentrated); -- esp. said of authority, or the administration of public affairs. DECEPTIBLE De*cep"ti*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being deceived; deceivable. Sir T. Browne. -- De*cep`ti*bil"i*ty (, n. DECEPTION De*cep"tion, n. Etym: [F. déception, L. deceptio, fr. decipere, deceptum. See Deceive.] 1. The act of deceiving or misleading. South. 2. The state of being deceived or misled. There is one thing relating either to the action or enjoyments of man in which he is not liable to deception. South. 3. That which deceives or is intended to deceive; false representation; artifice; cheat; fraud. There was of course room for vast deception. Motley. Syn. -- Deception, Deceit, Fraud, Imposition. Deception usually refers to the act, and deceit to the habit of the mind; hence we speak of a person as skilled in deception and addicted to deceit. The practice of deceit springs altogether from design, and that of the worst kind; but a deception does not always imply aim and intention. It may be undesigned or accidental. An imposition is an act of deception practiced upon some one to his annoyance or injury; a fraud implies the use of stratagem, with a view to some unlawful gain or advantage. DECEPTIOUS De*cep"tious, a. Etym: [LL. deceptiosus.] Defn: Tending deceive; delusive. [R.] As if those organs had deceptious functions. Shak. DECEPTIVE De*cep"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. déceptif. See Deceive.] Defn: Tending to deceive; having power to mislead, or impress with false opinions; as, a deceptive countenance or appearance. Language altogether deceptive, and hiding the deeper reality from our eyes. Trench. Deceptive cadence (Mus.), a cadence on the subdominant, or in some foreign key, postponing the final close. DECEPTIVELY De*cep"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner to deceive. DECEPTIVENESS De*cep"tive*ness, n. Defn: The power or habit of deceiving; tendency or aptness to deceive. DECEPTIVITY De`cep*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: Deceptiveness; a deception; a sham. [R.] Carlyle. DECEPTORY De*cep"to*ry, a. Etym: [L. deceptorius, from decipere.] Defn: Deceptive. [R.] DECERN De*cern", v. t. Etym: [L. decernere. See Decree.] 1. To perceive, discern, or decide. [Obs.] Granmer. 2. (Scots Law) Defn: To decree; to adjudge. DECERNITURE De*cern"i*ture, n. (Scots Law) Defn: A decree or sentence of a court. Stormonth. DECERP De*cerp", v. t. Etym: [L. decerpere; de- + carpere to pluck.] Defn: To pluck off; to crop; to gather. [Obs.] DECERPT De*cerpt", a. Etym: [L. decerptus, p. p. of decerpere.] Defn: Plucked off or away. [Obs.] DECERPTIBLE De*cerp"ti*ble, a. Defn: That may be plucked off, cropped, or torn away. [Obs.] Bailey. DECERPTION De*cerp"tion, n. 1. The act of plucking off; a cropping. 2. That which is plucked off or rent away; a fragment; a piece. Glanvill. DECERTATION De`cer*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. decertatio, fr. decertare, decertatum; de- + certare to contend.] Defn: Contest for mastery; contention; strife. [R.] Arnway. DECESSION De*ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. decessio, fr. decedere to depart. See Decease, n.] Defn: Departure; decrease; -- opposed to accesion. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. DECHARM De*charm", v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. décharmer. See Charm.] Defn: To free from a charm; to disenchant. DECHRISTIANIZE De*chris"tian*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dechristianized; p. pr. & vb. n. Dechristianizing.] Defn: To turn from, or divest of, Christianity. DECIARE Dec"i*are`, n. [F. déciare; pref. déci- tenth (fr. L. decimus) + are. See 2d Are.] (Metric System) Defn: A measure of area, the tenth part of an are; ten square meters. DECIDABLE De*cid"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being decided; determinable. DECIDE De*cide", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decided; p. pr. & vb. n. Deciding.] Etym: [L. decidere; de- + caedere to cut, cut off; prob. akin to E. shed, v.: cf. F. décider. Cf. Decision.] 1. To cut off; to separate. [Obs.] Our seat denies us traffic here; The sea, too near, decides us from the rest. Fuller. 2. To bring to a termination, as a question, controversy, struggle, by giving the victory to one side or party; to render judgment concerning; to determine; to settle. So shall thy judgment be; thyself hast decided it. 1 Kings xx. 40. The quarrel toucheth none but us alone; Betwixt ourselves let us decide it then. Shak. DECIDE De*cide", v. i. Defn: To determine; to form a definite opinion; to come to a conclusion; to give decision; as, the court decided in favor of the defendant. Who shall decide, when doctors disagree Pope. DECIDED De*cid"ed, a. 1. Free from ambiguity; unequivocal; unmistakable; unquestionable; clear; evident; as, a decided advantage. "A more decided taste for science." Prescott. 2. Free from doubt or wavering; determined; of fixed purpose; fully settled; positive; resolute; as, a decided opinion or purpose. Syn. -- Decided, Decisive. We call a thing decisive when it has the power or quality of deciding; as, a decisive battle; we speak of it as decided when it is so fully settled as to leave no room for doubt; as, a decided preference, a decided aversion. Hence, a decided victory is one about which there is no question; a decisive victory is one which ends the contest. Decisive is applied only to things; as, a decisive sentence, a decisive decree, a decisive judgment. Decided is applied equally to persons and things. Thus we speak of a man as decided in his whole of conduct; and as having a decided disgust, or a decided reluctance, to certain measures. "A politic caution, a guarded circumspection, were among the ruling principles of our forefathers in their most decided conduct." Burke. "The sentences of superior judges are final, decisive, and irrevocable. Blackstone. DECIDEDLY De*cid"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a decided manner; indisputably; clearly; thoroughly. DECIDEMENT De*cide"ment, n. Defn: Means of forming a decision. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. DECIDENCE Dec"i*dence, n. Etym: [L. decidens falling off.] Defn: A falling off. [R.] Sir T. Browne. DECIDER De*cid"er, n. Defn: One who decides. DECIDUA De*cid"u*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. deciduus. See Deciduous.] (Anat.) Defn: The inner layer of the wall of the uterus, which envelops the embryo, forms a part of the placenta, and is discharged with it. DECIDUATA De*cid`u*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Mammalia in which a decidua is thrown off with, or after, the fetus, as in the human species. DECIDUATE De*cid"u*ate, a. (Anat.) Defn: Possessed of, or characterized by, a decidua. DECIDUITY Dec`i*du"i*ty, n. Defn: Deciduousness. [R.] DECIDUOUS De*cid"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. deciduus, fr. dec to fall off; de- + cadere to fall. See Chance.] (Biol.) Defn: Falling off, or subject to fall or be shed, at a certain season, or a certain stage or interval of growth, as leaves (except of evergreens) in autumn, or as parts of animals, such as hair, teeth, antlers, etc.; also, shedding leaves or parts at certain seasons, stages, or intervals; as, deciduous trees; the deciduous membrane. DECIDUOUSNESS De*cid"u*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being deciduous. DECIGRAM; DECIGRAMME Dec"i*gram, Dec"i*gramme, n. Etym: [F. décigramme; pref. déci- tenth (fr. L. decimus) + gramme.] Defn: A weight in the metric system; one tenth of a gram, equal to 1.5432 grains avoirdupois. DECIL; DECILE Dec"il, Dec"ile, n. Etym: [F. décil, fr. L. decem tendecile.] (Astrol.) Defn: An aspect or position of two planets, when they are distant from each other a tenth part of the zodiac, or 36º. DECILITER; DECILITRE Dec"i*li`ter, Dec"i*li`tre, n. Etym: [F. décilitre; pref. déci- tenth (L. decimus) + litre. See Liter.] Defn: A measure of capacity or volume in the metric system; one tenth of a liter, equal to 6.1022 cubic inches, or 3.38 fluid ounces. DECILLION De*cil"lion, n. Etym: [L. decem ten + the ending of million.] Defn: According to the English notation, a million involved to the tenth power, or a unit with sixty ciphers annexed; according to the French and American notation, a thousand involved to the eleventh power, or a unit with thirty-three ciphers annexed. [See the Note under Numeration.] DECILLIONTH De*cil"lionth, a. Defn: Pertaining to a decillion, or to the quotient of unity divided by a decillion. DECILLIONTH De*cil"lionth, n. (a) The quotient of unity divided by a decillion. (b) One of a decillion equal parts. DECIMAL Dec"i*mal, a. Etym: [F. décimal (cf. LL. decimalis), fr. L. decimus tenth, fr. decem ten. See Ten, and cf. Dime.] Defn: Of or pertaining to decimals; numbered or proceeding by tens; having a tenfold increase or decrease, each unit being ten times the unit next smaller; as, decimal notation; a decimal coinage. Decimal arithmetic, the common arithmetic, in which numeration proceeds by tens. -- Decimal fraction, a fraction in which the denominator is some power of 10, as -- Decimal point, a dot or full stop at the left of a decimal fraction. The figures at the left of the point represent units or whole numbers, as 1.05. DECIMAL Dec"i*mal, n. Defn: A number expressed in the scale of tens; specifically, and almost exclusively, used as synonymous with a decimal fraction. Circulating, or Circulatory, decimal, a decimal fraction in which the same figure, or set of figures, is constantly repeated; as, 0.354354354; -- called also recurring decimal, repeating decimal, and repetend. DECIMALISM Dec"i*mal*ism, n. Defn: The system of a decimal currency, decimal weights, measures, etc. DECIMALIZE Dec"i*mal*ize, v. t. Defn: To reduce to a decimal system; as, to decimalize the currency. -- Dec`i*mal*i*za"tion, n. DECIMALLY Dec"i*mal*ly, adv. Defn: By tens; by means of decimals. DECIMATE Dec"i*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decimated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decimating.] Etym: [L. decimatus, p. p. of decimare to decimate (in senses 1 & 2), fr. decimus tenth. See Decimal.] 1. To take the tenth part of; to tithe. Johnson. 2. To select by lot and punish with death every tenth man of; as, to decimate a regiment as a punishment for mutiny. Macaulay. 3. To destroy a considerable part of; as, to decimate an army in battle; to decimate a people by disease. DECIMATION Dec`i*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. decimatio: cf. F. décimation.] 1. A tithing. [Obs.] State Trials (1630). 2. A selection of every tenth person by lot, as for punishment. Shak. 3. The destruction of any large proportion, as of people by pestilence or war. Milman. DECIMATOR Dec"i*ma`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. decimator.] Defn: One who decimates. South. DECIME Dé`cime", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A French coin, the tenth part of a franc, equal to about two cents. DECIMETER; DECIMETRE Dec"i*me`ter, Dec"i*me`tre, n. Etym: [F. décimètre; pref. déci- tenth (fr. L. decimus) + mètre. See Meter.] Defn: A measure of length in the metric system; one tenth of a meter, equal to 3.937 inches. DECIMOSEXTO Dec`i*mo*sex"to, n. Etym: [Prop., in sixteenth; fr. L. decimus tenth + sextus sixth.] Defn: A book consisting of sheets, each of which is folded into sixteen leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of book; -- usually written 16mo or 16º. DECIMOSEXTO Dec`i*mo*sex"to, a. Defn: Having sixteen leaves to a sheet; as, a decimosexto form, book, leaf, size. DECINE De"cine (; 104), n. Etym: [From L. decem ten.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the higher hydrocarbons, C10H15, of the acetylene series; -- called also decenylene. DECIPHER De*ci"pher, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deciphered; p. pr. & vb. n. Deciphering.] Etym: [Pref. de- + cipher. Formed in imitation of F. déchiffrer. See Cipher.] 1. To translate from secret characters or ciphers into intelligible terms; as, to decipher a letter written in secret characters. 2. To find out, so as to be able to make known the meaning of; to make out or read, as words badly written or partly obliterated; to detect; to reveal; to unfold. 3. To stamp; to detect; to discover. [R.] You are both deciphered, . . . For villains. Shak. DECIPHERABLE De*ci"pher*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being deciphered; as, old writings not decipherable. DECIPHERER De*ci"pher*er, n. Defn: One who deciphers. DECIPHERESS De*ci"pher*ess, n. Defn: A woman who deciphers. DECIPHERMENT De*ci"pher*ment, n. Defn: The act of deciphering. DECIPIENCY De*cip"i*en*cy, n. Etym: [L. decipiens, p. pr. of decipere. See Deceive.] Defn: State of being deceived; hallucination. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DECIPIUM De*cip"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. decipere to deceive.] (Chem.) Defn: A supposed rare element, said to be associated with cerium, yttrium, etc., in the mineral samarskite, and more recently called samarium. Symbol Dp. See Samarium. DECISION De*ci"sion, n. Etym: [L. decisio, fr. decidere, decisum: cf. F. décision. See Decide.] 1. Cutting off; division; detachment of a part. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. 2. The act of deciding; act of settling or terminating, as a controversy, by giving judgment on the matter at issue; determination, as of a question or doubt; settlement; conclusion. The decision of some dispute. Atterbury. 3. An account or report of a conclusion, especially of a legal adjudication or judicial determination of a question or cause; as, a decision of arbitrators; a decision of the Supreme Court. 4. The quality of being decided; prompt and fixed determination; unwavering firmness; as, to manifest great decision. Syn. -- Decision, Determination, Resolution. Each of these words has two meanings, one implying the act of deciding, determining, or resolving; and the other a habit of mind as to doing. It is in the last sense that the words are here compared. Decision is a cutting short. It implies that several courses of action have been presented to the mind, and that the choice is now finally made. It supposes, therefore, a union of promptitude and energy. Determination is the natural consequence of decision. It is the settling of a thing with a fixed purpose to adhere. Resolution is the necessary result in a mind which is characterized by firmness. It is a spirit which scatters (resolves) all doubt, and is ready to face danger or suffering in carrying out one's determinations. Martin Luther was equally distinguished for his prompt decision, his steadfast determination, and his inflexible resolution. DECISIVE De*ci*sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. décisif. See Decision.] 1. Having the power or quality of deciding a question or controversy; putting an end to contest or controversy; final; conclusive. "A decisive, irrevocable doom." Bates. "Decisive campaign." Macaulay. "Decisive proof." Hallam. 2. Marked by promptness and decision. A noble instance of this attribute of the decisive character. J. Foster. Syn. -- Decided; positive; conclusive. See Decided. -- De*ci"sive*ly, adv. -- De*ci"sive*ness, n. DECISORY De*ci"so*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. décisoire. See Decision.] Defn: Able to decide or determine; having a tendency to decide. [R.] DECISTERE Dec"i*stere, n. Etym: [F. décistère; pref. déci- tenth (fr. L. decimus) + stère a stere.] (Metric System) Defn: The tenth part of the stere or cubic meter, equal to 3.531 cubic feet. See Stere. DECITIZENIZE De*cit"i*zen*ize, v. t. Defn: To deprive of the rights of citizenship. [R.] We have no law -- as the French have -- to decitizenize a citizen. Edw. Bates. DECIVILIZE De*civ"i*lize, v. t. Defn: To reduce from civilization to a savage state. [R.] Blackwood's Mag. DECK Deck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decked; p. pr. & vb. n. Decking.] Etym: [D. dekken to cover; akin to E. thatch. See Thatch.] 1. To cover; to overspread. To deck with clouds the uncolored sky. Milton. 2. To dress, as the person; to clothe; especially, to clothe with more than ordinary elegance; to array; to adorn; to embellish. Deck thyself now with majesty and excellency. Job xl. 10. And deck my body in gay ornaments. Shak. The dew with spangles decked the ground. Dryden. 3. To furnish with a deck, as a vessel. DECK Deck, n. Etym: [D. dek. See Deck, v.] 1. The floorlike covering of the horizontal sections, or compartments, of a ship. Small vessels have only one deck; larger ships have two or three decks. Note: The following are the more common names of the decks of vessels having more than one. Berth deck (Navy), a deck next below the gun deck, where the hammocks of the crew are swung. -- Boiler deck (River Steamers), the deck on which the boilers are placed. -- Flush deck, any continuous, unbroken deck from stem to stern. -- Gun deck (Navy), a deck below the spar deck, on which the ship's guns are carried. If there are two gun decks, the upper one is called the main deck, the lower, the lower gun deck; if there are three, one is called the middle gun deck. -- Half-deck, that portion of the deck next below the spar deck which is between the mainmast and the cabin. -- Hurricane deck (River Steamers, etc.), the upper deck, usually a light deck, erected above the frame of the hull. -- Orlop deck, the deck or part of a deck where the cables are stowed, usually below the water line. -- Poop deck, the deck forming the roof of a poop or poop cabin, built on the upper deck and extending from the mizzenmast aft. -- Quarter-deck, the part of the upper deck abaft the mainmast, including the poop deck when there is one. -- Spar deck. (a) Same as the upper deck. (b) Sometimes a light deck fitted over the upper deck. -- Upper deck, the highest deck of the hull, extending from stem to stern. 2. (arch.) Defn: The upper part or top of a mansard roof or curb roof when made nearly flat. 3. (Railroad) Defn: The roof of a passenger car. 4. A pack or set of playing cards. The king was slyly fingered from the deck. Shak. 5. A heap or store. [Obs.] Who . . . hath such trinkets Ready in the deck. Massinger. Between decks. See under Between. -- Deck bridge (Railroad Engineering), a bridge which carries the track upon the upper chords; -- distinguished from a through bridge, which carries the track upon the lower chords, between the girders. -- Deck curb (Arch.), a curb supporting a deck in roof construction. -- Deck floor (Arch.), a floor which serves also as a roof, as of a belfry or balcony. -- Deck hand, a sailor hired to help on the vessel's deck, but not expected to go aloft. -- Deck molding (Arch.), the molded finish of the edge of a deck, making the junction with the lower slope of the roof. -- Deck roof (Arch.), a nearly flat roof which is not surmounted by parapet walls. -- Deck transom (Shipbuilding), the transom into which the deck is framed. -- To clear the decks (Naut.), to remove every unnecessary incumbrance in preparation for battle; to prepare for action. -- To sweep the deck (Card Playing), to clear off all the stakes on the table by winning them. DECKEL Deck"el, n. (Paper Making) Defn: Same as Deckle. DECKER Deck"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, decks or adorns; a coverer; as, a table decker. 2. A vessel which has a deck or decks; -- used esp. in composition; as, a single-decker; a three-decker. DECKLE Dec"kle, n. Etym: [Cf. G. deckel cover, lid.] (Paper Making) Defn: A separate thin wooden frame used to form the border of a hand mold, or a curb of India rubber or other material which rests on, and forms the edge of, the mold in a paper machine and determines the width of the paper. [Spelt also deckel, and deckle.] DECKLE EDGE Dec"kle edge`. Defn: The rough, untrimmed edge of paper left by the deckle; also, a rough edge in imitation of this. DECKLE-EDGED Dec"kle-edged`, a. Defn: Having a deckle edge; as, deckle-edged paper; a deckle-edged book. DECLAIM De*claim", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Declaimed; p. pr. & vb. n. Declaiming.] Etym: [L. declamare; de- + clamare to cry out: cf. F. déclamer. See Claim.] 1. To speak rhetorically; to make a formal speech or oration; to harangue; specifically, to recite a speech, poem, etc., in public as a rhetorical exercise; to practice public speaking; as, the students declaim twice a week. 2. To speak for rhetorical display; to speak pompously, noisily, or theatrically; to make an empty speech; to rehearse trite arguments in debate; to rant. Grenville seized the opportunity to declaim on the repeal of the stamp act. Bancroft. DECLAIM De*claim", v. t. 1. To utter in public; to deliver in a rhetorical or set manner. 2. To defend by declamation; to advocate loudly. [Obs.] "Declaims his cause." South. DECLAIMANT De*claim"ant, n. Defn: A declaimer. [R.] DECLAIMER De*claim"er, n. Defn: One who declaims; an haranguer. DECLAMATION Dec`la*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. declamatio, from declamare: cf. F. déclamation. See Declaim.] 1. The act or art of declaiming; rhetorical delivery; haranguing; loud speaking in public; especially, the public recitation of speeches as an exercise in schools and colleges; as, the practice declamation by students. The public listened with little emotion, but with much civility, to five acts of monotonous declamation. Macaulay. 2. A set or harangue; declamatory discourse. 3. Pretentious rhetorical display, with more sound than sense; as, mere declamation. DECLAMATOR Dec"la*ma`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A declaimer. [R.] Sir T. Elyot. DECLAMATORY De*clam"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. declamatorius: cf. F. déclamatoire.] 1. Pertaining to declamation; treated in the manner of a rhetorician; as, a declamatory theme. 2. Characterized by rhetorical display; pretentiously rhetorical; without solid sense or argument; bombastic; noisy; as, a declamatory way or style. DECLARABLE De*clar"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being declared. Sir T. Browne. DECLARANT De*clar"ant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. déclarant, p. pr. of déclarer.] (Law) Defn: One who declares. Abbott. DECLARATION Dec`la*ra"tion, n. Etym: [F. déclaration, fr. L. declaratio, fr. declarare. See Declare.] 1. The act of declaring, or publicly announcing; explicit asserting; undisguised token of a ground or side taken on any subject; proclamation; exposition; as, the declaration of an opinion; a declaration of war, etc. 2. That which is declared or proclaimed; announcement; distinct statement; formal expression; avowal. Declarations of mercy and love . . . in the Gospel. Tillotson. 3. The document or instrument containing such statement or proclamation; as, the Declaration of Independence (now preserved in Washington). In 1776 the Americans laid before Europe that noble Declaration, which ought to be hung up in the nursery of every king, and blazoned on the porch of every royal palace. Buckle. 4. (Law) Defn: That part of the process in which the plaintiff sets forth in order and at large his cause of complaint; the narration of the plaintiff's case containing the count, or counts. See Count, n., 3. Declaration of Independence. (Amer. Hist.) See under Independence. -- Declaration of rights. (Eng. Hist) See Bill of rights, under Bill. -- Declaration of trust (Law), a paper subscribed by a grantee of property, acknowledging that he holds it in trust for the purposes and upon the terms set forth. Abbott. DECLARATIVE De*clar"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. declarativus, fr. declarare: cf. F. déclaratif.] Defn: Making declaration, proclamation, or publication; explanatory; assertive; declaratory. "Declarative laws." Baker. The "vox populi," so declarative on the same side. Swift. DECLARATIVELY De*clar"a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: By distinct assertion; not impliedly; in the form of a declaration. The priest shall expiate it, that is, declaratively. Bates. DECLARATOR Dec"la*ra`tor, n. Etym: [L., an announcer.] (Scots Law) Defn: A form of action by which some right or interest is sought to be judicially declared. DECLARATORILY De*clar"a*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a declaratory manner. DECLARATORY De*clar"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. déclaratoire.] Defn: Making declaration, explanation, or exhibition; making clear or manifest; affirmative; expressive; as, a clause declaratory of the will of the legislature. Declaratory act (Law), an act or statute which sets forth more clearly, and declares what is, the existing law. DECLARE De*clare", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Declared; p. pr. & vb. n. Declaring.] Etym: [F. déclarer, from L. declarare; de + clarare to make clear, clarus, clear, bright. See Clear.] 1. To make clear; to free from obscurity. [Obs.] "To declare this a little." Boyle. 2. To make known by language; to communicate or manifest explicitly and plainly in any way; to exhibit; to publish; to proclaim; to announce. This day I have begot whom I declare My only Son. Milton. The heavens declare the glory of God. Ps. xix. 1. 3. To make declaration of; to assert; to affirm; to set forth; to avow; as, he declares the story to be false. I the Lord . . . declare things that are right. Isa. xlv. 19. 4. (Com.) Defn: To make full statement of, as goods, etc., for the purpose of paying taxes, duties, etc. To declare off, to recede from an agreement, undertaking, contract, etc.; to renounce. -- To declare one's self, to avow one's opinion; to show openly what one thinks, or which side he espouses. DECLARE De*clare", v. i. 1. To make a declaration, or an open and explicit avowal; to proclaim one's self; -- often with for or against; as, victory declares against the allies. Like fawning courtiers, for success they wait, And then come smiling, and declare for fate. Dryden. 2. (Law) Defn: To state the plaintiff's cause of action at law in a legal form; as, the plaintiff declares in trespass. DECLAREDLY De*clar"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Avowedly; explicitly. DECLAREDNESS De*clar"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being declared. DECLAREMENT De*clare"ment, n. Defn: Declaration. [Obs.] DECLARER De*clar"er, n. Defn: One who makes known or proclaims; that which exhibits. Udall. DECLASS De*class", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Declassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Declassing.] [Cf. F. déclasser.] Defn: To remove from a class; to separate or degrade from one's class. North Am. Rev. DECLENSION De*clen"sion, n. Etym: [Apparently corrupted fr. F. déclinaison, fr. L. declinatio, fr. declinare. See Decline, and cf. Declination.] 1. The act or the state of declining; declination; descent; slope. The declension of the land from that place to the sea. T. Burnet. 2. A falling off towards a worse state; a downward tendency; deterioration; decay; as, the declension of virtue, of science, of a state, etc. Seduced the pitch and height of all his thoughts To base declension. Shak. 3. Act of courteously refusing; act of declining; a declinature; refusal; as, the declension of a nomination. 4. (Gram.) (a) Inflection of nouns, adjectives, etc., according to the grammatical cases. (b) The form of the inflection of a word declined by cases; as, the first or the second declension of nouns, adjectives, etc. (c) Rehearsing a word as declined. Note: The nominative was held to be the primary and original form, and was likened to a perpendicular line; the variations, or oblique cases, were regarded as fallings (hence called casus, cases, or fallings) from the nominative or perpendicular; and an enumerating of the various forms, being a sort of progressive descent from the noun's upright form, was called a declension. Harris. Declension of the needle, declination of the needle. DECLENSIONAL De*clen"sion*al, a. Defn: Belonging to declension. Declensional and syntactical forms. M. Arnold. DECLINABLE De*clin"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. déclinable. See Decline.] Defn: Capable of being declined; admitting of declension or inflection; as, declinable parts of speech. DECLINAL De*clin"al, a. Defn: Declining; sloping. DECLINATE Dec"li*nate, a. Etym: [L. declinatus, p. p. of declinare. See Decline.] Defn: Bent downward or aside; (Bot.) bending downward in a curve; declined. DECLINATION Dec`li*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. declinatio a bending aside, an avoiding: cf. F. déclination a decadence. See Declension.] 1. The act or state of bending downward; inclination; as, declination of the head. 2. The act or state of falling off or declining from excellence or perfection; deterioration; decay; decline. "The declination of monarchy." Bacon. Summer . . . is not looked on as a time Of declination or decay. Waller. 3. The act of deviating or turning aside; oblique motion; obliquity; withdrawal. The declination of atoms in their descent. Bentley. Every declination and violation of the rules. South. 4. The act or state of declining or refusing; withdrawal; refusal; averseness. The queen's declination from marriage. Stow. 5. (Astron.) Defn: The angular distance of any object from the celestial equator, either northward or southward. 6. (Dialing) Defn: The arc of the horizon, contained between the vertical plane and the prime vertical circle, if reckoned from the east or west, or between the meridian and the plane, reckoned from the north or south. 7. (Gram.) Defn: The act of inflecting a word; declension. See Decline, v. t., 4. Angle of declination, the angle made by a descending line, or plane, with a horizontal plane. -- Circle of declination, a circle parallel to the celestial equator. -- Declination compass (Physics), a compass arranged for finding the declination of the magnetic needle. -- Declination of the compass or needle, the horizontal angle which the magnetic needle makes with the true north-and-south line. DECLINATOR Dec"li*na`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. déclinateur. See Decline.] 1. An instrument for taking the declination or angle which a plane makes with the horizontal plane. 2. A dissentient. [R.] Bp. Hacket. DECLINATORY De*clin"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [LL. declinatorius, fr. L. declinare: cf. F. déclinatoire.] Defn: Containing or involving a declination or refusal, as of submission to a charge or sentence. Blackstone. Declinatory plea (O. Eng. Law), the plea of sanctuary or of benefit of clergy, before trial or conviction; -- now abolished. DECLINATURE De*clin"a*ture, n. Defn: The act of declining or refusing; as, the declinature of an office. DECLINE De*cline", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Declined; p. pr. & vb. n. Declining.] Etym: [OE. declinen to bend down, lower, sink, decline (a noun), F. décliner to decline, refuse, fr. L. declinare to turn aside, inflect (a part of speech), avoid; de- + clinare to incline; akin to E. lean. See Lean, v. i.] 1. To bend, or lean downward; to take a downward direction; to bend over or hang down, as from weakness, weariness, despondency, etc.; to condescend. "With declining head." Shak. He . . . would decline even to the lowest of his family. Lady Hutchinson. Disdaining to decline, Slowly he falls, amidst triumphant cries. Byron. The ground at length became broken and declined rapidly. Sir W. Scott. 2. To tend or draw towards a close, decay, or extinction; to tend to a less perfect state; to become diminished or impaired; to fail; to sink; to diminish; to lessen; as, the day declines; virtue declines; religion declines; business declines. That empire must decline Whose chief support and sinews are of coin. Waller. And presume to know . . . Who thrives, and who declines. Shak. 3. To turn or bend aside; to deviate; to stray; to withdraw; as, a line that declines from straightness; conduct that declines from sound morals. Yet do I not decline from thy testimonies. Ps. cxix. 157. 4. To turn away; to shun; to refuse; -- the opposite of accept or consent; as, he declined, upon principle. DECLINE De*cline", v. t. 1. To bend downward; to bring down; to depress; to cause to bend, or fall. In melancholy deep, with head declined. Thomson. And now fair Phoebus gan decline in haste His weary wagon to the western vale. Spenser. 2. To cause to decrease or diminish. [Obs.] "You have declined his means." Beau. & Fl. He knoweth his error, but will not seek to decline it. Burton. 3. To put or turn aside; to turn off or away from; to refuse to undertake or comply with; reject; to shun; to avoid; as, to decline an offer; to decline a contest; he declined any participation with them. Could I Decline this dreadful hour Massinger. 4. (Gram.) Defn: To inflect, or rehearse in order the changes of grammatical form of; as, to decline a noun or an adjective. Note: Now restricted to such words as have case inflections; but formerly it was applied both to declension and conjugation. After the first declining of a noun and a verb. Ascham. 5. To run through from first to last; to repeat like a schoolboy declining a noun. [R.] Shak. DECLINE De*cline", n. Etym: [F. déclin. See Decline, v. i.] 1. A falling off; a tendency to a worse state; diminution or decay; deterioration; also, the period when a thing is tending toward extinction or a less perfect state; as, the decline of life; the decline of strength; the decline of virtue and religion. Their fathers lived in the decline of literature. Swift. 2. (Med.) Defn: That period of a disorder or paroxysm when the symptoms begin to abate in violence; as, the decline of a fever. 3. A gradual sinking and wasting away of the physical faculties; any wasting disease, esp. pulmonary consumption; as, to die of a decline. Dunglison. Syn. -- Decline, Decay, Consumption. Decline marks the first stage in a downward progress; decay indicates the second stage, and denotes a tendency to ultimate destruction; consumption marks a steady decay from an internal exhaustion of strength. The health may experience a decline from various causes at any period of life; it is naturally subject to decay with the advance of old age; consumption may take place at almost any period of life, from disease which wears out the constitution. In popular language decline is often used as synonymous with consumption. By a gradual decline, states and communities lose their strength and vigor; by progressive decay, they are stripped of their honor, stability, and greatness; by a consumption of their resources and vital energy, they are led rapidly on to a completion of their existence. DECLINED De*clined", a. Defn: Declinate. DECLINER De*clin"er, n. Defn: He who declines or rejects. A studious decliner of honors. Evelyn. DECLINOMETER Dec`li*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Decline + -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the declination of the magnetic needle. DECLINOUS De*clin"ous, a. Defn: Declinate. DECLIVITOUS; DECLIVOUS De*cliv"i*tous, De*cli"vous, a. Defn: Descending gradually; moderately steep; sloping; downhill. DECLIVITY De*cliv"i*ty, n.; pl. Declivities. Etym: [L. declivitas, fr. declivis sloping, downhill; de + clivus a slope, a hill; akin to clinare to incline: cf. F. déclivité. See Decline.] 1. Deviation from a horizontal line; gradual descent of surface; inclination downward; slope; -- opposed to acclivity, or ascent; the same slope, considered as descending, being a declivity, which, considered as ascending, is an acclivity. 2. A descending surface; a sloping place. Commodious declivities and channels for the passage of the waters. Derham. DECOCT De*coct", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decocted; p. pr. & vb. n. Decocting.] Etym: [L. decoctus, p. p. of decoquere to boil down; de- + coquere to cook, boil. See Cook to decoct.] 1. To prepare by boiling; to digest in hot or boiling water; to extract the strength or flavor of by boiling; to make an infusion of. 2. To prepare by the heat of the stomach for assimilation; to digest; to concoct. 3. To warm, strengthen, or invigorate, as if by boiling. [R.] "Decoct their cold blood." Shak. DECOCTIBLE De*coct"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being boiled or digested. DECOCTION De*coc"tion, n. Etym: [F. décoction, L. decoctio.] 1. The act or process of boiling anything in a watery fluid to extract its virtues. In decoction . . . it either purgeth at the top or settleth at the bottom. Bacon. 2. An extract got from a body by boiling it in water. If the plant be boiled in water, the strained liquor is called the decoction of the plant. Arbuthnot. In pharmacy decoction is opposed to infusion, where there is merely steeping. Latham. DECOCTURE De*coc"ture, n. Defn: A decoction. [R.] DECOHERER De`co*her"er, n. [Pref. de- + coherer.] (Elec.) Defn: A device for restoring a coherer to its normal condition after it has been affected by an electric wave, a process usually accomplished by some method of tapping or shaking, or by rotation of the coherer. DECOLLATE De*col"late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decollated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decollating.] Etym: [L. decollatus, p. p. of decollare to behead; de- + collum neck.] Defn: To sever from the neck; to behead; to decapitate. The decollated head of St. John the Baptist. Burke. DECOLLATED De*col"la*ted, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Decapitated; worn or cast off in the process of growth, as the apex of certain univalve shells. DECOLLATION De`col*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. decollatio: cf. F. décollation.] 1. The act of beheading or state of one beheaded; -- especially used of the execution of St. John the Baptist. 2. A painting representing the beheading of a saint or martyr, esp. of St. John the Baptist. DECOLLETAGE Dé`col`le*tage" (da`ko`l'*tazh), n. [F. See Décolleté.] (Costume) Defn: The upper border or part of a décolleté corsage. DECOLLETE Dé`col`le*té", a. Etym: [F., p. p. of décolleter to bare the neck and shoulders; dé- + collet collar, fr. L. collum neck.] Defn: Leaving the neck and shoulders uncovered; cut low in the neck, or low-necked, as a dress. DECOLLING De*col"ling, n. Defn: Beheading. [R.] By a speedy dethroning and decolling of the king. Parliamentary History (1648). DECOLOR De*col"or, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. décolorer, L. decolorare. Cf. Discolor.] Defn: To deprive of color; to bleach. DECOLORANT De*col"or*ant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. décolorant, p. pr.] Defn: A substance which removes color, or bleaches. DECOLORATE De*col"or*ate, a. Etym: [L. decoloratus, p. p. of decolorare.] Defn: Deprived of color. DECOLORATE De*col"or*ate, v. t. Defn: To decolor. DECOLORATION De*col`or*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. decoloratio: cf. F. décoloration.] Defn: The removal or absence of color. Ferrand. DECOLORIZE De*col"or*ize, v. t. Defn: To deprive of color; to whiten. Turner. -- De*col`or*i*za"tion, n. DECOMPLEX De"com*plex`, a. Etym: [Pref. de- (intens.) + complex.] Defn: Repeatedly compound; made up of complex constituents. DECOMPOSABLE De`com*pos"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being resolved into constituent elements. DECOMPOSE De`com*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decomposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Decomposing.] Etym: [Cf. F. décomposer. Cf. Discompose.] Defn: To separate the constituent parts of; to resolve into original elements; to set free from previously existing forms of chemical combination; to bring to dissolution; to rot or decay. DECOMPOSE De`com*pose", v. i. Defn: To become resolved or returned from existing combinations; to undergo dissolution; to decay; to rot. DECOMPOSED De`com*posed", a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Separated or broken up; -- said of the crest of birds when the feathers are divergent. DECOMPOSITE De`com*pos"ite, a. Etym: [Pref. de- (intens.) + composite.] 1. Compounded more than once; compounded with things already composite. 2. (Bot.) Defn: See Decompound, a., 2. DECOMPOSITE De`com*pos"ite, n. Defn: Anything decompounded. Decomposites of three metals or more. Bacon. DECOMPOSITION De*com`po*si"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. de- (in sense 3 intensive) + composition: cf. F. décomposition. Cf. Decomposition.] 1. The act or process of resolving the constituent parts of a compound body or substance into its elementary parts; separation into constituent part; analysis; the decay or dissolution consequent on the removal or alteration of some of the ingredients of a compound; disintegration; as, the decomposition of wood, rocks, etc. 2. The state of being reduced into original elements. 3. Repeated composition; a combination of compounds. [Obs.] Decomposition of forces. Same as Resolution of forces, under Resolution. -- Decomposition of light, the division of light into the prismatic colors. DECOMPOUND De`com*pound", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decompounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Decompounding.] Etym: [Pref. de- (intens. in sense 1) + compound, v. t.] 1. To compound or mix with that is already compound; to compound a second time. 2. To reduce to constituent parts; to decompose. It divides and decompounds objects into . . . parts. Hazlitt. DECOMPOUND De`com*pound", a. Etym: [Pref. de- (intens.) + compound, a.] 1. Compound of what is already compounded; compounded a second time. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Several times compounded or divided, as a leaf or stem; decomposite. DECOMPOUND De`com*pound", n. Defn: A decomposite. DECOMPOUNDABLE De`com*pound"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being decompounded. DECONCENTRATE De`con*cen"trate, v. t. Defn: To withdraw from concentration; to decentralize. [R.] DECONCENTRATION De*con`cen*tra"tion, n. Defn: Act of deconcentrating. [R.] DECONCOCT De`con*coct", v. t. Defn: To decompose. [R.] Fuller. DECONSECRATE De*con"se*crate, v. t. Defn: To deprive of sacredness; to secularize. -- De*con`se*cra"tion, n. DECORAMENT Dec"o*ra*ment, n. Etym: [L. decoramentum. See Decorate, v. t.] Defn: Ornament. [Obs.] Bailey. DECORATE Dec"o*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decorating.] Etym: [L. decoratus, p. p. of decorare, fr. decus ornament; akin to decere to be becoming. See Decent.] Defn: To deck with that which is becoming, ornamental, or honorary; to adorn; to beautify; to embellish; as, to decorate the person; to decorate an edifice; to decorate a lawn with flowers; to decorate the mind with moral beauties; to decorate a hero with honors. Her fat neck was ornamented with jewels, rich bracelets decorated her arms. Thackeray. Syn. -- To adorn; embellish; ornament; beautify; grace. See Adorn. Decorated style (Arch.), a name given by some writers to the perfected English Gothic architecture; it may be considered as having flourished from about a. d. 1300 to a. d. 1375. DECORATION Dec`o*ra"tion, n. Etym: [LL. decoratio: cf. F. décoration.] 1. The act of adorning, embellishing, or honoring; ornamentation. 2. That which adorns, enriches, or beautifies; something added by way of embellishment; ornament. The hall was celebrated for . . . the richness of its decoration. Motley. 3. Specifically, any mark of honor to be worn upon the person, as a medal, cross, or ribbon of an order of knighthood, bestowed for services in war, great achievements in literature, art, etc. Decoration Day, a day, May 30, appointed for decorating with flowers the graves of the Union soldiers and sailors, who fell in the Civil War in the United States; Memorial Day. [U.S.] DECORATION DAY Decoration Day. Defn: = Memorial Day. [U. S.] DECORATIVE Dec"o*ra*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. décoratif.] Defn: Suited to decorate or embellish; adorning. -- Dec"o*ra*tive*ness, n. Decorative art, fine art which has for its end ornamentation, rather than the representation of objects or events. DECORATOR Dec"o*ra`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. décorateur.] Defn: One who decorates, adorns, or embellishes; specifically, an artisan whose business is the decoration of houses, esp. their interior decoration. DECORE De*core", v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. décorer. See Decorate.] Defn: To decorate; to beautify. [Obs.] To decore and beautify the house of God. E. Hall. DECOREMENT De*core"ment, n. Defn: Ornament. [Obs.] DECOROUS De*co"rous, a. Etym: [L. dec, fr. decor comeliness, beauty; akin to decere. See Decent, and cf. Decorum.] Defn: Suitable to a character, or to the time, place, and occasion; marked with decorum; becoming; proper; seemly; befitting; as, a decorous speech; decorous behavior; a decorous dress for a judge. A decorous pretext the war. Motley. -- De*co"rous*ly, adv. -- De*co"rous*ness, n. DECORTICATE De*cor"ti*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decorticated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decorticating.] Etym: [L. decorticatus, p. p. of decorticare to bark; de- + cortex bark.] Defn: To divest of the bark, husk, or exterior coating; to husk; to peel; to hull. "Great barley dried and decorticated." Arbuthnot. DECORTICATION De*cor`ti*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. decorticatio: cf. F. décortication.] Defn: The act of stripping off the bark, rind, hull, or outer coat. DECORTICATOR De*cor"ti*ca`tor, n. Defn: A machine for decorticating wood, hulling grain, etc.; also, an instrument for removing surplus bark or moss from fruit trees. DECORUM De*cor"um, n. Etym: [L. dec, fr. dec. See Decorous.] Defn: Propriety of manner or conduct; grace arising from suitableness of speech and behavior to one's own character, or to the place and occasion; decency of conduct; seemliness; that which is seemly or suitable. Negligent of the duties and decorums of his station. Hallam. If your master Would have a queen his beggar, you must tell him, That majesty, to keep decorum, must No less beg than a kingdom. Shak. Syn. -- Decorum, Dignity. Decorum, in accordance with its etymology, is that which is becoming in outward act or appearance; as, the decorum of a public assembly. Dignity springs from an inward elevation of soul producing a corresponding effect on the manners; as, dignity of personal appearance. DECOY De*coy", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decoyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Decoying.] Etym: [Pref. de- + coy; orig., to quiet, soothe, caress, entice. See Coy.] Defn: To lead into danger by artifice; to lure into a net or snare; to entrap; to insnare; to allure; to entice; as, to decoy troops into an ambush; to decoy ducks into a net. Did to a lonely cot his steps decoy. Thomson. E'en while fashion's brightest arts decoy, The heart, distrusting, asks if this be joy. Goldsmith. Syn. -- To entice; tempt; allure; lure. See Allure. DECOY De*coy", n. 1. Anything intended to lead into a snare; a lure that deceives and misleads into danger, or into the power of an enemy; a bait. 2. A fowl, or the likeness of one, used by sportsmen to entice other fowl into a net or within shot. 3. A place into which wild fowl, esp. ducks, are enticed in order to take or shoot them. 4. A person employed by officers of justice, or parties exposed to injury, to induce a suspected person to commit an offense under circumstances that will lead to his detection. DECOY-DUCK De*coy"-duck`, n. Defn: A duck used to lure wild ducks into a decoy; hence, a person employed to lure others into danger. Beau. & Fl. DECOYER De*coy"er, n. Defn: One who decoys another. DECOY-MAN De*coy"-man`, n.; pl. Decoy-men (. Defn: A man employed in decoying wild fowl. DECREASE De*crease", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Decreased; p. pr. & vb. n. Decreasing.] Etym: [OE. decrecen, fr. OF. decreistre, F. décroître, or from the OF. noun (see Decrease, n.), fr. L. decrescere to grow less; de + crescere to grow. See Crescent, and cf. Increase.] Defn: To grow less, -- opposed to increase; to be diminished gradually, in size, degree, number, duration, etc., or in strength, quality, or excellence; as, they days decrease in length from June to December. He must increase, but I must decrease. John iii. 30. Syn. -- To Decrease, Diminish. Things usually decrease or fall off by degrees, and from within, or through some cause which is imperceptible; as, the flood decreases; the cold decreases; their affection has decreased. Things commonly diminish by an influence from without, or one which is apparent; as, the army was diminished by disease; his property is diminishing through extravagance; their affection has diminished since their separation their separation. The turn of thought, however, is often such that these words may be interchanged. The olive leaf, which certainly them told The flood decreased. Drayton. Crete's ample fields diminish to our eye; Before the Boreal blasts the vessels fly. Pope. DECREASE De*crease", v. t. Defn: To cause to grow less; to diminish gradually; as, extravagance decreases one's means. That might decrease their present store. Prior. DECREASE De*crease", n. Etym: [OE. decrees, OF. decreis, fr. decreistre. See Decrease, v.] 1. A becoming less; gradual diminution; decay; as, a decrease of revenue or of strength. 2. The wane of the moon. Bacon. DECREASELESS De*crease"less, a. Defn: Suffering no decrease. [R.] It [the river] flows and flows, and yet will flow, Volume decreaseless to the final hour. A. Seward. DECREASING De*creas"ing, a. Defn: Becoming less and less; diminishing. -- De*creas"ing*ly, adv. Decreasing series (Math.), a series in which each term is numerically smaller than the preceding term. DECREATION De`cre*a"tion, n. Defn: Destruction; -- opposed to creation. [R.] Cudworth. DECREE De*cree", n. Etym: [OE. decre, F. décret, fr. L. decretum, neut. decretus, p. p. of decernere to decide; de- + cernere to decide. See Certain, and cf. Decreet, Decretal.] 1. An order from one having authority, deciding what is to be done by a subordinate; also, a determination by one having power, deciding what is to be done or to take place; edict, law; authoritative ru "The decrees of Venice." Sh There went out a decree from Cæsar Augustus that all the world should be taxed. Luke ii. 1. Poor hand, why quiverest thou at this decree Shak. 2. (Law) (a) A decision, order, or sentence, given in a cause by a court of equity or admiralty. (b) A determination or judgment of an umpire on a case submitted to him. Brande. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: An edict or law made by a council for regulating any business within their jurisdiction; as, the decrees of ecclesiastical councils. Syn. -- Law; regulation; edict; ordinance. See Law. DECREE De*cree", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decreed; p. pr. & vb. n. Decreeing.] 1. To determine judicially by authority, or by decree; to constitute by edict; to appoint by decree or law; to determine; to order; to ordain; as, a court decrees a restoration of property. Thou shalt also decree a thing, and it shall be established unto thee. Job xxii. 28. 2. To ordain by fate. DECREE De*cree", v. i. Defn: To make decrees; -- used absolutely. Father eternal! thine is to decree; Mine, both in heaven and earth to do thy will. Milton. DECREEABLE De*cree"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being decreed. DECREER De*cre"er, n. Defn: One who decrees. J. Goodwin. DECREET De*creet", n. Etym: [Cf. Decree.] (Scots Law) Defn: The final judgment of the Court of Session, or of an inferior court, by which the question at issue is decided. DECREMENT Dec"re*ment, n. Etym: [L. decrementum, fr. decrescere. See Decrease.] 1. The state of becoming gradually less; decrease; diminution; waste; loss. Twit me with the decrements of my pendants. Ford. Rocks, mountains, and the other elevations of the earth suffer a continual decrement. Woodward. 2. The quantity lost by gradual diminution or waste; -- opposed to Ant: increment. 3. (Crystallog.) Defn: A name given by Haüy to the successive diminution of the layers of molecules, applied to the faces of the primitive form, by which he supposed the secondary forms to be produced. 4. (Math.) Defn: The quantity by which a variable is diminished. Equal decrement of life. (a) The decrease of life in a group of persons in which the assumed law of mortality is such that of a given large number of persons, all being now of the same age, an equal number shall die each consecutive year. (b) The decrease of life in a group of persons in which the assumed law of mortality is such that the ratio of those dying in a year to those living through the year is constant, being independent of the age of the persons. DECREPIT De*crep"it, a. Etym: [L. decrepitus, perhaps orig., noised out, noiseless, applied to old people, who creep about quietly; de- + crepare to make a noise, rattle: cf. F. décrépit. See Crepitate.] Defn: Broken down with age; wasted and enfeebled by the infirmities of old age; feeble; worn out. "Beggary or decrepit age." Milton. Already decrepit with premature old age. Motley. Note: Sometimes incorrectly written decrepid. DECREPITATE De*crep"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decrepitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decrepitating.] Etym: [Cf. F. décrépiter.] Defn: To roast or calcine so as to cause a crackling noise; as, to decrepitate salt. DECREPITATE De*crep"i*tate, v. i. Defn: To crackle, as salt in roasting. DECREPITATION De*crep`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. décrépitation.] Defn: The act of decrepitating; a crackling noise, such as salt makes when roasting. DECREPITNESS De*crep"it*ness, n. Defn: Decrepitude. [R.] Barrow. DECREPITUDE De*crep"i*tude, n. Etym: [Cf. F. décrépitude.] Defn: The broken state produced by decay and the infirmities of age; infirm old age. DECRESCENDO De`cres*cen"do, a. & adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: With decreasing volume of sound; -- a direction to performers, either written upon the staff (abbreviated Dec., or Decresc.), or indicated by the sign. DECRESCENT De*cres"cent, a. Etym: [L. decrescens, p. pr. of decrescere. See Decrease.] Defn: Becoming less by gradual diminution; decreasing; as, a decrescent moon. DECRESCENT De*cres"cent, n. (Her.) Defn: A crescent with the horns directed towards the sinister. Cussans. DECRETAL De*cre"tal, a. Etym: [L. decretalis, fr. decretum. See Decree.] Defn: Appertaining to a decree; containing a decree; as, a decretal epistle. Ayliffe. DECRETAL De*cre"tal, n. Etym: [LL. decretale, neut. of L. decretalis. See Decretal, a.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: An authoritative order or decree; especially, a letter of the pope, determining some point or question in ecclesiastical law. The decretals form the second part of the canon law. 2. (Canon Law) Defn: The collection of ecclesiastical decrees and decisions made, by order of Gregory IX., in 1234, by St. Raymond of Pennafort. DECRETE De*crete", n. Etym: [L. decretum. See Decree.] Defn: A decree. [Obs.] Chaucer. DECRETION De*cre"tion, n. Etym: [From L. decrescere, decretum. See Decrease.] Defn: A decrease. [Obs.] Pearson. DECRETIST De*cre"tist, n. Etym: [LL. decretista, fr. decretum: cf. F. décrétiste. See Decree, n.] Defn: One who studies, or professes the knowledge of, the decretals. DECRETIVE De*cre"tive, a. Etym: [From L. decretum. See Decree, n.] Defn: Having the force of a decree; determining. The will of God is either decretive or perceptive. Bates. DECRETORIAL Dec`re*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Decretory; authoritative. Sir T. Browne. DECRETORILY Dec"re*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a decretory or definitive manner; by decree. DECRETORY Dec"re*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. decretorius, from decretum. See Decree.] 1. Established by a decree; definitive; settled. The decretory rigors of a condemning sentence. South. 2. Serving to determine; critical. "The critical or decretory days." Sir T. Browne. DECREW De*crew", v. i. Etym: [F. décrue, n., decrease, and décru, p. p. of décroître. See Decrease, and cf. Accrue.] Defn: To decrease. [Obs.] Spenser. DECRIAL De*cri"al, n. Etym: [See Decry.] Defn: A crying down; a clamorous censure; condemnation by censure. DECRIER De*cri"er, n. Defn: One who decries. DECROWN De*crown", v. t. Defn: To deprive of a crown; to discrown. [R.] Hakewill. DECRUSTATION De`crus*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. décrustation.] Defn: The removal of a crust. DECRY De*cry", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decried; p. pr. & vb. n. Decrying.] Etym: [F. décrier, OF. descrier; pref. des- (L. dis-) + crier to cry. See Cry, and cf. Descry.] Defn: To cry down; to censure as faulty, mean, or worthless; to clamor against; to blame clamorously; to discredit; to disparage. For small errors they whole plays decry. Dryden. Measures which are extolled by one half of the kingdom are naturally decried by the other. Addison. Syn. -- To Decry, Depreciate, Detract, Disparage. Decry and depreciate refer to the estimation of a thing, the former seeking to lower its value by clamorous censure, the latter by representing it as of little worth. Detract and disparage also refer to merit or value, which the former assails with caviling, insinuation, etc., while the latter willfully underrates and seeks to degrade it. Men decry their rivals and depreciate their measures. The envious detract from the merit of a good action, and disparage the motives of him who performs it. DECUBATION Dec`u*ba"tion, n. Etym: [From L. decubare; de- + cubare. See Decumbent.] Defn: Act of lying down; decumbence. [Obs.] Evelyn. DECUBITUS De*cu"bi*tus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. de- + cubare, to lie down: cf. F. décubitus.] (Med.) Defn: An attitude assumed in lying down; as, the dorsal decubitus. DECULASSEMENT; DECULASSMENT Dé`cu`lasse`ment", n. [F.] Also, sometimes, Anglicized Dec`u*lass"ment. (Ordnance) Defn: An accidental blowing off of, or other serious damage to, the breechblock of a gun; also, a removal of the breechblock for the purpose of disabling the gun. DECUMAN Dec"u*man, a. Etym: [L. decumanus of the tenth, and by metonymy, large, fr. decem ten.] Defn: Large; chief; -- applied to an extraordinary billow, supposed by some to be every tenth in order. [R.] Also used substantively. "Such decuman billows." Gauden. "The baffled decuman." Lowell. DECUMBENCE; DECUMBENCY De*cum"bence, De*cum"ben*cy, n. Defn: The act or posture of lying down. The ancient manner of decumbency. Sir T. Browne. DECUMBENT De*cum"bent, a. Etym: [L. decumbens, -entis, p. pr. of decumbere; de- + cumbere (only in comp.), cubare to lie down.] 1. Lying down; prostrate; recumbent. The decumbent portraiture of a woman. Ashmole. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Reclining on the ground, as if too weak to stand, and tending to rise at the summit or apex; as, a decumbent stem. Gray. DECUMBENTLY De*cum"bent*ly, adv. Defn: In a decumbent posture. DECUMBITURE De*cum"bi*ture, n. 1. Confinement to a sick bed, or time of taking to one's bed from sickness. Boyle. 2. (Astrol.) Defn: Aspect of the heavens at the time of taking to one's sick bed, by which the prognostics of recovery or death were made. DECUPLE Dec"u*ple, a. Etym: [F. décuple, L. decuplus, fr. decem ten.] Defn: Tenfold. [R.] DECUPLE Dec"u*ple, n. Defn: A number ten times repeated. [R.] DECUPLE Dec"u*ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decupled; p. pr. & vb. n. Decupling.] Defn: To make tenfold; to multiply by ten. [R.] DECURION De*cu"ri*on, n. Etym: [L. decurio, decurionis, fr. decuria a squad of ten, fr. decem ten.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A head or chief over ten; especially, an officer who commanded a division of ten soldiers. DECURIONATE De*cu"ri*on*ate, n. Etym: [L. decurionatus, fr. decurio.] Defn: The office of a decurion. DECURRENCE De*cur"rence, n. Defn: The act of running down; a lapse. [R.] Gauden. DECURRENT De*cur"rent, a. Etym: [L. decurrens, -entis, p. pr. of decurrere to run down; de- + currere to run: cf. F. décurrent.] (Bot.) Defn: Extending downward; -- said of a leaf whose base extends downward and forms a wing along the stem. -- De*cur"rent*ly, adv. DECURSION De*cur"sion, n. Etym: [L. decursio, fr. decurrere. See Decurrent.] Defn: A flowing; also, a hostile incursion. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. DECURSIVE De*cur"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. décursif. See Decurrent.] Defn: Running down; decurrent. DECURSIVELY De*cur"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In a decursive manner. Decursively pinnate (Bot.), having the leaflets decurrent, or running along the petiole; -- said of a leaf. DECURT De*curt", v. t. Etym: [L. decurtare; de- + curtare.] Defn: To cut short; to curtail. [Obs.] Bale. DECURTATION De`cur*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. decurtatio.] Defn: Act of cutting short. [Obs.] DECURY Dec"u*ry, n.; pl. Decuries. Etym: [L. decuria, fr. decem ten.] Defn: A set or squad of ten men under a decurion. Sir W. Raleigh. DECUSSATE De*cus"sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Decussated; p. pr. & vb. n. Decussating.] Etym: [L. decussatus, p. p. of decussare to cross like an X, fr. decussis (orig. equiv. to decem asses) the number ten, which the Romans represented by X.] Defn: To cross at an acute angle; to cut or divide in the form of X; to intersect; -- said of lines in geometrical figures, rays of light, nerves, etc. DECUSSATE; DECUSSATED De*cus"sate, De*cus"sa*ted, a. 1. Crossed; intersected. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Growing in pairs, each of which is at right angles to the next pair above or below; as, decussated leaves or branches. 3. (Rhet.) Defn: Consisting of two rising and two falling clauses, placed in alternate opposition to each other; as, a decussated period. DECUSSATELY De*cus"sate*ly, adv. Defn: In a decussate manner. DECUSSATION De`cus*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. decussatio.] Defn: Act of crossing at an acute angle, or state of being thus crossed; an intersection in the form of an X; as, the decussation of lines, nerves, etc. DECUSSATIVE De*cus"sa*tive, a. Defn: Intersecting at acute angles. Sir T. Browne. DECUSSATIVELY De*cus"sa*tive*ly, adv. Defn: Crosswise; in the form of an X. "Anointed decussatively." Sir T. Browne. DECYL De"cyl, n. Etym: [L. decem ten + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon radical, C10H21, never existing alone, but regarded as the characteristic constituent of a number of compounds of the paraffin series. DECYLIC De*cyl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Allied to, or containing, the radical decyl. DEDALIAN De*dal"ian, a. Defn: See Dædalian. DEDALOUS Ded"a*lous, a. Defn: See Dædalous. DEDANS De*dans", n. Etym: [F.] (Court Tennis) Defn: A division, at one end of a tennis court, for spectators. DEDE Dede, a. Defn: Dead. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEDECORATE De*dec"o*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. dedecoratus, p. p. of dedecorare to disgrace. See Decorate.] Defn: To bring to shame; to disgrace. [Obs.] Bailey. DEDECORATION De*dec`o*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. dedecoratio.] Defn: Disgrace; dishonor. [Obs.] Bailey. DEDECOROUS De*dec"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. dedecorus. See Decorous.] Defn: Disgraceful; unbecoming. [R.] Bailey. DEDENTITION De`den*ti"tion, n. Defn: The shedding of teeth. [R.] Sir T. Browne. DEDICATE Ded"i*cate, p. a. Etym: [L. dedicatus, p. p. of dedicare to affirm, to dedicate; de- + dicare to declare, dedicate; akin to dicere to say. See Diction.] Defn: Dedicated; set apart; devoted; consecrated. "Dedicate to nothing temporal." Shak. Syn. -- Devoted; consecrated; addicted. DEDICATE Ded"i*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dedicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dedicating.] 1. To set apart and consecrate, as to a divinity, or for sacred uses; to devote formally and solemnly; as, to dedicate vessels, treasures, a temple, or a church, to a religious use. Vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, . . . which also king David did dedicate unto the Lord. 2 Sam. viii. 10, 11. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. . . . But in a larger sense we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. A. Lincoln. 2. To devote, set apart, or give up, as one's self, to a duty or service. The profession of a soldier, to which he had dedicated himself. Clarendon. 3. To inscribe or address, as to a patron. He complied ten elegant books, and dedicated them to the Lord Burghley. Peacham. Syn. -- See Addict. DEDICATEE Ded`i*ca*tee", n. Defn: One to whom a thing is dedicated; -- correlative to dedicator. DEDICATION Ded`i*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. dedicatio.] 1. The act of setting apart or consecrating to a divine Being, or to a sacred use, often with religious solemnities; solemn appropriation; as, the dedication of Solomon's temple. 2. A devoting or setting aside for any particular purpose; as, a dedication of lands to public use. 3. An address to a patron or friend, prefixed to a book, testifying respect, and often recommending the work to his special protection and favor. DEDICATOR Ded"i*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. dédicateur.] Defn: One who dedicates; more especially, one who inscribes a book to the favor of a patron, or to one whom he desires to compliment. DEDICATORIAL Ded`i*ca*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Dedicatory. DEDICATORY Ded"i*ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dédicatoire.] Defn: Constituting or serving as a dedication; complimental. "An epistle dedicatory." Dryden. DEDICATORY Ded"i*ca*to*ry, n. Defn: Dedication. [R.] Milton. DEDIMUS Ded"i*mus, n. Etym: [L. dedimus we have given, fr. dare to give. So called because the writ began, Dedimus potestatem, etc.] (Law) Defn: A writ to commission private persons to do some act in place of a judge, as to examine a witness, etc. Bouvier. DEDITION De*di"tion, n. Etym: [L. deditio, fr. dedere to give away, surrender; de- + dare to give.] Defn: The act of yielding; surrender. [R.] Sir M. Hale. DEDOLENT Ded"o*lent, a. Etym: [L. dedolens, p. pr. of dedolere to give over grieving; de- + dolere to grieve.] Defn: Feeling no compunction; apathetic. [R.] Hallywell. DEDUCE De*duce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deduced; p. pr. & vb. n. Deducing.] Etym: [L. deducere; de- + ducere to lead, draw. See Duke, and cf. Deduct.] 1. To lead forth. [A Latinism] He should hither deduce a colony. Selden. 2. To take away; to deduct; to subtract; as, to deduce a part from the whole. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. To derive or draw; to derive by logical process; to obtain or arrive at as the result of reasoning; to gather, as a truth or opinion, from what precedes or from premises; to infer; -- with from or out of. O goddess, say, shall I deduce my rhymes From the dire nation in its early times Pope. Reasoning is nothing but the faculty of deducing unknown truths from principles already known. Locke. See what regard will be paid to the pedigree which deduces your descent from kings and conquerors. Sir W. Scott. DEDUCEMENT De*duce"ment, n. Defn: Inference; deduction; thing deduced. [R.] Dryden. DEDUCIBILITY De*du`ci*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Deducibleness. DEDUCIBLE De*du"ci*ble, a. 1. Capable of being deduced or inferred; derivable by reasoning, as a result or consequence. All properties of a triangle depend on, and are deducible from, the complex idea of three lines including a space. Locke. 2. Capable of being brought down. [Obs.] As if God [were] deducible to human imbecility. State Trials (1649). DEDUCIBLENESS De*du"ci*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being deducible; deducibility. DEDUCIBLY De*du"ci*bly, adv. Defn: By deduction. DEDUCIVE De*du"cive, a. Defn: That deduces; inferential. DEDUCT De*duct", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deducted; p. pr. & vb. n. Deducting.] Etym: [L. deductus, p. p. of deducere to deduct. See Deduce.] 1. To lead forth or out. [Obs.] A people deducted out of the city of Philippos. Udall. 2. To take away, separate, or remove, in numbering, estimating, or calculating; to subtract; -- often with from or out of. Deduct what is but vanity, or dress. Pope. Two and a half per cent should be deducted out of the pay of the foreign troops. Bp. Burnet. We deduct from the computation of our years that part of our time which is spent in . . . infancy. Norris. 3. To reduce; to diminish. [Obs.] "Do not deduct it to days." Massinger. DEDUCTIBLE De*duct"i*ble, a. 1. Capable of being deducted, taken away, or withdrawn. Not one found honestly deductible From any use that pleased him. Mrs. Browning. 2. Deducible; consequential. DEDUCTION De*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. deductio: cf. F. déduction.] 1. Act or process of deducing or inferring. The deduction of one language from another. Johnson. This process, by which from two statements we deduce a third, is called deduction. J. R. Seely. 2. Act of deducting or taking away; subtraction; as, the deduction of the subtrahend from the minuend. 3. That which is deduced or drawn from premises by a process of reasoning; an inference; a conclusion. Make fair deductions; see to what they mount. Pope. 4. That which is deducted; the part taken away; abatement; as, a deduction from the yearly rent. Syn. -- See Induction. DEDUCTIVE De*duct"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. L. deductivus derivative.] Defn: Of or pertaining to deduction; capable of being deduced from premises; deducible. All knowledge of causes is deductive. Glanvill. Notions and ideas . . . used in a deductive process. Whewell. DEDUCTIVELY De*duct"ive*ly, adv. Defn: By deduction; by way of inference; by consequence. Sir T. Browne. DEDUCTOR De*duc"tor, n. Etym: [L., a guide. See Deduce.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The pilot whale or blackfish. DEDUIT De*duit", n. Etym: [F. déduit. Cf. Deduct.] Defn: Delight; pleasure. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEDUPLICATION De*du`pli*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. de- + duplication.] (Biol.) Defn: The division of that which is morphologically one organ into two or more, as the division of an organ of a plant into a pair or cluster. DEED Deed, a. Defn: Dead. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEED Deed, n. Etym: [AS. d; akin to OS. dad, D. & Dan. daad, G. thai, Sw. dåd, Goth. d; fr. the root of do. See Do, v. t.] 1. That which is done or effected by a responsible agent; an act; an action; a thing done; -- a word of extensive application, including, whatever is done, good or bad, great or small. And Joseph said to them, What deed is this which ye have done Gen. xliv. 15. We receive the due reward of our deeds. Luke xxiii. 41. Would serve his kind in deed and word. Tennyson. 2. Illustrious act; achievement; exploit. "Knightly deeds." Spenser. Whose deeds some nobler poem shall adorn. Dryden. 3. Power of action; agency; efficiency. [Obs.] To be, both will and deed, created free. Milton. 4. Fact; reality; -- whence we have indeed. 5. (Law) Defn: A sealed instrument in writing, on paper or parchment, duly executed and delivered, containing some transfer, bargain, or contract. Note: The term is generally applied to conveyances of real estate, and it is the prevailing doctrine that a deed must be signed as well as sealed, though at common law signing was formerly not necessary. Blank deed, a printed form containing the customary legal phraseology, with blank spaces for writing in names, dates, boundaries, etc. 6. Performance; -- followed by of. [Obs.] Shak. In deed, in fact; in truth; verily. See Indeed. DEED Deed, v. t. Defn: To convey or transfer by deed; as, he deeded all his estate to his eldest son. [Colloq. U. S.] DEEDFUL Deed"ful, a. Defn: Full of deeds or exploits; active; stirring. [R.] "A deedful life." Tennyson. DEEDLESS Deed"less, a. Defn: Not performing, or not having performed, deeds or exploits; inactive. Deedless in his tongue. Shak. DEED POLL Deed" poll`. (Law) Defn: A deed of one part, or executed by only one party, and distinguished from an indenture by having the edge of the parchment or paper cut even, or polled as it was anciently termed, instead of being indented. Burrill. DEEDY Deed"y, a. Defn: Industrious; active. [R.] Cowper. DEEM Deem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deemed; p. pr. & vb. n. Deeming.] Etym: [OE. demen to judge, condemn, AS. d, fr. d doom; akin to OFries. d, OS. ad, D. doemen, OHG. tuommen, Icel. dæma, Sw. dömma, Dan. dömme, Goth. d. See Doom, n., and cf. Doom, v.] 1. To decide; to judge; to sentence; to condemn. [Obs.] Claudius . . . Was demed for to hang upon a tree. Chaucer. 2. To account; to esteem; to think; to judge; to hold in opinion; to regard. For never can I deem him less him less than god. Dryden. DEEM Deem, v. i. 1. To be of opinion; to think; to estimate; to opine; to suppose. And deemest thou as those who pore, With aged eyes, short way before Emerson. 2. To pass judgment. [Obs.] Spenser. DEEM Deem, n. Defn: Opinion; judgment. [Obs.] Shak. DEEMSTER Deem"ster, n. Etym: [Deem + -ster; i. e., doomster. Cf. Dempster.] Defn: A judge in the Isle of Man who decides controversies without process. Cowell. DEEP Deep, a. [Compar. Deeper; superl. Deepest.] Etym: [OE. dep, deop, AS. deóp; akin to D. diep, G. tief, Icel. dj, Sw. diup, Dan. dyb, Goth. diups; fr. the root of E. dip, dive. See Dip, Dive.] 1. Extending far below the surface; of great perpendicular dimension (measured from the surface downward, and distinguished from high, which is measured upward); far to the bottom; having a certain depth; as, a deep sea. The water where the brook is deep. Shak. 2. Extending far back from the front or outer part; of great horizontal dimension (measured backward from the front or nearer part, mouth, etc.); as, a deep cave or recess or wound; a gallery ten seats deep; a company of soldiers six files deep. Shadowing squadrons deep. Milton. Safely in harbor Is the king's ship in the deep nook. Shak. 3. Low in situation; lying far below the general surface; as, a deep valley. 4. Hard to penetrate or comprehend; profound; -- opposed to shallow or superficial; intricate; mysterious; not obvious; obscure; as, a deep subject or plot. Speculations high or deep. Milton. A question deep almost as the mystery of life. De Quincey. O Lord, . . . thy thought are very deep. Ps. xcii. 5. 5. Of penetrating or far-reaching intellect; not superficial; thoroughly skilled; sagacious; cunning. Deep clerks she dumbs. Shak. 6. Profound; thorough; complete; unmixed; intense; heavy; heartfelt; as, deep distress; deep melancholy; deep horror. "Deep despair." Milton. "Deep silence." Milton. "Deep sleep." Gen. ii. 21. "Deeper darkness." Hoole. "Their deep poverty." 2 Cor. viii. 2. An attitude of deep respect. Motley. 7. Strongly colored; dark; intense; not light or thin; as, deep blue or crimson. 8. Of low tone; full-toned; not high or sharp; grave; heavy. "The deep thunder." Byron. The bass of heaven's deep organ. Milton. 9. Muddy; boggy; sandy; -- said of roads. Chaucer. The ways in that vale were very deep. Clarendon. A deep line of operations (Military), a long line. -- Deep mourning (Costume), mourning complete and strongly marked, the garments being not only all black, but also composed of lusterless materials and of such fashion as is identified with mourning garments. DEEP Deep, adv. Defn: To a great depth; with depth; far down; profoundly; deeply. Deep-versed in books, and shallow in himself. Milton. Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring. Pope. Note: Deep, in its usual adverbial senses, is often prefixed to an adjective; as, deep-chested, deep-cut, deep-seated, deep-toned, deep- voiced, "deep-uddered kine." DEEP Deep, n. 1. That which is deep, especially deep water, as the sea or ocean; an abyss; a great depth. Courage from the deeps of knowledge springs. Cowley. The hollow deep of hell resounded. Milton. Blue Neptune storms, the bellowing deeps resound. Pope. 2. That which is profound, not easily fathomed, or incomprehensible; a moral or spiritual depth or abyss. Thy judgments are a great. Ps. xxxvi. 6. Deep of night, the most quiet or profound part of night; dead of night. The deep of night is crept upon our talk. Shak. DEEPEN Deep"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deepened; p. pr. & vb. n. Deepening.] 1. To make deep or deeper; to increase the depth of; to sink lower; as, to deepen a well or a channel. It would . . . deepen the bed of the Tiber. Addison. 2. To make darker or more intense; to darken; as, the event deepened the prevailing gloom. You must deepen your colors. Peacham. 3. To make more poignant or affecting; to increase in degree; as, to deepen grief or sorrow. 4. To make more grave or low in tone; as, to deepen the tones of an organ. Deepens the murmur of the falling floods. Pope. DEEPEN Deep"en, v. i. Defn: To become deeper; as, the water deepens at every cast of the lead; the plot deepens. His blood-red tresses deepening in the sun. Byron. DEEP-FET Deep"-fet`, a. Defn: Deeply fetched or drawn. [Obs.] "Deep-fet groans." Shak. DEEP-LAID Deep"-laid`, a. Defn: Laid deeply; formed with cunning and sagacity; as, deep-laid plans. DEEPLY Deep"ly, adv. 1. At or to a great depth; far below the surface; as, to sink deeply. 2. Profoundly; thoroughly; not superficially; in a high degree; intensely; as, deeply skilled in ethics. He had deeply offended both his nobles and people. Bacon. He sighed deeply in his spirit. Mark viii. 12. 3. Very; with a tendency to darkness of color. The deeply red juice of buckthorn berries. Boyle. 4. Gravely; with low or deep tone; as, a deeply toned instrument. 5. With profound skill; with art or intricacy; as, a deeply laid plot or intrigue. DEEP-MOUTHED Deep"-mouthed`, a. Defn: Having a loud and sonorous voice. "Deep-mouthed dogs." Dryden. DEEPNESS Deep"ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being deep, profound, mysterious, secretive, etc.; depth; profundity; -- opposed to shallowness. Because they had no deepness of earth. Matt. xiii. 5. 2. Craft; insidiousness. [R.] J. Gregory. DEEP-READ Deep"-read`, a. Defn: Profoundly book-learned. "Great writers and deep-read men." L'Estrange. DEEP-SEA Deep"-sea`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the deeper parts of the sea; as, a deep-sea line (i. e., a line to take soundings at a great depth); deep-sea lead; deep-sea soundings, explorations, etc. DEEP-WAISTED Deep"-waist`ed, a. (Naut.) Defn: Having a deep waist, as when, in a ship, the poop and forecastle are much elevated above the deck. DEER Deer, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [OE. der, door, animal, wild animal, AS. deór; akin to D. dier, OFries. diar, G. thier, tier, Icel. d, Dan. dyr, Sw. djur, Goth. dius; of unknown origin. 1. Any animal; especially, a wild animal. [Obs.] Chaucer. Mice and rats, and such small deer. Shak. The camel, that great deer. Lindisfarne MS. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A ruminant of the genus Cervus, of many species, and of related genera of the family Cervidæ. The males, and in some species the females, have solid antlers, often much branched, which are shed annually. Their flesh, for which they are hunted, is called venison. Note: The deer hunted in England is Cervus elaphus, called also stag or red deer; the fallow deer is C. dama; the common American deer is C. Virginianus; the blacktailed deer of Western North America is C. Columbianus; and the mule deer of the same region is C. macrotis. See Axis, Fallow deer, Mule deer, Reindeer. Note: Deer is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as, deerkiller, deerslayer, deerslaying, deer hunting, deer stealing, deerlike, etc. Deer mouse (Zoöl.), the white-footed mouse (Hesperomys leucopus) of America. -- Small deer, petty game, not worth pursuing; -- used metaphorically. (See citation from Shakespeare under the first definition, above.) "Minor critics . . . can find leisure for the chase of such small deer." G. P. Marsh. DEERBERRY Deer"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: A shrub of the blueberry group (Vaccinium stamineum); also, its bitter, greenish white berry; -- called also squaw huckleberry. DEERGRASS Deer"grass`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An American genus (Rhexia) of perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and showy flowers (usually bright purple), with four petals and eight stamens, -- the only genus of the order Melastomaceæ inhabiting a temperate clime. DEERHOUND Deer"hound`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a large and fleet breed of hounds used in hunting deer; a staghound. DEERLET Deer"let, n. Etym: [Deer + -let.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A chevrotain. See Kanchil, and Napu. DEER-NECK Deer"-neck`, n. Defn: A deerlike, or thin, ill-formed neck, as of a horse. DEERSKIN Deer"skin`, n. Defn: The skin of a deer, or the leather which is made from it. Hakluyt. Longfellow. DEERSTALKER Deer"stalk`er, n. Defn: One who practices deerstalking. DEERSTALKING Deer"stalk`ing, n. Defn: The hunting of deer on foot, by stealing upon them unawares. DEER'S-TONGUE Deer's"-tongue`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Liatris odoratissima) whose fleshy leaves give out a fragrance compared to vanilla. Wood. DEES Dees, n. pl. Defn: Dice. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEES Dees, n. Defn: A dais. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEESIS De*e"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: An invocation of, or address to, the Supreme Being. DEESS De"ess, n. Etym: [F. déesse, fem. of dieu god.] Defn: A goddess. [Obs.] Croft. DEEV Deev, n. (Hind. & Pers. Myth.) Defn: See Dev. DEFACE De*face", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defaced; p. pr. & vb. n. Defacing.] Etym: [OE. defacen to disfigure, efface, OF. desfacier; L. dis- + facies face. See Face, and cf. Efface.] 1. To destroy or mar the face or external appearance of; to disfigure; to injure, spoil, or mar, by effacing or obliterating important features or portions of; as, to deface a monument; to deface an edifice; to deface writing; to deface a note, deed, or bond; to deface a record. "This high face defaced." Emerson. So by false learning is good sense defaced. Pope. 2. Etym: [Cf. F. défaire.] Defn: To destroy; to make null. [Obs.] [Profane scoffing] doth . . . deface the reverence of religion. Bacon. For all his power was utterly defaste [defaced]. Spenser. Syn. -- See Efface. DEFACEMENT De*face"ment, n. 1. The act of defacing, or the condition of being defaced; injury to the surface or exterior; obliteration. 2. That which mars or disfigures. Bacon. DEFACER De*fa"cer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, defaces or disfigures. DE FACTO De` fac"to. Etym: [L.] Defn: Actually; in fact; in reality; as, a king de facto, -- distinguished from a king de jure, or by right. DEFAIL De*fail", v. t. Etym: [F. défaillir to fail; pref. dé- (L. de) + faillir. See Fail, and cf. Default.] Defn: To cause fail. [Obs.] DEFAILANCE De*fail"ance, n. Etym: [F. défaillance.] Defn: Failure; miscarriage. [Obs.] Possibility of defailance in degree or continuance. Comber. DEFAILURE De*fail"ure, n. Defn: Failure. [Obs.] Barrow. DEFALCATE De*fal"cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defalcated; p. pr. & vb. n. Defalcating.] Etym: [LL. defalcatus, p. p. of defalcare to deduct, orig., to cut off with a sickle; L. de- + falx, a sickle. See Falchion.] Defn: To cut off; to take away or deduct a part of; -- used chiefly of money, accounts, rents, income, etc. To show what may be practicably and safely defalcated from the [the estimates]. Burke. DEFALCATE De*fal"cate, v. i. Defn: To commit defalcation; to embezzle money held in trust. "Some partner defalcating, or the like." Carlyle. DEFALCATION De`fal*ca"tion, n. Etym: [LL. defalcatio: cf. F. défalcation.] 1. A lopping off; a diminution; abatement; deficit. Specifically: Reduction of a claim by deducting a counterclaim; set-off. Abbott. 2. That which is lopped off, diminished, or abated. 3. An abstraction of money, etc., by an officer or agent DEFALCATOR Def"al*ca`tor, n. Defn: A defaulter or embezzler. [Modern] DEFALK De*falk", v. t. Etym: [F. défalquer. See Defalcate.] Defn: To lop off; to bate. [Obs.] B. Jonson. DEFAMATION Def`a*ma"tion, n. Etym: [OE. diffamacioun, F. diffamation. See Defame.] Defn: Act of injuring another's reputation by any slanderous communication, written or oral; the wrong of maliciously injuring the good name of another; slander; detraction; calumny; aspersion. Note: In modern usage, written defamation bears the title of libel, and oral defamation that of slander. Burrill. DEFAMATORY De*fam"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Containing defamation; injurious to reputation; calumnious; slanderous; as, defamatory words; defamatory writings. DEFAME De*fame", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Defaming.] Etym: [OE. defamen, diffamen, from F. diffamer, or OF. perh. defamer, fr. L. diffamare (cf. defamatus infamous); dis- (in this word confused with de) + fama a report. See Fame.] 1. To harm or destroy the good fame or reputation of; to disgrace; especially, to speak evil of maliciously; to dishonor by slanderous reports; to calumniate; to asperse. 2. To render infamous; to bring into disrepute. My guilt thy growing virtues did defame; My blackness blotted thy unblemish'd name. Dryden. 3. To charge; to accuse. [R.] Rebecca is . . . defamed of sorcery practiced on the person of a noble knight. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- To asperse; slander; calumniate; vilify. See Asperse. DEFAME De*fame", n. Defn: Dishonor. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEFAMER De*fam"er, n. Defn: One who defames; a slanderer; a detractor; a calumniator. DEFAMINGLY De*fam"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a defamatory manner. DEFAMOUS Def"a*mous, a. Defn: Defamatory. [Obs.] DEFATIGABLE De*fat"i*ga*ble, a. Etym: [See Defatigate.] Defn: Capable of being wearied or tired out. [R.] Glanvill. DEFATIGATE De*fat"i*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. defatigatus, p. p. of defatigare; de- + fatigare to weary. See Fatigue.] Defn: To weary or tire out; to fatigue. [R.] Sir T. Herbert. DEFATIGATION De*fat`i*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. defatigatio.] Defn: Weariness; fatigue. [R.] Bacon. DEFAULT De*fault", n. Etym: [OE. defaute, OF. defaute, defalte, fem., F. défaut, masc., LL. defalta, fr. a verb meaning, to be deficient, to want, fail, fr. L. de- + fallere to deceive. See Fault.] 1. A failing or failure; omission of that which ought to be done; neglect to do whaas, this evil has happened through the governor's default. 2. Fault; offense; ill deed; wrong act; failure in virtue or wisdom. And pardon craved for his so rash default. Spenser. Regardless of our merit or default. Pope. 3. (Law) Defn: A neglect of, or failure to take, some step necessary to secure the benefit of law, as a failure to appear in court at a day assigned, especially of the defendant in a suit when called to make answer; also of jurors, witnesses, etc. In default of, in case of failure or lack of. Cooks could make artificial birds and fishes in default of the real ones. Arbuthnot. -- To suffer a default (Law), to permit an action to be called without appearing to answer. DEFAULT De*fault", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Defaulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Defaulting.] 1. To fail in duty; to offend. That he gainst courtesy so foully did default. Spenser. 2. To fail in fulfilling a contract, agreement, or duty. 3. To fail to appear in court; to let a case go by default. DEFAULT De*fault", v. t. 1. To fail to perform or pay; to be guilty of neglect of; to omit; as, to default a dividend. What they have defaulted towards him as no king. Milton. 2. (Law) Defn: To call a defendant or other party whose duty it is to be present in court, and make entry of his default, if he fails to appear; to enter a default against. 3. To leave out of account; to omit. [Obs.] Defaulting unnecessary and partial discourses. Hales. DEFAULTER De*fault"er, n. 1. One who makes default; one who fails to appear in court when court when called. 2. One who fails to perform a duty; a delinquent; particularly, one who fails to account for public money intrusted to his care; a peculator; a defalcator. DEFEASANCE De*fea"sance, n. Etym: [OF. defesance, fr. defesant, F. défaisant, p. pr. of defaire, F. défaire, to undo. See Defeat.] 1. A defeat; an overthrow. [Obs.] After his foes' defeasance. Spenser. 2. A rendering null or void. 3. (Law) Defn: A condition, relating to a deed, which being performed, the deed is defeated or rendered void; or a collateral deed, made at the same time with a feoffment, or other conveyance, containing conditions, on the performance of which the estate then created may be defeated. Note: Mortgages were usually made in this manner in former times, but the modern practice is to include the conveyance and the defeasance in the same deed. DEFEASANCED De*fea"sanced, a. (Law) Defn: Liable to defeasance; capable of being made void or forfeited. DEFEASIBLE De*fea"si*ble, a. Etym: [See Defeasance.] Defn: Capable of being annulled or made void; as, a defeasible title. -- De*fea"si*ble*ness, n. DEFEAT De*feat", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defeated; p. pr. & vb. n. Defeating.] Etym: [From F. défait, OF. desfait, p. p. ofe défaire, OF. desfaire, to undo; L. dis- + facere to do. See Feat, Fact, and cf. Disfashion.] 1. To undo; to disfigure; to destroy. [Obs.] His unkindness may defeat my life. Shak. 2. To render null and void, as a title; to frustrate, as hope; to deprive, as of an estate. He finds himself naturally to dread a superior Being that can defeat all his designs, and disappoint all his hopes. Tillotson. The escheators . . . defeated the right heir of his succession. Hallam. In one instance he defeated his own purpose. A. W. Ward. 3. To overcome or vanquish, as an army; to check, disperse, or ruin by victory; to overthrow. 4. To resist with success; as, to defeat an assault. Sharp reasons to defeat the law. Shak. Syn. -- To baffle; disappoint; frustrate. DEFEAT De*feat", n. Etym: [Cf. F. défaite, fr. défaire. See Defeat, v.] 1. An undoing or annulling; destruction. [Obs.] Upon whose property and most dear life A damned defeat was made. Shak. 2. Frustration by rendering null and void, or by prevention of success; as, the defeat of a plan or design. 3. An overthrow, as of an army in battle; loss of a battle; repulse suffered; discomfiture; -- opposed to victory. DEFEATURE De*fea"ture, n. Etym: [OF. desfaiture a killing, disguising, prop., an undoing. See Defeat, and cf. Disfeature.] 1. Overthrow; defeat. [Obs.] "Nothing but loss in their defeature." Beau. & Fl. 2. Disfigurement; deformity. [Obs.] "Strange defeatures in my face." Shak. DEFEATURED De*fea"tured, p. p. Defn: Changed in features; deformed. [R.] Features when defeatured in the . . . way I have described. De Quincey. DEFECATE Def"e*cate, a. Etym: [L. defaecatus, p. p. of defaecare to defecate; de- + faex, faecis, dregs, less.] Defn: Freed from anything that can pollute, as dregs, lees, etc.; refined; purified. Till the soul be defecate from the dregs of sense. Bates. DEFECATE Def"e*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defecated; p. pr. & vb. n. Defecating.] 1. To clear from impurities, as lees, dregs, etc.; to clarify; to purify; to refine. To defecate the dark and muddy oil of amber. Boyle. 2. To free from extraneous or polluting matter; to clear; to purify, as from that which materializes. We defecate the notion from materiality. Glanvill. Defecated from all the impurities of sense. Bp. Warburton. DEFECATE Def"e*cate, v. i. 1. To become clear, pure, or free. Goldsmith. 2. To void excrement. DEFECATION Def`e*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. defaecatio: cf. F. défécation.] 1. The act of separating from impurities, as lees or dregs; purification. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The act or process of voiding excrement. DEFECATOR Def"e*ca`tor, n. Defn: That which cleanses or purifies; esp., an apparatus for removing the feculencies of juices and sirups. Knight. DEFECT De*fect", n. Etym: [L. defectus, fr. deficere, defectum, to desert, fail, be wanting; de- + facere to make, do. See Fact, Feat, and cf. Deficit.] 1. Want or absence of something necessary for completeness or perfection; deficiency; -- opposed to superfluity. Errors have been corrected, and defects supplied. Davies. 2. Failing; fault; imperfection, whether physical or moral; blemish; as, a defect in the ear or eye; a defect in timber or iron; a defect of memory or judgment. Trust not yourself; but, your defects to know, Make use of every friend -- any every foe. Pope. Among boys little tenderness is shown to personal defects. Macaulay. Syn. -- Deficiency; imperfection; blemish. See Fault. DEFECT De*fect", v. i. Defn: To fail; to become deficient. [Obs.] "Defected honor." Warner. DEFECT De*fect", v. t. Defn: To injure; to damage. "None can my life defect." [R.] Troubles of Q. Elizabeth (1639). DEFECTIBILITY De*fect`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Deficiency; imperfection. [R.] Ld. Digby. Jer. Taylor. DEFECTIBLE De*fect"i*ble, a. Defn: Liable to defect; imperfect. [R.] "A defectible understanding." Jer. Taylor. DEFECTION De*fec"tion, n. Etym: [L. defectio: cf. F. défection. See Defect.] Defn: Act of abandoning a person or cause to which one is bound by allegiance or duty, or to which one has attached himself; desertion; failure in duty; a falling away; apostasy; backsliding. "Defection and falling away from God." Sir W. Raleigh. The general defection of the whole realm. Sir J. Davies. DEFECTIONIST De*fec"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who advocates or encourages defection. DEFECTIOUS De*fec"tious, a. Defn: Having defects; imperfect. [Obs.] "Some one defectious piece." Sir P. Sidney. DEFECTIVE De*fect"ive, a. Etym: [L. defectivus: cf. F. défectif. See Defect.] 1. Wanting in something; incomplete; lacking a part; deficient; imperfect; faulty; -- applied either to natural or moral qualities; as, a defective limb; defective timber; a defective copy or account; a defective character; defective rules. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Lacking some of the usual forms of declension or conjugation; as, a defective noun or verb. -- De*fect"ive*ly, adv. -- De*fect"ive*ness, n. DEFECTUOSITY De*fec`tu*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. défectuosité.] Defn: Great imperfection. [Obs.] W. Montagu. DEFECTUOUS De*fec"tu*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. défectueux.] Defn: Full of defects; imperfect. [Obs.] Barrow. DEFEDATION Def`e*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. defoedare, defoedatum, to defile; de- + foedare to foul, foedus foul.] Defn: The act of making foul; pollution. [Obs.] DEFENCE De*fence", n. & v. t. Defn: See Defense. DEFEND De*fend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defended; p. pr. & vb. n. Defending.] Etym: [F. défendre, L. defendere; de- + fendere (only in comp.) to strike; perh. akin to Gr. dint. Cf. Dint, Defense, Fend.] 1. To ward or fend off; to drive back or away; to repel. [A Latinism & Obs.] Th' other strove for to defend The force of Vulcan with his might and main. Spenser. 2. To prohibit; to forbid. [Obs.] Chaucer. Which God defend that I should wring from him. Shak. 3. To repel danger or harm from; to protect; to secure against; attack; to maintain against force or argument; to uphold; to guard; as, to defend a town; to defend a cause; to defend character; to defend the absent; -- sometimes followed by from or against; as, to defend one's self from, or against, one's enemies. The lord mayor craves aid . . . to defend the city. Shak. God defend the right! Shak. A village near it was defended by the river. Clarendon. 4. (Law.) Defn: To deny the right of the plaintiff in regard to (the suit, or the wrong charged); to oppose or resist, as a claim at law; to contest, as a suit. Burrill. Syn. -- To Defend, Protect. To defend is literally to ward off; to protect is to cover so as to secure against approaching danger. We defend those who are attacked; we protect those who are liable to injury or invasion. A fortress is defended by its guns, and protected by its wall. As birds flying, so will the Lord of hosts defend Jerusalem; defending also he will deliver it. Is. xxxi. 5. Leave not the faithful side That gave thee being, still shades thee and protects. Milton. DEFENDABLE De*fend"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. défendable.] Defn: Capable of being defended; defensible. [R.] DEFENDANT De*fend"ant, a. Etym: [F. défendant, p. pr. of défendre. See Defend.] 1. Serving, or suitable, for defense; defensive. [Obs.] With men of courage and with means defendant. Shak. 2. Making defense. DEFENDANT De*fend"ant, n. 1. One who defends; a defender. The rampiers and ditches which the defendants had cast up. Spotswood. 2. (Law) Defn: A person required to make answer in an action or suit; -- opposed to plaintiff. Abbott. Note: The term is applied to any party of whom a demand is made in court, whether the party denies and defends the claim, or admits it, and suffers a default; also to a party charged with a criminal offense. DEFENDEE De`fen*dee", n. Defn: One who is defended. [R. & Ludicrous] DEFENDER De*fend"er, n. Etym: [Cf. Fender.] Defn: One who defends; one who maintains, supports, protects, or vindicates; a champion; an advocate; a vindicator. Provinces . . . left without their ancient and puissant defenders. Motley. DEFENDRESS De*fend"ress, n. Defn: A female defender. [R.] Defendress of the faith. Stow. DEFENSATIVE De*fen"sa*tive, n. Etym: [L. defensare, defensatum, to defend diligently, intens. of defendere. See Defend.] Defn: That which serves to protect or defend. DEFENSE; DEFENCE De*fense", De*fence", n. Etym: [F. défense, OF. defense, fem., defens, masc., fr. L. defensa (cf. Fence.] 1. The act of defending, or the state of being defended; protection, as from violence or danger. In cases of defense 't is best to weigh The enemy more mighty than he seems. Shak. 2. That which defends or protects; anything employed to oppose attack, ward off violence or danger, or maintain security; a guard; a protection. War would arise in defense of the right. Tennyson. God, the widow's champion and defense. Shak. 3. Protecting plea; vindication; justification. Men, brethren, and fathers, hear ye my defense. Acts xxii. 1. 4. (Law) Defn: The defendant's answer or plea; an opposing or denial of the truth or validity of the plaintiff's or prosecutor's case; the method of proceeding adopted by the defendant to protect himself against the plaintiff's action. 5. Act or skill in making defense; defensive plan or policy; practice in self defense, as in fencing, boxing, etc. A man of great defense. Spenser. By how much defense is better than no skill. Shak. 6. Prohibition; a prohibitory ordinance. [Obs.] Severe defenses . . . against wearing any linen under a certain breadth. Sir W. Temple. DEFENSE De*fense", v. t. Defn: To furnish with defenses; to fortify. [Obs.] [Written also defence.] Better manned and more strongly defensed. Hales. DEFENSELESS De*fense"less, a. Defn: Destitute of defense; unprepared to resist attack; unable to oppose; unprotected. -- De*fense"less*ly, adv. -- De*fense"less*ness, n. DEFENSER De*fens"er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. défenseur, L. defensor. Cf. Defensor.] Defn: Defender. [Obs.] Foxe. DEFENSIBILITY De*fen`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability of being defended. DEFENSIBLE De*fen"si*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. défensable, LL. defensabilis, defensibilis. See Defense, and cf. Defendable.] 1. Capable of being defended; as, a defensible city, or a defensible cause. 2. Capable of offering defense. [Obs.] Shak. DEFENSIBLENESS De*fen"si*ble*ness, n. Defn: Capability of being defended; defensibility. Priestley. DEFENSIVE De*fen"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. défensif.] 1. Serving to defend or protect; proper for defense; opposed to offensive; as, defensive armor. A moat defensive to a house. Shak. 2. Carried on by resisting attack or aggression; -- opposed to offensive; as, defensive war. 3. In a state or posture of defense. Milton. DEFENSIVE De*fen"sive, n. Defn: That which defends; a safeguard. Wars preventive, upon just fears, are true defensive. Bacon. To be on the defensive, To stand on the defensive, to be or stand in a state or posture of defense or resistance, in opposition to aggression or attack. DEFENSIVELY De*fen"sive*ly, adv. Defn: On the defensive. DEFENSOR De*fen"sor, n. Etym: [L. See Defenser.] 1. A defender. Fabyan. 2. (Law) Defn: A defender or an advocate in court; a guardian or protector. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: The patron of a church; an officer having charge of the temporal affairs of a church. DEFENSORY De*fen"so*ry, a. Etym: [L. defensorius.] Defn: Tending to defend; defensive; as, defensory preparations. DEFER De*fer", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deferred; p. pr. & vb. n. Deferring.] Etym: [OE. differren, F. différer, fr. L. differre to delay, bear different ways; dis- + ferre to bear. See Bear to support, and cf. Differ, Defer to offer.] Defn: To put off; to postpone to a future time; to delay the execution of; to delay; to withhold. Defer the spoil of the city until night. Shak. God . . . will not long defer To vindicate the glory of his name. Milton. DEFER De*fer", v. i. Defn: To put off; to delay to act; to wait. Pius was able to defer and temporize at leisure. J. A. Symonds. DEFER De*fer", v. t. Etym: [F. déférer to pay deference, to yield, to bring before a judge, fr. L. deferre to bring down; de- + ferre to bear. See Bear to support, and cf. Defer to delay, Delate.] 1. To render or offer. [Obs.] Worship deferred to the Virgin. Brevint. 2. To lay before; to submit in a respectful manner; to refer; -- with to. Hereupon the commissioners . . . deferred the matter to the Earl of Northumberland. Bacon. DEFER De*fer", v. i. Defn: To yield deference to the wishes of another; to submit to the opinion of another, or to authority; -- with to. The house, deferring to legal right, acquiesced. Bancroft. DEFERENCE Def"er*ence, n. Etym: [F. déférence. See 3d Defer.] Defn: A yielding of judgment or preference from respect to the wishes or opinion of another; submission in opinion; regard; respect; complaisance. Deference to the authority of thoughtful and sagacious men. Whewell. Deference is the most complicate, the most indirect, and the most elegant of all compliments. Shenstone. Syn. -- Deference, Reverence, Respect. Deference marks an inclination to yield one's opinion, and to acquiesce in the sentiments of another in preference to one's own. Respect marks the estimation that we have for another, which makes us look to him as worthy of high confidence for the qualities of his mind and heart. Reverence denotes a mingling of fear with a high degree of respect and esteem. Age, rank, dignity, and personal merit call for deference; respect should be paid to the wise and good; reverence is due to God, to the authors of our being, and to the sanctity of the laws. DEFERENT Def"er*ent, a. Etym: [L. deferens, p. pr. of deferre. See 3d Defer.] Defn: Serving to carry; bearing. [R.] "Bodies deferent." Bacon. DEFERENT Def"er*ent, n. 1. That which carries or conveys. Though air be the most favorable deferent of sounds. Bacon. 2. (Ptolemaic Astron.) Defn: An imaginary circle surrounding the earth, in whose periphery either the heavenly body or the center of the heavenly body's epicycle was supposed to be carried round. DEFERENTIAL Def`er*en"tial, a. Etym: [See Deference.] Defn: Expressing deference; accustomed to defer. DEFERENTIALLY Def`er*en"tial*ly, adv. Defn: With deference. DEFERMENT De*fer"ment, n. Etym: [See 1st Defer.] Defn: The act of delaying; postponement. [R.] My grief, joined with the instant business, Begs a deferment. Suckling. DEFERRER De*fer"rer, n. Defn: One who defers or puts off. DEFERVESCENCE; DEFERVESCENCY De`fer*ves"cence, De`fer*ves"cency, n. Etym: [L. defervescere to grow cool.] 1. A subsiding from a state of ebullition; loss of heat; lukewarmness. A defervescency in holy actions. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Med.) Defn: The subsidence of a febrile process; as, the stage of defervescence in pneumonia. DEFEUDALIZE De*feu"dal*ize, v. t. Defn: To deprive of the feudal character or form. DEFIANCE De*fi"ance, n. Etym: [OF. defiance, desfiance, challenge, fr. desfier to challenge, F. défier. See Defy.] 1. The act of defying, putting in opposition, or provoking to combat; a challenge; a provocation; a summons to combat. A war without a just defiance made. Dryden. Stood for her cause, and flung defiance down. Tennyson. 2. A state of opposition; willingness to flight; disposition to resist; contempt of opposition. He breathed defiance to my ears. Shak. 3. A casting aside; renunciation; rejection. [Obs.] "Defiance to thy kindness." Ford. To bid defiance, To set at defiance, to defy; to disregard recklessly or contemptuously. Locke. DEFIANT De*fi"ant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. défiant, p. pr. of défier. See Defy.] Defn: Full of defiance; bold; insolent; as, a defiant spirit or act. In attitude stern and defiant. Longfellow. -- De*fi"ant*ly, adv. -- De*fi"ant*ness, n. DEFIATORY De*fi"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [See Defy.] Defn: Bidding or manifesting defiance. [Obs.] Shelford. DEFIBRINATE De*fi"bri*nate, v. t. Defn: To deprive of fibrin, as fresh blood or lymph by stirring with twigs. DEFIBRINATION De*fi`bri*na"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of depriving of fibrin. DEFIBRINIZE De*fi"bri*nize, v. t. Defn: To defibrinate. DEFICIENCE De*fi"cience, n. Defn: Same as Deficiency. Thou in thyself art perfect, and in thee Is no deficience found. Milton. DEFICIENCY De*fi"cien*cy, n.; pl. Deficiencies. Etym: [See Deficient.] Defn: The state of being deficient; inadequacy; want; failure; imperfection; shortcoming; defect. "A deficiencyof blood." Arbuthnot. [Marlborough] was so miserably ignorant, that his deficiencies made him the ridicule of his contemporaries. Buckle. Deficiency of a curve (Geom.), the amount by which the number of double points on a curve is short of the maximum for curves of the same degree. DEFICIENT De*fi"cient, a. Etym: [L. deficiens, -entis, p. pr. of deficere to be wanting. See Defect.] Defn: Wanting, to make up completeness; wanting, as regards a requirement; not sufficient; inadequate; defective; imperfect; incomplete; lacking; as, deficient parts; deficient estate; deficient strength; deficient in judgment. The style was indeed deficient in ease and variety. Macaulay. Deficient number. (Arith.) See under Abundant. -- De*fi"cient-ly, adv. DEFICIT Def"i*cit, n. Etym: [Lit., it is wanting, 3d person pres. indic. of L. deficere, cf. F. déficit. See Defect.] Defn: Deficiency in amount or quality; a falling short; lack; as, a deficit in taxes, revenue, etc. Addison. DEFIER De*fi"er, n. Etym: [See Defy.] Defn: One who dares and defies; a contemner; as, a defier of the laws. DEFIGURATION De*fig`u*ra"tion, n. Defn: Disfiguration; mutilation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DEFIGURE De*fig"ure, v. t. Etym: [Pref. de- (intens.) + figure.] Defn: To delineate. [Obs.] These two stones as they are here defigured. Weever. DEFILADE De`fi*lade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defiladed; p. pr. & vb. n. Defilading.] Etym: [Cf. F. défiler to defile, and défilade act of defiling. See 1st Defile.] (Mil.) Defn: To raise, as a rampart, so as to shelter interior works commanded from some higher point. DEFILADING De`fi*lad"ing, n. (Mil.) Defn: The art or act of determining the directions and heights of the lines of rampart with reference to the protection of the interior from exposure to an enemy's fire from any point within range, or from any works which may be erected. Farrow. DEFILE De*file", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Defiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Defiling.] Etym: [F. défiler; pref. dé-, for des- (L. dis-) + file a row or line. See File a row.] Defn: To march off in a line, file by file; to file off. DEFILE De*file", v. t. (Mil.) Defn: Same as Defilade. DEFILE De*file", n. Etym: [Cf. F. défilé, fr. défiler to defile.] 1. Any narrow passage or gorge in which troops can march only in a file, or with a narrow front; a long, narrow pass between hills, rocks, etc. 2. (Mil.) Defn: The act of defilading a fortress, or of raising the exterior works in order to protect the interior. See Defilade. DEFILE De*file", v. t. Etym: [OE. defoulen, -foilen, to tread down, OF. defouler; de- + fouler to trample (see Full, v. t.), and OE. defoulen to foul (influenced in form by the older verb defoilen). See File to defile, Foul, Defoul.] 1. To make foul or impure; to make filthy; to dirty; to befoul; to pollute. They that touch pitch will be defiled. Shak. 2. To soil or sully; to tarnish, as reputation; to taint. He is . . . among the greatest prelates of this age, however his character may be defiled by . . . dirty hands. Swift. 3. To injure in purity of character; to corrupt. Defile not yourselves with the idols of Egypt. Ezek. xx. 7. 4. To corrupt the chastity of; to debauch; to violate. The husband murder'd and the wife defiled. Prior. 5. To make ceremonially unclean; to pollute. That which dieth of itself, or is torn with beasts, he shall not eat to defile therewith. Lev. xxii. 8. DEFILEMENT De*file"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. défilement. See Defile] (Mil.) Defn: The protection of the interior walls of a fortification from an enfilading fire, as by covering them, or by a high parapet on the exposed side. DEFILEMENT De*file"ment, n. Etym: [From 3d Defile.] Defn: The act of defiling, or state of being defiled, whether physically or morally; pollution; foulness; dirtiness; uncleanness. Defilements of the flesh. Hopkins. The chaste can not rake into such filth without danger of defilement. Addison. DEFILER De*fil"er, n. Defn: One who defiles; one who corrupts or violates; that which pollutes. DEFILIATION De*fil`i*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. de- + filius son.] Defn: Abstraction of a child from its parents. Lamb. DEFINABLE De*fin"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Define.] Defn: Capable of being defined, limited, or explained; determinable; describable by definition; ascertainable; as, definable limits; definable distinctions or regulations; definable words. -- De*fin"a*bly, adv. DEFINE De*fine", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defined; p. pr. & vb. n. Defining.] Etym: [OE. definer, usually, to end, to finish, F. définir to define, L. definire to limit, define; de- + finire to limit, end, finis boundary, limit, end. See Final, Finish.] 1. To fix the bounds of; to bring to a termination; to end. "To define controversies." Barrow. 2. To determine or clearly exhibit the boundaries of; to mark the limits of; as, to define the extent of a kingdom or country. 3. To determine with precision; to mark out with distinctness; to ascertain or exhibit clearly; as, the defining power of an optical instrument. Rings . . . very distinct and well defined. Sir I. Newton. 4. To determine the precise signification of; to fix the meaning of; to describe accurately; to explain; to expound or interpret; as, to define a word, a phrase, or a scientific term. They define virtue to be life ordered according to nature. Robynson (More's Utopia). DEFINE De*fine", v. i. Defn: To determine; to decide. [Obs.] DEFINEMENT De*fine"ment, n. Defn: The act of defining; definition; description. [Obs.] Shak. DEFINER De*fin"er, n. Defn: One who defines or explains. DEFINITE Def"i*nite, a. Etym: [L. definitis, p. p. of definire: cf. F. défini. See Define.] 1. Having certain or distinct; determinate in extent or greatness; limited; fixed; as, definite dimensions; a definite measure; a definite period or interval. Elements combine in definite proportions. Whewell. 2. Having certain limits in signification; determinate; certain; precise; fixed; exact; clear; as, a definite word, term, or expression. 3. Determined; resolved. [Obs.] Shak. 4. Serving to define or restrict; limiting; determining; as, the definite article. Definite article (Gram.), the article the, which is used to designate a particular person or thing, or a particular class of persons or things; -- also called a definitive. See Definitive, n. -- Definite inflorescence. (Bot.) See Determinate inflorescence, under Determinate. -- Law of definite proportions (Chem.), the essential law of chemical combination that every definite compound always contains the same elements in the same proportions by weight; and, if two or more elements form more than one compound with each other, the relative proportions of each are fixed. Compare Law of multiple proportions, under Multiple. DEFINITE Def"i*nite, n. Defn: A thing defined or determined. [Obs.] DEFINITELY Def"i*nite*ly, adv. Defn: In a definite manner; with precision; precisely; determinately. DEFINITENESS Def"i*nite*ness, n. Defn: The state of being definite; determinateness; precision; certainty. DEFINITION Def`i*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L. definitio: cf. F. définition.] 1. The act of defining; determination of the limits; as, the telescope accurate in definition. 2. Act of ascertaining and explaining the signification; a description of a thing by its properties; an explanation of the meaning of a word or term; as, the definition of "circle;" the definition of "wit;" an exact definition; a loose definition. Definition being nothing but making another understand by words what the term defined stands for. Locke. 3. Description; sort. [R.] "A new creature of another definition." Jer. Taylor. 4. (Logic) Defn: An exact enunciation of the constituents which make up the logical essence. 5. (Opt.) Defn: Distinctness or clearness, as of an image formed by an optical instrument; precision in detail. Syn. -- Definition, Explanation, Description. A definition is designed to settle a thing in its compass and extent; an explanation is intended to remove some obscurity or misunderstanding, and is therefore more extended and minute; a description enters into striking particulars with a view to interest or impress by graphic effect. It is not therefore true, though often said, that description is only an extended definition. "Logicians distinguish definitions into essential and accidental. An essential definition states what are regarded as the constituent parts of the essence of that which is to be defined; and an accidental definition lays down what are regarded as circumstances belonging to it, viz., properties or accidents, such as causes, effects, etc." Whately. DEFINITIONAL Def`i*ni"tion*al, a. Defn: Relating to definition; of the nature of a definition; employed in defining. DEFINITIVE De*fin"i*tive, a. Etym: [L. definitivus: cf. F. définitif.] 1. Determinate; positive; final; conclusive; unconditional; express. A strict and definitive truth. Sir T. Browne. Some definitive . . . scheme of reconciliation. Prescott. 2. Limiting; determining; as, a definitive word. 3. Determined; resolved. [Obs.] Shak. DEFINITIVE De*fin"i*tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: A word used to define or limit the extent of the signification of a common noun, such as the definite article, and some pronouns. Note: Definitives . . . are commonly called by grammarians articles. . . . They are of two kinds, either those properly and strictly so called, or else pronominal articles, such as this, that, any, other, some, all, no, none, etc. Harris (Hermes). DEFINITIVELY De*fin"i*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a definitive manner. DEFINITIVENESS De*fin"i*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being definitive. DEFINITUDE De*fin"i*tude, n. Defn: Definiteness. [R.] Definitude . . . is a knowledge of minute differences. Sir W. Hamilton. DEFIX De*fix", v. t. Etym: [L. defixus, p. p. of defigere to fix; de- + figere to fix.] Defn: To fix; to fasten; to establish. [Obs.] "To defix their princely seat . . . in that extreme province." Hakluyt. DEFLAGRABILITY Def`la*gra*bil"i*ty, n. (Chem.) Defn: The state or quality of being deflagrable. The ready deflagrability . . . of saltpeter. Boyle. DEFLAGRABLE De*fla"gra*ble, a. Etym: [See Deflagrate.] (Chem.) Defn: Burning with a sudden and sparkling combustion, as niter; hence, slightly explosive; liable to snap and crackle when heated, as salt. DEFLAGRATE Def"la*grate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deflagrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deflagrating.] Etym: [L. deflagratus, p. p. of deflagrare to burn up; de- + flagrare to flame, burn.] (Chem.) Defn: To burn with a sudden and sparkling combustion, as niter; also, to snap and crackle with slight explosions when heated, as salt. DEFLAGRATE Def"la*grate, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To cause to burn with sudden and sparkling combustion, as by the action of intense heat; to burn or vaporize suddenly; as, to deflagrate refractory metals in the oxyhydrogen flame. DEFLAGRATION Def`la*gra"tion, n. Etym: [L. deflagratio: cf. F. déflagration.] 1. A burning up; conflagration. "Innumerable deluges and deflagrations." Bp. Pearson. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of deflagrating. DEFLAGRATOR Def"la*gra`tor, n. (Chem.) Defn: A form of the voltaic battery having large plates, used for producing rapid and powerful combustion. DEFLATE De*flate", v. t. Etym: [Pref. de- down + L. flare, flatus to blow.] Defn: To reduce from an inflated condition. DEFLECT De*flect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Deflecting.] Etym: [L. deflectere; de- + flectere to bend or turn. See Flexible.] Defn: To cause to turn aside; to bend; as, rays of light are often deflected. Sitting with their knees deflected under them. Lord (1630). DEFLECT De*flect", v. i. Defn: To turn aside; to deviate from a right or a horizontal line, or from a proper position, course or direction; to swerve. At some part of the Azores, the needle deflecteth not, but lieth in the true meridian. Sir T. Browne. To deflect from the line of truth and reason. Warburton. DEFLECTABLE De*flect"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being deflected. DEFLECTED De*flect"ed, a. 1. Turned aside; deviating from a direct line or course. 2. Bent downward; deflexed. DEFLECTION De*flec"tion, n. Etym: [L. deflexio, fr. deflectere: cf. F. déflexion.] 1. The act of turning aside, or state of being turned aside; a turning from a right line or proper course; a bending, esp. downward; deviation. The other leads to the same point, through certain deflections. Lowth. 2. (Gunnery) Defn: The deviation of a shot or ball from its true course. 3. (Opt.) Defn: A deviation of the rays of light toward the surface of an opaque body; inflection; diffraction. 4. (Engin.) Defn: The bending which a beam or girder undergoes from its own weight or by reason of a load. DEFLECTIONIZATION De*flec`tion*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of freeing from inflections. Earle. DEFLECTIONIZE De*flec"tion*ize, v. t. Defn: To free from inflections. Deflectionized languages are said to be analytic. Earle. DEFLECTIVE De*flect"ive, a. Defn: Causing deflection. Deflective forces, forces that cause a body to deviate from its course. DEFLECTOR De*flect"or, n. (Mech.) Defn: That which deflects, as a diaphragm in a furnace, or a come in a lamp (to deflect and mingle air and gases and help combustion). DEFLEXED De*flexed", a. Defn: Bent abruptly downward. DEFLEXION De*flex"ion, n. Defn: See Deflection. DEFLEXURE De*flex"ure, n. Etym: [From L. deflectere, deflexum. See Deflect.] Defn: A bending or turning aside; deflection. Bailey. DEFLORATE De*flo"rate, a. Etym: [LL. defloratus, p. p. of deflorare. See Deflour.] (Bot.) Defn: Past the flowering state; having shed its pollen. Gray. DEFLORATION Def`lo*ra"tion, n. Etym: [LL. defloratio: cf. F. défloration.] 1. The act of deflouring; as, the defloration if a virgin. Johnson. 2. That which is chosen as the flower or choicest part; careful culling or selection. [R.] The laws of Normandy are, in a great measure, the defloration of the English laws. Sir M. Hale. DEFLOUR De*flour", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defloured; p. pr. & vb. n. Deflouring.] Etym: [F. déflorer, LL. deflorare; L. de- + flos, floris, flower. See Flower, and cf. Deflorate.] 1. To deprive of flowers. 2. To take away the prime beauty and grace of; to rob of the choicest ornament. He died innocent and before the sweetness of his soul was defloured and ravished from him. Jer. Taylor. 3. To deprive of virginity, as a woman; to violate; to ravish; also, to seduce. DEFLOURER De*flour"er, n. Defn: One who deflours; a ravisher. DEFLOW De*flow", v. i. Etym: [Pref. de- + flow: cf. L. defluere.] Defn: To flow down. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DEFLOWER De*flow"er, v. t. Etym: [Pref. de- + flower.] Defn: Same as Deflour. An earthquake . . . deflowering the gardens. W. Montagu. If a man had deflowered a virgin. Milton. DEFLOWERER De*flow"er*er, n. Defn: See Deflourer. Milton. DEFLUOUS Def"lu*ous, a. Etym: [L. defluus, fr. defluere to flow down; de- + fluere to flow.] Defn: Flowing down; falling off. [Obs.] Bailey. DEFLUX De*flux", n. Etym: [L. defluxus, fr. defluere, defluxum.] Defn: Downward flow. [Obs.] Bacon. DEFLUXION De*flux"ion, n. Etym: [L. defluxio.] (Med.) Defn: A discharge or flowing of humors or fluid matter, as from the nose in catarrh; -- sometimes used synonymously with inflammation. Dunglison. DEFLY Def"ly, adv. Defn: Deftly. [Obs.] Spenser. DEFOEDATION Def`oe*da"tion, n. Defn: Defedation. [Obs.] DEFOLIATE; DEFOLIATED De*fo"li*ate, De*fo"li*a`ted. a. Defn: Deprived of leaves, as by their natural fall. DEFOLIATION De*fo`li*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. defoliare, defoliatum, to shed leaves; L. de- + folium leaf: cf. F. défoliation.] Defn: The separation of ripened leaves from a branch or stem; the falling or shedding of the leaves. DEFORCE De*force", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deforced; p. pr. & vb. n. Deforcing.] Etym: [OF. deforcier; de- or des- (L. de or dis-) + forcier, F. forcer. See Force, v.] (Law) (a) To keep from the rightful owner; to withhold wrongfully the possession of, as of lands or a freehold. (b) (Scots Law) To resist the execution of the law; to oppose by force, as an officer in the execution of his duty. Burrill. DEFORCEMENT De*force"ment, n. Etym: [OF.] (Law) (a) A keeping out by force or wrong; a wrongful withholding, as of lands or tenements, to which another has a right. (b) (Scots Law) Resistance to an officer in the execution of law. Burrill. DEFORCEOR De*force"or, n. Defn: Same as Deforciant. [Obs.] DEFORCIANT De*for"ciant, n. Etym: [OF. deforciant, p. pr. of deforcier. See Deforce.] (Eng. Law) (a) One who keeps out of possession the rightful owner of an estate. (b) One against whom a fictitious action of fine was brought. [Obs.] Burrill. DEFORCIATION De*for`ci*a"tion, n. (Law) Defn: Same as Deforcement, n. DEFOREST De*for"est, v. t. Defn: To clear of forests; to dis U. S. Agric. Reports. DEFORM De*form", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deformed; p. pr. & vb. n. Deforming.] Etym: [L. deformare; de- + formare to form, shape, fr. forma: cf. F. déformer. See Form.] 1. To spoil the form of; to mar in form; to misshape; to disfigure. Deformed, unfinished, sent before my time Into this breathing world. Shak. 2. To render displeasing; to deprive of comeliness, grace, or perfection; to dishonor. Above those passions that this world deform. Thomson. DEFORM De*form", a. Etym: [L. deformis; de- + forma form: cf. OF. deforme, F. difforme. Cf. Difform.] Defn: Deformed; misshapen; shapeless; horrid. [Obs.] Sight so deform what heart of rock could long Dry-eyed behold Milton. DEFORMATION Def`or*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. deformatio: cf. F. déformation.] 1. The act of deforming, or state of anything deformed. Bp. Hall. 2. Transformation; change of shape. DEFORMED De*formed", a. Defn: Unnatural or distorted in form; having a deformity; misshapen; disfigured; as, a deformed person; a deformed head. -- De*form"ed*ly, adv. -- De*form"ed*ness, n. DEFORMER De*form"er, n. Defn: One who deforms. DEFORMITY De*form"i*ty, n.; pl. Deformities. Etym: [L. deformitas, fr. deformis: cf. OF. deformeté, deformité, F. difformité. See Deform, v. & a., and cf. Disformity.] 1. The state of being deformed; want of proper form or symmetry; any unnatural form or shape; distortion; irregularity of shape or features; ugliness. To make an envious mountain on my back, Where sits deformity to mock my body. Shak. 2. Anything that destroys beauty, grace, or propriety; irregularity; absurdity; gross deviation from other or the established laws of propriety; as, deformity in an edifice; deformity of character. Confounded, that her Maker's eyes Should look so near upon her foul deformities. Milton. DEFORSER De*fors"er, n. Etym: [From Deforce.] Etym: [Written also deforsor.] Defn: A deforciant. [Obs.] Blount. DEFOUL De*foul", v. t. Etym: [See Defile, v. t.] 1. To tread down. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. To make foul; to defile. [Obs.] Wyclif. DEFRAUD De*fraud", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defrauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Defrauding.] Etym: [L. defraudare; de- + fraudare to cheat, fr. fraus, fraudis, fraud: cf. OF. defrauder. See Fraud.] Defn: To deprive of some right, interest, or property, by a deceitful device; to withhold from wrongfully; to injure by embezzlement; to cheat; to overreach; as, to defraud a servant, or a creditor, or the state; -- with of before the thing taken or withheld. We have defrauded no man. 2 Cor. vii. 2. Churches seem injured and defrauded of their rights. Hooker. DEFRAUDATION De`frau*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. defraudatio: cf. F. défraudation.] Defn: The act of defrauding; a taking by fraud. [R.] Sir T. Browne. DEFRAUDER De*fraud"er, n. Defn: One who defrauds; a cheat; an embezzler; a peculator. DEFRAUDMENT De*fraud"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. defraudement.] Defn: Privation by fraud; defrauding. [Obs.] Milton. DEFRAY De*fray", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defrayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Defraying.] Etym: [F. défrayer; pref. dé- (L. de or dis-) + frais expense, fr. LL. fredum, fridum, expense, fine by which an offender obtained peace from his sovereign, or more likely, atoned for an offense against the public peace, fr. OHG. fridu peace, G. friede. See Affray.] 1. To pay or discharge; to serve in payment of; to provide for, as a charge, debt, expenses, costs, etc. For the discharge of his expenses, and defraying his cost, he allowed him . . . four times as much. Usher. 2. To avert or appease, as by paying off; to satisfy; as, to defray wrath. [Obs.] Spenser. DEFRAYAL De*fray"al, n. Defn: The act of defraying; payment; as, the defrayal of necessary costs. DEFRAYER De*fray"er, n. Defn: One who pays off expenses. DEFRAYMENT De*fray"ment, n. Defn: Payment of charges. DEFT Deft, a. Etym: [OE. daft, deft, becoming, mild, gentle, stupid (cf. OE. daffe, deffe, fool, coward), AS. dæft (in derivatives only) mild, gentle, fitting, seasonable; akin to dafen, gedafen, becoming, fit, Goth. gadaban to be fit. Cf. Daft, Daff, Dapper.] Defn: Apt; fit; dexterous; clever; handy; spruce; neat. [Archaic or Poetic] "The deftest way." Shak. "Deftest feats." Gay. The limping god, do deft at his new ministry. Dryden. Let me be deft and debonair. Byron. DEFTLY Deft"ly, adv. Etym: [Cf. Defly.] Defn: Aptly; fitly; dexterously; neatly. "Deftly dancing." Drayton. Thyself and office deftly show. Shak. DEFTNESS Deft"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being deft. Drayton. DEFUNCT De*funct". a. Etym: [L. defunctus, p. p. of defungi to acquit one's self of, to perform, finish, depart, die; de + fungi to perform, discharge: cf. F. défunt. See Function.] Defn: Having finished the course of life; dead; deceased. "Defunct organs." Shak. The boar, defunct, lay tripped up, near. Byron. DEFUNCT De*funct", n. Defn: A dead person; one deceased. DEFUNCTION De*func"tion, n. Etym: [L. defunctio performance, death.] Defn: Death. [Obs.] After defunction of King Pharamond. Shak. DEFUNCTIVE De*func"tive, a. Defn: Funereal. [Obs.] "Defunctive music." Shak. DEFUSE De*fuse", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Diffuse.] Defn: To disorder; to make shapeless. [Obs.] Shak. DEFY De*fy", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Defied; p. pr. & vb. n. Defying.] Etym: [F. défier, OF. deffier, desfier, LL. disfidare to disown faith or fidelity, to dissolve the bond of allegiance, as between the vassal and his lord; hence, to challenge, defy; fr. L. dis- + fides faith. See Faith, and cf. Diffident, Affiance.] 1. To renounce or dissolve all bonds of affiance, faith, or obligation with; to reject, refuse, or renounce. [Obs.] I defy the surety and the bond. Chaucer. For thee I have defied my constant mistress. Beau. & Fl. 2. To provoke to combat or strife; to call out to combat; to challenge; to dare; to brave; to set at defiance; to treat with contempt; as, to defy an enemy; to defy the power of a magistrate; to defy the arguments of an opponent; to defy public opinion. I once again Defy thee to the trial of mortal fight. Milton. I defy the enemies of our constitution to show the contrary. Burke. DEFY De*fy", n. Defn: A challenge. [Obs.] Dryden. DEGAGE Dé`ga`gé", a. [F., p. p. of dégager to disengage. See De-, lst Gage, and cf. Disgage.] Defn: Unconstrained; easy; free. Vanbrugh. A graceful and dégagé manner. Poe. DEGARNISH De*gar"nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Degarnished; p. pr. & vb. n. Degarnishing.] Etym: [F. dégarnir; pref. dé-, des- (L. dis-) + garnir to furnish. See Garnish, and cf. Disgarnish.] 1. To strip or deprive of entirely, as of furniture, ornaments, etc.; to disgarnish; as, to degarnish a house, etc. [R.] 2. To deprive of a garrison, or of troops necessary for defense; as, to degarnish a city or fort. [R.] Washington. DEGARNISHMENT De*gar"nish*ment, n. Defn: The act of depriving, as of furniture, apparatus, or a garrison. [R.] DEGENDER; DEGENER De*gen"der, De*gen"er, v. i. Etym: [See Degenerate.] Defn: To degenerate. [Obs.] "Degendering to hate." Spenser. He degenereth into beastliness. Joye. DEGENERACY De*gen"er*a*cy, n. Etym: [From Degenerate, a.] 1. The act of becoming degenerate; a growing worse. Willful degeneracy from goodness. Tillotson. 2. The state of having become degenerate; decline in good qualities; deterioration; meanness. Degeneracy of spirit in a state of slavery. Addison. To recover mankind out of their universal corruption and degeneracy. S. Clarke. DEGENERATE De*gen"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. degeneratus, p. p. of degenerare to degenerate, cause to degenerate, fr. degener base, degenerate, that departs from its race or kind; de- + genus race, kind. See Kin relationship.] Defn: Having become worse than one's kind, or one's former state; having declined in worth; having lost in goodness; deteriorated; degraded; unworthy; base; low. Faint-hearted and degenerate king. Shak. A degenerate and degraded state. Milton. Degenerate from their ancient blood. Swift. These degenerate days. Pope. I had planted thee a noble vine . . . : how then art thou turned into the degenerate plant of a strange vine unto me Jer. ii. 21. DEGENERATE De*gen"er*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Degenerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Degenerating.] 1. To be or grow worse than one's kind, or than one was originally; hence, to be inferior; to grow poorer, meaner, or more vicious; to decline in good qualities; to deteriorate. When wit transgresseth decency, it degenerates into insolence and impiety. Tillotson. 2. (Biol.) Defn: To fall off from the normal quality or the healthy structure of its kind; to become of a lower type. DEGENERATELY De*gen"er*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In a degenerate manner; unworthily. DEGENERATENESS De*gen"er*ate*ness, n. Defn: Degeneracy. DEGENERATION De*gen`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dégénération.] 1. The act or state of growing worse, or the state of having become worse; decline; degradation; debasement; degeneracy; deterioration. Our degeneration and apostasy. Bates. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: That condition of a tissue or an organ in which its vitality has become either diminished or perverted; a substitution of a lower for a higher form of structure; as, fatty degeneration of the liver. 3. (Biol.) Defn: A gradual deterioration, from natural causes, of any class of animals or plants or any particular or organs; hereditary degradation of type. 4. The thing degenerated. [R.] Cockle, aracus, . . . and other degenerations. Sir T. Browne. Amyloid degeneration, Caseous degeneration, etc. See under Amyloid, Caseous, etc. DEGENERATIONIST De*gen`er*a"tion*ist, n. (Biol.) Defn: A believer in the theory of degeneration, or hereditary degradation of type; as, the degenerationists hold that savagery is the result of degeneration from a superior state. DEGENERATIVE De*gen"er*a*tive, a. Defn: Undergoing or producing degeneration; tending to degenerate. DEGENEROUS De*gen"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. degener. See Degenerate.] Defn: Degenerate; base. [Obs.] "Degenerous passions." Dryden. "Degenerous practices." South. DEGENEROUSLY De*gen"er*ous*ly, adv. Defn: Basely. [Obs.] DEGERM De*germ", v. t. (Milling) Defn: To extract the germs from, as from wheat grains. DEGERMINATOR De*ger"mi*na`tor, n. (Milling) Defn: A machine for breaking open the kernels of wheat or other grain and removing the germs. DEGLAZE De*glaze", v. t. Defn: To remove the glaze from, as pottery or porcelain, so as to give a dull finish. DEGLAZING De*glaz"ing, n. Defn: The process of giving a dull or ground surface to glass by acid or by mechanical means. Knight. DEGLORIED De*glo"ried, a. Defn: Deprived of glory; dishonored. [Obs.] "With thorns degloried." G. Fletcher. DEGLUTINATE De*glu"ti*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deglutinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deglutinating.] Etym: [L. deglutinatus, p. p. of deglutinare to deglutinate; de- + glutinare to glue, gluten glue.] Defn: To loosen or separate by dissolving the glue which unties; to unglue. DEGLUTINATION De*glu`ti*na"tion, n. Defn: The act of ungluing. DEGLUTITION Deg`lu*ti"tion, n. Etym: [L. deglutire to swallow down; de- + glutire to swallow: cf. F. déglutition. See Glut.] Defn: The act or process of swallowing food; the power of swallowing. The muscles employed in the act of deglutition. Paley. DEGLUTITIOUS Deg`lu*ti"tious, a. Defn: Pertaining to deglutition. [R.] DEGLUTITORY De*glu"ti*to*ry, a. Defn: Serving for, or aiding in, deglutition. DEGRADATION Deg`ra*da"tion, n. Etym: [LL. degradatio, from degradare: cf. F. dégradation. See Degrade.] 1. The act of reducing in rank, character, or reputation, or of abasing; a lowering from one's standing or rank in office or society; diminution; as, the degradation of a peer, a knight, a general, or a bishop. He saw many removes and degradations in all the other offices of which he had been possessed. Clarendon. 2. The state of being reduced in rank, character, or reputation; baseness; moral, physical, or intellectual degeneracy; disgrace; abasement; debasement. The . . . degradation of a needy man of letters. Macaulay. Deplorable is the degradation of our nature. South. Moments there frequently must be, when a sidegradation of his state. Blair. 3. Diminution or reduction of strength, efficacy, or value; degeneration; deterioration. The development and degradation of the alphabetic forms can be traced. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). 4. (Geol.) Defn: A gradual wearing down or wasting, as of rocks and banks, by the action of water, fro 5. (Biol.) Defn: The state or condition of a species or group which exhibits degraded forms; degeneration. The degradation of the species man is observed in some of its varieties. Dana. 6. (Physiol.) Defn: Arrest of development, or degeneration of any organ, or of the body as a whole. Degradation of energy, or Dissipation of energy (Physics), the transformation of energy into some form in which it is less available for doing work. Syn. -- Abasement; debasement; reduction; decline. DEGRADE De*grade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Degraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Degrading.] Etym: [F. dégrader, LL. degradare, fr. L. de- + gradus step, degree. See Grade, and cf. Degree.] 1. To reduce from a higher to a lower rank or degree; to lower in rank' to deprive of office or dignity; to strip of honors; as, to degrade a nobleman, or a general officer. Prynne was sentenced by the Star Chamber Court to be degraded from the bar. Palfrey. 2. To reduce in estimation, character, or reputation; to lessen the value of; to lower the physical, moral, or intellectual character of; to debase; to bring shame or contempt upon; to disgrace; as, vice degrades a man. O miserable mankind, to what fall Degraded, to what wretched state reserved! Milton. He pride . . . struggled hard against this degrading passion. Macaulay. 3. (Geol.) Defn: To reduce in altitude or magnitude, as hills and mountains; to wear down. Syn. -- To abase; demean; lower; reduce. See Abase. DEGRADE De*grade", v. i. (Biol.) Defn: To degenerate; to pass from a higher to a lower type of structure; as, a family of plants or animals degrades through this or that genus or group of genera. DEGRADED De*grad"ed, a. 1. Reduced in rank, character, or reputation; debased; sunken; low; base. The Netherlands . . . were reduced practically to a very degraded condition. Motley. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Having the typical characters or organs in a partially developed condition, or lacking certain parts. Some families of plants are degraded dicotyledons. Dana. 3. Etym: [Cf. F. degré step.] (Her.) Defn: Having steps; -- said of a cross each of whose extremities finishes in steps growing larger as they leave the center; -- termed also on degrees. DEGRADEMENT De*grade"ment, n. Defn: Deprivation of rank or office; degradation. [R.] Milton. DEGRADINGLY De*grad"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a degrading manner. DEGRAS; DEGRAS Dé`gras", Deg"ras, n. [F.; cf. F. gras, a. & n., fat.] Defn: A semisolid emulsion produced by the treatment of certain skins with oxidized fish oil, which extracts their soluble albuminoids. It was formerly solely a by-product of chamois leather manufacture, but is now made for its own sake, being valuable as a dressing for hides. DEGRAVATION Deg`ra*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. degravare, degravatum, to make heavy. See Grave, a.] Defn: The act of making heavy. [Obs.] Bailey. DEGREASE De*grease", v. t. Defn: To remove grease or fatty matter from, as wool or silk. DEGREE De*gree", n. Etym: [F. degré, OF. degret, fr. LL. degradare. See Degrade.] 1. A step, stair, or staircase. [Obs.] By ladders, or else by degree. Rom. of R. 2. One of a series of progressive steps upward or downward, in quality, rank, acquirement, and the like; a stage in progression; grade; gradation; as, degrees of vice and virtue; to advance by slow degrees; degree of comparison. 3. The point or step of progression to which a person has arrived; rank or station in life; position. "A dame of high degree." Dryden. "A knight is your degree." Shak. "Lord or lady of high degree." Lowell. 4. Measure of advancement; quality; extent; as, tastes differ in kind as well as in degree. The degree of excellence which proclaims genius, is different in different times and different places. Sir. J. Reynolds. 5. Grade or rank to which scholars are admitted by a college or university, in recognition of their attainments; as, the degree of bachelor of arts, master, doctor, etc. Note: In the United States diplomas are usually given as the evidence of a degree conferred. In the humanities the first degree is that of bachelor of arts (B. A. or A. B.); the second that of master of arts (M. A. or A. M.). The degree of bachelor (of arts, science, divinity, law, etc.) is conferred upon those who complete a prescribed course of undergraduate study. The first degree in medicine is that of doctor of medicine (M. D.). The degrees of master and doctor are sometimes conferred, in course, upon those who have completed certain prescribed postgraduate studies, as doctor of philosophy (Ph. D.); but more frequently the degree of doctor is conferred as a complimentary recognition of eminent services in science or letters, or for public services or distinction (as doctor of laws (LL. D.) or doctor of divinity (D. D.), when they are called honorary degrees. The youth attained his bachelor's degree, and left the university. Macaulay. 5. (Genealogy) Defn: A certain distance or remove in the line of descent, determining the proximity of blood; one remove in the chain of relationship; as, a relation in the third or fourth degree. In the 11th century an opinion began to gain ground in Italy, that third cousins might marry, being in the seventh degree according to the civil law. Hallam. 7. (Arith.) Defn: Three figures taken together in numeration; thus, 140 is one degree, 222,140 two degrees. 8. (Algebra) Defn: State as indicated by sum of exponents; more particularly, the degree of a term is indicated by the sum of the exponents of its literal factors; thus, a2b2c is a term of the sixth degree. The degree of a power, or radical, is denoted by its index, that of an equation by the greatest sum of the exponents of the unknown quantities in any term; thus, ax4 + bx2 = c, and mx2y2 + nyx = p, are both equations of the fourth degree. 9. (Trig.) Defn: A 360th part of the circumference of a circle, which part is taken as the principal unit of measure for arcs and angles. The degree is divided into 60 minutes and the minute into 60 seconds. 10. A division, space, or interval, marked on a mathematical or other instrument, as on a thermometer. 11. (Mus.) Defn: A line or space of the staff. Note: The short lines and their spaces are added degrees. Accumulation of degrees. (Eng. Univ.) See under Accumulation. -- By degrees, step by step; by little and little; by moderate advances. "I 'll leave by degrees." Shak. -- Degree of a curve or surface (Geom.), the number which expresses the degree of the equation of the curve or surface in rectilinear coördinates. A straight line will, in general, meet the curve or surface in a number of points equal to the degree of the curve or surface and no more. -- Degree of latitude (Geog.), on the earth, the distance on a meridian between two parallels of latitude whose latitudes differ from each other by one degree. This distance is not the same on different parts of a meridian, on account of the flattened figure of the earth, being 68.702 statute miles at the equator, and 69.396 at the poles. -- Degree of longitude, the distance on a parallel of latitude between two meridians that make an angle of one degree with each other at the poles -- a distance which varies as the cosine of the latitude, being at the equator 69.16 statute miles. -- To a degree, to an extreme; exceedingly; as, mendacious to a degree. It has been said that Scotsmen . . . are . . . grave to a degree on occasions when races more favored by nature are gladsome to excess. Prof. Wilson. DEGU De"gu, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small South American rodent (Octodon Cumingii), of the family Octodontidæ. DEGUM De*gum", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Degummed; p. pr. & vb. n. Degumming.] Defn: To deprive of, or free from, gum; as, to degum ramie. DEGUST De*gust", v. t. Etym: [L. degustare: cf. F. déguster. See Gust to taste.] Defn: To taste. [Obs.] Cockeram. DEGUSTATION Deg`us*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. degustatio: cf. F. dégustation.] (Physiol.) Defn: Tasting; the appreciation of sapid qualities by the taste organs. Bp. Hall. DEHISCE De*hisce", v. i. Etym: [L. dehiscere; de- + hiscere to gape.] Defn: To gape; to open by dehiscence. DEHISCENCE De*his"cence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. déhiscence.] 1. The act of gaping. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A gaping or bursting open along a definite line of attachment or suture, without tearing, as in the opening of pods, or the bursting of capsules at maturity so as to emit seeds, etc.; also, the bursting open of follicles, as in the ovaries of animals, for the expulsion of their contents. DEHISCENT De*his"cent, a. Etym: [L. dehiscens, -entis, p. pr. Cf. F. déhiscent.] Defn: Characterized by dehiscence; opening in some definite way, as the capsule of a plant. DEHONESTATE De`ho*nes"tate, v. t. Etym: [L. dehonestatus, p. p. of dehonestare to dishonor; de- + honestare to make honorable. Cf. Dishonest, and see Honest.] Defn: To disparage. [Obs.] DEHONESTATION De*hon`es*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. dehonestatio.] Defn: A dishonoring; disgracing. [Obs.] Gauden. DEHORN De*horn", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dehorned; p. pr. & vb. n. Dehorning.] Defn: To deprive of horns; to prevent the growth or the horns of (cattle) by burning their ends soon after they start. See Dishorn. "Dehorning cattle." Farm Journal (1886). DEHORS De*hors", prep. Etym: [F., outside.] (Law) Defn: Out of; without; foreign to; out of the agreement, record, will, or other instrument. DEHORS De*hors", n. (Mil.) Defn: All sorts of outworks in general, at a distance from the main works; any advanced works for protection or cover. Farrow. DEHORT De*hort", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dehorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dehorting.] Etym: [L. dehortari; de- + hortari to urge, exhort.] Defn: To urge to abstain or refrain; to dissuade. [Obs.] The apostles vehemently dehort us from unbelief. Bp. Ward. "Exhort" remains, but dehort, a word whose place neither "dissuade" nor any other exactly supplies, has escaped us. Trench. DEHORTATION De`hor*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. dehortatio.] Defn: Dissuasion; advice against something. [R.] DEHORTATIVE De*hort"a*tive, a. Defn: Dissuasive. [R.] DEHORTATORY De*hort"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. dehortatorius.] Defn: Fitted or designed to dehort or dissuade. Bp. Hall. DEHORTER De*hort"er, n. Defn: A dissuader; an adviser to the contrary. [Obs.] DEHUMANIZE De*hu"man*ize, v. t. Defn: To divest of human qualities, such as pity, tenderness, etc.; as, dehumanizing influences. DEHUSK De*husk", v. t. Defn: To remove the husk from. [Obs.] "Wheat dehusked upon the floor." Drant. DEHYDRATE De*hy"drate, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To deprive of water; to render free from water; as, to dehydrate alcohol. DEHYDRATION De`hy*dra"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of freeing from water; also, the condition of a body from which the water has been removed. DEHYDROGENATE De*hy"dro*gen*ate, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To deprive of, or free from, hydrogen. DEHYDROGENATION De*hy`dro*gen*a"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process or freeing from hydrogen; also, the condition resulting from the removal of hydrogen. DEICIDE De"i*cide, n. Etym: [L. deicida a deicide (in sense 2); deus god + cædere to cut, kill: cf. F. déicide.] 1. The act of killing a being of a divine nature; particularly, the putting to death of Jesus Christ. [R.] Earth profaned, yet blessed, with deicide. Prior. 2. One concerned in putting Christ to death. DEICTIC Deic"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Logic) Defn: Direct; proving directly; -- applied to reasoning, and opposed to elenchtic or refutative. DEICTICALLY Deic"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner to show or point out; directly; absolutely; definitely. When Christ spake it deictically. Hammond. DEIFIC; DEIFICAL De*if"ic, De*if"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. deificus; deus god + facere to make: cf. F. déifigue.] Defn: Making divine; producing a likeness to God; god-making. "A deifical communion." Homilies. DEIFICATION De`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [LL. deificare to deify: cf. F. déification. See Deify.] Defn: The act of deifying; exaltation to divine honors; apotheosis; excessive praise. DEIFIED De"i*fied, a. Defn: Honored or worshiped as a deity; treated with supreme regard; godlike. DEIFIER De"i*fi`er, n. Defn: One who deifies. DEIFORM De"i*form, a. Etym: [L. deus a god + -form.] 1. Godlike, or of a godlike form. Dr. H. More. 2. Conformable to the will of God. [R.] Bp. Burnet. DEIFORMITY De`i*for"mi*ty, n. Defn: Likeness to deity. [Obs.] DEIFY De"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deified; p. pr. & vb. n. Deifying.] Etym: [F. déifier, LL. deificare, fr. L. deificus. See Deific, Deity, -fy.] 1. To make a god of; to exalt to the rank of a deity; to enroll among the deities; to apotheosize; as, Julius Cæsar was deified. 2. To praise or revere as a deity; to treat as an object of supreme regard; as, to deify money. He did again to extol and deify the pope. Bacon. 3. To render godlike. By our own spirits are we deified. Wordsworth. DEIGN Deign, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deigned; p. pr. & vb. n. Deigning.] Etym: [OE. deinen, deignen, OF. degner, deigner, daigner, F. daigner, fr. L. dignari to deem worthy, deign, fr. dignus worthy; akin to decere to be fitting. See Decent, and cf. Dainty, Dignity, Condign, Disdain.] 1. To esteem worthy; to consider worth notice; -- opposed to disdain. [Obs.] I fear my Julia would not deign my lines. Shak. 2. To condescend to give or bestow; to stoop to furnish; to vouchsafe; to allow; to grant. Nor would we deign him burial of his men. Shak. DEIGN Deign, v. i. Defn: To think worthy; to vouchsafe; to condescend; -- followed by an infinitive. O deign to visit our forsaken seats. Pope. Yet not Lord Cranstone deigned she greet. Sir W. Scott. Round turned he, as not deigning Those craven ranks to see. Macaulay. Note: In early English deign was often used impersonally. Him deyneth not to set his foot to ground. Chaucer. DEIGNOUS Deign"ous, a. Etym: [For disdeignous, OF. desdeignos, desdaigneus, F. dédaigneux. See Disdain.] Defn: Haughty; disdainful. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEIL Deil, n. Defn: Devil; -- spelt also deel. [Scot.] Deil's buckie. See under Buckie. DEINOCERAS Dei*noc"e*ras, n. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: See Dinoceras. DEINORNIS Dei*nor"nis, n. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: See Dinornis. DEINOSAUR Dei"no*saur, n. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: See Dinosaur. DEINOTHERIUM Dei`no*the"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: See Dinotherium. DEINTEGRATE De*in"te*grate, v. t. Etym: [L. deintegrare to impair; de- + integrare to make whole.] Defn: To disintegrate. [Obs.] DEINTEOUS; DEINTEVOUS Dein"te*ous, Dein"te*vous, a. Defn: Rare; excellent; costly. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEIPAROUS De*ip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. deus a god + parere to bring forth.] Defn: Bearing or bringing forth a god; -- said of the Virgin Mary. [Obs.] Bailey. DEIPNOSOPHIST Deip*nos"o*phist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One of an ancient sect of philosophers, who cultivated learned conversation at meals. DEIS De"is, n. Defn: See Dais. DEISM De"ism, n. Etym: [L. deus god: cf. F. déisme. See Deity.] Defn: The doctrine or creed of a deist; the belief or system of those who acknowledge the existence of one God, but deny revelation. Note: Deism is the belief in natural religion only, or those truths, in doctrine and practice, which man is to discover by the light of reason, independent of any revelation from God. Hence, deism implies infidelity, or a disbelief in the divine origin of the Scriptures. DEIST De"ist, n. Etym: [L. deus god: cf. F. déiste. See Deity.] Defn: One who believes in the existence of a God, but denies revealed religion; a freethinker. Note: A deist, as denying a revelation, is opposed to a Christian; as, opposed to the denier of a God, whether atheist or patheist, a deist is generally denominated theist. Latham. Syn. -- See Infidel. DEISTIC; DEISTICAL De*is"tic, De*is"tic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, savoring of, or consisting in, deism; as, a deistic writer; a deistical book. The deistical or antichristian scheme. I. Watts. DEISTICALLY De*is"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: After the manner of deists. DEISTICALNESS De*is"tic*al*ness, n. Defn: State of being deistical. DEITATE De"i*tate, a. Defn: Deified. [Obs.] Granmer. DEITY De"i*ty, n.; pl. Deities. Etym: [OE. deite, F. déité, fr. L. deitas, fr. deus a god; akin to divus divine, Jupiter, gen. Jovis, Jupiter, dies day, Gr. d divine, as a noun, god, daiva divine, dy sky, day, hence, the sky personified as a god, and to the first syllable of E. Tuesday, Gael. & Ir. dia God, W. duw. Cf. Divine, Journey, Journal, Tuesday.] 1. The collection of attributes which make up the nature of a god; divinity; godhead; as, the deity of the Supreme Being is seen in his works. They declared with emphasis the perfect deity and the perfect manhood of Christ. Milman. 2. A god or goddess; a heathen god. To worship calves, the deities Of Egypt. Milton. The Deity, God, the Supreme Being. This great poet and philosopher [Simonides], the more he contemplated the nature of the Deity, found that he waded but the more out of his depth. Addison. DEJECT De*ject", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dejected; p. pr. & vb. n. Dejecting.] Etym: [L. dejectus, p. p. of dejicere to throw down; de- + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. To cast down. [Obs. or Archaic] Christ dejected himself even unto the hells. Udall. Sometimes she dejects her eyes in a seeming civility; and many mistake in her a cunning for a modest look. Fuller. 2. To cast down the spirits of; to dispirit; to discourage; to dishearten. Nor think, to die dejects my lofty mind. Pope. DEJECT De*ject", a. Etym: [L. dejectus, p. p.] Defn: Dejected. [Obs.] DEJECTA De*jec"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., neut. pl. from L. dejectus, p. p.] Defn: Excrements; as, the dejecta of the sick. DEJECTED De*ject"ed, a. Defn: Cast down; afflicted; low-spirited; sad; as, a dejected look or countenance. -- De*ject"ed*ly, adv. -- De*ject"ed*ness, n. DEJECTER De*ject"er, n. Defn: One who casts down, or dejects. DEJECTION De*jec"tion, n. Etym: [L. dejectio a casting down: cf. F. déjection.] 1. A casting down; depression. [Obs. or Archaic] Hallywell. 2. The act of humbling or abasing one's self. Adoration implies submission and dejection. Bp. Pearson. 3. Lowness of spirits occasioned by grief or misfortune; mental depression; melancholy. What besides, Of sorrow, and dejection, and despair, Our frailty can sustain, thy tidings bring. Milton. 4. A low condition; weakness; inability. [R.] A dejection of appetite. Arbuthnot. 5. (Physiol.) (a) The discharge of excrement. (b) Fæces; excrement. Ray. DEJECTLY De*ject"ly, adv. Defn: Dejectedly. [Obs.] DEJECTORY De*jec"to*ry, a. Etym: [L. dejector a dejecter.] 1. Having power, or tending, to cast down. 2. Promoting evacuations by stool. Ferrand. DEJECTURE De*jec"ture, n. Defn: That which is voided; excrements. Arbuthnot. DEJERATE Dej"er*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. dejeratus, p. p. of dejerare to swear; de- + jurare to swear.] Defn: To swear solemnly; to take an oath. [Obs.] Cockeram. DEJERATION Dej`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. dejeratio.] Defn: The act of swearing solemnly. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DEJEUNE Dé`jeu`né", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A déjeuner. Take a déjeuné of muskadel and eggs. B. Jonson. DEJEUNER Dé`jeu`ner", n. Etym: [F. déjeuner breakfast, as a verb, to breakfast. Cf. Dinner.] Defn: A breakfast; sometimes, also, a lunch or collation. DE JURE De` ju"re. Etym: [L.] Defn: By right; of right; by law; -- often opposed to be facto. DEKA- Dek"a-. (Metric System) Defn: A prefix signifying ten. See Deca-. DEKABRIST Dek"a*brist, n. Defn: A Decembrist. DEKAGRAM Dek"a*gram, n. Defn: Same as Decagram. DEKALITER Dek"a*li`ter, n. Defn: Same as Decaliter. DEKAMETER Dek"a*me`ter, n. Defn: Same as Decameter. DEKASTERE Dek"a*stere`, n. Defn: Same as Decastere. DEKLE De"kle, n. (Paper Making) Defn: See Deckle. DEL Del, n. Etym: [See Deal, n.] Defn: Share; portion; part. [Obs.] Chaucer. DELACERATION De*lac`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. delacerare, delaceratum, to tear in pieces. See Lacerate.] Defn: A tearing in pieces. [Obs.] Bailey. DELACRYMATION De*lac`ry*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. delacrimatio, fr. delacrimare to weep. See Lachrymation.] Defn: An involuntary discharge of watery humors from the eyes; wateriness of the eyes. [Obs.] Bailey. DELACTATION De`lac*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. de- + L. lactare to suck milk, from lac milk.] Defn: The act of weaning. [Obs.] Bailey. DELAINE De*laine", n. Etym: [See Muslin delaine, under Muslin.] Defn: A kind of fabric for women's dresses. DELAMINATION De*lam`i*na"tion, n. (Biol.) Defn: Formation and separation of laminæ or layers; one of the methods by which the various blastodermic layers of the ovum are differentiated. Note: This process consists of a concentric splitting of the cells of the blastosphere into an outer layer (epiblast) and an inner layer (hypoblast). By the perforation of the resultant two-walled vesicle, a gastrula results similar to that formed by the process of invagination. DELAPSATION De`lap*sa"tion, n. Defn: See Delapsion. Ray. DELAPSE De*lapse", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Delapsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Delapsing.] Etym: [L. delapsus, p. p. of delabi to fall down; de- + labi to fall or side.] Defn: To pass down by inheritance; to lapse. [Obs.] Which Anne derived alone the right, before all other, Of the delapsed crown from Philip. Drayton. DELAPSION De*lap"sion, n. Defn: A falling down, or out of place; prolapsion. DELASSATION De`las*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. delassare, delassatum, to tire out; de- + lassare to tire.] Defn: Fatigue. Able to continue without delassation. Ray. DELATE De*late", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delated; p. pr. & vb. n. Delating.] Etym: [L. delatus, used as p. p. of deferre. See Tolerate, and cf. 3d Defer, Delay, v.] [Obs. or Archaic] 1. To carry; to convey. Try exactly the time wherein sound is delated. Bacon. 2. To carry abroad; to spread; to make public. When the crime is delated or notorious. Jer. Taylor. 3. To carry or bring against, as a charge; to inform against; to accuse; to denounce. As men were delated, they were marked down for such a fine. Bp. Burnet. 4. To carry on; to conduct. Warner. DELATE De*late", v. i. Defn: To dilate. [Obs.] Goodwin. DELATION De*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. delatio accusation: cf. F. délation.] 1. Conveyance. [Obs. or Archaic] In delation of sounds, the inclosure of them preserveth them. Bacon. 2. (Law) Defn: Accusation by an informer. Milman. DELATOR De*la"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: An accuser; an informer. [R.] Howell. DELAWARE Del"a*ware, n. (Bot.) Defn: An American grape, with compact bunches of small, amber-colored berries, sweet and of a good flavor. DELAWARES Del"a*wares, n. pl.; sing. Delaware. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting the valley of the Delaware River, but now mostly located in the Indian Territory. DELAY De*lay", n.; pl. Delays. Etym: [F. délai, fr. OF. deleer to delay, or fr. L. dilatum, which, though really from a different root, is used in Latin only as a p. p. neut. of differre to carry apart, defer, delay. See Tolerate, and cf. Differ, Delay, v.] Defn: A putting off or deferring; procrastination; lingering inactivity; stop; detention; hindrance. Without any delay, on the morrow I sat on the judgment seat. Acts xxv. 17. The government ought to be settled without the delay of a day. Macaulay. DELAY De*lay", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Delaying.] Etym: [OF. deleer, delaier, fr. the noun délai, or directly fr. L. dilatare to enlarge, dilate, in LL., to put off. See Delay, n., and cf. Delate, 1st Defer, Dilate.] 1. To put off; to defer; to procrastinate; to prolong the time of or before. My lord delayeth his coming. Matt. xxiv. 48. 2. To retard; to stop, detain, or hinder, for a time; to retard the motion, or time of arrival, of; as, the mail is delayed by a heavy fall of snow. Thyrsis! whose artful strains have oft delayed The huddling brook to hear his madrigal. Milton. 3. To allay; to temper. [Obs.] The watery showers delay the raging wind. Surrey. DELAY De*lay", v. i. Defn: To move slowly; to stop for a time; to linger; to tarry. There seem to be certain bounds to the quickness and slowness of the succession of those ideas, . . . beyond which they can neither delay nor hasten. Locke. DELAYER De*lay"er, n. Defn: One who delays; one who lingers. DELAYINGLY De*lay"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By delays. [R.] Tennyson. DELAYMENT De*lay"ment, n. Defn: Hindrance. [Obs.] Gower. DEL CREDERE Del` cred"er*e. Etym: [It., of belief or trust.] (Mercantile Law) Defn: An agreement by which an agent or factor, in consideration of an additional premium or commission (called a del credere commission), engages, when he sells goods on credit, to insure, warrant, or guarantee to his principal the solvency of the purchaser, the engagement of the factor being to pay the debt himself if it is not punctually discharged by the buyer when it becomes due. DELE De"le, imperative sing. of L. delere to destroy. Etym: [Cf. Delete.] (Print.) Defn: Erase; remove; -- a direction to cancel something which has been put in type; usually expressed by a peculiar form of d, thus: . DELE De"le, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deled; p. pr. & vb. n. Deleing.] Etym: [From the preceding word.] (Print.) Defn: To erase; to cancel; to delete; to mark for omission. DELE Dele, v. t. Etym: [See Deal.] Defn: To deal; to divide; to distribute. [Obs.] Chaucer. DELEBLE Del"e*ble, a. Etym: [L. delebilis. See 1st Dele.] Defn: Capable of being blotted out or erased. "An impression easily deleble." Fuller. DELECTABLE De*lec"ta*ble, a. Etym: [OF. delitable, OF. delitable, F. délectable, fr. L. delectabilis, fr. delectare to delight. See Delight.] Defn: Highly pleasing; delightful. Delectable both to behold and taste. Milton. -- De*lec"ta*ble*ness, n. -- De*lec"ta*bly, adv. DELECTATE De*lec"tate, v. t. Etym: [L. delectatus, p. p. of delectare. See Delight.] Defn: To delight; to charm. [R.] DELECTATION De`lec*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. delectatio: cf. F. délectation.] Defn: Great pleasure; delight. DELECTUS De*lec"tus, n. Etym: [L., selection, from deligere, delectum, to select.] Defn: A name given to an elementary book for learners of Latin or Greek. G. Eliot. DELEGACY Del`e*ga*cy, n. Etym: [From Delegate, a.] 1. The act of delegating, or state of being delegated; deputed power. [Obs.] By way of delegacy or grand commission. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. A body of delegates or commissioners; a delegation. [Obs.] Burton. DELEGATE Del"e*gate, n. Etym: [L. delegatus, p. p. of delegare to send, delegate; de- + legare to send with a commission, to depute. See Legate.] 1. Any one sent and empowered to act for another; one deputed to represent; a chosen deputy; a representative; a commissioner; a vicar. 2. (a) One elected by the people of a territory to represent them in Congress, where he has the right of debating, but not of voting. (b) One sent by any constituency to act as its representative in a convention; as, a delegate to a convention for nominating officers, or for forming or altering a constitution. [U.S.] Court of delegates, formerly, the great court of appeal from the archbishops' courts and also from the court of admiralty. It is now abolished, and the privy council is the immediate court of appeal in such cases. [Eng.] DELEGATE Del"e*gate, a. Etym: [L. delegatus, p. p.] Defn: Sent to act for a represent another; deputed; as, a delegate judge. "Delegate power." Strype. DELEGATE Del"e*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delegated; p. pr. & vb. n. Delegating.] 1. To send as one's representative; to empower as an ambassador; to send with power to transact business; to commission; to depute; to authorize. 2. To intrust to the care or management of another; to transfer; to assign; to commit. The delegated administration of the law. Locke. Delegated executive power. Bancroft. The power exercised by the legislature is the people's power, delegated by the people to the legislative. J. B. Finch. DELEGATION Del`e*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. delegatio: cf. F. délégation.] 1. The act of delegating, or investing with authority to act for another; the appointment of a delegate or delegates. 2. One or more persons appointed or chosen, and commissioned to represent others, as in a convention, in Congress, etc.; the collective body of delegates; as, the delegation from Massachusetts; a deputation. 3. (Rom. Law) Defn: A kind of novation by which a debtor, to be liberated from his creditor, gives him a third person, who becomes obliged in his stead to the creditor, or to the person appointed by him. Pothier. DELEGATORY Del"e*ga*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. delegatorius pert. to an assignment.] Defn: Holding a delegated position. Nash. DELENDA De*len"da, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. delere to destroy.] Defn: Things to be erased or blotted out. DELENIFICAL Del`e*nif"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. delenificus; delenire to soothe + facere to make. See Lenient.] Defn: Assuaging pain. [Obs.] Bailey. DELETE De*lete", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Deleting.] Etym: [L. deletus, p. p. of delere to destroy. Cf. 1st Dele.] Defn: To blot out; to erase; to expunge; to dele; to omit. I have, therefore, . . . inserted eleven stanzas which do not appear in Sir Walter Scott's version, and have deleted eight. Aytoun. DELETERIOUS Del`e*te"ri*ous, a. Etym: [LL. deleterius noxious, Gr. delere to destroy.] Defn: Hurtful; noxious; destructive; pernicious; as, a deleterious plant or quality; a deleterious example. -- Del`e*te"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Del`e*te"ri*ous*ness, n. DELETERY Del"e*ter*y, a. Etym: [LL. deleterius: cf. F. délétère.] Defn: Destructive; poisonous. [Obs.] "Deletery medicines." Hudibras. DELETERY Del"e*ter*y, n. Defn: That which destroys. [Obs.] They [the Scriptures] are the only deletery of heresies. Jer. Taylor. DELETION De*le"tion, n. Etym: [L. deletio, fr. delere. See Delete.] Defn: Act of deleting, blotting out, or erasing; destruction. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. A total deletion of every person of the opposing party. Sir M. Hale. DELETITIOUS Del`e*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. deleticius.] Defn: Of such a nature that anything may be erased from it; -- said of paper. DELETIVE Del"e*tive, a. Defn: Adapted to destroy or obliterate. [R.] Evelyn. DELETORY Del"e*to*ry, n. Etym: [See Delete.] Defn: That which blots out. [Obs.] "A deletory of sin." Jer. Taylor. DELF Delf, n. Etym: [AS. delf a delving, digging. See Delve.] Defn: A mine; a quarry; a pit dug; a ditch. [Written also delft, and delve.] [Obs.] The delfts would be so flown with waters, that no gins or machines could . . . keep them dry. Ray. DELF Delf, n. Defn: Same as Delftware. DELFT Delft, n. Defn: Same as Delftware. DELFTWARE Delft"ware`, n. (a) Pottery made at the city of Delft in Holland; hence: (b) Earthenware made in imitation of the above; any glazed earthenware made for table use, and the like. DELIBATE Del"i*bate, v. t. Etym: [L. delibatus, p. p. of delibare to taste; de- + libare to taste.] Defn: To taste; to take a sip of; to dabble in. [Obs.] DELIBATION Del`i*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. delibatio: cf. F. délibation.] Defn: Act of tasting; a slight trial. [Obs.] Berkeley. DELIBER Del"i*ber, v. t. & i. Defn: To deliberate. [Obs.] DELIBERATE De*lib"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. deliberatus, p. p. of deliberare to deliberate; de- + librare to weigh. See Librate.] 1. Weighing facts and arguments with a view a choice or decision; carefully considering the probable consequences of a step; circumspect; slow in determining; -- applied to persons; as, a deliberate judge or counselor. "These deliberate fools." Shak. 2. Formed with deliberation; well-advised; carefully considered; not sudden or rash; as, a deliberate opinion; a deliberate measure or result. Settled visage and deliberate word. Shak. 3. Not hasty or sudden; slow. Hooker. His enunciation was so deliberate. W. Wirt. DELIBERATE De*lib"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deliberated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deliberating.] Defn: To weigh in the mind; to consider the reasons for and against; to consider maturely; to reflect upon; to ponder; as, to deliberate a question. DELIBERATE De*lib"er*ate, v. i. Defn: To take counsel with one's self; to weigh the arguments for and against a proposed course of action; to reflect; to consider; to hesitate in deciding; -- sometimes with on, upon, concerning. The woman the deliberation is lost. Addison. DELIBERATELY De*lib"er*ate*ly, adv. Defn: With careful consideration, or deliberation; circumspectly; warily; not hastily or rashly; slowly; as, a purpose deliberately formed. DELIBERATENESS De*lib"er*ate*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being deliberate; calm consideration; circumspection. DELIBERATION De*lib`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. deliberatio: cf. F. délibération.] 1. The act of deliberating, or of weighing and examining the reasons for and against a choice or measure; careful consideration; mature reflection. Choosing the fairest way with a calm deliberation. W. Montagu. 2. Careful discussion and examination of the reasons for and against a measure; as, the deliberations of a legislative body or council. DELIBERATIVE De*lib"er*a*tive, a. Etym: [L. deliberativus: cf. F. délibératif.] Defn: Pertaining to deliberation; proceeding or acting by deliberation, or by discussion and examination; deliberating; as, a deliberative body. A consummate work of deliberative wisdom. Bancroft. The court of jurisdiction is to be distinguished from the deliberative body, the advisers of the crown. Hallam. DELIBERATIVE De*lib"er*a*tive, n. 1. A discourse in which a question is discussed, or weighed and examined. Bacon. 2. A kind of rhetoric employed in proving a thing and convincing others of its truth, in order to persuade them to adopt it. DELIBERATIVELY De*lib"er*a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a deliberative manner; circumspectly; considerately. DELIBERATOR De*lib"er*a`tor, n. Defn: One who deliberates. DELIBRATE Del"i*brate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delibrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Delibrating.] Etym: [L. delibratus, p. p. of delibrare to delibrate; de from + liber bark.] Defn: To strip off the bark; to peel. [Obs.] Ash. DELIBRATION Del`i*bra"tion, n. Defn: The act of stripping off the bark. [Obs.] Ash. DELICACY Del"i*ca*cy, n.; pl. Delicacies. Etym: [From Delicate, a.] 1. The state or condition of being delicate; agreeableness to the senses; delightfulness; as, delicacy of flavor, of odor, and the like. What choice to choose for delicacy best. Milton. 2. Nicety or fineness of form, texture, or constitution; softness; elegance; smoothness; tenderness; and hence, frailty or weakness; as, the delicacy of a fiber or a thread; delicacy of a hand or of the human form; delicacy of the skin; delicacy of frame. 3. Nice propriety of manners or conduct; susceptibility or tenderness of feeling; refinement; fastidiousness; and hence, in an exaggerated sense, effeminacy; as, great delicacy of behavior; delicacy in doing a kindness; delicacy of character that unfits for earnest action. You know your mother's delicacy in this point. Cowper. 4. Addiction to pleasure; luxury; daintiness; indulgence; luxurious or voluptuous treatment. And to those dainty limbs which Nature lent For gentle usage and soft delicacy Milton. 5. Nice and refined perception and discrimination; critical niceness; fastidious accuracy. That Augustan delicacy of taste which is the boast of the great public schools of England. Macaulay. 6. The state of being affected by slight causes; sensitiveness; as, the delicacy of a chemist's balance. 7. That which is alluring, delicate, or refined; a luxury or pleasure; something pleasant to the senses, especially to the sense of taste; a dainty; as, delicacies of the table. The merchants of the earth are waxed rich through the abundance of her delicacies. Rev. xviii. 3. 8. Pleasure; gratification; delight. [Obs.] He Rome brent for his delicacie. Chaucer. Syn. -- See Dainty. DELICATE Del"i*cate, a. Etym: [L. delicatus pleasing the senses, voluptuous, soft and tender; akin to deliciae delight: cf. F. délicat. See Delight.] 1. Addicted to pleasure; luxurious; voluptuous; alluring. [R.] Dives, for his delicate life, to the devil went. Piers Plowman. Haarlem is a very delicate town. Evelyn. 2. Pleasing to the senses; refinedly; hence, adapted to please a nice or cultivated taste; nice; fine; elegant; as, a delicate dish; delicate flavor. 3. Slight and shapely; lovely; graceful; as, "a delicate creature." Shak. 4. Fine or slender; minute; not coarse; -- said of a thread, or the like; as, delicate cotton. 5. Slight or smooth; light and yielding; -- said of texture; as, delicate lace or silk. 6. Soft and fair; -- said of the skin or a surface; as, a delicate cheek; a delicate complexion. 7. Light, or softly tinted; -- said of a color; as; as, a delicate blue. 8. Refined; gentle; scrupulous not to trespass or offend; considerate; -- said of manners, conduct, or feelings; as, delicate behavior; delicate attentions; delicate thoughtfulness. 9. Tender; not able to endure hardship; feeble; frail; effeminate; -- said of constitution, health, etc.; as, a delicate child; delicate health. A delicate and tender prince. Shak. 10. Requiring careful handling; not to be rudely or hastily dealt with; nice; critical; as, a delicate subject or question. There are some things too delicate and too sacred to be handled rudely without injury to truth. F. W. Robertson. 11. Of exacting tastes and habits; dainty; fastidious. 12. Nicely discriminating or perceptive; refinedly critical; sensitive; exquisite; as, a delicate taste; a delicate ear for music. 13. Affected by slight causes; showing slight changes; as, a delicate thermometer. DELICATE Del"i*cate, n. 1. A choice dainty; a delicacy. [R.] With abstinence all delicates he sees. Dryden. 2. A delicate, luxurious, or effeminate person. All the vessels, then, which our delicates have, -- those I mean that would seem to be more fine in their houses than their neighbors, -- are only of the Corinth metal. Holland. DELICATELY Del"i*cate*ly, adv. Defn: In a delicate manner. DELICATENESS Del"i*cate*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being delicate. DELICATESSEN Del`i*ca*tes"sen, n. pl. [G., fr. F. délicatesse.] Defn: Relishes for the table; dainties; delicacies. "A dealer in delicatessen". G. H. Putnam. DELICES Del"i*ces, n. pl. Etym: [F. délices, fr. L. deliciae.] Defn: Delicacies; delights. [Obs.] "Dainty delices." Spenser. DELICIATE De*li"ci*ate, v. t. Defn: To delight one's self; to indulge in feasting; to revel. [Obs.] DELICIOUS De*li"cious, a. Etym: [OF. delicieus, F. délicieux, L. deliciosus, fr. deliciae delight, fr. delicere to allure. See Delight.] 1. Affording exquisite pleasure; delightful; most sweet or grateful to the senses, especially to the taste; charming. Some delicious landscape. Coleridge. One draught of spring's delicious air. Keble. Were not his words delicious Tennyson. 2. Addicted to pleasure; seeking enjoyment; luxurious; effeminate. [Obs.] Others, lastly, of a more delicious and airy spirit, retire themselves to the enjoyments of ease and luxury. Milton. Syn. -- Delicious, Delightful. Delicious refers to the pleasure derived from certain of the senses, particularly the taste and smell; as, delicious food; a delicious fragrance. Delightful may also refer to most of the senses (as, delightful music; a delightful prospect; delightful sensations), but has a higher application to matters of taste, feeling, and sentiment; as, a delightful abode, conversation, employment; delightful scenes, etc. Like the rich fruit he sings, delicious in decay. Smith. No spring, nor summer, on the mountain seen, Smiles with gay fruits or with delightful green. Addison. DELICIOUSLY De*li"cious*ly, adv. Defn: Delightfully; as, to feed deliciously; to be deliciously entertained. DELICIOUSNESS De*li"cious*ness, n. 1. The quality of being delicious; as, the deliciousness of a repast. 2. Luxury. "To drive away all superfluity and deliciousness." Sir T. North. DELICT De*lict", n. Etym: [L. delictum fault.] (Law) Defn: An offense or transgression against law; (Scots Law) an offense of a lesser degree; a misdemeanor. Every regulation of the civil code necessarily implies a delict in the event of its violation. Jeffrey. DELIGATE Del"i*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. deligatus, p. p. of deligare to bind up; de- + ligare to bind.] (Surg.) Defn: To bind up; to bandage. DELIGATION Del`i*ga"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. déligation.] (Surg.) Defn: A binding up; a bandaging. Wiseman. DELIGHT De*light", n. Etym: [OE. delit, OF. delit, deleit, fr. delitier, to delight. See Delight, v. t.] 1. A high degree of gratification of mind; a high-wrought state of pleasurable feeling; lively pleasure; extreme satisfaction; joy. Sounds and sweet airs, that give delight and hurt not. Shak. A fool hath no delight in understanding. Prov. xviii. 2. 2. That which gives great pleasure or delight. Heaven's last, best gift, my ever new delight. Milton. 3. Licentious pleasure; lust. [Obs.] Chaucer. DELIGHT De*light", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Delighting.] Etym: [OE. deliten, OF. delitier, deleitier, F. délecter, fr. L. delectare to entice away, to delight (sc. by attracting or alluring), intens. of delicere to allure, delight; de- + lacere to entice, allure; cf. laqueus a snare. Cf. Delectate, Delicate, Delicious, Dilettante, Elicit, Lace.] Defn: To give delight to; to affect with great pleasure; to please highly; as, a beautiful landscape delights the eye; harmony delights the ear. Inventions to delight the taste. Shak. Delight our souls with talk of knightly deeds. Tennyson. DELIGHT De*light", v. i. Defn: To have or take great delight or pleasure; to be greatly pleased or rejoiced; -- followed by an infinitive, or by in. Love delights in praises. Shak. I delight to do thy will, O my God. Ps. xl. 8. DELIGHTABLE De*light"a*ble, a. Etym: [See Delectable.] Defn: Capable of delighting; delightful. [Obs.] Many a spice delightable. Rom. of R. DELIGHTED De*light"ed, a. Defn: Endowed with delight. If virtue no delighted beauty lack. Shak. Syn. -- Glad; pleased; gratified. See Glad. DELIGHTEDLY De*light"ed*ly, adv. Defn: With delight; gladly. DELIGHTER De*light"er, n. Defn: One who gives or takes delight. DELIGHTFUL De*light"ful, a. Defn: Highly pleasing; affording great pleasure and satisfaction. "Delightful bowers." Spenser. "Delightful fruit." Milton. Syn. -- Delicious; charming. See Delicious. -- De*light"ful*ly, adv. -- De*light"ful*ness, n. DELIGHTING De*light"ing, a. Defn: Giving delight; gladdening. -- De*light"ing*ly, adv. Jer. Taylor. DELIGHTLESS De*light"less, a. Defn: Void of delight. Thomson. DELIGHTOUS De*light"ous a. Etym: [OF. delitos.] Defn: Delightful. [Obs.] Rom. of R. DELIGHTSOME De*light"some, a. Defn: Very pleasing; delightful. "Delightsome vigor." Grew. Ye shall be a delightsome land, . . . saith the Lord. Mal. iii. 12. -- De*light"some*ly, adv. -- De*light"some*ness, n. DELIGNATE De*lig"nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delignated; p. pr. & vb. n. Delignating.] [Pref. de- + L. lignum wood.] 1. Defn: To clear or strip of wood (by cutting down trees). [R.] Fuller. 2. To strip or remove the wood from; as, to delignate ramie, in the preparation of ribbons of the fiber for further working. DELILAH De*li"lah, n. Defn: The mistress of Samson, who betrayed him (Judges xvi.); hence, a harlot; a temptress. Other Delilahs on a smaller scale Burns met with during his Dumfries sojourn. J. C. Shairp. DELIMIT De*lim"it, v. t. Etym: [L. delimitare: cf. F. délimitier.] Defn: To fix the limits of; to demarcate; to bound. DELIMITATION De*lim`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. delimitatio: cf. F. délimitation.] Defn: The act or process of fixing limits or boundaries; limitation. Gladstone. DELINE De*line", v. t. 1. To delineate. [Obs.] 2. To mark out. [Obs.] R. North. DELINEABLE De*lin"e*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being, or liable to be, delineated. Feltham. DELINEAMENT De*lin"e*a*ment, Etym: [See Delineate.] Defn: Delineation; sketch. Dr. H. More. DELINEATE De*lin"e*ate, a. Etym: [L. delineatus, p. p. of delineare to delineate; de- + lineare to draw, fr. linea line. See Line.] Defn: Delineated; portrayed. [R.] DELINEATE De*lin"e*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delineated; p. pr. & vb. n. Delineating.] 1. To indicate by lines drawn in the form or figure of; to represent by sketch, design, or diagram; to sketch out; to portray; to picture; in drawing and engraving, to represent in lines, as with the pen, pencil, or graver; hence, to represent with accuracy and minuteness. See Delineation. Adventurous to delineate nature's form. Akenside. 2. To portray to the mind or understanding by words; to set forth; to describe. Customs or habits delineated with great accuracy. Walpole. DELINEATION De*lin`e*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. delineatio: cf. F. délinéation.] 1. The act of representing, portraying, or describing, as by lines, diagrams, sketches, etc.; drawing an outline; as, the delineation of a scene or face; in drawing and engraving, representation by means of lines, as distinguished from representation by means of tints shades; accurate and minute representation, as distinguished from art that is careless of details, or subordinates them excessively. 2. A delineated picture; representation; sketch; description in words. Their softest delineations of female beauty. W. Irving. Syn. -- Sketch; portrait; outline. See Sketch. DELINEATOR De*lin"e*a`tor, n. 1. One who, or that which, delineates; a sketcher. 2. (Surv.) Defn: A perambulator which records distances and delineates a profile, as of a road. DELINEATORY De*lin"e*a*to*ry, a. Defn: That delineates; descriptive; drawing the outline; delineating. DELINEATURE De*lin"e*a*ture, n. Defn: Delineation. [Obs.] DELINITION Del`i*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L. delinere to smear. See Liniment.] Defn: A smearing. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. DELINQUENCY De*lin"quen*cy, n.; pl. Delinquencies. Etym: [L. delinquentia, fr. delinquens.] Defn: Failure or omission of duty; a fault; a misdeed; an offense; a misdemeanor; a crime. The delinquencies of the little commonwealth would be represented in the most glaring colors. Motley. DELINQUENT De*lin"quent a. Etym: [L. delinquens, -entis, p. pr. of delinquere to fail, be wanting in one's duty, do wrong; de- + linquere to leave. See Loan, n.] Defn: Failing in duty; offending by neglect of duty. DELINQUENT De*lin"quent, n. Defn: One who fails or neglects to perform his duty; an offender or transgressor; one who commits a fault or a crime; a culprit. A delinquent ought to be cited in the place or jurisdiction where the delinquency was committed. Ayliffe. DELINQUENTLY De*lin"quent*ly, adv. Defn: So as to fail in duty. DELIQUATE Del"i*quate, v. i. Etym: [L. deliquatus, p. p. of deliquare to clear off, de- + liquare to make liquid, melt, dissolve.] Defn: To melt or be dissolved; to deliquesce. [Obs.] Boyle. DELIQUATE Del"i*quate, v. t. Defn: To cause to melt away; to dissolve; to consume; to waste. [Obs.] Dilapidating, or rather deliquating, his bishopric. Fuller. DELIQUATION Del`i*qua"tion, n. Defn: A melting. [Obs.] DELIQUESCE Del`i*quesce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deliquesced; p. pr. & vb. n. Deliquescing.] Etym: [L. deliquescere to melt, dissolve; de- + liquescere to become fluid, melt, fr. liquere to be fluid. See Liquid.] (Chem.) Defn: To dissolve gradually and become liquid by attracting and absorbing moisture from the air, as certain salts, acids, and alkalies. In very moist air crystals of strontites deliquesce. Black. DELIQUESCENCE Del`i*ques"cence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. déliquescence.] Defn: The act of deliquescing or liquefying; process by which anything deliquesces; tendency to melt. DELIQUESCENT Del`i*ques"cent, a. Etym: [L. deliquescens, -entis, p. pr. of deliquescere: cf. F. déliquescent.] 1. Dissolving; liquefying by contact with the air; capable of attracting moisture from the atmosphere and becoming liquid; as, deliquescent salts. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Branching so that the stem is lost in branches, as in most deciduous trees. Gray. DELIQUIATE De*liq"ui*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. deliquia a flowing off, a gutter, deliquium a flowing down, fr. deliquare. See Deliquate.] Defn: To melt and become liquid by absorbing water from the air; to deliquesce. Fourcroy. DELIQUIATION De*liq`ui*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of deliquating. DELIQUIUM De*liq"ui*um, n. Etym: [L. See Deliquiate.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A melting or dissolution in the air, or in a moist place; a liquid condition; as, a salt falls into a deliquium. [R.] 2. A sinking away; a swooning. [Obs.] Bacon. 3. A melting or maudlin mood. Carlyle. DELIRACY De*lir"a*cy, n. Etym: [See Delirate.] Defn: Delirium. [Obs.] DELIRAMENT De*lir"a*ment, n. Etym: [L. deliramentum, fr. delirare. See Delirium.] Defn: A wandering of the mind; a crazy fancy. [Obs.] Heywood. DELIRANCY De*lir"an*cy, n. Defn: Delirium. [Obs.] Gauden. DELIRANT De*lir"ant, a. Etym: [L. delirans, -antis, p. pr. of delirare. See Delirium.] Defn: Delirious. [Obs.] Owen. DELIRATE De*lir"ate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. deliratus, p. p. of delirare. See Delirium.] Defn: To madden; to rave. [Obs.] An infatuating and delirating spirit in it. Holland. DELIRATION Del`i*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. deliratio.] Defn: Aberration of mind; delirium. J. Motley. Deliration or alienation of the understanding. Mede. DELIRIANT De*lir"i*ant, n. Etym: [See Delirium.] (Med.) Defn: A poison which occasions a persistent delirium, or mental aberration (as belladonna). DELIRIFACIENT De*lir`i*fa"cient, a. Etym: [Delirium + L. faciens, -entis, p. pr. of facere to make.] (Med.) Defn: Producing, or tending to produce, delirium. -- n. Defn: Any substance which tends to cause delirium. DELIRIOUS De*lir"i*ous, a. Etym: [From Delirium.] Defn: Having a delirium; wandering in mind; light-headed; insane; raving; wild; as, a delirious patient; delirious fancies. -- De*lir"i*ous*ly, adv. -- De*lir"i*ous*ness, n. DELIRIUM De*lir"i*um, n. Etym: [L., fr. delirare to rave, to wander in mind, prop., to go out of the furrow in plowing; de- + lira furrow, track; perh. akin to G. geleise track, rut, and E. last to endure.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A state in which the thoughts, expressions, and actions are wild, irregular, and incoherent; mental aberration; a roving or wandering of the mind, -- usually dependent on a fever or some other disease, and so distinguished from mania, or madness. 2. Strong excitement; wild enthusiasm; madness. The popular delirium [of the French Revolution] at first caught his enthusiastic mind. W. Irving. The delirium of the preceding session (of Parliament). Motley. Delirium tremens (. Etym: [L., trembling delirium] (Med.), a violent delirium induced by the excessive and prolonged use of intoxicating liquors. -- Traumatic delirium (Med.), a variety of delirium following injury. Syn. -- Insanity; frenzy; madness; derangement; aberration; mania; lunacy; fury. See Insanity. DELIT De*lit", n. Defn: Delight. [Obs.] Chaucer. DELITABLE De*lit"a*ble, a. Defn: Delightful; delectable. [Obs.] DELITESCENCE Del`i*tes"cence, n. Etym: [See Delitescent.] 1. Concealment; seclusion; retirement. The delitescence of mental activities. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. (Med.) Defn: The sudden disappearance of inflammation. DELITESCENCY Del`i*tes"cen*cy, n. Defn: Concealment; seclusion. The mental organization of the novelist must be characterized, to speak craniologically, by an extraordinary development of the passion for delitescency. Sir W. Scott. DELITESCENT Del`i*tes"cent, a. Etym: [L. delitescens, -entis, p. pr. of delitescere to lie hid.] Defn: Lying hid; concealed. DELITIGATE De*lit"i*gate, v. i. Etym: [L. delitigare to rail. See Litigate.] Defn: To chide; to rail heartily. [Obs.] DELITIGATION De*lit`i*ga"tion, n. Defn: Chiding; brawl. [Obs.] DELIVER De*liv"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delivered; p. pr. & vb. n. Delivering.] Etym: [F. délivrer, LL. deliberare to liberate, give over, fr. L. de + liberare to set free. See Liberate.] 1. To set free from restraint; to set at liberty; to release; to liberate, as from control; to give up; to free; to save; to rescue from evil actual or feared; -- often with from or out of; as, to deliver one from captivity, or from fear of death. He that taketh warning shall deliver his soul. Ezek. xxxiii. 5. Promise was that I Should Israel from Philistian yoke deliver. Milton. 2. To give or transfer; to yield possession or control of; to part with (to); to make over; to commit; to surrender; to resign; -- often with up or over, to or into. Thou shalt deliver Pharaoh's cup into his hand. Gen. xl. 13. The constables have delivered her over. Shak. The exalted mind All sense of woe delivers to the wind. Pope. 3. To make over to the knowledge of another; to communicate; to utter; to speak; to impart. Till he these words to him deliver might. Spenser. Whereof the former delivers the precepts of the art, and the latter the perfection. Bacon. 4. To give forth in action or exercise; to discharge; as, to deliver a blow; to deliver a broadside, or a ball. Shaking his head and delivering some show of tears. Sidney. An uninstructed bowler . . . thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straightforward. Sir W. Scott. 5. To free from, or disburden of, young; to relieve of a child in childbirth; to bring forth; -- often with of. She was delivered safe and soon. Gower. Tully was long ere he could be delivered of a few verses, and those poor ones. Peacham. 6. To discover; to show. [Poetic] I 'll deliver Myself your loyal servant. Shak. 7. To deliberate. [Obs.] Chaucer. 8. To admit; to allow to pass. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. -- To Deliver, Give Forth, Discharge, Liberate, Pronounce, Utter. Deliver denotes, literally, to set free. Hence the term is extensively applied to cases where a thing is made to pass from a confined state to one of greater freedom or openness. Hence it may, in certain connections, be used as synonymous with any or all of the above-mentioned words, as will be seen from the following examples: One who delivers a package gives it forth; one who delivers a cargo discharges it; one who delivers a captive liberates him; one who delivers a message or a discourse utters or pronounces it; when soldiers deliver their fire, they set it free or give it forth. DELIVER De*liv"er, a. Etym: [OF. delivre free, unfettered. See Deliver, v. t.] Defn: Free; nimble; sprightly; active. [Obs.] Wonderly deliver and great of strength. Chaucer. DELIVERABLE De*liv"er*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being, or about to be, delivered; necessary to be delivered. Hale. DELIVERANCE De*liv"er*ance, n. Etym: [F. délivrance, fr. délivrer.] 1. The act of delivering or freeing from restraint, captivity, peril, and the like; rescue; as, the deliverance of a captive. He hath sent me to heal the broken-hearted, to preach deliverance to the captives. Luke iv. 18. One death or one deliverance we will share. Dryden. 2. Act of bringing forth children. [Archaic] Shak. 3. Act of speaking; utterance. [Archaic] Shak. Note: In this and in the preceding sense delivery is the word more commonly used. 4. The state of being delivered, or freed from restraint. I do desire deliverance from these officers. Shak. 5. Anything delivered or communicated; esp., an opinion or decision expressed publicly. [Scot.] 6. (Metaph.) Defn: Any fact or truth which is decisively attested or intuitively known as a psychological or philosophical datum; as, the deliverance of consciousness. DELIVERER De*liv"er*er, n. 1. One who delivers or rescues; a preserver. 2. One who relates or communicates. DELIVERESS De*liv"er*ess, n. Defn: A female de [R.] Evelyn. DELIVERLY De*liv"er*ly, adv. Defn: Actively; quickly; nimbly. [Obs.] Swim with your bodies, And carry it sweetly and deliverly. Beau. & Fl. DELIVERNESS De*liv"er*ness, n. Defn: Nimbleness; agility. [Obs.] DELIVERY De*liv"er*y, n.; pl. Deliveries (. 1. The act of delivering from restraint; rescue; release; liberation; as, the delivery of a captive from his dungeon. 2. The act of delivering up or over; surrender; transfer of the body or substance of a thing; distribution; as, the delivery of a fort, of hostages, of a criminal, of goods, of letters. 3. The act or style of utterance; manner of speaking; as, a good delivery; a clear delivery. 4. The act of giving birth; parturition; the expulsion or extraction of a fetus and its membranes. 5. The act of exerting one's strength or limbs. Neater limbs and freer delivery. Sir H. Wotton. 6. The act or manner of delivering a ball; as, the pitcher has a swift delivery. DELL Dell, n. Etym: [AS. del, akin to E. dale; cf. D. delle, del, low ground. See Dale.] 1. A small, retired valley; a ravine. In dells and dales, concealed from human sight. Tickell. 2. A young woman; a wench. [Obs.] Sweet doxies and dells. B. Jonson. DELLA CRUSCA Del"la Crus"ca. Defn: A shortened form of Academia della Crusca, an academy in Florescence, Italy, founded in the 16th century, especially for conversing the purity of the Italian language. Note: The Accademia della Crusca (literally, academy of the bran or chaff) was so called in allusion to its chief object of bolting or purifying the national language. DELLACRUSCAN Del`la*crus"can, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Accademia della Crusca in Florence. The Dellacruscan School, a name given in satire to a class of affected English writers, most of whom lived in Florence, about a. d. 1785. DELOO De"loo, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The duykerbok. DELOUL De*loul", n. Etym: [Prob. of Arabic or Bedouin origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A special breed of the dromedary used for rapid traveling; the swift camel; -- called also herire, and maharik. DELPH Delph, n. Defn: Delftware. Five nothings in five plates of delph. Swift. DELPH Delph, n. (Hydraul. Engin.) Defn: The drain on the land side of a sea embankment. Knight. DELPHIAN Del"phi*an, a. Defn: Delphic. DELPHIC Del"phic, a. Etym: [L. Delphicus, fr. Gr. Delphi, a town of Phocis, in Greece, now Kastri.] (Gr. Antiq.) 1. Of or relating to Delphi, or to the famous oracle of that place. 2. Ambiguous; mysterious. "If he is silent or delphic." New York Times. DELPHIN; DELPHINE Del"phin, Del"phine, a. Etym: [See Dauphin.] Defn: Pertaining to the dauphin of France; as, the Delphin classics, an edition of the Latin classics, prepared in the reign of Louis XIV., for the use of the dauphin (in usum Delphini). DELPHIN Del"phin, n. Etym: [L. delphinus a dolphin.] (Chem.) Defn: A fatty substance contained in the oil of the dolphin and the porpoise; -- called also phocenin. DELPHINE Del"phine, a. Etym: [L. delphinus a dolphin, Gr. Defn: Pertaining to the dolphin, a genus of fishes. DELPHINIC Del*phin"ic, a. Etym: [See Delphin, n.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the dolphin; phocenic. Delphinic acid. (Chem.) See Valeric acid, under Valeric. [Obs.] DELPHINIC Del*phin"ic, a. Etym: [From NL. Delphinium, the name of the genus.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the larkspur; specifically, relating to the stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria). DELPHININE Del"phi*nine (; 104), n. Etym: [Cf. F. delphinine.] (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous alkaloid extracted from the stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria), as a colorless amorphous powder. DELPHINOID Del"phi*noid, a. Etym: [L. delphinus a dolphin + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the dolphin. DELPHINOIDEA Del`phi*noi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of Cetacea which comprises the dolphins, porpoises, and related forms. DELPHINUS Del*phi"nus, n. Etym: [L., a dolphin, fr. Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Cetacea, including the dolphin. See Dolphin, 1. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The Dolphin, a constellation near the equator and east of Aquila. DELSARTE; DELSARTE SYSTEM Del*sarte", n., or Delsarte system. Defn: A system of calisthenics patterned on the theories of François Delsarte (1811 -- 71), a French teacher of dramatic and musical expression. DELTA Del"ta, n.; pl. Deltas. Etym: [Gr. Delta of the Nile.] Defn: A tract of land shaped like the letter delta (as, the delta of the Ganges, of the Nile, or of the Mississippi. DELTA CONNECTION Delta connection. (Elec.) Defn: One of the usual forms or methods for connecting apparatus to a three-phase circuit, the three corners of the delta or triangle, as diagrammatically represented, being connected to the three wires of the supply circuit. DELTA CURRENT Delta current. (Elec.) Defn: The current flowing through a delta connection. DELTAFICATION Del`ta*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Delta + L. facere to make.] Defn: The formation of a delta or of deltas. [R.] DELTAIC Del*ta"ic, a. Defn: Relating to, or like, a delta. DELTHYRIS Del*thy"ris, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. de`lta the name of the letter thy`ra door.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A name formerly given to certain Silurian brachiopod shells of the genus Spirifer. Delthyris limestone (Geol.), one of the divisions of the Upper Silurian rocks in New York. DELTIC Del"tic, a. Defn: Deltaic. DELTIDIUM Del*tid"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. de`lta, the letter (Zoöl.) Defn: The triangular space under the beak of many brachiopod shells. DELTOHEDRON Del`to*he"dron, n. Etym: [Gr. de`lta, the letter 'e`dra seat, base.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A solid bounded by twelve quadrilateral faces. It is a hemihedral form of the isometric system, allied to the tetrahedron. DELTOID Del"toid, a. Etym: [Gr. deltoeidh`s delta-shaped; de`lta the name of the letter ei^dos form: cf. F. deltoïde. See Delta.] Defn: Shaped like the Greek Deltoid leaf (Bot.), a leaf in the form of a triangle with the stem inserted at the middle of the base. -- Deltoid muscle (Anat.), a triangular muscle in the shoulder which serves to move the arm directly upward. DELUDABLE De*lud"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being deluded; liable to be imposed on gullible. Sir T. Browne. DELUDE De*lude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Deluding.] Etym: [L. deludere, delusum; de- + ludere to play, make sport of, mock. See Ludicrous.] 1. To lead from truth or into error; to mislead the mind or judgment of to beguile; to impose on; to dupe; to make a fool of. To delude the nation by an airy phantom. Burke. 2. To frustrate or disappoint. It deludes thy search. Dryden. Syn. -- To mislead; deceive; beguile; cajole; cheat; dupe. See Deceive. DELUDER De*lud"er, n. Defn: One who deludes; a deceiver; an impostor. DELUGE Del"uge, n. Etym: [F. déluge, L. diluvium, fr. diluere wash away; di- = dis- + luere, equiv. to lavare to wash. See Lave, and cf. Diluvium.] 1. A washing away; an overflowing of the land by water; an inundation; a flood; specifically, The Deluge, the great flood in the days of Noah (Gen. vii.). 2. Fig.: Anything which overwhelms, or causes great destruction. "The deluge of summer." Lowell. A fiery deluge fed With ever-burning sulphur unconsumed. Milton. As I grub up some quaint old fragment of a [London] street, or a house, or a shop, or tomb or burial ground, which has still survived in the deluge. F. Harrison. After me the deluge. (Aprés moi le déluge.) Madame de Pompadour. DELUGE Del"uge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deluged; p. pr. & vb. n. Deluging.] 1. To overflow with water; to inundate; to overwhelm. The deluged earth would useless grow. Blackmore. 2. To overwhelm, as with a deluge; to cover; to overspread; to overpower; to submerge; to destroy; as, the northern nations deluged the Roman empire with their armies; the land is deluged with woe. At length corruption, like a general fldeluge all. Pope. DELUNDUNG De*lun"dung, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An East Indian carnivorous mammal (Prionodon gracilis), resembling the civets, but without scent pouches. It is handsomely spotted. DELUSION De*lu"sion n. Etym: [L. delusio, fr. deludere. See Delude.] 1. The act of deluding; deception; a misleading of the mind. Pope. 2. The state of being deluded or misled. 3. That which is falsely or delusively believed or propagated; false belief; error in belief. And fondly mourned the dear delusion gone. Prior. Syn. -- Delusion, Illusion. These words both imply some deception practiced upon the mind. Delusion is deception from want of knowledge; illusion is deception from morbid imagination. An illusion is a false show, a mere cheat on the fancy or senses. It is, in other words, some idea or image presented to the bodily or mental vision which does not exist in reality. A delusion is a false judgment, usually affecting the real concerns of life. Or, in other words, it is an erroneous view of something which exists indeed, but has by no means the qualities or attributes ascribed to it. Thus we speak of the illusions of fancy, the illusions of hope, illusive prospects, illusive appearances, etc. In like manner, we speak of the delusions of stockjobbing, the delusions of honorable men, delusive appearances in trade, of being deluded by a seeming excellence. "A fanatic, either religious or political, is the subject of strong delusions; while the term illusion is applied solely to the visions of an uncontrolled imagination, the chimerical ideas of one blinded by hope, passion, or credulity, or lastly, to spectral and other ocular deceptions, to which the word delusion is never applied." Whately. DELUSIONAL De*lu"sion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to delusions; as, delusional monomania. DELUSIVE De*lu"sive, a. Etym: [See Delude.] Defn: Apt or fitted to delude; tending to mislead the mind; deceptive; beguiling; delusory; as, delusive arts; a delusive dream. Delusive and unsubstantial ideas. Whewell. -- De*lu"sive*ly, adv. -- De*lu"sive*ness, n. DELUSORY De*lu"so*ry a. Defn: Delusive; fallacious. Glanvill. DELVE Delve v. t. [imp. & p. p. Delved; p. pr. & vb. n. Delving.] Etym: [AS. delfan to dig; akin to OS. bidelban to bury, D. delven to dig, MHG. telben, and possibly to E. dale. Cf. Delf a mine.] 1. To dig; to open (the ground) as with a spade. Delve of convenient depth your thrashing flooDryden. 2. To dig into; to penetrate; to trace out; to fathom. I can not delve him to the root. Shak. DELVE Delve, v. i. Defn: To dig or labor with a spade, or as with a spade; to labor as a drudge. Delve may I not: I shame to beg. Wyclif (Luke xvi. 3). DELVE Delve, n. Etym: [See Delve, v. t., and cf. Delf a mine.] Defn: A place dug; a pit; a ditch; a den; a cave. Which to that shady delve him brought at last The very tigers from their delves Look out. Moore. DELVER Delv"er, n. Defn: One who digs, as with a spade. DEMAGNETIZE De*mag"net*ize, v. t. 1. To deprive of magnetic properties. See Magnetize. If the bar be rapidly magnetized and demagnetized. A. Cyc. 2. To free from mesmeric influence; to demesmerize. -- De*mag`net*i*za"tion, n. -- De*mag"net*i`zer, n. DEMAGOG Dem"a*gog, n. Defn: Demagogue. DEMAGOGIC; DEMAGOGICAL Dem`a*gog"ic, Dem`a*gog"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. démagogique.] Defn: Relating to, or like, a demagogue; factious. DEMAGOGISM Dem"a*gog*ism, n. Defn: The practices of a demagogue. DEMAGOGUE Dem"a*gogue, n. Etym: [Gr. act: cf. F. démagogue.] Defn: A leader of the rabble; one who attempts to control the multitude by specious or deceitful arts; an unprincipled and factious mob orator or political leader. DEMAGOGY Dem"a*gog`y, n. Etym: [Cf. F. démagogie, Gr. Defn: Demagogism. DEMAIN De*main", n. Etym: [See Demesne.] 1. Rule; management. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Law) Defn: See Demesne. DEMAND De*mand", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Demanding.] Etym: [F. demander, LL. demandare to demand, summon, send word, fr. L. demandare to give in charge, intrust; de- + mandare to commit to one's charge, commission, order, command. Cf. Mandate, Commend.] 1. To ask or call for with authority; to claim or seek from, as by authority or right; to claim, as something due; to call for urgently or peremptorily; as, to demand a debt; to demand obedience. This, in our foresaid holy father's name, Pope Innocent, I do demand of thee. Shak. 2. To inquire authoritatively or earnestly; to ask, esp. in a peremptory manner; to question. I did demand what news from Shrewsbury. Shak. 3. To require as necessary or useful; to be in urgent need of; hence, to call for; as, the case demands care. 4. (Law) Defn: To call into court; to summon. Burrill. DEMAND De*mand", v. i. Defn: To make a demand; to inquire. The soldiers likewise demanded of him, saying, And what shall we do Luke iii. 14. DEMAND De*mand", n. Etym: [F. demande, fr. demander. See Demand, v. t.] 1. The act of demanding; an asking with authority; a peremptory urging of a claim; a claiming or challenging as due; requisition; as, the demand of a creditor; a note payable on demand. The demand [is] by the word of the holy ones. Dan. iv. 17. He that has confidence to turn his wishes into demands will be but a little way from thinking he ought to obtain them. Locke. 2. Earnest inquiry; question; query. Shak. 3. A diligent seeking or search; manifested want; desire to posses; request; as, a demand for certain goods; a person's company is in great demand. In 1678 came forth a second edition [Pilgrim's Progress] with additions; and the demand became immense. Macaulay. 4. That which one demands or has a right to demand; thing claimed as due; claim; as, demands on an estate. 5. (Law) (a) The asking or seeking for what is due or claimed as due. (b) The right or title in virtue of which anything may be claimed; as, to hold a demand against a person. (c) A thing or amount claimed to be due. DEMANDABLE De*mand"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be demanded or claimed. "All sums demandable." Bacon. DEMANDANT De*mand"ant n. Etym: [F. demandant, p. pr. of demander.] Defn: One who demands; the plaintiff in a real action; any plaintiff. DEMANDER De*mand"er, n. Defn: One who demands. DEMANDRESS De*mand"ress, n. Defn: A woman who demands. DEMANTOID De*man"toid, n. Etym: [G. demant diamond + -oid.] (Min.) Defn: A yellow-green, transparent variety of garnet found in the Urals. It is valued as a gem because of its brilliancy of luster, whence the name. DEMARCATE De*mar"cate, v. t. Etym: [See Demarcation.] Defn: To mark by bounds; to set the limits of; to separate; to discriminate. Wilkinson. DEMARCATION De`mar*ca"tion, n. Etym: [F. démarcation; pref. dé- (L. de) + marquer to mark, of German origin. See Mark.] Defn: The act of marking, or of ascertaining and setting a limit; separation; distinction. The speculative line of demarcation, where obedience ought to end and resistance must begin, is faint, obscure, and not easily definable. Burke. DEMARCH De*march", n. Etym: [F. démarche. See March, n.] Defn: March; walk; gait. [Obs.] DEMARCH De*march, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A chief or ruler of a deme or district in Greece. DEMARKATION De`mar*ka"tion, n. Defn: Same as Demarcation. DEMATERIALIZE De`ma*te"ri*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To deprive of material or physical qualities or characteristics. Dematerializing matter by stripping if of everything which . . . has distinguished matter. Milman. DEME Deme, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A territorial subdivision of Attica (also of modern Greece), corresponding to a township. Jowett (Thucyd). 2. (Biol.) Defn: An undifferentiated aggregate of cells or plastids. DEMEAN De*mean", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demeaned; p. pr. & vb. n. Demeaning.] Etym: [OF. demener to conduct, guide, manage, F. se démener to struggledé- (L. de) + mener to lead, drive, carry on, conduct, fr. L. minare to drive animals by threatening cries, fr. minari to threaten. See Menace.] 1. To manage; to conduct; to treat. [Our] clergy have with violence demeaned the matter. Milton. 2. To conduct; to behave; to comport; -- followed by the reflexive pronoun. They have demeaned themselves Like men born to renown by life or death. Shak. They answered . . . that they should demean themselves according to their instructions. Clarendon. 3. To debase; to lower; to degrade; -- followed by the reflexive pronoun. Her son would demean himself by a marriage with an artist's daughter. Thackeray. Note: This sense is probably due to a false etymology which regarded the word as connected with the adjective mean. DEMEAN De*mean", n. Etym: [OF. demene. See Demean, v. t.] 1. Management; treatment. [Obs.] Vile demean and usage bad. Spenser. 2. Behavior; conduct; bearing; demeanor. [Obs.] With grave demean and solemn vanity. West. DEMEAN De*mean", n. Etym: [See Demesne.] 1. Demesne. [Obs.] 2. pl. Defn: Resources; means. [Obs.] You know How narrow our demeans are. Massinger. DEMEANANCE De*mean"ance, n. Defn: Demeanor. [Obs.] Skelton. DEMEANOR De*mean"or, n. [Written also demeanour.] Etym: [For demeanure, fr. demean. See Demean, v. t.] 1. Management; treatment; conduct. [Obs.] God commits the managing so great a trust . . . wholly to the demeanor of every grown man. Milton. 2. Behavior; deportment; carriage; bearing; mien. His demeanor was singularly pleasing. Macaulay. The men, as usual, liked her artless kindness and simple refined demeanor. Thackeray. DEMEANURE De*mean"ure, n. Defn: Behavior. [Obs.] Spenser. DEMENCY De"men*cy, n. Etym: [L. dementia, fr. demens mad. See Dement.] Defn: Dementia; loss of mental powers. See Insanity. DEMENT De*ment", v. t. Etym: [L. dementare, fr. demens, -mentis, out of one's mind, mad; de + mens mind. See Mental, and cf. Dementate.] Defn: To deprive of reason; to make mad. [R.] Bale. DEMENT De*ment", a. Etym: [L. demens, -mentis.] Defn: Demented; dementate. [R.] J. H. Newman. DEMENTATE De*men"tate, a. Etym: [L. dementatus, p. p. See Dement, v. t.] Defn: Deprived of reason. Arise, thou dementate sinner! Hammond. DEMENTATE De*men"tate v. t. Defn: To deprive of reason; to dement. [R.] Burton. DEMENTATION De`men*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of depriving of reason; madness. Whitlock. DEMENTED De*ment"ed, a. Etym: [From Dement.] Defn: Insane; mad; of unsound mind. -- De*ment"ed*ness, n. DEMENTIA De*men"ti*a, n. Etym: [L., fr. demens. See Dement.] Defn: Insanity; madness; esp. that form which consists in weakness or total loss of thought and reason; mental imbecility; idiocy. DEMEPHITIZE De*meph"i*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demephitized; p. pr. & vb. n. Demephitizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. méphitiser to infect with mephitis.] Defn: To purify from mephitic. -- De*meph`i*ti*za"tion, n. DEMERGE De*merge", v. t. Etym: [L. demergere.] Defn: To plunge down into; to sink; to immerse. [Obs.] The water in which it was demerged. Boyle. DEMERIT De*mer"it, n. Etym: [F. démérite demerit (in sense 2), OF. demerite demerit (in sense 1), fr. L. demerere to deserve well, LL., to deserve well or ill; de- + merere to deserve. See De-, and Merit.] 1. That which one merits or deserves, either of good or ill; desert. [Obs.] By many benefits and demerits whereby they obliged their adherents, [they] acquired this reputation. Holland. 2. That which deserves blame; ill desert; a fault; a vice; misconduct; -- the opposite of Ant: merit. They see no merit or demerit in any man or any action. Burke. Secure, unless forfeited by any demerit or offense. Sir W. Temple. 3. The state of one who deserves ill. DEMERIT De*mer"it, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. démériter to deserve ill. See Demerit, n.] 1. To deserve; -- said in reference to both praise and blame. [Obs.] If I have demerited any love or thanks. Udall. Executed as a traitor . . . as he well demerited. State Trials (1645). 2. To depreciate or cry down. [R.] Bp. Woolton. DEMERIT De*mer"it, v. i. Defn: To deserve praise or blame. DEMERSE De*merse", v. t. Etym: [L. demersus, p. p. of demergere. See Merge.] Defn: To immerse. [Obs.] Boyle. DEMERSED De*mersed", a. (Bot.) Defn: Situated or growing under water, as leaves; submersed. DEMERSION De*mer"sion n. Etym: [L. demersio.] 1. The act of plunging into a fluid; a drowning. 2. The state of being overwhelmed in water, or as if in water. Ray. DEMESMERIZE De*mes"mer*ize, v. t. Defn: To relieve from mesmeric influence. See Mesmerize. DEMESNE De*mesne", n. Etym: [OE. demeine, demain, rule, demesne, OF. demeine, demaine, demeigne, domaine, power, F. domaine domain, fr. L. dominium property, right of ownership, fr. dominus master, proprietor, owner. See Dame, and cf. DEmain, Domain, Danger, Dungeon.] (Law) Defn: A lord's chief manor place, with that part of the lands belonging thereto which has not been granted out in tenancy; a house, and the land adjoining, kept for the proprietor's own use. [Written also demain.] Wharton's Law Dict. Burrill. Ancient demesne. (Eng. Law) See under Ancient. DEMESNIAL De*mesn"i*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a demesne; of the nature of a demesne. DEMI- Dem"i-. Etym: [F. demi-, fr. L. dimidius half; di- = dis- + medius middle. See Medium, and cf. Demy, Dimidiate.] Defn: A prefix, signifying half. DEMI De*mi", n. Defn: See Demy, n. DEMIBASTION Dem"i*bas"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. demi-bastion.] (Fort.) Defn: A half bastion, or that part of a bastion consisting of one face and one flank. DEMIBRIGADE Dem"i*bri*gade", n. Etym: [Cf. F. demi-brigade.] Defn: A half brigade. DEMICADENCE Dem"i*ca`dence n. (Mus.) Defn: An imperfect or half cadence, falling on the dominant instead of on the key note. DEMICANNON Dem"i*can"non, n. (Mil. Antiq.) Defn: A kind of ordnance, carrying a ball weighing from thirty to thirty-six pounds. Shak. DEMICIRCLE Dem"i*cir`cle, n. Etym: [Cf. F. demi-cercle.] Defn: An instrument for measuring angles, in surveying, etc. It resembles DEMICULVERIN Dem"i*cul"ver*in, n. (Mil. Antiq.) Defn: A kind of ordnance, carrying a ball weighing from nine to thirteen pounds. DEMIDEIFY Dem"i*de"i*fy v. t. Defn: To deify in part. Cowper. DEMIDEVIL Dem"i*dev`il, n. Defn: A half devil. Shak. DEMIGOD Dem"i*god, n. Defn: A half god, or an inferior deity; a fabulous hero, the offspring of a deity and a mortal. DEMIGODDESS Dem"i*god`dess, n. Defn: A female demigod. DEMIGORGE Dem"i*gorge`, n. Etym: [Cf. F. demi-gorge.] (Fort.) Defn: Half the gorge, or entrance into a bastion, taken from the angle of the flank to the center of the bastion. DEMIGRATE Dem"i*grate, v. i. Etym: [L. demigrare, demigratum, to emigrate. See De-, and Migrate.] Defn: To emigrate. [Obs.] Cockeram. DEMIGRATION Dem`i*gra"tion n. Etym: [L. demigratio.] Defn: Emigration. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DEMIGROAT Dem"i*groat`, n. Defn: A half groat. DEMI-ISLAND Dem"i-is`land, n. Defn: Peninsula. [Obs.] Knolles. DEMIJOHN Dem"i*john, n. Etym: [F. dame-jeanne, i. e., Lady Jane, a corruption of Ar. damajana, damjana, prob. fr. Damaghan a town in the Persian province of Khorassan, one famous for its glass works.] Defn: A glass vessel or bottle with a large body and small neck, inclosed in wickerwork. DEMILANCE Dem"i*lance`, n. Defn: A light lance; a short spear; a half pike; also, a demilancer. DEMILANCER Dem"i*lan`cer, n. Defn: A soldier of light cavalry of the 16th century, who carried a demilance. DEMILUNE Dem"i*lune`, n. Etym: [F. demi-lune.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A work constructed beyond the main ditch of a fortress, and in front of the curtain between two bastions, intended to defend the curtain; a ravelin. See Ravelin. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: A crescentic mass of granular protoplasm present in the salivary glands. Note: Each crescent is made of polyhedral cells which under some circumstances are supposed to give rise to new salivary cells. DEMIMAN Dem"i*man`, n. Defn: A half man. [R.] Knolles. DEMIMONDE Dem`i*monde", n. Etym: [F.; demi + monde world, L. mundus.] Defn: Persons of doubtful reputation; esp., women who are kept as mistresses, though not public prostitutes; demireps. Literary demimonde, writers of the lowest kind. DEMINATURED Dem"i*na"tured, a. Defn: Having half the nature of another. [R.] Shak. DEMIQUAVER Dem"i*qua`ver, n. (Mus.) Defn: A note of half the length of the quaver; a semiquaver. [R.] DEMIRELIEF; DEMIRELIEVO Dem`i*re*lief", Dem`i*re*lie"vo, n. Defn: Half relief. See Demi-rilievo. DEMIREP Dem"i*rep`, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. demi-reputation.] Defn: A woman of doubtful reputation or suspected character; an adventuress. [Colloq.] De Quincey. DEMI-RILIEVO Dem"i-ri*lie"vo, n. Etym: [Pref. demi- + It. rilievo.] (Fine Arts) (a) Half relief; sculpture in relief of which the figures project from the background by one half their full roundness. (b) A work of sculpture of the above character. See Alto-rilievo. DEMISABILITY De*mis`a*bil"i*ty, n. (Law) Defn: The state of being demisable. DEMISABLE De*mis"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Demise.] (Law) Defn: Capable of being leased; as, a demisable estate. DEMISE De*mise", n. Etym: [F. démettre, p. p. démis, démise, to put away, lay down; pref. dé- (L. de or dis-) + mettre to put, place, lay, fr. L. mittere to send. See Mission, and cf. Dismiss, Demit.] 1. Transmission by formal act or conveyance to an heir or successor; transference; especially, the transfer or transmission of the crown or royal authority to a successor. 2. The decease of a royal or princely person; hence, also, the death of any illustrious person. After the demise of the Queen [of George II.], in 1737, they [drawing-rooms] were held but twice a week. P. Cunningham. 3. (Law) Defn: The conveyance or transfer of an estate, either in fee for life or for years, most commonly the latter. Bouvier. Note: The demise of the crown is a transfer of the crown, royal authority, or kingdom, to a successor. Thus, when Edward IV. was driven from his throne for a few months by the house of Lancaster, this temporary transfer of his dignity was called a demise. Thus the natural death of a king or queen came to be denominated a demise, as by that event the crown is transferred to a successor. Blackstone. Demise and redemise, a conveyance where there are mutual leases made from one to another of the same land, or something out of it. Syn. -- Death; decease; departure. See Death. DEMISE De*mise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demised; p. pr. & vb. n. Demising.] 1. To transfer or transmit by succession or inheritance; to grant or bestow by will; to bequeath. "Power to demise my lands." Swift. What honor Canst thou demise to any child of mine Shak. 2. To convey; to give. [R.] His soul is at his conception demised to him. Hammond. 3. (Law) Defn: To convey, as an estate, be lease; to lease. DEMISEMIQUAVER Dem`i*sem"i*qua`ver, (Mus.) Defn: A short note, equal in time to the half of a semiquaver, or the thirty-second part of a whole note. DEMISS De*miss", a. Etym: [L. demissus, p. p. of demittere.] Defn: Cast down; humble; submissive. [Obs.] He down descended like a most demiss And abject thrall. Spenser. DEMISSION De*mis"sion, n. Etym: [L. demissio, fr. demittere. See Demit.] 1. The act of demitting, or the state of being demitted; a letting down; a lowering; dejection. "Demission of mind." Hammond. Demission of sovereign authority. L'Estrange. 2. Resignation of an office. [Scot.] DEMISSIONARY De*mis"sion*a*ry, a. 1. Pertaining to transfer or conveyance; as, a demissionary deed. 2. Tending to lower, depress, or degrade. DEMISSIVE De*miss"ive, a. Etym: [See Demiss.] Defn: Downcast; submissive; humble. [R.] They pray with demissive eyelids. Lord (1630). DEMISSLY De*miss"ly, adv. Defn: In a humble manner. [Obs.] DEMISUIT Dem"i*suit`, n. (Mil. Antiq.) Defn: A suit of light armor covering less than the whole body, as having no protection for the legs below the things, no vizor to the helmet, and the like. DEMIT De*mit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Demitting.] Etym: [L. demittere to send or bring down, to lower; de- + mittere to send. Cf. Demise.] 1. To let fall; to depress. [R.] They [peacocks] demit and let fall the same [i. e., their train]. Sir T. Browne. 2. To yield or submit; to humble; to lower; as, to demit one's self to humble duties. [R.] 3. To lay down, as an office; to resign. [Scot.] General Conway demitted his office. Hume. DEMI-TASSE De*mi"-tasse", n. [F., half cup.] Defn: A small cup for, or of, black coffee. DEMITINT Dem"i*tint`, n. (Fine Arts) (a) That part of a painting, engraving, or the like, which is neither in full darkness nor full light. (b) The shade itself; neither the darkest nor the lightest in a composition. Also called half tint. DEMITONE Dem"i*tone`, n. (Mus.) Defn: Semitone. [R.] DEMIURGE Dem"i*urge, n. Etym: [Gr. dhmioyrgo`s a worker for the people, a workman, especially the marker of the world, the Creator; dh`mios belonging to the people (fr. dh^mos the people) + 'e`rgon a work.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: The chief magistrate in some of the Greek states. 2. God, as the Maker of the world. 3. According to the Gnostics, an agent or one employed by the Supreme Being to create the material universe and man. DEMIURGIC Dem`i*ur"gic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to a demiurge; formative; creative. "Demiurgic power." De Quincey. DEMIVILL Dem"i*vill`, n. (Old Law) Defn: A half-vill, consisting of five freemen or frankpledges. Blackstone. DEMIVOLT Dem"i*volt`, n. Etym: [Cf. F. demi-volte.] (Man.) Defn: A half vault; one of the seven artificial motions of a horse, in which he raises his fore legs in a particular manner. DEMIWOLF Dem"i*wolf`, n. Defn: A half wolf; a mongrel dog, between a dog and a wolf. DEMOBILIZATION De*mob`i*li*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. démobilisation. See Mobilization.] (Mil.) Defn: The disorganization or disarming of troops which have previously been mobilized or called into active service; the change from a war footing to a peace footing. DEMOBILIZE De*mob"i*lize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. démobiliser.] (Mil.) Defn: To disorganize, or disband and send home, as troops which have been mobilized. DEMOCRACY De*moc"ra*cy, n.; pl. Democracies. Etym: [F. démocratie, fr. Gr. dhmokrati`a; dh^mos the people + kratei^n to be strong, to rule, kra`tos strength.] 1. Government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is retained and directly exercised by the people. 2. Government by popular representation; a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but is indirectly exercised through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed; a constitutional representative government; a republic. 3. Collectively, the people, regarded as the source of government. Milton. 4. The principles and policy of the Democratic party, so called. [U.S.] DEMOCRAT Dem"o*crat, n. Etym: [Cf. F. démocrate.] 1. One who is an adherent or advocate of democracy, or government by the people. Whatever they call him, what care I, Aristocrat, democrat, autocrat. Tennyson. 2. A member of the Democratic party. [U.S.] DEMOCRATIC Dem`o*crat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. démocratique.] 1. Pertaining to democracy; favoring democracy, or constructed upon the principle of government by the people. 2. Relating to a political party so called. 3. Befitting the common people; -- opposed to aristocratic. The Democratic party, the name of one of the chief political parties in the United States. DEMOCRATICAL Dem`o*crat"ic*al, a. Defn: Democratic. The democratical was democratically received. Algernon Sidney. DEMOCRATICALLY Dem`o*crat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a democratic manner. DEMOCRATISM De*moc"ra*tism, n. Defn: The principles or spirit of a democracy. [R.] DEMOCRATIST De*moc"ra*tist, n. Defn: A democrat. [R.] Burke. DEMOCRATIZE De*moc"ra*tize v. t. Defn: To render democratic. DEMOCRATY De*moc"ra*ty, n. Defn: Democracy. [Obs.] Milton. DEMOGORGON De`mo*gor"gon, n. Etym: [First me the scholiast, gorgo`s fierce, Defn: , A mysterious, terrible, and evil divinity, regarded by some as the author of creation, by others as a great magician who was supposed to command the spirits of the lower world. See Gorgon. Orcus and Ades, and the dreaded name Of Demogorgon. Milton. DEMOGRAPHY De*mog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: The study of races, as to births, marriages, mortality, health, etc. -- Dem`o*graph"ic, a. DEMOISELLE De`moi`selle", n. Etym: [F. See Damsel.] 1. A young lady; a damsel; a lady's maid. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Numidian crane (Antropoides virgo); -- so called on account of the grace and symmetry of its form and movements. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A beautiful, small dragon fly of the genus Agrion. DEMOLISH De*mol"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demolished; p. pr. & vb. n. Demolishing.] Etym: [F. démolir, fr. L. demoliri, p. p. demolitus; de- + moliri to set a thing in motion, to work, construct, from moles a huge mass or structure. See Mole a mound, and Finish.] Defn: To throw or pull down; to raze; to destroy the fabric of; to pull to pieces; to ruin; as, to demolish an edifice, or a wall. I expected the fabric of my book would long since have been demolished, and laid even with the ground. Tillotson. Syn. -- To Demolish, Overturn, Destroy, Dismantle, Raze. That is overturned or overthrown which had stood upright; that is destroyed whose component parts are scattered; that is demolished which had formed a mass or structure; that is dismantled which is stripped of its covering, as a vessel of its sails, or a fortress of its bastions, etc.; that is razed which is brought down smooth, and level to the ground. An ancient pillar is overturned or overthrown as the result of decay; as city is destroyed by an invasion of its enemies; a monument, the walls of a castle, a church, or any structure, real or imaginary, may be demolished; a fortress may be dismantled from motives of prudence, in order to render it defenseless; a city may be razed by way of punishment, and its ruins become a memorial of vengeance. DEMOLISHER De*mol"ish`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, demolishes; as, a demolisher of towns. DEMOLISHMENT De*mol"ish*ment, n. Defn: Demolition. DEMOLITION Dem`o*li"tion, n. Etym: [L. demolitio, fr. demoliri: cf. F. démolition. See Demolish.] Defn: The act of overthrowing, pulling down, or destroying a pile or structure; destruction by violence; utter overthrow; -- opposed to construction; as, the demolition of a house, of military works, of a town, or of hopes. DEMOLITIONIST Dem`o*li"tion*ist, n. Defn: A demolisher. [R.] Carlyle. DEMON De"mon, n. Etym: [F. démon, L. daemon a spirit, an evil spirit, fr. Gr. 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A spirit, or immaterial being, holding a middle place between men and deities in pagan mythology. The demon kind is of an inSydenham. 2. One's genius; a tutelary spirit or internal voice; as, the demon of Socrates. [Often written dæmon.] 3. An evil spirit; a devil. That same demon that hath gulled thee thus. Shak. DEMONESS De"mon*ess, n. Defn: A female demon. DEMONETIZATION De*mon`e*ti*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of demonetizing, or the condition of being demonetized. DEMONETIZE De*mon"e*tize (; see Monetary), v. t. Defn: To deprive of current value; to withdraw from use, as money. They [gold mohurs] have been completely demonetized by the [East India] Company. R. Cobden. DEMONIAC; DEMONIACAL De*mo"ni*ac, Dem`o*ni"a*cal, a. Etym: [L. daemoniacus, fr. daemon; cf. F. démoniaque. See Demon.] 1. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, a demon or evil spirit; devilish; as, a demoniac being; demoniacal practices. Sarcastic, demoniacal laughter. Thackeray. 2. Influenced or produced by a demon or evil spirit; as, demoniac or demoniacal power. "Demoniac frenzy." Milton. DEMONIAC De*mo"ni*ac, n. 1. A human being possessed by a demon or evil spirit; one whose faculties are directly controlled by a demon. The demoniac in the gospel was sometimes cast into the fire. Bates. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect of Anabaptists who maintain that the demons or devils will finally be saved. DEMONIACALLY Dem`o*ni"a*cal*ly, adv. Defn: In a demoniacal manner. DEMONIACISM Dem`o*ni"a*cism, n. Defn: The state of being demoniac, or the practices of demoniacs. DEMONIAL De*mo"ni*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a demon. [Obs.] Cudworth. DEMONIAN De*mo"ni*an, a. Defn: Relating to, or having the nature of, a demon. "Demonian spirits." Milton. DEMONIANISM De*mo"ni*an*ism, n. Defn: The state of being possessed by a demon or by demons. DEMONIASM De*mo"ni*asm, n. Defn: See Demonianism. [R.] DEMONIC De*mo"nic, a. Etym: [L. daemonicus, Gr. daimoniko`s.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a demon or to demons; demoniac. "Demonic ambushes." Lowell. DEMONISM De"mon*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. démonisme.] Defn: The belief in demons or false gods. The established theology of the heathen world . . . rested upon the basis of demonism. Farmer. DEMONIST De"mon*ist, n. Defn: A believer in, or worshiper of, demons. DEMONIZE De"mon*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Demonizing.] Etym: [Cf. LL. daemonizare to be possessed by a demon, Gr. 1. To convert into a demon; to infuse the principles or fury of a demon into. 2. To control or possess by a demon. DEMONOCRACY De`mon*oc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. dai`mwn demon + kra`tos strength: cf. F. démonocratie.] Defn: The power or government of demons. A demonocracy of unclean spirits. H. Taylor. DEMONOGRAPHER De`mon*og"ra*pher, n. Etym: [Demon + -graph + -er.] Defn: A demonologist. [R.] Am. Cyc. DEMONOLATRY De`mon*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. dai`mwn demon + latrei`a worship, démonolâtrie.] Defn: The worship of demons. DEMONOLOGER De`mon*ol"o*ger, n. Defn: One versed in demonology. R. North. DEMONOLOGIC; DEMONOLOGICAL De`mon*o*log"ic, De`mon*o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. démonologique.] Defn: Of or Pertaining to demonology. DEMONOLOGIST De`mon*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who writes on, or is versed in, demonology. DEMONOLOGY De`mon*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Demon + -logy: cf. F. démonologie.] Defn: A treatise on demons; a supposititious science which treats of demons and their manifestations. Sir W. Scott. DEMONOMAGY De`mon*om"a*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. dai`mwn demon + magic.] Defn: Magic in which the aid of demons is invoked; black or infernal magic. Bp. Hurd. DEMONOMANIA De*mon`o*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Demon + mania.] Defn: A form of madness in which the patient conceives himself possessed of devils. DEMONOMIST De*mon"o*mist n. Defn: One in subjection to a demon, or to demons. [R.] Sir T. Herbert. DEMONOMY De*mon"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The dominion of demons. [R.] Sir T. Herbert. DEMONRY De"mon*ry, n. Defn: Demoniacal influence or possession. J. Baillie. DEMONSHIP De"mon*ship, n. Defn: The state of a demon. Mede. DEMONSTRABILITY De*mon`stra*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being demonstrable; demonstrableness. DEMONSTRABLE De*mon"stra*ble, a. Etym: [L. demonstrabilis: cf. OF. demonstrable, F. démontrable.] 1. Capable of being demonstrated; that can be proved beyond doubt or question. The grand articles of our belief are as demonstrable as geometry. Glanvill. 2. Proved; apparent. [Obs.] Shak. DEMONSTRABLENESS De*mon"stra*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being demonstrable; demonstrability. DEMONSTRABLY De*mon"stra*bly, adv. Defn: In a demonstrable manner; incontrovertibly; clearly. Cases that demonstrably concerned the public cause. Clarendon. DEMONSTRANCE De*mon"strance, n. Etym: [OF. demonstrance.] Defn: Demonstration; proof. [Obs.] Holland. DEMONSTRATE Dem"on*strate, v. t. Etym: [L. demonstratus, p. p. of demonstrare to demonstrate; de- + monstrare to show. See Monster.] 1. To point out; to show; to exhibit; to make evident. Shak. 2. To show, or make evident, by reasoning or proof; to prove by deduction; to establish so as to exclude the possibility of doubt or denial. We can not demonstrate these things so as to show that the contrary often involves a contradiction. Tillotson. 3. (Anat.) Defn: To exhibit and explain (a dissection or other anatomical preparation). DEMONSTRATER Dem"on*stra`ter, n. Defn: See Demonstrator. DEMONSTRATION Dem`on*stra"tion, n. Etym: [L. demonstratio: cf. F. démonstration.] 1. The act of demonstrating; an exhibition; proof; especially, proof beyond the possibility of doubt; indubitable evidence, to the senses or reason. Those intervening ideas which serve to show the agreement of any two others are called "proofs;" and where agreement or disagreement is by this means plainly and clearly perceived, it is called demonstration. Locke. 2. An expression, as of the feelings, by outward signs; a manifestation; a show. Did your letters pierce the queen to any demonstration of grief Shak. Loyal demonstrations toward the prince. Prescott. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The exhibition and explanation of a dissection or other anatomical preparation. 4. (Mil.) a decisive exhibition of force, or a movement indicating an attack. 5. (Logic) Defn: The act of proving by the syllogistic process, or the proof itself. 6. (Math.) Defn: A course of reasoning showing that a certain result is a necessary consequence of assumed premises; -- these premises being definitions, axioms, and previously established propositions. Direct, or Positive, demonstration (Logic & Math.), one in which the correct conclusion is the immediate sequence of reasoning from axiomatic or established premises; -- opposed to Indirect, or Negative, demonstration (called also reductio ad absurdum), in which the correct conclusion is an inference from the demonstration that any other hypothesis must be incorrect. DEMONSTRATIVE De*mon"stra*tive, a. Etym: [F. démonstratif, L. demonstrativus.] 1. Having the nature of demonstration; tending to demonstrate; making evident; exhibiting clearly or conclusively. "Demonstrative figures." Dryden. An argument necessary and demonstrative. Hooker. 2. Expressing, or apt to express, much; displaying feeling or sentiment; as, her nature was demonstrative. 3. Consisting of eulogy or of invective. "Demonstrative eloquence." Blair. Demonstrative pronoun (Gram.), a pronoun distinctly designating that to which it refers. DEMONSTRATIVE De*mon"stra*tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: A demonstrative pronoun; as, "this" and "that" are demonstratives. DEMONSTRATIVELY De*mon"stra*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner fitted to demonstrate; clearly; convincingly; forcibly. DEMONSTRATIVENESS De*mon"stra*tive*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being demonstrative. DEMONSTRATOR Dem"on*stra`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. démonstrateur.] 1. One who demonstrates; one who proves anything with certainty, or establishes it by indubitable evidence. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A teacher of practical anatomy. DEMONSTRATORY De*mon"stra*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to demonstrate; demonstrative. Johnson. DEMORAGE De*mor"age (; 48), n. Defn: Demurrage. [Obs.] Pepys (1663). DEMORALIZATION De*mor`al*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. démoralisation.] Defn: The act of corrupting or subverting morals. Especially: The act of corrupting or subverting discipline, courage, hope, etc., or the state of being corrupted or subverted in discipline, courage, etc.; as, the demoralization of an army or navy. DEMORALIZE De*mor"al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demoralized; p. pr. & vb. n. Demoralizing.] Etym: [F. démoraliser; pref. dé- (L. dis- or de) + moraliser. See Moralize.] Defn: To corrupt or undermine in morals; to destroy or lessen the effect of moral principles on; to render corrupt or untrustworthy in morals, in discipline, in courage, spirit, etc.; to weaken in spirit or efficiency. The demoralizing example of profligate power and prosperous crime. Walsh. The vices of the nobility had demoralized the army. Bancroft. DEMOSTHENIC Dem`os*then"ic, a. Etym: [L. Demosthenicus: cf. F. Démosthénique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or in the style of, Demosthenes, the Grecian orator. DEMOTE De*mote", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Demoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Demoting.] [Pref. de- + mote, as in promote; cf. L. demovere to remove.] Defn: To reduce to a lower grade, as in school. DEMOTIC De*mot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. démotique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the people; popular; common. Demotic alphabet or character, a form of writing used in Egypt after six or seven centuries before Christ, for books, deeds, and other such writings; a simplified form of the hieratic character; -- called also epistolographic character, and enchorial character. See Enchorial. DEMOTICS De*mot"ics, n. Defn: The department of knowledge relative to the care and culture of the people; sociology in its broadest sense; -- in library cataloguing. DEMOUNT De*mount", v. i. Defn: To dismount. [R.] DEMOUNTABLE De*mount"a*ble, [See De-; Mount.] Defn: Capable of being dismounted; -- said of a form of rim, for an automobile wheel, which can be removed with its tire from the wheel. DEMPNE Demp"ne v. t. Defn: To damn; to condemn. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEMPSTER; DEMSTER Demp"ster, Dem"ster, n. Etym: [See Deemster.] 1. A deemster. 2. (O. Scots Law) Defn: An officer whose duty it was to announce the doom or sentence pronounced by the court. DEMULCE De*mulce", v. t. Etym: [L. demulcere; de- + mulcere to stroke, soothe.] Defn: To soothe; to mollify; to pacify; to soften. [R.] Sir T. Elyot. DEMULCENT De*mul"cent, a. Etym: [L. demulcens, p. pr. of demulcere.] Defn: Softening; mollifying; soothing; assuasive; as, oil is demulcent. DEMULCENT De*mul"cent, n. (Med.) Defn: A substance, usually of a mucilaginous or oily nature, supposed to be capable of soothing an inflamed nervous membrane, or protecting i DEMULSION De*mul"sion, n. Defn: The act of soothing; that which soothes. Feltham. DEMUR De*mur", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Demurred; p. pr. & vb. n. Demurring.] Etym: [OF. demurer, demorer, demourer, to linger, stay, F. demeurer, fr. L. demorari; de- + morari to delay, tarry, stay, mora delay; prob. originally, time for thinking, reflection, and akin to memor mindful. See Memory.] 1. To linger; to stay; to tarry. [Obs.] Yet durst not demur nor abide upon the camp. Nicols. 2. To delay; to pause; to suspend proceedings or judgment in view of a doubt or difficulty; to hesitate; to put off the determination or conclusion of an affair. Upon this rub, the English embassadors thought fit to demur. Hayward. 3. To scruple or object; to take exception; as, I demur to that statement. 4. (Law) Defn: To interpose a demurrer. See Demurrer, 2. DEMUR De*mur", v. t. 1. To suspend judgment concerning; to doubt of or hesitate about. [Obs.] The latter I demur, for in their looks Much reason, and in their actions, oft appears. Milton. 2. To cause delay to; to put off. [Obs.] He demands a fee, And then demurs me with a vain delay. Quarles. DEMUR De*mur", n. Etym: [OF. demor, demore, stay, delay. See Demur, v. i.] Defn: Stop; pause; hesitation as to proceeding; suspense of decision or action; scruple. All my demurs but double his attacks; At last he whispers, "Do; and we go snacks." Pope. DEMURE De*mure", a. Etym: [Perh. from OF. de murs (i. e., de bonnes murs of good manners); de of + murs, mours, meurs, mors, F. m, fr. L. mores (sing. mos) manners, morals (see Moral); or more prob. fr. OF. meür, F. mûr mature, ripe (see Mature) in a phrase preceded by de, as de mûre conduite of mature conduct.] 1. Of sober or serious mien; composed and decorous in bearing; of modest look; staid; grave. Sober, steadfast, and demure. Milton. Nan was very much delighted in her demure way, and that delight showed itself in her face and in her clear bright eyes. W. Black. 2. Affectedly modest, decorous, or serious; making a show of gravity. A cat lay, and looked so demure, as if there had been neither life nor soul in her. L'Estrange. Miss Lizzy, I have no doubt, would be as demure and coquettish, as if ten winters more had gone over her head. Miss Mitford. DEMURE De*mure", v. i. Defn: To look demurely. [Obs.] Shak. DEMURELY De*mure"ly, adv. Defn: In a demure manner; soberly; gravely; -- now, commonly, with a mere show of gravity or modesty. They . . . looked as demurely as they could; for 't was a hanging matter to laugh unseasonably. Dryden. DEMURENESS De*mure"ness, n. Defn: The state of being demure; gravity; the show of gravity or modesty. DEMURITY De*mur"i*ty, n. Defn: Demureness; also, one who is demure. Sir T. Browne. DEMURRABLE De*mur"ra*ble, a. Defn: That may be demurred to. Stormonth. DEMURRAGE De*mur"rage, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. demorage delay. See Demur.] (Law) (a) The detention of a vessel by the freighter beyond the time allowed in her charter party for loading, unloading, or sailing. (b) The allowance made to the master or owner of the ship for such delay or detention. The claim for demurrage ceases as soon as the ship is cleared out and ready for sailing. M`Culloch. Note: The term is also applied to similar delays and allowances in land carriage, by wagons, railroads, etc. DEMURRAL De*mur"ral, n. Defn: Demur; delay in acting or deciding. The same causes of demurral existed which prevented British troops from assisting in the expulsion of the French from Rome. Southey. DEMURRER De*mur"rer, n. 1. One who demurs. 2. (Law) Defn: A stop or pause by a party to an action, for the judgment of the court on the question, whether, assuming the truth of the matter alleged by the opposite party, it is sufficient in law to sustain the action or defense, and hence whether the party resting is bound to answer or proceed further. Demurrer to evidence, an exception taken by a party to the evidence offered by the opposite party, and an objecting to proceed further, on the allegation that such evidence is not sufficient in law to maintain the issue, and a reference to the court to determine the point. Bouvier. DEMY De*my", n.; pl. Demies. Etym: [See Demi-.] 1. A printing and a writing paper of particular sizes. See under Paper. 2. A half fellow at Magdalen College, Oxford. [Written also demi.] He was elected into Magdalen College as a demy; a term by which that society denominates those elsewhere called "scholars," young men who partake of the founder's benefaction, and succeed in their order to vacant fellowships. Johnson. DEMY De*my", a. Defn: Pertaining to, or made of, the size of paper called demy; as, a demy book. DEN Den, n. Etym: [AS. denn; perh. akin to G. tenne floor, thrashing floor, and to AS. denu valley.] 1. A small cavern or hollow place in the side of a hill, or among rocks; esp., a cave used by a wild beast for shelter or concealment; as, a lion's den; a den of robbers. 2. A squalid place of resort; a wretched dwelling place; a haunt; as, a den of vice. "Those squalid dens, which are the reproach of great capitals." Addison. 3. Any snug or close retreat where one goes to be alone. [Colloq.] 4. Etym: [AS. denu.] Defn: A narrow glen; a ravine; a dell. [Old Eng. & Scotch] Shak. DEN Den, v. i. Defn: To live in, or as in, a den. The sluggish salvages that den below. G. Fletcher. DENARCOTIZE De*nar"co*tize, v. t. Defn: To deprive of narcotine; as, to denarcotize opium. -- De*nar`co*ti*za"tion, n. DENARIUS De*na"ri*us, n.; pl. Denarii. Etym: [L. See 2d Denier.] Defn: A Roman silver coin of the value of about fourteen cents; the "penny" of the New Testament; -- so called from being worth originally ten of the pieces called as. DENARY Den"a*ry, a. Etym: [L. denarius. See 2d Denier.] Defn: Containing ten; tenfold; proceeding by tens; as, the denary, or decimal, scale. DENARY Den"a*ry, n. 1. The number ten; a division into ten. 2. A coin; the Anglicized form of denarius. Udall. DENATIONALIZATION De*na`tion*al*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dénationalisation.] Defn: The or process of denationalizing. DENATIONALIZE De*na"tion*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denationalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Denationalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. dénationaliser.] Defn: To divest or deprive of national character or rights. Bonaparte's decree denationalizes, as he calls it, all ships that have touched at a British port. Cobbett. An expatriated, denationalized race. G. Eliot. DENATURALIZE De*nat"u*ral*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denaturalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Denaturalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. dénaturaliser.] 1. To render unnatural; to alienate from nature. 2. To renounce the natural rights and duties of; to deprive of citizenship; to denationalize. [R.] They also claimed the privilege, when aggrieved, of denaturalizing themselves, or, in other words, of publicly renouncing their allegiance to their sovereign, and of enlisting under the banners of his enemy. Prescott. DENATURE De*na"ture, v. t. [De- + nature.] Defn: To deprive of its natural qualities; change the nature of. DENAY De*nay", v. t. Etym: [See Deny.] Defn: To deny. [Obs.] That with great rage he stoutly doth denay. Spenser. DENAY De*nay", n. Defn: Denial; refusal. [Obs.] Shak. DENDRACHATE Den"dra*chate, n. Etym: [L. dendrachates; Gr. dendrachate, dendragate.] (Min.) Defn: Arborescent or dendritic agate. DENDRIFORM Den"dri*form, a. Etym: [Gr. -form.] Defn: Resembling in structure a tree or shrub. DENDRITE Den"drite, n. Etym: [Gr. dendrite.] (Min.) Defn: A stone or mineral on or in which are branching figures resembling shrubs or trees, produced by a foreign mineral, usually an oxide of manganese, as in the moss agate; also, a crystallized mineral having an arborescent form, e. g., gold or silver; an arborization. DENDRITIC; DENDRITICAL Den*drit"ic, Den*drit"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to a dendrite, or to arborescent crystallization; having a form resembling a shrub or tree; arborescent. DENDROCOELA Den`dro*c, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of the Turbellaria in which the digestive cavity gives off lateral branches, which are often divided into smaller branchlets. DENDROID; DENDROIDAL Den"droid, Den*droid"al, a. Etym: [Gr. dendroïde.] Defn: Resembling a shrub or tree in form; treelike. DENDROLITE Den"dro*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. dendrolithe.] (Paleon.) Defn: A petrified or fossil shrub, plant, or part of a plant. DENDROLOGIST Den*drol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in the natural history of trees. DENDROLOGOUS Den*drol"o*gous, a. Defn: Relating to dendrology. DENDROLOGY Den*drol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. dendrologie.] Defn: A discourse or treatise on trees; the natural history of trees. DENDROMETER Den*drom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. dendromètre.] Defn: An instrument to measure the height and diameter of trees. DENEGATE Den"e*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. denegatus, p. p. of denegare. See Deny.] Defn: To deny. [Obs.] DENEGATION Den`e*ga"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dénégation.] Defn: Denial. [Obs.] DENGUE Den"gue, n. Etym: [See Note, below.] (Med.) Defn: A specific epidemic disease attended with high fever, cutaneous eruption, and severe pains in the head and limbs, resembling those of rheumatism; -- called also breakbone fever. It occurs in India, Egypt, the West Indies, etc., is of short duration, and rarely fatal. Note: This disease, when it first appeared in the British West India Islands, was called the dandy fever, from the stiffness and constraint which it grave to the limbs and body. The Spaniards of the neighboring islands mistook the term for their word dengue, denoting prudery, which might also well express stiffness, and hence the term dengue became, as last, the name of the disease. Tully. DENIABLE De*ni"a*ble, a. Etym: [See Deny.] Defn: Capable of being, or liable to be, denied. DENIAL De*ni"al, n. Etym: [See Deny.] 1. The act of gainsaying, refusing, or disowning; negation; -- the contrary of affirmation. You ought to converse with so much sincerity that your bare affirmation or denial may be sufficient. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. A refusal to admit the truth of a statement, charge, imputation, etc.; assertion of the untruth of a thing stated or maintained; a contradiction. 3. A refusal to grant; rejection of a request. The commissioners, . . . to obtain from the king's subjects as much as they would willingly give, . . . had not to complain of many peremptory denials. Hallam. 4. A refusal to acknowledge; disclaimer of connection with; disavowal; -- the contrary of confession; as, the denial of a fault charged on one; a denial of God. Denial of one's self, a declining of some gratification; restraint of one's appetites or propensities; self-denial. DENIANCE De*ni"ance, n. Defn: Denial. [Obs.] E. Hall. DENIER De*ni"er, n. Defn: One who denies; as, a denier of a fact, or of the faith, or of Christ. DENIER De*nier", n. Etym: [F. denier, fr. L. denarius a Roman silver coin orig. equiv. to ten asses, later, a copper, fr. deni ten by ten, fr. the root of decem ten; akin to E. ten. See Ten, and cf. Denary, Dinar.] Defn: A small copper coin of insignificant value. My dukedom to a beggarly denier. Shak. DENIGRATE Den"i*grate, v. t. Etym: [L. denigrare; de- + nigrare to blacken, niger black.] 1. To blacken thoroughly; to make very black. Boyle. 2. Fig.: To blacken or sully; to defame. [R.] To denigrate the memory of Voltaire. Morley. DENIGRATION Den`i*gra"tion, n. Etym: [L. denigratio.] 1. The act of making black. Boyle. 2. Fig.: A blackening; defamation. The vigorous denigration of science. Morley. DENIGRATOR Den"i*gra`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, blackens. DENIM Den"im, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin.] Defn: A coarse cotton drilling used for overalls, etc. DENITRATION Den`i*tra"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. de- + nitrate.] Defn: A disengaging, or removal, of nitric acid. DENITRIFICATION De*ni`tri*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of freeing from nitrogen; also, the condition resulting from the removal of nitrogen. DENITRIFY De*ni"tri*fy, v. t. Etym: [Pref. de- + nitrogen + -fy.] Defn: To deprive of, or free from, nitrogen. DENIZATION Den`i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of making one a denizen or adopted citizen; naturalization. Hallam. DENIZE De*nize", v. t. Defn: To make a denizen; to confer the rights of citizenship upon; to naturalize. [Obs.] There was a private act made for denizing the children of Richard HillStrype. DENIZEN Den"i*zen, n. Etym: [OF. denzein, deinzein, prop., one living (a city or country); opposed to forain foreign, and fr. denz within, F. dans, fr. L. de intus, prop., from within, intus being from in in. See In, and cf. Foreign.] 1. A dweller; an inhabitant. "Denizens of air." Pope. Denizens of their own free, independent state. Sir W. Scott. 2. One who is admitted by favor to all or a part of the rights of citizenship, where he did not possess them by birth; an adopted or naturalized citizen. 3. One admitted to residence in a foreign country. Ye gods, Natives, or denizens, of blest abodes. Dryden. DENIZEN Den"i*zen, v. t. 1. To constitute (one) a denizen; to admit to residence, with certain rights and privileges. As soon as denizened, they domineer. Dryden. 2. To provide with denizens; to populate with adopted or naturalized occupants. There [islets] were at once denizened by various weeds. J. D. Hooker. DENIZENATION Den`i*zen*a"tion, n. Defn: Denization; denizening. Abbott. DENIZENIZE Den"i*zen*ize, v. t. Defn: To constitute (one) a denizen; to denizen. Abbott. DENIZENSHIP Den"i*zen*ship, n. Defn: State of being a denizen. DENMARK SATIN Den"mark sat"in. Defn: See under Satin. DENNET Den"net, n. Defn: A light, open, two-wheeled carriage for one horse; a kind of gig. ("The term and vehicle common about 1825." Latham.) DENOMINABLE De*nom"i*na*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being denominated or named. Sir T. Browne. DENOMINATE De*nom"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denominated; p. pr. & vb. n. Denominating.] Etym: [L. denominatus, p. p. of denominare to name; de- + nominare to call by name. See Nominate.] Defn: To give a name to; to characterize by an epithet; to entitle; to name; to designate. Passions commonly denominating selfish. Hume. DENOMINATE De*nom"i*nate, a. Etym: [L. denominatus, p. p.] Defn: Having a specific name or denomination; specified in the concrete as opposed to abstract; thus, 7 feet is a denominate quantity, while 7 is mere abstract quantity or number. See Compound number, under Compound. DENOMINATION De*nom`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. denominatio metonymy: cf. F. dénomination a naming.] 1. The act of naming or designating. 2. That by which anything is denominated or styled; an epithet; a name, designation, or title; especially, a general name indicating a class of like individuals; a category; as, the denomination of units, or of thousands, or of fourths, or of shillings, or of tons. Those [qualities] which are classed under the denomination of sublime. Burke. 3. A class, or society of individuals, called by the same name; a sect; as, a denomination of Christians. Syn. -- Name; appellation; title. See Name. DENOMINATIONAL De*nom`i*na"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to a denomination, especially to a sect or society. "Denominational differences." Buckle. DENOMINATIONALISM De*nom`i*na"tion*al*ism, n. Defn: A denominational or class spirit or policy; devotion to the interests of a sect or denomination. DENOMINATIONALIST De*nom`i*na"tion*al*ist, n. Defn: One imbued with a denominational spirit. The Century. DENOMINATIONALLY De*nom`i*na"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a denominational manner; by denomination or sect. DENOMINATIVE De*nom`i*na"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dénominatif.] 1. Conferring a denomination or name. 2. (Logic) Defn: Connotative; as, a denominative name. 3. Possessing, or capable of possessing, a distinct denomination or designation; denominable. The least denominative part of time is a minute. Cocker. 4. (Gram.) Defn: Derived from a substantive or an adjective; as, a denominative verb. DENOMINATIVE De*nom`i*na"tive, n. Defn: A denominative name or term; denominative verb. Jer. Taylor. Harkness. DENOMINATIVELY De*nom`i*na"tive*ly, adv. Defn: By denomination. DENOMINATOR De*nom"i*na`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dénominateur.] 1. One who, or that which, gives a name; origin or source of a name. This opinion that Aram . . . was the father and denomination of the Syrians in general. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. (Arith.) Defn: That number placed below the line in vulgar fractions which shows into how many parts the integer or unit is divided. Note: Thus, in denominator, showing that the integer is divided into five parts; and the numerator, 3, shows how many parts are taken. 3. (Alg.) Defn: That part of any expression under a fractional form which is situated below the horizontal line signifying division. Note: In this sense, the denominator is not necessarily a number, but may be any expression, either positive or negative, real or imaginary. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ) DENOTABLE De*not"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Denote.] Defn: Capable of being denoted or marked. Sir T. Browne. DENOTATE De*no"tate, v. t. Etym: [L. denotatus, p. p. of denotare.] Defn: To mark off; to denote. [Archaic] These terms denotate a longer time. Burton. What things should be denotated and signified by the color. Urquhart. DENOTATION De`no*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. denotatio: cf. F. dénotation.] Defn: The marking off or separation of anything. Hammond. DENOTATIVE De*not"a*tive, a. Defn: Having power to denote; designating or marking off. Proper names are preëminently denotative; telling us that such as object has such a term to denote it, but telling us nothing as to any single attribute. Latham. DENOTE De*note", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Denoting.] Etym: [L. denotare; de- + notare to mark, nota mark, sign, note: cf. F. dénoter. See Note.] 1. To mark out plainly; to signify by a visible sign; to serve as the sign or name of; to indicate; to point out; as, the hands of the clock denote the hour. The better to denote her to the doctor. Shak. 2. To be the sign of; to betoken; to signify; to mean. A general expression to denote wickedness of every sort. Gilpin. DENOTEMENT De*note"ment, n. Defn: Sign; indication. [R.] Note: A word found in some editions of Shakespeare. DENOTIVE De*not"ive, a. Defn: Serving to denote. DENOUEMENT Dé`noue`ment", n. Etym: [F. dénouement, fr. dénouer to untie; pref. dé- (L. dis-) + nouer to tie, fr. L. nodus knot, perh. for gnodus and akin to E. knot.] 1. The unraveling or discovery of a plot; the catastrophe, especially of a drama or a romance. 2. The solution of a mystery; issue; outcome. DENOUNCE De*nounce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denounced; p. pr. & vb. n. Denouncing.] Etym: [F. dénoncer, OF. denoncier, fr. L. denuntiare, denunciare; de- + nunciare, nuntiare, to announce, report, nuntius a messenger, message. See Nuncio, and cf. Denunciate.] 1. To make known in a solemn or official manner; to declare; to proclaim (especially an evil). [Obs.] Denouncing wrath to come. Milton. I denounce unto you this day, that ye shall surely perish. Deut. xxx. 18. 2. To proclaim in a threatening manner; to threaten by some outward sign or expression. His look denounced desperate. Milton. 3. To point out as deserving of reprehension or punishment, etc.; to accuse in a threatening manner; to invoke censure upon; to stigmatize. Denounced for a heretic. Sir T. More. To denounce the immoralities of Julius Cæsar. Brougham. DENOUNCEMENT De*nounce"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. denoncement.] Defn: Solemn, official, or menacing announcement; denunciation. [Archaic] False is the reply of Cain, upon the denouncement of his curse. Sir T. Browne. DENOUNCER De*noun"cer n. Defn: One who denounces, or declares, as a menace. Here comes the sad denouncer of my fate. Dryden. DENSE Dense, a. Etym: [L. densus; akin to Gr. dense.] 1. Having the constituent parts massed or crowded together; close; compact; thick; containing much matter in a small space; heavy; opaque; as, a dense crowd; a dense forest; a dense fog. All sorts of bodies, firm and fluid, dense and rare. Ray. To replace the cloudy barrier dense. Cowper. 2. Stupid; gross; crass; as, dense ignorance. DENSELY Dense"ly, adv. Defn: In a dense, compact manner. DENSENESS Dense"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being dense; density. DENSIMETER Den*sim"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. densus dense + -meter: cf. F. densimètre.] Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity or density of a substance. DENSITY Den"si*ty, n. Etym: [L. densitas; cf. F. densité.] 1. The quality of being dense, close, or thick; compactness; -- opposed to rarity. 2. (Physics) Defn: The ratio of mass, or quantity of matter, to bulk or volume, esp. as compared with the mass and volume of a portion of some substance used as a standard. Note: For gases the standard substance is hydrogen, at a temperature of 0º Centigrade and a pressure of 760 millimeters. For liquids and solids the standard is water at a temperature of 4º Centigrade. The density of solids and liquids is usually called specific gravity, and the same is true of gases when referred to air as a standard. 3. (Photog.) Defn: Depth of shade. Abney. DENT Dent, n. Etym: [A variant of Dint.] 1. A stroke; a blow. [Obs.] "That dent of thunder." Chaucer. 2. A slight depression, or small notch or hollow, made by a blow or by pressure; an indentation. A blow that would have made a dent in a pound of butter. De Quincey. DENT Dent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dented; p. pr. & vb. n. Denting.] Defn: To make a dent upon; to indent. The houses dented with bullets. Macaulay. DENT Dent, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. dens, dentis, tooth. See Tooth.] (Mach.) Defn: A tooth, as of a card, a gear wheel, etc. Knight. DENTAL Den"tal, a. Etym: [L. dens, dentis, tooth: cf. F. dental. See Tooth.] 1. Of or pertaining to the teeth or to dentistry; as, dental surgery. 2. (Phon.) Defn: Formed by the aid of the teeth; -- said of certain articulations and the letters representing them; as, d t are dental letters. Dental formula (Zoöl.), a brief notation used by zoölogists to denote the number and kind of teeth of a mammal. -- Dental surgeon, a dentist. DENTAL Den"tal, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dentale. See Dental, a.] 1. An articulation or letter formed by the aid of the teeth. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine mollusk of the genus Dentalium, with a curved conical shell resembling a tooth. See Dentalium. DENTALISM Den"tal*ism, n. Defn: The quality of being formed by the aid of the teeth. DENTALIUM Den*ta"li*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. dens, dentis, tooth.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine mollusks belonging to the Scaphopoda, having a tubular conical shell. DENTARY Den"ta*ry, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or bearing, teeth. -- n. Defn: The distal bone of the lower jaw in many animals, which may or may not bear teeth. DENTATE; DENTATED Den"tate, Den"ta*ted, a. Etym: [L. dentatus, fr. dens, dentis, tooth.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Toothed; especially, with the teeth projecting straight out, not pointed either forward or backward; as, a dentate leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having teeth or toothlike points. See Illust. of Antennæ. DENTATE-CILIATE Den"tate-cil"i*ate, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the margin dentate and also ciliate or fringed with hairs. DENTATELY Den"tate*ly, adv. Defn: In a dentate or toothed manner; as, dentately ciliated, etc. DENTATE-SINUATE Den"tate-sin"u*ate, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a form intermediate between dentate and sinuate. DENTATION Den*ta"tion, n. Defn: Formation of teeth; toothed form. [R.] How did it [a bill] get its barb, its dentation Paley. DENTED Dent"ed, a. Etym: [From Dent, v. t.] Defn: Indented; impressed with little hollows. DENTEL Dent"el, n. Defn: Same as Dentil. DENTELLE Den*telle", n. Etym: [F.] (Bookbinding) Defn: An ornamental tooling like lace. Knight. DENTELLI Den*tel"li, n. pl. Etym: [It., sing. dentello, prop., little tooth, dim. of dente tooth, L. dens, dentis. Cf. Dentil.] Defn: Modillions. Spectator. DENTEX Den"tex, n. Etym: [NL., cf. L. dentix a sort of sea fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An edible European marine fish (Sparus dentex, or Dentex vulgaris) of the family Percidæ. DENTICETE Den`ti*ce"te, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. dens, dentis, tooth + cetus, pl. cete, whale, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of Cetacea in which the teeth are developed, including the sperm whale, dolphins, etc. DENTICLE Den"ti*cle, n. Etym: [L. denticulus a little tooth, dim. of dens, dentis, tooth. See Dental, and cf. Dentelli.] Defn: A small tooth or projecting point. DENTICULATE; DENTICULATED Den*tic"u*late, Den*tic"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. denticulatus, fr. denticulus. See Denticle.] Defn: Furnished with denticles; notched into little toothlike projections; as, a denticulate leaf of calyx. -- Den*tic"u*late*ly, adv. DENTICULATION Den*tic`u*la"tion, n. 1. The state of being set with small notches or teeth. Grew. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: A diminutive tooth; a denticle. DENTIFEROUS Den*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. dens, dentis, tooth + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing teeth; dentigerous. DENTIFORM Den"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. dens, dentis, tooth + -form: cf. F. dentiforme.] Defn: Having the form of a tooth or of teeth; tooth-shaped. DENTIFRICE Den"ti*frice, n. Etym: [L. dentifricium; dens, dentis, tooth + fricare to rub: cf. F. dentifrice. See Tooth, and Friction.] Defn: A powder or other substance to be used in cleaning the teeth; tooth powder. DENTIGEROUS Den*tig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. dens, dentis, tooth + -gerous.] Defn: Bearing teeth or toothlike structures. DENTIL Den"til, n. Etym: [LL. dentillus, for L. denticulus. Cf. Dentelli, Denticle, Dentile.] (Arch.) Defn: A small square block or projection in cornices, a number of which are ranged in an ornamental band; -- used particularly in the Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite orders. DENTILABIAL Den`ti*la"bi*al, a. Defn: Formed by the teeth and the lips, or representing a sound so formed. -- n. Defn: A dentilabial sound or letter. DENTILATED Den"ti*la`ted, a. Defn: Toothed. DENTILATION Den`ti*la"tion, n. Defn: Dentition. DENTILAVE Den"ti*lave, n. Etym: [L. dens, dentis, tooth + lavare to wash.] Defn: A wash for cleaning the teeth. DENTILE Den"tile, n. Etym: [LL. dentillus, for L. denticulus. See Dentil.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small tooth, like that of a saw. DENTILINGUAL Den`ti*lin"gual, a. Etym: [L. dens tooth + E. lingual.] Defn: Produced by applying the tongue to the teeth or to the gums; or representing a sound so formed. -- n. Defn: A dentilingual sound or letter. The letters of this fourth, dentilingual or linguidental, class, viz., d, t, s, z, l, r. Am. Cyc. DENTILOQUIST Den*til"o*quist, n. Defn: One who speaks through the teeth, that is, with the teeth closed. DENTILOQUY Den*til"o*quy, n. Etym: [L. dens, dentis, tooth + loqui to speak.] Defn: The habit or practice of speaking through the teeth, or with them closed. DENTINAL Den"ti*nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to dentine. DENTINE Den"tine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dentine.] (Anat.) Defn: The dense calcified substance of which teeth are largely composed. It contains less animal matter than bone, and in the teeth of man is situated beneath the enamel. DENTIPHONE Den"ti*phone, n. Etym: [L. dens, dentis, tooth + Gr. Defn: An instrument which, placed against the teeth, conveys sound to the auditory nerve; an audiphone. Knight. DENTIROSTER Den`ti*ros"ter, n.; pl. Dentirostres. Etym: [NL., fr. L. dens, dentis, tooth + rostrum bill, beak: cf. F. dentirostre.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A dentirostral bird. DENTIROSTRAL Den`ti*ros"tral, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a toothed bill; -- applied to a group of passerine birds, having the bill notched, and feeding chiefly on insects, as the shrikes and vireos. See Illust. (N) under Beak. DENTIROSTRATE Den`ti*ros"trate, a. Defn: Dentirostral. DENTISCALP Den"ti*scalp, n. Etym: [L. dens tooth + scalpere to scrape.] Defn: An instrument for scraping the teeth. DENTIST Den"tist, n. Etym: [From L. dens, dentis, tooth: cf. F. dentiste. See Tooth.] Defn: One whose business it is to clean, extract, or repair natural teeth, and to make and insert artificial ones; a dental surgeon. DENTISTIC; DENTISTICAL Den*tis"tic, Den*tis"ti*cal, a. Defn: Pertaining to dentistry or to dentists. [R.] DENTISTRY Den"tist*ry, n. Defn: The art or profession of a dentist; dental surgery. DENTITION Den*ti"tion, n. Etym: [L. dentitio, fr. dentire to cut teeth, fr. dens, dentis, tooth. See Dentist.] 1. The development and cutting of teeth; teething. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The system of teeth peculiar to an animal. DENTIZE Den"tize, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Dentized; p. pr. & vb. n. Dentizing.] Etym: [L. dens, dentis, tooth.] Defn: To breed or cut new teeth. [R.] The old countess . . . did dentize twice or thrice. Bacon. DENTOID Den"toid, a. Etym: [L. dens, dentis, tooth + -oid.] Defn: Shaped like a tooth; tooth-shaped. DENTOLINGUAL Den`to*lin"gual, a. Defn: Dentilingual. DENTURE Den"ture, n. Etym: [L. dens, dentis, tooth: cf. F. denture, OF. denteure.] (Dentistry) Defn: An artificial tooth, block, or set of teeth. DENUDATE De*nud"ate, v. t. Etym: [L. denudatus, p. p. of denudare. See Denude.] Defn: To denude. [Obs. or R.] DENUDATION Den`u*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. denudatio: cf. F. dénudation.] 1. The act of stripping off covering, or removing the surface; a making bare. 2. (Geol.) Defn: The laying bare of rocks by the washing away of the overlying earth, etc.; or the excavation and removal of them by the action of running water. DENUDE De*nude", v. t. Etym: [L. denudare; de- + nudare to make naked or bare, nudus naked. See Nude.] Defn: To divest of all covering; to make bare or naked; to strip; to divest; as, to denude one of clothing, or lands. DENUNCIATE De*nun"ci*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. denuntiatus, denunciatus, p. p. of denuntiare, -ciare. See Denounce.] Defn: To denounce; to condemn publicly or solemnly. [R.] To denunciate this new work. Burke. DENUNCIATION De*nun`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. denuntiatio, -ciatio.] 1. Proclamation; announcement; a publishing. [Obs.] Public . . . denunciation of banns before marriage. Bp. Hall. 2. The act of denouncing; public menace or accusation; the act of inveighing against, stigmatizing, or publicly arraigning; arraignment. 3. That by which anything is denounced; threat of evil; public menace or accusation; arraignment. Uttering bold denunciations of ecclesiastical error. Motley. DENUNCIATIVE De*nun"ci*a*tive, a. Etym: [L. denuntiativus, -ciativus, monitory.] Defn: Same as Denunciatory. Farrar. DENUNCIATOR De*nun"ci*a`tor, n. Etym: [L. denuntiator, -ciator, a police officer.] Defn: One who denounces, publishes, or proclaims, especially intended or coming evil; one who threatens or accuses. DENUNCIATORY De*nun"ci*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Characterized by or containing a denunciation; minatory; accusing; threatening; as, severe and denunciatory language. DENUTRITION De`nu*tri"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The opposition of nutrition; the failure of nutrition causing the breaking down of tissue. DENY De*ny", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Denied; p. pr. & vb. n. Denying.] Etym: [OE. denien, denaien, OF. denier, deneer, F. dénier, fr. L. denegare; de- + negare to say no, deny. See Negation.] 1. To declare not to be true; to gainsay; to contradict; -- opposed to affirm, allow, or admit. Note: We deny what another says, or we deny the truth of an assertion, the force of it, or the assertion itself. 2. To refuse (to do something or to accept something); to reject; to decline; to renounce. [Obs.] "If you deny to dance." Shak. 3. To refuse to grant; to withhold; to refuse to gratify or yield to; as, to deny a request. Who finds not Providence all good and wise, Alike in what it gives, and what denies Pope. To some men, it is more agreeable to deny a vicious inclination, than to gratify it. J. Edwards. 4. To disclaim connection with, responsibility for, and the like; to refuse to acknowledge; to disown; to abjure; to disavow. The falsehood of denying his opinion. Bancroft. Thou thrice denied, yet thrice beloved. Keble. To deny one's self, to decline the gratification of appetites or desires; to practice self-denial. Let him deny himself, and take up his cross. Matt. xvi. 24. DENY De*ny", v. i. Defn: To answer in Then Sarah denied, saying, I laughed not; for she was afraid. Gen. xviii. 15. DENYINGLY De*ny"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of one denies a request. Tennyson. DEOBSTRUCT De`ob*struct", v. t. Defn: To remove obstructions or impediments in; to clear from anything that hinders the passage of fluids; as, to deobstruct the pores or lacteals. Arbuthnot. DEOBSTRUENT De*ob"stru*ent, a. (Med.) Defn: Removing obstructions; having power to clear or open the natural ducts of the fluids and secretions of the body; aperient. -- n. Defn: (Med.) A medicine which removes obstructions; an aperient. DEODAND De"o*dand`, n. Etym: [LL. deodandum, fr. L. Deo dandum to be given to God.] (Old Eng. Law) Defn: A personal chattel which had caused the death of a person, and for that reason was given to God, that is, forfeited to the crown, to be applied to pious uses, and distributed in alms by the high almoner. Thus, if a cart ran over a man and killed him, it was forfeited as a deodand. Note: Deodands are unknown in American law, and in 1846 were abolished in England. DEODAR De`o*dar", n. Etym: [Native name, fr. Skr. d, prop., timber of the gods.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of cedar (Cedrus Deodara), growing in India, highly valued for its size and beauty as well as for its timber, and also grown in England as an ornamental tree. DEODATE De"o*date`, n. Etym: [L. Deo to God (Deus God) + datum thing given.] Defn: A gift or offering to God. [Obs.] Wherein that blessed widow's deodate was laid up. Hooker. DEODORANT De*o"dor*ant, n. Defn: A deodorizer. DEODORIZATION De*o`dor*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of depriving of odor, especially of offensive odors resulting from impurities. DEODORIZE De*o"dor*ize, v. t. Defn: To deprive of odor, especially of such as results from impurities. DEODORIZER De*o"dor*i`zer, n. Defn: He who, or that which, deodorizes; esp., an agent that destroys offensive odors. DEONERATE De*on"er*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. deoneratus, p. p. of deonerare. See Onerate.] Defn: To unload; to disburden. [Obs.] Cockeram. DEONTOLOGICAL De*on`to*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to deontology. DEONTOLOGIST De`on*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in deontology. DEONTOLOGY De`on*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science relat J. Bentham. DEOPERCULATE De`o*per"cu*late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the lid removed; -- said of the capsules of mosses. DEOPPILATE De*op"pi*late, v. t. Defn: To free from obstructions; to clear a passage through. [Obs.] Boyle. DEOPPILATION De*op`pi*la"tion, n. Defn: Removal of whatever stops up the passages. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DEOPPILATIVE De*op"pi*la*tive, a. & n. (Med.) Defn: Deobstruent; aperient. [Obs.] Harvey. DEORDINATION De*or`di*na"tion, n. Etym: [LL. deordinatio depraved morality.] Defn: Disorder; dissoluteness. [Obs.] Excess of rideordination. Jer. Taylor. DEOSCULATE De*os"cu*late, v. t. Etym: [L. deosculatus, p. p. of deosculari. See Osculate.] Defn: To kiss warmly. [Obs.] -- De*os`cu*la"tion, n. [Obs.] DEOXIDATE De*ox"i*date, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To deoxidize. DEOXIDATION De*ox`i*da"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of reducing from the state of an oxide. DEOXIDIZATION De*ox`i*di*za"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: Deoxidation. DEOXIDIZE De*ox"i*dize, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To deprive of oxygen; to reduce from the state of an oxide. DEOXIDIZER De*ox"i*di`zer, n. (Chem.) Defn: That which removes oxygen; hence, a reducing agent; as, nascent hydrogen is a deoxidizer. DEOXYGENATE De*ox"y*gen*ate, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To deoxidize. [Obs.] DEOXYGENATION De*ox`y*gen*a"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: The act or operation of depriving of oxygen. DEOXYGENIZE De*ox"y*gen*ize, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To deoxidize. DEPAINT De*paint", p. p. Etym: [F. dépeint, p. p. of dépeindre to paint, fr. L. depingere. See Depict, p. p.] Defn: Painted. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEPAINT De*paint", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Depainting.] 1. To paint; to picture; hence, to describe; to delineate in words; to depict. [Obs.] And do unwilling worship to the saint That on his shield depainted he did see. Spenser. In few words shall see the nature of many memorable persons . . . depainted. Holland. 2. To mark with, or as with, color; to color. Silver drops her vermeil cheeks depaint. Fairfax. DEPAINTER De*paint"er n. Defn: One who depaints. [Obs.] DEPARDIEUX De*par"dieux`, interj. Etym: [OF., a corruption of de part Dieu, lit., on the part of God.] Defn: In God's name; certainly. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEPART De*part", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Departed; p. pr. & vb. n. Departing.] Etym: [OE. departen to divide, part, depart, F. départir to divide, distribute, se départir to separate one's self, depart; pref. dé- (L. de) + partir to part, depart, fr. L. partire, partiri, to divide, fr. pars part. See Part.] 1. To part; to divide; to separate. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To go forth or away; to quit, leave, or separate, as from a place or a person; to withdraw; -- opposed to arrive; -- often with from before the place, person, or thing left, and for or to before the destination. I will depart to mine own land. Num. x. 30. Ere thou from hence depart. Milton. He which hath no stomach to this fight, Let him depart. Shak. 3. To forsake; to abandon; to desist or deviate (from); not to adhere to; -- with from; as, we can not depart from our rules; to depart from a title or defense in legal pleading. If the plan of the convention be found to depart from republican principles. Madison. 4. To pass away; to perish. The glory is departed from Israel. 1 Sam. iv. 21. 5. To quit this world; to die. Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace. Luke ii. 29. To depart with, to resign; to part with. [Obs.] Shak. DEPART De*part", v. t. 1. To part thoroughly; to dispart; to divide; to separate. [Obs.] Till death departed them, this life they lead. Chaucer. 2. To divide in order to share; to apportion. [Obs.] And here is gold, and that full great plentee, That shall departed been among us three. Chaucer. 3. To leave; to depart from. "He departed this life." Addison. "Ere I depart his house." Shak. DEPART De*part", n. Etym: [Cf. F. départ, fr. départir.] 1. Division; separation, as of compound substances into their ingredients. [Obs.] The chymists have a liquor called water of depart. Bacon. 2. A going away; departure; hence, death. [Obs.] At my depart for France. Shak. Your loss and his depart. Shak. DEPARTABLE De*part"a*ble, a. Defn: Divisible. [Obs.] Bacon. DEPARTER De*part"er, n. 1. One who refines metals by separation. [Obs.] 2. One who departs. DEPARTMENT De*part"ment, n. Etym: [F. département, fr. départir. See Depart, v. i.] 1. Act of departing; departure. [Obs.] Sudden departments from one extreme to another. Wotton. 2. A part, portion, or subdivision. 3. A distinct course of life, action, study, or the like; appointed sphere or walk; province. Superior to Pope in Pope's own peculiar department of literature. Macaulay. 4. Subdivision of business or official duty; especially, one of the principal divisions of executive government; as, the treasury department; the war department; also, in a university, one of the divisions of instructions; as, the medical department; the department of physics. 5. A territorial division; a district; esp., in France, one of the districts composed of several arrondissements into which the country is divided for governmental purposes; as, the Department of the Loire. 6. A military subdivision of a country; as, the Department of the Potomac. DEPARTMENTAL De`part*men"tal, a. Defn: Pertaining to a department or division. Burke. DEPARTMENT STORE De*part"ment store. Defn: A store keeping a great variety of goods which are arranged in several departments, esp. one with dry goods as the principal stock. DEPARTURE De*par"ture, n. Etym: [From Depart.] 1. Division; separation; putting away. [Obs.] No other remedy . . . but absolute departure. Milton. 2. Separation or removal from a place; the act or process of departing or going away. Departure from this happy place. Milton. 3. Removal from the present life; death; decease. The time of my departure is at hand. 2 Tim. iv. 6. His timely departure . . . barred him from the knowledge of his son's miseries. Sir P. Sidney. 4. Deviation or abandonment, as from or of a rule or course of action, a plan, or a purpose. Any departure from a national standard. Prescott. 5. (Law) Defn: The desertion by a party to any pleading of the ground taken by him in his last antecedent pleading, and the adoption of another. Bouvier. 6. (Nav. & Surv.) Defn: The distance due east or west which a person or ship passes over in going along an oblique line. Note: Since the meridians sensibly converge, the departure in navigation is not measured from the beginning nor from the end of the ship's course, but is regarded as the total easting or westing made by the ship or person as he travels over the course. To take a departure (Nav. & Surv.), to ascertain, usually by taking bearings from a landmark, the position of a vessel at the beginning of a voyage as a point from which to begin her dead reckoning; as, the ship took her departure from Sandy Hook. Syn. -- Death; demise; release. See Death. DEPASCENT De*pas"cent, a. Etym: [L. depascens, p. pr. of depascere; de- + pascere to feed.] Defn: Feeding. [R.] DEPASTURE De*pas"ture, v. t. & i. Defn: To pasture; to feed; to graze; also, to use for pasture. [R.] Cattle, to graze and departure in his grounds. Blackstone. A right to cut wood upon or departure land. Washburn. DEPATRIATE De*pa"tri*ate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. de- + patria one's country.] Defn: To withdraw, or cause to withdraw, from one's country; to banish. [Obs.] A subject born in any state May, if he please, depatriate. Mason. DEPAUPERATE De*pau"per*ate, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Depauperated; p. pr. & vb. n. Depauperating.] Etym: [LL. depauperatus, p. p. depauperare to impoverish; L. de- + pauperare to make poor, pauper poor.] Defn: To make poor; to impoverish. Liming does not depauperate; the ground will last long, and bear large grain. Mortimer. Humility of mind which depauperates the spirit. Jer. Taylor. DEPAUPERATE De*pau"per*ate, a. Etym: [L. depauperatus, p. p.] (Bot.) Defn: Falling short of the natural size, from being impoverished or starved. Gray. DEPAUPERIZE De*pau"per*ize, v. t. Defn: To free from paupers; to rescue from poverty. [R.] DEPEACH De*peach", v. t. Etym: [L. dépêcher. See Dispatch.] Defn: To discharge. [Obs.] As soon as the party . . . before our justices shall be depeached. Hakluyt. DEPECTIBLE De*pec"ti*ble, a. Etym: [L. depectere to comb off; de- + pectere to comb.] Defn: Tough; thick; capable of extension. [Obs.] Some bodies are of a more depectible nature than oil. Bacon. DEPECULATION De*pec`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. depeculari, p. p. depeculatus, to rob. See Peculate.] Defn: A robbing or embezzlement. [Obs.] Depeculation of the public treasure. Hobbes. DEPEINCT De*peinct", v. t. Etym: [See Depaint.] Defn: To paint. [Obs.] Spenser. DEPEND De*pend", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Depended; p. pr. & vb. n. Depending.] Etym: [F. dépendre, fr. L. depend; de- + pend to hang. See Pendant.] 1. To hang down; to be sustained by being fastened or attached to something above. And ever-living lamps depend in rows. Pope. 2. To hang in suspense; to be pending; to be undetermined or undecided; as, a cause depending in court. You will not think it unnatural that those who have an object depending, which strongly engages their hopes and fears, should be somewhat inclined to superstition. Burke. 3. To rely for support; to be conditioned or contingent; to be connected with anything, as a cause of existence, or as a necessary condition; -- followed by on or upon, formerly by of. The truth of God's word dependeth not of the truth of the congregation. Tyndale. The conclusion . . . that our happiness depends little on political institutions, and much on the temper and regulation of our own minds. Macaulay. Heaven forming each on other to depend. Pope. 4. To trust; to rest with confidence; to rely; to confide; to be certain; -- with on or upon; as, we depend on the word or assurance of our friends; we depend on the mail at the usual hour. But if you 're rough, and use him like a dog, Depend upon it -- he 'll remain incog. Addison. 5. To serve; to attend; to act as a dependent or retainer. [Obs.] Shak. 6. To impend. [Obs.] Shak. DEPENDABLE De*pend"a*ble, a. Defn: Worthy of being depended on; trustworthy. "Dependable friendships." Pope. DEPENDANT; DEPENDANCE; DEPENDANCY De*pend"ant, De*pend"ance, n., De*pend"an*cy, n. Defn: See Dependent, Dependence, Dependency. Note: The forms dependant, dependance, dependancy are from the French; the forms dependent, etc., are from the Latin. Some authorities give preference to the form dependant when the word is a noun, thus distinguishing it from the adjective, usually written dependent. DEPENDENCE De*pend"ence, n. Etym: [LL. dependentia, fr. L. dependens. See Dependent, and cf. Dependance.] 1. The act or state of depending; state of being dependent; a hanging down or from; suspension from a support. 2. The state of being influenced and determined by something; subjection (as of an effect to its cause). The cause of effects, and the dependence of one thing upon another. Bp. Burnet. 3. Mutu So dark adependence or order. Sir T. More. 4. Subjection to the direction or disposal of another; inability to help or provide for one's self. Reduced to a servile dependence on their mercy. Burke. 5. A resting with confidence; reliance; trust. Affectionate dependence on the Creator is the spiritual life of the soul. T. Erskine. 6. That on which one depends or relies; as, he was her sole dependence. 7. That which depends; anything dependent or suspended; anything attached a subordinate to, or contingent on, something else. Like a large cluster of black grapes they show And make a large dependence from the bough. Dryden. 8. A matter depending, or in suspense, and still to be determined; ground of controversy or quarrel. [Obs.] To go on now with my first dependence. Beau. & Fl. DEPENDENCY De*pend"en*cy, n.; pl. Dependencies (. 1. State of being dependent; dependence; state of being subordinate; subordination; concatenation; connection; reliance; trust. Any long series of action, the parts of which have very much dependency each on the other. Sir J. Reynolds. So that they may acknowledge their dependency on the crown of England. Bacon. 2. A thing hanging down; a dependence. 3. That which is attached to something else as its consequence, subordinate, satellite, and the like. This earth and its dependencies. T. Burnet. Modes I call such complex ideas which . . . are considered as dependencies on or affections of substances. Locke. 4. A territory remote from the kingdom or state to which it belongs, but subject to its dominion; a colony; as, Great Britain has its dependencies in Asia, Africa, and America. Note: Dependence is more used in the abstract, and dependency in the concrete. The latter is usually restricted in meaning to 3 and 4. DEPENDENT De*pend"ent, a. Etym: [L. dependens, -entis, p. pr. dependere. See Depend, and cf. Dependant.] 1. Hanging down; as, a dependent bough or leaf. 2. Relying on, or subject to, something else for support; not able to exist, or sustain itself, or to perform anything, without the will, power, or aid of something else; not self-sustaining; contingent or conditioned; subordinate; -- often with on or upon; as, dependent on God; dependent upon friends. England, long dependent and degraded, was again a power of the first rank. Macaulay. Dependent covenant or contract (Law), one not binding until some connecting stipulation is performed. -- Dependent variable (Math.), a varying quantity whose changes are arbitrary, but are regarded as produced by changes in another variable, which is called the independent variable. DEPENDENT De*pend"ent, n. 1. One who depends; one who is sustained by another, or who relies on another for support of favor; a hanger-on; a retainer; as, a numerous train of dependents. A host of dependents on the court, suborned to play their part as witnesses. Hallam. 2. That which depends; corollary; consequence. With all its circumstances and dependents. Prynne. Note: See the Note under Dependant. DEPENDENTLY De*pend"ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a dependent manner. DEPENDER De*pend"er, n. Defn: One who depends; a dependent. DEPENDINGLY De*pend"ing*ly, adv. Defn: As having dependence. Hale. DEPEOPLE De*peo"ple, v. t. Defn: To depopulate. [Obs.] DEPERDIT De*per"dit, n. Etym: [LL. deperditum, fr. L. deperditus, p. p. of deperdere; de- + perdere to lose, destroy.] Defn: That which is lost or destroyed. [R.] Paley. DEPERDITELY De*per"dite*ly Defn: , adv. Hopelessly; despairingly; in the manner of one ruined; as, deperditely wicked. [Archaic] DEPERDITION Dep`er*di"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. déperdition.] Defn: Loss; destruction. [Archaic] Sir T. Browne. DEPERTIBLE De*per"ti*ble, a. Etym: [See Depart.] Defn: Divisible. [Obs.] Bacon. DEPHASE De*phase", v. t. (Elec.) Defn: To put out of phase, as two parts of a single alternating current. DEPHLEGM De*phlegm", v. t. Etym: [Pref. de- + phlegm water; cf. F. déphlegmer, déflegmer.] (O. Chem.) Defn: To rid of phlegm or water; to dephlegmate. [Obs.] Boyle. DEPHLEGMATE De*phleg"mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dephlegmated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dephlegmating.] Etym: [See Dephlegm.] (Chem.) Defn: To deprive of superabundant water, as by evaporation or distillation; to clear of aqueous matter; to rectify; -- used of spirits and acids. DEPHLEGMATION De`phleg*ma"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. déflegmation.] (Chem.) Defn: The operation of separating water from spirits and acids, by evaporation or repeated distillation; -- called also concentration, especially when acids are the subject of it. [Obs.] DEPHLEGMATOR De*phleg"ma*tor, n. Defn: An instrument or apparatus in which water is separated by evaporation or distillation; the part of a distilling apparatus in which the separation of the vapors is effected. DEPHLEGMATORY De*phleg"ma*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or producing, dephlegmation. DEPHLEGMEDNESS De*phlegm"ed*ness, n. Defn: A state of being freed from water. [Obs.] Boyle. DEPHLOGISTICCATE De`phlo*gis"tic*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dephlogisticated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dephlogisticating.] Etym: [Pref. de- + phlosticate: cf. F. déphlogistiguer.] (O. Chem.) Defn: To deprive of phlogiston, or the supposed principle of inflammability. Priestley. Dephlogisticated air, oxygen gas; -- so called by Dr. Priestly and others of his time. -- De`phlo*gis`ti*ca"tion, n. DEPHOSPHORIZATION De*phos`phor*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of freeing from phosphorous. DEPICT De*pict", p. p. Etym: [L. depictus, p. p. of depingere to depict; de- + pingere to paint. See Paint, and cf. Depaint, p. p.] Defn: Depicted. Lydgate. DEPICT De*pict", p. p. Etym: [L. depictus, p. p. of depinger to depict; de- + pingere to paint. See Paint, and cf. Depaint, p. p.] Defn: Depicted. Lydgate. DEPICT De*pict", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Depicting.] 1. To form a colored likeness of; to represent by a picture; to paint; to portray. His arms are fairly depicted in his chamber. Fuller. 2. To represent in words; to describe vividly. Cæsar's gout was then depicted in energetic language. Motley. DEPICTION De*pic"tion, n. Etym: [L. depictio.] Defn: A painting or depicting; a representation. DEPICTURE De*pic"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depictured; p. pr. & vb. n. Depicturing.] Defn: To make a picture of; to paint; to picture; to depict. Several persons were depictured in caricature. Fielding. DEPILATE Dep"i*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depilated; p. pr. & vb. n. Depilating.] Etym: [L. depilatus, p. p. of depilare to depilate; de- + pilare to put forth hairs, pilus hair.] Defn: To strip of hair; to husk. Venner. DEPILATION Dep`i*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dépilation.] Defn: Act of pulling out or removing the hair; unhairing. Dryden. DEPILATORY De*pil"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dépilatoire.] Defn: Having the quality or power of removing hair. -- n. Defn: An application used to take off hair. DEPILOUS Dep"i*lous, a. Etym: [Pref. de- + pilous: cf. L. depilis.] Defn: Hairless. Sir t. Browne. DEPLANATE De*pla"nate, a. Etym: [L. deplanetus, p. p. of deplanare to make level. See Plane, v. t.] (Bot.) Defn: Flattened; made level or even. DEPLANT De*plant", v. t. Etym: [Pref. de- + plan: cf. F. déplanter, L. deplantare to take off a twig. See Plant, v. t.] Defn: To take up (plants); to transplant. [R.] DEPLANTATION De`plan*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. déplantation.] Defn: Act of taking up plants from beds. DEPLETE De*plete", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Depleting.] Etym: [From L. deplere to empty out; de- + plere to fill. Forined like replete, complete. See Fill, Full, a.] 1. (Med.) Defn: To empty or unload, as the vessels of human system, by bloodletting or by medicine. Copland. 2. To reduce by destroying or consuming the vital powers of; to exhaust, as a country of its strength or resources, a treasury of money, etc. Saturday Review. DEPLETION De*ple"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. déplétion.] 1. The act of depleting or emptying. 2. (Med.) Defn: the act or process of diminishing the quantity of fluid in the vessels by bloodletting or otherwise; also excessive evacuation, as in severe diarrhea. DEPLETIVE De*ple"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. déplétif.] Defn: Able or fitted to deplete. -- n. Defn: A substance used to deplete. DEPLETORY De*ple"to*ry, a. Defn: Serving to deplete. DEPLICATION Dep`li*ca"tion, n. Etym: [LL. deplicare to unfold; L. de- + plicare to fold.] Defn: An unfolding, untwisting, or unplaiting. [Obs.] W. Montagu. DEPLOITATION Dep`loi*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. Exploitation, Deploy.] Defn: Same as Exploitation. DEPLORABILITY De*plor`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Deplorableness. Stormonth. DEPLORABLE De*plor"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. déplorable.] Defn: Worthy of being deplored or lamented; lamentable; causing grief; hence, sad; calamitous; grievous; wretched; as, life's evils are deplorable. Individual sufferers are in a much more deplorable conditious than any others. Burke. DEPLORABLENESS De*plor"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: State of being deplorable. DEPLORABLY De*plor"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a deplorable manner. DEPLORATE De*plo"rate, a. Etym: [L. deploratus, p. p. of deplorare. See Deplore.] Defn: Deplorable. [Obs.] A more deplorate estate. Baker. DEPLORATION Dep`lo*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. deploratio: cf. F. déploration.] Defn: The act of deploring or lamenting; lamentation. Speed. DEPLORE De*plore", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deplored; p. pr. & vb. n. Deploring.] Etym: [L. deplorare; de- + plorare to cry out, wail, lament; prob. akin to pluere to rain, and to E. flow: cf. F. déplorer. Cf. Flow.] 1. To feel or to express deep and poignant grief for; to bewail; to lament; to mourn; to sorrow over. To find her, or forever to deplore Her loss. Milton. As some sad turtle his lost love deplores. Pope. 2. To complain of. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To regard as hopeless; to give up. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. -- To Deplore, Mourn, Lament, Bewail, Bemoan. Mourn is the generic term, denoting a state of grief or sadness. To lament is to express grief by outcries, and denotes an earnest and strong expression of sorrow. To deplore marks a deeper and more prolonged emotion. To bewail and to bemoan are appropriate only to cases of poignant distress, in which the grief finds utterance either in wailing or in moans and sobs. A man laments his errors, and deplores the ruin they have brought on his family; mothers bewail or bemoan the loss of their children. DEPLORE De*plore", v. i. Defn: To lament. Gray. DEPLOREDLY De*plor"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Lamentably. DEPLOREDNESS De*plor"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being deplored or deplorable. [R.] Bp. Hail. DEPLOREMENT De*plore"ment, n. Defn: Deploration. [Obs.] DEPLORER De*plor"er, n. Defn: One who deplores. DEPLORINGLY De*plor"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a deploring manner. DEPLOY De*ploy", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Deployed; p. pr. & vb. n. Deploying.] Etym: [F. déployer; pref. dé = dés (L. dis) + ployer, equiv. to plier to fold, fr. L. plicare. See Ply, and cf. Display.] (Mil.) Defn: To open out; to unfold; to spread out (a body of troops) in such a way that they shall display a wider front and less depth; -- the reverse of ploy; as, to deploy a column of troops into line of battle. DEPLOY; DEPLOYMENT De*ploy", De*ploy"ment, n. (Mil.) Defn: The act of deploying; a spreading out of a body of men in order to extend their front. -Wilhelm. Deployments . . . which cause the soldier to turn his back to the enemy are not suited to war.H.L. Scott. DEPLUMATE De*plu"mate, a. Etym: [LL. diplumatus, p. p. of deplumare. See Deplume.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Destitute or deprived of features; deplumed. DEPLUMATION Dep`lu*ma"tion, n. Etym: [See Deplumate.] 1. The stripping or falling off of plumes or feathers. Bp. Stillingfleet 2. (Med.) Defn: A disease of the eyelids, attended with loss of the eyelashes. Thomas. DEPLUME De*plume", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deplumed; p. pr. & vb. n. Depluming.] Etym: [LL. deplumare; L. de- + plumare to cover with feathers, pluma feather: cf. deplumis featherless, and F. déplumer.] 1. To strip or pluck off the feather of; to deprive of of plumage. On the depluming of the pope every bird had his own feather. Fuller. 2. To lay bare; to expose. The exposure and depluming of the leading humbugs of the age. De Quincey. DEPOLARIZATION De*po`lar*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dépolarisation.] Defn: The act of depriving of polarity, or the result of such action; reduction to an unpolarized condition. Depolarization of light (Opt.), a change in the plane of polarization of rays, especially by a crystalline medium, such that the light which had been extinguished by the analyzer reappears as if the polarization had been anulled. The word is inappropriate, as the ray does not return to the unpolarized condition. DEPOLARIZE De*po"lar*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depolarized; p. pr. & vb. n. Depolarizing.] Etym: [Pref. de- + polarize: cf. F. dépolarizer.] 1. (Opt.) Defn: To deprive of polarity; to reduce to an unpolarized condition. Note: This word has been inaccurately applied in optics to describe the effect of a polarizing medium, as a crystalline plate, in causing the reappearance of a ray, in consequence of a change in its plane of polarization, which previously to the change was intercepted by the analyzer. 2. (Elec.) Defn: To free from polarization, as the negative plate of the voltaic battery. DEPOLARIZER De*po"lar*i`zer, n. (Elec.) Defn: A substance used to prevent polarization, as upon the negative plate of a voltaic battery. DEPOLISH De*pol"ish, v. t. Defn: To remove the polish or glaze from. DEPOLISHING De*pol"ish*ing, n. (Ceramics) Defn: The process of removing the vitreous glaze from porcelain, leaving the dull luster of the surface of ivory porcelian. Knight. DEPONE De*pone", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deponed; p. pr. & vb. n. Deponing.] Etym: [L. deponere, depositum, to put down, in LL., to assert under oath; de- + ponere to put, place. See Position, and cf. Deposit.] 1. To lay, as a stake; to wager. [Obs.] Hudibras. 2. To lay down. [R.] Southey. 3. To assert under oath; to depose. [A Scotticism] Sprot deponeth that he entered himself thereafter in conference. State Trials(1606). DEPONE De*pone", v. i. Defn: To testify under oath; to depose; to bear witness. [A Scotticism] The fairy Glorians, whose credibility on this point can not be called in question, depones to the confinement of Merlin in a tree. Dunlop. DEPONENT De*po"nent, n. Etym: [L. deponenes, -entis, laying down. See Depone, v. t.] 1. (Law) Defn: One who deposes or testifies under oath; one who gives evidence; usually, one who testifies in writing. 2. (Gr. & Lat. Gram.) Defn: A deponent verb. Syn. -- Deponent, Affiant. These are legal terms describing a person who makes a written declaration under oath, with a view to establish certain facts. An affiant is one who makes an affidavit, or declaration under oath, in order to establish the truth of what he says. A deponenet is one who makes a deposition, or gives written testimony under oath, to be used in the trial of some case before a court of justice. See under Deposition. DEPONENT De*po"nent, a. Etym: [L. deponens, -entis, laying down (its proper passive meaning), p. pr. of deponere: cf. F. déponent. See Depone.] (Gram.) Defn: Having a passive form with an active meaning, as certain latin and Greek verbs. DEPOPULACY De*pop"u*la*cy, n. Defn: Depopulation; destruction of population. [R.] Chapman. DEPOPULATE De*pop"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depopulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Depopulating.] Etym: [L. depopulatus, p. p. of depopulari to ravage; de- + populari to ravage, fr. populus people: cf. OF. depopuler, F. dépeupler. See People.] Defn: To deprive of inhabitants, whether by death or by expulsion; to reduce greatly the populousness of; to dispeople; to unpeople. Where is this viper, That would depopulate the city Shak. Note: It is not synonymous with laying waste or destroying, being limited to the loss of inhabitants; as, an army or a famine may depopulate a country. It rarely expresses an entire loss of inhabitants, but often a great diminution of their numbers; as, the deluge depopulated the earth. DEPOPULATE De*pop"u*late, v. i. Defn: To become dispeopled. [R.] Whether the country be depopulating or not. Goldsmith. DEPOPULATION De*pop`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. depopulatio pillaging: cf. F. dépopulation depopulation.] Defn: The act of depopulating, or condition of being depopulated; destruction or explusion of inhabitants. The desolation and depopulation [of St.Quentin] were now complete. Motley. DEPOPULATOR De*pop"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [L., pillager.] Defn: One who depopulates; a dispeopler. DEPORT De*port", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deported; p. pr. & vb. n. Deporting.] Etym: [F. déporter to transport for life, OF., to divert, amuse, from L. deportare to carry away; de- + portare to carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. To transport; to carry away; to exile; to send into banishment. He told us he had been deported to Spain. Walsh. 2. To carry or demean; to conduct; to behave; -- followed by the reflexive pronoun. Let an ambassador deport himself in the most graceful manner befor a prince. Pope. DEPORT De*port", n. Defn: Behavior; carrige; demeanor; deportment. [Obs.] "Goddesslike deport." Milton. DEPORTATION De`por*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. depotatio: cf.F. déportation.] Defn: The act of deporting or exiling, or the state of being deported; banishment; transportation. In their deportations, they had often the favor of their conquerors. Atterbury. DEPORTMENT De*port"ment, n. Etym: [F. déportement misconduct, OF., demeanor. See Deport.] Defn: Manner of deporting or demeaning one's self; manner of acting; conduct; carrige; especially, manner of acting with respect to the courtesies and duties of life; behavior; demeanor; bearing. The gravity of his deportment carried him safe through many difficulties. Swift. DEPORTURE De*por"ture, n. Defn: Deportment. [Obs.] Stately port and majestical deporture. Speed. DEPOSABLE De*pos"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being deposed or deprived of office. Howell. DEPOSAL De*pos"al, n. Defn: The act of deposing from office; a removal from the throne. Fox. DEPOSE De*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Deposing.]Etym: [FF. déposer, in the sense of L. deponere to put down; but from pref. dé- (L. de) + poser to place. See Pose, Pause.] 1. To lay down; to divest one's self of; to lay aside. [Obs.] Thus when the state one Edward did depose, A greater Edward in his room arose. Dryden. 2. To let fall; to deposit. [Obs.] Additional mud deposed upon it. Woodward. 3. To remove from a throne or other high station; to dethrone; to divest or deprive of office. A tyrant over his subjects, and therefore worthy to be deposed. Prynne. 4. To testify under oath; to bear testimony to; -- now usually said of bearing testimony which is officially written down for future use. Abbott. To depose the yearly rent or valuation of lands. Bacon. 5. To put under oath. [Obs.] Depose him in the justice of his cause. Shak. DEPOSE De*pose", v. i. Defn: To bear witness; to testify under oath; to make deposition. Then, seeing't was he that made you to despose, Your oath, my lord, is vain and frivolous. Shak. DEPOSER De*pos"er, n. 1. One who deposes or degrades from office. 2. One who testifies or deposes; a deponent. DEPOSIT De*pos"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depoited; p. pr. & vb. n. Depositing.] Etym: [L. depositus, p. p. of deponere. See Depone, and cf. Deposit, n.] 1. To lay down; to place; to put; to let fall or throw down (as sediment); as, a crocodile deposits her eggs in the sand; the waters deposited a rich alluvium. The fear is deposited in conscience. Jer. Taylor. 2. To lay up or away for safekeeping; to put up; to store; as, to deposit goods in a warehouse. 3. To lodge in some one's hands for sale keeping; to commit to the custody of another; to intrust; esp., to place in a bank, as a sum of money subject to order. 4. To lay aside; to rid one's self of. [Obs.] If what is written prove useful to you, to the depositing that which i can not deem an error. Hammond. Note: Both this verb and the noun following written deposite. DEPOSIT De*pos"it, n. Etym: [L. depositum, fr. depositus, p. p. of deponere: cf. F. dépôt, OF. depost. See Deposit, v. t., and cf. Depot.] 1. That is deposited, or laid or thrown down; as, a deposit in a flue; especially, matter precipitated from a solution (as the siliceous deposits of hot springs), or that which is mechanically deposited (as the mud, gravel, etc., deposits of a river). The deposit already formed affording to the succeeding portion of the charged fluid a basis. Kirwan. 2. (Mining) Defn: A natural occurrence of a useful mineral under the conditions to invite exploitation. Raymond. 3. That which is placed anywhere, or in any one's hands, for safe keeping; somthing intrusted to the care of another; esp., money lodged with a bank or banker, subject to order; anything given as pledge or security. 4. (Law) (a) A bailment of money or goods to be kept gratuitously for the bailor. (b) Money lodged with a party as earnest or security for the performance of a duty assumed by the person depositing. 5. A place of deposit; a depository. [R.] Bank of deposit. See under Bank. -- In deposit, or On deposit, in trust or safe keeping as a deposit; as, coins were recieved on deposit. DEPOSITARY De*pos"i*ta*ry, n.; pl. Depositaries. Etym: [L. depositarius, fr. deponere. See Deposit.] 1. One with whom anything is lodged in the trust; one who receives a deposit; -- the correlative of depositor. I . . . made you my guardians, my depositaries. Shak. The depositaries of power, who are mere delegates of the people.J.S. Mill. 2. A storehouse; a depository. Bp. Hurd. 3. (Law) Defn: One to whom goods are bailed, to be kept for the bailor without a recompense. Kent. DEPOSITION Dep`o*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. depositio, fr. deponere: cf. F. déposition. See Deposit.] 1. The act of depositing or deposing; the act of laying down or thrown down; precipitation. The deposition of rough sand and rolled pebbles. H. Miller. 2. The act of bringing before the mind; presentation. The influence of princes upon the dispositions of their courts needs not the deposition of their examples, since it hath the authority of a known principle. W. Montagu. 3. The act of setting aside a sovereign or a public officer; deprivation of authority and dignity; displacement; removal. Note: A deposition differs from an abdication, an abdication being voluntary, and a deposition compulsory. 4. That which is deposited; matter laid or thrown down; sediment; alluvial matter; as, banks are sometimes depositions of alluvial matter. 5. An opinion, example, or statement, laid down or asserted; a declaration. 6. (Law) Defn: The act of laying down one's testimony in writing; also, testimony laid or taken down in writting, under oath or affirmation, befor some competent officer, and in reply to interrogatories and cross-interrogatories. Syn. -- Deposition, Affidavit. Affidavit is the wider term. It denotes any authorized ex parte written statement of a person, sworn to or affirmed before some competent magistrate. It is made without cross- examination, and requires no notice to an opposing party. It is generally signed by the party making it, and may be drawn up by himself or any other person. A deposition is the written testimony of a witness, taken down in due form of law, and sworn to or affirmed by the deponent. It must be taken before some authorized magistrate, and upon a prescribed or reasonable notice to the opposing party, that may attend and cross-examine. It is generally written down from the mouth of the witness by the magistrate, or some person for him, and in his presence. DEPOSITOR De*pos"i*tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. deponere. See Depone.] Defn: One who makes a deposit, especially of money in bank; -- the correlative of depository. DEPOSITORY De*pos"i*to*ry, n.; pl. Depositories (. 1. A place where anything is deposited for sale or keeping; as, warehouse is a depository for goods; a clerk's office is a depository for records. 2. One with whom something is deposited; a depositary. I am the sole depository of my own secret, and it shall perish with me. Junius. DEPOSITUM De*pos"i*tum, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Deposit. DEPOSITURE De*pos"i*ture, n. Defn: The act of depositing; deposition. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DEPOT De"pot, n. Etym: [F. dépôt, OF. depost, fr. L. depositum a deposit. See Deposit, n.] 1. A place of deposit storing of goods; a warehouse; a storehouse. The islands of Guernsey and Jersey are at present the great depots of this kingdom. Brit Critic (1794). 2. (Mil.) (a) A military station where stores and provisions are kept, or where recruits are assembled and drilled. (b) (Eng. & France) The headquarters of a regiment, where all supplies are recieved and distributed, recruits are assembled and instructed, infirm or disabled soldiers are taken care of, and all the wants of the regiment are provided for. 3. A railway station; a building for the accommodation and protection of railway passenges or freight. [U. S.] Syn. -- See Station. DEPPER Dep"per, a. Defn: Deeper. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEPRAVATION Dep`ra*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. depravitio, from depravare: cf. F. dépravation. See Deprave.] 1. Detraction; depreciation. [Obs.] To stubborn critics, apt, without a theme, For depravation. Shak. 2. The act of depraving, or making anything bad; the act of corrupting. 3. The state of being depraved or degenerated; degeneracy; depravity. The depravation of his moral character destroyed his judgment. Sir G. C. Lewis. 4. (Med.) Defn: Change for the worse; deterioration; morbid perversion. Syn. -- Depravity; corruption. See Depravity. DEPRAVE De*prave", n. t. [imp. & p. p. Depraved; p. pr. & vb. n. Depraving.] Etym: [L. depravare, depravatum; de- + pravus crooked, distorted, perverse, wicked.] 1. To speak ill of; to depreciate; to malign; to revile. [Obs.] And thou knowest, conscience, I came not to chide Nor deprave thy person with a proud heart. Piers Plowman. 2. To make bad or worse; to vitiate; to corrupt. Whose pride depraves each other better part. Spenser. Syn. -- To corrupt; vitiate; contaminate; pollute. DEPRAVEDLY De*prav"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a depraved manner. DEPRAVEDNESS De*prav"ed*ness, n. Defn: Depravity. Hammond. DEPRAVEMENT De*prave"ment, n. Defn: Depravity. [Obs.] Milton. DEPRAVER De*prav"er, n. Defn: One who deprave or corrupts. DEPRAVINGLY De*prav"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a depraving manner. DEPRAVITY De*prav"i*ty, n. Etym: [From Deprave: cf. L. pravitas crookedness, perverseness.] Defn: The stae of being depraved or corrupted; a vitiated state of moral character; general badness of character; wickedness of mind or heart; absence of religious feeling and principle. Total depravity. See Original sin, and Calvinism. Syn. -- Corruption; vitiation; wickedness; vice; contamination; degeneracy. -- Depravity, Depravation, Corruption. Depravilty is a vitiated state of mind or feeling; as, the depravity of the human heart; depravity of public morals. Depravation points to the act or process of making depraved, and hence to the end thus reached; as, a gradual depravation of principle; a depravation of manners, of the heart, etc. Corruption is the only one of these words which applies to physical substances, and in reference to these denotes the process by which their component parts are dissolved. Hence, when figuratively used, it denotes an utter vitiation of principle or feeling. Depravity applies only to the mind and heart: we can speak of a depraved taste, or a corrupt taste; in the first we introduce the notion that there has been the influence of bad training to pervert; in the second, that there is a want of true principle to pervert; in the second, that there is a want of true principles to decide. The other two words have a wider use: we can speak of the depravation or the corruption of taste and public sentiment. Depravity is more or less open; corruption is more or less disguised in its operations. What is depraved requires to be reformed; what is corrupt requires to be purified. DEPRECABLE Dep"re*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. deprecabilis exorable.] Defn: That may or should be deprecated. Paley. DEPRECATE Dep"re*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deprecated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deprecating.] Etym: [L. deprecatus, p. p. of deprecari to avert by player, to deprecate; de- + precari to pray. See Pray.] Defn: To pray against, as an evil; to seek to avert by player; to desire the removal of; to seek deliverance from; to express deep regret for; to disapprove of strongly. His purpose was deprecated by all round him, and he was with difficulty induced to adandon it. Sir W. Scott. DEPRECATINGLY Dep"re*ca`tingly, adv. Defn: In a deprecating manner. DEPRECATION Dep`re*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. deprecatio; cf. F. déprécation.] 1. The act of deprecating; a praying against evil; prayer that an evil may be removed or prevented; strong expression of disapprobation. Humble deprecation. Milton. 2. Entreaty for pardon; petitioning. 3. An imprecation or curse. [Obs.] Gilpin. DEPRECATIVE Dep"re*ca*tive, a. Etym: [L. deprecativus: cf. F. déprécatif.] Defn: Serving to deprecate; deprecatory. -- Dep"re*ca*tive*ly, adv. DEPRECATOR Dep"re*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who deprecates. DEPRECATORY Dep"re*ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. deprecatorius.] Defn: Serving to deprecate; tending to remove or avert evil by prayer; apologetic. Humble and deprecatory letters. Bacon. DEPRECIATE De*pre"ci*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depreciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Depreciating.] Etym: [L. depretiatus, depreciatus, p. p. of depretiare, -ciare, to depreciate; de- + pretiare to prize, fr. pretium price. See Price.] Defn: To lessen in price or estimated value; to lower the worth of; to represent as of little value or claim to esteem; to undervalue. Addison. Which . . . some over-severe phoilosophers may look upon fastidiously, or undervalue and depreciate. Cudworth. To prove that the Americans ought not to be free, we are obliged to depreciate the value of freedom itself. Burke. Syn. -- To decry; disparage; traduce; lower; detract; underrate. See Decry. DEPRECIATE De*pre"ci*ate, v. i. Defn: To fall in value; to become of less worth; to sink in estimation; as, a paper currency will depreciate, unless it is convertible into specie. DEPRECIATION De*pre`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dépréciation.] 1. The act of lessening, or seeking to lessen, price, value, or reputation. 2. The falling of value; reduction of worth. Burke. 3. the state of being depreciated. DEPRECIATIVE De*pre"ci*a`tive, a. Defn: Tending, or intended, to depreciate; expressing depreciation; undervaluing. -- De*pre"ci*a`tive*ly, adv. DEPRECIATOR De*pre"ci*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who depreciates. DEPRECIATORY De*pre"ci*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to depreciate; undervaluing; depreciative. DEPREDABLE Dep"re*da*ble, a. Defn: Liable to depredation. [Obs.] "Made less depredable." Bacon. DEPREDATE Dep"re*date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depredated; p. pr. & vb. n. Depredating.] Etym: [L. depraedatus, p. p. of depraedari to plunder; de- + praedari to plunder, praeda plunder, prey. See Prey.] Defn: To subject to plunder and pillage; to despoil; to lay waste; to prey upon. It makes the substance of the body . . . less apt to be consumed and depredated by the spirits. Bacon. DEPREDATE Dep"re*date, v. i. Defn: To take plunder or prey; to commit waste; as, the troops depredated on the country. DEPREDATION Dep`re*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. depraedatio: cf. F. déprédation.] Defn: The act of depredating, or the state of being depredated; the act of despoiling or making inroads; as, the sea often makes depredation on the land. DEPREDATOR Dep"re*da`tor, n. Etym: [L. depraedator.] Defn: One who plunders or pillages; a spoiler; a robber. DEPREDATORY Dep"re*da`to*ry, a. Defn: Tending or designed to depredate; characterized by depredation; plundering; as, a depredatory incursion. DEPREDICATE De*pred"i*cate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. de- (intensive) + predicate.] Defn: To proclaim; to celebrate. [R.] DEPREHEND Dep`re*hend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Deprehending.] Etym: [L. deprehendere, deprehensum; de- + prehendere to lay hold of, seize. See Prehensile.] 1. To take unwares or by surprise; to seize, as a person commiting an unlawful act; to catch; to apprehend. The deprehended adulteress.Jer. Taylor. 2. To detect; to discover; to find out. The motion . . . are to be deprehended by experience. Bacon. DEPREHENSIBLE Dep`re*hen"si*ble, a. Defn: That may be caught or discovered; apprehensible. [Obs.] Petty. -- Dep`re*hen"si*ble*ness, n. [Obs.] DEPREHENSION Dep`re*hen"sion, n. Etym: [L. deprehensio.] Defn: A catching; discovery. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DEPRESS De*press", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depressed; p. pr. & vb. n. Depressing.] Etym: [L. depressus, p. p. of deprimere; de- + premere to press. See Press.] 1. To press down; to cause to sink; to let fall; to lower; as, to depress the muzzle of a gun; to depress the eyes. "With lips depressed." Tennyson. 2. To bring down or humble; to abase, as pride. 3. To cast a gloom upon; to sadden; as, his spirits were depressed. 4. To lessen the activity of; to make dull; embarrass, as trade, commerce, etc. 5. To lessen in price; to cause to decline in value; to cheapen; to depreciate. 6. (Math.) Defn: To reduce (an equation) in a lower degree. To depress the pole (Naut.), to cause the sidereal pole to appear lower or nearer the horizon, as by sailing toward the equator. Syn. -- To sink; lower; abase; cast down; deject; humble; degrade; dispirit; discourage. DEPRESS De*press", a. Etym: [L. depressus, p. p.] Defn: Having the middle lower than the border; concave. [Obs.] If the seal be depress or hollow. Hammond. DEPRESSANT De*press"ant, n. (Med.) Defn: An agent or remedy which lowers the vital powers. DEPRESSED De*pressed", a. 1. Pressed or forced down; lowed; sunk; dejected; dispirited; sad; humbled. 2. (Bot.) (a) Concave on the upper side; -- said of a leaf whose disk is lower than the border. (b) Lying flat; -- said of a stem or leaf which lies close to the ground. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the vertical diameter shorter than the horizontal or transverse; -- said of the bodies of animals, or of parts of the bodies. DEPRESSINGLY De*press"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a depressing manner. DEPRESSION De*pres"sion, n. Etym: [L. depressio: cf. F. dépression.] 1. The act of depressing. 2. The state of being depressed; a sinking. 3. A falling in of the surface; a sinking below its true place; a cavity or hollow; as, roughness consists in little protuberances and depressions. 4. Humiliation; abasement, as of pride. 5. Dejection; despondency; lowness. In a great depression of spirit. Baker. 6. Diminution, as of trade, etc.; inactivity; dullness. 7. (Astron.) Defn: The angular distance of a celestial object below the horizon. 8. (Math.) Defn: The operation of reducing to a lower degree; -- said of equations. 9. (Surg.) Defn: A method of operating for cataract; couching. See Couch, v. t., 8. Angle of depression (Geod.), one which a descending line makes with a horizontal plane. -- Depression of the dewpoint (Meteor.), the number of degreees that the dew-point is lower than the actual temperature of the atmosphere. -- Depression of the pole, its apparent sinking, as the spectator goes toward the equator. -- Depression of the visible horizon. (Astron.) Same as Dip of the horizon, under Dip. Syn. -- Abasement; reduction; sinking; fall; humiliation; dejection; melancholy. DEPRESSIVE De*press"ive, a. Defn: Able or tending to depress or cast down. -- De*press"ive*ness, n. DEPRESSOMOTOR De*pres`so*mo"tor, a. (Med.) Defn: Depressing or diminishing the capacity for movement, as depressomotor nerves, which lower or inhibit muscular activity. -- n. Defn: Any agent that depresses the activity of the motor centers, as bromides, etc. DEPRESSOR De*press"or, n. 1. One who, or that which, presses down; an oppressor. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A muscle that depresses or tends to draw down a part. Depressor nerve (Physiol.), a nerve which lowers the activity of an organ; as, the depressor nerve of the heart. DEPRIMENT Dep"ri*ment, a. Etym: [L. deprimens, p. pr. of deprimere. See Depress.] Defn: Serving to depress. [R.] "Depriment muscles." Derham. DEPRISURE De*pri"sure, n. Etym: [F. dépriser to undervalue; pref. dé- (L. dis-) + priser to prize, fr. prix price, fr. L. pretium. See Dispraise.] Defn: Low estimation; disesteem; contempt. [Obs.] DEPRIVABLE De*priv"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being, or liable to be, deprived; liable to be deposed. Kings of Spain . . . deprivable for their tyrannies. Prynne. DEPRIVATION Dep`ri*va"tion, n. Etym: [LL. deprivatio.] 1. The act of depriving, dispossessing, or bereaving; the act of deposing or divesting of some dignity. 2. The state of being deprived; privation; loss; want; bereavement. 3. (Eccl. Law) Defn: the taking away from a clergyman his benefice, or other spiritual promotion or dignity. Note: Deprivation may be a beneficio or ab officio; the first takes away the living, the last degrades and deposes from the order. DEPRIVE De*prive", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deprived; p. pr. & vb. n. Depriving.] Etym: [LL. deprivare, deprivatium, to divest of office; L. de- + privare to bereave, deprive: cf. OF. depriver. See Private.] 1. To take away; to put an end; to destroy. [Obs.] 'Tis honor to deprive dishonored life. Shak. 2. To dispossess; to bereave; to divest; to hinder from possessing; to debar; to shut out from; -- with a remoter object, usually preceded by of. God hath deprived her of wisdom. Job xxxix. 17. It was seldom that anger deprived him of power over himself. Macaulay. 3. To divest of office; to depose; to dispossess of dignity, especially ecclesiastical. A miniser deprived for inconformity. Bacon. Syn. -- To strip; despoil; rob; abridge. DEPRIVEMENT De*prive"ment, n. Defn: Deprivation. [R.] DEPRIVER De*priv"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, deprives. DEPROSTRATE De*pros"trate, a. Defn: Fully prostrate; humble; low; rude. [Obs.] How may weak mortal ever hope to file His unsmooth tongue, and his deprostrate style. G. Fletcher. DEPROVINCIALIZE De`pro*vin"cial*ize, v. t. Defn: To divest of provincial quality or characteristics. DEPTH Depth, n. Etym: [From Deep; akin to D. diepte, Icel. d, d, Goth. diupi.] 1. The quality of being deep; deepness; perpendicular measurement downward from the surface,or horizontal measurement backward from the front; as, the depth of a river; the depth of a body of troops. 2. Profoundness; extent or degree of intensity; abundance; completeness; as, depth of knowledge, or color. Mindful of that heavenly love Which knows no end in depth or height. Keble. 3. Lowness; as, depth of sound. 4. That which is deep; a deep, or the deepest, part or place; the deep; the middle part; as, the depth of night, or of winter. From you unclouded depth above. Keble. The depth closed me round about. Jonah ii. 5. 5. (Logic) Defn: The number of simple elements which an abstract conception or notion includes; the comprehension or content. 6. (Horology) Defn: A pair of toothed wheels which work together. [R.] Depth of a sail (Naut.), the extent of a square sail from the head rope to the foot rope; the length of the after leach of a staysail or boom sail; -- commonly called the drop of sail. DEPTHEN Depth"en, v. t. Defn: To deepen. [Obs.] DEPTHLESS Depth"less, a. 1. Having no depth; shallow. 2. Of measureless depth; unfathomable. In clouds of depthless night. Francis. DEPUCELATE De*pu"ce*late, v. t. Etym: [L. de + LL. pucella virgin, F. pucelle: cf. F. dépuceler.] Defn: To deflour; to deprive of virginity. [Obs.] Bailey. DEPUDICATE De*pu"di*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. depudicatus, p. p. of depudicare.] Defn: To deflour; to dishonor. [Obs.] DEPULSE De*pulse", v. t. Etym: [L. depulsus, p. p. of depellere to drive out; de- + pellere to drive.] Defn: To drive away. [Obs.] Cockeram. DEPULSION De*pul"sion, n. Etym: [L. depulsio.] Defn: A driving or thrusting away. [R.] Speed. DEPULSORY De*pul"so*ry, a. Etym: [L. depulsorius.] Defn: Driving or thrusting away; averting. [R.] Holland. DEPURANT Dep"u*rant, a. & n. (Med.) Defn: Depurative. DEPURATE Dep"u*rate, a. Etym: [LL. depuratus, p. p. of depurare to purify; L. de- + purare to purify, purus clean, pure. Cf. Depure.] Defn: Depurated; cleansed; freed from impurities. Boyle. DEPURATE Dep"u*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Depurated; p. pr. & vb. n. Depurating.] Defn: To free from impurities, heterogeneous matter, or feculence; to purify; to cleanse. To depurate the mass of blood. Boyle. DEPURATION Dep`u*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dépuration.] Defn: The act or process of depurating or freeing from foreign or impure matter, as a liquid or wound. DEPURATIVE Dep"u*ra*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dépuratif.] (Med.) Defn: Purifying the blood or the humors; depuratory. -- n. Defn: A depurative remedy or agent; or a disease which is believed to be depurative. DEPURATOR Dep"u*ra`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, cleanses. DEPURATORY Dep"u*ra*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dépuratoire.] Defn: Depurating; tending to depurate or cleanse; depurative. DEPURE De*pure", v. t. Etym: [F. dépurer. See Depurate.] Defn: To depurate; to purify. [Obs.] He shall first be depured and cleansed before that he shall be laid up for pure gold in the treasures of God. Sir T. More. DEPURGATORY De*pur"ga*to*ry, a. Defn: Serving to purge; tending to cleanse or purify. [Obs.] Cotgrave. DEPURITION Dep`u*ri"tion, n. Defn: See Depuration. DEPUTABLE Dep"u*ta*ble, a. Defn: Fit to be deputed; suitable to act as a deputy. Carlyle. DEPUTATION Dep`u*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. députation. See Depute.] 1. The act of deputing, or of appointing or commissioning a deputy or representative; office of a deputy or delegate; vicegerency. The authority of conscience stands founded upon its vicegerency and deputation under God. South. 2. The person or persons deputed or commissioned by another person, party, or public body to act in his or its behalf; delegation; as, the general sent a deputation to the enemy to propose a truce. By deputation, or In deputation, by delegated authority; as substitute; through the medium of a deputy. [Obs.] Say to great Cæsar this: In deputation I kiss his conquering hand. Shak. DEPUTATOR Dep"u*ta`tor, n. Defn: One who deputes, or makes a deputation. [R.] Locke. DEPUTE De*pute", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deputed; p. pr. & vb. n. Deputing.] Etym: [F. députer, fr. L. deputare to esteem, consider, in LL., to destine, allot; de- + putare to clean, prune, clear up, set in order, reckon, think. See Pure.] 1. To appoint as deputy or agent; to commission to act in one's place; to delegate. There is no man deputed of the king to hear thee. 2. Sam. xv. 3. Some persons, deputed by a meeting. Macaulay. 2. To appoint; to assign; to choose. [R.] The most conspicuous places in cities are usually deputed for the erection of statues. Barrow. DEPUTE De*pute", n. Defn: A person deputed; a deputy. [Scot.] DEPUTIZE Dep"u*tize, v. t. Defn: To appoint as one's deputy; to empower to act in one's stead; to depute. DEPUTY Dep"u*ty, n.; pl. Deputies. Etym: [F. député, fr. LL. deputatus. See Depute.] 1. One appointed as the substitue of another, and empowered to act for him, in his name or his behalf; a substitute in office; a lieutenant; a representative; a delegate; a vicegerent; as, the deputy of a prince, of a sheriff, of a township, etc. There was then [in the days of Jehoshaphat] no king in Edom; a deputy was king. 1 Kings xxii. 47. God's substitute, His deputy anointed in His sight. Shak. Note: Deputy is used in combination with the names of various executive officers, to denote an assistant empowered to act in their name; as, deputy collector, deputy marshal, deputy sheriff. 2. A member of the Chamber of Deputies. [France] Chamber of Deputies, one of the two branches of the French legilative assembly; -- formerly called Corps Législatif. Its members, called deputies, are elected by the people voting in districts. Syn. -- Substitute; representative; legate; delegate; envoy; agent; factor. DEQUANTITATE De*quan"ti*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. de- + quantatas, -atis. See Quantity.] Defn: To diminish the quantity of; to disquantity. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DEQUEEN De*queen", v. t. (Apiculture) Defn: To remove the queen from (a hive of bees). DERACINATE De*rac"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deracinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deracinating.] Etym: [F. déraciner; pref. dé- (L. dis) + racine root, fr. an assumed LL. radicina, fr. L. radix, radicis, root.] Defn: To pluck up by the roots; to extirpate. [R.] While that the colter rusts That should deracinate such savagery. Shak. DERACINATION De*rac`i*na"tion, n. Defn: The act of pulling up by the roots; eradication. [R.] DERAIGN; DERAIN De*raign", De*rain", v. t. Etym: [See Darraign.] (Old Law) Defn: To prove or to refute by proof; to clear (one's self). [Obs.] DERAIGNMENT; DERAINMENT De*raign"ment, De*rain"ment, n. Etym: [See Darraign.] 1. The act of deraigning. [Obs.] 2. The renunciation of religious or monastic vows. [Obs.] Blount. DERAIL De*rail", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Derailing.] Defn: To cause to run off from the rails of a railroad, as a locomotive. Lardner. DERAILMENT De*rail"ment, n. Defn: The act of going off, or the state of being off, the rails of a railroad. DERANGE De*range", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deranged; p. pr. & vb. n. Deranging.] Etym: [F. déranger; pref. dé- = dés- (L. dis) + ranger to range. See Range, and cf. Disarrange, Disrank.] 1. To put out of place, order, or rank; to disturb the proper arrangement or order of; to throw into disorder, confusion, or embarrassment; to disorder; to disarrange; as, to derange the plans of a commander, or the affairs of a nation. 2. To disturb in action or function, as a part or organ, or the whole of a machine or organism. A sudden fall deranges some of our internal parts. Blair. 3. To disturb in the orderly or normal action of the intellect; to render insane. Syn. -- To disorder; disarrange; displace; unsettle; disturb; confuse; discompose; ruffle; disconcert. DERANGED De*ranged", a. Defn: Disordered; especially, disordered in mind; crazy; insane. The story of a poor deranged parish lad. Lamb. DERANGEMENT De*range"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dérangement.] Defn: The act of deranging or putting out of order, or the state of being deranged; disarrangement; disorder; confusion; especially, mental disorder; insanity. Syn. -- Disorder; confusion; embarrassment; irregularity; disturbance; insanity; lunacy; madness; delirium; mania. See Insanity. DERANGER De*ran"ger, n. Defn: One who deranges. DERAY De*ray", n. Etym: [OF. derroi, desroi, desrei; pref. des- (L. dis-) + roi, rei, rai, order. See Array.] Defn: Disorder; merriment. [Obs.] DERBIO Der"bi*o, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large European food fish (Lichia glauca). DERBY Der"by (; usually in Eng.; 85), n. 1. A race for three-old horses, run annually at Epsom (near London), for the Derby stakes. It was instituted by the 12th Earl of Derby, in 1780. Derby Day, the day of the annual race for the Derby stakes, -- Wednesday of the week before Whitsuntide. 2. A stiff felt hat with a dome-shaped crown. DERBYSHIRE SPAR Der"by*shire spar". (Min.) Defn: A massive variety of fluor spar, found in Derbyshire, England, and wrought into vases and other ornamental work. DERDOING Der*do"ing, a. Etym: [See Dere, v. t.] Defn: Doing daring or chivalrous deeds. [Obs.] "In derdoing arms." Spenser. DERE Dere, v. t. Etym: [AS. derian to hurt.] Defn: To hurt; to harm; to injure. [Obs.] Chaucer. DERE Dere, n. Defn: Harm. [Obs.] Robert of Brunne. DERECHO De*re"cho, n. [Sp. derecho straight.] Defn: A straight wind without apparent cyclonic tendency, usually accompanied with rain and often destructive, common in the prairie regions of the United States. DEREINE; DEREYNE De*reine, De*reyne", v. t. Defn: Same as Darraign. [Obs.] Chaucer. DERELICT Der"e*lict, a. Etym: [L. derelictus, p. p. of derelinquere to forsake wholly, to abandon; de- + relinquere to leave. See Relinquish.] 1. Given up or forsaken by the natural owner or guardian; left and abandoned; as, derelict lands. The affections which these exposed or derelict children bear to their mothers, have no grounds of nature or assiduity but civility and opinion. Jer. Taylor. 2. Lost; adrift; hence, wanting; careless; neglectful; unfaithful. They easily prevailed, so as to seize upon the vacant, unoccupied, and derelict minds of his [Chatham's] friends; and instantly they turned the vessel wholly out of the course of his policy. Burke. A government which is either unable or unwilling to redress such wrongs is derelict to its highest duties. J. Buchanan. DERELICT Der"e*lict, n. (Law) (a) A thing voluntary abandoned or willfully cast away by its proper owner, especially a ship abandoned at sea. (b) A tract of land left dry by the sea, and fit for cultivation or use. DERELICTION Der`e*lic"tion, n. Etym: [L. derelictio.] 1. The act of leaving with an intention not to reclaim or resume; an utter forsaking abandonment. Cession or dereliction, actual or tacit, of other powers. Burke. 2. A neglect or omission as if by willful abandonment. A total dereliction of military duties. Sir W. Scott. 3. The state of being left or abandoned. 4. (Law) Defn: A retiring of the sea, occasioning a change of high-water mark, whereby land is gained. DERELIGIONIZE De`re*li"gion*ize, v. t. Defn: To make irreligious; to turn from religion. [R.] He would dereligionize men beyond all others. De Quincey. DERELING Dere"ling, n. Defn: Darling. [Obs.] Chaucer. DERELING Dere"ling, n. Defn: Darling. [Obs.] Chaucer. DERF Derf, a. Etym: [Icel. djafr.] Defn: Strong; powerful; fierce. [Obs.] -- Derf"ly, adv. [Obs.] DERIDE De*ride", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derided; p. pr. & vb. n. Deriding.] Etym: [L. deridere, derisum; de- + rid to laugh. See Ridicule.] Defn: To laugh at with contempt; to laugh to scorn; to turn to ridicule or make sport of; to mock; to scoff at. And the Pharisees, also, . . . derided him. Luke xvi. 14. Sport that wrinkled Care derides. And Laughter holding both his sides. Milton. Syn. -- To mock; laugh at; ridicule; insult; taunt; jeer; banter; rally. -- To Deride, Ridicule, Mock, Taunt. A man may ridicule without any unkindness of feeling; his object may be to correct; as, to ridicule the follies of the age. He who derides is actuated by a severe a contemptuous spirit; as, to deride one for his religious principles. To mock is stronger, and denotes open and scornful derision; as, to mock at sin. To taunt is to reproach with the keenest insult; as, to taunt one for his misfortunes. Ridicule consists more in words than in actions; derision and mockery evince themselves in actions as well as words; taunts are always expressed in words of extreme bitterness. DERIDER De*rid"er, n. Defn: One who derides, or laughs at, another in contempt; a mocker; a scoffer. DERIDINGLY De*rid"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By way of derision or mockery. DE RIGUEUR De ri`gueur". [F. See 2d Rigor.] Defn: According to strictness (of etiquette, rule, or the like); obligatory; strictly required. DERISION De*ri"sion, n. Etym: [L. derisio: cf. F. dérision. See Deride.] 1. The act of deriding, or the state of being derided; mockery; scornful or contemptuous treatment which holds one up to ridicule. He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh; the Lord shall have them in derision. Ps. ii. 4. Saderision called. Milton. 2. An object of derision or scorn; a laughing-stock. I was a derision to all my people. Lam. iii. 14. Syn. -- Scorn; mockery; contempt; insult; ridicule. DERISIVE De*ri"sive, a. Defn: Expressing, serving for, or characterized by, derision. "Derisive taunts." Pope. -- De*ri"sive*ly, adv. -- De*ri"sive*ness, n. DERISORY De*ri"so*ry, a. Etym: [L. derisorius: cf. F. dérisoire.] Defn: Derisive; mocking. Shaftesbury. DERIVABLE De*riv"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Derive.] Defn: That can be derived; obtainable by transmission; capable of being known by inference, as from premises or data; capable of being traced, as from a radical; as, income is derivable from various sources. All honor derivable upon me. South. The exquisite pleasure derivable from the true and beautiful relations of domestic life. H. G. Bell. The argument derivable from the doxologies. J. H. Newman. DERIVABLY De*riv"a*bly, adv. Defn: By derivation. DERIVAL De*riv"al, n. Defn: Derivation. [R.] The derival of e from a. Earle. DERIVATE Der"i*vate, a. Etym: [L. derivatus, p. p. of derivare. See Derive.] Defn: Derived; derivative. [R.] H. Taylor. -- n. Defn: A thing derived; a derivative. [R.] DERIVATE Der"i*vate, v. t. Defn: To derive. [Obs.] Huloet. DERIVATION Der`i*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. derivatio: cf. F. dérivation. See Derive.] 1. A leading or drawing off of water from a stream or source. [Obs.] T. Burnet. 2. The act of receiving anything from a source; the act of procuring an effect from a cause, means, or condition, as profits from capital, conclusions or opinions from evidence. As touching traditional communication, . . . I do not doubt but many of those truths have had the help of that derivation. Sir M. Hale. 3. The act of tracing origin or descent, as in grammar or genealogy; as, the derivation of a word from an Aryan root. 4. The state or method of being derived; the relation of origin when established or asserted. 5. That from which a thing is derived. 6. That which is derived; a derivative; a deduction. From the Euphrates into an artificial derivation of that river. Gibbon. 7. (Math.) Defn: The operation of deducing one function from another according to some fixed law, called the law of derivation, as the of differentiation or of integration. 8. (Med.) Defn: A drawing of humors or fluids from one part of the body to another, to relieve or lessen a morbid process. DERIVATIONAL Der`i*va"tion*al, a. Defn: Relating to derivation. Earle. DERIVATIVE De*riv"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. derivativus: cf. F. dérivatif.] Defn: Obtained by derivation; derived; not radical, original, or fundamental; originating, deduced, or formed from something else; secondary; as, a derivative conveyance; a derivative word. Derivative circulation, a modification of the circulation found in some parts of the body, in which the arteries empty directly into the veins without the interposition of capillaries. Flint. -- De*riv"a*tive*ly, adv. -- De*riv"a*tive*ness, n. DERIVATIVE De*riv"a*tive, n. 1. That which is derived; anything obtained or deduced from another. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A word formed from another word, by a prefix or suffix, an internal modification, or some other change; a word which takes its origin from a root. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A chord, not fundamental, but obtained from another by inversion; or, vice versa, a ground tone or root implied in its harmonics in an actual chord. 4. (Med.) Defn: An agent which is adapted to produce a derivation (in the medical sense). 5. (Math.) Defn: A derived function; a function obtained from a given function by a certain algebraic process. Note: Except in the mode of derivation the derivative is the same as the differential coefficient. See Differential coefficient, under Differential. 6. (Chem.) Defn: A substance so related to another substance by modification or partial substitution as to be regarded as derived from it; thus, the amido compounds are derivatives of ammonia, and the hydrocarbons are derivatives of methane, benzene, etc. DERIVE De*rive", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derived; p. pr. & vb. n. Deriving.] Etym: [F. dériver, L. derivare; de- + rivus stream, brook. See Rival.] 1. To turn the course of, as water; to divert and distribute into subordinate channels; to diffuse; to communicate; to transmit; -- followed by to, into, on, upon. [Obs.] For fear it [water] choke up the pits . . . they [the workman] derive it by other drains. Holland. Her due loves derived to that vile witch's share. Spenser. Derived to us by tradition from Adam to Noah. Jer. Taylor. 2. To receive, as from a source or origin; to obtain by descent or by transmission; to draw; to deduce; -- followed by from. 3. To trace the origin, descent, or derivation of; to recognize transmission of; as, he derives this word from the Anglo-Saxon. From these two causes . . . an ancient set of physicians derived all diseases. Arbuthnot. 4. (Chem.) Defn: To obtain one substance from another by actual or theoretical substitution; as, to derive an organic acid from its corresponding hydrocarbon. Syn. -- To trace; deduce; infer. DERIVE De*rive", v. i. Defn: To flow; to have origin; to descend; to proceed; to be deduced. Shak. Power from heaven Derives, and monarchs rule by gods appointed. Prior. DERIVEMENT De*rive"ment, n. Defn: That which is derived; deduction; inference. [Obs.] I offer these derivements from these subjects. W. Montagu. DERIVER De*riv"er, n. Defn: One who derives. DERK Derk, a. Defn: Dark. [Obs.] Chaucer. -DERM -derm. Etym: [See Derm, n.] Defn: A suffix or terminal formative, much used in anatomical terms, and signifying skin, integument, covering; as, blastoderm, ectoderm, etc. DERM Derm, n. Etym: [Gr. derme. See Tear, v. t.] 1. The integument of animal; the skin. 2. (Anat.) Defn: See Dermis. DERMA Der"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Derm.] (Anat.) Defn: See Dermis. DERMAL Derm"al, a. Etym: [From Derm.] 1. Pertaining to the integument or skin of animals; dermic; as, the dermal secretions. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the dermis or true skin. DERMAPTERA; DERMAPTERAN Der*map"te*ra, Der*map"ter*an (, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Dermoptera, Dermopteran. DERMATIC; DERMATINE Der*mat"ic, Der"ma*tine, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the skin. DERMATITIS Der`ma*ti"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the skin. DERMATOGEN Der*mat"o*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Bot.) Defn: Nascent epidermis, or external cuticle of plants in a forming condition. DERMATOGEN Der*mat"o*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Bot.) Defn: Nascent epidermis, or external cuticle of plants in a forming condition. DERMATOGRAPHY Der*ma*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: An anatomical description of, or treatise on, the skin. DERMATOID Der"ma*toid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid: cf. F. dermatoïde. Cf. Dermoid.] Defn: Resembling DERMATOLOGIST Der`ma*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who discourses on the skin and its diseases; one versed in dermatology. DERMATOLOGY Der`ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. dermatologie.] Defn: The science which treats of the skin, its structure, functions, and diseases. DERMATOPATHIC Der`ma*to*path"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to skin diseases, or their cure. DERMATOPHYTE Der*mat"o*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A vegetable parasite, infesting the skin. DERMESTES Der*mes"tes, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of coleopterous insects, the larvæ of which feed animal substances. They are very destructive to dries meats, skins, woolens, and furs. The most common species is D. lardarius, known as the bacon beetle. DERMESTOID Der*mes"toid, a. Etym: [Dermestes + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to or resembling the genus Dermestes. The carpet beetle, called the buffalo moth, is a dermestoid beetle. Pop. Sci. Monthly. DERMIC Der"mic, a. 1. Relating to the derm or skin. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the dermis; dermal. Underneath each nail the deep or dermic layer of the integument is peculiarly modified. Huxley. Dermic remedies (Med.), such as act through the skin. DERMIS Der"mis, n. Etym: [NL. See Derm.] (Anat.) Defn: The deep sensitive layer of the skin beneath the scarfskin or epidermis; -- called also true skin, derm, derma, corium, cutis, and enderon. See Skin, and Illust. in Appendix. DERMOBRANCHIATA Der`mo*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of nudibranch mollusks without special gills. DERMOBRANCHIATE Der`mo*bran"chi*ate, a. Etym: [Derm + branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the skin modified to serve as a gill. DERMOHAEMAL Der`mo*hæ"mal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or in relation with, both dermal and hæmal structures; as, the dermohæmal spines or ventral fin rays of fishes. DERMOID Der"moid, a. Etym: [Derm + -oid: cf. F. dermoïde.] Defn: Same as Dermatoid. Dermoid cyst (Med.), a cyst containing skin, or structures connected with skin, such as hair. DERMONEURAL Der`mo*neu"ral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or in relation with, both dermal and neural structures; as, the dermoneural spines or dorsal fin rays of fishes. Owen. DERMOPATHIC Der`mo*path"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Dermatopathic. DERMOPHYTE Der"mo*phyte, n. Defn: A dermatophyte. DERMOPTERA Der*mop"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of insects which includes the earwigs (Forticulidæ). 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of lemuroid mammals having a parachutelike web of skin between the fore and hind legs, of which the colugo (Galeopithecus) is the type. See Colugo. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Mammalia; the Cheiroptera. [Written also Dermaptera, and Dermatoptera.] DERMOPTERAN Der*mop"ter*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect which has the anterior pair of wings coriaceous, and does not use them in flight, as the earwig. DERMOPTERI Der*mop"te*ri, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Dermopterygii. DERMOPTERYGII Der*mop`te*ryg"i*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of fishlike animals including the Marsipobranchiata and Leptocardia. DERMOSKELETON Der`mo*skel"e*ton, n. Etym: [Derm + skeleton.] (Anat.) Defn: See Exoskeleton. DERMOSTOSIS Der`mos*to"sis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Ossification of the dermis. DERN Dern, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A gatepost or doorpost. [Local Eng.] C. Kingsley. DERN Dern, a. Etym: [See Dearn, a.] 1. Hidden; concealed; secret. [Obs.] "Ye must be full dern." Chaucer. 2. Solitary; sad. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. DERNE Derne, v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. dyrnan to hide. See Dern, a., Dearn, a.] Defn: To hide; to skulk. [Scot.] He at length escaped them by derning himself in a foxearth. H. Miller. DERNFUL Dern"ful, a. Defn: Secret; hence, lonely; sad; mournful. [Obs.] "Dernful noise." Spenser. DERNIER Der`nier", a. Etym: [F., from OF. darrein, derrain. See Darrein.] Defn: Last; final. Dernier ressort ( Etym: [F.], last resort or expedient. DERNLY Dern"ly, adv. Defn: Secretly; grievously; mournfully. [Obs.] Spenser. DEROGANT Der"o*gant, a. Etym: [L. derogans, p. pr.] Defn: Derogatory. [R.] T. Adams. DEROGATE Der"o*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Derogated; p. pr. & vb. n. Derogating.] Etym: [L. derogatus, p. p. of derogare to derogate; de- + rogare to ask, to ask the people about a law. See Rogation.] 1. To annul in part; to repeal partly; to restrict; to limit the action of; -- said of a law. By several contrary customs, . . . many of the civil and canon laws are controlled and derogated. Sir M. Hale. 2. To lessen; to detract from; to disparage; to depreciate; -- said of a person or thing. [R.] Anything . . . that should derogate, minish, or hurt his glory and his name. Sir T. More. DEROGATE Der"o*gate, v. i. 1. To take away; to detract; to withdraw; -- usually with from. If we did derogate from them whom their industry hath made great. Hooker. It derogates little from his fortitude, while it adds infinitely to the honor of his humanity. Burke. 2. To act beneath one-s rank, place, birth, or character; to degenerate. [R.] You are a fool granted; therefore your issues, being foolish, do not derogate. Shak. Would Charles X. derogate from his ancestors Would he be the degenerate scion of that royal line Hazlitt. DEROGATE Der"o*gate, n. Etym: [L. derogatus, p. p.] Defn: Diminished in value; dishonored; degraded. [R.] Shak. DEROGATELY Der"o*gate*ly, adv. Defn: In a derogatory manner. DEROGATION Der`o*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. derogatio: cf. F. dérogation.] 1. The act of derogating, partly repealing, or lessening in value; disparagement; detraction; depreciation; -- followed by of, from, or to. I hope it is no derogation to the Christian religion. Locke. He counted it no derogation of his manhood to be seen to weep. F. W. Robertson. 2. (Stock Exch.) Defn: An alteration of, or subtraction from, a contract for a sale of stocks. DEROGATIVE De*rog"a*tive, a. Defn: Derogatory. -- De*rog"a*tive*ly, adv. [R.] Sir T. Browne. DEROGATOR Der"o*ga`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A detractor. DEROGATORILY De*rog"a*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a derogatory manner; disparagingly. Aubrey. DEROGATORINESS De*rog"a*to*ri*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being derogatory. DEROGATORY De*rog"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to derogate, or lessen in value; expressing derogation; detracting; injurious; -- with from to, or unto. Acts of Parliament derogatory from the power of subsequent Parliaments bind not. Blackstone. His language was severely censured by some of his brother peers as derogatory to their other. Macaulay. Derogatory clause in a testament (Law), a sentence of secret character inserted by the testator alone, of which he reserves the knowledge to himself, with a condition that no will he may make thereafter shall be valid, unless this clause is inserted word for word; -- a precaution to guard against later wills extorted by violence, or obtained by suggestion. DEROTREMATA Der`o*tre"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The tribe of aquatic Amphibia which includes Amphiuma, Menopoma, etc. They have permanent gill openings, but no external gills; -- called also Cryptobranchiata. [Written also Derotrema.] DERRE Der"re, a. Defn: Dearer. [Obs.] Chaucer. DERRICK Der"rick, n. Etym: [Orig., a gallows, from a hangman named Derrick. The name is of Dutch origin; D. Diederik, Dierryk, prop. meaning, chief of the people; cf. AS. peódric, E. Theodoric, G. Dietrich. See Dutch, and Rich.] Defn: A mast, spar, or tall frame, supported at the top by stays or guys, with suitable tackle for hoisting heavy weights, as stones in building. Derrick crane, a combination of the derrick and the crane, having facility for hoisting and also for swinging the load horizontally. DERRING Der"ring, a. Defn: Daring or warlike. [Obs.] Drad for his derring doe and bloody deed. Spenser. DERRINGER Der"rin*ger, n. Etym: [From the American inventor.] Defn: A kind of short-barreled pocket pistol, of very large caliber, often carrying a half-ounce ball. DERTH Derth, n. Defn: Dearth; scarcity. [Obs.] Spenser. DERTROTHECA Der`tro*the"ca, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The horny covering of the end of the bill of birds. DERVISH; DERVISE; DERVIS Der"vish, Der"vise, Der"vis, n. Etym: [Per. derw, fr. OPer. derew to beg, ask alms: cf. F. derviche.] Defn: A Turkish or Persian monk, especially one who professes extreme poverty and leads an austere life. DERWORTH Der"worth, a. Etym: [AS. deórwurpe, lit., dearworth.] Defn: Precious. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. DESCANT Des"cant, n. Etym: [OF. descant, deschant, F. déchant, discant, LL. discantus, fr. L. dis + cantus singing, melody, fr. canere to sing. See Chant, and cf. Descant, v. i., Discant.] 1. (Mus.) (a) Originally, a double song; a melody or counterpoint sung above the plain song of the tenor; a variation of an air; a variation by ornament of the main subject or plain song. (b) The upper voice in part music. (c) The canto, cantus, or soprano voice; the treble. Grove. Twenty doctors expound one text twenty ways, as children make descant upon plain song. Tyndale. She [the nightingale] all night long her amorous descant sung. Milton. Note: The term has also been used synonymously with counterpoint, or polyphony, which developed out of the French déchant, of the 12th century. 2. A discourse formed on its theme, like variations on a musical air; a comment or comments. Upon that simplest of themes how magnificent a descant! De Quincey. DESCANT Des*cant", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Descanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Descanting.] Etym: [From descant; n.; or directly fr. OF. descanter, deschanter; L. dis- + cantare to sing.] 1. To sing a variation or accomplishment. 2. To comment freely; to discourse with fullness and particularity; to discourse at large. A virtuous man should be pleased to find people descanting on his actions. Addison. DESCANTER Des*cant"er, n. Defn: One who descants. DESCEND De*scend", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Descended; p. pr. & vb. n. Descending.] Etym: [F. descendre, L. descendere, descensum; de- + scandere to climb. See Scan.] 1. To pass from a higher to a lower place; to move downwards; to come or go down in any way, as by falling, flowing, walking, etc.; to plunge; to fall; to incline downward; -- the opposite of ascend. The rain descended, and the floods came. Matt. vii. 25. We will here descend to matters of later date. Fuller. 2. To enter mentally; to retire. [Poetic] [He] with holiest meditations fed, Into himself descended. Milton. 3. To make an attack, or incursion, as if from a vantage ground; to come suddenly and with violence; -- with on or upon. And on the suitors let thy wrath descend. Pope. 4. To come down to a lower, less fortunate, humbler, less virtuous, or worse, state or station; to lower or abase one's self; as, he descended from his high estate. 5. To pass from the more general or important to the particular or less important matters to be considered. 6. To come down, as from a source, original, or stock; to be derived; to proceed by generation or by transmission; to fall or pass by inheritance; as, the beggar may descend from a prince; a crown descends to the heir. 7. (Anat.) Defn: To move toward the south, or to the southward. 8. (Mus.) Defn: To fall in pitch; to pass from a higher to a lower tone. DESCEND De*scend", v. t. Defn: To go down upon or along; to pass from a higher to a lower part of; as, they descended the river in boats; to descend a ladder. But never tears his cheek descended. Byron. DESCENDANT De*scend"ant, a. Etym: [F. descendant, p. pr. of descendre. Cf. Descendent.] Defn: Descendent. DESCENDANT De*scend"ant, n. Defn: One who descends, as offspring, however remotely; -- correlative to ancestor or ascendant. Our first parents and their descendants. Hale. The descendant of so many kings and emperors. Burke. DESCENDENT De*scend"ent, a. Etym: [L. descendens, -entis, p. pr. of descendre. Cf. Descendant.] Defn: Descending; falling; proceeding from an ancestor or source. More than mortal grace Speaks thee descendent of ethereal race. Pope. DESCENDER De*scend"er, n. Defn: One who descends. DESCENDIBILITY De*scend`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being descendible; capability of being transmitted from ancestors; as, the descendibility of an estate. DESCENDIBLE De*scend"i*ble, a. 1. Admitting descent; capable of being descended. 2. That may descend from an ancestor to an heir. "A descendant estate." Sir W. Jones. DESCENDING De*scend"ing, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to descent; moving downwards. Descending constellations or signs (Astron.), those through which the planets descent toward the south. -- Descending node (Astron.), that point in a planet's orbit where it intersects the ecliptic in passing southward. -- Descending series (Math.), a series in which each term is numerically smaller than the preceding one; also, a series arranged according to descending powers of a quantity. DESCENDINGLY De*scend"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a descending manner. DESCENSION De*scen"sion, n. Etym: [OF. descension, L. descensio. See Descent.] Defn: The act of going downward; descent; falling or sinking; declension; degradation. Oblique descension (Astron.), the degree or arc of the equator which descends, with a celestial object, below the horizon of an oblique sphere. -- Right descension, the degree or arc of the equator which descends below the horizon of a right sphere at the same time with the object. [Obs.] DESCENSIONAL De*scen"sion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to descension. Johnson. DESCENSIVE De*scen"sive, a. Defn: Tending to descend; tending downwards; descending. Smart. DESCENSORY De*scen"so*ry, n. Etym: [NL. descensorium: cf. OF. descensoire. See Descend.] Defn: A vessel used in alchemy to extract oils. DESCENT De*scent", n. Etym: [F. descente, fr. descendre; like vente, from vendre. See Descend.] 1. The act of descending, or passing downward; change of place from higher to lower. 2. Incursion; sudden attack; especially, hostile invasion from sea; - - often followed by upon or on; as, to make a descent upon the enemy. The United Provinces . . . ordered public prayer to God, when they feared that the French and English fleets would make a descent upon their coasts. Jortin. 3. Progress downward, as in station, virtue, as in station, virtue, and the like, from a higher to a lower state, from a higher to a lower state, from the more to the less important, from the better to the worse, etc. 2. Derivation, as from an ancestor; procedure by generation; lineage; birth; extraction. Dryden. 5. (Law) Defn: Transmission of an estate by inheritance, usually, but not necessarily, in the descending line; title to inherit an estate by reason of consanguinity. Abbott. 6. Inclination downward; a descending way; inclined or sloping surface; declivity; slope; as, a steep descent. 7. That which is descended; descendants; issue. If care of our descent perplex us most, Which must be born to certain woe. Milton. 8. A step or remove downward in any scale of gradation; a degree in the scale of genealogy; a generation. No man living is a thousand descents removed from Adam himself. Hooker. 9. Lowest place; extreme downward place. [R.] And from the extremest upward of thy head, To the descent and dust below thy foot. Shak. 10. (Mus.) Defn: A passing from a higher to a lower tone. Syn. -- Declivity; slope; degradation; extraction; lineage; assault; invasion; attack. DESCRIBABLE De*scrib"a*ble, a. Defn: That can be described; capable of description. DESCRIBE De*scribe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Described; p. pr. & vb. n. Describing.] Etym: [L. describere, descriptum; de- + scribere to write: cf. OE. descriven, OF. descrivre, F. décrire. See Scribe, and cf. Descry.] 1. To represent by drawing; to draw a plan of; to delineate; to trace or mark out; as, to describe a circle by the compasses; a torch waved about the head in such a way as to describe a circle. 2. To represent by words written or spoken; to give an account of; to make known to others by words or signs; as, the geographer describes countries and cities. 3. To distribute into parts, groups, or classes; to mark off; to class. [Obs.] Passed through the land, and described it by cities into seven parts in a book. Josh. xviii. 9. Syn. -- To set forth; represent; delineate; relate; recount; narrate; express; explain; depict; portray; chracterize. DESCRIBE De*scribe", v. i. Defn: To use the faculty of describing; to give a description; as, Milton describes with uncommon force and beauty. DESCRIBENT De*scrib"ent, n. Etym: [L. describens, p. pr. of describere.] (Geom.) Defn: Same as Generatrix. DESCRIBER De*scrib"er, n. Defn: One who describes. DESCRIER De*scri"er, n. Defn: One who descries. DESCRIPTION De*scrip"tion, n. Etym: [F. description, L. descriptio. See Describe.] 1. The act of describing; a delineation by marks or signs. 2. A sketch or account of anything in words; a portraiture or representation in language; an enumeration of the essential qualities of a thing or species. Milton has descriptions of morning. D. Webster. 3. A class to which a certain representation is applicable; kind; sort. A difference . . . between them and another description of public creditors. A. Hamilton. The plates were all of the meanest description. Macaulay. Syn. -- Account; definition; recital; relation; detail; narrative; narration; explanation; delineation; representation; kind; sort. See Definition. DESCRIPTIVE De*scrip"tive, a. Etym: [L. descriptivus: cf. F. descriptif.] Defn: Tending to describe; having the quality of representing; containing description; as, a descriptive figure; a descriptive phrase; a descriptive narration; a story descriptive of the age. Descriptive anatomy, that part of anatomy which treats of the forms and relations of parts, but not of their textures. -- Descriptive geometry, that branch of geometry. which treats of the graphic solution of problems involving three dimensions, by means of projections upon auxiliary planes. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ) -- De*scrip"tive*ly, adv. -- De*scrip"tive*ness, n. DESCRIVE De*scrive", v. t. Etym: [OF. descrivre. See Describe.] Defn: To describe. [Obs.] Spenser. DESCRY De*scry", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Descried; p. pr. & vb. n. Descrying.] Etym: [OE. descrien, discrien, to espy, prob. from the proclaiming of what was espied, fr. OF. descrier to proclaim, cry down, decry, F. décrier. The word was confused somewhat with OF. descriven, E. describe, OF. descrivre, from L. describere. See Decry.] 1. To spy out or discover by the eye, as objects distant or obscure; to espy; to recognize; to discern; to discover. And the house of Joseph sent to descry Bethel. Judg. i. 23. Edmund, I think, is gone . . . to descry The strength o' the enemy. Shak. And now their way to earth they had descried. Milton. 2. To discover; to disclose; to reveal. [R.] His purple robe he had thrown aside, lest it should descry him. Milton. Syn. -- To see; behold; espy; discover; discern. DESCRY De*scry" Defn: , Discovery or view, as of an army seen at a distance. [Obs.] Near, and on speedy foot; the main descry Stands on the hourly thought. Shak. DESECATE Des"e*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. desecare to cut off.] Defn: To cut, as with a scythe; to mow. [Obs.] DESECRATE Des"e*crate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desecrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desecrating.] Etym: [L. desecratus, p. p. of desecrare (also desacrare) to consecrate, dedicate; but taken in the sense if to divest of a sacred character; de- + sacrare to consecrate, fr. sacer sacred. See Sacred.] Defn: To divest of a sacred character or office; to divert from a sacred purpose; to violate the sanctity of; to profane; to put to an unworthy use; -- the opposite of consecrate. The [Russian] clergy can not suffer corporal punishment without being previously desecrated. W. Tooke. The founders of monasteries imprecated evil on those who should desecrate their donations. Salmon. DESECRATER Des"e*cra`ter, n. Defn: One who desecrates; a profaner. Harper's Mag. DESECRATION Des`e*cra"tion, n. Defn: The act of desecrating; profanation; condition of anything desecrated. DESECRATOR Des"e*cra`tor, n. Defn: One who desecrates. "Desecrators of the church." Morley. DESEGMENTATION De*seg`men*ta"tion, n. (Anat.) Defn: The loss or obliteration of division into segments; as, a desegmentation of the body. DESERT De*sert", n. Etym: [OF. deserte, desserte, merit, recompense, fr. deservir, desservir, to merit. See Deserve.] Defn: That which is deserved; the reward or the punishment justly due; claim to recompense, usually in a good sense; right to reward; merit. According to their deserts will I judge them. Ezek. vii. 27. Andronicus, surnamed Pius For many good and great deserts to Rome. Shak. His reputation falls far below his desert. A. Hamilton. Syn. -- Merit; worth; excellence; due. DESERT Des"ert, n. Etym: [F. désert, L. desertum, from desertus solitary, desert, pp. of deserere to desert; de- + serere to join together. See Series.] 1. A deserted or forsaken region; a barren tract incapable of supporting population, as the vast sand plains of Asia and Africa are destitute and vegetation. A dreary desert and a gloomy waste. Pope. 2. A tract, which may be capable of sustaining a population, but has been left unoccupied and uncultivated; a wilderness; a solitary place. He will make her wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the garden of the Lord. Is. li. 3. Note: Also figuratively. Before her extended Dreary and vast and silent, the desert of life. Longfellow. DESERT Des"ert, a. Etym: [Cf. L. desertus, p. p. of deserere, and F. désert. See 2d Desert.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a desert; forsaken; without life or cultivation; unproductive; waste; barren; wild; desolate; solitary; as, they landed on a desert island. He . . . went aside privately into a desert place. Luke ix. 10. Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air. Gray. Desert flora (Bot.), the assemblage of plants growing naturally in a desert, or in a dry and apparently unproductive place. -- Desert hare (Zoöl.), a small hare (Lepus sylvaticus, var. Arizonæ) inhabiting the deserts of the Western United States. -- Desert mouse (Zoöl.), an American mouse (Hesperomys eremicus), living in the Western deserts. DESERT De*sert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Deserting.] Etym: [Cf. L. desertus, p. p. of deserere to desert, F. déserter. See 2d Desert.] 1. To leave (especially something which one should stay by and support); to leave in the lurch; to abandon; to forsake; -- implying blame, except sometimes when used of localities; as, to desert a friend, a principle, a cause, one's country. "The deserted fortress." Prescott. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To abandon (the service) without leave; to forsake in violation of duty; to abscond from; as, to desert the army; to desert one's colors. DESERT De*sert", v. i. Defn: To abandon a service without leave; to quit military service without permission, before the expiration of one's term; to abscond. The soldiers . . . deserted in numbers. Bancroft. Syn. -- To abandon; forsake; leave; relinquish; renounce; quit; depart from; abdicate. See Abandon. DESERTER De*sert"er (, n. Defn: One who forsakes a duty, a cause or a party, a friend, or any one to whom he owes service; especially, a soldier or a seaman who abandons the service without leave; one guilty of desertion. DESERTFUL De*sert"ful, a. Defn: Meritorious. [R.] Beau. & Fl. DESERTION De*ser"tion, n. Etym: [L. desertio: cf. F. désertion.] 1. The act of deserting or forsaking; abandonment of a service, a cause, a party, a friend, or any post of duty; the quitting of one's duties willfully and without right; esp., an absconding from military or naval service. Such a resignation would have seemed to his superior a desertion or a reproach. Bancroft. 2. The state of being forsaken; desolation; as, the king in his desertion. 3. Abandonment by God; spiritual despondency. The spiritual agonies of a soul under desertion. South. DESERTLESS De*sert"less, a. Defn: Without desert. [R.] DESERTLESSLY De*sert"less*ly, adv. Defn: Undeservedly. [R.] Beau. & Fl. DESERTNESS Des"ert*ness, n. Defn: A deserted condition. [R.] "The desertness of the country." Udall. DESERTRIX; DESERTRICE De*sert"rix, De*sert"rice, n. Etym: [L. desertrix.] Defn: A feminine deserter. Milton. DESERVE De*serve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deserved; p. pr. & vb. n. Deserving.] Etym: [OF. deservir, desservir, to merit, L. deservire to serve zealously, be devoted to; de- + servire to serve. See Serve.] 1. To earn by service; to be worthy of (something due, either good or evil); to merit; to be entitled to; as, the laborer deserves his wages; a work of value deserves praise. God exacteth of thee less than thine iniquity deserveth. Job xi. 6. John Gay deserved to be a favorite. Thackeray. Encouragement is not held out to things that deserve reprehension. Burke. 2. To serve; to treat; to benefit. [Obs.] A man that hath So well deserved me. Massinger. DESERVE De*serve", v. i. Defn: To be worthy of recompense; -- usually with ill or with well. One man may merit or deserve of another. South. DESERVEDLY De*serv"ed*ly, adv. Defn: According to desert (whether good or evil); justly. DESERVEDNESS De*serv"ed*ness, n. Defn: Meritoriousness. DESERVER De*serv"er, n. Defn: One who deserves. DESERVING De*serv"ing, n. Defn: Desert; merit. A person of great deservings from the republic. Swift. DESERVING De*serv"ing, a. Defn: Meritorious; worthy; as, a deserving or act. -- De*serv"ing*ly, adv. DESHABILLE Des`ha*bille, n. Etym: [F. déshabillé, fr. déshabiller to undress; pref. dés- (L. dis-) + habiller to dress. See Habiliment, and cf. Dishabille.] Defn: An undress; a careless toilet. DESICCANT De*sic"cant, a. Etym: [L. desiccans, p. pr. of desiccare. See Desiccate.] Defn: Drying; desiccative. -- n. Defn: (Med.) A medicine or application for drying up a sore. Wiseman. DESICCATE Des"ic*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desiccated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desiccating.] Etym: [L. desiccatus, p. p. of desiccare to dry up; de- + siccare to dry, siccus dry. See Sack wine.] Defn: To dry up; to deprive or exhaust of moisture; to preserve by drying; as, to desiccate fish or fruit. Bodies desiccated by heat or age. Bacon. DESICCATE Des"ic*cate, v. i. Defn: To become dry. DESICCATION Des`ic*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dessiccation.] Defn: The act of desiccating, or the state of being desiccated. DESICCATIVE De*sic"ca*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dessicatif.] Defn: Drying; tending to dry. Ferrand. -- n. (Med.) Defn: An application for drying up secretions. DESICCATOR Des"ic*ca`tor, n. 1. One who, or that which, desiccates. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A short glass jar fitted with an air-tight cover, and containing some desiccating agent, as sulphuric acid or calcium chloride, above which is suspended the material to be dried, or preserved from moisture. DESICCATORY De*sic"ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Desiccative. DESIDERABLE De*sid"er*a*ble, a. Defn: Desirable. [R.] "Good and desiderable things." Holland. DESIDERATA De*sid`e*ra"ta, n. pl. Defn: See Desideratum. DESIDERATE De*sid"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desiderated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desiderating.] Etym: [L. desideratus, p. p. of desiderare to desire, miss. See Desire, and cf. Desideratum.] Defn: To desire; to feel the want of; to lack; to miss; to want. Pray have the goodness to point out one word missing that ought to have been there -- please to insert a desiderated stanza. You can not. Prof. Wilson. Men were beginning . . . to desiderate for them an actual abode of fire. A. W. Ward. DESIDERATION De*sid`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. desideratio.] Defn: Act of desiderating; also, the thing desired. [R.] Jeffrey. DESIDERATIVE De*sid"er*a*tive, a. Etym: [L. desiderativus.] Defn: Denoting desire; as, desiderative verbs. DESIDERATIVE De*sid"er*a*tive, n. 1. An object of desire. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A verb formed from another verb by a change of termination, and expressing the desire of doing that which is indicated by the primitive verb. DESIDERATUM De*sid`e*ra"tum, n.; pl. Desiderata. Etym: [L., fr. desideratus, p. p. See Desiderate.] Defn: Anything desired; that of which the lack is felt; a want generally felt and acknowledge. DESIDIOSE; DESIDIOUS De*sid"i*ose`, De*sid"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. desidiosus, fr. desidia a sitting idle, fr. desid to sit idle; de- + sed to sit.] Defn: Idle; lazy. [Obs.] DESIDIOUSNESS De*sid"i*ous*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being desidiose, or indolent. [Obs.] N. Bacon. DESIGHT De*sight", n. Etym: [Pref. de- + sight.] Defn: An unsightly object. [Obs.] DESIGHTMENT De*sight"ment, n. Defn: The act of making unsightly; disfigurement. [R.] To substitute jury masts at whatever desightment or damage in risk. London Times. DESIGN De*sign", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Designed; p. pr. & vb. n. Designing.] Etym: [F. désigner to designate, cf. F. dessiner to draw, dessin drawing, dessein a plan or scheme; all, ultimately, from L. designare to designate; de- + signare to mark, mark out, signum mark, sign. See Sign, and cf. Design, n., Designate.] 1. To draw preliminary outline or main features of; to sketch for a pattern or model; to delineate; to trace out; to draw. Dryden. 2. To mark out and exhibit; to designate; to indicate; to show; to point out; to appoint. We shall see Justice design the victor's chivalry. Shak. Meet me to-morrow where the master And this fraternity shall design. Beau. & Fl. 3. To create or produce, as a work of art; to form a plan or scheme of; to form in idea; to invent; to project; to lay out in the mind; as, a man designs an essay, a poem, a statue, or a cathedral. 4. To intend or purpose; -- usually with for before the remote object, but sometimes with to. Ask of politicians the end for which laws were originally designed. Burke. He was designed to the study of the law. Dryden. Syn. -- To sketch; plan; purpose; intend; propose; project; mean. DESIGN De*sign", v. i. Defn: To form a design or designs; to plan. Design for, to intend to go to. [Obs.] "From this city she designed for Collin [Cologne]." Evelyn. DESIGN De*sign", n. Etym: [Cf. dessein, dessin.] 1. A preliminary sketch; an outline or pattern of the main features of something to be executed, as of a picture, a building, or a decoration; a delineation; a plan. 2. A plan or scheme formed in the mind of something to be done; preliminary conception; idea intended to be expressed in a visible form or carried into action; intention; purpose; -- often used in a bad sense for evil intention or purpose; scheme; plot. The vast design and purposTennyson. The leaders of that assembly who withstood the designs of a besotted woman. Hallam. A . . . settled design upon another man's life. Locke. How little he could guess the secret designs of the court! Macaulay. 3. Specifically, intention or purpose as revealed or inferred from the adaptation of means to an end; as, the argument from design. 4. The realization of an inventive or decorative plan; esp., a work of decorative art considered as a new creation; conception or plan shown in completed work; as, this carved panel is a fine design, or of a fine design. 5. (Mus.) Defn: The invention and conduct of the subject; the disposition of every part, and the general order of the whole. Arts of design, those into which the designing of artistic forms and figures enters as a principal part, as architecture, painting, engraving, sculpture. -- School of design, one in which are taught the invention and delineation of artistic or decorative figures, patterns, and the like. Syn. -- Intention; purpose; scheme; project; plan; idea. -- Design, Intention, Purpose. Design has reference to something definitely aimed at. Intention points to the feelings or desires with which a thing is sought. Purpose has reference to a settled choice or determination for its attainment. "I had no design to injure you," means it was no part of my aim or object. "I had no intention to injure you," means, I had no wish or desire of that kind. "My purpose was directly the reverse," makes the case still stronger. Is he a prudent man . . . that lays designs only for a day, without any prospect to the remaining part of his life Tillotson. I wish others the same intention, and greater successes. Sir W. Temple. It is the purpose that makes strong the vow. Shak. DESIGNABLE Des"ig*na*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being designated or distinctly marked out; distinguishable. Boyle. DESIGNATE Des"ig*nate, a. Etym: [L. designatus, p. p. of designare. See Design, v. t.] Defn: Designated; appointed; chosen. [R.] Sir G. Buck. DESIGNATE Des"ig*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Designated; p. pr. & vb. n. Designating.] 1. To mark out and make known; to point out; to name; to indicate; to show; to distinguish by marks or description; to specify; as, to designate the boundaries of a country; to designate the rioters who are to be arrested. 2. To call by a distinctive title; to name. 3. To indicate or set apart for a purpose or duty; -- with to or for; to designate an officer for or to the command of a post or station. Syn. -- To name; denominate; style; entitle; characterize; describe. DESIGNATION Des`ig*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. designatio: cf. F. désignation.] 1. The act of designating; a pointing out or showing; indication. 2. Selection and appointment for a purpose; allotment; direction. 3. That which designates; a distinguishing mark or name; distinctive title; appellation. The usual designation of the days of the week. Whewell. 4. Use or application; import; intention; signification, as of a word or phrase. Finite and infinite seem . . . to be attributed primarily, in their first designation, only to those things have parts. Locke. DESIGNATIVE Des"ig*na*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. désignatif.] Defn: Serving to designate or indicate; pointing out. DESIGNATOR Des"ig*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An officer who assigned to each his rank and place in public shows and ceremonies. 2. One who designates. DESIGNATORY Des"ig*na*to*ry, a. Defn: Serving to designate; designative; indicating. [R.] DESIGNEDLY De*sign"ed*ly, adv. Defn: By design; purposely; intentionally; -- opposed to accidentally, ignorantly, or inadvertently. DESIGNER De*sign"er, n. 1. One who designs, marks out, or plans; a contriver. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: One who produces or creates original works of art or decoration. 3. A plotter; a schemer; -- used in a bad sense. DESIGNFUL De*sign"ful, a. Defn: Full of design; scheming. [R.] -- De*sign"ful*ness, n. [R.] Barrow. DESIGNING De*sign"ing, a. Defn: Intriguing; artful; scheming; as, a designing man. DESIGNING De*sign"ing, n. Defn: The act of making designs or sketches; the act of forming designs or plans. DESIGNLESS De*sign"less, a. Defn: Without design. [Obs.] -- De*sign"less*ly, adv. [Obs.] DESIGNMENT De*sign"ment, n. 1. Delineation; sketch; design; ideal; invention. [Obs.] For though that some mean artist's skill were shown In mingling colors, or in placing light, Yet still the fair designment was his own. Dryden. 2. Design; purpose; scheme. [Obs.] Shak. DESILVER De*sil"ver, v. t. Defn: To deprive of silver; as, to desilver lead. DESILVERIZATION De*sil`ver*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or the process of freeing from silver; also, the condition resulting from the removal of silver. DESILVERIZE De*sil"ver*ize, v. t. Defn: To deprive, or free from, silver; to remove silver from. DESINENCE Des"i*nence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. désinence.] Defn: Termination; ending. Bp. Hall. DESINENT Des"i*nent, a. Etym: [L. desinens, p. pr. of desinere, desitum, to leave off, cease; de- + sinere to let, allow.] Defn: Ending; forming an end; lowermost. [Obs.] "Their desinent parts, fish." B. Jonson. DESINENTIAL Des`i*nen"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. désinentiel.] Defn: Terminal. Furthermore, b, as a desinential element, has a dynamic function. Fitzed. Hall. DESIPIENT De*sip"i*ent, a. Etym: [L. desipiens, p. pr. of desipere to be foolish; de- + sapere to be wise.] Defn: Foolish; silly; trifling. [R.] DESIRABILITY De*sir`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being desirable; desirableness. DESIRABLE De*sir"a*ble, a. Etym: [F. désirable, fr. L. desiderabilis. See Desire, v. t.] Defn: Worthy of desire or longing; fitted to excite desire or a wish to possess; pleasing; agreeable. All of them desirable young men. Ezek. xxiii. 12. As things desirable excite Desire, and objects move the appetite. Blackmore. DESIRABLENESS De*sir"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being desirable. The desirableness of the Austrian alliance. Froude. DESIRABLY De*sir"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a desirable manner. DESIRE De*sire", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desired; p. pr. & vb. n. Desiring.] Etym: [F. désirer, L. desiderare, origin uncertain, perh. fr. de- + sidus star, constellation, and hence orig., to turn the eyes from the stars. Cf. Consider, and Desiderate, and see Sidereal.] 1. To long for; to wish for earnestly; to covet. Neither shall any man desire thy land. Ex. xxxiv. 24. Ye desire your child to live. Tennyson. 2. To express a wish for; to entreat; to request. Then she said, Did I desire a son of my lord 2 Kings iv. 28. Desire him to go in; trouble him no more. Shak. 3. To require; to demand; to claim. [Obs.] A doleful case desires a doleful song. Spenser. 4. To miss; to regret. [Obs.] She shall be pleasant while she lives, and desired when she dies. Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- To long for; hanker after; covet; wish; ask; request; solicit; entreat; beg. -- To Desire, Wish. In desire the feeling is usually more eager than in wish. "I wish you to do this" is a milder form of command than "I desire you to do this," though the feeling prompting the injunction may be the usage C. J. Smith. DESIRE De*sire", n. Etym: [F. désir, fr. désirer. See Desire, v. t.] 1. The natural longing that is excited by the enjoyment or the thought of any good, and impels to action or effort its continuance or possession; an eager wish to obtain or enjoy. Unspeakable desire to see and know. Milton. 2. An expressed wish; a request; petition. And slowly was my mother brought To yield consent to my desire. Tennyson. 3. Anything which is desired; an object of longing. The Desire of all nations shall come. Hag. ii. 7. 4. Excessive or morbid longing; lust; appetite. 5. Grief; regret. [Obs.] Chapman. Syn. -- Wish; appetency; craving; inclination; eagerness; aspiration; longing. DESIREFUL De*sire"ful, a. Defn: Filled with desire; eager. [R.] The desireful troops. Godfrey (1594). DESIREFULNESS De*sire"ful*ness, n. Defn: The state of being desireful; eagerness to obtain and possess. [R.] The desirefulness of our minds much augmenteth and increaseth our pleasure. Udall. DESIRELESS De*sire"less, a. Defn: Free from desire. Donne. DESIRER De*sir"er, n. Defn: One who desires, asks, or wishes. DESIROUS De*sir"ous, a. Etym: [F. désireux, OF. desiros, fr. desir. See Desire, n.] Defn: Feeling desire; eagerly wishing; solicitous; eager to obtain; covetous. Jesus knew that they were desirous to ask him. John xvi. 19. Be not desirous of his dainties. Prov. xxiii. 3. DESIROUSLY De*sir"ous*ly, adv. Defn: With desire; eagerly. DESIROUSNESS De*sir"ous*ness, n. Defn: The state of being desirous. DESIST De*sist", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Desisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Desisting.] Etym: [L. desistere; de- + sistere to stand, stop, fr. stare to stand: cf. F. désister. See Stand.] Defn: To cease to proceed or act; to stop; to forbear; -- often with from. Never desisting to do evil. E. Hall. To desist from his bad practice. Massinger. Desist (thou art discern'd, And toil'st in vain). Milton. DESISTANCE De*sist"ance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. desistance.] Defn: The act or state of desisting; cessation. [R.] Boyle. If fatigue of body or brain were in every case followed by desistance . . . then would the system be but seldom out of working order. H. Spencer. DESISTIVE De*sist"ive, a. Etym: [See Desist.] Defn: Final; conclusive; ending. [R.] DESITION De*si"tion, n. Etym: [See Desinent.] Defn: An end or ending. [R.] DESITIVE Des"i*tive, a. Defn: Final; serving to complete; conclusive. [Obs.] "Desitive propositions." I. Watts. DESITIVE Des"i*tive, n. (Logic) Defn: A proposition relating to or expressing an end or conclusion. [Obs.] I. Watts. DESK Desk, n. Etym: [OE. deske, the same word as dish, disk. See Dish, and cf. Disk.] 1. A table, frame, or case, usually with sloping top, but often with flat top, for the use writers and readers. It often has a drawer or repository underneath. 2. A reading table or lectern to support the book from which the liturgical service is read, differing from the pulpit from which the sermon is preached; also (esp. in the United States), a pulpit. Hence, used symbolically for "the clerical profession." DESK Desk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desked; p. pr. & vb. n. Desking.] Defn: To shut up, as in a desk; to treasure. DESKWORK Desk"work`, n. Defn: Work done at a desk, as by a clerk or writer. Tennyson. DESMAN Des"man, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. desman musk.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An amphibious, insectivorous mammal found in Russia (Myogale moschata). It is allied to the moles, but is called muscrat by some English writers. [Written also dæsman.] DESMID; DESMIDIAN Des"mid, Des*mid"i*an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A microscopic plant of the family Desmidiæ, a group of unicellular algæ in which the species have a greenish color, and the cells generally appear as if they consisted of two coalescing halves. DESMINE Des"mine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Same as Stilbite. It commonly occurs in bundles or tufts of crystals. DESMOBACTERIA Des`mo*bac*te"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [Gr. bacteria.] Defn: See Microbacteria. DESMODONT Des"mo*dont, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A member of a group of South American blood-sucking bats, of the genera Desmodus and Diphylla. See Vampire. DESMOGNATHOUS Des*mog"na*thous, a. Etym: [Gr. desmo`s bond + (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the maxillo-palatine bones united; -- applied to a group of carinate birds (Desmognathæ), including various wading and swimming birds, as the ducks and herons, and also raptorial and other kinds. DESMOID Des"moid, a. Etym: [Gr. desmo`s ligament + -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Resembling, or having the characteristics of, a ligament; ligamentous. DESMOLOGY Des*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. desmo`s ligament + -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of the ligaments. [R.] DESMOMYARIA Des`mo*my*a"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of Tunicata which includes the Salpæ. See Salpa. DESOLATE Des"o*late, a. Etym: [L. desolatus, p. p. of desolare to leave alone, forsake; de- + solare to make lonely, solus alone. See Sole, a.] 1. Destitute or deprived of inhabitants; deserted; uninhabited; hence, gloomy; as, a desolate isle; a desolate wilderness; a desolate house. I will make Jerusalem . . . a den of dragons, and I will make the cities of Judah desolate, without an inhabitant. Jer. ix. 11. And the silvery marish flowers that throng The desolate creeks and pools among. Tennyson. 2. Laid waste; in a ruinous condition; neglected; destroyed; as, desolate altars. 3. Left alone; forsaken; lonely; comfortless. Have mercy upon, for I am desolate. Ps. xxv. 16. Voice of the poor and desolate. Keble. 4. Lost to shame; dissolute. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. Destitute of; lacking in. [Obs.] I were right now of tales desolate. Chaucer. Syn. -- Desert; uninhabited; lonely; waste. DESOLATE Des"o*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desolated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desolating.] 1. To make desolate; to leave alone; to deprive of inhabitants; as, the earth was nearly desolated by the flood. 2. To lay waste; to ruin; to ravage; as, a fire desolates a city. Constructed in the very heart of a desolating war. Sparks. DESOLATELY Des"o*late*ly, adv. Defn: In a desolate manner. DESOLATENESS Des"o*late*ness, n. Defn: The state of being desolate. DESOLATER Des"o*la`ter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, desolates or lays waste. Mede. DESOLATION Des`o*la"tion, n. Etym: [F. désolation, L. desolatio.] 1. The act of desolating or laying waste; destruction of inhabitants; depopulation. Unto the end of the war desolations are determined. Dan. ix. 26. 2. The state of being desolated or laid waste; ruin; solitariness; destitution; gloominess. You would have sold your king to slaughter, . . . And his whole kingdom into desolation. Shak. 3. A place or country wasted and forsaken. How is Babylon become a desolation! Jer. l. 23. Syn. -- Waste; ruin; destruction; havoc; devastation; ravage; sadness; destitution; melancholy; gloom; gloominess. DESOLATOR Des"o*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Same as Desolater. Byron. DESOLATORY Des"o*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. desolatorius.] Defn: Causing desolation. [R.] Bp. Hall. DESOPHISTICATE De`so*phis"ti*cate, v. t. Defn: To clear from sophism or error. [R.] Hare. DESOXALIC Des`ox*al"ic, a. Etym: [F. pref. des- from + E. oxalic.] (Chem.) Defn: Made or derived from oxalic acid; as, desoxalic acid. DESPAIR De*spair", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Despaired; p. pr. & vb. n. Despairing.] Etym: [OE. despeiren, dispeiren, OF. desperer, fr. L. desperare; de- + sperare to hope; akin to spes hope, and perh. to spatium space, E. space, speed; cf. OF. espeir hope, F. espoir. Cf. Prosper, Desperate.] Defn: To be hopeless; to have no hope; to give up all hope or expectation; -- often with of. We despaired even of life. 2 Cor. i. 8. Never despair of God's blessings here. Wake. Syn. -- See Despond. DESPAIR De*spair", v. t. 1. To give up as beyond hope or expectation; to despair of. [Obs.] I would not despair the greatest design that could be attempted. Milton. 2. To cause to despair. [Obs.] Sir W. Williams. DESPAIR De*spair", n. Etym: [Cf. OF. despoir, fr. desperer.] 1. Loss of hope; utter hopelessness; complete despondency. We in dark dreams are tossing to and fro, Pine with regret, or sicken with despair. Keble. Before he [Bunyan] was ten, his sports were interrupted by fits of remorse and despair. Macaulay. 2. That which is despaired of. "The mere despair of surgery he cures." Shak. Syn. -- Desperation; despondency; hopelessness. DESPAIRER De*spair"er, n. Defn: One who despairs. DESPAIRFUL De*spair"ful, a. Defn: Hopeless. [Obs.] Spenser. DESPAIRING De*spair"ing, a. Defn: Feeling or expressing despair; hopeless. -- De*spair"ing*ly, adv. -- De*spair"ing*ness, n. DESPARPLE De*spar"ple, v. t. & i. Etym: [OF. desparpeillier.] Defn: To scatter; to disparkle. [Obs.] Mandeville. DESPATCH De*spatch", n. & v. Defn: Same as Dispatch. DESPECIFICATE De`spe*cif"i*cate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. de- (intens.) + specificate.] Defn: To discriminate; to separate according to specific signification or qualities; to specificate; to desynonymize. [R.] Inaptitude and ineptitude have been usefully despecificated. Fitzed. Hall. DESPECIFICATION De*spec`ifi*ca"tion, n. Defn: Discrimination. DESPECT De*spect", n. Etym: [L. despectus, fr. despicere. See Despite, n.] Defn: Contempt. [R.] Coleridge. DESPECTION De*spec"tion, n. Etym: [L. despectio.] Defn: A looking down; a despising. [R.] W. Montagu. DESPEED De*speed", v. t. Defn: To send hastily. [Obs.] Despeeded certain of their crew. Speed. DESPEND De*spend", v. t. Defn: To spend; to squander. See Dispend. [Obs.] Some noble men in Spain can despend Howell. DESPERADO Des`per*a"do, n.; pl. Desperadoes. Etym: [OSp. desperado, p. p. of desperar, fr. L. desperare. See Desperate.] Defn: A reckless, furious man; a person urged by furious passions, and regardless of consequence; a wild ruffian. DESPERATE Des"per*ate, a. Etym: [L. desperatus, p. p. of desperare. See Despair, and cf. Desperado.] 1. Without hope; given to despair; hopeless. [Obs.] I am desperate of obtaining her. Shak. 2. Beyond hope; causing despair; extremely perilous; irretrievable; past cure, or, at least, extremely dangerous; as, a desperate disease; desperate fortune. 3. Proceeding from, or suggested by, despair; without regard to danger or safety; reckless; furious; as, a desperate effort. "Desperate expedients." Macaulay. 4. Extreme, in a bad sense; outrageous; -- used to mark the extreme predominance of a bad quality. A desperate offendress against nature. Shak. The most desperate of reprobates. Macaulay. Syn. -- Hopeless; despairing; desponding; rash; headlong; precipitate; irretrievable; irrecoverable; forlorn; mad; furious; frantic. DESPERATE Des"per*ate, n. Defn: One desperate or hopeless. [Obs.] DESPERATELY Des"per*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In a desperate manner; without regard to danger or safety; recklessly; extremely; as, the troops fought desperately. She fell desperately in love with him. Addison. DESPERATENESS Des"per*ate*ness n. Defn: Desperation; virulence. DESPERATION Des`per*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. desperatio: cf. OF. desperation.] 1. The act of despairing or becoming desperate; a giving up of hope. This desperation of success chills all our industry. Hammond. 2. A state of despair, or utter hopeless; abandonment of hope; extreme recklessness; reckless fury. In the desperation of the moment, the officers even tried to cut their way through with their swords. W. Irving. DESPICABILITY Des`pi*ca*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Despicableness. [R.] Carlyle. DESPICABLE Des"pi*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. despicabilis, fr. despicari to despise; akin to despicere. See Despise.] Defn: Fit or deserving to be despised; contemptible; mean; vile; worthless; as, a despicable man; despicable company; a despicable gift. Syn. -- Contemptible; mean; vile; worthless; pitiful; paltry; sordid; low; base. See Contemptible. DESPICABLENESS Des"pi*ca*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being despicable; meanness; vileness; worthlessness. DESPICABLY Des"pi*ca*bly, adv. Defn: In a despicable or mean manner; contemptibly; as, despicably stingy. DESPICIENCY Des*pi"cien*cy, n. Etym: [L. despicientia. See Despise.] Defn: A looking down; despection. [Obs.] DESPISABLE De*spis"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. despisable.] Defn: Despicable; contemptible. [R.] DESPISAL De*spis"al, n. Defn: A despising; contempt. [R.] A despisal of religion. South. DESPISE De*spise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Despised; p. pr. & vb. n. Despising.] Etym: [OF. despis-, in some forms of despire to despise, fr. L. despicere, despectum, to look down upon, despise; de- + spicere, specere, to look. See Spy, and cf. Despicable, Despite.] Defn: To look down upon with disfavor or contempt; to contemn; to scorn; to disdain; to have a low opinion or contemptuous dislike of. Fools despise wisdom and instruction. Prov. i. 7. Men naturally despise those who court them, but respect those who do not give way to them. Jowett (Thucyd. ). Syn. -- To contemn; scorn; disdain; slight; undervalue. See Contemn. DESPISEDNESS De*spis"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being despised. DESPISEMENT De*spise"ment, n. Defn: A despising. [R.] Holland. DESPISER De*spis"er, n. Defn: One who despises; a contemner; a scorner. DESPISINGLY De*spis"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Contemptuously. DESPITE De*spite", n. Etym: [OF. despit, F. dépit, fr. L. despectus contempt, fr. despicere. See Despise, and cf. Spite, Despect.] 1. Malice; malignity; spite; malicious anger; contemptuous hate. With all thy despite against the land of Israel. Ezek. xxv. 6. 2. An act of malice, hatred, or defiance; contemptuous defiance; a deed of contempt. A despite done against the Most High. Milton. In despite, in defiance of another's power or inclination. -- In despite of, in defiance of; in spite of. See under Spite. "Seized my hand in despite of my efforts to the contrary." W. Irving. -- In your despite, in defiance or contempt of you; in spite of you. [Obs.] DESPITE De*spite", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Despited; p. pr. & vb. n. Despiting.] Etym: [OF. despitier, fr. L. despectare, intens. of despicere. See Despite, n.] Defn: To vex; to annoy; to offend contemptuously. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. DESPITE De*spite", prep. Defn: In spite of; against, or in defiance of; notwithstanding; as, despite his prejudices. Syn. -- See Notwithstanding. DESPITEFUL De*spite"ful, a. Etym: [See Despite, and cf. Spiteful.] Defn: Full of despite; expressing malice or contemptuous hate; malicious. -- De*spite"ful*ly, adv. -- De*spite"ful*ness, n. Haters of God, despiteful, proud, boasters. Rom. i. 30. Pray for them which despitefully use you. Matt. v. 44. Let us examine him with despitefulness and fortune. Book of Wisdom ii. 19. DESPITEOUS Des*pit"e*ous, a. Etym: [OE. despitous, OF. despiteus, fr. despit; affected in form by E. piteous. See Despite.] Defn: Feeling or showing despite; malicious; angry to excess; cruel; contemptuous. [Obs.] "Despiteous reproaches." Holland. DESPITEOUSLY Des*pit"e*ous*ly, adv. Defn: Despitefully. [Obs.] DESPITOUS De*spit"ous, a. Defn: Despiteous; very angry; cruel. [Obs.] He was to sinful man not despitous. Chaucer. - De*spit"ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] DESPOIL De*spoil", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Despoiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Despoiling.] Etym: [OF. despoiller, F. dépouiller, L. despoliare, despoliatum; de- + spoliare to strip, rob, spolium spoil, booty. Cf. Spoil, Despoliation.] 1. To strip, as of clothing; to divest or unclothe. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To deprive for spoil; to plunder; to rob; to pillage; to strip; to divest; -- usually followed by of. The clothed earth is then bare, Despoiled is the summer fair. Gower. A law which restored to them an immense domain of which they had been despoiled. Macaulay. Despoiled of innocence, of faith, of bliss. Milton. Syn. -- To strip; deprive; rob; bereave; rifle. DESPOIL De*spoil", n. Defn: Spoil. [Obs.] Wolsey. DESPOILER De*spoil"er, n. Defn: One who despoils. DESPOILMENT De*spoil"ment, n. Defn: Despoliation. [R.] DESPOLIATION De*spo`li*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. despoliatio. See Despoil.] Defn: A stripping or plundering; spoliation. Bailey. DESPOND De*spond", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Desponded; p. pr. & vb. n. Desponding.] Etym: [L. despond, desponsum, to promise away, promise in marriage, give up, to lose (courage); de- + spond to promise solemnly. See Sponsor.] Defn: To give up, the will, courage, or spirit; to be thoroughly disheartened; to lose all courage; to become dispirited or depressed; to take an unhopeful view. I should despair, or at least despond. Scott's Letters. Others depress their own minds, [and] despond at the first difficulty. Locke. We wish that . . . desponding patriotism may turn its eyes hitherward, and be assured that foundations of our national power still stand strong. D. Webster. Syn. -- Despond, Dispair. Despair implies a total loss of hope, which despond does not, at least in every case; yet despondency is often more lasting than despair, or than desperation, which impels to violent action. DESPOND De*spond" n. Defn: Despondency. [Obs.] The slough of despond. Bunyan. DESPONDENCE De*spond"ence, n. Defn: Despondency. The people, when once infected, lose their relish for happiness [and] saunter about with looks of despondence. Goldsmith. DESPONDENCY De*spond"en*cy, n. Defn: The state of desponding; loss of hope and cessation of effort; discouragement; depression or dejection of the mind. The unhappy prince seemed, during some days, to be sunk in despondency. Macaulay. DESPONDENT De*spond"ent, a. Etym: [L. despondens, -entis, p. pr. of despond.] Defn: Marked by despondence; given to despondence; low-spirited; as, a despondent manner; a despondent prisoner. -- De*spond"ent*ly, adv. DESPONDER De*spond"er, n. Defn: One who desponds. DESPONDINGLY De*spond"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a desponding manner. DESPONSAGE De*spon"sage, n. Etym: [From L. desponsus, p. p. See Despond.] Defn: Betrothal. [Obs.] Ethelbert . . . went peaceably to King Offa for desponsage of Athilrid, his daughter. Foxe. DESPONSATE De*spon"sate, v. t. Etym: [L. desponsatus, p. p. of desponsare, intens. of despondere to betroth. See Despond.] Defn: To betroth. [Obs.] Johnson. DESPONSATION Des`pon*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. desponsatio: cf. OF. desponsation.] Defn: A betrothing; betrothal. [Obs.] For all this desponsation of her . . . she had not set one step toward the consummation of her marriage. Jer. Taylor. DESPONSORY De*spon"so*ry, n.; pl. Desponsories (. Defn: A written pledge of marriage. Clarendon. DESPORT De*sport", v. t. & i. Defn: See Disport. DESPOT Des"pot, n. Etym: [F. despote, LL. despotus, fr. Gr. potens. See Potent.] 1. A master; a lord; especially, an absolute or irresponsible ruler or sovereign. Irresponsible power in human hands so naturally leads to it, that cruelty has become associated with despot and tyrant. C. J. Smith. 2. One who rules regardless of a constitution or laws; a tyrant. DESPOTAT Des"po*tat, n. Etym: [Cf. F. despotat.] Defn: The station or government of a despot; also, the domain of a despot. Freeman. DESPOTIC; DESPOTICAL Des*pot"ic, Des*pot"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. despotique.] Defn: Having the character of, or pertaining to, a despot; absolute in power; possessing and abusing unlimited power; evincing despotism; tyrannical; arbitrary. -- Des*pot"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Des*pot"ic*al*ness, n. DESPOTISM Des"po*tism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. despotisme.] 1. The power, spirit, or principles of a despot; absolute control over others; tyrannical sway; tyranny. "The despotism of vice." Byron. 2. A government which is directed by a despot; a despotic monarchy; absolutism; autocracy. Despotism . . . is the only form of government which may with safety to itself neglect the education of its infant poor. Bp. Horsley. DESPOTIST Des"po*tist, n. Defn: A supporter of despotism. [R.] DESPOTIZE Des"po*tize, v. t. Defn: To act the despot. DESPREAD De*spread", v. t. & i. Defn: See Dispread. DESPUMATE Des"pu*mate, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Despumated; p. pr. & vb. n. Despumating.] Etym: [L. despumatus, p. p. of despumare to despume; de- + spumare to foam, froth, spuma froth, scum.] Defn: To throw off impurities in spume; to work off in foam or scum; to foam. DESPUMATION Des`pu*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. despumatio: cf. F. despumation.] Defn: The act of throwing up froth or scum; separation of the scum or impurities from liquids; scumming; clarification. DESPUME De*spume", v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. despumer. See Despumate.] Defn: To free from spume or scum. [Obs.] If honey be despumed. Holland. DESQUAMATE Des"qua*mate, v. i. Etym: [L. desquamatus, p. p. of desquamare to scale off; de- + squama scale.] (Med.) Defn: To peel off in the form of scales; to scale off, as the skin in certain diseases. DESQUAMATION Des`qua*ma"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. desquamation.] (Med.) Defn: The separation or shedding of the cuticle or epidermis in the form of flakes or scales; exfoliation, as of bones. DESQUAMATIVE; DESQUAMATORY De*squam"a*tive, De*squam"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or attended with, desquamation. DESQUAMATORY De*squam"a*to*ry, n. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument formerly used in removing the laminæ of exfoliated bones. DESS Dess, n. Defn: Dais. [Obs.] DESSERT Des*sert", n. Etym: [F., fr. desservir to remove from table, to clear the table; pref. des- (L. dis-) + servir to serve, to serve at table. See Serve.] Defn: A service of pastry, fruits, or sweetmeats, at the close of a feast or entertainment; pastry, fruits, etc., forming the last course at dinner. "An 't please your honor," quoth the peasant, "This same dessert is not so pleasant." Pope. Dessert spoon, a spoon used in eating dessert; a spoon intermediate in size between a teaspoon and a tablespoon. -- Dessert-spoonful, n., pl. Dessert-spoonfuls, as much as a dessert spoon will hold, usually reckoned at about two and a half fluid drams. DESTEMPER Des*tem"per, n. Etym: [Cf. F. détrempe, fr. détremper.] Defn: A kind of painting. See Distemper. DESTIN Des"tin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. destin.] Defn: Destiny. [Obs.] Marston. DESTINABLE Des"ti*na*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. destinable.] Defn: Determined by destiny; fated. Chaucer. DESTINABLY Des"ti*na*bly, adv. Defn: In a destinable manner. DESTINAL Des"ti*nal, a. Defn: Determined by destiny; fated. [Obs.] "The order destinal." Chaucer. DESTINATE Des"ti*nate, a. Etym: [L. destinatus, p. p. of destinare. See Destine.] Defn: Destined. [Obs.] "Destinate to hell." Foxe. DESTINATE Des"ti*nate, v. t. Defn: To destine, design, or choose. [Obs.] "That name that God . . . did destinate." Udall. DESTINATION Des`ti*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. destinatio determination: cf. F. destination destination.] 1. The act of destining or appointing. 2. Purpose for which anything is destined; predetermined end, object, or use; ultimate design. 3. The place set for the end of a journey, or to which something is sent; place or point aimed at. Syn. -- Appointment; design; purpose; intention; destiny; lot; fate; end. DESTINE Des"tine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Destined; p. pr. & vb. n. Destining.] Etym: [F. destiner, L. destinare; de + the root of stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Obstinate.] Defn: To determine the future condition or application of; to set apart by design for a future use or purpose; to fix, as by destiny or by an authoritative decree; to doom; to ordain or preordain; to appoint; -- often with the remoter object preceded by to or for. We are decreed, Reserved, and destined to eternal woe. Milton. Till the loathsome opposite Of all my heart had destined, did obtain. Tennyson. Not enjoyment and not sorrow Is our destined end or way. Longfellow. Syn. -- To design; mark out; determine; allot; choose; intend; devote; consecrate; doom. DESTINIST Des"ti*nist, n. Defn: A believer in destiny; a fatalist. [R.] DESTINY Des"ti*ny, n.; pl. Destinies. Etym: [OE. destinee, destene, F. destinée, from destiner. See Destine.] 1. That to which any person or thing is destined; predetermined state; condition foreordained by the Divine or by human will; fate; lot; doom. Thither he Will come to know his destiny. Shak. No man of woman born, Coward or brave, can shun his destiny. Bryant. 2. The fixed order of things; invincible necessity; fate; a resistless power or agency conceived of as determining the future, whether in general or of an individual. But who can turn the stream of destiny Spenser. Fame comes only when deserved, and then is as inevitable as destiny, for it is destiny. Longfellow. The Destinies (Anc. Myth.), the three Parcæ, or Fates; the supposed powers which preside over human life, and determine its circumstances and duration. Marked by the Destinies to be avoided. Shak. DESTITUENT De*stit"u*ent, a. Etym: [L. destituens, p. pr. of destituere.] Defn: Deficient; wanting; as, a destituent condition. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. DESTITUTE Des"ti*tute, a. Etym: [L. destitutus, p. p. of destituere to set away, leave alone, forsake; de + statuere to set. See Statute.] 1. Forsaken; not having in possession (something necessary, or desirable); deficient; lacking; devoid; -- often followed by of. In thee is my trust; leave not my soul destitute. Ps. cxli. 8. Totally destitute of all shadow of influence. Burke. 2. Not possessing the necessaries of life; in a condition of want; needy; without possessions or resources; very poor. They wandered about in sheepskins and goatskins; being destitute, afflicted, tormented. Heb. xi. 37. DESTITUTE Des"ti*tute, v. t. 1. To leave destitute; to forsake; to abandon. [Obs.] To forsake or destitute a plantation. Bacon. 2. To make destitute; to cause to be in want; to deprive; -- followed by of. [Obs.] Destituted of all honor and livings. Holinshed. 3. To disappoint. [Obs.] When his expectation is destituted. Fotherby. DESTITUTELY Des"ti*tute*ly, adv. Defn: In destitution. DESTITUTENESS Des"ti*tute*ness, n. Defn: Destitution. [R.] Ash. DESTITUTION Des`ti*tu"tion, n. Etym: [L. destitutio a forsaking.] Defn: The state of being deprived of anything; the state or condition of being destitute, needy, or without resources; deficiency; lack; extreme poverty; utter want; as, the inundation caused general destitution. DESTRER; DEXTRER Des*trer", Dex"trer, n. Etym: [OF. destrier, fr. L. dextra on the right side. The squire led his master's horse beside him, on his right hand. Skeat.] Defn: A war horse. [Obs.] Chaucer. DESTRIE De*strie", v. t. Defn: To destroy. [Obs.] Chaucer. DESTROY De*stroy", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Destroyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Destroying.] Etym: [OE. destroien, destruien, destrien, OF. destruire, F. détruire, fr. L. destruere, destructum; de + struere to pile up, build. See Structure.] 1. To unbuild; to pull or tear down; to separate virulently into its constituent parts; to break up the structure and organic existence of; to demolish. But ye shall destroy their altars, break their images, and cut down their groves. Ex. xxxiv. 13. 2. To ruin; to bring to naught; to put an end to; to annihilate; to consume. I will utterly pluck up and destroy that nation. Jer. xii. 17. 3. To put an end to the existence, prosperity, or beauty of; to kill. If him by force he can destroy, or, worse, By some false guile pervert. Milton. Syn. -- To demolish; lay waste; consume; raze; dismantle; ruin; throw down; overthrow; subvert; desolate; devastate; deface; extirpate; extinguish; kill; slay. See Demolish. DESTROYABLE De*stroy"a*ble, a. Defn: Destructible. [R.] Plants . . . scarcely destroyable by the weather. Derham. DESTROYER De*stroy"er, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. destruior.] Defn: One who destroys, ruins, kills, or desolates. DESTRUCT De*struct", v. t. Etym: [L. destructus, p. p. of destruere. See Destroy.] Defn: To destroy. [Obs.] Mede. DESTRUCTIBILITY De*struc`ti*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. destructibilité.] Defn: The quality of being capable of destruction; destructibleness. DESTRUCTIBLE De*struc"ti*ble, a. Etym: [L. destructibilis.] Defn: Liable to destruction; capable of being destroyed. DESTRUCTIBLENESS De*struc"ti*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being destructible. DESTRUCTION De*struc"tion, n. Etym: [L. destructio: cf. F. destruction. See Destroy.] 1. The act of destroying; a tearing down; a bringing to naught; subversion; demolition; ruin; slaying; devastation. The Jews smote all their enemies with the stroke of the sword, and slaughter, and destruction. Esth. ix. 5. 'Tis safer to be that which we destroy Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy. Shak. Destruction of venerable establishment. Hallam. 2. The state of being destroyed, demolished, ruined, slain, or devastated. This town came to destruction. Chaucer. Thou castedst them down into destruction. Ps. lxxiii. 18. 2. A destroying agency; a cause of ruin or of devastation; a destroyer. The destruction that wasteth at noonday. Ps. xci. 6. Syn. -- Demolition; subversion; overthrow; desolation; extirpation; extinction; devastation; downfall; extermination; havoc; ruin. DESTRUCTIONIST De*struc"tion*ist, n. 1. One who delights in destroying that which is valuable; one whose principles and influence tend to destroy existing institutions; a destructive. 2. (Theol.) Defn: One who believes in the final destruction or complete annihilation of the wicked; -- called also annihilationist. Shipley. DESTRUCTIVE De*struc"tive, a. Etym: [L. destructivus: cf. F. destructif.] Defn: Causing destruction; tending to bring about ruin, death, or devastation; ruinous; fatal; productive of serious evil; mischievous; pernicious; -- often with of or to; as, intemperance is destructive of health; evil examples are destructive to the morals of youth. Time's destructive power. Wordsworth. Destructive distillation. See Distillation. -- Destructive sorties ( (Logic), a process of reasoning which involves the denial of the first of a series of dependent propositions as a consequence of the denial of the last; a species of reductio ad absurdum. Whately. Syn. -- Mortal; deadly; poisonous; fatal; ruinous; malignant; baleful; pernicious; mischievous. DESTRUCTIVE De*struc"tive, n. Defn: One who destroys; a radical reformer; a destructionist. DESTRUCTIVELY De*struc"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a destructive manner. DESTRUCTIVENESS De*struc"tive*ness, n. 1. The quality of destroying or ruining. Prynne. 2. (Phren.) Defn: The faculty supposed to impel to the commission of acts of destruction; propensity to destroy. DESTRUCTOR De*struc"tor, n. Etym: [L., from destruere. See Destroy, and cf. Destroyer.] Defn: A destroyer. [R.] Fire, the destructive and the artificial death of things. Boyle. DESTRUIE De*struie", v. t. Defn: To destroy. [Obs.] Chaucer. DESUDATION Des`u*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. desudatio, fr. desudare to sweat greatly; de + sudare to sweat.] (Med.) Defn: A sweating; a profuse or morbid sweating, often succeeded by an eruption of small pimples. DESUETE De*suete", a. Etym: [L. desuetus, p. p. of desuescere to disuse.] Defn: Disused; out of use. [R.] DESUETUDE Des"ue*tude, n. Etym: [L. desuetudo, from desuescere, to grow out of use, disuse; de + suescere to become used or accustomed: cf. F. désuétude. See Custom.] Defn: The cessation of use; disuse; discontinuance of practice, custom, or fashion. The desuetude abrogated the law, which, before, custom had established. Jer. Taylor. DESULPHURATE De*sul"phu*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Desulphurated; p. pr. & vb. n. Desulphurating.] Defn: To deprive of sulphur. DESULPHURATION De*sul`phu*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. désulfuration.] Defn: The act or process of depriving of sulphur. DESULPHURIZE De*sul"phur*ize, v. t. Defn: To desulphurate; to deprive of sulphur. -- De*sul`phur*i*za"tion, n. DESULTORILY Des"ul*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a desultory manner; without method; loosely; immethodically. DESULTORINESS Des"ul*to*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being desultory or without order or method; unconnectedness. The seeming desultoriness of my method. Boyle. DESULTORIOUS Des`ul*to"ri*ous, a. Defn: Desultory. [R.] DESULTORY Des"ul*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. desultorius, fr. desultor a leaper, fr. desilire, desultum, to leap down; de + salire to leap. See Saltation.] 1. Leaping or skipping about. [Obs.] I shot at it [a bird], but it was so desultory that I missed my aim. Gilbert White. 2. Jumping, or passing, from one thing or subject to another, without order or rational connection; without logical sequence; disconnected; immethodical; aimless; as, desultory minds. Atterbury. He [Goldsmith] knew nothing accurately; his reading had been desultory. Macaulay. 3. Out of course; by the way; as a digression; not connected with the subject; as, a desultory remark. Syn. -- Rambling; roving; immethodical; discursive; inconstant; unsettled; cursory; slight; hasty; loose. DESUME De*sume", v. t. Etym: [L. desumere; de + sumere to take.] Defn: To select; to borrow. [Obs.] Sir. M. Hale. DESYNONYMIZATION De`syn*on`y*mi*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of desynonymizing. DESYNONYMIZE De`syn*on"y*mize, v. t. Defn: To deprive of synonymous character; to discriminate in use; -- applied to words which have been employed as synonyms. Coleridge. Trench. DETACH De*tach", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detached; p. pr. & vb. n. Detaching.] Etym: [F. détacher (cf. It. distaccare, staccare); pref. dé (L. dis) + the root found also in E. attach. See Attach, and cf. Staccato.] 1. To part; to separate or disunite; to disengage; -- the opposite of attach; as, to detach the coats of a bulbous root from each other; to detach a man from a leader or from a party. 2. To separate for a special object or use; -- used especially in military language; as, to detach a ship from a fleet, or a company from a regiment. Syn. -- To separate; disunite; disengage; sever; disjoin; withdraw;; draw off. See Detail. DETACH De*tach", v. i. Defn: To push asunder; to come off or separate from anything; to disengage. [A vapor] detaching, fold by fold, From those still heights. Tennyson. DETACHABLE De*tach"a*ble, a. Defn: That can be detached. DETACHED De*tached", a. Defn: Separate; unconnected, or imperfectly connected; as, detached parcels. "Extensive and detached empire." Burke. Detached escapement. See Escapement. DETACHMENT De*tach"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. détachement.] 1. The act of detaching or separating, or the state of being detached. 2. That which is detached; especially, a body of troops or part of a fleet sent from the main body on special service. Troops . . . widely scattered in little detachments. Bancroft. 3. Abstraction from worldly objects; renunciation. A trial which would have demanded of him a most heroic faith and the detachment of a saint. J. H. Newman. DETAIL De"tail, n. Etym: [F. détail, fr. détailler to cut in pieces, tell in detail; pref. dé- (L. de or dis-) + tailler to cut. See Tailor.] 1. A minute portion; one of the small parts; a particular; an item; - - used chiefly in the plural; as, the details of a scheme or transaction. The details of the campaign in Italy. Motley. 2. A narrative which relates minute points; an account which dwells on particulars. 3. (Mil.) Defn: The selection for a particular service of a person or a body of men; hence, the person or the body of men so selected. Detail drawing, a drawing of the full size, or on a large scale, of some part of a building, machine, etc. -- In detail, in subdivisions; part by part; item; circumstantially; with particularity. Syn. -- Account; relation; narrative; recital; explanation; narration. DETAIL De"tail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Detailing.] Etym: [Cf. F. détailler to cut up in pieces, tell in detail. See Detail, n.] 1. To relate in particulars; to particularize; to report minutely and distinctly; to enumerate; to specify; as, he detailed all the facts in due order. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To tell off or appoint for a particular service, as an officer, a troop, or a squadron. Syn. -- Detail, Detach. Detail respect the act of individualizing the person or body that is separated; detach, the removing for the given end or object. DETAILER De*tail"er, n. Defn: One who details. DETAIN De*tain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detained; p. pr. & vb. n. Detaining.] Etym: [F. détenir, L. detinere, detentum; de + tenere to hold. See Tenable.] 1. To keep back or from; to withhold. Detain not the wages of the hireling. Jer. Taylor. 2. To restrain from proceeding; to stay or stop; to delay; as, we were detained by an accident. Let us detain thee, until we shall have made ready a kid for thee. Judges xiii. 15. 3. To hold or keep in custody. Syn. -- To withhold; retain; stop; stay; arrest; check; retard; delay; hinder. DETAIN De*tain", n. Defn: Detention. [Obs.] Spenser. DETAINDER De*tain"der, n. (Law) Defn: A writ. See Detinue. DETAINER De*tain"er, n. 1. One who detains. 2. (Law) (a) The keeping possession of what belongs to another; detention of what is another's, even though the original taking may have been lawful. Forcible detainer is indictable at common law. (b) A writ authorizing the keeper of a prison to continue to keep a person in custody. DETAINMENT De*tain"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. detenement.] Defn: Detention. [R.] Blackstone. DETECT De*tect", a. Etym: [L. detectus, p. p. of detegere to uncover, detect; de + tegere to cover. See Tegument.] Defn: Detected. [Obs.] Fabyan. DETECT De*tect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detected; p. pr. & vb. n. Detecting.] 1. To uncover; to discover; to find out; to bring to light; as, to detect a crime or a criminal; to detect a mistake in an account. Plain good intention . . . is as easily discovered at the first view, as fraud is surely detected at last. Burke. Like following life through creatures you dissect, You lose it in the moment you detect. Pope. 2. To inform against; to accuse. [Obs.] He was untruly judged to have preached such articles as he was detected of. Sir T. More. Syn. -- To discover; find out; lay bare; expose. DETECTABLE; DETECTIBLE De*tect"a*ble, De*tect"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being detected or found out; as, parties not detectable. "Errors detectible at a glance." Latham. DETECTER De*tect"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, detects or brings to light; one who finds out what another attempts to conceal; a detector. DETECTION De*tec"tion, n. Etym: [L. detectio an uncovering, revealing.] Defn: The act of detecting; the laying open what was concealed or hidden; discovery; as, the detection of a thief; the detection of fraud, forgery, or a plot. Such secrets of guilt are never from detection. D. Webster. DETECTIVE De*tect"ive, a. Defn: Fitted for, or skilled in, detecting; employed in detecting crime or criminals; as, a detective officer. DETECTIVE De*tect"ive, n. Defn: One who business it is so detect criminals or discover matters of secrecy. DETECTOR De*tect"or, n. Etym: [L., a revealer.] Defn: One who, or that which, detects; a detecter. Shak. A deathbed's detector of the heart. Young. Bank-note detector, a publication containing a description of genuine and counterfeit bank notes, designed to enable persons to discriminate between them. -- Detector l. See under Lock. DETECTOR BAR De*tect"or bar. (Railroads) Defn: A bar, connected with a switch, longer than the distance between any two consecutive wheels of a train (45 to 50 feet), laid inside a rail and operated by the wheels so that the switch cannot be thrown until all the train is past the switch. DETENEBRATE De*ten"e*brate, v. t. Etym: [L. de + tenebrare to make dark, fr. tenebrae darkness.] Defn: To remove darkness from. [Obs.] Ash. DETENT De*tent", n. Etym: [F. détente, fr. détendre to unbend, relax; pref. dé- (L. dis- or de) + tendre to stretch. See Distend.] (Mech.) Defn: That which locks or unlocks a movement; a catch, pawl, or dog; especially, in clockwork, the catch which locks and unlocks the wheelwork in striking. DETENTION De*ten"tion, n. Etym: [L. detentio: cf. F. détention. See Detain.] 1. The act of detaining or keeping back; a withholding. 2. The state of being detained (stopped or hindered); delay from necessity. 3. Confinement; restraint; custody. The archduke Philip . . . found himself in a sort of honorable detention at Henry's court. Hallam. DETER De*ter", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deterred; p. pr. & vb. n. Deterring.] Etym: [L. deterrere; de + terrere to frighten, terrify. See Terror.] Defn: To prevent by fear; hence, to hinder or prevent from action by fear of consequences, or difficulty, risk, etc. Addison. Potent enemies tempt and deter us from our duty. Tillotson. My own face deters me from my glass. Prior. DETERGE De*terge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deterged; p. pr. & vb. n. Deterging.] Etym: [L. detergere, detersum; de + tergere to rub or wipe off: cf. F. déterger.] Defn: To cleanse; to purge away, as foul or offending matter from the body, or from an ulcer. DETERGENCY De*ter"gen*cy, n. Defn: A cleansing quality or power. De Foe. DETERGENT De*ter"gent, a. Etym: [L. detergens, -entis, p. pr. of detergere: cf. F. détergent.] Defn: Cleansing; purging. -- n. Defn: A substance which cleanses the skin, as water or soap; a medicine to cleanse wounds, ulcers, etc. DETERIORATE De*te"ri*o*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deteriorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deteriorating.] Etym: [L. deterioratus, p. p. of deteriorate to deteriorate, fr. deterior worse, prob. a comparative fr. de down, away.] Defn: To make worse; to make inferior in quality or value; to impair; as, to deteriorate the mind. Whately. The art of war . . . was greatly deteriorated. Southey. DETERIORATE De*te"ri*o*rate, v. i. Defn: To grow worse; to be impaired in quality; to degenerate. Under such conditions, the mind rapidly deteriorates. Goldsmith. DETERIORATION De*te`ri*o*ra"tion, n. Etym: [LL. deterioratio: cf. F. détérioration.] Defn: The process of growing worse, or the state of having grown worse. DETERIORITY De*te`ri*or"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. deterior worse. See Deteriorate.] Defn: Worse state or quality; inferiority. "The deteriority of the diet." [R.] Ray. DETERMENT De*ter"ment, n. Etym: [From Deter.] Defn: The act of deterring; also, that which deters. Boyle. DETERMINABILITY De*ter`mi*na*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being determinable; determinableness. Coleridge. DETERMINABLE De*ter"mi*na*ble, a. Etym: [L. determinabilis finite. See Determine, v. t.] Defn: Capable of being determined, definitely ascertained, decided upon, or brought to a conclusion. Not wholly determinable from the grammatical use of the words. South. DETERMINABLENESS De*ter"mi*na*ble*ness, n. Defn: Capability of being determined; determinability. DETERMINACY De*ter"mi*na*cy, n. Defn: Determinateness. [R.] DETERMINANT De*ter"mi*nant, a. Etym: [L. determinans, p. pr. of determinare: cf. F. déterminant.] Defn: Serving to determine or limit; determinative. DETERMINANT De*ter"mi*nant, n. 1. That which serves to determine; that which causes determination. 2. (Math.) Defn: The sum of a series of products of several numbers, these products being formed according to certain specified laws; thus, the determinant of the nine numbers. a, b, c,a', b', c',a'\'b7, b'\'b7, c'\'b7, is a b' c'\'b7 -- a b'\'b7 c' + a' b'\'b7 c] -- a' b c'\'b7 + a'\'b7 b' c. The determinant is written by placing the numbers from which it is formed in a square between two vertical lines. The theory of determinants forms a very important branch of modern mathematics. 3. (Logic) Defn: A mark or attribute, attached to the subject or predicate, narrowing the extent of both, but rendering them more definite and precise. Abp. Thomson. DETERMINATE De*ter"mi*nate, a. Etym: [L. determinatus, p. p. of determinare. See Determine.] 1. Having defined limits; not uncertain or arbitrary; fixed; established; definite. Quantity of words and a determinate number of feet. Dryden. 2. Conclusive; decisive; positive. The determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God. Acts ii. 23. 3. Determined or resolved upon. [Obs.] My determinate voyage. Shak. 4. Of determined purpose; resolute. [Obs.] More determinate to do than skillful how to do. Sir P. Sidney. Determinate inflorescence (Bot.), that in which the flowering commences with the terminal bud of a stem, which puts a limit to its growth; -- also called centrifugal inflorescence. -- Determinate problem (Math.), a problem which admits of a limited number of solutions. -- Determinate quantities, Determinate equations (Math.), those that are finite in the number of values or solutions, that is, in which the conditions of the problem or equation determine the number. DETERMINATE De*ter"mi*nate, v. t. Defn: To bring to an end; to determine. See Determine. [Obs.] The sly, slow hours shall not determinate The dateless limit of thy dear exile. Shak. DETERMINATELY De*ter"mi*nate*ly, adv. 1. In a determinate manner; definitely; ascertainably. The principles of religion are already either determinately true or false, before you think of them. Tillotson. 2. Resolutely; unchangeably. Being determinately . . . bent to marry. Sir P. Sidney. DETERMINATENESS De*ter"mi*nate*ness, n. Defn: State of being determinate. DETERMINATION De*ter`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. determinatio boundary, end: cf. F. détermination.] 1. The act of determining, or the state of being determined. 2. Bringing to an end; termination; limit. A speedy determination of that war. Ludlow. 3. Direction or tendency to a certain end; impulsion. Remissness can by no means consist with a constant determination of the will . . . to the greatest apparent good. Locke. 4. The quality of mind reaches definite conclusions; decision of character; resoluteness. He only is a well-made man who has a good determination. Emerson. 5. The state of decision; a judicial decision, or ending of controversy. 6. That which is determined upon; result of deliberation; purpose; conclusion formed; fixed resolution. So bloodthirsty a determination to obtain convictions. Hallam. 7. (Med.) Defn: A flow, rush, or tendency to a particular part; as, a determination of blood to the head. 8. (Physical Sciences) Defn: The act, process, or result of any accurate measurement, as of length, volume, weight, intensify, etc.; as, the determination of the ohm or of the wave length of light; the determination of the salt in sea water, or the oxygen in the air. 9. (Logic) (a) The act of defining a concept or notion by giving its essential constituents. (b) The addition of a differentia to a concept or notion, thus limiting its extent; -- the opposite of generalization. 10. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: The act of determining the relations of an object, as regards genus and species; the referring of minerals, plants, or animals, to the species to which they belong; classification; as, I am indebted to a friend for the determination of most of these shells. Syn. -- Decision; conclusion; judgment; purpose; resolution; resolve; firmness. See Decision. DETERMINATIVE De*ter"mi*na*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. déterminatif.] Defn: Having power to determine; limiting; shaping; directing; conclusive. Incidents . . . determinative of their course. I. Taylor. Determinative tables (Nat. Hist.), tables presenting the specific character of minerals, plants, etc., to assist in determining the species to which a specimen belongs. DETERMINATIVE De*ter"mi*na*tive, n. Defn: That which serves to determine. Explanatory determinatives . . . were placed after words phonetically expressed, in order to serve as an aid to the reader in determining the meaning. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). DETERMINATOR De*ter"mi*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who determines. [R.] Sir T. Browne. DETERMINE De*ter"mine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Determined; p. pr. & vb. n. Determining.] Etym: [F. déterminer, L. determinare, determinatum; de + terminare limit, terminus limit. See Term.] 1. To fix the boundaries of; to mark off and separate. [God] hath determined the times before appointed. Acts xvii. 26. 2. To set bounds to; to fix the determination of; to limit; to bound; to bring to an end; to finish. The knowledge of men hitherto hath been determined by the view or sight. Bacon. Now, where is he that will not stay so long Till his friend sickness hath determined me Shak. 3. To fix the form or character of; to shape; to prescribe imperatively; to regulate; to settle. The character of the soul is determined by the character of its God. J. Edwards. Something divinely beautiful . . . that at some time or other might influence or even determine her course of life. W. Black. 4. To fix the course of; to impel and direct; -- with a remoter object preceded by to; as, another's will determined me to this course. 5. To ascertain definitely; to find out the specific character or name of; to assign to its true place in a system; as, to determine an unknown or a newly discovered plant or its name. 6. To bring to a conclusion, as a question or controversy; to settle authoritative or judicial sentence; to decide; as, the court has determined the cause. 7. To resolve on; to have a fixed intention of; also, to cause to come to a conclusion or decision; to lead; as, this determined him to go immediately. 8. (Logic) Defn: To define or limit by adding a differentia. 9. (Physical Sciences) Defn: To ascertain the presence, quantity, or amount of; as, to determine the parallax; to determine the salt in sea water. DETERMINE De*ter"mine, v. i. 1. To come to an end; to end; to terminate. [Obs.] He who has vented a pernicious doctrine or published an ill book must know that his life determine not together. South. Estates may determine on future contingencies. Blackstone. 2. To come to a decision; to decide; to resolve; -- often with on. "Determine on some course." Shak. He shall pay as the judges determine. Ex. xxi. 22. DETERMINED De*ter"mined, a. Defn: Decided; resolute. "Adetermined foe."" Sparks. DETERMINEDLY De*ter"min*ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a determined manner; with determination. DETERMINER De*ter"min*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, determines or decides. DETERMINISM De*ter"min*ism, n. (Metaph.) Defn: The doctrine that the will is not free, but is inevitably and invincibly determined by motives. Its superior suitability to produce courage, as contrasted with scientific physical determinism, is obvious. F. P. Cobbe. DETERMINIST De*ter"min*ist, n. (Metaph.) Defn: One who believes in determinism. Also adj.; as, determinist theories. DETERRATION De`ter*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. de + terra earth: cf. F. déterrer to unearth.] Defn: The uncovering of anything buried or covered with earth; a taking out of the earth or ground. Woodward. DETERRENCE De*ter"rence, n. Defn: That which deters; a deterrent; a hindrance. [R.] DETERRENT De*ter"rent, a. Etym: [L. deterrens, p. pr. of deterrere. See Deter.] Defn: Serving to deter. "The deterrent principle." E. Davis. DETERRENT De*ter"rent, n. Defn: That which deters or prevents. DETERSION De*ter"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. détersion. See Deterge.] Defn: The act of deterging or cleansing, as a sore. DETERSIVE De*ter"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. détersif.] Defn: Cleansing; detergent. -- n. Defn: A cleansing agent; a detergent. DETERSIVELY De*ter"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In a way to cleanse. DETERSIVENESS De*ter"sive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of cleansing. DETEST De*test", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detested; p. pr. & vb. n. Detesting.] Etym: [L. detestare, detestatum, and detestari, to curse while calling a deity to witness, to execrate, detest; de + testari to be a witness, testify, testis a witness: cf. F. détester. See Testify.] 1. To witness against; to denounce; to condemn. [Obs.] The heresy of Nestorius . . . was detested in the Eastern churches. Fuller. God hath detested them with his own mouth. Bale. 2. To hate intensely; to abhor; to abominate; to loathe; as, we detest what is contemptible or evil. Who dares think one thing, and another tell, My heart detests him as the gates of hell. Pope. Syn. -- To abhor; abominate; execrate. See Hate. DETESTABILITY De*test`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capacity of being odious. [R.] Carlyle. DETESTABLE De*test"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. detestabilis: cf. F. détestable.] Defn: Worthy of being detested; abominable; extremely hateful; very odious; deserving abhorrence; as, detestable vices. Thou hast defiled my sanctuary will all thy detestable things, and with all thine abominations. Ezek. v. 11. Syn. -- Abominable; odious; execrable; abhorred. DETESTABLENESS De*test"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being detestable. DETESTABLY De*test"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a detestable manner. DETESTATE De*tes"tate, v. t. Defn: To detest. [Obs.] Udall. DETESTATION Det`es*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. detestatio: cf. F. détestation.] Defn: The act of detesting; extreme hatred or dislike; abhorrence; loathing. We are heartily agreed in our detestation of civil war. Burke. DETESTER De*test"er, n. Defn: One who detes DETHRONE De*throne", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dethroned; p. pr. & vb. n. Dethroning.] Etym: [Pref. de- + throne: cf. F. détrôner; pref. dé- (L. dis-) + trône throne. See Throne.] Defn: To remove or drive from a throne; to depose; to divest of supreme authority and dignity. "The Protector was dethroned." Hume. DETHRONEMENT De*throne"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. détrônement.] Defn: Deposal from a throne; deposition from regal power. DETHRONER De*thron"er, n. Defn: One who dethrones. DETHRONIZATION De*thron`i*za"tion, n. Defn: Dethronement. [Obs.] Speed. DETHRONIZE De*thron"ize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. LL. dethronizare.] Defn: To dethrone or unthrone. [Obs.] Cotgrave. DETINUE Det"i*nue, n. Etym: [OF. detinu, detenu, p. p. of detenir to detain. See Detain.] Defn: A person or thing detained; (Law) Defn: a form of action for the recovery of a personal chattel wrongfully detained. Writ of detinue (Law), one that lies against him who wrongfully detains goods or chattels delivered to him, or in possession, to recover the thing itself, or its value and damages, from the detainer. It is now in a great measure superseded by other remedies. DETONATE Det"o*nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Detonated; p. pr. & vb. n. Detonating.] Etym: [L. detonare, v. i., to thunder down; de + tonare to thunder; akin to E. thunder. See Thunder, and cf. Detonize.] Defn: To explode with a sudden report; as, niter detonates with sulphur. DETONATE Det"o*nate, v. t. Defn: To cause to explode; to cause to burn or inflame with a sudden report. DETONATING Det"o*na`ting, a. & n. Defn: from Detonate. Detonating gas, a mixture of two volumes of hydrogen with one volume of oxygen, which explodes with a loud report upon ignition. -- Detonating powder, any powder or solid substance, as fulminate of mercury, which when struck, explodes with violence and a loud report. -- Detonating primer, a primer exploded by a fuse; -- used to explode gun cotton in blasting operations. -- Detonating tube, a strong tube of glass, usually graduated, closed at one end, and furnished with two wires passing through its sides at opposite points, and nearly meeting, for the purpose of exploding gaseous mixtures by an electric spark, as in gas analysis, etc. DETONATION Det`o*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. détonation.] Defn: An explosion or sudden report made by the instantaneous decomposition or combustion of unstable substances' as, the detonation of gun cotton. DETONATOR Det`o*na`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, detonates. DETONIZATION Det`o*ni*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of detonizing; detonation. DETONIZE Det"o*nize, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Detonate.] [imp. & p. p.Detonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Detonizing.] Defn: To explode, or cause to explode; to burn with an explosion; to detonate. DETORSION De*tor"sion, n. Defn: Same as Detortion. DETORT De*tort", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Detorting.] Etym: [L. detortus, p. p. of detorquere to turn away; de + torquere to turn about, twist: cf. F. détorquer, détordre.] Defn: To turn form the original or plain meaning; to pervert; to wrest. Hammond. DETORTION De*tor"tion, n. Defn: The act of detorting, or the state of being detorted; a twisting or warping. DETOUR De`tour", n. Etym: [F. détour, fr. détourner to turn aside; pref. dé- (L. dis-) + tourner to turn. See Turn.] Defn: A turning; a circuitous route; a deviation from a direct course; as, the detours of the Mississippi. DETRACT De*tract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Detracting.] Etym: [L. detractus, p. p. of detrahere to detract; de + trahere to draw: cf. F. détracter. See Trace.] 1. To take away; to withdraw. Detract much from the view of the without. Sir H. Wotton. 2. To take credit or reputation from; to defame. That calumnious critic . . . Detracting what laboriously we do. Drayton. Syn. -- To derogate; decry; disparage; depreciate; asperse; vilify; defame; traduce. See Decry. DETRACT De*tract", v. i. Defn: To take away a part or something, especially from one's credit; to lessen reputation; to derogate; to defame; -- often with from. It has been the fashion to detract both from the moral and literary character of Cicero. V. Knox. DETRACTER De*tract"er, n. Defn: One who detracts; a detractor. Other detracters and malicious writers. Sir T. North. DETRACTINGLY De*tract"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a detracting manner. DETRACTION De*trac"tion, n. Etym: [F. détraction, L. detractio.] 1. A taking away or withdrawing. [Obs.] The detraction of the eggs of the said wild fowl. Bacon. 2. The act of taking away from the reputation or good name of another; a lessening or cheapening in the estimation of others; the act of depreciating another, from envy or malice; calumny. Syn. -- Depreciation; disparagement; derogation; slander; calumny; aspersion; censure. DETRACTIOUS De*trac"tious, a. Defn: Containing detraction; detractory. [R.] Johnson. DETRACTIVE De*tract"ive, a. 1. Tending to detractor draw. [R.] 2. Tending to lower in estimation; depreciative. DETRACTIVENESS De*tract"ive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being detractive. DETRACTOR De*tract"or, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. détracteur.] Defn: One who detracts; a derogator; a defamer. His detractors were noisy and scurrilous. Macaulay. Syn. -- Slanderer; calumniator; defamer; vilifier. DETRACTORY De*tract"o*ry, a. Defn: Defamatory by denial of desert; derogatory; calumnious. Sir T. Browne. DETRACTRESS De*tract"ress, n. Defn: A female detractor. Addison. DETRAIN De*train", v. i. & t. Defn: To alight, or to cause to alight, from a railway train. [Eng.] London Graphic. DETRECT De*trect", v. t. Etym: [L. detrectare; de + tractare, intens. of trahere to draw.] Defn: To refuse; to decline. [Obs.] "To detrect the battle." Holinshed. DETRIMENT Det"ri*ment, n. Etym: [L. detrimentum, fr. deterere, detritum, to rub or wear away; de + terere to rub: cf. F. détriment. See Trite.] 1. That which injures or causes damage; mischief; harm; diminution; loss; damage; -- used very generically; as, detriments to property, religion, morals, etc. I can repair That detriment, if such it be. Milton. 2. A charge made to students and barristers for incidental repairs of the rooms they occupy. [Eng.] Syn. -- Injury; loss; damage; disadvantage; prejudice; hurt; mischief; harm. DETRIMENT Det"ri*ment, v. t. Defn: To do injury to; to hurt. [Archaic] Other might be determined thereby. Fuller. DETRIMENTAL Det`ri*men"tal, a. Defn: Causing detriment; injurious; hurtful. Neither dangerous nor detrimental to the donor. Addison. Syn. -- Injurious; hurtful; prejudicial; disadvantageous; mischievous; pernicious. DETRIMENTALNESS Det`ri*men"tal*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being detrimental; injuriousness. DETRITAL De*tri"tal, a. (Geol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or composed of, detritus. DETRITE De*trite", a. Etym: [L. detritus, p. p.] Defn: Worn out. DETRITION De*tri"tion, n. Etym: [LL. detritio. See Detriment.] Defn: A wearing off or away. Phonograms which by process long-continued detrition have reached a step of extreme simplicity. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). DETRITUS De*tri"tus, n. Etym: [F. détritus, fr. L. detritus, p. p. of deterere. See Detriment.] 1. (Geol.) Defn: A mass of substances worn off from solid bodies by attrition, and reduced to small portions; as, diluvial detritus. Note: For large portions, the word débris is used. 2. Hence: Any fragments separated from the body to which they belonged; any product of disintegration. The mass of detritus of which modern languages are composed. Farrar. DETRUDE De*trude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Detruding.] Etym: [L. detrudere, detrusum; de + trudere to thrust, push.] Defn: To thrust down or out; to push down with force. Locke. DETRUNCATE De*trun"cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Detruncated; p. pr. & vb. n. Detruncating.] Etym: [L. detruncatus, p. p. of detruncare to cut off; de + truncare to maim, shorten, cut off. See Truncate.] Defn: To shorten by cutting; to cut off; to lop off. DETRUNCATION De`trun*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. detruncatio: cf. F. détroncation.] Defn: The act of lopping or cutting off, as the head from the body. DETRUSION De*tru"sion, n. Etym: [L. detrusio. See Detrude.] Defn: The act of thrusting or driving down or outward; outward thrust. -- De*tru"sive, a. DETTE Dette, n. Defn: Debt. [Obs.] Chaucer. DETTELES Dette"les, a. Defn: Free from debt. [Obs.] Chaucer. DETUMESCENCE De`tu*mes"cence, n. Etym: [L. detumescere to cease swelling; de + tumescere, tumere, to swell.] Defn: Diminution of swelling; subsidence of anything swollen. [R.] Cudworth. DETUR De"tur, n. Etym: [L. detur let it be given.] Defn: A present of books given to a meritorious undergraduate student as a prize. [Harvard Univ., U. S.] DETURB De*turb", v. t. Etym: [L. deturbare.] Defn: To throw down. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DETURBATE De*tur"bate, v. t. Etym: [LL. deturbatus, p. p. of deturbare, fr. L. deturbare to thrust down.] Defn: To evict; to remove. [Obs.] Foxe. DETURBATION Det`ur*ba"tion, n. Defn: The act of deturbating. [Obs.] DETURN De*turn", v. t. Etym: [Pref. de- + turn. Cf. Detour.] Defn: To turn away. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby. DETURPATE De*tur"pate, v. t. Etym: [L. deturpare; de + turpare to make ugly, defile, turpis ugly, foul.] Defn: To defile; to disfigure. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. DETURPATION Det`ur*pa"tion, n. Defn: A making foul. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. DEUCE Deuce, n. Etym: [F. deux two, OF. deus, fr. L. duo. See Two.] 1. (Gaming) Defn: Two; a card or a die with two spots; as, the deuce of hearts. 2. (Tennis) Defn: A condition of the score beginning whendeuce, which decides the game. DEUCE Deuce, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. dusius, Armor, dus, teûz, phantom, specter; Gael. taibhs, taibhse, apparition, ghost; or fr. OF. deus God, fr. L. deus (cf. Deity.)] Defn: The devil; a demon. [A euphemism, written also deuse.] [Low] DEUCED Deu"ced, a. Defn: Devilish; excessive; extreme. [Low] -- Deu"ced*ly, adv. DEUSE; DEUSED Deuse, n.; Deu"sed (, a. Defn: See Deuce, Deuced. DEUTEROCANONICAL Deu`ter*o*ca*non"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. canonical.] Defn: Pertaining to a second canon, or ecclesiastical writing of inferior authority; -- said of the Apocrypha, certain Epistles, etc. DEUTEROGAMIST Deu`ter*og"a*mist, n. Etym: [See Deuterogamy.] Defn: One who marries the second time. DEUTEROGAMY Deu`ter*og"a*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A second marriage, after the death of the first husband of wife; -- in distinction from bigamy, as defined in the old canon law. See Bigamy. Goldsmith. DEUTEROGENIC Deu`ter*o*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Geol.) Defn: Of secondary origin; -- said of certain rocks whose material has been derived from older rocks. DEUTERONOMIST Deu`ter*on"o*mist, n. Defn: The writer of Deuteronomy. DEUTERONOMY Deu`ter*on"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Deuteronomium.] (Bibl.) Defn: The fifth book of the Pentateuch, containing the second giving of the law by Moses. DEUTEROPATHIA; DEUTEROPATHY Deu`ter*o*pa*thi"a, Deu`ter*op"a*thy, n. Etym: [NL. deuteropathia, fr. Gr. deutéropathie.] (Med.) Defn: A sympathetic affection of any part of the body, as headache from an overloaded stomach. DEUTEROPATHIC Deu`ter*o*path"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to deuteropathy; of the nature of deuteropathy. DEUTEROSCOPY Deu`ter*os"co*py, n. Etym: [Gr. -scopy.] 1. Second sight. I felt by anticipation the horrors of the Highland seers, whom their gift of deuteroscopy compels to witness things unmeet for mortal eye. Sir W. Scott. 2. That which is seen at a second view; a meaning beyond the literal sense; the second intention; a hidden signification. Sir T. Browne. DEUTEROZOOID Deu`ter*o*zo"oid, n. Etym: [Gr. zooid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the secondary, and usually sexual, zooids produced by budding or fission from the primary zooids, in animals having alternate generations. In the tapeworms, the joints are deuterozooids. DEUTHYDROGURET Deut`hy*drog"u*ret, n. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Deutohydroguret. DEUTO-; DEUT- Deu"to- or Deut- (dut-) Etym: [Contr. from Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A prefix which formerly properly indicated the second in a regular series of compound in the series, and not to its composition, but which is now generally employed in the same sense as bi- or di-, although little used. DEUTOHYDROGURET Deu`to*hy*drog"u*ret, n. Etym: [Pref. deut-, deuto- + hydroguret.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound containing in the molecule two atoms of hydrogen united with some other element or radical. [Obs.] DEUTOPLASM Deu"to*plasm, n. Etym: [Pref. deuto- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The lifeless food matter in the cytoplasm of an ovum or a cell, as distinguished from the active or true protoplasm; yolk substance; yolk. DEUTOPLASTIC Deu`to*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. deuto- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or composed of, deutoplasm. DEUTOSULPHURET Deu`to*sul"phu*ret, n. Etym: [Pref. deuto- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) Defn: A disulphide. [Obs.] DEUTOXIDE Deu*tox"ide (; 104), n. Etym: [Pref. deut- + oxide.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound containing in the molecule two atoms of oxygen united with some other element or radical; -- usually called dioxide, or less frequently, binoxide. DEUTZIA Deut"zi*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named after Jan Deutz of Holland.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs with pretty white flowers, much cultivated. DEV; DEVA Dev, or De"va (, n. Etym: [Skr. d. Cf. Deity.] (Hind. Myth.) Defn: A god; a deity; a divine being; an idol; a king. DEVANAGARI De`va*na"ga*ri, n. Etym: [Skr. d; d god + nagara city, i. e., divine city.] Defn: The character in which Sanskrit is written. DEVAPORATION De*vap`o*ra"tion, n. Defn: The change of vapor into water, as in the formation of rain. DEVAST De*vast", v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. dévaster. See Devastate.] Defn: To devastate. [Obs.] Bolingbroke. DEVASTATE Dev"as*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devastated; p. pr. & vb. n. Devastating.] Etym: [L. devastatus, p. p. of devastare to devastate; de + vastare to lay waste, vastus waste. See Vast.] Defn: To lay waste; to ravage; to desolate. Whole countries . . . were devastated. Macaulay. Syn. -- To waste; ravage; desolate; destroy; demolish; plunder; pillage. DEVASTATION Dev`as*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dévastation.] 1. The act of devastating, or the state of being devastated; a laying waste. Even now the devastation is begun, And half the business of destruction done. Goldsmith. 2. (Law) Defn: Waste of the goods of the deceased by an executor or administrator. Blackstone. Syn. -- Desolation; ravage; waste; havoc; destruction; ruin; overthrow. DEVASTATOR Dev"as*ta`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who, or that which, devastates. Emerson. DEVASTAVIT Dev`as*ta"vit, n. Etym: [L., he has wasted.] (Law) Defn: Waste or misapplication of the assets of a deceased person by an executor or an administrator. Bouvier. DEVATA De"va*ta, n. Etym: [Hind., fr. Skr. d god.] (Hind. Myth.) Defn: A deity; a divine being; a good spirit; an idol. [Written also dewata.] DEVE Deve, a. Etym: [See Deaf.] Defn: Deaf. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEVELIN Dev"el*in, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European swift. [Prov. Eng.] DEVELOP De*vel"op, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Developed; p. pr. & vb. n. Developing.] Etym: [F. déveloper; dé- (L. dis-) + OF. voluper, voleper, to envelop, perh. from L. volup agreeably, delightfully, and hence orig., to make agreeable or comfortable by enveloping, to keep snug (cf. Voluptuous); or. perh. fr. a derivative of volvere, volutum, to roll (cf. Devolve). Cf. Envelop.] [Written also develope.] 1. To free from that which infolds or envelops; to unfold; to lay open by degrees or in detail; to make visible or known; to disclose; to produce or give forth; as, to develop theories; a motor that develops 100 horse power. These serve to develop its tenets. Milner. The 20th was spent in strengthening our position and developing the line of the enemy. The Century. 2. To unfold gradually, as a flower from a bud; hence, to bring through a succession of states or stages, each of which is preparatory to the next; to form or expand by a process of growth; to cause to change gradually from an embryo, or a lower state, to a higher state or form of being; as, sunshine and rain develop the bud into a flower; to develop the mind. The sound developed itself into a real compound. J. Peile. All insects . . . acquire the jointed legs before the wings are fully developed. Owen. 3. To advance; to further; to prefect; to make to increase; to promote the growth of. We must develop our own resources to the utmost. Jowett (Thucyd). 4. (Math.) Defn: To change the form of, as of an algebraic expression, by executing certain indicated operations without changing the value. 5. (Photog.) Defn: To cause to become visible, as an invisible or latent image upon plate, by submitting it to chemical agents; to bring to view. To develop a curved surface on a place (Geom.), to produce on the plane an equivalent surface, as if by rolling the curved surface so that all parts shall successively touch the plane. Syn. -- To uncover; unfold; evolve; promote; project; lay open; disclose; exhibit; unravel; disentangle. DEVELOP De*vel"op, v. i. 1. To go through a process of natural evolution or growth, by successive changes from a less perfect to a more perfect or more highly organized state; to advance from a simpler form of existence to one more complex either in structure or function; as, a blossom develops from a bud; the seed develops into a plant; the embryo develops into a well-formed animal; the mind develops year by year. Nor poets enough to understand That life develops from within. Mrs. Browning. 2. To become apparent gradually; as, a picture on sensitive paper develops on the application of heat; the plans of the conspirators develop. DEVELOPABLE De*vel"op*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being developed. J. Peile. Developable surface (Math.), a surface described by a moving right line, and such that consecutive positions of the generator intersect each other. Hence, the surface can be developed into a plane. DEVELOPER De*vel"op*er, n. 1. One who, or that which, develops. 2. (Photog.) Defn: A reagent by the action of which the latent image upon a photographic plate, after exposure in the camera, or otherwise, is developed and visible. DEVELOPMENT De*vel"op*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. développement.] [Written also developement.] 1. The act of developing or disclosing that which is unknown; a gradual unfolding process by which anything is developed, as a plan or method, or an image upon a photographic plate; gradual advancement or growth through a series of progressive changes; also, the result of developing, or a developed state. A new development of imagination, taste, and poetry. Channing. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The series of changes which animal and vegetable organisms undergo in their passage from the embryonic state to maturity, from a lower to a higher state of organization. 3. (Math.) (a) The act or process of changing or expanding an expression into another of equivalent value or meaning. (b) The equivalent expression into which another has been developed. 4. (mus.) Defn: The elaboration of a theme or subject; the unfolding of a musical idea; the evolution of a whole piece or movement from a leading theme or motive. Development theory (Biol.), the doctrine that animals and plants possess the power of passing by slow and successive stages from a lower to a higher state of organization, and that all the higher forms of life now in existence were thus developed by uniform laws from lower forms, and are not the result of special creative acts. See the Note under Darwinian. Syn. -- Unfolding; disclosure; unraveling; evolution; elaboration; growth. DEVELOPMENTAL De*vel`op*men"tal, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the process of development; as, the developmental power of a germ. Carpenter. DEVENUSTATE Dev`e*nus"tate, v. t. Etym: [L. devenustatus, p. p. of devenustare to disfigure; de + venustus lovely, graceful.] Defn: To deprive of beauty or grace. [Obs.] DEVERGENCE; DEVERGENCY De*ver"gence, De*ver"gen*cy, n. Defn: See Divergence. [Obs.] DEVEST De*vest", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devested; p. pr. & vb. n. Devesting.] Etym: [L. devestire to undress; de + vestire to dress: cf. OF. devestir, F. dévêtir. Cf. Divest.] 1. To divest; to undress. Shak. 2. To take away, as an authority, title, etc., to deprive; to alienate, as an estate. Note: This word is now generally written divest, except in the legal sense. DEVEST De*vest", v. i. (Law) Defn: To be taken away, lost, or alienated, as a title or an estate. DEVEX De*vex", a. Etym: [L. devexus, from devehere to carry down.] Defn: Bending down; sloping. [Obs.] DEVEX De*vex", n. Defn: Devexity. [Obs.] May (Lucan). DEVEXITY De*vex"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. devexitas, fr. devexus. See Devex, a.] Defn: A bending downward; a sloping; incurvation downward; declivity. [R.] Davies (Wit's Pilgr.) DEVI De"vi, n. Defn: ; fem. of Deva. A goddess. DEVIANT De"vi*ant, a. Defn: Deviating. [Obs.] DEVIATE De"vi*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Deviated; p. pr. & vb. n. Deviating.] Etym: [L. deviare to deviate; de + viare to go, travel, via way. See Viaduct.] Defn: To go out of the way; to turn aside from a course or a method; to stray or go astray; to err; to digress; to diverge; to vary. Thus Pegasus, a nearer way to take, May boldly deviate from the common track. Pope. Syn. -- To swerve; stray; wander; digress; depart; deflect; err. DEVIATE De"vi*ate, v. t. Defn: To cause to deviate. [R.] To deviate a needle. J. D. Forbes. DEVIATION De`vi*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. deviatio: cf. F. déviation.] 1. The act of deviating; a wandering from the way; variation from the common way, from an established rule, etc.; departure, as from the right course or the path of duty. 2. The state or result of having deviated; a transgression; an act of sin; an error; an offense. 2. (Com.) Defn: The voluntary and unnecessary departure of a ship from, or delay in, the regular and usual course of the specific voyage insured, thus releasing the underwriters from their responsibility. Deviation of a falling body (Physics), that deviation from a strictly vertical line of descent which occurs in a body falling freely, in consequence of the rotation of the earth. -- Deviation of the compass, the angle which the needle of a ship's compass makes with the magnetic meridian by reason of the magnetism of the iron parts of the ship. -- Deviation of the line of the vertical, the difference between the actual direction of a plumb line and the direction it would have if the earth were a perfect ellipsoid and homogeneous, -- caused by the attraction of a mountain, or irregularities in the earth's density. DEVIATOR De"vi*a`tor, n. Etym: [L., a forsaker.] Defn: One who, or that which, deviates. DEVIATORY De"vi*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to deviate; devious; as, deviatory motion. [R.] Tully. DEVICE De*vice", n. Etym: [OE. devis, devise, will, intention, opinion, invention, fr. F. devis architect's plan and estimates (in OF., division, plan, wish), devise device (in sense 3), in OF. also, division, wish, last will, fr. deviser. See Devise, v. t., and cf. Devise, n.] 1. That which is devised, or formed by design; a contrivance; an invention; a project; a scheme; often, a scheme to deceive; a stratagem; an artifice. His device in against Babylon, to destroy it. Jer. li. 11. Their recent device of demanding benevolences. Hallam. He disappointeth the devices of the crafty. Job v. 12. 2. Power of devising; invention; contrivance. I must have instruments of my own device. Landor. 3. (a) An emblematic design, generally consisting of one or more figures with a motto, used apart from heraldic bearings to denote the historical situation, the ambition, or the desire of the person adopting it. See Cognizance. (b) Improperly, an heraldic bearing. Knights-errant used to distinguish themselves by devices on their shields. Addison. A banner with this strange device -Excelsior. Longfellow. 4. Anything fancifully conceived. Shak. 5. A spectacle or show. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 6. Opinion; decision. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Syn. -- Contrivance; invention; design; scheme; project; stratagem; shift. -- Device, Contrivance. Device implies more of inventive power, and contrivance more of skill and dexterity in execution. A device usually has reference to something worked out for exhibition or show; a contrivance usually respects the arrangement or disposition of things with reference to securing some end. Devices were worn by knights-errant on their shields; contrivances are generally used to promote the practical convenience of life. The word device is often used in a bad sense; as, a crafty device; contrivance is almost always used in a good sense; as, a useful contrivance. DEVICEFUL De*vice"ful, a. Defn: Full of devices; inventive. [R.] A carpet, rich, and of deviceful thread. Chapman. DEVICEFULLY De*vice"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a deviceful manner. [R.] DEVIL Dev"il, n. Etym: [AS. deófol, deóful; akin to G. , Goth. diabaúlus; all fr. L. diabolus the devil, Gr. gal to fall. Cf. Diabolic.] 1. The Evil One; Satan, represented as the tempter and spiritual of mankind. [Jesus] being forty days tempted of the devil. Luke iv. 2. That old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world. Rev. xii. 9. 2. An evil spirit; a demon. A dumb man possessed with a devil. Matt. ix. 32. 3. A very wicked person; hence, any great evil. "That devil Glendower." "The devil drunkenness." Shak. Have not I chosen you twelve, and one of you is a devil John vi. 70. 4. An expletive of surprise, vexation, or emphasis, or, ironically, of negation. [Low] The devil a puritan that he is, . . . but a timepleaser. Shak. The things, we know, are neither rich nor rare, But wonder how the devil they got there. Pope. 5. (Cookery) Defn: A dish, as a bone with the meat, broiled and excessively peppered; a grill with Cayenne pepper. Men and women busy in baking, broiling, roasting oysters, and preparing devils on the gridiron. Sir W. Scott. 6. (Manuf.) Defn: A machine for tearing or cutting rags, cotton, etc. Blue devils. See under Blue. -- Cartesian devil. See under Cartesian. -- Devil bird (Zoöl.), one of two or more South African drongo shrikes (Edolius retifer, and E. remifer), believed by the natives to be connected with sorcery. -- Devil may care, reckless, defiant of authority; -- used adjectively. Longfellow. -- Devil's apron (Bot.), the large kelp (Laminaria saccharina, and L. longicruris) of the Atlantic ocean, having a blackish, leathery expansion, shaped somewhat like an apron. -- Devil's coachhorse. (Zoöl.) (a) The black rove beetle (Ocypus olens). [Eng.] (b) A large, predacious, hemipterous insect (Prionotus cristatus); the wheel bug. [U.S.] -- Devil's darning-needle. (Zoöl.) See under Darn, v. t. -- Devil's fingers, Devil's hand (Zoöl.), the common British starfish (Asterias rubens); -- also applied to a sponge with stout branches. [Prov. Eng., Irish & Scot.] -- Devil's riding-horse (Zoöl.), the American mantis (Mantis Carolina). -- The Devil's tattoo, a drumming with the fingers or feet. "Jack played the Devil's tattoo on the door with his boot heels." F. Hardman (Blackw. Mag.). -- Devil worship, worship of the power of evil; -- still practiced by barbarians who believe that the good and evil forces of nature are of equal power. -- Printer's devil, the youngest apprentice in a printing office, who runs on errands, does dirty work (as washing the ink rollers and sweeping), etc. "Without fearing the printer's devil or the sheriff's officer." Macaulay. -- Tasmanian devil (Zoöl.), a very savage carnivorous marsupial of Tasmania (Dasyurus, or Diabolus, ursinus). -- To play devil with, to molest extremely; to ruin. [Low] DEVIL Dev"il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Deviled or Devilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Deviling or Devilling.] 1. To make like a devil; to invest with the character of a devil. 2. To grill with Cayenne pepper; to season highly in cooking, as with pepper. A deviled leg of turkey. W. Irving. deviled egg a hard-boiled egg, sliced into halves and with the yolk removed and replaced with a paste, usually made from the yolk and mayonnaise, seasoned with salt and/or spices such as paprika. DEVIL-DIVER; DEVIL BIRD Dev"il-div`er, Dev"il bird` (, n.. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small water bird. See Dabchick. DEVILESS Dev"il*ess, n. Defn: A she-devil. [R.] Sterne. DEVILET Dev"il*et, n. Defn: A little devil. [R.] Barham. DEVILFISH Dev"il*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A huge ray (Manta birostris or Cephaloptera vampyrus) of the Gulf of Mexico and Southern Atlantic coasts. Several other related species take the same name. See Cephaloptera. (b) A large cephalopod, especially the very large species of Octopus and Architeuthis. See Octopus. (c) The gray whale of the Pacific coast. See Gray whale. (d) The goosefish or angler (Lophius), and other allied fishes. See Angler. DEVILING Dev"il*ing, n. Defn: A young devil. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. DEVILISH Dev"il*ish, a. 1. Resembling, characteristic of, or pertaining to, the devil; diabolical; wicked in the extreme. "Devilish wickedness." Sir P. Sidney. This wisdom descendeth not from above, but is earthly, sensual, devilish. James iii. 15. 2. Extreme; excessive. [Colloq.] Dryden. Syn. -- Diabolical; infernal; hellish; satanic; wicked; malicious; detestable; destructive. -- Dev"il*ish*ly, adv. -- Dev"il*ish*ness, n. DEVILISM Dev"il*ism, n. Defn: The state of the devil or of devils; doctrine of the devil or of devils. Bp. Hall. DEVILIZE Dev"il*ize, v. t. Defn: To make a devil of. [R.] He that should deify a saint, should wrong him as much as he that should devilize him. Bp. Hall. DEVILKIN Dev"il*kin, n. Defn: A little devil; a devilet. DEVILMENT Dev"il*ment, n. Defn: Deviltry. Bp. Warburton. DEVILRY Dev"il*ry, n.; pl. Devilries (. 1. Conduct suitable to the devil; extreme wickedness; deviltry. Stark lies and devilry. Sir T. More. 2. The whole body of evil spirits. Tylor. DEVIL'S DARNING-NEEDLE Dev"il's darn"ing-nee`dle. (Zoöl.) Defn: A dragon fly. See Darning needle, under Darn, v. t. DEVILSHIP Dev"il*ship, n. Defn: The character or person of a devil or the devil. Cowley. DEVILTRY Dev"il*try, n.; pl. Deviltries (. Defn: Diabolical conduct; malignant mischief; devilry. C. Reade. DEVILWOOD Dev"il*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of tree (Osmanthus Americanus), allied to the European olive. DEVIOUS De"vi*ous, a. Etym: [L. devius; de + via way. See Viaduct.] 1. Out of a straight line; winding; varying from directness; as, a devious path or way. 2. Going out of the right or common course; going astray; erring; wandering; as, a devious step. Syn. -- Wandering; roving; rambling; vagrant. -- De"vi*ous*ly, adv. -- De"vi*ous*ness, n. DEVIRGINATE De*vir"gin*ate, a. Etym: [L. devirginatus, p. p. of devirginare.] Defn: Deprived of virginity. [R.] DEVIRGINATE De*vir"gin*ate, v. t. Defn: To deprive of virginity; to deflour. [R.] Sandys. DEVIRGINATION De*vir`gi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. devirginatio.] Defn: A deflouring. [R.] Feltham. DEVISABLE De*vis"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Devise.] 1. Capable of being devised, invented, or contrived. 2. Capable of being bequeathed, or given by will. DEVISAL De*vis"al, n. Defn: A devising. Whitney. DEVISE De*vise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devised; p. pr. & vb. n. Devising.] Etym: [OF. deviser to distribute, regulate, direct, relate, F., to chat, fr. L. divisus divided, distributed, p. p. of dividere. See Divide, and cf. Device.] 1. To form in the mind by new combinations of ideas, new applications of principles, or new arrangement of parts; to formulate by thought; to contrive; to excogitate; to invent; to plan; to scheme; as, to devise an engine, a new mode of writing, a plan of defense, or an argument. To devise curious works. Ex. CCTV. 32. Devising schemes to realize his ambitious views. Bancroft. 2. To plan or scheme for; to purpose to obtain. For wisdom is most riches; fools therefore They are which fortunes do by vows devise. Spenser. 3. To say; to relate; to describe. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. To imagine; to guess. [Obs.] Spenser. 5. (Law) Defn: To give by will; -- used of real estate; formerly, also, of chattels. Syn. -- To bequeath; invent; discover; contrive; excogitate; imagine; plan; scheme. See Bequeath. DEVISE De*vise", v. i. Defn: To form a scheme; to lay a plan; to contrive; to consider. I thought, devised, and Pallas heard my prayer. Pope. Note: Devise was formerly followed by of; as, let us devise of ease. Spenser. DEVISE De*vise", n. Etym: [OF. devise division, deliberation, wish, will, testament. See Device.] 1. The act of giving or disposing of real estate by will; -- sometimes improperly applied to a bequest of personal estate. 2. A will or testament, conveying real estate; the clause of a will making a gift of real property. Fines upon devises were still exacted. Bancroft. 3. Property devised, or given by will. DEVISE De*vise", n. Defn: Device. See Device. [Obs.] DEVISEE Dev`i*see", n. (Law) Defn: One to whom a devise is made, or real estate given by will. DEVISER De*vis"er, n. Defn: One who devises. DEVISOR De*vis"or, n. (Law) Defn: One who devises, or gives real estate by will; a testator; -- correlative to devisee. DEVITABLE Dev"i*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. devitare to avoid; de + vitare to shun, avoid.] Defn: Avoidable. [Obs.] DEVITALIZE De*vi"tal*ize, v. t. Defn: To deprive of life or vitality. -- De*vi`tal*i*za"tion, n. DEVITATION Dev`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. devitatio.] Defn: An avoiding or escaping; also, a warning. [Obs.] Bailey. DEVITRIFICATION De*vit`ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of devitrifying, or the state of being devitrified. Specifically, the conversion of molten glassy matter into a stony mass by slow cooling, the result being the formation of crystallites, microbites, etc., in the glassy base, which are then called devitrification products. DEVITRIFY De*vit"ri*fy, v. t. Defn: To deprive of glasslike character; to take away vitreous luster and transparency from. DEVOCALIZE De*vo"cal*ize, v. t. Defn: To make toneless; to deprive of vowel quality. -- De*vo`cal*i*za"tion, n. If we take a high vowel, such as (i) [= nearly i of bit], and devocalize it, we obtain a hiss which is quite distinct enough to stand for a weak (jh). H. Sweet. DEVOCATION Dev`o*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. devocare to call off or away; de + vocare to call.] Defn: A calling off or away. [R.] Hallywell. DEVOID De*void", v. t. Etym: [OE. devoiden to leave, OF. desvuidier, desvoidier, to empty out. See Void.] Defn: To empty out; to remove. DEVOID De*void", a. Etym: [See Devoid, v. t.] 1. Void; empty; vacant. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Destitute; not in possession; -- with of; as, devoid of sense; devoid of pity or of pride. DEVOIR De*voir", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. debere to owe. See Due.] Defn: Duty; service owed; hence, due act of civility or respect; -- now usually in the plural; as, they paid their devoirs to the ladies. "Do now your devoid, young knights!" Chaucer. DEVOLUTE Dev"o*lute, v. t. Etym: [L. devolutus, p. p. of devolvere. See Devolve.] Defn: To devolve. [Obs.] Foxe. DEVOLUTION Dev`o*lu"tion, n. Etym: [LL. devolutio: cf. F. dévolution.] 1. The act of rolling down. [R.] The devolution of earth down upon the valleys. Woodward. 2. Transference from one person to another; a passing or devolving upon a successor. The devolution of the crown through a . . . channel known and conformable to old constitutional requisitions. De Quincey. DEVOLVE De*volve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devolved; p. pr. & vb. n. Devolving.] Etym: [L. devolvere, devolutum, to roll down; de + volvere to roll down; de + volvere to roll. See Voluble.] 1. To roll onward or downward; to pass on. Every headlong stream Devolves its winding waters to the main. Akenside. Devolved his rounded periods. Tennyson. 2. To transfer from one person to another; to deliver over; to hand down; -- generally with upon, sometimes with to or into. They devolved a considerable share of their power upon their favorite. Burke. They devolved their whole authority into the hands of the council of sixty. Addison. DEVOLVE De*volve", v. i. Defn: To pass by transmission or succession; to be handed over or down; -- generally with on or upon, sometimes with to or into; as, after the general fell, the command devolved upon (or on) the next officer in rank. His estate . . . devolved to Lord Somerville. Johnson. DEVOLVEMENT De*volve"ment, n. Defn: The act or process of devolving;; devolution. DEVON De"von, n. Defn: One of a breed of hardy cattle originating in the country of Devon, England. Those of pure blood have a deep red color. The small, longhorned variety, called North Devons, is distinguished by the superiority of its working oxen. DEVONIAN De*vo"ni*an, a. (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Devon or Devonshire in England; as, the Devonian rocks, period, or system. Devonian age (Geol.), the age next older than the Carboniferous and later than the Silurian; -- called also the Age of fishes. The various strata of this age compose the Devonian formation or system, and include the old red sandstone of Great Britain. They contain, besides plants and numerous invertebrates, the bony portions of many large and remarkable fishes of extinct groups. See the Diagram under Geology. DEVONIAN De*vo"ni*an, n. Defn: The Devonian age or formation. DEVORATION Dev`o*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. devoratio. See Devour.] Defn: The act of devouring. [Obs.] Holinshed. DEVOTARY De*vo"ta*ry, n. Etym: [See Devote, Votary.] Defn: A votary. [Obs.] J. Gregory. DEVOTE De*vote", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Devoting.] Etym: [L. devotus, p. p. of devovere; de + vovere to vow. See Vow, and cf. Devout, Devow.] 1. To appropriate by vow; to set apart or dedicate by a solemn act; to consecrate; also, to consign over; to doom; to evil; to devote one to destruction; the city was devoted to the flames. No devoted thing that a man shall devote unto the Lord . . . shall be sold or redeemed. Lev. xxvii. 28. 2. To execrate; to curse. [Obs.] 3. To give up wholly; to addict; to direct the attention of wholly or compound; to attach; -- often with a reflexive pronoun; as, to devote one's self to science, to one's friends, to piety, etc. Thy servant who is devoted to thy fear. Ps. cxix. 38. They devoted themselves unto all wickedness. Grew. A leafless and simple branch . . . devoted to the purpose of climbing. Gray. Syn. -- To addict; apply; dedicate; consecrate; resign; destine; doom; consign. See Addict. DEVOTE De*vote", a. Etym: [L. devotus, p. p.] Defn: Devoted; addicted; devout. [Obs.] Milton. DEVOTE De*vote", n. Defn: A devotee. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys. DEVOTED De*vot"ed, a. Defn: Consecrated to a purpose; strongly attached; zealous; devout; as, a devoted admirer. -- De*vot"ed*ly, adv. -- De*vot"ed*ness, n. DEVOTEE Dev`o*tee", n. Defn: One who is wholly devoted; esp., one given wholly to religion; one who is superstitiously given to religious duties and ceremonies; a bigot. While Father Le Blanc was very devout he was not a devotee. A. S. Hardy. DEVOTEMENT De*vote"ment, n. Defn: The state of being devoted, or set apart by a vow. [R.] Bp. Hurd. DEVOTER De*vot"er, n. Defn: One who devotes; a worshiper. DEVOTION De*vo"tion, n. Etym: [F. dévotion, L. devotio.] 1. The act of devoting; consecration. 2. The state of being devoted; addiction; eager inclination; strong attachment love or affection; zeal; especially, feelings toward God appropriately expressed by acts of worship; devoutness. Genius animated by a fervent spirit of devotion. Macaulay. 3. Act of devotedness or devoutness; manifestation of strong attachment; act of worship; prayer. "The love of public devotion." Hooker. 4. Disposal; power of disposal. [Obs.] They are entirely at our devotion, and may be turned backward and forward, as we please. Godwin. 5. A thing consecrated; an object of devotion. [R.] Churches and altars, priests and all devotions, Tumbled together into rude chaos. Beau. & Fl. Days of devotion. See under Day. Syn. -- Consecration; devoutness; religiousness; piety; attachment; devotedness; ardor; earnestness. DEVOTIONAL De*vo"tion*al, a. Etym: [L. devotionalis.] Defn: Pertaining to, suited to, or used in, devotion; as, a devotional posture; devotional exercises; a devotional frame of mind. DEVOTIONALIST; DEVOTIONIST De*vo"tion*al*ist, De*vo"tion*ist, n. Defn: One given to devotion, esp. to excessive formal devotion. DEVOTIONALITY De*vo`tion*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The practice of a devotionalist. A. H. Clough. DEVOTIONALLY De*vo"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a devotional manner; toward devotion. DEVOTO De*vo"to, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A devotee. Dr. J. Scott. DEVOTOR De*vo"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A worshiper; one given to devotion. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. DEVOUR De*vour", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Devoured; p. pr. & vb. n. Devouring.] Etym: [F. dévorer, fr. L. devorare; de + vorare to eat greedily, swallow up. See Voracious.] 1. To eat up with greediness; to consume ravenously; to feast upon like a wild beast or a glutton; to prey upon. Some evil beast hath devoured him. Gen. xxxvii. 20. 2. To seize upon and destroy or appropriate greedily, selfishly, or wantonly; to consume; to swallow up; to use up; to waste; to annihilate. Famine and pestilence shall devour him. Ezek. vii. 15. I waste my life and do my days devour. Spenser. 3. To enjoy with avidity; to appropriate or take in eagerly by the senses. Longing they look, and gaping at the sight, Devour her o'er with vast delight. Dryden. Syn. -- To consume; waste; destroy; annihilate. DEVOURABLE De*vour"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be devoured. DEVOURER De*vour"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, devours. DEVOURINGLY De*vour"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a devouring manner. DEVOUT De*vout", a. Etym: [OE. devot, devout, F. dévot, from L. devotus devoted, p. p. of devovere. See Devote, v. t.] 1. Devoted to religion or to religious feelings and duties; absorbed in religious exercises; given to devotion; pious; reverent; religious. A devout man, and one that feared God. Acts x. 2. We must be constant and devout in the worship of God. Rogers. 2. Expressing devotion or piety; as, eyes devout; sighs devout; a devout posture. Milton. 3. Warmly devoted; hearty; sincere; earnest; as, devout wishes for one's welfare. The devout, devoutly religious persons, those who are sincerely pious. Syn. -- Holy; pure; religious; prayerful; pious; earnest; reverent; solemn; sincere. DEVOUT De*vout", n. 1. A devotee. [Obs.] Sheldon. 2. A devotional composition, or part of a composition; devotion. [Obs.] Milton. DEVOUTFUL De*vout"ful, a. 1. Full of devotion. [R.] 2. Sacred. [R.] To take her from austerer check of parents, To make her his by most devoutful rights. Marston. DEVOUTLESS De*vout"less, a. Defn: Destitute of devotion. -- De*vout"less*ly, adv. -- De*vout"less*ness, n. DEVOUTLY De*vout"ly, adv. 1. In a devout and reverent manner; with devout emotions; piously. Cast her fair eyes to heaven and prayed devoutly. Shak. 2. Sincerely; solemnly; earnestly. 'T is a consummation Devoutly to be wished. Shak. DEVOUTNESS De*vout"ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being devout. DEVOVE De*vove", v. t. Etym: [See Devote, v. t.] Defn: To devote. [Obs.] Cowley. DEVOW De*vow", v. t. Etym: [F. dévouer, L. devovere. See Devote, v. t.] 1. To give up; to devote. [Obs.] 2. Etym: [Cf. OF. desvoer. Cf. Disavow.] Defn: To disavow; to disclaim. [Obs.] G. Fletcher. DEVULGARIZE De*vul"gar*ize, v. t. Defn: To free from what is vulgar, common, or narrow. Shakespeare and Plutarch's "Lives" are very devulgarizing books. E. A. Abbott. DEW Dew, n. Etym: [AS. deáw; akin to D. dauw, G. thau, tau, Icel. dögg, Sw. dagg, Dan. dug; cf. Skr. dhav, dhav, to flow. Dag dew.] 1. Moisture from the atmosphere condensed by cool bodies upon their surfaces, particularly at night. Her tears fell with the dews at even. Tennyson. 2. Figuratively, anything which falls lightly and in a refreshing manner. "The golden dew of sleep." Shak. 3. An emblem of morning, or fresh vigor. "The dew of his youth." Longfellow. Note: Dew is used in combination; as, dew-bespangled, dew-drenched, dewdrop, etc. DEW Dew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dewing.] Defn: To wet with dew or as with dew; to bedew; to moisten; as with dew. The grasses grew A little ranker since they dewed them so. A. B. Saxton. DEW Dew, a. & n. Defn: Same as Due, or Duty. [Obs.] Spenser. DEWAR VESSEL Dew"ar ves`sel (du"er). [After Sir James Dewar, British physicist.] Defn: A double-walled glass vessel for holding liquid air, etc., having the space between the walls exhausted so as to prevent conduction of heat, and sometimes having the glass silvered to prevent absorption of radiant heat; -- called also, according to the particular shape, Dewar bulb, Dewar tube, etc. DEWBERRY Dew"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of certain species of bramble (Rubus); in England, the fruit of R. cæsius, which has a glaucous bloom; in America, that of R. canadensis and R. hispidus, species of low blackberries. (b) The plant which bears the fruit. Feed him with apricots and dewberries. Shak. DEWCLAW Dew"claw`, n. Defn: In any animal, esp. of the Herbivora, a rudimentary claw or small hoof not reaching the ground. Some cut off the dewclaws [of greyhounds]. J. H. Walsh. DEWDROP Dew"drop`, n. Defn: A drop of dew. Shak. DEWFALL Dew"fall`, n. Defn: The falling of dew; the time when dew begins to fall. DEWINESS Dew"i*ness, n. Defn: State of being dewy. DEWLAP Dew"lap`, n. Etym: [Dew + lap to lick.] 1. The pendulous skin under the neck of an ox, which laps or licks the dew in grazing. 2. The flesh upon the human throat, especially when with age. [Burlesque] On her withered dewlap pour the ale. Shak. DEWLAPPED Dew"lapped`, a. Defn: Furnished with a dewlap. DEWLESS Dew"less, a. Defn: Having no dew. Tennyson. DEW-POINT Dew"-point`, n. (Meteor.) Defn: The temperature at which dew begins to form. It varies with the humidity and temperature of the atmosphere. DEWRET Dew"ret`, v. t. Etym: [Dew + ret, v. t.] Defn: To ret or rot by the process called dewretting. DEWRETTING Dew"ret`ting, n. Defn: Dewrotting; the process of decomposing the gummy matter of flax and hemp and setting the fibrous part, by exposure on a sward to dew, rain, and sunshine. DEWROT Dew"rot`, v. t. Defn: To rot, as flax or hemp, by exposure to rain, dew, and sun. See Dewretting. DEWWORM Dew"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Earthworm. DEWY Dew"y, a. 1. Pertaining to dew; resembling, consisting of, or moist with, dew. A dewy mist Went and watered all the ground. Milton. When dewy eve her curtain draws. Keble. 2. Falling gently and beneficently, like the dew. Dewy sleep ambrosial. Cowper. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Resembling a dew-covered surface; appearing as if covered with dew. DEXTER Dex"ter, a. Etym: [L.,; akin to Gr. dakshi (cf. daksh to be strong, suit); Goth. taihswa, OHG. zeso. Cf. Dexterous.] 1. Pertaining to, or situated on, the right hand; right, as opposed to sinister, or left. On sounding wings a dexter eagle flew. Pope. 2. (Her.) Defn: On the right-hand side of a shield, i. e., towards the right hand of its wearer. To a spectator in front, as in a pictorial representation, this would be the left side. Dexter chief, or Dexter point (Her.), a point in the dexter upper corner of the shield, being in the dexter extremity of the chief, as A in the cut. -- Dexter base, a point in the dexter lower part or base of the shield, as B in the cut. DEXTERICAL Dex*ter"i*cal, a. Defn: Dexterous. [Obs.] DEXTERITY Dex*ter"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. dexteritas, fr. dexter: cf. F. dextérité. See Dexter.] 1. Right-handedness. 2. Readiness and grace in physical activity; skill and ease in using the hands; expertness in manual acts; as, dexterity with the chisel. In youth quick bearing and dexterity. Shak. 3. Readiness in the use or control of the mental powers; quickness and skill in managing any complicated or difficult affair; adroitness. His wisdom . . . was turned . . . into a dexterity to deliver himself. Bacon. He had conducted his own defense with singular boldness and dexterity. Hallam. Syn. -- Adroitness; activity; nimbleness; expertness; skill; cleverness; art; ability; address; tact; facility; aptness; aptitude; faculty. See Skill. DEXTEROUS Dex"ter*ous, a. Etym: [L. dexter. See Dexter.] [Written also dextrous.] 1. Ready and expert in the use of the body and limbs; skillful and active with the hands; handy; ready; as, a dexterous hand; a dexterous workman. 2. Skillful in contrivance; quick at inventing expedients; expert; as, a dexterous manager. Dexterous the craving, fawning crowd to quit. Pope. 3. Done with dexterity; skillful; artful; as, dexterous management. "Dexterous sleights of hand." Trench. Syn. -- Adroit; active; expert; skillful; clever; able; ready; apt; handy; versed. DEXTEROUSLY Dex"ter*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a dexterous manner; skillfully. DEXTEROUSNESS Dex"ter*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being dexterous; dexterity. DEXTRAD Dex"trad, adv. Etym: [L. dextra the right hand + ad to.] (Anat.) Defn: Toward the right side; dextrally. DEXTRAL Dex"tral, a. Etym: [From Dexter.] Defn: Right, as opposed to sinistral, or left. Dextral shell (Zoöl.), a spiral shell the whorls of which turn from left right, or like the hands of a watch when the apex of the spire is toward the eye of the observer. DEXTRALITY Dex*tral"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being on the right-hand side; also, the quality of being right-handed; right-handedness. Sir T. Browne. DEXTRALLY Dex"tral*ly Defn: (adv. Towards the right; as, the hands of a watch rotate dextrally. DEXTRER Dex*trer", n. Defn: A war horse; a destrer. [Obs.] "By him baiteth his dextrer." Chaucer. DEXTRIN Dex"trin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dextrine, G. dextrin. See Dexter.] (Chem.) Defn: A translucent, gummy, amorphous substance, nearly tasteless and odorless, used as a substitute for gum, for sizing, etc., and obtained from starch by the action of heat, acids, or diastase. It is of somewhat variable composition, containing several carbohydrates which change easily to their respective varieties of sugar. It is so named from its rotating the plane of polarization to the right; -- called also British gum, Alsace gum, gommelin, leiocome, etc. See Achroödextrin, and Erythrodextrin. DEXTRO- Dex"tro-. Defn: A prefix, from L. dexter, meaning, pertaining to, or toward, the right; (Chem. & Opt.) Defn: having the property of turning the plane of polarized light to the right; as, dextrotartaric acid. DEXTROGEROUS Dex*trog"er*ous, a. (Physics & Chem.) Defn: See Dextrogyrate. DEXTROGLUCOSE Dex`tro*glu"cose`, n. Etym: [Dextro- + glucose.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Dextrose. DEXTROGYRATE Dex`tro*gy"rate, a. Etym: [Dextro- + gyrate.] (Chem. & Opt.) Defn: Same as Dextrorotatory. DEXTRONIC Dex*tron"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, dextrose; as, dextronic acid. Dextronic acid, a sirupy substance obtained by the partial oxidation of various carbohydrates, as dextrose, etc. DEXTROROTARY Dex`tro*ro"ta*ry, a. (Physics & Chem.) Defn: See Dextrotatory. DEXTROROTATORY Dex`tro*ro"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [Dextro- + rotatory.] (Chem. & Opt.) Defn: Turning, or causing to turn, toward the right hand; esp., turning the plane of polarization of luminous rays toward the right hand; as, dextrorotatory crystals, sugars, etc. Cf. Levorotatory. DEXTRORSAL; DEXTRORSE Dex*tror"sal, Dex"trorse`, a. Etym: [L. dextrorsum, contr. fr. dextrovorsum, dextroversum, toward the right side; dexter right + versus, vorsus, p. p. of vertere, vortere, to turn.] Defn: Turning from the left to the right, in the ascending line, as in the spiral inclination of the stem of the common morning-glóry. Note: At present scientists predicate dextrorse or sinistrorse quality of the plant regarded objectively; formerly the plant was regarded subjectively, and what is now called dextrorse was then considered sinistrorse. DEXTROSE Dex"trose`, n. Etym: [See Dexter.] (Chem.) Defn: A sirupy, or white crystalline, variety of sugar, C6H12O6 (so called from turning the plane of polarization to the right), occurring in many ripe fruits. Dextrose and levulose are obtained by the inversion of cane sugar or sucrose, and hence called invert sugar. Dextrose is chiefly obtained by the action of heat and acids on starch, and hence called also starch sugar. It is also formed from starchy food by the action of the amylolytic ferments of saliva and pancreatic juice. Note: The solid products are known to the trade as grape sugar; the sirupy products as glucose, or mixing sirup. These are harmless, but are only about half as sweet as cane or sucrose. DEXTROUS; DEXTROUSLY; DEXTROUSNESS Dex"trous, a., Dex"trous*ly, adv., Dex"trous*ness, n. Defn: Same as Dexterous, Dexterously, etc. DEY Dey, n. Etym: [See Dairy.] Defn: A servant who has charge of the dairy; a dairymaid. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEY Dey, n.; pl. Deys. Etym: [Turk. dai, orig., a maternal uncle, then a friendly title formerly given to middle-aged or old people, especially among the Janizaries; and hence, in Algiers, consecrated at length to the commanding officer of that corps, who frequently became afterward pasha or regent of that province; hence the European misnomer of dey, as applied to the latter: cf. F. dey.] Defn: The governor of Algiers; -- so called before the French conquest in 1830. DEYE Deye, v. i. Defn: To die. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEYNTE; DEYNTEE Deyn"te, Deyn"tee, n. & a. Defn: See Dainty. [Obs.] Chaucer. DEZINCIFICATION De*zinc`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of freeing from zinc; also, the condition resulting from the removal of zinc. DEZINCIFY De*zinc"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Pref. de- + zinc + -fy.] Defn: To deprive of, or free from, zinc. DHOLE Dhole, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fierce, wild dog (Canis Dukhunensis), found in the mountains of India. It is remarkable for its propensity to hunt the tiger and other wild animals in packs. DHONY Dho"ny, n. Defn: A Ceylonese boat. See Doni. DHOORRA; DHOURRA; DHURRA Dhoor"ra, Dhour"ra, or Dhur"ra (, n. Defn: Indian millet. See Durra. DHOW Dhow, n. Etym: [Ar. dao] Defn: A coasting vessel of Arabia, East Africa, and the Indian Ocean. It has generally but one mast and a lateen sail. [Also written dow.] DI- Di-. Etym: [Gr. bis twice. See Two, and cf. Bi-, Dia-. The L. pref. dis- sometimes assumes the form di-. See Dis-.] Defn: A prefix, signifying twofold, double, twice; (Chem.) Defn: denoting two atoms, radicals, groups, or equivalents, as the case may be. See Bi-, 2. DIA-; DI- Di"a-, Di-. Etym: [Gr. Two, and cf. 1st Di-.] Defn: A prefix denoting through; also, between, apart, asunder, across. Before a vowel dia- becomes di-; as, diactinic; dielectric, etc. DIABASE Di"a*base, n. Etym: [F. diabase, fr. Gr. (Min.) Defn: A basic, dark-colored, holocrystalline, igneous rock, consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar and pyroxene with magnetic iron; -- often limited to rocks pretertiary in age. It includes part of what was early called greenstone. DIABATERIAL Di*ab`a*te"ri*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Diabase.] Defn: Passing over the borders. [R.] Mitford. DIABETES Di`a*be"tes, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Diabase.] (Med.) Defn: A disease which is attended with a persistent, excessive discharge of urine. Most frequently the urine is not only increased in quantity, but contains saccharine matter, in which case the disease is generally fatal. Diabetes mellitus Etym: [NL., sweet diabetes], that form of diabetes in which the urine contains saccharine matter. -- Diabetes insipidus Etym: [NL., lit., diabetes], the form of diabetes in which the urine contains no abnormal constituent. DIABETIC; DIABETICAL Di`a*bet"ic, Di`a*bet"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to diabetes; as, diabetic or diabetical treatment. Quian. Diabetic sugar. (Chem.) Same as Dextrose. DIABLERIE; DIABLEY Dia`ble*rie", Di*ab"le*y, n. Etym: [F. diablerie, fr. diable devil, L. diabolus. See Devil.] Defn: Devilry; sorcery or incantation; a diabolical deed; mischief. DIABOLIC; DIABOLICAL Di`a*bol"ic, Di`a*bol"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. diabolicus, Gr. diabolique. See Devil.] Defn: Pertaining to the devil; resembling, or appropriate, or appropriate to, the devil; devilish; infernal; impious; atrocious; nefarious; outrageously wicked; as, a diabolic or diabolical temper or act. "Diabolic power." Milton. "The diabolical institution." Motley. -- Di`a*bol"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Di`a*bol"ic*al*ness, n. DIABOLIFY Di`a*bol"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. diabolus devil + -fy.] Defn: To ascribed diabolical qualities to; to change into, or to represent as, a devil. [R.] Farindon. DIABOLISM Di*ab"o*lism, n. 1. Character, action, or principles appropriate to the devil. 2. Possession by the devil. Bp. Warburton. DIABOLIZE Di*ab"o*lize, v. t. Defn: To render diabolical. [R.] DIABOLO Di*ab"o*lo (di*ab"o*lo), n. Defn: An old game or sport (revived under this name) consisting in whirling on a string, fastened to two sticks, a small somewhat spool- shaped object (called the diabolo) so as to balance it on a string, toss it in the air and catch it, etc. DIACATHOLICON Di`a*ca*thol"i*con, n. Etym: [Pref. dia- + catholicon.] (Med.) Defn: A universal remedy; -- name formerly to a purgative electuary. DIACAUSTIC Di`a*caus"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. dia- + caustic.] (Opt.) Defn: Pertaining to, or possessing the properties of, a species of caustic curves formed by refraction. See Caustic surface, under Caustic. DIACAUSTIC Di`a*caus"tic, n. 1. (Med.) Defn: That which burns by refraction, as a double convex lens, or the sun's rays concentrated by such a lens, sometimes used as a cautery. 2. (Math.) Defn: A curved formed by the consecutive intersections of rays of light refracted through a lens. DIACHYLON; DIACHYLUM Di*ach"y*lon, Di*ach"y*lum, n. Etym: [NL. diachylum, fr. Gr. (Med. & Chem.) Defn: A plaster originally composed of the juices of several plants (whence its name), but now made of an oxide of lead and oil, and consisting essentially of glycerin mixed with lead salts of the fat acids. DIACID Di*ac"id, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + acid.] (Chem.) Defn: Divalent; -- said of a base or radical as capable of saturating two acid monad radicals or a dibasic acid. Cf. Dibasic, a., and Biacid. DIACODIUM Di`a*co"di*um, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. Defn: A sirup made of poppies. DIACONAL Di*ac"o*nal, a. Etym: [LL. diaconalis: cf. F. diaconal. Cf. Deacon.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a deacon. DIACONATE Di*ac"o*nate, n. Etym: [L. diaconatus: cf. F. diaconat.] Defn: The office of a deacon; deaconship; also, a body or board of deacons. DIACONATE Di*ac"o*nate, a. Defn: Governed by deacons. "Diaconate church." T. Goodwin. DIACOPE Di*ac"o*pe, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gram.) Defn: Tmesis. DIACOUSTIC Di`a*cous"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + acoustic.] Defn: Pertaining to the science or doctrine of refracted sounds. DIACOUSTICS Di`a*cous"tics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. diacoustique.] Defn: That branch of natural philosophy which treats of the properties of sound as affected by passing through different mediums; -- called also diaphonics. See the Note under Acoustics. DIACRITIC; DIACRITICAL Di`a*crit"ic, Di`a*crit"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Critic.] Defn: That separates or distinguishes; -- applied to points or marks used to distinguish letters of similar form, or different sounds of the same letter, as, a, â, ä, o, ô, etc. "Diacritical points." Sir W. Jones. A glance at this typography will reveal great difficulties, which diacritical marks necessarily throw in the way of both printer and writer. A. J. Ellis. DIACTINIC Di`ac*tin"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + actinic.] (Physics) Defn: Capable of transmitting the chemical or actinic rays of light; as, diactinic media. DIADELPHIA Di`a*del"phi*a, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants whose stamens are united into two bodies or bundles by their filaments. DIADELPHIAN; DIADELPHOUS Di`a*del"phi*an, Di`a*del"phous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. diadelphe.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the class Diadelphia; having the stamens united into two bodies by their filaments (said of a plant or flower); grouped into two bundles or sets by coalescence of the filaments (said of stamens). DIADEM Di"a*dem, n. Etym: [F. diadème, L. diadema, fr. Gr. da to bind.] 1. Originally, an ornamental head band or fillet, worn by Eastern monarchs as a badge of royalty; hence (later), also, a crown, in general. "The regal diadem." Milton. 2. Regal power; sovereignty; empire; -- considered as symbolized by the crown. 3. (Her.) Defn: An arch rising from the rim of a crown (rarely also of a coronet), and uniting with others over its center. Diadem lemur. (Zoöl.) See Indri. -- Diadem spider (Zoöl.), the garden spider. DIADEM Di"a*dem, v. t. Defn: To adorn with a diadem; to crown. Not so, when diadem'd with rays divine. Pope. To terminate the evil, To diadem the right. R. H. Neale. DIADROM Di"a*drom, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A complete course or vibration; time of vibration, as of a pendulum. [Obs.] Locke. DIAERESIS; DIERESIS Di*ær"e*sis, Di*er"e*sis, n.; pl. Diæreses or Diereses. Etym: [L. diaeresis, Gr. Heresy.] 1. (Gram.) Defn: The separation or resolution of one syllable into two; -- the opposite of synæresis. 2. A mark consisting of two dots [..], placed over the second of two adjacent vowels, to denote that they are to be pronounced as distinct letters; as, coöperate, aërial. DIAERETIC Di`æ*ret"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Caustic. [Obs.] DIAGEOTROPIC Di`a*ge`o*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Relating to, or exhibiting, diageotropism. DIAGEOTROPISM Di`a*ge*ot"ro*pism, n. (Bot.) Defn: The tendency of organs (as roots) of plants to assume a position oblique or transverse to a direction towards the center of the earth. DIAGLYPH Di"a*glyph, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An intaglio. Mollett. DIAGLYPHIC; DIAGLYPHTIC Di`a*glyph"ic, Di`a*glyph"tic, a. Defn: Represented or formed by depressions in the general surface; as, diaglyphic sculpture or engraving; -- opposed to anaglyphic. DIAGNOSE Di`ag*nose", v. t. & i. Defn: To ascertain by diagnosis; to diagnosticate. See Diagnosticate. DIAGNOSIS Di`ag*no"sis, n.; pl. Diagnoses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Know.] 1. (Med.) Defn: The art or act of recognizing the presence of disease from its signs or symptoms, and deciding as to its character; also, the decision arrived at. 2. Scientific determination of any kind; the concise description of characterization of a species. 3. Critical perception or scrutiny; judgment based on such scrutiny; esp., perception pf, or judgment concerning, motives and character. The quick eye for effects, the clear diagnosis of men's minds, and the love of epigram. Compton Reade. My diagnosis of his character proved correct. J. Payn. Differential diagnosis (Med.), the determination of the distinguishing characteristics as between two similar diseases or conditions. DIAGNOSTIC Di`ag*nos"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. diagnostique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or furnishing, a diagnosis; indicating the nature of a disease. DIAGNOSTIC Di`ag*nos"tic, n. Defn: The mark or symptom by which one disease is known or distinguished from others. DIAGNOSTICATE Di`ag*nos"ti*cate, v. t. & i. Etym: [From Diagnostic.] Defn: To make a diagnosis of; to recognize by its symptoms, as a disease. DIAGNOSTICS Di`ag*nos"tics, n. Defn: That part of medicine which has to do with ascertaining the nature of diseases by means of their symptoms or signs. His rare skill in diagnostics. Macaulay. DIAGOMETER Di`a*gom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: A sort of electroscope, invented by Rousseau, in which the dry pile is employed to measure the amount of electricity transmitted by different bodies, or to determine their conducting power. Nichol. DIAGONAL Di*ag"o*nal, a. Etym: [L. diagonalis, fr. Gr. knee: cf. F. diagonal.] (Geom.) Defn: Joining two not adjacent angles of a quadrilateral or multilateral figure; running across from corner to corner; crossing at an angle with one of the sides. Diagonal bond (Masonry), herringbone work. See Herringbone, a. -- Diagonal built (Shipbuilding), built by forming the outer skin of two layers of planking, making angles of about 45º with the keel, in opposite directions. -- Diagonal cleavage. See under Cleavage. -- Diagonal molding (Arch.), a chevron or zigzag molding. -- Diagonal rib. (Arch.) See Cross-springer. -- Diagonal scale, a scale which consists of a set of parallel lines, with other lines crossing them obliquely, so that their intersections furnish smaller subdivisions of the unit of measure than could be conveniently marked on a plain scale. -- Diagonal stratification. (Geol.) Same as Cross bedding, under Cross, a. DIAGONAL Di*ag"o*nal, n. 1. A right line drawn from one angle to another not adjacent, of a figure of four or more sides, and dividing it into two parts. 2. (Engin.) Defn: A member, in a framed structure, running obliquely across a panel. 3. A diagonal cloth; a kind of cloth having diagonal stripes, ridges, or welts made in the weaving. DIAGONALLY Di*ag"o*nal*ly, adv. Defn: In a diagonal direction. DIAGONIAL Di`a*go"ni*al, a. Defn: Diagonal; diametrical; hence; diametrically opposed. [Obs.] Sin can have no tenure by law at all, but is rather an eternal outlaw, and in hostility with law past all atonement; both diagonal contraries, as much allowing one another as day and night together in one hemisphere. Milton. DIAGRAM Di"a*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. diagramme. See Graphic.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A figure or drawing made to illustrate a statement, or facilitate a demonstration; a plan. 2. Any simple drawing made for mathematical or scientific purposes, or to assist a verbal explanation which refers to it; a mechanical drawing, as distinguished from an artistical one. Indicator diagram. (Steam Engine) See Indicator card, under indicator DIAGRAM Di"a*gram, v. t. Defn: To put into the form of a diagram. DIAGRAMMATIC Di`a*gram*mat"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a diagram; showing by diagram. -- Di`a*gram*mat"ic*ly, adv. DIAGRAPH Di"a*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. diagraphe. See Diagram.] Defn: A drawing instrument, combining a protractor and scale. DIAGRAPHIC; DIAGRAPHICAL Di`a*graph"ic, Di`a*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. diagraphique.] Defn: Descriptive. DIAGRAPHICS Di`a*graph"ics, n. Defn: The art or science of descriptive drawing; especially, the art or science of drawing by mechanical appliances and mathematical rule. DIAHELIOTROPIC Di`a*he`li*o*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Relating or, or manifesting, diaheliotropism. DIAHELIOTROPISM Di`a*he`li*ot"ro*pism, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tendency of leaves or other organs of plants to have their dorsal surface faced towards the rays of light. DIAL Di"al, n. Etym: [LL. dialis daily, fr. L. dies day. See Deity.] 1. An instrument, formerly much used for showing the time of day from the shadow of a style or gnomon on a graduated arc or surface; esp., a sundial; but there are lunar and astral dials. The style or gnomon is usually parallel to the earth's axis, but the dial plate may be either horizontal or vertical. 2. The graduated face of a timepiece, on which the time of day is shown by pointers or hands. 3. A miner's compass. Dial bird (Zoöl.), an Indian bird (Copsychus saularius), allied to the European robin. The name is also given to other related species. -- Dial lock, a lock provided with one or more plates having numbers or letters upon them. These plates must be adjusted in a certain determined way before the lock can be operated. -- Dial plate, the plane or disk of a dial or timepiece on which lines and figures for indicating the time are placed. DIAL Di"al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dialed or Dialled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dialing or Dialling.] 1. To measure with a dial. Hours of that true time which is dialed in heaven. Talfourd. 2. (Mining) Defn: To survey with a dial. Raymond. DIALECT Di"a*lect, n. Etym: [F. dialecte, L. dialectus, fr. Gr. Dialogue.] 1. Means or mode of expressing thoughts; language; tongue; form of speech. This book is writ in such a dialect As may the minds of listless men affect. Bunyan. The universal dialect of the world. South. 2. The form of speech of a limited region or people, as distinguished from ether forms nearly related to it; a variety or subdivision of a language; speech characterized by local peculiarities or specific circumstances; as, the Ionic and Attic were dialects of Greece; the Yorkshire dialect; the dialect of the learned. In the midst of this Babel of dialects there suddenly appeared a standard English language. Earle. [Charles V.] could address his subjects from every quarter in their native dialect. Prescott. Syn. -- Language; idiom; tongue; speech; phraseology. See Language, and Idiom. DIALECTAL Di`a*lec"tal, a. Defn: Relating to a dialect; dialectical; as, a dialectical variant. DIALECTIC Di`a*lec"tic, n. Defn: Same as Dialectics. Plato placed his dialectic above all sciences. Liddell & Scott. DIALECTIC; DIALECTICAL Di`a*lec"tic, Di`a*lec"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. dialecticus, Gr. dialectique. See Dialect.] 1. Pertaining to dialectics; logical; argumental. 2. Pertaining to a dialect or to dialects. Earle. DIALECTICALLY Di`a*lec"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a dialectical manner. DIALECTICIAN Di`a*lec*ti"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dialecticien.] Defn: One versed in dialectics; a logician; a reasoner. DIALECTICS Di`a*lec"tics, n. Etym: [L. dialectica (sc. ars), Gr. dialectique.] Defn: That branch of logic which teaches the rules and modes of reasoning; the application of logical principles to discursive reasoning; the science or art of discriminating truth from error; logical discussion. Note: Dialectics was defined by Aristotle to be the method of arguing with probability on any given problem, and of defending a tenet without inconsistency. By Plato, it was used in the following senses: 1. Discussion by dialogue as a method of scientific investigation. 2. The method of investigating the truth by analysis. 3. The science of ideas or of the nature and laws of being -- higher metaphysics. By Kant, it was employed to signify the logic of appearances or illusions, whether these arise from accident or error, or from those necessary limitations which, according to this philosopher, originate in the constitution of the human intellect. DIALECTOLOGY Di`a*lec*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Dialect + -logy.] Defn: That branch of philology which is devoted to the consideration of dialects. Beck. DIALECTOR Di`a*lec"tor, n. Defn: One skilled in dialectics. DIALING Di"al*ing, n. 1. The art of constructing dials; the science which treats of measuring time by dials. [Written also dialling.] 2. A method of surveying, especially in mines, in which the bearings of the courses, or the angles which they make with each other, are determined by means of the circumferentor. DIALIST Di"al*ist, n. Defn: A maker of dials; one skilled in dialing. DIALLAGE Di*al"la*ge, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which arguments are placed in various points of view, and then turned to one point. Smart. DIALLAGE Di"al*lage, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A dark green or bronze-colored laminated variety of pyroxene, common in certain igneous rocks. DIALLEL Di"al*lel, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Meeting and intersecting, as lines; not parallel; -- opposed to parallel. [Obs.] Ash. DIALLYL Di*al"lyl, n. (Chem.) Defn: A volatile, pungent, liquid hydrocarbon, C6H10, consisting of two allyl radicals, and belonging to the acetylene series. DIALOGICAL Di`a*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Relating to a dialogue; dialogistical. Burton. DIALOGICALLY Di`a*log"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner or nature of a dialogue. Goldsmith. DIALOGISM Di*al"o*gism, n. Etym: [Gr. dialogisme. See Dialogue.] Defn: An imaginary speech or discussion between two or more; dialogue. Fulke. DIALOGIST Di*al"o*gist, n. Etym: [L. dialogista: cf. F. dialogiste.] 1. A speaker in a dialogue. 2. A writer of dialogues. P. Skelton. DIALOGISTIC; DIALOGISTICAL Di*al`o*gis"tic, Di*al`o*gis"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to a dialogue; having the form or nature of a dialogue. -- Di*al`o*gis"tic*al*ly, adv. DIALOGITE Di*al"o*gite, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Min.) Defn: Native carbonate of manganese; rhodochrosite. DIALOGIZE Di*al"o*gize, v. t. Etym: [Gr. dialogiser.] Defn: To discourse in dialogue. Fotherby. DIALOGUE Di"a*logue, n. Etym: [OE. dialogue, L. dialogus, fr. Gr. dialogue. See Legend.] 1. A conversation between two or more persons; particularly, a formal conservation in theatrical performances or in scholastic exercises. 2. A written composition in which two or more persons are represented as conversing or reasoning on some topic; as, the Dialogues of Plato. DIALOGUE Di"a*logue, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. dialoguer.] Defn: To take part in a dialogue; to dialogize. [R.] Shak. DIALOGUE Di"a*logue, v. t. Defn: To express as in dialogue. [R.] And dialogued for him what he would say. Shak. DIALYPETALOUS Di`al*y*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having separate petals; polypetalous. DIALYSIS Di*al"y*sis, n.; pl. Dialyses. Etym: [L., separation, fr. Gr. 1. (Gram.) Defn: Diæresis. See Diæresis, 1. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: Same as Asyndeton. 3. (Med.) (a) Debility. (b) A solution of continuity; division; separation of parts. 4. (Chem.) Defn: The separation of different substances in solution, as crystalloids and colloids, by means of their unequal diffusion, especially through natural or artificial membranes. DIALYTIC Di`a*lyt"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Dialysis.] Defn: Having the quality of unloosing or separating. Clarke. Dialytic telescope, an achromatic telescope in which the colored dispersion produced by a single object lens of crown glass is corrected by a smaller concave lens, or combination of lenses, of high dispersive power, placed at a distance in the narrower part of the converging cone of rays, usually near the middle of the tube. DIALYZATE Di*al"y*zate, n. (Chem.) Defn: The material subjected to dialysis. DIALYZATION Di`a*ly*za"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of dialysis. DIALYZE Di"a*lyze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dialyzed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dialyzing.] (Chem.) Defn: To separate, prepare, or obtain, by dialysis or osmose; to pass through an animal membrane; to subject to dialysis. [Written also dialyse.] DIALYZED Di"a*lyzed, a. Defn: Prepared by diffusion through an animal membrane; as, dialyzed iron. DIALYZER Di"a*ly`zer, n. Defn: The instrument or medium used to effect chemical dialysis. DIAMAGNET Di`a*mag"net, n. Etym: [Pref. dia- + magnet.] Defn: A body having diamagnetic polarity. DIAMAGNETIC Di`a*mag*net"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or exhibiting the phenomena of, diamagnetism; taking, or being of a nature to take, a position at right angles to the lines of magnetic force. See Paramagnetic. Diamagnetic attraction. See under Attraction. DIAMAGNETIC Di`a*mag*net"ic, n. Defn: Any substance, as bismuth, glass, phosphorous, etc., which in a field of magnetic force is differently affected from the ordinary magnetic bodies, as iron; that is, which tends to take a position at right angles to the lines of magnetic force, and is repelled by either pole of the magnet. DIAMAGNETICALLY Di`a*mag*net"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of, or according to, diamagnetism. DIAMAGNETISM Di`a*mag"net*ism, n. 1. The science which treats of diamagnetic phenomena, and of the properties of diamagnetic bodies. 2. That form or condition of magnetic action which characterizes diamagnetics. DIAMANTIFEROUS Di`a*man*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [F. diamant diamond + -ferous.] Defn: Yielding diamonds. DIAMANTINE Di`a*man"tine, a. Defn: Adamantine. [Obs.] DIAMETER Di*am"e*ter, n. Etym: [F. diamètre, L. diametros, fr. Gr. Meter.] 1. (Geom.) (a) Any right line passing through the center of a figure or body, as a circle, conic section, sphere, cube, etc., and terminated by the opposite boundaries; a straight line which bisects a system of parallel chords drawn in a curve. (b) A diametral plane. 2. The length of a straight line through the center of an object from side to side; width; thickness; as, the diameter of a tree or rock. Note: In an elongated object the diameter is usually taken at right angles to the longer axis. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The distance through the lower part of the shaft of a column, used as a standard measure for all parts of the order. See Module. Conjugate diameters. See under Conjugate. DIAMETRAL Di*am"e*tral, a. Etym: [Gr. F. diamétral.] Defn: Pertaining to a diameter; diametrical. Diametral curve, Diametral surface (Geom.), any line or surface which bisects a system of parallel chords drawn in a curve or surface. -- Diametral planes (Crystal.), planes in which two of the axes lie. DIAMETRAL Di*am"e*tral, n. Defn: A diameter. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DIAMETRALLY Di*am"e*tral*ly, adv. Defn: Diametrically. DIAMETRIC; DIAMETRICAL Di*am"e*tric, Di*am"e*tric*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a diameter. 2. As remote as possible, as if at the opposite end of a diameter; directly adverse. DIAMETRICALLY Di*am"e*tric*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a diametrical manner; directly; as, diametrically opposite. Whose principles were diametrically opposed to his. Macaulay. DIAMIDE Di*am"ide (; 104), n. Etym: [Pref. di- + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: Any compound containing two amido groups united with one or more acid or negative radicals, -- as distinguished from a diamine. Cf. Amido acid, under Amido, and Acid amide, under Amide. DIAMIDO- Di*am"i*do- (, a. (Chem.) Defn: A prefix or combining form of Diamine. Note: [Also used adjectively.] DIAMINE Di*am"ine (; 104), n. Etym: [Pref. di- + amine.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound containing two amido groups united with one or more basic or positive radicals, -- as contrasted with a diamide. Note: In chemical nomenclature, if any amine or diamine is named by prefixing the nitrogen group, the name of the latter takes the form of amido, diamido, etc., thus ethylene diamine, C2H4.(NH2)2, is also called diamido-ethylene. DIAMOND Di"a*mond, n. Etym: [OE. diamaund, diamaunt, F. diamant, corrupted, fr. L. adamas, the hardest iron, steel, diamond, Gr. Adamant, Tame.] 1. A precious stone or gem excelling in brilliancy and beautiful play of prismatic colors, and remarkable for extreme hardness. Note: The diamond is native carbon in isometric crystals, often octahedrons with rounded edges. It is usually colorless, but some are yellow, green, blue, and even black. It is the hardest substance known. The diamond as found in nature (called a rough diamond) is cut, for use in jewelry, into various forms with many reflecting faces, or facets, by which its brilliancy is much increased. See Brilliant, Rose. Diamonds are said to be of the first water when very transparent, and of the second or third water as the transparency decreases. 2. A geometrical figure, consisting of four equal straight lines, and having two of the interior angles acute and two obtuse; a rhombus; a lozenge. 3. One of a suit of playing cards, stamped with the figure of a diamond. 4. (Arch.) Defn: A pointed projection, like a four-sided pyramid, used for ornament in lines or groups. 5. (Baseball) Defn: The infield; the square space, 90 feet on a side, having the bases at its angles. 6. (Print.) Defn: The smallest kind of type in English printing, except that called brilliant, which is seldom seen. Note: * This line is printed in the type called Diamond. Black diamond, coal; (Min.) See Carbonado. -- Bristol diamond. See Bristol stone, under Bristol. -- Diamond beetle (Zoöl.), a large South American weevil (Entimus imperialis), remarkable for its splendid luster and colors, due to minute brilliant scales. -- Diamond bird (Zoöl.), a small Australian bird (Pardalotus punctatus, family Ampelidæ.). It is black, with white spots. -- Diamond drill (Engin.), a rod or tube the end of which is set with black diamonds; -- used for perforating hard substances, esp. for boring in rock. -- Diamond finch (Zoöl.), a small Australian sparrow, often kept in a cage. Its sides are black, with conspicuous white spots, and the rump is bright carmine. -- Diamond groove (Iron Working), a groove of V-section in a roll. -- Diamond mortar (Chem.), a small steel mortar used for pulverizing hard substances. -- Diamond-point tool, a cutting tool whose point is diamond-shaped. -- Diamond snake (Zoöl.), a harmless snake of Australia (Morelia spilotes); the carpet snake. -- Glazier's diamond, a small diamond set in a glazier's tool, for cutting glass. DIAMOND Di"a*mond, a. Defn: Resembling a diamond; made of, or abounding in, diamonds; as, a diamond chain; a diamond field. DIAMOND ANNIVERSARY; DIAMOND JUBILEE Diamond anniversary, jubilee, etc. Defn: One celebrated upon the completion of sixty, or, according to some, seventy-five, years from the beginning of the thing commemorated. DIAMOND-BACK Di"a*mond-back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The salt-marsh terrapin of the Atlantic coast (Malacoclemmys palustris). DIAMONDED Di"a*mond*ed, a. 1. Having figures like a diamond or lozenge. 2. Adorned with diamonds; diamondized. Emerson. DIAMONDIZE Di"a*mond*ize, v. t. Defn: To set with diamonds; to adorn; to enrich. [R.] Diamondizing of your subject. B. Jonson. DIAMOND-SHAPED Di"a*mond-shaped`, a. Defn: Shaped like a diamond or rhombus. DIAMOND STATE Diamond State. Defn: Delaware; -- a nickname alluding to its small size. DIAMYLENE Di*am"y*lene, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + amylene.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon, C10H20, of the ethylene series, regarded as a polymeric form of amylene. DIAN Di"an, a Defn: , Diana. [Poetic] DIANA Di*a"na, n. Etym: [L. Diana.] (Myth.) Defn: The daughter of Jupiter and Latona; a virgin goddess who presided over hunting, chastity, and marriage; -- identified with the Greek goddess Artemis. And chaste Diana haunts the forest shade. Pope. Diana monkey (Zoöl.), a handsome, white-bearded monkey of West Africa (Cercopithecus Diana). DIANDRIA Di*an"dri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants having two stamens. DIANDRIAN Di*an"dri*an, a. Defn: Diandrous. DIANDROUS Di*an"drous, n. Etym: [Cf. F. diandre.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the class Diandria; having two stamens. DIANIUM Di*a"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Diana; either as the name of the Roman goddess, or from its use in OE. as a name of silver.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Columbium. [Obs.] DIANOETIC Di`a*no*et"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Metaph.) Defn: Pertaining to the discursive faculty, its acts or products. I would employ . . . dianoetic to denote the operation of the discursive, elaborative, or comparative faculty. Sir W. Hamilton. DIANOIALOGY Di`a*noi*al"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of the dianoetic faculties, and their operations. Sir W. Hamilton. DIANTHUS Di*an"thus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants containing some of the most popular of cultivated flowers, including the pink, carnation, and Sweet William. DIAPASE Di"a*pase, n. Defn: Same as Diapason. [Obs.] A tuneful diapase of pleasures. Spenser. DIAPASM Di"a*pasm, n. Etym: [L. diapasma, Gr. diapasme.] Defn: Powdered aromatic herbs, sometimes made into little balls and strung together. [Obs.] DIAPASON Di`a*pa"son, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. i. e., diapason. Cf. Panacea.] 1. (Gr. Mus.) Defn: The octave, or interval which includes all the tones of the diatonic scale. 2. Concord, as of notes an octave apart; harmony. The fair music that all creatures made . . . In perfect diapason. Milton. 3. The entire compass of tones. Through all the compass of the notes it ran, The diapason closing full in man. Dryden. 4. A standard of pitch; a tuning fork; as, the French normal diapason. 5. One of certain stops in the organ, so called because they extend through the scale of the instrument. They are of several kinds, as open diapason, stopped diapason, double diapason, and the like. DIAPEDESIS Di`a*pe*de"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The passage of the corpuscular elements of the blood from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissues, without rupture of the walls of the blood vessels. DIAPENTE Di`a*pen"te, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. diapente.] 1. (Anc. Mus.) Defn: The interval of the fifth. 2. (Med.) Defn: A composition of five ingredients. DIAPER Di"a*per, n. Etym: [OF. diaspre, diapre, diaspe, sort of figured cloth, It. diaspro jasper, diaspo figured cloth, from L.jaspis a green-colored precious stone. See Jasper.] 1. Any textile fabric (esp. linen or cotton toweling) woven in diaper pattern. See 2. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: Surface decoration of any sort which consists of the constant repetition of one or more simple figures or units of design evenly spaced. 3. A towel or napkin for wiping the hands, etc. Let one attend him with a silver basin, . . . Another bear the ewer, the third a diaper. Shak. 4. An infant's breechcloth. DIAPER Di"a*per, v. t. 1. To ornament with figures, etc., arranged in the pattern called diaper, as cloth in weaving. "Diapered light." H. Van Laun. Engarlanded and diapered With in wrought flowers. Tennyson. 2. To put a diaper on (a child). DIAPER Di"a*per, v. i. Defn: To draw flowers or figures, as upon cloth. "If you diaper on folds." Peacham. DIAPERING Di"a*per*ing, n. Defn: Same as Diaper, n., 2. DIAPHANE Di"a*phane, n. Etym: [Cf. F. diaphane diaphanous. See Diaphanous.] Defn: A woven silk stuff with transparent and colored figures; diaper work. DIAPHANED Di"a*phaned, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. diaphaner to make transparent. See Diaphanous.] Defn: Transparent or translucent. [R.] DIAPHANEITY Di`a*pha*ne"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. diaphanéité. See Diaphanous.] Defn: The quality of being diaphanous; transparency; pellucidness. DIAPHANIC Di`a*phan"ic, a. Etym: [See Diaphanous.] Defn: Having power to transmit light; transparent; diaphanous. DIAPHANIE Di*aph"a*nie, n. Defn: The art of imitating DIAPHANOMETER Di`a*pha*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the transparency of the air. DIAPHANOSCOPE Di`a*phan"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Photog.) Defn: A dark box constructed for viewing transparent pictures, with or without a lens. DIAPHANOTYPE Di`a*phan"o*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.] (Photog.) Defn: A colored photograph produced by superimposing a translucent colored positive over a strong uncolored one. DIAPHANOUS Di*aph"a*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. diaphane. See Phantom, and cf. Diaphane, Diaphanic.] Defn: Allowing light to pass through, as porcelain; translucent or transparent; pellucid; clear. Another cloud in the region of them, light enough to be fantastic and diaphanous. Landor. DIAPHANOUSLY Di*aph"a*nous*ly, adv. Defn: Translucently. DIAPHEMETRIC Di*aph`e*met"ric, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Relating to the measurement of the tactile sensibility of parts; as, diaphemetric compasses. Dunglison. DIAPHONIC; DIAPHONICAL Di`a*phon"ic, Di`a*phon"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Diacoustic. DIAPHONICS Di`a*phon"ics, n. Defn: The doctrine of refracted sound; diacoustics. DIAPHORESIS Di`a*pho*re"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Perspiration, or an increase of perspiration. DIAPHORETIC; DIAPHORETICAL Di`a*pho*ret"ic, Di`a*pho*ret"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. diaphoreticus, Gr. diaphorétique. See Diaphoresis.] Defn: Having the power to increase perspiration. DIAPHORETIC Di`a*pho*ret"ic, n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine or agent which promotes perspiration. Note: Diaphoretics differ from sudorifics; the former only increase the insensible perspiration, the latter excite the sensible discharge called sweat. Parr. DIAPHOTE Di"a*phote, n. Etym: [Pref. dia- + Gr. (Elec.) Defn: An instrument designed for transmitting pictures by telegraph. Fallows. DIAPHRAGM Di"a*phragm, n. Etym: [L. diaphragma, Gr. fareire to stuff: cf. F. diaphragme. See Farce.] 1. A dividing membrane or thin partition, commonly with an opening through it. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The muscular and tendinous partition separating the cavity of the chest from that of the abdomen; the midriff. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A calcareous plate which divides the cavity of certain shells into two parts. 4. (Opt.) Defn: A plate with an opening, which is generally circular, used in instruments to cut off marginal portions of a beam of light, as at the focus of a telescope. 5. (Mach.) Defn: A partition in any compartment, for various purposes. Diaphragm pump, one in which a flexible diaphragm takes the place of a piston. DIAPHRAGMATIC Di`a*phrag*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. diaphragmatique.] Defn: Pertaining to a diaphragm; as, diaphragmatic respiration; the diaphragmatic arteries and nerves. DIAPHYSIS Di*aph"y*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: An abnormal prolongation of the axis of inflorescence. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The shaft, or main part, of a bone, which is first ossified. DIAPNOIC Di`ap*no"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. diapnoïque.] (Med.) Defn: Slightly increasing an insensible perspiration; mildly diaphoretic. -- n. Defn: A gentle diaphoretic. DIAPOPHYSICAL Di*ap`o*phys"ic*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to a diapophysis. DIAPOPHYSIS Di`a*poph"y*sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Dia-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) Defn: The dorsal transverse, or tubercular, process of a vertebra. See Vertebra. DIARCHY Di"arch*y, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A form of government in which the supreme power is vested in two persons. DIARIAL; DIARIAN Di*a"ri*al, Di*a"ri*an, a. Etym: [See Diary.] Defn: Pertaining to a diary; daily. DIARIST Di"a*rist, n. Defn: One who keeps a diary. DIARRHEA; DIARRHOEA Di`ar*rhe"a, Di`ar*rhoe"a, n. Etym: [L. diarrhoea, Gr. stream. See Stream.] (Med.) Defn: A morbidly frequent and profuse discharge of loose or fluid evacuations from the intestines, without tenesmus; a purging or looseness of the bowels; a flux. DIARRHEAL; DIARRHOEAL Di`ar*rhe"al, Di`ar*rhoe"al a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to diarrhea; like diarrhea. DIARRHETIC; DIARRHOETIC Di`ar*rhet"ic, Di`ar*rhoet"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Producing diarrhea, or a purging. DIARTHRODIAL Di`ar*thro"di*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Relating to diarthrosis, or movable articulations. DIARTHROSIS Di`ar*thro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A form of articulation which admits of considerable motion; a complete joint; abarticulation. See Articulation. DIARY Di"a*ry, n.; pl. Diaries. Etym: [L. diarium, fr. dies day. See Deity.] Defn: A register of daily events or transactions; a daily record; a journal; a blank book dated for the record of daily memoranda; as, a diary of the weather; a physician's diary. DIARY Di"a*ry, a. Defn: lasting for one day; as, a diary fever. [Obs.] "Diary ague." Bacon. DIASPORA Di*as"po*ra, n. [Gr. . See Diaspore.] Lit., "Dispersion." -- applied collectively: (a) To those Jews who, after the Exile, were scattered through the Old World, and afterwards to Jewish Christians living among heathen. Cf. James i.1. (b) By extension, to Christians isolated from their own communion, as among the Moravians to those living, usually as missionaries, outside of the parent congregation. DIASPORE Di"a*spore, n. Etym: [From Gr. diaspore.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrate of alumina, often occurring in white lamellar masses with brilliant pearly luster; -- so named on account of its decrepitating when heated before the blowpipe. DIASTASE Di"a*stase, n. Etym: [Gr. diastase. Cf. Diastasis.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A soluble, nitrogenous ferment, capable of converting starch and dextrin into sugar. Note: The name is more particularly applied to that ferment formed during the germination of grain, as in the malting of barley; but it is also occasionally used to designate the amylolytic ferment contained in animal fluids, as in the saliva. DIASTASIC Di`a*sta"sic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, diastase; as, diastasic ferment. DIASTASIS Di*as"ta*sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Diastase.] (Surg.) Defn: A forcible of bones without fracture. DIASTATIC Di`a*stat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Diastase.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Relating to diastase; having the properties of diastase; effecting the conversion of starch into sugar. The influence of acids and alkalies on the diastatic action of saliva. Lauder Brunton. DIASTEM Di"a*stem, n. Etym: [L. diastema, Gr. diastème.] (a) Intervening space; interval. (b) (Anc. Mus.) An interval. DIASTEMA Di`a*ste"ma, n. Etym: [L. See Diastem.] (Anat.) Defn: A vacant space, or gap, esp. between teeth in a jaw. DIASTER Di*as"ter, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A double star; -- applied to the nucleus of a cell, when, during cell division, the loops of the nuclear network separate into two groups, preparatory to the formation of two daughter nuclei. See Karyokinesis. DIASTOLE Di*as"to*le, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Physiol.) Defn: The rhythmical expansion or dilatation of the heart and arteries; -- correlative to systole, or contraction. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A figure by which a syllable naturally short is made long. DIASTOLIC Di`as*tol"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to diastole. DIASTYLE Di"a*style, n. Etym: [L. diastylus, Gr. diastyle.] (Arch.) Defn: See under Intercolumniation. DIATESSARON Di`a*tes"sa*ron, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Anc. Mus.) Defn: The interval of a fourth. 2. (Theol.) Defn: A continuous narrative arranged from the first four books of the New Testament. 3. An electuary compounded of four medicines. DIATHERMAL Di`a*ther"mal, a. Etym: [Gr. Diathermous.] Defn: Freely permeable by radiant heat. DIATHERMANCY; DIATHERMANEITY Di`a*ther"man*cy, Di`a*ther`ma*ne"i*ty, n. Etym: [See Diathermanous.] Defn: The property of transmitting radiant heat; the quality of being diathermous. Melloni. DIATHERMANISM Di`a*ther"ma*nism, n. Defn: The doctrine or the phenomena of the transmission of radiant heat. Nichol. DIATHERMANOUS Di`a*ther"ma*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having the property of transmitting radiant heat; diathermal; - - opposed to athermanous. DIATHERMIC Di`a*ther"mic, a. Defn: Affording a free passage to heat; as, diathermic substances. Melloni. DIATHERMOMETER Di`a*ther*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter. See Diathermal.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for examining the thermal resistance or heat- conducting power of liquids. DIATHERMOUS Di`a*ther"mous, a. Defn: Same as Diathermal. DIATHESIS Di*ath"e*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Bodily condition or constitution, esp. a morbid habit which predisposes to a particular disease, or class of diseases. DIATHETIC Di`a*thet"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or dependent on, a diathesis or special constitution of the body; as, diathetic disease. DIATOM Di"a*tom, n. Etym: [Gr. Diatomous.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: One of the Diatomaceæ, a family of minute unicellular Algæ having a siliceous covering of great delicacy, each individual multiplying by spontaneous division. By some authors diatoms are called Bacillariæ, but this word is not in general use. 2. A particle or atom endowed with the vital principle. The individual is nothing. He is no more than the diatom, the bit of protoplasm. Mrs. E. Lynn Linton. DIATOMIC Di`a*tom"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Containing two atoms. (b) Having two replaceable atoms or radicals. DIATOMOUS Di*at"o*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. Diatom.] (Min.) Defn: Having a single, distinct, diagonal cleavage; -- said of crystals. Mohs. DIATONIC Di`a*ton"ic, a. Etym: [L. diatonicus, diatonus, Gr. diatonique. See Tone.] (Mus.) Defn: Pertaining to the scale of eight tones, the eighth of which is the octave of the first. Diatonic scale (Mus.), a scale consisting of eight sounds with seven intervals, of which two are semitones and five are whole tones; a modern major or minor scale, as distinguished from the chromatic scale. DIATONICALLY Di`a*ton"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a diatonic manner. DIATRIBE Di"a*tribe, n. Etym: [L. diatriba a learned discussion, Gr. terere, F. trite: cf. F. diatribe.] Defn: A prolonged or exhaustive discussion; especially, an acrimonious or invective harangue; a strain of abusive or railing language; a philippic. The ephemeral diatribe of a faction. John Morley. DIATRIBIST Di*at"ri*bist, n. Defn: One who makes a diatribe or diatribes. DIATRYMA Di`a*try"ma, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct eocene bird from New Mexico, larger than the ostrich. DIAZEUCTIC; DIAZEUTIC Di`a*zeuc"tic, Di`a*zeu"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anc. Mus.) Defn: Disjoining two fourths; as, the diazeutic tone, which, like that from F to G in modern music, lay between two fourths, and, being joined to either, made a fifth. [Obs.] DIAZO- Di*az"o- (. Etym: [Pref. di- + azo-] (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively), meaning pertaining to, or derived from, a series of compounds containing a radical of two nitrogen atoms, united usually to an aromatic radical; as, diazo- benzene, C6H5.N2.OH. Note: Diazo compounds are in general unstable, but are of great importance in recent organic chemistry. They are obtained by a partial reduction of the salts of certain amido compounds. Diazo reactions (Chem.), a series of reactions whereby diazo compounds are employed in substitution. These reactions are of great importance in organic chemistry. DIAZOTIZE Di*az"o*tize, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To subject to such reactions or processes that diazo compounds, or their derivatives, shall be produced by chemical exchange or substitution. DIB Dib, v. i. Defn: To dip. [Prov. Eng.] Walton. DIB Dib, n. 1. One of the small bones in the knee joints of sheep uniting the bones above and below the joints. 2. pl. Defn: A child's game, played with dib bones. DIBASIC Di*ba"sic, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + basic.] (Chem.) Defn: Having two acid hydrogen atoms capable of replacement by basic atoms or radicals, in forming salts; bibasic; -- said of acids, as oxalic or sulphuric acids. Cf. Diacid, Bibasic. Note: In the case of certain acids dibasic and divalent are not synonymous; as, tartaric acid is tetravalent and dibasic, lactic acid is divalent but monobasic. DIBASICITY Di`ba*sic"i*ty, n. (Chem.) Defn: The property or condition of being dibasic. DIBBER Dib"ber, n. Defn: A dibble. Halliwell. DIBBLE Dib"ble, n. Etym: [See Dibble, v. i.] Defn: A pointed implement used to make holes in the ground in which no set out plants or to plant seeds. DIBBLE Dib"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dibbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dibbling.] Etym: [Freq. of Prov. E. dib, for dip to thrust in. See Dip.] Defn: To dib or dip frequently, as in angling. Walton. DIBBLE Dib"ble, v. t. 1. To plant with a dibble; to make holes in (soil) with a dibble, for planting. 2. To make holes or indentations in, as if with a dibble. The clayey soil around it was dibbled thick at the time by the tiny hoofs of sheep. H. Miller. DIBBLER Dib"bler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, dibbles, or makes holes in the ground for seed. DIBRANCHIATA Di*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of cephalopods which includes those with two gills, an apparatus for emitting an inky fluid, and either eight or ten cephalic arms bearing suckers or hooks, as the octopi and squids. See Cephalopoda. DIBRANCHIATE Di*bran"chi*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having two gills. -- n. Defn: One of the Dibranchiata. DIBS Dibs, n. Defn: A sweet preparation or treacle of grape juice, much used in the East. Johnston. DIBSTONE Dib"stone` (; 110), n. Defn: A pebble used in a child's game called dibstones. Locke. DIBUTYL Di*bu"tyl, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + butyl.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon, C8H18, of the marsh-gas series, being one of several octanes, and consisting of two butyl radicals. Cf. Octane. DICACIOUS Di*ca"cious, a. Etym: [L. dicax, dicacis, fr. dicere to say.] Defn: Talkative; pert; saucy. [Obs.] DICACITY Di*cac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. dicacitas: cf. F. dicacité. See Dicacious.] Defn: Pertness; sauciness. [Obs.] DICALCIC Di*cal"cic, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + calcic.] (Chem.) Defn: Having two atoms or equivalents of calcium to the molecule. DICARBONIC Di`car*bon"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + carbonic.] (Chem.) Defn: Containing two carbon residues, or two carboxyl or radicals; as, oxalic acid is a dicarbonic acid. DICAST Di"cast, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A functionary in ancient Athens answering nearly to the modern juryman. DICASTERY Di*cas"ter*y, n. Etym: [Gr. Dicast.] Defn: A court of justice; judgment hall. [R.] J. S. Mill. DICE Dice, n.; pl. of Die. Defn: Small cubes used in gaming or in determining by chance; also, the game played with dice. See Die, n. Dice coal, a kind of coal easily splitting into cubical fragments. Brande & C. DICE Dice, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Diced; p. pr. & vb. n. Dicing.] 1. To play games with dice. I . . . diced not above seven times a week. Shak. 2. To ornament with squares, diamonds, or cubes. DICEBOX Dice"box`, n. Defn: A box from which dice are thrown in gaming. Thackeray. DICENTRA Di*cen"tra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbaceous plants, with racemes of two-spurred or heart-shaped flowers, including the Dutchman's breeches, and the more showy Bleeding heart (D. spectabilis). [Corruptly written dielytra.] DICEPHALOUS Di*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having two heads on one body; double-headed. DICER Di"cer, n. Defn: A player at dice; a dice player; a gamester. As false as dicers' oaths. Shak. DICH Dich, v. i. Defn: To ditch. [Obs.] DICHASTIC Di*chas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Capable of subdividing spontaneously. DICHLAMYDEOUS Di`chla*myd"e*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having two coverings, a calyx and in corolla. DICHLORIDE Di*chlo"ride, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + chloride.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Bichloride. DICHOGAMOUS Di*chog"a*mous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Manifesting dichogamy. DICHOGAMY Di*chog"a*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The condition of certain species of plants, in which the stamens and pistil do not mature simultaneously, so that these plants can never fertilize themselves. DICHOTOMIST Di*chot"o*mist, n. Defn: One who dichotomizes. Bacon. DICHOTOMIZE Di*chot"o*mize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dichotomized; p. pr. & vb. n. Dichotomizing.] Etym: [See Dichotomous.] 1. To cut into two parts; to part into two divisions; to divide into pairs; to bisect. [R.] The apostolical benediction dichotomizes all good things into grace and peace. Bp. Hall. 2. (Astron.) Defn: To exhibit as a half disk. See Dichotomy, 3. "[The moon] was dichotomized." Whewell. DICHOTOMIZE Di*chot"o*mize, v. i. Defn: To separate into two parts; to branch dichotomously; to become dichotomous. DICHOTOMOUS Di*chot"o*mous, a. Etym: [L. dichotomos, Gr. Defn: Regularly dividing by pairs from bottom to top; as, a dichotomous stem. -- Di*chot"o*mous*ly, adv. DICHOTOMY Di*chot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. dichotomie. See Dichotomous.] 1. A cutting in two; a division. A general breach or dichotomy with their church. Sir T. Browne. 2. Division or distribution of genera into two species; division into two subordinate parts. 3. (Astron.) Defn: That phase of the moon in which it appears bisected, or shows only half its disk, as at the quadratures. 4. (Biol.) Defn: Successive division and subdivision, as of a stem of a plant or a vein of the body, into two parts as it proceeds from its origin; successive bifurcation. 5. The place where a stem or vein is forked. 6. (Logic) Defn: Division into two; especially, the division of a class into two subclasses opposed to each other by contradiction, as the division of the term man into white and not white. DICHROIC Di*chro"ic, a. Etym: [See Dichroism.] Defn: Having the property of dichroism; as, a dichroic crystal. DICHROISCOPE Di*chro"i*scope, n. Defn: Same as Dichroscope. DICHROISM Di"chro*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Opt.) Defn: The property of presenting different colors by transmitted light, when viewed in two different directions, the colors being unlike in the direction of unlike or unequal axes. DICHROITE Di"chro*ite, n. Etym: [See Dichroism.] (Min.) Defn: Iolite; -- so called from its presenting two different colors when viewed in two different directions. See Iolite. DICHROITIC Di`chro*it"ic, a. Defn: Dichroic. DICHROMATE Di*chro"mate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of chromic acid containing two equivalents of the acid radical to one of the base; -- called also bichromate. DICHROMATIC Di`chro*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + chromatic: cf. Gr. 1. Having or exhibiting two colors. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having two color varieties, or two phases differing in color, independently of age or sex, as in certain birds and insects. DICHROMATISM Di*chro"ma*tism, n. Defn: The state of being dichromatic. DICHROMIC Di*chro"mic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Furnishing or giving two colors; -- said of defective vision, in which all the compound colors are resolvable into two elements instead of three. Sir J. Herschel. DICHROOUS Di"chro*ous, a. Defn: Dichroic. DICHROSCOPE Di"chro*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An instrument for examining the dichroism of crystals. DICHROSCOPIC Di`chro*scop"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to the dichroscope, or to observations with it. DICING Di"cing, n. 1. An ornamenting in squares or cubes. 2. Gambling with dice. J. R. Green. DICKCISSEL Dick*cis"sel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American black-throated bunting (Spiza Americana). DICKENS Dick"ens, n. or interj. Etym: [Perh. a contr. of the dim. devilkins.] Defn: The devil. [A vulgar euphemism.] I can not tell what the dickens his name is. Shak. DICKER Dick"er, n. Etym: [Also daker, dakir; akin to Icel. dekr, Dan. deger, G. decher; all prob. from LL. dacra, dacrum, the number ten, akin to L. decuria a division consisting of ten, fr. decem ten. See Ten.] 1. The number or quantity of ten, particularly ten hides or skins; a dakir; as, a dicker of gloves. [Obs.] A dicker of cowhides. Heywood. 2. A chaffering, barter, or exchange, of small wares; as, to make a dicker. [U.S.] For peddling dicker, not for honest sales. Whittier. DICKER Dick"er, v. i. & t. Defn: To negotiate a dicker; to barter. [U.S.] "Ready to dicker. and to swap." Cooper. DICKEY; DICKY Dick"ey, Dick"y, n. 1. A seat behind a carriage, for a servant. 2. A false shirt front or bosom. 3. A gentleman's shirt collar. [Local, U. S.] DICLINIC Di*clin"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: Having two of the intersections between the three axes oblique. See Crystallization. DICLINOUS Dic"li*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having the stamens and pistils in separate flowers. Gray. DICOCCOUS Di*coc"cous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Composed pf two coherent, one-seeded carpels; as, a dicoccous capsule. DICOTYLEDON Di*cot`y*le"don, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + cotyledon.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant whose seeds divide into two seed lobes, or cotyledons, in germinating. DICOTYLEDONOUS Di*cot`y*le"don*ous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having two cotyledons or seed lobes; as, a dicotyledonous plant. DICROTAL; DICROTOUS Di"cro*tal, Di"cro*tous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Dicrotic. DICROTIC Di*crot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) (a) Of or pertaining to dicrotism; as, a dicrotic pulse. (b) Of or pertaining to the second expansion of the artery in the dicrotic pulse; as, the dicrotic wave. DICROTISM Di"cro*tism, n. (Physiol.) Defn: A condition in which there are two beats or waves of the arterial pulse to each beat of the heart. DICTA Dic"ta, n. pl. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Dictum. DICTAGRAPH Dic"ta*graph. Defn: Var. of Dictograph. DICTAMEN Dic*ta"men, n. Etym: [LL., fr. dictare to dictate.] Defn: A dictation or dictate. [R.] Falkland. DICTAMNUS Dic*tam"nus, n. Etym: [L. See Dittany.] (Bot.) Defn: A suffrutescent, D. Fraxinella (the only species), with strong perfume and showy flowers. The volatile oil of the leaves is highly inflammable. DICTAPHONE Dic"ta*phone, n. [Dictate + -phone, as in telephone.] Defn: A form of phonographic recorder and reproducer adapted for use in dictation, as in business. DICTATE Dic"tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dictated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dictating.] Etym: [L. dictatus, p. p. of dictare, freq. of dicere to say. See Diction, and cf. Dight.] 1. To tell or utter so that another may write down; to inspire; to compose; as, to dictate a letter to an amanuensis. The mind which dictated the Iliad. Wayland. Pages dictated by the Holy Spirit. Macaulay. 2. To say; to utter; to communicate authoritatively; to deliver (a command) to a subordinate; to declare with authority; to impose; as, to dictate the terms of a treaty; a general dictates orders to his troops. Whatsoever is dictated to us by God must be believed. Watts. Syn. -- To suggest; prescribe; enjoin; command; point out; urge; admonish. DICTATE Dic"tate, v. i. 1. To speak as a superior; to command; to impose conditions (on). Who presumed to dictate to the sovereign. Macaulay. 2. To compose literary works; to tell what shall be written or said by another. Sylla could not skill of letters, and therefore knew not how to dictate. Bacon. DICTATE Dic"tate, n. Etym: [L. dictatum. See Dictate, v. t.] Defn: A statement delivered with authority; an order; a command; an authoritative rule, principle, or maxim; a prescription; as, listen to the dictates of your conscience; the dictates of the gospel. I credit what the Grecian dictates say. Prior. Syn. -- Command; injunction; direction suggestion; impulse; admonition. DICTATION Dic*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. dictatio.] 1. The act of dictating; the act or practice of prescribing; also that which is dictated. It affords security against the dictation of laws. Paley. 2. The speaking to, or the giving orders to, in an overbearing manner; authoritative utterance; as, his habit, even with friends, was that of dictatio. DICTATOR Dic*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. One who dictates; one who prescribes rules and maxims authoritatively for the direction of others. Locke. 2. One invested with absolute authority; especially, a magistrate created in times of exigence and distress, and invested with unlimited power. Invested with the authority of a dictator, nay, of a pope, over our language. Macaulay. DICTATORIAL Dic`ta*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dictatorial.] 1. Pertaining or suited to a dictator; absolute. Military powers quite dictatorial. W. Irving. 2. Characteristic of a dictator; imperious; dogmatical; overbearing; as, a dictatorial tone or manner. -- Dic`ta*to"ri*al*ly, adv. -- Dic`ta*to"ri*al*ness, n. DICTATORIAN Dic`ta*to"ri*an, a. Defn: Dictatorial. [Obs.] DICTATORSHIP Dic*ta"tor*ship, n. Defn: The office, or the term of office, of a dictator; hence, absolute power. DICTATORY Dic"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. dictatorius.] Defn: Dogmatical; overbearing; dictatorial. Milton. DICTATRESS Dic*ta"tress, n. Defn: A woman who dictates or commands. Earth's chief dictatress, ocean's mighty queen. Byron. DICTATRIX Dic*ta"trix, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A dictatress. DICTATURE Dic*ta"ture, n. Etym: [L. dictatura: cf. F. dictature.] Defn: Office of a dictator; dictatorship. [R.] Bacon. DICTION Dic"tion, n. Etym: [L. dicto a saying, a word, fr. dicere, dictum, to say; akin to dicare to proclaim, and to E. teach, token: cf. F. diction. See Teach, and cf. Benison, Dedicate, Index, Judge, Preach, Vengeance.] Defn: Choice of words for the expression of ideas; the construction, disposition, and application of words in discourse, with regard to clearness, accuracy, variety, etc.; mode of expression; language; as, the diction of Chaucer's poems. His diction blazes up into a sudden explosion of prophetic grandeur. De Quincey. Syn. -- Diction, Style, Phraseology. Style relates both to language and thought; diction, to language only; phraseology, to the mechanical structure of sentences, or the mode in which they are phrased. The style of Burke was enriched with all the higher graces of composition; his diction was varied and copious; his phraseology, at times, was careless and cumbersome. "Diction is a general term applicable alike to a single sentence or a connected composition. Errors in grammar, false construction, a confused disposition of words, or an improper application of them, constitute bad diction; but the niceties, the elegancies, the peculiarities, and the beauties of composition, which mark the genius and talent of the writer, are what is comprehended under the name of style." Crabb. DICTIONALRIAN Dic`tion*al"ri*an, n. Defn: A lexicographer. [R.] DICTIONARY Dic"tion*a*ry, n.; pl. Dictionaries. Etym: [Cf. F. dictionnaire. See Diction.] 1. A book containing the words of a language, arranged alphabetically, with explanations of their meanings; a lexicon; a vocabulary; a wordbook. I applied myself to the perusal of our writers; and noting whatever might be of use to ascertain or illustrate any word or phrase, accumulated in time the materials of a dictionary. Johnson. 2. Hence, a book containing the words belonging to any system or province of knowledge, arranged alphabetically; as, a dictionary of medicine or of botany; a biographical dictionary. DICTOGRAPH Dic"to*graph, n. [L. dictum a thing said + E. -graph.] Defn: A telephonic instrument for office or other similar use, having a sound-magnifying device enabling the ordinary mouthpiece to be dispensed with. Much use has been made of it for overhearing, or for recording, conversations for the purpose of obtaining evidence for use in litigation. The makers of this instrument spell it dictograph. DICTUM Dic"tum, n.; pl. L. Dicta, E. Dictums. Etym: [L., neuter of dictus, p. p. of dicere to say. See Diction, and cf. Ditto.] 1. An authoritative statement; a dogmatic saying; an apothegm. A class of critical dicta everywhere current. M. Arnold. 2. (Law) (a) A judicial opinion expressed by judges on points that do not necessarily arise in the case, and are not involved in it. (b) (French Law) The report of a judgment made by one of the judges who has given it. Bouvier. (c) An arbitrament or award. DICTYOGEN Dic*ty"o*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant with netveined leaves, and monocotyledonous embryos, belonging to the class Dictyogenæ, proposed by Lindley for the orders Dioscoreaceæ, Smilaceæ, Trilliaceæ, etc. DICYANIDE Di*cy"a*nide, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + cyanogen.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound of a binary type containing two cyanogen groups or radicals; -- called also bicyanide. DICYEMATA Di`cy*e"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of worms parasitic in cephalopods. They are remarkable for the extreme simplicity of their structure. The embryo exists in two forms. DICYEMID Di`cy*e"mid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or belonging to the Dicyemata. -- n. Defn: One of the Dicyemata. DICYNODONT Di*cyn"o*dont, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: One of a group of extinct reptiles having the jaws armed with a horny beak, as in turtles, and in the genus Dicynodon, supporting also a pair of powerful tusks. Their remains are found in triassic strata of South Africa and India. DID Did, imp. Defn: of Do. DIDACTIC; DIDACTICAL Di*dac"tic, Di*dac"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. docere to teach: cf. F. didactique. See Docile.] Defn: Fitted or intended to teach; conveying instruction; preceptive; instructive; teaching some moral lesson; as, didactic essays. "Didactical writings." Jer. Taylor. The finest didactic poem in any language. Macaulay. DIDACTIC Di*dac"tic, n. Defn: A treatise on teaching or education. [Obs.] Milton. DIDACTICALLY Di*dac"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a didactic manner. DIDACTICISM Di*dac"ti*cism, n. Defn: The didactic method or system. DIDACTICITY Di`dac*tic"i*ty, n. Defn: Aptitude for teaching. Hare. DIDACTICS Di*dac"tics, n. Defn: The art or science of teaching. DIDACTYL Di*dac"tyl, n. Etym: [Gr. didactyle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal having only two digits. DIDACTYLOUS Di*dac"tyl*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having only two digits; two-toed. DIDAL Di"dal, n. Defn: A kind of triangular spade. [Obs.] DIDAPPER Di"dap`per, n. Etym: [For divedapper. See Dive, Dap, Dip, and cf. Dabchick.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Dabchick. DIDASCALAR Di*das"ca*lar, a. Defn: Didascalic. [R.] DIDASCALIC Di`das*cal"ic, a. Etym: [L. didascalius, Gr. didascalique.] Defn: Didactic; preceptive. [R.] Prior. DIDDLE Did"dle, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Daddle.] Defn: To totter, as a child in walking. [Obs.] Quarles. DIDDLE Did"dle, v. t. Etym: [Perh. from AS. dyderian to deceive, the letter r being changed to l.] Defn: To cheat or overreach. [Colloq.] Beaconsfield. DIDDLER Did"dler, n. Defn: A cheat. [Colloq.] Jeremy Diddler, a character in a play by James Kenney, entitled "Raising the wind." The name is applied to any needy, tricky, constant borrower; a confidence man. DIDELPHIA Di*del"phi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The subclass of Mammalia which includes the marsupials. See Marsupialia. DIDELPHIAN Di*del"phi*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or relating to the Didelphia. -- n. Defn: One of the Didelphia. DIDELPHIC Di*del"phic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the uterus double; of or pertaining to the Didelphia. DIDELPHID Di*del"phid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Didelphic. DIDELPHID Di*del"phid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marsupial animal. DIDELPHOUS Di*del"phous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Didelphic. DIDELPHOUS Di*del"phous, n. Etym: [NL. See Didelphia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Formerly, any marsupial; but the term is now restricted to an American genus which includes the opossums, of which there are many species. See Opossum. [Written also Didelphis.] See Illustration in Appendix. Cuvier. DIDELPHYC Di*del"phyc, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Didelphic. DIDELPHYS Di*del"phys, n. [NL. See Didelphia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Formerly, any marsupial; but the term is now restricted to an American genus which includes the opossums, of which there are many species. See Opossum. [Written also Didelphis.] See Illustration in Appendix. Cuvier. DIDINE Di"dine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the genus Didus, or the dodo. DIDO Di"do, n.; pl. Didos (. Defn: A shrewd trick; an antic; a caper. To cut a dido, to play a trick; to cut a caper; -- perhaps so called from the trick of Dido, who having bought so much land as a hide would cover, is said to have cut it into thin strips long enough to inclose a spot for a citadel. DIDONIA Di*do"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. So called in allusion to the classical story of Dido and the bull's hide.] (Geom.) Defn: The curve which on a given surface and with a given perimeter contains the greatest area. Tait. DIDRACHM; DIDRACHMA Di"drachm, Di*drach"ma, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A two-drachma piece; an ancient Greek silver coin, worth nearly forty cents. DIDST Didst Defn: , the 2d pers. sing. imp. of Do. DIDUCEMENT Di*duce"ment, n. Defn: Diduction; separation into distinct parts. Bacon. DIDUCTION Di*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. diductio, fr. diducere, diductum, to draw apart; di- = dis- + ducere to lead, draw.] Defn: The act of drawing apart; separation. DIDYM Di"dym, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Didymium. DIDYMIUM Di*dym"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic substance usually associated with the metal cerium; -- hence its name. It was formerly supposed to be an element, but has since been found to consist of two simpler elementary substances, neodymium and praseodymium. See Neodymium, and Praseodymium. DIDYMOUS Did"y*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Growing in pairs or twins. DIDYNAMIA Did`y*na"mi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants having four stamens disposed in pairs of unequal length. DIDYNAMIAN Did`y*na"mi*an, a. Defn: Didynamous. DIDYNAMOUS Di*dyn"a*mous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Didynamia; containing four stamens disposed in pairs of unequal length. DIE Die, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Died; p. pr. & vb. n. Dying.] Etym: [OE. deyen, dien, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. deyja; akin to Dan. döe, Sw. dö, Goth. diwan (cf. Goth. afd to harass), OFries. d to kill, OS. doian to die, OHG. touwen, OSlav. daviti to choke, Lith. dovyti to torment. Cf. Dead, Death.] 1. To pass from an animate to a lifeless state; to cease to live; to suffer a total and irreparable loss of action of the vital functions; to become dead; to expire; to perish; -- said of animals and vegetables; often with of, by, with, from, and rarely for, before the cause or occasion of death; as, to die of disease or hardships; to die by fire or the sword; to die with horror at the thought. To die by the roadside of grief and hunger. Macaulay. She will die from want of care. Tennyson. 2. To suffer death; to lose life. In due time Christ died for the ungodly. Rom. v. 6. 3. To perish in any manner; to cease; to become lost or extinct; to be extinguished. Letting the secret die within his own breast. Spectator. Great deeds can not die. Tennyson. 4. To sink; to faint; to pine; to languish, with weakness, discouragement, love, etc. His heart died within, and he became as a stone. 1 Sam. xxv. 37. The young men acknowledged, in love letters, that they died for Rebecca. Tatler. 5. To become indifferent; to cease to be subject; as, to die to pleasure or to sin. 6. To recede and grow fainter; to become imperceptible; to vanish; -- often with out or away. Blemishes may die away and disappear amidst the brightness. Spectator. 7. (Arch.) Defn: To disappear gradually in another surface, as where moldings are lost in a sloped or curved face. 8. To become vapid, flat, or spiritless, as liquor. To die in the last ditch, to fight till death; to die rather than surrender. "There is one certain way," replied the Prince [William of Orange] " by which I can be sure never to see my country's ruin, -- I will die in the last ditch." Hume (Hist. of Eng. ). -- To die out, to cease gradually; as, the prejudice has died out. Syn. -- To expire; decease; perish; depart; vanish. DIE Die, n.; pl. in 1 and (usually) in 2, Dice (dis); in 4 & 5, Dies (diz). Etym: [OE. dee, die, F. dé, fr. L. datus given, thrown, p. p. of dare to give, throw. See Date a point of time.] 1. A small cube, marked on its faces with spots from one to six, and used in playing games by being shaken in a box and thrown from it. See Dice. 2. Any small cubical or square body. Words . . . pasted upon little flat tablets or dies. Watts. 3. That which is, or might be, determined, by a throw of the die; hazard; chance. Such is the die of war. Spenser. 4. (Arch.) Defn: That part of a pedestal included between base and cornice; the dado. 5. (Mach.) (a) A metal or plate (often one of a pair) so cut or shaped as to give a certain desired form to, or impress any desired device on, an object or surface, by pressure or by a blow; used in forging metals, coining, striking up sheet metal, etc. (b) A perforated block, commonly of hardened steel used in connection with a punch, for punching holes, as through plates, or blanks from plates, or for forming cups or capsules, as from sheet metal, by drawing. (c) A hollow internally threaded screw-cutting tool, made in one piece or composed of several parts, for forming screw threads on bolts, etc.; one of the separate parts which make up such a tool. Cutting die (Mech.), a thin, deep steel frame, sharpened to a cutting edge, for cutting out articles from leather, cloth, paper, etc. -- The die is cast, the hazard must be run; the step is taken, and it is too late to draw back; the last chance is taken. DIECIAN; DIECIOUS Di*e"cian, a., Di*e"cious, a. (Bot.) Defn: See Dioecian, and Dioecious. DIEDRAL Di*e"dral, a. Defn: The same as Dihedral. DIEGESIS Di`e*ge"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A narrative or history; a recital or relation. DIELECTRIC Di`e*lec"tric, n. Etym: [Pref. dia- + electric.] (Elec.) Defn: Any substance or medium that transmits the electric force by a process different from conduction, as in the phenomena of induction; a nonconductor. separating a body electrified by induction, from the electrifying body. DIELYTRA Di*el"y*tra, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Dicentra. DIENCEPHALON Di`en*ceph"a*lon, n. Etym: [NL. See Dia-, and Encephalon.] (Anat.) Defn: The interbrain or thalamencephalon; -- sometimes abbreviated to dien. See Thalamencephalon. DIERESIS Di*er"e*sis, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Same as Diæresis. DIESEL ENGINE; DIESEL MOTOR Die"sel en`gine or mo`tor. [After Dr. Rudolf Diesel, of Munich, the inventor.] Defn: A type of internal-combustion engine in which the air drawn in by the suction stroke is so highly compressed that the heat generated ignites the fuel (usually crude oil), the fuel being automatically sprayed into the cylinder under pressure. The Diesel engine has a very high thermal efficiency. DIESINKER Die"sink`er, n. Defn: An engraver of dies for stamping coins, medals, etc. DIESINKING Die"sink`ing, n. Defn: The process of engraving dies. DIES IRAE Di"es I"ræ. Defn: Day of wrath; -- the name and beginning of a famous mediæval Latin hymn on the Last Judgment. DIESIS Di"e*sis, n.; pl. Dieses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Mus.) Defn: A small interval, less than any in actual practice, but used in the mathematical calculation of intervals. 2. (Print.) Defn: The mark ||; -- called also double dagger. DIES JURIDICUS Di"es ju*rid"i*cus; pl. Dies juridici. Etym: [L.] (Law) Defn: A court day. DIES NON Di"es non". Etym: [L. dies non juridicus.] (Law) Defn: A day on which courts are not held, as Sunday or any legal holiday. DIESTOCK Die"stock`, n. Defn: A stock to hold the dies used for cutting screws. DIET Di"et, n. Etym: [F. diète, L. diaeta, fr. Gr. 1. Course of living or nourishment; what is eaten and drunk habitually; food; victuals; fare. "No inconvenient diet." Milton. 2. A course of food selected with reference to a particular state of health; prescribed allowance of food; regimen prescribed. To fast like one that takes diet. Shak. Diet kitchen, a kitchen in which diet is prepared for invalids; a charitable establishment that provides proper food for the sick poor. DIET Di"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dieted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dieting.] 1. To cause to take food; to feed. [R.] Shak. 2. To cause to eat and drink sparingly, or by prescribed rules; to regulate medicinally the food of. She diets him with fasting every day. Spenser. DIET Di"et, v. i. 1. To eat; to take one's meals. [Obs.] Let him . . . diet in such places, where there is good company of the nation, where he traveleth. Bacon. 2. To eat according to prescribed rules; to ear sparingly; as, the doctor says he must diet. DIET Di"et, n. Etym: [F. diète, LL. dieta, diaeta, an assembly, a day's journey; the same word as diet course of living, but with the sense changed by L. dies day: cf. G. tag dayReichstag.] Defn: A legislative or administrative assembly in Germany, Poland, and some other countries of Europe; a deliberative convention; a council; as, the Diet of Worms, held in 1521. DIETARIAN Di`e*ta"ri*an, n. Defn: One who lives in accordance with prescribed rules for diet; a dieter. DIETARY Di"et*a*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to diet, or to the rules of diet. DIETARY Di"et*a*ry, n.; pl. Dietaries (. Defn: A rule of diet; a fixed allowance of food, as in workhouse, prison, etc. DIETER Di"et*er, n. Defn: One who diets; one who prescribes, or who partakes of, food, according to hygienic rules. DIETETIC; DIETETICAL Di`e*tet"ic, Di`e*tet"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. diététique. See Diet.] Defn: Of or performance to diet, or to the rules for regulating the kind and quantity of food to be eaten. DIETETICALLY Di`e*tet"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a dietetical manner. DIETETICS Di`e*tet"ics, n. Defn: That part of the medical or hygienic art which relates to diet or food; rules for diet. To suppose that the whole of dietetics lies in determining whether or not bread is more nutritive than potatoes. H. Spencer. DIETETIST Di`e*tet"ist, n. Defn: A physician who applies the rules of dietetics to the cure of diseases. Dunglison. DIETHYLAMINE Di*eth`yl*am"ine, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + ethylamine.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, volatile, alkaline liquid, NH(C2H5)2, having a strong fishy odor resembling that of herring or sardines. Cf. Methylamine. DIETIC Di*et"ic, a. Defn: Dietetic. DIETICAL Di*et"ic*al, a. Defn: Dietetic. [R.] Ferrand. DIETINE Di"et*ine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. diétine.] Defn: A subordinate or local assembly; a diet of inferior rank. DIETIST; DIETITIAN Di"et*ist, Di`e*ti"tian, n. Defn: One skilled in dietetics. [R.] DIFFAME Dif*fame`, n. Etym: [See Defame.] Defn: Evil name; bad reputation; defamation. [Obs.] Chaucer. DIFFARREATION Dif*far`re*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. diffarreatio; dif- = farreum a spelt cake. See Confarreation.] Defn: A form of divorce, among the ancient Romans, in which a cake was used. See Confarreation. DIFFER Dif"fer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Differed; p. pr. & vb. n. Differing.] Etym: [L. differre; dif- = dis- + ferre to bear, carry: cf. F. différer. See 1st Bear, and cf. Defer, Delay.] 1. To be or stand apart; to disagree; to be unlike; to be distinguished; -- with from. One star differeth from another star in glory. 1 Cor. xv. 41. Minds differ, as rivers differ. Macaulay. 2. To be of unlike or opposite opinion; to disagree in sentiment; -- often with from or with. 3. To have a difference, cause of variance, or quarrel; to dispute; to contend. We 'll never differ with a crowded pit. Rowe. Syn. -- To vary; disagree; dissent; dispute; contend; oppose; wrangle. -- To Differ with, Differ from. Both differ from and aiffer with are used in reference to opinions; as, "I differ from you or with you in that opinion."" In all other cases, expressing simple unlikeness, differ from is used; as, these two persons or things differ entirely from each other. Severely punished, not for differing from us in opinion, but for committing a nuisance. Macaulay. Davidson, whom on a former occasion we quoted, to differ from him. M. Arnold. Much as I differ from him concerning an essential part of the historic basis of religion. Gladstone. I differ with the honorable gentleman on that point. Brougham. If the honorable gentleman differs with me on that subject, I differ as heartily with him, and shall always rejoice to differ. Canning. DIFFER Dif"fer, v. t. Defn: To cause to be different or unlike; to set at variance. [R.] But something 'ts that differs thee and me. Cowley. DIFFERENCE Dif"fer*ence, n. Etym: [F. différence, L. differentia.] 1. The act of differing; the state or measure of being different or unlike; distinction; dissimilarity; unlikeness; variation; as, a difference of quality in paper; a difference in degrees of heat, or of light; what is the difference between the innocent and the guilty Differencies of administration, but the same Lord. 1 Cor. xii. 5. 2. Disagreement in opinion; dissension; controversy; quarrel; hence, cause of dissension; matter in controversy. What was the difference It was a contention in public. Shak. Away therefore went I with the constable, leaving the old warden and the young constable to compose their difference as they could. T. Ellwood. 3. That by which one thing differs from another; that which distinguishes or causes to differ;; mark of distinction; characteristic quality; specific attribute. The marks and differences of sovereignty. Davies. 4. Choice; preference. [Obs.] That now be chooseth with vile difference To be a beast, and lack intelligence. Spenser. 5. (Her.) Defn: An addition to a coat of arms to distinguish the bearings of two persons, which would otherwise be the same. See Augmentation, and Marks of cadency, under Cadency. 6. (Logic) Defn: The quality or attribute which is added to those of the genus to constitute a species; a differentia. 7. (Math.) Defn: The quantity by which one quantity differs from another, or the remainder left after subtracting the one from the other. Ascensional difference. See under Ascensional. Syn. -- Distinction; dissimilarity; dissimilitude; variation; diversity; variety; contrariety; disagreement; variance; contest; contention; dispute; controversy; debate; quarrel; wrangle; strife. DIFFERENCE Dif"fer*ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Differenced; p. pr. & vb. n. Differencing.] Defn: To cause to differ; to make different; to mark as different; to distinguish. Thou mayest difference gods from men. Chapman. Kings, in receiving justice and undergoing trial, are not differenced from the meanest subject. Milton. So completely differenced by their separate and individual characters that we at once acknowledge them as distinct persons. Sir W. Scott. DIFFERENT Dif"fer*ent, a. Etym: [L. differens, -entis, p. pr. of differre: cf. F. différent.] 1. Distinct; separate; not the same; other. "Five different churches." Addison. 2. Of various or contrary nature, form, or quality; partially or totally unlike; dissimilar; as, different kinds of food or drink; different states of health; different shapes; different degrees of excellence. Men are as different from each other, as the regions in which they are born are different. Dryden. Note: Different is properly followed by from. Different to, for different from, is a common English colloquialism. Different than is quite inadmissible. DIFFERENTIA Dif`fer*en"ti*a, n.; pl. Differentiæ. Etym: [L. See Difference.] (Logic) Defn: The formal or distinguishing part of the essence of a species; the characteristic attribute of a species; specific difference. DIFFERENTIAL Dif`fer*en"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. différentiel.] 1. Relating to or indicating a difference; creating a difference; discriminating; special; as, differential characteristics; differential duties; a differential rate. For whom he produced differential favors. Motley. 2. (Math.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a differential, or to differentials. 3. (Mech.) Defn: Relating to differences of motion or leverage; producing effects by such differences; said of mechanism. Differential calculus. (Math.) See under Calculus. -- Differential coefficient, the limit of the ratio of the increment of a function of a variable to the increment of the variable itself, when these increments are made indefinitely small. -- Differential coupling, a form of slip coupling used in light machinery to regulate at pleasure the velocity of the connected shaft. -- Differential duties (Polit. Econ.), duties which are not imposed equally upon the same products imported from different countries. -- Differential galvanometer (Elec.), a galvanometer having two coils or circuits, usually equal, through which currents passing in opposite directions are measured by the difference of their effect upon the needle. -- Differential gearing, a train of toothed wheels, usually an epicyclic train, so arranged as to constitute a differential motion. -- Differential motion, a mechanism in which a simple differential combination produces such a change of motion or force as would, with ordinary compound arrangements, require a considerable train of parts. It is used for overcoming great resistance or producing very slow or very rapid motion. -- Differential pulley. (Mach.) (a) A portable hoisting apparatus, the same in principle as the differential windlass. (b) A hoisting pulley to which power is applied through a differential gearing. -- Differential screw, a compound screw by which a motion is produced equal to the difference of the motions of the component screws. -- Differential thermometer, a thermometer usually with a U-shaped tube terminating in two air bulbs, and containing a colored liquid, used for indicating the difference between the temperatures to which the two bulbs are exposed, by the change of position of the colored fluid, in consequence of the different expansions of the air in the bulbs. A graduated scale is attached to one leg of the tube. -- Differential windlass, or Chinese windlass, a windlass whose barrel has two parts of different diameters. The hoisting rope winds upon one part as it unwinds from the other, and a pulley sustaining the weight to be lifted hangs in the bight of the rope. It is an ancient example of a differential motion. DIFFERENTIAL Dif`fer*en"tial, n. 1. (Math.) Defn: An increment, usually an indefinitely small one, which is given to a variable quantity. Note: According to the more modern writers upon the differential and integral calculus, if two or more quantities are dependent on each other, and subject to increments of value, their differentials need not be small, but are any quantities whose ratios to each other are the limits to which the ratios of the increments approximate, as these increments are reduced nearer and nearer to zero. 2. A small difference in rates which competing railroad lines, in establishing a common tariff, allow one of their number to make, in order to get a fair share of the business. The lower rate is called a differential rate. Differentials are also sometimes granted to cities. 3. (Elec.) (a) One of two coils of conducting wire so related to one another or to a magnet or armature common to both, that one coil produces polar action contrary to that of the other. (b) A form of conductor used for dividing and distributing the current to a series of electric lamps so as to maintain equal action in all. Knight. Partial differential (Math.), the differential of a function of two or more variables, when only one of the variables receives an increment. -- Total differential (Math.), the differential of a function of two or more variables, when each of the variables receives an increment. The total differential of the function is the sum of all the partial differentials. DIFFERENTIALLY Dif`fer*en"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In the way of differentiation. DIFFERENTIATE Dif`fer*en"ti*ate, v. t. 1. To distinguish or mark by a specific difference; to effect a difference in, as regards classification; to develop differential characteristics in; to specialize; to desynonymize. The word then was differentiated into the two forms then and than. Earle. Two or more of the forms assumed by the same original word become differentiated in signification. Dr. Murray. 2. To express the specific difference of; to describe the properties of (a thing) whereby it is differenced from another of the same class; to discriminate. Earle. 3. (Math.) Defn: To obtain the differential, or differential coefficient, of; as, to differentiate an algebraic expression, or an equation. DIFFERENTIATE Dif`fer*en"ti*ate, v. i. (Biol.) Defn: To acquire a distinct and separate character. Huxley. DIFFERENTIATION Dif`fer*en`ti*a"tion, n. 1. The act of differentiating. Further investigation of the Sanskrit may lead to differentiation of the meaning of such of these roots as are real roots. J. Peile. 2. (Logic) Defn: The act of distinguishing or describing a thing, by giving its different, or specific difference; exact definition or determination. 3. (Biol.) Defn: The gradual formation or production of organs or parts by a process of evolution or development, as when the seed develops the root and the stem, the initial stem develops the leaf, branches, and flower buds; or in animal life, when the germ evolves the digestive and other organs and members, or when the animals as they advance in organization acquire special organs for specific purposes. 4. (Metaph.) Defn: The supposed act or tendency in being of every kind, whether organic or inorganic, to assume or produce a more complex structure or functions. DIFFERENTIATOR Dif`fer*en"ti*a`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, differentiates. DIFFERENTLY Dif"fer*ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a different manner; variously. DIFFERINGLY Dif"fer*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a differing or different manner. Boyle. DIFFICILE Dif"fi*cile, a. Etym: [L. difficilis: cf. F. difficile. See Difficult.] Defn: Difficult; hard to manage; stubborn. [Obs.] -- Dif"fi*cile*ness, n. [Obs.] Bacon. DIFFICILITATE Dif`fi*cil"i*tate, v. t. Defn: To make difficult. [Obs.] W. Montagu. DIFFICULT Dif"fi*cult, a. Etym: [From Difficulty.] 1. Hard to do or to make; beset with difficulty; attended with labor, trouble, or pains; not easy; arduous. Note: Difficult implies the notion that considerable mental effort or skill is required, or that obstacles are to be overcome which call for sagacity and skill in the agent; as, a difficult task; hard work is not always difficult work; a difficult operation in surgery; a difficult passage in an author. There is not the strength or courage left me to venture into the wide, strange, and difficult world, alone. Hawthorne. 2. Hard to manage or to please; not easily wrought upon; austere; stubborn; as, a difficult person. Syn. -- Arduous; painful; crabbed; perplexed; laborious; unaccommodating; troublesome. See Arduous. DIFFICULT Dif"fi*cult, v. t. Defn: To render difficult; to impede; to perplex. [R.] Sir W. Temple. DIFFICULTATE Dif"fi*cult*ate, v. t. Defn: To render difficult; to difficilitate. [Obs.] Cotgrave. DIFFICULTLY Dif"fi*cult*ly, adv. Defn: With difficulty. Cowper. DIFFICULTNESS Dif"fi*cult*ness, n. Defn: Difficulty. [R.] Golding. DIFFICULTY Dif"fi*cul*ty, n.; pl. Difficulties. Etym: [L. difficultas, fr. difficilis difficult; dif- = dis- + facilis easy: cf. F. difficulté. See Facile.] 1. The state of being difficult, or hard to do; hardness; arduousness; -- opposed to easiness or facility; as, the difficulty of a task or enterprise; a work of difficulty. Not being able to promote them [the interests of life] on account of the difficulty of the region. James Byrne. 2. Something difficult; a thing hard to do or to understand; that which occasions labor or perplexity, and requires skill perseverance to overcome, solve, or achieve; a hard enterprise; an obstacle; an impediment; as, the difficulties of a science; difficulties in theology. They lie under some difficulties by reason of the emperor's displeasure. Addison. 3. A controversy; a falling out; a disagreement; an objection; a cavil. Measures for terminating all local difficulties. Bancroft. 4. Embarrassment of affairs, especially financial affairs; -- usually in the plural; as, to be in difficulties. In days of difficulty and pressure. Tennyson. Syn. -- Impediment; obstacle; obstruction; embarrassment; perplexity; exigency; distress; trouble; trial; objection; cavil. See Impediment. DIFFIDE Dif*fide", v. i. Etym: [L. diffidere. See Diffident.] Defn: To be distrustful. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. DIFFIDENCE Dif"fi*dence, n. Etym: [L. diffidentia.] 1. The state of being diffident; distrust; want of confidence; doubt of the power, ability, or disposition of others. [Archaic] That affliction grew heavy upon me, and weighed me down even to a diffidence of God's mercy. Donne. 2. Distrust of one's self or one's own powers; lack of self-reliance; modesty; modest reserve; bashfulness. It is good to speak on such questions with diffidence. Macaulay. An Englishman's habitual diffidence and awkwardness of adress. W. Irving. Syn. -- Humility; bashfulness; distrust; suspicion; doubt; fear; timidity; apprehension; hesitation. See Humility, and Bashfulness. DIFFIDENCY Dif"fi*den*cy, n. Defn: See Diffidence. [Obs.] DIFFIDENT Dif"fi*dent, a. Etym: [L. diffidens, -entis, p. pr. of diffidere; dif- = dis + fidere to trust; akin to fides faith. See Faith, and cf. Defy.] 1. Wanting confidence in others; distrustful. [Archaic] You were always extremely diffident of their success. Melmoth. 2. Wanting confidence in one's self; distrustful of one's own powers; not self-reliant; timid; modest; bashful; characterized by modest reserve. The diffident maidens, Folding their hands in prayer. Longfellow. Syn. -- Distrustful; suspicious; hesitating; doubtful; modest; bashful; lowly; reserved. DIFFIDENTLY Dif"fi*dent*ly, adv. Defn: In a diffident manner. To stand diffidently against each other with their thoughts in battle array. Hobbes. DIFFIND Dif*find, v. t. Etym: [L. diffindere, diffissum; dif- = findere to split.] Defn: To split. [Obs.] Bailey. DIFFINE Dif*fine", v. t. Defn: To define. [Obs.] Chaucer. DIFFINITIVE Dif*fin"i*tive, a. Etym: [For definitive.] Defn: Definitive; determinate; final. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. DIFFISSION Dif*fis"sion, n. Etym: [See Diffind.] Defn: Act of cleaving or splitting. [R.] Bailey. DIFFLATION Dif*fla"tion, n. Etym: [LL. difflatio, fr. L. difflare, difflatum, to disperse by blowing.] Defn: A blowing apart or away. [Obs.] Bailey. DIFFLUENCE; DIFFLUENCY Dif"flu*ence, Dif"flu*en*cy, n. Defn: A flowing off on all sides; fluidity. [R.] DIFFLUENT Dif"flu*ent, a. Etym: [L. diffluens, p. pr. of diffluere to flow off; dif- = dis- + fluere to flow.] Defn: Flowing apart or off; dissolving; not fixed. [R.] Bailey. DIFFORM Dif"form`, a. Etym: [Cf. F. difforme, fr. L. dif- = dis- + forma form. Cf. Deform.] Defn: Irregular in form; -- opposed to uniform; anomalous; hence, unlike; dissimilar; as, to difform corolla, the parts of which do not correspond in size or proportion; difform leaves. The unequal refractions of difform rays. Sir I. Newton. DIFFORMITY Dif*form"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. difformité. See Difform, Deformity.] Defn: Irregularity of form; diversity of form; want of uniformity. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DIFFRACT Dif*fract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diffracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Diffracting.] Etym: [L. diffractus, p. p. of diffringere to break in pieces; dif- = dis- + frangere to break. See Fracture.] Defn: To break or separate into parts; to deflect, or decompose by deflection, a DIFFRACTION Dif*frac"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. diffraction.] (Opt.) Defn: The deflection and decomposition of light in passing by the edges of opaque bodies or through narrow slits, causing the appearance of parallel bands or fringes of prismatic colors, as by the action of a grating of fine lines or bars. Remarked by Grimaldi (1665), and referred by him to a property of light which he called diffraction. Whewell. Diffraction grating. (Optics) See under Grating. -- Diffraction spectrum. (Optics) See under Spectrum. DIFFRACTIVE Dif*frac"tive, a. Defn: That produces diffraction. DIFFRANCHISE; DIFFRANCHISEMENT Dif*fran"chise, Dif*fran"chise*ment. Defn: See Disfranchise, Disfranchisement. DIFFUSATE Dif*fus"ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: Material which, in the process of catalysis, has diffused or passed through the separating membrane. DIFFUSE Dif*fuse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diffused; p. pr. & vb. n. Diffusing.] Etym: [L. diffusus, p. p. of diffundere to pour out, to diffuse; dif- = dis- + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt.] Defn: To pour out and cause to spread, as a fluid; to cause to flow on all sides; to send out, or extend, in all directions; to spread; to circulate; to disseminate; to scatter; as to diffuse information. Thence diffuse His good to worlds and ages infinite. Milton. We find this knowledge diffused among all civilized nations. Whewell. Syn. -- To expand; spread; circulate; extend; scatter; disperse; publish; proclaim. DIFFUSE Dif*fuse", v. i. Defn: To pass by spreading every way, to diffuse itself. DIFFUSE Dif*fuse", a. Etym: [L. diffusus, p. p.] Defn: Poured out; widely spread; not restrained; copious; full; esp., of style, opposed to concise or terse; verbose; prolix; as, a diffuse style; a diffuse writer. A diffuse and various knowledge of divine and human things. Milton. Syn. -- Prolix; verbose; wide; copious; full. See Prolix. DIFFUSED Dif*fused", a. Defn: Spread abroad; dispersed; loose; flowing; diffuse. It grew to be a widely diffused opinion. Hawthorne. -- Dif*fus"ed*ly, adv. -- Dif*fus"ed*ness, n. DIFFUSELY Dif*fuse"ly, adv. Defn: In a diffuse manner. DIFFUSENESS Dif*fuse"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being diffuse; especially, in writing, the use of a great or excessive number of word to express the meaning; copiousness; verbosity; prolixity. DIFFUSER Dif*fus"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, diffuses. DIFFUSIBILITY Dif*fu`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being diffusible; capability of being poured or spread out. DIFFUSIBLE Dif*fu"si*ble, a. 1. Capable of flowing or spreading in all directions; that may be diffused. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Capable of passing through animal membranes by osmosis. DIFFUSIBLENESS Dif*fu"si*ble*ness, n. Defn: Diffusibility. DIFFUSION Dif*fu"sion, n. Etym: [L. diffusio: cf. F. diffusion.] 1. The act of diffusing, or the state of being diffused; a spreading; extension; dissemination; circulation; dispersion. A diffusion of knowledge which has undermined superstition. Burke. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The act of passing by osmosis through animal membranes, as in the distribution of poisons, gases, etc., through the body. Unlike absorption, diffusion may go on after death, that is, after the blood ceases to circulate. Syn. -- Extension; spread; propagation; circulation; expansion; dispersion. DIFFUSIVE Dif*fu"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. diffusif.] Defn: Having the quality of diffusing; capable of spreading every way by flowing; spreading widely; widely reaching; copious; diffuse. "A plentiful and diffusive perfume." Hare. DIFFUSIVELY Dif*fu"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In a diffusive manner. DIFFUSIVENESS Dif*fu"sive*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being diffusive or diffuse; extensiveness; expansion; dispersion. Especially of style: Diffuseness; want of conciseness; prolixity. The fault that I find with a modern legend, it its diffusiveness. Addison. DIFFUSIVITY Dif`fu*siv"i*ty, n. Defn: Tendency to become diffused; tendency, as of heat, to become equalized by spreading through a conducting medium. DIG Dig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dug or Digged (; p. pr. & vb. n. Digging. -- Digged is archaic.] Etym: [OE. diggen, perh. the same word as diken, dichen (see Dike, Ditch); cf. Dan. dige to dig, dige a ditch; or akin to E. 1st dag. 1. To turn up, or delve in, (earth) with a spade or a hoe; to open, loosen, or break up (the soil) with a spade, or other sharp instrument; to pierce, open, or loosen, as if with a spade. Be first to dig the ground. Dryden. 2. To get by digging; as, to dig potatoes, or gold. 3. To hollow out, as a well; to form, as a ditch, by removing earth; to excavate; as, to dig a ditch or a well. 4. To thrust; to poke. [Colloq.] You should have seen children . . . dig and push their mothers under the sides, saying thus to them: Look, mother, how great a lubber doth yet wear pearls. Robynson (More's Utopia). To dig down, to undermine and cause to fall by digging; as, to dig down a wall. -- To dig from, out of, out, or up, to get out or obtain by digging; as, to dig coal from or out of a mine; to dig out fossils; to dig up a tree. The preposition is often omitted; as, the men are digging coal, digging iron ore, digging potatoes. -- To dig in, to cover by digging; as, to dig in manure.(b) To entrench oneself so as to give stronger resistance; -- used of warfare. Also figuratively, esp. in the phrase to dig in one's heels. DIG Dig, v. i. 1. To work with a spade or other like implement; to do servile work; to delve. Dig for it more than for hid treasures. Job iii. 21. I can not dig; to beg I am ashamed. Luke xvi. 3. 2. (Mining) Defn: To take ore from its bed, in distinction from making excavations in search of ore. 3. To work like a digger; to study ploddingly and laboriously. [Cant, U.S.] DIG Dig, n. 1. A thrust; a punch; a poke; as, a dig in the side or the ribs. See Dig, v. t., 4. [Colloq.] 2. A plodding and laborious student. [Cant, U.S.] DIGAMIST Dig"a*mist, n. Etym: [Gr. Bigamist.] Defn: One who marries a second time; a deuterogamist. Hammond. DIGAMMA Di*gam"ma, n. Etym: [Gr. gammas placed one above the other.] (Gr. Gram.) Defn: A letter ( Note: This form identifies it with the Latin F, though in sound it is said to have been nearer V. It was pronounced, probably, much like the English W. DIGAMMATE; DIGAMMATED Di*gam"mate, Di*gam"mated, a. Defn: Having the digamma or its representative letter or sound; as, the Latin word vis is a digammated form of the Greek . Andrews. DIGAMOUS Dig"a*mous, a. Defn: Pertaining to a second marriage, that is, one after the death of the first wife or the first husband. DIGAMY Dig"a*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Bigamy.] Defn: Act, or state, of being twice married; deuterogamy. [R.] DIGASTRIC Di*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Gr. digastrique.] (Anat.) (a) Having two bellies; biventral; -- applied to muscles which are fleshy at each end and have a tendon in the middle, and esp. to the muscle which pulls down the lower jaw. (b) Pertaining to the digastric muscle of the lower jaw; as, the digastric nerves. DIGENEA Di*ge"ne*a, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Trematoda in which alternate generations occur, the immediate young not resembling their parents. DIGENESIS Di*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: The faculty of multiplying in two ways; -- by ova fecundated by spermatic fluid, and asexually, as by buds. See Parthenogenesis. DIGENOUS Dig"e*nous, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + -genous.] (Biol.) Defn: Sexually reproductive. Digenous reproduction. (Biol.) Same as Digenesis. DIGERENT Dig"er*ent, . Etym: [L. digerens, p. pr. of digerere. See Digest.] Defn: Digesting. [Obs.] Bailey. DIGEST Di*gest", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Digested; p. pr. & vb. n. Digesting.] Etym: [L. digestus, p. p. of digerere to separate, arrange, dissolve, digest; di- = dis- + gerere to bear, carry, wear. See Jest.] 1. To distribute or arrange methodically; to work over and classify; to reduce to portions for ready use or application; as, to digest the laws, etc. Joining them together and digesting them into order. Blair. We have cause to be glad that matters are so well digested. Shak. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: To separate (the food) in its passage through the alimentary canal into the nutritive and nonnutritive elements; to prepare, by the action of the digestive juices, for conversion into blood; to convert into chyme. 3. To think over and arrange methodically in the mind; to reduce to a plan or method; to receive in the mind and consider carefully; to get an understanding of; to comprehend. Feelingly digest the words you speak in prayer. Sir H. Sidney. How shall this bosom multiplied digest The senate's courtesy Shak. 4. To appropriate for strengthening and comfort. Grant that we may in such wise hear them [the Scriptures], read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest them. Book of Common Prayer. 5. Hence: To bear comfortably or patiently; to be reconciled to; to brook. I never can digest the loss of most of Origin's works. Coleridge. 6. (Chem.) Defn: To soften by heat and moisture; to expose to a gentle heat in a boiler or matrass, as a preparation for chemical operations. 7. (Med.) Defn: To dispose to suppurate, or generate healthy pus, as an ulcer or wound. 8. To ripen; to mature. [Obs.] Well-digested fruits. Jer. Taylor. 9. To quiet or abate, as anger or grief. DIGEST Di*gest", v. i. 1. To undergo digestion; as, food digests well or ill. 2. (Med.) Defn: To suppurate; to generate pus, as an ulcer. DIGEST Di"gest, n. Etym: [L. digestum, pl. digesta, neut., fr. digestus, p. p.: cf. F. digeste. See Digest, v. t.] Defn: That which is digested; especially, that which is worked over, classified, and arranged under proper heads or titles; esp. (Law), Defn: a compilation of statutes or decisions analytically arranged. The term is applied in a general sense to the Pandects of Justinian (see Pandect), but is also specially given by authors to compilations of laws on particular topics; a summary of laws; as, Comyn's Digest; the United States Digest. A complete digest of Hindu and Mahommedan laws after the model of Justinian's celebrated Pandects. Sir W. Jones. They made a sort of institute and digest of anarchy, called the Rights of Man. Burke. DIGESTEDLY Di*gest"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a digested or well-arranged manner; methodically. DIGESTER Di*gest"er, n. 1. One who digests. 2. A medicine or an article of food that aids digestion, or strengthens digestive power. Rice is . . . a great restorer of health, and a great digester. Sir W. Temple. 3. A strong closed vessel, in which bones or other substances may be subjected, usually in water or other liquid, to a temperature above that of boiling, in order to soften them. DIGESTIBILITY Di*gest`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being digestible. DIGESTIBLE Di*gest"i*ble, a. Etym: [F. digestible, L. digestibilis.] Defn: Capable of being digested. DIGESTIBLENESS Di*gest"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being digestible; digestibility. DIGESTION Di*ges"tion, n. Etym: [F. digestion, L. digestio.] 1. The act or process of digesting; reduction to order; classification; thoughtful consideration. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The conversion of food, in the stomach and intestines, into soluble and diffusible products, capable of being absorbed by the blood. 3. (Med.) Defn: Generation of pus; suppuration. DIGESTIVE Di*gest"ive, a. Etym: [F. digestif, L. digestivus.] Defn: Pertaining to digestion; having the power to cause or promote digestion; as, the digestive ferments. Digestive cheese and fruit there sure will be. B. Jonson. Digestive apparatus, the organs of food digestion, esp. the alimentary canal and glands connected with it. -- Digestive salt, the chloride of potassium. DIGESTIVE Di*gest"ive, n. 1. That which aids digestion, as a food or medicine. Chaucer. That digestive [a cigar] had become to me as necessary as the meal itself. Blackw. Mag. 2. (Med.) (a) A substance which, when applied to a wound or ulcer, promotes suppuration. Dunglison. (b) A tonic. [R.] DIGESTOR Di*gest"or, n. Defn: See Digester. DIGESTURE Di*ges"ture, n. Defn: Digestion. [Obs.] Harvey. DIGGABLE Dig"ga*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being dug. DIGGER Dig"ger, n. Defn: One who, or that which, digs. Digger wasp (Zoöl.), any one of the fossorial Hymenoptera. DIGGERS Dig"gers, n. pl.; sing. Digger. (Ethnol.) Defn: A degraded tribe of California Indians; -- so called from their practice of digging roots for food. DIGGING Dig"ging, n. 1. The act or the place of excavating. 2. pl. Defn: Places where ore is dug; especially, certain localities in California, Australia, and elsewhere, at which gold is obtained. [Recent] 3. pl. Defn: Region; locality. [Low] DIGHT Dight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dight or Dighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dighting.] Etym: [OF. dihten, AS. dihtan to dictate, command, dispose, arrange, fr. L. dictare to say often, dictate, order; cf. G. dichten to write poetry, fr. L. dictare. See Dictate.] 1. To prepare; to put in order; hence, to dress, or put on; to array; to adorn. [Archaic] "She gan the house to dight." Chaucer. Two harmless turtles, dight for sacrifice. Fairfax. The clouds in thousand liveries dight. Milton. 2. To have sexual intercourse with. [Obs.] Chaucer. DIGHTER Dight"er, n. Defn: One who dights. [Obs.] DIGIT Dig"it, n. Etym: [L. digitus finger; prob. akin to Gr. toe. Cf. Dactyl.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the terminal divisions of a limb appendage; a finger or toe. The ruminants have the "cloven foot," i. e., two hoofed digits on each foot. Owen. 2. A finger's breadth, commonly estimated to be three fourths of an inch. 3. (Math.) Defn: One of the ten figures or symbols, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, by which all numbers are expressed; -- so called because of the use of the fingers in counting and computing. Note: By some authorities the symbol 0 is not included with the digits. 4. (Anat.) Defn: One twelfth part of the diameter of the sun or moon; -- a term used to express the quantity of an eclipse; as, an eclipse of eight digits is one which hides two thirds of the diameter of the disk. DIGIT Dig"it, v. t. Defn: To point at or out with the finger. [R.] DIGITAL Dig"i*tal, a. Etym: [L. digitals.] Defn: Of or performance to the fingers, or to digits; done with the fingers; as, digital compression; digital examination. DIGITALIN Dig"i*tal`in, n. Etym: [Cf. F. digitaline.] (a) (Med.) Any one of several extracts of foxglove (Digitalis), as the "French extract," the "German extract," etc., which differ among themselves in composition and properties. (b) (Chem.) A supposedly distinct vegetable principle as the essential ingredient of the extracts. It is a white, crystalline substance, and is regarded as a glucoside. DIGITALIS Dig`i*ta"lis, n. Etym: [NL.: cf. F. digitale. So named (according to Linnæus) from its finger-shaped corolla.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants including the foxglove. 2. (Med.) Defn: The dried leaves of the purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), used in heart disease, disturbance of the circulation, etc. DIGITATE Dig"i*tate, v. t. Etym: [LL. digitatus, p. p. of digitare, fr. L. digitus. See Digit.] Defn: To point out as with the finger. [R.] Robinson (Eudoxa). DIGITATE; DIGITATED Dig"i*tate, Dig"i*ta`ted, a. Etym: [L. digitatus having fingers.] (Bot.) Defn: Having several leaflets arranged, like the fingers of the hand, at the extremity of a stem or petiole. Also, in general, characterized by digitation. -- Dig"i*tate*ly, adv. DIGITATION Dig`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. digitation.] Defn: A division into fingers or fingerlike processes; also, a fingerlike process. DIGITIFORM Dig"i*ti*form, a. Etym: [L. digitus a finger + -form.] Defn: Formed like a finger or fingers; finger-shaped; as, a digitiform root. DIGITIGRADE Dig"i*ti*grade, a. Etym: [L. digitus finger, toe + gradi to step, walk: cf. F. digitigrade.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Walking on the toes; -- distinguished from plantigrade. DIGITIGRADE Dig"i*ti*grade, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal that walks on its toes, as the cat, lion, wolf, etc.; -- distinguished from a plantigrade, which walks on the palm of the foot. DIGITIPARTITE Dig`i*ti*par"tite, a. Etym: [L. digitus finger + partite.] (Bot.) Defn: Parted like the fingers. DIGITIZE Dig"i*tize, v. t. Etym: [Digit + -ize.] Defn: To finger; as, to digitize a pen. [R.] Sir T. Browne. computers to convert (information, a signal, an image) into a form expressible in binary notation DIGITORIUM Dig`i*to"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. digitus a finger.] Defn: A small dumb keyboard used by pianists for exercising the fingers; -- called also dumb piano. DIGITULE Dig"i*tule, n. Etym: [L. digitulus, dim. of digitus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A little finger or toe, or something resembling one. DIGLADIATE Di*gla"di*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. digladiari; di- = dis- + gladius a sword.] Defn: To fight like gladiators; to contend fiercely; to dispute violently. [Obs.] Digladiating like Æschines and Demosthenes. Hales. DIGLADIATION Di*gla`di*a"tion, n. Defn: Act of digladiating. [Obs.] "Sore digladiations and contest." Evelyn. DIGLOTTISM Di*glot"tism, n. Etym: [Gr. Glottis.] Defn: Bilingualism. [R.] Earle. DIGLYPH Di"glyph, n. Etym: [Gr. (Arch.) Defn: A projecting face like the triglyph, but having only two channels or grooves sunk in it. DIGNATION Dig*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. dignatio.] Defn: The act of thinking worthy; honor. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. DIGNE Digne, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. dignus. See Design.] 1. Worthy; honorable; deserving. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Suitable; adequate; fit. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. Haughty; disdainful. [Obs.] Chaucer. DIGNIFICATION Dig`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [See Dignify.] Defn: The act of dignifying; exaltation. DIGNIFIED Dig"ni*fied, a. Defn: Marked with dignity; stately; as, a dignified judge. DIGNIFY Dig"ni*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dignified; p. pr. & vb. n. Dignifying.] Etym: [OF. dignifier, fr. LL. d; L. dignus worthy + ficare (in comp.), facere to make. See Deign, and Fact.] Defn: To invest with dignity or honor; to make illustrious; to give distinction to; to exalt in rank; to honor. Your worth will dignity our feast. B. Jonson. Syn. -- To exalt; elevate; prefer; advance; honor; illustrate; adorn; ennoble. DIGNITARY Dig"ni*ta*ry, n.; pl. Dignitaries. Etym: [Cf. F. dignitaire, fr. L. dignitas.] Defn: One who possesses exalted rank or holds a position of dignity or honor; especially, one who holds an ecclesiastical rank above that of a parochial priest or clergyman. DIGNITY Dig"ni*ty, n.; pl. Dignities. Etym: [OE. dignete, dignite, OF. digneté, dignité, F. dignité, fr. L. dignitas, from dignus worthy. See Dainty, Deign.] 1. The state of being worthy or honorable; elevation of mind or character; true worth; excellence. 2. Elevation; grandeur. The dignity of this act was worth the audience of kings. Shak. 3. Elevated rank; honorable station; high office, political or ecclesiastical; degree of excellence; preferment; exaltation. Macaulay. And the king said, What honor and dignity hath been done to Mordecai for this Esth. vi. 3. Reuben, thou art my firstborn, . . . the excellency of dignity, and the excellency of power. Gen. xlix. 3. 4. Quality suited to inspire respect or reverence; loftiness and grace; impressiveness; stateliness; -- said of A letter written with singular energy and dignity of thought Macaulay. 5. One holding high rank; a dignitary. These filthy dreamers . . . speak evil of dignities. Jude. 8. 6. Fundamental principle; axiom; maxim. [Obs.] Sciences concluding from dignities, and principles known by themselves. Sir T. Browne. Syn. -- See Decorum. To stand upon one's dignity, to have or to affect a high notion of one's own rank, privilege, or character. They did not stand upon their dignity, nor give their minds to being or to seeming as elegant and as fine as anybody else. R. G. White. DIGNOTION Dig*no"tion, n. Etym: [L. dignoscere to distinguish; di- = dis- + gnoscere, noscere, to learn to know.] Defn: Distinguishing mark; diagnostic. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DIGONOUS Dig"o*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having two angles. Smart. DIGRAM Di"gram, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A digraph. DIGRAPH Di"graph, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Two signs or characters combined to express a single articulated sound; as ea in head, or th in bath. DIGRAPHIC Di*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a digraph. H. Sweet. DIGRESS Di*gress", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Digressed; p. pr. & vb. n. Digressing.] Etym: [L. digressus, p. p. of digredi to go apart, to deviate; di- = dis- + gradi to step, walk. See Grade.] 1. To step or turn aside; to deviate; to swerve; especially, to turn aside from the main subject of attention, or course of argument, in writing or speaking. Moreover she beginneth to digress in latitude. Holland. In the pursuit of an argument there is hardly room to digress into a particular definition as often as a man varies the signification of any term. Locke. 2. To turn aside from the right path; to transgress; to offend. [R.] Thy abundant goodness shall excuse This deadly blot on thy digressing son. Shak. DIGRESS Di*gress", n. Defn: Digression. [Obs.] Fuller. DIGRESSION Di*gres"sion, n. Etym: [L. digressio: cf. F. digression.] 1. The act of digressing or deviating, esp. from the main subject of a discourse; hence, a part of a discourse deviating from its main design or subject. The digressions I can not excuse otherwise, than by the confidence that no man will read them. Sir W. Temple. 2. A turning aside from the right path; transgression; offense. [R.] Then my digression is so vile, so base, That it will live engraven in my face. Shak. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The elongation, or angular distance from the sun; -- said chiefly of the inferior planets. [R.] DIGRESSIONAL Di*gres"sion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or having the character of, a digression; departing from the main purpose or subject. T. Warton. DIGRESSIVE Di*gress"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. digressif.] Defn: Departing from the main subject; partaking of the nature of digression. Johnson. DIGRESSIVELY Di*gress"ive*ly, adv. Defn: By way of digression. DIGUE Digue, n. Etym: [F. See Dike.] Defn: A bank; a dike. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple. DIGYNIA Di*gyn"i*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan order of plants having two styles. DIGYNIAN; DIGYNOUS Di*gyn"i*an, Dig"y*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. digyne.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Digynia; having two styles. DIHEDRAL Di*he"dral, a. Etym: [Gr. Diedral.] Defn: Having two plane faces; as, the dihedral summit of a crystal. Dihedral angle, the angular space contained between planes which intersect. It is measured by the angle made by any two lines at right angles to the two planes. DIHEDRON Di*he"dron, n. Etym: [See Dihedral.] Defn: A figure with two sides or surfaces. Buchanan. DIHEXAGONAL Di`hex*ag"o*nal, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + hexagonal.] (a) Consisting of two hexagonal parts united; thus, a dihexagonal pyramid is composed of two hexagonal pyramids placed base to base. (b) Having twelve similar faces; as, a dihexagonal prism. DIIAMB Di`i*amb", n. Defn: A diiambus. DIIAMBUS Di`i*am"bus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Lambus.] (Pros.) Defn: A double iambus; a foot consisting of two iambuses ( DIIODIDE Di*i"o*dide (; 104), n. Etym: [Pref. di- + iodine.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound of a binary type containing two atoms of iodine; -- called also biniodide. DIISATOGEN Di`i*sat"o*gen, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + isatine + -gen.] (Chem.) Defn: A red crystalline nitrogenous substance or artificial production, which by reduction passes directly to indigo. DIJUDICANT Di*ju"di*cant, n. Etym: [L. dijudicans, p. pr.] Defn: One who dijudicates. [R.] Wood. DIJUDICATE Di*ju"di*cate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dijudicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dijucating.] Etym: [L. dijudicatus, p. p. of dijudicare to decide; di- = dis- + judicare to judge.] Defn: To make a judicial decision; to decide; to determine. [R.] Hales. DIJUDICATION Di*ju`di*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. dijudicatio.] Defn: The act of dijudicating; judgment. [R.] Cockeram. DIKA Di"ka, n. Etym: [Native West African name.] Defn: A kind of food, made from the almondlike seeds of the Irvingia Barteri, much used by natives of the west coast of Africa; -- called also dika bread. DIKE Dike, n. Etym: [OE. dic, dike, diche, ditch, AS. d dike, ditch; akin to D. dijk dike, G. deich, and prob. teich pond, Icel. d dike, ditch, Dan. dige; perh. akin to Gr. dough; or perh. to Gr. Ditch.] 1. A ditch; a channel for water made by digging. Little channels or dikes cut to every bed. Ray. 2. An embankment to prevent inundations; a levee. Dikes that the hands of the farmers had raised . . . Shut out the turbulent tides. Longfellow. 3. A wall of turf or stone. [Scot.] 4. (Geol.) Defn: A wall-like mass of mineral matter, usually an intrusion of igneous rocks, filling up rents or fissures in the original strata. DIKE Dike, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diked; p. pr. & vb. n. Diking.] Etym: [OE. diken, dichen, AS. dician to dike. See Dike.] 1. To surround or protect with a dike or dry bank; to secure with a bank. 2. To drain by a dike or ditch. DIKE Dike, v. i. Defn: To work as a ditcher; to dig. [Obs.] He would thresh and thereto dike and delve. Chaucer. DIKER Dik"er, n. 1. A ditcher. Piers Plowman. 2. One who builds stone walls; usually, one who builds them without lime. [Scot.] DILACERATE Di*lac"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dilacerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dilacerating.] Etym: [L. dilaceratus, p. p. of dilacerare to tear apart; di- = dis- + lacerare to tear.] Defn: To rend asunder; to tear to pieces. Sir T. Browne. DILACERATION Di*lac`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. dilaceratio: cf. F. dilacération.] Defn: The act of rending asunder. Arbuthnot. DILANIATE Di*la"ni*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. dilaniatus, p. p. of dilaniare to dilacerate; di- = dis- + laniare to tear to pieces.] Defn: To rend in pieces; to tear. [R.] Howell. DILANIATION Di*la`ni*a"tion, n. Defn: A rending or tearing in pieces; dilaceration. [R.] DILAPIDATE Di*lap"i*date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dilapidated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dilapidating.] Etym: [L. dilapidare to scatter like stones; di- = dis- + lapidare to throw stones, fr. lapis a stone. See Lapidary.] 1. To bring into a condition of decay or partial ruin, by misuse or through neglect; to destroy the fairness and good condition of; -- said of a building. If the bishop, parson, or vicar, etc., dilapidates the buildings, or cuts down the timber of the patrimony. Blackstone. 2. To impair by waste and abuse; to squander. The patrimony of the bishopric of Oxon was much dilapidated. Wood. DILAPIDATE Di*lap"i*date, v. i. Defn: To get out of repair; to fall into partial ruin; to become decayed; as, the church was suffered to dilapidate. Johnson. DILAPIDATED Di*lap"i*da`ted, a. Defn: Decayed; fallen into partial ruin; injured by bad usage or neglect. A deserted and dilapidated buildings. Cooper. DILAPIDATION Di*lap`i*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. dilapidatio: cf. F. dilapidation.] 1. The act of dilapidating, or the state of being dilapidated, reduced to decay, partially ruined, or squandered. Tell the people that are relived by the dilapidation of their public estate. Burke. 2. Ecclesiastical waste; impairing of church property by an incumbent, through neglect or by intention. The business of dilapidations came on between our bishop and the Archibishop of York. Strype. 3. (Law) Defn: The pulling down of a building, or suffering it to fall or be in a state of decay. Burrill. DILAPIDATOR Di*lap"i*da`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dilapidateur.] Defn: One who causes dilapidation. Strype. DILATABILITY Di*la`ta*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dilatabilité.] Defn: The quality of being dilatable, or admitting expansion; -- opposed to contractibility. Ray. DILATABLE Di*lat"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dilatable.] Defn: Capable of expansion; that may be dilated; -- opposed to contractible; as, the lungs are dilatable by the force of air; air is dilatable by heat. DILATATION Dil`a*ta"tion, n. Etym: [OE. dilatacioun, F. dilatation, L. dilatatio, fr. dilatare. See Dilate, and cf. 2d Dilation.] 1. Prolixity; diffuse discourse. [Obs.] "What needeth greater dilatation" Chaucer. 2. The act of dilating; expansion; an enlarging on al 3. (Anat.) Defn: A dilation or enlargement of a canal or other organ. DILATATOR Dil`a*ta"tor, n. Etym: [NL. Cf. L. dilatator a propagator.] (Anat.) Defn: A muscle which dilates any part; a dilator. DILATE Di*late", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dilated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dilating.] Etym: [L. dilatare; either fr. di- = dis- + latus wide, not the same word as latus, used as p. p. of ferre to bear (see Latitude); or fr. dilatus, used as p. p. of differre to separate (see Delay, Tolerate, Differ, and cf. Dilatory): cf. F. dilater.] 1. To expand; to distend; to enlarge or extend in all directions; to swell; -- opposed to contract; as, the air dilates the lungs; air is dilated by increase of heat. 2. To enlarge upon; to relate at large; to tell copiously or diffusely. [R.] Do me the favor to dilate at full What hath befallen of them and thee till now. Shak. Syn. -- To expand; swell; distend; enlarge; spread out; amplify; expatiate. DILATE Di*late", v. i. 1. To grow wide; to expand; to swell or extend in all directions. His heart dilates and glories in his strength. Addison. 2. To speak largely and copiously; to dwell in narration; to enlarge; -- with on or upon. But still on their ancient joys dilate. Crabbe. DILATE Di*late", a. Defn: Extensive; expanded. [Obs.] B. Jonson. DILATED Di*lat"ed, a. 1. Expanded; enlarged. Shak. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Widening into a lamina or into lateral winglike appendages. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the margin wide and spreading. DILATEDLY Di*lat"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a dilated manner. Feltham. DILATER Di*lat"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, dilates, expands, o r enlarges. DILATION Di*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. dilatio. See Dilatory.] Defn: Delay. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DILATION Di*la"tion, n. Etym: [From dilate, v., cf. Dilatation, Dilator.] Defn: The act of dilating, or the state of being dilated; expansion; dilatation. Mrs. Browning. At first her eye with slow dilation rolled. Tennyson. A gigantic dilation of the hateful figure. Dickens. DILATIVE Di*lat"ive, a. Defn: Causing dilation; tending to dilate, on enlarge; expansive. Coleridge. DILATOMETER Dil`a*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Dilate + -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the dilatation or expansion of a substance, especially of a fluid. DILATOR Di*lat"or, n. Etym: [See Dilate.] 1. One who, or that which, widens or expands. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A muscle that dilates any part. 3. (Med.) Defn: An instrument for expanding a part; as, a urethral dilator. DILATORILY Dil"a*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: With delay; tardily. DILATORINESS Dil"a*to*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being dilatory; lateness; slowness; tardiness; sluggishness. DILATORY Dil"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. dilatorius, fr. dilator a delayer, fr. dilatus, used as p. p. of differe to defer, delay: cf. F. dilatoire. See Dilate, Differ, Defer.] 1. Inclined to defer or put off what ought to be done at once; given the procrastination; delaying; procrastinating; loitering; as, a dilatory servant. 2. Marked by procrastination or delay; tardy; slow; sluggish; -- said of actions or measures. Alva, as usual, brought his dilatory policy to bear upon hiMotley. Dilatory plea (Law), a plea designed to create delay in the trial of a cause, generally founded upon some matter not connected with the merits of the case. Syn. -- Slow; delaying; sluggish; inactive; loitering; behindhand; backward; procrastinating. See Slow. DILDO Dil"do, n. Defn: A burden in popular songs. [Obs.] Delicate burthens of dildos and fadings. Shak. DILDO Dil"do, n. (Bot.) Defn: A columnar cactaceous plant of the West Indies (Cereus Swartzii). DILECTION Di*lec"tion, n. Etym: [L. dilectio: dilection. See Diligent.] Defn: Love; choice. [Obs.] T. Martin. DILEMMA Di*lem"ma, n. Etym: [L. dilemma, Gr. Lemma.] 1. (Logic) Defn: An argument which presents an antagonist with two or more alternatives, but is equally conclusive against him, whichever alternative he chooses. Note: The following are instances of the dilemma. A young rhetorician applied to an old sophist to be taught the art of pleading, and bargained for a certain reward to be paid when he should gain a cause. The master sued for his reward, and the scholar endeavored to dilemma. "If I gain my cause, I shall withhold your pay, because the judge's award will be against you; if I lose it, I may withhold it, because I shall not yet have gained a cause." "On the contrary," says the master, "if you gain your cause, you must pay me, because you are to pay me when you gain a cause; if you lose it, you must pay me, because the judge will award it." Johnson. 2. A state of things in which evils or obstacles present themselves on every side, and it is difficult to determine what course to pursue; a vexatious alternative or predicament; a difficult choice or position. A strong dilemma in a desperate case! To act with infamy, or quit the place. Swift. Horns of a dilemma, alternatives, each of which is equally difficult of encountering. DILETTANT Dil"et*tant`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to dilettanteism; amateur; as, dilettant speculation. Carlyle. DILETTANT Dil`et*tant", n. Defn: A dilettante. Though few art lovers can be connoisseurs, many are dilettants. Fairholt. DILETTANTE Dil`et*tan"te, n.; pl. Dilettanti. Etym: [It., prop. p. pr. of dillettare to take delight in, fr. L. delectare to delight. See Delight, v. t.] Defn: An admirer or lover of the fine arts; popularly, an amateur; especially, one who follows an art or a branch of knowledge, desultorily, or for amusement only. The true poet is not an eccentric creature, not a mere artist living only for art, not a dreamer or a dilettante, sipping the nectar of existence, while he keeps aloof from its deeper interests. J. C. Shairp. DILETTANTEISH Dil`et*tan"te*ish, a. Defn: Somewhat like a dilettante. DILETTANTEISM Dil`et*tan"te*ism, n. Defn: The state or quality of being a dilettante; the desultory pursuit of art, science, or literature. DILETTANTISH Dil`et*tant"ish, a. Defn: Dilettanteish. DILETTANTISM Dil`et*tant"ism, n. Defn: Same as Dilettanteism. F. Harrison. DILIGENCE Dil"i*gence, n. Etym: [F. diligence, L. diligentia.] 1. The quality of being diligent; carefulness; careful attention; -- the opposite of negligence. 2. Interested and persevering application; devoted and painstaking effort to accomplish what is undertaken; assiduity in service. That which ordinary men are fit for, I am qualified in; and the best of me is diligence. Shak. 3. (Scots Law) Defn: Process by which persons, lands, or effects are seized for debt; process for enforcing the attendance of witnesses or the production of writings. To do one's diligence, give diligence, use diligence, to exert one's self; to make interested and earnest endeavor. And each of them doth all his diligence To do unto the festé reverence. Chaucer. Syn. -- Attention; industry; assiduity; sedulousness; earnestness; constancy; heed; heedfulness; care; caution. -- Diligence, Industry. Industry has the wider sense of the two, implying an habitual devotion to labor for some valuable end, as knowledge, property, etc. Diligence denotes earnest application to some specific object or pursuit, which more or less directly has a strong hold on one's interests or feelings. A man may be diligent for a time, or in seeking some favorite end, without meriting the title of industrious. Such was the case with Fox, while Burke was eminent not only for diligence, but industry; he was always at work, and always looking out for some new field of mental effort. The sweat of industry would dry and die, But for the end it works to. Shak. Diligence and accuracy are the only merits which an historical writer ascribe to himself. Gibbon. DILIGENCE Di`li*gence", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A four-wheeled public stagecoach, used in France. DILIGENCY Dil"i*gen*cy, n. Etym: [L. diligentia.] Defn: Diligence; care; persevering endeavor. [Obs.] Milton. DILIGENT Dil"i*gent, a. Etym: [F. diligent, L. diligens, -entis, p. pr. of diligere, dilectum, to esteem highly, prefer; di- = dis- + legere to choose. See Legend.] 1. Prosecuted with careful attention and effort; careful; painstaking; not careless or negligent. The judges shall make diligent inquisition. Deut. xix. 18. 2. Interestedly and perseveringly attentive; steady and earnest in application to a subject or pursuit; assiduous; industrious. Seest thou a man diligent in his business he shall stand before kings. Prov. xxii. 29. Diligent cultivation of elegant literature. Prescott. Syn. -- Active; assiduous; sedulous; laborious; persevering; attentive; industrious. DILIGENTLY Dil"i*gent*ly, adv. Defn: In a diligent manner; not carelessly; not negligently; with industry or assiduity. Ye diligently keep commandments of the Lord your God. Deut. vi. 17. DILL Dill, n. Etym: [AS dile; akin to D. dille, OHG. tilli, G. dill, dille, Sw. dill, Dan. dild.] (Bot.) Defn: An herb (Peucedanum graveolens), the seeds of which are moderately warming, pungent, and aromatic, and were formerly used as a soothing medicine for children; -- called also dill-seed. Dr. Prior. DILL Dill, v. t. Etym: [OE. dillen, fr. dul dull, a.] Defn: To still; to calm; to soothe, as one in pain. [Obs.] DILLING Dil"ling, n. Defn: A darling; a favorite. [Obs.] Whilst the birds billing, Each one with his dilling. Drayton. DILLUING Dil*lu"ing, n. (Min.) Defn: A process of sorting ore by washing in a hand sieve. [Written also deluing.] DILLY Dil"ly, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. diligence.] Defn: A kind of stagecoach. "The Derby dilly." J. H. Frere. DILLY-DALLY Dil"ly-dal`ly, v. i. Etym: [See Dally.] Defn: To loiter or trifle; to waste time. DILOGICAL Di*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Ambiguous; of double meaning. [Obs.] T. Adams. DILOGY Dil"o*gy, n.; pl. Dilogies. Etym: [L. dilogia, Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: An ambiguous speech; a figure in which a word is used an equivocal sense. [R.] DILUCID Di*lu"cid, a. Etym: [L. dilucidus, fr. dilucere to be light enough to distinguish objects apart. See Lucid.] Defn: Clear; lucid. [Obs.] Bacon. -- Di*lu"cid*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Di`lu*cid"i*ty, n. [Obs.] DILUCIDATE Di*lu"ci*date, v. t. Etym: [L. dilucidatus, p. p. of dilucidare.] Defn: To elucidate. [Obs.] Boyle. DILUCIDATION Di*lu`ci*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. dilucidatio.] Defn: The act of making clear. [Obs.] Boyle. DILUENT Dil"u*ent, a. Etym: [L. diluens, p. pr. diluere. See Dilute.] Defn: Diluting; making thinner or weaker by admixture, esp. of water. Arbuthnot. DILUENT Dil"u*ent, n. 1. That which dilutes. 2. (Med.) Defn: An agent used for effecting dilution of the blood; a weak drink. There is no real diluent but water. Arbuthnot. DILUTE Di*lute", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Diluting.] Etym: [L. dilutus, p. p. of diluere to wash away, dilute; di- = dis- + luere, equiv. to lavare to wash, lave. See Lave, and cf. Deluge.] 1. To make thinner or more liquid by admixture with something; to thin and dissolve by mixing. Mix their watery store. With the chyle's current, and dilute it more. Blackmore. 2. To diminish the strength, flavor, color, etc., of, by mixing; to reduce, especially by the addition of water; to temper; to attenuate; to weaken. Lest these colors should be diluted and weakened by the mixture of any adventitious light. Sir I. Newton. DILUTE Di*lute", v. i. Defn: To become attenuated, thin, or weak; as, it dilutes easily. DILUTE Di*lute", a. Etym: [L. dilutus, p. p.] Defn: Diluted; thin; weak. A dilute and waterish exposition. Hopkins. DILUTED Di*lut"ed, a. Defn: Reduced in strength; thin; weak. -- Di*lut"ed*ly, adv. DILUTENESS Di*lute"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being dilute. Bp. Wilkins. DILUTER Di*lut"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, dilutes or makes thin, more liquid, or weaker. DILUTION Di*lu"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dilution.] Defn: The act of diluting, or the state of being diluted. Arbuthnot. DILUVIAL Di*lu"vi*al, a. Etym: [L. diluvialis. fr. diluvium.] 1. Of or pertaining to a flood or deluge, esp. to the great deluge in the days of Noah; diluvian. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Effected or produced by a flood or deluge of water; -- said of coarse and imperfectly stratified deposits along ancient or existing water courses. Similar unstratified deposits were formed by the agency of ice. The time of deposition has been called the Diluvian epoch. DILUVIALIST Di*lu"vi*al*ist, n. Defn: One who explains geological phenomena by the Noachian deluge. Lyell. DILUVIAN Di*lu"vi*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. diluvien.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a deluge, esp. to the Noachian deluge; diluvial; as, of diluvian origin. Buckland. DILUVIATE Di*lu"vi*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. diluviare.] Defn: To run as a flood. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys. DILUVIUM Di*lu"vi*um, n.; pl. E. Diluviums, L. Diluvia. Etym: [L. diluvium. See Dilute, Deluge.] (Geol.) Defn: A deposit of superficial loam, sand, gravel, stones, etc., caused by former action of flowing waters, or the melting of glacial ice. Note: The accumulation of matter by the ordinary operation of water is termed alluvium. DIM Dim, a. [Compar. Dimmer; superl. Dimmest.] Etym: [AS. dim; akin to OFries. dim, Icel. dimmr: cf. MHG. timmer, timber; of uncertain origin.] 1. Not bright or distinct; wanting luminousness or clearness; obscure in luster or sound; dusky; darkish; obscure; indistinct; overcast; tarnished. The dim magnificence of poetry. Whewell. How is the gold become dim! Lam. iv. 1. I never saw The heavens so dim by day. Shak. Three sleepless nights I passed in sounding on, Through words and things, a dim and perilous way. Wordsworth. 2. Of obscure vision; not seeing clearly; hence, dull of apprehension; of weak perception; obtuse. Mine eye also is dim by reason of sorrow. Job xvii. 7. The understanding is dim. Rogers. Note: Obvious compounds: dim-eyed; dim-sighted, etc. Syn. -- Obscure; dusky; dark; mysterious; imperfect; dull; sullied; tarnished. DIM Dim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dimmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dimming.] 1. To render dim, obscure, or dark; to make less bright or distinct; to take away the luster of; to darken; to dull; to obscure; to eclipse. A king among his courtiers, who dims all his attendants. Dryden. Now set the sun, and twilight dimmed the ways. Cowper. 2. To deprive of distinct vision; to hinder from seeing clearly, either by dazzling or clouding the eyes; to darken the senses or understanding of. Her starry eyes were dimmed with streaming tears. C. Pitt. DIM Dim, v. i. Defn: To grow dim. J. C. Shairp. DIMBLE Dim"ble, n. Etym: [Prob. orig., a cavity, and the same word as dimple. See Dimple.] Defn: A bower; a dingle. [Obs.] Drayton. DIME Dime, n. Etym: [F. dîme tithe, OF. disme, fr. L. decimus the tenth, fr. decem ten. See Decimal.] Defn: A silver coin of the United States, of the value of ten cents; the tenth of a dollar. Dime novel, a novel, commonly sensational and trashy, which is sold for a dime, or ten cents. DIMENSION Di*men"sion, n. Etym: [L. dimensio, fr. dimensus, p. p. of dimetiri to measure out; di- = dis- + metiri to measure: cf. F. dimension. See Measure.] 1. Measure in a single line, as length, breadth, height, thickness, or circumference; extension; measurement; -- usually, in the plural, measure in length and breadth, or in length, breadth, and thickness; extent; size; as, the dimensions of a room, or of a ship; the dimensions of a farm, of a kingdom. Gentlemen of more than ordinary dimensions. W. Irving. Space of dimension, extension that has length but no breadth or thickness; a straight or curved line. -- Space of two dimensions, extension which has length and breadth, but no thickness; a plane or curved surface. -- Space of three dimensions, extension which has length, breadth, and thickness; a solid. -- Space of four dimensions, as imaginary kind of extension, which is assumed to have length, breadth, thickness, and also a fourth imaginary dimension. Space of five or six, or more dimensions is also sometimes assumed in mathematics. 2. Extent; reach; scope; importance; as, a project of large dimensions. 3. (Math.) Defn: The degree of manifoldness of a quantity; as, time is quantity having one dimension; volume has three dimensions, relative to extension. 4. (Alg.) Defn: A literal factor, as numbered in characterizing a term. The term dimensions forms with the cardinal numbers a phrase equivalent to degree with the ordinal; thus, a2b2c is a term of five dimensions, or of the fifth degree. 5. pl. (Phys.) Defn: The manifoldness with which the fundamental units of time, length, and mass are involved in determining the units of other physical quantities. Thus, since the unit of velocity varies directly as the unit of length and inversely as the unit of time, the dimensions of velocity are said to be length ÷ time; the dimensions of work are mass × (length)2 ÷ (time)2; the dimensions of density are mass ÷ (length)3. Dimension lumber, Dimension scantling, or Dimension stock (Carp.), lumber for building, etc., cut to the sizes usually in demand, or to special sizes as ordered. -- Dimension stone, stone delivered from the quarry rough, but brought to such sizes as are requisite for cutting to dimensions given. DIMENSIONAL Di*men"sion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to dimension. DIMENSIONED Di*men"sioned, a. Defn: Having dimensions. [R.] DIMENSIONLESS Di*men"sion*less, a. Defn: Without dimensions; having no appreciable or noteworthy extent. Milton. DIMENSITY Di*men"si*ty, n. Defn: Dimension. [R.] Howell. DIMENSIVE Di*men"sive, a. Defn: Without dimensions; marking dimensions or the limits. Who can draw the soul's dimensive lines Sir J. Davies. DIMERA Dim"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) A division of Coleoptera, having two joints to the tarsi. (b) A division of the Hemiptera, including the aphids. DIMERAN Dim"er*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Dimera. DIMEROUS Dim"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Composed of, or having, two parts of each kind. Note: A dimerous flower has two sepals, two petals, two stamens, and two pistils. DIMETER Dim"e*ter, a. Etym: [L. dimeter, Gr. Defn: Having two poetical measures or meters. -- n. Defn: A verse of two meters. DIMETHYL Di*meth"yl, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + methyl.] (Chem.) Defn: Ethane; -- sometimes so called because regarded as consisting of two methyl radicals. See Ethane. DIMETRIC Di*met"ric, a. Etym: [See Dimeter, a.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Same as Tetragonal. Dana. DIMICATION Dim`i*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. dimicatio, fr. dimicare to fight.] Defn: A fight; contest. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DIMIDIATE Di*mid"i*ate, a. Etym: [L. dimidiatus, p. p. of dimidiare to halve, fr. dimidius half. See Demi-.] 1. Divided into two equal parts; reduced to half in shape or form. 2. (Biol.) (a) Consisting of only one half of what the normal condition requires; having the appearance of lacking one half; as, a dimidiate leaf, which has only one side developed. (b) Having the organs of one side, or half, different in function from the corresponding organs on the other side; as, dimidiate hermaphroditism. DIMIDIATE Di*mid"i*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dimidiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dimidiating.] 1. To divide into two equal parts. [Obs.] Cockeram. 2. (Her.) Defn: To represent the half of; to halve. DIMIDIATION Di*mid`i*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. dimidiatio.] Defn: The act of dimidiating or halving; the state of being dimidiate. DIMINISH Di*min"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diminished; p. pr. & vb. n. Diminishing.] Etym: [Pref. di- (= L. dis-) + minish: cf. L. diminuere, F. diminuer, OE. diminuen. See Dis-, and Minish.] 1. To make smaller in any manner; to reduce in bulk or amount; to lessen; -- opposed to augment or increase. Not diminish, but rather increase, the debt. Barrow. 2. To lessen the authority or dignity of; to put down; to degrade; to abase; to weaken. This doth nothing diminish their opinion. Robynson (More's Utopia). I will diminish them, that they shall no more rule over the nations. Ezek. xxix. 15. O thou . . . at whose sight all the stars Hide their diminished heads. Milton. 3. (Mus.) Defn: To make smaller by a half step; to make (an interval) less than minor; as, a diminished seventh. 4. To take away; to subtract. Neither shall ye diminish aught from it. Deut. iv. 2. Diminished column, one whose upper diameter is less than the lower. -- Diminished, or Diminishing, scale, a scale of gradation used in finding the different points for drawing the spiral curve of the volute. Gwilt. -- Diminishing rule (Arch.), a board cut with a concave edge, for fixing the entasis and curvature of a shaft. -- Diminishing stile (Arch.), a stile which is narrower in one part than in another, as in many glazed doors. Syn. -- To decrease; lessen; abate; reduce; contract; curtail; impair; degrade. See Decrease. DIMINISH Di*min"ish, v. i. Defn: To become or appear less or smaller; to lessen; as, the apparent size of an object diminishes as we recede from it. DIMINISHABLE Di*min"ish*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being diminished or lessened. DIMINISHER Di*min"ish*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, diminishes anything. Clerke (1637). DIMINISHINGLY Di*min"ish*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner to diminish. DIMINISHMENT Di*min"ish*ment, n. Defn: Diminution. [R.] Cheke. DIMINUENDO Di*min`u*en"do, adv. Etym: [It., p. pr. of diminuere to diminish.] (Mus.) Defn: In a gradually diminishing manner; with abatement of tone; decrescendo; -- expressed on the staff by Dim., or Dimin., or the sign. DIMINUENT Di*min"u*ent, a. Etym: [L. diminuens, p. pr. of diminuere. See Diminish.] Defn: Lessening. Bp. Sanderson. DIMINUTAL Dim`i*nu"tal, a. Defn: Indicating or causing diminution. Earle. DIMINUTE Dim"i*nute, a. Defn: Small; diminished; diminutive. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. DIMINUTELY Dim"i*nute*ly, adv. Defn: Diminutively. [Obs.] DIMINUTION Dim`i*nu"tion, n. Etym: [L. diminutio, or perh. rather deminutio: cf. F. diminution. See Diminish.] 1. The act of diminishing, or of making or becoming less; state of being diminished; reduction in size, quantity, or degree; -- opposed to augmentation or increase. 2. The act of lessening dignity or consideration, or the state of being deprived of dignity; a lowering in estimation; degradation; abasement. The world's opinion or diminution of me. Eikon Basilike. Nor thinks it diminution to be ranked In military honor next. Philips. 3. (Law) Defn: Omission, inaccuracy, or defect in a record. 4. (Mus.) Defn: In counterpoint, the imitation of, or reply to, a subject, in notes of half the length or value of those the subject itself. Syn. -- Decrease; decay; abatement; reduction; deduction; decrement. DIMINUTIVAL Di*min`u*ti"val, a. Defn: Indicating diminution; diminutive. "Diminutival forms" [of words]. Earle. -- n. Defn: A diminutive. Earle. DIMINUTIVE Di*min"u*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. L. deminutivus, F. diminutif.] 1. Below the average size; very small; little. 2. Expressing diminution; as, a diminutive word. 3. Tending to diminish. [R.] Diminutive of liberty. Shaftesbury. DIMINUTIVE Di*min"u*tive, n. 1. Something of very small size or value; an insignificant thing. Such water flies, diminutives of nature. Shak. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A derivative from a noun, denoting a small or a young object of the same kind with that denoted by the primitive; as, gosling, eaglet, lambkin. Babyisms and dear diminutives. Tennyson. Note: The word sometimes denotes a derivative verb which expresses a diminutive or petty form of the action, as scribble. DIMINUTIVELY Di*min"u*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a diminutive manner. DIMINUTIVENESS Di*min"u*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being diminutive; smallness; littleness; minuteness. DIMISH Dim"ish, a. Defn: See Dimmish. DIMISSION Di*mis"sion, n. Etym: [L. dimissio. See Dimit, and cf. Dismission.] Defn: Leave to depart; a dismissing. [Obs.] Barrow. DIMISSORY Dim"is*so*ry, a. Etym: [L. dimissorius: cf. F. dimissoire. See Dimit.] Defn: Sending away; dismissing to another jurisdiction; granting leave to depart. Letters dimissory (Eccl.), letters given by a bishop dismissing a person who is removing into another diocese, and recommending him for reception there. Hook. DIMIT Di*mit", v. t. Etym: [L. dimittere to send away, ledi- = dis- + mittere to send. See Dismiss.] Defn: To dismiss, let go, or release. [Obs.] DIMITY Dim"i*ty, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. Gr. diemet, of F. dimite, démitte. Cf. Samite.] Defn: A cotton fabric employed for hangings and furniture coverings, and formerly used for women's under-garments. It is of many patterns, both plain and twilled, and occasionally is printed in colors. DIMLY Dim"ly, adv. Defn: In a dim or obscure manner; not brightly or clearly; with imperfect sight. DIMMISH; DIMMY Dim"mish, Dim"my, a. Defn: Somewhat dim; as, dimmish eyes. "Dimmy clouds." Sir P. Sidney. DIMNESS Dim"ness, n. Etym: [AS. dimness.] 1. The state or quality 2. Dullness, or want of clearness, of vision or of intellectual perception. Dr. H. More. Syn. -- Darkness; obscurity; gloom. See Darkness. DIMORPH Di"morph`, n. Etym: [Gr. Di-) + (Crystallog.) Defn: Either one of the two forms of a dimorphous substance; as, calcite and aragonite are dimorphs. DIMORPHIC Di*mor"phic, a. Defn: Having the property of dimorphism; dimorphous. DIMORPHISM Di*mor"phism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dimorphisme.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Difference of form between members of the same species, as when a plant has two kinds of flowers, both hermaphrodite (as in the partridge berry), or when there are two forms of one or both sexes of the same species of butterfly. Dimorphism is the condition of the appearance of the same species under two dissimilar forms. Darwin. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: Crystallization in two independent forms of the same chemical compound, as of calcium carbonate as calcite and aragonite. DIMORPHOUS Di*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dimorphe.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Characterized by dimorphism; occurring under two distinct forms, not dependent on sex; dimorphic. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: Crystallizing under two forms fundamentally different, while having the same chemical composition. DIMPLE Dim"ple, n. Etym: [Prob. a nasalized dim. of dip. See Dip, and cf. Dimble.] 1. A slight natural depression or indentation on the surface of some part of the body, esp. on the cheek or chin. Milton. The dimple of her chin. Prior. 2. A slight indentation on any surface. The garden pool's dark surface . . . Breaks into dimples small and bright. Wordsworth. DIMPLE Dim"ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dimpled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dimpling.] Defn: To form dimples; to sink into depressions or little inequalities. And smiling eddies dimpled on the main. Dryden. DIMPLE Dim"ple, v. t. Defn: To mark with dimples or dimplelike depressions. Shak. DIMPLEMENT Dim"ple*ment, n. Defn: The state of being dimpled, or marked with gentle depressions. [R.] The ground's most gentle dimplement. Mrs. Browning. DIMPLY Dim"ply, a. Defn: Full of dimples, or small depressions; dimpled; as, the dimply pool. Thomson. DIM-SIGHTED Dim"-sight`ed, a. Defn: Having dim sight; lacking perception. -- Dim"-sight`ed*ness, n. DIMYA; DIMYARIA Dim"y*a, Dim`y*a"ri*a (, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of lamellibranchiate mollusks having an anterior and posterior adductor muscle, as the common clam. See Bivalve. DIMYARIAN Dim`y*a"ri*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the Dimya. -- n. Defn: One of the Dimya. DIMYARY Dim"y*a*ry, a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Dimyarian. DIN Din, n. Etym: [AS. dyne, dyn; akin to Icel. dynr, and to AS. dynian to resound, Icel. dynja to pour down like hail or rain; cf. Skr. dhuni roaring, a torrent, dhvan to sound. Cf. Dun to ask payment.] Defn: Loud, confused, harsh noise; a loud, continuous, rattling or clanging sound; clamor; roar. Think you a little din can daunt mine ears Shak. He knew the battle's din afar. Sir W. Scott. The dust and din and steam of town. Tennyson. DIN Din, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dinned; p. pr. & vb. n. Dinning.] Etym: [AS. dynian. See Din, n.] 1. To strike with confused or clanging sound; to stun with loud and continued noise; to harass with clamor; as, to din the ears with cries. 2. To utter with a din; to repeat noisily; to ding. This hath been often dinned in my ears. Swift. To din into, to fix in the mind of another by frequent and noisy repetitions. Sir W. Scott. DIN Din, v. i. Defn: To sound with a din; a ding. The gay viol dinning in the dale. A. Seward. DINAPHTHYL Di*naph"thyl, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + naphthylene.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, crystalline hydrocarbon, C20H14, obtained from naphthylene, and consisting of a doubled naphthylene radical. DINAR Di"nar, n. Etym: [Ar. d, from Gr. denarius. See Denier.] 1. A petty money of accounts of Persia. 2. An ancient gold coin of the East. DINARCHY Di"nar*chy, n. Defn: See Diarchy. DINE Dine, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dined; p. pr. & vb. n. Dining.] Etym: [F. dîner, OF. disner, LL. disnare, contr. fr. an assumed disjunare; dis- + an assumed junare (OF. juner) to fast, for L. jejunare, fr. jejunus fasting. See Jejune, and cf. Dinner, D.] Defn: To eat the principal regular meal of the day; to take dinner. Now can I break my fast, dine, sup, and sleep. Shak. To dine with Duke Humphrey, to go without dinner; -- a phrase common in Elizabethan literature, said to be from the practice of the poor gentry, who beguiled the dinner hour by a promenade near the tomb of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, in Old Saint Paul's. DINE Dine, v. t. 1. To give a dinner to; to furnish with the chief meal; to feed; as, to dine a hundred men. A table massive enough to have dined Johnnie Armstrong and his merry men. Sir W. Scott. 2. To dine upon; to have to eat. [Obs.] "What will ye dine." Chaucer. DINER Din"er, n. Defn: One who dines. DINER-OUT Din"er-out`, n. Defn: One who often takes his dinner away from home, or in company. A brilliant diner-out, though but a curate. Byron. DINETICAL Di*net"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Revolving on an axis. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DING Ding, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dinged, Dang (Obs.), or Dung (Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Dinging.] Etym: [OE. dingen, dengen; akin to AS. dencgan to knock, Icel. dengja to beat, hammer, Sw. dänga, G. dengeln.] 1. To dash; to throw violently. [Obs.] To ding the book a coit's distance from him. Milton. 2. To cause to sound or ring. To ding (anything) in one's ears, to impress one by noisy repetition, as if by hammering. DING Ding, v. i. 1. To strike; to thump; to pound. [Obs.] Diken, or delven, or dingen upon sheaves. Piers Plowman. 2. To sound, as a bell; to ring; to clang. The fretful tinkling of the convent bell evermore dinging among the mountain echoes. W. Irving. 3. To talk with vehemence, importunity, or reiteration; to bluster. [Low] DING Ding, n. Defn: A thump or stroke, especially of a bell. DINGDONG Ding"dong`, n. Etym: [See Ding.] 1. The sound of, or as of, repeated strokes on a metallic body, as a bell; a repeated and monotonous sound. 2. (Horol.) Defn: An attachment to a clock by which the quarter hours are struck upon bells of different tones. DINGDONG THEORY Ding"dong` the"o*ry. (Philol.) Defn: The theory which maintains that the primitive elements of language are reflex expressions induced by sensory impressions; that is, as stated by Max Müller, the creative faculty gave to each general conception as it thrilled for the first time through the brain a phonetic expression; -- jocosely so called from the analogy of the sound of a bell induced by the stroke of the clapper. DINGEY; DINGY; DINGHY Din"gey, Din"gy, Din"ghy, n. Etym: [Bengalee dingi.] 1. A kind of boat used in the East Indies. [Written also dinghey.] Malcom. 2. A ship's smallest boat. DINGILY Din"gi*ly, adv. Defn: In a dingy manner. DINGINESS Din"gi*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being dingy; a dusky hue. DINGLE Din"gle, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin: cf. AS. ding prison; or perh. akin to dimble.] Defn: A narrow dale; a small dell; a small, secluded, and embowered valley. DINGLE-DANGLE Din"gle-dan`gle, adv. Defn: In a dangling manner. DINGO Din"go, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A wild dog found in Australia, but supposed to have introduced at a very early period. It has a wolflike face, bushy tail, and a reddish brown color. DINGTHRIFT Ding"thrift`, n. Defn: A spendthrift. [Obs.] Wilt thou, therefore, a drunkard be, A dingthrift and a knave Drant. DINGY Din"gy, a. [Compar. Dingier; superl. Dingiest.] Etym: [Prob. fr. dung. Cf. Dungy.] Defn: Soiled; sullied; of a dark or dusky color; dark brown; dirty. "Scraps of dingy paper." Macaulay. DINICHTHYS Di*nich"thys, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of large extinct Devonian ganoid fishes. In some parts of Ohio remains of the Dinichthys are abundant, indicating animals twenty feet in length. DINING Din"ing, n. & a. Defn: from Dine, a. Note: Used either adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as, dining hall or dining-hall, dining room, dining table, etc. DINK Dink, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Trim; neat. [Scot.] Burns. -- Dink"ly, adv. DINK Dink, v. t. Defn: To deck; -- often with out or up. [Scot.] DINMONT Din"mont, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A wether sheep between one and two years old. [Scot.] DINNER Din"ner, n. Etym: [F. dîner, fr. dîner to dine. See Dine.] 1. The principal meal of the day, eaten by most people about midday, but by many (especially in cities) at a later hour. 2. An entertainment; a feast. A grand political dinner. Tennyson. Note: Dinner is much used, in an obvious sense, either adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as, dinner time, or dinner-time, dinner bell, dinner hour, etc. DINNERLESS Din"ner*less, a. Defn: Having no dinner. Fuller. DINNERLY Din"ner*ly, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to dinner. [R.] The dinnerly officer. Copley. DINOCERAS Di*noc"e*ras, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of large extinct Eocene mammals from Wyoming; -- called also Uintatherium. See Illustration in Appendix. Note: They were herbivorous, and remarkable for three pairs of hornlike protuberances on the skull. The males were armed with a pair of powerful canine tusks. DINORNIS Di*nor"nis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of extinct, ostrichlike birds of gigantic size, which formerly inhabited New Zealand. See Moa. [Written also Deinornis.] DINOSAUR; DINOSAURIAN Di"no*saur, Di`no*sau"ri*an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: One of the Dinosauria. [Written also deinosaur, and deinosaurian.] DINOSAURIA Di`no*sau"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An order of extinct mesozoic reptiles, mostly of large size (whence the name). Notwithstanding their size, they present birdlike characters in the skeleton, esp. in the pelvis and hind limbs. Some walked on their three-toed hind feet, thus producing the large "bird tracks," so-called, of mesozoic sandstones; others were five-toed and quadrupedal. See Illust. of Compsognathus, also Illustration of Dinosaur in Appendix. DINOTHERE; DINOTHERIUM Di"no*there, Di`no*the"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL. dinotherium, fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A large extinct proboscidean mammal from the miocene beds of Europe and Asia. It is remarkable fora pair of tusks directed downward from the decurved apex of the lower jaw. DINOXIDE Din*ox"ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Dioxide. DINSOME Din"some, a. Defn: Full of din. [Scot.] Burns. DINT Dint, n. Etym: [OE. dint, dent, dunt, a blow, AS. dynt; akin to Icel. dyntr a dint, dynta to dint, and perh. to L. fendere (in composition). Cf. 1st Dent, Defend.] 1. A blow; a stroke. [Obs.] "Mortal dint." Milton. "Like thunder's dint." Fairfax. 2. The mark left by a blow; an indentation or impression made by violence; a dent. Dryden. Every dint a sword had beaten in it [the shield]. Tennyson. 3. Force; power; -- esp. in the phrase by dint of. Now you weep; and, I perceive, you feel The dint of pity. Shak. It was by dint of passing strength That he moved the massy stone at length. Sir W. Scott. DINT Dint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dinting.] Defn: To make a mark or cavity on or in, by a blow or by pressure; to dent. Donne. Tennyson. DINUMERATION Di*nu`mer*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. dinumeratio; di- = dis- + numerare to count, fr. numerus number.] Defn: Enumeration. [Obs.] Bullokar. DIOCESAN Di*oc"e*san, a. Etym: [LL. dioecesanus: cf. F. diocésain.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a diocese; as, diocesan missions. DIOCESAN Di*oc"e*san, n. 1. A bishop, viewed in relation to his diocese; as, the diocesan of New York. 2. pl. Defn: The clergy or the people of a diocese. Strype. DIOCESE Di"o*cese, n.; pl. Dioceses. Etym: [OE. diocise, OF. diocise, F. diocése, L. dioecesis, fr. Gr. Economy.] (Eccl.) Defn: The circuit or extent of a bishop's jurisdiction; the district in which a bishop exercises his ecclesiastical authority. [Frequently, but improperly, spelt diocess.] DIOCESENER Di`o*ce"se*ner, n. Defn: One who belongs to a diocese. [Obs.] Bacon. DIODON Di"o*don, n. Etym: [Gr. diodon.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of spinose, plectognath fishes, having the teeth of each jaw united into a single beaklike plate. They are able to inflate the body by taking in air or water, and, hence, are called globefishes, swellfishes, etc. fishes, and sea hedgehogs. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of whales. DIODONT Di"o*dont, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the genus Diodon. -- n. Defn: A fish of the genus Diodon, or an allied genus. DIOECIA Di*oe"ci*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants having the stamens and pistils on different plants. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A subclass of gastropod mollusks in which the sexes are separate. It includes most of the large marine species, like the conchs, cones, and cowries. DIOECIAN; DIOECIOUS Di*oe"cian, Di*oe"cious, a. (Biol.) Defn: Having the sexes in applied to plants in which the female flowers occur on one individual and the male flowers on another of the same species, and to animals in which the ovum is produced by one individual and the sperm cell by another; -- opposed to monoecious. DIOECIOUSLY Di*oe"cious*ly, adv. (Biol.) Defn: In a dioecious manner. Dioeciously hermaphrodite (Bot.), having flowers structurally perfect, but practically dioecious, -- those on one plant producing no pollen, and those on another no ovules. DIOECIOUSNESS Di*oe"cious*ness, n. (Biol.) Defn: The state or quality of being dioecious. DIOECISM Di*oe"cism, n. (Biol.) Defn: The condition of being dioecious. DIOGENES Di*og"e*nes, n. Defn: A Greek Cynic philosopher (412-323 B. C.) who lived much in Athens and was distinguished for contempt of the common aims and conditions of life, and for sharp, caustic sayings. Diogenes' crab (Zoöl.), a species of terrestrial hermit crabs (Cenobita Diogenes), abundant in the West Indies and often destructive to crops. -- Diogenes' tub, the tub which the philosopher Diogenes is said to have carried about with him as his house, in which he lived. DIOICOUS Di*oi"cous, a. Defn: See Dioecious. DIOMEDEA Di*om`e*de"a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large sea birds, including the albatross. See Albatross. DIONAEA Di`o*næ"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: An insectivorous plant. See Venus's flytrap. DIONYSIA Di`o*ny"si*a, n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. .] (Class. Antiq.) Defn: Any of the festivals held in honor of the Olympian god Dionysus. They correspond to the Roman Bacchanalia; the greater Dionysia were held at Athens in March or April, and were celebrated with elaborate performances of both tragedies and comedies. DIONYSIAC Di`o*ny"si*ac, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Dionysus or to the Dionysia; Bacchic; as, a Dionysiac festival; the Dionysiac theater at Athens. DIONYSIAN Di`o*ny"sian, a. Defn: Relating to Dionysius, a monk of the 6th century; as, the Dionysian, or Christian, era. Dionysian period, a period of 532 years, depending on the cycle of the sun, or 28 years, and the cycle of the moon, or 19 years; -- sometimes called the Greek paschal cycle, or Victorian period. DIOPHANTINE Di`o*phan"tine, a. Defn: Originated or taught by Diophantus, the Greek writer on algebra. Diophantine analysis (Alg.), that branch of indeterminate analysis which has for its object the discovery of rational values that satisfy given equations containing squares or cubes; as, for example, to find values of x and y which make x2 + y2 an exact square. DIOPSIDE Di*op"side, n. Etym: [Gr. diopside.] (Min.) Defn: A crystallized variety of pyroxene, of a clear, grayish green color; mussite. DIOPTASE Di*op"tase, n. Etym: [Gr. dioptase.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous silicate of copper, occurring in emerald-green crystals. DIOPTER; DIOPTRA Di*op"ter, Di*op"tra, n. Etym: [L. dioptra, fr. Gr. Dioptric.] Defn: An optical instrument, invented by Hipparchus, for taking altitudes, leveling, etc. DIOPTRE Di*op"tre, n. Etym: [F. See 2d Dioptric.] (Optics) Defn: A unit employed by oculists in numbering glasses according to the metric system; a refractive power equal to that of a glass whose principal focal distance is one meter. DIOPTRIC Di*op"tric, a. (Optics) Defn: Of or pertaining to the dioptre, or to the metric system of numbering glasses. -- n. Defn: A dioptre. See Dioptre. DIOPTRIC; DIOPTRICAL Di*op"tric, Di*op"tric*al, a. Etym: [Gr. dioptrique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to dioptrics; assisting vision by means of the refraction of light; refractive; as, the dioptric system; a dioptric glass or telescope. "Dioptrical principles." Nichol. Dioptric curve (Geom.), a Cartesian oval. See under Cartesian. DIOPTRICS Di*op"trics, n. Etym: [Gr. dioptrique.] (Optics) Defn: The science of the refraction of light; that part of geometrical optics which treats of the laws of the refraction of light in passing from one medium into another, or through different mediums, as air, water, or glass, and esp. through different lenses; -- distinguished from catoptrics, which refers to reflected light. DIOPTRY Di*op"try, n. (Optics) Defn: A dioptre. DIORAMA Di`o*ra"ma, n. Etym: [Gr. diorama. Cf. Panorama.] 1. A mode of scenic representation, invented by Daguerre and Bouton, in which a painting is seen from a distance through a large opening. By a combination of transparent and opaque painting, and of transmitted and reflected light, and by contrivances such as screens and shutters, much diversity of scenic effect is produced. 2. A building used for such an exhibition. DIORAMIC Di`o*ram"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to a diorama. DIORISM Di"o*rism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Definition; logical direction. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. DIORISTIC Di`o*ris"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Distinguishing; distinctive; defining. [R.] -- Di`o*ris"tic*al*ly, adv. [R.] Dr. H. More. DIORITE Di"o*rite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. diorite. See Diorism.] (Min.) Defn: An igneous, crystalline in structure, consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar and hornblende. It includes part of what was called greenstone. DIORITIC Di`o*rit"ic, a. Defn: Containing diorite. DIORTHOTIC Di`or*thot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Relating to the correcting or straightening out of something; corrective. DIOSCOREA Di`os*co"re*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named after Dioscorides the Greek physician.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants. See Yam. DIOTA Di*o"ta, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A vase or drinking cup having two handles or ears. DIOXIDE Di*ox"ide (; 104), n. Etym: [Pref. di- + oxide.] (Chem.) (a) An oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in each molecule; binoxide. (b) An oxide containing but one atom or equivalent of oxygen to two of a metal; a suboxide. [Obs.] Carbon dioxide. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic. DIOXINDOL Di`ox*in"dol, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + oxygen + indol.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance obtained by the reduction of isatin. It is a member of the indol series; -- hence its name. DIP Dip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dipped or Dipt (p. pr. & vb. n. Dipping.] Etym: [OE. dippen, duppen, AS. dyppan; akin to Dan. dyppe, Sw. doppa, and to AS. d to baptize, OS. d, D. doopen, G. taufen, Sw. döpa, Goth. daupjan, Lith. dubus deep, hollow, OSlav. dupl hollow, and to E. dive. Cf. Deep, Dive.] 1. To plunge or immerse; especially, to put for a moment into a liquid; to insert into a fluid and withdraw again. The priest shall dip his finger in the blood. Lev. iv. 6. [Wat'ry fowl] now dip their pinions in the briny deep. Pope. While the prime swallow dips his wing. Tennyson. 2. To immerse for baptism; to baptize by immersion. Book of Common Prayer. Fuller. 3. To wet, as if by immersing; to moisten. [Poetic] A cold shuddering dew Dips me all o'er. Milton. 4. To plunge or engage thoroughly in any affair. He was . . . dipt in the rebellion of the Commons. Dryden. 5. To take out, by dipping a dipper, ladle, or other receptacle, into a fluid and removing a part; -- often with out; as, to dip water from a boiler; to dip out water. 6. To engage as a pledge; to mortgage. [Obs.] Live on the use and never dip thy lands. Dryden. Dipped candle, a candle made by repeatedly dipping a wick in melted tallow. -- To dip snuff, to take snuff by rubbing it on the gums and teeth. [Southern U. S.] -- To dip the colors (Naut.), to lower the colors and return them to place; -- a form of naval salute. DIP Dip, v. i. 1. To immerse one's self; to become plunged in a liquid; to sink. The sun's rim dips; the stars rush out. Coleridge. 2. To perform the action of plunging some receptacle, as a dipper, ladle. etc.; into a liquid or a soft substance and removing a part. Whoever dips too deep will find death in the pot. L'Estrange. 3. To pierce; to penetrate; -- followed by in or into. When I dipt into the future. Tennyson. 4. To enter slightly or cursorily; to engage one's self desultorily or by the way; to partake limitedly; -- followed by in or into. "Dipped into a multitude of books." Macaulay. 5. To incline downward from the plane of the horizon; as, strata of rock dip. 6. To dip snuff. [Southern U.S.] DIP Dip, n. 1. The action of dipping or plunging for a moment into a liquid. "The dip of oars in unison." Glover. 2. Inclination downward; direction below a horizontal line; slope; pitch. 3. A liquid, as a sauce or gravy, served at table with a ladle or spoon. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. 4. A dipped candle. [Colloq.] Marryat. Dip of the horizon (Astron.), the angular depression of the seen or visible horizon below the true or natural horizon; the angle at the eye of an observer between a horizontal line and a tangent drawn from the eye to the surface of the ocean. -- Dip of the needle, or Magnetic dip, the angle formed, in a vertical plane, by a freely suspended magnetic needle, or the line of magnetic force, with a horizontal line; -- called also inclination. -- Dip of a stratum (Geol.), its greatest angle of inclination to the horizon, or that of a line perpendicular to its direction or strike; -- called also the pitch. DIPASCHAL Di*pas"chal, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + paschal.] Defn: Including two passovers. Carpenter. DIPCHICK Dip"chick`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Dabchick. DIPETALOUS Di*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + petalous.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two petals; two-petaled. DIPHENYL Di*phe"nyl, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + phenyl.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance, C6H5.C6H5, obtained by leading benzene through a heated iron tube. It consists of two benzene or phenyl radicals united. DIPHTHERIA Diph*the"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. membrane): cf. depsere to knead.] (Med.) Defn: A very dangerous contagious disease in which the air passages, and especially the throat, become coated with a false membrane, produced by the solidification of an inflammatory exudation. Cf. Group. DIPHTHERIAL; DIPHTHERIC Diph*the"ri*al, Diph*ther"ic, a. Defn: Relating to diphtheria; diphtheritic. DIPHTHERITIC Diph`the*rit"ic, a. (Med.) 1. Pertaining to, or connected with, diphtheria. 2. Having characteristics resembling those of diphtheria; as, diphtheritic inflammation of the bladder. DIPHTHONG Diph"thong (; 115, 277), n. Etym: [L. diphthongus, Gr. diphthongue.] (Orthoëpy) (a) A coalition or union of two vowel sounds pronounced in one syllable; as, ou in out, oi in noise; -- called a proper diphthong. (b) A vowel digraph; a union of two vowels in the same syllable, only one of them being sounded; as, ai in rain, eo in people; -- called an improper diphthong. DIPHTHONG Diph"thong, v. t. Defn: To form or pronounce as a diphthong; diphthongize. [R.] DIPHTHONGAL Diph*thon"gal, a. Defn: Relating or belonging to a diphthong; having the nature of a diphthong. -- Diph*thon"gal*ly, adv. DIPHTHONGALIZE Diph*thon"gal*ize, v. t. Defn: To make into a diphthong; to pronounce as a diphthong. DIPHTHONGATION Diph`thon*ga"tion, n. Defn: See Diphthongization. DIPHTHONGIC Diph*thong"ic, a. Defn: Of the nature of diphthong; diphthongal. H. Sweet. DIPHTHONGIZATION Diph`thong*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of changing into a diphthong. H. Sweet. DIPHTHONGIZE Diph"thong*ize, v. t. & i. Defn: To change into a diphthong, as by affixing another vowel to a simple vowel. "The diphthongized long vowels." H. Sweet. DIPHYCERCAL Diph`y*cer"cal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the tail fin divided into two equal parts by the notochord, or end of the vertebral column; protocercal. See Protocercal. DIPHYGENIC Diph`y*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. -genic.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having two modes of embryonic development. DIPHYLLOUS Diph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. diphylle.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two leaves, as a calyx, etc. DIPHYODONT Diph"y*o*dont, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having two successive sets of teeth (deciduous and permanent), one succeeding the other; as, a diphyodont mammal; diphyodont dentition; -- opposed to monophyodont. -- n. Defn: An animal having two successive sets of teeth. DIPHYOZOOID Diph`y*o*zo"oid, n. Etym: [Gr. zooid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the free-swimming sexual zooids of Siphonophora. DIPLANAR Di*pla"nar, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + plane.] (Math.) Defn: Of or pertaining to two planes. DIPLEIDOSCOPE Di*plei"do*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Astron.) Defn: An instrument for determining the time of apparent noon. It consists of two mirrors and a plane glass disposed in the form of a prism, so that, by the reflections of the sun's rays from their surfaces, two images are presented to the eye, moving in opposite directions, and coinciding at the instant the sun's center is on the meridian. DIPLEX Di"plex, a. [Pref. di- + -plex, as in duplex.] (Teleg.) Defn: Pertaining to the sending of two messages in the same direction at the same time. Diplex and contraplex are the two varieties of duplex. DIPLOBLASTIC Dip`lo*blas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. -blast + -ic.] (Biol.) Defn: Characterizing the ovum when it has two primary germinal layers. DIPLOCARDIAC Dip`lo*car"di*ac, a. Etym: [Gr. cardiac.] (Anat.) Defn: Having the heart completely divided or double, one side systemic, the other pulmonary. DIPLOCOCCUS Dip`lo*coc"cus, n.; pl. Diplococci. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A form of micrococcus in which cocci are united in a binary manner. See Micrococcus. DIPLOE Dip"lo*ë, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The soft, spongy, or cancellated substance between the plates of the skull. DIPLOETIC Dip`lo*et"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Diploic. DIPLOGENIC Dip`lo*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Partaking of the nature of two bodies; producing two substances. Wright. DIPLOGRAPH Dip"lo*graph, n. [Gr. double + -graph.] Defn: An instrument used for double writing, as one for producing embossed writing for the blind and ordinary writing at the same time. -- Dip`lo*graph"ic*al (#), a. -- Dip*log"ra*phy (#), n. DIPLOIC Di*plo"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the diploë. DIPLOID Dip"loid, n. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A solid bounded by twenty-four similar quadrilateral faces. It is a hemihedral form of the hexoctahedron. DIPLOMA Di*plo"ma, n.; pl. Diplomas. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Double.] Defn: A letter or writing, usually under seal, conferring some privilege, honor, or power; a document bearing record of a degree conferred by a literary society or educational institution. DIPLOMACY Di*plo"ma*cy, n. Etym: [F. diplomatie. This word, like supremacy, retains the accent of its original. See Diploma.] 1. The art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations (particularly in securing treaties), including the methods and forms usually employed. 2. Dexterity or skill in securing advantages; tact. 3. The body of ministers or envoys resident at a court; the diplomatic body. [R.] Burke. DIPLOMAT; DIPLOMATE Dip"lo*mat, Dip"lo*mate, n. Etym: [F. diplomate.] Defn: A diplomatist. DIPLOMATE Dip"lo*mate, v. t. Defn: To invest with a title o [R.] Wood. DIPLOMATIAL Dip`lo*ma"tial, a. Defn: Diplomatic. [R.] DIPLOMATIC; DIPLOMATICAL Dip`lo*mat"ic, Dip`lo*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. diplomatique.] 1. Pertaining to diplomacy; relating to the foreign ministers at a court, who are called the diplomatic body. 2. Characterized by tact and shrewdness; dexterous; artful; as, diplomatic management. 3. Pertaining to diplomatics; paleographic. Astle. DIPLOMATIC Dip`lo*mat"ic, n. Defn: A minister, official agent, or envoy to a foreign court; a diplomatist. DIPLOMATICALLY Dip`lo*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: According to the rules of diplomacy; in the manner of a diplomatist; artfully. DIPLOMATICS Dip`lo*mat"ics, n. Defn: The science of diplomas, or the art of deciphering ancient writings, and determining their age, authenticity, etc.; paleography. DIPLOMATISM Di*plo"ma*tism, n. Defn: Diplomacy. [R.] DIPLOMATIST Di*plo"ma*tist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. diplomatiste a student of diplomatics.] Defn: A person employed in, or skilled in, diplomacy; a diplomat. In ability, Avaux had no superior among the numerous able diplomatics whom his country then possessed. Macaulay. DIPLOPIA; DIPLOPY Di*plo"pi*a, Dip"lo*py, n. Etym: [NL. diplopia, from Gr. diplopie.] (Med.) Defn: The act or state of seeing double. Note: In crossed or heteronymous diplopia the image seen by the right eye is upon the left hand, and that seen by the left eye is upon the right hand. In homonymous diplopia the image seen by the right eye is on the right side, that by the left eye on the left side. In vertical diplopia one image stands above the other. DIPLOPOD Dip"lo*pod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Diplopoda. DIPLOPODA Di*plop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of myriapods having two pairs of legs on each segment; the Chilognatha. DIPLOSTEMONOUS Dip`lo*stem"o*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having twice as many stamens as petals, as the geranium. R. Brown. DIPLOSTEMONY Dip`lo*stem"o*ny, n. (Bot.) Defn: The condition of being diplostemonous. DIPNEUMONA Dip*neu"mo*na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of spiders having only two lunglike organs. [Written also Dipneumones.] DIPNOI Dip"no*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of ganoid fishes, including the living genera Ceratodus and Lepidosiren, which present the closest approximation to the Amphibia. The air bladder acts as a lung, and the nostrils open inside the mouth. See Ceratodus, and Illustration in Appendix. DIPODY Dip"o*dy, n.; pl. Dipodies. Etym: [Gr. (Pros.) Defn: Two metrical feet taken together, or included in one measure. Hadley. Trochaic, iambic, and anapestic verses . . . are measured by dipodies. W. W. Goodwin. DIPOLAR Di*po"lar, a. Etym: [Pre. di- + polar. Cf. Bipolar.] Defn: Having two poles, as a magnetic bar. DIPPEL'S OIL Dip"pel's oil`. (Chem.) Etym: [From the name of the inventor.] Defn: See Bone oil, under Bone. DIPPER Dip"per, n. 1. One who, or that which, dips; especially, a vessel used to dip water or other liquid; a ladle. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A small grebe; the dabchick. (b) The buffel duck. (c) The water ouzel (Cinolus aquaticus) of Europe. (d) The American dipper or ouzel (Cinclus Mexicanus). The Dipper (Astron.), the seven principal stars in the constellation of the Great Bear; popularly so called from their arrangement in the form of a dipper; -- called also Charles's Wain. See Ursa Major, under Ursa. DIPPING Dip"ping, n. 1. The act or process of immersing. 2. The act of inclining downward. 3. The act of lifting or moving a liquid with a dipper, ladle, or the like. 4. The process of cleaning or brightening sheet metal or metalware, esp. brass, by dipping it in acids, etc. 5. The practice of taking snuff by rubbing the teeth or gums with a stick or brush dipped in snuff. [U.S.] Dipping needle, a magnetic needle suspended at its center of gravity, and moving freely in a vertical plane, so as to indicate on a graduated circle the magnetic dip or inclination. DIPRISMATIC Di`pris*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Prefix di- + prismatic.] Defn: Doubly prismatic. DIPROPARGYL Di`pro*par"gyl, n. Etym: [Prefix di- + propargyl.] (Chem.) Defn: A pungent, mobile, volatile liquid, C6H6, produced artificially from certain allyl derivatives. Though isomeric with benzine, it is very different in its chemical relations. Called also dipropinyl. DIPROPYL Di*pro"pyl, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + propyl.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the hexane paraffins, found in petroleum, consisting of two propyl radicals. See Hexane. DIPROTODON Di*pro"to*don, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct Quaternary marsupial from Australia, about as large as the hippopotamus; -- so named because of its two large front teeth. See Illustration in Appendix. DIPSAS Dip"sas, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. A serpent whose bite was fabled to produce intense thirst. Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of harmless colubrine snakes. DIPSETIC Dip*set"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Tending to produce thirst. Wright. DIPSEY; DIPSIE; DIPSY Dip"sey, Dip"sie, Dip"sy, a. Defn: Deep-sea; as, a dipsey line; a dipsy lead. [Sailor's Cant] DIPSEY; DIPSIE; DIPSY Dip"sey, Dip"sie, Dip"sy, n. 1. A sinker attached to a fishing line; also, a line having several branches, each with such a sinker, used in deep-sea fishing. [Local, U. S.] 2. (Naut.) A deep-sea lead. [Rare] DIPSOMANIA Dip`so*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A morbid an uncontrollable craving (often periodic) for drink, esp. for alcoholic liquors; also improperly used to denote acute and chronic alcoholism. DIPSOMANIAC Dip`so*ma"ni*ac, n. Defn: One who has an irrepressible desire for alcoholic drinks. DIPSOMANIACAL Dip`so*ma*ni"a*cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to dipsomania. DIPSOSIS Dip*so"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Excessive thirst produced by disease. DIPTERA Dip"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. diptère.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive order of insects having only two functional wings and two balancers, as the house fly, mosquito, etc. They have a suctorial proboscis, often including two pairs of sharp organs (mandibles and maxillæ) with which they pierce the skin of animals. They undergo a complete metamorphosis, their larvæ (called maggots) being usually without feet. DIPTERAL Dip"ter*al, a. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having two wings only; belonging to the order Diptera. 2. (Anc. Arch.) Defn: Having a double row of columns on each on the flanks, as well as in front and rear; -- said of a temple. DIPTERAN Dip"ter*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect of the order Diptera. DIPTEROCARPUS Dip`te*ro*car"pus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees found in the East Indies, some species of which produce a fragrant resin, other species wood oil. The fruit has two long wings. DIPTEROUS Dip"ter*ous, a. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having two wings, as certain insects; belonging to the order Diptera. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having two wings; two-winged. DIPTERYGIAN Dip`ter*yg"i*an, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having two dorsal fins; -- said of certain fishes. DIPTOTE Dip"tote, n. Etym: [Gr. diptote.] (Gram.) Defn: A noun which has only two cases. Andrews. DIPTYCH Dip"tych, n. Etym: [L. diptycha, pl., fr. Gr. 1. Anything consisting of two leaves. Especially: (a) (Roman Antiq.) A writing tablet consisting of two leaves of rigid material connected by hinges and shutting together so as to protect the writing within. (b) A picture or series of pictures painted on two tablets connected by hinges. See Triptych. 2. A double catalogue, containing in one part the names of living, and in the other of deceased, ecclesiastics and benefactors of the church; a catalogue of saints. DIPYRE Di*pyre", n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of the scapolite group; -- so called from the double effect of fire upon it, in fusing it, and rendering it phosphorescent. DIPYRENOUS Di`py*re"nous, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + pyrene.] (Bot.) Defn: Containing two stones or nutlets. DIPYRIDINE Di*pyr"i*dine (; 104), n. Etym: [Pref. di- + pyridine.] (Geom.) Defn: A polymeric form of pyridine, C10H10N2, obtained as a colorless oil by the action of sodium on pyridine. DIPYRIDYL Di*pyr"i*dyl, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + pyridine + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A crystalline nitrogenous base, C10H8N2, obtained by the reduction of pyridine. DIRADIATION Di*ra`di*a"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + radiation.] Defn: The emission and diffusion of rays of light. DIRE Dire, a. [Compar. Direr; superl. Direst.] Etym: [L. dirus; of uncertain origin.] 1. Ill-boding; portentous; as, dire omens. 2. Evil in great degree; dreadful; dismal; horrible; terrible; lamentable. Dire was the tossing, deep the groans. Milton. Gorgons and hydras and chimeras dire. Milton. DIRECT Di*rect", a. Etym: [L. directus, p. p. of dirigere to direct: cf. F. direct. See Dress, and cf. Dirge.] 1. Straight; not crooked, oblique, or circuitous; leading by the short or shortest way to a point or end; as, a direct line; direct means. What is direct to, what slides by, the question. Locke. 2. Straightforward; not of crooked ways, or swerving from truth and openness; sincere; outspoken. Be even and direct with me. Shak. 3. Immediate; express; plain; unambiguous. He howhere, that I know, says it in direct words. Locke. A direct and avowed interference with elections. Hallam. 4. In the line of descent; not collateral; as, a descendant in the direct line. 5. (Astron.) Defn: In the direction of the general planetary motion, or from west to east; in the order of the signs; not retrograde; -- said of the motion of a celestial body. Direct action. (Mach.) See Direct-acting. -- Direct discourse (Gram.), the language of any one quoted without change in its form; as, he said "I can not come;" -- correlative to indirect discourse, in which there is change of form; as, he said that he could not come. They are often called respectively by their Latin names, oratio directa, and oratio obliqua. -- Direct evidence (Law), evidence which is positive or not inferential; -- opposed to circumstantial, or indirect, evidence. -- This distinction, however, is merely formal, since there is no direct evidence that is not circumstantial, or dependent on circumstances for its credibility. Wharton. -- Direct examination (Law), the first examination of a witness in the orderly course, upon the merits. Abbott. -- Direct fire (Mil.), fire, the direction of which is perpendicular to the line of troops or to the parapet aimed at. -- Direct process (Metal.), one which yields metal in working condition by a single process from the ore. Knight. -- Direct tax, a tax assessed directly on lands, etc., and polls, distinguished from taxes on merchandise, or customs, and from excise. DIRECT Di*rect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Directed; p. pr. & vb. n. Directing.] 1. To arrange in a direct or straight line, as against a mark, or towards a goal; to point; to aim; as, to direct an arrow or a piece of ordnance. 2. To point out or show to (any one), as the direct or right course or way; to guide, as by pointing out the way; as, he directed me to the left-hand road. The Lord direct your into the love of God. 2 Thess. iii. 5. The next points to which I will direct your attention. Lubbock. 3. To determine the direction or course of; to cause to go on in a particular manner; to order in the way to a certain end; to regulate; to govern; as, to direct the affairs of a nation or the movements of an army. I will direct their work in truth. Is. lxi. 8. 4. To point out to with authority; to instruct as a superior; to order; as, he directed them to go. I 'll first direct my men what they shall do. Shak. 5. To put a direction or address upon; to mark with the name and residence of the person to whom anything is sent; to superscribe; as, to direct a letter. Syn. -- To guide; lead; conduct; dispose; manage; regulate; order; instruct; command. DIRECT Di*rect", v. i. Defn: To give direction; to point out a course; to act as guide. Wisdom is profitable to direct. Eccl. x. 10. DIRECT Di*rect", n. (Mus.) Defn: A character, thus [ Moore (Encyc. of Music). DIRECT-ACTING Di*rect"-act`ing, a. (Mach.) Defn: Acting directly, as one part upon another, without the intervention of other working parts. Direct-acting steam engine, one in which motion is transmitted to the crank without the intervention of a beam or lever; -- also called direct-action steam engine. -- Direct-acting steam pump, one in which the steam piston rod is directly connected with the pump rod; -- also called direct-action steam pump. DIRECT ACTION Direct action. (Trade unions) Defn: See Syndicalism, below. DIRECT-COUPLED Di*rect"-cou"pled, a. Defn: Coupled without intermediate connections, as an engine and a dynamo. Direct-coupled antenna (Wireless Teleg.), an antenna connected electrically with one point of a closed oscillation circuit in syntony with it and earthed. DIRECT CURRENT Direct current. (Elec.) (a) A current flowing in one direction only; -- distinguished from alternating current. When steady and not pulsating a direct current is often called a continuous current. (b) A direct induced current, or momentary current of the same direction as the inducing current, produced by stopping or removing the latter; also, a similar current produced by removal of a magnet. DIRECTER Di*rect"er, n. Defn: One who directs; a director. Directer plane (Geom.), the plane to which all right-lined elements in a warped surface are parallel. DIRECTION Di*rec"tion, n. Etym: [L. directio: cf. F. direction.] 1. The act of directing, of aiming, regulating, guiding, or ordering; guidance; management; superintendence; administration; as, the direction o. I do commit his youth To your direction. Shak. All nature is but art, unknown to thee;direction, which thou canst not see. Pope. 2. That which is imposed by directing; a guiding or authoritative instruction; prescription; order; command; as, he grave directions to the servants. The princes digged the well . . . by the direction of the law giver. Numb. xxi. 18. 3. The name and residence of a person to whom any thing is sent, written upon the thing sent; superscription; address; as, the direction of a letter. 4. The line or course upon which anything is moving or aimed to move, or in which anything is lying or pointing; aim; line or point of tendency; direct line or course; as, the ship sailed in a southeasterly direction. 5. The body of managers of a corporation or enterprise; board of directors. 6. (Gun.) Defn: The pointing of a piece with reference to an imaginary vertical axis; -- distinguished from elevation. The direction is given when the plane of sight passes through the object. Wilhelm. Syn. -- Administration; guidance; management; superintendence; oversight; government; order; command; guide; clew. Direction, Control, Command, Order. These words, as here compared, have reference to the exercise of power over the actions of others. Control is negative, denoting power to restrain; command is positive, implying a right to enforce obedience; directions are commands containing instructions how to act. Order conveys more prominently the idea of authority than the word direction. A shipmaster has the command of his vessel; he gives orders or directions to the seamen as to the mode of sailing it; and exercises a due control over the passengers. DIRECTIVE Di*rect"ive, a. Etym: [LL. directivus: cf. F. directif.] 1. Having power to direct; tending to direct, guide, or govern; showing the way. Hooker. The precepts directive of our practice in relation to God. Barrow. 2. Able to be directed; manageable. [Obs.] Swords and bows Directive by the limbs. Shak. DIRECTLY Di*rect"ly, adv. 1. In a direct manner; in a straight line or course. "To run directly on." Shak. Indirectly and directly too Thou hast contrived against the very life Of the defendant. Shak. 2. In a straightforward way; without anything intervening; not by secondary, but by direct, means. 3. Without circumlocution or ambiguity; absolutely; in express terms. No man hath hitherto been so impious as plainly and directly to condemn prayer. Hooker. 4. Exactly; just. Stand you directly in Antonius' way. Shak. 5. Straightforwardly; honestly. I have dealt most directly in thy affair. Shak. 6. Manifestly; openly. [Obs.] Desdemona is directly in love with him. Shak. 7. Straightway; next in order; without delay; immediately. "Will she go now to bed' Directly.'" Shak. 8. Immediately after; as soon as. Directly he stopped, the coffin was removed. Dickens. Note: This use of the word is common in England, especially in colloquial speech, but it can hardly be regarded as a well-sanctioned or desirable use. Directly proportional (Math.), proportional in the order of the terms; increasing or decreasing together, and with a constant ratio; -- opposed to inversely proportional. Syn. -- Immediately; forthwith; straightway; instantly; instantaneously; soon; promptly; openly; expressly. -- Directly, Immediately, Instantly, Instantaneously. Directly denotes, without any delay or diversion of attention; immediately implies, without any interposition of other occupation; instantly implies, without any intervention of time. Hence, "I will do it directly," means, "I will go straightway about it." "I will do it immediately," means, "I will do it as the very next thing." "I will do it instantly," allows not a particle of delay. Instantaneously, like instantly, marks an interval too small to be appreciable, but commonly relates to physical causes; as, the powder touched by fire instantaneously exploded. DIRECTNESS Di*rect"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being direct; straightness; straightforwardness; immediateness. DIRECT NOMINATION Direct nomination. (Political Science) Defn: The nomination or designation of candidates for public office by direct popular vote rather than through the action of a convention or body of elected nominating representatives or delegates. The term is applied both to the nomination of candidates without any nominating convention, and, loosely, to the nomination effected, as in the case of candidates for president or senator of the United States, by the election of nominating representatives pledged or instructed to vote for certain candidates dssignated by popular vote. DIRECTOIRE STYLE Di`rec`toire" style. (Dressmaking) Defn: A style of dress prevalent at the time of the French Directory, characterized by great extravagance of design and imitating the Greek and Roman costumes. DIRECTOR Di*rect"or, n. Etym: [Cf. F. directeur.] 1. One who, or that which, directs; one who regulates, guides, or orders; a manager or superintendent. In all affairs thou sole director. Swift. 2. One of a body of persons appointed to manage the affairs of a company or corporation; as, the directors of a bank, insurance company, or railroad company. What made directors cheat in South-Sea year Pope. 3. (Mech.) Defn: A part of a machine or instrument which directs its motion or action. 4. (Surg.) Defn: A slender grooved instrument upon which a knife is made to slide when it is wished to limit the extent of motion of the latter, or prevent its injuring the parts beneath. DIRECTORATE Di*rect"o*rate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. directorat.] Defn: The office of director; also, a body of directors taken jointly. DIRECTORIAL Di*rec*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. directorial.] 1. Having the quality of a director, or authoritative guide; directive. 2. Pertaining to: director or directory; specifically, relating to the Directory of France under the first republic. See Directory, 3. Whoever goes to the directorial presence under this passport. Burke. DIRECTORSHIP Di*rect"or*ship, n. Defn: The condition or office of a director; directorate. DIRECTORY Di*rect"o*ry, a. Etym: [L. directorius.] Defn: Containing directions; enjoining; instructing; directorial. DIRECTORY Di*rect"o*ry, n.; pl. Directories (. 1. A collection or body of directions, rules, or ordinances; esp., a book of directions for the conduct of worship; as, the Directory used by the nonconformists instead of the Prayer Book. 2. A book containing the names and residences of the inhabitants of any place, or of classes of them; an address book; as, a business directory. 3. Etym: [Cf. F. directoire.] Defn: A body of directors; board of management; especially, a committee which held executive power in France under the first republic. 4. Direction; guide. [R.] Whitlock. DIRECT PRIMARY Direct primary. (Political Science) Defn: A primary by which direct nominations of candidates for office are made. DIRECTRESS Di*rect"ress, n. Defn: A woman who directs. Bp. Hurd. DIRECTRIX Di*rect"rix, n.; pl. E. Directrixes (, L. Directrices (. 1. A directress. [R.] Jer. Taylor. 2. (Geom.) (a) A line along which a point in another line moves, or which in any way governs the motion of the point and determines the position of the curve generated by it; the line along which the generatrix moves in generating a surface. (b) A straight line so situated with respect to a conic section that the distance of any point of the curve from it has a constant ratio to the distance of the same point from the focus. DIREFUL Dire"ful, a. Etym: [Dire + -ful.] Defn: Dire; dreadful; terrible; calamitous; woeful; as, a direful fiend; a direful day. -- Dire"ful*ly, adv. -- Dire"ful*ness, n. DIRELY Dire"ly, adv. Defn: In a dire manner. Drayton. DIREMPT Di*rempt", a. Etym: [L. diremptus, p. p. of dirimere to take apart, separate; di- = dis- + emere to buy, orig., to take.] Defn: Divided; separated. [Obs.] Stow. DIREMPT Di*rempt", v. t. Defn: To separate by force; to tear apart. [Obs.] Holinshed. DIREMPTION Di*remp"tion, n. Etym: [L. diremptio.] Defn: A tearing apart; violent separation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DIRENESS Dire"ness, n. Etym: [Dire- + -ness.] Defn: Terribleness; horror; woefulness. Shak. DIREPTION Di*rep"tion, n. Etym: [L. direptio, fr. diripere to tear asunder, plunder; di- = dis- + rapere to seize and carry off.] Defn: The act of plundering, despoiling, or snatching away. [R.] Speed. DIREPTITIOUS Di*rep*ti"tious, a. Defn: Characterized by direption. [R.] Encyc. Dict. DIREPTITIOUSLY Di*rep*ti"tious*ly, adv. Defn: With plundering violence; by violent injustice. [R.] Strype. DIRGE Dirge, n. Etym: [Contraction of Lat. dirige, direct thou (imperative of dirigere), the first word of a funeral hymn (Lat. transl. of Psalm v. 8) beginning, "Dirige, Domine, in conspectu tuo vitam meam." See Direct, a., and cf. Dirige.] Defn: A piece of music of a mournful character, to accompany funeral rites; a funeral hymn. The raven croaked, and hollow shrieks of owls Sung dirges at her funeral. Ford. DIRGEFUL Dirge"ful, a. Defn: Funereal; moaning. Soothed sadly by the dirgeful wind. Coleridge. DIRIGE Dir"i*ge, n. Etym: [L. See Dirge.] Defn: A service for the dead, in the Roman Catholic Church, being the first antiphon of Matins for the dead, of which Dirige is the first word; a dirge. Evensongs and placebo and dirige. Wyclif. Resort, I pray you, unto my sepulture To sing my dirige with great devotion. Lamentation of Mary Magdalene. DIRIGENT Dir"i*gent, a. Etym: [L. dirigens, p. pr. of dirigere. See Direct, a.] Defn: Directing. Baxter. DIRIGENT Dir"i*gent, n. (Geom.) Defn: The line of motion along which a describent line or surface is carried in the genesis of any plane or solid figure; a directrix. Hutton. DIRIGIBLE Dir"i*gi*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being directed; steerable; as, a dirigible balloon. DIRIMENT Dir"i*ment, a. Etym: [L. dirimens, p. pr. of dirimere. See Dirempt.] (Law) Defn: Absolute. Diriment impediment (R. C. Ch.), an impediment that nullifies marriage. DIRK Dirk, n. Etym: [Ir. duirc.] Defn: A kind of dagger or poniard; -- formerly much used by the Scottish Highlander. Dirk knife, a clasp knife having a large, dirklike blade. DIRK Dirk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dirked; p. pr. & vb. n. Dirking.] Defn: To stab with a dirk. Sir W. Scott. DIRK Dirk, a. Etym: [See Dark, a.] Defn: Dark. [Obs.] Chaucer. DIRK Dirk, v. t. Defn: To darken. [Obs.] Spenser. DIRKNESS Dirk"ness, n. Defn: Darkness. [Obs.] Chaucer. DIRL Dirl, v. i. & t. Etym: [Cf. Drill, Thrill.] Defn: To thrill; to vibrate; to penetrate. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. DIRT Dirt, n. Etym: [OE. drit; kin to Icel. drit excrement, drita to dung, OD. drijten to dung, AS. gedritan.] 1. Any foul of filthy substance, as excrement, mud, dust, etc.; whatever, adhering to anything, renders it foul or unclean; earth; as, a wagonload of dirt. Whose waters cast up mire and dirt. Is. lvii. 20. 2. Meanness; sordidness. Honors . . . thrown away upon dirt and infamy. Melmoth. 3. In placer mining, earth, gravel, etc., before washing. Dirt bed (Geom.), a layer of clayey earth forming a stratum in a geological formation. Dirt beds are common among the coal measures. -- Dirt eating. (a) The use of certain kinds of clay for food, existing among some tribes of Indians; geophagism. Humboldt. (b) (Med.) Same as Chthonophagia. -- Dirt pie, clay or mud molded by children in imitation of pastry. Otway (1684). -- To eat dirt, to submit in a meanly humble manner to insults; to eat humble pie. DIRT Dirt, v. t. Defn: To make foul of filthy; to dirty. Swift. DIRTILY Dirt"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a dirty manner; foully; nastily; filthily; meanly; sordidly. DIRTINESS Dirt"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being dirty; filthiness; foulness; nastiness; baseness; sordidness. DIRTY Dirt"y, a. [Compar. Dirtier; superl. Dirtiest.] 1. Defiled with dirt; foul; nasty; filthy; not clean or pure; serving to defile; as, dirty hands; dirty water; a dirty white. Spenser. 2. Sullied; clouded; -- applied to color. Locke. 3. Sordid; base; groveling; as, a dirty fellow. The creature's at his dirty work again. Pope. 4. Sleety; gusty; stormy; as, dirty weather. Storms of wind, clouds of dust, an angry, dirty sea. M. Arnold. Syn. -- Nasty; filthy; foul. See Nasty. DIRTY Dirt"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dirtied; p. pr. & vb. n. Dirtying.] 1. To foul; to make filthy; to soil; as, to dirty the clothes or hands. 2. To tarnish; to sully; to scandalize; -- said of reputation, character, etc. DIRUPTION Di*rup"tion, n. Etym: [L. diruptio, fr. dirumpere. See Disrupt, a.] Defn: Disruption. DIS- Dis- (; 258) Defn: . 1. A prefix from the Latin, whence F. dés, or sometimes dé-, dis-. The Latin dis- appears as di- before b, d, g, l, m, n, r, v, becomes dif- before f, and either dis- or di- before j. It is from the same root as bis twice, and duo, E. two. See Two, and cf. Bi-, Di-, Dia-. Dis- denotes separation, a parting from, as in distribute, disconnect; hence it often has the force of a privative and negative, as in disarm, disoblige, disagree. Also intensive, as in dissever. Note: Walker's rule of pronouncing this prefix is, that the s ought always to be pronounced like z, when the next syllable is accented and begins with "a flat mute [b, d, v, g, z], a liquid [l, m, n, r], or a vowel; as, disable, disease, disorder, disuse, disband, disdain, disgrace, disvalue, disjoin, dislike, dislodge, dismay, dismember, dismiss, dismount, disnatured, disrank, disrelish, disrobe." Dr. Webster's example in disapproving of Walker's rule and pronouncing dis- as diz in only one (disease) of the above words, is followed by recent orthoëpists. See Disable, Disgrace, and the other words, beginning with dis-, in this Dictionary. 2. A prefix from Gr. Di-. DIS Dis, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: The god Pluto. Shak. DISABILITY Dis`a*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Disabilities (. 1. State of being disabled; deprivation or want of ability; absence of competent physical, intellectual, or moral power, means, fitness, and the like. Grossest faults, or disabilities to perform what was covenanted. Milton. Chatham refused to see him, pleading his disability. Bancroft. 2. Want of legal qualification to do a thing; legal incapacity or incompetency. The disabilities of idiocy, infancy, and coverture. Abbott. Syn. -- Weakness; inability; incompetence; impotence; incapacity; incompetency; disqualification. -- Disability, Inability. Inability is an inherent want of power to perform the thing in question; disability arises from some deprivation or loss of the needed competency. One who becomes deranged is under a disability of holding his estate; and one who is made a judge, of deciding in his own case. A man may decline an office on account of his inability to discharge its duties; he may refuse to accept a trust or employment on account of some disability prevents him from entering into such engagements. DISABLE Dis*a"ble, a. Defn: Lacking ability; unable. [Obs.] "Our disable and unactive force." Daniel. DISABLE Dis*a"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disabled; p. pr. & vb. n. Disabling.] 1. To render unable or incapable; to destroy the force, vigor, or power of action of; to deprive of competent physical or intellectual power; to incapacitate; to disqualify; to make incompetent or unfit for service; to impair. A Christian's life is a perpetual exercise, a wrestling and warfare, for which sensual pleasure disables him. Jer. Taylor. And had performed it, if my known offense Had not disabled me. Milton. I have disabled mine estate. Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: To deprive of legal right or qualification; to render legally incapable. An attainder of the ancestor corrupts the blood, and disables his children to inherit. Blackstone. 3. To deprive of that which gives value or estimation; to declare lacking in competency; to disparage; to undervalue. [Obs.] "He disabled my judgment." Shak. Syn. -- To weaken; unfit; disqualify; incapacitate. DISABLEMENT Dis*a"ble*ment, n. Defn: Deprivation of ability; incapacity. Bacon. DISABUSE Dis`a*buse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disabused; p. pr. & vb. n. Disabusing.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + abuse; cf. F. désabuser.] Defn: To set free from mistakes; to undeceive; to disengage from fallacy or deception; to set right. To undeceive and disabuse the people. South. If men are now sufficiently enlightened to disabuse themselves or artifice, hypocrisy, and superstition, they will consider this event as an era in their history. J. Adams. DISACCOMMODATE Dis`ac*com"mo*date, v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + accommodate.] Defn: To put to inconvenience; to incommode. [R.] Bp. Warburton. DISACCOMMODATION Dis`ac*com`mo*da"tion, n. Defn: A state of being unaccommodated or unsuited. [R.] Sir M. Hale. DISACCORD Dis`ac*cord", v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. désaccorder to cause discord.] Defn: To refuse to assent. [Obs.] Spenser. DISACCORD Dis`ac*cord", n. Defn: Disagreement. Pop. Sci. Monthly. DISACCORDANT Dis`ac*cord"ant, a. Defn: Not accordant. Fabyan. DISACCUSTOM Dis`ac*cus"tom, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. désaccoutumer.] Defn: To destroy the force of habit in; to wean from a custom. Johnson. DISACIDIFY Dis`a*cid"i*fy, v. t. Defn: To free from acid. DISACKNOWLEDGE Dis`ac*knowl"edge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disacknowledged; p. pr. & vb. n. Disacknowledging.] Defn: To refuse to acknowledge; to deny; to disown. [Obs.] South. DISACQUAINT Dis`ac*quaint", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + acquaint: cf. OF. desacointier.] Defn: To render unacquainted; to make unfamiliar. [Obs.] While my sick heart With dismal smart Is disacquainted never. Herrick. DISACQUAINTANCE Dis`ac*quaint"ance, n. Defn: Neglect of disuse of familiarity, or familiar acquaintance. [Obs.] South. DISACRYL Dis*ac"ryl, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- (Gr. acrolein + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A white amorphous substance obtained as a polymeric modification of acrolein. DISADORN Dis`a*dorn", v. t. Defn: To deprive of ornaments. Congreve. DISADVANCE Dis`ad*vance" (; 61), v. t. & i. Etym: [Pref. dis- + advance: cf. OF. desavancier.] Defn: To draw back, or cause to draw back. [Obs.] Spenser. DISADVANTAGE Dis`ad*van"tage (; 48, 61), n. Etym: [Cf. F. désavantage.] 1. Deprivation of advantage; unfavorable or prejudicial quality, condition, circumstance, or the like; that which hinders success, or causes loss or injury. I was brought here under the disadvantage of being unknown by sight to any of you. Burke. Abandoned by their great patron, the faction henceforward acted at disadvantage. Palfrey. 2. Loss; detriment; hindrance; prejudice to interest, fame, credit, profit, or other good. They would throw a construction on his conduct, to his disadvantage before the public. Bancroft. Syn. -- Detriment; injury; hurt; loss; damage. DISADVANTAGE Dis`ad*van"tage, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. désavantager.] Defn: To injure the interest of; to be detrimental to. DISADVANTAGEABLE Dis`ad*van"tage*a*ble, a. Defn: Injurious; disadvantageous. [Obs.] Bacon. DISADVANTAGEOUS Dis*ad`van*ta"geous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. désavantageux.] Defn: Attended with disadvantage; unfavorable to success or prosperity; inconvenient; prejudicial; -- opposed to advantageous; as, the situation of an army is disadvantageous for attack or defense. Even in the disadvantageous position in which he had been placed, he gave clear indications of future excellence. Prescott. -- Dis*ad`van*ta"geous*ly, adv. -- Dis*ad`van*ta"geous*ness, n. DISADVENTURE Dis`ad*ven"ture, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + adventure: cf. OF. desaventure.] Defn: Misfortune; mishap. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. DISADVENTUROUS Dis`ad*ven"tur*ous, a. Defn: Unprosperous; unfortunate. [Obs.] Spenser. DISADVISE Dis`ad*vise", v. t. Defn: To advise against; to dissuade from. [R.] Boyle. DISAFFECT Dis`af*fect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disaffected; p. pr. & vb. n. Disaffecting.] 1. To alienate or diminish the affection of; to make unfriendly or less friendly; to fill with discontent and unfriendliness. They had attempted to disaffect and discontent his majesty's late army. Clarendon. 2. To disturb the functions of; to disorder. It disaffects the bowels. Hammond. 3. To lack affection for; to be alienated from, or indisposed toward; to dislike. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DISAFFECTED Dis`af*fect"ed, a. Defn: Alienated in feeling; not wholly loyal. J. H. Newman. -- Dis`af*fect"ed*ly, adv. -- Dis`af*fect"ed*ness, n. DISAFFECTION Dis`af*fec"tion, n. 1. State of being disaffected; alienation or want of affection or good will, esp. toward those in authority; unfriendliness; dislike. In the making laws, princes must have regard to . . . the affections and disaffections of the people. Jer. Taylor. 2. Disorder; bad constitution. [R.] Wiseman. Syn. -- Dislike; disgust; discontent; unfriendliness; alienation; disloyalty; hostility. DISAFFECTIONATE Dis`af*fec"tion*ate, a. Defn: Not disposed to affection; unfriendly; disaffected. [R.] Blount. DISAFFIRM Dis`af*firm", v. t. 1. To assert the contrary of; to contradict; to deny; -- said of that which has been asserted. 2. (Law) Defn: To refuse to confirm; to annul, as a judicial decision, by a contrary judgment of a superior tribunal. DISAFFIRMANCE Dis`af*firm"ance, n. 1. The act of disaffirming; denial; negation. 2. (Law) Defn: Overthrow or annulment by the decision of a superior tribunal; as, disaffirmance of judgment. DISAFFIRMATION Dis*af`fir*ma"tion, n. Defn: The act of disaffirming; negation; refutation. DISAFFOREST Dis`af*for"est, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disafforested; p. pr. & vb. n. Disafforesting.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + afforest: cf. OF. desaforester.] (Eng. Law) Defn: To reduce from the privileges of a forest to the state of common ground; to exempt from forest laws. By charter 9 Henry III. many forests were disafforested. Blackstone. DISAGGREGATE Dis*ag"gre*gate, v. t. Defn: To destroy the aggregation of; to separate into component parts, as an aggregate mass. DISAGGREGATION Dis*ag`gre*ga"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. désagrégation.] Defn: The separation of an aggregate body into its component parts. DISAGREE Dis`a*gree", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disagreed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disageeing.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + agree: cf. F. désagréer to displease.] 1. To fail to accord; not to agree; to lack harmony; to differ; to be unlike; to be at variance. They reject the plainest sense of Scripture, because it seems disagree with what they call reason. Atterbury. 2. To differ in opinion; to hold discordant views; to be at controversy; to quarrel. Who shall decide, when doctors disagree Pope. 3. To be unsuited; to have unfitness; as, medicine sometimes disagrees with the patient; food often disagrees with the stomach or the taste. Note: Usually followed by with, sometimes by to, rarely by from; as, I disagree to your proposal. Syn. -- To differ; vary; dissent. DISAGREEABLE Dis`a*gree"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. désagréable.] 1. Not agreeable, conformable, or congruous; Preach you truly the doctrine which you have received, and each nothing that is disagreeable thereunto. Udall. 2. Exciting repugnance; offensive to the feelings or That which is disagreeable to one is many times agreeable to another, or disagreeable in a less degree. Wollaston. DISAGREEABLENESS Dis`a*gree"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being; disagreeable; unpleasantness. DISAGREEABLY Dis`a*gree"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a disagreeable manner; unsuitably; offensively. DISAGREEANCE Dis`a*gree"ance, n. Defn: Disagreement. [Obs.] DISAGREEMENT Dis`a*gree"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. désagrément disagreeable circumstance, disagreeableness.] 1. The state of disagreeing; a being at variance; dissimilitude; diversity. 2. Unsuitableness; unadaptedness. [R.] 3. Difference of opinion or sentiment. 4. A falling out, or controversy; difference. Syn. -- Difference; diversity; dissimilitude; unlikeness; discrepancy; variance; dissent; misunderstanding; dissension; division; dispute; jar; wrangle; discord. DISAGREER Dis`a*gre"er, n. Defn: One who disagrees. Hammond. DISALLIEGE Dis`al*liege", v. t. Defn: To alienate from allegiance. [Obs. & R.] Milton. DISALLOW Dis`al*low", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disallowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disallowing.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + allow: cf. OF. desalouer, desloer, to blame, dissuade.] Defn: To refuse to allow; to deny the force or validity of; to disown and reject; as, the judge disallowed the executor's charge. To whom coming, as unto a living stone, disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God. 1 Pet. ii. 4. That the edicts of Cæsar we may at all times disallow, but the statutes of God for no reason we may reject. Milton. Note: This verb was sometimes followed by of; as, "What follows, if we disallow of this" Shak. See Allow. Syn. -- To disapprove; prohibit; censure; reject. DISALLOWABLE Dis`al*low"a*ble, a. Defn: Not allowable; not to be suffered. Raleigh. -- Dis`al*low"a*ble*ness, n. DISALLOWANCE Dis`al*low"ance, n. Defn: The act of disallowing; refusal to admit or permit; rejection. Syn. -- Disapprobation; prohibition; condemnation; censure; rejection. DISALLY Dis`al*ly", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + ally: cf. F. désaltier.] Defn: To part, as an alliance; to sunder. [R.] "Disallied their nuptials." Milton. DISANCHOR Dis*an"chor, v. t. & i. Etym: [Pref. dis- + anchor: cf. F. désancrer.] Defn: To raise the anchor of, as a ship; to weigh anchor. [Obs.] Heywood. DISANGELICAL Dis`an*gel"ic*al, a. Defn: Not angelical. [R.] "Disangelical nature." Coventry. DISANIMATE Dis*an"i*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disanimated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disanimating.] 1. To deprive of life. [R.] Cudworth. 2. To deprive of spirit; to dishearten. Shak. DISANIMATION Dis*an`i*ma"tion, n. 1. Privation of life. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. The state of being disanimated or discouraged; depression of spirits. DISANNEX Dis`an*nex", v. t. Defn: To disunite; to undo or repeal the annexation of. State Trials (1608). DISANNUL Dis`an*nul", v. t. Defn: To annul completely; to render void or of no effect. For the Lord of hosts hath purposed, and who shall disannul Isaiah xiv. 27. Note: The prefix in this word an its derivatives is intensive, and not negative. DISANNULLER Dis`an*nul"ler, n. Defn: One who disannuls. DISANNULMENT Dis`an*nul"ment, n. Defn: Complete annulment. DISANOINT Dis`a*noint", v. t. Defn: To invalidate the consecration of; as, to disanoint a king. [Obs.] Milton. DISAPPAREL Dis`ap*par"el, v. t. Etym: [See Apparel, v. t.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + apparel: cf. OF. desapareiller.] Defn: To disrobe; to strip of apparel; to make naked. Drink disapparels the soul. Junius (1635). DISAPPEAR Dis`ap*pear", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disappeared; p. pr. & vb. n. Disappearing.] 1. To cease to appear or to be perceived; to pass from view, gradually or suddenly; to vanish; to be no longer seen; as, darkness disappears at the approach of light; a ship disappears as she sails from port. 2. To cease to be or exist; as, the epidemic has disappeared. DISAPPEARANCE Dis`ap*pear"ance, n. Defn: The act of disappearing; cessation of appearance; removal from sight; vanishing. Addison. DISAPPEARING Dis`ap*pear"ing, Defn: p. pr. & vb. n. of Disappear. Disappearing carriage (Ordnance), a carriage for heavy coast guns on which the gun is raised above the parapet for firing and upon discharge is lowered behind the parapet for protection. The standard type of disappearing carriage in the coast artillery of the United States army is the Buffington-Crozier carriage, in which the gun trunnions are secured at the upper and after ends of a pair of heavy levers, at the lower ends of which is attached a counterweight of lead. The levers are pivoted at their middle points, which are, with the top carriage, permitted restrained motion along the slightly inclined chassis rails. The counterweight is held in place by a pawl and ratchet. When the gun is loaded the pawl is released and the counterweight sinks, raising the gun to the firing position above the parapet. The recoil following the discharge returns the gun to the loading position, the counterweight rising until the pawl engages the ratchet. DISAPPENDENCY Dis`ap*pend"en*cy, n. Defn: A detachment or separation from a former connection. [R.] DISAPPENDENT Dis`ap*pend"ent, a. Defn: Freed from a former connection or dependence; disconnected. [R.] DISAPPOINT Dis`ap*point", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disapointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disappointing.] Etym: [OF. desapointier, F. désappointer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + apointier, F. appointier, to appoint. See Appoint.] 1. To defeat of expectation or hope; to hinder from the attainment of that which was excepted, hoped, or desired; to balk; as, a man is disappointed of his hopes or expectations, or his hopes, desires, intentions, expectations, or plans are disappointed; a bad season disappoints the farmer of his crops; a defeat disappoints an enemy of his spoil. I was disappointed, but very agreeably. Macaulay. Note: Disappointed of a thing not obtained; disappointed in a thing obtained. 2. To frustrate; to fail; to hinder of result. His retiring foe Shrinks from the wound, and disappoints the blow. Addison. Syn. -- To tantalize; fail; frustrate; balk; baffle; delude; foil; defeat. See Tantalize. DISAPPOINTED Dis`ap*point"ed, a. 1. Defeated of expectation or hope; balked; as, a disappointed person or hope. 2. Unprepared; unequipped. [Obs.] Cut off even in the blossoms of my sin, Unhouseled, disappointed, unaneled. Shak. DISAPPOINTMENT Dis`ap*point"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. désappointement.] 1. The act of disappointing, or the state of being disappointed; defeat or failure of expectation or hope; miscarriage of design or plan; frustration. If we hope for things of which we have not thoroughly considered the value, our disappointment will be greater our pleasure in the fruition of them. Addison. In disappointment thou canst bless. Keble. 2. That which disappoints. Syn. -- Miscarriage; frustration; balk. DISAPPRECIATE Dis`ap*pre"ci*ate, v. t. Etym: [See Appreciate.] Defn: To undervalue; not to esteem. -- Dis`ap*pre`ci*a"tion, n. DISAPPROBATION Dis*ap`pro*ba"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + approbation: cf. F. désapprobation. Cf. Disapprove.] Defn: The act of disapproving; mental condemnation of what is judged wrong, unsuitable, or inexpedient; feeling of censure. We have ever expressed the most unqualified disapprobation of all the steps. Burke. DISAPPROBATORY Dis*ap"pro*ba`to*ry, a. Defn: Containing disapprobation; serving to disapprove. DISAPPROPRIATE Dis`ap*pro"pri*ate, a. (Law) Defn: Severed from the appropriation or possession of a spiritual corporation. The appropriation may be severed, and the church become disappropriate, two ways. Blackstone. DISAPPROPRIATE Dis`ap*pro"pri*ate, v. t. 1. To release from individual ownership or possession. Milton. 2. (Law) Defn: To sever from appropriation or possession a spiritual corporation. Appropriations of the several parsonages . . . would heave been, by the rules of the common law, disappropriated. Blackstone. DISAPPROPRIATION Dis`ap*pro`pri*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of disappropriating. DISAPPROVAL Dis`ap*prov"al, n. Defn: Disapprobation; dislike; censure; adverse judgment. DISAPPROVE Dis`ap*prove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disapproved; p. pr. & vb. n. Disapproving.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + approve: cf. F. déapprouver. Cf. Disapprobation.] 1. To pass unfavorable judgment upon; to condemn by an act of the judgment; to regard as wrong, unsuitable, or inexpedient; to censure; as, to disapprove the conduct of others. 2. To refuse official approbation to; to disallow; to decline to sanction; as, the sentence of the court-martial was disapproved by the commander in chief. Note: This verb is often followed by of; as, to disapprove of an opinion, of such conduct. See Approve. DISAPPROVER Dis`ap*prov"er, n. Defn: One who disapproves. DISAPPROVINGLY Dis`ap*prov"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a disapproving manner. DISARD Dis"ard, n. Defn: See Dizzard. [Obs.] Burton. DISARM Dis*arm", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disarming; p. pr. & vb. n. Disarming.] Etym: [OE. desarmen, F. désarmer; pref. dés- (L. dis-) + armer to arm. See Arm.] 1. To deprive of arms; to take away the weapons of; to deprive of the means of attack or defense; to render defenseless. Security disarms the best-appointed army. Fuller. The proud was half disarmed of pride. Tennyson. 2. To deprive of the means or the disposition to harm; to render harmless or innocuous; as, to disarm a man's wrath. DISARMAMENT Dis*arm"a*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. désarmement.] Defn: The act of disarming. DISARMATURE Dis*ar"ma*ture, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + armature.] Defn: The act of divesting of armature. [R.] DISARMED Dis*armed", a. 1. Deprived of arms. 2. (Her.) Defn: Deprived of claws, and teeth or beaks. Cussans. DISARMER Dis*arm"er, n. Defn: One who disarms. DISARRANGE Dis`ar*range", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disarranged; p. pr. & vb. n. Disarranging.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + arrange: cf. F. désarranger.] Defn: To unsettle or disturb the order or due arrangement of; to throw out of order. DISARRANGEMENT Dis`ar*range"ment, n. Defn: The act of disarranging, or the state of being disarranged; confusion; disorder. Cowper. DISARRAY Dis`ar*ray", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disarrayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disarraying.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + array, v.: cf. OF. desarroyer, desarreier.] 1. To throw into disorder; to break the array of. Who with fiery steeds Oft disarrayed the foes in battle ranged. Fenton. 2. To take off the dress of; to unrobe. So, as she bade, the witch they disarrayed. Spenser. DISARRAY Dis`ar*ray", n. Etym: [Cf. F. désarroi.] 1. Want of array or regular order; disorder; confusion. Disrank the troops, set all in disarray. Daniel. 2. Confused attire; undress. Spenser. DISARRAYMENT Dis`ar*ray"ment, n. Defn: Disorder. [R.] Feltham. DISARTICULATE Dis`ar*tic"u*late, v. t. Defn: To sunder; to separate, as joints. -- Dis`ar*tic`u*la"tion, n. DISARTICULATOR Dis`ar*tic"u*la`tor, n. Defn: One who disarticulates and prepares skeletons. DISASSENT Dis`as*sent", v. i. Defn: To dissent. [Obs.] DISASSENT Dis`as*sent", n. Defn: Dissent. [Obs.] E. Hall. DISASSENTER Dis`as*sent"er, n. Defn: One who disassents; a dissenter. [Obs.] State Trials (1634). DISASSIDUITY Dis*as`si*du"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of as siduity or care. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. DISASSIMILATE Dis`as*sim"i*late, v. t. (Physiol.) Defn: To subject to disassimilation. DISASSIMILATION Dis`as*sim`i*la"tion, n. (Physics) Defn: The decomposition of complex substances, within the organism, into simpler ones suitable only for excretion, with evolution of energy, -- a normal nutritional process the reverse of assimilation; downward metabolism. The breaking down of already existing chemical compounds into simpler ones, sometimes called disassimilation. Martin. DISASSIMILATIVE Dis`as*sim"i*la*tive, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Having power to disassimilate; of the nature of disassimilation. Disassimilative processes constitute a marked feature in the life of animal cells. McKendrick. DISASSOCIATE Dis`as*so"ci*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disassociated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disassociating.] Defn: To disconnect from things associated; to disunite; to dissociate. Florio. DISASTER Dis*as"ter, n. Etym: [F. désastre; pref. dés- (L. dis-) + astre star, fr. L. astrum; a word of astrological origin. See Aster, Astral, Star.] 1. An unpropitious or baleful aspect of a planet or star; malevolent influence of a heavenly body; hence, an ill portent. [Obs.] Disasters in the sun. Shak. 2. An adverse or unfortunate event, esp. a sudden and extraordinary misfortune; a calamity; a serious mishap. But noble souls, through dust and heat, Rise from disaster and defeat The stronger. Longfellow. Syn. -- Calamity; misfortune; mishap; mischance; visitation; misadventure; ill luck. See Calamity. DISASTER Dis*as"ter, v. t. 1. To blast by the influence of a baleful star. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. To bring harm upon; to injure. [R.] Thomson. DISASTERLY Dis*as"ter*ly, adv. Defn: Disastrously. [Obs.] Drayton. DISASTROUS Dis*as"trous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. désastreux. See Disaster.] 1. Full of unpropitious stellar influences; unpropitious; ill-boding. [Obs.] The moon In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds. Milton. 2. Attended with suffering or disaster; very unfortunate; calamitous; ill-fated; as, a disastrous day; a disastrous termination of an undertaking. Wherein I spake of most disastrous chances. Shak. -- Dis*as"trous*ly, adv. -- Dis*as"trous*ness, n. DISATTIRE Dis`at*tire", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + attire: cf. OF. desatirier.] Defn: To unrobe; to undress. Spenser. DISAUGMENT Dis`aug*ment", v. t. Defn: To diminish. [R.] DISAUTHORIZE Dis*au"thor*ize, v. t. Defn: To deprive of credit or authority; to discredit. [R.] W. Wotton. DISAVAUNCE Dis`a*vaunce", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Disadvance.] Defn: To retard; to repel; to do damage to. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISAVENTURE Dis`a*ven"ture, n. Etym: [See Disadventure, Adventure.] Defn: Misfortune. [Obs.] Spenser. DISAVENTUROUS Dis`a*ven"tur*ous, a. Defn: Misadventurous; unfortunate. [Obs.] Spenser. DISAVOUCH Dis`a*vouch", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + avouch. Cf. Disavow.] Defn: To disavow. [R.] Daniel. DISAVOW Dis`a*vow", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disavowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disavowing.] Etym: [F. désavouer; pref. dés- (L. dis-) + avouer to avow. See Avow, and cf. Disavouch.] 1. To refuse strongly and solemnly to own or acknowledge; to deny responsibility for, approbation of, an the like; to disclaim; to disown; as, he was charged with embezzlement, but he disavows the crime. A solemn promise made and disavowed. Dryden. 2. To deny; to show the contrary of; to disprove. Yet can they never Toss into air the freedom of my birth, Or disavow my blood Plantagenet's. Ford. DISAVOWAL Dis`a*vow"al, n. Defn: The act of disavowing, disclaiming, or disowning; rejection and denial. An earnest disavowal of fear often proceeds from fear. Richardson. DISAVOWANCE Dis`a*vow"ance, n. Defn: Disavowal. [Obs.] South. DISAVOWER Dis`a*vow"er, n. Defn: One who disavows. DISAVOWMENT Dis`a*vow"ment, n. Defn: Disavowal. [R.] Wotton. DISBAND Dis*band" (; see Dis-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disbanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Disbanding.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + band: cf. OF. desbander, F. débander, to unbind, unbend. See Band, and cf. Disbend, Disbind.] 1. To loose the bands of; to set free; to disunite; to scatter; to disperse; to break up the organization of; especially, to dismiss from military service; as, to disband an army. They disbanded themselves and returned, every man to his own dwelling. Knolles. 2. To divorce. [Obs.] And therefore . . . she ought to be disbanded. Milton. DISBAND Dis*band", v. i. Defn: To become separated, broken up, dissolved, or scattered; especially, to quit military service by breaking up organization. When both rocks and all things shall disband. Herbert. Human society would in a short space disband. Tillotson. DISBANDMENT Dis*band"ment, n. Defn: The act of disbanding. DISBAR Dis*bar", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disbarred; p. pr. & vb. n. Disbarring.] (Law) Defn: To expel from the bar, or the legal profession; to deprive (an attorney, barrister, or counselor) of his status and privileges as such. Abbott. DISBARK Dis*bark", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + bark a small ship: cf. OF. desbarquer, F. débarquer. Cf. Debark, Disembark.] Defn: To disembark. Pope. DISBARK Dis*bark", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + bark rind.] Defn: To strip of bark; to bark. [R.] Boyle. DISBARMENT Dis*bar"ment, n. Defn: Act of disbarring. DISBASE Dis*base", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Debase.] Defn: To debase or degrade. [Obs.] Nor you nor your house were so much as spoken of before I disbased myself. B. Jonson. DISBECOME Dis`be*come", v. t. Defn: To misbecome. [Obs.] Massinger. DISBELIEF Dis*be*lief", n. Defn: The act of disbelieving;; a state of the mind in which one is fully persuaded that an opinion, assertion, or doctrine is not true; refusal of assent, credit, or credence; denial of belief. Our belief or disbelief of a thing does not alter the nature of the thing. Tillotson. No sadder proof can be given by a man of his own littleness that disbelief in great men. Carlyle. Syn. -- Distrust; unbelief; incredulity; doubt; skepticism. -- Disbelief, Unbelief. Unbelief is a mere failure to admit; disbelief is a positive rejection. One may be an unbeliever in Christianity from ignorance or want of inquiry; a unbeliever has the proofs before him, and incurs the guilt of setting them aside. Unbelief is usually open to conviction; disbelief is already convinced as to the falsity of that which it rejects. Men often tell a story in such a manner that we regard everything they say with unbelief. Familiarity with the worst parts of human nature often leads us into a disbelief in many good qualities which really exist among men. DISBELIEVE Dis`be*lieve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disbelieved; p. pr. & vb. n. Disbelieving.] Defn: Not to believe; to refuse belief or credence to; to hold not to be true or actual. Assertions for which there is abundant positive evidence are often disbelieved, on account of what is called their improbability or impossibility. J. S. Mill. DISBELIEVER Dis`be*liev"er, n. Defn: One who disbelieves, or refuses belief; an unbeliever. Specifically, one who does not believe the Christian religion. I. Watts. DISBENCH Dis*bench", v. t. 1. To drive from a bench or seat. [R.] Shak. 2. (Eng. Law) Defn: To deprive (a bencher) of his privileges. Mozley & W. DISBEND Dis*bend, v. t. Defn: To unbend. [Obs.] Stirling. DISBIND Dis*bind", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Disband.] Defn: To unbind; to loosen. [Obs.] Mede. DISBLAME Dis*blame", v. t. Etym: [OE. desblamen, OF. desblasmer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + blasmer, F. blâmer, to blame.] Defn: To clear from blame. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISBODIED Dis*bod"ied, a. Defn: Disembodied. [R.] DISBOSCATION Dis`bos*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + F. bosquet grove.] Defn: Converting forest land into cleared or arable land; removal of a forest. Sir W. Scott. DISBOWEL Dis*bow"el, v. t. Etym: [See Bowel, v. t.] Defn: To disembowel. [R.] Spenser. DISBRANCH Dis*branch", v. t. Etym: [See Branch, v.] Defn: To divest of a branch or branches; to tear off. Shak. DISBUD Dis*bud", v. t. Etym: [See Bud, v.] (Hort.) Defn: To deprive of buds or shoots, as for training, or economizing the vital strength of a tree. DISBURDEN Dis*bur"den, v. t. Etym: [See Burden, v. t.] Etym: [Cf. Disburthen.] Defn: To rid of a burden; to free from a load borne or from something oppressive; to unload; to disencumber; to relieve. He did it to disburden a conscience. Feltham. My mediations . . . will, I hope, be more calm, being thus disburdened. Hammond. Syn. -- To unload; unburden; discharge; free. DISBURDEN Dis*bur"den, v. i. Defn: To relieve one's self of a burden; to ease the mind. Milton. DISBURGEON Dis*bur"geon, v. t. Defn: To strip of burgeons or buds; to disbud. [R.] Holland. DISBURSE Dis*burse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disbursed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disbursing.] Etym: [OF. desbourser, F. débourser; pref. des- (L. dis- ) + bourse purse. See Burse, and cf. Dispurse.] Defn: To pay out; to expend; -- usually from a public fund or treasury. The duty of collecting and disbursing his revenues. Macaulay. Disbursing officer, an officer in any department of the public service who is charged with the duty of paying out public money. DISBURSEMENT Dis*burse"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. déboursement.] 1. The act of disbursing or paying out. The disbursement of the public moneys. U. S. Statutes. 2. That which is disbursed or paid out; as, the annual disbursements exceed the income. DISBURSER Dis*burs"er, n. Defn: One who disburses money. DISBURTHEN Dis*bur"then, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disburthened; p. pr. & vb. n. Disburthening.] Etym: [Cf. Disburden.] Defn: To disburden; to relieve of a load. [Archaic] DISC Disc, n. Etym: [See Disk, Dish.] Defn: A flat round plate; (Biol.) Defn: a circular structure either in plants or animals; as, a blood disc, a germinal disc, etc. Same as Disk. DISCAGE Dis*cage", v. t. Defn: To uncage. [R.] Tennyson. DISCAL Disc"al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a disk; as, discal cells. DISCALCEATE Dis*cal"ce*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. discalceatus unshod; dis- + calceus shoe.] Defn: To pull off shoes or sandals from. [Obs.] Cockeram. DISCALCEATED Dis*cal"ce*at`ed, a. Defn: Deprived off shoes or sandals; unshod; discalced. DISCALCEATION Dis*cal`ce*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of pulling off the shoes or sandals. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DISCALCED Dis*calced", a. Defn: Unshod; barefooted; -- in distinction from calced. "The foundation of houses of discalced friars." Cardinal Manning's St. Teresa. DISCAMP Dis*camp", v. t. Etym: [See Decamp.] Defn: To drive from a camp. [Obs.] Holland. DISCANDY Dis*can"dy, v. i. Defn: To melt; to dissolve; to thaw. [Obs.] DISCANT Dis"cant, n. Defn: See Descant, n. DISCAPACITATE Dis*ca*pac"i*tate, v. t. Defn: To deprive of capacity; to incapacitate. [R.] DISCARD Dis*card", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Discarding.] 1. (Card Playing) Defn: To throw out of one's hand, as superfluous cards; to lay aside (a card or cards). 2. To cast off as useless or as no longer of service; to dismiss from employment, confidence, or favor; to discharge; to turn away. They blame the favorites, and think it nothing extraordinary that the queen should . . . resolve to discard them. Swift. 3. To put or thrust away; to reject. A man discards the follies of boyhood. I. Taylor. Syn. -- To dismiss; displace; discharge; cashier. DISCARD Dis*card", v. i. (Card Playing) Defn: To make a discard. DISCARD Dis*card", n. (Card Playing) Defn: The act of discarding; also, the card or cards discarded. DISCARDURE Dis*car"dure, n. Defn: Rejection; dismissal. [R.] Hayter. DISCARNATE Dis*car"nate, a. Etym: [L. dis- + carnatus fleshy, fr. caro, carnis, flesh.] Defn: Stripped of flesh. [Obs.] "Discarnate bones." Glanvill. DISCASE Dis*case", v. t. Defn: To strip; to undress. Shak. DISCEDE Dis*cede", v. i. Etym: [L. discedere; dis- + cedere to yield.] Defn: To yield or give up; to depart. [Obs.] I dare not discede from my copy a tittle. Fuller. DISCEPT Dis*cept", v. i. Etym: [L. disceptare.] Defn: To debate; to discuss. [R.] One dissertates, he is candid; Two must discept, -- has distinguished. R. Browning. DISCEPTATION Dis`cep*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. disceptatio.] Defn: Controversy; disputation; discussion. [Archaic] Verbose janglings and endless disceptations. Strype. DISCEPTATOR Dis`cep*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who arbitrates or decides. [R.] Cowley. DISCERN Dis*cern", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discerned; p. pr. & vb. n. Discerning.] Etym: [F. discerner, L. discernere, discretum; dis- + cernere to separate, distinguish. See Certain, and cf. Discreet.] 1. To see and identify by noting a difference or differences; to note the distinctive character of; to discriminate; to distinguish. To discern such buds as are fit to produce blossoms. Boyle. A counterfeit stone which thine eye can not discern from a right stone. Robynson (More's Utopia). 2. To see by the eye or by the understanding; to perceive and recognize; as, to discern a difference. And [I] beheld among the simple ones, I discerned among the youths, a young man void of understanding. Prov. vii. 7. Our unassisted sight . . . is not acute enough to discern the minute texture of visible objects. Beattie. I wake, and I discern the truth. Tennyson. Syn. -- To perceive; distinguish; discover; penetrate; discriminate; espy; descry; detect. See Perceive. DISCERN Dis*cern", v. i. 1. To see or understand the difference; to make distinction; as, to discern between good and evil, truth and falsehood. More than sixscore thousand that cannot discern between their right hand their left. Jonah iv. 11. 2. To make cognizance. [Obs.] Bacon. DISCERNANCE Dis*cern"ance, n. Defn: Discernment. [Obs.] DISCERNER Dis*cern"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, discerns, distinguishes, perceives, or judges; as, a discerner of truth, of right and wrong. A great observer and discerner of men's natures. Clarendon. DISCERNIBLE Dis*cern"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. discernibilis.] Defn: Capable of being discerned by the eye or the understanding; as, a star is discernible by the eye; the identity of difference of ideas is discernible by the understanding. The effect of the privations and sufferings . . . was discernible to the last in his temper and deportment. Macaulay. Syn. -- Perceptible; distinguishable; apparent; visible; evident; manifest. DISCERNIBLENESS Dis*cern"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being discernible. DISCERNIBLY Dis*cern"i*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner to be discerned; perceptibly; visibly. Hammond. DISCERNING Dis*cern"ing, a. Defn: Acute; shrewd; sagacious; sharp-sighted. Macaulay. DISCERNINGLY Dis*cern"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a discerning manner; with judgment; judiciously; acutely. Garth. DISCERNMENT Dis*cern"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. discernement.] 1. The act of discerning. 2. The power or faculty of the mind by which it distinguishes one thing from another; power of viewing differences in objects, and their relations and tendencies; penetrative and discriminate mental vision; acuteness; sagacity; insight; as, the errors of youth often proceed from the want of discernment. Syn. -- Judgment; acuteness; discrimination; penetration; sagacity; insight. -- Discernment, Penetration, Discrimination. Discernment is keenness and accuracy of mental vision; penetration is the power of seeing deeply into a subject in spite of everything that intercepts the view; discrimination is a capacity of tracing out minute distinctions and the nicest shades of thought. A discerning man is not easily misled; one of a penetrating mind sees a multitude of things which escape others; a discriminating judgment detects the slightest differences. DISCERP Dis*cerp", v. t. Etym: [L. discerpere, discerptum; dis- + carpere to pluck.] 1. To tear in pieces; to rend. [R.] Stukeley. 2. To separate; to disunite. [R.] Bp. Hurd. DISCERPIBILITY; DISCERPTIBILITY Dis*cerp`i*bil"i*ty, Dis*cerp`ti*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability or liableness to be discerped. [R.] Wollaston. DISCERPIBLE; DISCERPTIBLE Dis*cerp"i*ble, Dis*cerp"ti*ble, a. Etym: [See Discerp.] Defn: Capable of being discerped. [R.] DISCERPTION Dis*cerp"tion, n. Etym: [L. discerptio.] Defn: The act of pulling to pieces, or of separating the parts. Bp. Hall. DISCERPTIVE Dis*cerp"tive, a. Defn: Tending to separate or disunite parts. Encys. Dict. DISCESSION Dis*ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. discessio, fr. discedere, discessum. See Discede.] Defn: Departure. [Obs.] DISCHARGE Dis*charge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discharged; p. pr. & vb. n. Discharging.] Etym: [OE. deschargen, dischargen, OF. deschargier, F. décharger; pref. des- (L. dis) + chargier, F. charger. See Charge.] 1. To relieve of a charge, load, or burden; to empty of a load or cargo; to unburden; to unload; as, to discharge a vessel. 2. To free of the missile with which anything is charged or loaded; to let go the charge of; as, to discharge a bow, catapult, etc.; especially, said of firearms, -- to fire off; to shoot off; also, to relieve from a state of tension, as a Leyden jar. The galleys also did oftentimes, out of their prows, discharge their great pieces against the city. Knolles. Feeling in other cases discharges itself in indirect muscular actions. H. Spencer. 3. To of something weighing upon or impeding over one, as a debt, claim, obligation, responsibility, accusation, etc.; to absolve; to acquit; to clear. Discharged of business, void of strife. Dryden. In one man's fault discharge another man of his duty. L'Estrange. 4. To relieve of an office or employment; to send away from service; to dismiss. Discharge the common sort With pay and thanks. Shak. Grindal . . . was discharged the government of his see. Milton. 5. To release legally from confinement; to set at liberty; as, to discharge a prisoner. 6. To put forth, or remove, as a charge or burden; to take out, as that with which anything is loaded or filled; as, to discharge a cargo. 7. To let fly, as a missile; to shoot. They do discharge their shot of courtesy. Shak. 8. To set aside; to annul; to dismiss. We say such an order was "discharged on appeal." Mozley & W. The order for Daly's attendance was discharged. Macaulay. 9. To throw off the obligation of, as a duty or debt; to relieve one's self of, by fulfilling conditions, performing duty, trust, and the like; hence, to perform or ex Had I a hundred tongues, a wit so large As could their hundred offices discharge. Dryden. 10. To send away (a creditor) satisfied by payment; to pay one's debt or obligation to. [Obs.] If he had The present money to discharge the Jew. Shak. 11. To give forth; to emit or send out; as, a pipe discharges water; to let fly; to give expression to; to utter; as, to discharge a horrible oath. 12. To prohibit; to forbid. [Scot. Obs.] Sir W. Scott. Discharging arch (Arch.), an arch over a door, window, or other opening, to distribute the pressure of the wall above. See Illust. of Lintel. -- Discharging piece, Discharging strut (Arch.), a piece set to carry thrust or weight to a solid point of support. -- Discharging rod (Elec.), a bent wire, with knobs at both ends, and insulated by a glass handle. It is employed for discharging a Leyden jar or an electrical battery. See Discharger. Syn. -- See Deliver. DISCHARGE Dis*charge", v. i. Defn: To throw off or deliver a load, charge, or burden; to unload; to emit or give vent to fluid or other contents; as, the water pipe discharges freely. The cloud, if it were oily or fatty, would not discharge. Bacon. DISCHARGE Dis*charge", n. Etym: [Cf. F. décharge. See Discharge, v. t.] 1. The act of discharging; the act of relieving of a charge or load; removal of a load or burden; unloading; as, the discharge of a ship; discharge of a cargo. 2. Firing off; explosive removal of a charge; explosion; letting off; as, a discharge of arrows, of artillery. 3. Act of relieving of something which oppresses or weighs upon one, as an obligation, liability, debt, accusation, etc.; acquittance; as, the discharge of a debtor. 4. Act of removing, or getting rid of, an obligation, liability, etc.; fulfillment, as by the payment of a debt, or the performance of a trust or duty. Indefatigable in the discharge of business. Motley. Nothing can absolve us from the discharge of those duties. L'Estrange. 5. Release or dismissal from an office, employment, etc.; dismission; as, the discharge of a workman by his employer. 6. Legal release from confinement; liberation; as, the discharge of a prisoner. 7. The state of being discharged or relieved of a debt, obligation, office, and the like; acquittal. Too secure of our discharge From penalty. Milton. 8. That which discharges or releases from an obligation, liability, penalty, etc., as a price of ransom, a legal document. Death, who sets all free, Hath paid his ransom now and full discharge. Milton. 9. A flowing or issuing out; emission; vent; evacuation; also, that which is discharged or emitted; as, a rapid discharge of water from the pipe. The hemorrhage being stopped, the next occurrence is a thin serous discharge. S. Sharp. Charge and discharge. (Equity Practice) See under Charge, n. -- Paralytic discharge (Physiol.), the increased secretion from a gland resulting from the cutting of all of its nerves. DISCHARGER Dis*char"ger, n. Defn: One who, or that which, discharges. Specifically, in electricity, an instrument for discharging a Leyden jar, or electrical battery, by making a connection between the two surfaces; a discharging rod. DISCHEVELE Dis*chev"ele, a. Defn: Disheveled. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISCHURCH Dis*church", v. t. Defn: To deprive of status as a church, or of membership in a church. Bp. Hall. DISCIDE Dis*cide", v. t. Etym: [L. discidere; dis- + caedere to cut.] Defn: To divide; to cleave in two. [Obs.] Spenser. DISCIFEROUS Dis*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Disc- + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing disks. DISCIFLORAL; DISCIFLOROUS Dis`ci*flo"ral, Dis`ci*flo"rous, a. Etym: [See Disk, and Floral.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing the stamens on a discoid outgrowth of the receptacle; - - said of a subclass of plants. Cf. Calycifloral. DISCIFORM Dis"ci*form, a. Defn: Discoid. DISCINA Dis*ci"na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. discus disk, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Branchiopoda, having a disklike shell, attached by one valve, which is perforated by the peduncle. DISCINCT Dis*cinct, a. Etym: [L. discinctus, p. p. of discingere to ungird; dis- + cingere to gird.] Defn: Ungirded; loosely dressed. [R.] Sir W. Scott. DISCIND Dis*cind", v. t. Etym: [L. discindere; dis- + scindere to cut, split.] Defn: To part; to divide. [Obs.] Boyle. DISCIPLE Dis*ci"ple, n. Etym: [OE. disciple, deciple, OF. disciple, fr. L. discipulus, fr. discere to learn (akin to docere to teach; see Docile) + prob. a root meaning to turn or drive, as in L. pellere to drive (see Pulse).] Defn: One who receives instruction from another; a scholar; a learner; especially, a follower who has learned to believe in the truth of the doctrine of his teacher; an adherent in doctrine; as, the disciples of Plato; the disciples of our Savior. The disciples, or The twelve disciples, the twelve selected companions of Jesus; -- also called the apostles. -- Disciples of Christ. See Christian, n., 3, and Campbellite. Syn. -- Learner; scholar; pupil; follower; adherent. DISCIPLE Dis*ci"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discipled; p. pr. & vb. n. Discipling.] 1. To teach; to train. [Obs.] That better were in virtues discipled. Spenser. 2. To punish; to discipline. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. To make disciples of; to convert to doctrines or principles. [R.] Sending missionaries to disciple all nations. E. D. Griffin. DISCIPLESHIP Dis*ci"ple*ship, n. Defn: The state of being a disciple or follower in doctrines and precepts. Jer. Taylor. DISCIPLESS Dis*ci"pless, n. Defn: A female disciple. [Obs.] DISCIPLINABLE Dis"ci*plin*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. disciplinable. See Discipline.] 1. Capable of being disciplined or improved by instruction and training. 2. Liable or deserving to be disciplined; subject to disciplinary punishment; as, a disciplinable offense. DISCIPLINABLENESS Dis"ci*plin*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being improvable by discipline. Sir M. Hale. DISCIPLINAL Dis"ci*plin*al, a. Defn: Relating to discipline. Latham. DISCIPLINANT Dis"ci*plin*ant, n. Etym: [See Discipline.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A flagellant. See Flagellant. DISCIPLINARIAN Dis`ci*plin*a"ri*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to discipline. "Displinarian system." Milman. DISCIPLINARIAN Dis`ci*plin*a"ri*an, n. 1. One who disciplines; one who excels in training, especially with training, especially with regard to order and obedience; one who enforces rigid discipline; a stickler for the observance of rules and methods of training; as, he is a better disciplinarian than scholar. 2. A Puritan or Presbyterian; -- because of rigid adherence to religious or church discipline. [Obs.] DISCIPLINARY Dis"ci*plin*a*ry, a. Etym: [LL. disciplinarius flogging: cf. F. disciplinaire.] Defn: Pertaining to discipline; intended for discipline; corrective; belonging to a course of training. Those canons . . . were only disciplinary. Bp. Ferne. The evils of the . . . are disciplinary and remedial. Buckminster. DISCIPLINE Dis`ci*pline, n. Etym: [F. discipline, L. disciplina, from discipulus. See Disciple.] 1. The treatment suited to a disciple or learner; education; development of the faculties by instruction and exercise; training, whether physical, mental, or moral. Wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity. Bacon. Discipline aims at the removal of bad habits and the substitution of good ones, especially those of order, regularity, and obedience. C. J. Smith. 2. Training to act in accordance with established rules; accustoming to systematic and regular action; drill. Their wildness lose, and, quitting nature's part, Obey the rules and discipline of art. Dryden. 3. Subjection to rule; submissiveness to order and control; habit of obedience. The most perfect, who have their passions in the best discipline, are yet obliged to be constantly on their guard. Rogers. 4. Severe training, corrective of faults; instruction by means of misfortune, suffering, punishment, etc. A sharp discipline of half a century had sufficed to educate Macaulay. 5. Correction; chastisement; punishment inflicted by way of correction and training. Giving her the discipline of the strap. Addison. 6. The subject matter of instruction; a branch of knowledge. Bp. Wilkins. 7. (Eccl.) Defn: The enforcement of methods of correction against one guilty of ecclesiastical offenses; reformatory or penal action toward a church member. 8. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Self- inflicted and voluntary corporal punishment, as penance, or otherwise; specifically, a penitential scourge. 9. (Eccl.) Defn: A system of essential rules and duties; as, the Romish or Anglican discipline. Syn. -- Education; instruction; training; culture; correction; chastisement; punishment. DISCIPLINE Dis"ci*pline, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disciplined; p. pr. & vb. n. Disciplining.] Etym: [Cf. LL. disciplinarian to flog, fr. L. disciplina discipline, and F. discipliner to discipline.] 1. To educate; to develop by instruction and exercise; to train. 2. To accustom to regular and systematic action; to bring under control so as to act systematically; to train to act together under orders; to teach subordination to; to form a habit of obedience in; to drill. Ill armed, and worse disciplined. Clarendon. His mind . . . imperfectly disciplined by nature. Macaulay. 3. To improve by corrective and penal methods; to chastise; to correct. Has he disciplined Aufidius soundly Shak. 4. To inflict ecclesiastical censures and penalties upon. Syn. -- To train; form; teach; instruct; bring up; regulate; correct; chasten; chastise; punish. DISCIPLINER Dis"ci*plin*er, n. Defn: One who disciplines. DISCLAIM Dis*claim", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disclaimed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disclaiming.] 1. To renounce all claim to deny; ownership of, or responsibility for; to disown; to disavow; to reject. He calls the gods to witness their offense; Disclaims the war, asserts his innocence. Dryden. He disclaims the authority of Jesus. Farmer. 2. To deny, as a claim; to refuse. The payment was irregularly made, if not disclaimed. Milman. 3. (Law) Defn: To relinquish or deny having a claim; to disavow another's claim; to decline accepting, as an estate, interest, or office. Burrill. Syn. -- To disown; disavow; renounce; repudiate. DISCLAIM Dis*claim", v. t. Defn: To disavow or renounce all part, claim, or share. Blackstone. Disclaim in, Disclaim from, to disown; to disavow. [Obs.] "Nature disclaims in thee." Shak. DISCLAIMER Dis*claim"er, n. 1. One who disclaims, disowns, or renounces. 2. (Law) Defn: A denial, disavowal, or renunciation, as of a title, claim, interest, estate, or trust; relinquishment or waiver of an interest or estate. Burrill. 3. A public disavowal, as of pretensions, claims, opinions, and the like. Burke. DISCLAMATION Dis`cla*ma"tion, n. Defn: A disavowing or disowning. Bp. Hall. DISCLAME Dis*clame", v. t. Defn: To disclaim; to expel. [Obs.] "Money did love disclame." Spenser. DISCLAUNDER Dis*claun"der, v. t. Etym: [From OE. disclaundre, n., for sclandre, esclandre, OF. esclandre. See Sclaundre, Slander.] Defn: To injure one's good name; to slander. [Obs.] DISCLOAK Dis*cloak", v. t. Defn: To take off a cloak from; to uncloak. [Obs.] B. Jonson. DISCLOSE Dis*close", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disclosed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disclosing.] Etym: [OE. desclosen, disclosen, fr. disclos, desclos, not shut in, open, OF. desclos, p. p. of desclore to open, F. déclore; pref. des- (L. dis-) + clore to shut, fr. L. claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Disclusion.] 1. To unclose; to open; -- applied esp. to eggs in the sense of to hatch. The ostrich layeth her eggs under sand, where the heat of the discloseth them. Bacon. 2. To remove a cover or envelope from;; to set free from inclosure; to uncover. The shells being broken, . . . the stone included in them is thereby disclosed and set at liberty. Woodward. 3. To lay open or expose to view; to cause to appear; to bring to light; to reveal. How softly on the Spanish shore she plays, Disclosing rock, and slope, and forest brown! Byron. Her lively looks a sprightly mind disclose. Pope. 4. To make known, as that which has been kept secret or hidden; to reveal; to expose; as, events have disclosed his designs. If I disclose my passion, Our friendship 's an end. Addison. Syn. -- To uncover; open; unveil; discover; reveal; divulge; tell; utter. DISCLOSE Dis*close", n. Defn: Disclosure. [Obs.] Shak. Young. DISCLOSED Dis*closed", p. a. (Her.) Defn: Represented with wings expanded; -- applied to doves and other birds not of prey. Cussans. DISCLOSER Dis*clos"er, n. Defn: One who discloses. DISCLOSURE Dis*clo"sure, n. Etym: [See Disclose, v. t., and cf. Closure.] 1. The act of disclosing, uncovering, or revealing; bringing to light; exposure. He feels it [his secret] beating at his heart, rising to his throat, and demanding disclosure. D. Webster. 2. That which is disclosed or revealed. Were the disclosures of 1695 forgotten Macaulay. DISCLOUD Dis*cloud", v. t. Defn: To clear from clouds. [Archaic] Fuller. DISCLOUT Dis*clout", v. t. Defn: To divest of a clout. [R.] DISCLUSION Dis*clu"sion, n. Etym: [L. disclusio, fr. discludere, disclusum, to separate. See Disclose.] Defn: A shutting off; exclusion. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. DISCOAST Dis*coast", v. i. Etym: [Pref. dis- + coast: cf. It. discostare.] Defn: To depart; to quit the coast (that is, the side or border) of anything; to be separated. [Obs.] As far as heaven and earth discoasted lie. G. Fletcher. To discoast from the plain and simple way of speech. Barrow. DISCOBLASTIC Dis`co*blas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Applied to a form of egg cleavage seen in osseous fishes, which occurs only in a small disk that separates from the rest of the egg. DISCOBOLUS Dis*cob"o*lus, n.; pl. Discoboli. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Fine Arts) (a) A thrower of the discus. (b) A statue of an athlete holding the discus, or about to throw it Note: The Discobolus of Myron was a famous statue of antiquity, and several copies or imitations of it have been preserved. DISCODACTYL Dis`co*dac"tyl, n. Etym: [See Discodactylia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the tree frogs. DISCODACTYLIA Dis`co*dac*tyl"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of amphibians having suctorial disks on the toes, as the tree frogs. DISCODACTYLOUS Dis`co*dac"tyl*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having sucking disks on the toes, as the tree frogs. DISCOHERENT Dis`co*her"ent, a. Defn: Incoherent. [R.] DISCOID Dis"coid, a. Etym: [Gr. discoïde. See Disk.] Defn: Having the form of a disk, as those univalve shells which have the whorls in one plane, so as to form a disk, as the pearly nautilus. Discoid flower (Bot.), a compound flower, consisting of tubular florets only, as a tansy, lacking the rays which are seen in the daisy and sunflower. DISCOID Dis"coid, n. Defn: Anything having the form of a discus or disk; particularly, a discoid shell. DISCOIDAL Dis*coid"al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. discoïdal.] Defn: Disk-shaped; discoid. DISCOLITH Dis"co*lith, n. Etym: [Gr. -lith.] (Biol.) Defn: One of a species of coccoliths, having an oval discoidal body, with a thick strongly refracting rim, and a thinner central portion. One of them measures about DISCOLOR Dis*col"or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discolored; p. pr. & vb. n. Discoloring.] Etym: [OE. descolouren, OF. descolorer, F. décolorer, fr. L. dis- + cololare, coloratum, to color, color color. See Color.] [Written also discolour.] 1. To alter the natural hue or color of; to change to a different color; to stain; to tinge; as, a drop of wine will discolor water; silver is discolored by sea water. 2. To alter the true complexion or appearance of; to put a false hue upon. To discolor all your ideas. Wat DISCOLORATE Dis*col"or*ate, v. t. Defn: To discolor. [R.] Fuller. DISCOLORATION Dis*col`or*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. decoloration.] 1. The act of discoloring, or the state of being discolored; alteration of hue or appearance. Darwin. 2. A discolored spot; a stain. Arbuthnot. DISCOLORED Dis*col"ored, a. 1. Altered in color; 2. Variegated; of divers colors. [R.] That ever wore discolored arms. Chapman. DISCOMFIT Dis*com"fit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discomfited; p. pr. & vb. n. Discomfiting.] Etym: [OF. desconfit, p. p. of desconfire, F. déconfire; fr. L. dis- + conficere to make ready, prepare, bring about. See Comfit, Fact.] 1. To scatter in fight; to put to rout; to defeat. And his proud foes discomfit in victorious field. Spenser. 2. To break up and frustrate the plans of; to balk Well, go with me and be not so discomfited. Shak. Syn. -- To defeat; overthrow; overpower; vanquish; conquer; baffle; frustrate; confound; discourage. DISCOMFIT Dis*com"fit, a. Defn: Discomfited; overthrown. [Obs.] DISCOMFIT Dis*com"fit, n. Defn: Rout; overthrow; discomfiture. Such as discomfort as shall quite despoil him. Milton. DISCOMFITURE Dis*com"fi*ture, n. Etym: [OF. desconfiture, F. déconfiture. See Discomfort, v. t., and cf. Comfiture.] Defn: The act of discomfiting, or the state of being discomfited; rout; overthrow; defeat; frustration; confusion and dejection. Every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture. 1 Sam. xiv. 20. A hope destined to end . . . in discomfiture and disgrace. Macaulay. DISCOMFORT Dis*com"fort, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discomforted; p. pr. & vb. n. Discomforting.] Etym: [OF. desconforter, F. déconforter, to discourage; pref. des- (L dis-) + conforter. See Comfort.] 1. To discourage; to deject. His funeral shall not be in our camp, Lest it discomfort us. Shak. 2. To destroy or disturb the comfort of; to deprive oas, a smoky chimney discomforts a family. DISCOMFORT Dis*com"fort, n. Etym: [OF. desconfort, F. déconfort. See Discomfort, v. t.] 1. Discouragement. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Want of comfort; uneasiness, mental or physical; disturbance of peace; inquietude; pain; distress; sorrow. "An age of spiritual discomfort." M. Arnold. Strive against all the discomforts of thy sufferings. Bp. Hall. DISCOMFORTABLE Dis*com"fort*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. desconfortable.] 1. Causing discomfort; occasioning uneasiness; making sad. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. Destitute of comfort; uncomfortable. [R.] A labyrinth of little discomfortable garrets. Thackeray. -- Dis*com"fort*a*ble*ness, n. [Obs.] DISCOMMEND Dis`com*mend", v. t. 1. To mention with disapprobation; to blame; to disapprove. [R.] Spenser. By commending something in him that is good, and discommending the same fault in others. Jer. Taylor. 2. To expose to censure or ill favor; to put out of the good graces of any one. A compliance will discommend me to Mr. Coventry. Pepys. DISCOMMENDABLE Dis`com*mend"a*ble, a. Defn: Deserving, disapprobation or blame. -- Dis`com*mend"a*ble*ness, n. DISCOMMENDATION Dis*com`men*da"tion, n. Defn: Blame; censure; reproach. [R.] Ayliffe. DISCOMMENDER Dis`com*mend"er, n. Defn: One who discommends; a dispraiser. Johnson. DISCOMMISSION Dis`com*mis"sion, v. t. Defn: To deprive of a commission or trust. [R.] Laud. DISCOMMODATE Dis*com"mo*date, v. t. Etym: [L. dis- + commodatus, p. p. of commodare to make fit or suitable, fr. commodus fit, commodious. See Commodious, and cf. Discommode.] Defn: To discommode. [Obs.] Howell. DISCOMMODE Dis`com*mode", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discommoded; p. pr. & vb. n. Discommoding.] Etym: [See Discommodate.] Defn: To put inconvenience; to incommode; to trouble. [R.] Syn. -- To incommode; annoy; inconvenience. DISCOMMODIOUS Dis`com*mo"di*ous, a. Defn: Inconvenient; troublesome; incommodious. [R.] Spenser. -- Dis`com*mo"di*ous*ly, adv. -- Dis`com*mo"di*ous*ness, n. DISCOMMODITY Dis`com*mod"i*ty, n. Defn: Disadvantage; inconvenience. Bacon. DISCOMMON Dis*com"mon, v. t. 1. To deprive of the right of common. [R.] Bp. Hall. 2. To deprive of privileges. [R.] T. Warton. 3. (Law) Defn: To deprive of commonable quality, as lands, by inclosing or appropriating. Burrill. DISCOMMUNITY Dis`com*mu"ni*ty, n. Defn: A lack of common possessions, properties, or relationship. Community of embryonic structure reveals community of descent; but dissimilarity of embryonic development does not prove discommunity of descent. Darwin. DISCOMPANY Dis*com"pa*ny, v. t. Defn: To free from company; to dissociate. [R.] It she be alone now, and discompanied. B. Jonson. DISCOMPLEXION Dis`com*plex"ion, v. t. Defn: To change the complexion or hue of. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. DISCOMPLIANCE Dis`com*pli"ance, n. Defn: Failure or refusal to comply; noncompliance. A compliance will discommend me to Mr. Coventry, and a discompliance to my lord chancellor. Pepys. DISCOMPOSE Dis`com*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discomposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Discomposing.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + compose: cf. OF. decomposer, F. décomposer.] 1. To disarrange; to interfere with; to disturb; to disorder; to unsettle; to break up. Or discomposed the headdress of a prude. Pope. 2. To throw into disorder; to ruffle; to destroy the composure or equanimity; to agitate. Opposition . . . discomposeth the mind's serenity. Glanvill. 3. To put out of place or service; to discharge; to displace. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. -- To disorder; derange; unsettle; disturb; disconcert; agitate; ruffle; fret; vex. DISCOMPOSED Dis`com*posed", a. Defn: Disordered; disturbed; disquieted. -- Dis`com*pos"ed*ly, adv. -- Dis`com*pos"ed*ness, n. DISCOMPOSITION Dis*com`po*si"tion, n. Defn: Inconsistency; discordance. [Obs.] Donne. DISCOMPOSURE Dis`com*po"sure, n. 1. The state of being discomposed; disturbance; disorder; agitation; perturbation. No discomposure stirred her features. Akenside. 2. Discordance; disagreement of parts. [Obs.] Boyle. DISCOMPT Dis*compt", v. t. Etym: [See Discount.] Defn: To discount. See Discount. Hudibras. DISCONCERT Dis`con*cert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disconcerted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disconcerting.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + concert: cf. OF. desconcerter, F. déconcerter.] 1. To break up the harmonious progress of; to throw into disorder or confusion; as, the emperor disconcerted the plans of his enemy. 2. To confuse the faculties of; to disturb the composure of; to discompose; to abash. The embrace disconcerted the daughter-in-law somewhat, as the caresses of old gentlemen unshorn and perfumed with tobacco might well do. Thackeray. Syn. -- To discompose; derange; ruffle; confuse; disturb; defeat; frustrate. DISCONCERT Dis`con*cert", n. Defn: Want of concert; disagreement. Sir W. Temple. DISCONCERTION Dis`con*cer"tion, n. Defn: The act of disconcerting, or state of being disconcerted; discomposure; perturbation. [R.] State Trials (1794). DISCONDUCIVE Dis`con*du"cive, a. Defn: Not conductive; impeding; disadvantageous. [R.] DISCONFORMABLE Dis`con*form"a*ble, a. Defn: Not conformable. Disconformable in religion from us. Stow (1603). DISCONFORMITY Dis`con*form"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of conformity or correspondence; inconsistency; disagreement. Those . . . in some disconformity to ourselves. Milton. Disagreement and disconformity betwixt the speech and the conception of the mind. Hakewill. DISCONGRUITY Dis`con*gru"i*ty, n. Defn: Incongruity; disagreement; unsuitableness. Sir M. Hale. DISCONNECT Dis`con*nect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disconnected; p. pr. & vb. n. Disconnecting.] Defn: To dissolve the union or connection of; to disunite; to sever; to separate; to disperse. The commonwealth itself would . . . be disconnected into the dust and powder of individuality. Burke. This restriction disconnects bank paper and the precious metals. Walsh. DISCONNECTION Dis`con*nec"tion, n. Defn: The act of disconnecting, or state of being disconnected; separation; want of union. Nothing was therefore to be left in all the subordinate members but weakness, disconnection, and confusion. Burke. DISCONSECRATE Dis*con"se*crate, v. t. Defn: To deprive of consecration or sacredness. [R.] DISCONSENT Dis`con*sent", v. i. Defn: To differ; to disagree; to dissent. [Obs.] Milton. DISCONSOLACY Dis*con"so*la`cy, n. Defn: The state of being disconsolate. [Obs.] Barrow. DISCONSOLATE Dis*con"so*late, n. Defn: Disconsolateness. [Obs.] Barrow. DISCONSOLATE Dis*con"so*late, a. Etym: [LL. disconsolatus; L. dis- + consolatus, p. p. of consolari to console. See Console, v. t.] 1. Destitute of consolation; deeply dejected and dispirited; hopelessly sad; comfortless; filled with grief; as, a bereaved and disconsolate parent. One morn a Peri at the gate Of Eden stood disconsolate. Moore. The ladies and the knights, no shelter nigh, Were dropping wet, disconsolate and wan. Dryden. 2. Inspiring dejection; saddening; cheerless; as, the disconsolate darkness of the winter nights. Ray. Syn. -- Forlorn; melancholy; sorrowful; desolate; woeful; hopeless; gloomy. -- Dis*con"so*late*ly, adv. -- Dis*con"so*late*ness, n. DISCONSOLATED Dis*con"so*la`ted, a. Defn: Disconsolate. [Obs.] A poor, disconsolated, drooping creature. Sterne. DISCONSOLATION Dis*con`so*la"tion, n. Defn: Dejection; grief. [R.] Bp. Hall. DISCONTENT Dis`con*tent", a. Defn: Not content; discontented; dissatisfied. Jer. Taylor. Passion seemed to be much discontent, but Patience was very quiet. Bunyan. DISCONTENT Dis`con*tent", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discontented; p. pr. & vb. n. Discontenting.] Defn: To deprive if content; to make uneasy; to dissatisfy. Suckling. DISCONTENT Dis`con*tent", n. 1. Want of content; uneasiness and inquietude of mind; dissatisfaction; disquiet. Now is the winter of our discontent Made glorious summer by this sun of York. Shak. The rapacity of his father's administration had excited such universal discontent. Hallam 2. A discontented person; a malcontent. [R.] Thus was the Scotch nation full of discontents. Fuller. DISCONTENTATION Dis*con`ten*ta"tion, n. Defn: Discontent. [Obs.] Ascham. DISCONTENTED Dis`con*tent"ed, p. p. & a. Defn: Dissatisfied; uneasy in mind; malcontent. And every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto him. 1 Sam. xxii. 2. -- Dis`con*tent"ed*ly, adv. -- Dis`con*tent"ed*ness, n. DISCONTENTFUL Dis`con*tent"ful, a. Defn: Full of discontent. [R.] DISCONTENTING Dis`con*tent"ing, a. 1. Discontented. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Causing discontent; dissatisfying. Milton. DISCONTENTIVE Dis`con*tent"ive, a. Defn: Relating or tending to discontent. [R.] "Pride is ever discontentive." Feltham. DISCONTENTMENT Dis`con*tent"ment, n. Defn: The state of being discontented; uneasiness; inquietude. Bacon. DISCONTINUABLE Dis`con*tin"u*a*ble, a. Defn: Admitting of being discontinued. [R.] DISCONTINUANCE Dis`con*tin"u*ance, n. 1. The act of discontinuing, or the state of being discontinued; want of continued connection or continuity; breaking off; cessation; interruption; as, a discontinuance of conversation or intercourse; discontinuance of a highway or of travel. 2. (Law) (a) A breaking off or interruption of an estate, which happened when an alienation was made by a tenant in tail, or other tenant, seized in right of another, of a larger estate than the tenant was entitled to, whereby the party ousted or injured was driven to his real action, and could not enter. This effect of such alienation is now obviated by statute in both England and the United States. (b) The termination of an action in practice by the voluntary act of the plaintiff; an entry on the record that the plaintiff discontinues his action. (c) That technical interruption of the proceedings in pleading in an action, which follows where a defendant does not answer the whole of the plaintiff's declaration, and the plaintiff omits to take judgment for the part unanswered. Wharton's Law Dict. Burrill. Syn. -- Cessation; intermission; discontinuation; separation; disunion; disjunction; disruption; break. DISCONTINUATION Dis`con*tin`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. discontinuation.] Defn: Breach or interruption of continuity; separation of parts in a connected series; discontinuance. Upon any discontinuation of parts, made either by bubbles or by shaking the glass, the whole mercury falls. Sir I. Newton. DISCONTINUE Dis`con*tin"ue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discontinued; p. pr. & vb. n. Discontinuing.] Etym: [Cf. F. discontinuer.] Defn: To interrupt the continuance of; to intermit, as a practice or habit; to put an end to; to cause to cease; to cease using, to stop; to leave off. Set up their conventicles again, which had been discontinued. Bp. Burnet. I have discontinued school Above a twelvemonth. Shak. Taught the Greek tongue, discontinued before in these parts the space of seven hundred years. Daniel. They modify and discriminate the voice, without appearing to discontinue it. Holder. DISCONTINUE Dis`con*tin"ue, v. i. 1. To lose continuity or cohesion of parts; to be disrupted or broken off. Bacon. 2. To be separated or severed; to part. Thyself shalt discontinue from thine heritage. Jer. xvii. 4. DISCONTINUEE Dis`con*tin`u*ee", n. (Law) Defn: One whose possession of an estate is broken off, or discontinued; one whose estate is subject to discontinuance. DISCONTINUER Dis`con*tin"u*er, n. Defn: One who discontinues, or breaks off or away from; an absentee. He was no gadder abroad, not discontinuer from his convent for a long time. Fuller. DISCONTINUITY Dis*con`ti*nu"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of continuity or cohesion; disunion of parts. "Discontinuity of surface." Boyle. DISCONTINUOR Dis`con*tin"u*or, n. (Law) Defn: One who deprives another of the possession of an estate by discontinuance. See Discontinuance, 2. DISCONTINUOUS Dis`con*tin"u*ous, a. 1. Not continuous; interrupted; broken off. A path that is zigzag, discontinuous, and intersected at every turn by human negligence. De Quincey. 2. Exhibiting a dissolution of continuity; gaping. "Discontinuous wound." Milton. Discontinuous function (Math.), a function which for certain values or between certain values of the variable does not vary continuously as the variable increases. The discontinuity may, for example, consist of an abrupt change in the value of the function, or an abrupt change in its law of variation, or the function may become imaginary. DISCONVENIENCE Dis`con*ven"ience, n. Defn: Unsuitableness; incongruity. [Obs.] Bacon. DISCONVENIENT Dis`con*ven"ient, a. Defn: Not convenient or congruous; unsuitable; ill-adapted. [Obs.] Bp. Reynolds. DISCOPHORA Dis*coph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of acalephs or jellyfishes, including most of the large disklike species. -- Dis*coph"o*rous, a. DISCORD Dis"cord`, n. Etym: [OE. discord, descord, OF. discorde, descorde, F. discorde, from L. discordia, fr. discors, -cordis, discordant, disagreeable; dis- + cor, cordis, heart; cf. F. discord, n., and OF. descorder, discorder, F. discorder, to discord, L. discordare, from discors. See Heart, and cf. Discord, v. i.] 1. Want of concord or agreement; absence of unity or harmony in sentiment or action; variance leading to contention and strife; disagreement; -- applied to persons or to things, and to thoughts, feelings, or purposes. A false witness that speaketh lies, and he that soweth discord among brethren. Prov. vi. 19. Peace to arise out of universal discord fomented in all parts of the empire. Burke. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Union of musical sounds which strikes the ear harshly or disagreeably, owing to the incommensurability of the vibrations which they produce; want of musical concord or harmony; a chord demanding resolution into a concord. For a discord itself is but a harshness of divers sounds mBacon. Apple of discord. See under Apple. Syn. -- Variance; difference; opposition; contrariety; clashing; dissension; contention; strife; disagreement; dissonance. DISCORD Dis*cord", v. i. Etym: [OE. discorden, descorden, from the French. See Discord, n.] Defn: To disagree; to be discordant; to jar; to clash; not to suit. [Obs.] The one discording with the other. Bacon. DISCORDABLE Dis*cord"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. descordable.] Defn: That may produce discord; disagreeing; discordant. [R.] Halliwell. DISCORDANCE; DISCORDANCY Dis*cord"ance, Dis*cord"an*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. discordance.] Defn: State or quality of being discordant; disagreement; inconsistency. There will arise a thousand discordances of opinion. I. Taylor. DISCORDANT Dis*cord"ant, a. Etym: [OE. discordant, descordaunt, OF. descordant, discordant, F. discordant, p. pr. of discorder, OF. also, descorder. See Discord, n.] 1. Disagreeing; incongruous; being at variance; clashing; opposing; not harmonious. The discordant elements out of which the emperor had compounded his realm did not coalesce. Motley. 2. Etym: [See Discord, n., 2.] (Mus.) Defn: Dissonant; not in harmony or musical concord; harsh; jarring; as, discordant notes or sounds. For still their music seemed to start Discordant echoes in each heart. Longfellow. 3. (Geol.) Defn: Said of strata which lack conformity in direction of bedding, either as in unconformability, or as caused by a fault. Syn. -- Disagreeing; incongruous; contradictory; repugnant; opposite; contrary; inconsistent; dissonant; harsh; jarring; irreconcilable. -- Dis*cord"ant*ly, adv. -- Dis*cord"ant*ness, n. [R.] DISCORDFUL Dis*cord"ful, a. Defn: Full of discord; contentious. [Obs.] "His discordful dame." Spenser. DISCORDOUS Dis*cord"ous, a. Defn: Full of discord. [Obs.] DISCORPORATE Dis*cor"po*rate, a. Defn: Deprived of the privileges or form of a body corporate. [Obs.] Jas. II. DISCORRESPONDENT Dis*cor`re*spond"ent, a. Defn: Incongruous. W. Montagu. DISCOST Dis*cost", v. i. Defn: Same as Discoast. [Obs.] DISCOUNSEL Dis*coun"sel, v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + counsel: cf. OF. desconseiller.] Defn: To dissuade. [Obs.] Spenser. DISCOUNT Dis"count`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Discounting.] Etym: [OF. desconter, descompter, to deduct, F. décompter to discount; pref. des- (L. dis-) + conter, compter. See Count, v.] 1. To deduct from an account, debt, charge, and the like; to make an abatement of; as, merchants sometimes discount five or six per cent for prompt payment of bills. 2. To lend money upon, deducting the discount or allowance for interest; as, the banks discount notes and bills of exchange. Discount only unexceptionable paper. Walsh. 3. To take into consideration beforehand; to anticipate and form conclusions concerning (an event). 4. To leave out of account; to take no notice of. [R.] Of the three opinions (I discount Brown's). Sir W. Hamilton. DISCOUNT Dis"count`, v. i. Defn: To lend, or make a practice of lending, money, abating the discount; as, the discount for sixty or ninety days. DISCOUNT Dis"count`, n. Etym: [Cf. F. décompte. See Discount, v. t.] 1. A counting off or deduction made from a gross sum on any account whatever; an allowance upon an account, debt, demand, price asked, and the like; something taken or deducted. 2. A deduction made for interest, in advancing money upon, or purchasing, a bill or note not due; payment in advance of interest upon money. 3. The rate of interest charged in discounting. At a discount, below par, or below the nominal value; hence, colloquially, out of favor; poorly esteemed; depreciated. -- Bank discount, a sum equal to the interest at a given rate on the principal (face) of a bill or note from the time of discounting until it become due. -- Discount broker, one who makes a business of discounting commercial paper; a bill broker. -- Discount day, a particular day of the week when a bank discounts bills. -- True discount, the interest which, added to a principal, will equal the face of a note when it becomes due. The principal yielding this interest is the present value of the note. DISCOUNTABLE Dis*count"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being, or suitable to be, discounted; as, certain forms are necessary to render notes discountable at a bank. DISCOUNTENANCE Dis*coun"te*nance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discountenanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Discountenancing.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + countenance: cf. OF. descontenancer, F. décontenancer.] 1. To ruffle or discompose the countenance of; to put of countenance; to put to shame; to abash. How would one look from his majestic brow . . . Discountenance her despised! Milton. The hermit was somewhat discountenanced by this observation. Sir W. Scott. 2. To refuse to countenance, or give the support of one's approval to; to give one's influence against; to restrain by cold treatment; to discourage. A town meeting was convened to discountenance riot. Bancroft. DISCOUNTENANCE Dis*coun"te*nance, n. Defn: Unfavorable aspect; unfriendly regard; cold treatment; disapprobation; whatever tends to check or discourage. He thought a little discountenance on those persons would suppress that spirit. Clarendon. DISCOUNTENANCER Dis*coun"te*nan*cer, n. Defn: One who discountenances; one who disfavors. Bacon. DISCOUNTER Dis"count`er, n. Defn: One who discounts; a discount broker. Burke. DISCOURAGE Dis*cour"age (; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discouraged; p. pr. & vb. n. Discouraging.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + courage: cf. OF. descoragier, F. décourager: pref. des- (L. dis-) + corage, F. courage. See Courage.] 1. To extinguish the courage of; to dishearten; to depress the spirits of; to deprive of confidence; to deject; -- the opposite of encourage; as, he was discouraged in his undertaking; he need not be discouraged from a like attempt. Fathers, provoke not your children to anger, lest they be discouraged. Col. iii. 21. 2. To dishearten one with respect to; to discountenance; to seek to check by disfavoring; to deter one from; as, they discouraged his efforts. Syn. -- To dishearten; dispirit; depress; deject; dissuade; disfavor. DISCOURAGE Dis*cour"age, n. Defn: Lack of courage; cowardliness. DISCOURAGEABLE Dis*cour"age*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being discouraged; easily disheartened. Bp. Hall. DISCOURAGEMENT Dis*cour"age*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. descouragement, F. découragement.] 1. The act of discouraging, or the state of being discouraged; depression or weakening of confidence; dejection. 2. That which discourages; that which deters, or tends to deter, from an undertaking, or from the prosecution of anything; a determent; as, the revolution was commenced under every possible discouragement. "Discouragements from vice." Swift. DISCOURAGER Dis*cour"a*ger, n. Defn: One who discourages. The promoter of truth and the discourager of error. Sir G. C. Lewis. DISCOURAGING Dis*cour"a*ging, a. Defn: Causing or indicating discouragement. -- Dis*cour"a*ging*ly, adv. DISCOURE Dis*coure", v. t. Defn: To discover. [Obs.] That none might her discoure. Spenser. DISCOURSE Dis*course", n. Etym: [L. discursus a running to and fro, discourse, fr. discurrere, discursum, to run to and fro, to discourse; dis- + currere to run: cf. F. discours. See Course.] 1. The power of the mind to reason or infer by running, as it were, from one fact or reason to another, and deriving a conclusion; an exercise or act of this power; reasoning; range of reasoning faculty. [Obs.] Difficult, strange, and harsh to the discourses of natural reason. South. Sure he that made us with such large discourse, Looking before and after, gave us not That capability and godlike reason To fust in us unused. Shak. 2. Conversation; talk. In their discourses after supper. Shak. Filling the head with variety of thoughts, and the mouth with copious discourse. Locke. 3. The art and manner of speaking and conversing. Of excellent breeding, admirable discourse. Shak. 4. Consecutive speech, either written or unwritten, on a given line of thought; speech; treatise; dissertation; sermon, etc.; as, the preacher gave us a long discourse on duty. 5. Dealing; transaction. [Obs.] Good Captain Bessus, tell us the discourse Betwixt Tigranes and our king, and how We got the victory. Beau. & Fl. DISCOURSE Dis*course", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Discoursed; p. pr. & vb. n. Discoursing.] 1. To exercise reason; to employ the mind in judging and inferring; to reason. [Obs.] "Have sense or can discourse." Dryden. 2. To express one's self in oral discourse; to expose one's views; to talk in a continuous or formal manner; to hold forth; to speak; to converse. Bid me discourse, I will enchant thine ear. Shak. 3. To relate something; to tell. Shak. 4. To treat of something in writing and formally. DISCOURSE Dis*course", v. t. 1. To treat of; to expose or set forth in language. [Obs.] The life of William Tyndale . . . is sufficiently and at large discoursed in the book. Foxe. 2. To utter or give forth; to speak. It will discourse mosShak. 3. To talk to; to confer with. [Obs.] I have spoken to my brother, who is the patron, to discourse the minister about it. Evelyn. DISCOURSER Dis*cours"er, n. 1. One who discourse; a narrator; a speaker; an haranguer. In his conversation he was the most clear discourser. Milward. 2. The writer of a treatise or dissertation. Philologers and critical discoursers. Sir T. Browne. DISCOURSIVE Dis*cours"ive, a. Etym: [See Discursive.] 1. Reasoning; characterized by reasoning; passing from premises to consequences; discursive. Milton. 2. Containing dialogue or conversation; interlocutory. The epic is everywhere interlaced with dialogue or discoursive scenes. Dryden. 3. Inclined to converse; conversable; communicative; as, a discoursive man. [R.] DISCOURSIVE Dis*cours"ive, n. Defn: The state or quality of being discoursive or able to reason. [R.] Feltham. DISCOURTEOUS Dis*cour"te*ous (; see Courteous, 277), a. Etym: [Pref. dis- + courteous: cf. OF. discortois.] Defn: Uncivil; rude; wanting in courtesy or good manners; uncourteous. -- Dis*cour"te*ous*ly, adv. -- Dis*cour"te*ous*ness, n. DISCOURTESY Dis*cour"te*sy, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + courtesy: cf. OF. descourtoisie.] Defn: Rudeness of behavior or language; ill manners; manifestation of disrespect; incivility. Be calm in arguing; for fierceness makes Error a fault, and truth discourtesy. Herbert. DISCOURTSHIP Dis*court"ship, n. Defn: Want of courtesy. [Obs.] B. Jonson. DISCOUS Disc"ous, a. Etym: [L. discus disk. See Disk.] Defn: Disklike; discoid. DISCOVENANT Dis*cov"e*nant, v. t. Defn: To dissolve covenant with. DISCOVER Dis*cov"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discovered; p. pr. & vb. n. Discovering.] Etym: [OE. discoveren, discuren, descuren, OF. descovrir, descouvrir, F. découvrir; des- (L. dis-) + couvrir to cover. See Cover.] 1. To uncover. [Obs.] Whether any man hath pulled down or discovered any church. Abp. Grindal. 2. To disclose; to lay open to view; to make visible; to reveal; to make known; to show (what has been secret, unseen, or unknown). Go, draw aside the curtains, and discover The several caskets to this noble prince. Shak. Prosperity doth best discover vice; but adversity doth best discover virtue. Bacon. We will discover ourselves unto them. 1 Sam. xiv. 8. Discover not a secret to another. Prov. xxv. 9. 3. To obtain for the first time sight or knowledge of, as of a thing existing already, but not perceived or known; to find; to ascertain; to espy; to detect. Some to discover islands far away. Shak. 4. To manifest without design; to show. The youth discovered a taste for sculpture. C. J. Smith. 5. To explore; to examine. [Obs.] Syn. -- To disclose; bring out; exhibit; show; manifest; reveal; communicate; impart; tell; espy; find; out; detect. -- To Discover, Invent. We discover what existed before, but remained unknown; we invent by forming combinations which are either entirely new, or which attain their end by means unknown before. Columbus discovered America; Newton discovered the law of gravitation; Whitney invented the cotton gin; Galileo invented the telescope. DISCOVER Dis*cov"er, v. i. Defn: To discover or show one's self. [Obs.] This done, they discover. Decke Nor was this the first time that they discovered to be followers of this world. Milton. DISCOVERABILITY Dis*cov`er*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being discoverable. [R.] Carlyle. DISCOVERABLE Dis*cov"er*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being discovered, found out, or perceived; as, many minute animals are discoverable only by the help of the microscope; truths discoverable by human industry. DISCOVERER Dis*cov"er*er, n. 1. One who discovers; one who first comes to the knowledge of something; one who discovers an unknown country, or a new principle, truth, or fact. The discoverers and searchers of the land. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. A scout; an explorer. Shak. DISCOVERMENT Dis*cov"er*ment, n. Defn: Discovery. [Obs.] DISCOVERT Dis*cov"ert, a. Etym: [Cf. F. découvert uncovered, OF. descovert. See Discover, Covert.] (Law) Defn: Not covert; not within the bonds of matrimony; unmarried; -- applied either to a woman who has never married or to a widow. DISCOVERT Dis*cov"ert, n. Defn: An uncovered place or part. [Obs.] At discovert, uncovered. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISCOVERTURE Dis*cov"er*ture, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + coverture: cf. OF. descoverture.] 1. Discovery. [Obs.] 2. (Law) Defn: A state of being released from coverture; freedom of a woman from the coverture of a husband. DISCOVERY Dis*cov"er*y, n.; pl. Discoveries (. 1. The action of discovering; exposure to view; laying open; showing; as, the discovery of a plot. 2. A making known; revelation; disclosure; as, a bankrupt is bound to make a full discovery of his assets. In the clear discoveries of the next [world]. South. 3. Finding out or ascertaining something previously unknown or unrecognized; as, Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood. A brilliant career of discovery and conquest. Prescott. We speak of the "invention" of printing, the discovery of America. Trench. 4. That which is discovered; a thing found out, or for the first time ascertained or recognized; as, the properties of the magnet were an important discovery. 5. Exploration; examination. [Obs.] DISCOVERY DAY Dis*cov"er*y Day. Defn: = Columbus Day, above. DISCRADLE Dis*cra"dle, v. t. Defn: To take from a cradle. [R.] This airy apparition first discradled From Tournay into Portugal. Ford. DISCREDIT Dis*cred"it, n. Etym: [Cf. F. discrédit.] 1. The act of discrediting or disbelieving, or the state of being discredited or disbelieved; as, later accounts have brought the story into discredit. 2. Hence, some degree of dishonor or disesteem; ill repute; reproach; -- applied to persons or things. It is the duty of every Christian to be concerned for the reputation or discredit his life may bring on his profession. Rogers. Syn. -- Disesteem; disrepute; dishonor; disgrace; ignominy; scandal; disbelief; distrust. DISCREDIT Dis*cred"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discredited; p. pr. & vb. n. Discrediting.] Etym: [Cf. F. discréditer.] 1. To refuse credence to; not to accept as true; to disbelieve; as, the report is discredited. 2. To deprive of credibility; to destroy confidence or trust in; to cause disbelief in the accuracy or authority of. An occasion might be given to the . . . papists of discrediting our common English Bible. Strype. 2. To deprive of credit or good repute; to bring reproach upon; to make less reputable; to disgrace. He. . . least discredits his travels who returns the same man he went. Sir H. Wotton. DISCREDITABLE Dis*cred"it*a*ble, a. Defn: Not creditable; injurious to reputation; disgraceful; disreputable. -- Dis*cred"it*a*bly, adv. DISCREDITOR Dis*cred"it*or, n. Defn: One who discredits. DISCREET Dis*creet", a. [Compar. Discreeter; superl. Discreetest.] Etym: [F. discret, L. discretus separated (whence the meaning reserved, prudent), p. p. of discernere. See Discern, and cf. Discrete.] 1. Possessed of discernment, especially in avoiding error or evil, and in the adaptation of means to ends; prudent; sagacious; judicious; not rash or heedless; cautious. It is the discreet man, not the witty, nor the learned, nor the brave, who guides the conversation, and gives measures to society. Addison. Satire 's my weapon, but I 'm too discreet To run amuck, and tilt at all I meet. Pope. The sea is silent, the sea is discreet. Longfellow. 2. Differing; distinct. [Obs.] Spenser. -- Dis*creet"ly, adv. -- Dis*creet"ness, n. DISCREPANCE; DISCREPANCY Dis*crep"ance, Dis*crep"an*cy, n.; pl. -ances, -ancies. Etym: [L. disrepantia: cf. OF. discrepance. See Discrepant.] Defn: The state or quality of being discrepant; disagreement; variance; discordance; dissimilarity; contrariety. There hath been ever a discrepance of vesture of youth and age, men and women. Sir T. Elyot. There is no real discrepancy between these two genealogies. G. S. Faber. DISCREPANT Dis*crep"ant, a. Etym: [L. discrepans, -antis, p. pr. of discrepare to sound differently or discordantly; dis- + crepare to rattle, creak: cf. OF. discrepant. See Crepitate.] Defn: Discordant; at variance; disagreeing; contrary; different. The Egyptians were . . . the most oddly discrepant from the rest in their manner of worship. Cudworth. DISCREPANT Dis*crep"ant, n. Defn: A dissident. J. Taylor. DISCRETE Dis*crete", a. Etym: [L. discretus, p. p. of discernere. See Discreet.] 1. Separate; distinct; disjunct. Sir M. Hale. 2. Disjunctive; containing a disjunctive or discretive clause; as, "I resign my life, but not my honor," is a discrete proposition. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Separate; not coalescent; -- said of things usually coalescent. Discrete movement. See Concrete movement of the voice, under Concrete, a. -- Discrete proportion, proportion where the ratio of the means is different from that of either couplet; as, 3:6::8:16, 3 bearing the same proportion to 6 as 8 does to 16. But 3 is not to 6 as 6 to 8. It is thus opposed to continued or continual proportion; as, 3:6::12:24. -- Discrete quantity, that which must be divided into units, as number, and is opposed to continued quantity, as duration, or extension. DISCRETE Dis*crete", v. t. Defn: To separate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DISCRETELY Dis*crete"ly, adv. Defn: Separately; disjunctively. DISCRETION Dis*cre"tion, n. Etym: [F. discrétion, L. discretio separation, difference, discernment, fr. discernere, discretum. See Discreet, Discern.] 1. Disjunction; separation. [Obs.] Mede. 2. The quality of being discreet; wise conduct and management; cautious discernment, especially as to matters of propriety and self- control; prudence; circumspection; wariness. The better part of valor is discretion. Shak. The greatest parts without discretion may be fatal to their owner. Hume. 3. Discrimination. Well spoken, with good accent and good discretion. Shak. 4. Freedom to act according to one's own judgment; unrestrained exercise of choice or will. At discretion, without conditions or stipulations. DISCRETIONAL; DISCRETIONARY Dis*cre"tion*al, Dis*cre"tion*a*ry,Etym: [Cf. F. discrétionnaire.] Defn: Left to discretion; unrestrained except by discretion or judgment; as, an ambassador with discretionary powers. DISCRETIONALLY; DISCRETIONARILY Dis*cre"tion*al*ly, Dis*cre"tion*a*ri*ly, adv. Defn: At discretion; according to one's discretion or judgment. DISCRETIVE Dis*cre"tive, a. Etym: [L. discretivus. See Discrete.] Defn: Marking distinction or separation; disjunctive. Discretive proposition (Logic & Gram.), one that expresses distinction, opposition, or variety, by means of discretive particles, as but, though, yet, etc.; as, travelers change their climate, but not their temper. DISCRETIVELY Dis*cre"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a discretive manner. DISCRIMINABLE Dis*crim"i*na*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being discriminated. [Obs.] Bailey. DISCRIMINAL Dis*crim"i*nal, a. Etym: [L. discriminalis serving to divide.] Defn: In palmistry, applied to the line which marks the separation between the hand and the arm. DISCRIMINANT Dis*crim"i*nant, n. Etym: [L. discriminans, p. pr. of discriminare.] (Math.) Defn: The eliminant of the n partial differentials of any homogenous function of n variables. See Eliminant. DISCRIMINATE Dis*crim"i*nate, a. Etym: [L. discriminatus, p. p. of discriminare to divide, separate, fr. discrimen division, distinction, decision, fr. discernere. See Discern, and cf. Criminate.] Defn: Having the difference marked; distinguished by certain tokens. Bacon. DISCRIMINATE Dis*crim"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discriminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Discriminating.] Defn: To set apart as being different; to mark as different; to separate from another by discerning differences; to distinguish. Cowper. To discriminate the goats from the sheep. Barrow. DISCRIMINATE Dis*crim"i*nate, v. i. 1. To make a difference or distinction; to distinguish accurately; as, in judging of evidence, we should be careful to discriminate between probability and slight presumption. 2. (a) To treat unequally. (b) (Railroads) To impose unequal tariffs for substantially the same service. DISCRIMINATELY Dis*crim"i*nate*ly, adv. Defn: In a discriminating manner; distinctly. DISCRIMINATENESS Dis*crim"i*nate*ness, n. Defn: The state of being discriminated; distinctness. DISCRIMINATING Dis*crim"i*na`ting, a. Defn: Marking a difference; distinguishing. -- Dis*crim"i*na`ting*ly, adv. And finds with keen discriminating sight, Black's not so black; -- nor white so very white. Canning. DISCRIMINATION Dis*crim`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. discriminatio the contrasting of opposite thoughts.] 1. The act of discriminating, distinguishing, or noting and marking differences. To make an anxious discrimination between the miracle absolute and providential. Trench. 2. The state of being discriminated, distinguished, or set apart. Sir J. Reynolds. 3. (Railroads) Defn: The arbitrary imposition of unequal tariffs for substantially the same service. A difference in rates, not based upon any corresponding difference in cost, constitutes a case of discrimination. A. T. Hadley. 4. The quality of being discriminating; faculty of nicely distinguishing; acute discernment; as, to show great discrimination in the choice of means. 5. That which discriminates; mark of distinction. Syn. -- Discernment; penetration; clearness; acuteness; judgment; distinction. See Discernment. DISCRIMINATIVE Dis*crim"i*na*tive, a. 1. Marking a difference; distinguishing; distinctive; characteristic. That peculiar and discriminative form of life. Johnson. 2. Observing distinctions; making differences; discriminating. "Discriminative censure." J. Foster. "Discriminative Providence." Dr. H. More. DISCRIMINATIVELY Dis*crim"i*na*tive*ly, adv. Defn: With discrimination or distinction. J. Foster. DISCRIMINATOR Dis*crim"i*na`tor, n. Etym: [LL.] Defn: One who discriminates. DISCRIMINATORY Dis*crim"i*na*to*ry, a. Defn: Discriminative. DISCRIMINOUS Dis*crim"i*nous, a. Etym: [LL. discriminosus, fr. L. discrimen the dangerous, decisive moment. See Discriminate, a.] Defn: Hazardous; dangerous. [Obs.] Harvey. DISCRIVE Dis*crive", v. t. Etym: [OF. descrivre. See Describe.] Defn: To describe. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISCROWN Dis*crown", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discrowned; p. pr. & vb. n. Discrowning.] Defn: To deprive of a crown. The end had crowned the work; it not unreasonably discrowned the workman. Motley. DISCRUCIATE Dis*cru"ci*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discruciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Discruciating.] Etym: [L. discruciatus, p. p. of discruciare. See Cruciate.] Defn: To torture; to excruciate. [Obs.] Discruciate a man in deep distress. Herrick. DISCUBITORY Dis*cu"bi*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. discumbere, discubitum, to lie down, recline at table; dis- + cumbere (in comp.) to lie down.] Defn: Leaning; fitted for a reclining posture. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DISCULPATE Dis*cul"pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disculpated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disculpating.] Etym: [LL. disculpatus, p. p. of disculpare to disculpate; dis- + L. culpare to blame, culpa fault.] Defn: To free from blame or the imputation of a fault; to exculpate. I almost fear you think I begged it, but I can disculpate myself. Walpole. DISCULPATION Dis`cul*pa"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. disculpation.] Defn: Exculpation. Burke. DISCULPATORY Dis*cul"pa*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to exculpate; exculpatory. DISCUMBENCY Dis*cum"ben*cy, n. Etym: [From L. discumbens, p. pr. of discumbere. See Discubitory.] Defn: The act of reclining at table according to the manner of the ancients at their meals. Sir T. Browne. DISCUMBER Dis*cum"ber, v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + cumber: cf. OF. descombrer.] Defn: To free from that which cumbers or impedes; to disencumber. [Archaic] Pope. DISCURE Dis*cure", v. t. Etym: [See Discover.] Defn: To discover; to reveal; to discoure. [Obs.] I will, if please you it discure, assay To ease you of that ill, so wisely as I may. Spenser. DISCURRENT Dis*cur"rent, a. Defn: Not current or free to circulate; not in use. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys. DISCURSION Dis*cur"sion, n. Etym: [LL. discursio a running different ways. See Discourse.] Defn: The act of discoursing or reasoning; range, as from thought to thought. Coleridge. DISCURSIST Dis*cur"sist, n. Defn: A discourser. [Obs.] L. Addison. DISCURSIVE Dis*cur"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. discursif. See Discourse, and cf. Discoursive.] 1. Passing from one thing to another; ranging over a wide field; roving; digressive; desultory. "Discursive notices." De Quincey. The power he [Shakespeare] delights to show is not intense, but discursive. Hazlitt. A man rather tacit than discursive. Carlyle. 2. Reasoning; proceeding from one ground to another, as in reasoning; argumentative. Reason is her being, Discursive or intuitive. Milton. -- Dis*cur"sive*ly, adv. -- Dis*cur"sive*ness, n. DISCURSORY Dis*cur`so*ry, a. Defn: Argumentative; discursive; reasoning. [R.] Bp. Hall. DISCURSUS Dis*cur"sus, n. Etym: [L.] (Logic) Defn: Argumentation; ratiocination; discursive reasoning. DISCUS Dis"cus, n.; pl. E. Discuses, L. Disci. Etym: [L. See Disk.] 1. (a) A quoit; a circular plate of some heavy material intended to be pitched or hurled as a trial of strength and skill. (b) The exercise with the discus. Note: This among the Greeks was one of the chief gymnastic exercises and was included in the Pentathlon (the contest of the five exercises). The chief contest was that of throwing the discus to the greatest possible distance. 2. A disk. See Disk. DISCUSS Dis*cuss", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discussed; p. pr. & vb. n. Discussing.] Etym: [L. discussus, p. p. of discutere to strike asunder (hence came the sense to separate mentally, distinguish); dis- + quatere to shake, strike. See Quash.] 1. To break to pieces; to shatter. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. To break up; to disperse; to scatter; to dissipate; to drive away; -- said especially of tumors. Many arts were used to discuss the beginnings of new affection. Sir H. Wotton. A pomade . . . of virtue to discuss pimples. Rambler. 3. To shake; to put away; to finish. [Obs.] All regard of shame she had discussed. Spenser. 4. To examine in detail or by disputation; to reason upon by presenting favorable and adverse considerations; to debate; to sift; to investigate; to ventilate. "We sat and . . . discussed the farm . . . and the price of grain." Tennyson. "To discuss questions of taste." Macaulay. 5. To deal with, in eating or drinking. [Colloq.] We sat quietly down and discussed a cold fowl that we had brought with us. Sir S. Baker. 6. (Law) Defn: To examine or search thoroughly; to exhaust a remedy against, as against a principal debtor before proceeding against the surety. Burrill. Syn. -- To Discuss, Examine, Debate. We speak of examining a subject when we ponder it with care, in order to discover its real state, or the truth respecting it. We speak of discussing a topic when we examine it thoroughly in its distinct parts. The word is very commonly applied to matters of opinion. We may discuss a subject without giving in an adhesion to any conclusion. We speak of debating a point when we examine it in mutual argumentation between opposing parties. In debate we contend for or against some conclusion or view. DISCUSSER Dis*cuss"er, n. Defn: One who discusses; one who sifts or examines. Wood. DISCUSSION Dis*cus"sion, n. Etym: [L. discussio a shaking, examination, discussion: cf. F. discussion.] 1. The act or process of discussing by breaking up, or dispersing, as a tumor, or the like. 2. The act of discussing or exchanging reasons; examination by argument; debate; disputation; agitation. The liberty of discussion is the great safeguard of all other liberties. Macaulay. Discussion of a problem or an equation (Math.), the operation of assigning different reasonable values to the arbitrary quantities and interpreting the result. Math. Dict. DISCUSSIONAL Dis*cus"sion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to discussion. DISCUSSIVE Dis*cuss"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. discussif.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Able or tending to discuss or disperse tumors or coagulated matter. 2. Doubt-dispelling; decisive. [R.] A kind of peremptory and discussive voice. Hopkins. DISCUSSIVE Dis*cuss"ive, n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine that discusses or disperses morbid humors; a discutient. DISCUTIENT Dis*cu"tient, a. Etym: [L. discutiens, p. pr. of discutere. See Discuss.] (Med.) Defn: Serving to disperse morbid matter; discussive; as, a discutient application. -- n. Defn: An agent (as a medicinal application) which serves to disperse morbid matter. "Foment with discutiens." Wiseman. DISDAIN Dis*dain", n. Etym: [OE. desdain, disdein, OF. desdein, desdaing, F. dédain, fr. the verb. See Disdain, v. t.] 1. A feeling of contempt and aversion; the regarding anything as unworthy of or beneath one; scorn. How my soul is moved with just disdain! Pope. Note: Often implying an idea of haughtiness. Disdain and scorn ride sparkling in her eyes. Shak. 2. That which is worthy to be disdained or regarded with contempt and aversion. [Obs.] Most loathsome, filthy, foul, and full of vile disdain. Spenser. 3. The state of being despised; shame. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Haughtiness; scorn; contempt; arrogance; pride. See Haughtiness. DISDAIN Dis*dain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disdained; p. pr. & vb. n. Disdaining.] Etym: [OE. disdainen, desdainen, OF. desdeigner, desdaigner, F. dédaigner; des- (L. dis-) + daigner to deign, fr. L. dignari to deem worthy. See Deign.] 1. To think unworthy; to deem unsuitable or unbecoming; as, to disdain to do a mean act. Disdaining . . . that any should bear the armor of the best knight living. Sir P. Sidney. 2. To reject as unworthy of one's self, or as not deserving one's notice; to look with scorn upon; to scorn, as base acts, character, etc. When the Philistine . . . saw Dawid, he disdained him; for he was but a youth. 1 Sam. xvii. 42. 'T is great, 't manly to disdain disguise. Young. Syn. -- To contemn; despise; scorn. See Contemn. DISDAIN Dis*dain", v. i. Defn: To be filled with scorn; to feel contemptuous anger; to be haughty. And when the chief priests and scribes saw the marvels that he did . . . they disdained. Genevan Testament (Matt. xxi. 15). DISDAINED Dis*dained", a. Defn: Disdainful. [Obs.] Revenge the jeering and disdained contempt Of this proud king. Shak. DISDAINFUL Dis*dain"ful, a. Defn: Full of disdain; expressing disdain; scornful; contemptuous; haughty. From these Turning disdainful to an equal good. Akenside. -- Dis*dain"ful*ly, adv. -- Dis*dain"ful*ness, n. DISDAINISHLY Dis*dain"ish*ly, adv. Defn: Disdainfully. [Obs.] Vives. DISDAINOUS Dis*dain"ous, a. Etym: [OF. desdeignos, desdaigneux, F. dédaigneux.] Defn: Disdainful. [Obs.] Rom. of R. DISDAINOUSLY Dis*dain"ous*ly, adv. Defn: Disdainfully. [Obs.] Bale. DISDEIFY Dis*de"i*fy, v. t. Defn: To divest or deprive of deity or of a deific rank or condition. Feltham. DISDEIGN Dis*deign", v. t. Defn: To disdain. [Obs.] Guyon much disdeigned so loathly sight. Spenser. DISDIACLAST Dis*di"a*clast, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: One of the dark particles forming the doubly refracting disks of muscle fibers. DISDIAPASON Dis*di`a*pa"son, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- (Gr. diapason.] (Anc. Mus.) Defn: An interval of two octaves, or a fifteenth; -- called also bisdiapason. DISEASE DIs*ease", n. Etym: [OE. disese, OF. desaise; des- (L. dis-) + aise ease. See Ease.] 1. Lack of ease; uneasiness; trouble; vexation; disquiet. [Obs.] So all that night they passed in great disease. Spenser. To shield thee from diseases of the world. Shak. 2. An alteration in the state of the body or of some of its organs, interrupting or disturbing the performance of the vital functions, and causing or threatening pain and weakness; malady; affection; illness; sickness; disorder; -- applied figuratively to the mind, to the moral character and habits, to institutions, the state, etc. Diseases desperate grown, By desperate appliances are relieved. Shak. The instability, injustice, and confusion introduced into the public counsels have, in truth, been the mortal diseases under which popular governments have every where perished. Madison. Disease germ. See under Germ. Syn. -- Distemper; ailing; ailment; malady; disorder; sickness; illness; complaint; indisposition; affection. -- Disease, Disorder, Distemper, Malady, Affection. Disease is the leading medical term. Disorder meanirregularity of the system. Distemper is now used by physicians only of the diseases of animals. Malady is not a medical term, and is less used than formerly in literature. Affection has special reference to the part, organ, or function disturbed; as, his disease is an affection of the lungs. A disease is usually deep-seated and permanent, or at least prolonged; a disorder is often slight, partial, and temporary; malady has less of a technical sense than the other terms, and refers more especially to the suffering endured. In a figurative sense we speak of a disease mind, of disordered faculties, and of mental maladies. DISEASE Dis*ease", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diseased; p. pr. & vb. n. Diseasing.] 1. To deprive of ease; to disquiet; to trouble; to distress. [Obs.] His double burden did him sore disease. Spenser. 2. To derange the vital functions of; to afflict with disease or sickness; to disorder; -- used almost exclusively in the participle diseased. He was diseased in body and mind. Macaulay. DISEASED Dis*eased", a. Defn: Afflicted with disease. It is my own diseased imagination that torments me. W. Irving. Syn. -- See Morbid. DISEASEDNESS Dis*eas"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being diseased; a morbid state; sickness. [R.] T. Burnet. DISEASEFUL Dis*ease"ful, a. 1. Causing uneasiness. [Obs.] Disgraceful to the king and diseaseful to the people. Bacon. 2. Abounding with disease; producing diseases; as, a diseaseful climate. [R.] DISEASEFULNESS Dis*ease"ful*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being diseaseful; trouble; trial. [R.] Sir P. Sidney. DISEASEMENT Dis*ease"ment, n. Defn: Uneasiness; inconvenience. [Obs.] Bacon. DISEDGE Dis*edge", v. t. Defn: To deprive of an edge; to blunt; to dull. Served a little to disedge The sharpness of that pain about her heart. Tennyson. DISEDIFY Dis*ed"i*fy, v. t. Defn: To fail of edifying; to injure. [R.] DISELDER Dis*eld"er, v. t. Defn: To deprive of an elder or elders, or of the office of an elder. [Obs.] Fuller. DISELENIDE Di*sel"e*nide (; 104), n. Etym: [Pref. di- + selenide.] (Chem.) Defn: A selenide containing two atoms of selenium in each molecule. DISEMBARK Dis`em*bark", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembarked; p. pr. & vb. n. Disembarking.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + embark: cf. F. désembarquer.] Defn: To remove from on board a vessel; to put on shore; to land; to debark; as, the general disembarked the troops. Go to the bay, and disembark my coffers. Shak. DISEMBARK Dis`em*bark", v. i. Defn: To go ashore out of a ship or boat; to leave a ship; to debark. And, making fast their moorings, disembarked. Cowper. DISEMBARKATION Dis*em`bar*ka"tion, n. Defn: The act of disembarking. DISEMBARKMENT Dis`em*bark"ment, n. Defn: Disembarkation. [R.] DISEMBARRASS Dis`em*bar"rass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembarrassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disembarrassing.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + embarrass: cf. F. désembarasser.] Defn: To free from embarrassment, or perplexity; to clear; to extricate. To disembarrass himself of his companion. Sir W. Scott. DISEMBARRASSMENT Dis`em*bar"rass*ment, n. Defn: Freedom or relief from impediment or perplexity. DISEMBAY Dis`em*bay", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disembaying.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + embay.] Defn: To clear from a bay. Sherburne. DISEMBELLISH Dis`em*bel"lish, v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + embellish: cf. F. désembellir.] Defn: To deprive of embellishment; to disadorn. Carlyle. DISEMBITTER Dis`em*bit"ter, v. t. Defn: To free from DISEMBODIED Dis`em*bod"ied, a. Defn: Divested of a body; ceased to be corporal; incorporeal. The disembodied spirits of the dead. Bryant. DISEMBODIMENT Dis`em*bod"i*ment, n. Defn: The act of disembodying, or the state of being disembodied. DISEMBODY Dis`em*bod"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembodied; p. pr. & vb. n. Disembodying.] 1. To divest of the or corporeal existence. Devils embodied and disembodied. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To disarm and disband, as a body of soldiers,-Wilhelm. DISEMBOGUE Dis`em*bogue", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembogued; p. pr. & vb. n. Disemboguing.] Etym: [Sp. desembocar; pref. des- (L. dis-) + embocar to put into the mouth, fr. en (L. in) + boca mouth, fr. L. bucca cheek. Cf. Debouch, Embogue.] 1. To pour out or discharge at the mouth, as a stream; to vent; to discharge into an ocean, a lake, etc. Rolling down, the steep Timavdisembogues his waves. Addison. 2. To eject; to cast forth. [R.] Swift. DISEMBOGUE Dis`em*bogue", v. i. Defn: To become discharged; to flow put; to find vent; to pour out contents. Volcanos bellow ere they disembogue. Young. DISEMBOGUEMENT Dis`em*bogue"ment, n. Defn: The act of disemboguing; discharge. Mease. DISEMBOSSOM Dis`em*bos"som, v. t. Defn: To separate from the bosom. [R.] Young. DISEMBOWEL Dis`em*bow"el, v. t. Etym: [See Embowel.] 1. To take or let out the bowels or interior parts of; to eviscerate. Soon after their death, they are disemboweled. Cook. Roaring floods and cataracts that sweep From disemboweled earth the virgin gold. Thomson. 2. To take or draw from the body, as the web of a spider. [R.] "Her disemboweled web." J. Philips. DISEMBOWELMENT Dis`em*bow"el*ment, n. Defn: The act of disemboweling, or state of being disemboweled; evisceration. DISEMBOWERED Dis`em*bow"ered, a. Defn: Deprived of, or removed from, a bower. [Poetic] Bryant. DISEMBRANGLE Dis`em*bran"gle, v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + em = en (L. in) + brangle.] Defn: To free from wrangling or litigation. [Obs.] Berkeley. DISEMBROIL Dis`em*broil", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disembroiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Disembroiling.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + embroil.] Defn: To disentangle; to free from perplexity; to extricate from confusion. Vaillant has disembroiled a history that was lost to the world before his time. Addison. DISEMPLOY Dis`em*ploy", v. t. Defn: To throw out of employment. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. DISEMPLOYMENT Dis`em*ploy"ment, n. Defn: The state of being disemployed, or deprived of employment. This glut of leisure and disemployment. Jer. Taylor. DISEMPOWER Dis`em*pow"er, v. t. Defn: To deprive of power; to divest of strength. H. Bushnell. DISENABLE Dis`en*a"ble, v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + enable.] Defn: To disable; to disqualify. The sight of it might damp me and disenable me to speak. State Trials (1640). DISENAMOR Dis`en*am"or, v. t. Defn: To free from the captivity of love. Shelton. DISENCHAINED Dis`en*chained", a. Defn: Freed from restraint; unrestrained. [Archaic] E. A. Poe. DISENCHANT Dis`en*chant", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disenchanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disenchanting.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + enchant: cf. F. désenchanter.] Defn: To free from enchantment; to deliver from the power of charms or spells; to free from fascination or delusion. Haste to thy work; a noble stroke or two Ends all the charms, and disenchants the grove. Dryden. DISENCHANTER Dis`en*chant"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, disenchants. DISENCHANTMENT Dis`en*chant"ment, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + enchantment: cf. F. désenchantement.] Defn: The act of disenchanting, or state of being disenchanted. Shelton. DISENCHARM Dis`en*charm", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + en (L. in) + charm.] Defn: To free from the influence of a charm or spell; to disenchant. [R.] Jer. Taylor. DISENCLOSE Dis`en*close, v. t. Defn: See Disinclose. DISENCOURAGEMENT Dis`en*cour"age*ment, n. Defn: Discouragement. [Obs.] Spectator. DISENCRESE Dis`en*crese", v. i. Etym: [Pref. dis- + OE. encrese, E. increase.] Defn: To decrease. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISENCRESE Dis`en*crese", n. Defn: Decrease. [Obs.] DISENCUMBER Dis`en*cum"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disencumbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Disencumbering.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + encumber: cf. F. désencombrer.] Defn: To free from encumbrance, or from anything which clogs, impedes, or obstructs; to disburden. Owen. I have disencumbered myself from rhyme. Dryden. DISENCUMBRANCE Dis`en*cum"brance, n. Defn: Freedom or deliverance from encumbrance, or anything burdensome or troublesome. Spectator. DISENDOW Dis`en*dow", v. t. Defn: To deprive of an endowment, as a church. Gladstone. DISENDOWMENT Dis`en*dow"ment, n. Defn: The act of depriving of an endowment or endowments. [The] disendowment of the Irish Church. G. B. Smith. DISENFRANCHISE Dis`en*fran"chise, v. t. Defn: To disfranchise; to deprive of the rights of a citizen. -- Dis`en*fran"chise*ment, n. DISENGAGE Dis`en*gage" (, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disengaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Disengaging.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + engage: cf. F. désengager.] Defn: To release from that with which anything is engaged, engrossed, involved, or entangled; to extricate; to detach; to set free; to liberate; to clear; as, to disengage one from a party, from broils and controversies, from an oath, promise, or occupation; to disengage the affections a favorite pursuit, the mind from study. To disengage him and the kingdom, great sums were to be borrowed. Milton. Caloric and light must be disengaged during the process. Transl. of Lavoisier. Syn. -- To liberate; free; loose; extricate; clear; disentangle; detach; withdraw; wean. DISENGAGE Dis`en*gage", v. i. Defn: To release one's self; to become detached; to free one's self. From a friends's grave how soon we disengage! Young. DISENGAGED Dis`en*gaged", a. Defn: Not engaged; free from engagement; at leisure; free from occupation or care; vacant. -- Dis`en*ga"ged*ness, n. DISENGAGEMENT Dis`en*gage"ment, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + engagement: cf. F. désengagement.] 1. The act of disengaging or setting free, or the state of being disengaged. It is easy to render this disengagement of caloric and light evident to the senses. Transl. of Lavoisier. A disengagement from earthly trammels. Sir W. Jones. 2. Freedom from engrossing occupation; leisure. Disengagement is absolutely necessary to enjoyment. Bp. Butler. DISENGAGING Dis`en*ga"ging, a. Defn: Loosing; setting free; detaching. Disengaging machinery. See under Engaging. DISENNOBLE Dis`en*no"ble, v. t. Defn: To deprive of that which ennobles; to degrade. An unworthy behavior degrades and disennobles a man. Guardian. DISENROLL Dis`en*roll", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disenrolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Disenrolling.] Defn: To erase from a roll or list. [Written also disenrol.] Donne. DISENSANITY Dis`en*san"i*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + en (L. in) + sanity.] Defn: Insanity; folly. [Obs.] What tediosity and disensanity Is here among! Beau. & Fl. DISENSHROUDED Dis`en*shroud"ed, a. Defn: Freed from a shroudlike covering; unveiled. The disenshrouded statue. R. Browning. DISENSLAVE Dis`en*slave", v. t. Defn: To free from bondage or slavery; to disenthrall. He shall disenslave and redeem his soul. South. DISENTAIL Dis`en*tail", v. t. (Law) Defn: To free from entailment. DISENTANGLE Dis`en*tan"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disentangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Disentangling.] 1. To free from entanglement; to release from a condition of being intricately and confusedly involved or interlaced; to reduce to orderly arrangement; to straighten out; as, to disentangle a skein of yarn. 2. To extricate from complication and perplexity; disengage from embarrassing connection or intermixture; to disembroil; to set free; to separate. To disentangle truth from error. Stewart. To extricate and disentangle themselves out of this labyrinth. Clarendon. A mind free and disentangled from all corporeal mixtures. Bp. Stillingfleet. Syn. -- To loose; extricate; disembarrass; disembroil; clear; evolve; disengage; separate; detach. DISENTANGLEMENT Dis`en*tan"gle*ment, n. Defn: The act of disentangling or clearing from difficulties. Warton. DISENTER Dis`en*ter", v. t. Defn: See Disinter. DISENTHRALL Dis`en*thrall", v. t. Etym: [See Enthrall.] Defn: To release from thralldom or slavery; to give freedom to; to disinthrall. [Written also disenthral.] Milton. DISENTHRALLMENT Dis`en*thrall"ment, n. Defn: Liberation from bondage; emancipation; disinthrallment. [Written also disenthralment.] DISENTHRONE Dis`en*throne", v. t. Defn: To dethrone; to depose from sovereign authority. Milton. DISENTITLE Dis`en*ti"tle, v. t. Defn: To deprive of title or claim. Every ordinary offense does not disentitle a son to the love of his father. South. DISENTOMB Dis`en*tomb", v. t. Defn: To take out from a tomb; a disinter. DISENTRAIL Dis`en*trail", v. t. Defn: To disembowel; to let out or draw forth, as the entrails. [Obs.] As if he thought her soul to disentrail. Spenser. DISENTRANCE Dis`en*trance", v. t. Defn: To awaken from a trance or an enchantment. Hudibras. DISENTWINE Dis`en*twine", v. t. Defn: To free from being entwined or twisted. Shelley. DISEPALOUS Di*sep"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + sepalous.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two sepals; two-sepaled. DISERT Dis*ert", a. Etym: [L. disertus, for dissertus, p. p.: cf. F. disert. See Dissert.] Defn: Eloquent. [Obs.] DISERTITUDE Dis*er"ti*tude, n. Etym: [L. disertitud Defn: Eloquence. [Obs.] DISERTY Dis*ert"y, adv. Defn: Expressly; clearly; eloquently. [Obs.] Holland. DISESPOUSE Dis`es*pouse", v. t. Defn: To release from espousal or plighted faith. [Poetic] Milton. DISESTABLISH Dis`es*tab"lish, v. t. Defn: To unsettle; to break up (anything established); to deprive, as a church, of its connection with the state. M. Arnold. DISESTABLISHMENT Dis`es*tab"lish*ment, n. 1. The act or process of unsettling or breaking up that which has been established; specifically, the withdrawal of the support of the state from an established church; as, the disestablishment and disendowment of the Irish Church by Act of Parliament. 2. The condition of being disestablished. DISESTEEM Dis`es*teem", n. Defn: Want of esteem; low estimation, inclining to dislike; disfavor; disrepute. Disesteem and contempt of the public affairs. Milton. DISESTEEM Dis`es*teem", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disesteemed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disesteeming.] 1. To feel an absence of esteem for; to regard with disfavor or slight contempt; to slight. But if this sacred gift you disesteem. Denham. Qualities which society does not disesteem. Ld. Lytton. 2. To deprive of esteem; to bring into disrepute; to cause to be regarded with disfavor. [Obs.] What fables have you vexed, what truth redeemed, Antiquities searched, opinions disesteemed B. Jonson. DISESTEEMER Dis`es*teem"er, n. Defn: One who disesteems. Boyle. DISESTIMATION Dis*es`ti*ma"tion, n. Defn: Disesteem. DISEXERCISE Dis*ex"er*cise, v. t. Defn: To deprive of exercise; to leave untrained. [Obs.] By disexercising and blunting our abilities. Milton. DISFAME Dis*fame", n. Defn: Disrepute. [R.] Tennyson. DISFANCY Dis*fan"cy, v. t. Defn: To dislike. [Obs.] DISFASHION Dis*fash"ion, v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + fashion. See Fashion, and cf. Defeat.] Defn: To disfigure. [Obs.] Sir T. More. DISFAVOR Dis*fa"vor, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + favor: cf. OF. disfaveur, F. défaveur.] [Written also disfavour.] 1. Want of favor of favorable regard; disesteem; disregard. The people that deserved my disfavor. Is. x. 6 (1551). Sentiment of disfavor against its ally. Gladstone. 2. The state of not being in favor; a being under the displeasure of some one; state of unacceptableness; as, to be in disfavor at court. 3. An unkindness; a disobliging act. He might dispense favors and disfavors. Clarendon. DISFAVOR Dis*fa"vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disfavored; p. pr. & vb. n. Disfavoring.] 1. To withhold or withdraw favor from; to regard with disesteem; to show disapprobation of; to discountenance. Countenanced or disfavored according as they obey. Swift. 2. To injure the form or looks of. [R.] B. Jonson. DISFAVORABLE Dis*fa"vor*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. défavorable.] Defn: Unfavorable. [Obs.] Stow. DISFAVORABLY Dis*fa"vor*a*bly, adv. Defn: Unpropitiously. [Obs.] DISFAVORER Dis*fa"vor*er, n. Defn: One who disfavors. Bacon. DISFEATURE Dis*fea"ture, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Defeature.] Defn: To deprive of features; to mar the features of. [R.] DISFELLOWSHIP Dis*fel"low*ship, v. t. Etym: [See Fellowship, v. t.] Defn: To exclude from fellowship; to refuse intercourse with, as an associate. An attempt to disfellowship an evil, but to fellowship the evildoer. Freewill Bapt. Quart. DISFIGURATION Dis*fig`u*ra"tion, n. Etym: [See Disfigure, and cf. Defiguration.] Defn: The act of disfiguring, or the state of being disfigured; defacement; deformity; disfigurement. Gauden. DISFIGURE Dis*fig"ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disfigured; p. pr. & vb. n. Disfiguring.] Etym: [OF. desfigurer, F. défigurer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + figurer to fashion, shape, fr. L. figurare, fr. figura figure. See Figure, and cf. Defiguration.] Defn: To mar the figure of; to render less complete, perfect, or beautiful in appearance; to deface; to deform. Disfiguring not God's likeness, but their own. Milton. Syn. -- To deface; deform; mar; injure. DISFIGURE Dis*fig"ure, n. Defn: Disfigurement; deformity. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISFIGUREMENT Dis*fig"ure*ment, n. 1. Act of disfiguring, or state of being disfigured; deformity. Milton. 2. That which disfigures; a defacement; a blot. Uncommon expressions . . . are a disfigurement rather than any embellishment of discourse. Hume. DISFIGURER Dis*fig"ur*er, n. Defn: One who disfigures. DISFLESH Dis*flesh", v. t. Defn: To reduce the flesh or obesity of. [Obs.] Shelton. DISFOREST Dis*for"est, v. t. 1. To disafforest. Fuller. 2. To clear or deprive of forests or trees. DISFORESTATION Dis*for`es*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of clearing land of forests. Daniel. DISFORMITY Dis*form"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. Deformity.] Defn: Discordance or diversity of form; unlikeness in form. Uniformity or disformity in comparing together the respective figures of bodies. S. Clarke. DISFRANCHISE Dis*fran"chise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disfranchised; p. pr. & vb. n. Disfranchising.] Etym: [Cf. Diffranchise.] Defn: To deprive of a franchise or chartered right; to dispossess of the rights of a citizen, or of a particular privilege, as of voting, holding office, etc. Sir William Fitzwilliam was disfranchised. Fabyan (1509). He was partially disfranchised so as to be made incapable of taking part in public affairs. Thirlwall. DISFRANCHISEMENT Dis*fran"chise*ment, n. Defn: The act of disfranchising, or the state disfranchised; deprivation of privileges of citizenship or of chartered immunities. Sentenced first to dismission from the court, and then to disfranchisement and expulsion from the colony. Palfrey. DISFRIAR Dis*fri"ar, v. t. Defn: To depose or withdraw from the condition of a friar. [Obs.] Many did quickly unnun and disfriar themselves. Fuller. DISFROCK Dis*frock", v. t. Defn: To unfrock. DISFURNISH Dis*fur"nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disfurnished; p. pr. & vb. n. Disfurnishing.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + furnish.] Defn: To deprive of that with which anything is furnished (furniture, equipments, etc.); to strip; to render destitute; to divest. I am a thing obscure, disfurnished of All merit, that can raise me higher. Massinger. DISFURNISHMENT Dis*fur"nish*ment, n. Defn: The act of disfurnishing, or the state of being disfurnished. Daniel. DISFURNITURE Dis*fur"ni*ture, n. Defn: The act of disfurnishing, or the state of being disfurnished. [Obs.] DISFURNITURE Dis*fur"ni*ture, v. t. Defn: To disfurnish. [R.] East. DISGAGE Dis*gage", v. t. Defn: To free from a gage or pledge; to disengage. [Obs.] Holland. DISGALLANT Dis*gal"lant, v. t. Defn: To deprive of gallantry. [Obs.] B. Jonson. DISGARLAND Dis*gar"land, v. t. Defn: To strip of a garland. [Poetic] "Thy locks disgarland." Drummond. DISGARNISH Dis*gar"nish, v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + garnish. See Degarnish.] Defn: To divest of garniture; to disfurnish; to dismantle. Bp. Hall. DISGARRISON Dis*gar"ri*son, v. t. Defn: To deprive of a garrison. Hewyt. DISGAVEL Dis*gav"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgaveled or Disgaveled; p. pr. & vb. n. Disgaveling.] Etym: [See Gavelkind.] (Eng. Law) Defn: To deprive of that principal quality of gavelkind tenure by which lands descend equally among all the sons of the tenant; -- said of lands. Burrill. DISGEST Dis*gest", v. t. Defn: To digest. [Obs.] Bacon. DISGESTION Dis*ges"tion, n. Defn: Digestion. [Obs.] DISGLORIFY Dis*glo"ri*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disglorified; p. pr. & vb. n. Disglorifying.] Defn: To deprive of glory; to treat with indignity. [R.] Disglorified, blasphemed, and had in scorn. Milton. DISGLORY Dis*glo"ry, n. Defn: Dishonor. [Obs.] To the disglory of God's name. Northbrooke. DISGORGE Dis*gorge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgorged; p. pr. & vb. n. Disgorging.] Etym: [F. dégorger, earlier desgorger; pref. dé-, des- (L. dis-) + gorge. See Gorge.] 1. To eject or discharge by the throat and mouth; to vomit; to pour forth or throw out with violence, as if from the mouth; to discharge violently or in great quantities from a confined place. This mountain when it rageth, . . . casteth forth huge stones, disgorgeth brimstone. Hakluyt. They loudly laughed To see his heaving breast disgorge the briny draught. Dryden. 2. To give up unwillingly as what one has wrongfully seized and appropriated; to make restitution of; to surrender; as, he was compelled to disgorge his ill-gotten gains. DISGORGE Dis*gorge", v. i. Defn: To vomit forth what anything contains; to discharge; to make restitution. See where it flows, disgorging at seven mouths Into the sea. Milton. DISGORGEMENT Dis*gorge"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dégorgement.] Defn: The act of disgorging; a vomiting; that which is disgorged. Bp. Hall. DISGOSPEL Dis*gos"pel, v. i. Defn: To be inconsistent with, or act contrary to, the precepts of the gospel; to pervert the gospel. [Obs.] Milton. DISGRACE Dis*grace", n. Etym: [F. disgrâce; pref. dis- (L. dis-) + grâce. See Grace.] 1. The condition of being out of favor; loss of favor, regard, or respect. Macduff lives in disgrace. Shak. 2. The state of being dishonored, or covered with shame; dishonor; shame; ignominy. To tumble down thy husband and thyself From top of honor to disgrace's feet Shak. 3. That which brings dishonor; cause of shame or reproach; great discredit; as, vice is a disgrace to a rational being. 4. An act of unkindness; a disfavor. [Obs.] The interchange continually of favors and disgraces. Bacon. Syn. -- Disfavor; disesteem; opprobrium; reproach; discredit; disparagement; dishonor; shame; infamy; ignominy; humiliation. DISGRACE Dis*grace", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgraced; p. pr. & vb. n. Disgracing.] Etym: [Cf. F. disgracier. See Disgrace, n.] 1. To put out favor; to dismiss with dishonor. Flatterers of the disgraced minister. Macaulay. Pitt had been disgraced and the old Duke of Newcastle dismissed. J. Morley. 2. To do disfavor to; to bring reproach or shame upon; to dishonor; to treat or cover with ignominy; to lower in estimation. Shall heap with honors him they now disgrace. Pope. His ignorance disgraced him. Johnson. 3. To treat discourteously; to upbraid; to revile. The goddess wroth gan foully her disgrace. Spenser. Syn. -- To degrade; humble; humiliate; abase; disparage; defame; dishonor; debase. DISGRACEFUL Dis*grace"ful, a. Defn: Bringing disgrace; causing shame; shameful; dishonorable; unbecoming; as, profaneness is disgraceful to a man. -- Dis*grace"ful*fy, adv. -- Dis*grace"ful*ness, n. The Senate have cast you forth disgracefully. B. Jonson. DISGRACER Dis*gra"cer, n. Defn: One who disgraces. DISGRACIOUS Dis*gra"cious, a. Etym: [Cf. F. disgracieux.] Defn: Wanting grace; unpleasing; disagreeable. Shak. DISGRACIVE Dis*gra"cive, a. Defn: Disgracing. [Obs.] Feltham. DISGRADATION Dis`gra*da"tion, n. (Scots Law) Defn: Degradation; a stripping of titles and honors. DISGRADE Dis*grade", v. t. Defn: To degrade. [Obs.] Foxe. DISGRADUATE Dis*grad"u*ate, v. t. Defn: To degrade; to reduce in rank. [Obs.] Tyndale. DISGREGATE Dis"gre*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. disgregare; dis- + gregare to collect, fr. grex, gregis, flock or herd.] Defn: To disperse; to scatter; -- opposite of congregate. [Obs.] DISGREGATION Dis`gre*ga"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The process of separation, or the condition of being separate, as of the molecules of a body. DISGRUNTLE Dis*grun"tle, v. t. Defn: To dissatisfy; to disaffect; to anger. [Colloq.] DISGUISE Dis*guise" (; 232), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disguised; p. pr. & vb. n. Disguising.] Etym: [OE. desguisen, disgisen, degisen, OF. desguisier, F. déguiser; pref. des- (L. dis-) + guise. See Guise.] 1. To change the guise or appearance of; especially, to conceal by an unusual dress, or one intended to mislead or deceive. Bunyan was forced to disguise himself as a wagoner. Macaulay. 2. To hide by a counterfeit appearance; to cloak by a false show; to mask; as, to disguise anger; to disguise one's sentiments, character, or intentions. All God's angels come to us disguised. Lowell. 3. To affect or change by liquor; to intoxicate. I have just left the right worshipful, and his myrmidons, about a sneaker or five gallons; the whole magistracy was pretty well disguised before I gave them the ship. Spectator. Syn. -- To conceal; hide; mask; dissemble; dissimulate; feign; pretend; secrete. See Conceal. DISGUISE Dis*guise", n. 1. A dress or exterior put on for purposes of concealment or of deception; as, persons doing unlawful acts in disguise are subject to heavy penalties. There is no passion steals into the heart more imperceptibly and covers itself under more disguises, than pride. Addison. 2. Artificial language or manner assumed for deception; false appearance; counterfeit semblance or show. That eye which glances through all disguises. D. Webster. 3. Change of manner by drink; intoxication. Shak. 4. A masque or masquerade. [Obs.] Disguise was the old English word for a masque. B. Jonson. DISGUISEDLY Dis*guis"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In disguise. DISGUISEDNESS Dis*guis"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being disguised. DISGUISEMENT Dis*guise"ment, n. Defn: Disguise. [R.] Spenser. DISGUISER Dis*guis"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, disguises. Shak. 2. One who wears a disguise; an actor in a masquerade; a masker. [Obs.] E. Hall. DISGUISING Dis*guis"ing, n. Defn: A masque or masquerade. [Obs.] DISGUST Dis*gust", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disgusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disgusting.] Etym: [OF. desgouster, F. dégoûter; pref. des- (L. dis-) + gouster to taste, F. goûter, fr. L. gustare, fr. gustus taste. See Gust to taste.] Defn: To provoke disgust or strong distaste in; to cause (any one) loathing, as of the stomach; to excite aversion in; to offend the moral taste of; -- often with at, with, or by. To disgust him with the world and its vanities. Prescott. Ærius is expressly declared . . . to have been disgusted at failing. J. H. Newman. Alarmed and disgusted by the proceedings of the convention. Macaulay. DISGUST Dis*gust", n. Etym: [Cf. OF. desgoust, F. dégoût. See Disgust, v. t.] Defn: Repugnance to what is offensive; aversion or displeasure produced by something loathsome; loathing; strong distaste; -- said primarily of the sickening opposition felt for anything which offends the physical organs of taste; now rather of the analogous repugnance excited by anything extremely unpleasant to the moral taste or higher sensibilities of our nature; as, an act of cruelty may excite disgust. The manner of doing is more consequence than the thing done, and upon that depends the satisfaction or disgust wherewith it is received. Locke. In a vulgar hack writer such oddities would have excited only disgust. Macaulay. Syn. -- Nausea; loathing; aversion; distaste; dislike; disinclination; abomination. See Dislike. DISGUSTFUL Dis*gust"ful, a. Defn: Provoking disgust; offensive to the taste; exciting aversion; disgusting. That horrible and disgustful situation. Burke. DISGUSTFULNESS Dis*gust"ful*ness, n. Defn: The state of being disgustful. DISGUSTING Dis*gust"ing, a. Defn: That causes disgust; sickening; offensive; revolting. -- Dis*gust"ing*ly, adv. DISH Dish, n. Etym: [AS. disc, L. discus dish, disc, quoit, fr. Gr. Dais, Desk, Disc, Discus.] 1. A vessel, as a platter, a plate, a bowl, used for serving up food at the table. She brought forth butter in a lordly dish. Judg. v. 25. 2. The food served in a dish; hence, any particular kind of food; as, a cold dish; a warm dish; a delicious dish. "A dish fit for the gods." Shak. Home-home dishes that drive one from home. Hood. 3. The state of being concave, or like a dish, or the degree of such concavity; as, the dish of a wheel. 4. A hollow place, as in a field. Ogilvie. 5. (Mining) (a) A trough about 28 inches long, 4 deep, and 6 wide, in which ore is measured. (b) That portion of the produce of a mine which is paid to the land owner or proprietor. DISH Dish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dished; p. pr. & vb. n. Dishing.] 1. To put in a dish, ready for the table. 2. To make concave, or depress in the middle, like a dish; as, to dish a wheel by inclining the spokes. 3. To frustrate; to beat; to ruin. [Low] To dish out. 1. To serve out of a dish; to distribute in portions at table. 2. (Arch.) To hollow out, as a gutter in stone or wood. -- To dish up, to take (food) from the oven, pots, etc., and put in dishes to be served at table. DISHABILITATE Dis`ha*bil"i*tate, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Disability.] Defn: To disqualify. [R.] DISHABILLE Dis`ha*bille", n. Etym: [See Deshabille.] Defn: An undress; a loose, negligent dress; deshabille. They breakfast in dishabille. Smollett. DISHABIT Dis*hab"it, v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + habit to inhabit.] Defn: To dislodge. [Obs.] Those sleeping stones . . . from their fixed beds of lime Had been dishabited. Shak. DISHABITED Dis*hab"it*ed, p. a. Defn: Rendered uninhabited. "Dishabited towns." R. Carew. DISHABITUATE Dis`ha*bit"u*ate, v. t. Defn: To render unaccustomed. DISHABLE Dis*ha"ble, v. t. 1. To disable. [Obs.] 2. To disparage. [Obs.] She oft him blamed . . . and him dishabled quite. Spenser. DISHALLOW Dis*hal"low, v. t. Defn: To make unholy; to profane. Tennyson. Nor can the unholiness of the priest dishallow the altar. T. Adams. DISHARMONIOUS Dis`har*mo"ni*ous, a. Defn: Unharmonious; discordant. [Obs.] Hallywell. DISHARMONY Dis*har"mo*ny, n. Defn: Want of harmony; discord; incongruity. [R.] A disharmony in the different impulses that constitute it [our nature]. Coleridge. DISHAUNT Dis*haunt", v. t. Defn: To leave; to quit; to cease to haunt. Halliwell. DISHCLOTH Dish"cloth`, n. Defn: A cloth used for washing dishes. DISHCLOUT Dish"clout`, n. Defn: A dishcloth. [Obsolescent] DISHEART Dis*heart", v. t. Defn: To dishearten. [Obs.] DISHEARTEN Dis*heart"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disheartened; p. pr. & vb. n. Disheartening.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + hearten.] Defn: To discourage; to deprive of courage and hope; to depress the spirits of; to deject. Regiments . . . utterly disorganized and disheartened. Macaulay. Syn. -- To dispirit; discourage; depress; deject; deter; terrify. DISHEARTENMENT Dis*heart"en*ment, n. Defn: Discouragement; dejection; depression of spirits. DISHEIR Dis*heir", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Disherit.] Defn: To disinherit. [Obs.] Dryden. DISHELM Dis*helm", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + helm helmet.] Defn: To deprive of the helmet. [Poetic] Lying stark, Dishelmed and mute, and motionlessly pale. Tennyson. DISHERISON Dis*her"i*son, n. Etym: [See Disherit.] Defn: The act of disheriting, or debarring from inheritance; disinhersion. Bp. Hall. DISHERIT Dis*her"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disherited; p. pr. & vb. n. Disheriting.] Etym: [F. déshériter; pref. dés- (L. dis-) + hériter to inherit. See Inherit, and cf. Dusheir, Disinherit.] Defn: To disinherit; to cut off, or detain, from the possession or enjoyment of an inheritance. [Obs.] Spenser. DISHERITANCE Dis*her"it*ance, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. desheritance.] Defn: The act of disinheriting or state of being disinherited; disinheritance. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. DISHERITOR Dis*her"it*or, n. (Law) Defn: One who puts another out of his inheritance. DISHEVEL Di*shev"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disheveled or Dishevelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Disheveling or Dishevelling.] Etym: [OF. descheveler, F. décheveler, LL. discapillare; dis- + L. capillus the hair of the head. See Capillary.] 1. To suffer (the hair) to hang loosely or disorderly; to spread or throw (the hair) in disorder; -- used chiefly in the passive participle. With garments rent and hair disheveled, Wringing her hands and making piteous moan. Spenser. 2. To spread loosely or disorderly. Like the fair flower disheveled in the wind. Cowper. DISHEVEL Di*shev"el, v. i. Defn: To be spread in disorder or hang negligently, as the hair. [R.] Sir T. Herbert. DISHEVELE Di*shev"ele, p. p. & a. Defn: Disheveled. [Obs.] Dishevele, save his cap, he rode all bare. Chaucer. DISHEVELED Di*shev"eled, a. 1. Having in loose disorder; disarranged; as, disheveled hair. 2. Having the hair in loose disorder. The dancing maidens are disheveled Mænads. J. A. Symonds. DISHFUL Dish"ful, n.; pl. Dishfuls (. Defn: As much as a dish holds when full. DISHING Dish"ing, a. Defn: Dish-shaped; concave. DISHONEST Dis*hon"est, a. Etym: [Pref. dis- + honest: cf. F. déshonnête, OF. deshoneste.] 1. Dishonorable; shameful; indecent; unchaste; lewd. [Obs.] Inglorious triumphs and dishonest scars. Pope. Speak no foul or dishonest words before them [the women]. Sir T. North. 2. Dishonored; disgraced; disfigured. [Obs.] Dishonest with lopped arms the youth appears, Spoiled of his nose and shortened of his ears. Dryden. 3. Wanting in honesty; void of integrity; faithless; disposed to cheat or defraud; not trustworthy; as, a dishonest man. 4. Characterized by fraud; indicating a want of probity; knavish; fraudulent; unjust. To get dishonest gain. Ezek. xxii. 27. The dishonest profits of men in office. Bancroft. DISHONEST Dis*hon"est, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. deshonester.] Defn: To disgrace; to dishonor; as, to dishonest a maid. [Obs.] I will no longer dishonest my house. Chapman. DISHONESTLY Dis*hon"est*ly, adv. Defn: In a dishonest manner. DISHONESTY Dis*hon"es*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. deshonesté, F. déshonnêteté.] 1. Dishonor; dishonorableness; shame. [Obs.] "The hidden things of dishonesty." 2 Cor. iv. 2. 2. Want of honesty, probity, or integrity in principle; want of fairness and straightforwardness; a disposition to defraud, deceive, or betray; faithlessness. 3. Violation of trust or of justice; fraud; any deviation from probity; a dishonest act. 4. Lewdness; unchastity. Shak. DISHONOR Dis*hon"or, n. Etym: [OE. deshonour, dishonour, OF. deshonor, deshonur, F. déshonneur; pref. des- (L. dis-) + honor, honur, F. honneur, fr. L. honor. See Honor.] [Written also dishonour.] 1. Lack of honor; disgrace; ignominy; shame; reproach. It was not meet for us to see the king's dishonor. Ezra iv. 14. His honor rooted in dishonor stood. Tennyson. 2. (Law) Defn: The nonpayment or nonacceptance of commercial paper by the party on whom it is drawn. Syn. -- Disgrace; ignominy; shame; censure; reproach; opprobrium. DISHONOR Dis*hon"or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dishonored; p. pr. & vb. n. Dishonoring.] Etym: [OE. deshonouren, F. déshonorer; pref. dés- (L. dis-) + honorer to honor, fr. L. honorare. See Honor, v. t.] [Written also dishonour.] 1. To deprive of honor; to disgrace; to bring reproach or shame on; to treat with indignity, or as unworthy in the sight of others; to stain the character of; to lessen the reputation of; as, the duelist dishonors himself to maintain his honor. Nothing . . . that may dishonor Our law, or stain my vow of Nazarite. Milton. 2. To violate the chastity of; to debauch. Dryden. 3. To refuse or decline to accept or pay; -- said of a bill, check, note, or draft which is due or presented; as, to dishonor a bill exchange. Syn. -- To disgrace; shame; debase; degrade; lower; humble; humiliate; debauch; pollute. DISHONORABLE Dis*hon"or*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. déshonorable.] 1. Wanting in honor; not honorable; bringing or deserving dishonor; staining the character, and lessening the reputation; shameful; disgraceful; base. 2. Wanting in honor or esteem; disesteemed. He that is dishonorable in riches, how much more in poverty! Ecclus. x. 31. To find ourselves dishonorable graves. Shak. -- Dis*hon"or*a*ble*ness, n. -- Dis*hon"or*a*bly, adv. DISHONORARY Dis*hon"or*a*ry, a. Defn: Bringing dishonor on; tending to disgrace; lessening reputation. Holmes. DISHONORER Dis*hon"or*er, n. Defn: One who dishonors or disgraces; one who treats another indignity. Milton. DISHORN Dis*horn", v. t. Defn: To deprive of horns; as, to dishorn cattle. "Dishorn the spirit." Shak. DISHORSE Dis*horse", v. t. Defn: To dismount. Tennyson. DISHOUSE Dis*house", v. t. Defn: To deprive of house or home. "Dishoused villagers." James White. DISHUMOR Dis*hu"mor, n. Defn: Ill humor. [Obs.] DISHUMOR Dis*hu"mor, v. t. Defn: To deprive of humor or desire; to put out of humor. [Obs.] B. Jonson. DISHWASHER Dish"wash`er, n. 1. One who, or that which, washes dishes. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European bird; the wagtail. DISHWATER Dish"wa`ter, n. Defn: Water in which dishes have been washed. "Suds and dishwater." Beau. & Fl. DISILLUSION Dis`il*lu"sion, n. Defn: The act or process of freeing from an illusion, or the state of being freed therefrom. Lowell. DISILLUSION Dis`il*lu"sion, v. t. Defn: To free from an illusion; to disillusionize. DISILLUSIONIZE Dis`il*lu"sion*ize, v. t. Defn: To disenchant; to free from illusion. "The bitter disillusionizing experience of postnuptial life." W. Black. DISILLUSIONMENT Dis`il*lu"sion*ment, n. Defn: The act of freeing from an illusion, or the state of being freed therefrom. DISIMBITTER Dis`im*bit"ter, v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + imbitter. Cf. Disembitter.] Defn: To free from bitterness. DISIMPARK Dis`im*park", v. t. Defn: To free from the barriers or restrictions of a park. [R.] Spectator. DISIMPASSIONED Dis`im*pas"sioned, a. Defn: Free from warmth of passion or feeling. DISIMPROVE Dis`im*prove", v. t. Defn: To make worse; -- the opposite of improve. [R.] Jer. Taylor. DISIMPROVE Dis`im*prove", v. i. Defn: To grow worse; to deteriorate. DISIMPROVEMENT Dis`im*prove"ment, n. Defn: Reduction from a better to a worse state; as, disimprovement of the earth. DISINCARCERATE Dis`in*car"cer*ate, v. t. Defn: To liberate from prison. [R.] Harvey. DISINCLINATION Dis*in`cli*na"tion, n. Defn: The state of being disinclined; want of propensity, desire, or affection; slight aversion or dislike; indisposition. Disappointment gave him a disinclination to the fair sex. Arbuthnot. Having a disinclination to books or business. Guardian. Syn. -- Unwillingness; disaffection; alienation; dislike; indisposition; distaste; aversion; repugnance. DISINCLINE Dis`in*cline", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinclined; p. pr. & vb. n. Disinclining.] Defn: To incline away the affections of; to excite a slight aversion in; to indispose; to make unwilling; to alienate. Careful . . . to disincline them from any reverence or affection to the Queen. Clarendon. To social scenes by nature disinclined. Cowper. DISINCLOSE Dis`in*close", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Disenclose.] Defn: To free from being inclosed. DISINCORPORATE Dis`in*cor"po*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disincorporated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disincorporating.] 1. To deprive of corporate powers, rights, or privileges; to divest of the condition of a corporate body. 2. To detach or separate from a corporation. Bacon. DISINCORPORATE Dis`in*cor"po*rate, a. Defn: Separated from, or not included in, a corporation; disincorporated. Bacon. DISINCORPORATION Dis`in*cor`po*ra"tion, n. Defn: Deprivation of the rights and privileges of a corporation. T. Warton. DISINFECT Dis`in*fect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinfected; p. pr. & vb. n. Disinfecting.] Defn: To free from infectious or contagious matter; to destroy putrefaction; to purify; to make innocuous. When the infectious matter and the infectious matter and the odoriferous matter are one . . . then to deodorize is to disinfect. Ure. DISINFECTANT Dis`in*fect"ant, n. Defn: That which disinfects; an agent for removing the causes of infection, as chlorine. DISINFECTION Dis`in*fec"tion, n. Defn: The act of disinfecting; purification from infecting matter. DISINFECTOR Dis`in*fect"or, n. Defn: One who, or that which, disinfects; an apparatus for applying disinfectants. DISINFLAME Dis`in*flame", v. t. Defn: To divest of flame or ardor. Chapman. DISINGENUITY Dis*in`ge*nu"i*ty, n. Defn: Disingenuousness. [Obs.] Clarendon. DISINGENUOUS Dis`in*gen"u*ous, a. 1. Not noble; unbecoming true honor or dignity; mean; unworthy; as, disingenuous conduct or schemes. 2. Not ingenuous; wanting in noble candor or frankness; not frank or open; uncandid; unworthily or meanly artful. So disingenuous as not to confess them [faults]. Pope. -- Dis`in*gen"u*ous*ly, adv. T. Warton. -- Dis`in*gen"u*ous*ness, n. Macaulay. DISINHABITED Dis`in*hab"it*ed, a. Defn: Uninhabited. [Obs.] DISINHERISON Dis`in*her"i*son, n. Etym: [See Disinherit, v. t., and cf. Disherison.] Defn: Same as Disherison. Bacon. DISINHERIT Dis`in*her"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinherited; p. pr. & vb. n. Disinheriting.] Etym: [Cf. Disherit, Disheir.] 1. To cut off from an inheritance or from hereditary succession; to prevent, as an heir, from coming into possession of any property or right, which, by law or custom, would devolve on him in the course of descent. Of how fair a portion Adam disinherited his whole posterity! South. 2. To deprive of heritage; to dispossess. And disinherit Chaos, that reigns here. Milton. DISINHERITANCE Dis`in*her"it*ance, n. Defn: The act of disinheriting, or the condition of being; disinherited; disherison. DISINHUME Dis`in*hume", v. t. Defn: To disinter. [R.] DISINSURE Dis`in*sure", v. t. Defn: To render insecure; to put in danger. [Obs.] Fanshawe. DISINTEGRABLE Dis*in"te*gra*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being disintegrated, or reduced to fragments or powder. Argillo-calcite is readily disintegrable by exposure. Kirwan. DISINTEGRATE Dis*in"te*grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disintegrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disintegrating.] Etym: [L. dis- + integratus, p. p. of integrare to renew, repair, fr. integer entire, whole. See Integer.] Defn: To separate into integrant parts; to reduce to fragments or to powder; to break up, or cause to fall to pieces, as a rock, by blows of a hammer, frost, rain, and other mechanical or atmospheric influences. Marlites are not disintegrated by exposure to the atmosphere, at least in six years. Kirwan. DISINTEGRATE Dis*in"te*grate, v. i. Defn: To decompose into integrant parts; as, chalk rapidly disintegrates. DISINTEGRATION Dis*in`te*gra"tion, n. (a) The process by which anything is disintegrated; the condition of anything which is disintegrated. Specifically (b) (Geol.) The wearing away or falling to pieces of rocks or strata, produced by atmospheric action, frost, ice, etc. Society had need of further disintegration before it could begin to reconstruct itself locally. Motley. DISINTEGRATOR Dis*in"te*gra`tor, n. (Mech.) Defn: A machine for grinding or pulverizing by percussion. DISINTER Dis`in*ter", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinterred; p. pr. & vb. n. Disinterring.] 1. To take out of the grave or tomb; to unbury; to exhume; to dig up. 2. To bring out, as from a grave or hiding place; to bring from obscurity into view. Addison. DISINTERESS Dis*in"ter*ess, v. t. Etym: [F. désintéresser to deprive of interest in; pref. dés- (L. dis-) + intéresser to interest, fr. L. interesse to import, concern. See Interest, and cf. Disinterest.] Defn: To deprive or rid of interest in, or regard for; to disengage. [Obs.] DISINTERESSMENT Dis*in"ter*ess*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. désintéressement.] Defn: Disinterestedness; impartiality; fairness. [Obs.] Prior. DISINTEREST Dis*in"ter*est, p. a. Defn: Disinterested. [Obs.] The measures they shall walk by shall be disinterest and even. Jer. Taylor. DISINTEREST Dis*in"ter*est, n. 1. What is contrary to interest or advantage; disadvantage. [Obs.] Glanvill. 2. Indifference to profit; want of regard to private advantage; disinterestedness. [Obs.] Johnson. DISINTEREST Dis*in"ter*est, v. t. Defn: To divest of interest or interested motives. [Obs.] Feltham. DISINTERESTED Dis*in"ter*est*ed, a. Etym: [Cf. Disinteressed.] Defn: Not influenced by regard to personal interest or advantage; free from selfish motive; having no relation of interest or feeling; not biased or prejudiced; as, a disinterested decision or judge. The happiness of disinterested sacrifices. Channing. Syn. -- Unbiased; impartial; uninterested; indifferent. DISINTERESTEDLY Dis*in"ter*est*ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a disinterested manner; without bias or prejudice. DISINTERESTEDNESS Dis*in"ter*est*ed*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being disinterested; impartiality. That perfect disinterestedness and self-devotion of which man seems to be incapable, but which is sometimes found in woman. Macaulay. DISINTERESTING Dis*in"ter*est*ing, a. Defn: Uninteresting. [Obs.] "Disinteresting passages." Bp. Warburton. DISINTERMENT Dis`in*ter"ment, n. Defn: The act of disinterring, or taking out of the earth; exhumation. DISINTHRALL Dis`in*thrall", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinthralled; p. pr. & vb. n. Disinthralling.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + inthrall. Cf. Disenthrall.] Defn: To free from thralldom; to disenthrall. [Written also disinthral.] DISINTHRALLMENT Dis`in*thrall"ment, n. Defn: A releasing from thralldom or slavery; disenthrallment. [Written also disinthralment.] DISINTRICATE Dis*in"tri*cate, v. t. Defn: To disentangle. [R.] "To disintricate the question." Sir W. Hamilton. DISINURE Dis`in*ure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disinured; p. pr. & vb. n. Disinuring.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + inure.] Defn: To render unaccustomed or unfamiliar. We are hindered and disinured . . . towards the true knowledge. Milton. DISINVESTITURE Dis`in*ves"ti*ture, n. Defn: The act of depriving of investiture. [Obs.] Ogilvie. DISINVIGORATE Dis`in*vig"or*ate, v. t. Defn: To enervate; to weaken. [R.] Sydney Smith. DISINVOLVE Dis`in*volve", v. t. Defn: To uncover; to unfold or unroll; to disentangle. [R.] Dr. H. More. DISJECTION Dis*jec"tion, n. Etym: [L. disjicere, disjectum, to throw asunder, disperse; dis- + jacere to throw.] Defn: Destruction; dispersion. Bp. Horsley. DISJOIN Dis*join", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disjoined; p. pr. & vb. n. Disjoining.] Etym: [OF. desjoindre, F. disjoindre, déjoindre, fr. L. disjungere; dis- + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Disjoint, Disjunct.] Defn: To part; to disunite; to separate; to sunder. That marriage, therefore, God himself disjoins. Milton. Never let us lay down our arms against France, till we have utterly disjoined her from the Spanish monarchy. Addison. Windmill Street consisted of disjoined houses. Pennant. Syn. -- To disunite; separate; detach; sever; dissever; sunder; disconnect. DISJOIN Dis*join", v. i. Defn: To become separated; to part. DISJOINT Dis*joint", a. Etym: [OF. desjoint, p. p. of desjoindre. See Disjoin.] Defn: Disjointed; unconnected; -- opposed to conjoint. Milton. DISJOINT Dis*joint", n. Etym: [From OF. desjoint, p. p. of desjoindre. See Disjoint, v. t.] Defn: Difficult situation; dilemma; strait. [Obs.] "I stand in such disjoint." Chaucer. DISJOINT Dis*joint", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disjointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disjointing.] 1. To separate the joints of; to separate, as parts united by joints; to put out of joint; to force out of its socket; to dislocate; as, to disjoint limbs; to disjoint bones; to disjoint a fowl in carving. Yet what could swords or poisons, racks or flame, But mangle and disjoint the brittle frame Prior. 2. To separate at junctures or joints; to break where parts are united; to break in pieces; as, disjointed columns; to disjoint and edifice. Some half-ruined wall Disjointed and about to fall. Longfellow. 3. To break the natural order and relations of; to make incoherent; as, a disjointed speech. DISJOINT Dis*joint", v. i. Defn: To fall in pieces. Shak. DISJOINTED Dis*joint"ed, a. Defn: Separated at the joints; disconnected; incoherent. -- Dis*joint"ed*ly, adv. -- Dis*joint"ed*ness, n. DISJOINTLY Dis*joint"ly, adv. Defn: In a disjointed state. Sandys. DISJUDICATION Dis*ju`di*ca"tion, n. Defn: Judgment; discrimination. See Dijudication. [Obs.] Boyle. DISJUNCT Dis*junct", a. Etym: [L. disjunctus, p. p. of disjungere to disjoin. See Disjoin, and cf. Disjoint.] 1. Disjoined; separated. [R.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the head, thorax, and abdomen separated by a deep constriction. Disjunct tetrachords (Mus.), tetrachords so disposed to each other that the gravest note of the upper is one note higher than the acutest note of the other. DISJUNCTION Dis*junc"tion, n. Etym: [L. disjunctio.] 1. The act of disjoining; disunion; separation; a parting; as, the disjunction of soul and body. 2. A disjunctive proposition. Coleridge. DISJUNCTIVE Dis*junc"tive, a. Etym: [L. disjunctivus: cf. F. disjonctif.] 1. Tending to disjoin; separating; disjoining. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Pertaining to disjunct tetrachords. "Disjunctive notes." Moore (Encyc. of Music). Disjunctive conjunction (Gram.), one connecting grammatically two words or clauses, expressing at the same time an opposition or separation inherent in the notions or thoughts; as, either, or, neither, nor, but, although, except, lest, etc. -- Disjunctive proposition, one in which the parts are connected by disjunctive conjunctions; as it is either day or night. -- Disjunctive syllogism (Logic), one in which the major proposition is disjunctive; as, the earth moves in a circle or an ellipse; but in does not move in a circle, therefore it moves in an ellipse. DISJUNCTIVE Dis*junc"tive, n. (a) (Gram.) A disjunctive conjunction. (b) (Logic) A disjunctive proposition. DISJUNCTIVELY Dis*junc"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a disjunctive manner; separately. Dr. H. More. DISJUNCTURE Dis*junc"ture, n. Defn: The act of disjoining, or state of being disjoined; separation. Fuller. DISK Disk, n. Etym: [L. discus, Gr. Dish.] [Written also disc.] 1. A discus; a quoit. Some whirl the disk, and some the javelin dart. Pope. 2. A flat, circular plate; as, a disk of metal or paper. 3. (Astron.) Defn: The circular figure of a celestial body, as seen projected of the heavens. 4. (Biol.) Defn: A circular structure either in plants or animals; as, a blood disk; germinal disk, etc. 5. (Bot.) (a) The whole surface of a leaf. (b) The central part of a radiate compound flower, as in sunflower. (c) A part of the receptacle enlarged or expanded under, or around, or even on top of, the pistil. 6. (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior surface or oral area of coelenterate animals, as of sea anemones. (b) The lower side of the body of some invertebrates, especially when used for locomotion, when it is often called a creeping disk. (c) In owls, the space around the eyes. Disk engine, a form of rotary steam engine. -- Disk shell (Zoöl.), any species of Discina. DISK CLUTCH Disk clutch. (Engin.) Defn: A friction clutch in which the gripping surfaces are disks or more or less resemble disks. DISKINDNESS Dis*kind"ness, n. Defn: Unkindness; disservice. [R.] A. Tucker. DISKLESS Disk"less, a. Defn: Having no disk; appearing as a point and not expanded into a disk, as the image of a faint star in a telescope. DISLADE Dis*lade", v. t. Defn: To unlade. [Obs.] Heywood. DISLEAL Dis*leal", a. Etym: [See Disloyal, Leal.] Defn: Disloyal; perfidious. [Obs.] "Disleal knight." Spenser. DISLEAVE Dis*leave", v. t. Defn: To deprive of leaves. [R.] The cankerworms that annually that disleaved the elms. Lowell. DISLIKE Dis*like", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disliked; p. pr. & vb. n. Disliking.] 1. To regard with dislike or aversion; to disapprove; to disrelish. Every nation dislikes an impost. Johnson. 2. To awaken dislike in; to displease. "Disliking countenance." Marston. "It dislikes me." Shak. DISLIKE Dis*like", n. 1. A feeling of positive and usually permanent aversion to something unpleasant, uncongenial, or offensive; disapprobation; repugnance; displeasure; disfavor; -- the opposite of liking or fondness. God's grace . . . gives him continual dislike to sin. Hammond. The hint malevolent, the look oblique, The obvious satire, or implied dislike. Hannah More. We have spoken of the dislike of these excellent women for Sheridan and Fox. J. Morley. His dislike of a particular kind of sensational stories. A. W. Ward. 2. Discord; dissension. [Obs.] Fairfax. Syn. -- Distaste; disinclination; disapprobation; disfavor; disaffection; displeasure; disrelish; aversion; reluctance; repugnance; disgust; antipathy. -- Dislike, Aversion, Reluctance, Repugnance, Disgust, Antipathy. Dislike is the more general term, applicable to both persons and things and arising either from feeling or judgment. It may mean little more than want of positive liking; but antipathy, repugnance, disgust, and aversion are more intense phases of dislike. Aversion denotes a fixed and habitual dislike; as, an aversion to or for business. Reluctance and repugnance denote a mental strife or hostility something proposed (repugnance being the stronger); as, a reluctance to make the necessary sacrifices, and a repugnance to the submission required. Disgust is repugnance either of taste or moral feeling; as, a disgust at gross exhibitions of selfishness. Antipathy is primarily an instinctive feeling of dislike of a thing, such as most persons feel for a snake. When used figuratively, it denotes a correspondent dislike for certain persons, modes of acting, etc. Men have an aversion to what breaks in upon their habits; a reluctance and repugnance to what crosses their will; a disgust at what offends their sensibilities; and are often governed by antipathies for which they can give no good reason. DISLIKEFUL Dis*like"ful, a. Defn: Full of dislike; disaffected; malign; disagreeable. [Obs.] Spenser. DISLIKELIHOOD Dis*like"li*hood, n. Defn: The want of likelihood; improbability. Sir W. Scott. DISLIKEN Dis*lik"en, v. t. Defn: To make unlike; to disguise. [Obs.] Shak. DISLIKENESS Dis*like"ness, n. Defn: Unlikeness. [R.] Locke. DISLIKER Dis*lik"er, n. Defn: One who dislikes or disrelishes. DISLIMB Dis*limb", v. t. Defn: To tear limb from limb; to dismember. [Obs.] Bailey. DISLIMN Dis*limn", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + limn.] Defn: To efface, as a picture. [Obs.] Shak. DISLINK Dis*link", v. t. Defn: To unlink; to disunite; to separate. [R.] Tennyson. DISLIVE Dis*live", v. t. Defn: To deprive of life. [Obs.] Telemachus dislived Amphimedon. Chapman. DISLOCATE Dis"lo*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dislocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dislocating.] Etym: [LL. dislocatus, p. p. of dislocare; dis- + locare to place, fr. locus place. See Locus.] Defn: To displace; to put out of its proper place. Especially, of a bone: To remove from its normal connections with a neighboring bone; to put out of joint; to move from its socket; to disjoint; as, to dislocate your bones. Shak. After some time the strata on all sides of the globe were dislocated. Woodward. And thus the archbishop's see, dislocated or out of joint for a time, was by the hands of his holiness set right again. Fuller. DISLOCATE Dis"lo*cate, a. Etym: [LL. dislocatus, p. p.] Defn: Dislocated. Montgomery. DISLOCATION Dis`lo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dislocation.] 1. The act of displacing, or the state of being displaced. T. Burnet. 2. (Geol.) Defn: The displacement of parts of rocks or portions of strata from the situation which they originally occupied. Slips, faults, and the like, are dislocations. 3. (Surg.) Defn: The act of dislocating, or putting out of joint; also, the condition of being thus displaced. DISLODGE Dis*lodge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dislodged; p. pr. & vb. n. Dislodging.] Etym: [OF. deslogier, F. déloger; pref. des- (L. dis-) + OF. logier, F. loger. See Lodge.] 1. To drive from a lodge or place of rest; to remove from a place of quiet or repose; as, shells resting in the sea at a considerate depth are not dislodged by storms. 2. To drive out from a place of hiding or defense; as, to dislodge a deer, or an enemy. The Volscians are dislodg'd. Shak. DISLODGE Dis*lodge", v. i. Defn: To go from a place of rest. [R.] Where Light and Darkness in perpetual round Lodge and dislodge by turns. Milton. DISLODGE Dis*lodge", n. Defn: Dwelling apart; separation. [R.] DISLODGMENT Dis*lodg"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. délogement, OF. deslogement.] Defn: The act or process of dislodging, or the state of being dislodged. DISLOIGN Dis*loign", v. t. Etym: [OF. desloignier. See Eloign.] Defn: To put at a distance; to remove. [Obs.] Low-looking dales, disloigned from common gaze. Spenser. DISLOYAL Dis*loy"al, a. Etym: [Pref. dis- + loyal: cf. OF. desloial, desleal, F. déloyal. See Loyal.] Defn: Not loyal; not true to a sovereign or lawful superior, or to the government under which one lives; false where allegiance is due; faithless; as, a subject disloyal to the king; a husband disloyal to his wife. Without a thought disloyal. Mrs. Browning. Syn. -- Disobedient; faithless; untrue; treacherous; perfidious; dishonest; inconstant; disaffected. DISLOYALLY Dis*loy"al*ly, adv. Defn: In a disloyal manner. DISLOYALTY Dis*loy"al*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + loyalty: cf. OF. desloiauté, deslealté, F. déloyauté.] Defn: Want of loyalty; lack of fidelity; violation of allegiance. DISMAIL Dis*mail", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + mail: cf. OF. desmaillier.] Defn: To divest of coat of mail. Spenser. DISMAL Dis"mal, a. Etym: [Formerly a noun; e. g., "I trow it was in the dismalle." Chaucer. Of uncertain origin; but perh. (as suggested by Skeat) from OF. disme, F. dîme, tithe, the phrase dismal day properly meaning, the day when tithes must be paid. See Dime.] 1. Fatal; ill-omened; unlucky. [Obs.] An ugly fiend more foul than dismal day. Spenser. 2. Gloomy to the eye or ear; sorrowful and depressing to the feelings; foreboding; cheerless; dull; dreary; as, a dismal outlook; dismal stories; a dismal place. Full well the busy whisper, circling round, Convey'd the dismal tidings when he frowned. Goldsmith. A dismal description of an English November. Southey. Syn. -- Dreary; lonesome; gloomy; dark; ominous; ill-boding; fatal; doleful; lugubrious; funereal; dolorous; calamitous; sorrowful; sad; joyless; melancholy; unfortunate; unhappy. DISMALLY Dis"mal*ly, adv. Defn: In a dismal manner; gloomily; sorrowfully; uncomfortably. DISMALNESS Dis"mal*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being dismal; gloominess. DISMAN Dis*man", v. t. Defn: To unman. [Obs.] Feltham. DISMANTLE Dis*man"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismantled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismantling.] Etym: [F. démanteler, OF. desmanteler; pref: des- (L. dis-) + manteler to cover with a cloak, defend, fr. mantel, F. manteau, cloak. See Mantle.] 1. To strip or deprive of dress; to divest. 2. To strip of furniture and equipments, guns, etc.; to unrig; to strip of walls or outworks; to break down; as, to dismantle a fort, a town, or a ship. A dismantled house, without windows or shutters to keep out the rain. Macaulay. 3. To disable; to render useless. Comber. Syn. -- To demoDemol. DISMARCH Dis*march", v. i. Defn: To march away. [Obs.] DISMARRY Dis*mar"ry, v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + marry: cf. OF. desmarier, F. démarier.] Defn: To free from the bonds of marriage; to divorce. [Obs.] Ld. Berners. DISMARSHAL Dis*mar"shal, v. t. Defn: To disarrange; to derange; to put in disorder. [R.] Drummond. DISMASK Dis*mask", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + mask: cf. F. démasquer.] Defn: To divest of a mask. Shak. DISMAST Dis*mast", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismasting.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + mast: cf. F. démâter.] Defn: To deprive of a mast of masts; to break and carry away the masts from; as, a storm dismasted the ship. DISMASTMENT Dis*mast"ment, n. Defn: The act of dismasting; the state of being dismasted. [R.] Marshall. DISMAW Dis*maw", v. t. Defn: To eject from the maw; to disgorge. [R.] Shelton. DISMAY Dis*may", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismaying.] Etym: [OE. desmaien, dismaien, OF. esmaier; pref. es- (L. ex) + OHG. magan to be strong or able; akin to E. may. In English the pref. es- was changed to dis- (L. dis-). See May, v. i.] 1. To disable with alarm or apprehensions; to depress the spirits or courage of; to deprive or firmness and energy through fear; to daunt; to appall; to terrify. Be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed. Josh. i. 9. What words be these What fears do you dismay Fairfax. 2. To render lifeless; to subdue; to disquiet. [Obs.] Do not dismay yourself for this. Spenser. Syn. -- To terrify; fright; affright; frighten; appall; daunt; dishearthen; dispirit; discourage; deject; depress. -- To Dismay, Daunt, Appall. Dismay denotes a state of deep and gloomy apprehension. To daunt supposes something more sudden and startling. To appall is the strongest term, implying a sense of terror which overwhelms the faculties. So flies a herd of beeves, that hear, dismayed, The lions roaring through the midnight shade. Pope. Jove got such heroes as my sire, whose soul No fear could daunt, nor earth nor hell control. Pope. Now the last ruin the whole host appalls; Now Greece has trembled in her wooden walls. Pope. DISMAY Dis*may", v. i. Defn: To take dismay or fright; to be filled with dismay. [Obs.] Shak. DISMAY Dis*may", n. Etym: [Cf. OF. esmai, F. émoi. See Dismay, v. t.] 1. Loss of courage and firmness through fear; overwhelming and disabling terror; a sinking of the spirits; consternation. I . . . can not think of such a battle without dismay. Macaulay. Thou with a tiger spring dost leap upon thy prey, And tear his helpless breast, o'erwhelmed with wild dismay. Mrs. Barbauld. 2. Condition fitted to dismay; ruin. Spenser. Syn. -- Dejection; discouragement; depression; fear; fright; terror; apprehension; alarm; affright. DISMAYEDNESS Dis*may"ed*ness, n. Defn: A state of being dismayed; dejection of courage; dispiritedness. DISMAYFUL Dis*may"ful, a. Defn: Terrifying. Spenser. DISME Disme, n. Etym: [OF. See Dime.] Defn: A tenth; a tenth part; a tithe. Ayliffe. DISMEMBER Dis*mem"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismembered; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismembering.] Etym: [OF. desmembrer, F. démembrer; pref. des- (L. dis) + OF. & F. membre limb. See Member.] 1. To tear limb from limb; to dilacerate; to disjoin member from member; to tear or cut in pieces; to break up. Fowls obscene dismembered his remains. Pope. A society lacerated and dismembered. Gladstone. By whose hands the blow should be struck which would dismember that once mighty empire. Buckle. 2. To deprive of membership. [Obs.] They were dismembered by vote of the house. R. North. Syn. -- To disjoint; dislocate; dilacerate; mutilate; divide; sever. DISMEMBERMENT Dis*mem"ber*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. desmembrement, F. démembrement.] Defn: The act of dismembering, or the state of being dismembered; cutting in piece; m The Castilians would doubtless have resented the dismemberment of the unwieldy body of which they formed the head. Macaulay. DISMETTLED Dis*met"tled, a. Defn: Destitute of mettle, that is, or fire or spirit. [R.] Llewellyn. DISMISS Dis*miss", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismissed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismissing.] Etym: [L. dis- + missus, p. p. of mittere to send: cf. dimittere, OF. desmetre, F. démettre. See Demise, and cf. Dimit.] 1. To send away; to give leave of departure; to cause or permit to go; to put away. He dismissed the assembly. Acts xix. 41. Dismiss their cares when they dismiss their flock. Cowper. Though he soon dismissed himself from state affairs. Dryden. 2. To discard; to remove or discharge from office, service, or employment; as, the king dismisses his ministers; the matter dismisses his servant. 3. To lay aside or reject as unworthy of attentions or regard, as a petition or motion in court. DISMISS Dis*miss", n. Defn: Dismission. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. DISMISSAL Dis*miss"al, n. Defn: Dismission; discharge. Officeholders were commanded faithfully to enforce it, upon pain of immediate dismissal. Motley. DISMISSION Dis*mis"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. L. dimissio.] 1. The act dismissing or sending away; permission to leave; leave to depart; dismissal; as, the dismission of the grand jury. 2. Removal from office or employment; discharge, either with honor or with disgrace. 3. Rejection; a setting aside as trivial, invalid, or unworthy of consideration. DISMISSIVE Dis*miss"ive, a. Defn: Giving dismission. DISMORTGAGE Dis*mort"gage (; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dismortaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismortgaging.] Defn: To redeem from mortgage. [Obs.] Howell. DISMOUNT Dis*mount", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dismounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dismounting.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + mount: cf. OF. desmonter, F. démonter.] 1. To come down; to descend. [Poetic] But now the bright sun ginneth to dismount. Spenser. 2. To alight from a horse; to descend or get off, as a rider from his beast; as, the troops dismounted. DISMOUNT Dis*mount", v. t. 1. To throw or bring down from an elevation, place of honor and authority, or the like. Dismounted from his authority. Barrow. 2. To throw or remove from a horse; to unhorse; as, the soldier dismounted his adversary. 3. (Mech.) Defn: To take down, or apart, as a machine. 4. To throw or remove from the carriage, or from that on which a thing is mounted; to break the carriage or wheels of, and render useless; to deprive of equipments or mountings; -- said esp. of artillery. DISNATURALIZE Dis*nat"u*ral*ize, v. t. Defn: To make alien; to deprive of the privileges of birth. Locke. DISNATURED Dis*na"tured, a. Etym: [Pref. dis- + nature: cf. OF. desnaturé, F. dénaturé.] Defn: Deprived or destitute of natural feelings; unnatural. [Obs.] Shak. DISOBEDIENCE Dis`o*be"di*ence, n. Defn: Neglect or refusal to obey; violation of a command or prohibition. He is undutiful to him other actions, and lives in open disobedience. Tillotson. DISOBEDIENCY Dis`o*be"di*en*cy, n. Defn: Disobedience. DISOBEDIENT Dis`o*be"di*ent, a. Etym: [Pref. dis- + obedient. See Disobey, Obedient.] 1. Neglecting or refusing to obey; omitting to do what is commanded, or doing what is prohibited; refractory; not observant of duty or rules prescribed by authority; -- applied to persons and acts. This disobedient spirit in the colonies. Burke. Disobedient unto the word of the Lord. 1 Kings xiii. 26. 2. Not yielding. Medicines used unnecessarily contribute to shorten life, by sooner rendering peculiar parts of the system disobedient to stimuli. E. Darwin. DISOBEDIENTLY Dis`o*be"di*ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a disobedient manner. DISOBEISANCE Dis`o*bei"sance, n. Etym: [F. désobéissance.] Defn: Disobedience. [Obs.] E. Hall. DISOBEISANT Dis`o*bei"sant, a. Etym: [F. désobéissant.] Defn: Disobedient. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISOBEY Dis`o*bey", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disobeyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disobeying.] Etym: [F. désobéir; pref. dés- (L. dis-) + obéir. See Obey, and cf. Disobedient.] Defn: Not to obey; to neglect or refuse to obey (a superior or his commands, the laws, etc.); to transgress the commands of (one in authority); to violate, as an order; as, refractory children disobey their parents; men disobey their Maker and the laws. Not to disobey her lord's behest. Tennyson. DISOBEY Dis`o*bey", v. i. Defn: To refuse or neglect to obey; to violate commands; to be disobedient. He durst not know how to disobey. Sir P. Sidney. DISOBEYER Dis`o*bey"er, n. Defn: One who disobeys. DISOBLIGATION Dis*ob`li*ga"tion, n. 1. The act of disobliging. 2. A disobliging act; an offense. [Obs.] Clarendon. 3. Release from obligation. Jer. Taylor. DISOBLIGATORY Dis*ob"li*ga*to*ry, a. Defn: Releasing from obligation. "Disobligatory power." Charles I. DISOBLIGE Dis`o*blige", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disobliged; p. pr. & vb. n. Disobliging.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + oblige: cf. F. désobliger.] 1. To do an act which contravenes the will or desires of; to offend by an act of unkindness or incivility; to displease; to refrain from obliging; to be unaccommodating to. Those . . . who slight and disoblige their friends, shall infallibly come to know the value of them by having none when they shall most need them. South. My plan has given offense to some gentlemen, whom it would not be very safe to disoblige. Addison. 2. To release from obligation. [Obs.] Absolving and disobliging from a more general command for some just and reasonable cause. Milton. DISOBLIGEMENT Dis`o*blige"ment, n. Defn: Release from obligation. [Obs.] DISOBLIGER Dis`o*bli"ger, n. Defn: One who disobliges. DISOBLIGING Dis`o*bli"ging, a. 1. Not obliging; not disposed to do a favor; unaccommodating; as, a disobliging person or act. 2. Displeasing; offensive. [Obs.] Cov. of Tongue. -- Dis`o*bli"ging*ly, adv. -- Dis`o*bli"ging*ness, n. DISOCCIDENT Dis*oc"ci*dent, v. t. Defn: To turn away from the west; to throw out of reckoning as to longitude. [Obs.] Marvell. DISOCCUPATION Dis*oc`cu*pa"tion, n. Defn: The state of being unemployed; want of occupation. [R.] DISOPINION Dis`o*pin"ion, n. Defn: Want or difference of belief; disbelief. [Obs.] Bp. Reynolds. DISOPPILATE Dis*op"pi*late, v. t. Etym: [L. dis- + oppilatus, p. p. of oppilare to shut up.] Defn: To open. [Obs.] Holland. DISORB Dis*orb", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + orb.] Defn: To throw out of the proper orbit; to unsphere. Shak. DISORD Dis*ord", n. Defn: Disorder. [Obs.] Holland. DISORDEINED Dis`or*deined", a. Etym: [See Ordain.] Defn: Inordinate; irregular; vicious. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISORDER Dis*or"der, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + order: cf. F. désordre.] 1. Want of order or regular disposition; lack of arrangement; confusion; disarray; as, the troops were thrown into disorder; the papers are in disorder. 2. Neglect of order or system; irregularity. From vulgar bounds with brave disorder part, And snatch a grace beyond the reach of art. Pope. 3. Breach of public order; disturbance of the peace of society; tumult. Shak. 4. Disturbance of the functions of the animal economy of the soul; sickness; derangement. "Disorder in the body." Locke. Syn. -- Irregularity; disarrangement; confusion; tumult; bustle; disturbance; disease; illness; indisposition; sickness; ailment; malady; distemper. See Disease. DISORDER Dis*or"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disordered; p. pr. & vb. n. Disordering.] 1. To disturb the order of; to derange or disarrange; to throw into confusion; to confuse. Disordering the whole frame or jurisprudence. Burke. The burden . . . disordered the aids and auxiliary rafters into a common ruin. Jer. Taylor. 2. To disturb or interrupt the regular and natural functions of (either body or mind); to produce sickness or indisposition in; to discompose; to derange; as, to disorder the head or stomach. A man whose judgment was so much disordered by party spirit. Macaulay. 3. To depose from holy orders. [Obs.] Dryden. Syn. -- To disarrange; derange; confuse; discompose. DISORDERED Dis*or"dered, a. 1. Thrown into disorder; deranged; as, a disordered house, judgment. 2. Disorderly. [Obs.] Shak. -- Dis*or"dered*ly, adv. -- Dis*or"dered*ness, n. DISORDERLINESS Dis*or"der*li*ness, n. Defn: The state of being disorderly. DISORDERLY Dis*or"der*ly, a. 1. Not in order; marked by disorder; disarranged; immethodical; as, the books and papers are in a disorderly state. 2. Not acting in an orderly way, as the functions of the body or mind. 3. Not complying with the restraints of order and law; tumultuous; unruly; lawless; turbulent; as, disorderly people; disorderly assemblies. 4. (Law) Defn: Offensive to good morals and public decency; notoriously offensive; as, a disorderly house. Syn. -- Irregular; immethodical; confused; tumultuous; inordinate; intemperate; unruly; lawless; vicious. DISORDERLY Dis*or"der*ly, adv. Defn: In a disorderly manner; without law or order; irregularly; confusedly. Withdraw yourselves from every brother that walketh disorderly. 2 Thess. iii. 6. Savages fighting disorderly with stones. Sir W. Raleigh. DISORDINANCE Dis*or"di*nance, n. Defn: Disarrangement; disturbance. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISORDINATE Dis*or"di*nate, a. Defn: Inordinate; disorderly. [Obs.] "With disordinate gestures." Prynne. DISORDINATELY Dis*or"di*nate*ly, adv. Defn: Inordinately. [Obs.] E. Hall. DISORDINATION Dis*or`di*na"tion, n. Defn: The state of being in disorder; derangement; confusion. [Obs.] Bacon. DISORGANIZATION Dis*or`gan*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. désorganisation. See Disorganize, v. t.] 1. The act of disorganizing; destruction of system. 2. The state of being disorganized; as, the disorganization of the body, or of government. The magazine of a pawnbroker in such total disorganization, that the owner can never lay his hands upon any one article at the moment he has occasion for it. Sir W. Scott. DISORGANIZE Dis*or"gan*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disorganized; p. pr. & vb. n. Disorganizing.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + organize: cf. F. désorganiser.] Defn: To destroy the organic structure or regular system of (a government, a society, a party, etc.); to break up (what is organized); to throw into utter disorder; to disarrange. Lyford . . . attempted to disorganize the church. Eliot (1809). DISORGANIZER Dis*or"gan*i`zer, n. Defn: One who disorganizes or causes disorder and confusion. DISORIENT Dis*o"ri*ent, v. t. Defn: To turn away from the cast; to confuse as to which way is east; to cause to lose one's bearings. [R.] Bp. Warburton. DISORIENTATE Dis*o"ri*en*tate, v. t. Defn: To turn away from the east, or (figuratively) from the right or the truth. [R.] DISOWN Dis*own", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disowned; p. pr. & vb. n. Disowning.] 1. To refuse to own or acknowledge as belonging to one's self; to disavow or deny, as connected with one's self personally; as, a parent can hardly disown his child; an author will sometimes disown his writings. 2. To refuse to acknowledge or allow; to deny. Then they, who brother's better claim disown, Expel their parents, and usurp the throne. Dryden. Syn. -- To disavow; disclaim; deny; abnegate; renounce; disallow. DISOWNMENT Dis*own"ment, n. Defn: Act of disowning. [R.] DISOXIDATE Dis*ox"i*date, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To deoxidate; to deoxidize. [R.] DISOXIDATION Dis*ox`i*da"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: Deoxidation. [R.] DISOXYGENATE Dis*ox"y*gen*ate, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To deprive of oxygen; to deoxidize. [R.] DISOXYGENATION Dis*ox`y*gen*a"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: Deoxidation. [R.] DISPACE Dis*pace", v. i. Etym: [Pref. dis- asunder, different ways, to and fro + pace.] Defn: To roam. [Obs.] In this fair plot dispacing to and fro. Spenser. DISPAIR Dis*pair", v. t. Defn: To separate (a pair). [R.] I have . . . dispaired two doves. Beau. & Fl. DISPAND Dis*pand", v. t. Etym: [L. dispandere to spread out; pref. dis- + pandere, pansum, to spread out.] Defn: To spread out; to expand. [Obs.] Bailey. DISPANSION Dis*pan"sion, n. Etym: [See Dispand.] Defn: Act of dispanding, or state of being dispanded. [Obs.] DISPARADISED Dis*par"a*dised, a. Defn: Removed from paradise. [R.] Cockeram. DISPARAGE Dis*par"age (; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disparaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Disparaging.] Etym: [OF. desparagier, F. déparager, to marry unequally; pref. des- (L. dis-) + F. parage extraction, lineage, from L. par equal, peer. See Peer.] 1. To match unequally; to degrade or dishonor by an unequal marriage. [Obs.] Alas! that any of my nation Should ever so foul disparaged be. Chaucer. 2. To dishonor by a comparison with what is inferior; to lower in rank or estimation by actions or words; to speak slightingly of; to depreciate; to undervalue. Those forbidding appearances which sometimes disparage the actions of men sincerely pious. Bp. Atterbury. Thou durst not thus disparage glorious arms. Milton. Syn. -- To decry; depreciate; undervalue; underrate; cheapen; vilify; reproach; detract from; derogate from; degrade; debase. See Decry. DISPARAGE Dis"pa*rage`, n. Defn: Inequality in marriage; marriage with an inferior. [Obs.] Chaucer. Dissuaded her from such a disparage. Spenser. DISPARAGEMENT Dis*par"age*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. desparagement.] 1. Matching any one in marriage under his or her degree; injurious union with something of inferior excellence; a lowering in rank or estimation. [Eng.] And thought that match a foul disparagement. Spenser. 2. Injurious comparison with an inferior; a depreciating or dishonoring opinion or insinuation; diminution of value; dishonor; indignity; reproach; disgrace; detraction; -- commonly with to. It ought to be no disparagement to a star that it is not the sun. South. Imitation is a disparagement and a degradation in a Christian minister. I. Taylor. Syn. -- Indignity; derogation; detraction; reproach; dishonor; debasement; degradation; disgrace. DISPARAGER Dis*par"a*ger, n. Defn: One who disparages or dishonors; one who vilifies or disgraces. DISPARAGINGLY Dis*par"a*ging*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner to disparage or dishonor; slightingly. DISPARATE Dis"pa*rate, a. Etym: [L. disparatus, p. p. of disparare to part, separate; dis- + parare to make ready, prepare.] 1. Unequal; dissimilar; separate. Connecting disparate thoughts, purely by means of resemblances in the words expressing them. Coleridge. 2. (Logic) Defn: Pertaining to two coördinate species or divisions. DISPARATES Dis"pa*rates, n. pl. Defn: Things so unequal or unlike that they can not be compared with each other. DISPARITION Dis`pa*ri"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. disparition.] Defn: Act of disappearing; disappearance. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DISPARITY Dis*par"i*ty, n.; pl. Disparities. Etym: [LL. disparitas, fr. L. dispar unlike, unequal; dis- + par equal: cf. F. disparité. See Par, Peer.] Defn: Inequality; difference in age, rank, condition, or excellence; dissimilitude; -- followed by between, in, of, as to, etc.; as, disparity in, or of, years; a disparity as to color. The disparity between God and his intelligent creatures. I. Taylor. The disparity of numbers was not such as ought to cause any uneasiness. Macaulay. Syn. -- Inequality; unlikeness; dissimilitude; disproportion; difference. DISPARK Dis*park", v. t. 1. To throw (a park or inclosure); to treat (a private park) as a common. The Gentiles were made to be God's people when the Jews' inclosure was disparked. Jer. Taylor. 2. To set at large; to release from inclosure. Till his free muse threw down the pale, And did at once dispark them all. Waller. DISPARKLE Dis*par"kle, v. t. Etym: [OF. desparpeillier.] Defn: To scatter abroad. [Obs.] Holland. DISPART Dis*part", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disparted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disparting.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + part: cf. OF. despartir.] Defn: To part asunder; to divide; to separate; to sever; to rend; to rive or split; as, disparted air; disparted towers. [Archaic] Them in twelve troops their captain did dispart. Spenser. The world will be whole, and refuses to be disparted. Emerson. DISPART Dis*part", v. i. Defn: To separate, to open; to cleave. DISPART Dis*part", n. 1. (Gun.) Defn: The difference between the thickness of the metal at the mouth and at the breech of a piece of ordnance. On account of the dispart, the line of aim or line of metal, which is in a plane passing through the axis of the gun, always makes a small angle with the axis. Eng. Cys. 2. (Gun.) Defn: A piece of metal placed on the muzzle, or near the trunnions, on the top of a piece of ordnance, to make the line of sight parallel to the axis of the bore; -- called also dispart sight, and muzzle sight. DISPART Dis*part", v. t. 1. (Gun.) Defn: To make allowance for the dispart in (a gun), when taking aim. Every gunner, before he shoots, must truly dispart his piece. Lucar. 2. (Gun.) Defn: To furnish with a dispart sight. DISPASSION Dis*pas"sion, n. Defn: Freedom from passion; an undisturbed state; apathy. Sir W. Temple. DISPASSIONATE Dis*pas"sion*ate, a. 1. Free from passion; not warped, prejudiced, swerved, or carried away by passion or feeling; judicial; calm; composed. Wise and dispassionate men. Clarendon. 2. Not dictated by passion; not proceeding from temper or bias; impartial; as, dispassionate proceedings; a dispassionate view. Syn. -- Calm; cool; composed serene; unimpassioned; temperate; moderate; impartial; unruffled. -- Dis*pas"sion*ate*ly, adv. -- Dis*pas"sion*ate*ness, n. DISPASSIONED Dis*pas"sioned, a. Defn: Free from passion; dispassionate. [R.] "Dispassioned men." Donne. DISPATCH Dis*patch" (; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispatched; p. pr. & vb. n. Dispatching.] Etym: [OF. despeechier, F. dépêcher; prob. from pref. des- (L. dis-) + (assumed) LL. pedicare to place obstacles in the way, fr. L. pedica fetter, fr. pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and cf. Impeach, Despatch.] [Written also despatch.] 1. To dispose of speedily, as business; to execute quickly; to make a speedy end of; to finish; to perform. Ere we put ourselves in arms, dispatch we The business we have talked of. Shak. [The] harvest men . . . almost in one fair day dispatcheth all the harvest work. Robynson (More's Utopia). 2. To rid; to free. [Obs.] I had clean dispatched myself of this great charge. Udall. 3. To get rid of by sending off; to send away hastily. Unless dispatched to the mansion house in the country . . . they perish among the lumber of garrets. Walpole. 4. To send off or away; -- particularly applied to sending off messengers, messages, letters, etc., on special business, and implying haste. Even with the speediest expedition I will dispatch him to the emperor's couShak. 5. To send out of the world; to put to death. The company shall stone them with stones, and dispatch them with their swords. Ezek. xxiii. 47. Syn. -- To expedite; hasten; speed; accelerate; perform; conclude; finish; slay; kill. DISPATCH Dis*patch", v. i. Defn: To make haste; to conclude an affair; to finish a matter of business. They have dispatched with Pompey. Shak. DISPATCH Dis*patch", n. Etym: [Cf. OF. despeche, F. dépêche. See Dispatch, v. t.] [Written also despatch.] 1. The act of sending a message or messenger in haste or on important business. 2. Any sending away; dismissal; riddance. To the utter dispatch of all their most beloved comforts. Milton. 3. The finishing up of a business; speedy performance, as of business; prompt execution; diligence; haste. Serious business, craving quick dispatch. Shak. To carry his scythe . . . with a sufficient dispatch through a sufficient space. Paley. 4. A message dispatched or sent with speed; especially, an important official letter sent from one public officer to another; -- often used in the plural; as, a messenger has arrived with dispatches for the American minister; naval or military dispatches. 5. A message transmitted by telegraph. [Modern] Dispatch boat, a swift vessel for conveying dispatches; an advice boat. -- Dispatch box, a box for carrying dispatches; a box for papers and other conveniences when traveling. Syn. -- Haste; hurry; promptness; celerity; speed. See Haste. DISPATCHER Dis*patch"er, n. Defn: One who dispatches. DISPATCHFUL Dis*patch"ful, a. Defn: Bent on haste; intent on speedy execution of business or any task; indicating haste; quick; as, dispatchful looks. Milton. DISPATCHMENT Dis*patch"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. despechement.] Defn: The act of dispatching. [Obs.] State Trials (1529). DISPATHY Dis"pa*thy, n.; pl. Dispathies. Etym: [Pref. dis- + Gr. Pathos.] Defn: Lack of sympathy; want of passion; apathy. [R.] Many discrepancies and some dispathies between us. Southey. DISPAUPER Dis*pau"per, v. t. Defn: To deprive of the claim of a pauper to public support; to deprive of the privilege of suing in forma pauperis. DISPAUPERIZE Dis*pau"per*ize, v. t. Defn: To free a state of pauperism, or from paupers. J. S. Mill. DISPEED Dis*peed", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + speed.] Defn: To send off with speed; to dispatch. [Obs.] Knolles. Then they dispeeded themselves of the Cid and of their mother-in-law, DoSouthey. DISPEL Dis*pel", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dispelling.] Etym: [L. dispellere; dis- + pellere to push, drive. See Pulse a beating.] Defn: To drive away by scattering, or so to cause to vanish; to clear away; to banish; to dissipate; as, to dispel a cloud, vapors, cares, doubts, illusions. [Satan] gently raised their fainting courage, and dispelled their fears. Milton. I saw myself the lambent easy light Gild the brown horror, and dispel the night. Dryden. DISPENCE Dis*pence", v. i. & n. Defn: See Dispense. [Obs.] DISPEND Dis*pend", v. t. Etym: [OF. despendre, L. dispendere to weigh out, dispense; dis- + pendere to weigh. See Pension, Spend, and cf. Dispense.] Defn: To spend; to lay out; to expend. [Obs.] Spenser. Able to dispend yearly twenty pounds and above. Fuller. DISPENDER Dis*pend"er, n. Defn: One who dispends or expends; a steward. [Obs.] Wyclif (1 Cor. iv. 1). DISPENSABLE Dis*pen"sa*ble, a. Etym: [LL. dispensabilis. See Dispense.] 1. Capable of being dispensed or administered. 2. Capable of being dispensed with. Coleridge. DISPENSABLENESS Dis*pen"sa*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being dispensable. DISPENSARY Dis*pen"sa*ry, n.; pl. Dispensaries. Etym: [Cf. F. dispensaire.] 1. A place where medicines are prepared and dispensed; esp., a place where the poor can obtain medical advice and medicines gratuitously or at a nominal price. 2. A dispensatory. Pope. DISPENSATION Dis`pen*sa"tion, n. Etym: [F. dispensation, L. dispensatio.] 1. The act of dispensing or dealing out; distribution; often used of the distribution of good and evil by God to man, or more generically, of the acts and modes of his administration. To respect the dispensations of Providence. Burke. 2. That which is dispensed, dealt out, or appointed; that which is enjoined or bestowed; especially (Theol.), Defn: a system of principles, promises, and rules ordained and administered; scheme; economy; as, the Patriarchal, Mosaic, and Christian dispensations. Neither are God's methods or intentions different in his dispensations to each private man. Rogers. 3. The relaxation of a law in a particular case; permission to do something forbidden, or to omit doing something enjoined; specifically, in the Roman Catholic Church, exemption from some ecclesiastical law or obligation to God which a man has incurred of his own free will (oaths, vows, etc.). A dispensation was obtained to enable Dr. Barrow to marry. Ward. DISPENSATIVE Dis*pen"sa*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dispensatif.] Defn: Granting dispensation. DISPENSATIVELY Dis*pen"sa*tive*ly, adv. Defn: By dispensation. Wotton. DISPENSATOR Dis"pen*sa`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A distributer; a dispenser. Bacon. DISPENSATORILY Dis*pen"sa*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In the way of dispensation; dispensatively. DISPENSATORY Dis*pen"sa*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. dispensatorius relating to management. See Dispense, v. t.] Defn: Granting, or authorized to grant, dispensations. "Dispensatory power." Bp. Rainbow. DISPENSATORY Dis*pen"sa*to*ry, n.; pl. Dispensatories (. Defn: A book or medicinal formulary containing a systematic description of drugs, and of preparations made from them. It is usually, but not always, distinguished from a pharmacopoeia in that it issued by private parties, and not by an official body or by government. DISPENSE Dis*pense", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispensed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dispensing.] Etym: [F. dispenser, L. dispensare, intens. of dispendere. See Dispend.] 1. To deal out in portions; to distribute; to give; as, the steward dispenses provisions according directions; Nature dispenses her bounties; to dispense medicines. He is delighted to dispense a share of it to all the company. Sir W. Scott. 2. To apply, as laws to particular cases; to administer; to execute; to manage; to direct. While you dispense the laws, and guide the state. Dryden. 3. To pay for; to atone for. [Obs.] His sin was dispensed With gold, whereof it was compensed. Gower. 4. To exempt; to excuse; to absolve; -- with from. It was resolved that all members of the House who held commissions, should be dispensed from parliamentary attendance. Macaulay. He appeared to think himself born to be supported by others, and dispensed from all necessity of providing for himself. Johnson. DISPENSE Dis*pense", v. i. 1. To compensate; to make up; to make amends. [Obs.] One loving hour For many years of sorrow can dispense. Spenser. 2. To give dispensation. He [the pope] can also dispense in all matters of ecclesiastical law. Addis & Arnold (Cath. Dict. ) To dispense with. (a) To permit the neglect or omission of, as a form, a ceremony, an oath; to suspend the operation of, as a law; to give up, release, or do without, as services, attention, etc.; to forego; to part with. (b) To allow by dispensation; to excuse; to exempt; to grant dispensation to or for. [Obs.] "Conniving and dispensing with open and common adultery." Milton. (c) To break or go back from, as one's word. [Obs.] Richardson. DISPENSE Dis*pense", n. Etym: [Cf. F. dispense dispensation. See Dispense, v. t.] Defn: Dispensation; exemption. [Obs.] DISPENSE Dis*pense", n. Etym: [OF. despense, F. dépense.] Defn: Expense; profusion; outlay. [Obs.] It was a vault built for great dispense. Spenser. DISPENSER Dis*pens"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, dispenses; a distributer; as, a dispenser of favors. DISPEOPLE Dis*peo"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispeopled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dispeopling.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + people: cf. F. dépeupler.] Defn: To deprive of inhabitants; to depopulate. Leave the land dispeopled and desolate. Sir T. More. A certain island long before dispeopled . . . by sea rivers. Milton. DISPEOPLER Dis*peo"pler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, dispeoples; a depopulator. Gay. DISPERGE Dis*perge", v. t. Etym: [L. dispergere. See Disperse.] Defn: To sprinkle. [Obs.] DISPERMOUS Di*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Gr. disperme.] (Bot.) Defn: Containing only two seeds; two-seeded. DISPERPLE Dis*per"ple, v. t. Etym: [OF. desparpe.] Defn: To scatter; to sprinkle. [Obs.] Odorous water was Disperpled lightly on my head and neck. Chapman. DISPERSAL Dis*per"sal, n. Defn: The act or result of dispersing or scattering; dispersion. Darwin. DISPERSE Dis*perse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispersed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dispersing.] Etym: [L. dispersus, p. p. of dispergere to strew, scatter. See Sparse.] 1. To scatter abroad; to drive to different parts; to distribute; to diffuse; to spread; as, the Jews are dispersed among all nations. The lips of the wise disperse knowledge. Prov. xv. 7. Two lions, in the still, dark night, A herd of beeves disperse. Cowper. 2. To scatter, so as to cause to vanish; to dissipate; as, to disperse vapors. Dispersed are the glories. Shak. Syn. -- To scatter; dissipate; dispel; spread; diffuse; distribute; deal out; disseminate. DISPERSE Dis*perse", v. i. 1. To separate; to go or move into different parts; to vanish; as, the company dispersed at ten o'clock; the clouds disperse. 2. To distribute wealth; to share one's abundance with others. He hath dispersed, he hath given to the poor. Ps. cxii. 9. DISPERSED Dis*persed", a. Defn: Scattered. -- Dis*pers"ed*ly, adv. -- Dis*pers"ed*ness, n. Dispersed harmony (Mus.), harmony in which the tones composing the chord are widely separated, as by an octave or more. DISPERSENESS Dis*perse"ness, n. Defn: Dispersedness. [Obs.] DISPERSER Dis*pers"er, n. Defn: One that disperses. DISPERSION Dis*per"sion, n. Etym: [CF. F. dispersion.] 1. The act or process of scattering or dispersing, or the state of being scattered or separated; as, the Jews in their dispersion retained their rites and ceremonies; a great dispersion of the human family took place at the building of Babel. The days of your slaughter and of your dispersions are accomplished. Jer. xxv. 34. 2. (Opt.) Defn: The separation of light into its different colored rays, arising from their different refrangibilities. Dispersion of the optic axes (Crystallog.), the separation of the optic axes in biaxial crystals, due to the fact that the axial angle has different values for the different colors of the spectrum. DISPERSIVE Dis*pers"ive, a. Defn: Tending to disperse. Dispersive power (Opt.), the relative effect of a material in separating the different rays of light by refraction, as when the substance is formed into a prism. -- Dis*pers"ive*ness, n. DISPERSONATE Dis*per"son*ate, v. t. Defn: To deprive of personality or individuality. [R.] We multiply; we dispersonate ourselves. Hare. DISPIRIT Dis*pir"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispirited; p. pr. & vb. n. Dispiriting.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + spirit.] 1. To deprive of cheerful spirits; to depress the spirits of; to dishearten; to discourage. Not dispirited with my afflictions. Dryden. He has dispirited himself by a debauch. Collier. 2. To distill or infuse the spirit of. [Obs. or R.] This makes a man master of his learning, and dispirits the book into the scholar. Fuller. Syn. -- To dishearten; discourage; deject; damp; depress; cast down; intimidate; daunt; cow. DISPIRITED Dis*pir"it*ed, a. Defn: Depressed in spirits; disheartened; daunted. -- Dis*pir"it*ed*ly, adv. -- Dis*pir"it*ed, n. DISPIRITMENT Dis*pir"it*ment, n. Defn: Depression of spirits; discouragement. [R.] Procter, in evident distress and dispiritment, was waiting the slow conclusion of this. Carlyle. DISPITEOUS Dis*pit"e*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. dis- + piteous. Cf. Despiteous.] Defn: Full of despite; cruel; spiteful; pitiless. Spenser. -- Dis*pit"e*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] DISPLACE Dis*place", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Displaced; p. pr. & vb. n. Displacing.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + place: cf. F. déplacer.] 1. To change the place of; to remove from the usual or proper place; to put out of place; to place in another situation; as, the books in the library are all displaced. 2. To crowd out; to take the place of. Holland displaced Portugal as the mistress of those seas. London Times. 3. To remove from a state, office, dignity, or employment; to discharge; to depose; as, to displace an officer of the revenue. 4. To dislodge; to drive away; to banish. [Obs.] You have displaced the mirth. Shak. Syn. -- To disarrange; derange; dismiss; discard. DISPLACEABLE Dis*place"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being displaced. DISPLACEMENT Dis*place"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. déplacement.] 1. The act of displacing, or the state of being displaced; a putting out of place. Unnecessary displacement of funds. A. Hamilton. The displacement of the sun by parallax. Whewell. 2. The quantity of anything, as water, displaced by a floating body, as by a ship, the weight of the displaced liquid being equal to that of the displacing body. 3. (Chem.) Defn: The process of extracting soluble substances from organic material and the like, whereby a quantity of saturated solvent is displaced, or removed, for another quantity of the solvent. Piston displacement (Mech.), the volume of the space swept through, or weight of steam, water, etc., displaced, in a given time, by the piston of a steam engine or pump. DISPLACENCY Dis*pla"cen*cy, n. Etym: [LL. displacentia, for L. displicentia, fr. displicere to displease; dis- + placere to please. See Displease, and cf. Displeasance.] Defn: Want of complacency or gratification; envious displeasure; dislike. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DISPLACER Dis*pla"cer, n. 1. One that displaces. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The funnel part of the apparatus for solution by displacement. DISPLANT Dis*plant", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Di; p. pr. & vb. n. Displanting.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + plant: cf. OF. desplanter, F. déplanter.] 1. To remove (what is planted or fixed); to unsettle and take away; to displace; to root out; as, to displant inhabitants. I did not think a look, Or a poor word or two, could have displanted Such a fixed constancy. Beau. & Fl. 2. To strip of what is planted or settled; as, to displant a country of inhabitants. Spenser. DISPLANTATION Dis`plan*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of displanting; removal; displacement. Sir W. Raleigh. DISPLAT Dis*plat", v. t. Defn: To untwist; to uncurl; to unplat. [Obs.] Hakewill. DISPLAY Dis*play", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Displayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Displaying.] Etym: [OE. displaien, desplaien, OF. despleier, desploier, F. déployer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + pleier, ploier, plier, F. ployer, plier, to fold, bend, L. plicare. See Ply, and cf. Deploy, Splay.] 1. To unfold; to spread wide; to expand; to stretch out; to spread. The northern wind his wings did broad display. Spenser. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To extend the front of (a column), bringing it into line. Farrow. 3. To spread before the view; to show; to exhibit to the sight, or to the mind; to make manifest. His statement . . . displays very clearly the actual condition of the army. Burke. 4. To make an exhibition of; to set in view conspicuously or ostentatiously; to exhibit for the sake of publicity; to parade. Proudly displaying the insignia of their order. Prescott. 5. (Print.) Defn: To make conspicuous by large or prominent type. 6. To discover; to descry. [Obs.] And from his seat took pleasure to display The city so adorned with towers. Chapman. Syn. -- To exhibit; show; manifest; spread out; parade; expand; flaunt. DISPLAY Dis*play", v. i. Defn: To make a display; to act as one making a show or demonstration. Shak. DISPLAY Dis*play", n. 1. An opening or unfolding; exhibition; manifestation. Having witnessed displays of his power and grace. Trench. 2. Ostentatious show; exhibition for effect; parade. He died, as erring man should die, Without display, without parade. Byron. DISPLAYED Dis*played", a. 1. Unfolded; expanded; exhibited conspicuously or ostentatiously. 2. (Her.) Defn: With wings expanded; -- said of a bird of pray, esp. an eagle. 3. (Print.) Defn: Set with lines of prominent type interspersed, to catch the eye. DISPLAYER Dis*play"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, displays. DISPLE Dis"ple, v. t. Defn: To discipline; to correct. [Obs.] And bitter Penance, with an iron whip, Was wont him once to disple every day. Spenser. DISPLEASANCE Dis*pleas"ance, n. Etym: [OF. desplaisance, F. déplaisance. Cf. Displacency.] Defn: Displeasure; discontent; annoyance. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISPLEASANT Dis*pleas"ant, a. Etym: [OF. desplaisant, F. déplaisant. See Displease.] Defn: Unpleasing; offensive; unpleasant. [Obs.] Speed. -- Dis*pleas"ant*ly, adv. [Obs.] Strype. -- Dis*pleas"ant*ness, n. [Obs.] DISPLEASE Dis*please", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Displeased; p. pr. & vb. n. Displeasing.] Etym: [OF. desplaisir, whence F. déplaisir displeasure; pref. des- (L. dis-) + plaisir to please. See Please, and cf. Displeasure.] 1. To make not pleased; to excite a feeling of disapprobation or dislike in; to be disagreeable to; to offend; to vex; -- often followed by with or at. It usually expresses less than to anger, vex, irritate, or provoke. God was displeased with this thing. 1 Chron. xxi. 7. Wilt thou be displeased at us forever Psalms lxxxv. 5 (Bk. of Com. Prayer). This virtuous plaster will displease Your tender sides. J. Fletcher. Adversity is so wholesome . . . why should we be displeased therewith Barrow. 2. To fail to satisfy; to miss of. [Obs.] I shall displease my ends else. Beau. & Fl. Syn. -- To offend; disgust; vex; annoy; dissatisfy; chafe; anger; provoke; affront. DISPLEASE Dis*please", v. i. Defn: To give displeasure or offense. [Obs.] DISPLEASEDLY Dis*pleas"ed*ly, adv. Defn: With displeasure. [R.] DISPLEASEDNESS Dis*pleas"ed*ness, n. Defn: Displeasure. [R.] South. DISPLEASER Dis*pleas"er, n. Defn: One who displeases. DISPLEASING Dis*pleas"ing, a. Defn: Causing displeasure or dissatisfaction; offensive; disagreeable. -- Dis*pleas"ing*ly, adv. -- Dis*pleas"ing*ness, n. Locke. DISPLEASURE Dis*pleas"ure, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + pleasure: cf. OF. desplaisir, F. déplaisir. Cf. Displease.] 1. The feeling of one who is displeased; irritation or uneasiness of the mind, occasioned by anything that counteracts desire or command, or which opposes justice or a sense of propriety; disapprobation; dislike; dissatisfaction; disfavor; indignation. O Lord, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chasten me in thy hot displeasure. Ps. vi. 1. Undoubtedly he will relent, and turn From his displeasure. Milton. 2. That which displeases; cause of irritation or annoyance; offense; injury. Hast thou delight to see a wretched man Do outrage and displeasure to himself Shak. 3. State of disgrace or disfavor; disfavor. [Obs.] He went into Poland, being in displeasure with the pope for overmuch familiarity. Peacham. Syn. -- Dissatisfaction; disapprobation; disfavor; distaste; dislike; anger; hate; aversion; indignation; offense. DISPLEASURE Dis*pleas"ure, v. t. Defn: To displease. [Obs.] Bacon. DISPLENISH Dis*plen"ish, v. t. Defn: To deprive or strip, as a house of furniture, or a barn of stock. [Scot.] DISPLICENCE; DISPLICENCY Dis"pli*cence, Dis"pli*cen*cy, n. Etym: [L. displicentia. See Displacency.] Defn: Dislike; dissatisfaction; discontent. [Obs.] W. Montagu. DISPLODE Dis*plode", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disploded; p. pr. & vb. n. Disploding.] Etym: [L. displodere, displosum; dis- + plodere, plaudere, to clap, strike, beat.] Defn: To discharge; to explode. In posture to displode their second tire Of thunder. Milton. DISPLODE Dis*plode", v. i. Defn: To burst with a loud report; to explode. "Disploding engines." Young. DISPLOSION Dis*plo"sion, n. Defn: Explosion. The vast displosion dissipates the clouds. Young. DISPLOSIVE Dis*plo"sive, a. Defn: Explosive. DISPLUME Dis*plume", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Displumed; p. pr. & vb. n. Displuming.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + plume: cf. OF. desplumer, F. déplumer.] Defn: To strip of, or as of, a plume, or plumes; to deprive of decoration; to dishonor; to degrade. Displumed, degraded, and metamorphosed. Burke. DISPOLINE Dis"po*line, n. (Chem.) Defn: One of several isomeric organic bases of the quinoline series of alkaloids. DISPOND Dis*pond", n. Defn: See Despond. DISPONDEE Di*spon"dee, n. Etym: [L. dispondeus, Gr. (Gr. Defn: A double spondee; a foot consisting of four long syllables. DISPONE Dis*pone", v. t. Etym: [L. disponere. See Disposition.] 1. (Her.) Defn: To dispose. 2. To dispose of. Chaucer. 3. (Scots Law) Defn: To make over, or convey, legally. He has disponed . . . the whole estate. Sir W. Scott. DISPONEE Dis`po*nee", n. (Scots Law) Defn: The person to whom any property is legally conveyed. DISPONER Dis*pon"er, n. (Scots Law) Defn: One who legally transfers property from himself to another. DISPONGE Dis*ponge", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + sponge.] Defn: To sprinkle, as with water from a sponge. [Poetic & Rare] [Written also dispunge.] O sovereign mistress of true melancholy, The poisonous damp of night disponge upon me. Shak. DISPOPE Dis*pope", v. t. Defn: To refuse to consider as pope; to depose from the popedom. One whom they disposed. Tennyson. DISPOROUS Di*spor"ous, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + sporous.] (Biol.) Defn: Having two spores. DISPORT Dis*port", n. Etym: [OF. desport, deport. See Disport, v. i., and cf. Sport.] Defn: Play; sport; pastime; diversion; playfulness. Milton. DISPORT Dis*port", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disported; p. pr. & vb. n. Disporting.] Etym: [OF. se desporter; pref. des- (L. dis-) + F. porter to carry; orig. therefore, to carry one's self away from work, to go to amuse one's self. See Port demeanor, and cf. Sport.] Defn: To play; to wanton; to move in gayety; to move lightly and without restraint; to amuse one's self. Where light disports in ever mingling dyes. Pope. Childe Harold basked him in the noontide sun, Disporting there like any other fly. Byron. DISPORT Dis*port", v. t. Etym: [OF. desporter. See Disport, v. i.] 1. To divert or amuse; to make merry. They could disport themselves. Buckle. 2. To remove from a port; to carry away. Prynne. DISPORTMENT Dis*port"ment, n. Defn: Act of disporting; diversion; play. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. DISPOSABLE Dis*pos"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Dispose.] Defn: Subject to disposal; free to be used or employed as occasion may require; not assigned to any service or use. The great of this kingdom . . . has easily afforded a disposable surplus. Burke. DISPOSAL Dis*pos"al, n. Etym: [From Dispose.] 1. The act of disposing, or disposing of, anything; arrangement; orderly distribution; a putting in order; as, the disposal of the troops in two lines. 2. Ordering; regulation; adjustment; management; government; direction. The execution leave to high disposal. Milton. 3. Regulation of the fate, condition, application, etc., of anything; the transference of anything into new hands, a new place, condition, etc.; alienation, or parting; as, a disposal of property. A domestic affair of great importance, which is no less than the disposal of my sister Jenny for life. Tatler. 4. Power or authority to dispose of, determine the condition of, control, etc., especially in the phrase at, or in, the disposal of. The sole and absolute disposal of him an his concerns. South. Syn. -- Disposition; dispensation; management; conduct; government; distribution; arrangement; regulation; control. DISPOSE Dis*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disposing.] Etym: [F. disposer; pref. dis- + poser to place. See Pose.] 1. To distribute and put in place; to arrange; to set in order; as, to dispose the ships in the form of a crescent. Who hath disposed the whole world Job xxxiv. 13. All ranged in order and disposed with grace. Pope. The rest themselves in troops did else dispose. Spenser. 2. To regulate; to adjust; to settle; to determine. The knightly forms of combat to dispose. Dryden. 3. To deal out; to assign to a use; to bestow for an object or purpose; to apply; to employ; to dispose of. Importuned him that what he designed to bestow on her funeral, he would rather dispose among the poor. Evelyn. 4. To give a tendency or inclination to; to adapt; to cause to turn; especially, to incline the mind of; to give a bent or propension to; to incline; to make inclined; -- usually followed by to, sometimes by for before the indirect object. Endure and conquer; Jove will soon dispose To future good our past and present woes. Dryden. Suspicions dispose kings to tyranny, husbands to jealousy, and wise men to irresolution and melancholy. Bacon. To dispose of. (a) To determine the fate of; to exercise the power of control over; to fix the condition, application, employment, etc. of; to direct or assign for a use. Freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions and persons. Locke. (b) To exercise finally one's power of control over; to pass over into the control of some one else, as by selling; to alienate; to part with; to relinquish; to get rid of; as, to dispose of a house; to dispose of one's time. More water . . . than can be disposed of. T. Burnet. I have disposed of her to a man of business. Tatler. A rural judge disposed of beauty's prize. Waller. Syn. -- To set; arrange; order; distribute; adjust; regulate; adapt; fit; incline; bestow; give. DISPOSE Dis*pose", v. i. Defn: To bargain; to make terms. [Obs.] She had disposed with Cæsar. Shak. DISPOSE Dis*pose", n. 1. Disposal; ordering; management; power or right of control. [Obs.] But such is the dispose of the sole Disposer of empires. Speed. 2. Cast of mind; disposition; inclination; behavior; demeanor. [Obs.] He hath a person, and a smooth dispose To be suspected. Shak. DISPOSED Dis*posed", p. a. 1. Inclined; minded. When he was disposed to pass into Achaia. Acts xviii. 27. 2. Inclined to mirth; jolly. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Well disposed, in good condition; in good health. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISPOSEDNESS Dis*pos"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being disposed or inclined; inclination; propensity. [R.] DISPOSEMENT Dis*pose"ment, n. Defn: Disposal. [Obs.] Goodwin. DISPOSER Dis*pos"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, disposes; a regulator; a director; a bestower. Absolute lord and disposer of all things. Barrow. DISPOSINGLY Dis*pos"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner to dispose. DISPOSITED Dis*pos"it*ed, a. Etym: [See Disposition.] Defn: Disposed. [Obs.] Glanvill. DISPOSITION Dis`po*si"tion, n. Etym: [F. disposition, dispositio, fr. disponere to dispose; dis- + ponere to place. See Position, and cf. Dispone.] 1. The act of disposing, arranging, ordering, regulating, or transferring; application; disposal; as, the disposition of a man's property by will. Who have received the law by the disposition of angels. Acts vii. 53. The disposition of the work, to put all things in a beautiful order and harmony, that the whole may be of a piece. Dryden. 2. The state or the manner of being disposed or arranged; distribution; arrangement; order; as, the disposition of the trees in an orchard; the disposition of the several parts of an edifice. 3. Tendency to any action or state resulting from natural constitution; nature; quality; as, a disposition in plants to grow in a direction upward; a disposition in bodies to putrefaction. 4. Conscious inclination; propension or propensity. How stands your disposition to be married Shak. 5. Natural or prevailing spirit, or temperament of mind, especially as shown in intercourse with one's fellow-men; temper of mind. "A man of turbulent disposition." Hallam. "He is of a very melancholy disposition." Shak. His disposition led him to do things agreeable to his quality and condition wherein God had placed him. Strype. 6. Mood; humor. As I perchance hereafter shall think meet To put an antic disposition on. Shak. Syn. -- Disposal; adjustment; regulation; arrangement; distribution; order; method; adaptation; inclination; propensity; bestowment; alienation; character; temper; mood. -- Disposition, Character, Temper. Disposition is the natural humor of a person, the predominating quality of his character, the constitutional habit of his mind. Character is this disposition influenced by motive, training, and will. Temper is a quality of the fiber of character, and is displayed chiefly when the emotions, especially the passions, are aroused. DISPOSITIONAL Dis`po*si"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to disposition. DISPOSITIONED Dis`po*si"tioned, a. Defn: Having (such) a disposition; -- used in compounds; as, well- dispositioned. DISPOSITIVE Dis*pos"i*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dispositif.] 1. Disposing; tending to regulate; decretive. [Obs.] His dispositive wisdom and power. Bates. 2. Belonging to disposition or natural, tendency. [Obs.] "Dispositive holiness." Jer. Taylor. DISPOSITIVELY Dis*pos"i*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a dispositive manner; by natural or moral disposition. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Do dispositively what Moses is recorded to have done literally, . . . break all the ten commandments at once. Boyle. DISPOSITOR Dis*pos"it*or, n. Etym: [L. See Disposition.] 1. A disposer. 2. (Astrol.) Defn: The planet which is lord of the sign where another planet is. [Obs.] Crabb. DISPOSSESS Dis`pos*sess" (; see Possess), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispossessed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dispossessing.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + possess: cf. F. déposséder.] Defn: To put out of possession; to deprive of the actual occupancy of, particularly of land or real estate; to disseize; to eject; -- usually followed by of before the thing taken away; as, to dispossess a king of his crown. Usurp the land, and dispossess the swain. Goldsmith. DISPOSSESSION Dis`pos*ses"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dépossession.] 1. The act of putting out of possession; the state of being dispossessed. Bp. Hall. 2. (Law) Defn: The putting out of possession, wrongfully or otherwise, of one who is in possession of a freehold, no matter in what title; -- called also ouster. DISPOSSESSOR Dis`pos*sess"or, n. Defn: One who dispossesses. Cowley. DISPOST Dis*post", v. t. Defn: To eject from a post; to displace. [R.] Davies (Holy Roode). DISPOSURE Dis*po"sure, n. Etym: [From Dispose.] 1. The act of disposing; power to dispose of; disposal; direction. Give up My estate to his disposure. Massinger. 2. Disposition; arrangement; position; posture. [Obs.] In a kind of warlike disposure. Sir H. Wotton. DISPRAISABLE Dis*prais"a*ble, a. Defn: Blamable. [R.] DISPRAISE Dis*praise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dispraised; p. pr. & vb. n. Dispraising.] Etym: [OE. dispreisen, OF. desprisier, despreisier, F. dépriser; pref. des- (L. dis-) + prisier, F. priser, to prize, praise. See Praise, and cf. Disprize, Depreciate.] Defn: To withdraw praise from; to notice with disapprobation or some degree of censure; to disparage; to blame. Dispraising the power of his adversaries. Chaucer. I dispraised him before the wicked, that the wicked might not fall in love with him. Shak. DISPRAISE Dis*praise", n. Etym: [Cf. OF. despris. See Dispraise, v. t.] Defn: The act of dispraising; detraction; blame censure; reproach; disparagement. Dryden. In praise and in dispraise the same. Tennyson. DISPRAISER Dis*prais"er, n. Defn: One who blames or dispraises. DISPRAISINGLY Dis*praising*ly, adv. Defn: By way of dispraise. DISPREAD Dis*pread", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + spread.] Defn: To spread abroad, or different ways; to spread apart; to open; as, the sun dispreads his beams. Spenser. DISPREAD Dis*pread", v. i. Defn: To extend or expand itself. [R.] While tyrant Hdispreading through the sky. Thomson. DISPREADER Dis*pread"er, n. Defn: One who spreads abroad. Dispreaders both of vice and error. Milton. DISPREJUDICE Dis*prej"u*dice, v. t. Defn: To free from prejudice. [Obs.] W. Montagu. DISPREPARE Dis`pre*pare", v. t. Defn: To render unprepared. [Obs.] Hobbes. DISPRINCE Dis*prince", v. t. Defn: To make unlike a prince. [R.] For I was drench'd with ooze, and torn with briers, . . . And, all one rag, disprinced from head to heel. Tennyson. DISPRISON Dis*pris"on, v. t. Defn: To let loose from prison, to set all liberty. [R.] Bulwer. DISPRIVILEGE Dis*priv"i*lege, v. t. Defn: To deprive of a privilege or privileges. [R.] DISPRIZE Dis*prize", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Dispraise.] Defn: To do preciate. [R.] Cotton (Ode to Lydia). DISPROFESS Dis`pro*fess", v. t. Defn: To renounce the profession or pursuit of. His arms, which he had vowed to disprofess. Spenser. DISPROFIT Dis*prof"it, n. Defn: Loss; damage. Foxe. DISPROFIT Dis*prof"it, v. i. & i. Defn: To be, or to cause to be, without profit or benefit. [Obs. or Archaic] Bale. DISPROFITABLE Dis*prof"it*a*ble, a. Defn: Unprofitable. [Obs.] DISPROOF Dis*proof", n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + proof. Cf. Disprove.] Defn: A proving to be false or erroneous; confutation; refutation; as, to offer evidence in disproof of a statement. I need not offer anything farther in support of one, or in disproof of the other. Rogers. DISPROPERTY Dis*prop"er*ty, v. t. Defn: To cause to be no longer property; to dispossess of. [R.] Shak. DISPROPORTION Dis`pro*por"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + proportion: cf. F. disproportion.] 1. Want of proportion in form or quantity; lack of symmetry; as, the arm may be in disproportion to the body; the disproportion of the length of a building to its height. 2. Want of suitableness, adequacy, or due proportion to an end or use; unsuitableness; disparity; as, the disproportion of strength or means to an object. DISPROPORTION Dis`pro*por"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disproportioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Disproportioning.] Defn: To make unsuitable in quantity, form, or fitness to an end; to violate symmetry in; to mismatch; to join unfitly. To shape my legs of an unequal size; To disproportion me in every part. Shak. A degree of strength altogether disproportioned to the extent of its territory. Prescott. DISPROPORTIONABLE Dis`pro*por"tion*a*ble, a. Defn: Disproportional; unsuitable in form, size, quantity, or adaptation; disproportionate; inadequate. -- Dis`pro*por"tion*a*ble*ness, n. Hammond. -- Dis`pro*por"tion*a*bly, adv. DISPROPORTIONAL Dis`pro*por"tion*al, a. Defn: Not having due proportion to something else; not having proportion or symmetry of parts; unsuitable in form, quantity or value; inadequate; unequal; as, a disproportional limb constitutes deformity in the body; the studies of youth should not be disproportional to their understanding. DISPROPORTIONALITY Dis`pro*por`tion*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being disproportional. Dr. H. More. DISPROPORTIONALLY Dis`pro*por"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a disproportional manner; unsuitably in form, quantity, or value; unequally. DISPROPORTIONATE Dis`pro*por"tion*ate, a. Defn: Not proportioned; unsymmetrical; unsuitable to something else in bulk, form, value, or extent; out of proportion; inadequate; as, in a perfect body none of the limbs are disproportionate; it is wisdom not to undertake a work disproportionate means. -- Dis`pro*por"tion*ate*ly, adv. -- Dis`pro*por"tion*ate*ness, n. DISPROPRIATE Dis*pro"pri*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. dis- + propriare to appropriate, fr. proprius one's own, proper.] Defn: To cancel the appropriation of; to disappropriate. [R.] DISPROVABLE Dis*prov"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being disproved or refuted. Boyle. DISPROVAL Dis*prov"al, n. Defn: Act of disproving; disproof. [R.] DISPROVE Dis*prove", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disproved; p. pr. & vb. n. Disproving.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + prove: cf. OF. desprover.] 1. To prove to be false or erroneous; to confute; to refute. That false supposition I advanced in order to disprove it. Atterbury. 2. To disallow; to disapprove of. [Obs.] Stirling. DISPROVER Dis*prov"er, n. Defn: One who disproves or confutes. DISPROVIDE Dis`pro*vide", v. t. Defn: Not to provide; to fail to provide. [Obs.] Boyle. DISPUNCT Dis*punct", a. Defn: Wanting in punctilious respect; discourteous. [Obs.] That were dispunct to the ladies. B. Jonson. DISPUNCT Dis*punct", v. t. Etym: [See 1st Dispunge.] Defn: To expunge. [Obs.] Foxe. DISPUNGE Dis*punge", v. t. Etym: [L. dispungere to prick apart, i. e., check off the debts and credits of an account; dis- + pungere to prick.] Defn: To expunge; to erase. [Obs.] DISPUNGE Dis*punge", v. t. Defn: See Disponge. [Obs.] DISPUNISHABLE Dis*pun"ish*a*ble, a. Defn: Without penal restraint; not punishable. [R.] Swift. DISPURPOSE Dis*pur"pose, v. t. Defn: To dissuade; to frustrate; as, to dispurpose plots. [R.] A. Brewer. DISPURSE Dis*purse", v. t. Defn: To disburse. [Obs.] Shak. DISPURVEY Dis`pur*vey", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + purvey: cf. OF. desporveoir, F. dépourvoir.] Defn: To disfurnish; to strip. [Obs.] Heywood. DISPURVEYANCE Dis`pur*vey"ance, n. Defn: Want of provisions; [Obs.] Spenser. DISPUTABLE Dis`pu*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. disputabilis: cf. F. disputable. See Dispute, v. i.] 1. Capable of being disputed; liable to be called in question, controverted, or contested; or doubtful certainty or propriety; controvertible; as, disputable opinions, propositions, points, or questions. Actions, every one of which is very disputable. Jer. Taylor. 2. Disputatious; contentious. [Obs.] Shak. DISPUTABLENESS Dis`pu*ta*ble*ness, n. Defn: State of being disputable. DISPUTACITY Dis`pu*tac"i*ty, n. Etym: [See Dispute, v. i.] Defn: Proneness to dispute. [Obs.] Bp. Ward. DISPUTANT Dis"pu*tant, a. Etym: [L. disputants, p. pr. of disputare: cf. F. disputant. See Dispute, v. i.] Defn: Disputing; engaged in controversy. Milton. DISPUTANT Dis"pu*tant, n. Defn: One who disputes; one who argues A singularly eager, acute, and pertinacious disputant. Macaulay. DISPUTATION Dis`pu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [OE. desputeson, disputacion, OF. desputeison, F. disputation, fr. L. disputatio. See Dispute, v. i.] 1. The act of disputing; a reasoning or argumentation in opposition to something, or on opposite sides; controversy in words; verbal contest respecting the truth of some fact, opinion, proposition, or argument. 2. A rhetorical exercise in which parties reason in opposition to each other on some question proposed. DISPUTATIOUS Dis`pu*ta"tious, a. Defn: Inclined to dispute; apt to civil or controvert; characterized by dispute; as, a disputatious person or temper. The Christian doctrine of a future life was no recommendation of the new religion to the wits and philosophers of that disputations period. Buckminster. -- Dis`pu*ta"tious*ly, adv. -- Dis`pu*ta"tious*ness, n. DISPUTATIVE Dis*put"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. disputativus.] Defn: Disposed to dispute; inclined to cavil or to reason in opposition; as, a disputative temper. I. Watts. DISPUTE Dis*pute", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Disputed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disputing.] Etym: [OE. desputen, disputen, OF. desputer, disputer, F. disputer, from L. disputare, disputatum; dis- + putare to clean; hence, fig., to clear up, set in order, reckon, think. See Putative, Pure.] Defn: To contend in argument; to argue against something maintained, upheld, or claimed, by another; to discuss; to reason; to debate; to altercate; to wrangle. Therefore disputed [reasoned, Rev. Ver .] he in synagogue with the Jews. Acts xvii. 17. DISPUTE Dis*pute", v. t. 1. To make a subject of disputation; to argue pro and con; to discuss. The rest I reserve it be disputed how the magistrate is to do herein. Milton. 2. To oppose by argument or assertion; to attempt to overthrow; to controvert; to express dissent or opposition to; to call in question; to deny the truth or validity of; as, to dispute assertions or arguments. To seize goods under the disputed authority of writs of assistance. Bancroft. 3. To strive or contend about; to contest. To dispute the possession of the ground with the Spaniards. Prescott. 4. To struggle against; to resist. [Obs.] Dispute it [grief] like a man. Shak. Syn. -- To controvert; contest; gainsay; doubt; question; argue; debate; discuss; impugn. See Argue. DISPUTE Dis*pute", n. Etym: [Cf. F. dispute. See Dispute, v. i.] 1. Verbal controversy; contest by opposing argument or expression of opposing views or claims; controversial discussion; altercation; debate. Addicted more To contemplation and profound dispute. Milton. 2. Contest; struggle; quarrel. De Foe. Beyond dispute, Without dispute, indisputably; incontrovertibly. Syn. -- Altercation; controversy; argumentation; debate; discussion; quarrel; disagreement; difference; contention; wrangling. See Altercation. DISPUTELESS Dis*pute"less, a. Defn: Admitting no dispute; incontrovertible. Bailey. DISPUTER Dis*put"er, n. Defn: One who disputes, or who is given to disputes; a controvertist. Where is the disputer of this world 1 Cor. i. 20. DISPUTISON Dis*pu"ti*son, n. Etym: [See Disputation.] Defn: Dispute; discussion. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISQUALIFICATION Dis*qual`i*fi*ca"tion, n. 1. The act of disqualifying, or state of being disqualified; want of qualification; incompetency; disability; as, the disqualification of men for holding certain offices. 2. That which disqualifies; that which incapacitates or makes unfit; as, conviction of crime is a disqualification of a person for office; sickness is a disqualification for labor. I must still retain the consciousness of those disqualifications which you have been pleased to overlook. Sir J. Shore. DISQUALIFY Dis*qual"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disqualified; p. pr. & vb. n. Disqualifying.] 1. To deprive of the qualities or properties necessary for any purpose; to render unfit; to incapacitate; -- with for or from before the purpose, state, or act. My common illness disqualifies me for all conversation; I mean my deafness. Swift. Me are not disqualified by their engagements in trade from being received in high society. Southey. 2. To deprive of some power, right, or privilege, by positive restriction; to disable; to debar legally; as, a conviction of perjury disqualifies a man to be a witness. DISQUANTITY Dis*quan"ti*ty, v. t. Defn: To diminish the quantity of; to lessen. [Obs.] Shak. DISQUIET Dis*qui"et, a. Defn: Deprived of quiet; impatient; restless; uneasy. [R.] Shak. DISQUIET Dis*qui"et, n. Defn: Want of quiet; want of tranquility in body or mind; uneasiness; restlessness; disturbance; anxiety. Swift. DISQUIET Dis*qui"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disquieted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disquieting.] Defn: To render unquiet; to deprive of peace, rest, or tranquility; to make uneasy or restless; to disturb. Why art thou cast down, O my soul, and why art thou disquieted within me Ps. xlii. 11. As quiet as these disquieted times will permit. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- To harass; disturb; vex; fret; excite; agitate. DISQUIETAL Dis*qui"et*al, n. Defn: The act of disquieting; a state of disquiet. [Obs.] [It] roars and strives 'gainst its disquietal. Dr. H. More. DISQUIETER Dis*qui"et*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, disquiets, or makes uneasy; a disturber. DISQUIETFUL Dis*qui"et*ful, a. Defn: Producing inquietude or uneasiness. [R.] Barrow. DISQUIETIVE Dis*qui"et*ive, a. Defn: Tending to disquiet. [R.] DISQUIETLY Dis*qui"et*ly, adv. Defn: In a disquiet manner; uneasily; as, he rested disquietly that night. [R.] Wiseman. DISQUIETMENT Dis*qui"et*ment, n. Defn: State of being disquieted; uneasiness; harassment. [R.] Hopkins. DISQUIETNESS Dis*qui"et*ness, n. Defn: Disturbance of quiet in body or mind; restlessness; uneasiness. Hooker. DISQUIETOUS Dis*qui"et*ous, a. Defn: Causing uneasiness. [R.] So distasteful and disquietous to a number of men. Milton. DISQUIETTUDE Dis*qui"et*tude, n. Defn: Want of peace or tranquility; uneasiness; disturbance; agitation; anxiety. Fears and disquietude, and unavoidable anxieties of mind. Abp. Sharp. DISQUISITION Dis`qui*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. disquisitio, fr. disquirere to inquire diligently, investigate; dis- + quaerere to seek. See Quest.] Defn: A formal or systematic inquiry into, or discussion of, any subject; a full examination or investigation of a matter, with the arguments and facts bearing upon it; elaborate essay; dissertation. For accurate research or grave disquisition he was not well qualified. Macaulay. DISQUISITIONAL Dis`qui*si"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to disquisition; of the nature of disquisition. DISQUISITIONARY Dis`qui*si"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to disquisition; disquisitional. DISQUISITIVE Dis*quis"i*tive, a. Defn: Relating to disquisition; fond discussion or investigation; examining; inquisitive. DISQUISITORIAL Dis*quis`i*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Disquisitory. DISQUISITORY Dis*quis"i*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to disquisition; disquisitive. Ed. Rev. DISRANGE Dis*range", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + range: cf. OF. desrengier, F. dérangier. See Derange, Disrank.] Defn: To disarrange. [Obs.] Wood. DISRANK Dis*rank" (; see Dis-), v. t. Etym: [Cf. Derange.] 1. To degrade from rank. [Obs.] 2. To throw out of rank or into confusion. Decker. DISRATE Dis*rate", v. t. Defn: To reduce to a lower rating or rank; to degrade. Marryat. DISRAY Dis*ray", variant Defn: of Disarray. [Obs.] Holland. DISREALIZE Dis*re"al*ize, v. t. Defn: To divest of reality; to make uncertain. [Obs.] Udall. DISREGARD Dis`re*gard", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disregarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Disregarding.] Defn: Not to regard; to pay no heed to; to omit to take notice of; to neglect to observe; to slight as unworthy of regard or notice; as, to disregard the admonitions of conscience. Studious of good, man disregarded fame. Blackmore. DISREGARD Dis`re*gard", n. Defn: The act of disregarding, or the state of being disregarded; intentional neglect; omission of notice; want of attention; slight. The disregard of experience. Whewell. DISREGARDER Dis`re*gard"er, n. Defn: One who disregards. DISREGARDFUL Dis`re*gard"ful, a. Defn: Neglect; negligent; heedless; regardless. DISREGARDFULLY Dis`re*gard"ful*ly, adv. Defn: Negligently; heedlessly. DISRELISH Dis*rel"ish (; see Dis-), n. 1. Want of relish; dislike (of the palate or of the mind); distaste; a slight degree of disgust; as, a disrelish for some kinds of food. Men love to hear of their power, but have an extreme disrelish to be told of their duty. Burke. 2. Absence of relishing or palatable quality; bad taste; nauseousness. Milton. DISRELISH Dis*rel"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disrelished; p. pr. & vb. n. Disrelishing.] 1. Not to relish; to regard as unpalatable or offensive; to feel a degree of disgust at. Pope. 2. To deprive of relish; to make nauseous or disgusting in a slight degree. Milton. DISREMEMBER Dis`re*mem"ber, v. t. Defn: To fail to remember; to forget. [Obs. or Archaic] DISREPAIR Dis`re*pair", n. Defn: A state of being in bad condition, and wanting repair. The fortifications were ancient and in disrepair. Sir W. Scott. DISREPUTABILITY Dis*rep`u*ta*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being disreputable. [R.] DISREPUTABLE Dis*rep"u*ta*ble, a. Defn: Not reputable; of bad repute; not in esteem; dishonorable; disgracing the reputation; tending to bring into disesteem; as, it is disreputable to associate familiarly with the mean, the lewd, and the profane. Why should you think that conduct disreputable in priests which you probably consider as laudable in yourself Bp. Watson. Syn. -- Dishonorable; discreditable; low; mean; disgraceful; shameful. DISREPUTABLY Dis*rep"u*ta*bly, adv. Defn: In a disreputable manner. DISREPUTATION Dis*rep`u*ta"tion, n. Defn: Loss or want of reputation or good name; dishonor; disrepute; disesteem. "A disreputation of piety." Jer. Taylor. DISREPUTE Dis`re*pute", n. Defn: Loss or want of reputation; ill character; disesteem; discredit. At the beginning of the eighteenth century astrology fell into general disrepute. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- Disesteem; discredit; dishonor; disgrace. DISREPUTE Dis`re*pute", v. t. Defn: To bring into disreputation; to hold in dishonor. [R.] More inclined to love them tan to disrepute them. Jer. Taylor. DISRESPECT Dis`re*spect", n. Defn: Want of respect or reverence; disesteem; incivility; discourtesy. Impatience of bearing the least affront or disrespect. Pope. DISRESPECT Dis`re*spect", v. t. Defn: To show disrespect to. We have disrespected and slighted God. Comber. DISRESPECTABILITY Dis`re*spect`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of respectability. Thackeray. DISRESPECTABLE Dis`re*spect"a*ble, a. Defn: Not respectable; disreputable. M. Arnold. DISRESPECTER Dis`re*spect"er, n. Defn: One who disrespects. DISRESPECTFUL Dis`re*spect"ful, a. Defn: Wanting in respect; manifesting disesteem or lack of respect; uncivil; as, disrespectful behavior. -- Dis`re*spect"ful*ly, adv. -- Dis`re*spect"ful*ness, n. DISRESPECTIVE Dis`re*spect"ive, a. Defn: Showing want of respect; disrespectful. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DISREVERENCE Dis*rev"er*ence, v. t. Defn: To treat irreverently or with disrespect. [Obs.] Sir T. More. DISROBE Dis*robe" (; see Dis-), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Disrobed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disrobing.] Defn: To divest of a robe; to undress; figuratively, to strip of covering; to divest of that which clothes or decorates; as, autumn disrobes the fields of verdure. Two great peers were disrobed of their glory. Sir H. Wotton. DISROBER Dis*rob"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, disrobes. DISROOF Dis*roof", v. t. Defn: To unroof. [R.] Carlyle. DISROOT Dis*root", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disrooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disrooting.] Defn: To tear up the roots of, or by the roots; hence, to tear from a foundation; to uproot. A piece of ground disrooted from its situation by subterraneous inundations. Goldsmith. DISROUT Dis*rout", v. i. Etym: [Cf. OF. desrouter, F. dérouter.] Defn: To put to rout. Taylor (1630). DISRUDDER Dis*rud"der, v. t. Defn: To deprive of the rudder, as a ship. DISRULILY Dis*ru"li*ly, adv. Defn: In a disorderly manner. [Obs.] Rom. of R. DISRULY Dis*ru"ly, a. Defn: Unruly; disorderly. [Obs.] DISRUPT Dis*rupt", a. Etym: [L. disruptus, diruptus, p. p. of disrumpere, to break or burst asunder; dis- + rumpere to break, burst. See Rupture.] Defn: Rent off; torn asunder; severed; disrupted. DISRUPT Dis*rupt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Disrupting.] Defn: To break asunder; to rend. Thomson. DISRUPTION Dis*rup"tion, n. Etym: [L. disruptio, diruptio.] Defn: The act or rending asunder, or the state of being rent asunder or broken in pieces; breach; rent; dilaceration; rupture; as, the disruption of rocks in an earthquake; disruption of a state. DISRUPTIVE Dis*rupt"ive, a. Defn: Causing, or tending to cause, disruption; caused by disruption; breaking through; bursting; as, the disruptive discharge of an electrical battery. Nichol. DISRUPTURE Dis*rup"ture, n. Defn: Disruption. [R.] Jefferson. DISSATISFACTION Dis*sat`is*fac"tion, n. Defn: The state of being dissatisfied, unsatisfied, or discontented; uneasiness proceeding from the want of gratification, or from disappointed wishes and expectations. The ambitious man has little happiness, but is subject to much uneasiness and dissatisfaction. Addison. Syn. -- Discontent; discontentment; displeasure; disapprobation; distaste; dislike. DISSATISFACTORY Dis*sat`is*fac"to*ry, a. Defn: Causing dissatisfaction; unable to give content; unsatisfactory; displeasing. To have reduced the different qualifications in the different States to one uniform rule, would probably have been as dissatisfactory to some of the States, as difficult for the Convention. A. Hamilton. -- Dis*sat`is*fac"to*ri*ness, n. DISSATISFY Dis*sat"is*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissatisfied; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissatisfying.] Defn: To render unsatisfied or discontented; to excite uneasiness in by frustrating wishes or expectations; to displease by the want of something requisite; as, to be dissatisfied with one's fortune. The dissatisfied factions of the autocracy. Bancroft. DISSEAT Dis*seat", v. t. Defn: To unseat. [R.] Shak. DISSECT Dis*sect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissected; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissecting.] Etym: [L. dissectus, p. p. of dissecare; dis- + secare to cut. See Section.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: To divide into separate parts; to cut in pieces; to separate and expose the parts of, as an animal or a plant, for examination and to show their structure and relations; to anatomize. 2. To analyze, for the purposes of science or criticism; to divide and examine minutely. This paragraph . . . I have dissected for a sample. Atterbury. DISSECTED Dis*sect"ed, a. 1. Cut into several parts; divided into sections; as, a dissected map. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Cut deeply into many lobes or divisions; as, a dissected leaf. DISSECTIBLE Dis*sect"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being dissected, or separated by dissection. Paley. DISSECTING Dis*sect"ing, a. 1. Dividing or separating the parts of an animal or vegetable body; as, a dissecting aneurism, one which makes its way between or within the coats of an artery. 2. Of or pertaining to, or received during, a dissection; as, a dissecting wound. 3. Used for or in dissecting; as, a dissecting knife; a dissecting microscope. DISSECTION Dis*sec"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dissection.] 1. The act of dissecting an animal or plant; as, dissection of the human body was held sacrilege till the time of Francis I. 2. Fig.: The act of separating or dividing for the purpose of critical examination. 3. Anything dissected; especially, some part, or the whole, of an animal or plant dissected so as to exhibit the structure; an anatomical so prepared. Dissection wound, a poisoned wound incurred during the dissection of a dead body. DISSECTOR Dis*sect"or, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dissecteur.] Defn: One who dissects; an anatomist. DISSEIZE Dis*seize", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disseized; p. pr. & vb. n. Disseizing.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + seize: cf. F. dessaisir.] (Law) Defn: To deprive of seizin or possession; to dispossess or oust wrongfully (one in freehold possession of land); -- followed by of; as, to disseize a tenant of his freehold. [Written also disseise.] Which savage beasts strive as eagerly to keep and hold those golden mines, as the Arimaspians to disseize them thereof. Holland. DISSEIZEE Dis`sei*zee", n. (Law) Defn: A person disseized, or put out of possession of an estate unlawfully; -- correlative to disseizor. [Written also disseisee.] DISSEIZIN Dis*sei"zin, n. Etym: [OF. dessaisine.] (Law) Defn: The act of disseizing; an unlawful dispossessing and ouster of a person actually seized of the freehold. [Written also disseisin.] Blackstone. DISSEIZOR Dis*sei"zor, n. (Law) Defn: One who wrongfully disseizes, or puts another out of possession of a freehold. [Written also disseisor.] Blackstone. DISSEIZORESS Dis*sei"zor*ess, n. (Law) Defn: A woman disseizes. DISSEIZURE Dis*sei"zure, n. Defn: Disseizin. Speed. DISSEMBLANCE Dis*sem"blance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dissemblance. See Dissemble.] Defn: Want of resemblance; dissimilitude. [R.] Osborne. DISSEMBLANCE Dis*sem"blance, n. Etym: [Dissemble + -ance.] Defn: The act or art of dissembling; dissimulation. [Obs.] DISSEMBLE Dis*sem"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissembled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissembling.] Etym: [OF. dissembler to be dissimilar; pref. dis- (L. dis-) + F. sembler to seem, L. simulare to simulate; cf. L. dissimulare to dissemble. See Simulate, and cf. Dissimulate.] 1. To hide under a false semblance or seeming; to feign (something) not to be what it really is; to put an untrue appearance upon; to disguise; to mask. Dissemble all your griefs and discontents. Shak. Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love, But -- why did you kick me down stairs J. P. Kemble. 2. To put on the semblance of; to make pretense of; to simulate; to feign. He soon dissembled a sleep. Tatler. Syn. -- To conceal; disguise; cloak; cover; equivocate. See Conceal. DISSEMBLE Dis*sem"ble, v. i. Defn: To conceal the real fact, motives, He that hateth dissembleth with his lips. Prov. xxvi. 24. He [an enemy] dissembles when he assumes an air of friendship. C. J. Smith. DISSEMBLER Dis*sem"bler, n. Defn: One who dissembles; one who conceals his opinions or dispositions under a false appearance; a hypocrite. It is the weakest sort of politicians that are the greatest dissemblers. Bacon. Priests, princes, women, no dissemblers here. Pope. Syn. -- Dissembler, Hypocrite. A person is called a dissembler with reference to his concealment of his real character, and a hypocrite with reference to his assumption of a false character. But hypocrite is the stronger word, being commonly used to characterize a person who is habitually insincere and false, especially one who makes professions of goodness when his aims are selfish and his life corrupt. DISSEMBLING Dis*sem"bling, a. Defn: That dissembles; hypocritical; false. -- Dis*sem"bling*ly, adv. DISSEMINATE Dis*sem"i*nate, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Disseminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Disseminating.] Etym: [L. disseminatus, p. p. of disseminare to disseminate; dis- + seminare to sow, semen seed. See Seminary.] 1. To sow broadcast or as seed; to scatter for growth and propagation, like seed; to spread abroad; to diffuse; as, principles, ideas, opinions, and errors are disseminated when they are spread abroad for propagation. 2. To spread or extend by dispersion. A nearly uniform and constant fire or heat disseminated throughout the body of the earth. Woodward. Syn. -- To spread; diffuse; propagate; circulate; disperse; scatter. DISSEMINATED Dis*sem"i*na`ted, p. a. (Min.) Defn: Occurring in small portions scattered through some other substance. DISSEMINATION Dis*sem`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. disseminatio: cf. F. dissémination.] Defn: The act of disseminating, or the state of being disseminated; diffusion for propagation and permanence; a scattering or spreading abroad, as of ideas, beliefs, etc. The universal dissemination of those writings. Wayland. DISSEMINATIVE Dis*sem"i*na*tive, a. Defn: Tending to disseminate, or to become disseminated. The effect of heresy is, like the plague, infectious and disseminative. Jer. Taylor. DISSEMINATOR Dis*sem"i*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who, or that which, disseminates, spreads, or propagates; as, disseminators of disease. DISSENSION Dis*sen"sion, n. Etym: [L. dissensio: cf. F. dissension. See Dissent.] Defn: Disagreement in opinion, usually of a violent character, producing warm debates or angry words; contention in words; partisan and contentious divisions; breach of friendship and union; strife; discord; quarrel. Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and disputation with them. Acts xv. 2. Debates, dissension, uproars are thy joy. Dryden. A seditious person and raiser-up of dissension among the people. Robynson (More's Utopia). DISSENSIOUS Dis*sen"sious, a. Defn: Disposed to discord; contentious; dissentious. [R.] Ascham. -- Dis*sen"sious*ly, adv. Chapman. DISSENT Dis*sent", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dissented; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissenting.] Etym: [L. dissentire, dissentum; dis- + sentire to feel, think. See Sense.] 1. To differ in opinion; to be of unlike or contrary sentiment; to disagree; -- followed by from. The bill passed . . . without a dissenting voice. Hallam. Opinions in which multitudes of men dissent from us. Addison. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: To differ from an established church in regard to doctrines, rites, or government. 3. To differ; to be of a contrary nature. Hooker. DISSENT Dis*sent", n. 1. The act of dissenting; difference of opinion; refusal to adopt something proposed; nonagreement, nonconcurrence, or disagreement. The dissent of no small number [of peers] is frequently recorded. Hallam. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: Separation from an established church, especially that of England; nonconformity. It is the dissidence of dissent and the protestantism of the Protestant religion. Burke. 3. Contrariety of nature; diversity in quality. [Obs.] The dissent of the metals. Bacon. Syn. -- Disagreement; variance; difference; nonconcurrence; nonconformity. DISSENTANEOUS Dis`sen*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. dissentaneus.] Defn: Disagreeing; contrary; differing; -- opposed to consentaneous. [R.] Barrow. DISSENTANY Dis"sen*ta*ny, a. Defn: Dissentaneous; inconsistent. [Obs.] Milton. DISSENTATION Dis`sen*ta"tion, n. Defn: Dissension. [Obs.] W. Browne. DISSENTER Dis*sent"er, n. 1. One who dissents; one who differs in opinion, or declares his disagreement. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: One who separates from the service and worship of an established church; especially, one who disputes the authority or tenets of the Church of England; a nonconformist. Dissenters from the establishment of their several countries. Burke. Robert Brown is said to have the first formal dissenter. Shipley. Note: "The word is commonly applied only to Protestants. The Roman Catholics are generally referred to as a distinct class." Brande & C. DISSENTERISM Dis*sent"er*ism, n. Defn: The spirit or principles of dissenters. Ed. Rev. DISSENTIATE Dis*sen"ti*ate, v. t. Defn: To throw into a state of dissent. [R.] Feltham. DISSENTIENT Dis*sen"tient, a. Etym: [L. dissentiens, p. pr. of dissentire. See Dissent, v. i.] Defn: Disagreeing; declaring dissent; dissenting. -- n. Defn: One who dissents. Macaulay. DISSENTIOUS Dis*sen"tious, a. Defn: Marked by dissensions; apt to breed discord; quarrelsome; contentious; factious. -- Dis*sen"tious*ly, adv. DISSENTIVE Dis*sent"ive, a. Defn: Disagreeing; inconsistent. [Obs.] Feltham. DISSEPIMENT Dis*sep"i*ment, n. Etym: [L. dissaepimentum, fr. dissaepire; dis- + saepire to hedge in, inclose.] 1. A separating tissue; a partition; a septum. 2. (Bot.) Defn: One of the partitions which divide a compound ovary into cells. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the transverse, calcareous partitions between the radiating septa of a coral. DISSERT Dis*sert", v. i. Etym: [L. dissertus, p. p. of disserere; dis- + serere to join, connect: cf. F. disserter. See Series.] Defn: To discourse or dispute; to discuss. [R.] We have disserted upon it a little longer than was necessary. Jeffrey. DISSERTATE Dis"ser*tate, v. i. Etym: [L. dissertatus, p. p. of dissertare to discuss, intents, fr. disserere. See Dissert.] Defn: To deal in dissertation; to write dissertations; to discourse. [R.] J. Foster. DISSERTATION Dis`ser*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. dissertatio: cf. F. dissertation.] Defn: A formal or elaborate argumentative discourse, oral or written; a disquisition; an essay; a discussion; as, Dissertations on the Prophecies. DISSERTATIONAL Dis`ser*ta"tion*al, a. Defn: Relating to dissertations; resembling a dissertation. DISSERTATIONIST Dis`ser*ta"tion*ist, n. Defn: A writer of dissertations. DISSERTATOR Dis"ser*ta`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. dissertateur.] Defn: One who writers a dissertation; one who discourses. Boyle. DISSERTLY Dis*sert"ly, adv. Defn: See Disertly. [Obs.] DISSERVE Dis*serve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Di; p. pr. & vb. n. Disserving.] Etym: [Pref. dis- + serve: cf. F. desservir.] Defn: To fail to serve; to do injury or mischief to; to damage; to hurt; to harm. Have neither served nor disserved the interests of any party. Jer. Taylor. DISSERVICE Dis*serv"ice, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + service: cf. F. desservice.] Defn: Injury; mischief. We shall rather perform good offices unto truth than any disservice unto their relators. Sir T. Browne. DISSERVICEABLE Dis*serv"ice*a*ble, a. Defn: Calculated to do disservice or harm; not serviceable; injurious; harmful; unserviceable. Shaftesbury. -- Dis*serv"ice*a*ble*ness, n. Norris. -- Dis*serv"ice*a*bly, adv. DISSETTLE Dis*set"tle, v. t. Defn: To unsettle. [Obs.] DISSETTLEMENT Dis*set"tle*ment, n. Defn: The act of unsettling, or the state of being unsettled. Marvell. DISSEVER Dis*sev"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissevered; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissevering.] Etym: [OE. dessevrer; pref. des- (L. dis-) + sevrer to sever, F. sevrer to wean, L. separate to separate. In this word the prefix is intensive. See Dis-, and Sever.] Defn: To part in two; to sever thoroughly; to sunder; to disunite; to separate; to disperse. The storm so dissevered the company . . . that most of therm never met again. Sir P. Sidney. States disserved, discordant, belligerent. D. Webster. DISSEVER Dis*sev"er, v. i. Defn: To part; to separate. Chaucer. DISSEVERANCE Dis*sev"er*ance, n. Etym: [OF. dessevrance.] Defn: The act of disserving; separation. DISSEVERATION Dis*sev`er*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of disserving; disseverance. [Obs.] DISSEVERMENT Dis*sev"er*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. dessevrement.] Defn: Disseverance. Sir W. Scott. DISSHADOW Dis*shad"ow, v. t. Defn: To free from shadow or shade. [Obs.] G. Fletcher. DISSHEATHE Dis*sheathe", v. i. Defn: To become unsheathed. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. DISSHIP Dis*ship", v. t. Defn: To dismiss from service on board ship. [Obs.] Hakluyt. DISSHIVER Dis*shiv"er, v. t. & i. Defn: To shiver or break in pieces. [Obs.] DISSIDENCE Dis"si*dence, n. Etym: [L. dissidentia: cf. F. dissidence. See Dissident, a.] Defn: Disagreement; dissent; separation from the established religion. I. Taylor. It is the dissidence of dissent. Burke. DISSIDENT Dis"si*dent, a. Etym: [L. dissidens, -entis, p. pr. of dissidere to sit apart, to disagree; dis- + sedere to sit: cf. F. dissident. See Sit.] Defn: No agreeing; dissenting; discordant; different. Our life and manners be dissident from theirs. Robynson (More's Utopia). DISSIDENT Dis"si*dent, n. (Eccl.) Defn: One who disagrees or dissents; one who separates from the established religion. The dissident, habituated and taught to think of his dissidencI. Taylor. DISSIDENTLY Dis"si*dent*ly, adv. Defn: In a dissident manner. DISSILIENCE; DISSILIENCY Dis*sil"i*ence, Dis*sil"i*en*cy, n. Defn: The act of leaping or starting asunder. Johnson. DISSILIENT Dis*sil"i*ent, a. Etym: [L. dissiliens, -entis, p. pr. of dissilire to leap asunder: dis- + salire to leap.] Defn: Starting asunder; bursting and opening with an elastic force; dehiscing explosively; as, a dissilient pericarp. DISSILITION Dis`si*li"tion, n. Defn: The act of bursting or springing apart. [R.] Boyle. DISSIMILAR Dis*sim"i*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. dis- + similar: cf. F. dissimilaire.] Defn: Not similar; unlike; heterogeneous; as, the tempers of men are as dissimilar as their features. This part very dissimilar to any other. Boyle. DISSIMILARITY Dis*sim`i*lar"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of resemblance; unlikeness; dissimilitude; variety; as, the dissimilarity of human faces and forms. Sir W. Jones. DISSIMILARLY Dis*sim"i*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a dissimilar manner; in a varied style. With verdant shrubs dissimilarly gay. C. Smart. DISSIMILATE Dis*sim"i*late, v. t. Defn: To render dissimilar. DISSIMILATION Dis*sim`i*la"tion, n. Defn: The act of making dissimilar. H. Sweet. DISSIMILE Dis*sim"i*le, n. Etym: [L. dissimile, neut. dissimilis unlike.] (Rhet.) Defn: Comparison or illustration by contraries. DISSIMILITUDE Dis`si*mil"i*tude, n. Etym: [L. dissimilitudo, fr. dissimilis: cf. F. dissimilitude.] 1. Want of resemblance; unlikeness; dissimilarity. Dissimilitude between the Divinity and images. Stillingfleet. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: A comparison by contrast; a dissimile. DISSIMULATE Dis*sim"u*late, a. Etym: [L. dissimulatus, p. p. of dissimulare. See Dissemble.] Defn: Feigning; simulating; pretending. [Obs.] Henryson. DISSIMULATE Dis*sim"u*late, v. i. Defn: To dissemble; to feign; to pretend. DISSIMULATION Dis*sim`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. dissimulatio: cf. F. dissimulation.] Defn: The act of dissembling; a hiding under a false appearance; concealment by feigning; false pretension; hypocrisy. Let love be without dissimulation. Rom. xii. 9. Dissimulation . . . when a man lets fall signs and arguments that he is not that he is. Bacon. Simulation is a pretense of what is not, and dissimulation a concealment of what is. Tatler. DISSIMULATOR Dis*sim"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who dissimulates; a dissembler. DISSIMULE Dis*sim"ule, v. t. & i. Etym: [F. dissimuler. See Dissimulate.] Defn: To dissemble. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISSIMULER Dis*sim"u*ler, n. Defn: A dissembler. [Obs.] DISSIMULOUR Dis*sim"u*lour, n. Etym: [OF. dissimuleur.] Defn: A dissembler. [Obs.] Chaucer. DISSIPABLE Dis"si*pa*ble, a. Etym: [L. dissipabilis.] Defn: Capable of being scattered or dissipated. [R.] The heat of those plants is very dissipable. Bacon. DISSIPATE Dis"si*pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissipated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissipating.] Etym: [L. dissipatus, p. p. of dissipare; dis- + an obsolete verb sipare, supare. to throw.] 1. To scatter completely; to disperse and cause to disappear; -- used esp. of the dispersion of things that can never again be collected or restored. Dissipated those foggy mists of error. Selden. I soon dissipated his fears. Cook. The extreme tendency of civilization is to dissipate all intellectual energy. Hazlitt. 2. To destroy by wasteful extravagance or lavish use; to squander. The vast wealth . . . was in three years dissipated. Bp. Burnet. Syn. -- To disperse; scatter; dispel; spend; squander; waste; consume; lavish. DISSIPATE Dis"si*pate, v. i. 1. To separate into parts and disappear; to waste away; to scatter; to disperse; to vanish; as, a fog or cloud gradually dissipates before the rays or heat of the sun; the heat of a body dissipates. 2. To be extravagant, wasteful, or dissolute in the pursuit of pleasure; to engage in dissipation. DISSIPATED Dis"si*pa`ted, a. 1. Squandered; scattered. "Dissipated wealth." Johnson. 2. Wasteful of health, money, etc., in the pursuit of pleasure; dissolute; intemperate. A life irregular and dissipated. Johnson. DISSIPATION Dis`si*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. dissipatio: cf. F. dissipation.] 1. The act of dissipating or dispersing; a state of dispersion or separation; dispersion; waste. Without loss or dissipation of the matter. Bacon. The famous dissipation of mankind. Sir M. Hale. 2. A dissolute course of life, in which health, money, etc., are squandered in pursuit of pleasure; profuseness in vicious indulgence, as late hours, riotous living, etc.; dissoluteness. To reclaim the spendthrift from his dissipation and extravagance. P. Henry. 3. A trifle which wastes time or distracts attention. Prevented from finishing them [the letters] a thousand avocations and dissipations. Swift. Dissipation of energy. Same as Degradation of energy, under Degradation. DISSIPATIVE Dis"si*pa*tive, a. Defn: Tending to dissipate. Dissipative system (Mech.), an assumed system of matter and motions in which forces of friction and resistances of other kinds are introduced without regard to the heat or other molecular actions which they generate; -- opposed to conservative system. DISSIPATIVITY Dis`si*pa*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: The rate at which palpable energy is dissipated away into other forms of energy. DISSITE Dis"site, a. Etym: [L. dissitus.] Defn: Lying apart. [Obs.] Lands far dissite and remote asunder. Holland. DISSLANDER Dis*slan"der, v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- (intens.) + slander.] Defn: To slander. [Obs.] Legend of Dido. DISSLANDER Dis*slan"der, n. Defn: Slander. [Obs.] E. Hall. DISSLANDEROUS Dis*slan"der*ous, a. Defn: Slanderous. [Obs.] DISSOCIABILITY Dis*so`cia*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of sociability; unsociableness. Bp. Warburton. DISSOCIABLE Dis*so"cia*ble, a. Etym: [L. dissociabilis, fr. issociare: cf. F. dissociable. See Dissociate.] 1. Not They came in two and two, though matched in the most dissociable manner. Spectator. 2. Having a tendency to dissolve social connections; unsuitable to society; unsociable. DISSOCIAL Dis*so"cial, a. Etym: [Pref. dis- + social: cf. L. dissocialis. See Dissociate, v. t.] Defn: Unfriendly to society; contracted; selfish; as, dissocial feelings. DISSOCIALIZE Dis*so"cial*ize, v. t. Defn: To render unsocial. DISSOCIATE Dis*so"ci*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissociated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissociating.] Etym: [L. dissociatus, p. p. of dissociare to dissociate; dis- + sociare to unite, associate, socius companion. See Social.] Defn: To separate from fellowship or union; to disunite; to disjoin; as, to dissociate the particles of a concrete substance. Before Wyclif's death in 1384, John of Gaunt had openly dissociated himself from the reformer. A. W. Ward. DISSOCIATION Dis*so`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. dissociatio: cf. F. dissociation.] 1. The act of dissociating or disuniting; a state of separation; disunion. It will add infinitely dissociation, distraction, and confusion of these confederate republics. Burke. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The process by which a compound body breaks up into simpler constituents; -- said particularly of the action of heat on gaseous or volatile substances; as, the dissociation of the sulphur molecules; the dissociation of ammonium chloride into hydrochloric acid and ammonia. DISSOCIATIVE Dis*so"ci*a*tive, a. Defn: Tending or leading to dissociation. DISSOLUBILITY Dis`so*lu*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being dissoluble; capacity of being dissoluble; capacity of being dissolved by heat or moisture, and converted into a fluid. DISSOLUBLE Dis"so*lu*ble, a. Etym: [L. dissolubilis: cf. F. dissoluble. See Dissolve, and cf. Dissolvable.] 1. Capable of being dissolved; having its parts separable by heat or moisture; convertible into a fluid. Woodward. 2. Capable of being disunited. DISSOLUBLENESS Dis"so*lu*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being dissoluble; dissolubility. Boyle. DISSOLUTE Dis"so*lute, a. Etym: [L. dissolutus, p. p. of dissolvere: cf. F. dissolu. See Dissolve.] 1. With nerves unstrung; weak. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Loosed from restraint; esp., loose in morals and conduct; recklessly abandoned to sensual pleasures; profligate; wanton; lewd; debauched. "A wild and dissolute soldier." Motley. Syn. -- Uncurbed; unbridled; disorderly; unrestrained; reckless; wild; wanton; vicious; lax; licentious; lewd; DISSOLUTELY Dis"so*lute*ly, adv. Defn: In a dissolute manner. DISSOLUTENESS Dis"so*lute*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being dissolute; looseness of morals and manners; addictedness to sinful pleasures; debauchery; dissipation. Chivalry had the vices of dissoluteness. Bancroft. DISSOLUTION Dis`so*lu"tion, n. Etym: [OE. dissolucioun dissoluteness, F. dissolution, fr. L. dissolutio, fr. dissolvere. See Dissolve.] 1. The act of dissolving, sundering, or separating into component parts; separation. Dissolutions of ancient amities. Shak. 2. Change from a solid to a fluid state; solution by heat or moisture; liquefaction; melting. 3. Change of form by chemical agency; decomposition; resolution. The dissolution of the compound. South. 4. The dispersion of an assembly by terminating its sessions; the breaking up of a partnership. Dissolution is the civil death of Parliament. Blackstone. 5. The extinction of life in the human body; separation of the soul from the body; death. We expected Immediate dissolution. Milton. 6. The state of being dissolved, or of undergoing liquefaction. A man of continual dissolution and thaw. Shak. 7. The new product formed by dissolving a body; a solution. Bacon. 8. Destruction of anything by the separation of its parts; ruin. To make a present dissolution of the world. Hooker. 9. Corruption of morals; dissipation; dissoluteness. [Obs. or R.] Atterbury. DISSOLVABILITY Dis*solv`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capacity of being dissolved; solubility. Richardson. DISSOLVABLE Dis*solv"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Dissolve, cf. Dissoluble.] Defn: Capable of being dissolved, or separated into component parts; capable of being liquefied; soluble. -- Dis*solv"a*ble*ness, n. Though everything which is compacted be in its own nature dissolvable. Cudworth. Such things as are not dissolvable by the moisture of the tongue. Sir I. Newton. DISSOLVATIVE Dis*solv"a*tive, n. Defn: Having the power to dissolve anything; solvent. [Obs.] Frampton. DISSOLVE Dis*solve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissolved; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissolving.] Etym: [L. dissolvere, dissolutum; dis- + solvere to loose, free. See Solve, and cf. Dissolute.] 1. To separate into competent parts; to disorganize; to break up; hence, to bring to an end by separating the parts, sundering a relation, etc.; to terminate; to destroy; to deprive of force; as, to dissolve a partnership; to dissolve Parliament. Lest his ungoverned rage dissolve the life. Shak. 2. To break the continuity of; to disconnect; to disunite; to sunder; to loosen; to undo; to separate. Nothing can dissolve us. Shak. Down fell the duke, his joints dissolved asunder. Fairfax. For one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another. The Declaration of Independence. 3. To convert into a liquid by means of heat, moisture, etc.,; to melt; to liquefy; to soften. As if the world were all dissolved to tears. Shak. 4. To solve; to clear up; to resolve. "Dissolved the mystery." Tennyson. Make interpretations and dissolve doubts. Dan. v. 16. 5. To relax by pleasure; to make powerless. Angels dissolved in hallelujahs lie. Dryden. 6. (Law) Defn: To annul; to rescind; to discharge or release; as, to dissolve an injunction. Syn. -- See Adjourn. DISSOLVE Dis*solve", v. i. 1. To waste away; to be dissipated; to be decomposed or broken up. 2. To become fluid; to be melted; to be liquefied. A figure Trenched in ice, which with an hour's heat Dissolves to water, and doth lose his form. Shak. 3. To fade away; to fall to nothing; to lose power. The charm dissolves apace. Shak. DISSOLVENT Dis*solv"ent, a. Etym: [L. dissolvens, -entis, p. pr. of dissolvere.] Defn: Having power to dissolve power to dissolve a solid body; as, the dissolvent juices of the stomach. Ray. DISSOLVENT Dis*solv"ent, n. 1. That which has the power of dissolving or melting other substances, esp. by mixture with them; a menstruum; a solvent. Melted in the crucible dissolvents. A. Smith. The secret treaty of December acted as an immediate dissolvent to the truce. Mothley. 2. (Med.) Defn: A remedy supposed capable of dissolving concretions in the body, such as calculi, tubercles, etc. DISSOLVER Dis*solv"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, has power to dissolve or dissipate. Thou kind dissolver of encroaching care. Otway. DISSOLVING Dis*solv"ing, a. Defn: Melting; breaking up; vanishing. -- Dis*solv"ing*ly, adv. Dissolving view, a picture which grows dim and is gradually replaced by another on the same field; -- an effect produced by magic lanterns. DISSONANCE Dis"so*nance, n. Etym: [L. dissonantia: cf. F. dissonance.] 1. A mingling of discordant sounds; an inharmonious combination of sounds; discord. Filled the air with barbarous dissonance. Milton. 2. Want of agreement; incongruity. Milton. DISSONANCY Dis"so*nan*cy, n. Defn: Discord; dissonance. DISSONANT Dis"so*nant, a. Etym: [L. dissonans, -antis, p. pr. of dissonare to disagree in sound, be discordant; dis- + sonare to sound: cf. F. dissonant. See Sonant.] 1. Sounding harshly; discordant; unharmonious. With clamor of voices dissonant and loud. Longfellow. 2. Disagreeing; incongruous; discrepfrom or to. "Anything dissonant to truth." South. What can be dissonant from reason and nature than that a man, naturally inclined to clemency, should show himself unkind and inhuman Hakewill. DISSPIRIT Dis*spir"it, v. t. Defn: See Dispirit. DISSUADE Dis*suade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissuaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissuading.] Etym: [L. dissuadere, dissuasum; dis- + suadere to advise, persuade: cf. F. dissuader. See Suasion.] 1. To advise or exhort against; to try to persuade (one from a course). [Obsolescent] Mr. Burchell, on the contrary, dissuaded her with great ardor: and I stood neuter. Goldsmith. War, therefore, open or concealed, alike My voice dissuades. Milton. 2. To divert by persuasion; to turn from a purpose by reasons or motives; -- with from; as, I could not dissuade him from his purpose. I have tried what is possible to dissuade him. Mad. D' Arblay. DISSUADER Dis*suad"er, n. Defn: One who dissuades; a dehorter. DISSUASION Dis*sua"sion, n. Etym: [L. dissuasio: cf. F. dissuasion. See Dissuade.] 1. The act of dissuading; exhortation against a thing; dehortation. In spite of all the dissuasions of his friends. Boyle. 2. A motive or consideration tending to dissuade; a dissuasive. DISSUASIVE Dis*sua"sive, a. Defn: Tending to dissuade or divert from a measure or purpose; dehortatory; as, dissuasive advice. -- n. Defn: A dissuasive argument or counsel; dissuasion; dehortation. Prynne. -- Dis*sua"sive*ly, adv. DISSUASORY Dis*sua"so*ry, n. Defn: A dissuasive. [R.] This virtuous and reasonable person, however, has ill luck in all his dissuasories. Jeffrey. DISSUNDER Dis*sun"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dissundered; p. pr. & vb. n. Dissundering.] Etym: [Pref. dis- (intens) + sunder.] Defn: To separate; to sunder; to destroy. [R.] Chapman. DISSWEETEN Dis*sweet"en, v. t. Defn: To deprive of sweetness. [R.] Bp. Richardson. DISSYLLABIC Dis`syl*lab"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dissyllabique. See Dissylable.] Defn: Consisting of two syllabas, a dissyllabic foot in poetry. B. Jons DISSYLLABIFICATION Dis`syl*lab`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: A formi DISSYLLABIFY Dis`syl*lab"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Dissyllable + -fly.] Defn: To form into two syllables. Ogilvie. DISSYLLABIZE Dis*syl"la*bize, v. t. Defn: To form into two syllables; to dyssyllabify. DISSYLLABLE Dis*syl"la*ble, n. Etym: [F. dissyllabe, L. disyllabus, adj., of two syllables, fr. Gr. Syllable.] Defn: A word of two syllables; as, pa-per. DISSYMMETRICAL Dis`sym*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Not having symmetry; asymmetrical; unsymmetrical. DISSYMMETRY Dis*sym"me*try, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + symmetry.] Defn: Absence or defect of symmetry; asymmetry. DISSYMPATHY Dis*sym"pa*thy, n. Defn: Lack of sympathy; want of interest; indifference. [R.] DISTAD Dis"tad, adv. Etym: [Distal + L. ad toward.] (Anat.) Defn: Toward a distal part; on the distal side of; distally. DISTAFF Dis"taff, n.; pl. Distaffs, rarely Distaves. Etym: [OE. distaf, dysestafe, AS. distaef; cf. LG. diesse the bunch of flax on a distaff, and E. dizen. See Staff.] 1. The staff for holding a bunch of flax, tow, or wool, from which the thread is drawn in spinning by hand. I will the distaff hold; come thou and spin. Fairfax. 2. Used as a symbol of the holder of a distaff; hence, a woman; women, collectively. His crown usurped, a distaff on the throne. Dryden. Some say the crozier, some say the distaff was too busy. Howell. Note: The plural is regular, but Distaves occurs in Beaumont & Fletcher. Descent by distaff, descent on the mother's side. -- Distaff Day, or Distaff's Day, the morrow of the Epiphany, that is, January 7, because working at the distaff was then resumed, after the Christmas festival; -- called also Rock Day, a distaff being called a rock. Shipley. DISTAIN Dis*tain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distained; p. pr. & vb. n. Distaining.] Etym: [OE. desteinen, OF. desteindre to take away the color, F. déteindre; pref. des- (L. dis-) + F. teindre to tinge, dye, L. tingere. See Tinge, and cf. Stain.] Defn: To tinge with a different color from the natural or proper one; to stain; to discolor; to sully; to tarnish; to defile; -- used chiefly in poetry. "Distained with dirt and blood." Spenser. [She] hath . . . distained her honorable blood. Spenser. The worthiness of praise distains his worth. Shak. DISTAL Dis"tal, a. Etym: [From Distant.] (Physiol.) (a) Remote from the point of attachment or origin; as, the distal end of a bone or muscle; -- opposed to proximal. (b) Pertaining to that which is distal; as, the distal tuberosities of a bone. DISTALLY Dis"tal*ly, adv. (Anat.) Defn: Toward a distal part. DISTANCE Dis"tance, n. Etym: [F. distance, L. distantia.] 1. The space between two objects; the length of a line, especially the shortest line joining two points or things that are separate; measure of separation in place. Every particle attracts every other with a force . . . inversely proportioned to the square of the distance. Sir I. Newton. 2. Remoteness of place; a remote place. Easily managed from a distance. W. Irving. 'T is distance lends enchantment to the view. T. Campbell. [He] waits at distance till he hears from Cato. Addison. 3. (Racing) Defn: A space marked out in the last part of a race course. The horse that ran the whole field out of distance. L'Estrange. Note: In trotting matches under the rules of the American Association, the distance varies with the conditions of the race, being 80 yards in races of mile heaths, best two in three, and 150 yards in races of two-mile heats. At that distance from the winning post in placed the distance post. If any horse has not reached this distance post before the first horse in that heat has reached the winning post, such horse is distanced, and disqualified for cunning again during that race. 4. (Mil.) Defn: Relative space, between troops in ranks, measured from front to rear; -- contrasted with interval, which is measured from right to left. "Distance between companies in close column is twelve yards." Farrow. 5. Space between two antagonists in fencing. Shak. 6. (Painting) Defn: The part of a picture which contains the representation of those objects which are the farthest away, esp. in a landscape. Note: In a picture, the Middle distance is the central portion between the foreground and the distance or the extreme distance. In a perspective drawing, the Point of distance is the point where the visual rays meet. 7. Ideal disjunction; discrepancy; contrariety. Locke. 8. Length or interval of time; period, past or future, between two eras or events. Ten years' distance between one and the other. Prior. The writings of Euclid at the distance of two thousand years. Playfair. 9. The remoteness or reserve which respect requires; hence, respect; ceremoniousness. I hope your modesty Will know what distance to the crown is due. Dryden. 'T is by respect and distance that authority is upheld. Atterbury. 10. A withholding of intimacy; alienation; coldness; disagreement; variance; restraint; reserve. Setting them [factions] at distance, or at least distrust amongst themselves. Bacon. On the part of Heaven, Now alienated, distance and distaste. Milton. 11. Remoteness in succession or relation; as, the distance between a descendant and his ancestor. 12. (Mus.) Defn: The interval between two notes; as, the distance of a fourth or seventh. Angular distance, the distance made at the eye by lines drawn from the eye to two objects. -- Lunar distance. See under Lunar. -- North polar distance (Astron.), the distance on the heavens of a heavenly body from the north pole. It is the complement of the declination. -- Zenith distance (Astron.), the arc on the heavens from a heavenly body to the zenith of the observer. It is the complement of the altitude. -- To keep one's distance, to stand aloof; to refrain from familiarity. If a man makes keep my distance, the comfort is he keeps his at the same time. Swift. DISTANCE Dis"tance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Distancing.] 1. To place at a distance or remotely. I heard nothing thereof at Oxford, being then miles distanced thence. Fuller. 2. To cause to appear as if at a distance; to make seem remote. His peculiar art of distancing an object to aggrandize his space. H. Miller. 3. To outstrip by as much as a distance (see Distance, n., 3); to leave far behind; to surpass greatly. He distanced the most skillful of his contemporaries. Milner. DISTANCY Dis"tan*cy, n. Defn: Distance. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. DISTANT Dis"tant, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. distans, -antis, p. pr. of distare to stand apart, be separate or distant; dis- + stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. Separated; having an intervening space; at a distance; away. One board had two tenons, equally distant. Ex. xxxvi. 22. Diana's temple is not distant far. Shak. 2. Far separated; far off; not near; remote; -- in place, time, consanguinity, or connection; as, distant times; distant relatives. The success of these distant enterprises. Prescott. 3. Reserved or repelling in manners; cold; not cordial; somewhat haughty; as, a distant manner. He passed me with a distant bow. Goldsmith. 4. Indistinct; faint; obscure, as from distance. Some distant knowledge. Shak. A distant glimpse. W. Irving. 5. Not conformable; discrepant; repugnant; as, a practice so widely distant from Christianity. Syn. -- Separate; far; remote; aloof; apart; asunder; slight; faint; indirect; indistinct. DISTANTIAL Dis*tan"tial, a. Defn: Distant. [Obs.] More distantial from the eye. W. Montagu. DISTANTLY Dis"tant*ly, adv. Defn: At a distance; remotely; with reserve. DISTASTE Dis*taste", n. 1. Aversion of the taste; dislike, as of food or drink; disrelish. Bacon. 2. Discomfort; uneasiness. Prosperity is not without many fears and distastes, and adversity is not without comforts and hopes. Bacon. 3. Alienation of affection; displeasure; anger. On the part of Heaven, Now alienated, distance and distaste. Milton. Syn. -- Disrelish; disinclination; dislike; aversion; displeasure; dissatisfaction; disgust. DISTASTE Dis*taste", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Distasting.] 1. Not to have relish or taste for; to disrelish; to loathe; to dislike. Although my will distaste what it elected. Shak. 2. To offend; to disgust; to displease. [Obs.] He thought in no policy to distaste the English or Irish by a course of reformation, but sought to please them. Sir J. Davies. 3. To deprive of taste or relish; to make unsavory or distasteful. Drayton. DISTASTE Dis*taste", v. i. Defn: To be distasteful; to taste ill or disagreeable. [Obs.] Dangerous conceits are, in their natures, poisons, Which at the are scarce found to distaste. Shak. DISTASTEFUL Dis*taste"ful, a. 1. Unpleasant or disgusting to the taste; nauseous; loathsome. 2. Offensive; displeasing to the feelings; disagreeable; as, a distasteful truth. Distasteful answer, and sometimes unfriendly actions. Milton. 3. Manifesting distaste or dislike; repulsive. "Distasteful looks." Shak. Syn. -- Nauseous; unsavory; unpalatable; offensive; displeasing; dissatisfactory; disgusting. - Dis*taste"ful*ly, adv. -- Dis*taste"ful*ness, n. DISTASTEIVE Dis*taste"ive, a. Defn: Tending to excite distaste. [Obs.] -- n. Defn: That which excites distaste or aversion. [Obs.] Whitlock. DISTASTURE Dis*tas"ture, n. Defn: Something which excites distaste or disgust. [Obs.] Speed. DISTEMPER Dis*tem"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distempered; p. pr. & vb. n. Distempering.] Etym: [OF. destemprer, destremper, to distemper, F. détremper to soak, soften, slake (lime); pref. des- (L. dis-) + OF. temprer, tremper, F. tremper, L. temperare to mingle in due proportion. See Temper, and cf. Destemprer.] 1. To temper or mix unduly; to make disproportionate; to change the due proportions of. [Obs.] When . . . the humors in his body ben distempered. Chaucer. 2. To derange the functions of, whether bodily, mental, or spiritual; to disorder; to disease. Shak. The imagination, when completely distempered, is the most incurable of all disordered faculties. Buckminster. 3. To deprive of temper or moderation; to disturb; to ruffle; to make disaffected, ill-humored, or malignant. "Distempered spirits." Coleridge. 4. To intoxicate. [R.] The courtiers reeling, And the duke himself, I dare not say distempered, But kind, and in his tottering chair carousing. Massinger. 5. (Paint.) Defn: To mix (colors) in the way of distemper; as, to distemper colors with size. [R.] DISTEMPER Dis*tem"per, n. Etym: [See Distemper, v. t., and cf. Destemprer.] 1. An undue or unnatural temper, or disproportionate mixture of parts. Bacon. Note: This meaning and most of the following are to be referred to the Galenical doctrine of the four "humors" in man. See Humor. According to the old physicians, these humors, when unduly tempered, produce a disordered state of body and mind. 2. Severity of climate; extreme weather, whether hot or cold. [Obs.] Those countries . . . under the tropic, were of a distemper uninhabitable. Sir W. Raleigh. 3. A morbid state of the animal system; indisposition; malady; disorder; -- at present chiefly applied to diseases of brutes; as, a distemper in dogs; the horse distemper; the horn distemper in cattle. They heighten distempers to diseases. Suckling. 4. Morbid temper of the mind; undue predominance of a passion or appetite; mental derangement; bad temper; ill humor. [Obs.] Little faults proceeding on distemper. Shak. Some frenzy distemper had got into his head. Bunyan. 5. Political disorder; tumult. Waller. 6. (Paint.) (a) A preparation of opaque or body colors, in which the pigments are tempered or diluted with weak glue or size (cf. Tempera) instead of oil, usually for scene painting, or for walls and ceilings of rooms. (b) A painting done with this preparation. Syn. -- Disease; disorder; sickness; illness; malady; indisposition; ailment. See Disease. DISTEMPERANCE Dis*tem"per*ance, n. Defn: Distemperature. [Obs.] DISTEMPERATE Dis*tem"per*ate, a. Etym: [LL. distemperatus, p. p.] 1. Immoderate. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Diseased; disordered. [Obs.] Wodroephe. DISTEMPERATELY Dis*tem"per*ate*ly, adv. Defn: Unduly. [Obs.] DISTEMPERATURE Dis*tem"per*a*ture, n. 1. Bad temperature; intemperateness; excess of heat or cold, or of other qualities; as, the distemperature of the air. [Obs.] 2. Disorder; confusion. Shak. 3. Disorder of body; slight illness; distemper. A huge infectious troop Of pale distemperatures and foes to life. Shak. 4. Perturbation of mind; mental uneasiness. Sprinkled a little patience on the heat of his distemperature. Sir W. Scott. DISTEMPERMENT Dis*tem"per*ment, n. Defn: Distempered state; distemperature. [Obs.] Feltham. DISTEND Dis*tend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distended; p. pr. & vb. n. Distending.] Etym: [L. distendere, distentum, distensum; dis- + tendere to stretch, stretch out: cf. F. distendre to distend, détendre to unbend. See Tend, and cf. Detent.] 1. To extend in some one direction; to lengthen out; to stretch. [R.] But say, what mean those colored streaks in heaven Distended as the brow of God appeased Milton. 2. To stretch out or extend in all directions; to dilate; to enlarge, as by elasticity of parts; to inflate so as to produce tension; to cause to swell; as, to distend a bladder, the stomach, etc. The warmth distends the chinks. Dryden. Syn. -- To dilate; expand; enlarge; swell; inflate. DISTEND Dis*tend", v. i. Defn: To become expanded or inflated; to swell. "His heart distends with pride." Milton. DISTENSIBILITY Dis*ten`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or capacity of being distensible. [R.] DISTENSIBLE Dis*ten"si*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being distended or dilated. DISTENSION Dis*ten"sion, n. Defn: Same as Distention. DISTENSIVE Dis*ten"sive, a. Defn: Distending, or capable of being distended. DISTENT Dis*tent", a. Etym: [L. distentus, p. p. See Distend.] Defn: Distended. [Poetic] Thomson. DISTENT Dis*tent", n. Defn: Breadth. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. DISTENTION Dis*ten"tion, n. Etym: [L. distentio: cf. F. distension.] 1. The act of distending; the act of stretching in breadth or in all directions; the state of being Distended; as, the distention of the lungs. 2. Breadth; extent or space occupied by the thing distended. DISTER Dis*ter", v. t. Etym: [L. dis- + terra earth, country; cf. Sp. & Pg. desterrar.] Defn: To banish or drive from a country. [Obs.] Howell. DISTERMINATE Dis*ter"mi*nate, a. Etym: [L. disterminatus, p. p. of disterminare to limit. See Terminate.] Defn: Separated by bounds. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DISTERMINATION Dis*ter`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. disterminatio.] Defn: Separation by bounds. [Obs.] Hammond. DISTHENE Dis"thene, n. Etym: [Gr. disthène.] (Min.) Defn: Cyanite or kyanite; -- so called in allusion to its unequal hardness in two different directions. See Cyanite. DISTHRONE Dis*throne", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- + throne: cf. OF. desthroner, F. détroner.] Defn: To dethrone. [Obs.] DISTHRONIZE Dis*thron"ize, v. t. Defn: To dethrone. [Obs.] Spenser. DISTICH Dis"tich, n. Etym: [L. distichon, Gr. stigan to ascend: cf. F. distique. See Stirrup.] (Pros.) Defn: A couple of verses or poetic lines making complete sense; an epigram of two verses. DISTICH; DISTICHOUS Dis"tich, Dis"tich*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. Distich, n.] Defn: Disposed in two vertical rows; two-ranked. DISTICHOUSLY Dis"tich*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a distichous manner. DISTIL Dis*til", v. t. & i. Defn: See Distill. DISTILL Dis*till", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Distilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Distilling.] Etym: [F. distiller, from L. destillare, destillatum; de + stillare to drop, stilla a drop, prob. fr. stiria frozen drop, icicle; prob. akin to stare, E. stand. Cf. Still, n. & v., Instill.] [Written also distil.] 1. To drop; to fall in drops; to trickle. Soft showers distilled, and suns grew warm in vain. Pope. 2. To flow gently, or in a small stream. The Euphrates distilleth out of the mountains of Armenia. Sir W. Raleigh. 3. To practice the art of distillation. Shak. DISTILL Dis*till", v. t. 1. To let fall or send down in drops. Or o'er the glebe distill the kindly rain. Pope. The dew which on the tender grass The evening had distilled. Drayton. 2. To obtain by distillation; to extract by distillation, as spirits, essential oil, etc.; to rectify; as, to distill brandy from wine; to distill alcoholic spirits from grain; to distill essential oils from flowers, etc.; to distill fresh water from sea water. "Distilling odors on me." Tennyson. 3. To subject to distillation; as, to distill molasses in making rum; to distill barley, rye, corn, etc. 4. To dissolve or melt. [R.] Swords by the lightning's subtle force distilled. Addison. DISTILLABLE Dis*till"a*ble, a. (Chem.) Defn: Capable of being distilled; especially, capable of being distilled without chemical change or decomposition; as, alcohol is distillable; olive oil is not distillable. DISTILLATE Dis*till"ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: The product of distillation; as, the distillate from molasses. DISTILLATION Dis`til*la"tion, n. Etym: [F. distillation, L. destillatio.] 1. The act of falling in drops, or the act of pouring out in drops. 2. That which falls in drops. [R.] Johnson 3. (Chem.) Defn: The separation of the volatile parts of a substance from the more fixed; specifically, the operation of driving off gas or vapor from volatile liquids or solids, by heat in a retort or still, and the condensation of the products as far as possible by a cool receiver, alembic, or condenser; rectification; vaporization; condensation; as, the distillation of illuminating gas and coal, of alcohol from sour mash, or of boric acid in steam. Note: The evaporation of water, its condensation into clouds, and its precipitation as rain, dew, frost, snow, or hail, is an illustration of natural distillation. 4. The substance extracted by distilling. Shak. Destructive distillation (Chem.), the distillation, especially of complex solid substances, so that the ultimate constituents are separated or evolved in new compounds, -- usually requiring a high degree of heat; as, the destructive distillation of soft coal or of wood. -- Dry distillation, the distillation of substances by themselves, or without the addition of water or of other volatile solvent; as, the dry distillation of citric acid. -- Fractional distillation. (Chem.) See under Fractional. DISTILLATORY Dis*til"la*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. distillatoire.] Defn: Belonging to, or used in, distilling; as, distillatory vessels. -- n. Defn: A distillatory apparatus; a still. DISTILLER Dis*till"er, n. 1. One who distills; esp., one who extracts alcoholic liquors by distillation. 2. The condenser of a distilling apparatus. DISTILLERY Dis*till"er*y, n.; pl. Distilleries. Etym: [F. distillerie.] 1. The building and works where distilling, esp. of alcoholic liquors, is carried on. 2. The act of distilling spirits. [R.] Todd. DISTILLMENT Dis*till"ment, n. Defn: Distillation; the substance obtained by distillation. [Obs.] Shak. DISTINCT Dis*tinct", a. Etym: [L. distinctus, p. p. of distinguere: cf. F. distinct. See Distinguish.] 1. Distinguished; having the difference marked; separated by a visible sign; marked out; specified. [Obs.] Wherever thus created -- for no place Is yet distinct by name. Milton. 2. Marked; variegated. [Obs.] The which [place] was dight With divers flowers distinct with rare delight. Spenser. 3. Separate in place; not conjunct; not united by growth or otherwise; -- with from. The intention was that the two armies which marched out together should afterward be distinct. Clarendon. 4. Not identical; different; individual. To offend, and judge, are distinct offices. Shak. 5. So separated as not to be confounded with any other thing; not liable to be misunderstood; not confused; well-defined; clear; as, we have a distinct or indistinct view of a prospect. Relation more particular and distinct. Milton. Syn. -- Separate; unconnected; disjoined; different; clear; plain; conspicuous; obvious. DISTINCT Dis*tinct", v. t. Defn: To distinguish. [Obs.] Rom. of R. DISTINCTION Dis*tinc"tion, n. Etym: [L. distinctio: cf. F. distinction.] 1. A marking off by visible signs; separation into parts; division. [Obs.] The distinction of tragedy into acts was not known. Dryden. 2. The act of distinguishing or denoting the differences between objects, or the qualities by which one is known from others; exercise of discernment; discrimination. To take away therefore that error, which confusion breedeth, distinction is requisite. Hooker. 3. That which distinguishes one thing from another; distinguishing quality; sharply defined difference; as, the distinction between real and apparent good. The distinction betwixt the animal kingdom and the inferior parts of matter. Locke. 4. Estimation of difference; regard to differences or distinguishing circumstance. Maids, women, wives, without distinction, fall. Dryden. 5. Conspicuous station; eminence; superiority; honorable estimation; as, a man of distinction. Your country's own means of distinction and defense. D. Webster. Syn. -- Difference; variation, variety; contrast; diversity; contrariety; disagreement; discrimination; preference; superiority; rank; note; eminence. DISTINCTIVE Dis*tinc"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. distinctif.] 1. Marking or expressing distinction or difference; distinguishing; characteristic; peculiar. The distinctive character and institutions of New England. Bancroft. 2. Having the power to distinguish and discern; discriminating. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DISTINCTIVELY Dis*tinc"tive*ly, adv. Defn: With distinction; plainly. DISTINCTIVENESS Dis*tinc"tive*ness, n. Defn: State of being distinctive. DISTINCTLY Dis*tinct"ly, adv. 1. With distinctness; not confusedly; without the blending of one part or thing another; clearly; plainly; as, to see distinctly. 2. With meaning; significantly. [Obs.] Thou dost snore distinctly; There's meaning in thy snores. Shak. Syn. -- Separately; clearly; plainly; obviously. DISTINCTNESS Dis*tinct"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being distinct; a separation or difference that prevents confusion of parts or things. The soul's . . . distinctness from the body. Cudworth. 2. Nice discrimination; hence, clearness; precision; as, he stated his arguments with great distinctness. Syn. -- Plainness; clearness; precision; perspicuity. DISTINCTURE Dis*tinc"ture, n. Defn: Distinctness. [R.] DISTINGUISH Dis*tin"guish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distinguished; p. pr. & vb. n. Distinguishing.] Etym: [F. distinguer, L. distinguere, distinctum; di- = dis- + stinguere to quench, extinguish; prob. orig., to prick, and so akin to G. stechen, E. stick, and perh. sting. Cf. Extinguish.] 1. Not set apart from others by visible marks; to make distinctive or discernible by exhibiting differences; to mark off by some characteristic. Not more distinguished by her purple vest, Than by the charming features of her face. Dryden. Milton has distinguished the sweetbrier and the eglantine. Nares. 2. To separate by definition of terms or logical division of a subject with regard to difference; as, to distinguish sounds into high and low. Moses distinguished the causes of the flood into those that belong to the heavens, and those that belong to the earth. T. Burnet. 3. To recognize or discern by marks, signs, or characteristic quality or qualities; to know and discriminate (anything) from other things with which it might be confounded; as, to distinguish the sound of a drum. We are enabled to distinguish good from evil, as well as truth from falsehood. Watts. Nor more can you distinguish of a man, Than of his outward show. Shak. 4. To constitute a difference; to make to differ. Who distinguisheth thee 1 Cor. iv. 7. (Douay version). 5. To separate from others by a mark of honor; to make eminent or known; to confer distinction upon; -- with by or for."To distinguish themselves by means never tried before." Johnson. Syn. -- To mark; discriminate; differentiate; characterize; discern; perceive; signalize; honor; glorify. DISTINGUISH Dis*tin"guish, v. i. 1. To make distinctions; to perceive the difference; to exercise discrimination; -- with between; as, a judge distinguishes between cases apparently similar, but differing in principle. 2. To become distinguished or distinctive; to make one's self or itself discernible. [R.] The little embryo . . . first distinguishes into a little knot. Jer. Taylor. DISTINGUISHABLE Dis*tin"guish*a*ble, a. 1. Capable of being distinguished; separable; divisible; discernible; capable of recognition; as, a tree at a distance is distinguishable from a shrub. A simple idea being in itself uncompounded . . . is not distinguishable into different ideas. Locke. 2. Worthy of note or special regard. Swift. DISTINGUISHABLENESS Dis*tin"guish*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being distinguishable. DISTINGUISHABLY Dis*tin"guish*a*bly, adv. Defn: So as to be distinguished. DISTINGUISHED Dis*tin"guished, a. 1. Marked; special. The most distinguished politeness. Mad. D' Arblay. 2. Separated from others by distinct difference; having, or indicating, superiority; eminent or known; illustrious; -- applied to persons and deeds. Syn. -- Marked; noted; famous; conspicuous; celebrated; transcendent; eminent; illustrious; extraordinary; prominent. -- Distinguished, Eminent, Conspicuous, Celebrated, Illustrious. A man is eminent, when he stands high as compared with those around him; conspicuous, when he is so elevated as to be seen and observed; distinguished, when he has something which makes him stand apart from others in the public view; celebrated, when he is widely spoken of with honor and respect; illustrious, when a splendor is thrown around him which confers the highest dignity. DISTINGUISHEDLY Dis*tin"guish*ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a distinguished manner. [R.] Swift. DISTINGUISHER Dis*tin"guish*er, n. 1. One who, or that which, distinguishes or separates one thing from another by marks of diversity. Sir T. Browne. 2. One who discerns accurately the difference of things; a nice or judicious observer. Dryden. DISTINGUISHING Dis*tin"guish*ing, a. Defn: Constituting difference, or distinction from everything else; distinctive; peculiar; characteristic. The distinguishing doctrines of our holy religion. Locke. Distinguishing pennant (Naut.), a special pennant by which any particular vessel in a fleet is recognized and signaled. Simmonds. DISTINGUISHINGLY Dis*tin"guish*ing*ly, adv. Defn: With distinction; with some mark of preference. Pope. DISTINGUISHMENT Dis*tin"guish*ment, n. Defn: Observation of difference; distinction. Graunt. DISTITLE Dis*ti"tle, v. t. Defn: To deprive of title or right. [R.] B. Jonson. DISTOMA Dis"to*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of parasitic, trematode worms, having two suckers for attaching themselves to the part they infest. See 1st Fluke, 2. DISTORT Dis*tort", a. Etym: [L. distortus, p. p. of distorquere to twist, distort; dis- + torquere to twist. See Torsion.] Defn: Distorted; misshapen. [Obs.] Her face was ugly and her mouth distort. Spenser. DISTORT Dis*tort", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Distorting.] 1. To twist of natural or regular shape; to twist aside physically; as, to distort the limbs, or the body. Whose face was distorted with pain. Thackeray. 2. To force or put out of the true posture or direction; to twist aside mentally or morally. Wrath and malice, envy and revenge, do darken and distort the understandings of men. Tillotson. 3. To wrest from the true meaning; to pervert; as, to distort passages of Scripture, or their meaning. Syn. -- To twist; wrest; deform; pervert. DISTORTER Dis*tort"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, distorts. DISTORTION Dis*tor"tion, n. Etym: [L. distortio: cf. F. distortion.] 1. The act of distorting, or twisting out of natural or regular shape; a twisting or writhing motion; as, the distortions of the face or body. 2. A wresting from the true meaning. Bp. Wren. 3. The state of being distorted, or twisted out of shape or out of true position; crookedness; perversion. 4. (Med.) Defn: An unnatural deviation of shape or position of any part of the body producing visible deformity. DISTORTIVE Dis*tort"ive, a. Defn: Causing distortion. DISTRACT Dis*tract", a. Etym: [L. distractus, p. p. of distrahere to draw asunder; dis- + trahere to draw. See Trace, and cf. Distraught.] 1. Separated; drawn asunder. [Obs.] 2. Insane; mad. [Obs.] Drayton. DISTRACT Dis*tract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distracted, old p. p. Distraught; p. pr. & vb. n. Distracting.] 1. To draw apart or away; to divide; to disjoin. A city . . . distracted from itself. Fuller. 2. To draw (the sight, mind, or attention) in different directions; to perplex; to confuse; as, to distract the eye; to distract the attention. Mixed metaphors . . . distract the imagination. Goldsmith. 3. To agitate by conflicting passions, or by a variety of motives or of cares; to confound; to harass. Horror and doubt distract His troubled thoughts. Milton. 4. To unsettle the reason of; to render insane; to craze; to madden; -- most frequently used in the participle, distracted. A poor mad soul; . . . poverty hath distracted her. Shak. DISTRACTED Dis*tract"ed, a. Defn: Mentally disordered; unsettled; mad. My distracted mind. Pope. DISTRACTEDLY Dis*tract"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Disjointedly; madly. Shak. DISTRACTEDNESS Dis*tract"ed*ness, n. Defn: A state of being distracted; distraction. Bp. Hall. DISTRACTER Dis*tract"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, distracts away. DISTRACTFUL Dis*tract"ful, a. Defn: Distracting. [R.] Heywood. DISTRACTIBLE Dis*tract"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being drawn aside or distracted. DISTRACTILE Dis*tract"ile, a. (Bot.) Defn: Tending or serving to draw apart. DISTRACTING Dis*tract"ing, a. Defn: Tending or serving to distract. DISTRACTION Dis*trac"tion, n. Etym: [L. distractio: cf. F. distraction.] 1. The act of distracting; a drawing apart; separation. To create distractions among us. Bp. Burnet. 2. That which diverts attention; a diversion. "Domestic distractions." G. Eliot. 3. A diversity of direction; detachment. [Obs.] His power went out in such distractions as Beguiled all species. Shak. 4. State in which the attention is called in different ways; confusion; perplexity. That ye may attend upon the Lord without distraction. 1 Cor. vii. 3 5. Confusion of affairs; tumult; disorder; as, political distractions. Never was known a night of such distraction. Dryden. 6. Agitation from violent emotions; perturbation of mind; despair. The distraction of the children, who saw both their parents together, would have melted the hardest heart. Tatler. 7. Derangement of the mind; madness. Atterbury. Syn. -- Perplexity; confusion; disturbance; disorder; dissension; tumult; derangement; madness; raving; franticness; furiousness. DISTRACTIOUS Dis*trac"tious, a. Defn: Distractive. [Obs.] DISTRACTIVE Dis*trac"tive, a. Defn: Causing perplexity; distracting. "Distractive thoughts." Bp. Hall. DISTRAIN Dis*train", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distrained; p. pr. & vb. n. Distraining.] Etym: [OE. destreinen to force, OF. destreindre to press, oppress, force, fr. L. distringere, districtum, to draw asunder, hinder, molest, LL., to punish severely; di- = stringere to draw tight, press together. See Strain, and cf. Distress, District, Distraint.] 1. To press heavily upon; to bear down upon with violence; hence, to constrain or compel; to bind; to distress, torment, or afflict. [Obs.] "Distrained with chains." Chaucer. 2. To rend; to tear. [Obs.] Neither guile nor force might it [a net] distrain. Spenser. 3. (Law) (a) To seize, as a pledge or indemnification; to take possession of as security for nonpayment of rent, the reparation of an injury done, etc.; to take by distress; as, to distrain goods for rent, or of an amercement. (b) To subject to distress; to coerce; as, to distrain a person by his goods and chattels. DISTRAIN Dis*train", v. i. Defn: To levy a distress. Upon whom I can distrain for debt. Camden. DISTRAINABLE Dis*train"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being, or liable to be, distrained. Blackstone. DISTRAINER Dis*train"er, n. Defn: Same as Distrainor. DISTRAINOR Dis*train"or, n. (Law) Defn: One who distrains; the party distraining goods or chattels. Blackstone. DISTRAINT Dis*traint", n. Etym: [OF. destrainte distress, force.] (Law) Defn: The act or proceeding of seizing personal property by distress. Abbott. DISTRAIT Dis`trait", a. Etym: [F. See Distract.] Defn: Absent-minded; lost in thought; abstracted. DISTRAUGHT Dis*traught", p. p. & a. Etym: [OE. distract, distrauht. See Distract, a.] 1. Torn asunder; separated. [Obs.] "His greedy throat . . . distraught." Spenser. 2. Distracted; perplexed. "Distraught twixt fear and pity." Spenser. As if thou wert distraught and mad with terror. Shak. To doubt betwixt our senses and our souls Which are the most distraught and full of pain. Mrs. Browning. DISTRAUGHTED Dis*traught"ed, a. Defn: Distracted. [Obs.] Spenser. DISTREAM Dis*tream", v. i. Etym: [Pref. dis- (intens.) + stream.] Defn: To flow. [Poetic] Yet o'er that virtuous blush distreams a tear. Shenstone. DISTRESS Dis*tress", n. Etym: [OE. destresse, distresse, OF. destresse, destrece, F. détresse, OF. destrecier to distress, (assumed) LL. districtiare, fr. L. districtus, p. p. of distringere. See Distrain, and cf. Stress.] 1. Extreme pain or suffering; anguish of body or mind; as, to suffer distress from the gout, or from the loss of friends. Not fearing death nor shrinking for distress. Shak. 2. That which occasions suffering; painful situation; misfortune; affliction; misery. Affliction's sons are brothers in distress. Burns. 3. A state of danger or necessity; as, a ship in distress, from leaking, loss of spars, want of provisions or water, etc. 4. (Law) (a) The act of distraining; the taking of a personal chattel out of the possession of a wrongdoer, by way of pledge for redress of an injury, or for the performance of a duty, as for nonpayment of rent or taxes, or for injury done by cattle, etc. (b) The thing taken by distraining; that which is seized to procure satisfaction. Bouvier. Kent. Burrill. If he were not paid, he would straight go and take a distress of goods and cattle. Spenser. The distress thus taken must be proportioned to the thing distrained for. Blackstone. Abuse of distress. (Law) See under Abuse. Syn. -- Affliction; suffering; pain; agony; misery; torment; anguish; grief; sorrow; calamity; misfortune; trouble; adversity. See Affliction. DISTRESS Dis*tress", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distressed; p. pr. & vb. n. Distressing.] Etym: [Cf. OF. destrecier. See Distress, n.] 1. To cause pain or anguish to; to pain; to oppress with calamity; to afflict; to harass; to make miserable. We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed. 2 Cor. iv. 8. 2. To compel by pain or suffering. Men who can neither be distressed nor won into a sacrifice of duty. A. Hamilton. 3. (Law) Defn: To seize for debt; to distrain. Syn. -- To pain; grieve; harass; trouble; perplex; afflict; worry; annoy. DISTRESSEDNESS Dis*tress"ed*ness, n. Defn: A state of being distressed or greatly pained. DISTRESSFUL Dis*tress"ful, a. Defn: Full of distress; causing, indicating, or attended with, distress; as, a distressful situation. "Some distressful stroke." Shak. "Distressful cries." Pope. -- Dis*tress"ful*ly, adv. DISTRESSING Dis*tress"ing, a. Defn: Causing distress; painful; unpleasant. DISTRESSING Dis*tress"ing, adv. Defn: In a distressing manner. DISTRIBUTABLE Dis*trib"u*ta*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being distributed. Sir W. Jones. DISTRIBUTARY Dis*trib"u*ta*ry, a. Defn: Tending to distribute or be distributed; that distributes; distributive. DISTRIBUTE Dis*trib"ute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distributed; p. pr. & vb. n. Distributing.] Etym: [L. distributus, p. p. of distribuere to divide, distribute; dis- + tribuere to assign, give, allot. See Tribute.] 1. To divide among several or many; to deal out; to apportion; to allot. She did distribute her goods to all them that were nearest of kindred. Judith xvi. 24. 2. To dispense; to administer; as, to distribute justice. Shak. 3. To divide or separate, as into classes, orders, kinds, or species; to classify; to assort, as specimens, letters, etc. 4. (Printing) (a) To separate (type which has been used) and return it to the proper boxes in the cases. (b) To spread (ink) evenly, as upon a roller or a table. 5. (Logic) Defn: To employ (a term) in its whole extent; to take as universal in one premise. A term is said to be distributed when it is taken universal, so as to stand for everything it is capable of being applied to. Whately. Syn. -- To dispense; deal out; apportion; allot; share; assign; divide. DISTRIBUTE Dis*trib"ute, v. i. Defn: To make distribution. Distributing to the necessity of saints. Rom. xii. 13. DISTRIBUTER Dis*trib"u*ter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, distributes or deals out anything; a dispenser. Addison. DISTRIBUTING Dis*trib"u*ting, a. Defn: That distributes; dealing out. Distributing past office, an office where the mails for a large district are collected to be assorted according to their destination and forwarded. DISTRIBUTION Dis`tri*bu"tion, n. Etym: [L. distributio: cf. F. distribution.] 1. The act of distributing or dispensing; the act of dividing or apportioning among several or many; apportionment; as, the distribution of an estate among heirs or children. The phenomena of geological distribution are exactly analogous to those of geography. A. R. Wallace. 2. Separation into parts or classes; arrangement of anything into parts; disposition; classification. 3. That which is distributed. "Our charitable distributions." Atterbury. 4. (Logic) Defn: A resolving a whole into its parts. 5. (Print.) Defn: The sorting of types and placing them in their proper boxes in the cases. 6. (Steam Engine) Defn: The steps or operations by which steam is supplied to and withdrawn from the cylinder at each stroke of the piston; viz., admission, suppression or cutting off, release or exhaust, and compression of exhaust steam prior to the next admission. Geographical distribution, the natural arrangements of animals and plants in particular regions or districts. Syn. -- Apportionments; allotment; dispensation; disposal; dispersion; classification; arrangement. DISTRIBUTIONAL Dis`tri*bu"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to distribution. Huxley. DISTRIBUTIONIST Dis`tri*bu"tion*ist, n. Defn: A distributer. [R.] Dickens. DISTRIBUTIVE Dis*trib"u*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. distributif.] 1. Tending to distribute; serving to divide and assign in portions; dealing to each his proper share. "Distributive justice." Swift. 2. (Logic) Defn: Assigning the species of a general term. 3. (Gram.) Defn: Expressing separation; denoting a taking singly, not collectively; as, a distributive adjective or pronoun, such as each, either, every; a distributive numeral, as (Latin) bini (two by two). Distributive operation (Math.), any operation which either consists of two or more parts, or works upon two or more things, and which is such that the result of the total operation is the same as the aggregated result of the two or more partial operations. Ordinary multiplication is distributive, since a × (b + c) = ab + ac, and (a + b) × c = ac + bc. -- Distributive proportion. (Math.) See Fellowship. DISTRIBUTIVE Dis*trib"u*tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: A distributive adjective or pronoun; also, a distributive numeral. DISTRIBUTIVELY Dis*trib"u*tive*ly, adv. Defn: By distribution; singly; not collectively; in a distributive manner. DISTRIBUTIVENESS Dis*trib"u*tive*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being distributive. DISTRIBUTOR Dis*trib"u*tor, n. [L.] One that distributes; a distributer; specif.: (a) A machine for distributing type. (b) An appliance, as a roller, in a printing press, for distributing ink. (c) An apparatus for distributing an electric current, either to various points in rotation, as in some motors, or along two or more lines in parallel, as in a distributing system. DISTRICT Dis"trict, a. Etym: [L. districtus, p. p.] Defn: Rigorous; stringent; harsh. [Obs.] Punishing with the rod of district severity. Foxe. DISTRICT Dis"trict, n. Etym: [LL. districtus district, fr. L. districtus, p. p. of distringere: cf. F. district. See Distrain.] 1. (Feudal Law) Defn: The territory within which the lord has the power of coercing and punishing. 2. A division of territory; a defined portion of a state, town, or city, etc., made for administrative, electoral, or other purposes; as, a congressional district, judicial district, land district, school district, etc. To exercise exclusive legislation . . . over such district not exceeding ten miles square. The Constitution of the United States. 3. Any portion of territory of undefined extent; a region; a country; a tract. These districts which between the tropics lie. Blackstone. Congressional district. See under Congressional. -- District attorney, the prosecuting officer of a district or district court. -- District court, a subordinate municipal, state, or United States tribunal, having jurisdiction in certain cases within a judicial district. -- District judge, one who presides over a district court. -- District school, a public school for the children within a school district. [U.S.] Syn. -- Division; circuit; quarter; province; tract; region; country. DISTRICT Dis"trict, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Districted; p. pr. & vb. n. Districting.] Defn: To divide into districts or limited portions of territory; as, legislatures district States for the choice of representatives. DISTRICTION Dis*tric"tion, n. Etym: [L. districtio a stretching out.] Defn: Sudden display; flash; glitter. [R.] A smile . . . breaks out with the brightest distriction. Collier. DISTRICTLY Dis"trict*ly, adv. Defn: Strictly. [Obs.] Foxe. DISTRINGAS Dis*trin"gas, n. Etym: [L., that you distrain, fr. distringere. See Distrain.] (Law) Defn: A writ commanding the sheriff to distrain a person by his goods or chattels, to compel a compliance with something required of him. DISTROUBLE Dis*trou"ble, v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- (intens.) + trouble.] Defn: To trouble. [Obs.] Spenser. DISTRUST Dis*trust", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Distrusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Distrusting.] Etym: [Cf. Mistrust.] Defn: To feel absence of trust in; not to confide in or rely upon; to deem of questionable sufficiency or reality; to doubt; to be suspicious of; to mistrust. Not distrusting my health. 2 Mac. ix. 22. To distrust the justice of your cause. Dryden. He that requireth the oath doth distrust that other. Udall. Of all afraid, Distrusting all, a wise, suspicious maid. Collins. Note: Mistrust has been almost wholly driven out by distrust. T. L. K. Oliphant. DISTRUST Dis*trust", n. 1. Doubt of sufficiency, reality, or sincerity; want of confidence, faith, or reliance; as, distrust of one's power, authority, will, purposes, schemes, etc. 2. Suspicion of evil designs. Alienation and distrust . . . are the growth of false principles. D. Webster. 3. State of being suspected; loss of trust. Milton. DISTRUSTER Dis*trust"er, n. Defn: One who distrusts. DISTRUSTFUL Dis*trust"ful, a. 1. Not confident; diffident; wanting confidence or thrust; modest; as, distrustful of ourselves, of one's powers. Distrustful sense with modest caution speaks. Pope. 2. Apt to distrust; suspicious; mistrustful. Boyle. -- Dis*trust"ful*ly, adv. -- Dis*trust"ful*ness, n. DISTRUSTING Dis*trust"ing, a. Defn: That distrusts; suspicious; lacking confidence in. -- Dis*trust"ing*ly, adv. DISTRUSTLESS Dis*trust"less, a. Defn: Free from distrust. Shenstone. DISTUNE Dis*tune", v. t. Defn: To put out of tune. [Obs.] DISTURB Dis*turb", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disturbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Disturbing.] Etym: [OE. desturben, destourben, OF. destorber, desturber, destourber, fr. L. disturbare, disturbatum; dis- + turbare to disturb, trouble, turba disorder, tumult, crowd. See Turbid.] 1. To throw into disorder or confusion; to derange; to interrupt the settled state of; to excite from a state of rest. Preparing to disturb With all-cofounding war the realms above. Cowper. The bellow's noise disturbed his quiet rest. Spenser. The utmost which the discontented colonies could do, was to disturb authority. Burke. 2. To agitate the mind of; to deprive of tranquillity; to disquiet; to render uneasy; as, a person is disturbed by receiving an insult, or his mind is disturbed by envy. 3. To turn from a regular or designed course. [Obs.] And disturb His inmost counsels from their destined aim. Milton. Syn. -- To disorder; disquiet; agitate; discompose; molest; perplex; trouble; incommode; ruffle. DISTURB Dis*turb", n. Defn: Disturbance. [Obs.] Milton. DISTURBANCE Dis*turb"ance, n. Etym: [OF. destorbance.] 1. An interruption of a state of peace or quiet; derangement of the regular course of things; disquiet; disorder; as, a disturbance of religious exercises; a disturbance of the galvanic current. 2. Confusion of the mind; agitation of the feelings; perplexity; uneasiness. Any man . . . in a state of disturbance and irritation. Burke. 3. Violent agitation in the body politic; public commotion; tumult. The disturbance was made to support a general accusation against the province. Bancroft. 4. (Law) Defn: The hindering or disquieting of a person in the lawful and peaceable enjoyment of his right; the interruption of a right; as, the disturbance of a franchise, of common, of ways, and the like. Blackstone. Syn. -- Tumult; brawl; commotion; turmoil; uproar; hubbub; disorder; derangement; confusion; agitation; perturbation; annoyance. DISTURBATION Dis`tur*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. disturbatio.] Defn: Act of disturbing; disturbance. [Obs.] Daniel. DISTURBER Dis*turb"er, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. destorbeor.] 1. One who, or that which, disturbs of disquiets; a violator of peace; a troubler. A needless disturber of the peace of God's church and an author of dissension. Hooker. 2. (Law) Defn: One who interrupts or incommodes another in the peaceable enjoyment of his right. DISTURN Dis*turn", v. t. Etym: [OF. destourner, F. détourner. See Detour.] Defn: To turn aside. [Obs.] Daniel. DISTYLE Dis"tyle, a. Etym: [Gr. distyle.] (Arch.) Defn: Having two columns in front; -- said of a temple, portico, or the like. Distyle in antis, having columns between two antæ. See Anta. DISULPHATE Di*sul"phate, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + sulphate.] (Chem.) (a) A salt of disulphuric or pyrosulphuric acid; a pyrosulphate. (b) An acid salt of sulphuric acid, having only one equivalent of base to two of the acid. DISULPHIDE Di*sul"phide (; 104), n. Etym: [Pref. di- + sulphide.] (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of sulphur containing two atoms of sulphur in each molecule; -- formerly called disulphuret. Cf. Bisulphide. DISULPHURET Di*sul"phu*ret, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) Defn: See Disulphide. DISULPHURIC Di`sul*phu"ric, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + sulphuric.] (Chem.) Defn: Applied to an acid having in each molecule two atoms of sulphur in the higher state of oxidation. Disulphuric acid, a thick oily liquid, H2S2O7, called also Nordhausen acid (from Nordhausen in the Harts, where it was originally manufactured), fuming sulphuric acid, and especially pyrosulphuric acid. See under Pyrosulphuric. DISUNIFORM Dis*u"ni*form, a. Defn: Not uniform. [Obs.] DISUNION Dis*un"ion, n. Etym: [Pref. dis- + union: cf. F. désunion.] 1. The termination of union; separation; disjunction; as, the disunion of the body and the soul. 2. A breach of concord and its effect; alienation. Such a disunion between the two houses as might much clouClarendon. 3. The termination or disruption of the union of the States forming the United States. I have not accustomed myself to hang over the precipice of disunion. D. Webster. DISUNIONIST Dis*un"ion*ist, n. Defn: An advocate of disunion, specifically, of disunion of the United States. DISUNITE Dis`u*nite", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disunited; p. pr. & vb. n. Disuniting.] 1. To destroy the union of; to divide; to part; to sever; to disjoin; to sunder; to separate; as, to disunite particles of matter. 2. To alienate in spirit; to break the concord of. Go on both in hand, O nations, never be disunited, be the praise . . . of all posterity! Milton. DISUNITE Dis`u*nite", v. i. Defn: To part; to fall asunder; to become separated. The joints of the body politic do separate and disunite. South. DISUNITER Dis`u*nit"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, disjoins or causes disunion. DISUNITY Dis*u"ni*ty, n. Defn: A state of separation or disunion; want of unity. Dr. H. More. DISUSAGE Dis*us"age, n. Defn: Gradual cessation of use or custom; neglect of use; disuse. [R.] Hooker. DISUSE Dis*use" (; see Dis-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Disused; p. pr. & vb. n. Disusing.] 1. To cease to use; to discontinue the practice of. 2. To disaccustom; -- with to or from; as, disused to toil. "Disuse me from . . . pain." Donne. DISUSE Dis*use", n. Defn: Cessation of use, practice, or exercise; inusitation; desuetude; as, the limbs lose their strength by disuse. The disuse of the tongue in the only . . . remedy. Addison. Church discipline then fell into disuse. Southey. DISUTILIZE Dis*u"til*ize, v. t. Defn: To deprive of utility; to render useless. [R.] Mrs. Browning. DISVALUATION Dis*val`u*a"tion, n. Defn: Disesteem; depreciation; disrepute. Bacon. DISVALUE Dis*val"ue (; see Dis-), v. t. Defn: To undervalue; to depreciate. Shak. DISVALUE Dis*val"ue, n. Defn: Disesteem; disregard. B. Jonson. DISVANTAGEOUS Dis`van*ta"geous, a. Etym: [Pref. dis- + vantage.] Defn: Disadvantageous. [Obs.] "Disadvantageous ground." Drayton. DISVELOP Dis*vel"op, v. t. Defn: To develop. [Obs.] DISVENTURE Dis*ven"ture, n. Defn: A disadventure. [Obs.] Shelton. DISVOUCH Dis*vouch", v. t. Defn: To discredit; to contradict. [Obs.] Shak. DISWARN Dis*warn", v. t. Etym: [Pref. dis- (intens.) + warn.] Defn: To dissuade from by previous warning. [Obs.] DISWITTED Dis*wit"ted, a. Defn: Deprived of wits or understanding; distracted. [Obs.] Drayton. DISWONT Dis*wont", v. t. Defn: To deprive of wonted usage; to disaccustom. [R.] Bp. Hall. DISWORKMANSHIP Dis*work"man*ship, n. Defn: Bad workmanship. [Obs.] Heywood. DISWORSHIP Dis*wor"ship, v. t. Defn: To refuse to worship; to treat as unworthy. [Obs.] Sir T. More. DISWORSHIP Dis*wor"ship, n. Defn: A deprivation of honor; a cause of disgrace; a discredit. [Obs.] Milton. DISWORTH Dis*worth", v. t. Defn: To deprive of worth; to degrade. [Obs.] Feltham. DISYOKE Dis*yoke", v. t. Defn: To unyoke; to free from a yoke; to disjoin. [Poetic] R. Browning. DIT Dit, n. Etym: [Ditty.] 1. A word; a decree. [Obs.] 2. A ditty; a song. [Obs.] DIT Dit, v. t. Etym: [AS. dyttan, akin to Icel. ditta.] Defn: To close up. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. DITATION Di*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. ditare to enrich, fr. dis, ditis, same as dives, rich.] Defn: The act of making rich; enrichment. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DITCH Ditch (; 224), n.; pl. Ditches. Etym: [OE. dich, orig. the same word as dik. See Dike.] 1. A trench made in the earth by digging, particularly a trench for draining wet land, for guarding or fencing inclosures, or for preventing an approach to a town or fortress. In the latter sense, it is called also a moat or a fosse. 2. Any long, narrow receptacle for water on the surface of the earth. DITCH Ditch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ditched; p. pr. & vb. n. Ditching.] 1. To dig a ditch or ditches in; to drain by a ditch or ditches; as, to ditch moist land. 2. To surround with a ditch. Shak. 3. To throw into a ditch; as, the engine was ditched and turned on its side. DITCH Ditch, v. i. Defn: To dig a ditch or ditches. Swift. DITCHER Ditch"er, n. Defn: One who digs ditches. DITE Dite, v. t. Etym: [See Dight.] Defn: To prepare for action or use; to make ready; to dight. [Obs.] His hideous club aloft he dites. Spenser. DITEREBENE Di*ter"e*bene, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + terebene.] (Chem.) Defn: See Colophene. DITHECAL; DITHECOUS Di*the"cal, Di*the"cous, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + theca.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two thecæ, cells, or compartments. DITHEISM Di"the*ism, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + theism: cf. F. dithéisme.] Defn: The doctrine of those who maintain the existence of two gods or of two original principles (as in Manicheism), one good and one evil; dualism. DITHEIST Di"the*ist, n. Defn: One who holds the doctrine of ditheism; a dualist. Cudworth. DITHEISTIC; DITHEISTICAL Di`the*is"tic, Di`the*is"tic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to ditheism; dualistic. DITHIONIC Di`thi*on"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + -thionic.] (Chem.) Defn: Containing two equivalents of sulphur; as, dithionic acid. Dithionic acid (Chem.), an unstable substance, H2S2O6, known only in its solutions, and in certain well-defined salts. DITHYRAMB Dith"y*ramb, n. Etym: [L. dithyrambus, Gr. dithyrambe.] Defn: A kind of lyric poetry in honor of Bacchus, usually sung by a band of revelers to a flute accompaniment; hence, in general, a poem written in a wild irregular strain. Bentley. DITHYRAMBIC Dith`y*ram"bic, a. Etym: [L. dithyrambicus, Gr. dithyrambique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a dithyramb; wild and boisterous. "Dithyrambic sallies." Longfellow. -- n. Defn: A dithyrambic poem; a dithyramb. DITHYRAMBUS Dith`y*ram"bus, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Dithyramb. DITION Di"tion, n. Etym: [L. ditio, dicio: cf. F. dition.] Defn: Dominion; rule. [Obs.] Evelyn. DITIONARY Di"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Under rule; subject; tributary. [Obs.] Chapman. DITIONARY Di"tion*a*ry, n. Defn: A subject; a tributary. [Obs.] Eden. DITOKOUS Di"to*kous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) Having two kinds of young, as certain annelids. (b) Producing only two eggs for a clutch, as certain birds do. DITOLYL Di*tol"yl, n. Etym: [Pref. di- + tolyl.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, aromatic hydrocarbon, C14H14, consisting of two radicals or residues of toluene. DITONE Di"tone`, n. Etym: [Gr. (Mus.) Defn: The Greek major third, which comprehend two major tones (the modern major third contains one major and one minor whole tone). DITRICHOTOMOUS Di`tri*chot"o*mous, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + trichotomous.] 1. Divided into twos or threes. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Dividing into double or treble ramifications; -- said of a leaf or stem. [R.] Loudon. DITROCHEAN Di`tro*che"an, a. (Pros.) Defn: Containing two trochees. DITROCHEE Di*tro"chee, n. Etym: [L. ditrochaeus, Gr. (Pros.) Defn: A double trochee; a foot made up of two trochees. DITROITE Dit"ro*ite, n. Etym: [Named from Ditro in Transylvania.] (Min.) Defn: An igneous rock composed of orthoclase, elæolite, and sodalite. DITT Ditt, n. Defn: See Dit, n., 2. [Obs.] Spenser. DITTANDER Dit*tan"der, n. Etym: [See Dittany.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of peppergrass (Lepidium latifolium). DITTANY Dit"ta*ny, n. Etym: [OE. dytane, detane, dytan, OF. ditain, F. dictame, L. dictamnum, fr. Gr. Dicte in Crete. Cf. Dittander.] (Bot.) (a) A plant of the Mint family (Origanum Dictamnus), a native of Crete. (b) The Dictamnus Fraxinella. See Dictamnus. (c) In America, the Cunila Mariana, a fragrant herb of the Mint family. DITTIED Dit"tied, a. Etym: [From Ditty.] Defn: Set, sung, or composed as a ditty; -- usually in composition. Who, with his soft pipe, and smooth-dittied song. Milton. DITTO Dit"to, n.; pl. Dittos (. Etym: [It., detto, ditto, fr. L. dictum. See Dictum.] Defn: The aforesaid thing; the same (as before). Often contracted to do., or to two "turned commas" ("), or small marks. Used in bills, books of account, tables of names, etc., to save repetition. A spacious table in the center, and a variety of smaller dittos in the corners. Dickens. DITTO Dit"to, adv. Defn: As before, or aforesaid; in the same manner; also. DITTOLOGY Dit*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A double reading, or twofold interpretation, as of a Scripture text. [R.] DITTY Dit"ty, n.; pl. Ditties. Etym: [OE. dite, OF. ditié, fr. L. dictatum, p. p. neut. of dictare to say often, dictate, compose. See Dictate, v. t.] 1. A saying or utterance; especially, one that is short and frequently repeated; a theme. O, too high ditty for my simple rhyme. Spenser. 2. A song; a lay; a little poem intended to be sung. "Religious, martial, or civil ditties." Milton.ditties sing. Sandys. DITTY Dit"ty, v. i. Defn: To sing; to warble a little tune. Beasts fain would sing; birds ditty to their notes. Herbert. DITTY-BAG Dit"ty-bag`, n. Defn: A sailor's small bag to hold thread, needles, tape, etc.; -- also called sailor's housewife. DITTY-BOX Dit"ty-box`, n. Defn: A small box to hold a sailor's thread, needless, comb, etc. DIUREIDE Di*u"re*ide, n. Etym: [Di- + ureide.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of complex nitrogenous substances regarded as containing two molecules of urea or their radicals, as uric acid or allantoin. Cf. Ureide. DIURESIS Di`u*re"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Diuretic.] (Med.) Defn: Free excretion of urine. DIURETIC Di`u*ret"ic, a. Etym: [L. diureticus, Gr. diurétique.] (Med.) Defn: Tending to increase the secretion and discharge of urine. -- n. Defn: A medicine with diuretic properties. Diuretic salt (Med.), potassium acetate; -- so called because of its diuretic properties. DIURETICAL Di`u*ret"ic*al, a. Defn: Diuretic. [Obs.] Boyle. DIURETICALNESS Di`u*ret"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being diuretical; diuretic property. DIURNA Di*ur"na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. diurnus belonging to the day.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Lepidoptera, including the butterflies; -- so called because they fly only in the daytime. DIURNAL Di*ur"nal, a. Etym: [L. diurnalis, fr. dies day. See Deity, and cf. Journal.] 1. Relating to the daytime; belonging to the period of daylight, distinguished from the night; -- opposed to Ant: nocturnal; as, diurnal heat; diurnal hours. 2. Daily; recurring every day; performed in a day; going through its changes in a day; constituting the measure of a day; as, a diurnal fever; a diurnal task; diurnal aberration, or diurnal parallax; the diurnal revolution of the earth. Ere twice the horses of the sun shall bring Their fiery torcher his diurnal ring. Shak. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Opening during the day, and closing at night; -- said of flowers or leaves. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Active by day; -- applied especially to the eagles and hawks among raptorial birds, and to butterflies (Diurna) among insects. Diurnal aberration (Anat.), the aberration of light arising from the effect of the earth's rotation upon the apparent direction of motion of light. -- Diurnal arc, the arc described by the sun during the daytime or while above the horizon; hence, the arc described by the moon or a star from rising to setting. -- Diurnal circle, the apparent circle described by a celestial body in consequence of the earth's rotation. -- Diurnal motion of the earth, the motion of the earth upon its axis which is described in twentyfour hours. -- Diurnal motion of a heavenly body, that apparent motion of the heavenly body which is due to the earth's diurnal motion. -- Diurnal parallax. See under Parallax. -- Diurnal revolution of a planet, the motion of the planet upon its own axis which constitutes one complete revolution. Syn. -- See Daily. DIURNAL Di*ur"nal, n. Etym: [Cf. F. diurnal a prayerbook. See Diurnal, a.] 1. A daybook; a journal. [Obs.] Tatler. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A small volume containing the daily service for the "little hours," viz., prime, tierce, sext, nones, vespers, and compline. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A diurnal bird or insect. DIURNALIST Di*ur"nal*ist, n. Defn: A journalist. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DIURNALLY Di*ur"nal*ly, adv. Defn: Daily; every day. DIURNALNESS Di*ur"nal*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being diurnal. DIURNATION Di`ur*na"tion, n. 1. Continuance during the day. [Obs.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The condition of sleeping or becoming dormant by day, as is the case of the bats. DIUTURNAL Di`u*tur"nal, a. Etym: [L. diuturnus, fr. diu a long time, by day; akin to dies day.] Defn: Of long continuance; lasting. [R.] Milton. DIUTURNITY Di`u*tur"ni*ty, n. Etym: [L. diuturnitas.] Defn: Long duration; lastingness. [R.] Sir T. Browne. DIVA Di"va (de"va), n.; It. pl. Dive (de"va). [It., prop. fem. of divo divine, L. divus.] Defn: A prima donna. DIVAGATION Di`va*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. divagari to wander about; di- = dis- + vagari to stroll about: cf. F. divagation. See Vagary.] Defn: A wandering about or going astray; digression. Let us be set down at Queen's Crawley without further divagation. Thackeray. DIVALENT Div"a*lent, a. Etym: [Pref. di- + L. valens, valentis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Defn: Having two units of combining power; bivalent. Cf. Valence. DIVAN Di*van", n. Etym: [Per. diwan a book of many leaves, an account book, a collection of books, a senate, council: cf. Ar. daiwan, F. divan.] 1. A book; esp., a collection of poems written by one author; as, the divan of Hafiz. [Persia] 2. In Turkey and other Oriental countries: A council of state; a royal court. Also used by the poets for a grand deliberative council or assembly. Pope. 3. A chief officer of state. [India] 4. A saloon or hall where a council is held, in Oriental countries, the state reception room in places, and in the houses of the richer citizens. Cushions on the floor or on benches are ranged round the room. 5. A cushioned seat, or a large, low sofa or couch; especially, one fixed to its place, and not movable. 6. A coffee and smoking saloon. [Colloq.] DIVARICATE Di*var"i*cate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Divaricated; p. pr. & vb. n. Divaricating.] Etym: [L. divaricatus, p. p. of divaricare to stretch apart; di- = dis- + varicare to straddle, fr. varicus straddling, fr. varus stretched outwards.] 1. To part into two branches; to become bifid; to fork. 2. To diverge; to be divaricate. Woodward. DIVARICATE Di*var"i*cate, v. t. Defn: To divide into two branches; to cause to branch apart. DIVARICATE Di*var"i*cate, a. Etym: [L. divaricatus, p. p.] 1. Diverging; spreading asunder; widely diverging. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Forking and diverging; widely diverging; as the branches of a tree, or as lines of sculpture, or color markings on animals, etc. DIVARICATELY Di*var"i*cate*ly, adv. Defn: With divarication. DIVARICATION Di*var`i*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. divarication.] 1. A separation into two parts or branches; a forking; a divergence. 2. An ambiguity of meaning; a disagreement of difference in opinion. Sir T. Browne. 3. (Biol.) Defn: A divergence of lines of color sculpture, or of fibers at different angles. DIVARICATOR Di*var`i*ca"tor, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the muscles which open the shell of brachiopods; a cardinal muscle. See Illust. of Brachiopoda. DIVAST Di*vast", a. Defn: Devastated; laid waste. [Obs.] DIVE Dive, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dived, colloq. Dove (, a relic of the AS. strong forms deáf, dofen; p. pr. & vb. n. Diving.] Etym: [OE. diven, duven, AS. d to sink, v. t., fr. d, v. i.; akin to Icel. d, G. taufen, E. dip, deep, and perh. to dove, n. Cf. Dip.] 1. To plunge into water head foremost; to thrust the body under, or deeply into, water or other fluid. It is not that pearls fetch a high price because men have dived for them. Whately. Note: The colloquial form dove is common in the United States as an imperfect tense form. All [the walruses] dove down with a tremendous splash. Dr. Hayes. When closely pressed it [the loon] dove . . . and left the young bird sitting in the water. J. Burroughs. 2. Fig.: To plunge or to go deeply into any subject, question, business, etc.; to penetrate; to explore. South. DIVE Dive, v. t. 1. To plunge (a person or thing) into water; to dip; to duck. [Obs.] Hooker. 2. To explore by diving; to plunge into. [R.] The Curtii bravely dived the gulf of fame. Denham. He dives the hollow, climbs the steeps. Emerson. DIVE Dive, n. 1. A plunge headforemost into water, the act of one who dives, literally or figuratively. 2. A place of low resort. [Slang] The music halls and dives in the lower part of the city. J. Hawthorne. DIVEDAPPER Dive"dap`per, n. Etym: [See Dive, Didapper.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A water fowl; the didapper. See Dabchick. DIVEL Di*vel", v. t. Etym: [L. divellere; dit- = dis- + vellere to pluck.] Defn: To rend apart. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. DIVELLENT Di*vel"lent, a. Etym: [L. divellens, p. pr.] Defn: Drawing asunder. [R.] DIVELLICATE Di*vel"li*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. di- = vellicatus, p. p. of vellicare to pluck, fr. vellere to pull.] Defn: To pull in pieces. [Obs. or R.] DIVER Div"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, dives. Divers and fishers for pearls. Woodward. 2. Fig.: One who goes deeply into a subject, study, or business. "A diver into causes." Sir H. Wotton. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of certain genera, as Urinator (formerly Colymbus), or the allied genus Colymbus, or Podiceps, remarkable for their agility in diving. Note: The northern diver (Urinator imber) is the loon; the black diver or velvet scoter (Oidemia fusca) is a sea duck. See Loon, and Scoter. DIVERB Di"verb, n. Etym: [L. diverbium the colloquial part of a comedy, dialogue; di- = dis- + verbum word.] Defn: A saying in which two members of the sentence are contrasted; an antithetical proverb. [Obs.] Italy, a paradise for horses, a hell for women, as the diverb goes. Burton. DIVERBERATE Di*ver"ber*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. diverberatus, p. p. of diverberare to strike asunder; di- = dis- + verberare. See Verberate.] Defn: To strike or sound through. [R.] Davies (Holy Roode). DIVERBERATION Di*ver`ber*a"tion, n. Defn: A sounding through. DIVERGE Di*verge", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Diverged; p. pr. & vb. n. Diverging.] Etym: [L. di- = dis- + vergere to bend, incline. See Verge.] 1. To extend from a common point in different directions; to tend from one point and recede from each other; to tend to spread apart; to turn aside or deviate (as from a given direction); -- opposed to converge; as, rays of light diverge as they proceed from the sun. 2. To differ from a typical form; to vary from a normal condition; to dissent from a creed or position generally held or taken. DIVERGEMENT Di*verge"ment, n. Defn: Divergence. DIVERGENCE; DIVERGENCY Di*ver"gence, Di*ver"gen*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. divergence.] 1. A receding from each other in moving from a common center; the state of being divergent; as, an angle is made by the divergence of straight lines. Rays come to the eye in a state of divergency. 2. Disagreement; difference. Related with some divergence by other writers. Sir G. C. Lewis. DIVERGENT Di*ver"gent, a. Etym: [Cf. F. divergent. See Diverge.] 1. Receding farther and farther from each other, as lines radiating from one point; deviating gradually from a given direction; -- opposed to convergent. 2. (Optics) Defn: Causing divergence of rays; as, a divergent lens. 3. Fig.: Disagreeing from something given; differing; as, a divergent statement. Divergent series. (Math.) See Diverging series, under Diverging. DIVERGING Di*ver"ging, a. Defn: Tending in different directions from a common center; spreading apart; divergent. Diverging series (Math.), a series whose terms are larger as the series is extended; a series the sum of whose terms does not approach a finite limit when the series is extended indefinitely; -- opposed to a converging series. DIVERGINGLY Di*ver"ging*ly, adv. Defn: In a diverging manner. DIVERS Di"vers, a. Etym: [F. divers, L. diversus turned in different directions, different, p. p. of divertere. See Divert, and cf. Diverse.] 1. Different in kind or species; diverse. [Obs.] Every sect of them hath a divers posture. Bacon. Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with divers seeds. Deut. xxii. 9. 2. Several; sundry; various; more than one, but not a great number; as, divers philosophers. Also used substantively or pronominally. Divers of Antonio's creditors. Shak. Note: Divers is now limited to the plural; as, divers ways (not divers way). Besides plurality it ordinarily implies variety of kind. DIVERSE Di"verse, a. Etym: [The same word as divers. See Divers.] 1. Different; unlike; dissimilar; distinct; separate. The word . . . is used in a sense very diverse from its original import. J. Edwards. Our roads are diverse: farewell, love! said she. R. Browning. 2. Capable of various forms; multiform. Eloquence is a great and diverse thing. B. Jonson. DIVERSE Di*verse", adv. Defn: In different directions; diversely. DIVERSE Di*verse", v. i. Defn: To turn aside. [Obs.] The redcross knight diverst, but forth rode Britomart. Spenser. DIVERSELY Di"verse*ly, adv. 1. In different ways; differently; variously. "Diversely interpreted." Bacon. How diversely love doth his pageants play. Spenser. 2. In different directions; to different points. On life's vast ocean diversely we sail. Pope. DIVERSENESS Di*verse"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being diverse. DIVERSIFIABILITY Di*ver`si*fi`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or capacity of being diversifiable. Earle. DIVERSIFIABLE Di*ver"si*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being diversified or varied. Boyle. DIVERSIFICATION Di*ver`si*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [See Diversify.] 1. The act of making various, or of changing form or quality. Boyle. 2. State of diversity or variation; variegation; modification; change; alternation. Infinite diversifications of tints may be produced. Adventurer. DIVERSIFIED Di*ver"si*fied, a. Defn: Distinguished by various forms, or by a variety of aspects or objects; variegated; as, diversified scenery or landscape. DIVERSIFIER Di*ver"si*fi`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, diversifies. DIVERSIFORM Di*ver"si*form, a. Etym: [L. diversus diverse + -form.] Defn: Of a different form; of varied forms. DIVERSIFY Di*ver"si*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diversified; p. pr. & vb. n. Diversifying.] Etym: [F. diversifier, LL. diversificare, fr. L. diversus diverse + ficare (in comp.), akin to facere to make. See Diverse.] Defn: To make diverse or various in form or quality; to give variety to; to variegate; to distinguish by numerous differences or aspects. Separated and diversified on from another. Locke. Its seven colors, that diversify all the face of nature. I. Taylor. DIVERSILOQUENT Di`ver*sil"o*quent, a. Etym: [L. diversus diverse + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Defn: Speaking in different ways. [R.] DIVERSION Di*ver"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. diversion. See Divert.] 1. The act of turning aside from any course, occupation, or object; as, the diversion of a stream from its channel; diversion of the mind from business. 2. That which diverts; that which turns or draws the mind from care or study, and thus relaxes and amuses; sport; play; pastime; as, the diversions of youth. "Public diversions." V. Knox. Such productions of wit and humor as expose vice and folly, furnish useful diversion to readers. Addison. 3. (Mil.) Defn: The act of drawing the attention and force of an enemy from the point where the principal attack is to be made; the attack, alarm, or feint which diverts. Syn. -- Amusement; entertainment; pastime; recreation; sport; game; play; solace; merriment. DIVERSITY Di*ver"si*ty, n.; pl. Diversities. Etym: [F. diversité, L. diversitas, fr. diversus. See Diverse.] 1. A state of difference; dissimilitude; unlikeness. They will prove opposite; and not resting in a bare diversity, rise into a contrariety. South. 2. Multiplicity of difference; multiformity; variety. "Diversity of sounds." Shak. "Diversities of opinion." Secker. 3. Variegation. "Bright diversities of day." Pope. Syn. -- See Variety. DIVERSIVOLENT Di`ver*siv"o*lent, a. Etym: [L. diversus diverse + volens, -entis, p. pr. of velle to wish.] Defn: Desiring different things. [Obs.] Webster (White Devil). DIVERSORY Di*ver"so*ry, a. Defn: Serving or tending to divert; also, distinguishing. [Obs.] DIVERSORY Di*ver"so*ry, n. Etym: [L. diversorium, deversorium, an inn or lodging.] Defn: A wayside inn. [Obs. or R.] Chapman. DIVERT Di*vert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Diverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Diverting.] Etym: [F. divertir, fr. L. divertere, diversum, to go different ways, turn aside; di- = dis- + vertere to turn. See Verse, and cf. Divorce.] 1. To turn aside; to turn off from any course or intended application; to deflect; as, to divert a river from its channel; to divert commerce from its usual course. That crude apple that diverted Eve. Milton. 2. To turn away from any occupation, business, or study; to cause to have lively and agreeable sensations; to amuse; to entertain; as, children are diverted with sports; men are diverted with works of wit and humor. We are amused by a tale, diverted by a comedy. C. J. Smith. Syn. -- To please; gratify; amuse; entertain; exhilarate; delight; recreate. See Amuse. DIVERT Di*vert", v. i. Defn: To turn aside; to digress. [Obs.] I diverted to see one of the prince's palaces. Evelyn. DIVERTER Di*vert"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, diverts, turns off, or pleases. DIVERTIBLE Di*vert"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being diverted. DIVERTICLE Di*ver"ti*cle, n. Etym: [L. diverticulum, deverticulum, a bypath, fr. divertere to turn away.] 1. A turning; a byway; a bypath. [Obs.] Hales. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A diverticulum. DIVERTICULAR Div`er*tic"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to a diverticulum. DIVERTICULUM Div`er*tic"u*lum, n.; pl. Diverticula. Etym: [L. See Diverticle.] (Anat.) Defn: A blind tube branching out of a longer one. DIVERTIMENTO Di*ver`ti*men"to, n.; pl. -ti. Etym: [It.] (Mus. Defn: ) A light and pleasing composition. DIVERTING Di*vert"ing, a. Defn: Amusing; entertaining. -- Di*vert"ing*ly, adv. -- Di*vert"ing*ness, n. DIVERTISE Di*vert"ise, v. t. Etym: [F. divertir, p. pr. divertissant.] Defn: To divert; to entertain. [Obs.] Dryden. DIVERTISEMENT Di*vert"ise*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. the next word.] Defn: Diversion; amusement; recreation. [R.] DIVERTISSEMENT Di`ver`tisse`ment", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A short ballet, or other entertainment, between the acts of a play. Smart. DIVERTIVE Di*vert"ive, a. Etym: [From Divert.] Defn: Tending to divert; diverting; amusing; interesting. Things of a pleasant and divertive nature. Rogers. DIVES Di"ves, n. Etym: [L., rich.] Defn: The name popularly given to the rich man in our Lord's parable of the "Rich Man and Lazarus" (Luke xvi. 19-31). Hence, a name for a rich worldling. DIVEST Di*vest", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divested; p. pr. & vb. n. Divesting.] Etym: [LL. divestire (di- = dis- + L. vestire to dress), equiv. to L. devestire. It is the same word as devest, but the latter is rarely used except as a technical term in law. See Devest, Vest.] 1. To unclothe; to strip, as of clothes, arms, or equipage; -- opposed to invest. 2. Fig.: To strip; to deprive; to dispossess; as, to divest one of his rights or privileges; to divest one's self of prejudices, passions, etc. Wretches divested of every moral feeling. Goldsmith. The tendency of the language to divest itself of its gutturals. Earle. 3. (Law) Defn: See Devest. Mozley & W. DIVESTIBLE Di*vest"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being divested. DIVESTITURE Di*vest"i*ture, n. Defn: The act of stripping, or depriving; the state of being divested; the deprivation, or surrender, of possession of property, rights, etc. DIVESTMENT Di*vest"ment, n. Defn: The act of divesting. [R.] DIVESTURE Di*ves"ture, n. Defn: Divestiture. [Obs.] DIVET Div"et, n. Defn: See Divot. DIVIDABLE Di*vid"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Divide.] 1. Capable of being divided; divisible. 2. Divided; separated; parted. [Obs.] Shak. DIVIDANT Di*vid"ant, a. Defn: Different; distinct. [Obs.] Shak. DIVIDE Di*vide", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divided; p. pr. & vb. n. Dividing.] Etym: [L. dividere, divisum; di- = dis- + root signifying to part; cf. Skr. vyadh to pierce; perh. akin to L. vidua widow, and E. widow. Cf. Device, Devise.] 1. To part asunder (a whole); to sever into two or more parts or pieces; to sunder; to separate into parts. Divide the living child in two. 1 Kings iii. 25. 2. To cause to be separate; to keep apart by a partition, or by an imaginary line or limit; as, a wall divides two houses; a stream divides the towns. Let it divide the waters from the waters. Gen. i. 6. 3. To make partition of among a number; to apportion, as profits of stock among proprietors; to give in shares; to distribute; to mete out; to share. True justice unto people to divide. Spenser. Ye shall divide the land by lot. Num. xxxiii. 54. 4. To disunite in opinion or interest; to make discordant or hostile; to set at variance. If a kingdom be divided against itself, that kingdom can not stand. Mark iii. 24. Every family became now divided within itself. Prescott. 5. To separate into two parts, in order to ascertain the votes for and against a measure; as, to divide a legislative house upon a question. 6. (Math.) Defn: To subject to arithmetical division. 7. (Logic) Defn: To separate into species; -- said of a genus or generic term. 8. (Mech.) Defn: To mark divisions on; to graduate; as, to divide a sextant. 9. (Music) Defn: To play or sing in a florid style, or with variations. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. -- To sever; dissever; sunder; cleave; disjoin; disunite; detach; disconnect; part; distribute; share. DIVIDE Di*vide", v. i. 1. To be separated; to part; to open; to go asunder. Milton. The Indo-Germanic family divides into three groups. J. Peile. 2. To cause separation; to disunite. A gulf, a strait, the sea intervening between islands, divide less than the matted forest. Bancroft. 3. To break friendship; to fall out. Shak. 4. To have a share; to partake. Shak. 5. To vote, as in the British Parliament, by the members separating themselves into two parties (as on opposite sides of the hall or in opposite lobbies), that is, the ayes dividing from the noes. The emperors sat, voted, and divided with their equals. Gibbon. DIVIDE Di*vide", n. Defn: A dividing ridge of land between the tributaries of two streams; a watershed. DIVIDED Di*vid"ed, a. 1. Parted; disunited; distributed. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Cut into distinct parts, by incisions which reach the midrib; - - said of a leaf. DIVIDEDLY Di*vid"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Separately; in a divided manner. DIVIDEND Div"i*dend, n. Etym: [L. dividendum thing to be divided, neut. of the gerundive of dividere: cf. F. dividende.] 1. A sum of money to be divided and distributed; the share of a sum divided that falls to each individual; a distribute sum, share, or percentage; -- applied to the profits as appropriated among shareholders, and to assets as apportioned among creditors; as, the dividend of a bank, a railway corporation, or a bankrupt estate. 2. (Math.) Defn: A number or quantity which is to be divided. DIVIDENT Div"i*dent, n. Defn: Dividend; share. [Obs.] Foxe. DIVIDER Di*vid"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, divides; that which separates anything into parts. 2. One who deals out to each his share. Who made me a judge or a divider over you Luke xii. 14. 3. One who, or that which, causes division. Hate is of all things the mightiest divider. Milton. Money, the great divider of the world. Swift. 4. pl. Defn: An instrument for dividing lines, describing circles, etc., compasses. See Compasses. Note: The word dividers is usually applied to the instrument as made for the use of draughtsmen, etc.; compasses to the coarser instrument used by carpenters. DIVIDING Di*vid"ing, a. Defn: That divides; separating; marking divisions; graduating. Dividing engine, a machine for graduating circles (as for astronomical instruments) or bars (as for scales); also, for spacing off and cutting teeth in wheels. -- Dividing sinker. (Knitting Mach.). See under Sinker. DIVIDINGLY Di*vid"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By division. DIVI-DIVI Di"vi-di"vi, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Bot.) Defn: A small tree of tropical America (Cæsalpinia coriaria), whose legumes contain a large proportion of tannic and gallic acid, and are used by tanners and dyers. DIVIDUAL Di*vid"u*al, a. Etym: [See Dividuous.] Defn: Divided, shared, or participated in, in common with others. [R.] Milton. DIVIDUALLY Di*vid"u*al*ly, adv. Defn: By dividing. [R.] DIVIDUOUS Di*vid"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. dividuus divisible, divided, fr. dividere.] Defn: Divided; dividual. [R.] He so often substantiates distinctions into dividuous, selfsubsistent. Coleridge. DIVINATION Div`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. divinatio, fr. divinare, divinatum, to foresee, foretell, fr. divinus: cf. F. divination. See Divine.] 1. The act of divining; a foreseeing or foretelling of future events; the pretended art discovering secret or future by preternatural means. There shall not be found among you any one that . . . useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter. Deut. xviii. 10. Note: Among the ancient heathen philosophers natural divination was supposed to be effected by a divine afflatus; artificial divination by certain rites, omens, or appearances, as the flight of birds, entrails of animals, etc. 2. An indication of what is future or secret; augury omen; conjectural presage; prediction. Birds which do give a happy divination of things to come. Sir T. North. DIVINATOR Div"i*na`tor, n. Etym: [L. See Divination.] Defn: One who practices or pretends to divination; a diviner. [R.] Burton. DIVINATORY Di*vin"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. divinatoire.] Defn: Professing, or relating to, divination. "A natural divinatory instinct." Cowley. DIVINE Di*vine", a. Etym: [Compar. Diviner (; superl. Divinest.] Etym: [F. divin, L. divinus divine, divinely inspired, fr. divus, dius, belonging to a deity; akin to Gr. deus, God. See Deity.] 1. Of or belonging to God; as, divine perfections; the divine will. "The immensity of the divine nature." Paley. 2. Proceeding from God; as, divine judgments. "Divine protection." Bacon. 3. Appropriated to God, or celebrating his praise; religious; pious; holy; as, divine service; divine songs; divine worship. 4. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, a deity; partaking of the nature of a god or the gods. "The divine Apollo said." Shak. 5. Godlike; heavenly; excellent in the highest degree; supremely admirable; apparently above what is human. In this application, the word admits of comparison; as, the divinest mind. Sir J. Davies. "The divine Desdemona." Shak. A divine sentence is in the lips of the king. Prov. xvi. 10. But not to one in this benighted age Is that diviner inspiration given. Gray. 6. Presageful; foreboding; prescient. [Obs.] Yet oft his heart, divine of something ill, Misgave him. Milton. 7. Relating to divinity or theology. Church history and other divine learning. South. Syn. -- Supernatural; superhuman; godlike; heavenly; celestial; pious; holy; sacred; preëminent. DIVINE Di*vine", n. Etym: [L. divinus a soothsayer, LL., a theologian. See Divine, a.] 1. One skilled in divinity; a theologian. "Poets were the first divines." Denham. 2. A minister of the gospel; a priest; a clergyman. The first divines of New England were surpassed by none in extensive erudition. J. Woodbridge. DIVINE Di*vine", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divined; p. pr. & vb. n. Divining.] Etym: [L. divinare: cf. F. deviner. See Divination.] 1. To foresee or foreknow; to detect; to anticipate; to conjecture. A sagacity which divined the evil designs. Bancroft. 2. To foretell; to predict; to presage. Darest thou . . . divine his downfall Shak. 3. To render divine; to deify. [Obs.] Living on earth like angel new divined. Spenser. Syn. -- To foretell; predict; presage; prophesy; prognosticate; forebode; guess; conjecture; surmise. DIVINE Di*vine", v. i. 1. To use or practice divination; to foretell by divination; to utter prognostications. The prophets thereof divine for money. Micah iii. 11. 2. To have or feel a presage or foreboding. Suggest but truth to my divining thoughts. Shak. 3. To conjecture or guess; as, to divine rightly. DIVINELY Di*vine"ly, adv. 1. In a divine or godlike manner; holily; admirably or excellently in a supreme degree. Most divinely fair. Tennyson. 2. By the agency or influence of God. Divinely set apart . . . to be a preacher of righteousness. Macaulay. DIVINEMENT Di*vine"ment, n. Defn: Divination. [Obs.] DIVINENESS Di*vine"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being divine; superhuman or supreme excellence. Shak. DIVINER Di*vin"er, n. 1. One who professes divination; one who pretends to predict events, or to reveal occult things, by supernatural means. The diviners have seen a lie, and have told false dreams; they comfort in vain. Zech. x. 2. 2. A conjecture; a guesser; one who makes out occult things. Locke. DIVINERESS Di*vin"er*ess, n. Defn: A woman who divines. Dryden. DIVING Div"ing, a. Defn: That dives or is used or diving. Diving beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle of the family Dytiscidæ, which habitually lives under water; - - called also water tiger. -- Diving bell, a hollow inverted vessel, sometimes bell-shaped, in which men may descend and work under water, respiration being sustained by the compressed air at the top, by fresh air pumped in through a tube from above. -- Diving dress. See Submarine armor, under Submarine. -- Diving stone, a kind of jasper. DIVINIFY Di*vin"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. divinus divine + -fy.] Defn: To render divine; to deify. [Obs.] "Blessed and divinified soul." Parth. Sacra (1633). DIVINING Di*vin"ing, a. Defn: That divines; for divining. Divining rod, a rod, commonly of witch hazel, with forked branches, used by those who pretend to discover water or metals under ground. DIVININGLY Di*vin"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a divining manner. DIVINISTRE Div`i*nis"tre, n. Defn: A diviner. [Obs.] " I am no divinistre." Chaucer. DIVINITY Di*vin"i*ty, n.; pl. Divinities. Etym: [F. divinité, L. divinitas. See Divine, a.] 1. The state of being divine; the nature or essence of God; deity; godhead. When he attributes divinity to other things than God, it is only a divinity by way of participation. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. The Deity; the Supreme Being; God. This the divinity that within us. Addison. 3. A pretended deity of pagans; a false god. Beastly divinities, and droves of gods. Prior. 4. A celestial being, inferior to the supreme God, but superior to man. God . . . employing these subservient divinities. Cheyne. 5. Something divine or superhuman; supernatural power or virtue; something which inspires awe. They say there is divinity in odd numbers. Shak. There's such divinity doth hedge a king. Shak. 6. The science of divine things; the science which treats of God, his laws and moral government, and the way of salvation; theology. Divinity is essentially the first of the professions. Coleridge. , casuistry. DIVINITY CALF Di*vin"i*ty calf`. (Bookbinding) Defn: Calf stained dark brown and worked without gilding, often used for theological books. DIVINIZATION Div`i*ni*za"tion, n. Defn: A making divine. M. Arnold. DIVINIZE Div"i*nize, v. t. Defn: To invest with a divine character; to deify. [R.] M. Arnold. Man had divinized all those objects of awe. Milman. DIVISIBILITY Di*vis`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. divisibilité.] Defn: The quality of being divisible; the property of bodies by which their parts are capable of separation. Divisibility . . . is a primary attribute of matter. Sir W. Hamilton. DIVISIBLE Di*vis"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. divisibilis, fr. dividere: cf. F. divisible. See Divide.] Defn: Capable of being divided or separated. Extended substance . . . is divisible into parts. Sir W. Hamilton. Divisible contract (Law), a contract containing agreements one of which can be separated from the other. -- Divisible offense (Law), an offense containing a lesser offense in one of a greater grade, so that on the latter there can be an acquittal, while on the former there can be a conviction. -- Di*vis"i*ble*ness, n. -- Di*vis"i*bly, adv. DIVISIBLE Di*vis"i*ble, n. Defn: A divisible substance. Glanvill. DIVISION Di*vi"sion, n. Etym: [F. division, L. divisio, from dividere. See Divide.] 1. The act or process of diving anything into parts, or the state of being so divided; separation. I was overlooked in the division of the spoil. Gibbon. 2. That which divides or keeps apart; a partition. 3. The portion separated by the divining of a mass or body; a distinct segment or section. Communities and divisions of men. Addison. 4. Disunion; difference in opinion or feeling; discord; variance; alienation. There was a division among the people. John vii. 43. 5. Difference of condition; state of distinction; distinction; contrast. Chaucer. I will put a division between my people and thy people. Ex. viii. 23. 6. Separation of the members of a deliberative body, esp. of the Houses of Parliament, to ascertain the vote. The motion passed without a division. Macaulay. 7. (Math.) Defn: The process of finding how many times one number or quantity is contained in another; the reverse of multiplication; also, the rule by which the operation is performed. 8. (Logic) Defn: The separation of a genus into its constituent species. 9. (Mil.) (a) Two or more brigades under the command of a general officer. (b) Two companies of infantry maneuvering as one subdivision of a battalion. (c) One of the larger districts into which a country is divided for administering military affairs. 10. (Naut.) Defn: One of the groups into which a fleet is divided. 11. (Mus.) Defn: A course of notes so running into each other as to form one series or chain, to be sung in one breath to one syllable. 12. (Rhet.) Defn: The distribution of a discourse into parts; a part so distinguished. 13. (Biol.) Defn: A grade or rank in classification; a portion of a tribe or of a class; or, in some recent authorities, equivalent to a subkingdom. Cell division (Biol.), a method of cell increase, in which new cells are formed by the division of the parent cell. In this process, the cell nucleus undergoes peculiar differentiations and changes, as shown in the figure (see also Karyokinesis). At the same time the protoplasm of the cell becomes gradually constricted by a furrow transverse to the long axis of the nuclear spindle, followed, on the completion of the division of the nucleus, by a separation of the cell contents into two masses, called the daughter cells. -- Long division (Math.), the process of division when the operations are mostly written down. -- Short division (Math.), the process of division when the operations are mentally performed and only the results written down; -- used principally when the divisor is not greater than ten or twelve. Syn. -- compartment; section; share; allotment; distribution; separation; partition; disjunction; disconnection; difference; variance; discord; disunion. DIVISIONAL Di*vi"sion*al, a. Defn: That divides; pas, a divisional line; a divisional general; a divisional surgeon of police. Divisional planes (Geol.), planes of separation between rock masses. They include joints. DIVISIONALLY Di*vi"sion*al*ly, adv. Defn: So as to be divisional. DIVISIONARY Di*vi"sion*a*ry, a. Defn: Divisional. DIVISIONOR Di*vi"sion*or, n. Defn: One who divides or makes division. [Obs.] Sheldon. DIVISIVE Di*vi"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. divisif.] 1. Indicating division or distribution. Mede. 2. Creating, or tending to create, division, separation, or difference. It [culture] is after all a dainty and divisive quality, and can not reach to the depths of humanity. J. C. Shairp. -- Di*vi"sive*ly, adv. -- Di*vi"sive*ness, n. Carlyle. DIVISOR Di*vi"sor, n. Etym: [L., fr. dividere. See Divide.] (Math.) Defn: The number by which the dividend is divided. Common divisor. (Math.) See under Common, a. DIVORCE Di*vorce", n. Etym: [F. divorce, L. divortium, fr. divortere, divertere, to turn different ways, to separate. See Divert.] 1. (Law) (a) A legal dissolution of the marriage contract by a court or other body having competent authority. This is properly a divorce, and called, technically, divorce a vinculo matrimonii. "from the bond of matrimony." (b) The separation of a married woman from the bed and board of her husband -- divorce a mensa et toro (or thoro), "from bed board." 2. The decree or writing by which marriage is dissolved. 3. Separation; disunion of things closely united. To make divorce of their incorporate league. Shak. 4. That which separates. [Obs.] Shak. Bill of divorce. See under Bill. DIVORCE Di*vorce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divorced; p. pr. & vb. n. Divorcing.] Etym: [Cf. F. divorcer. See Divorce, n.] 1. To dissolve the marriage contract of, either wholly or partially; to separate by divorce. 2. To separate or disunite; to sunder. It [a word] was divorced from its old sense. Earle. 3. To make away; to put away. Nothing but death Shall e'er divorce my dignities. Shak. DIVORCEABLE Di*vorce"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being divorced. DIVORCEE Di*vor`cee", n. Defn: A person divorced. DIVORCELESS Di*vorce"less, a. Defn: Incapable of being divorced or separated; free from divorce. DIVORCEMENT Di*vorce"ment, n. Defn: Dissolution of the marriage tie; divorce; separation. Let him write her a divorcement. Deut. xxiv. 1. The divorcement of our written from our spoken language. R. Morris. DIVORCER Di*vor"cer, n. Defn: The person or cause that produces or effects a divorce. Drummond. DIVORCIBLE Di*vor"ci*ble, a. Defn: Divorceable. Milton. DIVORCIVE Di*vor"cive, a. Defn: Having power to divorce; tending to divorce. "This divorcive law." Milton. DIVOT Div"ot, n. Defn: A thin, oblong turf used for covering cottages, and also for fuel. [Scot.] Simmonds. DIVULGATE Di*vul"gate, a. Etym: [L. divulgatus, p. p. of divulgare. See Divulge.] Defn: Published. [Obs.] Bale. DIVULGATE Di*vul"gate, v. t. Defn: To divulge. [Obs.] Foxe. DIVULGATER Div"ul*ga`ter, n. Defn: A divulger. [R.] DIVULGATION Div`ul*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. divulgatio: cf. F. divulgation.] Defn: The act of divulging or publishing. [R.] Secrecy hath no use than divulgation. Bp. Hall. DIVULGE Di*vulge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Divulged; p. pr. & vb. n. Divulging.] Etym: [F. divulguer, L. divulgare; di- = dis- + vulgare to spread among the people, from vulgus the common people. See Vulgar.] 1. To make public; to several or communicate to the public; to tell (a secret) so that it may become generally known; to disclose; -- said of that which had been confided as a secret, or had been before unknown; as, to divulge a secret. Divulge not such a love as mine. Cowper. 2. To indicate publicly; to proclaim. [R.] God . . . marks The just man, and divulges him through heaven. Milton. 3. To impart; to communicate. Which would not be To them [animals] made common and divulged. Milton. Syn. -- To publish; disclose; discover; uncover; reveal; communicate; impart; tell. DIVULGE Di*vulge", v. i. Defn: To become publicly known. [R.] "To keep it from divulging." Shak. DIVULSIVE Di*vul"sive, a. Defn: Tending to pull asunder, tear, or rend; distracting. DIXIE Dix"ie, n. Defn: A colloquial name for the Southern portion of the United States, esp. during the Civil War. [U.S.] DIZEN Diz"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dizened; p. pr. & vb. n. Dizening.] Etym: [Perh. orig., to dress in a foolish manner, and allied to dizzy: but cf. also OE. dysyn (Palsgrave) to put tow or flax on a distaff, i. e., to dress it. Cf. Distaff.] 1. To dress; to attire. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. To dress gaudily; to overdress; to bedizen; to deck out. Like a tragedy queen, he has dizened her out. Goldsmith. To-morrow when the masks shall fall That dizen Nature's carnival. Emerson. DIZZ Dizz, v. t. Etym: [See Dizzy.] Defn: To make dizzy; to astonish; to puzzle. [Obs.] Gayton. DIZZARD Diz"zard, n. Etym: [See Dizzy, and cf. Disard.] Defn: A blockhead. [Obs.] [Written also dizard, and disard.] -- Diz"zard*ly, adv. [Obs.] DIZZILY Diz"zi*ly, adv. Defn: In a dizzy manner or state. DIZZINESS Diz"zi*ness, n. Etym: [AS. dysigness folly. See Dizzy.] Defn: Giddiness; a whirling sensation in the head; vertigo. DIZZY Diz"zy, a. [Compar. Dizzier; superl. Dizziest.] Etym: [OE. dusi, disi, desi, foolish, AS. dysig; akin to LG. düsig dizzy, OD. deuzig, duyzig, OHG. tusig foolish, OFries. dusia to be dizzy; LG. dusel dizziness, duselig, dusselig, D. duizelig, dizzy, Dan. dösig drowsy, slepy, döse to make dull, drowsy, dös dullness, drowsiness, and to AS. dw foolish, G. thor fool. Daze, Doze.] 1. Having in the head a sensation of whirling, with a tendency to fall; vertiginous; giddy; hence, confused; indistinct. Alas! his brain was dizzy. Drayton. 2. Causing, or tending to cause, giddiness or vertigo. To climb from the brink of Fleet Ditch by a dizzy ladder. Macaulay. 3. Without distinct thought; unreflecting; thoughtless; heedless. "The dizzy multitude." Milton. DIZZY Diz"zy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dizzied; p. pr. & vb. n. Dizzying.] Defn: To make dizzy or giddy; to give the vertigo to; to confuse. If the jangling of thy bells had not dizzied thy understanding. Sir W. Scott. DJEREED; DJERRID Djer*eed" or Djer*rid" (, n. Etym: [F. djerid, fr. Ar. See Jereed.] (a) A blunt javelin used in military games in Moslem countries. (b) A game played with it. [Written also jereed, jerrid, etc.] DJINNEE Djin"nee, n.; pl. Jjinn ( or Djinns (. Defn: See Jinnee, Jinn. DO. Do. (, n. Defn: An abbreviation of Ditto. DO Do, n. (Mus.) Defn: A syllable attached to the first tone of the major diatonic scale for the purpose of solmization, or solfeggio. It is the first of the seven syllables used by the Italians as manes of musical tones, and replaced, for the sake of euphony, the syllable Ut, applied to the note C. In England and America the same syllables are used by mane as a scale pattern, while the tones in respect to absolute pitch are named from the first seven letters of the alphabet. DO Do, v. t. or auxiliary. [imp. Din; p. p. Done; p. pr. & vb. n. Doing. This verb, when transitive, is formed in the indicative, present tense, thus: I do, thou doest (dost , he does (doeth (doth (dost. As an independent verb, dost is obsolete or rare, except in poetry. "What dost thou in this world" Milton. The form doeth is a verb unlimited, doth, formerly so used, now being the auxiliary form. The second pers, sing., imperfect tense, is didst (didest ( Etym: [AS. d; akin to D. doen, OS. duan, OHG. tuon, G. thun, Lith. deti, OSlav. d, OIr. dénim I do, Gr. dha, and to E. suffix -dom, and prob. to L. facere to do, E. fact, and perh. to L. -dere in some compounfds, as addere to add, credere to trust. Deed, Deem, Doom, Fact, Creed, Theme.] 1. To place; to put. [Obs.] Tale of a Usurer (about 1330). 2. To cause; to make; -- with an infinitive. [Obs.] My lord Abbot of Westminster did do shewe to me late certain evidences. W. Caxton. I shall . . . your cloister do make. Piers Plowman. A fatal plague which many did to die. Spenser. We do you to wit [i. e., We make you to know] of the grace of God bestowed on the churches of Macedonia. 2 Cor. viii. 1. Note: We have lost the idiom shown by the citations (do used like the French faire or laisser), in which the verb in the infinitive apparently, but not really, has a passive signification, i. e., cause . . . to be made. 3. To bring about; to produce, as an effect or result; to effect; to achieve. The neglecting it may do much danger. Shak. He waved indifferently' twixt doing them neither good not harm. Shak. 4. To perform, as an action; to execute; to transact to carry out in action; as, to do a good or a bad act; do our duty; to do what I can. Six days shalt thou labor and do all thy work. Ex. xx. 9. We did not do these things. Ld. Lytton. You can not do wrong without suffering wrong. Emerson. Hence: To do homage, honor, favor, justice, etc., to render homage, honor, etc. 5. To bring to an end by action; to perform completely; to finish; to accomplish; -- a sense conveyed by the construction, which is that of the past participle done. "Ere summer half be done." "I have done weeping." Shak. 6. To make ready for an object, purpose, or use, as food by cooking; to cook completely or sufficiently; as, the meat is done on one side only. 7. To put or bring into a form, state, or condition, especially in the phrases, to do death, to put to death; to slay; to do away (often do away with), to put away; to remove; to do on, to put on; to don; to do off, to take off, as dress; to doff; to do into, to put into the form of; to translate or transform into, as a text. Done to death by slanderous tongues. Shak. The ground of the difficulty is done away. Paley. Suspicions regarding his loyalty were entirely done away. Thackeray. To do on our own harness, that we may not; but we must do on the armor of God. Latimer. Then Jason rose and did on him a fair Blue woolen tunic. W. Morris (Jason). Though the former legal pollution be now done off, yet there is a spiritual contagion in idolatry as much to be shunned. Milton. It ["Pilgrim's Progress"] has been done into verse: it has been done into modern English. Macaulay. 8. To cheat; to gull; to overreach. [Colloq.] He was not be done, at his time of life, by frivolous offers of a compromise that might have secured him seventy-five per cent. De Quincey. 9. To see or inspect; to explore; as, to do all the points of interest. [Colloq.] 10. (Stock Exchange) Defn: To cash or to advance money for, as a bill or note. Note: (a) Do and did are much employed as auxiliaries, the verb to which they are joined being an infinitive. As an auxiliary the verb do has no participle. "I do set my bow in the cloud." Gen. ix. 13. [Now archaic or rare except for emphatic assertion.] Rarely . . . did the wrongs of individuals to the knowledge of the public. Macaulay. (b) They are often used in emphatic construction. "You don't say so, Mr. Jobson. -- but I do say so." Sir W. Scott. "I did love him, but scorn him now." Latham. (c) In negative and interrogative constructions, do and did are in common use. I do not wish to see them; what do you think Did Cæsar cross the Tiber He did not. "Do you love me" Shak. (d) Do, as an auxiliary, is supposed to have been first used before imperatives. It expresses entreaty or earnest request; as, do help me. In the imperative mood, but not in the indicative, it may be used with the verb to be; as, do be quiet. Do, did, and done often stand as a general substitute or representative verb, and thus save the repetition of the principal verb. "To live and die is all we have to do." Denham. In the case of do and did as auxiliaries, the sense may be completed by the infinitive (without to) of the verb represented. "When beauty lived and died as flowers do now." Shak. "I . . . chose my wife as she did her wedding gown." Goldsmith. My brightest hopes giving dark fears a being. As the light does the shadow. Longfellow. In unemphatic affirmative sentences do is, for the most part, archaic or poetical; as, "This just reproach their virtue does excite." Dryden. To do one's best, To do one's diligence (and the like), to exert one's self; to put forth one's best or most or most diligent efforts. "We will . . . do our best to gain their assent." Jowett (Thucyd.). -- To do one's business, to ruin one. [Colloq.] Wycherley. -- To do one shame, to cause one shame. [Obs.] -- To do over. (a) To make over; to perform a second time. (b) To cover; to spread; to smear. "Boats . . . sewed together and done over with a kind of slimy stuff like rosin." De Foe. -- To do to death, to put to death. (See 7.) [Obs.] -- To do up. (a) To put up; to raise. [Obs.] Chaucer. (b) To pack together and envelop; to pack up. (c) To accomplish thoroughly. [Colloq.] (d) To starch and iron. "A rich gown of velvet, and a ruff done up with the famous yellow starch." Hawthorne. -- To do way, to put away; to lay aside. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To do with, to dispose of; to make use of; to employ; -- usually preceded by what. "Men are many times brought to that extremity, that were it not for God they would not know what to do with themselves." Tillotson. -- To have to do with, to have concern, business or intercourse with; to deal with. When preceded by what, the notion is usually implied that the affair does not concern the person denoted by the subject of have. "Philology has to do with language in its fullest sense." Earle. "What have I to do with you, ye sons of Zeruiah 2 Sam. xvi. 10. DO Do, v. i. 1. To act or behave in any manner; to conduct one's self. They fear not the Lord, neither do they after . . . the law and commandment. 2 Kings xvii. 34. 2. To fare; to be, as regards health; as, they asked him how he did; how do you do to-day 3. Etym: [Perh. a different word. OE. dugen, dowen, to avail, be of use, AS. dugan. See Doughty.] Defn: To succeed; to avail; to answer the purpose; to serve; as, if no better plan can be found, he will make this do. You would do well to prefer a bill against all kings and parliaments since the Conquest; and if that won't do; challenge the crown. Collier. To do by. See under By. -- To do for. (a) To answer for; to serve as; to suit. (b) To put an end to; to ruin; to baffle completely; as, a goblet is done for when it is broken. [Colloq.] Some folks are happy and easy in mind when their victim is stabbed and done for. Thackeray. -- To do withal, to help or prevent it. [Obs.] "I could not do withal." Shak. -- To do without, to get along without; to dispense with. -- To have done, to have made an end or conclusion; to have finished; to be quit; to desist. -- To have done with, to have completed; to be through with; to have no further concern with. -- Well to do, in easy circumstances. DO Do, n. 1. Deed; act; fear. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott. 2. Ado; bustle; stir; to do. [R.] A great deal of do, and a great deal of trouble. Selden. 3. A cheat; a swindle. [Slang, Eng.] DOAB Do"ab, Etym: [Pers. & Hind. doab, prop., two waters.] Defn: A tongue or tract of land included between two rivers; as, the doab between the Ganges and the Jumna. [India] Am. Cyc. DOABLE Do"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being done. Carlyle. DO-ALL Do"-all`, n. Defn: General manager; factotum. Under him, Dunstan was the do-all at court, being the king's treasurer, councilor, chancellor, confessor, all things. Fuller. DOAND Do"and, p. pr. Defn: Doing. [Obs.] Rom. of R. DOAT Doat, v. i. Defn: See Dote. DOBBER Dob"ber, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Dabchick. 2. A float to a fishing line. [Local, U. S.] DOBBIN Dob"bin, n. 1. An old jaded horse. Shak. 2. Sea gravel mixed with sand. [Prov. Eng.] DOBBY Dob"by, n. (Weaving) Defn: An apparatus resembling a Jacquard for weaving small figures (usually about 12 - 16 threads, seldom more than 36 - 40 threads). DOBCHICK Dob"chick`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Dabchick. DOBELL'S SOLUTION Do*bell's" so*lu"tion. (Med.) Defn: An aqueous solution of carbolic acid, borax, sodium bicarbonate, and glycerin, used as a spray in diseases of the nose and throat. DOBSON Dob"son, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The aquatic larva of a large neuropterous insect (Corydalus cornutus), used as bait in angling. See Hellgamite. DOBULE Dob"ule, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European dace. DOCENT Do"cent, a. Etym: [L. docens, -entis, p. pr. of docere to teach.] Defn: Serving to instruct; teaching. [Obs.] DOCETAE Do*ce"tæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: Ancient heretics who held that Christ's body was merely a phantom or appearance. DOCETIC Do*cet"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, held by, or like, the Docetæ. "Docetic Gnosticism." Plumptre. DOCETISM Doc"e*tism, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The doctrine of the Docetæ. DOCHMIAC Doch"mi*ac, a. (Pros.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, the dochmius. DOCHMIUS Doch"mi*us, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Pros.) Defn: A foot of five syllables (usually DOCIBILITY; DOCIBLENESS Doc`i*bil"i*ty, Doc"i*ble*ness, n. Etym: [L. docibilitas.] Defn: Aptness for being taught; teachableness; docility. To persons of docibility, the real character may be easily taught in a few days. Boyle. The docibleness of dogs in general. Walton. DOCIBLE Doc"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. docibilis, fr. docere to teach.] Defn: Easily taught or managed; teachable. Milton. DOCILE Doc"ile, a. Etym: [L. docilis,fr. docere to teach; cf. Gr. discere to learn, Gr. docile. Cf. Doctor, Didactic, Disciple.] 1. Teachable; easy to teach; docible. [Obs.] 2. Disposed to be taught; tractable; easily managed; as, a docile child. The elephant is at once docible and docile. C. J. Smith. DOCILITY Do*cil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. docilitas, fr. docilis: cf. F. docilité.] 1. teachableness; aptness for being taught; docibleness. [Obs. or R.] 2. Willingness to be taught; tractableness. The humble docility of little children is, in the New Testament, represented as a necessary preparative to the reception of the Christian faith. Beattie. DOCIMACY Doc"i*ma*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. docimasie.] Defn: The art or practice of applying tests to ascertain the nature, quality, etc., of objects, as of metals or ores, of medicines, or of facts pertaining to physiology. DOCIMASTIC Doc`i*mas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. docimastique.] Defn: Proving by experiments or tests. Docimastic art, metallurgy, or the art of assaying metals; the art of separating metals from foreign matters, and determining the nature and quantity of metallic substances contained in any ore or mineral. DOCIMOLOGY Doc`i*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: A treatise on the art of testing, as in assaying metals, etc. DOCITY Doc"i*ty, n. Defn: Teachableness. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U. S.] DOCK Dock, n. Etym: [AS. docce; of uncertain origin; cf. G. docken- blätter, Gael. dogha burdock, OF. doque; perh. akin to L. daucus, daucum, Gr. Burdock.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants (Rumex), some species of which are well-known weeds which have a long taproot and are difficult of extermination. Note: Yellow dock is Rumex crispus, with smooth curly leaves and yellow root, which that of other species is used medicinally as an astringent and tonic. DOCK Dock, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. dockr a short tail, Fries. dok a little bundle or bunch, G. docke bundle, skein, a short and thick column.] 1. The solid part of an animal's tail, as distinguished from the hair; the stump of a tail; the part of a tail left after clipping or cutting. Grew. 2. A case of leather to cover the clipped or cut tail of a horse. DOCK Dock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Docked; p. pr. & vb. n. Docking.] Etym: [See Dock a tail. Cf. W. tociaw, and twciaw, to dock, clip.] 1. to cut off, as the end of a thing; to curtail; to cut short; to clip; as, to dock the tail of a horse. His top was docked like a priest biforn. Chaucer. 2. To cut off a part from; to shorten; to deduct from; to subject to a deduction; as, to dock one's wages. 3. To cut off, bar, or destroy; as, to dock an entail. DOCK Dock, n. Etym: [Akin to D. dok; of uncertain origin; cf. LL. doga ditch, L. doga ditch, L. doga sort of vessel, Gr. 1. An artificial basin or an inclosure in connection with a harbor or river, -- used for the reception of vessels, and provided with gates for keeping in or shutting out the tide. 2. The slip or water way extending between two piers or projecting wharves, for the reception of ships; -- sometimes including the piers themselves; as, to be down on the dock. 3. The place in court where a criminal or accused person stands. Balance dock, a kind of floating dock which is kept level by pumping water out of, or letting it into, the compartments of side chambers. -- Dry dock, a dock from which the water may be shut or pumped out, especially, one in the form of a chamber having walls and floor, often of masonry and communicating with deep water, but having appliances for excluding it; -- used in constructing or repairing ships. The name includes structures used for the examination, repairing, or building of vessels, as graving docks, floating docks, hydraulic docks, etc. -- Floating dock, a dock which is made to become buoyant, and, by floating, to lift a vessel out of water. -- Graving dock, a dock for holding a ship for graving or cleaning the bottom, etc. -- Hydraulic dock, a dock in which a vessel is raised clear of the water by hydraulic presses. -- Naval dock, a dock connected with which are naval stores, materials, and all conveniences for the construction and repair of ships. -- Sectional dock, a form of floating dock made in separate sections or caissons. -- Slip dock, a dock having a sloping floor that extends from deep water to above high-water mark, and upon which is a railway on which runs a cradle carrying the ship. -- Wet dock, a dock where the water is shut in, and kept at a given level, to facilitate the loading and unloading of ships; -- also sometimes used as a place of safety; a basin. DOCK Dock, v. t. Defn: To draw, law, or place (a ship) in a dock, for repairing, cleaning the bottom, etc. DOCKAGE Dock"age, n. Defn: A charge for the use of a dock. DOCK-CRESS Dock"-cress`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Nipplewort. DOCKET Dock"et, n. Etym: [Dock to cut off + dim. suffix -et.] 1. A small piece of paper or parchment, containing the heads of a writing; a summary or digest. 2. A bill tied to goods, containing some direction, as the name of the owner, or the place to which they are to be sent; a label. Bailey. 3. (Law) (a) An abridged entry of a judgment or proceeding in an action, or register or such entries; a book of original, kept by clerks of courts, containing a formal list of the names of parties, and minutes of the proceedings, in each case in court. (b) (U. S.) A list or calendar of causes ready for hearing or trial, prepared for the use of courts by the clerks. 4. A list or calendar of business matters to be acted on in any assembly. On the docket, in hand; in the plan; under consideration; in process of execution or performance. [Colloq.] DOCKET Dock"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Docketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Docketing.] 1. To make a brief abstract of (a writing) and indorse it on the back of the paper, or to indorse the title or contents on the back of; to summarize; as, to docket letters and papers. Chesterfield. 2. (Law) (a) To make a brief abstract of and inscribe in a book; as, judgments regularly docketed. (b) To enter or inscribe in a docket, or list of causes for trial. 3. To mark with a ticket; as, to docket goods. DOCKYARD Dock"yard`, n. Defn: A yard or storage place for all sorts of naval stores and timber for shipbuilding. DOCOGLOSSA Doc`o*glos"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of gastropods, including the true limpets, and having the teeth on the odontophore or lingual ribbon. DOCQUET Doc"quet, n. & v. Defn: See Docket. DOCTOR Doc"tor, n. Etym: [OF. doctur, L. doctor, teacher, fr. docere to teach. See Docile.] 1. A teacher; one skilled in a profession, or branch of knowledge learned man. [Obs.] One of the doctors of Italy, Nicholas Macciavel. Bacon. 2. An academical title, originally meaning a men so well versed in his department as to be qualified to teach it. Hence: One who has taken the highest degree conferred by a university or college, or has received a diploma of the highest degree; as, a doctor of divinity, of law, of medicine, of music, or of philosophy. Such diplomas may confer an honorary title only. 3. One duly licensed to practice medicine; a member of the medical profession; a physician. By medicine life may be prolonged, yet death Will seize the doctor too. Shak. 4. Any mechanical contrivance intended to remedy a difficulty or serve some purpose in an exigency; as, the doctor of a calico- printing machine, which is a knife to remove superfluous coloring matter; the doctor, or auxiliary engine, called also donkey engine. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The friar skate. [Prov. Eng.] Doctors' Commons. See under Commons. -- Doctor's stuff, physic, medicine. G. Eliot. -- Doctor fish (Zoöl.), any fish of the genus Acanthurus; the surgeon fish; -- so called from a sharp lancetlike spine on each side of the tail. Also called barber fish. See Surgeon fish. DOCTOR Doc"tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doctored; p. pr. & vb. n. Doctoring.] 1. To treat as a physician does; to apply remedies to; to repair; as, to doctor a sick man or a broken cart. [Colloq.] 2. To confer a doctorate upon; to make a doctor. 3. To tamper with and arrange for one's own purposes; to falsify; to adulterate; as, to doctor election returns; to doctor whisky. [Slang] DOCTOR Doc"tor, v. i. Defn: To practice physic. [Colloq.] DOCTORAL Doc"tor*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. doctoral.] Defn: Of or relating to a doctor, or to the degree of doctor. Doctoral habit and square cap. Wood. DOCTORALLY Doc"tor*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a doctor.[R.] DOCTORATE Doc"tor*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. doctorat.] Defn: The degree, title, or rank, of a doctor. DOCTORATE Doc"tor*ate, v. t. Defn: To make (one) a doctor. He was bred . . . in Oxford and there doctorated. Fuller. DOCTORESS Doc"tor*ess, n. Defn: A female doctor.[R.] DOCTORLY Doc"tor*ly, a. Defn: Like a doctor or learned man. [Obs.] "Doctorly prelates." Foxe. DOCTORSHIP Doc"tor*ship, n. Defn: Doctorate. [R.] Clarendon. DOCTRESS Doc"tress, n. Defn: A female doctor. [R.] DOCTRINABLE Doc"tri*na*ble, a. Defn: Of the nature of, or constituting, doctrine. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. DOCTRINAIRE Doc`tri*naire", n. Etym: [F. See Doctrine.] Defn: One who would apply to political or other practical concerns the abstract doctrines or the theories of his own philosophical system; a propounder of a new set of opinions; a dogmatic theorist. Used also adjectively; as, doctrinaire notions. Note: In french history, the Doctrinaires were a constitutionalist party which originated after the restoration of the Bourbons, and represented the interests of liberalism and progress. After the Revolution of July, 1830, when they came into power, they assumed a conservative position in antagonism with the republicans and radicals. Am. Cyc. DOCTRINAL Doc"tri*nal, a. Etym: [LL. doctrinalis, fr. L. doctrina: cf. F. doctrinal. See Doctrine.] 1. Pertaining to, or containing, doctrine or something taught and to be believed; as, a doctrinal observation. "Doctrinal clauses." Macaulay. 2. Pertaining to, or having to do with, teaching. The word of God serveth no otherwise than in the nature of a doctrinal instrument. Hooker. DOCTRINAL Doc"tri*nal, n. Defn: A matter of doctrine; also, a system of doctrines. T. Goodwin. Sir T. Elyot. DOCTRINALLY Doc"tri*nal*ly, adv. Defn: In a doctrinal manner or for; by way of teaching or positive direction. DOCTRINARIAN Doc"tri*na"ri*an, n. Defn: A doctrinaire. J. H. Newman. DOCTRINARIANISM Doc`tri*na"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: The principles or practices of the Doctrinaires. DOCTRINE Doc"trine, n. Etym: [F. doctrine, L. doctrina, fr. doctor. See Doctor.] 1. Teaching; instruction. He taught them many things by parables, and said unto them in his doctrine, Hearken. Mark iv. 2. 2. That which is taught; what is held, put forth as true, and supported by a teacher, a school, or a sect; a principle or position, or the body of principles, in any branch of knowledge; any tenet or dogma; a principle of faith; as, the doctrine of atoms; the doctrine of chances. "The doctrine of gravitation." I. Watts. Articles of faith and doctrine. Hooker. The Monroe doctrine (Politics), a policy enunciated by President Monroe (Message, Dec. 2, 1823), the essential feature of which is that the United States will regard as an unfriendly act any attempt on the part of European powers to extend their systems on this continent, or any interference to oppress, or in any manner control the destiny of, governments whose independence had been acknowledged by the United States. Syn. -- Precept; tenet; principle; maxim; dogma. -- Doctrine, Precept. Doctrine denotes whatever is recommended as a speculative truth to the belief of others. Precept is a rule down to be obeyed. Doctrine supposes a teacher; precept supposes a superior, with a right to command. The doctrines of the Bible; the precepts of our holy religion. Unpracticed he to fawn or seek for power By doctrines fashioned to the varying hour. Goldsmith. DOCUMENT Doc"u*ment, n. Etym: [LL. documentum, fr. docere to teach: cf. F. document. See Docile.] 1. That which is taught or authoritatively set forth; precept; instruction; dogma. [Obs.] Learners should not be too much crowded with a heap or multitude of documents or ideas at one time. I. Watts. 2. An example for instruction or warning. [Obs.] They were forth with stoned to death, as a document to others. Sir W. Raleigh. 3. An original or official paper relied upon as the basis, proof, or support of anything else; -- in its most extended sense, including any writing, book, or other instrument conveying information in the case; any material substance on which the thoughts of men are represented by any species of conventional mark or symbol. Saint Luke . . . collected them from such documents and testimonies as he . . . judged to be authentic. Paley. DOCUMENT Doc"u*ment, v. t. 1. To teach; to school. [Obs.] I am finely documented by my own daughter. Dryden. 2. To furnish with documents or papers necessary to establish facts or give information; as, a a ship should be documented according to the directions of law. DOCUMENTAL Doc`u*men"tal, a. 1. Of or pertaining to instruction. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. Of or pertaining to written evidence; documentary; as, documental testimony. DOCUMENTARY Doc`u*men"ta*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to written evidence; contained or certified in writing. "Documentary evidence." Macaulay. DODD; DOD Dodd, Dod, v. t. Etym: [OE. dodden.] Defn: To cut off, as wool from sheep's tails; to lop or clip off. Halliwell. DODDART Dod"dart, n. Defn: A game much like hockey, played in an open field; also, the, bent stick for playing the game. [Local, Eng.] Halliwell. DODDED Dod"ded, a. Etym: [See Dodd.] Defn: Without horns; as, dodded cattle; without beards; as, dodded corn. Halliwell. DODDER Dod"der, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. dodder, Sw. dodra, G. dotter.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Cuscuta. It is a leafless parasitical vine with yellowish threadlike stems. It attaches itself to some other plant, as to flax, goldenrod, etc., and decaying at the root. is nourished by the plant that supports it. DODDER Dod"der, v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. AS. dyderian to deceive, delude, and E. didder, dudder.] Defn: To shake, tremble, or totter. "The doddering mast." Thomson. DODDERED Dod"dered, a. Defn: Shattered; infirm. "A laurel grew, doddered with age." Dryden. DODECAGON Do*dec"a*gon, n. Etym: [Gr. dodécagone.] (Geom.) Defn: A figure or polygon bounded by twelve sides and containing twelve angles. DODECAGYNIA Do*dec`a*gyn"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan order of plants having twelve styles. DODECAGYNIAN; DODECAGYNOUS Do*dec`a*gyn"i*an, Do`de*cag"y*nous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Dodecagynia; having twelve styles. DODECAHEDRAL Do*dec`a*he"dral, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or like, a dodecahedion; consisting of twelve equal sides. Dodecahedral cleavage. See under Cleavage. DODECAHEDRON Do*dec`a*he"dron, n. Etym: [Gr. dodécaèdre.] (Geom. & Crystallog.) Defn: A solid having twelve faces. Note: The regular dodecahedron is bounded by twelve equal and regular pentagons; the pyritohedron (see Pyritohedron) is related to it; the rhombic dodecahedron is bounded by twelve equal rhombic faces. DODECANDRIA Do`de*can"dri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants including all that have any number of stamens between twelve and nineteen. DODECANDRIAN; DODECANDROUS Do`de*can"dri*an, Do`de*can"drous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Dodecandria; having twelve stamens, or from twelve to nineteen. DODECANE Do"de*cane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a group of thick oily hydrocarbons, C12H26, of the paraffin series. DODECASTYLE Do*dec"a*style, a. Etym: [Gr. dodécastyle.] (Arch.) Defn: Having twelve columns in front. -- n. Defn: A dodecastyle portico, or building. DODECASYLLABIC Do*dec`a*syl*lab"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. syllabic.] Defn: Having twelve syllables. DODECASYLLABLE Do*dec"a*syl`la*ble, n. Defn: A word consisting of twelve syllables. DODECATEMORY Do*dec`a*tem"o*ry, n. Etym: [Gr. dodécatémorie.] (Astron.) Defn: A tern applied to the twelve houses, or parts, of the zodiac of the primum mobile, to distinguish them from the twelve signs; also, any one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. DODGE Dodge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dodged; p. pr. & vb. n. Dodging.] Etym: [Of uncertain origin: cf. dodder, v., daddle, dade, or dog, v. t.] 1. To start suddenly aside, as to avoid a blow or a missile; to shift place by a sudden start. Milton. 2. To evade a duty by low craft; to practice mean shifts; to use tricky devices; to play fast and loose; to quibble. Some dodging casuist with more craft than sincerity. Milton. DODGE Dodge, v. t. 1. To evade by a sudden shift of place; to escape by starting aside; as, to dodge a blow aimed or a ball thrown. 2. Fig.: To evade by craft; as, to dodge a question; to dodge responsibility. [Colloq.] S. G. Goodrich. 3. To follow by dodging, or suddenly shifting from place to place. Coleridge. DODGE Dodge, n. Defn: The act of evading by some skillful movement; a sudden starting aside; hence, an artful device to evade, deceive, or cheat; a cunning trick; an artifice. [Colloq.] Some, who have a taste for good living, have many harmless arts, by which they improve their banquet, and innocent dodges, if we may be permitted to use an excellent phrase that has become vernacular since the appearance of the last dictionaries. Thackeray. DODGER Dodg"er, n. 1. One who dodges or evades; one who plays fast and loose, or uses tricky devices. Smart. 2. A small handbill. [U. S.] 3. See Corndodger. DODGERY Dodg"er*y, n. Defn: trickery; artifice. [Obs.] Hacket. DODIPATE; DODIPOLL Dod"i*pate, Dod"i*poll, n. Etym: [Perh. fr. OE. dodden to cut off, to shear, and first applied to shaven-polled priests.] Defn: A stupid person; a fool; a blockhead. Some will say, our curate is naught, an ass-head, a dodipoll. Latimer. DODKIN Dod"kin, n. Etym: [D. duitken, dim. of duit. See Doit, and cf. Doitkin.] Defn: A doit; a small coin. Shelton. DODMAN Dod"man, n. 1. A snail; also, a snail shell; a hodmandod. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Nares. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any shellfish which casts its shell, as a lobster. [Prov. Eng.] DODO Do"do, n.; pl. Dodoes. Etym: [Said to be fr. Pg. doudo silly, foolish (cf. Booby); this is fr. Prov. E. dold, the same word as E. dolt.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, extinct bird (Didus ineptus), formerly inhabiting the Island of Mauritius. It had short, half-fledged wings, like those of the ostrich, and a short neck and legs; -- called also dronte. It was related to the pigeons. DOE Doe, n. Etym: [AS. da; cf. Dan. daa, daa-dyr, deer, and perh. L. dama. (Zoöl.) Defn: A female deer or antelope; specifically, the female of the fallow deer, of which the male is called a buck. Also applied to the female of other animals, as the rabbit. See the Note under Buck. DOE Doe, n. Defn: A feat. [Obs.] See Do, n. Hudibras. DOEGLIC Doeg"lic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, the doegling; as, doeglic acid (Chem.), an oily substance resembling oleic acid. DOEGLING Doeg"ling, n. Etym: [Native name in Faroe Islands.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The beaked whale (Balænoptera rostrata), from which doegling oil is obtained. DOE, JOHN Doe, John. (Law) Defn: The fictitious lessee acting as plaintiff in the common-law action of ejectment, the fictitious defendant being usually denominated Richard Roe. Hence, a fictitious name for a party, real or fictitious, to any action or proceeding. DOER Do"er, m. Etym: [From Do, v. t. & i.] 1. One who does; one performs or executes; one who is wont and ready to act; an actor; an agent. The doers of the law shall be justified. Rom. ii. 13. 2. (Scots Law) Defn: An agent or attorney; a factor. Burrill. DOES Does. Defn: The 3d pers. sing. pres. of Do. DOESKIN Doe"skin`, n. 1. The skin of the doe. 2. A firm woolen cloth with a smooth, soft surface like a doe's skin; -- made for men's wear. DOFF Doff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Doffing.] Etym: [Do + off. See Do, v. t., 7.] 1. To put off, as dress; to divest one's self of; hence, figuratively, to put or thrust away; to rid one's self of. And made us doff our easy robes of peace. Shak. At night, or in the rain, He dons a surcoat which he doffs at morn. Emerson. 2. To strip; to divest; to undress. Heaven's King, who doffs himself our flesh to wear. Crashaw. DOFF Doff, v. i. Defn: To put off dress; to take off the hat. DOFFER Doff"er, n. (Mach.) Defn: A revolving cylinder, or a vibrating bar with teeth, in a carding machine, which doffs, or strips off, the cotton from the cards. Ure. DOG Dog, n. Etym: [AS. docga; akin to D. dog mastiff, Dan. dogge, Sw. dogg.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A quadruped of the genus Canis, esp. the domestic dog (C. familiaris). Note: The dog is distinguished above all others of the inferior animals for intelligence, docility, and attachment to man. There are numerous carefully bred varieties, as the beagle, bloodhound, bulldog, coachdog, collie, Danish dog, foxhound, greyhound, mastiff, pointer, poodle, St. Bernard, setter, spaniel, spitz dog, terrier, etc. There are also many mixed breeds, and partially domesticated varieties, as well as wild dogs, like the dingo and dhole. (See these names in the Vocabulary.) 2. A mean, worthless fellow; a wretch. What is thy servant, which is but a dog, that he should do this great thing 2 Kings viii. 13 (Rev. Ver. ) 3. A fellow; -- used humorously or contemptuously; as, a sly dog; a lazy dog. [Colloq.] 4. (Astron.) Defn: One of the two constellations, Canis Major and Canis Minor, or the Greater Dog and the Lesser Dog. Canis Major contains the Dog Star (Sirius). 5. An iron for holding wood in a fireplace; a firedog; an andiron. 6. (Mech.) (a) A grappling iron, with a claw or claws, for fastening into wood or other heavy articles, for the purpose of raising or moving them. (b) An iron with fangs fastening a log in a saw pit, or on the carriage of a sawmill. (c) A piece in machinery acting as a catch or clutch; especially, the carrier of a lathe, also, an adjustable stop to change motion, as in a machine tool. Note: Dog is used adjectively or in composition, commonly in the sense of relating to, or characteristic of, a dog. It is also used to denote a male; as, dog fox or g-fox, a male fox; dog otter or dog- otter, dog wolf, etc.; -- also to denote a thing of cheap or mean quality; as, dog Latin. A dead dog, a thing of no use or value. 1 Sam. xxiv. 14. -- A dog in the manger, an ugly-natured person who prevents others from enjoying what would be an advantage to them but is none to him. -- Dog ape (Zoöl.), a male ape. -- Dog cabbage, or Dog's cabbage (Bot.), a succulent herb, native to the Mediterranean region (Thelygonum Cynocrambe). -- Dog cheap, very cheap. See under Cheap. -- Dog ear (Arch.), an acroterium. [Colloq.] -- Dog flea (Zoöl.), a species of flea (Pulex canis) which infests dogs and cats, and is often troublesome to man. In America it is the common flea. See Flea, and Aphaniptera. -- Dog grass (Bot.), a grass (Triticum caninum) of the same genus as wheat. -- Dog Latin, barbarous Latin; as, the dog Latin of pharmacy. -- Dog lichen (Bot.), a kind of lichen (Peltigera canina) growing on earth, rocks, and tree trunks, -- a lobed expansion, dingy green above and whitish with fuscous veins beneath. -- Dog louse (Zoöl.), a louse that infests the dog, esp. Hæmatopinus piliferus; another species is Trichodectes latus. -- Dog power, a machine operated by the weight of a dog traveling in a drum, or on an endless track, as for churning. -- Dog salmon (Zoöl.), a salmon of northwest America and northern Asia; -- the gorbuscha; -- called also holia, and hone. -- Dog shark. (Zoöl.) See Dogfish. -- Dog's meat, meat fit only for dogs; refuse; offal. -- Dog Star. See in the Vocabulary. -- Dog wheat (Bot.), Dog grass. -- Dog whelk (Zoöl.), any species of univalve shells of the family Nassidæ, esp. the Nassa reticulata of England. -- To give, or throw, to the dogs, to throw away as useless. "Throw physic to the dogs; I'll none of it." Shak. -- To go to the dogs, to go to ruin; to be ruined. DOG Dog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Dogging.] Defn: To hunt or track like a hound; to follow insidiously or indefatigably; to chase with a dog or dogs; to worry, as if by dogs; to hound with importunity. I have been pursued, dogged, and waylaid. Pope. Your sins will dog you, pursue you. Burroughs. Eager ill-bred petitioners, who do not so properly supplicate as hunt the person whom they address to, dogging him from place to place, till they even extort an answer to their rude requests. South. DOGAL Do"gal, a. Etym: [LL. dogalis for ducalis. See Doge.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a doge.[R.] DOGATE Do"gate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dogat, It. dogato. See Doge, and cf. Dogeate.] Defn: The office or dignity of a doge. DOGBANE Dog"bane`, n. Etym: [Said to be poisonous to dogs. Cf. Apocynaceous.] (Bot.) Defn: A small genus of perennial herbaceous plants, with poisonous milky juice, bearing slender pods pods in pairs. DOG BEE Dog" bee`. Defn: A male or drone bee. Halliwell. DOGBERRY Dog"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The berry of the dogwood; -- called also dogcherry. Dr. Prior. Dogberry tree (Bot.), the dogwood. DOGBOLT Dog"bolt`, n. (Gun.) Defn: The bolt of the cap-square over the trunnion of a cannon. Knight. DOG-BRIER Dog"-bri`er, n. (Bot.) Defn: The dog-rose. DOGCART Dog"cart`, n. Defn: A light one-horse carriage, commonly two-wheeled, patterned after a cart. The original dogcarts used in England by sportsmen had a box at the back for carrying dogs. DOG DAY; DOGDAY Dog" day` or Dog"day`. Defn: One of the dog days. Dogday cicada (Zoöl.), a large American cicada (C. pruinosa), which trills loudly in midsummer. DOG DAYS Dog" days`. Defn: A period of from four to six weeks, in the summer, variously placed by almanac makers between the early part of July and the early part of September; canicular days; -- so called in reference to the rising in ancient times of the Dog Star (Sirius) with the sun. Popularly, the sultry, close part of the summer. Note: The conjunction of the rising of the Dog Star with the rising of the sun was regarded by the ancients as one of the causes of the sultry heat of summer, and of the maladies which then prevailed. But as the conjunction does not occur at the same time in all latitudes, and is not constant in the same region for a long period, there has been much variation in calendars regarding the limits of the dog days. The astronomer Roger Long states that in an ancient calendar in Bede (died 735) the beginning of dog days is placed on the 14th of July; that in a calendar prefixed to the Common Prayer, printed in the time of Queen Elizabeth, they were said to begin on the 6th of July and end on the 5th of September; that, from the Restoration (1660) to the beginning of New Style (1752), British almanacs placed the beginning on the 19th of July and the end on the 28th of August; and that after 1752 the beginning was put on the 30th of July, the end on the 7th of September. Some English calendars now put the beginning on July 3d, and the ending on August 11th. A popular American almanac of the present time (1890) places the beginning on the 25th of July, and the end on the 5th of September. DOGDRAW Dog"draw`, n. (Eng. Forest Law) Defn: The act of drawing after, or pursuing, deer with a dog. Cowell. DOGE Doge, n. Etym: [It doge, dogio, for duce, duca, fr. L. dux, ducis, a leader, commander. See Duke.] Defn: The chief magistrate in the republics of Venice and Genoa. DOG-EARED Dog"-eared`, a. Defn: Having the corners of the leaves turned down and soiled by careless or long-continued usage; -- said of a book. Statute books before unopened, not dog-eared. Ld. Mansfield. DOGEATE Doge"ate, n. Defn: Dogate. Wright. DOGELESS Doge"less, a. Defn: Without a doge. Byron. DOG-FACED Dog"-faced`, a. Defn: Having a face resembling that of a dog. Dog-faced baboon (Zoöl.), any baboon of the genus Cynocephalus. See Drill. DOG FANCIER Dog" fan`cier. Defn: One who has an unusual fancy for, or interest in, dogs; also, one who deals in dogs. DOGFISH Dog"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) 1. A small shark, of many species, of the genera Mustelus, Scyllium, Spinax, etc. Note: The European spotted dogfishes (Scyllium catudus, and S. canicula) are very abundant; the American smooth, or blue dogfish is Mustelus canis; the common picked, or horned dogfish (Squalus acanthias) abundant on both sides of the Atlantic. 2. The bowfin (Amia calva). See Bowfin. 3. The burbot of Lake Erie. DOG-FOX Dog"-fox`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A male fox. See the Note under Dog, n., 6. Sir W. Scott. (b) The Arctic or blue fox; -- a name also applied to species of the genus Cynalopex. DOGGED Dog"ged, a. Etym: [Fron. Dog.] 1. Sullen; morose. [Obs. or R.] The sulky spite of a temper naturally dogged. Sir W. Scott. 2. Sullenly obstinate; obstinately determined or persistent; as, dogged resolution; dogged work. DOGGEDLY Dog"ged*ly, adv. Defn: In a dogged manner; sullenly; with obstinate resolution. DOGGEDNESS Dog"ged*ness, n. 1. Sullenness; moroseness. [R.] 2. Sullen or obstinate determination; grim resolution or persistence. DOGGER Dog"ger, n. Etym: [D., fr. dogger codfish, orig. used in the catching of codfish.] (Naut.) Defn: A two-masted fishing vessel, used by the Dutch. DOGGER Dog"ger, n. Defn: A sort of stone, found in the mines with the true alum rock, chiefly of silica and iron. DOGGEREL Dog"ger*el, a. Etym: [OE. dogerel.] Defn: Low in style, and irregular in measure; as, doggerel rhymes. This may well be rhyme doggerel, quod he. Chaucer. DOGGEREL Dog"ger*el, n. Defn: A sort of loose or irregular verse; mean or undignified poetry. Doggerel like that of Hudibras. Addison. The ill-spelt lines of doggerel in which he expressed his reverence for the brave sufferers. Macaulay. DOGGERMAN Dog"ger*man, n. Defn: A sailor belonging to a dogger. DOGGET Dog"get, n. Defn: Docket. See Docket. [Obs.] DOGGISH Dog"gish, a. Defn: Like a dog; having the bad qualities of a dog; churlish; growling; brutal. -- Dog"*gish*ly, adv. -- Dog"gish*ness, n. DOGGREL Dog"grel, a. & n. Defn: Same as Doggerel. DOG-HEADED Dog"-head`ed, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a head shaped like that of a dog; -- said of certain baboons. DOG-HEARTED Dog"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Inhuman; cruel. Shak. DOGHOLE Dog"hole`, n. Defn: A place fit only for dogs; a vile, mean habitation or apartment. Dryden. DOG-LEGGED dog"-leg`ged, a. (Arch) Defn: Noting a flight of stairs, consisting of two or more straight portions connected by a platform (landing) or platforms, and running in opposite directions without an intervening wellhole. DOGMA Dog"ma, n.; pl. E. Dogmas, L. Dogmata. Etym: [L. dogma, Gr. pl. , fr. decet it is becoming. Cf. Decent.] 1. That which is held as an opinion; a tenet; a doctrine. The obscure and loose dogmas of early antiquity. Whewell. 2. A formally stated and authoritatively settled doctrine; a definite, established, and authoritative tenet. 3. A doctrinal notion asserted without regard to evidence or truth; an arbitrary dictum. Syn. -- tenet; opinion; proposition; doctrine. -- Dogma, Tenet. A tenet is that which is maintained as true with great firmness; as, the tenets of our holy religion. A dogma is that which is laid down with authority as indubitably true, especially a religious doctrine; as, the dogmas of the church. A tenet rests on its own intrinsic merits or demerits; a dogma rests on authority regarded as competent to decide and determine. Dogma has in our language acquired, to some extent, a repulsive sense, from its carrying with it the idea of undue authority or assumption. this is more fully the case with its derivatives dogmatical and dogmatism. DOGMATIC Dog*mat"ic, n. Defn: One of an ancient sect of physicians who went by general principles; -- opposed to the Empiric. DOGMATIC; DOGMATICAL Dog*mat"ic, Dog*mat`ic*al, a. Etym: [L. dogmaticus, Gr. dogmatique.] 1. Pertaining to a dogma, or to an established and authorized doctrine or tenet. 2. Asserting a thing positively and authoritatively; positive; magisterial; hence, arrogantly authoritative; overbearing. Critics write in a positive, dogmatic way. Spectator. [They] are as assertive and dogmatical as if they were omniscient. Glanvill. Dogmatic theology. Same as Dogmatics. Syn. -- Magisterial; arrogant. See Magisterial. DOGMATICALLY Dog*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a dogmatic manner; positively; magisterially. DOGMATICALNESS Dog*mat"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being dogmatical; positiveness. DOGMATICIAN Dog`ma*ti"cian, n. Defn: A dogmatist. DOGMATICS Dog*mat"ics, n. Defn: The science which treats of Christian doctrinal theology. DOGMATISM Dog"ma*tism, n. Defn: The manner or character of a dogmatist; arrogance or positiveness in stating opinion. The self-importance of his demeanor, and the dogmatism of his conversation. Sir W. Scott. DOGMATIST Dog"ma*tist, n. Etym: [L. dogmatistes, Gr. Defn: One who dogmatizes; one who speaks dogmatically; a bold and arrogant advancer of principles. I expect but little success of all this upon the dogmatist; his opinioned assurance is paramount to argument. Glanvill. DOGMATIZE Dog"ma*tize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dogmatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Dogmatizing.] Etym: [L. dogmatizare to lay down an opinion, Gr. dogmatiser. See Dogma.] Defn: To assert positively; to teach magisterially or with bold and undue confidence; to advance with arrogance. The pride of dogmatizing schools. Blackmore. DOGMATIZE Dog"ma*tize, v. t. Defn: To deliver as a dogma. [R.] DOGMATIZER Dog"ma*ti`zer, n. Defn: One who dogmatizes; a bold asserter; a magisterial teacher. Hammond. DOG-ROSE Dog"-rose`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A common European wild rose, with single pink or white flowers. DOG'S-BANE Dog's"-bane`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Dogbane. DOG'S-EAR Dog's"-ear`, n. Defn: The corner of a leaf, in a book, turned down like the ear of a dog. Gray. -- Dog's"-eared`, a. Cowper. DOGSHIP Dog"ship, n. Defn: The character, or individuality, of a dog. DOGSHORE Dog"shore`, n. (Naut.) Defn: One of several shores used to hold a ship firmly and prevent her moving while the blocks are knocked away before launching. DOGSICK Dog"sick`, a. Defn: Sick as a dog sometimes is very sick. [Colloq.] DOGSKIN Dog"skin, n. Defn: The skin of a dog, or leather made of the skin. Also used adjectively. DOGSLEEP Dog"sleep`, n. 1. Pretended sleep. Addison. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The fitful naps taken when all hands are kept up by stress. DOG'S-TAIL GRASS Dog's"-tail grass`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A hardy species of British grass (Cynosurus cristatus) which abounds in grass lands, and is well suited for making straw plait; -- called also goldseed. DOG STAR Dog" Star`. Defn: Sirius, a star of the constellation Canis Major, or the Greater Dog, and the brightest star in the heavens; -- called also Canicula, and, in astronomical charts, a Canis Majoris. See Dog days. DOG'S-TONGUE Dog's"-tongue`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Hound's-tongue. DOGTIE Dog"tie`, n. (Arch.) Defn: A cramp. DOGTOOTH Dog"tooth`, n.; pl. Dogteeth (. 1. See Canine tooth, under Canine. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An ornament common in Gothic architecture, consisting of pointed projections resembling teeth; -- also called tooth ornament. Dogtooth spar (Min.), a variety of calcite, in acute crystals, resembling the tooth of a dog. See Calcite. -- Dogtooth violet (Bot.), a small, bulbous herb of the Lily family (genus Erythronium). It has two shining flat leaves and commonly one large flower. [Written also dog's-tooth violet.] DOGTRICK Dog"trick`, n. Defn: A gentle trot, like that of a dog. DOGVANE Dog"vane`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A small vane of bunting, feathers, or any other light material, carried at the masthead to indicate the direction of the wind. Totten. DOGWATCH Dog"watch`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A half watch; a watch of two hours, of which there are two, the first dogwatch from 4 to 6 o'clock, p.m., and the second dogwatch from 6 to 8 o'clock, P. M. Totten. DOG-WEARY Dog"-wea`ry, a. Defn: Extremely weary. Shak. DOGWOOD Dog"wood`, n. Etym: [So named from skewers (dags) being made of it. Dr. Prior. See Dag, and Dagger.] (Bot.) Defn: The Cornus, a genus of large shrubs or small trees, the wood of which is exceedingly hard, and serviceable for many purposes. Note: There are several species, one of which, Cornus mascula, called also cornelian cherry, bears a red acid berry. C. florida is the flowering dogwood, a small American tree with very showy blossoms. Dogwood tree. (a) The dogwood or Cornus. (b) A papilionaceous tree (Piscidia erythring) growing in Jamaica. It has narcotic properties; -- called also Jamaica dogwood. DOHTREN Doh"tren, n. pl. Defn: Daughters. [Obs.] DOILY Doi"ly, n. Etym: [So called from the name of the dealer.] 1. A kind of woolen stuff. [Obs.] "Some doily petticoats." Dryden. A fool and a doily stuff, would now and then find days of grace, and be worn for variety. Congreve. 2. A small napkin, used at table with the fruit, etc.; -- commonly colored and fringed. DOING Do"ing, n.; pl. Doings (. Defn: Anything done; a deed; an action good or bad; hence, in the plural, conduct; behavior. See Do. To render an account of his doings. Barrow. DOIT Doit, n. Etym: [D. duit, Icel. pveit, prop., a piece cut off. See Thwaite a piece of ground, Thwite.] 1. A small Dutch coin, worth about half a farthing; also, a similar small coin once used in Scotland; hence, any small piece of money. Shak. 2. A thing of small value; as, I care not a doit. DOITKIN Doit"kin, n. Defn: A very small coin; a doit. DOKIMASTIC Dok`i*mas"tic, a. Defn: Docimastic. DOKO Do"ko, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Lepidosiren. DOLABRA Do*la"bra, n. Etym: [L., fr. dolare to hew.] Defn: A rude ancient ax or hatchet, seen in museums. DOLABRIFORM Do*lab"ri*form, a. Etym: [L. dolabra a mattock + -form.] Defn: Shaped like the head of an ax or hatchet, as some leaves, and also certain organs of some shellfish. DOLCE; DOLCEMENTE Dol"ce, Dol`ce*men"te, adv. Etym: [It., fr. L. dulcis sweet, soft.] (Mus.) Defn: Softly; sweetly; with soft, smooth, and delicate execution. DOLCINO; DULCINO Dol*ci"no, or Dul*ci"no (, n. Etym: [Cf. It. dolcigno sweetish.] (Mus.) Defn: A small bassoon, formerly much used. Simmonds. DOLDRUMS Dol"drums, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. Gael. doltrum grief, vexation] Defn: A part of the ocean near the equator, abounding in calms, squalls, and light, baffling winds, which sometimes prevent all progress for weeks; -- so called by sailors. To be in the doldrums, to be in a state of listlessness ennui, or tedium. DOLE Dole, n. Etym: [OE. deol, doel, dol, OF. doel, fr. doloir to suffer, fr. L. dolere; perh. akin to dolare to hew.] Defn: grief; sorrow; lamentation. [Archaic] And she died. So that day there was dole in Astolat. Tennyson. DOLE Dole, n. Etym: [L. dolus: cf. F. dol.] (Scots Law) Defn: See Dolus. DOLE Dole, n. Etym: [AS. dal portion; same word as d. See Deal.] 1. Distribution; dealing; apportionment. At her general dole, Each receives his ancient soul. Cleveland. 2. That which is dealt out; a part, share, or portion also, a scanty share or allowance. 3. Alms; charitable gratuity or portion. So sure the dole, so ready at their call, They stood prepared to see the manna fall. Dryden. Heaven has in store a precious dole. Keble. 4. A boundary; a landmark. Halliwell. 5. A void space left in tillage. [Prov. Eng.] Dole beer, beer bestowed as alms. [Obs.] -- Dole bread, bread bestowed as alms. [Obs.] -- Dole meadow, a meadow in which several persons have a common right or share. DOLE Dole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doled; p. pr. & vb. n. Doling.] Defn: To deal out in small portions; to distribute, as a dole; to deal out scantily or grudgingly. The supercilious condescension with which even his reputed friends doled out their praises to him. De Quincey. DOLEFUL Dole"ful, a. Defn: Full of dole or grief; expressing or exciting sorrow; sorrowful; sad; dismal. With screwed face and doleful whine. South. Regions of sorrow, doleful shades. Milton. Syn. -- Piteous; rueful; sorrowful; woeful; melancholy; sad gloomy; dismal; dolorous; woe-begone. - Dole"ful*ly, adv. -- Dole"ful*ness, n. DOLENT Do"lent, a. Etym: [L. dolens, p. pr. of dolere: cf. F. dolent. See Dole sorrow.] Defn: Sorrowful. [Obs.] Ford. DOLENTE Do*len"te, a. & adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Plaintively. See Doloroso. DOLERITE Dol"er*ite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Geol. & Min.) Defn: A dark-colored, basic, igneous rock, composed essentially of pyroxene and a triclinic feldspar with magnetic iron. By many authors it is considered equivalent to a coarse-grained basalt. DOLERITIC Dol`er*it"ic, a. Defn: Of the nature of dolerite; as, much lava is doleritic lava. Dana. DOLESOME Dole"some, a. Defn: Doleful; dismal; gloomy; sorrowful. -- Dole"some*ly, adv. -- Dole"some*ness, n. DOLF Dolf, imp. Defn: of Delve. [Obs.] Chaucer. DOLICHOCEPHALIC; DOLICHOCEPHALOUS Dol`i*cho*ce*phal"ic, Dol`i*cho*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the cranium, or skull, long to its breadth; long-headed; -- opposed to brachycephalic. -- Dol`i*cho*ceph"al, a. & n. DOLICHOCEPHALY; DOLICHOCEPHALISM Dol`i*cho*ceph"a*ly, Dol`i*cho*ceph"a*lism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dolichcéphalie.] Defn: The quality or condition of being dolichocephalic. DOLIOFORM Do"li*o*form, a. Etym: [L. dolium large jar + -form.] (Biol.) Defn: Barrel-shaped, or like a cask in form. DOLIOLUM Do*li"o*lum, n. Etym: [L. doliolum a small cask.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of freeswimming oceanic tunicates, allied to Salpa, and having alternate generations. DO-LITTLE Do"-lit`tle, n. Defn: One who performs little though professing much. [Colloq.] Great talkers are commonly dolittles. Bp. Richardson. DOLIUM Do"li*um, n. Etym: [L. large jar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large univalve mollusks, including the partridge shell and tun shells. DOLL Doll, n. Etym: [A contraction of Dorothy; or less prob. an abbreviation of idol; or cf. OD. dol a whipping top, D. dollen to rave, and E. dull.] Defn: A child's puppet; a toy baby for a little girl. DOLLAR Dol"lar, n. Etym: [D. daalder, LG. dahler, G. thaler, an abbreviation of Joachimsthaler, i. e., a piece of money first coined, about the year 1518, in the valley (G. thal) of St. Joachim, in Bohemia. See Dale.] 1. (a) A silver coin of the United States containing 371.25 grains of silver and 41.25 grains of alloy, that is, having a total weight of 412.5 grains. (b) A gold coin of the United States containing 23.22 grains of gold and 2.58 grains of alloy, that is, having a total weight of 25.8 grains, nine-tenths fine. It is no longer coined. Note: Previous to 1837 the silver dollar had a larger amount of alloy, but only the same amount of silver as now, the total weight being 416 grains. The gold dollar as a distinct coin was first made in 1849. The eagles, half eagles, and quarter eagles coined before 1834 contained 24.75 grains of gold and 2.25 grains of alloy for each dollar. 2. A coin of the same general weight and value, though differing slightly in different countries, current in Mexico, Canada, parts of South America, also in Spain, and several other European countries. 3. The value of a dollar; the unit commonly employed in the United States in reckoning money values. Chop dollar. See under 9th Chop. -- Dollar fish (Zoöl.), a fish of the United States coast (Stromateus triacanthus), having a flat, roundish form and a bright silvery luster; -- called also butterfish, and Lafayette. See Butterfish. -- Trade dollar, a silver coin formerly made at the United States mint, intended for export, and not legal tender at home. It contained 378 grains of silver and 42 grains of alloy. DOLLARDEE Dol`lar*dee", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of sunfish (Lepomis pallidus), common in the United States; -- called also blue sunfish, and copper-nosed bream. DOLLMAN Doll"man, n. Defn: See Dolman. DOLLY Dol"ly, n.; pl. Dollies (. 1. (Mining) Defn: A contrivance, turning on a vertical axis by a handle or winch, and giving a circular motion to the ore to be washed; a stirrer. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A tool with an indented head for shaping the head of a rivet. Knight. 3. In pile driving, a block interposed between the head of the pile and the ram of the driver. 4. A small truck with a single wide roller used for moving heavy beams, columns, etc., in bridge building. 5. A compact, narrow-gauge locomotive used for moving construction trains, switching, etc. DOLLY Dol"ly, n. Defn: A child's mane for a doll. Dolly shop, a shop where rags, old junk, etc., are bought and sold; usually, in fact, an unlicensed pawnbroker's shop, formerly distinguished by the sign of a black doll. [England] DOLLY VARDEN Dol"ly Var"den. 1. A character in Dickens's novel "Barnaby Rudge," a beautiful, lively, and coquettish girl who wore a cherry-colored mantle and cherry-colored ribbons. 2. A style of light, bright-figured dress goods for women; also, a style of dress. Dolly Varden trout (Zoöl.), a trout of northwest America; -- called also bull trout, malma, and red-spotted trout. See Malma. DOLMAN Dol"man, n. Etym: [Turk. d: cf. F. doliman.] 1. A long robe or outer garment, with long sleeves, worn by the Turks. [Written also doliman.] 2. A cloak of a peculiar fashion worn by women. DOLMEN Dol"men, n. Etym: [Armor. taol, tol, table + mean, maen, men, stone: cf. F. dolmen.] Defn: A cromlech. See Cromlech. [Written also tolmen.] DOLOMITE Dol"o*mite, n. Etym: [After the French geologist Dolomieu.] (Geol. & Min.) Defn: A mineral consisting of the carbonate of lime and magnesia in varying proportions. It occurs in distinct crystals, and in extensive beds as a compact limestone, often crystalline granular, either white or clouded. It includes much of the common white marble. Also called bitter spar. DOLOMITIC Dol`o*mit"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to dolomite. DOLOMIZE Dol"o*mize, v. t. Defn: To convert into dolomite. -- Dol`o*mi*za"tion, n. DOLOR Do"lor, n. Etym: [OE. dolor, dolur, dolour, F. douleur, L. dolor, fr. dolere. See 1st Dole.] Defn: Pain; grief; distress; anguish. [Written also dolour.] [Poetic] Of death and dolor telling sad tidings. Spenser. DOLORIFEROUS Dol`or*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. dolor pain + -ferous.] Defn: Producing pain. Whitaker. DOLORIFIC; DOLORIFICAL Dol`or*if"ic, Dol`or*if"ic*al, a. Etym: [LL. dolorificus; L. dolor pain + facere to make.] Defn: Causing pain or grief. Arbuthnot. DOLOROSO Do`lo*ro"so, a. & adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Plaintive; pathetic; -- used adverbially as a musical direction. DOLOROUS Dol"or*ous, a. Etym: [L. dolorosus, from dolor: cf. F. douloureux. See Dolor.] 1. Full of grief; sad; sorrowful; doleful; dismal; as, a dolorous object; dolorous discourses. You take me in too dolorous a sense; I spake to you for your comfort. Shak. 2. Occasioning pain or grief; painful. Their dispatch is quick, and less dolorous than the paw of the bear or teeth of the lion. Dr. H. More. -- Dol"or*ous*ly, adv. -- Dol"or*ous*ness, n. DOLPHIN Dol"phin, n. Etym: [F. dauphin dolphin, dauphin, earlier spelt also doffin; cf. OF. dalphinal of the dauphin; fr. L. delphinus, Gr. garbha; perh. akin to E. calf. Cf. Dauphin, Delphine.] 1. (Zool.) (a) A cetacean of the genus Delphinus and allied genera (esp. D. delphis); the true dolphin. (b) The Coryphæna hippuris, a fish of about five feet in length, celebrated for its surprising changes of color when dying. It is the fish commonly known as the dolphin. See Coryphænoid. Note: The dolphin of the ancients (D. delphis) is common in the Mediterranean and Atlantic, and attains a length of from six to eight feet. 2. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A mass of iron or lead hung from the yardarm, in readiness to be dropped on the deck of an enemy's vessel. 3. (Naut.) (a) A kind of wreath or strap of plaited cordage. (b) A spar or buoy held by an anchor and furnished with a ring to which ships may fasten their cables. R. H. Dana. (c) A mooring post on a wharf or beach. (d) A permanent fender around a heavy boat just below the gunwale. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 4. (Gun.) Defn: In old ordnance, one of the handles above the trunnions by which the gun was lifted. 5. (Astron.) Defn: A small constellation between Aquila and Pegasus. See Delphinus, n., 2. Dolphin fly (Zoöl.), the black, bean, or collier, Aphis (Aphis fable), destructive to beans. -- Dolphin striker (Naut.), a short vertical spar under the bowsprit. DOLPHINET Dol"phin*et, n. Defn: A female dolphin. [R.] Spenser. DOLT Dolt, n. Etym: [OE. dulte, prop. p. p. of dullen to dull. See Dull.] Defn: A heavy, stupid fellow; a blockhead; a numskull; an ignoramus; a dunce; a dullard. This Puck seems but a dreaming dolt. Drayton. DOLT Dolt, v. i. Defn: To behave foolishly. [Obs.] DOLTISH Dolt"ish, a. Defn: Doltlike; dull in intellect; stupid; blockish; as, a doltish clown. -- Dolt"ish*ly, adv. -- Dolt"ish*ness, n. DOLUS Do"lus, n. Etym: [L., deceit; akin to Gr. (Law) Defn: Evil intent, embracing both malice and fraud. See Culpa. Wharton. DOLVEN Dolv"en, p. p. Defn: of Delve. [Obs.] Rom. of R. -DOM -dom (. Defn: A suffix denoting: (a) Jurisdiction or property and jurisdiction, dominion, as in kingdom earldom. (b) State, condition, or quality of being, as in wisdom, freedom. Note: It is from the same root as doom meaning authority and judgment. . See Doom. DOM Dom, n. Etym: [Pg. See Don.] 1. A title anciently given to the pope, and later to other church dignitaries and some monastic orders. See Don, and Dan. 2. In Portugal and Brazil, the title given to a member of the higher classes. DOMABLE Dom"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. domabilis, fr. domare to tame.] Defn: Capable of being tamed; tamable. DOMABLENESS Dom"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Tamableness. DOMAGE Dom"age, n. Etym: [See Damage.] 1. Damage; hurt. [Obs.] Chapman. 2. Subjugation. [Obs.] Hobbes. DOMAIN Do*main", n. Etym: [F. domaine, OF. demaine, L. dominium, property, right of ownership, fr. dominus master, owner. See Dame, and cf Demesne, Dungeon.] 1. Dominion; empire; authority. 2. The territory over which dominion or authority is exerted; the possessions of a sovereign or commonwealth, or the like. Also used figuratively. The domain of authentic history. E. Everett. The domain over which the poetic spirit ranges. J. C. Shairp. 3. Landed property; estate; especially, the land about the mansion house of a lord, and in his immediate occupancy; demesne. Shenstone. 4. (Law) Defn: Ownership of land; an estate or patrimony which one has in his own right; absolute proprietorship; paramount or sovereign ownership. Public domain, the territory belonging to a State or to the general government; public lands. [U.S.]in the public domain may be used by anyone wihout restriction. -- Right of eminent domain, that superior dominion of the sovereign power over all the property within the state, including that previously granted by itself, which authorizes it to appropriate any part thereof to a necessary public use, reasonable compensation being made. DOMAL Do"mal, a. Etym: [L. domus house.] (Astrol.) Defn: Pertaining to a house. Addison. DOMANIAL Do*ma"ni*al, a. Defn: Of or relating to a domain or to domains. DOME Dome, n. Etym: [F. dôme, It. duomo, fr. L. domus a house, domus Dei or Domini, house of the Lord, house of God; akin to Gr. timber. See Timber.] 1. A building; a house; an edifice; -- used chiefly in poetry. Approach the dome, the social banquet share. Pope. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A cupola formed on a large scale. Note: "The Italians apply the term il duomo to the principal church of a city, and the Germans call every cathedral church Dom; and it is supposed that the word in its present English sense has crept into use from the circumstance of such buildings being frequently surmounted by a cupola." Am. Cyc. 3. Any erection resembling the dome or cupola of a building; as the upper part of a furnace, the vertical steam chamber on the top of a boiler, etc. 4. (Crystallog.) Defn: A prism formed by planes parallel to a lateral axis which meet above in a horizontal edge, like the roof of a house; also, one of the planes of such a form. Note: If the plane is parallel to the longer diagonal (macrodiagonal) of the prism, it is called a macrodome; if parallel to the shorter (brachydiagonal), it is a brachydome; if parallel to the inclined diagonal in a monoclinic crystal, it is called a clinodome; if parallel to the orthodiagonal axis, an orthodome. Dana. DOME Dome, n. Etym: [See Doom.] Defn: Decision; judgment; opinion; a court decision. [Obs.] Chaucer. DOMEBOOK Dome"book`, n. Etym: [Dome doom + book.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A book said to have been compiled under the direction of King Alfred. It is supposed to have contained the principal maxims of the common law, the penalties for misdemeanors, and the forms of judicial proceedings. Domebook was probably a general name for book of judgments. Burrill. DOMED Domed, a. Defn: Furnished with a dome; shaped like a dome. DOMESDAY Domes"day`, n. Defn: A day of judgment. See Doomsday. [Obs.] Domesday Book, the ancient record of the survey of most of the lands of England, made by order of William the Conqueror, about 1086. It consists of two volumes, a large folio and a quarto, and gives the proprietors' tenures, arable land, woodland, etc. [Written also Doomsday Book.] DOMESMAN Domes"man, n.; pl. Domesmen. Etym: [See Doom.] Defn: A judge; an umpire. [Obs.] DOMESTIC Do*mes"tic, a. Etym: [L. domesticus, fr. domus use: cf. F. domestique. See 1st Dome.] 1. Of or pertaining to one's house or home, or one's household or family; relating to home life; as, domestic concerns, life, duties, cares, happiness, worship, servants. His fortitude is the more extraordinary, because his domestic feelings were unusually strong. Macaulay. 4. Of or pertaining to a nation considered as a family or home, or to one's own country; intestine; not foreign; as, foreign wars and domestic dissensions. Shak. 3. Remaining much at home; devoted to home duties or pleasures; as, a domestic man or woman. 4. Living in or near the habitations of man; domesticated; tame as distinguished from wild; as, domestic animals. 5. Made in one's own house, nation, or country; as, domestic manufactures, wines, etc. DOMESTIC Do*mes"tic, n. 1. One who lives in the family of an other, as hired household assistant; a house servant. The master labors and leads an anxious life, to secure plenty and ease to the domestic. V. Knox. 2. pl. (Com.) Defn: Articles of home manufacture, especially cotton goods. [U. S.] DOMESTICAL Do*mes"tic*al, a. Defn: Domestic. [Obs.] Our private and domestical matter. Sir. P. Sidney. DOMESTICAL Do*mes"tic*al, n. Defn: A family; a household. [Obs.] DOMESTICALLY Do*mes"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a domestic manner; privately; with reference to domestic affairs. DOMESTICANT Do*mes"ti*cant, a. Defn: Forming part of the same family. [Obs.] Sir E. Dering. DOMESTICATE Do*mes"ti*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Domesticated; p. pr. & vb. n. Domesticating.] Etym: [LL. domesticatus, p. p. of domesticare to reside in, to tame. See Domestic, a.] 1. To make domestic; to habituate to home life; as, to domesticate one's self. 2. To cause to be, as it were, of one's family or country; as, to domesticate a foreign custom or word. 3. To tame or reclaim from a wild state; as, to domesticate wild animals; to domesticate a plant. DOMESTICATION Do*mes`ti*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. domestication.] Defn: The act of domesticating, or accustoming to home; the action of taming wild animals. DOMESTICATOR Do*mes"ti*ca`tor, n. Defn: One who domesticates. DOMESTICITY Do`mes*tic"i*ty, n. Etym: [LL. domesticitas: cf. F. domesticité.] Defn: The state of being domestic; domestic character; household life. DOMETT Dom"ett, n. Defn: A kind of baize of which the ward is cotton and the weft woolen. Blakely. DOMEYKITE Do"mey*kite, n. Etym: [Named after Domeyko, a mineralogist of Chili.] (Min.) Defn: A massive mineral of tin-white or steel-gray color, an arsenide of copper. DOMICAL Dom"i*cal, a. Defn: Relating to, or shaped like, a dome. DOMICILE Dom"i*cile, n. Etym: [L. domicilium; domus house + (prob.) root of celare to conceal: cf. F. domicile. See Dome, and Conceal.] 1. An abode or mansion; a place of permanent residence, either of an individual or a family. 2. (Law) Defn: A residence at a particular place accompanied with an intention to remain there for an unlimited time; a residence accepted as a final abode. Wharton. DOMICILE Dom"i*cile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Domiciled; p. pr. & vb. n. Domiciling.] Etym: [Cf. F. domicilier. Cf. Domiciliate.] Defn: To establish in a fixed residence, or a residence that constitutes habitancy; to domiciliate. Kent. DOMICILIAR Dom`i*cil"i*ar, n. Defn: A member of a household; a domestic. DOMICILIARY Dom`i*cil"i*a*ry, a. Etym: [LL. domiciliarius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a domicile, or the residence of a person or family. The personal and domiciliary rights of the citizen scrupulously guarded. Motley. Domiciliary visit (Law), a visit to a private dwelling, particularly for searching it, under authority. DOMICILIATE Dom`i*cil"i*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Domiciliated; p. pr. & vb. n. Domiciliating.] Etym: [See Domicile.] 1. To establish in a permanent residence; to domicile. 2. To domesticate. Pownall. DOMICILIATION Dom`i*cil`i*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of domiciliating; permanent residence; inhabitancy. Milman. DOMICULTURE Dom"i*cul`ture, n. Etym: [L. domus house + E. culture. See 1st Dome.] Defn: The art of house-keeping, cookery, etc. [R.] R. Park. DOMIFY Dom"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. domus + -fy: cf. F. domifier.] 1. (Astrol.) Defn: To divide, as the heavens, into twelve houses. See House, in astrological sense. [Obs.] 2. To tame; to domesticate. [Obs.] Johnson. DOMINA Dom"i*na, n. Etym: [L., lady. See Dame.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Lady; a lady; -- a title formerly given to noble ladies who held a barony in their own right. Burrill. DOMINANCE; DOMINANCY Dom"i*nance, Dom"i*nan*cy, n. Defn: Predominance; ascendency; authority. DOMINANT Dom"i*nant, a. Etym: [L. dominans, -antis, p. pr. of dominari: cf. F. dominant. See Dominate.] Defn: Ruling; governing; prevailing; controlling; predominant; as, the dominant party, church, spirit, power. The member of a dominant race is, in his dealings with the subject race, seldom indeed fraudulent, . . . but imperious, insolent, and cruel. Macaulay. Dominant estate or tenement (Law), the estate to which a servitude or easement is due from another estate, the estate over which the servitude extends being called the servient estate or tenement. Bouvier. Wharton's Law Dict. -- Dominant owner (Law), one who owns lands on which there is an easement owned by another. Syn. -- Governing; ruling; controlling; prevailing; predominant; ascendant. DOMINANT Dom"i*nant, n. (Mus.) Defn: The fifth tone of the scale; thus G is the dominant of C, A of D, and so on. Dominant chord (Mus.), the chord based upon the dominant. DOMINATE Dom"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dominated; p. pr. & vb. n. Dominating.] Etym: [L. dominatus, p. p. of dominari to dominate, fr. dominus master, lord. See Dame, and cf. Domineer.] Defn: To predominate over; to rule; to govern. "A city dominated by the ax." Dickens. We everywhere meet with Slavonian nations either dominant or dominated. W. Tooke. DOMINATE Dom"i*nate, v. i. Defn: To be dominant. Hallam. DOMINATION Dom`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [F. domination, L. dominatio.] 1. The act of dominating; exercise of power in ruling; dominion; supremacy; authority; often, arbitrary or insolent sway. In such a people, the haugtiness of domination combines with the spirit of freedom. Burke. 2. A ruling party; a party in power. [R.] Burke. 3. pl. Defn: A high order of angels in the celestial hierarchy; -- a meaning given by the schoolmen. Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, powers. Milton. DOMINATIVE Dom"i*na*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dominatif.] Defn: Governing; ruling; imperious. Sir E. Sandys. DOMINATOR Dom"i*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A ruler or ruling power. "Sole dominator of Navarre." Shak. Jupiter and Mars are dominators for this northwest part of the world. Camden. DOMINE Dom"i*ne, n. Etym: [See Dominie.] 1. A name given to a pastor of the Reformed Church. The word is also applied locally in the United States, in colloquial speech, to any clergyman. 2. Etym: [From Sp. domine a schoolmaster.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A West Indian fish (Epinula magistralis), of the family Trichiuridæ. It is a long-bodied, voracious fish. DOMINEER Dom`i*neer", v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Domineered; p. pr. & vb. n. Domineering.] Etym: [F. dominer, L. dominari: cf. OD. domineren to feast luxuriously. See Dominate, v. t.] Defn: To rule with insolence or arbitrary sway; to play the master; to be overbearing; to tyrannize; to bluster; to swell with conscious superiority or haughtiness; -- often with over; as, to domineer over dependents. Go to the feast, revel and domineer. Shak. His wishes tend abroad to roam, And hers to domineer at home. Prior. DOMINEERING Dom`i*neer"ing, a. Defn: Ruling arrogantly; overbearing. A violent, brutal, domineering old reprobate. Blackw. Mag. Syn. -- Haughty; overbearing; lordly. See Imperious. -- Dom`i*neer"ing*ly, adv. DOMINICAL Do*min"ic*al, a. Etym: [LL. dominicalis, for L. dominicus belonging to a master or lord (dominica dies the Lord's day), fr. dominus master or lord: cf. F. dominical. See Dame.] 1. Indicating, or pertaining to, the Lord's day, or Sunday. 2. Relating to, or given by, our Lord; as, the dominical (or Lord's) prayer. Howell. Some words altered in the dominical Gospels. Fuller. Dominical altar (Eccl.), the high altar. -- Dominical letter, the letter which, in almanacs, denotes Sunday, or the Lord's day (dies Domini). The first seven letters of the alphabet are used for this purpose, the same letter standing for Sunday during a whole year (except in leap year, when the letter is changed at the end of February). After twenty-eight years the same letters return in the same order. The dominical letters go backwards one day every common year, and two every leap year; e. g., if the dominical letter of a common year be G, F will be the dominical letter for the next year. Called also Sunday letter. Cf. Solar cycle, under Cycle, n. DOMINICAL Do*min"ic*al, n. Defn: The Lord's day or Sunday; also, the Lord's prayer. [Obs.] DOMINICAN Do*min"i*can, a. Etym: [NL. Dominicanus, fr. Dominicus, Dominic, the founder: cf. F. Dominicain.] Defn: Of or pertaining to St. Dominic (Dominic de Guzman), or to the religions communities named from him. Dominican nuns, an order of nuns founded by St. Dominic, and chiefly employed in teaching. -- Dominican tertiaries (the third order of St. Dominic). See Tertiary. DOMINICAN Do*min"i*can, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of an order of mendicant monks founded by Dominic de Guzman, in 1215. A province of the order was established in England in 1221. The first foundation in the United States was made in 1807. The Master of the Sacred Palace at Rome is always a Dominican friar. The Dominicans are called also preaching friars, friars preachers, black friars (from their black cloak), brothers of St. Mary, and in France, Jacobins. DOMINICIDE Do*min"i*cide, n. Etym: [L. dominus master + caedere to cut down, kill.] 1. The act of killing a master. 2. One who kills his master. DOMINIE Dom"i*nie, n. Etym: [L. dominus master. See Don, Dame.] 1. A schoolmaster; a pedagogue. [Scot.] This was Abel Sampson, commonly called, from occupation as a pedagogue, Dominie Sampson. Sir W. Scott. 2. A clergyman. See Domine, 1. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.] DOMINION Do*min"ion, n. Etym: [LL. dominio, equiv. to L. dominium. See Domain, Dungeon.] 1. Sovereign or supreme authority; the power of governing and controlling; independent right of possession, use, and control; sovereignty; supremacy. I praised and honored him that liveth forever, whose dominion is an everlasting dominion. Dan. iv. 34. To choose between dominion or slavery. Jowett (Thucyd. ). 2. Superior prominence; predominance; ascendency. Objects placed foremost ought . . . have dominion over things confused and transient. Dryden. 3. That which is governed; territory over which authority is exercised; the tract, district, or county, considered as subject; as, the dominions of a king. Also used figuratively; as, the dominion of the passions. 4. pl. Defn: A supposed high order of angels; dominations. See Domination, 3. Milton. By him were all things created . . . whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers. Col. i. 16. Syn. -- Sovereignty; control; rule; authority; jurisdiction; government; territory; district; region. DOMINION DAY Do*min"ion Day. Defn: In Canada, a legal holiday, July lst, being the anniversary of the proclamation of the formation of the Dominion in 1867. DOMINO Dom"i*no, n.; pl. Dominos or (esp. the pieces for a game) Dominoes. Etym: [F. domino, or It. dominò, or Sp. dominó, fr. L. dominus master. The domino was orig. a hood worn by the canons of a cathedral. See Don, Dame.] 1. A kind of hood worn by the canons of a cathedral church; a sort of amice. Kersey. 2. A mourning veil formerly worn by women. 3. A kind of mask; particularly, a half mask worn at masquerades, to conceal the upper part of the face. Dominos were formerly worn by ladies in traveling. 4. A costume worn as a disguise at masquerades, consisting of a robe with a hood adjustable at pleasure. 5. A person wearing a domino. 6. pl. Defn: A game played by two or more persons, with twenty-eight pieces of wood, bone, or ivory, of a flat, oblong shape, plain at the back, but on the face divided by a line in the middle, and either left blank or variously dotted after the manner of dice. The game is played by matching the spots or the blank of an unmatched half of a domino already played Hoyle. 7. One of the pieces with which the game of dominoes is played. Hoyle. fall like dominoes. To fall sequentially, as when one object in a line, by falling against the next object, causes it in turn to fall, and that second object causes a third to fall, etc.; the process can be repeated an indefinite number of times. Derived from an entertainment using dominoes arranged in a row, each standing on edge and therefore easily knocked over; when the first is made to fall against the next, it starts a sequence which ends when all have fallen. For amusement, people have arranged such sequences involving thousands of dominoes, arrayed in fanciful patterns. Domino theory. A political theory current in the 1960's, according to which the conversion of one country in South Asia to communism will start a sequential process causing all Asian countries to convert to Communism. The apparent assumption was that an Asian country with a Western orientation was as politically unstable as a domino standing on edge. Used by some as a justification for American involvement in the Vietnam war, 1964-1972. DOMINO WHIST Dom"i*no whist. Defn: A game of cards in which the suits are played in sequence, beginning with a 5 or 9, the player who gets rid of his cards first being the winner. DOMINUS Dom"i*nus, n.; pl. Domini. Etym: [L., master. See Dame.] Defn: Master; sir; -- a title of respect formerly applied to a knight or a clergyman, and sometimes to the lord of a manor. Cowell. DOMITABLE Dom"i*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. domitare to tame, fr. domare.] Defn: That can be tamed. [R.] Sir M. Hale. DOMITE Do"mite, n. (Min.) Defn: A grayish variety of trachyte; -- so called from the Puy-de- Dôme in Auvergne, France, where it is found. DON Don, n. Etym: [Sp. don; akin to Pg. dom, It. donno; fr. L. dominus master. See Dame, and cf. Domine, Dominie, Domino, Dan, Dom.] 1. Sir; Mr; Signior; -- a title in Spain, formerly given to noblemen and gentlemen only, but now common to all classes. Don is used in Italy, though not so much as in Spain France talks of Dom Calmet, England of Dom Calmet, England of Dan Lydgate. Oliphant. 2. A grand personage, or one making pretension to consequence; especially, the head of a college, or one of the fellows at the English universities. [Univ. Cant] "The great dons of wit." Dryden. DON Don, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Donned; p. pr. & vb. n. Donning.] Etym: [Do + on; -- opposed to doff. See Do, v. t., 7.] Defn: To put on; to dress in; to invest one's self with. Should I don this robe and trouble you. Shak. At night, or in the rain, He dons a surcoat which he doffs at morn. Emerson. DONA; DONYA Do"ña, n. Etym: [Sp. doña. See Duenna.] Defn: Lady; mistress; madam; -- a title of respect used in Spain, prefixed to the Christian name of a lady. DONABLE Do"na*ble, a. Etym: [L. donabilis, fr. donare to donate.] Defn: Capable of being donated or given. [R.] DONARY Do"na*ry, n. Etym: [L. donarium, fr. donare.] Defn: A thing given to a sacred use. [R.] Burton. DONAT Don"at, n. Etym: [From Donatus, a famous grammarian.] Defn: A grammar. [Obs.] [Written also donet.] DONATARY Don"a*ta*ry, n. Defn: See Donatory. DONATE Do"nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Donated; p. pr. & vb. n. Donating.] Etym: [L. donatus, p. p. of donare to donate, fr. donum gift, fr. dare to give. See 2d Date.] Defn: To give; to bestow; to present; as, to donate fifty thousand dollars to a college. DONATION Do*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. donatio; cf. F. donation.] 1. The act of giving or bestowing; a grant. After donation there an absolute change and alienation of the property of the thing given. South. 2. That which is given as a present; that which is transferred to another gratuitously; a gift. And some donation freely to estate On the bless'd lovers. Shak. 3. (Law) Defn: The act or contract by which a person voluntarily transfers the title to a thing of which be is the owner, from himself to another, without any consideration, as a free gift. Bouvier. Donation party, a party assembled at the house of some one, as of a clergyman, each one bringing some present. [U.S.] Bartlett. Syn. -- Gift; present; benefaction; grant. See Gift. DONATISM Don"a*tism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Donatisme.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The tenets of the Donatists. DONATIST Don"a*tist, n. Etym: [LL. Donatista: cf. F. Donatiste.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Donatus, the leader of a body of North African schismatics and purists, who greatly disturbed the church in the 4th century. They claimed to be the true church. DONATISTIC Don`a*tis"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to Donatism. DONATIVE Don"a*tive, n. Etym: [L. donativum, fr. donare: cf. F. donatif. See Donate.] 1. A gift; a largess; a gratuity; a present. "The Romans were entertained with shows and donatives." Dryden. 2. (Eccl. Law) Defn: A benefice conferred on a person by the founder or patron, without either presentation or institution by the ordinary, or induction by his orders. See the Note under Benefice, n., 3. DONATIVE Don"a*tive, a. Defn: Vested or vesting by donation; as, a donative advowson. Blackstone. DONATOR Do*na"tor, n. Etym: [L. Cf. Donor.] (Law) Defn: One who makes a gift; a donor; a giver. DONATORY Don"a*to*ry, n. (Scots Law) Defn: A donee of the crown; one the whom, upon certain condition, escheated property is made over. DO-NAUGHT Do"-naught`, n. Etym: [Do + naught.] Defn: A lazy, good-for-nothing fellow. DONAX Do"nax, n. Etym: [L., reed, also a sea fish, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A canelike grass of southern Europe (Arundo Donax), used for fishing rods, etc. DONCELLA Don*cel"la, n. Etym: [Sp., lit., a maid. Cf. Damsel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A handsome fish of Florida and the West Indies (Platyglossus radiatus). The name is applied also to the ladyfish (Harpe rufa) of the same region. DONE Done, Defn: p. p. from Do, and formerly the infinitive. 1. Performed; executed; finished. 2. It is done or agreed; let it be a match or bargain; -- used elliptically. Done brown, a phrase in cookery; applied figuratively to one who has been thoroughly deceived, cheated, or fooled. [Colloq.] -- Done for, tired out; used up; collapsed; destroyed; dead; killed. [Colloq.] -- Done up. (a) Wrapped up. (b) Worn out; exhausted. [Colloq.] DONE Done, a. Etym: [Prob. corrupted from OF. doné, F. donné, p. p. of OF. doner, F. donner, to give, issue, fr. L. donare to give. See Donate, and cf. Donee.] Defn: Given; executed; issued; made public; -- used chiefly in the clause giving the date of a proclamation or public act. DONEE Do*nee", n. Etym: [OF. doné, F. donné, p. p. See the preceding word.] 1. The person to whom a gift or donation is made. 2. (Law) Defn: Anciently, one to whom lands were given; in later use, one to whom lands and tenements are given in tail; in modern use, one on whom a power is conferred for execution; -- sometimes called the appointor. DONET Don"et, n. Defn: Same as Donat. Piers Plowman. DONGOLA Don"go*la, n. 1. A government of Upper Egypt. 2. Dongola kid. Dongola kid, D. leather, leather made by the Dongola process. -- D. process, a process of tanning goatskin, and now also calfskin and sheepskin, with a combination of vegetable and mineral agents, so that it resembles kid. -- D. race, a boat race in which the crews are composed of a number of pairs, usually of men and women. DONI Do"ni, n. Etym: [Tamil t.] (Naut.) Defn: A clumsy craft, having one mast with a long sail, used for trading purposes on the coasts of Coromandel and Ceylon. [Written also dhony, doney, and done.] Balfour. DONIFEROUS Do*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. donum gift + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing gifts. [R.] DONJON Don"jon, n. Etym: [See Dungeon.] Defn: The chief tower, also called the keep; a massive tower in ancient castles, forming the strongest part of the fortifications. See Illust. of Castle. DONKEY Don"key, n.; pl. Donkeys. Etym: [Prob. dun, in allusion to the color of the animal + a dim. termination.] 1. An ass; or (less frequently) a mule. 2. A stupid or obstinate fellow; an ass. Donkey engine, a small auxiliary engine not used for propelling, but for pumping water into the boilers, raising heavy weights, and like purposes. -- Donkey pump, a steam pump for feeding boilers, extinguishing fire, etc.; -- usually an auxiliary. -- Donkey's eye (Bot.), the large round seed of the Mucuna pruriens, a tropical leguminous plant. DONNA Don"na, n. Etym: [It. donna, L. domina. See Don, Dame.] Defn: A lady; madam; mistress; -- the title given a lady in Italy. DONNAT Don"nat, n. Etym: [Corrupted from do-naught.] Defn: See Do-naught. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. DONNEE Don`née", n. [F., fr. donner to give.] Defn: Lit., given; hence, in a literary work, as a drama or tale, that which is assumed as to characters, situation, etc., as a basis for the plot or story. W. E. Henley. That favorite romance donnée of the heir kept out of his own. Saintsbury. DONNISM Don"nism, n. Etym: [Don, n., 2.] Defn: Self-importance; loftiness of carriage. [Cant, Eng. Universities] DONOR Do"nor, n. Etym: [F. donneur, OF. daneor, fr. donner. See Donee, and cf. Donator.] 1. One who gives or bestows; one who confers anything gratuitously; a benefactor. 2. (Law) Defn: One who grants an estate; in later use, one who confers a power; -- the opposite of donee. Kent. Touching, the parties unto deeds and charters, we are to consider as well the donors and granters as the donees or grantees. Spelman. DO-NOTHING Do"-noth`ing, a. Defn: Doing nothing; inactive; idle; lazy; as, a do-nothing policy. DO-NOTHINGISM; DO-NOTHINGNESS Do"-noth`ing*ism, Do"-noth`ing*ness, n. Defn: Inactivity; habitual sloth; idleness. [Jocular] Carlyle. Miss Austen. DONSHIP Don"ship, n. Defn: The quality or rank of a don, gentleman, or knight. Hudibras. DONZEL Don"zel, n. Etym: [Cf. It. donzello, Sp. doncel, OF. danzel. See Damsel, Don, n.] Defn: A young squire, or knight's attendant; a page. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. DOO Doo, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A dove. [Scot.] DOOB GRASS Doob" grass`. Etym: [Hind. d.] (Bot.) Defn: A perennial, creeping grass (Cynodon dactylon), highly prized, in Hindostan, as food for cattle, and acclimated in the United States. [Written also doub grass.] DOODLE Doo"dle, n. Etym: [Cf. Dawdle.] Defn: A trifler; a simple fellow. DOODLESACK Doo"dle*sack`, n. Etym: [Cf. G. dudelsack.] Defn: The Scotch bagpipe. [Prov. Eng.] DOOLE Doole, n. Defn: Sorrow; dole. [Obs.] Spenser. DOOLY Doo"ly, n.; pl. Doolies. Etym: [Skr. d.] Defn: A kind of litter suspended from men's shoulders, for carrying persons or things; a palanquin. [Written also doolee and doolie.] [East Indies] Having provided doolies, or little bamboo chairs slung on four men's shoulders, in which I put my papers and boxes, we next morning commenced the ascent. J. D. Hooker. DOOM Doom, n. Etym: [As. d; akin to OS. d, OHG. tuom, Dan. & Sw. dom, Icel. d, Goth. d, Gr. do, v. t. Do, v. t., and cf. Deem, -dom.] 1. Judgment; judicial sentence; penal decree; condemnation. The first dooms of London provide especially the recovery of cattle belonging to the citizens. J. R. Green. Now against himself he sounds this doom. Shak. 2. That to which one is doomed or sentenced; destiny or fate, esp. unhappy destiny; penalty. Ere Hector meets his doom. Pope. And homely household task shall be her doom. Dryden. 3. Ruin; death. This is the day of doom for Bassianus. Shak. 4. Discriminating opinion or judgment; discrimination; discernment; decision. [Obs.] And there he learned of things and haps to come, To give foreknowledge true, and certain doom. Fairfax. Syn. -- Sentence; condemnation; decree; fate; destiny; lot; ruin; destruction. DOOM Doom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dooming.] 1. To judge; to estimate or determine as a judge. [Obs.] Milton. 2. To pronounce sentence or judgment on; to condemn; to consign by a decree or sentence; to sentence; as, a criminal doomed to chains or death. Absolves the just, and dooms the guilty souls. Dryden. 3. To ordain as penalty; hence, to mulct or fine. Have I tongue to doom my brother's death Shak. 4. To assess a tax upon, by estimate or at discretion. [New England] J. Pickering. 5. To destine; to fix irrevocably the destiny or fate of; to appoint, as by decree or by fate. A man of genius . . . doomed to struggle with difficulties. Macaulay. DOOMAGE Doom"age, n. Defn: A penalty or fine for neglect. [Local, New England] DOOMFUL Doom"ful, a. Defn: Full of condemnation or destructive power. [R.] "That doomful deluge." Drayton. DOOM PALM Doom" palm`. Etym: [Ar. daum, dum: cf. F. doume.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of palm tree (Hyphæne Thebaica), highly valued for the fibrous pulp of its fruit, which has the flavor of gingerbread, and is largely eaten in Egypt and Abyssinia. [Written also doum palm.] DOOMSDAY Dooms"day`, n. Etym: [AS. d. See Doom, and Day.] 1. A day of sentence or condemnation; day of death. "My body's doomsday." Shak. 2. The day of the final judgment. I could not tell till doomsday. Chaucer. Doomsday Book. See Domesday Book. DOOMSMAN Dooms"man, n. Etym: [Doom + man.] Defn: A judge; an umpire. [Obs.] Hampole. DOOMSTER Doom"ster, n. Defn: Same as Dempster. [Scot.] DOOR Door, n. Etym: [OE. dore, dure, AS. duru; akin to OS. dura, dor, D. deur, OHG. turi, door, tor gate, G. thür, thor, Icel. dyrr, Dan. dör, Sw. dörr, Goth. daur, Lith. durys, Russ. dvere, Olr. dorus, L. fores, Gr. dur, dvara. . Cf. Foreign.] 1. An opening in the wall of a house or of an apartment, by which to go in and out; an entrance way. To the same end, men several paths may tread, As many doors into one temple lead. Denham. 2. The frame or barrier of boards, or other material, usually turning on hinges, by which an entrance way into a house or apartment is closed and opened. At last he came unto an iron door That fast was locked. Spenser. 3. Passage; means of approach or access. I am the door; by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved. John x. 9. 4. An entrance way, but taken in the sense of the house or apartment to which it leads. Martin's office is now the second door in the street. Arbuthnot. Blank door, Blind door, etc. (Arch.) See under Blank, Blind, etc. -- In doors, or Within doors, within the house. -- Next door to, near to; bordering on. A riot unpunished is but next door to a tumult. L'Estrange. -- Out of doors, or Without doors, and, colloquially, Out doors, out of the house; in open air; abroad; away; lost. His imaginary title of fatherhood is out of doors. Locke. -- To lay (a fault, misfortune, etc.) at one's door, to charge one with a fault; to blame for. -- To lie at one's door, to be imputable or chargeable to. If I have failed, the fault lies wholly at my door. Dryden. Note: Door is used in an adjectival construction or as the first part of a compound (with or without the hyphen), as, door frame, doorbell or door bell, door knob or doorknob, door latch or doorlatch, door jamb, door handle, door mat, door panel. DOORCASE Door"case`, n. Defn: The surrounding frame into which a door shuts. DOORCHEEK Door"cheek`, n. Defn: The jamb or sidepiece of a door. Ex. xii. 22 (Douay version). DOORGA Door"ga, n. Etym: [Skr. Durga.] (Myth.) Defn: A Hindoo divinity, the consort of Siva, represented with ten arms. [Written also Durga.] Malcom. DOORING Door"ing, n. Defn: The frame of a door. Milton. DOORKEEPER Door"keep`er, n. Defn: One who guards the entrance of a house or apartment; a porter; a janitor. DOORLESS Door"less, a. Defn: Without a door. DOORNAIL Door"nail`, n. Defn: The nail or knob on which in ancient doors the knocker struck; -- hence the old saying, "As dead as a doornail." DOORPLANE Door"plane`, n. Defn: A plane on a door, giving the name, and sometimes the employment, of the occupant. DOORPOST Door"post`, n. Defn: The jamb or sidepiece of a doorway. DOORSILL Door"sill`, n. Defn: The sill or threshold of a door. DOORSTEAD Door"stead, n. Defn: Entrance or place of a door. [Obs. or Local] Bp. Warburton. DOORSTEP Door"step`, n. Defn: The stone or plank forming a step before an outer door. DOORSTONE Door"stone`, n. Defn: The stone forming a threshold. DOORSTOP Door"stop`, n. (Carp.) Defn: The block or strip of wood or similar material which stops, at the right place, the shutting of a door. DOORWAY Door"way`, n. Defn: The passage of a door; entrance way into a house or a room. DOORYARD Door"yard`, n. Defn: A yard in front of a house or around the door of a house. DOP; DOOP Dop, Doop, n. Defn: A little copper cup in which a diamond is held while being cut. DOP Dop, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Dap, Dip.] Defn: To dip. [Obs.] Walton. DOP Dop, n. Defn: A dip; a low courtesy. [Obs.] B. Jonson. DOPE Dope (dop), n. [D. doop a dipping, fr. doopen to dip. Cf. Dip.] 1. Any thick liquid or pasty preparation, as of opium for medicinal purposes, of grease for a lubricant, etc. 2. Any preparation, as of opium, used to stupefy or, in the case of a race horse, to stimulate. [Slang or Cant] 3. An absorbent material; esp., in high explosives, the sawdust, infusorial earth, mica, etc., mixed with nitroglycerin to make a damp powder (dynamite, etc.) less dangerous to transport, and ordinarily explosive only by suitable fulminating caps. 4. Information concerning the previous performances of race horses, or other facts concerning them which may be of assistance in judging of their chances of winning future races; sometimes, similar information concerning other sports. [Sporting Slang] DOPE Dope, v. t. 1. To treat or affect with dope; as, to dope nitroglycerin; specif.: (a) To give stupefying drugs to; to drug. [Slang] (b) To administer a stimulant to (a horse) to increase his speed. It is a serious offense against the laws of racing. [Race-track Slang] 2. To judge or guess; to predict the result of, as by the aid of dope. [Slang] DOPE-BOOK Dope"-book`, n. Defn: A chart of previous performances, etc., of race horses. [Race- track Slang] DOPEY Dop"ey, a. Defn: Affected by "dope"; esp., sluggish or dull as though under the influence of a narcotic. [Slang] DOPPELGANGER Dop"pel*gäng`er, n. [G.] Defn: A spiritual or ghostly double or counterpart; esp., an apparitional double of a living person; a cowalker. DOPPER Dop"per, n. Etym: [D. dooper.] [Written also doper.] Defn: An Anabaptist or Baptist. [Contemptuous] B. Jonson. DOPPLERITE Dop"pler*ite, n. Etym: [Named after the physicist and mathematician Christian Doppler.] (Min.) Defn: A brownish black native hydrocarbon occurring in elastic or jellylike masses. DOQUET Doq"uet, n. Defn: A warrant. See Docket. DOR Dor, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. dora drone, locust, D. tor beetle, L. taurus a kind of beetle. Cf. Dormouse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large European scaraboid beetle (Geotrupes stercorarius), which makes a droning noise while flying. The name is also applied to allied American species, as the June bug. Called also dorr, dorbeetle, or dorrbeetle, dorbug, dorrfly, and buzzard clock. DOR Dor, n. Etym: [Cf. Dor a beetle, and Hum, Humbug.] Defn: A trick, joke, or deception. Beau. & Fl. To give one the dor, to make a fool of him. [Archaic] P. Fletcher. DOR Dor, v. t. Defn: To make a fool of; to deceive. [Obs.] [Written also dorr.] B. Jonson. DORADO Do*ra"do, n. Etym: [Sp. dorado gilt, fr. dorar to gild, fr. L. deaurare. See 1st Dory, and cf. Fl Dorado.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: A southern constellation, within which is the south pole of the ecliptic; -- called also sometimes Xiphias, or the Swordfish. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, oceanic fish of the genus Coryphæna. DORBEETLE Dor"bee`tle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See 1st Dor. DOREE Do"ree, n. Etym: [See Dory.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European marine fish (Zeus faber), of a yellow color. See Illust. of John Doree. Note: The popular name in England is John Doree, or Dory, well known to be a corruption of F. jaune-dorée, i. e., golden-yellow. See 1st Dory. DORETREE Dore"tree`, n. Defn: A doorpost. [Obs.] "As dead as a doretree." Piers Plowman. DORHAWK Dor"hawk`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European goatsucker; -- so called because it eats the dor beetle. See Goatsucker. [Written also dorrhawk.] Booth. DORIAN Do"ri*an, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the ancient Greeks of Doris; Doric; as, a Dorian fashion. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Same as Doric, 3. "Dorian mood." Milton. Dorian mode (Mus.), the first of the authentic church modes or tones, from D to D, resembling our D minor scale, but with the B natural. Grove. DORIAN Do"ri*an, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Doris in Greece. DORIC Dor"ic, a. Etym: [L. Doricus, Gr. 1. Pertaining to Doris, in ancient Greece, or to the Dorians; as, the Doric dialect. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, the oldest and simplest of the three orders of architecture used by the Greeks, but ranked as second of the five orders adopted by the Romans. See Abacus, Capital, Order. Note: This order is distinguished, according to the treatment of details, as Grecian Doric, or Roman Doric. 3. (Mus.) Defn: Of or relating to one of the ancient Greek musical modes or keys. Its character was adapted both to religions occasions and to war. DORIC Dor"ic, n. Defn: The Doric dialect. DORICISM Dor"i*cism, n. Defn: A Doric phrase or idiom. DORIS Do"ris, n. Etym: [L. Doris, the daughter of Oceanus, and wife of Nereus, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of nudibranchiate mollusks having a wreath of branchiæ on the back. DORISM Do"rism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A Doric phrase or idiom. DORKING FOWL Dor"king fowl`. Etym: [From the town of Dorking in England.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a breed of large-bodied domestic fowls, having five toes, or the hind toe double. There are several strains, as the white, gray, and silver-gray. They are highly esteemed for the table. DORMANCY Dor"man*cy, n. Etym: [From Dormant.] Defn: The state of being dormant; quiescence; abeyance. DORMANT Dor"mant, a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of dormir to sleep, from L. dormire; cf. Gr. dra, OSlav. dr.] 1. Sleeping; as, a dormant animal; hence, not in action or exercise; quiescent; at rest; in abeyance; not disclosed, asserted, or insisted on; as, dormant passions; dormant claims or titles. It is by lying dormant a long time, or being . . . very rarely exercised, that arbitrary power steals upon a people. Burke. 2. (Her.) Defn: In a sleeping posture; as, a lion dormant; -- distinguished from couchant. Dormant partner (Com.), a partner who takes no share in the active business of a company or partnership, but is entitled to a share of the profits, and subject to a share in losses; -- called also sleeping or silent partner. -- Dormant window (Arch.), a dormer window. See Dormer. -- Table dormant, a stationary table. [Obs.] Chaucer. DORMANT Dor"mant, n. Etym: [See Dormant, a.] (Arch.) Defn: A large beam in the roof of a house upon which portions of the other timbers rest or " sleep." Arch. Pub. Soc. -- Called also dormant tree, dorman tree, dormond, and dormer. Halliwell. DORMER; DORMER WINDOW Dor"mer, or Dor"mer win"dow (, n. Etym: [Literally, the window of a sleeping apartment. F. dormir to sleep. See Dormant, a. & n.] (Arch.) Defn: A window pierced in a roof, and so set as to be vertical while the roof slopes away from it. Also, the gablet, or houselike structure, in which it is contained. DORMITIVE Dor"mi*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dormitif, fr. dormire to sleep.] Defn: Causing sleep; as, the dormitive properties of opium. Clarke. -- n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine to promote sleep; a soporific; an opiate. DORMITORY Dor"mi*to*ry, n.; pl. Dormitories. Etym: [L. dormitorium, fr. dormitorius of or for sleeping, fr. dormire to sleep. See Dormant.] 1. A sleeping room, or a building containing a series of sleeping rooms; a sleeping apartment capable of containing many beds; esp., one connected with a college or boarding school. Thackeray. 2. A burial place. [Obs.] Ayliffe. My sister was interred in a very honorable manner in our dormitory, joining to the parish church. Evelyn. DORMOUSE Dor"mouse, n.; pl. Dormice. Etym: [Perh. fr. F. dormir to sleep (Prov. E. dorm to doze) + E. mouse; or perh. changed fr. F. dormeuse, fem., a sleeper, though not found in the sense of a dormouse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European rodent of the genus Myoxus, of several species. They live in trees and feed on nuts, acorns, etc.; -- so called because they are usually torpid in winter. DORMY Dor"my, a. [Origin uncertain.] (Golf) Defn: Up, or ahead, as many holes as remain to be played; -- said of a player or side. A player who is dormy can not be beaten, and at the worst must halve the match. Encyc. of Sport. DORN Dorn, n. Etym: [Cf. G. dorn thorn, D. doorn, and G. dornfisch stickleback.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A British ray; the thornback. DORNICK; DORNOCK Dor"nick, or Dor"nock, n. Defn: A coarse sort of damask, originally made at Tournay (in Flemish, Doornick), Belgium, and used for hangings, carpets, etc. Also, a stout figured linen manufactured in Scotland. [Formerly written also darnex, dornic, dorneck, etc.] Halliwell. Jamieson. Note: Ure says that dornock, a kind of stout figured linen, derives its name from a town in Scotland where it was first manufactured for tablecloths. DORP Dorp, n. Etym: [LG. & D. dorp. See Thorpe.] Defn: A hamlet. "A mean fishing dorp." Howell. DORR Dorr, n. Defn: The dorbeetle; also, a drone or an idler. See 1st Dor. Robynson (More's Utopia). DORR Dorr, v. t. 1. To deceive. [Obs.] See Dor, v. t. 2. To deafen with noise. [Obs.] Halliwell. DORRFLY Dorr"fly`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See 1st Dor. DORRHAWK Dorr"hawk`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Dorhawk. DORSAD Dor"sad, adv. Etym: [Dorsum +L. ad towards.] (Anat.) Defn: Toward the dorsum or back; on the dorsal side; dorsally. DORSAL Dor"sal, a. Etym: [F. dorsal, LL. dorsalis, fr. L. dorsualis, fr. dorsum back; cf. Gr. Dorse, Dorsel, Dosel.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or situated near, the back, or dorsum, of an animal or of one of its parts; notal; tergal; neural; as, the dorsal fin of a fish; the dorsal artery of the tongue; -- opposed to ventral. 2. (Bot.) (a) Pertaining to the surface naturally inferior, as of a leaf. (b) Pertaining to the surface naturally superior, as of a creeping hepatic moss. Dorsal vessel (Zoöl.), a central pulsating blood vessel along the back of insects, acting as a heart. DORSAL Dor"sal, n. Etym: [LL. dorsale, neut. fr. dorsalis. See Dorsal, a.] (Fine Arts) Defn: A hanging, usually of rich stuff, at the back of a throne, or of an altar, or in any similar position. DORSALE Dor"sale, n. Defn: Same as Dorsal, n. DORSALLY Dor"sal*ly, adv. (Anat.) Defn: On, or toward, the dorsum, or back; on the dorsal side of; dorsad. DORSE Dorse, n. Etym: [Cf. L. dorsum the back. See Dorsel, Dosel.] 1. Same as dorsal, n. [Obs.] 2. The back of a book. [Obs.] Books, all richly bound, with gilt dorses. Wood. DORSE Dorse, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Baltic or variable cod (Gadus callarias), by some believed to be the young of the common codfish. DORSEL Dor"sel, n. Etym: [See Dosser.] 1. A pannier. 2. Same as Dorsal, n. DORSER Dor"ser, n. Defn: See Dosser. DORSIBRANCHIATA dor`si*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. dorsum back + branchiae gills.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of chætopod annelids in which the branchiæ are along the back, on each side, or on the parapodia. [See Illusts. under Annelida and Chætopoda.] DORSIBRANCHIATE Dor`si*bran"chi*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having branchiæ along the back; belonging to the Dorsibranchiata. -- n. Defn: One of the Dorsibranchiata. DORSIFEROUS Dor*sif"er*ous,. Etym: [Dorsum + -ferous; cf. F. dorsifère.] (Biol.) Defn: Bearing, or producing, on the back; -- applied to ferns which produce seeds on the back of the leaf, and to certain Batrachia, the ova of which become attached to the skin of the back of the parent, where they develop; dorsiparous. DORSIMESON Dor`si*mes"on, n. Etym: [Dorsum + meson.] Defn: (Anat.) See Meson. DORSIPAROUS Dor*sip"a*rous, a. Etym: [Dorsum + L. parere to bring forth.] (Biol.) Defn: Same as Dorsiferous. DORSIVENTRAL Dor`si*ven"tral, a. Etym: [Dorsum + ventral.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Having distinct upper and lower surfaces, as most common leaves. The leaves of the iris are not dorsiventral. 2. (Anat.) Defn: See Dorsoventral. DORSOVENTRAL Dor`so*ven"tral, a. Etym: [dorsum + ventral.] (Anat.) Defn: From the dorsal to the ventral side of an animal; as, the dorsoventral axis. DORSUM Dor"sum, n. Etym: [L.] 1. The ridge of a hill. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The back or dorsal region of an animal; the upper side of an appendage or part; as, the dorsum of the tongue. DORTOUR; DORTURE Dor"tour, Dor"ture, n. Etym: [F. dortoir, fr. L. dormitorium.] Defn: A dormitory. [Obs.] Bacon. DORY Do"ry, n.; pl. Dories. Etym: [Named from 1st color, fr. F. dorée gilded, fr. dorer to gild, L. deaurare. See Deaurate, and cf. Aureole.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European fish. See Doree, and John Doree. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American wall-eyed perch; -- called also doré. See Pike perch. DORY Do"ry, n.; pl. Dories (. Defn: A small, strong, flat-bottomed rowboat, with sharp prow and flaring sides. DORYPHORA Do*ryph"o*ra, n. Etym: [NL. See Doryphoros.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of plant-eating beetles, including the potato beetle. See Potato beetle. DORYPHOROS Do*ryph"o*ros, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Fine Arts) Defn: A spear bearer; a statue of a man holding a spear or in the attitude of a spear bearer. Several important sculptures of this subject existed in antiquity, copies of which remain to us. DOSAGE Dos"age (dos"ayj), n. [Cf. F. dosage. See Dose, v.] 1. (Med.) Defn: The administration of medicine in doses; specif., a scheme or system of grading doses of medicine according to age, etc. 2. The process of adding some ingredient, as to wine, to give flavor, character, or strength. DOS--DOS Dos`-à-dos", adv. [F.] Defn: Back to back; as, to sit dos-à-dos in a dogcart; to dance dos- à-dos, or so that two dancers move forward and pass back to back. DOS--DOS Dos`-à-dos", n. Defn: A sofa, open carriage, or the like, so constructed that the occupants sit back to back. DOSE Dose, n. Etym: [F. dose, Gr. dare to give. See Date point of time.] 1. The quantity of medicine given, or prescribed to be taken, at one time. 2. A sufficient quantity; a portion; as much as one can take, or as falls to one to receive. 3. Anything nauseous that one is obliged to take; a disagreeable portion thrust upon one. I am for curing the world by gentle alteratives, not by violent doses. W. Irving. I dare undertake that as fulsome a dose as you give him, he shall readily take it down. South. DOSE Dose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dosed; p. pr. & vb. n. dosing.] Etym: [Cf. F. doser. See Dose, n.] 1. To proportion properly (a medicine), with reference to the patient or the disease; to form into suitable doses. 2. To give doses to; to medicine or physic to; to give potions to, constantly and without need. A self-opinioned physician, worse than his distemper, who shall dose, and bleed, and kill him, "secundum artem." South 3. To give anything nauseous to. DOSEL Dos"el, n. Etym: [OF. dossel; cf. LL. dorsale. See Dorsal, and cf. Dorse, Dorsel.] Defn: Same as Dorsal, n. [R.] DOSIMETRY Do*sim"e*try, n. [NL. dosis dose + -metry.] (Med.) Defn: Measurement of doses; specif., a system of therapeutics which uses but few remedies, mostly alkaloids, and gives them in doses fixed by certain rules. --Do`si*met"ric (#), a. --Do*sim"e*trist (#), n. DOSOLOGY Do*sol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Dose +-logy.] Defn: Posology. [R.] Ogilvie. DOSS Doss, n. [Etym. uncertain.] Defn: A place to sleep in; a bed; hence, sleep. [Slang] DOSSEL Dos"sel, n. Etym: [See Dosel, n.] Defn: Same as Dorsal, n. DOSSER Dos"ser, n. Etym: [LL. dosserum, or F.dossier bundle of papers, part of a basket resting on the back, fr. L. dorsum back. See Dorsal, and cf. Dosel.] [Written also dorser and dorsel.] 1. A pannier, or basket. To hire a ripper's mare, and buy new dossers. Beau. & Fl. 2. A hanging tapestry; a dorsal. DOSS HOUSE Doss house. Defn: A cheap lodging house. They [street Arabs] consort together and sleep in low doss houses where they meet with all kinds of villainy. W. Besant. DOSSIER Dos`sier" (dos`syay"; E. dos"si*er), n. [F., back of a thing, bulging bundle of papers, fr. dos back.] Defn: A bundle containing the papers in reference to some matter. DOSSIL Dos"sil, n. Etym: [OE. dosil faucet of a barrel, OF. dosil, duisil, spigot, LL. diciculus, ducillus, fr. L. ducere to lead, draw. See Duct, Duke.] 1. (Surg.) Defn: A small ovoid or cylindrical roil or pledget of lint, for keeping a sore, wound, etc., open; a tent. 2. (Printing) Defn: A roll of cloth for wiping off the face of a copperplate, leaving the ink in the engraved lines. DOST Dost, 2d pers. sing. pres. Defn: of Do. DOT Dot, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. dos, dotis, dowry. See Dower, and cf. Dote dowry.] (Law) Defn: A marriage portion; dowry. [Louisiana] DOT Dot, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. dott small spot, speck; of uncertain origin.] 1. A small point or spot, made with a pen or other pointed instrument; a speck, or small mark. 2. Anything small and like a speck comparatively; a small portion or specimen; as, a dot of a child. DOT Dot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dotting.] 1. To mark with dots or small spots; as, to dot a line. 2. To mark or diversify with small detached objects; as, a landscape dotted with cottages. DOT Dot, v. i. Defn: To make dots or specks. DOTAGE Do"tage, n. Etym: [From Dote, v. i.] 1. Feebleness or imbecility of understanding or mind, particularly in old age; the childishness of old age; senility; as, a venerable man, now in his dotage. Capable of distinguishing between the infancy and the dotage of Greek literature. Macaulay. 2. Foolish utterance; drivel. The sapless dotages of old Paris and Salamanca. Milton. 3. Excessive fondness; weak and foolish affection. The dotage of the nation on presbytery. Bp. Burnet. DOTAL Do"tal, a. Etym: [L. dotalis, fr. dos, dotis, dowry: cf. F. dotal. See Dot dowry.] Defn: Pertaining to dower, or a woman's marriage portion; constituting dower, or comprised in it. Garth. DOTANT Do"tant, n. Defn: A dotard. [Obs.] Shak. DOTARD Do"tard, n. Etym: [Dote, v. i.] Defn: One whose mind is impaired by age; one in second childhood. The sickly dotard wants a wife. Prior. DOTARDLY Do"tard*ly, a. Defn: Foolish; weak. Dr. H. More. DOTARY Do"ta*ry, n. Defn: A dotard's weakness; dotage. [Obs.] Drayton. DOTATION Do*ta"tion, n. Etym: [LL. dotatio, fr. L. dotare to endow, fr. dos, dotis, dower: cf. F. dotation. See Dot dowry.] 1. The act of endowing, or bestowing a marriage portion on a woman. 2. Endowment; establishment of funds for support, as of a hospital or eleemosynary corporation. Blackstone. DOTE Dote, n. Etym: [See Dot dowry.] 1. A marriage portion. [Obs.] See 1st Dot, n. Wyatt. 2. pl. Defn: Natural endowments. [Obs.] B. Jonson. DOTE Dote, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Doted;p. pr. & vb. n. Doting.] Etym: [OE. doten; akin to OD. doten, D. dutten, to doze, Icel. dotta to nod from sleep, MHG. t to keep still: cf. F. doter, OF. radoter (to dote, rave, talk idly or senselessly), which are from the same source.] [Written also doat.] 1. To act foolishly. [Obs.] He wol make him doten anon right. Chaucer. 2. To be weak-minded, silly, or idiotic; to have the intellect impaired, especially by age, so that the mind wanders or wavers; to drivel. Time has made you dote, and vainly tell Of arms imagined in your lonely cell. Dryden. He survived the use of his reason, grew infatuated, and doted long before he died. South. 3. To be excessively or foolishly fond; to love to excess; to be weakly affectionate; -- with on or upon; as, the mother dotes on her child. Sing, siren, for thyself, and I will dote. Shak. What dust we dote on, when 't is man we love. Pope. DOTE Dote, n. Defn: An imbecile; a dotard. Halliwell. DOTED Dot"ed, a. 1. Stupid; foolish. [Obs.] Senseless speech and doted ignorance. Spenser. 2. Half-rotten; as, doted wood. [Local, U. S.] DOTEHEAD Dote"head`, n. Defn: A dotard. [R.] Tyndale. DOTER Dot"er, n. 1. One who dotes; a man whose understanding is enfeebled by age; a dotard. Burton. 2. One excessively fond, or weak in love. Shak. DOTERY Dot"er*y, n. Defn: The acts or speech of a dotard; drivel. [R.] DOTH Doth, 3d pers. sing. pres. Defn: of Do. DOTING Dot"ing, a. Defn: That dotes; silly; excessively fond. -- Dot"ing*ly, adv. -- Dot"ing*ness, n. DOTISH Dot"ish, a. Defn: Foolish; weak; imbecile. Sir W. Scott. DOTTARD Dot"tard, n. Etym: [For Dotard ] Defn: An old, decayed tree. [R.] Bacon. DOTTED Dot"ted, a. Defn: Marked with, or made of, dots or small spots; diversified with small, detached objects. Dotted note (Mus.), a note followed by a dot to indicate an increase of length equal to one half of its simple value; thus, a dotted semibreve is equal to three minims, and a dotted quarter to three eighth notes. -- Dotted rest, a rest lengthened by a dot in the same manner as a dotted note. Note: Notes and rests are sometimes followed by two dots, to indicate an increase of length equal to three quarters of their simple value, and they are then said to be double-dotted. DOTTEREL Dot"ter*el, a. Etym: [Cf. Dottard.] Defn: Decayed. "Some old dotterel trees." [Obs.] Ascham. DOTTEREL Dot"ter*el, n. Etym: [From Dote, v. i.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European bird of the Plover family (Eudromias, or Charadrius, morinellus). It is tame and easily taken, and is popularly believed to imitate the movements of the fowler. In catching of dotterels we see how the foolish bird playeth the ape in gestures. Bacon. Note: The ringed dotterel (or ring plover) is Charadrius hiaticula. 2. A silly fellow; a dupe; a gull. Barrow. DOTTING PEN Dot"ting pen`. Defn: See under Pun. DOTTREL Dot"trel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Dotterel. DOTTY Dot"ty, a. [From 2d Dot.] 1. Composed of, or characterized by, dots. 2. [Perh. a different word; cf. Totty.] Unsteady in gait; hence, feeble; half-witted. [Eng.] DOTY Do"ty, a. Etym: [See Dottard.] Defn: Half-rotten; as, doty timber. [Local, U. S.] DOUANE Dou`ane", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A customhouse. DOUANIER Dou`a"nier", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: An officer of the French customs. [Anglicized form douaneer.] DOUAR Dou"ar, n. Etym: [F., fr. Ar. d.] Defn: A village composed of Arab tents arranged in streets. DOUAY BIBLE Dou"ay Bi"ble. Etym: [From Douay, or Douai, a town in France.] Defn: A translation of the Scriptures into the English language for the use of English-speaking Roman Catholics; -- done from the Latin Vulgate by English scholars resident in France. The New Testament portion was published at Rheims, A. D. 1582, the Old Testament at Douai, A. D. 1609-10. Various revised editions have since been published. [Written also Doway Bible. Called also the Rheims and Douay version.] DOUB GRASS Doub" grass`.(Bot.) Defn: Doob grass. DOUBLE Dou"ble, a. Etym: [OE. doble, duble, double, OF. doble, duble, double, F. double, fr. L. duplus, fr. the root of duo two, and perh. that of plenus full; akin to Gr. Two, and Full, and cf. Diploma, Duple.] 1. Twofold; multiplied by two; increased by its equivalent; made twice as large or as much, etc. Let a double portion of thy spirit be upon me. 2 Kings ii. 9. Darkness and tempest make a double night. Dryden. 2. Being in pairs; presenting two of a kind, or two in a set together; coupled. [Let] The swan, on still St. Mary's lake, Float double, swan and shadow. Wordsworth. 3. Divided into two; acting two parts, one openly and the other secretly; equivocal; deceitful; insincere. With a double heart do they speak. Ps. xii. 2. 4. (Bot.) Defn: Having the petals in a flower considerably increased beyond the natural number, usually as the result of cultivation and the expense of the stamens, or stamens and pistils. The white water lily and some other plants have their blossoms naturally double. Note: Double is often used as the first part of a compound word, generally denoting two ways, or twice the number, quantity, force, etc., twofold, or having two. Double base, or Double bass (Mus.), the largest and lowest-toned instrument in the violin form; the contrabasso or violone. -- Double convex. See under Convex. -- Double counterpoint (Mus.), that species of counterpoint or composition, in which two of the parts may be inverted, by setting one of them an octave higher or lower. -- Double court (Lawn Tennis), a court laid out for four players, two on each side. -- Double dagger (Print.), a reference mark (||) next to the dagger (|) in order; a diesis. -- Double drum (Mus.), a large drum that is beaten at both ends. -- Double eagle, a gold coin of the United States having the value of 20 dollars. -- Double entry. See under Bookkeeping. -- Double floor (Arch.), a floor in which binding joists support flooring joists above and ceiling joists below. See Illust. of Double-framed floor. -- Double flower. See Double, a., 4. -- Double-framed floor (Arch.), a double floor having girders into which the binding joists are framed. -- Double fugue (Mus.), a fugue on two subjects. -- Double letter. (a) (Print.) Two letters on one shank; a ligature. (b) A mail requiring double postage. -- Double note (Mus.), a note of double the length of the semibreve; a breve. See Breve. -- Double octave (Mus.), an interval composed of two octaves, or fifteen notes, in diatonic progression; a fifteenth. -- Double pica. See under Pica. -- Double play (Baseball), a play by which two players are put out at the same time. -- Double plea (Law), a plea alleging several matters in answer to the declaration, where either of such matters alone would be a sufficient bar to the action. Stephen. -- Double point (Geom.), a point of a curve at which two branches cross each other. Conjugate or isolated points of a curve are called double points, since they possess most of the properties of double points (see Conjugate). They are also called acnodes, and those points where the branches of the curve really cross are called crunodes. The extremity of a cusp is also a double point. -- Double quarrel. (Eccl. Law) See Duplex querela, under Duplex. -- Double refraction. (Opt.) See Refraction. -- Double salt. (Chem.) (a) A mixed salt of any polybasic acid which has been saturated by different bases or basic radicals, as the double carbonate of sodium and potassium, NaKCO3.6H2O. (b) A molecular combination of two distinct salts, as common alum, which consists of the sulphate of aluminium, and the sulphate of potassium or ammonium. -- Double shuffle, a low, noisy dance. -- Double standard (Polit. Econ.), a double standard of monetary values; i. e., a gold standard and a silver standard, both of which are made legal tender. -- Double star (Astron.), two stars so near to each other as to be seen separate only by means of a telescope. Such stars may be only optically near to each other, or may be physically connected so that they revolve round their common center of gravity, and in the latter case are called also binary stars. -- Double time (Mil.). Same as Double-quick. -- Double window, a window having two sets of glazed sashes with an air space between them. DOUBLE Dou"ble, adv. Defn: Twice; doubly. I was double their age. Swift. DOUBLE Dou"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doubled; p. pr. & vb. n. Doubling.] Etym: [OE. doblen, dublen, doublen, F. doubler, fr. L. duplare, fr. duplus. See Double, a.] 1. To increase by adding an equal number, quantity, length, value, or the like; multiply by two; to double a sum of money; to double a number, or length. Double six thousand, and then treble that. Shak. 2. To make of two thicknesses or folds by turning or bending together in the middle; to fold one part upon another part of; as, to double the leaf of a book, and the like; to clinch, as the fist; -- often followed by up; as, to double up a sheet of paper or cloth. Prior. Then the old man Was wroth, and doubled up his hands. Tennyson. 3. To be the double of; to exceed by twofold; to contain or be worth twice as much as. Thus reënforced, against the adverse fleet, Still doubling ours, brave Rupert leads the way. Dryden. 4. To pass around or by; to march or sail round, so as to reverse the direction of motion. Sailing along the coast, the doubled the promontory of Carthage. Knolles. 5. (Mil.) Defn: To unite, as ranks or files, so as to form one from each two. DOUBLE Dou"ble, v. i. 1. To be increased to twice the sum, number, quantity, length, or value; to increase or grow to twice as much. 'T is observed in particular nations, that within the space of three hundred years, notwithstanding all casualties, the number of men doubles. T. Burnet. 2. To return upon one's track; to turn and go back over the same ground, or in an opposite direction. Doubling and turning like a hunted hare. Dryden. Doubling and doubling with laborious walk. Wordsworth. 3. To play tricks; to use sleights; to play false. What penalty and danger you accrue, If you be found to double. J. Webster. 4. (Print.) Defn: To set up a word or words a second time by mistake; to make a doublet. To double upon (Mil.), to inclose between two fires. DOUBLE Dou"ble, n. 1. Twice as much; twice the number, sum, quantity, length, value, and the like. If the thief be found, let him pay double. Ex. xxii. 7. 2. Among compositors, a doublet (see Doublet, 2.); among pressmen, a sheet that is twice pulled, and blurred. 3. That which is doubled over or together; a doubling; a plait; a fold. Rolled up in sevenfold double Of plagues. Marston. 4. A turn or circuit in running to escape pursues; hence, a trick; a shift; an artifice. These men are too well acquainted with the chase to be flung off by any false steps or doubles. Addison. 5. Something precisely equal or counterpart to another; a counterpart. Hence, a wraith. My charming friend . . . has, I am almost sure, a double, who preaches his afternoon sermons for him. Atlantic Monthly. 6. A player or singer who prepares to take the part of another player in his absence; a substitute. 7. Double beer; strong beer. 8. (Eccl.) Defn: A feast in which the antiphon is doubled, hat is, said twice, before and after the Psalms, instead of only half being said, as in simple feasts. Shipley. 9. (Lawn Tennis) Defn: A game between two pairs of players; as, a first prize for doubles. 10. (Mus.) Defn: An old term for a variation, as in Bach's Suites. DOUBLE-ACTING Dou"ble-act`ing, a. Defn: Acting or operating in two directions or with both motions; producing a twofold result; as, a double-acting engine or pump. DOUBLE-BANK Dou"ble-bank", v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To row by rowers sitting side by side in twos on a bank or thwart. To double-bank an oar, to set two men to pulling one oar. DOUBLE-BANKED Dou"ble-banked`, a. Defn: Applied to a kind of rowing in which the rowers sit side by side in twos, a pair of oars being worked from each bank or thwart. DOUBLE-BARRELED; DOUBLE-BARRELLED Dou"ble-bar`reled, or Dou"ble-bar`relled, a. Defn: Having two barrels; -- applied to a gun. DOUBLE-BEAT VALVE Dou"ble-beat` valve". Defn: See under Valve. DOUBLE-BREASTED Dou"ble-breast`ed, a. Defn: Folding or lapping over on the breast, with a row of buttons and buttonholes on each side; as, a double-breasted coat. DOUBLE-CHARGE Dou"ble-charge`, v. t. 1. To load with a double charge, as of gunpowder. 2. To overcharge. Shak. DOUBLE DEALER Dou"ble deal"er. Defn: One who practices double dealing; a deceitful, trickish person. L'Estrange. DOUBLE DEALING Dou"ble deal"ing. Defn: False or deceitful dealing. See Double dealing, under Dealing. Shak. DOUBLE-DECKER Dou"ble-deck"er, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: A man-of-war having two gun decks. 2. A public conveyance, as a street car, with seats on the roof. [Colloq.] DOUBLE-DYE Dou"ble-dye`, v. t. Defn: To dye again or twice over. To double-dye their robes in scarlet. J. Webster. DOUBLE-DYED Dou"ble-dyed`, a. Defn: Dyed twice; thoroughly or intensely colored; hence; firmly fixed in opinions or habits; as, a double-dyed villain. DOUBLE-ENDER Dou"ble-end"er, n. (a) (Naut.) A vessel capable of moving in either direction, having bow and rudder at each end. (b) (Railroad) Defn: A locomotive with pilot at each end. Knight. DOUBLE-ENTENDRE Dou"ble-en*ten"dre, n. Etym: [F. double double + entendre to mean. This is a barbarous compound of French words. The true French equivalent is double entente.] Defn: A word or expression admitting of a double interpretation, one of which is often obscure or indelicate. DOUBLE-EYED Dou"ble-eyed`, a. Defn: Having a deceitful look. [R.] "Deceitful meanings is double- eyed." Spenser. DOUBLE-FACED Dou"ble-faced`, a. 1. Having two faces designed for use; as, a double-faced hammer. 2. Deceitful; hypocritical; treacherous. Milton. DOUBLE FIRST Dou"ble first`. (Eng. Universities) (a) A degree of the first class both in classics and mathematics. (b) One who gains at examinations the highest honor both in the classics and the mathematics. Beaconsfield. DOUBLEGANGER Dou"ble*gang`er, n. [G. doppelgänger; doppel double + gänger walker.] Defn: An apparition or double of a living person; a doppelgänger. Either you are Hereward, or you are his doubleganger. C. Kingsley. DOUBLE-HANDED Dou"ble-hand"ed, a. 1. Having two hands. 2. Deceitful; deceptive. Glanvill. DOUBLE-HEADED Dou"ble-head"ed, a. Defn: Having two heads; bicipital. Double-headed rail (Railroad), a rail whose flanges are duplicates, so that when one is worn the other may be turned uppermost. DOUBLEHEARTED Dou"ble*heart"ed, a. Defn: Having a false heart; deceitful; treacherous. Sandys. DOUBLE-HUNG Dou"ble-hung`, a. Defn: Having both sashes hung with weights and cords; -- said of a window. DOUBLE-LOCK Dou"ble-lock`, v. t. Defn: To lock with two bolts; to fasten with double security. Tatler. DOUBLE-MILLED Dou"ble-milled`, a. Defn: Twice milled or fulled, to render more compact or fine; -- said of cloth; as, double-milled kerseymere. DOUBLEMINDED Dou"ble*mind"ed, a. Defn: Having different minds at different times; unsettled; undetermined. A double-minded man is unstable in all his ways. Jas. i. 8. DOUBLENESS Dou"ble*ness, n. 1. The state of being double or doubled. 2. Duplicity; insincerity. Chaucer. DOUBLE PEDRO Double pedro. Defn: Cinch (the game). DOUBLE-QUICK Dou"ble-quick`, a. (Mil.) Defn: Of, or performed in, the fastest time or step in marching, next to the run; as, a double-quick step or march. DOUBLE-QUICK Dou"ble-quick`, n. Defn: Double-quick time, step, or march. Note: Double-quick time requires 165 steps, each 33 inches in length, to be taken in one minute. The number of steps may be increased up to 180 per minute. DOUBLE-QUICK Dou"ble-quick`, v. i. & t. (Mil.) Defn: To move, or cause to move, in double-quick time. DOUBLER Dou"bler, n. 1. One who, or that which, doubles. 2. (Elec.) Defn: An instrument for augmenting a very small quantity of electricity, so as to render it manifest by sparks or the electroscope. DOUBLE-RIPPER Dou"ble-rip"per, n. Defn: A kind of coasting sled, made of two sleds fastened together with a board, one before the other. [Local, U. S.] DOUBLE-SHADE Dou"ble-shade`, v. t. Defn: To double the natural darkness of (a place). Milton. DOUBLE-SURFACED Dou"ble-sur"faced, a. Defn: Having two surfaces; -- said specif. of aëroplane wings or aërocurves which are covered on both sides with fabric, etc., thus completely inclosing their frames. DOUBLET Doub"let, n. Etym: [In sense 3, OF. doublet; in sense 4, F. doublet, dim. of double double. See Double, a.] 1. Two of the same kind; a pair; a couple. 2. (Print.) Defn: A word or words unintentionally doubled or set up a second time. 3. A close-fitting garment for men, covering the body from the neck to the waist or a little below. It was worn in Western Europe from the 15th to the 17th century. 4. (Lapidary Work) Defn: A counterfeit gem, composed of two pieces of crystal, with a color them, and thus giving the appearance of a naturally colored gem. Also, a piece of paste or glass covered by a veneer of real stone. 5. (Opt.) Defn: An arrangement of two lenses for a microscope, designed to correct spherical aberration and chromatic dispersion, thus rendering the image of an object more clear and distinct. W. H. Wollaston. 6. pl. (See No. 1.) Defn: Two dice, each of which, when thrown, has the same number of spots on the face lying uppermost; as, to throw doublets. 7. pl. Etym: [Cf. Pr. doblier, dobler draughtboard.] Defn: A game somewhat like backgammon. Halliwell. 8. One of two or more words in the same language derived by different courses from the same original from; as, crypt and grot are doublets; also, guard and ward; yard and garden; abridge and abbreviate, etc. DOUBLETHREADED Dou"ble*thread`ed, a. 1. Consisting of two threads twisted together; using two threads. 2. (Mech.) Defn: Having two screw threads instead of one; -- said of a screw in which the pitch is equal to twice the distance between the centers of adjacent threads. DOUBLE-TONGUE Dou"ble-tongue`, n. Defn: Deceit; duplicity. Now cometh the sin of double-tongue, such as speak fair before folk and wickedly behind. Chaucer. DOUBLE-TONGUED Dou"ble-tongued`, a. Defn: Making contrary declarations on the same subject; deceitful. Likewise must the deacons be grave, not double-tongued. 1 Tim. iii. 8. DOUBLE-TONGUING Dou"ble-tongu`ing, n. (Mus.) Defn: A peculiar action of the tongue by flute players in articulating staccato notes; also, the rapid repetition of notes in cornet playing. DOUBLETREE Dou"ble*tree`, n. Defn: The bar, or crosspiece, of a carriage, to which the singletrees are attached. DOUBLETS Doub"lets, n. pl. Defn: See Doublet, 6 and 7. DOUBLING Dou"bling, n. 1. The act of one that doubles; a making double; reduplication; also, that which is doubled. 2. A turning and winding; as, the doubling of a hunted hare; shift; trick; artifice. Dryden. 3. (Her.) Defn: The lining of the mantle borne about the shield or escutcheon. 4. The process of redistilling spirits, to improve the strength and flavor. Doubling a cape, promontory, etc. (Naut.), sailing around or passing beyond a cape, promontory, etc. DOUBLOON Doub*loon", n. Etym: [F. doublon, Sp. doblon. See Double, a., and cf. Dupion.] Defn: A Spanish gold coin, no longer issued, varying in value at different times from over fifteen dollars to about five. See Doblon in Sup. DOUBLURE Dou`blure", n. [F.] 1. (Bookbinding) The lining of a book cover, esp. one of unusual sort, as of tooled leather, painted vellum, rich brocade, or the like. 2. (Paleon.) The reflexed margin of the trilobite carapace. DOUBLY Dou"bly, adv. 1. In twice the quantity; to twice the degree; as, doubly wise or good; to be doubly sensible of an obligation. Dryden. 2. Deceitfully. "A man that deals doubly." Huloet. DOUBT Doubt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dou; p. pr. & vb. n. Doubting.] Etym: [OE. duten, douten, OF. duter, doter, douter, F. douter, fr. L. dubitare; akin to dubius doubtful. See Dubious.] 1. To waver in opinion or judgment; to be in uncertainty as to belief respecting anything; to hesitate in belief; to be undecided as to the truth of the negative or the affirmative proposition; to b e undetermined. Even in matters divine, concerning some things, we may lawfully doubt, and suspend our judgment. Hooker. To try your love and make you doubt of mine. Dryden. 2. To suspect; to fear; to be apprehensive. [Obs.] Syn. -- To waver; vacillate; fluctuate; hesitate; demur; scruple; question. DOUBT Doubt, v. t. 1. To question or hold questionable; to withhold assent to; to hesitate to believe, or to be inclined not to believe; to withhold confidence from; to distrust; as, I have heard the story, but I doubt the truth of it. To admire superior sense, and doubt their own! Pope. I doubt not that however changed, you keep So much of what is graceful. Tennyson. To doubt not but. I do not doubt but I have been to blame. Dryden. We doubt not now But every rub is smoothed on our way. Shak. Note: That is, we have no doubt to prevent us from believing, etc. (or notwithstanding all that may be said to the contrary) -- but having a preventive sense, after verbs of "doubting" and "denying" that convey a notion of hindrance. E. A. Abbott. 2. To suspect; to fear; to be apprehensive of. [Obs.] Edmond [was a] good man and doubted God. R. of Gloucester. I doubt some foul play. Shak. That I of doubted danger had no fear. Spenser. 3. To fill with fear; to affright. [Obs.] The virtues of the valiant Caratach More doubt me than all Britain. Beau. & Fl. DOUBT Doubt, n. Etym: [OE. dute, doute, F. doute, fr. douter to doubt. See Doubt, v. i.] 1. A fluctuation of mind arising from defect of knowledge or evidence; uncertainty of judgment or mind; unsettled state of opinion concerning the reality of an event, or the truth of an assertion, etc.; hesitation. Doubt is the beginning and the end of our efforts to know. Sir W. Hamilton. Doubt, in order to be operative in requiring an acquittal, is not the want of perfect certainty (which can never exist in any question of fact) but a defect of proof preventing a reasonable assurance of quilt. Wharton. 2. Uncertainty of condition. Thy life shall hang in doubt before thee. Deut. xxviii. 66. 3. Suspicion; fear; apprehension; dread. [Obs.] I stand in doubt of you. Gal. iv. 20. Nor slack her threatful hand for danger's doubt. Spenser. 4. Difficulty expressed or urged for solution; point unsettled; objection. To every doubt your answer is the same. Blackmore. No doubt, undoubtedly; without doubt. -- Out of doubt, beyond doubt. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. -- Uncertainty; hesitation; suspense; indecision; irresolution; distrust; suspicion; scruple; perplexity; ambiguity; skepticism. DOUBTABLE Doubt"a*ble, a. Etym: [OF. doutable, L. dubitabilis, from dubitare. Cf. Dubitable.] 1. Capable of being doubted; questionable. 2. Worthy of being feared; redoubtable. [Obs.] DOUBTANCE Doubt"ance, n. Etym: [OF. doutance. Cf. Dubitancy.] Defn: State of being in doubt; uncertainty; doubt. [Obs.] Chaucer. DOUBTER Doubt"er, n. Defn: One who doubts; one whose opinion is unsettled; one who scruples. DOUBTFUL Doubt"ful, a. 1. Not settled in opinion; undetermined; wavering; hesitating in belief; also used, metaphorically, of the body when its action is affected by such a state of mind; as, we are doubtful of a fact, or of the propriety of a measure. Methinks I should know you, and know this man; Yet I am doubtful. Shak. With doubtful feet and wavering resolution. Milton. 2. Admitting of doubt; not obvious, clear, or certain; questionable; not decided; not easy to be defined, classed, or named; as, a doubtful case, hue, claim, title, species, and the like. Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good. Shak. Is it a great cruelty to expel from our abode the enemy of our peace, or even the doubtful friend [i. e., one as to whose sincerity there may be doubts] Bancroft. 3. Characterized by ambiguity; dubious; as, a doubtful expression; a doubtful phrase. 4. Of uncertain issue or event. We . . . have sustained one day in doubtful fight. Milton. The strife between the two principles had been long, fierce, and doubtful. Macaulay. 5. Fearful; apprehensive; suspicious. [Obs.] I am doubtful that you have been conjunct And bosomed with her. Shak. Syn. -- Wavering; vacillating; hesitating; undetermined; distrustful; dubious; uncertain; equivocal; ambiguous; problematical; questionable. DOUBTFULLY Doubt"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a doubtful manner. Nor did the goddess doubtfully declare. Dryden. DOUBTFULNESS Doubt"ful*ness, n. 1. State of being doubtful. 2. Uncertainty of meaning; ambiguity; indefiniteness. " The doubtfulness of his expressions." Locke. 3. Uncertainty of event or issue. Bacon. DOUBTING Doubt"ing, a. Defn: That is uncertain; that distrusts or hesitates; having doubts. -- Doubt"ing*ly, adv. DOUBTLESS Doubt"less, a. Defn: Free from fear or suspicion. [Obs.] Pretty child, sleep doubtless and secure. Shak. DOUBTLESS Doubt"less, adv. Defn: Undoubtedly; without doubt. DOUBTLESSLY Doubt"less*ly, adv. Defn: Unquestionably. Beau. & Fl. DOUBTOUS Doubt"ous, a. Etym: [OF. dotos, douteus, F. douteux.] Defn: Doubtful. [Obs.] Chaucer. DOUC Douc, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A monkey (Semnopithecus nemæus), remarkable for its varied and brilliant colors. It is a native of Cochin China. DOUCE Douce, a. Etym: [F. doux, masc., douce, fem., sweet, fr. L. duleis sweet.] 1. Sweet; pleasant. [Obs.] 2. Sober; prudent; sedate; modest. [Scot.] And this is a douce, honest man. Sir W. Scott. DOUCEPERE Douce"pere`, n. Etym: [F. les douze pairs the twelve peers of France, renowned in romantic fiction.] Defn: One of the twelve peers of France, companions of Charlemagne in war. [Written also douzepere.] [Obs.] Big-looking like a doughty doucepere. Spenser. DOUCET; DOWSET Dou"cet, Dow"set, n. Etym: [F. doucet sweet, dim. of doux. See Douce.] 1. A custard. [Obs.] 2. A dowcet, or deep's testicle. DOUCEUR Dou`ceur", n. Etym: [F., fr. doux sweet. See Douce.] 1. Gentleness and sweetness of manner; agreeableness. Chesterfield. 2. A gift for service done or to be done; an honorarium; a present; sometimes, a bribe. Burke. DOUCHE Douche, n. Etym: [F., fr. It. doccia, fr. docciare to flow, pour, fr. an assumed LL. ductiare, fr. L. ducere, ductum, to lead, conduct (water). See Duct.] 1. A jet or current of water or vapor directed upon some part of the body to benefit it medicinally; a douche bath. 2. (Med.) Defn: A syringe. DOUCINE Dou"cine, n. Etym: [F.] (Arch.) Defn: Same as Cyma, under Cyma. DOUCKER Douck"er, n. Etym: [From aouck, for duck. See Duck, v. t.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A grebe or diver; -- applied also to the golden-eye, pochard, scoter, and other ducks. [Written also ducker.] [Prov. Eng.] DOUGH Dough, n. Etym: [OE. dagh, dogh, dow, AS. dah; akin to D. deeg, G. teig, Icel. deig, Sw. deg, Dan. deig, Goth. daigs; also, to Goth. deigan to knead, L. fingere to form, shape, Skr. dih to smear; cf. Gr. Feign, Figure, Dairy, Duff.] 1. Paste of bread; a soft mass of moistened flour or meal, kneaded or unkneaded, but not yet baked; as, to knead dough. 2. Anything of the consistency of such paste. To have one's cake dough. See under Cake. DOUGH-BAKED Dough"-baked`, a. Defn: Imperfectly baked; hence, not brought to perfection; unfinished; also, of weak or dull understanding. [Colloq.] Halliwell. DOUGHBIRD Dough"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Eskimo curlew (Numenius borealis). See Curlew. DOUGHFACE Dough"face`, n. Defn: A contemptuous nickname for a timid, yielding politician, or one who is easily molded. [Political cant, U. S.] DOUGH-FACED Dough"-faced`, a. Defn: Easily molded; pliable. DOUGHFACEISM Dough"face`ism, n. Defn: The character of a doughface; truckling pliability. DOUGHINESS Dough"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being doughy. DOUGH-KNEADED Dough"-knead`ed, a. Defn: Like dough; soft. He demeans himself . . . like a dough-kneaded thing. Milton. DOUGHNUT Dough"nut, n. Defn: A small cake (usually sweetened) fried in a kettle of boiling lard. DOUGHTILY Dough"ti*ly, adv. Defn: In a doughty manner. DOUGHTINESS Dough"ti*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being doughty; valor; bravery. DOUGHTREN Dough"tren, n. pl. Etym: [See Daughter.] Defn: Daughters. [Obs.] Chaucer. DOUGHTY Dough"ty, a. [Compar. Doughtier; superl. Doughtiest.] Etym: [OE. duhti, dohti, douhti, brave, valiant, fit, useful, AS, dyhtig; akin to G. tüchtig, Dan. dygtig, Sw. dygdig virtuous, and fr. AS. dugan to avail, be of use, be strong, akin to D. deugen, OHG. tugan, G. taugen, Icel. & Sw. duga, Dan. due, Goth. dugan, but of uncertain origin; cf. Skr. duh to milk, give milk, draw out, or Gr. Defn: Able; strong; valiant; redoubtable; as, a doughty hero. Sir Thopas wex [grew] a doughty swain. Chaucer. Doughty families, hugging old musty quarrels to their hearts, buffet each other from generation to generation. Motley. Note: Now seldom used, except in irony or burlesque. DOUGHY Dough"y, a. Defn: Like dough; soft and heavy; pasty; crude; flabby and pale; as, a doughy complexion. DOULOCRACY Dou*loc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A government by slaves. [Written also dulocracy.] Hare. DOUM PALM Doum" palm` (doom" päm`). Defn: See Doom palm. DOUPE Doupe, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The carrion crow. [Written also dob.] [Prov. Eng.] DOUR Dour, a. Etym: [Cf. F. dur, L. durus.] Defn: Hard; inflexible; obstinate; sour in aspect; hardy; bold. [Scot.] A dour wife, a sour old carlin. C. Reade. DOURA Dou"ra, n. Defn: A kind of millet. See Durra. DOUROUCOULI Dou`rou*cou"li, n. Defn: See Durukuli. DOUSE Douse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doused; p. pr. & vb. n. Dousing.] Etym: [Cf. Dowse, and OD. donsen to strike with the fist on the back, Sw. dunsa to fall down violently and noisily; perh. akin to E. din.] 1. To plunge suddenly into water; to duck; to immerse; to dowse. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To strike or lower in haste; to slacken suddenly; as, douse the topsail. DOUSE Douse, v. i. Defn: To fall suddenly into water. Hudibras. DOUSE Douse, v. t. Etym: [AS. dwæscan. (Skeat.)] Defn: To put out; to extinguish. [Slang] " To douse the glim." Sir W. Scott. DOUSING-CHOCK Dous"ing-chock`, n. (Shipbuilding) Defn: One of several pieces fayed across the apron and lapped in the knightheads, or inside planking above the upper deck. Ham. Nav. Encyc. DOUT Dout, v. t. Etym: [Do + out. Cf. Doff.] Defn: To put out. [Obs.] "It douts the light." Sylvester. DOUTER Dout"er, n. Defn: An extinguisher for candles. [Obs.] DOVE Dove, n. Etym: [OE. dove, duve, douve, AS. d; akin to OS. d, D. duif, OHG. t, G. taube, Icel. d, Sw. dufva, Dan. due, Goth. d; perh. from the root of E. dive.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A pigeon of the genus Columba and various related genera. The species are numerous. Note: The domestic dove, including the varieties called fantails, tumblers, carrier pigeons, etc., was derived from the rock pigeon (Columba livia) of Europe and Asia; the turtledove of Europe, celebrated for its sweet, plaintive note, is C. turtur or Turtur vulgaris; the ringdove, the largest of European species, is C. palumbus; the Carolina dove, or Mourning dove, is Zenaidura macroura; the sea dove is the little auk (Mergulus alle or Alle alle). See Turtledove, Ground dove, and Rock pigeon. The dove is a symbol of innocence, gentleness, and affection; also, in art and in the Scriptures, the typical symbol of the Holy Ghost. 2. A word of endearment for one regarded as pure and gentle. O my dove, . . . let me hear thy voice. Cant. ii. 14. Dove tick (Zoöl.), a mite (Argas reflexus) which infests doves and other birds. -- Soiled dove, a prostitute. [Slang] DOVECOT; DOVECOTE Dove"cot`, Dove"cote`, n. Defn: A small house or box, raised to a considerable height above the ground, and having compartments, in which domestic pigeons breed; a dove house. Like an eagle in a dovecote, I Fluttered your Volscians in Corioli. Shak. DOVE-EYED Dove"-eyed`, a. Defn: Having eyes like a dove; meekeyed; as, dove-eyed Peace. DOVEKIE Dove"kie, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A guillemot (Uria grylle), of the arctic regions. Also applied to the little auk or sea dove. See under Dove. DOVELET Dove"let, n. Defn: A young or small dove. Booth. DOVELIKE Dove"like`, a. Defn: Mild as a dove; gentle; pure and lovable. Longfellow. DOVE PLANT Dove" plant`. (Bot.) Defn: A Central American orchid (Peristeria elata), having a flower stem five or six feet high, with numerous globose white fragrant flowers. The column in the center of the flower resembles a dove; -- called also Holy Spirit plant. DOVER'S POWDER Do"ver's Pow"der. Etym: [From Dr. Dover, an English physician.] (Med.) Defn: A powder of ipecac and opium, compounded, in the United States, with sugar of milk, but in England (as formerly in the United States) with sulphate of potash, and in France (as in Dr. Dover's original prescription) with nitrate and sulphate of potash and licorice. It is an anodyne diaphoretic. DOVE'S-FOOT Dove's"-foot`, n. (Bot.) (a) A small annual species of Geranium, native in England; -- so called from the shape of the leaf. (b) The columbine. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. DOVESHIP Dove"ship, n. Defn: The possession of dovelike qualities, harmlessness and innocence. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. DOVETAIL Dove"tail`, n. (Carp.) Defn: A flaring tenon, or tongue (shaped like a bird's tail spread), and a mortise, or socket, into which it fits tightly, making an interlocking joint between two pieces which resists pulling a part in all directions except one. Dovetail molding (Arch.), a molding of any convex section arranged in a sort of zigzag, like a series of dovetails. -- Dovetail saw (Carp.), a saw used in dovetailing. DOVETAIL Dove"tail`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dovetailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dovetailing.] 1. (Carp.) (a) To cut to a dovetail. (b) To join by means of dovetails. 2. To fit in or connect strongly, skillfully, or nicely; to fit ingeniously or complexly. He put together a piece of joinery so crossly indented and whimsically dovetailed . . . that it was indeed a very curious show. Burke. DOVISH Dov"ish, a. Defn: Like a dove; harmless; innocent. "Joined with dovish simplicity." Latimer. DOW Dow, n. Defn: A kind of vessel. See Dhow. DOW Dow, v. t. Etym: [F. douer. See Dower.] Defn: To furnish with a dower; to endow. [Obs.] Wyclif. DOWABLE Dow"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Dow, v. t.] Defn: Capable of being endowed; entitled to dower. Blackstone. DOWAGER Dow"a*ger, n. Etym: [OF. douagiere, fr. douage dower. See Dower.] 1. (Eng. Law) Defn: A widow endowed, or having a jointure; a widow who either enjoys a dower from her deceased husband, or has property of her own brought by her to her husband on marriage, and settled on her after his decease. Blount. Burrill. 2. A title given in England to a widow, to distinguish her from the wife of her husband's heir bearing the same name; -- chiefly applied to widows of personages of rank. With prudes for proctors, dowagers for deans. Tennyson. Queen dowager, the widow of a king. DOWAGERISM Dow"a*ger*ism, n. Defn: The rank or condition of a dowager; formality, as that of a dowager. Also used figuratively. Mansions that have passed away into dowagerism. Thackeray. DOWCET Dow"cet, n. Etym: [See Doucet.] Defn: One of the testicles of a hart or stag. [Spelt also doucet.] B. Jonson. DOWDY Dow"dy, a. [Compar. Dowdier; superl. Dowdiest.] Etym: [Scot. dawdie slovenly, daw, da sluggard, drab, Prov. E. dowd flat, dead.] Defn: Showing a vulgar taste in dress; awkward and slovenly in dress; vulgar-looking. -- Dow"di*ly, adv. -- Dow"di*ness, n. DOWDY Dow"dy, n.; pl. Dowdies (. Defn: An awkward, vulgarly dressed, inelegant woman. Shak. Dryden. DOWDYISH Dow"dy*ish, a. Defn: Like a dowdy. DOWEL Dow"el, n. Etym: [Cf. G. döbel peg, F. douelle state of a cask, surface of an arch, douille socket, little pipe, cartridge.] (Mech.) 1. A pin, or block, of wood or metal, fitting into holes in the abutting portions of two pieces, and being partly in one piece and partly in the other, to keep them in their proper relative position. 2. A piece of wood driven into a wall, so that other pieces may be nailed to it. Dowel joint, a joint secured by a dowel or dowels. -- Dowel pin, a dowel. See Dowel, n., 1. DOWEL Dow"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Doweled or Dowelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Doweling or Dowelling.] Defn: To fasten together by dowels; to furnish with dowels; as, a cooper dowels pieces for the head of a cask. DOWER Dow"er, n. Etym: [F. douaire, LL. dotarium, from L. dotare to endow, portion, fr. dos dower; akin to Gr. dare to give. See 1st Date, and cf. Dot dowry, Dotation.] 1. That with which one is gifted or endowed; endowment; gift. How great, how plentiful, how rich a dower! Sir J. Davies. Man in his primeval dower arrayed. Wordsworth. 2. The property with which a woman is endowed; especially: (a) That which a woman brings to a husband in marriage; dowry. [Obs.] His wife brought in dower Cilicia's crown. Dryden. (b) (Law) Defn: That portion of the real estate of a man which his widow enjoys during her life, or to which a woman is entitled after the death of her husband. Blackstone. Note: Dower, in modern use, is and should be distinguished from dowry. The former is a provision for a widow on her husband's death; the latter is a bride's portion on her marriage. Abbott. Assignment of dower. See under Assignment. DOWERED Dow"ered, p. a. Defn: Furnished with, or as with, dower or a marriage portion. Shak. DOWERLESS Dow"er*less, a. Defn: Destitute of dower; having no marriage portion. Shak. DOWERY Dow"er*y, n. Defn: See Dower. DOWITCHER Dow"itch*er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The red-breasted or gray snipe (Macrorhamphus griseus); -- called also brownback, and grayback. DOWL Dowl, n. Defn: Same as Dowle. DOWLAS Dow"las, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. Doullens, a town of Picardy, in France, formerly celebrated for this manufacture.] Defn: A coarse linen cloth made in the north of England and in Scotland, now nearly replaced by calico. Shak. DOWLE Dowle, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. douille soft. Cf. Ductile.] Defn: Feathery or wool-like down; filament of a feather. Shak. No feather, or dowle of a feather. De Quincey. DOWN Down, n. Etym: [Akin to LG. dune, dun, Icel. d, Sw. dun, Dan. duun, G. daune, cf. D. dons; perh. akin to E. dust.] 1. Fine, soft, hairy outgrowth from the skin or surface of animals or plants, not matted and fleecy like wool; esp.: (a) (Zoöl.) The soft under feathers of birds. They have short stems with soft rachis and bards and long threadlike barbules, without hooklets. (b) (Bot.) The pubescence of plants; the hairy crown or envelope of the seeds of certain plants, as of the thistle. (c) The soft hair of the face when beginning to appear. And the first down begins to shade his face. Dryden. 2. That which is made of down, as a bed or pillow; that which affords ease and repose, like a bed of down When in the down I sink my head, Sleep, Death's twin brother, times my breath. Tennyson. Thou bosom softness, down of all my cares! Southern. Down tree (Bot.), a tree of Central America (Ochroma Lagopus), the seeds of which are enveloped in vegetable wool. DOWN Down, v. t. Defn: To cover, ornament, line, or stuff with down. [R.] Young. DOWN Down, n. Etym: [OE. dun, doun, AS. d; of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. d hill, fortified hill, Gael. dun heap, hillock, hill, W. din a fortified hill or mount; akin to E. town. See Town, and cf. Down, adv. & prep., Dune.] 1. A bank or rounded hillock of sand thrown up by the wind along or near the shore; a flattish-topped hill; -- usually in the plural. Hills afford prospects, as they must needs acknowledge who have been on the downs of Sussex. Ray. She went by dale, and she went by down. Tennyson. 2. A tract of poor, sandy, undulating or hilly land near the sea, covered with fine turf which serves chiefly for the grazing of sheep; -- usually in the plural. [Eng.] Seven thousand broad-tailed sheep grazed on his downs. Sandys. 3. pl. Defn: A road for shipping in the English Channel or Straits of Dover, near Deal, employed as a naval rendezvous in time of war. On the 11th [June, 1771] we run up the channel . . . at noon we were abreast of Dover, and about three came to an anchor in the Downs, and went ashore at Deal. Cook (First Voyage). 4. pl. Etym: [From the adverb.] Defn: A state of depression; low state; abasement. [Colloq.] It the downs of life too much outnumber the ups. M. Arnold. DOWN Down, adv. Etym: [For older adown, AS. ad, ad, prop., from or off the hill. See 3d Down, and cf. Adown, and cf. Adown.] 1. In the direction of gravity or toward the center of the earth; toward or in a lower place or position; below; -- the opposite of up. 2. Hence, in many derived uses, as: (a) From a higher to a lower position, literally or figuratively; in a descending direction; from the top of an ascent; from an upright position; to the ground or floor; to or into a lower or an inferior condition; as, into a state of humility, disgrace, misery, and the like; into a state of rest; -- used with verbs indicating motion. It will be rain to-night. Let it come down. Shak. I sit me down beside the hazel grove. Tennyson. And that drags down his life. Tennyson. There is not a more melancholy object in the learned world than a man who has written himself down. Addison. The French . . . shone down [i. e., outshone] the English. Shak. (b) In a low or the lowest position, literally or figuratively; at the bottom of a decent; below the horizon; of the ground; in a condition of humility, dejection, misery, and the like; in a state of quiet. I was down and out of breath. Shak. The moon is down; I have not heard the clock. Shak. He that is down needs fear no fall. Bunyan. 3. From a remoter or higher antiquity. Venerable men! you have come down to us from a former generation. D. Webster. 4. From a greater to a less bulk, or from a thinner to a thicker consistence; as, to boil down in cookery, or in making decoctions. Arbuthnot. Note: Down is sometimes used elliptically, standing for go down, come down, tear down, take down, put down, haul down, pay down, and the like, especially in command or exclamation. Down, therefore, and beg mercy of the duke. Shak. If he be hungry more than wanton, bread alone will down. Locke. Down is also used intensively; as, to be loaded down; to fall down; to hang down; to drop down; to pay down. The temple of Herè at Argos was burnt down. Jowett (Thucyd. ). Down, as well as up, is sometimes used in a conventional sense; as, down East. Persons in London say down to Scotland, etc., and those in the provinces, up to London. Stormonth. Down helm (Naut.), an order to the helmsman to put the helm to leeward. -- Down on or upon (joined with a verb indicating motion, as go, come, pounce), to attack, implying the idea of threatening power. Come down upon us with a mighty power. Shak. -- Down with, take down, throw down, put down; -- used in energetic command. "Down with the palace; fire it." Dryden. -- To be down on, to dislike and treat harshly. [Slang, U.S.] -- To cry down. See under Cry, v. t. -- To cut down. See under Cut, v. t. -- Up and down, with rising and falling motion; to and fro; hither and thither; everywhere. "Let them wander up and down." Ps. lix. 15. DOWN Down, prep. Etym: [From Down, adv.] 1. In a descending direction along; from a higher to a lower place upon or within; at a lower place in or on; as, down a hill; down a well. 2. Hence: Towards the mouth of a river; towards the sea; as, to sail or swim down a stream; to sail down the sound. Down the country, toward the sea, or toward the part where rivers discharge their waters into the ocean. -- Down the sound, in the direction of the ebbing tide; toward the sea. DOWN Down, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Downed; p. pr. & vb. n. Downing.] Defn: To cause to go down; to make descend; to put down; to overthrow, as in wrestling; hence, to subdue; to bring down. [Archaic or Colloq.] "To down proud hearts." Sir P. Sidney. I remember how you downed Beauclerk and Hamilton, the wits, once at our house. Madame D'Arblay. DOWN Down, v. i. Defn: To go down; to descend. Locke. DOWN Down, a. 1. Downcast; as, a down look. [R.] 2. Downright; absolute; positive; as, a down denial. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 3. Downward; going down; sloping; as, a down stroke; a down grade; a down train on a railway. Down draught, a downward draft, as in a flue, chimney, shaft of a mine, etc. -- Down in the mouth, chopfallen; dejected. DOWNBEAR Down"bear`, v. t. Defn: To bear down; to depress. DOWNCAST Down"cast`, a. Defn: Cast downward; directed to the ground, from bashfulness, modesty, dejection, or guilt. 'T is love, said she; and then my downcast eyes, And guilty dumbness, witnessed my surprise. Dryden. - Down"cast`ly, adv. -- Down"cast`ness, n. DOWNCAST Down"cast`, n. 1. Downcast or melancholy look. That downcast of thine eye. Beau. & Fl. 2. (mining) Defn: A ventilating shaft down which the air passes in circulating through a mine. DOWNCOME Down"come`, n. 1. Sudden fall; downfall; overthrow. Milton. 2. (Iron Manuf.) Defn: A pipe for leading combustible gases downward from the top of the blast furnace to the hot-blast stoves, boilers, etc., where they are burned. DOWNCOMER Down"com`er, n. A pipe to conduct something downwards; specif.: (a) (Iron Manuf.) A pipe for leading the hot gases from the top of a blast furnace downward to the regenerators, boilers, etc. (b) (Steam Engin.) In some water-tube boilers, a tube larger in diameter than the water tubes to conduct the water from each top drum to a bottom drum, thus completing the circulation. DOWNFALL Down"fall`, n. 1. A sudden fall; a body of things falling. Those cataracts or downfalls aforesaid. Holland. Each downfall of a flood the mountains pour. Dryden. 2. A sudden descent from rank or state, reputation or happiness; destruction; ruin. Dire were the consequences which would follow the downfall of so important a place. Motley. DOWNFALLEN Down"fall`en, a. Defn: Fallen; ruined. Carew. DOWNFALLING Down"fall`ing, a. Defn: Falling down. DOWNGYVED Down"gyved`, a. Defn: Hanging down like gyves or fetters. [Poetic & Rare] Shak. DOWNHAUL Down"haul`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A rope to haul down, or to assist in hauling down, a sail; as, a staysail downhaul; a trysail downhaul. DOWNHEARTED Down"heart`ed, a. Defn: Dejected; low-spirited. DOWNHILL Down"hill`, adv. Defn: Towards the bottom of a hill; as, water runs downhill. DOWNHILL Down"hill`, a. Defn: Declivous; descending; sloping. "A downhill greensward." Congrewe. DOWNHILL Down"hill`, n. Defn: Declivity; descent; slope. On th' icy downhills of this slippery life. Du Bartas (Trans. ). DOWNINESS Down"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being downy. DOWNLOOKED Down"looked`, a. Defn: Having a downcast countenance; dejected; gloomy; sullen. [R.] Dryden. DOWNLYING Down"ly`ing, n. Defn: The time of retiring to rest; time of repose. Cavendish. At the downlying, at the travail in childbirth. [Scot.] DOWNPOUR Down"pour`, n. Defn: A pouring or streaming downwards; esp., a heavy or continuous shower. DOWNRIGHT Down"right`, adv. 1. Straight down; perpendicularly. 2. In plain terms; without ceremony. We shall chide downright, id I longer stay. Shak. 3. Without delay; at once; completely. [Obs.] She fell downright into a fit. Arbuthnot. DOWNRIGHT Down"right`, a. 1. Plain; direct; unceremonious; blunt; positive; as, he spoke in his downright way. A man of plain, downright character. Sir W. Scott. 2. Open; artless; undisguised; absolute; unmixed; as, downright atheism. The downright impossibilities charged upon it. South. Gloomy fancies which in her amounted to downright insanity. Prescott. -- Down"right`ly, adv. -- Down"right`ness, n. DOWN-SHARE Down"-share`, n. Defn: A breastplow used in paring off turf on downs. [Eng.] Knight. DOWNSITTING Down"sit`ting, n. Defn: The act of sitting down; repose; a resting. Thou knowest my downsitting and my uprising. Ps. cxxxix. 2. DOWNSTAIRS Down"stairs, adv. Defn: Down the stairs; to a lower floor. -- a. Defn: Below stairs; as, a downstairs room. DOWNSTEEPY Down"steep`y, a. Defn: Very steep. [Obs.] Florio. DOWNSTREAM Down"stream`, adv. Defn: Down the stream; as, floating downstream. DOWNSTROKE Down"stroke`, n. (Penmanship) Defn: A stroke made with a downward motion of the pen or pencil. DOWNTHROW Down"throw`, n. (Geol.) Defn: The sudden drop or depression of the strata of rocks on one side of a fault. See Throw, n. DOWNTROD; DOWNTRODDEN Down"trod`, Down"trod`den, a. Defn: Trodden down; trampled down; abused by superior power. Shak. DOWNWARD; DOWNWARDS Down"ward, Down"wards, adv. Etym: [AS. ad. See Down, adv., and - ward.] 1. From a higher place to a lower; in a descending course; as, to tend, move, roll, look, or take root, downward or downwards. "Looking downwards." Pope. Their heads they downward bent. Drayton. 2. From a higher to a lower condition; toward misery, humility, disgrace, or ruin. And downward fell into a groveling swine. Milton. 3. From a remote time; from an ancestor or predecessor; from one to another in a descending line. A ring the county wears, That downward hath descended in his house, From son to son, some four or five descents. Shak. DOWNWARD Down"ward, a. 1. Moving or extending from a higher to a lower place; tending toward the earth or its center, or toward a lower level; declivous. With downward force That drove the sand along he took his way. Dryden. 2. Descending from a head, origin, or source; as, a downward line of descent. 3. Tending to a lower condition or state; depressed; dejected; as, downward thoughts. Sir P. Sidney. DOWNWEED Down"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Cudweed, a species of Gnaphalium. DOWNWEIGH Down`weigh", v. t. Defn: To weigh or press down. A different sin downweighs them to the bottom. Longfellow. DOWN-WIND Down"-wind`, adv. Defn: With the wind. DOWNY Down"y, a. 1. Covered with down, or with pubescence or soft hairs. "A downy feather." Shak. Plants that . . . have downy or velvet rind upon their leaves. Bacon. 2. Made of, or resembling, down. Hence, figuratively: Soft; placid; soothing; quiet. "A downy shower." Keble. "Downy pillow." Pope. Time steals on with downy feet. Young. 3. Cunning; wary. [Slang, Eng.] Latham. DOWRAL Dow"ral, a. Defn: Of or relating to a dower. [R.] DOWRESS Dow"ress, n. Defn: A woman entitled to dower. Bouvier. DOWRY Dow"ry, n.; pl. Dowries. Etym: [Contr. from dowery; cf. LL. dotarium. See Dower.] 1. A gift; endowment. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. The money, goods, or estate, which a woman brings to her husband in marriage; a bride's portion on her marriage. See Note under Dower. Shak. Dryden. 3. A gift or presents for the bride, on espousal. See Dower. Ask me never so much dowry and gift, and I will give . . .; but give me the damsel to wife. Gen. xxxiv. 12. DOWSE Dowse, v. t. Etym: [Cf. 1st Douse.] 1. To plunge, or duck into water; to immerse; to douse. 2. Etym: [Cf. OD. doesen to strike, Norw. dusa to break.] Defn: To beat or thrash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. DOWSE Dowse, v. i. Defn: To use the dipping or divining rod, as in search of water, ore, etc. Adams had the reputation of having dowsed successfully for more than a hundred wells. Eng. Cyc. DOWSE Dowse, n. Defn: A blow on the face. [Low] Colman. DOWSER Dows"er, n. 1. A divining rod used in searching for water, ore, etc., a dowsing rod. [Colloq.] 2. One who uses the dowser or divining rod. Eng. Cyc. DOWST Dowst, n. Defn: A dowse. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. DOWVE Dow"ve, n. Defn: A dove. [Obs.] Chaucer. DOXOLOGICAL Dox`o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to doxology; giving praise to God. Howell. DOXOLOGIZE Dox*ol"o*gize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Doxologized; p. pr. & vb. n. Doxologizing.] Defn: To give glory to God, as in a doxology; to praise God with doxologies. DOXOLOGY Dox*ol"o*gy, n.; pl. Doxologies. Etym: [LL. doxologia, Gr. doxologie. See Dogma, and Legend.] Defn: In Christian worship: A hymn expressing praise and honor to God; a form of praise to God designed to be sung or chanted by the choir or the congregation. David breaks forth into these triumphant praises and doxologies. South. DOXY Dox"y, n.; pl. Doxies. Etym: [See Duck a pet.] Defn: A loose wench; a disreputable sweetheart. Shak. DOYEN Doy`en", n. [F. See Dean.] Defn: Lit., a dean; the senior member of a body or group; as, the doyen of French physicians. "This doyen of newspapers." A. R. Colquhoun. DOYLY Doy"ly, n. Defn: See Doily. DOZE Doze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dozed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dozing.] Etym: [Prob. akin to daze, dizzy: cf. Icel. d to doze, Dan. döse to make dull, heavy, or drowsy, dös dullness, drowsiness, dösig drowsy, AS. dw dull, stupid, foolish. Dizzy.] Defn: To slumber; to sleep lightly; to be in a dull or stupefied condition, as if half asleep; to be drowsy. If he happened to doze a little, the jolly cobbler waked him. L'Estrange. DOZE Doze, v. t. 1. To pass or spend in drowsiness; as, to doze away one's time. 2. To make dull; to stupefy. [Obs.] I was an hour . . . in casting up about twenty sums, being dozed with much work. Pepys. They left for a long time dozed and benumbed. South. DOZE Doze, n. Defn: A light sleep; a drowse. Tennyson. DOZEN Doz"en, n.; pl. Dozen (before another noun), Dozens (. Etym: [OE. doseine, dosein, OF. doseine, F. douzaine, fr. douze twelve, fr. L. duodecim; duo two + decem ten. See Two, Ten, and cf. Duodecimal.] 1. A collection of twelve objects; a tale or set of twelve; with or without of before the substantive which follows. "Some six or seven dozen of Scots." "A dozen of shirts to your back." "A dozen sons." "Half a dozen friends." Shak. 2. An indefinite small number. Milton. A baker's dozen, thirteen; -- called also a long dozen. DOZENTH Doz"enth, a. Defn: Twelfth. [R.] DOZER Doz"er, n. Defn: One who dozes or drowses. DOZINESS Doz"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being dozy; drowsiness; inclination to sleep. DOZY Doz"y, a. Defn: Drowsy; inclined to doze; sleepy; sluggish; as, a dozy head. Dryden. DOZZLED Doz"zled, a. [ Defn: Stupid; heavy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. DRAB Drab, n. Etym: [AS. drabbe dregs, lees; akin to D. drab, drabbe, dregs, G. treber; for sense 1, cf. also Gael. drabag a slattern, drabach slovenly. Cf. Draff.] 1. A low, sluttish woman. King. 2. A lewd wench; a strumpet. Shak. 3. A wooden box, used in salt works for holding the salt when taken out of the boiling pans. DRAB Drab, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drabbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Drabbing.] Defn: To associate with strumpets; to wench. Beau. & Fl. DRAB Drab, n. Etym: [F. drap cloth: LL. drappus, trapus, perh. orig., a firm, solid stuff, cf. F. draper to drape, also to full cloth; prob. of German origin; cf. Icel. drepa to beat, strike, AS. drepan, G. treffen; perh. akin to E. drub. Cf. Drape, Trappings.] 1. A kind of thick woolen cloth of a dun, or dull brownish yellow, or dull gray, color; -- called also drabcloth. 2. A dull brownish yellow or dull gray color. DRAB Drab, a. Defn: Of a color between gray and brown. -- n. Defn: A drab color. DRABBER Drab"ber, n. Defn: One who associates with drabs; a wencher. Massinger. DRABBET Drab"bet, n. Defn: A coarse linen fabric, or duck. DRABBISH Drab"bish, a. Defn: Somewhat drab in color. DRABBISH Drab"bish, a. Defn: Having the character of a drab or low wench. "The drabbish sorceress." Drant. DRABBLE Drab"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drabbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Drabbling.] [Drab, Draff.] Defn: To draggle; to wet and befoul by draggling; as, to drabble a gown or cloak. Halliwell. DRABBLE Drab"ble, v. i. Defn: To fish with a long line and rod; as, to drabble for barbels. DRABBLER Drab"bler, n. (Naut.) Defn: A piece of canvas fastened by lacing to the bonnet of a sail, to give it a greater depth, or more drop. DRABBLE-TAIL Drab"ble-tail`, n. Defn: A draggle-tail; a slattern. Halliwell. DRACAENA Dra*cæ"na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of liliaceous plants with woody stems and funnel-shaped flowers. Note: Dracæna Draco, the source of the dragon's blood of the Canaries, forms a tree, sometimes of gigantic size. DRACANTH Dra"canth, n. Defn: A kind of gum; -- called also gum tragacanth, or tragacanth. See Tragacanth. DRACHM Drachm, n. Etym: [See Drachma.] 1. A drachma. 2. Same as Dram. DRACHMA Drach"ma, n.; pl. E. Drachmas, L. Drachmæ. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Dram.] 1. A silver coin among the ancient Greeks, having a different value in different States and at different periods. The average value of the Attic drachma is computed to have been about 19 cents. 2. A gold and silver coin of modern Greece worth 19.3 cents. 3. Among the ancient Greeks, a weight of about 66.5 grains; among the modern Greeks, a weight equal to a gram. DRACHME Drach"me, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Drachma. DRACIN Dra"cin, n.Etym: [Cf. F. dracine.] (Chem.) Defn: See Draconin. DRACO Dra"co, n. Etym: [L. See Dragon.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: The Dragon, a northern constellation within which is the north pole of the ecliptic. 2. A luminous exhalation from marshy grounds. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of lizards. See Dragon, 6. DRACONIAN Dra*co"ni*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to Draco, a famous lawgiver of Athens, 621 b. c. Draconian code, or Draconian laws, a code of laws made by Draco. Their measures were so severe that they were said to be written in letters of blood; hence, any laws of excessive rigor. DRACONIC Dra*con"ic, a. Defn: Relating to Draco, the Athenian lawgiver; or to the constellation Draco; or to dragon's blood. DRACONIN Dra*co"nin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. draconine. See Draco.] (Chem.) Defn: A red resin forming the essential basis of dragon's blood; -- called also dracin. DRACONTIC Dra*con"tic, a. Etym: [From L. draco dragon, in allusion to the terms dragon's head and dragon's tail.] (Astron.) Defn: Belonging to that space of time in which the moon performs one revolution, from ascending node to ascending node. See Dragon's head, under Dragon. [Obs.] "Dracontic month." Crabb. DRACONTINE Dra*con"tine, a. Etym: [L. draco dragon.] Defn: Belonging to a dragon. Southey. DRACUNCULUS Dra*cun"cu*lus, n.; pl. Dracunculi. Etym: [L., dim. of draco dragon.] (Zoöl.) (a) A fish; the dragonet. (b) The Guinea worm (Filaria medinensis). DRAD Drad, p. p. & a. Defn: Dreaded. [Obs.] Chaucer. DRADDE Drad"de, imp. Defn: of Dread. [Obs.] Chaucer. DRADGE Dradge, n. (Min.) Defn: Inferior ore, separated from the better by cobbing. Raymond. DRAFF Draff, n. Etym: [Cf. D. draf the sediment of ale, Icel. draf draff, husks. Cf. 1st Drab.] Defn: Refuse; lees; dregs; the wash given to swine or cows; hogwash; waste matter. Prodigals lately come from swine keeping, from eating draff and husks. Shak. The draff and offal of a bygone age. Buckle. Mere chaff and draff, much better burnt. Tennyson. DRAFF Draff, n. Etym: [The same word as draught. OE. draught, draht, fr. AS. dragan to draw. See Draw, and cf. Draught.] 1. The act of drawing; also, the thing drawn. Same as Draught. Everything available for draft burden. S. G. Goodrich. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A selecting or detaching of soldiers from an army, or from any part of it, or from a military post; also from any district, or any company or collection of persons, or from the people at large; also, the body of men thus drafted. Several of the States had supplied the deficiency by drafts to serve for the year. Marshall. 3. An order from one person or party to another, directing the payment of money; a bill of exchange. I thought it most prudent to deter the drafts till advice was received of the progress of the loan. A. Hamilton. 4. An allowance or deduction made from the gross veight of goods. Simmonds. 5. A drawing of lines for a plan; a plan delineated, or drawn in outline; a delineation. See Draught. 6. The form of any writing as first drawn up; the first rough sketch of written composition, to be filled in, or completed. See Draught. 7. (Masonry) (a) A narrow border left on a finished stone, worked differently from the rest of its face. (b) A narrow border worked to a plane surface along the edge of a stone, or across its face, as a guide to the stone-cutter. 8. (Milling) Defn: The slant given to the furrows in the dress of a millstone. 9. (Naut.) Defn: Depth of water necessary to float a ship. See Draught. 10. A current of air. Same as Draught. DRAFFISH Draff"ish, a. Defn: Worthless; draffy. Bale. DRAFFY Draff"y, a. Defn: Dreggy; waste; worthless. The dregs and draffy part. Beau. & Fl. DRAFT Draft, a. 1. Pertaining to, or used for, drawing or pulling (as vehicles, loads, etc.). Same as Draught. 2. Relating to, or characterized by, a draft, or current of air. Same as Draught. Note: The forms draft and draught, in the senses above-given, are both on approved use. Draft box, Draft engine, Draft horse, Draft net, Draft ox, Draft tube. Same as Draught box, Draught engine, etc. See under Draught. DRAFT Draft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Drafting.] 1. To draw the outline of; to delineate. 2. To compose and write; as, to draft a memorial. 3. To draw from a military band or post, or from any district, company, or society; to detach; to select. Some royal seminary in Upper Egypt, from whence they drafted novices to supply their colleges and temples. Holwell. 4. To transfer by draft. All her rents been drafted to London. Fielding. DRAFTSMAN Drafts"man, n. Defn: See Draughtsman. DRAG Drag, n. Etym: [See 3d Dredge.] Defn: A confection; a comfit; a drug. [Obs.] Chaucer. DRAG Drag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dragged; p. pr. & vb. n. Dragging.] Etym: [OE. draggen; akin to Sw. dragga to search with a grapnel, fr. dragg grapnel, fr. draga to draw, the same word as E. draw. Draw.] 1. To draw slowly or heavily onward; to pull along the ground by main force; to haul; to trail; -- applied to drawing heavy or resisting bodies or those inapt for drawing, with labor, along the ground or other surface; as, to drag stone or timber; to drag a net in fishing. Dragged by the cords which through his feet were thrust. Denham. The grossness of his nature will have weight to drag thee down. Tennyson. A needless Alexandrine ends the song That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along. Pope. 2. To break, as land, by drawing a drag or harrow over it; to harrow; to draw a drag along the bottom of, as a stream or other water; hence, to search, as by means of a drag. Then while I dragged my brains for such a song. Tennyson. 3. To draw along, as something burdensome; hence, to pass in pain or with difficulty. Have dragged a lingering life. Dryden. To drag an anchor (Naut.), to trail it along the bottom when the anchor will not hold the ship. Syn. -- See Draw. DRAG Drag, v. i. 1. To be drawn along, as a rope or dress, on the ground; to trail; to be moved onward along the ground, or along the bottom of the sea, as an anchor that does not hold. 2. To move onward heavily, laboriously, or slowly; to advance with weary effort; to go on lingeringly. The day drags through, though storms keep out the sun. Byron. Long, open panegyric drags at best. Gay. 3. To serve as a clog or hindrance; to hold back. A propeller is said to drag when the sails urge the vessel faster than the revolutions of the screw can propel her. Russell. 4. To fish with a dragnet. DRAG Drag, n. Etym: [See Drag, v. t., and cf. Dray a cart, and 1st Dredge.] 1. The act of dragging; anything which is dragged. 2. A net, or an apparatus, to be drawn along the bottom under water, as in fishing, searching for drowned persons, etc. 3. A kind of sledge for conveying heavy bodies; also, a kind of low car or handcart; as, a stone drag. 4. A heavy coach with seats on top; also, a heavy carriage. [Collog.] Thackeray. 5. A heavy harrow, for breaking up ground. 6. (a) Anything towed in the water to retard a ship's progress, or to keep her head up to the wind; esp., a canvas bag with a hooped mouth, so used. See Drag sail (below). (b) Also, a skid or shoe, for retarding the motion of a carriage wheel. (c) Hence, anything that retards; a clog; an obstacle to progress or enjoyment. My lectures were only a pleasure to me, and no drag. J. D. Forbes. 7. Motion affected with slowness and difficulty, as if clogged. "Had a drag in his walk." Hazlitt. 8. (Founding) Defn: The bottom part of a flask or mold, the upper part being the cope. 9. (Masonry) Defn: A steel instrument for completing the dressing of soft stone. 10. (Marine Engin.) Defn: The difference between the speed of a screw steamer under sail and that of the screw when the ship outruns the screw; or between the propulsive effects of the different floats of a paddle wheel. See Citation under Drag, v. i., 3. Drag sail (Naut.), a sail or canvas rigged on a stout frame, to be dragged by a vessel through the water in order to keep her head to the wind or to prevent drifting; -- called also drift sail, drag sheet, drag anchor, sea anchor, floating anchor, etc. -- Drag twist (Mining), a spiral hook at the end of a rod for cleaning drilled holes. DRAGANTINE Dra*gan"tine, n. Etym: [See Dracanth.] Defn: A mucilage obtained from, or containing, gun tragacanth. DRAGBAR Drag"bar`, n. Defn: Same as Drawbar (b). Called also draglink, and drawlink. [U. S.] DRAGBOLT Drag"bolt`, n. Defn: A coupling pin. See under Coupling. [U. S.] DRAGEES Dra`gées", n. pl. Etym: [F. See 3d Dredge.] (Pharmacy) Defn: Sugar-coated medicines. DRAGGLE Drag"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Draggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Draggling.] Etym: [Freq. of drag. Drawl.] Defn: To wet and soil by dragging on the ground, mud, or wet grass; to drabble; to trail. Gray. With draggled nets down-hanging to the tide. Trench. DRAGGLE Drag"gle, v. i. Defn: To be dragged on the ground; to become wet or dirty by being dragged or trailed in the mud or wet grass. Hudibras. DRAGGLE-TAIL Drag"gle-tail`, n. Defn: A slattern who suffers her gown to trail in the mire; a drabble-tail. DRAGGLE-TAILED Drag"gle-tailed`, a. Defn: Untidy; sluttish; slatternly. W. Irving. DRAG LINE; DRAG ROPE Drag line or drag rope . (Aëronautics) Defn: A guide rope. DRAGLINK Drag"link`, n. (Mach.) (a) A link connecting the cranks of two shafts. (b) A drawbar. DRAGMAN Drag"man, n.; pl. Dragmen (. Defn: A fisherman who uses a dragnet. Sir M. Hale. DRAGNET Drag"net`, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. drægnet.] Defn: A net to be drawn along the bottom of a body of water, as in fishing. DRAGOMAN Drag"o*man, n.; pl. Dragomans. Etym: [From F. dragoman, or Sp. dragoman, or It. dragomanno; all fr. LGr. tarjuman, from the same source as E. targum. Cf. Drogman, Truchman.] Defn: An interpreter; -- so called in the Levant and other parts of the East. DRAGON Drag"on, n. Etym: [F. dragon, L. draco, fr. Gr. dar to see), and so called from its terrible eyes. Cf. Drake a dragon, Dragoon.] 1. (Myth.) Defn: A fabulous animal, generally represented as a monstrous winged serpent or lizard, with a crested head and enormous claws, and regarded as very powerful and ferocious. The dragons which appear in early paintings and sculptures are invariably representations of a winged crocodile. Fairholt. Note: In Scripture the term dragon refers to any great monster, whether of the land or sea, usually to some kind of serpent or reptile, sometimes to land serpents of a powerful and deadly kind. It is also applied metaphorically to Satan. Thou breakest the heads of the dragons in the waters. Ps. lxxiv. 13. Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder; the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under feet. Ps. xci. 13. He laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil and Satan, and bound him a thousand years. Rev. xx. 2. 2. A fierce, violent person, esp. a woman. Johnson. 3. (Astron.) Defn: A constellation of the northern hemisphere figured as a dragon; Draco. 4. A luminous exhalation from marshy grounds, seeming to move through the air as a winged serpent. 5. (Mil. Antiq.) Defn: A short musket hooked to a swivel attached to a soldier's belt; -- so called from a representation of a dragon's head at the muzzle. Fairholt. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small arboreal lizard of the genus Draco, of several species, found in the East Indies and Southern Asia. Five or six of the hind ribs, on each side, are prolonged and covered with weblike skin, forming a sort of wing. These prolongations aid them in making long leaps from tree to tree. Called also flying lizard. 7. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of carrier pigeon. 8. (Her.) Defn: A fabulous winged creature, sometimes borne as a charge in a coat of arms. Note: Dragon is often used adjectively, or in combination, in the sense of relating to, resembling, or characteristic of, a dragon. Dragon arum (Bot.), the name of several species of Arisæma, a genus of plants having a spathe and spadix. See Dragon root(below). -- Dragon fish (Zoöl.), the dragonet. -- Dragon fly (Zoöl.), any insect of the family Libellulidæ. They have finely formed, large and strongly reticulated wings, a large head with enormous eyes, and a long body; -- called also mosquito hawks. Their larvæ are aquatic and insectivorous. -- Dragon root (Bot.), an American aroid plant (Arisæma Dracontium); green dragon. -- Dragon's blood, a resinous substance obtained from the fruit of several species of Calamus, esp. from C. Rotang and C. Draco, growing in the East Indies. A substance known as dragon's blood is obtained by exudation from Dracæna Draco; also from Pterocarpus Draco, a tree of the West Indies and South America. The color is red, or a dark brownish red, and it is used chiefly for coloring varnishes, marbles, etc. Called also Cinnabar Græcorum. -- Dragon's head. (a) (Bot.) A plant of several species of the genus Dracocephalum. They are perennial herbs closely allied to the common catnip. (b) (Astron.) The ascending node of a planet, indicated, chiefly in almanacs, by the symbol Encyc. Brit. -- Dragon shell (Zoöl.), a species of limpet. -- Dragon's skin, fossil stems whose leaf scars somewhat resemble the scales of reptiles; -- a name used by miners and quarrymen. Stormonth. -- Dragon's tail (Astron.), the descending node of a planet, indicated by the symbol Dragon's head (above). -- Dragon's wort (Bot.), a plant of the genus Artemisia (A. dracunculus). -- Dragon tree (Bot.), a West African liliaceous tree (Dracæna Draco), yielding one of the resins called dragon's blood. See Dracæna. -- Dragon water, a medicinal remedy very popular in the earlier half of the 17th century. "Dragon water may do good upon him." Randolph (1640). -- Flying dragon, a large meteoric fireball; a bolide. DRAGONET Drag"on*et, n. 1. A little dragon. Spenser. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small British marine fish (Callionymuslyra); -- called also yellow sculpin, fox, and gowdie. DRAGONISH Drag"on*ish, a. Defn: resembling a dragon. Shak. DRAGONLIKE Drag"on*like`, a. Defn: Like a dragon. Shak. DRAGONNADE Drag`on*nade", n. Etym: [F., fr. dragon dragoon, because Louis XIV., in persecuting the Protestants of his kingdom, quartered dragoons upon them.] Defn: The severe persecution of French Protestants under Louis XIV., by an armed force, usually of dragoons; hence, a rapid and devastating incursion; dragoonade. He learnt it as he watched the dragonnades, the tortures, the massacres of the Netherlands. C. Kingsley. DRAGON'S BLOOD; DRAGON'S HEAD; DRAGON'S TAIL Drag"on's blood, Drag"on's head, Drag"on's tail. Defn: See Dragon's blood, Dragon's head, etc., under Dragon. DRAGOON Dra*goon", n. Etym: [F. dragon dragon, dragoon, fr. L. draco dragon, also, a cohort's standard (with a dragon on it). The name was given from the sense standard. See Dragon.] 1. ((Mil.) Defn: Formerly, a soldier who was taught and armed to serve either on horseback or on foot; now, a mounted soldier; a cavalry man. 2. A variety of pigeon. Clarke. Dragoon bird (Zoöl.), the umbrella bird. DRAGOON Dra*goon", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dragooned; p. pr. & vb. n. Dragooning.] 1. To harass or reduce to subjection by dragoons; to persecute by abandoning a place to the rage of soldiers. 2. To compel submission by violent measures; to harass; to persecute. The colonies may be influenced to anything, but they can be dragooned to nothing. Price. Lewis the Fourteenth is justly censured for trying to dragoon his subjects to heaven. Macaulay. DRAGOONADE Drag`oon*ade", n. Defn: See Dragonnade. DRAGOONER Dra*goon"er, n. Defn: A dragoon. [Obs.] DRAIL Drail, v. t. & i. [ Defn: To trail; to draggle. [Obs.] South. DRAIN Drain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drained; p. pr. & vb. n. Draining.] Etym: [AS. drehnigean to drain, strain; perh. akin to E. draw.] 1. To draw off by degrees; to cause to flow gradually out or off; hence, to cause the exhaustion of. Fountains drain the water from the ground adjacent. Bacon. But it was not alone that the he drained their treasure and hampered their industry. Motley. 2. To exhaust of liquid contents by drawing them off; to make gradually dry or empty; to remove surface water, as from streets, by gutters, etc.; to deprive of moisture; hence, to exhaust; to empty of wealth, resources, or the like; as, to drain a country of its specie. Sinking waters, the firm land to drain, Filled the capacious deep and formed the main. Roscommon. 3. To filter. Salt water, drained through twenty vessels of earth, hath become fresh. Bacon. DRAIN Drain, v. i. 1. To flow gradually; as, the water of low ground drains off. 2. To become emptied of liquor by flowing or dropping; as, let the vessel stand and drain. DRAIN Drain, n. 1. The act of draining, or of drawing off; gradual and continuous outflow or withdrawal; as, the drain of specie from a country. 2. That means of which anything is drained; a channel; a trench; a water course; a sewer; a sink. 3. pl. Defn: The grain from the mashing tub; as, brewers' drains. [Eng.] Halliwell. Box drain, Counter drain. See under Box, Counter. -- Right of drain (Law), an easement or servitude by which one man has a right to convey water in pipes through or over the estate of another. Kent. DRAINABLE Drain"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being drained. DRAINAGE Drain"age, n. 1. A draining; a gradual flowing off of any liquid; also, that which flows out of a drain. 2. The mode in which the waters of a country pass off by its streams and rivers. 3. (Engin.) Defn: The system of drains and their operation, by which superfluous water is removed from towns, railway beds, mines, and other works. 4. Area or district drained; as, the drainage of the Po, the Thames, etc. Latham. 5. (Surg.) Defn: The act, process, or means of drawing off the pus or fluids from a wound, abscess, etc. Drainage tube (Surg.), a tube introduced into a wound, etc., to draw off the discharges. DRAINE Draine, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The missel thrush. DRAINER Drain"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, drains. DRAINING Drain"ing, vb. n. Etym: of Drain, v. t. (Agric.) Defn: The art of carrying off surplus water, as from land. Draining tile. Same as Draintile. DRAINPIPE Drain"pipe`, n. Defn: A pipe used for carrying off surplus water. DRAINTILE Drain"tile`, n. Defn: A hollow tile used in making drains; -- called also draining tile. DRAINTRAP Drain"trap`, n. Defn: See 4th Trap, 5. DRAKE Drake, n. Etym: [Akin to LG. drake, OHG. antrache, anetrecho, G. enterich, Icel. andriki, Dan. andrik, OSw. andrak, andrage, masc., and fr. AS. ened, fem., duck; akin to D. eend, G. ente, Icel. önd, Dan. and, Sw. and, Lith. antis, L. anas, Gr. ati a water fowl. rich. Cf. Gulaund.] 1. The male of the duck kind. 2. Etym: [Cf. Dragon fly, under Dragon.] Defn: The drake fly. The drake will mount steeple height into the air. Walton. Drake fly, a kind of fly, sometimes used in angling. The dark drake fly, good in August. Walton. DRAKE Drake, n. Etym: [AS. draca dragon, L. draco. See Dragon.] 1. A dragon. [Obs.] Beowulf resolves to kill the drake. J. A. Harrison (Beowulf). 2. A small piece of artillery. [Obs.] Two or three shots, made at them by a couple of drakes, made them stagger. Clarendon. DRAKE Drake, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dravik, W. drewg, darnel, cockle, etc.] Defn: Wild oats, brome grass, or darnel grass; -- called also drawk, dravick, and drank. [Prov. Eng.] Dr. Prior. DRAKESTONE Drake"stone, n. Defn: A flat stone so thrown along the surface of water as to skip from point to point before it sinks; also, the sport of so throwing stones; -- sometimes called ducks and drakes. Internal earthquakes, that, not content with one throe, run along spasmodically, like boys playing at what is called drakestone. De Quincey. DRAM Dram, n. Etym: [OF. drame, F. drachme, L. drachma, drachm, drachma, fr. Gr. Drachm, Drachma.] 1. A weight; in Apothecaries' weight, one eighth part of an ounce, or sixty grains; in Avoirdupois weight, one sixteenth part of an ounce, or 27.34375 grains. 2. A minute quantity; a mite. Were I the chooser, a dram of well-doing should be preferred before many times as mush the forcible hindrance of evildoing. Milton. 3. As much spirituous liquor as is usually drunk at once; as, a dram of brandy; hence, a potation or potion; as, a dram of poison. Shak. 4. (Numis.) Defn: A Persian daric. Ezra ii. 69. Fluid dram, or Fluid drachm. See under Fluid. DRAM Dram, v. i. & t. Defn: To drink drams; to ply with drams. [Low] Johnson. Thackeray. DRAMA Dra"ma, n. Etym: [L. drama, Gr. daryti.] 1. A composition, in prose or poetry, accommodated to action, and intended to exhibit a picture of human life, or to depict a series of grave or humorous actions of more than ordinary interest, tending toward some striking result. It is commonly designed to be spoken and represented by actors on the stage. A divine pastoral drama in the Song of Solomon. Milton. 2. A series of real events invested with a dramatic unity and interest. "The drama of war." Thackeray. Westward the course of empire takes its way; The four first acts already past, A fifth shall close the drama with the day; Time's noblest offspring is the last. Berkeley. The drama and contrivances of God's providence. Sharp. 3. Dramatic composition and the literature pertaining to or illustrating it; dramatic literature. Note: The principal species of the drama are tragedy and comedy; inferior species are tragi-comedy, melodrama, operas, burlettas, and farces. The romantic drama, the kind of drama whose aim is to present a tale or history in scenes, and whose plays (like those of Shakespeare, Marlowe, and others) are stories told in dialogue by actors on the stage. J. A. Symonds. DRAMATIC; DRAMATICAL Dra*mat"ic, Dra*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. dramatique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the drama; appropriate to, or having the qualities of, a drama; theatrical; vivid. The emperor . . . performed his part with much dramatic effect. Motley. DRAMATICALLY Dra*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a dramatic manner; theatrically; vividly. DRAMATIS PERSONAE Dram"a*tis per*so"næ. Etym: [L.] Defn: The actors in a drama or play. DRAMATIST Dram"a*tist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dramatiste.] Defn: The author of a dramatic composition; a writer of plays. DRAMATIZABLE Dram"a*ti`za*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being dramatized. DRAMATIZATION Dram`a*ti*za"tion, n. Defn: Act of dramatizing. DRAMATIZE Dram"a*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dramatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Dramatizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. dramatiser.] Defn: To compose in the form of the drama; to represent in a drama; to adapt to dramatic representation; as, to dramatize a novel, or an historical episode. They dramatized tyranny for public execration. Motley. DRAMATURGIC Dram`a*tur"gic, a. Defn: Relating to dramaturgy. DRAMATURGIST Dram"a*tur`gist, n. Defn: One versed in dramaturgy. Carlyle. DRAMATURGY Dram"a*tur`gy, n. Etym: [Gr. work: cf. F. dramaturgie.] Defn: The art of dramatic composition and representation. DRAMMING Dram"ming, n. Defn: The practice of drinking drams. DRAMSELLER Dram"sell`er, n. Defn: One who sells distilled liquors by the dram or glass. DRAMSHOP Dram"shop`, n. Defn: A shop or barroom where spirits are sold by the dram. DRANK Drank, imp. Defn: of Drink. DRANK Drank, n. Etym: [Cf. 3d Drake.] Defn: Wild oats, or darnel grass. See Drake a plant. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. DRAP D'ETE Drap` d'é*té". Etym: [F., clot of summer.] Defn: A thin woolen fabric, twilled like merino. DRAPE Drape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Draped; p. pr. & vb. n. Draping.] Etym: [F. draper, fr. drap cloth. See 3d Drab.] 1. To cover or adorn with drapery or folds of cloth, or as with drapery; as, to drape a bust, a building, etc. The whole people were draped professionally. De Quincey. These starry blossoms, [of the snow] pure and white, Soft falling, falling, through the night, Have draped the woods and mere. Bungay. 2. To rail at; to banter. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple. DRAPE Drape, v. i. 1. To make cloth. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To design drapery, arrange its folds, etc., as for hangings, costumes, statues, etc. DRAPER Dra"per, n. Etym: [F. drapier.] Defn: One who sells cloths; a dealer in cloths; as, a draper and tailor. DRAPERIED Dra"per*ied, a. Defn: Covered or supplied with drapery. [R.] Byron. DRAPERY Dra"per*y, n.; pl. Draperies. Etym: [F. draperie.] 1. The occupation of a draper; cloth-making, or dealing in cloth. Bacon. 2. Cloth, or woolen stuffs in general. People who ought to be weighing out grocery or measuring out drapery. Macaulay. 3. A textile fabric used for decorative purposes, especially when hung loosely and in folds carefully disturbed; as: (a) Garments or vestments of this character worn upon the body, or shown in the representations of the human figure in art. (b) Hangings of a room or hall, or about a bed. Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams. Bryant. All the decent drapery of life is to be rudely torn off. Burke. Casting of draperies. See under Casting. The casting of draperies . . . is one of the most important of an artist's studies. Fairholt. DRAPET Dra"pet, n. Etym: [Dim. of drap.] Defn: Cloth. [Obs.] Spenser. DRASTIC Dras"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. drastique. See Drama.] (Med.) Defn: Acting rapidly and violently; efficacious; powerful; -- opposed to bland; as, drastic purgatives. -- n. (Med.) Defn: A violent purgative. See Cathartic. DRASTY Dras"ty, a. Etym: [AS. dærstan, dresten, dregs.] Defn: Filthy; worthless. [Obs.] "Drasty ryming." Chaucer. DRAUGH Draugh, n. Defn: See Draft. [Obs.] DRAUGHT Draught, n. Etym: [The same as draft, the spelling with gh indicating an older pronunciation. See Draft, n., Draw.] 1. The act of drawing or pulling; as: (a) The act of moving loads by drawing, as by beasts of burden, and the like. A general custom of using oxen for all sort of draught would be, perhaps, the greatest improvement. Sir W. Temple. (b) The drawing of a bowstring. [Obs.] She sent an arrow forth with mighty draught. Spenser. (c) Act of drawing a net; a sweeping the water for fish. Upon the draught of a pond, not one fish was left. Sir M. Hale. (d) The act of drawing liquor into the mouth and throat; the act of drinking. In his hands he took the goblet, but a while the draught forbore. Trench. (e) A sudden attack or drawing upon an enemy. [Obs.] By drawing sudden draughts upon the enemy when he looketh not for you. Spenser. (f) (Mil.) Defn: The act of selecting or detaching soldiers; a draft (see Draft, n., 2) (g) The act of drawing up, marking out, or delineating; representation. Dryden. 2. That which is drawn; as: (a) That which is taken by sweeping with a net. Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught. Luke v. 4. He laid down his pipe, and cast his net, which brought him a very great draught. L'Estrange. (b) (Mil.) Defn: The force drawn; a detachment; -- in this sense usually written draft. (c) The quantity drawn in at once in drinking; a potion or potation. Disguise thyself as thou wilt, still, Slavery, . . . still thou art a bitter draught. Sterne. Low lies that house where nut-brown draughts inspired. Goldsmith. (d) A sketch, outline, or representation, whether written, designed, or drawn; a delineation. A draught of a Toleration Act was offered to the Parliament by a private member. Macaulay. No picture or draught of these things from the report of the eye. South. (e) (Com.) Defn: An order for the payment of money; -- in this sense almost always written draft. (f) A current of air moving through an inclosed place, as through a room or up a chimney. Thackeray. He preferred to go and sit upon the stairs, in . . . a strong draught of air, until he was again sent for. Dickens. 3. That which draws; as: (a) A team of oxen or horses. Blackstone. (b) A sink or drain; a privy. Shak. Matt. xv. 17. (c) pl. (Med.) Defn: A mild vesicatory; a sinapism; as, to apply draughts to the feet. 4. Capacity of being drawn; force necessary to draw; traction. The Hertfordshire wheel plow . . . is of the easiest draught. Mortimer. 5. (Naut.) Defn: The depth of water necessary to float a ship, or the depth a ship sinks in water, especially when laden; as, a ship of twelve feet draught. 6. (Com.) Defn: An allowance on weighable goods. [Eng.] See Draft, 4. 7. A move, as at chess or checkers. [Obs.] Chaucer. 8. The bevel given to the pattern for a casting, in order that it may be drawn from the sand without injury to the mold. 9. (Masonry) Defn: See Draft, n., 7. Angle of draught, the angle made with the plane over which a body is drawn by the line in which the pulling force acts, when the latter has the direction best adapted to overcome the obstacles of friction and the weight of the body. -- Black draught. See under Black, a. -- Blast draught, or Forced draught, the draught produced by a blower, as by blowing in air beneath a fire or drawing out the gases from above it. -- Natural draught, the draught produced by the atmosphere flowing, by its own weight, into a chimney wherein the air is rarefied by heat. -- On draught, so as to be drawn from the wood (as a cask, barrel, etc.) in distinction from being bottled; as, ale on draught. -- Sheer draught. See under Sheer. DRAUGHT Draught, a. 1. Used for drawing vehicles, loads, etc.; as, a draught beast; draught hooks. 2. Relating to, or characterized by, a draft, or current of air. 3. Used in making drawings; as, draught compasses. 4. Drawn directly from the barrel, or other receptacle, in distinction from bottled; on draught; -- said of ale, cider, and the like. Note: This word, especially in the first and second meanings, is often written draft, a spelling which is approved by many authorities. Draught box. See Draught tube, below. -- Draught engine (Mining), an engine used for pumping, raising heavy weights, and the like. -- Draught hook (Mil.), one of the hooks on a cannon carriage, used in drawing the gun backward and forward. -- Draught horse, a horse employed in drawing loads, plowing, etc., as distinguished from a saddle horse or carriage horse. -- Draught net, a seine or hauling net. -- Draught ox, an ox employed in hauling loads, plowing, etc. -- Draught tube (Water Wheels), an airtight pipe extending downward into the tailrace from a turbine wheel located above it, to make whole fall available; -- called also draught box. DRAUGHT Draught (draft), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Draughted; p. pr. & vb. n. Draughting.] 1. To draw out; to call forth. See Draft. Addison. 2. To diminish or exhaust by drawing. [R.] The Parliament so often draughted and drained. Sir W. Scott. 3. To draw in outline; to make a draught, sketch, or plan of, as in architectural and mechanical drawing. Draughting room, a room draughtsmen to work in, and where plans are kept. DRAUGHTBOARD Draught"board`, n. Defn: A checkered board on which draughts are played. See Checkerboard. DRAUGHTHOUSE Draught"house`, n. Defn: A house for the reception of waste matter; a privy. [Obs.] 2 Kings x. 27. DRAUGHTS Draughts, n. pl. Defn: A mild vesicatory. See Draught, n., 3 (c). DRAUGHTS Draughts, n. pl. Defn: A game, now more commonly called checkers. See Checkers. Note: Polish draughts is sometimes played with 40 pieces on a board divided into 100 squares. Am. Cyc. DRAUGHTSMAN Draughts"man, n.; pl. Draughtsmen (. 1. One who draws pleadings or other writings. 2. One who draws plans and sketches of machinery, structures, and places; also, more generally, one who makes drawings of any kind. 3. A "man" or piece used in the game of draughts. 4. One who drinks drams; a tippler. [Obs.] Tatler. DRAUGHTSMANSHIP Draughts"man*ship, n. Defn: The office, art, or work of a draughtsman. DRAUGHTY Draught"y, a. Defn: Pertaining to a draught, or current of air; as, a draughtly, comfortless room. DRAVE Drave Defn: , old imp. of Drive. [Obs.] DRAVIDA Dra"vi*da, n. pl. Etym: [Skr. Dravi, prob. meaning, Tamil.] (Ethnol.) Defn: A race Hindostan, believed to be the original people who occupied the land before the Hindoo or Aryan invasion. DRAVIDIAN Dra*vid"i*an, a. Etym: [From Skr. Dravi, the name of the southern portion of the peninsula of India.] (Ethnol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Dravida. Dravidian languages, a group of languages of Southern India, which seem to have been the idioms of the natives, before the invasion of tribes speaking Sanskrit. Of these languages, the Tamil is the most important. DRAW Draw, v. t. [imp. Drew; p. p. Drawn; p. pr. & vb. n. Drawing.] Etym: [OE. dra, drahen, draien, drawen, AS. dragan; akin to Icel. & Sw. draga, Dan. drage to draw, carry, and prob. to OS. dragan to bear, carry, D. dragen, G. tragen, Goth. dragan; cf. Skr. dhraj to move along, glide; and perh. akin to Skr. dhar to hold, bear. Drag, Dray a cart, 1st Dredge.] 1. To cause to move continuously by force applied in advance of the thing moved; to pull along; to haul; to drag; to cause to follow. He cast him down to ground, and all along Drew him through dirt and mire without remorse. Spenser. He hastened to draw the stranger into a private room. Sir W. Scott. Do not rich men oppress you, and draw you before the judgment seats James ii. 6. The arrow is now drawn to the head. Atterbury. 2. To influence to move or tend toward one's self; to exercise an attracting force upon; to call towards itself; to attract; hence, to entice; to allure; to induce. The poet Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods. Shak. All eyes you draw, and with the eyes the heart. Dryden. 3. To cause to come out for one's use or benefit; to extract; to educe; to bring forth; as: (a) To bring or take out, or to let out, from some receptacle, as a stick or post from a hole, water from a cask or well, etc. The drew out the staves of the ark. 2 Chron. v. 9. Draw thee waters for the siege. Nahum iii. 14. I opened the tumor by the point of a lancet without drawing one drop of blood. Wiseman. (b) To pull from a sheath, as a sword. I will draw my sword, my hand shall destroy them. Ex. xv. 9. (c) To extract; to force out; to elicit; to derive. Spirits, by distillations, may be drawn out of vegetable juices, which shall flame and fume of themselves. Cheyne. Until you had drawn oaths from him. Shak. (d) To obtain from some cause or origin; to infer from evidence or reasons; to deduce from premises; to derive. We do not draw the moral lessons we might from history. Burke. (e) To take or procure from a place of deposit; to call for and receive from a fund, or the like; as, to draw money from a bank. (f) To take from a box or wheel, as a lottery ticket; to receive from a lottery by the drawing out of the numbers for prizes or blanks; hence, to obtain by good fortune; to win; to gain; as, he drew a prize. (g) To select by the drawing of lots. Provided magistracies were filled by men freely chosen or drawn. Freeman. 4. To remove the contents of; as: (a) To drain by emptying; to suck dry. Sucking and drawing the breast dischargeth the milk as fast as it can generated. Wiseman. (b) To extract the bowels of; to eviscerate; as, to draw a fowl; to hang, draw, and quarter a criminal. In private draw your poultry, clean your tripe. King. 5. To take into the lungs; to inhale; to inspire; hence, also, to utter or produce by an inhalation; to heave. "Where I first drew air." Milton. Drew, or seemed to draw, a dying groan. Dryden. 6. To extend in length; to lengthen; to protract; to stretch; to extend, as a mass of metal into wire. How long her face is drawn! Shak. And the huge Offa's dike which he drew from the mouth of Wye to that of Dee. J. R. Green. 7. To run, extend, or produce, as a line on any surface; hence, also, to form by marking; to make by an instrument of delineation; to produce, as a sketch, figure, or picture. 8. To represent by lines drawn; to form a sketch or a picture of; to represent by a picture; to delineate; hence, to represent by words; to depict; to describe. A flattering painter who made it his care To draw men as they ought to be, not as they are. Goldsmith. Can I, untouched, the fair one's passions move, Or thou draw beauty and not feel its power Prior. 9. To write in due form; to prepare a draught of; as, to draw a memorial, a deed, or bill of exchange. Clerk, draw a deed of gift. Shak. 10. To require (so great a depth, as of water) for floating; -- said of a vessel; to sink so deep in (water); as, a ship draws ten feet of water. 11. To withdraw. [Obs.] Chaucer. Go wash thy face, and draw the action. Shak. 12. To trace by scent; to track; -- a hunting term. Note: Draw, in most of its uses, retains some shade of its original sense, to pull, to move forward by the application of force in advance, or to extend in length, and usually expresses an action as gradual or continuous, and leisurely. We pour liquid quickly, but we draw it in a continued stream. We force compliance by threats, but we draw it by gradual prevalence. We may write a letter with haste, but we draw a bill with slow caution and regard to a precise form. We draw a bar of metal by continued beating. To draw a bow, to bend the bow by drawing the string for discharging the arrow. -- To draw a cover, to clear a cover of the game it contains. -- To draw a curtain, to cause a curtain to slide or move, either closing or unclosing. "Night draws the curtain, which the sun withdraws." Herbert. -- To draw a line, to fix a limit or boundary. -- To draw back, to receive back, as duties on goods for exportation. -- To draw breath, to breathe. Shak. -- To draw cuts or lots. See under Cut, n. -- To draw in. (a) To bring or pull in; to collect. (b) To entice; to inveigle. -- To draw interest, to produce or gain interest. -- To draw off, to withdraw; to abstract. Addison. -- To draw on, to bring on; to occasion; to cause. "War which either his negligence drew on, or his practices procured." Hayward. -- To draw (one) out, to elicit cunningly the thoughts and feelings of another. -- To draw out, to stretch or extend; to protract; to spread out. -- "Wilt thou draw out thine anger to all generations" Ps. lxxxv. 5. "Linked sweetness long drawn out." Milton. -- To draw over, to cause to come over, to induce to leave one part or side for the opposite one. -- To draw the longbow, to exaggerate; to tell preposterous tales. -- To draw (one) to or on to (something), to move, to incite, to induce. "How many actions most ridiculous hast thou been drawn to by thy fantasy" Shak. -- To draw up. (a) To compose in due form; to draught; to form in writing. (b) To arrange in order, as a body of troops; to array. "Drawn up in battle to receive the charge." Dryden. Syn. -- To Draw, Drag. Draw differs from drag in this, that drag implies a natural inaptitude for drawing, or positive resistance; it is applied to things pulled or hauled along the ground, or moved with toil or difficulty. Draw is applied to all bodies moved by force in advance, whatever may be the degree of force; it commonly implies that some kind of aptitude or provision exists for drawing. Draw is the more general or generic term, and drag the more specific. We say, the horses draw a coach or wagon, but they drag it through mire; yet draw is properly used in both cases. DRAW Draw, v. i. 1. To pull; to exert strength in drawing anything; to have force to move anything by pulling; as, a horse draws well; the sails of a ship draw well. Note: A sail is said to draw when it is filled with wind. 2. To draw a liquid from some receptacle, as water from a well. The woman saith unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep. John iv. 11. 3. To exert an attractive force; to act as an inducement or enticement. Keep a watch upon the particular bias of their minds, that it may not draw too much. Addison. 4. (Med.) Defn: To have efficiency as an epispastic; to act as a sinapism; -- said of a blister, poultice, etc. 5. To have draught, as a chimney, flue, or the like; to furnish transmission to smoke, gases, etc. 6. To unsheathe a weapon, especially a sword. So soon as ever thou seest him, draw; and as thou drawest, swear horrible. Shak. 7. To perform the act, or practice the art, of delineation; to sketch; to form figures or pictures. "Skill in drawing." Locke. 8. To become contracted; to shrink. "To draw into less room." Bacon. 9. To move; to come or go; literally, to draw one's self; -- with prepositions and adverbs; as, to draw away, to move off, esp. in racing, to get in front; to obtain the lead or increase it; to draw back, to retreat; to draw level, to move up even (with another); to come up to or overtake another; to draw off, to retire or retreat; to draw on, to advance; to draw up, to form in array; to draw near, nigh, or towards, to approach; to draw together, to come together, to collect. 10. To make a draft or written demand for payment of money deposited or due; -- usually with on or upon. You may draw on me for the expenses of your journey. Jay. 11. To admit the action of pulling or dragging; to undergo draught; as, a carriage draws easily. 12. To sink in water; to require a depth for floating. "Greater hulks draw deep." Shak. To draw to a head. (a) (Med.) To begin to suppurate; to ripen, as a boil. (b) Fig.: To ripen, to approach the time for action; as, the plot draws to a head. DRAW Draw, n. 1. The act of drawing; draught. 2. A lot or chance to be drawn. 3. A drawn game or battle, etc. [Colloq.] 4. That part of a bridge which may be raised, swung round, or drawn aside; the movable part of a drawbridge. See the Note under Drawbridge. [U.S.] DRAWABLE Draw"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being drawn. DRAWBACK Draw"back`, n. 1. A lose of advantage, or deduction from profit, value, success, etc.; a discouragement or hindrance; objectionable feature. The avaridrawback from the wisdom ascribed to him. Hallam. 2. (Com.) Defn: Money paid back or remitted; especially, a certain amount of duties or customs, sometimes the whole, and sometimes only a part, remitted or paid back by the government, on the exportation of the commodities on which they were levied. M DRAWBAR Draw"bar`, n. (Railroad) (a) An openmouthed bar at the end of a car, which receives a coupling link and pin by which the car is drawn. It is usually provided with a spring to give elasticity to the connection between the cars of a train. (b) A bar of iron with an eye at each end, or a heavy link, for coupling a locomotive to a tender or car. DRAWBENCH Draw"bench`, n. (Med.) Defn: A machine in which strips of metal are drawn through a drawplate; especially, one in which wire is thus made; -- also called drawing bench. DRAWBOLT Draw"bolt`, n. (Engin.) Defn: A coupling pin. See under Coupling. DRAWBORE Draw"bore`, n. (Joinery) Defn: A hole bored through a tenon nearer to the shoulder than the holes through the cheeks are to the edge or abutment against which the shoulder is to rest, so that a pin or bolt, when driven into it, will draw these parts together. Weale. DRAWBORE Draw"bore`, v. t. 1. To make a drawbore in; as, to drawbore a tenon. 2. To enlarge the bore of a gun barrel by drawing, instead of thrusting, a revolving tool through it. DRAWBOY Draw"boy`, n. (Weaving) Defn: A boy who operates the harness cords of a hand loom; also, a part of power loom that performs the same office. DRAWBRIDGE Draw"bridge`, n. Defn: A bridge of which either the whole or a part is made to be raised up, let down, or drawn or turned aside, to admit or hinder communication at pleasure, as before the gate of a town or castle, or over a navigable river or canal. Note: The movable portion, or draw, is called, specifically, a bascule, balance, or lifting bridge, a turning, swivel, or swing bridge, or a rolling bridge, according as it turns on a hinge vertically, or on a pivot horizontally, or is pushed on rollers. DRAWCANSIR Draw"can*sir, n. Etym: [From the name of a bullying braggart character in the play by George Villiers called "The Rehearsal."] Defn: A blustering, bullying fellow; a pot-valiant braggart; a bully. The leader was of an ugly look and gigantic stature; he acted like a drawcansir, sparing neither friend nor foe. Addison. DRAW-CUT Draw"-cut`, n. Defn: A single cut with a knife. DRAWEE Draw*ee", n. (Law) Defn: The person on whom an order or bill of exchange is drawn; -- the correlative of drawer. DRAWER Draw"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, draws; as: (a) One who draws liquor for guests; a waiter in a taproom. Shak. (b) One who delineates or depicts; a draughtsman; as, a good drawer. (c) (Law) One who draws a bill of exchange or order for payment; -- the correlative of drawee. 2. That which is drawn; as: (a) A sliding box or receptacle in a case, which is opened by pulling or drawing out, and closed by pushing in. (b) pl. Defn: An under-garment worn on the lower limbs. Chest of drawers. See under Chest. DRAWFILING Draw"fil`ing, n. Defn: The process of smooth filing by working the file sidewise instead of lengthwise. DRAWGEAR Draw"gear`, n. 1. A harness for draught horses. 2. (Railroad) Defn: The means or parts by which cars are connected to be drawn. DRAWGLOVES Draw"gloves`, n. pl. Defn: An old game, played by holding up the fingers. Herrick. DRAWHEAD Draw"head`, n. (Railroad) Defn: The flanged outer end of a drawbar; also, a name applied to the drawgear. DRAWING Draw"ing, n. 1. The act of pulling, or attracting. 2. The act or the art of representing any object by means of lines and shades; especially, such a representation when in one color, or in tints used not to represent the colors of natural objects, but for effect only, and produced with hard material such as pencil, chalk, etc.; delineation; also, the figure or representation drawn. 3. The process of stretching or spreading metals as by hammering, or, as in forming wire from rods or tubes and cups from sheet metal, by pulling them through dies. 4. (Textile Manuf.) Defn: The process of pulling out and elongating the sliver from the carding machine, by revolving rollers, to prepare it for spinning. 5. The distribution of prizes and blanks in a lottery. Note: Drawing is used adjectively or as the first part of compounds in the sense of pertaining to drawing, for drawing (in the sense of pulling, and of pictorial representation); as, drawing master or drawing-master, drawing knife or drawing-knife, drawing machine, drawing board, drawing paper, drawing pen, drawing pencil, etc. A drawing of tea, a small portion of tea for steeping. -- Drawing knife. See in the Vocabulary. -- Drawing paper (Fine Arts), a thick, sized paper for draughtsman and for water-color painting. -- Drawing slate, a soft, slaty substance used in crayon drawing; -- called also black chalk, or drawing chalk. -- Free-hand drawing, a style of drawing made without the use of guiding or measuring instruments, as distinguished from mechanical or geometrical drawing; also, a drawing thus executed. DRAWING KNIFE; DRAWKNIFE Draw"ing knife", Draw"knife`, n. 1. A joiner's tool having a blade with a handle at each end, used to shave off surfaces, by drawing it toward one; a shave; -- called also drawshave, and drawing shave. 2. (Carp.) Defn: A tool used for the purpose of making an incision along the path a saw is to follow, to prevent it from tearing the surface of the wood. DRAWING-ROOM Draw"ing-room`, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. withdraw-ing-room.] 1. A room appropriated for the reception of company; a room to which company withdraws from the dining room. 2. The company assembled in such a room; also, a reception of company in it; as, to hold a drawing-room. He [Johnson] would amaze a drawing-room by suddenly ejaculating a clause of the Lord's Prayer. Macaulay. Drawing-room car. See Palace car, under Car. DRAWL Drawl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drawled; p. pr. & vb. n. Drawling.] Etym: [Prob. fr. draw: cf. D. dralen to linger, tarry, Icel. dralla to loiter. See Draw, and cf. Draggle.] Defn: To utter in a slow, lengthened tone. DRAWL Drawl, v. i. Defn: To speak with slow and lingering utterance, from laziness, lack of spirit, affectation, etc. Theologians and moralists . . . talk mostly in a drawling and dreaming way about it. Landor. DRAWL Drawl, n. Defn: A lengthened, slow monotonous utterance. DRAWLATCH Draw"latch`, n. Defn: A housebreaker or thief. [Obs.] Old Play (1631). DRAWLING Drawl"ing, n. Defn: The act of speaking with a drawl; a drawl. -- Drawl"ing*ly, adv. Bacon. DRAWLINK Draw"link`, n. Defn: Same as Drawbar (b). DRAWLOOM Draw"loom`, n. 1. A kind of loom used in weaving figured patterns; -- called also drawboy. 2. A species of damask made on the drawloom. DRAWN Drawn, p. p. & a. Defn: See Draw, v. t. & i. Drawn butter, butter melter and prepared to be used as a sort of gravy. -- Drawn fowl, an eviscerated fowl. -- Drawn game or battle, one in which neither party wins; one equally contested. -- Drawn fox, one driven from cover. Shak. -- Drawn work, ornamental work made by drawing out threads from fine cloth, and uniting the cross threads, to form a pattern. DRAWNET Draw"net`, n. Defn: A net for catching the larger sorts of birds; also, a dragnet. Crabb. DRAWPLATE Draw"plate`, n. Defn: A hardened steel plate having a hole, or a gradation of conical holes, through which wires are drawn to be reduced and elongated. DRAWROD Draw"rod`, n. (Railroad) Defn: A rod which unites the drawgear at opposite ends of the car, and bears the pull required to draw the train. DRAWSHAVE Draw"shave`, n. Defn: See Drawing knife. DRAWSPRING Draw"spring`, n. (Railroad) Defn: The spring to which a drawbar is attached. DRAY Dray, n. Defn: A squirrel's nest. Cowper. DRAY Dray, n. Etym: [AS. dræge a dragnet, fr. dragan. . See Draw, and cf. 2d Drag, 1st Dredge.] 1. A strong low cart or carriage used for heavy burdens. Addison. 2. A kind of sledge or sled. Halliwell. Dray cart, a dray. -- Dray horse, a heavy, strong horse used in drawing a dray. DRAYAGE Dray"age, n. 1. Use of a dray. 2. The charge, or sum paid, for the use of a dray. DRAYMAN Dray"man, n.; pl. Draymen (. Defn: A man who attends a dray. DRAZEL Draz"el, n. Etym: [Cf. Dross, Drossel.] Defn: A slut; a vagabond wench. Same as Drossel. [Obs.] Hudibras. DREAD Dread, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dreaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Dreading.] Etym: [AS. dr, in comp.; akin to OS. dradan, OHG. tratan, both only in comp.] Defn: To fear in a great degree; to regard, or look forward to, with terrific apprehension. When at length the moment dreaded through so many years came close, the dark cloud passed away from Johnson's mind. Macaulay. DREAD Dread, v. i. Defn: To be in dread, or great fear. Dread not, neither be afraid of them. Deut. i. 29. DREAD Dread, n. 1. Great fear in view of impending evil; fearful apprehension of danger; anticipatory terror. The secret dread of divine displeasure. Tillotson. The dread of something after death. Shak. 2. Reverential or respectful fear; awe. The fear of you, and the dread of you, shall be upon every beast of the earth. Gen. ix. 2. His scepter shows the force of temporal power, The attribute to awe and majesty, Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings. Shak. 3. An object of terrified apprehension. 4. A person highly revered. [Obs.] "Una, his dear dread." Spenser. 5. Fury; dreadfulness. [Obs.] Spenser. 6. Doubt; as, out of dread. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. -- Awe; fear; affright; terror; horror; dismay; apprehension. See Reverence. DREAD Dread, a. 1. Exciting great fear or apprehension; causing terror; frightful; dreadful. A dread eternity! how surely mine. Young. 2. Inspiring with reverential fear; awful' venerable; as, dread sovereign; dread majesty; dread tribunal. DREADABLE Dread"a*ble, a. Defn: Worthy of being dreaded. DREAD-BOLTED Dread"-bolt`ed, a. Defn: Armed with dreaded bolts. "Dread-bolted thunder." [Poetic] Shak. DREADER Dread"er, n. Defn: One who fears, or lives in fear. DREADFUL Dread"ful, a. 1. Full of dread or terror; fearful. [Obs.] "With dreadful heart." Chaucer. 2. Inspiring dread; impressing great fear; fearful; terrible; as, a dreadful storm. " Dreadful gloom." Milton. For all things are less dreadful than they seem. Wordsworth. 3. Inspiring awe or reverence; awful. [Obs.] "God's dreadful law." Shak. Syn. -- Fearful; frightful; terrific; terrible; horrible; horrid; formidable; tremendous; awful; venerable. See Frightful. DREADFULLY Dread"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a dreadful manner; terribly. Dryden. DREADFULNESS Dread"ful*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being dreadful. DREADINGLY Dread"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With dread. Warner. DREADLESS Dread"less, a. 1. Free from dread; fearless; intrepid; dauntless; as, dreadless heart. "The dreadless angel." Milton. 2. Exempt from danger which causes dread; secure. " safe in his dreadless den." Spenser. DREADLESS Dread"less, adv. Defn: Without doubt. [Obs.] Chaucer. DREADLESSNESS Dread"less*ness, n. Defn: Freedom from dread. DREADLY Dread"ly, a. Defn: Dreadful. [Obs.] "Dreadly spectacle." Spenser. -- adv. Defn: With dread. [Obs.] "Dreadly to shake." Sylvester (Du Bartas). DREADNAUGHT Dread"naught`, n. 1. A fearless person. 2. Hence: A garment made of very thick cloth, that can defend against storm and cold; also, the cloth itself; fearnaught. DREADNOUGHT Dread"nought`, n. 1. A British battleship, completed in 1906 -- 1907, having an armament consisting of ten 12-inch guns, and of twenty-four 12-pound quick-fire guns for protection against torpedo boats. This was the first battleship of the type characterized by a main armament of big guns all of the same caliber. She has a displacement of 17,900 tons at load draft, and a speed of 21 knots per hour. 2. Any battleship having its main armament entirely of big guns all of one caliber. Since the Dreadnought was built, the caliber of the heaviest guns has increased from 12 in. to 13½ in., 14 in., and 15 in., and the displacement of the largest batteships from 18,000 tons to 30,000 tons and upwards. The term superdreadnought is popularly applied to battleships with such increased displacement and gun caliber. DREAM Dream, n. Etym: [Akin to OS. dr, D. droom, G. traum, Icel. draumr, Dan. & Sw. dröm; cf. G. trügen to deceive, Skr. druh to harm, hurt, try to hurt. AS. dreám joy, gladness, and OS. dr joy are, perh., different words; cf. Gr. 1. The thoughts, or series of thoughts, or imaginary transactions, which occupy the mind during sleep; a sleeping vision. Dreams are but interludes which fancy makes. Dryden. I had a dream which was not all a dream. Byron. 2. A visionary scheme; a wild conceit; an idle fancy; a vagary; a revery; -- in this sense, applied to an imaginary or anticipated state of happiness; as, a dream of bliss; the dream of his youth. There sober thought pursued the amusing theme, Till Fancy colored it and formed a dream. Pope. It is not them a mere dream, but a very real aim which they propose. J. C. Shairp. DREAM Dream, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dreamed or Dreamt (p. pr. & vb. n. Dreaming.] Etym: [Cf. AS. dr, dr, to rejoice. See Dream, n.] 1. To have ideas or images in the mind while in the state of sleep; to experience sleeping visions; -- often with of; as, to dream of a battle, or of an absent friend. 2. To let the mind run on in idle revery or vagary; to anticipate vaguely as a coming and happy reality; to have a visionary notion or idea; to imagine. Here may we sit and dream Over the heavenly theme. Keble. They dream on in a constant course of reading, but not digesting. Locke. DREAM Dream, v. t. Defn: To have a dream of; to see, or have a vision of, in sleep, or in idle fancy; -- often followed by an objective clause. Your old men shall dream dreams. Acts ii. 17. At length in sleep their bodies they compose, And dreamt the future fight. Dryden. And still they dream that they shall still succeed. Cowper. To dream away, out, through, etc., to pass in revery or inaction; to spend in idle vagaries; as, to dream away an hour; to dream through life. " Why does Antony dream out his hours" Dryden. DREAMER Dream"er, n. 1. One who dreams. 2. A visionary; one lost in wild imaginations or vain schemes of some anticipated good; as, a political dreamer. DREAMFUL Dream"ful, a. Defn: Full of dreams. " Dreamful ease." Tennyson. -- Dream"ful*ly, adv. DREAMILY Dream"i*ly, adv. Defn: As if in a dream; softly; slowly; languidly. Longfellow. DREAMINESS Dream"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being dreamy. DREAMINGLY Dream"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a dreamy manner. DREAMLAND Dream"land`, n. Defn: An unreal, delightful country such as in sometimes pictured in dreams; region of fancies; fairyland. [He] builds a bridge from dreamland for his lay. Lowell. DREAMLESS Dream"less, a. Defn: Free from, or without, dreams. Camden. -- Dream"less*ly, adv. DREAMY Dream"y, a. [Compar. Dreamier; superl. Dreamiest.] Defn: Abounding in dreams or given to dreaming; appropriate to, or like, dreams; visionary. "The dreamy dells." Tennyson. DREAR Drear, a. Etym: [See Dreary.] Defn: Dismal; gloomy with solitude. "A drear and dying sound." Milton. DREAR Drear, n. Defn: Sadness; dismalness. [Obs.] Spenser. DREARIHEAD; DREARIHOOD Drear"i*head, Drear"i*hood, n. Defn: Affliction; dreariness. [Obs.] Spenser. DREARILY Drear"i*ly, adv. Defn: Gloomily; dismally. DREARIMENT Drear"i*ment, n. Defn: Dreariness. [Obs.] Spenser. DREARINESS Drear"i*ness, n. 1. Sorrow; wretchedness. [Obs.] 2. Dismalness; gloomy solitude. DREARING Drear"ing, n. Defn: Sorrow. [Obs.] Spenser. DREARISOME Drear"i*some, a. Defn: Very dreary. Halliwell. DREARY Drear"y, a. [Compar. Drearier; superl. Dreariest.] Etym: [OE. dreori, dreri, AS. dreórig, sad; akin to G. traurig, and prob. to AS. dreósan to fall, Goth. driusan. Cf. Dross, Drear, Drizzle, Drowse.] 1. Sorrowful; distressful. [Obs.] " Dreary shrieks." Spenser. 2. Exciting cheerless sensations, feelings, or associations; comfortless; dismal; gloomy. " Dreary shades." Dryden. "The dreary ground." Prior. Full many a dreary anxious hour. Keble. Johnson entered on his vocation in the most dreary part of that dreary interval which separated two ages of prosperity. Macaulay. DRECCHE Drec"che, v. t. Etym: [AS. dreccan, dreccean.] 1. To vex; to torment; to trouble. [Obs.] As man that in his dream is drecched sore. Chaucer. DRECCHE Drec"che, v. i. Defn: To delay. [Obs.] Gower. DREDGE Dredge, n. Etym: [F. drège, dreige, fish net, from a word akin to E. draw; cf. D. dreg, dregge, small anchor, dregnet dragnet. Draw.] 1. Any instrument used to gather or take by dragging; as: (a) A dragnet for taking up oysters, etc., from their beds. (b) A dredging machine. (c) An iron frame, with a fine net attached, used in collecting animals living at the bottom of the sea. 2. (Mining) Defn: Very fine mineral matter held in suspension in water. Raymond. DREDGE Dredge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dredged; p. pr. & vb. n. Dredging.] Defn: To catch or gather with a dredge; to deepen with a dredging machine. R. Carew. Dredging machine, a machine (commonly on a boat) used to scoop up mud, gravel, or obstructions from the bottom of rivers, docks, etc., so as to deepen them. DREDGE Dredge, n. Etym: [OE. dragge, F. dragée, dredge, also, sugar plum; cf. Prov. dragea, It. treggea; corrupted fr. LL. tragemata, pl., sweetmeats, Gr. Defn: A mixture of oats and barley. [Obs.] Kersey. DREDGE Dredge, v. t. Defn: To sift or sprinkle flour, etc., on, as on roasting meat. Beau. & Fl. Dredging box. (a) Same as 2d Dredger. (b) (Gun.) A copper box with a perforated lid; -- used for sprinkling meal powder over shell fuses. Farrow. DREDGER Dredg"er, n. 1. One who fishes with a dredge. 2. A dredging machine. DREDGER Dredg"er, n. (Cookery) Defn: A box with holes in its lid; -- used for sprinkling flour, as on meat or a breadboard; -- called also dredging box, drudger, and drudging box. DREE Dree, v. t. Etym: [AS. dreógan to bear, endure, complete.] Defn: To endure; to suffer. [Scot.] DREE Dree, v. i. Defn: To be able to do or endure. [Obs.] DREE Dree, a. Defn: Wearisome; tedious. [Prov. Eng.] DREG Dreg, n. Etym: [Prob. from Icel. dregg; akin to Sw. drägg, cf. Icel. & Sw. draga to draw. Cf. Draw.] Defn: Corrupt or defiling matter contained in a liquid, or precipitated from it; refuse; feculence; lees; grounds; sediment; hence, the vilest and most worthless part of anything; as, the dregs of society. We, the dregs and rubbish of mankind. Dryden. Note: Used formerly (rarely) in the singular, as by Spenser and Shakespeare, but now chiefly in the plural. DREGGINESS Dreg"gi*ness, n. Defn: Fullness of dregs or lees; foulness; feculence. DREGGISH Dreg"gish, a. Defn: Foul with lees; feculent. Harvey. DREGGY Dreg"gy, a. Defn: Containing dregs or lees; muddy; foul; feculent. Boyle. DREIBUND Drei"bund`, n. [G., fr. drei three + bund league.] Defn: A triple alliance; specif., the alliance of Germany, Austria, and Italy, formed in 1882. DREIN Drein, v. i. Defn: To drain. [Obs.] Congreve. DREINTE; DREINT Drein"te, imp., Dreint (, Defn: p. p. of Drench to drown. [Obs.] Chaucer. DREISSENA Dreis"se*na, n. Etym: [NL. Named after Dreyssen, a Belgian physician.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of bivalve shells of which one species (D. polymorpha) is often so abundant as to be very troublesome in the fresh waters of Europe. DRENCH Drench, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drenched; p. pr. & vb. n. Drenching.] Etym: [AS. drencan to give to drink, to drench, the causal of drincan to drink; akin to D. drenken, Sw. dränka, G. tränken. See Drink.] 1. To cause to drink; especially, to dose by force; to put a potion down the throat of, as of a horse; hence. to purge violently by physic. As "to fell," is "to make to fall," and "to lay," to make to lie." so "to drench," is "to make to drink." Trench. 2. To steep in moisture; to wet thoroughly; to soak; to saturate with water or other liquid; to immerse. Now dam the ditches and the floods restrain; Their moisture has already drenched the plain. Dryden. DRENCH Drench, n. Etym: [AS. drenc. See Drench, v. t.] Defn: A drink; a draught; specifically, a potion of medicine poured or forced down the throat; also, a potion that causes purging. "A drench of wine." Dryden. Give my roan horse a drench. Shak. DRENCH Drench, n. Etym: [AS. dreng warrior, soldier, akin to Icel. drengr.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A military vassal mentioned in Domesday Book. [Obs.] Burrill. DRENCHE Drench"e, v. t. & i. Defn: To drown. [Obs.] In the sea he drenched. Chaucer. DRENCHER Drench"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, west or steeps. 2. One who administers a drench. DRENGAGE Dren"gage, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The tenure by which a drench held land. [Obs.] Burrill. DRENT Drent, p. p. Etym: [See Dreinte.] Defn: Drenched; drowned. [Obs.] "Condemned to be drent." Spenser. DRESDEN WARE Dres"den ware`. Defn: A superior kind of decorated porcelain made near Dresden in Saxony. DRESS Dress, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dressed or Drest; p. pr. & vb. n. Dressing.] Etym: [OF. drecier to make straight, raise, set up, prepare, arrange, F. dresser. (assumed) LL. directiare, fr. L. dirigere, directum, to direct; dis- + regere to rule. See Right, and cf. Address, Adroit, Direct, Dirge.] 1. To direct; to put right or straight; to regulate; to order. [Obs.] At all times thou shalt bless God and pray Him to dress thy ways. Chaucer. Note: Dress is used reflexively in Old English, in sense of "to direct one's step; to addresss one's self." To Grisild again will I me dresse. Chaucer. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To arrange in exact continuity of line, as soldiers; commonly to adjust to a straight line and at proper distance; to align; as, to dress the ranks. 3. (Med.) Defn: To treat methodically with remedies, bandages, or curative appliances, as a sore, an ulcer, a wound, or a wounded or diseased part. 4. To adjust; to put in good order; to arrange; specifically: (a) To prepare for use; to fit for any use; to render suitable for an intended purpose; to get ready; as, to dress a slain animal; to dress meat; to dress leather or cloth; to dress or trim a lamp; to dress a garden; to dress a horse, by currying and rubbing; to dress grain, by cleansing it; in mining and metallurgy, to dress ores, by sorting and separating them. And the Lord God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it. Gen. ii. 15. When he dresseth the lamps he shall burn incense. Ex. xxx. 7. Three hundred horses . . . smoothly dressed. Dryden. Dressing their hair with the white sea flower. Tennyson . If he felt obliged to expostulate, he might have dressed his censures in a kinder form. Carlyle. (b) To cut to proper dimensions, or give proper shape to, as to a tool by hammering; also, to smooth or finish. (c) To put in proper condition by appareling, as the body; to put clothes upon; to apparel; to invest with garments or rich decorations; to clothe; to deck. Dressed myself in such humility. Shak. Prove that ever Idress myself handsome till thy return. Shak. (d) To break and train for use, as a horse or other animal. To dress up or out, to dress elaborately, artificially, or pompously. "You see very often a king of England or France dressed up like a Julius Cæsar." Addison. -- To dress a ship (Naut.), to ornament her by hoisting the national colors at the peak and mastheads, and setting the jack forward; when dressed full, the signal flags and pennants are added. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Syn. -- To attire; apparel; clothe; accouter; array; robe; rig; trim; deck; adorn; embellish. DRESS Dress, v. i. 1. (Mil.) Defn: To arrange one's self in due position in a line of soldiers; -- the word of command to form alignment in ranks; as, Right, dress! 2. To clothe or apparel one's self; to put on one's garments; to pay particular regard to dress; as, to dress quickly. "To dress for a ball." Latham. To flaunt, to dress, to dance, to thrum. Tennyson . To dress to the right, To dress to the left, To dress on the center (Mil.), to form alignment with reference to the soldier on the extreme right, or in the center, of the rank, who serves as a guide. DRESS Dress, n. 1. That which is used as the covering or ornament of the body; clothes; garments; habit; apparel. "In your soldier's dress." Shak. 2. A lady's gown; as, silk or a velvet dress. 3. Attention to apparel, or skill in adjusting it. Men of pleasure, dress, and gallantry. Pope. 4. (Milling) Defn: The system of furrows on the face of a millstone. Knight. Dress circle. See under Circle. -- Dress parade (Mil.), a parade in full uniform for review. DRESS CIRCLE Dress circle. Defn: A gallery or circle in a theater, generally the first above the floor, in which originally dress clothes were customarily worn. DRESS COAT Dress" coat`. Defn: A coat with skirts behind only, as distinct from the frock coat, of which the skirts surround the body. It is worn on occasions of ceremony. The dress coat of officers of the United States army is a full-skirted frock coat. DRESSER Dress"er, n. 1. One who dresses; one who put in order or makes ready for use; one who on clothes or ornaments. 2. (Mining) Defn: A kind of pick for shaping large coal. 3. An assistant in a hospital, whose office it is to dress wounds, sores, etc. 4. Etym: [F. dressoir. See Dress, v. t.] (a) A table or bench on which meat and other things are dressed, or prepared for use. (b) A cupboard or set of shelves to receive dishes and cooking utensils. The pewter plates on the dresser Caught and reflected the flame, as shields of armies the sunshine. Longfellow. DRESS GOODS Dress" goods". Defn: A term applied to fabrics for the gowns of women and girls; -- most commonly to fabrics of mixed materials, but also applicable to silks, printed linens, and calicoes. DRESSINESS Dress"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being dressy. DRESSING Dress"ing, n. 1. Dress; raiment; especially, ornamental habiliment or attire. B. Jonson. 2. (Surg.) Defn: An application (a remedy, bandage, etc.) to a sore or wound. Wiseman. 3. Manure or compost over land. When it remains on the surface, it is called a top-dressing. 4. (Cookery) (a) A preparation to fit food for use; a condiment; as, a dressing for salad. (b) The stuffing of fowls, pigs, etc.; forcemeat. 5. Gum, starch, and the like, used in stiffening or finishing silk, linen, and other fabrics. 6. An ornamental finish, as a molding around doors, windows, or on a ceiling, etc. 7. Castigation; scolding; -- often with down. [Colloq.] Dressing case, a case of toilet utensils. -- Dressing forceps, a variety of forceps, shaped like a pair of scissors, used in dressing wounds. -- Dressing gown, a light gown, such as is used by a person while dressing; a study gown. -- Dressing room, an apartment appropriated for making one's toilet. -- Dressing table, a table at which a person may dress, and on which articles for the toilet stand. -- Top-dressing, manure or compost spread over land and not worked into the soil. DRESSMAKER Dress"mak`er, n. Defn: A maker of gowns, or similar garments; a mantuamaker. DRESSMAKING Dress"mak`ing, n. Defn: The art, process, or occupation, of making dresses. DRESSY Dress"y, a. Defn: Showy in dress; attentive to dress. A dressy flaunting maidservant. T. Hook. A neat, dressy gentleman in black. W. Irving. DREST Drest, p. p. Defn: of Dress. DRETCH Dretch, v. t. & i. Defn: See Drecche. [Obs.] DREUL Dreul, v. i. Defn: To drool. [Obs.] DREVIL Drev"il, n. Defn: A fool; a drudge. See Drivel. DREW Drew, imp. Defn: of Draw. DREY Drey, n. Defn: A squirrel's nest. See Dray. [Obs.] DREYE Dreye, a. Defn: Dry. [Obs.] Chaucer. DREYNTE; DREYNT Dreyn"te, imp., Dreynt (, Defn: p. p., of Drench to drown. [Obs.] Chaucer. DRIB Drib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dribbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dribbing.] Etym: [Cf. Drip.] Defn: To do by little and little; as: (a) To cut off by a little at a time; to crop. (b) To appropriate unlawfully; to filch; to defalcate. He who drives their bargain dribs a part. Dryden. (c) To lead along step by step; to entice. With daily lies she dribs thee into cost. Dryden. DRIB Drib, v. t. & i. (Archery) Defn: To shoot (a shaft) so as to pierce on the descent. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. DRIB Drib, n. Defn: A drop. [Obs.] Swift. DRIBBER Drib"ber, n. Defn: One who dribs; one who shoots weakly or badly. [Obs.] Ascham. DRIBBLE Drib"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dribbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dribbing.] Etym: [Freq. of drib, which is a variant of drip.] 1. To fall in drops or small drops, or in a quick succession of drops; as, water dribbles from the eaves. 2. To slaver, as a child or an idiot; to drivel. 3. To fall weakly and slowly. [Obs.] "The dribbling dart of love." Shak. (Meas. for Meas. , i. 3, 2). [Perhaps an error for dribbing.] DRIBBLE Drib"ble, v. t. Defn: To let fall in drops. Let the cook . . . dribble it all the way upstairs. Swift. DRIBBLE Drib"ble, n. Defn: A drizzling shower; a falling or leaking in drops. [Colloq.] DRIBBLER Drib"bler, n. Defn: One who dribbles. DRIBBLET; DRIBLET Drib"blet, Drib"let, n. Etym: [From Dribble.] Defn: A small piece or part; a small sum; a small quantity of money in making up a sum; as, the money was paid in dribblets. When made up in dribblets, as they could, their best securities were at an interest of twelve per cent. Burke. DRIE Drie, v. t. Etym: [See Dree.] Defn: To endure. [Obs.] So causeless such drede for to drie. Chaucer. DRIED Dried, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Day. Also adj.; as, dried apples. DRIER Dri"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, dries; that which may expel or absorb moisture; a desiccative; as, the sun and a northwesterly wind are great driers of the earth. 2. (Paint.) Defn: Drying oil; a substance mingled with the oil used in oil painting to make it dry quickly. DRIER; DRIEST Dri"er, compar., Dri"est, superl., Defn: of Dry, a. DRIFT Drift, n. Etym: [From drive; akin to LG. & D. drift a driving, Icel. drift snowdrift, Dan. drift, impulse, drove, herd, pasture, common, G. trift pasturage, drove. See Drive.] 1. A driving; a violent movement. The dragon drew him [self] away with drift of his wings. King Alisaunder (1332). 2. The act or motion of drifting; the force which impels or drives; an overpowering influence or impulse. A bad man, being under the drift of any passion, will follow the impulse of it till something interpose. South. 3. Course or direction along which anything is driven; setting. "Our drift was south." Hakluyt. 4. The tendency of an act, argument, course of conduct, or the like; object aimed at or intended; intention; hence, also, import or meaning of a sentence or discourse; aim. He has made the drift of the whole poem a compliment on his country in general. Addison. Now thou knowest my drift. Sir W. Scott. 5. That which is driven, forced, or urged along; as: (a) Anything driven at random. "Some log . . . a useless drift." Dryden. (b) A mass of matter which has been driven or forced onward together in a body, or thrown together in a heap, etc., esp. by wind or water; as, a drift of snow, of ice, of sand, and the like. Drifts of rising dust involve the sky. Pope. We got the brig a good bed in the rushing drift [of ice]. Kane. (c) A drove or flock, as of cattle, sheep, birds. [Obs.] Cattle coming over the bridge (with their great drift doing much damage to the high ways). Fuller. 6. (Arch.) Defn: The horizontal thrust or pressure of an arch or vault upon the abutments. [R.] Knight. 7. (Geol.) Defn: A collection of loose earth and rocks, or boulders, which have been distributed over large portions of the earth's surface, especially in latitudes north of forty degrees, by the agency of ice. 8. In South Africa, a ford in a river. 9. (Mech.) Defn: A slightly tapered tool of steel for enlarging or shaping a hole in metal, by being forced or driven into or through it; a broach. 10. (Mil.) (a) A tool used in driving down compactly the composition contained in a rocket, or like firework. (b) A deviation from the line of fire, peculiar to oblong projectiles. 11. (Mining) Defn: A passage driven or cut between shaft and shaft; a driftway; a small subterranean gallery; an adit or tunnel. 12. (Naut.) (a) The distance through which a current flows in a given time. (b) The angle which the line of a ship's motion makes with the meridian, in drifting. (c) The distance to which a vessel is carried off from her desired course by the wind, currents, or other causes. (d) The place in a deep-waisted vessel where the sheer is raised and the rail is cut off, and usually terminated with a scroll, or driftpiece. (e) The distance between the two blocks of a tackle. 13. The difference between the size of a bolt and the hole into which it is driven, or between the circumference of a hoop and that of the mast on which it is to be driven. Note: Drift is used also either adjectively or as the first part of a compound. See Drift, a. Drift of the forest (O. Eng. Law), an examination or view of the cattle in a forest, in order to see whose they are, whether they are commonable, and to determine whether or not the forest is surcharged. Burrill. DRIFT Drift, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Drifting.] 1. To float or be driven along by, or as by, a current of water or air; as, the ship drifted astern; a raft drifted ashore; the balloon drifts slowly east. We drifted o'er the harbor bar. Coleridge. 2. To accumulate in heaps by the force of wind; to be driven into heaps; as, snow or sand drifts. 3. (mining) Defn: to make a drift; to examine a vein or ledge for the purpose of ascertaining the presence of metals or ores; to follow a vein; to prospect. [U.S.] DRIFT Drift, v. t. 1. To drive or carry, as currents do a floating body. J. H. Newman. 2. To drive into heaps; as, a current of wind drifts snow or sand. 3. (Mach.) Defn: To enlarge or shape, as a hole, with a drift. DRIFT Drift, a. Defn: That causes drifting or that is drifted; movable by wind or currents; as, drift currents; drift ice; drift mud. Kane. Drift anchor. See Sea anchor, and also Drag sail, under Drag, n. -- Drift epoch (Geol.), the glacial epoch. -- Drift net, a kind of fishing net. -- Drift sail. Same as Drag sail. See under Drag, n. DRIFTAGE Drift"age, n. 1. Deviation from a ship's course due to leeway. 2. Anything that drifts. DRIFTBOLT Drift"bolt`, n. Defn: A bolt for driving out other bolts. DRIFTLESS Drift"less, a. Defn: Having no drift or direction; without aim; purposeless. DRIFTPIECE Drift"piece", n. (Shipbuilding) Defn: An upright or curved piece of timber connecting the plank sheer with the gunwale; also, a scroll terminating a rail. DRIFTPIN Drift"pin`, n. (Mech.) Defn: A smooth drift. See Drift, n., 9. DRIFTWAY Drift"way`, n. 1. A common way, road, or path, for driving cattle. Cowell. Burrill. 2. (Mining) Defn: Same as Drift, 11. DRIFTWEED Drift"weed`, n. Defn: Seaweed drifted to the shore by the wind. Darwin. DRIFTWIND Drift"wind`, n. Defn: A driving wind; a wind that drives snow, sand, etc., into heaps. Beau. & Fl. DRIFTWOOD Drift"wood`, n. 1. Wood drifted or floated by water. 2. Fig.: Whatever is drifting or floating as on water. The current of humanity, with its heavy proportion of very useless driftwood. New Your Times. DRIFTY Drift"y, a. Defn: Full of drifts; tending to form drifts, as snow, and the like. DRILL Drill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Drilling.] Etym: [D. drillen to bore, drill (soldiers); probably akin to AS. pyrlian, pyrelian, to pierce. See Thrill.] 1. To pierce or bore with a drill, or a with a drill; to perforate; as, to drill a hole into a rock; to drill a piece of metal. 2. To train in the military art; to exercise diligently, as soldiers, in military evolutions and exercises; hence, to instruct thoroughly in the rudiments of any art or branch of knowledge; to discipline. He [Frederic the Great] drilled his people, as he drilled his grenadiers. Macaulay. DRILL Drill, v. i. Defn: To practice an exercise or exercises; to train one's self. DRILL Drill, n. 1. An instrument with an edged or pointed end used for making holes in hard substances; strictly, a tool that cuts with its end, by revolving, as in drilling metals, or by a succession of blows, as in drilling stone; also, a drill press. 2. (Mil.) Defn: The act or exercise of training soldiers in the military art, as in the manual of arms, in the execution of evolutions, and the like; hence, diligent and strict instruction and exercise in the rudiments and methods of any business; a kind or method of military exercises; as, infantry drill; battalion drill; artillery drill. 3. Any exercise, physical or mental, enforced with regularity and by constant repetition; as, a severe drill in Latin grammar. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine gastropod, of several species, which kills oysters and other bivalves by drilling holes through the shell. The most destructive kind is Urosalpinx cinerea. Bow drill, Breast drill. See under Bow, Breast. -- Cotter drill, or Traverse drill, a machine tool for drilling slots. -- Diamond drill. See under Diamond. -- Drill jig. See under Jig. -- Drill pin, the pin in a lock which enters the hollow stem of the key. -- Drill sergeant (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer whose office it is to instruct soldiers as to their duties, and to train them to military exercises and evolutions. -- Vertical drill, a drill press. DRILL Drill, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Trill to trickle, Trickle, Dribble, and W. rhillio to put in a row, drill.] 1. To cause to flow in drills or rills or by trickling; to drain by trickling; as, waters drilled through a sandy stratum. [R.] Thomson. 2. To sow, as seeds, by dribbling them along a furrow or in a row, like a trickling rill of water. 3. To entice; to allure from step; to decoy; -- with on. [Obs.] See drilled him on to five-fifty. Addison. 4. To cause to slip or waste away by degrees. [Obs.] This accident hath drilled away the whole summer. Swift. DRILL Drill, v. i. 1. To trickle. [Obs. or R.] Sandys. 2. To sow in drills. DRILL Drill, n. 1. A small trickling stream; a rill. [Obs.] Springs through the pleasant meadows pour their drills. Sandys. 2. (Agr.) (a) An implement for making holes for sowing seed, and sometimes so formed as to contain seeds and drop them into the hole made. (b) A light furrow or channel made to put seed into sowing. (c) A row of seed sown in a furrow. Note: Drill is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as, drill barrow or drill-barrow; drill husbandry; drill plow or drill-plow. Drill barrow, a wheeled implement for planting seed in drills. -- Drill bow, a small bow used for the purpose of rapidly turning a drill around which the bowstring takes a turn. -- Drill harrow, a harrow used for stirring the ground between rows, or drills. -- Drill plow, or Drill plough, a sort plow for sowing grain in drills. DRILL Drill, n. Etym: [Cf. Mandrill.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large African baboon (Cynocephalus leucophæus). DRILL Drill, n. Etym: [Usually in pl.] (Manuf.) Defn: Same as Drilling. Imperial drill, a linen fabric having two threads in the warp and three in the filling. DRILLER Drill"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, drills. DRILLING Drill"ing, n. 1. The act of piercing with a drill. 2. A training by repeated exercises. DRILLING Drill"ing, n. Defn: The act of using a drill in sowing seeds. DRILLING Drill"ing, n. Etym: [G. drillich, fr. L. trilix having three threads, fr. the of tres three + licium a thread of the warm. See Three, and cf. Twill.] (Manuf.) Defn: A heavy, twilled fabric of linen or cotton. DRILLMASTER Drill"mas`ter, n. Defn: One who teaches drill, especially in the way of gymnastics. Macaulay. DRILL PRESS Drill" press` . Defn: A machine for drilling holes in metal, the drill being pressed to the metal by the action of a screw. DRILLSTOCK Drill"stock`, n. (Mech.) Defn: A contrivance for holding and turning a drill. Knight. DRILY Dri"ly, adv. Defn: See Dryly. Thackeray. DRIMYS Dri"mys, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of magnoliaceous trees. Drimys aromatica furnishes Winter's bark. DRINK Drink, v. i. [imp. Drank, formerly Drunk (; & p. p. Drunk, Drunken (; p. pr. & vb. n. Drinking. Drunken is now rarely used, except as a verbal adj. in sense of habitually intoxicated; the form drank, not infrequently used as a p. p., is not so analogical.] Etym: [AS. drincan; akin to OS. drinkan, D. drinken, G. trinken, Icel. drekka, Sw. dricka, Dan. drikke, Goth. drigkan. Cf. Drench, Drunken, Drown.] 1. To swallow anything liquid, for quenching thirst or other purpose; to imbibe; to receive or partake of, as if in satisfaction of thirst; as, to drink from a spring. Gird thyself, and serve me, till have eaten and drunken; and afterward thou shalt eat and drink. Luke xvii. 8. He shall drink of the wrath the Almighty. Job xxi. 20. Drink of the cup that can not cloy. Keble. 2. To quaff exhilarating or intoxicating liquors, in merriment or feasting; to carouse; to revel; hence, to lake alcoholic liquors to excess; to be intemperate in the Pope. And they drank, and were merry with him. Gem. xliii. 34. Bolingbroke always spoke freely when he had drunk freely. Thackeray. To drink to, to salute in drinking; to wish well to, in the act of taking the cup; to pledge in drinking. I drink to the general joy of the whole table, And to our dear friend Banquo. Shak. DRINK Drink, v. t. 1. To swallow (a liquid); to receive, as a fluid, into the stomach; to imbibe; as, to drink milk or water. There lies she with the blessed gods in bliss, There drinks the nectar with ambrosia mixed. Spenser. The bowl of punch which was brewed and drunk in Mrs. Betty's room. Thackeray. 2. To take in (a liquid), in any manner; to suck up; to absorb; to imbibe. And let the purple violets drink the stream. Dryden. 3. To take in; to receive within one, through the senses; to inhale; to hear; to see. To drink the cooler air, Tennyson. My ears have not yet drunk a hundred words Of that tongue's utterance. Shak. Let me . . . drink delicious poison from thy eye. Pope. 4. To smoke, as tobacco. [Obs.] And some men now live ninety years and past, Who never drank to tobacco first nor last. Taylor (1630. ) To drink down, to act on by drinking; to reduce or subdue; as, to drink down unkindness. Shak. -- To drink in, to take into one's self by drinking, or as by drinking; to receive and appropriate as in satisfaction of thirst. "Song was the form of literature which he [Burns] had drunk in from his cradle." J. C. Shairp. -- To drink off or up, to drink the whole at a draught; as, to drink off a cup of cordial. -- To drink the health of, or To drink to the health of, to drink while expressing good wishes for the health or welfare of. DRINK Drink, n. 1. Liquid to be swallowed; any fluid to be taken into the stomach for quenching thirst or for other purposes, as water, coffee, or decoctions. Give me some drink, Titinius. Shak. 2. Specifically, intoxicating liquor; as, when drink is on, wit is out. Drink money, or Drink penny, an allowance, or perquisite, given to buy drink; a gratuity. -- Drink offering (Script.), an offering of wine, etc., in the Jewish religious service. -- In drink, drunk. "The poor monster's in drink." Shak. -- Strong drink, intoxicating liquor; esp., liquor containing a large proportion of alcohol. " Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging." Prov. xx. 1. DRINKABLE Drink"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being drunk; suitable for drink; potable. Macaulay. Also used substantively, esp. in the plural. Steele. DRINKABLENESS Drink"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: State of being drinkable. DRINKER Drink"er, n. Defn: One who drinks; as, the effects of tea on the drinker; also, one who drinks spirituous liquors to excess; a drunkard. Drinker moth (Zoöl.), a large British moth (Odonestis potatoria). DRINKING Drink"ing, n. 1. The act of one who drinks; the act of imbibing. 2. The practice of partaking to excess of intoxicating liquors. 3. An entertainment with liquors; a carousal. Note: Drinking is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as, a drinking song, drinking cup, drinking glass, drinking house, etc. Drinking horn, a drinking vessel made of a horn. DRINKLESS Drink"less, a. Defn: Destitute of drink. Chaucer. DRIP Drip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dripped or Dript; p. pr. & vb. n. Dripping.] Etym: [Akin to LG. drippen, Dan. dryppe, from a noun. See Drop.] 1. To fall in drops; as, water drips from the eaves. 2. To let fall drops of moisture or liquid; as, a wet garment drips. The dark round of the dripping wheel. Tennyson. DRIP Drip, v. t. Defn: To let fall in drops. Which from the thatch drips fast a shower of rain. Swift. DRIP Drip, n. 1. A falling or letting fall in drops; a dripping; that which drips, or falls in drops. The light drip of the suspended oar. Byron. 2. (Arch.) Defn: That part of a cornice, sill course, or other horizontal member, which projects beyond the rest, and is of such section as to throw off the rain water. Right of drip (Law), an easement or servitude by which a man has the right to have the water flowing from his house fall on the land of his neighbor. DRIPPING Drip"ping, n. 1. A falling in drops, or the sound so made. 2. That which falls in drops, as fat from meat in roasting. Dripping pan, a pan for receiving the fat which drips from meat in roasting. DRIPPLE Drip"ple, a. Etym: [From Drip, cf. Dribble.] Defn: Weak or rare. [Obs.] DRIPSTONE Drip"stone`, n. (Arch.) Defn: A drip, when made of stone. See Drip, 2. DRIVE Drive, v. t. [imp. Drove, formerly Drave (p. p. Driven; p. pr. & vb. n. Driving.] Etym: [AS. drifan; akin to OS. driban, D. drijven, OHG. triban, G. treiben, Icel. drifa, Goth. dreiban. Cf. Drift, Drove.] 1. To impel or urge onward by force in a direction away from one, or along before one; to push forward; to compel to move on; to communicate motion to; as, to drive cattle; to drive a nail; smoke drives persons from a room. A storm came on and drove them into Pylos. Jowett (Thucyd. ). Shield pressed on shield, and man drove man along. Pope. Go drive the deer and drag the finny prey. Pope. 2. To urge on and direct the motions of, as the beasts which draw a vehicle, or the vehicle borne by them; hence, also, to take in a carriage; to convey in a vehicle drawn by beasts; as, to drive a pair of horses or a stage; to drive a person to his own door. How . . . proud he was to drive such a brother! Thackeray. 3. To urge, impel, or hurry forward; to force; to constrain; to urge, press, or bring to a point or state; as, to drive person by necessity, by persuasion, by force of circumstances, by argument, and the like. " Enough to drive one mad." Tennyson. He, driven to dismount, threatened, if I did not do the like, to do as much for my horse as fortune had done for his. Sir P. Sidney. 4. To carry or; to keep in motion; to conduct; to prosecute. [Now used only colloquially.] Bacon. The trade of life can not be driven without partners. Collier. 5. To clear, by forcing away what is contained. To drive the country, force the swains away. Dryden. 6. (Mining) Defn: To dig Horizontally; to cut a horizontal gallery or tunnel. Tomlinson. 7. To pass away; -- said of time. [Obs.] Chaucer. Note: Drive, in all its senses, implies forcible or violent action. It is the reverse of to lead. To drive a body is to move it by applying a force behind; to lead is to cause to move by applying the force before, or in front. It takes a variety of meanings, according to the objects by which it is followed; as, to drive an engine, to direct and regulate its motions; to drive logs, to keep them in the current of a river and direct them in their course; to drive feathers or down, to place them in a machine, which, by a current of air, drives off the lightest to one end, and collects them by themselves. "My thrice-driven bed of down." Shak. DRIVE Drive, v. i. 1. To rush and press with violence; to move furiously. Fierce Boreas drove against his flying sails. Dryden. Under cover of the night and a driving tempest. Prescott. Time driveth onward fast, And in a little while our lips are dumb. Tennyson. 2. To be forced along; to be impelled; to be moved by any physical force or agent; to be driven. The hull drives on, though mast and sail be torn. Byron. The chaise drives to Mr. Draper's chambers. Thackeray. 3. To go by carriage; to pass in a carriage; to proceed by directing or urging on a vehicle or the animals that draw it; as, the coachman drove to my door. 4. To press forward; to aim, or tend, to a point; to make an effort; to strive; -- usually with at. Let them therefore declare what carnal or secular interest he drove at. South. 5. To distrain for rent. [Obs.] To let drive, to aim a blow; to strike with force; to attack. "Four rogues in buckram let drive at me." Shak. DRIVE Drive, p. p. Defn: Driven. [Obs.] Chaucer. DRIVE Drive, n. 1. The act of driving; a trip or an excursion in a carriage, as for exercise or pleasure; -- distinguished from a ride taken on horseback. 2. A place suitable or agreeable for driving; a road prepared for driving. 3. Violent or rapid motion; a rushing onward or away; esp., a forced or hurried dispatch of business. The Murdstonian drive in business. M. Arnold. 4. In type founding and forging, an impression or matrix, formed by a punch drift. 5. A collection of objects that are driven; a mass of logs to be floated down a river. [Colloq.] Syn. -- See Ride. DRIVEBOLT Drive"bolt`, n. Defn: A drift; a tool for setting bolts home. DRIVEL Driv"el, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Driveled or Drivelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Driveling or Drivelling.] Etym: [Cf. OE. dravelen, drabelen, drevelen, drivelen, to slaver, and E. drabble. Cf. Drool.] 1. To slaver; to let spittle drop or flow from the mouth, like a child, idiot, or dotard. 2. Etym: [Perh. a different word: cf. Icel. drafa to talk thick.] Defn: To be weak or foolish; to dote; as, a driveling hero; driveling love. Shak. Dryden. DRIVEL Driv"el, n. 1. Slaver; saliva flowing from the mouth. 2. Inarticulate or unmeaning utterance; foolish talk; babble. 3. A driveler; a fool; an idiot. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 4. A servant; a drudge. [Obs.] Huloet. DRIVELER Driv"el*er, n. Defn: A slaverer; a slabberer; an idiot; a fool. [Written also driveller.] DRIVEN Driv"en, p. p. Defn: of Drive. Also adj. Driven well, a well made by driving a tube into the earth to an aqueous stratum; -- called also drive well. DRIVEPIPE Drive"pipe`, n. Defn: A pipe for forcing into the earth. DRIVER Driv"er, n. Etym: [From Drive.] 1. One who, or that which, drives; the person or thing that urges or compels anything else to move onward. 2. The person who drives beasts or a carriage; a coachman; a charioteer, etc.; hence, also, one who controls the movements of a locomotive. 3. An overseer of a gang of slaves or gang of convicts at their work. 4. (Mach.) Defn: A part that transmits motion to another part by contact with it, or through an intermediate relatively movable part, as a gear which drives another, or a lever which moves another through a link, etc. Specifically: (a) The driving wheel of a locomotive. (b) An attachment to a lathe, spindle, or face plate to turn a carrier. (c) A crossbar on a grinding mill spindle to drive the upper stone. 5. (Naut.) Defn: The after sail in a ship or bark, being a fore-and-aft sail attached to a gaff; a spanker. Totten. Driver ant (Zoöl.), a species of African stinging ant; one of the visiting ants (Anomma arcens); -- so called because they move about in vast armies, and drive away or devour all insects and other small animals. DRIVEWAY Drive"way` (, n. Defn: A passage or way along or through which a carriage may be driven. DRIVING Driv"ing, a. 1. Having great force of impulse; as, a driving wind or storm. 2. Communicating force; impelling; as, a driving shaft. Driving axle, the axle of a driving wheel, as in a locomotive. -- Driving box (Locomotive), the journal box of a driving axle. See Illust. of Locomotive. -- Driving note (Mus.), a syncopated note; a tone begun on a weak part of a measure and held through the next accented part, thus anticipating the accent and driving it through. -- Driving spring, a spring fixed upon the box of the driving axle of a locomotive engine to support the weight and deaden shocks. [Eng.] Weale. -- Driving wheel (Mach.), a wheel that communicates motion; one of the large wheels of a locomotive to which the connecting rods of the engine are attached; -- called also, simply, driver. See Illust. of Locomotive. DRIVING Driv"ing, n. 1. The act of forcing or urging something along; the act of pressing or moving on furiously. 2. Tendency; drift. [R.] DRIZZLE Driz"zle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drizzled; p. pr. & vb. n. Drizzling.] Etym: [Prop. freq. of AS. dreósan to fall. See Dreary.] Defn: To rain slightly in very small drops; to fall, as water from the clouds, slowly and in fine particles; as, it drizzles; drizzling drops or rain. "Drizzling tears." Spenser. DRIZZLE Driz"zle, v. t. Defn: To shed slowly in minute drops or particles. "The air doth drizzle dew." Shak. DRIZZLE Driz"zle, n. Defn: Fine rain or mist. Halliwell. DRIZZLY Driz"zly, a. Defn: Characterized by small rain, or snow; moist and disagreeable. "Winter's drizzly reign." Dryden. DROCK Drock, n. Defn: A water course. [Prov. Eng.] DROFLAND; DRYFLAND Drof"land, Dryf"land, n. Etym: [See Drove.] (Law) Defn: An ancient yearly payment made by some tenants to the king, or to their landlords, for the privilege of driving their cattle through a manor to fairs or markets. Cowell. DROGHER Dro"gher, n. Etym: [Cf. Drag.] Defn: A small craft used in the West India Islands to take off sugars, rum, etc., to the merchantmen; also, a vessel for transporting lumber, cotton, etc., coastwise; as, a lumber drogher. [Written also droger.] Ham. Nar. Encyc. DROGMAN; DROGOMAN Drog"man, Drog"o*man, n. Defn: See Dragoman. DROGUE Drogue, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Drag, n., 6, and Drag sail, under Drag, n. DROH Droh, imp. Defn: of Draw. [Obs.] Chaucer. DROIL Droil, v. i. Etym: [D. druilen to mope.] Defn: To work sluggishly or slowly; to plod. [Obs.] DROIL Droil, n. Etym: [D. druil sluggard. Cf. Droll.] 1. A drudge. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. Mean labor; toil.[Obs.] DROIT Droit, n. Etym: [F. See Direct.] Defn: A right; law in its aspect of the foundation of rights; also, in old law, the writ of right. Abbott. Droit d'aubaine. See under Aubaine. -- Droits of the Admiralty (Eng. Law), rights or perquisites of the Admiralty, arising from seizure of an enemy's ships in port on the breaking out of war, or those coming into port in ignorance of hostilities existing, or from such ships as are taken by noncommissioned captors; also, the proceeds of wrecks, and derelict property at sea. The droits of admiralty are now paid into the Exchequer for the public benefit. DROITURAL Droi"tu*ral, a. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: relating to the mere right of property, as distinguished from the right of possession; as, droitural actions. [Obs.] Burrill. DROITZSCHKA Droitzsch"ka, n. Defn: See Drosky. DROLL Droll, a. [Compar. Droller; superl. Drollest.] Etym: [F. drôle; cf. G. & D. drollig, LG. drullig, D. drol a thick and short person, a droll, Sw. troll a magical appearance, demon, trolla to use magic arts, enchant, Dan. trold elf, imp, Icel. tröll giant, magician, evil spirit, monster. If this is the origin, cf. Trull.] Defn: Queer, and fitted to provoke laughter; ludicrous from oddity; amusing and strange. Syn. -- Comic; comical; farcical; diverting; humorous; ridiculous; queer; odd; waggish; facetious; merry; laughable; ludicrous. -- Droll, Laughable, Comical. Laughable is the generic term, denoting anything exciting laughter or worthy of laughter; comical denotes something of the kind exhibited in comedies, something humorous of the kind exhibited in comedies, something, as it were, dramatically humorous; droll stands lower on the scale, having reference to persons or things which excite laughter by their buffoonery or oddity. A laughable incident; a comical adventure; a droll story. DROLL Droll, n. 1. One whose practice it is to raise mirth by odd tricks; a jester; a buffoon; a merry-andrew. Prior. 2. Something exhibited to raise mirth or sport, as a puppet, a farce, and the like. DROLL Droll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Drolling.] Defn: To jest; to play the buffoon. [R.] DROLL Droll, v. t. 1. To lead or influence by jest or trick; to banter or jest; to cajole. Men that will not be reasoned into their senses, may yet be laughed or drolled into them. L'Estrange. 2. To make a jest of; to set in a comical light. [R.] This drolling everything is rather fatiguing. W. D. Howells. DROLLER Droll"er, n. Defn: A jester; a droll. [Obs.] Glanvill. DROLLERY Droll"er*y, n.; pl. Drolleries. Etym: [F. drôlerie. See Droll.] 1. The quality of being droll; sportive tricks; buffoonery; droll stories; comical gestures or manners. The rich drollery of "She Stoops to Conquer." Macaulay. 2. Something which serves to raise mirth; as: (a) A puppet show; also, a puppet. [Obs.] Shak. (b) A lively or comic picture. [Obs.] I bought an excellent drollery, which I afterward parted with to my brother George of Wotton. Evelyn. DROLLINGLY Droll"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a jesting manner. DROLLISH Droll"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat droll. Sterne. DROLLIST Droll"ist, n. Defn: A droll. [R.] Glanvill. DROMAEOGNATHOUS Dro`mæ*og"na*thous, a. Etym: [NL. dromaius emu + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the structure of the palate like that of the ostrich and emu. DROMATHERIUM Drom`a*the"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Dromedary.] (Paleon.) Defn: A small extinct triassic mammal from North Carolina, the earliest yet found in America. DROME Drome, n. Etym: [F., fr. Gr. Dromedary.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The crab plover (Dromas ardeola), a peculiar North African bird, allied to the oyster catcher. DROMEDARY Drom"e*da*ry, n.; pl. Dromedaries. Etym: [F. dromadaire, LL. dromedarius, fr. L. dromas (sc. camelus), fr. Gr. dram to run.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius), having one hump or protuberance on the back, in distinction from the Bactrian camel, which has two humps. Note: In Arabia and Egypt the name is restricted to the better breeds of this species of camel. See Deloul. DROMOND; DROMON Drom"ond, or Drom"on. Etym: [OF. dromont, L. dromo, fr. Gr.Dromedary.] Defn: In the Middle Ages, a large, fast-sailing galley, or cutter; a large, swift war vessel. [Hist. or Archaic] Fuller. The great dromond swinging from the quay. W. Morris. DRONE Drone, n. Etym: [OE. drane a dronebee, AS. dran; akin to OS. dran, OHG. treno, G. drohne, Dan. drone, cf. Gr. Drone, v. i.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The male of bees, esp. of the honeybee. It gathers no honey. See Honeybee. All with united force combine to drive The lazy drones from the laborious hive. Dryden. 2. One who lives on the labors of others; a lazy, idle fellow; a sluggard. By living as a drone,to be an unprofitable and unworthy member of so noble and learned a society. Burton. 3. That which gives out a grave or monotonous tone or dull sound; as: (a) A drum. [Obs.] Halliwell. (b) The part of the bagpipe containing the two lowest tubes, which always sound the key note and the fifth. 4. A humming or deep murmuring sound. The monotonous drone of the wheel. Longfellow. 5. (Mus.) Defn: A monotonous bass, as in a pastoral composition. DRONE Drone, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Droned; p. pr. & vb. n. Droning.] Etym: [Cf. (for sense 1) D. dreunen, G. dröhnen, Icel. drynja to roar, drynr a roaring, Sw. dröna to bellow, drone, Dan. dröne, Goth. drunjus sound, Gr. dhran to sound. Cf. Drone, n.] 1. To utter or make a low, dull, monotonous, humming or murmuring sound. Where the beetle wheels his droning flight. T. Gray. 2. To love in idleness; to do nothing. "Race of droning kings." Dryden. DRONE BEE Drone" bee`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The male of the honeybee; a drone. DRONE FLY Drone" fly`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A dipterous insect (Eristalis tenax), resembling the drone bee. See Eristalis. DRONEPIPE Drone"pipe`, n. Defn: One of the low-toned tubes of a bagpipe. DRONGO Dron"go, n.; pl. Drongos (. (Zoöl.) Defn: A passerine bird of the family Dicruridæ. They are usually black with a deeply forked tail. They are natives of Asia, Africa, and Australia; -- called also drongo shrikes. DRONISH Dron"ish, a. Defn: Like a drone; indolent; slow. Burke. -- Dron"ish*ly, adv. -- Dron"ish*ness, n. DRONKELEWE Dron"ke*lewe, a. Etym: [See Drink.] Defn: Given to drink; drunken. [Obs.] Chaucer. DRONTE Dron"te, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The dodo. DRONY Dron"y, a. Defn: Like a drone; sluggish; lazy. DROOL Drool, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drooled; p. pr. & vb. n. Drooling.] Etym: [Contr. fr. drivel.] Defn: To drivel, or drop saliva; as, the child drools. His mouth drooling with texts. T. Parker. DROOP Droop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drooped; p. pr. & vb. n. Drooping.] Etym: [Icel. dr; akin to E. drop. See Drop.] 1. To hang bending downward; to sink or hang down, as an animal, plant, etc., from physical inability or exhaustion, want of nourishment, or the like. "The purple flowers droop." "Above her drooped a lamp." Tennyson. I saw him ten days before he died, and observed he began very much to droop and languish. Swift. 2. To grow weak or faint with disappointment, grief, or like causes; to be dispirited or depressed; to languish; as, her spirits drooped. I'll animate the soldier's drooping courage. Addison. 3. To proceed downward, or toward a close; to decline. "Then day drooped." Tennyson. DROOP Droop, v. t. Defn: To let droop or sink. [R.] M. Arnold. Like to a withered vine That droops his sapless branches to the ground. Shak. DROOP Droop, n. Defn: A drooping; as, a droop of the eye. DROOPER Droop"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, droops. DROOPINGLY Droop"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a drooping manner. DROP Drop, n. Etym: [OE. drope, AS. dropa; akin to OS. dropo, D. drop, OHG. tropo, G. tropfen, Icel. dropi, Sw. droppe; and Fr. AS. dreópan to drip, drop; akin to OS. driopan, D. druipen, OHG. triofan, G. triefen, Icel. drj. Cf. Drip, Droop.] 1. The quantity of fluid which falls in one small spherical mass; a liquid globule; a minim; hence, also, the smallest easily measured portion of a fluid; a small quantity; as, a drop of water. With minute drops from off the eaves. Milton. As dear to me as are the ruddy drops That visit my sad heart. Shak. That drop of peace divine. Keble. 2. That which resembles, or that which hangs like, a liquid drop; as a hanging diamond ornament, an earring, a glass pendant on a chandelier, a sugarplum (sometimes medicated), or a kind of shot or slug. 3. (Arch.) (a) Same as Gutta. (b) Any small pendent ornament. 4. Whatever is arranged to drop, hang, or fall from an elevated position; also, a contrivance for lowering something; as: (a) A door or platform opening downward; a trap door; that part of the gallows on which a culprit stands when he is to be hanged; hence, the gallows itself. (b) A machine for lowering heavy weights, as packages, coal wagons, etc., to a ship's deck. (c) A contrivance for temporarily lowering a gas jet. (d) A curtain which drops or falls in front of the stage of a theater, etc. (e) A drop press or drop hammer. (f) (Mach.) The distance of the axis of a shaft below the base of a hanger. 5. pl. Defn: Any medicine the dose of which is measured by drops; as, lavender drops. 6. (Naut.) Defn: The depth of a square sail; -- generally applied to the courses only. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 7. Act of dropping; sudden fall or descent. Ague drop, Black drop. See under Ague, Black. -- Drop by drop, in small successive quantities; in repeated portions. "Made to taste drop by drop more than the bitterness of death." Burke. -- Drop curtain. See Drop, n., 4. (d). -- Drop forging. (Mech.) (a) A forging made in dies by a drop hammer. (b) The process of making drop forgings. -- Drop hammer (Mech.), a hammer for forging, striking up metal, etc., the weight being raised by a strap or similar device, and then released to drop on the metal resting on an anvil or die. -- Drop kick (Football), a kick given to the ball as it rebounds after having been dropped from the hands. -- Drop lake, a pigment obtained from Brazil wood. Mollett. -- Drop letter, a letter to be delivered from the same office where posted. -- Drop press (Mech.), a drop hammer; sometimes, a dead-stroke hammer; -- also called drop. -- Drop scene, a drop curtain on which a scene is painted. See Drop, n., 4. (d). -- Drop seed. (Bot.) See the List under Glass. -- Drop serene. (Med.) See Amaurosis. DROP Drop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dropped or Dropt; p. pr. & vb. n. Dropping.] Etym: [OE. droppen, AS. dropan, v. i. See Drop, n.] 1. To pour or let fall in drops; to pour in small globules; to distill. "The trees drop balsam." Creech. The recording angel, as he wrote it down, dropped a tear upon the word and blotted it out forever. Sterne. 2. To cause to fall in one portion, or by one motion, like a drop; to let fall; as, to drop a line in fishing; to drop a courtesy. 3. To let go; to dismiss; to set aside; to have done with; to discontinue; to forsake; to give up; to omit. They suddenly drop't the pursuit. S. Sharp. That astonishing ease with which fine ladies drop you and pick you up again. Thackeray. The connection had been dropped many years. Sir W. Scott. Dropping the too rough H in Hell and Heaven. Tennyson. 4. To bestow or communicate by a suggestion; to let fall in an indirect, cautious, or gentle manner; as, to drop hint, a word of counsel, etc. 5. To lower, as a curtain, or the muzzle of a gun, etc. 6. To send, as a letter; as, please drop me a line, a letter, word. 7. To give birth to; as, to drop a lamb. 8. To cover with drops; to variegate; to bedrop. Show to the sun their waved coats dropped with gold. Milton. To drop a vessel (Naut.), to leave it astern in a race or a chase; to outsail it. DROP Drop, v. i. 1. To fall in drops. The kindly dew drops from the higher tree, And wets the little plants that lowly dwell. Spenser. 2. To fall, in general, literally or figuratively; as, ripe fruit drops from a tree; wise words drop from the lips. Mutilations of which the meaning has dropped out of memory. H. Spencer. When the sound of dropping nuts is heard. Bryant. 3. To let drops fall; to discharge itself in drops. The heavens . . . dropped at the presence of God. Ps. lxviii. 8. 4. To fall dead, or to fall in death. Nothing, says Seneca, so soon reconciles us to the thoughts of our own death, as the prospect of one friend after another dropping round us. Digby. 5. To come to an end; to cease; to pass out of mind; as, the affair dropped. Pope. 6. To come unexpectedly; -- with in or into; as, my old friend dropped in a moment. Steele. Takes care to drop in when he thinks you are just seated. Spectator. 7. To fall or be depressed; to lower; as, the point of the spear dropped a little. 8. To fall short of a mark. [R.] Often it drops or overshoots by the disproportion of distance. Collier. 9. To be deep in extent; to descend perpendicularly; as, her main topsail drops seventeen yards. To drop astern (Naut.), to go astern of another vessel; to be left behind; to slacken the speed of a vessel so as to fall behind and to let another pass a head. -- To drop down (Naut.), to sail, row, or move down a river, or toward the sea. -- To drop off, to fall asleep gently; also, to die. [Colloq.] DROPLET Drop"let, n. Defn: A little drop; a tear. Shak. DROPLIGHT Drop"light`, n. Defn: An apparatus for bringing artificial light down from a chandelier nearer to a table or desk; a pendant. DROPMEAL; DROPMELE Drop"meal`, Drop"mele`, adv. Etym: [AS. drop-m; dropa drop + m portion. Cf. Piecemeal.] Defn: By drops or small portions. [Obs.] Distilling dropmeal, a little at once. Holland. DROPPER Drop"per, n. 1. One who, or that which, drops. Specif.: (Fishing) A fly that drops from the leaden above the bob or end fly. 2. A dropping tube. 3. (Mining) Defn: A branch vein which drops off from, or leaves, the main lode. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A dog which suddenly drops upon the ground when it sights game, -- formerly a common, and still an occasional, habit of the setter. DROPPING Drop"ping, n. 1. The action of causing to drop or of letting drop; falling. 2. pl. Defn: That which falls in drops; the excrement or dung of animals. Dropping bottle, an instrument used to supply small quantities of a fluid to a test tube or other vessel. -- Dropping fire, a continued irregular discharge of firearms. -- Dropping tube, a tube for ejecting any liquid in drops. DROPPINGLY Drop"ping*ly, adv. Defn: In drops. DROPSICAL Drop"si*cal, a. Etym: [From Dropsy.] 1. Diseased with dropsy; hydropical; tending to dropsy; as, a dropsical patient. 2. Of or pertaining to dropsy. DROPSICALNESS Drop"si*cal*ness, n. Defn: State of being dropsical. DROPSIED Drop"sied, a. Defn: Diseased with drops. Shak. DROPSY Drop"sy, n.; pl. Dropsies. Etym: [OE. dropsie, dropesie, OF. idropisie, F. hydropisie, L. hydropisis, fr. Gr. Water, and cf. Hydropsy.] (Med.) Defn: An unnatural collection of serous fluid in any serous cavity of the body, or in the subcutaneous cellular tissue. Dunglison. DROPT Dropt, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Drop, v. G. Eliot. DROPWISE Drop"wise`, adv. Defn: After the manner of a drop; in the form of drops. Trickling dropwise from the cleft. Tennyson. DROPWORM Drop"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of any geometrid moth, which drops from trees by means of a thread of silk, as the cankerworm. DROPWORT Drop"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An Old World species of Spiræa (S. filipendula), with finely cut leaves. DROSERA Dros"e*ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of low perennial or biennial plants, the leaves of which are beset with gland-tipped bristles. See Sundew. Gray. DROSKY Dros"ky, n.; pl. Droskies. Etym: [Russ. drojki, dim. of drogi a kind of carriage, prop. pl. of droga shaft or pole of a carriage.] Defn: A low, four-wheeled, open carriage, used in Russia, consisting of a kind of long, narrow bench, on which the passengers ride as on a saddle, with their feet reaching nearly to the ground. Other kinds of vehicles are now so called, esp. a kind of victoria drawn by one or two horses, and used as a public carriage in German cities. [Written also droitzschka, and droschke.] DROSOMETER Dro*som"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. drosométre.] (Meteorol.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the quantity of dew on the surface of a body in the open air. It consists of a balance, having a plate at one end to receive the dew, and at the other a weight protected from the deposit of dew. DROSS Dross, n. Etym: [AS. dros, fr. dreósan to fall. See Dreary.] 1. The scum or refuse matter which is thrown off, or falls from, metals in smelting the ore, or in the process of melting; recrement. 2. Rust of metals. [R.] Addison. 3. Waste matter; any worthless matter separated from the better part; leavings; dregs; refuse. All world's glory is but dross unclean. Spenser. At the devil's booth are all things sold, Each ounce of dross coats its ounce of gold. Lowell. DROSSEL Dros"sel, n. Etym: [Cf. Drazel.] Defn: A slut; a hussy; a drazel. [Obs.] Warner. DROSSLESS Dross"less, a. Defn: Free from dross. Stevens. DROSSY Dross"y, a. [Compar. Drossier; superl. Drossiest.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, resembling, dross; full of dross; impure; worthless. " Drossy gold." Dryden. "Drossy rhymes." Donne. -- Dross"i*ness, n. DROTCHEL Drotch"el, n. Defn: See Drossel. [Obs.] DROUGH Drough, imp. Defn: of Draw. [Obs.] Chaucer. DROUGHT Drought, n. Etym: [OE. droght, drougth, dru, AS. druga, from drugian to dry. See Dry, and cf. Drouth, which shows the original final sound.] 1. Dryness; want of rain or of water; especially, such dryness of the weather as affects the earth, and prevents the growth of plants; aridity. The drought of March hath pierced to the root. Chaucer. In a drought the thirsty creatures cry. Dryden. 2. Thirst; want of drink. Johnson. 3. Scarcity; lack. A drought of Christian writers caused a dearth of all history. Fuller. DROUGHTINESS Drought"i*ness, n. Defn: A state of dryness of the weather; want of rain. DROUGHTY Drought"y, a. 1. Characterized by drought; wanting rain; arid; adust. Droughty and parched countries. Ray. 2. Dry; thirsty; wanting drink. Thy droughty throat. Philips. DROUMY Drou"my, a. Etym: [Cf. Scot. drum, dram, melancholy, Icel prumr a moper, W. trwm heavy, sad.] Defn: Troubled; muddy. [Obs.] Bacon. DROUTH Drouth, n. Defn: Same as Drought. Sandys. Another ill accident is drouth at the spindling of corn. Bacon. One whose drouth [thirst], Yet scarce allayed, still eyes the current stream. Milton. In the dust and drouth of London life. Tennyson. DROUTHY Drouth"y, a. Defn: Droughty. DROVE Drove, imp. Defn: of Drive. DROVE Drove, n. Etym: [AS. draf, fr. drifan to drive. See Drive.] 1. A collection of cattle driven, or cattle collected for driving; a number of animals, as oxen, sheep, or swine, driven in a body. 2. Any collection of irrational animals, moving or driving forward; as, a finny drove. Milton. 3. A crowd of people in motion. Where droves, as at a city gate, may pass. Dryden. 4. A road for driving cattle; a driftway. [Eng.] 5. (Agric.) Defn: A narrow drain or channel used in the irrigation of land. Simmonds. 6. (Masonry) (a) A broad chisel used to bring stone to a nearly smooth surface; -- called also drove chisel. (b) The grooved surface of stone finished by the drove chisel; -- called also drove work. DROVEN Dro"ven, p. p. Defn: of Drive. [Obs.] DROVER Dro"ver, n. 1. One who drives cattle or sheep to market; one who makes it his business to purchase cattle, and drive them to market. Why, that's spoken like an honest drover; so they sell bullocks. Shak. 2. A boat driven by the tide. [Obs.] Spenser. DROVY Dro"vy, a. Etym: [AS. dr dirty; cf. D. droef, G. trübe, Goth. dr to trouble.] Defn: Turbid; muddy; filthy. [Obs.] Chaucer. DROW Drow, imp. Defn: of Draw. [Obs.] Chaucer. DROWN Drown, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drowned; p. pr. & vb. n. Drowning.] Etym: [OE. drunen, drounen, earlier drunknen, druncnien, AS. druncnian to be drowned, sink, become drunk, fr. druncen drunken. See Drunken, Drink.] Defn: To be suffocated in water or other fluid; to perish in water. Methought, what pain it was to drown. Shak. DROWN Drown, v. t. 1. To overwhelm in water; to submerge; to inundate. "They drown the land." Dryden. 2. To deprive of life by immersion in water or other liquid. 3. To overpower; to overcome; to extinguish; -- said especially of sound. Most men being in sensual pleasures drowned. Sir J. Davies. My private voice is drowned amid the senate. Addison. To drown up, to swallow up. [Obs.] Holland. DROWNAGE Drown"age, n. Defn: The act of drowning. [R.] DROWNER Drown"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, drowns. DROWSE Drowse, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drowsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Drowsing.] Etym: [AS. dr, dr, to sink, become slow or inactive; cf. OD. droosen to be sleepy, fall asleep, LG. dr, druusken, to slumber, fall down with a noise; prob, akin to AS. dreósan to fall. See Dreary.] Defn: To sleep imperfectly or unsoundly; to slumber; to be heavy with sleepiness; to doze. "He drowsed upon his couch." South. In the pool drowsed the cattle up to their knees. Lowell. DROWSE Drowse, v. t. Defn: To make heavy with sleepiness or imperfect sleep; to make dull or stupid. Milton. DROWSE Drowse, n. Defn: A slight or imperfect sleep; a doze. But smiled on in a drowse of ecstasy. Mrs. Browning. DROWSIHEAD Drow"si*head, n. Defn: Drowsiness. Thomson. DROWSIHED Drow"si*hed, n. Defn: Drowsihead. [Obs.] Spenser. DROWSILY Drow"si*ly, adv. Defn: In a drowsy manner. DROWSINESS Drow"si*ness, n. Defn: State of being drowsy. Milton. DROWSY Drow"sy, a. [Compar. Drowsier; superl. Drowsiest.] 1. Inclined to drowse; heavy with sleepiness; lethargic; dozy. "When I am drowsy." Shak. Dapples the drowsy east with spots of gray. Shak. To our age's drowsy blood Still shouts the inspiring sea. Lowell. 2. Disposing to sleep; lulling; soporific. The drowsy hours, dispensers of all good. Tennyson. 3. Dull; stupid. " Drowsy reasoning." Atterbury. Syn. -- Sleepy; lethargic; dozy; somnolent; comatose; dull heavy; stupid. DROWTH Drowth, n. Defn: See Drought. Bacon. DROYLE Droyle, v. i. Defn: See Droil. [Obs.] Spenser. DRUB Drub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Drubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Drubbing.] Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. drab to beat, Icel. & Sw. drabba to hit, beat, Dan. dræbe to slay, and perh. OE. drepen to strike, kill, AS. drepan to strike, G. & D. freffen to hit, touch, Icel. drepa to strike, kill.] Defn: To beat with a stick; to thrash; to cudgel. Soundly Drubbed with a good honest cudgel. L'Estrange. DRUB Drub, n. Defn: A blow with a cudgel; a thump. Addison. DRUBBER Drub"ber, n. Defn: One who drubs. Sir W. Scott. DRUDGE Drudge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drudged; p. pr. & vb. n. Drudging.] Etym: [OE. druggen; prob not akin to E. drag, v. t., but fr. Celtic; cf. Ir. drugaire a slave or drudge.] Defn: To perform menial work; to labor in mean or unpleasant offices with toil and fatigue. He gradually rose in the estimation of the booksellers for whom he drudged. Macaulay. DRUDGE Drudge, v. t. Defn: To consume laboriously; -- with away. Rise to our toils and drudge away the day. Otway. DRUDGE Drudge, n. Defn: One who drudges; one who works hard in servile employment; a mental servant. Milton. DRUDGER Drudg"er, n. 1. One who drudges; a drudge. 2. A dredging box. DRUDGERY Drudg"er*y, n. Defn: The act of drudging; disagreeable and wearisome labor; ignoble or slavish toil. The drudgery of penning definitions. Macaulay. Paradise was a place of bliss . . . without drudgery and with out sorrow. Locke. Syn. -- See Toll. DRUDGING BOX Drudg"ing box`. Defn: See Dredging box. DRUDGINGLY Drudg"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a drudging manner; laboriously. DRUERY Dru"er*y, n. Etym: [OF. druerie.] Defn: Courtship; gallantry; love; an object of love. [Obs.] Chaucer. DRUG Drug, v. i. Etym: [See 1st Drudge.] Defn: To drudge; to toil laboriously. [Obs.] "To drugge and draw." Chaucer. DRUG Drug, n. Defn: A drudge. Shak. (Timon iv. 3, 253). DRUG Drug, n. Etym: [F. drogue, prob. fr. D. droog; akin to E. dry; thus orig., dry substance, hers, plants, or wares. See Dry.] 1. Any animal, vegetable, or mineral substance used in the composition of medicines; any stuff used in dyeing or in chemical operations. Whence merchants bring Their spicy drugs. Milton. 2. Any commodity that lies on hand, or is not salable; an article of slow sale, or in no demand. "But sermons are mere drugs." Fielding. And virtue shall a drug become. Dryden. DRUG Drug, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drugged; p. pr. & vb. n. Drugging.] Etym: [Cf. F. droguer.] Defn: To prescribe or administer drugs or medicines. B. Jonson. DRUG Drug, v. t. 1. To affect or season with drugs or ingredients; esp., to stupefy by a narcotic drug. Also Fig. The laboring masses . . . [were] drugged into brutish good humor by a vast system of public spectacles. C. Kingsley. Drug thy memories, lest thou learn it. Tennyson. 2. To tincture with something offensive or injurious. Drugged as oft, With hatefullest disrelish writhed their jaws. Milton. 3. To dose to excess with, or as with, drugs. With pleasure drugged, he almost longed for woe. Byron. DRUGGER Drug"ger, n. Defn: A druggist. [Obs.] Burton. DRUGGET Drug"get, n. Etym: [F. droguet, prop. dim. of drogue trash, stuff, perh, the same word as drogue drug, but cf. also W. drwg evil, bad, Ir. & Gael. droch, Arm. droug, drouk. See 3d Drug.] (a) A coarse woolen cloth dyed of one color or printed on one side; generally used as a covering for carpets. (b) By extension, any material used for the same purpose. DRUGGIST Drug"gist, n. Etym: [F. droguiste, fr. drogue. See 3d Drug.] Defn: One who deals in drugs; especially, one who buys and sells drugs without compounding them; also, a pharmaceutist or apothecary. Note: The same person often carries on the business of the druggist and the apothecary. See the Note under Apothecary. DRUGSTER Drug"ster, n. Defn: A druggist. [Obs.] Boule. DRUID Dru"id, n. Etym: [L. Druides; of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. draoi, druidh, magician, Druid, W. derwydd Druid.] 1. One of an order of priests which in ancient times existed among certain branches of the Celtic race, especially among the Gauls and Britons. Note: The Druids superintended the affairs of religion and morality, and exercised judicial functions. They practiced divination and magic, and sacrificed human victims as a part of their worship. They consisted of three classes; the bards, the vates or prophets, and the Druids proper, or priests. Their most sacred rites were performed in the depths of oak forests or of caves. 2. A member of a social and benevolent order, founded in London in 1781, and professedly based on the traditions of the ancient Druids. Lodges or groves of the society are established in other countries. Druid stones, a name given, in the south of England, to weatherworn, rough pillars of gray sandstone scattered over the chalk downs, but in other countries generally in the form of circles, or in detached pillars. DRUIDESS Dru"id*ess, n. Defn: A female Druid; a prophetess. DRUIDIC; DRUIDICAL Dru*id"ic, Dru*id"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the Druids. Druidical circles. See under Circle. DRUIDISH Dru"id*ish, a. Defn: Druidic. DRUIDISM Dru"id*ism, n. Defn: The system of religion, philosophy, and instruction, received and taught by the Druids; the rites and ceremonies of the Druids. DRUM Drum, n. Etym: [Cf. D. trom, trommel, LG. trumme, G. trommel, Dan. tromme, Sw. trumma, OHG. trumba a trumpet, Icel. pruma a clap of thunder, and as a verb, to thunder, Dan. drum a booming sound, drumme to boom; prob. partly at least of imitative origin; perh. akin to E. trum, or trumpet.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: An instrument of percussion, consisting either of a hollow cylinder, over each end of which is stretched a piece of skin or vellum, to be beaten with a stick; or of a metallic hemisphere (kettledrum) with a single piece of skin to be so beaten; the common instrument for marking time in martial music; one of the pair of tympani in an orchestra, or cavalry band. The drums cry bud-a-dub. Gascoigne. 2. Anything resembling a drum in form; as: (a) A sheet iron radiator, often in the shape of a drum, for warming an apartment by means of heat received from a stovepipe, or a cylindrical receiver for steam, etc. (b) A small cylindrical box in which figs, etc., are packed. (c) (Anat.) The tympanum of the ear; -- often, but incorrectly, applied to the tympanic membrane. (d) (Arch.) Defn: One of the cylindrical, or nearly cylindrical, blocks, of which the shaft of a column is composed; also, a vertical wall, whether circular or polygonal in plan, carrying a cupola or dome. (e) (Mach.) Defn: A cylinder on a revolving shaft, generally for the purpose of driving several pulleys, by means of belts or straps passing around its periphery; also, the barrel of a hoisting machine, on which the rope or chain is wound. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Drumfish. 4. A noisy, tumultuous assembly of fashionable people at a private house; a rout. [Archaic] Not unaptly styled a drum, from the noise and emptiness of the entertainment. Smollett. Note: There were also drum major, rout, tempest, and hurricane, differing only in degrees of multitude and uproar, as the significant name of each declares. 5. A tea party; a kettledrum. G. Eliot. Bass drum. See in the Vocabulary. -- Double drum. See under Double. DRUM Drum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drummed; p. pr. & vb. n. Drumming.] 1. To beat a drum with sticks; to beat or play a tune on a drum. 2. To beat with the fingers, as with drumsticks; to beat with a rapid succession of strokes; to make a noise like that of a beaten drum; as, the ruffed grouse drums with his wings. Drumming with his fingers on the arm of his chair. W. Irving. 3. To throb, as the heart. [R.] Dryden. 4. To go about, as a drummer does, to gather recruits, to draw or secure partisans, customers, etc,; -- with for. DRUM Drum, v. t. 1. To execute on a drum, as a tune. 2. (With out) To expel ignominiously, with beat of drum; as, to drum out a deserter or rogue from a camp, etc. 3. (With up) To assemble by, or as by, beat of drum; to collect; to gather or draw by solicitation; as, to drum up recruits; to drum up customers. DRUMBEAT Drum"beat`, n. Defn: The sound of a beaten drum; drum music. Whose morning drumbeat, following the sun, and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England. D. Webster. DRUMBLE Drum"ble, v. i. Etym: [See Drumly.] 1. To be sluggish or lazy; to be confused. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To mumble in speaking. [Obs.] DRUMFISH Drum"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: any fish of the family Sciænidæ, which makes a loud noise by means of its air bladder; -- called also drum. Note: The common drumfish (Pogonias chromis) is a large species, common south of New Jersey. The southern red drum or red horse (Sciæna ocellata), and the fresh-water drum or croaker (Aplodionotus grunniens), are related species. DRUMHEAD Drum"head`, n. 1. The parchment or skin stretched over one end of a drum. 2. The top of a capstan which is pierced with sockets for levers used in turning it. See Illust. of Capstan. Drumhead court-martial (Mil.), a summary court-martial called to try offenses on the battlefield or the line of march, when, sometimes, a drumhead has to do service as a writing table. DRUMLIN Drum"lin, n. Etym: [Gael. druim the ridge of a hill.] (Geol.) Defn: A hill of compact, unstratified, glacial drift or till, usually elongate or oval, with the larger axis parallel to the former local glacial motion. DRUMLY Drum"ly, a. Etym: [Cf. Droumy.] Defn: Turbid; muddy. [Scot. & Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Wodroephe (1623). Burns. DRUM MAJOR Drum" ma"jor Defn: . 1. The chief or first drummer of a regiment; an instructor of drummers. 2. The marching leader of a military band. [U.S.] 3. A noisy gathering. [R.] See under Drum, n., 4. DRUMMER Drum"mer, n. 1. One whose office is to best the drum, as in military exercises and marching. 2. One who solicits custom; a commercial traveler. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish that makes a sound when caught; as: (a) The squeteague. (b) A California sculpin. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large West Indian cockroach (Blatta gigantea) which drums on woodwork, as a sexual call. DRUMMING Drum"ming, n. Defn: The act of beating upon, or as if upon, a drum; also, the noise which the male of the ruffed grouse makes in spring, by beating his wings upon his sides. DRUMMOND LIGHT Drum"mond light`. Etym: [From Thomas Drummond, a British naval officer.] Defn: A very intense light, produced by turning two streams of gas, one oxygen and the other hydrogen, or coal gas, in a state of ignition, upon a ball of lime; or a stream of oxygen gas through a flame of alcohol upon a ball or disk of lime; -- called also oxycalcium light, or lime light. Note: The name is also applied sometimes to a heliostat, invented by Drummond, for rendering visible a distant point, as in geodetic surveying, by reflecting upon it a beam of light from the sun. DRUMSTICK Drum"stick`, n. 1. A stick with which a drum is beaten. 2. Anything resembling a drumstick in form, as the tibiotarsus, or second joint, of the leg of a fowl. DRUM WINDING Drum winding. (Elec.) Defn: A method of armature winding in which the wire is wound upon the outer surface of a cylinder or drum from end to end of the cylinder; -- distinguished from ring winding, etc. DRUNK Drunk, a. Etym: [OE. dronke, drunke, dronken, drunken, AS. druncen. Orig. the same as drunken, p. p. of drink. See Drink.] 1. Intoxicated with, or as with, strong drink; inebriated; drunken; - - never used attributively, but always predicatively; as, the man is drunk (not, a drunk man). Be not drunk with wine, where in is excess. Eph. v. 18. Drunk with recent prosperity. Macaulay. 2. Drenched or saturated with moisture or liquid. I will make mine arrows drunk with blood. Deut. xxxii. 42. DRUNK Drunk, n. Defn: A drunken condition; a spree. [Slang] DRUNKARD Drunk"ard, n. Etym: [Drunk + -ard.] Defn: One who habitually drinks strong liquors immoderately; one whose habit it is to get drunk; a toper; a sot. The drunkard and glutton shall come to poverty. Prov. xxiii. 21. DRUNKEN Drunk"en, a. Etym: [AS. druncen, prop., that has drunk, p. p. of drincan, taken as active. See Drink, v. i., and cf. Drunk.] 1. Overcome by strong drink; intoxicated by, or as by, spirituous liquor; inebriated. Drunken men imagine everything turneth round. Bacon. 2. Saturated with liquid or moisture; drenched. Let the earth be drunken with our blood. Shak. 3. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, intoxication. The drunken quarrels of a rake. Swift. DRUNKENHEAD Drunk"en*head, n. Defn: Drunkenness. [Obs.] DRUNKENLY Drunk"en*ly, adv. Defn: In a drunken manner. [R.] Shak. DRUNKENNESS Drunk"en*ness, n. 1. The state of being drunken with, or as with, alcoholic liquor; intoxication; inebriety; -- used of the casual state or the habit. The Lacedemonians trained up their children to hate drunkenness by bringing a drunken man into their company. I. Watts. 2. Disorder of the faculties, resembling intoxication by liquors; inflammation; frenzy; rage. Passion is the drunkenness of the mind. South. Syn. -- Intoxication; inebriation; inebriety. -- Drunkenness, Intoxication, Inebriation. Drunkenness refers more to the habit; intoxication and inebriation, to specific acts. The first two words are extensively used in a figurative sense; a person is intoxicated with success, and is drunk with joy. "This plan of empire was not taken up in the first intoxication of unexpected success." Burke. DRUNKENSHIP; DRUNKSHIP Drunk"en*ship, Drunk"ship, n. Defn: The state of being drunk; drunkenness. [Obs.] Gower. DRUPACEOUS Dru*pa"ceous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. drupacé.] (Bot.) Defn: Producing, or pertaining to, drupes; having the form of drupes; as, drupaceous trees or fruits. DRUPAL Drup"al, a. (Bot.) Defn: Drupaceous. DRUPE Drupe, n. Etym: [F. drupe, L. drupa an overripe, wrinkled olive, fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A fruit consisting of pulpy, coriaceous, or fibrous exocarp, without valves, containing a nut or stone with a kernel. The exocarp is succulent in the plum, cherry, apricot, peach, etc.; dry and subcoriaceous in the almond; and fibrous in the cocoanut. DRUPEL; DRUPELET Drup"el, Drupe"let, n. Etym: [Dim. of Drupe.] (Bot.) Defn: A small drupe, as one of the pulpy grains of the blackberry. DRUSE Druse, n. Etym: [Cf. G. druse bonny, crystallized piece of ore, Bohem. druza. Cf. Dross.] (Min.) Defn: A cavity in a rock, having its interior surface studded with crystals and sometimes filled with water; a geode. DRUSE Druse, n. Defn: One of a people and religious sect dwelling chiefly in the Lebanon mountains of Syria. The Druses separated from the Mohammedan Arabs in the 9th century. Their characteristic dogma is the unity of God. Am. Cyc. DRUSY; DRUSED Dru"sy, Drused, a. (Min.) Defn: Covered with a large number of minute crystals. DRUXEY; DRUXY Drux"ey, Drux"y, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Having decayed spots or streaks of a whitish color; -- said of timber. Weale. DRY Dry, a. [Compar. Drier; superl. Driest.] Etym: [OE. dru, druye, drie, AS. dryge; akin to LG. dröge, D. droog, OHG. trucchan, G. trocken, Icel. draugr a dry log. Cf. Drought, Drouth, 3d Drug.] 1. Free from moisture; having little humidity or none; arid; not wet or moist; deficient in the natural or normal supply of moisture, as rain or fluid of any kind; -- said especially: (a) Of the weather: Free from rain or mist. The weather, we agreed, was too dry for the season. Addison. (b) Of vegetable matter: Free from juices or sap; not succulent; not green; as, dry wood or hay. (c) Of animals: Not giving milk; as, the cow is dry. (d) Of persons: Thirsty; needing drink. Give the dry fool drink. Shak (e) Of the eyes: Not shedding tears. Not a dry eye was to be seen in the assembly. Prescott. (f) (Med.) Defn: Of certain morbid conditions, in which there is entire or comparative absence of moisture; as, dry gangrene; dry catarrh. 2. Destitute of that which interests or amuses; barren; unembellished; jejune; plain. These epistles will become less dry, more susceptible of ornament. Pope. 3. Characterized by a quality somewhat severe, grave, or hard; hence, sharp; keen; shrewd; quaint; as, a dry tone or manner; dry wit. He was rather a dry, shrewd kind of body. W. Irving. 4. (Fine Arts) Defn: Exhibiting a sharp, frigid preciseness of execution, or the want of a delicate contour in form, and of easy transition in coloring. Dry area (Arch.), a small open space reserved outside the foundation of a building to guard it from damp. -- Dry blow. (a) (Med.) A blow which inflicts no wound, and causes no effusion of blood. (b) A quick, sharp blow. -- Dry bone (Min.), Smithsonite, or carbonate of zinc; -- a miner's term. -- Dry castor (Zoöl.) a kind of beaver; -- called also parchment beaver. -- Dry cupping. (Med.) See under Cupping. -- Dry dock. See under Dock. -- Dry fat. See Dry vat (below). -- Dry light, pure unobstructed light; hence, a clear, impartial view. Bacon. The scientific man must keep his feelings under stern control, lest they obtrude into his researches, and color the dry light in which alone science desires to see its objects. J. C. Shairp. -- Dry masonry. See Masonry. -- Dry measure, a system of measures of volume for dry or coarse articles, by the bushel, peck, etc. -- Dry pile (Physics), a form of the Voltaic pile, constructed without the use of a liquid, affording a feeble current, and chiefly useful in the construction of electroscopes of great delicacy; -- called also Zamboni's , from the names of the two earliest constructors of it. -- Dry pipe (Steam Engine), a pipe which conducts dry steam from a boiler. -- Dry plate (Photog.), a glass plate having a dry coating sensitive to light, upon which photographic negatives or pictures can be made, without moistening. -- Dry-plate process, the process of photographing with dry plates. -- Dry point. (Fine Arts) (a) An engraving made with the needle instead of the burin, in which the work is done nearly as in etching, but is finished without the use acid. (b) A print from such an engraving, usually upon paper. (c) Hence: The needle with which such an engraving is made. -- Dry rent (Eng. Law), a rent reserved by deed, without a clause of distress. Bouvier. -- Dry rot, a decay of timber, reducing its fibers to the condition of a dry powdery dust, often accompanied by the presence of a peculiar fungus (Merulius lacrymans), which is sometimes considered the cause of the decay; but it is more probable that the real cause is the decomposition of the wood itself. D. C. Eaton. Called also sap rot, and, in the United States, powder post. Hebert. -- Dry stove, a hothouse adapted to preserving the plants of arid climates. Brande & C. -- Dry vat, a vat, basket, or other receptacle for dry articles. -- Dry wine, that in which the saccharine matter and fermentation were so exactly balanced, that they have wholly neutralized each other, and no sweetness is perceptible; -- opposed to sweet wine, in which the saccharine matter is in excess. DRY Dry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dried; p. pr. & vb. n. Drying.] Etym: [AS. drygan; cf. drugian to grow dry. See Dry, a.] Defn: To make dry; to free from water, or from moisture of any kind, and by any means; to exsiccate; as, to dry the eyes; to dry one's tears; the wind dries the earth; to dry a wet cloth; to dry hay. To dry up. (a) To scorch or parch with thirst; to deprive utterly of water; to consume. Their honorable men are famished, and their multitude dried up with thirst. Is. v. 13. The water of the sea, which formerly covered it, was in time exhaled and dried up by the sun. Woodward. (b) To make to cease, as a stream of talk. Their sources of revenue were dried up. Jowett (Thucyd. ) -- To dry, or dry up, a cow, to cause a cow to cease secreting milk. Tylor. DRY Dry, v. i. 1. To grow dry; to become free from wetness, moisture, or juice; as, the road dries rapidly. 2. To evaporate wholly; to be exhaled; -- said of moisture, or a liquid; -- sometimes with up; as, the stream dries, or dries up. 3. To shrivel or wither; to lose vitality. And his hand, which he put forth against him, dried up, so that he could not pull it in again to him. I Kings xiii. 4. DRYAD Dry"ad, n. Etym: [L. dryas, pl. dryades, Gr. Tree.] (Class. Myth.) Defn: A wood nymph; a nymph whose life was bound up with that of her tree. DRYANDRA Dry*an"dra, n. Etym: [NL. Named after J. Dryander.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs growing in Australia, having beautiful, hard, dry, evergreen leaves. DRYAS Dry"as, n.; pl. Dryades. Etym: [L. See Dryad.] (Class. Myth.) Defn: A dryad. DRY-BEAT Dry"-beat`, v. t. Defn: To beat severely. Shak. DRY-BONED Dry"-boned`, a. Defn: Having dry bones, or bones without flesh. DRY DOCK Dry" dock`. (Naut.) Defn: See under Dock. DRYER Dry"er, n. Defn: See Drier. Sir W. Temple. DRY-EYED Dry"-eyed`, a. Defn: Not having tears in the eyes. DRY-FISTED Dry"-fist`ed, a. Defn: Niggardly. DRYFOOT Dry"foot, n. Defn: The scent of the game, as far as it can be traced. [Obs.] Shak. DRY GOODS Dry" goods`. Defn: A commercial name for textile fabrics, cottons, woolens, linen, silks, laces, etc., -- in distinction from groceries. [U.S.] DRYING Dry"ing, a. 1. Adapted or tending to exhaust moisture; as, a drying wind or day; a drying room. 2. Having the quality of rapidly becoming dry. Drying oil, an oil which, either naturally or after boiling with oxide of lead, absorbs oxygen from the air and dries up rapidly. Drying oils are used as the bases of many paints and varnishes. DRYLY Dry"ly, adv. Defn: In a dry manner; not succulently; without interest; without sympathy; coldly. DRYNESS Dry"ness, n. Defn: The state of being dry. See Dry. DRY NURSE Dry" nurse`. Defn: A nurse who attends and feeds a child by hand; -- in distinction from a wet nurse, who suckles it. DRYNURSE Dry"nurse`, v. t. Defn: To feed, attend, and bring up without the breast. Hudibras. DRYOBALANOPS Dry`o*bal"a*nops, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The genus to which belongs the single species D. Camphora, a lofty resinous tree of Borneo and Sumatra, yielding Borneo camphor and camphor oil. DRY-RUB Dry"-rub`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dry-rubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dry- rubbing.] Defn: To rub and cleanse without wetting. Dodsley. DRYSALTER Dry"salt`er, n. Defn: A dealer in salted or dried meats, pickles, sauces, etc., and in the materials used in pickling, salting, and preserving various kinds of food Hence drysalters usually sell a number of saline substances and miscellaneous drugs. Brande & C. DRYSALTERY Dry"salt`er*y, n. Defn: The articles kept by a drysalter; also, the business of a drysalter. DRY-SHOD Dry"-shod`, a. Defn: Without wetting the feet. DRY-STONE Dry"-stone`, a. Defn: Constructed of uncemented stone. "Dry-stone walls." Sir W. Scott. DRYTH; DRITH Dryth, or Drith, n. Defn: Drought. [Obs.] Tyndale. DUAD Du"ad, n. Etym: [See Dyad.] Defn: A union of two; duality. [R.] Harris. DUAL Du"al, a. Etym: [L. dualis, fr. duo two. See Two.] Defn: Expressing, or consisting of, the number two; belonging to two; as, the dual number of nouns, etc. , in Greek. Here you have one half of our dual truth. Tyndall. DUALIN Du"a*lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: An explosive substance consisting essentially of sawdust or wood pulp, saturated with nitroglycerin and other similar nitro compounds. It is inferior to dynamite, and is more liable to explosion. DUALISM Du"al*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dualisme.] Defn: State of being dual or twofold; a twofold division; any system which is founded on a double principle, or a twofold distinction; as: (a) (Philos.) A view of man as constituted of two original and independent elements, as matter and spirit. (Theol.) (b) A system which accepts two gods, or two original principles, one good and the other evil. (c) The doctrine that all mankind are divided by the arbitrary decree of God, and in his eternal foreknowledge, into two classes, the elect and the reprobate. (d) (Physiol.) The theory that each cerebral hemisphere acts independently of the other. An inevitable dualism bisects nature, so that each thing is a half, and suggests another thing to make it whole. Emerson. DUALIST Du"al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dualiste.] 1. One who believes in dualism; a ditheist. 2. One who administers two offices. Fuller. DUALISTIC Du`al*is"tic, a. Defn: Consisting of two; pertaining to dualism or duality. Dualistic system or theory (Chem.), the theory, originated by Lavoisier and developed by Berzelius, that all definite compounds are binary in their nature, and consist of two distinct constituents, themselves simple or complex, and possessed of opposite chemical or electrical affinities. DUALITY Du"al"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. dualitas: cf. F. dualité.] Defn: The quality or condition of being two or twofold; dual character or usage. DUAN Du"an, n. Etym: [Gael. & Ir.] Defn: A division of a poem corresponding to a canto; a poem or song. [R.] DUARCHY Du"ar*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. -archy.] Defn: Government by two persons. DUB Dub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dubbing.] Etym: [AS. dubban to strike, beat ("dubbade his sunu . . . to ridere." AS. Chron. an 1086); akin to Icel. dubba; cf. OF. adouber (prob. fr. Icel.) a chevalier, Icel. dubba til riddara.] 1. To confer knight. Note: The conclusion of the ceremony was marked by a tap on the shoulder with the sword. 2. To invest with any dignity or new character; to entitle; to call. A man of wealth is dubbed a man of worth. Pope. 3. To clothe or invest; to ornament; to adorn. [Obs.] His diadem was dropped down Dubbed with stones. Morte d'Arthure. 4. To strike, rub, or dress smooth; to dab; as: (a) To dress with an adz; as, to dub a stick of timber smooth. (b) To strike cloth with teasels to raise a nap. Halliwell. (c) To rub or dress with grease, as leather in the process of cyrrying it. Tomlinson. (d) To prepare for fighting, as a gamecock, by trimming the hackles and cutting off the comb and wattles. To dub a fly, to dress a fishing fly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. -- To dub out (Plastering), to fill out, as an uneven surface, to a plane, or to carry out a series of small projections. DUB Dub, v. i. Defn: To make a noise by brisk drumbeats. "Now the drum dubs." Beau. & Fl. DUB Dub, n. Defn: A blow. [R.] Hudibras. DUB Dub, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. dób mire, stream, W. dwvr water.] Defn: A pool or puddle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. DUBB Dubb, n. Etym: [Ar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Syrian bear. See under Bear. [Written also dhubb, and dub.] DUBBER Dub"ber, n. Defn: One who, or that which, dubs. DUBBER Dub"ber, n. Etym: [Hind. dabbah.] Defn: A globular vessel or bottle of leather, used in India to hold ghee, oil, etc. [Also written dupper.] M'Culloch. DUBBING Dub"bing, n. 1. The act of dubbing, as a knight, etc. 2. The act of rubbing, smoothing, or dressing; a dressing off smooth with an adz. 3. A dressing of flour and water used by weavers; a mixture of oil and tallow for dressing leather; daubing. 4. The body substance of an angler's fly. Davy. DUBIETY Du*bi"e*ty, n.; pl. Dubieties. Etym: [L. dubietas, fr. dubius. See Dubious.] Defn: Doubtfulness; uncertainty; doubt. [R.] Lamb. "The dubiety of his fate." Sir W. Scott. DUBIOSITY Du`bi*os"i*ty, n.; pl. Dubiosities. Etym: [L. dubiosus.] Defn: The state of being doubtful; a doubtful statement or thing. [R.] Men often swallow falsities for truths, dubiosities for certainties, possibilities for feasibilities. Sir T. Browne. DUBIOUS Du"bi*ous, a. Etym: [L. dubius, dubiosus, fr. duo two. See Two, and cf. Doubt.] 1. Doubtful or not settled in opinion; being in doubt; wavering or fluctuating; undetermined. "Dubious policy." Sir T. Scott. A dubious, agitated state of mind. Thackeray. 2. Occasioning doubt; not clear, or obvious; equivocal; questionable; doubtful; as, a dubious answer. Wiping the dingy shirt with a still more dubious pocket handkerchief. Thackeray. 3. Of uncertain event or issue; as, in dubious battle. Syn. -- Doubtful; doubting; unsettled; undetermined; equivocal; uncertain. Cf. Doubtful. DUBIOUSLY Du"bi*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a dubious manner. DUBIOUSNESS Du"bi*ous*ness, n. Defn: State of being dubious. DUBITABLE Du"bi*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. dubitabilis. Cf. Doubtable.] Defn: Liable to be doubted; uncertain. [R.] Dr. H. More. -- Du"bi*ta*bly, adv. [R.] DUBITANCY Du"bi*tan*cy, n. Etym: [LL. dubitantia.] Defn: Doubt; uncertainty. [R.] Hammond. DUBITATE Du"bi*tate, v. i. Etym: [L. dubitatus, p. p. of dubitare. See Doubt.] Defn: To doubt. [R.] If he . . . were to loiter dubitating, and not come. Carlyle. DUBITATION Du`bi*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. dubitatio.] Defn: Act of doubting; doubt. [R.] Sir T. Scott. DUBITATIVE Du"bi*ta*tive, a. Etym: [L. dubitativus: cf. F. dubitatif.] Defn: Tending to doubt; doubtful. [R.] -- Du"bi*ta*tive*ly, adv. [R.] . Eliot. DUBOISIA Du*bois"i*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: Same as Duboisine. DUBOISINE Du*bois"ine, n. (Med.) Defn: An alkaloid obtained from the leaves of an Australian tree (Duboisia myoporoides), and regarded as identical with hyoscyamine. It produces dilation of the pupil of the eye. DUCAL Du"cal, a. Etym: [F. ducal. See Duke.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a duke. His ducal cap was to be exchanged for a kingly crown. Motley. DUCALLY Du"cal*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a duke, or in a manner becoming the rank of a duke. DUCAT Duc"at, n. Etym: [F. ducat, It. ducato, LL. ducatus, fr. dux leader or commander. See Duke.] Defn: A coin, either of gold or silver, of several countries in Europe; originally, one struck in the dominions of a duke. Note: The gold ducat is generally of the value of nine shillings and four pence sterling, or somewhat more that two dollars. The silver ducat is of about half this value. DUCATOON Duc`a*toon", n. Etym: [F. or Sp. ducaton, fr. ducat.] Defn: A silver coin of several countries of Europe, and of different values. DUCES TECUM Du"ces te"cum. Etym: [L., bring with thee.] Defn: A judicial process commanding a person to appear in court and bring with him some piece of evidence or other thing to be produced to the court. DUCHESS Duch"ess, n. Etym: [F. duchesse, fr. duc duke.] Defn: The wife or widow of a duke; also, a lady who has the sovereignty of a duchy in her own right. DUCHESSE D'ANGOULEME Du`chesse" d'An`gou`lême". Etym: [F.] (Bot.) Defn: A variety of pear of large size and excellent flavor. DUCHESSE LACE Du`chesse" lace. Defn: A beautiful variety of Brussels pillow lace made originally in Belgium and resembling Honiton guipure. It is worked with fine thread in large sprays, usually of the primrose pattern, with much raised work. DUCHY Duch"y, n.; pl. Duchies. Etym: [F. duché, OF. duchée, (assumed) LL. ducitas, fr. L. dux. See Duke.] Defn: The territory or dominions of a duke; a dukedom. DUCK Duck, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. dukke, Sw. docka, OHG. doccha, G. docke. Cf. Doxy.] Defn: A pet; a darling. Shak. DUCK Duck, n. Etym: [D. doek cloth, canvas, or Icel. d cloth; akin to OHG. tuoh, G. tuch, Sw. duk, Dan. dug.] 1. A linen (or sometimes cotton) fabric, finer and lighter than canvas, -- used for the lighter sails of vessels, the sacking of beds, and sometimes for men's clothing. 2. (Naut.) pl. Defn: The light clothes worn by sailors in hot climates. [Colloq.] DUCK Duck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ducked; p. pr. & vb. n. Ducking.] Etym: [OE. duken, douken, to dive; akin to D. duiken, OHG. t, MHG. tucken, tücken, t, G. tuchen. Cf. 5th Duck.] 1. To thrust or plunge under water or other liquid and suddenly withdraw. Adams, after ducking the squire twice or thrice, leaped out of the tub. Fielding. 2. To plunge the head of under water, immediately withdrawing it; as, duck the boy. 3. To bow; to bob down; to move quickly with a downward motion. " Will duck his head aside. Swift. DUCK Duck, v. i. 1. To go under the surface of water and immediately reappear; to dive; to plunge the head in water or other liquid; to dip. In Tiber ducking thrice by break of day. Dryden. 2. To drop the head or person suddenly; to bow. The learned pate Ducks to the golden fool. Shak. DUCK Duck, n. Etym: [OE. duke, doke. See Duck, v. t. ] 1. (Zool.) Defn: Any bird of the subfamily Anatinæ, family Anatidæ. Note: The genera and species are numerous. They are divided into river ducks and sea ducks. Among the former are the common domestic duck (Anas boschas); the wood duck (Aix sponsa); the beautiful mandarin duck of China (Dendronessa galeriliculata); the Muscovy duck, originally of South America (Cairina moschata). Among the sea ducks are the eider, canvasback, scoter, etc. 2. A sudden inclination of the bead or dropping of the person, resembling the motion of a duck in water. Here be, without duck or nod, Other trippings to be trod. Milton. Bombay duck (Zoöl.), a fish. See Bummalo. -- Buffel duck, or Spirit duck. See Buffel duck. -- Duck ant (Zoöl.), a species of white ant in Jamaica which builds large nests in trees. -- Duck barnacle. (Zoöl.) See Goose barnacle. -- Duck hawk. (Zoöl.) (a) In the United States: The peregrine falcon. (b) In England: The marsh harrier or moor buzzard. -- Duck mole (Zoöl.), a small aquatic mammal of Australia, having webbed feet and a bill resembling that of a duck (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). It belongs the subclass Monotremata and is remarkable for laying eggs like a bird or reptile; -- called also duckbill, platypus, mallangong, mullingong, tambreet, and water mole. -- To make ducks and drakes, to throw a flat stone obliquely, so as to make it rebound repeatedly from the surface of the water, raising a succession of jets; hence: To play at ducks and drakes, with property, to throw it away heedlessly or squander it foolishly and unprofitably. -- Lame duck. See under Lame. DUCKBILL Duck"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Duck mole, under Duck, n. DUCK-BILLED Duck"-billed`, a. Defn: Having a bill like that of a duck.. DUCKER Duck"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, ducks; a plunger; a diver. 2. A cringing, servile person; a fawner. DUCKING Duck"ing, n. & a. Defn: , from Duck, v. t. & i. Ducking stool, a stool or chair in which common scolds were formerly tied, and plunged into water, as a punishment. See Cucking stool. The practice of ducking began in the latter part of the 15th century, and prevailed until the early part of the 18th, and occasionally as late as the 19th century. Blackstone. Chambers. DUCK-LEGGED Duck"-legged`, a. Defn: Having short legs, like a waddling duck; short-legged. Dryden. DUCKLING Duck"ling, n. Defn: A young or little duck. Gay. DUCKMEAT; DUCK'S-MEAT Duck"meat`, or Duck's"-meat`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Duckweed. DUCK'S-BILL Duck's"-bill`, a. Defn: Having the form of a duck's bill. Duck's-bill limpet (Zoöl.), a limpet of the genus Parmaphorus; -- so named from its shape. DUCK'S-FOOT Duck's"-foot`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The May apple (Podophyllum peltatum). DUCKWEED Duck"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus (Lemna) of small plants, seen floating in great quantity on the surface of stagnant pools fresh water, and supposed to furnish food for ducks; -- called also duckmeat. DUCT Duct, n. Etym: [L. ductus a leading, conducting, conduit, fr. ducere, ductum, to lead. See Duke, and cf. Douche.] 1. Any tube or canal by which a fluid or other substance is conducted or conveyed. 2. (Anat.) Defn: One of the vessels of an animal body by which the products of glandular secretion are conveyed to their destination. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A large, elongated cell, either round or prismatic, usually found associated with woody fiber. Note: Ducts are classified, according to the character of the surface of their walls, or their structure, as annular, spiral, scalariform, etc. 4. Guidance; direction. [Obs.] Hammond. DUCTIBLE Duc"ti*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being drawn out [R.] Feltham. DUCTILE Duc"tile, a. Etym: [L. ductilis, fr. ducere to lead: cf. F. ductile. See Duct.] 1. Easily led; tractable; complying; yielding to motives, persuasion, or instruction; as, a ductile people. Addison. Forms their ductile minds To human virtues. Philips. 2. Capable of being elongated or drawn out, as into wire or threads. Gold . . . is the softest and most ductile of all metals. Dryden. -- Duc"tile*ly, adv. -- Duc"tile*ness, n. DUCTILIMETER Duc`ti*lim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Ductile + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for accurately determining the ductility of metals. DUCTILITY Duc*til"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ductilité.] 1. The property of a metal which allows it to be drawn into wires or filaments. 2. Tractableness; pliableness. South. DUCTION Duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. ductio, fr. ducere to lead.] Defn: Guidance. [Obs.] Feltham. DUCTLESS Duct"less, a. Defn: Having to duct or outlet; as, a ductless gland. DUCTOR Duc"tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. ducere to lead.] 1. One who leads. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A contrivance for removing superfluous ink or coloring matter from a roller. See Doctor, 4. Knight. Ductor roller (Printing), the roller which conveys or supplies ink to another roller. Knight. DUCTURE Duc"ture, n. Defn: Guidance. [Obs.] South. DUDDER Dud"der, v. t. Etym: [In Suffolk, Eng., to shiver, shake, tremble; also written dodder.] Defn: To confuse or confound with noise. Jennings. DUDDER Dud"der, v. i. Defn: To shiver or tremble; to dodder. I dudder and shake like an aspen leaf. Ford. DUDDER Dud"der, n. Etym: [From Duds.] Defn: A peddler or hawker, especially of cheap and flashy goods pretended to be smuggled; a duffer. [Eng.] DUDDERY Dud"der*y, n. Defn: A place where rags are bought and kept for sale. [Eng.] DUDE Dude, n. Defn: A kind of dandy; especially, one characterized by an ultrafashionable style of dress and other affectations. [Recent] The social dude who affects English dress and English drawl. The American. DUDEEN Du*deen", n. Defn: A short tobacco pipe. [Written also dudheen.] [Irish] DUDGEON Dudg"eon, n. 1. The root of the box tree, of which hafts for daggers were made. Gerarde (1597). 2. The haft of a dagger. Shak. 3. A dudgeon-hafted dagger; a dagger. Hudibras. DUDGEON Dudg"eon, n. Etym: [W. dygen anger, grudge.] Defn: Resentment; ill will; anger; displeasure. I drink it to thee in dudgeon and hostility. Sir T. Scott. DUDGEON Dudg"eon, a. Defn: Homely; rude; coarse. [Obs.] By my troth, though I am plain and dudgeon, I would not be an ass. Beau. & Fl. DUDISH Dud"ish, a. Defn: Like, or characterized of, a dude. DUDS Duds, n. pl. Etym: [Scot. dud rag, pl. duds clothing of inferior quality.] 1. Old or inferior clothes; tattered garments. [Colloq.] 2. Effects, in general.[Slang] DUE Due, a. Etym: [OF. deu, F. dû, p. p. of devoir to owe, fr. L. debere. See Debt, Habit, and cf. Duty.] 1. Owed, as a debt; that ought to be paid or done to or for another; payable; owing and demandable. 2. Justly claimed as a right or property; proper; suitable; becoming; appropriate; fit. Her obedience, which is due to me. Shak. With dirges due, in sad array, Slow through the churchway path we saw him borne. Gray. 3. Such as (a thing) ought to be; fulfilling obligation; proper; lawful; regular; appointed; sufficient; exact; as, due process of law; due service; in due time. 4. Appointed or required to arrive at a given time; as, the steamer was due yesterday. 5. Owing; ascribable, as to a cause. This effect is due to the attraction of the sun. J. D. Forbes. DUE Due, adv. Defn: Directly; exactly; as, a due east course. DUE Due, n. 1. That which is owed; debt; that which one contracts to pay, or do, to or for another; that which belongs or may be claimed as a right; whatever custom, law, or morality requires to be done; a fee; a toll. He will give the devil his due. Shak. Yearly little dues of wheat, and wine, and oil. Tennyson. 2. Right; just title or claim. The key of this infernal pit by due . . . I keep. Milton. DUE Due, v. t. Defn: To endue. [Obs.] Shak. DUEBILL Due"bill`, n. (Com.) Defn: A brief written acknowledgment of a debt, not made payable to order, like a promissory note. Burrill. DUEFUL Due"ful, a. Defn: Fit; becoming. [Obs.] Spenser. DUEL Du"el, n. Etym: [It. duello, fr. L. duellum, orig., a contest between two, which passed into the common form bellum war, fr. duo two: cf. F. duel. See Bellicose, Two, and cf. Duello.] Defn: A combat between two persons, fought with deadly weapons, by agreement. It usually arises from an injury done or an affront given by one to the other. Trial by duel (Old Law), a combat between two persons for proving a cause; trial by battel. DUEL Du"el, v. i. & t. Defn: To fight in single combat. [Obs.] DUELER Du"el*er, n. Defn: One who engages in a duel. [R.] [Written also dueller.] South. DUELING Du"el*ing, n. Defn: e act or practice of fighting in single combat. Also adj. [Written also duelling.] DUELIST Du"el*ist, n. Etym: [F. duelliste.] Defn: One who fights in single combat. [Written also duellist.] A duelist . . . always values himself upon his courage, his sense of honor, his fidelity and friendship. Hume. DUELO Du*e"lo, n. Etym: [It. See Duel.] Defn: A duel; also, the rules of dueling. [Obs.] Shak. DUENA; DUENYA Du*e"ña, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: See Doña. DUENESS Due"ness, n. Defn: Quality of being due; debt; what is due or becoming. T. Goodwin. DUENNA Du*en"na, n.; pl. Duennas. Etym: [Sp. dueña, doña, fr. L. domina. See Dame.] 1. The chief lady in waiting on the queen of Spain. Brande. 2. An elderly lady holding a station between a governess and companion, and appointed to have charge over the younger ladies in a Spanish or a Portuguese family. Brande & C. 3. Any old woman who is employed to guard a younger one; a governess. Arbuthnot. DUET Du*et", n. Etym: [Duetto.] (Mus.) Defn: A composition for two performers, whether vocal or instrumental. DUETTINO Du`et*ti"no, n. Etym: [It ., dim. fr. duetto a duet.] Defn: A duet of short extent and concise form. DUETTO Du*et"to, n. Etym: [It., fr. It & L. duo two. See Two.] Defn: See Duet. DUFF Duff, n. Etym: [From OE. dagh. . See Dough.] 1. Dough or paste. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. A stiff flour pudding, boiled in a bag; -- a term used especially by seamen; as, plum duff. DUFFEL Duf"fel, n. Etym: [D. duffel, from Duffel, a town not far from Antwerp.] Defn: A kind of coarse woolen cloth, having a thick nap or frieze. [Written also duffle.] Good duffel gray and flannel fine. Wordsworth. DUFFEL BAG Duffel bag. Defn: A sack to hold miscellaneous articles, as tools, supplies, or the like. DUFFER Duf"fer, n. 1. A peddler or hawker, especially of cheap, flashy articles, as sham jewelry; hence, a sham or cheat. [Slang, Eng.] Halliwell. 2. A stupid, awkward, inefficient person.[Slang] DUFFLE Duf"fle, n. Defn: See Duffel. DUFRENITE Du*fren"ite, n. Etym: [From Dufrénoy, a French geologist.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a blackish green color, commonly massive or in nodules. It is a hydrous phosphate of iron. DUG Dug, n. Etym: [Akin to Sw. dägga to suckle (a child), Dan. dægge, and prob. to Goth. daddjan. Defn: A teat, pap, or nipple; -- formerly that of a human mother, now that of a cow or other beast. With mother's dug between its lips. Shak. DUG Dug, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Dig. DUGONG Du*gong", n. Etym: [Malayan d, or Javan. duyung.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An aquatic herbivorous mammal (Halicore dugong), of the order Sirenia, allied to the manatee, but with a bilobed tail. It inhabits the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, East Indies, and Australia. [Written also duyong.] DUGOUT Dug"out`, n. 1. A canoe or boat dug out from a large log. [U.S.] A man stepped from his slender dugout. G. W. Cable. 2. A place dug out. 3. A house made partly in a hillside or slighter elevation. [Western U.S.] Bartlett. DUGWAY Dug"way`, n. Defn: A way or road dug through a hill, or sunk below the surface of the land. [U.S.] DUKE Duke n. Etym: [F. duc, fr. L. dux, ducis, leader, commander, fr. ducere to lead; akin to AS. teón to draw; cf. AS. heretoga (here army) an army leader, general, G. herzog duke. See Tue, and cf. Doge, Duchess, Ducat, Duct, Adduce, Deduct.] 1. A leader; a chief; a prince. [Obs.] Hannibal, duke of Carthage. Sir T. Elyot. All were dukes once, who were "duces" -- captains or leaders of their people. Trench. 2. In England, one of the highest order of nobility after princes and princesses of the royal blood and the four archbishops of England and Ireland. 3. In some European countries, a sovereign prince, without the title of king. Duke's coronet. See Illust. of Coronet. -- To dine with Duke Humphrey, to go without dinner. See under Dine. DUKE Duke, v. i. Defn: To play the duke. [Poetic] Lord Angelo dukes it well in his absence. Shak. DUKEDOM Duke"dom, n. 1. The territory of a duke. 2. The title or dignity of a duke. Shak. DUKELING Duke"ling, n. Defn: A little or insignificant duke. Ford. DUKESHIP Duke"ship, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being a duke; also, the personality of a duke. Massinger. DUKHOBORS; DUKHOBORTSY Du*kho*bors", Du*kho*bor"tsy, n. pl. [Russ. dukhobortsy spirit wrestlers; dukh spirit + bortsy wrestlers.] Defn: A Russian religious sect founded about the middle of the 18th century at Kharkov. They believe that Christ was wholly human, but that his soul reappears from time to time in mortals. They accept the Ten Commandments and the "useful" portions of the Bible, but deny the need of rulers, priests, or churches, and have no confessions, icons, or marriage ceremonies. They are communistic, opposed to any violence, and unwilling to use the labor of animals. Driven out of Russia proper, many have emigrated to Cyprus and Canada. See Raskolnik, below. DULCAMARA Dul`ca*ma"ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. dulcis sweet + amarus bitter.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Solanum Dulcamara). See Bittersweet, n., 3 (a). DULCAMARIN Dul`ca*ma"rin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside extracted from the bittersweet (Solanum Dulcamara), as a yellow amorphous substance. It probably occasions the compound taste. See Bittersweet, 3(a). DULCE Dulce, v. t. Defn: To make sweet; to soothe. [Obs.] DULCENESS Dulce"ness, n. Defn: Sweetness. [Obs.] Bacon. DULCET Dul"cet, a. Etym: [OF. doucet, dim. of dous sweet, F. doux, L. dulcis; akin to Gr. Doucet.] 1. Sweet to the taste; luscious. [Obs.] She tempers dulcet creams. Milton. 2. Sweet to the ear; melodious; harmonious. Their dainty lays and dulcet melody. Spenser. DULCIANA Dul`ci*an"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. dulcis sweet.] (Mus.) Defn: A sweet-toned stop of an organ. DULCIFICATION Dul`ci*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dulcification.] Defn: The act of dulcifying or sweetening. Boyle. DULCIFIED Dul"ci*fied, a. Defn: Sweetened; mollified. Dulcified spirit or spirits, a compound of alcohol with mineral acids; as, dulcified spirits of niter. DULCIFLUOUS Dul*cif"lu*ous, a. Etym: [L. dulcis sweet + fluere to flow.] Defn: Flowing sweetly. [R.] DULCIFY Dul"ci*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dulcified; p. pr. & vb. n. Dulcifying.] Etym: [L. dulcis sweet + -fy: cf. F. dulcifier.] 1. (Pharm.) Defn: To sweeten; to free from acidity, saltness, or acrimony. Wiseman. 2. Fig. : To mollify; to sweeten; to please. As she . . . was further dulcified by her pipe of tobacco. Hawthorne. DULCILOQUY Dul*cil"o*quy, n. Etym: [L. dulcis sweet + loqui to speak.] Defn: A soft manner of speaking. DULCIMER Dul"ci*mer, n. Etym: [It. dolcemele,r Sp. dulcemele, fr. L. dulcis sweet + melos song, melody, Gr. doulcemele. See Dulcet, and Melody.] (Mus.) (a) An instrument, having stretched metallic wires which are beaten with two light hammers held in the hands of the performer. (b) An ancient musical instrument in use among the Jews. Dan. iii. 5. It is supposed to be the same with the psaltery. DULCINEA Dul*cin"e*a, n. Etym: [Sp., from Dulcinea del Toboso the mistress of the affections of Don Quixote.] Defn: A mistress; a sweetheart. I must ever have some Dulcinea in my head. Sterne. DULCINESS Dul"ci*ness, n. Defn: See Dulceness. [Obs.] DULCINO Dul*ci"no, n. (Mus.) Defn: See Dolcino. DULCITE Dul"cite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dulcite, fr. L. dulcis sweet.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, sugarlike substance, C6H8.(OH)2, occurring naturally in a manna from Madagascar, and in certain plants, and produced artificially by the reduction of galactose and lactose or milk sugar. DULCITUDE Dul"ci*tude, n. Etym: [L. dulcitudo, fr. dulcis sweet. Defn: Sweetness. [R.] Cockeram. DULCORATE Dul"co*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. dulcoratus, p. p. of dulcorare, fr. dulcor sweetness, fr. dulcis sweet.] Defn: To sweeten; to make less acrimonious. [R.] Bacon. DULCORATION Dul`co*ra"tion, n. Etym: [LL. dulcoratio.] Defn: The act of sweetening. [R.] Bacon. DULEDGE Du"ledge, n. (Mil.) Defn: One of the dowels joining the ends of the fellies which form the circle of the wheel of a gun carriage. Wilhelm. DULIA Du*li"a, n. Etym: [LL., fr. Gr. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: An inferior kind of veneration or worship, given to the angels and saints as the servants of God. DULL Dull, a. [Compar. Duller; superl. Dullest.] Etym: [AS. dol foolish; akin to gedwelan to err, D. dol mad, dwalen to wander, err, G. toll mad, Goth. dwals foolish, stupid, cf. Gr. dhvr to cause to fall. Cf. Dolt, Dwale, Dwell, Fraud.] 1. Slow of understanding; wanting readiness of apprehension; stupid; doltish; blockish. "Dull at classical learning." Thackeray. She is not bred so dull but she can learn. Shak. 2. Slow in action; sluggish; unready; awkward. This people's heart is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing. Matt. xiii. 15. O, help my weak wit and sharpen my dull tongue. Spenser. 3. Insensible; unfeeling. Think me not So dull a devil to forget the loss Of such a matchless wife. Beau. & Fl. 4. Not keen in edge or point; lacking sharpness; blunt. "Thy scythe is dull." Herbert. 5. Not bright or clear to the eye; wanting in liveliness of color or luster; not vivid; obscure; dim; as, a dull fire or lamp; a dull red or yellow; a dull mirror. 6. Heavy; gross; cloggy; insensible; spiritless; lifeless; inert. "The dull earth." Shak. As turning the logs will make a dull fire burn, so changes of study a dull brain. Longfellow. 7. Furnishing little delight, spirit, or variety; uninteresting; tedious; cheerless; gloomy; melancholy; depressing; as, a dull story or sermon; a dull occupation or period; hence, cloudy; overcast; as, a dull day. Along life's dullest, dreariest walk. Keble. Syn. -- Lifeless; inanimate; dead; stupid; doltish; heavy; sluggish; sleepy; drowsy; gross; cheerless; tedious; irksome; dismal; dreary; clouded; tarnished; obtuse. See Lifeless. DULL Dull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Duller; p. pr. & vb. n. Dulling.] 1. To deprive of sharpness of edge or point. "This . . . dulled their swords." Bacon. Borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. Shak. 2. To make dull, stupid, or sluggish; to stupefy, as the senses, the feelings, the perceptions, and the like. Those [drugs] she has Will stupefy and dull the sense a while. Shak. Use and custom have so dulled our eyes. Trench. 3. To render dim or obscure; to sully; to tarnish. "Dulls the mirror." Bacon. 4. To deprive of liveliness or activity; to render heavy; to make inert; to depress; to weary; to sadden. Attention of mind . . . wasted or dulled through continuance. Hooker. DULL Dull, v. i. Defn: To become dull or stupid. Rom. of R. DULLARD Dull"ard, n. Etym: [Dull + -ard.] Defn: A stupid person; a dunce. Shak. -- a. Defn: Stupid. Bp. Hall. DULL-BRAINED Dull"-brained`, a. Defn: Stupid; doltish. Shak. DULL-BROWED Dull"-browed`, a. Defn: Having a gloomy look. DULLER Dull"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, dulls. DULL-EYED Dull"-eyed`, a. Defn: Having eyes wanting brightness, liveliness, or vivacity. Shak. DULLHEAD Dull"head`, n. Defn: A blockhead; a dolt. Ascham. DULLISH Dull"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat dull; uninteresting; tiresome. "A series of dullish verses." Prof. Wilson. DULLNESS Dull"ness, n. Defn: The state of being dull; slowness; stupidity; heaviness; drowsiness; bluntness; obtuseness; dimness; want of luster; want of vividness, or of brightness. [Written also dulness.] And gentle dullness ever loves a joke. Pope. DULL-SIGHTED Dull"-sight`ed, a. Defn: Having poor eyesight. DULLSOME Dull"some, a. Defn: Dull. [R.] Gataker. DULL-WITTED Dull"-wit`ted, a. Defn: Stupid. DULLY Dul"ly, adv. Defn: In a dull manner; stupidly; slowly; sluggishly; without life or spirit. Supinely calm and dully innocent. G. Lyttelton. DULOCRACY Du*loc"ra*cy, n. Defn: See Doulocracy. DULSE Dulse, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. duileasg; duille leaf + uisge water. Cf. Whisky.] (Bot.) Defn: A seaweed of a reddish brown color, which is sometimes eaten, as in Scotland. The true dulse is Sarcophyllis edulis; the common is Rhodymenia. [Written also dillisk.] The crimson leaf of the dulse is seen To blush like a banner bathed in slaughter. Percival. DULWILLY Dul"wil*ly, n. Etym: [Prob. imitative.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The ring plover. [Prov. Eng.] DULY Du"ly, adv. Defn: In a due, fit, or becoming manner; as it (anything) ought to be; properly; regularly. DUMAL Du"mal, a. Etym: [L. dumus bramble.] Defn: Pertaining to, or set with, briers or bushes; brambly. [R.] DUMB Dumb, a. Etym: [AS. dumb; akin to D. dom stupid, dumb, Sw. dumb, Goth. dumbs; cf. Gr. Deaf, and cf. Dummy.] 1. Destitute of the power of speech; unable; to utter articulate sounds; as, the dumb brutes. To unloose the very tongues even of dumb creatures. Hooker. 2. Not willing to speak; mute; silent; not speaking; not accompanied by words; as, dumb show. This spirit, dumb to us, will speak to him. Shak. To pierce into the dumb past. J. C. Shairp. 3. Lacking brightness or clearness, as a color. [R.] Her stern was painted of a dumb white or dun color. De Foe. Deaf and dumb. See Deaf-mute. -- Dumb ague, or Dumb chill, a form of intermittent fever which has no well-defined "chill." [U.S.] -- Dumb animal, any animal except man; -- usually restricted to a domestic quadruped; -- so called in contradistinction to man, who is a "speaking animal." -- Dumb cake, a cake made in silence by girls on St. Mark's eve, with certain mystic ceremonies, to discover their future husbands. Halliwell. -- Dumb cane (Bot.), a west Indian plant of the Arum family (Dieffenbachia seguina), which, when chewed, causes the tongue to swell, and destroys temporarily the power of speech. -- Dumb crambo. See under crambo. -- Dumb show. (a) Formerly, a part of a dramatic representation, shown in pantomime. "Inexplicable dumb shows and noise." Shak. (b) Signs and gestures without words; as, to tell a story in dumb show. -- To strike dumb, to confound; to astonish; to render silent by astonishment; or, it may be, to deprive of the power of speech. Syn. -- Silent; speechless; noiseless. See Mute. DUMB Dumb, v. t. Defn: To put to silence. [Obs.] Shak. DUMB-BELL Dumb"-bell`, n. Defn: A weight, consisting of two spheres or spheroids, connected by a short bar for a handle; used (often in pairs) for gymnastic exercise. DUMBLEDOR Dum"ble*dor`, n. Etym: [The first part is prob. of imitative origin. See Dor a beetle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bumblebee; also, a cockchafer. [Prov. Eng.] DUMBLY Dumb"ly, adv. Defn: In silence; mutely. DUMBNESS Dumb"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being dumb; muteness; silence; inability to speak. DUMB-WAITER Dumb"-wait`er, n. Defn: A framework on which dishes, food, etc., are passed from one room or story of a house to another; a lift for dishes, etc.; also, a piece of furniture with movable or revolving shelves. DUMDUM BULLET Dum"dum bul"let. (Mil.) Defn: A kind of manstopping bullet; -- so named from Dumdum, in India, where bullets are manufactured for the Indian army. DUMETOSE Du"me*tose`, a. Etym: [From L. dumetum a thicket.] (Bot.) Defn: Dumose. DUMFOUND Dum"found`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dumfounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Dumfounding.] Defn: To strike dumb; to confuse with astonishment. [Written also dumbfound.] Spectator. DUMFOUNDER Dum"found`er, v. t. Defn: To dumfound; to confound. [Written also dumbfounder.] DUMMADOR Dum"ma*dor`, n. Defn: A dumbledor. DUMMERER Dum"mer*er, n. Defn: One who feigns dumbness. [Obs.] Burton. DUMMY Dum"my, a. Etym: [See Dumb.] 1. Silent; mute; noiseless; as a dummy engine. 2. Fictitious or sham; feigned; as, a dummy watch. Dummy car. See under Car. DUMMY Dum"my, n.; pl. Dummies (. 1. One who is dumb. H. Smith. 2. A sham package in a shop, or one which does not contain what its exterior indicates. 3. An imitation or copy of something, to be used as a substitute; a model; a lay figure; as, a figure on which clothing is exhibited in shop windows; a blank paper copy used to show the size of the future book, etc. 4. (Drama) Defn: One who plays a merely nominal part in any action; a sham character. 5. A thick-witted person; a dolt. [Colloq.] 6. (Railroad) Defn: A locomotive with condensing engines, and, hence, without the noise of escaping steam; also, a dummy car. 7. (Card Playing) Defn: The fourth or exposed hand when three persons play at a four- handed game of cards. 8. A floating barge connected with a pier. Knight. To play dummy, to play the exposed or dummy hand in cards. The partner of the dummy plays it. DUMOSE; DUMOUS Du`mose", Du"mous, a. Etym: [L. dumosus, fr. dumus a thornbush, a bramble.] 1. Abounding with bushes and briers. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having a compact, bushy form. DUMP Dump, n. Etym: [See Dumpling.] Defn: A thick, ill-shapen piece; a clumsy leaden counter used by boys in playing chuck farthing. [Eng.] Smart. DUMP Dump, n. Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. dumpin melancholy, Dan.dump dull, low, D. dompig damp, G. dumpf damp, dull, gloomy, and E. damp, or rather perh. dump, v. t. Cf. Damp, or Dump, v. t.] 1. A dull, gloomy state of the mind; sadness; melancholy; low spirits; despondency; ill humor; -- now used only in the plural. March slowly on in solemn dump. Hudibras. Doleful dumps the mind oppress. Shak. I was musing in the midst of my dumps. Bunyan. Note: The ludicrous associations now attached to this word did not originally belong to it. "Holland's translation of Livy represents the Romans as being `in the dumps' after the battle of Cannæ." Trench. 2. Absence of mind; revery. Locke. 3. A melancholy strain or tune in music; any tune. [Obs.] "Tune a deploring dump." "Play me some merry dump." Shak. 4. An old kind of dance. [Obs.] Nares. DUMP Dump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dumped; p. pr. & vb. n. Dumping.] Etym: [OE. dumpen to throw down, fall down, cf. Icel. dumpa to thump, Dan. dumpe to fall suddenly, rush, dial. Sw. dimpa to fall down plump. Cf. Dump sadness.] 1. To knock heavily; to stump. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. To put or throw down with more or less of violence; hence, to unload from a cart by tilting it; as, to dump sand, coal, etc. [U.S.] Bartlett. Dumping car or cart, a railway car, or a cart, the body of which can be tilted to empty the contents; -- called also dump car, or dump cart. DUMP Dump, n. 1. A car or boat for dumping refuse, etc. 2. A ground or place for dumping ashes, refuse, etc. 3. That which is dumped. 4. (Mining) Defn: A pile of ore or rock. DUMPAGE Dump"age, n. 1. The act of dumping loads from carts, especially loads of refuse matter; also, a heap of dumped matter. 2. A fee paid for the privilege of dumping loads. DUMPINESS Dump"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being dumpy. DUMPISH Dump"ish, a. Defn: Dull; stupid; sad; moping; melancholy. " A . . . dumpish and sour life." Lord Herbert. -- Dump"ish*ly, adv. -- Dump"ish*ness, n. DUMPLE Dum"ple, v. t. Etym: [See Dumpling.] Defn: To make dumpy; to fold, or bend, as one part over another. [R.] He was a little man, dumpled up together. Sir W. Scott. DUMPLING Dump"ling, n. Etym: [Dimin. of dump an illshapen piece; cf. D. dompelen to plunge, dip, duck, Scot. to dump in to plunge into, and E. dump, v. t.] Defn: A roundish mass of dough boiled in soup, or as a sort of pudding; often, a cover of paste inclosing an apple or other fruit, and boiled or baked; as, an apple dumpling. DUMPY Dump"y, a. [Compar. Dumpier; superl. Dumpiest.] Etym: [ 1. From Dump a short ill-shapen piece. 2. From Dump sadness.] 1. Short and thick; of low stature and disproportionately stout. 2. Sullen or discontented. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. DUMPY LEVEL Dump"y lev"el. (Surv.) Defn: A level having a short telescope (hence its name) rigidly fixed to a table capable only of rotatory movement in a horizontal plane. The telescope is usually an inverting one. It is sometimes called the Troughton level, from the name of the inventor, and a variety improved by one Gavatt is known as the Gavatt level. DUN Dun, n. Etym: [See Dune.] Defn: A mound or small hill. DUN Dun, v. t. Defn: To cure, as codfish, in a particular manner, by laying them, after salting, in a pile in a dark place, covered with salt grass or some like substance. DUN Dun, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Dunned; p. pr. & vb. n. Dunning.] Etym: [AS. dyne noise, dynian to make a noise, or fr. Icel. dynr, duna, noise, thunder, duna to thunder; the same word as E. din. Din.] Defn: To ask or beset, as a debtor, for payment; to urge importunately. Hath she sent so soon to dun Swift. DUN Dun, n. 1. One who duns; a dunner. To be pulled by the sleeve by some rascally dun. Arbuthnot. 2. An urgent request or demand of payment; as, he sent his debtor a dun. DUN Dun, a. Etym: [AS. dunn. of Celtic origin; cf. W. dwn, Ir. & Gael. donn.] Defn: Of a dark color; of a color partaking of a brown and black; of a dull brown color; swarthy. Summer's dun cloud comes thundering up. Pierpont. Chill and dun Falls on the moor the brief November day. Keble. Dun crow (Zoöl.), the hooded crow; -- so called from its color; -- also called hoody, and hoddy. -- Dun diver (Zoöl.), the goosander or merganser. DUNBIRD Dun"bird`, n. Etym: [Named from its color.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pochard; -- called also dunair, and dunker, or dun-curre. (b) An American duck; the ruddy duck. DUNCE Dunce, n. Etym: [From Joannes Duns Scotus, a schoolman called the Subtle Doctor, who died in 1308. Originally in the phrase "a Duns man". See Note below.] Defn: One backward in book learning; a child or other person dull or weak in intellect; a dullard; a dolt. I never knew this town without dunces of figure. Swift. Note: The schoolmen were often called, after their great leader Duns Scotus, Dunsmen or Duncemen. In the revival of learning they were violently opposed to classical studies; hence, the name of Dunce was applied with scorn and contempt to an opposer of learning, or to one slow at learning, a dullard. DUNCEDOM Dunce"dom, n. Defn: The realm or domain of dunces. [Jocose] Carlyle. DUNCERY Dun"cer*y, n. Defn: Dullness; stupidity. DUNCICAL Dun"ci*cal, a. Defn: Like a dunce; duncish. The most dull and duncical commissioner. Fuller. DUNCIFY Dun"ci*fy, v. t. Etym: [Dunce + -fy.] Defn: To make stupid in intellect. [R.] Bp. Warburton. DUNCISH Dun"cish, a. Defn: Somewhat like a dunce. [R.] -- Dun"cish*ness, n. [R.] DUNDER Dun"der, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. redundar to overflow.] Defn: The lees or dregs of cane juice, used in the distillation of rum. [West Indies] The use of dunder in the making of rum answers the purpose of yeast in the fermentation of flour. B. Edwards. DUNDERHEAD Dun"der*head`, n. Etym: [Prov. Eng. also dunderpoll, from dunder, same as thunder.] Defn: A dunce; a numskull; a blockhead. Beau. & Fl. DUNDER-HEADED Dun"der-head`ed, a. Defn: Thick-headed; stupid. DUNDERPATE Dun"der*pate`, n. Defn: See Dunderhead. DUNE Dune, n. Etym: [The same word as down: cf. D. duin. See Down a bank of sand.] Defn: A low hill of drifting sand usually formed on the coats, but often carried far inland by the prevailing winds. [Written also dun.] Three great rivers, the Rhine, the Meuse, and the Scheldt, had deposited their slime for ages among the dunes or sand banks heaved up by the ocean around their mouths. Motley. DUNFISH Dun"fish, n. Defn: Codfish cured in a particular manner, so as to be of a superior quality. DUNG Dung, n. Etym: [AS. dung; akin to G. dung, dünger, OHG. tunga, Sw. dynga; cf. Icel. dyngja heap, Dan. dynge, MHG. tunc underground dwelling place, orig., covered with dung. Cf. Dingy.] Defn: The excrement of an animal. Bacon. DUNG Dung, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dunged; p. pr. & vb. n. Dunging.] 1. To manure with dung. Dryden. 2. (Calico Print.) Defn: To immerse or steep, as calico, in a bath of hot water containing cow dung; -- done to remove the superfluous mordant. DUNG Dung, v. i. Defn: To void excrement. Swift. DUNGAREE Dun`ga*ree", n. Defn: A coarse kind of unbleached cotton stuff. [Written also dungari.] [India] DUNGEON Dun"geon, n. Etym: [OE. donjoun highest tower of a castle, tower, prison, F. donjon tower or platform in the midst of a castle, turret, or closet on the top of a house, a keep of a castle, LL. domnio, the same word as LL. dominus lord. See Dame, Don, and cf. Dominion, Domain, Demesne, Danger, Donjon.] Defn: A close, dark prison, commondonjon or keep of a castle, these being used as prisons. Down with him even into the deep dungeon. Tyndale. Year after year he lay patiently in a dungeon. Macaulay. DUNGEON Dun"geon, v. t. Defn: To shut up in a dungeon. Bp. Hall. DUNGFORK Dung"fork`, n. Defn: A fork for tossing dung. DUNGHILL Dung"hill`, n. 1. A heap of dung. 2. Any mean situation or condition; a vile abode. He . . . lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill. 1. Sam. ii. 8. Dunghill fowl, a domestic fowl of common breed. DUNGMEER Dung"meer`, n. Etym: [Dung + (prob.) meer a pool.] Defn: A pit where dung and weeds rot for manure. DUNGY Dung"y, a. Defn: Full of dung; filthy; vile; low. Shak. DUNGYARD Dung"yard`, n. Defn: A yard where dung is collected. DUNKER Dun"ker, n. Etym: [G. tunken to dip.] Defn: One of a religious denomination whose tenets and practices are mainly those of the Baptists, but partly those of the Quakers; -- called also Tunkers, Dunkards, Dippers, and, by themselves, Brethren, and German Baptists. Note: The denomination was founded in Germany in 1708, but after a few years the members emigrated to the United States. Seventh-day Dunkers, a sect which separated from the Dunkers and formed a community, in 1728. They keep the seventh day or Saturday as the Sabbath. DUNLIN Dun"lin, n. Etym: [Prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. dun hill (E. dune), and linne pool, pond, lake, E. lin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of sandpiper (Tringa alpina); -- called also churr, dorbie, grass bird, and red-backed sandpiper. It is found both in Europe and America. DUNNAGE Dun"nage, n. Etym: [Cf. Dun a mound.] (Naut.) Defn: Fagots, boughs, or loose materials of any kind, laid on the bottom of the hold for the cargo to rest upon to prevent injury by water, or stowed among casks and other cargo to prevent their motion. DUNNER Dun"ner, n. Etym: [From Dun to ask payment from.] Defn: One employed in soliciting the payment of debts. DUNNISH Dun"nish, a. Defn: Inclined to a dun color. Ray. DUNNOCK Dun"nock, n. Etym: [Cf. Dun,a.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The hedge sparrow or hedge accentor. [Local, Eng.] DUNNY Dun"ny, a. Defn: Deaf; stupid.[Prov. Eng.] My old dame Joan is something dunny, and will scarce know how to manage. Sir W. Scott. DUNT Dunt, n. Etym: [Dint.] Defn: A blow. [Obs.] R. of Glouc. DUNTED Dunt"ed, a. Defn: Beaten; hence, blunted. [Obs.] Fencer's swords . . . having the edge dunted. Fuller. DUNTER Dun"ter, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A porpoise. [Scott.] Dunter goose (Zoöl.) the eider duck. J. Brand. DUO Du"o, n. Etym: [It. duo, fr. L. duo two. See Duet.] (Mus.) Defn: A composition for two performers; a duet. DUODECAHEDRAL; DUODECAHEDRON Du`o*dec`a*he"dral, a., Du`o*dec`a*he"dron (, n. Defn: See Dodecahedral, and Dodecahedron. DUODECENNIAL Du`o*de*cen"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. duodecennis; duodecim twelve + annus year.] Defn: Consisting of twelve years. [R.] Ash. DUODECIMAL Du`o*dec"i*mal, a. Etym: [L. duodecim twelve. See Dozen.] Defn: Proceeding in computation by twelves; expressed in the scale of twelves. -- Du`o*dec"i*mal*ly, adv. DUODECIMAL Du`o*dec"i*mal, n. 1. A twelfth part; as, the duodecimals of an inch. 2. pl. (Arch.) Defn: A system of numbers, whose denominations rise in a scale of twelves, as of feet and inches. The system is used chiefly by artificers in computing the superficial and solid contents of their work. DUODECIMFID Du`o*dec"im*fid, a. Etym: [L. duodecim twelve + findere to cleave.] Defn: Divided into twelve parts. DUODECIMO Du`o*dec"i*mo, a. Etym: [L. in duodecimo in twelfth, fr. duodecimus twelfth, fr. duodecim twelve. See Dozen.] Defn: Having twelve leaves to a sheet; as, a duodecimo from, book, leaf, size, etc. DUODECIMO Du*o*dec"i*mo, n.; pl. Duodecimos (. Defn: A book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into twelve leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of a book; -- usually written 12mo or 12º. DUODECUPLE Du`o*dec"u*ple, a. Etym: [L. duo two + decuple.] Defn: Consisting of twelves. Arbuthnot. DUODENAL Du`o*de"nal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. duodénal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the duodenum; as, duodenal digestion. DUODENARY Du`o*den"a*ry, a. Etym: [L. duodenarius, fr. duodeni twelve each: cf. F. duodénaire.] Defn: Containing twelve; twelvefold; increasing by twelves; duodecimal. DUODENUM Du`o*de"num, n. Etym: [NL., fr. duodeni twelve each: cf. F. duodenum. So called because its length is about twelve fingers' breadth.] (Anat.) Defn: The part of the small intestines between the stomach and the jejunum. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus, under Digestive. DUOGRAPH Du"o*graph, n. [L. duo two + -graph.] (Photo-engraving) Defn: A picture printed from two half-tone plates made with the screen set at different angles, and usually printed in two shades of the same color or in black and one tint. DUOLITERAL Du`o*lit"er*al, a. Etym: [L. duo two + E. literal.] Defn: Consisting of two letters only; biliteral. Stuart. DUOMO Duo"mo, n. Etym: [It. See Done.] Defn: A cathedral. See Dome, 2. Of tower or duomo, sunny sweet. Tennyson. DUOTONE Du"o*tone, n. [L. duo two + tone.] (Photoengraving) Defn: Any picture printed in two shades of the same color, as duotypes and duographs are usually printed. DUOTYPE Du"o*type, n. [L. duo two + type.] (Photoengraving) Defn: A print made from two half-tone plates made from the same negative, but etched differently. DUP Dup, v. t. Etym: [Contr. fr. do up, that is, to lift up the latch. Cf. Don, Doff.] Defn: To open; as, to dup the door. [Obs.] Shak. DUPABLE Dup"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being duped. DUPE Dupe, n. Etym: [F., prob. from Prov. F. dupe, dube; of unknown origin; equiv. to F. huppe hoopoe, a foolish bird, easily caught. Cf. Armor. houpérik hoopoe, a man easily deceived. Cf. also Gull, Booby.] Defn: One who has been deceived or who is easily deceived; a gull; as, the dupe of a schemer. DUPE Dupe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Duped; p. pr. & vb. n. Duping.] Etym: [Cf. F. duper, fr. dupe. See Dupe, n.] Defn: To deceive; to trick; to mislead by imposing on one's credulity; to gull; as, dupe one by flattery. Ne'er have I duped him with base counterfeits. Coleridge. DUPER Dup"er, n. Defn: One who dupes another. DUPERY Dup"er*y, n. Etym: [F. duperie, fr. duper.] Defn: The act or practice of duping. [R.] DUPION Du"pi*on, n. Etym: [F. doupion, It. doppione, fr. doppio double, L. duplus. See Double, and cf. Doubloon.] Defn: A double cocoon, made by two silkworms. DUPLE Du"ple, a. Etym: [L. duplus. See Double.] Defn: Double. Duple ratio (Math.), that in which the antecedent term is double the consequent, as of 2 to 1, 8 to 4, etc. DUPLEX Du"plex, a. Etym: [L., fr. duo two + plicare to fold. See Two, and Complex.] Defn: Double; twofold. Duplex escapement, a peculiar kind of watch escapement, in which the scape-wheel has two sets of teeth. See Escapement. -- Duplex lathe, one for turning off, screwing, and surfacing, by means of two cutting tools, on opposite sides of the piece operated upon. -- Duplex pumping engine, a steam pump in which two steam cylinders are placed side by side, one operating the valves of the other. -- Duplex querela Etym: [L., double complaint] (Eccl. Law), a complaint in the nature of an appeal from the ordinary to his immediate superior, as from a bishop to an archbishop. Mozley & W. -- Duplex telegraphy, a system of telegraphy for sending two messages over the same wire simultaneously. -- Duplex watch, one with a duplex escapement. DUPLICATE Du"pli*cate, a. Etym: [L. duplicatus, p. p. of duplicare to double, fr. duplex double, twofold. See Duplex.] Defn: Double; twofold. Duplicate proportion or ratio (Math.), the proportion or ratio of squares. Thus, in geometrical proportion, the first term to the third is said to be in a duplicate ratio of the first to the second, or as its square is to the square of the second. Thus, in 2, 4, 8, 16, the ratio of 2 to 8 is a duplicate of that of 2 to 4, or as the square of 2 is to the square of 4. DUPLICATE Du"pli*cate, n. 1. That which exactly resembles or corresponds to something else; another, correspondent to the first; hence, a copy; a transcript; a counterpart. I send a duplicate both of it and my last dispatch. Sir W. Temple. 2. (Law) Defn: An original instrument repeated; a document which is the same as another in all essential particulars, and differing from a mere copy in having all the validity of an original. Burrill. DUPLICATE Du"pli*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Duplicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Duplicating.] 1. To double; to fold; to render double. 2. To make a duplicate of (something); to make a copy or transcript of. Glanvill. 3. (Biol.) Defn: To divide into two by natural growth or spontaneous action; as, infusoria duplicate themselves. DUPLICATION Du`pli*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. duplicatio: cf. F. duplication.] 1. The act of duplicating, or the state of being duplicated; a doubling; a folding over; a fold. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The act or process of dividing by natural growth or spontaneous action; as, the duplication of cartilage cells. Carpenter. Duplication of the cube (Math.), the operation of finding a cube having a volume which is double that of a given cube. DUPLICATIVE Du"pli*ca*tive, a. 1. Having the quality of duplicating or doubling. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Having the quality of subdividing into two by natural growth. "Duplicative subdivision." Carpenter. DUPLICATURE Du"pli*ca*ture, n. Etym: [Cf. F. duplicature.] Defn: A doubling; a fold, as of a membrane. DUPLICITY Du*plic"i*ty, n.; pl. Duplicities. Etym: [F. duplicité, L. duplicitas, fr. duplex double. See Duplex.] 1. Doubleness; a twofold state. [Archaic] Do not affect duplicities nor triplicities, nor any certain number of parts in your division of things. I. Watts. 2. Doubleness of heart or speech; insincerity; a sustained form of deception which consists in entertaining or pretending to entertain one of feelings, and acting as if influenced by another; bad faith. Far from the duplicity wickedly charged on him, he acted his part with alacrity and resolution. Burke. 3. (Law) (a) The use of two or more distinct allegations or answers, where one is sufficient. Blackstone. (b) In indictments, the union of two incompatible offenses. Wharton. Syn. -- Double dealing; dissimulation; deceit; guile; deception; falsehood. DUPPER Dup"per, n. Defn: See 2d Dubber. DUR Dur, a. Etym: [G., fr. L. durus hard, firm, vigorous.] (Mus.) Defn: Major; in the major mode; as, C dur, that is, C major. DURA Du"ra, n. Defn: Short form for Dura mater. DURABILITY Du`ra*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. durabilitas.] Defn: The state or quality of being durable; the power of uninterrupted or long continuance in any condition; the power of resisting agents or influences which tend to cause changes, decay, or dissolution; lastingness. A Gothic cathedral raises ideas of grandeur in our minds by the size, its height, . . . its antiquity, and its durability. Blair. DURABLE Du"ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. durabilis, fr. durare to last: cf. F. durable. See Dure.] Defn: Able to endure or continue in a particular condition; lasting; not perishable or changeable; not wearing out or decaying soon; enduring; as, durable cloth; durable happiness. Riches and honor are with me; yea, durable riches and righteousness. Prov. viii. 18. An interest which from its object and grounds must be so durable. De Quincey. Syn. -- Lasting; permanent; enduring; firm; stable; continuing; constant; persistent. See Lasting. DURABLENESS Du"ra*ble*ness, n. Defn: Power of lasting, enduring, or resisting; durability. The durableness of the metal that supports it. Addison. DURABLY Du"ra*bly, adv. Defn: In a lasting manner; with long continuance. DURAL Du"ral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the dura, or dura mater. DURA MATER Du"ra ma"ter. Etym: [L., lit., hard mother. The membrane was called mater, or mother, because it was formerly thought to give rise to every membrane of the body.] (Anat.) Defn: The tough, fibrous membrane, which lines the cavity of the skull and spinal column, and surrounds the brain and spinal cord; -- frequently abbreviated to dura. DURAMEN Du*ra"men, n. Etym: [L., hardness, a hardened, i. e., ligneous, vine branch, fr. durare to harden. See Dure.] (Bot.) Defn: The heartwood of an exogenous tree. DURANCE Dur"ance, n. Etym: [OF. durance duration, fr. L. durans, -antis, p. pr. durare to endure, last. See Dure, and cf. Durant.] 1. Continuance; duration. See Endurance. [Archaic] Of how short durance was this new-made state! Dryden. 2. Imprisonment; restraint of the person; custody by a jailer; duress. Shak. "Durance vile." Burns. In durance, exile, Bedlam or the mint. Pope. 3. (a) A stout cloth stuff, formerly made in imitation of buff leather and used for garments; a sort of tammy or everlasting. Where didst thou buy this buff let me not live but I will give thee a good suit of durance. J. Webster. (b) In modern manufacture, a worsted of one color used for window blinds and similar purposes. DURANCY Dur"an*cy, n. Defn: Duration. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. DURANT Dur"ant, n. Etym: [F. durant, p. pr. of durer to last. Cf. Durance.] Defn: See Durance, 3. DURANTE Du*ran"te, prep. Etym: [L., abl. case of the p. pr. of durare to last.] (Law) Defn: During; as, durante vita, during life; durante bene placito, during pleasure. DURATION Du*ra"tion, n. Etym: [OF. duration. See Dure.] Defn: The state or quality of lasting; continuance in time; the portion of time during which anything exists. It was proposed that the duration of Parliament should be limited. Macaulay. Soon shall have passed our own human duration. D. Webster. DURATIVE Dur"a*tive, a. Defn: Continuing; not completed; implying duration. Its durative tense, which expresses the thought of it as going on. J. Byrne. DURBAR Dur"bar, n. Etym: [Hind. darbar, fr. Per dar house, court, hall of audience; dar door, gate + bar court, assembly.] Defn: An audience hall; the court of a native prince; a state levee; a formal reception of native princes, given by the governor general of India. [India] [Written also darbar.] DURE Dure, a. Etym: [L. durus; akin to Ir. & Gael. dur , stubborn, W. dir certain, sure, cf. Gr. Defn: Hard; harsh; severe; rough; toilsome. [R.] The winter is severe, and life is dure and rude. W. H. Russell. DURE Dure, v. i. Etym: [F. durer, L. durare to harden, be hardened, to endure, last, fr. durus hard. See Dure, a.] Defn: To last; to continue; to endure. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. Yet hath he not root in himself, but dureth for a while. Matt. xiii. 21. DUREFUL Dure"ful, a. Defn: Lasting. [Obs.] Spenser. DURELESS Dure"less, a. Defn: Not lasting. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. DURENE Du"rene, n. Etym: [L. durus hard; -- so called because solid at ordinary temperatures.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, crystalline, aromatic hydrocarbon, C6H2(CH3)4, off artificial production, with an odor like camphor. DURESS Du"ress, n. Etym: [OF. duresse, du, hardship, severity, L. duritia, durities, fr. durus hard. See Dure.] 1. Hardship; constraint; pressure; imprisonment; restraint of liberty. The agreements . . . made with the landlords during the time of slavery, are only the effect of duress and force. Burke. 2. (Law) Defn: The state of compulsion or necessity in which a person is influenced, whether by the unlawful restrain of his liberty or by actual or threatened physical violence, to incur a civil liability or to commit an offense. DURESS Du*ress", v. t. Defn: To subject to duress. "The party duressed." Bacon. DURESSOR Du*ress"or, n. (Law) Defn: One who subjects another to duress Bacon. DURGA Dur"ga, n. (Myth.) Defn: Same as Doorga. DURHAM Dur"ham, n. Defn: One or a breed of short-horned cattle, originating in the county of Durham, England. The Durham cattle are noted for their beef-producing quality. DURIAN; DURION Du"ri*an, or Du"ri*on, n. (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of the durio. It is oval or globular, and eight or ten inches long. It has a hard prickly rind, containing a soft, cream-colored pulp, of a most delicious flavor and a very offensive odor. The seeds are roasted and eaten like chestnuts. DURING Dur"ing, prep. Etym: [Orig., p. pr. of dure.] Defn: In the time of; as long as the action or existence of; as, during life; during the space of a year. DURIO Du"ri*o, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Malay d thorn.] (Bot.) Defn: A fruit tree (D. zibethinus, the only species known) of the Indian Archipelago. It bears the durian. DURITY Du"ri*ty, n. Etym: [L. duritas, fr. durus hard.] [Obs.] 1. Hardness; firmness. Sir T. Browne. 2. Harshness; cruelty. Cockeram. DUROMETER Du*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. durus hard + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the degree of hardness; especially, an instrument for testing the relative hardness of steel rails and the like. DUROUS Du"rous, a. Etym: [L. durus.] Defn: Hard. [Obs. & R.] DURRA Dur"ra, n. Etym: [Ar. dhorra.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of millet, cultivated throughout Asia, and introduced into the south of Europe; a variety of Sorghum vulgare; -- called also Indian millet, and Guinea corn. [Written also dhoorra, dhurra, doura, etc.] DURST Durst, imp. Defn: of Dare. See Dare, v. i. DURUKULI Du`ru*ku"li, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, nocturnal, South American monkey (Nyctipthecus trivirgatus). [Written also douroucouli.] DURYLIC Du*ryl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, allied to, or derived from, durene; as, durylic acid. DUSE Duse, n. Defn: A demon or spirit. See Deuce. DUSK Dusk, a. Etym: [OE. dusc, dosc, deosc; cf. dial. Sw. duska to drizzle, dusk a slight shower. Defn: Tending to darkness or blackness; moderately dark or black; dusky. A pathless desert, dusk with horrid shades. Milton. DUSK Dusk, n. 1. Imperfect obscurity; a middle degree between light and darkness; twilight; as, the dusk of the evening. 2. A darkish color. Whose duck set off the whiteness of the skin. Dryden. DUSK Dusk, v. t. Defn: To make dusk. [Archaic] After the sun is up, that shadow which dusketh the light of the moon must needs be under the earth. Holland. DUSK Dusk, v. i. Defn: To grow dusk. [R.] Chaucer. DUSKEN Dusk"en, v. t. Defn: To make dusk or obscure. [R.] Not utterly defaced, but only duskened. Nicolls. DUSKILY Dusk"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a dusky manner. Byron. DUSKINESS Dusk"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being dusky. DUSKISH Dusk"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat dusky. " Duskish smoke." Spenser. -- Dusk"ish*ly, adv. -- Dusk"ish*ness, n. DUSKNESS Dusk"ness, n. Defn: Duskiness. [R.] Sir T. Elyot. DUSKY Dusk"y, a. 1. Partially dark or obscure; not luminous; dusk; as, a dusky valley. Through dusky lane and wrangling mart. Keble. 2. Tending to blackness in color; partially black; dark-colored; not bright; as, a dusky brown. Bacon. When Jove in dusky clouds involves the sky. Dryden. The figure of that first ancestor invested by family tradition with a dim and dusky grandeur. Hawthorne. 3. Gloomy; sad; melancholy. This dusky scene of horror, this melancholy prospect. Bentley. 4. Intellectually clouded. Though dusky wits dare scorn astrology. Sir P. Sidney. DUST Dust, n. Etym: [AS. dust; cf. LG. dust, D. duist meal dust, OD. doest, donst, and G. dunst vapor, OHG. tunist, dunist, a blowing, wind, Icel. dust dust, Dan. dyst mill dust; perh. akin to L. fumus smoke, E. fume. .] 1. Fine, dry particles of earth or other matter, so comminuted that they may be raised and wafted by the wind; that which is crumbled too minute portions; fine powder; as, clouds of dust; bone dust. Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return. Gen. iii. 19. Stop! -- for thy tread is on an empire's dust. Byron. 2. A single particle of earth or other matter. [R.] "To touch a dust of England's ground." Shak. 3. The earth, as the resting place of the dead. For now shall sleep in the dust. Job vii. 21. 4. The earthy remains of bodies once alive; the remains of the human body. And you may carve a shrine about my dust. Tennyson. 5. Figuratively, a worthless thing. And by the merit of vile gold, dross, dust. Shak. 6. Figuratively, a low or mean condition. [God] raiseth up the poor out of the dust. 1 Sam. ii. 8. 7. Gold dust; hence: (Slang) Defn: Coined money; cash. Down with the dust, deposit the cash; pay down the money. [Slang] "My lord, quoth the king, presently deposit your hundred pounds in gold, or else no going hence all the days of your life. . . . The Abbot down with his dust, and glad he escaped so, returned to Reading." Fuller. -- Dust brand (Bot.), a fungous plant (Ustilago Carbo); -- called also smut. -- Gold dust, fine particles of gold, such as are obtained in placer mining; -- often used as money, being transferred by weight. -- In dust and ashes. See under Ashes. -- To bite the dust. See under Bite, v. t. -- To raise, or kick up, dust, to make a commotion. [Colloq.] -- To throw dust in one's eyes, to mislead; to deceive. [Colloq.] DUST Dust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Dusting.] 1. To free from dust; to brush, wipe, or sweep away dust from; as, to dust a table or a floor. 2. To sprinkle with dust. 3. To reduce to a fine powder; to levigate. Sprat. To dyst one's jacket, to give one a flogging. [Slang.] DUSTBRUSH Dust"brush`, n. Defn: A brush of feathers, bristles, or hair, for removing dust from furniture. DUSTER Dust"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, dusts; a utensil that frees from dust. Specifically: (a) (Paper Making) A revolving wire-cloth cylinder which removes the dust from rags, etc. (b) (Milling) Defn: A blowing machine for separating the flour from the bran. 2. A light over-garment, worn in traveling to protect the clothing from dust. [U.S.] DUSTINESS Dust"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being dusty. DUSTLESS Dust"less, a. Defn: Without dust; as a dustless path. DUSTMAN Dust"man, p.; pl. Dustmen (. Defn: One whose employment is to remove dirt and defuse. Gay. DUSTPAN Dust"pan, n. Defn: A shovel-like utensil for conveying away dust brushed from the floor. DUST-POINT Dust"-point`, n. Defn: An old rural game. With any boy at dust-point they shall play. Peacham (1620). DUSTY Dust"y, a. [Compar. Dustier; superl. Dustiest.] Etym: [AS. dystig. See Dust.] 1. Filled, covered, or sprinkled with dust; clouded with dust; as, a dusty table; also, reducing to dust. And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Shak. 2. Like dust; of the color of dust; as a dusty white. Dusty miller (Bot.), a plant (Cineraria maritima); -- so called because of the ashy-white coating of its leaves. DUTCH Dutch, a. Etym: [D. duitsch German; or G. deutsch, orig., popular, national, OD. dietsc, MHG. diutsch, tiutsch, OHG. diutisk, fr. diot, diota, a people, a nation; akin to AS. peód, OS. thiod, thioda, Goth. piuda; cf. Lith. tauta land, OIr. tuath people, Oscan touto. The English have applied the name especially to the Germanic people living nearest them, the Hollanders. Cf. Derrick, Teutonic.] Defn: Pertaining to Holland, or to its inhabitants. Dutch auction. See under Auction. -- Dutch cheese, a small, pound, hard cheese, made from skim milk. -- Dutch clinker, a kind of brick made in Holland. It is yellowish, very hard, and long and narrow in shape. -- Dutch clover (Bot.), common white clover (Trifolium repens), the seed of which was largely imported into England from Holland. -- Dutch concert, a so-called concert in which all the singers sing at the same time different songs. [Slang] -- Dutch courage, the courage of partial intoxication. [Slang] Marryat. -- Dutch door, a door divided into two parts, horizontally, so arranged that the lower part can be shut and fastened, while the upper part remains open. -- Dutch foil, Dutch leaf, or Dutch gold, a kind of brass rich in copper, rolled or beaten into thin sheets, used in Holland to ornament toys and paper; -- called also Dutch mineral, Dutch metal, brass foil, and bronze leaf. -- Dutch liquid (Chem.), a thin, colorless, volatile liquid, C2H4Cl2, of a sweetish taste and a pleasant ethereal odor, produced by the union of chlorine and ethylene or olefiant gas; -- called also Dutch oil. It is so called because discovered (in 1795) by an association of four Hollandish chemists. See Ethylene, and Olefiant. -- Dutch oven, a tin screen for baking before an open fire or kitchen range; also, in the United States, a shallow iron kettle for baking, with a cover to hold burning coals. -- Dutch pink, chalk, or whiting dyed yellow, and used in distemper, and for paper staining. etc. Weale. -- Dutch rush (Bot.), a species of horsetail rush or Equisetum (E. hyemale) having a rough, siliceous surface, and used for scouring and polishing; -- called also scouring rush, and shave grass. See Equisetum. -- Dutch tile, a glazed and painted ornamental tile, formerly much exported, and used in the jambs of chimneys and the like. Note: Dutch was formerly used for German. Germany is slandered to have sent none to this war [the Crusades] at this first voyage; and that other pilgrims, passing through that country, were mocked by the Dutch, and called fools for their pains. Fuller. DUTCH Dutch, n. 1. pl. Defn: The people of Holland; Dutchmen. 2. The language spoken in Holland. DUTCHMAN Dutch"man, n.; pl. Dutchmen (. Defn: A native, or one of the people, of Holland. Dutchman's breeches (Bot.), a perennial American herb (Dicentra cucullaria), with peculiar double-spurred flowers. See Illust. of Dicentra. -- Dutchman's laudanum (Bot.), a West Indian passion flower (Passiflora Murucuja); also, its fruit. -- Dutchman's pipe (Bot.), an American twining shrub (Aristolochia Sipho). Its flowers have their calyx tubes curved like a tobacco pipe. DUTEOUS Du"te*ous, a. Etym: [From Duty.] 1. Fulfilling duty; dutiful; having the sentiments due to a superior, or to one to whom respect or service is owed; obedient; as, a duteous son or daughter. 2. Subservient; obsequious. Duteous to the vices of thy mistress. Shak. -- Du"te*ous*ly, adv. -- Du"te*ous*ness, n. DUTIABLE Du"ti*a*ble, a. Etym: [From Duty.] Defn: Subject to the payment of a duty; as dutiable goods. [U.S.] All kinds of dutiable merchandise. Hawthorne. DUTIED Du"tied, a. Defn: Subjected to a duty. Ames. DUTIFUL Du"ti*ful, a. 1. Performing, or ready to perform, the duties required by one who has the right to claim submission, obedience, or deference; submissive to natural or legal superiors; obedient, as to parents or superiors; as, a dutiful son or daughter; a dutiful ward or servant; a dutiful subject. 2. Controlled by, proceeding from, a sense of duty; respectful; deferential; as, dutiful affection. Syn. -- Duteous; obedient; reverent; reverential; submissive; docile; respectful; compliant. -- Du"ti*ful*ly, adv. -- Du"ti*ful*ness, n. DUTY Du"ty, n.; pl. Duties. Etym: [From Due.] 1. That which is due; payment. [Obs. as signifying a material thing.] When thou receivest money for thy labor or ware, thou receivest thy duty. Tyndale. 2. That which a person is bound by moral obligation to do, or refrain from doing; that which one ought to do; service morally obligatory. Forgetting his duty toward God, his sovereign lord, and his country. Hallam. 3. Hence, any assigned service or business; as, the duties of a policeman, or a soldier; to be on duty. With records sweet of duties done. Keble. To employ him on the hardest and most imperative duty. Hallam. Duty is a graver term than obligation. A duty hardly exists to do trivial things; but there may be an obligation to do them. C. J. Smith. 4. Specifically, obedience or submission due to parents and superiors. Shak. 5. Respect; reverence; regard; act of respect; homage. "My duty to you." Shak. 6. (Engin.) Defn: The efficiency of an engine, especially a steam pumping engine, as measured by work done by a certain quantity of fuel; usually, the number of pounds of water lifted one foot by one bushel of coal (94 lbs. old standard), or by 1 cwt. (112 lbs., England, or 100 lbs., United States). 7. (Com.) Defn: Tax, toll, impost, or customs; excise; any sum of money required by government to be paid on the importation, exportation, or consumption of goods. Note: An impost on land or other real estate, and on the stock of farmers, is not called a duty, but a direct tax. [U.S.] Ad valorem duty, a duty which is graded according to the cost, or market value, of the article taxed. See Ad valorem. -- Specific duty, a duty of a specific sum assessed on an article without reference to its value or market. -- On duty, actually engaged in the performance of one's assigned task. DUUMVIR Du*um"vir, n.; pl. E. Duumvirs, L. Duumviri. Etym: [L., fr. duo two + vir man.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: One of two Roman officers or magistrates united in the same public functions. DUUMVIRAL Du*um"vi*ral, a. Etym: [L. duumviralis.] Defn: Of or belonging to the duumviri or the duumvirate. DUUMVIRATE Du*um"vi*rate, n. Etym: [L. duumviratus, fr. duumvir.] Defn: The union of two men in the same office; or the office, dignity, or government of two men thus associated, as in ancient Rome. DUX Dux, n. Etym: [L., leader.] (Mus.) Defn: The scholastic name for the theme or subject of a fugue, the answer being called the comes, or companion. DUYKERBOK Duy"ker*bok, n. Etym: [D. duiker diver + bok a buck, lit., diver buck. So named from its habit of diving suddenly into the bush.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small South African antelope (Cephalous mergens); -- called also impoon, and deloo. DUYOUNG Du*young", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Dugong. D VALVE D" valve`. (Mech.) Defn: A kind of slide valve. See Slide valve, under Slide. DVERGR Dver"gr, n.; pl. Dvergar. Etym: [See Dwarf.] (Scand. Myth.) Defn: A dwarf supposed to dwell in rocks and hills and to be skillful in working metals. DWALE Dwale, n. Etym: [OE. dwale, dwole, deception, deadly nightshade, AS. dwala, dwola, error, doubt; akin to E. dull. See Dull, a.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The deadly nightshade (Atropa Belladonna), having stupefying qualities. 2. (Her.) Defn: The tincture sable or black when blazoned according to the fantastic system in which plants are substituted for the tinctures. 3. A sleeping potion; an opiate. Chaucer. DWANG Dwang, n. Etym: [Cf. D. dwingen to force, compel.] 1. (Carp.) Defn: A piece of wood set between two studs, posts, etc., to stiffen and support them. 2. (Mech.) (a) A kind of crowbar. (b) A large wrench. Knight. DWARF Dwarf, n.; pl Dwarfs. Etym: [OE. dwergh, dwerf, dwarf, AS. dweorg, dweorh; akin to D. dwerg, MHG. twerc, G. zwerg, Icel. dvergr, Sw. & Dan. dverg; of unknown origin.] Defn: An animal or plant which is much below the ordinary size of its species or kind; especially, a diminutive human being. Note: During the Middle Ages dwarfs as well as fools shared the favor of courts and the nobility. Note: Dwarf is used adjectively in reference to anything much below the usual or normal size; as, dwarf tree; dwarf honeysuckle. Dwarf elder (Bot.), danewort. -- Dwarf wall (Arch.), a low wall, not as high as the story of a building, often used as a garden wall or fence. Gwilt. DWARF Dwarf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dwarfed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dwarfing.] Defn: To hinder from growing to the natural size; to make or keep small; to stunt. Addison. Even the most common moral ideas and affections . . . would be stunted and dwarfed, if cut off from a spiritual background. J. C. Shairp. DWARF Dwarf, v. i. Defn: To become small; to diminish in size. Strange power of the world that, the moment we enter it, our great conceptions dwarf. Beaconsfield. DWARFISH Dwarf"ish, a. Defn: Like a dwarf; below the common stature or size; very small; petty; as, a dwarfish animal, shrub. -- Dwarf"ish*ly, adv. -- Dwarf"ish*ness, n. DWARFLING Dwarf"ling, n. Defn: A diminutive dwarf. DWARFY Dwarf"y, a. Defn: Much undersized. [R.] Waterhouse. DWAUL; DWAULE Dwaul, Dwaule, v. i. Etym: [See Dull, Dwell.] Defn: To be delirious. [Obs.] Junius. DWELL Dwell, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dwelled, usually contracted into Dwelt (p. pr. & vb. n. Dwelling.] Etym: [OE. dwellen, dwelien, to err, linger, AS. dwellan to deceive, hinder, delay, dwelian to err; akin to Icel. dvelja to delay, tarry, Sw. dväljas to dwell, Dan. dvæle to linger, and to E. dull. See Dull, and cf. Dwale.] 1. To delay; to linger. [Obs.] 2. To abide; to remain; to continue. I 'll rather dwell in my necessity. Shak. Thy soul was like a star and dwelt apart. Wordsworth. 3. To abide as a permanent resident, or for a time; to live in a place; to reside. The parish in which I was born, dwell, and have possessions. Peacham. The poor man dwells in a humble cottage near the hall where the lord of the domain resides. C. J. Smith. To dwell in, to abide in (a place); hence, to depend on. "My hopes in heaven to dwell." Shak. -- To dwell on or upon, to continue long on or in; to remain absorbed with; to stick to; to make much of; as, to dwell upon a subject; a singer dwells on a note. They stand at a distance, dwelling on his looks and language, fixed in amazement. Buckminster. Syn. -- To inhabit; live; abide; sojourn; reside; continue; stay; rest. DWELL Dwell, v. t. Defn: To inhabit. [R.] Milton. DWELLER Dwell"er, n. Defn: An inhabitant; a resident; as, a cave dweller. "Dwellers at Jerusalem." Acts i. 19. DWELLING Dwell"ing, n. Defn: Habitation; place or house in which a person lives; abode; domicile. Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons. Jer. xlix. 33. God will deign To visit oft the dwellings of just men. Milton. Philip's dwelling fronted on the street. Tennyson. Dwelling house, a house intended to be occupied as a residence, in distinction from a store, office, or other building. -- Dwelling place, place of residence. DWELT Dwelt, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Dwell. DWINDLE Dwin"dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Dwindled; p. pr. & vb. n. Dwindling.] Etym: [From OE. dwinen to languish, waste away, AS. dwinan; akin to LG. dwinen, D. dwijnen to vanish, Icel. dvina to cease, dwindle, Sw. tvina; of uncertain origin. The suffix -le, preceded by d excrescent after n, is added to the root with a diminutive force.] Defn: To diminish; to become less; to shrink; to waste or consume away; to become degenerate; to fall away. Weary sennights nine times nine Shall he dwindle, peak and pine. Shak. Religious societies, though begun with excellent intentions, are said to have dwindled into factious clubs. Swift. DWINDLE Dwin"dle, v. t. 1. To make less; to bring low. Our drooping days are dwindled down to naught. Thomson. 2. To break; to disperse. [R.] Clarendon. DWINDLE Dwin"dle, n. Defn: The process of dwindling; dwindlement; decline; degeneracy. [R.] Johnson. DWINDLEMENT Dwin"dle*ment, n. Defn: The act or process of dwindling; a dwindling. [R.] Mrs. Oliphant. DWINE Dwine, v. i. Etym: [See Dwindle.] Defn: To waste away; to pine; to languish. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Gower. DYAD Dy"ad, n. Etym: [L. dyas, dyadis, the number two. Gr. dyade. See two, and cf. Duad.] 1. Two units treated as one; a couple; a pair. 2. (Chem.) Defn: An element, atom, or radical having a valence or combining power of two. DYAD Dy"ad, a. (Chem.) Defn: Having a valence or combining power of two; capable of being substituted for, combined with, or replaced by, two atoms of hydrogen; as, oxygen and calcium are dyad elements. See Valence. DYADIC Dy*ad"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to the number two; of two parts or elements. Dyadic arithmetic, the same as binary arithmetic. DYAKS Dy"aks, n. pl. Defn: ; sing. Dyak. (Ethnol.) The aboriginal and most numerous inhabitants of Borneo. They are partially civilized, but retain many barbarous practices. DYAS Dy"as, n. Etym: [L. dyas the number two.] (Geol.) Defn: A name applied in Germany to the Permian formation, there consisting of two principal groups. DYE Dye, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Dyeing.] Etym: [OE. deyan, dyen, AS. deágian.] Defn: To stain; to color; to give a new and permanent color to, as by the application of dyestuffs. Cloth to be dyed of divers colors. Trench. The soul is dyed by its thoughts. Lubbock. To dye in the grain, To dye in the wool (Fig.), to dye firmly; to imbue thoroughly. He might truly be termed a legitimate son of the revenue system dyed in the wool. Hawthorne. Syn. -- See Stain. DYE Dye, n. 1. Color produced by dyeing. 2. Material used for dyeing; a dyestuff. DYE Dye, n. Defn: Same as Die, a lot. Spenser. DYEHOUSE Dye"house`, n. Defn: A building in which dyeing is carried on. DYEING Dye"ing, n. Defn: The process or art of fixing coloring matters permanently and uniformly in the fibers of wool, cotton, etc. DYER Dy"er, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to dye cloth and the like. Dyer's broom, Dyer's rocket, Dyer's weed. See Dyer's broom, under Broom. DYESTUFF Dye"stuff`, n. Defn: A material used for dyeing. DYEWOOD Dye"wood`, n. Defn: Any wood from which coloring matter is extracted for dyeing. DYING Dy"ing, a. 1. In the act of dying; destined to death; mortal; perishable; as, dying bodies. 2. Of or pertaining to dying or death; as, dying bed; dying day; dying words; also, simulating a dying state. DYING Dy"ing, n. Defn: The act of expiring; passage from life to death; loss of life. DYINGLY Dy"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a dying manner; as if at the point of death. Beau. & Fl. DYINGNESS Dy"ing*ness, n. Defn: The state of dying or the stimulation of such a state; extreme languor; languishment. [R.] Tenderness becomes me best, a sort of dyingness; you see that picture, Foible, -- a swimmingness in the eyes; yes, I'll look so. Congreve. DYKE Dyke, n. Defn: See Dike. The spelling dyke is restricted by some to the geological meaning. DYNACTINOMETER Dy*nac`ti*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. actinometer.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the intensity of the photogenic (light-producing) rays, and computing the power of object glasses. DYNAM Dy"nam, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dyname. See Dynamic.] Defn: A unit of measure for dynamical effect or work; a foot pound. See Foot pound. Whewell. DYNAMETER Dy*nam"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. dynamètre. Cf. Dynamometer.] 1. A dynamometer. 2. (Opt.) Defn: An instrument for determining the magnifying power of telescopes, consisting usually of a doubleimage micrometer applied to the eye end of a telescope for measuring accurately the diameter of the image of the object glass there formed; which measurement, compared with the actual diameter of the glass, gives the magnifying power. DYNAMETRICAL Dy`na*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to a dynameter. DYNAMIC; DYNAMICAL Dy*nam"ic, Dy*nam"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. durus hard, E. dure: cf. F. dynamique.] 1. Of or pertaining to dynamics; belonging to energy or power; characterized by energy or production of force. Science, as well as history, has its past to show, -- a past indeed, much larger; but its immensity is dynamic, not divine. J. Martineau. The vowel is produced by phonetic, not by dynamic, causes. J. Peile. 2. Relating to physical forces, effects, or laws; as, dynamical geology. As natural science has become more dynamic, so has history. Prof. Shedd. Dynamical electricity. See under Electricity. DYNAMICALLY Dy*nam"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In accordance with the principles of dynamics or moving forces. J. Peile. DYNAMICS Dy*nam"ics, n. 1. That branch of mechanics which treats of the motion of bodies (kinematics) and the action of forces in producing or changing their motion (kinetics). Dynamics is held by some recent writers to include statics and not kinematics. 2. The moving moral, as well as physical, forces of any kind, or the laws which relate to them. 3. (Mus.) Defn: That department of musical science which relates to, or treats of, the power of tones. DYNAMISM Dy"na*mism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dynamisme. See Dynamics.] Defn: The doctrine of Leibnitz, that all substance involves force. DYNAMIST Dy"na*mist, n. Defn: One who accounts for material phenomena by a theory of dynamics. Those who would resolve matter into centers of force may be said to constitute the school of dynamists. Ward (Dyn. Sociol. ). DYNAMITARD Dy"na*mi`tard, n. Defn: A political dynamiter. Note: [A form found in some newspapers.] DYNAMITE Dy"na*mite, n. Etym: [Gr. Dynamic.] (Chem.) Defn: An explosive substance consisting of nitroglycerin absorbed by some inert, porous solid, as infusorial earth, sawdust, etc. It is safer than nitroglycerin, being less liable to explosion from moderate shocks, or from spontaneous decomposition. DYNAMITER Dy"na*mi`ter, n. Defn: One who uses dynamite; esp., one who uses it for the destruction of life and property. DYNAMITING Dy"na*mi`ting, n. Defn: Destroying by dynamite, for political ends. Dynamiting is not the American way. The Century. DYNAMITISM Dy"na*mi`tism, n. Defn: The work of dynamiters. DYNAMIZATION Dy"na*mi*za`tion, Etym: [Gr. Dynamic.] (Homeop.) Defn: The act of setting free the dynamic powers of a medicine, as by shaking the bottle containing it. DYNAMO Dy"na*mo, n. Defn: A dynamo-electric machine. DYNAMO-ELECTRIC Dy`na*mo-e*lec"tric, a. Etym: [Gr. electric. See Dynamic.] Defn: Pertaining to the development of electricity, especially electrical currents, by power; producing electricity or electrical currents by mechanical power. DYNAMOGRAPH Dy*nam"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph. See Dynamic.] (Physiol.) Defn: A dynamometer to which is attached a device for automatically registering muscular power. DYNAMOMETER Dy`na*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Cf. F. dynamomètre. See Dynameter.] Defn: An apparatus for measuring force or power; especially, muscular effort of men or animals, or the power developed by a motor, or that required to operate machinery. Note: It usually embodies a spring to be compressed or weight to be sustained by the force applied, combined with an index, or automatic recorder, to show the work performed. DYNAMOMETRIC; DYNAMOMETRICAL Dy`na*mo*met"ric, Dy`na*mo*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Relating to a dynamometer, or to the measurement of force doing work; as, dynamometrical instruments. DYNAMOMETRY Dy`na*mom"e*try, n. Defn: The art or process of measuring forces doing work. DYNAST Dy"nast, n. Etym: [L. dynastes, Gr. dynaste. See Dynamic.] 1. A ruler; a governor; a prince. 2. A dynasty; a government. [Obs.] DYNASTA Dy*nas"ta, n. Etym: [NL. See Dynast.] Defn: A tyrant. [Obs.] Milton. DYNASTIC Dy*nas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. dunastique.] Defn: Of or relating to a dynasty or line of kings. Motley. DYNASTICAL Dy*nas"tic*al, a. Defn: Dynastic. DYNASTIDAN Dy*nas"ti*dan, n. Etym: [Gr. Dynast. The name alludes to the immense size of some species.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group of gigantic, horned beetles, including Dynastus Neptunus, and the Hercules beetle (D. Hercules) of tropical America, which grow to be six inches in length. DYNASTY Dy"nas*ty, n.; pl. Dynasties. Etym: [Gr. dynastie dynasty. See Dynast.] 1. Sovereignty; lordship; dominion. Johnson. 2. A race or succession of kings, of the same line or family; the continued lordship of a race of rulers. DYNE Dyne, n. Etym: [Formed fr. Gr. Dynamic.] (Physics) Defn: The unit of force, in the C. G. S. (Centimeter Gram Second) system of physical units; that is, the force which, acting on a gram for a second, generates a velocity of a centimeter per second. DYS- Dys-. Defn: An inseparable prefix, fr. the Greek ill, bad, hard, difficult, and the like; cf. the prefixes, Skr. dus-, Goth. tuz-, OHG. zur-, G. zer-, AS. to-, Icel. tor-, Ir. do-. DYSAESTHESIA Dys`æs*the"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Impairment of any of the senses, esp. of touch. DYSCRASIA Dys*cra"si*a, n. Etym: [NL. dyscrasia, fr. Gr. dycrasie.] (Med.) Defn: An ill habit or state of the constitution; -- formerly regarded as dependent on a morbid condition of the blood and humors. DYSCRASITE Dys"cra*site, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral consisting of antimony and silver. DYSCRASY Dys"cra*sy, n.; pl. Discrasies (. Defn: Dycrasia. Sin is a cause of dycrasies and distempers. Jer. Taylor. DYSENTERIC; DYSENTERICAL Dys`en*ter"ic, Dys`en*ter"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. dysentericus, Gr. dysentérigue.] Defn: Of or pertaining to dysentery; having dysentery; as, a dysenteric patient. "Dysenteric symptoms." Copland. DYSENTERY Dys"en*ter*y, n. Etym: [L. dysenteria, Gr. in: cf. F. dysenterie. See Dys, and In.] (Med.) Defn: A disease attended with inflammation and ulceration of the colon and rectum, and characterized by griping pains, constant desire to evacuate the bowels, and the discharge of mucus and blood. Note: When acute, dysentery is usually accompanied with high fevers. It occurs epidemically, and is believed to be communicable through the medium of the alvine discharges. DYSGENESIC Dys`ge*nes"ic, a. Defn: Not procreating or breeding freely; as, one race may be dysgenesic with respect to another. Darwin. DYSGENESIS Dys*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Pref. dys- + genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: A condition of not generating or breeding freely; infertility; a form homogenesis in which the hybrids are sterile among themselves, but are fertile with members of either parent race. DYSLOGISTIC Dys`lo*gis"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Unfavorable; not commendatory; -- opposed to eulogistic. There is no course of conduct for which dyslogistic or eulogistic epithets may be found. J. F. Stephen. The paternity of dyslogistic -- no bantling, but now almost a centenarian -- is adjudged to that genius of common sense, Jeremy Bentham. Fitzed. Hall. DYSLUITE Dys"lu*ite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A variety of the zinc spinel or gahnite. DYSLYSIN Dys"ly*sin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A resinous substance formed in the decomposition of cholic acid of bile; -- so called because it is difficult to solve. DYSMENORRHEA Dys*men`or*rhe"a, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Difficult and painful menstruation. DYSNOMY Dys"no*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Bad legislation; the enactment of bad laws. Cockeram. DYSODILE Dys"o*dile, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: An impure earthy or coaly bitumen, which emits a highly fetid odor when burning. DYSPEPSIA; DYSPEPSY Dys*pep"si*a, Dys*pep"sy,Etym: [L. dyspepsia, Gr. cook: cf. F. dyspepsie. See Dys-, and 3d Cook.] (Med.) Defn: A kind of indigestion; a state of the stomach in which its functions are disturbed, without the presence of other diseases, or, if others are present, they are of minor importance. Its symptoms are loss of appetite, nausea, heartburn, acrid or fetid eructations, a sense of weight or fullness in the stomach, etc. Dunglison. DYSPEPTIC; DYSPEPTICAL Dys*pep"tic, Dys*pep"tic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to dyspepsia; having dyspepsia; as, a dyspeptic or dyspeptical symptom. DYSPEPTIC Dys*pep"tic, n. Defn: A person afflicted with dyspepsia. DYSPEPTONE Dys*pep"tone, n. Etym: [Pref. dys- + peptone.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An insoluble albuminous body formed from casein and other proteid substances by the action of gastric juice. Meissner. DYSPHAGIA; DYSPHAGY Dys*pha"gi*a, Dys"pha*gy, n. Etym: [NL. dysphagia, fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Difficulty in swallowing. DYSPHONIA; DYSPHONY Dys*pho"ni*a, Dys"pho*ny, n. Etym: [NL. dysphonia, Gr. dysphonie.] (Med.) Defn: A difficulty in producing vocal sounds; enfeebled or depraved voice. DYSPHORIA Dys*pho"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. dysphorie.] (Med.) Defn: Impatience under affliction; morbid restlessness; dissatisfaction; the fidgets. DYSPNEA; DYSPNOEA Dysp*nea, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. dyspnée.] (Med.) Defn: Difficulty of breathing. DYSPNOIC Dysp*no"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Affected with shortness of breath; relating to dyspn DYSPROSIUM Dys*pro"si*um, n. [NL., fr. Gr. dyspro`sitos hard to get at.] (Chem.) Defn: An element of the rare earth-group. Symbol Dy; at. wt., 162.5. DYSTELEOLOGY Dys*te`le*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Pref. dys- + teleology.] (Biol.) Defn: The doctrine of purposelessness; a term applied by Haeckel to that branch of physiology which treats of rudimentary organs, in view of their being useless to the life of the organism. To the doctrine of dysteleology, or the denial of final causes, a proof of the real existence of such a thing as instinct must necessarily be fatal. Word (Dynamic Sociology). DYSTOCIA Dys*to"ci*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Difficult delivery pr parturition. DYSTOME Dys"tome, a. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Cleaving with difficulty. Note: Datolite was called dystome spar by Mohs. DYSURIA; DYSURY Dys*u"ri*a, Dys"u*ry, n. Etym: [L. dysuria, Gr. dysurie.] (Med.) Defn: Difficult or painful discharge of urine. DYSURIC Dys*u"ric, a. Etym: [Gr. dysurique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or afflicted with, dysury. DZEREN; DZERON Dze"ren, Dze"ron, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Chinese yellow antelope (Procapra gutturosa), a remarkably swift-footed animal, inhabiting the deserts of Central Asia, Thibet, and China. DZIGGETAI Dzig"ge*tai, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The kiang, a wild horse or wild ass of Thibet (Asinus hemionus). Note: The name is sometimes applied also to the koulan or onager. See Koulan. E 1. The fifth letter of the English alphabet. Note: It derives its form, name, and value from the Latin, the form and value being further derived from the Greek, into which it came from the Phoenician, and ultimately, probably, from the Egyptian. Its etymological relations are closest with the vowels i, a, and o, as illustrated by to fall, to fell; man, pl. men; drink, drank, drench; dint, dent; doom, deem; goose, pl. geese; beef, OF. boef, L. bos; and E. cheer, OF. chiere, LL. cara. Note: The letter e has in English several vowel sounds, the two principal being its long or name sound, as in eve, me, and the short, as in end, best. Usually at the end of words it is silent, but serves to indicate that the preceding vowel has its long sound, where otherwise it would be short, as in mane, as in cane, m, which without the final e would be pronounced m, c, m. After c and g, the final e indicates that these letters are to be pronounced as s and j; respectively, as in lace, rage. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 74-97. 2. (Mus.) Defn: E is the third tone of the model diatonic scale. E (E flat) is a tone which is intermediate between D and E. E- E-. Defn: A Latin prefix meaning out, out of, from; also, without. See Ex-. EACH Each, a. or a. pron. Etym: [OE. eche, ælc, elk, ilk, AS. ælc; a always + gelic like; akin to OD. ieg, OHG. , MHG. iegelich. Aye, Like, and cf. Either, Every, Ilk.] 1. Every one of the two or more individuals composing a number of objects, considered separately from the rest. It is used either with or without a following noun; as, each of you or each one of you. "Each of the combatants." Fielding. Note: To each corresponds other. "Let each esteem other better than himself." Each other, used elliptically for each the other. It is our duty to assist each other; that is, it is our duty, each to assist the other, each being in the nominative and other in the objective case. It is a bad thing that men should hate each other; but it is far worse that they should contract the habit of cutting one another's throats without hatred. Macaulay. Let each His adamantine coat gird well. Milton. In each cheek appears a pretty dimple. Shak. Then draw we nearer day by day, Each to his brethren, all to God. Keble. The oak and the elm have each a distinct character. Gilpin. 2. Every; -- sometimes used interchangeably with every. Shak. I know each lane and every alley green. Milton. In short each man's happiness depends upon himself. Sterne. Note: This use of each for every, though common in Scotland and in America, is now un-English. Fitzed. Hall. Syn. -- See Every. EACHWHERE Each"where`, adv. Defn: Everywhere. [Obs.] The sky eachwhere did show full bright and fair. Spenser. EADISH Ead"ish, n. Defn: See Eddish. EAGER Ea"ger, a. Etym: [OE. egre sharp, sour, eager, OF. agre, aigre, F. aigre, fr. L. acer sharp, sour, spirited, zealous; akin to Gr. a point; fr. a root signifying to be sharp. Cf. Acrid, Edge.] 1. Sharp; sour; acid. [Obs.] "Like eager droppings into milk." Shak. 2. Sharp; keen; bitter; severe. [Obs.] "A nipping and an eager air." "Eager words." Shak. 3. Excited by desire in the pursuit of any object; ardent to pursue, perform, or obtain; keenly desirous; hotly longing; earnest; zealous; impetuous; vehement; as, the hounds were eager in the chase. And gazed for tidings in my eager eyes. Shak. How eagerly ye follow my disgraces! Shak. When to her eager lips is brought Her infant's thrilling kiss. Keble. A crowd of eager and curious schoolboys. Hawthorne. Conceit and grief an eager combat fight. Shak. 4. Brittle; inflexible; not ductile. [Obs.] Gold will be sometimes so eager, as artists call it, that it will as little endure the hammer as glass itself. Locke. Syn. -- Earnest; ardent; vehement; hot; impetuous; fervent; intense; impassioned; zealous; forward. See Earnest. -- Eager, Earnest. Eager marks an excited state of desire or passion; thus, a child is eager for a plaything, a hungry man is eager for food, a covetous man is eager for gain. Eagerness is liable to frequent abuses, and is good or bad, as the case may be. It relates to what is praiseworthy or the contrary. Earnest denotes a permanent state of mind, feeling, or sentiment. It is always taken in a good sense; as, a preacher is earnest in his appeals to the conscience; an agent is earnest in his solicitations. EAGER Ea"ger, n. Defn: Same as Eagre. EAGERLY Ea"ger*ly, adv. Defn: In an eager manner. EAGERNESS Ea"ger*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being eager; ardent desire. "The eagerness of love." Addison. 2. Tartness; sourness. [Obs.] Syn. -- Ardor; vehemence; earnestness; impetuosity; heartiness; fervor; fervency; avidity; zeal; craving; heat; passion; greediness. EAGLE Ea"gle, n. Etym: [OE. egle, F. aigle, fr. L. aquila; prob. named from its color, fr. aquilus dark-colored, brown; cf. Lith. aklas blind. Cf. Aquiline.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any large, rapacious bird of the Falcon family, esp. of the genera Aquila and Haliæetus. The eagle is remarkable for strength, size, graceful figure, keenness of vision, and extraordinary flight. The most noted species are the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaëtus); the imperial eagle of Europe (A. mogilnik or imperialis); the American bald eagle (Haliæetus leucocephalus); the European sea eagle (H. albicilla); and the great harpy eagle (Thrasaetus harpyia). The figure of the eagle, as the king of birds, is commonly used as an heraldic emblem, and also for standards and emblematic devices. See Bald eagle, Harpy, and Golden eagle. 2. A gold coin of the United States, of the value of ten dollars. 3. (Astron.) Defn: A northern constellation, containing Altair, a star of the first magnitude. See Aquila. 4. The figure of an eagle borne as an emblem on the standard of the ancient Romans, or so used upon the seal or standard of any people. Though the Roman eagle shadow thee. Tennyson. Note: Some modern nations, as the United States, and France under the Bonapartes, have adopted the eagle as their national emblem. Russia, Austria, and Prussia have for an emblem a double-headed eagle. Bald eagle. See Bald eagle. -- Bold eagle. See under Bold. -- Double eagle, a gold coin of the United States worth twenty dollars. -- Eagle hawk (Zoöl.), a large, crested, South American hawk of the genus Morphnus. -- Eagle owl (Zoöl.), any large owl of the genus Bubo, and allied genera; as the American great horned owl (Bubo Virginianus), and the allied European species (B. maximus). See Horned owl. -- Eagle ray (Zoöl.), any large species of ray of the genus Myliobatis (esp. M. aquila). -- Eagle vulture (Zoöl.), a large West African bid (Gypohierax Angolensis), intermediate, in several respects, between the eagles and vultures. EAGLE-EYED Ea"gle-eyed`, a. Defn: Sharp-sighted as an eagle. "Inwardly eagle-eyed." Howell. EAGLE-SIGHTED Ea"gle-sight`ed, a. Defn: Farsighted and strong-sighted; sharp-sighted. Shak. EAGLESS Ea"gless, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. aiglesse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A female or hen eagle. [R.] Sherwood. EAGLESTONE Ea"gle*stone, n. (Min.) Defn: A concretionary nodule of clay ironstone, of the size of a walnut or larger, so called by the ancients, who believed that the eagle transported these stones to her nest to facilitate the laying of her eggs; aëtites. EAGLET Ea"glet, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. aiglet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young eagle, or a diminutive eagle. EAGLE-WINGED Ea"gle-winged`, a. Defn: Having the wings of an eagle; swift, or soaring high, like an eagle. Shak. EAGLEWOOD Ea"gle*wood`, n. Etym: [From Skr. aguru, through Pg. aguila; cf. F. bois d'aigle.] Defn: A kind of fragrant wood. See Agallochum. EAGRASS Ea"grass, n. Defn: See Eddish. [Obs.] EAGRE Ea"gre, n. Etym: [AS. eágor, , in comp., water, sea, eágor-streám water stream, sea.] Defn: A wave, or two or three successive waves, of great height and violence, at flood tide moving up an estuary or river; -- commonly called the bore. See Bore. EALDERMAN; EALDORMAN Eal"der*man, Eal"dor*man, n. Defn: An alderman. [Obs.] EALE Eale, n. Etym: [See Ale.] Defn: Ale. [Obs.] Shak. EAME Eame, n. Etym: [AS. eám; akin to D. oom, G. ohm, oheim; cf. L. avunculus.] Defn: Uncle. [Obs.] Spenser. EAN Ean, v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. eánian. See Yean.] Defn: To bring forth, as young; to yean. "In eaning time." Shak. EANLING Ean"ling, n. Etym: [See Ean, Yeanling.] Defn: A lamb just brought forth; a yeanling. Shak. EAR Ear, n. Etym: [AS. eáre; akin to OFries. áre, ár, OS. , D. oor, OHG. , G. ohr, Icel. eyra, Sw. öra, Dan. öre, Goth. auso, L. auris, Lith. ausis, Russ. ukho, Gr. audire to hear, Gr. av to favor , protect. Cf. Auricle, Orillon.] 1. The organ of hearing; the external ear. Note: In man and the higher vertebrates, the organ of hearing is very complicated, and is divisible into three parts: the external ear, which includes the pinna or auricle and meatus or external opening; the middle ear, drum, or tympanum; and the internal ear, or labyrinth. The middle ear is a cavity connected by the Eustachian tube with the pharynx, separated from the opening of the external ear by the tympanic membrane, and containing a chain of three small bones, or ossicles, named malleus, incus, and stapes, which connect this membrane with the internal ear. The essential part of the internal ear where the fibers of the auditory nerve terminate, is the membranous labyrinth, a complicated system of sacs and tubes filled with a fluid (the endolymph), and lodged in a cavity, called the bony labyrinth, in the periotic bone. The membranous labyrinth does not completely fill the bony labyrinth, but is partially suspended in it in a fluid (the perilymph). The bony labyrinth consists of a central cavity, the vestibule, into which three semicircular canals and the canal of the cochlea (spirally coiled in mammals) open. The vestibular portion of the membranous labyrinth consists of two sacs, the utriculus and sacculus, connected by a narrow tube, into the former of which three membranous semicircular canals open, while the latter is connected with a membranous tube in the cochlea containing the organ of Corti. By the help of the external ear the sonorous vibrations of the air are concentrated upon the tympanic membrane and set it vibrating, the chain of bones in the middle ear transmits these vibrations to the internal ear, where they cause certain delicate structures in the organ of Corti, and other parts of the membranous labyrinth, to stimulate the fibers of the auditory nerve to transmit sonorous impulses to the brain. 2. The sense of hearing; the perception of sounds; the power of discriminating between different tones; as, a nice ear for music; -- in the singular only. Songs . . . not all ungrateful to thine ear. Tennyson. 3. That which resembles in shape or position the ear of an animal; any prominence or projection on an object, -- usually one for support or attachment; a lug; a handle; as, the ears of a tub, a skillet, or dish. The ears of a boat are outside kneepieces near the bow. See Illust. of Bell. 4. (Arch.) (a) Same as Acroterium (a). (b) Same as Crossette. 5. Privilege of being kindly heard; favor; attention. Dionysius . . . would give no ear to his suit. Bacon. Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. Shak. About the ears, in close proximity to; near at hand. -- By the ears, in close contest; as, to set by the ears; to fall together by the ears; to be by the ears. -- Button ear (in dogs), an ear which falls forward and completely hides the inside. -- Ear finger, the little finger. -- Ear of Dionysius, a kind of ear trumpet with a flexible tube; -- named from the Sicilian tyrant, who constructed a device to overhear the prisoners in his dungeons. -- Ear sand (Anat.), otoliths. See Otolith. -- Ear snail (Zoöl.), any snail of the genus Auricula and allied genera. -- Ear stones (Anat.), otoliths. See Otolith. -- Ear trumpet, an instrument to aid in hearing. It consists of a tube broad at the outer end, and narrowing to a slender extremity which enters the ear, thus collecting and intensifying sounds so as to assist the hearing of a partially deaf person. -- Ear vesicle (Zoöl.), a simple auditory organ, occurring in many worms, mollusks, etc. It consists of a small sac containing a fluid and one or more solid concretions or otocysts. -- Rose ear (in dogs), an ear which folds backward and shows part of the inside. -- To give ear to, to listen to; to heed, as advice or one advising. "Give ear unto my song." Goldsmith. -- To have one's ear, to be listened to with favor. -- Up to the ears, deeply submerged; almost overwhelmed; as, to be in trouble up to one's ears. [Colloq.] EAR Ear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eared; p. pr. & vb. n. Earing.] Defn: To take in with the ears; to hear. [Sportive] "I eared her language." Two Noble Kinsmen. EAR Ear, n. Etym: [AS. ear; akin to D. aar, OHG. ahir, G. ähre, Icel., Sw., & Dan. ax, Goth. ahs. . Cf. Awn, Edge.] Defn: The spike or head of any cereal (as, wheat, rye, barley, Indian corn, etc.), containing the kernels. First the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear. Mark iv. 28. EAR Ear, v. i. Defn: To put forth ears in growing; to form ears, as grain; as, this corn ears well. EAR Ear, v. t. Etym: [OE. erien, AS. erian; akin to OFries. era, OHG. erran, MHG. eren, ern, Prov. G. aren, ären, Icel. erja, Goth. arjan, Lith. arti, OSlav. orati, L. arare, Gr. Arable.] Defn: To plow or till; to cultivate. "To ear the land." Shak. EARABLE Ear"a*ble, a. Defn: Arable; tillable. [Archaic] EARACHE Ear"ache`, n. Defn: Ache or pain in the ear. EARAL Ear"al, a. Defn: Receiving by the ear. [Obs.] Hewyt. EAR-BORED Ear"-bored`, a. Defn: Having the ear perforated. EARCAP Ear"cap`, n. Defn: A cap or cover to protect the ear from cold. EARCOCKLE Ear"coc`kle, n. (Bot.) Defn: A disease in wheat, in which the blackened and contracted grain, or ear, is filled with minute worms. EARDROP Ear"drop`, n. 1. A pendant for the ear; an earring; as, a pair of eardrops. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A species of primrose. See Auricula. EARDRUM Ear"drum`, n. (Anat.) Defn: The tympanum. See Illust. of Ear. EARED Eared, a. 1. Having (such or so many) ears; -- used in composition; as, long- eared-eared; sharp-eared; full-eared; ten-eared. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having external ears; having tufts of feathers resembling ears. Eared owl (Zoöl.), an owl having earlike tufts of feathers, as the long-eared owl, and short-eared owl. -- Eared seal (Zoöl.), any seal of the family Otariidæ, including the fur seals and hair seals. See Seal. EARINESS Ear"i*ness, n. Etym: [Scotch ery or eiry affected with fear.] Defn: Fear or timidity, especially of something supernatural. [Written also eiryness.] The sense of eariness, as twilight came on. De Quincey. EARING Ear"ing, n. (Naut.) (a) A line used to fasten the upper corners of a sail to the yard or gaff; -- also called head earing. (b) A line for hauling the reef cringle to the yard; -- also called reef earing. (c) A line fastening the corners of an awning to the rigging or stanchions. EARING Ear"ing, n. Defn: Coming into ear, as corn. EARING Ear"ing, n. Defn: A plowing of land. [Archaic] Neither earing nor harvest. Gen. xlv. 6. EARL Earl, n. Etym: [OE. eorl, erl, AS. eorl man, noble; akin to OS. erl boy, man, Icel. jarl nobleman, count, and possibly to Gr. arshan man. Cf. Jarl.] Defn: A nobleman of England ranking below a marquis, and above a viscount. The rank of an earl corresponds to that of a count (comte) in France, and graf in Germany. Hence the wife of an earl is still called countess. See Count. EARL Earl, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The needlefish. [Ireland] EARLAP Ear"lap`, n. Defn: The lobe of the ear. EARLDOM Earl"dom, n. Etym: [AS. eorl-d; eorl man, noble + -d -dom.] 1. The jurisdiction of an earl; the territorial possessions of an earl. 2. The status, title, or dignity of an earl. He [Pulteney] shrunk into insignificancy and an earldom. Chesterfield. EARLDORMAN Earl"dor*man, n. Defn: Alderman. [Obs.] EARLDUCK Earl"duck`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The red-breasted merganser (Merganser serrator). EARLES PENNY Earles" pen`ny. Etym: [Cf. Arles, 4th Earnest.] Defn: Earnest money. Same as Arles penny. [Obs.] EARLESS Ear"less, a. Defn: Without ears; hence, deaf or unwilling to hear. Pope. EARLET Ear"let, n. Etym: [Ear + -let.] Defn: An earring. [Obs.] The Ismaelites were accustomed to wear golden earlets. Judg. viii. 24 (Douay version). EARLINESS Ear"li*ness, n. Defn: The state of being early or forward; promptness. EARL MARSHAL Earl" mar"shal. Defn: An officer of state in England who marshals and orders all great ceremonials, takes cognizance of matters relating to honor, arms, and pedigree, and directs the proclamation of peace and war. The court of chivalry was formerly under his jurisdiction, and he is still the head of the herald's office or college of arms. EARLOCK Ear"lock`, n. Etym: [AS. eár-locca.] Defn: A lock or curl of hair near the ear; a lovelock. See Lovelock. EARLY Ear"ly, adv. Etym: [OE. erli, erliche, AS. ; sooner + lic like. See Ere, and Like.] Defn: Soon; in good season; seasonably; betimes; as, come early. Those that me early shall find me. Prov. viii. 17. You must wake and call me early. Tennyson. EARLY Ear"ly, a. [Compar. Earlier; superl. Earliest.] Etym: [OE. earlich. Early, adv.] 1. In advance of the usual or appointed time; in good season; prior in time; among or near the first; -- opposed to Ant: late; as, the early bird; an early spring; early fruit. Early and provident fear is the mother of safety. Burke. The doorsteps and threshold with the early grass springing up about them. Hawthorne. 2. Coming in the first part of a period of time, or among the first of successive acts, events, etc. Seen in life's early morning sky. Keble. The forms of its earlier manhood. Longfellow. The earliest poem he composed was in his seventeenth summer. J. C. Shairp. Early English (Philol.) See the Note under English. -- Early English architecture, the first of the pointed or Gothic styles used in England, succeeding the Norman style in the 12th and 13th centuries. Syn. -- Forward; timely; not late; seasonable. EARMARK Ear"mark`, n. 1. A mark on the ear of sheep, oxen, dogs, etc., as by cropping or slitting. 2. A mark for identification; a distinguishing mark. Money is said to have no earmark. Wharton. Flying, he [a slave] should be described by the rounding of his head, and his earmark. Robynson (More's Utopia). A set of intellectual ideas . . . have earmarks upon them, no tokens of a particular proprietor. Burrow. EARMARK Ear"mark`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Earmarked; p. pr. & vb. n. Earmarking.] Defn: To mark, as sheep, by cropping or slitting the ear. EAR-MINDED Ear"-mind"ed, a. (Physiol. Psychol.) Defn: Thinking chiefly or most readily through, or in terms related to, the sense of hearing; specif., thinking words as spoken, as a result of familiarity with speech or of mental peculiarity; -- opposed to eye-minded. EARN Earn, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Ern, n. Sir W. Scott. EARN Earn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Earned; p. pr. & vb. n. Earning.] Etym: [AS. earnian; akin to OHG. arn to reap, aran harvest, G. ernte, Goth. asans harvest, asneis hireling, AS. esne; cf. Icel. önn working season, work.] 1. To merit or deserve, as by labor or service; to do that which entitles one to (a reward, whether the reward is received or not). The high repute Which he through hazard huge must earn. Milton. 2. To acquire by labor, service, or performance; to deserve and receive as compensation or wages; as, to earn a good living; to earn honors or laurels. I earn that [what] I eat. Shak. The bread I have earned by the hazard of my life or the sweat of my brow. Burke. Earned run (Baseball), a run which is made without the assistance of errors on the opposing side. Syn. -- See Obtain. EARN Earn, v. t. & i. Etym: [See 1st Yearn.] Defn: To grieve. [Obs.] EARN Earn, v. i. Etym: [See 4th Yearn.] Defn: To long; to yearn. [Obs.] And ever as he rode, his heart did earn To prove his puissance in battle brave. Spenser. EARN Earn, v. i. Etym: [AS. irnan to run. Rennet, and cf. Yearnings.] Defn: To curdle, as milk. [Prov. Eng.] EARNEST Ear"nest, n. Etym: [AS. eornost, eornest; akin to OHG. ernust, G. ernst; cf. Icel. orrosta battle, perh. akin to Gr. oriri to rise.] Defn: Seriousness; reality; fixed determination; eagerness; intentness. Take heed that this jest do not one day turn to earnest. Sir P. Sidney. And given in earnest what I begged in jest. Shak. In earnest, serious; seriously; not in jest; earnestly. EARNEST Ear"nest, a. 1. Ardent in the pursuit of an object; eager to obtain or do; zealous with sincerity; with hearty endeavor; heartfelt; fervent; hearty; -- used in a good sense; as, earnest prayers. An earnest advocate to plead for him. Shak. 2. Intent; fixed closely; as, earnest attention. 3. Serious; important. [Obs.] They whom earnest lets do often hinder. Hooker. Syn. -- Eager; warm; zealous; ardent; animated; importunate; fervent; sincere; serious; hearty; urgent. See Eager. EARNEST Ear"nest, v. t. Defn: To use in earnest. [R.] To earnest them [our arms] with men. Pastor Fido (1602). EARNEST Ear"nest, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupted fr. F. arrhes, L. arra, arrha, arrhabo, Gr. ; or perh. fr. W. ernes, akin to Gael. earlas, perh. fr. L. arra. Cf. Arles, Earles penny.] 1. Something given, or a part paid beforehand, as a pledge; pledge; handsel; a token of what is to come. Who hath also sealed us, and given the earnest of the Spirit in our hearts. 2 Cor. i. 22. And from his coffers Received the golden earnest of our death. Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: Something of value given by the buyer to the seller, by way of token or pledge, to bind the bargain and prove the sale. Kent. Ayliffe. Benjamin. Earnest money (Law), money paid as earnest, to bind a bargain or to ratify and prove a sale. Syn. -- Earnest, Pledge. These words are here compared as used in their figurative sense. Earnest is not so strong as pledge. An earnest, like first fruits, gives assurance, or at least a high probability, that more is coming of the same kind; a pledge, like money deposited, affords security and ground of reliance for the future. Washington gave earnest of his talent as commander by saving his troops after Braddock's defeat; his fortitude and that of his soldiers during the winter at Valley Forge might rightly be considered a pledge of their ultimate triumph. EARNESTFUL Ear"nest*ful, a. Defn: Serious. [Obs.] Chaucer. EARNESTLY Ear"nest*ly, adv. Defn: In an earnest manner. EARNESTNESS Ear"nest*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being earnest; intentness; anxiety. An honest earnestness in the young man's manner. W. Irving. EARNFUL Earn"ful, a. Etym: [From Earn to yearn.] Defn: Full of anxiety or yearning. [Obs.] P. Fletcher. EARNING Earn"ing, n.; pl. Earnings (. Defn: That which is earned; wages gained by work or services; money earned; -- used commonly in the plural. As to the common people, their stock is in their persons and in their earnings. Burke. EARPICK Ear"pick`, n. Defn: An instrument for removing wax from the ear. EAR-PIERCER Ear"-pier`cer, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The earwig. EARREACH Ear"reach`, n. Defn: Earshot. Marston. EARRING Ear"ring`, n. Defn: An ornament consisting of a ring passed through the lobe of the ear, with or without a pendant. EARSH Earsh, n. Defn: See Arrish. EAR-SHELL Ear"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A flattened marine univalve shell of the genus Haliotis; -- called also sea-ear. See Abalone. EARSHOT Ear"shot`, n. Defn: Reach of the ear; distance at which words may be heard. Dryden. EARSHRIFT Ear"shrift`, n. Defn: A nickname for auricular confession; shrift. [Obs.] Cartwright. EARSORE Ear"sore`, n. Defn: An annoyance to the ear. [R.] The perpetual jangling of the chimes . . . is no small earsore Sir T. Browne. EAR-SPLITTING Ear"-split`ting, a. Defn: Deafening; disagreeably loud or shrill; as, ear-splitting strains. EARST Earst, adv. Defn: See Erst. [Obs.] Spenser. EARTH Earth, n. Etym: [AS. eor; akin to OS. ertha, OFries. irthe, D. aarde, OHG. erda, G. erde, Icel. jör, Sw. & Dan. jord, Goth. airpa, OHG. ero, Gr. ear to plow.] 1. The globe or planet which we inhabit; the world, in distinction from the sun, moon, or stars. Also, this world as the dwelling place of mortals, in distinction from the dwelling place of spirits. That law preserves the earth a sphere And guides the planets in their course. S. Rogers. In heaven, or earth, or under earth, in hell. Milton. 2. The solid materials which make up the globe, in distinction from the air or water; the dry land. God called the dry land earth. Gen. i. 10. He is pure air and fire, and the dull elements of earth and water never appear in him. Shak. 3. The softer inorganic matter composing part of the surface of the globe, in distinction from the firm rock; soil of all kinds, including gravel, clay, loam, and the like; sometimes, soil favorable to the growth of plants; the visible surface of the globe; the ground; as, loose earth; rich earth. Give him a little earth for charity. Shak. 4. A part of this globe; a region; a country; land. Would I had never trod this English earth. Shak. 5. Worldly things, as opposed to spiritual things; the pursuits, interests, and allurements of this life. Our weary souls by earth beguiled. Keble. 6. The people on the globe. The whole earth was of one language. Gen. xi. 1. 7. (Chem.) (a) Any earthy-looking metallic oxide, as alumina, glucina, zirconia, yttria, and thoria. (b) A similar oxide, having a slight alkaline reaction, as lime, magnesia, strontia, baryta. 8. A hole in the ground, where an animal hides himself; as, the earth of a fox. Macaulay. They [ferrets] course the poor conies out of their earths. Holland. Note: Earth is used either adjectively or in combination to form compound words; as, earth apple or earth-apple; earth metal or earth- metal; earth closet or earth-closet. Adamic earth, Bitter earth, Bog earth, Chian earth, etc. See under Adamic, Bitter, etc. -- Alkaline earths. See under Alkaline. -- Earth apple. (Bot.) (a) A potato. (b) A cucumber. -- Earth auger, a form of auger for boring into the ground; -- called also earth borer. -- Earth bath, a bath taken by immersing the naked body in earth for healing purposes. -- Earth battery (Physics), a voltaic battery the elements of which are buried in the earth to be acted on by its moisture. -- Earth chestnut, the pignut. -- Earth closet, a privy or commode provided with dry earth or a similar substance for covering and deodorizing the fæcal discharges. -- Earth dog (Zoöl.), a dog that will dig in the earth, or enter holes of foxes, etc. -- Earth hog, Earth pig (Zoöl.), the aard-vark. -- Earth hunger, an intense desire to own land, or, in the case of nations, to extend their domain. -- Earth light (Astron.), the light reflected by the earth, as upon the moon, and corresponding to moonlight; -- called also earth shine. Sir J. Herschel. -- Earth metal. See 1st Earth, 7. (Chem.) -- Earth oil, petroleum. -- Earth pillars or pyramids (Geol.), high pillars or pyramids of earth, sometimes capped with a single stone, found in Switzerland. Lyell. -- Earth pitch (Min.), mineral tar, a kind of asphaltum. -- Earth quadrant, a fourth of the earth's circumference. -- Earth table (Arch.), the lowest course of stones visible in a building; the ground table. -- On earth, an intensive expression, oftenest used in questions and exclamations; as, What on earth shall I do Nothing on earth will satisfy him. [Colloq.] EARTH Earth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Earthed; p. pr. & vb. n. Earthing.] 1. To hide, or cause to hide, in the earth; to chase into a burrow or den. "The fox is earthed." Dryden. 2. To cover with earth or mold; to inter; to bury; -- sometimes with up. The miser earths his treasure, and the thief, Watching the mole, half beggars him ere noon. Young. Why this in earthing up a carcass R. Blair. EARTH Earth, v. i. Defn: To burrow. Tickell. EARTH Earth, n. Etym: [From Ear to plow.] Defn: A plowing. [Obs.] Such land as ye break up for barley to sow, Two earths at the least, ere ye sow it, bestow. Tusser. EARTHBAG Earth"bag`, n. (Mil.) Defn: A bag filled with earth, used commonly to raise or repair a parapet. EARTHBANK Earth"bank`, n. Defn: A bank or mound of earth. EARTHBOARD Earth"board`, n. (Agric.) Defn: The part of a plow, or other implement, that turns over the earth; the moldboard. EARTHBORN Earth"born`, a. 1. Born of the earth; terrigenous; springing originally from the earth; human. Some earthborn giant. Milton. 2. Relating to, or occasioned by, earthly objects. All earthborn cares are wrong. Goldsmith. EARTHBRED Earth"bred`, a. Defn: Low; grovelling; vulgar. EARTHDIN Earth"din`, n. Defn: An earthquake. [Obs.] EARTHDRAKE Earth"drake`, n. Defn: A mythical monster of the early Anglo-Saxon literature; a dragon. W. Spalding. EARTHEN Earth"en, a. Defn: Made of earth; made of burnt or baked clay, or other like substances; as, an earthen vessel or pipe. EARTHEN-HEARTED Earth"en-heart`ed, a. Defn: Hard-hearted; sordid; gross. [Poetic] Lowell. EARTHENWARE Earth"en*ware`, n. Defn: Vessels and other utensils, ornaments, or the like, made of baked clay. See Crockery, Pottery, Stoneware, and Porcelain. EARTH FLAX Earth" flax`. (Min.) Defn: A variety of asbestus. See Amianthus. EARTHFORK Earth"fork`, n. Defn: A pronged fork for turning up the earth. EARTHINESS Earth"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being earthy, or of containing earth; hence, grossness. EARTHLIGHT Earth"light`, n. (Astron.) Defn: The sunlight reflected from the earth to the moon, by which we see faintly, when the moon is near the sun (either before or after new moon), that part of the moon's disk unillumined by direct sunlight, or "the old moon in the arms of the new." EARTHLINESS Earth"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being earthly; worldliness; grossness; perishableness. EARTHLING Earth"ling, n. Etym: [Earth + -ling.] Defn: An inhabitant of the earth; a mortal. Earthings oft her deemed a deity. Drummond. EARTHLY Earth"ly, a. 1. Pertaining to the earth; belonging to this world, or to man's existence on the earth; not heavenly or spiritual; carnal; worldly; as, earthly joys; earthly flowers; earthly praise. This earthly load Of death, called life. Milton. Whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things. Phil. iii. 19. 2. Of all things on earth; possible; conceivable. What earthly benefit can be the result Pope. 3. Made of earth; earthy. [Obs.] Holland. Syn. -- Gross; material; sordid; mean; base; vile; low; unsubstantial; temporary; corrupt; groveling. EARTHLY Earth"ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of the earth or its people; worldly. Took counsel from his guiding eyes To make this wisdom earthly wise. Emerson. EARTHLY-MINDED Earth"ly-mind`ed, a. Defn: Having a mind devoted to earthly things; worldly-minded; -- opposed to spiritual-minded. -- Earth"ly-mind`ed*ness, n. EARTHMAD Earth"mad`, n. Etym: [Earth + mad an earthworm.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The earthworm. [Obs.] The earthmads and all the sorts of worms . . . are without eyes. Holland. EARTHNUT Earth"nut`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to various roots, tubers, or pods grown under or on the ground; as to: (a) The esculent tubers of the umbelliferous plants Bunium flexuosum and Carum Bulbocastanum. (b) The peanut. See Peanut. EARTHPEA Earth"pea`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of pea (Amphicarpæa monoica). It is a climbing leguminous plant, with hairy underground pods. EARTHQUAKE Earth"quake`, n. Defn: A shaking, trembling, or concussion of the earth, due to subterranean causes, often accompanied by a rumbling noise. The wave of shock sometimes traverses half a hemisphere, destroying cities and many thousand lives; -- called also earthdin, earthquave, and earthshock. Earthquake alarm, a bell signal constructed to operate on the theory that a few seconds before the occurrence of an earthquake the magnet temporarily loses its power. EARTHQUAKE Earth"quake`, a. Defn: Like, or characteristic of, an earthquake; loud; starling. The earthquake voice of victory. Byron. EARTHQUAVE Earth"quave`, n. Defn: An earthquake. EARTH SHINE Earth" shine`. Defn: See Earth light, under Earth. EARTHSHOCK Earth"shock`, n. Defn: An earthquake. EARTHSTAR Earth"star`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A curious fungus of the genus Geaster, in which the outer coating splits into the shape of a star, and the inner one forms a ball containing the dustlike spores. EARTH-TONGUE Earth"-tongue`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A fungus of the genus Geoglossum. EARTHWARD; EARTHWARDS Earth"ward, Earth"wards (, adv. Defn: Toward the earth; -- opposed to heavenward or skyward. EARTHWORK Earth"work`, n. 1. (Mil.) Defn: Any construction, whether a temporary breastwork or permanent fortification, for attack or defense, the material of which is chiefly earth. 2. (Engin.) (a) The operation connected with excavations and embankments of earth in preparing foundations of buildings, in constructing canals, railroads, etc. (b) An embankment or construction made of earth. EARTHWORM Earth"worm`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any worm of the genus Lumbricus and allied genera, found in damp soil. One of the largest and most abundant species in Europe and America is L. terrestris; many others are known; -- called also angleworm and dewworm. 2. A mean, sordid person; a niggard. Norris. EARTHY Earth"y, a. 1. Consisting of, or resembling, earth; terrene; earthlike; as, earthy matter. How pale she looks, And of an earthy cold! Shak. All over earthy, like a piece of earth. Tennyson. 2. Of or pertaining to the earth or to, this world; earthly; terrestrial; carnal. [R.] "Their earthy charge." Milton. The first man is of the earth, earthy; the second man is from heaven. As is the earthy, such are they also that are earthy. 1 Cor. xv. 47, 48 (Rev. Ver. ) Earthy spirits black and envious are. Dryden. 3. Gross; low; unrefined. "Her earthy and abhorred commands." Shak. 4. (Min.) Defn: Without luster, or dull and roughish to the touch; as, an earthy fracture. EARWAX Ear"wax`, n. (Anat.) Defn: See Cerumen. EARWIG Ear"wig`, n. Etym: [AS. eárwicga; eáre ear + wicga beetle, worm: cf. Prov. E. erri-wiggle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any insect of the genus Forticula and related genera, belonging to the order Euplexoptera. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: In America, any small chilopodous myriapod, esp. of the genus Geophilus. Note: Both insects are so called from the supposition that they creep into the human ear. 3. A whisperer of insinuations; a secret counselor. Johnson. EARWIG Ear"wig`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Earwigged; p. pr. & vb. n. Earwigging.] Defn: To influence, or attempt to influence, by whispered insinuations or private talk. "No longer was he earwigged by the Lord Cravens." Lord Campbell. EARWITNESS Ear"wit`ness, n. Defn: A witness by means of his ears; one who is within hearing and does hear; a hearer. Fuller. EASE Ease, n. Etym: [OE. ese, eise, F. aise; akin to Pr. ais, aise, OIt. asio, It. agio; of uncertain origin; cf. L. ansa handle, occasion, opportunity. Cf. Agio, Disease.] 1. Satisfaction; pleasure; hence, accommodation; entertainment. [Obs.] They him besought Of harbor and or ease as for hire penny. Chaucer. 2. Freedom from anything that pains or troubles; as: (a) Relief from labor or effort; rest; quiet; relaxation; as, ease of body. Usefulness comes by labor, wit by ease. Herbert. Give yourself ease from the fatigue of watching. Swift. (b) Freedom from care, solicitude, or anything that annoys or disquiets; tranquillity; peace; comfort; security; as, ease of mind. Among these nations shalt thou find no ease. Deut. xxviii. 65. Take thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry. Luke xii. 19. (c) Freedom from constraint, formality, difficulty, embarrassment, etc.; facility; liberty; naturalness; -- said of manner, style, etc.; as, ease of style, of behavior, of address. True ease in writing comes from art, not chance. Pope. Whate'er he did was done with so much ease, In him alone 't was natural to please. Dryden. At ease, free from pain, trouble, or anxiety. "His soul shall dwell at ease." Ps. xxv. 12. -- Chapel of ease. See under Chapel. -- Ill at ease, not at ease, disquieted; suffering; anxious. -- To stand at ease (Mil.), to stand in a comfortable attitude in one's place in the ranks. -- With ease, easily; without much effort. Syn. -- Rest; quiet; repose; comfortableness; tranquility; facility; easiness; readiness. EASE Ease, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Eased; p. pr. & vb. n. Easing.] Etym: [OE. esen, eisen, OF. aisier. See Ease, n.] 1. To free from anything that pains, disquiets, or oppresses; to relieve from toil or care; to give rest, repose, or tranquility to; - - often with of; as, to ease of pain; ease the body or mind. Eased [from] the putting off These troublesome disguises which we wear. Milton. Sing, and I 'll ease thy shoulders of thy load. Dryden. 2. To render less painful or oppressive; to mitigate; to alleviate. My couch shall ease my complaint. Job vii. 13. 3. To release from pressure or restraint; to move gently; to lift slightly; to shift a little; as, to ease a bar or nut in machinery. 4. To entertain; to furnish with accommodations. [Obs.] Chaucer. To ease off, To ease away (Naut.), to slacken a rope gradually. -- To ease a ship (Naut.), to put the helm hard, or regulate the sail, to prevent pitching when closehauled. -- To ease the helm (Naut.), to put the helm more nearly amidships, to lessen the effect on the ship, or the strain on the wheel rope. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Syn. -- To relieve; disburden; quiet; calm; tranquilize; assuage; alleviate; allay; mitigate; appease; pacify. EASEFUL Ease"ful, a. Defn: Full of ease; suitable for affording ease or rest; quiet; comfortable; restful. Shak. -- Ease"ful*ly, adv. -- Ease"ful*ness, n. EASEL Ea"sel, n. Etym: [D. ezel ass, donkey, hence, easel, or G. esel; akin to E. ass. See Ass.] Defn: A frame (commonly) of wood serving to hold a canvas upright, or nearly upright, for the painter's convenience or for exhibition. Easel picture, Easel piece, a painting of moderate size such as is made while resting on an easel, as distinguished from a painting on a wall or ceiling. EASELESS Ease"less, a. Defn: Without ease. Donne. EASEMENT Ease"ment, n. Etym: [OF. aisement. See Ease, n.] 1. That which gives ease, relief, or assistance; convenience; accommodation. In need of every kind of relief and easement. Burke. 2. (Law) Defn: A liberty, privilege, or advantage, which one proprietor has in the estate of another proprietor, distinct from the ownership of the soil, as a way, water course, etc. It is a species of what the civil law calls servitude. Kent. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A curved member instead of an abrupt change of direction, as in a baseboard, hand rail, etc. EASILY Eas"i*ly, adv. Etym: [From Easy.] 1. With ease; without difficulty or much effort; as, this task may be easily performed; that event might have been easily foreseen. 2. Without pain, anxiety, or disturbance; as, to pass life well and easily. Sir W. Temple. 3. Readily; without reluctance; willingly. Not soon provoked, she easily forgives. Prior. 4. Smoothly; quietly; gently; gracefully; without 5. Without shaking or jolting; commodiously; as, a carriage moves easily. EASINESS Eas"i*ness, n. 1. The state or condition of being easy; freedom from distress; rest. 2. Freedom from difficulty; ease; as the easiness of a task. 3. Freedom from emotion; compliance; disposition to yield without opposition; unconcernedness. Give to him, and he shall but laugh at your easiness. South. 4. Freedom from effort, constraint, or formality; -- said of style, manner, etc. With painful care, but seeming easiness. Roscommon. 5. Freedom from jolting, jerking, or straining. EAST East, n. Etym: [OE. est, east, AS. eást; akin to D. oost, oosten, OHG. , G. ost, osten, Icel. austr, Sw. ost, Dan. öst, östen, Lith. auszra dawn, L. aurora (for ausosa), Gr. ushas; cf. Skr. ush to burn, L. urere. Aurora, Easter, Sterling.] 1. The point in the heavens where the sun is seen to rise at the equinox, or the corresponding point on the earth; that one of the four cardinal points of the compass which is in a direction at right angles to that of north and south, and which is toward the right hand of one who faces the north; the point directly opposite to the west. The east began kindle. E. Everett. 2. The eastern parts of the earth; the regions or countries which lie east of Europe; the orient. In this indefinite sense, the word is applied to Asia Minor, Syria, Chaldea, Persia, India, China, etc.; as, the riches of the East; the diamonds and pearls of the East; the kings of the East. The gorgeous East, with richest hand, Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold. Milton. 3. (U. S. Hist. and Geog.) Defn: Formerly, the part of the United States east of the Alleghany Mountains, esp. the Eastern, or New England, States; now, commonly, the whole region east of the Mississippi River, esp. that which is north of Maryland and the Ohio River; -- usually with the definite article; as, the commerce of the East is not independent of the agriculture of the West. East by north, East by south, according to the notation of the mariner's compass, that point which lies 11 -- East-northeast, East-southeast, that which lie 22Illust. of Compass. EAST East, a. Defn: Toward the rising sun; or toward the point where the sun rises when in the equinoctial; as, the east gate; the east border; the east side; the east wind is a wind that blows from the east. EAST East, adv. Defn: Eastward. EAST East, v. i. Defn: To move toward the east; to veer from the north or south toward the east; to orientate. EASTER Eas"ter, n. Etym: [AS. eáster, eástran, paschal feast, Easter; akin to G. ostern; fr. AS. Eástre, a goddess of light or spring, in honor of whom a festival was celebrated in April; whence this month was called in AS. Eásterm. From the root of E. east. See East.] 1. An annual church festival commemorating Christ's resurrection, and occurring on Sunday, the second day after Good Friday. It corresponds to the pasha or passover of the Jews, and most nations still give it this name under the various forms of pascha, pasque, pâque, or pask. 2. The day on which the festival is observed; Easter day. Note: Easter is used either adjectively or as the first element of a compound; as, Easter day or Easter-day, Easter Sunday, Easter week, Easter gifts. Sundays by thee more glorious break, An Easter day in every week. Keble. Note: Easter day, on which the rest of the movable feasts depend, is always the first Sunday after the fourteenth day of the calendar moon which (fourteenth day) falls on, or next after, the 21st of March, according to the rules laid down for the construction of the calendar; so that if the fourteenth day happen on a Sunday, Easter day is the Sunday after. Eng. Cyc. Easter dues (Ch. of Eng.), money due to the clergy at Easter, formerly paid in communication of the tithe for personal labor and subject to exaction. For Easter dues, Easter offerings, voluntary gifts, have been substituted. -- Easter egg. (a) A painted or colored egg used as a present at Easter. (b) An imitation of an egg, in sugar or some fine material, sometimes made to serve as a box for jewelry or the like, used as an Easter present. EASTER East"er, v. i. (Naut.) Defn: To veer to the east; -- said of the wind. Russell. EASTER LILY Eas"ter lil`y. (Bot.) Any one of various lilies or lilylike flowers which bloom about Easter; specif.: (a) The common white lily (Lilium candidum), called also Annunciation lily. (b) The larger white lily (Lilium longiflorum eximium, syn. L. Harrisii) called also Bermuda lily. (c) The daffodil (Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus). (d) The Atamasco lily. EASTERLING East"er*ling, n. Etym: [Cf. Sterling.] 1. A native of a country eastward of another; -- used, by the English, of traders or others from the coasts of the Baltic. Merchants of Norway, Denmark, . . . called . . . Easterlings because they lie east in respect of us. Holinshed. 2. A piece of money coined in the east by Richard II. of England. Crabb. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The smew. EASTERLING East"er*ling, a. Defn: Relating to the money of the Easterlings, or Baltic traders. See Sterling. EASTERLY East"er*ly, a. 1. Coming from the east; as, it was easterly wind. 2. Situated, directed, or moving toward the east; as, the easterly side of a lake; an easterly course or voyage. EASTERLY East"er*ly, adv. Defn: Toward, or in the direction of, the east. EASTERN East"ern, a. Etym: [AS. eástern.] 1. Situated or dwelling in the east; oriental; as, an eastern gate; Eastern countries. Eastern churches first did Christ embrace. Stirling. 2. Going toward the east, or in the direction of east; as, an eastern voyage. Eastern Church. See Greek Church, under Greek. EASTERN CHURCH Eastern Church. Defn: That portion of the Christian church which prevails in the countries once comprised in the Eastern Roman Empire and the countries converted to Christianity by missionaries from them. Its full official title is The Orthodox Catholic Apostolic Eastern Church. It became estranged from the Western, or Roman, Church over the question of papal supremacy and the doctrine of the filioque, and a separation, begun in the latter part of the 9th century, became final in 1054. The Eastern Church consists of twelve (thirteen if the Bulgarian Church be included) mutually independent churches (including among these the Hellenic Church, or Church of Greece, and the Russian Church), using the vernacular (or some ancient form of it) in divine service and varying in many points of detail, but standing in full communion with each other and united as equals in a great federation. The highest five authorities are the patriarch of Constantinople, or ecumenical patriarch (whose position is not one of supremacy, but of precedence), the patriarch of Alexandria, the patriarch of Jerusalem, the patriarch of Antioch, and the Holy Synod of Russia. The Eastern Church accepts the first seven ecumenical councils (and is hence styled only schismatic, not heretical, by the Roman Catholic Church), has as its creed the Niceno- Constantinopolitan (without the later addition of the filioque, which, with the doctrine it represents, the church decisively rejects), baptizes infants with trine immersion, makes confirmation follow immediately upon baptism, administers the Communion in both kinds (using leavened bread) and to infants as well as adults, permits its secular clergy to marry before ordination and to keep their wives afterward, but not to marry a second time, selects its bishops from the monastic clergy only, recognizes the offices of bishop, priest, and deacon as the three necessary degrees of orders, venerates relics and icons, and has an elaborate ritual. EASTERNMOST East"ern*most`, a. Defn: Most eastern. EAST INDIAN East" In"di*an (; see Indian). Defn: Belonging to, or relating to, the East Indies. -- n. Defn: A native of, or a dweller in, the East Indies. EASTING East"ing, n. (Naut. & Surv.) Defn: The distance measured toward the east between two meridians drawn through the extremities of a course; distance of departure eastward made by a vessel. EAST-INSULAR East`-in"su*lar, a. Defn: Relating to the Eastern Islands; East Indian. [R.] Ogilvie. EASTWARD; EASTWARDS East"ward, East"wards, adv. Defn: Toward the east; in the direction of east from some point or place; as, New Haven lies eastward from New York. EASY Eas"y, a. [Compar. Easier; superl. Easiest.] Etym: [OF. aisié, F. aisé, prop. p. p. of OF. aisier. See Ease, v. t.] 1. At ease; free from pain, trouble, or constraint; as: (a) Free from pain, distress, toil, exertion, and the like; quiet; as, the patient is easy. (b) Free from care, responsibility, discontent, and the like; not anxious; tranquil; as, an easy mind. (c) Free from constraint, harshness, or formality; unconstrained; smooth; as, easy manners; an easy style. "The easy vigor of a line." Pope. 2. Not causing, or attended with, pain or disquiet, or much exertion; affording ease or rest; as, an easy carriage; a ship having an easy motion; easy movements, as in dancing. "Easy ways to die." Shak. 3. Not difficult; requiring little labor or effort; slight; inconsiderable; as, an easy task; an easy victory. It were an easy leap. Shak. 4. Causing ease; giving freedom from care or labor; furnishing comfort; commodious; as, easy circumstances; an easy chair or cushion. 5. Not making resistance or showing unwillingness; tractable; yielding; complying; ready. He gained their easy hearts. Dryden. He is too tyrannical to be an easy monarch. Sir W. Scott. 6. Moderate; sparing; frugal. [Obs.] Chaucer. 7. (Com.) Defn: Not straitened as to money matters; as, the market is easy; -- opposed to tight. Honors are easy (Card Playing), said when each side has an equal number of honors, in which case they are not counted as points. Syn. -- Quiet; comfortable; manageable; tranquil; calm; facile; unconcerned. EASY-CHAIR Eas"y-chair`, n. Defn: An armichair for ease or repose. "Laugh . . . in Rabelais' easy-chair." Pope. EASY-GOING Eas"y-go`ing, a. Defn: Moving easily; hence, mild-tempered; ease-loving; inactive. EAT Eat, v. t. [imp. Ate, Obsolescent & Colloq. Eat (; p. p. Eaten, Obs. or Colloq. Eat (p. pr. & vb. n. Eating.] Etym: [OE. eten, AS. etan; akin to OS. etan, OFries. eta, D. eten, OHG. ezzan, G. essen, Icel. eta, Sw. äta, Dan. æde, Goth. itan, Ir. & Gael. ith, W. ysu, L. edere, Gr. ad. Etch, Fret to rub, Edible.] 1. To chew and swallow as food; to devour; -- said especially of food not liquid; as, to eat bread. "To eat grass as oxen." Dan. iv. 25. They . . . ate the sacrifices of the dead. Ps. cvi. 28. The lean . . . did eat up the first seven fat kine. Gen. xli. 20. The lion had not eaten the carcass. 1 Kings xiii. 28. With stories told of many a feat, How fairy Mab junkets eat. Milton. The island princes overbold Have eat our substance. Tennyson. His wretched estate is eaten up with mortgages. Thackeray. 2. To corrode, as metal, by rust; to consume the flesh, as a cancer; to waste or wear away; to destroy gradually; to cause to disappear. To eat humble pie. See under Humble. -- To eat of (partitive use). "Eat of the bread that can not waste." Keble. -- To eat one's words, to retract what one has said. (See the Citation under Blurt.) -- To eat out, to consume completely. "Eat out the heart and comfort of it." Tillotson. -- To eat the wind out of a vessel (Naut.), to gain slowly to windward of her. Syn. -- To consume; devour; gnaw; corrode. EAT Eat, v. i. 1. To take food; to feed; especially, to take solid, in distinction from liquid, food; to board. He did eat continually at the king's table. 2 Sam. ix. 13. 2. To taste or relish; as, it eats like tender beef. 3. To make one's way slowly. To eat, To eat in or into, to make way by corrosion; to gnaw; to consume. "A sword laid by, which eats into itself." Byron. -- To eat to windward (Naut.), to keep the course when closehauled with but little steering; -- said of a vessel. EATABLE Eat"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being eaten; fit to be eaten; proper for food; esculent; edible. -- n. Defn: Something fit to be eaten. EATAGE Eat"age (; 48), n. Defn: Eatable growth of grass for horses and cattle, esp. that of aftermath. EATER Eat"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, eats. EATH Eath, a. & adv. Etym: [AS. eá.] Defn: Easy or easily. [Obs.] "Eath to move with plaints." Fairfax. EATING Eat"ing, n. 1. The act of tasking food; the act of consuming or corroding. 2. Something fit to be eaten; food; as, a peach is good eating. [Colloq.] Eating house, a house where cooked provisions are sold, to be eaten on the premises. EAU DE COLOGNE Eau` de Co*logne". Etym: [F. eau water (L. aqua) + de of + Cologne.] Defn: Same as Cologne. EAU DE VIE Eau` de vie". Etym: [F., water of life; eau (L. aqua) water + de of + vie (L. vita) life.] Defn: French name for brandy. Cf. Aqua vitæ, under Aqua. Bescherelle. EAU FORTE Eau` forte" (o` fort"). [F., strong water, nitric acid (which is used in etching plates).] (Art) Defn: An etching or a print from an etched plate. EAVEDROP Eave"drop`, n. Defn: A drop from the eaves; eavesdrop. [R.] Tennyson. EAVES Eaves, n. pl. Etym: [OE. evese, pl. eveses, AS. efese eaves, brim, brink; akin to OHG. obisa, opasa, porch, hall, MHG. obse eaves, Icel. ups, Goth. ubizwa porch; cf. Icel. upsar-dropi, OSw. opsä-drup water dropping from the eaves. Probably from the root of E. over. The s of eaves is in English regarded as a plural ending, though not so in Saxon. See Over, and cf. Eavesdrop.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: The edges or lower borders of the roof of a building, which overhang the walls, and cast off the water that falls on the roof. 2. Brow; ridge. [Obs.] "Eaves of the hill." Wyclif. 3. Eyelids or eyelashes. And closing eaves of wearied eyes. Tennyson. Eaves board (Arch.), an arris fillet, or a thick board with a feather edge, nailed across the rafters at the eaves of a building, to raise the lower course of slates a little, or to receive the lowest course of tiles; -- called also eaves catch and eaves lath. -- Eaves channel, Eaves gutter, Eaves trough. Same as Gutter, 1. -- Eaves molding (Arch.), a molding immediately below the eaves, acting as a cornice or part of a cornice. -- Eaves swallow (Zoöl.). (a) The cliff swallow; -- so called from its habit of building retort-shaped nests of mud under the eaves of buildings. See Cliff swallow, under Cliff. (b) The European swallow. EAVESDROP Eaves"drop`, v. i. Etym: [Eaves + drop.] Defn: To stand under the eaves, near a window or at the door, of a house, to listen and learn what is said within doors; hence, to listen secretly to what is said in private. To eavesdrop in disguises. Milton. EAVESDROP Eaves"drop`, n. Defn: The water which falls in drops from the eaves of a house. EAVESDROPPER Eaves"drop`per, n. Defn: One who stands under the eaves, or near the window or door of a house, to listen; hence, a secret listener. EAVESDROPPING Eaves"drop`ping, n. (Law) Defn: The habit of lurking about dwelling houses, and other places where persons meet fro private intercourse, secretly listening to what is said, and then tattling it abroad. The offense is indictable at common law. Wharton. EBB Ebb, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European bunting. EBB Ebb, n. Etym: [AS. ebba; akin to Fries. ebba, D. eb, ebbe, Dan. & G. ebbe, Sw. ebb, cf. Goth. ibuks backward; prob. akin to E. even.] 1. The reflux or flowing back of the tide; the return of the tidal wave toward the sea; -- opposed to flood; as, the boats will go out on the ebb. Thou shoreless flood which in thy ebb and flow Claspest the limits of morality! Shelley. 2. The state or time of passing away; a falling from a better to a worse state; low state or condition; decline; decay. "Our ebb of life." Roscommon. Painting was then at its lowest ebb. Dryden. Ebb and flow, the alternate ebb and flood of the tide; often used figuratively. This alternation between unhealthy activity and depression, this ebb and flow of the industrial. A. T. Hadley. EBB Ebb, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ebbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ebbing.] Etym: [AS. ebbian; akin to D. & G. ebben, Dan. ebbe. See 2d Ebb.] 1. To flow back; to return, as the water of a tide toward the ocean; -- opposed to flow. That Power who bids the ocean ebb and flow. Pope. 2. To return or fall back from a better to a worse state; to decline; to decay; to recede. The hours of life ebb fast. Blackmore. Syn. -- To recede; retire; withdraw; decay; decrease; wane; sink; lower. EBB Ebb, v. t. Defn: To cause to flow back. [Obs.] Ford. EBB Ebb, a. Defn: Receding; going out; falling; shallow; low. The water there is otherwise very low and ebb. Holland. EBB TIDE Ebb" tide`. Defn: The reflux of tide water; the retiring tide; -- opposed to flood tide. EBIONITE E"bi*o*nite, n. Etym: [Heb. ebyonim poor people.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect of heretics, in the first centuries of the church, whose doctrine was a mixture of Judaism and Christianity. They denied the divinity of Christ, regarding him as an inspired messenger, and rejected much of the New Testament. EBIONITISM E"bi*o*ni`tism, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The system or doctrine of the Ebionites. EBLANIN Eb"la*nin, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Pyroxanthin. EBLIS Eb"lis, n. Etym: [Ar. iblis.] (Moham. Myth.) Defn: The prince of the evil spirits; Satan. [Written also Eblees.] EBON Eb"on, a. 1. Consisting of ebony. 2. Like ebony, especially in color; black; dark. Night, sable goddess! from her ebon throne. Young. EBON Eb"on, n. Defn: Ebony. [Poetic] "Framed of ebon and ivory." Sir W. Scott. EBONIST Eb"on*ist, n. Defn: One who works in ebony. EBONITE Eb"on*ite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A hard, black variety of vulcanite. It may be cut and polished, and is used for many small articles, as combs and buttons, and for insulating material in electric apparatus. EBONIZE Eb"on*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ebonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Ebonizing.] Defn: To make black, or stain black, in imitation of ebony; as, to ebonize wood. EBONY Eb"on*y, n.; pl. Ebonies. Etym: [F. ébène, L. ebenus, fr. Gr. hobnim, pl. Cf. Ebon.] Defn: A hard, heavy, and durable wood, which admits of a fine polish or gloss. The usual color is black, but it also occurs red or green. Note: The finest black ebony is the heartwood of Diospyros reticulata, of the Mauritius. Other species of the same genus (D. Ebenum, Melanoxylon, etc.), furnish the ebony of the East Indies and Ceylon. The West Indian green ebony is from a leguminous tree (Brya Ebenus), and from the Excæcaria glandulosa. EBONY Eb"on*y, a. Defn: Made of ebony, or resembling ebony; black; as, an ebony countenance. This ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling. Poe. EBRACTEATE E*brac"te*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. e- + bracteate.] (Bot.) Defn: Without bracts. EBRACTEOLATE E*brac"te*o*late, a. Etym: [Pref. e- + bracteolate.] (Bot.) Defn: Without bracteoles, or little bracts; -- said of a pedicel or flower stalk. EBRAUKE E*brau"ke, a. Etym: [L. Hebraicus: cf. F. Hébraïque.] Defn: Hebrew. [Obs.] Chaucer. EBRIETY E*bri"e*ty, n.; pl. Ebrieties. Etym: [L. ebrietas, from. ebrius intoxicated: cf. F. ébriéte. Cf. So.] Defn: Drunkenness; intoxication by spirituous liquors; inebriety. "Ruinous ebriety." Cowper. EBRILLADE E*bril"lade, n. Etym: [F.] (Man.) Defn: A bridle check; a jerk of one rein, given to a horse when he refuses to turn. EBRIOSITY E`bri*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. ebriositas, from ebriousus given to drinking, fr. ebrius. See Ebriety.] Defn: Addiction to drink; habitual drunkenness. EBRIOUS E"bri*ous, a. Etym: [L. ebrius.] Defn: Inclined to drink to excess; intoxicated; tipsy. [R.] M. Collins. EBULLIATE E*bul"li*ate, v. i. Defn: To boil or bubble up. [Obs.] Prynne. EBULLIENCE; EBULLIENCY E*bul"lience, E*bul"lien*cy, n. Defn: A boiling up or over; effervescence. Cudworth. EBULLIENT E*bul"lient, a. Etym: [L. ebulliens, -entis, p. pr. of ebullire to boil up, bubble up; e out, from + bullire to boil. See 1st Boil.] Defn: Boiling up or over; hence, manifesting exhilaration or excitement, as of feeling; effervescing. "Ebullient with subtlety." De Quincey. The ebullient enthusiasm of the French. Carlyle. EBULLIOSCOPE E*bul"li*o*scope, n. Etym: [L. ebullire to boil up + -scope.] (Phys. Chem.) Defn: An instrument for observing the boiling point of liquids, especially for determining the alcoholic strength of a mixture by the temperature at which it boils. EBULLITION Eb`ul*li"tion, n. Etym: [F. ébullition, L. ebullitio, fr. ebullire. See Ebullient.] 1. A boiling or bubbling up of a liquid; the motion produced in a liquid by its rapid conversion into vapor. 2. Effervescence occasioned by fermentation or by any other process which causes the liberation of a gas or an aëriform fluid, as in the mixture of an acid with a carbonated alkali. [Formerly written bullition.] 3. A sudden burst or violent display; an outburst; as, an ebullition of anger or ill temper. EBURIN Eb"ur*in, n. Defn: A composition of dust of ivory or of bone with a cement; -- used for imitations of valuable stones and in making moldings, seals, etc. Knight. EBURNATION E`bur*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. eburnus of ivory, fr. ebur ivory: cf. F. éburnation. See Ivory.] (Med.) Defn: A condition of bone cartilage occurring in certain diseases of these tissues, in which they acquire an unnatural density, and come to resemble ivory. EBURNEAN E*bur"ne*an, a. Etym: [L. eburneus, fr. ebur ivory. See Ivory.] Defn: Made of or relating to ivory. EBURNIFICATION E*bur`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. eburnus of ivory (fr. ebur ivory) + facere to make.] Defn: The conversion of certain substances into others which have the appearance or characteristics of ivory. EBURNINE Eb"ur*nine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ivory. "[She] read from tablet eburnine." Sir W. Scott. ECARDINES E*car"di*nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. e out, without + cardo a hinge.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Brachiopoda; the Lyopomata. See Brachiopoda. ECARTE É`car`té", n. Etym: [F., prop. fr. écarter to reject, discard.] Defn: A game at cards, played usually by two persons, in which the players may discard any or all of the cards dealt and receive others from the pack. ECAUDATE E*cau"date, a. Etym: [Pref. e- + caudate.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Without a tail or spur. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Tailless. ECBALLIUM Ec*bal"li*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Ecbole.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of cucurbitaceous plants consisting of the single species Ecballium agreste (or Elaterium), the squirting cucumber. Its fruit, when ripe, bursts and violently ejects its seeds, together with a mucilaginous juice, from which elaterium, a powerful cathartic medicine, is prepared. ECBASIS Ec"ba*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure in which the orator treats of things according to their events consequences. ECBATIC Ec*bat"ic, a. Etym: [See Ecbasis.] (Gram.) Defn: Denoting a mere result or consequence, as distinguished from telic, which denotes intention or purpose; thus the phrase so that it was fulfilled," is ecbatic; if rendered "in order that it might be." etc., is telic. ECBOLE Ec"bo*le, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A digression in which a person is introduced speaking his own words. ECBOLIC Ec*bol"ic, n. Etym: [See Ecbole.] (Med.) Defn: A drug, as ergot, which by exciting uterine contractions promotes the expulsion of the contents of the uterus. ECBOLINE Ec"bo*line (; 104), n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid constituting the active principle of ergot; -- so named from its power of producing abortion. ECCALEOBION Ec`ca*le*o"bi*on, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A contrivance for hatching eggs by artificial heat. ECCE HOMO Ec"ce ho"mo. Etym: [L., behold the man. See John xix. 5.] (Paint.) Defn: A picture which represents the Savior as given up to the people by Pilate, and wearing a crown of thorns. ECCENTRIC Ec*cen"tric, a. Etym: [F. excentrique, formerly also spelled eccentrique, fr. LL. eccentros out of the center, eccentric, Gr. Ex-, and Center, and cf. Excentral.] 1. Deviating or departing from the center, or from the line of a circle; as, an eccentric or elliptical orbit; pertaining to deviation from the center or from true circular motion. 2. Not having the same center; -- said of circles, ellipses, spheres, etc., which, though coinciding, either in whole or in part, as to area or volume, have not the same center; -- opposed to concentric. 3. (Mach.) Defn: Pertaining to an eccentric; as, the eccentric rod in a steam engine. 4. Not coincident as to motive or end. His own ends, which must needs be often eccentric to those of his master. Bacon. 5. Deviating from stated methods, usual practice, or established forms or laws; deviating from an appointed sphere or way; departing from the usual course; irregular; anomalous; odd; as, eccentric conduct. "This brave and eccentric young man." Macaulay. He shines eccentric, like a comet's blaze. Savage. Eccentric anomaly. (Astron.) See Anomaly. -- Eccentric chuck (Mach.), a lathe chuck so constructed that the work held by it may be altered as to its center of motion, so as to produce combinations of eccentric combinations of eccentric circles. -- Eccentric gear. (Mach.) (a) The whole apparatus, strap, and other parts, by which the motion of an eccentric is transmitted, as in the steam engine. (b) A cogwheel set to turn about an eccentric axis used to give variable rotation. -- Eccentric hook or gab, a hook-shaped journal box on the end of an eccentric rod, opposite the strap. -- Eccentric rod, the rod that connects as eccentric strap with any part to be acted upon by the eccentric. -- Eccentric sheave, or Eccentric pulley, an eccentric. -- Eccentric strap, the ring, operating as a journal box, that encircles and receives motion from an eccentric; -- called also eccentric hoop. Syn. -- Irregular; anomalous; singular; odd; peculiar; erratic; idiosyncratic; strange; whimsical. ECCENTRIC Ec*cen"tric, n. 1. A circle not having the same center as another contained in some measure within the first. 2. One who, or that which, deviates from regularity; an anomalous or irregular person or thing. 3. (Astron.) (a) In the Ptolemaic system, the supposed circular orbit of a planet about the earth, but with the earth not in its center. (b) A circle described about the center of an elliptical orbit, with half the major axis for radius. Hutton. 4. (Mach.) Defn: A disk or wheel so arranged upon a shaft that the center of the wheel and that of the shaft do not coincide. It is used for operating valves in steam engines, and for other purposes. The motion derived is precisely that of a crank having the same throw. Back eccentric, the eccentric that reverses or backs the valve gear and the engine. -- Fore eccentric, the eccentric that imparts a forward motion to the valve gear and the engine. ECCENTRICAL Ec*cen"tric*al, a. Defn: See Eccentric. ECCENTRICALLY Ec*cen"tric*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an eccentric manner. Drove eccentrically here and there. Lew Wallace. ECCENTRICITY Ec`cen*tric"i*ty, n.; pl. Eccentricities. Etym: [Cf. F. excentricité.] 1. The state of being eccentric; deviation from the customary line of conduct; oddity. 2. (Math.) Defn: The ratio of the distance between the center and the focus of an ellipse or hyperbola to its semi-transverse axis. 3. (Astron.) Defn: The ratio of the distance of the center of the orbit of a heavenly body from the center of the body round which it revolves to the semi-transverse axis of the orbit. 4. (Mech.) Defn: The distance of the center of figure of a body, as of an eccentric, from an axis about which it turns; the throw. ECCHYMOSE Ec"chy*mose, v. t. (Med.) Defn: To discolor by the production of an ecchymosis, or effusion of blood, beneath the skin; -- chiefly used in the passive form; as, the parts were much ecchymosed. ECCHYMOSIS Ec`chy*mo"sis, n.; pl. Ecchymoses (. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A livid or black and blue spot, produced by the extravasation or effusion of blood into the areolar tissue from a contusion. ECCHYMOTIC Ec`chy*mot"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to ecchymosis. ECCLE Ec"cle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European green woodpecker; -- also called ecall, eaquall, yaffle. [Prov. Eng.] ECCLESIA Ec*cle"si*a, n.; pl. Ecclesiæ (. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: The public legislative assembly of the Athenians. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A church, either as a body or as a building. ECCLESIAL Ec*cle"si*al, a. Defn: Ecclesiastical. [Obs.] Milton. ECCLESIARCH Ec*cle"si*arch, n. Etym: [LL. ecclesiarcha, fr. Gr. ecclésiarque.] Defn: An official of the Eastern Church, resembling a sacrist in the Western Church. ECCLESIAST Ec*cle"si*ast, n. 1. An ecclesiastic. Chaucer. 2. The Apocryphal book of Ecclesiasticus. [Obs.] ECCLESIASTES Ec*cle`si*as"tes, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Ecclesiastic, a.] Defn: One of the canonical books of the Old Testament. ECCLESIASTIC Ec*cle`si*as"tic, a. Etym: [L. ecclesiasticus, Gr. Ex-, and Hale, v. t., Haul.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the church. See Ecclesiastical. "Ecclesiastic government." Swift. ECCLESIASTIC Ec*cle`si*as"tic, n. Defn: A person in holy orders, or consecrated to the service of the church and the ministry of religion; a clergyman; a priest. From a humble ecclesiastic, he was subsequently preferred to the highest dignities of the church. Prescott. ECCLESIASTICAL Ec*cle`si*as"tic*al, a. Etym: [See Ecclesiastical, a.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the church; relating to the organization or government of the church; not secular; as, ecclesiastical affairs or history; ecclesiastical courts. Every circumstance of ecclesiastical order and discipline was an abomination. Cowper. Ecclesiastical commissioners for England, a permanent commission established by Parliament in 1836, to consider and report upon the affairs of the Established Church. -- Ecclesiastical courts, courts for maintaining the discipline of the Established Church; -- called also Christian courts. [Eng.] -- Ecclesiastical law, a combination of civil and canon law as administered in ecclesiastical courts. [Eng.] -- Ecclesiastical modes (Mus.), the church modes, or the scales anciently used. -- Ecclesiastical States, the territory formerly subject to the Pope of Rome as its temporal ruler; -- called also States of the Church. ECCLESIASTICALLY Ec*cle`si*as"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an ecclesiastical manner; according ecclesiastical rules. ECCLESIASTICISM Ec*cle`si*as"ti*cism, n. Defn: Strong attachment to ecclesiastical usages, forms, etc. ECCLESIASTICUS Ec*cle`si*as"ti*cus, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A book of the Apocrypha. ECCLESIOLOGICAL Ec*cle`si*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Belonging to ecclesiology. ECCLESIOLOGIST Ec*cle`si*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in ecclesiology. ECCLESIOLOGY Ec*cle`si*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Ecclesia + -logy.] Defn: The science or theory of church building and decoration. ECCRITIC Ec*crit"ic, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A remedy which promotes discharges, as an emetic, or a cathartic. ECDERON Ec"der*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: See Ecteron. -- Ec`der*on"ic, a. ECDYSIS Ec"dy*sis, n.; pl. Ecdyses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 'e`kdysis a getting out, fr. 'ekdy`ein, to put off; 'ek out + dy`ein to enter.] (Biol.) Defn: The act of shedding, or casting off, an outer cuticular layer, as in the case of serpents, lobsters, etc.; a coming out; as, the ecdysis of the pupa from its shell; exuviation. ECGONINE Ec"go*nine (; 104), n. Etym: [Gr. 'e`kgonos sprung from.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, crystalline, nitrogenous base, obtained by the decomposition of cocaine. ECHAUGUETTE (), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A small chamber or place of protection for a sentinel, usually in the form of a projecting turret, or the like. See Castle. ECHE Ech"e, a. or a. pron. Defn: Each. [Obs.] Chaucer. ECHELON Ech"e*lon, n. Etym: [F., fr. échelle ladder, fr. L. scala.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: An arrangement of a body of troops when its divisions are drawn up in parallel lines each to the right or the left of the one in advance of it, like the steps of a ladder in position for climbing. Also used adjectively; as, echelon distance. Upton (Tactics). 2. (Naval) Defn: An arrangement of a fleet in a wedge or Encyc. Dict. Echelon lens (Optics), a large lens constructed in several parts or layers, extending in a succession of annular rings beyond the central lens; - - used in lighthouses. ECHELON Ech"e*lon, v. t. (Mil.) Defn: To place in echelon; to station divisions of troops in echelon. ECHELON Ech"e*lon, v. i. Defn: To take position in echelon. Change direction to the left, echelon by battalion from the right. Upton (Tactics). ECHIDNA E*chid"na, n. Etym: [L., a viper, adder, Gr. 1. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: A monster, half maid and half serpent. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Monotremata found in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. They are toothless and covered with spines; -- called also porcupine ant-eater, and Australian ant-eater. ECHIDNINE E*chid"nine (; 104), n. Etym: [See Echidna.] (Chem.) Defn: The clear, viscid fluid secreted by the poison glands of certain serpents; also, a nitrogenous base contained in this, and supposed to be the active poisonous principle of the virus. Brande & C. ECHINATE; ECHINATED Ech"i*nate, Ech"i*na`ted, a. Etym: [L. echinatus. See Echinus.] Defn: Set with prickles; prickly, like a hedgehog; bristled; as, an echinated pericarp. ECHINID E*chi"nid, a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Echinoid. ECHINIDAN E*chin"i*dan, n. Etym: [Cf. F. échinide.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One the Echinoidea. ECHINITAL E*chin"i*tal, a. Defn: Of, or like, an echinite. ECHINITE Ech"i*nite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. échinite. See Echinus.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil echinoid. ECHINOCOCCUS E*chi`no*coc"cus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A parasite of man and of many domestic and wild animals, forming compound cysts or tumors (called hydatid cysts) in various organs, but especially in the liver and lungs, which often cause death. It is the larval stage of the Tænia echinococcus, a small tapeworm peculiar to the dog. ECHINODERM E*chin"o*derm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Echinodermata. ECHINODERMAL E*chi`no*der"mal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Relating or belonging to the echinoderms. ECHINODERMATA E*chi`no*der"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom. By many writers it was formerly included in the Radiata. [Written also Echinoderma.] Note: The species usually have an exterior calcareous skeleton, or shell, made of many pieces, and often covered with spines, to which the name. They may be star-shaped, cylindrical, disk-shaped, or more or less spherical. The body consists of several similar parts (spheromeres) repeated symmetrically around a central axis, at one end of which the mouth is situated. They generally have suckers for locomotion. The group includes the following classes: Crinoidea, Asterioidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, and Holothurioidea. See these words in the Vocabulary, and also Ambulacrum. ECHINODERMATOUS E*chi`no*der"ma*tous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Relating to Echinodermata; echinodermal. ECHINOID E*chi"noid, a. Etym: [Echinus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Echinoidea. -- n. Defn: One of the Echinoidea. ECHINOIDEA Ech`i*noi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Echinus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The class Echinodermata which includes the sea urchins. They have a calcareous, usually more or less spheroidal or disk-shaped, composed of many united plates, and covered with movable spines. See Spatangoid, Clypeastroid. [Written also Echinidea, and Echinoida.] ECHINOZOA E*chi`no*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Echinodermata. ECHINULATE E*chin"u*late, a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Set with small spines or prickles. ECHINUS E*chi"nus, n.; pl. Echini. Etym: [L., a hedgehog, sea urchin, Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A hedgehog. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of echinoderms, including the common edible sea urchin of Europe. 3. (Arch.) (a) The rounded molding forming the bell of the capital of the Grecian Doric style, which is of a peculiar elastic curve. See Entablature. (b) The quarter-round molding (ovolo) of the Roman Doric style. See Illust. of Column (c) A name sometimes given to the egg and anchor or egg and dart molding, because that ornament is often identified with Roman Doric capital. The name probably alludes to the shape of the shell of the sea urchin. ECHIUROIDEA Ech`i*u*roi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. echiurus, the name of one genus (Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Annelida which includes the genus Echiurus and allies. They are often classed among the Gephyrea, and called the armed Gephyreans. ECHO Ech"o, n.; pl. Echoes. Etym: [L. echo, Gr. va to sound, bellow; perh. akin to E. voice: cf. F. écho.] 1. A sound reflected from an opposing surface and repeated to the ear of a listener; repercussion of sound; repetition of a sound. The babbling echo mocks the hounds. Shak. The woods shall answer, and the echo ring. Pope. 2. Fig.: Sympathetic recognition; response; answer. Fame is the echo of actions, resounding them. Fuller. Many kind, and sincere speeches found an echo in his heart. R. L. Stevenson. 3. (a) (Myth. & Poetic) A wood or mountain nymph, regarded as repeating, and causing the reverberation of them. Sweet Echo, sweetest nymph, that liv'st unseen Within thy airy shell. Milton. (b) (Gr. Myth.) Defn: A nymph, the daughter of Air and Earth, who, for love of Narcissus, pined away until nothing was left of her but her voice. Compelled me to awake the courteous Echo To give me answer from her mossy couch. Milton. Echo organ (Mus.), a set organ pipes inclosed in a box so as to produce a soft, distant effect; -- generally superseded by the swell. -- Echo stop (Mus.), a stop upon a harpsichord contrived for producing the soft effect of distant sound. -- To applaud to the echo, to give loud and continuous applause. M. Arnold. I would applaud thee to the very echo, That should applaud again. Shak. ECHO Ech"o, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Echoed; p. pr. & vb. n. Echoing. -- 3d pers. sing. pres. Echoes (.] 1. To send back (a sound); to repeat in sound; to reverberate. Those peals are echoed by the Trojan throng. Dryden. The wondrous sound Is echoed on forever. Keble. 2. To repeat with assent; to respond; to adopt. They would have echoed the praises of the men whom they Macaulay. ECHO Ech"o, v. i. Defn: To give an echo; to resound; to be sounded back; as, the hall echoed with acclamations. "Echoing noise." Blackmore. ECHOER Ech"o*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, echoes. ECHOLESS Ech"o*less, a. Defn: Without echo or response. ECHOMETER E*chom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. échomètre.] (Mus) Defn: A graduated scale for measuring the duration of sounds, and determining their different, and the relation of their intervals. J. J. Rousseau. ECHOMETRY E*chom"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. échométrie.] 1. The art of measuring the duration of sounds or echoes. 2. The art of constructing vaults to produce echoes. ECHON; ECHOON Ech*on", Ech*oon", pron. Defn: Each one. [Obs.] Chaucer. ECHOPATHY E*chop"a*thy, n. [Echo + -pathy, as in homeopathy.] (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition characterized by automatic and purposeless repetition of words or imitation of actions. ECHOSCOPE Ech"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Med.) Defn: An instrument for intensifying sounds produced by percussion of the thorax. Knight. ECLAIR e`clair", n. Etym: [F.] (Cookery) Defn: A kind of frosted cake, containing flavored cream. ECLAIRCISE E*clair"cise, v. t. Etym: [F. éclaircir; pref. es- (L. ex) + clair clear, L. clarus.] Defn: To make clear; to clear up what is obscure or not understood; to explain. ECLAIRCISSEMENT E*clair"cisse*ment, n. Etym: [F., fr. éclaircir. See Eclaircise, v. t.] Defn: The clearing up of anything which is obscure or not easily understood; an explanation. The eclaircissement ended in the discovery of the informer. Clarendon. ECLAMPSIA Ec*lamp"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Med.) Defn: A fancied perception of flashes of light, a symptom of epilepsy; hence, epilepsy itself; convulsions. Note: The term is generally restricted to a convulsive affection attending pregnancy and parturition, and to infantile convulsions. ECLAMPSY Ec*lamp"sy, n. (Med.) Defn: Same as Eclampsia. ECLAT E*clat", n. Etym: [F. éclat a fragment, splinter, explosion, brilliancy, splendor, fr. éclater to splinter, burst, explode, shine brilliantly, prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. sleizan to slit, split, fr. slizan, G. schleissen; akin to E. slit.] 1. Brilliancy of success or effort; splendor; brilliant show; striking effect; glory; renown. "The eclat of Homer's battles." Pope. 2. Demonstration of admiration and approbation; applause. Prescott. ECLECTIC Ec*lec"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. éclectique. See Eclogue, and cf. Elect.] 1. Selecting; choosing (what is true or excellent in doctrines, opinions, etc.) from various sources or systems; as, an eclectic philosopher. 2. Consisting, or made up, of what is chosen or selected; as, an eclectic method; an eclectic magazine. Eclectic physician, one of a class of practitioners of medicine, who select their modes of practice and medicines from all schools; formerly, sometimes the same as botanic physician. [U.S.] -- Eclectic school. (Paint.) See Bolognese school, under Bolognese. ECLECTIC Ec*lec"tic, n. Defn: One who follows an eclectic method. ECLECTICALLY Ec*lec"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an eclectic manner; by an eclectic method. ECLECTICISM Ec*lec"ti*cism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. éclecticisme. Cf. Electicism.] Defn: Theory or practice of an eclectic. ECLEGM Ec*legm", n. Etym: [F. éclegme, L. ecligma, fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A medicine made by mixing oils with sirups. John Quincy. ECLIPSE E*clipse", n. Etym: [F. éclipse, L. eclipsis, fr. Gr. Ex-, and Loan.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: An interception or obscuration of the light of the sun, moon, or other luminous body, by the intervention of some other body, either between it and the eye, or between the luminous body and that illuminated by it. A lunar eclipse is caused by the moon passing through the earth's shadow; a solar eclipse, by the moon coming between the sun and the observer. A satellite is eclipsed by entering the shadow of its primary. The obscuration of a planet or star by the moon or a planet, though of the nature of an eclipse, is called an occultation. The eclipse of a small portion of the sun by Mercury or Venus is called a transit of the planet. Note: In ancient times, eclipses were, and among unenlightened people they still are, superstitiously regarded as forerunners of evil fortune, a sentiment of which occasional use is made in literature. That fatal and perfidious bark, Built in the eclipse, and rigged with curses dark. Milton. 2. The loss, usually temporary or partial, of light, brilliancy, luster, honor, consciousness, etc.; obscuration; gloom; darkness. All the posterity of our fist parents suffered a perpetual eclipse of spiritual life. Sir W. Raleigh. As in the soft and sweet eclipse, When soul meets soul on lovers' lips. Shelley. Annular eclipse. (Astron.) See under Annular. -- Cycle of eclipses. See under Cycle. ECLIPSE E*clipse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eclipsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Eclipsing.] 1. To cause the obscuration of; to darken or hide; -- said of a heavenly body; as, the moon eclipses the sun. 2. To obscure, darken, or extinguish the beauty, luster, honor, etc., of; to sully; to cloud; to throw into the shade by surpassing. "His eclipsed state." Dryden. My joy of liberty is half eclipsed. Shak. ECLIPSE E*clipse", v. i. Defn: To suffer an eclipse. While the laboring moon Eclipses at their charms. Milton. ECLIPTIC E*clip"tic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. écliptique, L. linea ecliptica, Gr. Ecliptic, a.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: A great circle of the celestial sphere, making an angle with the equinoctial of about 23º 28'. It is the apparent path of the sun, or the real path of the earth as seen from the sun. 2. (Geog.) Defn: A great circle drawn on a terrestrial globe, making an angle of 23º 28' with the equator; -- used for illustrating and solving astronomical problems. ECLIPTIC E*clip"tic, a. Etym: [L. eclipticus belonging to an eclipse, Gr. Eclipse.] 1. Pertaining to the ecliptic; as, the ecliptic way. 2. Pertaining to an eclipse or to eclipses. Lunar ecliptic limit (Astron.), the space of 12º on the moon's orbit from the node, within which, if the moon happens to be at full, it will be eclipsed. -- Solar ecliptic limit, the space of 17º from the lunar node, within which, if a conjunction of the sun and moon occur, the sun will be eclipsed. ECLOGITE Ec"lo*gite, n. Etym: [See Ecloque.] (Min.) Defn: A rock consisting of granular red garnet, light green smaragdite, and common hornblende; -- so called in reference to its beauty. ECLOGUE Ec"logue, n. Etym: [L. ecloga, Gr. égloque, écloque. See Ex-, and Legend.] Defn: A pastoral poem, in which shepherds are introduced conversing with each other; a bucolic; an idyl; as, the Ecloques of Virgil, from which the modern usage of the word has been established. ECONOMIC; ECONOMICAL E`co*nom"ic, E`co*nom"ic*al, a. Etym: [F. économique, L. oeconomicus orderly, methodical, Gr. Economy.] 1. Pertaining to the household; domestic. "In this economical misfortune [of ill-assorted matrimony.]" Milton. 2. Relating to domestic economy, or to the management of household affairs. And doth employ her economic art And busy care, her household to preserve. Sir J. Davies. 3. Managing with frugality; guarding against waste or unnecessary expense; careful and frugal in management and in expenditure; -- said of character or habits. Just rich enough, with economic care, To save a pittance. Harte. 4. Managed with frugality; not marked with waste or extravagance; frugal; -- said of acts; saving; as, an economical use of money or of time. 5. Relating to the means of living, or the resources and wealth of a country; relating to political economy; as, economic purposes; economical truths. These matters economical and political. J. C. Shairp. There was no economical distress in England to prompt the enterprises of colonization. Palfrey. Economic questions, such as money, usury, taxes, lands, and the employment of the people. H. C. Baird. 6. Regulative; relating to the adaptation of means to an end. Grew. Note: Economical is the usual form when meaning frugal, saving; economic is the form commonly used when meaning pertaining to the management of a household, or of public affairs. ECONOMICALLY E`co*nom"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: With economy; with careful management; with prudence in expenditure. ECONOMICS E`co*nom"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. Economic.] 1. The science of household affairs, or of domestic management. 2. Political economy; the science of the utilities or the useful application of wealth or material resources. See Political economy, under Political. "In politics and economics." V. Knox. ECONOMIST E*con"o*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. économiste.] 1. One who economizes, or manages domestic or other concerns with frugality; one who expends money, time, or labor, judiciously, and without waste. "Economists even to parsimony." Burke. 2. One who is conversant with political economy; a student of economics. ECONOMIZATION E*con`o*mi*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or practice of using to the best effect. [R.] H. Spenser. ECONOMIZE E*con"o*mize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Economized; p. pr. & vb. n. Economizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. économiser.] Defn: To manage with economy; to use with prudence; to expend with frugality; as, to economize one's income. [Written also economise.] Expenses in the city were to be economized. Jowett (Thucyd. ). Calculating how to economize time. W. Irving. ECONOMIZE E*con"o*mize, v. i. Defn: To be prudently sparing in expenditure; to be frugal and saving; as, to economize in order to grow rich. [Written also economise.] Milton. ECONOMIZER E*con"o*mi`zer, n. 1. One who, or that which, economizes. 2. Specifically: (Steam Boilers) An arrangement of pipes for heating feed water by waste heat in the gases passing to the chimney. ECONOMY E*con"o*my, n.; pl. Economies. Etym: [F. économie, L. oeconomia household management, fr. Gr. vicus village, E. vicinity) + Vicinity, Nomad.] 1. The management of domestic affairs; the regulation and government of household matters; especially as they concern expense or disbursement; as, a careful economy. Himself busy in charge of the household economies. Froude. 2. Orderly arrangement and management of the internal affairs of a state or of any establishment kept up by production and consumption; esp., such management as directly concerns wealth; as, political economy. 3. The system of rules and regulations by which anything is managed; orderly system of regulating the distribution and uses of parts, conceived as the result of wise and economical adaptation in the author, whether human or divine; as, the animal or vegetable economy; the economy of a poem; the Jewish economy. The position which they [the verb and adjective] hold in the general economy of language. Earle. In the Greek poets, as also in Plautus, we shall see the economy . . . of poems better observed than in Terence. B. Jonson. The Jews already had a Sabbath, which, as citizens and subjects of that economy, they were obliged to keep. Paley. 4. Thrifty and frugal housekeeping; management without loss or waste; frugality in expenditure; prudence and disposition to save; as, a housekeeper accustomed to economy but not to parsimony. Political economy. See under Political. Syn. -- Economy, Frugality, Parsimony. Economy avoids all waste and extravagance, and applies money to the best advantage; frugality cuts off indulgences, and proceeds on a system of saving. The latter conveys the idea of not using or spending superfluously, and is opposed to lavishness or profusion. Frugality is usually applied to matters of consumption, and commonly points to simplicity of manners; parsimony is frugality carried to an extreme, involving meanness of spirit, and a sordid mode of living. Economy is a virtue, and parsimony a vice. I have no other notion of economy than that it is the parent to liberty and ease. Swift. The father was more given to frugality, and the son to riotousness [luxuriousness]. Golding. ECORCHE (), n. Etym: [F.] (Fine Arts) Defn: A manikin, or image, representing an animal, especially man, with the skin removed so that the muscles are exposed for purposes of study. ECOSSAISE e`cos`saise", n. Etym: [F.] (Mus.) Defn: A dancing tune in the Scotch style. ECOSTATE E*cos"tate, a. Etym: [Pref. e- + costate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having no ribs or nerves; -- said of a leaf. ECOUTE e`coute", n. Etym: [F., a listening place.] (Mil.) Defn: One of the small galleries run out in front of the glacis. They serve to annoy the enemy's miners. ECPHASIS Ec"pha*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: An explicit declaration. ECPHONEMA Ec`pho*ne"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A breaking out with some interjectional particle. ECPHONEME Ec"pho*neme, n. Etym: [See Ecphonema.] Defn: A mark (!) used to indicate an exclamation. G. Brown. ECPHONESIS Ec`pho*ne"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Ecphonema.] (Rhet.) Defn: An animated or passionate exclamation. The feelings by the ecphonesis are very various. Gibbs. ECPHRACTIC Ec*phrac"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. ecphractique.] (Med.) Defn: Serving to dissolve or attenuate viscid matter, and so to remove obstructions; deobstruent. -- n. Defn: An ecphractic medicine. Harvey. ECRASEMENT e`crase`ment", n. Etym: [F.] (Surg.) Defn: The operation performed with an écraseur. ECRASEUR e`cra`seur", n. Etym: [F., fr. écraser to crush.] (Surg.) Defn: An instrument intended to replace the knife in many operations, the parts operated on being severed by the crushing effect produced by the gradual tightening of a steel chain, so that hemorrhage rarely follows. ECRU e`cru", a. Etym: [F., fr. L. crudus raw.] Defn: Having the color or appearance of unbleached stuff, as silk, linen, or the like. ECSTASY Ec"sta*sy, n.; pl. Ecstasies. Etym: [F. extase, L. ecstasis, fr. Gr. Ex-, and Stand.] [Also written extasy.] 1. The state of being beside one's self or rapt out of one's self; a state in which the mind is elevated above the reach of ordinary impressions, as when under the influence of overpowering emotion; an extraordinary elevation of the spirit, as when the soul, unconscious of sensible objects, is supposed to contemplate heavenly mysteries. Like a mad prophet in an ecstasy. Dryden. This is the very ecstasy of love. Shak. 2. Excessive and overmastering joy or enthusiasm; rapture; enthusiastic delight. He on the tender grass Would sit, and hearken even to ecstasy. Milton. 3. Violent distraction of mind; violent emotion; excessive grief of anxiety; insanity; madness. [Obs.] That unmatched form and feature of blown youth Blasted with ecstasy. Shak. Our words will but increase his ecstasy. Marlowe. 4. (Med.) Defn: A state which consists in total suspension of sensibility, of voluntary motion, and largely of mental power. The body is erect and inflexible; the pulsation and breathing are not affected. Mayne. ECSTASY Ec"sta*sy, v. t. Defn: To fill ecstasy, or with rapture or enthusiasm. [Obs.] The most ecstasied order of holy . . . spirits. Jer. Taylor. ECSTATIC Ec*stat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. extatique. See Ecstasy, n.] 1. Pertaining to, or caused by, ecstasy or excessive emotion; of the nature, or in a state, of ecstasy; as, ecstatic gaze; ecstatic trance. This ecstatic fit of love and jealousy. Hammond. 2. Delightful beyond measure; rapturous; ravishing; as, ecstatic bliss or joy. ECSTATIC Ec*stat"ic, n. Defn: An enthusiast. [R.] Gauden. ECSTATICAL Ec*stat"ic*al, a. 1. Ecstatic. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. Tending to external objects. [R.] Norris. ECSTATICALLY Ec*stat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Rapturously; ravishingly. ECT-; ECTO- Ect-, Ec"to-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form signifying without, outside, external. ECTAD Ec"tad, adv. Etym: [Ect- + L. ad towards.] (Anat.) Defn: Toward the outside or surface; -- opposed to entad. B. G. Wilder. ECTAL Ec"tal, a. Etym: [See Ect-.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or situated near, the surface; outer; -- opposed to ental. B. G. Wilder. ECTASIA Ec*ta"si*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Ectasis.] (Med.) Defn: A dilatation of a hollow organ or of a canal. ECTASIS Ec"ta*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Pros.) Defn: The lengthening of a syllable from short to long. ECTENTAL Ec*ten"tal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to, or connected with, the two primitive germ layers, the ectoderm and ectoderm; as, the "ectental line" or line of juncture of the two layers in the segmentation of the ovum. C. S. Minot. ECTERON Ec"ter*on, n. Etym: [See Ect-.] (Anat.) Defn: The external layer of the skin and mucous membranes; epithelium; ecderon. -- Ec`ter*on"ic, a. ECTETHMOID Ec*teth"moid, a. Etym: [Ect- + ethmoid.] (Anat.) Defn: External to the ethmoid; prefrontal. ECTHLIPSIS Ec*thlip"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. The dropping out or suppression from a word of a consonant, with or without a vowel. 2. (Lat. Pros.) Defn: The elision of a final m, with the preceding vowel, before a word beginning with a vowel. ECTHOREUM Ec`tho*re"um, n.; pl. Ecthorea. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The slender, hollow thread of a nettling cell or cnida. See Nettling cell. [Written also ecthoræum.] ECTHYMA Ec*thy"ma, n.; pl. Ecthymata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A cutaneous eruption, consisting of large, round pustules, upon an indurated and inflamed base. Dunglison. ECTO- Ec"to-. Defn: See Ect-. ECTOBLAST Ec"to*blast, n. Etym: [Ecto- + Gr. (Biol.) (a) The outer layer of the blastoderm; the epiblast; the ectoderm. (b) The outer envelope of a cell; the cell wall. Agassiz. ECTOBRONCHIUM Ec`to*bron"chi*um, n.; pl. Ectobronchia. Etym: [NL. See Ecto-, and Bronchia.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the dorsal branches of the main bronchi in the lungs of birds. ECTOCUNERIFORM; ECTOCUNIFORM Ec`to*cu*ne"ri*form, Ec`to*cu"ni*form, n. Etym: [Ecto- + cuneiform, cuniform.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the bones of the tarsus. See Cuneiform. ECTOCYST Ec"to*cyst, n. Etym: [Ecto- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The outside covering of the Bryozoa. ECTODERM Ec"to*derm, n. Etym: [Ecto- + -derm.] (Biol.) (a) The outer layer of the blastoderm; epiblast. (b) The external skin or outer layer of an animal or plant, this being formed in an animal from the epiblast. See Illust. of Blastoderm. ECTODERMAL; ECTODERMIC Ec`to*der"mal, Ec`to*der"mic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or relating to the ectoderm. ECTOLECITHAL Ec`to*lec"i*thal, a. Etym: [Ecto- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Having the food yolk, at the commencement of segmentation, in a peripheral position, and the cleavage process confined to the center of the egg; as, ectolecithal ova. ECTOMERE Ec"to*mere, n. Etym: [Ecto- + -mere.] (Biol.) Defn: The more transparent cells, which finally become external, in many segmenting ova, as those of mammals. ECTOPARASITE Ec`to*par"a*site, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any parasite which lives on the exterior of animals; -- opposed to endoparasite. -- Ec`to*par`a*sit"ic, a. ECTOPIA Ec*to"pi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A morbid displacement of parts, especially such as is congenial; as, ectopia of the heart, or of the bladder. ECTOPIC Ec*top"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Out of place; congenitally displaced; as, an ectopic organ. ECTOPLASM Ec"to*plasm, n. Etym: [Ecto- + Gr. (Biol.) (a) The outer transparent layer of protoplasm in a developing ovum. (b) The outer hyaline layer of protoplasm in a vegetable cell. (c) The ectosarc of protozoan. ECTOPLASTIC Ec`to*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Ecto- + Gr. Defn: Pertaining to, or composed of, ectoplasm. ECTOPROCTA Ec`to*proc"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Bryozoa in which the anus lies outside the circle of tentacles. ECTOPY Ec"to*py, n. (Med.) Defn: Same as Ectopia. ECTORGANISM Ect*or"gan*ism, n. Etym: [Ect- + organism.] (Biol.) Defn: An external parasitic organism. ECTOSARC Ec"to*sarc, n. Etym: [Ecto- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The semisolid external layer of protoplasm in some unicellular organisms, as the amoeba; ectoplasm; exoplasm. ECTOSTEAL Ec*tos"te*al, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to ectostosis; as, ectosteal ossification. ECTOSTOSIS Ec`tos*to"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Ect-, and Ostosis.] (Physiol.) Defn: A process of bone formation in which ossification takes place in the perichondrium and either surrounds or gradually replaces the cartilage. ECTOZOIC Ec`to*zo"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Epizoic. ECTOZOON; ECTOZOOEN Ec`to*zo"ön, n.; pl. Ectozoa. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Epizoön. ECTROPION Ec*tro"pi*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: An unnatural eversion of the eyelids. ECTROPIUM Ec*tro"pi*um, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: Same as Ectropion. ECTROTIC Ec*trot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Having a tendency to prevent the development of anything, especially of a disease. ECTYPAL Ec"ty*pal, a. Etym: [L. ectypus worked in high relief, Gr. Type.] Defn: Copied, reproduced as a molding or cast, in contradistinction from the original model. ECTYPE Ec"type, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ectype. See Ectypal.] 1. (Classical Archæol.) (a) A copy, as in pottery, of an artist's original work. Hence: (b) A work sculptured in relief, as a cameo, or in bas-relief (in this sense used loosely). 2. A copy from an original; a type of something that has previously existed. Some regarded him [Klopstock] as an ectype of the ancient prophets. Eng. Cyc. . ECTYPOGRAPHY Ec`ty*pog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Ectype + -graphy.] Defn: A method of etching in which the design upon the plate is produced in relief. ECUMENIC; ECUMENICAL Ec`u*men"ic, Ec`u*men"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. oecumenicus, Gr. Economy.] Defn: General; universal; in ecclesiastical usage, that which concerns the whole church; as, an ecumenical council. [Written also .] Ecumenical Bishop, a title assumed by the popes. -- Ecumenical council. See under Council. ECURIE Ec"u*rie, n. Etym: [F. See Equerry.] Defn: A stable. ECZEMA Ec"ze*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 'e`kzema; "ek out + zei^n to boil.] (Med.) Defn: An inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by the presence of redness and itching, an eruption of small vesicles, and the discharge of a watery exudation, which often dries up, leaving the skin covered with crusts; -- called also tetter, milk crust, and salt rheum. ECZEMATOUS Ec*zem"a*tous, a. (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to eczema; having the characteristic of eczema. -ED -ed. Defn: The termination of the past participle of regular, or weak, verbs; also, of analogous participial adjectives from nouns; as, pigmented; talented. EDACIOUS E*da"cious, a. Etym: [L. edax, edacis, fr. edere to eat.] Defn: Given to eating; voracious; devouring. Swallowed in the depths of edacious Time. Carlyle. -- E*da"cious*ly, adv. -- E*da"cious*ness, n. EDACITY E*dac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. edacitas.] Defn: Greediness; voracity; ravenousness; rapacity. Bacon. EDAM; EDAM CHEESE E"dam, n., or Edam cheese. Defn: A Dutch pressed cheese of yellow color and fine flavor, made in balls weighing three or four pounds, and usually colored crimson outside; -- so called from the village of Edam, near Amsterdam. Also, cheese of the same type, wherever made. EDDA Ed"da, n.; pl. Eddas. Etym: [Icel., lit. great-grandmother (i. e., of Scandinavian poetry), so called by Bishop Brynjúlf Sveinsson, who brought it again to light in 1643.] Defn: The religious or mythological book of the old Scandinavian tribes of German origin, containing two collections of Sagas (legends, myths) of the old northern gods and heroes. Note: There are two Eddas. The older, consisting of 39 poems, was reduced to writing from oral tradition in Iceland between 1050 and 1133. The younger or prose Edda, called also the Edda of Snorri, is the work of several writers, though usually ascribed to Snorri Sturleson, who was born in 1178. EDDAIC; EDDIC Ed*da"ic, Ed"dic, a. Defn: Relating to the Eddas; resembling the Eddas. EDDER Ed"der, n. Etym: [See Adder.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An adder or serpent. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. EDDER Ed"der, n. Etym: [AS. edor hedge, fence; akin to etar.] Defn: Flexible wood worked into the top of hedge stakes, to bind them together. [Obs.] Tusser. EDDER Ed"der, v. t. Defn: To bind the top interweaving edder; as, to edder a hedge. [Obs.] EDDISH Ed"dish, n. Etym: [AS. edisc; cf. AS. pref. ed- again, anew. Cf. Eddy, and Arrish.] Defn: Aftermath; also, stubble and stubble field. See Arrish. [Eng.] EDDOES Ed"does, n. pl. (Bot.) Defn: The tubers of Colocasia antiquorum. See Taro. EDDY Ed"dy, n.; pl. Eddies. Etym: [Prob. fr. Icel. i; cf. Icel. pref. i back, AS. ed-, OS. idug-, OHG. ita-; Goth. id-.] 1. A current of air or water running back, or in a direction contrary to the main current. 2. A current of water or air moving in a circular direction; a whirlpool. And smiling eddies dimpled on the main. Dryden. Wheel through the air, in circling eddies play. Addison. Note: Used also adjectively; as, eddy winds. Dryden. EDDY Ed"dy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Eddied; p. pr. & vb. n. Eddying.] Defn: To move as an eddy, or as in an eddy; to move in a circle. Eddying round and round they sink. Wordsworth. EDDY Ed"dy, v. t. Defn: To collect as into an eddy. [R.] The circling mountains eddy in From the bare wild the dissipated storm. Thomson. EDDY CURRENT Ed"dy cur"rent. (Elec.) Defn: An induced electric current circulating wholly within a mass of metal; -- called also Foucault current. EDDY KITE Ed"dy kite. Called also Malay kite. [After William A. Eddy, American kite expert.] Defn: A quadrilateral, tailless kite, with convex surfaces exposed to the wind. This kite was extensively used by Eddy in his famous meteorological experiments. It is now generally superseded by the box kite. EDELWEISS E"del*weiss, n. Etym: [G., fr. edel noble + weiss white.] (Bot.) Defn: A little, perennial, white, woolly plant (Leontopodium alpinum), growing at high elevations in the Alps. EDEMA E*de"ma, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: Same as oedema. EDEMATOUS; EDEMATOSE E*de"ma*tous, or E*de"ma*tose`, a. (Med.) Defn: Same as oedematous. EDEN E"den, n. Etym: [Heb. eden delight, pleasure; also, a place of pleasure, Eden.] Defn: The garden where Adam and Eve first dwelt; hence, a delightful region or residence. EDENIC E*den"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Eden; paradisaic. "Edenic joys." Mrs. Browning. EDENITE E"den*ite, n. Etym: [From Edenville, N. Y.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of amphibole. See Amphibole. EDENIZED E"den*ized, a. Defn: Admitted to a state of paradisaic happiness. [R.] Davies (Wit's Pilgr. ). EDENTAL E*den"tal, a. Defn: See Edentate, a. -- n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Edentata. EDENTALOUS E*den"tal*ous, a. Defn: See Edentate, a. EDENTATA E`den*ta"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., neut. pl. from L. edentatus, p. p. of edentare to render toothless; e out + dens, dentis, tooth.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of mammals including the armadillos, sloths, and anteaters; -- called also Bruta. The incisor teeth are rarely developed, and in some groups all the teeth are lacking. EDENTATE E*den"tate, a. 1. Destitute of teeth; as, an edentate quadruped; an edentate leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Edentata. EDENTATE E*den"tate, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Edentata. EDENTATED E*den`ta*ted, a. Defn: Same as Edentate, a. EDENTATION E`den*ta"tion, n. Defn: A depriving of teeth. [R.] Cockeram. EDENTULOUS E*den"tu*lous, a. Etym: [L. edentulus; e out + dens, dentis, tooth.] Defn: Toothless. EDGE Edge, n. Etym: [OE. eg, egge, AS. ecg; akin to OHG. ekka, G. ecke, Icel. & Sw. egg, Dan. eg, and to L. acies, Gr. a edge. Egg, v. t., Eager, Ear spike of corn, Acute.] 1. The thin cutting side of the blade of an instrument; as, the edge of an ax, knife, sword, or scythe. Hence, figuratively, that which cuts as an edge does, or wounds deeply, etc. He which hath the sharp sword with two edges. Rev. ii. 12. Slander, Whose edge is sharper than the sword. Shak. 2. Any sharp terminating border; a margin; a brink; extreme verge; as, the edge of a table, a precipice. Upon the edge of yonder coppice. Shak. In worst extremes, and on the perilous edge Of battle. Milton. Pursue even to the very edge of destruction. Sir W. Scott. 3. Sharpness; readiness of fitness to cut; keenness; intenseness of desire. The full edge of our indignation. Sir W. Scott. Death and persecution lose all the ill that they can have, if we do not set an edge upon them by our fears and by our vices. Jer. Taylor. 4. The border or part adjacent to the line of division; the beginning or early part; as, in the edge of evening. "On the edge of winter." Milton. Edge joint (Carp.), a joint formed by two edges making a corner. -- Edge mill, a crushing or grinding mill in which stones roll around on their edges, on a level circular bed; -- used for ore, and as an oil mill. Called also Chilian mill. -- Edge molding (Arch.), a molding whose section is made up of two curves meeting in an angle. -- Edge plane. (a) (Carp.) A plane for edging boards. (b) (Shoemaking) A plane for edging soles. -- Edge play, a kind of swordplay in which backswords or cutlasses are used, and the edge, rather than the point, is employed. -- Edge rail. (Railroad) (a) A rail set on edge; -- applied to a rail of more depth than width. (b) A guard rail by the side of the main rail at a switch. Knight. -- Edge railway, a railway having the rails set on edge. -- Edge stone, a curbstone. -- Edge tool. (a) Any tool instrument having a sharp edge intended for cutting. (b) A tool for forming or dressing an edge; an edging tool. -- To be on edge, to be eager, impatient, or anxious. -- To set the teeth on edge, to cause a disagreeable tingling sensation in the teeth, as by bringing acids into contact with them. Bacon. EDGE Edge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Edged; p. pr. & vb. n. Edging.] 1. To furnish with an edge as a tool or weapon; to sharpen. To edge her champion's sword. Dryden. 2. To shape or dress the edge of, as with a tool. 3. To furnish with a fringe or border; as, to edge a dress; to edge a garden with box. Hills whose tops were edged with groves. Pope. 4. To make sharp or keen, figuratively; to incite; to exasperate; to goad; to urge or egg on. [Obs.] By such reasonings, the simple were blinded, and the malicious edged. Hayward. 5. To move by little and little or cautiously, as by pressing forward edgewise; as, edging their chairs forwards. Locke. EDGE Edge, v. i. 1. To move sideways; to move gradually; as, edge along this way. 2. To sail close to the wind. I must edge up on a point of wind. Dryden. To edge away or off (Naut.), to increase the distance gradually from the shore, vessel, or other object. -- To edge down (Naut.), to approach by slow degrees, as when a sailing vessel approaches an object in an oblique direction from the windward. -- To edge in, to get in edgewise; to get in by degrees. -- To edge in with, as with a coast or vessel (Naut.), to advance gradually, but not directly, toward it. EDGEBONE Edge"bone`, n. Defn: Same as Aitchbone. EDGELESS Edge"less, a. Defn: Without an edge; not sharp; blunt; obtuse; as, an edgeless sword or weapon. EDGELONG Edge"long, adv. Defn: In the direction of the edge. [Obs.] Three hundred thousand pieces have you stuck Edgelong into the ground. B. Jonson. EDGESHOT Edge"shot, a. (Carp.) Defn: Having an edge planed, -- said of a board. Knight. EDGEWAYS; EDGEWISE Edge"ways, Edge"wise, adv. Defn: With the edge towards anything; in the direction of the edge. Glad to get in a word, as they say, edgeways. Sir W. Scott. EDGING Edg"ing, n. 1. That which forms an edge or border, as the fringe, trimming, etc., of a garment, or a border in a garden. Dryden. 2. The operation of shaping or dressing the edge of anything, as of a piece of metal. Edging machine, a machine tool with a revolving cutter, for dressing edges, as of boards, or metal plates, to a pattern or templet. EDGINGLY Edg"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Gradually; gingerly. [R.] EDGY Edg"y, a. Etym: [From Edge.] 1. Easily irritated; sharp; as, an edgy temper. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: Having some of the forms, such as drapery or the like, too sharply defined. "An edgy style of sculpture." Hazlitt. EDH Edh, n. Defn: The name of the Anglo-Saxon letter edh, capital form th in a similar word: oedher, other, dôedh, doth." March. EDIBILITY Ed`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Suitableness for being eaten; edibleness. EDIBLE Ed"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. edibilis, fr. edere to eat. See Eat.] Defn: Fit to be eaten as food; eatable; esculent; as, edible fishes. Bacon. -- n. Defn: Anything edible. Edible bird's nest. See Bird's nest, 2. -- Edible crab (Zoöl.), any species of crab used as food, esp. the American blue crab (Callinectes hastatus). See Crab. -- Edible frog (Zoöl.), the common European frog (Rana esculenta), used as food. -- Edible snail (Zoöl.), any snail used as food, esp. Helix pomatia and H. aspersa of Europe. EDIBLENESS Ed"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: Suitableness for being eaten. EDICT E"dict, n. Etym: [L. edictum, fr. edicere, edictum, to declare, proclaim; e out + dicere to say: cf. F. édit. See Diction.] Defn: A public command or ordinance by the sovereign power; the proclamation of a law made by an absolute authority, as if by the very act of announcement; a decree; as, the edicts of the Roman emperors; the edicts of the French monarch. It stands as an edict in destiny. Shak. Edict of Nantes (French Hist.), an edict issued by Henry IV. (A. D. 1598), giving toleration to Protestants. Its revocation by Louis XIV. (A. D. 1685) was followed by terrible persecutions and the expatriation of thousands of French Protestants. Syn. -- Decree; proclamation; law; ordinance; statute; rule; order; manifesti; command. See Law. EDICTAL E*dic"tal, a. Defn: Relating to, or consisting of, edicts; as, the Roman edictal law. EDIFICANT Ed"i*fi*cant, a. Etym: [L. aedificans, -antis, p. pr. of aedificare. See Edify.] Defn: Building; constructing. [R.] Dugard. EDIFICATION Ed`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. aedificatio: cf. F. édification. See Edify.] 1. The act of edifying, or the state of being edified; a building up, especially in a moral or spiritual sense; moral, intellectual, or spiritual improvement; instruction. The assured edification of his church. Bp. Hall. Out of these magazines I shall supply the town with what may tend to their edification. Addison. 2. A building or edifice. [Obs.] Bullokar. EDIFICATORY Ed"i*fi*ca`to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to edification. Bp. Hall. EDIFICE Ed"i*fice, n. Etym: [L. aedificium, fr. aedificare: cf. F. édifice. See Edify.] Defn: A building; a structure; an architectural fabric; -- chiefly applied to elegant houses, and other large buildings; as, a palace, a church, a statehouse. EDIFICIAL Ed`i*fi"cial, a. Etym: [L. aedificialis.] Defn: Pertaining to an edifice; structural. EDIFIER Ed"i*fi`er, n. 1. One who builds. [Obs.] 2. One who edifies, builds up, or strengthens another by moral or religious instruction. EDIFY Ed"i*fy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Edified; p. pr. & vb. n. Edifying.] Etym: [F. édifier, L. aedificare; aedes a building, house, orig., a fireplace (akin to Gr. idh to kindle, OHG. eit funeral pile, AS. ad, OIr. aed fire) + facere to make. See Fact, -fy.] 1. To build; to construct. [Archaic] There was a holy chapel edified. Spenser. 2. To instruct and improve, especially in moral and religious knowledge; to teach. It does not appear probable that our dispute [about miracles] would either edify or enlighten the public. Gibbon. 3. To teach or persuade. [Obs.] Bacon. EDIFY Ed"i*fy, v. i. Defn: To improve. [R.] Swift. EDIFYING Ed"i*fy`ing, a. Defn: Instructing; improving; as, an edifying conversation. -- Ed"i*fy`ing*ly, adv. -- Ed"i*fy`ing*ness, n. EDILE E"dile, n. Etym: [L. aedilis: cf. F. édile. Cf. Ædile.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: See Ædile. EDILESHIP E"dile*ship, n. Defn: The office of ædile. T. Arnold. EDINGTONITE Ed"ing*ton*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A grayish white zeolitic mineral, in tetragonal crystals. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and baryta. EDIT Ed"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Edited; p. pr. & vb. n. Editing.] Etym: [F. éditer, or L. editus, p. p. of edere to give out, put forth, publish; e out + dare to give. See Date a point of time.] Defn: To superintend the publication of; to revise and prepare for publication; to select, correct, arrange, etc., the matter of, for publication; as, to edit a newspaper. Philosophical treatises which have never been edited. Enfield. EDITION E*di"tion, n. Etym: [L. editio, fr. edere to publish; cf. F. édition. See Edit.] 1. A literary work edited and published, as by a certain editor or in a certain manner; as, a good edition of Chaucer; Chalmers' edition of Shakespeare. 2. The whole number of copies of a work printed and published at one time; as, the first edition was soon sold. EDITION DE LUXE É`di`tion" de luxe". Etym: [F.] Defn: See Luxe. EDITIONER E*di`tion*er, n. Defn: An editor. [Obs.] EDITOR Ed"i*tor, n. Etym: [L., that which produces, from edere to publish: cf. F. éditeur.] Defn: One who edits; esp., a person who prepares, superintends, revises, and corrects a book, magazine, or newspaper, etc., for publication. EDITORIAL Ed`i*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an editor; written or sanctioned by an editor; as, editorial labors; editorial remarks. editorial content EDITORIAL Ed`i*to"ri*al, n. Defn: A leading article in a newspaper or magazine; an editorial article; an article published as an expression of the views of the editor. EDITORIALLY Ed`i*to"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner or character of an editor or of an editorial article. EDITORSHIP Ed"i*tor*ship, n. Defn: The office or charge of an editor; care and superintendence of a publication. EDITRESS Ed"i*tress, n. Defn: A female editor. EDITUATE E*dit"u*ate, v. t. Etym: [LL. aedituatus, p. p. of aedituare, fr. L. aedituus a temple warden; aedes building, temple + tueri to guard.] Defn: To guard as a churchwarden does. [Obs.] J. Gregory. EDOMITE E"dom*ite, n. Defn: One of the descendants of Esau or Edom, the brother of Jacob; an Idumean. EDRIOPHTHALMA Ed`ri*oph*thal"ma, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Crustacea in which the eyes are without stalks; the Arthrostraca. [Written also Edriophthalmata.] EDRIOPHTHALMOUS Ed`ri*oph*thal"mous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Edriophthalma. EDUCABILITY Ed`u*ca*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. éducabilité.] Defn: Capability of being educated. EDUCABLE Ed"u*ca*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. éducable.] Defn: Capable of being educated. "Men are educable." M. Arnold. EDUCATE Ed"u*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Educated; p. pr. & vb. n. Educating.] Etym: [L. educatus, p. p. of educare to bring up a child physically or mentally, to educate, fr. educere to Educe.] Defn: To bring as, to educate a child; to educate the eye or the taste. Syn. -- To develop; instruct; teach; inform; enlighten; edify; bring up; train; breed; rear; discipline; indoctrinate. EDUCATED Ed"u*ca`ted, a. Defn: Formed or developed by education; as, an educated man. EDUCATION Ed`u*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. educatio; cf. F. éducation.] Defn: The act or process of educating; the result of educating, as determined by the knowledge skill, or discipline of character, acquired; also, the act or process of training by a prescribed or customary course of study or discipline; as, an education for the bar or the pulpit; he has finished his education. To prepare us for complete living is the function which education has to discharge. H. Spenser. Syn. -- Education, Instruction, Teaching, Training, Breeding. Education, properly a drawing forth, implies not so much the communication of knowledge as the discipline of the intellect, the establishment of the principles, and the regulation of the heart. Instruction is that part of education which furnishes the mind with knowledge. Teaching is the same, being simply more familiar. It is also applied to practice; as, teaching to speak a language; teaching a dog to do tricks. Training is a department of education in which the chief element is exercise or practice for the purpose of imparting facility in any physical or mental operation. Breeding commonly relates to the manners and outward conduct. EDUCATIONAL Ed`u*ca"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to education. "His educational establishment." J. H. Newman. EDUCATIONIST Ed`u*ca"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who is versed in the theories of, or who advocates and promotes, education. EDUCATIVE Ed"u*ca*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. éducatif.] Defn: Tending to educate; that gives education; as, an educative process; an educative experience. EDUCATOR Ed"u*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who educates; a teacher. EDUCE E*duce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Educed; p. pr. & vb. n. Educing.] Etym: [L. educere; e out + ducere to lead. See Duke.] Defn: To bring or draw out; to cause to appear; to produce against counter agency or influence; to extract; to evolve; as, to educe a form from matter. The eternal art educing good from ill. Pope. They want to educe and cultivate what is best and noblest in themselves. M. Arnold. EDUCIBLE E*du"ci*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being educed. EDUCT E"duct, n. Etym: [L. eductum, fr. educere.] Defn: That which is educed, as by analysis. Sir W. Hamilton. EDUCTION E*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. eductio.] Defn: The act of drawing out or bringing into view. Eduction pipe, and Eduction port. See Exhaust pipe and Exhaust port, under Exhaust, a. EDUCTIVE E*duc"tive, a. Defn: Tending to draw out; extractive. EDUCTOR E*duc"tor, n. Etym: [L., tutor.] Defn: One who, or that which, brings forth, elicits, or extracts. Stimulus must be called an eductor of vital ether. E. Darwin. EDULCORANT E*dul"co*rant, a. Etym: [See Edulcorate.] Defn: Having a tendency to purify or to sweeten by removing or correcting acidity and acrimony. EDULCORANT E*dul"co*rant, n. Defn: An edulcorant remedy. EDULCORATE E*dul"co*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Edulcorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Edulcorating.] Etym: [L. e oudulcoratus, p. p. of dulcorare to sweeten, fr. dulcor sweetness, fr. dulcis sweet: cf. F. édulcorer.] 1. To render sweet; to sweeten; to free from acidity. Succory . . . edulcorated with sugar and vinegar. Evelyn. 2. (Chem.) Defn: To free from acids, salts, or other soluble substances, by washing; to purify. [R.] EDULCORATION E*dul`co*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. édulcoration.] 1. The act of sweetening or edulcorating. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The act of freeing from acids or any soluble substances, by affusions of water. [R.] Ure. EDULCORATIVE E*dul"co*ra*tive, a. Defn: Tending to EDULCORATOR E*dul"co*ra`tor, n. Defn: A contrivance used to supply small quantities of sweetened liquid, water, etc., to any mixture, or to test tubes, etc.; a dropping bottle. EDULIOUS E*du"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. edulis, fr. edere to eat.] Defn: Edible. [Obs.] "Edulious pulses." Sir T. Browne. -EE -ee. Etym: [Formed on the F. p. p. ending -é, masc.] Defn: A suffix used, chiefly in law terms, in a passive signification, to indicate the direct or indirect object of an action, or the one to whom an act is done or on whom a right is conferred; as in assignee, donee, alienee, grantee, etc. It is correlative to -or, the agent or doer. EEK; EEKE Eek, Eeke, v. t. Defn: See Eke. [Obs.] Spenser. EEL Eel, n. Etym: [AS. ; akin to D., G., & Dan. aal, Icel. all, Sw. ål.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An elongated fish of many genera and species. The common eels of Europe and America belong to the genus Anguilla. The electrical eel is a species of Gymnotus. The so called vinegar eel is a minute nematode worm. See Conger eel, Electric eel, and Gymnotus. EELBUCK Eel"buck`, n. Defn: An eelpot or eel basket. EELFARE Eel"fare`, n. Etym: [Eel + fare a journey or passage.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A brood of eels. [Prov. Eng.] EELGRASS Eel"grass`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Zostera marina), with very long and narrow leaves, growing abundantly in shallow bays along the North Atlantic coast. EEL-MOTHER Eel"-moth`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The eelpout. EELPOT Eel"pot`, n. Defn: A boxlike structure with funnel-shaped traps for catching eels; an eelbuck. EELPOUT Eel"pout`, n. Etym: [AS. .] (Zoöl.) (a) A European fish (Zoarces viviparus), remarkable for producing living young; -- called also greenbone, guffer, bard, and Maroona eel. Also, an American species (Z. anguillaris), -- called also mutton fish, and, erroneously, congo eel, ling, and lamper eel. Both are edible, but of little value. (b) A fresh-water fish, the burbot. EELSPEAR Eel"spear`, n. Defn: A spear with barbed forks for spearing eels. E'EN E'en, adv. Defn: A contraction for even. See Even. I have e'en done with you. L'Estrange. EEN Een, n. Defn: The old plural of Eye. And eke with fatness swollen were his een. Spenser. E'ER E'er, adv. Defn: A contraction for ever. See Ever. EERIE; EERY Ee"rie, Ee"ry, a. Etym: [Scotch, fr. AS. earh timid.] 1. Serving to inspire fear, esp. a dread of seeing ghosts; wild; weird; as, eerie stories. She whose elfin prancer springs By night to eery warblings. Tennyson. 2. Affected with fear; affrighted. Burns. EERILY Ee"ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a strange, unearthly way. EERISOME Ee"ri*some, a. Defn: Causing fear; eerie. [Scot.] EET Eet, obs. imp. Defn: of Eat. Chaucer. EFFABLE Ef"fa*ble, a. Etym: [L. effabilis; ex out + fari to speak.] Defn: Capable of being uttered or explained; utterable. Barrow. EFFACE Ef*face", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effaced; p. pr. & vb. n. Effacing.] Etym: [F. effacer; pref. es- (L. ex) + face face; prop., to destroy the face or form. See Face, and cf. Deface.] 1. To cause to disappear (as anything impresses or inscribed upon a surface) by rubbing out, striking out, etc.; to erase; to render illegible or indiscernible; as, to efface the letters on a monument, or the inscription on a coin. 2. To destroy, as a mental impression; to wear away. Efface from his mind the theories and notions vulgarly received. Bacon. Syn. -- To blot out; expunge; erase; obliterate; cancel; destroy. -- Efface, Deface. To deface is to injure or impair a figure; to efface is to rub out or destroy, so as to render invisible. EFFACEABLE Ef*face"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being effaced. EFFACEMENT Ef*face"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. effacement.] Defn: The act if effacing; also, the result of the act. EFFASCINATE Ef*fas"ci*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. effascinare.] Defn: To charm; to bewitch. [Obs.] Heywood. EFFASCINATION Ef*fas`ci*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. effascinatio.] Defn: A charming; state of being bewitched or deluded. [Obs.] EFFECT Ef*fect", n. Etym: [L. effectus, fr. efficere, effectum, to effect; ex + facere to make: cf. F. effet, formerly also spelled effect. See Fact.] 1. Execution; performance; realization; operation; as, the law goes into effect in May. That no compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between The effect and it. Shak. 2. Manifestation; expression; sign. All the large effects That troop with majesty. Shak. 3. In general: That which is produced by an agent or cause; the event which follows immediately from an antecedent, called the cause; result; consequence; outcome; fruit; as, the effect of luxury. The effect is the unfailing index of the amount of the cause. Whewell. 4. Impression left on the mind; sensation produced. Patchwork . . . introduced for oratorical effect. J. C. Shairp. The effect was heightened by the wild and lonely nature of the place. W. Irving. 5. Power to produce results; efficiency; force; importance; account; as, to speak with effect. 6. Consequence intended; purpose; meaning; general intent; -- with to. They spake to her to that effect. 2 Chron. xxxiv. 22. 7. The purport; the sum and substance. "The effect of his intent." Chaucer. 8. Reality; actual meaning; fact, as distinguished from mere appearance. No other in effect than what it seems. Denham. 9. pl. Defn: Goods; movables; personal estate; -- sometimes used to embrace real as well as personal property; as, the people escaped from the town with their effects. For effect, for an exaggerated impression or excitement. -- In effect, in fact; in substance. See 8, above. -- Of no effect, Of none effect, To no effect, or Without effect, destitute of results, validity, force, and the like; vain; fruitless. "Making the word of God of none effect through your tradition." Mark vii. 13. "All my study be to no effect." Shak. -- To give effect to, to make valid; to carry out in practice; to push to its results. -- To take effect, to become operative, to accomplish aims. Shak. Syn. -- Effect, Consequence, Result. These words indicate things which arise out of some antecedent, or follow as a consequent. Effect, which may be regarded as the generic term, denotes that which springs directly from something which can properly be termed a cause. A consequence is more remote, not being strictly caused, nor yet a mere sequence, but following out of and following indirectly, or in the train of events, something on which it truly depends. A result is still more remote and variable, like the rebound of an elastic body which falls in very different directions. We may foresee the effects of a measure, may conjecture its consequences, but can rarely discover its final results. Resolving all events, with their effects And manifold results, into the will And arbitration wise of the Supreme. Cowper. Shun the bitter consequence, for know, The day thou eatest thereof, . . . thou shalt die. Milton. EFFECT Ef*fect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effected; p. pr. & vb. n. Effecting.] 1. To produce, as a cause or agent; to cause to be. So great a body such exploits to effect. Daniel. 2. To bring to pass; to execute; to enforce; to achieve; to accomplish. To effect that which the divine counsels had decreed. Bp. Hurd. They sailed away without effecting their purpose. Jowett (Th. ). Syn. -- To accomplish; fulfill; achieve; complete; execute; perform; attain. See Accomplish. EFFECTER Ef*fect"er, n. Defn: One who effects. EFFECTIBLE Ef*fect"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being done or achieved; practicable; feasible. Sir T. Browne. EFFECTION Ef*fec"tion, n. Etym: [L. effectio: cf. F. effection.] Defn: Creation; a doing. [R.] Sir M. Hale. EFFECTIVE Ef*fect"ive, a. Etym: [L. effectivus: cf. F. effectif.] Defn: Having the power to produce an effect or effects; producing a decided or decisive effect; efficient; serviceable; operative; as, an effective force, remedy, speech; the effective men in a regiment. They are not effective of anything, nor leave no work behind them. Bacon. Whosoever is an effective, real cause of doing his heighbor wrong, is criminal. Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- Efficient; forcible; active; powerful; energetic; competent. See Effectual. EFFECTIVE Ef*fect"ive, n. 1. That which produces a given effect; a cause. Jer. Taylor. 2. One who is capable of active service. He assembled his army -- 20,000 effectives -- at Corinth. W. P. Johnston. 3. Etym: [F. effectif real, effective, real amount.] (Com.) Defn: Specie or coin, as distinguished from paper currency; -- a term used in many parts of Europe. Simmonds. EFFECTIVELY Ef*fect"ive*ly, adv. Defn: With effect; powerfully; completely; thoroughly. EFFECTIVENESS Ef*fect"ive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being effective. EFFECTLESS Ef*fect"less, a. Defn: Without effect or advantage; useless; bootless. Shak. -- Ef*fect"less*ly, adv. EFFECTOR Ef*fect"or, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: An effecter. Derham. EFFECTUAL Ef*fec"tu*al, a. Etym: [See Effect, n.] Defn: Producing, or having adequate power or force to produce, an intended effect; adequate; efficient; operative; decisive. Shak. Effectual steps for the suppression of the rebellion. Macaulay. Effectual calling (Theol.), a doctrine concerning the work of the Holy Spirit in producing conviction of sin and acceptance of salvation by Christ, -- one of the five points of Calvinism. See Calvinism. Syn. -- Effectual, Efficacious, Effective. An efficacious remedy is had recourse to, and proves effective if it does decided good, effectual if it does all the good desired. C. J. Smith. EFFECTUALLY Ef*fec"tu*al*ly, adv. 1. With effect; efficaciously. 2. Actually; in effect. [Obs.] Fuller. EFFECTUALNESS Ef*fec"tu*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being effectual. EFFECTUATE Ef*fec"tu*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effectuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Effectuating.] Etym: [Cf. F. effectuer. See Effect, n. & v. t.] Defn: To bring to pass; to effect; to achieve; to accomplish; to fulfill. A fit instrument to effectuate his desire. Sir P. Sidney. In order to effectuate the thorough reform. G. T. Curtis. EFFECTUATION Ef*fec`tu*a"tion, n. Defn: Act of effectuating. EFFECTUOSE; EFFECTUOUS Ef*fec"tu*ose`, Ef*fec"tu*ous, a. Defn: Effective. [Obs.] B. Jonson. EFFECTUOUSLY Ef*fec"tu*ous*ly, adv. Defn: Effectively. [Obs.] EFFEMINACY Ef*fem"i*na*cy, n.; pl. Effeminacies. Etym: [From Effeminate.] Defn: Characteristic quality of a woman, such as softness, luxuriousness, delicacy, or weakness, which is unbecoming a man; womanish delicacy or softness; -- used reproachfully of men. Milton. EFFEMINATE Ef*fem"i*nate, a. Etym: [L. effeminatus, p. p. of effeminare to make a woman of; ex out + femina a woman. See Feminine, a.] 1. Having some characteristic of a woman, as delicacy, luxuriousness, etc.; soft or delicate to an unmanly degree; womanish; weak. The king, by his voluptuous life and mean marriage, became effeminate, and less sensible of honor. Bacon. An effeminate and unmanly foppery. Bp. Hurd. 2. Womanlike; womanly; tender; -- in a good sense. Gentle, kind, effeminate remorse. Shak. Note: Effeminate and womanish are generally used in a reproachful sense; feminine and womanly, applied to women, are epithets of propriety or commendation. EFFEMINATE Ef*fem"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effeminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Effeminating.] Defn: To make womanish; to make soft and delicate; to weaken. It will not corrupt or effeminate children's minds. Locke. EFFEMINATE Ef*fem"i*nate, v. i. Defn: To grow womanish or weak. In a slothful peace both courage will effeminate and manners corrupt. Pope. EFFEMINATELY Ef*fem"i*nate*ly, adv. 1. In an effeminate or womanish manner; weakly; softly; delicately. "Proud and effeminately gay." Fawkes. 2. By means of a woman; by the power or art of a woman. [R.] "Effeminately vanquished." Milton. EFFEMINATENESS Ef*fem"i*nate*ness, n. Defn: The state of being effeminate; unmanly softness. Fuller. EFFEMINATION Ef*fem`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. effeminatio.] Defn: Effeminacy; womanishness. [Obs.] Bacon. EFFEMINIZE Ef*fem"i*nize, v. t. Defn: To make effeminate. [Obs.] EFFENDI Ef*fen"di, n. Etym: [Turk. efendi, fr. Modern Gr. Authentic.] Defn: Master; sir; -- a title of a Turkish state official and man of learning, especially one learned in the law. EFFERENT Ef"fe*rent, a. Etym: [L. efferens, -entis, p. pr. of effere to bear out; ex out + ferre to bear.] (Physiol.) (a) Conveying outward, or discharging; -- applied to certain blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, etc. (b) Conveyed outward; as, efferent impulses, i. e., such as are conveyed by the motor or efferent nerves from the central nervous organ outwards; -- opposed to afferent. EFFERENT Ef"fe*rent, n. Defn: An efferent duct or stream. EFFEROUS Ef"fer*ous, a. Etym: [L. efferus savage; ex (intens.) + ferus wild.] Defn: Like a wild beast; fierce. [Obs.] EFFERVESCE Ef`fer*vesce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Effervesced; p. pr. & vb. n. Effervescing.] Etym: [L. effervescere; ex + fervescere to begin boiling, incho., fr. fervere to boil. See Fervent.] 1. To be in a state of natural ebullition; to bubble and hiss, as fermenting liquors, or any fluid, when some part escapes in a gaseous form. 2. To exhibit, in lively natural expression, feelings that can not be repressed or concealed; as, to effervesce with joy or merriment. EFFERVESCENCE; EFFERVESCENCY Ef`fer*ves"cence, Ef`fer*ves"cen*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. effervescence.] Defn: A kind of natural ebullition; that commotion of a fluid which takes place when some part of the mass flies off in a gaseous form, producing innumerable small bubbles; as, the effervescence of a carbonate with citric acid. EFFERVESCENT Ef`fer*ves"cent, a. Etym: [L. effervescences, p. pr. of effervescere: cf. F. effervescent.] Defn: Gently boiling or bubbling, by means of the disengagement of gas EFFERVESCIBLE Ef`fer*ves"ci*ble, a. Defn: Capable of effervescing. EFFERVESCIVE Ef`fer*ves"cive, a. Defn: Tending to produce effervescence. "An effervescive force." Hickok. EFFET Ef"fet, n. Etym: [See Eft, n.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The common newt; -- called also asker, eft, evat, and ewt. EFFETE Ef*fete", a. Etym: [L. effetus that has brought forth, exhausted; ex + fetus that has brought forth. See Fetus.] Defn: No longer capable of producing young, as an animal, or fruit, as the earth; hence, worn out with age; exhausted of energy; incapable of efficient action; no longer productive; barren; sterile. Effete results from virile efforts. Mrs. Browning If they find the old governments effete, worn out, . . . they may seek new ones. Burke. EFFICACIOUS Ef`fi*ca"cious, a. Etym: [L. eficax, -acis, fr. efficere. See Effect, n.] Defn: Possessing the quality of being effective; productive of, or powerful to produce, the effect intended; as, an efficacious law. Syn. -- See Effectual. -- Ef`fi*ca"cious*ly, adv. -- Ef`fi*ca"cious*ness, n. EFFICACITY Ef`fi*cac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. efficacitas: cf. F. efficacité.] Defn: Efficacy. [R.] J. Fryth. EFFICACY Ef"fi*ca*cy, n. Etym: [L. efficacia, fr. efficax. See Efficacious.] Defn: Power to produce effects; operation or energy of an agent or force; production of the effect intended; as, the efficacy of medicine in counteracting disease; the efficacy of prayer. "Of noxious efficacy." Milton. Syn. -- Virtue; force; energy; potency; efficiency. EFFICIENCE; EFFICIENCY Ef*fi"cience, Ef*fi"cien*cy, n. Etym: [L. efficientia.] 1. The quality of being efficient or producing an effect or effects; efficient power; effectual agency. The manner of this divine efficiency being far above us. Hooker. 2. (Mech.) Defn: The ratio of useful work to energy expended. Rankine. Efficiency of a heat engine, the ratio of the work done an engine, to the work due to the heat supplied to it. EFFICIENT Ef*fi"cient, a. Etym: [L. efficiens, -entis, p. pr. of efficere to effect: cf. F. efficient. See Effect, n.] Defn: Causing effects; producing results; that makes the effect to be what it is; actively operative; not inactive, slack, or incapable; characterized by energetic and useful activity; as, an efficient officer, power. The efficient cause is the working cause. Wilson. Syn. -- Effective; effectual; competent; able; capable; material; potent. EFFICIENT Ef*fi"cient, n. Defn: An efficient cause; a prime mover. God . . . moveth mere natural agents as an efficient only. Hooker. EFFICIENTLY Ef*fi"cient*ly, adv. Defn: With effect; effectively. EFFIERCE Ef*fierce", v. t. Etym: [Pref. ex- (intens.) + fierce.] Defn: To make fierce. [Obs.] Spenser. EFFIGIAL Ef*fig"i*al, a. Defn: Relating to an effigy. EFFIGIATE Ef*fig"i*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. effigiatus, p. p. of effigiare to form, fr. effigies. See Effigy.] Defn: To form as an effigy; hence, to fashion; to adapt. [He must] effigiate and conform himself to those circumstances. Jer. Taylor. EFFIGIATION Ef*fig`i*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. effigiatio.] Defn: The act of forming in resemblance; an effigy. Fuller. EFFIGIES Ef*fig"i*es, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Effigy. Dryden. EFFIGY Ef"fi*gy, n.; pl. Effigies. Etym: [L. effigies, fr. effingere to form, fashion; ex + fingere to form, shape, devise. See Feign.] Defn: The image, likeness, or representation of a person, whether a full figure, or a part; an imitative figure; -- commonly applied to sculptured likenesses, as those on monuments, or to those of the heads of princes on coins and medals, sometimes applied to portraits. To burn, or To hang, in effigy, to burn or to hang an image or picture of a person, as a token of public odium. EFFLAGITATE Ef*flag"i*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. efflagitatus, p. p. of efflagitare.] Defn: To ask urgently. [Obs.] Cockeram. EFFLATE Ef*flate", v. t. Etym: [L. efflatus, p. p. of efflare to blow or breathe out; ex + flare to blow.] Defn: To fill with breath; to puff up. Sir T. Herbert. EFFLATION Ef*fla"tion, n. Defn: The act of filling with wind; a breathing or puffing out; a puff, as of wind. A soft efflation of celestial fire. Parnell. EFFLORESCE Ef`flo*resce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Effloresced; p. pr. & vb. n. Efflorescing.] Etym: [L. efflorescere to bloom, blossom; ex + florescere to begin to blossom, incho., fr. florere to blossom, fr. flos a flower. See Flower.] 1. To blossom forth. Carlyle. 2. (Chem.) Defn: To change on the surface, or throughout, to a whitish, mealy, or crystalline powder, from a gradual decomposition, esp. from the loss of water, on simple exposure to the air; as, Glauber's salts, and many others, effloresce. 3. To become covered with a whitish crust or light crystallization, from a slow chemical change between some of the ingredients of the matter covered and an acid proceeding commonly from an external source; as, the walls of limestone caverns sometimes effloresce with nitrate of calcium in consequence of the action in consequence of nitric acid formed in the atmosphere. EFFLORESCENCE Ef`flo*res"cence, n. Etym: [F. efflorescence.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Flowering, or state of flowering; the blooming of flowers; blowth. 2. (Med.) Defn: A redness of the skin; eruption, as in rash, measles, smallpox, scarlatina, etc. 3. (Chem.) (a) The formation of the whitish powder or crust on the surface of efflorescing bodies, as salts, etc. (b) The powder or crust thus formed. EFFLORESCENCY Ef`flo*res"cen*cy, n. Defn: The state or quality of being efflorescent; efflorescence. EFFLORESCENT Ef`flo*res"cent, a. Etym: [F. efflorescent, L. efflorescens, -entis, blooming, p. pr. of efflorescere. See Effloresce, v. i.] 1. That effloresces, or is liable to effloresce on exposure; as, an efflorescent salt. 2. Covered with an efflorescence. EFFLOWER Ef*flow"er, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. effleurer.] (Leather Making) Defn: To remove the epidermis of (a skin) with a concave knife, blunt in its middle part, -- as in making chamois leather. EFFLUENCE Ef"flu*ence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. effluence.] 1. A flowing out, or emanation. 2. That which flows or issues from any body or substance; issue; efflux. Bright effluence of bright essence increate! Milton. And, as if the gloom of the earth and sky had been but the effluence of these two mortal hearts, it vanished with their sorrow. Hawthorne. EFFLUENCY Ef"flu*en*cy, n. Defn: Effluence. EFFLUENT Ef"flu*ent, a. Etym: [L. effluens, -entis, p. pr. of effluere to flow out; ex + fluere to flow: cf. F. effluent. See Fluent.] Defn: Flowing out; as, effluent beams. Parnell. EFFLUENT Ef"flu*ent, n. (Geog.) Defn: A stream that flows out of another stream or lake. EFFLUVIABLE Ef*flu"vi*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being given off as an effluvium. "Effluviable matter." Boyle. EFFLUVIAL Ef*flu"vi*al, a. Defn: Belonging to effluvia. EFFLUVIATE Ef*flu"vi*ate, v. i. Defn: To give forth effluvium. [R.] "An effluviating power." Boyle. EFFLUVIUM Ef*flu"vi*um, n.; pl. Effluvia. Etym: [L., a flowing out, fr. effluere to flow out. See Effluent, a.] Defn: Subtile or invisible emanation; exhalation perceived by the sense of smell; especially, noisome or noxious exhalation; as, the effluvium from diseased or putrefying bodies, or from ill drainage. EFFLUX Ef"flux, n. Etym: [See Effluent, Flux.] 1. The act or process of flowing out, or issuing forth; effusion; outflow; as, the efflux of matter from an ulcer; the efflux of men's piety. It is then that the devout affections . . . are incessantly in efflux. I. Taylor. 2. That which flows out; emanation; effluence. Prime cheerer, light! . . . Efflux divine. Thomson. EFFLUX Ef*flux", v. i. Defn: To run out; to flow forth; to pass away. [Obs.] Boyle. EFFLUXION Ef*flux"ion, n. Etym: [From Efflux.] 1. The act of flowing out; effusion. 2. That which flows out; effluvium; emanation. Some light effluxions from spirit to spirit. Bacon. EFFODIENT Ef*fo"di*ent, a. Etym: [L. effodiens, p. pr. of effodere to dig out; ex + fodere to dig.] Defn: Digging up. EFFORCE Ef*force, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Efforced; p. pr. & vb. n. Efforcing.] Etym: [OF. esforcier (F. s'efforcer to exert one's self), LL. exforciare; L. ex + fortis strong. See Force.] Defn: To force; to constrain; to compel to yield. [Obs.] Spenser. EFFORM Ef*form", v. t. Etym: [Pref. ex- + form.] Defn: To form; to shape. [Obs.] Efforming their words within their lips. Jer. Taylor. EFFORMATION Ef`for*ma"tion, n. Defn: The act of giving shape or form. [Obs.] Ray. EFFORT Ef"fort, n. Etym: [F. effort, OF. esfort, for esfors, esforz, fr. esforcier. See Efforce.] 1. An exertion of strength or power, whether physical or mental, in performing an act or aiming at an object; more or less strenuous endeavor; struggle directed to the accomplishment of an object; as, an effort to scale a wall. We prize the stronger effort of his power. Pope. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A force acting on a body in the direction of its motion. Rankine. Syn. -- Endeavor; exertion; struggle; strain; straining; attempt; trial; essay. See Attempt. EFFORT Ef"fort, v. t. Defn: To stimulate. [Obs.] "He efforted his spirits." Fuller. EFFORTLESS Ef"fort*less, a. Defn: Making no effort. Southey. EFFOSSION Ef*fos"sion, n. Etym: [L. effossio. See Effodient.] Defn: A digging out or up. [R.] "The effossion of coins." Arbuthnot. EFFRANCHISE Ef*fran"chise, v. t. Etym: [Pref. ex- + franchise: cf. OF. esfranchir.] Defn: To enfranchise. EFFRAY Ef*fray", v. t. Etym: [F. effrayer. See Affray.] Defn: To frighten; to scare. [Obs.] Spenser. EFFRAYABLE Ef*fray"a*ble, a. Defn: Frightful. [Obs.] Harvey. EFFRENATION Ef`fre*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. effrenatio, fr. effrenare to unbridle; ex + frenum a bridle.] Defn: Unbridled license; unruliness. [Obs.] Cockeram. EFFRONT Ef*front", v. t. Defn: To give assurance to. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. EFFRONTERY Ef*front"er*y, n.; pl. Effronteries. Etym: [F. effronterie, fr. effronté shameless, fr. L. effrons, -ontis, putting forth the forehead, i. e., barefaced, shameless; ex + frons the forehead. See Front.] Defn: Impudence or boldness in confronting or in transgressing the bounds of duty or decorum; insulting presumptuousness; shameless boldness; barefaced assurance. Corruption lost nothing of its effrontery. Bancroft. Syn. -- Impudence; sauciness. See Impudence. EFFRONTIT Ef*front"it, a. Etym: [F. effronté.] Defn: Marked by impudence. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. EFFRONTUOUSLY Ef*fron"tu*ous*ly, adv. Defn: Impudently. [Obs.] R. North. EFFULGE Ef*fulge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effulged; p. pr. & vb. n. Effulging.] Etym: [L. effulgere to shine forth; ex + fulgere to flash, shine. See Fulgent.] Defn: To cause to shine with abundance of light; to radiate; to beam. [R.] His eyes effulging a peculiar fire. Thomson. EFFULGE Ef*fulge", v. i. Defn: To shine forth; to beam. EFFULGENCE Ef*ful"gence, n. Defn: The state of being effulgent; extreme brilliancy; a flood of light; great luster or brightness; splendor. The effulgence of his glory abides. Milton. The bright and the balmy effulgence of morn. Beattie. EFFULGENT Ef*ful"gent, a. Etym: [L. effulgens, -entis, p. pr. of effulgere.] Defn: Diffusing a flood of light; shining; luminous; beaming; bright; splendid. "Effulgent rays of light." Cowper. EFFULGENTLY Ef*ful"gent*ly, adv. Defn: In an effulgent manner. EFFUMABILITY Ef*fu`ma*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The capability of flying off in fumes or vapor. [Obs.] Boyle. EFFUME Ef*fume", v. t. Etym: [L. effumare to emit smoke; ex + fumare to smoke, fr. fumus smoke.] Defn: To breathe or puff out. [Obs.] B. Jonson. EFFUND Ef*fund", v. t. Etym: [L. effundere. See Effuse.] Defn: To pour out. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. EFFUSE Ef*fuse", a. Etym: [L. effusus, p. p. of effundere to pour out; ex + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt.] 1. Poured out freely; profuse. [Obs.] So should our joy be very effuse. Barrow. 2. Disposed to pour out freely; prodigal. [Obs.] Young. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Spreading loosely, especially on one side; as, an effuse inflorescence. Loudon. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the lips, or edges, of the aperture abruptly spreading; -- said of certain shells. EFFUSE Ef*fuse", n. Defn: Effusion; loss. "Much effuse of blood." Shak. EFFUSE Ef*fuse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Effused; p. pr. & vb. n. Effusing.] Defn: To pour out like a stream or freely; to cause to exude; to shed. [R.] With gushing blood effused. Milton. EFFUSE Ef*fuse", v. i. Defn: To emanate; to issue. Thomson. EFFUSION Ef*fu"sion, n. Etym: [L. effusio: cf. F. effusion.] 1. The act of pouring out; as, effusion of water, of blood, of grace, of words, and the like. To save the effusion of my people's blood. Dryden. 2. That which is poured out, literally or figuratively. Wash me with that precious effusion, and I shall be whiter than sow. Eikon Basilike. The light effusions of a heedless boy. Byron. 3. (Pathol.) (a) The escape of a fluid out of its natural vessel, either by rupture of the vessel, or by exudation through its walls. It may pass into the substance of an organ, or issue upon a free surface. (b) The liquid escaping or exuded. EFFUSIVE Ef*fu"sive, a. Defn: Pouring out; pouring forth freely. "Washed with the effusive wave." Pope. Effusive rocks (Geol.), volcanic rocks, in distinction from so-called intrusive, or plutonic, rocks. -- Ef*fu"sive*ly, adv. -- Ef*fu"sive*ness, n. EFREET Ef"reet, n. Defn: See Afrit. EFT Eft, n. Etym: [AS. efete lizard. See Newt.] (Zoöl.) (a) A European lizard of the genus Seps. (b) A salamander, esp. the European smooth newt (Triton punctatus). EFT Eft, adv. Etym: [AS. eft, æft, again, back, afterward. See Aft, After.] Defn: Again; afterwards; soon; quickly. [Obs.] I wold never eft comen into the snare. Spenser. EFTSOON; EFTSOONS Eft*soon", Eft*soons", adv. Etym: [OE. eftsone, eftsones; AS. eft + s soon. See Eft, and Soon.] Defn: Again; anew; a second time; at once; speedily. [Archaic] And, if he fall from his capel [horse] eftsone. Chaucer. The champion stout eftsoons dismounted. Spenser. EGAD E*gad", interj. Etym: [Euphemistic corruption of the oath, "by God."] Defn: An exclamation expressing exultation or surprise, etc. EGAL E"gal, a. Etym: [F. égal. See Equal.] Defn: Equal; impartial. [Obs.] Shak. EGALITY E*gal"i*ty, n. Etym: [OE. egalite, F. égalité.] Defn: Equality. Chaucer. Tennyson. EGEAN E*ge"an, a. Defn: See Ægean. EGENCE E"gence, n. Etym: [L. egens, -entis, p. pr. of egere to be needy, suffer want.] Defn: The state of needing, or of suffering a natural want. [R.] J. Grote. EGER; EGRE E"ger, E"gre, a. Etym: [See Eager.] Defn: Sharp; bitter; acid; sour. [Obs.] The egre words of thy friend. Chaucer. EGER E"ger, n. Defn: An impetuous flood; a bore. See Eagre. EGERMINATE E*ger"mi*nate, v. i. Etym: [From L. egerminare to sprout.] Defn: To germinate. [Obs.] EGEST E*gest", v. t. Etym: [L. egestus, p. p. of egerere to carry out, to discharge; e out + gerere to carry.] (Physiol.) Defn: To cast or throw out; to void, as excrement; to excrete, as the indigestible matter of the food; in an extended sense, to excrete by the lungs, skin, or kidneys. EGESTA E*ges"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., neut. pl. from p. p. of L. egere. See Egest.] (Physiol.) Defn: That which is egested or thrown off from the body by the various excretory channels; excrements; -- opposed to ingesta. EGESTION E*ges"tion, n. Etym: [L. egestio.] Defn: Act or process of egesting; a voiding. Sir M. Hale. EGG Egg, n. Etym: [OE., fr. Icel. egg; akin to AS. æg (whence OE. ey), Sw. ägg, Dan. æg, G. & D. ei, and prob. to OSlav. aje, jaje, L. ovum, Gr. ugh, Gael. ubh, and perh. to L. avis bird. Cf. Oval.] 1. (Popularly) Defn: The oval or roundish body laid by domestic poultry and other birds, tortoises, etc. It consists of a yolk, usually surrounded by the "white" or albumen, and inclosed in a shell or strong membrane. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A simple cell, from the development of which the young of animals are formed; ovum; germ cell. 3. Anything resembling an egg in form. Note: Egg is used adjectively, or as the first part of self- explaining compounds; as, egg beater or egg-beater, egg case, egg ladle, egg-shaped, etc. Egg and anchor (Arch.), an egg-shaped ornament, alternating with another in the form of a dart, used to enrich the ovolo; -- called also egg and dart, and egg and tongue. See Anchor, n., 5. Ogilvie. -- Egg cleavage (Biol.), a process of cleavage or segmentation, by which the egg undergoes endogenous division with formation of a mass of nearly similar cells, from the growth and differentiation of which the new organism is ultimately formed. See Segmentation of the ovum, under Segmentation. -- Egg development (Biol.), the process of the development of an egg, by which the embryo is formed. -- Egg mite (Zoöl.), any mite which devours the eggs of insects, as Nothrus ovivorus, which destroys those of the canker worm. -- Egg parasite (Zoöl.), any small hymenopterous insect, which, in the larval stage, lives within the eggs of other insects. Many genera and species are known. EGG Egg, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Egged; p. pr. & vb. n. Egging.] Etym: [OE. eggen, Icel. eggja, fr. egg edge. Edge.] Defn: To urge on; to instigate; to incite Adam and Eve he egged to ill. Piers Plowman. [She] did egg him on to tell How fair she was. Warner. EGGAR Eg"gar, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bombycid moth of the genera Eriogaster and Lasiocampa; as, the oak eggar (L. roboris) of Europe. EGG-BIRD Egg"-bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of tern, esp. the sooty tern (Sterna fuliginosa) of the West Indies. In the Bahama Islands the name is applied to the tropic bird, Phaëthon flavirostris. EGG-CUP Egg"-cup`, n. Defn: A cup used for holding an egg, at table. EGGEMENT Eg"ge*ment, n. Etym: [Egg, v. t. + -ment.] Defn: Instigation; incitement. [Obs.] Chaucer. EGGER Egg"er, n. Etym: [See Egg, n.] Defn: One who gathers eggs; an eggler. EGGER Egg"er, n. Etym: [See Egg, v. t.] Defn: One who eggs or incites. EGGERY Egg"er*y, n. Defn: A place where eggs are deposited (as by sea birds) or kept; a nest of eggs. [R.] EGG-GLASS Egg"-glass`, n. Defn: A small sandglass, running about three minutes, for marking time in boiling eggs; also, a small glass for holding an egg, at table. EGGHOT Egg"hot`, n. Defn: A kind of posset made of eggs, brandy, sugar, and ale. Lamb. EGGLER Egg"ler, n. Defn: One who gathers, or deals in, eggs. EGGNOG Egg`nog", n. Defn: A drink consisting of eggs beaten up with sugar, milk, and (usually) wine or spirits. EGGPLANT Egg"plant`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Solanum Melongena), of East Indian origin, allied to the tomato, and bearing a large, smooth, edible fruit, shaped somewhat like an egg; mad-apple. EGG-SHAPED Egg"-shaped`, a. Defn: Resembling an egg in form; ovoid. EGGSHELL Egg"shell`, n. 1. The shell or exterior covering of an egg. Also used figuratively for anything resembling an eggshell. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A smooth, white, marine, gastropod shell of the genus Ovulum, resembling an egg in form. EGG SQUASH Egg" squash`. Defn: A variety of squash with small egg-shaped fruit. EGHEN E"ghen, n. pl. Defn: Eyes. [Obs.] Chaucer. EGILOPICAL Eg`i*lop"ic*al, a. Etym: [See Ægilops.] (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to, of the nature of, or affected with, an ægilops, or tumor in the corner of the eye. EGILOPS Eg"i*lops, n. Defn: See Ægilops. EGLANDULOSE; EGLANDULOUS E*glan"du*lose`, E*glan"du*lous, a. Etym: [Pref. e- + glandulose, glandulosus.] Defn: Destitute of glands. EGLANTINE Eg"lan*tine, n. Etym: [F. églantine, fr. OF. aiglent brier, hip tree, fr. (assumed) LL. acuculentus, fr. a dim. of L. acus needle; cf. F. aiguille needle. Cf. Aglet.] (Bot.) (a) A species of rose (Rosa Eglanteria), with fragrant foliage and flowers of various colors. (b) The sweetbrier (R. rubiginosa). Note: Milton, in the following lines, has applied the name to some twinning plant, perhaps the honeysuckle. Through the sweetbrier, or the vine, Or the twisted eglantine. L'Allegro, 47. "In our early writers and in Gerarde and the herbalists, it was a shrub with white flowers." Dr. Prior. EGLATERE Eg"la*tere, n. Defn: Eglantine. [Obs. or R.] [Written also eglantere.] Tennyson. EGLING Eg"ling, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European perch when two years old. [Prov. Eng.] EGLOMERATE E*glom"er*ate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. e- + glomerate.] Defn: To unwind, as a thread from a ball. [R.] EGO E"go, n. Etym: [L., I.] (Met.) Defn: The conscious and permanent subject of all psychical experiences, whether held to be directly known or the product of reflective thought; -- opposed to non-ego. EGOICAL E*go"i*cal, a. Defn: Pertaining to egoism. [R.] EGOISM E"go*ism, n. Etym: [F. égoïsme, fr. L. -ego I. See I, and cf. Egotism.] 1. (Philos.) Defn: The doctrine of certain extreme adherents or disciples of Descartes and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, which finds all the elements of knowledge in the ego and the relations which it implies or provides for. 2. Excessive love and thought of self; the habit of regarding one's self as the center of every interest; selfishness; -- opposed to altruism. EGOIST E"go*ist, n. Etym: [F. égoïste. See Egoism.] 1. One given overmuch to egoism or thoughts of self. I, dullard egoist, taking no special recognition of such nobleness. Carlyle. 2. (Philos.) Defn: A believer in egoism. EGOISTIC; EGOISTICAL E`go*is"tic, E`go*is"tic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to egoism; imbued with egoism or excessive thoughts of self; self-loving. Ill-natured feeling, or egoistic pleasure in making men miserable. G. Eliot. EGOISTICALLY E`go*is"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an egoistic manner. EGOITY E*go"i*ty, n. Defn: Personality. [R.] Swift. EGOMISM E"go*mism, n. Defn: Egoism. [R.] A. Baxter. EGOPHONIC E`go*phon"ic, a. Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, egophony. EGOPHONY E*goph"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: The sound of a patient's voice so modified as to resemble the bleating of a goat, heard on applying the ear to the chest in certain diseases within its cavity, as in pleurisy with effusion. EGOTHEISM E"go*the`ism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The deification of self. [R.] EGOTISM E"go*tism, n. Etym: [L. ego I + ending -tism for -ism, prob. influenced by other English words in -tism fr. the Greek, where t is not part of the ending, as baptism. See Egoism.] Defn: The practice of too frequently using the word I; hence, a speaking or writing overmuch of one's self; self-exaltation; self- praise; the act or practice of magnifying one's self or parading one's own doings. The word is also used in the sense of egoism. His excessive egotism, which filled all objects with himself. Hazlitt. Syn. -- Egotism, Self-conceit, Vanity, Egoism. Self-conceit is an overweening opinion of one's talents, capacity, attractions, etc.; egotism is the acting out of self-conceit, or self-importance, in words and exterior conduct; vanity is inflation of mind arising from the idea of being thought highly of by others. It shows itself by its eagerness to catch the notice of others. Egoism is a state in which the feelings are concentrated on one's self. Its expression is egotism. EGOTIST E"go*tist, n. Etym: [L. ego I + ending -tist for -ist. See Egotism, and cf. Egoist.] Defn: One addicted to egotism; one who speaks much of himself or magnifies his own achievements or affairs. EGOTISTIC; EGOTISTICAL E`go*tis"tic, E`go*tis"tic*al, a. Defn: Addicted to, or manifesting, egotism. Syn. -- Conceited; vain; self-important; opinionated. EGOTISTICALLY E`go*tis"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: With egotism. EGOTIZE E"go*tize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Egotized; p. pr. & vb. n. Egotizing.] Etym: [See Egotism.] Defn: To talk or write as an egotist. Cowper. EGRANULOSE E*gran"u*lose`, a. Etym: [Pref. e- + granule.] (Bot.) Defn: Having no granules, as chlorophyll in certain conditions. R. Brown. EGRE E"gre, a. & n. Defn: See Eager, and Eagre. [Obs.] EGREGIOUS E*gre"gious, a. Etym: [L. egregius; lit., separated or chosen from the herd, i. e., distinguished, excellent; e out + grex, gregis, herd. See Gregarious.] Defn: Surpassing; extraordinary; distinguished (in a bad sense); -- formerly used with words importing a good quality, but now joined with words having a bad sense; as, an egregious rascal; an egregious ass; an egregious mistake. The egregious impudence of this fellow. Bp. Hall. His [Wyclif's] egregious labors are not to be neglected. Milton. EGREGIOUSLY E*gre"gious*ly, adv. Defn: Greatly; enormously; shamefully; as, egregiously cheated. EGREGIOUSNESS E*gre"gious*ness, n. Defn: The state of being egregious. EGREMOIN Eg"re*moin, n. Etym: [See Agrimony.] Defn: Agrimony (Agrimonia Eupatoria). [Obs.] Chaucer. EGRESS E"gress, n. Etym: [L. egressus, fr. egredi to go out; e out + gradi to go. See Grade.] 1. The act of going out or leaving, or the power to leave; departure. Embarred from all egress and regress. Holland. Gates of burning adamant, Barred over us, prohibit all egress. Milton. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The passing off from the sun's disk of an inferior planet, in a transit. EGRESS E*gress", v. i. Defn: To go out; to depart; to leave. EGRESSION E*gres"sion, n. Etym: [L. egressio.] Defn: The act of going; egress. [R.] B. Jonson. EGRESSOR E*gress"or, n. Defn: One who goes out. [R.] EGRET E"gret, n. Etym: [See Aigret, Heron.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The name of several species of herons which bear plumes on the back. They are generally white. Among the best known species are the American egret (Ardea, or Herodias, egretta); the great egret (A. alba); the little egret (A. garzetta), of Europe; and the American snowy egret (A. candidissima). A bunch of egrets killed for their plumage. G. W. Cable. 2. A plume or tuft of feathers worn as a part of a headdress, or anything imitating such an ornament; an aigrette. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The flying feathery or hairy crown of seeds or achenes, as the down of the thistle. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of ape. EGRETTE E*grette", n. Etym: [See Aigrette.] Defn: Same as Egret, n., 2. EGRIMONY Eg"ri*mo*ny, Etym: [Corrupted fr. agrimony.] (Bot.) Defn: The herb agrimony. [Obs.] EGRIMONY Eg"ri*mo*ny, n. Etym: [L. aegrimonia.] Defn: Sorrow. [Obs.] EGRIOT E"gri*ot, n. Etym: [F. aigrette, griotte, formerly agriote; cf. aigre sour.] Defn: A kind of sour cherry. Bacon. EGRITUDE E"gri*tude, n. Etym: [L. aegritudo, fr. aeger sick.] Defn: Sickness; ailment; sorrow. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. EGYPTIAN E*gyp"tian, a. Etym: [L. Aegyptius, Gr. Aegyptus) Egypt: cf. F. égyptien. Cf. Gypsy.] Defn: Pertaining to Egypt, in Africa. Egyptian bean. (Bot.) (a) The beanlike fruit of an aquatic plant (Nelumbium speciosum), somewhat resembling the water lily. (b) See under Bean, 1. -- Egyptian cross. See Illust. (No. 6) of Cross. -- Egyptian thorn (Bot.), a medium-sized tree (Acacia vera). It is one of the chief sources of the best gum arabic. EGYPTIAN E*gyp"tian, n. 1. A native, or one of the people, of Egypt; also, the Egyptian language. 2. A gypsy. [Obs.] Shak. EGYPTIZE E"gypt*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Egyptized; p. pr. & vb. n. Egyptizing.] Defn: To give an Egyptian character or appearance to. Fairbairn. EGYPTOLOGER; EGYPTOLOGIST E`gyp*tol"o*ger, E`gyp*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One skilled in the antiquities of Egypt; a student of Egyptology. EGYPTOLOGICAL E*gyp`to*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or devoted to, Egyptology. EGYPTOLOGY E`gyp*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Egypt + -logy.] Defn: The science or study of Egyptian antiquities, esp. the hieroglyphics. EH Eh, interj. Etym: [OE. ei, ey.] Defn: An expression of inquiry or slight surprise. EHLITE Eh"lite, n. Etym: [From Ehl near Linz, where it occurs.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a green color and pearly luster; a hydrous phosphate of copper. EIDER Ei"der, n. Etym: [Of Scand. origin, cf. Icel æ; akin to Sw. eider, Dan. ederfugl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of sea duck of the genus Somateria, esp. Somateria mollissima, which breeds in the northern parts of Europe and America, and lines its nest with fine down (taken from its own body) which is an article of commerce; -- called also eider duck. The American eider (S. Dresseri), the king eider (S. spectabilis), and the spectacled eider (Arctonetta Fischeri) are related species. Eider down. Etym: [Cf. Icel. æ\'ebardun, Sw. eiderdun, Dan. ederduun.] Down of the eider duck, much sought after as an article of luxury. EIDOGRAPH Ei"do*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. graph.] Defn: An instrument for copying drawings on the same or a different scale; a form of the pantograph. EIDOLON Ei*do"lon, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Idol.] Defn: An image or representation; a form; a phantom; an apparition. Sir W. Scott. EIGH Eigh, interj. Defn: An exclamation expressing delight. EIGHT Eight, n. Etym: [See Ait.] Defn: An island in a river; an ait. [Obs.] "Osiers on their eights." Evelyn. EIGHT Eight, a. Etym: [AS. eahta; akin to OS. ahto, OFries. achta, D. & G. acht, OHG. ahto, Icel. atta, Sw. åtta, Dan. otte, Goth. ahtau, Lith. aszt, Ir. & Gael. ochd, W. wyth, Armor. eich, eiz, L. octo, Gr. ash. Octave.] Defn: Seven and one; as, eight years. EIGHT Eight, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than seven; eight units or objects. 2. A symbol representing eight units, as 8 or viii. EIGHTEEN Eight"een`, a. Etym: [AS. eahtat, eahtat. See Eight, and Ten, and cf. Eighty.] Defn: Eight and ten; as, eighteen pounds. EIGHTEEN Eight"een`, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than seventeen; eighteen units or objects. 2. A symbol denoting eighteen units, as 18 or xviii. EIGHTEENMO Eight`een"mo, a. & n. Defn: See Octodecimo. EIGHTEENTH Eight"eenth`, a. Etym: [From Eighteen.] 1. Next in order after the seventeenth. 2. Consisting of one of eighteen equal parts or divisions of a thing. EIGHTEENTH Eight"eenth`, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by eighteen; one of eighteen equal parts or divisions. 2. The eighth after the tenth. EIGHTETETHE Eight"e*teth`e, a. Etym: [OE., fr. AS. eahtateó; eahta eight + teó tenth. Cf. Eighteenth, Tenth.] Defn: Eighteenth. [Obs.] EIGHTFOLD Eight"fold`, a. Defn: Eight times a quantity. EIGHTH Eighth, a. Etym: [AS. eahto.] 1. Next in order after the seventh. 2. Consisting of one of eight equal divisions of a thing. Eighth note (Mus.), the eighth part of a whole note, or semibreve; a quaver. EIGHTH Eighth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by eight; one of eight equal parts; an eighth part. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The interval of an octave. EIGHTHLY Eighth"ly, adv. Defn: As the eighth in order. EIGHTIETH Eight"i*eth, a. Etym: [From Eighty.] 1. The next in order after seventy-ninth. 2. Consisting of one of eighty equal parts or divisions. EIGHTIETH Eight"i*eth, n. Defn: The quotient of a unit divided by eighty; one of eighty equal parts. EIGHTLING Eight"ling, n. Etym: [Eight + -ling.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A compound or twin crystal made up of eight individuals. EIGHTSCORE Eight"score`, a. & n. Defn: Eight times twenty; a hundred and sixty. EIGHTY Eight"y, a. Etym: [AS. eahtatig, where the ending -tig is akin to English ten; cf. G. achtzig. See Eight, and Ten.] Defn: Eight times ten; fourscore. EIGHTY Eight"y, n. 1. The sum of eight times ten; eighty units or objects. 2. A symbol representing eighty units, or ten eight times repeated, as 80 or lxxx. EIGNE Eigne, a. Etym: [OF. aisné, ainsné, F. aîné, fr. L. ante natus born before. Cf. Esnecy.] 1. (Law) Defn: Eldest; firstborn. Blackstone. 2. Entailed; belonging to the eldest son. [Obs.] Bastard eigne, a bastard eldest son whose parents afterwards intermarry. EIKING Eik"ing, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Eking. EIKON Ei"kon, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: An image or effigy; -- used rather in an abstract sense, and rarely for a work of art. EIKONOGEN Ei*kon"o*gen, n. [Gr. e'ikw`n, e'iko`nos, image + root of gi`gnesqai to be born.] (Photog. & Chem.) Defn: The sodium salt of a sulphonic acid of a naphthol, C10H5(OH)(NH2)SO3Na used as a developer. EIKOSANE Ei"ko*sane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A solid hydrocarbon, C20H42, of the paraffine series, of artificial production, and also probably occurring in petroleum. EIKOSYLENE Ei*kos"y*lene, n. Etym: [Gr. ylene.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon, C20H38, of the acetylene series, obtained from brown coal. EILD Eild, n. Etym: [See Eld.] Defn: Age. [Obs.] Fairfax. EIRE Eire, n. Defn: Air. [Obs.] Chaucer. EIRENARCH Ei`re*narch, n. Etym: [See Irenarch.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A justice of the peace; irenarch. EIRENIC Ei*ren"ic, a. Defn: Pacific. See Irenic. EIRIE Ei"rie, n. Defn: See Aerie, and Eyrie. EISEL Ei"sel, n. Etym: [OF. aisil, aissil, fr. L. acet. Cf. Acetic.] Defn: Vinegar; verjuice. [Obs.] Sir T. More. EISTEDDFOD Eis*tedd"fod, n. Etym: [W., session, fr. eistedd to sit.] Defn: Am assembly or session of the Welsh bards; an annual congress of bards, minstrels and literati of Wales, -- being a patriotic revival of the old custom. EITHER Ei"ther, a. & pron. Etym: [OE. either, aither, AS. , (akin to OHG. , MHG. iegeweder); a + ge + hwæ whether. See Each, and Whether, and cf. Or, conj.] 1. One of two; the one or the other; -- properly used of two things, but sometimes of a larger number, for any one. Lepidus flatters both, Of both is flattered; but he neither loves, Nor either cares for him. Shak. Scarce a palm of ground could be gotten by either of the three. Bacon. There have been three talkers in Great British, either of whom would illustrate what I say about dogmatists. Holmes. 2. Each of two; the one and the other; both; -- formerly, also, each of any number. His flowing hair In curls on either cheek played. Milton. On either side . . . was there the tree of life. Rev. xxii. 2. The extreme right and left of either army never engaged. Jowett (Thucyd). EITHER Ei"ther, conj. Either Defn: precedes two, or more, coördinate words or phrases, and is introductory to an alternative. It is correlative to or. Either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth. 1 Kings xviii. 27. Few writers hesitate to use either in what is called a triple alternative; such as, We must either stay where we are, proceed, or recede. Latham. Note: Either was formerly sometimes used without any correlation, and where we should now use or. Can the fig tree, my brethren, bear olive berries either a vine, figs James iii. 12. EJACULATE E*jac"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ejaculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Ejaculating.] Etym: [L. ejaculatus, p. p. of ejaculari to throw out; e out + ejaculari to throw, fr. jaculum javelin, dart, fr. jacere to throw. See Eject.] 1. To throw out suddenly and swiftly, as if a dart; to dart; to eject. [Archaic or Technical] Its active rays ejaculated thence. Blackmore. 2. To throw out, as an exclamation; to utter by a brief and sudden impulse; as, to ejaculate a prayer. EJACULATE E*jac"u*late, v. i. Defn: To utter ejaculations; to make short and hasty exclamations. [R.] "Ejaculating to himself." Sir W. Scott. EJACULATION E*jac`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. éjaculation.] 1. The act of throwing or darting out with a sudden force and rapid flight. [Archaic or Technical] "An ejaculation or irradiation of the eye." Bacon. 2. The uttering of a short, sudden exclamation or prayer, or the exclamation or prayer uttered. In your dressing, let there be jaculations fitted to the several actions of dressing. Jer. Taylor. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: The act of ejecting or suddenly throwing, as a fluid from a duct. EJACULATOR E*jac"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [NL. See Ejaculate.] (Anat.) Defn: A muscle which helps ejaculation. EJACULATORY E*jac"u*la*to*ry, a. 1. Casting or throwing out; fitted to eject; as, ejaculatory vessels. 2. Suddenly darted out; uttered in short sentences; as, an ejaculatory prayer or petition. 3. Sudden; hasty. [Obs.] "Ejaculatory repentances, that take us by fits and starts." L'Estrange. EJECT E*ject", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ejected; p. pr. & vb. n. Ejecting.] Etym: [L. ejectus, p. p. of ejicere; e out + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. To expel; to dismiss; to cast forth; to thrust or drive out; to discharge; as, to eject a person from a room; to eject a traitor from the country; to eject words from the language. "Eyes ejecting flame." H. Brooke. 2. (Law) Defn: To cast out; to evict; to dispossess; as, to eject tenants from an estate. Syn. -- To expel; banish; drive out; discharge; oust; evict; dislodge; extrude; void. EJECTA E*jec"ta, n. pl. [L., neut. pl. of ejectus cast out. See Eject.] Defn: Matter ejected; material thrown out; as, the ejecta of a volcano; the ejecta, or excreta, of the body. EJECTION E*jec"tion, n. Etym: [L. ejectio: cf. F. éjection.] 1. The act of ejecting or casting out; discharge; expulsion; evacuation. "Vast ejection of ashes." Eustace. "The ejection of a word." Johnson. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The act or process of discharging anything from the body, particularly the excretions. 3. The state of being ejected or cast out; dispossession; banishment. EJECTMENT E*ject"ment, n. 1. A casting out; a dispossession; an expulsion; ejection; as, the ejectment of tenants from their homes. 2. (Law) Defn: A species of mixed action, which lies for the recovery of possession of real property, and damages and costs for the wrongful withholding of it. Wharton. EJECTOR E*ject"or, n. 1. One who, or that which, ejects or dispossesses. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A jet jump for lifting water or withdrawing air from a space. Ejector condenser (Steam Engine), a condenser in which the vacuum is maintained by a jet pump. EJOO E"joo, n. Etym: [Malay ij or hij.] Defn: Gomuti fiber. See Gomuti. EJULATION Ej`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. ejulatio, fr. ejulare to wail, lament.] Defn: A wailing; lamentation. [Obs.] "Ejulation in the pangs of death." Philips. EKABOR; EKABORON Ek"a*bor`, Ek"a*bo"ron, n. Etym: [G., fr. Skr. one + G. bor, boron, E. boron.] (Chem.) Defn: The name given by Mendelejeff in accordance with the periodic law, and by prediction, to a hypothetical element then unknown, but since discovered and named scandium; -- so called because it was a missing analogue of the boron group. See Scandium. EKALUMINIUM Ek*al`u*min"i*um, n. Etym: [Skr. one + E. aluminium.] (Chem.) Defn: The name given to a hypothetical element, -- later discovered and called gallium. See Gallium, and cf. Ekabor. EKASILICON Ek`a*sil"i*con, n. Etym: [Skr. one + E. silicon.] (Chem.) Defn: The name of a hypothetical element predicted and afterwards discovered and named germanium; -- so called because it was a missing analogue of the silicon group. See Germanium, and cf. Ekkabor. EKE Eke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eked; p. pr. & vb. n. Eking.] Etym: [AS. ekan, ykan; akin to OFries, aka, OS. , OHG. ouhhon to add, Icel. auka to increase, Sw. öka, Dan. öge, Goth. aukan, L. augere, Skr. strength, ugra mighty, and probably to English wax, v. i. Cf. Augment, Nickname.] Defn: To increase; to add to; to augment; -- now commonly used with out, the notion conveyed being to add to, or piece out by a laborious, inferior, or scanty addition; as, to eke out a scanty supply of one kind with some other. "To eke my pain." Spenser. He eked out by his wits an income of barely fifty pounds. Macaulay. EKE Eke, adv. Etym: [AS. eác; akin to OFries. ák, OS. , D. , OHG. ouh, G. auch, Icel. auk, Sw. och and, Dan. og, Goth. auk for, but. Prob. from the preceding verb.] Defn: In addition; also; likewise. [Obs. or Archaic] 'T will be prodigious hard to prove That this is eke the throne of love. Prior. A trainband captain eke was he Of famous London town. Cowper. Note: Eke serves less to unite than to render prominent a subjoined more important sentence or notion. Mätzner. EKE Eke, n. Defn: An addition. [R.] Clumsy ekes that may well be spared. Geddes. EKEBERGITE Ek"e*berg`ite, n. Etym: [From Ekeberg, a German.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of scapolite. EKENAME Eke"name`, n. Etym: [See Nickname.] Defn: An additional or epithet name; a nickname. [Obs.] EKING Ek"ing, n. Etym: [From Eke, v. t.] (Shipbuilding) (a) A lengthening or filling piece to make good a deficiency in length. (b) The carved work under the quarter piece at the aft part of the quarter gallery. [Written also eiking.] E-LA E"-la`, n. Defn: Originally, the highest note in the scale of Guido; hence, proverbially, any extravagant saying. "Why, this is above E-la!" Beau. & Fl. ELABORATE E*lab"o*rate, a. Etym: [L. elaboratus, p. p. of elaborare to work out; e out + laborare to labor, labor labor. See Labor.] Defn: Wrought with labor; finished with great care; studied; executed with exactness or painstaking; as, an elaborate discourse; an elaborate performance; elaborate research. Drawn to the life in each elaborate page. Waller. Syn. -- Labored; complicated; studied; perfected; high-wrought. -- E*lab"o*rate*ly, adv. -- E*lab"o*rate*ness, n. ELABORATE E*lab"o*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elaborated; p. pr. & vb. n. Elaborating.] 1. To produce with labor They in full joy elaborate a sigh, Young. 2. To perfect with painstaking; to improve or refine with labor and study, or by successive operations; as, to elaborate a painting or a literary work. The sap is . . . still more elaborated and exalted as it circulates through the vessels of the plant. Arbuthnot. ELABORATED elaborated adj. Defn: developed or executed with care and in minute detail; as, the carefully elaborated theme. Syn. -- detailed, elaborate. [WordNet 1.5] ELABORATION E*lab`o*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. elaboratio: cf. F. élaboration.] 1. The act or process of producing or refining with labor; improvement by successive operations; refinement. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The natural process of formation or assimilation, performed by the living organs in animals and vegetables, by which a crude substance is changed into something of a higher order; as, the elaboration of food into chyme; the elaboration of chyle, or sap, or tissues. ELABORATIVE E*lab"o*ra*tive, a. Defn: Serving or tending to elaborate; constructing with labor and minute attention to details. Elaborative faculty (Metaph.), the intellectual power of discerning relations and of viewing objects by means of, or in, relations; the discursive faculty; thought. ELABORATOR E*lab"o*ra`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, elaborates. ELABORATORY E*lab"o*ra*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to elaborate. ELABORATORY E*lab"o*ra*to*ry, n. Defn: A laboratory. [Obs.] ELAEAGNUS E`læ*ag"nus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs or small trees, having the foliage covered with small silvery scales; oleaster. ELAEIS E*læ"is, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of palms. Note: Elæis Guineensis, the African oil palm, is a tree twenty or thirty feet high, with immense pinnate leaves and large masses of fruit. The berries are rather larger than olives, and when boiled in water yield the orange-red palm oil. ELAEOLITE E*læ"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of hephelite, usually massive, of greasy luster, and gray to reddish color. Elæolite syenite, a kind of syenite characterized by the presence of elæolite. ELAEOPTENE E`læ*op"tene, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: The more liquid or volatile portion of certain oily substance, as distinguished from stearoptene, the more solid parts. [Written also elaoptene.] ELAIDATE E*la"i*date, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of elaidic acid. ELAIDIC E`la*id"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. élaïdique. See Elaine.] Defn: Relating to oleic acid, or elaine. Elaidic acid (Chem.), a fatty acid isomeric with oleic acid, and obtained from it by the action of nitrous acid. ELAIDIN E*la"i*din, n. Etym: [Cf. F. élaïdine.] (Chem.) Defn: A solid isomeric modification of olein. ELAINE; ELAIN E*la"ine, or E*la"in, n. Etym: [Gr. élaïne.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Olein. ELAIODIC E`lai*od"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Derived from castor oil; ricinoleic; as, elaiodic acid. [R.] ELAIOMETER E`lai*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Chem.) Defn: An apparatus for determining the amount of oil contained in any substance, or for ascertaining the degree of purity of oil. ELAMITE E"lam*ite, n. Defn: A dweller in Flam (or Susiana), an ancient kingdom of Southwestern Asia, afterwards a province of Persia. ELAMPING E*lamp"ing, a. Etym: [See Lamp.] Defn: Shining. [Obs.] G. Fletcher. ELAN e`lan", b. Etym: [F., fr. élancer to dart.] Defn: Ardor inspired by passion or enthusiasm. ELANCE E*lance", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Elancing.] Etym: [F. élancer, OF. eslancier; pref. es- (L. ex) + F. lancer to dart, throw, fr. lance.] Defn: To throw as a lance; to hurl; to dart. [R.] While thy unerring hand elanced . . . a dart. Prior. ELAND E"land, n. Etym: [D. eland elk, of Slav. origin; cf. Pol. jelen stag, Russ. oléne, Lith. elnis; perh. akin to E. elk.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of large South African antelope (Oreas canna). It is valued both for its hide and flesh, and is rapidly disappearing in the settled districts; -- called also Cape elk. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The elk or moose. ELANET E*la"net, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kite of the genus Elanus. ELAOLITE E*la"o*lite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Elæolite. ELAOPTENE E`la*op"tene, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Elæoptene. ELAPHINE El"a*phine, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, resembling, or characteristic of, the stag, or Cervus elaphus. ELAPHURE El"a*phure, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of deer (Elaphurus Davidianus) found in china. It about four feet high at the shoulder and has peculiar antlers. ELAPIDATION E*lap`i*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. elapidatus cleared from stones; e out + lapis stone.] Defn: A clearing away of stones. [R.] ELAPINE El"a*pine, a. Etym: [See Elaps.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the Elapidæ, a family of poisonous serpents, including the cobras. See Ophidia. ELAPS E"laps, n. Etym: [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of venomous snakes found both in America and the Old World. Many species are known. See Coral snake, under Coral. ELAPSE E*lapse", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Elapsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Elapsing.] Etym: [L. elapsus, p. p. of elabi to glide away; e out + labi to fall, slide. See Lapse.] Defn: To slip or glide away; to pass away silently, as time; -- used chiefly in reference to time. Eight days elapsed; at length a pilgrim came. Hoole. ELAPSION E*lap"sion, n. Defn: The act of elapsing. [R.] ELAQUEATE E*la"que*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. elaqueatus, p. p. of elaqueare to unfetter.] Defn: To disentangle. [R.] ELASIPODA El`a*sip"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of holothurians mostly found in the deep sea. They are remarkable for their bilateral symmetry and curious forms. [Written also Elasmopoda.] ELASMOBRANCH E*las"mo*branch, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Elasmobranchii. -- n. Defn: One of the Elasmobranchii. ELASMOBRANCHIATE E*las`mo*bran"chi*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Elasmobranchii. -- n. Defn: One of the Elasmobranchii. ELASMOBRANCHII E*las`mo*bran"chi*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. branchia a gill.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A subclass of fishes, comprising the sharks, the rays, and the Chimæra. The skeleton is mainly cartilaginous. ELASMOSAURUS E*las`mo*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct, long-necked, marine, cretaceous reptile from Kansas, allied to Plesiosaurus. ELASTIC E*las"tic, a. Etym: [Formed fr. Gr. alacer lively, brisk, and E. alacrity: cf. F. élastique.] 1. Springing back; having a power or inherent property of returning to the form from which a substance is bent, drawn, pressed, or twisted; springy; having the power of rebounding; as, a bow is elastic; the air is elastic; India rubber is elastic. Capable of being drawn out by force like a piece of elastic gum, and by its own elasticity returning, when the force is removed, to its former position. Paley. 2. Able to return quickly to a former state or condition, after being depressed or overtaxed; having power to recover easily from shocks and trials; as, elastic spirits; an elastic constitution. Elastic bitumen. (Min.) See Elaterite. -- Elastic curve. (a) (Geom.) The curve made by a thin elastic rod fixed horizontally at one end and loaded at the other. (b) (Mech.) The figure assumed by the longitudinal axis of an originally straight bar under any system of bending forces. Rankine. -- Elastic fluids, those which have the property of expanding in all directions on the removal of external pressure, as the air, steam, and other gases and vapors. -- Elastic limit (Mech.), the limit of distortion, by bending, stretching, etc., that a body can undergo and yet return to its original form when relieved from stress; also, the unit force or stress required to produce this distortion. Within the elastic limit the distortion is directly proportional to the stress producing it. -- Elastic tissue (Anat.), a variety of connective tissue consisting of a network of slender and very elastic fibers which are but slightly affected by acids or alkalies. -- Gum elastic, caoutchouc. ELASTIC E*las"tic, n. Defn: An elastic woven fabric, as a belt, braces or suspenders, etc., made in part of India rubber. [Colloq.] ELASTICAL E*las"tic*al, a. Defn: Elastic. [R.] Bentley. ELASTICALLY E*las"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an elastic manner; by an elastic power; with a spring. ELASTICITY E`las*tic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. élasticité.] 1. The quality of being elastic; the inherent property in bodies by which they recover their former figure or dimensions, after the removal of external pressure or altering force; springiness; tendency to rebound; as, the elasticity of caoutchouc; the elasticity of the air. 2. Power of resistance to, or recovery from, depression or overwork. Coefficient of elasticity, the quotient of a stress (of a given kind), by the strain (of a given kind) which it produces; -- called also coefficient of resistance. -- Surface of elasticity (Geom.), the pedal surface of an ellipsoid (see Pedal); a surface used in explaining the phenomena of double refraction and their relation to the elastic force of the luminous ether in crystalline media. ELASTICNESS E*las"tic*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being elastic; elasticity. ELASTIN E*las"tin, n. Etym: [Elastic + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous substance, somewhat resembling albumin, which forms the chemical basis of elastic tissue. It is very insoluble in most fluids, but is gradually dissolved when digested with either pepsin or trypsin. ELATE E*late", a. Etym: [L. elatus elevated, fig., elated, proud (the figure, perh., being borrowed from a prancing horse); e out + latus (used as p. p. of ferre to bear), for tlatus, and akin to E. tolerate. See Tolerate, and cf. Extol.] 1. Lifted up; raised; elevated. With upper lip elate. Fenton. And sovereign law, that State's collected will, O'er thrones and globes, elate, Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill. Sir W. Jones. 2. Having the spirits raised by success, or by hope; flushed or exalted with confidence; elated; exultant. O, thoughtless mortals! ever blind to fate, Too soon dejected, and dejected, and too soon elate. Pope. Our nineteenth century is wonderfully set up in its own esteem, wonderfully elate at its progress. Mrs. H. H. Jackson. Syn. -- Puffed up; lofty; proud; haughty; exalted; inspirited; transported; delighted; overjoyed. ELATE E*late", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elated; p. pr. & vb. n. Elating.] 1. To raise; to exalt. [R.] By the potent sun elated high. Thomson. 2. To exalt the spirit of; to fill with confidence or exultation; to elevate or flush with success; to puff up; to make proud. Foolishly elated by spiritual pride. Warburton. You ought not be elated at the chance mishaps of your enemies. Jowett (Thucyd. ). ELATEDLY E*lat"ed*ly, adv. Defn: With elation. ELATEDNESS E*lat"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being elated. ELATER E*lat"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, elates. ELATER El"a*ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: An elastic spiral filament for dispersing the spores, as in some liverworts. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any beetle of the family Elateridæ, having the habit, when laid on the back, of giving a sudden upward spring, by a quick movement of the articulation between the abdomen and thorax; -- called also click beetle, spring beetle, and snapping beetle. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The caudal spring used by Podura and related insects for leaping. See Collembola. ELATER El"a*ter, n. (Chem.) Defn: The active principle of elaterium, being found in the juice of the wild or squirting cucumber (Ecballium agreste, formerly Motordica Elaterium) and other related species. It is extracted as a bitter, white, crystalline substance, which is a violent purgative. ELATERITE El"a*ter*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral resin, of a blackish brown color, occurring in soft, flexible masses; -- called also mineral caoutchouc, and elastic bitumen. ELATERIUM El`a*te"ri*um, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Elater.] Defn: A cathartic substance obtained, in the form of yellowish or greenish cakes, as the dried residue of the juice of the wild or squirting cucumber (Ecballium agreste, formerly called Momordica Elaterium). ELATEROMETER El`a*ter*om"e*ter, n. Defn: Same as Elatrometer. ELATERY El"a*ter*y, n. Etym: [See 2d Elater.] Defn: Acting force; elasticity. [Obs.] Ray. ELATION E*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. elatio. See Elate.] Defn: A lifting up by success; exaltation; inriation with pride of prosperity. "Felt the elation of triumph." Sir W. Scott. ELATIVE E*la"tive, a. (Gram.) Defn: Raised; lifted up; -- a term applied to what is also called the absolute superlative, denoting a high or intense degree of a quality, but not excluding the idea that an equal degree may exist in other cases. ELATROMETER El`a*trom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the degree of rarefaction of air contained in the receiver of an air pump. [Spelt also elaterometer.] ELAYL E*la"yl, n. Etym: [Gr. yl.] (Chem.) Defn: Olefiant gas or ethylene; -- so called by Berzelius from its forming an oil combining with chlorine. [Written also elayle.] See Ethylene. ELBOW El"bow, n. Etym: [AS. elboga, elnboga (akin to D. elleboga, OHG. elinbogo, G. ellbogen, ellenbogen, Icel. ; prop.; arm-bend); eln ell (orig., forearm) + boga a bending. See 1st Ell, and 4th Bow.] 1. The joint or bend of the arm; the outer curve in the middle of the arm when bent. Her arms to the elbows naked. R. of Gloucester. 2. Any turn or bend like that of the elbow, in a wall, building, and the like; a sudden turn in a line of coast or course of a river; also, an angular or jointed part of any structure, as the raised arm of a chair or sofa, or a short pipe fitting, turning at an angle or bent. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A sharp angle in any surface of wainscoting or other woodwork; the upright sides which flank any paneled work, as the sides of windows, where the jamb makes an elbow with the window back. Gwilt. Note: Elbow is used adjectively or as part of a compound, to denote something shaped like, or acting like, an elbow; as, elbow joint; elbow tongs or elbow-tongs; elbowroom, elbow-room, or elbow room. At the elbow, very near; at hand. -- Elbow grease, energetic application of force in manual labor. [Low] -- Elbow in the hawse (Naut.), the twisting together of two cables by which a vessel rides at anchor, caused by swinging completely round once. Totten. -- Elbow scissors (Surg.), scissors bent in the blade or shank for convenience in cutting. Knight. -- Out at elbow, with coat worn through at the elbows; shabby; in needy circumstances. ELBOW El"bow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elbowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Elbowing.] Defn: To push or hit with the elbow, as when one pushes by another. They [the Dutch] would elbow our own aldermen off the Royal Exchange. Macaulay. To elbow one's way, to force one's way by pushing with the elbows; as, to elbow one's way through a crowd. ELBOW El"bow, v. i. 1. To jut into an angle; to project or to bend after the manner of an elbow. 2. To push rudely along; to elbow one's way. "Purseproud, elbowing Insolence." Grainger. ELBOWBOARD El"bow*board`, n. Defn: The base of a window casing, on which the elbows may rest. ELBOWCHAIR El"bow*chair`, n. Defn: A chair with arms to support the elbows; an armchair. Addison. ELBOWROOM El"bow*room`, n. Defn: Room to extend the elbows on each side; ample room for motion or action; free scope. "My soul hath elbowroom." Shak. Then came a stretch of grass and a little more elbowroom. W. G. Norris. ELCAJA El*ca"ja, n. Etym: [Ar.] (Bot.) Defn: An Arabian tree (Trichilia emetica). The fruit, which is emetic, is sometimes employed in the composition of an ointment for the cure of the itch. ELCESAITE El*ce"sa*ite, n. Etym: [From Elcesai, the leader of the sect.] (Eccl.) Defn: One of a sect of Asiatic Gnostics of the time of the Emperor Trajan. ELD Eld, a. Etym: [AS. eald.] Defn: Old. [Obs.] Chaucer. ELD Eld, n. Etym: [AS. yldu, yldo, eldo, old age, fr. ald, eald, old. See Old.] 1. Age; esp., old age. [Obs. or Archaic] As sooth is said, eelde hath great avantage. Chaucer. Great Nature, ever young, yet full of eld. Spenser. 2. Old times; former days; antiquity. [Poetic] Astrologers and men of eld. Longfellow. ELD Eld, v. i. Defn: To age; to grow old. [Obs.] ELD Eld, v. t. Defn: To make old or ancient. [Obs.] Time, that eldeth all things. Rom. of R. ELDER Eld"er, a. Etym: [AS. yldra, compar. of eald old. See Old.] 1. Older; more aged, or existing longer. Let the elder men among us emulate their own earlier deeds. Jowett (Thucyd. ) 2. Born before another; prior in years; senior; earlier; older; as, his elder brother died in infancy; -- opposed to Ant: younger, and now commonly applied to a son, daughter, child, brother, etc. The elder shall serve the younger. Gen. xxv. 23. But ask of elder days, earth's vernal hour. Keble. Elder hand (Card Playing), the hand playing, or having the right to play, first. Hoyle. ELDER Eld"er, n. Etym: [AS. ealdor an elder, prince, fr. eald old. See Old, and cf. Elder, a., Alderman.] 1. One who is older; a superior in age; a senior. 1 Tim. v. 1. 2. An aged person; one who lived at an earlier period; a predecessor. Carry your head as your elders have done. L'Estrange. 3. A person who, on account of his age, occupies the office of ruler or judge; hence, a person occupying any office appropriate to such as have the experience and dignity which age confers; as, the elders of Israel; the elders of the synagogue; the elders in the apostolic church. Note: In the modern Presbyterian churches, elders are lay officers who, with the minister, compose the church session, with authority to inspect and regulate matters of religion and discipline. In some churches, pastors or clergymen are called elders, or presbyters. 4. (M. E. Ch.) Defn: A clergyman authorized to administer all the sacraments; as, a traveling elder. Presiding elder (Meth. Ch.), an elder commissioned by a bishop to have the oversight of the churches and preachers in a certain district. -- Ruling elder, a lay presbyter or member of a Presbyterian church session. Schaff. ELDER El"der, n. Etym: [OE. ellern, eller, AS. ellen, cf. LG. elloorn; perh. akin to OHG. holantar, holuntar, G. holunder; or perh. to E. alder, n.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs (Sambucus) having broad umbels of white flowers, and small black or red berries. Note: The common North American species is Sambucus Canadensis; the common European species (S. nigra) forms a small tree. The red- berried elder is S. pubens. The berries are diaphoretic and aperient. Box elder. See under 1st Box. -- Dwarf elder. See Danewort. -- Elder tree. (Bot.) Same as Elder. Shak. -- Marsh elder, the cranberry tree Viburnum Opulus). ELDERBERRY El"der*ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The berrylike drupe of the elder. That of the Old World elder (Sambucus nigra) and that of the American sweet elder (S. Canadensis) are sweetish acid, and are eaten as a berry or made into wine. ELDERISH Eld"er*ish, a. Defn: Somewhat old; elderly. [R.] ELDERLY Eld"er*ly, a. Defn: Somewhat old; advanced beyond middle age; bordering on old age; as, elderly people. ELDERN El"dern, a. Defn: Made of elder. [Obs.] He would discharge us as boys do eldern guns. Marston. ELDERSHIP Eld"er*ship, n. 1. The state of being older; seniority. "Paternity an eldership." Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Office of an elder; collectively, a body of elders. ELDERWORT El"der*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Danewort. ELDEST Eld"est, a. Etym: [AS. yldest, superl. of eald old. See Elder, a.] 1. Oldest; longest in duration. Shak. 2. Born or living first, or before the others, as a son, daughter, brother, etc.; first in origin. See Elder. "My lady's eldest son." Shak. Their eldest historians are of suspected credit. Bp. Stillingfleet. Eldest hand (Card Playing), the player on the dealer's left hand. R. A. Proctor. ELDING El"ding, n. Etym: [Icel. elding, fr. elda to kindle, eldr fire; akin to AS. æld fire, ælan to burn.] Defn: Fuel. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. EL DORADO El` Do*ra"do, pl. El Doradoes (. Etym: [Sp., lit., the gilt (sc. land); el the + dorado gilt, p. p. of dorare to gild. Cf. Dorado.] 1. A name given by the Spaniards in the 16th century to an imaginary country in the interior of South America, reputed to abound in gold and precious stones. 2. Any region of fabulous wealth; exceeding richness. The whole comedy is a sort of El Dorado of wit. T. Moore. ELDRITCH El"dritch, a. Defn: Hideous; ghastly; as, an eldritch shriek or laugh. [Local, Eng.] ELEATIC E`le*at"ic, a. Etym: [L. eleaticus, from Elea (or Velia) in Italy.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a certain school of Greek philosophers who taught that the only certain science is that which owes nothing to the senses, and all to the reason. -- n. Defn: A philosopher of the Eleatic school. ELEATICISM E`le*at"i*cism, n. Defn: The Eleatic doctrine. ELECAMPANE El`e*cam*pane", n. Etym: [F. énulecampane, NL. inula campana; L. inula elecampane + LL. campana a bell; cf. G. glockenwurz, i. e., "bellwort."] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A large, coarse herb (Inula Helenium), with composite yellow flowers. The root, which has a pungent taste, is used as a tonic, and was formerly of much repute as a stomachic. 2. A sweetmeat made from the root of the plant. ELECT E*lect", a. Etym: [L. electus, p. p. of eligere to elect; e out + legere to choose. See Legend, and cf. Elite, Eclectic.] 1. Chosen; taken by preference from among two or more. "Colors quaint elect." Spenser. 2. (Theol.) Defn: Chosen as the object of mercy or divine favor; set apart to eternal life. "The elect angels." 1 Tim. v. 21. 3. Chosen to an office, but not yet actually inducted into it; as, bishop elect; governor or mayor elect. ELECT E*lect", n. 1. One chosen or set apart. Behold my servant, whom I uphold; mine elect, in whom my soul delighteth. Is. xlii. 1. 2. pl. (Theol.) Defn: Those who are chosen for salvation. Shall not God avenge his won elect Luke xviii. 7. ELECT E*lect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elected; p. pr. & vb. n. Electing.] 1. To pick out; to select; to choose. The deputy elected by the Lord. Shak. 2. To select or take for an office; to select by vote; as, to elect a representative, a president, or a governor. 3. (Theol.) Defn: To designate, choose, or select, as an object of mercy or favor. Syn. -- To choose; prefer; select. See Choose. ELECTANT E*lect"ant, n. Etym: [L. electans, p. pr. of electare.] Defn: One who has the power of choosing; an elector. [R.] ELECTARY E*lec"ta*ry, n. (Med.) Defn: See Electuary. ELECTIC E*lec"tic, a. Defn: See Eclectic. ELECTICISM E*lec"ti*cism, n. Defn: See Eclecticism. ELECTION E*lec"tion, n. Etym: [F. élection, L. electio, fr. eligere to choose out. See Elect, a.] 1. The act of choosing; choice; selection. 2. The act of choosing a person to fill an office, or to membership in a society, as by ballot, uplifted hands, or viva voce; as, the election of a president or a mayor. Corruption in elections is the great enemy of freedom. J. Adams. 3. Power of choosing; free will; liberty to choose or act. "By his own election led to ill." Daniel. 4. Discriminating choice; discernment. [Obs.] To use men with much difference and election is good. Bacon. 5. (Theol.) Defn: Divine choice; predestination of individuals as objects of mercy and salvation; -- one of the "five points" of Calvinism. There is a remnant according to the election of grace. Rom. xi. 5. 6. (Law) Defn: The choice, made by a party, of two alternatives, by taking one of which, the chooser is excluded from the other. 7. Those who are elected. [Obs.] The election hath obtained it. Rom. xi. 7. To contest an election. See under Contest. -- To make one's election, to choose. He has made his election to walk, in the main, in the old paths. Fitzed. Hall. ELECTIONEER E*lec`tion*eer", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Electionered; p. pr. & vb. n. Electioneering.] Defn: To make interest for a candidate at an election; to use arts for securing the election of a candidate. A master of the whole art of electioneering. Macaulay. ELECTIONEERER E*lec`tion*eer"er, n. Defn: One who electioneers. ELECTIVE E*lect"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. électif.] 1. Exerting the power of choice; selecting; as, an elective act. 2. Pertaining to, or consisting in, choice, or right of choosing; electoral. The independent use of their elective franchise. Bancroft. 3. Dependent on choice; bestowed or passing by election; as, an elective study; an elective office. Kings of Rome were at first elective; . . . for such are the conditions of an elective kingdom. Dryden. Elective affinity or attraction (Chem.), a tendency to unite with certain things; chemism. ELECTIVE E*lect"ive, n. Defn: In an American college, an optional study or course of study. [Colloq.] ELECTIVELY E*lect"ive*ly, adv. Defn: In an elective manner; by choice. ELECTOR E*lect"or, n. Etym: [L., fr. eligere: cf. F. électeur.] 1. One who elects, or has the right of choice; a person who is entitled to take part in an election, or to give his vote in favor of a candidate for office. 2. Hence, specifically, in any country, a person legally qualified to vote. 3. In the old German empire, one of the princes entitled to choose the emperor. 4. One of the persons chosen, by vote of the people in the United States, to elect the President and Vice President. ELECTOR E*lect"or, a. Etym: [Cf. F. électoral.] Defn: Pertaining to an election or to electors. In favor of the electoral and other princes. Burke. Electoral college, the body of princes formerly entitled to elect the Emperor of Germany; also, a name sometimes given, in the United States, to the body of electors chosen by the people to elect the President and Vice President. ELECTORALITY E*lect`or*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The territory or dignity of an elector; electorate. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. ELECTORATE E*lect"or*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. électorat.] 1. The territory, jurisdiction, or dignity of an elector, as in the old German empire. 2. The whole body of persons in a nation or state who are entitled to vote in an election, or any distinct class or division of them. The middle-class electorate of Great Britain. M. Arnold. ELECTORESS E*lect"or*ess, n. Etym: [Fem. of Elector.] Defn: An electress. Bp. Burnet. ELECTORIAL E`lec*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Electoral. Burke. ELECTORSHIP E*lect"or*ship, n. Defn: The office or status of an elector. ELECTRE; ELECTER E*lec"tre, E*lec"ter, n. Etym: [L. electrum: cf. F. électre mixture of gold and silver. See Electrum.] 1. Amber. See Electrum. [Obs.] 2. A metallic substance compounded of gold and silver; an alloy. [Obs.] Wyclif. ELECTREPETER E`lec*trep"e*ter, n. Etym: [Electro + Gr. Defn: An instrument used to change the direction of electric currents; a commutator. [R.] ELECTRESS E*lect"ress, n. Etym: [Cf. F. électrice. Cf. Electoress.] Defn: The wife or widow of an elector in the old German empire. Burke. ELECTRIC; ELECTRICAL E*lec"tric, E*lec"tric*al, a. Etym: [L. electrum amber, a mixed metal, Gr. arc to beam, shine: cf. F. électrique. The name came from the production of electricity by the friction of amber.] 1. Pertaining to electricity; consisting of, containing, derived from, or produced by, electricity; as, electric power or virtue; an electric jar; electric effects; an electric spark. 2. Capable of occasioning the phenomena of electricity; as, an electric or electrical machine or substance. 3. Electrifying; thrilling; magnetic. "Electric Pindar." Mrs. Browning. Electric atmosphere, or Electric aura. See under Aura. -- Electrical battery. See Battery. -- Electrical brush. See under Brush. -- Electric cable. See Telegraph cable, under Telegraph. -- Electric candle. See under Candle. -- Electric cat (Zoöl.), one of three or more large species of African catfish of the genus Malapterurus (esp. M. electricus of the Nile). They have a large electrical organ and are able to give powerful shocks; -- called also sheathfish. -- Electric clock. See under Clock, and see Electro-chronograph. -- Electric current, a current or stream of electricity traversing a closed circuit formed of conducting substances, or passing by means of conductors from one body to another which is in a different electrical state. -- Electric, or Electrical, eel (Zoöl.), a South American eel-like fresh-water fish of the genus Gymnotus (G. electricus), from two to five feet in length, capable of giving a violent electric shock. See Gymnotus. -- Electrical fish (Zoöl.), any fish which has an electrical organ by means of which it can give an electrical shock. The best known kinds are the torpedo, the gymnotus, or electrical eel, and the electric cat. See Torpedo, and Gymnotus. -- Electric fluid, the supposed matter of electricity; lightning. -- Electrical image (Elec.), a collection of electrical points regarded as forming, by an analogy with optical phenomena, an image of certain other electrical points, and used in the solution of electrical problems. Sir W. Thomson. -- Electrical light, the light produced by a current of electricity which in passing through a resisting medium heats it to incandescence or burns it. See under Carbon. -- Electric, or Electrical, machine, an apparatus for generating, collecting, or exciting, electricity, as by friction. -- Electric motor. See Electro-motor, 2. -- Electric osmose. (Physics) See under Osmose. -- Electric pen, a hand pen for making perforated stencils for multiplying writings. It has a puncturing needle driven at great speed by a very small magneto-electric engine on the penhandle. -- Electric railway, a railway in which the machinery for moving the cars is driven by an electric current. -- Electric ray (Zoöl.), the torpedo. -- Electric telegraph. See Telegraph. ELECTRIC E*lec"tric, n. (Physics) Defn: A nonconductor of electricity, as amber, glass, resin, etc., employed to excite or accumulate electricity. ELECTRICALLY E*lec"tric*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of electricity, or by means of it; thrillingly. ELECTRICALNESS E*lec"tric*al*ness, a. Defn: The state or quality of being electrical. ELECTRICIAN E`lec*tri"cian, n. Defn: An investigator of electricity; one versed in the science of electricity. ELECTRICITY E`lec*tric"i*ty, n.; pl. Electricities. Etym: [Cf. F. électricité. See Electric.] 1. A power in nature, a manifestation of energy, exhibiting itself when in disturbed equilibrium or in activity by a circuit movement, the fact of direction in which involves polarity, or opposition of properties in opposite directions; also, by attraction for many substances, by a law involving attraction between surfaces of unlike polarity, and repulsion between those of like; by exhibiting accumulated polar tension when the circuit is broken; and by producing heat, light, concussion, and often chemical changes when the circuit passes between the poles or through any imperfectly conducting substance or space. It is generally brought into action by any disturbance of molecular equilibrium, whether from a chemical, physical, or mechanical, cause. Note: Electricity is manifested under following different forms: (a) Statical electricity, called also Frictional or Common, electricity, electricity in the condition of a stationary charge, in which the disturbance is produced by friction, as of glass, amber, etc., or by induction. (b) Dynamical electricity, called also Voltaic electricity, electricity in motion, or as a current produced by chemical decomposition, as by means of a voltaic battery, or by mechanical action, as by dynamo-electric machines. (c) Thermoelectricity, in which the disturbing cause is heat (attended possibly with some chemical action). It is developed by uniting two pieces of unlike metals in a bar, and then heating the bar unequally. (d) Atmospheric electricity, any condition of electrical disturbance in the atmosphere or clouds, due to some or all of the above mentioned causes. (e) Magnetic electricity, electricity developed by the action of magnets. (f) Positive electricity, the electricity that appears at the positive pole or anode of a battery, or that is produced by friction of glass; -- called also vitreous electricity. (g) Negative electricity, the electricity that appears at the negative pole or cathode, or is produced by the friction of resinous substance; -- called also resinous electricity. (h) Organic electricity, that which is developed in organic structures, either animal or vegetable, the phrase animal electricity being much more common. 2. The science which unfolds the phenomena and laws of electricity; electrical science. 3. Fig.: Electrifying energy or characteristic. ELECTRIFIABLE E*lec"tri*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of receiving electricity, or of being charged with it. ELECTRIFICATION E*lec`tri*fi*ca"tion, n. (Physics) Defn: The act of electrifying, or the state of being charged with electricity. ELECTRIFY E*lec"tri*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electrified; p. pr. & vb. n. Electrifying.] Etym: [Electric + -fy.] 1. To communicate electricity to; to charge with electricity; as, to electrify a jar. 2. To cause electricity to pass through; to affect by electricity; to give an electric shock to; as, to electrify a limb, or the body. 3. To excite suddenly and violently, esp. by something highly delightful or inspiriting; to thrill; as, this patriotic sentiment electrified the audience. If the sovereign were now to immure a subject in defiance of the writ of habeas corpus . . . the whole nation would be instantly electrified by the news. Macaulay. Try whether she could electrify Mr. Grandcourt by mentioning it to him at table. G. Eliot. ELECTRIFY E*lec"tri*fy, v. i. Defn: To become electric. ELECTRINE E*lec"trine, a. Etym: [L. electrinus of amber. See Electric.] 1. Belonging to, or made of, amber. 2. Made of electrum, an alloy used by the ancients. ELECTRITION E`lec*tri"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The recognition by an animal body of the electrical condition of external objects. ELECTRIZATION E*lec`tri*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. électrisation.] Defn: The act of electrizing; electrification. ELECTRIZE E*lec"trize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electrized; p. pr. & vb. n. Electrizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. électriser.] Defn: To electricity. Eng. Cyc. ELECTRIZER E*lec"tri`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, electrizes. ELECTRO- E*lec"tro-. Etym: [L. electrum amber. See Electric.] Defn: A prefix or combining form signifying pertaining to electricity, produced by electricity, producing or employing electricity, etc.; as, electro-negative; electro-dynamic; electro- magnet. ELECTRO E*lec"tro, n. Defn: An electrotype. ELECTRO-BALLISTIC E*lec`tro-bal*lis"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to electro-ballistics. ELECTRO-BALLISTICS E*lec`tro-bal*lis"tics, n. Defn: The art or science of measuring the force or velocity of projectiles by means of electricity. ELECTRO-BIOLOGIST E*lec`tro-bi*ol"o*gist, n. (Biol.) Defn: One versed in electro-biology. ELECTRO-BIOLOGY E*lec`tro-bi*ol"o*gy, n. (Biol.) 1. That branch of biology which treats of the electrical phenomena of living organisms. 2. That phase of mesmerism or animal magnetism, the phenomena of which are supposed to be produced by a form of electricity. ELECTRO-BIOSCOPY E*lec`tro-bi*os"co*py, n. Etym: [Electro- + Gr. -scopy.] (Biol.) Defn: A method of determining the presence or absence of life in an animal organism with a current of electricity, by noting the presence or absence of muscular contraction. ELECTRO-CAPILLARITY E*lec`tro-cap`il*lar"i*ty, n. (Physics) Defn: The occurrence or production of certain capillary effects by the action of an electrical current or charge. ELECTRO-CAPILLARY E*lec`tro-cap"il*la*ry, a. (Physics) Defn: Pert. to, or caused by, electro-capillarity. ELECTRO-CHEMICAL E*lec`tro-chem"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to electro-chemistry. Ure. ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY E*lec`tro-chem"is*try, n. Defn: That branch of science which treats of the relation of electricity to chemical changes. ELECTRO-CHRONOGRAPH E*lec`tro-chron"o*graph, n. (Astron. Physics) Defn: An instrument for obtaining an accurate record of the time at which any observed phenomenon occurs, or of its duration. It has an electro-magnetic register connected with a clock. See Chronograph. ELECTRO-CHRONOGRAPHIC E*lec`tro-chron`o*graph"ic, a. Defn: Belonging to the electro-chronograph, or recorded by the aid of it. ELECTROCUTE E*lec"tro*cute`, v. t. Etym: [Electro- + cute in execute.] Defn: To execute or put to death by electricity. -- E*lec`tro*cu"tion, n. Note: [Recent; Newspaper words] ELECTRODE E*lec"trode, n. Etym: [Electro- + Gr. électrode.] (Elec.) Defn: The path by which electricity is conveyed into or from a solution or other conducting medium; esp., the ends of the wires or conductors, leading from source of electricity, and terminating in the medium traversed by the current. ELECTRO-DYNAMIC; ELECTRO-DYNAMICAL E*lec`tro-dy*nam"ic, E*lec`tro-dy*nam"ic*al, a. (Physics) Defn: Pertaining to the movements or force of electric or galvanic currents; dependent on electric force. ELECTRO-DYNAMICS E*lec`tro-dy*nam"ics, n. 1. The phenomena of electricity in motion. 2. The branch of science which treats of the properties of electric currents; dynamical electricity. ELECTRO-DYNAMOMETER E*lec`tro-dy`na*mom"e*ter, n. Defn: An instrument for measuring the strength of electro-dynamic currents. ELECTRO-ENGRAVING E*lec`tro-en*grav"ing, n. Defn: The art or process of engraving by means of electricity. ELECTRO-ETCHING E*lec`tro-etch"ing, n. Defn: A mode of etching upon metals by electrolytic action. ELECTROGENESIS E*lec`tro*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Electro- + genesis.] (Physiol.) Defn: Same as Electrogeny. ELECTROGENIC E*lec`tro*gen"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to electrogenesis; as, an electrogenic condition. ELECTROGENY E`lec*trog"e*ny, n. Etym: [Electro- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A term sometimes applied to the effects (tetanus) produced in the muscles of the limbs, when a current of electricity is passed along the spinal cord or nerves. ELECTRO-GILDING E*lec`tro-gild"ing, n. Defn: The art or process of gilding copper, iron, etc., by means of voltaic electricity. ELECTRO-GILT E*lec"tro-gilt`, a. Defn: Gilded by means of voltaic electricity. ELECTROGRAPH E*lec"tro*graph, n. Etym: [Electro- + -graph.] Defn: A mark, record, or tracing, made by the action of electricity. ELECTROGRAPHIC E*lec`tro*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an electrograph or electrography. ELECTROGRAPHY E*lec*trog"ra*phy, n. 1. The art or process of making electrographs or using an electrograph. 2. = Galvanography. ELECTRO-KINETIC E*lec`tro-ki*net"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to electro-kinetics. ELECTRO-KINETICS E*lec`tro-ki*net"ics, n. Defn: That branch of electrical science which treats of electricity in motion. ELECTROLIER E*lec`tro*lier", n. Etym: [Formed from electric in imitation of chandelier.] Defn: A branching frame, often of ornamental design, to support electric illuminating lamps. ELECTROLOGY E`lec*trol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Electro- + -logy.] Defn: That branch of physical science which treats of the phenomena of electricity and its properties. ELECTROLYSIS E`lec*trol"y*sis, n. Etym: [Electro- + Gr. (Physics & Chem.) Defn: The act or process of chemical decomposition, by the action of electricity; as, the electrolysis of silver or nickel for plating; the electrolysis of water. ELECTROLYTE E*lec"tro*lyte, n. Etym: [Electro- + Gr. électrolyte.] (Physics & Chem.) Defn: A compound decomposable, or subjected to decomposition, by an electric current. ELECTROLYTIC; ELECTROLYTICAL E*lec`tro*lyt"ic, E*lec`tro*lyt"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. électrolytique.] Defn: Pertaining to electrolysis; as, electrolytic action. -- E*lec`tro*lyt"ic*al*ly, adv. ELECTROLYZABLE E*lec"tro*ly`za*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being electrolyzed, or decomposed by electricity. ELECTROLYZATION E*lec`tro*ly*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or the process of electrolyzing. ELECTROLYZE E*lec"tro*lyze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electrolyzed; p. pr. & vb. n. Electrolyzing.] Etym: [Cf. F. électrolyser. See Electrolysis.] Defn: To decompose by the direct action of electricity. Faraday. ELECTRO-MAGNET E*lec`tro-mag"net, n. Defn: A mass, usually of soft iron, but sometimes of some other magnetic metal, as nickel or cobalt, rendered temporarily magnetic by being placed within a coil of wire through which a current of electricity is passing. The metal is generally in the form of a bar, either straight, or bent into the shape of a horseshoe. ELECTRO-MAGNETIC E*lec`tro-mag*net"ic, a. Defn: Of, Pertaining to, or produced by, magnetism which is developed by the passage of an electric current. Electro-magnetic engine, an engine in which the motive force is electro-magnetism. -- Electro-magnetic theory of light (Physics), a theory of light which makes it consist in the rapid alternation of transient electric currents moving transversely to the direction of the ray. ELECTRO-MAGNETISM E*lec`tro-mag"net*ism, n. Defn: The magnetism developed by a current of electricity; the science which treats of the development of magnetism by means of voltaic electricity, and of the properties or actions of the currents evolved. ELECTRO-METALLURGY E*lec`tro-met"al*lur`gy, n. Defn: The act or art precipitating a metal electro-chemical action, by which a coating is deposited, on a prepared surface, as in electroplating and electrotyping; galvanoplasty. ELECTROMETER E`lec*trom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Electro- + -meter: cf. F. électromètre.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the quantity or intensity of electricity; also, sometimes, and less properly, applied to an instrument which indicates the presence of electricity (usually called an electroscope). Balance electrometer. See under Balance. ELECTRO-METRIC; ELECTRO-METRICAL E*lec`tro-met"ric, E*lec`tro-met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. électrométrique.] Defn: Pertaining to electrometry; made by means of electrometer; as, an electrometrical experiment. ELECTROMETRY E`lec*trom"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. électrométrie.] (Physics) Defn: The art or process of making electrical measurements. ELECTRO-MOTION E*lec`tro-mo"tion, n. Defn: The motion of electricity or its passage from one metal to another in a voltaic circuit; mechanical action produced by means of electricity. ELECTRO-MOTIVE E*lec`tro-mo"tive, a. Defn: Producing electro-motion; producing, or tending to produce, electricity or an electric current; causing electrical action or effects. Electro-motive force (Physics), the force which produces, or tends to produce, electricity, or an electric current; sometimes used to express the degree of electrification as equivalent to potential, or more properly difference of potential. ELECTROMOTOR E*lec`tro*mo"tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. électromoteur.] 1. (Physics) Defn: A mover or exciter of electricity; as apparatus for generating a current of electricity. 2. (Mech.) Defn: An apparatus or machine for producing motion and mechanical effects by the action of electricity; an electro-magnetic engine. ELECTRO-MUSCULAR E*lec`tro-mus"cu*lar, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Pertaining the reaction (contraction) of the muscles under electricity, or their sensibility to it. ELECTRON E*lec"tron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Electric.] Defn: Amber; also, the alloy of gold and silver, called electrum. ELECTRO-NEGATIVE E*lec`tro-neg"a*tive, a. (Chem. & Physics) (a) Having the property of being attracted by an electro-positive body, or a tendency to pass to the positive pole in electrolysis, by the law that opposite electricities attract each other. (b) Negative; nonmetallic; acid; -- opposed to positive, metallic, or basic. ELECTRO-NEGATIVE E*lec`tro-neg"a*tive, n. (Chem. & Physics) Defn: A body which passes to the positive pole in electrolysis. ELECTRONIC E`lec*tron"ic, a. (Physics & Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an electron or electrons. ELECTROPATHY E`lec*trop"a*thy, n. Etym: [Electro- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: The treatment of disease by electricity. ELECTROPHONE E*lec"tro*phone, n. Etym: [Electro- + Gr. (Physics) Defn: An instrument for producing sound by means of electric currents. ELECTROPHORUS E*lec`troph"o*rus, n.; pl. Electrophori. Etym: [NL., fr. combining form electro- + Gr. (Physics) Defn: An instrument for exciting electricity, and repeating the charge indefinitely by induction, consisting of a flat cake of resin, shelllac, or ebonite, upon which is placed a plate of metal. ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGICAL E*lec`tro-phys`i*o*log"ic*al, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Pertaining to electrical results produced through physiological agencies, or by change of action in a living organism. ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY E*lec`tro-phys`i*ol"o*gy, n. (Physiol.) Defn: That branch of physiology which treats of electric phenomena produced through physiological agencies. ELECTROPLATE E*lec"tro*plate`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electroplating.] (Mech.) Defn: To plate or cover with a coating of metal, usually silver, nickel, or gold, by means of electrolysis. ELECTROPLATER E*lec"tro*pla`ter, n. Defn: One who electroplates. ELECTROPLATING E*lec"tro*pla`ting, n. Defn: The art or process of depositing a coating (commonly) of silver, gold, or nickel on an inferior metal, by means of electricity. ELECTROPOION; ELECTROPOION FLUID E*lec`tro*poi"on, n., or Electropoion fluid. [NL.; electro- + Gr. poiw^n, p. pr. of poiei^n to make.] (Elec.) Defn: An exciting and depolarizing acid solution used in certain cells or batteries, as the Grenet battery. Electropoion is best prepared by mixing one gallon of concentrated sulphuric acid diluted with three gallons of water, with a solution of six pounds of potassium bichromate in two gallons of boiling water. It should be used cold. ELECTRO-POLAR E*lec`tro-po"lar, a. (Physics) Defn: Possessing electrical polarity; positively electrified at one end, or on one surface, and negatively at the other; -- said of a conductor. ELECTRO-POSITIVE E*lec`tro-pos"i*tive, a. 1. (Physics) Defn: Of such a nature relatively to some other associated body or bodies, as to tend to the negative pole of a voltaic battery, in electrolysis, while the associated body tends to the positive pole; - - the converse or correlative of electro-negative. Note: An element that is electro-positive in one compound may be electro-negative in another, and vice versa. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Hence: Positive; metallic; basic; -- distinguished from negative, nonmetallic, or acid. ELECTRO-POSITIVE E*lec`tro-pos"i*tive, n. (Chem. & Physics) Defn: A body which passes to the negative pole in electrolysis. ELECTRO-PUNCTURATION; ELECTRO-PUNCTURING E*lec`tro-punc`tu*ra"tion, E*lec`tro-punc`tur*ing, n. (Med.) Defn: See Electropuncture. ELECTRO-PUNCTURE E*lec`tro-punc`ture, n. (Med.) Defn: An operation that consists in inserting needless in the part affected, and connecting them with the poles of a galvanic apparatus. ELECTROSCOPE E*lec"tro*scope, n. Etym: [Electro- + -scope: cf. F. électroscope.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for detecting the presence of electricity, or changes in the electric state of bodies, or the species of electricity present, as by means of pith balls, and the like. Condensing electroscope (Physics), a form of electroscope in which an increase of sensibility is obtained by the use of a condenser. ELECTROSCOPIC E*lec`tro*scop"ic, a. Defn: Relating to, or made by means of, the electroscope. ELECTROSTATIC E*lec`tro*stat"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to electrostatics. ELECTROSTATICS E*lec`tro*stat"ics, n. (Physics) Defn: That branch of science which treats of statical electricity or electric force in a state of rest. ELECTRO-STEREOTYPE E*lec`tro-ste"re*o*type, n. Defn: Same as Electrotype. ELECTRO-TELEGRAPHIC E*lec`tro-tel`e*graph"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to the electric telegraph, or by means of it. ELECTRO-TELEGRAPHY E*lec`tro-te*leg"ra*phy, n. Defn: The art or science of constructing or using the electric telegraph; the transmission of messages by means of the electric telegraph. ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS E*lec`tro-ther`a*peu"tics, n. (Med.) Defn: The branch of medical science which treats of the applications agent. ELECTRO-THERMANCY E*lec`tro-ther"man*cy, n. Defn: That branch of electrical science which treats of the effect of an electric current upon the temperature of a conductor, or a part of a circuit composed of two different metals. ELECTRO-TINT E*lec"tro-tint`, n. (Fine Arts) Defn: A style of engraving in relief by means of voltaic electricity. A picture is drawn on a metallic plate with some material which resists the fluids of a battery; so that, in electro-typing, the parts not covered by the varnish, etc., receive a deposition of metal, and produce the required copy in intaglio. A cast of this is then the plate for printing. ELECTROTONIC E*lec`tro*ton"ic, a. 1. (Physics) Defn: Of or pertaining to electrical tension; -- said of a supposed peculiar condition of a conducting circuit during its exposure to the action of another conducting circuit traversed by a uniform electric current when both circuits remain stationary. Faraday. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Relating to electrotonus; as, the electrotonic condition of a nerve. ELECTROTONIZE E`lec*trot"o*nize, v. t. (Physiol.) Defn: To cause or produce electrotonus. ELECTROTONOUS E`lec*trot"o*nous, a. Defn: Electrotonic. ELECTROTONUS E`lec*trot"o*nus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. combining form electro- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: The modified condition of a nerve, when a constant current of electricity passes through any part of it. See Anelectrotonus, and Catelectrotonus. ELECTROTYPE E*lec"tro*type, n. Etym: [Electro- + -type.] Defn: A facsimile plate made by electrotypy for use in printing; also, an impression or print from such plate. Also used adjectively. Note: The face of an electrotype consists of a shell of copper, silver, or the like, produced by the action of an electrical current upon a plate of metal and a wax mold suspended in an acid bath and connected with opposite poles of the battery. It is backed up with a solid filling of type metal. ELECTROTYPE E*lec"tro*type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Electrotyped; p. pr. & vb. n. Electrotyping.] Defn: To make facsimile plates of by the electrotype process; as to electrotype a page of type, a book, etc. See Electrotype, n. ELECTROTYPER E*lec"tro*ty`per, n. Defn: One who electrotypes. ELECTROTYPIC E*lec`tro*typ"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or effected by means of, electrotypy. ELECTROTYPING E*lec"tro*ty`ping, n. Defn: The act or the process of making electrotypes. ELECTROTYPY E*lec"tro*ty`py, n. Defn: The process of producing electrotype plates. See Note under Electrotype, n. ELECTRO-VITAL E*lec`tro-vi"tal, a. Defn: Derived from, or dependent upon, vital processes; -- said of certain electric currents supposed by some physiologists to circulate in the nerves of animals. ELECTRO-VITALISM E*lec`tro-vi"tal*ism, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The theory that the functions of living organisms are dependent upon electricity or a kindred force. ELECTRUM E*lec"trum, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Electric, and cf. Electre, Electron.] 1. Amber. 2. An alloy of gold and silver, of an amber color, used by the ancients. 3. German-silver plate. See German silver, under German. ELECTUARY E*lec"tu*a*ry, n.; pl. Electuaries. Etym: [OE. letuaire, OF. lettuaire, electuaire, F. électuaire, L. electuarium, electarium. prob. fr. Gr. Lick, and cf. Eclegm.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine composed of powders, or other ingredients, incorporated with some convserve, honey, or sirup; a confection. See the note under Confection. ELEEMOSYNARILY El`ee*mos"y*na*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In an eleemosynary manner; by charity; charitably. ELEEMOSYNARY El`ee*mos"y*na*ry, a. Etym: [LL. eleemosynarius, fr. eleemosyna alms, Gr. Alms.] 1. Relating to charity, alms, or almsgiving; intended for the distribution of charity; as, an eleemosynary corporation. 2. Given in charity or alms; having the nature of alms; as, eleemosynary assistance. "Eleemosynary cures." Boyle. 3. Supported by charity; as, eleemosynary poor. ELEEMOSYNARY El`ee*mos"y*na*ry, n.; pl. Eleemosynaries (. Defn: One who subsists on charity; a dependent. South. ELEGANCE; ELEGANCY El"e*gance, El"e*gan*cy, n. Etym: [L. elegantia, fr. elegans, -antis, elegant: cf. F. élégance.] 1. The state or quality of being elegant; beauty as resulting from choice qualities and the complete absence of what deforms or impresses unpleasantly; grace given by art or practice; fine polish; refinement; -- said of manners, language, style, form, architecture, etc. That grace that elegance affords. Drayton. The endearing elegance of female friendship. Johnson. A trait of native elegance, seldom seen in the masculine character after childhood or early youth, was shown in the General's fondness for the sight and fragrance of flowers. Hawthorne. 2. That which is elegant; that which is tasteful and highly attractive. The beautiful wildness of nature, without the nicer elegancies of art. Spectator. Syn. -- Elegance, Grace. Elegance implies something of a select style of beauty, which is usually produced by art, skill, or training; as, elegance of manners, composition, handwriting, etc.; elegant furniture; an elegant house, etc. Grace, as the word is here used, refers to bodily movements, and is a lower order of beauty. It may be a natural gift; thus, the manners of a peasant girl may be graceful, but can hardly be called elegant. ELEGANT El"e*gant, a. Etym: [L. elegans, -antis; akin to eligere to pick out, choose, select: cf. F. élégant. See Elect.] 1. Very choice, and hence, pleasing to good taste; characterized by grace, propriety, and refinement, and the absence of every thing offensive; exciting admiration and approbation by symmetry, completeness, freedom from blemish, and the like; graceful; tasteful and highly attractive; as, elegant manners; elegant style of composition; an elegant speaker; an elegant structure. A more diligent cultivation of elegant literature. Prescott. 2. Exercising a nice choice; discriminating beauty or sensitive to beauty; as, elegant taste. Syn. -- Tasteful; polished; graceful; refined; comely; handsome; richly ornamental. ELEGANTLY El"e*gant*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner to please nice taste; with elegance; with due symmetry; richly. ELEGIAC E*le"gi*ac, a. Etym: [L. elegiacus, Gr. élégiaque. See Elegy.] 1. Belonging to elegy, or written in elegiacs; plaintive; expressing sorrow or lamentation; as, an elegiac lay; elegiac strains. Elegiac griefs, and songs of love. Mrs. Browning. 2. Used in elegies; as, elegiac verse; the elegiac distich or couplet, consisting of a dactylic hexameter and pentameter. ELEGIAC E*le"gi*ac, n. Defn: Elegiac verse. ELEGIACAL El`e*gi"a*cal, a. Defn: Elegiac. ELEGIAST E*le"gi*ast, n. Defn: One who composes elegies. Goldsmith. ELEGIOGRAPHER El`e*gi*og"ra*pher, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph + -er.] Defn: An elegist. [Obs.] ELEGIST El"e*gist, n. Defn: A write of elegies. T. Warton. ELEGIT E*le"git, n. Etym: [L., he has chosen, fr. eligere to choose. See Elect.] (Law) Defn: A judicial writ of execution, by which a defendant's goods are appraised and delivered to the plaintiff, and, if no sufficient to satisfy the debt, all of his lands are delivered, to be held till the debt is paid by the rents and profits, or until the defendant's interest has expired. ELEGIZE El"e*gize, v. t. Defn: To lament in an elegy; to celebrate in elegiac verse; to bewail. Carlyle. ELEGY El"e*gy, n.; pl. Elegies. Etym: [L. elegia, Gr. Defn: A mournful or plaintive poem; a funereal song; a poem of lamentation. Shak. ELEIDIN E*le"i*din, n. (Biol.) Defn: Lifeless matter deposited in the form of minute granules within the protoplasm of living cells. ELEME FIGS; ELEMI FIGS El"e*me figs`, El"e*mi figs` (el"e*mi). [Turk. eleme anything which has been sifted and freed from dust or broken parts.] Defn: A kind of figs of superior quality. ELEMENT El"e*ment, n. Etym: [F. élément, L. elementum.] 1. One of the simplest or essential parts or principles of which anything consists, or upon which the constitution or fundamental powers of anything are based. 2. One of the ultimate, undecomposable constituents of any kind of matter. Specifically: (Chem.) A substance which cannot be decomposed into different kinds of matter by any means at present employed; as, the elements of water are oxygen and hydrogen. Note: The elements are naturally classified in several families or groups, as the group of the alkaline elements, the halogen group, and the like. They are roughly divided into two great classes, the metals, as sodium, calcium, etc., which form basic compounds, and the nonmetals or metalloids, as oxygen, sulphur, chlorine, which form acid compounds; but the distinction is only relative, and some, as arsenic, tin, aluminium, etc., form both acid and basic compounds. The essential fact regarding every element is its relative atomic weight or equivalent. When the elements are tabulated in the order of their ascending atomic weights, the arrangement constitutes the series of the Periodic law of Mendelejeff. See Periodic law, under Periodic. This Periodic law enables us to predict the qualities of unknown elements. The number of elements known is about seventy-five, but the gaps in the Periodic law indicate the possibility of many more. Many of the elements with which we are familiar, as hydrogen, carbon, iron, gold, etc., have been recognized, by means of spectrum analysis, in the sun and the fixed stars. From certain evidence (as that afforded by the Periodic law, spectrum analysis, etc.) it appears that the chemical elements probably may not be simple bodies, but only very stable compounds of some simpler body or bodies. In formulas, the elements are designated by abbreviations of their names in Latin or New Latin. The Elements -------------------------------------------------------- ----Name |Sym-|Atomic Weight| |bol | O=16 | H=1 | ------------------- -----------------------------------------Aluminum | Al | 27.1 | 26.9| Antimony(Stibium) Argon Arsenic Barium Beryllium (see Glucinum) Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Caesium Calcium Carbon Cerium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Columbium Copper (Cuprum) Erbium Fluorine Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Glucinum Gold Helium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron (Ferrum) Krypton Lanthanum Lead (Plumbum) Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury (Hydrargyrum) Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Nickel Niobium (see Columbium) Nirogen Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Potassium (Kalium) Praseodymium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium -----------------------------------------------------------The Elements -- continued ----------------------------------------------- -------------Name Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver (Argentum) Sodium (Natrium) Strontium Sulphur Tantalum Tellurium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin (Stannum) Titanium Tungsten (Wolframium) Uranium Vanadium Wolfranium (see Tungsten) Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium ------------------------------------------------------ ------ Note: Several other elements have been announced, as holmium, vesbium, austrium, etc., but their properties, and in some cases their existence, have not yet been definitely established. 3. One of the ultimate parts which are variously combined in anything; as, letters are the elements of written language; hence, also, a simple portion of that which is complex, as a shaft, lever, wheel, or any simple part in a machine; one of the essential ingredients of any mixture; a constituent part; as, quartz, feldspar, and mica are the elements of granite. The simplicity which is so large an element in a noble nature was laughed to scorn. Jowett (Thucyd.). 4. (a) One out of several parts combined in a system of aggregation, when each is of the nature of the whole; as, a single cell is an element of the honeycomb. (b) (Anat.) One of the smallest natural divisions of the organism, as a blood corpuscle, a muscular fiber. 5. (Biol.) Defn: One of the simplest essential parts, more commonly called cells, of which animal and vegetable organisms, or their tissues and organs, are composed. 6. (Math.) (a) An infinitesimal part of anything of the same nature as the entire magnitude considered; as, in a solid an element may be infinitesimal portion between any two planes that are separated and indefinitely small distance. In the calculus, element is sometimes used as synonymous with differential. (b) Sometimes a curve, or surface, or volume is considered as described by a moving point, or curve, or surface, the latter being at any instant called an element of the former. (c) One of the terms in an algebraic expression. 7. One of the necessary data or values upon which a system of calculations depends, or general conclusions are based; as, the elements of a planet's orbit. 8. pl. Defn: The simplest or fundamental principles of any system in philosophy, science, or art; rudiments; as, the elements of geometry, or of music. 9. pl. Defn: Any outline or sketch, regarded as containing the fundamental ideas or features of the thing in question; as, the elemental of a plan. 10. One of the simple substances, as supposed by the ancient philosophers; one of the imaginary principles of matter. Note: (a) The four elements were, air, earth, water, and fire; whence it is said, water is the proper element of fishes; air is the element of birds. Hence, the state or sphere natural to anything or suited for its existence. Of elements The grosser feeds the purer: Earth the Sea; Earth and the Sea feed Air; the Air those Fires Ethereal. Milton. Does not our life consist of the four elements Shak. And the complexion of the element [i. e.,the sky or air] In favor's like the work we have in hand, Most bloody, fiery, and most terrible. Shak. About twelve ounces [of food], with mere element for drink. Cheyne. They show that they are out of their element. T. Baker. Esp., the conditions and movements of the air. "The elements be kind to thee." (b) The elements of the alchemists were salt, sulphur, and mercury. Brande & C. 11. pl. Defn: The whole material composing the world. The elements shall melt with fervent heat. 2 Peter iii. 10. 12. pl. (Eccl.) Defn: The bread and wine used in the eucharist or Lord's supper. Magnetic element, one of the hypothetical elementary portions of which a magnet is regarded as made up. ELEMENT El"e*ment, v. t. 1. To compound of elements or first principles. [Obs.] "[Love] being elemented too." Donne. 2. To constitute; to make up with elements. His very soul was elemented of nothing but sadness. Walton. ELEMENTAL El`e*men"tal, a. 1. Pertaining to the elements, first principles, and primary ingredients, or to the four supposed elements of the material world; as, elemental air. "Elemental strife." Pope. 2. Pertaining to rudiments or first principles; rudimentary; elementary. "The elemental rules of erudition." Cawthorn. ELEMENTALISM El`e*men"tal*ism, a. Defn: The theory that the heathen divinities originated in the personification of elemental powers. ELEMENTALITY E`le*men*tal"i*ty, n. Defn: The condition of being composed of elements, or a thing so composed. ELEMENTALLY El`e*men"tal*ly, adv. Defn: According to elements; literally; as, the words, "Take, eat; this is my body," elementally understood. ELEMENTAR El`e*men"tar, a. Defn: Elementary. [Obs.] Skelton. ELEMENTARINESS El`e*men"ta*ri*ness, n. Defn: The state of being elementary; original simplicity; uncompounded state. ELEMENTARITY El`e*men*tar"i*ty, n. Defn: Elementariness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ELEMENTARY El`e*men"ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. elementarius: cf. F. élémentaire.] 1. Having only one principle or constituent part; consisting of a single element; simple; uncompounded; as, an elementary substance. 2. Pertaining to, or treating of, the elements, rudiments, or first principles of anything; initial; rudimental; introductory; as, an elementary treatise. 3. Pertaining to one of the four elements, air, water, earth, fire. "Some luminous and fiery impressions in the elementary region." J. Spencer. ELEMENTATION El`e*men*ta"tion, n. Defn: Instruction in the elements or first principles. [R.] ELEMENTOID El"e*men*toid`, a. Etym: [Element + -oid.] Defn: Resembling an element. ELEMI El"e*mi, n. Etym: [Cf. F. élemi, It. elemi, Sp. elemi; of American or Oriental. origin.] Defn: A fragrant gum resin obtained chiefly tropical trees of the genera Amyris and Canarium. A. elemifera yields Mexican elemi; C. commune, the Manila elemi. It is used in the manufacture of varnishes, also in ointments and plasters. ELEMIN El"e*min, n. (Chem.) Defn: A transparent, colorless oil obtained from elemi resin by distillation with water; also, a crystallizable extract from the resin. ELENCH E*lench", n.; pl. Elenchs. Etym: [L. elenchus, Gr. elenche.] (Logic) (a) That part of an argument on which its conclusiveness depends; that which convinces of refutes an antagonist; a refutation. (b) A specious but fallacious argument; a sophism. ELENCHICAL E*len"chic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to an elench. ELENCHICALLY E*len"chic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By means of an elench. ELENCHIZE E*len"chize, v. i. Defn: To dispute. [R.] B. Jonson. ELENCHTIC; ELENCHTICAL E*lench"tic, E*lench"tic*al, a. Defn: Same as Elenctic. ELENCHUS E*len"chus, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Same as Elench. ELENCTIC; ELENCTICAL E*lenc"tic, E*lenc"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Logic) Defn: Serving to refute; refutative; -- applied to indirect modes of proof, and opposed to deictic. ELENGE El"enge, a. Etym: [Cf. AS. ellende foreign, strange, G. elend miserable.] Defn: Sorrowful; wretched; full of trouble. [Obs.] Chaucer. ELENGENESS El"enge*ness, n. Defn: Loneliness; misery. [Obs.] ELEPHANSY El"e*phan*sy, n. Etym: [L. elephantia.] Defn: Elephantiasis. [Obs.] Holland. ELEPHANT El"e*phant, n. Etym: [OE. elefaunt, olifant, OF. olifant, F. éléphant, L. elephantus, elephas, -antis, fr. Gr. ibha, with the Semitic article al, el, prefixed, or fr. Semitic Aleph hindi Indian bull; or cf. Goth. ulbandus camel, AS. olfend.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A mammal of the order Proboscidia, of which two living species, Elephas Indicus and E. Africanus, and several fossil species, are known. They have a proboscis or trunk, and two large ivory tusks proceeding from the extremity of the upper jaw, and curving upwards. The molar teeth are large and have transverse folds. Elephants are the largest land animals now existing. 2. Ivory; the tusk of the elephant. [Obs.] Dryden. Elephant apple (Bot.), an East Indian fruit with a rough, hard rind, and edible pulp, borne by Feronia elephantum, a large tree related to the orange. -- Elephant bed (Geol.), at Brighton, England, abounding in fossil remains of elephants. Mantell. -- Elephant beetle (Zoöl.), any very large beetle of the genus Goliathus (esp. G. giganteus), of the family Scarabæidæ. They inhabit West Africa. -- Elephant fish (Zoöl.), a chimæroid fish (Callorhynchus antarcticus), with a proboscis-like projection of the snout. -- Elephant paper, paper of large size, 23 × 28 inches. -- Double elephant paper, paper measuring 26Paper. -- Elephant seal (Zoöl.), an African jumping shrew (Macroscelides typicus), having a long nose like a proboscis. -- Elephant's ear (Bot.), a name given to certain species of the genus Begonia, which have immense one-sided leaves. -- Elephant's foot (Bot.) (a) A South African plant (Testudinaria Elephantipes), which has a massive rootstock covered with a kind of bark cracked with deep fissures; -- called also tortoise plant. The interior part is barely edible, whence the plant is also called Hottentot's bread. (b) A genus (Elephantopus) of coarse, composite weeds. -- Elephant's tusk (Zoöl.), the tooth shell. See Dentalium. ELEPHANTIAC El`e*phan"ti*ac, a. (Med.) Defn: Affected with elephantiasis; characteristic of elephantiasis. ELEPHANTIASIS El`e*phan*ti"a*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A disease of the skin, in which it become enormously thickened, and is rough, hard, and fissured, like an elephant's hide. ELEPHANTINE El`e*phan"tine, a. Etym: [L. elephantinus of ivory, Gr. éléphantin.] Defn: Pertaining to the elephant, or resembling an elephant (commonly, in size); hence, huge; immense; heavy; as, of elephantine proportions; an elephantine step or tread. Elephantine epoch (Geol.), the epoch distinguished by the existence of large pachyderms. Mantell. -- Elephantine tortoise (Zoöl.), a huge land tortoise; esp., Testudo elephantina, from islands in the Indian Ocean; and T. elephantopus, from the Galapagos Islands. ELEPHANTOID; ELEPHANTOIDAL El"e*phan*toid`, El`e*phan*toid"al, a. Etym: [Elephant + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling an elephant in form or appearance. ELEUSINIAN El`eu*sin"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Eleusinius, Gr. Defn: Pertaining to Eleusis, in Greece, or to secret rites in honor of Ceres, there celebrated; as, Eleusinian mysteries or festivals. ELEUTHEROMANIA E*leu`ther*o*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Gr. mania.] Defn: A mania or frantic zeal for freedom. [R.] Carlyle. ELEUTHEROMANIAC E*leu`ther*o*ma"ni*ac, a. Defn: Mad for freedom. [R.] ELEUTHERO-PETALOUS E*leu`ther*o-pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the petals free, that is, entirely separate from each other; -- said of both plant and flower. ELEVATE El"e*vate, a. Etym: [L. elevatus, p. p.] Defn: Elevated; raised aloft. [Poetic] Milton. ELEVATE El"e*vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elevated; p. pr. & vb. n. Elevating.] Etym: [L. elevatus, p. p. of elevare; e + levare to lift up, raise, akin to levis light in weight. See Levity.] 1. To bring from a lower place to a higher; to lift up; to raise; as, to elevate a weight, a flagstaff, etc. 2. To raise to a higher station; to promote; as, to elevate to an office, or to a high social position. 3. To raise from a depressed state; to animate; to cheer; as, to elevate the spirits. 4. To exalt; to ennoble; to dignify; as, to elevate the mind or character. 5. To raise to a higher pitch, or to a greater degree of loudness; -- said of sounds; as, to elevate the voice. 6. To intoxicate in a slight degree; to render tipsy. [Colloq. & Sportive] "The elevated cavaliers sent for two tubs of merry stingo." Sir W. Scott. 7. To lessen; to detract from; to disparage. [A Latin meaning] [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. To elevate a piece (Gun.), to raise the muzzle; to lower the breech. Syn. -- To exalt; dignify; ennoble; erect; raise; hoist; heighten; elate; cheer; flush; excite; animate. ELEVATED El"e*va`ted, a. Defn: Uplifted; high; lofty; also, animated; noble; as, elevated thoughts. Elevated railway, one in which the track is raised considerably above the ground, especially a city railway above the line of street travel. ELEVATEDNESS El"e*va`ted*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being elevated. ELEVATION El`e*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. elevatio: cf. F. élévation.] 1. The act of raising from a lower place, condition, or quality to a higher; -- said of material things, persons, the mind, the voice, etc.; as, the elevation of grain; elevation to a throne; elevation of mind, thoughts, or character. 2. Condition of being elevated; height; exaltation. "Degrees of elevation above us." Locke. His style . . . wanted a little elevation. Sir H. Wotton. 3. That which is raised up or elevated; an elevated place or station; as, an elevation of the ground; a hill. 4. (Astron.) Defn: The distance of a celestial object above the horizon, or the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between it and the horizon; altitude; as, the elevation of the pole, or of a star. 5. (Dialing) Defn: The angle which the style makes with the substylar line. 6. (Gunnery) Defn: The movement of the axis of a piece in a vertical plane; also, the angle of elevation, that is, the angle between the axis of the piece and the line odirection. 7. (Drawing) Defn: A geometrical projection of a building, or other object, on a plane perpendicular to the horizon; orthographic projection on a vertical plane; -- called by the ancients the orthography. Angle of elevation (Geodesy), the angle which an ascending line makes with a horizontal plane. -- Elevation of the host (R. C. Ch.), that part of the Mass in which the priest raises the host above his head for the people to adore. ELEVATOR El"e*va`tor, n. Etym: [L., one who raises up, a deliverer: cf. F. élévateur.] Defn: One who, or that which, raises or lifts up anything; as: (a) A mechanical contrivance, usually an endless belt or chain with a series of scoops or buckets, for transferring grain to an upper loft for storage. (b) A cage or platform and the hoisting machinery in a hotel, warehouse, mine, etc., for conveying persons, goods, etc., to or from different floors or levels; -- called in England a lift; the cage or platform itself. (c) A building for elevating, storing, and discharging, grain. (d) (Anat.) A muscle which serves to raise a part of the body, as the leg or the eye. (e) (Surg.) An instrument for raising a depressed portion of a bone. Elevator head, leg, and boot, the boxes in which the upper pulley, belt, and lower pulley, respectively, run in a grain elevator. ELEVATORY El"e*va`to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to raise, or having power to elevate; as, elevatory forces. ELEVATORY El"e*va`to*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. élévatoire.] (Surg.) Defn: See Elevator, n. (e). Dunglison. ELEVE É`lève" (, n. Etym: [F., fr. élever to raise, bring up.] Defn: A pupil; a student. ELEVEN E*lev"en, a. Etym: [OE. enleven, AS. endleofan, endlufon, for nleofan; akin to LG. eleve, ölwe, ölwen, D. elf, G. elf, eilf, OHG. einlif, Icel. ellifu, Sw. elfva, Dan. elleve, Goth. ainlif, cf. Lith. vënolika; and fr. the root of E. one + (prob.) a root signifying "to be left over, remain," appearing in E. loan, or perh. in leave, v. t., life. See One, and cf. Twelve.] Defn: Ten and one added; as, eleven men. ELEVEN E*lev"en, n. 1. The sum of ten and one; eleven units or objects. 2. A symbol representing eleven units, as 11 or xi. 3. (Cricket & American Football) Defn: The eleven men selected to play on one side in a match, as the representatives of a club or a locality; as, the all-England eleven. ELEVENTH E*lev"enth, a. Etym: [Cf. AS. endlyfta. See Eleven.] 1. Next after the tenth; as, the eleventh chapter. 2. Constituting one of eleven parts into which a thing is divided; as, the eleventh part of a thing. 3. (Mus.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the interval of the octave and the fourth. ELEVENTH E*lev"enth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by eleven; one of eleven equal parts. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The interval consisting of ten conjunct degrees; the interval made up of an octave and a fourth. ELF Elf, n.; pl. Elves. Etym: [AS. ælf, ylf; akin to MHG. alp, G. alp nightmare, incubus, Icel. elf, Sw. alf, elfva; cf. Skr. rbhu skillful, artful, rabh to grasp. Cf. Auf, Oaf.] 1. An imaginary supernatural being, commonly a little sprite, much like a fairy; a mythological diminutive spirit, supposed to haunt hills and wild places, and generally represented as delighting in mischievous tricks. Every elf, and fairy sprite, Hop as light as bird from brier. Shak. 2. A very diminutive person; a dwarf. Elf arrow, a flint arrowhead; - - so called by the English rural folk who often find these objects of prehistoric make in the fields and formerly attributed them to fairies; -- called also elf bolt, elf dart, and elf shot. -- Elf child, a child supposed to be left by elves, in room of one they had stolen. See Changeling. -- Elf fire, the ignis fatuus. Brewer. -- Elf owl (Zoöl.), a small owl (Micrathene Whitneyi) of Southern California and Arizona. ELF Elf, v. t. Defn: To entangle mischievously, as an elf might do. Elf all my hair in knots. Shak. ELFIN Elf"in, a. Defn: Relating to elves. ELFIN Elf"in, n. Defn: A little elf or urchin. Shenstone. ELFISH Elf"ish, a. Defn: Of or relating to the elves; elflike; implike; weird; scarcely human; mischievous, as though caused by elves. "Elfish light." Coleridge. The elfish intelligence that was so familiar an expression on her small physiognomy. Hawthorne. ELFISHLY Elf"ish*ly, adv. Defn: In an elfish manner. ELFISHNESS Elf"ish*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being elfish. ELFKIN Elf"kin, n. Defn: A little elf. ELFLAND Elf"land`, n. Defn: Fairyland. Tennyson. ELFLOCK Elf"lock`, n. Defn: Hair matted, or twisted into a knot, as if by elves. ELGIN MARBLES El"gin mar"bles. Defn: Greek sculptures in the British Museum. They were obtained at Athens, about 1811, by Lord Elgin. ELICIT E*lic"it, a. Etym: [L. elictus, p. p. of elicere to elicit; e + lacere to entice. Cf. Delight, Lace.] Defn: Elicited; drawn out; made real; open; evident. [Obs.] "An elicit act of equity." Jer. Taylor. ELICIT E*lic"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elicited; p. pr. & vb. n. Eliciting.] Defn: To draw out or entice forth; to bring to light; to bring out against the will; to deduce by reason or argument; as, to elicit truth by discussion. ELICITATE E*lic"i*tate, v. t. Defn: To elicit. [Obs.] ELICITATION E*lic`i*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of eliciting. [Obs.] Abp. Bramhall. ELIDE E*lide", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elided; p. pr. & vb. n. Eliding.] Etym: [L. elidere to strike out or off; e + laedere to hurt by striking: cf. F. élider. See Lesion.] 1. To break or dash in pieces; to demolish; as, to elide the force of an argument. [Obs.] Hooker. 2. (Gram.) Defn: To cut off, as a vowel or a syllable, usually the final one; to subject to elision. ELIGIBILITY El`i*gi*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. éligibilité.] Defn: The quality of being eligible; eligibleness; as, the eligibility of a candidate; the eligibility of an offer of marriage. ELIGIBLE El"i*gi*ble, a. Etym: [F. éligible, fr. L. eligere. See Elect.] 1. That may be selected; proper or qualified to be chosen; legally qualified to be elected and to hold office. 2. Worthy to be chosen or selected; suitable; desirable; as, an eligible situation for a house. The more eligible of the two evils. Burke. ELIGIBLENESS El"i*gi*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality worthy or qualified to be chosen; suitableness; desirableness. ELIGIBLY El"i*gi*bly, adv. Defn: In an eligible manner. ELIMATE El"i*mate, v. t. Etym: [L. elimatus, p. p. of elimare to file up; e out + limare to file, fr. lima file.] Defn: To render smooth; to polish. [Obs.] ELIMINANT E*lim"i*nant, n. (Math.) Defn: The result of eliminating n variables between n homogeneous equations of any degree; -- called also resultant. ELIMINATE E*lim"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eliminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Eliminating.] Etym: [L. eliminatus, p. p. of eliminare; e out + limen threshold; prob. akin to limes boundary. See Limit.] 1. To put out of doors; to expel; to discharge; to release; to set at liberty. Eliminate my spirit, give it range Through provinces of thought yet unexplored. Young. 2. (Alg.) Defn: To cause to disappear from an equation; as, to eliminate an unknown quantity. 3. To set aside as unimportant in a process of inductive inquiry; to leave out of consideration. Eliminate errors that have been gathering and accumulating. Lowth. 4. To obtain by separating, as from foreign matters; to deduce; as, to eliminate an idea or a conclusion. [Recent, and not well authorized] 5. (Physiol.) Defn: To separate; to expel from the system; to excrete; as, the kidneys eliminate urea, the lungs carbonic acid; to eliminate poison from the system. ELIMINATION E*lim`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. élimination.] 1. The act of expelling or throwing off; (Physiol.) Defn: the act of discharging or excreting waste products or foreign substances through the various emunctories. 2. (Alg.) Defn: Act of causing a quantity to disappear from an equation; especially, in the operation of deducing from several equations containing several unknown quantities a less number of equations containing a less number of unknown quantities. 3. The act of obtaining by separation, or as the result of eliminating; deduction. [See Eliminate, 4.] ELIMINATIVE E*lim"i*na*tive, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Relating to, or carrying on, elimination. ELINGUATE E*lin"guate, v. t. Etym: [L. elinguare.] Defn: To deprive of the tongue. [Obs.] Davies (Holy Roode). ELINGUATION E`lin*gua"tion, n. Etym: [L. elinguatio. See Elinguid.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Punishment by cutting out the tongue. ELINGUID E*lin"guid, a. Etym: [L. elinguis, prop., deprived of the tongue; hence, speechless; e + lingua tongue.] Defn: Tongue-tied; dumb. [Obs.] ELIQUAMENT E*liq"ua*ment, n. Defn: A liquid obtained from fat, or fat fish, by pressure. ELIQUATION El`i*qua"tion, n. Etym: [L. eliquatio, fr. eliquare to clarify, strain; e + liquare to make liquid, melt.] (Metallurgy) Defn: The process of separating a fusible substance from one less fusible, by means of a degree of heat sufficient to melt the one and not the other, as an alloy of copper and lead; liquation. Ure. ELISON E*li"son, n. Etym: [L. elisio, fr. elidere, elisum, to strike out: cf. F. élision. See Elide.] 1. Division; separation. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Gram.) Defn: The cutting off or suppression of a vowel or syllable, for the sake of meter or euphony; esp., in poetry, the dropping of a final vowel standing before an initial vowel in the following word, when the two words are drawn together. ELISOR E*li"sor, n. Etym: [F. éliseur, fr. élire to choose, L. eligere. See Elect.] (Eng. Law) Defn: An elector or chooser; one of two persons appointed by a court to return a jury or serve a writ when the sheriff and the coroners are disqualified. ELITE e`lite", n. Etym: [F., fr. élire to choose, L. eligere. See Elect.] Defn: A choice or select body; the flower; as, the élite of society. ELIX E*lix", v. t. Etym: [See Elixate.] Defn: To extract. [Obs.] Marston. ELIXATE E*lix"ate, v. t. Etym: [L. elixatus, p. p. of elixare to seethe, fr. elixus thoroughly boiled; e + lixare to boil, lix ashes.] Defn: To boil; to seethe; hence, to extract by boiling or seething. [Obs.] Cockeram. ELIXATION El`ix*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. élixation.] Defn: A seething; digestion. [Obs.] Burton. ELIXIR E*lix"ir, n. Etym: [F. élixir, Sp. elixir, Ar. eliksir the philosopher's stone, prob. from Gr. ksha to burn.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A tincture with more than one base; a compound tincture or medicine, composed of various substances, held in solution by alcohol in some form. 2. (Alchemy) Defn: An imaginary liquor capable of transmuting metals into gold; also, one for producing life indefinitely; as, elixir vitæ, or the elixir of life. 3. The refined spirit; the quintessence. The . . . elixir of worldly delights. South. 4. Any cordial or substance which invigorates. The grand elixir, to support the spirits of human nature. Addison. ELIZABETHAN E*liz"a*beth`an, a. Defn: Pertaining to Queen Elizabeth or her times, esp. to the architecture or literature of her reign; as, the Elizabethan writers, drama, literature. -- n. Defn: One who lived in England in the time of Queen Elizabeth. Lowell. ELK Elk, n. Etym: [Icel. elgr; akin to Sw. elg, AS. eolh, OHG. elaho, MHG. elch, cf. L. alces; perh. akin to E. eland.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large deer, of several species. The European elk (Alces machlis or Cervus alces) is closely allied to the American moose. The American elk, or wapiti (Cervus Canadensis), is closely related to the European stag. See Moose, and Wapiti. Irish elk (Paleon.), a large, extinct, Quaternary deer (Cervus giganteus) with widely spreading antlers. Its remains have been found beneath the peat of swamps in Ireland and England. See Illustration in Appendix; also Illustration of Antler. -- Cape elk (Zoöl.), the eland. ELK; ELKE Elk, Elke, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European wild or whistling swan (Cygnus ferus). ELKNUT Elk"nut`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The buffalo nut. See under Buffalo. ELKWOOD Elk"wood`, n. Defn: The soft, spongy wood of a species of Magnolia (M. Umbrella). ELL Ell, n. Etym: [AS. eln; akin to D. el, elle, G. elle, OHG. elina, Icel. alin, Dan. alen, Sw. aln, Goth. alenia, L. ulna elbow, ell, Gr. Elbow, Alnage.] Defn: A measure for cloth; -- now rarely used. It is of different lengths in different countries; the English ell being 45 inches, the Dutch or Flemish ell 27, the Scotch about 37. ELL Ell, n. (Arch.) Defn: See L. ELLACHICK El"la*chick, n. Etym: [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fresh-water tortoise (Chelopus marmoratus) of California; -- used as food. ELLAGIC El*lag"ic, a. Etym: [F., fr. galle gall (with the letters reversed).] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, gallnuts or gallic acid; as, ellagic acid. Ellagic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, C14H8O9, found in bezoar stones, and obtained by the oxidation of gallic acid. ELLEBORE El"le*bore, n. Defn: Hellebore. [Obs.] Chaucer. ELLEBORIN El*leb"o*rin, n. Defn: See Helleborin. ELLECK El"leck, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The red gurnard or cuckoo fish. [Prov. Eng.] ELLENGE; ELLINGE; ELLENGENESS; ELLINGENESS El"lenge, El"linge, a., El"lenge*ness, El"linge*ness, n. Defn: See Elenge, Elengeness. [Obs.] ELLES El"les, adv. & conj. Defn: See Else. [Obs.] ELLIPSE El*lipse", n. Etym: [Gr. ellipse. See Ellipsis.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: An oval or oblong figure, bounded by a regular curve, which corresponds to an oblique projection of a circle, or an oblique section of a cone through its opposite sides. The greatest diameter of the ellipse is the major axis, and the least diameter is the minor axis. See Conic section, under Conic, and cf. Focus. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Omission. See Ellipsis. 3. The elliptical orbit of a planet. The Sun flies forward to his brother Sun; The dark Earth follows wheeled in her ellipse. Tennyson. ELLIPSIS El*lip"sis, n.; pl. Ellipses. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. In, and Loan, and cf. Ellipse.] 1. (Gram.) Defn: Omission; a figure of syntax, by which one or more words, which are obviously understood, are omitted; as, the virtues I admire, for, the virtues which I admire. 2. (Geom.) Defn: An ellipse. [Obs.] ELLIPSOGRAPH El*lip"so*graph, n. Etym: [Ellipse + graph: cf. F. ellipsographe.] Defn: An instrument for describing ellipses; -- called also trammel. ELLIPSOID El*lip"soid, n. Etym: [Ellipse + -oid: cf. F. ellipsoide.] (Geom.) Defn: A solid, all plane sections of which are ellipses or circles. See Conoid, n., 2 (a). Note: The ellipsoid has three principal plane sections, a, b, and c, each at right angles to the other two, and each dividing the solid into two equal and symmetrical parts. The lines of meeting of these principal sections are the axes, or principal diameters of the ellipsoid. The point where the three planes meet is the center. Ellipsoid of revolution, a spheroid; a solid figure generated by the revolution of an ellipse about one of its axes. It is called a prolate spheroid, or prolatum, when the ellipse is revolved about the major axis, and an oblate spheroid, or oblatum, when it is revolved about the minor axis. ELLIPSOID; ELLIPSOIDAL El*lip"soid, El`lip*soi"dal, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or shaped like, an ellipsoid; as, ellipsoid or ellipsoidal form. ELLIPTIC; ELLIPTICAL El*lip"tic, El*lip"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. elliptique. See Ellipsis.] 1. Of or pertaining to an ellipse; having the form of an ellipse; oblong, with rounded ends. The planets move in elliptic orbits. Cheyne. 2. Having a part omitted; as, an elliptical phrase. Elliptic chuck. See under Chuck. -- Elliptic compasses, an instrument arranged for drawing ellipses. -- Elliptic function. (Math.) See Function. -- Elliptic integral. (Math.) See Integral. -- Elliptic polarization. See under Polarization. ELLIPTICALLY El*lip"tic*al*ly, adv. 1. In the form of an ellipse. 2. With a part omitted; as, elliptically expressed. ELLIPTICITY El`lip*tic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ellipticité.] Defn: Deviation of an ellipse or a spheroid from the form of a circle or a sphere; especially, in reference to the figure of the earth, the difference between the equatorial and polar semidiameters, divided by the equatorial; thus, the ellipticity of the earth is Note: Some writers use ellipticity as the ratio of the difference of the two semiaxes to the minor axis, instead of the major. Nichol. ELLIPTIC-LANCEOLATE El*lip"tic-lan"ce*o*late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a form intermediate between elliptic and lanceolate. ELLIPTOGRAPH El*lip"to*graph, n. Defn: Same as Ellipsograph. ELLWAND Ell"wand, n. Defn: Formerly, a measuring rod an ell long. ELM Elm, n. Etym: [AS. elm; akin to D. olm, OHG. elm, G. ulme, Icel. almr, Dan. & Sw. alm, L. ulmus, and E. alder. Cf. Old.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree of the genus Ulmus, of several species, much used as a shade tree, particularly in America. The English elm is Ulmus campestris; the common American or white elm is U. Americana; the slippery or red elm, U. fulva. Elm beetle (Zoöl.), one of several species of beetles (esp. Galeruca calmariensis), which feed on the leaves of the elm. -- Elm borer (Zoöl.), one of several species of beetles of which the larvæ bore into the wood or under the bark of the elm (esp. Saperda tridentata). -- Elm butterfly (Zoöl.), one of several species of butterflies, which, in the caterpillar state, feed on the leaves of the elm (esp. Vanessa antiopa and Grapta comma). See Comma butterfly, under Comma. -- Elm moth (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of moths of which the larvæ destroy the leaves of the elm (esp. Eugonia subsignaria, called elm spanworm). -- Elm sawfly (Zoöl.), a large sawfly (Cimbex Americana). The larva, which is white with a black dorsal stripe, feeds on the leaves of the elm. ELMEN Elm"en, a. Defn: Belonging to elms. [Obs.] ELMO'S FIRE El"mo's fire`. Defn: See Corposant; also Saint Elmo's Fire, under Saint. ELMY Elm"y, a. Defn: Abounding with elms. The simple spire and elmy grange. T. Warton. ELOCATION El`o*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. e- + locate.] 1. A removal from the usual place of residence. [Obs.] 2. Departure from the usual state; an ecstasy. [Obs.] ELOCULAR E*loc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. e- + locular.] Defn: Having but one cell, or cavity; not divided by a septum or partition. ELOCUTION El`o*cu"tion, n. Etym: [L. elocutio, fr. eloqui, elocutus, to speak out: cf. F. élocution. See Eloquent.] 1. Utterance by speech. [R.] [Fruit] whose taste . . . Gave elocution to the mute, and taught The tongue not made for speech to speak thy praise. Milton. 2. Oratorical or expressive delivery, including the graces of intonation, gesture, etc.; style or manner of speaking or reading in public; as, clear, impressive elocution. "The elocution of a reader." Whately 3. Suitable and impressive writing or style; eloquent diction. [Obs.] To express these thoughts with elocution. Dryden. ELOCUTIONARY El`o*cu"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to elocution. ELOCUTIONIST El`o*cu"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who is versed in elocution; a teacher of elocution. ELOCUTIVE El"o*cu`tive, a. Defn: Pertaining to oratorical expression. [Obs.] Feltham. ELODIAN E*lo"di*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a tribe of tortoises, including the terrapins, etc., in which the head and neck can be withdrawn. ELOGE e`loge", n. Etym: [F. See Elogium.] Defn: A panegyrical funeral oration. ELOGIST El"o*gist, n. Etym: [F. élogiste.] Defn: One who pronounces an éloge. ELOGIUM; ELOGY E*lo"gi*um, El"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. elogium a short saying, an inscription, fr. Gr. .] Defn: The praise bestowed on a person or thing; panegyric; eulogy. ELOHIM E*lo"him, n. Etym: [Heb.] Defn: One of the principal names by which God is designated in the Hebrew Scriptures. ELOHIST E*lo"hist, n. Defn: The writer, or one of the writers, of the passages of the Old Testament, notably those of Elohim instead of Jehovah, as the name of the Supreme Being; -- distinguished from Jehovist. S. Davidson. ELOHISTIC El`o*his"tic, a. Defn: Relating to Elohim as a name of God; -- said of passages in the Old Testament. ELOIGN E*loign", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eloigned; p. pr. & vb. n. Eloigning.] Etym: [F. éloigner, OF. esloignier; pref. es- (L. ex) + OF. & F. loin far, far off, L. longe, fr. longus long. See Elongate.] [Written also eloin.] 1. To remove afar off; to withdraw. [Obs.] From worldly cares he did himself eloign. Spenser. 2. (Law) Defn: To convey to a distance, or beyond the jurisdiction, or to conceal, as goods liable to distress. The sheriff may return that the goods or beasts are eloigned. Blackstone. ELOIGNATE E*loign"ate, v. t. Defn: To remove. [Obs.] Howell. ELOIGNMENT E*loign"ment, n. Etym: [F. éloignement.] Defn: Removal to a distance; withdrawal. [Obs.] ELOIN E*loin", v. t. Defn: See Eloign. ELOINATE E*loin"ate, v. t. Defn: See Eloignate. ELOINMENT E*loin"ment, n. Defn: See Eloignment. ELONG E*long", v. t. Etym: [See Eloign, Elongate.] 1. To lengthen out; to prolong. [Obs.] 2. To put away; to separate; to keep off. [Obs.] Wyatt. ELONGATE E*lon"gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elongated; p. pr. & vb. n. Elongating.] Etym: [LL. elongatus, p. p. of elongare to remove, to prolong; e + L. longus long. See Long, a., and cf. Eloign.] 1. To lengthen; to extend; to stretch; as, to elongate a line. 2. To remove further off. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ELONGATE E*lon"gate, v. i. Defn: To depart to, or be at, a distance; esp., to recede apparently from the sun, as a planet in its orbit. [R.] ELONGATE E*lon"gate, a. Etym: [LL. elongatus.] Defn: Drawn out at length; elongated; as, an elongate leaf. "An elongate form." Earle. ELONGATION E`lon*ga"tion, n. Etym: [LL. elongatio: cf. F. élongation.] 1. The act of lengthening, or the state of being lengthened; protraction; extension. "Elongation of the fibers." Arbuthnot. 2. That which lengthens out; continuation. May not the mountains of Westmoreland and Cumberland be considered as elongations of these two chains Pinkerton. 3. Removal to a distance; withdrawal; a being at a distance; distance. The distant points in the celestial expanse appear to the eye in so small a degree of elongation from one another, as bears no proportion to what is real. Glanvill. 4. (Astron.) Defn: The angular distance of a planet from the sun; as, the elongation of Venus or Mercury. ELOPE E*lope", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Eloped; p. pr. & vb. n. Eloping.] Etym: [D. ontloopen to run away; pref. ont- (akin to G. ent-, AS. and-, cf. E. answer) + loopen to run; akin to E. leap. See Leap, v. t.] Defn: To run away, or escape privately, from the place or station to which one is bound by duty; -- said especially of a woman or a man, either married or unmarried, who runs away with a paramour or a sweetheart. Great numbers of them [the women] have eloped from their allegiance. Addison. ELOPEMENT E*lope"ment, n. Defn: The act of eloping; secret departure; -- said of a woman and a man, one or both, who run away from their homes for marriage or for cohabitation. ELOPER E*lop"er, n. Defn: One who elopes. ELOPS E"lops, n. Etym: [L. elops, helops, a kind of sea fish, Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fishes. See Saury. 2. A mythical serpent. [Obs.] Milton. ELOQUENCE El"o*quence, n. Etym: [F. éloquence, L. eloquentia, fr. eloquens. See Eloquent.] 1. Fluent, forcible, elegant, and persuasive speech in public; the power of expressing strong emotions in striking and appropriate language either spoken or written, thereby producing conviction or persuasion. Eloquence is speaking out . . . out of the abundance of the heart. Hare. 2. Fig.: Whatever produces the effect of moving and persuasive speech. Silence that spoke and eloquence of eyes. Pope. The hearts of men are their books; events are their tutors; great actions are their eloquence. Macaulay. 3. That which is eloquently uttered or written. O, let my books be then the eloquence And dumb presagers of my speaking breast. Shak. Syn. -- Oratory; rhetoric. ELOQUENT El"o*quent, a. Etym: [F. éloquent, L. eloquens, -entis, p. pr. of eloqui to speak out, declaim; e + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] 1. Having the power of expressing strong emotions or forcible arguments in an elevated, impassioned, and effective manner; as, an eloquent orator or preacher. O Death, all-eloquent! You only prove What dust we dote on when 't is man we love. Pope. 2. Adapted to express strong emotion or to state facts arguments with fluency and power; as, an eloquent address or statement; an eloquent appeal to a jury. ELOQUENTLY El"o*quent*ly, adv. Defn: In an eloquent manner. ELRICH; ELRITCH El"rich or El"ritch, a. Defn: Ghastly; preternatural. Same as Eldritch. [Scot. & Local, Eng.] ELSE Else, a. & pron. Etym: [OE. & AS. elles otherwise, gen. sing. of an adj. signifying other; akin to OHG. elles otherwise, OSw. äljes, Sw. eljest, Goth. aljis, adj., other, L. alius, Gr. Alias, Alien.] Defn: Other; one or something beside; as, Who else is coming What else shall I give Do you expect anything else "Bastards and else." Shak. Note: This word always follows its noun. It is usual to give the possessive form to else rather than to the substantive; as, somebody else's; no one else's. "A boy who is fond of somebody else's pencil case." G. Eliot. "A suit of clothes like everybody else's." Thackeray. ELSE Else, adv. & conj. 1. Besides; except that mentioned; in addition; as, nowhere else; no one else. 2. Otherwise; in the other, or the contrary, case; if the facts were different. For thou desirest not sacrifice; else would I give it. Ps. li. 16. Note: After `or', else is sometimes used expletively, as simply noting an alternative. "Will you give thanks, . . . or else shall I" Shak. ELSEWHERE Else"where`, adv. 1. In any other place; as, these trees are not to be found elsewhere. 2. In some other place; in other places, indefinitely; as, it is reported in town and elsewhere. ELSEWHITHER Else"whith`er, adv. Defn: To some, or any, other place; as, you will have to go elsewhither for it. R. of Gloucester."For elsewhither was I bound." Carlyle. ELSEWISE Else"wise`, adv. Defn: Otherwise. [R.] ELSIN El"sin, n. Defn: A shoemaker's awl. [Prov. Eng.] ELUCIDATE E*lu"ci*date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elucidated; p. pr. & vb. n. Elucidating.] Etym: [LL. elucidatus, p. p. of elucidare; e + lucidus full of light, clear. See Lucid.] Defn: To make clear or manifest; to render more intelligible; to illustrate; as, an example will elucidate the subject. ELUCIDATION E*lu`ci*da"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. élucidation.] Defn: A making clear; the act of elucidating or that which elucidates, as an explanation, an exposition, an illustration; as, one example may serve for further elucidation of the subject. ELUCIDATIVE E*lu"ci*da`tive, a. Defn: Making clear; tending to elucidate; as, an elucidative note. ELUCIDATOR E*lu"ci*da`tor, n. Defn: One who explains or elucidates; an expositor. ELUCIDATORY E*lu"ci*da*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to elucidate; elucidative. [R.] ELUCTATE E*luc"tate, v. i. Etym: [L. eluctatus, p. p. of eluctari to struggle out; e + luctari to wrestle.] Defn: To struggle out; -- with out. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket. ELUCTATION E`luc*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. eluctatio.] Defn: A struggling out of any difficulty. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. ELUCUBRATE E*lu"cu*brate, v. i. Etym: [L. elucubratus, p. p. of elucubrare to compose by lamplight.] Defn: See Lucubrate. [Obs.] Blount. ELUCUBRATION E*lu`cu*bra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. élucubration.] Defn: See Lucubration. [Obs.] Evelyn. ELUDE E*lude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Eluding.] Etym: [L. eludere, elusum; e + ludere to play: cf. F. éluder. See Ludicrous.] Defn: To avoid slyly, by artifice, stratagem, or dexterity; to escape from in a covert manner; to mock by an unexpected escape; to baffle; as, to elude an officer; to elude detection, inquiry, search, comprehension; to elude the force of an argument or a blow. Me gentle Delia beckons from the plain, Then, hid in shades, eludes he eager swain. Pope. The transition from fetichism to polytheism seems a gradual process of which the stages elude close definition. Tylor. Syn. -- To evade; avoid; escape; shun; eschew; flee; mock; baffle; frustrate; foil. ELUDIBLE E*lud"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being eluded; evadible. ELUL E"lul, n. Etym: [Heb.] Defn: The sixth month of the Jewish year, by the sacred reckoning, or the twelfth, by the civil reckoning, corresponding nearly to the month of September. ELUMBATED E*lum"ba*ted, a. Etym: [L. elumbis; e + lumbus loin.] Defn: Weak or lame in the loins. [Obs.] ELUSION E*lu"sion, n. Etym: [LL. elusio, fr. L. eludere, elusum. See Elude.] Defn: Act of eluding; adroit escape, as by artifice; a mockery; a cheat; trickery. ELUSIVE E*lu"sive, a. Defn: Tending to elude; using arts or deception to escape; adroitly escaping or evading; eluding the grasp; fallacious. Elusive of the bridal day, she gives Fond hopes to all, and all with hopes deceives. Pope. -- E*lu"sive*ly, adv. -- E*lu"sive*ness, n. ELUSORY E*lu"so*ry, a. Etym: [LL. elusorius.] Defn: Tending to elude or deceive; evasive; fraudulent; fallacious; deceitful; deceptive. -- E*lu"so*ri*ness, n. ELUTE E*lute", v. t. Etym: [L. elutus, p. p. of eluers to elute; e + luere to wash.] Defn: To wash out. [R.] Arbuthnot. ELUTRIATE E*lu"tri*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Elutriated; p. pr. & vb. n. Elutriating.] Etym: [L. elutriatus, p. p. of elutriare.] Defn: To wash or strain out so as to purify; as, to elutriate the blood as it passes through the lungs; to strain off or decant, as a powder which is separated from heavier particles by being drawn off with water; to cleanse, as by washing. ELUTRIATION E*lu`tri*a"tion, n. Defn: The process of elutriating; a decanting or racking off by means of water, as finer particles from heavier. ELUXATE E*lux"ate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. e- + luxate.] Defn: To dislocate; to luxate. ELUXATION E`lux*a"tion, n. Defn: Dislocation; luxation. ELVAN Elv"an, a. 1. Pertaining to elves; elvish. 2. (Mining) Defn: Of or pertaining to certain veins of feldspathic or porphyritic rock crossing metalliferous veins in the mining districts of Cornwall; as, an elvan course. ELVAN; ELVANITE Elv"an, Elv"an*ite, n. Defn: The rock of an elvan vein, or the elvan vein itself; an elvan course. ELVE Elve, n. Defn: An old form of Elf. ELVER El"ver, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young eel; a young conger or sea eel; -- called also elvene. ELVES Elves, n.; Defn: pl. of Elf. ELVISH Elv"ish, a. 1. Pertaining to elves; implike; mischievous; weird; also, vacant; absent in demeanor. See Elfish. He seemeth elvish by his countenance. Chaucer. 2. Mysterious; also, foolish. [Obs.] ELVISHLY Elv"ish*ly, adv. Defn: In an elvish manner. Sir W. Scott. ELWAND El"wand, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Ellwand. ELYSIAN E*ly"sian, a. Etym: [L. Elysius, fr. Elysium.] Defn: Pertaining, or the abode of the blessed after death; hence, yielding the highest pleasures; exceedingly delightful; beatific. "Elysian shades." Massinger. "Elysian age." Beattie. This life of mortal breath Is but a suburb of the life elysian. Longfellow. ELYSIUM E*ly"sium, n.; pl. E. Elysiums, L. Elysia. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Anc. Myth.) 1. A dwelling place assigned to happy souls after death; the seat of future happiness; Paradise. 2. Hence, any delightful place. An Elysian more pure and bright than that pf the Greeks. I. Taylor. ELYTRIFORM E*lyt"ri*form, a. Etym: [Elytrum + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the form, or structure, of an elytron. ELYTRIN El"y*trin, n. Etym: [From Elytrum.] (Chem.) Defn: See Chitin. ELYTROID El"y*troid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling a beetle's wing case. ELYTRON; ELYTRUM El"y*tron, El"y*trum (-tr n.; pl. Elytra. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the anterior pair of wings in the Coleoptera and some other insects, when they are thick and serve only as a protection for the posterior pair. See Coleoptera. (b) One of the shieldlike dorsal scales of certain annelids. See Chætopoda. ELZEVIR El"ze*vir, a. (Bibliog.) Defn: Applied to books or editions (esp. of the Greek New Testament and the classics) printed and published by the Elzevir family at Amsterdam, Leyden, etc., from about 1592 to 1680; also, applied to a round open type introduced by them. The Elzevir editions are valued for their neatness, and the elegant small types used. Brande & C. 'EM 'Em. Defn: An obsolete or colloquial contraction of the old form hem, them. Addison. EM Em, n. (Print.) Defn: The portion of a line formerly occupied by the letter m, then a square type, used as a unit by which to measure the amount of printed matter on a page; the square of the body of a type. EM- Em-. Defn: A prefix. See En-. EMACERATE E*mac"er*ate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. emaceratus emaciated; e + macerare to make soft.] Defn: To make lean or to become lean; to emaciate. [Obs.] Bullokar. EMACERATION E*mac`er*a"tion, n. Defn: Emaciation. [Obs.] EMACIATE E*ma"ci*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emaciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Emaciating.] Etym: [L. emaciatus, p. p. of emaciare to make lean; e + maciare to make lean or meager, fr. macies leanness, akin to macer lean. See Meager.] Defn: To lose flesh gradually and become very lean; to waste away in flesh. "He emaciated and pined away." Sir T. Browne. EMACIATE E*ma"ci*ate, v. t. Defn: To cause to waste away in flesh and become very lean; as, his sickness emaciated him. EMACIATE E*ma"ci*ate, a. Etym: [L. emaciatus, p. p.] Defn: Emaciated. "Emaciate steeds." T. Warton. EMACIATION E*ma`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. émaciation.] 1. The act of making very lean. 2. The state of being emaciated or reduced to excessive leanness; an excessively lean condition. EMACULATE E*mac"u*late, v. t. Etym: [L. emaculatus, p. p. of emaculare to clear from spots. See Maculate.] Defn: To clear from spots or stains, or from any imperfection. [Obs.] Hales. EMACULATION E*mac`u*la"tion, n. Defn: The act of clearing from spots. [Obs.] Johnson. EMAIL OMBRANT; AEMAIL OMBRANT E`mail` om`brant", Æ`mail` om`brant". Etym: [F., shaded enamel.] (Fine Arts) Defn: An art or process of flooding transparent colored glaze over designs stamped or molded on earthenware or porcelain. Ure. EMANANT Em"a*nant, a. Etym: [L. emanans, -antis, p. pr. of emanare. See Emanate.] Defn: Issuing or flowing forth; emanating; passing forth into an act, or making itself apparent by an effect; -- said of mental acts; as, an emanant volition. EMANATE Em"a*nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emanated; p. pr. & vb. n. Emanating.] Etym: [L. emanare, emanatum, to emanate; e out + manare to flow, prob. for madnare, and akin to madere to be wet, drip, madidus wet, drenched, drunk, Gr. mad to boil, matta drunk. Cf. Emane.] 1. To issue forth from a source; to flow out from more or less constantly; as, fragrance emanates from flowers. 2. To proceed from, as a source or fountain; to take origin; to arise, to originate. That subsisting from of government from which all special laws emanate. De Quincey. Syn. -- To flow; arise; proceed; issue; originate. EMANATE Em"a*nate, a. Defn: Issuing forth; emanant. [R.] EMANATION Em`a*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. emanatio: cf. F. émanation.] 1. The act of flowing or proceeding from a fountain head or origin. South. Those profitable and excellent emanations from God. Jer. Taylor. 2. That which issues, flows, or proceeds from any object as a source; efflux; an effluence; as, perfume is an emanation from a flower. An emanation of the indwelling life. Bryant. EMANATIVE Em"a*na*tive, a. Defn: Issuing forth; effluent. EMANATIVELY Em"a*na*tive*ly, adv. Defn: By an emanation. EMANATORY Em"a*na*to*ry, a. Defn: Emanative; of the nature of an emanation. Dr. H. More. EMANCIPATE E*man"ci*pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emancipated; p. pr. & vb. n. Emancipating.] Etym: [L. emancipatus, p. p. of emancipare to emancipate; e + mancipare to transfer ownership in, fr. manceps purchaser, as being one who laid his hand on the thing bought; manus hand + capere to take. See Manual, and Capable.] Defn: To set free from the power of another; to liberate; as: (a) To set free, as a minor from a parent; as, a father may emancipate a child. (b) To set free from bondage; to give freedom to; to manumit; as, to emancipate a slave, or a country. Brasidas . . . declaring that he was sent to emancipate Hellas. Jowett (Thucyd. ). (c) To free from any controlling influence, especially from anything which exerts undue or evil influence; as, to emancipate one from prejudices or error. From how many troublesome and slavish impertinences . . . he had emancipated and freed himself. Evelyn. To emancipate the human conscience. A. W. Ward. EMANCIPATE E*man"ci*pate, a. Etym: [L. emancipatus, p. p.] Defn: Set at liberty. EMANCIPATION E*man`ci*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. emancipatio: cf. F. émancipation.] Defn: The act of setting free from the power of another, from slavery, subjection, dependence, or controlling influence; also, the state of being thus set free; liberation; as, the emancipation of slaves; the emancipation of minors; the emancipation of a person from prejudices; the emancipation of the mind from superstition; the emancipation of a nation from tyranny or subjection. Syn. -- Deliverance; liberation; release; freedom; manumission; enfranchisement. EMANCIPATIONIST E*man`ci*pa"tion*ist, n. Defn: An advocate of emancipation, esp. the emancipation of slaves. EMANCIPATOR E*man"ci*pa`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who emancipates. EMANCIPATORY E*man"ci*pa*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to emancipation, or tending to effect emancipation. "Emancipatory laws." G. Eliot. EMANCIPIST E*man"ci*pist, n. Defn: A freed convict. [Australia] EMARGINATE E*mar"gi*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. emarginare; e out + marginare to furnish with a margin, fr. margo margin.] Defn: To take away the margin of. EMARGINATE; EMARGINATED E*mar"gi*nate, E*mar"gi*na`ted, a. 1. Having the margin interrupted by a notch or shallow sinus. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Notched at the summit. 3. (Cryst.) Defn: Having the edges truncated. EMARGINATELY E*mar"gi*nate*ly, adv. Defn: In an emarginate manner. EMARGINATION E*mar`gi*na"tion, n. Defn: The act of notching or indenting the margin, or the state of being so notched; also, a notch or shallow sinus in a margin. EMASCULATE E*mas"cu*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emasculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Emasculating.] Etym: [L. emasculare; e + masculus male, masculine. See Male masculine.] 1. To deprive of virile or procreative power; to castrate power; to castrate; to geld. 2. To deprive of masculine vigor or spirit; to weaken; to render effeminate; to vitiate by unmanly softness. Luxury had not emasculated their minds. V. Knox. EMASCULATE E*mas"cu*late, a. Defn: Deprived of virility or vigor; unmanned; weak. "Emasculate slave." Hammond. EMASCULATION E*mas`cu*la"tion, n. 1. The act of depriving of virility, or the state of being so deprived; castration. 2. The act of depriving, or state of being deprived, of vigor or strength; unmanly weakness. EMASCULATOR E*mas"cu*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who, or that which, emasculates. EMASCULATORY E*mas"cu*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Serving or tending to emasculate. EMBACE Em*bace", v. t. Defn: See Embase. [Obs.] EMBALE Em*bale", v. t. Etym: [F. emballer; pref. em- (L. in) + balle bale. See 1st Bale.] [Obs.] 1. To make up into a bale or pack. Johnson. 2. To bind up; to inclose. Legs . . . embaled in golden buskins. Spenser. EMBALL Em*ball", v. t. Etym: [See Embale.] Defn: To encircle or embrace. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. EMBALM Em*balm", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embalmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Embalming.] Etym: [F. embaumer; pref. em- (L. in) + baume balm. See Balm.] 1. To anoint all over with balm; especially, to preserve from decay by means of balm or other aromatic oils, or spices; to fill or impregnate (a dead body), with aromatics and drugs that it may resist putrefaction. Joseph commanded his servants, the physicians, to embalm embalmed Israel. Gem. l. 2. 2. To fill or imbue with sweet odor; to perfume. With fresh dews embalmed the earth. Milton. 3. To preserve from decay or oblivion as if with balm; to perpetuate in remembrance. Those tears eternal that embalm the dead. Pope. EMBALMER Em*balm"er, n. Defn: One who embalms. EMBALMMENT Em*balm"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. embaumement.] Defn: The act of embalming. [R.] Malone. EMBANK Em*bank", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embanked; p. pr. & vb. n. Embanking.] Etym: [Pref. em- + bank. Cf. Imbank.] Defn: To throw up a bank so as to confine or to defend; to protect by a bank of earth or stone. EMBANKMENT Em*bank"ment, n. 1. The act of surrounding or defending with a bank. 2. A structure of earth, gravel, etc., raised to prevent water from overflowing a level tract of country, to retain water in a reservoir, or to carry a roadway, etc. EMBAR Em*bar", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embarred; p. pr. & vb. n. Embanking.] Etym: [Pref. em- + bar: cf. F. embarrer. Cf. Embargo.] 1. To bar or shut in; to inclose securely, as with bars. Where fast embarred in mighty brazen wall. Spenser. 2. To stop; to hinder by prohibition; to block up. He embarred all further trade. Bacon. EMBARCATION Em`bar*ca"tion, n. Defn: Same as Embarkation. EMBARGE Em*barge", v. t. Defn: To put in a barge. [Poetic] Drayton. EMBARGO Em*bar"go, n.; pl. Embargoes. Etym: [Sp., fr. embargar to arrest, restrain; pref. em- (L. in) + Sp. barra bar, akin to F. barre bar. See Bar.] Defn: An edict or order of the government prohibiting the departure of ships of commerce from some or all of the ports within its dominions; a prohibition to sail. Note: If the embargo is laid on an enemy's ships, it is called a hostile embargo; if on the ships belonging to citizens of the embargoing state, it is called a civil embargo. EMBARGO Em*bar"go, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embargoed; p. pr. & vb. n. Embargoing.] Defn: To lay an embargo on and thus detain; to prohibit from leaving port; -- said of ships, also of commerce and goods. EMBARK Em*bark", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embarked; p. pr. & vb. n. Embarking.] Etym: [F. embarquer; pref. em- (L. in) + barque bark: cf. Sp. embarcar, It. imbarcare. See Bark. a vessel.] 1. To cause to go on board a vessel or boat; to put on shipboard. 2. To engage, enlist, or invest (as persons, money, etc.) in any affair; as, he embarked his fortune in trade. It was the reputation of the sect upon which St. Paul embarked his salvation. South. EMBARK Em*bark", v. i. 1. To go on board a vessel or a boat for a voyage; as, the troops embarked for Lisbon. 2. To engage in any affair. Slow to embark in such an undertaking. Macaulay. EMBARKATION Em`bar*ka"tion, n. 1. The act of putting or going on board of a vessel; as, the embarkation of troops. 2. That which is embarked; as, an embarkation of Jesuits. Smollett. EMBARKMENT Em*bark"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. embarquement.] Defn: Embarkation. [R.] Middleton. EMBARRASS Em*bar"rass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embarrassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Embarrassing.] Etym: [F. embarrasser (cf. Sp. embarazar, Pg. embara, Pr. barras bar); pref. em- (L. in) + LL. barra bar. See Bar.] 1. To hinder from freedom of thought, speech, or action by something which impedes or confuses mental action; to perplex; to discompose; to disconcert; as, laughter may embarrass an orator. 2. To hinder from liberty of movement; to impede; to obstruct; as, business is embarrassed; public affairs are embarrassed. 3. (Com.) Defn: To involve in difficulties concerning money matters; to incumber with debt; to beset with urgent claims or demands; -- said of a person or his affairs; as, a man or his business is embarrassed when he can not meet his pecuniary engagements. Syn. -- To hinder; perplex; entangle; confuse; puzzle; disconcert; abash; distress. -- To Embarrass, Puzzle, Perplex. We are puzzled when our faculties are confused by something we do not understand. We are perplexed when our feelings, as well as judgment, are so affected that we know not how to decide or act. We are embarrassed when there is some bar or hindrance upon us which impedes our powers of thought, speech, or motion. A schoolboy is puzzled by a difficult sum; a reasoner is perplexed by the subtleties of his opponent; a youth is sometimes so embarrassed before strangers as to lose his presence of mind. EMBARRASS Em*bar"rass, n. Etym: [F. embarras. See Embarrass, v. t.] Defn: Embarrassment. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton. EMBARRASSMENT Em*bar"rass*ment, n. Etym: [F. embarrassement.] 1. A state of being embarrassed; perplexity; impediment to freedom of action; entanglement; hindrance; confusion or discomposure of mind, as from not knowing what to do or to say; disconcertedness. The embarrassment which inexperienced minds have often to express themselves upon paper. W. Irving. The embarrassments tom commerce growing out of the late regulations. Bancroft. 2. Difficulty or perplexity arising from the want of money to pay debts. EMBASE Em*base", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- + base, a. or v. t.: cf. OF. embaissier.] Defn: To bring down or lower, as in position, value, etc.; to debase; to degrade; to deteriorate. [Obs.] Embased the valleys, and embossed the hills. Sylvester. Alloy in coin of gold . . . may make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it. Bacon. Such pitiful embellishments of speech as serve for nothing but to embase divinity. South. EMBASEMENT Em*base"ment, n. Etym: [From Embase, v. t.] Defn: Act of bringing down; depravation; deterioration. South. EMBASSADE Em"bas*sade, n. Etym: [F. ambassade. See Embassy.] Defn: An embassy. See Ambassade. [Obs.] Shak. EMBASSADOR Em*bas"sa*dor, n. Etym: [F. ambassadeur, Sp. embajador, LL. ambassiator, ambasciator. See Embassy, and cf. Ambassador.] Defn: Same as Ambassador. Stilbon, that was a wise embassadour, Was sent to Corinth. Chaucer. Myself my king's embassador will go. Dryden. EMBASSADORIAL Em*bas`sa*do"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ambassadorial.] Defn: Same as Ambassadorial. EMBASSADRESS Em*bas"sa*dress, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ambassadrice.] Defn: Same as Ambassadress. EMBASSADRY Em*bas"sa*dry, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. ambassaderie.] Defn: Embassy. [Obs.] Leland. EMBASSAGE Em"bas*sage (; 48), n. 1. An embassy. "He sent a solemn embassage." Bacon. Except your embassages have better success. Motley. 2. Message; errand. Shak. EMBASSY Em"bas*sy, n.; pl. Embassies. Etym: [OF. ambassée, embascée, LL. ambasciata, fr. ambasciare for ambactiare to go on a mission, fr. L. ambactus vassal, dependent, of Celtic or German origin; cf. W. amaeth husbandman, Goth. andbahts servant, G. amt office, OHG. ambaht. Cf. Ambassador.] 1. The public function of an ambassador; the charge or business intrusted to an ambassador or to envoys; a public message to; foreign court concerning state affairs; hence, any solemn message. He sends the angels on embassies with his decrees. Jer. Taylor. 2. The person or persons sent as ambassadors or envoys; the ambassador and his suite; envoys. 3. The residence or office of an ambassador. Note: Sometimes, but rarely, spelled ambassy. EMBASTARDIZE Em*bas"tard*ize, v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- + bastardize.] Defn: To bastardize. [Obs.] EMBATHE Em*bathe", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- + bathe. Cf. Imbathe.] Defn: To bathe; to imbathe. EMBATTAIL Em*bat"tail, v. t. Etym: [See Embattle.] Defn: To furnish with battlements; to fortify as with battlements. [Archaic] To embattail and to wall about thy cause With iron-worded proof. Tennyson. EMBATTLE Em*bat"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embattled; p. pr. & vb. n. Embattling.] Etym: [OF. embataillier; pref. em- (L. in) + F. bataille battle. See Battle, and cf. Battlement.] Defn: To arrange in order of battle; to array for battle; also, to prepare or arm for battle; to equip as for battle. One in bright arms embattled full strong. Spenser. Here once the embattled farmers stood And fired the shot heard round the world. Emerson. EMBATTLE Em*bat"tle, v. i. Defn: To be arrayed for battle. [Obs.] EMBATTLE Em*bat"tle, v. t. Etym: [See Battlement.] Defn: To furnish with battlements. "Embattled house." Wordsworth. EMBATTLED Em*bat"tled, a. 1. Having indentations like a battlement. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Her.) Defn: Having the edge broken like battlements; -- said of a bearing such as a fess, bend, or the like. 3. Having been the place of battle; as, an embattled plain or field. J. Baillie. EMBATTLEMENT Em*bat"tle*ment, n. 1. An intended parapet; a battlement. 2. The fortifying of a building or a wall by means of battlements. EMBAY Em*bay", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- + bay to bathe.] Defn: To bathe; to soothe or lull as by bathing. [Obs.] Spenser. EMBAY Em*bay", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Embaying.] Etym: [Pref. em- + 1st bay.] Defn: To shut in, or shelter, as in a bay. If that the Turkish fleet Be not ensheltered and embayed, they are drowned. Shak. EMBAYMENT Em*bay"ment, n. Defn: A bay. [R.] The embayment which is terminated by the land of North Berwick. Sir W. Scott. EMBEAM Em*beam", v. t. Defn: To make brilliant with beams. [R.] G. Fletcher. EMBED Em*bed", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Embedding.] Etym: [Pref. em- + bed. Cf. Imbed.] Defn: To lay as in a bed; to lay in surrounding matter; to bed; as, to embed a thing in clay, mortar, or sand. EMBEDMENT Em*bed"ment, n. Defn: The act of embedding, or the state of being embedded. EMBELLISH Em*bel"lish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embellished; p. pr. & vb. n. Embellishing.] Etym: [OE. embelisen, embelisshen, F. embellir; pref. em- (L. in) + bel, beau, beautiful. See Beauty.] Defn: To make beautiful or elegant by ornaments; to decorate; to adorn; as, to embellish a book with pictures, a garden with shrubs and flowers, a narrative with striking anecdotes, or style with metaphors. Syn. -- To adorn; beautify; deck; bedeck; decorate; garnish; enrich; ornament; illustrate. See Adorn. EMBELLISHER Em*bel"lish*er, n. Defn: One who embellishes. EMBELLISHMENT Em*bel"lish*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. embellissement.] 1. The act of adorning, or the state of being adorned; adornment. In the selection of their ground, as well as in the embellishment of it. Prescott. 2. That which adds beauty or elegance; ornament; decoration; as, pictorial embellishments. The graces and embellishments of the exterior man. I. Taylor. EMBER Em"ber, n. Etym: [OE. emmeres, emeres, AS. ; akin to Icel. eimyrja, Dan. emmer, MHG. eimere; cf. Icel. eimr vapor, smoke.] Defn: A lighted coal, smoldering amid ashes; -- used chiefly in the plural, to signify mingled coals and ashes; the smoldering remains of a fire. "He rakes hot embers." Dryden. He takes a lighted ember out of the covered vessel. Colebrooke. EMBER Em"ber, a. Etym: [OE. ymber, AS. ymbren, ymbryne, prop., running around, circuit; ymbe around + ryne a running, fr. rinnan to run. See Amb-, and Run.] Defn: Making a circuit of the year of the seasons; recurring in each quarter of the year; as, ember fasts. Ember days (R. C. & Eng. Ch.), days set apart for fasting and prayer in each of the four seasons of the year. The Council of Placentia [A. D. 1095] appointed for ember days the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the first Sunday in Lent, Whitsuntide, the 14th of September, and the 13th of December. The weeks in which these days fall are called ember weeks. EMBER-GOOSE Em"ber-goose`, n. Etym: [Cf. Norw. ember, hav-imber, hav-immer, Icel. himbrin, himbrimi.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The loon or great northern diver. See Loon. [Written also emmer-goose and imber-goose.] EMBERINGS Em"ber*ings, n. pl. Defn: Ember days. [Obs.] EMBERIZIDAE Emberizidae n. Defn: a natural subfamily including buntings and some New World sparrows. Syn. -- subfamily Emberizidae, subfamily Emberizinae. [WordNet 1.5] EMBETTER Em*bet"ter, v. t. Defn: To make better. [Obs.] EMBEZZLE Em*bez"zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embezzled; p. pr. & vb. n. Embezzling.] Etym: [Norm. F. embeseiller to destroy; cf. OF. besillier to ill treat, ravage, destroy. Cf. Bezzle.] 1. To appropriate fraudulently to one's own use, as property intrusted to one's care; to apply to one's private uses by a breach of trust; as, to embezzle money held in trust. 2. To misappropriate; to waste; to dissipate in extravagance. [Obs.] To embezzle our money in drinking or gaming. Sharp. EMBEZZLEMENT Em*bez"zle*ment, n. Defn: The fraudulent appropriation of property by a person to whom it has been intrusted; as, the embezzlement by a clerk of his employer's; embezzlement of public funds by the public officer having them in charge. Note: Larceny denotes a taking, by fraud or stealth, from another's possession; embezzlement denotes an appropriation, by fraud or stealth, of property already in the wrongdoer's possession. In England and in most of the United States embezzlement is made indictable by statute. EMBEZZLER Em*bez"zler, n. Defn: One who embezzles. EMBILLOW Em*bil"low, v. i. Defn: To swell or heave like a [R.] Lisle. EMBIOTOCOID Em`bi*ot"o*coid, a. Etym: [NL. Embiotoca, the name of one genus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, the Embiotocidæ. -- n. Defn: One of a family of fishes (Embiotocidæ) abundant on the coast of California, remarkable for being viviparous; -- also called surf fishes and viviparous fishes. See Illust. in Append. EMBITTER Em*bit"ter, v. t. Defn: To make bitter or sad. See Imbitter. EMBITTERMENT Em*bit"ter*ment, n. Defn: The act of embittering; also, that which embitters. EMBLANCH Em*blanch", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- + 1st blanch.] Defn: To whiten. See Blanch. [Obs.] Heylin. EMBLAZE Em*blaze", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblazed; p. pr. & vb. n. Emblazing.] Etym: [Pref. em- + 1st blaze.] 1. To adorn with glittering embellishments. No weeping orphan saw his father's stores Our shrines irradiate, or emblaze the floors. Pope. 2. To paint or adorn with armorial figures; to blazon, or emblazon. [Archaic] The imperial ensign, . . . streaming to the wind, With gems and golden luster rich emblazed. Milton. EMBLAZON Em*bla"zon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblazoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Emblazoning.] Etym: [Pref. em- + blazon. Cf. Emblaze.] 1. To depict or represent; -- said of heraldic bearings. See Blazon. 2. To deck in glaring colors; to set off conspicuously; to display pompously; to decorate. The walls were . . . emblazoned with legends in commemoration of the illustrious pair. Prescott. EMBLAZONER Em*bla"zon*er, n. Defn: One who emblazons; also, one who publishes and displays anything with pomp. EMBLAZONING Em*bla"zon*ing, n. Defn: The act or art of heraldic decoration; delineation of armorial bearings. EMBLAZONMENT Em*bla"zon*ment, n. Defn: An emblazoning. EMBLAZONRY Em*bla"zon*ry, n.; pl. Emblazonries (. Defn: The act or art of an emblazoner; heraldic or ornamental decoration, as pictures or figures on shields, standards, etc.; emblazonment. Thine ancient standard's rich emblazonry. Trench. EMBLEM Em"blem, n. Etym: [F. emblème, L. emblema, -atis, that which is put in or on, inlaid work, fr. Gr. In, and Parable.] 1. Inlay; inlaid or mosaic work; something ornamental inserted in a surface. [Obs.] Milton. 2. A visible sign of an idea; an object, or the figure of an object, symbolizing and suggesting another object, or an idea, by natural aptness or by association; a figurative representation; a typical designation; a symbol; as, a balance is an emblem of justice; a scepter, the emblem of sovereignty or power; a circle, the emblem of eternity. "His cicatrice, an emblem of war, here on his sinister cheek." Shak. 3. A picture accompanied with a motto, a set of verse, or the like, intended as a moral lesson or meditation. Note: Writers and artists of the 17th century gave much attention and study to the composition of such emblems, and many collections of them were published. Syn. -- Sign; symbol; type; device; signal; token. -- Sign, Emblem, Symbol, Type. Sign is the generic word comprehending all significant representations. An emblem is a visible object representing another by a natural suggestion of characteristic qualities, or an habitual and recognized association; as, a circle, having no apparent beginning or end, is an emblem of eternity; a particular flag is the emblem of the country or ship which has adopted it for a sign and with which it is habitually associated. Between emblem and symbol the distinction is slight, and often one may be substituted for the other without impropriety. See Symbol. Thus, a circle is either an emblem or a symbol of eternity; a scepter, either an emblem or a symbol of authority; a lamb, either an emblem or a symbol of meekness. "An emblem is always of something simple; a symbol may be of something complex, as of a transaction . . . In consequence we do not speak of actions emblematic." C. J. Smith. A type is a representative example, or model, exhibiting the qualities common to all individuals of the class to which it belongs; as, the Monitor is a type of a class of war vessels. EMBLEM Em"blem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblemed; p. pr. & vb. n. Embleming.] Defn: To represent by an emblem; to symbolize. [R.] Emblemed by the cozening fig tree. Feltham. EMBLEMATIC; EMBLEMATICAL Em`blem*at"ic, Em`blem*at"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. emblématique.] Defn: Pertaining to, containing, or consisting in, an emblem; symbolic; typically representative; representing as an emblem; as, emblematic language or ornaments; a crown is emblematic of royalty; white is emblematic of purity. -- Em`blem*at"ic*al*ly, adv. EMBLEMATICCIZE Em`blem*at"ic*cize, v. t. Defn: To render emblematic; as, to emblematicize a picture. [R.] Walpole. EMBLEMATIST Em*blem"a*tist, n. Defn: A writer or inventor of emblems. Sir T. Browne. EMBLEMATIZE Em*blem"a*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblematized; p. pr. & vb. n. Emblematizing.] Defn: To represent by, or as by, an emblem; to symbolize. Anciently the sun was commonly emblematized by a starry or radiate figure. Bp. Hurd. EMBLEMENT Em"ble*ment, n. Etym: [OF. embleer to sow with corn, F. emblaver, fr. LL. imbladare; pref. in- + LL. bladum grain, F. blé.] (Law) Defn: The growing crop, or profits of a crop which has been sown or planted; -- used especially in the plural. The produce of grass, trees, and the like, is not emblement. Wharton's Law Dict. EMBLEMIZE Em"blem*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emblemized; p. pr. & vb. n. Emblemizing.] Defn: To represent by an emblem; to emblematize. [R.] EMBLOOM Em*bloom", v. t. Defn: To emblossom. Savage. EMBLOSSOM Em*blos"som, v. t. Defn: To cover or adorn with blossoms. On the white emblossomed spray. J. Cunningham. EMBODIER Em*bod"i*er, n. Defn: One who embodies. EMBODIMENT Em*bod"i*ment, n. 1. The act of embodying; the state of being embodied. 2. That which embodies or is embodied; representation in a physical body; a completely organized system, like the body; as, the embodiment of courage, or of courtesy; the embodiment of true piety. EMBODY Em*bod"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embodied; p. pr. & vb. n. Embodying.] Defn: To form into a body; to invest with a body; to collect into a body, a united mass, or a whole; to incorporate; as, to embody one's ideas in a treatise. [Written also imbody.] Devils embodied and disembodied. Sir W. Scott. The soul, while it is embodied, can no more be divided from sin. South. EMBODY Em*bod"y, v. i. Defn: To unite in a body, a mass, or a collection; to coalesce. [Written also imbody.] Firmly to embody against this court party. Burke. EMBOGUE Em*bogue", v. i. Etym: [See Disembogue.] Defn: To disembogue; to discharge, as a river, its waters into the sea or another river. [R.] EMBOGUING Em*bo"guing, n. Defn: The mouth of a river, or place where its waters are discharged. [R.] EMBOIL Em*boil", v. i. Defn: To boil with anger; to effervesce. [Obs.] Spenser. EMBOIL Em*boil", v. t. Defn: To cause to boil with anger; to irritate; to chafe. [Obs.] Spenser. EMBOITEMENT Em`boîte"ment`, n. Etym: [F., fr. emboîter to fit in, insert; en in + boîte box.] (Biol.) Defn: The hypothesis that all living things proceed from preëxisting germs, and that these encase the germs of all future living things, inclosed one within another. Buffon. EMBOLDEN Em*bold"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emboldened; p. pr. & vb. n. Emboldening.] Defn: To give boldness or courage to; to encourage. Shak. The self-conceit which emboldened him to undertake this dangerous office. Sir W. Scott. EMBOLDENER Em*bold"en*er, n. Defn: One who emboldens. EMBOLIC Em*bol"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Embolism.] 1. Embolismic. 2. (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to an embolism; produced by an embolism; as, an embolic abscess. 3. (Biol.) Defn: Pushing or growing in; -- said of a kind of invagination. See under Invagination. EMBOLISM Em"bo*lism, n. Etym: [L. embolismus, from Gr. embolisme. See Emblem.] 1. Intercalation; the insertion of days, months, or years, in an account of time, to produce regularity; as, the embolism of a lunar month in the Greek year. 2. Intercalated time. Johnson. 3. (Med.) Defn: The occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus. Embolism in the brain often produces sudden unconsciousness and paralysis. EMBOLISMAL Em`bo*lis"mal, a. Defn: Pertaining to embolism; intercalary; as, embolismal months. EMBOLISMATIC; EMBOLISMATICAL Em`bo*lis*mat"ic, Em`bo*lis*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Embolismic. EMBOLISMIC; EMBOLISMICAL Em`bo*lis"mic, Em`bo*lis"mic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. embolismique.] Defn: Pertaining to embolism or intercalation; intercalated; as, an embolismic year, i. e., the year in which there is intercalation. EMBOLITE Em"bo*lite, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral consisting of both the chloride and the bromide of silver. EMBOLUS Em"bo*lus, n.; pl. Emboli. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Emblem.] 1. Something inserted, as a wedge; the piston or sucker of a pump or syringe. 2. (Med.) Defn: A plug of some substance lodged in a blood vessel, being brought thither by the blood current. It consists most frequently of a clot of fibrin, a detached shred of a morbid growth, a globule of fat, or a microscopic organism. EMBOLY Em"bo*ly, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Embolic invagination. See under Invagination. EMBONPOINT Em`bon`point", n. Etym: [F., fr. en bon point in good condition. See Bon, and Point.] Defn: Plumpness of person; -- said especially of persons somewhat corpulent. EMBORDER Em*bor"der, v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- (L. in) + border: cf. OF. emborder.] Defn: To furnish or adorn with a border; to imborder. EMBOSOM Em*bos"om, v. t. Etym: [Written also imbosom.] 1. To take into, or place in, the bosom; to cherish; to foster. Glad to embosom his affection. Spenser. 2. To inclose or surround; to shelter closely; to place in the midst of something. His house embosomed in the grove. Pope. Some tender flower . . . . Embosomed in the greenest glade. Keble. EMBOSS Em*boss", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embossed; p. pr. & vb. n. Embossing.] Etym: [Pref. em- (L. in) + boss: cf. OF. embosser to swell in bunches.] 1. To arise the surface of into bosses or protuberances; particularly, to ornament with raised work. Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss. Milton. 2. To raise in relief from a surface, as an ornament, a head on a coin, or the like. Then o'er the lofty gate his art embossed Androgeo's death. Dryden. Exhibiting flowers in their natural color embossed upon a purple ground. Sir W. Scott. EMBOSS Em*boss", v. t. Etym: [Etymology uncertain.] Defn: To make to foam at the mouth, like a hunted animal. [Obs.] EMBOSS Em*boss", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Pr. & Sp. emboscar, It. imboscare, F. embusquer, and E. imbosk.] 1. To hide or conceal in a thicket; to imbosk; to inclose, shelter, or shroud in a wood. [Obs.] In the Arabian woods embossed. Milton. 2. To surround; to ensheath; to immerse; to beset. A knight her met in mighty arms embossed. Spenser. EMBOSS Em*boss", v. i. Defn: To seek the bushy forest; to hide in the woods. [Obs.] S. Butler. EMBOSSED Em*bossed", a. 1. Formed or covered with bosses or raised figures. 2. Having a part projecting like the boss of a shield. 3. Swollen; protuberant. [Obs.] "An embossed carbuncle." Shak. EMBOSSER Em*boss"er, n. Defn: One who embosses. EMBOSSMENT Em*boss"ment, n. 1. The act of forming bosses or raised figures, or the state of being so formed. 2. A bosslike prominence; figure in relief; raised work; jut; protuberance; esp., a combination of raised surfaces having a decorative effect. "The embossment of the figure." Addison. EMBOTTLE Em*bot"tle, v. t. Defn: To bottle. [R.] Phillips. EMBOUCHURE Em`bou`chure", n. Etym: [F., fr. emboucher to put to the mouth; pref. em- (L. in) + bouche the mouth. Cf. Embouge, Debouch.] 1. The mouth of a river; also, the mouth of a cannon. 2. (Mus.) (a) The mouthpiece of a wind instrument. (b) The shaping of the lips to the mouthpiece; as, a flute player has a good embouchure. EMBOW Em*bow", v. t. Defn: To bend like a bow; to curve. "Embowed arches." [Obs. or R.] Sir W. Scott. With gilded horns embowed like the moon. Spenser. EMBOWEL Em*bow"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emboweled or Embowelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Emboweling or Embowelling.] 1. To disembowel. The barbarous practice of emboweling. Hallam. The boar . . . makes his trough In your emboweled bosoms. Shak. Note: Disembowel is the preferable word in this sense. 2. To imbed; to hide in the inward parts; to bury. Or deep emboweled in the earth entire. Spenser. EMBOWELER Em*bow"el*er, n. Defn: One who takes out the bowels. [Written also emboweller.] EMBOWELMENT Em*bow"el*ment, n. Defn: Disembowelment. EMBOWER Em*bow"er, v. t. Defn: To cover with a bower; to shelter with trees. [Written also imbower.] [Poetic] Milton. -- v. i. Defn: To lodge or rest in a bower. [Poetic] "In their wide boughs embow'ring. " Spenser. EMBOWL Em*bowl", v. t. Defn: To form like a bowl; to give a globular shape to. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. EMBOX Em*box", v. t. Defn: To inclose, as in a box; to imbox. EMBOYSSEMENT Em*boysse"ment, n. Etym: [See Embushment.] Defn: An ambush. [Obs.] Chaucer. EMBRACE Em*brace", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- (intens.) + brace, v. t.] Defn: To fasten on, as armor. [Obs.] Spenser. EMBRACE Em*brace", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embraced; p. pr. & vb. n. Embracing.] Etym: [OE. embracier, F. embrasser; pref. em- (L. in) + F. bras arm. See Brace, n.] 1. To clasp in the arms with affection; to take in the arms; to hug. I will embrace him with a soldier's arm, That he shall shrink under my courtesy. Shak. Paul called unto him the disciples, and embraced them. Acts xx. 1. 2. To cling to; to cherish; to love. Shak. 3. To seize eagerly, or with alacrity; to accept with cordiality; to welcome. "I embrace these conditions." "You embrace the occasion." Shak. What is there that he may not embrace for truth Locke. 4. To encircle; to encompass; to inclose. Low at his feet a spacious plain is placed, Between the mountain and the stream embraced. Denham. 5. To include as parts of a whole; to comprehend; to take in; as, natural philosophy embraces many sciences. Not that my song, in such a scanty space, So large a subject fully can embrace. Dryden. 6. To accept; to undergo; to submit to. "I embrace this fortune patiently." Shak. 7. (Law) Defn: To attempt to influence corruptly, as a jury or court. Blackstone. Syn. -- To clasp; hug; inclose; encompass; include; EMBRACE Em*brace", v. i. Defn: To join in an embrace. EMBRACE Em*brace", n. Defn: Intimate or close encircling with the arms; pressure to the bosom; clasp; hug. We stood tranced in long embraces, Mixed with kisses. Tennyson. EMBRACEMENT Em*brace"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. embrassement.] 1. A clasp in the arms; embrace. Dear though chaste embracements. Sir P. Sidney. 2. State of being contained; inclosure. [Obs.] In the embracement of the parts hardly reparable, as bones. Bacon. 3. Willing acceptance. [Obs.] A ready embracement of . . . his kindness. Barrow. EMBRACEOR Em*brace"or, n. (Law) Defn: One guilty of embracery. EMBRACER Em*bra"cer, n. Defn: One who embraces. EMBRACERY Em*bra"cer*y, n. (Law) Defn: An attempt to influence a court, jury, etc., corruptly, by promises, entreaties, money, entertainments, threats, or other improper inducements. EMBRACIVE Em*bra"cive, a. Defn: Disposed to embrace; fond of caressing. [R.] Thackeray. EMBRAID Em*braid", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- (L. in) + 1st braid.] 1. To braid up, as hair. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To upbraid. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. EMBRANCHMENT Em*branch"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. embranchement.] Defn: The branching forth, as of trees. EMBRANGLE Em*bran"gle, v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- (L. in) + brangle.] Defn: To confuse; to entangle. I am lost and embrangled in inextricable difficulties. Berkeley. EMBRASURE Em*bra"sure, n. Etym: [See Embrace.] Defn: An embrace. [Obs.] "Our locked embrasures."" Shak. EMBRASURE Em*bra"sure (277), n. Etym: [F., fr. embraser, perh. equiv. to ébraser to widen an opening; of unknown origin.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A splay of a door or window. Apart, in the twilight gloom of a window's embrasure, Sat the lovers. Longfellow. 2. (Fort.) Defn: An aperture with slant sides in a wall or parapet, through which cannon are pointed and discharged; a crenelle. See Illust. of Casemate. EMBRAVE Em*brave", v. t. 1. To inspire with bravery. [Obs.] Beaumont. 2. To decorate; to make showy and fine. [Obs.] And with sad cypress seemly it embraves. Spenser. EMBRAWN Em*brawn", v. t. Defn: To harden. [Obs.] It will embrawn and iron-crust his flesh. Nash. EMBREAD Em*bread", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- (L. in) + bread = 1st braid.] Defn: To braid. [Obs.] Spenser. EMBREATHEMENT Em*breathe"ment, n. Defn: The act of breathing in; inspiration. [R.] The special and immediate suggestion, embreathement, and dictation of the Holy Ghost. W. Lee. EMBREW Em*brew", v. t. Defn: To imbrue; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Spenser. EMBRIGHT Em*bright", v. t. Defn: To brighten. [Obs.] EMBROCATE Em"bro*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embrocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Embrocating.] Etym: [NL. embrocatus, p. p. of embrocare; cf. Gr. (Med.) Defn: To moisten and rub (a diseased part) with a liquid substance, as with spirit, oil, etc., by means of a cloth or sponge. EMBROCATION Em`bro*ca"tion, n. Etym: [NL. embrocatio: cf. F. embrocation.] (Med.) (a) The act of moistening and rubbing a diseased part with spirit, oil, etc. (b) The liquid or lotion with which an affected part is rubbed. EMBROGLIO Em*brogl"io, n. Defn: See Imbroglio. EMBROIDER Em*broid"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embroidered; p. pr. & vb. n. Embroidering.] Etym: [OE. embrouden. See Broider.] Defn: To ornament with needlework; as, to embroider a scarf. Thou shalt embroider the coat of fine linen. Ex. xxviii. 39. EMBROIDERER Em*broid"er*er, n. Defn: One who embroiders. EMBROIDERY Em*broid"er*y, n.; pl. Embroideries (. 1. Needlework used to enrich textile fabrics, leather, etc.; also, the art of embroidering. 2. Diversified ornaments, especially by contrasted figures and colors; variegated decoration. Fields in spring's embroidery are dressed. Addison. A mere rhetorical embroidery of phrases. J. A. Symonds. EMBROIL Em*broil", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Embroiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Embroiling.] Etym: [F. embrouiller; pref. em- (L. in) + brouiller. See 1st Broil, and cf. Imbroglio.] 1. To throw into confusion or commotion by contention or discord; to entangle in a broil or quarrel; to make confused; to distract; to involve in difficulties by dissension or strife. The royal house embroiled in civil war. Dryden. 2. To implicate in confusion; to complicate; to jumble. The Christian antiquities at Rome . . . are so embroiled with Addison. Syn. -- To perplex; entangle; distract; disturb; disorder; trouble; implicate; commingle. EMBROIL Em*broil", n. Defn: See Embroilment. EMBROILER Em*broil"er, n. Defn: One who embroils. EMBROILMENT Em*broil"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. embrouillement.] Defn: The act of embroiling, or the condition of being embroiled; entanglement in a broil. Bp. Burnet. EMBRONZE Em*bronze", v. t. 1. To embody in bronze; to set up a bronze representation of, as of a person. [Poetic] 2. To color in imitation of bronze. See Bronze, v. t. EMBROTHEL Em*broth"el, v. t. Defn: To inclose in a brothel. [Obs.] Donne. EMBROUDE; EMBROWDE; EMBROYDE Em*broud"e, Em*browd"e, Em*broyd"e, v. t. Defn: To embroider; to adorn. [Obs.] Embrowded was he, as it were a mead All full of fresshe flowers, white and red. Chaucer. EMBROWN Em*brown", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- (L. in) + brown.] Defn: To give a brown color to; to imbrown. Summer suns embrown the laboring swain. Fenton. EMBRUE Em*brue", v. t. Defn: See Imbrue, Embrew. [Obs.] EMBRUTE Em*brute", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- (L. in) + brute. Cf. Imbrute.] Defn: To brutify; to imbrute. All the man embruted in the swine. Cawthorn. EMBRYO Em"bry*o, n.; pl. Embryos. Etym: [F. embryon, Gr. in) + brew.] (Biol.) Defn: The first rudiments of an organism, whether animal or plant; as: (a) The young of an animal in the womb, or more specifically, before its parts are developed and it becomes a fetus (see Fetus). (b) The germ of the plant, which is inclosed in the seed and which is developed by germination. In embryo, in an incipient or undeveloped state; in conception, but not yet executed. "The company little suspected what a noble work I had then in embryo." Swift. EMBRYO Em"bry*o, a. Defn: Pertaining to an embryo; rudimentary; undeveloped; as, an embryo bud. EMBRYOGENIC Em`bry*o*gen"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to the development of an embryo. EMBRYOGENY Em`bry*og"e*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. embryogénie.] (Biol.) Defn: The production and development of an embryo. EMBRYOGONY Em`bry*og"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The formation of an embryo. EMBRYOGRAPHY Em`bry*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] (Biol.) Defn: The general description of embryos. EMBRYOLOGIC; EMBRYOLOGICAL Em`bry*o*log"ic, Em`bry*o*log"ic*al, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to embryology. EMBRYOLOGIST Em`bry*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One skilled in embryology. EMBRYOLOGY Em`bry*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. embryologie.] (Biol.) Defn: The science which relates to the formation and development of the embryo in animals and plants; a study of the gradual development of the ovum until it reaches the adult stage. EMBRYON Em"bry*on, n. & a. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Embryo. EMBRYONAL Em"bry*o*nal, a. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to an embryo, or the initial state of any organ; embryonic. EMBRYONARY Em"bry*o*na*ry, a. (Biol.) Defn: Embryonic. EMBRYONATE; EMBRYONATED Em"bry*o*nate, Em"bry*o*na`ted, a. (Biol.) Defn: In the state of, or having, an embryonal. EMBRYONIC Em`bry*on"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an embryo; embryonal; rudimentary. Embryonic sac or vesicle (Bot.), the vesicle within which the embryo is developed in the ovule; -- sometimes called also amnios sac, and embryonal sac. EMBRYONIFEROUS Em`bry*o*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Embryo + -ferous.] (Biol.) Defn: Having an embryo. EMBRYONIFORM Em`bry*on"i*form, a. Etym: [Embryo + -form.] (Biol.) Defn: Like an embryo in form. EMBRYOPLASTIC Em`bry*o*plas"tic, n. Etym: [Embryo + plastic.] (Biol.) Defn: Relating to, or aiding in, the formation of an embryo; as, embryoplastic cells. EMBRYO SAC Em"bry*o sac`. (Bot.) Defn: See under Embryonic. EMBRYOTIC Em`bry*ot"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Embryonic. EMBRYOTOMY Em`bry*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. embryotomie.] (Med.) Defn: The cutting a fetus into pieces within the womb, so as to effect its removal. EMBRYOTROPH Em"bry*o*troph`, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The material from which an embryo is formed and nourished. EMBRYOUS Em"bry*ous, a. Defn: Embryonic; undeveloped. [R.] EMBULK Em*bulk", v. t. Defn: To enlarge in the way of bulk. [R.] Latham. EMBURSE Em*burse", v. t. Etym: [See Imburse.] Defn: To furnish with money; to imburse. [Obs.] EMBUSH Em*bush", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Ambush, Imbosk.] Defn: To place or hide in a thicket; to ambush. [Obs.] Shelton. EMBUSHMENT Em*bush"ment, n. Etym: [OE. embusshement, OF. embuschement, F. embûchement.] Defn: An ambush. [Obs.] EMBUSY Em*bus"y, v. t. Defn: To employ. [Obs.] Skelton. EME Eme, n. Etym: [See Eame.] Defn: An uncle. [Obs.] Spenser. EMEER E*meer", n. Defn: Same as Emir. EMENAGOGUE E*men"a*gogue, n. Defn: See Emmenagogue. EMEND E*mend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emended; p. pr. & vb. n. Emending.] Etym: [L. emendare; e out + menda, mendum, fault, blemish: cf. F. émender. Cf. Amend, Mend.] Defn: To purge of faults; to make better; to correct; esp., to make corrections in (a literary work); to alter for the better by textual criticism, generally verbal. Syn. -- To amend; correct; improve; better; reform; rectify. See Amend. EMENDABLE E*mend"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. emendabilis. Cf. Amendable.] Defn: Corrigible; amendable. [R.] Bailey. EMENDATELY Em"en*date*ly, adv. Defn: Without fault; correctly. [Obs.] EMENDATION Em`en*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. emendatio: cf. F. émendation.] 1. The act of altering for the better, or correcting what is erroneous or faulty; correction; improvement. "He lies in his sin without repentance or emendation." Jer. Taylor. 2. Alteration by editorial criticism, as of a text so as to give a better reading; removal of errors or corruptions from a document; as, the book might be improved by judicious emendations. EMENDATOR Em"en*da`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who emends or critically edits. EMENDATORY E*mend"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. emendatorius.] Defn: Pertaining to emendation; corrective. "Emendatory criticism."" Johnson. EMENDER E*mend"er, n. Defn: One who emends. EMENDICATE E*men"di*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. emendicatus, p. p. of emendicare to obtain by begging. See Mendicate.] Defn: To beg. [Obs.] Cockeram. EMERALD Em"er*ald, n. Etym: [OE. emeraude, OF. esmeraude, esmeralde, F. émeraude, L. smaragdus, fr. Gr. marakata.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A precious stone of a rich green color, a variety of beryl. See Beryl. 2. (Print.) Defn: A kind of type, in size between minion and nonpare Note: * This line is printed in the type called emerald. EMERALD Em"er*ald, a. Defn: Of a rich green color, like that of the emerald. "Emerald meadows." Byron. Emerald fish (Zoöl.), a fish of the Gulf of Mexico (Gobionellus oceanicus), remarkable for the brilliant green and blue color of the base of the tongue; -- whence the name; -- called also esmeralda. -- Emerald green, a very durable pigment, of a vivid light green color, made from the arseniate of copper; green bice; Scheele's green; -- also used adjectively; as, emerald green crystals. -- Emerald Isle, a name given to Ireland on account of the brightness of its verdure. -- Emerald spodumene, or Lithia emerald. (Min.) See Hiddenite. -- Emerald nickel. (Min.) See Zaratite. EMERALDINE Em"er*ald*ine (; 104), n. Defn: A green compound used as a dyestuff, produced from aniline blue when acted upon by acid. EMERAUD Em"er*aud, n. Etym: [See Emerald, n.] Defn: An emerald. [Obs.] Spenser. EMERGE E*merge", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emerged; p. pr. & vb. n. Emerging.] Etym: [L. emergere, emersum; e out + mergere to dip, plunge. See Merge.] Defn: To rise out of a fluid; to come forth from that in which anything has been plunged, enveloped, or concealed; to issue and appear; as, to emerge from the water or the ocean; the sun emerges from behind the moon in an eclipse; to emerge from poverty or obscurity. "Thetis . . . emerging from the deep." Dryden. Those who have emerged from very low, some from the lowest, classes of society. Burke. EMERGENCE E*mer"gence, n.; pl. Emergences (. Defn: The act of rising out of a fluid, or coming forth from envelopment or concealment, or of rising into view; sudden uprisal or appearance. The white color of all refracted light, at its very first emergence . . . is compounded of various colors. Sir I. Newton. When from the deep thy bright emergence sprung. H. Brooke. EMERGENCY E*mer"gen*cy, n.; pl. Emergencies. Etym: [See Emergence.] 1. Sudden or unexpected appearance; an unforeseen occurrence; a sudden occasion. Most our rarities have been found out by casual emergency. Glanvill. 2. An unforeseen occurrence or combination of circumstances which calls for immediate action or remedy; pressing necessity; exigency. To whom she might her doubts propose, On all emergencies that rose. Swift. A safe counselor in most difficult emergencies. Brougham. Syn. -- Crisis; conjuncture; exigency; pinch; strait; necessity. EMERGENT E*mer"gent, a. Etym: [L. emergens, p. pr. of emergere.] 1. Rising or emerging out of a fluid or anything that covers or conceals; issuing; coming to light. The mountains huge appear emergent. Milton. 2. Suddenly appearing; arising unexpectedly; Protection granted in emergent danger. Burke. Emergent year (Chron.), the epoch or date from which any people begin to compute their time or dates; as, the emergent year of Christendom is that of the birth of Christ; the emergent year of the United States is that of the declaration of their independence. -- E*mer"gent*ly, adv. -- E*mer"gent*ness, n. [R.] EMERIL Em"er*il, n. 1. Emery. [Obs.] Drayton. 2. A glazier's diamond. Crabb. EMERITED Em"er*it*ed, a. Etym: [See Emeritus.] Defn: Considered as having done sufficient public service, and therefore honorably discharged. [Obs.] Evelyn. EMERITUS E*mer"i*tus, a. Etym: [L., having served out his time, p. p. of emerere, emereri, to obtain by service, serve out one's term; e out + merere, mereri, to merit, earn, serve.] Defn: Honorably discharged from the performance of public duty on account of age, infirmity, or long and faithful services; -- said of an officer of a college or pastor of a church. EMERITUS E*mer"i*tus, n.; pl. Emeriti. Etym: [L.] Defn: A veteran who has honorably completed his service. EMERODS; EMEROIDS Em"er*ods, Em"er*oids, n. pl. Etym: [OF. emmeroides. See Hemorrhoids.] Defn: Hemorrhoids; piles; tumors; boils. [R.] Deut. xxviii. 27. EMERSED E*mersed", a. Etym: [L. emersus, p. p. See Emerge.] (Bot.) Defn: Standing out of, or rising above, water. Gray. EMERSION E*mer"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. émersion. See Emerge.] 1. The act of emerging, or of rising out of anything; as, emersion from the sea; emersion from obscurity or difficulties. Their immersion into water and their emersion out of the same. Knatchbull. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The reappearance of a heavenly body after an eclipse or occultation; as, the emersion of the moon from the shadow of the earth; the emersion of a star from behind the moon. EMERY Em"er*y, n. Etym: [F. émeri, earlier émeril, It. smeriglio, fr. Gr. smear. Cf. Emeril.] (Min.) Defn: Corundum in the form of grains or powder, used in the arts for grinding and polishing hard substances. Native emery is mixed with more or less magnetic iron. See the Note under Corundum. Emery board, cardboard pulp mixed with emery and molded into convenient. -- Emery cloth or paper, cloth or paper on which the powder of emery is spread and glued for scouring and polishing. -- Emery wheel, a wheel containing emery, or having a surface of emery. In machine shops, it is sometimes called a buff wheel, and by the manufacturers of cutlery, a glazer. EMESIS Em"e*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Emetic.] (Med.) Defn: A vomiting. EMETIC E*met"ic, a. Etym: [L. emeticus, Gr. vomere: cf. F. émétique. See Vomit.] (Med.) Defn: Inducing to vomit; exciting the stomach to discharge its contents by the mouth. -- n. Defn: A medicine which causes vomiting. EMETICAL E*met"ic*al, a. Defn: Inducing to vomit; producing vomiting; emetic. -- E*met"ic*al*ly, adv. EMETINE Em"e*tine (; 104), n. Etym: [See Emetic.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline bitter alkaloid extracted from ipecacuanha root, and regarded as its peculiar emetic principle. EMETO-CATHARTIC Em`e*to-ca*thar"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. cathartic.] (Med.) Defn: Producing vomiting and purging at the same time. EMEU; EMEW E"meu, or E"mew, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Emu. EMEUTE e`meute", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A seditious tumult; an outbreak. E. M. F. E. M. F. (Physics) Defn: An abbreviation for electro-motive force. EMFORTH Em*forth", prep. Etym: [AS. em-, emn-, in comp. equiv. to efen equal + for forth.] Defn: According to; conformably to. [Obs.] Chaucer. Emforth my might, so far as lies in my power. [Obs.] EMGALLA Em*gal"la, n. (Zoöl.) Etym: [Native name.] Defn: The South African wart hog. See Wart hog. EMICANT Em"i*cant, a. Etym: [L. emicans, p. pr. of emicare. See Emication.] Defn: Beaming forth; flashing. [R.] Which emicant did this and that way dart. Blackmore. EMICATION Em`i*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. emicatio, fr. emicare to spring out or forth; e. out + micare to move quickly to and fro, to sparkle.] Defn: A flying off in small particles, as heated iron or fermenting liquors; a sparkling; scintillation. Sir T. Browne. EMICTION E*mic"tion, n. Etym: [L. e out + mingere, mictum, to make water.] 1. The voiding of urine. 2. What is voided by the urinary passages; urine. EMICTORY E*mic"to*ry, a. & n. (Med.) Defn: Diuretic. EMIGRANT Em"i*grant, a. Etym: [L. emigrans, -antis, p. pr. of emigrare to emigrate: cf. F. émigrant. See Emigrate, v. i.] 1. Removing from one country to another; emigrating; as, an emigrant company or nation. 2. Pertaining to an emigrant; used for emigrants; as, an emigrant ship or hospital. EMIGRANT Em"i*grant, n. Defn: One who emigrates, or quits one country or region to settle in another. Syn. -- Emigrant, Immigrant. Emigrant and emigration have reference to the country from which the migration is made; the correlative words immigrant and immigration have reference to the country into which the migration is made, the former marking the going out from a country, the latter the coming into it. EMIGRATE Em"i*grate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Emigrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Emigrating.] Etym: [L. emigratus, p. p. of emigrare to remove, emigrate; e out + migrare to migrate. See Migrate.] Defn: To remove from one country or State to another, for the purpose of residence; to migrate from home. Forced to emigrate in a body to America. Macaulay. They [the Huns] were emigrating from Tartary into Europe in the time of the Goths. J. H. Newman. EMIGRATE Em"i*grate, a. Defn: Migratory; roving. [Obs.] EMIGRATION Em`i*gra"tion, n. Etym: [L. emigratio: cf. F. émigration.] 1. The act of emigrating; removal from one country or state to another, for the purpose of residence, as from Europe to America, or, in America, from the Atlantic States to the Western. 2. A body emigrants; emigrants collectively; as, the German emigration. EMIGRATIONAL Em`i*gra"tion*al, a. Defn: Relating to emigration. EMIGRATIONIST Em`i*gra"tion*ist, n. Defn: An advocate or promoter of emigration. EMIGRATOR Em"i*gra`tor, n. Defn: One who emigrates; am emigrant. [R.] EMIGRE e`mi`gre", n. Etym: [F., emigrant.] Defn: One of the natives of France who were opposed to the first Revolution, and who left their country in consequence. EMINENCE Em"i*nence, n. Etym: [L. eminentia, fr. eminens eminent: cf. F. éminence.] 1. That which is eminent or lofty; a high ground or place; a height. Without either eminences or cavities. Dryden. The temple of honor ought to be seated on an eminence. Burke. 2. An elevated condition among men; a place or station above men in general, either in rank, office, or celebrity; social or moral loftiness; high rank; distinction; preferment. Milton. You 've too a woman's heart, which ever yet Affected eminence, wealth, sovereignty. Shak. 3. A title of honor, especially applied to a cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church. EMINENCY Em"i*nen*cy, n.; pl Eminences (. Defn: State of being eminent; eminence. "Eminency of estate." Tillotson. EMINENT Em"i*nent, a. Etym: [L. eminens, -entis, p. pr. of eminere to stand out, be prominent; e out + minere (in comp.) to project; of uncertain origin: cf. F. éminent. Cf. Menace.] 1. High; lofty; towering; prominent. "A very eminent promontory." Evelyn 2. Being, metaphorically, above others, whether by birth, high station, merit, or virtue; high in public estimation; distinguished; conspicuous; as, an eminent station; an eminent historian, statements, statesman, or saint. Right of eminent domain. (Law) See under Domain. Syn. -- Lofty; elevated; exalted; conspicuous; prominent; remarkable; distinguished; illustrious; famous; celebrated; renowned; well-known. See Distinguished. EMINENTLY Em"i*nent*ly, adv. Defn: In an eminent manner; in a high degree; conspicuously; as, to be eminently learned. EMIR; EMEER E"mir, E*meer", n. Etym: [Ar. emir, amir, commander: cf. F. émir. Cf. Admiral, Ameer.] Defn: An Arabian military commander, independent chieftain, or ruler of a province; also, an honorary title given to the descendants of Mohammed, in the line of his daughter Fatima; among the Turks, likewise, a title of dignity, given to certain high officials. EMIRSHIP; EMEERSHIP E`mir*ship, E*meer"ship, n. Defn: The rank or office of an Emir. EMISSARY Em"is*sa*ry, n.; pl. Emissaries. Etym: [L. emissarius, fr. emittere, emissum, to send out: cf. F. émissaire. See Emit.] Defn: An agent employed to advance, in a covert manner, the interests of his employers; one sent out by any power that is at war with another, to create dissatisfaction among the people of the latter. Buzzing emissaries fill the ears Of listening crowds with jealousies and fears. Dryden. Syn. -- Emissary, Spy. A spy is one who enters an enemy's camp or territories to learn the condition of the enemy; an emissary may be a secret agent appointed not only to detect the schemes of an opposing party, but to influence their councils. A spy must be concealed, or he suffers death; an emissary may in some cases be known as the agent of an adversary without incurring similar hazard. EMISSARY Em"is*sa*ry, a. 1. Exploring; spying. B. Jonson. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Applied to the veins which pass out of the cranium through apertures in its walls. EMISSARYSHIP Em"is*sa*ry*ship`, n. Defn: The office of an emissary. EMISSION E*mis"sion, n. Etym: [L. emissio: cf. F. émission. See Emit.] 1. The act of sending or throwing out; the act of sending forth or putting into circulation; issue; as, the emission of light from the sun; the emission of heat from a fire; the emission of bank notes. issue bank notes. 2. That which is sent out, issued, or put in circulation at one time; issue; as, the emission was mostly blood. Emission theory (Physics), the theory of Newton, regarding light as consisting of emitted particles or corpuscles. See Corpuscular theory, under Corpuscular. EMISSITIOUS Em`is*si"tious, a. Etym: [L. emissitius, fr. emittere.] Defn: Looking, or narrowly examining; prying. [Obs.] "Those emissitious eyes." Bp. Hall. EMISSIVE E*mis"sive, a. Defn: Sending out; emitting; as, emissive powers. EMISSIVITY Em`is*siv"i*ty, n. Defn: Tendency to emission; comparative facility of emission, or rate at which emission takes place, as of heat from the surface of a heated body. EMISSORY E*mis"so*ry, a. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Emissary, a., 2. EMIT E*mit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Emitting.] Etym: [L. emittere to send out; e out + mittere to send. See Mission.] 1. To send forth; to throw or give out; to cause to issue; to give vent to; to eject; to discharge; as, fire emits heat and smoke; boiling water emits steam; the sun emits light. Lest, wrathful, the far-shooting god emit His fatal arrows. Prior. 2. To issue forth, as an order or decree; to print and send into circulation, as notes or bills of credit. No State shall . . . emit bills of credit. Const. of the U. S. EMITTENT E*mit"tent, a. Etym: [L. emittens, p. pr. emittere.] Defn: Sending forth; emissive. Boyle. EMMANTLE Em*man"tle, v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- (L. in) + mantle: cf. F. emmanteler. Cf. Inmantle.] Defn: To cover over with, or as with, a mantle; to put about as a protection. [Obs.] Holland. EMMANUEL Em*man"u*el, n. Defn: See Immanuel. Matt. i. 23. EMMARBLE Em*mar"ble, v. t. Defn: To turn to marble; to harden. [Obs.] Thou dost emmarble the proud heart. Spenser. EMMENAGOGUE Em*men"a*gogue, n. Etym: [Gr. n. pl., menses (emménagogue.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine that promotes the menstrual discharge. EMMET Em"met, n. Etym: [OE. emete, amete, AS. æmete. See Ant.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An ant. Emmet hunter (Zoöl.), the wryneck. EMMETROPIA Em`me*tro"pi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: That refractive condition of the eye in which the rays of light are all brought accurately and without undue effort to a focus upon the retina; -- opposed to hypermetropia, myopia, an astigmatism. EMMETROPIC Em`me*trop"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, emmetropia. The normal or emmetropic eye adjusts itself perfectly for all distances. J. Le Conte. EMMETROPY Em*met"ro*py, n. (Med.) Defn: Same as Emmetropia. EMMEW Em*mew", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- (L. in) + mew. Cf. Immew.] Defn: To mew or coop up. [Obs.] Shak. EMMOVE Em*move", v. t. Etym: [For emove: cf. F. émouvoir, L. emovere. See Emotion.] Defn: To move; to rouse; to excite. [Obs.] EMODIN Em"o*din, n. (Chem.) Defn: An orange-red crystalline substance, C15H10O5, obtained from the buckthorn, rhubarb, etc., and regarded as a derivative of anthraquinone; -- so called from a species of rhubarb (Rheum emodei). EMOLLESCENCE Em`ol*les"cence, n. Etym: [L. e out + mollescere, incho. fr. mollere to be soft, mollis soft.] Defn: That degree of softness in a body beginning to melt which alters its shape; the first or lowest degree of fusibility. EMOLLIATE E*mol"li*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emolliated; p. pr. & vb. n. Emolliating.] Etym: [See Emollient, a.] Defn: To soften; to render effeminate. Emolliated by four centuries of Roman domination, the Belgic colonies had forgotten their pristine valor. Pinkerton. EMOLLIENT E*mol"lient, a. Etym: [L. emolliens, -entis, p. pr. of emollire to soften; e out + mollire to soften, mollis soft: cf. F. émollient. See Mollify.] Defn: Softening; making supple; acting as an emollient. "Emollient applications." Arbuthnot. EMOLLIENT E*mol"lient (; 105), n. (Med.) Defn: An external something or soothing application to allay irritation, soreness, etc. EMOLLITION Em`ol*li"tion, n. Defn: The act of softening or relaxing; relaxation. Bacon. EMOLUMENT E*mol"u*ment, n. Etym: [L. emolumentum, lit., a working out, fr. emoliri to move out, work out; e out + moliri to set in motion, exert one's self, fr. moles a huge, heavy mass: cf. F. émolument. See Mole a mound.] Defn: The profit arising from office, employment, or labor; gain; compensation; advantage; perquisites, fees, or salary. A long . . . enjoyment of the emoluments of office. Bancroft. EMOLUMENTAL E*mol`u*men"tal, a. Defn: Pertaining to an emolument; profitable. [R.] Evelyn. EMONG; EMONGST E*mong", E*mongst" Defn: , (prep. Among. [Obs.] EMOTION E*mo"tion, n. Etym: [L. emovere, emotum, to remove, shake, stir up; e out + movere to move: cf. F. émotion. See Move, and cf. Emmove.] Defn: A moving of the mind or soul; excitement of the feelings, whether pleasing or painful; disturbance or agitation of mind caused by a specific exciting cause and manifested by some sensible effect on the body. How different the emotions between departure and return! W. Irving. Some vague emotion of delight. Tennyson. Syn. -- Feeling; agitation; tremor; trepidation; perturbation; passion; excitement. -- Emotion, Feeling, Agitation. Feeling is the weaker term, and may be of the body or the mind. Emotion is of the mind alone, being the excited action of some inward susceptibility or feeling; as, an emotion of pity, terror, etc. Agitation may the bodily or mental, and usually arises in the latter case from a vehement struggle between contending desires or emotions. See Passion. "Agitations have but one character, viz., that of violence; emotions vary with the objects that awaken them. There are emotions either of tenderness or anger, either gentle or strong, either painful or pleasing." Crabb. EMOTIONAL E*mo"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, emotion; excitable; easily moved; sensational; as, an emotional nature. EMOTIONALISM E*mo"tion*al*ism, n. Defn: The cultivation of an emotional state of mind; tendency to regard things in an emotional manner. EMOTIONALIZE E*mo"tion*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To give an emotional character to. Brought up in a pious family where religion was not talked about emotionalized, but was accepted as the rule of thought and conduct. Froude. EMOTIONED E*mo"tioned, a. Defn: Affected with emotion. [R.] "The emotioned soul." Sir W. Scott. EMOTIVE E*mo"tive, a. Defn: Attended by, or having the character of, emotion. H. Brooke. -- E*mo"tive*ly, adv. EMOTIVENESS E*mo"tive*ness, n. Defn: Susceptibility to emotion. G. Eliot. EMOTIVITY E`mo*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: Emotiveness. Hickok. EMOVE E*move", v. t. Defn: To move. [Obs.] Thomson. EMPAIR Em*pair", v. t. Defn: To impair. [Obs.] Spenser. EMPAISTIC Em*pais"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Fine Arts) Defn: Having to do with inlaid work; -- especially used with reference to work of the ancient Greeks. EMPALE Em*pale", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- (L. in) + pale: cf. OF. empalir.] Defn: To make pale. [Obs.] No bloodless malady empales their face. G. Fletcher. EMPALE Em*pale", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Empaled; p. pr. & vb. n. Empaling.] Etym: [OF. empaler to palisade, pierce, F. empaler to punish by empalement; pref. em- (L. in) + OF. & F. pal a pale, stake. See Pale a stake, and cf. Impale.] [Written also impale.] 1. To fence or fortify with stakes; to surround with a line of stakes for defense; to impale. All that dwell near enemies empale villages, to save themselves from surprise. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. To inclose; to surround. See Impale. 3. To put to death by thrusting a sharpened stake through the body. 4. (Her.) Defn: Same as Impale. EMPALEMENT Em*pale"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. empalement, fr. empaler. See Empale.] [Written also impalement.] 1. A fencing, inclosing, or fortifying with stakes. 2. A putting to death by thrusting a sharpened stake through the body. 3. (Her.) Defn: Same as Impalement. EMPANEL Em*pan"el, n. Etym: [Pref. em- (L. in) + panel.] (Law) Defn: A list of jurors; a panel. [Obs.] Cowell. EMPANEL Em*pan"el, v. t. Defn: See Impanel. EMPANOPLIED Em*pan"o*plied, a. Etym: [Pref. em- + panoply.] Defn: Completely armed; panoplied. Tennyson. EMPARADISE Em*par"a*dise, v. t. Defn: Same as Imparadise. EMPARK Em*park", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- + park: cf. OF. emparchier, emparkier. Cf. Impark.] Defn: To make a park of; to inclose, as with a fence; to impark. [Obs.] EMPARLANCE Em*par"lance, n. Defn: Parley; imparlance. [Obs.] Spenser. EMPASM Em*pasm", n. Etym: [F. empasme, fr. Gr. Defn: A perfumed powder sprinkled upon the body to mask the odor of sweat. EMPASSION Em*pas"sion, v. t. Defn: To move with passion; to affect strongly. See Impassion. [Obs.] Those sights empassion me full near. Spenser. EMPASSIONATE Em*pas"sion*ate, a. Defn: Strongly affected. [Obs.] The Briton Prince was sore empassionate. Spenser. EMPAWN Em*pawn", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- + pawn. Cf. Impawn.] Defn: To put in pawn; to pledge; to impawn. To sell, empawn, and alienate the estates. Milman. EMPEACH Em*peach", v. t. Defn: To hinder. See Impeach. [Obs.] Spenser. EMPEARL Em*pearl", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- + pearl. Cf. Impearl.] Defn: To form like pearls; to decorate with, or as with, pearls; to impearl. EMPEOPLE Em*peo"ple, v. t. Defn: To form into a people or community; to inhabit; to people. [Obs.] We now know 't is very well empeopled. Sir T. Browne. EMPERESS Em"per*ess, n. Defn: See Empress. [Obs.] EMPERICE Em"per*ice, n. Defn: An empress. [Obs.] Chaucer. EMPERIL Em*per"il, v. t. Defn: To put in peril. See Imperil. Spenser. EMPERISHED Em*per"ished, a. Defn: Perished; decayed. [Obs.] I deem thy brain emperished be. Spenser. EMPEROR Em"per*or, n. Etym: [OF. empereor, empereour, F. empereur, L. imperator, fr. imperare to command; in in + parare to prepare, order. See Parade, and cf. Imperative, Empress.] Defn: The sovereign or supreme monarch of an empire; -- a title of dignity superior to that of king; as, the emperor of Germany or of Austria; the emperor or Czar of Russia. Emperor goose (Zoöl.), a large and handsome goose (Philacte canagica), found in Alaska. -- Emperor moth (Zoöl.), one of several large and beautiful bombycid moths, with transparent spots on the wings; as the American Cecropia moth (Platysamia cecropia), and the European species (Saturnia pavonia). -- Emperor paper. See under Paper. -- Purple emperor (Zoöl.), a large, strong British butterfly (Apatura iris). EMPERORSHIP Em"per*or*ship, n. Defn: The rank or office of an emperor. EMPERY Em"per*y, n. Etym: [L. imperium, influenced by OF. emperie, empire. See Empire.] Defn: Empire; sovereignty; dominion. [Archaic] Shak. Struggling for my woman's empery. Mrs. Browning. EMPHASIS Em"pha*sis, n.; pl. Emphases. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. In, and Phase.] 1. (Rhet.) Defn: A particular stress of utterance, or force of voice, given in reading and speaking to one or more words whose signification the speaker intends to impress specially upon his audience. The province of emphasis is so much more important than accent, that the customary seat of the latter is changed, when the claims of emphasis require it. E. Porter. 2. A peculiar impressiveness of expression or weight of thought; vivid representation, enforcing assent; as, to dwell on a subject with great emphasis. External objects stand before us . . . in all the life and emphasis of extension, figure, and color. Sir W. Hamilton. EMPHASIZE Em"pha*size, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emphasized; p. pr. & vb. n. Emphasizing.] Defn: To utter or pronounce with a particular stress of voice; to make emphatic; as, to emphasize a word or a phrase. EMPHATIC; EMPHATICAL Em*phat"ic, Em*phat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. emphatique. See Emphasis.] 1. Uttered with emphasis; made prominent and impressive by a peculiar stress of voice; laying stress; deserving of stress or emphasis; forcible; impressive; strong; as, to remonstrate in am emphatic manner; an emphatic word; an emphatic tone; emphatic reasoning. 2. Striking the sense; attracting special attention; impressive; forcible. "Emphatical colors." Boyle. "Emphatical evils." Bp. Reynolds. Syn. -- Forcible; earnest; impressive; energetic; striking; positive; important; special; significant. EMPHATICALLY Em*phat"ic*al*ly, adv. 1. With emphasis; forcibly; in a striking manner or degree; preëminently. He was indeed emphatically a popular writer. Macaulay. 2. Not really, but apparently. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. EMPHATICALNESS Em*phat"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being emphatic; emphasis. EMPHRACTIC Em*phrac"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Having the quality of closing the pores of the skin. EMPHRENSY Em*phren"sy, v. t. Defn: To madden. [Obs.] EMPHYSEMA Em`phy*se"ma, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. emphysème.] (Med.) Defn: A swelling produced by gas or air diffused in the cellular tissue. Emphysema of the lungs, Pulmonary emphysema (Med.), a common disease of the lungs in which the air cells are distended and their partition walls ruptured by an abnormal pressure of the air contained in them. EMPHYSEMATOUS Em`phy*sem"a*tous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. emphysémateux.] (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, emphysema; swelled; bloated. EMPHYTEUSIS Em`phy*teu"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rom. Law) Defn: A real right, susceptible of assignment and of descent, charged on productive real estate, the right being coupled with the enjoyment of the property on condition of taking care of the estate and paying taxes, and sometimes a small rent. Heumann. EMPHYTEUTIC Em`phy*teu"tic, a. Etym: [L. emphyteuticus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an emphyteusis; as, emphyteutic lands. EMPHYTEUTICARY Em`phy*teu"ti*ca*ry, n. Etym: [L. emphyteuticarius, a.] Defn: One who holds lands by emphyteusis. EMPIERCE Em*pierce", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- + pierce. Cf. Impierce.] Defn: To pierce; to impierce. [Obs.] Spenser. EMPIGHT Em*pight", a. Etym: [Pref. em- + pight pitched, fixed.] Defn: Fixed; settled; fastened. [Obs.] Spenser. EMPIRE Em"pire, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. imperium a command, sovereignty, dominion, empire, fr. imperare. See Emperor; cf. Imperial.] 1. Supreme power; sovereignty; sway; dominion. "The empire of the sea." Shak. Over hell extend His empire, and with iron scepter rule. Milton. 2. The dominion of an emperor; the territory or countries under the jurisdiction and dominion of an emperor (rarely of a king), usually of greater extent than a kingdom, always comprising a variety in the nationality of, or the forms of administration in, constituent and subordinate portions; as, the Austrian empire. Empire carries with it the idea of a vast and complicated government. C. J. Smith. 3. Any dominion; supreme control; governing influence; rule; sway; as, the empire of mind or of reason. "Under the empire of facts." M. Arnold. Another force which, in the Middle Ages, shared with chivalry the empire over the minds of men. A. W. Ward. Celestial empire. See under Celestial. -- Empire City, a common designation of the city of New York. -- Empire State, a common designation of the State of New York. Syn. -- Sway; dominion; rule; control; reign; sovereignty; government; kingdom; realm; state. EMPIRE STATE Empire State. Defn: New York; -- a nickname alluding to its size and wealth. EMPIRE STATE OF THE SOUTH Empire State of the South. Defn: Georgia; -- a nickname. EMPIRE STATE OF THE WEST Empire State of the West. Defn: Missouri; -- a nickname. EMPIRIC Em*pir"ic, n. Etym: [L. empiricus an empiric, Gr. fare: cf. F. empirique. See In, and Fare.] 1. One who follows an empirical method; one who relies upon practical experience. 2. One who confines himself to applying the results of mere experience or his own observation; especially, in medicine, one who deviates from the rules of science and regular practice; an ignorant and unlicensed pretender; a quack; a charlatan. Among the Greek physicians, those who founded their practice on experience called themselves empirics. Krauth-Fleming. Swallow down opinions as silly people do empirics' pills. Locke. EMPIRIC; EMPIRICAL Em*pir"ic, Em*pir"ic*al, a. 1. Pertaining to, or founded upon, experiment or experience; depending upon the observation of phenomena; versed in experiments. In philosophical language, the term empirical means simply what belongs to or is the product of experience or observation. Sir W. Hamilton. The village carpenter . . . lays out his work by empirical rules learnt in his apprenticeship. H. Spencer. 2. Depending upon experience or observation alone, without due regard to science and theory; -- said especially of medical practice, remedies, etc.; wanting in science and deep insight; as, empiric skill, remedies. Empirical formula. (Chem.) See under Formula. Syn. -- See Transcendental. EMPIRICALLY Em*pir"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By experiment or experience; without science; in the manner of quacks. EMPIRICISM Em*pir"i*cism, n. 1. The method or practice of an empiric; pursuit of knowledge by observation and experiment. 2. Specifically, a practice of medicine founded on mere experience, without the aid of science or a knowledge of principles; ignorant and unscientific practice; charlatanry; quackery. 3. (Metaph.) Defn: The philosophical theory which attributes the origin of all our knowledge to experience. EMPIRICIST Em*pir"i*cist, n. Defn: An empiric. EMPIRISTIC Em`pi*ris"tic, a. (Physics) Defn: Relating to, or resulting from, experience, or experiment; following from empirical methods or data; -- opposed to nativistic. EMPLACE Em*place", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emplaced; p. pr. & vb. n. Emplacing.] [Cf. F. emplacer. See En-; Place, v. & n.] Defn: To put into place or position; to fix on an emplacement. EMPLACEMENT Em*place"ment, n. [Cf. F. emplacement.] Defn: A putting in, or assigning to, a definite place; localization; as, the emplacement of a structure. EMPLASTER Em*plas"ter, n. Etym: [OF. emplastre, F. emplâtre, L. emplastrum a plaster or salve, fr. Gr. Defn: See Plaster. [Obs.] Wiseman. EMPLASTER Em*plas"ter, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. emplastrer, F. emplâtrer. See Emplaster, n.] Defn: To plaster over; to cover over so as to present a good appearance. [Obs.] "Fair as ye his name emplaster." Chaucer. EMPLASTIC Em*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. emplastique, fr. Gr. Emplaster.] Defn: Fit to be applied as a plaster; glutinous; adhesive; as, emplastic applications. EMPLASTIC Em*plas"tic, n. Defn: A medicine causing constipation. EMPLASTRATION Em`plas*tra"tion, n. Etym: [L. emplastratio a budding.] 1. The act or process of grafting by inoculation; budding. [Obs.] Holland. 2. Etym: [See 1st Emplaster.] (Med.) Defn: The application of a plaster or salve. EMPLEAD Em*plead", v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- (L. in) + plead: cf. F. emplaidier. Cf. Implead.] Defn: To accuse; to indict. See Implead. EMPLECTION Em*plec"tion, n. Defn: See Emplecton. EMPLECTON Em*plec"ton, n. Etym: [F. or L. emplecton, fr. Gr. Defn: A kind of masonry in which the outer faces of the wall are ashlar, the space between being filled with broken stone and mortar. Cross layers of stone are interlaid as binders. [R.] Weale. EMPLORE Em*plore", v. t. Defn: See Implore. [Obs.] EMPLOY Em*ploy", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Employed; p. pr. & vb. n. Employing.] Etym: [F. employer, fr. L. implicare to fold into, infold, involve, implicate, engage; in + plicare to fold. See Ply, and cf. Imply, Implicate.] 1. To inclose; to infold. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To use; to have in service; to cause to be engaged in doing something; -- often followed by in, about, on, or upon, and sometimes by to; as: (a) To make use of, as an instrument, a means, a material, etc., for a specific purpose; to apply; as, to employ the pen in writing, bricks in building, words and phrases in speaking; to employ the mind; to employ one's energies. This is a day in which the thoughts . . . ought to be employed on serious subjects. Addison. (b) To occupy; as, to employ time in study. (c) To have or keep at work; to give employment or occupation to; to intrust with some duty or behest; as, to employ a hundred workmen; to employ an envoy. Jonathan . . . and Jahaziah . . . were employed about this matter. Ezra x. 15. Thy vineyard must employ the sturdy steer To turn the glebe. Dryden. To employ one's self, to apply or devote one's time and attention; to busy one's self. Syn. -- To use; busy; apply; exercise; occupy; engross; engage. See Use. EMPLOY Em*ploy", n. Etym: [Cf. F. emploi.] Defn: That which engages or occupies a person; fixed or regular service or business; employment. The whole employ of body and of mind. Pope. In one's employ, in one's service. EMPLOYABLE Em*ploy"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. employable.] Defn: Capable of being employed; capable of being used; fit or proper for use. Boyle. EMPLOYE Em`ploy`é", n. Etym: [F., p. p. of employer.] Defn: One employed by another; a clerk or workman in the service of an employer. EMPLOYEE Em`ploy*ee", n. Etym: [The Eng. form of employé.] Defn: One employed by another. EMPLOYER Em*ploy"er, n. Defn: One who employs another; as, an employer of workmen. EMPLOYMENT Em*ploy"ment, n. 1. The act of employing or using; also, the state of being employed. 2. That which engages or occupies; that which consumes time or attention; office or post of business; service; as, agricultural employments; mechanical employments; public employments; in the employment of government. Cares are employments, and without employ The soul is on a rack. Young. Syn. -- Work; business; occupation; vocation; calling; office; service; commission; trade; profession. EMPLUMED Em*plumed", a. Defn: Plumed. [R.] EMPLUNGE Em*plunge", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Implunge.] Defn: To plunge; to implunge. [Obs.] Spenser. EMPOISON Em*poi"son, v. t. Etym: [F. empoisonner; pref. em- + F. poison. See Poison, and cf. Impoison.] Defn: To poison; to impoison. Shak. EMPOISON Em*poi"son, n. Defn: Poison. [Obs.] Remedy of Love. EMPOISONER Em*poi"son*er, n. Defn: Poisoner. [Obs.] Bacon. EMPOISONMENT Em*poi"son*ment, n. Etym: [F. empoisonnement.] Defn: The act of poisoning. Bacon. EMPORETIC; EMPORETICAL Em`po*ret"ic, Em`po*ret"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. emporeticus, Gr. Emporium.] Defn: Pertaining to an emporium; relating to merchandise. [Obs.] Johnson. EMPORIUM Em*po"ri*um, n.; pl. Emporiums, L. Emporia. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. In, and Empiric, Fare.] 1. A place of trade; a market place; a mart; esp., a city or town with extensive commerce; the commercial center of a country. That wonderful emporium [Manchester] . . . was then a mean and ill- built market town. Macaulay. It is pride . . . which fills our streets, our emporiums, our theathers. Knox. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The brain. [Obs.] EMPOVERISH Em*pov"er*ish, v. t. Defn: See Impoverish. EMPOWER Em*pow"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Empowered; p. pr. & vb. n. Empowering.] 1. To give authority to; to delegate power to; to commission; to authorize (having commonly a legal force); as, the Supreme Court is empowered to try and decide cases, civil or criminal; the attorney is empowered to sign an acquittance, and discharge the debtor. 2. To give moral or physical power, faculties, or abilities to. "These eyes . . . empowered to gaze." Keble. EMPRESS Em"press, n. Etym: [OE. empress, emperice, OF. empereis, empereris, fr. L. imperatrix, fem. of imperator. See Emperor.] 1. The consort of an emperor. Shak. 2. A female sovereign. 3. A sovereign mistress. "Empress of my soul." Shak. Empress cloth, a cloth for ladies' dresses, either wholly of wool, or with cotton warp and wool weft. It resembles merino, but is not twilled. EMPRESSEMENT Em`presse`ment", n. [F., fr s'empresser to hasten.] Defn: Demonstrative warmth or cordiality of manner; display of enthusiasm. He grasped my hand with a nervous empressement. Poe. EMPRINT Em*print", v. t. [Obs.] Defn: See Imprint. EMPRISE Em*prise", n. Etym: [OF. emprise, fr. emprendre to undertake; pref. em- (L. in) + F. prendre to take, L. prehendere, prendere; prae before + a verb akin to E. get. See Get, and cf. Enterprise, Impresa.] [Archaic] 1. An enterprise; endeavor; adventure. Chaucer. In brave pursuit of chivalrous emprise. Spenser. The deeds of love and high emprise. Longfellow. 2. The qualifies which prompt one to undertake difficult and dangerous exploits. I love thy courage yet and bolt emprise; But here thy sword can do thee little stead. Milton. EMPRISE Em*prise", v. t. Defn: To undertake. [Obs.] Sackville. EMPRISING Em*pris"ing, a. Etym: [From Emprise, v. t.] Defn: Full of daring; adventurous. [Archaic] T. Campbell. EMPRISON Em*pris"on, v. t. Etym: [Obs.] Defn: See Imprison. EMPROSTHOTONOS Em`pros*thot"o*nos, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A drawing of the body forward, in consequence of the spasmodic action of some of the muscles. Gross. EMPTE Emp"te, v. t. Defn: To empty. [Obs.] Chaucer. EMPTIER Emp"ti*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, empties. EMPTIER Emp"ti*er, compar. Defn: of Empty. EMPTINESS Emp"ti*ness, n. Etym: [From Empty.] 1. The state of being empty; absence of contents; void space; vacuum; as, the emptiness of a vessel; emptiness of the stomach. 2. Want of solidity or substance; unsatisfactoriness; inability to satisfy desire; vacuity; hollowness; the emptiness of earthly glory. 3. Want of knowledge; lack of sense; vacuity of mind. Eternal smiles his emptiness betray. Pope. The sins of emptiness, gossip, and spite. Tennyson. EMPTION Emp"tion, n. Etym: [L. emptio, fr. emere to buy.] Defn: The act of buying. [R.] Arbuthnot. EMPTIONAL Emp"tion*al, a. Defn: Capable of being purchased. EMPTY Emp"ty, a. [Compar. Emptier; superl. Emptiest.] Etym: [AS. emtig, æmtig, æmetig, fr. æmta, æmetta, quiet, leisure, rest; of uncertain origin; cf. G. emsig busy.] 1. Containing nothing; not holding or having anything within; void of contents or appropriate contents; not filled; -- said of an inclosure, as a box, room, house, etc.; as, an empty chest, room, purse, or pitcher; an empty stomach; empty shackles. 2. Free; clear; devoid; -- often with of. "That fair female troop . . . empty of all good." Milton. I shall find you empty of that fault. Shak. 3. Having nothing to carry; unburdened. "An empty messenger." Shak. When ye go ye shall not go empty. Ex. iii. 21. 4. Destitute of effect, sincerity, or sense; -- said of language; as, empty words, or threats. Words are but empty thanks. Cibber. 5. Unable to satisfy; unsatisfactory; hollow; vain; -- said of pleasure, the world, etc. Pleas'd in the silent shade with empty praise. Pope. 6. Producing nothing; unfruitful; -- said of a plant or tree; as, an empty vine. Seven empty ears blasted with the east wind. Gen. xli. 27. 7. Destitute of, or lacking, sense, knowledge, or courtesy; as, empty brains; an empty coxcomb. That in civility thou seem'st so empty. Shak. 8. Destitute of reality, or real existence; unsubstantial; as, empty dreams. Note: Empty is used as the first element in a compound; as, empty- handed, having nothing in the hands, destitute; empty-headed, having few ideas; empty-hearted, destitute of feeling. Syn. -- See Vacant. EMPTY Emp"ty, n.; pl. Empties (. Defn: An empty box, crate, cask, etc.; -- used in commerce, esp. in transportation of freight; as, "special rates for empties." EMPTY Emp"ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emptied; p. pr. & vb. n. Emptying.] Defn: To deprive of the contents; to exhaust; to make void or destitute; to make vacant; to pour out; to discharge; as, to empty a vessel; to empty a well or a cistern. The clouds . . . empty themselves upon the earth. Eccl. xi. 3. EMPTY Emp"ty, v. i. 1. To discharge itself; as, a river empties into the ocean. 2. To become empty. "The chapel empties." B. Jonson. EMPTYING Emp"ty*ing, n. 1. The act of making empty. Shak. 2. pl. Defn: The lees of beer, cider, etc.; yeast. [U.S.] EMPUGN Em*pugn", v. t. Etym: [Obs.] Defn: See Impugn. EMPURPLE Em*pur"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Empurpled; p. pr. & vb. n. Empurpling.] Etym: [Pref. em- + purple. Cf. Impurple.] Defn: To tinge or dye of a purple color; to color with purple; to impurple. "The deep empurpled ran." Philips. EMPUSE Em*puse", n. Etym: [LL. empusa, Gr. Defn: A phantom or specter. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. EMPUZZLE Em*puz"zle, v. t. Etym: [Pref. em- + puzzle.] Defn: To puzzle. [Archaic] Sir T. Browne. EMPYEMA Em`py*e"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A collection of blood, pus, or other fluid, in some cavity of the body, especially that of the pleura. Dunglison. Note: The term empyema is now restricted to a collection of pus in the cavity of the pleura. EMPYESIS Em`py*e"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: An eruption of pustules. EMPYREAL Em*pyr"e*al, a. Etym: [L. empyrius, empyreus, fiery, Gr. In, and Fire.] Defn: Formed of pure fire or light; refined beyond aërial substance; pertaining to the highest and purest region of heaven. Go, soar with Plato to the empyreal sphere. Pope. Empyreal air, oxygen gas. EMPYREAL Em*pyr"e*al, n. Defn: Empyrean. Mrs. Browning. EMPYREAN Em`py*re"an, n. Etym: [See Empyreal.] Defn: The highest heaven, where the pure element of fire was supposed by the ancients to subsist. The empyrean rung With hallelujahs. Milton. EMPYREAN Em`py*re"an, a. Defn: Empyreal. Akenside. EMPYREUMA Em`py*reu"ma, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. empyreume. See Empyreal.] (Chem.) Defn: The peculiar smell and taste arising from products of decomposition of animal or vegetable substances when burnt in close vessels. EMPYREUMATIC; EMPYREUMATICAL Em`py*reu*mat"ic, Em`py*reu*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. empyreumatique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to empyreuma; as, an empyreumatic odor. Empyreumatic oils, oils obtained by distilling various organic substances at high temperatures. Brande & C. EMPYREUMATIZE Em`py*reu"ma*tize, v. t. Defn: To render empyreumatic. [R.] EMPYRICAL Em*pyr"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Empyreal.] Defn: Containing the combustible principle of coal. Kirwan. EMPYROSIS Em"py*ro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A general fire; a conflagration. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. EMRODS Em"rods, n. pl. Defn: See Emerods. [Obs.] EMU E"mu, n. Etym: [Cf. Pg. ema ostrich, F. émou, émeu, emu.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large Australian bird, of two species (Dromaius Novæ- Hollandiæ and D. irroratus), related to the cassowary and the ostrich. The emu runs swiftly, but is unable to fly. [Written also emeu and emew.] Note: The name is sometimes erroneously applied, by the Brazilians, to the rhea, or South American ostrich. Emu wren. See in the Vocabulary. EMULABLE Em"u*la*ble, a. Etym: [L. aemulari to emulate + -able.] Defn: Capable of being emulated. [R.] Some imitable and emulable good. Abp. Leighton. EMULATE Em"u*late, a. Etym: [L. aemulatus, p. p. of aemulari, fr. aemulus emulous; prob. akin to E. imitate.] Defn: Striving to excel; ambitious; emulous. [Obs.] "A most emulate pride." Shak. EMULATE Em"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Emulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Emulating.] Defn: To strive to equal or to excel in qualities or actions; to imitate, with a view to equal or to outdo, to vie with; to rival; as, to emulate the good and the great. Thine eye would emulate the diamond. Shak. EMULATION Em`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. aemulatio: cf. F. émulation.] 1. The endeavor to equal or to excel another in qualities or actions; an assiduous striving to equal or excel another; rivalry. A noble emulation heats your breast. Dryden. 2. Jea Such factious emulations shall arise. Shak. Syn. -- Competition; rivalry; contest; contention; strife. -- Emulation, Competition, Rivalry. Competition is the struggle of two or more persons for the same object. Emulation is an ardent desire for superiority, arising from competition, but now implying, of necessity, any improper feeling. Rivalry is a personal contest, and, almost of course, has a selfish object and gives rise to envy. "Competition and emulation have honor for their basis; rivalry is but a desire for selfish gratification. Competition and emulation animate to effort; rivalry usually produces hatred. Competition and emulation seek to merit success; rivalry is contented with obtaining it." Crabb. EMULATIVE Em"u*la*tive, a. Defn: Inclined to emulation; aspiring to competition; rivaling; as, an emulative person or effort. "Emulative zeal." Hoole. EMULATIVELY Em"u*la*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an emulative manner; with emulation. EMULATOR Em"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [L. aemulator.] Defn: One who emulates, or strives to equal or surpass. As Virgil rivaled Homer, Milton was the emulator of both. Bp. Warburton. EMULATORY Em"u*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to emulation; connected with rivalry. [R.] "Emulatory officiousness." Bp. Hall. EMULATRESS Em"u*la`tress, n. Defn: A female emulator. [R.] EMULE Em"ule, v. t. Etym: [F. émuler. See Emulate.] Defn: To emulate. [Obs.] "Emuled of many." Spenser. EMULGE E*mulge", v. t. Etym: [L. emulgere, emulsum; e out + mulgere to milk; akin to E. milk. See Milk.] Defn: To milk out; to drain. [Obs.] Bailey. EMULGENT E*mul"gent, a. Etym: [L. emulgens, p. pr. of emulgere to milk out: cf. F. émulgent. So called because regarded by the ancients as straining out the serum, as if by milking, and so producing the urine.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the kidneys; renal; as, emulgent arteries and veins. -- n. Defn: An emulgent vessel, as a renal artery or vein. EMULGENT E*mul"gent, n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine that excites the flow of bile. [Obs.] Hoblyn. EMULOUS Em"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. aemulus. See Emulate.] 1. Ambitiously desirous to equal or even to excel another; eager to emulate or vie with another; desirous of like excellence with another; -- with of; as, emulous of another's example or virtues. 2. Vying with; rivaling; hence, contentious, envious. "Emulous Carthage." B. Jonson. Emulous missions 'mongst the gods. Shak. EMULOUSLY Em"u*lous*ly, adv. Defn: In an emulous manner. EMULOUSNESS Em"u*lous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being emulous. EMULSIC E*mul"sic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or produced from, emulsin; as, emulsic acid. Hoblyn. EMULSIFY E*mul"si*fy, v. t. Etym: [Emulsion + -fy.] Defn: To convert into an emulsion; to form an emulsion; to reduce from an oily substance to a milky fluid in which the fat globules are in a very finely divided state, giving it the semblance of solution; as, the pancreatic juice emulsifies the oily part of food. EMULSIN E*mul"sin, n. Etym: [See Emulsion, Emulge.] (Chem.) (a) The white milky pulp or extract of bitter almonds. [R.] (b) An unorganized ferment (contained in this extract and in other vegetable juices), which effects the decomposition of certain glucosides. EMULSION E*mul"sion, n. Etym: [From L. emulgere, emulsum: cf. F. émulsion. See Emulge.] Defn: Any liquid preparation of a color and consistency resembling milk; as: (a) In pharmacy, an extract of seeds, or a mixture of oil and water united by a mucilaginous substance. (b) In photography, a liquid preparation of collodion holding salt of silver, used in the photographic process. EMULSIVE E*mul"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. émulsif.] 1. Softening; milklike. 2. Yielding oil by expression; as, emulsive seeds. 3. Producing or yielding a milklike substance; as, emulsive acids. EMUNCTORY E*munc"to*ry, n.; pl. Emunctories. Etym: [L. emunctorium a pair of snuffers, fr. emungere, emunctum, to blow the nose, hence, to wipe, cleanse; e out + mungere to blow the nose: cf. F. émonctoire, formerly spelled also émonctoire.] (Physiol.) Defn: Any organ or part of the body (as the kidneys, skin, etc.,) which serves to carry off excrementitious or waste matter. EMUSCATION Em`us*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. emuscare to clear from moss; e out + muscus moss.] Defn: A freeing from moss. [Obs.] EMU WREN E"mu wren`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small wrenlike Australian bird (Stipiturus malachurus), having the tail feathers long and loosely barbed, like emu feathers. EMYD E"myd, n.; pl. E. Emyds, E. Emyd. Etym: [See Emydea.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fresh-water tortoise of the family Emydidæ. EMYDEA E*myd"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Emys a genus of tortoises, L. emys a kind of fresh-water tortoise, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of chelonians which comprises many species of fresh- water tortoises and terrapins. EN- En-. 1. Etym: [F. en-, L. in.] Defn: A prefix signifying in or into, used in many English words, chiefly those borrowed from the French. Some English words are written indifferently with en- or in-. For ease of pronunciation it is commonly changed to em- before p, b, and m, as in employ, embody, emmew. It is sometimes used to give a causal force, as in enable, enfeeble, to cause to be, or to make, able, or feeble; and sometimes merely gives an intensive force, as in enchasten. See In-. 2. A prefix from Gr. in; as, encephalon, entomology. See In-. -EN -en. 1. A suffix from AS. -an, formerly used to form the plural of many nouns, as in ashen, eyen, oxen, all obs. except oxen. In some cases, such as children and brethren, it has been added to older plural forms. 2. A suffix corresponding to AS. -en and -on, formerly used to form the plural of verbs, as in housen, escapen. 3. A suffix signifying to make, to cause, used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives; as in strengthen, quicken, frighten. This must not be confused with -en corresponding in Old English to the AS. infinitive ending -an. 4. Etym: [AS. -en; akin to Goth. -eins, L. -inus, Gr. Defn: An adjectival suffix, meaning made of; as in golden, leaden, wooden. 5. Etym: [AS. -en; akin to Skr. -na.] Defn: The termination of the past participle of many strong verbs; as, in broken, gotten, trodden. EN En, n. (Print.) Defn: Half an em, that is, half of the unit of space in measuring printed matter. See Em. ENABLE En*a"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enabled; p. pr. & vb. n. Enabling.] 1. To give strength or ability to; to make firm and strong. [Obs.] "Who hath enabled me." 1 Tim. i. 12. Receive the Holy Ghost, said Christ to his apostles, when he enabled them with priestly power. Jer. Taylor. 2. To make able (to do, or to be, something); to confer sufficient power upon; to furnish with means, opportunities, and the like; to render competent for; to empower; to endow. Temperance gives Nature her full play, and enables her to exert herself in all her force and vigor. Addison. ENABLEMENT En*a"ble*ment, n. Defn: The act of enabling, or the state of being enabled; ability. Bacon. ENACT En*act", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Enacting.] 1. To decree; to establish by legal and authoritative act; to make into a law; especially, to perform the legislative act with reference to (a bill) which gives it the validity of law. 2. To act; to perform; to do; to effect. [Obs.] The king enacts more wonders than a man. Shak. 3. To act the part of; to represent; to play. I did enact Julius Caesar. Shak. Enacting clause, that clause of a bill which formally expresses the legislative sanction. ENACT En*act", n. Defn: Purpose; determination. [Obs.] ENACTIVE En*act"ive, a. Defn: Having power to enact or establish as a law. Abp. Bramhall. ENACTMENT En*act"ment, n. 1. The passing of a bill into a law; the giving of legislative sanction and executive approval to a bill whereby it is established as a law. 2. That which is enacted or passed into a law; a law; a decree; a statute; a prescribed requirement; as, a prohibitory enactment; a social enactment. ENACTOR En*act"or, n. Defn: One who enacts a law; one who decrees or establishes as a law. Atterbury. ENACTURE En*ac"ture, n. Defn: Enactment; resolution. [Obs.] Shak. ENALIOSAUR En*al"i*o*saur`, n. (Paleon.) Defn: One of the Enaliosauria. ENALIOSAURIA En*al`i*o*sau"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct group of marine reptiles, embracing both the Ichthyosauria and the Plesiosauria, now regarded as distinct orders. ENALIOSAURIAN En*al`i*o*sau"ri*an, a. (Paleon.) Defn: Pertaining to the Enaliosauria. -- n. Defn: One of the Enaliosauria. ENALLAGE E*nal"la*ge, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gram.) Defn: A substitution, as of one part of speech for another, of one gender, number, case, person, tense, mode, or voice, of the same word, for another. ENAMBUSH En*am"bush, v. t. Defn: To ambush. [Obs.] ENAMEL En*am"el, n. Etym: [Pref. en- + amel. See Amel, Smelt, v. t.] 1. A variety of glass, used in ornament, to cover a surface, as of metal or pottery, and admitting of after decoration in color, or used itself for inlaying or application in varied colors. 2. (Min.) Defn: A glassy, opaque bead obtained by the blowpipe. 3. That which is enameled; also, any smooth, glossy surface, resembling enamel, especially if variegated. 4. (Anat.) Defn: The intensely hard calcified tissue entering into the composition of teeth. It merely covers the exposed parts of the teeth of man, but in many animals is intermixed in various ways with the dentine and cement. Enamel painting, painting with enamel colors upon a ground of metal, porcelain, or the like, the colors being afterwards fixed by fire. -- Enamel paper, paper glazed a metallic coating. ENAMEL En*am"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enameled or Enamelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Enameling or Enamelling.] 1. To lay enamel upon; to decorate with enamel whether inlaid or painted. 2. To variegate with colors as if with enamel. Oft he [the serpent]bowed His turret crest and sleek enameled neck. Milton. 3. To form a glossy surface like enamel upon; as, to enamel card paper; to enamel leather or cloth. 4. To disguise with cosmetics, as a woman's complexion. ENAMEL En*am"el, v. i. Defn: To practice the art of enameling. ENAMEL En*am"el, a. Defn: Relating to the art of enameling; as, enamel painting. Tomlinson. ENAMELAR En*am"el*ar, a. Defn: Consisting of enamel; resembling enamel; smooth; glossy. [R.] Craig. ENAMELED En*am"eled, a. Defn: Coated or adorned with enamel; having a glossy or variegated surface; glazed. [Written also enamelled.] ENAMELER; ENAMELIST En*am"el*er, En*am"el*ist, n. Defn: One who enamels; a workman or artist who applies enamels in ornamental work. [Written also enameller, enamellist.] ENAMOR En*am"or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enamored; p. pr. & vb. n. Enamoring.] Etym: [OF. enamourer, enamorer; pref. en- (L. in) + OF. & F. amour love, L. amor. See Amour, and cf. Inamorato.] Defn: To inflame with love; to charm; to captivate; -- with of, or with, before the person or thing; as, to be enamored with a lady; to be enamored of books or science. [Written also enamour.] Passionately enamored of this shadow of a dream. W. Irving. ENAMORMENT En*am"or*ment, n. Defn: The state of being enamored. [R.] ENANTIOMORPHOUS E*nan`ti*o*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: Similar, but not superposable, i. e., related to each other as a right-handed to a left-handed glove; -- said of certain hemihedral crystals. ENANTIOPATHIC E*nan`ti*o*path"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Serving to palliate; palliative. Dunglison. ENANTIOPATHY E*nan`ti*op"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. An opposite passion or affection. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. (Med.) Defn: Allopathy; -- a term used by followers of Hahnemann, or homeopathists. ENANTIOSIS E*nan`ti*o"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure of speech by which what is to be understood affirmatively is stated negatively, and the contrary; affirmation by contraries. ENARCH En**arch", v. t. Defn: To arch. [Obs.] Lydgate. ENARCHED En*arched", a. (Her.) Defn: Bent into a curve; -- said of a bend or other ordinary. ENARGITE En*ar"gite, n. (Min.) Defn: An iron-black mineral of metallic luster, occurring in small orthorhombic crystals, also massive. It contains sulphur, arsenic, copper, and often silver. ENARMED En*armed", a. (Her.) Defn: Same as Armed, 3. ENARRATION En`ar*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. enarratio. See Narration.] Defn: A detailed exposition; relation. [Obs.] Hakewill. ENARTHRODIA En`ar*thro"di*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Arthrodia.] (Anat.) Defn: See Enarthrosis. -- En`ar*thro"di*al, a. ENARTHROSIS En`ar*thro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A ball and socket joint, or the kind of articulation represented by such a joint. See Articulation. ENASCENT E*nas"cent, a. Etym: [L. enascens, p. pr. of enasci to spring up; e out + nasci to be born.] Defn: Coming into being; nascent. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton. ENATATION E`na*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. enatare to swim out. See Natation.] Defn: A swimming out. [Obs.] Bailey. ENATE E*nate", a. Etym: [L. enatus, p. p. of enasci. See Enascent.] Defn: Growing out. ENATION E*na"tion, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any unusual outgrowth from the surface of a thing, as of a petal; also, the capacity or act of producing such an outgrowth. ENAUNTER E*naun"ter, adv. Etym: [Pref. en- + aunter.] Defn: Lest that. [Obs.] Spenser. ENAVIGATE E*nav"i*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. enavigatus, p. p. of enavigare.] Defn: To sail away or over. [Obs.] Cockeram. ENBATTLED En*bat"tled, a. Defn: Embattled. [Obs.] ENBIBE En*bibe", v. t. Defn: To imbibe. [Obs.] Skelton. EN BLOC En` bloc". [F. Cf. Block, n. ] Defn: In a lump; as a whole; all together. "Movement of the ossicles en bloc." Nature. En bloc they are known as "the herd". W. A. Fraser. ENBROUDE En*broud"e, v. t. Defn: See Embroude. ENCAENIA En*cæ"ni*a, n. pl. Defn: = Encenia. ENCAGE En*cage", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Engaging.] Etym: [Pref. en- + cage: cf. F. encager.] Defn: To confine in a cage; to coop up. Shak. ENCALENDAR En*cal"en*dar, v. t. Defn: To register in a calendar; to calendar. Drayton. ENCAMP En*camp", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Encamped; p. pr. & vb. n. Encamping.] Defn: To form and occupy a camp; to prepare and settle in temporary habitations, as tents or huts; to halt on a march, pitch tents, or form huts, and remain for the night or for a longer time, as an army or a company traveling. The host of the Philistines encamped in the valley of Rephaim. 1 Chron. xi. 15. ENCAMP En*camp", v. t. Defn: To form into a camp; to place in a temporary habitation, or quarters. Bid him encamp his soldiers. Shak. ENCAMPMENT En*camp"ment, n. 1. The act of pitching tents or forming huts, as by an army or traveling company, for temporary lodging or rest. 2. The place where an army or a company is encamped; a camp; tents pitched or huts erected for temporary lodgings. A square of about seven hundred yards was sufficient for the encampment of twenty thousand Romans. Gibbon. A green encampment yonder meets the eye. Guardian. ENCANKER En*can"ker, v. t. Defn: To canker. [Obs.] ENCAPSULATION En*cap`su*la"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The act of inclosing in a capsule; the growth of a membrane around (any part) so as to inclose it in a capsule. ENCARNALIZE En*car"nal*ize, v. t. Defn: To carnalize; to make gross. [R.] "Encarnalize their spirits." Tennyson. ENCARPUS En*car"pus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. encarpa, pl., Gr. (Arch.) Defn: An ornament on a frieze or capital, consisting of festoons of fruit, flowers, leaves, etc. [Written also encarpa.] ENCASE En*case", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Enchase.] Defn: To inclose as in a case. See Incase. Beau. & Fl. ENCASEMENT En*case"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. Casement.] 1. The act of encasing; also, that which encases. 2. (Biol.) Defn: An old theory of generation similar to emboOvulist. ENCASH En*cash", v. t. (Eng. Banking) Defn: To turn into cash; to cash. Sat. Rev. ENCASHMENT En*cash"ment, n. (Eng. Banking) Defn: The payment in cash of a note, draft, etc. ENCAUMA En*cau"ma, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Encaustic.] (Med.) Defn: An ulcer in the eye, upon the cornea, which causes the loss of the humors. Dunglison. ENCAUSTIC En*caus"tic, a. Etym: [L. encausticus, Gr. encaustique. See Caustic, and cf. Ink.] (Fine Arts) Defn: Prepared by means of heat; burned in. Encaustic painting (Fine Arts), painting by means of wax with which the colors are combined, and which is afterwards fused with hot irons, thus fixing the colors. -- Encaustic tile (Fine Arts), an earthenware tile which has a decorative pattern and is not wholly of one color. ENCAUSTIC En*caus"tic, n. Etym: [L. encaustica, Gr. encaustique. See Encaustic, a.] Defn: The method of painting in heated wax, or in any way where heat is used to fix the colors. ENCAVE En*cave", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + cave: cf. F. encaver. Cf. Incavated.] Defn: To hide in, or as in, a cave or recess. "Do but encave yourself." Shak. -ENCE -ence. Etym: [F. -ence, L. -entia.] Defn: A noun suffix signifying action, state, or quality; also, that which relates to the action or state; as in emergence, diffidence, diligence, influence, difference, excellence. See -ance. ENCEINTE En`ceinte", n. Etym: [F., fr. enceindre to gird about, surround, L. incingere; in (intens). + cingere to gird. See Cincture.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: The line of works which forms the main inclosure of a fortress or place; -- called also body of the place. 2. The area or town inclosed by a line of fortification. The suburbs are not unfrequently larger than their enceinte. S. W. Williams. ENCEINTE En`ceinte", a. Etym: [F., fr. L. in not + cinctus, p. p. of cingere to gird about.] Defn: Pregnant; with child. ENCENIA En*ce"ni*a, n. pl. Etym: [LL. encaenia, fr. Gr. Defn: A festival commemorative of the founding of a city or the consecration of a church; also, the ceremonies (as at Oxford and Cambridge, England) commemorative of founders or benefactors. ENCENSE En*cense", v. t. & i. Etym: [F. encenser, fr. encens. See Incense, n.] Defn: To offer incense to or upon; to burn incense. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENCEPHALIC En`ce*phal"ic, a. Etym: [See Encephalon.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the encephalon or brain. ENCEPHALITIS En*ceph`a*li"tis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the brain. -- En`ceph*a*lit"ic, a. ENCEPHALOCELE En*ceph"a*lo*cele, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Hernia of the brain. ENCEPHALOID En*ceph"a*loid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Resembling the material of the brain; cerebriform. Encephaloid cancer (Med.), a very malignant form of cancer of brainlike consistency. See under Cancer. ENCEPHALOID En*ceph"a*loid, n. Defn: An encephaloid cancer. ENCEPHALOLOGY En*ceph`a*lol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of the brain, its structure and functions. ENCEPHALON En*ceph"a*lon, n. Etym: [NL. See Encephalos.] (Anat.) Defn: The contents of the cranium; the brain. ENCEPHALOPATHY En*ceph`a*lop"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Any disease or symptoms of disease referable to disorders of the brain; as, lead encephalopathy, the cerebral symptoms attending chronic lead poisoning. ENCEPHALOS En*ceph"a*los, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The encephalon. In man the encephalos reaches its full size about seven years of age. Sir W. Hamilton. ENCEPHALOTOMY En*ceph`a*lot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The act or art of dissecting the brain. ENCEPHALOUS En*ceph"a*lous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a head; -- said of most Mollusca; -- opposed to acephalous. ENCHAFE En*chafe", v. t. Defn: To chafe; to enrage; to heat. [Obs.] Shak. ENCHAFING En*chaf"ing, n. Defn: Heating; burning. [Obs.] The wicked enchaufing or ardure of this sin [lust]. Chaucer. ENCHAIN En*chain", v. t. Etym: [F. enchaîner; pref. en- (L. in) chaîne chain. See Chain, and cf. Incatenation.] 1. To bind with a chain; to hold in chains. 2. To hold fast; to confine; as, to enchain attention. 3. To link together; to connect. Howell. ENCHAINMENT En*chain"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. enchaînement.] Defn: The act of enchaining, or state of being enchained. ENCHAIR En*chair", v. t. Defn: To seat in a chair. Tennyson. ENCHANNEL En*chan"nel, v. t. Defn: To make run in a channel. "Its waters were enchanneled." Sir D. Brewster. ENCHANT En*chant", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enchanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Enchanting.] Etym: [F. enchanter, L. incantare to chant or utter a magic formula over or against one, to bewitch; in in, against + cantare to sing. See Chant, and cf. Incantation.] 1. To charm by sorcery; to act on by enchantment; to get control of by magical words and rites. And now about the caldron sing, Like elves and fairies in a ring, Enchanting all that you put in. Shak. He is enchanted, cannot speak. Tennyson. 2. To delight in a high degree; to charm; to enrapture; as, music enchants the ear. Arcadia was the charmed circle where all his spirits forever should be enchanted. Sir P. Sidney. Syn. -- To charm; bewitch; fascinate. Cf. Charm. ENCHANTED En*chant"ed, a. Defn: Under the power of enchantment; possessed or exercised by enchanters; as, an enchanted castle. ENCHANTER En*chant"er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. enchanteur.] Defn: One who enchants; a sorcerer or magician; also, one who delights as by an enchantment. Like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing. Shelley. Enchanter's nightshade (Bot.), a genus (Circæa) of low inconspicuous, perennial plants, found in damp, shady places. ENCHANTING En*chant"ing, a. Defn: Having a power of enchantment; charming; fascinating. -- En*chant"ing*ly, adv. ENCHANTMENT En*chant"ment, n. Etym: [F. enchantement.] 1. The act of enchanting; the production of certain wonderful effects by the aid of demons, or the agency of supposed spirits; the use of magic arts, spells, or charms; incantation. After the last enchantment you did here. Shak. 2. The effect produced by the act; the state of being enchanted; as, to break an enchantment. 3. That which captivates the heart and senses; an influence or power which fascinates or highly delights. Such an enchantment as there is in words. South. Syn. -- Incantation; necromancy; magic; sorcery; witchcraft; spell; charm; fascination; witchery. ENCHANTRESS En*chant"ress, n. Etym: [Cf. F. enchanteresse.] Defn: A woman versed in magical arts; a sorceress; also, a woman who fascinates. Shak. ENCHARGE En*charge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encharged; p. pr. & vb. n. Encharging.] Etym: [OF. enchargier, F. encharger; pref. en- (L. in) + F. charger. See Charge.] Defn: To charge (with); to impose (a charge) upon. His countenance would express the spirit and the passion of the part he was encharged with. Jeffrey. ENCHARGE En*charge", n. Defn: A charge. [Obs.] A. Copley. ENCHASE En*chase", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enchased; p. pr. & vb. n. Enchasing.] Etym: [F. enchâsser; pref. en- (L. in) + châsse box containing relics, frame, case, the same word as caisse case. See 1st Case, and cf. Chase, Encase, Incase.] 1. To incase or inclose in a border or rim; to surround with an ornamental casing, as a gem with gold; to encircle; to inclose; to adorn. Enchased with a wanton ivy twine. Spenser. An precious stones, in studs of gold enchased, The shaggy velvet of his buskins graced. Mickle. 2. To chase; to ornament by embossing or engraving; as, to enchase a watch case. With golden letters . . . well enchased. Spenser. 3. To delineate or describe, as by writing. [Obs.] All which . . . for to enchase, Him needeth sure a golden pen, I ween. Spenser. ENCHASER En*chas"er, n. Defn: One who enchases. ENCHASTEN En*chas"ten, v. t. Defn: To chasten. [Obs.] ENCHESON; ENCHEASON En*che"son, En*chea"son, n. Etym: [OF. enchaison, fr. L. incidere to happen; in + cadere to fall.] Defn: Occasion, cause, or reason. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENCHEST En*chest", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Inchest.] Defn: To inclose in a chest. Vicars. ENCHIRIDION En`chi*rid"i*on, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. Defn: Handbook; a manual of devotions. Evelyn. ENCHISEL En*chis"el, v. t. Defn: To cut with a chisel. ENCHODUS En"cho*dus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of extinct Cretaceous fishes; -- so named from their spear-shaped teeth. They were allied to the pike (Esox). ENCHONDROMA En`chon*dro"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A cartilaginous tumor growing from the interior of a bone. Quain. ENCHORIAL; ENCHORIC En*cho"ri*al, En*chor"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Belonging to, or used in, a country; native; domestic; popular; common; -- said especially of the written characters employed by the common people of ancient Egypt, in distinction from the hieroglyphics. See Demotic. ENCHYLEMMA En`chy*lem"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The basal substance of the cell nucleus; a hyaline or granular substance, more or less fluid during life, in which the other parts of the nucleus are imbedded. ENCHYMA En"chy*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The primitive formative juice, from which the tissues, particularly the cellular tissue, are formed. ENCINCTURE En*cinc"ture, n. Defn: A cincture. [Poetic] The vast encincture of that gloomy sea. Wordsworth. ENCINDERED En*cin"dered, a. Defn: Burnt to cinders. [R.] ENCIRCLE En*cir"cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encircled; p. pr. & vb. n. Encircling.] Etym: [Pref. en- + circle: cf. OF. encercler.] Defn: To form a circle about; to inclose within a circle or ring; to surround; as, to encircle one in the arms; the army encircled the city. Her brows encircled with his serpent rod. Parnell. Syn. -- To encompass; surround; environ; inclose. ENCIRCLET En*cir"clet, n. Etym: [Encircle + -let.] Defn: A small circle; a ring. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. ENCLASP En*clasp", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + clasp. Cf. Inclasp.] Defn: To clasp. See Inclasp. ENCLAVE En*clave", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. in + clavus a nail.] Defn: A tract of land or a territory inclosed within another territory of which it is independent. See Exclave. [Recent] ENCLAVE En*clave", v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. enclaver.] Defn: To inclose within an alien territory. [Recent] ENCLAVEMENT En*clave"ment, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The state of being an enclave. [Recent] ENCLITIC; ENCLITICAL En*clit"ic, En*clit"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. encliticus, Gr. In, and Lean, v. i.] (Gram.) Defn: Affixed; subjoined; -- said of a word or particle which leans back upon the preceding word so as to become a part of it, and to lose its own independent accent, generally varying also the accent of the preceding word. ENCLITIC En*clit"ic, n. (Gram.) Defn: A word which is joined to another so closely as to lose its proper accent, as the pronoun thee in prithee (pray thee). ENCLITICALLY En*clit"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an enclitic manner; by throwing the accent back. Walker. ENCLITICS En*clit"ics, n. (Gram.) Defn: The art of declining and conjugating words. ENCLOISTER En*clois"ter, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Incloister.] Defn: To shut up in a cloister; to cloister. ENCLOSE En*close", v. t. Etym: [F. enclos, p. p. of enclore to enclose; pref. en- (L. in) + clore to close. See Close, and cf. Inclose, Include.] Defn: To inclose. See Inclose. ENCLOSURE En*clo"sure, n. Defn: Inclosure. See Inclosure. Note: The words enclose and enclosure are written indiscriminately enclose or inclose and enclosure or inclosure. ENCLOTHE En*clothe", v. t. Defn: To clothe. ENCLOUD En*cloud", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Incloud.] Defn: To envelop in clouds; to cloud. [R.] Spenser. ENCOACH En*coach", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Incoach.] Defn: To carry in a coach. [R.] Davies (Wit's Pilgr.) ENCOFFIN En*cof"fin, v. t. Defn: To put in a coffin. [R.] ENCOLDEN En*cold"en, v. t. Defn: To render cold. [Obs.] ENCOLLAR En*col"lar, v. t. Defn: To furnish or surround with a collar. [R.] ENCOLOR En*col"or, v. t. Defn: To color. [R.] ENCOLURE En`co`lure", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The neck of horse. R. Browning. ENCOMBER En*com"ber, v. t. Defn: See Encumber. [Obs.] ENCOMBERMENT En*com"ber*ment, n. Etym: [See Encumberment.] Defn: Hindrance; molestation.[Obs.] Spenser. ENCOMIAST En*co"mi*ast, n. Etym: [Gr. encomiaste. See Encomium.] Defn: One who praises; a panegyrist. Locke. ENCOMIASTIC; ENCOMIASTICAL En*co`mi*as"tic, En*co`mi*as"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Bestowing praise; praising; eulogistic; laudatory; as, an encomiastic address or discourse. -- En*co`mi*as"tic*al*ly, adv. ENCOMIASTIC En*co`mi*as"tic, n. Defn: A panegyric. B. Jonson. ENCOMION En*co"mi*on, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Encomium; panegyric. [Obs.] B. Jonson. ENCOMIUM En*co"mi*um, n.; pl. Encomiums. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Comedy.] Defn: Warm or high praise; panegyric; strong commendation. His encomiums awakened all my ardor. W. Irving. Syn. -- See Eulogy. ENCOMPASS En*com"pass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encompassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Encompassing.] Defn: To circumscribe or go round so as to surround closely; to encircle; to inclose; to environ; as, a ring encompasses the finger; an army encompasses a city; a voyage encompassing the world. Shak. A question may be encompassed with difficulty. C. J. Smith. The love of all thy sons encompass thee. Tennyson. Syn. -- To encircle; inclose; surround; include; environ; invest; hem in; shut up. ENCOMPASSMENT En*com"pass*ment, n. Defn: The act of surrounding, or the state of being surrounded; circumvention. By this encompassment and drift of question. Shak. ENCORE En`core", adv. or interj. Etym: [F. The last part of the word is fr. L. hora hour. See Hour.] Defn: Once more; again; -- used by the auditors and spectators of plays, concerts, and other entertainments, to call for a repetition of a particular part. ENCORE En`core", n. Defn: A call or demand (as, by continued applause) for a repetition; as, the encores were numerous. ENCORE En`core", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encored; p. pr. & vb. n. Encoring.] Defn: To call for a repetition or reappearance of; as, to encore a song or a singer. [Rebecca] insisted upon encoring one of the duets. Thackeray. ENCORPORING En*cor"po*ring, n. Etym: [Pref. en- + L. corpus body.] Defn: Incorporation. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENCOUBERT En`cou`bert", n. Etym: [F., Pg. encorberto, encuberto, lit., covered.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of armadillos of the genera Dasypus and Euphractus, having five toes both on the fore and hind feet. ENCOUNTER En*coun"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encountered; p. pr. & vb. n. Encountering.] Etym: [OF. encontrer; pref. en- (L. in) + contre against, L. contra. See Counter, adv.] Defn: To come against face to face; to meet; to confront, either by chance, suddenly, or deliberately; especially, to meet in opposition or with hostile intent; to engage in conflict with; to oppose; to struggle with; as, to encounter a friend in traveling; two armies encounter each other; to encounter obstacles or difficulties, to encounter strong evidence of a truth. Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoics, encountered him. Acts xvii. 18. I am most fortunate thus accidentally to encounter you. Shak. ENCOUNTER En*coun"ter, v. i. Defn: To meet face to face; to have a meeting; to meet, esp. as enemies; to engage in combat; to fight; as, three armies encountered at Waterloo. I will encounter with Andronicus. Shak. Perception and judgment, employed in the investigation of all truth, have in the first place to encounter with particulars. Tatham. ENCOUNTER En*coun"ter, n. Etym: [OF. encontre, fr. encontrer. See Encounter, v. t.] 1. A meeting face to face; a running against; a sudden or incidental meeting; an interview. To shun the encounter of the vulgar crowd. Pope. 2. A meeting, with hostile purpose; hence, a combat; a battle; as, a bloody encounter. As one for . . . fierce encounters fit. Spenser. To join their dark encounter in mid-air. Milton . Syn. -- Contest; conflict; fight; combat; assault; rencounter; attack; engagement; onset. See Contest. ENCOUNTERER En*coun"ter*er, n. Defn: One who encounters; an opponent; an antagonist. Atterbury. ENCOURAGE En*cour"age (; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encouraged (; 48); p. pr. & vb. n. Encouraging.] Etym: [F. encourager; pref. en- (L. in) + courage courage. See Courage.] Defn: To give courage to; to inspire with courage, spirit, or hope; to raise, or to increase, the confidence of; to animate; enhearten; to incite; to help forward; -- the opposite of discourage. David encouraged himself in the Lord. 1 Sam. xxx. 6. Syn. -- To embolden; inspirit; animate; enhearten; hearten; incite; cheer; urge; impel; stimulate; instigate; countenance; comfort; promote; advance; forward; strengthen. ENCOURAGEMENT En*cour"age*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. encouragement.] 1. The act of encouraging; incitement to action or to practice; as, the encouragement of youth in generosity. All generous encouragement of arts. Otway. 2. That which serves to incite, support, promote, or advance, as favor, countenance, reward, etc.; incentive; increase of confidence; as, the fine arts find little encouragement among a rude people. To think of his paternal care, Is a most sweet encouragement to prayer. Byron. ENCOURAGER En*cour"a*ger, n. Defn: One who encourages, incites, or helps forward; a favorer. The pope is . . . a great encourager of arts. Addison. ENCOURAGING En*cour"a*ging, a. Defn: Furnishing ground to hope; inspiriting; favoring. -- En*cour"a*ging*ly, adv. ENCOWL En*cowl", v. t. Defn: To make a monk (or wearer of a cowl) of. [R.] Drayton. ENCRADLE En*cra"dle, v. t. Defn: To lay in a cradle. ENCRATITE En"cra*tite, n. Etym: [L. Encratitae, pl., fr. Gr. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect in the 2d century who abstained from marriage, wine, and animal food; -- called also Continent. ENCREASE En*crease", v. t. & Defn: i. [Obs.] See Increase. ENCRIMSON En*crim"son, v. t. Defn: To give a crimson or red color to; to crimson. Shak. ENCRINIC; ENCRINAL; ENCRINITAL En*crin"ic, En*cri"nal, En*crin"i*tal, a. (Paleon.) Defn: Relating to encrinites; containing encrinites, as certain kinds of limestone. ENCRINITE En"cri*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. encrinite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil crinoid, esp. one belonging to, or resembling, the genus Encrinus. Sometimes used in a general sense for any crinoid. ENCRINITIC; ENCRINITICAL En`cri*nit"ic, En`cri*nit"ic*al, a. (Paleon.) Defn: Pertaining to encrinites; encrinal. ENCRINOIDEA En`cri*noid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Encrinus and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: That order of the Crinoidea which includes most of the living and many fossil forms, having jointed arms around the margin of the oral disk; -- also called Brachiata and Articulata. See Illusts. under Comatula and Crinoidea. ENCRINUS En"cri*nus, n.; pl. Encrini. Etym: [NL. See Encrinite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of fossil encrinoidea, from the Mesozoic rocks. ENCRISPED En*crisped", a. Defn: Curled. [Obs.] Skelton. ENCROACH En*croach", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Encroached; p. pr. & vb. n. Encroaching.] Etym: [OF. encrochier to perch, prop., to hook, fasten a hook (perh. confused with acrochier, F. accrocher, to hook, get hold of, E. accroach); pref. en- (L. in) + F. croc hook. See Crook, and cf. Accroach.] Defn: To enter by gradual steps or by stealth into the possessions or rights of another; to trespass; to intrude; to trench; -- commonly with on or upon; as, to encroach on a neighbor; to encroach on the highway. No sense, faculty, or member must encroach upon or interfere with the duty and office of another. South. Superstition, . . . a creeping and encroaching evil. Hooker. Exclude the encroaching cattle from thy ground. Dryden. Syn. -- To intrude; trench; infringe; invade; trespass. ENCROACH En*croach", n. Defn: Encroachment. [Obs.] South. ENCROACHER En*croach"er, n. Defn: One who by gradual steps enters on, and takes possession of, what is not his own. ENCROACHINGLY En*croach"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By way of encroachment. ENCROACHMENT En*croach"ment, n. 1. The act of entering gradually or silently upon the rights or possessions of another; unlawful intrusion. An unconstitutional encroachment of military power on the civil establishment. Bancroft. 2. That which is taken by encroaching on another. 3. (Law) Defn: An unlawful diminution of the possessions of another. ENCRUST En*crust", v. t. Defn: To incrust. See Incrust. ENCRUSTMENT En*crust"ment, n. Defn: That which is formed as a crust; incrustment; incrustation. Disengaging truth from its encrustment of error. I. Taylor. ENCUMBER En*cum"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Encumbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Encumbering.] Etym: [F. encombrer; pref. en- (L. in) + OF. combrer to hinder. See Cumber, and cf. Incumber.] [Written also incumber.] 1. To impede the motion or action of, as with a burden; to retard with something superfluous; to weigh down; to obstruct or embarrass; as, his movements were encumbered by his mantle; his mind is encumbered with useless learning. Not encumbered with any notable inconvenience. Hooker. 2. To load with debts, or other legal claims; as, to encumber an estate with mortgages. Syn. -- To load; clog; oppress; overload; embarrass; perplex; hinder; retard; obstruct; check; block. ENCUMBERMENT En*cum"ber*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. encombrement.] Defn: Encumbrance. [R.] ENCUMBRANCE En*cum"brance, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. encombrance. Cf. Incumbrance.] 1. That which encumbers; a burden which impedes action, or renders it difficult and laborious; a clog; an impediment. See Incumbrance. 2. (Law) Defn: Same as Incumbrance. Syn. -- Burden; clog; impediment; check; hindrance. ENCUMBRANCER En*cum"bran*cer, n. (Law) Defn: Same as Incumbrancer. ENCURTAIN En*cur"tain, v. t. Defn: To inclose with curtains. -ENCY -en*cy. Etym: [L. -entia.] Defn: A noun suffix having much the same meaning as -ence, but more commonly signifying the quality or state; as, emergency, efficiency. See -ancy. ENCYCLIC; ENCYCLICAL En*cyc"lic, En*cyc"li*cal, a. Etym: [L. encyclios of a circle, general, Gr. encyclique. See Cycle.] Defn: Sent to many persons or places; intended for many, or for a whole order of men; general; circular; as, an encyclical letter of a council, of a bishop, or the pope. ENCYCLIC; ENCYCLICAL En*cyc"lic, En*cyc"li*cal, n. Defn: An encyclical letter, esp. one from a pope. Shipley. ENCYCLOPEDIA; ENCYCLOPAEDIA En*cy`clo*pe"di*a, En*cy`clo*pæ"di*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. encyclopédie. See Cyclopedia, and Encyclical.] [Formerly written encyclopædy and encyclopedy.] Defn: The circle of arts and sciences; a comprehensive summary of knowledge, or of a branch of knowledge; esp., a work in which the various branches of science or art are discussed separately, and usually in alphabetical order; a cyclopedia. ENCYCLOPEDIACAL En*cy`clo*pe*di"a*cal, a. Defn: Encyclopedic. ENCYCLOPEDIAN En*cy`clo*pe"di*an, a. Defn: Embracing the whole circle of learning, or a wide range of subjects. ENCYCLOPEDIC; ENCYCLOPEDICAL En*cy`clo*ped"ic, En*cy`clo*ped"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. encyclopédique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, an encyclopedia; embracing a wide range of subjects. ENCYCLOPEDISM En*cy`clo*pe"dism, n. Defn: The art of writing or compiling encyclopedias; also, possession of the whole range of knowledge; encyclopedic learning. ENCYCLOPEDIST En*cy`clo*pe"dist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. encyclopédiste.] Defn: The compiler of an encyclopedia, or one who assists in such compilation; also, one whose knowledge embraces the whole range of the sciences. The Encyclopedists, the writers of the great French encyclopedia which appeared in 1751-1772. The editors were Diderot and D'Alembert. Among the contributors were Voltaire and Rousseau. ENCYST En*cyst", v. t. Defn: To inclose in a cyst. ENCYSTATION En`cys*ta"tion, n. Defn: Encystment. ENCYSTED En*cyst"ed, a. Defn: Inclosed in a cyst, or a sac, bladder, or vesicle; as, an encysted tumor. The encysted venom, or poison bag, beneath the adder's fang. Coleridge. ENCYSTMENT En*cyst"ment, n. 1. (Biol.) Defn: A process which, among some of the lower forms of life, precedes reproduction by budding, fission, spore formation, etc. Note: The animal (a) first contracts its body to a globular mass (b) and then secretes a transparent cyst (c), after which the mass divides into two or more parts (as in d e), each of which attains freedom by the bursting of the cyst, and becomes an individual animal. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A process by which many internal parasites, esp. in their larval states, become inclosed within a cyst in the muscles, liver, etc. See Trichina. END End, n. Etym: [OE. & AS. ende; akin to OS. endi, D. einde, eind, OHG. enti, G. ende, Icel. endir, endi, Sw. ände, Dan. ende, Goth. andeis, Skr. anta. Ante-, Anti-, Answer.] 1. The extreme or last point or part of any material thing considered lengthwise (the extremity of breadth being side); hence, extremity, in general; the concluding part; termination; close; limit; as, the end of a field, line, pole, road; the end of a year, of a discourse; put an end to pain; -- opposed to Ant: beginning, when used of anything having a first part. Better is the end of a thing than the beginning thereof. Eccl. vii. 8. 2. Point beyond which no procession can be made; conclusion; issue; result, whether successful or otherwise; conclusive event; consequence. My guilt be on my head, and there an end. Shak. O that a man might know The end of this day's business ere it come! Shak. 3. Termination of being; death; destruction; extermination; also, cause of death or destruction. Unblamed through life, lamented in thy end. Pope. Confound your hidden falsehood, and award Either of you to be the other's end. Shak. I shall see an end of him. Shak. 4. The object aimed at in any effort considered as the close and effect of exertion; ppurpose; intention; aim; as, to labor for private or public ends. Losing her, the end of living lose. Dryden. When every man is his own end, all things will come to a bad end. Coleridge. 5. That which is left; a remnant; a fragment; a scrap; as, odds and ends. I clothe my naked villainy With old odd ends stolen out of holy writ, And seem a saint, when most I play the devil. Shak. 6. (Carpet Manuf.) Defn: One of the yarns of the worsted warp in a Brussels carpet. An end. (a) On end; upright; erect; endways. Spenser (b) To the end; continuously. [Obs.] Richardson. -- End bulb (Anat.), one of the bulblike bodies in which some sensory nerve fibers end in certain parts of the skin and mucous membranes; -- also called end corpuscles. -- End fly, a bobfly. -- End for end, one end for the other; in reversed order. -- End man, the last man in a row; one of the two men at the extremities of a line of minstrels. -- End on (Naut.), bow foremost. -- End organ (Anat.), the structure in which a nerve fiber ends, either peripherally or centrally. -- End plate (Anat.), one of the flat expansions in which motor nerve fibers terminate on muscular fibers. -- End play (Mach.), movement endwise, or room for such movement. -- End stone (Horol.), one of the two plates of a jewel in a timepiece; the part that limits the pivot's end play. -- Ends of the earth, the remotest regions of the earth. -- In the end, finally. Shak. -- On end, upright; erect. -- To the end, in order. Bacon. -- To make both ends meet, to live within one's income. Fuller. -- To put an end to, to destroy. END End, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ended; p. pr. & vb. n. Ending.] 1. To bring to an end or conclusion; to finish; to close; to terminate; as, to end a speech. "I shall end this strife." Shak. On the seventh day God ended his work. Gen. ii. 2. 2. To form or be at the end of; as, the letter k ends the word back. 3. To destroy; to put to death. "This sword hath ended him." Shak. To end up, to lift or tilt, so as to set on end; as, to end up a hogshead. END End, v. i. Defn: To come to the ultimate point; to be finished; to come to a close; to cease; to terminate; as, a voyage ends; life ends; winter ends. ENDABLE End"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be ended; terminable. ENDALL; END-ALL End"*all`, n. Defn: Complete termination. [R.] That but this blow Might be the be-all and the end-all here. Shak. ENDAMAGE En*dam"age (; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endamaged (; 48); p. pr. & vb. n. Endamaging.] Etym: [Pref. en- + damage: cf. F. endommager.] Defn: To bring loss or damage to; to harm; to injure. [R.] The trial hath endamaged thee no way. Milton. ENDAMAGEABLE En*dam"age*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being damaged, or injured; damageable. [Obs.] ENDAMAGEMENT En*dam"age*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. endommagement.] Defn: Damage; injury; harm. [Obs.] Shak. ENDAMNIFY En*dam"ni*fy, v. t. Defn: To damnify; to injure. [R.] Sandys. ENDANGER En*dan"ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endangered; p. pr. & vb. n. Endangering.] 1. To put to hazard; to bring into danger or peril; to expose to loss or injury; as, to endanger life or peace. All the other difficulties of his reign only exercised without endangering him. Burke. 2. To incur the hazard of; to risk. [Obs.] He that turneth the humors back . . . endangereth malign ulcers. Bacon. ENDANGERMENT En*dan"ger*ment, n. Defn: Hazard; peril. Milton. ENDARK En*dark", v. t. Defn: To darken. [Obs.] Feltham. ENDASPIDEAN En`das*pid"e*an, a. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the anterior scutes extending around the tarsus on the inner side; -- said of certain birds. ENDAZZLE En*daz"zle, v. t. Defn: To dazzle. [Obs.] "Endazzled eyes." Milton. ENDEAR En*dear", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endeared; p. pr. & vb. n. Endearing.] 1. To make dear or beloved. "To be endeared to a king." Shak. 2. To raise the price or cost of; to make costly or expensive. [R.] King James I. (1618). ENDEAREDLY En*dear"ed*ly, adv. Defn: With affection or endearment; dearly. ENDEAREDNESS En*dear"ed*ness, n. Defn: State of being endeared. ENDEARING En*dear"ing, a. Defn: Making dear or beloved; causing love. -- En*dear"ing*ly, adv. ENDEARMENT En*dear"ment, n. Defn: The act of endearing or the state of being endeared; also, that which manifests, excites, or increases, affection. "The great endearments of prudent and temperate speech." Jer. Taylor. Her first endearments twining round the soul. Thomson. ENDEAVOR En*deav"or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endeavored; p. pr. & vb. n. Endeavoring.] Etym: [OE. endevor; pref. en- + dever, devoir, duty, F. devoir: cf. F. se mettre en devoir de faire quelque chose to try to do a thing, to go about it. See Devoir, Debt.] [Written also endeavour.] Defn: To exert physical or intellectual strength for the attainment of; to use efforts to effect; to strive to achieve or reach; to try; to attempt. It is our duty to endeavor the recovery of these beneficial subjects. Ld. Chatham. To endeavor one's self, to exert one's self strenuously to the fulfillment of a duty. [Obs.] "A just man that endeavoreth himself to leave all wickedness." Latimer. ENDEAVOR En*deav"or, v. i. Defn: To exert one's self; to work for a certain end. And such were praised who but endeavored well. Pope. Note: Usually with an infinitive; as, to endeavor to outstrip an antagonist. He had . . . endeavored earnestly to do his duty. Prescott. Syn. -- To attempt; try; strive; struggle; essay; aim; seek. ENDEAVOR En*deav"or, n. Etym: [Written also endeavour.] Defn: An exertion of physical or intellectual strength toward the attainment of an object; a systematic or continuous attempt; an effort; a trial. To employ all my endeavor to obey you. Sir P. Sidney. To do one's endeavor, to do one's duty; to put forth strenuous efforts to attain an object; -- a phrase derived from the Middle English phrase "to do one's dever" (duty). "Mr. Prynne proceeded to show he had done endeavor to prepare his answer." Fuller. Syn. -- Essay; trial; effort; exertion. See Attempt. ENDEAVORER En*deav"or*er, n. Defn: One who makes an effort or attempt. [Written also endeavourer.] ENDEAVORMENT En*deav"or*ment, n. Defn: Act of endeavoring; endeavor. [Obs.] Spenser. ENDECAGON En*dec"a*gon, n. Etym: [See Hendecagon.] (Geom.) Defn: A plane figure of eleven sides and angles. ENDECAGYNOUS En`de*cag"y*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having eleven pistils; as, an endecagynous flower. ENDECANE En"de*cane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: One of the higher hydrocarbons of the paraffin series, C11H24, found as a constituent of petroleum. [Written also hendecane.] ENDECAPHYLLOUS En`de*caph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Composed of eleven leaflets; -- said of a leaf. ENDEICTIC En*deic"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Serving to show or exhibit; as, an endeictic dialogue, in the Platonic philosophy, is one which exhibits a specimen of skill. Enfield. ENDEIXIS En*deix"is, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Endeictic.] (Med.) Defn: An indication. ENDEMIAL En*de"mi*al, a. Defn: Endemic. [R.] ENDEMIC; ENDEMICAL En*de"mic, En*de"mic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. endémique.] (Med.) Defn: Peculiar to a district or particular locality, or class of persons; as, an endemic disease. Note: An endemic disease is one which is constantly present to a greater or less degree in any place, as distinguished from an epidemic disease, which prevails widely at some one time, or periodically, and from a sporadic disease, of which a few instances occur now and then. ENDEMIC En*dem"ic, n. (Med.) Defn: An endemic disease. Fear, which is an endemic latent in every human heart, sometimes rises into an epidemic. J. B. Heard. ENDEMICALLY En*dem"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an endemic manner. ENDEMIOLOGY En*dem`i*ol"o*gy, n. Defn: The science which treats of endemic affections. ENDENIZATION En*den`i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of naturalizing. [R.] ENDENIZE En*den"ize, v. t. Defn: To endenizen. [Obs.] ENDENIZEN En*den"i*zen, v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + denizen. Cf. Indenizen.] Defn: To admit to the privileges of a denizen; to naturalize. [Obs.] B. Jonson. ENDER End"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, makes an end of something; as, the ender of my life. ENDERMATIC En`der*mat"ic, a. Defn: Endermic. ENDERMIC En*der"mic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Acting through the skin, or by direct application to the skin. Endermic method, that in which the medicine enters the system through the skin, being applied either to the sound skin, or to the surface denuded of the cuticle by a blister. ENDERMICALLY En*der"mic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By the endermic method; as, applied endermically. ENDERON En"de*ron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The deep sensitive and vascular layer of the skin and mucous membranes. -- En`de*ron"ic, a. ENDIADEMED En*di"a*demed, a. Defn: Diademed. [R.] ENDIAPER En*di"a*per, v. t. Etym: [See Diaper.] Defn: To decorate with a diaper pattern. ENDICT En*dict", v. t. Defn: See Indict. ENDICTMENT En*dict"ment, n. Defn: See Indictment. ENDING End"ing, n. 1. Termination; concluding part; result; conclusion; destruction; death. 2. (Gram.) Defn: The final syllable or letter of a word; the part joined to the stem. See 3d Case, 5. Ending day, day of death. Chaucer. ENDITE En*dite, v. t. Defn: See Indite. Spenser. ENDIVE En"dive, n. Etym: [F. endive (cf. Pr., Sp. Pg., & It. endivia), fr. a deriv. of L. intibus, intybus, endive.] (Bot.) Defn: A composite herb (Cichorium Endivia). Its finely divided and much curled leaves, when blanched, are used for salad. Wild endive (Bot.), chicory or succory. ENDLESS End"less, a. Etym: [AS. endeleás. See End.] 1. Without end; having no end or conclusion; perpetual; interminable; -- applied to length, and to duration; as, an endless line; endless time; endless bliss; endless praise; endless clamor. 2. Infinite; excessive; unlimited. Shak. 3. Without profitable end; fruitless; unsatisfying. [R.] "All loves are endless." Beau. & Fl. 4. Void of design; objectless; as, an endless pursuit. Endless chain, a chain which is made continuous by uniting its two ends. -- Endless screw. (Mech.) See under Screw. Syn. -- Eternal; everlasting; interminable; infinite; unlimited; incessant; perpetual; uninterrupted; continual; unceasing; unending; boundless; undying; imperishable. ENDLESSLY End"less*ly, adv. Defn: In an endless manner. ENDLESSNESS End"less*ness, n. Etym: [AS. endeleásnys.] Defn: The quality of being endless; perpetuity. ENDLONG End"long`, adv. & prep. Etym: [Cf. Along.] Defn: Lengthwise; along. [Archaic] The doors were all of adamants eterne, I-clenched overthwart and endelong With iron tough. Chaucer. He pricketh endelong the large space. Chaucer. To thrust the raft endlong across the moat. Sir W. Scott. ENDMOST End"most`, a. Defn: Farthest; remotest; at the very end. Tylor. ENDO-; END- En"do-, End-. Etym: [Gr. In.] Defn: A combining form signifying within; as, endocarp, endogen, endocuneiform, endaspidean. ENDOBLAST En"do*blast, n. Etym: [Endo- + -blast.] (Biol.) Defn: Entoblast; endoplast. See Nucleus, ENDOBLASTIC En`do*blas"tic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to the endoblast; as, the endoblastic layer. ENDOCARDIAC; ENDOCARDIAL En`do*car"di*ac, En`do*car"di*al, a. 1. Pertaining to the endocardium. 2. (Med.) Defn: Seated or generated within the heart; as, endocardial murmurs. ENDOCARDITIS En`do*car*di"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the endocardium. ENDOCARDIUM En`do*car"di*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The membrane lining the cavities of the heart. ENDOCARP En"do*carp, n. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. endocarpe.] (Bot.) Defn: The inner layer of a ripened or fructified ovary. ENDOCHONDRAL En`do*chon"dral, a. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Growing or developing within cartilage; -- applied esp. to developing bone. ENDOCHROME En"do*chrome, n. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The coloring matter within the cells of plants, whether green, red, yellow, or any other color. ENDOCTRINE En*doc"trine, v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + doctrine.] Defn: To teach; to indoctrinate. [Obs.] Donne. ENDOCYST En"do*cyst, n. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The inner layer of the cells of Bryozoa. ENDODERM En"do*derm, n. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Biol.) (a) The inner layer of the skin or integument of an animal. (b) The innermost layer of the blastoderm and the structures derived from it; the hypoblast; the entoblast. See Illust. of Ectoderm. ENDODERMAL; ENDODERMIC En`do*der"mal, En`do*der"mic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the endoderm. ENDODERMIS En`do*der"mis, n. Etym: [NL. See Endoderm.] (Bot.) Defn: A layer of cells forming a kind of cuticle inside of the proper cortical layer, or surrounding an individual fibrovascular bundle. ENDOGAMOUS En*dog"a*mous, a. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. Defn: Marrying within the same tribe; -- opposed to exogamous. ENDOGAMY En*dog"a*my, n. Defn: Marriage only within the tribe; a custom restricting a man in his choice of a wife to the tribe to which he belongs; -- opposed to exogamy. ENDOGEN En"do*gen, n. Etym: [Endo- + -gen: cf. F. endogène.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant which increases in size by internal growth and elongation at the summit, having the wood in the form of bundles or threads, irregularly distributed throughout the whole diameter, not forming annual layers, and with no distinct pith. The leaves of the endogens have, usually, parallel veins, their flowers are mostly in three, or some multiple of three, parts, and their embryos have but a single cotyledon, with the first leaves alternate. The endogens constitute one of the great primary classes of plants, and included all palms, true lilies, grasses, rushes, orchids, the banana, pineapple, etc. See Exogen. ENDOGENESIS En`do*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Endo- + genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: Endogeny. ENDOGENETIC En`do*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Endogenous. ENDOGENOUS En*dog"e*nous, a. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Increasing by internal growth and elongation at the summit, instead of externally, and having no distinction of pith, wood, and bark, as the rattan, the palm, the cornstalk. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Originating from within; increasing by internal growth. Endogenous multiplication (Biol.), a method of cell formation, seen in cells having a cell wall. The nucleus and protoplasm divide into two distinct masses; these in turn become divided and subdivided, each division becoming a new cell, until finally the original cell wall is ruptured and the new cells are liberated (see Segmentation, and Illust. of Cell Division, under Division). This mode of growth is characteristic of many forms of cells, both animal and vegetable. ENDOGENOUSLY En*dog"e*nous*ly, adv. Defn: By endogenous growth. ENDOGENY En*dog"e*ny, n. Etym: [See Endogenesis.] (Biol.) Defn: Growth from within; multiplication of cells by endogenous division, as in the development of one or more cells in the interior of a parent cell. ENDOGNATH En"dog*nath, n. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The inner or principal branch of the oral appendages of Crustacea. See Maxilla. ENDOGNATHAL En*dog"na*thal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the endognath. ENDOLYMPH En"do*lymph, n. Etym: [Endo- + lymph: cf. F. endolymphe.] (Anat.) Defn: The watery fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear. ENDOLYMPHANGIAL En"do*lym*phan"gi*al, a. Etym: [Endo- + lymphangial.] (Anat.) Defn: Within a lymphatic vessel. ENDOLYMPHATIC En"do*lym*phat"ic, a. Etym: [Endo- + lymphatic.] (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to, or containing, endolymph; as, the endolymphatic duct. (b) Within a lymphatic vessel; endolymphangial. ENDOME En*dome", v. t. Defn: To cover as with a dome. ENDOMETRITIS En`do*me*tri"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Endometrium, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the endometrium. ENDOMETRIUM En`do*me"tri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The membrane lining the inner surface of the uterus, or womb. ENDOMORPH En"do*morph, n. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: A crystal of one species inclosed within one of another, as one of rutile inclosed in quartz. ENDOMYSIUM En`do*my"si*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The delicate bands of connective tissue interspersed among muscular fibers. ENDONEURIUM En`do*neu"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The delicate bands of connective tissue among nerve fibers. ENDOPARASITE En`do*par"a*site, n. Etym: [Endo- + parasite.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any parasite which lives in the internal organs of an animal, as the tapeworms, Trichina, etc.; -- opposed to ectoparasite. See Entozoön. -- En`do*par`a*sit"ic, a. ENDOPHLOEUM En`do*phloe"um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The inner layer of the bark of trees. ENDOPHRAGMA En`do*phrag"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A chitinous structure above the nervous cord in the thorax of certain Crustacea. ENDOPHRAGMAL En`do*phrag"mal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the endophragma. ENDOPHYLLOUS En*doph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Wrapped up within a leaf or sheath. ENDOPLASM En"do*plasm, n. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The protoplasm in the interior of a cell. ENDOPLASMA En`do*plas"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Endoplasm.] (Biol.) Defn: Same as Entoplasm and Endosarc. ENDOPLAST En"do*plast, n. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: See Nucleus. ENDOPLASTICA En`do*plas"ti*ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Rhizopoda having a distinct nucleus, as the am ENDOPLASTULE En`do*plas"tule, n. Etym: [A dim. fr. endo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: See Nucleolus. ENDOPLEURA En`do*pleu"ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Pleura.] (Bot.) Defn: The inner coating of a seed. See Tegmen. ENDOPLEURITE En`do*pleu"rite, n. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The portion of each apodeme developed from the interepimeral membrane in certain crustaceans. ENDOPODITE En*dop"o*dite, n. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The internal or principal branch of the locomotive appendages of Crustacea. See Maxilliped. ENDORHIZA En`do*rhi"za, n.; pl. Endorhizæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Any monocotyledonous plant; -- so named because many monocotyledons have an endorhizal embryo. Note: Endorhiza was proposed by Richard as a substitute for the term endogen, and exorhiza as a substitute for the term exogen; but they have not been generally adopted. ENDORHIZAL; ENDORHIZOUS En`do*rhi"zal, En`do*rhi"zous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the radicle of the embryo sheathed by the cotyledon, through which the embryo bursts in germination, as in many monocotyledonous plants. ENDORSE En*dorse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endorsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Endorsing.] Etym: [Formerly endosse, fr. F. endosser to put on the back, to endorse; pref. en- (L. in) + dos back, L. dorsum. See Dorsal, and cf. Indorse.] Defn: Same as Indorse. Note: Both endorse and indorse are used by good writers; but the tendency is to the more general use of indorse and its derivatives indorsee, indorser, and indorsement. ENDORSE En*dorse", n. (Her.) Defn: A subordinary, resembling the pale, but of one fourth its width (according to some writers, one eighth). ENDORSEE En`dor*see", n. Defn: Same as Indorsee. ENDORSEMENT En*dorse"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. endossement.] Defn: Same as Indorsement. ENDORSER En*dors"er, n. Defn: Same as Indorser. ENDOSARC En"do*sarc, n. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The semifluid, granular interior of certain unicellular organisms, as the inner layer of sarcode in the amoeba; entoplasm; endoplasta. ENDOSCOPE En"do*scope, n. Etym: [Endo- + -scope.] (Med.) Defn: An instrument for examining the interior of the rectum, the urethra, and the bladder. ENDOSCOPY En*dos"co*py, n. (Med.) Defn: The art or process of examining by means of the endoscope. ENDOSKELETAL En`do*skel"e*tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or connected with, the endoskeleton; as, endoskeletal muscles. ENDOSKELETON En`do*skel"e*ton, n. Etym: [Endo- + skeleton.] (Anat.) Defn: The bony, cartilaginous, or other internal framework of an animal, as distinguished from the exoskeleton. ENDOSMOMETER En`dos*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Endosmose + -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the force or amount of endosmotic action. ENDOSMOMETRIC En*dos`mo*met"ric, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or designed for, the measurement of endosmotic action. ENDOSMOSE; ENDOSMOSIS En"dos*mose`, En`dos*mo"sis, n. Etym: [NL. endosmosis, fr. Gr. endosmose.] (Physics) Defn: The transmission of a fluid or gas from without inward in the phenomena, or by the process, of osmose. ENDOSMOSMIC En`dos*mos"mic, a. Defn: Endosmotic. ENDOSMOTIC En`dos*mot"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to endosmose; of the nature endosmose; osmotic. Carpenter. ENDOSPERM En"do*sperm, n. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The albumen of a seed; -- limited by recent writers to that formed within the embryo sac. ENDOSPERMIC En`do*sper"mic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Relating to, accompanied by, or containing, endosperm. ENDOSPORE En"do*spore, n. Etym: [Endo- + spore.] (Bot.) Defn: The thin inner coat of certain spores. ENDOSPOROUS En`do*spor"ous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the spores contained in a case; -- applied to fungi. ENDOSS En*doss", v. t. Etym: [F. endosser. See Endorse.] Defn: To put upon the back or outside of anything; -- the older spelling of endorse. [Obs.] Spenser. ENDOSTEAL En*dos"te*al, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Relating to endostosis; as, endosteal ossification. ENDOSTERNITE En`do*ster"nite, n. Etym: [Endo- + sternum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The part of each apodeme derived from the intersternal membrane in Crustacea and insects. ENDOSTEUM En*dos"te*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The layer of vascular connective tissue lining the medullary cavities of bone. ENDOSTOMA En*dos"to*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A plate which supports the labrum in certain Crustacea. ENDOSTOME En"do*stome, n. Etym: [See Endostoma.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The foramen or passage through the inner integument of an ovule. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: And endostoma. ENDOSTOSIS En`dos*to"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Endo-, and Ostosis.] (Physiol.) Defn: A process of bone formation in which ossification takes place within the substance of the cartilage. ENDOSTYLE En"do*style, n. Etym: [Endo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fold of the endoderm, which projects into the blood cavity of ascidians. See Tunicata. ENDOTHECA En`do*the"ca, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The tissue which partially fills the interior of the interseptal chambers of most madreporarian corals. It usually consists of a series of oblique tranverse septa, one above another. -- En`do*the"cal, a. ENDOTHECIUM En`do*the"ci*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Endotheca.] (Bot.) Defn: The inner lining of an another cell. ENDOTHELIAL En`do*the"li*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of, or relating to, endothelium. ENDOTHELIUM En`do*the"li*um, n.; pl. Endothelia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The thin epithelium lining the blood vessels, lymphatics, and serous cavities. See Epithelium. ENDOTHELOID En`do*the"loid, a. Etym: [Endothelium + -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Like endothelium. ENDOTHERMIC En`do*ther"mic, a. [Pref. endo-+ thermic.] (Chem.) Defn: Designating, or pert. to, a reaction which occurs with absorption of heat; formed by such a reaction; as, an endothermic substance; -- opposed to exothermic. ENDOTHORAX En`do*tho"rax, n. Etym: [Endo- + thorax.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An internal process of the sternal plates in the thorax of insects. ENDOW En*dow", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Endowing.] Etym: [OF. endouer; pref. en- (L. in) + F. douer to endow, L. dotare. See Dower, and cf. 2d Endue.] 1. To furnish with money or its equivalent, as a permanent fund for support; to make pecuniary provision for; to settle an income upon; especially, to furnish with dower; as, to endow a wife; to endow a public institution. Endowing hospitals and almshouses. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. To enrich or furnish with anything of the nature of a gift (as a quality or faculty); -- followed by with, rarely by of; as, man is endowed by his Maker with reason; to endow with privileges or benefits. ENDOWER En*dow"er, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. endouairer. See Dower, Endow.] Defn: To endow. [Obs.] Waterhouse. ENDOWER En*dow"er, n. Defn: One who endows. ENDOWMENT En*dow"ment, n. 1. The act of bestowing a dower, fund, or permanent provision for support. 2. That which is bestowed or settled on a person or an institution; property, fund, or revenue permanently appropriated to any object; as, the endowment of a church, a hospital, or a college. 3. That which is given or bestowed upon the person or mind; gift of nature; accomplishment; natural capacity; talents; -- usually in the plural. His early endowments had fitted him for the work he was to do. I. Taylor. ENDOZOA En`do*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Entozoa. ENDRUDGE En*drudge", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + drudge.] Defn: To make a drudge or slave of. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. ENDUE En*due", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Endued; p. pr. & vb. n. Enduing.] Etym: [L. induere, prob. confused with E. endow. See Indue.] Defn: To invest. Latham. Tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem, until ye be endued with power from on high. Luke xxiv. 49. Endue them . . . with heavenly gifts. Book of Common Prayer. ENDUE En*due", v. t. Defn: An older spelling of Endow. Tillotson. ENDUEMENT En*due"ment, n. Defn: Act of enduing; induement. ENDURABLE En*dur"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. endurable. See Endure.] Defn: Capable of being endured or borne; sufferable. Macaulay. -- En*dur"a*ble*ness, n. ENDURABLY En*dur"a*bly, adv. Defn: In an endurable manner. ENDURANCE En*dur"ance, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. endurance. See Endure.] 1. A state or quality of lasting or duration; lastingness; continuance. Slurring with an evasive answer the question concerning the endurance of his own possession. Sir W. Scott. 2. The act of bearing or suffering; a continuing under pain or distress without resistance, or without being overcome; sufferance; patience. Their fortitude was most admirable in their patience and endurance of all evils, of pain and of death. Sir W. Temple. Syn. -- Suffering; patience; fortitude; resignation. ENDURANT En*dur"ant, a. Defn: Capable of enduring fatigue, pain, hunger, etc. The ibex is a remarkably endurant animal. J. G. Wood. ENDURE En*dure", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Endured; p. pr. & vb. n. Enduring.] Etym: [F. endurer; pref. en- (L. in) + durer to last. See Dure, v. i., and cf. Indurate.] 1. To continue in the same state without perishing; to last; to remain. Their verdure still endure. Shak. He shall hold it [his house] fast, but it shall not endure. Job viii. 15. 2. To remain firm, as under trial or suffering; to suffer patiently or without yielding; to bear up under adversity; to hold out. Can thine heart endure, or can thine hands be strong in the days that I shall deal with thee Ezek. xxii. 14. ENDURE En*dure", v. t. 1. To remain firm under; to sustain; to undergo; to support without breaking or yielding; as, metals endure a certain degree of heat without melting; to endure wind and weather. Both were of shining steel, and wrought so pure, As might the strokes of two such arms endure. Dryden. 2. To bear with patience; to suffer without opposition or without sinking under the pressure or affliction; to bear up under; to put up with; to tolerate. I will no longer endure it. Shak. Therefore I endure all things for the elect's sake. 2 Tim. ii. 10. How can I endure to see the evil that shall come unto my people Esther viii. 6. 3. To harden; to toughen; to make hardy. [Obs.] Manly limbs endured with little ease. Spenser. Syn. -- To last; remain; continue; abide; brook; submit to; suffer. ENDUREMENT En*dure"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. endurement.] Defn: Endurance. [Obs.] South. ENDURER En*dur"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, endures or lasts; one who bears, suffers, or sustains. ENDURING En*dur"ing, a. Defn: Lasting; durable; long-suffering; as, an enduring disposition. "A better and enduring substance." Heb. x. 34. -- En*dur"ing*ly, adv. T. Arnold. -- En*dur"ing*ness, n. ENDWAYS; ENDWISE End"ways`, End"wise, adv. 1. On end; erectly; in an upright position. 2. With the end forward. ENDYMA En"dy*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: See Ependyma. ENDYSIS En"dy*sis, n.; pl. Endyses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The act of developing a new coat of hair, a new set of feathers, scales, etc.; -- opposed to ecdysis. ENECATE En"e*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. enecatus, p. p. of enecare; e out, utterly + necare to kill.] Defn: To kill off; to destroy. [Obs.] Harvey. ENEID E*ne"id, n. Defn: Same as Æneid. ENEMA En"e*ma, n.; pl. L. Enemata. Etym: [L. enema, Gr. (Med.) Defn: An injection, or clyster, thrown into the rectum as a medicine, or to impart nourishment. Hoblyn. ENEMY En"e*my, n.; pl. Enemies. Etym: [OF. enemi, F. ennemi, from L. inimicus; in- (negative) + amicus friend. See Amicable.] Defn: One hostile to another; one who hates, and desires or attempts the injury of, another; a foe; an adversary; as, an enemy of or to a person; an enemy to truth, or to falsehood. To all good he enemy was still. Spenser. I say unto you, Love your enemies. Matt. v. 44. The enemy (Mil.), the hostile force. In this sense it is construed with the verb and pronoun either in the singular or the plural, but more commonly in the singular; as, we have met the enemy and he is ours or they are ours. It was difficult in such a country to track the enemy. It was impossible to drive him to bay. Macaulay. Syn. -- Foe; antagonist; opponent. See Adversary. ENEMY En"e*my, a. Defn: Hostile; inimical. [Obs.] They . . . every day grow more enemy to God. Jer. Taylor. ENEPIDERMIC En*ep`i*der"mic, a. Etym: [Pref. en- (Gr. epidermic.] (Med.) Defn: Applied to the skin without friction; -- said of medicines. ENERGETIC; ENERGETICAL En`er*get"ic, En`er*get"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Energy.] 1. Having energy or energies; possessing a capacity for vigorous action or for exerting force; active. "A Being eternally energetic." Grew. 2. Exhibiting energy; operating with force, vigor, and effect; forcible; powerful; efficacious; as, energetic measures; energetic laws. Syn. -- Forcible; powerful; efficacious; potent; vigorous; effective; strenuous. -- En`er*get"ic*al*ly, adv. -- En`er*get"ic*al*ness, n. ENERGETICS En`er*get"ics, n. Defn: That branch of science which treats of the laws governing the physical or mechanical, in distinction from the vital, forces, and which comprehends the consideration and general investigation of the whole range of the forces concerned in physical phenomena. [R.] ENERGIC; ENERGICAL En*er"gic, En*er"gic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. énergique.] 1. In a state of action; acting; operating. 2. Having energy or great power; energetic. The energic faculty that we call will. Blackw. Mag. ENERGIZE En"er*gize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Energized; p. pr. & vb. n. Energizing.] Etym: [From Energy.] Defn: To use strength in action; to act or operate with force or vigor; to act in producing an effect. Of all men it is true that they feel and energize first, they reflect and judge afterwards. J. C. Shairp. ENERGIZE En"er*gize, v. t. Defn: To give strength or force to; to make active; to alacrify; as, to energize the will. ENERGIZER En"er*gi`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, gives energy, or acts in producing an effect. ENERGIZING En"er*gi`zing, a. Defn: Capable of imparting or exercising energy. Those nobler exercises of energizing love. Bp. Horsley. ENERGUMEN En`er*gu"men, n. Etym: [L. energumenos, fr. Gr. énergumène. See Energetic.] (Eccl. Antiq.) Defn: One possessed by an evil spirit; a demoniac. ENERGY En"er*gy, n.; pl. Energies. Etym: [F. énergie, LL. energia, fr. Gr.In, and Work.] 1. Internal or inherent power; capacity of acting, operating, or producing an effect, whether exerted or not; as, men possessing energies may suffer them to lie inactive. The great energies of nature are known to us only by their effects. Paley. 2. Power efficiently and forcibly exerted; vigorous or effectual operation; as, the energy of a magistrate. 3. Strength of expression; force of utterance; power to impress the mind and arouse the feelings; life; spirit; -- said of speech, language, words, style; as, a style full of energy. 4. (Physics) Defn: Capacity for performing work. Note: The kinetic energy of a body is the energy it has in virtue of being in motion. It is measured by one half of the product of the mass of each element of the body multiplied by the square of the velocity of the element, relative to some given body or point. The available kinetic energy of a material system unconnected with any other system is that energy which is due to the motions of the parts of the system relative to its center of mass. The potential energy of a body or system is that energy which is not kinetic; -- energy due to configuration. Kinetic energy is sometimes called actual energy. Kinetic energy is exemplified in the vis viva of moving bodies, in heat, electric currents, etc.; potential energy, in a bent spring, or a body suspended a given distance above the earth and acted on by gravity. Accumulation, Conservation, Correlation, and Degradation of energy, etc. (Physics) See under Accumulation, Conservation, Correlation, etc. Syn. -- Force; power; potency; vigor; strength; spirit; efficiency; resolution. ENERVATE E*ner"vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enervated; p. pr. & vb. n. Enervating.] Etym: [L. enervatus, p. p. of enervare, fr. enervis nerveless, weak; e out + nervus nerve. See Nerve.] Defn: To deprive of nerve, force, strength, or courage; to render feeble or impotent; to make effeminate; to impair the moral powers of. A man . . . enervated by licentiousness. Macaulay. And rhyme began t' enervate poetry. Dryden. Syn. -- To weaken; enfeeble; unnerve; debilitate. ENERVATE E*ner"vate, a. Etym: [L. enervatus, p. p.] Defn: Weakened; weak; without strength of force. Pope. ENERVATION En`er*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. enervatio: cf. F. énervation.] 1. The act of weakening, or reducing strength. 2. The state of being weakened; effeminacy. Bacon. ENERVATIVE E*ner"va*tive, a. Defn: Having power, or a tendency, to enervate; weakening. [R.] ENERVE E*nerve", v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. énerver. See Enervate.] Defn: To weaken; to enervate. [Obs.] Milton. ENERVOUS E*nerv"ous, a. Etym: [L. enervis, enervus.] Defn: Lacking nerve or force; enervated. [R.] ENFACE En*face", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfaced; p. pr. & vb. n. Enfacing.] [Pref. en- + face.] 1. To write or print on the face of (a draft, bill, etc.); as, to enface drafts with memoranda. 2. To write or print (a memorandum, direction, or the like) on the face of a draft, bill, etc.; as, to enface the words "Payable in Calcutta" upon the face of a draft. Enfaced paper (Com.), Indian government securities the principal and interest of which are enfaced as payable in silver rupees. Dict. of Pol. Econ. ENFAMISH En*fam"ish, v. t. Defn: To famish; to starve. ENFECT En*fect", a. Etym: [See Infect, a.] Defn: Contaminated with illegality. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENFEEBLE En*fee"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfeebled; p. pr. & vb. n. Enfeebling.] Etym: [OF. enfeblir, enfeiblir; pref. en- (L. in) + feble, F. faible, feeble. See Feeble.] Defn: To make feeble; to deprive of strength; to reduce the strength or force of; to weaken; to debilitate. Enfeebled by scanty subsistence and excessive toil. Prescott. Syn. -- To weaken; debilitate; enervate. ENFEEBLEMENT En*fee"ble*ment, n. Defn: The act of weakening; enervation; weakness. ENFEEBLER En*fee"bler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, weakens or makes feeble. ENFEEBLISH En*fee"blish, v. i. Defn: To enfeeble. [Obs.] Holland. ENFELONED En*fel"oned, a. Etym: [Pref. en- + felon: cf. OF. enfelonner.] Defn: Rendered fierce or frantic. [Obs.] "Like one enfeloned or distraught." Spenser. ENFEOFF En*feoff" (; see Feoff, 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfeoffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Enfeoffing.] Etym: [Pref. en- + feoff, fief: cf. LL. infeofare, OF. enfeffer, enfeofer.] 1. (Law) Defn: To give a feud, or right in land, to; to invest with a fief or fee; to invest (any one) with a freehold estate by the process of feoffment. Mozley & W. 2. To give in vassalage; to make subservient. [Obs.] [The king] enfeoffed himself to popularity. Shak. ENFEOFFMENT En*feoff"ment, n. (Law) (a) The act of enfeoffing. (b) The instrument or deed by which one is invested with the fee of an estate. ENFESTER En*fes"ter, v. t. Defn: To fester. [Obs.] "Enfestered sores." Davies (Holy Roode). ENFETTER En*fet"ter, v. t. Defn: To bind in fetters; to enchain. "Enfettered to her love." Shak. ENFEVER En*fe"ver, v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + fever: cf. F. enfiévrer.] Defn: To excite fever in. [R.] A. Seward. ENFIERCE En*fierce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfierced; p. pr. & vb. n. Enfiercing.] Defn: To make fierce. [Obs.] Spenser. ENFILADE En`fi*lade", n. Etym: [F., fr. enfiler to thread, go trough a street or square, rake with shot; pref. en- (L. in) + fil thread. See File a row.] 1. A line or straight passage, or the position of that which lies in a straight line. [R.] 2. (Mil.) Defn: A firing in the direction of the length of a trench, or a line of parapet or troops, etc.; a raking fire. ENFILADE En`fi*lade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfiladed; p. pr. & vb. n. Enfilading.] (Mil.) Defn: To pierce, scour, or rake with shot in the direction of the length of, as a work, or a line of troops. Campbell. ENFILED En*filed", p. a. Etym: [F. enfiler to pierce, thread.] (Her.) Defn: Having some object, as the head of a man or beast, impaled upon it; as, a sword which is said to be "enfiled of" the thing which it pierces. ENFIRE En*fire", v. t. Defn: To set on fire. [Obs.] Spenser. ENFLESH En*flesh", v. t. Defn: To clothe with flesh. [Obs.] Vices which are . . . enfleshed in him. Florio. ENFLEURAGE En`fleu`rage", n. [F., fr. en-(L. in) + fleur flower.] Defn: A process of extracting perfumes by exposing absorbents, as fixed oils or fats, to the exhalations of the flowers. It is used for plants whose volatile oils are too delicate to be separated by distillation. ENFLOWER En*flow"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enflowered; p. pr. & vb. n. Enflowering.] Defn: To cover or deck with flowers. [Poetic] These odorous and enflowered fields. B. Jonson. ENFOLD En*fold", v. t. Defn: To infold. See Infold. ENFOLDMENT En*fold"ment, n. Defn: The act of infolding. See Infoldment. ENFORCE En*force", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enforced; p. pr. & vb. n. Enforcing.] Etym: [OF. enforcier to strengthen, force, F. enforcir; pref. en- (L. in) + F. force. See Force.] 1. To put force upon; to force; to constrain; to compel; as, to enforce obedience to commands. Inward joy enforced my heart to smile. Shak. 2. To make or gain by force; to obtain by force; as, to enforce a passage. "Enforcing furious way." Spenser. 3. To put in motion or action by violence; to drive. As swift as stones Enforced from the old Assyrian slings. Shak. 4. To give force to; to strengthen; to invigorate; to urge with energy; as, to enforce arguments or requests. Enforcing sentiment of the thrust humanity. Burke. 5. To put in force; to cause to take effect; to give effect to; to execute with vigor; as, to enforce the laws. 6. To urge; to ply hard; to lay much stress upon. Enforce him with his envy to the people. Shak. ENFORCE En*force, v. i. 1. To attempt by force. [Obs.] 2. To prove; to evince. [R.] Hooker. 3. To strengthen; to grow strong. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENFORCE En*force", n. Defn: Force; strength; power. [Obs.] A petty enterprise of small enforce. Milton. ENFORCEABLE En*force"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being enforced. ENFORCED En*forced", a. Defn: Compelled; forced; not voluntary. "Enforced wrong." "Enforced smiles." Shak. -- En*for"ced*ly, adv. Shak. ENFORCEMENT En*force"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. enforcement.] 1. The act of enforcing; compulsion. He that contendeth against these enforcements may easily master or resist them. Sir W. Raleigh. Confess 't was hers, and by what rough enforcement You got it from her. Shak. 2. A giving force to; a putting in execution. Enforcement of strict military discipline. Palfrey. 3. That which enforces, constraints, gives force, authority, or effect to; constraint; force applied. The rewards and punishment of another life, which the Almighty has established as the enforcements of his law. Locke. ENFORCER En*for"cer, n. Defn: One who enforces. ENFORCIBLE En*for"ci*ble, a. Defn: That may be enforced. ENFORCIVE En*for"cive, a. Defn: Serving to enforce or constrain; compulsive. Marsion. -- En*for"cive*ly, adv. ENFOREST En*for"est, v. t. Defn: To turn into a forest. ENFORM En*form", v. t. Etym: [F. enformer. See Inform.] Defn: To form; to fashion. [Obs.] Spenser. ENFOULDRED En*foul"dred, a. Etym: [Pref. en- + OF. fouldre, foldre, lightning, F. foudre, L. fulgur.] Defn: Mixed with, or emitting, lightning. [Obs.] "With foul enfouldred smoke." Spenser. ENFRAME En*frame", v. t. Defn: To inclose, as in a frame. ENFRANCHISE En*fran"chise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfranchised; p. pr. & vb. n. Enfranchising.] Etym: [Pref. en- + franchise: cf. F. enfranchir.] 1. To set free; to liberate from slavery, prison, or any binding power. Bacon. 2. To endow with a franchise; to incorporate into a body politic and thus to invest with civil and political privileges; to admit to the privileges of a freeman. 3. To receive as denizens; to naturalize; as, to enfranchise foreign words. I. Watts. ENFRANCHISEMENT En*fran"chise*ment, n. 1. Releasing from slavery or custody. Shak. 2. Admission to the freedom of a corporation or body politic; investiture with the privileges of free citizens. Enfranchisement of copyhold (Eng. Law), the conversion of a copyhold estate into a freehold. Mozley & W. ENFRANCHISER En*fran"chis*er, n. Defn: One who enfranchises. ENFREE En*free", v. t. Defn: To set free. [Obs.] "The enfreed Antenor." Shak. ENFREEDOM En*free"dom, v. t. Defn: To set free. [Obs.] Shak. ENFREEZE En*freeze", v. t. Defn: To freeze; to congeal. [Obs.] Thou hast enfrozened her disdainful breast. Spenser. ENFROWARD En*fro"ward, v. t. Defn: To make froward, perverse, or ungovernable. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys. ENGAGE En*gage", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Engaging.] Etym: [F. engager; pref. en- (L. in) + gage pledge, pawn. See Gage.] 1. To put under pledge; to pledge; to place under obligations to do or forbear doing something, as by a pledge, oath, or promise; to bind by contract or promise. "I to thee engaged a prince's word." Shak. 2. To gain for service; to bring in as associate or aid; to enlist; as, to engage friends to aid in a cause; to engage men for service. 3. To gain over; to win and attach; to attract and hold; to draw. Good nature engages everybody to him. Addison. 4. To employ the attention and efforts of; to occupy; to engross; to draw on. Thus shall mankind his guardian care engage. Pope. Taking upon himself the difficult task of engaging him in conversation. Hawthorne. 5. To enter into contest with; to encounter; to bring to conflict. A favorable opportunity of engaging the enemy. Ludlow. 6. (Mach.) Defn: To come into gear with; as, the teeth of one cogwheel engage those of another, or one part of a clutch engages the other part. ENGAGE En*gage", v. i. 1. To promise or pledge one's self; to enter into an obligation; to become bound; to warrant. How proper the remedy for the malady, I engage not. Fuller. 2. To embark in a business; to take a part; to employ or involve one's self; to devote attention and effort; to enlist; as, to engage in controversy. 3. To enter into conflict; to join battle; as, the armies engaged in a general battle. 4. (Mach.) Defn: To be in gear, as two cogwheels working together. ENGAGED En*gaged", a. 1. Occupied; employed; busy. 2. Pledged; promised; especially, having the affections pledged; promised in marriage; affianced; betrothed. 3. Greatly interested; of awakened zeal; earnest. 4. Involved; esp., involved in a hostile encounter; as, the engaged ships continued the fight. Engaged column. (Arch.) Same as Attached column. See under Attach, v. t. ENGAGEDLY En*ga"ged*ly, adv. Defn: With attachment; with interest; earnestly. ENGAGEDNESS En*ga"ged*ness, n. Defn: The state of being deeply interested; earnestness; zeal. ENGAGEMENT En*gage"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. engagement.] 1. The act of engaging, pledging, enlisting, occupying, or entering into contest. 2. The state of being engaged, pledged or occupied; specif., a pledge to take some one as husband or wife. 3. That which engages; engrossing occupation; employment of the attention; obligation by pledge, promise, or contract; an enterprise embarked in; as, his engagements prevented his acceptance of any office. Religion, which is the chief engagement of our league. Milton. 4. (Mil.) Defn: An action; a fight; a battle. In hot engagement with the Moors. Dryden. 5. (Mach.) Defn: The state of being in gear; as, one part of a clutch is brought into engagement with the other part. Syn. -- Vocation; business; employment; occupation; promise; stipulation; betrothal; word; battle; combat; fight; contest; conflict. See Battle. ENGAGER En*ga"ger, n. Defn: One who enters into an engagement or agreement; a surety. Several sufficient citizens were engagers. Wood. ENGAGING En*ga"ging, a. Defn: Tending to draw the attention or affections; attractive; as, engaging manners or address. -- En*ga"ging*ly, adv. -- En*ga"ging*ness, n. Engaging and disengaging gear or machinery, that in which, or by means of which, one part is alternately brought into gear or out of gear with another part, as occasion may require. ENGALLANT En*gal"lant, v. t. Defn: To make a gallant of. [Obs.] B. Jonson. ENGAOL En*gaol", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + gaol: cf. OF. engaoler, engeoler. See Gaol, and cf. Enjail.] Defn: To put in jail; to imprison. [Obs.] Shak. ENGARBOIL En*gar"boil, v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + garboil.] Defn: To throw into disorder; to disturb. [Obs.] "To engarboil the church." Bp. Montagu. ENGARLAND En*gar"land, v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + garland: cf. F. enguirlander.] Defn: To encircle with a garland, or with garlands. Sir P. Sidney. ENGARRISON En*gar"ri*son, v. t. Defn: To garrison; to put in garrison, or to protect by a garrison. Bp. Hall. ENGASTRIMUTH En*gas"tri*muth, n. Etym: [Gr. engastrimythe.] Defn: An ventriloquist. [Obs.] ENGENDER En*gen"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engendered; p. pr. & vb. n. Engendering.] Etym: [F. engender, L. ingenerare; in + generare to beget. See Generate, and cf. Ingenerate.] 1. To produce by the union of the sexes; to beget. [R.] 2. To cause to exist; to bring forth; to produce; to sow the seeds of; as, angry words engender strife. Engendering friendship in all parts of the common wealth. Southey. Syn. -- To breed; generate; procreate; propagate; occasion; call forth; cause; excite; develop. ENGENDER En*gen"der, v. i. 1. To assume form; to come into existence; to be caused or produced. Thick clouds are spread, and storms engender there. Dryden. 2. To come together; to meet, as in sexual embrace. "I saw their mouths engender." Massinger. ENGENDER En*gen"der, n. Defn: One who, or that which, engenders. ENGENDRURE En`gen*drure", n. Etym: [OF. engendreure.] Defn: The act of generation. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENGILD En*gild", v. t. Defn: To gild; to make splendent. Fair Helena, who most engilds the night. Shak. ENGINE En"gine, n. Etym: [F. engin skill, machine, engine, L. ingenium natural capacity, invention; in in + the root of gignere to produce. See Genius, and cf. Ingenious, Gin a snare.] 1. (Pronounced, in this sense, [Obs.] A man hath sapiences three, Memory, engine, and intellect also. Chaucer. 2. Anything used to effect a purpose; any device or contrivance; an agent. Shak. You see the ways the fisherman doth take To catch the fish; what engines doth he make Bunyan. Their promises, enticements, oaths, tokens, and all these engines of lust. Shak. 3. Any instrument by which any effect is produced; especially, an instrument or machine of war or torture. "Terrible engines of death." Sir W. Raleigh. 4. (Mach.) Defn: A compound machine by which any physical power is applied to produce a given physical effect. Engine driver, one who manages an engine; specifically, the engineer of a locomotive. -- Engine lathe. (Mach.) See under Lathe. -- Engine tool, a machine tool. J. Whitworth. -- Engine turning (Fine Arts), a method of ornamentation by means of a rose engine. Note: The term engine is more commonly applied to massive machines, or to those giving power, or which produce some difficult result. Engines, as motors, are distinguished according to the source of power, as steam engine, air engine, electro-magnetic engine; or the purpose on account of which the power is applied, as fire engine, pumping engine, locomotive engine; or some peculiarity of construction or operation, as single-acting or double-acting engine, high-pressure or low-pressure engine, condensing engine, etc. ENGINE En"gine, v. t. 1. To assault with an engine. [Obs.] To engine and batter our walls. T. Adams. 2. To equip with an engine; -- said especially of steam vessels; as, vessels are often built by one firm and engined by another. 3. (Pronounced, in this sense, [Obs.] Chaucer. ENGINEER En`gi*neer", n. Etym: [OE. enginer: cf. OF. engignier, F. ingénieur. See Engine, n.] 1. A person skilled in the principles and practice of any branch of engineering. See under Engineering, n. 2. One who manages as engine, particularly a steam engine; an engine driver. 3. One who carries through an enterprise by skillful or artful contrivance; an efficient manager. [Colloq.] Civil engineer, a person skilled in the science of civil engineering. -- Military engineer, one who executes engineering works of a military nature. See under Engineering. ENGINEER En`gi*neer", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engineered; p. pr. & vb. n. Engineering.] 1. To lay out or construct, as an engineer; to perform the work of an engineer on; as, to engineer a road. J. Hamilton. 2. To use contrivance and effort for; to guide the course of; to manage; as, to engineer a bill through Congress. [Colloq.] ENGINEER CORPS; CORPS OF ENGINEERS En`gi*neer" Corps. (a) In the United States army, the Corps of Engineers, a corps of officers and enlisted men consisting of one band and three battalions of engineers commanded by a brigadier general, whose title is Chief of Engineers. It has charge of the construction of fortifications for land and seacoast defense, the improvement of rivers and harbors, the construction of lighthouses, etc., and, in time of war, supervises the engineering operations of the armies in the field. (b) In the United States navy, a corps made up of the engineers, which was amalgamated with the line by act of March 3, 1899. It consisted of assistant and passed assistant engineers, ranking with ensigns and lieutenants, chief engineers, ranking from lieutenant to captain, and engineer in chief, ranking with commodore and having charge of the Bureau of Steam Engineering. ENGINEERING En`gi*neer"ing, n. Defn: Originally, the art of managing engines; in its modern and extended sense, the art and science by which the mechanical properties of matter are made useful to man in structures and machines; the occupation and work of an engineer. Note: In a comprehensive sense, engineering includes architecture as a mechanical art, in distinction from architecture as a fine art. It was formerly divided into military engineering, which is the art of designing and constructing offensive and defensive works, and civil engineering, in a broad sense, as relating to other kinds of public works, machinery, etc. -- Civil engineering, in modern usage, is strictly the art of planning, laying out, and constructing fixed public works, such as railroads, highways, canals, aqueducts, water works, bridges, lighthouses, docks, embankments, breakwaters, dams, tunnels, etc. -- Mechanical engineering relates to machinery, such as steam engines, machine tools, mill work, etc. -- Mining engineering deals with the excavation and working of mines, and the extraction of metals from their ores, etc. Engineering is further divided into steam engineering, gas engineering, agricultural engineering, topographical engineering, electrical engineering, etc. ENGINEMAN En"gine*man, n.; pl. Enginemen (. Defn: A man who manages, or waits on, an engine. ENGINER En"gin*er, n. Etym: [See Engineer.] Defn: A contriver; an inventor; a contriver of engines. [Obs.] Shak. ENGINERY En"gine*ry, n. 1. The act or art of managing engines, or artillery. Milton. 2. Engines, in general; instruments of war. Training his devilish enginery. Milton. 3. Any device or contrivance; machinery; structure or arrangement. Shenstone. ENGINE-SIZED En"gine-sized`, a. Defn: Sized by a machine, and not while in the pulp; -- said of paper. Knight. ENGINE-TYPE GENERATOR En"gine-type` gen"er*a`tor. (Elec.) Defn: A generator having its revolving part carried on the shaft of the driving engine. ENGINOUS En"gi*nous, a. Etym: [OF. engignos. See Ingenious.] 1. Pertaining to an engine. [Obs.] That one act gives, like an enginous wheel, Motion to all. Decker. 2. Contrived with care; ingenious. [Obs.] The mark of all enginous drifts. B. Jonson. ENGIRD En*gird", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engirded or Engirt (p. pr. & vb. n. Engirding.] Etym: [Pref. en- + gird. Cf. Ingirt.] Defn: To gird; to encompass. Shak. ENGIRDLE En*gir"dle, v. t. Defn: To surround as with a girdle; to girdle. ENGIRT En*girt", v. t. Defn: To engird. [R.] Collins. ENGISCOPE En"gi*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Opt.) Defn: A kind of reflecting microscope. [Obs.] ENGLAIMED En*glaimed", a. Etym: [OE. engleimen to smear, gleim birdlime, glue, phlegm.] Defn: Clammy. [Obs.] ENGLE En"gle, n. Etym: [OE. enghle to coax or cajole. Cf. Angle a hook, one easily enticed, a gull, Ingle.] Defn: A favorite; a paramour; an ingle. [Obs.] B. Jonson. ENGLE En"gle, v. t. Defn: To cajole or coax, as favorite. [Obs.] I 'll presently go and engle some broker. B. Jonson. ENGLISH Eng"lish, a. Etym: [AS. Englisc, fr. Engle, Angle, Engles, Angles, a tribe of Germans from the southeast of Sleswick, in Denmark, who settled in Britain and gave it the name of England. Cf. Anglican.] Defn: Of or pertaining to England, or to its inhabitants, or to the present so-called Anglo-Saxon race. English bond (Arch.) Defn: See 1st Bond, n., 8. -- English breakfast tea. See Congou. -- English horn. (Mus.) See Corno Inglese. -- English walnut. (Bot.) See under Walnut. ENGLISH Eng"lish, n. 1. Collectively, the people of England; English people or persons. 2. The language of England or of the English nation, and of their descendants in America, India, and other countries. Note: The English language has been variously divided into periods by different writers. In the division most commonly recognized, the first period dates from about 450 to 1150. This is the period of full inflection, and is called Anglo-Saxon, or, by many recent writers, Old English. The second period dates from about 1150 to 1550 (or, if four periods be recognized, from about 1150 to 1350), and is called Early English, Middle English, or more commonly (as in the usage of this book), Old English. During this period most of the inflections were dropped, and there was a great addition of French words to the language. The third period extends from about 1350 to 1550, and is Middle English. During this period orthography became comparatively fixed. The last period, from about 1550, is called Modern English. 3. A kind of printing type, in size between Pica and Great Primer. See Type. Note: The type called English. 4. (Billiards) Defn: A twist or spinning motion given to a ball in striking it that influences the direction it will take after touching a cushion or another ball. The King's, or Queen's, English. See under King. ENGLISH Eng"lish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Englished; p. pr. & vb. n. Englishing.] 1. To translate into the English language; to Anglicize; hence, to interpret; to explain. Those gracious acts . . . may be Englished more properly, acts of fear and dissimulation. Milton. Caxton does not care to alter the French forms and words in the book which he was Englishing. T. L. K. Oliphant. 2. (Billiards) Defn: To strike (the cue ball) in such a manner as to give it in addition to its forward motion a spinning motion, that influences its direction after impact on another ball or the cushion. [U.S.] ENGLISHABLE Eng"lish*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being translated into, or expressed in, English. ENGLISHISM Eng"lish*ism, n. 1. A quality or characteristic peculiar to the English. M. Arnold. 2. A form of expression peculiar to the English language as spoken in England; an Anglicism. ENGLISHMAN Eng"lish*man (-man), n.; pl. Englishmen (-men). Defn: A native or a naturalized inhabitant of England. ENGLISHRY Eng"lish*ry, n. 1. The state or privilege of being an Englishman. [Obs.] Cowell. 2. A body of English or people of English descent; -- commonly applied to English people in Ireland. A general massacre of the Englishry. Macaulay. ENGLISHWOMAN Eng"lish*wom`an, n.; pl. Englishwomen (. Defn: Fem. of Englishman. Shak. ENGLOOM En*gloom", v. t. Defn: To make gloomy. [R.] ENGLUE En*glue", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + glue: cf. F. engluer to smear with birdlime.] Defn: To join or close fast together, as with glue; as, a coffer well englued. Gower. ENGLUT En*glut", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Englutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Englutting.] Etym: [Pref. en- + glut: cf. F. engloutir.] 1. To swallow or gulp down. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To glut. [Obs.] "Englutted with vanity." Ascham. ENGORE En*gore", v. t. 1. To gore; to pierce; to lacerate. [Obs.] Deadly engored of a great wild boar. Spenser. 2. To make bloody. [Obs.] Chapman. ENGORGE En*gorge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engorged; p. pr. & vb. n. Engorging.] Etym: [Pref. en- + gorge: cf. F. engorger to obstruct, cram.] 1. To gorge; to glut. Mir. for Mag. 2. To swallow with greediness or in large quantities; to devour. Spenser. ENGORGE En*gorge", v. i. Defn: To feed with eagerness or voracity; to stuff one's self with food. Beaumont. ENGORGED En*gorged", p. a. 1. Swallowed with greediness, or in large draughts. 2. (Med.) Defn: Filled to excess with blood or other liquid; congested. ENGORGEMENT En*gorge"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. engorgement.] 1. The act of swallowing greedily; a devouring with voracity; a glutting. 2. (Med.) Defn: An overfullness or obstruction of the vessels in some part of the system; congestion. Hoblyn. 3. (Metal.) Defn: The clogging of a blast furnace. ENGOULED En*gouled", a. (Her.) Defn: Partly swallowed; disappearing in the jaws of anything; as, an infant engouled by a serpent; said also of an ordinary, when its two ends to issue from the mouths of lions, or the like; as, a bend engouled. ENGOULEE En`gou`lée", a. Etym: [F., p. p. of engouler to swallow up; pref. en- (L. in) + gueule mouth.] (Her.) Defn: Same as Engouled. ENGRAFF En*graff", v. t. Etym: [See Ingraft.] Defn: To graft; to fix deeply. [Obs.] ENGRAFFMENT En*graff"ment, n. Defn: See Ingraftment. [Obs.] ENGRAFT En*graft", v. t. Defn: See Ingraft. Shak. ENGRAFTATION; ENGRAFTMENT En`graf*ta"tion, En*graft"ment, n. Defn: The act of ingrafting; ingraftment. [R.] ENGRAIL En*grail", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Engrailing.] Etym: [F. engrêler; pref. en- (L. in) + grêle hail. See Grail gravel.] 1. To variegate or spot, as with hail. A caldron new engrailed with twenty hues. Chapman. 2. (Her.) Defn: To indent with small curves. See Engrailed. ENGRAIL En*grail", v. i. Defn: To form an edging or border; to run in curved or indented lines. Parnell. ENGRAILED En*grailed", a. (Her.) Defn: Indented with small concave curves, as the edge of a bordure, bend, or the like. ENGRAILMENT En*grail"ment, n. 1. The ring of dots round the edge of a medal, etc. Brande & C. 2. (Her.) Defn: Indentation in curved lines, as of a line of division or the edge of an ordinary. ENGRAIN En*grain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrained; p. pr. & vb. n. Engraining.] Etym: [Pref. en- + grain. Cf. Ingrain.] 1. To dye in grain, or of a fast color. See Ingrain. Leaves engrained in lusty green. Spenser. 2. To incorporate with the grain or texture of anything; to infuse deeply. See Ingrain. The stain hath become engrained by time. Sir W. Scott. 3. To color in imitation of the grain of wood; to grain. See Grain, v. t., 1. ENGRAPPLE En*grap"ple, v. t. & i. Defn: To grapple. [Obs.] ENGRASP En*grasp", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrasped; p. pr. & vb. n. Engrasping.] Defn: To grasp; to grip. [R.] Spenser. ENGRAVE En*grave", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + grave a tomb. Cf. Engrave to carve.] Defn: To deposit in the grave; to bury. [Obs.] "Their corses to engrave." Spenser. ENGRAVE En*grave", v. t. [imp. Engraved; p. p. Engraved or Engraven (; p. pr. & vb. n. Engraving.] Etym: [Pref. en- + grave to carve: cf. OF. engraver.] 1. To cut in; to make by incision. [Obs.] Full many wounds in his corrupted flesh He did engrave. Spenser. 2. To cut with a graving instrument in order to form an inscription or pictorial representation; to carve figures; to mark with incisions. Like . . . . a signet thou engrave the two stones with the names of the children of Israel. Ex. xxviii. 11. 3. To form or represent by means of incisions upon wood, stone, metal, or the like; as, to engrave an inscription. 4. To impress deeply; to infix, as if with a graver. Engrave principles in men's minds. Locke. ENGRAVED En*graved", a. 1. Made by engraving or ornamented with engraving. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the surface covered with irregular, impressed lines. ENGRAVEMENT En*grave"ment, n. 1. Engraving. 2. Engraved work. [R.] Barrow. ENGRAVER En*grav"er, n. Defn: One who engraves; a person whose business it is to produce engraved work, especially on metal or wood. ENGRAVERY En*grav"er*y, n. Defn: The trade or work of an engraver. [R.] Sir T. Browne. ENGRAVING En*grav"ing, n. 1. The act or art of producing upon hard material incised or raised patterns, characters, lines, and the like; especially, the art of producing such lines, etc., in the surface of metal plates or blocks of wood. Engraving is used for the decoration of the surface itself; also, for producing an original, from which a pattern or design may be printed on paper. 2. That which is engraved; an engraved plate. 3. An impression from an engraved plate, block of wood, or other material; a print. Note: Engraving on wood is called xylography; on copper, chalcography; on stone lithography. Engravings or prints take from wood blocks are usually called wood cuts, those from stone, lithographs. ENGREGGE En*greg"ge, v. t. Etym: [OF. engregier, from (assumed) LL. ingreviare; in + (assumed) grevis heavy, for L. gravis. Cf. Aggravate.] Defn: To aggravate; to make worse; to lie heavy on. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENGRIEVE En*grieve", v. t. Defn: To grieve. [Obs.] Spenser. ENGROSS En*gross", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrossed; p. pr. & vb. n. Engrossing.] Etym: [F., fr. pref. en- (L. in) + gros gross, grosse, n., an engrossed document: cf. OF. engrossir, engroissier, to make thick, large, or gross. See Gross.] 1. To make gross, thick, or large; to thicken; to increase in bulk or quantity. [Obs.] Waves . . . engrossed with mud. Spenser. Not sleeping, to engross his idle body. Shak. 2. To amass. [Obs.] To engross up glorious deeds on my behalf. Shak. 3. To copy or write in a large hand (en gross, i. e., in large); to write a fair copy of in distinct and legible characters; as, to engross a deed or like instrument on parchment. Some period long past, when clerks engrossed their stiff and formal chirography on more substantial materials. Hawthorne. Laws that may be engrossed on a finger nail. De Quincey. 4. To seize in the gross; to take the whole of; to occupy wholly; to absorb; as, the subject engrossed all his thoughts. 5. To purchase either the whole or large quantities of, for the purpose of enhancing the price and making a profit; hence, to take or assume in undue quantity, proportion, or degree; as, to engross commodities in market; to engross power. Engrossed bill (Legislation), one which has been plainly engrossed on parchment, with all its amendments, preparatory to final action on its passage. -- Engrossing hand (Penmanship), a fair, round style of writing suitable for engrossing legal documents, legislative bills, etc. Syn. -- To absorb; swallow up; imbibe; consume; exhaust; occupy; forestall; monopolize. See Absorb. ENGROSSER En*gross"er, n. 1. One who copies a writing in large, fair characters. 2. One who takes the whole; a person who purchases such quantities of articles in a market as to raise the price; a forestaller. Locke. ENGROSSMENT En*gross"ment, n. 1. The act of engrossing; as, the engrossment of a deed. Engrossments of power and favor. Swift. 2. That which has been engrossed, as an instrument, legislative bill, goods, etc. ENGUARD En*guard", v. t. Defn: To surround as with a guard. [Obs.] Shak. ENGULF En*gulf", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engulfed; p. pr. & vb. n. Engulfing.] Etym: [Pref. en- + gulf: cf. OF. engolfer. Cf. Ingulf.] Defn: To absorb or swallow up as in a gulf. It quite engulfs all human thought. Young. Syn. -- See Absorb. ENGULFMENT En*gulf"ment, n. Defn: A swallowing up as if in a gulf. [R.] ENGYN En*gyn". Defn: Variant of Engine. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENHALO En*ha"lo, v. t. Defn: To surround with a halo. ENHANCE En*hance", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enhanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Enhancing.] Etym: [Norm. F. enhauncer, enhaucer, OF. enhaleier, enhaucier; pref. en- (L. in) + haucier to lift, raise up, from an assumed L. altiare, fr. L. altus high; cf. Pr. enansar, enanzar, to advance, exalt, and E. advance. See Altitude, and cf. Hawser.] 1. To raise or lift up; to exalt. [Obs.] Wyclif. Who, naught aghast, his mighty hand enhanced. Spenser. 2. To advance; to augment; to increase; to heighten; to make more costly or attractive; as, to enhance the price of commodities; to enhance beauty or kindness; hence, also, to render more heinous; to aggravate; as, to enhance crime. The reputation of ferocity enhanced the value of their services, in making them feared as well as hated. Southey. ENHANCE En*hance", v. i. Defn: To be raised up; to grow larger; as, a debt enhances rapidly by compound interest. ENHANCEMENT En*hance"ment, n. Defn: The act of increasing, or state of being increased; augmentation; aggravation; as, the enhancement of value, price, enjoyments, crime. ENHANCER En*han"cer, n. Defn: One who enhances; one who, or that which, raises the amount, price, etc. ENHARBOR En*har"bor, v. t. Defn: To find harbor or safety in; to dwell in or inhabit. W. Browne. ENHARDEN En*hard"en, v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + harden: cf. F. enhardir to embolden.] Defn: To harden; to embolden. [Obs.] Howell. ENHARMONIC; ENHARMONICAL En`har*mon"ic, En`har*mon"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. enharmonique.] 1. (Anc. Mus.) Defn: Of or pertaining to that one of the three kinds of musical scale (diatonic, chromatic, enharmonic) recognized by the ancient Greeks, which consisted of quarter tones and major thirds, and was regarded as the most accurate. 2. (Mus.) (a) Pertaining to a change of notes to the eye, while, as the same keys are used, the instrument can mark no difference to the ear, as the substitution of A for G#. (b) Pertaining to a scale of perfect intonation which recognizes all the notes and intervals that result from the exact tuning of diatonic scales and their transposition into other keys. ENHARMONICALLY En`har*mon"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the enharmonic style or system; in just intonation. ENHEARTEN En*heart"en, v. t. Defn: To give heart to; to fill with courage; to embolden. The enemy exults and is enheartened. I. Taylor. ENHEDGE En*hedge", v. t. Defn: To surround as with a hedge. [R.] Vicars. ENHORT En*hort", v. t. Etym: [OF. enhorter, enorter, L. inhortari. Cf. Exhort.] Defn: To encourage. [Obs.] "To enhort the people." Chaucer. ENHUNGER En*hun"ger, v. t. Defn: To make hungry. Those animal passions which vice had . . . enhungered to feed on innocence and life. J. Martineau. ENHYDROS En*hy"dros, n. Etym: [NL. See Enhydrous.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of chalcedony containing water. ENHYDROUS En*hy"drous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having water within; containing fluid drops; -- said of certain crystals. ENIGMA E*nig"ma, n.; pl. Enigmas. Etym: [L. aenigma, Gr. 1. A dark, obscure, or inexplicable saying; a riddle; a statement, the hidden meaning of which is to be discovered or guessed. A custom was among the ancients of proposing an enigma at festivals. Pope. 2. An action, mode of action, or thing, which cannot be satisfactorily explained; a puzzle; as, his conduct is an enigma. ENIGMATIC; ENIGMATICAL E`nig*mat"ic, E`nig*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. énigmatique.] Defn: Relating to or resembling an enigma; not easily explained or accounted for; darkly expressed; obscure; puzzling; as, an enigmatical answer. ENIGMATICALLY E`nig*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Darkly; obscurely. ENIGMATIST E*nig"ma*tist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who makes, or talks in, enigmas. Addison. ENIGMATIZE E*nig"ma*tize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Enigmatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Enigmatizing.] Defn: To make, or talk in, enigmas; to deal in riddles. ENIGMATOGRAPHY; ENIGMATOLOGY E*nig`ma*tog"ra*phy, E*nig`ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy, - logy.] Defn: The art of making or of solving enigmas. ENISLED En*isled", p. a. Defn: Placed alone or apart, as if on an island; severed, as an island. [R.] "In the sea of life enisled." M. Arnold. ENJAIL En*jail", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enjailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Enjailing.] Etym: [Pref. en- + jail. Cf. Engaol.] Defn: To put into jail; to imprison. [R.] Donne. ENJOIN En*join", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enjoined; p. pr. & vb. n. Enjoining.] Etym: [F. enjoindre, L. injungere to join into, charge, enjoin; in + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Injunction.] 1. To lay upon, as an order or command; to give an injunction to; to direct with authority; to order; to charge. High matter thou enjoin'st me. Milton. I am enjoined by oath to observe three things. Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: To prohibit or restrain by a judicial order or decree; to put an injunction on. This is a suit to enjoin the defendants from disturbing the plaintiffs. Kent. Note: Enjoin has the force of pressing admonition with authority; as, a parent enjoins on his children the duty of obedience. But it has also the sense of command; as, the duties enjoined by God in the moral law. "This word is more authoritative than direct, and less imperious than command." Johnson. ENJOIN En*join", v. t. Defn: To join or unite. [Obs.] Hooker. ENJOINER En*join"er, n. Defn: One who enjoins. ENJOINMENT En*join"ment, n. Defn: Direction; command; authoritative admonition. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ENJOY En*joy", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enjoyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Enjoying.] Etym: [OF. enjoier to receive with joy; pref. en- (L. in) + OF. & F. joie joy: cf. OF. enjoir to enjoy. See Joy.] 1. To take pleasure or satisfaction in the possession or experience of; to feel or perceive with pleasure; to be delighted with; as, to enjoy the dainties of a feast; to enjoy conversation. 2. To have, possess, and use with satisfaction; to occupy or have the benefit of, as a good or profitable thing, or as something desirable; as, to enjoy a free constitution and religious liberty. That the children of Israel may enjoy every man the inheritance of his fathers. Num. xxxvi. 8. To enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season. Heb. xi. 25. 3. To have sexual intercourse with. Milton. To enjoy one's self, to feel pleasure; to be happy. ENJOY En*joy", v. i. Defn: To take satisfaction; to live in happiness. [R.] Milton. ENJOYABLE En*joy"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being enjoyed or of giving joy; yielding enjoyment. Milton. ENJOYER En*joy"er, n. Defn: One who enjoys. ENJOYMENT En*joy"ment, n. 1. The condition of enjoying anything; pleasure or satisfaction, as in the possession or occupancy of anything; possession and use; as, the enjoyment of an estate. 2. That which gives pleasure or keen satisfaction. The hope of everlasting enjoyments. Glanvill. Syn. -- Pleasure; satisfaction; gratification; fruition; happiness; felicity; delight. ENKENNEL En*ken"nel, v. t. Defn: To put into a kennel. ENKERCHIEFED En*ker"chiefed, a. Defn: Bound with a kerchief; draped; hooded; covered. Milton. That soft, enkerchiefed hair. M. Arnold. ENKINDLE En*kin"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enkindled; p. pr. & vb. n. Enkindling.] 1. To set on fire; to inflame; to kindle. Shak. 2. To excite; to rouse into action; to incite. To enkindle the enthusiasm of an artist. Talfourd. ENLACE En*lace", v. t. Defn: To bind or encircle with lace, or as with lace; to lace; to encircle; to enfold; hence, to entangle. Ropes of pearl her neck and breast enlace. P. Fletcher. ENLACEMENT En*lace"ment, n. Defn: The act of enlacing, or state of being enlaced; a surrounding as with a lace. ENLARD En*lard", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + lard: cf. OF. enlarder to put on the spit, Pr. & Sp. enlardar to rub with grease, baste.] Defn: To cover or dress with lard or grease; to fatten. Shak. ENLARGE En*large", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enlarged; p. pr. & vb. n. Enlarging.] Etym: [OF. enlargier; pref. en- (L. in) + F. large wide. See Large.] 1. To make larger; to increase in quantity or dimensions; to extend in limits; to magnify; as, the body is enlarged by nutrition; to enlarge one's house. To enlarge their possessions of land. Locke. 2. To increase the capacity of; to expand; to give free scope or greater scope to; also, to dilate, as with joy, affection, and the like; as, knowledge enlarges the mind. O ye Corinthians, our . . . heart is enlarged. 2 Cor. vi. 11. 3. To set at large or set free. [Archaic] It will enlarge us from all restraints. Barrow. Enlarging hammer, a hammer with a slightly rounded face of large diameter; -- used by gold beaters. Knight. -- To enlarge an order or rule (Law), to extend the time for complying with it. Abbott. -- To enlarge one's self, to give free vent to speech; to spread out discourse. "They enlarged themselves on this subject." Clarendon. -- To enlarge the heart, to make free, liberal, and charitable. Syn. -- To increase; extend; expand; spread; amplify; augment; magnify. See Increase. ENLARGE En*large", v. i. 1. To grow large or larger; to be further extended; to expand; as, a plant enlarges by growth; an estate enlarges by good management; a volume of air enlarges by rarefaction. 2. To speak or write at length; to be diffuse in speaking or writing; to expatiate; to dilate. To enlarge upon this theme. M. Arnold. 3. (Naut.) Defn: To get more astern or parallel with the vessel's course; to draw aft; -- said of the wind. ENLARGED En*larged", a. Defn: Made large or larger; extended; swollen. -- En*lar"ged*ly, adv. -- En*lar"ged*ness, n. ENLARGEMENT En*large"ment, n. 1. The act of increasing in size or bulk, real or apparent; the state of being increased; augmentation; further extension; expansion. 2. Expansion or extension, as of the powers of the mind; ennoblement, as of the feelings and character; as, an enlargement of views, of knowledge, of affection. 3. A setting at large, or being set at large; release from confinement, servitude, or distress; liberty. Give enlargement to the swain. Shak. 4. Diffusiveness of speech or writing; expatiation; a wide range of discourse or argument. An enlargement upon the vices and corruptions that were got into the army. Clarendon. ENLARGER En*lar"ger, n. Defn: One that enlarges. ENLAY En*lay", v. t. Defn: See Inlay. ENLENGTHEN En*length"en, v. t. Defn: To lengthen. [Obs.] ENLEVEN En*lev"en, n. Defn: Eleven. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENLIGHT En*light", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + light. Cf. Enlighten.] Defn: To illumine; to enlighten. [R.] Which from the first has shone on ages past, Enlights the present, and shall warm the last. Pope. ENLIGHTEN En*light"en, v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + lighten: cf. AS. inlihtan. Cf. Enlight.] 1. To supply with light; to illuminate; as, the sun enlightens the earth. His lightnings enlightened the world. Ps. xcvii. 4. 2. To make clear to the intellect or conscience; to shed the light of truth and knowledge upon; to furnish with increase of knowledge; to instruct; as, to enlighten the mind or understanding. The conscience enlightened by the Word and Spirit of God. Trench. ENLIGHTENER En*light"en*er, n. Defn: One who enlightens or illuminates; one who, or that which, communicates light to the eye, or clear views to the mind. ENLIGHTENMENT En*light"en*ment, n. Defn: Act of enlightening, or the state of being enlightened or instructed. ENLIMN En*limn", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + limn. Cf. Enlumine, Illuminate.] Defn: To adorn by illuminating or ornamenting with colored and decorated letters and figures, as a book or manuscript. [R.] Palsgrave. ENLINK En*link", v. t. Defn: To chain together; to connect, as by links. Shak. ENLIST En*list", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enlisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Enlisting.] 1. To enter on a list; to enroll; to register. 2. To engage for military or naval service, the name being entered on a list or register; as, to enlist men. 3. To secure the support and aid of; to employ in advancing interest; as, to enlist persons in the cause of truth, or in a charitable enterprise. ENLIST En*list", v. i. 1. To enroll and bind one's self for military or naval service; as, he enlisted in the regular army; the men enlisted for the war. 2. To enter heartily into a cause, as if enrolled. ENLISTMENT En*list"ment, n. 1. The act or enlisting, or the state of being enlisted; voluntary enrollment to serve as a soldier or a sailor. 2. The writing by which an enlisted man is bound. ENLIVE En*live", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + live, a.] Defn: To enliven. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. ENLIVEN En*liv"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enlivened; p. pr. & vb. n. Enlivening.] Etym: [Pref. en- + liven.]. 1. To give life, action, or motion to; to make vigorous or active; to excite; to quicken; as, fresh fuel enlivens a fire. Lo! of themselves th' enlivened chessmen move. Cowley. 2. To give spirit or vivacity to; to make sprightly, gay, or cheerful; to animate; as, mirth and good humor enliven a company; enlivening strains of music. Syn. -- To animate; rouse; inspire; cheer; encourage; comfort; exhilarate; inspirit; invigorate. ENLIVENER En*liv"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, enlivens, animates, or invigorates. ENLOCK En*lock", v. t. Defn: To lock; to inclose. ENLUMINE En*lu"mine, v. t. Etym: [F. enluminer; pref. en- (L. in) + L. luminare to light up, illumine. See Illuminate, and cf. Limn.] Defn: To illumine. [Obs.] Spenser. ENLUTE En*lute", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + L. lutum mud, clay.] Defn: To coat with clay; to lute. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENMANCHE En`man`ché", a. Etym: [F.; pref. en- (L. in) + manche sleeve.] (Her.) Defn: Resembling, or covered with, a sleeve; -- said of the chief when lines are drawn from the middle point of the upper edge upper edge to the sides. ENMARBLE En*mar"ble, v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + marble.] Defn: To make hard as marble; to harden. [Obs.] Spenser. ENMESH En*mesh", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + mesh. Cf. Inmesh.] Defn: To catch or entangle in, or as in, meshes. Shak. My doubts enmesh me if I try. Lowell. ENMEW En*mew", v. t. Defn: See Emmew. ENMIST En*mist", v. t. Defn: To infold, as in a mist. ENMITY En"mi*ty, n.; pl. Enmities. Etym: [OE. enemyte, fr. enemy: cf. F. inimitié, OF. enemistié. See Enemy, and cf. Amity.] 1. The quality of being an enemy; hostile or unfriendly disposition. No ground of enmity between us known. Milton. 2. A state of opposition; hostility. The friendship of the world is enmity with God. James iv. 4. Syn. -- Rancor; hostility; hatred; aversion; antipathy; repugnance; animosity; ill will; malice; malevolence. See Animosity, Rancor. ENMOSSED En*mossed", a. Etym: [Pref. en- + moss.] Defn: Covered with moss; mossed. Keats. ENMOVE En*move", v. t. Defn: See Emmove. [Obs.] ENMUFFLE En*muf"fle, v. t. Defn: To muffle up. ENMURE En*mure", v. t. Defn: To immure. [Obs.] ENNATION En*na"tion, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ninth segment in insects. ENNEAD En"ne*ad, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The number nine or a group of nine. The Enneads, the title given to the works of the philosopher Plotinus, published by his pupil Porphyry; -- so called because each of the six books into which it is divided contains nine chapters. ENNEAGON En"ne*a*gon, n. Etym: [Gr. ennéagone.] (Geom.) Defn: A polygon or plane figure with nine sides and nine angles; a nonagon. ENNEAGONAL En`ne*ag"o*nal, a. (Geom.) Defn: Belonging to an enneagon; having nine angles. ENNEAGYNOUS En`ne*ag"y*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having or producing nine pistils or styles; -- said of a flower or plant. ENNEAHEDRAL En`ne*a*he"dral, a. Etym: [Gr. (Geom.) Defn: Having nine sides. ENNEAHEDRIA; ENNEAHEDRON En`ne*a*he"dri*a, En`ne*a*he"dron, n. (Geom.) Defn: A figure having nine sides; a nonagon. ENNEANDRIA En`ne*an"dri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ennéandrie.] (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants having nine stamens. ENNEANDRIAN; ENNEANDROUS En`ne*an"dri*an, En`ne*an"drous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having nine stamens. ENNEAPETALOUS En`ne*a*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. petalous: cf. F. ennéapétale.] (Bot.) Defn: Having nine petals, or flower leaves. ENNEASPERMOUS En`ne*a*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having nine seeds; -- said of fruits. ENNEATIC; ENNEATICAL En`ne*at"ic, En`ne*at"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Occurring once in every nine times, days, years, etc.; every ninth. Enneatical day, every ninth day of a disease. -- Enneatical year, every ninth year of a man's life. ENNEW En*new", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + new. Cf. Innovate.] Defn: To make new. [Obs.] Skelton. ENNICHE En*niche", v. t. Defn: To place in a niche. Sterne. ENNOBLE En*no"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ennobled; p. pr. & vb. n. Ennobling.] Etym: [Pref. en- + noble: cf. F. ennoblir.] 1. To make noble; to elevate in degree, qualities, or excellence; to dignify. "Ennobling all that he touches." Trench. What can ennoble sots, or slaves, or cowards Alas! not all the blood of all the Howards. Pope. 2. To raise to the rank of nobility; as, to ennoble a commoner. Syn. -- To raise; dignify; exalt; elevate; aggrandize. ENNOBLEMENT En*no"ble*ment, n. 1. The act of making noble, or of exalting, dignifying, or advancing to nobility. Bacon. 2. That which ennobles; excellence; dignity. ENNOBLER En*no"bler, n. Defn: One who ennobles. ENNUI En`nui", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. in odio in hatred. See Annoy.] Defn: A feeling of weariness and disgust; dullness and languor of spirits, arising from satiety or want of interest; tedium. T. Gray. ENNUYE En`nuy`é", a. Etym: [F., p. p. of ennuyer. See Ennui.] Defn: Affected with ennui; weary in spirits; emotionally exhausted. ENNUYE En`nuy`é", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: One who is affected with ennui. ENNUYEE En`nuy`ée", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A woman affected with ennui. Mrs. Jameson. ENODAL E*nod"al, a. (Bot.) Defn: Without a node. Gray. ENODATION En`o*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. enodatio explanation, fr. enodare to free from knots. See Enode.] Defn: The act or operation of clearing of knots, or of untying; hence, also, the solution of a difficulty. [R.] Bailey. ENODE E*node", v. t. Etym: [L. enodare; e out + nodare to fill with knots, nodus a knot.] Defn: To clear of knots; to make clear. [Obs.] Cockeram. ENOINT E*noint", a. Defn: Anointed. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENOMOTARCH E*nom"o*tarch, n. Etym: [Gr. Enomoty.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: The commander of an enomoty. Mitford. ENOMOTY E*nom"o*ty, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A band of sworn soldiers; a division of the Spartan army ranging from twenty-five to thirty-six men, bound together by oath. ENOPLA En"o*pla, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the orders of Nemertina, characterized by the presence of a peculiar armature of spines or plates in the proboscis. ENOPTOMANCY En*op"to*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by the use of a mirror. ENORM E*norm", a. Etym: [Cf. F. énorme. See Enormous.] Defn: Enormous. [Obs.] Spenser. ENORMITY E*nor"mi*ty, n.; pl. Enormities. Etym: [L. enormitas, fr. enormis enormous: cf. F. énormité. See Enormous.] 1. The state or quality of exceeding a measure or rule, or of being immoderate, monstrous, or outrageous. The enormity of his learned acquisitions. De Quincey. 2. That which is enormous; especially, an exceeding offense against order, right, or decency; an atrocious crime; flagitious villainy; an atrocity. These clamorous enormities which are grown too big and strong for law or shame. South. ENORMOUS E*nor"mous, a. Etym: [L. enormis enormous, out of rule; e out + norma rule: cf. F. énorme. See Normal.] 1. Exceeding the usual rule, norm, or measure; out of due proportion; inordinate; abnormal. "Enormous bliss." Milton. "This enormous state." Shak. "The hoop's enormous size." Jenyns. Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait. Milton. 2. Exceedingly wicked; outrageous; atrocious; monstrous; as, an enormous crime. That detestable profession of a life so enormous. Bale. Syn. -- Huge; vast; immoderate; immense; excessive; prodigious; monstrous. -- Enormous, Immense, Excessive. We speak of a thing as enormous when it overpasses its ordinary law of existence or far exceeds its proper average or standard, and becomes -- so to speak -- abnormal in its magnitude, degree, etc.; as, a man of enormous strength; a deed of enormous wickedness. Immense expresses somewhat indefinitely an immeasurable quantity or extent. Excessive is applied to what is beyond a just measure or amount, and is always used in an evil; as, enormous size; an enormous crime; an immense expenditure; the expanse of ocean is immense. "Excessive levity and indulgence are ultimately excessive rigor." V. Knox. "Complaisance becomes servitude when it is excessive." La Rochefoucauld (Trans). ENORMOUSLY E*nor"mous*ly, adv. Defn: In an enormous degree. ENORMOUSNESS E*nor"mous*ness, n. Defn: The state of being enormous. ENORTHOTROPE En*or"tho*trope, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An optical toy; a card on which confused or imperfect figures are drawn, but which form to the eye regular figures when the card is rapidly revolved. See Thaumatrope. ENOUGH E*nough", a. Etym: [OE. inoh, inow, enogh, AS. gen, gen, a. & adv. (akin to OS. gin, D. genoeg, OHG. ginoug, G. genug, Icel. gn, Sw. nog, Dan. nok, Goth. gan), fr. geneah it suffices (akin to Goth. ganah); pref. ge- + a root akin to L. nancisci to get, Skr. na, Gr. Defn: Satisfying desire; giving content; adequate to meet the want; sufficient; -- usually, and more elegantly, following the noun to which it belongs. How many hired servants of my father's have bread enough and to spare! Luke xv. 17. ENOUGH E*nough", adv. 1. In a degree or quantity that satisfies; to satisfaction; sufficiently. 2. Fully; quite; -- used to express slight augmentation of the positive degree, and sometimes equivalent to very; as, he is ready enough to embrace the offer. I know you well enough; you are Signior Antonio. Shak. Thou knowest well enough . . . that this is no time to lend money. Shak. 3. In a tolerable degree; -- used to express mere acceptableness or acquiescence, and implying a degree or quantity rather less than is desired; as, the song was well enough. Note: Enough usually follows the word it modifies. ENOUGH E*nough", n. Defn: A sufficiency; a quantity which satisfies desire, is adequate to the want, or is equal to the power or ability; as, he had enough to do take care of himself. "Enough is as good as a feast." And Esau said, I have enough, my brother. Gen. xxxiii. 9. ENOUGH E*nough", interj. Defn: An exclamation denoting sufficiency, being a shortened form of it is enough. ENOUNCE E*nounce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enounced; p. pr. & vb. n. Enouncing.] Etym: [F. énoncer, L. enuntiare; e out + nuntiare to announce, fr. nuntius messenger. See Nuncio, and cf. Enunciate.] 1. To announce; to declare; to state, as a proposition or argument. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. To utter; to articulate. The student should be able to enounce these [sounds] independently. A. M. Bell. ENOUNCEMENT E*nounce"ment, n. Defn: Act of enouncing; that which is enounced. ENOW E*now". Defn: A form of Enough. [Archaic] Shak. EN PASSANT En` pas`sant". [F.] Defn: In passing; in the course of any procedure; -- said specif. (Chess), Defn: of the taking of an adverse pawn which makes a first move of two squares by a pawn already so advanced as to threaten the first of these squares. The pawn which takes en passant is advanced to the threatened square. ENPATRON En*pa"tron, v. t. Defn: To act the part of a patron towards; to patronize. [Obs.] Shak. ENPIERCE En*pierce", v. t. Etym: [See Empierce.] Defn: To pierce. [Obs.] Shak. ENQUERE En*quere", v. i. Defn: To inquire. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENQUICKEN En*quick"en, v. t. Defn: To quicken; to make alive. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. ENQUIRE En*quire", v. i. & t. Defn: See Inquire. ENQUIRER En*quir"er, n. Defn: See Inquirer. ENQUIRY En*quir"y, n. Defn: See Inquiry. ENRACE En*race", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + race lineage.] Defn: To enroot; to implant. [Obs.] Spenser. ENRAGE En*rage", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enraged; p. pr. & vb. n. Enraging.] Etym: [F. enrager to be enraged; pref. en- (L. in) + rage rage. See Rage.] Defn: To fill with rage; to provoke to frenzy or madness; to make furious. Syn. -- To irritate; incense; inflame; exasperate; provoke; anger; madden; infuriate. ENRAGEMENT En*rage"ment, n. Defn: Act of enraging or state of being enraged; excitement. [Obs.] ENRANGE En*range", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + range. Cf. Enrank, Arrange.] 1. To range in order; to put in rank; to arrange. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To rove over; to range. [Obs.] Spenser. ENRANK En*rank", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + rank.] Defn: To place in ranks or in order. [R.] Shak. EN RAPPORT En` rap`port". [F.] Defn: In accord, harmony, or sympathy; having a mutual, esp. a private, understanding; of a hypnotic subject, being in such a mental state as to be especially subject to the influence of a particular person or persons. ENRAPT En*rapt", p. a. Etym: [Pref. en- + rapt. Cf. Enravish.] Defn: Thrown into ecstasy; transported; enraptured. Shak. ENRAPTURE En*rap"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enraptured; p. pr. & vb. n. Enrapturing.] Defn: To transport with pleasure; to delight beyond measure; to enravish. Shenstone. ENRAVISH En*rav"ish, v. t. Defn: To transport with delight; to enrapture; to fascinate. Spenser. ENRAVISHINGLY En*rav"ish*ing*ly, adv. Defn: So as to throw into ecstasy. ENRAVISHMENT En*rav"ish*ment, n. Defn: The state of being enravished or enraptured; ecstasy; rapture. Glanvill. ENREGISTER En*reg"is*ter, v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + register: cf. F. enregistrer. Cf. Inregister.] Defn: To register; to enroll or record; to inregister. To read enregistered in every nook His goodness, which His beauty doth declare. Spenser. ENRHEUM En*rheum", v. i. Etym: [Pref. en- + rheum: cf. F. s'enrhumer.] Defn: To contract a rheum. [Obs.] Harvey. ENRICH En*rich", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enriched; p. pr. & vb. n. Enriching.] Etym: [F. enrichir; pref. en- (L. in) + riche rich. See Rich.] 1. To make rich with any kind of wealth; to render opulent; to increase the possessions of; as, to enrich the understanding with knowledge. Seeing, Lord, your great mercy Us hath enriched so openly. Chaucer's Dream. 2. To supply with ornament; to adorn; as, to enrich a ceiling by frescoes. 3. To make rich with manure; to fertilize; -- said of the soil; as, to enrich land by irrigation. 4. To supply with knowledge; to instruct; to store; -- said of the mind. Sir W. Raleigh. ENRICHER En*rich"er, n. Defn: One who enriches. ENRICHMENT En*rich"ment, n. Defn: The act of making rich, or that which enriches; increase of value by improvements, embellishment, etc.; decoration; embellishment. ENRIDGE En*ridge", v. t. Defn: To form into ridges. Shak. ENRING En*ring", v. t. Defn: To encircle. [R.] The Muses and the Graces, grouped in threes, Enringed a billowing fountain in the midst. Tennyson. ENRIPEN En*rip"en, v. t. Defn: To ripen. [Obs.] Donne. ENRIVE En*rive", v. t. Defn: To rive; to cleave. [Obs.] ENROBE En*robe", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + robe: cf. OF. enrober.] Defn: To invest or adorn with a robe; to attire. ENROCKMENT En*rock"ment, n. Etym: [Pref. en- + rock.] Defn: A mass of large stones thrown into water at random to form bases of piers, breakwaters, etc. ENROLL En*roll", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enrolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Enrolling.] Etym: [Pref. en- + roll: cf. F. enrôler; pref. en- (L. in) + rôle roll or register. See Roll, n.] [Written also enrol.] 1. To insert in a roil; to register or enter in a list or catalogue or on rolls of court; hence, to record; to insert in records; to leave in writing; as, to enroll men for service; to enroll a decree or a law; also, reflexively, to enlist. An unwritten law of common right, so engraven in the hearts of our ancestors, and by them so constantly enjoyed and claimed, as that it needed not enrolling. Milton. All the citizen capable of bearing arms enrolled themselves. Prescott. 2. To envelop; to inwrap; to involve. [Obs.] Spenser. ENROLLER En*roll"er, n. Defn: One who enrolls or registers. ENROLLMENT En*roll"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. enrôlement.] [Written also enrolment.] 1. The act of enrolling; registration. Holland. 2. A writing in which anything is enrolled; a register; a record. Sir J. Davies. ENROOT En*root", v. t. Defn: To fix by the root; to fix fast; to implant deep. Shak. ENROUND En*round", v. t. Defn: To surround. [Obs.] Shak. EN ROUTE En` route". Etym: [F.] Defn: On the way or road. ENS Ens, n. Etym: [L., ens, entis, a thing. See Entity.] 1. (Metaph.) Defn: Entity, being, or existence; an actually existing being; also, God, as the Being of Beings. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Something supposed to condense within itself all the virtues and qualities of a substance from which it is extracted; essence. [Obs.] ENSAFE En*safe", v. t. Defn: To make safe. [Obs.] Hall. ENSAMPLE En*sam"ple, n. Etym: [OF. ensample, essample, F. exemple. See Example.] Defn: An example; a pattern or model for imitation. [Obs.] Tyndale. Being ensamples to the flock. ENSAMPLE En*sam"ple, v. t. Defn: To exemplify, to show by example. [Obs.] Spenser. ENSANGUINE En*san"guine, v. t. Defn: To stain or cover with blood; to make bloody, or of a blood-red color; as, an ensanguined hue. "The ensanguined field." Milton. ENSATE En"sate, a. Etym: [NL. ensatus, fr. L. ensis sword.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Having sword-shaped leaves, or appendages; ensiform. ENSCALE En*scale", v. t. Defn: To cover with scales. ENSCHEDULE En*sched"ule, v. t. Defn: To insert in a schedule. See Schedule. [R.] Shak. ENSCONCE En*sconce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ensconced; imp. & p. p. Ensconcing.] Defn: To cover or shelter, as with a sconce or fort; to place or hide securely; to conceal. She shall not see me: I will ensconce me behind the arras. Shak. ENSEAL En*seal", v. t. Defn: To impress with a seal; to mark as with a seal; hence, to ratify. [Obs.] This deed I do enseal. Piers Plowman. ENSEAM En*seam", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + seam suture. Cf. Inseam.] Defn: To sew up; to inclose by a seam; hence, to include; to contain. Camden. ENSEAM En*seam", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + seam grease.] Defn: To cover with grease; to defile; to pollute. [Obs.] In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed. Shak. ENSEAR En*sear", v. t. Defn: To sear; to dry up. [Obs.] Ensear thy fertile and conceptious womb. Shak. ENSEARCH En*search", v. i. Etym: [OF. encerchier. See Search.] Defn: To make search; to try to find something. [Obs.] -- v. t. Defn: To search for. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. ENSEEL En*seel", v. t. Defn: To close eyes of; to seel; -- said in reference to a hawk. [Obs.] ENSEINT En*seint", a. (Law) Defn: With child; pregnant. See Enceinte. [Obs.] ENSEMBLE En`sem"ble, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The whole; all the parts taken together. ENSEMBLE En`sem"ble, adv. Etym: [F.] Defn: All at once; together. ENSHELTER En*shel"ter, v. t. Defn: To shelter. [Obs.] ENSHIELD En*shield", v. t. Defn: To defend, as with a shield; to shield. [Archaic] Shak. ENSHIELD En*shield", a. Defn: Shielded; enshielded. [Obs.] Shak. ENSHRINE En*shrine", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enshrined; p. pr. & vb. n. Enshrining.] Defn: To inclose in a shrine or chest; hence, to preserve or cherish as something sacred; as, to enshrine something in memory. We will enshrine it as holy relic. Massinger. ENSHROUD En*shroud", v. t. Defn: To cover with, or as with, a shroud; to shroud. Churchill. ENSIFEROUS En*sif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. ensifer; ensis sword + ferre to bear: cf. F. ensifère.] Defn: Bearing a sword. ENSIFORM En"si*form, a. Etym: [L. ensis sword + -form: cf. F. ensiforme.] Defn: Having the form of a sword blade; sword-shaped; as, an ensiform leaf. Ensiform cartilage, and Ensiform process. (Anat.) See Xiphisternum. ENSIGN En"sign, n. Etym: [L. enseigne, L. insignia, pl. of insigne a distinctive mark, badge, flag; in + signum mark, sign. See Sign, and cf. Insignia, 3d Ancient.] 1. A flag; a banner; a standard; esp., the national flag, or a banner indicating nationality, carried by a ship or a body of soldiers; -- as distinguished from flags indicating divisions of the army, rank of naval officers, or private signals, and the like. Hang up your ensigns, let your drums be still. Shak. 2. A signal displayed like a standard, to give notice. He will lift an ensign to the nations from far. Is. v. 26. 3. Sign; badge of office, rank, or power; symbol. The ensigns of our power about we bear. Waller. 4. (a) Formerly, a commissioned officer of the army who carried the ensign or flag of a company or regiment. (b) A commissioned officer of the lowest grade in the navy, corresponding to the grade of second lieutenant in the army. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Note: In the British army the rank of ensign was abolished in 1871. In the United States army the rank is not recognized; the regimental flags being carried by a sergeant called the color sergeant. Ensign bearer, one who carries a flag; an ensign. ENSIGN En"sign, v. t. 1. To designate as by an ensign. [Obs.] Henry but joined the roses that ensigned Particular families. B. Jonson. 2. To distinguish by a mark or ornament; esp. (Her.), by a crown; thus, any charge which has a crown immediately above or upon it, is said to be ensigned. ENSIGNCY En"sign*cy, n.; pl. Ensigncies (. Defn: The rank or office of an ensign. ENSIGNSHIP En"sign*ship, n. Defn: The state or rank of an ensign. ENSILAGE En"si*lage, n. Etym: [F.; pref. en- (L. in) + silo. See Silo.] 1. The process of preserving fodder (such as cornstalks, rye, oats, millet, etc.) by compressing it while green and fresh in a pit or vat called a silo, where it is kept covered from the air; as the ensilage of fodder. 2. The fodder preserved in a silo. ENSILAGE En"si*lage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ensilaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Ensilaging.] Defn: To preserve in a silo; as, to ensilage cornstalks. ENSILE En*sile", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ensiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Ensiling.] [F. ensiler: cf. Sp. ensilar. See Silo.] Defn: To store (green fodder) in a silo; to prepare as silage. -- En"si*list (#), n. ENSKY En*sky", v. t. Defn: To place in the sky or in heaven. [R.] "A thing enskied and sainted." Shak. ENSLAVE En*slave", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enslaved; p. pr. & vb. n. Enslaving.] Defn: To reduce to slavery; to make a slave of; to subject to a dominant influence. The conquer'd, also, and enslaved by war, Shall, with their freedom lost, all virtue lose. Milton. Pleasure admitted in undue degree Enslaves the will. Cowper. ENSLAVEDNESS En*slav"ed*ness, n. Defn: State of being enslaved. ENSLAVEMENT En*slave"ment, n. Defn: The act of reducing to slavery; state of being enslaved; bondage; servitude. A fresh enslavement to their enemies. South. ENSLAVER En*slav"er, n. Defn: One who enslaves. Swift. ENSNARE En*snare", v. t. Defn: To catch in a snare. See Insnare. ENSNARL En*snarl", v. t. Defn: To entangle. [Obs.] Spenser. ENSOBER En*so"ber, v. t. Defn: To make sober. [Obs.] Sad accidents to ensober his spirits. Jer. Taylor. ENSOUL En*soul", v. t. Defn: To indue or imbue (a body) with soul. [R.] Emerson. ENSPHERE En*sphere", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + sphere. Cf. Insphere.] 1. To place in a sphere; to envelop. His ample shoulders in a cloud ensphered. Chapman. 2. To form into a sphere. ENSTAMP En*stamp", v. t. Defn: To stamp; to mark as It is the motive . . . which enstamps the character. Gogan. ENSTATE En*state", v. t. Defn: See Instate. ENSTATITE En"sta*tite, n. Etym: [Named fr. Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of the pyroxene group, orthorhombic in crystallization; often fibrous and massive; color grayish white or greenish. It is a silicate of magnesia with some iron. Bronzite is a ferriferous variety. ENSTATITIC En`sta*tit"ic, a. Defn: Relating to enstatite. ENSTORE En*store", v. t. Etym: [See Instaurate.] Defn: To restore. [Obs.] Wyclif. ENSTYLE En*style", v. t. Defn: To style; to name. [Obs.] ENSUABLE En*su"a*ble, a. Defn: Ensuing; following. ENSUE En*sue", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ensued; p. pr. & vb. n. Ensuing.] Etym: [OF. ensevre, OF. & F. ensuivre, fr. L. insequi; in + sequi to pursue. See Sue.] Defn: To follow; to pursue; to follow and overtake. [Obs.] "Seek peace, and ensue it." 1 Pet. iii. 11. To ensue his example in doing the like mischief. Golding. ENSUE En*sue", v. i. Defn: To follow or come afterward; to follow as a consequence or in chronological succession; to result; as, an ensuing conclusion or effect; the year ensuing was a cold one. So spoke the Dame, but no applause ensued. Pope. Damage to the mind or the body, or to both, ensues, unless the exciting cause be presently removed. I. Taylor. Syn. -- To follow; pursue; succeed. See Follow. ENSURE En*sure", v. t. 1. To make sure. See Insure. 2. To betroth. [Obs.] Sir T. More. ENSURER En*sur"er, n. Defn: See Insurer. ENSWATHE En*swathe", v. t. Defn: To swathe; to envelop, as in swaddling clothes. Shak. ENSWATHEMENT En*swathe"ment, n. Defn: The act of enswathing, or the state of being enswathed. ENSWEEP En*sweep", v. t. Defn: To sweep over or across; to pass over rapidly. [R.] Thomson. ENT- Ent-. Defn: A prefix signifying within. See Ento-. -ENT -ent. Etym: [F. -ent, L. -ens, -entis.] Defn: An adjective suffix signifying action or being; as, corrodent, excellent, emergent, continent, quiescent. See -ant. ENTABLATURE En*tab"la*ture, n. Etym: [OF. entablature: cf. It intavolatura, fr. LL. intabulare to construct a basis; L. in + tabulatum board work, flooring, fr. tabula. See Table.] (Arch.) Defn: The superstructure which lies horizontally upon the columns. See Illust. of Column, Cornice. Note: It is commonly divided into architrave, the part immediately above the column; frieze, the central space; and cornice, the upper projecting moldings. Parker. ENTABLEMENT En*tab"le*ment, n. Etym: [F. entablement, LL. intabulamentum.] Defn: See Entablature. [R.] Evelyn. ENTACKLE En*tac"kle, v. t. Defn: To supply with tackle. [Obs.] Skelton. ENTAD En"tad, adv. Etym: [Ent- + L. ad towards.] (Anat.) Defn: Toward the inside or central part; away from the surface; -- opposed to ectad. B. G. Wilder. ENTAIL En*tail", n. Etym: [OE. entaile carving, OF. entaille, F., an incision, fr. entailler to cut away; pref. en- (L. in) + tailler to cut; LL. feudum talliatum a fee entailed, i. e., curtailed or limited. See Tail limitation, Tailor.] 1. That which is entailed. Hence: (Law) (a) An estate in fee entailed, or limited in descent to a particular class of issue. (b) The rule by which the descent is fixed. A power of breaking the ancient entails, and of alienating their estates. Hume. 2. Delicately carved ornamental work; intaglio. [Obs.] "A work of rich entail." Spenser. ENTAIL En*tail", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Entailing.] Etym: [OE. entailen to carve, OF. entailler. See Entail, n.] 1. To settle or fix inalienably on a person or thing, or on a person and his descendants or a certain line of descendants; -- said especially of an estate; to bestow as an heritage. Allowing them to entail their estates. Hume. I here entail The crown to thee and to thine heirs forever. Shak. 2. To appoint hereditary possessor. [Obs.] To entail him and his heirs unto the crown. Shak. 3. To cut or carve in a ornamental way. [Obs.] Entailed with curious antics. Spenser. ENTAILMENT En*tail"ment, n. 1. The act of entailing or of giving, as an estate, and directing the mode of descent. 2. The condition of being entailed. 3. A thing entailed. Brutality as an hereditary entailment becomes an ever weakening force. R. L. Dugdale. ENTAL En"tal, a. Etym: [See Ent-.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or situated near, central or deep parts; inner; -- opposed to ectal. B. G. Wilder. ENTAME En*tame", v. t. Defn: To tame. [Obs.] Shak. ENTANGLE En*tan"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Entangling.] 1. To twist or interweave in such a manner as not to be easily separated; to make tangled, confused, and intricate; as, to entangle yarn or the hair. 2. To involve in such complications as to render extrication a bewildering difficulty; hence, metaphorically, to insnare; to perplex; to bewilder; to puzzle; as, to entangle the feet in a net, or in briers. "Entangling alliances." Washington. The difficulties that perplex men's thoughts and entangle their understandings. Locke. Allowing her to entangle herself with a person whose future was so uncertain. Froude. ENTANGLEMENT En*tan"gle*ment, n. Defn: State of being entangled; intricate and confused involution; that which entangles; intricacy; perplexity. ENTANGLER En*tan"gler, n. Defn: One that entangles. ENTASIA En*ta"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Entasis.] (Med.) Defn: Tonic spasm; -- applied generically to denote any disease characterized by tonic spasms, as tetanus, trismus, etc. ENTASIS En"ta*sis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. 1. (Arch.) Defn: A slight convex swelling of the shaft of a column. 2. (Med.) Defn: Same as Entasia. ENTASSMENT En*tass"ment, n. Etym: [F. entassement, fr. entasser to heap up.] Defn: A heap; accumulation. [R.] ENTASTIC En*tas"tic, a. Etym: [Formed as if fr. (assumed) Gr. Entasis.] (Med.) Defn: Relating to any disease characterized by tonic spasms. ENTELECHY En*tel"e*chy, n. Etym: [L. entelechia, Gr. (Peripatetic Philos.) Defn: An actuality; a conception completely actualized, in distinction from mere potential existence. ENTELLUS En*tel"lus, n. Etym: [NL., the specific name, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An East Indian long-tailed bearded monkey (Semnopithecus entellus) regarded as sacred by the natives. It is remarkable for the caplike arrangement of the hair on the head. Called also hoonoomaun and hungoor. ENTEND En*tend", v. i. Etym: [F. entendre, fr. L. intendere. See Intend.] Defn: To attend to; to apply one's self to. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENTENDER En*ten"der, v. t. 1. To make tender. [R.] Jer. Taylor. 2. To treat with tenderness. [R.] Young. ENTENTIVE En*ten"tive, a. Etym: [OF. ententif.] Defn: Attentive; zealous. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENTER- En"ter-. Etym: [F. entre between, fr. L. inter. See Inter-] Defn: A prefix signifying between, among, part. ENTER En"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entered; p. pr. & vb. n. Entering.] Etym: [OE. entren, enteren, F. entrer, fr. L. intrare, fr. intro inward, contr. fr. intero (sc. loco), fr. inter in between, between. See Inter-, In, and cf. Interior.] 1. To come or go into; to pass into the interior of; to pass within the outer cover or shell of; to penetrate; to pierce; as, to enter a house, a closet, a country, a door, etc.; the river enters the sea. That darksome cave they enter. Spenser. I, . . . with the multitude of my redeemed, Shall enter heaven, long absent. Milton. 2. To unite in; to join; to be admitted to; to become a member of; as, to enter an association, a college, an army. 3. To engage in; to become occupied with; as, to enter the legal profession, the book trade, etc. 4. To pass within the limits of; to attain; to begin; to commence upon; as, to enter one's teens, a new era, a new dispensation. 5. To cause to go (into), or to be received (into); to put in; to insert; to cause to be admitted; as, to enter a knife into a piece of wood, a wedge into a log; to enter a boy at college, a horse for a race, etc. 6. To inscribe; to enroll; to record; as, to enter a name, or a date, in a book, or a book in a catalogue; to enter the particulars of a sale in an account, a manifest of a ship or of merchandise at the customhouse. 7. (Law) (a) To go into or upon, as lands, and take actual possession of them. (b) To place in regular form before the court, usually in writing; to put upon record in proper from and order; as, to enter a writ, appearance, rule, or judgment. Burrill. 8. To make report of (a vessel or her cargo) at the customhouse; to submit a statement of (imported goods), with the original invoices, to the proper officer of the customs for estimating the duties. See Entry, 4. 9. To file or inscribe upon the records of the land office the required particulars concerning (a quantity of public land) in order to entitle a person to a right pf preëmption. [U.S.] Abbott. 10. To deposit for copyright the title or description of (a book, picture, map, etc.); as, "entered according to act of Congress." 11. To initiate; to introduce favorably. [Obs.] Shak. ENTER En"ter, v. i. 1. To go or come in; -- often with in used pleonastically; also, to begin; to take the first steps. "The year entering." Evelyn. No evil thing approach nor enter in. Milton. Truth is fallen in the street, and equity can not enter. Is. lix. 14. For we which have believed do enter into rest. Heb. iv. 3. 2. To get admission; to introduce one's self; to penetrate; to form or constitute a part; to become a partaker or participant; to share; to engage; -- usually with into; sometimes with on or upon; as, a ball enters into the body; water enters into a ship; he enters into the plan; to enter into a quarrel; a merchant enters into partnership with some one; to enter upon another's land; the boy enters on his tenth year; to enter upon a task; lead enters into the composition of pewter. 3. To penetrate mentally; to consider attentively; -- with into. He is particularly pleased with . . . Sallust for his entering into internal principles of action. Addison. ENTERADENOGRAPHY En`ter*ad`e*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A treatise upon, or description of, the intestinal glands. ENTERADENOLOGY En`ter*ad`e*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of the glands of the alimentary canal. ENTERALGIA En`ter*al"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. entéralgie.] (Med.) Defn: Pain in the intestines; colic. ENTERDEAL En"ter*deal`, n. Etym: [Enter- + deal.] Defn: Mutual dealings; intercourse. [Obs.] The enterdeal of princes strange. Spenser. ENTERER En"ter*er, n. Defn: One who makes an entrance or beginning. A. Seward. ENTERIC En*ter"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Enteritis.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the enteron, or alimentary canal; intestinal. Enteric fever (Med.), typhoid fever. ENTERING EDGE; ENTRANT EDGE En"ter*ing edge or En"trant edge. Defn: = Advancing edge. ENTERITIS En`te*ri"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: An inflammation of the intestines. Hoblyn. ENTERLACE En`ter*lace", v. t. Defn: See Interlace. ENTERMETE En`ter*mete", v. i. Etym: [F. s'entremettre; entre between + mettre to place.] Defn: To interfere; to intermeddle. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENTERMEWER En"ter*mew`er, n. Etym: [Enter- + mew to molt.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A hawk gradually changing the color of its feathers, commonly in the second year. ENTERMISE En`ter*mise", n. Etym: [F. entremise, fr. s'entremettre. See Entermete.] Defn: Mediation. [Obs.] ENTEROCELE En"ter*o*cele`, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A hernial tumor whose contents are intestine. ENTEROCOELE En"ter*o*coele`, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A perivisceral cavity which arises as an outgrowth or outgrowths from the digestive tract; distinguished from a schizocoele, which arises by a splitting of the mesoblast of the embryo. ENTEROGRAPHY En`ter*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] (Anat.) Defn: A treatise upon, or description of, the intestines; enterology. ENTEROLITH En"ter*o*lith, n. Etym: [Gr. -lith.] (Med.) Defn: An intestinal concretion. ENTEROLOGY En`ter*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. entérologie.] Defn: The science which treats of the viscera of the body. ENTERON En"te*ron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The whole alimentary, or enteric, canal. ENTEROPATHY En`ter*op"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Disease of the intestines. ENTEROPNEUSTA En`te*rop*neus"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of wormlike invertebrates having, along the sides of the body, branchial openings for the branchial sacs, which are formed by diverticula of the alimentary canal. Balanoglossus is the only known genus. See Illustration in Appendix. ENTERORRHAPHY En`ter*or"rha*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: The operation of sewing up a rent in the intestinal canal. ENTEROTOME En"ter*o*tome, n. Etym: [F. entérotome. See Enterotomy.] (Med.) Defn: A kind of scissors used for opening the intestinal canal, as in post-mortem examinations. ENTEROTOMY En`ter*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Incision of the intestines, especially in reducing certain cases of hernia. ENTERPARLANCE En`ter*par"lance, n. Defn: Mutual talk or conversation; conference. [Obs.] Sir J. Hayward. ENTERPLEAD En`ter*plead", v. i. Defn: Same as Interplead. ENTERPRISE En"ter*prise, n. Etym: [F. enterprise, fr. entreprendre to undertake; entre between (L. inter) + prendre to take. See Inter, and Emprise.] 1. That which is undertaken; something attempted to be performed; a work projected which involves activity, courage, energy, and the like; a bold, arduous, or hazardous attempt; an undertaking; as, a manly enterprise; a warlike enterprise. Shak. Their hands can not perform their enterprise. Job v. 12. 2. Willingness or eagerness to engage in labor which requires boldness, promptness, energy, and like qualities; as, a man of great enterprise. ENTERPRISE En"ter*prise, v. t. 1. To undertake; to begin and attempt to perform; to venture upon. [R.] The business must be enterprised this night. Dryden. What would I not renounce or enterprise for you! T. Otway. 2. To treat with hospitality; to entertain. [Obs.] Him at the threshold met, and well did enterprise. Spenser. ENTERPRISE En"ter*prise, v. i. Defn: To undertake an enterprise, or something hazardous or difficult. [R.] Pope. ENTERPRISER En"ter*pri`ser, n. Defn: One who undertakes enterprises. Sir J. Hayward. ENTERPRISING En"ter*pri`sing, a. Defn: Having a disposition for enterprise; characterized by enterprise; resolute, active or prompt to attempt; as, an enterprising man or firm. -- En"ter*pri`sing*ly, adv. ENTERTAIN En`ter*tain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entertained; p. pr. & vb. n. Entertaining.] Etym: [F. entretenir; entre between (L. inter) + tenir to hold, L. tenere. See Tenable.] 1. To be at the charges of; to take or keep in one's service; to maintain; to support; to harbor; to keep. You, sir, I entertain for one of my hundred. Shak. 2. To give hospitable reception and maintenance to; to receive at one's board, or into one's house; to receive as a guest. Be not forgetful to entertain strangers; for thereby some have entertained unawares. Heb. xiii. 2. 3. To engage the attention of agreeably; to amuse with that which makes the time pass pleasantly; to divert; as, to entertain friends with conversation, etc. The weary time she can not entertain. Shak. 4. To give reception to; to receive, in general; to receive and take into consideration; to admit, treat, or make use of; as, to entertain a proposal. I am not here going to entertain so large a theme as the philosophy of Locke. De Quincey. A rumor gained ground, -- and, however absurd, was entertained by some very sensible people. Hawthorne. 5. To meet or encounter, as an enemy. [Obs.] Shak. 6. To keep, hold, or maintain in the mind with favor; to keep in the mind; to harbor; to cherish; as, to entertain sentiments. 7. To lead on; to bring along; to introduce. [Obs.] To baptize all nations, and entertain them into the services institutions of the holy Jesus. Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- To amuse; divert; maintain. See Amuse. ENTERTAIN En`ter*tain", v. i. Defn: To receive, or provide entertainment for, guests; as, he entertains generously. ENTERTAIN En`ter*tain", n. Etym: [Cf. F. entretien, fr. entretenir.] Defn: Entertainment. [Obs.] Spenser. ENTERTAINER En`ter*tain"er, n. Defn: One who entertains. ENTERTAINING En`ter*tain"ing, a. Defn: Affording entertainment; pleasing; amusing; diverting. -- En`ter*tain"ing*ly, adv. -- En`ter*tain"ing*ness, n. ENTERTAINMENT En`ter*tain"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. entretenement.] 1. The act of receiving as host, or of amusing, admitting, or cherishing; hospitable reception; also, reception or treatment, in general. The entertainment of Christ by faith. Baxter. The sincere entertainment and practice of the precepts of the gospel. Bp. Sprat. 2. That which entertains, or with which one is entertained; as: (a) Hospitality; hospitable provision for the wants of a guest; especially, provision for the table; a hospitable repast; a feast; a formal or elegant meal. (b) That which engages the attention agreeably, amuses or diverts, whether in private, as by conversation, etc., or in public, by performances of some kind; amusement. Theatrical entertainments conducted with greater elegance and refinement. Prescott. 3. Admission into service; service. Some band of strangers in the adversary's entertainment. Shak. 4. Payment of soldiers or servants; wages. [Obs.] The entertainment of the general upon his first arrival was but six shillings and eight pence. Sir J. Davies. Syn. -- Amusement; diversion; recreation; pastime; sport; feast; banquet; repast; carousal. ENTERTAKE En`ter*take", v. t. Defn: To entertain. [Obs.] ENTERTISSUED En`ter*tis"sued, a. Defn: Same as Intertissued. ENTHEAL; ENTHEAN En"the*al, En"the*an, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Divinely inspired; wrought up to enthusiasm. [Obs.] ENTHEASM En"the*asm, n. Defn: Inspiration; enthusiasm. [R.] "Religious entheasm." Byron. ENTHEASTIC En`the*as"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Entheal.] Defn: Of godlike energy; inspired. -- En`the*as"tic*al*ly, adv. ENTHEAT En"the*at, a. Etym: [Cf. L. entheatus, fr. Gr. Defn: Divinely inspired. [Obs.] Drummond. ENTHELMINTHA; ENTHELMINTHES En`thel*min"tha, En`thel*min"thes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Intestinal worms. See Helminthes. ENTHETIC En*the"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Caused by a morbifie virus implanted in the system; as, an enthetic disease like syphilis. ENTHRALL En*thrall", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + thrall. Cf. Inthrall.] [Written also enthral.] Defn: To hold in thrall; to enslave. See Inthrall. The bars survive the captive they enthrall. Byron. ENTHRALLMENT En*thrall"ment, n. Defn: The act of enthralling, or state of being enthralled. See Inthrallment. ENTHRILL En*thrill", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + thrill.] Defn: To pierce; to thrill. [Obs.] Sackville. ENTHRONE En*throne", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + throne: cf. OF. enthroner. Cf. Inthronize.] 1. To seat on a throne; to exalt to the seat of royalty or of high authority; hence, to invest with sovereign authority or dignity. Beneath a sculptured arch he sits enthroned. Pope. It [mercy] is enthroned in the hearts of kings. Shak. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: To induct, as a bishop, into the powers and privileges of a vacant see. ENTHRONEMENT En*throne"ment, n. Defn: The act of enthroning, or state of being enthroned. [Recent] ENTHRONIZATION En*thron`i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of enthroning; hence, the admission of a bishop to his stall or throne in his cathedral. ENTHRONIZE En*thron"ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enthronized; p. pr. & vb. n. Enthronizing.] Etym: [See Inthronize.] Defn: To place on a throne; hence, to induct into office, as a bishop. There openly enthronized as the very elected king. Knolles. ENTHUSE En*thuse", v. t. & i. Defn: To make or become enthusiastic. [Slang] ENTHUSIASM En*thu"si*asm, n. Etym: [Gr. enthousiasme. See Entheal, Theism.] 1. Inspiration as if by a divine or superhuman power; ecstasy; hence, a conceit of divine possession and revelation, or of being directly subject to some divine impulse. Enthusiasm is founded neither on reason nor divine revelation, but rises from the conceits of a warmed or overweening imagination. Locke. 2. A state of impassioned emotion; transport; elevation of fancy; exaltation of soul; as, the poetry of enthusiasm. Resolutions adopted in enthusiasm are often repented of when excitement has been succeeded by the wearing duties of hard everyday routine. Froude. Exhibiting the seeming contradiction of susceptibility to enthusiasm and calculating shrewdness. Bancroft. 3. Enkindled and kindling fervor of soul; strong excitement of feeling on behalf of a cause or a subject; ardent and imaginative zeal or interest; as, he engaged in his profession with enthusiasm. Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. Emerson. 4. Lively manifestation of joy or zeal. Philip was greeted with a tumultuous enthusiasm. Prescott. ENTHUSIAST En*thu"si*ast, n. Etym: [Gr. enthousiaste.] Defn: One moved or actuated by enthusiasm; as: (a) One who imagines himself divinely inspired, or possessed of some special revelation; a religious madman; a fanatic. (b) One whose mind is wholly possessed and heated by what engages it; one who is influenced by a peculiar; fervor of mind; an ardent and imaginative person. Enthusiasts soon understand each other. W. Irving. Syn. -- Visionary; fanatic; devotee; zealot. ENTHUSIASTIC; ENTHUSIASTICAL En*thu`si*as"tic, En*thu`si*as"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Filled with enthusiasm; characterized by enthusiasm; zealous; as, an enthusiastic lover of art. "Enthusiastical raptures." Calamy. -- En*thu`si*as"tic*al*ly, adv. A young man . . . of a visionary and enthusiastic character. W. Irving. ENTHUSIASTIC En*thu`si*as"tic, n. Defn: An enthusiast; a zealot. [Obs.] ENTHYMEMATIC; ENTHYMEMATICAL En`thy*me*mat"ic, En`thy*me*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to, or of the form of, an enthymeme. ENTHYMEME En"thy*meme, n. Etym: [Gr. (Logic) Defn: An argument consisting of only two propositions, an antecedent and consequent deduced from it; a syllogism with one premise omitted; as, We are dependent; therefore we should be humble. Here the major proposition is suppressed. The complete syllogism would be, Dependent creatures should be humble; we are dependent creatures; therefore we should be humble. ENTICE En*tice", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enticed; p. pr. & vb. n. Enticing.] Etym: [OE. entisen, enticen, OF. enticier, entichier; pref. en- (L. in) + a word of uncertain origin, cf. OF. atisier to stir a fire, provoke, L. titio firebrand, or MHG. zicken to push.] Defn: To draw on, by exciting hope or desire; to allure; to attract; as, the bait enticed the fishes. Often in a bad sense: To lead astray; to induce to evil; to tempt; as, the sirens enticed them to listen. Roses blushing as they blow, And enticing men to pull. Beau. & Fl. My son, if sinners entice thee, consent thou not. Prov. i. 10. Go, and thine erring brother gain, Entice him home to be forgiven. Keble. Syn. -- To allure; lure; coax; decoy; seduce; tempt; inveigle; incite; persuade; prevail on. See Allure. ENTICEABLE En*tice"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being enticed. ENTICEMENT En*tice"ment, n. Etym: [OF. enticement.] 1. The act or practice of alluring or tempting; as, the enticements of evil companions. 2. That which entices, or incites to evil; means of allurement; alluring object; as, an enticement to sin. Syn. -- Allurement; attraction; temptation; seduction; inveiglement; persuasion; inducement. ENTICER En*ti"cer, n. Defn: One who entices; one who incites or allures to evil. Burton. ENTICING En*ti"cing, a. Defn: That entices; alluring. ENTICINGLY En*ti"cing*ly, adv. Defn: In an enticing manner; charmingly. "She . . . sings most enticingly." Addison. ENTIERTY En*tier"ty, n. Defn: See Entirety. [Obs.] ENTIRE En*tire", a. Etym: [F. entier, L. integer untouched, undiminished, entire; pref. in-, negative + the root of tangere to touch. See Tangent, and cf. Integer.] 1. Complete in all parts; undivided; undiminished; whole; full and perfect; not deficient; as, the entire control of a business; entire confidence, ignorance. That ye may be perfect and entire, wanting nothing. James i. 4. With strength entire and free will armed. Milton. One entire and perfect chrysolite. Shak. 2. Without mixture or alloy of anything; unqualified; morally whole; pure; faithful. Pure fear and entire cowardice. Shak. No man had ever a heart more entire to the king. Clarendon. 3. (Bot.) (a) Consisting of a single piece, as a corolla. (b) Having an evenly continuous edge, as a leaf which has no kind of teeth. 4. Not gelded; -- said of a horse. 5. Internal; interior. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. -- See Whole, and Radical. ENTIRE En*tire", n. 1. Entirely. "Too long to print in entire." Thackeray. 2. (Brewing) Defn: A name originally given to a kind of beer combining qualities of different kinds of beer. [Eng.] "Foker's Entire." Thackeray. ENTIRELY En*tire"ly, adv. 1. In an entire manner; wholly; completely; fully; as, the trace is entirely lost. Euphrates falls not entirely into the Persian Sea. Raleigh. 2. Without alloy or mixture; truly; sincerely. To highest God entirely pray. Spenser. ENTIRENESS En*tire"ness, n. 1. The state or condition of being entire; completeness; fullness; totality; as, the entireness of an arch or a bridge. This same entireness or completeness. Trench. 2. Integrity; wholeness of heart; honesty. [R.] Entireness in preaching the gospel. Udall. 3. Oneness; unity; -- applied to a condition of intimacy or close association. [Obs.] True Christian love may be separated from acquaintance, and acquaintance from entireness. Bp. Hall. ENTIRETY En*tire"ty, n.; pl. Entireness. Etym: [OF. entiereté. Cf. Integrity.] 1. The state of being entire; completeness; as, entirely of interest. Blackstone. 2. That which is entire; the whole. Bacon. ENTIRE-WHEAT En*tire"-wheat", a. Defn: Designating, made of, or relating to, flour including a considerable part of the bran. ENTITATIVE En"ti*ta*tive, a. Etym: [See Entity.] Defn: Considered as pure entity; abstracted from all circumstances. Ellis. -- En"ti*ta*tive*ly, adv. ENTITLE En*ti"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entitled; p. pr. & vb. n. Entitling.] Etym: [OF. entituler, F. intituler, LL. intitulare, fr. L. in + titulus title. See Title, and cf. Intitule.] 1. To give a title to; to affix to as a name or appellation; hence, also, to dignify by an honorary designation; to denominate; to call; as, to entitle a book "Commentaries;" to entitle a man "Honorable." That which . . . we entitle patience. Shak. 2. To give a claim to; to qualify for, with a direct object of the person, and a remote object of the thing; to furnish with grounds for seeking or claiming with success; as, an officer's talents entitle him to command. 3. To attribute; to ascribe. [Obs.] The ancient proverb . . . entitles this work . . . peculiarly to God himself. Milton. Syn. -- To name; designate; style; characterize; empower; qualify; enable; fit. ENTITULE En*tit"ule, v. t. Etym: [See Entitle.] Defn: To entitle. B. Jonson. ENTITY En"ti*ty, n.; pl. Entities. Etym: [LL. entitas, fr. L. ens, entis, thing, prop. p. pr. of esse to be: cf. F. entité. See Essence, Is.] Defn: A real being, whether in thought (as an ideal conception) or in fact; being; essence; existence. Self-subsisting entities, such as our own personality. Shairp. Fortune is no real entity, . . . but a mere relative signification. Bentley. ENTO- En"to-. Etym: [Gr. In.] Defn: A combining form signifying within; as, entoblast. ENTOBLAST En"to*blast, n. Etym: [Ento- + -blast.] (Biol.) Defn: The inner germ layer; endoderm. See Nucleolus. ENTOBRONCHIUM En`to*bron"chi*um, n.; pl. Entobronchia. Etym: [See Ento-, and Bronchia.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the main bronchi in the lungs of birds. ENTOCUNEIFORM; ENTOCUNIFORM En`to*cu*ne"i*form, En`to*cu"ni*form, n. Etym: [Ento- + cuneiform, cuniform.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the bones of the tarsus. See Cuneiform. ENTODERM En"to*derm, n. Etym: [Ento- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: See Endoderm, and Illust. of Blastoderm. ENTODERMAL; ENTODERMIC En`to*der"mal, En`to*der"mic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to the entoderm. ENTOGASTRIC En`to*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Ento- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the interior of the stomach; -- applied to a mode of budding from the interior of the gastric cavity, in certain hydroids. ENTOGENOUS En*tog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Ento- + -genous.] (Biol.) Defn: See Endogenous. ENTOGLOSSAL En`to*glos"sal, a. Etym: [Ento- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Within the tongue; -- applied to the glossohyal bone. ENTOIL En*toil", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entoiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Entoiling.] Defn: To take with toils or bring into toils; to insnare. [R.] Entoiled in woofed phantasies. Keats. ENTOMB En*tomb", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entombed; p. pr. & vb. n. Entombing.] Etym: [Pref. en- + tomb: cf. OF. entomber.] Defn: To deposit in a tomb, as a dead body; to bury; to inter; to inhume. Hooker. ENTOMBMENT En*tomb"ment, n. Defn: The act of entombing or burying, or state of being entombed; burial. Barrow. ENTOMERE En"to*mere, n. Etym: [Ento- + -mere.] (Biol.) Defn: The more granular cells, which finally become internal, in many segmenting ova, as those of mammals. ENTOMIC; ENTOMICAL En*tom"ic, En*tom"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Entomology.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Relating to insects; entomological. ENTOMOID En"to*moid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling an insect. -- n. Defn: An object resembling an insect. ENTOMOLIN En*tom"o*lin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: See Chitin. ENTOMOLITE En*tom"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil insect. ENTOMOLOGIC; ENTOMOLOGICAL En`to*mo*log"ic, En`to*mo*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. entomologique.] Defn: Of or relating to entomology. -- En`to*mo*log"ic*al*ly, adv. ENTOMOLOGIST En`to*mol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. entomologiste.] Defn: One versed in entomology. ENTOMOLOGIZE En`to*mol"o*gize, v. i. Defn: To collect specimens in the study of entomology. C. Kingsley. ENTOMOLOGY En`to*mol"o*gy, n.; pl. Entomologies. Etym: [Gr. 'e`ntomon insect (so called because nearly cut in two, fr. 'e`ntomos cut in; 'en in + te`mnein to cut) + -logy: cf. F. entomologie. See In, and Tome, and cf. Insect.] 1. That part of zoölogy which treats of insects. 2. A treatise on the science of entomology. ENTOMOPHAGA En`to*moph"a*ga, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 'e`ntomon an insect + fagei^n to eat.] (Zoöl.) 1. One of a group of hymenopterous insects whose larvæ feed parasitically upon living insects. See Ichneumon, 2. 2. A group of marsupials which are partly insectivorous, as the opossum. 3. A group of edentates, including the ant-eaters. ENTOMOPHAGAN En`to*moph"a*gan, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Relating to the Entomophaga. -- n. Defn: One of the Entomophaga. ENTOMOPHAGOUS En`to*moph"a*gous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Feeding on insects; insectivorous. ENTOMOPHILOUS En`to*moph"i*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Fertilized by the agency of insects; -- said of plants in which the pollen is carried to the stigma by insects. ENTOMOSTRACA En`to*mos"tra*ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the subclasses of Crustacea, including a large number of species, many of them minute. The group embraces several orders; as the Phyllopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, and Pectostraca. See Copepoda, Phyllopoda, and Cladocera. ENTOMOSTRACAN En`to*mos"tra*can, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Relating to the Entomostraca. -- n. Defn: One of the Entomostraca. ENTOMOSTRACOUS En`to*mos"tra*cous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Entomostracans. ENTOMOTOMIST En`to*mot"o*mist, n. Defn: One who practices entomotomy. ENTOMOTOMY En`to*mot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The science of the dissection of insects. ENTONIC En*ton"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Entasis.] (Med.) Defn: Having great tension, or exaggerated action. Dunglison. ENTOPERIPHERAL En`to*pe*riph"er*al, a. Etym: [Ento- + peripheral.] (Physiol.) Defn: Being, or having its origin, within the external surface of the body; -- especially applied to feelings, such as hunger, produced by internal disturbances. Opposed to epiperipheral. ENTOPHYTE En"to*phyte, n. Etym: [Ento- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: A vegetable parasite subsisting in the interior of the body. ENTOPHYTIC En`to*phyt"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to entophytes; as, an entophytic disease. ENTOPLASM En"to*plasm, n. Etym: [Ento- + Gr. (Biol.) (a) The inner granular layer of protoplasm in a developing ovum. (b) Endosarc. ENTOPLASTIC En`to*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Ento- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or composed of, entoplasm; as, the entoplastic products of some Protozoa, or the entoplastic modification of the cell protoplasm, by which a nucleus is produced. ENTOPLASTRON En`to*plas"tron, n.; pl. Entoplastra. Etym: [Ento- + plastron.] (Anat.) Defn: The median plate of the plastron of turtles; -- called also entosternum. ENTOPROCTA En`to*proc"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Bryozoa in which the anus is within the circle of tentacles. See Pedicellina. ENTOPTIC Ent*op"tic, a. Etym: [Ent- + optic.] (Physiol.) Defn: Relating to objects situated within the eye; esp., relating to the perception of objects in one's own eye. ENTORGANISM Ent*or"gan*ism, n. Etym: [Ent- + organism.] (Biol.) Defn: An internal parasitic organism. ENTORTILATION En*tor`ti*la"tion, n. Etym: [F. entortiller to twist; pref. en- (L. in) + tortiller to twist.] Defn: A turning into a circle; round figures. [Obs.] Donne. ENTOSTERNUM En`to*ster"num, n.; pl. Entosterna. Etym: [NL. See Ento-, and Sternum.] (Anat.) Defn: See Entoplastron. -- En`to*ster"nal, a. ENTOSTHOBLAST En*tos"tho*blast, n. Etym: [Gr. 'e`ntosthe from within + -blast.] (Biol.) Defn: The granule within the nucleolus or entoblast of a nucleated cell. Agassiz. ENTOTHORAX En`to*tho"rax, n. Etym: [Ento- + thorax.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Endothorax. ENTOTIC Ent*ot"ic, a. Etym: [Ent- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the interior of the ear. ENTOURAGE En`tou`rage" (äN`too`razh"), n. [F.] Defn: Surroundings; specif., collectively, one's attendants or associates. The entourage and mode of life of the mikados were not such as to make of them able rulers. B. H. Chamberlain. ENTOZOA En`to*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) 1. A group of worms, including the tapeworms, flukes, roundworms, etc., most of which live parasitically in the interior of other animals; the Helminthes. 2. An artificial group, including all kinds of animals living parasitically in others. ENTOZOAL; ENTOZOIC En`to*zo"al, En`to*zo"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, the Entozoa. ENTOZOOLOGIST; ENTOZOOELOGIST En`to*zo*öl"o*gist, n. Etym: [Entozoön + -logy + -ist.] Defn: One versed in the science of the Entozoa. ENTOZOON; ENTOZOOEN En`to*zo"ön, n.; pl. Entozoa. Etym: [NL. See Entozoa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Entozoa. ENTR'ACTE En`tr'acte", n. Etym: [F. Cf. Interact.] 1. The interval of time which occurs between the performance of any two acts of a drama. 2. A dance, piece of music, or interlude, performed between two acts of a drama. ENTRAIL En*trail", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + OF. treiller to grate, lattice, F. treille vine, arbor. See Trellis.] Defn: To interweave; to intertwine. [Obs.] Spenser. ENTRAIL En*trail", n. Defn: Entanglement; fold. [Obs.] Spenser. ENTRAILS En"trails, n. pl. Etym: [F. entrailles, LL. intralia, intranea, fr. interaneum, pl. interanea, intestine, interaneus inward, interior, fr. inter between, among, within. See Internal.] 1. The internal parts of animal bodies; the bowels; the guts; viscera; intestines. 2. The internal parts; as, the entrails of the earth. That treasure . . . hid the dark entrails of America. Locke. ENTRAIN En*train", v. t. Etym: [F. entrainer.] Defn: To draw along as a current does; as, water entrained by steam. ENTRAIN En*train", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + train.] Defn: To put aboard a railway train; as, to entrain a regiment. [Recent, Eng.] ENTRAIN En*train", v. i. Defn: To go aboard a railway train; as, the troops entrained at the station. [Recent, Eng.] ENTRAMMEL En*tram"mel, v. t. Etym: [See Trammel.] Defn: To trammel; to entangle. Bp. Hacket. ENTRANCE En"trance, n. Etym: [OF. entrance, fr. OF. & F. entrant, p. pr. of entrer to enter. See Enter.] 1. The act of entering or going into; ingress; as, the entrance of a person into a house or an apartment; hence, the act of taking possession, as of property, or of office; as, the entrance of an heir upon his inheritance, or of a magistrate into office. 2. Liberty, power, or permission to enter; as, to give entrance to friends. Shak. 3. The passage, door, or gate, for entering. Show us, we pray thee, the entrance into the city. Judg. i. 24. 4. The entering upon; the beginning, or that with which the beginning is made; the commencement; initiation; as, a difficult entrance into business. "Beware of entrance to a quarrel." Shak. St. Augustine, in the entrance of one of his discourses, makes a kind of apology. Hakewill. 5. The causing to be entered upon a register, as a ship or goods, at a customhouse; an entering; as, his entrance of the arrival was made the same day. 6. (Naut.) (a) The angle which the bow of a vessel makes with the water at the water line. Ham. Nav. Encyc. (b) The bow, or entire wedgelike forepart of a vessel, below the water line. Totten. ENTRANCE En*trance", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entranced; p. pr. & vb. n. Entrancing.] Etym: [Pref. en- + trance.] 1. To put into a trance; to make insensible to present objects. Him, still entranced and in a litter laid, They bore from field and to the bed conveyed. Dryden. 2. To put into an ecstasy; to ravish with delight or wonder; to enrapture; to charm. And I so ravished with her heavenly note, I stood entranced, and had no room for thought. Dryden. ENTRANCEMENT En*trance"ment, n. Defn: The act of entrancing, or the state of trance or ecstasy. Otway. ENTRANT En"trant, n. Etym: [See Entrance, n.] 1. One who enters; a beginner. "The entrant upon life." Bp. Terrot. 2. An applicant for admission. Stormonth. ENTRAP En*trap", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entrapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Entrapping.] Etym: [Pref. en- + trap: cf. OF. entraper.] Defn: To catch in a trap; to insnare; hence, to catch, as in a trap, by artifices; to involve in difficulties or distresses; to catch or involve in contradictions; as, to be entrapped by the devices of evil men. A golden mesh, to entrap the hearts of men. Shak. Syn. -- To insnare; inveigle; tangle; decoy; entangle. ENTREAT En*treat", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Entreated; p. pr. & vb. n. Entreating.] Etym: [OE. entreten to treat, request, OF. entraiter to treat of; pref. en- (L. in) + traitier to treat. See Treat.] 1. To treat, or conduct toward; to deal with; to use. [Obs.] Fairly let her be entreated. Shak. I will cause the enemy to entreat thee well. Jer. xv. 11. 2. To treat with, or in respect to, a thing desired; hence, to ask earnestly; to beseech; to petition or pray with urgency; to supplicate; to importune. "Entreat my wife to come." "I do entreat your patience." Shak. I must entreat of you some of that money. Shak. Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door. Poe. Isaac entreated the Lord for his wife. Gen. xxv. 21. 3. To beseech or supplicate successfully; to prevail upon by prayer or solicitation; to persuade. It were a fruitless attempt to appease a power whom no prayers could entreat. Rogers. 4. To invite; to entertain. [Obs.] "Pleasures to entreat." Spenser. Syn. -- To beseech; beg; solicit; crave; implore; supplicate. See Beseech. ENTREAT En*treat", v. i. 1. To treat or discourse; hence, to enter into negotiations, as for a treaty. [Obs.] Of which I shall have further occasion to entreat. Hakewill. Alexander . . . was first that entreated of true peace with them. 1 Mac. x. 47. 2. To make an earnest petition or request. The Janizaries entreated for them as valiant men. Knolles. ENTREAT En*treat", n. Defn: Entreaty. [Obs.] Ford. ENTREATABLE En*treat"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be entreated. ENTREATANCE En*treat"ance, n. Defn: Entreaty. [Obs.] Fairfax. ENTREATER En*treat"er, n. Defn: One who entreats; one who asks earnestly; a beseecher. ENTREATFUL En*treat"ful, a. Defn: Full of entreaty. [R.] See Intreatful. ENTREATINGLY En*treat"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In an entreating manner. ENTREATIVE En*treat"ive, a. Defn: Used in entreaty; pleading. [R.] "Entreative phrase." A. Brewer. ENTREATMENT En*treat"ment, n. Defn: Entreaty; invitation. [Obs.] Shak. ENTREATY En*treat"y, n.; pl. Entreaties (. 1. Treatment; reception; entertainment. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. The act of entreating or beseeching; urgent prayer; earnest petition; pressing solicitation. Fair entreaty, and sweet blandishment. Spenser. Syn. -- Solicitation; request; suit; supplication; importunity. ENTREE En`trée", n. Etym: [F. See Entry.] 1. A coming in, or entrance; hence, freedom of access; permission or right to enter; as, to have the entrée of a house. 2. (Cookery) Defn: In French usage, a dish served at the beginning of dinner to give zest to the appetite; in English usage, a side dish, served with a joint, or between the courses, as a cutlet, scalloped oysters, etc. ENTREMETS En`tre*mets", n. sing. & pl. Etym: [F., fr. entre between + mets a dish, mess.] 1. (Cookery) Defn: A side dish; a dainty or relishing dish usually eaten after the joints or principal dish; also, a sweetmeat, served with a dinner. 2. Any small entertainment between two greater ones. [R.] ENTRENCH En*trench", v. t. Defn: See Intrench. ENTREPOT En`tre*pôt", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A warehouse; a magazine for depositing goods, stores, etc.; a mart or place where merchandise is deposited; as, an entrepôt for shipping goods in transit. ENTREPRENEUR En`tre*pre*neur", n. Etym: [F. See Enterprise.] (Polit. Econ.) Defn: One who creates a product on his own account; whoever undertakes on his own account an industrial enterprise in which workmen are employed. F. A. Walker. ENTRESOL En`tre*sol", n. Etym: [F.] (Arch.) Defn: A low story between two higher ones, usually between the ground floor and the first story; mezzanine. Parker. ENTRICK En*trick", v. t. Etym: [Cf. OE. entriken to perplex, OF. entriquer. Cf. Trick, Intrigue.] Defn: To trick, to perplex. [Obs.] Rom. of R. ENTROCHAL En"tro*chal, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, entrochites, or the joints of encrinites; -- used of a kind of stone or marble. ENTROCHITE En"tro*chite, n. Etym: [Pref. en- + Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil joint of a crinoid stem. ENTROPION En*tro"pi*on, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: Same as Entropium. ENTROPIUM En*tro"pi*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Entropy.] (Med.) Defn: The inversion or turning in of the border of the eyelids. ENTROPY En"tro*py, n. Etym: [Gr. (Thermodynamics) Defn: A certain property of a body, expressed as a measurable quantity, such that when there is no communication of heat the quantity remains constant, but when heat enters or leaves the body the quantity increases or diminishes. If a small amount, h, of heat enters the body when its temperature is t in the thermodynamic scale the entropy of the body is increased by h . The entropy is regarded as measured from some standard temperature and pressure. Sometimes called the thermodynamic function. The entropy of the universe tends towards a maximum. Clausius. ENTRUST En*trust", v. t. Defn: See Intrust. ENTRY En"try, n.; pl. Entries. Etym: [OE. entree, entre, F. entrée, fr. entrer to enter. See Enter, and cf. Entrée.] 1. The act of entering or passing into or upon; entrance; ingress; hence, beginnings or first attempts; as, the entry of a person into a house or city; the entry of a river into the sea; the entry of air into the blood; an entry upon an undertaking. 2. The act of making or entering a record; a setting down in writing the particulars, as of a transaction; as, an entry of a sale; also, that which is entered; an item. A notary made an entry of this act. Bacon. 3. That by which entrance is made; a passage leading into a house or other building, or to a room; a vestibule; an adit, as of a mine. A straight, long entry to the temple led. Dryden. 4. (Com.) Defn: The exhibition or depositing of a ship's papers at the customhouse, to procure license to land goods; or the giving an account of a ship's cargo to the officer of the customs, and obtaining his permission to land the goods. See Enter, v. t., 8, and Entrance, n., 5. 5. (Law) (a) The actual taking possession of lands or tenements, by entering or setting foot on them. (b) A putting upon record in proper form and order. (c) The act in addition to breaking essential to constitute the offense or burglary. Burrill. Bill of entry. See under Bill. -- Double entry, Single entry. See Bookkeeping. -- Entry clerk (Com.), a clerk who makes the original entries of transactions in a business. -- Writ of entry (Law), a writ issued for the purpose of obtaining possession of land from one who has unlawfully entered and continues in possession. Bouvier. ENTRYNG En"tryng, n. Defn: Am entrance. [Obs.] So great an entryng and so large. Chaucer. ENTUNE En*tune", v. t. Defn: To tune; to intone. Chaucer. ENTWINE En*twine", v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + twine. Cf. Intwine.] Defn: To twine, twist, or wreathe together or round. [Written also intwine.] Entwined in duskier wreaths her braided locks. Shelley. Thy glorious household stuff did me entwine. Herbert. ENTWINE En*twine", v. i. Defn: To be twisted or twined. With whose imperial laurels might entwine no cypress. De Quincey. ENTWINEMENT En*twine"ment, n. Defn: A twining or twisting together or round; union. Bp. Hacket. ENTWIST En*twist", v. t. Defn: To twist or wreathe round; to intwine. Shak. ENUBILATE E*nu"bi*late, v. t. Etym: [L. enubilatus, p. p. of enubilare to enubilate; e out + nubila clouds, fr. nubilis cloudy, nubes cloud.] Defn: To clear from mist, clouds, or obscurity. [R.] Bailey. ENUBILOUS E*nu"bi*lous, a. Etym: [See Enubilate.] Defn: Free from fog, mist, or clouds; clear. [R.] ENUCLEATE E*nu"cle*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enucleated; p. pr. & vb. n. Enucleating.] Etym: [L. enucleatus, p. p. of enucleare to enucleate; e out + nucleus kernel.] 1. To bring or peel out, as a kernel from its enveloping husks its enveloping husks or shell. 2. (Med.) Defn: To remove without cutting (as a tumor). 3. To bring to light; to make clear. Sclater (1654). ENUCLEATION E*nu`cle*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. énucléation.] Defn: The act of enucleating; elucidation; exposition. Neither sir, nor water, nor food, seem directly to contribute anything to the enucleation of this disease. Tooke. ENUMERATE E*nu"mer*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enumerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Enumerating.] Etym: [L. enumeratus, p. p. of enumerare to count out, enumerate; e out + numerare to count, fr. numerus number. See Number.] Defn: To count; to tell by numbers; to count over, or tell off one after another; to number; to reckon up; to mention one by one; to name over; to make a special and separate account of; to recount; as, to enumerate the stars in a constellation. Enumerating the services he had done. Ludlow. Syn. -- To reckon; compute; calculate; count; estimate; relate; rehearse; recapitulate; detail. ENUMERATION E*nu`mer*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. enumeratio: cf. F. énumération.] 1. The act of enumerating, making separate mention, or recounting. 2. A detailed account, in which each thing is specially noticed. Because almost every man we meet possesses these, we leave them out of our enumeration. Paley. 3. (Rhet.) Defn: A recapitulation, in the peroration, of the heads of an argument. ENUMERATIVE E*nu"mer*a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. énumératif.] Defn: Counting, or reckoning up, one by one. Enumerative of the variety of evils. Jer. Taylor. ENUMERATOR E*nu"mer*a`tor, n. Defn: One who enumerates. ENUNCIABLE E*nun"ci*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being enunciated or expressed. ENUNCIATE E*nun"ci*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enunciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Enunciating.] Etym: [L. enuntiatus, -ciatus, p. p. of enuntiare, - ciare. See Enounce.] 1. To make a formal statement of; to announce; to proclaim; to declare, as a truth. The terms in which he enunciates the great doctrines of the gospel. Coleridge. 2. To make distinctly audible; to utter articulately; to pronounce; as, to enunciate a word distinctly. ENUNCIATE E*nun"ci*ate, v. i. Defn: To utter words or syllables articulately. ENUNCIATION E*nun`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. enuntiatio, -ciatio.] 1. The act of enunciating, announcing, proclaiming, or making known; open attestation; declaration; as, the enunciation of an important truth. By way of interpretation and enunciation. Jer. Taylor. 2. Mode of utterance or pronunciation, especially as regards fullness and distinctness or articulation; as, to speak with a clear or impressive enunciation. 3. That which is enunciated or announced; words in which a proposition is expressed; an announcement; a formal declaration; a statement. Every intelligible enunciation must be either true or false. A. Clarke. ENUNCIATIVE E*nun"ci*a*tive, a. Etym: [L. enuntiativus, -ciativus.] Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, enunciation; declarative. Ayliffe. -- E*nun"ci*a*tive*ly, adv. ENUNCIATOR E*nun"ci*a`tor, n. Etym: [L. enuntiator, enunciator.] Defn: One who enunciates or proclaims. ENUNCIATORY E*nun"ci*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, enunciation or utterance. ENURE En*ure", v. t. Defn: See Inure. ENURESIS En`u*re"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: An involuntary discharge of urine; incontinence of urine. ENVASSAL En*vas"sal, v. t. Defn: To make a vassal of. [Obs.] ENVAULT En*vault", v. t. Defn: To inclose in a vault; to entomb. [R.] Swift. ENVEIGLE En*vei"gle, v. t. Defn: To entice. See Inveigle. ENVELOP En*vel"op, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enveloped; p. pr. & vb. n. Enveloping.] Etym: [OE. envolupen, envolipen, OF. envoluper, envoleper, F. envelopper; pref. en- (L. in) + voluper, voleper. See Develop.] Defn: To put a covering about; to wrap up or in; to inclose within a case, wrapper, integument or the like; to surround entirely; as, to envelop goods or a letter; the fog envelops a ship. Nocturnal shades this world envelop. J. Philips. ENVELOPE; ENVELOP En"vel*ope, En*vel"op, n. Etym: [F. enveloppe.] 1. That which envelops, wraps up, encases, or surrounds; a wrapper; an inclosing cover; esp., the cover or wrapper of a document, as of a letter. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The nebulous covering of the head or nucleus of a comet; -- called also coma. 3. (Fort.) Defn: A work of earth, in the form of a single parapet or of a small rampart. It is sometimes raised in the ditch and sometimes beyond it. Wilhelm. 4. (Geom.) Defn: A curve or surface which is tangent to each member of a system of curves or surfaces, the form and position of the members of the system being allowed to vary according to some continuous law. Thus, any curve is the envelope of its tangents. push the envelope. It is used to refer to the maximum performance available at the current state of the technology, and therefore refers to a class of machines in general, not a specific machine. push the envelope Increase the capability of some type of machine or system; -- usu. by technological development. ENVELOPMENT En*vel"op*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. enveloppement.] 1. The act of enveloping or wrapping; an inclosing or covering on all sides. 2. That which envelops or surrounds; an envelop. ENVENIME En*ven"ime, v. t. Defn: To envenom. [Obs.] ENVENOM En*ven"om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Envenomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Envenoming.] Etym: [OE. envenimen, F. envenimer; pref. en- (L. in) + F. venin poison. See Venom.] 1. To taint or impregnate with venom, or any substance noxious to life; to poison; to render dangerous or deadly by poison, as food, drink, a weapon; as, envenomed meat, wine, or arrow; also, to poison (a person) by impregnating with venom. Alcides . . . felt the envenomed robe. Milton. O, what a world is this, when what is comely Envenoms him that bears it! Shak. 2. To taint or impregnate with bitterness, malice, or hatred; to imbue as with venom; to imbitter. The envenomed tongue of calumny. Smollett. On the question of slavery opinion has of late years been peculiarly envenomed. Sir G. C. Lewis. ENVERMEIL En*ver"meil, v. t. Etym: [Pref. en- + vermeil: cf. OF. envermeiller. See Vermil.] Defn: To color with, or as with, vermilion; to dye red. [Obs.] Milton. ENVIABLE En"vi*a*ble, a. Etym: [From Envy.] Defn: Fitted to excite envy; capable of awakening an ardent desire to posses or to resemble. One of most enviable of human beings. Macaulay. -- En"vi*a*ble*ness, n. -- En"vi*a*bly, adv. ENVIE En*vie", v. i. Etym: [See Vie.] Defn: To vie; to emulate; to strive. [Obs.] Spenser. ENVIER En"vi*er, n. Defn: One who envies; one who desires inordinately what another possesses. ENVIGOR En*vig"or, v. t. Defn: To invigorate. [Obs.] ENVIOUS En"vi*ous, a. Etym: [OF. envios, F. envieux, fr. L. invidiosus, fr. invidia envy. See Envy, and cf. Invidious.] 1. Malignant; mischievous; spiteful. [Obs.] Each envious brier his weary legs doth scratch. Shak. 2. Feeling or exhibiting envy; actuated or directed by, or proceeding from, envy; -- said of a person, disposition, feeling, act, etc.; jealously pained by the excellence or good fortune of another; maliciously grudging; -- followed by of, at, and against; as, an envious man, disposition, attack; envious tongues. My soul is envious of mine eye. Keble. Neither be thou envious at the wicked. Prov. xxiv. 19. 3. Inspiring envy. [Obs. or Poetic] He to him leapt, and that same envious gage Of victor's glory from him snatched away. Spenser. 4. Excessively careful; cautious. [Obs.] No men are so envious of their health. Jer. Taylor. -- En"vi*ous*ly, adv. -- En"vi*ous*ness, n. ENVIRON En*vi"ron, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Environed; p. pr. & vb. n. Environing.] Etym: [F. environner, fr. environ about, thereabout; pref. en- (L. in) + OF. viron circle, circuit, fr. OF. & F. virer to turn, LL. virare to turn up and down, topsy-turvy. Cf. Veer.] Defn: To surround; to encompass; to encircle; to hem in; to be round about; to involve or envelop. Dwelling in a pleasant glade, With mountains round about environed. Spenser. Environed he was with many foes. Shak. Environ me with darkness whilst I write. Donne. ENVIRON En*vi"ron, adv. Etym: [F.] Defn: About; around. [Obs.] Lord Godfrey's eye three times environ goes. Fairfax. ENVIRONMENT En*vi"ron*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. environnement.] 1. Act of environing; state of being environed. 2. That which environs or surrounds; surrounding conditions, influences, or forces, by which living forms are influenced and modified in their growth and development. It is no friendly environment, this of thine. Carlyle. ENVIRONS En*vi"rons, n. pl. Etym: [F.] Defn: The parts or places which surround another place, or lie in its neighborhood; suburbs; as, the environs of a city or town. Chesterfield. ENVISAGE En*vis"age (; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Envisaged (; 48); p. pr. & vb. n. Envisaging.] Etym: [F. envisager; pref. en- (L. in) + visage face, visage. See Visage.] Defn: To look in the face of; to apprehend; to regard. [R.] Keats. From the very dawn of existence the infant must envisage self, and body acting on self. McCosh. ENVISAGEMENT En*vis"age*ment, n. Defn: The act of envisaging. ENVOLUME En*vol"ume, v. t. Defn: To form into, or incorporate with, a volume. [R.] ENVOLUP En*vol"up, v. t. Etym: [See Envelop.] Defn: To wrap up; to envelop. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENVOY En"voy, n. Etym: [F. envoyé envoy, fr. envoyer to send; pref. en- (L. in) + voie way, L. via: cf. F. envoi an envoy (in sense 2). See Voyage, and cf. Invoice.] 1. One dispatched upon an errand or mission; a messenger; esp., a person deputed by a sovereign or a government to negotiate a treaty, or transact other business, with a foreign sovereign or government; a minister accredited to a foreign government. An envoy's rank is below that of an ambassador. 2. Etym: [F. envoi, fr. envoyer to send.] Defn: An explanatory or commendatory postscript to a poem, essay, or book; -- also in the French from, l'envoi. The envoy of a ballad is the "sending" of it forth. Skeat. ENVOYSHIP En"voy*ship, n. Defn: The office or position of an envoy. ENVY En"vy, n.; pl. Envies. Etym: [F. envie, L. invidia envious; akin to invidere to look askance at, to look with enmity; in against + videre to see. See Vision.] 1. Malice; ill will; spite. [Obs.] If he evade us there, Enforce him with his envy to the people. Shak. 2. Chagrin, mortification, discontent, or uneasiness at the sight of another's excellence or good fortune, accompanied with some degree of hatred and a desire to possess equal advantages; malicious grudging; -- usually followed by of; as, they did this in envy of Cæsar. Envy is a repining at the prosperity or good of another, or anger and displeasure at any good of another which we want, or any advantage another hath above us. Ray. No bliss Enjoyed by us excites his envy more. Milton. Envy, to which the ignoble mind's a slave, Is emulation in the learned or brave. Pope. 3. Emulation; rivalry. [Obs.] Such as cleanliness and decency Prompt to a virtuous envy. Ford. 4. Public odium; ill repute. [Obs.] To lay the envy of the war upon Cicero. B. Jonson. 5. An object of envious notice or feeling. This constitution in former days used to be the envy of the world. Macaulay. ENVY En"vy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Envied; p. pr. & vb. n. Envying.] Etym: [F. envier.] 1. To feel envy at or towards; to be envious of; to have a feeling of uneasiness or mortification in regard to (any one), arising from the sight of another's excellence or good fortune and a longing to possess it. A woman does not envy a man for his fighting courage, nor a man a woman for her beauty. Collier. Whoever envies another confesses his superiority. Rambler. 2. To feel envy on account of; to have a feeling of grief or repining, with a longing to possess (some excellence or good fortune of another, or an equal good fortune, etc.); to look with grudging upon; to begrudge. I have seen thee fight, When I have envied thy behavior. Shak. Jeffrey . . . had actually envied his friends their cool mountain breezes. Froude. 3. To long after; to desire strongly; to covet. Or climb his knee the envied kiss to share. T. Gray. 4. To do harm to; to injure; to disparage. [Obs.] If I make a lie To gain your love and envy my best mistress, Put me against a wall. J. Fletcher. 5. To hate. [Obs.] Marlowe. 6. To emulate. [Obs.] Spenser. ENVY En"vy, v. i. 1. To be filled with envious feelings; to regard anything with grudging and longing eyes; -- used especially with at. Who would envy at the prosperity of the wicked Jer. Taylor. 2. To show malice or ill will; to rail. [Obs.] "He has . . . envied against the people." Shak. ENVYNED En*vyned", a. Etym: [OF. enviner to store with wine; pref. en- (L. in) + vin wine. See Vine.] Defn: Stored or furnished with wine. [Obs.] Chaucer. ENWALL En*wall", v. t. Defn: See Inwall. Sir P. Sidney. ENWALLOW En*wal"low, v. t. Defn: To plunge into, or roll in, flith; to wallow. So now all three one senseless lump remain, Enwallowed in his own black bloody gore. Spenser. ENWHEEL En*wheel", v. t. Defn: To encircle. Shak. ENWIDEN En*wid"en, v. t. Defn: To widen. [Obs.] ENWIND En*wind", v. t. Defn: To wind about; to encircle. In the circle of his arms Enwound us both. Tennyson. ENWOMAN En*wom"an, v. t. Defn: To endow with the qualities of a woman. [R.] Daniel. ENWOMB En*womb", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enwombed; p. pr. & vb. n. Enwombing.] 1. To conceive in the womb. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To bury, as it were in a womb; to hide, as in a gulf, pit, or cavern. Donne. ENWRAP En*wrap", v. t. Defn: To envelop. See Inwrap. ENWRAPMENT En*wrap"ment, n. Defn: Act of enwrapping; a wrapping or an envelope. Shuckford. ENWREATHE En*wreathe", v. t. Defn: See Inwreathe. Shelton. ENZOOTIC; ENZOOETIC En`zo*öt"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. enzoötique.] Defn: Afflicting animals; -- used of a disease affecting the animals of a district. It corresponds to an endemic disease among men. ENZYME En"zyme, n. Etym: [Pref. en- (Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An unorganized or unformed ferment, in distinction from an organized or living ferment; a soluble, or chemical, ferment. Ptyalin, pepsin, diastase, and rennet are good examples of enzymes. EOCENE E"o*cene, a. Etym: [Gr. (Geol.) Defn: Pertaining to the first in time of the three subdivisions into which the Tertiary formation is divided by geologists, and alluding to the approximation in its life to that of the present era; as, Eocene deposits. -- n. Defn: The Eocene formation. Lyell. EOLIAN E*o"li*an, a. Etym: [See Æolian.] 1. Æolian. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Formed, or deposited, by the action of wind, as dunes. Eolian attachment, Eolian harp. See Æolian. EOLIC E*ol"ic, a. & n. Defn: See Æolic. EOLIPILE E*ol"i*pile, n. Etym: [Cf. F. éolipyle.] Defn: Same as Æolipile. EOLIS E"o*lis, n. Etym: [L. Aeolis a daughter of Æolus, Gr. A'ioli`s.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of nudibranch mollusks having clusters of branchial papillæ along the back. See Ceratobranchia. [Written also Æolis.] EON; AEON E"on, Æ"on, n. Etym: [L. aeon, fr. Gr. a'iwn space or period of time, lifetime, age; akin to L. aevum. See Age.] 1. An immeasurable or infinite space of time; eternity; a long space of time; an age. The eons of geological time. Huxley. 2. (Gnostic Philos.) Defn: One of the embodiments of the divine attributes of the Eternal Being. Among the higher Æons are Mind, Reason, Power, Truth, and Life. Am. Cyc. Note: Eons were considered to be emanations sent forth by God from the depths of His grand solitude to fulfill various functions in the material and spiritual universe. EOPHYTE E"o*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil plant which is found in the lowest beds of the Silurian age. EOPHYTIC E`o*phyt"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to eophytes. EOS E"os, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 'Hw`s.] (Gr. Myth.) Defn: Aurora, the goddess of morn. EOSAURUS E`o*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 'hw`s dawn + say^ros lizard.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct marine reptile from the coal measures of Nova Scotia; -- so named because supposed to be of the earliest known reptiles. EOSIN E"o*sin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow or brownish red dyestuff obtained by the action of bromine on fluoresceïn, and named from the fine rose-red which it imparts to silk. It is also used for making a fine red ink. Its solution is fluorescent. EOSPHORITE E*os"pho*rite, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Min.) Defn: A hydrous phosphate of alumina and manganese. It is generally of a rose-pink color, -- whence the name. EOZOIC E`o*zo"ic, a. Etym: [See Eozoön.] (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to rocks or strata older than the Paleozoic, in many of which the eozoön has been found. Note: This term has been proposed for the strata formerly called Azoic, and is preferred especially by those geologists who regard the eozoön as of organic origin. See Archæan. EOZOON; EOZOOEN E`o*zo"ön, n.; pl. Eozoöns, L. Eozoa. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 'hw`s dawn + zw^,on an animal.] (Paleon.) Defn: A peculiar structure found in the Archæan limestones of Canada and other regions. By some geologists it is believed to be a species of gigantic Foraminifera, but others consider it a concretion, without organic structure. EOZOONAL; EOZOOENAL E`o*zo"ön*al, a. (Paleon.) Defn: Pertaining to the eozoön; containing eozoöns; as, eozoönal limestone. EP- Ep-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: See Epi-. EPACRIS Ep"a*cris, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs, natives of Australia, New Zealand, etc., having pretty white, red, or purple blossoms, and much resembling heaths. EPACT E"pact, n. Etym: [F. épacte, fr. Gr. Epi-, and Act.] (Chron.) Defn: The moon's age at the beginning of the calendar year, or the number of days by which the last new moon has preceded the beginning of the year. Annual epact, the excess of the solar year over the lunar year, -- being eleven days. -- Menstrual epact, or Monthly epact, the excess of a calendar month over a lunar. EPAGOGE Ep`a*go"ge, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. Epact.] (Logic) Defn: The adducing of particular examples so as to lead to a universal conclusion; the argument by induction. EPAGOGIC Ep`a*gog"ic, a. Defn: Inductive. Latham. EPALATE E*pal"ate, a. Etym: [Pref. e- + palpus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Without palpi. EPANADIPLOSIS Ep*an`a*di*plo"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which the same word is used both at the beginning and at the end of a sentence; as, "Rejoice in the Lord always: and again I say, Rejoice." Phil. iv. 4. EPANALEPSIS Ep*an`a*lep"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which the same word or clause is repeated after intervening matter. Gibbs. EPANAPHORA Ep`a*naph"o*ra, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: Same as Anaphora. Gibbs. EPANASTROPHE Ep`a*nas"tro*phe, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: Same as Anadiplosis. Gibbs. EPANODOS E*pan"o*dos, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure of speech in which the parts of a sentence or clause are repeated in inverse order, as in the following: -- O more exceeding love, or law more just Just law, indeed, but more exceeding love! Milton. EPANODY E*pan"o*dy, n. Etym: [See Epanodos.] (Bot.) Defn: The abnormal change of an irregular flower to a regular form; - - considered by evolutionists to be a reversion to an ancestral condition. EPANORTHOSIS Ep`an*or*tho"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: A figure by which a speaker recalls a word or words, in order to substitute something else stronger or more significant; as, Most brave! Brave, did I say most heroic act! EPANTHOUS Ep*an"thous, a. Etym: [Pref. ep- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Growing upon flowers; -- said of certain species of fungi. EPARCH Ep"arch, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: In ancient Greece, the governor or perfect of a province; in modern Greece, the ruler of an eparchy. EPARCHY Ep"arch*y, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A province, prefecture, or territory, under the jurisdiction of an eparch or governor; esp., in modern Greece, one of the larger subdivisions of a monarchy or province of the kingdom; in Russia, a diocese or archdiocese. EPARTERIAL Ep`ar*te"ri*al, a. Etym: [Pref. ep- + arterial.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated upon or above an artery; -- applied esp. to the branches of the bronchi given off above the point where the pulmonary artery crosses the bronchus. EPAULE E*paule", n. Etym: [F. épaule shoulder, shoulder of a bastion. See Epaulet, and cf. Spall the shoulder.] (Fort.) Defn: The shoulder of a bastion, or the place where its face and flank meet and form the angle, called the angle of the shoulder. EPAULEMENT E*paule"ment, n. Etym: [F. épaulement.] (Fort.) Defn: A side work, made of gabions, fascines, or bags, filled with earth, or of earth heaped up, to afford cover from the flanking fire of an enemy. EPAULET; EPAULETTE Ep"au*let`, Ep"au*lette`, n. Etym: [F. épaulette, dim. of épaule shoulder, fr. L. spatula a broad piece (LL., shoulder), dim. of spatha abroad, flat instrument, fr. Gr. Spade the instrument, and cf. Epaule, Spatula.] (Mil.) Defn: A shoulder ornament or badge worn by military and naval officers, differences of rank being marked by some peculiar form or device, as a star, eagle, etc.; a shoulder knot. Note: In the United States service the epaulet is reserved for full dress uniform. Its use was abolished in the British army in 1855. EPAULETED; EPAULETTED Ep"au*let`ed, Ep"au*let`ted, a. Defn: Wearing epaulets; decorated with epaulets. EPAXIAL Ep*ax"i*al, a. Etym: [Pref. ep- + axial.] (Anat.) Defn: Above, or on the dorsal side of, the axis of the skeleton; episkeletal. EPEIRA E*pei"ra, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of spiders, including the common garden spider (E. diadema). They spin geometrical webs. See Garden spider. EPEN Ep"en, n. (Anat.) Defn: See Epencephalon. EPENCEPHALIC Ep`en*ce*phal"ic, a. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to the epencephalon. (b) Situated on or over the brain. EPENCEPHALON Ep`en*ceph"a*lon, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The segment of the brain next behind the midbrain, including the cerebellum and pons; the hindbrain. Sometimes abbreviated to epen. EPENDYMA Ep*en"dy*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The epithelial lining of the ventricles of the brain and the canal of the spinal cord; endyma; ependymis. EPENDYMIS Ep*en"dy*mis, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Ependyma. EPENETIC Ep`e*net"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Bestowing praise; eulogistic; laudatory. [Obs.] E. Phillips. EPENTHESIS E*pen"the*sis, n.; pl. Epentheses. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gram.) Defn: The insertion of a letter or a sound in the body of a word; as, the b in "nimble" from AS. nemol. EPENTHETIC Ep`en*thet"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. épenthétique.] (Gram.) Defn: Inserted in the body of a word; as, an epenthetic letter or sound. EPERGNE É`pergne", n. Etym: [F. épargne a sparing or saving; a treasury. "Our épergne is a little treasury of sweetmeats, fruits, and flowers." Brewer.] Defn: A centerpiece for table decoration, usually consisting of several dishes or receptacles of different sizes grouped together in an ornamental design. EPERLAN É`per`lan", n. Etym: [F. éperlan, fr. G. spierling. See Sparling.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus). EPEXEGESIS Ep*ex`e*ge"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Exegesis.] Defn: A full or additional explanation; exegesis. EPEXEGETICAL Ep*ex`e*get"ic*al, a. Defn: Relating to epexegesis; explanatory; exegetical. EPHAH; EPHA E"phah, or E"pha, n. Etym: [Heb. Defn: A Hebrew dry measure, supposed to be equal to two pecks and five quarts. ten ephahs make one homer. EPHEMERA E*phem"e*ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: A fever of one day's continuance only. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of insects including the day flies, or ephemeral flies. See Ephemeral fly, under Ephemeral. EPHEMERAL E*phem"er*al, a. 1. Beginning and ending in a day; existing only, or no longer than, a day; diurnal; as, an ephemeral flower. 2. Short-lived; existing or continuing for a short time only. "Ephemeral popularity." V. Knox. Sentences not of ephemeral, but of eternal, efficacy. Sir J. Stephen. Ephemeral fly (Zoöl.), one of a group of neuropterous insects, belonging to the genus Ephemera and many allied genera, which live in the adult or winged state only for a short time. The larvæ are aquatic; -- called also day fly and May fly. EPHEMERAL E*phem"er*al, n. Defn: Anything lasting but a day, or a brief time; an ephemeral plant, insect, etc. EPHEMERAN E*phem"er*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the ephemeral flies. EPHEMERIC E*phem"e*ric, a. Defn: Ephemeral. EPHEMERIS E*phem"e*ris, n.; pl. Ephemerides. Etym: [L., a diary, Gr. Ephemera.] 1. A diary; a journal. Johnson. 2. (Anat.) (a) A publication giving the computed places of the heavenly bodies for each day of the year, with other numerical data, for the use of the astronomer and navigator; an astronomical almanac; as, the "American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac." (b) Any tabular statement of the assigned places of a heavenly body, as a planet or comet, on several successive days. 3. (Literature) Defn: A collective name for reviews, magazines, and all kinds of periodical literature. Brande & C. EPHEMERIST E*phem"er*ist, n. 1. One who studies the daily motions and positions of the planets. Howell. 2. One who keeps an ephemeris; a journalist. EPHEMERON E*phem"e*ron, n.; pl. Ephemera. Etym: [NL. See Ephemera.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the ephemeral flies. EPHEMEROUS E*phem"er*ous, a. Defn: Ephemeral. [R.] Burke. EPHESIAN E*phe"sian, a. Etym: [L. Ephesius: cf. F. éphésien.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Ephesus, an ancient city of Ionia, in Asia Minor. EPHESIAN E*phe"sian, n. 1. A native of Ephesus. 2. A jolly companion; a roisterer. [Obs.] Shak. EPHIALTES Eph`i*al"tes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: The nightmare. Brande & C. EPHIPPIAL E*phip"pi*al, a. Defn: Saddle-shaped; occupying an ephippium. Dana. EPHIPPIUM E*phip"pi*um, n. Etym: [L., saddle cloth, fr. Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: A depression in the sphenoid bone; the pituitary fossa. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A saddle-shaped cavity to contain the winter eggs, situated on the back of Cladocera. EPHOD Eph"od, n. Etym: [Heb. aphad to put on.] (Jew. Antiq.) Defn: A part of the sacerdotal habit among Jews, being a covering for the back and breast, held together on the shoulders by two clasps or brooches of onyx stones set in gold, and fastened by a girdle of the same stuff as the ephod. The ephod for the priests was of plain linen; that for the high priest was richly embroidered in colors. The breastplate of the high priest was worn upon the ephod in front. Exodus xxviii. 6-12. EPHOR Eph"or, n.; pl. Ephors, L. Ephori. Etym: [L. ephorus, Gr. éphore.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A magistrate; one of a body of five magistrates chosen by the people of ancient Sparta. They exercised control even over the king. EPHORAL Eph"or*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to an ephor. EPHORALTY Eph"or*al*ty, n. Defn: The office of an ephor, or the body of ephors. EPHRAIM E"phra*im, n. Etym: [The proper name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A hunter's name for the grizzly bear. EPHYRA Eph"y*ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A stage in the development of discophorous medusæ, when they first begin to swim about after being detached from the strobila. See Strobila. EPI- Ep"i-. Etym: [Gr. api besides, and prob. to L. ob to, before, on account of, and perh. to E. of, off.] Defn: A prefix, meaning upon, beside, among, on the outside, above, over. It becomes ep- before a vowel, as in epoch, and eph- before a Greek aspirate, as in ephemeral. EPIBLAST Ep"i*blast, n. Etym: [Pref. epi- + -blast.] (Biol.) Defn: The outer layer of the blastoderm; the ectoderm. See Blastoderm, Delamination. EPIBLASTIC Ep`i*blas"tic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or relating to, or consisting of, the epiblast. EPIBLEMA Ep`i*ble"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The epidermal cells of rootlets, specially adapted to absorb liquids. Goodale. EPIBOLIC Ep`i*bol"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Growing or covering over; -- said of a kind of invagination. See under Invagination. EPIBOLY E*pib"o*ly, n. Etym: [Cf. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Epibolic invagination. See under Invagination. EPIBRANCHIAL Ep`i*bran"chi*al, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + branchial.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the segment between the ceratobranchial and pharyngobranchial in a branchial arch. -- n. Defn: An epibranchial cartilage or bone. EPIC Ep"ic, a. Etym: [L. epicus, Gr. vox voice: cf. F. épique. See Voice.] Defn: Narrated in a grand style; pertaining to or designating a kind of narrative poem, usually called an heroic poem, in which real or fictitious events, usually the achievements of some hero, are narrated in an elevated style. The epic poem treats of one great, complex action, in a grand style and with fullness of detail. T. Arnold. EPIC Ep"ic, n. Defn: An epic or heroic poem. See Epic, a. EPICAL Ep"ic*al (, a. Defn: Epic. -- Ep"ic*al*ly, adv. Poems which have an epical character. Brande & C. His [Wordsworth's] longer poems (miscalled epical). Lowell. EPICARDIAC Ep`i*car"di*ac, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or relating to the epicardium. EPICARDIUM Ep`i*car"di*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: That of the pericardium which forms the outer surface of the heart; the cardiac pericardium. EPICARICAN Ep`i*car"i*can, n. Etym: [Pref. epi- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An isopod crustacean, parasitic on shrimps. EPICARP Ep"i*carp, Etym: [Pref. epi- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The external or outermost layer of a fructified or ripened ovary. See Illust. under Endocarp. EPICEDE Ep"i*cede, n. Etym: [L. epicedion, Gr. épicède.] Defn: A funeral song or discourse; an elegy. [R.] Donne. EPICEDIAL Ep`i*ce"di*al, a. Defn: Elegiac; funereal. EPICEDIAN Ep`i*ce"di*an, a. Defn: Epicedial. -- n. Defn: An epicede. EPICEDIUM Ep`i*ce"di*um, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: An epicede. EPICENE Ep"i*cene, a. & n. Etym: [L. epicoenus, Gr. épicène.] 1. Common to both sexes; -- a term applied, in grammar, to such nouns as have but one form of gender, either the masculine or feminine, to indicate animals of both sexes; as bos, for the ox and cow; sometimes applied to eunuchs and hermaphrodites. 2. Fig.: Sexless; neither one thing nor the other. The literary prigs epicene. Prof. Wilson. He represented an epicene species, neither churchman nor layman. J. A. Symonds. EPICENTRAL Ep`i*cen"tral, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + centrum.] (Anat.) Defn: Arising from the centrum of a vertebra. Owen. EPICERASTIC Ep`i*ce*ras"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. épicérastique.] (Med.) Defn: Lenient; assuaging. [Obs.] EPICHIREMA Ep`i*chi*re"ma, n.; pl. Epichiremata. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet. & Logic) Defn: A syllogism in which the proof of the major or minor premise, or both, is introduced with the premises themselves, and the conclusion is derived in the ordinary manner. [Written also epicheirema.] EPICHORDAL Ep`i*chor"dal, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + chordal.] (Anat.) Defn: Upon or above the notochord; -- applied esp. to a vertebral column which develops upon the dorsal side of the notochord, as distinguished from a perichordal column, which develops around it. EPICHORIAL Ep`i*cho"ri*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: In or of the country. [R.] Epichorial superstitions from every district of Europe. De Quincey. EPICLEIDIUM Ep`i*clei"di*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A projection, formed by a separate ossification, at the scapular end of the clavicle of many birds. EPICLINAL Ep`i*cli"nal, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Situated on the receptacle or disk of a flower. EPICOELE; EPICELE Ep"i*coele, n. Etym: [Pref. epi- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A cavity formed by the invagination of the outer wall of the body, as the atrium of an amphioxus and possibly the body cavity of vertebrates. EPICOENE Ep"i*coene, a. Defn: Epicene. [R.] Hadley. EPICOLIC Ep`i*col"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Situated upon or over the colon; -- applied to the region of the abdomen adjacent to the colon. EPICONDYLAR Ep`i*con"dy*lar, n. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, an epicondyle. EPICONDYLE Ep`i*con"dyle, n. Etym: [Pref. epi- + condyle.] (Anat.) Defn: A projection on the inner side of the distal end of the numerus; the internal condyle. EPICORACOID Ep`i*cor"a*coid, n. Etym: [Pref. epi- + coracoid.] (Anat.) Defn: A ventral cartilaginous or bony element of the coracoid in the shoulder girdle of some vertebrates. EPICRANIAL Ep`i*cra"ni*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the epicranium; as epicranial muscles. EPICRANIUM Ep`i*cra"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Epi-, and Cranium.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The upper and superficial part of the head, including the scalp, muscles, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dorsal wall of the head of insects. EPICTETAIN; EPICTETIAN Ep`ic*te"tain, Ep`ic*te"tian, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to Epictetus, the Roman Stoic philosopher, whose conception of life was to be passionless under whatever circumstances. EPICURE Ep"i*cure, n. Etym: [L. Epicurus, Gr. 1. A follower of Epicurus; an Epicurean. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. One devoted to dainty or luxurious sensual enjoyments, esp. to the luxuries of the table. Syn. -- Voluptuary; sensualist. EPICUREAN Ep`i*cu*re"an, a. Etym: [L. Epicureus, Gr. épicurien.] 1. Pertaining to Epicurus, or following his philosophy. "The sect Epicurean." Milton. 2. Given to luxury; adapted to luxurious tastes; luxurious; pertaining to good eating. Courses of the most refined and epicurean dishes. Prescott. Epicurean philosophy. See Atomic philosophy, under Atomic. EPICUREAN Ep`i*cu*re"an, n. 1. A follower or Epicurus. 2. One given to epicurean indulgence. EPICUREANISM Ep`i*cu*re"an*ism, n. Defn: Attachment to the doctrines of Epicurus; the principles or belief of Epicurus. EPICURELY Ep"i*cure`ly, adv. Defn: Luxuriously. Nash. EPICUREOUS Ep`i*cu*re"ous, a. Defn: Epicurean. [Obs.] EPICURISM Ep"i*cu*rism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. épicurisme.] 1. The doctrines of Epicurus. 2. Epicurean habits of living; luxury. EPICURIZE Ep"i*cu*rize, v. i. 1. To profess or tend towards the doctrines of Epicurus. Cudworth. 2. To feed or indulge like an epicure. Fuller. EPICYCLE Ep"i*cy`cle, n. Etym: [L. epicyclus, Gr. Cycle.] 1. (Ptolemaic Astron.) Defn: A circle, whose center moves round in the circumference of a greater circle; or a small circle, whose center, being fixed in the deferent of a planet, is carried along with the deferent, and yet, by its own peculiar motion, carries the body of the planet fastened to it round its proper center. The schoolmen were like astronomers which did feign eccentries, and epicycles, and such engines of orbs. Bacon. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A circle which rolls on the circumference of another circle, either externally or internally. EPICYCLIC Ep`i*cyc"lic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, resembling, or having the motion of, an epicycle. Epicyclic train (Mach.), a train of mechanism in which epicyclic motion is involved; esp., a train of spur wheels, bevel wheels, or belt pulleys, in which an arm, carrying one or more of the wheels, sweeps around a center lying in an axis common to the other wheels. EPICYCLOID Ep`i*cy"cloid, n. Etym: [Epicycle + -oid: cf. F. épicycloïde.] (Geom.) Defn: A curve traced by a point in the circumference of a circle which rolls on the convex side of a fixed circle. Note: Any point rigidly connected with the rolling circle, but not in its circumference, traces a curve called an epitrochoid. The curve traced by a point in the circumference of the rolling circle when it rolls on the concave side of a fixed circle is called a hypocycloid; the curve traced by a point rigidly connected with the rolling circle in this case, but not its circumference, is called a hypotrochoid. All the curves mentioned above belong to the class class called roulettes or trochoids. See Trochoid. EPICYCLOIDAL Ep`i*cy*cloid"al, a. Defn: Pertaining to the epicycloid, or having its properties. Epicycloidal wheel, a device for producing straight-line motion from circular motion, on the principle that a pin fastened in the periphery of a gear wheel will describe a straight line when the wheel rolls around inside a fixed internal gear of twice its diameter. EPIDEICTIC Ep`i*deic"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Epidictic.] Defn: Serving to show forth, explain, or exhibit; -- applied by the Greeks to a kind of oratory, which, by full amplification, seeks to persuade. EPIDEMIC; EPIDEMICAL Ep`i*dem"ic, Ep`i*dem"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. epidemus, Gr. épidémique. Cf. Demagogue.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Common to, or affecting at the same time, a large number in a community; -- applied to a disease which, spreading widely, attacks many persons at the same time; as, an epidemic disease; an epidemic catarrh, fever, etc. See Endemic. 2. Spreading widely, or generally prevailing; affecting great numbers, as an epidemic does; as, epidemic rage; an epidemic evil. It was the epidemical sin of the nation. Bp. Burnet. EPIDEMIC Ep`i*dem"ic, n. Etym: [Cf. Epidemy.] 1. (Med.) Defn: An epidemic disease. 2. Anything which takes possession of the minds of people as an epidemic does of their bodies; as, an epidemic of terror. EPIDEMICALLY Ep`i*dem"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an epidemic manner. EPIDEMIOGRAPHY Ep`i*de`mi*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Epidemy + -graphy.] (Med.) Defn: A treatise upon, or history of, epidemic diseases. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL Ep`i*de`mi*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Connected with, or pertaining to, epidemiology. EPIDEMIOLOGIST Ep`i*de`mi*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: A person skilled in epidemiology. EPIDEMIOLOGY Ep`i*de`mi*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Epidemy + -logy.] (Med.) Defn: That branch of science which treats of epidemics. EPIDEMY Ep"i*dem`y, n. Etym: [Gr. épidémie. See Epidemic.] (Med.) Defn: An epidemic disease. Dunglison. EPIDERM Ep"i*derm, n. Etym: [Cf. F. épiderme. See Epidermis.] (Anat.) Defn: The epidermis. EPIDERMAL Ep`i*der"mal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the epidermis; epidermic; cuticular. EPIDERMATIC Ep`i*der*mat"ic, a. Defn: Epidermal. [R.] EPIDERMATOID Ep`i*der"ma*toid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid. Cf. Epidermoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Epidermoid. Owen. EPIDERMEOUS Ep`i*der"me*ous, a. Defn: Epidermal. [R.] EPIDERMIC Ep`i*der"mic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. épidermique.] Defn: Epidermal; connected with the skin or the bark. Epidermic administration of medicine (Med.), the application of medicine to the skin by friction. EPIDERMICAL Ep`i*der"mic*al, a. Defn: Epidermal. [R.] EPIDERMIDAL Ep`i*der"mi*dal, a. Defn: Epidermal. [R.] EPIDERMIS Ep`i*der"mis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Tear, v. t.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The outer, nonsensitive layer of the skin; cuticle; scarfskin. See Dermis. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The outermost layer of the cells, which covers both surfaces of leaves, and also the surface of stems, when they are first formed. As stems grow old this layer is lost, and never replaced. EPIDERMOID Ep`i*der"moid, a. Etym: [Cf. F. épidermoïde.] (Anat.) Defn: Like epidermis; pertaining to the epidermis. EPIDERMOSE Ep`i*der"mose, n. Etym: [See Epidermis.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Keratin. EPIDICTIC; EPIDICTICAL Ep`i*dic"tic, Ep`i*dic"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. epidictius. See Epideictic.] Defn: Serving to explain; demonstrative. EPIDIDYMIS Ep`i*did"y*mis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: An oblong vermiform mass on the dorsal side of the testicle, composed of numerous convolutions of the excretory duct of that organ. -- Ep`i*did"y*mal, a. EPIDIDYMITIS Ep`i*did`y*mi"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Epididymis, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the epididymis, one of the common results of gonorrhea. EPIDOTE Ep"i*dote, n. Etym: [Gr. épidote. So named from the enlargement of the base of the primary, in some of the secondary forms.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral, commonly of a yellowish green (pistachio) color, occurring granular, massive, columnar, and in monoclinic crystals. It is a silicate of alumina, lime, and oxide of iron, or manganese. Note: The Epidote group includes ordinary epidote, zoisite or lime epidote, piedmontite or manganese epidote, allanite or serium epidote. EPIDOTIC Ep`i*dot"ic,, a. Defn: Related to, resembling, or containing epidote; as, an epidotic granite. EPIGAEA Ep`i*gæ"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: An American genus of plants, containing but a single species (E. repens), the trailing arbutus. EPIGAEOUS Ep`i*gæ"ous, a. Etym: [Gr. Epigæa, and cf. Epigee.] (Bot.) Defn: Growing on, or close to, the ground. EPIGASTRIAL Ep`i*gas"tri*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Epigastric. EPIGASTRIC Ep`i*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Gr. épigastrique.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the epigastrium, or to the epigastric region. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Over the stomach; -- applied to two of the areas of the carapace of crabs. Epigastric region. (Anat.) (a) The whole upper part of the abdomen. (b) An arbitrary division of the abdomen above the umbilical and between the two hypochondriac regions. EPIGASTRIUM Ep`i*gas"tri*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The upper part of the abdomen. EPIGEAL Ep`i*ge"al, a. (Bot.) Defn: Epigæous. [R.] EPIGEE Ep"i*gee, n. Etym: [NL. epigeum, fr. Gr. Epigæa.] Defn: See Perigee. [Obs.] EPIGENE Ep"i*gene, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + Gr. 1. (Crystallog.) Defn: Foreign; unnatural; unusual; -- said of forms of crystals not natural to the substances in which they are found. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Formed originating on the surface of the earth; -- opposed to hypogene; as, epigene rocks. EPIGENESIS Ep`i*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Pref. epi- + genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: The theory of generation which holds that the germ is created entirely new, not merely expanded, by the procreative power of the parents. It is opposed to the theory of evolution, also to syngenesis. EPIGENESIST Ep`i*gen"e*sist, n. (Biol.) Defn: One who believes in, or advocates the theory of, epigenesis. EPIGENETIC Ep`i*ge*net"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the epigenesis; produced according to the theory of epigenesis. EPIGEOUS Ep`i*ge"ous, a. Defn: Same as Epigæous. EPIGEUM Ep*i*ge"um, n. Etym: [NL. See Epigee.] Defn: See Perigee. [Obs.] EPIGLOTTIC Ep`i*glot"tic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or connected with, the epiglottis. EPIGLOTTIDEAN Ep`i*glot*tid"e*an, a. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Epiglottic. EPIGLOTTIS Ep`i*glot"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Glottis.] (Anat.) Defn: A cartilaginous lidlike appendage which closes the glottis while food or drink is passing while food or drink is passing through the pharynx. EPIGNATHOUS E*pig"na*thous, a. Etym: [Epi- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Hook-billed; having the upper mandible longer than the lower. EPIGRAM Ep"i*gram, n. Etym: [L. epigramma, fr. Gr. épigramme. See Graphic.] 1. A short poem treating concisely and pointedly of a single thought or event. The modern epigram is so contrived as to surprise the reader with a witticism or ingenious turn of thought, and is often satirical in character. Dost thou think I care for a satire or an epigram Shak. Note: Epigrams were originally inscription on tombs, statues, temples, triumphal arches, etc. 2. An effusion of wit; a bright thought tersely and sharply expressed, whether in verse or prose. 3. The style of the epigram. Antithesis, i. e., bilateral stroke, is the soul of epigram in its later and technical signification. B. Cracroft. EPIGRAMMATIC; EPIGRAMMATICAL Ep`i*gram*mat"ic, Ep`i*gram*mat"ic*al,Etym: [L. epigrammaticus: cf. F. épigrammatique.] 1. Writing epigrams; dealing in epigrams; as, an epigrammatical poet. 2. Suitable to epigrams; belonging to epigrams; like an epigram; pointed; piquant; as, epigrammatic style, wit, or sallies of fancy. EPIGRAMMATICALLY Ep`i*gram*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the way of epigram; in an epigrammatic style. EPIGRAMMATIST Ep`i*gram"ma*tist, n. Etym: [L. epigrammatista: cf. F. épigrammatiste.] Defn: One who composes epigrams, or makes use of them. The brisk epigrammatist showing off his own cleverness. Holmes. EPIGRAMMATIZE Ep`i*gram"ma*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Epigrammatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Epigrammatizing.] Defn: To represent by epigrams; to express by epigrams. EPIGRAMMATIZER Ep`i*gram"ma*ti`zer, n. Defn: One who writes in an affectedly pointed style. Epigrammatizers of our English prose style. Coleridge. EPIGRAMMIST Ep"i*gram`mist, n. Defn: An epigrammatist. Jer. Taylor. EPIGRAPH Ep"i*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. épigraphe. See Epigram.] 1. Any inscription set upon a building; especially, one which has to do with the building itself, its founding or dedication. 2. (Literature) Defn: A citation from some author, or a sentence framed for the purpose, placed at the beginning of a work or of its separate divisions; a motto. EPIGRAPHIC; EPIGRAPHICAL Ep`i*graph"ic, Ep`i*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to epigraphs or to epigraphy; as, an epigraphic style; epigraphical works or studies. EPIGRAPHICS Ep`i*graph"ics, n. Defn: The science or study of epigraphs. EPIGRAPHIST E*pig"ra*phist, n. Defn: A student of, or one versed in, epigraphy. EPIGRAPHY E*pig"ra*phy, n. Defn: The science of inscriptions; the art of engraving inscriptions or of deciphering them. EPIGYNOUS E*pig"y*nous, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + Gr. épigyne.] (Bot.) Defn: Adnate to the surface of the ovary, so as to be apparently inserted upon the top of it; -- said of stamens, petals, sepals, and also of the disk. EPIHYAL Ep`i*hy"al, n. Etym: [Pref. epi- + the Greek letter (Anat.) Defn: A segment next above the ceratohyal in the hyoidean arch. EPILEPSY Ep"i*lep`sy, n. Etym: [L. epilepsia, Gr. épilepsie. Cf. Catalepsy.] (Med.) Defn: The "falling sickness," so called because the patient falls suddenly to the ground; a disease characterized by paroxysms (or fits) occurring at interval and attended by sudden loss of consciousness, and convulsive motions of the muscles. Dunglison. EPILEPTIC Ep`i*lep"tic, a. Etym: [L. epilepticus, Gr. épileptique.] Defn: Pertaining to, affected with, or of the nature of, epilepsy. EPILEPTIC Ep`i*lep"tic, n. 1. One affected with epilepsy. 2. A medicine for the cure of epilepsy. EPILEPTICAL Ep`i*lep"tic*al, a. Defn: Epileptic. EPILEPTIFORM Ep`i*lep"ti*form, a. Defn: Resembling epilepsy. EPILEPTOGENOUS Ep`i*lep*tog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. -genous.] (Med.) Defn: Producing epilepsy or epileptoid convulsions; -- applied to areas of the body or of the nervous system, stimulation of which produces convulsions. EPILEPTOID Ep`i*lep"toid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Med.) Defn: Resembling epilepsy; as, epileptoid convulsions. EPILOGATION Ep`i*lo*ga"tion, n. Etym: [LL. epilogatio.] Defn: A summing up in a brief account. [Obs.] Udall. EPILOGIC; EPILOGICAL Ep`i*log"ic, Ep`i*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to an epilogue. EPILOGISM E*pil"o*gism, n. Etym: [Gr. Epilogue.] Defn: Enumeration; computation. [R.] J. Gregory. EPILOGISTIC Ep`i*lo*gis"tic, a. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Epilogism.] Defn: Of or pertaining to epilogue; of the nature of an epilogue. T. Warton. EPILOGIZE E*pil"o*gize, v. i. & t. Etym: [See Epilogism.] Defn: To speak an epilogue to; to utter as an epilogue. EPILOGUE Ep"i*logue, n. Etym: [F. épilogue, L. epilogus, fr. Gr. Legend.] 1. (Drama) Defn: A speech or short poem addressed to the spectators and recited by one of the actors, after the conclusion of the play. A good play no epilogue, yet . . . good plays prove the better by the help of good epilogues. Shak. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: The closing part of a discourse, in which the principal matters are recapitulated; a conclusion. EPILOGUIZE Ep"i*lo*guize, v. i. & t. Defn: Same as Epilogize. EPIMACHUS E*pim"a*chus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of highly ornate and brilliantly colored birds of Australia, allied to the birds of Paradise. EPIMERA E*pim"e*ra, n. pl. Defn: See Epimeron. EPIMERAL E*pim"e*ral, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the epimera. EPIMERE Ep"i*mere, n. Etym: [Epi- + -mere.] (Biol.) Defn: One of the segments of the transverse axis, or the so called homonymous parts; as, for example, one of the several segments of the extremities in vertebrates, or one of the similar segments in plants, such as the segments of a segmented leaf. Syd. Soc. Lex. EPIMERON E*pim"e*ron, n.; pl. Epimera. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) In crustaceans: The part of the side of a somite external to the basal joint of each appendage. See Illust. under Crustacea. (b) In insects: The lateral piece behind the episternum. [Written also epimerum.] EPINASTIC Ep`i*nas"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A term applied to that phase of vegetable growth in which an organ grows more rapidly on its upper than on its under surface. See Hyponastic. EPINEURAL Ep`i*neu"ral, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + neural.] (Anat.) Defn: Arising from the neurapophysis of a vertebra. EPINEURIUM Ep`i*neu"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The connective tissue framework and sheath of a nerve which bind together the nerve bundles, each of which has its own special sheath, or perineurium. EPINGLETTE Ep`in*glette", n. Etym: [F.] (Mil.) Defn: An iron needle for piercing the cartridge of a cannon before priming. EPINICIAL Ep`i*ni"cial, a. Etym: [See Epinicion.] Defn: Relating to victory. "An epinicial song." T. Warton. EPINICION Ep`i*ni"cion, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. epinicium.] Defn: A song of triumph. [Obs.] T. Warton. EPINIKIAN Ep`i*nik"i*an, a. Defn: Epinicial. EPIORNIS Ep`i*or"nis, n. Etym: [NL.: cf. F. épiornis. See Æpyornis.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the gigantic ostrichlike birds of the genus Æpiornis, only recently extinct. Its remains have been found in Madagascar. [Written also Æpyornis.] EPIOTIC Ep`i*o"tic, n. Etym: [Pref. epi- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The upper and outer element of periotic bone, -- in man forming a part of the temporal bone. EPIPEDOMETRY Ep`i*pe*dom"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.] (Geom.) Defn: The mensuration of figures standing on the same base. [Obs.] EPIPERIPHERAL Ep`i*pe*riph"er*al, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + peripheral.] (Physiol.) Defn: Connected with, or having its origin upon, the external surface of the body; -- especially applied to the feelings which originate at the extremities of nerves distributed on the outer surface, as the sensation produced by touching an object with the finger; -- opposed to entoperipheral. H. Spenser. EPIPETALOUS Ep`i*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Borne on the petals or corolla. EPIPHANY E*piph"a*ny, n. Etym: [F. épiphanie, L. epiphania, Gr. Fancy.] 1. An appearance, or a becoming manifest. Whom but just before they beheld transfigured and in a glorious epiphany upon the mount. Jer. Taylor. An epic poet, if ever such a difficult birth should make its epiphany in Paris. De Quincey. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A church festival celebrated on the 6th of January, the twelfth day after Christmas, in commemoration of the visit of the Magi of the East to Bethlehem, to see and worship the child Jesus; or, as others maintain, to commemorate the appearance of the star to the Magi, symbolizing the manifestation of Christ to the Gentles; Twelfthtide. EPIPHARYNGEAL Ep`i*phar`yn*ge"al, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + pharyngeal.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the segments above the epibranchial in the branchial arches of fishes. -- n. Defn: An epipharyngeal bone or cartilage. EPIPHARYNX Ep`i*phar"ynx, n. Etym: [Epi- + pharynx.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A structure which overlaps the mouth of certain insects. EPIPHONEMA Ep`i*pho*ne"ma, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: An exclamatory sentence, or striking reflection, which sums up or concludes a discourse. EPIPHONEME E*piph"o*neme, n. Defn: Epiphonema. [R.] EPIPHORA E*piph"o*ra, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: The watery eye; a disease in which the tears accumulate in the eye, and trickle over the cheek. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: The emphatic repetition of a word or phrase, at the end of several sentences or stanzas. EPIPHRAGM Ep"i*phragm, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A membranaceous or calcareous septum with which some mollusks close the aperture of the shell during the time of hibernation, or æstivation. EPIPHYLLOSPERMOUS Ep`i*phyl`lo*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Bearing fruit on the back of the leaves, as ferns. Harris (1710). EPIPHYLLOUS Ep`i*phyl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Growing upon, or inserted into, the leaf. EPIPHYLLUM Ep`i*phyl"lum, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of cactaceous plants having flattened, jointed stems, and petals united in a tube. The flowers are very showy, and several species are in cultivation. EPIPHYSEAL; EPIPHYSIAL Ep`i*phys"e*al, Ep`i*phys"i*al, (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an epiphysis. EPIPHYSIS E*piph"y*sis, n.; pl. Epiphyses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) (a) The end, or other superficial part, of a bone, which ossifies separately from the central portion, or diaphysis. (b) The cerebral epiphysis, or pineal gland. See Pineal gland, under Pineal. EPIPHYTAL E*piph"y*tal, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to an epiphyte. EPIPHYTE Ep"i*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. épiphyte.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An air plant which grows on other plants, but does not derive its nourishment from them. See Air plant. 2. (Med.) Defn: A vegetable parasite growing on the surface of the body. EPIPHYTIC; EPIPHYTICAL Ep`i*phyt"ic, Ep`i*phyt"ic*al, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an epiphyte. -- Ep`i*phyt"ic*al*ly, adv. EPIPLASTRON Ep`i*plas"tron, n.; pl. Epiplastra. Etym: [Pref. epi- + plastron.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the first pair of lateral plates in the plastron of turtles. EPIPLEURAL Ep`i*pleu"ral, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + pleural.] (Anat.) Defn: Arising from the pleurapophysis of a vertebra. Owen. EPIPLEXIS Ep`i*plex"is, n. Etym: [L., reproof, fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which a person seeks to convince and move by an elegant kind of upbraiding. EPIPLOCE E*pip"lo*ce, n. Etym: [L., connection, from Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which one striking circumstance is added, in due gradation, to another; climax; e. g., "He not only spared his enemies, but continued them in employment; not only continued, but advanced them." Johnson. EPIPLOIC Ep`i*plo"ic, a. Defn: Relating to the epiploön. EPIPLOON; EPIPLOOEN E*pip"lo*ön, n.; pl. Epiploa. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: See Omentum. EPIPODIAL Ep`i*po"di*al, a. 1. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the epipodialia or the parts of the limbs to which they belong. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the epipodium of Mollusca. EPIPODIALE Ep`i*po`di*a"le, n.; pl. Epipodialia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: One of the bones of either the forearm or shank, the epipodialia being the radius, ulna, tibia, and fibula. EPIPODITE E*pip"o*dite, n. Etym: [See Epipodium.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The outer branch of the legs in certain Crustacea. See Maxilliped. EPIPODIUM Ep`i*po"di*um, n.; pl. Epipodia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the lateral lobes of the foot in certain gastropods. EPIPOLIC Ep`i*pol"ic, a. (Opt.) Defn: Producing, or relating to, epipolism or fluorescence. [R.] EPIPOLISM E*pip"o*lism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Opt.) Defn: See Fluorescence. [R.] Sir J. Herschel. EPIPOLIZED E*pip"o*lized, a. Defn: Changed to the epipolic condition, or that in which the phenomenon of fluorescence is presented; produced by fluorescence; as, epipolized light. [R.] Stokes. EPIPTERIC Ep`ip*ter"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to a small Wormian bone sometimes present in the human skull between the parietal and the great wing of the sphenoid. -- n. Defn: The epipteric bone. EPIPTERYGOID Ep`ip*ter"y*goid, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + pterygoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated upon or above the pterygoid bone. -- n. Defn: An epipterygoid bone or cartilage; the columella in the skulls of many lizards. EPIPUBIC Ep`i*pu"bic, a. Defn: Relating to the epipubis. EPIPUBIS Ep`i*pu"bis, n.; pl. Epipubes. Etym: [NL., epi- + pubis.] (Anat.) Defn: A cartilage or bone in front of the pubis in some amphibians and other animals. EPISCOPACY E*pis"co*pa*cy, n. Etym: [See Episcopate.] Defn: Government of the church by bishops; church government by three distinct orders of ministers -- bishops, priests, and deacons -- of whom the bishops have an authority superior and of a different kind. EPISCOPAL E*pis"co*pal, a. Etym: [L. episcopalis, fr. episcopus: cf. F. épiscopal. See Bishop.] 1. Governed by bishops; as, an episcopal church. 2. Belonging to, or vested in, bishops; as, episcopal jurisdiction or authority; the episcopal system. EPISCOPALIAN E*pis`co*pa"li*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to bishops, or government by bishops; episcopal; specifically, of or relating to the Protestant Episcopal Church. EPISCOPALIAN E*pis`co*pa"li*an, n. Defn: One who belongs to an episcopal church, or adheres to the episcopal form of church government and discipline; a churchman; specifically, in the United States, a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church. EPISCOPALIANISM E*pis`co*pa"li*an*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine and usages of Episcopalians; episcopacy. EPISCOPALLY E*pis"co*pal*ly, adv. Defn: By episcopal authority; in an episcopal manner. EPISCOPANT E*pis"co*pant, n. Defn: A bishop. [Obs.] Milton. EPISCOPARIAN E*pis`co*pa"ri*an, a. Defn: Episcopal. [R.] Wood. EPISCOPATE E*pis"co*pate, n. Etym: [L. episcopatus, fr. episcopus: cf. F. épiscopat. See Bishop.] 1. A bishopric; the office and dignity of a bishop. 2. The collective body of bishops. 3. The time of a bishop's rule. EPISCOPATE E*pis"co*pate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Episcopated; p. pr. & vb. n. Episcopating.] Defn: To act as a bishop; to fill the office of a prelate. [Obs.] Feeding the flock episcopating. Milton. EPISCOPICIDE E*pis"co*pi*cide, n. Etym: [L. episcopus bishop + caedere to kill.] Defn: The killing of a bishop. EPISCOPIZE E*pis"co*pize, v. t. Defn: To make a bishop of by consecration. Southey. EPISCOPIZE E*pis"co*pize, v. i. Defn: To perform the duties of a bishop. EPISCOPY E*pis"co*py, n. Etym: [Gr. Bishop.] 1. Survey; superintendence. [Obs.] Milton. 2. Episcopacy. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. EPISEPALOUS Ep`i*sep"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + sepal.] (Bot.) Defn: Growing on the sepals or adnate to them. EPISKELETAL Ep`i*skel"e*tal, a. Etym: [Pref. epi- + skeleletal.] (Anat.) Defn: Above or outside of the endoskeleton; epaxial. EPISODAL Ep`i*so"dal, a. Defn: Same as Episodic. EPISODE Ep"i*sode, n. Etym: [Gr. sad to go: cf. F. épisode.] (Rhet.) Defn: A separate incident, story, or action, introduced for the purpose of giving a greater variety to the events related; an incidental narrative, or digression, separable from the main subject, but naturally arising from it. EPISODIAL Ep`i*so"di*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to an episode; by way of episode; episodic. EPISODIC; EPISODICAL Ep`i*so"dic, Ep`i*so"dic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. épisodique. See Episode.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an episode; adventitious. -- Ep`i*so"dic*al*ly, adv. Such a figure as Jacob Brattle, purely episodical though it be, is an excellent English portrait. H. James. EPISPADIAS Ep`i*spa"di*as, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A deformity in which the urethra opens upon the top of the penis, instead of at its extremity. EPISPASTIC Ep"i*spas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. épispastique.] (Med.) Defn: Attracting the humors to the skin; exciting action in the skin; blistering. EPISPASTIC Ep"i*spas"tic, n. (Med.) Defn: An external application to the skin, which produces a puriform or serous discharge by exciting inflammation; a vesicatory. EPISPERM Ep"i*sperm, n. Etym: [Pref. epi- + Gr. épisperme.] (Bot.) Defn: The skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat. See Testa. EPISPERMIC Ep`i*sper"mic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining, or belonging, to the episperm, or covering of a seed. EPISPORE Ep"i*spore, n. Etym: [Pref. epi- + spore.] (Bot.) Defn: The thickish outer coat of certain spores. EPISTAXIS Ep`i*stax"is, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Bleeding at the nose. EPISTEMOLOGY E*pis`te*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The theory or science of the method or grounds of knowledge. EPISTERNAL Ep`i*ster"nal, a. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the episternum. EPISTERNUM Ep`i*ster"num, n.; pl. Episterna. Etym: [NL. See Epi-, and Sternum.] 1. (Anat.) (a) A median bone connected with the sternum, in many vertebrates; the interclavicle. (b) Same as Epiplastron. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the lateral pieces next to the sternum in the thorax of insects. EPISTILBITE Ep`i*stil"bite, n. Etym: [Pref. epi- + stilbite.] (Min.) Defn: A crystallized, transparent mineral of the Zeolite family. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. EPISTLE E*pis"tle, n. Etym: [OE. epistle, epistel, AS. epistol, pistol, L. epistola, fr. Gr. epistle, epistre, F. épître. See Stall.] 1. A writing directed or sent to a person or persons; a written communication; a letter; -- applied usually to formal, didactic, or elegant letters. A madman's epistles are no gospels. Shak. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: One of the letters in the New Testament which were addressed to their Christian brethren by Apostles. Epistle side, the right side of an altar or church to a person looking from the nave toward the chancel. One sees the pulpit on the epistle side. R. Browning. EPISTLE E*pis"tle, v. t. Defn: To write; to communicate in a letter or by writing. [Obs.] Milton. EPISTLER E*pis"tler, n. 1. A writer of epistles, or of an epistle of the New Testament. M. Arnold. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: The ecclesiastic who reads the epistle at the communion service. EPISTOLAR E*pis"to*lar, a. Defn: Epistolary. Dr. H. More. EPISTOLARY E*pis"to*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. epistolaris, fr. epistola: cf. F. épistolaire.] 1. Pertaining to epistles or letters; suitable to letters and correspondence; as, an epistolary style. 2. Contained in letters; carried on by letters. "Epistolary correspondence." Addison. EPISTOLEAN Ep`is*to"le*an, n. Defn: One who writes epistles; a correspondent. Mary Cowden Clarke. EPISTOLER E*pis"to*ler, n. (Eccl.) Defn: One of the clergy who reads the epistle at the communion service; an epistler. EPISTOLET E*pis"to*let, n. Defn: A little epistle. Lamb. EPISTOLIC; EPISTOLICAL Ep`is*tol"ic, Ep`is*tol"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. epistolicus, Gr. Defn: Pertaining to letters or epistles; in the form or style of letters; epistolary. EPISTOLIZE E*pis"to*lize, v. i. Defn: To write epistles. EPISTOLIZER E*pis"to*li`zer, n. Defn: A writer of epistles. EPISTOLOGRAPHIC E*pis`to*lo*graph"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. épistolographique.] Defn: Pertaining to the writing of letters; used in writing letters; epistolary. Epistolographic character or mode of writing, the same as Demotic character. See under Demotic. EPISTOLOGRAPHY E*pis`to*log"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. épistolographie.] Defn: The art or practice of writing epistles. EPISTOMA; EPISTOME E*pis"to*ma, Ep"i*stome, n. Etym: [NL. epistoma, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) The region between the antennæ and the mouth, in Crustacea. (b) A liplike organ that covers the mouth, in most Bryozoa. See Illust., under Entoprocta. EPISTROPHE E*pis"tro*phe, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure in which successive clauses end with the same word or affirmation; e. g., "Are they Hebrews so am I. Are they Israelites so am I." 2 Cor. xi. 22. EPISTYLE Ep"i*style, n. Etym: [L. epistylium, Gr. épistyle.] (Anc. Arch.) Defn: A massive piece of stone or wood laid immediately on the abacus of the capital of a column or pillar; -- now called architrave. EPISYLLOGISM Ep`i*syl"lo*gism, n. Etym: [Pref. epi- + syllogism.] (Logic) Defn: A syllogism which assumes as one of its premises a proposition which was the conclusion of a preceding syllogism, called, in relation to this, the prosyllogism. EPITAPH Ep"i*taph, n. Etym: [F. épitaphe, L. epitaphium a funeral oration, fr. Gr. Cenotaph.] 1. An inscription on, or at, a tomb, or a grave, in memory or commendation of the one buried there; a sepulchral inscription. Hang her an epitaph upon her tomb. Shak. 2. A brief writing formed as if to be inscribed on a monument, as that concerning Alexander: "Sufficit huic tumulus, cui non sufficeret orbis." EPITAPH Ep"i*taph, v. t. Defn: To commemorate by an epitaph. [R.] Let me be epitaphed the inventor of English hexameters. G. Harvey. EPITAPH Ep"i*taph, v. i. Defn: To write or speak after the manner of an epitaph. [R.] The common in their speeches epitaph upon him . . . "He lived as a wolf and died as a dog." Bp. Hall. EPITAPHER Ep"i*taph`er, n. Defn: A writer of epitaphs. Nash. EPITAPHIAL; EPITAPHIAN Ep`i*taph"i*al, Ep`i*taph"i*an, a. Defn: Relating to, or of the nature of, an epitaph. The noble Pericles in his epitaphian speech. Milton. Epitaphial Latin verses are not to be taken too literally. Lowell. EPITAPHIC Ep`i*taph"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to an epitaph; epitaphian. -- n. Defn: An epitaph. Udall. EPITAPHIST Ep"i*taph`ist, n. Defn: An epitapher. EPITASIS E*pit"a*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. That part which embraces the main action of a play, poem, and the like, and leads on to the catastrophe; -- opposed to protasis. 2. (Med.) Defn: The period of violence in a fever or disease; paroxysm. Dunglison. EPITHALAMIC Ep`i*tha*lam"ic, a. Defn: Belonging to, or designed for, an epithalamium. EPITHALAMIUM Ep`i*tha*la"mi*um, n.; pl. Epithalamiums, L. Epithalamia. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: A nuptial song, or poem in honor of the bride and bridegroom. The kind of poem which was called epithalamium . . . sung when the bride was led into her chamber. B. Jonson. EPITHALAMY Ep`i*thal"a*my, n.; pl. Epithalamies (. Defn: Epithalamium. [R.] Donne. EPITHECA Ep`i*the"ca, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A continuous and, usually, structureless layer which covers more or less of the exterior of many corals. EPITHELIAL Ep`i*the"li*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to epithelium; as, epithelial cells; epithelial cancer. EPITHELIOID Ep`i*the"li*oid, a. Etym: [Epithelium + -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Like epithelium; as, epithelioid cells. EPITHELIOMA Ep`i*the`li*o"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Epithelium, and -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A malignant growth containing epithelial cells; -- called also epithelial cancer. EPITHELIUM Ep`i*the"li*um, n.; pl. E. Epitheliums, L. Epithelia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The superficial layer of cells lining the alimentary canal and all its appendages, all glands and their ducts, blood vessels and lymphatics, serous cavities, etc. It often includes the epidermis (i. e., keratin-producing epithelial cells), and it is sometimes restricted to the alimentary canal, the glands and their appendages, -- the term endothelium being applied to the lining membrane of the blood vessels, lymphatics, and serous cavities. EPITHELOID Ep`i*the"loid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Epithelioid. EPITHEM Ep"i*them, n. Etym: [L. epithema, Gr. épithème. See Epithet.] (Med.) Defn: Any external topical application to the body, except ointments and plasters, as a poultice, lotion, etc. EPITHEMA Ep`i*the"ma, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A horny excrescence upon the beak of birds. EPITHESIS E*pith"e*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: The addition of a letter at the end of a word, without changing its sense; as, numb for num, whilst for whiles. EPITHET Ep"i*thet, n. Etym: [L. epitheton, Gr. épithète. See Do.] 1. An adjective expressing some quality, attribute, or relation, that is properly or specially appropriate to a person or thing; as, a just man; a verdant lawn. A prince [Henry III.] to whom the epithet "worthless" seems best applicable. Hallam. 2. Term; expression; phrase. "Stiffed with epithets of war." Shak. Syn. -- Epithet, Title. The name epithet was formerly extended to nouns which give a title or describe character (as the "epithet of liar"), but is now confined wholly to adjectives. Some rhetoricians, as Whately, restrict it still further, considering the term epithet as belonging only to a limited class of adjectives, viz., those which add nothing to the sense of their noun, but simply hold forth some quality necessarily implied therein; as, the bright sun, the lofty heavens, etc. But this restriction does not prevail in general literature. Epithet is sometimes confounded with application, which is always a noun or its equivalent. EPITHET Ep"i*thet, v. t. Defn: To describe by an epithet. [R.] Never was a town better epitheted. Sir H. Wotton. EPITHETIC; EPITHETICAL Ep`i*thet"ic, Ep`i*thet"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to, or abounding with, epithets. "In epithetic measured prose." Lloyd. EPITHITE Ep"i*thite, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A lazy, worthless fellow; a vagrant. [Obs.] Mason. EPITHUMETIC Ep`i*thu*met"ic, a. Defn: Epithumetical. [Obs.] EPITHUMETICAL Ep`i*thu*met"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to sexual desire; sensual. Sir T. Browne. EPITITHIDES Ep`i*tith"i*des, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Epithet.] (Arch.) Defn: The uppermost member of the cornice of an entablature. EPITOMATOR E*pit"o*ma`tor, n. Etym: [LL.] Defn: An epitomist. Sir W. Hamilton. EPITOME E*pit"o*me, n.; pl. Epitomes. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. épitome. See Tome.] 1. A work in which the contents of a former work are reduced within a smaller space by curtailment and condensation; a brief summary; an abridgement. [An] epitome of the contents of a very large book. Sydney Smith. 2. A compact or condensed representation of anything. An epitome of English fashionable life. Carlyle. A man so various that he seemed to be Not one, but all mankind's epitome. Dryden. Syn. -- Abridgement; compendium; compend; abstract; synopsis; abbreviature. See Abridgment. EPITOMIST E*pit"o*mist, n. Defn: One who makes an epitome; one who abridges; an epitomizer. Milton. EPITOMIZE E*pit"o*mize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Epitomized; p. pr. & vb. n. Epitomizing.] 1. To make an epitome of; to shorten or abridge, as a writing or discourse; to reduce within a smaller space; as, to epitomize the works of Justin. 2. To diminish, as by cutting off something; to curtail; as, to epitomize words. [Obs.] Addison. EPITOMIZER E*pit"o*mi`zer, n. Defn: An epitomist. Burton. EPITRITE Ep"i*trite, n. Etym: [Gr. i. e., , or in the ratio of 4 to 3); epitritos, F. épitrite.] (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) Defn: A foot consisting of three long syllables and one short syllable. Note: It is so called from being compounded of a spondee (which contains 4 times) with an iambus or a trochee (which contains 3 times). It is called 1st, 2d, 3d, or 4th epitrite according as the short syllable stands 1st, 2d, etc. EPITROCHLEA Ep`i*troch"le*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Epi-, and Trochlea.] (Anat.) Defn: A projection on the outer side of the distal end of the humerus; the external condyle. EPITROCHLEAR Ep`i*troch"le*ar, a. Defn: Relating to the epitrochlea. EPITROCHOID Ep`i*tro"choid, n. Etym: [Pref. epi- + Gr. -oid.] (Geom.) Defn: A kind of curve. See Epicycloid, any Trochoid. EPITROPE E*pit"ro*pe, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which permission is either seriously or ironically granted to some one, to do what he proposes to do; e. g., "He that is unjust, let him be unjust still." EPIZEUXIS Ep`i*zeux"is, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which a word is repeated with vehemence or emphasis, as in the following lines: - Alone, alone, all all alone, Alone on a wide wide sea. Coleridge. EPIZOAN Ep`i*zo"an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An epizoön. EPIZOAN Ep`i*zo"an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An epizoön. EPIZOIC Ep`i*zo"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Living upon the exterior of another animal; ectozoic; -- said of external parasites. EPIZOIC Ep`i*zo"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Living upon the exterior of another animal; ectozoic; -- said of external parasites. EPIZOON; EPIZOOEN Ep`i*zo"ön, n.; pl. Epizoa. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the artificial group of invertebrates of various kinds, which live parasitically upon the exterior of other animals; an ectozoön. Among them are the lice, ticks, many acari, the lerneans, or fish lice, and other crustaceans. EPIZOOTIC; EPIZOOETIC Ep`i*zo*öt"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. épizoötique.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an epizoön. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Containing fossil remains; -- said of rocks, formations, mountains, and the like. [Obs.] Epizoötic mountains are of secondary formation. Kirwan. 3. Of the nature of a disease which attacks many animals at the same time; -- corresponding to epidemic diseases among men. EPIZOOTY; EPIZOOETY; EPIZOOTIC; EPIZOOETIC Ep`i*zo"ö*ty, Ep`i*zo*öt"ic, n. Etym: [F. épizoötie.] Defn: An epizoötic disease; a murrain; an epidemic influenza among horses. EPOCH Ep"och, n. Etym: [LL. epocha, Gr. sah to overpower, Goth. sigis victory, AS. sigor, sige, G. sieg: cf. F. époque. See Scheme.] 1. A fixed point of time, established in history by the occurrence of some grand or remarkable event; a point of time marked by an event of great subsequent influence; as, the epoch of the creation; the birth of Christ was the epoch which gave rise to the Christian era. In divers ages, . . . divers epochs of time were used. Usher. Great epochs and crises in the kingdom of God. Trench. The acquittal of the bishops was not the only event which makes the 30th of June, 1688, a great epoch in history. Macaulay. Note: Epochs mark the beginning of new historical periods, and dates are often numbered from them. 2. A period of time, longer or shorter, remarkable for events of great subsequent influence; a memorable period; as, the epoch of maritime discovery, or of the Reformation. "So vast an epoch of time." F. Harrison. The influence of Chaucer continued to live even during the dreary interval which separates from one another two important epochs of our literary history. A. W. Ward. 3. (Geol.) Defn: A division of time characterized by the prevalence of similar conditions of the earth; commonly a minor division or part of a period. The long geological epoch which stored up the vast coal measures. J. C. Shairp. 4. (Astron.) (a) The date at which a planet or comet has a longitude or position. (b) An arbitrary fixed date, for which the elements used in computing the place of a planet, or other heavenly body, at any other date, are given; as, the epoch of Mars; lunar elements for the epoch March 1st, 1860. Syn. -- Era; time; date; period; age. -- Epoch, Era. We speak of the era of the Reformation, when we think of it as a period, during which a new order of things prevailed; so also, the era of good feeling, etc. Had we been thinking of the time as marked by certain great events, or as a period in which great results were effected, we should have called the times when these events happened epochs, and the whole period an epoch. The capture of Constantinople is an epoch in the history of Mahometanism; but the flight of Mahomet is its era. C. J. Smith. EPOCHA Ep"o*cha, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Epoch. J. Adams. EPOCHAL Ep"o*chal, a. Defn: Belonging to an epoch; of the nature of an epoch. "Epochal points." Shedd. EPODE Ep"ode, n. Etym: [L. epodos, Gr. épode. See Ode.] (Poet.) (a) The after song; the part of a lyric ode which follows the strophe and antistrophe, -- the ancient ode being divided into strophe, antistrophe, and epode. (b) A species of lyric poem, invented by Archilochus, in which a longer verse is followed by a shorter one; as, the Epodes of Horace. It does not include the elegiac distich. EPODIC E*pod"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, an epode. EPONYM; EPONYME Ep"o*nym, Ep"o*nyme, n. Etym: [Cf. F. éponyme. See Eponymous.] 1. The hypothetical individual who is assumed as the person from whom any race, city, etc., took its name; as, Hellen is an eponym of the Hellenes. 2. A name, as of a people, country, and the like, derived from that of an individual. EPONYMIC Ep`o*nym"ic, a. Defn: Same as Eponymous. Tablets . . . which bear eponymic dates. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). EPONYMIST E*pon"y*mist, n. Defn: One from whom a race, tribe, city, or the like, took its name; an eponym. EPONYMOUS E*pon"y*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Relating to an eponym; giving one's name to a tribe, people, country, and the like. What becomes . . . of the Herakleid genealogy of the Spartan kings, when it is admitted that eponymous persons are to be canceled as fictions Grote. EPONYMY E*pon"y*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The derivation of the name of a race, tribe, etc., from that of a fabulous hero, progenitor, etc. EPOOPHORON; EPOOEPHORON Ep`o*öph"o*ron, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Anat.) Defn: See Parovarium. EPOPEE; EPOPOEIA Ep"o*pee`, Ep`o*poe"ia, n. Etym: [F. épopée, Gr. Epos.] Defn: An epic poem; epic poetry. EPOPT Ep"opt, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One instructed in the mysteries of a secret system. Carlyle. EPOS Ep"os, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: An epic. EPOTATION Ep`o*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. epotare, epotatum, to drink; e out + potare to drink.] Defn: A drinking up; a quaffing. [Obs.] Feltham. EPROUVETTE e`prou`vette", n. Etym: [F.] (Gun.) Defn: An apparatus for testing or proving the strength of gunpowder. EPSOMITE Ep"som*ite, n. Defn: Native sulphate of magnesia or Epsom salt. EPSOM SALTS; EPSOM SALT Ep"som salts` or Ep"som salt`. (Med.) Defn: Sulphate of magnesia having cathartic qualities; -- originally prepared by boiling down the mineral waters at Epsom, England, -- whence the name; afterwards prepared from sea water; but now from certain minerals, as from siliceous hydrate of magnesia. EPULARY Ep"u*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. epularis, fr. epulum a feast: cf. F. épulaire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a feast or banquet. [Obs.] Smart. EPULATION Ep`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. epulatio.] Defn: A feasting or feast; banquet. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. EPULIS E*pu"lis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A hard tumor developed from the gums. EPULOSE Ep"u*lose`, a. Etym: [L. epulum a feast.] Defn: Feasting to excess. [Obs.] EPULOSITY Ep`u*los"i*ty, n. Defn: A feasting to excess. [Obs.] EPULOTIC Ep`u*lot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Promoting the skinning over or healing of sores; as, an epulotic ointment. -- n. Defn: An epulotic agent. EPURATION Ep`u*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. e out, quite + purare to purify, purus pure.] Defn: Purification. EPURE e`pure", n. Etym: [F.] (Fine Arts) Defn: A draught or model from which to build; especially, one of the full size of the work to be done; a detailed drawing. EPWORTH LEAGUE Ep"worth League. Defn: A religious organization of Methodist young people, founded in 1889 at Cleveland, Ohio, and taking its name from John Wesley's birthplace, Epworth, Lincolnshire, England. EQUABILITY E`qua*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. aequabilitas, fr. aequabilis. See Equable.] Defn: The quality or condition of being equable; evenness or uniformity; as, equability of temperature; the equability of the mind. For the celestial bodies, the equability and constancy of their motions argue them ordained by wisdom. Ray. EQUABLE E"qua*ble, a. Etym: [L. aequabilis, fr. aequare to make level or equal, fr. aequus even, equal. See Equal.] 1. Equal and uniform; continuing the same at different times; -- said of motion, and the like; uniform in surface; smooth; as, an equable plain or globe. 2. Uniform in action or intensity; not variable or changing; -- said of the feelings or temper. EQUABLENESS E"qua*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being equable. EQUABLY E"qua*bly, adv. Defn: In an equable manner. EQUAL E"qual, a. Etym: [L. aequalis, fr. aequus even, equal; akin to Skr. , and perh. to L. unus for older oinos one, E. one.] 1. Agreeing in quantity, size, quality, degree, value, etc.; having the same magnitude, the same value, the same degree, etc.; -- applied to number, degree, quantity, and intensity, and to any subject which admits of them; neither inferior nor superior, greater nor less, better nor worse; corresponding; alike; as, equal quantities of land, water, etc. ; houses of equal size; persons of equal stature or talents; commodities of equal value. 2. Bearing a suitable relation; of just proportion; having competent power, abilities, or means; adequate; as, he is not equal to the task. The Scots trusted not their own numbers as equal to fight with the English. Clarendon. It is not permitted to me to make my commendations equal to your merit. Dryden. Whose voice an equal messenger Conveyed thy meaning mild. Emerson. 3. Not variable; equable; uniform; even; as, an equal movement. "An equal temper." Dryden. 4. Evenly balanced; not unduly inclining to either side; characterized by fairness; unbiased; impartial; equitable; just. Are not my ways equal Ezek. xviii. 29. Thee, O Jove, no equal judge I deem. Spenser. Nor think it equal to answer deliberate reason with sudden heat and noise. Milton. 5. Of the same interest or concern; indifferent. They who are not disposed to receive them may let them alone or reject them; it is equal to me. Cheyne. 6. (Mus.) Defn: Intended for voices of one kind only, either all male or all female; -- opposed to mixed. [R.] 7. (Math.) Defn: Exactly agreeing with respect to quantity. Equal temperament. (Mus.) See Temperament. Syn. -- Even; equable; uniform; adequate; proportionate; commensurate; fair; just; equitable. EQUAL E"qual, n. 1. One not inferior or superior to another; one having the same or a similar age, rank, station, office, talents, strength, or other quality or condition; an equal quantity or number; as, "If equals be taken from equals the remainders are equal." Those who were once his equals envy and defame him. Addison. 2. State of being equal; equality. [Obs.] Spenser. EQUAL E"qual, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equaled or Equalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Equaling or Equalling.] 1. To be or become equal to; to have the same quantity, the same value, the same degree or rank, or the like, with; to be commen On me whose all not equals Edward's moiety. Shak. 2. To make equal return to; to recompense fully. Who answered all her cares, and equaled all her love. Dryden. 3. To make equal or equal to; to equalize; hence, to compare or regard as equals; to put on equality. He would not equal the mind that he found in himself to the infinite and incomprehensible. Berkeley. EQUALITARIAN E*qual`i*ta"ri*an, n. Defn: One who believes in equalizing the condition of men; a leveler. EQUALITY E*qual"i*ty, n.; pl. Equalities. Etym: [L. aequalitas, fr. aequalis equal. See Equal.] 1. The condition or quality of being equal; agreement in quantity or degree as compared; likeness in bulk, value, rank, properties, etc.; as, the equality of two bodies in length or thickness; an equality of rights. A footing of equality with nobles. Macaulay. 2. Sameness in state or continued course; evenness; uniformity; as, an equality of temper or constitution. 3. Evenness; uniformity; as, an equality of surface. 4. (Math.) Defn: Exact agreement between two expressions or magnitudes with respect to quantity; -- denoted by the symbol =; thus, a = x signifies that a contains the same number and kind of units of measure that x does. Confessional equality. See under Confessional. EQUALIZATION E`qual*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of equalizing, or state of being equalized. Their equalization with the rest of their fellow subjects. Burke. EQUALIZE E"qual*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Equalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. égaliser.] 1. To make equal; to cause to correspond, or be like, in amount or degree as compared; as, to equalize accounts, burdens, or taxes. One poor moment can suffice To equalize the lofty and the low. Wordsworth. No system of instruction will completely equalize natural powers. Whately. 2. To pronounce equal; to compare as equal. Which we equalize, and perhaps would willingly prefer to the Iliad. Orrery. 3. To be equal to; equal; to match. [Obs.] It could not equalize the hundredth part Of what her eyes have kindled in my heart. Waller. Equalizing bar (Railroad Mach.), a lever connecting two axle boxes, or two springs in a car truck or locomotive, to equalize the pressure on the axles. EQUALIZER E"qual*i`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, equalizes anything. EQUALLY E"qual*ly, adv. Defn: In an equal manner or degree in equal shares or proportion; with equal and impartial justice; without difference; alike; evenly; justly; as, equally taxed, furnished, etc. EQUALNESS E"qual*ness, n. Defn: Equality; evenness. Shak. EQUANGULAR E*quan"gu*lar, a. Etym: [See Equiangular.] Defn: Having equal angles; equiangular. [R.] Johnson. EQUANIMITY E`qua*nim"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. aequanimitas, fr. aequanimus: cf. F. équanimité. See Equanimous.] Defn: Evenness of mind; that calm temper or firmness of mind which is not easily elated or depressed; patience; calmness; composure; as, to bear misfortunes with equanimity. EQUANIMOUS E*quan"i*mous, a. Etym: [L. aequanimus, fr. aequus equal + animus mind.] Defn: Of an even, composed frame of mind; of a steady temper; not easily elated or depressed. Bp. Gauden. EQUANT E"quant, n. Etym: [L. aequans, -antis, p. pr. of aequare: cf. F. équant. See Equate.] (Ptolemaic Astron.) Defn: A circle around whose circumference a planet or the center of ann epicycle was conceived to move uniformly; -- called also eccentric equator. EQUATE E*quate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equated; p. pr. & vb. n. Equating.] Etym: [L. aequatus, p. p. of aequare to make level or equal, fr. aequus level, equal. See Equal.] Defn: To make equal; to reduce to an average; to make such an allowance or correction in as will reduce to a common standard of comparison; to reduce to mean time or motion; as, to equate payments; to equate lines of railroad for grades or curves; equated distances. Palgrave gives both scrolle and scrowe and equates both to F[rench] rolle. Skeat (Etymol. Dict. ). Equating for grades (Railroad Engin.), adding to the measured distance one mile for each twenty feet of ascent. -- Equating for curves, adding half a mile for each 360 degrees of curvature. EQUATION E*qua"tion, n. Etym: [L. aequatio an equalizing: cf. F. équation equation. See Equate.] 1. A making equal; equal division; equality; equilibrium. Again the golden day resumed its right, And ruled in just equation with the night. Rowe. 2. (Math.) Defn: An expression of the condition of equality between two algebraic quantities or sets of quantities, the sign = being placed between them; as, a binomial equation; a quadratic equation; an algebraic equation; a transcendental equation; an exponential equation; a logarithmic equation; a differential equation, etc. 3. (Astron.) Defn: A quantity to be applied in computing the mean place or other element of a celestial body; that is, any one of the several quantities to be added to, or taken from, its position as calculated on the hypothesis of a mean uniform motion, in order to find its true position as resulting from its actual and unequal motion. Absolute equation. See under Absolute. -- Equation box, or Equational box, a system of differential gearing used in spinning machines for regulating the twist of the yarn. It resembles gearing used in equation clocks for showing apparent time. -- Equation of the center (Astron.), the difference between the place of a planet as supposed to move uniformly in a circle, and its place as moving in an ellipse. -- Equations of condition (Math.), equations formed for deducing the true values of certain quantities from others on which they depend, when different sets of the latter, as given by observation, would yield different values of the quantities sought, and the number of equations that may be found is greater than the number of unknown quantities. -- Equation of a curve (Math.), an equation which expresses the relation between the coördinates of every point in the curve. -- Equation of equinoxes (Astron.), the difference between the mean and apparent places of the equinox. -- Equation of payments (Arith.), the process of finding the mean time of payment of several sums due at different times. -- Equation of time (Astron.), the difference between mean and apparent time, or between the time of day indicated by the sun, and that by a perfect clock going uniformly all the year round. -- Equation clock or watch, a timepiece made to exhibit the differences between mean solar and apparent solar time. Knight. -- Normal equation. See under Normal. -- Personal equation (Astron.), the difference between an observed result and the true qualities or peculiarities in the observer; particularly the difference, in an average of a large number of observation, between the instant when an observer notes a phenomenon, as the transit of a star, and the assumed instant of its actual occurrence; or, relatively, the difference between these instants as noted by two observers. It is usually only a fraction of a second; -- sometimes applied loosely to differences of judgment or method occasioned by temperamental qualities of individuals. -- Theory of equations (Math.), the branch of algebra that treats of the properties of a single algebraic equation of any degree containing one unknown quantity. EQUATOR E*qua"tor, n. Etym: [L. aequator one who equalizes: cf. F. équateur equator. See Equate.] 1. (Geog.) Defn: The imaginary great circle on the earth's surface, everywhere equally distant from the two poles, and dividing the earth's surface into two hemispheres. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The great circle of the celestial sphere, coincident with the plane of the earth's equator; -- so called because when the sun is in it, the days and nights are of equal length; hence called also the equinoctial, and on maps, globes, etc., the equinoctial line. Equator of the sun or of a planet (Astron.), the great circle whose plane passes through through the center of the body, and is perpendicular to its axis of revolution. -- Magnetic equator. See Aclinic. EQUATORIAL E`qua*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. équatorial.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the equator; as, equatorial climates; also, pertaining to an equatorial instrument. EQUATORIAL E`qua*to"ri*al, n. (Astron.) Defn: An instrument consisting of a telescope so mounted as to have two axes of motion at right angles to each other, one of them parallel to the axis of the earth, and each carrying a graduated circle, the one for measuring declination, and the other right ascension, or the hour angle, so that the telescope may be directed, even in the daytime, to any star or other object whose right ascension and declination are known. The motion in right ascension is sometimes communicated by clockwork, so as to keep the object constantly in the field of the telescope. Called also an equatorial telescope. Note: The term equatorial, or equatorial instrument, is sometimes applied to any astronomical instrument which has its principal axis of rotation parallel to the axis of the earth. EQUATORIALLY E`qua*to"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: So as to have motion or direction parallel to the equator. EQUERRY Eq"uer*ry, n.; pl. Equerries. Etym: [F. écurie stable, for older escurie, escuirie (confused somewhat with F. écuyer, OF. escuyer, squire), LL. scuria, OHG. skiura, sc, barn, shed, G. scheuer, from a root meaning to cover, protect, and akin to L. scutum shield. See Esquire, and cf. Ecurie, Querry.] 1. A large stable or lodge for horses. Johnson. 2. An officer of princes or nobles, charged with the care of their horses. Note: In England equerries are officers of the royal household in the department of the Master of the Horse. EQUERY Eq"ue*ry, n. Defn: Same as Equerry. EQUESTRIAN E*ques"tri*an, a. Etym: [L. equester, from eques horseman, fr. equus horse: cf. F. équestre. See Equine.] 1. Of or pertaining to horses or horsemen, or to horsemanship; as, equestrian feats, or games. 2. Being or riding on horseback; mounted; as, an equestrian statue. An equestrian lady appeared upon the plains. Spectator. 3. Belonging to, or composed of, the ancient Roman equities or knights; as, the equestrian order. Burke. EQUESTRIAN E*ques"tri*an, n. Defn: One who rides on horseback; a horseman; a rider. EQUESTRIANISM E*ques"tri*an*ism, n. Defn: The art of riding on horseback; performance on horseback; horsemanship; as, feats equestrianism. EQUESTRIENNE E*ques"tri*enne`, n. Etym: [Formed after analogy of the French language.] Defn: A woman skilled in equestrianism; a horsewoman. EQUI- E"qui-. Etym: [L. aequus equal. See Equal.] Defn: A prefix, meaning equally; as, equidistant; equiangular. EQUIANGLED E"qui*an`gled, a. Etym: [Equi- + angle.] Defn: Equiangular. [Obs.] Boyle. EQUIANGULAR E`qui*an"gu*lar, a. Etym: [Equi- + angular. Cf. Equangular.] Defn: Having equal angles; as, an equiangular figure; a square is equiangular. Equiangular spiral. (Math.) See under Spiral, n. -- Mutually equiangular, applied to two figures, when every angle of the one has its equal among the angles of the other. EQUIBALANCE E`qui*bal"ance, n. Etym: [Equi- + balance.] Defn: Equal weight; equiponderance. EQUIBALANCE E`qui*bal"ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equibalanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Equibalancing.] Defn: To make of equal weight; to balance equally; to counterbalance; to equiponderate. EQUICRESCENT E`qui*cres"cent, a. Etym: [Equi- + crescent.] (Math.) Defn: Increasing by equal increments; as, an equicrescent variable. EQUICRURAL E`qui*cru"ral, a. Etym: [L. aequicrurius; aequus equal + crus, cruris, leg.] Defn: Having equal legs or sides; isosceles. [R.] "Equicrural triangles." Sir T. Browne. EQUICRURE E"qui*crure, a. Defn: Equicrural. [Obs.] EQUIDIFFERENT E`qui*dif"fer*ent, a. Etym: [Equi- + different: cf. F. équidifférent.] Defn: Having equal differences; as, the terms of arithmetical progression are equidifferent. EQUIDISTANCE E`qui*dis"tance, n. Defn: Equal distance. EQUIDISTANT E`qui*dis"tant, a. Etym: [L. aequidistans, -antis; aequus equal + distans distant: cf. F. équidistant.] Defn: Being at an equal distance from the same point or thing. -- E`qui*dis"tant*ly, adv. Sir T. Browne. EQUIDIURNAL E`qui*di*ur"nal, a. Etym: [Equi- + diurnal.] Defn: Pertaining to the time of equal day and night; -- applied to the equinoctial line. Whewell. EQUIFORM E"qui*form, a. Etym: [L. aequiformis; aequus equal + forma form.] Defn: Having the same form; uniform. -- E`qui*for"mi*ty, n. Sir T. Browne. EQUILATERAL E`qui*lat"er*al, a. Etym: [L. aequilateralis; aequus equal + latus, lateris, side: cf. F. équilatéral.] Defn: Having all the sides equal; as, an equilateral triangle; an equilateral polygon. Equilateral hyperbola (Geom.), one whose axes are equal. -- Equilateral shell (Zoöl.), one in which a transverse line drawn through the apex of the umbo bisects the valve, or divides it into two equal and symmetrical parts. -- Mutually equilateral, applied to two figures, when every side of the one has its equal among the sides of the other. EQUILATERAL E`qui*lat"er*al, n. Defn: A side exactly corresponding, or equal, to others; also, a figure of equal sides. EQUILIBRATE E`qui*li"brate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equilibrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Equilibrating.] Etym: [L. aequilibratus in equilibrium; aequus equal + libra balance. See Equilibrium.] Defn: To balance two scales, sides, or ends; to keep even with equal weight on each side; to keep in equipoise. H. Spenser. EQUILIBRATION E`qui*li*bra"tion, n. 1. Act of keeping a balance, or state of being balanced; equipoise. In . . . running, leaping, and dancing, nature's laws of equilibration are observed. J. Denham. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The process by which animal and vegetable organisms preserve a physiological balance. H. Spenser. EQUILIBRIOUS E`qui*lib"ri*ous, a. Defn: Evenly poised; balanced. Dr. H. More. -- E`qui*lib"ri*ous*ly, adv. EQUILIBRIST E*quil"i*brist, n. Defn: One who balances himself in unnatural positions and hazardous movements; a balancer. When the equilibrist balances a rod upon his finger. Stewart. EQUILIBRITY E`qui*lib"ri*ty, n. Etym: [L. aequilibritas equal distribution. See Equilibrium.] Defn: The state of being balanced; equality of weight. [R.] J. Gregory. EQUILIBRIUM E`qui*lib"ri*um, n.; pl. E. Equilibriums, L. Equilibria. Etym: [L. aequilibrium, fr. aequilibris in equilibrium, level; aequus equal + libra balance. See Equal, and Librate.] 1. Equality of weight or force; an equipoise or a state of rest produced by the mutual counteraction of two or more forces. 2. A level position; a just poise or balance in respect to an object, so that it remains firm; equipoise; as, to preserve the equilibrium of the body. Health consists in the equilibrium between those two powers. Arbuthnot. 3. A balancing of the mind between motives or reasons, with consequent indecision and doubt. Equilibrium valve (Steam Engine), a balanced valve. See under Valve. EQUIMOMENTAL E`qui*mo*men"tal, a. Etym: [Equi- + momental.] (Mech.) Defn: Having equal moments of inertia. Note: Two bodies or systems of bodies are said to be equimomental when their moments of inertia about all straight lines are equal each to each. Equimomental cone of a given rigid body, a conical surface that has any given vertex, and is described by a straight line which moves in such manner that the moment of inertia of the given rigid body about the line is in all its positions the same. EQUIMULTIPLE E`qui*mul"ti*ple, a. Etym: [Equi- + multiple: cf. F. équimultiple.] Defn: Multiplied by the same number or quantity. EQUIMULTIPLE E`qui*mul"ti*ple, n. (Math.) Defn: One of the products arising from the multiplication of two or more quantities by the same number or quantity. Thus, seven times 2, or 14, and seven times 4, or 28, are equimultiples of 2 and 4. EQUINAL E*qui"nal, a. Defn: See Equine. "An equinal shape." Heywood. EQUINE E"quine, a. Etym: [L. equinus, fr. equus horse; akin to Gr. a, OS. ehu, AS. eh, eoh, Icel. j, OIr. ech, cf. Skr. a to reach, overtake, perh. akin to E. acute, edge, eager, a. Cf. Hippopotamus.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a horse. The shoulders, body, things, and mane are equine; the head completely bovine. Sir J. Barrow. EQUINIA E*quin"i*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Equine.] (Med.) Defn: Glanders. EQUINOCTIAL E`qui*noc"tial, a. Etym: [L. aequinoctials, fr. aequinoctium equinox: cf. F. équinoxial. See Equinox.] 1. Pertaining to an equinox, or the equinoxes, or to the time of equal day and night; as, the equinoctial line. 2. Pertaining to the regions or climate of the equinoctial line or equator; in or near that line; as, equinoctial heat; an equinoctial sun. 3. Pertaining to the time when the sun enters the equinoctial points; as, an equinoctial gale or storm, that is, one happening at or near the time of the equinox, in any part of the world. Equinoctial colure (Astron.), the meridian passing through the equinoctial points. -- Equinoctial line (Astron.), the celestial equator; -- so called because when the sun is on it, the nights and days are of equal length in all parts of the world. See Equator. Thrice the equinoctial line He circled. Milton. - Equinoctial points (Astron.), the two points where the celestial and ecliptic intersect each other; the one being in the first point of Aries, the other in the first point of Libra. -- Equinoctial time (Astron.) reckoned in any year from the instant when the mean sun is at the mean vernal equinoctial point. EQUINOCTIAL E`qui*noc"tial, n. Defn: The equinoctial line. EQUINOCTIALLY E`qui*noc"tial*ly, adv. Defn: Towards the equinox. EQUINOX E"qui*nox, n. Etym: [OE. equinoxium, equenoxium, L. aequinoctium; aequus equal + nox, noctis, night: cf. F. équinoxe. See Equal, and Night.] 1. The time when the sun enters one of the equinoctial points, that is, about March 21 and September 22. See Autumnal equinox, Vernal equinox, under Autumnal and Vernal. When descends on the Atlantic The gigantic Stormwind of the equinox. Longfellow. 2. Equinoctial wind or storm. [R.] Dryden. EQUINUMERANT E`qui*nu"mer*ant, a. Etym: [Equi- + L. numerans, p. pr. of numerare to number.] Defn: Equal as to number. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. EQUIP E*quip", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Equipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Equipping.] Etym: [F. équiper to supply, fit out, orig. said of a ship, OF. esquiper to embark; of German origin; cf. OHG. scif, G. schiff, Icel. skip, AS. scip. See Ship.] 1. To furnish for service, or against a need or exigency; to fit out; to supply with whatever is necessary to efficient action in any way; to provide with arms or an armament, stores, munitions, rigging, etc.; -- said esp. of ships and of troops. Dryden. Gave orders for equipping a considerable fleet. Ludlow. 2. To dress up; to array; accouter. The country are led astray in following the town, and equipped in a ridiculous habit, when they fancy themselves in the height of the mode. Addison. EQUIPAGE Eq"ui*page (; 48), n. Etym: [F. équipage, fr. équiper. See Equip.] 1. Furniture or outfit, whether useful or ornamental; especially, the furniture and supplies of a vessel, fitting her for a voyage or for warlike purposes, or the furniture and necessaries of an army, a body of troops, or a single soldier, including whatever is necessary for efficient service; equipments; accouterments; habiliments; attire. Did their exercises on horseback with noble equipage. Evelyn. First strip off all her equipage of Pride. Pope. 2. Retinue; train; suite. Swift. 3. A carriage of state or of pleasure with all that accompanies it, as horses, liveried servants, etc., a showy turn-out. The rumbling equipages of fashion . . . were unknown in the settlement of New Amsterdam. W. Irving. EQUIPAGED Eq"ui*paged, a. Defn: Furnished with equipage. Well dressed, well bred. Well equipaged, is ticket good enough. Cowper. EQUIPARABLE E*quip"a*ra*ble a. Etym: [L. aequiparabilis.] Defn: Comparable. [Obs. or R.] EQUIPARATE E*quip"a*rate v. t. Etym: [L. aequiparatus, p. p. of aequiparare.] Defn: To compare. [R.] EQUIPEDAL E*quip"e*dal, a. Etym: [Equi- + L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Equal-footed; having the pairs of feet equal. EQUIPENDENCY E`qui*pend"en*cy, n. Etym: [Equi- + pendency.] Defn: The act or condition of hanging in equipoise; not inclined or determined either way. South. EQUIPENSATE E`qui*pen"sate, v. t. Etym: [Equi- + pensatus, p. p. of pensare to weigh. Cf. Equipoise.] Defn: To weigh equally; to esteem alike. [Obs.] EQUIPMENT E*quip"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. équipement. See Equip.] 1. The act of equipping, or the state of being equipped, as for a voyage or expedition. Burke. The equipment of the fleet was hastened by De Witt. Hume. 2. Whatever is used in equipping; necessaries for an expedition or voyage; the collective designation for the articles comprising an outfit; equipage; as, a railroad equipment (locomotives, cars, etc. ; for carrying on business); horse equipments; infantry equipments; naval equipments; laboratory equipments. Armed and dight, In the equipments of a knight. Longfellow. EQUIPOISE E"qui*poise, n. Etym: [Equi- + poise.] 1. Equality of weight or force; hence, equilibrium; a state in which the two ends or sides of a thing are balanced, and hence equal; state of being equally balanced; -- said of moral, political, or social interests or forces. The means of preserving the equipoise and the tranquillity of the commonwealth. Burke. Our little lives are kept in equipoise By opposite attractions and desires. Longfellow. 2. Counterpoise. The equipoise to the clergy being removed. Buckle. EQUIPOLLENCE; EQUIPOLLENCY E`qui*pol"lence, E`qui*pol"len*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. équipollence. See Equipollent.] 1. Equality of power, force, signification, or application. Boyle. 2. (Logic) Defn: Sameness of signification of two or more propositions which differ in language. EQUIPOLLENT E`qui*pol"lent, a. Etym: [L. aequipollens; aequus equal + pollens, - entis, p. pr. of pollere to be strong, able: cf. F. équipollent.] 1. Having equal power or force; equivalent. Bacon. 2. (Logic) Defn: Having equivalent signification and reach; expressing the same thing, but differently. EQUIPOLLENTLY E`qui*pol"lent*ly, adv. Defn: With equal power. Barrow. EQUIPONDERANCE; EQUIPONDERANCY E`qui*pon"der*ance, E`qui*pon"der*an*cy, n. Etym: [Equi- + ponderance: cf. F. équipondérance.] Defn: Equality of weight; equipoise. EQUIPONDERANT E`qui*pon"der*ant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. équipondérant.] Defn: Being of the same weight. A column of air . . . equiponderant to a column of quicksilver. Locke. EQUIPONDERATE E`qui*pon"der*ate, v. i. Etym: [Equi- + L. ponderare to weigh. See Ponderate.] Defn: To be equal in weight; to weigh as much as another thing. Bp. Wilkins. EQUIPONDERATE E`qui*pon"der*ate, v. t. Defn: To make equal in weight; to counterbalance. "More than equiponderated the declension in that direction." De Quincey. EQUIPONDEROUS E`qui*pon"der*ous, a. Etym: [Equi- + L. pondus, ponderis, weight.] Defn: Having equal weight. Bailey. EQUIPONDIOUS E`qui*pon"di*ous, a. Etym: [L. aequipondium an equal weight; aequus equal + pondus weight.] Defn: Of equal weight on both sides; balanced. [Obs.] Glanvill. EQUIPOTENTIAL E`qui*po*ten"tial, a. Etym: [Equi- + potential.] (Mech. & Physics) Defn: Having the same potential. Equipotential surface, a surface for which the potential is for all points of the surface constant. Level surfaces on the earth are equipotential. EQUIRADICAL E`qui*rad"i*cal a. Etym: [Equi- + radical.] Defn: Equally radical. [R.] Coleridge. EQUIROTAL E`qui*ro"tal, a. Etym: [Equi- + L. rota wheel.] Defn: Having wheels of the same size or diameter; having equal rotation. [R.] EQUISETACEOUS E`qui*se*ta"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to the Equisetaceæ, or Horsetail family. EQUISETIFORM E`qui*set"i*form, a. Etym: [Equisetum- + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of the equisetum. EQUISETUM Eq`ui*se"tum, n.; pl. Equiseta. Etym: [L., the horsetail, fr. equus horse + seta a thick,, stiff hair, bristle.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of vascular, cryptogamic, herbaceous plants; -- also called horsetails. Note: The Equiseta have hollow jointed stems and no true leaves. The cuticle often contains siliceous granules, so that one species (E. hyemale) is used for scouring and polishing, under the name of Dutch rush or scouring rush. EQUISONANCE E*quis"o*nance, n. Etym: [Equi- + L. sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound: cf. F. équisonnance. See Sonant.] (Mus.) Defn: An equal sounding; the consonance of the unison and its octaves. EQUISONANT E*quis"o*nant a. Defn: Of the same or like sound. EQUITABLE Eq"ui*ta*ble, a. Etym: [F. équitable, from équité. See Equity.] 1. Possessing or exhibiting equity; according to natural right or natural justice; marked by a due consideration for what is fair, unbiased, or impartial; just; as an equitable decision; an equitable distribution of an estate; equitable men. No two . . . had exactly the same notion of what was equitable. Macaulay. 2. (Law) Defn: That can be sustained or made available or effective in a court of equity, or upon principles of equity jurisprudence; as, an equitable estate; equitable assets, assignment, mortgage, etc. Abbott. Syn. -- Just; fair; reasonable; right; honest; impartial; candid; upright. EQUITABLENESS Eq"ui*ta*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being equitable, just, or impartial; as, the equitableness of a judge, a decision, or distribution of property. EQUITABLY Eq"ui*ta*bly, adv. Defn: In an equitable manner; justly; as, the laws should be equitably administered. EQUITANCY Eq"ui*tan*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. equitantia. See Equitant.] Defn: Horsemanship. EQUITANT Eq"ui*tant, a. Etym: [L. equitans, -antis, p. pr. of equitare to ride, fr. eques horseman, fr. equus horse.] 1. Mounted on, or sitting upon, a horse; riding on horseback. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Overlapping each other; -- said of leaves whose bases are folded so as to overlap and bestride the leaves within or above them, as in the iris. EQUITATION Eq`ui*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. equitatio, fr. equitare: cf. F. équitation.] Defn: A riding, or the act of riding, on horseback; horsemanship. The pretender to equitation mounted. W. Irving. EQUITEMPORANEOUS E`qui*tem`po*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. aequus equal + tempus, temporis, time.] Defn: Contemporaneous. [Obs.] Boyle. EQUITES Eq"ui*tes n. pl Etym: [L., pl. of eques a horseman.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An order of knights holding a middle place between the senate and the commonalty; members of the Roman equestrian order. EQUITY Eq"ui*ty, n.; pl. Equities. Etym: [F. équité, L. aequitas, fr. aequus even, equal. See Equal.] 1. Equality of rights; natural justice or right; the giving, or desiring to give, to each man his due, according to reason, and the law of God to man; fairness in determination of conflicting claims; impartiality. Christianity secures both the private interests of men and the public peace, enforcing all justice and equity. Tillotson. 2. (Law) Defn: An equitable claim; an equity of redemption; as, an equity to a settlement, or wife's equity, etc. I consider the wife's equity to be too well settled to be shaken. Kent. 3. (Law) Defn: A system of jurisprudence, supplemental to law, properly so called, and complemental of it. Equity had been gradually shaping itself into a refined science which no human faculties could master without long and intense application. Macaulay. Note: Equitable jurisprudence in England and in the United States grew up from the inadequacy of common-law forms to secure justice in all cases; and this led to distinct courts by which equity was applied in the way of injunctions, bills of discovery, bills for specified performance, and other processes by which the merits of a case could be reached more summarily or more effectively than by common-law suits. By the recent English Judicature Act (1873), however, the English judges are bound to give effect, in common-law suits, to all equitable rights and remedies; and when the rules of equity and of common law, in any particular case, conflict, the rules of equity are to prevail. In many jurisdictions in the United States, equity and common law are thus blended; in others distinct equity tribunals are still maintained. See Chancery. Equity of redemption (Law), the advantage, allowed to a mortgageor, of a certain or reasonable time to redeem lands mortgaged, after they have been forfeited at law by the nonpayment of the sum of money due on the mortgage at the appointed time. Blackstone. Syn. -- Right; justice; impartiality; rectitude; fairness; honesty; uprightness. See Justice. EQUIVALENCE E*quiv"a*lence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. équivalence, LL. aequivalentia.] 1. The condition of being equivalent or equal; equality of worth, value, signification, or force; as, an equivalence of definitions. 2. Equal power or force; equivalent amount. 3. (Chem.) (a) The quantity of the combining power of an atom, expressed in hydrogen units; the number of hydrogen atoms can combine with, or be exchanged for; valency. See Valence. (b) The degree of combining power as determined by relative weight. See Equivalent, n., 2. [R.] EQUIVALENCE E*quiv"a*lence, v. t. Defn: To be equivalent or equal to; to counterbalance. [R.] Sir T. Browne. EQUIVALENCY E*quiv"a*len*cy, n. Defn: Same as Equivalence. EQUIVALENT E*quiv"a*lent, a. Etym: [L. aequivalens, -entis, p. pr. of aequivalere to have equal power; aequus equal + valere to be strong, be worth: cf. F. équivalent. See Equal, and Valiant.] 1. Equal in wortir or value, force, power, effect, import, and the like; alike in significance and value; of the same import or meaning. For now to serve and to minister, servile and ministerial, are terms equivalent. South. 2. (Geom.) Defn: Equal in measure but not admitting of superposition; -- applied to magnitudes; as, a square may be equivalent to a triangle. 3. (Geol.) Defn: Contemporaneous in origin; as, the equivalent strata of different countries. EQUIVALENT E*quiv"a*lent, n. 1. Something equivalent; that which is equal in value, worth, weight, or force; as, to offer an equivalent for damage done. He owned that, if the Test Act were repealed, the Protestants were entitled to some equivalent. . . . During some weeks the word equivalent, then lately imported from France, was in the mouths of all the coffeehouse. Macaulay. 2. (Chem.) Defn: That comparative quantity by weight of an element which possesses the same chemical value as other elements, as determined by actual experiment and reference to the same standard. Specifically: (a) The comparative proportions by which one element replaces another in any particular compound; thus, as zinc replaces hydrogen in hydrochloric acid, their equivalents are 32.5 and 1. (b) The combining proportion by weight of a substance, or the number expressing this proportion, in any particular compound; as, the equivalents of hydrogen and oxygen in water are respectively 1 and 8, and in hydric dioxide 1 and 16. Note: This term was adopted by Wollaston to avoid using the conjectural expression atomic weight, with which, however, for a time it was practically synonymous. The attempt to limit the term to the meaning of a universally comparative combining weight failed, because of the possibility of several compounds of the substances by reason of the variation in combining power which most elements exhibit. The equivalent was really identical with, or a multiple of submultiple of, the atomic weight. 3. (Chem.) Defn: A combining unit, whether an atom, a radical, or a molecule; as, in acid salt two or more equivalents of acid unite with one or more equivalents of base. Mechanical equivalent of heat (Physics), the number of units of work which the unit of heat can perform; the mechanical energy which must be expended to raise the temperature of a unit weight of water from 0º C. to 1º C., or from 32º F. to 33º F. The term was introduced by Dr. Mayer of Heilbronn. Its value was found by Joule to be 1390 foot pounds upon the Centigrade, or 772 foot pounds upon the Fahrenheit, thermometric scale, whence it is often called Joule's equivalent, and represented by the symbol J. This is equal to 424 kilogram meters (Centigrade scale). A more recent determination by Professor Rowland gives the value 426.9 kilogram meters, for the latitude of Baltimore. EQUIVALENT E*quiv"a*lent, v. t. Defn: To make the equivalent to; to equal; equivalence. [R.] EQUIVALENTLY E*quiv"a*lent*ly, adv. Defn: In an equal manner. EQUIVALUE E`qui*val"ue, v. t. Defn: To put an equal value upon; to put (something) on a par with another thing. W. Taylor. EQUIVALVE; EQUIVALVED E"qui*valve, E"qui*valved, a. Etym: [Equi- + valve.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the valves equal in size and from, as in most bivalve shells. EQUIVALVULAR E`qui*val"vu*lar, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Equivalve or Equivalved. EQUIVOCACY E*quiv"o*ca*cy, n. Defn: Equivocalness. EQUIVOCAL E*quiv"o*cal, a. Etym: [L. aequivocus: aequus equal + vox, vocis, word. See Equal, and Voice, and cf. Equivoque.] 1. (Literally, called equally one thing or the other; hence:) Having two significations equally applicable; capable of double interpretation; of doubtful meaning; ambiguous; uncertain; as, equivocal words; an equivocal sentence. For the beauties of Shakespeare are not of so dim or equivocal a nature as to be visible only to learned eyes. Jeffrey. 2. Capable of being ascribed to different motives, or of signifying opposite feelings, purposes, or characters; deserving to be suspected; as, his actions are equivocal. "Equivocal repentances." Milton. 3. Uncertain, as an indication or sign; doubtful. "How equivocal a test." Burke. Equivocal chord (Mus.), a chord which can be resolved into several distinct keys; one whose intervals, being all minor thirds, do not clearly indicate its fundamental tone or root; the chord of the diminished triad, and the diminished seventh. Syn. -- Ambiguous; doubtful; uncertain; indeterminate. -- Equivocal, Ambiguous. We call an expression ambiguous when it has one general meaning, and yet contains certain words which may be taken in two different senses; or certain clauses which can be so connected with other clauses as to divide the mind between different views of part of the meaning intended. We call an expression equivocal when, taken as a whole, it conveys a given thought with perfect clearness and propriety, and also another thought with equal propriety and clearness. Such were the responses often given by the Delphic oracle; as that to Crambiguous is a mere blunder of language; what is equivocal is usually intended to deceive, though it may occur at times from mere inadvertence. Equivocation is applied only to cases where there is a design to deceive. EQUIVOCAL E*quiv"o*cal, n. Defn: A word or expression capable of different meanings; an ambiguous term; an equivoque. In languages of great ductility, equivocals like that just referred to are rarely found. Fitzed. Hall. EQUIVOCALLY E*quiv"o*cal*ly, adv. Defn: In an equivocal manner. EQUIVOCALNESS E*quiv"o*cal*ness, n. Defn: The state of being equivocal. EQUIVOCATE E*quiv"o*cate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Equivocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Equivocating.] Etym: [L. aequivocatus, p. p. of aequivocari to be called by the same name, fr. L. aequivocus: cf. F. équivoquer. See Equivocal, a.] Defn: To use words of equivocal or doubtful signification; to express one's opinions in terms which admit of different senses, with intent to deceive; to use ambiguous expressions with a view to mislead; as, to equivocate is the work of duplicity. All that Garnet had to say for him was that he supposed he meant to equivocate. Bp. Stillingfleet. Syn. -- To prevaricate; evade; shuffle; quibble. See Prevaricate. EQUIVOCATE E*quiv"o*cate, v. t. Defn: To render equivocal or ambiguous. He equivocated his vow by a mental reservation. Sir G. Buck. EQUIVOCATION E*quiv`o*ca"tion, n. Defn: The use of expressions susceptible of a double signification, with a purpose to mislead. There being no room for equivocations, there is no need of distinctions. Locke. Syn. -- Prevarication; ambiguity; shuffling; evasion; guibbling. See Equivocal, a., and Prevaricate, v. i. EQUIVOCATOR E*quiv"o*ca`tor, n. Defn: One who equivocates. Here's an equivocator that could swear in both the scales against either scale, yet could not equivocate to heaven. Shak. EQUIVOCATORY E*quiv"o*ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Indicating, or characterized by, equivocation. EQUIVOQUE; EQUIVOKE Eq"ui*voque, Eq"ui*voke, n. Etym: [F. équivoque. See Equivocal.] 1. An ambiguous term; a word susceptible of different significations. Coleridge. 2. An equivocation; a guibble. B. Jonson. EQUIVOROUS E*quiv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. equus horse + vorare to eat greedily.] Defn: Feeding on horseflesh; as, equivorous Tartars. EQUUS E"quus, n. Etym: [L., horse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of mammals, including the horse, ass, etc. -ER -er Defn: . 1. Etym: [AS. -ere; akin to L. -arius.] Defn: The termination of many English words, denoting the agent; -- applied either to men or things; as in hater, farmer, heater, grater. At the end of names of places, -er signifies a man of the place; as, Londoner, i. e., London man. 2. Etym: [AS. -ra; akin to G. -er, Icel. -are, -re, Goth. -iza, -, L. -ior, Gr. -iyas.] Defn: A suffix used to form the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs; as, warmer, sooner, lat(e)er, earl(y)ier. ERA E"ra, n.; pl. Eras. Etym: [LL. aera an era, in earlier usage, the items of an account, counters, pl. of aes, aeris, brass, money. See Ore.] 1. A fixed point of time, usually an epoch, from which a series of years is reckoned. The foundation of Solomon's temple is conjectured by Ideler to have been an era. R. S. Poole. 2. A period of time reckoned from some particular date or epoch; a succession of years dating from some important event; as, the era of Alexander; the era of Christ, or the Christian era (see under Christian). The first century of our era. M. Arnold. 3. A period of time in which a new order of things prevails; a signal stage of history; an epoch. Painting may truly be said to have opened the new era of culture. J. A. Symonds. Syn. -- Epoch; time; date; period; age; dispensation. See Epoch. ERADIATE E*ra"di*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Eradiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Eradiating.] Etym: [Pref. e- + radiate.] Defn: To shoot forth, as rays of light; to beam; to radiate. Dr. H. More. ERADIATION E*ra`di*a"tion, n. Defn: Emission of radiance. ERADICABLE E*rad"i*ca*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being eradicated. ERADICATE E*rad"i*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eradicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Eradicating.] Etym: [L. eradicatus, p. p. of eradicare to eradicate; e out + radix, radicis, root. See Radical.] 1. To pluck up by the roots; to root up; as, an oak tree eradicated. 2. To root out; to destroy utterly; to extirpate; as, to eradicate diseases, or errors. This, although now an old an inveterate evil, might be eradicated by vigorous treatment. Southey. Syn. -- To extirpate; root out; exterminate; destroy; annihilate. ERADICATION E*rad`i*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. eradicatio: cf. F. éradication.] 1. The act of plucking up by the roots; a rooting out; extirpation; utter destruction. 2. The state of being plucked up by the roots. ERADICATIVE E*rad"i*ca*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. éradicatif.] Defn: Tending or serving to eradicate; curing or destroying thoroughly, as a disease or any evil. ERADICATIVE E*rad"i*ca*tive, n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine that effects a radical cure. Whitlock. ERASABLE E*ras"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being erased. ERASE E*rase", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Erased; p. pr. & vb. n.. Erasing.] Etym: [L. erasus, p. p. of eradere to erase; e out + radere to scrape, scratch, shave. See Rase.] 1. To rub or scrape out, as letters or characters written, engraved, or painted; to efface; to expunge; to cross out; as, to erase a word or a name. 2. Fig.: To obliterate; to expunge; to blot out; -- used of ideas in the mind or memory. Burke. ERASED E*rased", p. pr. & a. 1. Rubbed or scraped out; effaced; obliterated. 2. (Her.) Defn: Represented with jagged and uneven edges, as is torn off; -- used esp. of the head or limb of a beast. Cf. Couped. ERASEMENT E*rase"ment, n. Defn: The act of erasing; a rubbing out; expunction; obliteration. Johnson. ERASER E*ras"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, erases; esp., a sharp instrument or a piece of rubber used to erase writings, drawings, etc. ERASION E*ra"sion, n. Defn: The act of erasing; a rubbing out; obliteration. ERASTIAN E*ras"tian, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of the followers of Thomas Erastus, a German physician and theologian of the 16th century. He held that the punishment of all offenses should be referred to the civil power, and that holy communion was open to all. In the present day, an Erastian is one who would see the church placed entirely under the control of the State. Shipley. ERASTIANISM E*ras"tian*ism, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The principles of the Erastains. ERASURE E*ra"sure, n. Etym: [From Erase.] Defn: The act of erasing; a scratching out; obliteration. ERATIVE Er"a*tive, a. Defn: Pertaining to the Muse Erato who presided over amatory poetry. Stormonth. ERATO Er"a*to, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The Muse who presided over lyric and amatory poetry. ERBIUM Er"bi*um, n. Etym: [NL. from Ytterby, in Sweden, where gadolinite is found. Cf. Terbium, Yttrium, Ytterbium.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element associated with several other rare elements in the mineral gadolinite from Ytterby in Sweden. Symbol Er. Atomic weight 165.9. Its salts are rose-colored and give characteristic spectra. Its sesquioxide is called erbia. ERCEDEKEN Er`ce*de"ken, n. Etym: [OE., fr. pref. erce- = archi- + deken a deacon.] Defn: An archdeacon. [Obs.] ERD Erd, n. Etym: [OE. erd, eard, earth, land, country, AS. eard; akin to OS. ard dwelling place, OHG. art plowing, tillage, Icel. öredh crop, and to L. arare to plow, E. ear to plow.] Defn: The earth. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Erd shrew (Zoöl.), the common European shrew (Sorex vulgaris); the shrewmouse. ERE Ere, prep. & adv. Etym: [AS. , prep., adv., & conj.; akin to OS., OFries., & OHG. , G. eher, D. eer, Icel. ar, Goth. air. sq. root204. Cf. Early, Erst, Or, adv.] 1. Before; sooner than. [Archaic or Poetic] Myself was stirring ere the break of day. Shak. Ere sails were spread new oceans to explore. Dryden. Sir, come down ere my child die. John iv. 49. 2. Rather than. I will be thrown into Etna, . . . ere I will leave her. Shak. Ere long, before, shortly. Shak. -- Ere now, formerly, heretofore. Shak. -- Ere that, and Or are. Same as Ere. Shak. ERE Ere, v. t. Defn: To plow. [Obs.] See Ear, v. t. Chaucer. EREBUS Er"e*bus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Greek Myth.) Defn: A place of nether darkness, being the gloomy space through which the souls passed to Hades. See Milton's "Paradise Lost," Book II., line 883. 2. (Greek Myth.) Defn: The son of Chaos and brother of Nox, who dwelt in Erebus. To the infernal deep, with Erebus and tortures vile. Shak. ERECT E*rect", a. Etym: [L. erectus, p. p. of erigere to erect; e out + regere to lead straight. See Right, and cf. Alert.] 1. Upright, or having a vertical position; not inverted; not leaning or bent; not prone; as, to stand erect. Two of far nobler shape, erect and tall. Milton. Among the Greek colonies and churches of Asia, Philadelphia is still erect -- a column of ruins. Gibbon. 2. Directed upward; raised; uplifted. His piercing eyes, erect, appear to view Superior worlds, and look all nature through. Pope. 3. Bold; confident; free from depression; undismayed. But who is he, by years Bowed, but erect in heart Keble. 4. Watchful; alert. Vigilant and erect attention of mind. Hooker. 5. (Bot.) Defn: Standing upright, with reference to the earth's surface, or to the surface to which it is attached. 6. (Her.) Defn: Elevated, as the tips of wings, heads of serpents, etc. ERECT E*rect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Erected; p. pr. & vb. n. Erecting.] 1. To raise and place in an upright or perpendicular position; to set upright; to raise; as, to erect a pole, a flagstaff, a monument, etc. 2. To raise, as a building; to build; to construct; as, to erect a house or a fort; to set up; to put together the component parts of, as of a machine. 3. To lift up; to elevate; to exalt; to magnify. That didst his state above his hopes erect. Daniel. I, who am a party, am not to erect myself into a judge. Dryden. 4. To animate; to encourage; to cheer. It raiseth the dropping spirit, erecting it to a loving complaisance. Barrow. 5. To set up as an assertion or consequence from premises, or the like. "To erect conclusions." Sir T. Browne. "Malebranche erects this proposition." Locke. 6. To set up or establish; to found; to form; to institute. "To erect a new commonwealth." Hooker. Erecting shop (Mach.), a place where large machines, as engines, are put together and adjusted. Syn. -- To set up; raise; elevate; construct; build; institute; establish; found. ERECT E*rect", v. i. Defn: To rise upright. [Obs.] By wet, stalks do erect. Bacon. ERECTABLE E*rect"a*ble a. Defn: Capable of being erected; as, an erectable feather. Col. G. Montagu. ERECTER E*rect"er, n. Defn: An erector; one who raises or builds. ERECTILE E*rect"ile, a. Etym: [Cf. F. érectile.] Defn: Capable of being erected; susceptible of being erected of dilated. Erectile tissue (Anat.), a tissue which is capable of being greatly dilated and made rigid by the distension of the numerous blood vessels which it contains. ERECTILITY E`rec*til"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being erectile. ERECTION E*rec"tion, n. Etym: [L. erectio: cf. F. érection.] 1. The act of erecting, or raising upright; the act of constructing, as a building or a wall, or of fitting together the parts of, as a machine; the act of founding or establishing, as a commonwealth or an office; also, the act of rousing to excitement or courage. 2. The state of being erected, lifted up, built, established, or founded; exaltation of feelings or purposes. Her peerless height my mind to high erection draws up. Sidney 3. State of being stretched to stiffness; tension. 4. Anything erected; a building of any kind. 5. (Physiol.) Defn: The state of a part which, from having been soft, has become hard and swollen by the accumulation of blood in the erectile tissue. ERECTIVE E*rect"ive, a. Defn: Making erect or upright; raising; tending to erect. ERECTLY E*rect"ly, adv. Defn: In an erect manner or posture. ERECTNESS E*rect"ness, n. Defn: Uprightness of posture or form. ERECTO-PATENT E*rec"to-pat"ent, a. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Having a position intermediate between erect and patent, or spreading. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Standing partially spread and erect; -- said of the wings of certain insects. ERECTOR E*rec"tor, n. 1. One who, or that which, erects. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A muscle which raises any part. 3. (Physics) Defn: An attachment to a microscope, telescope, or other optical instrument, for making the image erect instead of inverted. ERELONG Ere`long", adv. Defn: Before the ere long. A man, . . . following the stag, erelong slew him. Spenser. The world, erelong, a world of tears must weep. Milton. EREMACAUSIS Er`e*ma*cau"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A gradual oxidation from exposure to air and moisture, as in the decay of old trees or of dead animals. EREMITAGE Er"e*mit*age, n. Defn: See Hermitage. EREMITE Er"e*mite, n. Etym: [See Hermit.] Defn: A hermit. Thou art my heaven, and I thy eremite. Keats. EREMITIC; EREMITICAL Er`e*mit"ic, Er`e*mit"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an eremite; hermitical; living in solitude. "An eremitical life in the woods." Fuller. "The eremitic instinct." Lowell. EREMITISH Er"e*mi`tish, a. Defn: Eremitic. Bp. Hall. EREMITISM Er"e*mit*ism, n. Defn: The state of a hermit; a living in seclusion from social life. EREPTATION E`rep*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. erepere to creep out; e out + repere to creep.] Defn: A creeping forth. [Obs.] EREPTION E*rep"tion, n. Etym: [L. ereptio, fr. eripere to snatch away; e out + rapere to snatch.] Defn: A snatching away. [Obs.] Cockeram. ERETHISM Er"e*thism, n. Etym: [Gr. éréthisme.] (Med.) Defn: A morbid degree of excitement or irritation in an organ. Hoblyn. ERETHISTIC Er`e*this"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Relating to erethism. EREWHILE; EREWHILES Ere`while", Ere`whiles", adv. Defn: Some time ago; a little while before; heretofore. [Archaic] I am as fair now as I was erewhile. Shak. ERF Erf, n.; pl. Erven. Etym: [D.] Defn: A garden plot, usually about half an acre. [Cape Colony] ERG Erg, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physics) Defn: The unit of work or energy in the C. G. S. system, being the amount of work done by a dyne working through a distance of one centimeter; the amount of energy expended in moving a body one centimeter against a force of one dyne. One foot pound is equal to 13,560,000 ergs. ERGAL Er"gal, n. [G., fr. Gr. work.] (Physics) Defn: Potential energy; negative value of the force function. ERGAT Er"gat, v. t. Etym: [L. ergo therefore.] Defn: To deduce logically, as conclusions. [Obs.] Hewyt. ERGMETER Erg"me`ter, n. [Erg + -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring energy in ergs. ERGO Er"go, conj. or adv. Etym: [L.] Defn: Therefore; consequently; -- often used in a jocular way. Shak. ERGOGRAPH Er"go*graph, n. [Gr. work + -graph.] Defn: An instrument for measuring and recording the work done by a single muscle or set of muscles, the rate of fatigue, etc. -- Er`go*graph"ic (#), a. ERGOMETER Er*gom"e*ter, n. [Gr. work + -meter.] (Physics) Defn: A device for measuring, or an instrument for indicating, energy expended or work done; a dynamometer. -- Er`go*met"ric (#), a. ERGON Er"gon, n. [NL., fr. Gr. work.] (Physics) (a) Work, measured in terms of the quantity of heat to which it is equivalent. (b) = Erg. ERGOT Er"got, n. Etym: [F. ergot, argot, lit., a spur.] 1. A diseased condition of rye and other cereals, in which the grains become black, and often spur-shaped. It is caused by a parasitic fungus, Claviceps purpurea. 2. The mycelium or spawn of this fungus infecting grains of rye and wheat. It is a powerful remedial agent, and also a dangerous poison, and is used as a means of hastening childbirth, and to arrest bleeding. 3. (Far.) Defn: A stub, like soft horn, about the size of a chestnut, situated behind and below the pastern joint. 4. (Anat.) Defn: See 2d Calcar, 3 (b). ERGOTIC Er*got"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, ergot; as, ergotic acid. ERGOTIN Er"go*tin, n. (Med.) Defn: An extract made from ergot. ERGOTINE Er"go*tine. (Chem.) Defn: A powerful astringent alkaloid extracted from ergot as a brown, amorphous, bitter substance. It is used to produce contraction of the uterus. ERGOTISM Er"go*tism, n. Etym: [F. ergotisme, fr. L. ergo.] Defn: A logical deduction. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ERGOTISM Er"got*ism, n. Etym: [From Ergot, n.; cf. F. ergotisme.] (Med.) Defn: A diseased condition produced by eating rye affected with the ergot fungus. ERGOTIZED Er"got*ized, a. Defn: Affected with the ergot fungus; as, ergotized rye. ERIACH; ERIC Er"i*ach, Er"ic, n. Etym: [Ir. eiric.] (Old Irish Law) Defn: A recompense formerly given by a murderer to the relatives of the murdered person. ERICA E*ri"ca, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. erice heath, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubby plants, including the heaths, many of them producing beautiful flowers. ERICACEOUS Er`i*ca"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to the Heath family, or resembling plants of that family; consisting of heats. ERICINOL E*ric"i*nol, n. Etym: [NL. ericaceae the Heath family + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless oil (quickly becoming brown), with a pleasant odor, obtained by the decomposition of ericolin. ERICIUS E*ri"ci*us, n. Etym: [L., a hedgehog.] Defn: The Vulgate rendering of the Hebrew word qipod, which in the "Authorized Version" is translated bittern, and in the Revised Version, porcupine. I will make it [Babylon] a possession for the ericius and pools of waters. Is. xiv. 23 (Douay version). ERICOLIN E*ric"o*lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside found in the bearberry (and others of the Ericaceæ), and extracted as a bitter, yellow, amorphous mass. ERIDANUS E*rid"a*nus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A long, winding constellation extending southward from Taurus and containing the bright star Achernar. ERIGIBLE Er"i*gi*ble, a. Etym: [See Erect.] Defn: Capable of being erected. [Obs.] ERIN E"rin, n. Etym: [Ir. Cf. Aryan.] Defn: An early, and now a poetic, name of Ireland. ERINACEOUS Er`i*na"ceous, a. Etym: [L. erinaceus hedgehog.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of the Hedgehog family; like, or characteristic of, a hedgehog. ERINGO E*rin"go, n. Defn: The sea holly. See Eryngo. ERINITE Er"i*nite, n. (Min.) Defn: A hydrous arseniate of copper, of an emerald-green color; -- so called from Erin, or Ireland, where it occurs. ERINYS E*rin"ys, n.; pl. Erinyes. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: An avenging deity; one of the Furies; sometimes, conscience personified. [Written also Erinnys.] ERIOMETER E`ri*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Opt.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the diameters of minute particles or fibers, from the size of the colored rings produced by the diffraction of the light in which the objects are viewed. ERISTALIS E*ris"ta*lis, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of dipterous insects whose young (called rat-tailed larvæ) are remarkable for their long tapering tail, which spiracles at the tip, and for their ability to live in very impure and salt waters; -- also called drone fly. ERISTIC; ERISTICAL E*ris"tic, E*ris"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Controversial. [Archaic] A specimen of admirable special pleading in the court of eristic logic. Coleridge. ERKE Erke, a. Etym: [Cf. Irk.] Defn: ASlothful. [Obs.] Rom. of R. ERLKING Erl"king`, n. Etym: [G. erlkönig, fr. Dan. ellekonge elfking.] Defn: A personification, in German and Scandinavian mythology, of a spirit natural power supposed to work mischief and ruin, esp. to children. ERME Erme, v. i. Etym: [OE. ermen, AS. yrman. Cf. Yearn.] Defn: To grieve; to feel sad. [Obs.] Chaucer. ERMELIN; ERMILIN Er"me*lin, Er"mi*lin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Ermine. Shenstone. ERMIN Er"min, n. Etym: [OF. Ermin, L. Armenius.] Defn: An Armenian. [Obs.] Chaucer. ERMINE Er"mine, n. Etym: [OF. ermine, F. hermine, prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. harmo, G. hermelin, akin to Lith. szarm, szarmonys, weasel, cf. AS. hearma; but cf. also LL. armelinus, armellina, hermellina, and pellis Armenia, the fur of the Armenian rat, mus Armenius, the animal being found also in Armenia.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A valuable fur-bearing animal of the genus Mustela (M. erminea), allied to the weasel; the stoat. It is found in the northern parts of Asia, Europe, and America. In summer it is brown, but in winter it becomes white, except the tip of the tail, which is always black. 2. The fur of the ermine, as prepared for ornamenting garments of royalty, etc., by having the tips of the tails, which are black, arranged at regular intervals throughout the white. 3. By metonymy, the office or functions of a judge, whose state robe, lined with ermine, is emblematical of purity and honor without stain. Chatham. 4. (Her.) Defn: One of the furs. See Fur (Her.) Note: Ermine is represented by an argent field, tufted with black. Ermines is the reverse of ermine, being black, spotted or timbered with argent. Erminois is the same as ermine, except that or is substituted for argent. Ermine moth (Zoöl.), a white moth with black spots (esp. Yponomeuta padella of Europe); -- so called on account of the resemblance of its covering to the fur of the ermine; also applied to certain white bombycid moths of America. ERMINE Er"mine, v. t. Defn: To clothe with, or as with, ermine. The snows that have ermined it in the winter. Lowell. ERMINED Er"mined, a. Defn: Clothed or adorned with the fur of the ermine. Pope. ERMINES; ERMINOIS Er"mines, n., Er"min*ois (, n. (Her.) Defn: See Note under Ermine, n., 4. ERMIT Er"mit, n. Etym: [See Hermit.] Defn: A hermit. [Obs.] ERN; ERNE Ern, Erne, n. Etym: [AS. earn eagle; akin to D. arend, OHG. aro, G. aar, Icel., Sw., & Dan. örn, Goth. ara, and to Gr. Ornithology.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A sea eagle, esp. the European white-tailed sea eagle (Haliæetus albicilla). ERN Ern, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Erme.] Defn: To stir with strong emotion; to grieve; to mourn. Note: [Corrupted into yearn in modern editions of Shakespeare.] [Obs.] ERNEST Er"nest, n. Defn: See Earnest. [Obs.] Chaucer. ERNESTFUL Er"nest*ful, a. Etym: [See Earnest, a.] Defn: Serious. [Obs.] Chaucer. ERODE E*rode", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eroded; p. pr. & vb. n. Eroding.] Etym: [L. erodere, erosum; e out + rodere to gnaw. See Rodent.] Defn: To eat into or away; to corrode; as, canker erodes the flesh. "The blood . . . erodes the vessels." Wiseman. The smaller charge is more apt to . . . erode the gun. Am. Cyc. ERODED E*rod"ed, p. p. & a. 1. Eaten away; gnawed; irregular, as if eaten or worn away. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having the edge worn away so as to be jagged or irregularly toothed. ERODENT E*rod"ent, n. Etym: [L. erodens, -entis, p. pr. of erodere. See Erode.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine which eats away extraneous growths; a caustic. EROGATE Er"o*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Erogated; p. pr. & vb. n. Erogating.] Etym: [L. erogatus, p. p. of erogare; e out + rogare to ask.] Defn: To lay out, as money; to deal out; to expend. [Obs.] EROGATION Er`o*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. erogatio.] Defn: The act of giving out or bestowing. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. EROS E"ros, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Greek Myth.) Defn: Love; the god of love; -- by earlier writers represented as one of the first and creative gods, by later writers as the son of Aphrodite, equivalent to the Latin god Cupid. EROSE E*rose", a. Etym: [L. erosus, p. p. See Erode.] 1. Irregular or uneven as if eaten or worn away. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Jagged or irregularly toothed, as if nibbled out or gnawed. -- E*rose"ly, adv. EROSION E*ro"sion, n. Etym: [L. erosio. See Erode.] 1. The act or operation of eroding or eating away. 2. The state of being eaten away; corrosion; canker. EROSIVE E*ro"sive, a. Defn: That erodes or gradually eats away; tending to erode; corrosive. Humble. EROSTRATE E*ros"trate, a. Etym: [Pref. e- out + rostrate.] (Bot.) Defn: Without a beak. EROTEME Er"o*teme, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A mark indicating a question; a note of interrogation. EROTESIS Er`o*te"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure o Must I give way and room to your rash choler Shall I be frighted when a madman stares Shak. EROTIC; EROTICAL E*rot"ic, E*rot"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. érotique. See Eros.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the passion of love; treating of love; amatory. EROTIC E*rot"ic, n. Defn: An amorous composition or poem. EROTICISM E*rot"i*cism, n. Defn: Erotic quality. ERPETOLOGIST Er`pe*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: Herpetologist. ERPETOLOGY Er`pe*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. erpétologie.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Herpetology. ERR Err, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Erred; p. pr. & vb. n. Erring (; 277, 85).] Etym: [F. errer, L. errare; akin to G. irren, OHG. irran, v. t., irr, v. i., OS. irrien, Sw. irra, Dan. irre, Goth, aírzjan to lead astray, airzise astray.] 1. To wander; to roam; to stray. [Archaic] "Why wilt thou err from me" Keble. What seemeth to you, if there were to a man an hundred sheep and one of them hath erred. Wyclif (Matt. xviii. 12). 2. To deviate from the true course; to miss the thing aimed at. "My jealous aim might err." Shak. 3. To miss intellectual truth; to fall into error; to mistake in judgment or opinion; to be mistaken. The man may err in his judgment of circumstances. Tillotson. 4. To deviate morally from the right way; to go astray, in a figurative sense; to do wrong; to sin. Do they not err that devise evil Prov. xiv. 22. 5. To offend, as by erring. ERRABLE Er"ra*ble, a. Defn: Liable to error; fallible. ERRABLENESS Er"ra*ble*ness, n. Defn: Liability to error. Dr. H. More. ERRABUND Er"ra*bund, a. Etym: [L. errabundus.] Defn: Erratic. "Errabund guesses." Southey. ERRANCY Er"ran*cy, n. Etym: [L. errantia.] Defn: A wandering; state of being in error. ERRAND Er"rand, n. Etym: [OE. erende, erande, message, business, AS. ærende, ærend; akin to OS. arundi, OHG. arunti, Icel. eyrendi, örendi, erendi, Sw. ärende, Dan. ærende; perh. akin to AS. earu swift, Icel. örr, and to L. oriri to rise, E. orient.] Defn: A special business intrusted to a messenger; something to be told or done by one sent somewhere for the purpose; often, a verbal message; a commission; as, the servant was sent on an errand; to do an errand. Also, one's purpose in going anywhere. I have a secret errand to thee, O king. Judg. iii. 19. I will not eat till I have told mine errand. Gen. xxiv. 33. mission. ERRANT Er"rant, a. Etym: [F. errant, p. pr. fr. OF. errer to travel, LL. iterare, fr. L. iter journey; confused somewhat with L. errare to err. See Eyre, and cf. Arrant, Itinerant.] 1. Wandering; deviating from an appointed course, or from a direct path; roving. Seven planets or errant stars in the lower orbs of heaven. Sir T. Browne. 2. Notorious; notoriously bad; downright; arrant. Would make me an errant fool. B. Jonson. 3. (Eng. Law) Defn: Journeying; itinerant; -- formerly applied to judges who went on circuit and to bailiffs at large. Mozley & W. ERRANT Er"rant, n. Defn: One who wanders about. [Obs.] Fuller. ERRANTIA Er*ran"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. errare to wander. See Err.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of chætopod annelids, including those that are not confined to tubes. See Chætopoda. [Written also Errantes.] ERRANTRY Er"rant*ry, n. 1. A wandering; a roving; esp., a roving in quest of adventures. Addison. 2. The employment of a knight-errant. Johnson. ERRATA Er*ra"ta, n. pl. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Erratum. ERRATIC Er*rat"ic, a. Etym: [L. erraticus, fr. errare to wander: cf. F. erratique. See Err.] 1. Having no certain course; roving about without a fixed destination; wandering; moving; -- hence, applied to the planets as distinguished from the fixed stars. The earth and each erratic world. Blackmore. 2. Deviating from a wise of the common course in opinion or conduct; eccentric; strange; queer; as, erratic conduct. 3. Irregular; changeable. "Erratic fever." Harvey. Erratic blocks, gravel, etc. (Geol.), masses of stone which have been transported from their original resting places by the agency of water, ice, or other causes. -- Erratic phenomena, the phenomena which relate to transported materials on the earth's surface. ERRATIC Er*rat"ic, n. 1. One who deviates from common and accepted opinions; one who is eccentric or preserve in his intellectual character. 2. A rogue. [Obs.] Cockeram. 3. (Geol.) Defn: Any stone or material that has been borne away from its original site by natural agencies; esp., a large block or fragment of rock; a bowlder. Note: In the plural the term is applied especially to the loose gravel and stones on the earth's surface, including what is called drift. ERRATICAL Er*rat"ic*al, a. Defn: Erratic. -- Er*rat"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Er*rat"ic*al*ness, n. ERRATION Er*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. erratio. See Err.] Defn: A wandering; a roving about. [Obs.] Cockeram. ERRATUM Er*ra"tum, n.; pl. Errata. Etym: [L., fr. errare, erratum, to wander, err. See Err.] Defn: An error or mistake in writing or printing. A single erratum may knock out the brains of a whole passage. Cowper. ERRHINE Er"rhine, n. Etym: [Gr. errhin.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine designed to be snuffed up the nose, to promote discharges of mucus; a sternutatory. Coxe. -- a. Defn: Causing or increasing secretion of nasal mucus. ERRONEOUS Er*ro"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. erroneus, fr. errare to err. See Err.] 1. Wandering; straying; deviating from the right course; -- hence, irregular; unnatural. [Obs.] "Erroneous circulation." Arbuthnot. Stopped much of the erroneous light, which otherwise would have disturbed the vision. Sir I. Newman. 2. Misleading; misled; mistaking. [Obs.] An erroneous conscience commands us to do what we ought to omit. Jer. Taylor. 3. Containing error; not conformed to truth or justice; incorrect; false; mistaken; as, an erroneous doctrine; erroneous opinion, observation, deduction, view, etc. -- Er*ro"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Er*ro"ne*ous*ness, n. ERROR Er"ror, n. Etym: [OF. error, errur, F. erreur, L. error, fr. errare to err. See Err.] 1. A wandering; a roving or irregular course. [Obs.] The rest of his journey, his error by sea. B. Jonson. 2. A wandering or deviation from the right course or standard; irregularity; mistake; inaccuracy; something made wrong or left wrong; as, an error in writing or in printing; a clerical error. 3. A departing or deviation from the truth; falsity; false notion; wrong opinion; mistake; misapprehension. Herror, though his candor remained unimpaired. Bancroft. 4. A moral offense; violation of duty; a sin or transgression; iniquity; fault. Ps. xix. 12. 5. (Math.) Defn: The difference between the approximate result and the true result; -- used particularly in the rule of double position. 6. (Mensuration) (a) The difference between an observed value and the true value of a quantity. (b) The difference between the observed value of a quantity and that which is taken or computed to be the true value; -- sometimes called residual error. 7. (Law.) Defn: A mistake in the proceedings of a court of record in matters of law or of fact. 8. (Baseball) Defn: A fault of a player of the side in the field which results in failure to put out a player on the other side, or gives him an unearned base. Law of error, or Law of frequency of error (Mensuration), the law which expresses the relation between the magnitude of an error and the frequency with which that error will be committed in making a large number of careful measurements of a quantity. -- Probable error. (Mensuration) See under Probable. -- Writ of error (Law), an original writ, which lies after judgment in an action at law, in a court of record, to correct some alleged error in the proceedings, or in the judgment of the court. Bouvier. Burrill. Syn. -- Mistake; fault; blunder; failure; fallacy; delusion; hallucination; sin. See Blunder. ERRORFUL Er"ror*ful, a. Defn: Full of error; wrong. Foxe. ERRORIST Er"ror*ist, n. Defn: One who encourages and propagates error; one who holds to error. ERS Ers, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. ervum a kind of pulse, bitter vetch.] (Bot.) Defn: The bitter vetch (Ervum Ervilia). ERSE Erse, n. Etym: [A modification of Irish, OE. Irishe.] Defn: A name sometimes given to that dialect of the Celtic which is spoken in the Highlands of Scotland; -- called, by the Highlanders, Gaelic. ERSE Erse, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Celtic race in the Highlands of Scotland, or to their language. ERSH Ersh, n. Defn: See Arrish. ERST Erst, adv. Etym: [Orig. superlative of ere; AS. . See Ere.] [Archaic] 1. First. Chaucer. 2. Previously; before; formerly; heretofore. Chaucer. Tityrus, with whose style he had erst disclaimed all ambition to match his pastoral pipe. A. W. Ward. At erst, at first; at the beginning. -- Now at erst, at this present time. Chaucer. ERSTWHILE Erst`while", adv. Defn: Till then or now; heretofore; formerly. [Archaic] ERUBESCENCE; ERUBESCENCY Er`u*bes"cence, Er`u*bes"cen*cy, n. Etym: [L. erubescentia: cf. F. érubescence.] Defn: The act of becoming red; redness of the skin or surface of anything; a blushing. ERUBESCENT Er`u*bes"cent, a. Etym: [L. erubescens, p. pr. erubescere to grow red; e out + rubescere. See Rubescent.] Defn: Red, or reddish; blushing. Johnson. ERUBESCITE Er`u*bes"cite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Bornite. ERUCA E*ru"ca, n.; pl. Erucæ. Etym: [L., a caterpillar, also, a sort of colewort.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect in the larval state; a caterpillar; a larva. ERUCIC E*ru"cic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, a genus of cruciferous Mediterranean herbs (Eruca or Brassica); as, erucic acid, a fatty acid resembling oleic acid, and found in colza oil, mustard oil, etc. ERUCIFROM E*ru"ci*from, a. Etym: [Eruca + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the form of a caterpillar; -- said of insect larvæ. ERUCT; ERUCTATE E*ruct", E*ruc"tate, v. t. Etym: [L. eructare; e out + ructare to belch: cf. F. éructer.] Defn: To eject, as wind, from the stomach; to belch. [R.] Howell. ERUCTATION Er`uc*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. eructatio: cf. F. éructation.] 1. The act of belching wind from the stomach; a belch. 2. A violent belching out or emitting, as of gaseous or other matter from the crater of a volcano, geyser, etc. ERUDIATE E*ru"di*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. erudire.] Defn: To instruct; to educate; to teach. [Obs.] The skillful goddess there erudiates these In all she did. Fanshawe. ERUDITE Er"u*dite, a. Etym: [L. eruditus, p. p. of erudire to free from rudeness, to polish, instruct; e out + rudis rude: cf. F. érudit. See Rude.] Defn: Characterized by extensive reading or knowledge; well instructed; learned. "A most erudite prince." Sir T. More. "Erudite . . . theology." I. Taylor. -- Er"u*dite`ly, adv. -- Er"u*dite`ness, n. ERUDITION Er`u*di"tion, n. Etym: [L. eruditio: cf. F. érudition.] Defn: The act of instructing; the result of thorough instruction; the state of being erudite or learned; the acquisitions gained by extensive reading or study; particularly, learning in literature or criticism, as distinct from the sciences; scholarship. The management of a young lady's person is not be overlooked, but the erudition of her mind is much more to be regarded. Steele. The gay young gentleman whose erudition sat so easily upon him. Macaulay. Syn. -- Literature; learning. See Literature. ERUGATE Er"u*gate, a. Etym: [L. erugatus, p. p. of erugare to smooth; e out + ruga wrinkle.] Defn: Freed from wrinkles; smooth. ERUGINOUS E*ru"gi*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. érugineux. See Æruginous.] Defn: Partaking of the substance or nature of copper, or of the rust copper; resembling the trust of copper or verdigris; æruginous. ERUMPENT E*rum"pent, a. Etym: [L. erumpens, -entis, p. pr. of erumpere.] (Bot.) Defn: Breaking out; -- said of certain fungi which burst through the texture of leaves. ERUPT E*rupt", v. t. Etym: [See Eruption.] Defn: To cause to burst forth; to eject; as, to erupt lava. Huxley. ERUPTION E*rup"tion, n. Etym: [L. eruptio, fr. erumpere, eruptum, to break out; e out + rumpere, to break: cf. F. éruption. See Rupture.] 1. The act of breaking out or bursting forth; as: (a) A violent throwing out of flames, lava, etc., as from a volcano of a fissure in the earth's crust. (b) A sudden and overwhelming hostile movement of armed men from one country to another. Milton. (c) A violent commotion. All Paris was quiet . . . to gather fresh strength for the next day's eruption. W. Irving. 2. That which bursts forth. 3. A violent exclamation; ejaculation. He would . . . break out into bitter and passionate eruditions. Sir H. Wotton. 4. (Med.) Defn: The breaking out of pimples, or an efflorescence, as in measles, scarlatina, etc. ERUPTIONAL E*rup"tion*al, a. Defn: Eruptive. [R.] R. A. Proctor. ERUPTIVE E*rup"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. éruptif.] 1. Breaking out or bursting forth. The sudden glance Appears far south eruptive through the cloud. Thomson. 2. (Med.) Defn: Attended with eruption or efflorescence, or producing it; as, an eruptive fever. 3. (Geol.) Defn: Produced by eruption; as, eruptive rocks, such as the igneous or volcanic. ERUPTIVE E*rup"tive, n. (Geol.) Defn: An eruptive rock. ERYNGIUM E*ryn"gi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. eryngion, erynge.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of umbelliferous plants somewhat like thistles in appearance. Eryngium maritimum, or sea holly, has been highly esteemed as an aphrodisiac, the roots being formerly candied. ERYNGO E*ryn"go, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Eryngium. ERYSIPELAS Er`y*sip"e*las, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Red, and Pell, n.] (Med.) Defn: St. Anthony's fire; a febrile disease accompanied with a diffused inflammation of the skin, which, starting usually from a single point, spreads gradually over its surface. It is usually regarded as contagious, and often occurs epidemically. ERYSIPELATOID Er`y*si*pel"a*toid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Resembling erysipelas. ERYSIPELATOUS Er`y*si*pel"a*tous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. érysipélateux.] Defn: Resembling erysipelas, or partaking of its nature. ERYSIPELOUS Er`y*sip"e*lous, a. Defn: Erysipelatous. ERYTHEMA Er`y*the"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A disease of the skin, in which a diffused inflammation forms rose-colored patches of variable size. ERYTHEMATIC Er`y*the*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. érythématique.] (Med.) Defn: Characterized by, or causing, a morbid redness of the skin; relating to erythema. ERYTHEMATOUS Er`y*them"a*tous, a. (Med.) Defn: Relating to, or causing, erythema. ERYTHREAN; ERYTHRAEAN Er`y*thre"an, Er`y*thræ"an, a. Etym: [L. erythraeus; Gr. Defn: Red in color. "The erythrean main." Milton. ERYTHRIC E*ryth"ric, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, erythrin. ERYTHRIN; ERYTHRINE E*ryth"rin, E*ryth"rine, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless crystalline substance, C20H22O10, extracted from certain lichens, as the various species of Rocella. It is a derivative of orsellinic acid. So called because of certain red compounds derived from it. Called also erythric acid. 2. (Min.) Defn: See Erythrite, 2. ERYTHRINA Er`y*thri"na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of leguminous plants growing in the tropics; coral tree; -- so called from its red flowers. ERYTHRISM E*ryth"rism, n. Etym: [Gr. érythrisme.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A condition of excessive redness. See Erythrochroism. ERYTHRITE E*ryth"rite, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless crystalline substance, C4H6.(OH)4, of a sweet, cooling taste, extracted from certain lichens, and obtained by the decomposition of erythrin; -- called also erythrol, erythroglucin, erythromannite, pseudorcin, cobalt bloom, and under the name phycite obtained from the alga Protococcus vulgaris. It is a tetrabasic alcohol, corresponding to glycol and glycerin. 2. (Min.) Defn: A rose-red mineral, crystallized and earthy, a hydrous arseniate of cobalt, known also as cobalt bloom; -- called also erythrin or erythrine. ERYTHROCHROIC E*ryth`ro*chro"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having, or subject to, erythrochroism. ERYTHROCHROISM E*ryth"ro*chro*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An unusual redness, esp. in the plumage of birds, or hair of mammals, independently of age, sex, or season. ERYTHRODEXTRIN E*ryth`ro*dex"trin, n. Etym: [Gr. dextrin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A dextrin which gives a red color with iodine. See Dextrin. ERYTHROGEN E*ryth"ro*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Chem.) (a) Carbon disulphide; -- so called from certain red compounds which it produces in combination with other substances. (b) A substance reddened by acids, which is supposed to be contained in flowers. (c) A crystalline substance obtained from diseased bile, which becomes blood-red when acted on by nitric acid or ammonia. ERYTHROGRANULOSE E*ryth`ro*gran"u*lose, n. Etym: [Gr. granulose.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A term applied by Brücke to a substance present in small amount in starch granules, colored red by iodine. ERYTHROID Er"y*throid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid: cf. Gr. Defn: Of a red color; reddish; as, the erythroid tunic (the cremaster muscle). ERYTHROLEIC Er`y*thro"le*ic, a. Etym: [Gr. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: Having a red color and oily appearance; -- applied to a purple semifluid substance said to be obtained from archil. ERYTHROLEIN Er`y*thro"le*in, n. Etym: [See Erythroleic.] (Chem.) Defn: A red substance obtained from litmus. ERYTHROLITMIN E*ryth`ro*lit"min, n. Etym: [Gr. litmus.] (Chem.) Defn: Erythrolein. ERYTHRONIUM Er`y*thro"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A name originally given (from its red acid) to the metal vanadium. [R.] ERYTHROPHLEINE E*ryth`ro*phle"ine (; 104), n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline alkaloid, extracted from sassy bark (Erythrophleum Guineense). ERYTHROPHYLL; ERYTHROPHYLLIN E*ryth"ro*phyll, Er`y*throph"yl*lin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Bot.) Defn: The red coloring matter of leaves, fruits, flowers, etc., in distinction from chlorophyll. ERYTHROSIN E*ryth"ro*sin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) (a) A red substance formed by the oxidation of tyrosin. (b) A red dyestuff obtained from fluoresceïn by the action of iodine. ERYTHROXYLON Er`y*throx"y*lon, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs or small trees of the Flax family, growing in tropical countries. E. Coca is the source of cocaine. See Coca. ERYTHROZYME E*ryth"ro*zyme, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A ferment extracted from madder root, possessing the power of inducing alcoholic fermentation in solutions of sugar. ESCALADE Es`ca*lade", n. Etym: [F., Sp. escalada (cf. It. scalata), fr. Sp. escalar to scale, LL. scalare, fr. L. scala ladder. See Scale, v. t.] (Mil.) Defn: A furious attack made by troops on a fortified place, in which ladders are used to pass a ditch or mount a rampart. Sin enters, not by escalade, but by cunning or treachery. Buckminster. ESCALADE Es`ca*lade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escaladed; p. pr. & vb. n. Escalading.] (Mil.) Defn: To mount and pass or enter by means of ladders; to scale; as, to escalate a wall. ESCALATOR Es"ca*la`tor, n. [NL. Cf. Escalade.] Defn: A stairway or incline arranged like an endless belt so that the steps or treads ascend or descend continuously, and one stepping upon it is carried up or down; -- a trade term. ESCALLOP Es*cal"lop, n. Defn: See Escalop. ESCALLOPED Es*cal"loped, a. Defn: See Escaloped. ESCALOP Es*cal"op, n. Etym: [OF. escalope shell, F. escalope a sort of cut of meat. See Scallop.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bivalve shell of the genus Pecten. See Scallop. 2. A regular, curving indenture in the margin of anything. See Scallop. "So many jags or escalops." Ray. 3. (a) The figure or shell of an escalop, considered as a sign that the bearer had been on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Hence: (b) (Her.) A bearing or a charge consisting of an escalop shell. ESCALOPED Es*cal"oped, a. 1. Cut or marked in the form of an escalop; scalloped. 2. (Her.) Defn: Covered with a pattern resembling a series of escalop shells, each of which issues from between two others. Its appearance is that of a surface covered with scales. Escaloped oysters (Cookery). See under Scalloped. ESCAMBIO Es*cam"bi*o, n. Etym: [LL. escambium, excambium. See Excamb.] (Eng. Law) Defn: A license formerly required for the making over a bill of exchange to another over sea. Cowell. ESCAPABLE Es*cap"a*ble, a. Defn: Avoidable. ESCAPADE Es`ca*pade", n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. escapada escape, fr. escapar to escape; or F., fr. It. scappata escape, escapade, fr. scappare to escape. see Escape.] 1. The fling of a horse, or ordinary kicking back of his heels; a gambol. 2. Act by which one breaks loose from the rules of propriety or good sense; a freak; a prank. Carlyle. ESCAPE Es*cape", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escaped; p. pr. & vb. n. Escaping.] Etym: [OE. escapen, eschapen, OF. escaper, eschaper, F. echapper, fr. LL. ex cappa out of one's cape or cloak; hence, to slip out of one's cape and escape. See 3d Cape, and cf. Scape, v.] 1. To flee from and avoid; to be saved or exempt from; to shun; to obtain security from; as, to escape danger. "Sailors that escaped the wreck." Shak. 2. To avoid the notice of; to pass unobserved by; to evade; as, the fact escaped our attention. They escaped the search of the enemy. Ludlow. ESCAPE Es*cape", v. i. 1. To flee, and become secure from danger; -- often followed by from or out of. Haste, for thy life escape, nor look behindKeble. 2. To get clear from danger or evil of any form; to be passed without harm. Such heretics . . . would have been thought fortunate, if they escaped with life. Macaulay. 3. To get free from that which confines or holds; -- used of persons or things; as, to escape from prison, from arrest, or from slavery; gas escapes from the pipes; electricity escapes from its conductors. To escape out of these meshes. Thackeray. ESCAPE Es*cape", n. 1. The act of fleeing from danger, of evading harm, or of avoiding notice; deliverance from injury or any evil; flight; as, an escape in battle; a narrow escape; also, the means of escape; as, a fire escape. I would hasten my escape from the windy storm. Ps. lv. 8. 2. That which escapes attention or restraint; a mistake; an oversight; also, transgression. [Obs.] I should have been more accurate, and corrected all those former escapes. Burton. 3. A sally. "Thousand escapes of wit." Shak. 4. (Law) Defn: The unlawful permission, by a jailer or other custodian, of a prisoner's departure from custody. Note: Escape is technically distinguishable from prison breach, which is the unlawful departure of the prisoner from custody, escape being the permission of the departure by the custodian, either by connivance or negligence. The term escape, however, is applied by some of the old authorities to a departure from custody by stratagem, or without force. Wharton. 5. (Arch.) Defn: An apophyge. 6. Leakage or outflow, as of steam or a liquid. 7. (Elec.) Defn: Leakage or loss of currents from the conducting wires, caused by defective insulation. Escape pipe (Steam Boilers), a pipe for carrying away steam that escapes through a safety valve. -- Escape valve (Steam Engine), a relief valve; a safety valve. See under Relief, and Safety. -- Escape wheel (Horol.), the wheel of an escapement. ESCAPEMENT Es*cape"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. échappement. See Escape.] 1. The act of escaping; escape. [R.] 2. Way of escape; vent. [R.] An escapement for youthful high spirits. G. Eliot. 3. The contrivance in a timepiece which connects the train of wheel work with the pendulum or balance, giving to the latter the impulse by which it is kept in vibration; -- so called because it allows a tooth to escape from a pallet at each vibration. Note: Escapements are of several kinds, as the vertical, or verge, or crown, escapement, formerly used in watches, in which two pallets on the balance arbor engage with a crown wheel; the anchor escapement, in which an anchor-shaped piece carries the pallets; -- used in common clocks (both are called recoil escapements, from the recoil of the escape wheel at each vibration); the cylinder escapement, having an open-sided hollow cylinder on the balance arbor to control the escape wheel; the duplex escapement, having two sets of teeth on the wheel; the lever escapement, which is a kind of detached escapement, because the pallets are on a lever so arranged that the balance which vibrates it is detached during the greater part of its vibration and thus swings more freely; the detent escapement, used in chronometers; the remontoir escapement, in which the escape wheel is driven by an independent spring or weight wound up at intervals by the clock train, -- sometimes used in astronomical clocks. When the shape of an escape-wheel tooth is such that it falls dead on the pallet without recoil, it forms a deadbeat escapement. ESCAPER Es*cap"er, n. Defn: One who escapes. ESCARBUNCLE Es*car"bun*cle, n. Etym: [OF. escarbuncle, F. escaboucle.] (Her.) Defn: See Carbuncle, 3. ESCARGATOIRE Es*car`ga*toire", n. Etym: [F. escargotière, fr. escargot snail.] Defn: A nursery of snails. [Obs.] Addison. ESCARP Es*carp", n. Etym: [F. escarpe (cf. Sp. escarpa, It. scarpa), fr. escarper to cut steep, cut to a slope, prob. of German origin: cf. G. scharf sharp,, E. sharp, or perh. scrape.] (Fort.) Defn: The side of the ditch next the parapet; -- same as scarp, and opposed to counterscarp. ESCARP Es*carp", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escarped; p. pr. & vb. n. Escarping.] (Mil.) Defn: To make into, or furnish with, a steep slope, like that of a scrap. Carleton. ESCARPMENT Es*carp"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. escarpement.] Defn: A steep descent or declivity; steep face or edge of a ridge; ground about a fortified place, cut away nearly vertically to prevent hostile approach. See Scarp. -ESCENT -es"cent. Etym: [From the ending -escens, -entis, of the p. pr. of inchoative verbs in Latin.] Defn: A suffix signifying beginning, beginning to be; as, adolescent, effervescent, etc. ESCHALOT Esch`a*lot", n. (Bot.) Defn: See Shallot. ESCHAR Es"char, n. Etym: [L. eschara, Gr. eschare. See Scar.] (Med.) Defn: A dry slough, crust, or scab, which separates from the healthy part of the body, as that produced by a burn, or the application of caustics. ESCHAR Es"char, n. Etym: [Ir.] (Geol.) Defn: In Ireland, one of the continuous mounds or ridges of gravelly and sandy drift which extend for many miles over the surface of the country. Similar ridges in Scotland are called kames or kams. [Written also eskar and esker.] ESCHARA Es"cha*ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Bryozoa which produce delicate corals, often incrusting like lichens, but sometimes branched. ESCHARINE Es"cha*rine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the genus Eschara, or family Escharidæ. ESCHAROTIC Es`cha*rot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. escharotique.] (Med.) Defn: Serving or tending to form an eschar;; producing a scar; caustic. ESCHAROTIC Es`cha*rot"ic, n. (Med.) Defn: A substance which produces an eschar; a caustic, esp., a mild caustic. ESCHATOLOGICAL Es`cha*to*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to the last or final things. ESCHATOLOGY Es`cha*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The doctrine of the last or final things, as death, judgment, and the events therewith connected. ESCHAUNGE Es*chaunge", n. Defn: Exchange. [Obs.] ESCHEAT Es*cheat", n. Etym: [OE. eschete, escheyte, an escheat, fr. OF. escheit, escheoit, escheeite, esheoite, fr. escheoir (F. échoir) to fall to, fall to the lot of; pref. es- (L. ex) + cheoir, F. choir, to fall, fr. L. cadere. See Chance, and cf. Cheat.] 1. (Law) (a) (Feud. & Eng. Law) The falling back or reversion of lands, by some casualty or accident, to the lord of the fee, in consequence of the extinction of the blood of the tenant, which may happen by his dying without heirs, and formerly might happen by corruption of blood, that is, by reason of a felony or attainder. Tomlins. Blackstone. (b) (U. S. Law) The reverting of real property to the State, as original and ultimate proprietor, by reason of a failure of persons legally entitled to hold the same. Note: A distinction is carefully made, by English writers, between escheat to the lord of the fee and forfeiture to the crown. But in this country, where the State holds the place of chief lord of the fee, and is entitled to take alike escheat and by forfeiture, this distinction is not essential. Tomlins. Kent. (c) A writ, now abolished, to recover escheats from the person in possession. Blackstone. 2. Lands which fall to the lord or the State by escheat. 3. That which falls to one; a reversion or return To make me great by others' loss is bad escheat. Spenser. ESCHEAT Es*cheat", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Esheated; p. pr. & vb. n. Escheating.] (Law) Defn: To revert, or become forfeited, to the lord, the crown, or the State, as lands by the failure of persons entitled to hold the same, or by forfeiture. Note: In this country it is the general rule that when the title to land fails by defect of heirs or devisees, it necessarily escheats to the State; but forfeiture of estate from crime is hardly known in this country, and corruption of blood is universally abolished. Kent. Bouvier. ESCHEAT Es*cheat", v. t. (Law) Defn: To forfeit. Bp. Hall. ESCHEATABLE Es*cheat"a*ble, a. Defn: Liable to escheat. ESCHEATAGE Es*cheat"age (; 48), n. Defn: The right of succeeding to an escheat. Sherwood. ESCHEATOR Es*cheat"or, n. (Law) Defn: An officer whose duty it is to observe what escheats have taken place, and to take charge of them. Burrill. ESCHEVIN Es"che*vin, n. Etym: [OF. eschevin, a sort of magistrate, alderman, F. échevin.] Defn: The alderman or chief officer of an ancient guild. [Obs.] ESCHEW Es*chew", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eshewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Eshewing.] Etym: [OF. eschever, eschiver, eskiver, F. esquiver, fr. OHG. sciuhen, G. scheuen; akin to E. sky. See Shy, a.] 1. To shun; to avoid, as something wrong, or from a feeling of distaste; to keep one's self clear of. They must not only eschew evil, but do good. Bp. Beveridge. 2. To escape from; to avoid. [Obs.] He who obeys, destruction shall eschew. Sandys. ESCHEWER Es*chew"er, n. Defn: One who eschews. ESCHEWMENT Es*chew"ment, n. Defn: The act of eschewing. [R.] ESCHSCHOLTZIA Esch*scholtz"i*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named after Dr. Eschscholtz, a German botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of papaveraceous plants, found in California and upon the west coast of North America, some species of which produce beautiful yellow, orange, rose-colored, or white flowers; the California poppy. ESCHYNITE Es"chy*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A rare mineral, containing chiefly niobium, titanium, thorium, and cerium. It was so called by Berzelius on account of the inability of chemical science, at the time of its discovery, to separate some of its constituents. ESCOCHEON Es*coch"eon, n. Defn: Escutcheon. [Obs.] ESCOPET; ESCOPETTE Es`co*pet", Es`co*pette", n. Etym: [Sp. escopeta, F. escopette.] Defn: A kind of firearm; a carbine. ESCORIAL Es*co"ri*al, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: See Escurial. ESCORT Es"cort, n. Etym: [F. escorte, It. scorta a guard or guide, fr. scorgere to perceive, discern, lead, fr. L. ex out, quite + corrigere to correct, set right. See Correct.] 1. A body of armed men to attend a person of distinction for the sake of affording safety when on a journey; one who conducts some one as an attendant; a guard, as of prisoners on a march; also, a body of persons, attending as a mark of respect or honor; -- applied to movements on land, as convoy is to movements at sea. The troops of my escort marched at the ordinary rate. Burke. 2. Protection, care, or safeguard on a journey or excursion; as, to travel under the escort of a friend. ESCORT Es*cort", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Escorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Escorting.] Etym: [Cf. F. escorter, It. scortare. See Escort, n.] Defn: To attend with a view to guard and protect; to accompany as safeguard; to give honorable or ceremonious attendance to; -- used esp. with reference to journeys or excursions on land; as, to escort a public functionary, or a lady; to escort a baggage wagon. Syn. -- To accompany; attend. See Accompany. ESCOT Es*cot", n. Etym: [OF.] Defn: See Scot, a tax. [Obs.] ESCOT Es*cot", v. t. Defn: To pay the reckoning for; to support; to maintain. [Obs.] Shak. ESCOUADE Es`couade", n. Defn: See Squad, ESCOUT Es*cout", n. Defn: See Scout. [Obs.] Hayward. ESCRIBED Es*cribed", a. Etym: [L. e out, out of + scribere to write.] Defn: Drawn outside of; -- used to designate a circle that touches one of the sides of a given triangle, and also the other two sides produced. ESCRIPT Es"cript, n. Etym: [OF.] Defn: A writing. [Obs.] ESCRITOIRE Es`cri*toire", n. Etym: [OF. escritoire, F. écritoire, LL. scriptorium, fr. L. scriptorius belonging to writing, fr. sribere to write. See Script, and cf. Scrutoire.] Defn: A piece of furniture used as a writing table, commonly with drawers, pigeonholes, and the like; a secretary or writing desk. ESCRITORIAL Es`cri*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an escritoire. ESCROD Es*crod", n. Defn: See Scrod, a young cod. ESCROL; ESCROLL Es*crol", Es*croll", n. Etym: [See Escrow, Scroll.] 1. A scroll. [Obs.] 2. (Her.) (a) A long strip or scroll resembling a ribbon or a band of parchment, or the like, anciently placed above the shield, and supporting the crest. (b) In modern heraldry, a similar ribbon on which the motto is inscribed. ESCROW Es"crow, n. Etym: [OF. escroe, escroue, a roll of writings, bond. See Scroll.] (Law) Defn: A deed, bond, or other written engagement, delivered to a third person, to be held by him till some act is done or some condition is performed, and then to be by him delivered to the grantee. Blackstone. ESCUAGE Es"cu*age (; 48), n. Etym: [OF. escuage, F. écuage, from OF. escu shield, F. écu. See Esquire.] (Feud. Law) Defn: Service of the shield, a species of knight service by which a tenant was bound to follow his lord to war, at his own charge. It was afterward exchanged for a pecuniary satisfaction. Called also scutage. Blackstone. ESCULAPIAN Es`cu*la"pi*an, n. Defn: Æsculapian. ESCULAPIUS Es`cu*la"pi*us, n. Defn: Same as Æsculapius. ESCULENT Es"cu*lent, a. Etym: [L. esculentus, fr. escare to eat, fr. esca food, fr. edere to eat: cf. F. esculent. See Eat.] Defn: Suitable to be used by man for food; eatable; edible; as, esculent plants; esculent fish. Esculent grain for food. Sir W. Jones. Esculent swallow (Zoöl.), the swallow which makes the edible bird's- nest. See Edible bird's-nest, under Edible. ESCULENT Es"cu*lent, n. Defn: Anything that is fit for eating; that which may be safely eaten by man. ESCULIC Es*cu"lic, a. Etym: [From NL. Aesculus, the generic name of the horse-chestnut, fr. L. aesculus a kind of oak.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, the horse-chestnut; as, esculic acid. ESCULIN Es*cu"lin, n. Etym: [See Esculic.] (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside obtained from the Æsculus hippocastanum, or horse- chestnut, and characterized by its fine blue fluorescent solutions. [Written also æsculin.] ESCURIAL Es*cu"ri*al, n. Etym: [Prop. Sp. escorial, i. e., a hill or heap of rubbish, earth, and stones brought out of a mine, fr. escoria dross of metal, L. scoria, fr. Gr. Scoria.] Defn: A palace and mausoleum of the kinds of Spain, being a vast and wonderful structure about twenty-five miles northwest of Madrid. Note: The ground plan is said to be in the form of a gridiron, the structure being designed in honor of St. Lawrence, who suffered martyrdom by being broiled on gridiron; but the resemblance is very slight. It is nearly square, inclosing several courts, and has a projecting mass which stands for the handle. ESCUTCHEON Es*cutch"eon, n. Etym: [OF. escusson, F. écusson, from OF. escu shield, F. écu. See Esquire, Scutcheon.] 1. (Her.) Defn: The surface, usually a shield, upon which bearings are marshaled and displayed. The surface of the escutcheon is called the field, the upper part is called the chief, and the lower part the base (see Chiff, and Field.). That side of the escutcheon which is on the right hand of the knight who bears the shield on his arm is called dexter, and the other side sinister. Note: The two sides of an escutcheon are respectively designated as dexter and sinister, as in the cut, and the different parts or points by the following names: A, Dexter chief point; B, Middle chief point; C, Sinister chief point; D, Honor or color point; E, Fesse or heart point; F, Nombrill or navel point; G, Dexter base point; H, Middle base point; I, base point. 2. A marking upon the back of a cow's udder and the space above it (the perineum), formed by the hair growing upward or outward instead of downward. It is esteemed an index of milking qualities. C. L. Flint. 3. (Naut.) Defn: That part of a vessel's stern on which her name is written. R. H. Dane, Jr. 4. (Carp.) Defn: A thin metal plate or shield to protect wood, or for ornament, as the shield around a keyhole. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The depression behind the beak of certain bivalves; the ligamental area. Escutcheon of pretense, an escutcheon used in English heraldry to display the arms of the bearer's wife; -- not commonly used unless she an heiress. Cf. Impalement. ESCUTCHEONED Es*cutch"eoned, a. Defn: Having an escutcheon; furnished with a coat of arms or ensign. Young. ESE Ese, n. Defn: Ease; pleasure. [Obs.] Chaucer. ESEMPLASTIC Es`em*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Plastic.] Defn: Shaped into one; tending to, or formative into, unity. [R.] Coleridge. ESERINE Es"er*ine (; 104), n. Etym: [From native name of the Calabar bean: cf. F. ésérine.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid found in the Calabar bean, and the seed of Physostigma venenosum; physostigmine. It is used in ophthalmic surgery for its effect in contracting the pupil. ESEXUAL E*sex"u*al, a. Etym: [Pref. e- + sexual.] (Biol.) Defn: Sexless; asexual. ESGUARD Es*guard", n. Etym: [Cf. OF. esgart regard, F. égard. See Guard.] Defn: Guard. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. ESKAR; ESKER Es"kar, or Es"ker, n. (Geol.) Defn: See Eschar. ESKIMO Es"ki*mo, n.; pl. Eskimos. Etym: [Originally applied by the Algonquins to the Northern Indians, and meaning eaters of raw flesh.] (Ethnol.) Defn: One of a peculiar race inhabiting Arctic America and Greenland. In many respects the Eskimos resemble the Mongolian race. [Written also Esquimau.] Eskimo dog (Zoöl.), one of breed of large and powerful dogs used by the Eskimos to draw sledges. It closely resembles the gray wolf, with which it is often crossed. ESLOIN Es*loin", v. t. Etym: [See Eloign.] Defn: To remove; to banish; to withdraw; to avoid; to eloign. [Obs.] From worldly cares he did himself esloin. Spenser. ESNECY Es"ne*cy, n. Etym: [See Eigne.] (Eng. Law) Defn: A prerogative given to the eldest coparcener to choose first after an inheritance is divide. Mozley & W. ESODIC E*sod"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Conveying impressions from the surface of the body to the spinal cord; -- said of certain nerves. Opposed to exodic. ESOPHAGAL E*soph"a*gal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Esophageal. ESOPHAGEAL E`so*phag"e*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the esophagus. [Written also .] ESOPHAGEAN E`so*phag"e*an, a. (Anat.) Defn: Esophageal. ESOPHAGOTOMY E*soph`a*got"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of making an incision into the esophagus, for the purpose of removing any foreign substance that obstructs the passage. [Written also oesophagotomy.] ESOPHAGUS E*soph"a*gus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. vi to go, drive) + (Anat.) Defn: That part of the alimentary canal between the pharynx and the stomach; the gullet. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus, under Digestive. [Written also .] ESOPIAN; ESOPIC E*so"pi*an, E*so"pic, a. Defn: Same as Æsopian, Æsopic. ESOTERIC Es`o*ter"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. In.] Defn: Designed for, and understood by, the specially initiated alone; not communicated, or not intelligible, to the general body of followers; private; interior; acroamatic; -- said of the private and more recondite instructions and doctrines of philosophers. Opposed to exoteric. Enough if every age produce two or three critics of this esoteric class, with here and there a reader to understand them. De Quincey. ESOTERICAL Es`o*ter"ic*al, a. Defn: Esoteric. ESOTERICALLY Es`o*ter"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an esoteric manner. ESOTERICISM Es`o*ter"i*cism, n. Defn: Esoteric doctrine or principles. ESOTERICS Es`o*ter"ics, n. Defn: Mysterious or hidden doctrines; secret science. ESOTERY Es"o*ter*y, n. Defn: Mystery; esoterics; -- opposed to exotery. A. Tucker. ESOX E"sox, n. Etym: [L., a kind of pike.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fresh-water fishes, including pike and pickerel. ESPACE Es*pace", n. Defn: Space. [Obs.] Chaucer. ESPADON Es"pa*don, n. Etym: [F. espadon, fr. Sp. espadon, fr. espada sword; or fr. It. spadone an espadon, spada sword.] Defn: A long, heavy, two-handed and two-edged sword, formerly used by Spanish foot soldiers and by executioners. Wilhelm. ESPALIER Es*pal"ier, n. Etym: [F. espalier, fr. It. spalliera, fr. spalla shoulder, the same word as F. épaule. See Epaulet.] (Hort.) Defn: A railing or trellis upon which fruit trees or shrubs are trained, as upon a wall; a tree or row of trees so trained. And figs from standard and espalier join. Pope. ESPALIER Es*pal"ier, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Espaliered; p. pr. & vb. n. Espaliering.] Defn: To form an espalier of, or to protect by an espalier. ESPARCET Es*par"cet, n. Etym: [F. esparcet, esparcette, éparcet, fr. Sp. esparceta, esparcilla.] (Bot.) Defn: The common sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa), an Old World leguminous forage plant. ESPARTO Es*par"to, n. Etym: [Sp.; cf. L. spartum Spanish broom, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A species of Spanish grass (Macrochloa tenacissima), of which cordage, shoes, baskets, etc., are made. It is also used for making paper. ESPAULIERE Es`pau`liere", n. Etym: [OF. & F. épaulière. See Espalier.] Defn: A defense for the shoulder, composed of flexible overlapping plates of metal, used in the 15th century; -- the origin of the modern epaulette. Fairholt. ESPECIAL Es*pe"cial, a. Etym: [OF. especial, F. spécial, L. specialis, fr. species a particular sort, kind, or quality. See Species, and cf. Special.] Defn: Distinguished among others of the same class or kind; special; concerning a species or a single object; principal; particular; as, in an especial manner or degree. Syn. -- Peculiar; special; particular; uncommon; chief. See Peculiar. ESPECIALLY Es*pe"cial*ly, adv. Defn: In an especial manner; chiefly; particularly; peculiarly; in an uncommon degree. ESPECIALNESS Es*pe"cial*ness, n. Defn: The state of being especial. ESPERANCE Es"pe*rance, n. Etym: [F. espérance, fr. L. sperans, p. pr. of sperare to hope.] Defn: Hope. [Obs.] Shak. ESPERANTO Es`pe*ran"to, n. Defn: An artificial language, intended to be universal, devised by Dr. Zamenhof, a Russian, who adopted the pseudonym "Dr. Esperanto" in publishing his first pamphlet regarding it in 1887. The vocabulary is very largely based upon words common to the chief European languages, and sounds peculiar to any one language are eliminated. The spelling is phonetic, and the accent (stress) is always on the penult. -- Es`pe*ran"tist (#), n. ESPIAILLE Es`pi*aille", n. Defn: Espial. [Obs.] ESPIAL Es*pi"al, n. Etym: [OE. & Norm. F. espiaille. See Espy.] 1. The act of espying; notice; discovery. Screened from espial by the jutting cape. Byron. 2. One who espies; a spy; a scout. [Obs.] "Their espials . . . brought word." Holland. ESPIER Es*pi"er, n. Defn: One who espies. Harmar. ESPINEL Es"pi*nel, n. Defn: A kind of ruby. See Spinel. ESPIONAGE Es"pi*o*nage, n. Etym: [F. espionnage, fr. espionner to spy, fr. espion spy, OF. espie. See Espy.] Defn: The practice or employment of spies; the practice of watching the words and conduct of others, to make discoveries, as spies or secret emissaries; secret watching. ESPLANADE Es`pla*nade", n. Etym: [F. esplanade, Sp. esplanada, explanada, cf. It. spianata; fr. Sp. explanar to level, L. explanare to flatten or spread out. See Explain.] 1. (Fort.) (a) A clear space between a citadel and the nearest houses of the town. Campbell (Mil. Dict. ). (b) The glacis of the counterscarp, or the slope of the parapet of the covered way toward the country. 2. (Hort.) Defn: A grass plat; a lawn. Simmonds. 3. Any clear, level space used for public walks or drives; esp., a terrace by the seaside. ESPLEES Es*plees", n. pl. Etym: [LL. expletia, OF. espleit. Cf. Exploit.] (Old Eng. Law) Defn: The full profits or products which ground or land yields, as the hay of the meadows, the feed of the pasture, the grain of arable fields, the rents, services, and the like. Cowell. ESPOUSAGE Es*pous"age, n. Defn: Espousal. [Obs.] Latimer. ESPOUSAL Es*pous"al, n. Etym: [OF. espousailles, pl., F. épousailles, L. sponsalia, fr. sponsalis belonging to betrothal or espousal. See Espouse, and cf. Sponsal, Spousal.] 1. The act of espousing or betrothing; especially, in the plural, betrothal; plighting of the troths; a contract of marriage; sometimes, the marriage ceremony. 2. The uniting or allying one's self with anything; maintenance; adoption; as, the espousal of a quarrel. The open espousal of his cause. Lord Orford. ESPOUSE Es*pouse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Espoused; p. pr. & vb. n. Espousing.] Etym: [OF. espouser, esposer, F. épouser, L. sponsare to betroth, espouse, fr. sponsus betrothed, p. p. of spondere to promise solemnly or sacredly. Cf. Spouse.] 1. To betroth; to promise in marriage; to give as spouse. A virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph. Luke i. 27. 2. To take as spouse; to take to wife; to marry. Lavinia will I make my empress, . . . And in the sacred Pantheon her espouse. Shak. 3. To take to one's self with a view to maintain; to make one's own; to take up the cause of; to adopt; to embrace. "He espoused that quarrel." Bacon. Promised faithfully to espouse his cause as soon as he got out of the war. Bp. Burnet. ESPOUSEMENT Es*pouse"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. espousement.] Defn: The act of espousing, or the state of being espoused. ESPOUSER Es*pous"er, n. Defn: One who espouses; one who embraces the cause of another or makes it his own. ESPRESSIVO Es`pres*si"vo, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: With expression. ESPRINGAL Es*prin"gal, n. Etym: [See Springal.] (Mil. Antiq.) Defn: An engine of war used for throwing viretons, large stones, and other missiles; a springal. ESPRIT Es`prit", n. Etym: [F. See Spirit.] Defn: Spirit. Esprit de corps (, a French phrase much used by English writers to denote the common spirit pervading the members of a body or association of persons. It implies sympathy, enthusiasm, devotion, and jealous regard for the honor of the body as a whole. ESPY Es*py", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Espied; p. pr. & vb. n. Espying.] Etym: [OF. espier, F. épier, from OHG. speh to watch, spy, G. spähen; akin to L. specere to look, species sight, shape, appearance, kind. See Spice, Spy, and cf. Espionage.] 1. To catch sight of; to perceive with the eyes; to discover, as a distant object partly concealed, or not obvious to notice; to see at a glance; to discern unexpectedly; to spy; as, to espy land; to espy a man in a crowd. As one of them opened his sack to give his ass provender in the inn, . . . he espied his money. Gen. xlii. 27. A goodly vessel did I then espy Come like a giant from a haven broad. Wordsworth. 2. To inspect narrowly; to examine and keep watch upon; to watch; to observe. He sends angels to espy us in all our ways. Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- To discern; discover; detect; descry; spy. ESPY Es*py", v. i. Defn: To look or search narrowly; to look about; to watch; to take notice; to spy. Stand by the way, and espy. Jer. xlviii. 19. ESPY Es*py", n.; pl. Espies. Etym: [OF. espie. See Espy, v., Spy.] Defn: A spy; a scout. [Obs.] Huloet. -ESQUE -esque. Etym: [F., fr. It. -isco. Cf. -ish.] Defn: A suffix of certain words from the French, Italian, and Spanish. It denotes manner or style; like; as, arabesque, after the manner of the Arabs. ESQUIMAU Es"qui*mau, n.; pl. Esquimaux. Etym: [F.] Defn: Same as Eskimo. It is . . . an error to suppose that where an Esquimau can live, a civilized man can live also. McClintock. ESQUIRE Es*quire", n. Etym: [OF. escuyer, escuier, properly, a shield-bearer, F. écuyer shield-bearer, armor-bearer, squire of a knight, esquire, equerry, rider, horseman, LL. scutarius shield-bearer, fr. L. scutum shield, akin to Gr. to cover; prob. akin to E. hide to cover. See Hide to cover, and cf. Equerry, Escutcheon.] Defn: Originally, a shield-bearer or armor-bearer, an attendant on a knight; in modern times, a title of dignity next in degree below knight and above gentleman; also, a title of office and courtesy; -- often shortened to squire. Note: In England, the title of esquire belongs by right of birth to the eldest sons of knights and their eldest sons in perpetual succession; to the eldest sons of younger sons of peers and their eldest sons in perpetual succession. It is also given to sheriffs, to justices of the peace while in commission, to those who bear special office in the royal household, to counselors at law, bachelors of divinity, law, or physic, and to others. In the United States the title is commonly given in courtesy to lawyers and justices of the peace, and is often used in the superscription of letters instead of Mr. ESQUIRE Es*quire", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Esquired; p. pr. & vb. n. Esquiring.] Defn: To wait on as an esquire or attendant in public; to attend. [Colloq.] ESQUISSE Es`quisse", n. Etym: [F. See Sketch.] (Fine Arts) Defn: The first sketch of a picture or model of a statue. -ESS -ess. Etym: [OF. -esse, LL. -issa, Gr. Defn: A suffix used to form feminine nouns; as, actress, deaconess, songstress. ESSAY Es"say, n.; pl. Essays. Etym: [F. essai, fr. L. exagium a weighing, weight, balance; ex out + agere to drive, do; cf. examen, exagmen, a means of weighing, a weighing, the tongue of a balance, exigere to drive out, examine, weigh, Gr. 'exa`gion a weight, 'exagia`zein to examine, 'exa`gein to drive out, export. See Agent, and cf. Exact, Examine, Assay.] 1. An effort made, or exertion of body or mind, for the performance of anything; a trial; attempt; as, to make an essay to benefit a friend. "The essay at organization." M. Arnold. 2. (Lit.) Defn: A composition treating of any particular subject; -- usually shorter and less methodical than a formal, finished treatise; as, an essay on the life and writings of Homer; an essay on fossils, or on commerce. 3. An assay. See Assay, n. [Obs.] Syn. -- Attempt; trial; endeavor; effort; tract; treatise; dissertation; disquisition. ESSAY Es*say", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Essaying.] Etym: [F. essayer. See Essay, n.] 1. To exert one's power or faculties upon; to make an effort to perform; to attempt; to endeavor; to make experiment or trial of; to try. What marvel if I thus essay to sing Byron. Essaying nothing she can not perform. Emerson. A danger lest the young enthusiast . . . should essay the impossible. J. C. Shairp. 2. To test the value and purity of (metals); to assay. See Assay. [Obs.] Locke. ESSAYER Es*say"er, n. Defn: One who essays. Addison. ESSAYIST Es"say*ist, n. Defn: A writer of an essay, or of essays. B. Jonson. ESSENCE Es"sence, n. Etym: [F. essence, L. essentia, formed as if fr. a p. pr. of esse to be. See Is, and cf. Entity.] 1. The constituent elementary notions which constitute a complex notion, and must be enumerated to define it; sometimes called the nominal essence. 2. The constituent quality or qualities which belong to any object, or class of objects, or on which they depend for being what they are (distinguished as real essence); the real being, divested of all logical accidents; that quality which constitutes or marks the true nature of anything; distinctive character; hence, virtue or quality of a thing, separated from its grosser parts. The laws are at present, both in form and essence, the greatest curse that society labors under. Landor. Gifts and alms are the expressions, not the essence of this virtue [charity]. Addison. The essence of Addison's humor is irony. Courthope. 3. Constituent substance. And uncompounded is their essence pure. Milton. 4. A being; esp., a purely spiritual being. As far as gods and heavenly essences Can perish. Milton. He had been indulging in fanciful speculations on spiritual essences, until . . . he had and ideal world of his own around him. W. Irving. 5. The predominant qualities or virtues of a plant or drug, extracted and refined from grosser matter; or, more strictly, the solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essential oil; as, the essence of mint, and the like. The . . . word essence . . . scarcely underwent a more complete transformation when from being the abstract of the verb "to be," it came to denote something sufficiently concrete to be inclosed in a glass bottle. J. S. Mill. 6. Perfume; odor; scent; or the volatile matter constituting perfume. Nor let the essences exhale. Pope. ESSENCE Es"sence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essenced; p. pr. & vb. n. Essencing.] Defn: To perfume; to scent. "Essenced fops." Addison. ESSENE Es*sene", n.; pl. Essenes. Etym: [Gr. asaya to heal, cf. Heb. asa.] Defn: One of a sect among the Jews in the time of our Savior, remarkable for their strictness and abstinence. ESSENISM Es"se*nism, n. Defn: The doctrine or the practices of the Essenes. De Quincey. ESSENTIAL Es*sen"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. essentiel. See Essence.] 1. Belonging to the essence, or that which makes an object, or class of objects, what it is. Majestic as the voice sometimes became, there was forever in it an essential character of plaintiveness. Hawthorne. 2. Hence, really existing; existent. Is it true, that thou art but a a name, And no essential thing Webster (1623). 3. Important in the highest degree; indispensable to the attainment of an object; indispensably necessary. Judgment's more essential to a general Than courage. Denham. How to live -- that is the essential question for us. H. Spencer. 4. Containing the essence or characteristic portion of a substance, as of a plant; highly rectified; pure; hence, unmixed; as, an essential oil. "Mine own essential horror." Ford. 5. (Mus.) Defn: Necessary; indispensable; -- said of those tones which constitute a chord, in distinction from ornamental or passing tones. 6. (Med.) Defn: Idiopathic; independent of other diseases. Essential character (Biol.), the prominent characteristics which serve to distinguish one genus, species, etc., from another. -- Essential disease, Essential fever (Med.), one that is not dependent on another. -- Essential oils (Chem.), a class of volatile oils, extracted from plants, fruits, or flowers, having each its characteristic odor, and hot burning taste. They are used in essences, perfumery, etc., and include many varieties of compounds; as lemon oil is a terpene, oil of bitter almonds an aldehyde, oil of wintergreen an ethereal salt, etc.; -- called also volatile oils in distinction from the fixed or nonvolatile. ESSENTIAL Es*sen"tial, n. 1. Existence; being. [Obs.] Milton. 2. That which is essential; first or constituent principle; as, the essentials or religion. ESSENTIALITY Es*sen`ti*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being essential; the essential part. Jer. Taylor. ESSENTIALLY Es*sen"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In an essential manner or degree; in an indispensable degree; really; as, essentially different. ESSENTIALNESS Es*sen"tial*ness, n. Defn: Essentiality. Ld. Digby. ESSENTIATE Es*sen"ti*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Essentiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Essentiating.] Defn: To form or constitute the essence or being of. [Obs.] Boyle. ESSENTIATE Es*sen"ti*ate, v. i. Defn: To become assimilated; to be changed into the essence. [Obs.] B. Jonson. ESSOIN; ESSOIGN Es*soin" or Es*soign, n. Etym: [OF. essoine, essoigne, F. exoine, L. essonia, exonia; pref. ex- (L. ex from) + sunnis, sunnia, sonia, hindrance, excuse. Cf. Icel. syn refusal, synja to deny, refuse, Goth. sunja truth, sunjon to justify, OS. sunnea impediment, OHG. sunna.] 1. (Eng. Law) Defn: An excuse for not appearing in court at the return of process; the allegation of an excuse to the court. 2. Excuse; exemption. [Obs.] From every work he challenged essoin. Spenser. Essoin day (Eng. Law), the first general return day of the term, on which the court sits to receive essoins. Blackstone. ESSOIN Es*soin", v. t. Etym: [OF. essoinier, essoignier, essonier, LL. essoniare, exoniare. See Essoin, n.] (Eng. Law) Defn: To excuse for nonappearance in court. "I 'll not essoin thee." Quarles. ESSOINER Es*soin"er, n. (Eng. Law) Defn: An attorney who sufficiently excuses the absence of another. ESSONITE Es"so*nite, n. Etym: [Named from Gr. e. g., hyacinth.] (Min.) Defn: Cinnamon stone, a variety of garnet. See Garnet. ESSORANT Es"so*rant, a. Etym: [F.] (Her.) Defn: Standing, but with the wings spread, as if about to fly; -- said of a bird borne as a charge on an escutcheon. EST Est, n. & adv. Defn: East. [Obs.] Chaucer. -EST -est. Etym: [AS. -ost, -est; akin to G. -est, -ist, Icel. -astr, - str, Goth. -ists, -, Skr. -ish.] Defn: A suffix used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs; as, smoothest; earl(y)iest. ESTABLISH Es*tab"lish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Established; p. pr. & vb. n. Establishing.] Etym: [OE. establissen, OF. establir, F. établir, fr. L. stabilire, fr. stabilis firm, steady, stable. See Stable, a., - ish, and cf. Stablish.] 1. To make stable or firm; to fix immovably or firmly; to set (a thing) in a place and make it stable there; to settle; to confirm. So were the churches established in the faith. Acts xvi. 5. The best established tempers can scarcely forbear being borne down. Burke. Confidence which must precede union could be established only by consummate prudence and self-control. Bancroft. 2. To appoint or constitute for permanence, as officers, laws, regulations, etc.; to enact; to ordain. By the consent of all, we were established The people's magistrates. Shak. Now, O king, establish the decree, and sign the writing, that it be not changed. Dan. vi. 8. 3. To originate and secure the permanent existence of; to found; to institute; to create and regulate; -- said of a colony, a state, or other institutions. He hath established it [the earth], he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited. Is. xlv. 18. Woe to him that buildeth a town with blood, and establisheth a city by iniquity! Hab. ii. 12. 4. To secure public recognition in favor of; to prove and cause to be accepted as true; as, to establish a fact, usage, principle, opinion, doctrine, etc. At the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established. Deut. xix. 15. 5. To set up in business; to place advantageously in a fixed condition; -- used reflexively; as, he established himself in a place; the enemy established themselves in the citadel. ESTABLISHED SUIT Es*tab"lished suit. (Whist) Defn: A plain suit in which a player (or side) could, except for trumping, take tricks with all his remaining cards. ESTABLISHER Es*tab"lish*er, n. Defn: One who establishes. ESTABLISHMENT Es*tab"lish*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. establissement, F. établissement.] 1. The act of establishing; a ratifying or ordaining; settlement; confirmation. 2. The state of being established, founded, and the like; fixed state. 3. That which is established; as: (a) A form of government, civil or ecclesiastical; especially, a system of religion maintained by the civil power; as, the Episcopal establishment of England. (b) A permanent civil, military, or commercial, force or organization. (c) The place in which one is permanently fixed for residence or business; residence, including grounds, furniture, equipage, etc.; with which one is fitted out; also, any office or place of business, with its fixtures; that which serves for the carrying on of a business; as, to keep up a large establishment; a manufacturing establishment. Exposing the shabby parts of the establishment. W. Irving. Establishment of the port (Hydrography), a datum on which the tides are computed at the given port, obtained by observation, viz., the interval between the moon's passage over the meridian and the time of high water at the port, on the days of new and full moon. ESTABLISHMENTARIAN Es*tab`lish*men*ta"ri*an, n. Defn: One who regards the Church primarily as an establishment formed by the State, and overlooks its intrinsic spiritual character. Shipley. ESTACADE Es`ta*cade", n. Etym: [F.; cf. It. steccata, Sp. estacada. Cf. Stake.] (Mil.) Defn: A dike of piles in the sea, a river, etc., to check the approach of an enemy. ESTAFET; ESTAFETTE Es`ta*fet", Es`ta*fette", n. Etym: [F. estafette, cf. Sp. estafeta; fr. It. stafetta, fr. staffa stirrup, fr. OHG. stapho footstep, footprint, G. stapfe; akin to E. step.] Defn: A courier who conveys messages to another courier; a military courier sent from one part of an army to another. ESTAMINET Es`ta`mi`net", n. [F.] Defn: A café, or room in a café, in which smoking is allowed. ESTANCIA Es*tan"ci*a, n. Etym: [Sp. See Stanza.] Defn: A grazing; a country house. [Spanish America] ESTATE Es*tate", n. Etym: [OF. estat, F. état, L. status, fr. stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. State.] 1. Settled condition or form of existence; state; condition or circumstances of life or of any person; situation. "When I came to man's estate." Shak. Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate. Romans xii. 16. 2. Social standing or rank; quality; dignity. God hath imprinted his authority in several parts, upon several estates of men. Jer. Taylor. 3. A person of high rank. [Obs.] She's a duchess, a great estate. Latimer. Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee. Mark vi. 21. 4. A property which a person possesses; a fortune; possessions, esp. property in land; also, property of all kinds which a person leaves to be divided at his death. See what a vast estate he left his son. Dryden. 5. The state; the general body politic; the common-wealth; the general interest; state affairs. [Obs.] I call matters of estate not only the parts of sovereignty, but whatsoever . . . concerneth manifestly any great portion of people. Bacon. 6. pl. Defn: The great classes or orders of a community or state (as the clergy, the nobility, and the commonalty of England) or their representatives who administer the government; as, the estates of the realm (England), which are (1) the lords spiritual, (2) the lords temporal, (3) the commons. 7. (Law) Defn: The degree, quality, nature, and extent of one's interest in, or ownership of, lands, tenements, etc.; as, an estate for life, for years, at will, etc. Abbott. The fourth estate, a name often given to the public press. ESTATE Es*tate", v. t. 1. To establish. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. Tom settle as a fortune. [Archaic] Shak. 3. To endow with an estate. [Archaic] Then would I . . . Estate them with large land and territory. Tennyson. ESTATLICH; ESTATLY Es*tat"lich, Es"tat*ly, a. Etym: [OE.] Defn: Stately; dignified. [Obs.] Chaucer. ESTEEM Es*teem", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Esteemed; p. pr. & vb. n. Esteeming.] Etym: [F. estimer, L. aestimare, aestumare, to value, estimate; perh. akin to Skr. ish to seek, strive, and E. ask. Cf. Aim, Estimate.] 1. To set a value on; to appreciate the worth of; to estimate; to value; to reckon. Then he forsook God, which made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation. Deut. xxxii. 15. Thou shouldst (gentle reader) esteem his censure and authority to be of the more weighty credence. Bp. Gardiner. Famous men, -- whose scientific attainments were esteemed hardly less than supernatural. Hawthorne. 2. To set a high value on; to prize; to regard with reverence, respect, or friendship. Will he esteem thy riches Job xxxvi. 19. You talk kindlier: we esteem you for it. Tennyson. Syn. -- To estimate; appreciate; regard; prize; value; respect; revere. See Appreciate, Estimate. ESTEEM Es*teem", v. i. Defn: To form an estimate; to have regard to the value; to consider. [Obs.] We ourselves esteem not of that obedience, or love, or gift, which is of force. Milton. ESTEEM Es*teem", n. Etym: [Cf. F. estime. See Esteem, v. t.] 1. Estimation; opinion of merit or value; hence, valuation; reckoning; price. Most dear in the esteem And poor in worth! Shak. I will deliver you, in ready coin, The full and dear'st esteem of what you crave. J. Webster. 2. High estimation or value; great regard; favorable opinion, founded on supposed worth. Nor should thy prowess want praise and esteem. Shak. Syn. -- See Estimate, n. ESTEEMABLE Es*teem"a*ble, a. Defn: Worthy of esteem; estimable. [R.] "Esteemable qualities." Pope. ESTEEMER Es*teem"er, n. Defn: One who esteems; one who sets a high value on any thing. The proudest esteemer of his own parts. Locke. ESTER Es"ter, n. Etym: [A word invented by L. Gmelin, a German chemist.] (Chem.) Defn: An ethereal salt, or compound ether, consisting of an organic radical united with the residue of any oxygen acid, organic or inorganic; thus the natural fats are esters of glycerin and the fatty acids, oleic, etc. ESTHESIOMETER Es*the`si*om"e*ter, n. Defn: Same as Æsthesiometer. ESTHETE; ESTHETIC; ESTHETICAL; ESTHETICS Es"thete, n.; Es*thet"ic (, a., Es*thet"ic*al (, a., Es*thet"ics (, n. etc. Defn: Same as Æsthete, Æsthetic, Æsthetical, Æsthetics, etc. ESTIFEROUS Es*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. aestifer; aestus fire + ferre to bear.] Defn: Producing heat. [R.] Smart. ESTIMABLE Es"ti*ma*ble, a. Etym: [F. estimable, or L. aestimabilis. See Esteem.] 1. Capable of being estimated or valued; as, estimable damage. Paley. . 2. Valuable; worth a great price. [R.] A pound of man's flesh, taken from a man, Is not so estimable, profitable neither, As flesh of muttons, beefs, or goats. Shak. 3. Worth of esteem or respect; deserving our good opinion or regard. A lady said of her two companions, that one was more amiable, the other more estimable. Sir W. Temple. ESTIMABLE Es"ti*ma*ble, n. Defn: A thing worthy of regard. [R.] One of the peculiar estimables of her country. Sir T. Browne. ESTIMABLENESS Es"ti*ma*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of deserving esteem or regard. ESTIMABLY Es"ti*ma*bly, adv. Defn: In an estimable manner. ESTIMATE Es"ti*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estimated; p. pr. & vb. n. Estimating.] Etym: [L. aestimatus, p. p. of aestimare. See Esteem, v. t.] 1. To judge and form an opinion of the value of, from imperfect data, -- either the extrinsic (money), or intrinsic (moral), value; to fix the worth of roughly or in a general way; as, to estimate the value of goods or land; to estimate the worth or talents of a person. It is by the weight of silver, and not the name of the piece, that men estimate commodities and exchange them. Locke. It is always very difficult to estimate the age in which you are living. J. C. Shairp. 2. To from an opinion of, as to amount,, number, etc., from imperfect data, comparison, or experience; to make an estimate of; to calculate roughly; to rate; as, to estimate the cost of a trip, the number of feet in a piece of land. Syn. -- To appreciate; value; appraise; prize; rate; esteem; count; calculate; number. -- To Estimate, Esteem. Both these words imply an exercise of the judgment. Estimate has reference especially to the external relations of things, such as amount, magnitude, importance, etc. It usually involves computation or calculation; as, to estimate the loss or gain of an enterprise. Esteem has reference to the intrinsic or moral worth of a person or thing. Thus, we esteem a man for his kindness, or his uniform integrity. In this sense it implies a mingled sentiment of respect and attachment. We esteem it an honor to live in a free country. See Appreciate. ESTIMATE Es"ti*mate, n. Defn: A valuing or rating by the mind, without actually measuring, weighing, or the like; rough or approximate calculation; as, an estimate of the cost of a building, or of the quantity of water in a pond. Weigh success in a moral balance, and our whole estimate is changed. J. C. Shairp. Syn. -- Estimate, Estimation, Esteem. The noun estimate, like its verb, supposes chiefly an exercise of judgment in determining the amount, importance, or magnitude of things, with their other exterior relations; as, an estimate of expenses incurred; a true estimate of life, etc. Esteem is a moral sentiment made up of respect and attachment, -- the valuation of a person as possessing useful qualities or real worth. Thus we speak of the esteem of the wise and good as a thing greatly to be desired. Estimation seems to waver between the two. In our version of the Scriptures it is used simply for estimate; as, "If he be poorer than thy estimation." Lev. xxvii. 8. In other cases, it verges toward esteem; as, "I know him to be of worth and worthy estimation." Shak. It will probably settle down at last on this latter sense. "Esteem is the value we place upon some degree of worth. It is higher than simple approbation, which is a decision of judgment. It is the commencement of affection." Gogan. No; dear as freedom is, and in my heart's Just estimation prized above all price. Cowper. ESTIMATION Es`ti*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. aestimatio, fr. aestimare: cf. F. estimation. See Esteem, v. t.] 1. The act of estimating. Shak. 2. An opinion or judgment of the worth, extent, or quantity of anything, formed without using precise data; valuation; as, estimations of distance, magnitude, amount, or moral qualities. If he be poorer that thy estimation, then he shall present himself before the priest, and the priest, and the priest shall value him. Lev. xxvii. 8. 3. Favorable opinion; esteem; regard; honor. I shall have estimation among multitude, and honor with the elders. Wisdom viii. 10. 4. Supposition; conjecture. I speak not this in estimation, As what I think might be, but what I know. Shak. Syn. -- Estimate; calculation; computation; appraisement; esteem; honor; regard. See Estimate, n. ESTIMATIVE Es"ti*ma*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. estimatif.] 1. Inclined, or able, to estimate; serving for, or capable of being used in, estimating. We find in animals an estimative or judicial faculty. Sir M. Hale. 2. Pertaining to an estimate. [R.] ESTIMATOR Es"ti*ma`tor, n. Etym: [L. aestimator.] Defn: One who estimates or values; a valuer. Jer. Taylor. ESTIVAL; ESTIVATE; ESTIVATION Es"ti*val, a., Es"ti*vate , v. i., Es`ti*va"tion , n. Defn: Same as Æstival, Æstivate, etc. ESTOILE Es`toile", n. Etym: [OF.] (Her.) Defn: A six-pointed star whose rays are wavy, instead of straight like those of a mullet. [Written also étoile.] Estoile of eight points, a star which has four straight and four wavy rays. -- Estoile of four points. Same as Cross estoilé, under Cross. ESTOP Es*top", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estophed; p. pr. & vb. n. Estopping.] Etym: [OF. estoper to stop, plug, close, F. étouper, LL. stuppare to close with tow, obstruct, fr. L. stuppa tow, oakum, cf. Gr. Stop.] (Law) Defn: To impede or bar by estoppel. A party will be estopped by his admissions, where his intent is to influence another, or derive an advantage to himself. Abbott. ESTOPPEL Es*top"pel, n. Etym: [From Estop.] (Law) (a) A stop; an obstruction or bar to one's alleging or denying a fact contrary to his own previous action, allegation, or denial; an admission, by words or conduct, which induces another to purchase rights, against which the party making such admission can not take a position inconsistent with the admission. (b) The agency by which the law excludes evidence to dispute certain admissions, which the policy of the law treats as indisputable. Wharton. Stephen. Burrill. ESTOVERS Es*to"vers, n. pl. Etym: [OF. estoveir, estovoir, necessary, necessity, need, prop. an infin. meaning to suit, be fit, be necessary. See Stover.] (Law) Defn: Necessaries or supples; an allowance to a person out of an estate or other thing for support; as of wood to a tenant for life, etc., of sustenance to a man confined for felony of his estate, or alimony to a woman divorced out of her husband's estate. Blackstone. Common of estovers. See under Common, n. ESTRADE Es`trade", n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. estrado, orig., a carpet on the floor of a room, also, a carpeted platform, fr. L. stratum bed covering. See Stratum.] (Arch.) Defn: A portion of the floor of a room raised above the general level, as a place for a bed or a throne; a platform; a dais. He [the teacher] himself should have his desk on a mounted estrade or platform. J. G. Fitch. ESTRAMACON Es`tra`ma`con", n. Etym: [F.] 1. A straight, heavy sword with two edges, used in the 16th and 17th centuries. 2. A blow with edge of a sword. Farrow. ESTRANGE Es*trange", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estranged; p. pr. & vb. n. Estranging.] Etym: [OF. estrangier to remove, F. étranger, L. extraneare to treat as a stranger, from extraneus strange. See Strange.] 1. To withdraw; to withhold; hence, reflexively, to keep at a distance; to cease to be familiar and friendly with. We must estrange our belief from everything which is not clearly and distinctly evidenced. Glanvill. Had we . . . estranged ourselves from them in things indifferent. Hooker. 2. To divert from its original use or purpose, or from its former possessor; to alienate. They . . . have estranged this place, and have burned incense in it unto other gods. Jer. xix. 4. 3. To alienate the affections or confidence of; to turn from attachment to enmity or indifference. I do not know, to this hour, what it is that has estranged him from me. Pope. He . . . had pretended to be estranged from the Whigs, and had promised to act as a spy upon them. Macaulay. ESTRANGEDNESS Es*tran"ged*ness, n. Defn: State of being estranged; estrangement. Prynne. ESTRANGEMENT Es*trange"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. estrangement.] Defn: The act of estranging, or the state of being estranged; alienation. An estrangement from God. J. C. Shairp. A long estrangement from better things. South. ESTRANGER Es*tran"ger, n. Defn: One who estranges. ESTRANGLE Es*tran"gle, v. t. Defn: To strangle. [Obs.] ESTRAPADE Es`tra*pade", n. Etym: [F.] (Man.) Defn: The action of a horse, when, to get rid of his rider, he rears, plunges, and kicks furiously. ESTRAY Es*tray", v. i. Defn: To stray. [Obs.] Daniel. ESTRAY Es*tray" n. (Law) Defn: Any valuable animal, not wild, found wandering from its owner; a stray. Burrill. ESTRE Es"tre, n. Etym: [OF. estre state, plan.] Defn: The inward part of a building; the interior. [Obs.] Chaucer. ESTREAT Es*treat", n. Etym: [OF. estraite, prop., an extract, fr. p. p. of estraire to extract, F. extraire, fr. L.extrahere. See Extract.] (Law) Defn: A true copy, duplicate, or extract of an original writing or record, esp. of amercements or penalties set down in the rolls of court to be levied by the bailiff, or other officer. Cowell. Estreat of a recognizance, the extracting or taking out a forfeited recognizance from among the other records of the court, for the purpose of a prosecution in another court, or it may be in the same court. Burrill. ESTREAT Es*treat", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Estreated; p. pr. & vb. n. Estreating.] (Law) (a) To extract or take out from the records of a court, and send up to the court of exchequer to be enforced; -- said of a forfeited recognizance. (b) To bring in to the exchequer, as a fine. ESTREPE Es*trepe", v. t. Etym: [OF. estreper.] (Law) Defn: To strip or lay bare, as land of wood, houses, etc.; to commit waste. ESTREPEMENT Es*trepe"ment, n. Etym: [OF., damage, waste.] (Law) Defn: A destructive kind of waste, committed by a tenant for life, in lands, woods, or houses. Cowell. ESTRICH Es"trich, n. 1. Ostrich. [Obs.] Massinger. 2. (Com.) Defn: The down of the ostrich. Brande & C. ESTUANCE Es"tu*ance, n. Etym: [From L. aestuans, p. pr. of aestuare. See Estuate.] Defn: Heat. [Obs.] ESTUARINE Es"tu*a*rine, a. Defn: Pertaining to an estuary; estuary. ESTUARY Es"tu*a*ry, n.; pl. Estuaries. Etym: [L. aestuarium, from aestuare to surge. See Estuate.] [Written also æstuary.] 1. A place where water boils up; a spring that wells forth. [Obs.] Boyle. 2. A passage, as the mouth of a river or lake, where the tide meets the current; an arm of the sea; a frith. it to the sea was often by long and wide estuaries. Dana. ESTUARY Es"tu*a*ry, a. Defn: Belonging to, or formed in, an estuary; as, estuary strata. Lyell. ESTUATE Es"tu*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Estuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Estuating.] Etym: [L. aestuare to be in violent motion, to boil up, burn, fr. aestus boiling or undulating motion, fire, glow, heat; akin to Gr.Ether.] Defn: To boil up; to swell and rage; to be agitated. Bacon. ESTUATION Es`tu*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. aestuatio.] Defn: The act of estuating; commotion, as of a fluid; agitation. The estuations of joys and fears. W. Montagu. ESTUFA Es*tu"fa, n.; pl. Estufas. Etym: [Sp., a stove, a warm room. Cf. Stove.] Defn: An assembly room in dwelling of the Pueblo Indians. L. H. Morgan. ESTURE Es"ture, n. Etym: [See Estuate.] Defn: Commotion. [Obs.] Chapman. ESURIENT E*su"ri*ent, a. Etym: [L. esuriens, p. pr. of ensurire, fr. edere to eat.] Defn: Inclined to eat; hungry; voracious. [R.] Bailey. "Poor, but esurient." Carlyle. ESURIENT E*su"ri*ent, n. Defn: One who is hungry or greedy. [R.] An insatiable esurient after riches. Wood. ESURINE Es"u*rine, a. Etym: [See Esurient.] Defn: Causing hunger; eating; corroding. [Obs.] Wiseman. ESURINE Es"u*rine, n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine which provokes appetites, or causes hunger. [Obs.] -ET -et. Etym: [F. -et, masc., -ette, fem. Cf. -let.] Defn: A noun suffix with a diminutive force; as in baronet, pocket, facet, floweret, latchet. ETAAC E*taac", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The blue buck. ETACISM E"ta*cism, n. Etym: [Gr. Itacism.] (Greek Gram.) Defn: The pronunciation of the Greek ê (eta) like the Italian e long, that is like a in the English word ate. See Itacism. ETACIST E"ta*cist, n. Defn: One who favors etacism. ETAGERE É`ta`gère", n. Etym: [F., fr. étager to arrange on shelves, fr. étage story, floor. See Stage.] Defn: A piece of furniture having a number of uninclosed shelves or stages, one above another, for receiving articles of elegance or use. Fairholt. ETAMINE Et"a*mine, n. [F. élamine.] Defn: A light textile fabric, like a fine bunting. ETAPE É`tape", n. [F. Cf. Staple a mart.] 1. Defn: A public storehouse. 2. Supplies issued to troops on the march; hence (Mil.), Defn: the place where troops on the march halt over night; also, by extension, the distance marched during a day. 3. In Russia, a prison or stockade for the confinement of prisoners in transit. ETAT MAJOR É`tat" Ma`jor". Etym: [F., fr. état state + L. major greater.] (Mil.) Defn: The staff of an army, including all officers above the rank of colonel, also, all adjutants, inspectors, quartermasters, commissaries, engineers, ordnance officers, paymasters, physicians, signal officers, judge advocates; also, the noncommissioned assistants of the above officers. ET CETERA; ET CAETERA Et` cet"e*ra, Et` cæt"e*ra. Etym: [L. et and + caetera other things.] Defn: Others of the like kind; and the rest; and so on; -- used to point out that other things which could be mentioned are to be understood. Usually abbreviated into etc. or &c. (&c). Shak. ETCH Etch, n. Defn: A variant of Eddish. [Obs.] Mortimer. ETCH Etch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Etched; p. pr. & vb. n. Etching.] Etym: [D. etsen, G. ätzen to feed, corrode, etch. MHG. etzen, causative of ezzen to eat, G. essen Eat.] 1. To produce, as figures or designs, on mental, glass, or the like, by means of lines or strokes eaten in or corroded by means of some strong acid. Note: The plate is first covered with varnish, or some other ground capable of resisting the acid, and this is then scored or scratched with a needle, or similar instrument, so as to form the drawing; the plate is then covered with acid, which corrodes the metal in the lines thus laid bare. 2. To subject to etching; to draw upon and bite with acid, as a plate of metal. I was etching a plate at the beginning of 1875. Hamerton. 3. To sketch; to delineate. [R.] There are many empty terms to be found in some learned writes, to which they had recourse to etch out their system. Locke. ETCH Etch, v. i. Defn: To practice etching; to make etchings. ETCHER Etch"er, n. Defn: One who etches. ETCHING Etch"ing, n. 1. The act, art, or practice of engraving by means of acid which eats away lines or surfaces left unprotected in metal, glass, or the like. See Etch, v. t. 2. A design carried out by means of the above process; a pattern on metal, glass, etc., produced by etching. 3. An impression on paper, parchment, or other material, taken in ink from an etched plate. Etching figures (Min.), markings produced on the face of a crystal by the action of an appropriate solvent. They have usually a definite form, and are important as revealing the molecular structure. -- Etching needle, a sharp-pointed steel instrument with which lines are drawn in the ground or varnish in etching. -- Etching stitch (Needlework), a stitch used outline embroidery. ETEOSTIC E`te*os"tic, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A kind of chronogram. [R.] B. Jonson. ETERMINABLE E*ter"mi*na*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. e- + terminable.] Defn: Interminable. [Obs.] Skelton. ETERN; ETERNE E*tern" or E*terne", a. Etym: [OF. eterne, L. aeternus, for aeviturnus, fr. aevum age. See Age, and cf. Eternal.] Defn: Eternal. [Poetic] Shak. Built up to eterne significance. Mrs. Browning. ETERNAL E*ter"nal, a. Etym: [F. éternel, L. aeternalis, fr. aeternus. See Etern.] 1. Without beginning or end of existence; always existing. The eternal God is thy refuge. Deut. xxxiii. 27. To know wether there were any real being, whose duration has been eternal. Locke. 2. Without end of existence or duration; everlasting; endless; immortal. That they may also obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus, with eternal glory. 2 Tim. ii. 10. 3. Continued without intermission; perpetual; ceaseless; constant. And fires eternal in thy temple shine. Dryden. 4. Existing at all times without change; immutable. Hobbes believed the eternal truths which he opposed. Dryden. What are the eternal objects of poetry among all nations, and at all times M. Arnold. 5. Exceedingly great or bad; -- used as a strong intensive. "Some eternal villain." The Eternal City, an appellation of Rome. Syn. -- Everlasting; endless; infinite; ceaseless; perpetual; interminable. See Everlasting. ETERNAL E*ter"nal, n. 1. One of the appellations of God. Law whereby the Eternal himself doth work. Hooker. 2. That which is endless and immortal. Young. ETERNALIST E*ter"nal*ist, n. Defn: One who holds the existence of matter to be from eternity. T. Burnet. ETERNALIZE E*ter"nal*ize, v. t. Defn: To make eternal. Shelton. ETERNALLY E*ter"nal*ly, adv. Defn: In an eternal manner. That which is morally good or evil at any time or in any case, must be also eternally and unchangeably so. South. Where western gales eternally reside. Addison. ETERNE E*terne", a. Defn: See Etern. ETERNIFY E*ter"ni*fy, v. t. Defn: To make eternal. [Obs.] Fame . . . eternifies the name. Mir. for Mag. ETERNITY E*ter"ni*ty, n.; pl. Eternities. Etym: [F. éternité, L. aeternitas, fr. aeternus. See Etern.] 1. Infinite duration, without beginning in the past or end in the future; also, duration without end in the future; endless time. The high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity. Is. lvii. 15. 2. Condition which begins at death; immortality. Thou know'st 't is common; all that lives must die, Passing through nature to eternity. Shak. ETERNIZATION E*ter`ni*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of eternizing; the act of rendering immortal or famous. ETERNIZE E*ter"nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eternized; p. pr. & vb. n. Eterniziing.] Etym: [Cf. F. éterniser.] 1. To make eternal or endless. This other [gift] served but to eternize woe. Milton. 2. To make forever famous; to immortalize; as, to eternize one's self, a name, exploits. St. Alban's battle won by famous York, Shall be eternized in all age to come. Shak. ETESIAN E*te"sian, a. Etym: [L. etesiae, pl., periodic winds, Gr. étésien.] Defn: Periodical; annual; -- applied to winds which annually blow from the north over the Mediterranean, esp. the eastern part, for an irregular period during July and August. ETHAL Eth"al, n. Etym: [Ether + alcohol: cf. F. éthal.] (Chem.) Defn: A white waxy solid, C16H33.OH; -- called also cetylic alcohol. See Cetylic alcohol, under Cetylic. ETHANE Eth"ane, n. Etym: [From Ether.] (Chem.) Defn: A gaseous hydrocarbon, C2H6, forming a constituent of ordinary illuminating gas. It is the second member of the paraffin series, and its most important derivatives are common alcohol, aldehyde, ether, and acetic acid. Called also dimethyl. ETHE Ethe, a. Etym: [See Eath.] Defn: Easy. [Obs.] Spenser. ETHEL Eth"el, a. Etym: [AS. e, æ. See Atheling.] Defn: Noble. [Obs.] ETHENE Eth"ene, n. (Chem.) Defn: Ethylene; olefiant gas. ETHENIC E*then"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from. or resembling, ethene or ethylene; as, ethenic ether. ETHENYL Eth"e*nyl, n. Etym: [Ethene + -yl.] (Chem.) (a) A trivalent hydrocarbon radical, CH3.C. (b) A univalent hydrocarbon radical of the ethylene series, CH2:CH; - - called also vinyl. See Vinyl. ETHEOSTOMOID E`the*os"to*moid, a. Etym: [NL. etheostoma name of a genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or like, the genus Etheostoma. -- n. Defn: Any fish of the genus Etheostoma and related genera, allied to the perches; -- also called darter. The etheostomoids are small and often bright-colored fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of North America. About seventy species are known. See Darter. ETHER E"ther, n. Etym: [L. aether, Gr. idh, indh, and prob. to E. idle: cf. F. éther.] [Written also æther.] 1. (Physics) Defn: A medium of great elasticity and extreme tenuity, supposed to pervade all space, the interior of solid bodies not excepted, and to be the medium of transmission of light and heat; hence often called luminiferous ether. 2. Supposed matter above the air; the air itself. 3. (Chem.) (a) A light, volatile, mobile, inflammable liquid, (C2H5)2O, of a characteristic aromatic odor, obtained by the distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid, and hence called also sulphuric ether. It is powerful solvent of fats, resins, and pyroxylin, but finds its chief use as an anæsthetic. Called also ethyl oxide.ethyl ether. (b) Any similar oxide of hydrocarbon radicals; as, amyl ether; valeric ether. Complex ether, Mixed ether (Chem.), an oxide of two different radicals in the same molecule; as, ethyl methyl ether, C2H5.O.CH3. -- Compound ether (Chem.), an ethereal salt or a salt of some hydrocarbon as the base; an ester. -- Ether engine (Mach.), a condensing engine like a steam engine, but operated by the vapor of ether instead of by steam. ETHEREAL E*the"re*al, a. 1. Pertaining to the hypothetical upper, purer air, or to the higher regions beyond the earth or beyond the atmosphere; celestial; as, ethereal space; ethereal regions. Go, heavenly guest, ethereal messenger. Milton. 2. Consisting of ether; hence, exceedingly light or airy; tenuous; spiritlike; characterized by extreme delicacy, as form, manner, thought, etc. Vast chain of being, which from God began, Natures ethereal, human, angel, man. Pope. 3. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, ether; as, ethereal salts. Ethereal oil. (Chem.) See Essential oil, under Essential. -- Ethereal oil of wine (Chem.), a heavy, yellow, oily liquid consisting essentially of etherin, etherol, and ethyl sulphate. It is the oily residuum left after etherification. Called also heavy oil of wine (distinguished from oil of wine, or oenanthic ether). -- Ethereal salt (Chem.), a salt of some organic radical as a base; an ester. ETHEREALISM E*the"re*al*ism, n. Defn: Ethereality. ETHEREALITY E*the`re*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being ethereal; etherealness. Something of that ethereality of thought and manner which belonged to Wordsworth's earlier lyrics. J. C. Shairp. ETHEREALIZATION E*the`re*al*i*za"tion, n. Defn: An ethereal or spiritlike state. J. H. Stirling. ETHEREALIZE E*the"re*al*ize, v. t. 1. To convert into ether, or into subtile fluid; to saturate with ether. 2. To render ethereal or spiritlike. Etherealized, moreover, by spiritual communications with the other world. Hawthorne. ETHEREALLY E*the"re*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an ethereal manner. ETHEREALNESS E*the"re*al*ness, n. Defn: Ethereality. ETHEREOUS E*the"re*ous, a. Etym: [L.aethereus, Gr. Ether.] 1. Formed of ether; ethereal. [Obs.] This ethereous mold whereon we stand. Milton. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, either. Ethereous oil. See Ethereal oil, under Ethereal. ETHERIFICATION E*ther`i*fi*ca"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of making ether; specifically, the process by which a large quantity of alcohol is transformed into ether by the agency of a small amount of sulphuric, or ethyl sulphuric, acid. ETHERIFORM E*ther"i*form, a. Etym: [Ether + form.] Defn: Having the form of ether. ETHERIN E"ther*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline hydrocarbon, regarded as a polymeric variety of ethylene, obtained in heavy oil of wine, the residue left after making ether; -- formerly called also concrete oil of wine. ETHERIZATION E`ther*i*za"tion n. (Med.) (a) The administration of ether to produce insensibility. (b) The state of the system under the influence of ether. ETHERIZE E"ther*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Etherized; p. pr. & vb. n. Etherizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. éthériser.] 1. To convert into ether. 2. To render insensible by means of ether, as by inhalation; as, to etherize a patient. ETHEROL E"ther*ol, n. Etym: [Ether + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: An oily hydrocarbon regarded as a polymeric variety of ethylene, produced with etherin. ETHIC; ETHICAL Eth"ic, Eth"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. ethicus, Gr. sidus, G. sitte, Skr. svadh, prob. orig., one's own doing; sva self + dh to set: cf. F. éthique. See So, Do.] Defn: Of, or belonging to, morals; treating of the moral feelings or duties; containing percepts of morality; moral; as, ethic discourses or epistles; an ethical system; ethical philosophy. The ethical meaning of the miracles. Trench. Ethical dative (Gram.), a use of the dative of a pronoun to signify that the person or thing spoken of is regarded with interest by some one; as, Quid mihi Celsus agit How does my friend Celsus do ETHICALLY Eth"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: According to, in harmony with, moral principles or character. ETHICIST Eth"i*cist, n. Defn: One who is versed in ethics, or has written on ethics. ETHICS Eth"ics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. éthique. See Ethic.] Defn: The science of human duty; the body of rules of duty drawn from this science; a particular system of principles and rules concerting duty, whether true or false; rules of practice in respect to a single class of human actions; as, political or social ethics; medical ethics. The completeness and consistency of its morality is the peculiar praise of the ethics which the Bible has taught. I. Taylor. ETHIDE Eth"ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any compound of ethyl of a binary type; as, potassium ethide. ETHIDENE Eth"i*dene, n. Etym: [From Ether.] (Chem.) Defn: Ethylidene. [Obs.] ETHINE Eth"ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: Acetylene. ETHIONIC Eth`i*on"ic, a. Etym: [Ethyl + thionic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid so called. Ethionic acid (Chem.), a liquid derivative of ethylsulphuric and sulphuric (thionic) acids, obtained by the action of sulphur trioxide on absolute alcohol. ETHIOP; ETHIOPIAN E"thi*op, E`thi*o"pi*an, n. Etym: [L. Aethiops, Gr. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Ethiopia; also, in a general sense, a negro or black man. ETHIOPIAN; ETHIOPIC E`thi*o"pi*an, E`thi*op"ic, a. Defn: Of or relating to Ethiopia or the Ethiopians. ETHIOPIC E`thi*op"ic, n. Defn: The language of ancient Ethiopia; the language of the ancient Abyssinian empire (in Ethiopia), now used only in the Abyssinian church. It is of Semitic origin, and is also called Geez. ETHIOPS E"thi*ops n. Etym: [NL. See Ethiop.] (Old Chem.) Defn: A black substance; -- formerly applied to various preparations of a black or very dark color. [Written also Æthiops.] [Obs.] Ethiops martial (Old Chem.), black oxide of iron. -- Ethiops mineral (Old Chem.), black sulphide of mercury, obtained by triturating mercury with sulphur. -- Ethiops per se (Old Chem.), mercury in finely divided state, having the appearance of a dark powder, obtained by shaking it up or by exposure to the air. ETHMOID; ETHMOIDAL Eth"moid, Eth*moid"al, a. Etym: [Gr. ethmoïde, ethmoïdal.] (Anat.) (a) Like a sieve; cribriform. (b) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the ethmoid bone. Ethmoid bone (Anat.), a bone of complicated structure through which the olfactory nerves pass out of the cranium and over which they are largely distributed. ETHMOID Eth"moid n. (Anat.) Defn: The ethmoid bone. ETHMOTRUBINAL Eth`mo*tru"bi*nal, a. Etym: [Ethmoid + turbinal.] Defn: See Turbinal. -- n. Defn: An ethmoturbinal bone. ETHMOVOMERINE Eth`mo*vo"mer*ine, n. Etym: [Ethmoid + vomerine.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the region of the vomer and the base of the ethmoid in the skull. Ethmovomerine plate (Anat.), a cartilaginous plate beneath the front of the fetal brain which the ethmoid region of the skull is developed. ETHNARCH Eth"narch, n. Etym: [Gr. -arch.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: The governor of a province or people. Lew Wallace. ETHNARCHY Eth"narch*y n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The dominion of an ethnarch; principality and rule. Wright. ETHNIC; ETHNICAL Eth"nic, Eth"nic*al, a. Etym: [L. ethnicus, Gr. ethnique.] 1. Belonging to races or nations; based on distinctions of race; ethnological. 2. Pertaining to the gentiles, or nations not converted to Christianity; heathen; pagan; -- opposed to Jewish and Christian. ETHNIC Eth"nic n. Defn: A heathen; a pagan. [Obs.] No better reported than impure ethnic and lay dogs. Milton. ETHNICALLY Eth"nic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an ethnical manner. ETHNICISM Eth"ni*cism n. Defn: Heathenism; paganism; idolatry. [Obs.] "Taint of ethnicism." B. Jonson. ETHNOGRAPHER Eth*nog"ra*pher n. Defn: One who investigates ethnography. ETHNOGRAPHIC; ETHNOGRAPHICAL Eth`no*graph"ic, Eth`no*graph"ic*al,. a. Etym: [Cf. F. ethnographique.] Defn: pertaining to ethnography. ETHNOGRAPHICALLY Eth`no*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an ethnographical manner. ETHNOGRAPHY Eth*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. ethnographie.] Defn: That branch of knowledge which has for its subject the characteristics of the human family, developing the details with which ethnology as a comparative science deals; descriptive ethnology. See Ethnology. ETHNOLOGIC; ETHNOLOGICAL Eth`no*log"ic, Eth`no*log"ic*al, a Defn: Of or pertaining to ethnology. ETHNOLOGICALLY Eth`no*log"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an ethnological manner; by ethnological classification; as, one belonging ethnologically to an African race. ETHNOLOGIST Eth*nol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in ethnology; a student of ethnology. ETHNOLOGY Eth*nol"o*gy n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of the division of mankind into races, their origin, distribution, and relations, and the peculiarities which characterize them. ETHOLOGIC; ETHOLOGICAL Eth`o*log"ic, Eth`o*log"ic*al, a Etym: [See Ethology.] Defn: treating of, or pertaining to, ethnic or morality, or the science of character. J. S. Mill. ETHOLOGIST E*thol"o*gist n. Defn: One who studies or writes upon ethology. ETHOLOGY E*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A treatise on morality; ethics. 2. The science of the formation of character, national and collective as well as individual. J. S. Mill. ETHOPOETIC Eth"o*po*et"ic. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Expressing character. [Obs.] Urquhart. ETHOS E"thos, n. [L., fr. Gr. character. See Ethic.] 1. Defn: The character, sentiment, or disposition of a community or people, considered as a natural endowment; the spirit which actuates manners and customs; also, the characteristic tone or genius of an institution or social organization. 2. (Æsthetics) The traits in a work of art which express the ideal or typic character -- character as influenced by the ethos (sense 1) of a people -- rather than realistic or emotional situations or individual character in a narrow sense; -- opposed to pathos. ETHULE Eth"ule Etym: [Ether + Gr. Ethyl, and see -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: Ethyl. [Obs.] ETHYL Eth"yl, n. Etym: [Ether + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A monatomic, hydrocarbon radical, C2H5 of the paraffin series, forming the essential radical of ethane, and of common alcohol and ether. Ethyl aldehyde. (Chem.) See Aldehyde. ETHYLAMINE Eth`yl*am"ine, n. Etym: [Ethyl + amine.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, mobile, inflammable liquid, C2H5.NH2, very volatile and with an ammoniacal odor. It is a strong base, and is a derivative of ammonia. Called also ethyl carbamine, and amido ethane. ETHYLATE Eth"yl*ate. Etym: [From Ethyl.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound derived from ethyl alcohol by the replacement of the hydroxyl hydrogen, after the manner of a hydrate; an ethyl alcoholate; as, potassium ethylate, C2H5.O.K. ETHYLENE Eth"yl*ene, n. [From Ethyl.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon, C2H4, forming an important ingredient of illuminating gas, and also obtained by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid in alcohol. It is an unsaturated compound and combines directly with chlorine and bromine to form oily liquids (Dutch liquid), -- hence called olefiant gas. Called also ethene, elayl, and formerly, bicarbureted hydrogen. Ethylene series (Chem.), the series if unsaturated hydrocarbons of which ethylene is the type, and represented by the general formula CnH2n. ETHYLIC E*thyl"ic. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, ethyl; as, ethylic alcohol. ETHYLIDENE E*thyl"i*dene. (Chem.) Defn: An unsymmetrical, divalent, hydrocarbon radical, C2H4 metameric with ethylene but written thus, CH3.CH to distinguish it from the symmetrical ethylene, CH2.CH2. Its compounds are derived from aldehyde. Formerly called also ethidene. ETHYLIN Eth"yl*in. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of the several complex ethers of ethyl and glycerin. ETHYLSULPHURIC Eth`yl*sul*phu"ric a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, ethyl and sulphuric acid. Ethylsulphuric acid (Chem.), an acid sulphate of ethyl, H.C2H5.SO4, produced as a thick liquid by the action of sulphiric acid on alcohol. It appears to be the active catalytic agent in the process of etherification. ETIOLATE E"ti*o*late. v. i. [imp. & p. p. Etiolated; p. pr. & vb. n. Etiolating.] Etym: [F. étioler to blanch.] 1. To become white or whiter; to be whitened or blanched by excluding the light of the sun, as, plants. 2. (Med.) Defn: To become pale through disease or absence of light. ETIOLATE E"ti*o*late, v. t. 1. To blanch; to bleach; to whiten by depriving of the sun's rays. 2. (Med.) Defn: To cause to grow pale by disease or absence of light. ETIOLATE; ETIOLATED E"ti*o*late, E"ti*o*la`ted, a. Defn: Having a blanched or faded appearance, as birds inhabiting desert regions. ETIOLATION E`ti*o*la"tion, n. 1. The operation of blanching plants, by excluding the light of the sun; the condition of a blanched plant. 2. (Med.) Defn: Paleness produced by absence of light, or by disease. Dunglison. ETIOLIN E"ti*o*lin, n. Etym: [See Etiolate.] (Bot.) Defn: A yellowish coloring matter found in plants grown in darkness, which is supposed to be an antecedent condition of chlorophyll. Encyc. Brit. ETIOLOGICAL E`ti*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or inquiring into, causes; ætiological. ETIOLOGY E`ti*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. étiologie.] Defn: The science of causes. Same as tiology. ETIQUETTE Et"i*quette`, n. Etym: [F. prop., a little piece of paper, or a mark or title, affixed to a bag or bundle, expressing its contents, a label, ticket, OF.estiquete, of German origin; cf. LG. stikke peg, pin, tack, stikken to stick, G. stecken. See Stick, and cf. Ticket.] Defn: The forms required by good breeding, or prescribed by authority, to be observed in social or official life; observance of the proprieties of rank and occasion; conventional decorum; ceremonial code of polite society. The pompous etiquette to the court of Louis the Fourteenth. Prescott. ETNA Et"na, n. Defn: A kind of small, portable, cooking apparatus for which heat is furnished by a spirit lamp. There should certainly be an etna for getting a hot cup of coffee in a hurry. V. Baker. ETNEAN Et*ne"an, a. Etym: [L. Aetnaeus, Gr. , fr.Aetna, Aetne).] Defn: Pertaining to Etna, a volcanic mountain in Sicily. ETOILE E`toile", n. Etym: [F.] (Her.) Defn: See Estoile. ETRURIAN E*tru"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or relating to ancient Etruria, in Italy. "Etrurian Shades." Milton, -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of ancient Etruria. ETRUSCAN E*trus"can, n. Etym: [L. Etruscus.] Defn: Of or relating to Etruria. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Etruria. ETTER PIKE Et"ter pike`, n. Etym: [Cf. Atter.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The stingfish, or lesser weever (Tranchinus vipera). ETTIN Et"tin, n. Etym: [SA. eten, eoten, orig., gluttonous, fr. etan to eat.] Defn: A giant. [Obs.] Beau & Fl. ETTLE Et"tle, v. t. Etym: [Perh. the same word as addle to earn; bur cf. OE. atlien, etlien, to intend, prepare, Icel. ætla to think, suppose, mean.] Defn: To earn. [Obs.] See Addle, to earn. Boucher. ETUDE E`tude", n. Etym: [F. See Study.] 1. A composition in the fine arts which is intended, or may serve, for a study. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A study; an exercise; a piece for practice of some special point of technical execution. ETUI E`tui", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A case for one several small articles; esp., a box in which scissors, tweezers, and other articles of toilet or of daily use are carried. ETWEE Et*wee", n. Defn: See . Shenstone. ETYM Et"ym, n. Defn: See Etymon. H. F. Talbot. ETYMIC E*tym"ic, a. Defn: Relating to the etymon; as, an etymic word. ETYMOLOGER Et`y*mol"o*ger, n. Defn: An etymologist. ETYMOLOGICAL Et`y*mo*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. etymologicus, Gr. étimilogique. See Etymology.] Defn: Pertaining to etymology, or the derivation of words. -- Et`y*mo*log"ic*al*ly, adv. ETYMOLOGICON Et`y*mo*log"i*con, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: an etymological dictionary or manual. ETYMOLOGIST Et`y*mol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. étymologiste.] Defn: One who investigates the derivation of words. ETYMOLOGIZE Et`y*mol"o*gize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. étymologiser.] Defn: To give the etymology of; to trace to the root or primitive, as a word. Camden ETYMOLOGIZE Et`y*mol"o*gize, v. t. Defn: To search into the origin of words; to deduce words from their simple roots. How perilous it is to etymologize at random. Trench. ETYMOLOGY Et`y*mol"o*gy, n.; pl. Etymologies. Etym: [L.etymologia, Gr. étymologie. See Etymon, and -logy.] 1. That branch of philological science which treats of the history of words, tracing out their origin, primitive significance, and changes of from and meaning. 2. That pert of grammar which relates to the changes in the form of the words in a language; inflection. ETYMON Et"y*mon, n.; pl. E. Etymons, Gr. Etyma. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. sotya, E. sooth. See Sooth.] Defn: 1. An original form; primitive word; root. 2. Original or fundamental signification. [R.] Given as the etymon or genuine sense of the word. Coleridge. ETYPICAL E*typ"ic*al, a. Etym: [Pref. e- + typical.] (Biol.) Defn: Diverging from, or lacking conformity to, a type. EU Eu. Etym: [Gr. su, from the same root as E. is; or with Skr. vasu good, prob. fr. the same root as E. was.] Defn: A prefix used frequently in composition, signifying well, good, advantageous; -- the opposite of dys-. EUCAIRITE Eu*cai"rite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A metallic mineral, a selenide of copper and silver; -- so called by Berzelius on account of its being found soon after the discovery of the metal selenium. EUCALYN Eu"ca*lyn, n. (Chem.) Defn: An unfermentable sugar, obtained as an uncrystallizable sirup by the decomposition of melitose; also obtained from a Tasmanian eucalyptus, -- whence its name. EUCALYPTOL Eu`ca*lyp*tol, n. Etym: [Eucalyptus + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: A volatile, terpenelike oil extracted from the eucalyptus, and consisting largely of cymene. EUCALYPTUS Eu`ca*lyp"tus, n. Etym: [NL., from GR. (Bot.) Defn: A myrtaceous genus of trees, mostly Australian. Many of them grow to an immense height, one or two species exceeding the height even of the California Sequoia. Note: They have rigid, entire leaves with one edge turned toward the zenith. Most of them secrete resinous gums, whence they called gum trees, and their timber is of great value. Eucalyptus Globulus is the blue gum; E. aigantea, the stringy bark: E. amygdalina, the peppermint tree. E. Gunnii, the Tasmanian cider tree, yields a refreshing drink from wounds made in the bark in the spring. Center species yield oils, tars, acids, dyes and tans. It is said that miasmatic valleys in Algeria and Portugal, and a part of the unhealthy Roman Campagna, have been made more salubrious by planting groves of these trees. EUCHARIS Eu"cha*ris, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. eucharis agreeable, Gr. Eucharist.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of South American amaryllidaceous plants with large and beautiful white blossoms. EUCHARIST Eu"cha*rist, n. Etym: [L. euchaistia, Gr. yearn: cf. F. euchaistie.] 1. The act of giving thanks; thanksgiving. [Obs.] Led through the vale of tears to the region of eucharist and hallelujahs. South. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: The sacrament of the Lord's Supper; the solemn act of ceremony of commemorating the death of Christ, in the use of bread and wine, as the appointed emblems; the communion. -- See Sacrament. EUCHARISTIC; EUCHARISTICAL Eu`cha*ris"tic, Eu`cha*ris"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. eucharistie.] 1. Giving thanks; expressing thankfulness; rejoicing. [Obs.] The eucharistical part of our daily devotions. Ray. 2. Pertaining to the Lord's Supper. "The eucharistic sacrament." Sir. G. C. Lewis. EUCHITE Eu"chite, n. Etym: [From Gr. Defn: One who resolves religion into prayer. [Obs.] Gauden. EUCHLORIC Eu*chlo"ric, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Relating to, or consisting of, euchlorine; as, euchloric . Davy. EUCHLORINE Eu*chlo"rine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. euchlorine. See Euchloric.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow or greenish yellow gas, first prepared by Davy, evolved from potassium chlorate and hydrochloric acid. It is supposed to consist of chlorine tetroxide with some free chlorine. EUCHOLOGION; EUCHOLOGY Eu`cho*lo"gi*on, Eu*chol"o*gy, n. Etym: [NL. euchologion, Gr. (Eccl.) Defn: A formulary of prayers; the book of offices in the Greek Church, containing the liturgy, sacraments, and forms of prayers. EUCHOLOGUE Eu"cho*logue, n. Etym: [F. euchologe.] Defn: Euchology. [R.] EUCHRE Eu"chre, n. Etym: [Perh. from F. écarté.] Defn: A game at cards, that may be played by two, three, or four persons, the highest card (except when an extra card called the Joker is used) being the knave of the same suit as the trump, and called right bower, the lowest card used being the seven, or frequently, in two-handed euchre, the nine spot. See Bower. EUCHRE Eu"chre, v. t. 1. To defeat, in a game of euchre, the side that named the trump. 2. To defeat or foil thoroughly in any scheme. [Slang.] EUCHROIC Eu*chro"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Having a fine color. Euchroic acid (Chem.), an organic, imide acid, obtained as a colorless crystalline substance, C12H4N2O8 by heating an ammonium salt of mellitic acid. By reduction it is changed to a dark blue substance (euchrone), -- hence its name. EUCHROITE Eu"chro*ite, n. Etym: [See Euchroic.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in transparent emerald green crystals. It is hydrous arseniate of copper. EUCHRONE Eu"chrone n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance obtained from euchroic acid. See Eychroic. EUCHYMY Eu"chy*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Chyme.] (Med.) Defn: A good state of he blood and other fluids of the body. EUCLASE Eu"clase n. Etym: [Gr. euclase, G. euklas. See named from its brittleness.] (Min.) Defn: A brittle gem occurring in light green, transparent crystals, affording a brilliant clinodiagonal cleavage. It is a silicate of alumina and glucina. EUCLID Eu"clid, n. Defn: A Greek geometer of the 3d century EUCLIDIAN Eu*clid"i*an, n. Defn: Related to Euclid, or to the geometry of Euclid. Euclidian space (Geom.), the kind of space to which the axioms and definitions of Euclid, relative to straight lines and parallel lines, apply; -- called also flat space, and homaloidal space. EUCOPEPODA Eu`co*pep"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Eu- and Copepoda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group which includes the typical copepods and the lerneans. EUCRASY Eu"cra*sy. Etym: [Gr. eucrasie.] (Med.) Defn: Such a due mixture of qualities in bodies as constitutes health or soundness. Quincy. EUCTICAL Euc"tic*al Etym: [Gr. Defn: Expecting a wish; supplicatory. [R.] Sacrifices . . . distinguished into expiatory, euctical, and eucharistical. Bp. Law. EUDEMON; EUDAEMON Eu*de"mon, Eu*dæ"mon, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A good angel. Southey. EUDEMONICS; EUDAEMONICS Eu`de*mon"ics, Eu`dæ*mon"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. Eudemonism.] Defn: That part of moral philosophy which treats of happiness; the science of happiness; -- contrasted with aretaics. J. Grote. EUDEMONISM; EUDAEMONISM Eu*de"mon*ism, Eu*dæ"mon*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. Demon.] Defn: That system of ethics which defines and enforces moral obligation by its relation to happiness or personal well-being. EUDEMONIST; EUDAEMONIST Eu*de"mon*ist, Eu*dæ"mon*ist, n. Defn: One who believes in eudemonism. I am too much of a eudæmonist; I hanker too much after a state of happiness both for myself and others. De Quincey. EUDEMONISTIC; EUDAEMONISTIC Eu*de`mon*is"tic , Eu*dæ`mon*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to eudemonism. EUDEMONISTICAL; EUDAEMONISTICAL Eu*de`mon*is"tic*al, Eu*dæ`mon*is"tic*al, a. Defn: Eudemonistic. EUDIALYTE Eu*di"a*lyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a brownish red color and vitreous luster, consisting chiefly of the silicates of iron, zirconia, and lime. EUDIOMETER Eu`di*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. ediomètre.] (Chem.) Defn: An instrument for the volumetric measurement of gases; -- so named because frequently used to determine the purity of the air. Note: It usually consists of a finely graduated and calibrated glass tube, open at one end, the bottom; and having near the top a pair of platinum wires fused in, to allow the passage of an electric spark, as the process involves the explosion and combustion of one of the ingredients to be determined. The operation is conducted in a through of mercury, or sometimes over water. Cf. Burette. Use's ediometer has the tube bent in the form of the letter. U. EUDIOMETRIC; EUDIOMETRICAL Eu`di*o*met"ric, Eu`di*o*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a eudiometer; as, eudiometrical experiments or results. EUDIOMETRY Eu`di*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. eudiométrie.] (Chem.) Defn: The art or process of determining he constituents of a gaseous mixture by means of the eudiometer, or for ascertaining the purity of the air or the amount of oxygen in it. EUDIPLEURA Eu`di*pleu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The fundamental forms of organic life, that are composed of two equal and symmetrical halves. Syd. Soc. Lex. EUDOXIAN Eu*dox"i*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Eudoxius, patriarch of Antioch and Constantinople in the 4th century, and a celebrated defender of the doctrines of Arius. EUGANOIDEI Eu`ga*noi"de*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. GR. ganoidei. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl) Defn: A group which includes the bony ganoids, as the gar pikes. EUGE Eu"ge, n. Etym: [L., well done! bravo! Gr. Defn: Applause. [Obs.] Hammond. EUGENESIS Eu*gen"e*sis, n. [Pref. eu- + genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: The quality or condition of having strong reproductive powers; generation with full fertility between different species or races, specif. between hybrids of the first generation. EUGENIA Eu*ge"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named in honor of Prince Eugene of Savoy.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of mytraceous plants, mostly of tropical countries, and including several aromatic trees and shrubs, among which are the trees which produce allspice and cloves of commerce. EUGENIC Eu*gen"ic, a. Etym: [See Eugenia.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, cloves; as, eugenic acid. EUGENIC Eu*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Well-born; of high birth. Atlantic Monthly. EUGENICS Eu*gen"ics, n. Defn: The science of improving stock, whether human or animal. F. Galton. EUGENIN Eu"ge*nin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, crystalline substance extracted from oil of cloves; -- called also clove camphor. EUGENOL Eu"ge*nol, n. Etym: [Eugenia + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, aromatic, liquid hydrocarbon, C10H12O2 resembling the phenols, and hence also called eugenic acid. It is found in the oils of pimento and cloves. EUGENY Eu"ge*ny. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Nobleness of birth. [Obs.] EUGETIC; EUGETINIC Eu*get"ic, Eu`ge*tin"ic, a. (Chem) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, eugenol; as, eugetic acid. EUGH Eugh, n. Etym: [See Yew.] Defn: The yew. [Obs.] Dryden. EUGUBIAN; EUGUBINE Eu*gu"bi*an, Eu"gu*bine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the ancient town of Eugubium (now Gubbio); as, the Eugubine tablets, or tables, or inscriptions. EUHARMONIC Eu`har*mon"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. -eu + harmonic.] (Mus.) Defn: Producing mathematically perfect harmony or concord; sweetly or perfectly harmonious. EUHEMERISM Eu*hem"er*ism n. Etym: [L. Euhemerus, Gr. Defn: The theory, held by Euhemerus, that the gods of mythology were but deified mortals, and their deeds only the amplification in imagination of human acts. EUHEMERIST Eu*hem"er*ist, n. Defn: One who advocates euhemerism. EUHEMERISTIC Eu*hem`er*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to euhemerism. EUHEMERIZE Eu*hem"er*ize v. t. Defn: To interpret (mythology) on the theory of euhemerism. EUISOPODA Eu`i*sop"o*da. pl. Etym: [NL. See Eu- and Isopoda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group which includes the typical Isopoda. EULACHON Eu"la*chon, n. Etym: [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The candlefish. [Written also oulachan, oolacan, and ulikon.] See Candlefish. EULERIAN Eu*le"ri*an a. Defn: Pertaining Euler, a German mathematician of the 18th century. Eulerian integrals, certain definite integrals whose properties were first investigated by Euler. EULOGIC; EULOGICAL Eu*log"ic, Eu*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [See Eulogy.] Defn: Bestowing praise of eulogy; commendatory; eulogistic. [R.] -- Eu*log"ic*al*ly, adv. [R.] EULOGIST Eu"lo*gist n. Defn: One who eulogizes or praises; panegyrist; encomiast. Buckle. EULOGISTIC; EULOGISTICAL Eu`lo*gis"tic, Eu`lo*gis"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to eulogy; characterized by eulogy; bestowing praise; panegyrical; commendatory; laudatory; as, eulogistic speech or discourse. -- Eu"lo*gis"tic*al*ly, adv. EULOGIUM Eu*lo"gi*um n.; pl. Eulogiums. Etym: [LL., fr. Gr. Defn: A formal eulogy. Smollett. EULOGIZE Eu"lo*gize v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eulogized. (p. pr. & vb. n. Eulogizing.] Defn: To speak or write in commendation of (another); to extol in speech or writing; to praise. EULOGY Eu"lo*gy, n.; pl. Eulogies. Etym: [Gr. Eulogium, and see Legend.] Defn: A speech or writing in commendation of the character or services of a person; as, a fitting eulogy to worth. Eulogies turn into elegies. Spenser. Syn. -- Encomium; praise; panegyric; applause. -- Eulogy, Eulogium, Encomium, Panegyric. The idea of praise is common to all these words. The word encomium is used of both persons and things which are the result of human action, and denotes warm praise. Eulogium and eulogy apply only to persons and are more studied and of greater length. A panegyric was originally a set speech in a full assembly of the people, and hence denotes a more formal eulogy, couched in terms of warm and continuous praise, especially as to personal character. We may bestow encomiums on any work of art, on production of genius, without reference to the performer; we bestow eulogies, or pronounce a eulogium, upon some individual distinguished for his merit public services; we pronounce a panegyric before an assembly gathered for the occasion. EULYTITE Eu"ly*tite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: a mineral, consisting chiefly of the silicate of bismuth, found at Freiberg; -- called also culytine. EUMENIDES Eu*men"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [L., from Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A euphemistic name for the Furies of Erinyes. EUMOLPUS Eu*mol"pus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small beetles, one species of which (E. viti) is very injurious to the vines in the wine countries of Europe. EUNOMIAN Eu*no"mi*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Eunomius, bishop of Cyzicus (4th century A. D.), who held that Christ was not God but a created being, having a nature different from that of the Father. -- a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Eunomius or his doctrine. EUNOMY Eu"no*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Equal law, or a well-adjusted constitution of government. [R.] Mitford. EUNUCH Eu"nuch, n. Etym: [L. eunuchus, Gr. Defn: A male of the human species castrated; commonly, one of a class of such persons, in Oriental countries, having charge of the women's apartments. Some of them, in former times, gained high official rank. EUNUCH; EUNUCHATE Eu"nuch, Eu"nuch*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. eunuchare.] Defn: To make a eunuch of; to castrate. as a man. Creech. Sir. T. Browne. EUNUCHISM Eu"nuch*ism, n. Etym: [L. eunuchismus an unmanning, Gr. eunuchisme eunuchism.] Defn: The state of being eunuch. Bp. Hall. EUONYMIN Eu*on"y*min, n. (Med.) Defn: A principle or mixture of principles derived from Euonymus atropurpureus, or spindle tree. EUONYMUS Eu*on"y*mus, n. Etym: [NL. (cf. L. euonymos). fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of small European and American trees; the spindle tree. The bark is used as a cathartic. EUORNITHES Eu`or*ni"thes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr., Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of Aves which includes all the typical birds, or all living birds except the penguins and birds of ostrichlike form. EUOSMITTE Eu*os"mitte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A fossil resin, so called from its strong, peculiar, pleasant odor. EUPATHY Eu"pa*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. Eu-, and Pathetic.] Defn: Right feeling. [R.] Harris. EUPATORIN; EUPATORINE Eu*pat"o*rin Eu*pat"o*rine, n. (Med.) Defn: A principle or mixture of principles extracted from various species of Eupatorium. EUPATORIUM Eu`pa*to"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Eupator, king of Pontus, said to have used it as a medicine.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of perennial, composite herbs including hemp agrimony, boneset, throughwort, etc. EUPATRID Eu"pa*trid, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One well born, or of noble birth. EUPEPSIA; EUPEPSY Eu*pep"si*a, Eu*pep"sy, n. Etym: [NL. eupepsia, Fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Soundness of the nutritive or digestive organs; good concoction or digestion; -- opposed to dyspepsia. EUPEPTIC Eu*pep"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to good digestion; easy of digestion; having a good digestion; as, eupeptic food; an eupeptic man. Wrapt in lazy eupeptic fat. Carlyle. EUPHEMISM Eu"phe*mism, n. Etym: [Gr. euphémisme. See Fame.] (Rhet.) Defn: A figure in which a harts or indelicate word or expression is softened; a way of describing an offensive thing by an inoffensive expression; a mild name for something disagreeable. EUPHEMISTIC; EUPHEMISTICAL Eu`phe*mis"tic, Eu`phe*mis"tic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to euphemism; containing a euphemism; softened in expression. -- Eu`phe*mis"tic*al*ly, adv. EUPHEMIZE Eu"phe*mize, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Euphemized; p. pr. & vb. n. Euphemizing.] Etym: [Gr. Defn: To express by a euphemism, or in delicate language; to make use of euphemistic expressions. EUPHONIAD Eu*pho"ni*ad, n. Etym: [See Euphony.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument in which are combined the characteristic tones of the organ and various other instruments. [R.] EUPHONIC; EUPHONICAL Eu*phon"ic, Eu*phon"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or exhibiting, euphony; agreeable in sound; pleasing to the ear; euphonious; as, a euphonic expression; euphonical orthography. EUPHONICON Eu*phon"i*con, n. Etym: [See Euphony.] (Mus.) Defn: A kind of uptight piano. EUPHONIOUS Eu*pho"ni*ous, a. Defn: Pleasing or sweet in sound; euphonic; smooth-sounding. Hallam. -- Eu*pho"ni*ous*ly, adv. EUPHONISM Eu"pho*nism, n. Defn: An agreeable combination of sounds; euphony. EUPHONIUM Eu*pho"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Euphony.] (Mus.) Defn: A bass instrument of the saxhorn family. EUPHONIZE Eu"pho*nize, v. t. Defn: To make euphonic. [R.] EUPHONON Eu"pho*non, n. Etym: [See Euphony.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument resembling the organ in tine and the upright piano in form. It is characterized by great strength and sweetness of tone. EUPHONOUS Eu"pho*nous, n. Defn: Euphonious. [R.] EUPHONY Eu"pho*ny, n.; pl. Euphonies. Etym: [L. euphonia, Gr. euphonie.] Defn: A pleasing or sweet sound; an easy, smooth enunciation of sounds; a pronunciation of letters and syllables which is pleasing to the ear. EUPHORBIA Eu*phor"bi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. euphorbea. See Euphorrium.] (Bot.) Defn: Spurge, or bastard spurge, a genus of plants of many species, mostly shrubby, herbaceous succulents, affording an acrid, milky juice. Some of them are armed with thorns. Most of them yield powerful emetic and cathartic products. EUPHORBIACEOUS; EUPHORBIAL Eu*phor`bi*a"ceous, Eu*phor"bi*al, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of, relating to, or resembling, the Euphorbia family. EUPHORBIN; EUPHORBINE Eu*phor"bin Eu*phor"bine, n. (Med.) Defn: A principle, or mixture of principles, derived from various species of Euphorbia. EUPHORBIUM Eu*phor"bi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. euphorbeum, from Gr. Euphorbus, a Greek physician.] (Med.) Defn: An inodorous exudation, usually in the form of yellow tears, produced chiefly by the African Euphorbia resinifrea. It was formerly employed medicinally, but was found so violent in its effects that its use is nearly abandoned. EUPHOTIDE Eu"pho*tide, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A rock occurring in the Alps, consisting of saussurite and smaragdite; -- sometimes called gabbro. EUPHRASY Eu"phra*sy, n. Etym: [NL. euphrasia, fr. Gr. eufrasia, F. eufrasie.] (Bot.) Defn: The plant eyesight (euphrasia officionalis), formerly regarded as beneficial in disorders of the eyes. Then purged with euphrasy and rue The visual nerve, for he had much to see. Milton. EUPHROE Eu"phroe, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A block or long slat of wood, perforated for the passage of the crowfoot, or cords by which an awning is held up. [Written also uphroe and uvrou.] Knight. EUPHUISM Eu"phu*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. Euphues, or the Anatomy of Wit," and "Euphues and his England."] (Rhet.) Defn: An affectation of excessive elegance and refinement of language; high-flown diction. EUPHUIST Eu"phu*ist, n. Defn: One who affects excessive refinement and elegance of language; -- applied esp. to a class of writers, in the age of Elizabeth, whose productions are marked by affected conceits and high-flown diction. EUPHUISTIC Eu`phu*is"tic, a. Defn: Belonging to the euphuists, or euphuism; affectedly refined. EUPHUIZE Eu"phu*ize, v. t. Defn: To affect excessive refinement in language; to be overnice in expression. EUPIONE Eu"pi*one, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A limpid, oily liquid obtained by the destructive distillation of various vegetable and animal substances; -- specifically, an oil consisting largely of the higher hydrocarbons of the paraffin series. [Written also eupion.] EUPITTONE Eu*pit"tone, n. Etym: [Pref. eu- + pittacal + -one.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow, crystalline substance, resembling aurin, and obtained by the oxidation of pittacal; -- called also eupittonic acid. [Written also eupitton.] EUPITTONIC Eu`pit*ton"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, eupittone. EUPLASTIC Eu*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. eu- + -plastic.] (Med.) Defn: Having the capacity of becoming organizable in a high degree, as the matter forming the false membranes which sometimes result from acute inflammation in a healthy person. Dunglison. EUPLASTIC Eu*plas"tic, n. (Med.) Defn: Organizable substance by which the tissues of an animal body are renewed. EUPLECTELLA Eu`plec*tel"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl) Defn: A genus of elegant, glassy sponges, consisting of interwoven siliceous fibers, and growing in the form of a cornucopia; -- called also Venus's flower-basket. EUPLEXOPTERA Eu`plex*op"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of insects, including the earwig. The anterior wings are short, in the form of elytra, while the posterior wings fold up beneath them. See Earwig. EUPNAEA Eup*næ"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Normal breathing where arterialization of the blood is normal, in distinction from dyspnæa, in which the blood is insufficiently arterialized. Foster. EUPRYION; EUPYRION Eu*pry"i*on, Eu*py"ri*on, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A contrivance for obtaining a light instantaneous, as a lucifer match. Brande & C. EURAFRIC; EURAFRICAN Eur*af"ric, Eur*af"ri*can, a. [Europe + Afric, African.] 1. (Geog.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, the continents of Europe and Africa combined. 2. (Zoögeography) Pert. to or designating a region including most of Europe and northern Africa south to the Sahara. 3. Of European and African descent. EURASIAN Eu*ra"sian, n. Etym: [European + Asian.] 1. A child of a European parent on the one side and an Asiatic on the other. 2. One born of European parents in Asia. EURASIAN Eu*ra"sian, a. Defn: Of European and Asiatic descent; of or pertaining to both Europe and Asia; as, the great Eurasian plain. EURASIATIO Eu*ra`si*at"io, a. (Geog.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the continents of Europe and Asia combined. EUREKA Eu*re"ka. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The exclamation attributed to Archimedes, who is said to have cried out "Eureka! eureka!" (I have found it! I have found it!), upon suddenly discovering a method of finding out how much the gold of King Hiero's crown had been alloyed. Hence, an expression of triumph concerning a discovery. EURHIPIDUROUS Eu*rhip`i*du"rous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a fanlike tail; belonging to the Eurhipiduræ, a division of Aves which includes all living birds. EURIPIZE Eu"ri*pize, v. t. Etym: [See Euripus.] Defn: To whirl hither and thither. [Obs.] EURIPUS Eu*ri"pus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: A strait; a narrow tract of water, where the tide, or a current, flows and reflows with violence, as the ancient fright of this name between Eubæa and Bæotia. Hence, a flux and reflux. Burke. EURITE Eu"rite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. eurite.] (Min.) Defn: A compact feldspathic rock; felsite. See Felsite. EURITIC Eu*rit"ic, a. Defn: Of or pelating to eurite. EUROCLYDON Eu*roc"ly*don, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. i. e. a north-east wind, as in the Latin Yulgate Euro-aquilo.] Defn: A tempestuous northeast wind which blows in the Mediterranean. See Levanter. A tempestuous wind called Euroclydon. Acts xxvii. 14. EUROPEAN Eu`ro*pe"an, a. Etym: [L. europeaus, Gr. europa.)] Defn: Of or pertaining to Europe, or to its inhabitants. On the European plain, having rooms to let, and leaving it optional with guests whether they will take meals in the house; -- said of hotels. [U. S.] EUROPEAN Eu`ro*pe"an, n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Europe. EUROPEANIZE Eu`ro*pe"an*ize, v. t. Defn: To cause to become like the Europeans in manners or character; to habituate or accustom to European usages. A state of society . . . changed and Europenized. Lubbock. EUROPIUM Eu*ro"pi*um, n. [NL.; Europe + -ium, as in aluminium.] (Chem.) Defn: A metallic element of the rare-earth group, discovered spectroscopically by Demarcay in 1896. Symbol, Eu; at. wt., 152.0. EURUS Eu"rus, n. Etym: [L., gr. Defn: The east wind. EURYALE Eu*ry"a*le, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Euryale, one of the Gorgons.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of water lilies, growing in India and China. The only species (E. ferox) is very prickly on the peduncles and calyx. The rootstocks and seeds are used as food. 2. (Zoöl) Defn: A genus of ophiurans with much-branched arms. EURYALIDA Eu`ry*al"i*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of Ophiuroidea, including the genera Euryale, Astrophyton, etc. They generally have the arms branched. See Astrophyton. EURYCEROUS Eu*ryc"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having broad horns. EURYPTEROID Eu*ryp"ter*oid, a. Etym: [Eurypterus + -oid.] (Paleon.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the genus Euryperus. EURYPTEROIDEA Eu*ryp`te*roi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Eurypteroid.] (Paleont.) Defn: An extinct order of Merostomata, of which the genus Eurypterus is the type. They are found only in Paleozoic rocks. [Written also Eurypterida.] EURYPTERUS Eu*ryp"te*rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of extinct Merostomata, found in Silurian rocks. Some of the species are more than three feet long. EURYTHMY Eu"ryth*my, n. Etym: [L. eurythmia, Gr. eurythmie.] 1. (Fine Arts) Defn: Just or harmonious proportion or movement, as in the composition of a poem, an edifice, a painting, or a statue. 2. (Med.) Defn: Regularly of the pulse. EUSEBIAN Eu*se"bi*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Eusebius, bishop of Cæsarea, who was a friend and protector of Arius. EUSTACHIAN Eu*sta"chi*an, a. Etym: [From Eustachi, a learned Italian physician who died in Rome, 1574.] (Anat.) (a) Discovered by Eustachius. (b) Pertaining to the Eustachian tube; as, Eustachian catheter. Eustachian catheter, a tubular instrument to be introduced into the Eustachian tube so as to allow of inflation of the middle ear through the nose or mouth. -- Eustrachian tube (Anat.), a passage from the tympanum of the ear to the pharynx. See Ear. -- Eustachian valve (Anat.), a crescent-shaped fold of the lining membrane of the heart at the entrance of the vena cava inferior. It directs the blood towards the left auricle in the fetus, but is rudimentary and functionless in the adult. EUSTYLE Eu"style`, n. Etym: [Gr. eustyle.] (Arch.) Defn: See Intercolumnlation. EUTAXY Eu"tax*y, n. Etym: [Gr. eutaxie.] Defn: Good or established order or arrangement. [R.] E. Waterhouse. EUTECTIC Eu*tec"tic, a. [Gr. e'y`thktos easily melted; e'y^ well + th`kein to melt.] (Physics) Defn: Of maximum fusibility; -- said of an alloy or mixture which has the lowest melting point which it is possible to obtain by the combination of the given components. EUTERPE Eu*ter"pe. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The Muse who presided over music. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of palms, some species of which are elegant trees. EUTERPEAN Eu*ter"pe*an a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Euterpe or to music. EUTEXIA Eu*tex"i*a, n. [NL., fr. Gr. a being easily melted.] (Physics) Defn: The principle or process of forming from given components the eutectic alloy, or alloy of maximum fusibility. EUTHANASIA Eu`tha*na"si*a n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. euthanasie.] Defn: An easy death; a mode of dying to be desired. "An euthanasia of all thought." Hazlitt. The kindest wish of my friends is euthanasia. Arbuthnot. EUTHANASY Eu*than"a*sy, n. Defn: Same as Euthanasia. EUTHIOCHROIC Eu`thi*o*chro"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or denoting, an acid so called. Euthiochroic acid (Chem.), a complex derivative of hydroquinone and sulphonic (thionic) acid. -- so called because it contains sulphur, and forms brilliantly colored (yellow) salts. EUTHYNEURA Eu`thy*neu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large division of gastropod molluske, including the Pulmonifera and Opisthobranchiata. EUTROPHY Eu"tro*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Healthy nutrition; soundless as regards the nutritive functions. EUTYCHIAN Eu*tych"i*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Eutyches [5th century], who held that the divine and the human in the person of Christ were blended together as to constitute but one nature; a monophysite; -- opposed to Nestorian. EUTYCHIANISM Eu*tych"i*an*ism, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The doctrine of Eutyches and his followers. EUXANTHIC Eux*an"thic a. (Chem.) Defn: Having a yellow color; pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, euxanthin. Euxanthic acid (Chem.), a yellow, crystalline, organic acid, extracted from euxanthin. EUXANTHIN Eux*an"thin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow pigment imported from India and China. It has a strong odor, and is said to be obtained from the urine of herbivorous animals when fed on the mango. It consists if a magnesium salt of euxanthic acid. Called also puri, purree, and Indian yellow. EUXENITE Eux"e*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A brownish black mineral with a metallic luster, found in Norway. It contains niobium, titanium, yttrium, and uranium, with some other metals. EVACATE E*va"cate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. e- + vacate.] Defn: To empty. [Obs.] Harvey. EVACUANT E*vac"u*ant, a. Etym: [L.evacuans, -antis, p. pr. of evacuare: cf. F. évacuant.] Defn: Emptying; evacuative; purgative; cathartic. -- n. (Med.) Defn: A purgative or cathartic. EVACUATE E*vac"u*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evacuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Evacuating.] Etym: [l. evacuatus, p. p. of evacuare to empty, nullify; e out + vacuus empty, vacare to be empty. See Vacate.] 1. To make empty; to empty out; to remove the contents of; as, to evacuate a vessel or dish. 2. Fig.: To make empty; to deprive. [R.] Evacuate the Scriptures of their most important meaning. Coleriage. 3. To remove; to eject; to void; o discharge, as the contents of a vessel, or of the bowels. 4. To withdraw from; to quit; to retire from; as, soldiers from a country, city, or fortress. The Norwegians were forced to evacuate the country. Burke. 5. To make void; to nullify; to vacate; as, to evacuate a contract or marriage. [Obs.] Bacon. EVACUATE E*vac"u*ate, v. i. Defn: To let blood [Obs.] Burton. EVACUATION E*vac`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. evacuatio: cf. F. évacuation.] 1. The act of emptying, clearing of the contents, or discharging. Specifically: (a) (Mil.) Withdrawal of troops from a town, fortress, etc. (b) (Med.) Voidance of any matter by the natural passages of the body or by an artificial opening; defecation; also, a diminution of the fluids of an animal body by cathartics, venesection, or other means. 2. That which is evacuated or discharged; especially, a discharge by stool or other natural means. Quincy. 3. Abolition; nullification. [Obs.] Hooker. Evacuation day, the anniversary of the day on which the British army evacuated the city of New York, November 25, 1783. EVACUATIVE E*vac"u*a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. évacuatif.] Defn: Serving of tending to evacuate; cathartic; purgative. EVACUATOR E*vac"u*a`tor, n. Defn: One who evacuates; a nullifier. "Evacuators of the law." Hammond. EVACUATORY E*vac"u*a*to*ry, n. Defn: A purgative. EVADE E*vade" (v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evaded; p. pr. & vb. n.. Evading.] Etym: [L. evadere, evasum, e out + vadere to go, walk: cf. F. s'évader. See Wade.] Defn: To get away from by artifice; to avoid by dexterity, subterfuge, address, or ingenuity; to elude; to escape from cleverly; as, to evade a blow, a pursuer, a punishment; to evade the force of an argument. The heathen had a method, more truly their own, of evading the Christian miracles. Trench. EVADE E*vade", v. t. 1. To escape; to slip away; -- sometimes with from. "Evading from perils." Bacon. Unarmed they might Have easily, as spirits evaded swift By quick contraction or remove. Milton. 2. To attempt to escape; to practice artifice or sophistry, for the purpose of eluding. The ministers of God are not to evade and take refuge any of these . . . ways. South. Syn. - To equivocate; shuffle. See Prevaricate. EVADIBLE E*vad"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being evaded. [R.] EVAGATION Ev`a*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. evagatio, fr. evagari to wander forth: cf. F. évagation. See Vagary.] Defn: A wandering about; excursion; a roving. [R.] Ray. EVAGINATE E*vag"i*nate, a. [L. evaginatus, p. p., unsheathed. See Evagination.] Defn: Protruded, or grown out, as an evagination; turned inside out; unsheathed; evaginated; as, an evaginate membrane. EVAGINATE E*vag"i*nate, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Evaginated; p. pr. & vb. n. Evaginating.] Defn: To become evaginate; to cause to be evaginate. EVAGINATION E*vag`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. evaginatio an extending, evaginare to unsheathe; e out + vagina sheath.] Defn: The act of unsheathing. EVAL E"val, a. Etym: [L. aevum lifetime, age, eternity.] Defn: Relating to time or duration. [Obs.] EVALUATE E*val"u*ate, v. t. Etym: [See Evaluation.] Defn: To fix the value of; to rate; to appraise. EVALUATION E*val`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. évaluation, LL. evaluatio.] Defn: Valuation; appraisement. J. S. Mill. EVANESCE Ev`a*nesce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Evanesced; p. pr. & vb. n. Evanescing. (.] Etym: [L. evanescere; e out + vanescere to vanish, fr. vanus empty, vain. See Vain, and cf. Evanish.] Defn: To vanish away; to because dissipated and disappear, like vapor. I believe him to have evanesced or evaporated. De Quincey. EVANESCENCE Ev`a*nes"cence, n. Defn: The act or state of vanishing away; disappearance; as, the evanescence of vapor, of a dream, of earthly plants or hopes. Rambler. EVANESCENT Ev`a*nes"cent, a. Etym: [L. evanescens, -entis, p. pr. of evanescere.] 1. Liable to vanish or pass away like vapor; vanishing; fleeting; as, evanescent joys. So evanescent are the fashions of the world in these particulars. Hawthorne. 2. Vanishing from notice; imperceptible. The difference between right and wrong, is some petty cases, is almost evanescent. Wollaston. EVANESCENTLY Ev`a*nes"cent*ly, adv. In a vanishing manner Defn: ; imperceptibly. Chalmers. EVANGEL E*van"gel, n. Etym: [F. évangile, L. evangelium, Gr. Eu-, and cf. Evangely.] Defn: Good news; announcement of glad tidings; especially, the gospel, or a gospel. Milton. Her funeral anthem is a glad evangel. Whittier. EVANGELIAN E`van*ge"li*an, a. Defn: Rendering thanks for favors. EVANGELIC E`van*gel"ic, a. Etym: [L. evangelicus, Gr. évangélique. See Evangel.] Defn: Belonging to, or contained in, the gospel; evangelical. "Evangelic truth." J. Foster. EVANGELICAL E`van*gel"ic*al, a. 1. Contained in, or relating to, the four Gospels; as, the evangelical history. 2. Belonging to, agreeable or consonant to, or contained in, the gospel, or the truth taught in the New Testament; as, evangelical religion. 3. Earnest for the truth taught in the gospel; strict in interpreting Christian doctrine; preëminetly orthodox; -- technically applied to that party in the Church of England, and in the Protestant Episcopal Church, which holds the doctrine of "Justification by Faith alone"; the Low Church party. The term is also applied to other religion bodies not regarded as orthodox. Evangelical Alliance, an alliance for mutual strengthening and common work, comprising Christians of different denominations and countries, organized in Liverpool, England, in 1845. -- Evangelical Church. (a) The Protestant Church in Germany. (b) A church founded by a fusion of Lutherans and Calvinists in Germany in 1817. -- Evangelical Union, a religion sect founded in Scotland in 1843 by the Rev. James Morison; -- called also Morisonians. EVANGELICAL E`van*gel"ic*al, n. Defn: One of evangelical principles. EVANGELICALISM E`van*gel"ic*al*ism, n. Defn: Adherence to evangelical doctrines; evangelism. G. Eliot. EVANGELICALLY E`van*gel"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an evangelical manner. EVANGELICALNESS E`van*gel"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: State of being evangelical. EVANGELICISM E`van*gel"i*cism n. Defn: Evangelical principles; evangelism. EVANGELICITY E*van`ge*lic"i*ty, n. Defn: Evangelicism. EVANGELISM E*van"gel*ism n. Defn: The preaching or promulgation of the gospel. Bacon. EVANGELIST E*van"gel*ist, n. Etym: [F. évangéliste, L. evangelista, fr. Gr. Defn: A bringer of the glad tidings of Church and his doctrines. Specially: (a) A missionary preacher sent forth to prepare the way for a resident pastor; an itinerant missionary preacher. (b) A writer of one of the four Gospels (With the definite article); as, the four evangelists, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. (c) A traveling preacher whose efforts are chiefly directed to arouse to immediate repentance. The Apostles, so far as they evangelized, might claim the tittle though there were many evangelists who were not Apistles. Plumptre. EVANGELISTARY E*van`gel*is"ta*ry, n. Etym: [LL. evangelistarium.] Defn: A selection of passages from the Gospels, as a lesson in divine service. Porson. EVANGELISTIC E*van`gel*is"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to the four evangelists; designed or fitted to evangelize; evangelical; as, evangelistic efforts. EVANGELIZATION E*van`gel*i*za"tion n. Defn: The act of evangelizing; the state of being evangelized. The work of Christ's ministers is evangelization. Hobbes. EVANGELIZE E*van"gel*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evangelized; p. pr. & vb. n. Evangelizing]. Etym: [F. évangélisre, LL. evangelizare, fr. Gr. Defn: To instruct in the gospel; to preach the gospel to; to convert to Christianity; as, to evangelize the world. His apostles whom he sends To evangelize the nations. Milton. EVANGELIZE E*van"gel*ize, v. i. Defn: To preach the gospel. EVANGELY E*van"ge*ly, n. Defn: Evangel. [Obs.] The sacred pledge of Christ's evangely. Spenser. EVANGILE E*van"gile, n. Etym: [F. évangile. See Evangel.] Defn: Good tidings; evangel. [R.] Above all, the Servians . . . read, with much avidity, the evangile of their freedom. Londor. EVANID E*van"id, a. Etym: [L. evanidus, fr. evanescere. See Evanesce.] Defn: Liable to vanish or disappear; faint; weak; evanescent; as, evanid color. [Obs.] They are very transistory and evanid. Barrow. EVANISH E*van"ish, v. i. Etym: [Pref. e- + vanish: cf. L. evanescere. See Evanesce, vanish.] Defn: To vanish. Or like the rainbow's lovely form, Evanishing amid the storm. Burns. EVANISHMENT E*van"ish*ment, n. Defn: A vanishing; disappearance. [R.] T. Jefferson. EVAPORABLE E*vap"o*ra*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being converted into vapor, or dissipated by evaporation. EVAPORATE E*vap"o*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evaporated; p. pr. & vb. n. Evaporating.] Etym: [L. evaporatus, p. p. of evaporare; e out + vapor steam or vapor. See Vapor.] 1. To pass off in vapor, as a fluid; to escape and be dissipated, either in visible vapor, or in practice too minute to be visible. 2. To escape or pass off without effect; to be dissipated; to be wasted, as, the spirit of writer often evaporates in the process of translation. To give moderate liberty for griefs and discontents to evaporate . . . is a safe way. Bacon. EVAPORATE E*vap"o*rate, v. t. 1. To convert from a liquid or solid state into vapor (usually) by the agency of heat; to dissipate in vapor or fumes. 2. To expel moisture from (usually by means of artificial heat), leaving the solid portion; to subject to evaporation; as, to evaporate apples. 3. To give vent to; to dissipate. [R.] My lord of Essex evaporated his thoughts in a sonnet. Sir. H. Wotton. Evaporating surface (Steam Boilers), that part of the heating surface with which water is in contact. EVAPORATE E*vap"o*rate, a. Etym: [L. evaporatus, p. p.] Defn: Dispersed in vapors. Thomson. EVAPORATION E*vap`o*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. evaporatio: cf. F. évaporation.] 1. The process by which any substance is converted from a liquid state into, and carried off in, vapor; as, the evaporation of water, of ether, of camphor. 2. The transformation of a portion of a fluid into vapor, in order to obtain the fixed matter contained in it in a state of greater consistence. 3. That which is evaporated; vapor. 4. (Steam Engine) Defn: See Vaporization. EVAPORATIVE E*vap"o*ra*tive, a. Etym: [L. evaporatius: cf. F. évaporatif.] Defn: Pertaining to, or producing, evaporation; as, the evaporative process. EVAPORATOR E*vap"o*ra`tor, n. Defn: An apparatus for condensing vegetable juices, or for drying fruit by heat. EVAPOROMETER E*vap`o*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. evaporare to evaporate + -meter: cf. F. évapormètre.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the quantity of a fluid evaporated in a given time; an atmometer. EVASIBLE E*va"si*ble, a. Defn: That may be evaded. [R.] EVASION E*va"sion, n. Etym: [L. evasio: cf. F. évasion. See Evade.] Defn: The act of eluding or avoiding, particularly the pressure of an argument, accusation, charge, or interrogation; artful means of eluding. Thou . . . by evasions thy crime uncoverest more. Milton. Syn. -- Shift; subterfuge; shuffling; prevarication; equivocation. EVASIVE E*va"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. évasif. See Evade.] Defn: Tending to evade, or marked by evasion; elusive; shuffling; avoiding by artifice. Thus he, though conscious of the ethereal guest, Answered evasive of the sly request. Pope. Stammered out a few evasive phrases. Macaulay. -- E*va"sive*ly , adv. -- E*va"sive*ness, n. EVE Eve, n. Etym: [See Even, n.] 1. Evening. [Poetic] Winter oft, at eve resumes the breeze. Thomson. 2. The evening before a holiday, -- from the Jewish mode of reckoning the day as beginning at sunset. not at midnight; as, Christians eve is the evening before Christmas; also, the period immediately preceding some important event. "On the eve of death." Keble. Eve churr (Zoöl), the European goatsucker or nightjar; -- called also night churr, and churr owl. EVECTICS E*vec"tics, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The branch of medical science which teaches the method of acquiring a good habit of body. [Obs.] EVECTION E*vec"tion. Etym: [L. evectio a going up, fr. evehere to carry out; e out + vehere to carry: cf. F évection.] 1. The act of carrying up or away; exaltation. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. 2. (Astron.) (a) An inequality of the moon's motion is its orbit to the attraction of the sun, by which the equation of the center is diminished at the syzygies, and increased at the quadratures by about 1º 20'. (b) The libration of the moon. Whewell. EVEN E"ven n. Etym: [OE. eve, even, efen, æfen. AS. æfen; akin to OS. aband, OFries, avend, D. avond, OHG. aband, Icel. aptan, Sw. afton, Dan. aften; of unknown origin. Cf. Eve, Evening.] Defn: Evening. See Eve, n. 1. [Poetic.] Shak. EVEN E"ven, a. Etym: [AS. efen. efn; akin to OS. eban, D. even, OHG. eban, G. efen, Icel. jafn, Dan. jevn, Sw. jämn, Goth. ibns. Cf. Anent, Ebb.] 1. Level, smooth, or equal in surface; not rough; free from irregularities; hence uniform in rate of motion of action; as, even ground; an even speed; an even course of conduct. 2. Equable; not easily ruffed or disturbed; calm; uniformly self- possessed; as, an even temper. 3. Parallel; on a level; reaching the same limit. And shall lay thee even with the ground. Luke xix. 44. 4. Balanced; adjusted; fair; equitable; impartial; just to both side; owing nothing on either side; -- said of accounts, bargains, or persons indebted; as, our accounts are even; an even bargain. To make the even truth in pleasure flow. Shak. 5. Without an irregularity, flaw, or blemish; pure. "I know my life so even." Shak. 6. Associate; fellow; of the same condition. [Obs.] "His even servant." Wyclif (Matt. 7. Not odd; capable of division by two without a remainder; -- said of numbers; as, 4 and 10 are even numbers. Whether the number of the stars is even or odd. Jer. Taylor. On even ground, with equal advantage. -- On even keel (Naut.), in a level or horizontal position. EVEN E"ven, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evened; p. pr. & vb. n. Evening] 1. To make even or level; to level; to lay smooth. His temple Xerxes evened with the soil. Sir. W. Raleigh. It will even all inequalities Evelyn. 2. To equal [Obs.] "To even him in valor." Fuller. 3. To place in an equal state, as to obligation, or in a state in which nothing is due on either side; to balance, as accounts; to make quits. Shak. 4. To set right; to complete. 5. To act up to; to keep pace with. Shak. EVEN E"ven, v. i. Defn: To be equal. [Obs.] R. Carew. EVEN E"ven, adv. Etym: [AS. efne. See Even, a., and cf. E'en.] 1. In an equal or precisely similar manner; equally; precisely; just; likewise; as well. "Is it even so" Shak. Even so did these Gauls possess the coast. Spenser. 2. Up to, or down to, an unusual measure or level; so much as; fully; quite. Thou wast a soldier Even to Cato's wish. Shak. Without . . . making us even sensible of the change. Swift. 3. As might not be expected; -- serving to introduce what is unexpected or less expected. I have made several discoveries, which appear new, even to those who are versed in critical learning. Addison. 4. At the very time; in the very case. I knew they were had enough to please, even when I wrote them. Dryden. Note: Even is sometimes used to emphasize a word or phrase. "I have debated even in my soul." Shak. By these presence, even the presence of Lord Mortimer. Shak. EVENE E*vene", v. i. Etym: [L. evenire. See Event.] Defn: To happen. [Obs.] Hewyt. EVENER E"ven*er, n. 1. One who, or that which makes even. 2. In vehicles, a swinging crossbar, to the ends of which other crossbars, or whiffletrees, are hung, to equalize the draught when two or three horses are used abreast. EVENFALL E"ven*fall`, n. Defn: Beginning of evening. "At the quiet evenfall." Tennyson. EVENHAND E"ven*hand`, n. Defn: Equality. [Obs.] Bacon. EVENHANDED E"ven*hand`ed, a. Defn: Fair or impartial; unbiased. "Evenhanded justice." Shak. -- E"ven*hand`ed*ly, adv. -- E"ven*hand`ed*ness, n. EVENING E"ven*ing, n. Etym: [AS. æfnung. See even, n., and cf. Eve.] 1. The latter part and close of the day, and the beginning of darkness or night; properly, the decline of the day, or of the sum. In the ascending scale Of heaven, the stars that usher evening rose. Milton. Note: Sometimes, especially in the Southern parts of the United States, the afternoon is called evening. Bartlett. 2. The latter portion, as of life; the declining period, as of strength or glory. Note: Sometimes used adjectively; as, evening gun. "Evening Prayer." Shak. Evening flower (Bot.), a genus of iridaceous plants (Hesperantha) from the Cape of Good Hope, with sword-shaped leaves, and sweet-scented flowers which expand in the evening. -- Evening grosbeak (Zoöl.), an American singing bird (Coccothraustes vespertina) having a very large bill. Its color is olivaceous, with the crown, wings, and tail black, and the under tail coverts yellow. So called because it sings in the evening. -- Evening primrose. See under Primrose. -- The evening star, the bright star of early evening in the western sky, soon passing below the horizon; specifically, the planet Venus; -- called also Vesper and Hesperus. During portions of the year, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are also evening stars. See Morning Star. EVENLY E"ven*ly, adv. Defn: With an even, level, or smooth surface; without roughness, elevations, or depression; uniformly; equally; comfortably; impartially; serenely. EVENMINDED E"ven*mind`ed, a. Defn: Having equanimity. EVENNESS E"ven*ness, n. Defn: The state of being ven, level, or disturbed; smoothness; horizontal position; uniformity; impartiality; calmness; equanimity; appropriate place or level; as, evenness of surface, of a fluid at rest, of motion, of dealings, of temper, of condition. It had need be something extraordinary, that must warrant an ordinary person to rise higher than his own evenness. Jer. Taylor. EVENSONG E"ven*song`, n. Etym: [AS. æfensang.] Defn: A song for the evening; the evening service or form of worship (in the Church of England including vespers and compline); also, the time of evensong. Wyclif. Milton. EVENT E*vent", n. Etym: [L. eventus, fr. evenire to happen, come out; e out + venire to come. See Come.] 1. That which comes, arrives, or happens; that which falls out; any incident, good or bad. "The events of his early years." Macaulay. To watch quietly the course of events. Jowett (Thucyd. ) There is one event to the righteous, and to the wicked. Eccl. ix. 2. 2. An affair in hand; business; enterprise. [Obs.] "Leave we him to his events." Shak. 3. The consequence of anything; the issue; conclusion; result; that in which an action, operation, or series of operations, terminates. Dark doubts between the promise and event. Young. Syn. -- Incident; occurrence; adventure; issue; result; termination; consequence; conclusion. -- Event, Occurrence, Incident, Circumstance. An event denotes that which arises from a preceding state of things. Hence we speak or watching the event; of tracing the progress of events. An occurrence has no reference to any antecedents, but simply marks that which meets us in our progress through life, as if by chance, or in the course of divine providence. The things which thus meet us, if important, are usually connected with antecedents; and hence event is the leading term. In the "Declaration of Independence" it is said, "When, in the cource of human events, it becomes necessary." etc. Here, occurrences would be out of place. An incident is that which falls into a state of things to which is does not primarily belong; as, the incidents of a journey. The term is usually applied to things of secondary importance. A circumstance is one of the things surrounding us in our path of life. These may differ greatly in importance; but they are always outsiders, which operate upon us from without, exerting greater or less influence according to their intrinsic importance. A person giving an account of a campaign might dwell on the leading events which it produced; might mention some of its striking occurrences; might allude to some remarkable incidents which attended it; and might give the details of the favorable or adverse circumstances which marked its progress. EVENT E*vent", v. t. Etym: [F. éventer to fan, divulge, LL. eventare to fan, fr., L. e out + ventus wind.] Defn: To break forth. [Obs.] B. Jonson. EVENTERATE E*ven"ter*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. e out + venter the belly: cf. F. éventer.] Defn: To rip open; todisembowel. [Obs.] Sir. T. Brown. EVENTFUL E*vent"ful a. Defn: Full of, or rich in, events or incidents; as, an eventful journey; an eventful period of history; an eventful period of life. EVENTIDE E"ven*tide` n. Etym: [AS. æfentid. See Tide.] Defn: The time of evening; evening. [Poetic.] Spenser. EVENTILATE E*ven"ti*late, v. t. Etym: [L. eventilatus, p. p. of eventilare to fan. See Ventilate.] 1. To winnow out; to fan. [Obs.] Cockeram. 2. To discuss; to ventilate. [Obs.] Johnson. EVENTILATION E*ven`ti*la"tion, n. Defn: The act of eventilating; discussion. [Obs.] Bp. Berkely. EVENTLESS E*vent"less, a. Defn: Without events; tame; monotomous; marked by nothing unusual; uneventful. EVENTOGNATHI Ev`en*tog"na*thi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Dr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes including a vast number of freshwater species such as the carp, loach, chub, etc. EVENTRATION E`ven*tra*tion, n. Etym: [L. e out + venter belly.] (Med.) (a) A tumor containing a large portion of the abdominal viscera, occasioned by relaxation of the walls of the abdomen. (b) A wound, of large extent, in the abdomen, through which the greater part of the intestines protrude. (c) The act af disemboweling. EVENTUAL E*ven"tu*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. éventiel. See Event.] 1. Coming or happening as a consequence or result; consequential. Burke. 2. Final; ultimate. "Eventual success." Cooper. 3. (Law) Defn: Dependent on events; contingent. Marshall. EVENTUALITY E*ven`tu*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Eventualities. Etym: [Cf. F. éventualité.] 1. The coming as a consequence; contingency; also, an event which comes as a consequence. 2. (Phren.) Defn: Disposition to take cognizance of events. EVENTUALLY E*ven"tu*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an eventual manner; finally; ultimately. EVENTUATE E*ven"tu*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Eventuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Eventuating.] Defn: To come out finally or in conclusion; to result; to come to pass. EVENTUATION E*ven`tu*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of eventuating or happening as a result; the outcome. R. W. Hamilton. EVER Ev"er adv. Etym: [OE. ever, æfre, AS. æfre; perh. akin to AS. a always. Cf. Aye, Age,Evry, Never.] [Sometimes contracted into e'er.] 1. At any time; at any period or point of time. No man ever yet hated his own flesh. Eph. v. 29. 2. At all times; through all time; always; forever. He shall ever love, and always be The subject of by scorn and cruelty. Dryder. 3. Without cessation; continually. Note: Ever is sometimes used as an intensive or a word of enforcement. "His the old man e'er a son" Shak. To produce as much as ever they can. M. Arnold. Ever and anon, now and then; often. See under Anon. -- Ever is one, continually; constantly. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Ever so, in whatever degree; to whatever extent; -- used to intensify indefinitely the meaning of the associated adjective or adverb. See Never so, under Never. "Let him be ever so rich." Emerson. And all the question (wrangle e'er so long), Is only this, if God has placed him wrong. Pope. You spend ever so much money in entertaining your equals and betters. Thackeray. -- For ever, eternally. See Forever. -- For ever and a day, emphatically forever. Shak. She [Fortune] soon wheeled away, with scornful laughter, out of sight for ever and day. Prof. Wilson. -- Or ever (for or ere), before. See Or, ere. [Archaic] Would I had met my dearest foe in heaven Or ever I had seen that day, Horatio! Shak. Note: Ever is sometimes joined to its adjective by a hyphen, but in most cases the hyphen is needless; as, ever memorable, ever watchful, ever burning. EVERDURING Ev`er*dur"ing a. Defn: Everlasting. Shak. EVERGLADE Ev`er*glade, n. Defn: A swamp or low tract of land inundated with water and interspersed with hummocks, or small islands, and patches of high grass; as, the everglades of Florida. [U. S.] EVERGREEN Ev"er*green a. (Bot.) Defn: Remaining unwithered through the winter, or retaining unwithered leaves until the leaves of the next year are expanded, as pines cedars, hemlocks, and the like. EVERGREEN Ev"er*green, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: An evergreen plant. 2. pl. Defn: Twigs and branches of evergreen plants used for decoration. "The funeral evengreens entwine." Keble. EVERGREEN STATE Evergreen State. Defn: Washington; -- a nickname alluding to the abundance of evergreen trees. EVERICH; EVERYCH Ev"er*ich, Ev"er*ych, a. Etym: [OE. see Every.] Defn: each one; every one; each of two. See Every. [Obs.] Chaucer. EVERICHON; EVERYCHON Ev`er*ich*on", Ev`er*ych*on", pron. Etym: [OE. everich + oon, on, one. See Every, and One.] Defn: Every one. [Obs.] Chaucer. EVERLASTING Ever*last"ing a. 1. Lasting or enduring forever; exsisting or continuing without end; immoral; eternal. "The Everlasting God." Gen. xx1. 33. 2. Continuing indefinitely, or during a long period; perpetual; sometimes used, colloquially, as a strong intensive; as, this everlasting nonsence. I will give to thee, and to thy seed after thee . . . the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession. Gen xvii. 8. And heard thy everlasting yawn confess The pains and penalties of idleness. Pope. Syn. -- Eternal; immortal, interminable; endless; never-ending; infinite; unceasing; uninterrupted; continual; unintermitted; incessant. - Everlasting, Eternal. Eternal denotes (when taken strictly) without beginning or end of duration; everlasting is sometimes used in our version of the Scriptures in the sense of eternal, but in modern usage is confined to the future, and implies no intermission as well as no end. Whether we shall meet again I know not; Therefore our everlasting farewell take; Forever, and forever farewell, Cassius. Shak. Everlasting flower. Sane as Everlasting, n., 3. -- Everlasting pea, an ornamental plant (Lathyrus latifolius) related to the pea; -- so called because it is perennial. EVERLASTING Ev`er*last"ing, n. 1. Eternal duration, past of future; eternity. From everlasting to everlasting, thou art God. Ps. xc. 2. 2. (With the definite article) The Eternal Being; God. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A plant whose flowers may be dried without losing their form or color, as the pearly everlasting (Anaphalis margaritacea), the immortelle of the French, the cudweeds, etc. 4. A cloth fabic for shoes, etc. See Lasting. EVERLASTINGLY Ev`er*last"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In an everlasting manner. EVERLASTINGNESS Ev`er*last"ing*ness, n. Defn: The state of being everlasting; endless duration; indefinite duration. EVERLIVING Ev`er*liv"ing, a. 1. Living always; immoral; eternal; as, the everliving God. 2. Continual; incessant; unintermitted. EVERMORE Ev`er*more", adv. Defn: During eternity; always; forever; for an indefinite period; at all times; -- often used substantively with for. Seek the Lord . . . Seek his face evermore. Ps. cv. 4. And, behold, I am alive for evermore. Rev. i. 18. Which flow from the presence of God for evermore. Tillotson. I evermore did love you, Hermia. Shak. EVERNIC E*ver"nic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to Evernia, a genus of lichens; as, evernic acid. EVERSE E*verse", v. t. Etym: [L. eversus, p. p. of evertere to turn out, overthrow; e out + vertere to turn. Cf. Evert.] Defn: To overthrow or subvert. [Obs.] Glanvill. EVERSION E*ver"sion, n. Etym: [L. eversio: cf. F. éversion.] 1. The act of eversing; destruction. Jer. Taylor. 2. The state of being turned back or outward; as, eversion of eyelids; ectropium. EVERSIVE E*ver"sive, a. Defn: Tending to evert or overthrow; subversive; with of. A maxim eversive . . . of all justice and morality. Geddes. EVERT E*vert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Everted; p. pr. & vb. n. Everting.] Etym: [L. evertere. See Everse.] 1. To overthrow; to subvert. [R.] Ayliffe. 2. To turn outwards, or inside out, as an intestine. EVERY Ev"er*y, a. & a. pron. Etym: [OE. everich, everilk; AS. ever + ælc each. See Ever, each.] 1. All the parts which compose a whole collection or aggregate number, considered in their individuality, all taken separately one by one, out of an indefinite bumber. Every man at his best state is altogether vanity. Ps. xxxix. 5. Every door and window was adorned with wreaths of flowers. Macaulay. 2. Every one. Cf. Each. [Obs.] "Every of your wishes." Shak. Daily occasions given to every of us. Hooker. Every each, every one. [Obs.] "Every each of them hath some vices." Burton.. -- Every now and then, at short intervals; occasionally; repeatedly; frequently. [Colloq.] Note: Every may, by way of emphasis, precede the article the with a superlative adjective; as, every, the least variation. Locke. Syn. -- Every, Each, Any. Any denotes one, or some, taken indifferently from the individuals which compose a class. Every differs from each in giving less promonence to the selection of the individual. Each relates to two or more individuals of a class. It refers definitely to every one of them, denoting that they are considered separately, one by one, all being included; as, each soldier was receiving a dollar per day. Every relates to more than two and brings into greater prominence the notion that not one of all considered is excepted; as, every soldier was on service, except the cavalry, that is, all the soldiers, etc. In each division there were four pentecosties, in every pentecosty four enomoties, and of each enomoty there fought in the front rank four [soldiers]. Jowett (Thucyd. ). If society is to be kept together and the children of Adam to be saved from setting up each for himself with every one else his foe. J. H. Newman. EVERYBODY Ev"er*y*bod`y, n. Defn: Every person. EVERYDAY Ev"er*y*day`, a. Defn: Used or fit for every day; common; usual; as, an everyday suit or clothes. The mechanical drudgery of his everyday employment. Sir. J. Herchel. EVERYONE Ev"er*y*one`, n. Etym: [OE. everychon.] Defn: Everybody; -- commonly separated, every one. EVERYTHING Ev"er*y*thing`, n. Defn: Whatever pertains to the subject under consideration; all things. More wise, more learned, more just, more everything. Pope. EVERYWHEN Ev"er*y*when`, adv. Defn: At any or all times; every instant. [R.] "Eternal law is silently present everywhere and everywhen." Carlyle. EVERYWHERE Ev"er*y*where`, adv. Defn: In every place; in all places; hence, in every part; throughly; altogether. EVERYWHERENESS Ev"er*y*where`ness, n. Defn: Ubiquity; omnipresence. [R.] Grew. EVESDROP Eves"drop`, v. i. Defn: See Eavesdrop. EVESDROPPER Eves"drop`per, n. Defn: See Eavesdropper. EVESTIGATE E*ves"ti*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. evestigatus traced out; e out + vestigatus, p. p. of vestigare. See Vestigate.] Defn: To investigate. [Obs.] Bailey. EVET Ev"et, n. Etym: [See Eft, n.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The common newt or eft. In America often applied to several species of aquatic salamanders. [Written also evat.] EVIBRATE E*vi"brate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. evibrare. See Vibrate.] Defn: To vibrate. [Obs.] Cockeram. EVICT E*vict", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Evicting.] Etym: [L. evictus, p. p. of evincere to overcome completely, evict. See Evince.] 1. (Law) Defn: To dispossess by a judicial process; to dispossess by paramount right or claim of such right; to eject; to oust. The law of England would speedily evict them out of their possession. Sir. J. Davies. 2. To evince; to prove. [Obs.] Cheyne. EVICTION E*vic"tion, n. Etym: [L. evictio: cf. F. éviction.] 1. The act or process of evicting; or state of being evicted; the recovery of lands, tenements, etc., from another's possession by due course of law; dispossession by paramount title or claim of such title; ejectment; ouster. 2. Conclusive evidence; proof. [Obs.] Full eviction of this fatal truth. South. EVIDENCE Ev"i*dence, n. Etym: [F. évidence, L. Evidentia. See Evident.] 1. That which makes evident or manifest; that which furnishes, or tends to furnish, proof; any mode of proof; the ground of belief or judgement; as, the evidence of our senses; evidence of the truth or falsehood of a statement. Faith is . . . the evidence of things not seen. Heb. xi. 1. O glorious trial of exceeding love Illustrious evidence, example high. Milton. 2. One who bears witness. [R.] "Infamous and perjured evidences." Sir W. Scott. 3. (Law) Defn: That which is legally submitted to competent tribunal, as a means of ascertaining the truth of any alleged matter of fact under investigation before it; means of making proof; -- the latter, strictly speaking, not being synonymous with evidence, but rather the effect of it. Greenleaf. Circumstantial evidence, Conclusive evidence, etc. See under Circumstantial, Conclusive, etc. -- Crown's, King's, or Queen's evidence, evidence for the crown. [Eng.] -- State's evidence, evidence for the government or the people. [U. S. ] -- To turn King's, Queen's or State's evidence, to confess a crime and give evidence against one's accomplices. Syn. -- Testimony; proof. See Tesimony. EVIDENCE Ev"i*dence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evidenced; p, pr. & vb. n. Evidencing.] Defn: To render evident or clear; to prove; to evince; as, to evidence a fact, or the guilt of an offender. Milton. EVIDENCER Ev"i*den*cer, n. Defn: One whi gives evidence. EVIDENT Ev"i*dent, a. Etym: [F. évinent, l. evidens, -entis; e out + videns, p. pr. of videre to see. See Vision.] Defn: Clear to the vision; especially, clear to the understanding, and satisfactory to the judgment; as, the figure or color of a body is evident to the senses; the guilt of an offender can not always be made evident. Your honor and your goodness is so evident. Shak. And in our faces evident the sings Of foul concupiscence. Milton. Syn. -- Manifest; plain; clear; obvious; visible; apparent; conclusive; indubitable; palpable; notorious. See Manifest. EVIDENTIAL Ev`i*den"tial, a. Defn: Relating to, or affording, evidence; indicative; especially, relating to the evidences of Christianity. Bp. Fleetwood. "Evidential tracks." Earle.. -- Ev`i*den"tial*ly, adv. EVIDENTIARY Ev`i*den"ti*a*ry, a. Defn: Furnishing evidence; asserting; proving; evidential. When a fact is supposed, although incorrectly, to be evidentiary of, a mark of, some other fact. J. S. Mill. EVIDENTLY Ev"i*dent*ly, adv. Defn: In an evident manner; clearly; plainly. Before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth. Gal. iii. 1. He has evidently in the prime of youth. W. Irving. EVIDENTNESS Ev"i*dent*ness, n. Defn: State of being evident. EVIGILATION E*vig`i*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. evigilatio; e out + vigilare to be awake. See Vigilant.] Defn: A waking up or awakening. [Obs.] EVIL E*vil a. Etym: [OE. evel, evil, ifel, uvel, AS. yfel; akin to OFries, evel, D. euvel, OS. & OHG. ubil, G. übel, Goth. ubils, and perh. to E. over.] 1. Having qualities tending to injury and mischief; having a nature or properties which tend to badness; mischievous; not good; worthless or deleterious; poor; as, an evil beast; and evil plant; an evil crop. A good tree can not bring forth evil fruit. Matt. vii. 18. 2. Having or exhibiting bad moral qualities; morally corrupt; wicked; wrong; vicious; as, evil conduct, thoughts, heart, words, and the like. Ah, what a sign it is of evil life, When death's approach is seen so terrible. Shak. 3. Producing or threatening sorrow, distress, injury, or calamity; unpropitious; calamitous; as, evil tidings; evil arrows; evil days. Because he hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin of Israel. Deut. xxii. 19. The owl shrieked at thy birth -- an evil sign. Shak. Evil news rides post, while good news baits. Milton. Evil eye, an eye which inflicts injury by some magical or fascinating influence. It is still believed by the ignorant and superstitious that some persons have the supernatural power of injuring by a look. It almost led him to believe in the evil eye. J. H. Newman. -- Evil speaking, speaking ill of others; calumny; censoriousness. -- The evil one, the Devil; Satan. Note: Evil is sometimes written as the first part of a compound (with or without a hyphen). In many cases the compounding need not be insisted on. Examples: Evil doer or evildoer, evil speakink or evil- speaking, evil worker, evil wishink, evil-hearted, evil-minded. Syn. -- Mischieveous; pernicious; injurious; hurtful; destructive; wicked; sinful; bad; corrupt; perverse; wrong; vicious; calamitious. EVIL E"vil n. 1. Anything which impairs the happiness of a being or deprives a being of any good; anything which causes suffering of any kind to sentient beings; injury; mischief; harm; -- opposed to Ant: good. Evils which our own misdeeds have wrought. Milton. The evil that men do lives after them. Shak. 2. Moral badness, or the deviation of a moral being from the principles of virtue imposed by conscience, or by the will of the Supreme Being, or by the principles of a lawful human authority; disposition to do wrong; moral offence; wickedness; depravity. The heart of the sons of men is full of evil. Eccl. ix. 3. 3. malady or disease; especially in the phrase king's evil, the scrofula. [R.] Shak. He [Edward the Confessor] was the first that touched for the evil. Addison. EVIL E"vil, adv. Defn: In an evil manner; not well; ill; badly; unhappily; injuriously; unkindly. Shak. It went evil with his house. 1 Chron. vii. 23. The Egyptians evil entreated us, and affected us. Deut. xxvi. 6. EVIL EYE E"vil eye` Defn: . See Evil eye under Evil, a. EVIL-EYED E"vil-eyed a. Defn: Possessed of the supposed evil eye; also, looking with envy, jealousy, or bad design; malicious. Shak. EVIL-FAVORED E"vil-fa`vored, a. Defn: Having a bad countenance or appearance; ill-favored; blemished; deformed. Bacon. -- E"vil-fa`vored*ness, n. Deut. xvi. 1. EVILLY E"vil*ly, adv. Defn: In an evil manner; not well; ill. [Obs.] "Good deeds evilly bestowed." Shak. EVIL-MINDED E"vil-mind`ed, a. Defn: Having evil dispositions or intentions; disposed to mischief or sin; malicious; malignant; wicked. -- E"vil-mind`ed*ness, n. EVILNESS E"vil*ness, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being evil; badness; viciousness; malignity; vileness; as, evilness of heart; the evilness of sin. EVINCE E*vince", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evinced; p. pr. & vb. n. Evincing.] Etym: [L. evincere vanquish completely, prevail, succeed in proving; e out + vincere to vanquish. See Victor, and cf. Evict.] 1. To conquer; to subdue. [Obs.] Error by his own arms is best evinced. Milton. 2. To show in a clear manner; to prove beyond any reasonable doubt; to manifest; to make evident; to bring to light; to evidence. Common sense and experience must and will evince the truth of this. South. EVINCEMENT E*vince"ment, n. Defn: The act of evincing or proving, or the state of being evinced. EVINCIBLE E*vin"ci*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being proved or clearly brought to light; demonstrable. Sir. M. Hale. --E*vin"ci*bly, adv. EVINCIVE E*vin"cive, a. Defn: Tending to prove; having the power to demonstrate; demonstrative; indicative. EVIRATE E"vi*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. eviratus, p. p. of evirare to castrate; e out + vir man.] Defn: To emasculate; to dispossess of manhood. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. EVIRATION Ev`i*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. eviratio.] Defn: Castration. [Obs.] EVISCERATE E*vis"cer*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eviscerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Eviscerating.] Etym: [L. evisceratus, p. p. of eviscerare to eviscerate; e out + viscera the bowels. See Viscera.] Defn: To take out the entrails of; to disembowel; to gut. EVISCERATION E*vis`cer*a"tion, a. Defn: A disemboweling. EVITABLE Ev"i*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. evitabilis: cf. F. évitable.] Defn: A voidable. [R.] Hooker. EVITATE Ev"i*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. evitatus, p. p. of evitare to shun; e out + vitare to shun.] Defn: To shun; to avoid. [Obs.] Shak. EVITATION Ev`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. evitatio.] Defn: A shunning; avoidance. [Obs.] Bacon. EVITE E*vite", v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. éviter. See Evitate.] Defn: To shun. [Obs.] Dryton. EVITERNAL Ev`i*ter"nal, a. Etym: [L. eviternus, aeternus. See Etern.] Defn: Eternal; everlasting. [Obs.] -- Ev`i*ter"nal*ly, adv. Bp. Hall. EVITERNITY Ev`i*ter"ni*ty, n. Defn: Eternity. [Obs.] EVOCATE Ev"o*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. evocatus, p. p. of evocare. See Evoke.] Defn: To call out or forth; to summon; to evoke. [R.] Stackhouse. EVOCATION Ev`o*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. evocatio: cf. F. évocation.] Defn: The act of calling out or forth. Sir. T. Browne. The evocation of that better spirit. M. Arnold. EVOCATIVE E*vo"ca*tive, a. Defn: Calling forth; serving to evoke; developing. Evocative power over all that is eloquent and expressive in the better soul of man. W. Pater. EVOCATOR Ev"o*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who calls forth. [R.] EVOKE E*voke", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evoked; p. pr. & vb. n. Evoking.] Etym: [L. evocare; e out + vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice: cf. F évoquer. See Voice, and cf. Evocate.] 1. To call out; to summon forth. To evoke the queen of the fairies. T. Warton. A requlating discipline of exercise, that whilst evoking the human energies, will not suffer them to be wasted. De Quincey. 2. To call away; to remove from one tribunal to another. [R.] "The cause was evoked to Rome." Hume. EVOLATIC; EVOLATICAL Ev`o*lat"ic, Ev`o*lat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. evolare to fly away; e out + volare to fly.] Defn: Apt to fly away. [Obs. or R.] Blount. EVOLATION Ev`o*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. evolatio.] Defn: A flying out or up. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. EVOLUTE Ev"o*lute, n. Etym: [L. evolutus unrolled, p. p. of evolvere. See Evolve.] (Geom.) Defn: A curve from which another curve, called the involute or evolvent, is described by the end of a thread gradually wound upon the former, or unwound from it. See Involute. It is the locus of the centers of all the circles which are osculatory to the given curve or evolvent. Note: Any curve may be an evolute, the term being applied to it only in its relation to the involute. EVOLUTILITY Ev`o*lu*til"i*ty, n. Etym: [See Evolution.] (Biol.) Defn: The faculty possessed by all substances capable of self- nourishment of manifesting the nutritive acts by changes of form, of volume, or of structure. Syd. Soc. Lex. EVOLUTION Ev`o*lu"tion, n. Etym: [L. evolutio an unrolling: cf. F. évolution evolution. See Evolve.] 1. The act of unfolding or unrolling; hence, in the process of growth; development; as, the evolution of a flower from a bud, or an animal from the egg. 2. A series of things unrolled or unfolded. "The whole evolution of ages." Dr. H. More. 3. (Geom.) Defn: The formation of an involute by unwrapping a thread from a curve as an evolute. Hutton. 4. (Arith. & Alg.) Defn: The extraction of roots; -- the reverse of involution. 5. (Mil. & Naval) Defn: A prescribed movement of a body of troops, or a vessel or fleet; any movement designed to effect a new arrangement or disposition; a maneuver. Those evolutions are best which can be executed with the greatest celerity, compatible with regularity. Campbell. 6. (Biol.) (a) A general name for the history of the steps by which any living organism has acquired the morphological and physiological characters which distinguish it; a gradual unfolding of successive phases of growth or development. (b) That theory of generation which supposes the germ to preëxist in the parent, and its parts to be developed, but not actually formed, by the procreative act; -- opposed to epigenesis. 7. (Metaph.) Defn: That series of changes under natural law which involves continuous progress from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous in structure, and from the single and simple to the diverse and manifold in quality or function. The pocess is by some limited to organic beings; by others it is applied to the inorganic and the psychical. It is also applied to explain the existence and growth of institutions, manners, language, civilization, and every product of human activity. The agencies and laws of the process are variously explained by different philosophrs. Evolution is to me series with development. Gladstone. EVOLUTIONAL Ev`o*lu"tion*al, a. Defn: Relating to evolution. "Evolutional changes." H. Spenser. EVOLUTIONARY Ev`o*lu"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Relating to evolution; as, evolutionary discussions. EVOLUTIONISM Ev`o*lu"tion*ism, n. Defn: The theory of, or belief in, evolution. See Evolution, 6 and 7. EVOLUTIONIST Ev`o*lu"tion*ist, n. 1. One skilled in evolutions. 2. one who holds the doctrine of evolution, either in biology or in metaphysics. Darwin. EVOLVE E*volve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Evolved; p. pr. & vb. n. Evolving.] Etym: [L. evolvere, evolutum; e out + volvere to roll. See Voluble.] 1. To unfold or unroll; to open and expand; to disentangle and exhibit clearly and satisfactorily; to develop; to derive; to educe. The animal soul sooner evolves itself to its full orb and extent than the human soul. Sir. M. Hale. The principles which art involves, science alone evolves. Whewell. Not by any power evolved from man's own resources, but by a power which descended from above. J. C. Shairp. 2. To throw out; to emit; as, to evolve odors. EVOLVE E*volve", v. i. Defn: To become open, disclosed, or developed; to pass through a process of evolution. Prior. EVOLVEMENT E*volve"ment, n. Defn: The act of evolving, or the state of being evolved; evolution. EVOLVENT E*volv"ent, n. Etym: [L. evolvents. -entis, unrolling, p. pr. of evolvere.] (Geom.) Defn: The involute of a curve. See Involute, and Evolute. EVOMIT E*vom"it, v. t. Etym: [L. evomitus, p. p. of evomere to vomit forth; e out + vomere.] Defn: To vomit. [Obs.] EVOMITION Ev`o*mi"tion, n. Defn: The act of vomiting. [Obs.] Swift. EVULGATE E*vul"gate v. t. Etym: [L. evulgatus, p. p. of evulgare to publish.] Defn: To publish abroad. [Obs.] EVULGATION Ev`ul*ga"tion, n. Defn: A divulging. [Obs.] EVULSION E*vul"sion, n. Etym: [L. evulsio, fr. evellere, evulsum, to pluck out; e out + vellere to pluck; cf. F. évulsion.] Defn: The act of plucking out; a rooting out. EW Ew, n. Etym: [See Yew.] Defn: A yew. [Obs.] Chaucer. EWE Ewe, n. Etym: [AS. eówu; akin to D. ooi, OHG. awi, ouwi, Icel. ær, Goth. awe\'edi a flock of sheep, awistr a sheepfold, Lith. avis a sheep, L. ovis, Gr. avi. *231.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The female of the sheep, and of sheeplike animals. EWE-NECKED Ewe"-necked`, a. Defn: Having a neck like a ewe; -- said of horses in which the arch of the neck is deficent, being somewhat hollowed out. Youwatt. EWER Ew"er, n. Etym: [OF. ewer, euwier, prop. a water carrier, F. évier a washing place, sink, aiguière ewer, L. aquarius, adj., water carrying, n., a water carrier, fr. aqua water; akin to Goth. ahwa water, river, OHG, aha, G. au, aue, meadow. *219. Cf. Aquarium, Aquatic, Island.] Defn: A kind of widemouthed pitcher or jug; esp., one used to hold water for the toilet. Basins and ewers to lave her dainty hands. Shak. EWERY; EWRY Ew"er*y, Ew"ry n. Etym: [From Ewer.] Defn: An office or place of household service where the ewers were formerly kept. [Enq.] Parker. EWT Ewt, n. Etym: [See Newt.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The newt. EX- Ex- Defn: . A prefix from the latin preposition, ex, akin to Gr. 'ex or 'ek signifying out of, out, proceeding from. Hence, in composition, it signifies out of, as, in exhale, exclude; off, from, or out. as in exscind; beyond, as, in excess, exceed, excel; and sometimes has a privative sense of without, as in exalbuminuos, exsanguinous. In some words, it intensifies the meaning; in others, it has little affect on the signification. It becomes ef- before f, as in effuse. The form e- occurs instead of ex- before b, d, g, l, m, n, r, and v, as in ebullient, emanate, enormous, etc. In words from the French it often appears as es-, sometimes as s- or é-; as, escape, scape, élite. Ex-, prefixed to names implying office, station, condition, denotes that the person formerly held the office, or is out of the office or condition now; as, ex-president, ex-governor, ex-mayor, ex-convict. The Greek form 'ex becomes ex in English, as in exarch; 'ek becomes ec, as in eccentric. EXACERBATE Ex*ac"er*bate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exacerrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Exacerrating.] Etym: [L. exacerbatus, p. p. of exacerbare; ex out (intens.) + acerbare. See Acerbate.] Defn: To render more violent or bitter; to irriate; to exasperate; to imbitter, as passions or disease. Broughman. EXACERBATION Ex*ac`er*ba"tion n. Etym: [Cf. F. exacerbation.] 1. The act rendering more violent or bitter; the state of being exacerbated or intensified in violence or malignity; as, exacerbation of passion. 2. (Med.) Defn: A periodical increase of violence in a disease, as in remittent or continious fever; an increased energy of diseased and painful action. EXACERBESCENCE Ex*ac`er*bes"cence, n. Etym: [L. exacerbescens, -entis, p. pr. of exacerbescere, incho. of exacerbare.] Defn: Increase of irritation or violence, particularly the increase of a fever or disease. EXACERVATION Ex*ac`er*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. exacervare to heap up exceedingly. See Ex-, and Acervate.] Defn: The act of heaping up. [Obs.] Bailey. EXACINATE Ex*ac"i*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. ex out + acinus kernel.] Defn: To remove the kernel form. EXACINATION Ex*ac`i*na"tion, n. Defn: Removal of the kernel. EXACT Ex*act", a. Etym: [L. exactus precise, accurate, p. p. of exigere to drive out, to demand, enforce, finish, determine, measure; ex out + agere to drive; cf. F. exact. See Agent, Act.] 1. Precisely agreeing with a standard, a fact, or the truth; perfectly conforming; neither exceeding nor falling short in any respect; true; correct; precise; as, the clock keeps exact time; he paid the exact debt; an exact copy of a letter; exact accounts. I took a great pains to make out the exact truth. Jowett (Thucyd. ) 2. Habitually careful to agree with a standard, a rule, or a promise; accurate; methodical; punctual; as, a man exact in observing an appointment; in my doings I was exact. "I see thou art exact of taste." Milton. 3. Precisely or definitely conceived or stated; strict. An exact command, Larded with many several sorts of reason. Shak. EXACT Ex*act", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exacting.] Etym: [From L. exactus, p. p. of exigere; or fr. LL. exactare: cf. OF. exacter. See Exact, a.] Defn: To demand or require authoritatively or peremptorily, as a right; to enforce the payment of, or a yielding of; to compel to yield or to furnish; hence, to wrest, as a fee or reward when none is due; -- followed by from or of before the one subjected to exaction; as, to exact tribute, fees, obedience, etc., from or of some one. He said into them, Exact no more than that which is appointed you. Luke. iii. 13. Years of servise past From grateful souls exact reward at last Dryden. My designs Exact me in another place. Massinger. EXACT Ex*act", v. i. Defn: To practice exaction. [R.] The anemy shall not exact upon him. Ps. lxxxix. 22. EXACTER Ex*act"er, n. Defn: An exactor. [R.] EXACTING Ex*act"ing, a. Defn: Oppressive or unreasonably severe in making demands or requiring the exact fulfillment of obligations; harsh; severe. "A temper so exacting." T. Arnold -- Ex*act"ing*ly, adv. -- Ex*act"ing*ness, n. EXACTION Ex*ac"tion, n. Etym: [L. exactio: cf. F. exaction.] 1. The act of demanding with authority, and compelling to pay or yield; compulsion to give or furnish; a levying by force; a driving to compliance; as, the exaction to tribute or of obedience; hence, extortion. Take away your exactions from my people. Ezek. xlv. 9. Daily new exactions are devised. Shak. Illegal exactions of sheriffs and officials. Bancroft. 2. That which is exacted; a severe tribute; a fee, reward, or contribution, demanded or levied with severity or injustice. Daniel. EXACTITUDE Ex*act"i*tude, n. Etym: [Cf. F. exactitude.] Defn: The quality of being exact; exactness. EXACTLY Ex*act"ly, adv. Defn: In an exact manner; precisely according to a rule, standard, or fact; accurately; strictly; correctly; nicely. "Exactly wrought." Shak. His enemies were pleased, for he had acted exactly as their interests required. Bancroft. EXACTNESS Ex*act"ness, n. 1. The condition of being exact; accuracy; nicety; precision; regularity; as, exactness of jurgement or deportment. 2. Careful observance of method and conformity to truth; as, exactness in accounts or business. He had . . . that sort of exactness which would have made him a respectable antiquary. Macaulay. EXACTOR Ex*act"or, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. exacteur.] Defn: One who exacts or demands by authority or right; hence, an extortioner; also, one unreasonably severe in injunctions or demands. Jer. Taylor. EXACTRESS Ex*act"ress, n. Etym: [Cf. L. exactrix.] Defn: A woman who is an exactor. [R.] B. Jonson. EXACUATE Ex*ac"u*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. exacure; ex out (intens.) + acuere to make sharp.] Defn: To whet or sharpen. [Obs.] B. Jonson. -- Ex*ac`u*a"tion, n. [Obs.] EXAERESIS Ex*ær"e*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Surg.) Defn: In old writers, the operations concerned in the removal of parts of the body. EXAGGERATE Ex*ag"ger*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exaggerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Exaggerating . ] Etym: [L. exaggeratus , p. p. of exaggerare to heap up; ex out + aggerare to heap up, fr. agger heap, aggerere to bring to; ad to + gerere to bear. See Jest. ] 1. To heap up; to accumulate. [Obs.] "Earth exaggerated upon them [oaks and firs]." Sir M. Hale. 2. To amplify; to magnify; to enlarge beyond bounds or the truth ; to delineate extravagantly ; to overstate the truth concerning. A friend exaggerates a man's virtues. Addison. EXAGGERATED Ex*ag"ger*a`ted, a. Defn: Enlarged beyond bounds or the truth. -- Ex*ag"ger*a`ted*ly, adv. EXAGGERATING Ex*ag"ger*a`ting a. Defn: That exaggerates; enlarging beyond bounds. -- Ex*ag"ger*a`ting*ly, adv. EXAGGERATION Ex*ag`ger*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. exaggeratio : cf. F. exagération.] 1. The act of heaping or piling up. [Obs.] "Exaggeration of sand." Sir M. Hale. 2. The act of exaggerating; the act of doing or representing in an excessive manner; a going beyond the bounds of truth reason, or justice; a hyperbolical representation; hyperbole; overstatement. No need of an exaggeration of what they saw. I. Taylor. 3. (Paint.) Defn: A representation of things beyond natural life, in expression, beauty, power, vigor. EXAGGERATIVE Ex*ag"ger*a*tive, a. Defn: Tending to exaggerate; involving exaggeration. "Exaggerative language." Geddes. "Exaggerative pictures." W. J. Linton. -- Ex*ag"ger*a*tive*ly, adv. Carlyle. EXAGGERATOR Ex*ag"ger*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who exaggerates; one addicted to exaggeration. L. Horner. EXAGGERATORY Ex*ag"ger*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Containing, or tending to, exaggeration; exaggerative. Johnson. EXAGITATE Ex*ag"i*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. exagitatus, p. p. of exagitare. See Ex- , and Agitate.] 1. To stir up; to agitate. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. 2. To satirize; to censure severely. [Obs.] Hooker. EXAGITATION Ex*ag`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. exagitatio : cf. OF. exagitation.] Defn: Agitation. [Obs.] Bailey. EXALBUMINOUS Ex`al*bu"mi*nous, a. Etym: [Pref. ex- + albumen.] (Bot.) Defn: Having no albumen about the embryo; -- said of certain seeds. EXALT Ex*alt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exalted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exalting.] Etym: [L. exaltare; ex out (intens.) + altare to make high, altus high: cf.F. exalter. See Altitude.] 1. To raise high; to elevate; to lift up. I will exalt my throne above the stars of God. Is. xiv. 13. Exalt thy towery head, and lift thine eyes Pope. 2. To elevate in rank, dignity, power, wealth, character, or the like; to dignify; to promote; as, to exalt a prince to the throne, a citizen to the presidency. Righteousness exalteth a nation. Prov. xiv. 34. He that humbleth himself shall be exalted. Luke xiv. 11. 3. To elevate by prise or estimation; to magnify; to extol; to glorify. "Exalt ye the Lord." Ps. xcix. 5. In his own grace he doth exalt himself. Shak. 4. To lift up with joy, pride, or success; to inspire with delight or satisfaction; to elate. They who thought they got whatsoever he lost were mightily exalted. Dryden. 5. To elevate the tone of, as of the voice or a musical instrument. Is. xxxvii. 23. Now Mars, she said, let Fame exalt her voice. Prior. 6. (Alchem.) Defn: To render pure or refined; to intensify or concentrate; as, to exalt the juices of bodies. With chemic art exalts the mineral powers. Pope. EXALTATE Ex"al*tate, a. Etym: [L. exaltatus, p. p. of exaltare to exalt.] (Astrol.) Defn: Exercising its highest influence; -- said of a planet. [Obs.] Chaucer. EXALTATION Ex`al*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. exaltatio: cf. F.exaltation.] 1. The act of exalting or raising high; also, the state of being exalted; elevation. Wondering at my flight, and change To this high exaltation. Milton. 2. (Alchem.) Defn: The refinement or subtilization of a body, or the increasing of its virtue or principal property. 3. (Astrol.) Defn: That place of a planet in the zodiac in which it was supposed to exert its strongest influence. EXALTED Ex*alt"ed, a. Defn: Raised to lofty height; elevated; extolled; refined; dignified; sublime. Wiser far than Solomon, Of more exalted mind. Milton. Time never fails to bring every exalted reputation to a strict scrutiny. Ames. -- Ex*alt"ed*ly, adv. -- Ex*alt"ed*ness, n. "The exaltedness of some minds." T. Gray. EXALTER Ex*alt"er, n. Defn: One who exalts or raises to dignity. EXALTMENT Ex*alt"ment, n. Defn: Exaltation. [Obs.] Barrow. EXAMEN Ex*a"men, n. Etym: [L., the tongue of a balance, examination; for exagmen, fr. exigere to weigh accurately, to treat: cf. F. examen. See Exact, a.] Defn: Examination; inquiry. [R.] "A critical examen of the two pieces." Cowper. EXAMETRON Ex*am"e*tron, n. Etym: [NL. See Hexameter.] Defn: An hexameter. [Obs.] Chaucer. EXAMINABLE Ex*am"i*na*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being examined or inquired into. Bacon. EXAMINANT Ex*am"i*nant, n. Etym: [L. examinans, -antis, examining.] 1. One who examines; an examiner. Sir W. Scott. 2. One who is to be examined. [Obs.] H. Prideaux. EXAMINATE Ex*am"i*nate, n. Etym: [L. examinatus, p. p. of examinare. See Examine. ] Defn: A person subjected to examination. [Obs.] Bacon. EXAMINATION Ex*am`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. examinatio: cf. F. examination.] 1. The act of examining, or state of being examined; a careful search, investigation, or inquiry; scrutiny by study or experiment. 2. A process prescribed or assigned for testing qualification; as, the examination of a student, or of a candidate for admission to the bar or the ministry. He neglected the studies, . . . stood low at the examinations. Macaulay. Examination in chief, or Direct examination (Law), that examination which is made of a witness by a party calling him. -- Cross-examination, that made by the opposite party. -- Reëxamination, or Re-direct examination, that made by a party calling a witness, after, and upon matters arising out of, the cross- examination. Syn. -- Search; inquiry; investigation; research; scrutiny; inquisition; inspection; exploration. EXAMINATOR Ex*am"i*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. examinateur.] Defn: An examiner. [R.] Sir T. Browne. EXAMINE Ex*am"ine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Examined; p. pr. & vb. n. Examining.] Etym: [L. examinare, examinatum, fr. examen, examinis: cf. F. examiner. See Examen.] 1. To test by any appropriate method; to inspect carefully with a view to discover the real character or state of; to subject to inquiry or inspection of particulars for the purpose of obtaining a fuller insight into the subject of examination, as a material substance, a fact, a reason, a cause, the truth of a statement; to inquire or search into; to explore; as, to examine a mineral; to examine a ship to know whether she is seaworthy; to examine a proposition, theory, or question. Examine well your own thoughts. Chaucer. Examine their counsels and their cares. Shak. 2. To interrogate as in a judicial proceeding; to try or test by question; as, to examine a witness in order to elicit testimony, a student to test his qualifications, a bankrupt touching the state of his property, etc. The offenders that are to be examined. Shak. Syn. -- To discuss; debate; scrutinize; search into; investigate; explore. See Discuss. EXAMINEE Ex*am`i*nee", n. Defn: A person examined. EXAMINER Ex*am"in*er, n. Defn: One who examines, tries, or inspects; one who interrogates; an officer or person charged with the duty of making an examination; as, an examiner of students for a degree; an examiner in chancery, in the patent office, etc. EXAMINERSHIP Ex*am"in*er*ship, n. Defn: The office or rank of an examiner. EXAMINING Ex*am"in*ing, a. Defn: Having power to examine; appointed to examine; as, an examining committee. EXAMPLARY Ex"am*pla*ry, a. Etym: [From Example, cf. Exemplary.] Defn: Serving for example or pattern; exemplary. [Obs.] Hooker. EXAMPLE Ex*am"ple, n. Etym: [A later form for ensample, fr. L. exemplum, orig., what is taken out of a larger quantity, as a sample, from eximere to take out. See Exempt, and cf. Ensample, Sample.] 1. One or a portion taken to show the character or quality of the whole; a sample; a specimen. 2. That which is to be followed or imitated as a model; a pattern or copy. For I have given you an example, that ye should do as John xiii. 15. I gave, thou sayest, the example; I led the way. Milton. 3. That which resembles or corresponds with something else; a precedent; a model. Such temperate order in so fierce a cause Doth want example. Shak. 4. That which is to be avoided; one selected for punishment and to serve as a warning; a warning. Hang him; he'll be made an example. Shak. Now these things were our examples, to the intent that we should not lust after evil things, as they also lusted. 1 Cor. x. 6. 5. An instance serving for illustration of a rule or precept, especially a problem to be solved, or a case to be determined, as an exercise in the application of the rules of any study or branch of science; as, in trigonometry and grammar, the principles and rules are illustrated by examples. Syn. -- Precedent; case; instance. -- Example, Instance. The discrimination to be made between these two words relates to cases in which we give "instances" or "examples" of things done. An instance denotes the single case then "standing" before us; if there be others like it, the word does not express this fact. On the contrary, an example is one of an entire class of like things, and should be a true representative or sample of that class. Hence, an example proves a rule or regular course of things; an instance simply points out what may be true only in the case presented. A man's life may be filled up with examples of the self- command and kindness which marked his character, and may present only a solitary instance of haste or severity. Hence, the word "example" should never be used to describe what stands singly and alone. We do, however, sometimes apply the word instance to what is really an example, because we are not thinking of the latter under this aspect, but solely as a case which "stands before us." See Precedent. EXAMPLE Ex*am"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exampled; p. pr. & vb. n. Exampling.] Defn: To set an example for; to give a precedent for; to exemplify; to give an instance of; to instance. [Obs.] "I may example my digression by some mighty precedent." Shak. Burke devoted himself to this duty with a fervid assiduity that has not often been exampled, and has never been surpassed. J. Morley. EXAMPLELESS Ex*am"ple*less, a. Defn: Without or above example. [R.] EXAMPLER Ex*am"pler, n. Etym: [See Exemplar, Example, and cf. Sampler.] Defn: A pattern; an exemplar. [Obs.] EXAMPLESS Ex*am"pless, a. Defn: Exampleless. [Wrongly formed.] B. Jonson. EXANGUIOUS Ex*an"gui*ous, a. Defn: Bloodless. [Obs.] See Exsanguious. Sir T. Browne. EXANGULOUS Ex*an"gu*lous, a. Etym: [Pref ex- + angulous.] Defn: Having no corners; without angles. [R.] EXANIMATE Ex*an"i*mate, a. Etym: [L. exanimatus, p. p. of exanimare to deprive of life or spirit; ex out + anima air, breath, life, spirit.] 1. Lifeless; dead. [R.] "Carcasses exanimate." Spenser. 2. Destitute of animation; spiritless; disheartened. [R.] "Pale . . . wretch, exanimate by love." Thomson. EXANIMATE Ex*an"i*mate, v. t. Defn: To deprive of animation or of life. [Obs.] EXANIMATION Ex*an`i*ma"tion, n.Etym: [L. exanimatio.] Defn: Deprivation of life or of spirits. [R.] Bailey. EXANIMOUS Ex*an"i*mous, a. Etym: [L. exanimus, exanimis; ex out, without + anima life.] Defn: Lifeless; dead. [Obs.] Johnson. EXANNULATE Ex*an"nu*late, a. Etym: [Pref. ex- + annulate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the sporangium destitute of a ring; -- said of certain genera of ferns. EXANTHEM Ex*an"them, n. Defn: Same as Exanthema. EXANTHEMA Ex`an*the"ma, n.; pl. Exanthemata. Etym: [L., fr. Gr.exanthème.] (Med.) Defn: An efflorescence or discoloration of the skin; an eruption or breaking out, as in measles, smallpox, scarlatina, and the like diseases; -- sometimes limited to eruptions attended with fever. Dunglison. EXANTHEMATIC; EXANTHEMATOUS Ex*an`the*mat"ic, Ex`an*them"a*tous, a. Defn: Of, relating to, or characterized by, exanthema; efflorescent; as, an exanthematous eruption. EXANTHESIS Ex`an*the"sis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Exanthema. ] (Med.) Defn: An eruption of the skin; cutaneous efflorescence. EXANTLATE Ex*ant"late, v. t. Etym: [L. exantlatus, p. p. of exantlare, exanclare, to endure.] Defn: To exhaust or wear out. [Obs.] "Seeds . . . wearied or exantlated." Boyle. EXANTLATION Ex`ant*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. exantlation.] Defn: Act of drawing out ; exhaustion. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. EXARATE Ex"a*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. exaratus, p. p. of exarare to plow up, to write; ex out + arare to plow.] Defn: To plow up; also, to engrave; to write. [Obs.] Blount. EXARATION Ex`a*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. exaratio.] Defn: Act of plowing; also, act of writing. [Obs.] Bailey. EXARCH Ex"arch, n. Etym: [L. exarchus, Gr. exarque.] Defn: A viceroy; in Ravenna, the title of the viceroys of the Byzantine emperors; in the Eastern Church, the superior over several monasteries; in the modern Greek Church, a deputy of the patriarch , who visits the clergy, investigates ecclesiastical cases, etc. EXARCHATE Ex*ar"chate, n. Etym: [LL. exarchatus, fr. L. exarchus: cf. F. exarchat.] Defn: The office or the province of an exarch. Jer. Taylor. EXARILLATE Ex*ar"il*late, a. Etym: [Pref. ex- + arillate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having no aril; -- said of certain seeds, or of the plants producing them. EXARTICULATE Ex`ar*tic"u*late, a. Etym: [Pref. ex- + articulate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having but one joint; -- said of certain insects. EXARTICULATION Ex`ar*tic`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. ex- + articulation.] Defn: Luxation; the dislocation of a joint. Bailey. EXASPERATE Ex*as"per*ate, a. Etym: [L. exasperatus, p. p. of exsasperare to roughen, exasperate; ex out (intens.) + asperare to make rough, asper rough. See Asperity.] Defn: Exasperated; imbittered. [Obs.] Shak. Like swallows which the exasperate dying year Sets spinning. Mrs. Browning. EXASPERATE Ex*as"per*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exsasperated; p. pr. & vb. n. Exasperating.] 1. To irritate in a high degree; to provoke; to enrage; to excite or to inflame the anger of; as, to exasperate a person or his feelings. To exsasperate them against the king of France. Addison. 2. To make grievous, or more grievous or malignant; to aggravate; to imbitter; as, to exasperate enmity. To exasperate the ways of death. Sir T. Browne. Syn. -- To irritate; provoke. See Irritate. EXASPERATER Ex*as"per*a`ter, n. Defn: One who exasperates or inflames anger, enmity, or violence. EXASPERATION Ex*as`per*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. exasperatio: cf. F. exaspération.] 1. The act of exasperating or the state of being exasperated; irritation; keen or bitter anger. Extorted from him by the exasperation of his spirits. South. 2. Increase of violence or malignity; aggravation; exacerbation. "Exasperation of the fits." Sir H. Wotton. EXASPIDEAN Ex`as*pid"e*an, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the anterior scute EXAUCTORATE Ex*auc"tor*ate, v. t. Defn: See Exauthorate. [Obs.] EXAUCTORATION Ex*auc`tor*a"tion, n. Defn: See Exauthoration. EXAUGURATE Ex*au"gu*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. exauguratus, p. p. of exaugurare to profane; ex out + augurari to act as an augur, fr. augur. ] Defn: To annul the consecration of; to secularize; to unhellow. [Obs.] Holland. EXAUGURATION Ex*au`gu*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. exauguratio desecration.] Defn: The act of exaugurating; desecration. [Obs.] EXAUTHORATE Ex*au"thor*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. exauctoratus, p. p. of exauctorare to dismiss; ex out + auctorare to bind to something, to hire, fr. auctor. See Author.] Defn: To deprive of authority or office; to depose; to discharge. [Obs.] Exauthorated for their unworthiness. Jer. Taylor. EXAUTHORATION Ex*au`thor*a"tion, n. Defn: Deprivation of authority or dignity; degration. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. EXAUTHORIZE Ex*au"thor*ize, v. t. Etym: [Pref. ex- + authorize.] Defn: To deprive of uthority. [Obs.] Selden. EXAUTHORIZE Ex*au"thor*ize, v. t. Etym: [Pref. ex.] Defn: To deprive of authority. [Obs.] Selden. EXCALCEATE Ex*cal"ce*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. excalceatus, p. p. of excalceare to unshoe. See Calceated.] Defn: To deprive of shoes. [Obs.] Chambers. EXCALCEATION Ex*cal`ce*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of depriving or divesting of shoes. [Obs.] Chambers. EXCALFACTION Ex`cal*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. excalfactio.] Defn: A heating or warming; calefaction. [Obs.] Blount. EXCALFACTIVE Ex`cal*fac"tive, a. Etym: [L. excalfacere to warm; ex out (intens.) + calfacere to warm.] Defn: Serving to heat; warming. [Obs.] Cotgrave. EXCALFACTORY Ex`cal*fac"to*ry, a. Etym: [L. excalfactorius.] Defn: Heating; warming. [Obs.] Holland. EXCALIBUR Ex*cal"i*bur, n. Defn: The name of King Arthur's mythical sword. [Written also Excalibar, Excalibor, Escalibar, and Caliburn.] Tennyson. EXCAMB; EXCAMBIE Ex*camb", Ex*cam"bie, v. t. Etym: [LL. excambiare, excambire; L. ex out + cambire. See Change, and cf. Exchange.] (Scots Law) Defn: To exchange; -- used with reference to transfers of land. EXCAMBION; EXCAMBIUM Ex*cam"bi*on, Ex*cam"bi*um, n. Etym: [LL. excambium. See Excamb.] (Scots Law) Defn: Exchange; barter; -- used commonly of lands. EXCANDESCENCE Ex`can*des"cence, n. Etym: [L. excandescentia.] 1. A growing hot; a white or glowing heat; incandescence. [R.] 2. Violent anger; a growing angry. [Obs.] Blount. EXCANDESCENT Ex`can*des"cent, a. Etym: [L. excandescens, p. pr. of excandescere to take fire, glow; ex out (intens.) + candescere to begin to glisten or glow, fr. candere. See Candid.] Defn: White or glowing with heat. [R.] Ure. EXCANTATION Ex`can*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. excantare to charm out. See Ex, and Chant.] Defn: Disenchantment by a countercharm. [Obs.] Gayton. EXCARNATE Ex*car"nate, v. t. Etym: [LL. excarnatus, p. p. of excarnare; L. ex out + caro, carnis, flesh.] Defn: To deprive or clear of flesh. Grew. EXCARNATION Ex`car*na"tion, n. Defn: The act of depriving or divesting of flesh; excarnification; -- opposed to incarnation. EXCARNIFICATE Ex*car"ni*fi*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. ex out + LL. carnificatus, p. p. carnificare to carnify; cf. L. excarnificare to tear to pieces, torment. See Carnify.] Defn: To clear of flesh; to excarnate. Dr. H. More. EXCARNIFICATION Ex*car`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of excarnificating or of depriving of flesh; excarnation. Johnson. EXCAVATE Ex"ca*vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excavated(); p. pr. & vb. n. Excavating().] Etym: [L. excavatus, p. p. of excavare to excavate; ex out + cavare to make hollow, cavus hollow. See Cave.] 1. To hollow out; to form cavity or hole in; to make hollow by cutting, scooping, or digging; as, to excavate a ball; to excavate the earth. 2. To form by hollowing; to shape, as a cavity, or anything that is hollow; as, to excavate a canoe, a cellar, a channel. 3. (Engin.) Defn: To dig out and remove, as earth. The material excavated was usually sand. E. L. Corthell. Excavating pump, a kind of dredging apparatus for excavating under water, in which silt and loose material mixed with water are drawn up by a pump. Knight. EXCAVATION Ex`ca*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. excavatio: cf. F. excavation.] 1. The act of excavating, or of making hollow, by cutting, scooping, or digging out a part of a solid mass. 2. A cavity formed by cutting, digging, or scooping. "A winding excavation." Glover. 3. (Engin.) (a) An uncovered cutting in the earth, in distinction from a covered cutting or tunnel. (b) The material dug out in making a channel or cavity. The delivery of the excavations at a distance of 250 feet. E. L. Corthell. EXCAVATOR Ex"ca*va`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, excavates or hollows out; a machine, as a dredging machine, or a tool, for excavating. EXCAVE Ex*cave", v. t. Etym: [L. excavare.] Defn: To excavate. [Obs.] Cockeram. EXCECATE Ex*ce"cate, v. t. Etym: [L. excaecatus, p. p. of excaecare to blind; ex (intens.) + caecare to blind, caecus blind.] Defn: To blind. [Obs.] Cockeram. EXCECATION Ex`ce*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of making blind. [Obs.] Bp. Richardson. EXCEDENT Ex*ced"ent, n. Etym: [L. excedens, -entis, p. pr. of excedere. See Exceed, v. t.] Defn: Excess. [R.] EXCEED Ex*ceed", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exceeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Exceeding.] Etym: [L. excedere, excessum, to go away or beyond; ex out + cedere to go, to pass: cf. F. excéder. See Cede.] Defn: To go beyond; to proceed beyond the given or supposed limit or measure of; to outgo; to surpass; -- used both in a good and a bad sense; as, one man exceeds another in bulk, stature, weight, power, skill, etc. ; one offender exceeds another in villainy; his rank exceeds yours. Name the time, but let it not Exceed three days. Shak. Observes how much a chintz exceeds mohair. Pope. Syn. -- To outdo; surpass; excel; transcend; outstrip; outvie; overtop. EXCEED Ex*ceed", v. i. 1. To go too far; to pass the proper bounds or measure. "In our reverence to whom, we can not possibly exceed." Jer. Taylor. Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed. Deut. xxv. 3. 2. To be more or greater; to be paramount. Shak. EXCEEDABLE Ex*ceed"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of exceeding or surpassing. [Obs.] Sherwood. EXCEEDER Ex*ceed"er, n. Defn: One who exceeds. Bp. Montagu. EXCEEDING Ex*ceed"ing, a. Defn: More than usual; extraordinary; more than sufficient; measureless. "The exceeding riches of his grace." Eph. ii. 7. -- Ex*ceed"ing*ness, n. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. EXCEEDING Ex*ceed"ing, adv. Defn: In a very great degree; extremely; exceedingly. [Archaic. It is not joined to verbs.] "The voice exceeding loud." Keble. His raiment became shining, exceeding white as snow. Mark ix. 3. The Genoese were exceeding powerful by sea. Sir W. Raleigh. EXCEEDINGLY Ex*ceed"ing*ly, adv. Defn: To a very great degree; beyond what is usual; surpassingly. It signifies more than very. EXCEL Ex*cel", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excelled(); p. pr. & vb. n. Excelling.] Etym: [L. excellere, excelsum; ex out + a root found in culmen height, top; cf. F. exceller. See Culminate, Column.] 1. To go beyond or surpass in good qualities or laudable deeds; to outdo or outgo, in a good sense. Excelling others, these were great; Thou, greater still, must these excel. Prior. I saw that wisdom excelleth folly, as far as light excelleth darkness. Eccl. ii. 13. 2. To exceed or go beyond; to surpass. She opened; but to shut Excelled her power; the gates wide open stood. Milton. EXCEL Ex*cel", v. i. Defn: To surpass others in good qualities, laudable actions, or acquirements; to be distinguished by superiority; as, to excel in mathematics, or classics. Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel. Gen. xlix. 4. Then peers grew proud in horsemanship t' excel. Pope. EXCELLENCE Ex"cel*lence, n. Etym: [F. excellence, L. excellentia.] 1. The quality of being excellent; state of possessing good qualities in an eminent degree; exalted merit; superiority in virtue. Consider first that great Or bright infers not excellence. Milton. 2. An excellent or valuable quality; that by which any one excels or is eminent; a virtue. With every excellence refined. Beattie. 3. A title of honor or respect; -- more common in the form excellency. I do greet your excellence With letters of commission from the king. Shak. Syn. -- Superiority; preëminence; perfection; worth; goodness; purity; greatness. EXCELLENCY Ex"cel*len*cy, n.; pl. Excellencies (. 1. Excellence; virtue; dignity; worth; superiority. His excellency is over Israel. Ps. lxviii. 34. Extinguish in men the sense of their own excellency. Hooker. 2. A title of honor given to certain high dignitaries, esp. to viceroys, ministers, and ambassadors, to English colonial governors, etc. It was formerly sometimes given to kings and princes. EXCELLENT Ex"cel*lent, a. Etym: [F. excellent, L. excellens, -entis, p. pr. of excellere. See Excel.] 1. Excelling; surpassing others in some good quality or the sum of qualities; of great worth; eminent, in a good sense; superior; as, an excellent man, artist, citizen, husband, discourse, book, song, etc.; excellent breeding, principles, aims, action. To love . . . What I see excellent in good or fair. Milton. 2. Superior in kind or degree, irrespective of moral quality; -- used with words of a bad significance. [Obs. or Ironical] "An excellent hypocrite." Hume. Their sorrows are most excellent. Beau. & Fl. Syn. -- Worthy; choice; prime; valuable; select; exquisite; transcendent; admirable; worthy. EXCELLENT Ex"cel*lent, adv. Defn: Excellently; eminently; exceedingly. [Obs.] "This comes off well and excellent." Shak. EXCELLENTLY Ex"cel*lent*ly, adv. 1. In an excellent manner; well in a high degree. 2. In a high or superior degree; -- in this literal use, not implying worthiness. [Obs.] When the whole heart is excellently sorry. J. Fletcher. EXCELSIOR Ex*cel"si*or, a. Etym: [L., compar. of excelsus elevated, lofty, p. p. of excellere. See Excel, v. t.] Defn: More lofty; still higher; ever upward. EXCELSIOR Ex*cel"si*or, n. Defn: A kind of stuffing for upholstered furniture, mattresses, etc., in which curled shreds of wood are substituted for curled hair. EXCENTRAL Ex*cen"tral, a. Etym: [Pref. ex.] (Bot.) Defn: Out of the center. EXCENTRIC; EXCENTRICAL Ex*cen"tric, Ex*cen"tric*al, a. 1. Same as Eccentric, Eccentrical. 2. (Bot.) Defn: One-sided; having the normally central portion not in the true center. Gray. EXCENTRICITY Ex`cen*tric"i*ty Defn: . (Math.) Same as Eccentricity. EXCEPT Ex*cept", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excepted; p. pr. & vb. n. Excepting.] Etym: [L. exceptus, p. p. of excipere to take or draw out, to except; ex out + capere to take: cf. F. excepter. See Capable.] 1. To take or leave out (anything) from a number or a whole as not belonging to it; to exclude; to omit. Who never touched The excepted tree. Milton. Wherein (if we only except the unfitness of the judge) all other things concurred. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. To object to; to protest against. [Obs.] Shak. EXCEPT Ex*cept", v. i. Defn: To take exception; to object; -- usually followed by to, sometimes by against; as, to except to a witness or his testimony. Except thou wilt except against my love. Shak. EXCEPT Ex*cept", prep. Etym: [Originally past participle, or verb in the imperative mode.] Defn: With exclusion of; leaving or left out; excepting. God and his Son except, Created thing naught valued he nor . . . shunned. Milton. Syn. -- Except, Excepting, But, Save, Besides. Excepting, except, but, and save are exclusive. Except marks exclusion more pointedly. "I have finished all the letters except one," is more marked than "I have finished all the letters but one." Excepting is the same as except, but less used. Save is chiefly found in poetry. Besides (lit., by the side of) is in the nature of addition. "There is no one here except or but him," means, take him away and there is nobody present. "There is nobody here besides him," means, hi is present and by the side of, or in addition to, him is nobody. "Few ladies, except her Majesty, could have made themselves heard." In this example, besides should be used, not except. EXCEPT Ex*cept", conj. Defn: Unless; if it be not so that. And he said, I will not let thee go, except thou bless me. Gen. xxxii. 26. But yesterday you never opened lip, Except, indeed, to drink. Tennyson. Note: As a conjunction unless has mostly taken the place of except. EXCEPTANT Ex*cept"ant, a. Defn: Making exception. EXCEPTING Ex*cept"ing, prep. & conj. Defn: , but properly a participle. With rejection or exception of; excluding; except. "Excepting your worship's presence." Shak. No one was ever yet made utterly miserable, excepting by himself. Lubbock. EXCEPTION Ex*cep"tion, n. Etym: [L. exceptio: cf. F. exception.] 1. The act of excepting or excluding; exclusion; restriction by taking out something which would otherwise be included, as in a class, statement, rule. 2. That which is excepted or taken out from others; a person, thing, or case, specified as distinct, or not included; as, almost every general rule has its exceptions. Such rare exceptions, shining in the dark, Prove, rather than impeach, the just remark. Cowper. Note: Often with to. That proud exception to all nature's laws. Pope. 3. (Law) Defn: An objection, oral or written, taken, in the course of an action, as to bail or security; or as to the decision of a judge, in the course of a trail, or in his charge to a jury; or as to lapse of time, or scandal, impertinence, or insufficiency in a pleading; also, as in conveyancing, a clause by which the grantor excepts something before granted. Burrill. 4. An objection; cavil; dissent; disapprobation; offense; cause of offense; -- usually followed by to or against. I will never answer what exceptions they can have against our account [relation]. Bentley. He . . . took exception to the place of their burial. Bacon. She takes exceptions at your person. Shak. Bill of exceptions (Law), a statement of exceptions to the decision, or instructions of a judge in the trial of a cause, made for the purpose of putting the points decided on record so as to bring them before a superior court or the full bench for review. EXCEPTIONABLE Ex*cep"tion*a*ble, a. Defn: Liable to exception or objection; objectionable. -- Ex*cep"tion*a*ble*ness, n. This passage I look upon to be the most exceptionable in the whole poem. Addison. EXCEPTIONAL Ex*cep"tion*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. exceptionnel.] Defn: Forming an exception; not ordinary; uncommon; rare; hence, better than the average; superior. Lyell. This particular spot had exceptional advantages. Jowett (Th. ) -- Ex*cep"tion*al*ly(#), adv. EXCEPTIONER Ex*cep"tion*er, n. Defn: One who takes exceptions or makes objections. [Obs.] Milton. EXCEPTIONLESS Ex*cep"tion*less, a. Defn: Without exception. A universal, . . . exceptionless disqualification. Bancroft. EXCEPTIOUS Ex*cep"tious, a. Defn: Disposed or apt to take exceptions, or to object; captious. [Obs.] At least effectually silence the doubtful and exceptious. South. -- Ex*cep"tious*ness, n. [Obs.] Barrow. EXCEPTIVE Ex*cept"ive, a. Defn: That excepts; including an exception; as, an exceptive proposition. I. Watts. A particular and exceptive law. Milton. EXCEPTLESS Ex*cept"less, a. Defn: Not exceptional; usual. [Obs.] My general and exceptless rashness. Shak. EXCEPTOR Ex*cept"or, n. Etym: [L., a scribe.] Defn: One who takes exceptions. T. Burnet. EXCEREBRATION Ex*cer`e*bra"tion, n. Etym: [L. excerebratus deprived of brains; ex out + cerebrum brain.] Defn: The act of removing or beating out the brains. EXCEREBROSE Ex*cer"e*brose`, a. Etym: [See Excerebration.] Defn: Brainless. [R.] EXCERN Ex*cern", v. t. Etym: [L. excernere. See Excrete.] Defn: To excrete; to throw off through the pores; as, fluids are excerned in perspiration. [R.] Bacon. EXCERNENT Ex*cern"ent, a. Etym: [See Excern.] (Physiol.) Defn: Connected with, or pertaining to, excretion. EXCERP Ex*cerp", v. t. Etym: [L. excerpere, excerptum; ex out + carpere to pick, gather. See Harvest, and cf. Scarce, a.] Defn: To pick out. [Obs.] Hales. EXCERPT Ex*cerpt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excerpted; p. pr. & vb. n. Excerpting.] Etym: [From L. excerptus, p. p. See Excerp.] Defn: To select; to extract; to cite; to quote. Out of which we have excerpted the following particulars. Fuller. EXCERPT Ex*cerp"t (277), n. Defn: An extract; a passage selected or copied from a book or record. EXCERPTION Ex*cerp"tion, n. Etym: [L. excerptio.] 1. The act of excerpting or selecting. [R.] 2. That which is selected or gleaned; an extract. [R.] His excerptions out of the Fathers. Fuller. EXCERPTIVE Ex*cerp"tive, a. Defn: That excerpts, selects, or chooses. D. L. Mackenzie. EXCERPTOR Ex*cerp"tor, n. Defn: One who makes excerpts; a picker; a culler. EXCESS Ex*cess", n. Etym: [OE. exces, excess, ecstasy, L. excessus a going out, loss of self-possession, fr. excedere, excessum, to go out, go beyond: cf. F. excès. See Exceed.] 1. The state of surpassing or going beyond limits; the being of a measure beyond sufficiency, necessity, or duty; that which exceeds what is usual or prover; immoderateness; superfluity; superabundance; extravagance; as, an excess of provisions or of light. To gild refined gold, to paint the lily, To throw a perfume on the violet, . . . Is wasteful and ridiculous excess. Shak. That kills me with excess of grief, this with excess of joy. Walsh. 2. An undue indulgence of the appetite; transgression of proper moderation in natural gratifications; intemperance; dissipation. Be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess. Eph. v. 18. Thy desire . . . leads to no excess That reaches blame. Milton. 3. The degree or amount by which one thing or number exceeds another; remainder; as, the difference between two numbers is the excess of one over the other. Spherical excess (Geom.), the amount by which the sum of the three angles of a spherical triangle exceeds two right angles. The spherical excess is proportional to the area of the triangle. EXCESSIVE Ex*cess"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. excessif.] Defn: Characterized by, or exhibiting, excess; overmuch. Excessive grief [is] the enemy to the living. Shak. Syn. -- Undue; exorbitant; extreme; overmuch; enormous; immoderate; monstrous; intemperate; unreasonable. See Enormous --Ex*cess*ive*ly, adv. -Ex*cess"ive*ness, n. EXCHANGE Ex*change", n. Etym: [OE. eschange, eschaunge, OF. eschange, fr. eschangier, F. échanger, to exchange; pref. ex- out + F. changer. See Change, and cf. Excamb.] 1. The act of giving or taking one thing in return for another which is regarded as an equivalent; as, an exchange of cattle for grain. 2. The act of substituting one thing in the place of another; as, an exchange of grief for joy, or of a scepter for a sword, and the like; also, the act of giving and receiving reciprocally; as, an exchange of civilities or views. 3. The thing given or received in return; esp., a publication exchanged for another. Shak. 4. (Com.) Defn: The process of setting accounts or debts between parties residing at a distance from each other, without the intervention of money, by exchanging orders or drafts, called bills of exchange. These may be drawn in one country and payable in another, in which case they are called foreign bills; or they may be drawn and made payable in the same country, in which case they are called inland bills. The term bill of exchange is often abbreviated into exchange; as, to buy or sell exchange. Note: A in London is creditor to B in New York, and C in London owes D in New York a like sum. A in London draws a bill of exchange on B in New York; C in London purchases the bill, by which A receives his debt due from B in New York. C transmits the bill to D in New York, who receives the amount from B. 5. (Law) Defn: A mutual grant of equal interests, the one in consideration of the other. Estates exchanged must be equal in quantity, as fee simple for fee simple. Blackstone. 6. The place where the merchants, brokers, and bankers of a city meet at certain hours, to transact business. In this sense often contracted to 'Change. Arbitration of exchange. See under Arbitration. -- Bill of exchange. See under Bill. -- Exchange broker. See under Broker. -- Par of exchange, the established value of the coin or standard of value of one country when expressed in the coin or standard of another, as the value of the pound sterling in the currency of France or the United States. The par of exchange rarely varies, and serves as a measure for the rise and fall of exchange that is affected by the demand and supply. Exchange is at par when, for example, a bill in New York, for the payment of one hundred pounds sterling in London, can be purchased for the sum. Exchange is in favor of a place when it can be purchased there at or above par. -- Telephone exchange, a central office in which the wires of any two telephones or telephone stations may be connected to permit conversation. Syn. -- Barter; dealing; trade; traffic; interchange. EXCHANGE Ex*change", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exchanged;p. pr. & vb. n. Exchanging.] Etym: [Cf.OF. eschangier, F. échanger. See Exchange, n.] 1. To part with give, or transfer to another in consideration of something received as an equivalent; -- usually followed by for before the thing received. Exchange his sheep for shells, or wool for a sparking pebble or a diamond. Locke. 2. To part with for a substitute; to lay aside, quit, or resign (something being received in place of the thing as, to exchange a palace for cell. And death for life exchanged foolishly. Spenser. To shift his being Is to exchange one misery with another. Shak. 3. To give and receive reciprocally, as things of the same kind; to barter; to swap; as, to exchange horses with a neighbor; to exchange houses or hats. Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet. Shak. Syn. -- To barter; change; commute; interchange; bargain; truck; swap; traffic. EXCHANGE Ex*change", v. i. Defn: To be changed or received in exchange for; to pass in exchange; as, dollar exchanges for ten dimes. EXCHANGEABILITY Ex*change`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being exchangeable. The law ought not be contravened by an express article admitting the exchangeability of such persons. Washington. EXCHANGEABLE Ex*change"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf.F. échangeable.] 1. Capable of being exchanged; fit or proper to be exchanged. The officers captured with Burgoyne were exchangeable within the powers of General Howe. Marshall. 2. Available for making exchanges; ratable. "An exchangeable value." J. S. Mill. EXCHANGEABLY Ex*change"a*bly, adv. Defn: By way of exchange. EXCHANGE EDITOR Ex*change" ed"i*tor. Defn: An editor who inspects, and culls from, periodicals, or exchanges, for his own publication. EXCHANGER Ex*chan"ger, n. Defn: One who exchanges; one who practices exchange. Matt. EXCHEAT Ex*cheat", n. Defn: See Escheat. [Obs.] Spenser. EXCHEATOR Ex*cheat"or, n. Defn: See Escheator. [Obs.] EXCHEQUER Ex*cheq"uer, n. Etym: [OE. escheker, OF. eichekier, fr. LL. scaccarium. See Checker, Chess, Check.] 1. One of the superior courts of law; -- so called from a checkered cloth, which covers, or formerly covered, the table. [Eng.] Note: The exchequer was a court of law and equity. In the revenue department, it had jurisdiction over the proprietary rights of the crown against subjects; in the common law department, it administered justice in personal actions between subject and subject. A person proceeding against another in the revenue department was said to exchequer him. The judges of this court were one chief and four puisne barons, so styled. The Court of Exchequer Chamber sat as court of error in which the judgments of each of the superior courts of common law, in England, were subject to revision by the judges of the other two sitting collectively. Causes involving difficult questions of law were sometimes after argument, adjourned into this court from the other courts, for debate before judgment in the court below. Recent legislation in England (1880) has abolished the Court of Exchequer and the Court of Exchequer Chamber, as distinct tribunals, a single board of judiciary, the High Court of Justice, being established for the trial of all classes of civil cases. Wharton. 2. The department of state having charge of the collection and management of the royal revenue. [Eng.] Hence, the treasury; and, colloquially, pecuniary possessions in general; as, the company's exchequer is low. Barons of the exchequer. See under Baron. -- Chancellor of the exchequer. See under Chancellor. -- Exchequer bills or bonds (Eng.), bills of money, or promissory bills, issued from the exchequer by authority of Parliament; a species of paper currency emitted under the authority of the government, and bearing interest. EXCHEQUER Ex*cheq"uer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exchequered; p. pr. & vb. n. Exchequering.] Defn: To institute a process against (any one) in the Court of Exchequer. EXCIDE Ex*cide", v. t. Etym: [L. excidere, excisum; ex out + caedere to cut. See Concise, and cf. Excise to cut off.] Defn: To cut off. [R.] EXCIPIENT Ex*cip"i*ent, a. Etym: [L. excipients, -entis, p. pr. of exipere. See Except, v. t.] Defn: Taking an exception. EXCIPIENT Ex*cip"i*ent, n. 1. An exceptor. [R.] 2. (Med.) Defn: An inert or slightly active substance used in preparing remedies as a vehicle or medium of administration for the medicinal agents. Chambers. EXCIPLE; EXCIPULUM Ex"ci*ple, Ex*cip"u*lum, n. Etym: [NL. excipulum, fr. L. excipere. See Except.] (Bot.) Defn: The outer part of the fructification of most lichens. EXCISABLE Ex*cis"a*ble, a. Defn: Liable or subject to excise; as, tobacco in an excisable commodity. EXCISE Ex*cise", n. Etym: [Apparently fr. L. excisum cut off, fr. excidere to cut out or off; ex out, off + caedere to cut; or, as the word was formerly written accise, fr. F. accise, LL. accisia, as if fr. L. accidere, accisum, to cut into; ad + caedere to cut; but prob. transformed fr. OF. assise, LL. assisa, assisia, assize. See Assize, Concise.] 1. In inland duty or impost operating as an indirect tax on the consumer, levied upon certain specified articles, as, tobacco, ale, spirits, etc., grown or manufactured in the country. It is also levied to pursue certain trades and deal in certain commodities. Certain direct taxes (as, in England, those on carriages, servants, plate, armorial bearings, etc.), are included in the excise. Often used adjectively; as, excise duties; excise law; excise system. The English excise system corresponds to the internal revenue system in the United States. Abbot. An excise . . . is a fixed, absolute, and direct charge laid on merchandise, products, or commodities. 11 Allen's (Mass. ) Rpts. 2. That department or bureau of the public service charged with the collection of the excise taxes. [Eng.] EXCISE Ex*cise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excised; p. pr. & vb. n. Excising.] 1. To lay or impose an excise upon. 2. To impose upon; to overcharge. [Prov. Eng.] EXCISE Ex*cise", v. t. Etym: [See Excide.] Defn: To cut out or off; to separate and remove; as, to excise a tumor. EXCISEMAN Ex*cise"man, n.; pl. Excisemen (. Defn: An officer who inspects and rates articles liable to excise duty. Macaulay. EXCISION Ex*ci"sion, n. Etym: [L. excisio: cf. F. excision. See Excide.] 1. The act of excising or cutting out or off; extirpation; destruction. Such conquerors are the instruments of vengeance on those nations that have . . . grown ripe for excision. Atterbury. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: The act of cutting off from the church; excommunication. 3. (Surg.) Defn: The removal, especially of small parts, with a cutting instrument. Dunglison. EXCITABILITY Ex*cit"a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. excitabilité.] 1. The quality of being readily excited; proneness to be affected by exciting causes. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The property manifested by living organisms, and the elements and tissues of which they are constituted, of responding to the action of stimulants; irritability; as, nervous excitability. EXCITABLE Ex*cit"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. excitabilis inciting: cf. F. excitable.] Defn: Capable of being excited, or roused into action; susceptible of excitement; easily stirred up, or stimulated. EXCITANT Ex*cit"ant, a. Etym: [L. excitans, -antis, p. pr. of excitare: cf. F. excitant.] Defn: Tending to excite; exciting. EXCITANT Ex*cit"ant, n. (Physiol.) Defn: An agent or influence which arouses vital activity, or produces increased action, in a living organism or in any of its tissues or parts; a stimulant. EXCITATE Ex*cit"ate, v. t. Etym: [L. excitatus, p.p. of excitare. See Excite.] Defn: To excite. [Obs.] Bacon. EXCITATION Ex`ci*ta"tion n. Etym: [L. excitatio: cf. F. excitation.] 1. The act of exciting or putting in motion; the act of rousing up or awakening. Bacon. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The act of producing excitement (stimulation); also, the excitement produced. EXCITATIVE Ex*cit"a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. excitatif.] Defn: Having power to excite; tending or serving to excite; excitatory. Barrow. EXCITATOR Ex"ci*ta`tor, n. Etym: [L., one who rouses.] (Elec.) Defn: A kind of discarder. EXCITATORY Ex*cit"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. excitatoire.] Defn: Tending to excite; containing excitement; excitative. EXCITE Ex*cite", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excited; p. pr. & vb. n. exciting.] Etym: [L. excitare; ex out + citare to move rapidly, to rouse: cf. OF. esciter, exciter, F. exciter. See Cite.] 1. To call to activity in any way; to rouse to feeling; to kindle to passionate emotion; to stir up to combined or general activity; as, to excite a person, the spirits, the passions; to excite a mutiny or insurrection; to excite heat by friction. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: To call forth or increase the vital activity of an organism, or any of its parts. Syn. -- To incite; awaken; animate; rouse or arouse; stimulate; inflame; irritate; provoke. -- To Excite, Incite. When we excite we rouse into action feelings which were less strong; when we incite we spur on or urge forward to a specific act or end. Demosthenes excited the passions of the Athenians against Philip, and thus incited the whole nation to unite in the war against him. Antony, by his speech over the body of Cæsar, so excited the feelings of the populace, that Brutus and his companions were compelled to flee from Rome; many however, were incited to join their standard, not only by love of liberty, but hopes of plunder. EXCITEFUL Ex*cite"ful, n. Defn: Full of exciting qualities; as, an exciteful story; exciteful players. Chapman. EXCITEMENT Ex*cite"ment n. Etym: [Cf. OF. excitement, escitement.] 1. The act of exciting, or the state of being roused into action, or of having increased action; impulsion; agitation; as, an excitement of the people. 2. That which excites or rouses; that which moves, stirs, or induces action; a motive. The cares and excitements of a season of transition and struggle. Talfowrd. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: A state of aroused or increased vital activity in an organism, or any of its organs or tissues. EXCITER Ex*cit"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, excites. Hope is the grand exciter of industry. Dr. H. More. EXCITING Ex*cit"ing, a. Defn: Calling or rousing into action; producing excitement; as, exciting events; an exciting story. -- Ex*cit"ing*ly, adv. Exciting causes (Med.), those which immediately produce disease, or those which excite the action of predisposing causes. EXCITIVE Ex*cit"ive, a. Defn: Serving or tending to excite; excitative. [R.] Bamfield. EXCITIVE Ex*cit"ive, n. Defn: That which excites; an excitant. [R.] EXCITO-MOTION Ex*ci`to-mo"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: Motion excited by reflex nerves. See Excito-motory. EXCITO-MOTOR Ex*ci`to-mo"tor, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Excitomotory; as, excito-motor power or causes. EXCITO-MOTORY Ex*ci`to-mo"to*ry, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Exciting motion; -- said of that portion of the nervous system concerned in reflex action, by which impressions are transmitted to a nerve center and then reflected back so as to produce muscular contraction without sensation or volition. EXCITO-NUTRIENT Ex*ci`to-nu"tri*ent, a (Physiol.) Defn: Exciting nutrition; said of the reflex influence by which the nutritional processes are either excited or modified. EXCITO-SECRETORY Ex*ci`to-se*cre"to*ry, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Exciting secretion; -- said of the influence exerted by reflex action on the function of secretion, by which the various glands are excited to action. EXCLAIM Ex*claim", v. t.& i. [imp. & p. p. Exclaimed;p. pr. & vb. n. Exclaiming.] Etym: [L. exclamare, exclamatum; ex + clamare to cry out; cf. OF. exclamer. See Clam.] Defn: To cry out from earnestness or passion; to utter with vehemence; to call out or declare loudly; to protest vehemently; to vociferate; to shout; as, to exclaim against oppression with wonder or astonishment; "The field is won!" he exclaimed. EXCLAIM Ex*claim", n. Defn: Outcry; clamor. [Archaic] Cursing cries and deep exclaims. Shak. EXCLAIMER Ex*claim"er, n. Defn: One who exclaims. EXCLAMATION Ex`cla*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. exclamatio: cf. F. exclamation.] 1. A loud calling or crying out; outcry; loud or emphatic utterance; vehement vociferation; clamor; that which is cried out, as an expression of feeling; sudden expression of sound or words indicative of emotion, as in surprise, pain, grief, joy, anger, etc. Exclamations against abuses in the church. Hooker. Thus will I drown your exclamations. Shak. A festive exclamation not unsuited to the occasion. Trench. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: A word expressing outcry; an interjection; a word expressing passion, as wonder, fear, or grief. 3. (Print.) Defn: A mark or sign by which outcry or emphatic utterance is marked; thus [!]; -- called also exclamation point. EXCLAMATIVE Ex*clam"a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. exclamatif.] Defn: Exclamatory. Earle. -- Ex*clam"a*tive*ly, adv. EXCLAMATORY Ex*clam"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Containing, expressing, or using exclamation; as, an exclamatory phrase or speaker. South. -- Ex*clam"a*to*ti*ly, adv. EXCLAVE Ex*clave", n. Etym: [Formed fr. enclave by substitution of ex- for en-] Defn: A portion of a country which is separated from the main part and surrounded by politically alien territory. [Recent.] Note: The same territory is an enclave in respect to the surrounding country and an exclave with respect to the country to which it is politically attached. EXCLUDE Ex*clude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Excluding.] Etym: [L. excludere, exclusum; ex out + claudere to shut. See Close.] 1. To shut out; to hinder from entrance or admission; to debar from participation or enjoyment; to deprive of; to except; -- the opposite to admit; as, to exclude a crowd from a room or house; to exclude the light; to exclude one nation from the ports of another; to exclude a taxpayer from the privilege of voting. And none but such, from mercy I exclude. Milton. 2. To thrust out or eject; to expel; as, to exclude young animals from the womb or from eggs. Excluded middle. (logic) The name given to the third of the "three logical axioms," so-called, namely, to that one which is expressed by the formula: "Everything is either A or Not-A." no third state or condition being involved or allowed. See Principle of contradiction, under Contradiction. EXCLUSION Ex*clu"sion, n. Etym: [L. exclusio: cf. F. exclusion. See Exclude.] 1. The act of excluding, or of shutting out, whether by thrusting out or by preventing admission; a debarring; rejection; prohibition; the state of being excluded. His sad exclusion from the doors of bliss. Milton. The exclusion of the duke from the crown of England and Ireland. Hume. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The act of expelling or ejecting a fetus or an egg from the womb. 3. Thing emitted. Sir T. Browne. EXCLUSIONARY Ex*clu"sion*a*ry, a. Defn: Tending to exclude; causing exclusion; exclusive. EXCLUSIONISM Ex*clu"sion*ism, n. Defn: The character, manner, or principles of an exclusionist. EXCLUSIONIST Ex*clu"sion*ist, n. Defn: One who would exclude another from some right or privilege; esp., one of the anti-popish politicians of the time of Charles EXCLUSIVE Ex*clu"sive a. Etym: [Cf. F. exclusif.] 1. Having the power of preventing entrance; debarring from participation or enjoyment; possessed and enjoyed to the exclusion of others; as, exclusive bars; exclusive privilege; exclusive circles of society. 2. Not taking into the account; excluding from consideration; -- opposed to inclusive; as, five thousand troops, exclusive of artillery. EXCLUSIVE Ex*clu"sive, n. Defn: One of a coterie who exclude others; one who from real of affected fastidiousness limits his acquaintance to a select few. EXCLUSIVENESS Ex*clu"sive*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being exclusive. EXCLUSIVISM Ex*clu"siv*ism, n. Defn: The act or practice of excluding being exclusive; exclusiveness. EXCLUSIVIST Ex*clu"siv*ist, n. Defn: One who favor or practices any from of exclusiveness or exclusivism. The field of Greek mythology . . . the favorite sporting ground of the exclusivists of the solar theory. Gladstone. EXCLUSORY Ex*clu"so*ry, a. Etym: [L. exclusorius.] Defn: Able to exclude; excluding; serving to exclude. EXCOCT Ex*coct" v. t. Etym: [L. excoctus, p.p. of excoquere to excoct. See 3d Cook.] Defn: To boil out; to produce by boiling. [Obs.] Bacon. EXCOCTION Ex*coc"tion. Etym: [L. excoctio.] Defn: The act of excocting or boiling out. [Obs.] Bacon. EXCOGITATE Ex*cog"i*tate v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excogitated; p. pr. & vb. n.. Excogitating.] Etym: [L. excogitatus, p. p. of excogitare to excogitate; ex out + cogitare to think. See Cogitate.] Defn: To think out; to find out or discover by thinking; to devise; to contrive. "Excogitate strange arts." Stirling. This evidence . . . thus excogitated out of the general theory. Whewell. EXCOGITATE Ex*cog"i*tate, v. i. Defn: To cogitate. [R.] Bacon. EXCOGITATION Ex*cog`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. excogitatio: cf. F. excogitation.] Defn: The act of excogitating; a devising in the thoughts; invention; contrivance. EXCOMMUNE Ex`com*mune" v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. excommuier. See Excommunicate.] Defn: To exclude from participation in; to excommunicate. [Obs.] Poets . . . were excommuned Plato's common wealth Gayton. EXCOMMUNICABLE Ex`com*mu"ni*ca*ble, a. Etym: [See Excommunicate.] Defn: Liable or deserving to be excommunicated; making excommunication possible or proper. "Persons excommunicable ." Bp. Hall. What offenses are excommunicable Kenle. EXCOMMUNICANT Ex`com*mu"ni*cant, n. Defn: One who has been excommunicated. EXCOMMUNICATE Ex"com*mu"ni*cate, a. Etym: [L. excommunicatus, p. p. of communicare to excommunicate; ex out + communicare. See Communicate.] Defn: Excommunicated; interdicted from the rites of the church. -- n. Defn: One excommunicated. Thou shalt stand cursed and excommunicate. Shak. EXCOMMUNICATE Ex`com*mu"ni*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excommunicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Excommunicating.] 1. To put out of communion; especially, to cut off, or shut out, from communion with the church, by an ecclesiastical sentence. 2. To lay under the ban of the church; to interdict. Martin the Fifth . . . was the first that excommunicated the reading of heretical books. Miltin. EXCOMMUNICATION Ex`com*mu`ni*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. excommunicatio: cf. F. excommunication.] Defn: The act of communicating or ejecting; esp., an ecclesiastical censure whereby the person against whom it is pronounced is, for the time, cast out of the communication of the church; exclusion from fellowship in things spiritual. Note: excommunication is of two kinds, the lesser and the greater; the lesser excommunication is a separation or suspension from partaking of the Eucharist; the greater is an absolute execution of the offender from the church and all its rights and advantages, even from social intercourse with the faithful. EXCOMMUNICATOR Ex`com*mu"ni*ca`tor n. Etym: [Cf. LL. excommunicator.] Defn: One who excommunicates. EXCOMMUNION Ex`com*mun"ion Defn: . A shutting out from communion; excommunication. [Obs.] Excommunication is the utmost of ecclesiastical judicature. Milton. EXCORIABLE Ex*co"ri*a*ble Defn: . Capable of being excoriated. The scaly covering of fishes, . . . even in such as are excoriatable. Sir T. Browne. EXCORIATE Ex*co"ri*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excoriated;p. pr. & vb. n. excoriating.] Etym: [L. excoriare; ex out + corium hide. cf. Scourge; see Cuirass.] Defn: To strip or wear off the skin of; to abrade; to gall; to break and remove the cuticle of, in any manner, as by rubbing, beating, or by the action of acrid substances. EXCORIATION Ex*co`ri*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. excoriation.] 1. The act of excoriating or flaying, or state of being excoriated, or stripped of the skin; abrasion. 2. Stripping of possession; spoliation. [Obs.] A pitiful excoriation of the poorer sort. Howell. EXCORTICATE Ex*cor"ti*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. ex out, from + cortex, corticis, bark.] Defn: To strip of bark or skin; to decorticate. [Obs.] "Excorticate the tree." Evelyn. EXCORTICATION Ex*cor`ti*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. excortication.] Defn: The act of stripping off bark, or the state of being thus stripped; decortication. EXCREABLE Ex"cre*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. excreabilis, exscreabilis, fr. exscreare. See Excreate.] Defn: Capable of being discharged by spitting. [Obs.] Swift. EXCREATE Ex"cre*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. excreare, exsreare; ex out + screare to hawk.] Defn: To spit out; to discharge from the throat by hawking and spitting. [Obs.] Cockeram. EXCREATION Ex`cre*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. excreatio, exscreatio.] Defn: Act of spitting out. [Obs.] Cockeram. EXCREMENT Ex"cre*ment, n. Etym: [L. excrementum, fr. excernere, excretum, to skin out, discharge: cf. F. excrément. See Excrete.] Defn: Matter excreted and ejected; that which is excreted or cast out of the animal body by any of the natural emunctories; especially, alvine, discharges; dung; ordure. EXCREMENT Ex"cre*ment, n. Etym: [L. excrementum, fr. excrescere, excretum, to grow out. See Excrescence.] Defn: An excrescence or appendage; an outgrowth. [Obs.] "Ornamental excrements." Fuller. Living creatures put forth (after their period of growth) nothing that is young but hair and nails, which are excrements and no parts. Bacon. EXCREMENTAL Ex`cre*men"tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to excrement. EXCREMENTITIAL; EXCREMENTITIOUS Ex`cre*men*ti"tial, Ex`cre*men*ti"tious, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, excrement; of the nature of excrement. EXCREMENTIVE Ex`cre*men"tive, a. Defn: Serving to excrete; connected with excretion or excrement. [R.] "The excrementive parts." Felthman. EXCREMENTIZE Ex"cre*ment*ize` v. i. Defn: To void excrement. [R.] Life of A. Wood EXCRESCENCE Ex*cres"cence n. Etym: [F. excrescence, excroissanse, L. excrescentia excrescences, neut. pl. of p. pr. of excrescere. See Excrescent.] Defn: An excrescent appendage, as, a wart or tumor; anything growing out unnaturally from anything else; a preternatural or morbid development; hence, a troublesome superfluity; an incumbrance; as, an excrescence on the body, or on a plant. "Excrescences of joy." Jer. Taylor. The excrescences of the Spanish monarchy. Addison. EXCRESCENCY Ex*cres"cen*cy, n. Defn: Excrescence. [Obs.] EXCRESCENT Ex*cres"cent, a. Etym: [L. excresens, -entis, p. pr. of excrescere to grow out ; ex out + crescere to grow. See Crescent.] Defn: Growing out in an abnormal or morbid manner or as a superfluity. Expunge the whole, or lip the excrescent parts. Pope. Excrescent letter (Philol.), a letter which has been added to a root; as, the d in alder (AS. alr) is an excrescent letter. EXCRESCENTIAL Ex`cres*cen"tial a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, an excrescence. [R.] Hawthorne. EXCRETA Ex*cre"ta, n. pl. Etym: [L.] Defn: Matters to be excreted. EXCRETE Ex*crete", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Excreting.] Etym: [L. excretus, p. p. of excernere to sift out, discharge; ex out + cernere to sift, separate. See Crisis.] Defn: To separate and throw off; to excrete urine. "The mucus thus excreted." Hooper. EXCRETIN Ex"cre*tin, n. Etym: [From Excrete.] (physiol. Chem.) Defn: A nonnitrogenous, crystalline body, present in small quantity in human fæces. EXCRETION Ex*cre"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. excrétion.] 1. The act of excreting. To promote secretion and excretion. Pereira. 2. That which is excreted; excrement. Bacon. EXCRETIVE Ex*cre"tive, a. Defn: Having the power of excreting, or promoting excretion. Harvey. EXCRETORY Ex*cre"to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. excrétoire.] Defn: Having the quality of excreting, or throwing off excrementitious matter. EXCRUCIABLE Ex*cru"ci*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. excruciabilis.] Defn: Liable to torment. [R.] Bailey. EXCRUCIATE Ex*cru"ci*ate, a. Etym: [L. excruciatus, p. p. of excruciare to excruciate; ex out + cruciare to put to death on a cross, to torment. See Cruciate, Cross.] Defn: Excruciated; tortured. And here my heart long time excruciate. Chapman. EXCRUCIATE Ex*cru"ci*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excruciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Excruciating.] Defn: To inflict agonizing pain upon; to torture; to torment greatly; to rack; as, to excruciate the heart or the body. Their thoughts, like devils, them excruciate. Drayton. EXCRUCIATING Ex*cru"ci*a`ting Defn: . Torturing; racking. "Excruciating pain." V. Knox. "Excruciating fears." Bentley -- Ex*cru"ci*a`ting*ly, adv. EXCRUCIATION Ex*cru`ci*a"tion n. Etym: [L. excruciatio.] Defn: The act of inflicting agonizing pain, or the state of being thus afflicted; that which excruciates; torture. Feltham. EXCUBATION Ex`cu*ba"tion n. Etym: [L. excubatio, fr. excubare to lie out on guard; ex out on guard; ex out + cubare to lie down.] Defn: A keeping watch. [Obs.] Bailey. EXCUBITORIUM Ex*cu`bi*to"ri*um, n. Etym: [LL. excubitorium; ex out + cubare, cubitum, to lie.] (Eccl. Antiq.) Defn: A gallery in a church, where persons watched all night. EXCULPABLE Ex*cul"pa*ble Defn: . Capable of being exculpated; deserving exculpation. Sir G. Buck. EXCULPATE Ex*cul"pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exculpated, p. pr. & vb. n.. Exculpating ( Etym: [L. ex out + culpatus, p. p. of culpare to find fault with, to blame, culpa fault. See Culpable.] Defn: To clear from alleged fault or guilt; to prove to be guiltless; to relieve of blame; to acquit. He exculpated himself from being the author of the heroic epistle. Mason. I exculpate him further for his writing against me. Milman. Syn. -- To exonerate; absolve; clear; acquit; excuse; vindicate; justify. EXCULPATION Ex`cul*pa"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. exculpatio.] Defn: The act of exculpating from alleged fault or crime; that which exculpates; excuse. These robbers, however, were men who might have made out a strong case in exculpation of themselves. Southey. EXCULPATORY Ex*cul"pa*to*ry Defn: . Clearing, or tending to clear, from alleged fault or guilt; excusing. "An exculpatory letter." Johnson. EXCUR Ex*cur" i. Etym: [L. excurrere. See Excurrent.] Defn: To run out or forth; to extend. [Obs.] Harvey. EXCURRENT Ex*cur"rent, a. Etym: [L. excurrens, p. p. of excurrere, excursum, to run out; ex out + currere to run. See Current.] 1. Running or flowing out; as: (Bot.) Defn: Running or extending out; as, an excurrent midrib, one which projects beyond the apex of a leaf; an excurrent steam or trunk, one which continues to the top. 2. (Zoöl) Defn: Characterized by a current which flows outward; as, an excurrent orifice or tube. EXCURSE Ex*curse", v. t. Etym: [See excurrent.] Defn: To journey or pass thought. [R.] EXCURSION Ex*cur"sion. Etym: [L. excursio: cf. F. excursion. See Excurrent.] 1. A running or going out or forth; an expedition; a sally. Far on excursion toward the gates of hell. Milton. They would make excursions and waste the country. Holland. 2. A journey chiefly for recreation; a pleasure trip; a brief tour; as, an excursion into the country. 3. A wandering from a subject; digression. I am not in a scribbling mood, and shall therefore make no excursions. Cowper. 4. (Mach.) Defn: Length of stroke, as of a piston; stroke. [An awkward use of the word.] Syn. -- Journey; tour; ramble; jaunt. See Journey. EXCURSIONIST Ex*cur"sion*ist, n. Defn: One who goes on an excursion, or pleasure trip. EXCURSIVE Ex*cur"sive, a. Defn: Prone to make excursions; wandering; roving; exploring; as, an excursive fancy. The course of excursive . . . understandings. I. Taylor. -- Ex*cur"sive*ly, adv. -- Ex*cur"sive*ness, , n. EXCURSUS Ex*cur"sus, n. Etym: [L., fr. excurrere, excursum. See Excurrent.] Defn: A dissertation or digression appended to a work, and containing a more extended exposition of some important point or topic. EXCUSABLE Ex*cus"a*ble a. Etym: [L. excusabilis: cf. F. excusable. See Excuse.] Defn: That may be excused, forgiven, justified, or acquitted of blame; pardonable; as, the man is excusable; an excusable action. -- Ex*cus"a*ble*ness, n. -- Ex*cus"a*bly, adv. The excusableness of my dissatisfaction. Boyle. EXCUSATION Ex`cu*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. excusatio: cf. F. excusation.] Defn: Excuse; apology. [Obs.] Bacon. EXCUSATOR Ex`cu*sa"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who makes, or is authorized to make, an excuse; an apologist. [Obs.] Hume. EXCUSATORY Ex*cus"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Making or containing excuse or apology; apologetical; as, an excusatory plea. EXCUSE Ex*cuse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Excused; p. pr. & vb. n. Excusing.] Etym: [OE. escusen, cusen, OF. escuser, excuser, F. excuser, fr. L. excusare; ex out + causa cause, causari to plead. See Cause.] 1. To free from accusation, or the imputation of fault or blame; to clear from guilt; to release from a charge; to justify by extenuating a fault; to exculpate; to absolve; to acquit. A man's persuasion that a thing is duty, will not excuse him from guilt in practicing it, if really and indeed it be against Gog's law. Abp. Sharp. 2. To pardon, as a fault; to forgive entirely, or to admit to be little censurable, and to overlook; as, we excuse irregular conduct, when extraordinary circumstances appear to justify it. I must excuse what can not be amended. Shak. 3. To regard with indulgence; to view leniently or to overlook; to pardon. And in our own (excuse some courtly stains.) No whiter page than Addison remains. Pope. 4. To free from an impending obligation or duty; hence, to disengage; to dispense with; to release by favor; also, to remit by favor; not to exact; as, to excuse a forfeiture. I pray thee have me excused. xiv. 19. 5. To relieve of an imputation by apology or defense; to make apology for as not seriously evil; to ask pardon or indulgence for. Think ye that we excuse ourselves to you 2 Cor. xii. 19. Syn. -- To vindicate; exculpate; absolve; acquit. - To Pardon, Excuse, Forgive. A superior pardons as an act of mercy or generosity; either a superior or an equal excuses. A crime, great fault, or a grave offence, as one against law or morals, may be pardoned; a small fault, such as a failure in social or conventional obligations, slight omissions or neglects may be excused. Forgive relates to offenses against one's self, and punishment foregone; as, to forgive injuries or one who has injured us; to pardon grave offenses, crimes, and criminals; to excuse an act of forgetfulness, an unintentional offense. Pardon is also a word of courtesy employed in the sense of excuse. EXCUSE Ex*cuse", n. Etym: [Cf. F. excuse. See Excuse, v. t.] 1. The act of excusing, apologizing, exculpating, pardoning, releasing, and the like; acquittal; release; absolution; justification; extenuation. Pleading so wisely in excuse of it. Shak. 2. That which is offered as a reason for being excused; a plea offered in extenuation of a fault or irregular deportment; apology; as, an excuse for neglect of duty; excuses for delay of payment. Hence with denial vain and coy excuse. Milton. 3. That which excuses; that which extenuates or justifies a fault. "It hath the excuse of youth." Shak. If eyes were made for seeing. Then beauty is its own excuse for being. Emerson. Syn. -- See Apology. EXCUSELESS Ex*cuse"less, a. Defn: Having no excuse; not admitting of excuse or apology. Whillock. EXCUSEMENT Ex*cuse"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. excusement.] Defn: Excuse. [Obs.] Gower. EXCUSER Ex*cus"er, n. 1. One who offers excuses or pleads in extenuation of the fault of another. Swift. 2. One who excuses or forgives another. Shelton. EXCUSS Ex*cuss", v. t. Etym: [L. excussus. p. p. of excutere to shake off; ex out, from + quatere to shake. Cf. Quash.] 1. To shake off; to discard. [R.] To excuss the notation of a Geity out of their minds. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. To inspect; to investigate; to decipher. [R.] To take some pains in excusing some old monuments. F. Junius (1654). 3. To seize and detain by law, as goods. [Obs.] Ayliffe. EXCUSSION Ex*cus"sion, n. Etym: [L. excussio a shaking down; LL., a threshing of corn: cf. F. excussion.] Defn: The act of excusing; seizure by law. [Obs.] Ayliffe. EXEAT Ex"e*at, n. Etym: [L., let him go forth.] 1. A license for absence from a college or a religious house. [Eng.] Shipley. 2. A permission which a bishop grants to a priest to go out of his diocese. Wharton. EXECRABLE Ex"e*cra*ble, a. Etym: [L. execrabilis, exsecrabilis: cf. F. exécrable. See Execrate.] Defn: Deserving to be execrated; accursed; damnable; detestable; abominable; as, an execrable wretch. "Execrable pride." Hooker. -- Ex"e*cra*ble*ness, n. -- Ex"e*cra*bly, adv. EXECRATE Ex"e*crate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Execrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Execrating.] Etym: [L. execratus, exsecratus, p. p. of execrare, exsecrare, to execrate; ex out + sacer holy, sacred. See Sacred.] Defn: To denounce evil against, or to imprecate evil upon; to curse; to protest against as unholy or detestable; hence, to detest utterly; to abhor; to abominate. "They . . . execrate their lct." Cowper. EXECRATION Ex`e*cra"tion, n. Etym: [L. execratio, exsecratio: cf. F. exécration.] 1. The act of cursing; a curse dictated by violent feelings of hatred; imprecation; utter detestation expressed. Cease, gentle, queen, these execrations. Shak. 2. That which is execrated; a detested thing. Ye shall be an execration and . . . a curse. Jer. xlii. 18. Syn. -- See Malediction. EXECRATIVE Ex"e*cra*tive, a. Defn: Cursing; imprecatory; vilifying. Carlyle. -- Ex"e*cra*tive*ly, adv. EXECRATIVE Ex"e*cra*tive, n. Defn: A word used for cursing; an imprecatory word or expression. Earle. EXECRATORY Ex"e*cra*to*ry, a. Defn: Of the nature of execration; imprecatory; denunciatory. C. Kingsley. -- n. Defn: A formulary of execrations. L. Addison. EXECT Ex*ect", v. t. Etym: [See Exsect.] Defn: To cut off or out. [Obs.] See Exsect. Harvey. EXECTION Ex*ec"tion, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Exsection. EXECUTABLE Ex"e*cu`ta*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being executed; feasible; as, an executable project. [R.] EXECUTANT Ex*ec"u*tant, n. Defn: One who executes or performs; esp., a performer on a musical instrument. Great executants on the organ. De Quincey. EXECUTE Ex"e*cute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Executed; p. pr. & vb. n. Executing.] Etym: [F. exécuter, L. executus, exsecutus, p. p. of exequi to follow to the end, pursue; ex out + sequi to follow. See Second, Sue to follow up, and cf. Exequy.] 1. To follow out or through to the end; to carry out into complete effect; to complete; to finish; to effect; to perform; Why delays His hand to execute what his decree Fixed on this day Milton. 2. To complete, as a legal instrument; to perform what is required to give validity to, as by signing and perhaps sealing and delivering; as, to execute a deed, lease, mortgage, will, etc. 3. To give effect to; to do what is provided or required by; to perform the requirements or stimulations of; as, to execute a decree, judgment, writ, or process. 4. To infect capital punishment on; to put to death in conformity to a legal sentence; as, to execute a traitor. 5. Too put to death illegally; to kill. [Obs.] Shak. 6. (Mus.) Defn: To perform, as a piece of music, either on an instrument or with the voice; as, to execute a difficult part brilliantly. Syn. -- To accomplish; effect; fulfill; achieve; consummate; finish; complete. See Accomplish. EXECUTE Ex"e*cute, v. i. 1. To do one's work; to act one's part of purpose. [R.] Hayward. 2. To perform musically. EXECUTER Ex"e*cu`ter, n. Defn: One who performs or carries into effect. See Executor. EXECUTION Ex`e*cu"tion, n. Etym: [F. exécution, L. executio, exsecutio.] 1. The act of executing; a carrying into effect or to completion; performance; achievement; consummation; as, the execution of a plan, a work, etc. The excellence of the subject contributed much to the happiness of the execution. Dryden. 2. A putting to death as a legal penalty; death lawfully inflicted; as, the execution of a murderer. A warrant for his execution. Shak. 3. The act of the mode of performing a work of art, of performing on an instrument, of engraving, etc.; as, the execution of a statue, painting, or piece of music. The first quality of execution is truth. Ruskin. 4. (Law) (a) The carrying into effect the judgment given in a court of law. (b) A judicial writ by which an officer is empowered to carry a judgment into effect; final process. (c) The act of signing, and delivering a legal instrument, or giving it the forms required to render it valid; as, the execution of a deed, or a will. 5. That which is executed or accomplished; effect; effective work; -- usually with do. To do some fatal execution. Shak. 6. The act of sacking a town. [Obs.] Beau. & FL. EXECUTIONER Ex`e*cu"tion*er, n. 1. One who executes; an executer. Bacon. 2. One who puts to death in conformity to legal warrant, as a hangman. EXECUTIVE Ex*ec"u*tive, a. Etym: [Cf.F. exécutif.] Defn: Designed or fitted for execution, or carrying into effect; as, executive talent; qualifying for, concerned with, or pertaining to, the execution of the laws or the conduct of affairs; as, executive power or authority; executive duties, officer, department, etc. Note: In government, executive is distinguished from legislative and judicial; legislative being applied to the organ or organs of government which make the laws; judicial, to that which interprets and applies the laws; executive, to that which carries them into effect or secures their due performance. EXECUTIVE Ex*ec"u*tive, n. Defn: An impersonal title of the chief magistrate or officer who administers the government, whether king, president, or governor; the governing person or body. EXECUTIVELY Ex*ec"u*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In the way of executing or performing. EXECUTOR Ex*ec"u*tor, n. Etym: [L. executor, exsecutor: cf. F. exécuteur. Cf. Executer.] 1. One who executes or performs; a doer; as, an executor of baseness. Shak. 2. An executioner. [Obs.] Delivering o'er to executors pa . . . The lazy, yawning drone. Shak. 3. (Law) Defn: The person appointed by a Executor de son tort Etym: [Of., executor of his own wrong] (Law), a stranger who intermeddles without authority in the distribution of the estate of a deceased person. EXECUTORIAL Ex*ec`u*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [LL. executorialis.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an executive. EXECUTORSHIP Ex*ec"u*tor*ship, n. Defn: The office of an executor. EXECUTORY Ex*ec"u*to*ry, a. Etym: [LL. executorius, L. exsecutorius: cf.F. exécutoire.] 1. Pertaining to administration, or putting the laws in force; executive. The official and executory duties of government. Burke. 2. (Law) Defn: Designed to be executed or carried into effect in time to come, or to take effect on a future contingency; as, an executory devise, reminder, or estate; an executory contract. Blackstone. EXECUTRESS Ex*ec"u*tress, n. Etym: [Cf.F. exécutrice.] Defn: An executrix. EXECUTRIX Ex*ec"u*trix, n. Etym: [LL.] (Law) Defn: A woman exercising the functions of an executor. EXEDENT Ex"e*dent, a. Etym: [L. exedent, -entis, p.pr. of exedere. See Exesion.] Defn: Eating out; consuming. [R.] EXEDRA Ex"e*dra, n.; pl. Exedræ. Etym: [L., fr.Gr 1. (Class. Antiq.) Defn: A room in a public building, furnished with seats. 2. (Arch.) (a) The projection of any part of a building in a rounded form. (b) Any out-of-door seat in stone, large enough for several persons; esp., one of curved form. EXEGESIS Ex`e*ge"sis, n.;pl. Exegeses. Etym: [NL., fr.Gr. Agent.] 1. Exposition; explanation; especially, a critical explanation of a text or portion of Scripture. 2. (Math.) Defn: The process of finding the roots of an equation. [Obs.] EXEGETE Ex"e*gete, n. Etym: [Gr. exégète. See Exegesis.] Defn: An exegetist. EXEGETIC; EXEGETICAL Ex`e*get"ic, Ex`e*get"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. exégétique.] Defn: Pertaining to exegesis; tending to unfold or illustrate; explanatory; expository. Walker. Ex`e*get"ic*al*ly, adv. EXEGETICS Ex`e*get"ics, n. Defn: The science of interpretation or exegesis. EXEGETIST Ex`e*ge"tist, n. Defn: One versed in the science of exegesis or interpretation; -- also called exegete. EXEMPLAR Ex*em"plar, n. Etym: [L. exemplar, exemplum: cf. F. exemplaire. See Example, and cf. Examper, Sampler.] 1. A model, original, or pattern, to be copied or imitated; a specimen; sometimes; an ideal model or type, as that which an artist conceives. Such grand exemplar as make their own abilities the sole measure of what is fit or unfit. South. 2. A copy of a book or writing. [Obs.] Udall. EXEMPLAR Ex*em"plar, a. Defn: Exemplary. [Obs.] The exemplar piety of the father of a family. Jer. Taylor. EXEMPLARILY Ex"em*pla*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner fitted or designed to be an example for imitation or for warning; by way of example. She is exemplarily loyal. Howell. Some he punisheth exemplarily. Hakewill. EXEMPLARINESS Ex"em*pla*ri*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being exemplary; fitness to be an example. EXEMPLARITY Ex`em*plar"i*ty (, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. exemplaritas.] Defn: Exemplariness. [R.] The exemplarity of Christ's life. Abp. Sharp. EXEMPLARY Ex"em*pla*ry, a. Etym: [L. exemplaris, fr. exemplar: cf. F. exemplaire. See Exemplar.] 1. Serving as a pattern; deserving to be proposed for imitation; commendable; as, an exemplary person; exemplary conduct. [Bishops'] lives and doctrines ought to be exemplary. Bacon. 2. Serving as a warning; monitory; as, exemplary justice, punishment, or damages. 3. Illustrating as the proof of a thing. Fuller. Exemplary damages. (Law) See under Damage. EXEMPLARY Ex"em*pla*ry, n. Defn: An exemplar; also, a copy of a book or writing. [Obs.] Donne. EXEMPLIFIABLE Ex*em"pli*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: That can be exemplified. EXEMPLIFICATION Ex*em`pli*fi*ca"tion, n. 1. The act of exemplifying; a showing or illustrating by example. 2. That which exemplifies; a case in point; example. 3. (Law) Defn: A copy or transcript attested to be correct by the seal of an officer having custody of the original. EXEMPLIFIER Ex*em"pli*fi`er, n. Defn: One who exemplifies by following a pattern. EXEMPLIFY Ex*em"pli*fy v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exemplified; p. pr. &. vb. n. Exemplifying.] Etym: [L. exemplum example + -fy: cf. LL. exemplificare to copy, serve as an example.] 1. To show or illustrate by example. He did but . . . exemplify the principles in which he had been brought up. Cowper. 2. To copy; to transcribe; to make an attested copy or transcript of, under seal, as of a record. Holland. 3. To prove or show by an attested copy. EXEMPT Ex*empt", a. Etym: [F. exempt, L. exemptus, p. p. of eximere to take out, remove, free; ex out + emere to buy, take. Cf. Exon, Redeem.] 1. Cut off; set apart. [Obs.] Corrupted, and exempt from ancient gentry. Shak. 2. Extraordinary; exceptional. [Obs.] Chapman. 3. Free, or released, from some liability to which others are subject; excepted from the operation or burden of some law; released; free; clear; privileged; -- (with from): not subject to; not liable to; as, goods exempt from execution; a person exempt from jury service. True nobility is exempt from fear. Shak. T is laid on all, not any one exempt. Dryden. EXEMPT Ex*empt", n. 1. One exempted or freed from duty; one not subject. 2. One of four officers of the Yeomen of the Royal Guard, having the rank of corporal; an Exon. [Eng.] EXEMPT Ex*empt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exempted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exempting.] Etym: [F. exempter. See Exempt, a.] 1. To remove; to set apart. [Obs.] Holland. 2. To release or deliver from some liability which others are subject to; to except or excuse from he operation of a law; to grant immunity to; to free from obligation; to release; as, to exempt from military duty, or from jury service; to exempt from fear or pain. Death So snatched will not exempt us from the pain We are by doom to pay. Milton. EXEMPTIBLE Ex*empt"i*ble, a. Defn: That may be exempted. EXEMPTION Ex*emp"tion, n. Etym: [L. exenptio a removing: cf. F. exemption exemption.] Defn: The act of exempting; the state of being exempt; freedom from any charge, burden, evil, etc., to which others are subject; immunity; privilege; as, exemption of certain articles from seizure; exemption from military service; exemption from anxiety, suffering, etc. EXEMPTITIOUS Ex`emp*ti"tious, a. Defn: Separable. [Obs.] "Exemptitious from matter." Dr. H. More. EXENTERATE Ex*en"ter*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. exenteratus, p.p. of exenterare; cf. Gr. Defn: To take out the bowels or entrails of; to disembowel; to eviscerate; as, exenterated fishes. [R.] Exenterated rule-mongers and eviscerated logicians. Hare. EXENTERATION Ex*en`ter*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. exenteratio.] Defn: Act of exenterating. [R.] EXEQUATUR Ex`e*qua"tur, n. Etym: [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of exequi, exsequi, to perform, execute.] 1. A written official recognition of a consul or commercial agent, issued by the government to which he is accredited, and authorizing him to exercise his powers in the place to which he is assigned. 2. Official recognition or permission. Prescott. EXEQUIAL Ex*e"qui*al, a. Etym: [L. exequialis, exsequialis, fr. exsequiae exequies.] Defn: Of or pertaining to funerals; funereal. EXEQUIOUS Ex*e"qui*ous, a. Defn: Funereal. [Obs.] Drayton. EXEQUY Ex"e*quy, n.;pl. Exequies. Etym: [L. exequiae, exsequiae, a funeral procession, fr. exsequi to follow out: cf. OF. exeques. See Exequte.] Defn: A funeral rite (usually in the plural); the ceremonies of burial; obsequies; funeral procession. But see his exequies fulfilled in Rouen. Shak. EXERCENT Ex*er"cent, a. Etym: [L. exercents, -entis, p. pr. of exercere. See Exercise.] Defn: Practicing; professional. [Obs.] "Every exercent advocate." Ayliffe. EXERCISABLE Ex"er*ci`sa*ble a. Defn: That may be exercised, used, or exerted. EXERCISE Ex"er*cise, n. Etym: [F. exercice, L. exercitium, from exercere, exercitum, to drive on, keep, busy, prob. orig., to thrust or drive out of the inclosure; ex out + arcere to shut up, inclose. See Ark.] 1. The act of exercising; a setting in action or practicing; employment in the proper mode of activity; exertion; application; use; habitual activity; occupation, in general; practice. exercise of the important function confided by the constitution to the legislature. Jefferson. O we will walk this world, Yoked in all exercise of noble end. Tennyson. 2. Exertion for the sake of training or improvement whether physical, intellectual, or moral; practice to acquire skill, knowledge, virtue, perfectness, grace, etc. "Desire of knightly exercise." Spenser. An exercise of the eyes and memory. Locke. 3. Bodily exertion for the sake of keeping the organs and functions in a healthy state; hygienic activity; as, to take exercise ob horseback. The wise for cure on exercise depend. Dryden. 4. The performance of an office, a ceremony, or a religious duty. Lewis refused even those of the church of England . . . the public exercise of their religion. Addison. To draw him from his holy exercise. Shak. 5. That which is done for the sake of exercising, practicing, training, or promoting skill, health, mental, improvement, moral discipline, etc.; that which is assigned or prescribed for such ebbs; hence, a disquisition; a lesson; a task; as, military or naval exercises; musical exercises; an exercise in composition. The clumsy exercises of the European tourney. Prescott. He seems to have taken a degree, and preformed public exercises in Cambridge, in 1565. Brydges. 6. That which gives practice; a trial; a test. Patience is more oft the exercise Of saints, the trial of their fortitude. Milton. Exercise bone (Med.), a deposit of bony matter in the soft tissues, produced by pressure or exertion. EXERCISE Ex"er*cise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exercised; p. pr. & vb. n. Exercising.] 1. To set in action; to cause to act, move, or make exertion; to give employment to; to put in action habitually or constantly; to school or train; to exert repeatedly; to busy. Herein do I Exercise myself, to have always a conscience void of offence. Acts xxiv. 16. 2. To exert for the sake of training or improvement; to practice in order to develop; hence, also, to improve by practice; to discipline, and to use or to for the purpose of training; as, to exercise arms; to exercise one's self in music; to exercise troops. About him exercised heroic games The unarmed youth. Milton. 3. To occupy the attention and effort of; to task; to tax, especially in a painful or vexatious manner; harass; to vex; to worry or make anxious; to affect; to discipline; as, exercised with pain. Where pain of unextinguishable fire Must exercise us without hope of end. Milton. 4. To put in practice; to carry out in action; to perform the duties of; to use; to employ; to practice; as, to exercise authority; to exercise an office. I am the Lord which exercise loving-kindness, judgment, and righteousness in the earth. Jer. ix. 24. The people of the land have used oppression and exercised robbery. Ezek. xxii. 29. EXERCISE Ex"er*cise, v. i. Defn: To exercise one's self, as under military training; to drill; to take exercise; to use action or exertion; to practice gymnastics; as, to exercise for health or amusement. I wear my trusty sword, When I do exercise. Cowper. EXERCISER Ex"er*ci`ser, n. Defn: One who exercises. EXERCISIBLE Ex"er*ci`si*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being exercised, employed, or enforced; as, the authority of a magistrate is exercisible within his jurisdiction. EXERCITATION Ex*er`ci*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. exercitatio, fr. exercitare, intense., fr. exercere to exercise: CF. f. exercitation.] Defn: exercise; practice; use. [R.] Sir T. Browne. EXERGUE Ex*ergue", n. Etym: [F.,fr.Gr. i.e., accessory work. See Work.] (Numis.) Defn: The small space beneath the base line of a subject engraved on a coin or medal. It usually contains the date, place, engraver's name, etc., or other subsidiary matter. Fairholt. EXERT Ex*ert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exerted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exerting.] Etym: [L. exertus, exsertus, p.p. of exerere, exserere, to thrust out; ex out + serere to join or bind together. See Series, and cf. Exsert.] 1. To thrust forth; to emit; to push out. [Obs.] So from the seas exerts his radiant head The star by whom the lights of heaven are led. Dryden. 2. To put force, ability, or anything of the nature of an active faculty; to put in vigorous action; to bring into active operation; as, to exert the strength of the body, limbs, faculties, or imagination; to exert the mind or the voice. 3. To put forth, as the result or exercise of effort; to bring to bear; to do or perform. When we will has exerted an act of command on any faculty of the soul or member of the body. South. To exert one's self, to use efforts or endeavors; to strive; to make an attempt. EXERTION Ex*er"tion, n. Defn: The act of exerting, or putting into motion or action; the active exercise of any power or faculty; an effort, esp. a laborious or perceptible effort; as, an exertion of strength or power; an exertion of the limbs or of the mind; it is an exertion for him to move, to-day. Syn. -- Attempt; endeavor; effort; essay; trial. See Attempt. EXERTIVE Ex*ert"ive, a. Defn: Having power or a tendency to exert; using exertion. EXERTMENT Ex*ert"ment, n. Defn: Exertion. [R.] EXESION Ex*e"sion, n. Etym: [L. exedere, exesum, to eat up; ex out + edere to eat.] Defn: The act of eating out or through. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. EXESTUATE Ex*es"tu*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. exaestuatus,p.p. of exaestuare to boil up. See Estuate.] Defn: To be agitated; to boil up; to effervesce. [Obs.] EXESTUATION Ex*es`tu*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. exaestuatio.] Defn: A boiling up; effervescence. [Obs.] Boyle. EXEUNT Ex"e*unt. Etym: [L., 3d pers. pl. pres. of exire to go out.] Defn: They go out, or retire from the scene; as, exeunt all except Hamlet. See 1st Exit. EXFETATION Ex`fe*ta"tion, n Etym: [Pref. ex- + fetation.] (Med.) Defn: Imperfect fetation in some organ exterior to the uterus; extra- uterine fetation. Hoblyn. EXFOLIATE Ex*fo"li*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Exfoliated; p. pr. & vb. n. Exfoliating.] Etym: [L. exfoliare to strip of leaves; ex out, from + folium leaf.] 1. To separate and come off in scales or laminæ, as pieces of carious bone or of bark. 2. (Min.) Defn: To split into scales, especially to become converted into scales at the result of heat or decomposition. EXFOLIATE Ex*fo"li*ate v. t. Defn: To remove scales, laminæ, or splinters from the surface of. EXFOLIATION Ex*fo`li*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. exfoliation.] Defn: The scaling off of a bone, a rock, or a mineral, etc.; the state of being exfoliated. EXFOLIATIVE Ex*fo"li*a"tive, a. Etym: [Cf.F. exfoliatif.] Defn: Having the power of causing exfoliation. -- n. Defn: An exfoliative agent. Wiseman. EXHALABLE Ex*hal"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being exhaled or evaporated. Boyle. EXHALANT Ex*hal"ant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. exhalant.] Defn: Having the quality of exhaling or evaporating. EXHALATION Ex`ha*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. exhalatio: cf. F. exhalaison, exhalation.] 1. The act or process of exhaling, or sending forth in the form of steam or vapor; evaporation. 2. That which is exhaled, or which rises in the form of vapor, fume, or steam; effluvium; emanation; as, exhalations from the earth or flowers, decaying matter, etc. Ye mists and exhalations, that now rise From hill or steaming lake. Milton. 3. A bright phenomenon; a meteor. I shall fall Like a bright exhalation in the evening. Shak. EXHALE Ex*hale", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exaled, p. pr. & vb. n.. Exaling.] Etym: [L. exhalare; ex out + halare to breathe; cf.F. exhaler. Cf. Inhale.] 1. To breathe out. Hence: To emit, as vapor; to send out, as an odor; to evaporate; as, the earth exhales vapor; marshes exhale noxious effluvia. Less fragrant scents the unfolding rose exhales. Pope. 2. To draw out; to cause to be emitted in vapor; as, the sum exhales the moisture of the earth. EXHALE Ex*hale", v. i. Defn: To rise or be given off, as vapor; to pass off, or vanish. Their inspiration exhaled in elegies. Prescott. EXHALEMENT Ex*hale"ment, n. Defn: Exhalation. [Obs.] EXHALENCE Ex*hal"ence, n. Defn: Exhalation. [R.] EXHAUST Ex*haust", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhausted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exhausting.] Etym: [L. exhaustus, p.p. of exhaurire; ex out + haurire, haustum, to draw, esp. water; perhaps akin to Icel. asua to sprinkle, pump.] 1. To draw or let out wholly; to drain off completely; as, to exhaust the water of a well; the moisture of the earth is exhausted by evaporation. 2. To empty by drawing or letting out the contents; as, to exhaust a well, or a treasury. 3. To drain, metaphorically; to use or expend wholly, or till the supply comes to an end; to deprive wholly of strength; to use up; to weary or tire out; to wear out; as, to exhaust one's strength, patience, or resources. A decrepit, exhausted old man at fifty-five. Motley. 4. To bring out or develop completely; to discuss thoroughly; as, to exhaust a subject. 5. (Chem.) Defn: To subject to the action of various solvents in order to remove all soluble substances or extractives; as, to exhaust a drug successively with water, alcohol, and ether. Exhausted receiver. (Physics) See under Receiver. Syn. -- To spend; consume; tire out; weary. EXHAUST Ex*haust", a. Etym: [L. exhaustus, p.p.] 1. Drained; exhausted; having expended or lost its energy. 2. Pertaining to steam, air, gas, etc., that is released from the cylinder of an engine after having preformed its work. Exhaust draught, a forced draught produced by drawing air through a place, as through a furnace, instead of blowing it through. -- Exhaust fan, a fan blower so arranged as to produce an exhaust draught, or to draw air or gas out of a place, as out of a room in ventilating it. -- Exhaust nozzle, Exhaust orifice (Steam Engine), the blast orifice or nozzle. -- Exhaust pipe (Steam Engine), the pipe that conveys exhaust steam from the cylinder to the atmosphere or to the condenser. Exhaust port (Steam Engine), the opening, in the cylinder or valve, by which the exhaust steam escapes. -- Exhaust purifier (Milling), a machine for sorting grains, or purifying middlings by an exhaust draught. Knight. -- Exhaust steam (Steam Engine), steam which is allowed to escape from the cylinder after having been employed to produce motion of the piston. -- Exhaust valve (Steam Engine), a valve that lets exhaust steam escape out of a cylinder. EXHAUST Ex*haust", n. (Steam Engine) 1. The steam let out of a cylinder after it has done its work there. 2. The foul air let out of a room through a register or pipe provided for the purpose. EXHAUSTER Ex*haust"er n. Defn: One who, or that which, exhausts or draws out. EXHAUSTIBILITY Ex*haust`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability of being exhausted. I was seriously tormented by the thought of the exhaustibility of musical combinations. J. S. Mill. EXHAUSTIBLE Ex*haust"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being exhausted, drained off, or expended. Johnson. EXHAUSTING Ex*haust"ing, a. Defn: Producing exhaustion; as, exhausting labors. -- Ex*haust"ing, adv. EXHAUSTION Ex*haus"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. exhaustion.] 1. The act of draining out or draining off; the act of emptying completely of the contents. 2. The state of being exhausted or emptied; the state of being deprived of strength or spirits. 3. (Math.) Defn: An ancient geometrical method in which an exhaustive process was employed. It was nearly equivalent to the modern method of limits. Note: The method of exhaustions was applied to great variety of propositions, pertaining to rectifications and quadratures, now investigated by the calculus. EXHAUSTIVE Ex*haust"ive, a. Defn: Serving or tending to exhaust; exhibiting all the facts or arguments; as, an exhaustive method. Ex*haust"ive*ly, adv. EXHAUSTLESS Ex*haust"less, a. Defn: Not be exhausted; inexhaustible; as, an exhaustless fund or store. EXHAUSTMENT Ex*haust"ment, n. Defn: Exhaustion; drain. [Obs.] EXHAUSTURE Ex*haus"ture, n. Defn: Exhaustion. Wraxall. EXHEDRA Ex"he*dra, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Exedra. EXHEREDATE Ex*her"e*date, v. t. Etym: [L., exheredatus, p.p. of exheredare to disinherit; ex out + heres, heredis, heir.] Defn: To disinherit. [R.] Huloet. EXHEREDATION Ex*her`e*da"tion, n. Etym: [L., exheredatio: cf. F. exhérédation.] Defn: A disinheriting; disherisor. [R.] EXHEREDITATION Ex`he*red`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [LL. exhereditare, exhereditatum, disinherit.] Defn: A disinheriting; disherison. [R.] E. Waterhouse. EXHIBIT Ex*hib"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Exhibiting.] Etym: [L. exhibitus, p. p. of exhibere to hold forth, to tender, exhibit; ex out + habere to have or hold. See Habit.] 1. To hold forth or present to view; to produce publicly, for inspection; to show, especially in order to attract notice to what is interesting; to display; as, to exhibit commodities in a warehouse, a picture in a gallery. Exhibiting a miserable example of the weakness of mind and body. Pope. 2. (Law) Defn: To submit, as a document, to a court or officer, in course of proceedings; also, to present or offer officially or in legal form; to bring, as a charge. He suffered his attorney-general to exhibit a charge of high treason against the earl. Clarendon. 3. (Med.) Defn: To administer as a remedy; as, to exhibit calomel. To exhibit a foundation or prize, to hold it forth or to tender it as a bounty to candidates. -- To exibit an essay, to declaim or otherwise present it in public. [Obs.] EXHIBIT Ex*hib"it, n. 1. Any article, or collection of articles, displayed to view, as in an industrial exhibition; a display; as, this exhibit was marked A; the English exhibit. 2. (Law) Defn: A document produced and identified in court for future use as evidence. EXHIBITER Ex*hib"it*er, n. Etym: [Cf. Exhibitor.] Defn: One who exhibits; one who presents a petition, charge or bill. Shak. EXHIBITION Ex`hi*bi"tion, n. Etym: [L. exhibitio a delivering: cf. F. exhibition.] 1. The act of exhibiting for inspection, or of holding forth to view; manifestation; display. 2. That which is exhibited, held forth, or displayed; also, any public show; a display of works of art, or of feats of skill, or of oratorical or dramatic ability; as, an exhibition of animals; an exhibition of pictures, statues, etc.; an industrial exhibition. 3. Sustenance; maintenance; allowance, esp. for meat and drink; pension. Specifically: (Eng. Univ.) Private benefaction for the maintenance of scholars. What maintenance he from his friends receives, Like exhibition thou shalt have from me. Shak. I have given more exhibitions to scholars, in my days, than to the priests. Tyndale. 4. (Med.) Defn: The act of administering a remedy. EXHIBITIONER Ex`hi*bi"tion*er, n. (Eng. Univ.) Defn: One who has a pension or allowance granted for support. A youth who had as an exhibitioner from Christ's Hospital. G. Eliot. EXHIBITIVE Ex*hib"it*ive, a. Defn: Serving for exhibition; representative; exhibitory. Norris. -- Ex*hib"it*ive*ly, adv. EXHIBITOR Ex*hib"it*or, n. Etym: [Cf. L. exhibitor a giver.] Defn: One who exhibits. EXHIBITORY Ex*hib"it*o*ry, a. Etym: [L. exhibitorius relating to giving up: cf. F. exhibitoire exhibiting.] Defn: Exhibiting; publicly showing. J. Warton. EXHILARANT Ex*hil"a*rant, a. Etym: [L. exhilarans. -antis, p. pr. See Exhilarate.] Defn: Exciting joy, mirth, or pleasure. -- n. Defn: That which exhilarates. EXHILARATE Ex*hil"a*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhilarated; p. pr. & vb. n. Exilarating.] Etym: [L. exhilaratus, p.p. of exhilarare to gladden; ex out + hilarare to make merry, hilaris merry, cheerful. See Hilarious.] Defn: To make merry or jolly; to enliven; to animate; to gladden greatly; to cheer; as, good news exhilarates the mind; wine exhilarates a man. EXHILARATE Ex*hil"a*rate, v. i. Defn: To become joyous. [R.] Bacon. EXHILARATING Ex*hil"a*ra`ting, a. Defn: That exhilarates; cheering; gladdening. -- Ex*hil"a*ra`ting*ly, adv. EXHILARATION Ex*hil`a*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L., exhilaratio.] 1. The act of enlivening the spirits; the act of making glad or cheerful; a gladdening. 2. The state of being enlivened or cheerful. Exhilaration hath some affinity with joy, though it be a much lighter motion. Bacon. Syn. -- Animation; joyousness; gladness; cheerfulness; gayety; hilarity; merriment; jollity. EXHORT Ex*hort", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exhorting.] Etym: [L. exhortari; ex out + hortari to incite, encourage; cf. F. exhorter. See Hortative.] Defn: To incite by words or advice; to animate or urge by arguments, as to a good deed or laudable conduct; to address exhortation to; to urge strongly; hence, to advise, warn, or caution. Examples gross as earth exhort me. Shak. Let me exhort you to take care of yourself. J. D. Forbes. EXHORT Ex*hort", v. i. Defn: To deliver exhortation; to use words or arguments to incite to good deeds. With many other words did he testify and exhort. Acts ii. 40. EXHORT Ex*hort", n. Defn: Exhortation. [Obs.] Pope. EXHORTATION Ex`hor*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. exhortatio: cf. F. exhortation.] 1. The act of practice of exhorting; the act of inciting to laudable deeds; incitement to that which is good or commendable. 2. Language intended to incite and encourage; advice; counsel; admonition. I'll end my exhortation after dinner. Shak. EXHORTATIVE Ex*hor"ta*tive, a. Etym: [L. exhortativus: cf. F. exhortatif.] Defn: Serving to exhort; exhortatory; hortative. Barrow. EXHORTATORY Ex*hor"ta*to*ry a. Etym: [L. exhortatorius: cf. F. exhortatoire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to exhortation; hortatory. Holinshed. EXHORTER Ex*hort"er, n. Defn: One who exhorts or incites. EXHUMATED Ex*hu"ma*ted, a. Defn: Disinterred. [Obs.] EXHUMATION Ex`hu*ma"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. exhumatio, F. exhumation.] Defn: The act of exhuming that which has been buried; as, the exhumation of a body. EXHUME Ex*hume", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exhumed p. pr. & vb. n.. Exhuming.] Etym: [LL. exhumare; L. ex out + humus ground, soil: cf. F. exhumer. See Humble.] Defn: To dig out of the ground; to take out of a place of burial; to disinter. Mantell. EXICCATE Ex"ic*cate, v. t. Defn: See Exsiccate. [Obs.] Holland. EXICCATION Ex`ic*ca"tion, n. Defn: See Exsiccation. [Obs.] EXIGENCE Ex"i*gence, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Exigency. Hooker. EXIGENCY Ex"i*gen*cy, n.;pl. Exigencies. Etym: [LL. exigentia: cf. F. exigence.] Defn: The state of being exigent; urgent or exacting want; pressing necessity or distress; need; a case demanding immediate action, supply, or remedy; as, an unforeseen exigency. "The present exigency of his affairs." Ludlow. Syn. -- Demand; urgency; distress; pressure; emergency; necessity; crisis. EXIGENDARY Ex`i*gen"da*ry, n. Defn: See Exigenter. EXIGENT Ex`i*gent, a. Etym: [L. exigens, -entis, p. pr. of exigere to drive out or forth, require, exact. See Exact.] Defn: Exacting or requiring immediate aid or action; pressing; critical. "At this exigent moment." Burke. EXIGENT Ex"i*gent, n. 1. Exigency; pressing necessity; decisive moment. [Obs.] Why do you cross me in this exigent Shak. 2. (o. Eng. Law) Defn: The name of a writ in proceedings before outlawry. Abbott. EXIGENTER Ex"i*gent*er, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: An officer in the Court of King's Bench and Common Pleas whose duty it was make out exigents. The office in now abolished. Cowell. EXIGIBLE Ex"i*gi*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. exigible. See Exigent.] Defn: That may be exacted; repairable. [R.] A. Smith. EXIGUITY Ex`i*gu"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. exiguitas, fr. exiguus small: cf. F. exiguité.] Defn: Scantiness; smallness; thinness. [R.] Boyle. EXIGUOUS Ex*ig"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. exiguus.] Defn: Scanty; small; slender; diminutive. [R.] "Exiguous resources." Carlyle. -- Ex*ig"uous*ness, n. [R.] EXILE Ex"ile, n. Etym: [OE. exil, fr. L. exilium, exsilium, fr. exsuil one who quits, or is banished from, his native soil; ex out + solum ground, land, soil, or perh. fr.the root of salire to leap, spring; cf. F. exil. Cf. Sole of the foot, Saltation.] 1. Forced separation from one's native country; expulsion from one's home by the civil authority; banishment; sometimes, voluntary separation from one's native country. Let them be recalled from their exile. Shak. 2. The person expelled from his country by authority; also, one who separates himself from his home. Thou art in exile, and thou must not stay. Shak. Syn. -- Banishment; proscription; expulsion. EXILE Ex"ile v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Exiling.] Defn: To banish or expel from one's own country or home; to drive away. "Exiled from eternal God." Tennyson. Calling home our exiled friends abroad. Shak. Syn. -- See Banish. EXILE Ex*ile", a. Etym: [L. exilis.] Defn: Small; slender; thin; fine. [Obs.] "An exile sound." Bacon. EXILEMENT Ex"ile*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. exilement.] Defn: Banishment. [R.] Sir. H. Wotton. EXILIC Ex*il"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to exile or banishment, esp. to that of the Jews in Babylon. Encyc. Dict. EXILITION Ex`i*li"tion, n. Etym: [L. exsilire to spring from; ex out + salire to spring, leap.] Defn: A sudden springing or leaping out. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. EXILITY Ex*il"ity, n. Etym: [L. exilitas: cf. F. exilité. See Exile, a.] Defn: Smallness; meagerness; slenderness; fineness, thinness. [R.] Paley. EXIMIOUS Ex*im"ious a. Etym: [L. eximius taken out, i. e. select, fr. eximere to take out. See Exempt.] Defn: Select; choice; hence, extraordinary, excellent. [Obs.] The eximious and arcane science of physic. Fuller. EXINANITE Ex*in"a*nite, v. t. Etym: [L. exinanitus, p. p. of exinanire; ex out (intens.) + inanire to make empty, inanis, empty.] Defn: To make empty; to render of no effect; to humble. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. EXINANITION Ex*in`a*ni"tion Defn: n. [L. exinanitio.] An emptying; an enfeebling; exhaustion; humiliation. [Obs.] Fastings to the exinanition of spirits. Jer. Taylor. EXIST Ex*ist", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Existed; p. pr. & vb. n. Existing.] Etym: [L. existere, exsistere, to step out or forth, emerge, appear, exist; ex out + sistere to cause to stand, to set, put, place, stand still, fr. stare to stand: cf. F. exister. See Stand.] 1. To be as a fact and not as a mode; to have an actual or real being, whether material or spiritual. Who now, alas! no more is missed Than if he never did exist. Swift. To conceive the world . . . to have existed from eternity. South. 2. To be manifest in any manner; to continue to be; as, great evils existed in his reign. 3. To live; to have life or the functions of vitality; as, men can not exist water, nor fishes on land. Syn. -- See Be. EXISTENCE Ex*ist"ence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. existence.] 1. The state of existing or being; actual possession of being; continuance in being; as, the existence of body and of soul in union; the separate existence of the soul; immortal existence. The main object of our existence. Lubbock. 2. Continued or repeated manifestation; occurrence, as of events of any kind; as, the existence of a calamity or of a state of war. The existence therefore, of a phenomenon, is but another word for its being perceived, or for the inferred possibility of perceiving it. J. S. Mill. 3. That which exists; a being; a creature; an entity; as, living existences. EXISTENCY Ex*ist"en*cy, n. Defn: Existence. [R.] Sir M. Hale. EXISTENT Ex*ist"ent, a. Etym: [L. existens, -entis, p. pr. of existere. See Exist.] Defn: Having being or existence; existing; being; occurring now; taking place. The eyes and mind are fastened on objects which have no real being, as if they were truly existent. Dryden. EXISTENTIAL Ex`is*ten"tial, a. Defn: Having existence. [Archaic] Bp. Barlow. --Ex`is*ten"tial*ly, adv. [Archaic] Existentially as well as essentially intelligent. Colerige. EXISTER Ex*ist"er, n. Defn: One who exists. EXISTIBLE Ex*ist"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of existence. Grew. EXISTIMATION Ex*is`ti*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. existimatio judgment, opinion, fr. existimare to estimate. See Estimate.] Defn: Esteem; opinion; reputation. [Obs.] Steele. EXIT Ex"it. Etym: [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. of exire to go out. See Exeunt, Issue.] Defn: He (or she ) goes out, or retires from view; as, exit Macbeth. Note: The Latin words exit (he or she goes out), and exeunt ( they go out), are used in dramatic writings to indicate the time of withdrawal from the stage of one or more of the actors. EXIT Ex"it, n. Etym: [See 1st Exit.] 1. The departure of a player from the stage, when he has performed his part. They have their exits and their entrances. Shak. 2. Any departure; the act of quitting the stage of action or of life; death; as, to make one's exit. Sighs for his exit, vulgarly called death. Cowper. 3. A way of departure; passage out of a place; egress; way out. Forcing he water forth thought its ordinary exists. Woodward. EXITIAL; EXITIOUS Ex*i"tial, Ex*i"tious, a. Etym: [L. exitialis, exitious, fr. exitium a going out, a going to naught, i. e., ruin, fr.exire to go out: cf. F. exitial.] Defn: Destructive; fatal. [Obs.] "Exitial fevers." Harvey. EX LIBRIS Ex` li"bris. [L. ex from + libris books.] Defn: An inscription, label, or the like, in a book indicating its ownership; esp., a bookplate. EXMOOR Ex"moor, n. [From Exmoor, a district in Somersetshire and Devonshire.] 1. One of a breed of horned sheep of Devonshire, England, having white legs and face and black nostrils. They are esp. valuable for mutton. 2. A breed of ponies native to the Exmoor district. EXO; EXO- Ex"o. Etym: [Gr. Ex-.] Defn: A prefix signifying out of, outside; as in exocarp, exogen, exoskeleton. EXOCARDIAC; EXOCARDIAL Ex`o*car"di*ac, Ex`o*car"di*al, a. Etym: [Exo- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Situated or arising outside of the heat; as, exocardial murmurs; -- opposed to endocardiac. EXOCARP Ex"o*carp, n. Etym: [Exo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The outer portion of a fruit, as the flesh of a peach or the rind of an orange. See Illust. of Drupe. EXOCCIPITAL Ex`oc*cip"i*tal, a. Etym: [Pref. ex- + occipital.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to a bone or region on each side of the great foremen of the skull. -- n. Defn: The exoccipital bone, which often forms a part of the occipital in the adult, but is usually distinct in the young. EXOCETUS; EXOCOETUS Ex`o*ce"tus ( or ), Ex`ocoe"tus, n. Etym: [NL. exocetus, L. exocoetus a fish that sleeps on the shore, Gr. (Zoöl) Defn: A genus of fishes, including the common flying fishes. See Flying fish. EXOCULATE Ex*oc"u*late, v. t. Etym: [L. exoculatus, p. p. of exoculare to exoculate; ex out + oculus an eye.] Defn: To deprive of eyes. [R.] W. C. Hazlitt. EXODE Ex"ode n. Etym: [L. exodium, Gr. exode. See Exodus.] 1. Departure; exodus; esp., the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. [Obs.] L. Coleman. Bolingbroke. 2. (Gr. Drama) Defn: The final chorus; the catastrophe. 3. (Rom. Antig.) Defn: An afterpiece of a comic description, either a farce or a travesty. EXODIC Ex*od"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Exodus.] (Physiol.) Defn: Conducting influences from the spinal cord outward; -- said of the motor or efferent nerves. Opposed to esodic. EXODIUM Ex*o"di*um, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Exode. EXODUS Ex"o*dus, n. Etym: [L., the book of Exodus, Gr. Skr. a-sad to approach.] 1. A going out; particularly (the Exodus), the going out or journey of the Israelites from Egypt under the conduct of Moses; and hence, any large migration from a place. 2. The second of the Old Testament, which contains the narrative of the departure of the Israelites from Egypt. EXODY Ex"o*dy, n. Defn: Exodus; withdrawal. [Obs.] The time of the Jewish exody. Sir M. Hale. EX-OFFICIAL Ex`-of*fi"cial, a. Defn: Proceeding from office or authority. EX OFFICIO Ex` of*fi"ci*o; pl. Ex officiis. Etym: [L.] Defn: From office; by virtue, or as a consequence, of an office; officially. EXOGAMOUS Ex*og"a*mous, a. Etym: [Exo- + Gr. Defn: Relating to exogamy; marrying outside of the limits of one's own tribe; -- opposed to endogenous. EXOGAMY Ex*og"a*my, n. Defn: The custom, or tribal law, which prohibits marriage between members of the same tribe; marriage outside of the tribe; -- opposed to endogamy. Lubbock. EXOGEN Ex"o*gen, n. Etym: [Exo- + -gen: cf. F. exogène.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant belonging to one of the greater part of the vegetable kingdom, and which the plants are characterized by having c wood bark, and pith, the wood forming a layer between the other two, and increasing, if at all, by the animal addition of a new layer to the outside next to the bark. The leaves are commonly netted-veined, and the number of cotyledons is two, or, very rarely, several in a whorl. Cf. Endogen. Gray. EXOGENETIC Ex`o*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Arising or growing from without; exogenous. EXOGENOUS Ex*og"e*nous, a. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or having the character of, an exogen; -- the opposite of endogenous. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Growing by addition to the exterior. 3. (Anat.) Defn: Growing from previously ossified parts; -- opposed to autogenous. Owen. Exogenous aneurism (Med.), an aneurism which is produced by causes acting from without, as from injury. EXOGYRA Ex`o*gy"ra n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of Cretaceous fossil shells allied to oysters. EXOLETE Ex"o*lete, a. Etym: [L. exoletus, p. p. of exolescere to grow out, grow out of use; ex out + olescere to grow.] Defn: Obsolete; out of use; state; insipid. [Obs.] EXOLUTION Ex`o*lu"tion, n. Etym: [L. exolutio a release. See Exolve.] Defn: See Exsolution. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. EXOLVE Ex*olve", v. t. Etym: [L. exolvere, exsolutum; ex out + solvere.] Defn: To loose; to pay. [Obs.] EXON Ex"on, n. Etym: [NL., from E. Exe (Celt. uisge water) the name of a river.] Defn: A native or inhabitant of Exeter, in England. EXON Ex"on, n. Etym: [F. expect an under officer.] Defn: An officer of the Yeomen of the Guard; an Exempt. [Eng.] EXONERATE Ex*on"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exonerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Exonerating.] Etym: [L. exoneratus, p. p. of exonerare to free from a burden; ex out, from onerare to load, onus load. See Onerous.] 1. To unload; to disburden; to discharge. [Obs.] All exonerate themselves into one common duct. Ray. 2. To relieve, in a moral sense, as of a charge, obligation, or load of blame resting on one; to clear of something that lies upon oppresses one, as an accusation or imputation; as, to exonerate one's self from blame, or from the charge of avarice. Burke. 3. To discharge from duty or obligation, as a ball. Syn. - To absolve; acquit; exculpate. See Absolve. EXONERATION Ex*on`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. exoneratio: cf. F. Exonération.] Defn: The act of disburdening, discharging, or freeing morally from a charge or imputation; also, the state of being disburdened or freed from a charge. EXONERATIVE Ex*on"er*a*tive, a. Defn: Freeing from a burden or obligation; tending to exonerate. EXONERATOR Ex*on"er*a`tor, n. Etym: [L., an unloader.] Defn: One who exonerates or frees from obligation. EXOPHTHALMIA Ex`oph*thal"mi*a, n. Etym: [Nl.,fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The protrusion of the eyeball so that the eyelids will not cover it, in consequence of disease. EXOPHTHALMIC Ex`oph*thal"mic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or characterized by, exophthalmia. Exophthalmic golter. Same as Rasedow's disease. EXOPHTHALMOS; EXOPHTHALMUS Ex`oph*thal"mos, Ex`oph*thal"mus (, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: Same as Exophthalmia. EXOPHTHALMY Ex`oph*thal"my, n. (Med.) Defn: Exophthalmia. EXOPHYLLOUS Ex*oph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Exo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Not sheathed in another leaf. EXOPLASM Ex"o*plasm, n. Etym: [Exo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: See Ectosarc, and Ectoplasm. EXOPODITE Ex*op"o*dite, n. Etym: [Exo- + Gr. (Zoöl) Defn: The external branch of the appendages of Crustacea. EXOPTABLE Ex*op"ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. exoptabilis.] Defn: Very desirable. [Obs.] Bailey. EXOPTILE Ex*op"tile, n. Etym: [F., fr.Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A name given by Lestiboudois to dicotyledons; -- so called because the plumule is naked. EXORABLE Ex"o*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. exorabilis: cf. F. exorable. See Exorate.] Defn: Capable of being moved by entreaty; pitiful; tender. Milton. EXORATE Ex"o*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. exoratus, p. p. of exorare to gain by entreaty; ex out, from + orare to pay.] Defn: To persuade, or to gain, by entreaty. [Obs.] Cockeram. EXORATION Ex`o*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. exoratio.] Defn: Entreaty. [R.] Beau. & Fl. EXORBITANCE; EXORBITANCY Ex*or"bi*tance, Ex*or"bi*tan*cy,, n. Defn: A going out of or beyond the usual or due limit; hence, enormity; extravagance; gross deviation from rule, right, or propriety; as, the exorbitances of the tongue or of deportment; exorbitance of demands. "a curb to your exorbitancies." Dryden. The lamentable exorbitances of their superstitions. Bp. Hall. EXORBITANT Ex*or"bi*tant, a. Etym: [L. exorbitans, -antis, p. pr. of exorbitare to go out of the track; ex out + orbita track: cf. F. exorbitant. See Orbit.] 1. Departing from an orbit or usual track; hence, deviating from the usual or due course; going beyond the appointed rules or established limits of right or propriety; excessive; extravagant; enormous; inordinate; as, exorbitant appetites and passions; exorbitant charges, demands, or claims. Foul exorbitant desires. Milton. 2. Not comprehended in a settled rule or method; anomalous. The Jews . . . [were] inured with causes exorbitant, and such as their laws had not provided for. Hooker. EXORBITANTLY Ex*or"bi*tant*ly, adv. Defn: In an exorbitant, excessive, or irregular manner; enormously. EXORBITATE Ex*or"bi*tate, v. i. Etym: [L.exorbitatus, p.p. of exorbitare. See Exorbitant.] Defn: To go out of the track; to deviate. [Obs.] Bentley. EXORCISE Ex"or*cise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exorcised ; p. pr. & vb. n. Exorcising .] Etym: [L. exorcizare, Gr. exorciser.] 1. To cast out, as a devil, evil spirits, etc., by conjuration or summoning by a holy name, or by certain ceremonies; to expel (a demon) or to conjure (a demon) to depart out of a person possessed by one. He impudently excorciseth devils in the church. Prynne. 2. To deliver or purify from the influence of an evil spirit or demon. Exorcise the beds and cross the walls. Dryden. Mr. Spectator . . . do all you can to exorcise crowds who are . . . processed as I am. Spectator. EXORCISER Ex"or*ci`ser, n. Defn: An exorcist. EXORCISM Ex"or*cism, n. Etym: [L. exorcismus, Gr. ; cf. F. exorcisme.] 1. The act of exorcising; the driving out of evil spirits from persons or places by conjuration; also, the form of conjuration used. 2. Conjuration for raising spirits. [R.] Shak. EXORCIST Ex"or*cist, n. Etym: [L. exorcista, Gr. exorciste.] 1. One who expels evil spirits by conjuration or exorcism. Certain of the vagabond Jews, exorcists. Acts xix. 13. 2. A conjurer who can raise spirits. [R.] Thou, like an exorcist, hast conjured up My mortified spirit. Shak. EXORDIAL Ex*or"di*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to the exordium of a discourse: introductory. The exordial paragraph of the second epistle. I. Taylor. EXORDIUM Ex*or"di*um, n.; pl. E. Exordiums, L. Exordia . Etym: [L. fr. exordiri to begin a web, lay a warp, begin; ex out + ordiri to begin a web, begin; akin to E. order. See Order.] Defn: A beginning; an introduction; especially, the introductory part of a discourse or written composition, which prepares the audience for the main subject; the opening part of an oration. "The exordium of repentance." Jer. Taylor. "Long prefaces and exordiums. " Addison. EXORHIZA Ex`o*rhi"za, n.; pl. Exorhize. Etym: [NL. fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A plant Whose radicle is not inclosed or sheathed by the cotyledons or plumule. Gray. EXORHIZAL; EXORHIZOUS Ex`o*rhi"zal, Ex`o*rhi`zous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a radicle which is not inclosed by the cotyledons or plumule; of or relating to an exorhiza. EXORNATION Ex`or*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. exornatio, fr. exornare. See Ornate.] Defn: Ornament; decoration; embellishment. [Obs.] Hyperbolical exornations . . . many much affect. Burton. EXORTIVE Ex*or`tive, a. Etym: [L. exortivus, fr. exortus a coming forth, rising; ex out + orivi to rise, come forth.] Defn: Rising; relating to the east. [R.] EXOSCULATE Ex*os"cu*late, v. t. Etym: [L. exosculatus, p. p. of exosculari to kiss. See Osculate.] Defn: To kiss; especially, to kiss repeatedly or fondly. [Obs.] EXOSKELETAL Ex`o*skel"e*tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the exoskeleton; as exoskeletal muscles. EXOSKELETON Ex`o*skel"e*ton, n. Etym: [Exo- + skeleton] (Anat.) Defn: The hardened parts of the external integument of an animal, including hair, feathers, nails, horns, scales, etc.,as well as the armor of armadillos and many reptiles, and the shells or hardened integument of numerous invertebrates; external skeleton; dermoskeleton. EXOSMOSE Ex"os*mose`, n. Etym: [Exo+osmose: cf. F. ezosmose.] (Physics) Defn: The passage of gases, vapors, or liquids thought membranes or porous media from within outward, in the phenomena of osmose; -- opposed to endosmose. See Osmose. EXOSMOSIS Ex`os*mo"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Exo-, and Osmose.] (Physics) Defn: See Exosmose. EXOSMOTIC Ex`os*mot`ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to exosmose. EXOSPORE Ex`o*spore, n. Etym: [Exo+spote.] (Biol.) Defn: The extreme outer wall of a spore; the epispore. EXOSSATE Ex*os"sate, v. t. Etym: [L. exossatus, p. p. of exossare to bone , fr. exos without bones; ex out + os, ossis, bone.] Defn: To deprive of bones; to take out the bones of; to bone. [Obs.] Bailey. EXOSSATION Ex`os*sa"tion, n. Defn: A depriving of bone or of fruit stones. [Obs.] Bacon. EXOSSEOUS Ex*os"seous, a. Etym: [Ex + osseous.] Defn: Boneless. "Exosseous animals. " Sir T. Browne. EXOSTOME Ex"o*stome, n. Etym: [Exo- + Gr. exostome.] (Bot.) Defn: The small aperture or foremen in the outer coat of the ovule of a plant. EXOSTOSIS Ex`os*to"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. exostose.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Any protuberance of a bone which is not natural; an excrescence or morbid enlargement of a bone. Coxe. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A knot formed upon or in the wood of trees by disease. EXOTERIC; EXOTERICAL Ex`o*ter"ic, Ex`o*ter"ic*al a. Etym: [L. exotericus, Gr. exotérique. See Ex-] Defn: External; public; suitable to be imparted to the public; hence, capable of being readily or fully comprehended; -- opposed to esoteric, or secret. The foppery of an exoteric and esoteric doctrine. De Quincey. EXOTERICS Ex`o*ter`ics, n. pl. (Philos.) Defn: The public lectures or published writings of Aristotle. See Esoterics. EXOTERY Ex"o*ter*y, n.; pl. Exoteries (-. Defn: That which is obvious, public, or common. Dealing out exoteries only to the vulgar. A. Tucker. EXOTHECA Ex`o*the"ca, n. Etym: [Nl., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The tissue which fills the interspaces between the costæ of many madreporarian corals, usually consisting of small transverse or oblique septa. EXOTHECIUM Ex`o*the"cium, n. Etym: [NL. See Exotheca.] (Bot.) Defn: The outer coat of the anther. EXOTHERMIC Ex`o*ther"mic, a. [Pref. exo-+ thermic.] (Chem.) Defn: Characterized by, or formed with, evolution of heat; as, an exothermic reaction; -- opposed to endothermic. EXOTIC Ex*ot"ic, a. Etym: [L. exoticus, Gr. exotique. See Exoteric.] Defn: Introduced from a foreign country; not native; extraneous; foreign; as, an exotic plant; an exotic term or word. Nothing was so splendid and exotic as the ambassador. Evelyn. EXOTIC Ex*ot"ic, n. Defn: Anything of foreign origin; something not of native growth, as a plant, a word, a custom. Plants that are unknown to Italy, and such as the gardeners call exotics. Addison. EXOTICAL Ex*ot"ic*al, a. Defn: Foreign; not native; exotic. [R.] -- Ex*ot"ic*al*ness, n. EXOTICISM Ex*ot"i*cism, n. Defn: The state of being exotic; also, anything foreign, as a word or idiom; an exotic. EXPAND Ex*pand", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Expanding.] Etym: [L. expandere, expansum; ex out + pandere to spread out, to throw open; perh. akin to E. patent. Cf. Spawn.] 1. To lay open by extending; to open wide; to spread out; to diffuse; as, a flower expands its leaves. Then with expanded wings he steers his flight. Milton. 2. To cause the particles or parts of to spread themselves or stand apart, thus increasing bulk without addition of substance; to make to occupy more space; to dilate; to distend; to extend every way; to enlarge; -- opposed to Ant: contract; as, to expand the chest; heat expands all bodies; to expand the sphere of benevolence. 3. (Math.) Defn: To state in enlarged form; to develop; as, to expand an equation. See Expansion, 5. EXPAND Ex*pand", v. i. Defn: To become widely opened, spread apart, dilated, distended, or enlarged; as, flowers expand in the spring; metals expand by heat; the heart expands with joy. Dryden. EXPANDER Ex*pand"er, n. Defn: Anything which causes expansion esp. (Mech.) a tool for stretching open or expanding a tube, etc. EXPANDING Ex*pand"ing, a. Defn: That expands, or may be expanded; extending; spreading; enlarging. Expanding bit, Expanding drill (Mech.), a bit or drill made adjustable for holes of various sizes; one which can be expanded in diameter while boring. -- Expanding pulley (Mach.), a pulley so made, as in sections, that its diameter can be increased or diminished. EXPANSE Ex*panse", n. Etym: [From L. expansus, p. p. of expandere. See Expand.] Defn: That which is expanded or spread out; a wide extent of space or body; especially, the arch of the sky. "The green expanse." Savage. Lights . . . high in the expanse of heaven. Milton. The smooth expanse of crystal lakes. Pope. EXPANSE Ex*panse", v. t. Defn: To expand. [Obs.] That lies expansed unto the eyes of all. Sir. T. Browne. EXPANSIBILITY Ex*pan`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The capacity of being expanded; as, the expansibility of air. EXPANSIBLE Ex*pan"si*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. expansible.] Defn: Capable of being expanded or spread out widely. Bodies are not expansible in proposition to their weight. Ex*pab"si*ble*ness ,n. -Ex*pan"si*bly ,adv. EXPANSILE Ex*pan"sile, a. Defn: Expansible. Ether and alcohol are more expansile than water. Brande & C. EXPANSION Ex*pan"sion, n. Etym: [L. expansio: cf. F. expansion.] 1. The act of expanding or spreading out; the condition of being expanded; dilation; enlargement. 2. That which is expanded; expanse; extend surface; as the expansion of a sheet or of a lake; the expansion was formed of metal. The starred expansion of the skies. Beattie. 3. Space thought which anything is expanded; also, pure space. Lost in expansion, void and infinite. Blackmore. 4. (Com.) Defn: Enlargement or extension of business transaction; esp., increase of the circulation of bank notes. 5. (Math.) Defn: The developed result of an indicated operation; as, the expansion of (a + b)2 is a2 + 2ab + b2. 6. (Steam Ebgine) Defn: The operation of steam in a cylinder after its communication with the boiler has been cut off, by which it continues to exert pressure upon the moving piston. 7. (Nav. Arch.) Defn: The enlargement of the ship mathematically from a model or drawing to the full or building size, in the process of construction. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Note: Expansion is also used adjectively, as in expansion joint, expansion gear, etc. Expansion curve, a curve the coördinates of which show the relation between the pressure and volume of expanding gas or vapor; esp. (Steam engine), that part of an indicator diagram which shows the declining pressure of the steam as it expands in the cylinder. -- Expansion gear (Stream Engine). a cut-off gear. See Illust. of Link motion. -- Automatic expansion gear or cut-off, one that is regulated by the governor, and varies the supply of steam to the engine with the demand for power. -- Fixed expansion gear, or Fixed cut-off, one that always operates at the same fixed point of the stroke. -- Expansion joint, or Expansion coupling (Mech. & Engin.), a yielding joint or coupling for so uniting parts of a machine or structure that expansion, as by heat, is prevented from causing injurious strains; as by heat, is prevented from causing injurious strains; as: (a) A side or set of rollers, at the end of bridge truss, to support it but allow end play. (b) A telescopic joint in a steam pipe, to permit one part of the pipe to slide within the other. (c) A clamp for holding a locomotive frame to the boiler while allowing lengthwise motion. -- Expansion valve (Steam Engine), a cut-off valve, to shut off steam from the cylinder before the end of each stroke. EXPANSIVE Ex*pan"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. expansif.] Defn: Having a capacity or tendency to expand or dilate; diffusive; of much expanse; wide-extending; as, the expansive force of heat; the expansive quality of air. A more expansive and generous compassion. Eustace. His forehead was broad and expansive. Prescott. -- Ex*pan"sive*ly, adv. -Ex*pan"sive*ness, n. EXPANSURE Ex*pan"sure (shur; 135), n. Defn: Expanse. [Obs.] "Night's rich expansure." EX PARTE Ex` par"te. Etym: [L. See Ex-, and Part.] Defn: Upon or from one side only; one-sided; partial; as, an ex parte statement. Ex parte application, one made without notice or opportunity to oppose. -- Ex parte council, one that assembles at the request of only one of the parties in dispute. -- Ex parte hearing or evidence (Law), that which is had or taken by one side or party in the absence of the other. Hearings before grand juries, and affidavits, are ex parte. Wharton's Law Dict. Burrill. EXPATIATE Ex*pa"ti*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Expatiated;p. pr. & vb. n. Expariating.] Etym: [L. expatiatus, exspatiatus, p. p. of expatiari, exspatiari, to expatiate; ex out + spatiari to walk about spread out, fr. spatium space. See Space.] 1. To range at large, or without restraint. Bids his free soul expatiate in the skies. Pope. 2. To enlarge in discourse or writing; to be copious in argument or discussion; to descant. He expatiated on the inconveniences of trade. Addison. EXPATIATE Ex*pa"ti*ate, v. t. Defn: To expand; to spread; to extend; to diffuse; to broaden. Afford art an ample field in which to expatiate itself. Dryden. EXPATIATION Ex*pa`ti*a"tion, n. Defn: Act of expatiating. EXPATIATORY Ex*pa"ti*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Expansive; diffusive. [R.] EXPATRIATE Ex*pa"tri*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expatriated; p. pr. & vb. n. Expatriating.] Etym: [LL. expatriatus, p. p. of expatriare; L. ex out + patria fatherland, native land, fr. pater father. See Patriot.] 1. To banish; to drive or force (a person) from his own country; to make an exile of. The expatriated landed interest of France. Burke. 2. Reflexively, as To expatriate one's self: To withdraw from one's native country; to renounce the rights and liabilities of citizenship where one is born, and become a citizen of another country. EXPATRIATION Ex*pa`tri*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. expatriation.] Defn: The act of banishing, or the state of banishment; especially, the forsaking of one's own country with a renunciation of allegiance. Expatriation was a heavy ransom to pay for the rights of their minds and souls. Palfrey. EXPECT Ex*pect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expected; p. pr. & vb. n. Expecting.] Etym: [L. expectatum, to look out for, await, expect; ex + out spectare to look at. See Spectacle.] 1. To wait for; to await. [Obs.] Let's in, and there expect their coming. Shak. 2. To look for (mentally); to look forward to, as to something that is believed to be about to happen or come; to have a previous apprehension of, whether of good or evil; to look for with some confidence; to anticipate; -- often followed by an infinitive, sometimes by a clause (with, or without, that); as I expect to receive wages; I expect that the troops will be defeated. "Good: I will expect you." Shak. "Expecting thy reply." Shak. The Somersetshire or yellow regiment . . . was expected to arrive on the following day. Macaulay. Syn. -- To anticipate; look for; await; hope. -- To Expect, Think, Believe, Await. Expect is a mental act and has aways a reference to the future, to some coming event; as a person expects to die, or he expects to survive. Think and believe have reference to the past and present, as well as to the future; as I think the mail has arrived; I believe he came home yesterday, that he is he is at home now. There is a not uncommon use of expect, which is a confusion of the two; as, I expect the mail has arrived; I expect he is at home. This misuse should be avoided. Await is a physical or moral act. We await that which, when it comes, will affect us personally. We expect what may, or may not, interest us personally. See Anticipate. EXPECT Ex*pect", v. t. Defn: To wait; to stay. [Obs.] Sandys. EXPECT Ex*pect", n. Defn: Expectation. [Obs.] Shak. EXPECTABLE Ex*pect"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. expectabilis.] Defn: That may be expected or looked for. Sir T. Browne. EXPECTANCE; EXPECTANCY Ex*pect"ance, Ex*pect"an*cy, n. 1. The act of expecting ; expectation. Milton. 2. That which is expected, or looked or waited for with interest; the object of expectation or hope. The expectancy and rose of the fair state. Shak. Estate in expectancy (Law), one the possession of which a person is entitled to have at some future time, either as a remainder or reversion, or on the death of some one. Burrill. EXPECTANT Ex*pect"ant, a. Etym: [L.expectans, exspectans, p.pr. of expectare, exspectare: cf. F. expectant.] Defn: Waiting in expectation; looking for; (Med.) Defn: waiting for the efforts of nature, with little active treatment. Expectant estate (Law), an estate in expectancy. See under Expectancy. EXPECTANT Ex*pect"ant, n. Defn: One who waits in expectation; one held in dependence by hope of receiving some good. An expectant of future glory. South. Those who had employments, or were expectants. Swift. EXPECTATION Ex`pec*ta"tion n. Etym: [L. expectio. exspectio: cf. F. expectation.] 1. The act or state of expecting or looking forward to an event as about to happen. "In expectation of a guest." Tennyson. My soul, wait thou only upon God, for my expectation is from him. Ps. lxii. 5. 2. That which is expected or looked for. Why our great expectation should be called The seed of woman. Milton. 3. The prospect of the future; grounds upon which something excellent is expected to happen; prospect of anything good to come, esp. of c or rank. His magnificent expiations made him, in the opinion of the world, the best much in Europe. Prescott. By all men's eyes a youth of expectations. Otway. 4. The value of any chance (as the prospect of prize or property) which depends upon some contingent event. Expectations are computed for or against the occurrence of the event. 5. (Med.) Defn: The leaving of the disease principally to the efforts of nature to effect a cure. Expectation of life, the mean or average duration of the life individuals after any specified age. Syn. -- Anticipation; confidence; trust. EXPECTATIVE Ex*pect"a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. expectatif.] Defn: Constituting an object of expectation; contingent. Expectative grace, a mandate given by the pope or a prince appointing a successor to any benefice before it becomes vacant. Foxe. EXPECTATIVE Ex*pect"a*tive, n. Etym: [F. expectative, fr. expectatif expectant.] Defn: Something in expectation; esp., an expectative grace. Milman. EXPECTEDLY Ex*pect"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In conformity with expectation. [R.] Walpole. EXPECTER Ex*pect"er, n. Defn: One who expects. EXPECTINGLY Ex*pect"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In state of expectation. EXPECTIVE Ex*pect"ive, a. Defn: Expectative. [R.] Shipley. EXPECTORANT Ex*pec"to*rant, a. Etym: [L. expectorans, p. pr. of expectorare to drive from the breast: cf. F. expectorant.] (Med.) Defn: Tending to facilitate expectoration or to promote discharges of mucus, etc., from the lungs or throat. -- n. Defn: An expectorant medicine. EXPECTORATE Ex*pec"to*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expectorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Expectorating.] Etym: [L. expecrorare to drive from the breast; ex out + pectus, pectiris, breast. See Pectoral.] Defn: To eject from the trachea or lungs; to discharge, as phlegm or other matter, by coughing, hawking, and spitting; to spit forth. EXPECTORATE Ex*pec"to*rate, v. i. Defn: To discharge matter from the lungs or throat bu hawking and spitting; to spit. EXPECTORATION Ex*pec`to*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. expectoration.] 1. The act of ejecting phlegm or mucus from the throat or lungs, by coughing, hawking, and spitting. 2. That which is expectorated, as phlegm or mucus. EXPECTORATIVE Ex*pec"to*ra*tive, a. & n. Defn: Same as Expectorant. Harvey. EXPEDE Ex*pede" v. t. Defn: To expedite; to hasten. [Obs.] EXPEDIATE Ex*pe"di*ate, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. expédier. See Expedite.] Defn: To hasten; to expedite. [Obs.] "To expediate their business." Sir E. Sandys. EXPEDIENCE; EXPEDIENCY Ex*pe"di*ence, Ex*pe"di*en*cy,, n. 1. The quality of being expedient or advantageous; fitness or suitableness to effect a purpose intended; adaptedness to self- interest; desirableness; advantage; advisability; -- sometimes contradistinguished from moral rectitude. Divine wisdom discovers no expediency in vice. Cogan. To determine concerning the expedience of action. Sharp. Much declamation may be heard in the present day against expediency, as if it were not the proper object of a deliberative assembly, and as if it were only pursued by the unprincipled. Whately. 2. Expedition; haste; dispatch. [Obs.] Making hither with all due expedience. Shak. 3. An expedition; enterprise; adventure. [Obs.] Forwarding this dear expedience. Shak. EXPEDIENT Ex*pe"di*ent a. Etym: [L. expediens, -entis, p. pr. of expedire to be expedient, release, extricate: cf. F. expédient. See Expedite.] 1. Hastening or forward; hence, tending to further or promote a proposed object; fit or proper under the circumstances; conducive to self-interest; desirable; advisable; advantageous; -- sometimes contradistinguished from right. It is expedient for you that I go away. John xvi. 7. Nothing but the right can ever be expedient, since that can never be true expediency which would sacrifice a greater good to a less. Whately. 2. Quick; expeditious. [Obs.] His marches are expedient to this town. Shak. EXPEDIENT Ex*pe"di*ent, n. 1. That which serves to promote or advance; suitable means to accomplish an end. What sure expedient than shall Juno find, To calm her fears and ease her boding mind Philips. 2. Means devised in an exigency; shift. Syn. -- Shift; contrivance; resource; substitute. EXPEDIENTIAL Ex*pe`di*en"tial Defn: . Governed by expediency; seeking advantage; as an expediential policy. "Calculating, expediential understanding." Hare. -- Ex*pe`di*en"tial*ly , adv. EXPEDIENTLY Ex*pe"di*ent*ly adv. 1. In an expedient manner; fitly; suitably; conveniently. 2. With expedition; quickly. [Obs.] EXPEDIMENT Ex*ped"i*ment n. Defn: An expedient. [Obs.] A like expediment to remove discontent. Barrow. EXPEDITATE Ex*ped"i*tate, v. t. Etym: [LL. expeditatus, p. p. of expeditare to expeditate; ex out + pes, pedis, foot.] (Eng. Forest Laws) Defn: To deprive of the claws or the balls of the fore feet; as, to expeditate a dog that he may not chase deer. EXPEDITE Ex"pe*dite, a. Etym: [L. expeditus, p. p. of expedire to free one caught by the foot, to extricate, set free, bring forward, make ready; ex out + pes, prdis, t. See Foot.] 1. Free of impediment; unimpeded. To make the way plain and expedite. Hooker. 2. Expeditious; quick; speedily; prompt. Nimble and expedite . . . in its operation. Tollotson. Speech is a very short and expedite way of conveying their thoughts. Locke. EXPEDITE Ex"pe*dite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expedited;p. pr. & vb. n. Expediting.] 1. To relieve of impediments; to facilitate; to accelerate the process or progress of; to hasten; to quicken; as, to expedite the growth of plants. To expedite your glorious march. Milton. 2. To despatch; to send forth; to issue officially. Such charters be expedited of course. Bacon. EXPEDITELY Ex"pe*dite`ly, adv. Defn: In expedite manner; expeditiously. EXPEDITENESS Ex"pe*dite`ness, n. Defn: Quality of being expedite. EXPEDITION Ex`pe*di"tion, n. Etym: [L. expeditio: cf.F. expédition.] 1. The quality of being expedite; efficient promptness; haste; dispatch; speed; quickness; as to carry the mail with expedition. With winged expedition Swift as the lightning glance. 2. A sending forth or setting forth the execution of some object of consequence; progress. Putting it straight in expedition. 3. An important enterprise, implying a change of place; especially, a warlike enterprise; a march or a voyage with martial intentions; an excursion by a body of persons for a valuable end; as, a military, naval, exploring, or scientific expedition; also, the body of persons making such excursion. The expedition miserably failed. Prescott. Narrative of the exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains. J. C. Fremont. EXPEDITIONARY Ex`pe*di"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an expedition; as, an expeditionary force. EXPEDITIONIST Ex`pe*di"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who goes upon an expedition. [R]. EXPEDITIOUS Ex`pe*di"tious, a. Defn: Possessed of, or characterized by, expedition, or efficiency and rapidity in action; performed with, or acting with, expedition; quick; having celerity; speedily; as, an expeditious march or messenger. -- Ex`pe*di"tious*ly, adv. -- Ex`pe*di"tious*ness, n. Syn. -- Prompt; ready; speedy; alert. See Prompt. EXPEDITIVE Ex*ped"i*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. expéditif.] Defn: Performing with speed. [Obs.] Bacon. EXPEL Ex*pel", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expelled, p. pr. & vb. n.. Expelling.] Etym: [L. expellere, expulsum; ex out + pellere to drive: cf.F. expeller. See Pulse a beat.] 1. To drive or force out from that within which anything is contained, inclosed, or situated; to eject; as to expel air from a bellows. Did not ye . . . expel me out of my father's house Judg. Xi. 7. 2. To drive away from one's country; to banish. Forewasted all their land, and them expelled. Spenser. . He shell expel them from before you . . . and ye shell possess their land. Josh. xxiii. 5. 3. To cut off from further connection with an institution of learning, a society, and the like; as, to expel a student or member. 4. To keep out, off, or away; to exclude. "To expel the winter's flaw." Shak. 5. To discharge; to shoot. [Obs.] Then he another and another [shaft] did expel. Spenser. . Syn. -- To banish; exile; eject; drive out. See Banish. EXPELLABLE Ex*pel"la*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being expelled or driven out. "Expellable by heat." Kirwan. EXPELLER Ex*pel"ler, n. Defn: One who. or that which, expels. EXPEND Ex*pend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expended; p. pr. & vb. n. Expending.] Etym: [L. expendere, expensum, to weigh out, pay out, lay out, lay out; ex out + pendere to weigh. See Poise, and cf. Spend.] Defn: To lay out, apply, or employ in any way; to consume by use; to use up or distribute, either in payment or in donations; to spend; as, they expend money for food or in charity; to expend time labor, and thought; to expend hay in feeding cattle, oil in a lamp, water in mechanical operations. If my death might make this island happy . . . I would expend it with all willingness. Shak. EXPEND Ex*pend", v. i. 1. To be laid out, used, or consumed. 2. To pay out or disburse money. They go elsewhere to enjoy and to expend. Macaulay . EXPENDITOR Ex*pend"i*tor, n. Etym: [LL.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A disburser; especially, one of the disbursers of taxes for the repair of sewers. Mozley & W. EXPENDITURE Ex*pend"iture, n. 1. The act of expending; a laying out, as of money; disbursement. our expenditure purchased commerce and conquest. Burke. 2. That which is expended or paid out; expense. The receipts and expenditures of this extensive country. A. Hamilton. EXPENSE Ex*pense", n. Etym: [L. expensa (sc. pecunia), or expensum, fr. expensus, p. p. of expendere. See Expend.] 1. A spending or consuming; disbursement; expenditure. Husband nature's riches from expense. Shak. 2. That which is expended, laid out, or consumed; cost; outlay; charge; -- sometimes with the notion of loss or damage to those on whom the expense falls; as, the expenses of war; an expense of time. Courting popularity at his party's expense. Brougham. 3. Loss. [Obs.] Shak. And moan the expense of many a vanished sight. Spenser. Expense magazine (Mil.), a small magazine containing ammunition for immediate use. H. L. Scott. EXPENSEFULL Ex*pense"full, a. Defn: Full of expense; costly; chargeable. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. -- Ex*pense"ful*ly, adv. [R.] -- Ex*pense"ful*ness, n. [R.] EXPENSELESS Ex*pense"less, a. Defn: Without cost or expense. EXPENSIVE Ex*pen"sive, a. 1. Occasioning expense; calling for liberal outlay; costly; dear; liberal; as, expensive dress; an expensive house or family. War is expensive, and peace desirable. Burke. 2. Free in expending; very liberal; especially, in a bad scene; extravagant; lavish. [R.] An active, expensive, indefatigable goodness. Sprat. The idle and expensive are dangerous. Sir W. Temple. Syn. -- Costly; dear; high-priced; lavish; extravagant. -- Ex*pen"sive*ly, adv. -- Ex*pen"sive*ness, n. EXPERIENCE Ex*pe"ri*ence, n. Etym: [F. expérience, L. experientia, tr. experiens, , p. pr. of experiri, expertus, to try; ex out + the root of pertus experienced. See Peril, and cf. Expert.] 1. Trial, as a test or experiment. [Obs.] She caused him to make experience Upon wild beasts. Spenser. 2. The effect upon the judgment or feelings produced by any event, whether witnessed or participated in; personal and direct impressions as contrasted with description or fancies; personal acquaintance; actual enjoyment or suffering. "Guided by other's experiences." Shak. I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of experience. P. Henry To most men experience is like the stern lights of a ship, which illumine only the track it has passed. Coleridge. When the consuls . . . came in . . . they knew soon by experience how slenderly guarded against danger the majesty of rulers is where force is wanting. Holland. Those that undertook the religion of our Savior upon his preaching, had no experience of it. Sharp. 3. An act of knowledge, one or more, by which single facts or general truths are ascertained; experimental or inductive knowledge; hence, implying skill, facility, or practical wisdom gained by personal knowledge, feeling or action; as, a king without experience of war. Whence hath the mind all the materials of reason and knowledge To this I answer in one word, from experience. Locke. Experience may be acquired in two ways; either, first by noticing facts without any attempt to influence the frequency of their occurrence or to vary the circumstances under which they occur; this is observation; or, secondly, by putting in action causes or agents over which we have control, and purposely varying their combinations, and noticing what effects take place; this is experiment. Sir J. Herschel. EXPERIENCE Ex*pe"ri*ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Experienced (-enst); p. pr. & vb. n. Experiencing (-en-sng).] 1. To make practical acquaintance with; to try personally; to prove by use or trial; to have trial of; to have the lot or fortune of; to have befall one; to be affected by; to feel; as, to experience pain or pleasure; to experience poverty; to experience a change of views. The partial failure and disappointment which he had experienced in India. Thirwall. 2. To exercise; to train by practice. The youthful sailors thus with early care Their arms experience, and for sea prepare. Harte. To experience religion (Theol.), to become a convert to the diatribes of Christianity; to yield to the power of religions truth. EXPERIENCED Ex*pe"ri*enced (-enst), p. p. & a. Defn: Taught by practice or by repeated observations; skillful or wise by means of trials, use, or observation; as, an experienced physician, workman, soldier; an experienced eye. The ablest and most experienced statesmen. Bancroft. EXPERIENCER Ex*pe"ri*en*cer (-en-sr), n. 1. One who experiences. 2. An experimenter. [Obs.] Sir. K. Gigby. EXPERIENCE TABLE Ex*pe"ri*ence ta"ble. (Life Insurance) Defn: A table of mortality computed from the experience of one or more life-insurance companies. EXPERIENT Ex*pe"ri*ent (-ent), a. Defn: Experienced. [Obs.] The prince now ripe and full experient. Beau & Fl. EXPERIENTIAL Ex*pe`ri*en"tial, a. Defn: Derived from, or pertaining to, experience. Coleridge. It is called empirical or experiential . . . because it is divan to us by experience or observation, and not obtained as the result of inference or reasoning. Sir. W. Hamiltion. -- Ex*pe`ri*en"tial*ly, adv. DR. H. More. EXPERIENTIALISM Ex*pe`ri*en"tial*ism, n. (Philos.) Defn: The doctrine that experience, either that ourselves or of others, is the test or criterion of general knowledge; -- opposed to intuitionists. Experientialism is in short, a philosophical or logical theory, not a philosophical one. G. C. Robertson. EXPERIENTIALIST Ex*pe`ri*en"tial*ist, n. Defn: One who accepts the doctrine of experientialism. Also used adjectively. EXPERIMENT Ex*per"i*ment, n. Etym: [L. experimentum, fr. experiri to try: cf. OF. esperiment, experiment. See Experience.] 1. Atrial or special observation, made to confirm or disprove something doubtful; esp., one under conditions determined by the experimenter; an act or operation undertaken in order to discover some unknown principle or effect, or to test, establish, or illustrate some suggest or known truth; practical test; poof. A political experiment can not be made in a laboratory, not determinant in a few hours. J. Adams. 2. Experience. [Obs.] Adam, by sad experiment I know How little weight my words with thee can find. Milton. EXPERIMENT Ex*per"i*ment, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Experimented; p. pr. & vb. n. Experinenting.] Defn: To make experiment; to operate by test or trial; -- often with on, upon, or in, referring to the subject of an experiment; with, referring to the instrument; and by, referring to the means; as, to experiment upon electricity; he experimented in plowing with ponies, or by steam power. EXPERIMENT Ex*per"i*ment, v.t Defn: , To try; to know, perceive, or prove, by trial experience. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. EXPERIMENTAL Ex*per`i*men"tal, a. Etym: [Cf.F. expérimental.] 1. Pertaining to experiment; founded on, or derived from, experiment or trial; as, experimental science; given to, or skilled in, experiment; as, an experimental philosopher. 2. Known by, or derived from, experience; as, experimental religion. EXPERIMENTALIST Ex*per`i*men"tal*ist, n. Defn: One who makes experiments; an experimenter. Whaterly. EXPERIMENTALIZE Ex*per`i*men"tal*ize, v. i. Defn: To make experiments (upon); to experiment. J. S. Mill. EXPERIMENTALLY Ex*per`i*men"tal*ly, adv. Defn: By experiment; by experience or trial. J. S. Mill. EXPERIMENTARIAN Ex*per`i*men*ta"ri*an, a. Defn: Relying on experiment or experience. "an experimentarian philosopher." Boyle. -- n. Defn: One who relies on experiment or experience. [Obs.] EXPERIMENTATION Ex*per`i*men*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of experimenting; practice by experiment. J. S. Mill. EXPERIMENTATIVE Ex*per`imen"ta*tive, a. Defn: Experimental; of the nature of experiment. [R.] EXPERIMENTATOR Ex*per"i*men*ta`tor, n. Etym: [LL.] Defn: An experimenter. [R.] EXPERIMENTER Ex*per"i*men`ter, n. Defn: One who makes experiments; one skilled in experiments. Faraday. EXPERIMENTIST Ex*per"i*men`tist, n. Defn: An experimenter. EXPERRECTION Ex`per*rec"tion, n. Etym: [L. expergisci, p. p. experrectus, to rose up; ex out + pergere to wake up.] Defn: A waking up or arousing. [Obs.] Holland EXPERT Ex*pert", a. Etym: [F. expert, L. expertus, p. p. of experiri to try. See Experience.] Defn: Taught by use, practice, or experience, experienced; having facility of operation or performance from practice; knowing and ready from much practice; clever; skillful; as, an expert surgeon; expert in chess or archery. A valiant and most expert gentleman. Shak. What practice, howsoe'er expert In fitting aptest words to things . . . Hath power to give thee as thou wert Tennison. Syn. -- Adroit; dexterous; clever; ready; prompt. EXPERT Ex"pert, n. 1. An expert or experienced person; one instructed by experience; one who has skill, experience, or extensive knowledge in his calling or in any special branch of learning. 2. (Law) (a) A specialist in a particular profession or department of science requiring for its mastery peculiar culture and erudition. Note: Such specialists may be witnesses in matters as to which ordinary observers could not without such aid form just conclusions, and are liable for negligence in case they injure another from want of proper qualifications or proper care in the exercise of their specialty. (b) A sworn appraiser. EXPERT Ex*pert", v. t. Defn: To experience. [Obs.] Die would we daily, once it to expert. Spencer. EXPERTLY Ex*pert"ly, adv. Defn: In a skillful or dexterous manner; adroitly; with readiness and accuracy. EXPERTNESS Ex*pert"ness, n. Defn: Skill derived from practice; readiness; as, expertness in seamanship, or in reasoning. Syn. -- Facility; readiness; dexterity; adroitness; skill. See Facility. EXPETIBLE Ex*pet"ible, a. Etym: [L., expetibilis, fr. expetere to wish for; ex out + petere to seek.] Defn: Worthy of being wished for; desirable. [Obs.] Puller. EXPIABLE Ex"pi*a*ble, a. Etym: [See Expiate.] Defn: Capable of being expiated or atoned for; as, an expiable offense; expiable guilt. Bp. Hall. EXPIATE Ex"pi*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expiated();p. pr. & vb. n. Expiating().] Etym: [L. expiatus, p.p. of expiare to expiate; ex out + piare to seek to appease, to purify with sacred rites, fr. pius pious. See Pious.] 1. To extinguish the guilt of by sufferance of penalty or some equivalent; to make complete satisfaction for; to atone for; to make amends for; to make expiation for; as, to expiate a crime, a guilt, or sin. To expiate his treason, hath naught left. Milton. The Treasurer obliged himself to expiate the injury. Clarendon. 2. To purify with sacred rites. [Obs.] Neither let there be found among you any one that shall expiate his son or daughter, making them to pass through the fire. Deut. xviii. 10 (Douay version) EXPIATE Ex"pi*ate, a. Etym: [L. expiatus,p.p] Defn: Terminated. [Obs.] Shak. EXPIATION Ex`pi*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. expiatio: cf.F. expiation] 1. The act of making satisfaction or atonement for any crime or fault; the extinguishing of guilt by suffering or penalty. His liberality seemed to have something in it of self-abasement and expiation. W. Irving. 2. The means by which reparation or atonement for crimes or sins is made; an expiatory sacrifice or offering; an atonement. Those shadowy expiations weak, The blood of bulls and goats. Milton. 3. An act by which the treats of prodigies were averted among the ancient heathen. [Obs.] Hayward. EXPIATIST Ex"pi*a*tist, n. Defn: An expiator. [R.] EXPIATOR Ex"pi*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who makes expiation or atonement. EXPIATORIOUS Ex`pi*a*to"ri*ous, a. Defn: Of an expiatory nature; expiatory. Jer. Taylor. EXPIATORY Ex"pi*a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. expiatorius: cf. F. expiatoire.] Defn: Having power, or intended, to make expiation; atoning; as, an expiatory sacrifice. EXPILATION Ex`pi*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. expiatio.] Defn: The act of expilating or stripping off; plunder; pillage. [Obs.] This ravenous expiation of the state. Daniel. EXPILATOR Ex"pi*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who pillages; a plunderer; a pillager. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. EXPIRABLE Ex*pir"a*ble, a. Defn: That may expire; capable of being brought to an end. EXPIRANT Ex*pir"ant, n. Defn: One who expires or is expiring. EXPIRATION Ex`pi*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. expiratio,exspiratio: cf. F. expiration. See Expire.] 1. The act of expiring; as: (a)(Physiol.) Defn: The act or process of breathing out, or forcing air from the lungs through the nose or mouth; as, respiration consists of inspiration and expiration; -- opposed to Ant: inspiration. (b) Emission of volatile matter; exhalation. The true cause of cold is an expiration from the globe of the earth. Bacon. (c) The last emission of breath; death. "The groan of expiration." Rambler. (d) A coming to a close; cessation; extinction; termination; end. Before the expiration of thy time. Shak. 2. That which is expired; matter breathed forth; that which is produced by breathing out, as a sound. The aspirate "he," which is . . . a gentle expiration. G. Sharp. EXPIRATORY Ex*pir"a*to*ry, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or employed in, the expiration or emission of air from the lungs; as, the expiratory muscles. EXPIRE Ex*pire", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expired;p. pr & vb. n. Expiring.] Etym: [L. expirare, exspirare, expiratum, exspiratum; ex out + spirare to breathe: cf. F. expirer. See Spirit.] 1. To breathe out; to emit from the lungs; to throw out from the mouth or nostrils in the process of respiration; -- opposed to inspire. Anatomy exhibits the lungs in a continual motion of inspiring and expiring air. Harvey. This chafed the boar; his nostrils flames expire. Dryden. 2. To give forth insensibly or gently, as a fluid or vapor; to emit in minute particles; to exhale; as, the earth expires a damp vapor; plants expire odors. The expiring of cold out of the inward parts of the earth in winter. Bacon. 3. To emit; to give out. [Obs.] Dryden. 4. To bring to a close; to terminate. [Obs.] Expire the term Of a despised life. Shak. EXPIRE Ex*pire", v. i. 1. To emit the breath. 2. To emit the last breath; to breathe out the life; to die; as, to expire calmly; to expire in agony. 3. To come to an end; to cease; to terminate; to perish; to become extinct; as, the flame expired; his lease expires to-day; the month expired on Saturday. 4. To burst forth; to fly out with a blast. [Obs.] "The ponderous ball expires." Dryden. EXPIRING Ex*pir"ing, a. 1. Breathing out air from the lungs; emitting fluid or volatile matter; exhaling; breathing the last breath; dying; ending; terminating. 2. Pertaining to, or uttered at, the time of dying; as, expiring words; expiring groans. EXPIRY Ex"pi*ry, n. Defn: Expiration. He had to leave at the expiry of the term. Lamb. The Parliament . . . now approaching the expiry of its legal term. J. Morley. EXPISCATE Ex*pis"cate, v. t. Etym: [L. expiscatus, p.p. of expiscari to fish out; ex out+piscari to fish, piscis fish.] Defn: To fish out; to find out by skill or laborious investigation; to search out. "To expiscate principles." [R.] Nichol. Dr.Burton has with much ingenuity endeavord to expiscate the truth which may be involved in them. W. L. Alexander. EXPISCATION Ex`pis*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of expiscating; a fishing. [R.] Chapman. EXPISCATORY Ex*pis"ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to fish out; searching out [R.] Carlyle. EXPLAIN Ex*plain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Explained();p. pr. & vb. n. Explaining.] Etym: [L. explandare to flatten, spread out, explain; ex out+plandare to make level or plain, planus plain: cf. OF. esplaner, explaner. See Plain,a., and cf. Esplanade.] 1. To flatten; to spread out; to unfold; to expand. [Obs.] The horse-chestnut is . . . ready to explain its leaf. Evelyn. 2. To make plain, manifest, or intelligible; to clear of obscurity; to expound; to unfold and illustrate the meaning of; as, to explain a chapter of the Bible. Commentators to explain the difficult passages to you. Gay. To explain away, to get rid of by explanation. "Those explain the meaning quite "away." Pope. Syn. -- To expound; interpret; elucidate; clear up. EXPLAIN Ex*plain", v. i. Defn: To give an explanation. EXPLAINABLE Ex*plain"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. explainabilis.] Defn: Capable of being explained or made plain to the understanding; capable of being interpreted. Sir. T. Browne. EXPLAINER Ex*plain"er, n. Defn: One who explains; an expounder or expositor; a commentator; an interpreter. EXPLANATE Ex"pla*nate, a. Etym: [L. explanatus, p.p. of explanare. See Explain.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Spreading or extending outwardly in a flat form. EXPLANATION Ex`pla*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. explanatio: cf. OF. esplanation.] 1. The act of explaining, expounding, or interpreting; the act of clearing from obscurity and making intelligible; as, the explanation of a passage in Scripture, or of a contract or treaty. 2. That which explains or makes clear; as, a satisfactory explanation. 3. The meaning attributed to anything by one who explains it; definition; inerpretation; sense. Different explanations [of the Trinity]. Bp. Burnet. 4. A mutual exposition of terms, meaning, or motives, with a view to adjust a misunderstanding, and reconcile differences; reconciliation; agreement; as, to come to an explanation. Syn. -- Definition; description; explication; exposition; interpretation; detail. See Definition. EXPLANATIVE Ex*plan"a*tive, a. Defn: Explanatory. EXPLANATORINESS Ex*plan"a*to*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being explanatory. EXPLANATORY Ex*plan"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. explanatorius.] Defn: Serving to explain; containing explanation; as explanatory notes. Swift. EXPLAT; EXPLATE Ex*plat", Ex*plate", v. t. Etym: [Pref. ex-+plat or plait.] Defn: To explain; to unfold. [Obs.] Like Solon's self explatest the knotty laws. B. Jonson. EXPLETION Ex*ple"tion, n. Etym: [L. expletio a satisfying. See Expletive.] Defn: Accomplishment; fulfillment. [Obs.] Killingbeck. EXPLETIVE Ex"ple*tive, a. Etym: [L. expletivus, from expletus, p.p. of explere to fill up; ex out+plere to fill, akin to plenus full: cf. F. explétif. See Full.] Defn: Filling up; hence, added merely for the purpose of filling up; superfluous. "Expletive imagery." Hallam. Expletive phrases to plump his speech. Barrow. EXPLETIVE Ex"ple*tive, n. Defn: A word, letter, or syllable not necessary to the sense, but inserted to fill a vacancy; an oath. While explectives their feeble aid to join, And ten low words oft creep in one dull line. Pope. EXPLETIVELY Ex"ple*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of an expletive. EXPLETORY Ex"ple*to*ry, a. Defn: Serving to fill up; expletive; superfluous; as, an expletory word. Bp. Burnet. EXPLICABLE Ex"pli*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. explicabilis: cf. F. explicable.] Defn: Capable of being explicated; that may be explained or accounted for; admitting explanation. It is not explicable upon any grounds. Burke. EXPLICABLENESS Ex"pli*ca*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being explicable. EXPLICATE Ex"pli*cate, a. Etym: [L. explicatus, p.p. of explicare.] Defn: Evolved; unfolded. Jer. Taylor. EXPLICATE Ex"pli*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Explicated(); p. pr. & vb. n. Explicating().] 1. To unfold; to expand; to lay open. [Obs.] "They explicate the leaves." Blackmore. 2. To unfold the meaning or sense of; to explain; to clear of difficulties or obscurity; to interpret. The last verse of his last satire is not yet sufficiently explicated. Dryden. EXPLICATION Ex`pli*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. explicatio: cf. F. explication.] 1. The act of opening, unfolding, or explaining; explanation; exposition; interpretation. The explication of our Savior's parables. Atterbury. 2. The sense given by an expositor. Bp. Burnet. EXPLICATIVE Ex"pli*ca*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. explicatif.] Defn: Serving to unfold or explain; tending to lay open to the understanding; explanatory. Sir W. Hamilton. EXPLICATOR Ex"pli*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who unfolds or explains; an expounder; an explainer. EXPLICATORY Ex"pli*ca`to*ry, a. Defn: Explicative. Barrow. EXPLICIT Ex"pli*cit. Etym: [LL., an abbreviation of explicitus (est liber) the book (which anciently was a roll of parchment) is unfolded (and, of course, "finished"). See Explicit, a.] Defn: A word formerly used (as finis is now) at the conclusion of a book to indicate the end. EXPLICIT Ex*plic"it, a. Etym: [L. explicitus; p.p. of explicare to unfold: cf. F. explicite. See Explicate, Exploit.] 1. Not implied merely, or conveyed by implication; distinctly stated; plain in language; open to the understanding; clear; not obscure or ambiguous; express; unequivocal; as, an explicit declaration. The language of the charter was too explicit to admit of a doubt. Bancroft. 2. Having no disguised meaning or reservation; unreserved; outspoken; -- applied to persons; as, he was earnest and explicit in his statement. Explicit function. (Math.) See under Function. Syn. -- Express; clear; plain; open; unreserved; unambiguous. -- Explicit, Express. Explicit denotes a setting forth in the plainest, language, so that the meaning can not be misunderstood; as, an explicit promise. Express is stronger than explicit: it adds force to clearness. An express promise or engagement is not only unambiguous, but stands out in bold relief, with the most binding hold on the conscience. An explicit statement; a clear and explicit notion; explicit direction; no words can be more explicit. An explicit command; an express prohibition. "An express declaration goes forcibly and directly to the point. An explicit declaration leaves nothing ambiguous." C. J. Smith. EXPLICITLY Ex*plic"it*ly, adv. Defn: In an explicit manner; clearly; plainly; without disguise or reservation of meaning; not by inference or implication; as, he explicitly avows his intention. EXPLICITNESS Ex*plic"it*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being explicit; clearness; directness. Jer. Taylor. EXPLODE Ex*plode", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Exploded; p. pr. & vb. n. Exploding.] Etym: [L. explodere, explosum, to drive out, drive out a player by clapping; ex out+plaudere, plodere, to clap, strike, applaud: cf. OF. exploder. See Plausible.] 1. To become suddenly expanded into a great volume of gas or vapor; to burst violently into flame; as gunpowder explodes. 2. To burst with force and a loud report; to detonate, as a shell filled with powder or the like material, or as a boiler from too great pressure of steam. 3. To burst forth with sudden violence and noise; as, at this, his wrath exploded. EXPLODE Ex*plode", v. t. 1. To drive from the stage by noisy expressions of disapprobation; to hoot off; to drive away or reject noisily; as, to explode a play. [Obs.] Him old and young Exploded, and seized with violent hands. Milton. 2. To bring into disrepute, and reject; to drive from notice and acceptance; as, to explode a scheme, fashion, or doctrine. Old exploded contrivances of mercantile fraud. Burke. To explode and exterminate dark atheism. Bently. 3. To cause to explode or burst noisily; to detonate; as, to explode powder by touching it with fire. 4. To drive out with violence and noise, as by powder. But late the kindled powder did explode The massy ball and the brass tube unload. Blackmore. EXPLODENT Ex*plod"ent, n. 1. An instrument or agent causing explosion; an exploder; also, an explosive. 2. See Explosive, n., 2. EXPLODER Ex*plod"er, n. 1. One who or that which explodes. 2. One who rejects an opinion or scheme with open contempt. South. EXPLOIT Ex*ploit", n. Etym: [OE. esploit success, OF. esploit, espleit,revenue, product, vigor, force, exploit, F. exploit exploit, fr. L. explicitum, prop. p.p. neut. of explicare to unfold, display, exhibit; ex+plicare to fold. See Ply, and cf. Explicit, Explicate.] 1. A deed or act; especially, a heroic act; a deed of renown; an adventurous or noble achievement; as, the exploits of Alexander the Great. Ripe for exploits and mighty enterprises. Shak. 2. Combat; war. [Obs.] He made haste to exploit some warlike service. Holland. 2. Etym: [F. exploiter.] Defn: To utilize; to make available; to get the value or usefulness out of; as, to exploit a mine or agricultural lands; to exploit public opinion. [Recent] 3. Hence: To draw an illegitimate profit from; to speculate on; to put upon. [Recent] In no sense whatever does a man who accumulates a fortune by legitimate industry exploit his employés or make his capital "out of" anybody else. W. G. Sumner. EXPLOITATION Ex`ploi*ta"tion, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The act of exploiting or utilizing. J. D. Whitney. EXPLOITURE Ex*ploi"ture, n. 1. The act of exploiting or accomplishing; achievement. [Obs.] Udall. 2. Exploitation. Harper's Mag. EXPLORABLE Ex*plor"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be explored; as, an explorable region. EXPLORATE Ex*plo"rate, v. t. Etym: [L. explorare, exploratum.] Defn: To explore. [Obs.] Sir. T. Browne. EXPLORATION Ex`plo*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. exploratio: cf. F. exploration.] Defn: The act of exploring, penetrating, or ranging over for purposes of discovery, especially of geographical discovery; examination; as, the exploration of unknown countries; (Med.) Defn: physical examination. "An exploration of doctrine." Bp. Hall. EXPLORATIVE Ex*plor"a*tive, a. Defn: Exploratory. EXPLORATOR Ex"plo*ra`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who explores; one who examines closely; a searcher. EXPLORATORY Ex*plor"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. exploratorius.] Defn: Serving or intended to explore; searching; examining; explorative. Sir H. Wotton. EXPLORE Ex*plore", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Explored();p. pr. & vb. n. Exploring.] Etym: [L. explorare to explore; ex out+plorare to cry out aloud,prob. orig., to cause to flow; perh. akin to E. flow: cf. F. explorer.] 1. To seek for or after; to strive to attain by search; to look wisely and carefully for. [Obs.] Explores the lost, the wandering sheep directs. Pope. 2. To search through or into; to penetrate or range over for discovery; to examine thoroughly; as, to explore new countries or seas; to explore the depths of science. "Hidden frauds [to] explore." Dryden. EXPLOREMENT Ex*plore"ment, n. Defn: The act of exploring; exploration. [R.] Sir T. Browne. EXPLORER Ex*plor"er, n. Defn: One who explores; also, an apparatus with which one explores, as a diving bell. EXPLORING Explor"ing, a. Defn: Employed in, or designed for, exploration. "Exploring parties." Bancroft. EXPLOSION Ex*plo"sion, n. Etym: [L. explosio a driving off by clapping: cf. F. explosion explosion. See Explode.] 1. The act of exploding; detonation; a chemical action which causes the sudden formation of a great volume of expanded gas; as, the explosion of gunpowder, of fire damp,etc. 2. A bursting with violence and loud noise, because of internal pressure; as, the explosion of a gun, a bomb, a steam boiler, etc. 3. A violent outburst of feeling, manifested by excited language, action, etc.; as, an explosion of wrath. A formidable explosion of high-church fanaticism. Macaulay. EXPLOSIVE Ex*plo"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. explosif.] Defn: Driving or bursting out with violence and noise; causing explosion; as, the explosive force of gunpowder. EXPLOSIVE Ex*plo"sive, n. 1. An explosive agent; a compound or mixture susceptible of a rapid chemical reaction, as gunpowder, or nitro-glycerine. 2. A sound produced by an explosive impulse of the breath; (Phonetics) one of consonants p, b, t, d, k, g, which are sounded with a sort of explosive power of voice. Note: [See Guide to Pronunciation, sq. root 155-7, 184.] EXPLOSIVELY Ex*plo"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In an explosive manner. EXPOLIATION Ex*po`li*a"tion, n. Defn: See Exspoliation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. EXPOLISH Ex*pol"ish, v. t. Etym: [Cf. L. expolire. See Polish.] Defn: To polish thoroughly. [Obs.] Heywood. EXPONE Ex*pone", v. t. Etym: [OE. exponen. See Expound.] Defn: To expound; to explain; also, to expose; to imperil. [Old Eng. & Scotch] Drummond. EXPONENT Ex*po"nent, n. Etym: [L. exponens, -entis, p. pr. of exponere to put out, set forth, expose. See Expound.] 1. (Alg.) Defn: A number, letter, or any quantity written on the right hand of and above another quantity, and denoting how many times the latter is repeated as a factor to produce the power indicated; Note: thus a2 denotes the second power, and an the xth power, of a (2 and x being the exponents). A fractional exponent, or index, is used to denote the root of a quantity. Thus, a denotes the third or cube root of a. 2. One who, or that which, stands as an index or representative; as, the leader of a party is the exponent of its principles. Exponent of a ratio, the quotient arising when the antecedent is divided by the consequent; thus, 6 is the exponent of the ratio of 30 to 5. [R.] EXPONENTIAL Ex`po*nen"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. exponentiel.] Defn: Pertaining to exponents; involving variable exponents; as, an exponential expression; exponential calculus; an exponential function. Exponential curve, a curve whose nature is defined by means of an exponential equation. -- Exponential equation, an equation which contains an exponential quantity, or in which the unknown quantity enters as an exponent. -- Exponential quantity (Math.), a quantity whose exponent is unknown or variable, as ax. -- Exponential series, a series derived from the development of exponential equations or quantities. EXPORT Ex*port", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exported; p. pr. & vb. n. Exporting.] Etym: [L. exportare, exportatum; ex out+portare to carry : cf. F. exporter. See Port demeanor.] 1. To carry away; to remove. [Obs.] [They] export honor from a man, and make him a return in envy. Bacon. 2. To carry or send abroad, or out of a country, especially to foreign countries, as merchandise or commodities in the way of commerce; -- the opposite of import; as, to export grain, cotton, cattle, goods, etc. EXPORT Ex"port, n. 1. The act of exporting; exportation; as, to prohibit the export of wheat or tobacco. 2. That which is exported; a commodity conveyed from one country or State to another in the way of traffic; -- used chiefly in the plural, exports. The ordinary course of exchange . . . between two places must likewise be an indication of the ordinary course of their exports and imports. A. Smith. EXPORTABILITY Ex*port`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being suitable for exportation. To increase the exportability of native goods. J. P. Peters. EXPORTABLE Ex*port"a*ble, a. Defn: Suitable for exportation; as, exportable products. EXPORTATION Ex`por*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. exportatio: cf. F. exporation.] 1. The act of exporting; the act of conveying or sending commodities abroad or to another country, in the course of commerce. 2. Commodity exported; an export. 3. The act of carrying out. [R.] Bourne. EXPORTER Ex*port"er, n. Defn: One who exports; the person who sends goods or commodities to a foreign country, in the way of commerce; -- opposed to importer. EXPOSAL Ex*pos"al, n. Defn: Exposure. Swift. EXPOSE Ex*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exposed(); p. pr. & vb. n. Exposing.] Etym: [F. exposer; pref. ex- (L. ex out)+poser to place. See Pose, v. t.] 1. To set forth; to set out to public view; to exhibit; to show; to display; as, to expose goods for sale; to expose pictures to public inspection. Those who seek truth only, freely expose their principles to the test, and are pleased to have them examined. Locke. 2. To lay bare; to lay open to attack, danger, or anything objectionable; to render accessible to anything which may affect, especially detrimentally; to make liable; as, to expose one's self to the heat of the sun, or to cold, insult, danger, or ridicule; to expose an army to destruction or defeat. Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel. Shak. 3. To deprive of concealment; to discover; to lay open to public inspection, or bring to public notice, as a thing that shuns publicity, something criminal, shameful, or the like; as, to expose the faults of a neighbor. You only expose the follies of men, without arraigning their vices. Dryden. 4. To disclose the faults or reprehensible practices of; to lay open to general condemnation or contempt by making public the character or arts of; as, to expose a cheat, liar, or hypocrite. EXPOSE Ex`po`sé", n. Etym: [F., prop.p.p. of exposer. See Expose, v. t.] Defn: A formal recital or exposition of facts; exposure, or revelation, of something which some one wished to keep concealed. EXPOSEDNESS Ex*pos"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being exposed, laid open, or unprotected; as, an exposedness to sin or temptation. EXPOSER Ex*pos"er, n. Defn: One who exposes or discloses. EXPOSITION Ex`po*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. expositio, fr. exponere, expositum: cf. F. exposition. See Expound.] 1. The act of exposing or laying open; a setting out or displaying to public view. 2. The act of expounding or of laying open the sense or meaning of an author, or a passage; explanation; interpretation; the sense put upon a passage; a law, or the like, by an interpreter; hence, a work containing explanations or interpretations; a commentary. You know the law; your exposition Hath been most sound. Shak. 3. Situation or position with reference to direction of view or accessibility to influence of sun, wind, etc.; exposure; as, an easterly exposition; an exposition to the sun. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. 4. A public exhibition or show, as of industrial and artistic productions; as, the Paris Exposition of 1878. [A Gallicism] EXPOSITIVE Ex*pos"i*tive, a. Defn: Serving to explain; expository. Bp. Pearson. EXPOSITOR Ex*pos"i*tor, n. Etym: [L. See Expound.] Defn: One who, or that which, expounds or explains; an expounder; a commentator. Bp. Horsley. EXPOSITORY Ex*pos"i*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, exposition; serving to explain; explanatory; illustrative; exegetical. A glossary or expository index to the poetical writers. Johnson. EXPOST FACTO; EXPOSTFACTO Ex"post` fac"to, or Ex"post`fac"to. Etym: [L., from what is done afterwards.] (Law) Defn: From or by an after act, or thing done afterward; in consequence of a subsequent act; retrospective. Ex post facto law, a law which operates by after enactment. The phrase is popularly applied to any law, civil or criminal, which is enacted with a retrospective effect, and with intention to produce that effect; but in its true application, as employed in American law, it relates only to crimes, and signifies a law which retroacts, by way of criminal punishment, upon that which was not a crime before its passage, or which raises the grade of an offense, or renders an act punishable in a more severe manner that it was when committed. Ex post facto laws are held to be contrary to the fundamental principles of a free government, and the States are prohibited from passing such laws by the Constitution of the United States. Burrill. Kent. EX POST FACTO; EX POSTFACTO Ex" post` fac"to, or Ex" post`fac"to (eks" post" fak"to). [L., from what is done afterwards.] (Law) Defn: From or by an after act, or thing done afterward; in consequence of a subsequent act; retrospective. Ex post facto law, a law which operates by after enactment. The phrase is popularly applied to any law, civil or criminal, which is enacted with a retrospective effect, and with intention to produce that effect; but in its true application, as employed in American law, it relates only to crimes, and signifies a law which retroacts, by way of criminal punishment, upon that which was not a crime before its passage, or which raises the grade of an offense, or renders an act punishable in a more severe manner that it was when committed. Ex post facto laws are held to be contrary to the fundamental principles of a free government, and the States are prohibited from passing such laws by the Constitution of the United States. Burrill. Kent. EXPOSTULATE Ex*pos"tu*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Expostulated();p. pr. & vb. n. Expostulating.] Etym: [L. expostulatus, p.p. of expostulare to demand vehemently; ex out + postulare to ask, require. See Postulate.] Defn: To reason earnestly with a person on some impropriety of his conduct, representing the wrong he has done or intends, and urging him to make redress or to desist; to remonstrate; -- followed by with. Men expostulate with erring friends; they bring accusations against enemies who have done them a wrong. Jowett (Thuc. ). Syn. -- To remonstrate; reason. See Remonstrate. EXPOSTULATE Ex*pos"tu*late, v. t. Defn: To discuss; to examine. [Obs.] To expostulate What majesty should be, what duty is. Shak. EXPOSTULATION Ex*pos`tu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. expostulatio.] Defn: The act of expostulating or reasoning with a person in opposition to some impropriety of conduct; remonstrance; earnest and kindly protest; dissuasion. We must use expostulation kindly. Shak. EXPOSTULATOR Ex*pos"tu*la`tor (;135), n. Defn: One who expostulates. Lamb. EXPOSTULATORY Ex*pos"tu*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Containing expostulation or remonstrance; as, an expostulatory discourse or letter. EXPOSTURE Ex*pos"ture (;135), n. Etym: [Cf. Imposture.] Defn: Exposure. [Obs.] Shak. EXPOSURE Ex*po"sure (;135), n. Etym: [From Expose.] 1. The act of exposing or laying open, setting forth, laying bare of protection, depriving of care or concealment, or setting out to reprobation or contempt. The exposure of Fuller . . . put an end to the practices of that vile tribe. Macaulay. 2. The state of being exposed or laid open or bare; openness to danger; accessibility to anything that may affect, especially detrimentally; as, exposure to observation, to cold to inconvenience. When we have our naked frailties hid, That suffer in exposure. Shak. 3. Position as to points of compass, or to influences of climate, etc. "Under a southern exposure. Evelyn. The best exposure of the two for woodcocks. Sir. W. Scott. 4. (Photog.) Defn: The exposing of a sensitized plate to the action of light. EXPOUND Ex*pound", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Expounding.] Etym: [OE. exponen, expounen, expounden, fr. L. exponere to set out, expose, expound; ex out + ponere to put: cf. OE. expondre, expondre. See Position.] 1. To lay open; to expose to view; to examine. [Obs.] He expounded both his pockets. Hudibras. 2. To lay open the meaning of; to explain; to clear of obscurity; to interpret; as, to expound a text of Scripture, a law, a word, a meaning, or a riddle. Expound this matter more fully to me. Bunyan. EXPOUNDER Ex*pound"er, n. Defn: One who expounds or explains; an interpreter. EXPRESS Ex*press", a. Etym: [F. exprès, L. expressus, p.p. of exprimere to express; ex. out + premere To press. See Press.] 1. Exactly representing; exact. Their human countenance The express resemblance of the gods. Milton. 2. Directly and distinctly stated; declared in terms; not implied or left to inference; made unambiguous by intention and care; clear; not dubious; as, express consent; an express statement. I have express commandment. Shak. 3. Intended for a particular purpose; relating to an express; sent on a particular errand; dispatched with special speed; as, an express messenger or train. Also used adverbially. A messenger sent express from the other world. Atterbury. Express color. (Law) See the Note under Color, n., 8. Syn. -- Explicit; clear; unambiguous. See Explicit. EXPRESS Ex*press", n. Etym: [Cf. F. exprès a messenger.] 1. A clear image or representation; an expression; a plain declaration. [Obs.] The only remanent express of Christ's sacrifice on earth. Jer. Taylor. 2. A messenger sent on a special errand; a courier; hence, a regular and fast conveyance; commonly, a company or system for the prompt and safe transportation of merchandise or parcels; also, a railway train for transporting passengers or goods with speed and punctuality. 3. An express office. She charged him . . . to ask at the express if anything came up from town. E. E. Hale. 4. That which is sent by an express messenger or message. [Obs.] Eikon Basilike. Express office, an office where packages for an express are received or delivered. EXPRESS Ex*press", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expressed(); p. pr. & vb. n. Expressing.] Etym: [Cf. OF. espresser, expresser, L. exprimere, expressum. See Express,a.; cf. Sprain.] 1. To press or squeeze out; as, to express the juice of grapes, or of apples; hence, to extort; to elicit. All the fruits out of which drink is expressed. Bacon. And th'idle breath all utterly expressed. Spenser. Halters and racks can not express from thee More than by deeds. B. Jonson. 2. To make or offer a representation of; to show by a copy or likeness; to represent; to resemble. Each skillful artist shall express thy form. E. Smith. So kids and whelps their sires and dams express. Dryden. 3. To give a true impression of; to represent and make known; to manifest plainly; to show in general; to exhibit, as an opinion or feeling, by a look, gesture, and esp. by language; to declare; to utter; to tell. My words express my purpose. Shak. They expressed in their lives those excellent doctrines of morality. Addison. 4. To make known the opinions or feelings of; to declare what is in the mind of; to show (one's self); to cause to appear; -- used reflexively. Mr. Phillips did express with much indignation against me, one evening. Pope. 5. To denote; to designate. Moses and Aaron took these men, which are expressed by their names. Num. i. 17. 6. To send by express messenger; to forward by special opportunity, or through the medium of an express; as, to express a package. Syn. -- To declare; utter; signify; testify; intimate. EXPRESSAGE Ex*press"age (;48), n. Defn: The charge for carrying a parcel by express. EXPRESSIBLE Ex*press"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being expressed, squeezed out, shown, represented, or uttered. -- Express"i*bly,adv. EXPRESSION Ex*pres"sion, n. Etym: [L. expressio. cf. F. expression.] 1. The act of expressing; the act of forcing out by pressure; as, the expression of juices or oils; also, of extorting or eliciting; as, a forcible expression of truth. 2. The act of declaring or signifying; declaration; utterance; as, an expression of the public will. With this tone of philosophy were mingled expressions of sympathy. Prescott. 3. Lively or vivid representation of meaning, sentiment, or feeling, etc.; significant and impressive indication, whether by language, appearance, or gesture; that manner or style which gives life and suggestive force to ideas and sentiments; as, he reads with expression; her performance on the piano has expression. The imitators of Shakespeare, fixing their attention on his wonderful power of expression, have directed their imitation to this. M. Arnold. 4. That which is expressed by a countenance, a posture, a work of art, etc.; look, as indicative of thought or feeling. "The expression of an eye." Tennyson. It still wore the majesty of expression so conspicuous in his portraits by the inimitable pencil of Titian. Prescott. 5. A form of words in which an idea or sentiment is conveyed; a mode of speech; a phrase; as, a common expression; an odd expression. 6. (Math.) Defn: The representation of any quantity by its appropriate characters or signs. Past expression, Beyond expression, beyond the power of description. "Beyond expression bright." Milton. EXPRESSIONAL Ex*pres"sion*al, a. Defn: Of, or relating to, expression; phraseological; also, vividly representing or suggesting an idea sentiment. Fized. Hall. Ruskin. EXPRESSIONLESS Ex*pres"sion*less, a. Defn: Destitute of expression. EXPRESSIVE Ex*press"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. expressif.] 1. Serving to express, utter, or represent; indicative; communicative; -- followed by of; as, words expressive of his gratitude. Each verse so swells expressive of her woes. Tickell. 2. Full of expression; vividly representing the meaning or feeling meant to be conveyed; significant; emphatic; as, expressive looks or words. You have restrained yourself within the list of too cold an adieu; be more expressive to them. Shak. Through her expressive eyes her soul distinctly spoke. Littelton. -- Ex*press"ive*ly,adv. -- Ex*press"ive*ness,n. EXPRESSLY Ex*press"ly, adv. Defn: In an express manner; in direct terms; with distinct purpose; particularly; as, a book written expressly for the young. The word of the Lord came expressly unto Ezekiel. Ezek. i. 3. I am sent expressly to your lordship. Shak. EXPRESSMAN Ex*press"man, n.; pl. Expressmen (. Defn: A person employed in the express business; also, the driver of a job wagon. W. D. Howells. EXPRESSNESS Ex*press"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being express; definiteness. [Obs.] Hammond. EXPRESS RIFLE Ex*press" ri"fle. Defn: A sporting rifle for use at short ranges, employing a large charge of powder and a light (short) bullet, giving a high initial velocity and consequently a flat trajectory. It is usually of moderately large caliber. EXPRESS TRAIN Express train. Defn: Formerly, a railroad train run expressly for the occasion; a special train; now, a train run at express or special speed and making few stops. EXPRESSURE Ex*pres"sure (;135), n. Defn: The act of expressing; expression; utterance; representation. [Obs.] An operation more divine Than breath or pen can give expressure to. Shak. EXPROBRATE Ex"pro*brate, v. t. Etym: [L. exprobratus, p.p. of exprobrare; ex out + probrum a shameful or disgraceful act.] Defn: To charge upon with reproach; to upbraid. [R.] Sir T. Browne. EXPROBRATION Ex`pro*bra"tion, n. Etym: [L. exprobration: cf. F. exprobration.] Defn: Reproachful accusation; upbraiding. [Obs.] A fearful exprobration of our unworthiness. Jer. Taylor. EXPROBRATIVE; EXPROBRATORY Ex*pro"bra*tive, Ex*pro"bra*to*ry, a. Defn: Expressing reproach; upbraiding; reproachful. [R.] Sir A. Shirley. EXPROPRIATE Ex*pro"pri*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. ex out, from + proprius one's own: cf. F. exproprier.] Defn: To put out of one's possession; to surrender the ownership of; also, to deprive of possession or proprietary rights. Boyle. Expropriate these [bad landlords] as the monks were expropriated by Act of Parliament. M. Arnold. EXPROPRIATION Ex*pro`pri*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. expropriation.] Defn: The act of expropriating; the surrender of a claim to exclusive property; the act of depriving of ownership or proprietary rights. W. Montagu. The expropriation of bad landlords. M. Arnold. EXPUGN Ex*pugn", v. t. Etym: [L. expugnare; ex out + pugnare to fight, pugna fight. Cf. Impugn.] Defn: To take by assault; to storm; to overcome; to vanquish; as, to expugn cities; to expugn a person by arguments. EXPUGNABLE Ex*pug"nable, a. Etym: [L. Expugnabilis.] Defn: Capable of being expugnded. EXPUGNATION Ex`pug*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. expugnatio.] Defn: The act of taking by assault; conquest. [R.] Sandys. EXPUGNER Ex*pugn"er, n. Defn: One who expugns. EXPULSE Ex*pulse", v. t. Etym: [F. expulser or L. expulsare, intens. fr. expellere. See Expel.] Defn: To drive out; to expel. [Obs.] If charity be thus excluded and expulsed. Milton. EXPULSER Ex*puls"er, n. Defn: An expeller. [Obs.] Cotgrave. EXPULSION Ex*pul"sion, n. Etym: [L. expulsio, fr. expellere: cf. F. expulsion. See Expel.] 1. The act of expelling; a driving or forcing out; summary removal from membership, association, etc. The expulsion of the Tarquins. Shak. 2. The state of being expelled or driven out. EXPULSIVE Ex*pul"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. expulsif.] Defn: Having the power of driving out or away; serving to expel. The expulsive power of a new affection. Chalmers. EXPUNCTION Ex*punc"tion, n. Etym: [L. expunctio execution, performance, from expungere. See Expunge.] Defn: The act of expunging or erasing; the condition of being expunged. Milton. EXPUNGE Ex*punge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expunged();p. pr. & vb. n. Expunging().] Etym: [L. expungere, expunctum, prick out, expunge, settle an account, execute; ex out + pungere to prick, puncture. See Pungent.] 1. To blot out, as with pen; to rub out; to efface designedly; to obliterate; to strike out wholly; as, to expunge words, lines, or sentences. 2. To strike out; to wipe out or destroy; to annihilate; as, to expugne an offense. Sandys. Expugne the whole, or lop th' excrescent parts. Pope. Syn. -- To efface; erase; obliterate; strike out; destroy; annihilate; cancel. EXPURGATE Ex"pur*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Expurgated(); p. pr. & vb. n. Expurgating().] Etym: [L. expurgatus, p.p. of expurgare to purge, purify; ex out, from + purgare to cleanse, purify, purge. See Purge, and cf. Spurge.] Defn: To purify; to clear from anything noxious, offensive, or erroneous; to cleanse; to purge; as, to expurgate a book. EXPURGATION Ex`pur*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. expurgatio justification, excuse: cf. F. expurgation.] Defn: The act of expurgating, purging, or cleansing; purification from anything noxious, offensive, sinful, or erroneous. Milton. EXPURGATOR Ex"pur*ga`tor, n. Defn: One who expurgates or purifies. EXPURGATORIAL Ex*pur`ga*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Tending or serving to expurgate; expurgatory. Milman. EXPURGATORIOUS Ex*pur`ga*to"ri*ous, a. Defn: Expurgatory. [Obs.] "Expurgatorious indexes." Milton. EXPURGATORY Ex*pur"ga*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. expurgatoire.] Defn: Serving to purify from anything noxious or erroneous; cleansing; purifying. "Expurgatory animadversions." Sir T. Browne. Expurgatory Index. See Index Expurgatorius, under Index. EXPURGE Ex*purge", v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. espurgier. See Expurgate.] Defn: To purge away. [Obs.] Milton. EXQUIRE Ex*quire", v. t. Etym: [L. exquirere. See Exquisite.] Defn: To search into or out. [Obs.] Chapman. EXQUISITE Ex"qui*site, a. Etym: [L. exquisitus, p.p. of exquirere to search out; ex out + quarere to seek, search. See Quest.] 1. Carefully selected or sought out; hence, of distinguishing and surpassing quality; exceedingly nice; delightfully excellent; giving rare satisfaction; as, exquisite workmanship. Plate of rare device, and jewels Of reach and exquisite form. Shak. I have no exquisite reason for 't, but I have reason good enough. Shak. 2. Exceeding; extreme; keen; -- used in a bad or a good sense; as, exquisite pain or pleasure. 3. Of delicate perception or close and accurate discrimination; not easy to satisfy; exact; nice; fastidious; as, exquisite judgment, taste, or discernment. His books of Oriental languages, wherein he was exquisite. Fuller. Syn. -- Nice; delicate; exact; refined; choice; rare; matchless; consummate; perfect. EXQUISITE Ex"qui*site, n. Defn: One who manifests an exquisite attention to external appearance; one who is overnice in dress or ornament; a fop; a dandy. EXQUISITELY Ex"qui*site*ly, adv. Defn: In an exquisite manner or degree; as, lace exquisitely wrought. To a sensitive observer there was something exquisitely painful in it. Hawthorne. EXQUISITENESS Ex"qui*site*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being exquisite. EXQUISITIVE Ex*quis"i*tive, a. Defn: Eager to discover or learn; curious. [Obs.] Todd. -- Ex*quis"i*tive*ly, adv. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. EXSANGUINE Ex*san"guine, a. Defn: Bloodless. [R.] EXSANGUINEOUS Ex`san*guin"e*ous, a. Defn: Destitute of blood; anæmic; exsanguious. EXSANGUINITY Ex`san*guin"i*ty, n. (Med.) Defn: Privation or destitution of blood; -- opposed to plethora. Dunglison. EXSANGUINOUS Ex*san"gui*nous, a. Defn: See Exsanguious. EXSANGUIOUS Ex*san"gui*ous, a. Etym: [L. exsanguis; ex out + sanguis, sanguinis, blood. Cf. Exsanguineous.] 1. Destitute of blood. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Destitute of true, or red, blood, as insects. EXSCIND Ex*scind", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exscinded; p. pr. & vb. n. Exscinding.] Etym: [L. exscindere; ex out, from + scindere to cut.] Defn: To cut off; to separate or expel from union; to extirpate. Barrow. The second presbytery of Philadelphia was also exscinded by that Assembly. Am. Cyc. EXSCRIBE Ex*scribe", v. t. Etym: [L. excribere; ex out, from + scribere to write.] Defn: To copy; to transcribe. [Obs.] B. Jonson. EXSCRIPT Ex"script, n. Etym: [L. exscriptus, p.p. of exscribere.] Defn: A copy; a transcript. [Obs.] Bailey. EXSCRIPTURAL Ex*scrip"tur*al, a. Etym: [Pref. ex-+scriptural.] Defn: Not in accordance with the doctrines of Scripture; unscriptural. EXSCUTELLATE Ex*scu"tel*late, a. Etym: [Pref. ex- + scutellate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Without, or apparently without, a scutellum; -- said of certain insects. EXSECT Ex*sect", v. t. Etym: [L. exsectio.] 1. A cutting out or away. E. Darwin. 2. (Surg.) Defn: The removal by operation of a portion of a limb; particularly, the removal of a portion of a bone in the vicinity of a joint; the act or process of cutting out. EXSERT; EXSERTED Ex*sert", Ex*sert"ed, a. Etym: [L. exsertus, p.p. of exserere to stretch out or forth. See Exert.] Defn: Standing out; projecting beyond some other part; as, exsert stamens. A small portion of the basal edge of the shell exserted. D. H. Barnes. EXSERTILE Ex*sert"ile, a. (Biol.) Defn: Capable of being thrust out or protruded. J. Fleming. EXSICCANT Ex*sic"cant, a. Etym: [L. exsiccans, p.pr. of exsiccare. See Exsiccate.] Defn: Having the quality of drying up; causing a drying up. -- n. (Med.) Defn: An exsiccant medicine. EXSICCATE Ex"sic*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exsiccated(); p. pr. & vb. n. Exsiccating.] Etym: [L. exsiccatus, p.p. of exsiccare to dry up; ex out + siccare to make dry, siccus dry.] Defn: To exhaust or evaporate moisture from; to dry up. Sir T. Browne. EXSICCATION Ex`sic*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. exsiccatio: cf. F. exsiccation.] Defn: The act of operation of drying; evaporation or expulsion of moisture; state of being dried up; dryness. Sir T. Browne. EXSICCATIVE Ex*sic"ca*tive, a. Defn: Tending to make dry; having the power of drying. EXSICCATOR Ex"sic*ca`tor, n. (Chem.) Defn: An apparatus for drying substances or preserving them from moisture; a desiccator; also, less frequently, an agent employed to absorb moisture, as calcium chloride, or concentrated sulphuric acid. EXSILIENCY Ex*sil"i*en*cy, n. Etym: [L. exsiliens leaping out, p.pr. of exsilire; ex out + salire to leap.] Defn: A leaping out. [R.] Latham. EXSOLUTION Ex`so*lu"tion, n. Etym: [L. exsolutio a release.] Defn: Relaxation. [R.] Richardson (Dict. ). EXSPOLIATION Ex*spo`li*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. exspoliatio, fr. exspoliare to spoil, to plunder; ex out, from + spoliare. See Spoliate.] Defn: Spoliation. [Obs. or R.] Bp. Hall. EXSPUITION Ex`spu*i"tion, n. Etym: [L. exspuitio; ex out + spuere to spit: cf. F. exspuition.] Defn: A discharge of saliva by spitting. [R.] E. Darwin. EXSPUTORY Ex*spu"to*ry, a. Defn: Spit out, or as if spit out. "Exsputory lines." Cowper. EXSTIPULATE Ex*stip"u*late, a. Etym: [Pref. ex- + stipulate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having no stipules. Martyn. EXSTROPHY Ex"stro*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: The eversion or turning out of any organ, or of its inner surface; as, exstrophy of the eyelid or of the bladder. EXSUCCOUS Ex*suc"cous, a. Etym: [L. exsuccus; ex out + succus juice.] Defn: Destitute of juice; dry; sapless. Latham. EXSUCTION Ex*suc"tion, n. Etym: [L. exsugere, exsuctum, to suck out; ex out + sugere to suck: cf. F. exsuccion.] Defn: The act of sucking out. EXSUDATION Ex`su*da"tion, n. Defn: Exudation. EXSUFFLATE Ex`suf*flate", v. t. Etym: [L. exsufflare to blow at or upon; ex out + sufflare. See Sufflate.] (Eccles.) Defn: To exorcise or renounce by blowing. EXSUFFLATION Ex`suf*fla"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. exsufflatio.] 1. A blast from beneath. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Eccles.) Defn: A kind of exorcism by blowing with the breath. Jer. Taylor. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: A strongly forced expiration of air from the lungs. EXSUFFLICATE Ex*suf"fli*cate, a. Defn: Empty; frivolous. [A Shakespearean word only once used.] Such exsufflicate and blown surmises. Shak. (Oth. iii. 3, 182). EXSUSCITATE Ex*sus"ci*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. exsuscitatus, p.p. of exsuscitare; ex out + suscitare. See Suscitate.] Defn: To rouse; to excite. [Obs.] Johnson. EXSUSCITATION Ex*sus`ci*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. exsuscitatio.] Defn: A stirring up; a rousing. [Obs.] Hallywell. EXTACY Ex"ta*cy, n. Defn: See Ecstasy. [Obs.] EXTANCE Ex"tance, n. Etym: [L. extantia, exstantia, a standing out, fr. exstans, p.pr. See Extant.] Defn: Outward existence. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. EXTANCY Ex"tan*cy, n. Etym: [L. extantia, exstantia.] Defn: The state of rising above others; a projection. Evelyn. Boyle. EXTANT Ex"tant, a. Etym: [L. extans, -antis, or exstans, -antis, p.pr. of extare, exstare, to stand out or forth; ex out + stare to stand: cf. F. extant. See Stand.] 1. Standing out or above any surface; protruded. That part of the teeth which is extant above the gums. Ray. A body partly immersed in a fluid and partly extant. Bentley. 2. Still existing; not destroyed or lost; outstanding. Writings that were extant at that time. Sir M. Hale. The extant portraits of this great man. I. Taylor. 3. Publicly known; conspicuous. [Obs.] B. Jonson. EXTASY Ex"ta*sy, n. & v. t. Defn: See Ecstasy, n. & v. t. EXTATIC Ex*tat"ic, a. Defn: See Ecstatic, a. EXTEMPORAL Ex*tem"po*ral, a. Etym: [L. extemporalis, from ex tempore.] Defn: Extemporaneous; unpremeditated. [Obs.] B. Jonson. -- Ex*tem"po*ral*ly, adv. [Obs.] EXTEMPORANEAN Ex*tem`po*ra"ne*an, a. Defn: Extemporaneous. [Obs] Burton. EXTEMPORANEOUS Ex*tem`po*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [See Extempore.] Defn: Composed, performed, or uttered on the spur of the moment, or without previous study; unpremeditated; off-hand; extempore; extemporary; as, an extemporaneous address or production. -- Ex*tem`po*ra"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Ex*tem`po*ra"ne*ous*ness,n. EXTEMPORARILY Ex*tem"po*ra*ri*ly, adv. Defn: Extemporaneously. EXTEMPORARY Ex*tem"po*ra*ry, a. 1. Extemporaneous. "In extemporary prayer." Fuller. 2. Made for the occasion; for the time being. [Obs.] "Extemporary habitations." Maundrell. EXTEMPORE Ex*tem"po*re, adv. Etym: [L. ex out + tempus, temporis, time. See Temporal.] Defn: Without previous study or meditation; without preparation; on the spur of the moment; suddenly; extemporaneously; as, to write or speak extempore. Shak. -- a. Defn: Done or performed extempore. "Extempore dissertation." Addison. "Extempore poetry." Dryden. -- n. Defn: Speaking or writing done extempore. [Obs.] Bp. Fell. EXTEMPORINESS Ex*tem"po*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being done or devised extempore [Obs.] Johnson. EXTEMPORIZATION Ex*tem`po*ri*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of extemporizing; the act of doing anything extempore. EXTEMPORIZE Ex*tem"po*rize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Extemporized(); p. pr. & vb. n. Extemporizing().] Defn: To speak extempore; especially, to discourse without special preparation; to make an offhand address. EXTEMPORIZE Ex*tem"po*rize, v. t. Defn: To do, make, or utter extempore or off-hand; to prepare in great haste, under urgent necessity, or with scanty or unsuitable materials; as, to extemporize a dinner, a costume, etc. Themistocles . . . was of all men the best able to extemporize the right thing to be done. Jowett (Thucyd. ). Pitt, of whom it was said that he could extemporize a Queen's speech Lord Campbell. EXTEMPORIZER Ex*tem"po*ri`zer, n. Defn: One who extemporizes. EXTEND Ex*tend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extended; p. pr. & vb. n. Extending.] Etym: [L. extendere, extentum, extensum; ex out + tendere to stretch. See Trend.] 1. To stretch out; to prolong in space; to carry forward or continue in length; as, to extend a line in surveying; to extend a cord across the street. Few extend their thoughts toward universal knowledge'. Locke. 2. To enlarge, as a surface or volume; to expand; to spread; to amplify; as, to extend metal plates by hammering or rolling them. 3. To enlarge; to widen; to carry out further; as, to extend the capacities, the sphere of usefulness, or commerce; to extend power or influence; to continue, as time; to lengthen; to prolong; as, to extend the time of payment or a season of trail. 4. To hold out or reach forth, as the arm or hand. His helpless hand extend. Dryden. 5. To bestow; to offer; to impart; to apply; as, to extend sympathy to the suffering. 6. To increase in quantity by weakening or adulterating additions; as, to extend liquors. G. P. Burnham. 7. (Eng. Law) Defn: To value, as lands taken by a writ of extent in satisfaction of a debt; to assign by writ of extent. Extended letter (Typog.), a letter, or style of type, having a broader face than is usual for a letter or type of the same height. Note: This is extended type. Syn. -- To increase; enlarge; expand; widen; diffuse. See Increase. EXTENDANT Ex*tend"ant, a. (Her.) Defn: Displaced. Ogilvie. EXTENDEDLY Ex*tend"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In an extended manner. EXTENDER Ex*tend"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, extends or stretches anything. EXTENDIBLE Ex*tend"i*ble, a. 1. Capable of being extended, susceptible of being stretched, extended, enlarged, widened, or expanded. 2. (Law) Defn: Liable to be taken by a writ of extent. EXTENDLESSNESS Ex*tend"less*ness, n. Defn: Unlimited extension. [Obs.] An . . . extendlessness of excursions. Sir. M. Hale. EXTENSE Ex*tense", a. Etym: [L. extensus, p.p. See Extend, v. t.] Defn: Outreaching; expansive; extended, superficially or otherwise. Men and gods are too extense; Could you slacken and condense Emerson. EXTENSIBILITY Ex*ten`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being extensible; the capacity of being extended; as, the extensibility of a fiber, or of a plate of metal. EXTENSIBLE Ex*ten"si*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. extensible. See Extend.] Defn: Capable of being extended, whether in length or breadth; susceptible of enlargement; extensible; extendible; -- the opposite of contractible or compressible. "An extensible membrane" Holder. EXTENSIBLENESS Ex*ten"si*ble*ness, n. Defn: Extensibility. EXTENSILE Ex*ten"sile a. Defn: Suited for, or capable of, extension; extensible. Owen. EXTENSION Ex*ten"sion, n. Etym: [L. extensio: cf. F. extension. See Extend, v. t.] 1. The act of extending or the state of being extended; a stretching out; enlargement in breadth or continuation of length; increase; augmentation; expansion. 2. (Physics) Defn: That property of a body by which it occupies a portion of space. 3. (Logic & Metaph.) Defn: Capacity of a concept or general term to include a greater or smaller number of objects; -- correlative of intension. The law is that the intension of our knowledge is in the inverse ratio of its extension. Sir W. Hamilton. The extension of [the term] plant is greater than that of geranium, because it includes more objects. Abp. Thomson. 4. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of stretching a broken bone so as to bring the fragments into the same straight line. 5. (Physiol.) Defn: The straightening of a limb, in distinction from flexion. 6. (Com.) Defn: A written engagement on the part of a creditor, allowing a debtor further time to pay a debt. Counter extension. (Surg.) See under Counter. -- Extension table, a table so constructed as to be readily extended or contracted in length. EXTENSIONAL Ex*ten"sion*al, a. Defn: Having great extent. EXTENSIONIST Ex*ten"sion*ist, n. Defn: One who favors or advocates extension. EXTENSIVE Ex*ten"sive, a. Etym: [L. extensivus: cf. F. extensif. See Extend.] 1. Having wide extent; of much superficial extent; expanded; large; broad; wide; comprehensive; as, an extensive farm; an extensive lake; an extensive sphere of operations; extensive benevolence; extensive greatness. 2. Capable of being extended. [Obs.] Silver beaters choose the finest coin, as that which is most extensive under the hammer. Boyle. EXTENSIVELY Ex*ten"sive*ly, adv. Defn: To a great extent; widely; largely; as, a story is extensively circulated. EXTENSIVENESS Ex*ten"sive*ness, n. Defn: The state of being extensive; wideness; largeness; extent; diffusiveness. EXTENSOMETER Ex`ten*som"e*ter, n. Etym: [Extension + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the extension of a body, especially for measuring the elongation of bars of iron, steel, or other material, when subjected to a tensile force. EXTENSOR Ex*ten"sor, n. Etym: [L., one who stretches. See Extend.] (Anat.) Defn: A muscle which serves to extend or straighten any part of the body, as an arm or a finger; -- opposed to flexor. EXTENSURE Ex*ten"sure, n. Defn: Extension. [R.] Drayton. EXTENT Ex*tent", a. Etym: [L. extentus, p. p. of extendere. See Extend.] Defn: Extended. [Obs.] Spenser. EXTENT Ex*tent", n. Etym: [L. extentus, fr. extendere. See Extend.] 1. Space or degree to which a thing is extended; hence, superficies; compass; bulk; size; length; as, an extent of country or of line; extent of information or of charity. Life in its large extent is scare a span. Cotton. 2. Degree; measure; proportion. "The extent to which we can make ourselves what we wish to be." Lubbock. 3. (Eng. Law) (a) A peculiar species of execution upon debts due to the crown, under which the lands and goods of the debtor may be seized to secure payment. (b) A process of execution by which the lands and goods of a debtor are valued and delivered to the creditor. EXTENUATE Ex*ten"u*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extenuated(); p. pr. & vb. n. Extenuating().] Etym: [L. extenuatus, p. p. of extenuare to make thin, loosen, weaken; ex out + tenuare to make thin, tenuis thin. See Tenuity.] 1. To make thin or slender; to draw out so as to lessen the thickness. His body behind the head becomes broad, from whence it is again extenuated all the way to the tail. Grew. 2. To lessen; to palliate; to lessen or weaken the force of; to diminish the conception of, as crime, guilt, faults, ills, accusations, etc.; -- opposed to aggravate. But fortune there extenuates the crime. Dryden. Let us extenuate, conceal, adorn the unpleasing reality. I. Taylor. 3. To lower or degrade; to detract from. [Obs.] Who can extenuate thee Milton. Syn. -- To palliate; to mitigate. See Palliate. EXTENUATE Ex*ten"u*ate, v. i. Defn: To become thinner; to make excuses; to advance palliating considerations. Burke. EXTENUATE Ex*ten"u*ate, a. Etym: [L. extenuatus, p. p.] Defn: Thin; slender. [Obs.] Huloet. EXTENUATION Ex*ten`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. extenuatio: cf. F. exténuation.] Defn: The act of axtenuating or the state of being extenuated; the act of making thin, slender, or lean, or of palliating; diminishing, or lessening; palliation, as of a crime; mitigation, as of punishment. To listen . . . to every extenuation of what is evil. I. Taylor. EXTENUATOR Ex*ten"u*a`tor, n. Defn: One who extenuates. EXTENUATORY Ex*ten"u*a*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. L. extenuatorius attenuating.] Defn: Tending to extenuate or palliate. Croker. EXTERIOR Ex*te"ri*or, a. Etym: [L. exterior, compar. of exter or exterus on the outside, outward, foreign, strange, a compar. fr. ex: cf. F. extérieur. See Ex, and cf. Extreme, Interior.] 1. External; outward; pertaining to that which is external; -- opposed to interior; as, the exterior part of a sphere. Sith nor the exterior nor the inward man Resemble that it was. Shak. 2. External; on the outside; without the limits of; extrinsic; as, an object exterior to a man, opposed to what is within, or in his mind. Without exterior help sustained. Milton. 3. Relating to foreign nations; foreign; as, the exterior relations of a state or kingdom. Exterior angle (Geom.), the angle included between any side of a triangle or polygon and the prolongation of the adjacent side; also, an angle included between a line crossing two parallel lines and either of the latter on the outside. -- Exterior side (Fort.), the side of the polygon upon which a front of fortification is formed. Wilhelm. Note: See Illust. of Ravelin. EXTERIOR Ex*te"ri*or, n. 1. The outward surface or part of a thing; that which is external; outside. 2. Outward or external deportment, form, or ceremony; visible act; as, the exteriors of religion. EXTERIORITY Ex*te`ri*or"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. extériorité.] Defn: Surface; superficies; externality. EXTERIORLY Ex*te"ri*or*ly, adv. Defn: Outwardly; externally; on the exterior. Shak. They are exteriorly lifelike. J. H. Morse. EXTERMINATE Ex*ter"mi*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exterminated(); p. pr. & vb. n. Exterminating().] Etym: [L. exterminatus, p. p. of exterminare to abolish, destroy, drive out or away; ex out + terminus boundary, limit. See Term.] 1. To drive out or away; to expel. They deposed, exterminated, and deprived him of communion. Barrow. 2. To destroy utterly; to cut off; to extirpate; to annihilate; to root out; as, to exterminate a colony, a tribe, or a nation; to exterminate error or vice. To explode and exterminate rank atheism. Bentley. 3. (Math.) Defn: To eliminate, as unknown quantities. [R.] EXTERMINATION Ex*ter`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. extermination.] 1. The act of exterminating; total destruction; eradication; excision; as, the extermination of inhabitants or tribes, of error or vice, or of weeds from a field. 2. (Math.) Defn: Elimination. [R.] EXTERMINATOR Ex*ter"mi*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who, or that which, exterminates. Buckle. EXTERMINATORY Ex*ter"mi*na*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to extermination; tending to exterminate. "Exterminatory war." Burke. EXTERMINE Ex*ter"mine, v. t. Etym: [F. exterminer.] Defn: To exterminate; to destroy. [Obs.] Shak. EXTERN Ex*tern", a. Etym: [Cf. F. externe. See External.] Defn: External; outward; not inherent. [Obs.] Shak. EXTERN Ex*tern", n. Etym: [Cf. F. externe.] 1. A pupil in a seminary who lives without its walls; a day scholar. 2. Outward form or part; exterior. [R.] EXTERNAL Ex*ter"nal, a. Etym: [L. externus, fr. exter, exterus, on the outside, outward. See Exterior.] 1. Outward; exterior; relating to the outside, as of a body; being without; acting from without; -- opposed to internal; as, the external form or surface of a body. Of all external things, . . . She [Fancy] forms imaginations, aery shapes. Milton. 2. Outside of or separate from ourselves; (Metaph.) separate from the perceiving mind. 3. Outwardly perceptible; visible; physical or corporeal, as distinguished from mental or moral. Her virtues graced with external gifts. Shak. 4. Not intrinsic nor essential; accidental; accompanying; superficial. The external circumstances are greatly different. Trench. 5. Foreign; relating to or connected with foreign nations; as, external trade or commerce; the external relations of a state or kingdom. 6. (Anat.) Defn: Away from the mesial plane of the body; lateral. External angles. (Geom.) See under Angle. EXTERNAL Ex*ter"nal, n. Defn: Something external or without; outward part; that which makes a show, rather than that which is intrinsic; visible form; -- usually in the plural. Adam was then no less glorious in his externals South. God in externals could not place content. Pope. EXTERNALISM Ex*ter"nal*ism n. 1. The quality of being manifest to the senses; external acts or appearances; regard for externals. This externalism gave Catholicism a great advantage on all sides. E. Eggleston. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: That philosophy or doctrine which recognizes or deals only with externals, or objects of sense perception; positivism; phenomenalism. EXTERNALISTIC Ex*ter`nal*is"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to externalism North Am. Rev. EXTERNALITY Ex`ter*nal"i*ty, n. Defn: State of being external; exteriority; (Metaph.) Defn: separation from the perceiving mind. Pressure or resistance necessarily supposes externality in the thing which presses or resists. A. Smith. EXTERNALIZE Ex*ter"nal*ize, v. t. Defn: To make external; to manifest by outward form. Thought externalizes itself in language. Soyce. EXTERNALLY Ex*ter"nal*ly, adv. Defn: In an external manner; outwardly; on the outside; in appearance; visibly. EXTERNE Ex`terne", n. Etym: [F. Cf. Extern.] (med.) Defn: An officer in attendance upon a hospital, but not residing in it; esp., one who cares for the out-patients. EXTERRANEOUS Ex`ter*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. exterraneus; es out + terra land.] Defn: Foreign; belonging to, or coming from, abroad. EXTERRITORIAL Ex*ter`ri*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [Pref. ex.] Defn: Beyond the territorial limits; foreign to, or exempt from, the territorial jurisdiction. -- Ex*ter`ri*to"ri*al*ly(#),adv. EXTERRITORIALITY Ex*ter`ri*to`ri*al"i*ty, n. 1. The state of being beyond the limits of a country. 2. The state of being free from the jurisdiction of a country when within its territorial limits. EXTERSION Ex*ter"sion, n. Etym: [L. extergere, extersum, to wipe out; ex out + tergere to wipe or rub off.] Defn: The act of wiping or rubbing out. [Obs.] EXTILL Ex*till", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Extilled(); p. pr. & vb. n. Extilling.] Etym: [L. extillare, exstillare; ex out + stillare to drop, stilla drop.] Defn: To drop or distill. [Obs.] Johnson. EXTILLATION Ex`til*la"tion, n. Defn: Distillation. [Obs.] An exudation or extillation of petrifying juices. Derham. EXTIMULATE Ex*tim"u*late, v. t. Etym: [L. extimulatus, exstimulatus, p. p. of extimulare, exstimulare, to goad. See Stimulate.] Defn: To stimulate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. EXTIMULATION Ex*tim`u*la"tion, n. Defn: Stimulation. [Obs.] Things insipid, and without any extimulation. Bacon. EXTINCT Ex*tinct", a. Etym: [L. extinctus, exstinctus, p. p. of extinguere, exstinguere. See Extinguish.] 1. Extinguished; put out; quenched; as, a fire, a light, or a lamp, is extinct; an extinct volcano. Light, the prime work of God, to me is extinct. Milton. 2. Without a survivor; without force; dead; as, a family becomes extinct; an extinct feud or law. EXTINCT Ex*tinct", v. t. Defn: To cause to be extinct. [Obs.] Shak. EXTINCTION Ex*tinc"tion, n. Etym: [L. extinctio, exstinction: cf. F. extinction.] 1. The act of extinguishing or making extinct; a putting an end to; the act of putting out or destroying light, fire, life, activity, influence, etc. 2. State of being extinguished or of ceasing to be; destruction; suppression; as, the extinction of life, of a family, of a quarrel, of claim. EXTINE Ex"tine (; 104), n. Etym: [L. exter on the outside. Cf. Intine.] (bot.) Defn: The outer membrane of the grains of pollen of flowering plants. EXTINGUISH Ex*tin"guish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extinguished(); p pr. & vb. n. Extinguishing.] Etym: [L. extinguere, exstinguere; ex out + stinguere to quench. See Distinguish, Finish.] 1. To quench; to put out, as a light or fire; to stifle; to cause to die out; to put an end to; to destroy; as, to extinguish a flame, or life, or love, or hope, a pretense or a right. A light which the fierce winds have no power to extinguish. Prescott. This extinguishes my right to the reversion. Blackstone. 2. To obscure; to eclipse, as by superior splendor. Natural graces that extinguish art. Shak . EXTINGUISHABLE Ex*tin"guish*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being quenched, destroyed, or suppressed. EXTINGUISHER Ex*tin"guish*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, extinguishes; esp., a hollow cone or other device for extinguishing a flame, as of a torch or candle. EXTINGUISHMENT Ex*tin"guish*ment, n. 1. The act of extinguishing, putting out, or quenching, or the state of being extinguished; extinction; suppression; destruction; nullification; as, the extinguishment of fire or flame, of discord, enmity, or jealousy, or of love or affection. 2. (Law) Defn: The annihilation or extinction of a right or obligation. Abbott. EXTIRP Ex*tirp" (, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. extirper.] Defn: To extirpate. [Obs.] It is impossible to extirp it quite, friar. Shak . EXTIRPABLE Ex*tir"pa*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being extirpated or eradicated; as, an extirpable plant. Evelyn. EXTIRPATE Ex"tir*pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extirpated(); p. pr. & vb. n. Extirpating().] Etym: [L. extirpatus, exstirpatus, p. p. of extirpare, exstirpare; ex out + strips stock, stem, root.] Defn: To pluck up by the stem or root; to root out; to eradicate, literally or figuratively; to destroy wholly; as, to extirpate weeds; to extirpate a tumor; to extirpate a sect; to extirpate error or heresy. Syn. -- To eradicate; root out; destroy; exterminate; annihilate; extinguish. EXTIRPATION Ex`tir*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. extirpatio, exstirpatio: cf. F. extirpation.] Defn: The act of extirpating or rooting out, or the state of being extirpated; eradication; excision; total destruction; as, the extirpation of weeds from land, of evil from the heart, of a race of men, of heresy. EXTIRPATIVE Ex"tir*pa*tive, a. Defn: Capable of rooting out, or tending to root out. Cheyne. EXTIRPATOR Ex"tir*pa`tor, n. Etym: [L. extirpator, exstirpator: cf. F. extirpateur.] Defn: One who extirpates or roots out; a destroyer. EXTIRPATORY Ex*tir"pa*to*ry, a. Defn: Extirpative. EXTIRPER Ex*tirp"er, n. Defn: Extirpator. [Obs.] Bacon. EXTISPICIOUS Ex`ti*spi"cious, a. Etym: [L. extispicium an inspection of the inwards for divination; extra the entrails + specer to look at.] Defn: Relating to the inspection of entrails for prognostication. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. EXTOGENOUS Ex*tog"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. exter outward + .] (Biol.) Defn: Exogenous. EXTOL Ex*tol", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extolled(); p. pr. & vb. n. Extolling.] Etym: [L. extollere; ex out + tollere to lift, take up, or raise: cf. OF. extoller. See Tollerate, and cf. Flate.] 1. To place on high; to lift up; to elevate. [Obs.] Who extolled you in the half-crown boxes, Where you might sit and muster all the beauties. Beau. 2. To elevate by praise; to eulogize; to praise; to magnify; as, to extol virtue; to extol an act or a person. Wherein have I so deserved of you, That you extol me thus Shak. Syn. -- To praise; applaud; commend; magnify; celebrate; laud; glorify. See Praise. EXTOLLER Ex*tol"ler, n. Defn: One who extols; one who praises. EXTOLMENT Ex*tol"ment, n. Defn: Praise. [Obs.] Shak. EXTORSIVE Ex*tor"sive, a. Etym: [See Extort.] Defn: Serving or tending to extort. [R.] Johnson. -- Ex*tor"sive*ly, adv. [R.] EXTORT Ex*tort", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Extorting.] Etym: [L. extortus, p. p. of extorquere to twist or wrench out, to extort; ex out + torquere to turn about, twist. See Torsion.] 1. To wrest from an unwilling person by physical force, menace, duress, torture, or any undue or illegal exercise of power or ingenuity; to wrench away (from); to tear away; to wring (from); to exact; as, to extort contributions from the vanquished; to extort confessions of guilt; to extort a promise; to extort payment of a debt. 2. (Law) Defn: To get by the offense of extortion. See Extortion, 2. EXTORT Ex*tort", v. i. Defn: To practice extortion. [Obs.] Spenser. EXTORT Ex*tort", p. p. & a. Etym: [L. extortus. p. p.] Defn: Extorted. [Obs.] Spenser. EXTORTER Ex*tort"er, n. Defn: One who practices extortion. EXTORTION Ex*tor"tion, n. Etym: [F. extorsion.] 1. The act of extorting; the act or practice of wresting anything from a person by force, by threats, or by any undue exercise of power; undue exaction; overcharge. 2. (Law) Defn: The offense committed by an officer who corruptly claims and takes, as his fee, money, or other thing of value, that is not due, or more than is due, or before it is due. Abbott. 3. That which is extorted or exacted by force. Syn. -- Oppression; rapacity; exaction; overcharge. EXTORTIONARY Ex*tor"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Extortionate. EXTORTIONATE Ex*tor"tion*ate, a. Defn: Characterized by extortion; oppressive; hard. EXTORTIONER Ex*tor"tion*er, n Defn: , One who practices extortion. EXTORTIOUS Ex*tor"tious, a. Defn: Extortionate. [Obs.] "Extortious cruelties." Bp. Hall -- Ex*tor"tious*ly, adv. [Obs.] Bacon. EXTRA- Ex"tra-. Etym: [L., fr. exter. See Exterior.] Defn: A Latin preposition, denoting beyond, outside of; -- often used in composition as a prefix signifying outside of, beyond, besides, or in addition to what is denoted by the word to which it is prefixed. EXTRA Ex"tra, a. Defn: Beyond what is due, usual, expected, or necessary; additional; supernumerary; also, extraordinarily good; superior; as, extra work; extra pay. "By working extra hours." H. Spencer. EXTRA Ex"tra, n.; pl. Extras (. Defn: Something in addition to what is due, expected, or customary; something in addition to the regular charge or compensation, or for which an additional charge is made; as, at European hotels lights are extras. [Colloq.] EXTRAARTICULAR Ex`tra*ar*tic"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated outside of a joint. EXTRAAXILLAR; EXTRAAXILLARY Ex`tra*ax"il*lar, Ex`tra*ax"il*la*ry a. (Bot.) Defn: Growing outside of the axils; as, an extra-axillary bud. EXTRABRANCHIAL Ex`tra*bran"chi*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Outside of the branchial arches; -- said of the cartilages thus placed in some fishes. EXTRACAPSULAR Ex`tra*cap"su*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated outside of a capsule, esp. outside the capsular ligament of a joint. EXTRACT Ex*tract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Extracting.] Etym: [L. extractus, p. p. of extrahere to extract; ex out + trahere to draw. See Trace, and cf. Estreat.] 1. To draw out or forth; to pull out; to remove forcibly from a fixed position, as by traction or suction, etc.; as, to extract a tooth from its socket, a stump from the earth, a splinter from the finger. The bee Sits on the bloom extracting liquid sweet. Milton. 2. To withdraw by expression, distillation, or other mechanical or chemical process; as, to extract an essence. Cf. Abstract, v. t., 6. Sunbeams may be extracted from cucumbers, but the process is tedious. 3. To take by selection; to choose out; to cite or quote, as a passage from a book. I have extracted out of that pamphlet a few notorious falsehoods. Swift. To extract the root (Math.), to ascertain the root of a number or quantity. EXTRACT Ex"tract`, n. 1. That which is extracted or drawn out. 2. A portion of a book or document, separately transcribed; a citation; a quotation. 3. A decoction, solution, or infusion made by drawing out from any substance that which gives it its essential and characteristic virtue; essence; as, extract of beef; extract of dandelion; also, any substance so extracted, and characteristic of that from which it is obtained; as, quinine is the most important extract of Peruvian bark. 4. (Med.) Defn: A solid preparation obtained by evaporating a solution of a drug, etc., or the fresh juice of a plant; -- distinguished from an abstract. See Abstract, n., 4. 5. (Old Chem.) Defn: A peculiar principle once erroneously supposed to form the basis of all vegetable extracts; -- called also the extractive principle. [Obs.] 6. Extraction; descent. [Obs.] South. 7. (Scots Law) Defn: A draught or copy of writing; certified copy of the proceedings in an action and the judgement therein, with an order for execution. Tomlins. Fluid extract (Med.), a concentrated liquid preparation, containing a definite proportion of the active principles of a medicinal substance. At present a fluid gram of extract should represent a gram of the crude drug. EXTRACTABLE; EXTRACTIBLE Ex*tract"a*ble, Ex*tract"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being extracted. EXTRACTIFORM Ex*tract"i*form, a. (Chem.) Defn: Having the form, appearance, or nature, of an extract. EXTRACTION Ex*trac"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. extraction.] 1. The act of extracting, or drawing out; as, the extraction of a tooth, of a bone or an arrow from the body, of a stump from earth, of a passage from a book, of an essence or tincture. 2. Derivation from a stock or family; lineage; descent; birth; the stock from which one has descended. "A family of ancient extraction." Clarendon. 3. That which is extracted; extract; essence. They [books] do preserve as in a vial the purest efficacy and extraction of that living intellect that bred them. Milton. The extraction of roots. (Math.) (a) The operation of finding the root of a given number or quantity. (b) The method or rule by which the operation is performed; evolution. EXTRACTIVE Ex*tract"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. extractif.] 1. Capable of being extracted. "Thirty grains of extractive matter." Kirwan. 2. Tending or serving to extract or draw out. Certain branches of industry are conveniently designated extractive: e.g., agriculture, pastoral and mining pursuits, cutting of lumber, etc. Cairnes. EXTRACTIVE Ex*tract"ive, n. 1. Anything extracted; an extract. Extractives, of which the most constant are urea, kreatin, and grape sugar. H. N. Martin. 2. (Chem.) (a) A chemical principle once supposed to exist in all extracts. [Obs.] (b) Any one of a large class of substances obtained by extraction, and consisting largely of nitrogenous hydrocarbons, such as xanthin, hypoxanthin, and creatin extractives from muscle tissue. EXTRACTOR Ex*tract"or, n. Defn: One who, or that which, extracts; as: (a) (Surg.) A forceps or instrument for extracting substances. (b) (Breech-loading Firearms) A device for withdrawing a cartridge or spent cartridge shell from the chamber of the barrel. EXTRADICTIONARY Ex`tra*dic"tion*a*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. extra + L. dictio a saying. See Diction.] Defn: Consisting not in words, but in realities. [Obs.] Of these extradictionary and real fallacies, Aristotle and logicians make in number six. Sir T. Browne. EXTRADITABLE Ex"tra*di`ta*ble, a. 1. Subject, or liable, to extradition, as a fugitive from justice. 2. Making liable to extradition; as, extraditable offenses. EXTRADITE Ex"tra*dite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extradited(); p. pr. & vb. n. Extraditing().] Defn: To deliver up by one government to another, as a fugitive from justice. See Extradition. EXTRADITION Ex`tra*di"tion, n. Etym: [L. ex out + traditio a delivering up: cf. F. extradition. See Tradition.] Defn: The surrender or delivery of an alleged criminal by one State or sovereignty to another having jurisdiction to try charge. EXTRADOS Ex*tra"dos, n. Etym: [F.; pref. extra outside + dos (L. dorsum) the back.] (Arch.) Defn: The exterior curve of an arch; esp., the upper curved face of the whole body of voussoirs. See Intrados. EXTRADOTAL Ex`tra*do"tal, a. Etym: [Pref. extra.] Defn: Forming no part of the dowry; as, extradotal property. EXTRAFOLIACEOUS Ex`tra*fo`li*a"ceous, a. Etym: [Pref. extra + foliaceous.] (Bot.) Defn: Away from the leaves, or inserted in a different place from them; as, extrafoliaceous prickles. Loudon. EXTRAFORANEOUS Ex`tra*fo*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. extra + L. foras out of doors.] Defn: Pertaining to that which is out of doors. "Extr occupations." Cowper. EXTRAGENEOUS Ex`tra*ge"ne*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. extra + L. genus race.] Defn: Belonging to another race or kind. EXTRAJUDICIAL Ex`tra*ju*di"cial, a. Defn: Out of or beyond the proper authority of a court or judge; beyond jurisdiction; not legally required. "An extrajudicial opinion." Hallam. -- Ex`tra*ju*di"cial*ly, adv. EXTRAJUDICIAL CONVEYANCE Extrajudicial conveyance. (Law) Defn: A conveyance, as by deed, effected by the act of the parties and not involving, as in the fine and recovery, judicial proceedings. EXTRALIMITARY Ex`tra*lim"it*a*ry, a. Defn: Being beyond the limit or bounds; as, extraliminary land. Mitford. EXTRALOGICAL Ex`tra*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Lying outside of the domain of logic. -- Ex`tra*log"ic*al*ly, adv. EXTRAMISSION Ex`tra*mis"sion, n. Defn: A sending out; emission. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. EXTRAMUNDANE Ex`tra*mun"dane, a. Etym: [L. extramundanus; extra + mundus world.] Defn: Beyond the material world. "An extramundane being." Bp. Warburton. EXTRAMURAL Ex`tra*mu"ral, a. Defn: Outside of the walls, as of a fortified or walled city. EXTRANEITY Ex`tra*ne"i*ty, n. Defn: State of being without or beyond a thing; foreignness. [Obs.] EXTRANEOUS Ex*tra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. extraneus, from extra. See Extra, Strange.] Defn: Not belonging to, or dependent upon, a thing; without or beyond a thing; not essential or intrinsic; foreign; as, to separate gold from extraneous matter. Nothing is admitted extraneous from the indictment. Landor. -- Ex*tra"ne*ous*ly, adv. EXTRA-OCULAR Ex`tra-oc"u*lar, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Inserted exterior to the eyes; -- said of the antennæ of certain insects. EXTRA-OFFICIAL Ex`tra-of*fi"cial, a. Defn: Not prescribed by official duty. EXTRAORDINARILY Ex*traor"di*na*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In an extraordinary manner or degree. EXTRAORDINARINESS Ex*traor"di*na*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being extraordinary. [R.] Gov. of the Tongue. EXTRAORDINARY Ex*traor"di*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. extraordinarius; extra on the outside + ordinarius: cf. F. extraordinaire. See Ordinary.] 1. Beyond or out of the common order or method; not usual, customary, regular, or ordinary; as, extraordinary evils; extraordinary remedies. Which dispose To something extraordinary my thoughts. Milton. 2. Exceeding the common degree, measure. or condition; hence, remarkable; uncommon; rare; wonderful; as, extraordinary talents or grandeur. 3. Employed or sent upon an unusual or special service; as, an ambassador extraordinary. EXTRAORDINARY Ex*traor"di*na*ry, n.; pl. Extraordinaries (. Defn: That which is extraordinary; -- used especially in the plural; as, extraordinaries excepted, there is nothing to prevent success. Their extraordinary did consist especially in the matter of prayers and devotions. Jer. Taylor. EXTRAPAROCHIAL Ex`tra*pa*ro"chi*al, a. Defn: Beyond the limits of a parish. -- Ex`tra*pa*ro"chi*al*ly, adv. EXTRAPHYSICAL Ex`tra*phys"i*cal, a. Defn: Not subject to physical laws or methods. EXTRAPROFESSIONAL Ex`tra*pro*fes"sion*al, a. Defn: Foreign to a profession; not within the ordinary limits of professional duty or business. EXTRAPROVINCIAL Ex`tra*pro*vin"cial, a. Defn: Not within of pertaining to the same province or jurisdiction. Ayliffe. EXTRAREGULAR Ex`tra*reg"u*lar, a. Defn: Not comprehended within a rule or rules. Jer. Taylor. EXTRASTAPEDIAL Ex`tra*sta*pe"di*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to a part of the columella of the ear, which, in many animals, projects beyond the connection with the stapes. -- n. Defn: The extrastapedial part of columella. EXTRATERRITORIAL Ex`tra*ter`ri*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Beyond the limits of a territory or particular jurisdiction; exterritorial. -- Ex`tra*ter`ri*to"ri*al*ly(#), adv. EXTRATERRITORIALITY Ex`tra*ter`ri*to`ri*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being beyond the limits of a particular territory; esp. (Internat. Law), Defn: a fiction by which a public minister, though actually in a foreign country, is supposed still to remain within the territory of his own sovereign or nation. Wheaton. EXTRATROPICAL Ex`tra*trop"ic*al, a. Defn: Beyond or outside of the tropics. Whewell. EXTRAUGHT Ex`traught", p. p. of Extract. Etym: [Cf. Distraught.] Defn: Extracted; descended. [Obs.] Knowing whence thou art extraught Shak. EXTRA-UTERINE Ex`tra-u"ter*ine, a. (Anat. & Med.) Defn: Outside of the uterus, or womb. Extra-uterine pregnancy (Med.), a condition of pregnancy in which the fetus is not in the uterus, but in the Fallopian tube or in the abdominal cavity. EXTRAVAGANCE Ex*trav"a*gance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. extravagance. See Extravagant, and cf. Extravaganza.] 1. A wandering beyond proper limits; an excursion or sally from the usual way, course, or limit. 2. The state of being extravagant, wild, or prodigal beyond bounds of propriety or duty; want of moderation; excess; especially, undue expenditure of money; vaid and superfluous expense; prodigality; as, extravagance of anger, love, expression, imagination, demands. Some verses of my own, Maximin and Almanzor, cry vengeance on me for their extravagance. Dryden. The income of three dukes was enough to supply her extravagance. Arbuthnot. Syn. -- Wildness; irregularity; excess; prodigality; profusion; waste; lavishness; unreasonableness; recklessness. EXTRAVAGANCY Ex*trav"a*gan*cy, n.; pl. Extravagancies (. Defn: Extravagance. EXTRAVAGANT Ex*trav"a*gant, a. Etym: [F. extravagant, fr. L. extra on the outside + vagance, , p. pr. of vagari to wander, from vagus wandering, vague. See Vague.] 1. Wandering beyond one's bounds; roving; hence, foreign. [Obs.] The extravagant and erring spirit hies To his confine. Shak. 2. Exceeding due bounds; wild; excessive; unrestrained; as, extravagant acts, wishes, praise, abuse. There appears something nobly wild and extravagant in great natural geniuses. Addison. 3. Profuse in expenditure; prodigal; wasteful; as, an extravagant man. "Extravagant expense." Bancroft. EXTRAVAGANT Ex*trav"a*gant, n. 1. One who is confined to no general rule. L'Estrange. 2. pl. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: Certain constitutions or decretal epistles, not at first included with others, but subsequently made a part of the canon law. EXTRAVAGANTLY Ex*trav"a*gant*ly, adv. Defn: In an extravagant manner; wildly; excessively; profusely. EXTRAVAGANTNESS Ex*trav"a*gant*ness, n. Defn: The state of being extravagant or in excess; excess; extravagance. EXTRAVAGANZA Ex*trav`a*gan"za, n. Etym: [Extravagance with an Italian ending: cf. It. stravaganza.] 1. A composition, as in music, or in the drama, designed to produce effect by its wild irregularity; esp., a musical caricature. 2. An extravagant flight of sentiment or language. EXTRAVAGATE Ex*trav"a*gate, v. i. Etym: [Pref. extra + L. vagatus, p. p. of vagari to rove. See Extravagant.] Defn: To rove. Bp. Warburton. EXTRAVAGATION Ex*trav`a*ga"tion, n. Defn: A wandering beyond limits; excess. [Obs.] Smollett. EXTRAVASATE Ex*trav"a*sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extravasated(); p. pr. & vb. n. Extravasating().] Etym: [Pref. extra + L. vas vessel: cf. F. extravaser. See Vase.] Defn: To force or let out of the proper vessels or arteries, as blood. EXTRAVASATION Ex*trav`a*sa"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. extravasation.] Defn: The act of forcing or letting out of its proper vessels or ducts, as a fluid; effusion; as, an extravasation of blood after a rupture of the vessels. EXTRAVASCULAR Ex`tra*vas"cu*lar, a. (Anat.) (a) Outside the vessels; -- said of the substance of all the tissues. (b) Destitute of vessels; non-vascular. EXTRAVENATE Ex*trav"e*nate, a. Etym: [Pref. extra + L. vena vein.] Defn: Let out of the veins. [Obs.] "Extravenate blood." Glanvill. EXTRAVERSION Ex`tra*ver"sion, n. Etym: [Pref. extra + L. vertere, versum, to turn: cf. F. extraversion.] Defn: The act of throwing out; the state of being turned or thrown out. [Obs.] Boyle. EXTREAT Ex*treat", n. Etym: [See Estreat, Extract.] Defn: Extraction. [Obs.] Spenser. EXTREME Ex*treme", a. Etym: [L. extremus, superl. of exter, extrus, on the outside, outward: cf. F. extrême. See Exterior.] 1. At the utmost point, edge, or border; outermost; utmost; farthest; most remote; at the widest limit. 2. Last; final; conclusive; -- said of time; as, the extreme hour of life. 3. The best of worst; most urgent; greatest; highest; immoderate; excessive; most violent; as, an extreme case; extreme folly. "The extremest remedy." Dryden. "Extreme rapidity." Sir W. Scott. Yet extreme gusts will blow out fire. Shak. 4. Radical; ultra; as, extreme opinions. The Puritans or extreme Protestants. Gladstone. 5. (Mus.) Defn: Extended or contracted as much as possible; -- said of intervals; as, an extreme sharp second; an extreme flat forth. Extreme and mean ratio (Geom.), the relation of a line and its segments when the line is so divided that the whole is to the greater segment is to the less. -- Extreme distance. (Paint.) See Distance., n., 6. -- Extreme unction. See under Unction. Note: Although this adjective, being superlative in signification, is not properly subject to comparison, the superlative form not unfrequently occurs, especially in the older writers. "Tried in his extremest state." Spenser. "Extremest hardships." Sharp. "Extremest of evils." Bacon. "Extremest verge of the swift brook." Shak. "The sea's extremest borders." Addison. EXTREME Ex*treme", n. 1. The utmost point or verge; that part which terminates a body; extremity. 2. Utmost limit or degree that is supposable or tolerable; hence, furthest degree; any undue departure from the mean; -- often in the plural: things at an extreme distance from each other, the most widely different states, etc.; as, extremes of heat and cold, of virtue and vice; extremes meet. His parsimony went to the extreme of meanness. Bancroft. 3. An extreme state or condition; hence, calamity, danger, distress, etc. "Resolute in most extremes." Shak. 4. (Logic) Defn: Either of the extreme terms of a syllogism, the middle term being interposed between them. 5. (Math.) Defn: The first or the last term of a proportion or series. In the extreme as much as possible. "The position of the Port was difficult in the extreme." J. P. Peters. EXTREMELESS Ex*treme"less, a. Defn: Having no extremes; infinite. EXTREMELY Ex*treme"ly, adv. Defn: In an extreme manner or state; in the utmost degree; to the utmost point; exceedingly; as, extremely hot or cold. EXTREMIST Ex*trem"ist, n. Defn: A supporter of extreme doctrines or practice; one who holds extreme opinions. EXTREMITY Ex*trem"i*ty, n.; pl. Extremities(. Etym: [L. extremitas: cf. F. extrémité.] 1. The extreme part; the utmost limit; the farthest or remotest point or part; as, the extremities of a country. They sent fleets . . . to the extremities of Ethiopia. Arbuthnot. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of locomotive appendages of an animal; a limb; a leg or an arm of man. 3. The utmost point; highest degree; most aggravated or intense form. "The extremity of bodily pain." Ray. 4. The highest degree of inconvenience, pain, or suffering; greatest need or peril; extreme need; necessity. Divers evils and extremities that follow upon such a compulsion shall here be set in view. Milton. Upon mere extremity he summoned this last Parliament. Milton. Syn. -- Verge; border; extreme; end; termination. EXTRICABLE Ex"tri*ca*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being extricated. Sir W. Jones. EXTRICATE Ex"tri*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extricated(); p. pr. & vb. n. Extricating().] Etym: [L. extricatus, p. p. of extricare to extricate; ex out + tricae trifles, impediments, perplexities. Cf. Intricate.] 1. To free, as from difficulties or perplexities; to disentangle; to disembarrass; as, to extricate a person from debt, peril, etc. We had now extricated ourselves from the various labyrinths and defiles. Eustance. 2. To cause to be emitted or evolved; as, to extricate heat or moisture. Syn. -- To disentangle; disembarrass; disengage; relieve; evolve; set free; liberate. EXTRICATION Ex`tri*ca"tion, n. 1. The act or process of extricating or disentangling; a freeing from perplexities; disentanglement. 2. The act of sending out or evolving. EXTRINSIC Ex*trin"sic, a. Etym: [L. extrinsecus; exter on the outside + secus otherwise, beside; akin to E. second: cf. F. extrinsèque. See Exterior, Second.] 1. Not contained in or belonging to a body; external; outward; unessential; -- opposed to intrinsic. The extrinsic aids of education and of artificial culture. I. Taylor. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Attached partly to an organ or limb and partly to some other partintrinsic. EXTRINSICAL Ex*trin"sic*al, a. Defn: Extrinsic. -- Ex*trin"sic*al*ly(#), adv. EXTRINSICALITY; EXTRINSICALNESS Ex*trin`si*cal"i*ty, Ex*trin"sic*al*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being extrinsic. EXTROITIVE Ex*tro"i*tive, a. Etym: [L. extra on the outside + ire, itum, to go.] Defn: Seeking or going out after external objects. [R.] Their natures being almost wholly extroitive. Coleridge. EXTRORSAL Ex*tror"sal, a. (Bot.) Defn: Extrorse. EXTRORSE Ex*trorse", a. Etym: [As if from an assumed L. extrorsus, for extroversus; extra on the outside + vertere, versum, to turn: cf. F. extrorse.] (Bot.) Defn: Facing outwards, or away from the axis of growth; -- said esp. of anthers occupying the outer side of the filament. EXTROVERSION Ex`tro*ver"sion, n. Etym: [See Extrorse.] Defn: The condition of being turned wrong side out; as, extroversion of the bladder. Dunglison. EXTRUCT Ex*truct", v. t. Etym: [L. extructus, exstructus, p. p. of extruere, exstruere, to build up; ex out + struere to build.] Defn: To construct. [Obs.] Byrom. EXTRUCTION Ex*truc"tion, n. Etym: [L. exstructio.] Defn: A building up; construction. [Obs.] Cockeram. EXTRUCTIVE Ex*truct"ive, a. Defn: Constructive. [Obs.] Fulke. EXTRUCTOR Ex*truct"or, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A builder. [Obs.] Bailey. EXTRUDE Ex*trude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Extruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Extruding.] Etym: [L. extrudere, extrusum; ex out + trudere to thrust, akin to E. threat. See Threat.] Defn: To thrust out; to force, press, or push out; to expel; to drive off or away. "Parentheses thrown into notes or extruded to the margin." Coleridge. EXTRUSION Ex*tru"sion, n. Defn: The act of thrusting or pushing out; a driving out; expulsion. EXTRUSIVE Ex*tru"sive, a. [See Extrude.] (Geol.) Defn: Forced out at the surface; as, extrusive rocks; -- contrasted with intrusive. EXTUBERANCE Ex*tu"ber*ance, n. Defn: A swelling or rising; protuberance. [R.] Moxon. EXTUBERANCY Ex*tu"ber*an*cy, n. Defn: Extuberance. [R.] EXTUBERANT Ex*tu"ber*ant, a. Etym: [L. extuberare.] Defn: Swollen out; protuberant. [R.] "Extuberant lips." Gayton. EXTUBERATE Ex*tu"ber*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. extuberatus, p. pr. of extuberare to swell; ex out + tuber a swelling.] Defn: To swell out. [Obs.] Cockeram. EXTUBERATION Ex*tu`ber*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. extuberatio.] Defn: Protuberance. [Obs.] Farindon. EXTUMESCENCE Ex`tu*mes"cence, n. Etym: [L. ex. + tumescens, p. pr. of tumescere, incho. fr. tumere to swell: cf. F. extumescence.] Defn: A swelling or rising. [R.] Cotgrave. EXUBERANCE Ex*u"ber*ance, n. Etym: [L. exuberantia: cf. F. exubérance.] Defn: The state of being exuberant; an overflowing quantity; a copious or excessive production or supply; superabundance; richness; as, an exuberance of joy, of fancy, or of foliage. Syn. -- Abundance; superabundance; excess; plenty; copiousness; profusion; richness; overflow; overgrowth; rankness; wantonness. See Abundance. EXUBERANCY Ex*u"ber*an*cy Defn: , . Exuberance. EXUBERANT Ex*u"ber*ant, a. Etym: [L. exuberans, exuberantis, p. pr. of exuberare to be abundant; ex + uberare to be fruitful, fr. uber fruitful, fertile, uber udder: cf. F. exubérant. See Udder.] Defn: Characterized by abundance or superabundance; plenteous; rich; overflowing; copious or excessive in production; as, exuberant goodness; an exuberant intellect; exuberant foliage. "Exuberant spring." Thomson. -- Ex*u"ber*ant*ly, adv. EXUBERATE Ex*u"ber*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. exuberatus, p. p. of exuberare. See Exuberant, n.] Defn: To abound; to be in great abundance. [Obs.] Boyle. EXUCCOUS Ex*uc"cous, a. Defn: See Exsuccous. [Obs.] EXUDATE Ex*u"date, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Exude.] Defn: To exude. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. EXUDATION Ex`u*da"tion, n. Defn: The act of exuding; sweating; a discharge of humors, moisture, juice, or gum, as through pores or incisions; also, the substance exuded. Resins, a class of proximate principles, existing in almost all plants and appearing on the external surface of many of them in the form of exudations. Am. Cyc. EXUDE Ex*ude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exuded; p. pr. & vb. n. exuding.] Etym: [L. exudare, exsudare, exudatum, exsudatum, to sweat out; ex out + sudare to sweat: cf. F. exuder, exsuder. See Sweat.] Defn: To discharge through pores or incisions, as moisture or other liquid matter; to give out. Our forests exude turpentine in . . . abundance. Dr. T. Dwight. EXUDE Ex*ude", v. i. Defn: To flow from a body through the pores, or by a natural discharge, as juice. EXULCERATE Ex*ul"cer*ate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. exulceratus, p. p. of exulcerare to make sore; ex out + ulcerare. See Ulcerate.] 1. To ulcerate. [Obs.] "To exulcerate the lungs." Evelyn. 2. To corrode; to fret; to chafe; to inflame. [Obs.] Minds exulcerated in themselves. Hooker. EXULCERATE Ex*ul"cer*ate, a. Etym: [L. exulceratus, p. p.] Defn: Very sore; ulcerated. [Obs.] Bacon. EXULCERATION Ex*ul`cer*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. exulceratio: cf. F. exulcération.] [Obs. or R.] 1. Ulceration. Quincy. 2. A fretting; a festering; soreness. Hooker. EXULCERATIVE Ex*ul"cer*a*tive, a. Defn: Tending to cause ulcers; exulceratory. Holland. EXULCERATORY Ex*ul"cer*a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. exulceratorius: cf. F. exulcératoire.] Defn: Having a tendency to form ulcers; rendering ulcerous. EXULT Ex*ult", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Exulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Exulting.] Etym: [L. exultare, exsultare, exultatum, exsultatum, to leap vigorously, to exult, intens. fr. exsilire to spring out or up; ex out + salire to spring, leap: cf. F. exulter. See Salient.] Defn: To be in high spirits; figuratively, to leap for joy; to rejoice in triumph or exceedingly; to triumph; as, an exulting heart. "An exulting countenance." Bancroft. The dumb shall sing, the lame his crutch forego, And leap exulting like the bounding roe. Pope. EXULTANCE; EXULTANCY Ex*ult"ance, Ex*ult"an*cy, n. Etym: [L. exsultantia.] Defn: Exultation. [Obs.] Burton. Hammond. EXULTANT Ex*ult"ant, a. Etym: [L. exsultans, exsultantis, p. pr. of exsultare. See Exult.] Defn: Inclined to exult; characterized by, or expressing, exultation; rejoicing triumphantly. Break away, exultant, from every defilement. I. Tay;or. EXULTATION Ex`ul*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. exsultatio: cf. F. exultation.] Defn: The act of exulting; lively joy at success or victory, or at any advantage gained; rapturous delight; triumph. His bosom swelled with exultation. Prescott. EXULTING Ex*ult"ing, a. Defn: Rejoicing triumphantly or exceedingly; exultant. -- Ex*ult"ing*ly, adv. EXUNDATE Ex*un"date, v. i. Etym: [L. exundatus, p. p. of exundare to overflow; ex out + undare. See Undated waved.] Defn: To overflow; to inundate. [Obs.] Bailey. EXUNDATION Ex`un*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. exundatio.] Defn: An overflow, or overflowing abundance. [R.] Ray. EXUNGULATE Ex*un"gu*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Exungulated(); p. pr. & vb. n. Exungulating().] Etym: [L. exungulare to lose the hoof, ex out, from + ungula. See Ungula.] Defn: To pare off, as nails, the hoof, etc. [R.] EXUPERABLE Ex*u"per*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. exuperabilis, exsuperabilis. See Exuperate.] Defn: Surmountable; superable. [Obs.] Johnson. EXUPERANCE Ex*u"per*ance, n. Etym: [L. exuperantia, exsuperantia.] Defn: Superiority; superfluity. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby. EXUPERANT Ex*u"per*ant, a. Etym: [L. exuperans, exsuperans, p. pr.] Defn: Surpassing; exceeding; surmounting. [Obs.] EXUPERATE Ex*u"per*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. exuperatus, exsuperatus, p. p. of exuperare, exsuperare to excel; ex out + superare to go over, super above, over.] Defn: To excel; to surmount. [Obs.] EXUPERATION Ex*u`per*a"tion, n. Etym: [See Exurgent.] Defn: The act of rising or coming into view. [Obs.] Baxter. EXURGENT Ex*ur"gent, a. Etym: [L. exurgens, exsurgens, p. pr. of exurgere, exsurgere, to rise up; ex out + surgere to rise.] Defn: Arising; coming to light. [Obs.] EXUSCITATE Ex*us"ci*tate, v. t. Defn: See Exsuscitate [Obs.] T. Adams. EXUSTION Ex*us"tion, n. Etym: [L. exustio, fr. exurere, exustum, to burn up; ex out + urere to burn.] Defn: The act or operation of burning up. Bailey. EXUTORY Ex*u"to*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. exutoire. See Exuv.] (Med.) Defn: An issue. EXUVIA Ex*u"vi*a, Defn: n. sing. of Exuviæ. EXUVIABILITY Ex*u`vi*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability of shedding the skin periodically. Craig. EXUVIABLE Ex*u"vi*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. exuviable.] Defn: Capable of being cast off in the form of exuviæ. EXUVIAE Ex*u"vi*æ, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. exuere to draw out or off, to pull off.] 1. (Zoöl) Defn: Cast skins, shells, or coverings of animals; any parts of animals which are shed or cast off, as the skins of snakes, the shells of lobsters, etc. 2. (Geol.) Defn: The fossil shells and other remains which animals have left in the strata of the earth. EXUVIAL Ex*u"vi*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to exuviæ. "Exuvial layers." "Exuvial deposits." EXUVIATE Ex*u"vi*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Exuviated, p. pr. & vb. n. Exuviating.] ( Etym: [From Exuviae.] (Zoöl.) Defn: To shed an old covering or condition preliminary to taking on a new one; to molt. There is reason to suppose that very old crayfish do not exuviate every year. Huxley. EXUVIATION Ex*u`vi*a"tion, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The rejecting or casting off of some part, more particularly, the outer cuticular layer, as the shells of crustaceans, skins of snakes, etc.; molting; ecdysis. EX-VOTO Ex`-vo"to, n.;pl. Ex-votos (-töz). Etym: [L. ex out of, in accordance with + voto, abl. of votum a vow.] Defn: An offering to a church in fulfillment of a vow. EY Ey, n.Etym: [AS.ig. Cf.Eyot.] Defn: An island. [Obs.] EY Ey, n.; pl. Eyren (. Defn: See Egg. [Obs.] Chaucer. EY Ey, Defn: an interj. of wonder or inquiry. [Obs.] Chaucer. EYALET E`ya*let", n. Etym: [Turk.,fr. Ar.iyalah.] Defn: Formerly, one of the administrative divisions or provinces of the Ottoman Empire; -- now called a vilayet. EYAS Ey`as, n. Etym: [F.niais fresh from the nest, a derivative fr. L. nidus nest. E. an eyas for a nias. See Nest, and cf. Nias, Jashawk.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A nesting or unfledged Lird; in falconry, a young hawk from the nest, not able to pr Shak J. H. Walsh EYAS Ey"as, a. Defn: Unfledged, or newly fledged. [Obs.] Like eyas hawk up mounts unto the skies, His newly budded pinions assay. Spebser. EYASMUSKET Ey"as*mus`ket, n. Etym: [Eyas + muske the brid.] Defn: An unfledged or young male sparrow hawk. [Obs.] Shak. EYE Eye, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. nye, an eye being for a nye. See Nye.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A brood; as, an eye of pheasants. EYE Eye, n. Etym: [OE. eghe, eighe, eie, eye, AS. eáge; akin to OFries. age, OS. ga, D. oog, Ohg. ouga, G. auge, Icel. auga, Sw. öga, Dan. öie, Goth. aug; cf. OSlav. oko, Lish. akis, L. okulus, Gr. , eye, , the two eyes, Skr. akshi. Diasy, Ocular, Optic, Eyelet, Ogle.] 1. The organ of sight or vision. In man, and the vertebrates generally, it is properly the movable ball or globe in the orbit, but the term often includes the adjacent parts. In most invertebrates the years are immovable ocelli, or compound eyes made up of numerous ocelli. See Ocellus. Description of illustration: a b Conjunctiva; c Cornea; d Sclerotic; e Choroid; f Cillary Muscle; g Cillary Process; h Iris; i Suspensory Ligament; k Prosterior Aqueous Chamber between h and i; l Anterior Aqueous Chamber; m Crystalline Lens; n Vitreous Humor; o Retina; p Yellow spot; q Center of blind spot; r Artery of Retina in center of the Optic Nerve. Note: The essential parts of the eye are inclosed in a tough outer coat, the sclerotic, to which the muscles moving it are attached, and which in front changes into the transparent cornea. A little way back of cornea, the crystalline lens is suspended, dividing the eye into two unequal cavities, a smaller one in front filled with a watery fluid, the aqueous humor, and larger one behind filled with a clear jelly, the vitreous humor. The sclerotic is lined with a highly pigmented membrane, the choroid, and this is turn is lined in the back half of the eyeball with the nearly transparent retina, in which the fibers of the optic nerve ramify. The choroid in front is continuous with the iris, which has a contractile opening in the center, the pupil, admitting light to the lens which brings the rays to a focus and forms an image upon the retina, where the light, falling upon delicate structures called rods and cones, causes them to stimulate the fibres of the optic nerve to transmit visual impressions to the brain. 2. The faculty of seeing; power or range of vision; hence, judgment or taste in the use of the eye, and in judging of objects; as, to have the eye of sailor; an eye for the beautiful or picturesque. 3. The action of the organ of sight; sight, look; view; ocular knowledge; judgment; opinion. In my eye, she is the sweetest lady that I looked on. Shak. 4. The space commanded by the organ of sight; scope of vision; hence, face; front; the presence of an object which is directly opposed or confronted; immediate presence. We shell express our duty in his eye. Shak. Her shell your hear disproved to her eyes. Shak. 5. Observation; oversight; watch; inspection; notice; attention; regard. "Keep eyes upon her." Shak. Booksellers . . . have an eye to their own advantage. Addison. 6. That which resembles the organ of sight, in form, position, or appearance; as: (a) (Zoöl.) The spots on a feather, as of peacock. (b) The scar to which the adductor muscle is attached in oysters and other bivalve shells; also, the adductor muscle itself, esp. when used as food, as in the scallop. (c) The bud or sprout of a plant or tuber; as the eye of a potato. (d) The center of a target; the bull's-eye. (e) A small loop to receive a hook; as hooks and eyes on a dress. (f) The hole through the head of a needle. (g) A loop forming part of anything, or a hole through anything, to receive a rope, hook, pin, shaft, etc.; as an eye at the end of a tie bar in a bridge truss; as an eye through a crank; an eye at the end of rope. (h) The hole through the upper millstone. 7. That which resembles the eye in relative importance or beauty. "The very eye of that proverb." Shak. Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts. Milton. 8. Tinge; shade of color. [Obs.] Red with an eye of blue makes a purple. Boyle. By the eye, in abundance. [Obs.] Marlowe. -- Elliott eye (Naut.), a loop in a hemp cable made around a thimble and served. -- Eye agate, a kind of circle agate, the central part of which are of deeper tints than the rest of the mass. Brande & C. -- Eye animalcule (Zoöl), a flagellate infusorian belonging to Euglena and related genera; -- so called because it has a colored spot like an eye at one end. -- Eye doctor, an oculist. -- Eye of a volute (Arch.), the circle in the center of volute. -- Eye of day, Eye of the morning, Eye of heaven, the sun. "So gently shuts the eye day." Mrs. Barbauld. -- Eye of a ship, the foremost part in the bows of a ship, where, formerly, eyes were painted; also, the hawser holes. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Half an eye, very imperfect sight; a careless glance; as, to see a thing with half an eye; often figuratively. "Those who have but half an eye. " B. Jonson. -- To catch one's eye, to attract one's notice. -- To find favor in the eyes (of), to be graciously received and treated. -- To have an eye to, to pay particular attention to; to watch. "Have an eye to Cinna." Shak. -- To keep an eye on, to watch. -- To set the eyes on, to see; to have a sight of. -- In the eye of the wind (Naut.), in a direction opposed to the wind; as, a ship sails in the eye of the wind. EYE Eye (, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eyed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Eying or Eyeing.] Defn: To fix the eye on; to look on; to view; to observe; particularly, to observe or watch narrowly, or with fixed attention; to hold in view. Eye me, blest Providence, and square my trial To my proportioned strength. Milton. EYE Eye, v. i. Defn: To appear; to look. [Obs.] My becomings kill me, when they do not Eye well to you. Shak. EYEBALL Eye"ball`, n. Defn: The ball or globe of the eye. EYEBAR Eye"bar`, n. (Engin.) Defn: A bar with an eye at one or both ends. EYEBEAM Eye"beam`, n. Defn: A glance of the eye. Shak. EYEBOLT Eye"bolt`, n. (Mach.) Defn: A bolt which a looped head, or an opening in the head. EYEBRIGHT Eye"bright`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A small annual plant (Euphrasia officinalis), formerly much used as a remedy for diseases of the eye. EYEBROW Eye"brow`, n. Defn: The brow or hairy arch above the eye. Shak. EYECUP Eye"cup`, n. Defn: A small oval porcelain or glass cup, having a rim curved to fit the orbit of the eye. it is used in the application of liquid remedies to eyes; -- called also eyeglass. EYED Eyed, a. Defn: Heaving (such or so many) eyes; -- used in composition; as sharp-eyed; dull-eyed; sad-eyed; ox-eyed Juno; myriad-eyed. EYEDROP Eye"drop", n. Defn: A tear. [Poetic] Shak. EYEFLAP Eye"flap", n. Defn: A blinder on a horse's bridle. EYEFUL Eye"ful, a. Defn: Filling or satisfying the eye; visible; remarkable. [Obs.] "Eyeful trophies." Chapman. EYEGLANCE Eye"glance`, n. Defn: A glance of eye. EYEGLASS Eye"glass`, n. 1. A lens of glass to assist the sight. Eyeglasses are used singly or in pairs. 2. Eyepiece of a telescope, microscope, etc. 3. The retina. [Poetic] 4. A glass eyecup. See Eyecup. EYEHOLE Eye"hole`, n. Defn: A circular opening to recive a hook, cord, ring, or rope; an eyelet. EYELASH Eye"lash`, n. 1. The fringe of hair that edges the eyelid; -- usually in the pl. 2. A hair of the fringe on the edge of the eyelid. EYELESS Eye"less`, a. Defn: Without eyes; blind. "Eyeless rage." Shak. EYELET Eye"let`, n. Etym: [F., dim. of oculus. See Eye, and cf. Oillet.] 1. A small hole or perforation to receive a cord or fastener, as in garments, sails, etc. 2. A metal ring or grommet, or short metallic tube, the ends of which can be bent outward and over to fasten it in place; -- used to line an eyelet hole. Eyelet hole, a hole made for an eyelet. -- Eyelet punch, a machine for punching eyelet holes and fastening eyelets, as in paper or cloth. -- Eyelet ring. See Eyelet, 2. EYELETEER Eye`let*eer", n. Defn: A small, sharp-pointed instrument used in piercing eyelet holes; a stiletto. EYELID Eye`lid", n. (Anat.) Defn: The cover of the eye; that portion of movable skin with which an animal covers or uncovers the eyeball at pleasure. EYE-MINDED Eye"-mind`ed, a. Defn: Having one's mental imagery prevailingly of the visual type; having one's thoughts and memories mainly in the form of visual images. -- Eye"-mind`ed*ness, n. EYEN Ey"en, n. pl. Defn: Eyes. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. EYE OPENER Eye opener. Defn: That which makes the eyes open, as startling news or occurrence, or (U. S. Slang), a drink of liquor, esp. the first one in the morning. EYEPIECE Eye"piece`, n. (Opt.) Defn: The lens, or combination of lenses, at the eye end of a telescope or other optical instrument, through which the image formed by the mirror or object glass is viewed. Collimating eyepiece. See under Collimate. -- Negative, or Huyghenian, eyepiece, an eyepiece consisting of two plano-convex lenses with their curved surfaces turned toward the object glass, and separated from each other by about half the sum of their focal distances, the image viewed by the eye being formed between the two lenses. it was devised by Huyghens, who applied it to the telescope. Campani applied it to the microscope, whence it is sometimes called Campani's eyepiece. -- Positive eyepiece, an eyepiece consisting of two plano-convex lenses placed with their curved surfaces toward each other, and separated by a distance somewhat less than the focal distance of the one nearest eye, the image of the object viewed being beyond both lenses; -- called also, from the name of the inventor, Ramsden's eyepiece. -- terrestrial, or Erecting eyepiece, an eyepiece used in telescopes for viewing terrestrial objects, consisting of three, or usually four, lenses, so arranged as to present the image of the object viewed in an erect position. EYER Ey"er, n. Defn: One who eyes another. Gayton. EYEREACH Eye"reach`, n. Defn: The range or reach of the eye; eyeshot. "A seat in eyereach of him." B. Jonson. EYESAINT; EYE-SAINT Eye"*saint`, n. Defn: An object of interest to the eye; one wirehaired with the eyes. [Obs.] That's the eye-saint, I know, Among young gallants. Beau. & Fl. EYESALVE Eye"salve`, n. Defn: Ointment for the eye. EYESERVANT Eye"serv`ant, n. Defn: A servant who attends faithfully to his duty only when watched. EYESERVICE Eye"serv`ice, n. Defn: Service performed only under inspection, or the eye of an employer. Not with eyeservice, as menpleasers. Col. iii. 22. EYESHOT Eye"shot`, n. Defn: Range, reach, or glance of the eye; view; sight; as, to be out of eyeshot. Dryden. EYESIGHT Eye"sight`, n. Defn: Sight of the eye; the sense of seeing; view; observation. Josephus sets this down from his own eyesight. Bp. Wilkins. EYESORE Eye"sore`, n. Defn: Something offensive to the eye or sight; a blemish. Mordecai was an eyesore to Haman. L'Estrange. EYESPLICE; EYE-SPLICE Eye"*splice`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A splice formed by bending a rope's and back, and fastening it into the rope, forming a loop or eye. See Illust. under Splice. EYESPOT; EYE-SPOT Eye"*spot`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A simple visual organ found in many invertebrates, consisting of pigment cells covering a sensory nerve termination. (b) An eyelike spot of color. EYESPOTTED; EYE-SPOTTED Eye"*spot`ted, a. Defn: Marked with spots like eyes. Junno's bird, in her eye-spotted train. Spenser. EYESTALK Eye"stalk`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the movable peduncles which, in the decapod Crustacea, bear the eyes at the tip. EYESTONE Eye"stone`, n. 1. A small, lenticular, calcareous body, esp. an operculum of a small shell of the family Tubinid, used to remove a foreign sub stance from the eye. It is rut into the inner corner of the eye under the lid, and allowed to work its way out at the outer corner, bringing with the substance. 2. (Min.) Defn: Eye agate. See under Eye. EYESTRING Eye"string`, n. Defn: The tendon by which the eye is moved. Shak. EYET Ey"et, n. Defn: An island. See Eyot. EYETOOTH Eye"tooth, n.; pl. Eyeteeth ( (Anat.) Defn: A canine tooth of the upper jaw. See Teeth. To cut one's eyeteeth, to become acute or knowing. [Colloq.] EYEWASH Eye"wash, n. Defn: See Eyewater. EYEWATER Eye"wa`ter, n. (Med.) Defn: A wash or lotion for application to the eyes. EYEWINK Eye"wink`, n. Defn: A wink; a token. Shak. EYEWINKER Eye"wink`er, n. Defn: An eyelash. [A child's word.] EYEWITNESS Eye"wit`ness, n. Defn: One who sees a thing done; one who has ocular view anything. We . . . were eyewitnesses of his majesty. 2 Pet. i. 16. EYGHEN Ey"ghen, n. pl. Defn: Eyes. [Obs.] Chaucer. EYGHT Eyght, n. Defn: An island. See Eyot. EYLE Eyle v. t.& i. Defn: To ail. [Obs.] Chaucer. EYLIAD Ey"liad, n. Defn: See Eiliad. EYNE; EYEN Eyne, or Ey"en, n. Defn: Plural of eye; obsolete, or used only in poetry. Shak. With such a plaintive gaze their eyne Are fastened upwardly on mine. Mrs. Browning. EYOT Ey"ot, n. Etym: [Ey (AS. ig or Icel. ey) + F. dim. termination -ot; cf. AS. igeoedt. See Island, and cf. Ait.] Defn: A little island in a river or lake. See Ait. [Written also ait, ayt, eey, eyet, and eyght.] Blackstone. EYR Eyr, n. Etym: [See Air.] Defn: Air. [Obs.] Chaucer. EYRA Ey"ra, n. Etym: [Native South American name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A wild cat (Felis eyra) ranging from southern Brazil to Texas. It is reddish yellow and about the size of the domestic cat, but with a more slender body and shorter legs. EYRE Eyre, n. Etym: [OF. erre journey, march, way, fr. L. iter, itineris, a going, way, fr. the root of ire to go. Cf. Errant, Itinerant, Issue.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A journey in circuit of certain judges called justices in eyre (or in itinere). Note: They were itinerant judges, who rode the circuit, holding courts in the different counties. EYREN Ey"ren, n. pl. Defn: See Ey, an egg. EYRIE; EYRY Ey"rie, Ey"ry, n.; pl. Ey"ries. Etym: [See Aerie] Defn: The nest of a bird of prey or other large bird that builds in a lofty place; aerie. The eagle and the stork On cliffs and cedar tops their eyries build. Milton. EYSELL Ey"sell, n. Defn: Same as Eisel. [Obs.] Shak. F F (êf) Defn: . 1. F is the sixth letter of the English alphabet, and a nonvocal consonant. Its form and sound are from the Latin. The Latin borrowed the form from the Greek digamma w consonant. The form and value of Greek letter came from the Phoenician, the ultimate source being probably Egyptian. Etymologically fis most closely related to p,k,v, and b; as in E. five, Gr. f, L. lupus, Gr. fox, vixen ; fragile, break ; fruit, brook, v. t.; E. bear, L. ferre. See Guide to Pronunciation, sq. root 178, 179, 188, 198, 230. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The name of the fourth tone of the model scale, or scale of C. F sharp (F #) is a tone intermediate between F and G. F clef, the bass clef. See under Clef. FA Fa, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) (a) A syllable applied to the fourth tone of the diatonic scale in solmization. (b) The tone F. FABACEOUS Fa*ba"ceous, a. Etym: [L. fabaceus, fr. faba bean.] Defn: Having the nature of a bean; like a bean. FABELLA Fa*bel"la, n.; pl. Fabellae (-l. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. faba a bean.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the small sesamoid bones situated behind the condyles of the femur, in some mammals. FABIAN Fa"bi*an, a. Etym: [L. Fabianus, Fabius, belonging to Fabius.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or in the manner of, the Roman general, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; cautious; dilatory; avoiding a decisive contest. Fabian policy, a policy like that of Fabius Maximus, who, by carefully avoiding decisive contests, foiled Hannibal, harassing his army by marches, countermarches, and ambuscades; a policy of delays and cautions. FABLE Fa"ble, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. fabula, fr. fari to speak, say. See Ban, and cf. Fabulous, Fame.] 1. A Feigned story or tale, intended to instruct or amuse; a fictitious narration intended to enforce some useful truth or precept; an apologue. See the Note under Apologue. Jotham's fable of the trees is the oldest extant. Addison . 2. The plot, story, or connected series of events, forming the subject of an epic or dramatic poem. The moral is the first business of the poet; this being formed, he contrives such a design or fable as may be most suitable to the moral. Dryden. 3. Any story told to excite wonder; common talk; the theme of talk. "Old wives' fables. " 1 Tim. iv. 7. We grew The fable of the city where we dwelt. Tennyson. 4. Fiction; untruth; falsehood. It would look like a fable to report that this gentleman gives away a great fortune by secret methods. Addison. FABLE Fa"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fabled; p. pr. & vb. n. Fabling.] Defn: To compose fables; hence, to write or speak fiction ; to write or utter what is not true. "He Fables not." Shak. Vain now the tales which fabling poets tell. Prior. He fables, yet speaks truth. M. Arnold. FABLE Fa"ble, v. t. Defn: To fiegn; to invent; to devise, and speak of, as true or real; to tell of falsely. The hell thou fablest. Milton. FABLER Fa"bler, n. Defn: A writer of fables; a fabulist; a dealer in untruths or falsehoods. Br. Hall. FABLIAU Fa`bli`au", n.; pl. Fabliaux . Etym: [F., fr. OF.fablel, dim. of fable a fable.] (Fr. Lit.) Defn: One of the metrical tales of the Trouvères, or early poets of the north of France. FABRIC Fab"ric, n. Etym: [L. fabrica fabric, workshop: cf. F. fabrique fabric. See Forge.] 1. The structure of anything; the manner in which the parts of a thing are united; workmanship; texture; make; as cloth of a beautiful fabric. 2. That which is fabricated; as : (a) Framework; structure; edifice; building. Anon out of the earth a fabric huge Rose like an exhalation. Milton. (b) Cloth of any kind that is woven or knit from fibers, either vegetable or animal; manufactured cloth; as, silks or other fabrics. 3. The act of constructing; construction. [R.] Tithe was received by the bishop, . . . for the fabricof the churches for the poor. Milman. 4. Any system or structure consisting of connected parts; as, the fabric of the universe. The whole vast fabric of society. Macaulay. FABRIC Fab"ric, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fabricked; p. pr. & vb. n. Fabricking.] Defn: To frame; to built; to construct. [Obs.] "Fabric their mansions." J. Philips. FABRICANT Fab"ri*cant, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: One who fabricates; a manufacturer. Simmonds. FABRICATE Fab"ri*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fabricated; p. pr. & vb. n. Fabricating.] Etym: [L. fabricatus, p.p. of fabricari, fabricare, to frame, build, forge, fr. fabrica. See Fabric, Farge.] 1. To form into a whole by uniting its parts; to frame; to construct; to build; as, to fabricate a bridge or ship. 2. To form by art and labor; to manufacture; to produce; as, to fabricate woolens. 3. To invent and form; to forge; to devise falsely; as, to fabricate a lie or story. Our books were not fabricated with an accomodation to prevailing usages. Paley. FABRICATION Fab`ri*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. fabricatio; cf. F. fabrication.] 1. The act of fabricating, framing, or constructing; construction; manufacture; as, the fabrication of a bridge, a church, or a government. Burke. 2. That which is fabricated; a falsehood; as, the story is doubtless a fabrication. Syn. -- See Fiction. FABRICATOR Fab"ri*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who fabricates; one who constructs or makes. The fabricator of the works of Ossian. Mason. FABRICATRESS Fab"ri*ca`tress, n. Defn: A woman who fabricates. FABRILE Fab"rile, a. Etym: [L. fabrilis, fr. faber workman. See Forge.] Defn: Pertaining to a workman, or to work in stone, metal, wood etc.; as, fabrile skill. FABULIST Fab"u*list, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fabuliste, fr. L. fabula. See Fable.] Defn: One who invents or writes fables. FABULIZE Fab"u*lize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fabulized; p. pr. & vb. n. Fabulizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. fabuliser. See Fable.] Defn: To invent, compose, or relate fables or fictions. G. S. Faber. FABULOSITY Fab`u*los"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. fabulositas: cf. F. fabulosité.] 1. Fabulousness. [R.] Abp. Abbot. 2. A fabulous or fictitious story. [R.] Sir T. Browne. FABULOUS Fab"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. fabulosus; cf. F. fabuleux. See Fable.] 1. Feigned, as a story or fable; related in fable; devised; invented; not real; fictitious; as, a fabulous description; a fabulous hero. The fabulous birth of Minerva. Chesterfield. 2. Passing belief; exceedingly great; as, a fabulous price. Macaulay. Fabulous age, that period in the history of a nation of which the only accounts are myths and unverified legends; as, the fabulous age of Greek and Rome. -- Fab"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Fab"u*lous*ness, n. FABURDEN Fab"ur*den, n. Etym: [F. foux bpirdon. See False, and Burden a verse.] 1. (Mus.) (a) A species of counterpoint with a drone bass. (b) A succession of chords of the sixth. [Obs.] 2. A monotonous refrain. [Obs.] Holland. FAC Fac, n. Etym: [Abbrev. of facsimile.] Defn: A large ornamental letter used, esp. by the early printers, at the commencement of the chapters and other divisions of a book. Brande & C. FACADE Fa`çade", n. Etym: [F., fr. It. facciata, fr. fassia face, L. facies. See Face.] (Arch.) Defn: The front of a building; esp., the principal front, having some architectural pretensions. Thus a church is said to have its facade unfinished, though the interior may be in use. FACE Face, n. Etym: [F., from L. facies form, shape, face, perh. from facere to make (see Fact); or perh. orig. meaning appearance, and from a root meaning to shine, and akin to E. fancy. Cf. Facetious.] 1. The exterior form or appearance of anything; that part which presents itself to the view; especially, the front or upper part or surface; that which particularly offers itself to the view of a spectator. A mist . . . watered the whole face of the ground. Gen. ii. 6. Lake Leman wooes me with its crystal face. Byron. 2. That part of a body, having several sides, which may be seen from one point, or which is presented toward a certain direction; one of the bounding planes of a solid; as, a cube has six faces. 3. (Mach.) (a) The principal dressed surface of a plate, disk, or pulley; the principal flat surface of a part or object. (b) That part of the acting surface of a cog in a cog wheel, which projects beyond the pitch line. (c) The width of a pulley, or the length of a cog from end to end; as, a pulley or cog wheel of ten inches face. 4. (Print.) (a) The upper surface, or the character upon the surface, of a type, plate, etc. (b) The style or cut of a type or font of type. 5. Outside appearance; surface show; look; external aspect, whether natural, assumed, or acquired. To set a face upon their own malignant design. Milton. This would produce a new face of things in Europe. Addison. We wear a face of joy, because We have been glad of yore. Wordsworth. 6. That part of the head, esp. of man, in which the eyes, cheeks, nose, and mouth are situated; visage; countenance. In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread. Gen. iii. 19. 7. Cast of features; expression of countenance; look; air; appearance. We set the best faceon it we could. Dryden. 8. (Astrol.) Defn: Ten degrees in extent of a sign of the zodiac. Chaucer. 9. Maintenance of the countenance free from abashment or confusion; confidence; boldness; shamelessness; effrontery. This is the man that has the face to charge others with false citations. Tillotson. 10. Presence; sight; front; as in the phrases, before the face of, in the immediate presence of; in the face of, before, in, or against the front of; as, to fly in the face of danger; to the face of, directly to; from the face of, from the presenceof. 11. Mode of regard, whether favorable or unfavorable; favor or anger; mostly in Scriptural phrases. The Lord make his face to shine upon thee. Num. vi. 25. My face [favor] will I turn also from them. Ezek. vii. 22. 12. (Mining) Defn: The end or wall of the tunnel, drift, or excavation, at which work is progressing or was last done. 13. (Com.) Defn: The exact amount expressed on a bill, note, bond, or other mercantile paper, without any addition for interest or reduction for discount. McElrath. Note: Face is used either adjectively or as part of a compound; as, face guard or face-guard; face cloth; face plan or face-plan; face hammer. Face ague (Med.), a form of neuralgia, characterized by acute lancinating pains returning at intervals, and by twinges in certain parts of the face, producing convulsive twitches in the corresponding muscles; -- called also tic douloureux. -- Face card, one of a pack of playing cards on which a human face is represented; the king, queen, or jack. -- Face cloth, a cloth laid over the face of a corpse. -- Face guard, a mask with windows for the eyes, worn by workman exposed to great heat, or to flying particles of metal, stone, etc., as in glass works, foundries, etc. -- Face hammer, a hammer having a flat face. -- Face joint (Arch.), a joint in the face of a wall or other structure. -- Face mite (Zoöll.), a small, elongated mite (Demdex folliculorum), parasitic in the hair follicles of the face. -- Face mold, the templet or pattern by which carpenters, ect., outline the forms which are to be cut out from boards, sheet metal, ect. -- Face plate. (a) (Turning) A plate attached to the spindle of a lathe, to which the work to be turned may be attached. (b) A covering plate for an object, to receive wear or shock. (c) A true plane for testing a dressed surface. Knight. -- Face wheel. (Mach.) (a) A crown wheel. (b) A Wheel whose disk face is adapted for grinding and polishing; a lap. Cylinder face (Steam Engine), the flat part of a steam cylinder on which a slide valve moves. -- Face of an anvil, its flat upper surface. -- Face of a bastion (Fort.), the part between the salient and the shoulder angle. -- Face of coal (Mining), the principal cleavage plane, at right angles to the stratification. -- Face of a gun, the surface of metal at the muzzle. -- Face of a place (Fort.), the front comprehended between the flanked angles of two neighboring bastions. Wilhelm. -- Face of a square (Mil.), one of the sides of a battalion when formed in a square. -- Face of a watch, clock, compass, card etc., the dial or graduated surface on which a pointer indicates the time of day, point of the compass, etc. -- Face to face. (a) In the presence of each other; as, to bring the accuser and the accused face to face. (b) Without the interposition of any body or substance. "Now we see through a glass darkly; but then face to face." 1 Cor. xiii. 12. (c) With the faces or finished surfaces turned inward or toward one another; vis à vis; -- opposed to back to back. -- To fly in the face of, to defy; to brave; to withstand. -- To make a face, to distort the countenance; to make a grimace. Shak. FACE Face, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faced; p. pr. & vb. n. Facing.] 1. To meet in front; to oppose with firmness; to resist, or to meet for the purpose of stopping or opposing; to confront; to encounter; as, to face an enemy in the field of battale. I'll face This tempest, and deserve the name of king. Dryden. 2. To Confront impudently; to bully. I will neither be facednor braved. Shak. 3. To stand opposite to; to stand with the face or front toward; to front upon; as, the apartments of the general faced the park. He gained also with his forces that part of Britain which faces Ireland. Milton. 4. To cover in front, for ornament, protection, etc.; to put a facing upon; as, a building faced with marble. 5. To line near the edge, esp. with a different material; as, to face the front of a coat, or the bottom of a dress. 6. To cover with better, or better appearing, material than the mass consists of, for purpose of deception, as the surface of a box of tea, a barrel of sugar, etc. 7. (Mach.) Defn: To make the surface of (anything) flat or smooth; to dress the face of (a stone, a casting, etc.); esp., in turning, to shape or smooth the flat surface of, as distinguished from the cylindrical surface. 8. To cause to turn or present a face or front, as in a particular direction. To face down, to put down by bold or impudent opposition. "He faced men down." Prior. -- To face (a thing) out, to persist boldly or impudently in an assertion or in a line of conduct. "That thinks with oaths to face the matter out." Shak FACE Face, v. i. 1. To carry a false appearance; to play the hypocrite. "To lie, to face, to forge." Spenser. 2. To turn the face; as, to face to the right or left. Face about, man; a soldier, and afraid! Dryden. 3. To present a face or front. FACED Faced, a. Defn: Having (such) a face, or (so many) faces; as, smooth-faced, two-faced. FACER Fa"cer, n. 1. One who faces; one who puts on a false show; a bold-faced person. [Obs.] There be no greater talkers, nor boasters, nor fasers. Latimer. 2. A blow in the face, as in boxing; hence, any severe or stunning check or defeat, as in controversy. [Collog.] I should have been a stercoraceous mendicant if I had hollowed when I got a facer. C. Kingsley. FACET Fac"et, n. Etym: [F. facette, dim. of face face. See Face.] 1. A little face; a small, plane surface; as, the facets of a diamond. [Written also facette.] 2. (Anat.) Defn: A smooth circumscribed surface; as, the articular facet of a bone. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The narrow plane surface between flutings of a column. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the numerous small eyes which make up the compound eyes of insects and crustaceans. FACET Fac"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faceted; p. pr. & vb. n. Faceting.] Defn: To cut facets or small faces upon; as, to facet a diamond. FACETE Fa*cete", a. Etym: [L. facetus elegant, fine, facetious; akin to facies. See Face, and cf. Facetious.] Defn: Facetious; witty; humorous. [Archaic] "A facete discourse." Jer. Taylor. "How to interpose" with a small, smart remark, sentiment facete, or unctuous anecdote. Prof. Wilson. -- Fa*cete"ly, adv. -- Fa*cete"ness, n. FACETED Fac"et*ed, a. Defn: Having facets. FACETIAE Fa*ce"ti*æ (, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. facetus. See Facete.] Defn: Witty or humorous writings or saying; witticisms; merry conceits. FACETIOUS Fa*ce"tious, a. Etym: [Cf. F. facétieux. See Facetiæ.] 1. Given to wit and good humor; merry; sportive; jocular; as, a facetious companion. 2. Characterized by wit and pleasantry; exciting laughter; as, a facetious story or reply. -- Fa*ce"tious*ly, adv. -- Fa*ce"tious*ness, n. FACETTE Fa*cette", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Facet, n. FACEWORK Face"work`, n. Defn: The material of the outside or front side, as of a wall or building; facing. FACIA Fa"ci*a, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Fascia. FACIAL Fa"cial, a. Etym: [LL. facialis, fr. L. facies face : cf. F. facial.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the face; as, the facial artery, vein, or nerve. -- Fa"cial*ly, adv. Facial angle (Anat.), the angle, in a skull, included between a straight line (ab, in the illustrations), from the most prominent part of the forehead to the front efge of the upper jaw bone, and another (cd) from this point to the center of the external auditory opening. See Gnathic index, under Gnathic. FACIEND Fa"ci*end, n. Etym: [From neut. of L. faciendus, gerundive of facere to do.] (Mach.) Defn: The multiplicand. See Facient, 2. FACIENT Fa"cient, n. Etym: [L. faciens, -- entis, p. pr. of facere to make, do. See Fact.] 1. One who does anything, good or bad; a doer; an agent. [Obs.] Br. Hacket. 2. (Mach.) (a) One of the variables of a quantic as distinguished from a coefficient. (b) The multiplier. Note: The terms facient, faciend, and factum, may imply that the multiplication involved is not ordinary multiplication, but is either some specified operation, or, in general, any mathematical operation. See Multiplication. FACIES Fa"ci*es, n. Etym: [L., from, face. See Face.] 1. The anterior part of the head; the face. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The general aspect or habit of a species, or group of species, esp. with reference to its adaptation to its environment. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The face of a bird, or the front of the head, excluding the bill. Facies Hippocratica. (Med.) See Hippocratic. FACILE Fac"ile a. Etym: [L. facilis, prop., capable of being done or made, hence, facile, easy, fr. facere to make, do: cf. F. facile. Srr Fact, and cf. Faculty.] 1. Easy to be done or performed: not difficult; performable or attainable with little labor. Order . . . will render the work facile and delightful. Evelyn. 2. Easy to be surmounted or removed; easily conquerable; readily mastered. The facile gates of hell too slightly barred. Milton. 3. Easy of access or converse; mild; courteous; not haughty, austere, or distant; affable; complaisant. I meant she should be courteous, facile, sweet. B. Jonson. 4. Easily persuaded to good or bad; yielding; ductile to a fault; pliant; flexible. Since Adam, and his facile consort Eve, Lost Paradise, deceived by me. Milton. This is treating Burns like a child, a person of so facile a disposition as not to be trusted without a keeper on the king's highway. Prof. Wilson. 5. Ready; quick; expert; as, he is facile in expedients; he wields a facile pen. -- Fac"ile-ly, adv. -- Fac"ile*ness, n. FACILITATE Fa*cil"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Facilitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Facilitating.] Etym: [Cf. F. faciliter. See Facility.] Defn: To make easy or less difficult; to free from difficulty or impediment; to lessen the labor of; as, to facilitate the execution of a task. To invite and facilitate that line of proceeding which the times call for. I. Taylor. FACILITATION Fa*cil`i*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of facilitating or making easy. FACILITY Fa*cil"i*ty, n.; pl. Facilities. Etym: [L. facilitas, fr. facilis easy: cf. F. facilitFacile.] 1. The quality of being easily performed; freedom from difficulty; ease; as, the facility of an operation. The facility with which government has been overturned in France. Burke . 2. Ease in performance; readiness proceeding from skill or use; dexterity; as, practice gives a wonderful facility in executing works of art. 3. Easiness to be persuaded; readiness or compliance; -- usually in a bad sense; pliancy. It is a great error to take facility for good nature. L'Estrange. 4. Easiness of access; complaisance; affability. Offers himself to the visits of a friend with facility. South. 5. That which promotes the ease of any action or course of conduct; advantage; aid; assistance; -- usually in the plural; as, special facilities for study. Syn. -- Ease; expertness; readiness; dexterity; complaisance; condescension; affability. -- Facility, Expertness, Readiness. These words have in common the idea of performing any act with ease and promptitude. Facility supposes a natural or acquired power of dispatching a task with lightness and ease. Expertness is the kind of facility acquired by long practice. Readiness marks the promptitude with which anything is done. A merchant needs great facility in dispatching business; a bunker, great expertness in casting accounts; both need great readiness in passing from one employment to another. "The facility which we get of doing things by a custom of doing, makes them often pass in us without our notice." Locke. "The army was celebrated for the expertness and valor of the soldiers." "A readiness obey the known will of God is the surest means to enlighten the mind in respect to duty." FACING Fa"cing, n. 1. A covering in front, for ornament or other purpose; an exterior covering or sheathing; as, the facing of an earthen slope, sea wall, etc. , to strengthen it or to protect or adorn the exposed surface. 2. A lining placed near the edge of a garment for ornament or protection. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The finishing of any face of a wall with material different from that of which it is chiefly composed, or the coating or material so used. 4. (Founding) Defn: A powdered substance, as charcoal, bituminous coal, ect., applied to the face of a mold, or mixed with the sand that forms it, to give a fine smooth surface to the casting. 5. (Mil.) (a) pl. Defn: The collar and cuffs of a military coat; -- commonly of a color different from that of the coat. (b) The movement of soldiers by turning on their heels to the right, left, or about; -- chiefly in the pl. Facing brick, front or pressed brick. FACINGLY Fa"cing*ly, adv. Defn: In a facing manner or position. FACINOROUS Fa*cin"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. facinorous, from facinus deed, bad deed, from facere to make, do.] Defn: Atrociously wicked. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. -- Fa*cin"o*rous*ness, n. [Obs.] FACOUND Fac"ound, n. Etym: [F. faconde, L. facundia. See Facund.] Defn: Speech; eloquence. [Obs.] Her facound eke full womanly and plain. Chaucer. FACSIMILE Fac*sim"i*le, n.; pl. Facsimiles (-l. Etym: [L. fac simile make like; or an abbreviation of factum simile made like; facere to make + similes like. See Fact, and Simile.] Defn: A copy of anything made, either so as to be deceptive or so as to give every part and detail of the original; an exact copy or likeness. Facsimile telegraph, a telegraphic apparatus reproducing messages in autograph. FACSIMILE Fac*sim"i*le Defn: , ( FACT Fact, n. Etym: [L. factum, fr. facere to make or do. Cf. Feat, Affair, Benefit, Defect, Fashion, and -fy.] 1. A doing, making, or preparing. [Obs.] A project for the fact and vending Of a new kind of fucus, paint for ladies. B. Jonson. 2. An effect produced or achieved; anything done or that comes to pass; an act; an event; a circumstance. What might instigate him to this devilish fact, I am not able to conjecture. Evelyn. He who most excels in fact of arms. Milton. 3. Reality; actuality; truth; as, he, in fact, excelled all the rest; the fact is, he was beaten. 4. The assertion or statement of a thing done or existing; sometimes, even when false, improperly put, by a transfer of meaning, for the thing done, or supposed to be done; a thing supposed or asserted to be done; as, history abounds with false facts. I do not grant the fact. De Foe. This reasoning is founded upon a fact which is not true. Roger Long. Note: TheTerm fact has in jurisprudence peculiar uses in contrast with low; as, attorney at low, and attorney in fact; issue in low, and issue in fact. There is also a grand distinction between low and fact with reference to the province of the judge and that of the jury, the latter generally determining the fact, the former the low. Burrill Bouvier. Accessary before, or after, the fact. See under Accessary. -- Matter of fact, an actual occurrence; a verity; used adjectively: of or pertaining to facts; prosaic; unimaginative; as, a matter-of- fact narration. Syn. -- Act; deed; performance; event; incident; occurrence; circumstance. FACTION Fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. factio a doing, a company of persons acting together, a faction: cf. F. faction See Fashion.] 1. (Anc. Hist.) Defn: One of the divisions or parties of charioteers (distinguished by their colors) in the games of the circus. 2. A party, in political society, combined or acting in union, in opposition to the government, or state; -- usually applied to a minority, but it may be applied to a majority; a combination or clique of partisans of any kind, acting for their own interests, especially if greedy, clamorous, and reckless of the common good. 3. Tumult; discord; dissension. They remained at Newbury in great faction among themselves. Clarendon. Syn. -- Combination; clique; junto. See Cabal. FACTIONARY Fac"tion*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. factionnaire, L. factionarius the head of a company of charioteers.] Defn: Belonging to a faction; being a partisan; taking sides. [Obs.] Always factionary on the party of your general. Shak. FACTIONER Fac"tion*er (-r), n. Defn: One of a faction. Abp. Bancroft. FACTIONIST Fac"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who promotes faction. FACTIOUS Fac"tious. a. Etym: [L. factiosus: cf. F. factieux.] 1. Given to faction; addicted to form parties and raise dissensions, in opposition to government or the common good; turbulent; seditious; prone to clamor against public measures or men; -- said of persons. Factious for the house of Lancaster. Shak. 2. Pertaining to faction; proceeding from faction; indicating, or characterized by, faction; -- said of acts or expressions; as, factious quarrels. Headlong zeal or factious fury. Burke. -- Fac"tious*ly, adv. -- Fac"tious-ness, n. FACTITIOUS Fac*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. factitius, fr. facere to make. See Fact, and cf. Fetich.] Defn: Made by art, in distinction from what is produced by nature; artificial; sham; formed by, or adapted to, an artificial or conventional, in distinction from a natural, standard or rule; not natural; as, factitious cinnabar or jewels; a factitious taste. -- Fac-ti"tious*ly, adv. -- Fac*ti"tious-ness, n. He acquires a factitious propensity, he forms an incorrigible habit, of desultory reading. De Quincey. Syn. -- Unnatural. -- Factitious, Unnatural. Anything is unnatural when it departs in any way from its simple or normal state; it is factitious when it is wrought out or wrought up by labor and effort, as, a factitious excitement. An unnatural demand for any article of merchandise is one which exceeds the ordinary rate of consumption; a factitious demand is one created by active exertions for the purpose. An unnatural alarm is one greater than the occasion requires; a factitious alarm is one wrought up with care and effort. FACTITIVE Fac"ti*tive. a. Etym: [See Fact.] 1. Causing; causative. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Pertaining to that relation which is proper when the act, as of a transitive verb, is not merely received by an object, but produces some change in the object, as when we say, He made the water wine. Sometimes the idea of activity in a verb or adjective involves in it a reference to an effect, in the way of causality, in the active voice on the immediate objects, and in the passive voice on the subject of such activity. This second object is called the factitive object. J. W. Gibbs. FACTIVE Fac"tive, a. Defn: Making; having power to make. [Obs.] "You are . . . factive, not destructive." Bacon. FACTO Fac"to, adv. Etym: [L., ablative of factum deed, fact.] (Law) Defn: In fact; by the act or fact. De facto. (Law) See De facto. FACTOR Fac"tor, n. Etym: [L. factor a doer: cf. F. facteur a factor. See Fact.] 1. (Law) Defn: One who transacts business for another; an agent; a substitute; especially, a mercantile agent who buys and sells goods and transacts business for others in commission; a commission merchant or consignee. He may be a home factor or a foreign factor. He may buy and sell in his own name, and he is intrusted with the possession and control of the goods; and in these respects he differs from a broker. Story. Wharton. My factor sends me word, a merchant's fled That owes me for a hundred tun of wine. Marlowe. 2. A steward or bailiff of an estate. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. 3. (Math.) Defn: One of the elements or quantities which, when multiplied together, from a product. 4. One of the elements, circumstances, or influences which contribute to produce a result; a constituent. The materal and dynamical factors of nutrition. H. Spencer. FACTOR Fac"tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Factored (-trd); p. pr. & vb. n. Factoring.] (Mach.) Defn: To resolve (a quantity) into its factors. FACTORAGE Fac"tor*age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. factorage.] Defn: The allowance given to a factor, as a compensation for his services; -- called also a commission. FACTORESS Fac"tor*ess, n. Defn: A factor who is a woman. [R.] FACTORIAL Fac*to"ri*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a factory. Buchanan. 2. (Math.) Defn: Related to factorials. FACTORIAL Fac*to"ri*al, n. (Math.) (a) pl. Defn: A name given to the factors of a continued product when the former are derivable from one and the same function F(x) by successively imparting a constant increment or decrement h to the independent variable. Thus the product F(x).F(x + h).F(x + 2h) . . . F[x + (n-1)h] is called a factorial term, and its several factors take the name of factorials. Brande & C. (b) The product of the consecutive numbers from unity up to any given number. FACTORING Fac"tor*ing, n. (Math.) Defn: The act of resolving into factors. FACTORIZE Fac"tor*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Factorized (-zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Factorizing (-"zng).] (Law) (a) To give warning to; -- said of a person in whose hands the effects of another are attached, the warning being to the effect that he shall not pay the money or deliver the property of the defendant in his hands to him, but appear and answer the suit of the plaintiff. (b) To attach (the effects of a debtor) in the hands of a third person ; to garnish. See Garnish. [Vt. & Conn.] FACTORSHIP Fac"tor*ship, n. Defn: The business of a factor. FACTORY Fac"to*ry, n.; pl. Factories (-r. Etym: [Cf. F. factorerie.] 1. A house or place where factors, or commercial agents, reside, to transact business for their employers. "The Company's factory at Madras." Burke. 2. The body of factors in any place; as, a chaplain to a British factory. W. Guthrie. 3. A building, or collection of buildings, appropriated to the manufacture of goods; the place where workmen are employed in fabricating goods, wares, or utensils; a manufactory; as, a cotton factory. Factory leg (Med.), a variety of bandy leg, associated with partial dislocation of the tibia, produced in young children by working in factories. FACTOTUM Fac*to"tum, n.; pl. Factotums (-t. Etym: [L., do everything; facere to do + totus all : cf. F. factotum. See Fact, and Total.] Defn: A person employed to do all kinds of work or business. B. Jonson. FACTUAL Fac"tu*al, a. Defn: Relating to, or containing, facts. [R.] FACTUM Fac"tum, n.; pl. Facta. Etym: [L. See Fact.] 1. (Law) Defn: A man's own act and deed; particularly: (a) (Civil Law) Anything stated and made certain. (b) (Testamentary Law) The due execution of a will, including everything necessary to its validity. 2. (Mach.) Defn: The product. See Facient, 2. FACTURE Fac"ture, n. Etym: [F. facture a making, invoice, L. factura a making. See Fact.] 1. The act or manner of making or doing anything; -- now used of a literary, musical, or pictorial production. Bacon. 2. (Com.) Defn: An invoice or bill of parcels. FACULAE Fac"u*læ, n. pl. Etym: [L., pl. of facula a little torch.] (Astron.) Defn: Groups of small shining spots on the surface of the sun which are brighter than the other parts of the photosphere. They are generally seen in the neighborhood of the dark spots, and are supposed to be elevated portions of the photosphere. Newcomb. FACULAR Fac"u*lar a. (Astron.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the faculæ. R. A. Proctor. FACULTATIVE Fac"ul*ta*tive, a. [L. facultas, -atis, faculty: cf. F. facultatif, G. fakultativ.] 1. Having relation to the grant or exercise faculty, or authority, privilege, license, or the like hence, optional; as, facultative enactments, or those which convey a faculty, or permission; the facultative referendum of Switzerland is one that is optional with the people and is necessary only when demanded by petition; facultative studies; -- opposed to obligatory and compulsory, and sometimes used with to. 2. Of such a character as to admit of existing under various forms or conditions, or of happening or not happening, or the like; specif.: (Biol.) Defn: Having the power to live under different conditions; as, a facultative parasite, a plant which is normally saprophytic, but which may exist wholly or in part as a parasite; -- opposed to obligate. 3. (Physiol.) Pertaining to a faculty or faculties. In short, there is no facultative plurality in the mind; it is a single organ of true judgment for all purposes, cognitive or practical. J. Martineau. FACULTY Fac"ul*ty, n.; pl. Faculties. Etym: [F. facult, L. facultas, fr. facilis easy (cf. facul easily), fr. fecere to make. See Fact, and cf. Facility.] 1. Ability to act or perform, whether inborn or cultivated; capacity for any natural function; especially, an original mental power or capacity for any of the well-known classes of mental activity; psychical or soul capacity; capacity for any of the leading kinds of soul activity, as knowledge, feeling, volition; intellectual endowment or gift; power; as, faculties of the mind or the soul. But know that in the soul Are many lesser faculties that serve Reason as chief. Milton. What a piece of work is a man ! how noble in reason ! how infinite in faculty ! Shak. 2. Special mental endowment; characteristic knack. He had a ready faculty, indeed, of escaping from any topic that agitated his too sensitive and nervous temperament. Hawthorne. 3. Power; prerogative or attribute of office. [R.] This Duncan Hath borne his faculties so meek. Shak. 4. Privilege or permission, granted by favor or indulgence, to do a particular thing; authority; license; dispensation. The pope . . . granted him a faculty to set him free from his promise. Fuller. It had not only faculty to inspect all bishops' dioceses, but to change what laws and statutes they should think fit to alter among the colleges. Evelyn. 5. A body of a men to whom any specific right or privilege is granted; formerly, the graduates in any of the four departments of a university or college (Philosophy, Law, Medicine, or Theology), to whom was granted the right of teaching (profitendi or docendi) in the department in which they had studied; at present, the members of a profession itself; as, the medical faculty; the legal faculty, ect. 6. (Amer. Colleges) Defn: The body of person to whom are intrusted the government and instruction of a college or university, or of one of its departments; the president, professors, and tutors in a college. Dean of faculty. See under Dean. -- Faculty of advocates. (Scot.) See under Advocate. Syn. -- Talent; gift; endowment; dexterity; expertness; cleverness; readiness; ability; knack. FACUND Fac"und, a. Etym: [L. facundus, fr. fari to speak.] Defn: Eloquent. [Archaic] FACUNDIOUS Fa*cun"di*ous, a. Etym: [L. facundiosus.] Defn: Eloquement; full of words. [Archaic] FACUNDITY Fa*cun"di*ty, n. Etym: [L. facunditas.] Defn: Eloquence; readiness of speech. [Archaic] FAD Fad, n. Etym: [Cf. Faddle.] Defn: A hobby ; freak; whim. -- Fad"dist, n. It is your favorite fad to draw plans. G. Eliot. FADAISE Fa`daise", n. [F.] Defn: A vapid or meaningless remark; a commonplace; nonsense. FADDLE Fad"dle, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Fiddle, Fiddle-faddle.] Defn: To trifle; to toy. -- v. t. Defn: To fondle; to dandle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. FADE Fade a. Etym: [F., prob. fr. L. vapidus vapid, or possibly fr,fatuus foolish, insipid.] Defn: Weak; insipid; tasteless; commonplace. [R.] "Passages that are somewhat fade." Jeffrey. His masculine taste gave him a sense of something fade and ludicrous. De Quincey. FADE Fade, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Faded; p. pr. & vb. n. Fading.] Etym: [OE. faden, vaden, prob. fr. fade, a.; cf. Prov. D. vadden to fade, wither, vaddigh languid, torpid. Cf. Fade, a., Vade.] 1. To become fade; to grow weak; to lose strength; to decay; to perish gradually; to wither, as a plant. The earth mourneth and fadeth away. Is. xxiv. 4. 2. To lose freshness, color, or brightness; to become faint in hue or tint; hence, to be wanting in color. "Flowers that never fade." Milton. 3. To sink away; to disappear gradually; to grow dim; to vanish. The stars shall fade away. Addison He makes a swanlike end, Fading in music. Shak. FADE Fade, v. t. Defn: To cause to wither; to deprive of freshness or vigor; to wear away. No winter could his laurels fade. Dryden. FADED Fad"ed, a. Defn: That has lost freshness, color, or brightness; grown dim. "His faded cheek." Milton. Where the faded moon Made a dim silver twilight. Keats. FADEDLY Fad"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a faded manner. A dull room fadedly furnished. Dickens. FADELESS Fade"less, a. Defn: Not liable to fade; unfading. FADER Fa"der, n. Defn: Father. [Obs.] Chaucer. FADGE Fadge, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OE. faden to flatter, and AS. f to join, unit, G. fügen, or AS. afægian to depict; all perh. form the same root as E. fair. Cf. Fair, a., Fay to fit.] Defn: To fit; to suit; to agree. They shall be made, spite of antipathy, to fadge together. Milton. Well, Sir, how fadges the new design Wycherley. FADGE Fadge, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A small flat loaf or thick cake; also, a fagot. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. FADING Fad"ing, a. Defn: Losing freshness, color, brightness, or vigor. -- n. Defn: Loss of color, freshness, or vigor. -- Fad"ing*ly, adv. -- Fad"ing*ness, n. FADING Fad"ing, n. Defn: An Irish dance; also, the burden of a song. "Fading is a fine jig." [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. FADME Fad"me, n. Defn: A fathom. [Obs.] Chaucer. FADY Fad"y, a. Defn: Faded. [R.] Shenstone. FAECAL Fæ"cal, a. Defn: See Fecal. FAECES Fæ"ces, n.pl. Etym: [L. faex, pl. faeces, dregs.] Defn: Excrement; ordure; also, settlings; sediment after infusion or distillation. [Written also feces.] FAECULA Fæc"u*la, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Fecula. FAERY Fa"ër*y, n. & a. Defn: Fairy. [Archaic] Spenser. FAFFLE Faf"fle, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Famble, Maffle.] Defn: To stammer. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. FAG Fag n. Defn: A knot or coarse part in cloth. [Obs.] FAG Fag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Fagging.] Etym: [Cf. LG. fakk wearied, weary, vaak slumber, drowsiness, OFries. fai, equiv. to fach devoted to death, OS. f, OHG. feigi, G. feig, feige, cowardly, Icel. feigr fated to die, AS. f, Scot. faik, to fail, stop, lower the price; or perh. the same word as E. flag to droop.] 1. To become weary; to tire. Creighton withheld his force till the Italian began to fag. G. Mackenzie. 2. To labor to wearness; to work hard; to drudge. Read, fag, and subdue this chapter. Coleridge. 3. To act as a fag, or perform menial services or drudgery, for another, as in some English schools. To fag out, to become untwisted or frayed, as the end of a rope, or the edge of canvas. FAG Fag, v. t. 1. To tire by labor; to exhaust; as, he was almost fagged out. 2. Anything that fatigues. [R.] It is such a fag, I came back tired to death. Miss Austen. Brain fag. (Med.) See Cerebropathy. FAGEND; FAG-END Fag"*end", n. 1. An end of poorer quality, or in a spoiled condition, as the coarser end of a web of cloth, the untwisted end of a rope, ect. 2. The refuse or meaner part of anything. The fag-end of business. Collier. FAGGING Fag"ging, n. Defn: Laborious drudgery; esp., the acting as a drudge for another at an English school. FAGOT Fag"ot n. Etym: [F., prob. aug. of L. fax, facis, torch, perh. orig., a bundle of sticks; cf. Gr. Fagotto.] 1. A bundle of sticks, twigs, or small branches of trees, used for fuel, for raising batteries, filling ditches, or other purposes in fortification; a fascine. Shak. 2. A bundle of pieces of wrought iron to be worked over into bars or other shapes by rolling or hammering at a welding heat; a pile. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A bassoon. See Fagotto. 4. A person hired to take the place of another at the muster of a company. [Eng.] Addison. 5. An old shriveled woman. [Slang, Eng.] Fagot iron, iron, in bars or masses, manufactured from fagots. -- Fagot vote, the vote of a person who has been constituted a voter by being made a landholder, for party purposes. [Political cant, Eng.] FAGOT Fag"ot v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fagoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fagoting.] Defn: To make a fagot of; to bind together in a fagot or bundle; also, to collect promiscuously. Dryden. FAGOTTO Fa*got"to, n. Etym: [It. See Fagot.] (Mus.) Defn: The bassoon; -- so called from being divided into parts for ease of carriage, making, as it were, a small fagot. FAHAM Fa"ham, n. Defn: The leaves of an orchid (Angraecum fragrans), of the islands of Bourbon and Mauritius, used (in France) as a substitute for Chinese tea. FAHLBAND Fahl"band`, n. Etym: [G., fr. fahl dun-colored + band a band.] (Mining) Defn: A stratum in crystalline rock, containing metallic sulphides. Raymond. FAHLERZ; FAHLBAND Fahl"erz, Fahl"band, n. Etym: [G. fahlerz; fahl dun-colored, fallow + erz ore.] (Min.) Defn: Same as Tetrahedrite. FAHLUNITE Fah"lun*ite, n. Etym: [From Falhun, a place in Sweden.] (Min.) Defn: A hydration of iolite. FAHRENHEIT Fah"ren*heit a. Etym: [G.] Defn: Conforming to the scale used by Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit in the graduation of his thermometer; of or relating to Fahrenheit's thermometric scale. -- n. Defn: The Fahrenheit termometer or scale. Note: The Fahrenheit thermometer is so graduated that the freezing point of water is at 32 degrees above the zero of its scale, and the boiling point at 212 degrees above. It is commonly used in the United States and in England. FAIENCE Fa`ï*ence", n. Etym: [F., fr. Faenza, a town in Italy, the original place of manufacture.] Defn: Glazed earthenware; esp., that which is decorated in color. FAIL Fail v. i. [imp. & p. p. Failed; p. pr. & vb. n. Failing.] Etym: [F. failir, fr. L. fallere, falsum, to deceive, akin to E. fall. See Fail, and cf. Fallacy, False, Fault.] 1. To be wanting; to fall short; to be or become deficient in any measure or degree up to total absence; to cease to be furnished in the usual or expected manner, or to be altogether cut off from supply; to be lacking; as, streams fail; crops fail. As the waters fail from the sea. Job xiv. 11. Till Lionel's issue fails, his should not reign. Shak. 2. To be affected with want; to come short; to lack; to be deficient or unprovided; -- used with of. If ever they fail of beauty, this failure is not be attributed to their size. Berke. 3. To fall away; to become diminished; to decline; to decay; to sink. When earnestly they seek Such proof, conclude they then begin to fail. Milton. 4. To deteriorate in respect to vigor, activity, resources, etc.; to become weaker; as, a sick man fails. 5. To perish; to die; -- used of a person. [Obs.] Had the king in his last sickness failed. Shak. 6. To be found wanting with respect to an action or a duty to be performed, a result to be secured, etc.; to miss; not to fulfill expectation. Take heed now that ye fail not to do this. Ezra iv. 22. Either my eyesight fails, or thou look'st pale. Shak. 7. To come short of a result or object aimed at or desired ; to be baffled or frusrated. Our envious foe hath failed. Milton. 8. To err in judgment; to be mistaken. Which ofttimes may succeed, so as perhaps Shall grieve him, if I fail not. Milton. 9. To become unable to meet one's engagements; especially, to be unable to pay one's debts or discharge one's business obligation; to become bankrupt or insolvent. FAIL Fail, v. t. 1. To be wanting to ; to be insufficient for; to disappoint; to desert. There shall not fail thee a man on the throne. 1 Kings ii. 4. 2. To miss of attaining; to lose. [R.] Though that seat of earthly bliss be failed. Milton. FAIL Fail, n. Etym: [OF. faille, from failir. See Fail, v. i.] 1. Miscarriage; failure; deficiency; fault; -- mostly superseded by failure or failing, except in the phrase without fail. "His highness' fail of issue." Shak. 2. Death; decease. [Obs.] Shak. FAILANCE Fail"ance, n. Etym: [Of. faillance, fr. faillir.] Defn: Fault; failure; omission. [Obs.] Bp. Fell. FAILING Fail"ing, n. 1. A failing short; a becoming deficient; failure; deficiency; imperfection; weakness; lapse; fault; infirmity; as, a mental failing. And ever in her mind she cas about For that unnoticed failing in herself. Tennyson. 2. The act of becoming insolvent of bankrupt. Syn. -- See Fault. FAILLE Faille, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A soft silk, heavier than a foulard and not glossy. FAILURE Fail"ure, n. Etym: [From Fail.] 1. Cessation of supply, or total defect; a failing; deficiency; as, failure of rain; failure of crops. 2. Omission; nonperformance; as, the failure to keep a promise. 3. Want of success; the state of having failed. 4. Decau, or defect from decay; deterioration; as, the failure of memory or of sight. 5. A becoming insolvent; bankruptcy; suspension of payment; as, failure in business. 6. A failing; a slight fault. [Obs.] Johnson. FAIN Fain, a. Etym: [OE. fain, fagen, AS. fægen; akin to OS. fagan, Icel. faginn glad; AS. fægnian to rejoice, OS. faganon, Icel. fagna, Goth. faginon, cf. Goth. faheds joy; and fr. the same root as E. fair. Srr Fair, a., and cf. Fawn to court favor.] 1. Well-pleased; glad; apt; wont; fond; inclined. Men and birds are fain of climbing high. Shak. To a busy man, temptation is fainto climb up together with his business. Jer. Taylor. 2. Satisfied; contented; also, constrained. Shak. The learned Castalio was fain to make trechers at Basle to keep himself from starving. Locke. FAIN Fain, adv. Defn: With joy; gladly; -- with wold. He would fain have filled his belly with the husks that the swine did eat. Luke xv. 16. Fain Would I woo her, yet I dare not. Shak. FAIN Fain, v. t. & i. Defn: To be glad ; to wish or desire. [Obs.] Whoso fair thing does fain to see. Spencer. FAINEANCE; FAINEANCY Fai"ne*ance, Fai"ne*an*cy, n. [Cf. OF. faineance. See Fainéant.] Defn: Do-nothingness; inactivity; indolence. The mask of sneering faineance was gone. C. Kingsley. FAINEANT Fai`né`ant", a. Etym: [F.; fait he does + néant nothing.] Defn: Doing nothing; shiftless. -- n. Defn: A do-nothing; an idle fellow; a sluggard. Sir W. Scott. FAINEANT DEITY Fainéant deity. Defn: A deity recognized as real but conceived as not acting in human affairs, hence not worshiped. FAINT Faint, a. [Compar. Fainter (-r); superl. Faintest.] Etym: [OE. faint, feint, false, faint, F. feint, p.p. of feindre to feign, suppose, hesitate. See Faign, and cf. Feint.] 1. Lacking strength; weak; languid; inclined to swoon; as, faint with fatigue, hunger, or thirst. 2. Wanting in courage, spirit, or energy; timorous; cowardly; dejected; depressed; as, "Faint heart ne'er won fair lady." Old Proverb. 3. Lacking distinctness; hardly perceptible; striking the senses feebly; not bright, or loud, or sharp, or forcible; weak; as, a faint color, or sound. 4. Performed, done, or acted, in a weak or feeble manner; not exhibiting vigor, strength, or energy; slight; as, faint efforts; faint resistance. The faint prosecution of the war. Sir J. Davies. FAINT Faint, n. Defn: The act of fainting, or the state of one who has fainted; a swoon. [R.] See Fainting, n. The saint, Who propped the Virgin in her faint. Sir W. Scott. FAINT Faint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fainting.] 1. To become weak or wanting in vigor; to grow feeble; to lose strength and color, and the control of the bodily or mental functions; to swoon; -- sometimes with away. See Fainting, n. Hearing the honor intended her, she fainted away. Guardian. If I send them away fasting . . . they will faint by the way. Mark viii. 8. 2. To sink into dejection; to lose courage or spirit; to become depressed or despondent. If thou faint in the day of adversity, thy strength is small. Prov. xxiv. 10. 3. To decay; to disappear; to vanish. Gilded clouds, while we gaze upon them, faint before the eye. Pope. FAINT Faint, v. t. Defn: To cause to faint or become dispirited; to depress; to weaken. [Obs.] It faints me to think what follows. Shak. FAINTHEARTED; FAINT-HEARTED Faint"*heart`ed, a. Defn: Wanting in courage; depressed by fear; easily discouraged or frightened; cowardly; timorous; dejected. Fear not, neither be faint-hearted. Is. vii. 4. -- Faint"*heart`ed*ly, adv. -- Faint"*heart`ed*ness, n. FAINTING Faint"ing, n. Defn: Syncope, or loss of consciousness owing to a sudden arrest of the blood supply to the brain, the face becoming pallid, the respiration feeble, and the heat's beat weak. Fainting fit, a fainting or swoon; syncope. [Colloq.] FAINTISH Faint"ish, a. Defn: Slightly faint; somewhat faint. -- Faint"ish*ness, n. FAINTLING Faint"ling, a. Defn: Timorous; feeble-minded. [Obs.] "A fainting, silly creature." Arbuthnot. FAINTLY Faint"ly, adv. Defn: In a faint, weak, or timidmanner. FAINTNESS Faint"ness, n. 1. The state of being faint; loss of strength, or of consciousness, and self-control. 2. Want of vigor or energy. Spenser. 3. Feebleness, as of color or light; lack of distinctness; as, faintness of description. 4. Faint-heartedness; timorousness; dejection. I will send a faintness into their hearts. Lev. xxvi. 36. FAINTS Faints, n.pl. Defn: The impure spirit which comes over first and last in the distillation of whisky; -- the former being called the strong faints, and the latter, which is much more abundant, the weak faints. This crude spirit is much impregnated with fusel oil. Ure. FAINTY Faint"y, a. Defn: Feeble; languid. [R.] Dryden. FAIR Fair, a. [Compar. Fairer; superl. Fairest.] Etym: [OE. fair, fayer, fager, AS. fæger; akin to OS. & OHG. fagar, Isel. fagr, Sw. fager, Dan. faver, Goth. fagrs fit, also to E. fay, G. fügen, to fit. fegen to sweep, cleanse, and prob. also to E. fang, peace, pact, Cf. Fang, Fain, Fay to fit.] 1. Free from spots, specks, dirt, or imperfection; unblemished; clean; pure. A fair white linen cloth. Book of Common Prayer. 2. Pleasing to the eye; handsome; beautiful. Who can not see many a fair French city, for one fair French made. Shak. 3. Without a dark hue; light; clear; as, a fair skin. The northern people large and fair-complexioned. Sir M. Hale. 4. Not overcast; cloudless; clear; pleasant; propitious; favorable; - - said of the sky, weather, or wind, etc.; as, a fair sky; a fair day. You wish fair winds may waft him over. Prior. 5. Free from obstacles or hindrances; unobstructed; unincumbered; open; direct; -- said of a road, passage, etc.; as, a fair mark; in fair sight; a fair view. The caliphs obtained a mighty empire, which was in a fair way to have enlarged. Sir W. Raleigh. 6. (Shipbuilding) Defn: Without sudden change of direction or curvature; smooth; fowing; -- said of the figure of a vessel, and of surfaces, water lines, and other lines. 7. Characterized by frankness, honesty, impartiality, or candor; open; upright; free from suspicion or bias; equitable; just; -- said of persons, character, or conduct; as, a fair man; fair dealing; a fair statement. "I would call it fair play." Shak. 8. Pleasing; favorable; inspiring hope and confidence; -- said of words, promises, etc. When fair words and good counsel will not prevail on us, we must be frighted into our duty. L' Estrange. 9. Distinct; legible; as, fair handwriting. 10. Free from any marked characteristic; average; middling; as, a fair specimen. The news is very fair and good, my lord. Shak. Fair ball. (Baseball) (a) A ball passing over the home base at the height called for by the batsman, and delivered by the pitcher while wholly within the lines of his position and facing the batsman. (b) A batted ball that falls inside the foul lines; -- called also a fair hit. -- Fair maid. (Zoöl.) (a) The European pilchard (Clupea pilchardus) when dried. (b) The southern scup (Stenotomus Gardeni). [Virginia] -- Fair one, a handsome woman; a beauty, -- Fair play, equitable or impartial treatment; a fair or equal chance; justice. -- From fair to middling, passable; tolerable. [Colloq.] -- The fair sex, the female sex. Syn. -- Candid; open; frank; ingenuous; clear; honest; equitable; impartial; reasonable. See Candid. FAIR Fair, adv. Defn: Clearly; openly; frankly; civilly; honestly; favorably; auspiciously; agreeably. Fair and square, justly; honestly; equitably; impartially. [Colloq.] -- To bid fair. See under Bid. -- To speak fair, to address with courtesy and frankness. [Archaic] FAIR Fair, n. 1. Fairness, beauty. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A fair woman; a sweetheart. I have found out a gift for my fair. Shenstone. 3. Good fortune; good luck. Now fair befall thee ! Shak. The fair, anything beautiful; women, collectively. "For slander's mark was ever yet the fair." Shak. FAIR Fair, v. t. 1. To make fair or beautiful. [Obs.] Fairing the foul. Shak. 2. (Shipbuilding) Defn: To make smooth and flowing, as a vessel's lines. FAIR Fair, n. Etym: [OE. feire, OF. feire, F. foire, fr. L. fariae, pl., days of rest, holidays, festivals, akin to festus festal. See Feast.] 1. A gathering of buyers and sellers, assembled at a particular place with their merchandise at a stated or regular season, or by special appointment, for trade. 2. A festival, and sale of fancy articles. erc., usually for some charitable object; as, a Grand Army fair. 3. A competitive exhibition of wares, farm products, etc., not primarily for purposes of sale; as, the Mechanics' fair; an agricultural fair. After the fair, Too late. [Colloq.] FAIR CATCH Fair catch. (Football) Defn: A catch made by a player on side who makes a prescribed signal that he will not attempt to advance the ball when caught. He must not then be interfered with. FAIR-HAIRED Fair"-haired`, a. Defn: Having fair or light-colored hair. FAIRHOOD Fair"hood, n. Defn: Fairness; beauty. [Obs.] Foxe. FAIRILY Fair"i*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a fairy. Numerous as shadows haunting fairily The brain. Keats. FAIRING Fair"ing, n. Defn: A present; originally, one given or purchased at a fair. Gay. Fairing box, a box receiving savings or small sums of money. Hannah More. FAIRISH Fair"ish, a. Defn: Tolerably fair. [Colloq.] W. D. Howells. FAIR-LEADER Fair"-lead`er, n. (Naut.) Defn: A block, or ring, serving as a guide for the running rigging or for any rope. FAIRLY Fair"ly, adv. 1. In a fairmanner; clearly; openly; plainly; fully; distinctly; frankly. Even the nature of Mr. Dimmesdale's disease had never fairly been revealed to him. Hawthorne. 2. Favorably; auspiciously; commodiously; as, a town fairly situated for foreign traade. 3. Honestly; properly. Such means of comfort or even luxury, as lay fairly within their grasp. Hawthorne. 4. Softly; quietly; gently. [Obs.] Milton. FAIR-MINDED Fair"-mind`ed, a. Defn: Unprejudiced; just; judicial; honest. -- Fair"*mind`ed*ness, n. FAIR-NATURED Fair"-na`tured, a. Defn: Well-disposed. "A fair-natured prince." Ford. FAIRNESS Fair"ness, n. Defn: The state of being fair, or free form spots or stains, as of the skin; honesty, as of dealing; candor, as of an argument, etc. FAIR-SPOKEN Fair"-spo`ken, a. Defn: Using fair speech, or uttered with fairness; bland; civil; courteous; plausible. "A marvelous fair-spoken man." Hooker. FAIRWAY Fair"way`, n. Defn: The navigable part of a river, bay, etc., through which vessels enter or depart; the part of a harbor or channel ehich is kept open and unobstructed for the passage of vessels. Totten. the rough. FAIR-WEATHER Fair"-weath`er, a. 1. Made or done in pleasant weather, or in circumstances involving but little exposure or sacrifice; as, a fair-weather voyage. Pope. 2. Appearing only when times or circumstances are prosperous; as, a fair-weather friend. Fair-weather sailor, a make-believe or inexperienced sailor; -- the nautical equivalent of carpet knight. FAIR-WORLD Fair"-world` n. Defn: State of prosperity. [Obs.] They think it was never fair-world with them since. Milton. FAIRY Fair"y, n.; pl. Fairies. Etym: [OE. fairie, faierie, enchantment, fairy folk, fairy, OF. faerie enchantment, F. féer, fr. LL. Fata one of the goddesses of fate. See Fate, and cf. Fay a fairy.] [Written also faëry.] 1. Enchantment; illusion. [Obs.] Chaucer. The God of her has made an end, And fro this worlde's fairy Hath taken her into company. Gower. 2. The country of the fays; land of illusions. [Obs.] He [Arthur] is a king y-crowned in Fairy. Lydgate. 3. An imaginary supernatural being or spirit, supposed to assume a human form (usually diminutive), either male or female, and to meddle for good or evil in the affairs of mankind; a fay. See Elf, and Demon. The fourth kind of spirit [is] called the Fairy. K. James. And now about the caldron sing, Like elves and fairies in a ring. Shak. 5. An enchantress. [Obs.] Shak. Fairy of the mine, an imaginary being supposed to inhabit mines, etc. German folklore tells of two species; one fierce and malevolent, the other gentle, See Kobold. No goblin or swart fairy of the mine Hath hurtful power over true virginity. Milton. FAIRY Fair"y, a. 1. Of or pertaining to fairies. 2. Given by fairies; as, fairy money. Dryden. Fairy bird (Zoöl.), the Euoropean little tern (Sterna minuta); -- called also sea swallow, and hooded tern. -- Fairy bluebird. (Zoöl.) See under Bluebird. -- Fairy martin (Zoöl.), a European swallow (Hirrundo ariel) that builds flask-shaped nests of mud on overhanging cliffs. -- Fairy rings or circles, the circles formed in grassy lawns by certain fungi (as Marasmius Oreades), formerly supposed to be caused by fairies in their midnight dances. -- Fairy shrimp (Zoöl.), a European fresh-water phyllopod crustacean (Chirocephalus diaphanus); -- so called from its delicate colors, transparency, and graceful motions. The name is sometimes applied to similar American species. -- Fairy stone (Paleon.), an echinite. FAIRYLAND Fair"y*land` n. Defn: The imaginary land or abode of fairies. FAIRYLIKE Fair"y*like`, a. Defn: Resembling a fairy, or what is made or done be fairies; as, fairylike music. FAITH Faith, n. Etym: [OE. feith, fayth, fay, OF. feid, feit, fei, F. foi, fr. L. fides; akin to fidere to trust, Gr. th is perhaps due to the influence of such words as truth, health, wealth. See Bid, Bide, and cf. Confide, Defy, Fealty.] 1. Belief; the assent of the mind to the truth of what is declared by another, resting solely and implicitly on his authority and veracity; reliance on testimony. 2. The assent of the mind to the statement or proposition of another, on the ground of the manifest truth of what he utters; firm and earnest belief, on probable evidence of any kind, especially in regard to important moral truth. Faith, that is, fidelity, -- the fealty of the finite will and understanding to the reason. Coleridge. 3. (Theol.) (a) The belief in the historic truthfulness of the Scripture narrative, and the supernatural origin of its teachings, sometimes called historical and speculative faith. (b) The belief in the facts and truth of the Scriptures, with a practical love of them; especially, that confiding and affectionate belief in the person and work of Christ, which affects the character and life, and makes a man a true Christian, -- called a practical, evangelical, or saving faith. Without faith it is impossible to please him [God]. Heb. xi. 6. The faith of the gospel is that emotion of the mind which is called "trust" or "confidence" exercised toward the moral character of God, and particularly of the Savior. Dr. T. Dwight. Faith is an affectionate, practical confidence in the testimony of God. J. Hawes. 4. That which is believed on any subject, whether in science, politics, or religion; especially (Theol.), a system of religious belief of any kind; as, the Jewish or Mohammedan faith; and especially, the system of truth taught by Christ; as, the Christian faith; also, the creed or belief of a Christian society or church. Which to believe of her, Must be a faith that reason without miracle Could never plant in me. Shak. Now preacheth the faith which once he destroyed. Gal. i. 23. 5. Fidelity to one's promises, or allegiance to duty, or to a person honored and beloved; loyalty. Children in whom is no faith. Deut. xxvii. 20. Whose failing, while her faith to me remains, I should conceal. Milton. 6. Word or honor pledged; promise given; fidelity; as, he violated his faith. For you alone I broke me faith with injured Palamon. Dryden. 7. Credibility or truth. [R.] The faith of the foregoing narrative. Mitford. Act of faith. See Auto-da-fé. -- Breach of faith, Confession of faith, etc. See under Breach, Confession, etc. -- Faith cure, a method or practice of treating diseases by prayer and the exercise of faith in God. -- In good faith, with perfect sincerity. FAITH Faith, interj. Defn: By my faith; in truth; verily. FAITHED Faithed, a. Defn: Having faith or a faith; honest; sincere. [Obs.] "Make thy words faithed." Shak. FAITHFUL Faith"ful, a. 1. Full of faith, or having faith; disposed to believe, especially in the declarations and promises of God. You are not faithful, sir. B. Jonson. 2. Firm in adherence to promises, oaths, contracts, treaties, or other engagements. The faithful God, which keepeth covenant and mercy with them that love him. Deut. vii. 9. 3. True and constant in affection or allegiance to a person to whom one is bound by a vow, be ties of love, gratitude, or honor, as to a husband, a prince, a friend; firm in the observance of duty; loyal; of true fidelity; as, a faithful husband or servant. So spake the seraph Abdiel, faithful found, Among the faithless, faithful only he. Milton. 4. Worthy of confidence and belief; conformable to truth ot fact; exact; accurate; as, a faithful narrative or representation. It is a faithful saying. 2 Tim. ii. 11. The Faithful, the adherents of any system of religious belief; esp. used as an epithet of the followers of Mohammed. Syn. -- Trusty; honest; upright; sincere; veracious; trustworthy. -- Faith"ful*ly, adv. -Faith"ful*ness, n. FAITHLESS Faith"less, a. 1. Not believing; not giving credit. Be not faithless, but believing. John xx. 27. 2. Not believing on God or religion; specifically, not believing in the Christian religion. Shak. 3. Not observant of promises or covenants. 4. Not true to allegiance, duty, or vows; perfidious; trecherous; disloyal; not of true fidelity; inconstant, as a husband or a wife. A most unnatural and faithless service. Shak. 5. Serving to disappoint or deceive; delusive; unsatisfying. "Yonder faithless phantom." Goldsmith. -- Faith"less*ly, adv.Faith"less*ness, n. FAITOUR Fai"tour, n. Etym: [OF. faitor a doer, L. factor. See Factor.] Defn: A doer or actor; particularly, an evil doer; a scoundrel. [Obs.] Lo! faitour, there thy meed unto thee take. Spenser. FAKE Fake, n. Etym: [Cf. Scot. faik fold, stratum of stone, AS. fæc space, interval, G. fach compartment, partition, row, and E. fay to fit.] (Naut.) Defn: One of the circles or windings of a cable or hawser, as it lies in a coil; a single turn or coil. FAKE Fake, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To coil (a rope, line, or hawser), by winding alternately in opposite directions, in layers usually of zigzag or figure of eight form,, to prevent twisting when running out. Faking box, a box in which a long rope is faked; used in the life-saving service for a line attached to a shot. FAKE Fake, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Gael. faigh to get, acquire, reach, or OD. facken to catch or gripe.] [Slang in all its senses.] 1. To cheat; to swindle; to steal; to rob. 2. To make; to construct; to do. 3. To manipulate fraudulently, so as to make an object appear better or other than it really is; as, to fake a bulldog, by burning his upper lip and thus artificially shortening it. FAKE Fake, n. Defn: A trick; a swindle. [Slang] FAKER Fak"er, n. [Often erroneously written fakir.] Defn: One who fakes something, as a thief, a peddler of petty things, a workman who dresses things up, etc. [Slang] FAKIR Fa"kir, n. Etym: [Ar. faqir poor.] Defn: An Oriental religious ascetic or begging monk. [Written also faquir anf fakeer.] FALANAKA Fa"la*na"ka, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A viverrine mammal of Madagascar (Eupleres Goudotii), allied to the civet; -- called also Falanouc. FALCADE Fal*cade" (fâl*kad"), n. Etym: [F., ultimately fr. L. falx, falcis, a sickle or scythe.] (Man.) Defn: The action of a horse, when he throws himself on his haunches two or three times, bending himself, as it were, in very quick curvets. Harris. FALCATE; FALCATED Fal"cate, Fal"ca*ted, a. Etym: [L. falcatus, fr. falx, falcis, a sickle or scythe.] Defn: Hooked or bent like a sickle; as, a falcate leaf; a falcate claw; -- said also of the moon, or a planet, when horned or crescent- formed. FALCATION Fal*ca"tion, n. Defn: The state of being falcate; a bend in the form of a sickle. Sir T. Browne. FALCER Fal"cer, n. Etym: [From L. falx, falcis, a sickle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the mandibles of a spider. FALCHION Fal"chion, n. Etym: [OE. fauchon, OF. fauchon, LL. fälcio, fr. L. falx, falcis, a sickle, cf. Gr. falcon; cf. It. falcione. Cf. Defalcation.] 1. A broad-bladed sword, slightly curved, shorter and lighter than the ordinary sword; -- used in the Middle Ages. 2. A name given generally and poetically to a sword, especially to the swords of Oriental and fabled warriors. FALCIDIAN Fal*cid"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Falcidius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Publius Falcidius, a Roman tribune. Falcidian law (Civil Law), a law by which a testator was obliged to leave at least a fourth of his estate to the heir. Burrill. FALCIFORM Fal"ci*form, a. Etym: [L. falx, falcis, a sickle + -form: cf. F. falciforme.] Defn: Having the shape of a scithe or sickle; resembling a reaping hook; as, the falciform ligatment of the liver. FALCON Fal"con, n. Etym: [OE. faucon, faucoun, OF. faucon, falcon, faucon, fr. LL. falco, perh. from L. falx, falcis, a sickle or scythe, and named from its curving talons. Cf. Falchion.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) One of a family (Falconidæ) of raptorial birds, characterized by a short, hooked beak, strong claws, and powerful flight. (b) Any species of the genus Falco, distinguished by having a toothlike lobe on the upper mandible; especially, one of this genus trained to the pursuit of other birds, or game. In the language of falconry, the female peregrine (Falco peregrinus) is exclusively called the falcon. Yarrell. 2. (Gun.) Defn: An ancient form of cannon. Chanting falcon. (Zoöl.) See under Chanting. FALCONER Fal"con*er, n. Etym: [OE. fauconer, OF. falconier, fauconier, F. fauconnier. See Falcon.] Defn: A person who breeds or trains hawks for taking birds or game; one who follows the sport of fowling with hawks. Johnson. FALCONET Fal"co*net, n. Etym: [Dim. of falcon: cf. F. fauconneau, LL. falconeta, properly, a young falcon.] 1. One of the smaller cannon used in the 15th century and later. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of several very small Asiatic falcons of the genus Microhierax. (b) One of a group of Australian birds of the genus Falcunculus, resembling shrikes and titmice. FALCONGENTIL Fal"con*gen`til, n. Etym: [F. faucon-gentil. See Falcon, and Genteel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The female or young of the goshawk (Astur palumbarius). FALCONINE Fal"co*nine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like a falcon or hawk; belonging to the Falconidæ FALCONRY Fal"con*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fauconnerie. See Falcon.] 1. The art of training falcons or hawks to pursue and attack wild fowl or game. 2. The sport of taking wild fowl or game by means of falcons or hawks. FALCULA Fal"cu*la, n. Etym: [L., a small sickle, a billhook.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A curved and sharp-pointed claw. FALCULATE Fal"cu*late, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Curved and sharppointed, like a falcula, or claw of a falcon. FALDAGE Fald"age, n. Etym: [LL. faldagium, fr. AS. fald, E. fold. Cf. Foldage.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A privilege of setting up, and moving about, folds for sheep, in any fields within manors, in order to manure them; -- often reserved to himself by the lord of the manor. Spelman. FALDFEE Fald"fee`, n. Etym: [AS. fald (E.fold) + E. fee. See Faldage.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A fee or rent paid by a tenant for the privilege of faldage on his own ground. Blount. FALDING Fald"ing, n. Defn: A frieze or rough-napped cloth. [Obs.] FALDISTORY Fal"dis*to*ry, n. Etym: [LL. faldistorium, faldestorium, from OHG. faldstuol; faldan, faltan, to fold (G. falten) + stuol stool. So called because it could be folded or laid together. See Fold, and Stool, and cf. Faldstool, Fauteuil.] Defn: The throne or seat of a bishop within the chancel. [Obs.] FALDSTOOL Fald"stool`, n. Etym: [See Faldistory.] Defn: A folding stool, or portable seat, made to fold up in the manner of a camo stool. It was formerly placed in the choir for a bishop, when he offciated in any but his own cathedral church. Fairholt. Note: In the modern practice of the Church of England, the term faldstool is given to the reading desk from which the litany is read. This esage is a relic of the ancient use of a lectern folding like a camp stool. FALERNIAN Fa*ler"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Mount Falernus, in Italy; as, Falernianwine. FALK Falk (falk), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The razorbill. [Written also falc, and faik.] [Prov. Eng.] FALL Fall (fall), v. i. [imp. Fell; p. p. Fallen; p. pr. & vb. n. Falling.] Etym: [AS. feallan; akin to D. vallen, OS. & OHG. fallan, G. fallen, Icel. Falla, Sw. falla, Dan. falde, Lith. pulti, L. fallere to deceive, Gr. sfa`llein to cause to fall, Skr. sphal, sphul, to tremble. Cf. Fail, Fell, v. t., to cause to fall.] 1. To Descend, either suddenly or gradually; particularly, to descend by the force of gravity; to drop; to sink; as, the apple falls; the tide falls; the mercury falls in the barometer. I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven. Luke x. 18. 2. To cease to be erect; to take suddenly a recumbent posture; to become prostrate; to drop; as, a child totters and falls; a tree falls; a worshiper falls on his knees. I fell at his feet to worship him. Rev. xix. 10. 3. To find a final outlet; to discharge its waters; to empty; -- with into; as, the river Rhone falls into the Mediterranean. 4. To become prostrate and dead; to die; especially, to die by violence, as in battle. A thousand shall fall at thy side. Ps. xci. 7. He rushed into the field, and, foremost fighting, fell. Byron. 5. To cease to be active or strong; to die away; to lose strength; to subside; to become less intense; as, the wind falls. 6. To issue forth into life; to be brought forth; -- said of the young of certain animals. Shak. 7. To decline in power, glory, wealth, or importance; to become insignificant; to lose rank or position; to decline in weight, value, price etc.; to become less; as, the falls; stocks fell two points. I am a poor falle man, unworthy now To be thy lord and master. Shak. The greatness of these Irish lords suddenly fell and vanished. Sir J. Davies. 8. To be overthrown or captured; to be destroyed. Heaven and earth will witness, If Rome must fall, that we are innocent. Addison. 9. To descend in character or reputation; to become degraded; to sink into vice, error, or sin; to depart from the faith; to apostatize; to sin. Let us labor therefore to enter into that rest, lest any man fall after the same example of unbelief. Heb. iv. 11. 10. To become insnared or embarrassed; to be entrapped; to be worse off than before; asm to fall into error; to fall into difficulties. 11. To assume a look of shame or disappointment; to become or appear dejected; -- said of the countenance. Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell. Gen. iv. 5. I have observed of late thy looks are fallen. Addison. 12. To sink; to languish; to become feeble or faint; as, our spirits rise and fall with our fortunes. 13. To pass somewha suddenly, and passively, into a new state of body or mind; to become; as, to fall asleep; to fall into a passion; to fall in love; to fall into temptation. 14. To happen; to to come to pass; to light; to befall; to issue; to terminate. The Romans fell on this model by chance. Swift. Sit still, my daughter, until thou know how the matter will fall. Ruth. iii. 18. They do not make laws, they fall into customs. H. Spencer. 15. To come; to occur; to arrive. The vernal equinox, which at the Nicene Council fell on the 21st of March, falls now [1694] about ten days sooner. Holder. 16. To begin with haste, ardor, or vehemence; to rush or hurry; as, they fell to blows. They now no longer doubted, but fell to work heart and soul. Jowett (Thucyd. ). 17. To pass or be transferred by chance, lot, distribution, inheritance, or otherwise; as, the estate fell to his brother; the kingdom fell into the hands of his rivals. 18. To belong or appertain. If to her share some female errors fall, Look on her face, and you'll forget them all. Pope. 19. To be dropped or uttered carelessly; as, an unguarded expression fell from his lips; not a murmur fell from him. To fall abroad of (Naut.), to strike against; -- applied to one vessel coming into collision with another. -- To fall among, to come among accidentally or unexpectedly. -- To fall astern (Naut.), to move or be driven backward; to be left behind; as, a ship falls astern by the force of a current, or when outsailed by another. -- To fall away. (a) To lose flesh; to become lean or emaciated; to pine. (b) To renounce or desert allegiance; to revolt or rebel. (c) To renounce or desert the faith; to apostatize. "These . . . for a while believe, and in time of temptation fall away." Luke viii. 13. (d) To perish; to vanish; to be lost. "How . . . can the soul . . . fall away into nothing" Addison. (e) To decline gradually; to fade; to languish, or become faint. "One color falls away by just degrees, and another rises insensibly." Addison. -- To fall back. (a) To recede or retreat; to give way. (b) To fail of performing a promise or purpose; not to fulfill. -- To fall back upon. (a) (Mil.) To retreat for safety to (a stronger position in the rear, as to a fort or a supporting body of troops). (b) To have recourse to (a reserved fund, or some available expedient or support). -- To fall calm, to cease to blow; to become calm. -- To fall down. (a) To prostrate one's self in worship. "All kings shall fall down before him." Ps. lxxii. 11. (b) To sink; to come to the ground. "Down fell the beauteous youth." Dryden. (c) To bend or bow, as a suppliant. (d) (Naut.) To sail or drift toward the mouth of a river or other outlet. -- To fall flat, to produce no response or result; to fail of the intended effect; as, his speech fell flat. -- To fall foul of. (a) (Naut.) To have a collision with; to become entangled with (b) To attack; to make an assault upon. -- To fall from, to recede or depart from; not to adhere to; as, to fall from an agreement or engagement; to fall from allegiance or duty. -- To fall from grace (M. E. Ch.), to sin; to withdraw from the faith. -- To fall home (Ship Carp.), to curve inward; -- said of the timbers or upper parts of a ship's side which are much within a perpendicular. -- To fall in. (a) To sink inwards; as, the roof fell in. (b) (Mil.) To take one's proper or assigned place in line; as, to fall in on the right. (c) To come to an end; to terminate; to lapse; as, on the death of Mr. B., the annuuity, which he had so long received, fell in. (d) To become operative. "The reversion, to which he had been nominated twenty years before, fell in." Macaulay. -- To fall into one's hands, to pass, often suddenly or unexpectedly, into one's ownership or control; as, to spike cannon when they are likely to fall into the hands of the enemy. -- To fall in with. (a) To meet with accidentally; as, to fall in with a friend. (b) (Naut.) To meet, as a ship; also, to discover or come near, as land. (c) To concur with; to agree with; as, the measure falls in with popular opinion. (d) To comply; to yield to. "You will find it difficult to persuade learned men to fall in with your projects." Addison. -- To fall off. (a) To drop; as, fruits fall off when ripe. (b) To withdraw; to separate; to become detached; as, friends fall off in adversity. "Love cools, friendship falls off, brothers divide." Shak. (c) To perish; to die away; as, words fall off by disuse. (d) To apostatize; to forsake; to withdraw from the faith, or from allegiance or duty. Those captive tribes . . . fell off From God to worship calves. Milton. (e) To forsake; to abandon; as, his customers fell off. (f) To depreciate; to change for the worse; to deteriorate; to become less valuable, abundant, or interesting; as, a falling off in the wheat crop; the magazine or the review falls off. "O Hamlet, what a falling off was there!" Shak. (g) (Naut.) To deviate or trend to the leeward of the point to which the head of the ship was before directed; to fall to leeward. -- To fall on. (a) To meet with; to light upon; as, we have fallen on evil days. (b) To begin suddenly and eagerly. "Fall on, and try the appetite to eat." Dryden. (c) To begin an attack; to assault; to assail. "Fall on, fall on, and hear him not." Dryden. (d) To drop on; to descend on. -- To fall out. (a) To quarrel; to begin to contend. A soul exasperated in ills falls out With everything, its friend, itself. Addison. (b) To happen; to befall; to chance. "There fell out a bloody quarrel betwixt the frogs and the mice." L'Estrange. (c) (Mil.) To leave the ranks, as a soldier. -- To fall over. (a) To revolt; to desert from one side to another. (b) To fall beyond. Shak. -- To fall short, to be deficient; as, the corn falls short; they all fall short in duty. -- To fall through, to come to nothing; to fail; as, the engageent has fallen through. -- To fall to, to begin. "Fall to, with eager joy, on homely food." Dryden. -- To fall under. (a) To come under, or within the limits of; to be subjected to; as, they fell under the jurisdiction of the emperor. (b) To come under; to become the subject of; as, this point did not fall under the cognizance or deliberations of the court; these things do not fall under human sight or observation. (c) To come within; to be ranged or reckoned with; to be subordinate to in the way of classification; as, these substances fall under a different class or order. -- To fall upon. (a) To attack. [See To fall on.] (b) To attempt; to have recourse to. "I do not intend to fall upon nice disquisitions." Holder. (c) To rush against. Note: Fall primarily denotes descending motion, either in a perpendicular or inclined direction, and, in most of its applications, implies, literally or figuratively, velocity, haste, suddenness, or violence. Its use is so various, and so mush diversified by modifying words, that it is not easy to enumerate its senses in all its applications. FALL Fall, v. t. 1. To let fall; to drop. [Obs.] For every tear he falls, a Trojan bleeds. Shak. 2. To sink; to depress; as, to fall the voice. [Obs.] 3. To diminish; to lessen or lower. [Obs.] Upon lessening interest to four per cent, you fall the price of your native commodities. Locke. 4. To bring forth; as, to fall lambs. [R.] Shak. 5. To fell; to cut down; as, to fall a tree. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] FALL Fall, n. 1. The act of falling; a dropping or descending be the force of gravity; descent; as, a fall from a horse, or from the yard of ship. 2. The act of dropping or tumbling from an erect posture; as, he was walking on ice, and had a fall. 3. Death; destruction; overthrow; ruin. They thy fall conspire. Denham. Pride goeth before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall. Prov. xvi. 18. 4. Downfall; degradation; loss of greatness or office; termination of greatness, power, or dominion; ruin; overthrow; as, the fall of the Roman empire. Beholds thee glorious only in thy fall. Pope. 5. The surrender of a besieged fortress or town ; as, the fall of Sebastopol. 6. Diminution or decrease in price or value; depreciation; as, the fall of prices; the fall of rents. 7. A sinking of tone; cadence; as, the fall of the voice at the close of a sentence. 8. Declivity; the descent of land or a hill; a slope. 9. Descent of water; a cascade; a cataract; a rush of water down a precipice or steep; -- usually in the plural, sometimes in the singular; as, the falls of Niagara. 10. The discharge of a river or current of water into the ocean, or into a lake or pond; as, the fall of the Po into the Gulf of Venice. Addison. 11. Extent of descent; the distance which anything falls; as, the water of a stream has a fall of five feet. 12. The season when leaves fall from trees; autumn. What crowds of patients the town doctor kills, Or how, last fall, he raised the weekly bills. Dryden. 13. That which falls; a falling; as, a fall of rain; a heavy fall of snow. 14. The act of felling or cutting down. "The fall of timber." Johnson. 15. Lapse or declinsion from innocence or goodness. Specifically: The first apostasy; the act of our first parents in eating the forbidden fruit; also, the apostasy of the rebellious angels. 16. Formerly, a kind of ruff or band for the neck; a falling band; a faule. B. Jonson. 17. That part (as one of the ropes) of a tackle to which the power is applied in hoisting. Fall herring (Zoöl.), a herring of the Atlantic (Clupea mediocris); -- also called tailor herring, and hickory shad. -- To try a fall, to try a bout at wrestling. Shak. FALLACIOUS Fal*la"cious, a. Etym: [L. fallaciosus, fr. fallacia: cf. F. fallacieux. See Fallacy.] Defn: Embodying or pertaining to a fallacy; illogical; fitted to deceive; misleading; delusive; as, fallacious arguments or reasoning. -- Fal*la"cious*ly, adv. -Fal*la"cious*ness, n. FALLACY Fal"la*cy, n.; pl. Fallacies. Etym: [OE. fallace, fallas, deception, F. fallace, fr. L. fallacia, fr. fallax deceitful, deceptive, fr. fallere to deceive. See Fail.] 1. Deceptive or false appearance; deceitfulness; that which misleads the eye or the mind; deception. Winning by conquest what the first man lost, By fallacy surprised. Milton. 2. (Logic) Defn: An argument, or apparent argument, which professes to be decisive of the matter at issue, while in reality it is not; a sophism. Syn. -- Deception; deceit; mistake. -- Fallacy, Sophistry. A fallacy is an argument which professes to be decisive, but in reality is not; sophistry is also false reasoning, but of so specious and subtle a kind as to render it difficult to expose its fallacy. Many fallacies are obvious, but the evil of sophistry lies in its consummate art. "Men are apt to suffer their minds to be misled by fallacies which gratify their passions. Many persons have obscured and confounded the nature of things by their wretched sophistry; though an act be never so sinful, they will strip it of its guilt." South. FALLALS; FAL-LALS Fal"*lals`, n.pl. Defn: Gay ornaments; frippery; gewgaws. [Colloq.] Thackeray. FALLAX Fal"lax, n. Etym: [L. fallax deceptive. See Fallacy.] Defn: Cavillation; a caviling. [Obs.] Cranmer. FALLEN Fall"en, a. Defn: Dropped; prostrate; degraded; ruined; decreased; dead. Some ruined temple or fallen monument. Rogers. FALLENCY Fal"len*cy, n. Etym: [LL. fallentia, L. fallens p.pr of fallere.] Defn: An exception. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. FALLER Fall"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, falls. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A part which acts by falling, as a stamp in a fulling mill, or the device in a spinning machine to arrest motion when a thread breaks. FALLFISH Fall"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fresh-water fish of the United States (Semotilus bullaris); - - called also silver chub, and Shiner. The name is also applied to other allied species. FALLIBILITY Fal`li*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being fallible; liability to deceive or to be deceived; as, the fallibity of an argument or of an adviser. FALLIBLE Fal"li*ble, a. Etym: [LL. fallibilis, fr. L. fallere to deceive: cf. F. faillible. See Fail.] Defn: Liable to fail, mistake, or err; liable to deceive or to be deceived; as, all men are fallible; our opinions and hopes are fallible. FALLIBLY Fal"li*bly, adv. Defn: In a fallible manner. FALLING Fall"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Fall, v. i. Falling away, Falling off, etc. See To fall away, To fall off, etc., under Fall, v. i. -- Falling band, the plain, broad, linen collar turning down over the doublet, worn in the early part of the 17th century. -- Falling sickness (Med.), epilepsy. Shak. -- Falling star. (Astron.) See Shooting star. -- Falling stone, a stone falling through the atmosphere; a meteorite; an aërolite. -- Falling tide, the ebb tide. -- Falling weather, a rainy season. [Colloq.] Bartlett. FALLOPIAN Fal*lo"pi*an, a. Etym: [From Fallopius, or Fallopio, a physician of Modena, who died in 1562.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or discovered by, Fallopius; as, the Fallopian tubes or oviducts, the ducts or canals which conduct the ova from the ovaries to the uterus. FALLOW Fal"low, a. Etym: [AS. fealu, fealo, pale yellow or red; akin to D. vaal fallow, faded, OHG. falo, G. falb, fahl, Icel. fölr, and prob. to Lith. palvas, OSlav. plavpallidus pale, pallere to be pale, Gr. palita. Cf. Pale, Favel, a., Favor.] 1. Pale red or pale yellow; as, a fallow deer or greyhound. Shak. 2. Etym: [Cf. Fallow, n.] Defn: Left untilled or unsowed after plowing; uncultivated; as, fallow ground. Fallow chat, Fallow finch (Zoöl.), a small European bird, the wheatear (Saxicola ænanthe). See Wheatear. FALLOW Fal"low, n. Etym: [So called from the fallow, or somewhat yellow, color of naked ground; or perh. akin to E. felly, n., cf. MHG. valgen to plow up, OHG. felga felly, harrow.] 1. Plowed land. [Obs.] Who . . . pricketh his blind horse over the fallows. Chaucer. 2. Land that has lain a year or more untilled or unseeded; land plowed without being sowed for the season. The plowing of fallows is a benefit to land. Mortimer. 3. The plowing or tilling of land, without sowing it for a season; as, summer fallow, properly conducted, has ever been found a sure method of destroying weeds. Be a complete summer fallow, land is rendered tender and mellow. The fallow gives it a better tilth than can be given by a fallow crop. Sinclair. Fallow crop, the crop taken from a green fallow. [Eng.] -- Green fallow, fallow whereby land is rendered mellow and clean from weeds, by cultivating some green crop, as turnips, potatoes, etc. [Eng.] FALLOW Fal"low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fallowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Fallowing.] Etym: [From Fallow, n.] Defn: To plow, harrow, and break up, as land, without seeding, for the purpose of destroying weeds and insects, and rendering it mellow; as, it is profitable to fallow cold, strong, clayey land. FALLOW DEER Fal"low deer`. Etym: [So called from its fallow or pale yellow color.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European species of deer (Cervus dama), much smaller than the red deer. In summer both sexes are spotted with white. It is common in England, where it is often domesticated in the parks. FALLOWIST Fal"low*ist, n. Defn: One who favors the practice of fallowing land. [R.] Sinclair. FALLOWNESS Fal"low*ness, n. Defn: A well or opening, through the successive floors of a warehouse or manufactory, through which goods are raised or lowered. [U.S.] Bartlett. FALSARY Fal"sa*ry, n. Etym: [L. falsarius, fr. falsus. See False, a.] Defn: A falsifier of evidence. [Obs.] Sheldon. FALSE False, a. [Compar. Falser; superl. Falsest.] Etym: [L. falsus, p.p. of fallere to deceive; cf. OF. faus, fals, F. faux, and AS. fals fraud. See Fail, Fall.] 1. Uttering falsehood; unveracious; given to deceit; dishnest; as, a false witness. 2. Not faithful or loyal, as to obligations, allegiance, vows, etc.; untrue; treacherous; perfidious; as, a false friend, lover, or subject; false to promises. I to myself was false, ere thou to me. Milton. 3. Not according with truth or reality; not true; fitted or likely to deceive or disappoint; as, a false statement. 4. Not genuine or real; assumed or designed to deceive; counterfeit; hypocritical; as, false tears; false modesty; false colors; false jewelry. False face must hide what the false heart doth know. Shak. 5. Not well founded; not firm or trustworthy; erroneous; as, a false claim; a false conclusion; a false construction in grammar. Whose false foundation waves have swept away. Spenser. 6. Not essential or permanent, as parts of a structure which are temporary or supplemental. 7. (Mus.) Defn: Not in tune. False arch (Arch.), a member having the appearance of an arch, though not of arch construction. -- False attic, an architectural erection above the main cornice, concealing a roof, but not having windows or inclosing rooms. -- False bearing, any bearing which is not directly upon a vertical support; thus, the weight carried by a corbel has a false bearing. -- False cadence, an imperfect or interrupted cadence. -- False conception (Med.), an abnormal conception in which a mole, or misshapen fleshy mass, is produced instead of a properly organized fetus. -- False croup (Med.), a spasmodic affection of the larynx attended with the symptoms of membranous croup, but unassociated with the deposit of a fibrinous membrane. -- False door or window (Arch.), the representation of a door or window, inserted to complete a series of doors or windows or to give symmetry. -- False fire, a combustible carried by vessels of war, chiefly for signaling, but sometimes burned for the purpose of deceiving an enemy; also, a light on shore for decoying a vessel to destruction. -- False galena. See Blende. -- False imprisonment (Law), the arrest and imprisonment of a person without warrant or cause, or contrary to law; or the unlawful detaining of a person in custody. -- False keel (Naut.), the timber below the main keel, used to serve both as a protection and to increase the shio's lateral resistance. -- False key, a picklock. -- False leg. (Zoöl.) See Proleg. -- False membrane (Med.), the fibrinous deposit formed in croup and diphtheria, and resembling in appearance an animal membrane. -- False papers (Naut.), documents carried by a ship giving false representations respecting her cargo, destination, ect., for the purpose of deceiving. -- False passage (Surg.), an unnatural passage leading off from a natural canal, such as the urethra, and produced usually by the unskillful introduction of instruments. -- False personation (Law), the intentional false assumption of the name and personality of another. -- False pretenses (Law), false representations concerning past or present facts and events, for the purpose of defrauding another. -- False rail (Naut.), a thin piece of timber placed on top of the head rail to strengthen it. -- False relation (Mus.), a progression in harmony, in which a certain note in a chord appears in the next chord prefixed by a flat or sharp. -- False return (Law), an untrue return made to a process by the officer to whom it was delivered for execution. -- False ribs (Anat.), the asternal rebs, of which there are five pairs in man. -- False roof (Arch.), the space between the upper ceiling and the roof. Oxford Gloss. -- False token, a false mark or other symbol, used for fraudulent purposes. -- False scorpion (Zoöl.), any arachnid of the genus Chelifer. See Book scorpion. -- False tack (Naut.), a coming up into the wind and filling away again on the same tack. -- False vampire (Zoöl.), the Vampyrus spectrum of South America, formerly erroneously supposed to have blood-sucking habits; -- called also vampire, and ghost vampire. The genuine blood-sucking bats belong to the genera Desmodus and Diphylla. See Vampire. -- False window. (Arch.) See False door, above. -- False wing. (Zoöl.) See Alula, and Bastard wing, under Bastard. -- False works (Civil Engin.), construction works to facilitate the erection of the main work, as scaffolding, bridge centering, etc. FALSE False, adv. Defn: Not truly; not honestly; falsely. "You play me false." Shak. FALSE False, v. t. Etym: [L. falsare to falsify, fr. falsus: cf. F. fausser. See False, a.] 1. To report falsely; to falsify. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To betray; to falsify. [Obs.] [He] hath his truthe falsed in this wise. Chaucer. 3. To mislead by want of truth; to deceive. [Obs.] In his falsed fancy. Spenser. 4. To feign; to pretend to make. [Obs.] "And falsed oft his blows." Spenser. FALSE-FACED False"-faced`, a. Defn: Hypocritical. Shak. FALSE-HEART False"-heart`, a. Defn: False-hearted. Shak. FALSE-HEARTED False"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Hollow or unsound at the core; treacherous; deceitful; perfidious. Bacon. -- False"*heart`ed*ness, n. Bp. Stillingfleet. FALSEHOOD False"hood, n. Etym: [False + -hood] 1. Want of truth or accuracy; an untrue assertion or representation; error; misrepresentation; falsity. Though it be a lie in the clock, it is but a falsehood in the hand of the dial when pointing at a wrong hour, if rightly following the direction of the wheel which moveth it. Fuller. 2. A deliberate intentional assertion of what is known to be untrue; a departure from moral integrity; a lie. 3. Treachery; deceit; perfidy; unfaithfulness. Betrayed by falsehood of his guard. Shak. 4. A counterfeit; a false appearance; an imposture. For his molten image is falsehood. Jer. x. 14. No falsehood can endure Touch of celestial temper. Milton. Syn. -- Falsity; lie; untruth; fiction; fabrication. See Falsity. FALSELY False"ly, adv. Defn: In a false manner; erroneously; not truly; perfidiously or treacherously. "O falsely, falsely murdered." Shak. Oppositions of science, falsely so called. 1 Tim. vi. 20. Will ye steal, murder . . . and swear falsely Jer. vii. 9. FALSENESS False"ness, n. Defn: The state of being false; contrariety to the fact; inaccuracy; want of integrity or uprightness; double dealing; unfaithfulness; treachery; perfidy; as, the falseness of a report, a drawing, or a singer's notes; the falseness of a man, or of his word. FALSER Fals"er, n. Defn: A deceiver. [Obs.] Spenser. FALSETTO Fal*set"to, n.; pl. Falsettos. Etym: [It. falsetto, dim. fr. L. falsus. See False.] Defn: A false or artificial voice; that voice in a man which lies above his natural voice; the male counter tenor or alto voice. See Head voice, under Voice. FALSICRIMEN Fal"si*cri"men. Etym: [L.] (Civ. Law) Defn: The crime of falsifying. Note: This term in the Roman law included not only forgery, but every species of fraud and deceit. It never has been used in so extensive a sense in modern common law, in which its predominant significance is forgery, though it also includes perjury and offenses of a like character. Burrill. Greenleaf. FALSIFIABLE Fal"si*fi`a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. falsifiable.] Defn: Capable of being falsified, counterfeited, or corrupted. Johnson. FALSIFICATION Fal`si*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. falsification.] 1. The act of falsifying, or making false; a counterfeiting; the giving to a thing an appearance of something which it is not. To counterfeit the living image of king in his person exceedeth all falsifications. Bacon. 2. Willful misstatement or misrepresentation. Extreme necessity . . . forced him upon this bold and violent falsification of the doctrine of the alliance. Bp. Warburton. 3. (Equity) Defn: The showing an item of charge in an account to be wrong. Story. FALSIFICATOR Fal"si*fi*ca`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. falsificateur.] Defn: A falsifier. Bp. Morton. FALSIFIER Fal"si*fi`er, n. Defn: One who falsifies, or gives to a thing a deceptive appearance; a liar. FALSIFY Fal"si*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Falsified; p. pr. & vb. n. Falsifying.] Etym: [L. falsus false + -ly: cf. F. falsifier. See False, a.] 1. To make false; to represent falsely. The Irish bards use to forge and falsify everything as they list, to please or displease any man. Spenser. 2. To counterfeit; to forge; as, to falsify coin. 3. To prove to be false, or untrustworthy; to confute; to disprove; to nullify; to make to appear false. By how much better than my word I am, By so much shall I falsify men's hope. Shak. Jews and Pagans united all their endeavors, under Julian the apostate, to baffie and falsify the prediction. Addison. 4. To violate; to break by falsehood; as, to falsify one's faith or word. Sir P. Sidney. 5. To baffie or escape; as, to falsify a blow. Bulter. 6. (Law) Defn: To avoid or defeat; to prove false, as a judgment. Blackstone. 7. (Equity) Defn: To show, in accounting, (an inem of charge inserted in an account) to be wrong. Story. Daniell. 8. To make false by multilation or addition; to tamper with; as, to falsify a record or document. FALSIFY Fal"si*fy, v. i. Defn: To tell lies; to violate the truth. It is absolutely and universally unlawful to lie and falsify. South. FALSISM Fals"ism, n. Defn: That which is evidently false; an assertion or statement the falsity of which is plainly apparent; -- opposed to truism. FALSITY Fal"si*ty, n.;pl. Falsities. Etym: [L. falsitas: cf. F. fausseté, OF. also, falsité. See False, a.] 1. The quality of being false; coutrariety or want of conformity to truth. Probability does not make any alteration, either in the truth or falsity of things. South. 2. That which is false; falsehood; a lie; a false assertion. Men often swallow falsities for truths. Sir T. Brown. Syn. -- Falsehood; lie; deceit. -- Falsity, Falsehood, Lie. Falsity denotes the state or quality of being false. A falsehood is a false declaration designedly made. A lie is a gross, unblushing falsehood. The falsity of a person's assertion may be proved by the evidence of others and thus the charge of falsehood be fastened upon him. FALTER Fal"ter, v. t. Defn: To thrash in the chaff; also, to cleanse or sift, as barley. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. FALTER Fal"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Faltered; p. pr. & vb. n. Faltering.] Etym: [OE. falteren, faltren, prob. from fault. See Fault, v. & n.] 1. To hesitate; to speak brokenly or weakly; to stammer; as, his tongue falters. With faltering speech and visage incomposed. Milton. 2. To tremble; to totter; to be unsteady. "He found his legs falter." Wiseman. 3. To hesitate in purpose or action. Ere her native king Shall falter under foul rebellion's arms. Shak. 4. To fail in distinctness or regularity of exercise; -- said of the mind or of thought. Here indeed the power of disinct conception of space and distance falters. I. Taylor. FALTER Fal"ter, v. t. Defn: To utter with hesitation, or in a broken, trembling, or weak manner. And here he faltered forth his last farewell. Byron. Mde me most happy, faltering "I am thine." Tennyson. FALTER Fal"ter, n. Etym: [See Falter, v. i.] Defn: Hesitation; trembling; feebleness; an uncertain or broken sound; as, a slight falter in her voice. The falter of an idle shepherd's pipe. Lowell. FALTERING Fal"ter*ing, a. Defn: Hesitating; trembling. "With faltering speech." Milton. -- n. Defn: Falter; halting; hesitation. -- Fal"ter*ing*ly, adv. FALUNS Fa`luns", n. Etym: [F.] (Geol.) Defn: A series of strata, of the Middle Tertiary period, of France, abounding in shells, and used by Lyell as the type of his Miocene subdivision. FALWE Fal"we, a. & n. Defn: Fallow. [Obs.] Chaucer. FALX Falx, n. Etym: [L., a sickle.] (Anat.) Defn: A curved fold or process of the dura mater or the peritoneum; esp., one of the partitionlike folds of the dura mater which extend into the great fissures of the brain. FAMBLE Fam"ble, v. i. Etym: [OE. falmelen; cf. SW. famla to grope, Dan. famle to grope, falter, hesitate, Isel. falma to grope. Cf. Famble.] Defn: To stammer. [Obs.] Nares. FAMBLE Fam"ble, n. Etym: [Cf. Famble, v.] Defn: A hand [Slang & Obs.] "We clap our fambles." Beau. & Fl. FAME Fame, n. Etym: [OF. fame, L. fama, fr. fari to speak, akin to Gr. Ban, and cf. Fable, Fate, Euphony, Blame.] 1. Public report or rumor. The fame thereof was heard in Pharaoh's house. Gen. xlv. 16. 2. Report or opinion generally diffused; renown; public estimation; celebrity, either favorable or unfavorable; as, the fame of Washington. I find thou art no less than fame hath bruited. Shak. Syn. -- Notoriety; celebrity; renown; reputation. FAME Fame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Famed,; p. pr. & vb. n. Faming.] 1. To report widely or honorably. The field where thou art famed To have wrought such wonders. Milton. 2. To make famous or renowned. Those Hesperian gardens famed of old. Milton. FAMELESS Fame"less, a. Defn: Without fame or renown. -- Fame"less*ly, adv. FAMILIAR Fa*mil`iar, a. Etym: [OE. familer, familier, F. familier, fr. L. familiaris, fr. familia family. See Family.] 1. Of or pertaining to a family; domestic. "Familiar feuds." Byron. 2. Closely acquainted or intimate, as a friend or companion; well versed in, as any subject of study; as, familiar with the Scriptures. 3. Characterized by, or exhibiting, the manner of an intimate friend; not formal; unconstrained; easy; accessible. "In loose, familiar strains." Addison. Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar. Shak. 4. Well known; well understood; common; frequent; as, a familiar illustration. That war, or peace, or both at once, may be As things acquainted and familiar to us. Shak. There is nothing more familiar than this. Locke. 5. Improperly acquainted; wrongly intimate. Camden. Familiar spirit, a demon or evil spirit supposed to attend at call. 1 Sam. xxviii. 3, 7-9. FAMILIAR Fa*mil"iar, n. 1. An intimate; a companion. All my familiars watched for my halting. Jer. xx. 10. 2. An attendant demon or evil spirit. Shak. 3. (Court of Inquisition) Defn: A confidential officer employed in the service of the tribunal, especially in apprehending and imprisoning the accused. FAMILIARITY Fa*mil`iar"i*ty, n.; pl. Familiarities. Etym: [OE. familarite, F. familiaritéfr. L. faniliaritas. See Familiar.] 1. The state of being familiar; intimate and frequent converse, or association; unconstrained intercourse; freedom from ceremony and constraint; intimacy; as, to live in remarkable familiarity. 2. Anything said or done by one person to another unceremoniously and without constraint; esp., in the pl., such actions and words as propriety and courtesy do not warrant; liberties. Syn. -- Acquaintance; fellowship; affability; intimacy. See Acquaintance. FAMILIARIZATION Fa*mil`iar*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of making familiar; the result of becoming familiar; as, familiarization with scenes of blood. FAMILIARIZE Fa*mil"iar*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Familiarized; p. pr. & vb. n. Familiarizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. familiariser.] 1. To make familiar or intimate; to habituate; to accustom; to make well known by practice or converse; as, to familiarize one's self with scenes of distress. 2. To make acquainted, or skilled, by practice or study; as, to familiarize one's self with a business, a book, or a science. FAMILIARLY Fa"mil"iar*ly, adv. Defn: In a familiar manner. FAMILIARNESS Fa*mil"iar*ness, n. Defn: Familiarity. [R.] FAMILIARY Fa*mil"ia*ry, a. Etym: [L. familiaris. See Familiar.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a family or household; domestic. [Obs.] Milton. FAMILISM Fam"i*lism, n. Defn: The tenets of the Familists. Milton. FAMILIST Fam"i*list, n. Etym: [From Family.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of afanatical Antinomian sect originating in Holland, and existing in England about 1580, called the Family of Love, who held that religion consists wholly in love. FAMILISTERY Fam"i*lis*ter*y, n.; pl. Familisteries (. Etym: [F. familistère.] Defn: A community in which many persons unite as in one family, and are regulated by certain communistic laws and customs. FAMILISTIC; FAMILISTICAL Fam`i*listic, Fam`i*lis"tic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to Familists. Baxter. FAMILY Fam"i*ly, n.; pl. Families. Etym: [L. familia, fr. famulus servant; akin to Oscan famel servant, cf. faamat he dwells, Skr. dhaman house, fr. dhato set, make, do: cf. F. famille. Cf. Do, v. t., Doom, Fact, Feat.] 1. The collective body of persons who live in one house, and under one head or manager; a household, including parents, children, and servants, and, as the case may be, lodgers or boarders. 2. The group comprising a husband and wife and their dependent children, constituting a fundamental unit in the organization of society. The welfare of the family underlies the welfare of society. H. Spencer. 3. Those who descend from one common progenitor; a tribe, clan, or race; kindred; house; as, the human family; the family of Abraham; the father of a family. Go ! and pretennd your family is young. Pope. 4. Course of descent; genealogy; line of ancestors; lineage. 5. Honorable descent; noble or respectable stock; as, a man of family. 6. A groupe of kindred or closely related individuals; as, a family of languages; a family of States; the chlorine family. 7. (Biol.) Defn: A groupe of organisms, either animal or vegetable, related by certain points of resemblance in structure or development, more comprehensive than a genus, because it is usually based on fewer or less pronounced points of likeness. In zoölogy a family is less comprehesive than an order; in botany it is often considered the same thing as an order. Family circle. See under Circle. -- Family man. (a) A man who has a family; esp., one who has a wife and children living with him andd dependent upon him. (b) A man of domestic habits. "The Jews are generally, when married, most exemplary family men." Mayhew. -- Family of curves or surfaces (Geom.), a group of curves or surfaces derived from a single equation. -- In a family way, like one belonging to the family. "Why don't we ask him and his ladies to come over in a family way, and dine with some other plain country gentlefolks" Thackeray. -- In the family way, pregnant. [Colloq.] FAMINE Fam"ine, n. Etym: [F. famine, fr. L. fames hunger; cf. Gr. hani loss, lack, ha to leave.] Defn: General scarcity of food; dearth; a want of provisions; destitution. "Worn with famine." Milton. There was a famine in the land. Gen. xxvi. 1. Famine fever (Med.), typhus fever. FAMISH Fam"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Famished; p. pr. & vb. n. Famishing.] Etym: [OE. famen; cf. OF. afamer, L. fames. See Famine, and cf. Affamish.] 1. To starve, kill, or destroy with hunger. Shak. 2. To exhaust the strength or endurance of, by hunger; to distress with hanger. And when all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to Pharaoh for bread. Cen. xli. 55. The pains of famished Tantalus he'll feel. Dryden. 3. To kill, or to cause to suffer extremity, by deprivation or denial of anything necessary. And famish him of breath, if not of bread. Milton. 4. To force or constrain by famine. He had famished Paris into a surrender. Burke. FAMISH Fam"ish, v. i. 1. To die of hunger; to starve. 2. To suffer extreme hunger or thirst, so as to be exhausted in strength, or to come near to perish. You are all resolved rather to die than to famish Shak. 3. To suffer extremity from deprivation of anything essential or necessary. The Lord will not suffer the soul of the righteous to famish. Prov. x. 3. FAMISHMENT Fam"ish*ment, n. Defn: State of being famished. FAMOSITY Fa*mos"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. famositas infamy: cf. F. famosité. See Famous.] Defn: The state or quality of being famous. [Obs.] Johnson. FAMOUS Fa"mous, a. Etym: [L. famosus, fr. fama fame: cf. F. fameux. See Fame.] Defn: Celebrated in fame or public report; renowned; mach talked of; distinguished in story; -- used in either a good or a bad sense, chiefly the former; often followed by for; as, famous for erudition, for eloquence, for military skill; a famous pirate. Famous for a scolding tongue. Shak. Syn. -- Noted; remarkable; signal; conspicuous; celebrated; renowned; illustrious; eminent; transcendent; excellent. -- Famous, Renowned, Illustrious. Famous is applied to a person or thing widely spoken of as extraordinary; renowned is applied to those who are named again and again with honor; illustrious, to those who have dazzled the world by the splendor of their deeds or their virtues. See Distinguished. FAMOUSED Fa"moused, a. Defn: Renowned. [Obs.] Shak. FAMOUSLY Fa"mous*ly, adv. Defn: In a famous manner; in a distinguished degree; greatly; splendidly. Then this land was famously enriched With politic grave counsel. Shak. FAMOUSNESS Fa"mous*ness, n. Defn: The state of being famous. FAMULAR Fam"u*lar, n. Etym: [Cf. L. famularis of servants.] Defn: Domestic; familiar. [Obs.] Chaucer. FAMULATE Fam"u*late, v. i. Etym: [L. famulatus, p.p. of famulari to serve, fr. famulus servant.] Defn: To serve. [Obs.] FAMULIST Fam"u*list, n. Etym: [L. famulus servant.] Defn: A collegian of inferior rank or position, corresponding to the sizar at Cambridge. [Oxford Univ., Eng.] FAN Fan, n. Etym: [AS. fann, fr. L. vannus fan, van for winnowing grain; cf. F. van. Cf. Van a winnowing machine, Winnow.] 1. An instrument used for producing artificial currents of air, by the wafting or revolving motion of a broad surface; as: (a) An instrument for cooling the person, made of feathers, paper, silk, etc., and often mounted on sticks all turning about the same pivot, so as when opened to radiate from the center and assume the figure of a section of a circle. (b) (Mach.) Any revolving vane or vanes used for producing currents of air, in winnowing grain, blowing a fire, ventilation, etc., or for checking rapid motion by the resistance of the air; a fan blower; a fan wheel. (c) An instrument for winnowing grain, by moving which the grain is tossed and agitated, and the chaff is separated and blown away. (d) Something in the form of a fan when spread, as a peacock's tail, a window, etc. (e) A small vane or sail, used to keep the large sails of a smock windmill always in the direction of the wind. Clean provender, which hath been winnowed with the shovel and with the fan. Is. xxx. 24. 2. That which produces effects analogous to those of a fan, as in exciting a flame, etc.; that which inflames, heightens, or strengthens; as, it served as a fan to the flame of his passion. 3. A quintain; -- from its form. [Obs.] Chaucer. Fan blower, a wheel with vanes fixed on a rotating shaft inclosed in a case or chamber, to create a blast of air (fan blast) for forge purposes, or a current for draft and ventilation; a fanner. -- Fan cricket (Zoöl.), a mole cricket. -- Fan light (Arch.), a window over a door; -- so called from the semicircular form and radiating sash bars of those windows which are set in the circular heads of arched doorways. -- Fan shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the family Pectinidæ. See Scallop, n., 1. -- Fan tracery (Arch.), the decorative tracery on the surface of fan vaulting. -- Fan vaulting (Arch.), an elaborate system of vaulting, in which the ribs diverge somewhat like the rays of a fan, as in Henry VII.'s chapel in Westminster Abbey. It is peculiar to English Gothic. -- Fan wheel, the wheel of a fan blower. -- Fan window. Same as Fan light (above). FAN Fan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fanned; p. pr. & vb. n. Fanning.] Etym: [Cf. OF. vanner, L. vannere. See Fan, n., Van a winnowing machine.] 1. To move as with a fan. The air . . . fanned with unnumbered plumes. Milton. 2. To cool and refresh, by moving the air with a fan; to blow the air on the face of with a fan. 3. To ventilate; to blow on; to affect by air put in motion. Calm as the breath which fans our eastern groves. Dryden. 4. To winnow; to separate chaff from, and drive it away by a current of air; as, to fan wheat. Jer. li. 2. 5. To excite or stir up to activity, as a fan axcites a flame; to stimulate; as, this conduct fanned the excitement of the populace. Fanning machine, or Fanning mill, a machine for separating seed from chaff, etc., by a blast of air; a fanner. FANAL Fa`nal", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A lighthouse, or the apparatus placed in it for giving light. FANATIC Fa*nat"ic, a. Etym: [L. fanaticus inspired by divinity, enthusiastic, frantic, fr. fanum fane: cf. F. fanatique. See Fane.] Defn: Pertaining to, or indicating, fanaticism; extravagant in opinions; ultra; unreasonable; excessively enthusiastic, especially on religious subjects; as, fanatic zeal; fanatic notions. But Faith, fanatic Faith, once wedded fast To some dear falsehood, hugs it to the last. T. Moore. FANATIC Fa*nat"ic, n. Defn: A person affected by excessive enthusiasm, particularly on religious subjects; one who indulges wild and extravagant notions of religion. There is a new word, coined within few months, called fanatics, which, by the close stickling thereof, seemeth well cut out and proportioned to signify what is meant thereby, even the sectaries of our age. Fuller (1660). Fanatics are governed rather by imagination than by judgment. Stowe. FANATICAL Fa*nat"ic*al, a. Defn: Characteristic of, or relating to, fanaticism; fanatic. - Fa*nat"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Fa*nat"ic*al*ness, n. FANATICISM Fa*nat"i*cism, n. Etym: [Cf. Fanatism.] Defn: Excessive enthusiasm, unreasoning zeal, or wild and extravagant notions, on any subject, especially religion; religious frenzy. Syn. -- See Superstition. FANATICIZE Fa*nat"i*cize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fanaticized; p. pr. & vb. n. Fanaticizing.] Defn: To cause to become a fanatic. FANATISM Fan"a*tism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fanatisme. Cf. Fanaticism.] Defn: Fanaticism. [R.] Gibbon. FANCIED Fan"cied, a. Etym: [From Fancy, v. t.] Defn: Formed or conceived by the fancy; unreal; as, a fancied wrong. FANCIER Fan"ci*er, n. 1. One who is governed by fancy. "Not reasoners, but fanciers." Macaulay. 2. One who fancies or has a special liking for, or interest in, a particular object or class or objects; hence, one who breeds and keeps for sale birds and animals; as, bird fancier, dog fancier, etc. FANCIFUL Fan"ci*ful, a. 1. Full of fancy; guided by fancy, rather than by reason and experience; whimsical; as, a fanciful man forms visionary projects. 2. Conceived in the fancy; not consistent with facts or reason; abounding in ideal qualities or figures; as, a fanciful scheme; a fanciful theory. 3. Curiously shaped or constructed; as, she wore a fanciful headdress. Gather up all fancifullest shells. Keats. Syn. -- Imaginative; ideal; visionary; capricious; chimerical; whimsical; fantastical; wild. -- Fanciful, Fantastical, Visionary. We speak of that as fanciful which is irregular in taste and judgment; we speak of it as fantastical when it becomes grotesque and extravagant as well as irregular; we speak of it as visionary when it is wholly unfounded in the nature of things. Fanciful notions are the product of a heated fancy, without any tems are made up of oddly assorted fancies, aften of the most whimsical kind; visionary expectations are those which can never be realized in fact. -- Fan"ci*ful*ly, adv. -Fan"ci*ful*ness, n. FANCILESS Fan"*ci*less, a. Defn: Having no fancy; without ideas or imagination. [R.] A pert or bluff important wight, Whose brain is fanciless, whose blood is white. Armstrong. FANCY Fan"cy, n.; pl. Fancies. Etym: [Contr. fr. fantasy, OF. fantasie, fantaisie, F. fantaisie, L. phantasia, fr. Gr. bhato shine. Cf. Fantasy, Fantasia, Epiphany, Phantom.] 1. The faculty by which the mind forms an image or a representation of anything perceived before; the power of combining and modifying such objects into new pictures or images; the power of readily and happily creating and recalling such objects for the purpose of amusement, wit, or embellishment; imagination. In the soul Are many lesser faculties, that serve Reason as chief. Among these fancy next Her office holds. Milton. 2. An image or representation of anything formed in the mind; conception; thought; idea; conceit. How now, my lord ! why do you keep alone, Of sorriest fancies your companoins making Shak. 3. An opinion or notion formed without much reflection; caprice; whim; impression. I have always had a fancy that learning might be made a play and recreation to children. Locke. 4. Inclination; liking, formed by caprice rather than reason; as, to strike one's fancy; hence, the object of inclination or liking. To fit your fancies to your father's will. Shak. 5. That which pleases or entertains the taste or caprice without much use or value. London pride is a pretty fancy for borders. Mortimer. 6. A sort of love song or light impromptu ballad. [Obs.] Shak. The fancy, all of a class who exhibit and cultivate any peculiar taste or fancy; hence, especially, sporting characters taken collectively, or any specific class of them, as jockeys, gamblers, prize fighters, etc. At a great book sale in London, which had congregated all the fancy. De Quincey. Syn. -- Imagination; conceit; taste; humor; inclination; whim; liking. See Imagination. FANCY Fan"cy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fancied, p. pr. & vb. n. Fancying (.] 1. To figure to one's self; to believe or imagine something without proof. If our search has reached no farther than simile and metaphor, we rather fancy than know. Locke. 2. To love. [Obs.] Shak. FANCY Fan"cy, v. t. 1. To form a conception of; to portray in the mind; to imagine. He whom I fancy, but can ne'er express. Dryden. 2. To have a fancy for; to like; to be pleased with, particularly on account of external appearance or manners. "We fancy not the cardinal." Shak. 3. To believe without sufficient evidence; to imagine (something which is unreal). He fancied he was welcome, because those arounde him were his kinsmen. Thackeray. FANCY Fan"cy, a. 1. Adapted to please the fancy or taste; ornamental; as, fancy goods. 2. Extravagant; above real value. This anxiety never degenerated into a monomania, like that which led his [Frederick the Great's] father to pay fancy prices for giants. Macaulay. Fancy ball, a ball in which porsons appear in fanciful dresses in imitation of the costumes of different persons and nations. -- Fancy fair, a fair at which articles of fancy and ornament are sold, generally for some charitable purpose. -- Fancy goods, fabrics of various colors, patterns, etc., as ribbons, silks, laces, etc., in distinction from those of a simple or plain color or make. -- Fancy line (Naut.), a line rove through a block at the jaws of a gaff; -- used to haul it down. Fancy roller (Carding Machine), a clothed cylinder (usually having straight teeth) in front of the doffer. -- Fancy stocks, a species of stocks which afford great opportunity for stock gambling, since they have no intrinsic value, and the fluctuations in their prices are artificial. -- Fancy store, one where articles of fancy and ornament are sold. -- Fancy woods, the more rare and expensive furniture woods, as mahogany, satinwood, rosewood, etc. FANCY-FREE Fan"cy-free`, a. Defn: Free from the power of love. "In maiden meditation, fancy- free." Shak. FANCYMONGER Fan"cy*mon`ger, n. Defn: A lovemonger; a whimsical lover. [Obs.] Shak. FANCY-SICK Fan"cy-sick`, a. Defn: Love-sick. Shak. FANCYWORK Fan"cy*work`, n. Defn: Ornamental work with a needle or hook, as embroidery, crocheting, netting, etc. FAND Fand, obs. Defn: imp. of Find. Spenser. FANDANGO Fan*dan"go, n.; pl. Fandangoes. Etym: [Sp. A name brought, together with the dance, from the West Indies to Spain.] 1. A lively dance, in 3-8 or 6-8 time, much practiced in Spain and Spanish America. Also, the tune to which it is danced. 2. A ball or general dance, as in Mexico. [Colloq.] FANE Fane, n. Etym: [L. fanum a place dedicated to some deity, a sanctuary, fr. fari to speak. See Fame.] Defn: A temple; a place consecrated to religion; a church. [Poet.] Such to this British Isle, her Christian fanes. Wordsworth. FANE Fane, n. Etym: [See Vane.] Defn: A weathercock. [Obs.] FANEGA Fa*ne"ga, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A dry measure in Spain and Spanish America, varying from 1 De Colange. FANFARE Fan"fare`, n. Etym: [F. Cf. Fanfaron.] Defn: A flourish of trumpets, as in coming into the lists, etc.; also, a short and lively air performed on hunting horns during the chase. The fanfare announcing the arrival of the various Christian princes. Sir W. Scott. FANFARON Fan"fa*ron, n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. fanfarron; cf. It. fanfano, and OSp. fanfa swaggering, boasting, also Ar. farfar talkative.] Defn: A bully; a hector; a swaggerer; an empty boaster. [R.] Dryden. FANFARONADE Fan*far`on*ade", n. Etym: [F. fanfaronnade, fr. Sp. fanfarronada. See Fanfaron.] Defn: A swaggering; vain boasting; ostentation; a bluster. Swift. FANFOOT Fan"foot`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A species of gecko having the toes expanded into large lobes for adhesion. The Egyptian fanfoot (Phyodactylus gecko) is believed, by the natives, to have venomous toes. (b) Any moth of the genus Polypogon. FANG Fang, v. t. Etym: [OE. fangen, fongen, fon (g orig. only in p.p. and imp. tense), AS. f; akin to D. vangen, OHG. fahan, G. fahen, fangen, Isel. fa, Sw. f, f, Dan. fange, faae, Goth. fahan, and prob. to E. fair, peace, pact. Cf. Fair, a.] 1. To catch; to seize, as with the teeth; to lay hold of; to gripe; to clutch. [Obs.] Shak. He's in the law's clutches; you see he's fanged. J. Webster. 2. To enable to catch or tear; to furnish with fangs. "Chariots fanged with scythes." Philips. FANG Fang, n. Etym: [From Fang, v. t.; cf. AS. fang a taking, booty, G. fang.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The tusk of an animal, by which the prey is seized and held or torn; a long pointed tooth; esp., one of the usually erectile, venomous teeth of serpents. Also, one of the falcers of a spider. Since I am a dog, beware my fangs. Shak. 2. Any shoot or other thing by which hold is taken. The protuberant fangs of the yucca. Evelyn. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The root, or one of the branches of the root, of a tooth. See Tooth. 4. (Mining) Defn: A niche in the side of an adit or shaft, for an air course. Knight. 5. (Mech.) Defn: A projecting tooth or prong, as in a part of a lock, or the plate of a belt clamp, or the end of a tool, as a chisel, where it enters the handle. 6. (Naut.) (a) The valve of a pump box. (b) A bend or loop of a rope. In a fang, fast entangled. -- To lose the fang, said of a pump when the water has gone out; hence: To fang a pump, to supply it with the water necessary to make it operate. [Scot.] FANGED Fanged, a. Defn: Having fangs or tusks; as, a fanged adder. Also used figuratively. FANGLE Fan"gle, n. Etym: [From Fang, v. t.; hence, prop., a taking up a new thing.] Defn: Something new-fashioned; a foolish innovation; a gewgaw; a trifling ornament. FANGLE Fan"gle, v. t. Defn: To fashion. [Obs.] To control and new fangle the Scripture. Milton. FANGLED Fan"gled, a. Defn: New made; hence, gaudy; showy; vainly decorated. [Obs., except with the prefix new.] See Newfangled. "Our fangled world." Shak. FANGLENESS Fan"gle*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being fangled. [Obs.] He them in new fangleness did pass. Spenser. FANGLESS Fang"less, a. Defn: Destitute of fangs or tusks. "A fangless lion." Shak. FANGOT Fan"got, n. Etym: [Cf. It. fagotto, fangotto, a bundle. Cf. Fagot.] Defn: A quantity of wares, as raw silk, etc., from one hundred weight. FANION Fan"ion, n. Etym: [See Fanon.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A small flag sometimes carried at the head of the baggage of a brigade. [Obs.] 2. A small flag for marking the stations in surveying. FANLIKE Fan"like`, a. Defn: Resembling a fan; -- specifically (Bot.), folded up like a fan, as certain leaves; plicate. FANNEL Fan"nel, n. Etym: [Dim., from same source as fanon.] Defn: Same as Fanon. FANNER Fan"ner, n. 1. One who fans. Jer. li. 2. 2. A fan wheel; a fan blower. See under Fan. FAN-NERVED Fan"-*nerved`, a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Having the nerves or veins arranged in a radiating manner; -- said of certain leaves, and of the winfs of some insects. FANON Fan"on, n. Etym: [F. fanon, LL. fano, fr. OHG. fano banner cloth, G. fahne banner. See Vane, and cf. Fanion, Confalon.] (Eccl.) Defn: A term applied to various articles, as: (a) A peculiar striped scarf worn by the pope at mass, and by eastern bishops. (b) A maniple. [Written also fannel, phanon, etc.] FAN PALM Fan" palm`. (Bot.) Defn: Any palm tree having fan-shaped or radiate leaves; as the Chamærops humilis of Southern Europe; the species of Sabal and Thrinax in the West Indies, Florida, etc.; and especially the great talipot tree (Corypha umbraculifera) of Ceylon and Malaya. The leaves of the latter are often eighteen feet long and fourteen wide, and are used for umbrellas, tents, and roofs. When cut up, they are used for books and manuscripts. FANTAIL Fan"tail`, n. (Zool.) (a) A variety of the domestic pigeon, so called from the shape of the tail. (b) Any bird of the Australian genus Rhipidura, in which the tail is spread in the form of a fan during flight. They belong to the family of flycatchers. FAN-TAILED Fan"-tailed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having an expanded, or fan-shaped, tail; as, the fan-tailed pigeon. FAN-TAN Fan"-tan` (fan"tan`), n. [Chinese (of Canton) in an-tan-kun gambling house.] 1. A Chinese gambling game in which coins or other small objects are placed upon a table, usually under a cup, and the players bet as to what remainder will be left when the sum of the counters is divided by four. 2. A game with playing cards in which the cards are played in sequences upon the table, the one who first gets rid of his cards being the winner. FANTASIA Fan*ta"si*a, n. Etym: [It. See Fancy.] (Mus.) Defn: A continuous composition, not divided into what are called movements, or governed by the ordinary rules of musical design, but in which the author's fancy roves unrestricted by set form. FANTASIED Fan"ta*sied, a. Etym: [From Fantasy.] Defn: Filled with fancies or imaginations. [Obs.] Shak. FANTASM Fan"tasm, n. Etym: [See Phantasm, Fancy.] Defn: Same as Phantasm. FANTAST Fan"tast, n. Defn: One whose manners or ideas are fantastic. [R.] Coleridge. FANTASTIC Fan*tas"tic, a. Etym: [F. fantastique, fr. Gr. Fancy.] 1. Existing only in imagination; fanciful; imaginary; not real; chimerical. 2. Having the nature of a phantom; unreal. Shak. 3. Indulging the vagaries of imagination; whimsical; full of absurd fancies; capricious; as, fantastic minds; a fantastic mistress. 4. Resembling fantasies in irregularity, caprice, or eccentricity; irregular; oddly shaped; grotesque. There at the foot of yonder nodding beech, That wreathes its old fantastic roots so high. T. Gray. Syn. -- Fanciful; imaginative; ideal; visionary; capricious; chimerical; whimsical; queer. See Fanciful. FANTASTIC Fan*tas"tic, n. Defn: A person given to fantastic dress, manners, etc.; an eccentric person; a fop. Milton. Our fantastics, who, having a fine watch, take all ocasions to drow it out to be seen. Fuller. FANTASTICAL Fan*tas"tic*al, a. Defn: Fanciful; unreal; whimsical; capricious; fantastic. FANTASTICALITY Fan*tas`ti*cal"i*ty, n. Defn: Fantastically. [Obs.] FANTASTICALLY Fan*tas"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a fantastic manner. the letter A, in scarlet, fantastically embroidered with gold thread, upon her bosom. Hawthorne. FANTASTIC-ALNESS Fan*tas"tic-al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being fantastic. FANTASTICISM Fan*tas"ti*cism, n. Defn: The quality of being fantastical; fancifulness; whimsicality. Ruskin. FANTASTICLY Fan*tas"tic*ly, adv. Defn: Fantastically. [Obs.] FANTASTICNESS Fan*tas"tic*ness, n. Defn: Fantasticalness. [Obs.] FANTASTICO Fan*tas"tic*o, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A fantastic. [Obs.] Shak. FANTASY Fan"ta*sy, n.; pl. Fantasies. Etym: [See Fancy.] 1. Fancy; imagination; especially, a whimsical or fanciful conception; a vagary of the imagination; whim; caprice; humor. Is not this something more than fantasy Shak. A thousand fantasies Being to throng into my memory. Milton. 2. Fantastic designs. Embroidered with fantasies and flourishes of gold thread. Hawthorne. FANTASY Fan"ta*sy, v. t. Defn: To have a fancy for; to be pleased with; to like; to fancy. [Obs.] Cavendish. Which he doth most fantasy. Robynson (More's Utopia). FANTIGUE; FANTIQUE Fan*tigue", Fan*tique", n. [Written also fanteague, fanteeg, etc.] [Cf. Fantod.] Defn: State of worry or excitment; fidget; ill humor. [Prov. Eng.] Dickens. FANTOCCINI Fan`toc*ci"ni, n. pl. Etym: [It., dim. fr. fante child.] Defn: Puppets caused to perform evolutions or dramatic scenes by means of machinery; also, the representations in which they are used. FANTOD; FANTAD Fan"tod, Fan"tad, n. [Cf. Fantigue.] Defn: State of worry or excitement; fidget; fuss; also, indisposition; pet; sulks. [Slang] FANTOM Fan"tom, n. Defn: See Phantom. Fantom corn, phantom corn. Grose. FAP Fap, a. Defn: Fuddled. [Obs.] Shak. FAQUIR Fa*quir", n. Defn: See Fakir. FAR Far, n. Etym: [See Farrow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young pig, or a litter of pigs. FAR Far, a. [Farther and Farthest are used as the compar. and superl. of far, although they are corruptions arising from confusion with further and furthest. See Further.] Etym: [OE. fer, feor, AS. feor; akin to OS. fer, D. ver, OHG. ferro, adv., G. fern, a., Icel. fjarri, Dan. fjirn, Sw. fjerran, adv., Goth. fairra, adv., Gr. paras, adv., far, and prob. to L. per through, and E. prefix for-, as in forgive, and also to fare. CF. Farther, Farthest.] 1. Distant in any direction; not near; remote; mutually separated by a wide space or extent. They said, . . . We be come from a far country. Josh. ix. 6. The nations far and near contend in choice. Dryden. 2. Remote from purpose; contrary to design or wishes; as, far be it from me to justify cruelty. 3. Remote in affection or obedience; at a distance, morally or spiritually; t enmity with; alienated. They that are far from thee ahsll perish. Ps. lxxiii. 27. 4. Widely different in nature or quality; opposite in character. He was far from ill looking, though he thought himself still farther. F. Anstey. 5. The more distant of two; as, the far side (called also off side) of a horse, that is, the right side, or the one opposite to the rider when he mounts. Note: The distinction between the adjectival and adverbial use of far is sometimes not easily discriminated. By far, by much; by a great difference. -- Far between, with a long distance (of space or time) between; at long intervals. "The examinations are few and far between." Farrar. FAR Far, adv. 1. To a great extent or distance of space; widely; as, we are separated far from each other. 2. To a great distance in time from any point; remotely; as, he pushed his researches far into antiquity. 3. In great part; as, the day is far spent. 4. In a great proportion; by many degrees; very much; deeply; greatly. Who can find a virtuous woman for her price is far above rubies. Prov. xxxi. 10. As far as, to the extent, or degree, that. See As far as, under As. -- Far off. (a) At a great distance, absolutely or relatively. (b) Distant in sympathy or affection; alienated. "But now, in Christ Jesus, ye who some time were far off are made nigh by the blood of Christ." Eph. ii. 13. -- Far other, different by a great degree; not the same; quite unlike. Pope. -- Far and near, at a distance and close by; throughout a whole region. -- Far and wide, distantly and broadly; comprehensively. "Far and wide his eye commands." Milton. -- From far, from a great distance; from a remote place. Note: Far often occurs in self-explaining compounds, such as far- extended, far-reaching, far-spread. FAR-ABOUT Far"-*a*bout`, n. Defn: A going out of the way; a digression. [Obs.] Fuller. FARAD Far"ad, n. Etym: [From Michael Faraday, the English electrician.] (Elec.) Defn: The standard unit of electrical capacity; the capacity of a condenser whose charge, having an electro-motive force of one volt, is equal to the amount of electricity which, with the same electromotive force, passes through one ohm in one second; the capacity, which, charged with one coulomb, gives an electro-motive force of one volt. FARADIC Far*ad"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Michael Faraday, the distinguished electrician; -- applied especially to induced currents of electricity, as produced by certain forms of inductive apparatus, on account of Faraday's investigations of their laws. FARADISM; FARADIZATION Far"a*dism, Far`a*di*za"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: The treatment with faradic or induced currents of electricity for remedial purposes. FARADIZE Far"a*dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faradized; p. pr. & vb. n. Faradizing.] (Med.) Defn: To stimulate with, or subject to, faradic, or inducted, electric currents. --Far"a*diz`er (#), n. FARAND Far"and, n. Defn: See Farrand, n. FARANDAMS Far"an*dams, n. Defn: A fabrik made of silk and wool or hair. Simmonds. FARANDOLE Fa`ran`dole", n. [F. farandole, Pr. farandoulo.] Defn: A rapid dance in six-eight time in which a large number join hands and dance in various figures, sometimes moving from room to room. It originated in Provence. I have pictured them dancing a sort of farandole. W. D. Howells. FARANTLY Far"ant*ly, a. Etym: [See Farrand.] Defn: Orderly; comely; respectable. [Obs.] Halliwell. FARCE Farce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Farced, p. pr. & vb. n. Farcing (.] Etym: [F. Farcir, L. farcire; akin to Gr. Force to stuff, Diaphragm, Frequent, Farcy, Farse.] 1. To stuff with forcemeat; hence, to fill with mingled ingredients; to fill full; to stuff. [Obs.] The first principles of religion should not be farced with school points and private tenets. Bp. Sanderson. His tippet was aye farsed full of knives. Chaucer. 2. To render fat. [Obs.] If thou wouldst farce thy lean ribs. B. Jonson. 3. To swell out; to render pompous. [Obs.] Farcing his letter with fustian. Sandys. FARCE Farce, n. Etym: [F. farce, from L. farsus (also sometimes farctus), p.p. pf farcire. See Farce, v. t.] 1. (Cookery) Defn: Stuffing, or mixture of viands, like that used on dressing a fowl; forcemeat. 2. A low style of comedy; a dramatic composition marked by low humor, generally written with little regard to regularity or method, and abounding with ludicrous incidents and expressions. Farce is that in poetry which "grotesque" is in a picture: the persons and action of a farce are all unnatural, and the manners false. Dryden. 3. Ridiculous or empty show; as, a mere farce. "The farce of state." Pope. FARCEMENT Farce"ment, n. Defn: Stuffing; forcemeat. [Obs.] They spoil a good dish with . . . unsavory farcements. Feltham. FARCICAL Far"ci*cal, a. Defn: Pertaining to farce; appropriated to farce; ludicrous; unnatural; unreal. They deny the characters to be farcical, because they are Gay. -- Far"ci*cal*ly, adv. -Far"ci*cal*ness, n. FARCICAL Far"ci*cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the disease called farcy. See Farcy, n. FARCILITE Far"ci*lite, n. Etym: [Farce+-lite.] (Min.) Defn: Pudding stone. [Obs.] Kirwan. FARCIMEN; FARCIN Far"ci*men, Far"cin, n. (Far.) Defn: Same as Farcy. FARCING Far"cing, n. (Cookery) Defn: Stuffing; forcemeat. FARCTATE Farc"tate, a. Etym: [L. farctus, p.p. of farcire. See Farce, v. t.] (Bot.) Defn: Stuffed; filled solid; as, a farctate leaf, stem, or pericarp; -- opposed to tubular or hollow. [Obs.] FARCY Far"cy, n. Etym: [F. farcin; cf. L. farciminum a disease of horses, fr. farcire. See Farce.] (Far.) Defn: A contagious disease of horses, associated with painful ulcerating enlargements, esp. upon the head and limbs. It is of the same nature as glanders, and is often fatal. Called also farcin, and farcimen. Note: Farcy, although more common in horses, is communicable to other animals and to human beings. Farcy bud, a hard, prominent swelling occurrinng upon the cutaneous surface in farcy, due to the obstruction and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, and followed by ulceration. Youatt. FARD Fard, n. Etym: [F., prob. fr. OHG. gifarit, gifarwit p.p. of farwjan to color, tinge, fr. farawa color, G. farbe.] Defn: Paint used on the face. [Obs.] "Painted with French fard." J. Whitaker. FARD Fard, v. t. Etym: [F. farder to paint one's face.] Defn: To paint; -- said esp. of one's face. [Obs.] Shenstone. FARDAGE Far`dage", n. Etym: [F. See Fardel.] (Naut.) Defn: See Dunnage. FARDEL Far"del, n. Etym: [OF. fardel, F. fardeau; cf. Sp. fardel, fardillo, fardo, LL. fardellus; prob. fr. Ar. fard one of the two parts of an object divisible into two, hence, one of the two parts of a camel's load. Cf. Furl.] Defn: A bundle or little pack; hence, a burden. [Obs.] Shak. A fardel of never-ending misery and suspense. Marryat. FARDEL Far"del, v. t. Defn: To make up in fardels. [Obs.] Fuller. FARDING-BAG Far"ding-bag`, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin; cf. Fardel.] Defn: The upper stomach of a cow, or other ruminant animal; the rumen. FARDINGDALE Far"ding*dale, n. Defn: A farthingale. [Obs.] FARDINGDEAL Far"ding*deal, n. Etym: [See Farthing, and Deal a part.] Defn: The fourth part of an acre of land. [Obs.] [Written also farding dale, fardingale, etc.] FARE Fare, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fared; p. pr. & vb. n. Faring.] Etym: [AS. faran to travel, fare; akin to OS., Goth., & OHG. faran to travel, go, D. varen, G. fahren, OFries., Isel., & Sw. fara, Dan. fare, Gr. peritus experienced, portus port, Skr. par to bring over. sq. root78. Cf Chaffer, Emporium, Far, Ferry, Ford, Peril, Port a harbor, Pore, n.] 1. To go; to pass; to journey; to travel. So on he fares, and to the border comes Of Eden. Milton. 2. To be in any state, or pass through any experience, good or bad; to be attended with any circummstances or train of events, fortunate or unfortunate; as, he fared well, or ill. So fares the stag among the enraged hounds. Denham. I bid you most heartily well to fare. Robynson (More's Utopia). So fared the knight between two foes. Hudibras. 3. To be treated or entertained at table, or with bodily or social comforts; to live. There was a certain rich man wwhich . . . fared sumptuously every day. Luke xvi. 19. 4. To happen well, or ill; -- used impersonally; as, we shall see how it will fare with him. Sso fares it when with truth falsehood contends. Milton. 5. To behave; to conduct one's self. [Obs.] She ferde [fared] as she would die. Chaucer. FARE Fare, n. Etym: [AS. faru journey, fr. faran. See Fare, v.] 1. A journey; a passage. [Obs.] That nought might stay his fare. Spenser. 2. The price of passage or going; the sum paid or due for conveying a person by land or water; as, the fare for crossing a river; the fare in a coach or by railway. 3. Ado; bustle; business. [Obs.] The warder chid and made fare. Chaucer. 4. Condition or state of things; fortune; hap; cheer. What fare what news abroad Shak. 5. Food; provisions for the table; entertainment; as, coarse fare; delicious fare. "Philosophic fare." Dryden. 6. The person or persons conveyed in a vehicle; as, a full fare of passengers. A. Drummond. 7. The catch of fish on a fishing vessel. Bill of fare. See under Bill. -- Fare indicator or register, a device for recording the number of passengers on a street car, etc. -- Fare wicket. (a) A gate or turnstile at the entrance of toll bridges, exhibition grounds, etc., for registering the number of persons passing it. (b) An opening in the door of a street car for purchasing tickets of the driver or passing fares to the conductor. Knight. FAREN Far"en, obs. Defn: p. p. of Fare, v. i. Chaucer. FAREWELL Fare`well", interj. Etym: [Fare (thou, you) + well.] Defn: Go well; good-by; adieu; -- originally applied to a person departing, but by custom now applied both to those who depart and those who remain. It is often separated by the pronoun; as, fare you well; and is sometimes used as an expression of separation only; as, farewell the year; farewell, ye sweet groves; that is, I bid you farewell. So farewell hope, and with hope, farewell fear. Milton. Fare thee well! and if forever, Still forever fare thee well. Byron. Note: The primary accent is sometimes placed on the first syllable, especially in poetry. FAREWELL Fare`well", n. 1. A wish of happiness or welfare at parting; the parting compliment; a good-by; adieu. 2. Act of departure; leave-taking; a last look at, or reference to something. And takes her farewell of the glorious sun. Shak. Before I take my farewell of the subject. Addison. FAREWELL Fare"well`, a. Defn: Parting; valedictory; final; as, a farewell discourse; his farewell bow. Leans in his spear to take his farewell view. Tickell. Farewell rock (Mining), the Millstone grit; -- so called because no coal is found worth working below this stratum. It is used for hearths of furnaces, having power to resist intense heat. Ure. FARFET Far"fet`, a. Etym: [Far + fet, p. p. of Fette.] Defn: Farfetched. [Obs.] York with his farfet policy. Shak. FARFETCH Far"fetch`, v. t. Etym: [Far + fetch.] Defn: To bring from far; to seek out studiously. [Obs.] To farfetch the name of Tartar from a Hebrew word. Fuller. FARFETCH Far"fetch`, n. Defn: Anything brought from far, or brought about with studious care; a deep strategem. [Obs.] "Politic farfetches." Hudibras. FARFETCHED Far"fetched`, a. 1. Brought from far, or from a remote place. Every remedy contained a multitude of farfetched and heterogeneous ingredients. Hawthorne. 2. Studiously sought; not easily or naturally deduced or introduced; forced; strained. FARINA Fa*ri"na, n. Etym: [L., meal, flour, fr. far a sort of grain, spelt; akin to E. barley.] 1. A fine flour or meal made from cereal grains or from the starch or fecula of vegetables, extracted by various processes, and used in cookery. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Pollen. [R.] Craig. FARINACEOUS Far`i*na"ceous, a. Etym: [L. farinaceus.] 1. Consisting or made of meal or flour; as, a farinaceous diet. 2. Yielding farina or flour; as, ffarinaceous seeds. 3. Like meal; mealy; pertainiing to meal; as, a farinaceous taste, smell, or appearance. FARINOSE Far`i*nose", a. Etym: [L. farinosus: cf. F. farineux.] 1. Yielding farinaa; as, farinose substances. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Civered with a sort of white, mealy powder, as the leaves of some poplars, and the body of certain insects; mealy. FARL Farl, v. t. Defn: Same as Furl. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. FARLIE Far"lie, n. Etym: [OE. ferlish wonder, as adj., strange, sudden, fearful, AS. færlic sudden. See Fear.] Defn: An unusual or unexpected thing; a wonder. See Fearly. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Drayton. FARM Farm, n. Etym: [OE. ferme rent, lease, F. ferme, LL. firma, fr. L. firmus firm, fast, firmare to make firm or fast. See Firm, a. & n.] 1. The rent of land, -- originally paid by reservation of part of its products. [Obs.] 2. The term or tenure of a lease of land for cultivation; a leasehold. [Obs.] It is great willfulness in landlords to make any longer farms to their tenants. Spenser. 3. The land held under lease and by payment of rent for the purpose of cultivation. 4. Any tract of land devoted to agricultural purposes, under the management of a tenant or the owner. Note: In English the ideas of a lease, a term, and a rent, continue to be in a great degree inseparable, even from the popular meaning of a farm, as they are entirely so from the legal sense. Burrill. 5. A district of country leased (or farmed) out for the collection of the revenues of government. The province was devided into twelve farms. Burke. 6. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A lease of the imposts on particular goods; as, the sugar farm, the silk farm. Whereas G. H. held the farm of sugars upon a rent of 10,000 marks per annum. State Trials (1196). FARM Farm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Farmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Farming.] 1. To lease or let for an equivalent, as land for a rent; to yield the use of to proceeds. We are enforced to farm our royal realm. Shak. 2. To give up to another, as an estate, a business, the revenue, etc., on condition of receiving in return a percentage of what it yields; as, to farm the taxes. To farm their subjects and their duties toward these. Burke. 3. To take at a certain rent or rate. 4. To devote (land) to agriculture; to cultivate, as land; to till, as a farm. To farm let, To let to farm, to lease on rent. FARM Farm, v. i. Defn: To engage in the business of tilling the soil; to labor as a farmer. FARMABLE Farm"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being farmed. FARMER Farm"er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fermier.] Defn: One who farms; as: (a) One who hires and cultivates a farm; a cultivator of leased ground; a tenant. Smart. (b) One who is devoted to the tillage of the soil; one who cultivates a farm; an agriculturist; a husbandman. (c) One who takes taxes, customs, excise, or other duties, to collect, either paying a fixed annuual rent for the privilege; as, a farmer of the revenues. (d) (Mining) The lord of the field, or one who farms the lot and cope of the crown. Farmer-general Etym: [F. fermier-general], one to whom the right of levying certain taxes, in a particular district, was farmed out, under the former French monarchy, for a given sum paid down. -- Farmers' satin, a light material of cotton and worsted, used for coat linings. McElrath. -- The king's farmer (O. Eng. Law), one to whom the collection of a royal revenue was farmed out. Burrill. FARMERESS Farm"er*ess, n. Defn: A woman who farms. FARMERSHIP Farm"er*ship, n. Defn: Skill in farming. FARMERY Farm"er*y, n. Defn: The buildings and yards necessary for the business of a farm; a homestead. [Eng.] FARMHOUSE Farm"house`, n. Defn: A dwelling house on a farm; a farmer's residence. FARMING Farm"ing, a. Defn: Pertaining to agriculture; devoted to, adapted to, or engaged in, farming; as, farming tools; farming land; a farming community. FARMING Farm"ing, n. Defn: The business of cultivating land. FARMOST Far"most`, a. Defn: Most distant; farthest. A spacious cave within its farmost part. Dryden. FARMSTEAD Farm"stead, n. Defn: A farm with the building upon it; a homestead on a farm. Tennyson. With its pleasant groves and farmsteads. Carlyle. FARMSTEADING Farm"stead*ing, n. Defn: A farmstead. [Scot.] Black. FARMYARD Farm"yard`, n. Defn: The yard or inclosure attached to a barn, or the space inclosed by the farm buildings. FARNESS Far"ness, n. Etym: [From Far, a.] Defn: The state of being far off; distance; remoteness. [R.] Grew. FARO Far"o, n. Etym: [Said to be so called because the Egyptian king Pharaoh was formerly represented upon one of the cards.] Defn: A gambling game at cardds, in whiich all the other players play against the dealer or banker, staking their money upon the order in which the cards will lie and be dealt from the pack. Faro bank, the capital which the proprietor of a farotable ventures in the game; also, the place where a game of faro is played. Hoyle. FAROESE Fa`ro*ese`, n. sing. & pl. Defn: An inhabitant, or, collectively, inhabitants, of the Faroe islands. FAR-OFF Far"-*off`, a. Defn: Remote; as, the far-off distance. Cf. Far-off, under Far, adv. FARRAGINOUS Far*rag*i*nous, a. Etym: [See Farrago.] Defn: Formed of various materials; mixed; as, a farraginous mountain. [R.] Kirwan. AA farraginous concurrence of all conditions, tempers, sexes, and ages. Sir T. Browne. FARRAGO Far*ra"go, n. Etym: [L. farrago, -aginis, mi8xed fodder for cattle, mash, medley, fr. far a sort of grain. See Farina.] Defn: A mass ccomposed of various materials confusedly mixed; a medley; a mixture. A confounded farrago of doubts, fears, hopes, wishes, and all the flimsy furniture of a country miss's brain. Sheridan. FARRAND Far"rand, n. Etym: [OE. farand beautiful; cf. Gael. farranta neat, stout, stately; or perh. akin to E. fare.] Defn: Manner; custom; fashion; humor. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also farand.] Grose. FARREATION Far`re*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. farreatio.] Defn: Same as Confarreation. FARRIER Far"ri*er, n. Etym: [OE. farrour, ferrer, OF. ferreor, ferrier, LL. Ferrator, ferrarius equorum, from ferrare to shoe a horse, ferrum a horseshoe, fr. L. ferrum iron. Cf. Ferreous.] Defn: 1. A shoer of horses Defn: 2. a veterinary surgeon. FARRIER Far"ri*er, v. i. Defn: To practice as a farrier; to carry on the trade of a farrier. [Obs.] Mortimer. FARRIERY Far"ri*er*y, n. 1. The art of shoeing horses. 2. The art of preventing, curing, or mitigating diseases of horses and cattle; the veterinary art. 3. The place where a smith shoes horses. FARROW Far"row, n. Etym: [AS. fearh a little pig; a akin to OHG. farh, farah, pig, dim. farheli little pig, G. fercel, D. varken pig, Lith. parszas OIr. orc,L. porcus, Gr. Pork.] Defn: A little of pigs. Shak. FARROW Far"row, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Farrowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Farrowing.] Defn: To bring forth (young); -- said only of swine. Tusser. FARROW Far"row, a. Etym: [Cf. Scot. ferry cow a cow that is not with calf, D. vaarkoe, vaars, heifer, G. färse, AS. fearr bull, G. farre. Cf. Heifer.] Defn: Not producing young in a given season or year; -- said only of cows. Note: If a cow has had a calf, but fails in a subsequent year, she is said to be farrow, or to go farrow. FARRY Far"ry, n. Defn: A farrow. [Obs.] Perry. FARSE Farse, n. Etym: [See Farce, n.] (Eccl.) Defn: An addition to, or a paraphrase of, some part of the Latin service in the vernacular; -- common in English before the Reformation. FARSEEING Far"see`ing, a. 1. Able to see to a great distance; farsighted. 2. Having foresight as regards the future. FARSIGHTED Far"sight`ed, a. 1. Seeing to great distance; hence, of good judgment regarding the remote effects of actions; sagacious. 2. (Med.) Defn: Hypermetropic. FARSIGHTEDNESS Far"sight`ed*ness, n. 1. Quality of bbeing farsighted. 2. (Med.) Defn: Hypermetropia. FAR-STRETCHED; FARSTRETCHED Far"-*stretched`, a. Defn: Stretched beyond ordinary limits. FAR-STRETCHED Far"-stretched`, a. Defn: Stretched beyond ordinary limits. FARTHER Far"ther, a., compar. of Far. [superl. Farthest (. See Further.] Etym: [For farrer, OE. ferrer, compar. of far; confused with further. Cf. Farthest.] 1. More remote; more distant than something else. 2. Tending to a greater distance; beyond a certain point; additional; further. Before our farther way the fates allow. Dryden. Let me add a farther Truth. Dryden. Some farther change awaits us. MIlton. FARTHER Far"ther, adv. 1. At or to a greater distance; more renotely; beyond; as, let us rest with what we have, without looking farther. 2. Moreover; by way of progress in treating a subject; as, farther, let us consider the probable event. No farther, (used elliptically for) go no farther; say no more, etc. It will be dangerous to go on. No farther ! Shak. FARTHER Far"ther, v. t. Defn: To help onward. [R.] See Further. FARTHERANCE Far"ther*ance, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Furtherence. FARTHERMORE Far"ther*more*", adv. [Obs.] Defn: See Furthermore. FARTHERMOST Far"ther*most`, a. Defn: Most distant or remote; as, the farthest degree. See Furthest. FARTHEST Far"thest (fär"thest), a. Superl. of far. [See Farther and cf. Furthest] Defn: Most distant or remote; as, the farthest degree. See Furthest. FARTHEST Far"thest adv. Defn: At or to the greatest distance. See Furthest. FARTHING Far"thing, n. Etym: [OE. furthing, AS. feór, fr. feór fourth, feór, feówer, four. See Four.] 1. The fourth of a penny; a small copper coin of Great Britain, being a cent in United States currency. 2. A very small quantity or value. [Obs.] In her cup was no farthing seen of grease. Chaucer. 3. A division of hand. [Obs.] Thirty acres make a farthing land; nine farthings a Cornish acre; and four Cornish acres a knight's fee. R. Carew. FARTHINGALE Far"thin*gale, n. Etym: [OE. vardingale, fardingale, fr. OF. vertugale, verdugade, F. vertugade, vertugadin, from Sp. verdugado, being named from its hoops, fr. verdugo a young shoot of tree, fr. verde green, fr. L. viridis. See Verdant.] Defn: A hoop skirt or hoop petticoat, or other light, elastic material, used to extend the petticoat. We'll revel it as bravely as the best, . . . With ruffs and cuffs, and farthingales and things. Shak. FASCES Fas"ces, n. pl. Etym: [L., pl. of fascis bundle; cf. fascia a band, and Gr. , (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A bundle of rods, having among them an ax with the blade projecting, borne before the Roman magistrates as a badge of their authority. FASCET Fas"cet, n. (Glass Making) Defn: A wire basket on the end of a rod to carry glass bottles, etc., to the annealing furnace; also, an iron rod to be thrust into the mouths of bottles, and used for the same purpose; -- calles also pontee and punty. FASCIA Fas"ci*a, n.; pl. Fasciæ. Etym: [L., a band: cf. It. fascia. See Fasces, and cf. Fess.] 1. A band, sash, or fillet; especially, in surgery, a bandage or roller. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A flat member of an order or building, like a flat band or broad fillet; especially, one of the three bands which make up the architrave, in the Ionic order. See Illust. of Column. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The layer of loose tissue, often containing fat, immediately beneath the skin; the stronger layer of connective tissue covering and investing all muscles; an aponeurosis. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A broad well-defined band of color. FASCIAL Fas"ci*al, a. 1. Pertaining to the fasces. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Relating to a fascia. FASCIATE; FASCIATED Fas"ci*ate, Fas"ci*a`ted, a. Etym: [L. fasciatus, p.p. of fasciare to envelop with bands, fr. fascia band. See Fasces.] 1. Bound with a fillet, sash, or bandage. 2. (Bot.) (a) Banded or compacted together. (b) Flattened and laterally widened, as are often the stems of the garden cockscomb. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Broadly banded with color. FASCIATION Fas`ci*a"tion, n. Defn: The act or manner of binding up; bandage; also, the condition of being fasciated. FASCICLE Fas"ci*cle, n. Etym: [L. fasciculus, dim. of fascis. See Fasces.] Defn: A small bundle or collection; a compact cluster; as, a fascicle of fibers; a fascicle of flowers or roots. FASCICLED Fas"ci*cled, a. Defn: Growing in a bundle, tuft, or close cluster; as, the fascicled leaves of the pine or larch; the fascicled roots of the dahlia; fascicled muscle fibers; fascicled tufts of hair. FASCICULAR Fas*cic"u*lar, a. Defn: Pertaining to a fascicle; fascicled; as, a fascicular root. FASCICULARLY Fas*cic"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a fascicled manner. Kirwan. FASCICULATE; FASCICULATED Fas*cic"u*late, Fas*cic"u*la`ted, a. Defn: Grouped in a fascicle; fascicled. FASCICULE Fas"ci*cule, n. [See Fascicle.] Defn: A small bunch or bundle; a fascicle; as, a fascicule of fibers, hairs, or spines. FASCICULUS Fas*cic"u*lus, n.; pl. Fasciculi. Etym: [L. See Fascicle.] 1. A little bundle; a fascicle. 2. A division of a book. FASCINATE Fas"ci*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fascinated, p. pr. & vb. n.. Fascinating (.] Etym: [L. fascinare; cf. Gr. 1. To influence in an uncontrollable manner; to operate on by some powerful or irresistible charm; to bewitch; to enchant. It has been almost universally believed that . . . serpents can stupefy and fascinate the prey which they are desirous to obtain. Griffith (Cuvier). 2. To excite and allure irresistibly or powerfully; to charm; to captivate, as by physical or mental charms. there be none of the passions that have been noted to fascinate or bewhich but love and envy. Bacon. Syn. -- To charm; enrapture; captivate; enchant; bewitch; attract. FASCINATION Fas`ci*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. fascinatio; cf. F. fascination.] 1. The act of fascinating, bewhiching, or enchanting; enchantment; witchcraft; the exercise of a powerful or irresistible influence on the affections or passions; unseen, inexplicable influence. The Turks hang old rags . . . upon their fairest horses, and other goodly creatures, to secure them against fascination. Waller. 2. The state or condition of being fascinated. 3. That which fascinates; a charm; a spell. There is a certain bewitchery or fascination in words. South. FASCINE Fas*cine", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. fascina a bundle of sticks, fr. fascis. See Fasces.] (Fort. & Engin.) Defn: A cylindrical bundle of small sticks of wood, bound together, used in raising batteries, filling ditches, strengthening ramparts, and making parapets; also in revetments for river banks, and in mats for dams, jetties, etc. FASCINOUS Fas"ci*nous, a. Etym: [L. fascinum witchcraft, akin to fascinare. See Fascinate.] Defn: Caused or acting by witchcraft. [Obs.] "Fascinous diseases." Harvey. FASCIOLA Fas*ci"o*la, n.;pl. Fasciolæ. Etym: [See Fasciole.] (Anat.) Defn: A band of gray matter bordering the fimbria in the brain; the dentate convolution. Wilder. FASCIOLE Fas"ci*ole, n. Etym: [L. fasciola a little bandage. See Fascia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A band of minute tubercles, bearing modified spines, on the shells of spatangoid sea urchins. See Spatangoidea. FASH Fash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Fashing.] Etym: [OF. faschier, F. f, to anger, vex; cf. Pr. fasticar, fastigar, fr. L. fastidium dilike. See Fastidious.] Defn: To vex; to tease; to trouble. [Scot.] FASH Fash, n. Defn: Vexation; anxiety; care. [Scot.] Without further fash on my part. De Quincey. FASHION Fash"ion, n. Etym: [OE. fasoun, facioun, shape, manner, F. facon, orig., a making, fr. L. factio a making, fr. facere to make. See Fact, Feat, and cf. Faction.] 1. The make or form of anything; the style, shape, appearance, or mode of structure; pattern, model; as, the fashion of the ark, of a coat, of a house, of an altar, etc. ; workmanship; execution. The fashion of his countenance was altered. Luke ix. 29. I do not like the fashion of your garments. Shak. 2. The prevailing mode or style, especially of dress; custom or conventional usage in respect of dress, behavior, etiquette, etc.; particularly, the mode or style usual among persons of good breeding; as, to dress, dance, sing, ride, etc., in the fashion. The innocent diversions in fashion. Locke. As now existing, fashion is a form of social regulation analogous to constitutional government as a form of political regulation. H. Spencer. 3. Polite, fashionable, or genteel life; social position; good breeding; as, men of fashion. 4. Mode of action; method of conduct; manner; custom; sort; way. "After his sour fashion." Shak. After a fashion, to a certain extent; in a sort. -- Fashion piece (Naut.), one of the timbers which terminate the transom, and define the shape of the stern. -- Fashion plate, a pictorial design showing the prevailing style or a new style of dress. in a sort s.b. of a sort FASHION Fash"ion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fashioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Fashioning.] Etym: [Cf. F. faconner.] 1. To form; to give shape or figure to; to mold. Here the loud hammer fashions female toys. Gay. Ingenious art . . . Steps forth to fashion and refine the age. Cowper. 2. To fit; to adapt; to accommodate; -- with to. Laws ought to be fashioned to the manners and conditions of the people. Spenser. 3. To make according to the rule prescribed by custom. Fashioned plate sells for more than its weight. Locke. 4. To forge or counterfeit. [Obs.] Shak. Fashioning needle (Knitting Machine), a needle used for widening or narrowing the work and thus shaping it. FASHIONABLE Fash"ion*a*ble, a. 1. Conforming to the fashion or established mode; according with the prevailing form or style; as, a fashionable dress. 2. Established or favored by custom or use; current; prevailing at a particular time; as, the fashionable philosophy; fashionable opinions. 3. Observant of the fashion or customary mode; dressing or behaving according to the prevailing fashion; as, a fashionable man. 4. Genteel; well-bred; as, fashionable society. Time is like a fashionable host That slightly shakes his parting guest by the hand. Shak. FASHIONABLE Fash"ion*a*ble, n. Defn: A person who conforms to the fashions; -- used chiefly in the plural. FASHIONABLENESS Fash"ion*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: State of being fashionable. FASHIONABLY Fash"ion*a*bly, adv. Defn: In a fashionable manner. FASHIONED Fash"ioned, a. Defn: Having a certain style or fashion; as old-fashioned; new- fashioned. FASHIONER Fash"ion*er, n. Defn: One who fashions, forms, ar gives shape to anything. [R.] The fashioner had accomplished his task, and the dresses were brought home. Sir W. Scott. FASHIONIST Fash"ion*ist, n. Defn: An obsequious follower of the modes and fashions. [R.] Fuller. FASHIONLESS Fash"ion*less, a. Defn: Having no fashion. FASHION-MONGER Fash"ion-mon`ger, n. Defn: One who studies the fashions; a fop; a dandy. Marston. FASHION-MONGERING Fash"ion-mon`ger*ing, a. Defn: Behaving like a fashion-monger. [R.] Shak. FASSAITE Fas"sa*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A variety of pyroxene, from the valley of Fassa, in the Tyrol. FAST Fast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fasting.] Etym: [AS. fæstan; akin to D. vasten, OHG. fasten, G. fasten, Icel. & Sw. fasta, Dan. faste, Goth. fastan to keep, observe, fast, and prob. to E. fast firm.] 1. To abstain from food; to omit to take nourishment in whole or in part; to go hungry. Fasting he went to sleep, and fasting waked. Milton. 2. To practice abstinence as a religious exercise or duty; to abstain from food voluntarily for a time, for the mortification of the body or appetites, or as a token of grief, or humiliation and penitence. Thou didst fast and weep for the child. 2 Sam. xii. 21. Fasting day, a fast day; a day of fasting. FAST Fast, n. Etym: [OE. faste, fast; cf. AS. f, OHG. fasta, G. faste. See Fast, v. i.] 1. Abstinence from food; omission to take nounrishment. Surfeit is the father of much fast. Shak. 2. Voluntary abstinence from food, for a space of time, as a spiritual discipline, or as a token of religious humiliation. 3. A time of fasting, whether a day, week, or longer time; a period of abstinence from food or certain kinds of food; as, an annual fast. Fast day, a day appointed for fasting, humiliation, and religious offices as a means of invoking the favor of God. -- To break one's fast, to put an end to a period of abstinence by taking food; especially, to take one's morning meal; to breakfast. Shak. FAST Fast, a. [Compar. Faster; superl. Fastest.] Etym: [OE., firm, strong, not loose, AS. f; akin to OS. fast, D. vast, OHG. fasti, festi, G. fest, Isel. fastr, Sw. & Dan. fast, and perh. to E. fetter. The sense swift comes from the idea of keeping close to what is pursued; a Scandinavian use. Cf. Fast, adv., Fast, v., Avast.] 1. Firmly fixed; closely adhering; made firm; not loose, unstable, or easily moved; immovable; as, to make fast the door. There is an order that keeps things fast. Burke. 2. Firm against attack; fortified by nature or art; impregnable; strong. Outlaws . . . lurking in woods and fast places. Spenser. 3. Firm in adherence; steadfast; not easily separated or alienated; faithful; as, a fast friend. 4. Permanent; not liable to fade by exposure to air or by washing; durable; lasting; as, fast colors. 5. Tenacious; retentive. [Obs.] Roses, damask and red, are fast flowers of their smells. Bacon. 6. Not easily disturbed or broken; deep; sound. All this while in a most fast sleep. Shak. 7. Moving rapidly; quick in mition; rapid; swift; as, a fast horse. 8. Given to pleasure seeking; disregardful of restraint; reckless; wild; dissipated; dissolute; as, a fast man; a fast liver. Thackeray. Fast and loose, now cohering, now disjoined; inconstant, esp. in the phrases to play at fast and loose, to play fast and loose, to act with giddy or reckless inconstancy or in a tricky manner; to say one thing and do another "Play fast and loose with faith." Shak. Fast and loose pulleys (Mach.), two pulleys placed side by side on a revolving shaft, which is driven from another shaft by a band, and arranged to disengage and reëngage the machinery driven thereby. When the machinery is to be stopped, the band is transferred from the pulley fixed to the shaft to the pulley which revolves freely upon it, and vice versa. -- Hard and fast (Naut.), so completely aground as to be immovable. -- To make fast (Naut.), to make secure; to fasten firmly, as a vessel, a rope, or a door. FAST Fast, adv. Etym: [OE. Faste firmly, strongly, quickly, AS. f. See Fast, a.] 1. In a fast, fixed, or firmly established manner; fixedly; firmly; immovably. We will bind thee fast. Judg. xv. 13. 2. In a fast or rapid manner; quickly; swiftly; extravagantly; wildly; as, to run fast; to live fast. Fast by, or Fast beside, close or near to; near at hand. He, after Eve seduced, unminded slunk Into the wood fast by. Milton. Fast by the throne obsequious Fame resides. Pope. FAST Fast, n. Defn: That which fastens or holds; especially, (Naut.) a mooring rope, hawser, or chain; -- called, according to its position, a bow, head, quarter, breast, or stern fast; also, a post on a pier around which hawsers are passed in mooring. FASTEN Fas"ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fastened; p. pr. & vb. n. Fastening.] Etym: [AS. fæstnian; akin to OHG. festinon. See Fast, a.] 1. To fix firmly; to make fast; to secure, as by a knot, lock, bolt, etc.; as, to fasten a chain to the feet; to fasten a door or window. 2. To cause to hold together or to something else; to attach or unite firmly; to cause to cleave to something , or to cleave together, by any means; as, to fasten boards together with nails or cords; to fasten anything in our thoughts. The words Whig and Tory have been pressed to the service of many successions of parties, with very different ideas fastened to them. Swift. 3. To cause to take close effect; to make to tell; to lay on; as, to fasten a blow. [Obs.] Dryden. If I can fasten but one cup upon him. Shak. To fasten a charge, or a crime, upon, to make his guilt certain, or so probable as to be generally believed. -- To fasten one's eyes upon, to look upon steadily without cessation. Acts iii. 4. Syn. -- To fix; cement; stick; link; affix; annex. FASTEN Fas"ten, v. i. Defn: To fix one's self; to take firm hold; to clinch; to cling. A horse leech will hardly fasten on a fish. Sir T. Browne. FASTENER Fas"ten*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, makes fast or firm. FASTENING Fas"ten*ing, n. Defn: Anything that binds and makes fast, as a lock, catch, bolt, bar, buckle, etc. FASTER Fast"er, n. Defn: One who abstains from food. FAST-HANDED Fast"-hand`ed, a. Defn: Close-handed; close-fisted; covetous; avaricious. [Obs.] Bacon. FASTI Fas"ti, n.pl. Etym: [L.] 1. The Roman calendar, which gave the days for festivals, courts, etc., corresponding to a modern almanac. 2. Records or registers of important events. FASTIDIOSITY Fas*tid`i*os"i*ty, n. Defn: Fastidiousness; squeamishness. [Obs.] Swift. FASTIDIOUS Fas*tid"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. fastidiosus disdainful, fr. fastidium loathing, aversion, perh. fr. fastus arrogance (of uncertain origin) + taedium loathing. Cf. Tedious, Fash.] Defn: Difficult to please; delicate to fault; suited with difficulty; squeamish; as, a fastidious mind or ear; a fastidious appetite. Proud youth ! fastidious of the lower world. Young. Syn. -- Squeamish; critical; overnice; difficult; punctilious. -- Fastidious, Squeamish. We call a person fastidious when his taste or feelings are offended by trifling defects or errors; we call him squeamish when he is excessively nice or critical on minor points, and also when he is overscrupulous as to questions of duty. "Whoever examines his own imperfections will cease to be fastidious; whoever restrains his caprice and scrupulosity will cease to be squeamish." Crabb. -- Fas*tid"i*ous*ly, adv. -- Fas*tid"i*ous*ness, n. FASTIGIATE; FASTIGIATED Fas*tig"i*ate, Fas*tig"i*a`ted, a. Etym: [L. fastigium gable end, top, height, summit.] 1. Narrowing towards the top. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Clustered, parallel, and upright, as the branches of the Lombardy poplar; pointed. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: United into a conical bundle, or into a bundle with an enlarged head, like a sheaf of wheat. FASTISH Fast"ish, a. Defn: Rather fast; also, somewhat dissipated. [Colloq.] Thackeray. FASTLY Fast"ly, adv. Defn: Firmly; surely. FASTNESS Fast"ness, n. Etym: [AS. fæstnes, fr. fæst fast. See Fast, a.] 1. The state of being fast and firm; firmness; fixedness; security; faithfulness. All . . . places of fastness [are] laid open. Sir J. Davies. 2. A fast place; a stronghold; a fortress or fort; a secure retreat; a castle; as, the enemy retired to their fastnesses in the mountains. 3. Conciseness of style. [Obs.] Ascham. 4. The state of being fast or swift. FASTUOUS Fas"tu*ous, a. Etym: [L. fastuosus, from fastus haughtiness, pride: cf. F. fastueux.] Defn: Proud; haughty; disdainful. [Obs.] Barrow. Fas"tu*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. FAT Fat, n. Etym: [See Vat, n.] 1. A large tub, cistern, or vessel; a vat. [Obs.] The fats shall overflow with wine and oil. Joel ii. 24. 2. A measure of quantity, differing for different commodities. [Obs.] Hebert. FAT Fat, a. [Compar. Fatter; superl. Fattest.] Etym: [AS. fætt; akin to D. vet, G. fett, feist, Icel. feitr, Sw. fet, Dan. fed, and perh. to Gr. pi^dax spring, fountain, pidy`ein to gush forth, pi`wn fat, Skr. pi to swell.] 1. Abounding with fat; as: (a) Fleshy; characterized by fatness; plump; corpulent; not lean; as, a fat man; a fat ox. (b) Oily; greasy; unctuous; rich; -- said of food. 2. Exhibiting the qualities of a fat animal; coarse; heavy; gross; dull; stupid. Making our western wits fat and mean. Emerson. Make the heart of this people fat. Is. vi. 10. 3. Fertile; productive; as, a fat soil; a fat pasture. 4. Rich; producing a large income; desirable; as, a fat benefice; a fat office; a fat job. Now parson of Troston, a fat living in Suffolk. Carlyle. 5. Abounding in riches; affluent; fortunate. [Obs.] Persons grown fat and wealthy by long impostures. Swift. 6. (Typog.) Defn: Of a character which enables the compositor to make large wages; -- said of matter containing blank, cuts, or many leads, etc.; as, a fat take; a fat page. Fat lute, a mixture of pipe clay and oil for filling joints. FAT Fat, n. 1. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An oily liquid or greasy substance making up the main bulk of the adipose tissue of animals, and widely distributed in the seeds of plants. See Adipose tissue, under Adipose. Note: Animal fats are composed mainly of three distinct fats, tristearin, tripalmitin, and triolein, mixed in varying proportions. As olein is liquid at ordinary temperatures, while the other two fats are solid, it follows that the consistency or hardness of fats depends upon the relative proportion of the three individual fats. During the life of an animal, the fat is mainly in a liquid state in the fat cells, owing to the solubility of the two solid fats in the more liquid olein at the body temperature. Chemically, fats are composed of fatty acid, as stearic, palmitic, oleic, etc., united with glyceryl. In butter fat, olein and palmitin predominate, mixed with another fat characteristic of butter, butyrin. In the vegetable kingdom many other fats or glycerides are to be found, as myristin from nutmegs, a glyceride of lauric acid in the fat of the bay tree, etc. 2. The best or richest productions; the best part; as, to live on the fat of the land. 3. (Typog.) Defn: Work. containing much blank, or its equivalent, and, therefore, profitable to the compositor. Fat acid. (Chem.) See Sebacic acid, under Sebacic. -- Fat series, Fatty series (Chem.), the series of the paraffine hydrocarbons and their derivatives; the marsh gas or methane series. -- Natural fats (Chem.), the group of oily substances of natural occurrence, as butter, lard, tallow, etc., as distinguished from certain fatlike substance of artificial production, as paraffin. Most natural fats are essentially mixtures of triglycerides of fatty acids. FAT Fat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fatted; p. pr. & vb. n. atting.] Etym: [OE. fatten, AS. f. See Fat, a., and cf. Fatten.] Defn: To make fat; to fatten; to make plump and fleshy with abundant food; as, to fat fowls or sheep. We fat all creatures else to fat us. Shak. FAT Fat, v. i. Defn: To grow fat, plump, and fleshy. An old ox fats as well, and is as good, as a young one. Mortimer. FATAL Fa"tal, a. Etym: [L. fatalis, fr. fatum: cf. F. fatal. See Fate.] 1. Proceeding from, or appointed by, fate or destiny; necessary; inevitable. [R.] These thing are fatal and necessary. Tillotson. It was fatal to the king to fight for his money. Bacon. 2. Foreboding death or great disaster. [R.] That fatal screech owl to our house That nothing sung but death to us and ours. Shak. 3. Causing death or destruction; deadly; mortal; destructive; calamitous; as, a fatal wound; a fatal disease; a fatal day; a fatal error. FATALISM Fa"tal*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fatalisme.] Defn: The doctrine that all things are subject to fate, or that they take place by inevitable necessity. FATALIST Fa"tal*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fataliste.] Defn: One who maintains that all things happen by inevitable necessity. FATALISTIC Fa`tal*is"tic, a. Defn: Implying, or partaking of the nature of, fatalism. FATALITY Fa*tal"i*ty, n.;pl. Fatalities. Etym: [L. fatalitas: cf. F. fatalité] 1. The state of being fatal, or proceeding from destiny; invincible necessity, superior to, and independent of, free and rational control. The Stoics held a fatality, and a fixed, unalterable course of events. South. 2. The state of being fatal; tendency to destruction or danger, as if by decree of fate; mortaility. The year sixty-three is conceived to carry with it the most considerable fatality. Ser T. Browne. By a strange fatality men suffer their dissenting. Eikon Basilike. 3. That which is decreed by fate or which is fatal; a fatal event. Dryden. FATALLY Fa"tal*ly, adv. 1. In a manner proceeding from, or determined by, fate. Bentley. 2. In a manner issuing in death or ruin; mortally; destructively; as, fatally deceived or wounded. FATALNESS Fa"tal*ness Defn: , . Quality of being fatal. Johnson. FATA MORGANA Fa"ta Mor*ga"na. Etym: [It.; -- so called because this phenomenon was looked upon as the work of a fairy (It. fata) of the name of Morgána. See Fairy.] Defn: A kind of mirage by which distant objects appear inverted, distorted, displaced, or multiplied. It is noticed particularly at the Straits of Messina, between Calabria and Sicily. FATBACK Fat"back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The menhaden. FAT-BRAINED Fat"-brained`, a. Defn: Dull of apprehension. FATE Fate, n. Etym: [L. fatum a prophetic declaration, oracle, what is ordained by the gods, destiny, fate, fr. fari to speak: cf. OF. fat. See Fame, Fable, Ban, and cf. 1st Fay, Fairy.] 1. A fixed decree by which the order of things is prescribed; the immutable law of the universe; inevitable necessity; the force by which all existence is determined and conditioned. Necessity and chance Approach not me; and what I will is fate. Milton. Beyond and above the Olympian gods lay the silent, brooding, everlasting fate of which victim and tyrant were alike the instruments. Froude. 2. Appointed lot; allotted life; arranged or predetermined event; destiny; especially, the final lot; doom; ruin; death. The great, th'important day, big with the fate Of Cato and of Rome. Addison. Our wills and fates do so contrary run That our devices still are overthrown. Shak. The whizzing arrow sings, And bears thy fate, Antinous, on its wings. Pope. 3. The element of chance in the affairs of life; the unforeseen and unestimated conitions considered as a force shaping events; fortune; esp., opposing circumstances against which it is useless to struggle; as, fate was, or the fates were, against him. A brave man struggling in the storms of fate. Pope. Sometimes an hour of Fate's serenest weather strikes through our changeful sky its coming beams. B. Taylor. 4. pl. Etym: [L. Fata, pl. of fatum.] (Myth.) Defn: The three goddesses, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, sometimes called the Destinies, or Parcæwho were supposed to determine the course of human life. They are represented, one as holding the distaff, a second as spinning, and the third as cutting off the thread. Note: Among all nations it has been common to speak of fate or destiny as a power superior to gods and men -- swaying all things irresistibly. This may be called the fate of poets and mythologists. Philosophical fate is the sum of the laws of the universe, the product of eternal intelligence and the blind properties of matter. Theological fate represents Deity as above the laws of nature, and ordaining all things according to his will -- the expression of that will being the law. Krauth-Fleming. Syn. -- Destiny; lot; doom; fortune; chance. FATED Fat"ed, p. p. & a. 1. Decreed by fate; destined; doomed; as, he was fated to rule a factious people. One midnight Fated to the purpose. Shak. 2. Invested with the power of determining destiny. [Obs.] "The fated sky." Shak. 3. Exempted by fate. [Obs. or R.] Dryden. FATEFUL Fate"ful, a. . Defn: Having the power of serving or accomplishing fate. "The fateful steel." J. Barlow. 2. Significant of fate; ominous. The fateful cawings of the crow. Longfellow. -- Fate"ful*ly, adv.- Fate"ful*ness, n. FATHEAD Fat"head`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A cyprinoid fish of the Mississippi valley (Pimephales promelas); -- called also black-headed minnow. (b) A labroid food fish of California; the redfish. FATHER Fa"ther, n. Etym: [OE. fader, AS. fæder; akin to OS. fadar, D. vader, OHG. fatar, G. vater, Icel. Fa Sw. & Dan. fader, OIr. athir, L. pater, Gr. pitr, perh. fr. Skr. pa protect. Papa, Paternal, Patriot, Potential, Pablum.] 1. One who has begotten a child, whether son or daughter; a generator; a male parent. A wise son maketh a glad father. Prov. x. 1. 2. A male ancestor more remote than a parent; a progenitor; especially, a first ancestor; a founder of a race or family; -- in the plural, fathers, ancestors. David slept with his fathers. 1 Kings ii. 10. Abraham, who is the father of us all. Rom. iv. 16. 3. One who performs the offices of a parent by maintenance, affetionate care, counsel, or protection. I was a father to the poor. Job xxix. 16. He hath made me a father to Pharaoh, and lord of all his house. Gen. xiv. 8. 4. A respectful mode of address to an old man. And Joash the king og Israel came down unto him [Elisha], . . . and said, O my father, my father! 2 Kings xiii. 14. 5. A senator of ancient Rome. 6. A dignitary of the church, a superior of a convent, a confessor (called also father confessor), or a priest; also, the eldest member of a profession, or of a legislative assembly, etc. Bless you, good father friar ! Shak. 7. One of the chief esslesiastical authorities of the first centuries after Christ; -- often spoken of collectively as the Fathers; as, the Latin, Greek, or apostolic Fathers. 8. One who, or that which, gives origin; an originator; a producer, author, or contriver; the first to practice any art, profession, or occupation; a distinguished example or teacher. The father of all such as handle the harp and organ. Gen. iv. 21. Might be the father, Harry, to that thought. Shak. The father of good news. Shak. 9. The Supreme Being and Creator; God; in theology, the first person in the Trinity. Our Father, which art in heaven. Matt. vi. 9. Now had the almighty Father from above . . . Bent down his eye. Milton. Adoptive father, one who adopts the child of another, treating it as his own. -- Apostolic father, Conscript fathers, etc. See under Apostolic, Conscript, etc. -- Father in God, a title given to bishops. -- Father of lies, the Devil. -- Father of the bar, the oldest practitioner at the bar. -- Fathers of the city, the aldermen. -- Father of the Faithful. (a) Abraham. Rom. iv. Gal. iii. 6-9. (b) Mohammed, or one of the sultans, his successors. -- Father of the house, the member of a legislative body who has had the longest continuous service. -- Most Reverend Father in God, a title given to archbishops and metropolitans, as to the archbishops of Canterbury and York. -- Natural father, the father of an illegitimate child. -- Putative father, one who is presumed to be the father of an illegitimate child; the supposed father. -- Spiritual father. (a) A religious teacher or guide, esp. one instrumental in leading a soul to God. (b) (R. C. Ch.) A priest who hears confession in the sacrament of penance. -- The Holy Father (R. C. Ch.), the pope. FATHER Fa"ther, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fathered; p. pr. & vb. n. Fathering.] 1. To make one's self the father of; to beget. Cowards father cowards, and base things sire base. Shak. 2. To take as one's own child; to adopt; hence, to assume as one's own work; to acknowledge one's self author of or responsible for (a statement, policy, etc.). Men of wit Often fathered what he writ. Swift. 3. To provide with a father. [R.] Think you I am no stronger than my sex, Being so fathered and so husbanded Shak. To father on or upon, to ascribe to, or charge upon, as one's offspring or work; to put or lay upon as being responsible. "Nothing can be so uncouth or extravagant, which may not be fathered on some fetch of wit, or some caprice of humor." Barrow. FATHERHOOD Fa"ther*hood, n. Defn: The state of being a father; the character or authority of a father; paternity. FATHER-IN-LAW Fa"ther-in-law`, n.; pl. Fathers-in-law (. Defn: The father of one's husband or wife; -- correlative to son-in- law and daughter-in-law. Note: A man who marries a woman having children already, is sometimes, though erroneously, called their father-in-law. FATHERLAND Fa"ther*land", n. Etym: [Imitated fr. D. vaderland. See Father, and Land.] Defn: One's native land; the native land of one's fathers or ancestors. FATHER-LASHER Fa"ther-lash`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European marine fish (Cottus bubalis), allied to the sculpin; -- called also lucky proach. FATHERLESS Fa"ther*less, a. 1. Destitute of a living father; as, a fatherless child. 2. Without a known author. Beau. & Fl. FATHERLESSNESS Fa"ther*less*ness, n. Defn: The state of being without a father. FATHERLINESS Fa"ther*li*ness, n. Etym: [From Fatherly.] Defn: The qualities of a father; parantal kindness, care, etc. FATHER LONGLEGS Fa"ther long"legs`. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Daddy longlegs, 2. FATHERLY Fa"ther*ly, a. 1. Like a father in affection and care; paternal; tender; protecting; careful. You have showed a tender, fatherly regard. Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to a father. FATHERSHIP Fa"ther*ship, n. Defn: The state of being a father; fatherhood; paternity. FATHOM Fath"om, n. [fadme, faedhme, AS. fæedhm fathom, the embracing arms; akin to OS. faedhmos the outstretched arms, D. vadem, vaam, fathom, OHG. fadom, fadum, G. faden fathom, thread, Icel. faedhmr fathom, Sw. famn, Dan. favn; cf. Gr. patere to lie open, extend. Cf. Patent, Petal.] 1. A measure of length, containing six feet; the space to which a man can extend his arms; -- used chiefly in measuring cables, cordage, and the depth of navigable water by soundings. 2. The measure or extant of one's capacity; depth, as of intellect; profundity; reach; penetration. [R.] Another of his fathom they have none To lead their business. Shak. FATHOM Fath"om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fathomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Fathoming.] 1. To encompass with the arms extended or encircling; to measure by throwing the arms about; to span. [Obs.] Purchas. 2. The measure by a sounding line; especially, to sound the depth of; to penetrate, measure, and comprehend; to get to the bottom of. Dryden. The page of life that was spread out before me seemed dull and commonplace, only because I had not fathomed its deeper import. Hawthotne. FATHOMABLE Fath"om*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being fathomed. FATHOMER Fath"om*er, n. Defn: One who fathoms. FATHOMLESS Fath"om*less, a. 1. Incapable of being fathomed; immeasurable; that can not be sounded. And buckle in a waist most fathomless. Shak. 2. Incomprehensible. The fathomless absurdity. Milton. FATIDICAL Fa*tid"i*cal, a. Etym: [L. fatidicus; fatum fate + dicere to say, tell.] Defn: Having power to foretell future events; prophetic; fatiloquent; as, the fatidical oak. [R.] Howell. -- Fa*tid"i*cal*ly, adv. FATIFEROUS Fa*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. fatifer; fatum fate + ferre to bear, bring.] Defn: Fate-bringing; deadly; mortal; destructive. [R.] Johnson. FATIGABLE Fat"i*ga*ble, a. Etym: [L. fatigabilis: cf. F. fatigable. See Fatigue.] Defn: Easily tired. [Obs.] Bailey. FATIGATE Fat"i*gate, a. Etym: [L. fatigatus, p.p. of fatigare. See Fatigue.] Defn: Wearied; tired; fatigued. [Obs.] Requickened what in flesh was fatigate. Shak. FATIGATE Fat"i*gate, v. t. Defn: To weary; to tire; to fatigue. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. FATIGATION Fat`i*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. fatigatio: cf. OF. fatigation.] Defn: Weariness. [Obs.] W. Montaqu. FATIGUE Fa*tigue", n. Etym: [F., fr. fatiguer to fatigue, L. fatigare; cf. L. affatim sufficiently.] 1. Weariness from bodily labor or mental exertion; lassitude or exhaustion of strength. 2. The cause of weariness; labor; toil; as, the fatigues of war. Dryden. 3. The weakening of a metal when subjected to repeated vibrations or strains. Fatigue call (Mil.), a summons, by bugle or drum, to perform fatigue duties. -- Fatigue dress, the working dress of soldiers. -- Fatigue duty (Mil.), labor exacted from soldiers aside from the use of arms. Farrow. -- Fatigue party, a party of soldiers on fatigue duty. FATIGUE Fa*tigue", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fatigued; p. pr. & vb. n. Fatiguing, n.] Etym: [Cf. F. fatiguer. See Fatigue, n.] Defn: To weary with labor or any bodily or mental exertion; to harass with toil; to exhaust the strength or endurance of; to tire. Syn. -- To jade; tire; weary; bore. See Jade. FATILOQUENT Fa*til"o*quent, a. Etym: [See Fatiloquist.] Defn: Prophetic; fatidical. [Obs.] Blount. FATILOQUIST Fa*til"o*quist, n. Etym: [L. fatiloquus declaring fate; fatum fate+ Loqui to speak.] Defn: A fortune teller. FATIMITE; FATIMIDE Fat"i*mite, Fat"i*mide, a. (Hist.) Defn: Descended from Fatima, the daughter and only child of Mohammed. -- n. Defn: A descendant of Fatima. FATISCENCE Fa*tis"cence, n. Etym: [L. fatiscense, p.pr. of fatiscere to gape or crack open.] Defn: A gaping or opening; state of being chinky, or having apertures. Kirwan. FAT-KIDNEYED Fat"-kid`neyed, a. Defn: Gross; lubberly. Peace, ye fat-kidneyed rascal ! Shak. FATLING Fat"ling, n. Etym: [Fat + -ling.] Defn: A calf, lamb, kid, or other young animal fattened for slaughter; a fat animal; -- said of such animals as are used for food. He sacrificed oxen and fatlings. 2 Sam. vi. 13. FATLY Fat"ly, adv. Defn: Grossly; greasily. FATNER Fat"ner, n. Defn: One who fattens. [R.] See Fattener. Arbuthnit. FATNESS Fat"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being fat, plump, or full-fed; corpulency; fullness of flesh. Their eyes stand out with fatness. Ps. lxxiii. 7. 2. Hence; Richness; fertility; fruitfulness. Rich in the fatness of her plenteous soil. Rowe. 3. That which makes fat or fertile. The clouds drop fatness. Philips. FATTEN Fat"ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fattened; p. pr. & vb. n. Fattining.] Etym: [See Fat, v. t.] 1. To make fat; to feed for slaughter; to make fleshy or plump with fat; to fill full; to fat. 2. To make fertile and fruitful; to enrich; as, to fatten land; to fatten fields with blood. Dryden. FATTEN Fat"ten, v. i. Defn: To grow fat or corpulent; to grow plump, thick, or fleshy; to be pampered. And villains fatten with the brave man's labor. Otway. FATTENER Fat"ten*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, fattens; that which gives fatness or fertility. FATTINESS Fat"ti*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being fatty. FATTISH Fat"tish, a. Defn: Somewhat fat; inclined to fatness. Coleridge, a puffy, anxious, obstructed-looking, fattish old man. Carlyle. FATTY Fat"ty, a. Defn: Containing fat, or having the qualities of fat; greasy; gross; as, a fatty substance. Fatty acid (Chem.), any one of the paraffin series of monocarbonic acids, as formic acid, acetic, etc.; -- so called because the higher members, as stearic and palmitic acids, occur in the natural fats, and are themselves fatlike substances. -- Fatty clays. See under Clay. -- Fatty degeneration (Med.), a diseased condition, in which the oil globules, naturally present in certain organs, are so multiplied as gradually to destroy and replace the efficient parts of these organs. -- Fatty heart, Fatty liver, etc. (Med.), a heart, liver, etc., which have been the subjects of fatty degeneration or infiltration. -- Fatty infiltration (Med.), a condition in which there is an excessive accumulation of fat in an organ, without destruction of any essential parts of the latter. -- Fatty tumor (Med.), a tumor consisting of fatty or adipose tissue; lipoma. FATUITOUS Fa*tu"i*tous, a. Defn: Stupid; fatuous. FATUITY Fa*tu"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. fatuitas, fr. fatuus foolish: cf. F. fatuité Cf. Fatuous.] Defn: Weakness or imbecility of mind; stupidity. Those many forms of popular fatuity. I Taylor. FATUOUS Fat"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. fatuus.] 1. Feeble in mind; weak; silly; stupid; foolish; fatuitous. Glanvill. 2. Without reality; illusory, like the ignis fatuus. Thence fatuous fires and meteors take their birth. Danham. FAT-WITTED Fat"-wit`ted, a. Defn: Dull; stupid. Shak. FAUBOURG Fau`bourg", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A suburb of French city; also, a district now within a city, but formerly without its walls. FAUCAL Fau"cal, a. Etym: [L. fauces throat.] Defn: Pertaining to the fauces, or opening of the throat; faucial; esp., (Phon.) produced in the fauces, as certain deep guttural sounds found in the Semitic and some other languages. Ayin is the most difficult of the faucals. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). FAUCES Fau"ces, n.pl. Etym: [L.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The narrow passage from the mouth to the pharynx, situated between the soft palate and the base of the tongue; -- called also the isthmus of the fauces. On either side of the passage two membranous folds, called the pillars of the fauces, inclose the tonsils. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The throat of a calyx, corolla, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: That portion of the interior of a spiral shell which can be seen by looking into the aperture. FAUCET Fau"cet, n. Etym: [F. fausset, perh. fr. L. fauces throat.] 1. A fixture for drawing a liquid, as water, molasses, oil, etc., from a pipe, cask, or other vessel, in such quantities as may be desired; -- called also tap, and cock. It consists of a tubular spout, stopped with a movable plug, spigot, valve, or slide. 2. The enlarged end of a section of pipe which receives the spigot end of the next section. FAUCHION Fau"chion, n. Defn: See Falchion. [Obs.] FAUCIAL Fau"cial, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the fauces; pharyngeal. FAUGH Faugh, interj. Etym: [Cf. Foh.] Defn: An exclamation of contempt, disgust, or abhorrence. FAULCHION Faul"chion, n. Defn: See Falchion. FAULCON Faul"con, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Falcon. FAULD Fauld, n. Defn: The arch over the dam of a blast furnace; the tymp arch. FAULE Faule, n. Defn: A fall or falling band. [Obs.] These laces, ribbons, and these faules. Herrick. FAULT Fault, n. Etym: [OE. faut, faute, F. faute (cf. It., Sp., & Pg. falta), fr. a verb meaning to want, fail, freq., fr. L. fallere to deceive. See Fail, and cf. Default.] 1. Defect; want; lack; default. One, it pleases me, for fault of a better, to call my friend. Shak. 2. Anything that fails, that is wanting, or that impairs excellence; a failing; a defect; a blemish. As patches set upon a little breach Discredit more in hiding of the fault. Shak. 3. A moral failing; a defect or dereliction from duty; a deviation from propriety; an offense less serious than a crime. 4. (Geol. & Mining) (a) A dislocation of the strata of the vein. (b) In coal seams, coal rendered worthless by impurities in the seam; as, slate fault, dirt fault, etc. Raymond. 5. (Hunting) Defn: A lost scent; act of losing the scent. Ceasing their clamorous cry till they have singled, With much ado, the cold fault cleary out. Shak. 6. (Tennis) Defn: Failure to serve the ball into the proper court. At fault, unable to find the scent and continue chase; hance, in trouble ot embarrassment, and unable to proceed; puzzled; thhrown off the track. -- To find fault, to find reason for blaming or complaining; to express dissatisfaction; to complain; -- followed by with before the thing complained of; but formerly by at. "Matter to find fault at." Robynson (More's Utopia). Syn. -- -- Error; blemish; defect; imperfection; weakness; blunder; failing; vice. -- Fault, Failing, Defect, Foible. A fault is positive, something morally wrong; a failing is negative, some weakness or failling short in a man's character, disposition, or habits; a defect is also negative, and as applied to character is the absence of anyything which is necessary to its completeness or perfection; a foible is a less important weakness, which we overlook or smile at. A man may have many failings, and yet commit but few faults; or his faults and failings may be few, while his foibles are obvious to all. The faults of a friend are often palliated or explained away into mere defects, and the defects or foibles of an enemy exaggerated into faults. "I have failings in common with every human being, besides my own peculiar faults; but of avarice I have generally held myself guiltless." Fox. "Presumption and self-applause are the foibles of mankind." Waterland. FAULT Fault, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Faulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Faulting.] 1. To charge with a fault; to accuse; to find fault with; to blame. [Obs.] For that I will not fault thee. Old Song. 2. (Geol.) Defn: To interrupt the continuity of (rock strata) by displacement along a plane of fracture; -- chiefly used in the p.p.; as, the coal beds are badly faulted. FAULT Fault, v. i. Defn: To err; to blunder, to commit a fault; to do wrong. [Obs.] If after Samuel's death the people had asked of God a king, they had not faulted. Latimer. FAULTER Fault"er, n. Defn: One who commits a fault. [Obs.] Behold the faulter here in sight. Fairfax. FAULT-FINDER Fault"-find`er, n. Defn: One who makes a practice off discovering others' faults and censuring them; a scold. FAULT-FINDING Fault"-find`ing, n. Defn: The act of finding fault or blaming; -- used derogatively. Also Adj. FAULTFUL Fault"ful, a. Defn: Full of faults or sins. Shak. FAULTILY Fault"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a faulty manner. FAULTINESS Fault"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being faulty. Round, even to faultiness. Shak. FAULTING Fault"ing, n. (Geol.) Defn: The state or condition of being faulted; the process by which a fault is produced. FAULTLESS Fault"less, a. Defn: Without fault; not defective or imperfect; free from blemish; free from incorrectness, vice, or offense; perfect; as, a faultless poem. Whoever thinks a faultless piece to see, Thinks what ne'er was, nor is, nor e'er shall be. Pope. Syn. -- Blameless; spotless; perfect. See Blameless. -- Fault"less*ly, adv.-Fault"less*ness, n. FAULTY Fault"y, a. 1. Containing faults, blemishes, or defects; imperfect; not fit for the use intended. Created once So goodly and erect, though faulty since. Milton. 2. Guilty of a fault, or of faults; hence, blamable; worthy of censure. Shak. The king doth speak . . . as one which is faulty. 2 Sam. xiv. 13. FAUN Faun, n. Etym: [L. Faunus, fr. favere to be favorable. See Favor.] (Rom. Myth.) Defn: A god of fields and shipherds, diddering little from the satyr. The fauns are usually represented as half goat and half man. Satyr or Faun, or Sylvan. Milton. FAUNA Fau"na, n. Etym: [NL.: cf. F. faune. See Faun.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The animals of any given area or epoch; as, the fauna of America; fossil fauna; recent fauna. FAUNAL Fau"nal, a. Defn: Relating to fauna. FAUNIST Fau"nist, n. Defn: One who describes the fauna of country; a naturalist. Gilbert White. FAUNUS Fau"nus, n.;pl. Fauni. Etym: [L.] (Myth.) Defn: See Faun. FAUSEN Fau"sen, n. Etym: [Cf. W. llysowen eel, ll sounding in Welsh almost like fl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young eel. [Prov. Eng.] FAUSSE-BRAYE Fausse`-braye", n. Etym: [F. fausse-braie.] (Mil.) Defn: A second raampart, exterior to, and parallel to, the main rampart, and considerably below its level. FAUTEUIL Fau`teuil", n. Etym: [F. See Faldistory.] 1. An armchair; hence (because the members sit in fauteuils or armchairs), membership in the French Academy. 2. Chair of a presiding officer. FAUTOR Fau"tor, n. Etym: [L., contr. fr. favitor, fr. favere to be favorable: cf. F. fauteur. See Favor.] Defn: A favorer; a patron; one who gives countenance or support; an abettor. [Obs.] The king and the fautors of his proceedings. Latimer. FAUTRESS Fau"tress, n. Etym: [L. fauutrix: cf. F. fautrice.] Defn: A patroness. [Obs.] Chapman. FAUVETTE Fau`vette", n. Etym: [F., dim. fr. fauve fawn-colored.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small singing bird, as the nightingale and warblers. FAUX Faux, n.; pl. Fauces. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Fauces. FAUX PAS faux` pas". Etym: [F. See False, and Pas.] Defn: A false step; a mistake or wrong measure. FAVAGINOUS Fa*vag"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. favus a honeycomb.] Defn: Formed like, or resembling, a honeycomb. FAVAS Fa"vas, n. Defn: See Favus, n., 2. Fairholt. FAVEL Fa"vel, a. Etym: [OF. fauvel, favel, dim. of F. fauve; of German oigin. See Fallow, a.] Defn: Yellow; fal [Obs.] Wright. FAVEL Fa"vel, n. Defn: A horse of a favel or dun color. To curry favel. See To curry favor, under Favor, n. FAVEL Fa"vel, n. Etym: [OF. favele, fr. L. fabella short fable, dim. of fabula. See Fable.] Defn: Flattery; cajolery; deceit. [Obs.] Skeat. FAVELLA Fa*vel"la, n. Etym: [NL., prob. from L. favus a honeycomb.] (Bot.) Defn: A group of spores arranged without order and covered with a thin gelatinous envelope, as in certain delicate red algæ. FAVEOLATE Fa*ve"o*late, a. Etym: [L. favus honeycomb.] Defn: Honeycomb; having cavities or cells, somewhat resembling those of a honeycomb; alveolate; favose. FAVIER EXPLOSIVE Fa`vier" ex*plo"sive. [After the inventor, P. A. Favier, a Frenchman.] Defn: Any of several explosive mixtures, chiefly of ammonium nitrate and a nitrate derivative of naphthalene. They are stable, but require protection from moisture. As prepared it is a compressed cylinder of the explosive, filled with loose powder of the same composition, all inclosed in waterproof wrappers. It is used for mining. FAVILLOUS Fa*vil"lous, a. Etym: [L. favilla sparkling or glowing asges.] Defn: Of or pertaining to ashes. [Obs.] Light and favollous particles. Sir T. Browne. FAVONIAN Fa*vo"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Favonius the west wind.] Defn: Pertaining to the west wind; soft; mild; gentle. FAVOR Fa"vor, n. Etym: [Written also favour.] Etym: [OF. favor, F. faveur, L. favor, fr. favere to be favorable, cf. Skr. bhavaya to further, foster, causative of bhBe. In the phrase to curry favor, favor is prob. for favel a horse. See 2d Favel.] 1. Kind regard; propitious aspect; countenance; friendly disposition; kindness; good will. Hath crawled into the favor of the king. Shak. 2. The act of countenancing, or the condition of being countenanced, or regarded propitiously; support; promotion; befriending. But found no favor in his lady's eyes. Dryden. And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and man. Luke ii. 52. 3. A kind act or office; kindness done or granted; benevolence shown by word or deed; an act of grace or good will, as distinct from justice or remuneration. Beg one favor at thy gracious hand. Shak. 4. Mildness or mitigation of punishment; lenity. I could not discover the lenity and fabor of this sentence. Swift. 5. The object of regard; person or thing favored. All these his wondrous works, but chiefly man, His chief delight and favor. Milton. 6. A gift or represent; something bestowed as an evidence of good will; a token of love; a knot of ribbons; something worn as a token of affection; as, a marriage favor is a bunch or knot of white ribbons or white flowers worn at a wedding. Wear thou this favor for me, and stick it in thy cap. Shak. 7. Appearance; look; countenance; face. [Obs.] This boy is fair, of female favor. Shak. 8. (Law) Defn: Partiality; bias. Bouvier. 9. A letter or epistle; -- so called in civility or compliment; as, your favor of yesterday is received. 10. pl. Defn: Love locks. [Obs.] Wright. Challenge to the favor or for favor (Law), the challenge of a juror on grounds not sufficient to constitute a principal challenge, but sufficient to give rise to a probable suspicion of favor or bias, such as acquaintance, business relation, etc. See Principal challenge, under Challenge. -- In favor of, upon the side of; favorable to; for the advantage of. -- In favor with, favored, countenanced, or encouraged by. -- To curry favor Etym: [see the etymology of Favor, above], to seek to gain favor by flattery, caresses, kindness, or officious civilities. -- With one's favor, or By one's favor, with leave; by kind permission. But, with your favor, I will treat it here. Dryden. Syn. -- Kindness; countenance; patronage; support; lenity; grace; gift; present; benefit. FAVOR Fa"vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Favored; p. pr. & vb. n. Favoring.] Etym: [Written also favour.] Etym: [Cf. OF. favorer, favorir. See Favor, n.] 1. To regard with kindness; to support; to aid, or to have the disposition to aid, or to wish success to; to be propitious to; to countenance; to treat with consideration or tenderness; to show partiality or unfair bias towards. O happy youth! and favored of the skies. Pope. He that favoreth Joab, . . . let him go after Joab. 2 Sam. xx. 11. [The painter] has favored her squint admirably. Swift. 2. To afford advantages for success to; to facilitate; as, a weak place favored the entrance of the enemy. 3. To resemble in features; to have the aspect or looks of; as, the child favors his father. The porter owned that the gentleman favored his master. Spectator. FAVORABLE Fa"vor*a*ble, a. [Written also favourable.] Etym: [F. favorable, L. favorabilis favored, popular, pleasing, fr. favor. See Favor, n.] 1. Full of favor; favoring; manifesting partiality; kind; propitious; friendly. Lend favorable ears to our request. Shak. Lord, thou hast been favorable unto thy land. Ps. lxxxv. 1. 2. Conducive; contributing; tending to promote or facilitate; advantageous; convenient. A place very favorable for the making levies of men. Clarendon. The temper of the climate, favorable to generation, health, and long life. Sir W. Temple. 3. Beautiful; well-favored. [Obs.] Spenser. -- Fa"vora*ble*ness, n. -- Fa"vor*a*bly, sdv. The faborableness of the present times to all extertions in the cause of liberty. Burke. FAVORED Fa"vored, a. 1. Countenanced; aided; regarded with kidness; as, a favored friend. 2. Having a certain favor or appearance; featured; as, well-favored; hard-favored, etc. FAVOREDLY Fa"vored*ly, adv. Defn: In a favored or a favorable manner; favorably. [Obs.] Deut. xvii. 1. Arscham. FAVOREDNESS Fa"vored*ness, n. Defn: Appearance. [Obs.] FAVORER Fa"vor*er, n. Defn: One who favors; one who regards with kindness or friendship; a well-wisher; one who assists or promotes success or prosperity. [Written also favourer.] And come to us as favorers, not as foes. Shak. FAVORESS Fa"vor*ess, n. Defn: A woman who favors or gives countenance. [Written also fovouress.] FAVORING Fa"vor*ing, a. Defn: That favors. -- Fa"vor*ing*ly, adv. FAVORITE Fa"vor*ite, n. Etym: [OF. favorit favored, F. favori, fem. favorite, p.p. of OF. favorir, cf. It. favorito, frm. favorita, fr. favorire to favor. See Favor.] 1. A person or thing regarded with peculiar favor; one treated with partiality; one preferred above others; especially, one unduly loved, trusted, and enriched with favors by a person of high rank or authority. Committing to a wicked favorite All public cares. Milton. 2. pl. Defn: Short curls dangling over the temples; -- fashionable in the reign of Charles II. [Obs.] Farquhar. 3. (Sporting) Defn: The competitor (as a horse in a race) that is judged most likely to win; the competitor standing highest in the betting. FAVORITE Fa"vor*ite, a. Defn: Regarded with particular affection, esteem, or preference; as, a favorite walk; a favorite child. "His favorite argument." Macaulay. FAVORITISM Fa"vor*it*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. favoritisme.] Defn: The disposition to favor and promote the interest of one person or family, or of one class of men, to the neglect of others having equal claims; partiality. A spirit of favoritism to the Bank of the United States. A. Hamilton. FAVORLESS Fa"vor*less, a. 1. Unfavored; not regarded with favor; having no countenance or support. 2. Unpropitious; unfavorable. [Obs.] "Fortune favorless." Spenser. FAVOSE Fa*vose", a. Etym: [L. favus honeycomb.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Honeycombed. See Faveolate. 2. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the disease called favus. FAVOSITE Fav"o*site, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the genus Favosites. FAVOSITES Fav`o*si"tes, n. Etym: [NL. See Favose.] (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of fossil corals abundant in the Silurian and Devonian rocks, having polygonal cells with perforated walls. FAVUS Fa"vus, n. Etym: [L., honeycomb.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A disease of the scalp, produced by a vegetable parasite. 2. A tile or flagstone cut into an hexagonal shape to produce a honeycomb pattern, as in a pavement; -- called also favas and sectila. Mollett. FAWE Fawe, a. Etym: [See Fain.] Defn: Fain; glad; delighted. [Obs.] Chaucer. FAWKNER Fawk"ner, n. Etym: [See Falconer.] Defn: A falconer. [Obs.] Donne. FAWN Fawn, n. Etym: [OF. faon the young one of any beast, a fawn, F. faon a fawn, for fedon, fr. L. fetus. See Fetus.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young deer; a buck or doe of the first year. See Buck. 2. The young of an animal; a whelp. [Obs.] [The tigress] . . . followeth . . . after her fawns. Holland. 3. A fawn color. FAWN Fawn, a. Defn: Of the color of a fawn; fawn-colored. FAWN Fawn, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. faonner.] Defn: To bring forth a fawn. FAWN Fawn, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fawned; p. pr. & vb. n. Fawning.] Etym: [OE. fawnen, fainen, fagnien, to rejoice, welcome, flatter, AS. fægnian to rejoice; akin to Icel. fagna to rejoice, welcome. See Fain.] Defn: To court favor by low cringing, frisking, etc., as a dog; to flatter meanly; -- often followed by on or upon. You showed your teeth like apes, and fawned like hounds. Shak. Thou with trembling fear, Or like a fawning parasite, obeyest. Milton. Courtiers who fawn on a master while they betray him. Macaulay. FAWN Fawn, n. Defn: A servile cringe or bow; mean flattery; sycophancy. Shak. FAWN-COLORED Fawn"-col`ored, a. Defn: Of the color of a fawn; light yellowish brown. FAWNER Fawn"er, n. Defn: One who fawns; a sycophant. FAWNINGLY Fawn"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a fawning manner. FAXED Faxed, a. Etym: [AS. feaxede haired, fr. feax hair. Cf. Paxwax.] Defn: Hairy. [Obs.] amden. FAY Fay, n. Etym: [F. fée. See Fate, and cf. Fairy.] Defn: A fairy; an elf. "Yellow-skirted fays." Milton. FAY Fay, n. Etym: [OF. fei, F. foi. See Faith.] Defn: Faith; as, by my fay. [Obs.] Chaucer. FAY Fay (fa), v. t. [imp. & p. p. fayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Faying.] Etym: [OE. feien, v.t. & i., AS. fegan to join, unite; akin to OS. fogian, D. voegen, OHG. fuogen, G. fügen, Sw. foga. See Fair, and cf. Fadge.] (Shipbuilding) Defn: To fit; to join; to unite closely, as two pieces of wood, so as to make the surface fit together. FAY Fay, v. i. (Shipbuilding) Defn: To lie close together; to fit; to fadge; -- often with in, into, with, or together. Faying surface, that surface of an object which comes with another object to which it is fastened; -- said of plates, angle irons, etc., that are riveted together in shipwork. FAYALITE Fay"al*ite, n. Etym: [So called from the island Fayal.] (Min.) Defn: A black, greenish, or brownish mineral of the chrysolite group. It is a silicate of iron. FAYENCE Fa`y*ence", n. Defn: See Fa. FAYTOUR Fay"tour, n. Defn: See Faitour. [Obs.] Spenser. FAZE Faze, v. t. Defn: See Feeze. FAZZOLET Faz"zo*let`, n. Etym: [It. fazzoletto.] Defn: A handkerchief. [R.] percival. FEABERRY Fea"ber*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. feabe, theabe, thape.] (Bot.) Defn: A gooseberry. [Prov. Eng.] Prior. FEAGUE Feague, v. t. Etym: [Cf. G. fegen to sweep, Icel. fægia to cleanse, polish, E. fair, fay, to fit, fey to cleanse.] Defn: To beat or whip; to drive. [Obs.] Otway. FEAL Fe"al, a. Etym: [OF. feal, feel, feeil, fedeil, F. fidèle, L. fidelis faithful, fr. fides faith. See Faith.] Defn: Faithful; loyal. [Obs.] Wright. FEALTY Fe"al*ty, n. Etym: [OE. faute, OF. fauté, fealté, feelé, feelteit, fr. L. fidelitas, fr. fidelis faithful. See Feal, and cf. Fidelity.] 1. Fidelity to one's lord; the feudal obligation by which the tenant or vassal was bound to be faithful to his lord; the special oath by which this obligation was assumed; fidelity to a superior power, or to a government; loyality. It is no longer the practice to exact the performance of fealty, as a feudal obligation. Wharton (Law Dict. ). Tomlins. 2. Fidelity; constancy; faithfulness, as of a friend to a friend, or of a wife to her husband. He should maintain fealty to God. I. Taylor. Makes wicked lightnings of her eyes, and saps The fealty of our friends. tennyson. Swore fealty to the new government. Macaulay. Note: Fealty is distinguished from homage, which is an acknowledgment of tenure, while fealty implies an oath. See Homage. Wharton. Syn. -- Homage; loyality; fidelity; constancy. FEAR Fear, n. Defn: A variant of Fere, a mate, a companion. [Obs.] Spenser. FEAR Fear, n. Etym: [OE. fer, feer, fere, AS. f a coming suddenly upon, fear, danger; akin to D. vaar, OHG. fara danger, G. gefahr, Icel. far harm, mischief, plague, and to E. fare, peril. See Fare.] 1. A painful emotion or passion excited by the expectation of evil, or the apprehension of impending danger; apprehension; anxiety; solicitude; alarm; dread. Note: The degrees of this passion, beginning with the most moderate, may be thus expressed, -- apprehension, fear, dread, fright, terror. Fear is an uneasiness of the mind, upon the thought of future evil likely to befall us. Locke. Where no hope is left, is left no fear. Milton. 2. (Script.) (a) Apprehension of incurring, or solicitude to avoid, God's wrath; the trembling and awful reverence felt toward the Supreme Belng. (b) Respectful reverence for men of authority or worth. I will put my fear in their hearts. Jer. xxxii. 40. I will teach you the fear of the Lord. Ps. xxxiv. 11. render therefore to all their dues; tribute to whom tribute is due . . . fear to whom fear. Rom. xiii. 7. 3. That which causes, or which is the object of, apprehension or alarm; source or occasion of terror; danger; dreadfulness. There were they in great fear, where no fear was. Ps. liii. 5. The fear of your adventure would counsel you to a more equal enterprise. Shak. For fear, in apprehension lest. "For fear you ne'er see chain nor money more." Shak. FEAR Fear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feared; p. pr. & vb. n. Fearing.] Etym: [OE. feren, faeren, to frighten, to be afraid, AS. fFear, n.] 1. To feel a painful apprehension of; to be afraid of; to consider or expect with emotion of alarm or solicitude. I will fear no evil, for thou art with me. Ps. xxiii. 4. Note: With subordinate clause. I greatly fear my money is not safe. Shak. I almost fear to quit your hand. D. Jerrold. 2. To have a reverential awe of; to solicitous to avoid the displeasure of. Leave them to God above; him serve and fear. Milton. 3. To be anxious or solicitous for. [R.] The sins of the father are to be laid upon the children, therefore . . . I fear you. Shak. 4. To suspect; to doubt. [Obs.] Ay what else, fear you not her courage Shak. 5. To affright; to terrify; to drive away or prevent approach of by fear. z2 fera their people from doing evil. Robynsin (More's utopia). Tush, tush! fear boys with bugs. Shak. Syn. -- To apprehend; drad; reverence; venerate. FEAR Fear, v. i. Defn: To be in apprehension of evil; to be afraid; to feel anxiety on account of some expected evil. I exceedingly fear and quake. Heb. xii. 21. FEARER Fear"er, n. Defn: One who fars. Sir P. Sidney. FEARFUL Fear"ful, a. 1. Full of fera, apprehension, or alarm; afraid; frightened. Anxious amidst all their success, and fearful amidat all their power. Bp. Warburton. 2. inclined to fear; easily frightened; without courage; timid. What man is there that is fearful and fain-hearted Deut. xx. 8. 3. Indicating, or caused by, fear. Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh. Shak. 4. Inspiring fear or awe; exciting apprehension or terror; terrible; frightful; dreadful. This glorious and fearful name, The Lord thy God. Deut. xxviii. 58. Death is a fearful thing. Shak. In dreams they fearful precipices tread. Dryden. Syn. -- Apprehensive; afraid; timid; timorous; ho FEARFULLY Fear"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a fearful manner. FEARFULNESS Fear"ful*ness, n. Defn: The state of being fearful. FEARLESS Fear"less, a. Defn: Free from fear. Syn. -- Bold; courageous; interpid; valor -- Fear"less*ly, adv. -- Fera"less*ness, n. FEARNAUGHT Fear"naught`, n. 1. A fearless person. 2. A stout woolen cloth of great thickness; dreadnaught; also, a warm garment. FEARSOME Fear"some a. 1. Frightful; causing fear [Scotch] "This fearsome wind." Sir W. Scott 2 Defn: . Easily frightened; timid; timorous. "A silly fearsome thing." B. Taylor FEASIBILITY Fea"si*bil*ity n.; pl. Feasibilities (-tiz). Etym: [from Feasible] Defn: The quality of being feasible; practicability; also, that which is feasible; as, before we adopt a plan, let us consider its feasibility. Men often swallow falsities for truths, dubiosities for certainties, possibilities for feasibilities. Sir T. Browne. FEASIBLE Fea"si*ble a. Etym: [F. faisable, fr. faire to make or do, fr. L. facere. See Fact, Feat.] 1. Capable of being done, executed, or effected; practicable. Always existing before their eyes as a thing feasible in practice. Burke. It was not feasible to gratify so many ambitions. Beaconsfield. 2. Fit to be used or tailed, as land. [R.] R. Trumbull. Fea"si*ble*ness, n. --Fea"si*bly, adv. FEAST Feast, n. Etym: [OE. feste festival, holiday, feast, OF. feste festival, F. fête, fr. L. festum, pl. festa, fr. festus joyful, festal; of uncertain origin. Cf. Fair, n., Festal, F.] 1. A festival; a holiday; a solemn, or more commonly, a joyous, anniversary. The seventh day shall be a feast to the Lord. Ex. xiii. 6. Now his parents went to Jerusalem every year at the feast of the passover. Luke ii. 41. Note: Ecclesiastical fasts are called immovable when they always occur on the same day of the year; otherwise they are called movable. 2. A festive or joyous meal; a grand, ceremonious, or sumptuous entertainment, of which many guests partake; a banquet characterized by tempting variety and abundance of food. Enough is as good as a feast. Old Proverb. Belshazzar the King made a great feast to a thousand of his lords. Dan. v. 1. 3. That which is partaken of, or shared in, with delight; something highly agreeable; entertainment. The feast of reason, and the flow of soul. Pope. Feast day, a holiday; a day set as a solemn commemo Syn. -- Entertainment; regale; banquet; treat; carousal; festivity; festival. -- Feast, Banquet, Festival, Carousal. A feast sets before us viands superior in quantity, variety, and abudance; a banquet is a luxurious feast; a festival is the joyful celebration by good cheer of some agreeable event. Carousal is unrestrained indulgence in frolic and drink. FEAST Feast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Feasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Feasting.] Etym: [OE. festen, cf. OF. fester to rest from work, F. fêter to celebrate a holiday. See Feast, n.] 1. To eat sumptuously; to dine or sup on rich provisions, particularly in large companies, and on public festivals. And his sons went and feasted in their houses. Job. i. 4. 2. To be highly gratified or delighted. With my love's picture then my eye doth feast. Shak. FEAST Feast, v. t. 1. To entertain with sumptuous provisions; to treat at the table bountifully; as, he was feasted by the king. Hayward. 2. To delight; to gratify; as, to feast the soul. Feast your ears with the music a while. Shak. FEASTER Feast"er, n. 1. One who fares deliciously. 2. One who entertains magnificently. Johnson. FEASTFUL Feast"ful, a. Defn: Festive; festal; joyful; sumptuous; luxurious. "Feastful days." Milton. -- Feast"ful*ly, adv. FEAT Feat, n. Etym: [OE. fet, OF. fet, fait, F. fait, factum, fr. L. facere, factum, to make or do. Cf. Fact, Feasible, Do.] 1. An act; a deed; an exploit. The warlike feats I have done. Shak. 2. A striking act of strength, skill, or cunning; a trick; as, feats of horsemanship, or of dexterity. FEAT Feat, v. t. Defn: To form; to fashion. [Obs.] To the more mature, A glass that feated them. Shak. FEAT Feat, a. [Compar. Feater; superl. Featest.] Etym: [F. fait made, shaped, fit, p.p. of faire to make or do. See Feat, n.] Defn: Dexterous in movements or service; skillful; neat; nice; pretty. [Archaic] Never master had a page . . . so feat. Shak. And look how well my garments sit upon me --Much feater than before. Shak. FEAT-BODIED Feat"-bod`ied, a. Defn: Having a feat or trim body. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. FEATEOUS Feat"e*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. faitis, faitice, fetis, well made, fine, L. facticius made by art.] Defn: Dexterous; neat. [Obs.] Johnson. -- Feat"e*ous*ly, adv. FEATHER Feath"er, n. Etym: [OE. fether, AS. fe; akin to D. veder, OHG. fedara, G. feder, Icel. fjö, Sw. fjäder, Dan. fjæder, Gr. pattra wing, feathr, pat to fly, and prob. to L. penna feather, wing. sq. root76, 248. Cf. Pen a feather.] 1. One of the peculiar dermal appendages, of several kinds, belonging to birds, as contour feathers, quills, and down. Note: An ordinary feather consists of the quill or hollow basal part of the stem; the shaft or rachis, forming the upper, solid part of the stem; the vanes or webs, implanted on the rachis and consisting of a series of slender laminæ or barbs, which usually bear barbicels and interlocking hooks by which they are fastened together. See Down, Quill, Plumage. 2. Kind; nature; species; -- from the proverbial phrase, "Birds of a feather," that is, of the same species. [R.] I am not of that feather to shake off My friend when he must need me. Shak. 3. The fringe of long hair on the legs of the setter and some other dogs. 4. A tuft of peculiar, long, frizzly hair on a horse. 5. One of the fins or wings on the shaft of an arrow. 6. (Mach. & Carp.) Defn: A longitudinal strip projecting as a fin from an object, to strengthen it, or to enter a channel in another object and thereby prevent displacement sidwise but permit motion lengthwise; a spline. 7. A thin wedge driven between the two semicylindrical parts of a divided plug in a hole bored in a stone, to rend the stone. Knight. 8. The angular adjustment of an oar or paddle-wheel float, with reference to a horizontal axis, as it leaves or enters the water. Note: Feather is used adjectively or in combination, meaning composed of, or resembling, a feather or feathers; as, feather fan, feather- heeled, feather duster. Feather alum (Min.), a hydrous sulphate of alumina, resulting from volcanic action, and from the decomposition of iron pyrites; -- called also halotrichite. Ure. -- Feather bed, a bed filled with feathers. -- Feather driver, one who prepares feathers by beating. -- Feather duster, a dusting brush of feathers. -- Feather flower, an artifical flower made of feathers, for ladies' headdresses, and other ornamental purposes. -- Feather grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Stipa pennata) which has a long feathery awn rising from one of the chaffy scales which inclose the grain. -- Feather maker, one who makes plumes, etc., of feathers, real or artificial. -- Feather ore (Min.), a sulphide of antimony and lead, sometimes found in capillary forms and like a cobweb, but also massive. It is a variety of Jamesonite. -- Feather shot, or Feathered shot (Metal.), copper granulated by pouring into cold water. Raymond. -- Feather spray (Naut.), the spray thrown up, like pairs of feathers, by the cutwater of a fast-moving vessel. -- Feather star. (Zoöl.) See Comatula. -- Feather weight. (Racing) (a) Scrupulously exact weight, so that a feather would turn the scale, when a jockey is weighed or weighted. (b) The lightest weight that can be put on the back of a horse in racing. Youatt. (c) In wrestling, boxing, etc., a term applied to the lightest of the classes into which contestants are divided; -- in contradistinction to light weight, middle weight, and heavy weight. A feather in the cap an honour, trophy, or mark of distinction. [Colloq.] -- To be in full feather, to be in full dress or in one's best clothes. [Collog.] -- To be in high feather, to be in high spirits. [Collog.] -- To cut a feather. (a) (Naut.) To make the water foam in moving; in allusion to the ripple which a ship throws off from her bows. (b) To make one's self conspicuous.[Colloq.] -- To show the white feather, to betray cowardice, -- a white feather in the tail of a cock being considered an indication that he is not of the true game breed. FEATHER Feath"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feathered; p. pr. & vb. n. Feathering.] 1. To furnish with a feather or feathers, as an arrow or a cap. An eagle had the ill hap to be struck with an arrow feathered from her own wing. L'Estrange. 2. To adorn, as with feathers; to fringe. A few birches and oaks still feathered the narrow ravines. Sir W. Scott. 3. To render light as a feather; to give wings to.[R.] The Polonian story perhaps may feather some tedions hours. Loveday. 4. To enrich; to exalt; to benefit. They stuck not to say that the king cared not to plume his nobility and people to feather himself. Bacon. Dryden. 5. To tread, as a cock. Dryden. To feather one's nest, to provide for one's self especially from property belonging to another, confided to one's care; -- an expression taken from the practice of birds which collect feathers for the lining of their nests. -- To feather an oar (Naut), to turn it when it leaves the water so that the blade will be horizontal and offer the least resistance to air while reaching for another stroke. -- To tar and feather a person, to smear him with tar and cover him with feathers, as a punishment or an indignity. FEATHER Feath"er, v. i. 1. To grow or form feathers; to become feathered; -- often with out; as, the birds are feathering out. 2. To curdle when poured into another liquid, and float about in little flakes or "feathers;" as, the cream feathers [Colloq.] 3. To turn to a horizontal plane; -- said of oars. The feathering oar returns the gleam. Tickell. Stopping his sculls in the air to feather accurately. Macmillan's Mag. 4. To have the appearance of a feather or of feathers; to be or to appear in feathery form. A clump of ancient cedars feathering in evergreen beauty down to the ground. Warren. The ripple feathering from her bows. Tennyson. FEATHERBONE Feath"er*bone`, n. Defn: A substitute for whalebone, made from the quills of geese and turkeys. FEATHER-BRAINED Feath"er-brained, a. Defn: Giddy; frivolous; feather-headed. [Colloq.] FEATHERED Feath"ered, a. 1. Clothed, covered, or fitted with (or as with) feathers or wings; as, a feathered animal; a feathered arrow. Rise from the ground like feathered Mercury. Shak. Nonsense feathered with soft and delicate phrases and pointed with pathetic accent. Dr. J. Scott. 2. Furnished with anything featherlike; ornamented; fringed; as, land feathered with trees. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a fringe of feathers, as the legs of certian birds; or of hairs, as the legs of a setter dog. 4. (Her.) Defn: Having feathers; -- said of an arrow, when the feathers are of a tincture different from that of the shaft. FEATHER-EDGE Feath"er-edge, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The thin, new growth around the edge of a shell, of an oyster. 2. Any thin, as on a board or a razor. FEATHER-EDGED Feath"er-edged, a. Defn: Having a feather-edge; also, having one edge thinner than the other, as a board; -- in the United States, said only of stuff one edge of which is made as thin as practicable. FEATHER-FEW Feath"er-few, n. (Bot.) Defn: Feverfew. FEATHER-FOIL Feath"er-foil`, n. Etym: [Feather + foil a leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: An aquatic plant (Hottonia palustris), having finely divided leaves. FEATHER-HEAD Feath"er-head`, n. Defn: A frivolous or featherbrained person. [Colloq.] H. James. FEATHER-HEADED Feath"er-head`ed, a. Defn: Giddy; frivolous; foolish. [Colloq.] G. Eliot. FEATHER-HEELED Feath"er-heeled`, a. Defn: Light-heeled; gay; frisky; frolicsome. [Colloq.] FEATHERINESS Feath"er*i*ness, n. Defn: The state or condition of being feathery. FEATHERING Feath"er*ing, n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Foliation. 2. The act of turning the blade of the oar, as it rises from the water in rowing, from a vertical to a horizontal position. See To feather an oar, under Feather, v. t. 3. A covering of feathers. Feathering float (Naut.), the float or paddle of a feathering wheel. -- Feathering screw (Naut.), a screw propeller, of which the blades may be turned so as to move edgewise through the water when the vessel is moving under sail alone. -- Feathering wheel (Naut.), a paddle wheel whose floats turn automatically so as to dip about perpendicularly into the water and leave in it the same way, avoiding beating on the water in the descent and lifting water in the ascent. FEATHERLESS Feath"er*less, a. Defn: Destitute of feathers. FEATHERLY Feath"er*ly, a. Defn: Like feathers. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. FEATHERNESS Feath"er*ness, n. Defn: The state or condition of being feathery. FEATHER-PATED Feath"er-pat"ed, a. Defn: Feather-headed; frivolous. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott. FEATHERSTITCH Feath"er*stitch`, n. Defn: A kind of embroidery stitch producing a branching zigzag line. FEATHER-VEINED Feath"er-veined`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the veins (of a leaf) diverging from the two sides of a midrib. FEATHERY Feath"er*y, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, feathers; covered with, or as with, feathers; as, feathery spray or snow. Milton. Ye feathery people of mid air. Barry Cornwall. FEATLY Feat"ly, adv. Etym: [From Feat, a.] Defn: Neatly; dexterously; nimbly. [Archaic] Foot featly here and there. Shak. FEATNESS Feat"ness, n. Defn: Skill; adroitness. [Archaic] Johnson. FEATURE Fea"ture, n. Etym: [OE. feture form, shape, feature, OF. faiture fashion, make, fr. L. factura a making, formation, fr. facere, factum, to make. See Feat, Fact, and cf. Facture.] 1. The make, form, or outward appearance of a person; the whole turn or style of the body; esp., good appearance. What needeth it his feature to descrive Chaucer. Cheated of feature by dissembling nature. Shak. 2. The make, cast, or appearance of the human face, and especially of any single part of the face; a lineament. (pl.) The face, the countenance. It is for homely features to keep home. Milton. 3. The cast or structure of anything, or of any part of a thing, as of a landscape, a picture, a treaty, or an essay; any marked peculiarity or characteristic; as, one of the features of the landscape. And to her service bind each living creature Through secret understanding of their feature. Spenser. 4. A form; a shape. [R.] So scented the grim feature, and upturned His nostril wide into the murky air. Milton. FEATURED Fea"tured, a. 1. Shaped; fashioned. How noble, young, how rarely featured! Shak. 2. Having features; formed into features. The well-stained canvas or the featured stone. Young. FEATURELESS Fea"ture*less, a. Defn: Having no distinct or distinctive features. FEATURELY Fea"ture*ly, a. Defn: Having features; showing marked peculiarities; handsome. [R.] Featurely warriors of Christian chivalry. Coleridge. FEAZE Feaze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feazed; p. pr. & vb. n. Feazing.] Etym: [Cf. OE. faseln to ravel, fr. AS. fæs fringe; akin to G. fasen to separate fibers or threads, fasen, faser, thread, filament, OHG. faso.] Defn: To untwist; to unravel, as the end of a rope. Johnson. FEAZE Feaze, v. t. Etym: [See Feese.faze] Defn: To beat; to chastise; also, to humble; to harass; to worry. [Obs.] insworth. FEAZE Feaze, n. Defn: A state of anxious or fretful excitement; worry; vexation. [Obs.] FEAZINGS Feaz"ings, n. pl. Etym: [See Feaze, v. t.] (Naut.) Defn: The unlaid or ragged end of a rope. Ham. Nav. Encyc. FEBRICITATE Fe*bric"i*tate, v. i. Etym: [L. febricitare, fr. febris. See Febrile.] Defn: To have a fever. [Obs.] Bailey. FEBRICULOSE Fe*bric"u*lose`, a. Etym: [L. febriculosus.] Defn: Somewhat feverish. [Obs.] Johnson. FEBRIFACIENT Feb`ri*fa"cient, a. Etym: [L. febris fever + faciens, p.pr. of facere to make.] Defn: Febrific. Dunglison. -- n. Defn: That which causes fever. Beddoes. FEBRIFEROUS Fe*brif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. febris fever + -ferous.] Defn: Causing fever; as, a febriferous locality. FEBRIFIC Fe*brif"ic, a. Etym: [L. febris fever + ficare (in comp.) to make. See fy-.] Defn: Producing fever. Dunglison. FEBRIFUGAL Fe*brif"u*gal ( or ), a. Etym: [See Febrifuge.] Defn: Having the quality of mitigating or curing fever. Boyle. FEBRIFUGE Feb"ri*fuge, n. Etym: [L. febris fever + fugare to put to flight, from fugere to flee: cf. F. fébrifuge. see Febrile, Feverfew.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine serving to mitigate or remove fever. -- a. Defn: Antifebrile. FEBRILE Fe"brile, a. Etym: [F. fébrile, from L. febris fever. See Fever.] Defn: Pertaining to fever; indicating fever, or derived from it; as, febrile symptoms; febrile action. Dunglison. FEBRUARY Feb"ru*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. Februarius, orig., the month of expiation, because on the fifteenth of this month the great feast of expiation and purification was held, fr. februa, pl., the Roman festival or purification; akin to februare to purify, expiate.] Defn: The second month in the year, said to have been introduced into the Roman calendar by Numa. In common years this month contains twenty-eight days; in the bissextile, or leap year, it has twenty- nine days. FEBRUATION Feb`ru*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. februatio. See february.] Defn: Purification; a sacrifice. [Obs.] Spenser. FECAL Fe"cal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fécal. See Feces.] Defn: relating to, or containing, dregs, feces, or ordeure; fæcal. FECCHE Fec"che, v. t. Defn: To fetch. [Obs.] Chaucer. FECES Fe"ces, n. pl. Defn: dregs; sediment; excrement. See FÆces. FECIAL Fe"cial, a. Etym: [L. fetialis belonging to the fetiales, the Roman priests who sanctioned treaties and demanded satisfaction from the enemy before a formal declaration of war.] Defn: Pertaining to heralds, declarations of war, and treaties of peace; as, fecial law. Kent. FECIFORK Fe"ci*fork`, n. Etym: [Feces + fork.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The anal fork on which the larvæ of certain insects carry their fæces. FECK Feck, n. [Abbrev. fr. effect.] 1. Effect. [Obs.] 2. Efficacy; force; value. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 3. Amount; quantity. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] He had a feck o' books wi' him. R. L. Stevenson. The most feck, or The feck, the greater or larger part. "The feck o' my life." Burns. FECKLESS Feck"less, a. Etym: [Perh. a corruption of effectless.] Defn: Spiritless; weak; worthless. [Scot] FECKLESSNESS feck"less*ness n. Defn: absence of merit. [WordNet 1.5] FECKS Fecks, n. Defn: A corruption of the word faith. Shak. FECULA Fec"u*la, n.; pl. FeculÆ Etym: [L.fae burnt tartar or salt of tartar, dim. of faex, faecis, sediment, dregs: cf. F. fécule.] Defn: Any pulverulent matter obtained from plants by simply breaking down the texture, washing with water, and subsidence. Especially: (a) The nutritious part of wheat; starch or farina; -- called also amylaceous fecula. (b) The green matter of plants; chlorophyll. FECULENCE Fec"u*lence, n. Etym: [L. faeculentia dregs, filth: cf. F. féculence.] 1. The state or quality of being feculent; muddiness; foulness. 2. That which is feculent; sediment; lees; dregs. FECULENCY Fec"u*len*cy, n. Defn: Feculence. FECULENT Fec"u*lent, a. Etym: [L. faeculentus, fr. faecula: cf. F. féculent. See Fecula.] Defn: Foul with extraneous or impure substances; abounding with sediment or excrementitious matter; muddy; thick; turbid. Both his hands most filthy feculent. Spenser. FECUND Fec"und, a. Etym: [L. fecundus, from the root of fetus: cf. F. fécond. see Fetus.] Defn: Fruitful in children; prolific. Graunt. FECUNDATE Fec"un*date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fecundated; p. pr. & vb. n. Fecundating.] Etym: [L. fecundare, fr. fecundus. See Fecund.] 1. To make fruitful or prolific. W. Montagu. 2. (Biol.) Defn: To render fruitful or prolific; to impregnate; as, in flowers the pollen fecundates the ovum through the stigma. FECUNDATION Fec`un*da"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fécondation.] (Biol.) Defn: The act by which, either in animals or plants, material prepared by the generative organs the female organism is brought in contact with matter from the organs of the male, so that a new organism results; impregnation; fertilization. FECUNDIFY Fe*cun"di*fy, v. t. Etym: [Fecund + -fy.] Defn: To make fruitful; to fecundate. Johnson. FECUNDITY Fe*cun"di*ty, n. Etym: [L. fecunditas: cf. F. fécondité. See Fecund.] 1. The quality or power of producing fruit; fruitfulness; especially (Biol.), the quality in female organisms of reproducing rapidly and in great numbers. 2. The power of germinating; as in seeds. 3. The power of bringing forth in abundance; fertility; richness of invention; as, the fecundity of God's creative power. Bentley. FED Fed, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Feed. FEDARY Fed"a*ry, n. Defn: A feodary. [Obs.] Shak. FEDERAL Fed"er*al, a. Etym: [L. foedus league, treaty, compact; akin to fides faith: cf. F. fédéral. see Faith.] 1. Pertaining to a league or treaty; derived from an agreement or covenant between parties, especially between nations; constituted by a compact between parties, usually governments or their representatives. The Romans compelled them, contrary to all federal right, . . . to part with Sardinia. Grew. 2. Specifically: (a) Composed of states or districts which retain only a subordinate and limited sovereignty, as the Union of the United States, or the Sonderbund of Switzerland. (b) Consisting or pertaining to such a government; as, the Federal Constitution; a Federal officer. (c) Friendly or devoted to such a government; as, the Federal party. see Federalist. Federal Congress. See under Congress. FEDERAL Fed"er*al, n. Defn: See Federalist. FEDERALISM Fed"er*al*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fédéralisme.] Defn: the principles of Federalists or of federal union. FEDERALIST Fed"er*al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fédéraliste.] Defn: An advocate of confederation; specifically (Amer. Hist.), a friend of the Constitution of the United States at its formation and adoption; a member of the political party which favored the administration of president Washington. FEDERALIZE Fed"er*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Federalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Federalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. fédéraliser.] Defn: To unite in compact, as different States; to confederate for political purposes; to unite by or under the Federal Constitution. Barlow. FEDERARY Fed"er*a*ry, n. Etym: [See Federal.] Defn: A partner; a confederate; an accomplice. [Obs.] hak. FEDERATE Fed"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. foederatus, p.p. of foederare to establish by treaty or league, fr. foedus. See Federal.] Defn: United by compact, as sovereignties, states, or nations; joined in confederacy; leagued; confederate; as, federate nations. FEDERATION Fed`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fédération.] 1. The act of uniting in a league; confederation. 2. A league; a confederacy; a federal or confederated government. Burke. FEDERATIVE Fed"er*a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fédératif.] Defn: Uniting in a league; forming a confederacy; federal. "A federative society." Burke. FEDITY Fed"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. foeditas, fr. foedus foul, fikthy.] Defn: Turpitude; vileness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. FEE Fee, n. Etym: [OE. fe, feh, feoh, cattle, property, money, fiet, AS. feoh cattle, property, money; the senses of "property, money," arising from cattle being used in early times as a medium of exchange or payment, property chiefly consisting of cattle; akin to OS. feuh cattle, property, D. vee cattle, OHG. fihu, fehu, G. vieh, Icel. f cattle, property, money, Goth. faíhu, L. pecus cattle, pecunia property. money, Skr. pa cattle, perh. orig., "a fastened or tethered animal," from a root signifying to bind, and perh. akin to E. fang, fair, a.; cf. OF. fie, flu, feu, fleu, fief, F. fief, from German, of the same origin. the sense fief is due to the French. Feud, Fief, Fellow, Pecuniary.] 1. property; possession; tenure. "Laden with rich fee." Spenser. Once did she hold the gorgeous East in fee. Wordsworth. 2. Reward or compensation for services rendered or to be rendered; especially, payment for professional services, of optional amount, or fixed by custom or laws; charge; pay; perquisite; as, the fees of lawyers and physicians; the fees of office; clerk's fees; sheriff's fees; marriage fees, etc. To plead for love deserves more fee than hate. Shak. 3. (Feud. Law) Defn: A right to the use of a superior's land, as a stipend for services to be performed; also, the land so held; a fief. 4. (Eng. Law) Defn: An estate of inheritance supposed to be held either mediately or immediately from the sovereign, and absolutely vested in the owner. Note: All the land in England, except the crown land, is of this kind. An absolute fee, or fee simple, is land which a man holds to himself and his heirs forever, who are called tenants in fee simple. In modern writers, by fee is usually meant fee simple. A limited fee may be a qualitified or base fee, which ceases with the existence of certain conditions; or a conditional fee, or fee tail, which is limited to particular heirs. Blackstone. 5. (Amer. Law) Defn: An estate of inheritance belonging to the owner, and transmissible to his heirs, absolutely and simply, without condition attached to the tenure. Fee estate (Eng. Law), land or tenements held in fee in consideration or some acknowledgment or service rendered to the lord. -- Fee farm (Law), land held of another in fee, in consideration of an annual rent, without homage, fealty, or any other service than that mentioned in the feoffment; an estate in fee simple, subject to a perpetual rent. Blackstone. -- Fee farm rent (Eng. Law), a perpetual rent reserved upon a conveyance in fee simple. -- Fee fund (Scot. Law), certain court dues out of which the clerks and other court officers are paid. -- Fee simple (Law), an absolute fee; a fee without conditions or limits. Buy the fee simple of my life for an hour and a quarter. Shak. -- Fee tail (Law), an estate of inheritance, limited and restrained to some particular heirs. Burill. FEE Fee, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feed; p. pr. & vb. n. Feeing.] Defn: To reward for services performed, or to be performed; to recompense; to hire or keep in hire; hence, to bribe. The patient . . . fees the doctor. Dryden. There's not a one of them but in his house I keep a servant feed. Shak. FEEBLE Fee"ble, a. [Compar. Feebler; superl. Feeblest.] Etym: [OE. feble, OF. feble, flebe, floibe, floible, foible, F. faible, L. flebilis to be wept over, lamentable, wretched, fr. flere to weep. Cf. Foible.] 1. Deficient in physical strenght; weak; infirm; debilitated. Carried all the feeble of them upon asses. 2 Chron. xxviii. 15. 2. Wanting force, vigor, or efficiency in action or expression; not full, loud, bright, strong, rapid, etc.; faint; as, a feeble color; feeble motion. "A lady's feeble voice." Shak. FEEBLE Fee"ble, v. t. Defn: To make feble; to enfeeble. [Obs.] Shall that victorious hand be feebled here Shak. FEEBLE-MINDED Fee"ble-mind"ed, a. Defn: Weak in intellectual power; wanting firmness or constancy; irresolute; vacilating; imbecile. "comfort the feeble-minded." 1 Thess. v. 14. -- Fee"ble-mind"ed*ness, n. FEEBLENESS Fee"ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being feeble; debility; infirmity. That shakes for age and feebleness. Shak. FEEBLY Fee"bly, adv. Defn: In a feeble manner. The restored church . . . contended feebly, and with half a heart. Macaulay. FEED Feed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fed; p. pr. & vb. n. Feeding.] Etym: [AS. f, fr. f food; akin to C. f, OFries f, f, D. voeden, OHG. fuottan, Icel. fæ, Sw. föda, Dan. föde. Food.] 1. To give food to; to supply with nourishment; to satisfy the physical huger of. If thine enemy hunger, feed him. Rom. xii. 20. Unreasonable reatures feed their young. Shak. 2. To satisfy; grafity or minister to, as any sense, talent, taste, or desire. I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. Shak. Feeding him with the hope of liberty. Knolles. 3. To fill the wants of; to supply with that which is used or wasted; as, springs feed ponds; the hopper feeds the mill; to feed a furnace with coal. 4. To nourish, in a general sense; to foster, strengthen, develop, and guard. Thou shalt feed people Israel. 2 Sam. v. 2. Mightiest powers by deepest calms are feed. B. Cornwall. 5. To graze; to cause to be cropped by feeding, as herbage by cattle; as, if grain is too forward in autumn, feed it with sheep. Once in three years feed your mowing lands. Mortimer. 6. To give for food, especially to animals; to furnish for consumption; as, to feed out turnips to the cows; to feed water to a steam boiler. 7. (Mach.) (a) To supply (the material to be operated upon) to a machine; as, to feed paper to a printing press. (b) To produce progressive operation upon or with (as in wood and metal working machines, so that the work moves to the cutting tool, or the tool to the work). FEED Feed, v. i. 1. To take food; to eat. Her kid . . . which I afterwards killed because it would not feed. De Foe. 2. To subject by eating; to satisfy the appetite; to feed one's self (upon something); to prey; -- with on or upon. Leaving thy trunk for crows to feed upon. Shak. 3. To be nourished, strengthened, or satisfied, as if by food. "He feeds upon the cooling shade." Spenser. 4. To place cattle to feed; to pasture; to graze. If a man . . . shall put in his beast, and shall feed in anotheEx. xxii. 5. FEED Feed, n. 1. That which is eaten; esp., food for beasts; fodder; pasture; hay; grain, ground or whole; as, the best feed for sheep. 2. A grazing or pasture ground. Shak. 3. An allowance of provender given to a horse, cow, etc.; a meal; as, a feed of corn or oats. 4. A meal, or the act of eating. [R.] For such pleasure till that hour At feed or fountain never had I found. Milton. 5. The water supplied to steam boilers. 6. (Mach.) (a) The motion, or act, of carrying forward the stuff to be operated upon, as cloth to the needle in a sewing machine; or of producing progressive operation upon any material or object in a machine, as, in a turning lathe, by moving the cutting tool along or in the work. (b) The supply of material to a machine, as water to a steam boiler, coal to a furnace, or grain to a run of stones. (c) The mechanism by which the action of feeding is produced; a feed motion. Feed bag, a nose bag containing feed for a horse or mule. -- Feed cloth, an apron for leading cotton, wool, or other fiber, into a machine, as for carding, etc. -- Feed door, a door to a furnace, by which to supply coal. -- Feed head. (a) A cistern for feeding water by gravity to a steam boiler. (b) (Founding) An excess of metal above a mold, which serves to render the casting more compact by its pressure; -- also called a riser, deadhead, or simply feed or head Knight. -- Feed heater. (a) (Steam Engine) A vessel in which the feed water for the boiler is heated, usually by exhaust steam. (b) A boiler or kettle in which is heated food for stock. -- Feed motion, or Feed gear (Mach.), the train of mechanism that gives motion to the part that directly produces the feed in a machine. -- Feed pipe, a pipe for supplying the boiler of a steam engine, etc., with water. -- Feed pump, a force pump for supplying water to a steam boiler, etc. -- Feed regulator, a device for graduating the operation of a feeder. Knight. -- Feed screw, in lathes, a long screw employed to impart a regular motion to a tool rest or tool, or to the work. -- Feed water, water supplied to a steam boiler, etc. -- Feed wheel (Mach.), a kind of feeder. See Feeder, n., 8. FEEDER Feed"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, gives food or supplies nourishment; steward. A couple of friends, his chaplain and feeder. Goldsmith. 2. One who furnishes incentives; an encourager. "The feeder of my riots." Shak. 3. One who eats or feeds; specifically, an animal to be fed or fattened. With eager feeding, food doth choke the feeder. Shak. 4. One who fattens cattle for slaughter. 5. A stream that flows into another body of water; a tributary; specifically (Hydraulic Engin.), a water course which supplies a canal or reservoir by gravitation or natural flow. 6. A branch railroad, stage line, or the like; a side line which increases the business of the main line. 7. (Mining) (a) A small lateral lode falling into the main lode or mineral vein. Ure. (b) A strong discharge of gas from a fissure; a blower. Raymond. 8. (Mach.) Defn: An auxiliary part of a machine which supplies or leads along the material operated upon. 9. (Steam Engine) Defn: A device for supplying steam boilers with water as needed. FEEDING Feed"ing, n. 1. the act of eating, or of supplying with food; the process of fattening. 2. That which is eaten; food. 3. That which furnishes or affords food, especially for animals; pasture land. Feeding bottle. See under Bottle. FEE-FAW-FUM Fee`-faw`-fum", n. Defn: A nonsensical exclamation attributed to giants and ogres; hence, any expression calculated to impose upon the timid and ignorant. "Impudent fee-faw-fums." J. H. Newman. FEEJEE Fee"jee, a. & n. (Ethnol) Defn: See Fijian. FEEL Feel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felt; p. pr. & vb. n. Feeling.] Etym: [AS. f; akin to OS. gif to perceive, D. voelen to feel, OHG. fuolen, G. fühlen, Icel. falma to grope, and prob. to AS. folm paim of the hand, L. palma. Cf. Fumble, Palm.] 1. To perceive by the touch; to take cognizance of by means of the nerves of sensation distributed all over the body, especially by those of the skin; to have sensation excited by contact of (a thing) with the body or limbs. Who feel Those rods of scorpions and those whips of steel. Creecn. 2. To touch; to handle; to examine by touching; as, feel this piece of silk; hence, to make trial of; to test; often with out. Come near, . . . that I may feel thee, my son. Gen. xxvii. 21. He hath this to feel my affection to your honor. Shak. 3. To perceive by the mind; to have a sense of; to experience; to be affected by; to be sensible of, or sensetive to; as, to feel pleasure; to feel pain. Teach me to feel another's woe. Pope. Whoso keepeth the commandment shall feel no evil thing. Eccl. viii. 5. He best can paint them who shall feel them most. Pope. Mankind have felt their strength and made it felt. Byron. 4. To take internal cognizance of; to be conscious of; to have an inward persuasion of. For then, and not till then, he felt himself. Shak. 5. To perceive; to observe. [Obs.] Chaucer. To feel the helm (Naut.), to obey it. FEEL Feel, v. i. 1. To have perception by the touch, or by contact of anything with the nerves of sensation, especially those upon the surface of the body. 2. To have the sensibilities moved or affected. [She] feels with the dignity of a Roman matron. Burke. And mine as man, who feel for all mankind. Pope. 3. To be conscious of an inward impression, state of mind, persuasion, physical condition, etc.; to perceive one's self to be; - - followed by an adjective describing the state, etc.; as, to feel assured, grieved, persuaded. I then did feel full sick. Shak. 4. To know with feeling; to be conscious; hence, to know certainly or without misgiving. Garlands . . . which I feel I am not worthy yet to wear. Shak. 5. To appear to the touch; to give a perception; to produce an impression by the nerves of sensation; -- followed by an adjective describing the kind of sensation. Blind men say black feels rough, and white feels smooth. Dryden. To feel after, to search for; to seek to find; to seek as a person groping in the dark. "If haply they might feel after him, and find him." Acts xvii. 27. - To feel of, to examine by touching. FEEL Feel, n. 1. Feeling; perception. [R.] To intercept and have a more kindly feel of its genial warmth. Hazlitt. 2. A sensation communicated by touching; impression made upon one who touches or handles; as, this leather has a greasy feel. The difference between these two tumors will be distinguished by the feel. S. Sharp. FEELER Feel"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, feels. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the sense organs or certain animals (as insects), which are used in testing objects by touch and in searching for food; an antenna; a palp. Insects . . . perpetually feeling and searching before them with their feelers or antennæ. Derham. 3. Anything, as a proposal, observation, etc., put forth or thrown out in order to ascertain the views of others; something tentative. FEELING Feel"ing, a. 1. Possessing great sensibility; easily affected or moved; as, a feeling heart. 2. Expressive of great sensibility; attended by, or evincing, sensibility; as, he made a feeling representation of his wrongs. FEELING Feel"ing, n. 1. The sense by which the mind, through certain nerves of the body, perceives external objects, or certain states of the body itself; that one of the five senses which resides in the general nerves of sensation distributed over the body, especially in its surface; the sense of touch; nervous sensibility to external objects. Why was the sight To such a tender ball as the eye confined, . . . And not, as feeling, through all parts diffused Milton. 2. An act or state of perception by the sense above described; an act of apprehending any object whatever; an act or state of apprehending the state of the soul itself; consciousness. The apprehension of the good Gives but the greater feeling to the worse. Shak. 3. The capacity of the soul for emotional states; a high degree of susceptibility to emotions or states of the sensibility not dependent on the body; as, a man of feeling; a man destitute of feeling. 4. Any state or condition of emotion; the exercise of the capacity for emotion; any mental state whatever; as, a right or a wrong feeling in the heart; our angry or kindly feelings; a feeling of pride or of humility. A fellow feeling makes one wondrous kind. Garrick. Tenderness for the feelings of others. Macaulay. 5. That quality of a work of art which embodies the mental emotion of the artist, and is calculated to affect similarly the spectator. Fairholt. Syn. -- Sensation; emotion; passion; sentiment; agitation; opinion. See Emotion, Passion, Sentiment. FEELINGLY Feel"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a feeling manner; pathetically; sympathetically. FEERE Feere, n. Etym: [See Fere, n.] Defn: A consort, husband or wife; a companion; a fere. [Obs.] FEESE Feese, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. fesien to put to flight, AS. fesian, fysian, fysan, fr. fus, prompt, willing.] Defn: the short run before a leap. [Obs.] Nares. FEET Feet, n. pl. Defn: See Foot. FEET Feet, n. Etym: [See Feat, n.] Defn: Fact; performance. [Obs.] FEETLESS Feet"less, a. Defn: Destitute of feet; as, feetless birds. FEEZE Feeze, v. t. Etym: [For sense 1, cf. F. visser to screw, vis screw, or 1st E. feaze, v.t.: for sense 2, see Feese.] 1. To turn, as a screw. [Scot] Jamieson. 2. To beat; to chastise; to humble; to worry. [Obs.] [Written also feaze, feize, pheese.] Beau. & Fl. To feeze up, to work into a passion. [Obs.] FEEZE Feeze, n. Defn: Fretful excitement. [Obs.] See Feaze. FEHLING Feh"ling, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Fehling's solution, under Solution. FEHM; FEHMGERICHT Fehm, n., Fehm"ge*richt`, n. Defn: Same as Vehm, Vehmgericht. FEHMIC Feh"mic, a. Defn: See Vehmic. FEIGN Feign, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feigned; p. pr. & vb. n. Feigning.] Etym: [OE. feinen, F. feindre (p. pr. feignant), fr. L. fingere; akin to L. figura figure,and E. dough. See Dough, and cf. Figure, Faint, Effigy, Fiction.] 1. To give a mental existence to, as to something not real or actual; to imagine; to invent; hence, to pretend; to form and relate as if true. There are no such things done as thou sayest, but thou feignest them out of thine own heart. Neh. vi. 8. The poet Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods. Shak. 2. To represent by a false appearance of; to pretend; to counterfeit; as, to feign a sickness. Shak. 3. To dissemble; to conceal. [Obs.] Spenser. FEIGNED Feigned, a. Defn: Not real or genuine; pretended; counterfeit; insincere; false. "A feigned friend." Shak. Give ear unto my prayer, that goeth not out of feigned lips. Ps. xvii. 1. -- Feign"ed*ly, adv. -- Feign"ed*ness, n. Her treacherous sister Judah hath not turned unto me with her whole heart, but feignedly. Jer. iii. 10. Feigned issue (Law), an issue produced in a pretended action between two parties for the purpose of trying before a jury a question of fact which it becomes necessary to settle in the progress of a cause. Burill. Bouvier. FEIGNER Feign"er, n. Defn: One who feigns or pretends. FEIGNING Feign"ing, a. Defn: That feigns; insincere; not genuine; false. -- Feign"ing*ly, adv. FEINE Feine, v. t. & i. Defn: To feign. [Obs.] Chaucer. FEINT Feint, a. Etym: [F. feint, p.p. of feindre to feign. See Feign.] Defn: Feigned; counterfeit. [Obs.] Dressed up into any feint appearance of it. Locke. FEINT Feint, n. Etym: [F. feinte, fr. feint. See Feint, a.] 1. That which is feigned; an assumed or false appearance; a pretense; a stratagem; a fetch. Courtley's letter is but a feint to get off. Spectator. 2. A mock blow or attack on one part when another part is intended to be struck; -- said of certain movements in fencing, boxing, war, etc. FEINT Feint, v. i. Defn: To make a feint, or mock attack. FEITSUI Fei`tsui", n. (Min.) Defn: The Chinese name for a highly prized variety of pale green jade. See Jade. FEIZE Feize, v. t. Defn: See Feeze, v. t. FELANDERS Fel"an*ders, n. pl. Defn: See Filanders. FELDSPAR; FELDSPATH Feld"spar`, Feld"spath`, n. Etym: [G. feldspath; feld field + spath spar.] (Min.) Defn: A name given to a group of minerals, closely related in crystalline form, and all silicates of alumina with either potash, soda, lime, or, in one case, baryta. They occur in crystals and crystalline masses, vitreous in luster, and breaking rather easily in two directions at right angles to each other, or nearly so. The colors are usually white or nearly white, flesh-red, bluish, or greenish. Note: The group includes the monoclinic (orthoclastic) species orthoclase or common potash feldspar, and the rare hyalophane or baryta feldspar; also the triclinic species (called in general plagioclase) microcline, like orthoclase a potash feldspar; anorthite or lime feldspar; albite or soda feldspar; also intermediate between the last two species, labradorite, andesine, oligoclase, containing both lime and soda in varying amounts. The feldspars are essential constituents of nearly all crystalline rocks, as granite, gneiss, mica, slate, most kinds of basalt and trachyte, etc. The decomposition of feldspar has yielded a large part of the clay of the soil, also the mineral kaolin, an essential material in the making of fine pottery. Common feldspar is itself largely used for the same purpose. FELDSPATHIC; FELDSPATHOSE Feld*spath"ic, Feld*spath"ose, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, feldspar. FELE Fele, a. Etym: [AS. fela, feola; akin to G. viel, gr. Full, a.] Defn: Many. [Obs.] Chaucer. FELICIFY Felic"ify, v. t. Etym: [L. felix happy = -fy.] Defn: To make happy; to felicitate. [Obs.] Quarles. FELICITATE Fe*lic"i*tate, a. Etym: [L. felicitatus, p.p. of felicitare to felicitate, fr. felix, -icis, happy. See felicity.] Defn: Made very happy. [Archaic] I am alone felicitate In your dear highness' love. Shak. FELICITATE Fe*lic"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felicitated; p. pr. & vb. n. felicitating.] Etym: [Cf. F. féliciter.] 1. To make very happy; to delight. What a glorius entertainment and pleasure would fill and felicitate his spirit. I. Watts. 2. To express joy or pleasure to; to wish felicity to; to call or consider (one's self) happy; to congratulate. Every true heart must felicitate itself that its lot is cast in this kingdom. W. Howitt. Syn. -- See Congratulate. FELICITATION Fe*lic`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. félicitation.] Defn: The act of felicitating; a wishing of joy or happiness; congratulation. FELICITOUS Fe*lic"i*tous, a. Defn: Characterized by felicity; happy; prosperous; delightful; skilful; successful; happily applied or expressed; appropriate. Felicitous words and images. M. Arnold. -- Fe*lic"i*tous*ly, adv. -- Fe*lic"i*tous*ness, n. FELICITY Fe*lic"i*ty, n.; pl. Felicities. Etym: [OE. felicite, F. félicité, fr. L. felicitas, fr. felix, -icis, happy, fruitful; akin to fetus.] 1. The state of being happy; blessedness; blissfulness; enjoyment of good. Our own felicity we make or find. Johnson. Finally, after this life, to attain everlasting joy and felicity. Book of Common Prayer. 2. That which promotes happiness; a successful or gratifying event; prosperity; blessing. the felicities of her wonderful reign. Atterbury. 3. A pleasing faculty or accomplishment; as, felicity in painting portraits, or in writing or talking. "Felicity of expression." Bp. Warburton. Syn. -- Happiness; bliss; beatitude; blessedness; blissfulness. See Happiness. FELINE Fe"line, a. Etym: [L. felinus, fr. feles, felis, cat, prob. orig., the fruitful: cf. F. félin. See Fetus.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Catlike; of or pertaining to the genus Felis, or family Felidæ; as, the feline race; feline voracity. 2. Characteristic of cats; sly; stealthy; treacherous; as, a feline nature; feline manners. FELIS Fe"lis, n. Etym: [L., cat.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of carnivorous mammals, including the domestic cat, the lion, tiger, panther, and similar animals. FELL Fell, Defn: imp. of Fall. FELL Fell, a. Etym: [OE. fel, OF. fel cruel, fierce, perfidious; cf. AS. fel (only in comp.) OF. fel, as a noun also accus. felon, is fr. LL. felo, of unknown origin; cf. Arm fall evil, Ir. feal, Arm. falloni treachery, Ir. & Gael. feall to betray; or cf. OHG. fillan to flay, torment, akin to E. fell skin. Cf. Felon.] 1. Cruel; barbarous; inhuman; fierce; savage; ravenous. While we devise fell tortures for thy faults. Shak. 2. Eager; earnest; intent. [Obs.] I am so fell to my business. Pepys. FELL Fell, n. Etym: [Cf. L. fel gall, bile, or E. fell, a.] Defn: Gall; anger; melancholy. [Obs.] Untroubled of vile fear or bitter fell. Spenser. FELL Fell, n. Etym: [AS. fell; akin to D. vel, OHG. fel, G. fell, Icel. fell (in comp.), Goth fill in Þrutsfill leprosy, L. pellis skin, G. Film, Peel, Pell, n.] Defn: A skin or hide of a beast with the wool or hair on; a pelt; -- used chiefly in composition, as woolfell. We are still handling our ewes, and their fells, you know, are greasy. Shak. FELL Fell, n. Etym: [Icel. fell, fjally; akin to Sw. fjäll a ridge or chain of mountains, Dan. fjeld mountain, rock and prob. to G. fels rock, or perh. to feld field, E. field.] 1. A barren or rocky hill. T. Gray. 2. A wild field; a moor. Dryton. FELL Fell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felled; p. pr. & vb. n. Felling.] Etym: [AS. fellan, a causative verb fr. feallan to fall; akin to D. vellen, G. fällen, Icel. fella, Sw. fälla, Dan. fælde. See Fall, v. i.] Defn: To cause to fall; to prostrate; to bring down or to the ground; to cut down. Stand, or I'll fell thee down. Shak. FELL Fell, n. (Mining) Defn: The finer portions of ore which go through the meshes, when the ore is sorted by sifting. FELL Fell, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Gael. fill to fold, plait, Sw. fåll a hem.] Defn: To sew or hem; -- said of seams. FELL Fell, n. 1. (Sewing) Defn: A form of seam joining two pieces of cloth, the edges being folded together and the stitches taken through both thicknesses. 2. (Weaving) Defn: The end of a web, formed by the last thread of the weft. FELLABLE Fell"a*ble, a. Defn: Fit to be felled. FELLAH Fel"lah, n.; pl. Ar. Fellahin, E. Fellahs. Etym: [Ar.] Defn: A peasant or cultivator of the soil among the Egyptians, Syrians, etc. W. M. Thomson. FELLER Fell"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, fells, knocks or cuts down; a machine for felling trees. FELLER Fell"er, n. Defn: An appliance to a sewing machine for felling a seam. FELLFARE Fell"fare`, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. fealafor, and E. fieldfare.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The fieldfare. FELLIFLUOUS Fellif"lu`ous, a. Etym: [L. fellifluus; fel gall + fluere to flow.] Defn: Flowing with gall. [R.] Johnson. FELLINIC Fel*lin"ic, a. Etym: [L. fel, fellis, gall.] Defn: Of, relating to, or derived from, bile or gall; as, fellinic acid. FELLMONGER Fell"mon`ger, n. Defn: A dealer in fells or sheepskins, who separates the wool from the pelts. FELLNESS Fell"ness, n. Etym: [See Fell cruel.] Defn: The quality or state of being fell or cruel; fierce barbarity. Spenser. FELLOE Fel"loe, n. Defn: See Felly. FELLON Fel"lon, n. Defn: Variant of Felon. [Obs.] Those two were foes the fellonest on ground. Spenser. FELLOW Fel"low, n. Etym: [OE. felawe, felaghe, Icel. felagi, fr. felag companionship, prop., a laying together of property; fe property + lag a laying, pl. lög law, akin to liggja to lie. See Fee, and Law, Lie to be low.] 1. A companion; a comrade; an associate; a partner; a sharer. The fellows of his crime. Milton. We are fellows still, Serving alike in sorrow. Shak. That enormous engine was flanked by two fellows almost of equal magnitude. Gibbon. Note: Commonly used of men, but sometimes of women. Judges xi. 37. 2. A man without good breeding or worth; an ignoble or mean man. Worth makes the man, and want of it, the fellow. Pope. 3. An equal in power, rank, character, etc. It is impossible that ever Rome Should breed thy fellow. Shak. 4. One of a pair, or of two things used together or suited to each other; a mate; the male. When they be but heifers of one year, . . . they are let go to the fellow and breed. Holland. This was my glove; here is the fellow of it. Shak. 5. A person; an individual. She seemed to be a good sort of fellow. Dickens. 6. In the English universities, a scholar who is appointed to a foundation called a fellowship, which gives a title to certain perquisites and privileges. 7. In an American college or university, a member of the corporation which manages its business interests; also, a graduate appointed to a fellowship, who receives the income of the foundation. 8. A member of a literary or scientific society; as, a Fellow of the Royal Society. Note: Fellow is often used in compound words, or adjectively, signifying associate, companion, or sometimes equal. Usually, such compounds or phrases are self-explanatory; as, fellow-citizen, or fellow citizen; fellow-student, or fellow student; fellow-workman, or fellow workman; fellow-mortal, or fellow mortal; fellow-sufferer; bedfellow; playfellow; workfellow. Were the great duke himself here, and would lift up My head to fellow pomp amongst his nobles. Ford. FELLOW Fel"low, v. t. Defn: To suit with; to pair with; to match. [Obs.] Shak. FELLOW-COMMONER Fel"low-com"mon*er, n. Defn: A student at Cambridge University, England, who commons, or dines, at the Fellow's table. FELLOW-CREATURE Fel"low-crea"ture, n. Defn: One of the same race or kind; one made by the same Creator. Reason, by which we are raised above our fellow-creatures, the brutes. I. Watts. FELLOWFEEL Fel"low*feel", v. t. Defn: To share through sympathy; to participate in. [R.] D. Rodgers. FELLOW-FEELING Fel"low-feel"ing, n. 1. Sympathy; a like feeling. 2. Joint interest. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. FELLOWLESS Fel"low*less, a. Defn: Without fellow or equal; peerless. Whose well-built walls are rare and fellowless. Chapman. FELLOWLIKE Fel"low*like`, a. Defn: Like a companion; companionable; on equal terms; sympathetic. [Obs.] Udall. FELLOWLY Fel"low*ly, a. Defn: Fellowlike. [Obs.] Shak. FELLOWSHIP Fel"low*ship, n. Etym: [Fellow + -ship.] 1. The state or relation of being or associate. 2. Companionship of persons on equal and friendly terms; frequent and familiar intercourse. In a great town, friends are scattered, so that there is not that fellowship which is in less neighborhods. Bacon. Men are made for society and mutual fellowship. Calamy. 3. A state of being together; companionship; partnership; association; hence, confederation; joint interest. The great contention of the sea and skies Parted our fellowship. Shak. Fellowship in pain divides not smart. Milton. Fellowship in woe doth woe assuage. Shak. The goodliest fellowship of famous knights, Whereof this world holds record. Tennyson. 4. Those associated with one, as in a family, or a society; a company. The sorrow of Noah with his fellowship. Chaucer. With that a joyous fellowship issued Of minstrels. Spenser. 5. (Eng. & Amer. Universities) A foundation for the maintenance, on certain conditions, of a scholar called a fellow, who usually resides at the university. 6. (Arith.) The rule for dividing profit and loss among partners; -- called also partnership, company, and distributive proportion. FELLOWSHIP Fel"low*ship, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fellowshiped (; p. pr. & vb. n.. Fellowshiping.] Defn: (Eccl.) To acknowledge as of good standing, or in communion according to standards of faith and practice; to admit to Christian fellowship. FELLOWSHIP; GOOD FELLOWSHIP Good fel"low*ship Defn: companionableness; the spirit and disposition befitting comrades. There's neither honesty, manhood, nor good fellowship in thee. Shak. FELLY Fel"ly Defn: , adv. In a fell or cruel manner; fiercely; barbarously; savagely. Spenser. FELLY Fel"ly, n.; pl. Fellies (. Etym: [OE. feli, felwe, felow, AS. felg, felge; akin to D. velg, G. felge, OHG. felga felly (also, a harrow, but prob. a different word), Dan. felge.] Defn: The exterior wooden rim, or a segment of the rim, of a wheel, supported by the spokes. [Written also felloe.] Break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel. Shak. FELO-DE-SE Fe"lo-de-se`, n.; pl. Felos-de-se. Etym: [LL. felo, E. felon + de of, concerning + se self.] (Law) Defn: One who deliberately puts an end to his own existence, or loses his life while engaged in the commission of an unlawful or malicious act; a suicide. Burrill. FELON Fel"on, n. Etym: [OE., adj., cruel, n., villain, ruffian, traitor, whitlow, F. félon traitor, in OF. also, villain, fr. LL. felo. See Fell, a.] 1. (Law) Defn: A person who has committed a felony. 2. A person guilty or capable of heinous crime. 3. (Med.) Defn: A kind of whitlow; a painful imflammation of the periosteum of a finger, usually of the last joint. Syn. -- Criminal; convict; malefactor; culprit. FELON Fel"on, a. Defn: Characteristic of a felon; malignant; fierce; malicious; cruel; traitorous; disloyal. Vain shows of love to vail his felon hate. Pope. FELONIOUS Fe*lo"nious, a. Defn: Having the quality of felony; malignant; malicious; villainous; traitorous; perfidious; in a legal sense, done with intent to commit a crime; as, felonious homicide. O thievish Night, Why should'st thou, but for some felonious end, In thy dark lantern thus close up the stars Milton. -- Fe*lo"ni`ous*ly, adv. -- Fe*lo"ni`ous*ness, n. FELONOUS Fel"o*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. feloneus. Cf. Felonious.] Defn: Wicked; felonious. [Obs.] Spenser. FELONRY Fel"on*ry, n. Defn: A body of felons; specifically, the convict population of a penal colony. Howitt. FELONWORT Fel"on*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The bittersweet nightshade (Solanum Dulcamara). See Bittersweet. FELONY Fel"o*ny, n.; pl. Felonies. Etym: [OE. felonie cruelty, OF. felonie, F. félonie treachery, malice. See Felon, n.] 1. (Feudal Law) Defn: An act on the part of the vassal which cost him his fee by forfeiture. Burrill. 2. (O.Eng.Law) Defn: An offense which occasions a total forfeiture either lands or goods, or both, at the common law, and to which capital or other punishment may be added, according to the degree of guilt. 3. A heinous crime; especially, a crime punishable by death or imprisonment. Note: Forfeiture for crime having been generally abolished in the United States, the term felony, in American law, has lost this point of distinction; and its meaning, where not fixed by statute, is somewhat vague and undefined; generally, however, it is used to denote an offense of a high grade, punishable either capitally or by a term of imprisonment. In Massachusetts, by statute, any crime punishable by death or imprisonment in the state prison, and no other, is a felony; so in New York. the tendency now is to obliterate the distinction between felonies and misdemeanors; and this has been done partially in England, and completely in some of the States of the Union. The distinction is purely arbitrary, and its entire abolition is only a question of time. Note: There is no lawyer who would undertake to tell what a felony is, otherwise than by enumerating the various kinds of offenses which are so called. originally, the word felony had a meaning: it denoted all offenses the penalty of which included forfeiture of goods; but subsequent acts of Parliament have declared various offenses to be felonies, without enjoining that penalty, and have taken away the penalty from others, which continue, nevertheless, to be called felonies, insomuch that the acts so called have now no property whatever in common, save that of being unlawful and purnishable. J. S. Mill. FELONY; TO COMPOUND A FELONY To compound a felony Defn: . See under Compound, v. t. FELSITE Fel"site, n. Etym: [Cf. Feldspar.] (Min.) Defn: A finegrained rock, flintlike in fracture, consisting essentially of orthoclase feldspar with occasional grains of quartz. FELSITIC Fel*sit"ic, a. Defn: relating to, composed of, or containing, felsite. FELSPAR; FELSPATH Fel"spar`, Fel"spath`, n. (Min.) Defn: See Feldspar. FELSPATHIC Fel*spath"ic, a. Defn: See Feldspathic. FELSTONE Fel"stone`, n. Etym: [From G. feldstein, in analogy with E. felspar.] (Min.) Defn: See Felsite. FELT Felt, Defn: imp. & p. p. or a. from Feel. FELT Felt, n. Etym: [AS. felt; akin to D. vilt, G. filz, and possibly to Gr. pilus hair, pileus a felt cap or hat.] 1. A cloth or stuff made of matted fibers of wool, or wool and fur, fulled or wrought into a compact substance by rolling and pressure, with lees or size, without spinning or weaving. It were a delicate stratagem to shoe A troop of horse with felt. Shak . 2. A hat made of felt. Thynne. 3. A skin or hide; a fell; a pelt. [Obs.] To know whether sheep are sound or not, see that the felt be loose. Mortimer. FELT Felt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Felted; p. pr. & vb. n. Felting.] 1. To make into felt, or a feltike substance; to cause to adhere and mat together. Sir M. Hale. 2. To cover with, or as with, felt; as, to felt the cylinder of a steam emgine. FELTER Felt"er, v. t. Defn: To clot or mat together like felt. His feltered locks that on his bosom fell. Fairfax. FELT GRAIN Felt grain Defn: , the grain of timber which is transverse to the annular rings or plates; the direction of the medullary rays in oak and some other timber. Knight. FELTING Felt"ing, n. 1. The material of which felt is made; also, felted cloth; also, the process by which it is made. 2. The act of splitting timber by the felt grain. FELTRY Fel"try, n. Etym: [OF. feltre.] Defn: See Felt, n. [Obs.] FELUCCA Fe*luc"ca (, n. Etym: [It. feluca (cf. Sp. faluca, Pg. falua), fr. Ar. fulk ship, or harraqah a sort of ship.] (Naut.) Defn: A small, swift-sailing vessel, propelled by oars and lateen sails, -- once common in the Mediterranean. Note: Sometimes it is constructed so that the helm may be used at either end. FELWORT Fel"wort`, n. Etym: [Probably a corruption of fieldwort.] (Bot.) Defn: A European herb (Swertia perennis) of the Gentian family. FEMALE Fe"male, n. Etym: [OE. femel, femal, F. femelle, fr. L. femella, dim. of femina woman. See Feminine.] 1. An individual of the sex which conceives and brings forth young, or (in a wider sense) which has an ovary and produces ova. The male and female of each living thing. Drayton. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant which produces only that kind of reproductive organs which are capable of developing into fruit after impregnation or fertilization; a pistillate plant. FEMALE Fe"male, a. 1. Belonging to the sex which conceives and gives birth to young, or (in a wider sense) which produces ova; not male. As patient as the female dove When that her golden couplets are disclosed. Shak. 2. Belonging to an individual of the female sex; characteristic of woman; feminine; as, female tenderness. "Female usurpation.'b8 Milton. To the generous decision of a female mind, we owe the discovery of America. Belknap. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Having pistils and no stamens; pistillate; or, in cryptogamous plants, capable of receiving fertilization. FEMALE FERN Female fern (Bot.), Defn: a common species of fern with large decompound fronds (Asplenium Filixfæmina), growing in many countries; lady fern. Note: The names male fern and female fern were anciently given to two common ferns; but it is now understood that neither has any sexual character. Syn. -- Female, Feminine. We apply female to the sex or individual, as opposed to male; also, to the distinctive belongings of women; as, female dress, female form, female character, etc.; feminine, to things appropriate to, or affected by, women; as, feminine studies, employments, accomplishments, etc. "Female applies to sex rather than gender, and is a physiological rather than a grammatical term. Feminine applies to gender rather than sex, and is grammatical rather than physiological." Latham. FEMALE RHYMES Female rhymes (Pros.), Defn: double rhymes, or rhymes (called in French feminine rhymes because they end in e weak, or feminine) in which two syllables, an accented and an unaccented one, correspond at the end of each line. Note: A rhyme, in which the final syllables only agree (strain, complain) is called a male rhyme; one in which the two final syllables of each verse agree, the last being short (motion, ocean), is called female. Brande & C. -- Female screw, the spiral-threaded cavity into which another, or male, screw turns. Nicholson. FEMALIST Fe"mal*ist, n. Defn: A gallant. [Obs.] Courting her smoothly like a femalist. Marston. FEMALIZE Fe"mal*ize, v. t. Defn: To make, or to describe as, female or feminine. Shaftesbury. FEME Feme ( or ), n. Etym: [OF. feme, F. femme.] (Old Law) Defn: A woman. Burrill. Feme covert (Law), a married woman. See Covert, a., 3. -- Feme sole (Law), a single or unmarried woman; a woman who has never been married, or who has been divorced, or whose husband is dead. -- Feme sole trader or merchant (Eng. Law), a married woman, by the custom of London, engages in business on her own account, inpendently of her husband. FEMERAL Fem"er*al, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Femerell. FEMERELL Fem"er*ell, n. Etym: [OF. fumeraille part of a chimney. See Fume.] (Arch.) Defn: A lantern, or louver covering, placed on a roof, for ventilation or escape of smoke. FEMINAL Fem"i*nal, a. Defn: Feminine. [Obs.] West. FEMINALITY Fem`i*nal"i*ty, n. Defn: Feminity. FEMINATE Fem"i*nate, a. Etym: [L. feminatus effeminate.] Defn: Feminine. [Obs.] FEMINEITY Fem`in*e"ity, n. Etym: [L. femineus womanly.] Defn: Womanliness; femininity. C. Read FEMININE Fem"i*nine, a. Etym: [L. femininus, fr. femina woman; prob. akin to L. fetus, or to Gr. fæmme woman, maid: cf. F. féminin. See Fetus.] 1. Of or pertaining to a woman, or to women; characteristic of a woman; womanish; womanly. Her letters are remarkably deficient in feminine ease and grace. Macaulay. 2. Having the qualities of a woman; becoming or appropriate to the female sex; as, in a good sense, modest, graceful, affectionate, confiding; or, in a bad sense, weak, nerveless, timid, pleasure- loving, effeminate. Her heavenly form Angelic, but more soft and feminine. Milton. Ninus being esteemed no man of war at all, but altogether feminine, and subject to ease and delicacy. Sir W. Raleigh. FEMININE Fem"i*nine, n. 1. A woman. [Obs. or Colloq.] They guide the feminines toward the palace. Hakluyt. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Any one of those words which are the appellations of females, or which have the terminations usually found in such words; as, actress, songstress, abbess, executrix. There are but few true feminines in English. Latham. FEMININELY Fem"i*nine*ly, adv. Defn: In a feminine manner. Byron. FEMININENESS Fem"i*nine*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being feminine; womanliness; womanishness. FEMININE RHYME Feminine rhyme. (Pros.) Defn: See Female rhyme, under Female, a. Syn. -- See Female, a. FEMININITY Fem`i*nin"i*ty, n. 1. The quality or nature of the female sex; womanliness. 2. The female form. [Obs.] O serpent under femininitee. Chaucer. FEMINITY Fe*min"i*ty, n. Defn: Womanliness; femininity. [Obs.] "Trained up in true feminity." Spenser. FEMINIZATION Fem`i*ni*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of feminizing, or the state of being feminized. FEMINIZE Fem"i*nize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. féminiser.] Defn: To make womanish or effeminate. Dr. H. More. FEMINYE Fem"i*nye, n. Etym: [OF. femenie, feminie, the female sex, realm of women.] Defn: The people called Amazons. [Obs.] "[The reign of] feminye." Chaucer. FEMME Femme ( or ), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A woman. See Feme, n. Femme de chambre. Etym: [F.] A lady's maid; a chambermaid. FEMORAL Fem"o*ral, a. Etym: [L. femur, femoris, thigh: cf. F. fémoral.] Defn: Pertaining to the femur or thigh; as, the femoral artery. "Femoral habiliments." Sir W. Scott. FEMUR Fe"mur, n.; pl. Femora (. Etym: [L. thigh.] (Anat.) (a) The thigh bone. (b) The proximal segment of the hind limb containing the thigh bone; the thigh. See Coxa. FEN Fen, n. Etym: [AS. fen, fenn, marsh, mud, dirt; akin to D. veen, OFries. fenne, fene, OHG. fenna, G. fenn, Icel. fen, Goth. fani mud.] Defn: Low land overflowed, or covered wholly or partially with water, but producing sedge, coarse grasses, or other aquatic plants; boggy land; moor; marsh. 'Mid reedy fens wide spread. Wordsworth. Note: Fen is used adjectively with the sense of belonging to, or of the nature of, a fen or fens. Fen boat, a boat of light draught used in marshes. -- Fen duck (Zoöl.), a wild duck inhabiting fens; the shoveler. [Prov. Eng.] -- Fen fowl (Zoöl.), any water fowl that frequent fens. -- Fen goose (Zoöl.), the graylag goose of Europe. [Prov. Eng.] -- Fen land, swamp land. FENCE Fence, n. Etym: [Abbrev. from defence.] 1. That which fends off attack or danger; a defense; a protection; a cover; security; shield. Let us be backed with God and with the seas, Which he hath given for fence impregnable. Shak. A fence betwixt us and the victor's wrath. Addison. 2. An inclosure about a field or other space, or about any object; especially, an inclosing structure of wood, iron, or other material, intended to prevent intrusion from without or straying from within. Leaps o'er the fence with ease into the fold. Milton. Note: In England a hedge, ditch, or wall, as well as a structure of boards, palings, or rails, is called a fence. 3. (Locks) Defn: A projection on the bolt, which passes through the tumbler gates in locking and unlocking. 4. Self-defense by the use of the sword; the art and practice of fencing and sword play; hence, skill in debate and repartee. See Fencing. Enjoy your dear wit, and gay rhetoric, That hath so well been taught her dazzing fence. Milton. Of dauntless courage and consummate skill in fence. Macaulay. 5. A receiver of stolen goods, or a place where they are received. [Slang] Mayhew. FENCE Fence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fenced ( Fencing.] 1. To fend off danger from; to give security to; to protect; to guard. To fence my ear against thy sorceries. Milton. 2. To inclose with a fence or other protection; to secure by an inclosure. O thou wall! . . . dive in the earth, And fence not Athens. Shak. A sheepcote fenced about with olive trees. Shak. To fence the tables (Scot. Church), to make a solemn address to those who present themselves to commune at the Lord's supper, on the feelings appropriate to the service, in order to hinder, so far as possible, those who are unworthy from approaching the table. McCheyne. FENCE Fence, v. i. 1. To make a defense; to guard one's self of anything, as against an attack; to give protection or security, as by a fence. Vice is the more stubborn as well as the more dangerous evil, and therefore, in the first place, to be fenced against. Locke. 2. To practice the art of attack and defense with the sword or with the foil, esp. with the smallsword, using the point only. He will fence with his own shadow. Shak. 3. Hence, to fight or dispute in the manner of fencers, that is, by thrusting, guarding, parrying, etc. They fence and push, and, pushing, loudly roar; Their dewlaps and their sides are batDryden. As when a billow, blown against, Falls back, the voice with which I fenced A little ceased, but recommenced. Tennyson. FENCEFUL Fence"ful, a. Defn: Affording defense; defensive. [Obs.] Congreve. FENCELESS Fence"less, a. Defn: Without a fence; uninclosed; open; unguarded; defenseless. Milton. FENCE MONTH Fence month (Forest Law), Defn: the month in which female deer are fawning, when hunting is prohibited. Bullokar. -- Fence roof, a covering for defense. "They fitted their shields close to one another in manner of a fence roof." Holland. Fence time, the breeding time of fish or game, when they should not be killed. -- Rail fence, a fence made of rails, sometimes supported by posts. -- Ring fence, a fence which encircles a large area, or a whole estate, within one inclosure. -- Worm fence, a zigzag fence composed of rails crossing one another at their ends; -- called also snake fence, or Virginia rail fence. -- To be on the fence, to be undecided or uncommitted in respect to two opposing parties or policies. [Colloq.] FENCER Fen"cer, n. Defn: One who fences; one who teaches or practices the art of fencing with sword or foil. As blunt as the fencer's foils. Shak. FENCI-BLE Fen"ci-ble, a. Defn: Capable of being defended, or of making or affording defense. [Obs.] No fort so fencible, nor walls so strong. Spenser. FENCIBLE Fen"ci*ble, n. (Mil.) Defn: A soldier enlisted for home service only; -- usually in the pl. FENCING Fen"cing, n. 1. The art or practice of attack and defense with the sword, esp. with the s,allword. See Fence, v. i., 2. 2. Disputing or debating in a manner resembling the art of fencers. Shak. 3. The materials used for building fences. [U.S.] 4. The act of building a fence. 5. To aggregate of the fences put up for inclosure or protection; as, the fencing of a farm. FEN CRICKET Fen" crick`et. (Zoöl.) Defn: The mole cricket. [Prov. Eng.] FEND Fend, n. Defn: A fiend. [Obs.] Chaucer. FEND Fend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fended; p. pr. & vb. n. Fending.] Etym: [Abbrev. fr. defend.] Defn: To keep off; to prevent from entering or hitting; to ward off; to shut out; -- often with off; as, to fend off blows. With fern beneath to fend the bitter cold. Dryden. To fend off a boat or vessel (Naut.), to prevent its running against anything with too much violence. FEND Fend, v. i. Defn: To act on the defensive, or in opposition; to resist; to parry; to shift off. The dexterous management of terms, and being able to fend . . . with them, passes for a great part of learning. Locke. FENDER Fen"der, n. Etym: [From Fend, v. t. & i., cf. Defender.] Defn: One who or that which defends or protects by warding off harm; as: (a) A screen to prevent coals or sparks of an open fire from escaping to the floor. (b) Anything serving as a cushion to lessen the shock when a vessel comes in contact with another vessel or a wharf. (c) A screen to protect a carriage from mud thrown off the wheels: also, a splashboard. (d) Anything set up to protect an exposed angle, as of a house, from damage by carriage wheels. FENDLICHE Fend"liche, a. Defn: Fiendlike. [Obs.] Chaucer. FENERATE Fen"er*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. faeneratus, p.p. of faenerari lend on interest, fr. faenus interest.] Defn: To put money to usury; to lend on interest. [Obs.] Cockeram. FENERATION Fen`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. faeneratio.] Defn: The act of fenerating; interest. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. FENES-TELLA Fen`es-tel"la, n. Etym: [L., dim. of fenestra (Arch.) Defn: Any small windowlike opening or recess, esp. one to show the relics within an altar, or the like. FENESTRA Fe*nes"tra, n.; pl. Fenestræ. Etym: [L., a window.] (Anat.) Defn: A small opening; esp., one of the apertures, closed by membranes, between the tympanum and internal ear. FENESTRAL Fe*nes"tral, a. Etym: [L. fenestra a window.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: Pertaining to a window or to windows. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a fenestra. FENESTRAL Fe*nes"tral, n. (Arch.) Defn: A casement or window sash, closed with cloth or paper instead of glass. Weale. FENESTRATE Fe*nes"trate, a. Etym: [L. fenestratus, p.p. of fenestrare to furnish with openings and windows.] 1. Having numerous openings; irregularly reticulated; as, fenestrate membranes; fenestrate fronds. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having transparent spots, as the wings of certain butterflies. FENESTRATED Fe*nes"tra*ted, a. 1. (Arch.) Defn: Having windows; characterized by windows. 2. Same as Fenestrate. FENESTRATION Fen`es*tra"tion, n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: The arrangement and proportioning of windows; -- used by modern writers for the decorating of an architectural composition by means of the window (and door) openings, their ornaments, and proportions. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The state or condition of being fenestrated. FENESTRULE Fe*nes"trule, n. Etym: [L. fenestrula a little window, dim. of fenestra a window.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the openings in a fenestrated structure. FENG-HWANG Fêng"-hwang`, n. [Chin. feng + 'huang.] (Chinese Myth.) Defn: A pheasantlike bird of rich plumage and graceful form and movement, fabled to appear in the land on the accession of a sage to the throne, or when right principles are about to prevail. It is often represented on porcelains and other works of art. FENGITE Fen"gite, n. (Min.) Defn: A kind of marble or alabaster, sometimes used for windows on account of its transparency. FENG-SHUI Fêng"-shu`i, n. [Chin. feng wind + shiu water.] Defn: A system of spirit influences for good and evil believed by the Chinese to attend the natural features of landscape; also, a kind of geomancy dealing with these influences, used in determining sites for graves, houses, etc. FENIAN Fe"ni*an, n. Etym: [From the Finians or Fenii, the old militia of Ireland, who were so called from Fin or Finn, Fionn, or Fingal, a popular hero of Irish traditional history.] Defn: A member of a secret organization, consisting mainly of Irishment, having for its aim the overthrow of English rule in ireland. FENIAN Fe"ni*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to Fenians or to Fenianism. FENIANISM Fe"ni*an*ism, n. Defn: The principles, purposes, and methods of the Fenians. FENKS Fenks, n. Defn: The refuse whale blubber, used as a manure, and in the manufacture of Prussian blue. Ure. FENNEC Fen"nec, n. Etym: [Ar. fanek.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, African, foxlike animal (Vulpes zerda) of a pale fawn color, remarkable for the large size of its ears. FENNEL Fen"nel, n. Etym: [AS. fenol, finol, from L. feniculum, faeniculum, dim. of fenum, faenum, hay: cf. F. fenouil. Cf. Fenugreek. Finochio.] (Bot.) Defn: A perennial plant of the genus Fæniculum (F.vulgare), having very finely divided leaves. It is cultivated in gardens for the agreeable aromatic flavor of its seeds. Smell of sweetest fennel. Milton. A sprig of fennel was in fact the theological smelling bottle of the tender sex. S. G. Goodrich. Azorean, or Sweet, fennel, (Fæniculum dulce). It is a smaller and stouter plant than the common fennel, and is used as a pot herb. -- Dog's fennel (Anthemis Cotula), a foul-smelling European weed; -- called also mayweed. -- Fennel flower (Bot.), an herb (Nigella) of the Buttercup family, having leaves finely divided, like those of the fennel. N.Damascena is common in gardens. N.sativa furnishes the fennel seed, used as a condiment, etc., in India. These seeds are the "fitches" mentioned in Isaiah (xxviii. 25). -- Fennel water (Med.), the distilled water of fennel seed. It is stimulant and carminative. -- Giant fennel (Ferula communis), has stems full of pith, which, it is said, were used to carry fire, first, by Prometheus. -- Hog's fennel, a European plant (Peucedanum officinale) looking something like fennel. FENNISH Fen"nish, a. Defn: Abounding in fens; fenny. FENNY Fen"ny, a. Etym: [AS. fennig.] Defn: Pertaining to, or inhabiting, a fen; abounding in fens; swampy; boggy. "Fenny snake." Shak. FENOWED Fen"owed, a. Etym: [AS. fynig musty, fynegean to become musty or filthy: cf. fennig fenny, muddy, dirty, fr. fen fen. Cf. Finew.] Defn: Corrupted; decayed; moldy. See Vinnewed. [Obs.] Dr. Favour. FENSI-BLE Fen"si-ble, a. Defn: Fencible. [Obs.] Spenser. FEN-SUCKED Fen"-sucked`, a. Defn: Sucked out of marches. "Fen-sucked fogs." Shak. FENUGREEK Fen"u*greek ( or ), n. Etym: [L. faenum Graecum, lit., Greek hay: cf. F. fenugrec. Cf. Fennel.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant (trigonella Foenum Græcum) cultivated for its strong- smelling seeds, which are "now only used for giving false importance to horse medicine and damaged hay." J. Smith (Pop. Names of Plants, 1881). FEOD Feod, n. Defn: A feud. See 2d Feud. Blackstone. FEODAL Feod"al, a. Defn: Feudal. See Feudal. FEODALITY Feo*dal"i*ty, n. Defn: Feudal tenure; the feudal system. See Feudality. Burke. FEODARY Feod"a*ry, n. 1. An accomplice. Art thou a feodary for this act Shak. 2. (Eng. Law) Defn: An ancient officer of the court of wards. Burrill. FEODATORY Feod"a*to*ry, n. Defn: See Feudatory. FEOFF Feoff Defn: , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feoffed; p. pr. & vb. n.. Feoffing.] Etym: [OE. feffen, OF. feffer, fieffer, F. fieffer, fr. fief fief; cf. LL. feoffare, fefare. See Fief.] (Law) Defn: To invest with a fee or feud; to give or grant a corporeal hereditament to; to enfeoff. FEOFF Feoff, n. (Law) Defn: A fief. See Fief. FEOFFEE Feof*fee", n. Etym: [OF. feoffé.] (Law) Defn: The person to whom a feoffment is made; the person enfeoffed. FEOFFMENT Feoff"ment, n. Etym: [OF. feoffement, fieffement; cf. LL. feoffamentum.] (Law) (a) The grant of a feud or fee. (b) (Eng. Law) A gift or conveyance in fee of land or other corporeal hereditaments, accompanied by actual delivery of possession. Burrill. (c) The instrument or deed by which corporeal hereditaments are conveyed. [Obs. in the U.S., Rare in Eng.] FEOFOR; FEOFFER Feo"for, Feof"fer, n. Etym: [OF. feoour.] (Law) Defn: One who enfeoffs or grants a fee. FER Fer, a. & adv. Defn: Far. [Obs.] Chaucer. FERACIOUS Fe*ra"cious, a. Etym: [L. ferax, -acis, fr. ferre to bear.] Defn: Fruitful; producing abudantly. [R.] Thomson. FERACITY Fe*rac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. feracitas.] Defn: The state of being feracious or fruitful. [Obs.] Beattie. FERAE Fe"ræ, n. pl. Etym: [L., wild animals, fem. pl. of ferus wild.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of mammals which formerly included the Carnivora, Insectivora, Marsupialia, and lemurs, but is now often restricted to the Carnivora. FERAE NATURAE Fe"ræ na*tu"ræ. Etym: [L.] Defn: Of a wild nature; -- applied to animals, as foxes, wild ducks, etc., in which no one can claim property. FERAL Fe"ral, a. Etym: [L. ferus. See Fierce.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Wild; untamed; ferine; not domesticated; -- said of beasts, birds, and plants. feral child, not raised by humans FERAL Fe"ral, a. Etym: [L. feralis, belonging to the dead.] Defn: Funereal; deadly; fatal; dangerous. [R.] "Feral accidents." Burton. FERDE Ferde, obs. Defn: imp. of Fare. Chaucer. FER-DE-LANCE Fer`-de-lance", n. Etym: [F., the iron of a lance, lance head.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, venomous serpent (Trigonocephalus lanceolatus) of Brazil and the West Indies. It is allied to the rattlesnake, but has no rattle. FERDING Fer"ding, n. Etym: [See Farthing.] Defn: A measure of land mentioned in Domesday Book. It is supposed to have consisted of a few acres only. [Obs.] FERDNESS Ferd"ness, n. Etym: [OE. ferd fear. See Fear.] Defn: Fearfulness. [Obs.] Chaucer. FERE Fere, n. Etym: [OE. fere companion, AS. gefera, from feran to go, travel, faran to travel. sq. root78. See Fare.] Defn: A mate or companion; -- often used of a wife. [Obs.] [Written also fear and feere.] Chaucer. And Cambel took Cambrina to his fere. Spenser. In fere, together; in company. [Obs.] Chaucer. FERE Fere, a. Etym: [Cf. L. ferus wild.] Defn: Fierce. [Obs.] FERE Fere, n. Etym: [See Fire.] Defn: Fire. [Obs.] Chaucer. FERE Fere, n. Etym: [See Fear.] Defn: Fear. [Obs.] Chaucer. FERE Fere, v. t. & i. Defn: To fear. [Obs.] Chaucer. FERETORY Fer`e*to*ry, n. Etym: [L. feretrum bier, Gr. ferre, E. bear to support.] Defn: A portable bier or shrine, variously adorned, used for containing relics of saints. Mollett. FERFORTH Fer"forth`, adv. Defn: Far forth. [Obs.] As ferforth as, as far as. -- So ferforth, to such a degree. FERFORTHLY Fer"forth`ly, adv. Defn: Ferforth. [Obs.] Chaucer. FERGUSONITE Fer"gu*son*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a brownish black color, essentially a tantalo- niobate of yttrium, erbium, and cerium; -- so called after Robert Ferguson. FERIA Fe"ri*a, n.; pl. Feriæ (. (Eccl.) Defn: A week day, esp. a day which is neither a festival nor a fast. Shipley. FERIAL Fe"ri*al, n. Defn: Same as Feria. FERIAL Fe"ri*al, a. Etym: [LL. ferialis, fr. L. ferie holidays: cf. F. férial. See 5th Fair.] 1. Of or pertaining to holidays. [Obs.] J. Gregory. 2. Belonging to any week day, esp. to a day that is neither a festival nor a fast. FERIATION Fe`ri*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. feriari to keep holiday, fr. ferie holidays.] Defn: The act of keeping holiday; cessation from work. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. FERIE Fe"rie, n. Etym: [OF. ferie, fr. L. ferie holidays. See 5th Fair.] Defn: A holiday. [Obs.] Bullokar. FERIER Fe"ri*er, a. Defn: , compar. of Fere, fierce. [Obs.] Rhenus ferier than the cataract. Marston. FERINE Fe"rine, a. Etym: [L. ferinus, fr. ferus wild. See Fierce.] Defn: Wild; untamed; savage; as, lions, tigers, wolves, and bears are ferine beasts. Sir M. Hale. -- n. Defn: A wild beast; a beast of prey. -- Fe"rine*ly, adv. -- Fe"rine*ness, n. FERINGEE Fer*in"gee, n. Etym: [Per. Farangi, or Ar. Firanji, properly, a Frank.] Defn: The name given to Europeans by the Hindos. [Written also Feringhee.] FERITY Fer"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. feritas, from ferus wild.] Defn: Wildness; savageness; fierceness. [Obs.] Woodward. FERLY Fer"ly, a. Etym: [AS. f sudden, unexpected. See Fear, n.] Defn: Singular; wonderful; extraordinary. [Obs.] -- n. Defn: A wonder; a marvel. [Obs.] Who hearkened ever such a ferly thing. Chaucer. FERM; FERME Ferm, Ferme, n.Etym: [See Farm.] Defn: Rent for a farm; a farm; also, an abode; a place of residence; as, he let his land to ferm. [Obs.] Out of her fleshy ferme fled to the place of pain. Spenser. FERMACY Fer"ma*cy, n. Etym: [OE. See Pharmacy.] Defn: Medicine; pharmacy. [Obs.] Chaucer. FERMENT Fer"ment, n. Etym: [L. fermentum ferment (in senses 1 & 2), perh. for fervimentum, fr. fervere to be boiling hot, boil, ferment: cf. F. ferment. Cf. 1st Barm, Fervent.] 1. That which causes fermentation, as yeast, barm, or fermenting beer. Note: Ferments are of two kinds: (a) Formed or organized ferments. (b) Unorganized or structureless ferments. The latter are also called soluble or chemical ferments, and enzymes. Ferments of the first class are as a rule simple microscopic vegetable organisms, and the fermentations which they engender are due to their growth and development; as, the acetic ferment, the butyric ferment, etc. See Fermentation. Ferments of the second class, on the other hand, are chemical substances, as a rule soluble in glycerin and precipitated by alcohol. In action they are catalytic and, mainly, hydrolytic. Good examples are pepsin of the dastric juice, ptyalin of the salvia, and disease of malt. globular proteins, capable of catalyzing a wide variety of chemical reactions, not merely hydrolytic. The full set of enzymes causing production of ethyl alcohol from sugar has been identified and individually purified and studied. See enzyme 2. Intestine motion; heat; tumult; agitation. Subdue and cool the ferment of desire. Rogers. the nation is in a ferment. Walpole. in a ferment in a state of agitation, applied to human groups. 3. A gentle internal motion of the constituent parts of a fluid; fermentation. [R.] Down to the lowest lees the ferment ran. Thomson. ferment oils, volatile oils produced by the fermentation of plants, and not originally contained in them. These were the quintessences of the alchenists. Ure. FERMENT Fer*ment", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fermented; p. pr. & vb. n. Fermenting.] Etym: [L. fermentare, fermentatum: cf. F. fermenter. See Ferment, n.] Defn: To cause ferment of fermentation in; to set in motion; to excite internal emotion in; to heat. Ye vigorous swains! while youth ferments your blood. Pope. FERMENT Fer*ment", v. i. 1. To undergo fermentation; to be in motion, or to be excited into sensible internal motion, as the constituent oarticles of an animal or vegetable fluid; to work; to effervesce. 2. To be agitated or excited by violent emotions. But finding no redress, ferment an rage. Milton. The intellect of the age was a fermenting intellect. De Quincey. FERMENTABILITY Fer*ment`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability of fermentation. FERMENTABLE Fer*ment"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fermentable.] Defn: Capable of fermentation; as, cider and other vegetable liquors are fermentable. FERMENTAL Fer*ment"al, a. Defn: Fermentative. [Obs.] FERMENTATION Fer`men*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fermentation.] 1. The process of undergoing an effervescent change, as by the action of yeast; in a wider sense (Physiol. Chem.), the transformation of an organic substance into new compounds by the action of a ferment, either formed or unorganized. It differs in kind according to the nature of the ferment which causes it. 2. A state of agitation or excitement, as of the intellect or the feelings. It puts the soul to fermentation and activity. Jer. Taylor. A univesal fermentation of human thought and faith. C. Kingsley. Acetous, or Acetic, fermentation, a form of oxidation in which alcohol is converted into vinegar or acetic acid by the agency of a specific fungus or ferment (Mycoderma aceti). The process involves two distinct reactions, in which the oxygen of the air is essential. An intermediate product, aldehyde, is formed in the first process. 1. C2H6O + O = H2O + C2H4O Note: Alcohol. Water. Aldehyde. 2. C2H4O + O = C2H4O2 Note: Aldehyde. Acetic acid. -- Alcoholic fermentation, the fermentation which saccharine bodies undergo when brought in contact with the yeast plant or Torula. The sugar is converted, either directly or indirectly, into alcohol and carbonic acid, the rate of action being dependent on the rapidity with which the Torulæ develop. -- Ammoniacal fermentation, the conversion of the urea of the urine into ammonium carbonate, through the growth of the special urea ferment. CON2H4 + 2H2O = (NH4)2CO3 Note: Urea. Water. Ammonium carbonate. Note: Whenever urine is exposed to the air in open vessels for several days it undergoes this alkaline fermentation. -- Butyric fermentation, the decomposition of various forms of organic matter, through the agency of a peculiar worm-shaped vibrio, with formation of more or less butyric acid. It is one of the many forms of fermentation that collectively constitute putrefaction. See Lactic fermentation. -- Fermentation by an unorganized ferment or enzyme. Fermentations of this class are purely chemical reactions, in which the ferment acts as a simple catalytic agent. Of this nature are the decomposition or inversion of cane sugar into levulose and dextrose by boiling with dilute acids, the conversion of starch into dextrin and sugar by similar treatment, the conversion of starch into like products by the action of diastase of malt or ptyalin of saliva, the conversion of albuminous food into peptones and other like products by the action of pepsin-hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice or by the ferment of the pancreatic juice. -- Fermentation theory of disease (Biol. & Med.), the theory that most if not all, infectious or zymotic disease are caused by the introduction into the organism of the living germs of ferments, or ferments already developed (organized ferments), by which processes of fermentation are set up injurious to health. See Germ theory. -- Glycerin fermentation, the fermentation which occurs on mixing a dilute solution of glycerin with a peculiar species of schizomycetes and some carbonate of lime, and other matter favorable to the growth of the plant, the glycerin being changed into butyric acid, caproic acid, butyl, and ethyl alcohol. With another form of bacterium (Bacillus subtilis) ethyl alcohol and butyric acid are mainly formed. -- Lactic fermentation, the transformation of milk sugar or other saccharine body into lactic acid, as in the souring of milk, through the agency of a special bacterium (Bacterium lactis of Lister). In this change the milk sugar, before assuming the form of lactic acid, presumably passes through the stage of glucose. C12H22O11.H2O = 4C3H6O3 Note: Hydrated milk sugar. Lactic acid. Note: In the lactic fermentation of dextrose or glucose, the lactic acid which is formed is very prone to undergo butyric fermentation after the manner indicated in the following equation: 2C3H6O3 (lactic acid) = C4H8O2 (butyric acid) + 2CO2 (carbonic acid) + 2H2 (hydrogen gas). -- Putrefactive fermentation. See Putrefaction. FERMENTATION THEORY Fer`men*ta"tion the"o*ry. (Med.) Defn: The theory which likens the course of certain diseases (esp. infectious diseases) to the process of fermentation, and attributes them to the organized ferments in the body. It does not differ materially from the accepted germ theory (which see). FERMENTATIVE Fer*ment"a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fermentatif.] Defn: Causing, or having power to cause, fermentation; produced by fermentation; fermenting; as, a fermentative process. -- Fer*ment"a*tive*ly, adv. -- Fer*ment"a*tive*ness, n. FERMERERE Fer"mer*ere, n. Etym: [OF. enfermerier, fr. enfermerie infirmary. See Infirmary.] Defn: The officer in a religious house who had the care of the infirmary. [Obs.] FERMETURE Fer"me*ture, n. [F., fr. fermer to close.] (Mil.) Defn: The mechanism for closing the breech of a breech-loading firearm, in artillery consisting principally of the breechblock, obturator, and carrier ring. FERMILLET Fer"mil*let, n. Etym: [OF., dim. of fermeil, fermail, clasp, prob. fr. OF. & F. fermer to make fast, fr. ferme fast. See Firm.] Defn: A buckle or clasp. [Obs.] Donne. FERN Fern, adv. Defn: Long ago. [Obs.] Chaucer. FERN Fern, a. Etym: [AS. fyrn.] Defn: Ancient; old. [Obs.] "Pilgrimages to . . . ferne halwes." [saints]. Chaucer. FERN Fern, n. Etym: [AS. fearn; akin to D. varen, G. farn, farnkraut; cf. Skr. parna wing, feather, leaf, sort of plant, or Lith. papartis fern.] (Bot.) Defn: An order of cryptogamous plants, the Filices, which have their fructification on the back of the fronds or leaves. They are usually found in humid soil, sometimes grow epiphytically on trees, and in tropical climates often attain a gigantic size. Note: The plants are asexual, and bear clustered sporangia, containing minute spores, which germinate and form prothalli, on which are borne the true organs of reproduction. The brake or bracken, the maidenhair, and the polypody are all well known ferns. Christmas fern. See under Christmas. -- Climbing fern (Bot.), a delicate North American fern (Lygodium palmatum), which climbs several feet high over bushes, etc., and is much sought for purposes of decoration. -- Fern owl. (Zoöl.) (a) The European goatsucker. (b) The short- eared owl. [Prov. Eng.] -- Fern shaw, a fern thicket. [Eng.] R. Browning. FERNERY Fern"er*y, n. Defn: A place for rearing ferns. FERNTICLE Fern"ti*cle, n. Defn: A freckle on the skin, resembling the seed of fern. [Prov. Eng.] FERNY Fern"y, a. Defn: Abounding in ferns. FEROCIOUS Fe*ro"cious, a. Etym: [L. ferox, -ocis, fierce: cf. F. féroce. See Ferocity.] Defn: Fierce; savage; wild; indicating cruelty; ravenous; rapacious; as, ferocious look or features; a ferocious lion. The humbled power of a ferocious enemy. Lowth. Syn. -- Ferocious, Fierce, Savage, Barbarous. When these words are applied to human feelings or conduct, ferocious describes the disposition; fierce, the haste and violence of an act; barbarous, the coarseness and brutality by which it was marked; savage, the cruel and unfeeling spirit which it showed. A man is ferocious in his temper, fierce in his actions, barbarous in the manner of carrying out his purposes, savage in the spirit and feelings expressed in his words or deeds. -- Fe*ro"cious*ly, adv. -- Fe*ro"cious*ness, n. It [Christianity] has adapted the ferociousness of war. Blair. FEROCITY Fe*roc"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. ferocitas, fr. ferox, -ocis, fierce, kin to ferus wild: cf. F. ferocité. See Fierce.] Defn: Savage wildness or fierceness; fury; cruelty; as, ferocity of countenance. The pride and ferocity of a Highland chief. Macaulay. FEROHER Fer*o"her, n. (Archæol.) Defn: A symbol of the solar deity, found on monuments exhumed in Babylon, Nineveh, etc. FEROUS Fe"rous, a. Etym: [L. ferus. See Fierce.] Defn: Wild; savage. [R.] Arthur Wilson. -FEROUS -fer*ous. Etym: [L. -fer. fr. ferre to bear. See Bear to support.] Defn: A suffix signifying bearing, producing, yielding; as, auriferous, yielding gold; chyliferous, producing chyle. FERRANDINE Fer*ran"dine ( or ), n. Etym: [F.; cf. OF. ferrant iron-gray, from L. ferrum iron.] Defn: A stuff made of silk and wool. I did buy a colored silk ferrandine. Pepys. FERRANTI CABLES; FERRANTI MAINS Fer*ran"ti ca"bles, Fer*ran"ti mains". (Elec.) Defn: A form of conductor, designed by Ferranti, for currents of high potential, and consisting of concentric tubes of copper separated by an insulating material composed of paper saturated with black mineral wax. FERRANTI PHENOMENON Fer*ran"ti phe*nom"e*non. (Elec.) Defn: An increase in the ratio of transformation of an alternating current converter, accompanied by other changes in electrical conditions, occurring when the secondary of the converter is connected with a condenser of moderate capacity; -- so called because first observed in connection with the Ferranti cables in London. FERRARA Fer*ra"ra, n. Defn: A sword bearing the mark of one of the Ferrara family of Italy. These swords were highly esteemed in England and Scotland in the 16th and 17th centuries. FERRARESE Fer`ra*rese", a. Defn: Pertaining to Ferrara, in Italy. -- n., sing. & pl. Defn: A citizen of Ferrara; collectively, the inhabitants of Ferrara. FERRARY Fer"ra*ry, n. Etym: [L. ferraria iron works. See Ferreous.] Defn: The art of working in iron. [Obs.] Chapman. FERRATE Fer"rate, n. Etym: [L. ferrum iron.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of ferric acid. FERRE; FERRER Fer"re, Fer"rer, a. & adv. Obs. Defn: compar. of Fer. FERREOUS Fer"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. ferreus, fr. ferrum iron. Cf. Farrier, Ferrous.] Defn: Partaking of, made of, or pertaining to, iron; like iron. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. FERREST Fer"rest, a. & adv. Obs. Defn: superl. of Fer. Chaucer. FERRET Fer"ret, n. Etym: [F. furet, cf. LL. furo; prob. fr. L. fur thief (cf. Furtive); cf. Arm. fur wise, sly.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal of the Weasel family (Mustela or Putorius furo), about fourteen inches in length, of a pale yellow or white color, with red eyes. It is a native of Africa, but has been domesticated in Europe. Ferrets are used to drive rabbits and rats out of their holes. FERRET Fer"ret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ferreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ferreting.] Etym: [Cf. F. fureter. See Ferret, n.] Defn: To drive or hunt out of a lurking place, as a ferret does the cony; to search out by patient and sagacious efforts; -- often used with out; as, to ferret out a secret. Master Fer! I'll fer him, and firk him, and ferret him. Shak. FERRET Fer"ret, n. Etym: [Ital. foretto, dim. of fiore flower; or F. fleuret. Cf. Floret.] Defn: A kind of narrow tape, usually made of woolen; sometimes of cotton or silk; -- called also ferreting. FERRET Fer"ret, n. Etym: [F. feret, dim. or fer iron, L. ferrum.] (Glass Making) Defn: The iron used for trying the melted glass to see if is fit to work, and for shaping the rings at the mouths of bottles. FERRETER Fer"ret*er, n. Defn: One who ferrets. Johnson. FERRET-EYE Fer"ret-eye`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The spur-winged goose; -- so called from the red circle around the eyes. FERRETTO Fer*ret"to, n. Etym: [It. ferretto di Spagna, dim. of ferro iron, fr. L. ferrum.] Defn: Copper sulphide, used to color glass. Hebert. FERRI- Fer"ri- (. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form indicating ferric iron as an ingredient; as, ferricyanide. FERRIAGE Fer"ri*age (; 48), n. Etym: [From Ferry.] Defn: The price or fare to be paid for passage at a ferry. FERRIC Fer"ric, a. Etym: [L. ferrum iron: cf. F. ferrique. See Ferrous.] Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing iron. Specifically (Chem.), denoting those compounds in which iron has a higher valence than in the ferrous compounds; as, ferric oxide; ferric acid. Ferric acid (Chem.), an acid, H2FeO4, which is not known in the free state, but forms definite salts, analogous to the chromates and sulphates. -- Ferric oxide (Chem.), sesquioxide of iron, Fe2O3; hematite. See Hematite. FERRICYANATE Fer`ri*cy"a*nat, n. Etym: [Ferri- + cyanate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of ferricyanic acid; a ferricyanide. FERRICYANIC Fer`ri*cy*an"ic, a. Etym: [Ferri- + cyanic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, a ferricyanide. Ferricyanic acid (Chem.), a brown crystalline substance, H6(CN)12Fe2, obtained from potassium ferricyanide, and regarded as the type of the ferricyanides; -- called also hydro-ferricyanic acid, hydrogen ferricyanide, etc. FERRICYANIDE Fer`ri*cy"a*nide (; 104), n. Etym: [Ferri- + cyanide.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a complex series of double cyanides of ferric iron and some other base. Potassium ferricyanide (Chem.), red prussiate of potash; a dark, red, crystalline salt, K6(CN)12Fe2, consisting of the double cyanide of potassium and ferric iron. From it is derived the ferrous ferricyanate, Turnbull's blue. FERRIER Fer"ri*er, n. Defn: A ferryman. Calthrop. FERRIFEROUS Fer*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. ferrum iron + -ferous: cf. F. ferrifère.] Defn: Producing or yielding iron. FERRIPRUSSIATE Fer`ri*prus"si*ate ( or ; see Prussiate, 277), n. Etym: [Ferri- + prussiate.] (Chem.) Defn: A ferricyanate; a ferricyanide. [R.] FERRIPRUSSIC Fer`ri*prus"sic ( or ; see Prussik, 277), a. Etym: [Ferri- + prussic.] (Chem.) Defn: Ferricyanic. [R.] FERRIS WHEEL Fer"ris wheel. Defn: An amusement device consisting of a giant power-driven steel wheel, revolvable on its stationary axle, and carrying a number of balanced passenger cars around its rim; -- so called after G. W. G. Ferris, American engineer, who erected the first of its kind for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. FERRO- Fer"ro- (. (Chem.) Defn: A prefix, or combining form, indicating ferrous iron as an ingredient; as, ferrocyanide. FERROCALCITE Fer`ro*cal"cite, n. Etym: [Ferro- + calcite.] Defn: Limestone containing a large percentage of iron carbonate, and hence turning brown on exposure. FERRO-CONCRETE Fer"ro-con"crete, n. (Arch. & Engin.) Defn: Concrete strengthened by a core or foundation skeleton of iron or steel bars, strips, etc. Floors, columns, piles, water pipes, etc., have been successfully made of it. Called also armored concrete steel, and reënforced concrete. FERROCYANATE Fer`ro*cy"a*nate, n. Etym: [Ferro- + cyanate: cf. F. ferrocyanate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of ferrocyanic acid; a ferrocyanide. FERROCYANIC Fer`ro*cy*an"ic, a. Etym: [Ferro- + cyanic: cf. F. ferrocyanique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, a ferrocyanide. ferrocyanic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, H4(CN)6Fe, of strong acid properties, obtained from potassium ferrocyanide, and regarded as the type of the ferrocyanides; -- called also hydro- ferrocyanic acid, hydrogen ferrocyanide. etc. FERROCYANIDE Fer`ro*cy"a*nide ( or ; 104), n. Etym: [Ferro- + cyanide.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of complex double cyanides of ferrous iron and some other base. Potassium ferrocyanide (Chem.), yellow prussiate of potash; a tough, yellow, crystalline salt, K4(CN)6Fe, the starting point in the manufacture of almost all cyanogen compounds, and the basis of the ferric ferrocyanate, prussian blue. It is obtained by strongly heating together potash, scrap iron, and animal matter containing nitrogen, as horn, leather, blood, etc., in iron pots. FERROPRUSSIATE Fer`ro*prus"si*ate ( or or; see Prussiate, 277), n. ) Etym: [Ferro- + prussiate.] (Chem.) Defn: A ferrocyanate; a ferocyanide. [R.] FERROPRUSSIC Fer`ro*prus"sic ( or ; see Prussic, 277), a. Etym: [Ferro- + prussic.] (Chem.) Defn: Ferrocyanic. FERROSO- Fer*ro"so- (. (Chem.) Defn: See Ferro-. FERROTYPE Fer"ro*type, n. Etym: [L. ferrum iron + -type.] Defn: A photographic picture taken on an iron plate by a collodion process; -- familiarly called tintype. FERROUS Fer"rous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ferreux. See Ferreous.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, iron; -- especially used of compounds of iron in which the iron has its lower valence; as, ferrous sulphate. FERRUGINATED Fer*ru"gi*na`ted, a. Etym: [See Ferrugo.] Defn: Having the color or properties of the rust of iron. FERRUGINEOUS Fer`ru*gin"e*ous, a. Defn: Ferruginous. [R.] FERRUGINOUS Fer*ru"gi*nous, a. Etym: [L. ferruginus, ferrugineus, fr. ferrugo, - ginis, iron rust: cf. F. ferrugineux. See Ferrugo.] 1. Partaking of iron; containing particles of iron. Boyle. 2. Resembling iron rust in appearance or color; brownish red, or yellowish red. FERRUGO Fer*ru"go, n. Etym: [L., iron rust, fr. ferrum iron.] Defn: A disease of plants caused by fungi, commonly called the rust, from its resemblance to iron rust in color. FERRULE Fer"rule ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [Formerly verrel, F. virole, fr. L. viriola little bracelet, dim. of viriae, pl., bracelets; prob. akin to viere to twist, weave, and E. withe. The spelling with f is due to confusion with L. ferrum iron.] 1. A ring or cap of metal put round a cane, tool, handle, or other similar object, to strengthen it, or prevent splitting and wearing. 2. (Steam Boilers) Defn: A bushing for expanding the end of a flue to fasten it tightly in the tube plate, or for partly filling up its mouth. FERRUMINATE Fer*ru"mi*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. ferruminatus, p.p. of ferruminare to cement, solder, fr. ferrumen cement, fr. ferrum iron.] Defn: To solder or unite, as metals. [R.] Coleridge. FERRUMINATION Fer*ru`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. ferruminatio: cf. F. ferrumination.] Defn: The soldering ir uniting of me [R.] Coleridge. FERRY Fer"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ferried; p. pr. & vb. n. Ferrying.] Etym: [OE. ferien to convey, AS. ferian, from faran to go; akin to Icel. ferja to ferry, Goth. farjan to sail. See Fare.] Defn: To carry or transport over a river, strait, or other narrow water, in a boat. FERRY Fer"ry, v. i. Defn: To pass over water in a boat or by a ferry. They ferry over this Lethean sound Both to and fro. Milton. FERRY Fer"ry, n.; pl. Ferries. Etym: [OE. feri; akin to Icel. ferja, Sw. färja, Dan. færge, G. fähre. See Ferry, v. t.] 1. A place where persons or things are carried across a river, arm of the sea, etc., in a ferryboat. It can pass the ferry backward into light. Milton. To row me o'er the ferry. Campbell. 2. A vessel in which passengers and goods are conveyed over narrow waters; a ferryboat; a wherry. 3. A franchise or right to maintain a vessel for carrying passengers and freight across a river, bay, etc., charging tolls. Ferry bridge, a ferryboat adapted in its structure for the transfer of railroad trains across a river or bay. -- Ferry railway. See under Railway. FERRYBOAT Fer"ry*boat`, n. Defn: A vessel for conveying passengers, merchandise, etc., across streams and other narrow waters. FERRYMAN Fer"ry*man, n.; pl. Ferrymen (. Defn: One who maintains or attends a ferry. FERS Fers, a. Defn: Fierce. [Obs.] Chaucer. FERTHE Ferthe, a. Defn: Fourth. [Obs.] Chaucer. FERTILE Fer"tile ( or ; 277), a. Etym: [L. fertilis, fr. ferr to bear, produce: cf. F. fertile. See Bear to support.] 1. Producing fruit or vegetation in abundance; fruitful; able to produce abundantly; prolific; fecund; productive; rich; inventive; as, fertile land or fields; a fertile mind or imagination. Though he in a fertile climate dwell. Shak. 2. (Bot.) (a) Capable of producing fruit; fruit-bearing; as, fertile flowers. (b) Containing pollen; -- said of anthers. 3. produced in abundance; plenteous; ample. Henceforth, my early care . . . Shall tend thee, and the fertile burden ease Of thy full branches. Milton. Syn. -- Fertile, Fruitful. Fertile implies the inherent power of production; fruitful, the act. The prairies of the West are fertile by nature, and are turned by cultivation into fruitful fields. The same distinction prevails when these words are used figuratively. A man of fertile genius has by nature great readiness of invention; one whose mind is fruitful has resources of thought and a readiness of application which enable him to think and act effectively. FERTILELY Fer"tile*ly ( or ; 277), adv. Defn: In a fertile or fruitful manner. FERTILENESS fer"tile*ness, n. Defn: Fertility. Sir P. Sidney. FERTILITATE Fer*til"i*tate, v. t. Defn: To fertilize; to fecundate. Sir T. Browne. FERTILITY Fer*til"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. fertilitas: cf. F. fertilité.] Defn: The state or quality of being fertile or fruitful; fruitfulness; productiveness; fecundity; richness; abundance of resources; fertile invention; quickness; readiness; as, the fertility of soil, or of imagination. "fertility of resource." E. Everett. And all her husbandry doth lie on heaps Corrupting in its own fertility. Shak. Thy very weeds are beautiful; thy waste More rich than other climes' fertility. Byron. FERTILIZATION Fer`ti*li*za"tion, n. 1. The act or process of rendering fertile. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The act of fecundating or impregnating animal or vegetable germs; esp., the process by which in flowers the pollen renders the ovule fertile, or an analogous process in flowerless plants; fecundation; impregnation. Close fertilization (Bot.), the fertilization of pistils by pollen derived from the stamens of the same blossom. -- Cross fertilization, fertilization by pollen from some other blossom. See under Cross, a. FERTILIZE Fer"ti*lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fertilized; p. pr. & vb. n. Fertilizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. fertiliser.] 1. To make fertile or enrich; to supply with nourishment for plants; to make fruitful or productive; as, to fertilize land, soil, ground, and meadows. And fertilize the field that each pretends to gain. Byron. 2. To fecundate; as, to fertilize flower. A. R. Wallace. FERTILIZER Fer"ti*lizer, n. 1. One who fertilizes; the agent that carries the fertilizing principle, as a moth to an orchid. A. R. Wallace. 2. That which renders fertile; a general name for commercial manures, as guano, phosphate of lime, etc. FERULA Fer"u*la, n. Etym: [L. ferula giant fennel (its stalks were used in punishing schoolboys), rod, whip, fr. ferire to strike; akin to OHG. berjan, Icel. berja. Cf. Ferule.] 1. A ferule. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. The imperial scepter in the Byzantine or Eastern Empire. FERULACEOUS Fer`u*la"ceous, a. Etym: [L. ferulaceus, fr. ferula rod: cf. F. férulacé.] Defn: Pertaining to reeds and canes; having a stalk like a reed; as, ferulaceous plants. FERULAR Fer"u*lar, n. Defn: A ferule. [Obs.] Milton. FERULE Fer"ule ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [L. ferula: cf. F. férule. See Ferula.] Defn: A flat piece of wood, used for striking, children, esp. on the hand, in punishment. FERULE Fer"ule, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feruled; p. pr. & vb. n. Feruling.] Defn: To punish with a ferule. FERULIC Fe*ru"lic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, asafetida (Ferula asafoetida); as, ferulic acid. [Written also ferulaic.] FERVENCE Fer"vence, n. Defn: Heat; fervency. [Obs.] FERVENCY Fer"ven*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. fervence. See Fervent.] Defn: The state of being fervent or warm; ardor; warmth of feeling or devotion; eagerness. When you pray, let it be with attention, with fervency, and with perseverance. Wake. FERVENT Fer"vent, a. Etym: [F. fervent, L. fervens, -entis. p.pr. of fervere o the boiling hot, to boil, glow.] 1. Hot; glowing; boiling; burning; as, a fervent summer. The elements shall melt with fervent heat. 2 Pet. iii. 10. 2. Warm in feeling; ardent in temperament; earnest; full of fervor; zealous; glowing. Not slothful in business; fervent in spirit. Rom. iii. 11. So spake the fervent angel. Milton. A fervent desire to promote the happiness of mankind. Macaulay. -- Fer"vent*ly, adv. -- Fer"vent*ness, n. Laboring fervently for you in prayers. Col. iv. 12. FERVESCENT Fer*ves"cent, a. Etym: [L. fervescens, p.pr. of fervescere to become boiling hot, incho., fr. fervere. See Fervent.] Defn: Growing hot. FERVID Fer"vid, a. Etym: [L. fervidus, fr. fervere. See Fervent.] 1. Very hot; burning; boiling. The mounted sun Shot down direct his fervid rays. Milton. 2. Ardent; vehement; zealous. The fervid wishes, holy fires. Parnell. -- Fer"vid*ly, adv. -- Fer"vid*ness, n. FERVOR Fer"vor, n. [Written also fervour.] Etym: [OF. fervor, fervour, F. ferveur, L. fervor, fr. fervere. See Fervent.] 1. Heat; excessive warmth. The fevor of ensuing day. Waller. 2. Intensity of feeling or expression; glowing ardor; passion; holy zeal; earnestness. Hooker. Winged with fervor of her love. Shak. Syn. -- Fervor, Ardor. Fervor is a boiling heat, and ardor is a burning heat. Hence, in metaphor, we commonly use fervor and its derivatives when we conceive of thoughts or emotions under the image of ebullition, or as pouring themselves forth. Thus we speak of the fervor of passion, fervid declamation, fervid importunity, fervent supplication, fervent desires, etc. Ardent is used when we think of anything as springing from a deepseated glow of soul; as, ardent friendship, ardent zeal, ardent devotedness; burning with ardor for the fight. FESCENNINE Fes"cen*nine, a. Etym: [L. Fescenninus, fr. Fescennia, a city of Etruria.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the Fescennines. -- n. Defn: A style of low, scurrilous, obscene poetry originating in fescennia. FESCUE Fes"cue, n. Etym: [OE. festu, OF. festu, F. fétu, fr. L. festuca stalk, straw.] 1. A straw, wire, stick, etc., used chiefly to point out letters to children when learning to read. "Pedantic fescue.' Sterne. To come under the fescue of an imprimatur. Milton. 2. An instrument for playing on the harp; a plectrum. [Obs.] Chapman. 3. The style of a dial. [Obs.] 4. (Bot.) Defn: A grass of the genus Festuca. Fescue grass (Bot.), a genus of grasses (Festuca) containing several species of importance in agriculture. Festuca ovina is sheep's fescue; F. elatior is meadow fescue. FESCUE Fes"cue, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Fescued; p. pr. & vb. n. Fescuing.] Defn: To use a fescue, or teach with a fescue. Milton. FESELS Fes"els, n. pl. Etym: [Written also fasels.] Defn: See Phasel. [Obs.] May (Georgics). FESS; FESSE Fess, Fesse, n. Etym: [OF. fesse, faisse, F. fasce, fr. L. fascia band. See Fascia.] (Her.) Defn: A band drawn horizontally across the center of an escutcheon, and containing in breadth the third part of it; one of the nine honorable ordinaries. Fess point (Her.), the exact center of the escutcheon. See Escutcheon. FESSITUDE Fes"si*tude, n. Etym: [L. fessus wearied, fatigued.] Defn: Weariness. [Obs.] Bailey. FESSWISE Fess"wise, adv. Defn: In the manner of fess. FEST Fest, n. Etym: [See Fist.] Defn: The fist. [Obs.] Chaucer. FEST; FESTE Fest, Fes"te, n. Defn: A feast. [Obs.] Chaucer. FESTAL Fes"tal, a. Etym: [L. festum holiday, feast. See feast.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a holiday or a feast; joyous; festive. You bless with choicer wine the festal day. Francis. FESTALLY Fes"tal*ly, adv. Defn: Joyously; festively; mirthfully. FESTENNINE Fes"ten*nine, n. Defn: A fescennine. FESTER Fes"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Festered; p. pr. & vb. n. Festering.] Etym: [OE. festern, fr. fester, n.; or fr. OF. festrir, fr. festre, n. See Fester, n.] 1. To generate pus; to become imflamed and suppurate; as, a sore or a wound festers. Wounds immedicable Rankle, and fester, and gangrene. Milton. Unkindness may give a wound that shall bleed and smart, but it is treachery that makes it fester. South. Hatred . . . festered in the hearts of the children of the soil. Macaulay. 2. To be inflamed; to grow virulent, or malignant; to grow in intensity; to rankle. FESTER Fes`ter, v. t. Defn: To cause to fester or rankle. For which I burnt in inward, swelt'ring hate, And fstered ranking malice in my breast. Marston. FESTER Fes"ter, n. Etym: [OF. festre, L. fistula a sort of ulcer. Cf. Fistula.] 1. A small sore which becomes inflamed and discharge corrupt matter; a pustule. 2. A festering or rankling. The fester of the chain their necks. I. Taylor. FESTERMENT Fes"ter*ment, n. Defn: A festering. [R.] Chalmers. FESTEYE Fest"eye, v. t. Etym: [OF. festier, festeer, F. festoyer.] Defn: To feast; to entertain. [Obs.] Chaucer. FESTINATE Fes"ti*nate, a. Etym: [L. festinatus, p.p. of festinare to hasten.] Defn: Hasty; hurried. [Obs.] -- Fes"ti*nate*ly, adv. [Obs.] Shak. FESTINATION Fes`ti*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. festinatio.] Defn: Haste; hurry. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. FESTIVAL Fes"ti*val, a. Etym: [OF. festival, fr. L. festivum festive jollity, fr. festivus festive, gay. See Festive.] Defn: Pertaining to a fest; festive; festal; appropriate to a festival; joyous; mirthful. I cannot woo in festival terms. Shak. FESTI-VAL Fes"ti-val, n. Defn: A time of feasting or celebration; an anniversary day of joy, civil or religious. The morning trumpets festival proclaimed. Milton. Syn. -- Feast; banquet; carousal. See Feast. FESTIVE Fes"tive, a. Etym: [L. festivus, fr. festum holiday, feast. See feast, and cf. Festivous.] Defn: Pertaining to, or becoming, a feast; festal; joyous; gay; mirthful; sportive. -- Fes"tive*ly, adv. The glad circle round them yield their souls To festive mirth and wit that knows no gall. Thomson. FESTIVITY Fes*tiv"i*ty, n.; pl. Festivities. Etym: [L. festivitas: cf. F. festivité.] 1. The condition of being festive; social joy or exhilaration of spirits at an entertaintment; joyfulness; gayety. The unrestrained festivity of the rustic youth. Bp. Hurd. 2. A festival; a festive celebration. Sir T. Browne. FESTIVOUS Fes"ti*vous, a. Etym: [See Festive.] Defn: Pertaining to a feast; festive. [R.] Sir W. Scott. FESTLICH Fest"lich, a. Etym: [See Feast, n.] Defn: Festive; fond of festive occasions. [Obs.] "A festlich man." Chaucer. FESTOON Fes*toon", n. Etym: [F. feston (cf. Sp. feston, It. festone), prob. fr. L. festum festival. See Feast.] 1. A garland or wreath hanging in a depending curve, used in decoration for festivals, etc.; anything arranged in this way. 2. (Arch. & Sculp.) Defn: A carved ornament consisting of flowers, and leaves, intermixed or twisted together, wound with a ribbon, and hanging or depending in a natural curve. See Illust. of Bucranium. FESTOON Fes*toon", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Festooned; p. pr. & vb. n. Festooning.] Defn: To form in festoons, or to adorn with festoons. FESTOONY Fes*toon"y, a. Defn: Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, festoons. Sir J. Herschel. FESTUCINE Fes*tu*cine ( or ), a. Etym: [L. festula stalk, straw. Cf. Fescue.] Defn: Of a straw color; greenish yellow. [Obs.] A little insect of a festucine or pale green. Sir T. Browne. FESTUCOUS Fes"tu*cous, a. Defn: Formed or consisting of straw. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. FESTUE Fes"tue, n. Etym: [See Fescue.] Defn: A straw; a fescue. [Obs.] Holland. FET Fet, n. Etym: [Cf. feat, F. fait, and It. fett slice, G. fetzen rag, Icel. fat garment.] Defn: A piece. [Obs.] Dryton. FET Fet, v. t. Etym: [OE. fetten, feten, AS. fetian; akin to AS. fæt a journey, and to E. foot; cf. G. fassen to seize. sq. root 77. See Foot, and cf. Fetch.] Defn: To fetch. [Obs.] And from the other fifty soon the prisoner fet. Spenser. FET Fet, p. p. of Fette. Defn: Fetched. [Obs.] Chaucer. FETAL Fe"tal, a. Etym: [From Fetus.] Defn: Pertaining to, or connected with, a fetus; as, fetal circulation; fetal membranes. FETATION Fe*ta"tion, n. Defn: The formation of a fetus in the womb; pregnancy. FETCH Fetch (; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fetched 2; p. pr. & vb. n.. Fetching.] Etym: [OE. fecchen, AS. feccan, perh. the same word as fetian; or cf. facian to wish to get, OFries. faka to prepare. sq. root 77. Cf. Fet, v. t.] 1. To bear toward the person speaking, or the person or thing from whose point of view the action is contemplated; to go and bring; to get. Time will run back and fetch the age of gold. Milton. He called to her, and said, Fetch me, I pray thee, a little water in a vessel, that I may drink. And as she was going to fetch it he called to her, and said, Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bred in thine hand. 1 Kings xvii. 11, 12. 2. To obtain as price or equivalent; to sell for. Our native horses were held in small esteem, and fetched low prices. Macaulay. 3. To recall from a swoon; to revive; -- sometimes with to; as, to fetch a man to. Fetching men again when they swoon. Bacon. 4. To reduce; to throw. The sudden trip in wrestling that fetches a man to the ground. South. 5. To bring to accomplishment; to achieve; to make; to perform, with certain objects; as, to fetch a compass; to fetch a leap; to fetch a sigh. I'll fetch a turn about the garden. Shak. He fetches his blow quick and sure. South. 6. To bring or get within reach by going; to reach; to arrive at; to attain; to reach by sailing. Meantine flew our ships, and straight we fetched The siren's isle. Chapman. 7. To cause to come; to bring to a particular state. They could n't fetch the butter in the churn. W. Barnes. To fetch a compass (Naut.), to make a sircuit; to take a circuitious route going to a place. -- To fetch a pump, to make it draw water by pouring water into the top and working the handle. -- To fetch headway or sternway (Naut.), to move ahead or astern. -- To fetch out, to develop. "The skill of the polisher fetches out the colors [of marble]" Addison. -- To fetch up. (a) To overtake. [Obs.] "Says [the hare], I can fetch up the tortoise when I please." L'Estrange. (b) To stop suddenly. FETCH fetch, v. i. Defn: To bring one's self; to make headway; to veer; as, to fetch about; to fetch to windward. Totten. To fetch away (Naut.), to break loose; to roll slide to leeward. -- To fetch and carry, to serve obsequiously, like a trained spaniel. FETCH Fetch, n. 1. A stratagem by which a thing is indirectly brought to pass, or by which one thing seems intended and another is done; a trick; an artifice. Every little fetch of wit and criticism. South. 2. The apparation of a living person; a wraith. The very fetch and ghost of Mrs. Gamp. Dickens. Fetch candle, a light seen at night, superstitiously believed to portend a person's death. FETCHER Fetch"er, n. Defn: One wo fetches or brings. FETE Fete, n. Etym: [See feat.] Defn: A feat. [Obs.] Chaucer. FETE Fete, n. pl. Etym: [See Foot.] Defn: Feet. [Obs.] Chaucer. FETE Fête, n. Etym: [F. See Feast.] Defn: A festival. Fête champêtre ( Etym: [F.], a festival or entertainment in the open air; a rural festival. FETE Fête, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fêted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fêting.] Etym: [Cf. F. fêter.] Defn: To feast; to honor with a festival. FETICH; FETISH Fe"tich, Fe"tish, n.Etym: [F. fétiche, from Pg. feiti, adj., n., sorcery, charm, fr. L. facticius made by art, artifical, factitious. See Factitious.] 1. A material object supposed among certain African tribes to represent in such a way, or to be so connected with, a supernatural being, that the possession of it gives to the possessor power to control that being. 2. Any object to which one is excessively devoted. FETICHISM; FETISHISM fe"tich*ism, Fe"tish*ism ( or ); 277), n.Etym: [Cf. F. fétichisme.] [Written also feticism.] 1. The doctrine or practice of belief in fetiches. 2. Excessive devotion to one object or one idea; abject superstition; blind adoration. The real and absolute worship of fire falls into two great divisions, the first belonging rather to fetichism, the second to polytheism proper. Tylor. FETICHIST; FETISHIST Fe"tich*ist, Fe"tish*ist, n. Defn: A believer in fetiches. He was by nature a fetichist. H. Holbeach. FETICHISTIC; FETISHISTIC Fe`tich*is"tic, Fe`tish*is"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or involving, fetichism. A man of the fifteenth century, inheriting its strange web of belief and unbelief, of epicurean levity and fetichistic dread. G. Eliot. FETICIDE Fe"ti*cide ( or ), n. [Written also foeticide.] Etym: [Fetus + L. caedere to kill.] (Med. & Law) Defn: The act of killing the fetus in the womb; the offense of procuring an abortion. FETICISM Fe"ti*cism, n. Defn: See Fetichism. FETID Fet"id ( or ; 277), a. Etym: [L. fetidus, foetidus, fr. fetere, foetere, to have an ill smell, to stink: cf. F. fétide.] Defn: Having an offensive smell; stinking. Most putrefactions . . . smell either fetid or moldy. Bacon. FETIDITY Fet*id"i*ty ( or ), n. Defn: Fetidness. FETIDNESS Fet"id*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being fetid. FETIFEROUS Fe*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Fetus + -ferous.] Defn: Producing young, as animals. FETIS Fe"tis, a. Etym: [OF. fetis, faitis. Cf. Factitious.] Defn: Neat; pretty; well made; graceful. [Obs.] Full fetis was her cloak, as I was ware. Chaucer. FETISELY Fe"tise*ly, adv. Defn: Neatly; gracefully; properly. [Obs.] Chaucer. FETISH; FETISHISM; FETISHIST; FETISHISTIC Fe"tish, n., Fe"tish*ism, n., Fe"tishist, n., Fe`tish*is"tic (, a. Defn: See Fetich, n., Fetichism, n., Fetichistic, a. FETLOCK Fet"lock, n. Etym: [OE. fetlak, fitlock, cf. Icel. fet pace, step, fit webbed foot of water birds, akin to E. foot. sq. root 77. See Foot.] Defn: The cushionlike projection, bearing a tuft of long hair, on the back side of the leg above the hoof of the horse and similar animals. Also, the joint of the limb at this point (between the great pastern bone and the metacarpus), or the tuft of hair. Their wounded steeds Fret fetlock deep in gore. Shak. FETOR Fe"tor, n. Etym: [L. fetor, foetor. See Fetid.] Defn: A strong, offensive smell; stench; fetidness. Arbuthnot. FETTE Fet"te ( or ), v.t. [imp. Fette, p.p. Fet.] Etym: [See Fet, v. t.] Defn: To fetch. [Obs.] Chaucer. FETTER Fet"ter, n. Etym: [AS. fetor, feter; akin to OS. feter, pl., OD. veter, OHG. fezzera, Icel. fjöturr, L. pedi, Gr. foot. sq. root 77. See Foot.] [Chiefly used in the plural, fetters.] 1. A chain or shackle for the feet; a chain by which an animal is confined by the foot, either made fast or disabled from free and rapid motion; a bond; a shackle. [They] bound him with fetters of brass. Judg. xvi. 21. 2. Anything that confines or restrains; a restraint. Passion's too fierce to be in fetters bound. Dryden. FETTER Fet"ter, v. t. Etym: [imp. & p.p. Fettered (n. Fettering.] Defn: 1. To put fetters upon; to shakle or confine the feet of with a chain; to bind. My heels are fettered, but my fist is free. Milton. 2. To reastrain from motion; to impose restrains on; to confine; to enchain; as, fettered by obligations. My conscience! thou art fettered More than my shanks and wrists. Shak. FETTERED Fet"tered, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Seeming as if fettered, as the feet pf certain animals which bend backward, and appear unfit for walking. FETTERER Fet"ter*er, n. Defn: One who fetters. Landor. FETTERLESS Fet"ter*less, a. Defn: Free from fetters. Marston. FETTLE Fet"tle, v. t. Etym: [OE. & Prov. E., to fettle (in sense 1), fettle, n., order, repair, preparation, dress; prob. akin to E. fit. See Fit, a.] Defn: 1. To repair; to prepare; to put in order. [Prov. Eng.] Carlyle. 2. (Metal.) Defn: To cover or line with a mixture of ore, cinders, etc., as the hearth of a puddling furnace. FETTLE Fet"tle, v. i. Defn: To make preparations; to put things in order; to do trifling business. [Prov. Eng.] Bp. Hall. FETTLE Fet"tle, n. Defn: The act of fettling. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. In fine fettle, in good spirits. FETTLING Fet"tling, n. 1. (Metal.) Defn: A mixture of ore, cinders, etc., used to line the hearth of a puddling furnace. [Eng.] [It is commonly called fix in the United States.] 2. (Pottery) Defn: The operation of shaving or smoothing the surface of undried clay ware. FETUOUS Fet"u*ous, a. Defn: Neat; feat. [Obs.] Herrick. FETUS Fe"tus, n.; pl. Fetuses. Etym: [L. fetus, foetus, a bringing forth, brood, offspring, young ones, cf. fetus fruitful, fructified, that is or was filled with young; akin to E. fawn a deer, fecundity, felicity, feminine, female, and prob. to do, or according to others, to be.] Defn: The young or embryo of an animal in the womb, or in the egg; often restricted to the later stages in the development of viviparous and oviparous animals, embryo being applied to the earlier stages. [Written also foetus.] FETWAH Fet"wah, n. Etym: [Ar.] Defn: A written decision of a Turkish mufti on some point of law. Whitworth. FEU Feu, n. Etym: [See 2d Feud, and Fee.] (Scots Law) Defn: A free and gratuitous right to lands made to one for service to be performed by him; a tenure where the vassal, in place of military services, makes a return in grain or in money. Burrill. FEUAR Feu"ar, n. Etym: [From Feu.] (Scots Law) Defn: One who holds a feu. Sir W. Scott. FEUD Feud, n. Etym: [OE. feide, AS. f, fr. fah hostile; akin to OHG. f, G. fehde, Sw. fejd, D. feide; prob. akin to E. fiend. See Foe.] 1. A combination of kindred to avenge injuries or affronts, done or offered to any of their blood, on the offender and all his race. 2. A contention or quarrel; especially, an inveterate strife between families, clans, or parties; deadly hatred; contention satisfied only by bloodshed. Mutual feuds and battles betwixt their several tribes and kindreds. Purchas. Syn. -- Affray; fray; broil; contest; dispute; strife. FEUD Feud, n. Etym: [LL. feudum, feodum prob. of same origin as E. fief. See Fief, Fee.] (Law) Defn: A stipendiary estate in land, held of superior, by service; the right which a vassal or tenant had to the lands or other immovable thing of his lord, to use the same and take the profists thereof hereditarily, rendering to his superior such duties and services as belong to military tenure, etc., the property of the soil always remaining in the lord or superior; a fief; a fee. FEUDAL Feu"dal, a. Etym: [F. féodal, or LL. feudalis.] 1. Of or pertaining to feuds, fiefs, or feels; as, feudal rights or services; feudal tenures. 2. Consisting of, or founded upon, feuds or fiefs; embracing tenures by military services; as, the feudal system. FEUDALISM Feu"dal*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. féodalisme.] Defn: The feudal system; a system by which the holding of estates in land is made dependent upon an obligation to render military service to the kind or feudal superior; feudal principles and usages. FEUDALIST Feu"dal*ist, n. Defn: An upholder of feudalism. FEUDALITY Feu*dal"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. féodalité.] Defn: The state or quality of being feudal; feudal form or constitution. Burke. FEUDALIZATION Feu*dal*i*za/tion, n. Defn: The act of reducing to feudal tenure. FEUDALIZE Feu"dal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Feudalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Feudalizing.] Defn: To reduce toa feudal tenure; to conform to feudalism. FEUDALLY Feu"dal*ly, adv. Defn: In a feudal manner. FEUDARY Feu"da*ry, a. Etym: [LL. feudarius, fr. feudum. See 2d Feud.] Defn: Held by, or pertaining to, feudal tenure. FEUDARY Feu"da*ry, n. 1. A tenant who holds his lands by feudal service; a feudatory. Foxe. 2. A feodary. See Feodary. FEUDATARY Feu"da*ta*ry, a. & n. Etym: [LL. feudatarius: cf. F. feudataire.] Defn: See Feudatory. FEUDATORY Feu"da*to*ry, n.; pl. Feudatories (. Defn: A tenant or vassal who held his lands of a superior on condition of feudal service; the tenant of a feud or fief. The grantee . . . was styled the feudatory or vassal. Blackstone. [He] had for feudatories great princes. J. H. Newman. FEUDATORY Feu"da*to*ry, a. Defn: Held from another on some conditional tenure; as, a feudatory title. Bacon. FEU DE JOIE Feu` de joie". Etym: [F., lit., fire of joy.] Defn: A fire kindled in a public place in token of joy; a bonfire; a firing of guns in token of joy. FEUDIST Feud"ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. feudiste.] Defn: A writer on feuds; a person versed in feudal law. Spelman. FEUILLANTS Feu`illants", n. pl. Defn: A reformed branch of the Bernardines, founded in 1577 at Feuillans, near Toulouse, in France. FEUILLEMORT Feuille"mort`, a. Etym: [F. feuille morte a dead leaf.] Defn: Having the color of a faded leaf. Locke. FEUILLETON Feu`ille*ton" ( or ), n. Etym: [F., from feulle leaf.] Defn: A part of a French newspaper (usually the bottom of the page), devoted to light literature, criticism, etc.; also, the article or tale itself, thus printed. FEUILLTONIST Feuill"ton*ist, n. Etym: [F. feuilletoniste.] Defn: A writer of feuilletons. F. Harrison. FEUTER feu"ter (, v. t. Etym: [OE. feutre rest for a lance, OF. feutre, fautre, feltre, felt, cushion, rest for a lance, fr. LL. filtrum, feltrum; of German origin, and akin to E. felt. See Felt, and cf. Filter.] Defn: To set close; to fix in rest, as a spear. Spenser. FEUTERER Feu"ter*er, n. Etym: [Either fr. G. fütterer feeder, or corrupted fr. OF. vautrier, vaultrier; fr. vaultre, viautre, a kind of hound, fr. L. vertragus, vertraga, a greyhound. The last is of Celtic origin.] Defn: A dog keeper. [Obs.] Massinger. FEVER Fe"ver, n. Etym: [OE. fever, fefer, AS. fefer, fefor, L. febris: cf. F. fièvre. Cf. Febrile.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A diseased state of the system, marked by increased heat, acceleration of the pulse, and a general derangement of the functions, including usually, thirst and loss of appetite. Many diseases, of which fever is the most prominent symptom, are denominated fevers; as, typhoid fever; yellow fever. Note: Remitting fevers subside or abate at intervals; intermitting fevers intermit or entirely cease at intervals; continued or continual fevers neither remit nor intermit. 2. Excessive excitement of the passions in consequence of strong emotion; a condition of great excitement; as, this quarrel has set my blood in a fever. An envious fever Of pale and bloodless emulation. Shak. After life's fitful fever he sleeps well. Shak. Brain fever, Continued fever, etc. See under Brain, Continued, etc. -- Fever and ague, a form of fever recurring in paroxysms which are preceded by chills. It is of malarial origin. -- Fever blister (Med.), a blister or vesicle often found about the mouth in febrile states; a variety of herpes. -- Fever bush (Bot.), the wild allspice or spice bush. See Spicewood. -- Fever powder. Same as Jame's powder. -- Fever root (Bot.), an American herb of the genus Triosteum (T. perfoliatum); -- called also feverwort amd horse gentian. -- Fever sore, a carious ulcer or necrosis. Miner. FEVER Fe"ver, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fevered; p. pr. & vb. n. Fevering.] Defn: To put into a fever; to affect with fever; as, a fevered lip. [R.] The white hand of a lady fever thee. Shak. FEVERET Fe"ver*et, n. Defn: A slight fever. [Obs.] Ayliffe. FEVERFEW Fe"ver*few, n. Etym: [AS. feferfuge, fr. L. febrifugia. See fever, Fugitive, and cf. Febrifuge.] (Bot.) Defn: A perennial plant (Pyrethrum, or Chrysanthemum, Parthenium) allied to camomile, having finely divided leaves and white blossoms; -- so named from its supposed febrifugal qualities. FEVERISH Fe"ver*ish, a. 1. Having a fever; suffering from, or affected with, a moderate degree of fever; showing increased heat and thirst; as, the patient is feverish. 2. Indicating, or pertaining to, fever; characteristic of a fever; as, feverish symptoms. 3. Hot; sultry. "The feverish north." Dryden. 4. Disordered as by fever; excited; restless; as, the feverish condition of the commercial world. Strive to keep up a frail and feverish bing. Milton. -- Fe"ver*ish*ly, adv. -- Fe"ver*ish*ness, n. FEVEROUS Fe"ver*ous, a. Etym: [Cf.F. fiévreux.] 1. Affected with fever or ague; feverish. His heart, love's feverous citadel. Keats. 2. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, fever; as, a feverous pulse. All maladies . . . all feverous kinds. Milton. 3. Having the tendency to produce fever; as, a feverous disposition of the year. [R.] Bacon. FEVEROUSLY Fe"ver*ous*ly, adv. Defn: Feverishly. [Obs.] Donne. FEVERWORT Fe"ver*wort`, n. Defn: See Fever root, under Fever. FEVERY Fe"ver*y, a. Defn: Feverish. [Obs.] B. Jonson. FEW Few, a. [Compar. Fewer; superl. Fewest.] Etym: [OE. fewe, feawe, AS. feá, pl. feáwe; akin to OS. fah, OHG. f*, Icel. far, Sw. få, pl., Dan. faa, pl., Goth. faus, L. paucus, cf. Gr. Paucity.] Defn: Not many; small, limited, or confined in number; -- indicating a small portion of units or individuals constituing a whole; often, by ellipsis of a noun, a few people. "Are not my days few" Job x. 20. Few know and fewer care. Proverb. Note: Few is often used partitively; as, few of them. A few, a small number. -- In few, in a few words; briefly. Shak. - No few, not few; more than a few; many. Cowper. - The few, the minority; -- opposed to the many or the majority. FEWEL Fe"wel, n. Etym: [See Fuel.] Defn: Fuel. [Obs.] Hooker. FEWMET Few"met, n. Defn: See Fumet. [Obs.] B. Jonson. FEWNESS Few"ness, n. 1. The state of being few; smallness of number; paucity. Shak. 2. Brevity; conciseness. [Obs.] Shak. FEY Fey, a. Etym: [AS. f, Icel. feigr, OHG. feigi.] Defn: Fated; doomed. [Old Eng. & Scot.] FEY Fey, n. Etym: [See Fay faith.] Defn: Faith. [Obs.] Chaucer. FEY Fey, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Feague.] Defn: To cleanse; to clean out. [Obs.] Tusser. FEYNE Feyne, v. t. Defn: To feign. [Obs.] Chaucer. FEYRE Feyre, n. Defn: A fair or market. [Obs.] Chaucer. FEZ Fez, n. Etym: [F., fr. the town of Fez in Morocco.] Defn: A felt or cloth cap, usually red and having a tassel, -- a variety of the tarboosh. See Tarboosh. B. Taylor. FIACRE Fia"cre, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A kind of French hackney coach. FIANCE Fi"ance, v. t. Etym: [F. fiancer. See Affiance.] Defn: To betroth; to affiance. [Obs.] Harmar. FIANCE Fi`an`cé", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A betrothed man. FIANCEE Fi`an`cée", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A betrothed woman. FIANTS Fi"ants, n. Etym: [F. fiente dung.] Defn: The dung of the fox, wolf, boar, or badger. FIAR Fi"ar ( or ), n. Etym: [See Feuar.] 1. (Scots Law) Defn: One in whom the property of an estate is vested, subject to the estate of a life renter. I am fiar of the lands; she a life renter. Sir W. Scott. 2. pl. Defn: The price of grain, as legally fixed, in the counties of Scotland, for the current year. FIASCO Fi*as"co, n.; pl. Fiascoes. Etym: [It.] Defn: A complete or ridiculous failure, esp. of a musical performance, or of any pretentious undertaking. FIAT Fi"at, n. Etym: [L., let it be done, 3d pers. sing., subj. pres., fr. fieri, used as pass. of facere to make. Cf. Be.] 1. An authoritative command or order to do something; an effectual decree. His fiat laid the corner stone. Willis. 2. (Eng. Law) (a) A warrant of a judge for certain processes. (b) An authority for certain proceedings given by the Lord Chancellor's signature. Fiat money, irredeemable paper currency, not resting on a specie basis, but deriving its purchasing power from the declaratory fiat of the government issuing it. FIAUNT Fi*aunt", n. Defn: Commission; fiat; order; decree. [Obs.] Spenser. FIB Fib, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. fable; cf. Prov. E. fibble-fabble nonsense.] Defn: A falsehood; a lie; -- used euphemistically. They are very serious; they don't tell fibs. H. James. FIB Fib, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fibbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Fibbing.] Defn: To speak falsely. [Colloq.] FIB Fib, v. t. Defn: To tell a fib to. [R.] De Quincey. FIBBER Fib"ber, n. Defn: One who tells fibs. FIBER; FIBRE Fi"ber, Fi"bre, (, n. Etym: [F. fibre, L. fibra.] 1. One of the delicate, threadlike portions of which the tissues of plants and animals are in part constituted; as, the fiber of flax or of muscle. 2. Any fine, slender thread, or threadlike substance; as, a fiber of spun glass; especially, one of the slender rootlets of a plant. 3. Sinew; strength; toughness; as, a man of real fiber. Yet had no fibers in him, nor no force. Chapman. 4. A general name for the raw material, such as cotton, flax, hemp, etc., used in textile manufactures. Fiber gun, a kind of steam gun for converting, wood, straw, etc., into fiber. The material is shut up in the gun with steam, air, or gas at a very high pressure which is afterward relieved suddenly by letting a lid at the muzzle fly open, when the rapid expansion separates the fibers. -- Fiber plants (Bot.), plants capable of yielding fiber useful in the arts, as hemp, flax, ramie, agave, etc. FIBERED; FIBRED Fi"bered, Fi"bred, a. Defn: Having fibers; made up of fibers. FIBER-FACED; FIBRE-FACED Fi"ber-faced`, Fi"bre-faced`, a. Defn: Having a visible fiber embodied in the surface of; -- applied esp. to a kind of paper for checks, drafts, etc. FIBERLESS; FIBRELESS Fi"ber*less, Fi"bre*less, a. Defn: Having no fibers; destitute of fibers or fiber. FIBRIFORM Fi"bri*form ( or ), a. Etym: [L. fibra a fiber + -form.] (Biol.) Defn: Having the form of a fiber or fibers; resembling a fiber. FIBRIL Fi"bril, n. Etym: [F. fibrille, dim. of fibre, L. fibra.] Defn: A small fiber; the branch of a fiber; a very slender thread; a fibrilla. Cheyne. FIBRILLA Fi*bril"la, n.; pl. FibrillÆ. Etym: [NL. See Fibril.] Defn: A minute thread of fiber, as one of the fibrous elements of a muscular fiber; a fibril. FIBRILLAR Fi"bril*lar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to fibrils or fibers; as, fibrillar twitchings. FIBRILLARY Fi"bril*la*ry ( or ), a. Defn: Of of pertaining to fibrils. FIBRILLATED Fi"bril*la`ted ( or ), a. Defn: Furnished with fibrils; fringed. FIBRILLATION Fi`bril*la"tion, n. Defn: The state of being reduced to fibers. Carpenter. FIBRILLOSE Fi*bril"lose ( or ), a. Defn: Covered with hairlike appendages, as the under surface of some lichens; also, composed of little strings or fibers; as, fibrillose appendages. FIBRILLOUS Fi*bril"lous ( or ), a. Etym: [Cf. F. fibraleux.] Defn: Pertaining to, or composed of, fibers. FIBRIN Fi"brin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fibrine. See Fiber.] (Physiol. Chem.) 1. A white, albuminous, fibrous substance, formed in the coagulation of the blood either by decomposition of fibrinogen, or from the union of fibrinogen and paraglobulin which exist separately in the blood. It is insoluble in water, but is readily digestible in gastric and pancreatic juice. 2. The white, albuminous mass remaining after washing lean beef or other meat with water until all coloring matter is removed; the fibrous portion of the muscle tissue; flesh fibrin. 3. An albuminous body, resembling animal fibrin in composition, found in cereal grains and similar seeds; vegetable fibrin. Fibrin factors (Physiol.), the albuminous bodies, paraglobulin and fibrinigen in the blood, which, by the action of the fibrin ferment, are changed into fibrin, in coagulation. -- Fibrin ferment (Physiol. Chem.), a ferment which makes its appearance in the blood shortly after it is shed, and is supposed to be the active agent in causing coagulation of the blood, with formation of fibrin. FIBRINATION Fi`bri*na"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: The state of acquiring or having an excess of fibrin. FIBRINE Fi"brine, a. Defn: Belonging to the fibers of plants. FIBRINOGEN Fi*brin"o*gen, n. Etym: [Fibrin + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An albuminous substance existing in the blood, and in other animal fluids, which either alone or with fibrinoplastin or paraglobulin forms fibrin, and thus causes coagulation. FIBRINOGENOUS Fi`bri*nog"e*nous, a. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Possessed of properties similar to fibrinogen; capable of forming fibrin. FIBRINOPLASTIC Fi`bri*no*plas"tic, a. (Physiol.Chem.) Defn: Like fibrinoplastin; capable of forming fibrin when brought in contact with fibrinogen. FIBRINOPLASTIN Fi`bri*no*plas"tin, n. Etym: [Fibrin + Gr. (Physiol.Chem.) Defn: An albuminous substance, existing in the blood, which in combination with fibrinogen forms fibrin; -- called also paraglobulin. FIBRINOUS Fi"bri*nous ( or ; 277), a. Defn: Having, or partaking of the properties of, fibrin; as, fibrious exudation. FIBROCARTILAGE Fi`bro*car"ti*lage, n. Etym: [L. fibra a fiber + E. cartilage.] (Anat.) Defn: A kind of cartilage with a fibrous matrix and approaching fibrous connective tissue in structure. -- Fi`bro*car`ti*lag"i*nous, a. FIBROCHONDROSTEAL Fi`bro*chon*dros"te*al, a. Etym: [L. fibra a fiber + gr. (Anat.) Defn: Partly fibrous, partly cartilaginous, and partly osseous. St. George Mivart. FIBROID Fi"broid, a. Etym: [L. fibra a fiber + -oid.] (Med.) Defn: Resembling or forming fibrous tissue; made up of fibers; as, fibroid tumors. -- n. Defn: A fibroid tumor; a fibroma. Fibroid degeneration, a form of degeneration in which organs or tissues are converted into fibroid tissue. -- Fibroid phthists, a form of pulmonary consumption associated with the formation of fibrous tissue in the lungs, and the gradual atrophy of the lungs, from the pressure due to the contraction of this tissue. FIBROIN Fi"bro*in ( or ), n. Etym: [L. fibra a fiber.] (Chem.) Defn: A variety of gelatin; the chief ingredient of raw silk, extracted as a white amorphous mass. FIBROLITE Fi"bro*lite ( or ), n. Etym: [L. fibra a fiber + -lite: cf. F. fibrolithe.] (Min.) Defn: A silicate of alumina, of fibrous or columnar structure. It is like andalusite in composition; -- called also sillimanite, and bucholizite. FIBROMA Fi*bro"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Fiber, and -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A tumor consisting mainly of fibrous tissue, or of same modification of such tissue. FIBROSPONGIAE Fi`bro*spon"gi*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. fibra a fiber + spongia a sponge.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of sponges having a fibrous skeleton, including the commercial sponges. FIBROUS Fi"brous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fibreux.] Defn: Containing, or consisting of, fibers; as, the fibrous coat of the cocoanut; the fibrous roots of grasses. -- Fi"brous*ness, n. FIBROVASCULAR Fi`bro*vas"cu*lar, a. Etym: [L. fibra a fiber + E. vascular.] (Bot.) Defn: Containing woody fiber and ducts, as the stems of all flowering plants and ferns; -- opposed to cellular. FIBSTER Fib"ster, n. Defn: One who tells fibs. [Jocular] FIBULA Fib"u*la, n.; pl. FibulÆ. Etym: [L., clasp, buckle.] 1. A brooch, clasp, or buckle. Mere fibulæ, without a robe to clasp. Wordsworth. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The outer and usually the smaller of the two bones of the leg, or hind limb, below the knee. 3. (Surg.) Defn: A needle for sewing up wounds. FIBU-LAR Fib"u-lar, a. Defn: Pertaining to the fibula. FIBULARE Fib`u*la"re, n.; pl. Fibularia. Etym: [NL. See Fibula.] (Anat.) Defn: The bone or cartilage of the tarsus, which articulates with the fibula, and corresponds to the calcaneum in man and most mammals. FICE Fice, n. Defn: A small dog; -- written also fise, fyce, fiste, etc. [Southern U.S.] FICHE Fi*ché, a. (Her.) Defn: See FitchÉ. FICHTELITE Fich"tel*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A white crystallized mineral resin from the Fichtelgebirge, Bavaria. FICHU Fich"u, n. Etym: [F., neckerchief.] Defn: A light cape, usually of lace, worn by women, to cover the neck and throat, and extending to the shoulders. FICKLE Fic"kle, a. Etym: [OE. fikel untrustworthy, deceitful, AS. ficol, fr. fic, gefic, fraud, deceit; cf. facen deceit, OS. f, OHG. feichan, Icel. feikn portent. Cf. Fidget.] Defn: Not fixed or firm; liable to change; unstable; of a changeable mind; not firm in opinion or purpose; inconstant; capricious; as, Fortune's fickle wheel. Shak. They know how fickle common lovers are. Dryden. Syn. -- Wavering; irresolute; unsettled; vacillating; unstable; inconsonant; unsteady; variable; mutable; changeful; capricious; veering; shifting. FICKLENESS Fic"kle*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being fickle; instability; inconsonancy. Shak. FICKLY Fic"kly, adv. Defn: In a fickle manner. [Obs.] Pepys. FICO Fi"co, n.; pl. Ficoes. Etym: [It., a fig, fr. L.ficus. See Fig.] Defn: A fig; an insignificant trifle, no more than the snap of one's thumb; a sign of contempt made by the fingers, expressing. A fig for you. Steal! foh, a fico for the phrase. Shak. FICTILE Fic"tile, a. Etym: [L. fictilis. See Fiction.] Defn: Molded, or capable of being molded, into form by art; relating to pottery or to molding in any soft material. Fictile earth is more fragile than crude earth. Bacon. The earliest specimens of Italian fictile art. C. Wordsworth. Fictile ware, ware made of any material which is molded or shaped while soft; hence, pottery of any sort. -- Fic"tile*ness, n. -- Fic*til"i*ty, n. FICTION Fic"tion, n. Etym: [F. fiction, L. fictio, fr. fingere, fictum to form, shape, invent, feign. See Feign.] 1. The act of feigning, inventing, or imagining; as, by a mere fiction of the mind. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. That which is feigned, invented, or imagined; especially, a feigned or invented story, whether oral or written. Hence: A story told in order to deceive; a fabrication; -- opposed to fact, or reality. The fiction of those golden apples kept by a dragon. Sir W. Raleigh. When it could no longer be denied that her flight had been voluntary, numerous fictions were invented to account for it. Macaulay. 3. Fictitious literature; comprehensively, all works of imagination; specifically, novels and romances. The office of fiction as a vehicle of instruction and moral elevation has been recognized by most if not all great educators. Dict. of Education. 4. (Law) Defn: An assumption of a possible thing as a fact, irrespective of the question of its truth. Wharton. 5. Any like assumption made for convenience, as for passing more rapidly over what is not disputed, and arriving at points really at issue. Syn. -- Fabrication; invention; fable; falsehood. -- Fiction, Fabrication. Fiction is opposed to what is real; fabrication to what is true. Fiction is designed commonly to amuse, and sometimes to instruct; a fabrication is always intended to mislead and deceive. In the novels of Sir Walter Scott we have fiction of the highest order. The poems of Ossian, so called, were chiefly fabrications by Macpherson. FICTIONAL Fic"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, fiction; fictitious; romantic."Fictional rather than historical." Latham. FICTIONIST Fic"tion*ist, n. Defn: A writer of fiction. [R.] Lamb. FICTIOUS Fic"tious, a. Defn: Fictitious. [R.] Prior. FICTITIOUS Fic*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. fictitius. See Fiction.] Defn: Feigned; imaginary; not real; fabulous; counterfeit; false; not genuine; as, fictitious fame. The human persons are as fictitious as the airy ones. Pope. -- Fic*ti"tious*ly, adv. -- Fic*ti"tious*ness, n. FICTIVE Fic"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fictif.] Defn: Feigned; counterfeit. "The fount of fictive tears." Tennyson. FICTOR Fic"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: An artist who models or forms statues and reliefs in any plastic material. [R.] Elmes. FICUS Fi"cus, n. Etym: [L., a fig.] Defn: A genus of trees or shrubs, one species of which (F. Carica) produces the figs of commerce; the fig tree. Note: Ficus Indica is the banyan tree; F. religiosa, the peepul tree; F. elastica, the India-rubber tree. FID Fid, n. Etym: [Prov. E. fid a small, thick lump.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A square bar of wood or iron, used to support the topmast, being passed through a hole or mortise at its heel, and resting on the trestle trees. 2. A wooden or metal bar or pin, used to support or steady anything. 3. A pin of hard wood, tapering to a point, used to open the strands of a rope in splicing. Note: There are hand fids and standing fids (which are larger than the others, and stand upon a flat base). An iron implement for this purpose is called a marline spike. 4. (Mil.) Defn: A block of wood used in mounting and dismounting heavy guns. FIDALGO Fi*dal"go, n. Etym: [Pg. See Hidalgo.] Defn: The lowest title of nobility in Portugal, corresponding to that of Hidalgo in Spain. FIDDLE Fid"dle, n. Etym: [OE. fidele, fithele, AS. fi; akin to D. vedel, OHG. fidula, G. fiedel, Icel. fi, and perh. to E. viol. Cf. Viol.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A stringed instrument of music played with a bow; a violin; a kit. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of dock (Rumex pulcher) with fiddle-shaped leaves; -- called also fiddle dock. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A rack or frame of bars connected by strings, to keep table furniture in place on the cabin table in bad weather. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Fiddle beetle (Zoöl.), a Japanese carabid beetle (Damaster blaptoides); -- so called from the form of the body. -- Fiddle block (Naut.), a long tackle block having two sheaves of different diameters in the same plane, instead of side by side as in a common double block. Knight. -- Fiddle bow, fiddlestick. -- Fiddle fish (Zoöl.), the angel fish. -- Fiddle head, an ornament on a ship's bow, curved like the volute or scroll at the head of a violin. -- Fiddle pattern, a form of the handles of spoons, forks, etc., somewhat like a violin. -- Scotch fiddle, the itch. (Low) -- To play first, or second, fiddle, to take a leading or a subordinate part. [Colloq.] FIDDLE Fid"dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fiddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Fiddling.] 1. To play on a fiddle. Themistocles . . . said he could not fiddle, but he could make a small town a great city. Bacon. 2. To keep the hands and fingers actively moving as a fiddler does; to move the hands and fingers restlessy or in busy idleness; to trifle. Talking, and fiddling with their hats and feathers. Pepys. FIDDLE Fid"dle, v. t. Defn: To play (a tune) on a fiddle. FIDDLEDEEDEE Fid"dle*dee*dee`, interj. Defn: An exclamatory word or phrase, equivalent to nonsense! [Colloq.] FIDDLE-FADDLE Fid"dle-fad`dle, n. Defn: A trifle; trifling talk; nonsense. [Colloq.] Spectator. FIDDLE-FADDLE Fid"dle-fad`dle, v. i. Defn: To talk nonsense. [Colloq.] Ford. FIDDLER Fid"dler, n. Etym: [AS. fi.] 1. One who plays on a fiddle or violin. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A burrowing crab of the genus Gelasimus, of many species. The male has one claw very much enlarged, and often holds it in a position similar to that in which a musician holds a fiddle, hence the name; -- called also calling crab, soldier crab, and fighting crab. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common European sandpiper (Tringoides hypoleucus); -- so called because it continually oscillates its body. Fiddler crab. (Zoöl.) See Fiddler, n., 2. FIDDLE-SHAPED Fid"dle-shaped`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Inversely ovate, with a deep hollow on each side. Gray. FIDDLESTICK Fid"dle*stick`, n. Defn: The bow, strung with horsehair, used in playing the fiddle; a fiddle bow. FIDDLESTRING Fid"dle*string`, n. Defn: One of the catgut strings of a fiddle. FIDDLEWOOD Fid"dle*wood`, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. F. bois-fidèle, lit., faithful wood; -- so called from its durability.] Defn: The wood of several West Indian trees, mostly of the genus Citharexylum. FIDEJUSSION Fi`de*jus"sion, n. Etym: [L. fidejussio, from fidejubere to be surety or bail; fides faith + jubere to order: cf. F. fidéjussion.] (Civil Law) Defn: The act or state of being bound as surety for another; suretyship. FIDEJUSSOR Fi`de*jus"sor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. fidéjusseur.] (Civil Law) Defn: A surety; one bound for another, conjointly with him; a guarantor. Blackstone. FIDELITY Fi*del"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. fidelitas: cf. F. fidélité. See Fealty.] Defn: Faithfulness; adherence to right; careful and exact observance of duty, or discharge of obligations. Especially: (a) Adherence to a person or party to which one is bound; loyalty. Whose courageous fidelity was proof to all danger. Macaulay. The best security for the fidelity of men is to make interest coincide with duty. A. Hamilton. (b) Adherence to the marriage contract. (c) Adherence to truth; veracity; honesty. The principal thing required in a witness is fidelity. Hooker. Syn. -- Faithfulness; honesty; integrity; faith; loyalty; fealty. FIDES Fi"des, n. Etym: [L., faith.] (Roman Muth.) Defn: Faith personified as a goddess; the goddess of faith. FIDGE Fidge, n. & i. Defn: See Fidget. [R.] Swift. FIDGET Fidg"et, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fidgeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fodgeting.] Etym: [From Fidge; cf. OE. fiken to fidget, to flatter, Icel. fika to hasten, Sw. fika to hunt after, AS. befician to deceive. Cf. Fickle.] Defn: To move uneasily one way and the other; to move irregularly, or by fits and starts. Moore. FIDGET Fidg"et, n. 1. Uneasiness; restlessness. Cowper. 2. pl. Defn: A general nervous restlessness, manifested by incessant changes of position; dysphoria. Dunglison. FIDGETINESS Fidg"et*i*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being fidgety. FIDGETY Fidg"et*y, a. Defn: Restless; uneasy. Lowell. FIDIA Fid"i*a, n. Etym: [NL., prob. fr. L. fidus trusty.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small beetles, of which one species (the grapevine Fidia, F. longipes) is very injurious to vines in America. FIDICINAL Fi*dic"i*nal, a. Etym: [L. fidicinus, fr. fidicen, -inis, a lute player.] (Mus.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a stringed instrument. FIDUCIAL Fi*du"cial, a. Etym: [L. fiducia trust, confidence; akin to fides faith. See Faith.] 1. Having faith or trust; confident; undoubting; firm. "Fiducial reliance on the promises of God." Hammond. 2. Having the nature of a trust; fiduciary; as, fiducial power. Spelman. Fiducial edge (Astron. & Surv.), the straight edge of the alidade or ruler along which a straight line is to be drawn. -- Fiducial line or point (Math. & Physics.), a line or point of reference, as for setting a graduated circle or scale used for measurments. FIDUCIALLY Fi*du"cial*ly, adv. Defn: With confidence. South. FIDUCIARY Fi*du"ci*a*ry ( or ), a. Etym: [L. fiduciarus, fr. fiducia: cf. F. fiduciaire. See Fiducial.] 1. Involving confidence or trust; confident; undoubting; faithful; firm; as, in a fiduciary capacity. "Fiduciary obedience." Howell. 2. Holding, held, or founded, in trust. Spelman. FIDUCIARY Fi*du"ci*a*ry, n. 1. One who holds a thing in trust for another; a trustee. Instrumental to the conveying God's blessing upon those whose fiduciaries they are. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Theol.) Defn: One who depends for salvation on faith, without works; an Antinomian. Hammond. FIE Fie, interj. Etym: [OE. fi; cf. D. fif. G. pfui, Icel. f, Sw. & Dan. fy, F. fi, L. fi, phy.] Defn: An exclamation denoting contempt or dislike. See Fy. Fuller. FIEF Fief, n. Etym: [F. fief; of German origin, and the same word as E. fee. See Fee, and cf. Feud, a tief.] (Law) Defn: An estate held of a superior on condition of military service; a fee; a feud. See under Benefice, n., 2. FIELD Field, n. Etym: [OE. feld, fild, AS. feld; akin to D. veld, G. feld, Sw. fält, Dan. felt, Icel. fold field of grass, AS. folde earth, land, ground, OS. folda.] 1. Cleared land; land suitable for tillage or pasture; cultivated ground; the open country. 2. A piece of land of considerable size; esp., a piece inclosed for tillage or pasture. Fields which promise corn and wine. Byron. 3. A place where a battle is fought; also, the battle itself. In this glorious and well-foughten field. Shak. What though the field be lost Milton. 4. An open space; an extent; an expanse. Esp.: (a) Any blank space or ground on which figures are drawn or projected. (b) The space covered by an optical instrument at one view. Without covering, save yon field of stars. Shak. Ask of yonder argent fields above. Pope. 5. (Her.) Defn: The whole surface of an escutcheon; also, so much of it is shown unconcealed by the different bearings upon it. See Illust. of Fess, where the field is represented as gules (red), while the fess is argent (silver). 6. An unresticted or favorable opportunity for action, operation, or achievement; province; room. Afforded a clear field for moral experiments. Macaulay. 7. A collective term for all the competitors in any outdoor contest or trial, or for all except the favorites in the betting. 8. (Baseball) Defn: That part of the grounds reserved for the players which is outside of the diamond; -- called also outfield. Note: Field is often used adjectively in the sense of belonging to, or used in, the fields; especially with reference to the operations and equipments of an army during a campaign away from permanent camps and fortifications. In most cases such use of the word is sufficiently clear; as, field battery; field fortification; field gun; field hospital, etc. A field geologist, naturalist, etc., is one who makes investigations or collections out of doors. A survey uses a field book for recording field notes, i.e., measurment, observations, etc., made in field work (outdoor operations). A farmer or planter employs field hands, and may use a field roller or a field derrick. Field sports are hunting, fishing, athletic games, etc. Coal field (Geol.) See under Coal. -- Field artillery, light ordnance mounted on wheels, for the use of a marching army. -- Field basil (Bot.), a plant of the Mint family (Calamintha Acinos); -- called also basil thyme. -- Field colors (Mil.), small flags for marking out the positions for squadrons and battalions; camp colors. -- Field cricket (Zoöl.), a large European cricket (Gryllus campestric), remarkable for its loud notes. -- Field day. (a) A day in the fields. (b) (Mil.) A day when troops are taken into the field for instruction in evolutions. Farrow. (c) A day of unusual exertion or display; a gala day. -- Field driver, in New England, an officer charged with the driving of stray cattle to the pound. -- Field duck (Zoöl.), the little bustard (Otis tetrax), found in Southern Europe. -- Field glass. (Optics) (a) A binocular telescope of compact form; a lorgnette; a race glass. (b) A small achromatic telescope, from 20 to 24 inches long, and having 3 to 6 draws. (c) See Field lens. -- Field lark. (Zoöl.) (a) The skylark. (b) The tree pipit. -- Field lens (Optics), that one of the two lenses forming the eyepiece of an astronomical telescope or compound microscope which is nearer the object glass; -- called also field glass. -- Field madder (Bot.), a plant (Sherardia arvensis) used in dyeing. -- Field marshal (Mil.), the highest military rank conferred in the British and other European armies. -- Field mouse (Zoöl.), a mouse inhabiting fields, as the campagnol and the deer mouse. See Campagnol, and Deer mouse. -- Field officer (Mil.), an officer above the rank of captain and below that of general. -- Field officer's court (U.S.Army), a court-martial consisting of one field officer empowered to try all cases, in time of war, subject to jurisdiction of garrison and regimental courts. Farrow. -- Field plover (Zoöl.), the black-bellied plover (Charadrius squatarola); also sometimes applied to the Bartramian sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda). -- Field spaniel (Zoöl.), a small spaniel used in hunting small game. -- Field sparrow. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American sparrow (Spizella pusilla). (b) The hedge sparrow. [Eng.] -- Field staff (Mil.), a staff formerly used by gunners to hold a lighted match for discharging a gun. -- Field vole (Zoöl.), the European meadow mouse. -- Field of ice, a large body of floating ice; a pack. -- Field, or Field of view, in a telescope or microscope, the entire space within which objects are seen. -- Field magnet. see under Magnet. -- Magnetic field. See Magnetic. -- To back the field, or To bet on the field. See under Back, v. t. -- To keep the field. (a) (Mil.) To continue a campaign. (b) To maintain one's ground against all comers. -- To lay, or back, against the field, to bet on (a horse, etc.) against all comers. -- To take the field (Mil.), to enter upon a campaign. FIELD Field, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fielded; p. pr. & vb. n. Fielding.] 1. To take the field. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (Ball Playing) Defn: To stand out in the field, ready to catch, stop, or throw the ball. FIELD Field, v. t. (Ball Playing) Defn: To catch, stop, throw, etc. (the ball), as a fielder. FIELDED Field"ed, a. Defn: Engaged in the field; encamped. [Obs.] To help fielded friends. Shak. FIELDEN Field"en, a. Defn: Consisting of fields. [Obs.] The fielden country also and plains. Holland. FIELDER Field"er, n. (Ball Playing) Defn: A ball payer who stands out in the field to catch or stop balls. FIELDFARE Field"fare`, n. Etym: [OE. feldfare, AS. feldfare; field + faran to travel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: a small thrush (Turdus pilaris) which breeds in northern Europe and winters in Great Britain. The head, nape, and lower part of the back are ash-colored; the upper part of the back and wing coverts, chestnut; -- called also fellfare. FIELDING Field"ing, n. (Ball Playing) Defn: The act of playing as a fielder. FIELDPIECE Field"piece`, n. Defn: A cannon mounted on wheels, for the use of a marching army; a piece of field artillery; -- called also field gun. FIELDWORK Field"work`, n. (Mil.) Defn: Any temporary fortification thrown up by an army in the field; -- commonly in the plural. All works which do not come under the head of permanent fortification are called fieldworks. Wilhelm. FIELDY Field"y, a. Defn: Open, like a field. [Obs.] Wyclif. FIEND Fiend, n. Etym: [OE. fend, find, fiend, feond, fiend, foe, AS. feónd; akin to OS. fiond, D. vijand enemy, OHG. fiant, G. feind, Icel. fjand, Sw. & Dan. fiende, Goth. fijands; orig. p.pr. of a verb meaning to hate, AS. feón, feógan, OHG. fi, Goth. fijan, Skr. piy to scorn; prob. akin to E. feud a quarrel. *81. Cf. Foe, Friend.] Defn: An implacable or malicious foe; one who is diabolically wicked or cruel; an infernal being; -- applied specifically to the devil or a demon. Into this wild abyss the wary fiend Stood on the brink of Hell and looked a while. Milton. O woman! woman! when to ill thy mind Is bent, all hell contains no fouler fiend. Pope. FIENDFUL Fiend"ful, a. Defn: Full of fiendish spirit or arts. Marlowe. -- Fiend"ful*ly, adv. FIENDISH Fiend"ish, a. Defn: Like a fiend; diabolically wicked or cruel; infernal; malignant; devilish; hellish. -- Fiend"ish*ly, adv. -- Fiend"ish*ness, n. FIENDLIKE Fiend"like`, a. Defn: Fiendish; diabolical. Longfellow. FIENDLY Fiend"ly, a. Etym: [AS. feóndlic.] Defn: Fiendlike; monstrous; devilish. [Obs.] Chaucer. FIERASFER Fi`e*ras"fer, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small, slender fishes, remarkable for their habit of living as commensals in other animals. One species inhabits the gill cavity of the pearl oyster near Panama; another lives within an East Indian holothurian. FIERCE Fierce, a. [Compar. Fiercer; superl. Fiercest.] Etym: [OE. fers, fiers, OF. fier, nom. fiers, fierce, savage, cruel, F. fier proud, from L. ferus wild, savage, cruel; perh. akin to E. bear the animal. Cf. Feral, Ferocity.] 1. Furious; violent; unrestrained; impetuous; as, a fierce wind. His fierce thunder drove us to the deep. Milton. 2. Vehement in anger or cruelty; ready or eager to kill or injure; of a nature to inspire terror; ferocious. "A fierce whisper." Dickens. "A fierce tyrant." Pope. The fierce foe hung upon our broken rear. Milton. Thou huntest me as a fierce lion. Job. x. 16. 3. Excessively earnest, eager, or ardent. Syn. -- Ferocious; savage; cruel; vehement; impetuous; barbarous; fell. See Ferocious. -- Fierce"ly, adv. -- Fierce"ness, n. FIERI FACIAS Fi"e*ri fa"ci*as. Etym: [L., cause it to be done.] (Law) Defn: A judicial writ that lies for one who has recovered in debt or damages, commanding the sheriff that he cause to be made of the goods, chattels, or real estate of the defendant, the sum claimed. Blackstone. Cowell. FIERINESS Fi"er*i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being fiery; heat; acrimony; irritability; as, a fieriness of temper. Addison. FIERY Fi"er*y ( or ), a. Etym: [Formerly written firy, fr. fire.] 1. Consisting of, containing, or resembling, fire; as, the fiery gulf of Etna; a fiery appearance. And fiery billows roll below. I. Watts. 2. Vehement; ardent; very active; impetuous. Hath thy fiery heart so parched thine entrails Shak. The fiery spirit of his forefathers. W. Irwing. 3. Passionate; easily provoked; irritable. You kniw the fiery quality of the duke. Shak. 4. Unrestrained; fierce; mettlesome; spirited. One curbed the fiery steed. Dryden. 5. heated by fire, or as if by fire; burning hot; parched; feverish. Pope. The sword which is made fiery. Hooker. Fiery cross, a cross constructed of two firebrands, and pitched upon the point of a spear; formerly in Scotland borne by a runner as a signal for the clan to take up arms. Sir W. Scott. FIESTA Fies"ta, n. [Sp. See Feast, n.] Defn: Among Spanish, a religious festival; a saint's day or holiday; also, a holiday or festivity. Even . . . a bullfight is a fiesta. Am. Dialect Notes. Some fiesta, when all the surrounding population were expected to turn out in holiday dress for merriment. The Century. FIFE Fife, n. Etym: [F. fifre, OHG. pfifa, LL. pipa pipe, pipare to play on the pipe, fr. L. pipire, pipare, to peep, pip, chirp, as a chiken. See Pipe.] (Mus.) Defn: A small shrill pipe, resembling the piccolo flute, used chiefly to accompany the drum in military music. Fife major (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer who superintends the fifers of a regiment. -- Fife rail. (Naut.) (a) A rail about the mast, at the deck, to hold belaying pins, etc. (b) A railing around the break of a poop deck. FIFE Fife, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fifed; p. pr. & vb. n. fifing.] Defn: To play on a fife. FIFER Fif"er, n. Defn: One who plays on a fife. FIFTEEN Fif"teen`, a. Etym: [OE. fiftene, AS. fift, fift. See Five, and Ten, and cf. Fifty.] Defn: Five and ten; one more than fourteen. FIFTEEN Fif"teen`, n. 1. The sum of five and ten; fifteen units or objects. 2. A symbol representing fifteen units, as 15, or xv. FIFTEENTH Fif"teenth`, a. Etym: [OE. fiftenthe; cf. fiftethe, AS. fifte. See Fifteen.] 1. Next in order after the fourteenth; -- the ordinal of fifteen. 2. Consisting of one of fifteen equal parts or divisions of a thing. FIFTEENTH Fif"teenth`, n. 1. One of fifteen equal parts or divisions; the quotient of a unit divided by fifteen. 2. A species of tax upon personal property formerly laid on towns, boroughs, etc., in England, being one fifteenth part of what the personal property in each town, etc., had been valued at. Burrill. 3. (Mus.) (a) A stop in an organ tuned two octaves above the diaposon. (b) An interval consisting of two octaves. FIFTH Fifth, a. Etym: [OE. fifte, fifthe, AS. fifta. See Five.] 1. Next in order after the fourth; -- the ordinal of five. 2. Consisting of one of five equal divisions of a thing. Fifth monarchy men (Hist.), a fanatical sect in England, of the time of the commonwealth, who maintained that there would be a fifth universal monarchy, during which Christ would reign on earth a thousand years. -- Fifth wheel, a horizontal wheel or segment above the fore axle of a carriage and beneath the body, forming an extended support to prevent careening. FIFTH Fifth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by five; one of five equal parts; a fifth part. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The interval of three tones and a semitone, embracing five diatonic degrees of the scale; the dominant of any key. FIFTHLY Fifth"ly, adv. Defn: In the fifth place; as the fifth in order. FIFTIETH Fif"ti*eth, a. Etym: [AS. fiftigo. See Fifty.] 1. Next in order after the forty-ninth; -- the ordinal of fifty. 2. Consisting of one of fifty equal parts or divisions. FIFTIETH Fif"ti*eth, n. Defn: One of fifty equal parts; the quotient of a unit divided by fifty. FIFTY Fif"ty, a. Etym: [AS. fiftig; akin to OHG. finfzug, fimfzug, G. fünfzig, funfzig, Goth. fimftigjus. See Five, and Ten, and cf. Fifteen.] Defn: Five times ten; as, fifty men. FIFTY Fif"ty, n.; pl. Fifties (. 1. The sum of five tens; fifty units or objects. 2. A symbol representing fifty units, as 50, or l. FIG Fig, n. Etym: [F. figue the fruit of the tree, Pr. figa, fr. L. ficus fig tree, fig. Cf. Fico.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A small fruit tree (Ficus Carica) with large leaves, known from the remotest antiquity. It was probably native from Syria westward to the Canary Islands. 2. The fruit of a fig tree, which is of round or oblong shape, and of various colors. Note: The fruit of a fig tree is really the hollow end of a stem, and bears numerous achenia inside the cavity. Many species have little, hard, inedible figs, and in only a few does the fruit become soft and pulpy. The fruit of the cultivated varieties is much prized in its fresh state, and also when dried or preserved. See Caprification. 3. A small piece of tobacco. [U.S.] 4. The value of a fig, practically nothing; a fico; -- used in scorn or contempt. "A fig for Peter." Shak. Cochineal fig. See Conchineal fig. -- Fig dust, a preparation of fine oatmeal for feeding caged birds. -- Fig faun, one of a class of rural deities or monsters supposed to live on figs. "Therefore shall dragons dwell there with the fig fauns." Jer. i. 39. (Douay version). -- Fig gnat (Zoöl.), a small fly said to be injurious to figs. -- Fig leaf, the leaf tree; hence, in allusion to the first clothing of Adam and Eve (Genesis iii.7), a covering for a thing that ought to be concealed; esp., an inadequate covering; a symbol for affected modesty. -- Fig marigold (Bot.), the name of several plants of the genus Mesembryanthemum, some of which are prized for the brilliancy and beauty of their flowers. -- Fig tree (Bot.), any tree of the genus Ficus, but especially F. Carica which produces the fig of commerce. FIG Fig, v. t. Etym: [See Fico, Fig, n.] 1. To insult with a fico, or contemptuous motion. See Fico. [Obs.] When Pistol lies, do this, and fig me like The bragging Spaniard. Shak. 2. To put into the head of, as something useless o [Obs.] L'Estrange. FIG Fig, n. Defn: Figure; dress; array. [Colloq.] Were they all in full fig, the females with feathers on their heads, the males with chapeaux bras Prof. Wilson. FIGARO Fi`ga`ro", n. Etym: [From the name of the barber in Beaumarchais' "Barber of Seville."] Defn: An adroi FIGARY Fig"a*ry, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. vagary.] Defn: A frolic; a vagary; a whim. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. FIGEATER Fig"eat`er, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large beetle (Allorhina nitida) which in the Southern United States destroys figs. The elytra are velvety green with pale borders. (b) A bird. See Figpecker. FIGENT Fig"ent, a. Defn: Fidgety; restless. [Obs.] Such a little figent thing. Beau. & Fl. FIGGUM Fig"gum, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A juggler's trick; conjuring. [Obs.] The devil is the author of wicked figgum. B. Jonson. FIGHT Fight, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fought; p. pr. & vb. n. Fighting.] Etym: [OE. fihten, fehten, AS. feohtan; akin to D. vechten, OHG. fehtan, G. fechten, Sw. fäkta, Dan. fegte, and perh. to E. fist; cf. L. pugnare to fight, pugnus fist.] 1. To strive or contened for victory, with armies or in single combat; to attempt to defeat, subdue, or destroy an enemy, either by blows or weapons; to contend in arms; -- followed by with or against. You do fight against your country's foes. Shak. To fight with thee no man of arms will deign. Milton. 2. To act in opposition to anything; to struggle against; to contend; to strive; to make resistance. To fight shy, to avoid meeting fairly or at close quarters; to keep out of reach. FIGHT Fight, v. t. 1. To carry on, or wage, as a conflict, or battle; to win or gain by struggle, as one's way; to sustain by fighting, as a cause. He had to fight his way through the world. Macaulay. I have fought a good fight. 2 Tim. iv. 7. 2. To contend with in battle; to war against; as, they fought the enemy in two pitched battles; the sloop fought the frigate for three hours. 3. To cause to fight; to manage or maneuver in a fight; as, to fight cocks; to fight one's ship. To fight it out, to fight until a decisive and conclusive result is reached. FIGHT Fight, n. Etym: [OE. fight, feht, AS. feoht. See Fight, v. i.] 1. A battle; an engagement; a contest in arms; a combat; a violent conflict or struggle for victory, between individuals or between armies, ships, or navies, etc. Who now defies thee thrice to single fight. Milton. 2. A struggle or contest of any kind. 3. Strength or disposition for fighting; pugnacity; as, he has a great deal of fight in him. [Colloq.] 4. A screen for the combatants in ships. [Obs.] Up with your fights, and your nettings prepare. Dryden. Running fight, a fight in which the enemy is continually chased; also, one which continues without definite end or result. Syn. -- Combat; engagement; contest; struggle; encounter; fray; affray; action; conflict. See Battle. FIGHTER Fight"er, n. Etym: [AS. feohtere.] Defn: One who fights; a combatant; a warrior. Shak. FIGHTING Fight"ing, a. 1. Qualified for war; fit for battle. An host of fighting men. 2 Chron. xxvi. 11. 2. Occupied in war; being the scene of a battle; as, a fighting field. Pope. A fighting chance, one dependent upon the issue of a struggle. [Colloq.] -- Fighting crab (Zoöl.), the fiddler crab. -- Fighting fish (Zoöl.), a remarkably pugnacious East Indian fish (Betta pugnax), reared by the Siamese for spectacular fish fights. FIGHTINGLY Fight"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Pugnaciously. FIGHTWITE Fight"wite`, n. Etym: [Fight + wite.] (O.Eng. Law) Defn: A mulct or fine imposed on a person for making a fight or quarrel to the disturbance of the peace. FIGMENT Fig"ment, n. Etym: [L. figmentum, fr. fingere to form, shape, invent, feign. See Feign.] Defn: An invention; a fiction; something feigned or imagined. Social figments, feints, and formalism. Mrs. Browning. It carried rather an appearance of figment and invention . . . than of truth and reality. Woodward. FIGPECKER Fig"peck`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European garden warbler (Sylvia, or Currica, hortensis); -- called also beccafico and greater pettychaps. FIG-SHELL Fig"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine univalve shell of the genus Pyrula, or Ficula, resembling a fig in form. FIGULATE; FIGULATED Fig"u*late, Fig"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. figulatus, p.p. of figulare to shape, fr. figulus potter, fr. fingere to shape.] Defn: Made of potter's clay; molded; shaped. [R.] Johnson. FIGULINE Fig"u*line ( or ), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. figulina pottery, fr. figulus. See Figulate.] Defn: A piece of pottery ornamented with representations of natural objects. Whose figulines and rustic wares Scarce find him bread from day to day. Longfellow. FIGURABILITY Fig`ur*a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. figurabilité.] Defn: The quality of being figurable. Johnson. FIGURABLE Fig`ur*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. figurare to form, shape, fr. figura figure: cf. F. figurable. See Figure.] Defn: Capable of being brought to a fixed form or shape. Lead is figurable, but water is not. Johnson. FIGURAL Fig"ur*al, a. Etym: [From Figure.] 1. Represented by figure or delineation; consisting of figures; as, figural ornaments. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Figurate. See Figurate. Figural numbers. See Figurate numbers, under Figurate. FIGURANT Fig"u*rant` ( or ), n. masc. Etym: [F., prop. p.pr. of figurer figure, represent, make a figure.] Defn: One who dances at the opera, not singly, but in groups or figures; an accessory character on the stage, who figures in its scenes, but has nothing to say; hence, one who figures in any scene, without taking a prominent part. FIGURANTE Fig"u*rante` ( or ), n. fem. Etym: [F.] Defn: A female figurant; esp., a ballet girl. FIGURATE Fig"ur*ate, a. Etym: [L. figuratus, p.p. of figurare. See Figure.] 1. Of a definite form or figure. Plants are all figurate and determinate, which inanimate bodies are not. Bacon. 2. Figurative; metaphorical. [Obs.] Bale. 3. (Mus.) Defn: Florid; figurative; involving passing discords by the freer melodic movement of one or more parts or voices in the harmony; as, figurate counterpoint or descant. Figurate counterpoint or descant (Mus.), that which is not simple, or in which the parts do not move together tone for tone, but in which freer movement of one or more parts mingles passing discords with the harmony; -- called also figural, figurative, and figured counterpoint or descant (although the term figured is more commonly applied to a bass with numerals written above or below to indicate the other notes of the harmony). -- Figurate numbers (Math.), numbers, or series of numbers, formed from any arithmetical progression in which the first term is a unit, and the difference a whole number, by taking the first term, and the sums of the first two, first three, first four, etc., as the successive terms of a new series, from which another may be formed in the same manner, and so on, the numbers in the resulting series being such that points representing them are capable of symmetrical arrangement in different geometrical figures, as triangles, squares, pentagons, etc. Note: In the following example, the two lower lines are composed of figurate numbers, those in the second line being triangular, and represented thus: --. 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. . . . 1, 3, 6, 10, etc. . . . . . . . etc. 1, 4, 10, 20, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . FIGURATED Fig"ur*a`ted, a. Defn: Having a determinate form. FIGURATELY Fig"ur*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In a figurate manner. FIGURATION Fig`u*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. figuratio.] 1. The act of giving figure or determinate form; determination to a certain form. Bacon. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Mixture of concords and discords. FIGURATIVE Fig"ur*a*tive, a. Etym: [L. figurativus: cf. F. figuratif. See Figurative.] 1. Representing by a figure, or by resemblance; typical; representative. This, they will say, was figurative, and served, by God's appointment, but for a time, to shadow out the true glory of a more divine sanctity. Hooker. 2. Used in a sense that is tropical, as a metaphor; not literal; -- applied to words and expressions. 3. Ambounding in figures of speech; flowery; florid; as, a highly figurative description. 4. Relating to the representation of form or figure by drawing, carving, etc. See Figure, n., 2. They belonged to a nation dedicated to the figurative arts, and they wrote for a public familiar with painted form. J. A. Symonds. Figurative counterpointdescant. See under Figurate. -- Fig"ur*a*tive*ly, adv. -- Fig"ur*a*tive*ness, n. FIGURE Fig"ure, n. Etym: [F., figure, L. figura; akin to fingere to form, shape, feign. See Feign.] 1. The form of anything; shape; outline; appearance. Flowers have all exquisite figures. Bacon. 2. The representation of any form, as by drawing, painting, modeling, carving, embroidering, etc.; especially, a representation of the human body; as, a figure in bronze; a figure cut in marble. A coin that bears the figure of an angel. Shak. 3. A pattern in cloth, paper, or other manufactured article; a design wrought out in a fabric; as, the muslin was of a pretty figure. 4. (Geom.) Defn: A diagram or drawing; made to represent a magnitude or the relation of two or more magnitudes; a surface or space inclosed on all sides; -- called superficial when inclosed by lines, and solid when inclosed by surface; any arrangement made up of points, lines, angles, surfaces, etc. 5. The appearance or impression made by the conduct or carrer of a person; as, a sorry figure. I made some figure there. Dryden. Gentlemen of the best figure in the county. Blackstone. 6. Distinguished appearance; magnificence; conspicuous representation; splendor; show. That he may live in figure and indulgence. Law. 7. A character or symbol representing a number; a numeral; a digit; as, 1, 2,3, etc. 8. Value, as expressed in numbers; price; as, the goods are estimated or sold at a low figure. [Colloq.] With nineteen thousand a year at the very lowest figure. Thackeray. 9. A person, thing, or action, conceived of as analogous to another person, thing, or action, of which it thus becomes a type or representative. Who is the figure of Him that was to come. Rom. v. 14. 10. (Rhet.) Defn: A mode of expressing abstract or immaterial ideas by words which suggest pictures or images from the physical world; pictorial language; a trope; hence, any deviation from the plainest form of statement. To represent the imagination under the figure of a wing. Macaulay. 11. (Logic) Defn: The form of a syllogism with respect to the relative position of the middle term. 12. (Dancing) Defn: Any one of the several regular steps or movements made by a dancer. 13. (Astrol.) Defn: A horoscope; the diagram of the aspects of the astrological houses. Johnson. 14. (Music) (a) Any short succession of notes, either as melody or as a group of chords, which produce a single complete and distinct impression. Grove. (b) A form of melody or accompaniment kept up through a strain or passage; a musical or motive; a florid embellishment. Note: Figures are often written upon the staff in music to denote the kind of measure. They are usually in the form of a fraction, the upper figure showing how many notes of the kind indicated by the lower are contained in one measure or bar. Thus, 2/4 signifies that the measure contains two quarter notes. The following are the principal figures used for this purpose: --2/22/42/8 4/22/44/8 3/23/43/8 6/46/46/8 Academy figure, Canceled figures, Lay figure, etc. See under Academy, Cancel, Lay, etc. -- Figure caster, or Figure flinger, an astrologer. This figure caster." Milton. -- Figure flinging, the practice of astrology. -- Figure-of-eight knot, a knot shaped like the figure 8. See Illust. under Knot. -- Figure painting, a picture of the human figure, or the act or art of depicting the human figure. -- Figure stone (Min.), agalmatolite. -- Figure weaving, the art or process of weaving figured fabrics. -- To cut a figure, to make a display. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott. FIGURE Fig"ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Figured; p. pr. & vb. n. Figuring.] Etym: [F. figurer, L. figurare, fr. figura. See Figure, n.] 1. To represent by a figure, as to form or mold; to make an image of, either palpable or ideal; also, to fashion into a determinate form; to shape. If love, alas! be pain I bear, No thought can figure, and no tongue declare.Prior. 2. To embellish with design; to adorn with figures. The vaulty top of heaven Figured quite o'er with burning meteors. Shak. 3. To indicate by numerals; also, to compute. As through a crystal glass the figured hours are seen. Dryden. 4. To represent by a metaphor; to signify or symbolize. Whose white vestments figure innocence. Shak. 5. To prefigure; to foreshow. In this the heaven figures some event. Shak. 6. (Mus.) (a) To write over or under the bass, as figures or other characters, in order to indicate the accompanying chords. (b) To embellish. To figure out, to solve; to compute or find the result of. -- To figure up, to add; to reckon; to compute the amount of. FIGURE Fig"ure, v. t. 1. To make a figure; to be distinguished or conspicious; as, the envoy figured at court. Sociable, hospitable, eloquent, admired, figuring away brilliantly. M. Arnold. 2. To calculate; to contrive; to scheme; as, he is figuring to secure the nomination. [Colloq.] FIGURED Fig"ured, a. 1. Adorned with figures; marked with figures; as, figured muslin. 2. Not literal; figurative. [Obs.] Locke. 3. (Mus.) (a) Free and florid; as, a figured descant. See Figurate, 3. (b) Indicated or noted by figures. Figured bass. See Continued bass, under Continued. FIGUREHEAD Fig"ure*head`, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: The figure, statue, or bust, on the prow of a ship. 2. A person who allows his name to be used to give standing to enterprises in which he has no responsible interest or duties; a nominal, but not real, head or chief. FIGURIAL Fi*gu"ri*al, a. Defn: Represented by figure or delineation. [R.] Craig. FIGURINE Fi`gu`rine" ( or ), n. Etym: [F., dim. of figure.] Defn: A very small figure, whether human or of an animal; especially, one in terra cotta or the like; -- distinguished from statuette, which is applied to small figures in bronze, marble, etc. FIGURIST Fig"ur*ist, n. Defn: One who uses or interprets figurative expressions. Waterland. FIGWORT Fig"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbaceous plants (Scrophularia), mostly found in the north temperate zones. See Brownwort. FIJIAN Fi"ji*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Fiji islands or their inhabitants. -- n. Defn: A native of the Fiji islands. [Written also Feejeean, Feejee.] FIKE Fike, n. Defn: See Fyke. FIL Fil, obs. Defn: imp. of Fall, v. i. Fell. Chaucer. FILACEOUS Fi*la"ceous ( or ), a. Etym: [L. filum thread.] Defn: Composed of threads. Bacon. FILACER Fil"a*cer, n. Etym: [OE. filace a file, or thread, on which the records of the courts of justice were strung, F. filasse tow of flax or hemp, fr. L. filum thread.] (Eng. Law) Defn: A former officer in the English Court of Common Pleas; -- so called because he filed the writs on which he made out process. [Obs.] Burrill. FILAMENT Fil"a*ment, n. Etym: [F. filament, fr. L. filum thread. See File a row.] Defn: A thread or threadlike object or appendage; a fiber; esp. (Bot.), the threadlike part of the stamen supporting the anther. FILAMENTARY Fil`a*men"ta*ry, a. Defn: Having the character of, or formed by, a filament. FILAMENTOID Fil"a*men*toid`, a. Etym: [Filament + -oid.] Defn: Like a filament. FILAMENTOUS Fil`a*men"tous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. filamenteux.] Defn: Like a thread; consisting of threads or filaments. Gray. FILANDER Fil"an*der, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of kangaroo (Macropus Brunii), inhabiting New Guinea. FILANDERS Fil"an*ders, n. pl. Etym: [F. filandres, fr. L. filum thread.] (Falconry) Defn: A disease in hawks, characterized by the presence of small threadlike worms, also of filaments of coagulated blood, from the rupture of a vein; -- called also backworm. Sir T. Browne. FILAR Fi"lar, a. Etym: [L. filum a thread.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a thread or line; characterized by threads stretched across the field of view; as, a filar microscope; a filar micrometer. FILARIA Fi*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. filum a thread.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of slender, nematode worms of many species, parasitic in various animals. See Guinea worm. FILARIAL Fi*la"ri*al, a. 1. (Zoöl. & Med.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or caused by, filariæ and allied parasitic worms. 2. Straight, as if in a line; as, the filarial flight of birds. FILARIASIS Fil`a*ri"a*sis, n. [NL.] (Med.) Defn: The presence of filariæ in the blood; infection with filariæ. FILASSE Fi*lasse", n. [F., fr. fil thread, L. filum.] Defn: Vegetable fiber, as jute or ramie, prepared for manufacture. FILATORY Fil"a*to*ry, n. Etym: [LL. filatorium place for spinning, fr. filare to spin, fr. L. filum a thread.] Defn: A machine for forming threads. [Obs.] W. Tooke. FILATURE Fil"a*ture, n. Etym: [LL. filatura, fr. filare to spin: cf. F. filature. See Filatory.] 1. A drawing out into threads; hence, the reeling of silk from cocoons. Ure. 2. A reel for drawing off silk from cocoons; also, an establishment for reeling silk. FILBERT Fil"bert, n. Etym: [Perh. fr. fill + bread, as filling the bread or husk; cf. G. bartnuss (lit., bread nut) filbert; or perh. named from a St.Philibert, whose day, Aug. 22, fell in the nutting season.] (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of the Corylus Avellana or hazel. It is an oval nut, containing a kernel that has a mild, farinaceous, oily taste, agreeable to the palate. Note: In England filberts are usually large hazelnuts, especially the nuts from selected and cultivated trees. The American hazelnuts are of two other species. Filbert gall (Zoöl.), a gall resembling a filbert in form, growing in clusters on grapevines. It is produced by the larva of a gallfly (Cecidomyia). FILCH Filch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filched; p. pr. & vb. n. Filching.] Etym: [Cf. AS. feol to stick to, OHG. felhan, felahan, to hide, Icel. fela, Goth. filhan to hide, bury, Prov. E. feal to hide slyly, OE. felen.] Defn: To steal or take privily (commonly, that which is of little value); to pilfer. Fain would they filch that little food away. Dryden. But he that filches from me my good name, Robs me of that which not enriches him, And makes me poor indeed. Shak. FILCHER Filch"er, n. Defn: One who filches; a thief. FILCHINGLY Filch"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By pilfering or petty stealing. FILE File, n. Etym: [F. file row (cf. Pr., Sp., Pg., & It. fila), LL. fila, fr. L. filum a thread. Cf. Enfilade, Filament, Fillet.] 1. An orderly succession; a line; a row; as: (a) (Mil) A row of soldiers ranged one behind another; -- in contradistinction to rank, which designates a row of soldiers standing abreast; a number consisting the depth of a body of troops, which, in the ordinary modern formation, consists of two men, the battalion standing two deep, or in two ranks. Note: The number of files in a company describes its width, as the number of ranks does its depth; thus, 100 men in "fours deep" would be spoken of as 25 files in 4 ranks. Farrow. (b) An orderly collection of papers, arranged in sequence or classified for preservation and reference; as, files of letters or of newspapers; this mail brings English files to the 15th instant. (c) The line, wire, or other contrivance, by which papers are put and kept in order. It is upon a file with the duke's other letters. Shak. (d) A roll or list. "A file of all the gentry." Shak. 2. Course of thought; thread of narration. [Obs.] Let me resume the file of my narration. Sir H. Wotton. File firing, the act of firing by file, or each file independently of others. -- File leader, the soldier at the front of any file, who covers and leads those in rear of him. -- File marching, the marching of a line two deep, when faced to the right or left, so that the front and rear rank march side by side. Brande & C. --Indian file, or Single file, a line of men marching one behind another; a single row. -- On file, preserved in an orderly collection. -- Rank and file. (a) The body of soldiers constituing the mass of an army, including corporals and privates. Wilhelm. (b) Those who constitute the bulk or working members of a party, society, etc., in distinction from the leaders. FILE File, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filed; p. pr. & vb. n. Filing.] 1. To set in order; to arrange, or lay away, esp. as papers in a methodical manner for preservation and reverence; to place on file; to insert in its proper place in an arranged body of papers. I would have my several courses and my dishes well filed. Beau. & Fl. 2. To bring before a court or legislative body by presenting proper papers in a regular way; as, to file a petition or bill. Burrill. 3. (Law) Defn: To put upon the files or among the records of a court; to note on (a paper) the fact date of its reception in court. To file a paper, on the part of a party, is to place it in the official custody of the clerk. To file, on the part of the clerk, is to indorse upon the paper the date of its reception, and retain it in his office, subject to inspection by whomsoever it may concern. Burrill. FILE File, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. filer.] (Mil.) Defn: To march in a file or line, as soldiers, not abreast, but one after another; -- generally with off. To file with, to follow closely, as one soldier after another in file; to keep pace. My endeavors Have ever come too short of my desires, Yet filed with my abilities. Shak. FILE File, n. Etym: [AS. feól; akin to D. viji, OHG. fila, fihala, G. feile, Sw. fil, Dan. fiil, cf. Icel. , Russ. pila, and Skr. pi to cut out, adorn; perh. akin to E. paint.] 1. A steel instrument, having cutting ridges or teeth, made by indentation with a chisel, used for abrading or smoothing other substances, as metals, wood, etc. Note: A file differs from a rasp in having the furrows made by straight cuts of a chisel, either single or crossed, while the rasp has coarse, single teeth, raised by the pyramidal end of a triangular punch. 2. Anything employed to smooth, polish, or rasp, literally or figuratively. Mock the nice touches of the critic's file. Akenside. 3. A shrewd or artful person. [Slang] Fielding. Will is an old file spite of his smooth face. Thackeray. Bastard file, Cross file, etc. See under Bastard, Cross, etc. -- Cross-cut file, a file having two sets of teeth crossing obliquely. -- File blank, a steel blank shaped and ground ready for cutting to form a file. -- File cutter, a maker of files. -- Second-cut file, a file having teeth of a grade next finer than bastard. -- Single-cut file, a file having only one set of parallel teeth; a float. -- Smooth file, a file having teeth so fine as to make an almost smooth surface. FILE File, v. t. 1. To rub, smooth, or cut away, with a file; to sharpen with a file; as, to file a saw or a tooth. 2. To smooth or polish as with a file. Shak. File your tongue to a little more courtesy.Sir W.Scott. FILE File, v. t. Etym: [OE. fulen, filen, foulen, AS. f, fr. fFoul, and cf. Defile, v.t.] Defn: To make f [Obs.] All his hairy breast with blood was filed.Spenser. For Banquo's issue have I filed mind.Shak. FILE CLOSER File" clos`er. (Mil.) Defn: A commissioned or noncommissioned officer posted in the rear of a line, or on the flank of a column, of soldiers, to rectify mistakes and insure steadiness and promptness in the ranks. FILEFISH File"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any plectognath fish of the genera Monacanthus, Alutera, balistes, and allied genera; -- so called on account of the roughly granulated skin, which is sometimes used in place of sandpaper. FILEMOT Fil"e*mot, n. Defn: See Feullemort. Swift. FILER Fil"er, n. Defn: One who works with a file. FILIAL Fil"ial, a. Etym: [L. filialis, fr. filius son, filia daughter; akin to e. female, feminine. Cf. Fitz.] 1. Of or pertaining to a son or daughter; becoming to a child in relation to his parents; as, filial obedience. 2. Bearing the relation of a child. And thus the filial Godhead answering spoke. Milton. FILIALLY Fil"ial*ly, adv. Defn: In a filial manner. FILIATE Fil"i*ate, v. t. Defn: To adopt as son or daughter; to establish filiation between. [R.] Southey. FILIATION Fil`i*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. filiatio, fr. L. filius son: cf. F. filiation. See Filial.] 1. The relationship of a son or child to a parent, esp. to a father. The relation of paternity and filiation. Sir M. Hale. 2. (Law) Defn: The assignment of a bastard child to some one as its ather; affiliation. Smart. FILIBEG Fil"i*beg, n. Etym: [Gael. feileadhbeag, i.e., little kilt; feileadh kilt + beag little, small; cf. filleadh a plait, fold.] Defn: Same as Kilt. [Written also philibeg.] FILIBUSTER Fil"i*bus`ter, n. Etym: [Sp. flibuster, flibustero, corrupted fr. E. freebooter. See Freebooter.] Defn: A lawless military adventurer, especially one in quest of plunder; a freebooter; -- originally applied to buccaneers infesting the Spanish American coasts, but introduced into common English to designate the followers of Lopez in his expedition to Cuba in 1851, and those of Walker in his expedition to Nicaragua, in 1855. FILIBUSTER Fil"i*bus*ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fillibustered; p. pr. & vb. n. Filibustering.] 1. To act as a filibuster, or military freebooter. Bartlett. 2. To delay legislation, by dilatory motions or other artifices. [political cant or slang, U.S.] Bartlett. FILIBUSTERISM Fil"i*bus`ter*ism, n. Defn: The characteristics or practices of a filibuster. Bartlett. FILICAL Fil"i*cal, a. Defn: Belonging to the Filices, r ferns. FILICIC Fi*lic"ic, a. Etym: [L. filix, -icis, a fern.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, ferns; as, filicic acid. FILICIDE Fil"i*cide, n. Etym: [L. filius son, filia daughter + caedere to kill.] Defn: The act of murdering a son or a daughter; also, parent who commits such a murder. FILICIFORM Fi*lic"i*form, a. Etym: [L. filix, -icis, fern + -form: cf. F. filiciforme] Defn: Shaped like a fern or like the parts of a fern leaf. Smart. FILICOID Fil"i*coid, a. Etym: [L. filix, -icis, fern + -oid: cf. F. filicoiïde.] (Bot.) Defn: Fernlike, either in form or in the nature of the method of reproduction. FILICOID Fil"i*coid, n. (Bot.) Defn: A fernlike plant. Lindley. FILIETY Fi*li"e*ty, n. Etym: [L. filietas.] Defn: The relation of a son to a father; sonship; -- the correlative of paternity. J. S. Mill. FILIFEROUS Fi*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. filum a thread + -ferous.] Defn: Producing threads. Carpenter. FILIFORM Fil"i*form, a. Etym: [L. filum thread + -form: cf. F. filiforme.] Defn: Having the shape of a thread or filament; as, the filiform papillæ of the tongue; a filiform style or peduncle. See Illust. of AntennÆ. FILIGRAIN; FILIGRANE Fil"i*grain, Fil"i*grane, n. Etym: [Sp. filigrana (cf. It. filigrana, E. filigrane), fr. L. filuma thread + granum grain. See File a row, and Grain, and cf. Filigree.] Defn: Filigree. [Archaic] With her head . . . touches the crown of filigrane. Longfellow. FILIGRANED Fil"i*graned, a. Defn: See Filigreed. [Archaic] FILIGREE Fil"i*gree, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. filigrane.] Defn: Ornamental work, formerly with grains or breads, but now composed of fine wire and used chiefly in decorating gold and silver to which the wire is soldered, being arranged in designs frequently of a delicate and intricate arabesque pattern. FILIGREE Fil"i*gree, a. Defn: Relating to, composed of, or resembling, work in filigree; as, a filigree basket. Hence: Fanciful; unsubstantial; merely decorative. You ask for reality, not fiction and filigree work. J. C. Shairp. FILIGREED Fil"i*greed, a. Defn: Adorned with filigree. Tatler. FILING Fil"ing, n. Defn: A fragment or particle rubbed off by the act of filing; as, iron filings. FILIOQUE Fil`i*o"que, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The Latin for, "and from the Son," equivalent to et filio, inserted by the third council of Toledo (a. d. 589) in the clause qui ex Patre procedit (who proceedeth from the Father) of the Niceno- Constantinopolitan Creed (a. d. 381), which makes a creed state that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Son as well as from the Father. Hence, the doctrine itself (not admitted by the Eastern Church). FILIPENDULOUS Fil`i*pen"du*lous, a. Etym: [L. filum a thread + pendulus hanging, fr. pend to hang.] (Bot.) Defn: Suspended by, or strung upon, a thread; -- said of tuberous swellings in the middle or at the extremities of slender, threadlike rootlets. FILIPINO Fil`i*pi"no, n.; pl. Filipinos (#). [Sp.] Defn: A native of the Philippine Islands, specif. one of Spanish descent or of mixed blood. Then there are Filipinos, -- "children of the country," they are called, -- who are supposed to be pure-blooded descendants of Spanish settlers. But there are few of them without some touch of Chinese or native blood. The Century. FILL Fill, n. Etym: [See Thill.] Defn: One of the thills or shafts of a carriage. Mortimer. Fill horse, a thill horse. Shak. FILL Fill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filled; p. pr. & vb. n. Filling.] Etym: [OE. fillen, fullen, AS. fyllan, fr. full full; akin to D. vullen, G. füllen, Icel. fylla, Sw. fylla, Dan. fylde, Goth. fulljan. See Full, a.] 1. To make full; to supply with as much as can be held or contained; to put or pour into, till no more can be received; to occupy the whole capacity of. The rain also filleth the pools. Ps. lxxxiv. 6. Jesus saith unto them, Fill the waterpots with water. Anf they filled them up to the brim. John ii. 7. 2. To furnish an abudant supply to; to furnish with as mush as is desired or desirable; to occupy the whole of; to swarm in or overrun. And God blessed them, saying. Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas. Gen. i. 22. The Syrians filled the country. 1 Kings xx. 27. 3. To fill or supply fully with food; to feed; to satisfy. Whence should we have so much bread in the wilderness, as to fillso great a multitude Matt. xv. 33. Things that are sweet and fat are more filling. Bacon. 4. To possess and perform the duties of; to officiate in, as an incumbent; to occupy; to hold; as, a king fills a throne; the president fills the office of chief magistrate; the speaker of the House fills the chair. 5. To supply with an incumbent; as, to fill an office or a vacancy. A. Hamilton. 6. (Naut.) (a) To press and dilate, as a sail; as, the wind filled the sails. (b) To trim (a yard) so that the wind shall blow on the after side of the sails. 7. (Civil Engineering) Defn: To make an embankment in, or raise the level of (a low place), with earth or gravel. To fill in, to insert; as, he filled in the figures. -- To fill out, to extend or enlarge to the desired limit; to make complete; as, to fill out a bill. -- To fill up, to make quite full; to fill to the brim or entirely; to occupy completely; to complete. "The bliss that fills up all the mind." Pope. "And fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ." Col. i. 24. FILL Fill, v. i. 1. To become full; to have the whole capacity occupied; to have an abundant supply; to be satiated; as, corn fills well in a warm season; the sail fills with the wind. 2. To fill a cup or glass for drinking. Give me some wine; fill full. Shak. To back and fill. See under Back, v. i. -- To fill up, to grow or become quite full; as, the channel of the river fills up with sand. FILL Fill, n. Etym: [AS. fyllo. See Fill, v. t.] Defn: A full supply, as much as supplies want; as much as gives complete satisfaction. "Ye shall eat your fill." Lev. xxv. 19. I'll bear thee hence, where I may weep my fill. Shak. FILLED CHEESE Filled cheese. Defn: An inferior kind of cheese made from skim milk with a fatty "filling," such as oleomargarine or lard, to replace the fat removed in the cream. FILLER Fill"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, fills; something used for filling. 'T is mere filer, to stop a vacancy in the hexameter. Dryden. They have six diggers to four fillers, so as to keep the fillers always at work. Mortimer. FILLER Fill"er, n. Etym: [From 1st Fill.] Defn: A thill horse. [Prov. Eng.] FILLET Fil"let, n. Etym: [OE. filet, felet, fr. OF. filet thread, fillet of meat, dim. of fil a thread, fr. L. filum. See Fille a row.] 1. A little band, especially one intended to encircle the hair of the head. A belt her waist, a fillet binds her hair. Pope. 2. (Cooking) Defn: A piece of lean meat without bone; sometimes, a long strip rolled together and tied. Note: A fillet of beef is the under side of the sirlom; also called tenderloin. A fillet of veal or mutton is the fleshy part of the thigh. A fillet of fish is a slice of flat fish without bone. "Fillet of a fenny snake." Shak. 3. A thin strip or ribbon; esp.: (a) A strip of metal from which coins are punched. (b) A strip of card clothing. (c) A thin projecting band or strip. 4. (Mach.) Defn: A concave filling in of a reëntrant angle where two surfaces meet, forming a rounded corner. 5. (Arch.) Defn: A narrow flat member; especially, a flat molding separating other moldings; a reglet; also, the space between two flutings in a shaft. See Illust. of Base, and Column. 6. (Her.) Defn: An ordinary equaling in breadth one fourth of the chief, to the lowest portion of which it corresponds in position. 7. (Mech.) Defn: The thread of a screw. 8. A border of broad or narrow lines of color or gilt. 9. The raised molding about the muzzle of a gun. 10. Any scantling smaller than a batten. 11. (Anat.) Defn: A fascia; a band of fibers; applied esp. to certain bands of white matter in the brain. 12. (Man.) Defn: The loins of a horse, beginning at the place where the hinder part of the saddle rests. Arris fillet. See under Arris. FILLET Fil"let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Filleting.] Defn: To bind, furnish, or adorn with a fillet. FILLETING Fil"let*ing, n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: The protecting of a joint, as between roof and parapet wall, with mortar, or cement, where flashing is employed in better work. 2. The material of which fillets are made; also, fillets, collectively. FILLIBEG Fil"li*beg, n. Defn: A kilt. See Filibeg. FILLIBUSTER Fil"li*bus`ter, n. Defn: See Filibuster. FILLING Fill"ing, n. 1. That which is used to fill a cavity or any empty space, or to supply a deficiency; as, filling for a cavity in a tooth, a depression in a roadbed, the space between exterior and interior walls of masonry, the pores of open-grained wood, the space between the outer and inner planks of a vessel, etc. 2. The woof in woven fabrics. 3. (Brewing) Defn: Prepared wort added to ale to cleanse it. Back filling. (Arch.) See under Back, a. FILLIP Fil"lip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filliped; p. pr. & vb. n. Filliping.] Etym: [For filp, flip. Cf. Flippant.] 1. To strike with the nail of the finger, first placed against the ball of the thumb, and forced from that position with a sudden spring; to snap with the finger. "You filip me o' the head." Shak. 2. To snap; to project quickly. The use of the elastic switch to fillip small missiles with. Tylor. FILLIP Fil"lip, n. 1. A jerk of the finger forced suddenly from the thumb; a smart blow. 2. Something serving to rouse or excite. I take a glass of grog for a filip. Dickens. FILLIPEEN Fil"li*peen`, n. Defn: See Philopena. FILLISTER Fil"lis*ter, n. 1. The rabbet on the outer edge of a sash bar to hold the glass and the putty. Knight. 2. A plane for making a rabbet. Fillister screw had, a short cylindrical screw head, having a convex top. FILLY Fil"ly, n.; pl. Fillies. Etym: [Cf. Icel. fylia, fr. foli foal. See Foal.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A female foal or colt; a young mare. Cf. Colt, Foal. Neighing in likeness of a filly foal. Shak. 2. A lively, spirited young girl. [Colloq.] Addison. FILM Film, n. Etym: [AS. film skin, fr. fell skin; akin to fylmen membrane, OFries. filmene skin. See Fell skin.] 1. A thin skin; a pellicle; a membranous covering, causing opacity; hence, any thin, slight covering. He from thick films shall purge the visual ray. Pope. 2. A slender thread, as that of a cobweb. Her whip of cricket's bone, the lash of film. Shak. FILM Film, v. t. Defn: To cover with a thin skin or pellicle. It will but skin and film the ulcerous place. Shak. FILMINESS Film"i*ness, n. Defn: State of being filmy. FILMY Film"y, a. Defn: Composed of film or films. Whose filmy cord should bind the struggling fly. Dryden. FILOPLUMACEOUS Fil`o*plu*ma"ceous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the structure of a filoplume. FILOPLUME Fil"o*plume, n. Etym: [L. filum a thread pluma a soft feather.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A hairlike feather; a father with a slender scape and without a web in most or all of its length. FILOSE Fi"lose`, a. Etym: [L. filum a thread.] Defn: Terminating in a threadlike process. FILOSELLE Fil`o*selle", n. [F., floss silk.] Defn: A kind of silk thread less glossy than floss, and spun from coarser material. It is much used in embroidery instead of floss. FILS Fils, n. [F., fr. L. filius. See Filial.] Defn: Son; -- sometimes used after a French proper name to distinguish a son from his father, as, Alexandre Dumas, fils. FILTER Fil"ter, n. Etym: [F. filtre, the same word as feutre felt, LL. filtrum, feltrum, felt, fulled wool, this being used for straining liquors. See Feuter.] Defn: Any porous substance, as cloth, paper, sand, or charcoal, through which water or other liquid may passed to cleanse it from the solid or impure matter held in suspension; a chamber or device containing such substance; a strainer; also, a similar device for purifying air. Filter bed, a pond, the bottom of which is a filter composed of sand gravel. -- Filter gallery, an underground gallery or tunnel, alongside of a stream, to collect the water that filters through the intervening sand and gravel; -- called also infiltration gallery. FILTER Fil"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filtered; p. pr. & vb. n. Filtering] Etym: [Cf. F. filter. See Filter, n., and cf. Filtrate.] Defn: To purify or defecate, as water or other liquid, by causing it to pass through a filter. Filtering paper, or Filter paper, a porous unsized paper, for filtering. FILTER Fil"ter, v. i. Defn: To pass through a filter; to percolate. FILTER Fil"ter, n. Defn: Same as Philter. FILTH Filth, n. Etym: [OE. filthe, fulthe, AS. f, fr. ful foul; akin to OHG. fulida. See Foul, and cf. File.] 1. Foul matter; anything that soils or defiles; dirt; nastiness. 2. Anything that sullies or defiles the moral character; corruption; pollution. To purify the soul from the dross and filth of sensual delights. Tillotson. Filth disease (Med.), a disease supposed to be due to pollution of the soil or water. FILTHILY Filth"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a filthy manner; foully. FILTHINESS Filth"i*ness, n. 1. The state of being filthy. Let us cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit. 2 Cor. vii. 1. 2. That which is filthy, or makes filthy; foulness; nastiness; corruption; pollution; impurity. Carry forth the filthiness out of the holy place. 2 Chron. xxix. 5. FILTHY Filth"y, a. [Compar. Filthier; superl. Filthiest.] Defn: Defiled with filth, whether material or moral; nasty; dirty; polluted; foul; impure; obscene. "In the filthy-mantled pool." Shak. He which is filthy let him be filthy still. Rev. xxii. 11. Syn. -- Nasty; foul; dirty; squalid; unclean; sluttish; gross; vulgar; licentious. See Nasty. FILTRATE Fil"trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Filtrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Filtrating. (] Etym: [Cf. LL. filtrare. See Filter.] Defn: To filter; to defecate; as liquid, by straining or percolation. Arbuthnot. FILTRATE Fil"trate, n. Defn: That which has been filtered; the liquid which has passed through the filter in the process of filtration. FILTRATION Fil*tra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. filtration.] Defn: The act or process of filtering; the mechanical separation of a liquid from the undissolved particles floating in it. FIMBLE; FIMBLE HEMP Fim"ble, n., or Fim"ble hemp`.Etym: [Corrupted from female hemp.] Defn: Light summer hemp, that bears no seed. FIMBRIA Fim"bri*a, n.; pl. Fimbriæ. Etym: [L., fringe. See Fringle.] (Anat.) (a) pl. Defn: A fringe, or fringed border. (b) A band of white matter bordering the hippocampus in the brain. -- Fim"bri*al, a. FIMBRIATE Fim*bri*ate, a. Etym: [L. fimbriatus fibrous, fringed, fr. fimbria fiber, fringe. See Fringe.] Defn: Having the edge or extremity bordered by filiform processes thicker than hairs; fringed; as, the fimbriate petals of the pink; the fimbriate end of the Fallopian tube. FIMBRIATE Fim"bri*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fimbriated; p. pr. & vb. n. Fimbriating.] Defn: To hem; to fringe. Fuller. FIMBRIATED Fim"bri*a`ted, a. 1. Having a fringed border; fimbriate. 2. (Her.) Defn: Having a very narrow border of another tincture; -- said esp. of an ordinary or subordinary. FIMBRICATE Fim"bri*cate, a. 1. Fringed; jagged; fimbriate. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: fringed, on one side only, by long, straight hairs, as the antennæ of certain insects. FIN Fin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finned; p. pr. & vb. n. Finning.] Etym: [Cf. Fin of a fish.] Defn: To carve or cut up, as a chub. FIN Fin, n. Etym: [See Fine, n.] Defn: End; conclusion; object. [Obs.] "She knew eke the fin of his intent." Chaucer. FIN Fin, n.Etym: [OE. finne, fin, AS. finn; akin to D. vin, G. & Dan. finne, Sw. fena, L. pinna, penna, a wing, feather. cf. pen a feather.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: An organ of a fish, consisting of a membrane supported by rays, or little bony or cartilaginous ossicles, and serving to balance and propel it in the water. Note: Fishes move through the water chiefly by means of the caudal fin or tail, the principal office of the other fins being to balance or direct the body, though they are also, to a certain extent, employed in producing motion. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A membranous, finlike, swimming organ, as in pteropod and heteropod mollusks. 3. A finlike organ or attachment; a part of an object or product which protrudes like a fin, as: (a) The hand. [Slang] (b) (Com.) A blade of whalebone. [Eng.] McElrath. (c) (Mech.) A mark or ridge left on a casting at the junction of the parts of a mold. (d) (Mech.) The thin sheet of metal squeezed out between the collars of the rolls in the process of rolling. Raymond. (e) (Mech.) A feather; a spline. 4. A finlike appendage, as to submarine boats. Apidose fin. (Zoöl.) See under Adipose, a. -- Fin ray (Anat.), one of the hornlike, cartilaginous, or bony, dermal rods which form the skeleton of the fins of fishes. -- Fin whale (Zoöl.), a finback. -- Paired fins (Zoöl.), the pectoral and ventral fins, corresponding to the fore and hind legs of the higher animals. -- Unpaired, or Median, fins (Zoöl.), the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins. FINABLE Fin"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Fine.] Defn: Liable or subject to a fine; as, a finable person or offense. Bacon. FINAL Fi"nal, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. finalis, fr. finis boundary, limit, end. See Finish.] 1. Pertaining to the end or conclusion; last; terminating; ultimate; as, the final day of a school term. Yet despair not of his final pardon. Milton. 2. Conclusive; decisive; as, a final judgment; the battle of Waterloo brought the contest to a final issue. 3. Respecting an end or object to be gained; respecting the purpose or ultimate end in view. Final cause. See under Cause. Syn. -- Final, Conclusive, Ultimate. Final is now appropriated to that which brings with it an end; as, a final adjustment; the final judgment, etc. Conclusive implies the closing of all discussion, negotiation, etc.; as, a conclusive argument or fact; a conclusive arrangement. In using ultimate, we have always reference to something earlier or proceeding; as when we say, a temporary reverse may lead to an ultimate triumph. The statements which a man finally makes at the close of a negotiation are usually conclusive as to his ultimate intentions and designs. FINALE Fi*na"le, n. Etym: [It. See Final.] Defn: Close; termination; as: (a) (Mus.) The last movement of a symphony, sonata, concerto, or any instrumental composition. (b) The last composition performed in any act of an opera. (c) The closing part, piece, or scene in any public performance or exhibition. FINALIST Fi"nal*ist, n. (Sports) Defn: Any of the players who meet in the final round of a tournament in which the losers in any round do not play again. FINALITY Fi*nal"i*ty, n.; pl. Finalities. Etym: [L. finalitas the being last.] 1. The state of being final, finished, or complete; a final or conclusive arrangement; a settlement. Baxter. 2. The relation of end or purpose to its means. Janet. FINALLY Fi"nal*ly, adv. 1. At the end or conclusion; ultimately; lastly; as, the contest was long, but the Romans finally conquered. Whom patience finally must crown. Milton. 2. Completely; beyond recovery. Not any house of noble English in Ireland was utterly destroyed or finally rooted out. Sir J. Davies. FINANCE Fi*nance", n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. financia payment of money, money, fr. finare to pay a fine or subsidy (cf. OF. finer to finish, pay), fr. L. finis end. See Fine, n., Finish.] 1. The income of a ruler or of a state; revennue; public money; sometimes, the income of an individual; often used in the plural for funds; available money; resources. All the finances or revenues of the imperial crown. Bacon. 2. The science of raising and expending the public revenue. "Versed in the details of finance." Macaulay. FINANCIAL Fi*nan"cial, a. Defn: Pertaining to finance. "Our financial and commercial system." Macaulay. FINANCIALIST Fi*nan"cial*ist, n. Defn: A financier. FINANCIALLY Fi*nan"cial*ly, adv. Defn: In a dfinancial manner. Burke. FINANCIER Fin`an*cier", n. Etym: [Cf. F. financier.] 1. One charged with the administration of finance; an officer who administers the public revenue; a treasurer. Burke. 2. One skilled in financial operations; one acquainted with money matters. FINANCIER Fin`an*cier", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Financiered; p. pr. & vb. n. Financiering.] Defn: To conduct financial operations. FINARY Fin"a*ry, n. (Iron Works) Defn: See Finery. FINATIVE Fi"na*tive, a. Defn: Conclusive; decisive; definitive; final. [Obs.] Greene (1593). FINBACK Fin"back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any whale of the genera Sibbaldius, Balænoptera, and allied genera, of the family Balænopteridæ, characterized by a prominent fin on the back. The common finbacks of the New England coast are Sibbaldius tectirostris and S. tuberosus. FINBAT KITE Fin"bat kite. Defn: = Eddy kite. [Eng.] FINCH Finch, n.; pl. Fishes. Etym: [AS. finc; akin to D. vink, OHG. fincho, G. fink; cf. W. pinc a finch; also E. spink.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small singing bird of many genera and species, belonging to the family Fringillidæ. Note: The word is often used in composition, as in chaffinch, goldfinch, grassfinch, pinefinch, etc. Bramble finch. See Brambling. -- Canary finch, the canary bird. -- Copper finch. See Chaffinch. -- Diamond finch. See under Diamond. -- Finch falcon (Zoöl.), one of several very small East Indian falcons of the genus Hierax. -- To pull a finch, to swindle an ignorant or unsuspecting person. [Obs.] "Privily a finch eke could he pull." Chaucer. FINCHBACKED Finch"backed`, a. Defn: Streaked or spotted on the back; -- said of cattle. FINCHED Finched, a. Defn: Same as Finchbacked. FIND Find, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Found; p. pr. & vb. n. Finding.] Etym: [AS. findan; akin to D. vinden, OS. & OHG. findan, G. finden, Dan. finde, icel. & Sw. finna, Goth. fin; and perh. to L. petere to seek, Gr. pat to fall, fly, E. petition.] 1. To meet with, or light upon, accidentally; to gain the first sight or knowledge of, as of something new, or unknown; hence, to fall in with, as a person. Searching the window for a flint, I found This paper, thus sealed up. Shak. In woods and forests thou art found. Cowley. 2. To learn by experience or trial; to perceive; to experience; to discover by the intellect or the feelings; to detect; to feel. "I find you passing gentle." Shak. The torrid zone is now found habitable. Cowley. 3. To come upon by seeking; as, to find something lost. (a) To discover by sounding; as, to find bottom. (b) To discover by study or experiment direct to an object or end; as, water is found to be a compound substance. (c) To gain, as the object of desire or effort; as, to find leisure; to find means. (d) To attain to; to arrive at; to acquire. Seek, and ye shall find. Matt. vii. 7. Every mountain now hath found a tongue. Byron. 4. To provide for; to supply; to furnish; as, to find food for workemen; he finds his nephew in money. Wages £14 and all found. London Times. Nothing a day and find yourself. Dickens. 5. To arrive at, as a conclusion; to determine as true; to establish; as, to find a verdict; to find a true bill (of indictment) against an accused person. To find his title with some shows of truth. Shak. To find out, to detect (a thief); to discover (a secret) -- to solve or unriddle (a parable or enigma); to understand. "Canst thou by searching find out God" Job. xi. 7. "We do hope to find out all your tricks." Milton. -- To find fault with, to blame; to censure. -- To find one's self, to be; to fare; -- often used in speaking of health; as, how do you find yourself this morning FIND Find, v. i. (Law) Defn: To determine an issue of fact, and to declare such a determination to a court; as, the jury find for the plaintiff. Burrill. FIND Find, n. Defn: Anything found; a discovery of anything valuable; especially, a deposit, discovered by archæologists, of objects of prehistoric or unknown origin. FINDABLE Find"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being found; discoverable. Fuller. FINDER Find"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, finds; specifically (Astron.), a small telescope of low power and large field of view, attached to a larger telescope, for the purpose of finding an object more readily. FIN DE SIECLE Fin` de siè"cle. [F.] Defn: Lit., end of the century; -- mostly used adjectively in English to signify: belonging to, or characteristic of, the close of the 19th century; modern; "up-to-date;" as, fin-de-siècle ideas. FINDFAULT Find"fault`, n. Defn: A censurer or caviler. [Obs.] FINDFAULTING Find"fault`ing, a. Defn: Apt to censure or cavil; faultfinding; captious. [Obs.] Whitlock. FINDING Find"ing, n. 1. That which is found, come upon, or provided; esp. (pl.), that which a journeyman artisan finds or provides for himself; as tools, trimmings, etc. When a man hath been laboring . . . in the deep mines of knowledge, hath furnished out his findings in all their equipage. Milton. 2. Support; maintenance; that which is provided for one; expence; provision. 3. (Law) Defn: The result of a judicial examination or inquiry, especially into some matter of fact; a verdict; as, the finding of a jury. Burrill. After his friends finding and his rent. Chaucer. FINDY Fin"dy, a. Etym: [AS. finding heavy; cf. Dan. fyndig strong, energetical, fynd strength, energy, emphasis.] Defn: Full; heavy; firm; solid; substemtial. [Obs.] A cold May and a windy Makes the barn fat amd findy. Old Prover FINE Fine, a. [Compar. Finer; superl. Finest.] Etym: [F. fin, LL. finus fine, pure, fr. L. finire to finish; cf. finitus, p.p., finished, completed (hence the sense accomplished, perfect.) See Finish, and cf. Finite.] 1. Finished; brought to perfection; refined; hence, free from impurity; excellent; superior; elegant; worthy of admiration; accomplished; beautiful. The gain thereof [is better] than fine gold. Prov. iii. 14. A cup of wine that's brisk and fine. Shak. Not only the finest gentleman of his time, but one of the finest scholars. Felton. To soothe the sick bed of so fine a being [Keats]. Leigh Hunt. 2. Aiming at show or effect; loaded with ornament; overdressed or overdecorated; showy. He gratified them with occasional . . . fine writing. M. Arnold. 3. Nice; delicate; subtle; exquisite; artful; skillful; dexterous. The spider's touch, how exquisitely fine! Pope. The nicest and most delicate touches of satire consist in fine raillery. Dryden. He has as fine a hand at picking a pocket as a woman. T. Gray. 4. Not coarse, gross, or heavy; as: (a) Not gross; subtile; thin; tenous. The eye standeth in the finer medium and the object in the grosser. Bacon. (b) Not coarse; comminuted; in small particles; as, fine sand or flour. (c) Not thick or heavy; slender; filmy; as, a fine thread. (d) Thin; attenuate; keen; as, a fine edge. (e) Made of fine materials; light; delicate; as, fine linen or silk. 5. Having (such) a proportion of pure metal in its composition; as, coins nine tenths fine. 6. (Used ironically.) Ye have made a fine hand, fellows. Shak. Note: Fine is often compounded with participles and adjectives, modifying them adverbially; a, fine-drawn, fine-featured, fine- grained, fine-spoken, fine-spun, etc. Fine arch (Glass Making), the smaller fritting furnace of a glasshouse. Knight. -- Fine arts. See the Note under Art. -- Fine cut, fine cut tobacco; a kind of chewing tobacco cut up into shreds. -- Fine goods, woven fabrics of fine texture and quality. McElrath. -- Fine stuff, lime, or a mixture of lime, plaster, etc., used as material for the finishing coat in plastering. -- To sail fine (Naut.), to sail as close to the wind as possible. Syn. -- Fine, Beautiful. When used as a word of praise, fine (being opposed to coarse) denotes no "ordinary thing of its kind." It is not as strong as beautiful, in reference to the single attribute implied in the latter term; but when we speak of a fine woman, we include a greater variety of particulars, viz., all the qualities which become a woman, -- breeding, sentiment, tact, etc. The term is equally comprehensive when we speak of a fine garden, landscape, horse, poem, etc.; and, though applied to a great variety of objects, the word has still a very definite sense, denoting a high degree of characteristic excellence. FINE Fine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fined; p. pr. & vb. n. Fining.] Etym: [From Fine, a.] 1. To make fine; to refine; to purify, to clarify; as, to fine gold. It hath been fined and refined by . . . learned men. Hobbes. 2. To make finer, or less coarse, as in bulk, texture, etc.; as. to fine the soil. L. H. Bailey. 3. To change by fine gradations; as (Naut.), to fine down a ship's lines, to diminish her lines gradually. I often sate at home On evenings, watching how they fined themselves With gradual conscience to a perfect night. Browning. FINE Fine, n. Etym: [OE. fin, L. finis end, also in LL., a final agreement or concord between the lord and his vassal; a sum of money paid at the end, so as to make an end of a transaction, suit, or prosecution; mulct; penalty; cf. OF. fin end, settlement, F. fin end. See Finish, and cf. Finance.] 1. End; conclusion; termination; extinction. [Obs.] "To see their fatal fine." Spenser. Is this the fine of his fines Shak. 2. A sum of money paid as the settlement of a claim, or by way of terminating a matter in dispute; especially, a payment of money imposed upon a party as a punishment for an offense; a mulct. 3. (Law) (a) (Feudal Law) A final agreement concerning lands or rents between persons, as the lord and his vassal. Spelman. (b) (Eng. Law) A sum of money or price paid for obtaining a benefit, favor, or privilege, as for admission to a copyhold, or for obtaining or renewing a lease. Fine for alienation (Feudal Law), a sum of money paid to the lord by a tenant whenever he had occasion to make over his land to another. Burrill. -- Fine of lands, a species of conveyance in the form of a fictitious suit compromised or terminated by the acknowledgment of the previous owner that such land was the right of the other party. Burrill. See Concord, n., 4. -- In fine, in conclusion; by way of termination or summing up. FINE Fine, v. t. Etym: [From Fine, n.] Defn: To impose a pecuniary penalty upon for an offense or breach of law; to set a fine on by judgment of a court; to punish by fine; to mulct; as, the trespassers were fined ten dollars. FINE Fine, v. i. Defn: To pay a fine. See Fine, n., 3 (b). [R.] Men fined for the king's good will; or that he would remit his anger; women fined for leave to marry. Hallam. FINE Fine, v. t. & i. Etym: [OF. finer, F. finir. See Finish, v. t.] Defn: To finish; to cease; or to cause to cease. [Obs.] FINEDRAW Fine"draw`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finedrawn; p. pr. & vb. n. Finedrawing.] Defn: To sew up, so nicely that the seam is not perceived; to renter. Marryat. FINEDRAWER Fine"draw`er, n. Defn: One who finedraws. FINEDRAWN Fine"drawn`, a. Defn: Drawn out with too much subtilty; overnice; as, finedrawn speculations. FINEER Fi*neer", v. i. Defn: To run in dept by getting goods made up in a way unsuitable for the use of others, and then threatening not to take them except on credit. [R.] Goldsmith. FINEER Fi*neer", v. t. Defn: To veneer. FINELESS Fine"less, a. Etym: [Fine end + -less.] Defn: Endless; boundless. [Obs.] Shak. FINELY Fine"ly, adv. Defn: In a fine or finished manner. FINENESS Fine"ness, n. Etym: [From Fine, a.] 1. The quality or condition of being fine. 2. Freedom from foreign matter or alloy; clearness; purity; as, the fineness of liquor. The fineness of the gold, and chargeful fashion. Shak. 3. The proportion of pure silver or gold in jewelry, bullion, or coins. Note: The fineness of United States coin is nine tenths, that of English gold coin is eleven twelfths, and that of English silver coin is 4. Keenness or sharpness; as, the fineness of a needle's point, or of the edge of a blade. FINER Fin"er, n. Defn: One who fines or purifies. FINERY Fin"er*y, n. 1. Fineness; beauty. [Obs.] Don't choose your place of study by the finery of the prospects. I. Watts. 2. Ornament; decoration; especially, excecially decoration; showy clothes; jewels. Her mistress' cast-off finery. F. W. Robertson. 3. Etym: [Cf. Refinery.] (Iron Works) Defn: A charcoal hearth or furnace for the conversion of cast iron into wrought iron, or into iron suitable for puddling. FINESPUN Fine"spun`, a. Defn: Spun so as to be fine; drawn to a fine thread; attenuated; hence, unsubstantial; visionary; as, finespun theories. FINESSE Fi`nesse" ( or ), n. Etym: [F., fr. fin fine. See Fine, a.] 1. Subtilty of contrivance to gain a point; artifice; stratagem. This is the artificialest piece of finesse to persuade men into slavery. Milton. 2. (Whist Playing) Defn: The act of finessing. See Finesse, v. i., 2. FINESSE Fi*nesse", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Finessed; p. pr. & vb. n. Finessing.] 1. To use artifice or stratagem. Goldsmith. 2. (Whist Playing) Defn: To attempt, when second or third player, to make a lower card answer the purpose of a higher, when an intermediate card is out, risking the chance of its being held by the opponent yet to play. FINESTILL Fine"still`, v. t. Defn: To distill, as spirit from molasses or some saccharine preparation. FINESTILLER Fine"still`er, n. Defn: One who finestills. FINEW Fin"ew, n. Etym: [See Fenowed.] Defn: Moldiness. [R.] FINFISH Fin"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A finback whale. (b) (pl.) True fish, as distinguished from shellfish. FINFOOT Fin"foot`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American bird (heliornis fulica) allied to the grebes. The name is also applied to several related species of the genus Podica. FIN-FOOTED Fin"-foot`ed, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having palmate feet. (b) Having lobate toes, as the coot and grebe. FINGER Fin"ger, n. Etym: [AS. finger; akin to D. vinger, OS. & OHG. fingar, G. finger, Icel. fingr, Sw. & Dan. finger, Goth. figgrs; of unknown origin; perh. akin to E. fang.] 1. One of the five terminating members of the hand; a digit; esp., one of the four extermities of the hand, other than the thumb. 2. Anything that does work of a finger; as, the pointer of a clock, watch, or other registering machine; especially (Mech.) a small projecting rod, wire, or piece, which is brought into contact with an object to effect, direct, or restrain a motion. 3. The breadth of a finger, or the fourth part of the hand; a measure of nearly an inch; also, the length of finger, a measure in domestic use in the United States, of about four and a half inches or one eighth of a yard. A piece of steel three fingers thick. Bp. Wilkins. 4. Skill in the use of the fingers, as in playing upon a musical instrument. [R.] She has a good finger. Busby. Ear finger, the little finger. -- Finger alphabet. See Dactylology. -- Finger bar, the horizontal bar, carrying slotted spikes, or fingers, through which the vibratory knives of mowing and reaping machines play. -- Finger board (Mus.), the part of a stringed instrument against which the fingers press the strings to vary the tone; the keyboard of a piano, organ, etc.; manual. -- Finger bowl or glass, a bowl or glass to hold water for rinsing the fingers at table. -- Finger flower (Bot.), the foxglove. -- Finger grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Panicum sanguinale) with slender radiating spikes; common crab grass. See Crab grass, under Crab. -- Finger nut, a fly nut or thumb nut. -- Finger plate, a strip of metal, glass, etc., to protect a painted or polished door from finger marks. -- Finger post, a guide post bearing an index finger. -- Finger reading, reading printed in relief so as to be sensible to the touch; -- so made for the blind. -- Finger shell (Zoöl.), a marine shell (Pholas dactylus) resembling a finger in form. -- Finger sponge (Zoöl.), a sponge having finger-shaped lobes, or branches. -- Finger stall, a cover or shield for a finger. -- Finger steel, a steel instrument for whetting a currier's knife. To burn one's fingers. See under Burn. -- To have a finger in, to be concerned in. [Colloq.] -- To have at one's fingers' ends, to be thoroughly familiar with. [Colloq.] FINGER Fin"ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fingered; p. pr. & vb. n. Fingering.] 1. To touch with the fingers; to handle; to meddle with. Let the papers lie; You would be fingering them to anger me. Shak. 2. To touch lightly; to toy with. 3. (Mus.) (a) To perform on an instrument of music. (b) To mark the notes of (a piece of music) so as to guide the fingers in playing. 4. To take thievishly; to pilfer; to purloin. Shak. 5. To execute, as any delicate work. FINGER Fin"ger, v. i. (Mus.) Defn: To use the fingers in playing on an instrument. Busby. FINGERED Fin"gered, a. 1. Having fingers. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having leaflets like fingers; digitate. 3. (Mus.) Defn: Marked with figures designating which finger should be used for each note. FINGERER Fin"ger*er, n. Defn: One who fingers; a pilferer. FINGERING Fin"ger*ing, n. 1. The act or process of handling or touching with the fingers. The mere sight and fingering of money. Grew. 2. The manner of using the fingers in playing or striking the keys of an instrument of music; movement or management of the fingers in playing on a musical instrument, in typewriting, etc. 3. The marking of the notes of a piece of music to guide or regulate the action or use of the fingers. 4. Delicate work made with the fingers. Spenser. FINGERLING Fin"ger*ling, n. Etym: [Finger + -ling.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young salmon. See Parr. FINGLE-FANGLE Fin"gle-fan`gle, n. Etym: [From fangle.] Defn: A trifle. [Low] Hudibras. FINGRIGO Fin"gri*go, n.; pl. Fingrigos. Etym: [So called in Jamaica.] (Bot.) Defn: A prickly, climbing shrub of the genus Pisonia. The fruit is a kind of berry. FINIAL Fin"*i*al, n. Etym: [L. finire to finish, end. See Finish.] (Arch.) Defn: The knot or bunch of foliage, or foliated ornament, that forms the upper extremity of a pinnacle in Gothic architecture; sometimes, the pinnacle itself. FINICAL Fin"i*cal, a. Etym: [From Fine, a.] Defn: Affectedly fine; overnice; unduly particular; fastidious. "Finical taste." Wordsworth. The gross style consists in giving no detail, the finical in giving nothing else. Hazlitt. Syn. -- Finical, Spruce, Foppish. These words are applied to persons who are studiously desirous to cultivate finery of appearance. One who is spruce is elaborately nice in dress; one who is finical shows his affectation in language and manner as well as in dress; one who is foppish distinguishes himself by going to the extreme of the fashion in the cut of his clothes, by the tawdriness of his ornaments, and by the ostentation of his manner. "A finical gentleman clips his words and screws his body into as small a compass as possible, to give himself the air of a delicate person; a spruce gentleman strives not to have a fold wrong in his frill or cravat, nor a hair of his head to lie amiss; a foppish gentleman seeks . . . to render himself distinguished for finery." Crabb. -- Fin"i*cal*ly, adv. -- Fin"i*cal*ness, n. FINICALITY Fin`i*cal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being finical; finicalness. FINICKING; FINICKY Fin"ick*ing, Fin"ick*y, a. Defn: Finical; unduly particular. [Colloq.] FINIFIC Fi*nif"ic ( or ), n. Etym: [L. finis end + facere to make.] Defn: A limiting element or quality. [R.] The essential finific in the form of the finite. Coleridge. FINIFY Fin"i*fy ( or ), v. t. Etym: [Fine, a. + -fy.] Defn: To make fine; to dress finically. [Obs.] Hath so pared and finified them [his feet.] B. Jonson. FINIKIN Fin"i*kin, a. Etym: [Fine, a. + -kin.] Defn: Precise in trifles; idly busy. [Colloq.] Smart. FINING Fin"ing, n. 1. The act of imposing a fin 2. The process of fining or refining; clarification; also (Metal.), the conversion of cast iron into suitable for puddling, in a hearth or charcoal fire. 3. That which is used to refine; especially, a preparation of isinglass, gelatin, etc., for clarifying beer. Fining pot, a vessel in which metals are refined. Prov. xvii. 3. FINIS Fi"nis, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: An end; conclusion. It is often placed at the end of a book. FINISH Fin"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Finished; p. pr. & vb. n. Finishing.] Etym: [F. finir (with a stem finiss- in several forms, whence E. - ish: see -ish.),fr. L. finire to limit, finish, end, fr. finis boundary, limit, end; perh. for fidnis, and akin findere to cleave, E. fissure.] 1. To arrive at the end of; to bring to an end; to put an end to; to make an end of; to terminate. And heroically hath finished A life heroic. Milton. 2. To bestow the last required labor upon; to complete; to bestow the utmost possible labor upon; to perfect; to accomplish; to polish. Syn. -- To end; terminate; close; conclude; complete; accomplish; perfect. FINISH Fin"ish, v. i. 1. To come to an end; to terminate. His days may finish ere that hapless time. Shak. 2. To end; to die. [R.] Shak. FINISH Fin"ish, n. 1. That which finishes, puts an end to 2. (Arch.) Defn: The joiner work and other finer work required for the completion of a building, especially of the interior. See Inside finish, and Outside finish. 3. (Fine Arts) (a) The labor required to give final completion to any work; hence, minute detail, careful elaboration, or the like. (b) See Finishing coat, under Finishing. 4. The result of completed labor, as on the surface of an object; manner or style of finishing; as, a rough, dead, or glossy finish given to cloth, stone, metal, etc. 5. Completion; -- opposed to Ant: start, or Ant: beginning. FINISHED Fin"ished, a. Defn: Polished to the highest degree of excellence; complete; perfect; as, a finished poem; a finished education. Finished work (Mach.), work that is made smooth or polished, though not necessarily completed. FINISHER Fin"ish*er, n. 1. One who finishes, puts an end to, completes, or perfects; esp. used in the trades, as in hatting, weaving, etc., for the workman who gives a finishing touch to the work, or any part of it, and brings it to perfection. O prophet of glad tidings, finisher Of utmost hope! Milton. 2. Something that gives the finishing touch to, or settles, anything. [Colloq.] FINISHING Fin"ish*ing, n. Defn: The act or process of completing or perfecting; the final work upon or ornamentation of a thing. FINISHING Fin"ish*ing, a. Defn: Tending to complete or to render fit for the market or for use. Finishing coat. (a) (Plastering) the final coat of plastering applied to walls and ceilings, usually white and rubbed smooth. (b) (Painting) The final coat of paint, usually differently mixed applied from the others. -- Finishing press, a machine for pressing fabrics. -- Finishing rolls (Iron Working), the rolls of a train which receive the bar from roughing rolls, and reduce it to its finished shape. Raymond. FINITE Fi"nite, a. Etym: [L. finitus, p.p. of finire. See Finish, and cf. Fine, a.] Defn: Having a limit; limited in quantity, degree, or capacity; bounded; -- opposed to infinite; as, finite number; finite existence; a finite being; a finite mind; finite duration. FINITELESS Fi"nite*less, a Defn: Infinite. [Obs.] Sir T. browne. FINITELY Fi"nite*ly, adv. Defn: In a finite manner or degree. FINITENESS Fi"nite*ness, n. Defn: The state of being finite. FINITUDE Fin"i*tude, n. Etym: [L. finire. See Finish.] Defn: Limitation. Cheyne. FINJAN Fin*jan", n. [Also fingan, findjan, fingian, etc.] [Ar. finjan.] Defn: In the Levant, a small coffee cup without a handle, such as is held in a cup or stand called a zarf. FIN KEEL Fin keel. (Naut.) Defn: A projection downward from the keel of a yacht, resembling in shape the fin of a fish, though often with a cigar-shaped bulb of lead at the bottom, and generally made of metal. Its use is to ballast the boat and also to enable her to sail close to the wind and to make the least possible leeway by offering great resistance to lateral motion through the water. FINLANDER Fin"land*er, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Finland. FINLESS Fin"less, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: destitute of fins. FINLET Fin"let, n. Etym: [Fin + -let.] Defn: A little fin; one of the parts of a divided fin. FINLIKE Fin"like`, a. Defn: Resembling a fin. FINN Finn, a. Defn: A native of Finland; one of the FinnFinns. FINNAN HADDIE Fin"nan had"die. Etym: [See Haddock.] Defn: Haddock cured in peat smoke, originally at Findon (pron. fìn"an), Scotland. the name is also applied to other kinds of smoked haddock. [Written also finnan haddock.] FINNED Finned, a. Defn: Having a fin, or fins, or anything resembling a fin. Mortimer. FINNER Fin"ner, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A finback whale. FINNIC Finn"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Finns. FINNIKIN Fin"ni*kin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of pigeon, with a crest somewhat resembling the mane of a horse. [Written also finikin.] FINNISH Finn"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Finland, to the Finns, or to their language. -- n. Defn: A Northern Turanian group of languages; the language of the Finns. FINNS Finns, n. pl.; sing. Finn. (Ethnol.) (a) Natives of Finland; Finlanders. (b) A branch of the Mongolian race, inhabiting Northern and Eastern Europe, including the Magyars, Bulgarians, Permians, Lapps, and Finlanders. [Written also Fins.] FINNY Fin"ny, a. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having, or abounding in, fins, as fishes; pertaining to fishes. 2. Abounding in fishes. With patient angle trolls the finny deep. Goldsmoth. FINOCHIO Fi*no"chi*o, n. Etym: [It. finocchio fennel, LL. fenuclum. See Fennel.] (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous plant (Foeniculum dulce) having a somewhat tuberous stem; sweet fennel. The blanched stems are used in France and Italy as a culinary vegetable. FINOS Fi"nos, n. pl. Etym: [Sp., pl., fr. fino fine.] Defn: Second best wool from Merino sheep. Gardner. FINPIKE Fin"pike`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The bichir. See Crossopterygii. FINSEN LIGHT Fin"sen light. [After Prof. Niels R. Finsen (b. 1860), Danish physician.] (Med.) Defn: Highly actinic light, derived from sunlight or from some form of electric lamp, used in the treatment of lupus and other cutaneous affections. FINT Fint, Defn: 3d pers. sing. pr. of Find, for findeth. [Obs.] Chaucer. FIN-TOED Fin"-toed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having toes connected by a membrane; palmiped; palmated; also, lobate. FIORD Fiord (fyi or y consonant, § 272), n. Etym: [Dan. & Norw. fiord. See Frith.] Defn: A narrow inlet of the sea, penetrating between high banks or rocks, as on the coasts of Norway and Alaska. [Written also fjord.] FIORIN Fi"o*rin, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. fiothran a sort of grass.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of creeping bent grass (Agrostis alba); -- called also fiorin grass. FIORITE Fi"o*rite, n. (Min.) Defn: A variety of opal occuring in the cavities of volcanic tufa, in smooth and shining globular and botryoidal masses, having a pearly luster; -- so called from Fiora, in Ischia. FIORITURE Fio`ri*tu"re, n. pl. Etym: [It., pl. of fioritura a flowering.] (Mus.) Defn: Little flowers of ornament introduced into a melody by a singer or player. FIPPENNY BIT Fip"pen*ny bit` ( or ). Etym: [Corruption of five penny bit.] Defn: The Spanish half real, or one sixteenth of a dollar, -- so called in Pennsylvania and the adjacent States. [Obs.] Note: Before the act of Congress, Feb. 21, 1857, caused the adoption of decimal coins and the withdrawal of foreign coinage from circulation, this coin passed currently for 6fourpence ha'penny or fourpence; in New York a sixpence; in Pennsylvania, Virginia, etc., a fip; and in Louisiana, a picayune. FIPPLE Fip"ple (fer), n. Etym: [perh. fr. L. fibula a clasp, a pin; cf. Prov. E. fible a stick used to stir pottage.] Defn: A stopper, as in a wind instrument of music. [Obs.] Bacon. FIR Fir, n. Etym: [Dan. fyr, fyrr; akin to Sw. furu, Icel. fura, AS. furh in furhwudu fir wood, G. föhre, OHG. forha pine, vereheih a sort of oak, L. quercus (Bot.) Defn: A genus (Abies) of coniferous trees, often of large size and elegant shape, some of them valued for their timber and others for their resin. The species are distinguished as the balsam fir, the silver fir, the red fir, etc. The Scoth fir is a Pinus. Note: Fir in the Bible means any one of several coniferous trees, including, cedar, cypress, and probably three species of pine. J. D. Hooker. FIRE Fire, n. Etym: [OE. fir, fyr, fur AS. fr; akin to D. vuur, OS. & OHG. fiur, G. feuer, Icel. f, f, Gr. purus pure, E. pure Cf. Empyrean, Pyre.] 1. The evolution of light and heat in the combustion of bodies; combustion; state of ignition. Note: The form of fire exhibited in the combustion of gases in an ascending stream or current is called flame. Anciently, fire, air, earth, and water were regarded as the four elements of which all things are composed. 2. Fuel in a state of combustion, as on a hearth, or in 3. The burning of a house or town; a conflagration. 4. Anything which destroys or affects like fire. 5. Ardor of passion, whether love or hate; excessive warmth; consumingviolence of temper. he had fire in his temper.Atterbury. 6. Liveliness of imagination or fancy; intellectual and moral enthusiasm; capacity for ardor and zeal. And bless their critic with a poet's fire.Pope. 7. Splendor; brilliancy; luster; hence, a star. Stars, hide your fires.Shak. As in a zodiac representing the heavenly fires.Milton. 8. Torture by burning; severe trial or affliction. 9. The discharge of firearms; firing; as, the troops were exposed to a heavy fire. Blue fire, Red fire, Green fire (Pyrotech.), compositions of various combustible substances, as sulphur, niter, lampblack, etc., the flames of which are colored by various metallic salts, as those of antimony, strontium, barium, etc. -- Fire alarm (a) A signal given on the breaking out of a fire. (b) An apparatus for giving such an alarm. -- Fire annihilator, a machine, device, or preparation to be kept at hand for extinguishing fire by smothering it with some incombustible vapor or gas, as carbonic acid. -- Fire balloon. (a) A balloon raised in the air by the buoyancy of air heated by a fire placed in the lower part. (b) A balloon sent up at night with fireworks which ignite at a regulated height. Simmonds. -- Fire bar, a grate bar. -- Fire basket, a portable grate; a cresset. Knight. -- Fire beetle. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary. -- Fire blast, a disease of plants which causes them to appear as if burnt by fire. -- Fire box, the chamber of a furnace, steam boiler, etc., for the fire. -- Fire brick, a refractory brick, capable of sustaining intense heat without fusion, usually made of fire clay or of siliceous material, with some cementing substance, and used for lining fire boxes, etc. -- Fire brigade, an organized body of men for extinguished fires. -- Fire bucket. See under Bucket. -- Fire bug, an incendiary; one who, from malice or through mania, persistently sets fire to property; a pyromaniac. [U.S.] -- Fire clay. See under Clay. -- Fire company, a company of men managing an engine in extinguishing fires. -- Fire cross. See Fiery cross. [Obs.] Milton. -- Fire damp. See under Damp. -- Fire dog. See Firedog, in the Vocabulary. -- Fire drill. (a) A series of evolutions performed by fireman for practice. (b) An apparatus for producing fire by friction, by rapidly twirling a wooden pin in a wooden socket; -- used by the Hindoos during all historic time, and by many savage peoples. -- Fire eater. (a) A juggler who pretends to eat fire. (b) A quarrelsome person who seeks affrays; a hotspur. [Colloq.] -- Fire engine, a portable forcing pump, usually on wheels, for throwing water to extinguish fire. -- Fire escape, a contrivance for facilitating escape from burning buildings. -- Fire gilding (Fine Arts), a mode of gilding with an amalgam of gold and quicksilver, the latter metal being driven off afterward by heat. -- Fire gilt (Fine Arts), gold laid on by the process of fire gilding. -- Fire insurance, the act or system of insuring against fire; also, a contract by which an insurance company undertakes, in consideration of the payment of a premium or small percentage -- usually made periodically -- to indemnify an owner of property from loss by fire during a specified period. -- Fire irons, utensils for a fireplace or grate, as tongs, poker, and shovel. -- Fire main, a pipe for water, to be used in putting out fire. -- Fire master (Mil), an artillery officer who formerly supervised the composition of fireworks. -- Fire office, an office at which to effect insurance against fire. -- Fire opal, a variety of opal giving firelike reflections. -- Fire ordeal, an ancient mode of trial, in which the test was the ability of the accused to handle or tread upon red-hot irons. Abbot. -- Fire pan, a pan for holding or conveying fire, especially the receptacle for the priming of a gun. -- Fire plug, a plug or hydrant for drawing water from the main pipes in a street, building, etc., for extinguishing fires. -- Fire policy, the writing or instrument expressing the contract of insurance against loss by fire. -- Fire pot. (a) (Mil.) A small earthen pot filled with combustibles, formerly used as a missile in war. (b) The cast iron vessel which holds the fuel or fire in a furnace. (c) A crucible. (d) A solderer's furnace. -- Fire raft, a raft laden with combustibles, used for setting fire to an enemy's ships. -- Fire roll, a peculiar beat of the drum to summon men to their quarters in case of fire. -- Fire setting (Mining), the process of softening or cracking the working face of a lode, to facilitate excavation, by exposing it to the action of fire; -- now generally superseded by the use of explosives. Raymond. -- Fire ship, a vessel filled with combustibles, for setting fire to an enemy's ships. -- Fire shovel, a shovel for taking up coals of fire. -- Fire stink, the stench from decomposing iron pyrites, caused by the formation of sulphureted hydrogen. Raymond. -- Fire surface, the surfaces of a steam boiler which are exposed to the direct heat of the fuel and the products of combustion; heating surface. -- Fire swab, a swab saturated with water, for cooling a gun in action and clearing away particles of powder, etc. Farrow. -- Fire teaser, in England, the fireman of a steam emgine. -- Fire water, ardent spirits; -- so called by the American Indians. -- Fire worship, the worship of fire, which prevails chiefly in Persia, among the followers of Zoroaster, called Chebers, or Guebers, and among the Parsees of India. -- Greek fire. See under Greek. -- On fire, burning; hence, ardent; passionate; eager; zealous. -- Running fire, the rapid discharge of firearms in succession by a line of troops. -- St. Anthony's fire, erysipelas; -- an eruptive fever which St. Anthony was supposed to cure miraculously. Hoblyn. -- St. Elmo's fire. See under Saint Elmo. -- To set on fire, to inflame; to kindle. -- To take fire, to begin to burn; to fly into a passion. FIRE Fire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fired; p. pr. & vb. n. Fring.] 1. To set on fire; to kindle; as, to fire a house or chimney; to fire a pile. 2. To subject to intense heat; to bake; to burn in a kiln; as, to fire pottery. 3. To inflame; to irritate, as the passions; as, to fire the soul with anger, pride, or revenge. Love had fired my mind. Dryden. 4. To animate; to give life or spirit to; as, to fire the genius of a young man. 5. To feed or serve the fire of; as, to fire a boiler. 6. To light up as if by fire; to illuminate. [The sun] fires the proud tops of the eastern pines. Shak. 7. To cause to explode; as, to fire a torpedo; to disharge; as, to fire a musket or cannon; to fire cannon balls, rockets, etc. 8. To drive by fire. [Obs.] Till my bad angel fire my good one out. Shak. 9. (Far.) Defn: To cauterize. To fire up, to light up the fires of, as of an engine. FIRE Fire, v. i. 1. To take fire; to be kindled; to kindle. 2. To be irritated or inflamed with passion. 3. To discharge artillery or firearms; as, they fired on the town. To fire up, to grow irritated or angry. "He . . . fired up, and stood vigorously on his defense." Macaulay. FIREARM Fire"arm`, n. Defn: A gun, pistol, or any weapon from a shot is discharged by the force of an explosive substance, as gunpowder. FIREBACK Fire"back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of pheasants of the genus Euplocamus, having the lower back a bright, fiery red. They inhabit Southern Asia and the East Indies. FIREBALL Fire"ball`, n. (a) (Mil.) A ball filled with powder or other combustibles, intended to be thrown among enemies, and to injure by explosion; also, to set fire to their works and light them up, so that movements may be seen. (b) A luminous meteor, resembling a ball of fire passing rapidly through the air, and sometimes exploding. FIREBARE Fire"bare`, n. Defn: A beacon. [Obs.] Burrill. FIRE BEETLE Fire" bee`tle. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very brilliantly luminous beetle (Pyrophorus noctilucus), one of the elaters, found in Central and South America; -- called also cucujo. The name is also applied to other species. See Firefly. FIREBIRD Fire"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Baltimore oriole. FIREBOARD Fire"board`, n. Defn: A chimney board or screen to close a fireplace when not in use. FIREBOTE Fire"bote`, n. (O.Eng.Law) Defn: An allowance of fuel. See Bote. FIREBRAND Fire"brand`, n. 1. A piece of burning wood. L'Estrange. 2. One who inflames factions, or causes contention and mischief; an incendiary. Bacon. FIRECRACKER Fire"crack`er, n. Defn: See Cracker., n., 3. FIRECREST Fire"crest`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European kinglet (Regulus ignicapillus), having a bright red crest; -- called also fire-crested wren. FIREDOG Fire"dog`, n. Defn: A support for wood in a fireplace; an andiron. FIREDRAKE Fire"drake`, n. Etym: [AS. f; f fire + draca a dragon. See Fire, and Drake a dragon.] [Obs.] 1. A fiery dragon. Beau. & Fl. 2. A fiery meteor; an ignis fatuus; a rocket. 3. A worker at a furnace or fire. B. Jonson. FIRE-FANGED Fire"-fanged`, a. Etym: [Fire + fanged seized.] Defn: Injured as by fire; burned; -- said of manure which has lost its goodness and acquired an ashy hue in consequence of heat generated by decomposition. FIREFISH Fire"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A singular marine fish of the genus Pterois, family Scorpænidæ, of several species, inhabiting the Indo-Pacific region. They are usually red, and have very large spinose pectoral and dorsal fins. FIREFLAIRE Fire"flaire`, n. Etym: [Fire + Prov. E. flaire a ray.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European sting ray of the genus Trygon (T. pastinaca); -- called also fireflare and fiery flaw. FIREFLAME Fire"flame`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European band fish (Cepola rubescens). FIREFLY Fire"fly`, n.; pl. Fireflies (. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any luminous winged insect, esp. luminous beetles of the family Lampyridæ. Note: The common American species belong to the genera Photinus and Photuris, in which both sexes are winged. The name is also applied to luminous species of Elateridæ. See Fire beetle. FIRELESS Fire"less, a. Defn: Destitute of fire. FIRELOCK Fire"lock`, n. Defn: An old form of gunlock, as the flintlock, which ignites the priming by a spark; perhaps originally, a matchlock. Hence, a gun having such a lock. FIREMAN Fire"man, n.; pl. Firemen (-men). 1. A man whose business is to extinguish fires in towns; a member of a fire company. 2. A man who tends the fires, as of a steam engine; a stocker. FIRE-NEW Fire"-new`, a. Defn: Fresh from the forge; bright; quite new; brand-new. Charles reade. Your fire-new stamp of honor is scarce current. Shak. FIREPLACE Fire"place`, n. Defn: The part a chimney appropriated to the fire; a hearth; -- usually an open recess in a wall, in which a fire may be built. FIREPROOF Fire"proof`, a. Defn: Proof against fire; incombustible. FIREPROOFING Fire"proof`ing, n. Defn: The act or process of rendering anything incombustible; also, the materials used in the process. FIRER Fir"er, n. Defn: One who fires or sets fire to anything; an incendiary. [R.] R. Carew. FIREROOM Fire"room`, n. Defn: Same as Stokehold, below. FIRE-SET Fire"-set`, n. Defn: A set of fire irons, including, commonly, tongs, shovel, and poker. FIRESIDE Fire"side`, n. Defn: A place near the fire or hearth; home; domestic life or retirement. FIRESTONE Fire"stone` (; 110), n. Etym: [AS. f flint; f fire + stan stone.] 1. Iron pyrites, formerly used for striking fire; also, a flint. 2. A stone which will bear the heat of a furnace without injury; -- especially applied to the sandstone at the top of the upper greensand in the south of England, used for lining kilns and furnaces. Ure. FIRETAIL Fire"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European redstart; -- called also fireflirt. [prov. Eng.] FIREWARDEN Fire"ward`en, n. Defn: An officer who has authority to direct in the extinguishing of fires, or to order what precautions shall be taken against fires; -- called also fireward. FIREWEED Fire"weed`, n. (Bot.) (a) An American plant (Erechthites hiercifolia), very troublesome in spots where brushwood has been burned. (b) The great willow-herb (Epilobium spicatum). FIREWOOD Fire"wood`, n. Defn: Wood for fuel. FIREWORK Fire"work`, n. 1. A device for producing a striking display of light, or a figure or figures in plain or colored fire, by the combustion of materials that burn in some peculiar manner, as gunpowder, sulphur, metallic filings, and various salts. The most common feature of fireworks is a paper or pasteboard tube filled with the combustible material. A number of these tubes or cases are often combined so as to make, when kindled, a great variety of figures in fire, often variously colored. The skyrocket is a common form of firework. The name is also given to various combustible preparations used in war. 2. pl. Defn: A pyrotechnic exhibition. [Obs. in the sing.] Night before last, the Duke of Richmond gave a firework. Walpole. FIREWORM Fire"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of a small tortricid moth which eats the leaves of the cranberry, so that the vines look as if burned; -- called also cranberry worm. FIRING Fir"ing, n. 1. The act of disharging firearms. 2. The mode of introducing fuel into the furnace and working it. Knight. 3. The application of fire, or of a cautery. Dunglison. 4. The process of partly vitrifying pottery by exposing it to intense heat in a kiln. 5. Fuel; firewood or coal. [Obs.] Mortimer. Firing iron, an instrument used in cauterizing. FIRING PIN Fir"ing pin`. Defn: In the breech mechanism of a firearm, the pin which strikes the head of the cartridge and explodes it. FIRK Firk, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OE. ferken to proceed, hasten, AS. fercian to bring, assist; perh. akin to faran to go, E. fare.] Defn: To beat; to strike; to chastise. [Obs.] I'll fer him, and firk him, and ferret him. Shak. FIRK Firk, v. i. Defn: To fly out; to turn out; to go off. [Obs.] A wench is a rare bait, with which a man No sooner's taken but he straight firks mad.B.Jonson. FIRK Firk, n. Defn: A freak; trick; quirk. [Obs.] Ford. FIRKIN Fir"kin, n. Etym: [From AS. feówer four (or an allied word, perh. Dutch or Danish) + -kin. See Four.] 1. A varying measure of capacity, usually being the fourth part of a barrel; specifically, a measure equal to nine imperial gallons. [Eng.] 2. A small wooden vessel or cask of indeterminate size, -- used for butter, lard, etc. [U.S.] FIRLOT Fir"lot, n. Etym: [Scot., the fourth part of a boll of grain, from a word equiv. to E. four + lot part, portion. See Firkin.] Defn: A dry measure formerly used in Scotland; the fourth part of a boll of grain or meal. The Linlithgow wheat firlot was to the imperial bushel as 998 to 1000; the barley firlot as 1456 to 1000. Brande & C. FIRM Firm, a. [Compar. Firmer; superl. Firmest.] Etym: [OE. ferme, F. ferme, fr.L. firmus; cf. Skr. dharman support, law, order, dh to hold fast, carry. Cf. Farm, Throne.] 1. Fixed; hence, closely compressed; compact; substantial; hard; solid; -- applied to the matter of bodies; as, firm flesh; firm muscles, firm wood. 2. Not easily excited or disturbed; unchanging in purpose; fixed; steady; constant; stable; unshaken; not easily changed in feelings or will; strong; as, a firm believer; a firm friend; a firm adherent. Under spread ensigns, moving nigh, in slow But firm battalion. Milton. By one man's firm obediency fully tried. Milton. 3. Solid; -- opposed to fluid; as, firm land. 4. Indicating firmness; as, a firm tread; a firm countenance. Syn. -- Compact; dense; hard; solid; stanch; robust; strong; sturdly; fixed; steady; resolute; constant. FIRM Firm, n. Etym: [It. firma the (firm, sure, or confirming) signature or subscription, or Pg. firma signature, firm, cf. Sp. firma signature; all fr. L. firmus, adj., firm. See Firm, a] Defn: The name, title, or style, under which a company transacts business; a partnership of two or more persons; a commercial house; as, the firm of Hope & Co. FIRM Firm, v. t. Etym: [OE. fermen to make firm, F. fermer, fr. L. firmare to make firm. See Firm, a.] 1. To fix; to settle; to confirm; to establish. [Obs.] And Jove has firmed it with an awful nod. Dryden. 2. To fix or direct with firmness. [Obs.] He on his card and compass firms his eye. Spenser. FIRMAMENT Fir"ma*ment, n. Etym: [L. firmamentum, fr. firmare to make firm: cf. F. firmament. See Firm, v. & a.] 1. Fixed foundation; established basis. [Obs.] Custom is the . . . firmament of the law. Jer. Taylor. 2. The region of the air; the sky or heavens. And God said, Let there be a firmament in the miGen. i. 6. And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament. Gen. i. 14. Note: In Scripture, the word denotes an expanse, a wide extent; the great arch or expanse over out heads, in which are placed the atmosphere and the clouds, and in which the stars appear to be placed, and are really seen. 3. (Old Astron.) Defn: The orb of the fixed stars; the most rmote of the celestial spheres. FIRMAMENTAL Fir`ma*men"tal, a. Defn: Pertaining to the firmament; celestial; being of the upper regions. Dryden. FIRMAN Fir"man ( or ), n.; pl. Firmans or. Etym: [Pers. ferman.] Defn: In Turkey and some other Oriental countries, a decree or mandate issued by the sovereign; a royal order or grant; -- generally given for special objects, as to a traveler to insure him protection and assistance. [Written also firmaun.] FIRMER-CHISEL Firm"er-chis"el, n. Defn: A chisel, thin in proportion to its width. It has a tang to enter the handle instead of a socket for receiving it. Knight. FIRMITUDE Firm"i*tude, n. Etym: [L. firmitudo. See Firm.] Defn: Strength; stability. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. FIRMITY Firm"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. firmitas.] Defn: Strength; firmness; stability. [Obs.] Chillingworth. FIRMLESS Firm"less, a. 1. Detached from substance. [Obs.] Does passion still the firmless mind control Pope. 2. Infirm; unstable. "Firmless sands." Sylvester. FIRMLY Firm"ly, adv. Defn: In a firm manner. FIRMNESS Firm"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being firm. Syn. -- Firmness, Constancy. Firmness belongs to the will, and constancy to the affections and principles; the former prevents us from yielding, and the latter from fluctuating. Without firmness a man has no character; "without constancy," says Addison, "there is neither love, friendship, nor virtue in the world." FIRMS Firms, n. pl. Etym: [From Firm, a.] (Arch.) Defn: The principal rafters of a roof, especially a pair of rafters taken together. [Obs.] FIRRING Fir"ring, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Furring. FIRRY Fir"ry, a. Defn: Made of fir; abounding in firs. In firry woodlands making moan. Tennyson. FIRST First, a. Etym: [OE. first, furst, AS. fyrst; akin to Icel. fyrstr, Sw. & Dan. förste, OHG. furist, G. fürst prince; a superlatiye form of E. for, fore. See For, Fore, and cf. Formeer, Foremost.] 1. Preceding all others of a series or kind; the ordinal of one; earliest; as, the first day of a month; the first year of a reign. 2. Foremost; in front of, or in advance of, all others. 3. Most eminent or exalted; most excellent; chief; highest; as, Demosthenes was the first orator of Greece. At first blush. See under Blush. -- At first hand, from the first or original source; without the intervention of any agent. It is the intention of the person to reveal it at first hand, by way of mouth, to yourself. Dickens. -- First coat (Plastering), the solid foundation of coarse stuff, on which the rest is placed; it is thick, and crossed with lines, so as to give a bond for the next coat. -- First day, Sunday; -- so called by the Friends. -- First floor. (a) The ground floor. [U.S.] (b) The floor next above the ground floor. [Eng.] -- First fruit or fruits. (a) The fruits of the season earliest gathered. (b) (Feudal Law) One year's profits of lands belonging to the king on the death of a tenant who held directly from him. (c) (Eng. Eccl. Law) The first year's whole profits of a benefice or spiritual living. (d) The earliest effects or results. See, Father, what first fruits on earth are sprung From thy implanted grace in man! Milton. -- First mate, an officer in a merchant vessel next in rank to the captain. -- First name, same as Christian name. See under Name, n. -- First officer (Naut.), in the merchant service, same as First mate (above). -- First sergeant (Mil.), the ranking non-commissioned officer in a company; the orderly sergeant. Farrow. -- First watch (Naut.), the watch from eight to twelve at midnight; also, the men on duty during that time. -- First water, the highest quality or purest luster; -- said of gems, especially of diamond and pearls. Syn. -- Primary; primordial; primitive; primeval; pristine; highest; chief; principal; foremost. FIRST First, adv. Defn: Before any other person or thing in time, space, rank, etc.; -- much used in composition with adjectives and participles. Adam was first formed, then Eve. 1 Tim. ii. 13. At first, At the first, at the beginning or origin. -- First or last, at one time or another; at the beginning or end. And all are fools and lovers first or last. Dryden. FIRST First, n. (Mus.) Defn: The upper part of a duet, trio, etc., either vocal or instrumental; -- so called because it generally expresses the air, and has a preëminence in the combined effect. FIRSTBORN First"born`, a. Defn: First brought forth; first in the order of nativity; eldest; hence, most excellent; most distinguished or exalted. FIRST-CLASS First"-class`, a. Defn: Of the best class; of the highest rank; in the first division; of the best quality; first-rate; as, a first-class telescope. First- class car or First-class railway carriage, any passenger car of the highest regular class, and intended for passengers who pay the highest regular rate; -- distinguished from a second-class car. FIRST-HAND First"-hand`, a. Defn: Obtained directly from the first or original source; hence, without the intervention of an agent. One sphere there is . . . where the apprehension of him is first-hand and direct; and that is the sphere of our own mind. J. Martineau. FIRSTLING First"ling, n. Etym: [First + -ling.] 1. The first produce or offspring; -- said of animals, especially domestic animals; as, the firstlings of his flock. Milton. 2. The thing first thought or done. The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstlings of my hand. Shak. FIRSTLING First"ling, a. Defn: Firstborn. All the firstling males. Deut. xv. 19. FIRSTLY First"ly, adv. Defn: In the first place; before anything else; -- sometimes improperly used for first. FIRST-RATE First"-rate`, a. Defn: Of the highest excellence; preëminent in quality, size, or estimation. Our only first-rate body of contemporary poetry is the German. M. Arnold. Hermocrates . . . a man of first-rate ability. Jowett (Thucyd). FIRST-RATE First"-rate`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A war vessel of the highest grade or the most powerful class. FIRTH Firth, n. Etym: [Scot. See Frith.] (geog.) Defn: An arm of the sea; a frith. FIR TREE Fir" tree` Defn: . See Fir. FISC Fisc, n. Etym: [F. fisc, fr. L. fiscus basket, money basket, treasury; prob. akin to fascis bundle. See Fasces.] Defn: A public or state treasury. Burke. FISCAL Fis"cal, a. Etym: [F. fiscal, L. fiscalis, fr. fiscus. See Fisc.] Defn: Pertaining to the public treasury or revenue. The fiscal arreangements of government. A. Hamilton. FISCAL Fis"cal, n. 1. The income of a prince or a state; revenue; exchequer. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A treasurer. H. Swinburne. 3. A public officer in Scotland who prosecutes in petty criminal cases; -- called also procurator fiscal. 4. The solicitor in Spain and Portugal; the attorney-general. FISETIC Fi*set"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to fustet or fisetin. FISETIN Fis"e*tin, n. Etym: [G. fisettholz a species of fustic.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline substance extracted from fustet, and regarded as its essential coloring principle; -- called also fisetic acid. FISH Fish, n. Etym: [F. fiche peg, mark, fr. fisher to fix.] Defn: A counter, used in various games. FISH Fish, n.; pl. Fishes, or collectively, Fish. Etym: [OE. fisch, fisc, fis, AS. fisc; akin to D. visch, OS. & OHG. fisk, G. fisch, Icel. fiskr, Sw. & Dan. fisk, Goth. fisks, L. piscis, Ir. iasg. Cf. Piscatorial. In some cases, such as fish joint, fish plate, this word has prob. been confused with fish, fr. F. fichea peg.] 1. A name loosely applied in popular usage to many animals of diverse characteristics, living in the water. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An oviparous, vertebrate animal usually having fins and a covering scales or plates. It breathes by means of gills, and lives almost entirely in the water. See Pisces. Note: The true fishes include the Teleostei (bony fishes), Ganoidei, Dipnoi, and Elasmobranchii or Selachians (sharks and skates). Formerly the leptocardia and Marsipobranciata were also included, but these are now generally regarded as two distinct classes, below the fishes. 3. pl. Defn: The twelfth sign of the zodiac; Pisces. 4. The flesh of fish, used as food. 5. (Naut.) (a) A purchase used to fish the anchor. (b) A piece of timber, somewhat in the form of a fish, used to strengthen a mast or yard. Note: Fish is used adjectively or as part of a compound word; as, fish line, fish pole, fish spear, fish-bellied. Age of Fishes. See under Age, n., 8. -- Fish ball, fish (usually salted codfish) shared fine, mixed with mashed potato, and made into the form of a small, round cake. [U.S.] -- Fish bar. Same as Fish plate (below). -- Fish beam (Mech.), a beam one of whose sides (commonly the under one) swells out like the belly of a fish. Francis. -- Fish crow (Zoöl.), a species of crow (Corvus ossifragus), found on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It feeds largely on fish. -- Fish culture, the artifical breeding and rearing of fish; pisciculture. -- Fish davit. See Davit. -- Fish day, a day on which fish is eaten; a fast day. -- Fish duck (Zoöl.), any species of merganser. -- Fish fall, the tackle depending from the fish davit, used in hauling up the anchor to the gunwale of a ship. -- Fish garth, a dam or weir in a river for keeping fish or taking them easily. -- Fish glue. See Isinglass. -- Fish joint, a joint formed by a plate or pair of plates fastened upon two meeting beams, plates, etc., at their junction; -- used largely in connecting the rails of railroads. -- Fish kettle, a long kettle for boiling fish whole. -- Fish ladder, a dam with a series of steps which fish can leap in order to ascend falls in a river. -- Fish line, or Fishing line, a line made of twisted hair, silk, etc., used in angling. -- Fish louse (Zoöl.), any crustacean parasitic on fishes, esp. the parasitic Copepoda, belonging to Caligus, Argulus, and other related genera. See Branchiura. -- Fish maw (Zoöl.), the stomach of a fish; also, the air bladder, or sound. -- Fish meal, fish desiccated and ground fine, for use in soups, etc. -- Fish oil, oil obtained from the bodies of fish and marine animals, as whales, seals, sharks, from cods' livers, etc. -- Fish owl (Zoöl.), a fish-eating owl of the Old World genera Scotopelia and Ketupa, esp. a large East Indian species (K. Ceylonensis). -- Fish plate, one of the plates of a fish joint. -- Fish pot, a wicker basket, sunk, with a float attached, for catching crabs, lobsters, etc. -- Fish pound, a net attached to stakes, for entrapping and catching fish; a weir. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. -- Fish slice, a broad knife for dividing fish at table; a fish trowel. -- Fish slide, an inclined box set in a stream at a small fall, or ripple, to catch fish descending the current. Knight. -- Fish sound, the air bladder of certain fishes, esp. those that are dried and used as food, or in the arts, as for the preparation of isinglass. -- Fish story, a story which taxes credulity; an extravagant or incredible narration. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. -- Fish strainer. (a) A metal colander, with handles, for taking fish from a boiler. (b) A perforated earthenware slab at the bottom of a dish, to drain the water from a boiled fish. -- Fish trowel, a fish slice. -- Fish weir or wear, a weir set in a stream, for catching fish. -- Neither fish nor flesh (Fig.), neither one thing nor the other. FISH Fish, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fished; p. pr. & vb. n. Fishing.] 1. To attempt to catch fish; to be employed in taking fish, by any means, as by angling or drawing a net. 2. To seek to obtain by artifice, or indirectly to seek to draw forth; as, to fish for compliments. Any other fishing question. Sir W. Scott. FISH Fish, v. t. Etym: [OE. fischen, fisken, fissen, AS. fiscian; akin to G. fischen, OHG. fisc, Goth. fisk. See Fish the animal.] 1. To catch; to draw out or up; as, to fish up an anchor. 2. To search by raking or sweeping. Swift. 3. To try with a fishing rod; to catch fish in; as, to fish a stream. Thackeray. 4. To strengthen (a beam, mast, etc.), or unite end to end (two timbers, railroad rails, etc.) by bolting a plank, timber, or plate to the beam, mast, or timbers, lengthwise on one or both sides. See Fish joint, under Fish, n. To fish the anchor. (Naut.) See under Anchor. FISH-BELLIED Fish"-bel`lied, a. Defn: Bellying or swelling out on the under side; as, a fish-bellied rail. Knight. FISH-BLOCK Fish"-block`, n. Defn: See Fish-tackle. FISHER Fish"er, n. Etym: [AS. fiscere.] 1. One who fishes. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A carnivorous animal of the Weasel family (Mustela Canadensis); the pekan; the "black cat." FISHERMAN Fish"er*man, n.; pl. Fishermen (. 1. One whose occupation is to catch fish. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A ship or vessel employed in the business of taking fish, as in the cod fishery. FISHERY Fish"er*y, n.; pl. Fisheries (. 1. The business or practice of catching fish; fishing. Addison. 2. A place for catching fish. 3. (Law) Defn: The right to take fish at a certain place, or in particular waters. Abbott. FISHFUL Fish"ful, a. Defn: Abounding with fish. [R.] "My fishful pond." R. Carew. FISHGIG Fish"gig`, n. Defn: A spear with barbed prongs used for harpooning fish. Knight. FISHHAWK Fish"hawk`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The osprey (Pandion haliaëtus), found both in Europe and America; -- so called because it plunges into the water and seizes fishes in its talons. Called also fishing eagle, and bald buzzard. FISHHOOK Fish"hook`, n. 1. A hook for catching fish. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A hook with a pendant, to the end of which the fish-tackle is hooked. Dana. FISHIFY Fish"i*fy, v. t. Defn: To change to fish. [R.] Shak. FISHINESS Fish"i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being fishy or fishlike. Pennant. FISHING Fish"ing, n. 1. The act, practice, or art of one who fishes. 2. A fishery. Spenser. FISHING Fish"ing, a. Etym: [From Fishing, n.] Defn: Pertaining to fishing; used in fishery; engaged in fishing; as, fishing boat; fishing tackle; fishing village. Fishing fly, an artificial fly for fishing. -- Fishing line, a line used in catching fish. -- Fishing net, a net of various kinds for catching fish; including the bag net, casting net, drag net, landing net, seine, shrimping net, trawl, etc. -- Fishing rod, a long slender rod, to which is attached the line for angling. -- Fishing smack, a sloop or other small vessel used in sea fishing. -- Fishing tackle, apparatus used in fishing, as hook, line, rod, etc. -- Fishing tube (Micros.), a glass tube for selecting a microscopic object in a fluid. FISHLIKE Fish"like, a. Defn: Like fish; suggestive of fish; having some of the qualities of fish. A very ancient and fishlike smell. Shak. FISHMONGER Fish"mon`ger, n. Defn: A dealer in fish. FISHSKIN Fish"skin`, n. 1. The skin of a fish (dog fish, shark, etc.) 2. (Med.) Defn: See Ichthyosis. FISH-TACKLE Fish"-tac`kle, n. Defn: A tackle or purchase used to raise the flukes of the anchor up to the gunwale. The block used is called the fish-block. FISH-TAIL Fish"-tail`, a. Defn: Like the of a fish; acting, or producing something, like the tail of a fish. Fish-tail burner, a gas burner that gives a spreading flame shaped somewhat like the tail of a fish. -- Fish-tail propeller (Steamship), a propeller with a single blade that oscillates like the tail of a fish when swimming. FISHWIFE Fish"wife`, n. Defn: A fishwoman. FISHWOMAN Fish"wom`an, n.; pl. Fishwomen (. Defn: A woman who retails fish. FISHY Fish"y, a. 1. Consisting of fish; fishlike; having the qualities or taste of fish; abounding in fish. Pope. 2. Extravagant, like some stories about catching fish; improbable; also, rank or foul. [Colloq.] FISK Fisk, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Sw. fjeska to bustle about.] Defn: To run about; to frisk; to whisk. [Obs.] He fisks abroad, and stirreth up erroneous opinions. Latimer. FISSIGEMMATION Fis`si*gem*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. fissus (p.p. of findere to split) + E. gemmation.] (Biol.) Defn: A process of reproduction intermediate between fission and gemmation. FISSILE Fis"sile, a. Etym: [L. fissilis, fr. fissus, p.p. of findere to split. See Fissure.] Defn: Capable of being split, cleft, or divided in the direction of the grain, like wood, or along natural planes of cleavage, like crystals. This crystal is a pellucid, fissile stone. Sir I. Newton. FISSILINGUAL Fis`si*lin"gual, a. Etym: [L. fissus (p.p. of findere to split) + E. lingual.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the tongue forked. FISSILINGUIA Fis`si*lin"gui*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. fissus (p.p. o f findere to split) + lingua tongue.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Lacertilia having the tongue forked, including the common lizards. [Written also Fissilingues.] FISSILITY Fis*sil"i*ty, n. Defn: Quality of being fissile. FISSION Fis"sion, n. Etym: [L. fissio. See Fissure.] 1. A cleaving, splitting, or breaking up into parts. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A method of asexual reproduction among the lowest (unicellular) organisms by means of a process of self-division, consisting of gradual division or cleavage of the into two parts, each of which then becomes a separate and independent organisms; as when a cell in an animal or plant, or its germ, undergoes a spontaneous division, and the parts again subdivide. See Segmentation, and Cell division, under Division. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A process by which certain coral polyps, echinoderms, annelids, etc., spontaneously subdivide, each individual thus forming two or more new ones. See Strobilation. FISSIPALMATE Fis`si*pal"mate, a. Etym: [L. fissus (p.p. of findere to split) + palma palm.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Semipalmate and loboped, as a grebe's foot. See Illust. under Aves. FISSIPARA Fis*sip"a*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Fissiparous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Animals which reproduce by fission. FISSIPARISM Fis*sip"a*rism, n. Etym: [See Fissiparous.] (Biol.) Defn: Reproduction by spontaneous fission. FISSIPARITY Fis`si*par"i*ty, n. (Biol.) Defn: Quality of being fissiparous; fissiparism. FISSIPAROUS Fis*sip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. fissus (p.p. of findere to split) + parere to bring forth: cf. F. fissipare.] (Biol.) Defn: Reproducing by spontaneous fission. See Fission. -- Fis*sip"a*rous*ly, adv. FISSIPATION Fis`si*pa"tion, n. (Biol.) Defn: Reproduction by fission; fissiparism. FISSIPED; FISSIPEDAL Fis"si*ped, Fis*sip"e*dal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fissipède.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the toes separated to the base. [See Aves.] FISSIPED Fis"si*ped, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Fissipedia. FISSIPEDIA Fis`si*pe"di*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. fissus (p.p. of findere to cleave) + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of the Carnivora, including the dogs, cats, and bears, in which the feet are not webbed; -- opposed to Pinnipedia. FISSIROSTRAL Fis`si*ros"tral, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fissirostre.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the bill cleft beyond the horny part, as in the case of swallows and goatsuckers. FISSIROSTRES Fis`si*ros"tres, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. fissus (p.p. of findere to cleave) + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of birds having the bill deeply cleft. FISSURAL Fis"sur*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to a fissure or fissures; as, the fissural pattern of a brain. FISSURATION Fis`su*ra"tion, n. (Anat.) Defn: The act of dividing or opening; the state of being fissured. FISSURE Fis"sure, n. Etym: [L. fissura, fr. findere, fissum, to cleave, split; akin to E. bite: cf. F. fissure.] Defn: A narrow opening, made by the parting of any substance; a cleft; as, the fissure of a rock. Cerebral fissures (Anat.), the furrows or clefts by which the surface of the cerebrum is divided; esp., the furrows first formed by the infolding of the whole wall of the cerebrum. -- Fissure needle (Surg.), a spiral needle for catching together the gaping lips of wounds. Knight. -- Fissure of rolando (Anat.), the furrow separating the frontal from the parietal lobe in the cerebrum. -- Fissure of Sylvius (Anat.), a deep cerebral fissure separating the frontal from the temporal lobe. See Illust. under Brain. -- Fissure vein (Mining), a crack in the earth's surface filled with mineral matter. Raymond. FISSURE Fis"sure, v. t. Defn: To cleave; to divide; to crack or fracture. FISSURELLA Fis`su*rel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. fissura a fissure.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine gastropod mollusks, having a conical or limpetlike shell, with an opening at the apex; -- called also keyhole limpet. FIST Fist, n. Etym: [OE. fist, fust, AS. f; akin to D. vuist, OHG. f, G. faust, and prob. to L. pugnus, Gr. Pugnacious, Pigmy.] 1. The hand with the fingers doubled into the palm; the closed hand, especially as clinched tightly for the purpose of striking a blow. Who grasp the earth and heaven with my fist. Herbert. 2. The talons of a bird of prey. [Obs.] More light than culver in the falcon's fist. Spenser. 3. (print.) Defn: the index mark [], used to direct special attention to the passage which follows. Hand over fist (Naut.), rapidly; hand over hand. FIST Fist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fisting.] 1. To strike with the fist. Dryden. 2. To gripe with the fist. [Obs.] Shak. FISTIC Fist"ic, a. Etym: [From Fist.] Defn: Pertaining to boxing, or to encounters with the fists; puglistic; as, fistic exploits; fistic heroes. [Colloq.] FISTICUFF Fist"i*cuff, n. Defn: A cuff or blow with the fist or hand; (pl.) Defn: a fight with the fists; boxing. Swift. FISTINUT Fis"ti*nut, n. Etym: [Cf. Fr. fistinq, fistuq. See Pistachio.] Defn: A pistachio nut. [Obs.] Johnson. FISTUCA Fis*tu"ca, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: An instrument used by the ancients in driving piles. FISTULA Fis"tu*la, n.; pl. Fistulæ. Etym: [L.] 1. A reed; a pipe. 2. A pipe for convejing water. [Obs.] Knight. 3. (Med.) Defn: A permanent abnormal opening into the soft parts with a constant discharge; a deep, narrow, chronic abscess; an abnormal opening between an internal cavity and another cavity or the surface; as, a salivary fistula; an anal fistula; a recto-vaginal fistula. Incomplete fistula (Med.), a fistula open at one end only. FISTULAR Fis"tu*lar, a. Etym: [L. fistularis: cf. F. fistulaire.] Defn: Hollow and cylindrical, like a pipe or reed. Johnson. FISTULARIA Fis`tu*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. fistula pipe.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fishes, having the head prolonged into a tube, with the mouth at the extremity. FISTULARIOID Fis`tu*la"ri*oid, a. Etym: [Fistularia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the genus Fistularia. FISTULATE Fis"tu*late, v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. L. fistulatus furnished with pipes.] Defn: To make hollow or become hollow like a fistula, or pipe. [Obs.] "A fistulated ulcer." Fuller. FISTULE Fis"tule, n. Defn: A fistula. FISTULIFORM Fis"tu*li*form ( or ), a. Etym: [Fistula + -form.] Defn: Of a fistular form; tubular; pipe-shaped. Stalactite often occurs fistuliform. W. Philips. FISTULOSE Fis"tu*lose`, a. Etym: [L. fistulosus.] Defn: Formed like a fistula; hollow; reedlike. Craig. FISTULOUS Fis"tu*lous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fistuleux.] 1. Having the form or nature of a fistula; as, a fistulous ulcer. 2. Hollow, like a pipe or reed; fistulose. Lindley. FIT Fit, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Fight. [Obs. or Colloq.] FIT Fit, n. Etym: [AS. fitt a song.] Defn: In Old English, a song; a strain; a canto or portion of a ballad; a passus. [Written also fitte, fytte, etc.] To play some pleasant fit. Spenser. FIT Fit, a. [Compar. Fitter; superl. Fittest.] Etym: [OE. fit, fyt; cf. E. feat neat, elegant, well made, or icel. fitja to web, knit, OD. vitten to suit, square, Goth. f to adorn. 1. Adapted to an end, object, or design; suitable by nature or by art; suited by character, qualitties, circumstances, education, etc.; qualified; competent; worthy. That which ordinary men are fit for, I am qualified in. Shak. Fit audience find, though few. Milton. 2. Prepared; ready. [Obs.] So fit to shoot, she singled forth among her foes who first her quarry's strength should feel. Fairfax. 3. Conformed to a standart of duty, properiety, or taste; convenient; meet; becoming; proper. Is it fit to say a king, Thou art wicked Job xxxiv. 18. Syn. -- Suitable; proper; appropriate; meet; becoming; expedient; congruous; correspondent; apposite; apt; adapted; prepared; qualified; competent; adequate. FIT Fit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fitting.] 1. To make fit or suitable; to adapt to the purpose intended; to qualify; to put into a condition of readiness or preparation. The time is fitted for the duty. Burke. The very situation for which he was peculiarly fitted by nature. Macaulay. 2. To bring to a required form and size; to shape aright; to adapt to a model; to adjust; -- said especially of the work of a carpenter, machinist, tailor, etc. The carpenter . . . marketh it out with a line; he fitteth it with planes. Is. xliv. 13. 3. To supply with something that is suitable or fit, or that is shaped and adjusted to the use required. No milliner can so fit his customers with gloves. Shak. 4. To be suitable to; to answer the requirements of; to be correctly shaped and adjusted to; as, if the coat fits you, put it on. That's a bountiful answer that fits all questions. Shak. That time best fits the work. Shak. To fit out, to supply with necessaries or means; to furnish; to equip; as, to fit out a privateer. -- To fit up, to firnish with things suitable; to make proper for the reception or use of any person; to prepare; as, to fit up a room for a guest. FIT Fit, v. i. 1. To be proper or becoming. Nor fits it to prolong the feast. Pope. 2. To be adjusted to a particular shape or size; to suit; to be adapted; as, his coat fits very well. FIT Fit, n. 1. The quality of being fit; adjustment; adaptedness; as of dress to the person of the wearer. 2. (Mach.) (a) The coincidence of parts that come in contact. (b) The part of an object upon which anything fits tightly. Fit rod (Shipbuilding), a gauge rod used to try the depth of a bolt hole in order to determine the length of the bolt required. Knight. FIT Fit, n. Etym: [AS. fit strife, fight; of uncertain origin. sq. root 77.] 1. A stroke or blow. [Obs. or R.] Curse on that cross, quoth then the Sarazin, That keeps thy body from the bitter fit. Spenser. 2. A sudden and violent attack of a disorder; a stroke of disease, as of epilepsy or apoplexy, which produces convulsions or unconsciousness; a convulsion; a paroxysm; hence, a period of exacerbation of a disease; in general, an attack of disease; as, a fit of sickness. And when the fit was on him, I did mark How he did shake. Shak. 3. A mood of any kind which masters or possesses one for a time; a temporary, absorbing affection; a paroxysm; as, a fit melancholy, of passion, or of laughter. All fits of pleasure we balanced by an equal degree of pain. Swift. The English, however, were on this subject prone to fits of jealously. Macaulay. 4. A passing humor; a caprice; a sudden and unusual effort, activity, or motion, followed by relaxation or insction; an impulse and irregular action. The fits of the season. Shak. 5. A darting point; a sudden emission. [R.] A tongue of light, a fit of flame. Coleridge. By fits, By fits and starts, by intervals of action and re FITCH Fitch (; 224), n.; pl. Fitches. Etym: [See Vetch.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A vetch. [Obs.] 2. pl. (Bot.) Defn: A word found in the Authorized Version of the Bible, representing different Hebrew originals. In Isaiah xxviii. 25, 27, it means the black aromatic seeds of Nigella sativa, still used as a flavoring in the East. In Ezekiel iv. 9, the Revised Version now reads spelt. FITCH Fitch, n. Etym: [Contr. of fitched.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European polecat; also, its fur. FITCHE Fitch"é, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fiché, lit. p.p. of ficher to fasten, OF. fichier to pierce. Cf. 1st Fish.] (Her.) Defn: Sharpened to a point; pointed. Cross fitché, a cross having the lower arm pointed. FITCHED Fitched, a. (her.) Defn: Fitché. [Also fiched.] FITCHET; FITCHEW Fitch"et, Fitch"ew, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. fisseau, fissel, OD. fisse, visse, vitsche, D. vies nasty, loathsome, E. fizz.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European polecat (Putorius foetidus). See Polecat. FITCHY Fitch"y, a. Defn: Having fitches or vetches. FITCHY Fitch"y, a. Etym: [See Fitché.] (Her.) Defn: Fitché. FITFUL Fit"ful, a. Etym: [From 7th Fit.] Defn: Full of fits; irregularly variable; impulsive and unstable. After life's fitful fever, he sleeps well. Shak. -- Fit"ful*ly, adv. -- Fit"ful*ness, n. The victorius trumpet peal Dies fitfully away. Macaulay. FITHEL; FITHUL Fith"el, Fith"ul, n. Etym: [OE. See Fiddle.] Defn: A fiddle [Obs.] Chaucer. FITLY Fit"ly, adv. Defn: In a fit manner; suitably; properly; conveniently; as, a maxim fitly applied. FITMENT Fit"ment, n. Defn: The act of fitting; that which is proper or becoming; equipment. [Obs.] Shak. FITNESS Fit"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being fit; as, the fitness of measures or laws; a person's fitness for office. FITT Fitt, n. Defn: See 2d Fit. FITTABLE Fit"ta*ble, a. Defn: Suitable; fit. [Obs.] Sherwood. FITTEDNESS Fit"ted*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being fitted; adaptation. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. FITTER Fit"ter, n. 1. One who fits or makes to fit; esp.: (a) One who tries on, and adjusts, articles of dress. (b) One who fits or adjusts the different parts of machinery to each other. 2. A coal broker who conducts the sales between the owner of a coal pit and the shipper. [Eng.] Simmonds. FITTER Fit"ter, n. Defn: A little piece; a flitter; a flinder. [Obs.] Where's the Frenchman Alas, he's all fitters. Beau. & Fl. FITTING Fit"ting, n. Defn: Anything used in fitting up; especially (pl.), Defn: necessary fixtures or apparatus; as, the fittings of a church or study; gas fittings. FITTING Fit"ting, a. Defn: Fit; appropriate; suitable; proper. -- Fit"ting*ly, adv. -- Fit"ting*ness, n. Jer. Taylor. FITWEED Fit"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Eryngium foetidum) supposed to be a remedy for fits. FITZ Fitz, n. Etym: [OF. fils, filz, fiz, son, F. fils, L. filius. See Filial.] Defn: A son; -- used in compound names, to indicate paternity, esp. of the illegitimate sons of kings and princes of the blood; as, Fitzroy, the son of the king; Fitzclarence, the son of the duke of Clarence. FIVE Five, a. Etym: [OE. fif, five, AS. fif, fife; akin to D. vijf, OS. fif, OHG. finf, funf, G. fünf, Icel. fimm, Sw. & Sw. Dan. fem, Goth. fimf, Lith. penki, W. pump, OIr. cóic, L. quinque, Gr. pa. Fifth, Cinque, Pentagon, Punch the drink, Quinary.] Defn: Four and one added; one more than four. Five nations (Ethnol.), a confederacy of the Huron-Iroquois Indians, consisting of five tribes: Mohawks, Onondagas, Cayugas, Oneidas, and Senecas. They inhabited the region which is now the State of new York. FIVE Five, n. 1. The number next greater than four, and less than six; five units or objects. Five of them were wise, and five were foolish. Matt. xxv. 2. 2. A symbol representing this number, as 5, or V. FIVE-FINGER Five"-fin`ger, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: See Cinquefoil. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A starfish with five rays, esp. Asterias rubens. FIVEFOLD Five"fold`, a. & adv. Defn: In fives; consisting of five in one; five repeated; quintuple. FIVE-LEAF Five"-leaf`, n. Defn: Cinquefoil; five-finger. FIVE-LEAFED; FIVE-LEAVED Five"-leafed`, Five"-leaved`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having five leaflets, as the Virginia creeper. FIVELING Five"ling, n. (Min.) Defn: A compound or twin crystal consisting of five individuals. FIVES Fives, n. pl. Defn: A kind of play with a ball against a wall, resembling tennis; - - so named because three fives, or fifteen, are counted to the game. Smart. Fives court, a place for playing fives. FIVES Fives, n. Etym: [See Vives.] Defn: A disease of the glands under the ear in horses; the vives. Shak. FIVE-TWENTIES Five`-twen"ties, n. pl. Defn: Five-twenty bonds of the United States (bearing six per cent interest), issued in 1862, '64, and '65, redeemable after five and payable in twenty years. FIX Fix, a. Etym: [OE., fr. L. fixus, p.p. of figere to fix; cf. F. fixe.] Defn: Fixed; solidified. [Obs.] Chaucer. FIX Fix, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fixed; p. pr. & vb. n. Fixing.] Etym: [Cf. F. fixer.] 1. To make firm, stable, or fast; to set or place permanently; to fasten immovably; to establish; to implant; to secure; to make efinite. An ass's nole I fixed on his head. Shak. O, fix thy chair of grace, that all my powers May also fix their reverence. Herbert. His heart is fixed, trusting in the Lord. Ps. cxii. 7. And fix far deeper in his head their stings. Milton. 2. To hold steadily; to direct unwaveringly; to fasten, as the eye on an object, the attention on a speaker. Sat fixed in thought the mighty Stagirite. Pope. One eye on death, and one full fix'd on heaven. Young. 3. To transfix; to pierce. [Obs.] Sandys. 4. (Photog.) Defn: To render (an impression) permanent by treating with such applications a will make it insensible to the action of light. Abney. 5. To put in prder; to arrange; to dispose of; to adjust; to set to rights; to set or place in the manner desired or most suitable; hence, to repair; as, to fix the clothes; to fix the furniture of a room. [Colloq. U.S.] 6. (Iron Manuf.) Defn: To line the hearth of (a puddling furnace) with fettling. Syn. -- To arrange; prepare; adjust; place; establis; settle; determine. FIX Fix, v. i. 1. To become fixed; to settle or remain permanently; to cease from wandering; to rest. Your kindness banishes your fear, Resolved to fix forever here. Waller. 2. To become firm, so as to resist volatilization; to cease to flow or be fluid; to congeal; to become hard and malleable, as a metallic substance. Bacon. To fix on, to settle the opinion or resolution about; to determine regarding; as, the contracting parties have fixed on certain leading points. FIX Fix, n. 1. A position of difficulty or embarassment; predicament; dillema. [Colloq.] Is he not living, then No. is he dead, then No, nor dead either. Poor Aroar can not live, and can not die, -- so that he is in an almighty fix. De Quincey. 2. (Iron Manuf.) Defn: fettling. [U.S.] FIXABLE Fix"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being fixed. FIXATION Fix*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fixation.] 1. The act of fixing, or the state of being fixed. An unalterable fixation of resolution. Killingbeck. To light, created in the first day, God gave no proper place or fixation. Sir W. Raleigh. Marked stiffness or absolute fixation of a joint. Quain. A fixation and confinement of thought to a few objects. Watts. 2. The act of uniting chemically with a solid substance or in a solid form; reduction to a non-volatile condition; -- said of gaseous elements. 3. The act or process of ceasing to be fluid and becoming firm. Glanvill. 4. A state of resistance to evaporation or volatilization by heat; -- said of metals. Bacon. FIXATIVE Fix"a*tive, n. Defn: That which serves to set or fix colors or drawings, as a mordant. FIXED Fixed, a. 1. Securely placed or fastened; settled; established; firm; imovable; unalterable. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Stable; non-volatile. Fixed air (Old Chem.), carbonic acid or carbon dioxide; -- so called by Dr. Black because it can be absorbed or fixed by strong bases. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic. -- Fixed alkali (Old Chem.), a non-volatile base, as soda, or potash, in distinction from the volatile alkali ammonia. -- Fixed ammunition (Mil.), a projectile and powder inclosed together in a case ready for loading. -- Fixed battery (Mil.), a battery which contains heavy guns and mortars intended to remain stationary; -- distinguished from movable battery. -- Fixed bodies, those which can not be volatilized or separated by a common menstruum, without great difficulty, as gold, platinum, lime, etc. -- Fixed capital. See the Note under Capital, n., 4. -- Fixed fact, a well established fact. [Colloq.] -- Fixed light, one which emits constant beams; -- distinguished from a flashing, revolving, or intermittent light. -- Fixed oils (Chem.), non-volatile, oily substances, as stearine and olein, which leave a permanent greasy stain, and which can not be distilled unchanged; -- distinguished from volatile or essential oils. -- Fixed pivot (Mil.), the fixed point about which any line of troops wheels. -- Fixed stars (Astron.), such stars as always retain nearly the same apparent position and distance with respect to each other, thus distinguished from planets and comets. FIXEDLY Fix"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a fixed, stable, or constant manner. FIXEDNESS Fix"ed*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being fixed; stability; steadfastness. 2. The quality of a body which resists evaporation or volatilization by heat; solidity; cohesion of parts; as, the fixedness of gold. FIXIDITY Fix*id"i*ty, n. Defn: Fixedness. [Obs.] Boyle. FIXING Fix"ing, n. 1. The act or process of making fixed. 2. That which is fixed; a fixture. 3. pl. Defn: Arrangements; embellishments; trimmings; accompaniments. [Colloq. U.S.] FIXITY Fix"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fixité.] 1. Fixedness; as, fixity of tenure; also, that which is fixed. 2. Coherence of parts. Sir I. Newton. FIXTURE Fix"ture, n. Etym: [Cf. Fixture.] 1. That which is fixed or attached to something as a permanent appendage; as, the fixtures of a pump; the fixtures of a farm or of a dwelling, that is, the articles which a tenant may not take away. 2. State of being fixed; fixedness. The firm fixture of thy foot. Shak. 3. (Law) Defn: Anything of an accessory character annexed to houses and lands, so as to constitute a part of them. This term is, however, quite frequently used in the peculiar sense of personal chattels annexed to lands and tenements, but removable by the person annexing them, or his personal representatives. In this latter sense, the same things may be fixtures under some circumstances, and not fixtures under others. Wharton (Law Dict. ). Bouvier. Note: This word is frequently substituted for fixure (formerly the word in common use) in new editions of old works. FIXURE Fix"ure, n. Etym: [L. fixura a fastening, fr. figere to fix. See Fix, and cf. Fixture.] Defn: Fixed position; stable condition; firmness. [Obs.] Shak. FIZGIG Fiz"gig`, n. Defn: A fishing spear. [Obs.] Sandys. FIZGIG Fiz"gig`, n. Etym: [Fizz + gig whirling thing.] Defn: A firework, made of damp powder, which makes a fizzing or hissing noise when it explodes. FIZGIG Fiz"gig`, n. Etym: [See Gig a flirt.] Defn: A gadding, flirting girl. Gosson. FIZZ Fizz, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fizzed; p. pr. & vb. n. Fizzing.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. fisa to break wind, Dan. fise to foist, fizzle, OSw. fisa, G. fisten, feisten. Cf. Foist.] Defn: To make a hissing sound, as a burning fuse. FIZZ Fizz, n. Defn: A hising sound; as, the fizz of a fly. FIZZLE Fiz"zle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fizzled; p. pr. & vb. n. Fizzling.] Etym: [See Fizz.] 1. To make a hissing sound. It is the easfizzling. B. Jonson. 2. To make a ridiculous failure in an undertaking. [Colloq. or Low] To fizzle out, to burn with a hissing noise and then go out, like wet gunpowder; hence, to fail completely and ridicuously; to prove a failure. [Colloq.] FIZZLE Fiz"zle, n. Defn: A failure or abortive effort. [Colloq.] FJORD Fjord, n. Defn: See Fiord. FLABBERGAST Flab"ber*gast, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Flap, and Aghast.] Defn: To astonish; to strike with wonder, esp. by extraordinary statements. [Jocular] Beaconsfield. FLABBERGASTATION Flab`ber*gas*ta"tion, n. Defn: The state of being flabbergasted. [Jocular] London Punch. FLABBILY Flab"bi*ly, adv. Defn: In a flabby manner. FLABBINESS Flab"bi*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being flabby. FLABBY Flab"by, a. Etym: [See Flap.] Defn: Yielding to the touch, and easily moved or shaken; hanging loose by its own weight; wanting firmness; flaccid; as, flabby flesh. FLABEL Fla"bel, n. Etym: [L. flabellum a fan, dim. of flabrum a breeze, fr. flare to blow.] Defn: A fan. [Obs.] Huloet. FLABELLATE Fla*bel"late, a. Etym: [L. flabellatus, p.p. of flabellare to fan, fr. flabellum. See Flabbel.] (Bot.) Defn: Flabelliform. FLABELLATION Flab`el*la"tion, n. Defn: The act of keeping fractured limbs cool by the use of a fan or some other contrivance. Dunglison. FLABELLIFORM Fla*bel"li*form, a. Etym: [L. flabellum a fan + -fform: cf. F. flabeliforme.] Defn: Having the form of a fan; fan-shaped; flabellate. FLABELLINERVED Fla*bel"li*nerved`, a. Etym: [L. flabellum a fan + E. nerve.] (Bot.) Defn: Having many nerves diverging radiately from the base; -- said of a leaf. FLABELLUM Fla*bel"lum, n. Etym: [L. See Flabel.] (Eccl.) Defn: A fan; especially, the fan carried before the pope on state occasions, made in ostrich and peacock feathers. Shipley. FLABILE Flab"ile, a. Etym: [L. flabilis.] Defn: Liable to be blown about. Bailey. FLACCID Flac"cid, a. Etym: [L. flaccidus, fr. flaccus flabby: cf. OF. flaccide.] Defn: Yielding to pressure for want of firmness and stiffness; soft and weak; limber; lax; drooping; flabby; as, a flaccid muscle; flaccid flesh. Religious profession . . . has become flacced. I. Taylor. -- Flac"cid*ly, adv. -- Flac"cid*ness, n. FLACCIDITY Flac*cid"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. flaccidité.] Defn: The state of being flaccid. FLACHERIE Flache`rie" (flash`re"), n. [F.] Defn: A bacterial disease of silkworms, supposed to be due to eating contaminated mulberry leaves. FLACKER Flack"er, v. i. Etym: [OE. flakeren, fr. flacken to move quickly to and fro; cf. icel. flakka to rove about, AS. flacor fluttering, flying, G. flackern to flare, flicker.] Defn: To flutter, as a bird. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. FLACKET Flack"et, n. Etym: [OF. flasquet little flask, dim. of flasque a flask.] Defn: A barrel-shaped bottle; a flagon. FLACON Fla"con (fla"kôn), n. [F. See Flagon.] Defn: A small glass bottle; as, a flacon for perfume. "Two glass flacons for the ink." Longfellow. FLAG Flag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Flagging.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. flaka to droop, hang loosely. Cf. Flacker, Flag an ensign.] 1. To hang loose without stiffness; to bend down, as flexible bodies; to be loose, yielding, limp. As loose it [the sail] flagged around the mast. T. Moore. 2. To droop; to grow spiritless; to lose vigor; to languish; as, the spirits flag; the streugth flags. The pleasures of the town begin to flag. Swift. Syn. -- To droop; decline; fail; languish; pine. FLAG Flag, v. t. 1. To let droop; to suffer to fall, or let fall, into feebleness; as, to flag the wings. prior. 2. To enervate; to exhaust the vigor or elasticity of. Nothing so flags the spirits. Echard. FLAG Flag, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. & G. flagge, Sw. flagg, Dan. flag, D. vlag. See Flag to hang loose.] 1. That which flags or hangs down loosely. 2. A cloth usually bearing a device or devices and used to indicate nationality, party, etc., or to give or ask information; -- commonly attached to a staff to be waved by the wind; a standard; a banner; an ensign; the colors; as, the national flag; a military or a naval flag. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A group of feathers on the lower part of the legs of certain hawks, owls, etc. (b) A group of elongated wing feathers in certain hawks. (c) The bushy tail of a dog, as of a setter. Black flag. See under Black. -- Flag captain, Flag leutenant, etc., special officers attached to the flagship, as aids to the flag officer. -- Flag officer, the commander of a fleet or squadron; an admiral, or commodore. -- Flag of truse, a white flag carried or displayed to an enemy, as an invitation to conference, or for the purpose of making some communication not hostile. -- Flag share, the flag officer's share of prize money. -- Flag station (Railroad), a station at which trains do not stop unless signaled to do so, by a flag hung out or waved. -- National flag, a flag of a particular country, on which some national emblem or device, is emblazoned. -- Red flag, a flag of a red color, displayed as a signal of danger or token of defiance; the emblem of anarchists. -- To dip, the flag, to mlower it and quickly restore it to its place; -- done as a mark of respect. -- To hang out the white flag, to ask truce or quarter, or, in some cases, to manifest a friendly design by exhibiting a white flag. -- To hang the flag half-mast high or half-staff, to raise it only half way to the mast or staff, as a token or sign of mourning. -- To strike, or lower, the flag, to haul it down, in token of respect, submission, or, in an engagement, of surrender. -- Yellow flag, the quarantine flag of all nations; also carried at a vessel's fore, to denote that an infectious disease is on board. FLAG Flag, v. t. Etym: [From Flag an ensign.] 1. To signal to with a flag; as, to flag a train. 2. To convey, as a message, by means of flag signals; as, to flag an order to troops or vessels at a distance. FLAG Flag, n. Etym: [From Flag to hang loose, to bend down.] (Bot.) Defn: An aquatic plant, with long, ensiform leaves, belonging to either of the genera Iris and Acorus. Cooper's flag, the cat-tail (Typha latifolia), the long leaves of which are placed between the staves of barrels to make the latter water-tight. -- Corn flag. See under 2d Corn. -- Flag broom, a coarse of broom, originally made of flags or rushes. -- Flag root, the root of the sweet flag. -- Sweet flag. See Calamus, n., 2. FLAG Flag, v. t. Defn: To furnish or deck out with flags. FLAG Flag, n. Etym: [Icel. flaga, cf. Icel. flag spot where a turf has been cut out, and E. flake layer, scale. Cf. Floe.] 1. A flat stone used for paving. Woodward. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Any hard, evenly stratified sandstone, which splits into layers suitable for flagstones. FLAG Flag, v. t. Defn: To lay with flags of flat stones. The sides and floor are all flagged with . . . marble. Sandys. FLAGELLANT Flag"el*lant, n. Etym: [L. flagellans, p.p. of flagellare: cf.F. flagellant. See Flagellate.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a fanatical sect which flourished in Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries, and maintained that flagellation was of equal virtue with baptism and the sacrament; -- called also disciplinant. FLAGELLATA Flag`el*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr.L. flagellatus, p. p. See Flagellate, v. t.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Infusoria, having one or two long, whiplike cilia, at the anterior end. It includes monads. See Infusoria, and Monad. FLAGELLATE Flag"el*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flagellated; p. pr. & vb. n. Flagellating.] Etym: [L. flagellatus, p.p. of flagellare to scoure, fr. flagellum whip, dim. of flagrum whip, scoure; cf. fligere to strike. Cf. Flall.] Defn: To whip; to scourge; to flog. FLAGELLATE Fla*gel"late, a. 1. Flagelliform. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Flagellata. FLAGELLATION Flag`el*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. flagellatio: cf. F. flagellation.] Defn: A beating or flogging; a whipping; a scourging. Garth. FLAGELLATOR Flag"el*la`tor, n. Defn: One who practices flagellation; one who whips or scourges. FLAGELLIFORM Fla*gel"li*form, a. Etym: [L. flagellum a whip + -form.] Defn: Shaped like a whiplash; long, slender, round, flexible, and (comming) tapering. FLAGELLUM Fla*gel"lum, n.; pl. E. Flagellums, L. Flagella. Etym: [L., a whip. See Flagellate, v. t.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A young, flexible shoot of a plant; esp., the long trailing branch of a vine, or a slender branch in certain mosses. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A long, whiplike cilium. See Flagellata. (b) An appendage of the reproductive apparatus of the snail. (c) A lashlike appendage of a crustacean, esp. the terminal ortion of the antennæ and the epipodite of the maxilipeds. See Maxilliped. FLAGEOLET Flag"eo*let`, n. Etym: [F. flageolet, dim. of OF. flaj (as if fr. a LL. flautio;us), of flaüte, flahute, F. fl. See Flute.] (Mus.) Defn: A small wooden pipe, having six or more holes, and a mouthpiece inserted at one end. It produces a shrill sound, softer than of the piccolo flute, and is said to have superseded the old recorder. Flageolet tones (Mus.), the naturel harmonics or overtones of stringed instruments. FLAGGINESS Flag"gi*ness, n. Defn: The condition of being flaggy; laxity; limberness. Johnson. FLAGGING Flag"ging, n. Defn: A pavement or sidewalk of flagstones; flagstones, collectively. FLAGGING Flag"ging, a. Defn: Growing languid, weak, or spiritless; weakening; delaying. -- Flag"ging*ly, adv. FLAGGY Flag"gy, a. 1. Weak; flexible; limber. "Flaggy wings." Spenser. 2. Tasteless; insipid; as, a flaggy apple. [Obs.] Bacon. FLAGGY Flag"gy, a. Etym: [From 5th Flag.] Defn: Abounding with the plant called flag; as, a flaggy marsh. FLAGITATE Flag"i*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. flagitatus, p.p. of flagitare to demand. See Flagitious.] Defn: To importune; to demand fiercely or with passion. [Archaic] Carcyle. FLAGITATION Flag`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. flagitatio.] Defn: Importunity; urgent demand. [Archaic] Carlyle. FLAGITIOUS Fla*gi"tious, a. Etym: [L. flagitiosus, fr. flagitium a shameful or disgraceful act, orig., a burning desire, heat of passion, from flagitare to demand hotly, fiercely; cf. flagrare to burn, E. flagrant.] 1. Disgracefully or shamefully criminal; grossly wicked; scandalous; shameful; -- said of acts, crimes, etc. Debauched principles and flagitious practices. I. Taylor. 2. Guilty of enormous crimes; corrupt; profligate; -- said of persons. Pope. 3. Characterized by scandalous crimes or vices; as, flagitious times. Pope. Syn. -- Atrocious; villainous; flagrant; heinous; corrupt; profligate; abandoned. See Atracious. -- Fla*gi"tious*ly, adv. -- Fla*gi"tious*ness, n. A sentence so flagitiously unjust. Macaulay. FLAGMAN Flag"man, n.; pl. Flagmen (. Defn: One who makes signals with a flag. FLAGON Flag"on, n. Etym: [F. flacon, for flascon, fr. OF. flasche, from LL. flasco. See Flask.] Defn: A vessel with a narrow mouth, used for holding and conveying liquors. It is generally larger than a bottle, and of leather or stoneware rather than of glass. A trencher of mutton chops, and a flagon of ale. Macaulay. FLAGRANCE Fla"grance, n. Defn: Flagrancy. Bp. Hall. FLAGRANCY Fla"gran*cy, n.; pl. Flagrancies. Etym: [L. flagrantia a burning. See Flagrant.] 1. A burning; great heat; inflammation. [Obs.] Lust causeth a flagrancy in the eyes. Bacon. 2. The condition or quality of being flagrant; atrocity; heiniousness; enormity; excess. Steele. FLAGRANT Fla"grant, a. Etym: [L. flagrans, -antis, p.pr. of flagrate to burn, akin to Gr. flagrant. Cf. Flame, Phlox.] 1. Flaming; inflamed; glowing; burning; ardent. The beadle's lash still flagrant on their back. Prior. A young man yet flagrant from the lash of the executioner or the beadle. De Quincey. Flagrant desires and affections. Hooker. 2. Actually in preparation, execution, or performance; carried on hotly; raging. A war the most powerful of the native tribes was flagrant. Palfrey. 3. Flaming into notice; notorious; enormous; heinous; glaringly wicked. Syn. -- Atrocious; flagitious; glaring. See Atrocious. FLAGRANTLY Fla"grant*ly, adv. Defn: In a flagrant manner. FLAGRATE Fla"grate, v. t. Etym: [L. flagrare, flagratum, v.i. & t., to burn.] Defn: To burn. [Obs.] Greenhill. FLAGRATION Fla*gra"tion, n. Defn: A conflagration. [Obs.] FLAGSHIP Flag"ship`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The vessel which carries the commanding officer of a fleet or squadron and flies his distinctive flag or pennant. FLAGSTAFF Flag"staff`, n.; pl. -staves ( or -staffs (. Defn: A staff on which a flag is hoisted. FLAGSTONE Flag"stone`, n. Defn: A flat stone used in paving, or any rock which will split into such stones. See Flag, a stone. FLAGWORM Flag"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A worm or grub found among flags and sedge. FLAIL Flail, n. Etym: [L. flagellum whip, scourge, in LL., a threshing flail: cf. OF. flael, flaiel, F. fléau. See Flagellum.] 1. An instrument for threshing or beating grain from the ear by hand, consisting of a wooden staff or handle, at the end of which a stouter and shorter pole or club, called a swipe, is so hung as to swing freely. His shadowy flail hath threshed the corn. Milton. 2. An ancient military weapon, like the common flail, often having the striking part armed with rows of spikes, or loaded. Fairholt. No citizen thought himself safe unless he carried under his coat a small flail, loaded with lead, to brain the Popish assassins. Macaulay. FLAILY Flail"y, a. Defn: Acting like a flail. [Obs.] Vicars. FLAIN Flain, obs. Defn: p. p. of Flay. Chaucer. FLAIR Flair (flâr), n. [OE. flaireodor, fr. OF. & F. flair, fr. OF. flairier, F. flairer, to smell, LL. flagrare for L. fragrare. See Flagrant.] 1. Smell; odor. [Obs.] 2. Sense of smell; scent; fig., discriminating sense. FLAKE Flake, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. flaki, fleki, Dan. flage, D. vlaak.] 1. A paling; a hurdle. [prov. Eng.] 2. A platform of hurdles, or small sticks made fast or interwoven, supported by stanchions, for drying codfish and other things. You shall also, after they be ripe, neither suffer them to have straw nor fern under them, but lay them either upon some smooth table, boards, or flakes of wands, and they will last the longer. English Husbandman. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A small stage hung over a vessel's side, for workmen to stand on in calking, etc. FLAKE Flake, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. flakna to flake off, split, flagna to flake off, Sw. flaga flaw, flake, flake plate, Dan. flage snowflake. Cf. Flag a flat stone.] 1. A loose filmy mass or a thin chiplike layer of anything; a film; flock; lamina; layer; scale; as, a flake of snow, tallow, or fish. "Lottle flakes of scurf." Addison. Great flakes of ice encompassing our boat. Evelyn. 2. A little particle of lighted or incandescent matter, darted from a fire; a flash. With flakes of ruddy fire. Somerville. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A sort of carnation with only two colors in the flower, the petals having large stripes. Flake knife (Archæol.), a cutting instrument used by savage tribes, made of a flake or chip of hard stone. Tylor. -- Flake stand, the cooling tub or vessel of a still worm. Knight. -- Flake white. (Paint.) (a) The purest white lead, in the form of flakes or scales. (b) The trisnitrate of bismuth. Ure. FLAKE Flake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Flaking.] Defn: To form into flakes. Pope. FLAKE Flake, v. i. Defn: To separate in flakes; to peel or scale off. FLAKINESS Flak"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being flaky. FLAKY Flak"y, a. Defn: Consisting of flakes or of small, loose masses; lying, or cleaving off, in flakes or layers; flakelike. What showers of mortal hail, what flaky fires! Watts. A flaky weight of winter's purest snows. Wordsworth. FLAM Flam, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. fleám, fl, floght. sq. root 84 . Cf. Flimflam.] Defn: A freak or whim; also, a falsehood; a lie; an illusory pretext; deception; delusion. [Obs.] A perpetual abuse and flam upon posterity. South. FLAM Flam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flammed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Flamming.] Defn: To deceive with a falsehood. [Obs.] God is not to be flammed off with lies. South. FLAMBE Flam`bé", a. [F., p.p. of flamber to singe, pass (a thing) through flame. Cf. Flambeau.] (Ceramics) Defn: Decorated by glaze splashed or irregularly spread upon the surface, or apparently applied at the top and allowed to run down the sides; -- said of pieces of Chinese porcelain. FLAMBEAU Flam"beau; n.; pl. Flambeaux or Flambeaus. Etym: [F., fr. OF. flambe flame, for flamble, from L. flammula a little flame, dim. of flamma flame. See Flame.] Defn: A flaming torch, esp. one made by combining together a number of thick wicks invested with a quick-burning substance (anciently, perhaps, wax; in modern times, pitch or the like); hence, any torch. FLAMBOYANT Flam*boy"ant, a. Etym: [F.] (Arch.) Defn: Characterized by waving or flamelike curves, as in the tracery of windows, etc.; -- said of the later (15th century) French Gothic style. FLAMBOYER Flam*boy"er, n. Etym: [F. flamboyer to be bright.] (Bot.) Defn: A name given in the East and West Indies to certain trees with brilliant blossoms, probably species of Cæsalpinia. FLAME Flame, n. Etym: [OE. flame, flaume, flaumbe, OF. flame, flambe, F. flamme, fr. L. flamma, fr. flamma, fr. flagrare to burn. See Flagrant, and cf. Flamneau, Flamingo.] 1. A stream of burning vapor or gas, emitting light and heat; darting or streaming fire; a blaze; a fire. 2. Burning zeal or passion; elevated and noble enthusiasm; glowing imagination; passionate excitement or anger. "In a flame of zeal severe." Milton. Where flames refin'd in breasts seraphic glow. Pope. Smit with the love of sister arts we came, And met congenial, mingling flame with flame. Pope. 3. Ardor of affection; the passion of love. Coleridge. 4. A person beloved; a sweetheart. Thackeray. Syn. -- Blaze; brightness; ardor. See Blaze. Flame bridge, a bridge wall. See Bridge, n., 5. -- Flame color, brilliant orange or yellow. B. Jonson. -- Flame engine, an early name for the gas engine. -- Flame manometer, an instrument, invented by Koenig, to obtain graphic representation of the action of the human vocal organs. See Manometer. -- Flame reaction (Chem.), a method of testing for the presence of certain elements by the characteristic color imparted to a flame; as, sodium colors a flame yellow, potassium violet, lithium crimson, boracic acid green, etc. Cf. Spectrum analysis, under Spectrum. -- Flame tree (Bot.), a tree with showy scarlet flowers, as the Rhododendron arboreum in India, and the Brachychiton acerifolium of Australia. FLAME Flame, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Flaming.] Etym: [OE. flamen, flaumben, F. flamber, OF. also, flamer. See Flame, n.] 1. To burn with a flame or blaze; to burn as gas emitted from bodies in combustion; to blaze. The main blaze of it is past, but a small thing would make it flame again. Shak. 2. To burst forth like flame; to break out in violence of passion; to be kindled with zeal or ardor. He flamed with indignation. Macaulay. FLAME Flame, v. t. Defn: To kindle; to inflame; to excite. And flamed with zeal of vengeance inwardly. Spenser. FLAME-COLORED Flame"-col`ored, a. Defn: Of the color of flame; of a bright orange yellow color. Shak. FLAMELESS Flame"less, a. Defn: Destitute of flame. Sandys. FLAMELET Flame"let, n. Etym: [Flame + -let.] Defn: A small flame. The flamelets gleamed and flickered. Longfellow. FLAMEN Fla"men, n.; pl. E. Flammens, L. Flamines. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A priest devoted to the service of a particular god, from whom he received a distinguishing epithet. The most honored were those of Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus, called respectively Flamen Dialis, Flamen Martialis, and Flamen Quirinalis. Affrights the flamens at their service quaint. Milton. FLAMINEOUS Fla*min"e*ous, a. Defn: Pertaining to a flamen; flaminical. FLAMING Flam"ing, a. 1. Emitting flames; afire; blazing; consuming; illuminating. 2. Of the color of flame; high-colored; brilliant; dazzling. "In flaming yellow bright." Prior. 3. Ardent; passionate; burning with zeal; irrepressibly earnest; as, a flaming proclomation or harangue. FLAMINGLY Flam"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a flaming manner. FLAMINGO Fla*min"go, n.; pl. Flamingoes. Etym: [Sp. flamenco, cf. Pg. flamingo, Prov. flammant, F. flamant; prop. a p.pr. meaning flaming. So called in allusion to its color. See Flame.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the genus Phoenicopterus. The flamingoes have webbed feet, very long legs, and a beak bent down as if broken. Their color is usually red or pink. The American flamingo is P. ruber; the European is P. antiquorum. FLAMINICAL Fla*min"i*cal, a. Defn: Pertaining to a flamen. Milton. FLAMMABILITY Flam`ma*bil"ity, n. Defn: The quality of being flammable; inflammability. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. FLAMMABLE Flam"ma*ble, a. Defn: Inflammable. [Obs.] FLAMMATION Flam*ma"tion, n. Defn: The act of setting in a flame or blaze. [Obs.] Sir. T. Browne. FLAMMEOUS Flam"me*ous, a. Etym: [L. flammeus from flamma flame.] Defn: Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, flame. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. FLAMMIFEROUS Flam*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. flammifer; flamma flame + ferre to bear.] Defn: Producing flame. FLAMMIVOMOUS Flam*miv"o*mous, a. Etym: [L. flammivomus; flamma flame + vomere to vomit.] Defn: Vomiting flames, as a volcano. W. Thompson. (1745). FLAMMULATED Flam"mu*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. flammula little flame, dim. fr. flamma flame.] Defn: Of a reddish color. FLAMY Flam"y, a. Etym: [From Flame.] Defn: Flaming; blazing; flamelike; flame-colored; composed of flame. Pope. FLANCH Flanch, n.; pl. Flanches. Etym: [Prov. E., a projection, OF. flanche flank. See Flank.] 1. A flange. [R.]. (Her.) Defn: A bearing consisting of a segment of a circle encroaching on the field from the side. Note: Flanches are always in pairs. A pair of flanches is considered one of the subordinaries. FLANCHED Flanched, a. (Her.) Defn: Having flanches; -- said of an escutcheon with those bearings. FLANCONADE Flan`co*nade", n. Etym: [F.] (Fencing) Defn: A thrust in the side. FLANERIE Flâ`ne*rie", n. [F. flânerie. See Flaneur.] Defn: Lit., strolling; sauntering; hence, aimless; idleness; as, intellectual flânerie. FLANEUR Fla`neur", n. Etym: [F., fr. flâner to stroll.] Defn: One who strolls about aimlessly; a lounger; a loafer. FLANG Flang, n. Defn: A miner's two-pointed pick. FLANGE Flange, n. Etym: [Prov. E. flange to project, flanch a projection. See Flanch, Flank.] 1. An external or internal rib, or rim, for strength, as the flange of an iron beam; or for a guide, as the flange of a car wheel (see Car wheel.); or for attachment to another object, as the flange on the end of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc. Knight. 2. A plate or ring to form a rim at the end of a pipe when fastened to the pipe. Blind flange, a plate for covering or closing the end of a pipe. -- Flange joint, a joint, as that of pipes, where the connecting pieces have flanges by which the parts are bolted together. Knight. - Flange rail, a rail with a flange on one side, to keep wheels, etc. from running off. -- Flange turning, the process of forming a flange on a wrought iron plate by bending and hammering it wh FLANGE Flange, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flanged; p. pr. & vb. n. Flanging.] (Mach.) Defn: To make a flange on; to furnish with a flange. FLANGE Flange, v. i. Defn: To be bent into a flange. FLANGED Flanged, a. Defn: Having a flange or flanges; as, a flanged wheel. FLANK Flank, n. Etym: [F. flanc, prob. fr. L. flaccus flabby, with n inserted. Cf. Flaccid, Flanch, Flange.] 1. The fleshy or muscular part of the side of an animal, between the rids and the hip. See Illust. of Beef. 2. (Mil.) (a) The side of an army, or of any division of an army, as of a brigade, regiment, or battalion; the extreme right or left; as, to attack an enemy in flank is to attack him on the side. When to right and left the front Divided, and to either flank retired. Milton. (b) (Fort.) Defn: That part of a bastion which reaches from the curtain to the face, and defends the curtain, the flank and face of the opposite bastion; any part of a work defending another by a fire along the outside of its parapet. See Illust. of Bastion. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The side of any building. Brands. 4. That part of the acting surface of a gear wheel tooth that lies within the pitch line. Flank attack (Mil.), an attack upon the side of an army or body of troops, distinguished from one upon its front or rear. -- Flank company (Mil.), a certain number of troops drawn up on the right or left of a battalion; usually grenadiers, light infantry, or riflemen. -- Flank defense (Fort.), protection of a work against undue exposure to an enemy's direct fire, by means of the fire from other works, sweeping the ground in its front. -- Flank en potence (Mil.), any part of the right or left wing formed at a projecting angle with the line. -- Flank files, the first men on the right, and the last on the left, of a company, battalion, etc. -- Flank march, a march made parallel or obliquely to an enemy's position, in order to turn it or to attack him on the flank. -- Flank movement, a change of march by an army, or portion of one, in order to turn one or both wings of the enemy, or to take up a new position. -- Flanks of a frontier, salient points in a national boundary, strengthened to protect the frontier against hostile incursion. -- Flank patrol, detachments acting independently of the column of an army, but patrolling along its flanks, to secure it against surprise and to observe the movements of the enemy. FLANK Flank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flanked; p. pr. & vb. n. Flanking.] Etym: [Cf. F. flanquer. See Flank, n., and cf. Flanker, v. t.] 1. To stand at the flank or side of; to border upon. Stately colonnades are flanked with trees. Pitt. 2. To overlook or command the flank of; to secure or guard the flank of; to pass around or turn the flank of; to attack, or threaten to attack; the flank of. FLANK Flank, v. i. 1. To border; to touch. Bp. Butler. 2. To be posted on the side. FLANKER Flank"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, flanks, as a skirmisher or a body of troops sent out upon the flanks of an army toguard a line of march, or a fort projecting so as to command the side of an assailing body. They threw out flankers, and endeavored to dislodge their assailants. W. Irwing. FLANKER Flank"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flankered; p. pr. & vb. n. Flankering.] Etym: [See Flank, v. t.] 1. To defend by lateral fortifications. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. 2. To attack sideways. [Obs.] Evelyn. FLANNEL Flan"nel, n. Etym: [F. flanelle, cf. OF. flaine a pillowcase, a mattress; fr. W. gwlanen flannel, fr. gwlan wool; prob. akin to E. wool. Cf. Wool.] Defn: A soft, nappy, woolen cloth, of loose texture. Shak. Adam's flannel. (Bot.) See under Adam. -- Canton flannel, Cotton flannel. See Cotton flannel, under Cotton. FLANNELED Flan"neled, a. Defn: Covered or wrapped in flannel. FLANNEL FLOWER Flan"nel flow`er. (Bot.) (a) The common mullein. (b) A Brazilian apocynaceous vine (Macrosiphonia longiflora) having woolly leaves. (c) An umbelliferous Australian flower (Actinotus helianthi), often erroneously thought to be composite. The involucre looks as if cut out of white flannel. FLANNEN Flan"nen, a. Defn: Made or consisting of flannel. [Obs.] "Flannen robes." Dryden. FLAP Flap, n. Etym: [OE. flappe, flap, blow, bly-flap; cf. D. flap, and E. flap, v.] Defn: Anything broad and limber that hangs loose, or that is attached by one side or end and is easily moved; as, the flap of a garment. A cartilaginous flap upon the opening of the larynx. Sir T. Browne. 2. A hinged leaf, as of a table or shutter. 3. The motion of anything broad and loose, or a stroke or sound made with it; as, the flap of a sail or of a wing. 4. pl. (Far.) Defn: A disease in the lips of horses. Flap tile, a tile with a bent up portion, to turn a corner or catch a drip. -- Flap valve (Mech.), a valve which opens and shuts upon one hinged side; a clack valve. FLAP Flap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Flapping.] Etym: [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. D. flappen, E. flap, n., flop, flippant, fillip.] 1. To beat with a flap; to strike. Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings. Pope. 2. To move, as something broad and flaplike; as, to flap the wings; to let fall, as the brim of a hat. To flap in the mouth, to taunt. [Obs.] W. Cartwright. FLAP Flap, v. i. 1. To move as do wings, or as something broad or loose; to fly with wings beating the air. The crows flapped over by twos and threes. Lowell. 2. To fall and hang like a flap, as the brim of a hat, or other broad thing. Gay. FLAPDRAGON Flap"drag`on, n. 1. A game in which the players catch raisins out burning brandy, and swallow them blazing. Johnson. 2. The thing thus caught abd eaten. Johnson. Cakes and ale, and flapdragtons and mummer's plays, and all the happy sports of Christians night. C. Kingsley. FLAPDRAGON Flap"drag`on, v. t. Defn: To swallow whole, as a flapdragon; to devour. [Obs.] See how the sea flapdragoned it. Shak. FLAP-EARED Flap"-eared`, a. Defn: Having broad, loose, dependent ears. Shak. FLAPJACK Flap"jack`, n. 1. A fklat cake turned on the griddle while cooking; a griddlecake or pacake. 2. A fried dough cake containing fruit; a turnover. [Prov. Eng.] FLAP-MOUTHED Flap"-mouthed`, a. Defn: Having broad, hangling lips. [R.] Shak. FLAPPER Flap"per, n. 1. One who, or that which, flaps. 2. See Flipper. "The flapper of a porpoise." Buckley. Flapper skate (Zoöl.), a European skate (Raia intermedia). FLARE Flare, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flared; p. pr. & vb. n. Flaring.] Etym: [Cf. Norw. flara to blaze, flame, adorn with tinsel, dial. Sw. flasa upp, and E. flash, or flacker.] 1. To burn with an unsteady or waving flame; as, the candle flares. 2. To shine out with a sudden and unsteady light; to emit a dazzling or painfully bright light. 3. To shine out with gaudy colors; to flaunt; to be offensively bright or showy. With ribbons pendant, flaring about her head. Shak. 4. To be exosed to too much light. [Obs.] Flaring in sunshine all the day. Prior. 5. To open or spread outwards; to project beyond the perpendicular; as, the sides of a bowl flare; the bows of a ship flare. To flare up, to become suddenly heated or excited; to burst into a passion. [Colloq.] Thackeray. FLARE Flare, n. 1. An unsteady, broad, offensive light. 2. A spreading outward; as, the flare of a fireplace. FLARE Flare, n. Defn: Leaf of lard. "Pig's flare." Dunglison. FLARE-UP Flare"-up`, n. Defn: A sudden burst of anger or passion; an angry dispute. [Colloq.] FLARING Flar"ing, a. 1. That flares; flaming or blazing unsteadily; shining out with a dazzling light. His [the sun's] flaring beams. Milton. 2. Opening or speading outwards. FLARINGLY Flar"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a flaring manner. FLASH Flash, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Flashing.] Etym: [Cf. OE. flaskien, vlaskien to pour, sprinkle, dial. Sw. flasa to blaze, E. flush, flare.] 1. To burst or break forth with a sudden and transient flood of flame and light; as, the lighting flashes vividly; the powder flashed. 2. To break forth, as a sudden flood of light; to burst instantly and brightly on the sight; to show a momentary brilliancy; to come or pass like a flash. Names which have flashed and thundered as the watch words of unumbered struggles. Talfourd. The object is made to flash upon the eye of the mind. M. Arnold. A thought floashed through me, which I clothed in act. Tennyson. 3. To burst forth like a sudden flame; to break out violently; to rush hastily. Every hour He flashes into one gross crime or other. Shak. To flash in the pan, to fail of success. [Colloq.] See under Flash, a burst of light. Bartlett. Syn. -- Flash, Glitter, Gleam, Glisten, Glister. Flash differs from glitter and gleam, denoting a flood or wide extent of light. The latter words may express the issuing of light from a small object, or from a pencil of rays. Flash differs from other words, also, in denoting suddenness of appearance and disappearance. Flashing differs from exploding or disploding in not being accompanied with a loud report. To glisten, or glister, is to shine with a soft and fitful luster, as eyes suffused with tears, or flowers wet with dew. FLASH Flash, v. t. 1. To send out in flashes; to cause to burst forth with sudden flame or light. The chariot of paternal Deity, Flashing thick flames. Milton. 2. To convey as by a flash; to light up, as by a sudden flame or light; as, to flash a message along the wires; to flash conviction on the mind. 3. (Glass Making) Defn: To cover with a thin layer, as objects of glass with glass of a different color. See Flashing, n., 3 (b). 4. To trick up in a showy manner. Limning and flashing it with various dyes. A. Brewer. 5. Etym: [Perh. due to confusion between flash of light and plash, splash.] Defn: To strike and throw up large bodies of water from the surface; to splash. [Obs.] He rudely flashed the waves about. Spenser. Flashed glass. See Flashing, n., 3. FLASH Flash, n.; pl. Flashes (. 1. A sudden burst of light; a flood of light instantaneously appearing and disappearing; a momentary blaze; as, a flash of lightning. 2. A sudden and brilliant burst, as of wit or genius; a momentary brightness or show. The flash and outbreak of a fiery mind. Shak. No striking sentiment, no flash of fancy. Wirt. 3. The time during which a flash is visible; an instant; a very brief period. The Persians and Macedonians had it for a flash. Bacon. 4. A preparation of capsicum, burnt sugar, etc., for coloring and giving a fictious strength to liquors. Flash light, or Flashing light, a kind of light shown by lighthouses, produced by the revolution of reflectors, so as to show a flash of light every few seconds, alternating with periods of dimness. Knight. -- Flash in the pan, the flashing of the priming in the pan of a flintlock musket without discharging the piece; hence, sudden, spasmodic effort that accomplishes nothing. FLASH Flash, a. 1. Showy, but counterfeit; cheap, pretentious, and vulgar; as, flash jewelry; flash finery. 2. Wearing showy, counterfeit ornaments; vulgarly pretentious; as, flash people; flash men or women; -- applied especially to thieves, gamblers, and prostitutes that dress in a showy way and wear much cheap jewelry. Flash house, a house frequented by flash people, as thieves and whores; hence, a brothel. "A gang of footpads, reveling with their favorite beauties at a flash house." Macaulay. FLASH Flash, n. Defn: Slang or cant of thieves and prostitutes. FLASH Flash, n. Etym: [OE. flasche, flaske; cf. OF. flache, F. flaque.] 1. A pool. [Prov. Eng.] Haliwell. 2. (Engineering) Defn: A reservoir and sluiceway beside a navigable stream, just above a shoal, so that the stream may pour in water as boats pass, and thus bear them over the shoal. Flash wheel (Mech.), a paddle wheel made to revolve in a breast or curved water way, by which water is lifted from the lower to the higher level. FLASHBOARD Flash"board`, n. Defn: A board placed temporarily upon a milldam, to raise the water in the pond above its usual level; a flushboard. [U.S.] FLASH BOILER Flash boiler. Defn: A variety of water-tube boiler, used chiefly in steam automobiles, consisting of a nest of strong tubes with very little water space, kept nearly red hot so that the water as it trickles drop by drop into the tubes is immediately flashed into steam and superheated. FLASH BURNER Flash burner. Defn: A gas burner with a device for lighting by an electric spark. FLASHER Flash"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, flashes. 2. A man of more appearance of wit than reality. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A large sparoid fish of the Atlantic coast and all tropical seas (Lobotes Surinamensis). (b) The European red-backed shrile (Lanius collurio); -- called also flusher. FLASHILY Flash"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a flashy manner; with empty show. FLASHINESS Flash"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being flashy. FLASHING Flash"ing, n. 1. (Engineering) Defn: The creation of an artifical flood by the sudden letting in of a body of water; -- called also flushing. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Pieces of metal, built into the joints of a wall, so as to lap over the edge of the gutters or to cover the edge of the roofing; also, similar pieces used to cover the valleys of roofs of slate, shingles, or the like. By extension, the metal covering of ridges and hips of roofs; also, in the United States, the protecting of angles and breaks in walls of frame houses with waterproof material, tarred paper, or the like. Cf. Filleting. 3. (Glass Making) (a) The reheating of an article at the furnace aperture during manufacture to restore its plastic condition; esp., the reheating of a globe of crown glass to allow it to assume a flat shape as it is rotated. (b) A mode of covering transparent white glass with a film of colored glass. Knight. Flashing point (Chem.), that degree of temperature at which a volatile oil gives off vapor in sufficient quantity to burn, or flash, on the approach of a flame, used as a test of the comparative safety of oils, esp. kerosene; a flashing point of 100º F. is regarded as a fairly safe standard. The burning point of the oil is usually from ten to thirty degree above the flashing point of its vapor. FLASHY Flash"y, a. 1. Dazzling for a moment; making a momentary show of brilliancy; transitorily bright. A little flashy and transient pleasure. Barrow. 2. Fiery; vehement; impetuous. A temper always flashy. Burke. 3. Showy; gay; gaudy; as, a flashy dress. 4. Without taste or spirit. Lean and flashy songs. Milton. FLASK Flask, n. Etym: [AS. flasce, flaxe; akin to D. flesch, OHG. flasca, G. flasche, Icel. & Sw. flaska, Dan. flaske, OF. flasche, LL. flasca, flasco; of uncertain origin; cf. L. vasculum, dim. of vas a vessel, Gr. Flagon, Flasket.] 1. A small bottle-shaped vessel for holding fluids; as, a flask of oil or wine. 2. A narrow-necked vessel of metal or glass, used for various purposes; as of sheet metal, to carry gunpowder in; or of wrought iron, to contain quicksilver; or of glass, to heat water in, etc. 3. A bed in a gun carriage. [Obs.] Bailey. 4. (Founding) Defn: The wooden or iron frame which holds the sand, etc., forming the mold used in a foundry; it consists of two or more parts; viz., the cope or top; sometimes, the cheeks, or middle part; and the drag, or bottom part. When there are one or more cheeks, the flask is called a three part flask, four part flask, etc. Erlenmeyer flask, a thin glass flask, flat-bottomed and cone-shaped to allow of safely shaking its contents laterally without danger of spilling; -- so called from Erlenmeyer, a German chemist who invented it. -- Florence flask. Etym: [From Florence in Italy.] (a) Same as Betty, n., 3. (b) A glass flask, round or pear-shaped, with round or flat bottom, and usually very thin to allow of heating solutions. -- Pocket flask, a kind of pocket dram bottle, often covered with metal or leather to protect it from breaking. FLASKET Flask"et, n. Etym: [Cf. W. fflasged a vessel of straw or wickerwork, fflasg flask, basket, and E. flask.] 1. A long, shallow basket, with two handles. [Eng.] In which they gathered flowers to fill their flasket. Spenser. 2. A small flask. 3. A vessel in which viands are served. [Obs.] Pope. FLAT Flat, a. [Compar. Flatter; superl. Flattest.] Etym: [Akin to Icel. flatr, Sw. flat, Dan. flad, OHG. flaz, and AS. flet floor, G. flötz stratum, layer.] 1. Having an even and horizontal surface, or nearly so, without prominences or depressions; level without inclination; plane. Though sun and moon Were in the flat sea sunk. Milton. 2. Lying at full length, or spread out, upon the ground; level with the ground or earth; prostrate; as, to lie flat on the ground; hence, fallen; laid low; ruined; destroyed. What ruins kingdoms, and lays cities flat! Milton. I feel . . . my hopes all flat. Milton. 3. (Fine Arts) Defn: Wanting relief; destitute of variety; without points of prominence and striking interest. A large part of the work is, to me, very flat. Coleridge. 4. Tasteless; stale; vapid; insipid; dead; as, fruit or drink flat to the taste. 5. Unanimated; dull; uninteresting; without point or spirit; monotonous; as, a flat speech or composition. How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable Seem to me all the uses of this world. Shak. 6. Lacking liveliness of commercial exchange and dealings; depressed; dull; as, the market is flat. 7. Clear; unmistakable; peremptory; absolute; positive; downright. Flat burglary as ever was committed. Shak. A great tobacco taker too, -- that's flat. Marston. 8. (Mus.) (a) Below the true pitch; hence, as applied to intervals, minor, or lower by a half step; as, a flat seventh; A flat. (b) Not sharp or shrill; not acute; as, a flat sound. 9. (Phonetics) Defn: Sonant; vocal; -- applied to any one of the sonant or vocal consonants, as distinguished from a nonsonant (or sharp) consonant. Flat arch. (Arch.) See under Arch, n., 2. (b). -- Flat cap, cap paper, not folded. See under Paper. -- Flat chasing, in fine art metal working, a mode of ornamenting silverware, etc., producing figures by dots and lines made with a punching tool. Knight. -- Flat chisel, a sculptor's chisel for smoothing. -- Flat file, a file wider than its thickness, and of rectangular section. See File. -- Flat nail, a small, sharp-pointed, wrought nail, with a flat, thin head, larger than a tack. Knight. -- Flat paper, paper which has not been folded. -- Flat rail, a railroad rail consisting of a simple flat bar spiked to a longitudinal sleeper. -- Flat rods (Mining), horizontal or inclined connecting rods, for transmitting motion to pump rods at a distance. Raymond. -- Flat rope, a rope made by plaiting instead of twisting; gasket; sennit. Note: Some flat hoisting ropes, as for mining shafts, are made by sewing together a number of ropes, making a wide, flat band. Knight. -- Flat space. (Geom.) See Euclidian space. -- Flat stitch, the process of wood engraving. [Obs.] -- Flat tint (Painting), a coat of water color of one uniform shade. -- To fall flat (Fig.), to produce no effect; to fail in the intended effect; as, his speech fell flat. Of all who fell by saber or by shot, Not one fell half so flat as Walter Scott. Lord Erskine. FLAT Flat, adv. 1. In a flat manner; directly; flatly. Sin is flat opposite to the Almighty. Herbert. 2. (Stock Exchange) Defn: Without allowance for accrued interest. [Broker's Cant] FLAT Flat, n. 1. A level surface, without elevation, relief, or prominences; an extended plain; specifically, in the United States, a level tract along the along the banks of a river; as, the Mohawk Flats. Envy is as the sunbeams that beat hotter upon a bank, or steep rising ground, than upon a flat. Bacon. 2. A level tract lying at little depth below the surface of water, or alternately covered and left bare by the tide; a shoal; a shallow; a strand. Half my power, this night Passing these flats, are taken by the tide. Shak. 3. Something broad and flat in form; as: (a) A flat-bottomed boat, without keel, and of small draught. (b) A straw hat, broad-brimmed and low-crowned. (c) (Railroad Mach.) A car without a roof, the body of which is a platform without sides; a platform car. (d) A platform on wheel, upon which emblematic designs, etc., are carried in processions. 4. The flat part, or side, of anything; as, the broad side of a blade, as distinguished from its edge. 5. (Arch.) Defn: A floor, loft, or story in a building; especially, a floor of a house, which forms a complete residence in itself. 6. (Mining) Defn: A horizontal vein or ore deposit auxiliary to a main vein; also, any horizontal portion of a vein not elsewhere horizontal. Raymond. 7. A dull fellow; a simpleton; a numskull. [Colloq.] Or if you can not make a speech, Because you are a flat. Holmes. 8. (Mus.) Defn: A character [] before a note, indicating a tone which is a half step or semitone lower. 9. (Geom.) Defn: A homaloid space or extension. FLAT Flat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Flatting.] 1. To make flat; to flatten; to level. 2. To render dull, insipid, or spiritless; to depress. Passions are allayed, appetites are flatted. Barrow. 3. To depress in tone, as a musical note; especially, to lower in pitch by half a tone. FLAT Flat, v. i. 1. To become flat, or flattened; to sink or fal to an even surface. Sir W. Temple. 2. (Mus.) Defn: To fall form the pitch. To flat out, to fail from a promising beginning; to make a bad ending; to disappoint expectations. [Colloq.] FLATBILL Flat"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the genus Flatyrynchus. They belong to the family of flycatchers. FLATBOAT Flat"boat`, n. Defn: A boat with a flat bottom and square ends; -- used for the transportation of bulky freight, especially in shallow waters. FLAT-BOTTOMED Flat"-bot`tomed, a. Defn: Having an even lower surface or bottom; as, a flat-bottomed boat. FLAT-CAP Flat"-cap`, n. Defn: A kind of low-crowned cap formerly worn by all classes in England, and continued in London after disuse elsewhere; -- hence, a citizen of London. Marston. FLATFISH Flat"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any fish of the family Pleuronectidæ; esp., the winter flounder (Pleuronectes Americanus). The flatfishes have the body flattened, swim on the side, and have eyes on one side, as the flounder, turbot, and halibut. See Flounder. FLAT FOOT Flat" foot`. (Med.) Defn: A foot in which the arch of the instep is flattened so that the entire sole of the foot rests upon the ground; also, the deformity, usually congential, exhibited by such a foot; splayfoot. FLAT-FOOTED Flat"-foot`ed, a. 1. Having a flat foot, with little or no arch of the instep. 2. Firm-footed; determined. [Slang, U.S.] FLATHEAD Flat"head`, a. Defn: Characterized by flatness of head, especially that produced by artificial means, as a certain tribe of American Indians. FLATHEAD Flat"head`, n. (Ethnol.) Defn: A Chinook Indian. See Chinook, n., 1. FLAT-HEADED Flat"-head`ed, a. Defn: Having a head with a flattened top; as, a flat-headed nail. FLATIRON Flat"i`ron, n. Defn: An iron with a flat, smooth surface for ironing clothes. FLATIVE Fla"tive, a. Etym: [L. flare, flatum to blow.] Defn: Producing wind; flatulent. [Obs.] A. Brewer. FLATLING Flat"ling, adv. Etym: [Flat, a. + adverbial suff. -ing.] Defn: With the flat side, as of a sword; flatlong; in a prostrate position. [Obs.] Spenser. FLATLONG Flat"long Defn: ; 115), adv. With the flat side downward; not edgewise. Shak. FLATLY Flat"ly, adv. Defn: In a flat manner; evenly; horizontally; without spirit; dully; frigidly; peremptori;y; positively, plainly. "He flatly refused his aid." Sir P. Sidney. He that does the works of religion slowly, flatly, and without appetite. Jer. Taylor. FLATNESS Flat"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being flat. 2. Eveness of surface; want of relief or prominence; the state of being plane or level. 3. Want of vivacity or spirit; prostration; dejection; depression. 4. Want of variety or flavor; dullness; inspidity. 5. Depression of tone; the state of being below the true pitch; -- opposed to sharpness or acuteness. FLATOUR Fla*tour", n. Etym: [OF.] Defn: A flatterer. [Obs.] Chaucer. FLATTEN Flat"ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flattened; p. pr. & vb. n. Flattening.] Etym: [From Flat, a.] 1. To reduce to an even surface or one approaching evenness; to make flat; to level; to make plane. 2. To throw down; to bring to the ground; to prostrate; hence, to depress; to deject; to dispirit. 3. To make vapid or insipid; to render stale. 4. (Mus.) Defn: To lower the pitch of; to cause to sound less sharp; to let fall from the pitch. To flatten a sail (Naut.), to set it more nearly fore-and-aft of the vessel. -- Flattening oven, in glass making, a heated chamber in which split glass cylinders are flattened for window glass. FLATTEN Flat"ten, v. i. Defn: To become or grow flat, even, depressed dull, vapid, spiritless, or depressed below pitch. FLATTER Flat"ter, n. 1. One who, or that which, makes flat or flattens. 2. (Metal Working) (a) A flat-faced fulling hammer. (b) A drawplate with a narrow, rectangular orifice, for drawing flat strips, as watch springs, etc. FLATTER Flat"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flattered; p. pr. & vb. n. Flattering.] Etym: [OE. flateren, cf. OD. flatteren; akin to G. flattern to flutter, Icel. fla to fawn, flatter: cf. F. flatter. Cf. Flitter, Flutter, Flattery.] 1. To treat with praise or blandishments; to gratify or attempt to gratify the self-love or vanity of, esp. by artful and interested commendation or attentions; to blandish; to cajole; to wheedle. When I tell him he hates flatterers, He says he does, being then most flattered. Shak. A man that flattereth his neighbor, spreadeth a net for his feet. Prov. xxix. 5. Others he flattered by asking their advice. Prescott. 2. To raise hopes in; to encourage or favorable, but sometimes unfounded or deceitful, representations. 3. To portray too favorably; to give a too favorable idea of; as, his portrait flatters him. FLATTER Flat"ter, v. i. Defn: To use flattery or insincere praise. If it may stand him more in stead to lie, Say and unsay, feign, flatter, or adjure. Milton. FLATTERER Flat"ter*er, n. Defn: One who flatters. The most abject flaterers degenerate into the greatest tyrants. Addison. FLATTERING Flat"ter*ing, a. Defn: That flatters (in the various senses of the verb); as, a flattering speech. Lay not that flattering unction to your soul. Shak. A flattering painter, who made it his care, To draw men as they ought be, not as they are. Goldsmith. FLATTERINGLY Flat"ter*ing*ly, adv. Defn: With flattery. FLATTERY Flat"ter*y, n.; pl. Flatteries. Etym: [OE. flaterie, OF. flaterie, F. flaterie, fr. flater to flatter, F. flatter; of uncertain origin. See Flatter, v. t.] Defn: The act or practice of flattering; the act of pleasing by artiful commendation or compliments; adulation; false, insincere, or excessive praise. Just praise is only a debt, but flattery is a present. Rambler. Flattery corrupts both the receiver and the giver. Burke. Syn. -- Adulation; compliment; obsequiousness. See Adulation. FLATTING Flat"ting, n. 1. The process or operation of making flat, as a cylinder of glass by opening it out. 2. A mode of painting,in which the paint, being mixed with turpentine, leaves the work without gloss. Gwilt. 3. A method of preserving gilding unburnished, by touching with size. Knolles. 4. The process of forming metal into sheets by passing it between rolls. Flatting coat, a coat of paint so put on as to have no gloss. -- Flatting furnace. Same as Flattening oven, under Flatten. -- Flatting mill. (a) A rolling mill producing sheet metal; esp., in mints, the ribbon from which the planchets are punched. (b) A mill in which grains of metal are flatted by steel rolls, and reduced to metallic dust, used for purposes of ornamentation. FLATTISH Flat"tish, a. Defn: Somewhat flat. Woodward. FLATULENCE; FLATULENCY Flat"u*lence, Flat"u*len*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. flatulence.] Defn: The state or quality of being flatulent. FLATULENT Flat"u*lent, a. Etym: [L. flatus a blowing, flatus ventris windiness, flatulence, fr. flare to blow: cf. F. flatulent. See Blow.] 1. Affected with flatus or gases generated in the alimentary canal; windy. 2. Generating, or tending to generate, wind in the stomach. Vegetables abound more with aërial particles than animal substances, and therefore are more flatulent. Arbuthnot. 3. Turgid with flatus; as, a flatulent tumor. Quincy. 4. Pretentious without substance or reality; puffy; empty; vain; as, a flatulent vanity. He is too flatulent sometimes, and sometimes too dry. Dryden. FLATULENTLY Flat"u*lent*ly, adv. Defn: In a flatulent manner; with flatulence. FLATUOSITY Flat`u*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. flatuosité.] Defn: Flatulence. [Obs.] Bacon. FLATUOUS Flat"u*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. flatueux.] Defn: Windy; generating wind. [Obs.] Bacon. FLATUS Fla"tus, n.; pl. E. Flatuses, L. Flatus. Etym: [L., fr. flare to blow.] 1. A breath; a puff of wind. Clarke. 2. Wind or gas generated in the stomach or other cavities of the body. Quincy. FLATWARE Flat"ware`, n. Defn: Articles for the table, as china or silverware, that are more or less flat, as distinguished from hollow ware. FLATWARE Flat"ware`, n. Defn: Articles for the table, as china or silverware, that are more or less flat, as distinguished from hollow ware. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] FLATWISE Flat"wise`, a. or adv. Defn: With the flat side downward, or next to another object; not edgewise. FLATWORM Flat"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any worm belonging to the Plathelminthes; also, sometimes applied to the planarians. FLAUNDRISH Flaun"drish ( or ), a. Defn: Flemish. [Obs.] FLAUNT Flaunt ( or ; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flaunted; p. pr. & vb. n.. Flaunting.] Etym: [Cf. dial. G. flandern to flutter, wave; perh. akin to E. flatter, flutter.] Defn: To throw or spread out; to flutter; to move ostentatiously; as, a flaunting show. You flaunt about the streets in your new gilt chariot. Arbuthnot. One flaunts in rags, one flutters in brocade. Pope. FLAUNT Flaunt, v. t. Defn: To display ostentatiously; to make an impudent show of. FLAUNT Flaunt, n. Defn: Anything displayed for show. [Obs.] In these my borrowed flaunts. Shak. FLAUNTINGLY Flaunt"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a flaunting way. FLAUTIST Flau"tist, n. Etym: [It. flauto a flute See Flute.] Defn: A player on the flute; a flutist. FLAUTO Flau"to, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A flute. Flaute piccolo ( Etym: [It., little flute], an octave flute. -- Flauto traverso ( Etym: [It., transverse flute], the German flute, held laterally, instead of being played, like the old flûte a bec, with a mouth piece at the end. FLAVANILINE Fla*van"i*line ( or ; 104), n. Etym: [L. flavus yellow + E. aniline.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow, crystalline, organic dyestuff, C16H14N2, of artifical production. It is a strong base, and is a complex derivative of aniline and quinoline. FLAVESCENT Fla*ves"cent, a. Etym: [L. flavescens, p.pr. of flavescere to turn yellow.] Defn: Turning yellow; yellowish. FLAVICOMOUS Fla*vic"o*mous, a. Etym: [L. flavicomus; flavus yellow + coma hair.] Defn: Having yellow hair. [R.] FLAVIN Fla"vin, n. Etym: [L. flavus yellow.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow, vegetable dyestuff, resembling quercitron. FLAVINE Fla"vine (; 104), n. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow, crystalline, organic base, C13H12N2O, obtained artificially. FLAVOL Fla"vol, n. Etym: [L. flavus yellow + -oil.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow, crystalline substance, obtained from anthraquinone, and regarded as a hydroxyl derivative of it. FLAVOR Fla"vor, n. Etym: [OF. fleur, flaur (two syllables), odor, cf. F. fleurer to emit an odor, It. flatore a bad odor, prob. fr. L. flare to bow, whence the sense of exhalation. Cf. Blow.] [Written also flavour.] 1. That quality of anything which affects the smell; odor; fragrances; as, the flavor of a rose. 2. That quality of anything which affects the taste; that quality which gratifies the palate; relish; zest; savor; as, the flavor of food or drink. 3. That which imparts to anything a peculiar odor or taste, gratifying to the sense of smell, or the nicer perceptions of the palate; a substance which flavors. 4. That quality which gives character to any of the productions of literature or the fine arts. FLAVOR Fla"vor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flavored; p. pr. & vb. n. Flavoring.] Defn: To give flavor to; to add something (as salt or a spice) to, to give character or zest. FLAVORED Fla"vored, a. Defn: Having a distinct flavor; as, high-flavored wine. FLAVORLESS Fla"vor*less, a. Defn: Without flavor; tasteless. FLAVOROUS Fla"vor*ous, a. Defn: Imparting flavor; pleasant to the taste or smell; sapid. Dryden. FLAVOUS Fla"vous, a. Etym: [L. flavus.] Defn: Yellow. [Obs.] FLAW Flaw, n. Etym: [OE. flai, flaw flake; cf. Sw. flaga flaw, crack, breach, flake, D. vlaag gust of wind, Norw. flage, flaag, and E. flag a flat stone.] 1. A crack or breach; a gap or fissure; a defect of continuity or cohesion; as, a flaw in a knife or a vase. This heart Shall break into a hundered thousand flaws. Shak. 2. A defect; a fault; as, a flaw in reputation; a flaw in a will, in a deed, or in a statute. Has not this also its flaws and its dark side South. 3. A sudden burst of noise and disorder; a tumult; uproar; a quarrel. [Obs.] And deluges of armies from the town Came pouring in; I heard the mighty flaw. Dryden. 4. A sudden burst or gust of wind of short duration. Snow, and hail, and stormy gust and flaw. Milton. Like flaws in summer laying lusty corn. Tennyson. Syn. -- Blemish; fault; imoerfection; spot; speck. FLAW Flaw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Flawing.] 1. To crack; to make flaws in. The brazen caldrons with the frosts are flawed. Dryden. 2. To break; to violate; to make of no effect. [Obs.] France hath flawed the league. Shak. FLAWLESS Flaw"less, a. Defn: Free from flaws. Boyle. FLAWN Flawn, n. Etym: [OF. flaon, F. flan, LL. flado, fr. OHG. flado, G. fladen, a sort of pancake; cf. Gr. Place.] Defn: A sort of flat custard or pie. [Obs.] Tusser. FLAWTER Flaw"ter, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Flay.] Defn: To scrape o [Obs.] Johnson. FLAWY Flaw"y, a. 1. Full of flaws or cracks; broken; defective; faulty. Johnson. 2. Subject to sudden flaws or gusts of wind. FLAX Flax, n. Etym: [AS. fleax; akin to D. vlas, OHG. flahs, G. flachs, and prob. to flechten to braid, plait,m twist, L. plectere to weave, plicare to fold, Gr. Ply.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Linum, esp. the L. usitatissimum, which has a single, slender stalk, about a foot and a half high, with blue flowers. The fiber of the bark is used for making thread and cloth, called linen, cambric, lawn, lace, etc. Linseed oil is expressed from the seed. 2. The skin or fibrous part of the flax plant, when broken and cleaned by hatcheling or combing. Earth flax (Min.), amianthus. -- Flax brake, a machine for removing the woody portion of flax from the fibrous. -- Flax comb, a hatchel, hackle, or heckle. -- Flax cotton, the fiber of flax, reduced by steeping in bicarbinate of soda and acidulated liquids, and prepared for bleaching and spinning like cotton. Knight. -- Flax dresser, one who breaks and swingles flax, or prepares it for the spinner. -- Flax mill, a mill or factory where flax is spun or linen manufactured. -- Flax puller, a machine for pulling flax plants in the field. -- Flax wench. (a) A woman who spins flax. [Obs.] (b) A prostitute. [Obs.] Shak. -- Mountain flax (Min.), amianthus. -- New Zealand flax (Bot.) See Flax-plant. FLAXEN Flax"en, a. Defn: Made of flax; resembling flax or its fibers; of the color of flax; of a light soft straw color; fair and flowing, like flax or tow; as, flaxen thread; flaxen hair. FLAX-PLANT Flax"-plant`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant in new Zealand (Phormium tenax), allied to the lilies and aloes. The leaves are two inches wide and several feet long, and furnish a fiber which is used for making ropes, mats, and coarse cloth. FLAXSEED Flax"seed`, n. Defn: The seed of the flax; linseed. FLAXWEED Flax"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Toadflax. FLAXY Flax"y, a. Defn: Like flax; flaxen. Sir M. Sandys. FLAY Flay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Flaying.] Etym: [OE. flean, flan, AS. fleán; akin to D. vlaen, Icel. fla, Sw. flå, Dan. flaae, cf. Lith. ples to tear, plyszti, v.i., to burst tear; perh. akin to E. flag to flat stone, flaw.] Defn: To skin; to strip off the skin or surface of; as, to flay an ox; to flay the green earth. With her nails She 'll flay thy wolfish visage. Shak. FLAYER Flay"er, n. Defn: One who strips off the skin. FLEA Flea, v. t. Etym: [See Flay.] Defn: To flay. [Obs.] He will be fleaced first And horse collars made of's skin. J. Fletcher. FLEA Flea, n. Etym: [OE. fle, flee, AS. fleá, fleáh; akin to D. fl, G. floh, Icel. fl, Russ. blocha; prob. from the root of E. flee. Flee.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect belonging to the genus Pulex, of the order Aphaniptera. Fleas are destitute of wings, but have the power of leaping energetically. The bite is poisonous to most persons. The human flea (Pulex irritans), abundant in Europe, is rare in America, where the dog flea (P. canis) takes its place. See Aphaniptera, and Dog flea. See Illustration in Appendix. A flea in the ear, an unwelcome hint or unexpected reply, annoying like a flea; an irritating repulse; as, to put a flea in one's ear; to go away with a flea in one's ear. -- Beach flea, Black flea, etc. See under Beach, etc. FLEABANE Flea"bane`, n. (Bot.) Defn: One of various plants, supposed to have efficacy in driving away fleas. They belong, for the most part, to the genera Conyza, Erigeron, and Pulicaria. FLEA-BEETLE Flea"-bee`tle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small beetle of the family Halticidæ, of many species. They have strong posterior legs and leap like fleas. The turnip flea- beetle (Phyllotreta vittata) and that of the grapevine (Graptodera chalybea) are common injurious species. FLEA-BITE Flea"-bite`, n. 1. The bite of a flea, or the red spot caused by the bite. 2. A trifling wound or pain, like that of the bite of a flea. Harvey. FLEA-BITTEN Flea"-bit`ten, a. 1. Bitten by a flea; as, a flea-bitten face. 2. White, flecked with minute dots of bay or sorrel; -- said of the color of a horse. FLEAGH Fleagh, obs. Defn: imp. of Fly. FLEAK Fleak, n. Defn: A flake; a thread or twist. [Obs.] Little long fleaks or threads of hemp. Dr. H. More. FLEAKING Fleak"ing, n. Defn: A light covering of reeds, over which the main covering is laid, in thatching houses. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. FLEA-LOUSE Flea"-louse`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A jumping plant louse of the family Psyllidæ, of many species. That of the pear tree is Psylla pyri. FLEAM Fleam, n. Etym: [F. flamme, OF. flieme, fr. LL. flevotomum, phlebotomum; cf. D. vlijm. See Phlebotomy.] (Surg. & Far.) Defn: A sharp instrument used for opening veins, lancing gums, etc.; a kind of lancet. Fleam tooth, a tooth of a saw shaped like an isosceles triangle; a peg tooth. Knight. FLEAMY Fleam"y, a. Defn: Bloody; clotted. [Obs. or Prov.] Foamy bubbling of a fleamy brain. Marston. FLEAR Flear, v. t. & i. Defn: See Fleer. FLEAWORT Flea"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An herb used in medicine (Plantago Psyllium), named from the shape of its seeds. Loudon. FLECHE Flèche, n. Etym: [F. flèche, prop., an arrow.] (Fort.) Defn: A simple fieldwork, consisting of two faces forming a salient angle pointing outward and open at the gorge. FLECK Fleck, n. Defn: A flake; also, a lock, as of wool. [Obs.] J. Martin. FLECK Fleck, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. flekkr; akin to Sw. fläck, D. vlek, G. fleck, and perh. to E. flitch.] Defn: A spot; a streak; a speckle. "A sunny fleck." Longfellow. Life is dashed with flecks of sin. tennyson. FLECK Fleck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flecked; p. pr. & vb. n. Flecking.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. flekka, Sw. fläcka, D. vlekken, vlakken, G. flecken. See Fleck, n.] Defn: To spot; to streak or stripe; to variegate; to dapple. Both flecked with white, the true Arcadian strain. Dryden. A bird, a cloud, flecking the sunny air. Trench. FLECKER Fleck"er, v. t. Defn: To fleck. Johnson. FLECKLESS Fleck"less, a. Defn: Without spot or blame. [R.] My consnience will not count me fleckless. Tennyson. FLECTION Flec"tion, n. Etym: [See Flexion.] 1. The act of bending, or state of being bent. 2. The variation of words by declension, comparison, or conjugation; inflection. FLECTIONAL Flec"tion*al, a. Defn: Capable of, or pertaining to, flection or inflection. A flectional word is a phrase in the bud. Earle. FLECTOR Flec"tor, n. Defn: A flexor. FLED Fled, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Flee. FLEDGE Fledge, a. Etym: [OE. flegge, flygge; akin to D. vlug, G. flügge, flücke, OHG. flucchi, Icel. fleygr, and to E. fly. Fly, v. i.] Defn: Feathered; furnished with feathers or wings; able to fly. Hfledge with wings. Milton. FLEDGE Fledge, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Fledged; p. pr. & vb. n. Fledging.] 1. To furnish with feathers; to supply with the feathers necessary for flight. The birds were not as yet fledged enough to shift for themselves. L'Estrange. 2. To furnish or adorn with any soft covering. Your master, whose chin is not yet fledged. Shak. FLEDGELING Fledge"ling, n. Defn: A young bird just fledged. FLEE Flee, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fled; p. pr. & vb. n. Fleeing.] Etym: [OE. fleon, fleen, AS. fleón (imperf. fleáh); akin to D. vlieden, OHG. & OS. fliohan, G. fliehen, Icel. fl (imperf. fl), Dan. flye, Sw. fly (imperf. flydde), Goth. pliuhan. (Flight.] Defn: To run away, as from danger or evil; to avoid in an alarmed or cowardly manner; to hasten off; -- usually with from. This is sometimes omitted, making the verb transitive. [He] cowardly fled, not having struck one stroke. Shak. Flee fornication. 1 Cor. vi. 18. So fled his enemies my warlike father. Shak. Note: When great speed is to be indicated, we commonly use fly, not flee; as, fly hence to France with the utmost speed. "Whither shall I fly to 'scape their hands" Shak. See Fly, v. i., 5. FLEECE Fleece, n. Etym: [OE. flees, AS. fleós; akin to D. flies, vlies .] 1. The entire coat of wood that covers a sheep or other similar animal; also, the quantity shorn from a sheep, or animal, at one time. Who shore me Like a tame wether, all my precious fleece. Milton. 2. Any soft woolly covering resembling a fleece. 3. (Manuf.) Defn: The fine web of cotton or wool removed by the doffing knife from the cylinder of a carding machine. Fleece wool, wool shorn from the sheep. -- Golden fleece. See under Golden. FLEECE Fleece, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fleeced; p. pr. & vb. n. Fleecing.] 1. To deprive of a fleece, or natural covering of wool. 2. To strip of money or other property unjustly, especially by trickery or frand; to bring to straits by oppressions and exactions. Whilst pope and prince shared the wool betwixt them, the people were finely fleeced. Fuller. 3. To spread over as with wool. [R.] Thomson. FLEECED Fleeced, a. 1. Furnished with a fleece; as, a sheep is well fleeced. Spenser. 2. Stripped of a fleece; plundered; robbed. FLEECELESS Fleece"less, a. Defn: Without a fleece. FLEECER Flee"cer, n. Defn: One who fleeces or strips unjustly, especially by trickery or fraund. Prynne. FLEECY Flee"cy, a. Defn: Covered with, made of, or resembling, a fleece. "Fleecy flocks." Prior. FLEEN Fleen, n. pl. Defn: Obs. pl. of Flea. Chaucer. FLEER Fle"er, n. Defn: One who flees. Ld. Berners. FLEER Fleer, [imp. & p. p. Fleered (; p. pr. & vb. n. Fleering.] Etym: [OE. flerien; cf. Scot. fleyr, Norw. flira to titter, giggle, laugh at nothing, MHG. vlerre, vlarre, a wide wound.] 1. To make a wry face in contempt, or to grin in scorn; to deride; to sneer; to mock; to gibe; as, to fleer and flout. To fleer and scorn at our solemnity. Shak. 2. To grin with an air of civility; to leer. [Obs.] Grinning and fleering as though they went to a bear baiting. Latimer. FLEER Fleer, v. t. Defn: To mock; to flout at. Beau. & Fl. FLEER Fleer, n. 1. A word or look of derision or mockery. And mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorn. Shak. 2. A grin of civility; a leer. [Obs.] A sly, treacherous fleer on the face of deceivers. South. FLEERER Fleer"er, n. Defn: One who fleers. Beau. & Fl. FLEERINGLY Fleer"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a fleering manner. FLEET Fleet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fleeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fleeting.] Etym: [OE. fleten, fleoten, to swim, AS. fleótan to swim, float; akin to D. vlieten to flow, OS. fliotan, OHG. fliozzan, G. fliessen, Icel. fljota to float, flow, Sw. flyta, D. flyde, L. pluere to rain, Gr. plu to swim, sail. sq. root84. Cf. Fleet, n. & a., Float, Pluvial, Flow.] 1. To sail; to float. [Obs.] And in frail wood on Adrian Gulf doth fleet. Spenser. 2. To fly swiftly; to pass over quickly; to hasten; to flit as a light substance. All the unaccomplished works of Nature's hand, . . . Dissolved on earth, fleet hither. Milton. 3. (Naut.) Defn: To slip on the whelps or the barrel of a capstan or windlass; - - said of a cable or hawser. FLEET Fleet, v. t. 1. To pass over rapidly; to skin the surface of; as, a ship that fleets the gulf. Spenser. 2. To hasten over; to cause to pass away lighty, or in mirth and joy. Many young gentlemen flock to him, and fleet the time carelessly. Shak. 3. (Naut.) (a) To draw apart the blocks of; -- said of a tackle. Totten. (b) To cause to slip down the barrel of a capstan or windlass, as a rope or chain. FLEET Fleet, a. [Compar. Fleeter; superl. Fleetest.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. flj quick. See Fleet, v. i.] 1. Swift in motion; moving with velocity; light and quick in going from place to place; nimble. In mail their horses clad, yet fleet and strong. Milton. 2. Light; superficially thin; not penetring deep, as soil. [Prov. Eng.] Mortimer. FLEET Fleet, n. Etym: [OE. flete, fleote, AS. fleót ship, fr. fleótan to float, swim. See Fleet, v. i. and cf. Float.] Defn: A number of vessels in company, especially war vessels; also, the collective naval force of a country, etc. Fleet captain, the senior aid of the admiral of a fleet, when a captain. Ham. Nav. Encyc. FLEET Fleet, n. Etym: [AS. fleót a place where vessels float, bay, river; akin to D. vliet rill, brook, G. fliess. See Fleet, v. i.] 1. A flood; a creek or inlet; a bay or estuary; a river; -- obsolete, except as a place name, -- as Fleet Street in London. Together wove we nets to entrap the fish In floods and sedgy fleets. Matthewes. 2. A former prison in London, which originally stood near a stream, the Fleet (now filled up). Fleet parson, a clergyman of low character, in, or in the vicinity of, the Fleet prison, who was ready to unite persons in marriage (called Fleet marriage) at any hour, without public notice, witnesses, or consent of parents. FLEET Fleet, v. t. Etym: [AS. flet cream, fr. fleótan to float. See Fleet, v. i.] Defn: To take the cream from; to skim. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson. FLEETEN Fleet"en, n. Defn: Fleeted or skimmed milk. [Obs.] Fleeten face, a face of the color of fleeten, i. e., blanched; hence, a coward. "You know where you are, you fleeten face." Beau. & Fl. FLEET-FOOT Fleet"-foot`, a. Defn: Swift of foot. Shak. FLEETING Fleet"ing, a. Defn: Passing swiftly away; not durable; transient; transitory; as, the fleeting hours or moments. Syn. -- Evanescent; ephemeral. See Transient. FLEETINGLY Fleet"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a fleeting manner; swiftly. FLEETINGS Fleet"ings, n. pl. Defn: A mixture of buttermilk and boiling whey; curds. [prov. Eng.] Wright. FLEETLY Fleet"ly, adv. Defn: In a fleet manner; rapidly. FLEETNESS Fleet"ness, n. Defn: Swiftness; rapidity; velocity; celerity; speed; as, the fleetness of a horse or of time. FLEIGH Fleigh, obs. Defn: imp. of Fly. Chaucer. FLEME Fleme, v. t. Etym: [AS. fleman, flyman.] Defn: To banish; to drive out; to expel. [Obs.] "Appetite flemeth discretion." Chaucer. FLEMER Flem"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, banishes or expels. [Obs.] Chaucer. FLEMING Flem"ing, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Flanders. FLEMISH Flem"ish, a. Defn: Pertaining to Flanders, or the Flemings. -- n. Defn: The language or dialect spoken by the Flemings; also, collectively, the people of Flanders. Flemish accounts (Naut.), short or deficient accounts. [Humorous]Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Flemish beauty (Bot.), a well known pear. It is one of few kinds which have a red color on one side. -- Flemish bond. (Arch.) See Bond, n., 8. -- Flemish brick, a hard yellow paving brick. -- Flemish coil, a flat coil of rope with the end in the center and the turns lying against, without riding over, each other. -- Flemish eye (Naut.), an eye formed at the end of a rope by dividing the strands and lying them over each other. -- Flemish horse (Naut.), an additional footrope at the end of a yard. FLENCH Flench, v. t. Defn: Same as Flence. FLENSE Flense, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Dan. flense, D. vlensen, vlenzen, Scot. flinch.] Defn: To strip the blubber or skin from, as from a whale, seal, etc. the flensed carcass of a fur seal. U. S. Census (1880). FLESH Flesh, n. Etym: [OE. flesch, flesc, AS. fl; akin to OFries. flask, D. vleesch, OS. fl, OHG. fleisc, G. fleisch, Icel. & Dan. flesk lard, bacon, pork, Sw. fläsk.] 1. The aggregate of the muscles, fat, and other tissues which cover the framework of bones in man and other animals; especially, the muscles. Note: In composition it is mainly albuminous, but contains in adition a large number of crystalline bodies, such as creatin, xanthin, hypoxanthin, carnin, etc. It is also rich in phosphate of potash. 2. Animal food, in distinction from vegetable; meat; especially, the body of beasts and birds used as food, as distinguished from fish. With roasted flesh, or milk, and wastel bread. Chaucer. 3. The human body, as distinguished from the soul; the corporeal person. As if this flesh, which walls about our life, Were brass impregnable. Shak. 4. The human eace; mankind; humanity. All flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth. Gen. vi. 12. 5. Human nature: (a) In a good sense, tenderness of feeling; gentleness. There is no flesh in man's obdurate heart. Cowper. (b) In a bad sense, tendency to transient or physical pleasure; desire for sensual gratification; carnality. (c) (Theol.) The character under the influence of animal propensities or selfish passions; the soul unmoved by spiritual influences. 6. Kindred; stock; race. He is our brother and our flesh. Gen. xxxvii. 27. 7. The soft, pulpy substance of fruit; also, that part of a root, fruit, and the like, which is fit to be eaten. Note: Flesh is often used adjectively or self-explaining compounds; as, flesh broth or flesh-broth; flesh brush or fleshbrush; flesh tint or flesh-tint; flesh wound. After the flesh, after the manner of man; in a gross or earthly manner. "Ye judge after the flesh." John viii. 15. -- An arm of flesh, human strength or aid. -- Flesh and blood. See under Blood. -- Flesh broth, broth made by boiling flesh in water. -- Flesh fly (Zoöl.), one of several species of flies whose larvæ or maggots feed upon flesh, as the bluebottle fly; -- called also meat fly, carrion fly, and blowfly. See Blowly. -- Flesh meat, animal food. Swift. -- Flesh side, the side of a skin or hide which was next to the flesh; -- opposed to grain side. -- Flesh tint (Painting), a color used in painting to imitate the hue of the living body. -- Flesh worm (Zoöl.), any insect larva of a flesh fly. See Flesh fly (above). -- Proud flesh. See under Proud. -- To be one flesh, to be closely united as in marriage; to become as one person. Gen. ii. 24. FLESH Flesh, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fleshed; p. pr. & vb. n. Fleshing.] 1. To feed with flesh, as an incitement to further exertion; to initiate; -- from the practice of training hawks and dogs by feeding them with the first game they take, or other flesh. Hence, to use upon flesh (as a murderous weapon) so as to draw blood, especially for the first time. Full bravely hast thou fleshed Thy maiden sword. Shak. The wild dog Shall flesh his tooth on every innocent. Shak. 2. To glut; to satiate; hence, to harden, to accustom. "Fleshed in triumphs." Glanvill. Old soldiers Fleshed in the spoils of Germany and France. Beau. & Fl. 3. (Leather Manufacture) Defn: To remove flesh, membrance, etc., from, as from hides. FLESHED Fleshed, a. 1. Corpulent; fat; having flesh. 2. Glutted; satiated; initiated. Fleshed with slaughter. Dryden. FLESHER Flesh"er, n. 1. A butcher. A flesher on a block had laid his whittle down. Macaulay. 2. A two-handled, convex, blunt-edged knife, for scraping hides; a fleshing knife. FLESHHOOD Flesh"hood, n. Defn: The state or condition of having a form of flesh; incarnation. [R.] Thou, who hast thyself Endured this fleshhood. Mrs. Browning. FLESHINESS Flesh"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being fleshy; plumpness; corpulence; grossness. Milton. FLESHINGS Flesh"ings, n. pl. Defn: Flesh-colored tights, worn by actors dancers. D. Jerrold. FLESHLESS Flesh"less, a. Defn: Destitute of flesh; lean. Carlyle. FLESHLINESS Flesh"li*ness, n. Defn: The state of being fleshly; carnal passions and appetites. Spenser. FLESHLING Flesh"ling, n. Defn: A person devoted to fleshly things. [Obs.] Spenser. FLESHLY Flesh"ly, a. Etym: [AS. 1. Of or pertaining to the flesh; corporeal. "Fleshly bondage." Denham. 2. Animal; not Dryden. 3. Human; not celestial; not spiritual or divine. "Fleshly wisdom." 2 Cor. i. 12. Much ostentation vain of fleshly arm And fragile arms. Milton. 4. Carnal; wordly; lascivious. Abstain from fleshly lusts, which war against the soul. 1 Pet. ii. 11. FLESHLY Flesh"ly, adv. Defn: In a fleshly manner; carnally; lasciviously. [Obs.] Chaucer. FLESHMENT Flesh"ment, n. Defn: The act of fleshing, or the excitement attending a successful beginning. [R.] Shak. FLESHMONGER Flesh"mon`ger, n. Etym: [AS. .] Defn: One who deals in flesh; hence, a pimp; a procurer; a pander. [R.] Shak. FLESHPOT Flesh"pot`, n. Defn: A pot or vessel in which flesh is cooked; hence (pl.), Defn: plenty; high living. In the land of Egypt . . . we sat by the fleshpots, and . . . did eat bread to the full. Ex. xvi. 3. FLESHQUAKE Flesh"quake`, n. Defn: A quaking or trembling of the flesh; a quiver. [Obs.] B. Jonson. FLESHY Flesh"y, a. [Compar. Fleshier; superl. Fleshiest.] 1. Full of, or composed of, flesh; plump; corpulent; fat; gross. The sole of his foot is fleshy. Ray. 2. Human. [Obs.] "Fleshy tabernacle." Milton. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Composed of firm pulp; succulent; as, the houseleek, cactus, and agave are fleshy plants. FLET Flet, p. p. of Fleet. Defn: Skimmed. [Obs.] FLETCH Fletch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fletched; p. pr. & vb. n. Fletching.] Etym: [F. flèche arrow.] Defn: To feather, as an arrow. Bp. Warburton. [Congress] fletched their complaint, by adding: "America loved his brother." Bancroft. FLETCHER Fletch"er, n. Etym: [OF. flechier.] Defn: One who fletches of feathers arrows; a manufacturer of bows and arrows. [Obs.] Mortimer. FLETE Flete, v. i. Etym: [See Fleet, v. i.] Defn: To float; to swim. [Obs.] "Whether I sink or flete." Chaucer. FLETIFEROUS Fle*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. fletifer; fletus a weeping (from flere, fletum, to weep) + ferre to bear.] Defn: Producing tears. [Obs.] Blount. FLEUR-DE-LIS Fleur`-de-lis`, n.; pl. Fleurs-de-lis. Etym: [F., flower of the lily. Cf. Flower-de-luce, Lily.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The iris. See Flower-de-luce. 2. A conventional flower suggested by the iris, and having a form which fits it for the terminal decoration of a scepter, the ornaments of a crown, etc. It is also a heraldic bearing, and is identified with the royal arms and adornments of France. FLEURON Fleu`ron", n. [F., fr. OF. floron. Cf. Floroon.] Defn: A flower-shaped ornament, esp. one terminating an object or forming one of a series, as a knob of a cover to a dish, or a flower- shaped part in a necklace. FLEURY Fleur"y, a. Etym: [F. fleuri covered with flowers, p.p. of fleurir. See Flourish.] (Her.) Defn: Finished at the ends with fleurs-de-lis; -- said esp. a cross so decorated. FLEW Flew, Defn: imp. of Fly. FLEWED Flewed, a. Defn: Having large flews. Shak. FLEWS Flews, n. pl. Defn: The pendulous or overhanging lateral parts of the upper lip of dogs, especially prominent in hounds; -- called also chaps. See Illust. of Bloodhound. FLEX Flex, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flexed; p. pr. & vb. n. Flexing.] Etym: [L. flexus, p.p. of flectere to bend, perh. flectere and akin to falx sickle, E. falchion. Cf. Flinch.] Defn: To bend; as, to flex the arm. FLEX Flex, n. Defn: Flax. [Obs.] Chaucer. FLEXANIMOUS Flex*an"i*mous, a. Etym: [L. flexanimus; flectere, flexum, to bend + animus mind.] Defn: Having power to change the mind. [Obs.] Howell. FLEXIBILITY Flex`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. flexibilitas: cf. F. flexibilite.] Defn: The state or quality of being flexible; flexibleness; pliancy; pliability; as, the flexibility of strips of hemlock, hickory, whalebone or metal, or of rays of light. Sir I. Newton. All the flexibility of a veteran courtier. Macaulay. FLEXIBLE Flex"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. flexibilis: cf. F. flexible.] 1. Capable of being flexed or bent; admitting of being turned, bowed, or twisted, without breaking; pliable; yielding to pressure; not stiff or brittle. When the splitting wind Makes flexible the knees of knotted oaks. Shak. 2. Willing or ready to yield to the influence of others; not invincibly rigid or obstinate; tractable; manageable; ductile; easy and compliant; wavering. Phocion was a man of great severity, and no ways flexible to the will of the people. Bacon. Women are soft, mild, pitiful, and flexible. Shak. 3. Capable or being adapted or molded; plastic,; as, a flexible language. This was a principle more flexible to their purpose. Rogers. Syn. -- Pliant; pliable; supple; tractable; manageable; ductile; obsequious; inconstant; wavering. -- Flex"i*ble*ness, n. -- Flex"i*bly, adv. FLEXICOSTATE Flex`i*cos"tate, a. Etym: [L. flexus bent + E. costate.] (Anat.) Defn: Having bent or curved ribs. FLEXILE Flex"ile, a. Etym: [L. flexilis.] Defn: Flexible; pliant; pliable; easily bent; plastic; tractable. Wordsworth. FLEXION Flex"ion, n. Etym: [L. flexio: cf. F. flexion.] 1. The act of flexing or bending; a turning. 2. A bending; a part bent; a fold. Bacon. 3. (Gram.) Defn: Syntactical change of form of words, as by declension or conjugation; inflection. Express the syntactical relations by flexion. Sir W. Hamilton. 4. (Physiol.) Defn: The bending of a limb or joint; that motion of a joint which gives the distal member a continually decreasing angle with the axis of the proximal part; -- distinguished from extension. FLEXOR Flex"or, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: A muscle which bends or flexes any part; as, the flexors of the arm or the hand; -- opposed to extensor. FLEXUOSE Flex"u*ose`, a. Defn: Flexuous. FLEXUOUS Flex"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. flexuosus, fr. flexus a bending, turning.] 1. Having turns, windings, or flexures. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having alternate curvatures in opposite directions; bent in a zigzag manner. 3. Wavering; not steady; flickering. Bacon. FLEXURAL Flex"u*ral, a. Etym: [From Flexure.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resulting from, flexure; of the nature of, or characterized by, flexure; as, flexural elasticity. FLEXURE Flex"ure, n. Etym: [L. flexura.] 1. The act of flexing or bending; a turning or curving; flexion; hence, obsequious bowing or bending. Will it give place to flexure and low bending Shak. 2. A turn; a bend; a fold; a curve. Varying with the flexures of the valley through which it meandered. British Quart. Rev. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The last joint, or bend, of the wing of a bird. 4. (Astron.) Defn: The small distortion of an astronomical instrument caused by the weight of its parts; the amount to be added or substracted from the observed readings of the instrument to correct them for this distortion. The flexure of a curve (Math.), the bending of a curve towards or from a straight line. FLIBBERGIB Flib"ber*gib, n. Defn: A sycophant. [Obs. & Humorous.] "Flatterers and flibbergibs." Latimer. FLIBBERTIGIBBET Flib"ber*ti*gib`bet, n. Defn: An imp. Shak. FLIBUSTIER Fli`bus`tier", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A buccaneer; an American pirate. See Flibuster. [Obs.] FLICK Flick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flicked; p. pr. & vb. n. Flicking.] Etym: [Cf. Flicker.] Defn: To whip lightly or with a quick jerk; to flap; as, to flick a horse; to flick the dirt from boots. Thackeray. FLICK Flick, n. Defn: A flitch; as, a flick of bacon. FLICKER Flick"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flickered; p. pr. & vb. n. Flickering.] Etym: [OE. flikeren, flekeren, to flutter, AS. flicerian, flicorian, cf. D. flikkeren to sparkle. Flacker.] 1. To flutter; to flap the wings without flying. And flickering on her nest made short essays to sing. Dryden. 2. To waver unsteadily, like a flame in a current of air, or when about to expire; as, the flickering light. The shadows flicker to fro. Tennyson. FLICKER Flick"er, n. 1. The act of wavering or of fluttering; flucuation; sudden and brief increase of brightness; as, the last flicker of the dying flame. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The golden-winged woodpecker (Colaptes aurutus); -- so called from its spring note. Called also yellow-hammer, high-holder, pigeon woodpecker, and yucca. The cackle of the flicker among the oaks. Thoureau. FLICKERINGLY Flick"ering*ly, adv. Defn: In a flickering manner. FLICKERMOUSE Flick"er*mouse`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Flittermouse. FLIDGE Flidge, a. Defn: Fledged; fledge. [Obs.] Holland. FLIDGE Flidge, v. i. Defn: To become fledged; to fledge. [Obs.] Every day build their nests, every hour flidge. R. Greene. FLIER Fli"er, n. Etym: [Form Fly, v.; cf. Flyer] 1. One who flies or flees; a runaway; a fugitive. Shak. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A fly. See Fly, n., 9, and 13 (b). 3. (Spinning) Defn: See Flyer, n., 5. 4. (Arch.) Defn: See Flyer, n., 4. FLIGHT Flight, n. Etym: [AS. fliht, flyht, a flying, fr. fleógan to fly; cf. flyht a fleeing, fr. fleón to flee, G. flucht a fleeing, Sw. flykt, G. flug a flying, Sw. flygt, D. vlugt a fleeing or flying, Dan. flugt. sq. root84. See Flee, Fly.] 1. The act or flying; a passing through the air by the help of wings; volitation; mode or style of flying. Like the night owl's lazy flight. Shak. 2. The act of fleeing; the act of running away, to escape or expected evil; hasty departure. Pray ye that your flight be not in the winter. Matt. xxiv. 20. Fain by flight to save themselves. Shak. 3. Lofty elevation and excursion;a mounting; a soaas, a flight of imagination, ambition, folly. Could he have kept his spirit to that flight, He had been happy. Byron. His highest flights were indeed far below those of Taylor. Macaulay. 4. A number of beings or things passing through the air together; especially, a flock of birds flying in company; the birds that fly or migrate together; the birds produced in one season; as, a flight of arrows. Swift. Swift flights of angels ministrant. Milton. Like a flight of fowl Scattered winds and tempestuous gusts. Shak. 5. A series of steps or stairs from one landing to another. Parker. 6. A kind of arrow for the longbow; also, the sport of shooting with it. See Shaft. [Obs.] Challenged Cupid at the flight. Shak. Not a flight drawn home E'er made that haste that they have. Beau. & Fl. 7. The husk or glume of oats. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. to take a flight{9}. Flight feathers (Zoöl.), the wing feathers of a bird, including the quills, coverts, and bastard wing. See Bird. -- To put to flight, To turn to flight, to compel to run away; to force to flee; to rout. Syn. -- Pair; set. See Pair. FLIGHTED Flight"ed, a. 1. Taking flight; flying; -- used in composition. "Drowsy-flighted steeds." Milton. 2. (Her.) Defn: Feathered; -- said of arrows. FLIGHTER Flight"er, n. (Brewing) Defn: A horizontal vane revolving over the surface of wort in a cooler, to produce a circular current in the liquor. Knight. FLIGHTILY Flight"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a flighty manner. FLIGHTINESS Flight"i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being flighty. The flightness of her temper. Hawthorne. Syn. -- Levity; giddiness; volatility; lightness; wildness; eccentricity. See Levity. FLIGHT-SHOT Flight"-shot`, n. Defn: The distance to which an arrow or flight may be shot; bowshot, -- about the fifth of a mile. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Within a flight-shot it inthe valley. Evelyn. Half a flight-shot from the king's oak. Sir W. Scott. FLIGHTY Flight"y, a. 1. Fleeting; swift; transient. The flighty purpose never is o'ertook, Unless the deed go with it. Shak. 2. Indulging in flights, or wild and unrestrained sallies, of imagination, humor, caprice, etc.; given to disorder Proofs of my flighty and paradoxical turn of mind. Coleridge. A harsh disciplinarian and a flighty enthusiast. J. S. Har FLIMFLAM Flim"flam, n. Etym: [Cf. Flam.] Defn: A freak; a trick; a lie. Beau. & Fl. FLIMSILY Flim"si*ly, adv. Defn: In a flimsy manner. FLIMSINESS Flim"si*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being flimsy. FLIMSY Flim"sy, a. [Compar. Flimsier; superl. Flimsiest.] Etym: [Cf. W. llumsi naked, bare, empty, slouggish, spiritless. Cf. Limsy.] Defn: Weak; feeble; limp; slight; vain; without strength or solidity; of loose and unsubstantial structure; without reason or plausibility; as, a flimsy argument, excuse, objection. Proud of a vast extent of flimsy lines. Pope. All the flimsy furniture of a country miss's brain. Sheridan. Syn. -- Weak; feeble; superficial; shallow; vain. FLIMSY Flim"sy, n. 1. Thin or transfer paper. 2. A bank note. [Slang, Eng.] FLINCH Flinch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flinched; p. pr. & vb. n. Flinching.] Etym: [Prob. fr. OE. flecchen to waver, give way, F. fléchir, fr. L. flectere to bend; but prob. influenced by E. blench. Cf. Flex.] 1. To withdraw from any suffering or undertaking, from pain or danger; to fail in doing or perserving; to show signs of yielding or of suffering; to shrink; to wince; as, one of the parties flinched from the combat. A child, by a constant course of kindness, may be accustomed to bear very rough usage without flinching or complaining. Locke. 2. (Croquet) Defn: To let the foot slip from a ball, when attempting to give a tight croquet. FLINCH Flinch, n. Defn: The act of flinching. FLINCHER Flinch"er, n. Defn: One who flinches or fails. FLINCHINGLY Flinch"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a flinching manner. FLINDERMOUSE Flin"der*mouse`, n.Etym: [OE. vlindre moth (cf. D. vlinder butterfly) + E. mouse. Cf. Flittermouse, Flinders.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bat; a flittermouse. FLINDERS Flin"ders, n. pl. Etym: [Scot. flenders, flendris; perh. akin to E. flutter; cf. D. flenters rags, broken pieces.] Defn: Small pieces or splinters; fragments. The tough ash spear, so stout and true, Into a thousand flinders flew. Sir W. Scott. FLING Fling, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flung; p. pr. & vb. n. Flinging.] Etym: [OE. flingen, flengen, to rush, hurl; cf. Icel. flengia to whip, ride furiously, OSw. flenga to strike, Sw. flänga to romp, Dan. flenge to slash.] 1. To cast, send, to throw from the hand; to hurl; to dart; to emit with violence as if thrown from the hand; as, to fing a stone into the pond. 'T is Fate that flings the dice: and, as she flings, Of kings makes peasants, and of peasants kings. Dryden. He . . . like Jove, his lighting flung. Dryden. I know thy generous temper well. Fling but the appearance of dishonor on it, It straight takes fire. Addison. 2. To shed forth; to emit; to scatter. The sun begins to fling His flaring beams. Milton. Every beam new transient colors flings. Pope. 3. To throw; to hurl; to throw off or down; to prostrate; hence, to baffle; to defeat; as, to fling a party in litigation. His horse started, flung him, and fell upon him. Walpole. To fling about, to throw on all sides; to scatter. -- To fling away, to reject; to discard. Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition. Shak. --To fling down. (a) To throw to the ground; esp., to throw in defiance, as formerly knights cast a glove into the arena as a challenge. This question so flung down before the guests, . . . Was handed over by consent of all To me who had not spoken. Tennyson. (b) To overturn; to demolish; to ruin. -- To fling in, to throw in; not to charge in an account; as, in settling accounts, one party flings in a small sum, or a few days' work. -- To fling off, to baffle in the chase; to defeat of prey; also, to get rid of. Addison. -- To fling open, to throw open; to open suddenly or with violence; as, to fling open a door. -- To fling out, to utter; to speak in an abrupt or harsh manner; as, to fling out hard words against another. -- To fling up, to relinquish; to abandon; as, to fling up a design. FLING Fling, v. i. 1. To throw; to wince; to flounce; as, the horse began to kick and fling. 2. To cast in the teeth; to utter abusive language; to sneer; as, the scold began to flout and fling. 3. To throw one's self in a violent or hasty manner; to rush or spring with violence or haste. And crop-full, out of doors he flings. Milton. I flung closer to his breast, As sword that, after battle, flings to sheath. Mrs. Browning. To fling out, to become ugly and intractable; to utter sneers and insinuations. FLING Fling, n. 1. A cast from the hand; a throw; also, a flounce; a kick; as, the fling of a horse. 2. A severe or contemptuous remark; an expression of sarcastic scorn; a gibe; a sarcasm. I, who love to have a fling, Both at senate house and king. Swift. 3. A kind of dance; as, the Highland fling. 4. A trifing matter; an object of contempt. [Obs.] England were but a fling Save for the crooked stick and the gray goose wing. Old Proverb. To have one's fling, to enjoy one's self to the full; to have a season of dissipation. J. H. Newman. "When I was as young as you, I had my fling. I led a life of pleasure." D. Jerrold. FLINGDUST Fling"dust`, n. Defn: One who kicks up the dust; a streetwalker; a low manner. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. FLINGER Fling"er, n. Defn: One who flings; one who jeers. FLINT Flint, n. Etym: [AS. flint, akin to Sw. flinta, Dan. flint; cf. OHG. flins flint, G. flinte gun (cf. E. flintlock), perh. akin to Gr. Plinth.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A massive, somewhat impure variety of quartz, in color usually of a gray to brown or nearly black, breaking with a conchoidal fracture and sharp edge. It is very hard, and strikes fire with steel. 2. A piece of flint for striking fire; -- formerly much used, esp. in the hammers of gun locks. 3. Anything extremely hard, unimpressible, and unyielding, like flint. "A heart of flint." Spenser. Flint age. (Geol.) Same as Stone age, under Stone. -- Flint brick, a fire made principially of powdered silex. -- Flint glass. See in the Vocabulary. -- Flint implements (Archæol.), tools, etc., employed by men before the use of metals, such as axes, arrows, spears, knives, wedges, etc., which were commonly made of flint, but also of granite, jade, jasper, and other hard stones. -- Flint mill. (a) (Pottery) A mill in which flints are ground. (b) (Mining) An obsolete appliance for lighting the miner at his work, in which flints on a revolving wheel were made to produce a shower of sparks, which gave light, but did not inflame the fire damp. Knight. -- Flint stone, a hard, siliceous stone; a flint. -- Flint wall, a kind of wall, common in England, on the face of which are exposed the black surfaces of broken flints set in the mortar, with quions of masonry. -- Liquor of flints, a solution of silica, or flints, in potash. -- To skin a flint, to be capable of, or guilty of, any expedient or any meanness for making money. [Colloq.] FLINT GLASS Flint" glass`. (Chem.) Defn: A soft, heavy, brilliant glass, consisting essentially of a silicate of lead and potassium. It is used for tableware, and for optical instruments, as prisms, its density giving a high degree of dispersive power; -- so called, because formerly the silica was obtained from pulverized flints. Called also crystal glass. Cf. Glass. Note: The concave or diverging half on an achromatic lens is usually made of flint glass. FLINT-HEARTED Flint"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Hard-hearted. Shak. FLINTINESS Flint"i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being flinty; hardness; cruelty. Beau. & Fl. FLINTLOCK Flint"lock`, n. 1. A lock for a gun or pistol, having a flint fixed in the hammer, which on stricking the steel ignites the priming. 2. A hand firearm fitted with a flintlock; esp., the old-fashioned musket of European and other armies. FLINTWARE Flint"ware`, n. Defn: A superior kind of earthenware into whose composition flint enters largely. Knight. FLINTWOOD Flint"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An Australian name for the very hard wood of the Eucalyptus piluralis. FLINTY Flint"y, a. [Compar. Flintier; superl. Flintiest.] Defn: Consisting of, composed of, abounding in, or resembling, flint; as, a flinty rock; flinty ground; a flinty heart. Flinty rockFlinty state, a siliceous slate; -- basanite is here included. See Basanite. FLIP Flip, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. flip nimble, flippant, also, a slight blow. Cf. Flippant.] Defn: A mixture of beer, spirit, etc., stirred and heated by a hot iron. Flip dog, an iron used, when heated, to warm flip. FLIP Flip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Flipping.] Defn: To toss or fillip; as, to flip up a cent. As when your little ones Do 'twixt their fingers flip their cherry stones. W. Browne. FLIPE Flipe, v. t. Defn: To turn inside out, or with the leg part back over the foot, as a stocking in pulling off or for putting on. [Scot.] FLIP-FLAP Flip"-flap`, n. Etym: [See Flip, and Flap.] Defn: The repeated stroke of something long and loose. Johnson. FLIP-FLAP Flip"-flap`, adv. Defn: With repeated strokes and noise, as of something long and loose. Ash. FLIPPANCY Flip"pan*cy, n.Etym: [See Flippant.] Defn: The state or quality of being flippant. This flippancy of language. Bp. Hurd. FLIPPANT Flip"pant, a. Etym: [Prov. E. flip to move nimbly; cf. W. llipa soft, limber, pliant, or Icel. fleipa to babble, prattle. Cf. Flip, Fillip, Flap, Flipper.] 1. Of smooth, fluent, and rapid speech; speaking with ease and rapidity; having a voluble tongue; talkative. It becometh good men, in such cases, to be flippant and free in their speech. Barrow. 2. Speaking fluently and confidently, without knowledge or consideration; empty; trifling; inconsederate; pert; petulant. "Flippant epilogous." Thomson. To put flippant scorn to the blush. I. Taylor. A sort of flippant, vain discourse. Burke. FLIPPANT Flip"pant, n. Defn: A flippant person. [R.] Tennyson. FLIPPANTLY Flip"pant*ly, adv. Defn: In a flippant manner. FLIPPANTNESS Flip"pant*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being flippant. FLIPPER Flip"per, n. Etym: [Cf. Flip, Flippant.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A broad flat limb used for swimming, as those of seals, sea turtles, whales, etc. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The hand. [Slang] FLIRT Flirt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Flirting.] Etym: [Cf. AS. fleard trifle, folly, fleardian to trifle.] 1. To throw with a jerk or quick effort; to fling suddenly; as, they flirt water in each other's faces; he flirted a glove, or a handkerchief. 2. To toss or throw about; to move playfully to and fro; as, to flirt a fan. 3. To jeer at; to treat with contempt; to mock. [Obs.] I am ashamed; I am scorned; I am flirted. Beau. & Fl. FLIRT Flirt, v. i. 1. To run and dart about; to act with giddiness, or from a desire to attract notice; especially, to play the coquette; to play at courtship; to coquet; as, they flirt with the young men. 2. To utter contemptious language, with an air of disdain; to jeer or gibe. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. FLIRT Flirt, n. 1. A sudden jerk; a quick throw or cast; a darting motion; hence, a jeer. Several little flirts and vibrations. Addison. With many a flirt and flutter. E. A. Poe. 2. Etym: [Cf. LG. flirtje, G. flirtchen. See Flirt, v. t.] Defn: One who flirts; esp., a woman who acts with giddiness, or plays at courtship; a coquette; a pert girl. Several young flirts about town had a design to cast us out of the fashionable world. Addison. FLIRT Flirt, a. Defn: Pert; wanton. [Obs.] FLIRTATION Flir*ta"tion, n. 1. Playing at courtship; coquerty. The flirtations and jealousies of our ball rooms. Macaulay. FLIRT-GILL Flirt"-gill`, n. Defn: A woman of light behavior; a gill-flirt. [Obs.] Shak. You heard him take me up like a flirt-gill. Beau. & Fl. FLIRTIGIG Flirt"i*gig, n. Defn: A wanton, pert girl. [Obs.] FLIRTINGLY Flirt"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a flirting manner. FLISK Flisk, v. i. Defn: To frisk; to skip; to caper. [Obs. Scot.] "The flisking flies." Gosson. FLISK Flisk, n. Defn: A caper; a spring; a whim. [Scot.] FLIT Flit, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Flitting.] Etym: [OE. flitten, flutten, to carry away; cf. Icel. flytja, Sw. flytta, Dan. flytte. Fleet, v. i.] 1. To move with celerity through the air; to fly away with a rapid motion; to dart along; to fleet; as, a bird flits away; a cloud flits along. A shadow flits before me. Tennyson. 2. To flutter; to rove on the wing. Dryden. 3. To pass rapidly, as a light substance, from one place to another; to remove; to migrate. It became a received opinion, that the souls of men, departing this life, did flit out of one body into some other. Hooker. 4. To remove from one place or habitation to another. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Wright. Jamieson. 5. To be unstable; to be easily or often moved. And the free soul to flitting air resigned. Dryden. FLIT Flit, a. Defn: Nimble; quick; swift. [Obs.] See Fleet. FLITCH Flitch, n.; pl. Flitches. Etym: [OE. flicche, flikke, AS. flicce, akin to Icel. flikki; cf. Icel. flik flap, tatter; perh. akin to E. fleck. Cf. Flick, n.] 1. The side of a hog salted and cured; a side of bacon. Swift. 2. One of several planks, smaller timbers, or iron plates, which are secured together, side by side, to make a large girder or built beam. 3. The outside piece of a sawed log; a slab. [Eng.] FLITE Flite, v. i. Etym: [AS. flitan to strive, contend, quarrel; akin to G. fleiss industry.] Defn: To scold; to quarrel. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. FLITE; FLYTE Flite, Flyte, n. [AS. flit. See Flite.] Defn: Strife; dispute; abusive or upbraiding talk, as in fliting; wrangling. [Obs. or Scot. & Prov. Eng.] The bird of Pallas has also a good "flyte" on the moral side . . . in his suggestion that the principal effect of the nightingale's song is to make women false to their husbands. Saintsbury. FLITTER Flit"ter, v. i. Defn: To flutter. [Obs.] Chaucer. FLITTER Flit"ter, v. t. Defn: To flutter; to move quickly; as, to flitter the cards. [R.] Lowell. FLITTER Flit"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. G. flitter spangle, tinsel, flittern to make a tremulous motion, to glitter. Cf. Flitter, v. i.] Defn: A rag; a tatter; a small piece or fragment. FLITTERMOUSE Flit"ter*mouse`, n. Etym: [Flitter, v.i. + mouse; cf. G. fledermaus, OHG. fledarm. Cf. Flickermouse, Flindermouse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bat; -- called also flickermouse, flindermouse, and flintymouse. FLITTERN Flit"tern, a. Defn: A term applied to the bark obtained from young oak trees. McElrath. FLITTINESS Flit"ti*ness, n. Etym: [From Flitty.] Defn: Unsteadiness; levity; lightness. [Obs.] Bp. Hopkins. FLITTING Flit"ting, n. 1. A flying with lightness and celerity; a fluttering. 2. A removal from one habitation to another. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] A neighbor had lent his cart for the flitting, and it was now standing loaded at the door, ready to move away. Jeffrey. FLITTING; FLYTTING Flitt"ing, Flytt"ing, n. Defn: Contention; strife; scolding; specif., a kind of metrical contest between two persons, popular in Scotland in the 16th century. [Obs. or Scot.] These "flytings" consisted of alternate torrents of sheer Billingsgate poured upon each other by the combatants. Saintsbury. FLITTINGLY Flit"ting*ly, adv. Defn: In a flitting manner. FLITTY Flit"ty, a. Etym: [From Flit.] Defn: Unstable; fluttering. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. FLIX Flix, n. Etym: [Cf. Flax.] Defn: Down; fur. [Obs. or Eng.] J. Dyer. FLIX Flix, n. Defn: The flux; dysentery. [Obs.] Udall. Flix weed (Bot.), the Sisymbrium Sophia, a kind of hedge mustard, formerly used as a remedy for dysentery. FLO Flo, n.; pl. Flon. Etym: [AS. fla, flan.] Defn: An arrow. [Obs.] Chaucer. FLOAT Float, n.Etym: [OE. flote ship, boat, fleet, AS. flota ship, fr. fleótan to float; akin to D. vloot fleet, G. floss raft, Icel. floti float, raft, fleet, Sw. flotta. sq. root 84. See Fleet, v. i., and cf. Flotilla, Flotsam, Plover.] 1. Anything which floats or rests on the surface of a fluid, as to sustain weight, or to indicate the height of the surface, or mark the place of, something. Specifically: (a) A mass of timber or boards fastened together, and conveyed down a stream by the current; a raft. (b) The hollow, metallic ball of a self-acting faucet, which floats upon the water in a cistern or boiler. (c) The cork or quill used in angling, to support the bait line, and indicate the bite of a fish. (d) Anything used to buoy up whatever is liable to sink; an inflated bag or pillow used by persons learning to swim; a life preserver. This reform bill . . . had been used as a float by the conservative ministry. J. P. Peters. 2. A float board. See Float board (below). 3. (Tempering) Defn: A contrivance for affording a copious stream of water to the heated surface of an object of large bulk, as an anvil or die. Knight. 4. The act of flowing; flux; flow. [Obs.] Bacon. 5. A quantity of earth, eighteen feet square and one foot deep. [Obs.] Mortimer. 6. (Plastering) Defn: The trowel or tool with which the floated coat of plastering is leveled and smoothed. 7. A polishing block used in marble working; a runner. Knight. 8. A single-cut file for smoothing; a tool used by shoemakers for rasping off pegs inside a shoe. 9. A coal cart. [Eng.] Simmonds. 10. The sea; a wave. See Flote, n. Float board, one of the boards fixed radially to the rim of an undershot water wheel or of a steamer's paddle wheel; -- a vane. -- Float case (Naut.), a caisson used for lifting a ship. -- Float copper or gold (Mining), fine particles of metallic copper or of gold suspended in water, and thus liable to be lost. -- Float ore, water-worn particles of ore; fragments of vein material found on the surface, away from the vein outcrop. Raymond. -- Float stone (Arch.), a siliceous stone used to rub stonework or brickwork to a smooth surface. -- Float valve, a valve or cock acted upon by a float. See Float, 1 (b). FLOAT Float, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Floated; p. pr. & vb. n. Floating.] Etym: [OE. flotien, flotten, AS. flotian to float, swim, fr. fleótan. See Float, n.] 1. To rest on the surface of any fluid; to swim; to be buoyed up. The ark no more now floats, but seems on ground. Milton. Three blustering nights, borne by the southern blast, I floated. Dryden. 2. To move quietly or gently on the water, as a raft; to drift along; to move or glide without effort or impulse on the surface of a fluid, or through the air. They stretch their broad plumes and float upon the wind. Pope. There seems a floating whisper on the hills. Byron. FLOAT Float, v. t. 1. To cause to float; to cause to rest or move on the surface of a fluid; as, the tide floated the ship into the harbor. Had floated that bell on the Inchcape rock. Southey. 2. To flood; to overflow; to cover with water. Proud Pactolus floats the fruitful lands. Dryden. 3. (Plastering) Defn: To pass over and level the surface of with a float while the plastering is kept wet. 4. To support and sustain the credit of, as a commercial scheme or a joint-stock company, so as to enable FLOATABLE Float"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be floated. FLOATAGE Float"age (; 48), n. Defn: Same as Flotage. FLOATATION Float*a"tion, n. Defn: See Flotation. FLOATER Float"er, n. 1. One who floats or swims. 2. A float for indicating the height of a liquid surface. FLOATING Float"ing, a. 1. Buoyed upon or in a fluid; a, the floating timbers of a wreck; floating motes in the air. 2. Free or lose from the usual attachment; as, the floating ribs in man and some other animals. 3. Not funded; not fixed, invested, or determined; as, floating capital; a floating debt. Trade was at an end. Floating capital had been withdrawn in great masses from the island. Macaulay. Floating anchor (Naut.), a drag or sea anchor; drag sail. -- Floating battery (Mil.), a battery erected on rafts or the hulls of ships, chiefly for the defense of a coast or the bombardment of a place. -- Floating bridge. (a) A bridge consisting of rafts or timber, with a floor of plank, supported wholly by the water; a bateau bridge. See Bateau. (b) (Mil.) A kind of double bridge, the upper one projecting beyond the lower one, and capable of being moved forward by pulleys; -- used for carrying troops over narrow moats in attacking the outworks of a fort. (c) A kind of ferryboat which is guided and impelled by means of chains which are anchored on each side of a stream, and pass over wheels on the vessel, the wheels being driven by stream power. (d) The landing platform of a ferry dock. -- Floating cartilage (Med.), a cartilage which moves freely in the cavity of a joint, and often interferes with the functions of the latter. -- Floating dam. (a) An anchored dam. (b) A caisson used as a gate for a dry dock. -- Floating derrick, a derrick on a float for river and harbor use, in raising vessels, moving stone for harbor improvements, etc. -- Floating dock. (Naut.) See under Dock. -- Floating harbor, a breakwater of cages or booms, anchored and fastened together, and used as a protection to ships riding at anchor to leeward. Knight. -- Floating heart (Bot.), a small aquatic plant (Limnanthemum lacunosum) whose heart-shaped leaves float on the water of American ponds. -- Floating island, a dish for dessert, consisting of custard with floating masses of whipped cream or white of eggs. -- Floating kidney. (Med.) See Wandering kidney, under Wandering. -- Floating light, a light shown at the masthead of a vessel moored over sunken rocks, shoals, etc., to warn mariners of danger; a light- ship; also, a light erected on a buoy or floating stage. -- Floating liver. (Med.) See Wandering liver, under Wandering. -- Floating pier, a landing stage or pier which rises and falls with the tide. -- Floating ribs (Anat.), the lower or posterior ribs which are not connected with the others in front; in man they are the last two pairs. -- Floating screed (Plastering), a strip of plastering first laid on, to serve as a guide for the thickness of the coat. -- Floating threads (Weaving), threads which span several other threads without being interwoven with them, in a woven fabric. FLOATING Float"ing, n. 1. (Weaving) Defn: Floating threads. See Floating threads, above. 2. The second coat of three-coat plastering. Knight. FLOATING CHARGE; FLOATING LIEN Floating charge, lien, etc. (Law) Defn: A charge, lien, etc., that successively attaches to such assets as a person may have from time to time, leaving him more or less free to dispose of or encumber them as if no such charge or lien existed. FLOATINGLY Float"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a floating manner. FLOATY Float"y, a. Defn: Swimming on the surface; buoyant; light. Sir W. Raleigh. FLOBERT Flo"bert, n. (Gun.) Defn: A small cartridge designed for target shooting; -- sometimes called ball cap. Flobert rifle, a rifle adapted to the use of floberts. FLOCCILLATION Floc`cil*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. floccus a flock of wool. Cf. Flock of wool.] (Med.) Defn: A delirious picking of bedclothes by a sick person, as if to pick off flocks of wool; carphology; -- an alarming symptom in acute diseases. Dunglison. FLOCCOSE Floccose", a. Etym: [L. floccosus. Cf. 2d Flock, n.] 1. Spotted with small tufts like wool. Wright. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having tufts of soft hairs, which are often deciduous. FLOCCULAR Floc"cu*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the flocculus. FLOCCULATE Floc"cu*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flocculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Flocculating.] (Geol.) Defn: To aggregate into small lumps. FLOCCULATE Floc"cu*late, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Furnished with tufts of curly hairs, as some insects. FLOCCULATION Floc`cu*la"tion, n. (Geol.) Defn: The process by which small particles of fine soils and sediments aggregate into larger lumps. FLOCCULE Floc"cule, n. [See Flocculus.] 1. A detached mass of loosely fibrous structure like a shredded tuft of wool. 2. (Chem.) Specif.: A small particle of an insoluble substance formed in a liquid by the union of smaller particles. FLOCCULENCE Floc"cu*lence, n. Defn: The state of being flocculent. FLOCCULENT Floc"cu*lent, a. Etym: [See Flock of wool.] 1. Clothed with small flocks or flakes; woolly. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Applied to the down of newly hatched or unfledged birds. FLOCCULUS Floc"cu*lus, n.; pl. Flocculi. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. floccus a lock or flock of wool.] (Anat.) Defn: A small lobe in the under surface of the cerebellum, near the middle peduncle; the subpeduncular lobe. FLOCCUS Floc"cus, n.; pl. Flocci. Etym: [L., a flock of wool.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The tuft of hair terminating the tail of mammals. (b) A tuft of feathers on the head of young birds. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A woolly filament sometimes occuring with the sporules of certain fungi. FLOCK Flock, n. Etym: [AS. flocc flock, company; akin to Icel. flokkr crowd, Sw. flock, Dan. flok; prob. orig. used of flows, and akin to E. fly. See Fly.] 1. A company or collection of living creatures; -- especially applied to sheep and birds, rarely to persons or (except in the plural) to cattle and other large animals; as, a flock of ravenous fowl. Milton. The heathen . . . came to Nicanor by flocks. 2 Macc. xiv. 14. 2. A Christian church or congregation; considered in their relation to the pastor, or minister in charge. As half amazed, half frighted all his flock. Tennyson. FLOCK Flock, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flocked; p. pr. & vb. n. Flocking.] Defn: To gather in companies or crowds. Friends daily flock. Dryden. Flocking fowl (Zoöl.), the greater scaup duck. FLOCK Flock, v. t. Defn: To flock to; to crowd. [Obs.] Good fellows, trooping, flocked me so. Taylor (1609). FLOCK Flock, n. Etym: [OE. flokke; cf. D. vlok, G. flocke, OHG. floccho, Icel. fl, perh. akin to E. flicker, flacker, or cf. L. floccus, F. floc.] 1. A lock of wool or hair. I prythee, Tom, beat Cut's saddle, put a few flocks in the point [pommel]. Shak. 2. Woolen or cotton refuse (sing. or pl.), old rags, etc., reduced to a degree of fineness by machinery, and used for stuffing unpholstered furniture. 3. Very fine, sifted, woolen refuse, especially that from shearing the nap of cloths, used as a coating for wall paper to give it a velvety or clothlike appearance; also, the dust of vegetable fiber used for a similar purpose. Flock bed, a bed filled with flocks or locks of coarse wool, or pieces of cloth cut up fine. "Once a flock bed, but repaired with straw." Pope. -- Flock paper, paper coated with flock fixed with glue or size. FLOCK Flock, v. t. Defn: To coat with flock, as wall paper; to roughen the surface of (as glass) so as to give an appearance of being covered with fine flock. FLOCKLING Flock"ling, n. Defn: A lamb. [Obs.] Brome (1659). FLOCKLY Flock"ly, adv. Defn: In flocks; in crowds. [Obs.] FLOCKMEL Flock"mel, adv. Etym: [AS. flocm. See Meal part.] Defn: In a flock; in a body. [Obs.] That flockmel on a day they to him went. Chaucer. FLOCKY Flock"y, a. Defn: Abounding with flocks; floccose. FLOE Floe, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. flag af iis, iisflage, Sw. flaga, flake, isflaga, isflake. See Flag a flat stone.] Defn: A low, flat mass of floating ice. Floe rat (Zoöl.), a seal (Phoca foetida). FLOG Flog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Flogging.] Etym: [Cf. Scot. fleg blow, stroke, kick, AS. flocan to strike, or perh. fr. L. flagellare to whip. Cf. Flagellate.] Defn: To beat or strike with a rod or whip; to whip; to lash; to chastise with repeated blows. FLOGGER Flog"ger, n. 1. One who flogs. 2. A kind of mallet for beating the bung stave of a cask to start the bung. Knight. FLOGGING Flog"ging, a. & n. Defn: from Flog, v. t. Flogging chisel (Mach.), a large cold chisel, used in chipping castings. -- Flogging hammer, a small sledge hammer used for striking a flogging chisel. FLON Flon, n. pl. Defn: See Flo. [Obs.] Chaucer. FLONG Flong ( or ), obs. Defn: imp. & p. p. of Fling. FLOOD Flood, n. Etym: [OE. flod a flowing, stream, flood, AS. flod; akin to D. vloed, OS. flod, OHG. fluot, G. flut, Icel. floedh, Sw. & Dan. flod, Goth. flodus; from the root of E. flow. sq. root80. See Flow, v. i.] 1. A great flow of water; a body of moving water; the flowing stream, as of a river; especially, a body of water, rising, swelling, and overflowing land not usually thus covered; a deluge; a freshet; an inundation. A covenant never to destroy The earth again by flood. Milton. 2. The flowing in of the tide; the semidiurnal swell or rise of water in the ocean; -- opposed to ebb; as, young flood; high flood. There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. Shak. 3. A great flow or stream of any fluid substance; as, a flood of light; a flood of lava; hence, a great quantity widely diffused; an overflowing; a superabundance; as, a flood of bank notes; a flood of paper currency. 4. Menstrual disharge; menses. Harvey. Flood anchor (Naut.) , the anchor by which a ship is held while the tide is rising. -- Flood fence, a fence so secured that it will not be swept away by a flood. -- Flood gate, a gate for shutting out, admitting, or releasing, a body of water; a tide gate. -- Flood mark, the mark or line to which the tide, or a flood, rises; high-water mark. -- Flood tide, the rising tide; -- opposed to ebb tide. -- The Flood, the deluge in the days of Noah. FLOOD Flood, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Flooding.] 1. To overflow; to inundate; to deluge; as, the swollen river flooded the valley. 2. To cause or permit to be inundated; to fill or cover with water or other fluid; as, to flood arable land for irrigation; to fill to excess or to its full capacity; as, to flood a country with a depreciated currency. FLOODAGE Flood"age (; 48), n. Defn: Inundation. [R.] Carlyle. FLOODER Flood"er, n. Defn: One who floods anything. FLOODING Flood"ing, n. Defn: The filling or covering with water or other fluid; overflow; inundation; the filling anything to excess. 2. (Med.) Defn: An abnormal or excessive discharge of blood from the uterus. Dunglison. FLOOK Flook, n. Defn: A fluke of an anchor. FLOOKAN; FLUKAN Flook"an, Flu"kan, n. (Mining) Defn: See Flucan. FLOOKY Flook"y, a. Defn: Fluky. FLOOR Floor, n. Etym: [AS. fl; akin to D. vloer, G. flur field, floor, entrance hall, Icel. fl floor of a cow stall, cf. Ir. & Gael. lar floor, ground, earth, W. llawr, perh. akin to L. planus level. Cf. Plain smooth.] 1. The bottom or lower part of any room; the part upon which we stand and upon which the movables in the room are supported. 2. The structure formed of beams, girders, etc., with proper covering, which divides a building horizontally into stories. Floor in sense 1 is, then, the upper surface of floor in sense 2. 3. The surface, or the platform, of a structure on which we walk or travel; as, the floor of a bridge. 4. A story of a building. See Story. 5. (Legislative Assemblies) (a) The part of the house assigned to the members. (b) The right to speak. [U.S.] Note: Instead of he has the floor, the English say, he is in possession of the house. 6. (Naut.) Defn: That part of the bottom of a vessel on each side of the keelson which is most nearly horizontal. 7. (Mining) (a) The rock underlying a stratified or nearly horizontal deposit. (b) A horizontal, flat ore body. Raymond. Floor cloth, a heavy fabric, painted, varnished, or saturated, with waterproof material, for covering floors; oilcloth. -- Floor cramp, an implement for tightening the seams of floor boards before nailing them in position. -- Floor light, a frame with glass panes in a floor. -- Floor plan. (a) (Shipbuilding) A longitudinal section, showing a ship as divided at the water line. (b) (Arch.) A horizontal section, showing the thickness of the walls and partitions, arrangement of passages, apartments, and openings at the level of any floor of a house. FLOOR Floor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Floored; p. pr. & vb. n. Flooring.] 1. To cover with a floor; to furnish with a floor; as, to floor a house with pine boards. 2. To strike down or lay level with the floor; to knock down; hence, to silence by a conclusive answer or retort; as, to floor an opponent. Floored or crushed by him. Coleridge. 3. To finish or make an end of; as, to floor a college examination. [Colloq.] I've floored my little-go work. T. Hughes. FLOORAGE Floor"age (; 48), n. Defn: Floor space. FLOORER Floor"er, n. Defn: Anything that floors or upsets a person, as a blow that knocks him down; a conclusive answer or retort; a task that exceeds one's abilities. [Colloq.] FLOORHEADS Floor"heads`, n. pl. (Naut.) Defn: The upper extermities of the floor of a vessel. FLOORING Floor"ing, n. Defn: A platform; the bottom of a room; a floor; pavement. See Floor, n. Addison. 2. Material for the construction of a floor or floors. FLOORLESS Floor"less, a. Defn: Having no floor. FLOORWALKER Floor"walk`er, n. Defn: One who walks about in a large retail store as an overseer and director. [U.S.] FLOP Flop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flopped; p. pr. & vb. n. Flopping.] Etym: [A variant of flap.] 1. To clap or strike, as a bird its wings, a fish its tail, etc.; to flap. 2. To turn suddenly, as something broad and flat. [Colloq.] Fielding. FLOP Flop, v. i. 1. To strike about with something broad abd flat, as a fish with its tail, or a bird with its wings; to rise and fall; as, the brim of a hat flops. 2. To fall, sink, or throw one's self, heavily, clumsily, and unexpectedly on the ground. [Colloq.] Dickens. FLOP Flop, n. Defn: Act of flopping. [Colloq.] W. H. Russell. FLOPPY Flop"py, n. Defn: Having a tendency to flop or flap; as, a floppy hat brim. G. Eliot. FLOPWING Flop"wing`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lapwing. FLORA Flo"ra, n. Etym: [L., the goddess of flowers, from flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) Defn: The goddess of flowers and spring. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The complete system of vegetable species growing without cultivation in a given locality, region, or period; a list or description of, or treatise on, such plants. FLORAL Flo"ral, a. Etym: [L. Floralis belonging to Flora: cf. F. floral. See Flora.] 1. Pertaining to Flora, or to flowers; made of flowers; as, floral games, wreaths. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Containing, or belonging to, a flower; as, a floral bud; a floral leaf; floral characters. Martyn. Floral envelope (Bot.), the calyx and corolla, one or the other of which (mostly the corolla) may be wanting. FLORALLY Flo"ral*ly, adv. Defn: In a floral manner. FLORAMOUR Flo"ra*mour, n.Etym: [L. flos, floris, flower + amorlove.] Defn: The plant love-lies-bleeding. [Obs.] Prior. FLORAN Flo"ran, n. (Mining) Defn: Tin ore scarcely perceptible in the stone; tin ore stamped very fine. Pryce. FLOREAL Flo`réal", n. Etym: [F. floréal, fr. L. flos, floris, flower.] Defn: The eight month of the French republican calendar. It began April 20, and ended May 19. See Vendémiare. FLOREN Flor"en, n. Etym: [LL. florenus. See Florin.] Defn: A cerain gold coin; a Florence. [Obs.] Chaucer. FLORENCE Flor"ence, n. Etym: [From the city of Florence: cf. F. florence a kind of cloth, OF. florin.] 1. An ancient gold coin of the time of Edward III., of six shillings sterling value. Camden. 2. A kind of cloth. Johnson. Florence flask. See under Flask. -- Florence oil, olive oil prepared in Florence. FLORENTINE Flor"en*tine ( or ; 277), a. Etym: [L. Florentinus, fr. Florentia Florence: cf. F. florentin.] Defn: Belonging or relating to Florence, in Italy. Florentine mosaic, a mosaic of hard or semiprecious stones, often so chosen and arranged that their natural colors represent leaves, flowers, and the like, inlaid in a background, usually of black or white marble. FLORENTINE Flor"en*tine, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Florence, a city in Italy. 2. A kind of silk. Knight. 3. A kind of pudding or tart; a kind of meat pie. [Obs.] Stealing custards, tarts, and florentines. Beau. & Fl. FLORESCENCE Flo*res"cence, n. Etym: [See Florescent.] (Bot.) Defn: A bursting into flower; a blossoming. Martyn. FLORESCENT Flo*res"cent, a. Etym: [L. florescens, p.pr. of florescere begin to blossom, incho. fr. florere to blossom, fr. flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] Defn: Expanding into flowers; blossoming. FLORET Flo"ret, n. Etym: [OF. florete, F. fleurette, dim. of OF. lor, F. fleur. See Flower, and cf. Floweret, 3d Ferret.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A little flower; one of the numerous little flowers which compose the head or anthodium in such flowers as the daisy, thistle, and dandelion. Gray. 2. Etym: [F. fleuret.] Defn: A foil; a blunt sword used in fencing. [Obs.] Cotgrave. FLORIAGE Flo"ri*age, n. Etym: [L. flos, flori, flower.] Defn: Bloom; blossom. [Obs.] J. Scott. FLORIATED Flo"ri*a`ted, a. (Arch.) Defn: Having floral ornaments; as, floriated capitals of Gothic pillars. FLORIATION Flo`ri*a"tion, n. 1. Ornamentation by means of flower forms, whether closely imitated or conventionalized. 2. Any floral ornament or decoration. Rock. FLORICOMOUS Flo*ric"o*mous, a. Etym: [L. flos, floris, flower + coma hair.] Defn: Having the head adorned with flowers. [R.] FLORICULTURAL Flo`ri*cul"tur*al ( or ; 135), a. Defn: Pertaining to the cultivation of flowering plants. FLORICULTURE Flo"ri*cul`ture ( or ; 135, 277), n. Etym: [L. flos, floris, flower + cultura culture.] Defn: The cultivation of flowering plants. FLORICULTURIST Flo`ri*cul"tur*ist, n. Defn: One skilled in the cultivation of flowers; a florist. FLORID Flor"id, a. Etym: [L. floridus, fr. flos, floris, flower. See Flower.] 1. Covered with flowers; abounding in flowers; flowery. [R.] Fruit from a pleasant and florid tree. Jer. Taylor. 2. Bright in color; flushed with red; of a lively reddish color; as, a florid countenance. 3. Embellished with flowers of rhetoric; enriched to excess with figures; excessively ornate; as, a florid style; florid eloquence. 4. (Mus.) Defn: Flowery; ornamental; running in rapid melodic figures, divisions, or passages, as in variations; full of fioriture or little ornamentations. FLORIDA BEAN Flor"i*da bean". (Bot.) (a) The large, roundish, flattened seed of Mucuna urens. See under Bean. (b) One of the very large seeds of the Entada scandens. FLORIDEAE Flo*rid"e*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. flos, floris, a flower.] (Bot.) Defn: A subclass of algæ including all the red or purplish seaweeds; the Rhodospermeæ of many authors; -- so called from the rosy or florid color of most of the species. FLORIDITY Flo*rid"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being florid; floridness. Floyer. FLORIDLY Flor"id*ly, adv. Defn: In a florid manner. FLORIDNESS Flor"id*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being florid. Boyle. FLORIFEROUS Flo*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. florifer; flos, floris, flower + ferre to bear; cf. F. florifère.] Defn: Producing flowers. Blount. FLORIFICATION Flo`ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. flos, floris, flower + facere to make.] Defn: The act, process, or time of flowering; florescence. FLORIFORM Flo"ri*form ( or ), a. Etym: [L. flos, floris, flower + -form: cf. F. floriforme.] Defn: Having the form of a flower; flower-shaped. FLORIKEN Flo"ri*ken, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Indian bustard (Otis aurita). The Bengal floriken is Sypheotides Bengalensis. [Written also florikan, floriken, florican.] FLORILEGE Flo"ri*lege, n. Etym: [L. florilegus flower-culling; flos, floris, flower + legere to gather: cf. F. florilège.] Defn: The act of gathering flowers. FLORIMER Flo"ri*mer, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Floramour. [Obs.] FLORIN Flor"in, n. Etym: [F. florin, It. florino, orig., a Florentine coin, with a lily on it, fr. flore a flower, fr. L. flos. See Flower, and cf. Floren.] Defn: A silver coin of Florence, first struck in the twelfth century, and noted for its beauty. The name is given to different coins in different countries. The florin of England, first minted in 1849, is worth two shillings, or about 48 cents; the florin of the Netherlands, about 40 cents; of Austria, about 36 cents. FLORIST Flo"rist ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [Cf. F. fleuriste, floriste, fr. F. fleur flower. See Flower.] 1. A cultivator of, or dealer in, flowers. 2. One who writes a flora, or an account of plants. FLOROON Flo*roon", n. Etym: [F. fleuron. See Flower.] Defn: A border worked with flowers. Wright. FLORULENT Flor"u*lent, a. Etym: [L. florulentus, fr. flos, floris, flower.] Defn: Flowery; blossoming. [Obs.] Blount. FLOSCULAR Flos"cu*lar, a. (Bot.) Defn: Flosculous. FLOSCULARIAN Flos`cu*la"ri*an, n. Etym: [From L. flosculus a floweret.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group of stalked rotifers, having ciliated tentacles around the lobed disk. FLOSCULE Flos*cule, n. Etym: [L. flosculus, dim. of flos flower: cf. F. floscule.] (Bot.) Defn: A floret. FLOSCULOUS Flos"cu*lous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Consisting of many gamopetalous florets. FLOS-FERRI Flos`-fer"ri, n.Etym: [L., flower of iron.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of aragonite, occuring in delicate white coralloidal forms; -- common in beds of iron ore. FLOSH Flosh, n. Etym: [Cf. G. flösse a trough in which tin ore is washed.] (Metallurgy) Defn: A hopper-shaped box or Knight. FLOSS Floss (; 195), n. Etym: [It. floscio flabby, soft, fr. L. fluxus flowing, loose, slack. See Flux, n.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The slender styles of the pistillate flowers of maize; also called silk. 2. Untwisted filaments of silk, used in embroidering. Floss silk, silk that has been twisted, and which retains its loose and downy character. It is much used in embroidery. Called also floxed silk. -- Floss thread, a kind of soft flaxen yarn or thread, used for embroidery; -- called also linen floss, and floss yarn. McElrath. FLOSS Floss, n. Etym: [Cf. G. floss a float.] 1. A small stream of water. [Eng.] 2. Fluid glass floating on iron in the puddling furnace, produced by the vitrification of oxides and earths which are present. Floss hole. (a) A hole at the back of a puddling furnace, at which the slags pass out. (b) The tap hole of a melting furnace. Knight. FLOSSIFICATION Flos`si*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. Florification.] Defn: A flowering; florification. [R.] Craig. FLOSSY Floss"y, a. Defn: Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, floss; hence, light; downy. FLOTA Flo"ta, n. Etym: [Sp. See Flotilla.] Defn: A fleet; especially, a FLOTAGE Flo"tage, n. Etym: [OF. flotage, F. flottage, fr. flotter to float.] 1. The state of floating. 2. That which floats on the sea or in rivers. [Written also floatage.] FLOTANT Flo"tant, a. Etym: [OF. flotant, F. flottant, p.pr. of flotter to float.] (Her.) Defn: Represented as flying or streaming in the air; as, a banner flotant. FLOTATION Flo*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. flottation a floating, flottaison water line, fr. flotter to float. See Flotilla.] 1. The act, process, or state of floating. 2. The science of floating bodies. Center of flotation. (Shipbuilding) (a) The center of any given plane of flotation. (b) More commonly, the middle of the length of the load water line. Rankine. -- Plane, or Line, of flotation, the plane or line in which the horizontal surface of a fluid cuts a body floating in it. See Bearing, n., 9 (c). -- Surface of flotation (Shipbuilding), the imaginary surface which all the planes of flotation touch when a vessel rolls or pitches; the envelope of all such planes. FLOTATION PROCESS Flotation process. Defn: A process of separating the substances contained in pulverized ore or the like by depositing the mixture on the surface of a flowing liquid, the substances that are quickly wet readily overcoming the surface tension of the liquid and sinking, the others flowing off in a film or slime on the surface, though, perhaps, having a greater specific gravity than those that sink. FLOTE Flote, v. t. Defn: To fleet; to skim. [Obs.] Tusser. FLOTE Flote, n. Etym: [Cf. F. flot, L. fluctus; also cf. Float, n.] Defn: A wave. [Obs.] "The Mediterranean flote." Shak. FLOTERY Flot"er*y, a. Defn: Wavy; flowing. [Obs.] With flotery beard. Chaucer. FLOTILLA Flo*til"la, n. Etym: [Sp. flotilla, dim. of flota fleet; akin to F. flotte, It. flotta, and F. flot wave, fr. L. fluctus, but prob. influenced by words akin to E. float. See Fluctuate, and cf. Float, n.] Defn: A little fleet, or a fleet of small vessels. FLOTSAM; FLOTSON Flot"sam, Flot"son, n. Etym: [F. flotter to float. See FFlotilla, and cf. Jetsam.] (Law) Defn: Goods lost by shipwreck, and floating on the sea; -- in distinction from jetsam or jetson. Blackstone. FLOTTEN Flot"ten, p. p. of Flote, v. t. Defn: Skimmed. [Obs.] FLOUNCE Flounce, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flounced (flounst); p. pr. & vb. n. Flouncing.] Etym: [Cf. OSw. flunsa to immerge.] Defn: To throw the limbs and body one way and the other; to spring, turn, or twist with sudden effort or violence; to struggle, as a horse in mire; to flounder; to throw one's self with a jerk or spasm, often as in displeasure. To flutter and flounce will do nothing but batter and bruise us. Barrow. With his broad fins and forky tail he laves The rising sirge, and flounces in the waves. Addison. FLOUNCE Flounce, n. Defn: The act of floucing; a sudden, jerking motion of the body. FLOUNCE Flounce, n. Etym: [Cf. G. flaus, flausch, a tuft of wool or hair; akin to vliess, E. fleece; or perh. corrupted fr. rounce.] Defn: An ornamental appendage to the skirt of a woman's dress, consisting of a strip gathered and sewed on by its upper edge around the skirt, and left hanging. FLOUNCE Flounce, v. t. Defn: To deck with a flounce or flounces; as, to flounce a petticoat or a frock. FLOUNDER Floun"der, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. flundra; akin to Dan. flynder, Icel. fly, G. flunder, and perh. to E. flounder, v.i.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A flatfish of the family Pleuronectidæ, of many species. Note: The common English flounder is Pleuronectes flesus. There are several common American species used as food; as the smooth flounder (P. glabra); the rough or winter flounder (P. Americanus); the summer flounder, or plaice (Paralichthys dentatus), Atlantic coast; and the starry flounder (Pleuronectes stellatus). 2. (Bootmaking) Defn: A tool used in crimping boot fronts. FLOUNDER Floun"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Floundered; p. pr. & vb. n. Floundering.] Etym: [Cf. D. flodderen to flap, splash through mire, E. flounce, v.i., and flounder the fish.] Defn: To fling the limbs and body, as in making efforts to move; to struggle, as a horse in the mire, or as a fish on land; to roll, toss, and tumble; to flounce. They have floundered on from blunder to blunder. Sir W. Hamilton. FLOUNDER Floun"der, n. Defn: The act of floundering. FLOUR Flour, n. Etym: [F. fleur de farine the flower (i.e., the best) of meal, cf. Sp. flor de la harina superfine flour, Icel. flür flower, flour. See Flower.] Defn: The finely ground meal of wheat, or of any other grain; especially, the finer part of meal separated by bolting; hence, the fine and soft powder of any substance; as, flour of emery; flour of mustard. Flour bolt, in milling, a gauze-covered, revolving, cylindrical frame or reel, for sifting the flour from the refuse contained in the meal yielded by the stones. -- Flour box a tin box for scattering flour; a dredging box. -- Flour dredge or dredger, a flour box. -- Flour dresser, a mashine for sorting and distributing flour according to grades of fineness. -- Flour mill, a mill for grinding and sifting flour. FLOUR Flour, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Floured; p. pr. & vb. n. Flouring.] 1. To grind and bolt; to convert into flour; as, to flour wheat. 2. To sprinkle with flour. FLOURED Floured, p. a. Defn: Finely granulated; -- said of quicksilver which has been granulated by agitation during the amalgamation process. Raymond. FLOURISH Flour"ish, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flourished; p. pr. & vb. n. Flourishing.] Etym: [OE. florisshen, flurisshen, OF. flurir, F. fleurir, fr. L. florere to bloom, fr. flos, floris, flower. See Flower, and -ish.] 1. To grow luxuriantly; to increase and enlarge, as a healthy growing plant; a thrive. A tree thrives and flourishes in a kindly . . . soil. Bp. Horne. 2. To be prosperous; to increase in wealth, honor, comfort, happiness, or whatever is desirable; to thrive; to be prominent and influental; specifically, of authors, painters, etc., to be in a state of activity or production. When all the workers of iniquity do flourish. Ps. xcii 7 Bad men as frequently prosper and flourish, and that by the means of their wickedness. Nelson. We say Of those that held their heads above the crowd, They flourished then or then. Tennyson. 3. To use florid language; to indulge in rhetorical figures and lofty expressions; to be flowery. They dilate . . . and flourish long on little incidents. J. Watts. 4. To make bold and sweeping, fanciful, or wanton movements, by way of ornament, parade, bravado, etc.; to play with fantastic and irregular motion. Impetuous spread The stream, and smoking flourished o'er his head. Pope. 5. To make ornamental strokes with the pen; to write graceful, decorative figures. 6. To execute an irregular or fanciful strain of music, by way of ornament or prelude. Why do the emperor's trumpets flourish thus Shak. 7. To boast; to vaunt; to brag. Pope. FLOURISH Flour"ish, v. t. 1. To adorn with flowers orbeautiful figures, either natural or artificial; to ornament with anything showy; to embellish. [Obs.] Fenton. 2. To embellish with the flowers of diction; to adorn with rhetorical figures; to grace with ostentatious eloquence; to set off with a parade of words. [Obs.] Sith that the justice of your title to him Doth flourish the deceit. Shak. 3. To move in bold or irregular figures; to swing about in circles or vibrations by way of show or triumph; to brandish. And flourishes his blade in spite of me. Shak. 4. To develop; to make thrive; to expand. [Obs.] Bottoms of thread . . . which with a good needle, perhaps flourished into large works. Bacon. FLOURISH Flour"ish, n.; pl. Flourishes (. 1. A flourishing condition; prosperity; vigor. [Archaic] The Roman monarchy, in her highest flourish, never had the like. Howell. 2. Decoration; ornament; beauty. The flourish of his sober youth Was the pride of naked truth. Crashaw. 3. Something made or performed in a fanciful, wanton, or vaunting manner, by way of ostentation, to excite admiration, etc.; ostentatious embellishment; ambitious copiousness or amplification; parade of wordas, a flourish of rhetoric or of wit. He lards with flourishes his long harangue. Dryden. 4. A fanciful stroke of the pen or graver; a merely decorative figure. The neat characters and flourishes of a Bible curiously printed. Boyle. 5. A fantastic or decorative musical passage; a strain of triumph or bravado, not forming part of a regular musical composition; a cal; a fanfare. A flourish, trumpets! strike alarum, drums! Shak. 6. The waving of a weapon or other thing; a brandishing; as, the fluorish of a sword. FLOURISHER Flour"ish*er, n. Defn: One who flourishes. FLOURISHINGLY Flour"ish*ing*ly Defn: , adv. In a flourishing manner; ostentatiously. FLOURY Flour"y, a. Defn: Of or resembling flour; mealy; covered with flour. Dickens. FLOUT Flout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Flouting.] Etym: [OD. fluyten to play the flute, to jeer, D. fluiten, fr. fluit, fr. French. See Flute.] Defn: To mock or insult; to treat with contempt. Phillida flouts me. Walton. Three gaudy standarts lout the pale blue sky. Byron. FLOUT Flout, v. i. Defn: To practice mocking; to behave with contempt; to sneer; to fleer; -- often with at. Fleer and gibe, and laugh and flout. Swift. FLOUT Flout, n. Defn: A mock; an insult. Who put your beauty to this flout and scorn. Tennyson. FLOUTER Flout"er, n. Defn: One who flouts; a mocker. FLOUTINGLY Flout"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With flouting; insultingly; as, to treat a lover floutingly. FLOW Flow, obs. Defn: imp. sing. of Fly, v. i. Chaucer. FLOW Flow, v. i. [imp. & p. p. FFlowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Flowing.] Etym: [AS. flowan; akin to D. vloeijen, OHG. flawen to wash, Icel. floa to deluge, Gr. float, fleet. *80. Cf. Flood.] 1. To move with a continual change of place among the particles or parts, as a fluid; to change place or circulate, as a liquid; as, rivers flow from springs and lakes; tears flow from the eyes. 2. To become liquid; to melt. The mountains flowed down at thy presence. Is. lxiv. 3. 3. To pproceed; to issue forth; as, wealth flows from industry and economy. Those thousand decencies that daily flow From all her words and actions. Milton. 4. To glide along smoothly, without harshness or asperties; as, a flowing period; flowing numbers; to sound smoothly to the ear; to be uttered easily. Virgil is sweet and flowingin his hexameters. Dryden. 5. To have or be in abundance; to abound; to full, so as to run or flow over; to be copious. In that day . . . the hills shall flow with milk. Joel iii. 18. The exhilaration of a night that needed not the influence of the flowing bowl. Prof. Wilson. 6. To hang loose and waving; as, a flowing mantle; flowing locks. The imperial purple flowing in his train. A. Hamilton. 7. To rise, as the tide; -- opposed to ebb; as, the tide flows twice in twenty-four hours. The river hath thrice flowed, no ebb between. Shak. 8. To discharge blood in excess from the uterus. FLOW Flow, v. t. 1. To cover with water or other liquid; to overflow; to inundate; to flood. 2. To cover with varnish. FLOW Flow, n. 1. A stream of water or other fluid; a current; as, a flow of water; a flow of blood. 2. A continuous movement of something abundant; as, a flow of words. 3. Any gentle, gradual movement or procedure of thought, diction, music, or the like, resembling the quiet, steady movement of a river; a stream. The feast of reason and the flow of soul. Pope. 4. The tidal setting in of the water from the ocean to the shore. See Ebb and flow, under Ebb. 5. A low-lying piece of watery land; -- called also flow moss and flow bog. [Scot.] Jamieson. FLOWAGE Flow"age (; 48), n. Defn: An overflowing with water; also, the water which thus overflows. FLOWEN Flow"en, obs. Defn: imp. pl. of Fly, v. i. Chaucer. FLOWER Flow"er, n. Etym: [OE. flour, OF. flour, flur, flor, F. fleur, fr. L. flos, floris. Cf. Blossom, Effloresce, Floret, Florid, Florin, Flour, Flourish.] 1. In the popular sense, the bloom or blossom of a plant; the showy portion, usually of a different color, shape, and texture from the foliage. 2. (Bot.) Defn: That part of a plant destined to produce seed, and hence including one or both of the sexual organs; an organ or combination of the organs of reproduction, whether inclosed by a circle of foliar parts or not. A complete flower consists of two essential parts, the stamens and the pistil, and two floral envelopes, the corolla and callyx. In mosses the flowers consist of a few special leaves surrounding or subtending organs called archegonia. See Blossom, and Corolla. Note: If we examine a common flower, such for instance as a geranium, we shall find that it consists of: First, an outer envelope or calyx, sometimes tubular, sometimes consisting of separate leaves called sepals; secondly, an inner envelope or corolla, which is generally more or less colored, and which, like the calyx, is sometimes tubular, sometimes composed of separate leaves called petals; thirdly, one or more stamens, consisting of a stalk or filament and a head or anther, in which the pollen is produced; and fourthly, a pistil, which is situated in the center of the flower, and consists generally of three principal parts; one or more compartments at the base, each containing one or more seeds; the stalk or style; and the stigma, which in many familiar instances forms a small head, at the top of the style or ovary, and to which the pollen must find its way in order to fertilize the flower. Sir J. Lubbock. 3. The fairest, freshest, and choicest part of anything; as, the flower of an army, or of a family; the state or time of freshness and bloom; as, the flower of life, that is, youth. The choice and flower of all things profitable the Psalms do more briefly contain. Hooker. The flower of the chivalry of all Spain. Southey. A simple maiden in her flower Is worth a hundred coats of arms. Tennyson. 4. Grain pulverized; meal; flour. [Obs.] The flowers of grains, mixed with water, will make a sort of glue. Arbuthnot. 5. pl. (Old. Chem.) Defn: A substance in the form of a powder, especially when condensed from sublimation; as, the flowers of sulphur. 6. A figure of speech; an ornament of style. 7. pl. (Print.) Defn: Ornamental type used chiefly for borders around pages, cards, etc. W. Savage. 8. pl. Defn: Menstrual discharges. Lev. xv. 24. Animal flower (Zoöl.) See under Animal. -- Cut flowers, flowers cut from the stalk, as for making a bouquet. -- Flower bed, a plat in a garden for the cultivation of flowers. -- Flower beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle which feeds upon flowers, esp. any one of numerous small species of the genus Meligethes, family Nitidulidæ, some of which are injurious to crops. -- Flower bird (Zoöl.), an Australian bird of the genus Anthornis, allied to the honey eaters. -- Flower bud, an unopened flower. -- Flower clock, an assemblage of flowers which open and close at different hours of the day, thus indicating the time. -- Flower head (Bot.), a compound flower in which all the florets are sessile on their receptacle, as in the case of the daisy. -- Flower pecker (Zoöl.), one of a family (Dicæidæ) of small Indian and Australian birds. They resemble humming birds in habits. -- Flower piece. (a) A table ornament made of cut flowers. (b) (Fine Arts) A picture of flowers. -- Flower stalk (Bot.), the peduncle of a plant, or the stem that supports the flower or fructification. FLOWER Flow"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flowered; p. pr. & vb. n. Flowering.] Etym: [From the noun. Cf. Flourish.] 1. To blossom; to bloom; to expand the petals, as a plant; to produce flowers; as, this plant flowers in June. 2. To come into the finest or fairest condition. Their lusty and flowering age. Robynson (More's Utopia). When flowered my youthful spring. Spenser. 3. To froth; to ferment gently, as new beer. That beer did flower a little. Bacon. 4. To come off as flowers by sublimation. [Obs.] Observations which have flowered off. Milton. FLOWER Flow"er, v. t. Defn: To embellish with flowers; to adorn with imitated flowers; as, flowered silk. FLOWERAGE Flow"er*age (; 48), n. Defn: State of flowers; flowers, collectively or in general. Tennyson. FLOWER-DE-LUCE Flow"er-de-luce", n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. fleur-de-lis.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of perennial herbs (Iris) with swordlike leaves and large three-petaled flowers often of very gay colors, but probably white in the plant first chosen for the royal French emblem. Note: There are nearly one hundred species, natives of the north temperate zone. Some of the best known are Iris Germanica, I. Florentina, I. Persica, I. sambucina, and the American I. versicolor, I. prismatica, etc. FLOWERER Flow"erer, n. Defn: A plant which flowers or blossoms. Many hybrids are profuse and persistent flowerers. Darwin. FLOWERET Flow"er*et, n. Defn: A small flower; a floret. Shak. FLOWER-FENCE Flow"er-fence`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tropical leguminous bush (Poinciana, or Cæsalpinia, pulcherrima) with prickly branches, and showy yellow or red flowers; -- so named from its having been sometimes used for hedges in the West Indies. Baird. FLOWERFUL Flow"er*ful, a. Defn: Abounding with flowers. Craig. FLOWER-GENTLE Flow"er-gen`tle, n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of amaranth (Amarantus melancholicus). FLOWERINESS Flow"er*i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being flowery. FLOWERING Flow"er*ing, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having conspicuous flowers; -- used as an epithet with many names of plants; as, flowering ash; flowering dogwood; flowering almond, etc. Flowering fern, a genus of showy ferns (Osmunda), with conspicuous bivalvular sporangia. They usually grow in wet places. -- Flowering plants, plants which have stamens and pistils, and produce true seeds; phenogamous plants; -- distinguished from flowerless plants. -- Flowering rush, a European rushlike plant (Butomus umbellatus), with an umbel of rosy blossoms. FLOWERING Flow"er*ing, n. 1. The act of blossoming, or the season when plants blossom; florification. 2. The act of adorning with flowers. FLOWERLESS Flow"er*less, a. Defn: Having no flowers. Flowerless plants, plants which have no true flowers, and produce no seeds; cryptigamous plants. FLOWERLESSNESS Flow"er*less*ness, n. Defn: State of being without flowers. FLOWERPOT Flow"er*pot`, n. Defn: A vessel, commonly or earthenware, for earth in which plants are grown. FLOWER STATE Flow"er State. Defn: Florida; -- a nickname, alluding to sense of L. floridus, from florida flowery. See Florid. FLOWERY Flow"er*y, a. 1. Full of flowers; abounding with blossoms. 2. Highly embellished with figurative language; florid; as, a flowery style. Milton. The flowery kingdom, China. FLOWERY-KIRTLED Flow"er*y-kir`tled, a. Defn: Dressed with garlands of flowers. [Poetic & Rare] Milton. FLOWING Flow"ing, a. Defn: That flows or for flowing (in various sense of the verb); gliding along smoothly; copious. Flowing battery (Elec.), a battery which is kept constant by the flowing of the exciting liquid through the cell or cells. Knight. -- Flowing furnace, a furnace from which molten metal, can be drawn, as through a tap hole; a foundry cupola. -- Flowing sheet (Naut.), a sheet when eased off, or loosened to the wind, as when the wind is abaft the beam. Totten. FLOWING Flow"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Flow, v. i. & t. FLOWINGLY Flow"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a flowing manner. FLOWINGNESS Flow"ing*ness, n. Defn: Flowing tendency or quality; fluency. [R.] W. Nichols. FLOWK Flowk ( or ), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See 1st Fluke. FLOWN Flown, Defn: p. p. of Fly; -- often used with the auxiliary verb to be; as, the birds are flown. FLOWN Flown, a. Defn: Flushed, inflated. Note: [Supposed by some to be a mistake for blown or swoln.] Pope. Then wander forth the sons Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine. Milton. FLOXED SILK Floxed" silk`. Defn: See Floss silk, under Floss. FLOYTE Floyte, n. & v. Defn: A variant of Flute. [Obs.] FLUATE Flu"ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fluate. See Fluor.] (Chem.) Defn: A fluoride. [Obs.] FLUAVIL Flu"a*vil, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon extracted from gutta-percha, as a yellow, resinous substance; -- called also fluanil. FLUCAN Flu"can, n. (Mining) Defn: Soft clayey matter in the vein, or surrounding it. [Written also flookan, flukan, and fluccan.] FLUCTIFEROUS Fluc*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. fluctus wave + -ferous.] Defn: Tending to produce waves. Blount. FLUCTISONOUS Fluc*tis"o*nous, a. Etym: [L. fluctisonus; fluctus wave + sonus sound.] Defn: Sounding like waves. FLUCTUABILITY Fluc`tu*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The capacity or ability to fluctuate. [R.] H. Walpole. FLUCTUANT Fluc"tu*ant, a. Etym: [L. fluctuans, p.pr. of fluctuare. See Fluctuate.] 1. Moving like a wave; wavering; (Med.) Defn: showing undulation or fluctuation; as, a fluctuant tumor. 2. Floating on the waves. [Obs.] Bacon. FLUCTUATE Fluc"tu*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fluctuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Fluctuating.] Etym: [L. fluctuatus, p.p. of fluctuare, to wave, fr. fluctus wave, fr. fluere, fluctum, to flow. See Fluent, and cf. Flotilla.] 1. To move as a wave; to roll hither and thither; to wave; to float backward and forward, as on waves; as, a fluctuating field of air. Blackmore. 2. To move now in one direction and now in another; to be wavering or unsteady; to be irresolute or undetermined; to vacillate. Syn. -- To waver; vacillate; hesitate; scruple. -- To Fluctuate, Vacillate, Waver. -- Fluctuate is applied both to things and persons and denotes that they move as they are acted upon. The stocks fluctuate; a man fluctuates. between conflicting influences. Vacillate and waver are applied to persons to represent them as acting themselves. A man vacillates when he goes backward and forward in his opinions and purposes, without any fixity of mind or principles. A man wavers when he shrinks back or hesitates at the approach of difficulty or danger. One who is fluctuating in his feelings is usually vacillating in resolve, and wavering in execution. FLUCTUATE Fluc"tu*ate, v. t. Defn: To cause to move as a wave; to put in motion. [R.] And fluctuate all the still perfume. Tennyson. FLUCTUATION Fluc`tu*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. fluctuatio; cf. F. fluctuation.] 1. A motion like that of waves; a moving in this and that direction; as, the fluctuations of the sea. 2. A wavering; unsteadiness; as, fluctuations of opinion; fluctuations of prices. 3. (Med.) Defn: The motion or undulation of a fluid collected in a natural or artifical cavity, which is felt when it is subjected to pressure or percussion. Dunglison. FLUE Flue, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. flue a flowing, fr. fluer to flow, fr. L. fluere (cf. Fluent); a perh. a corruption of E. flute.] Defn: An inclosed passage way for establishing and directing a current of air, gases, etc.; an air passage; esp.: (a) A compartment or division of a chimney for conveying flame and smoke to the outer air. (b) A passage way for conducting a current of fresh, foul, or heated air from one place to another. (c) (Steam Boiler) A pipe or passage for conveying flame and hot gases through surrounding water in a boiler; -- distinguished from a tube which holds water and is surrounded by fire. Small flues are called fire tubes or simply tubes. Flue boiler. See under Boiler. -- Flue bridge, the separating low wall between the flues and the laboratory of a reverberatory furnace. -- Flue plate (Steam Boiler), a plate to which the ends of the flues are fastened; -- called also flue sheet, tube sheet, and tube plate. -- Flue surface (Steam Boiler), the aggregate surface of flues exposed to flame or the hot gases. FLUE Flue, n. Etym: [Cf. F. flou light, tender, G. flau weak, W. llwch dust. sq. root84.] Defn: Light down, such as rises from cotton, fur, etc.; very fine lint or hair. Dickens. FLUENCE Flu"ence, n. Defn: Fluency. [Obs.] Milton. FLUENCY Flu"en*cy, n. Etym: [L. fluentia: cf. F. fluence. See Fluent.] Defn: The quality of being fluent; smoothness; readiness of utterance; volubility. The art of expressing with fluency and perspicuity. Macaulay. FLUENT Flu"ent, a. Etym: [L. fluens, -entis, p.pr. of fluere to flow; cf. Gr. Fluctuate, Flux.] 1. Flowing or capable of flowing; liquid; glodding; easily moving. 2. Ready in the use of words; voluble; copious; having words at command; and uttering them with facility and smoothness; as, a fluent speaker; hence, flowing; voluble; smooth; -- said of language; as, fluent speech. With most fluent utterance. Denham. Fluent as the flight of a swallow is the sultan's letter. De Quincey. FLUENT Flu"ent, n. 1. A current of water; a stream. [Obs.] 2. Etym: [Cf. F. fluente.] (Math.) Defn: A variable quantity, considered as increasing or diminishing; - - called, in the modern calculus, the function or integral. FLUENTLY Flu"ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a fluent manner. FLUENTNESS Flu"ent*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being fluent. FLUE PIPE Flue pipe. (Music) Defn: A pipe, esp. an organ pipe, whose tone is produced by the impinging of a current of air upon an edge, or lip, causing a wave motion in the air within; a mouth pipe; -- distinguished from reed pipe. Flue pipes are either open or closed (stopped at the distant end). The flute and flageolet are open pipes; a bottle acts as a closed pipe when one blows across the neck. The organ has both open and closed flue pipes, those of metal being usually round in section, and those of wood triangular or square. FLUEWORK Flue"work`, n. (Mus.) Defn: A general name for organ stops in which the sound is caused by wind passing through a flue or fissure and striking an edge above; -- in distinction from reedwork. FLUEY Flue"y, a. Etym: [2d Flue.] Defn: Downy; fluffy. [R.] FLUFF Fluff, n. Etym: [Cf. 2d Flue. Defn: Nap or down; flue; soft, downy feathers. FLUFFY Fluff"y, a. [Compar. Fluffier; superl. Fluffiest.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, fluff or nap; soft and downy. "The carpets were fluffy." Thackeray. The present Barnacle . . . had a youthful aspect, and the fluffiest little whisker, perhaps, that ever was seen. Dickens. -- Fluff"i*ness, n. FLUGEL; FLUEGEL Flü"gel, n. Etym: [G., a wing.] (Mus.) Defn: A grand piano or a harpsichord, both being wing-shaped. FLUGELMAN Flu"gel*man, n. Etym: [G. flügelman.] (Mil.) Defn: Same as Fugleman. FLUID Flu"id, a. Etym: [L. fluidus, fr. fluere to flow: cf. F. fluide. See Fluent.] Defn: Having particles which easily move and change their relative position without a separation of the mass, and which easily yield to pressure; capable of flowing; liquid or gaseous. FLUID Flu"id, n. Defn: A fluid substance; a body whose particles move easily among themselves. Note: Fluid is a generic term, including liquids and gases as species. Water, air, and steam are fluids. By analogy, the term is sometimes applied to electricity and magnetism, as in phrases electric fluid, magnetic fluid, though not strictly appropriate. Fluid dram, or Fluid drachm, a measure of capacity equal to one eighth of a fluid ounce. -- Fluid ounce. (a) In the United States, a measure of capacity, in apothecaries' or wine measure, equal to one sixteenth of a pint or 29.57 cubic centimeters. This, for water, is about 1.04158 ounces avoirdupois, or 455.6 grains. (b) In England, a measure of capacity equal to the twentieth part of an imperial pint. For water, this is the weight of the avoirdupois ounce, or 437.5 grains. -- Fluids of the body. (Physiol.) The circulating blood and lymph, the chyle, the gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal juices, the saliva, bile, urine, aqueous humor, and muscle serum are the more important fluids of the body. The tissues themselves contain a large amount of combined water, so much, that an entire human body dried in vacuo with a very moderate degree of heat gives about 66 per cent of water. -- Burning fluid, Elastic fluid, Electric fluid, Magnetic fluid, etc. See under Burning, Elastic, etc. FLUIDAL Flu"id*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to a fluid, or to its flowing motion. Fluidal structure (Geol.), the structure characteristic of certain volcanic rocks in which the arrangement of the minute crystals shows the lines of flow of thew molten material before solidification; -- also called fluxion structure. FLUIDITY Flu*id"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fluidité.] Defn: The quality of being fluid or capable of flowing; a liquid, aëriform. or gaseous state; -- opposed to solidity. It was this want of organization, this looseness and fluidity of the new movement, that made it penetrate through every class of society. J. R. Green. FLUIDIZE Flu"id*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fluidized; p. pr. & vb. n. Fluidizing.] Defn: To render fluid. FLUIDNESS Flu"id*ness, n. Defn: The state of being flluid; fluidity. FLUIDOUNCE Flu"id*ounce`, n. Defn: See Fluid ounce, under Fluid. FLUIDRACHM Flu"i*drachm`, n. Defn: See Fluid dram, under Fluid. Pharm. of the U. S. FLUKAN Flu"kan, n. (Mining) Defn: Flucan. FLUKE Fluke, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. flunk, flunka wing, the palm of an anchor; perh. akin to E. fly.] 1. The part of an anchor which fastens in the ground; a flook. See Anchor. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the lobes of a whale's tail, so called from the resemblance to the fluke of an anchor. 3. An instrument for cleaning out a hole drilled in stone for blasting. 4. An accidental and favorable stroke at billiards (called a scratch in the United States); hence, any accidental or unexpected advantage; as, he won by a fluke. [Cant, Eng.] A. Trollope. FLUKEWORM Fluke"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as 1st Fluke, 2. FLUKY Fluk"y, a. Defn: Formed like, or having, a fluke. FLUME Flume, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. flum river, OF, flum, fr. L. flumen, fr. fluere to flow. *84. See Fluent.] Defn: A stream; especially, a passage channel, or conduit for the water that drives a mill wheel; or an artifical channel of water for hydraulic or placer mining; also, a chute for conveying logs or lumber down a declivity. FLUMINOUS Flu"mi*nous, a. Etym: [L. flumen, fluminis, river.] Defn: Pertaining to rivers; abounding in streama. FLUMMERY Flum"mer*y, n. Etym: [W. llumru, or llumruwd, a kind of food made of oatmeal steeped in water until it has turned sour, fr. llumrig harsh, raw, crude, fr. llum sharp, severe.] 1. A light kind of food, formerly made of flour or meal; a sort of pap. Milk and flummery are very fit for children. Locke. 2. Something insipid, or not worth having; empty compliment; trash; unsubstantial talk of writing. The flummery of modern criticism. J. Morley. FLUNG Flung, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Fling. FLUNK Flunk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flunked; p. pr. & vb. n. Flunking.] Etym: [Cf. Funk.] Defn: To fail, as on a lesson; to back out, as from an undertaking, through fear. FLUNK Flunk, v. t. Defn: To fail in; to shirk, as a task or duty. [Colloq. U.S.] FLUNK Flunk, n. Defn: A failure or backing out; specifically (College cant), Defn: a total failure in a recitation. [U.S.] FLUNKY Flun"ky, n.; pl. Flunkies. Etym: [Prob. fr. or akin to flank.] [Written also flunkey.] 1. A contemptuous name for a liveried servant or a footman. 2. One who is obsequious or cringing; a snob. 3. One easily deceived in buying stocks; an inexperienced and unwary jobber. [Cant, U.S.] FLUNKYDOM Flun"ky*dom, n. Defn: The place or region of flunkies. C. Kingsley. FLUNLYISM Flun"ly*ism, n. Defn: The quality or characteristics of a flunky; readiness to cringe to those who are superior in wealth or position; toadyism. Thackeray. FLUO- Flu"o- (. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form indicating fluorine as an ingredient; as in fluosilicate, fluobenzene. FLUOBORATE Flu`o*bo"rate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fluoborate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of fluoboric acid; a fluoboride. FLUOBORIC Flu`o*bo"ric, a. Etym: [Fluo- boric: cf. F. fluoborique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or consisting of, fluorine and boron. Fluoridic acid (Chem.), a double fluoride, consisting essentially of a solution of boron fluoride, in hydrofluoric acid. It has strong acid properties, and is the type of the borofluorides. Called also borofluoric acid. FLUOBORIDE Flu`o*bo"ride, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Borofluoride. FLUOCERINE; FLUOCERITE Flu`o*ce"rine, Flu`o*ce"rite, n. Etym: [Fluo- + cerium.] (Min.) Defn: A fluoride of cerium, occuring near Fahlun in Sweden. Tynosite, from Colorado, is probably the same mineral. FLUOHYDRIC Flu`o*hy"dric, a. Etym: [Fluo- + hydrogen.] (Chem.) Defn: See Hydrofluoric. FLUOPHOSPHATE Flu`o*phos"phate, n. Etym: [Fluo- + phosphate.] (Chem.) Defn: A double salt of fluoric and phosphoric acids. FLUOR Flu"or, n. Etym: [L., a flowing, fr. fluere to flow. See Fluent.] 1. A fluid state. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. 2. Menstrual flux; catamenia; menses. [Obs.] 3. (Min.) Defn: See Fluorite. FLUOR ALBUS Flu"or albus. Etym: [L., white flow.] (Med.) Defn: The whites; leucorrhæa. FLUORANTHENE Flu`or*an"thene, n. Etym: [Fluorene + anthra (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline hydrocarbon C FLUORATED Flu"or*a`ted, a. (Chem.) Defn: Combined with fluorine; subjected to the action of fluoride. [R.] FLUORENE Flu`or*ene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, crystalline hydrocarbon, C13H10 having a beautiful violet fluorescence; whence its name. It occurs in the higher boiling products of coal tar, and is obtained artificially. FLUORESCEIN Flu`o*res"ce*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A yellowish red, crystalline substance, C20H12O5, produced by heating together phthalic anhydride and resorcin; -- so called, from the very brilliant yellowish green fluorescence of its alkaline solutions. It has acid properties, and its salts of the alkalies are known to the trade under the name of uranin. FLUORESCENCE Flu`o*res"cence, n. Etym: [From Fluor.] (Opt.) Defn: That property which some transparent bodies have of producing at their surface, or within their substance, light different in color from the mass of the material, as when green crystals of fluor spar afford blue reflections. It is due not to the difference in the color of a distinct surface layer, but to the power which the substance has of modifying the light incident upon it. The light emitted by fluorescent substances is in general of lower refrangibility than the incident light. Stockes. FLUORESCENT Flu`o*res"cent, a. Defn: Having the property of fluorescence. FLUORESCIN Flu`o*res"cin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, amorphous substance which is produced by the reduction of fluoresceïn, and from which the latter may be formed by oxidation. FLUORIC Flu*or"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fluorique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, obtained from, or containing, fluorine. FLUORIDE Flu"or*ide ( or ; 104), n. Etym: [Cf. F. fluoride.] (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of fluorine with another element or radical. Calcium fluoride (Min.), fluorite, CaF2. See Fluorite. FLUORINE Flu"or*ine ( or ; 104), n. Etym: [NL. fluorina: cf. G. fluorin, F. fluorine. So called from its occurrence in the mineral fluorite.] (Chem.) Defn: A non-metallic, gaseous element, strongly acid or negative, or associated with chlorine, bromine, and iodine, in the halogen group of which it is the first member. It always occurs combined, is very active chemically, and possesses such an avidity for most elements, and silicon especially, that it can neither be prepared nor kept in glass vessels. If set free it immediately attacks the containing material, so that it was not isolated until 1886. It is a pungent, corrosive, colorless gas. Symbol F. Atomic weight 19. Note: Fluorine unites with hydrogen to form hydrofluoric acid, which is the agent employed in etching glass. It occurs naturally, principally combined as calcium fluoride in fluorite, and as a double fluoride of aluminium and sodium in cryolite. FLUORITE Flu"or*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: Calcium fluoride, a mineral of many different colors, white, yellow, purple, green, red, etc., often very beautiful, crystallizing commonly in cubes with perfect octahedral cleavage; also massive. It is used as a flux. Some varieties are used for ornamental vessels. Also called fluor spar, or simply fluor. FLUOROID Flu"or*oid, n. Etym: [Fluor + -oid.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A tetrahexahedron; -- so called because it is a common form of fluorite. FLUOROSCOPE Flu*or"o*scope, n. Etym: [Fluorescence + -scope.] (Phys.) Defn: An instrument for observing or exhibiting fluorescence. FLUOROSCOPY Flu`or*os"co*py, n. Defn: Examination of an object, as the human body, by exposing it to the X rays and observing the shadow cast upon a fluorescent screen; cryptoscopy. FLUOROUS Flu"or*ous, a. Defn: Pertaining to fluor. FLUOR SPAR Flu"or spar`. (Min.) Defn: See Fluorite. FLUOSILICATE Flu`o*sil"i*cate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fluosilicate.] (Chem.) Defn: A double fluoride of silicon and some other (usually basic) element or radical, regarded as a salt of fluosilicic acid; -- called also silicofluoride. FLUOSILICIC Flu`o*si*lic"ic, a. Etym: [Fluo- + silicic: cf. F. fluosilicique.] (Chem.) Defn: Composed of, or derived from, silicon and fluorine. Fluosilicic acid, a double fluoride of hydrogen and silicon, H2F6Si, obtained in solution in water as a sour fuming liquid, and regarded as the type of the fluosilicates; -- called also silicofluoric acid, and hydrofluosilicic acid. FLURRIED Flur"ried, a. Defn: Agitated; excited. -- Flur"ried*ly adv. FLURRY Flur"ry, n.; pl. Flurries. Etym: [Prov. E. flur to ruffle.] 1. A sudden and brief blast or gust; a light, temporary breeze; as, a flurry of wind. 2. A light shower or snowfall accompanied with wind. Like a flurry of snow on the whistling wind. Longfellow. 3. Violent agitation; commotion; bustle; hurry. The racket and flurry of London. Blakw. Mag. 4. The violent spasms of a dying whale. FLURRY Flur"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flurried; p. pr. & vb. n. Flurrying.] Defn: To put in a state of agitation; to excite or alarm. H. Swinburne. FLURT Flurt, n. Defn: A flirt. [Obs.] Quarles. FLUSH Flush, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Flushed; p. pr. & vb. n. Flushing.] Etym: [Cf. OE. fluschen to fly up, penetrate, F. fluz a flowing, E. flux, dial. Sw. flossa to blaze, and E. flash; perh. influenced by blush. *84.] 1. To flow and spread suddenly; to rush; as, blood flushes into the face. The flushing noise of many waters. Boyle. It flushes violently out of the cock. Mortimer. 2. To become suddenly suffused, as the cheeks; to turn red; to blush. 3. To snow red; to shine suddenly; to glow. In her cheek, distemper flushing glowed. Milton. 4. To star Flushing from one spray unto another. W. Browne. FLUSH Flush, v. t. 1. To cause to be full; to flood; to overflow; to overwhelm with water; as, to flush the meadows; to flood for the purpose of cleaning; as, to flush a sewer. 2. To cause the blood to rush into (the face); to put to the blush, or to cause to glow with excitement. Nor flush with shame the passing virgin's cheek. Gay. Sudden a thought came like a full-blown rose, Flushing his brow. Keats. 3. To make suddenly or temporarily red or rosy, as if suffused with blood. How faintly flushed. how phantom fair, Was Monte Rosa, hanging there! Tennyson. 4. To excite; to animate; to stir. Such things as can only feed his pride and flush his ambition. South. 5. To cause to start, as a hunter a bird. Nares. To flush a joints (Masonry), to fill them in; to point the level; to make them flush. FLUSH Flush, n. 1. A sudden flowing; a rush which fills or overflows, as of water for cleansing purposes. In manner of a wave or flush. Ray. 2. A suffusion of the face with blood, as from fear, shame, modesty, or intensity of feeling of any kind; a blush; a glow. The flush of angered shame. Tennyson. 3. Any tinge of red color like that produced on the cheeks by a sudden rush of blood; as, the flush on the side of a peach; the flush on the clouds at sunset. 4. A sudden flood or rush of feeling; a thrill of excitement. animation, etc.; as, a flush of joy. 5. A flock of birds suddenly started up or flushed. 6. Etym: [From F. or Sp. flux. Cf. Flux.] Defn: A hand of cards of the same suit. FLUSH Flush, a. 1. Full of vigor; fresh; glowing; bright. With all his crimes broad blown, as flush as May. Shak. 2. Affluent; abounding; well furnished or suppled; hence, liberal; prodigal. Lord Strut was not very flush in ready. Arbuthnot. 3. (Arch. & Mech.) Defn: Unbroken or even in surface; on a level with the adjacent surface; forming a continuous surface; as, a flush panel; a flush joint. 4. (Card Playing) Defn: Consisting of cards of one suit. Flush bolt. (a) A screw bolt whose head is countersunk, so as to be flush with a surface. (b) A sliding bolt let into the face or edge of a door, so as to be flush therewith. -- Flush deck. (Naut.) See under Deck, n., 1. -- Flush tank, a water tank which can be emptied rapidly for flushing drainpipes, etc. FLUSH Flush, adv. Defn: So as to be level or even. FLUSHBOARD Flush"board`, n. Defn: Same as Flashboard. FLUSHER Flush"er, n. 1. A workman employed in cleaning sewers by flushing them with water. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The red-backed shrike. See Flasher. FLUSHING Flush"ing, n. 1. A heavy, coarse cloth manufactured from shoddy; -- commonly in the [Eng.] 2. (Weaving) Defn: A surface formed of floating threads. FLUSHINGLY Flush"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a flushing manner. FLUSHNESS Flush"ness, n. Defn: The state of being flush; abundance. FLUSTER Flus"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Flustered; p. pr. & vb. n. Flustering.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. flaustra to be flustered, flaustr a fluster.] Defn: To make hot and rosy, as with drinking; to heat; hence, to throw into agitation and confusion; to confuse; to muddle. His habit or flustering himself daily with claret. Macaulay. FLUSTER Flus"ter, v. i. Defn: To be in a heat or bustle; to be agitated and confused. The flstering, vainglorious Greeks. South. FLUSTER Flus"ter, n. Defn: Heat or glow, as from drinking; agitation mingled with confusion; disorder. FLUSTERATION Flus`ter*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of flustering, or the state of being flustered; fluster. [Colloq.] FLUSTRATE Flus"trate, v. t. Etym: [See Fluster, v. t.] Defn: To fluster. [Colloq.] Spectator. FLUSTRATION Flus*tra"tion, n. Defn: The act of flustrating; confusion; flurry. [Colloq.] Richardson. FLUTE Flute, n. Etym: [OE. floute, floite, fr. OF. flaüte, flahute, flahuste, F. fl; cf. LL. flauta, D. fluit. See Flute, v. i.] 1. A musical wind instrument, consisting of a hollow cylinder or pipe, with holes along its length, stopped by the fingers or by keys which are opened by the fingers. The modern flute is closed at the upper end, and blown with the mouth at a lateral hole. The breathing flute's soft notes are heard around. Pope. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A channel of curved section; -- usually applied to one of a vertical series of such channels used to decorate columns and pilasters in classical architecture. See Illust. under Base, n. 3. A similar channel or groove made in wood or other material, esp. in plaited cloth, as in a lady's ruffle. 4. A long French breakfast roll. Simonds. 5. A stop in an organ, having a flutelike sound. Flute bit, a boring tool for piercing ebony, rosewood, and other hard woods. -- Flute pipe, an organ pipe having a sharp lip or wind-cutter which imparts vibrations to Knight. FLUTE Flute, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fl a transport, D. fluit.] Defn: A kindof flyboat; a storeship. Armed en flûte ( (Nav.), partially armed. FLUTE Flute, v. i. Etym: [OE. flouten, floiten, OF. flaüter, fleüter, flouster, F. flûter, cf. D. fluiten; ascribed to an assumed LL. flautare, flatuare, fr. L. flatus a blowing, fr. flare to blow. Cf. Flout, Flageolet, Flatulent.] Defn: To play on, or as on, a flute; to make a flutelike sound. FLUTE Flute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fluting.] 1. To play, whistle, or sing with a clear, soft note, like that of a flute. Knaves are men, That lute and flute fantastic tenderness. Tennyson. The redwing flutes his o-ka-lee. Emerson. 2. To form flutes or channels in, as in a column, a ruffle, etc. FLUTE A BEC Flûte` à bec". Etym: [F.] (Mus.) Defn: A beak flute, an older form of the flute, played with a mouthpiece resembling a beak, and held like a flageolet. FLUTED Flut"ed, a. 1. Thin; fine; clear and mellow; flutelike; as, fluted notes. Busby. 2. Decorated with flutes; channeled; grooved; as, a fluted column; a fluted ruffle; a fluted spectrum. FLUTEMOUTH Flute"mouth`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of the genus Aulostoma, having a much elongated tubular snout. FLUTER Flut"er, n. 1. One who plays on the flute; a flutist or flautist. 2. One who makes grooves or flutings. FLUTING Flut"ing, n. Defn: Decoration by means of flutes or channels; a flute, or flutes collectively; as, the fluting of a column or pilaster; the fluting of a lady's ruffle. Fluting iron, a laundry iron for fluting ruffles; -- called also Italian iron, or gaufering iron. Knight. -- Fluting lathe, a machine for forming spiral flutes, as on balusters, table legs, etc. FLUTIST Flut"ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. flûtiste.] Defn: A performer on the flute; a flautist. Busby. 2. To move with quick vibrations or undulations; as, a sail flutters in the wind; a fluttering fan. 3. To move about briskly, irregularly, or with great bustle and show, without much result. No rag, no scrap, of all the beau, or wit, That once so fluttered, and that once so writ. Pope. 4. To be in agitation; to move irregularly; to flucttuate; to be uncertainty. Long we fluttered on the wings of doubtful success. Howell. His thoughts are very fluttering and wandering. I. Watts. FLUTTER Flut"ter, v. t. 1. To vibrate or move quickly; as, a bird flutters its wings. 2. To drive in disorder; to throw into confusion. Like an eagle in a dovecote, I Fluttered your Volscians in Corioli. Shak. FLUTTER Flut"ter, n. 1. The act of fluttering; quick and irregular motion; vibration; as, the flutter of a fan. The chirp and flutter of some single bird Milnes. . 2. Hurry; tumult; agitation of the mind; confusion; disorder. Pope. Flutter wheel, a water wheel placed below a fall or in a chute where rapidly moving water strikes the tips of the floats; -- so called from the spattering, and the fluttering noise it makes. FLUTTERER Flut"ter*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, flutters. FLUTTERINGLY Flut"ter*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a fluttering manner. FLUTY Flut"y, a. Defn: Soft and clear in tone, like a flute. FLUVIAL Flu"vi*al, a. Etym: [L. fluvialis, from fluvius river, fr. fluere to flow: cf.F. fluvial. See Fluent.] Defn: Belonging to rivers; growing or living in streams or ponds; as, a fluvial plant. FLUVIALIST Flu"vi*al*ist, n. Defn: One who exlpains geological phenomena by the action of streams. [R.] FLUVIATIC Flu`vi*at"ic, a. Etym: [L. fluviaticus. See Fluvial.] Defn: Belonging to rivers or streams; fluviatile. Johnson. FLUVIATILE Flu"vi*a*tile, a. Etym: [L. fluviatilis, fr. fluvius river: cf. F. fluviatile.] Defn: Belonging to rivers or streams; existing in or about rivers; produced by river action; fluvial; as, fluviatile starta, plants. Lyell. FLUVIOGRAPH Flu"vi*o*graph, n. [L. fluvius river + -graph.] Defn: An instrument for measuring and recording automatically the rise and fall of a river. FLUVIO-MARINE Flu`vi*o-ma*rine", a. Etym: [L. fluvius river + E. marine.] (Geol.) Defn: Formed by the joint action of a river and the sea, as deposits at the mouths of rivers. FLUVIOMETER Flu`vi*om"e*ter, n. [L. fluvius river + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the height of water in a river; a river gauge. FLUX Flux, n. Etym: [L. fluxus, fr. fluere, fluxum,to flow: cf.F. flux. See Fluent, and cf. 1st & 2d Floss, Flush, n., 6.] 1. The act of flowing; a continuous moving on or passing by, as of a flowing stream; constant succession; change. By the perpetual flux of the liquids, a great part of them is thrown out of the body. Arbuthnot. Her image has escaped the flux of things, And that same infant beauty that she wore Is fixed upon her now forevermore. Trench. Languages, like our bodies, are in a continual flux. Felton. 2. The setting in of the tide toward the shore, -- the (reflux. 3. The state of beinng liquid through heat; fusion. 4. (Chem.& Metal.) Defn: Any substance or mixture used to promote the fusion of metals or minerals, as alkalies, borax, lime, fluorite. Note: White flux is the residuum of the combustion of a mixture of equal parts of niter and tartar. It consists chiefly of the carbonate of potassium, and is white.- Black flux is the ressiduum of the combustion of one part of niter and two of tartar, and consists essentially of a mixture of potassium carbonate and charcoal. 5. (Med.) (a) A fluid discharge from the bowels or other part; especially, an excessive and morbid discharge; as, the bloody flux or dysentery. See Bloody flux. (b) The matter thus discharged. 6. (Physics) Defn: The quantity of a fluid that crosses a unit area of a given surface in a unit of time. FLUX Flux, a. Etym: [L. fluxus, p. p. of fluere. See Flux, n.] Defn: Flowing; unstable; inconstant; variable. The flux nature of all things here. Barrow. FLUX Flux, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fluxed; p. pr. & vb. n. Fluxing.] 1. To affect, or bring to a certain state, by flux. He might fashionably and genteelly . . . have been dueled or fluxed into another world. South. 2. To cause to become fluid; to fuse. Kirwan. 3. (Med.) Defn: To cause a discharge from; to purge. FLUXATION Flux*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of fluxing. FLUXIBILITY Flux`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. fluxibilitas fluidity.] Defn: The quality of being fluxible. Hammond. FLUXIBLE Flux"i*ble, a. Etym: [Cf.LL. fluxibilis fluid, OF. fluxible.] Defn: Capable of being melted or fused, as a mineral. Holland. -- Flux"i*ble*ness, n. FLUXILE Flux"ile, a. Etym: [L. fluxilis, a., fluid.] Defn: Fluxible. [R.] FLUXILITY Flux*il"i*ty, n. Defn: State of being fluxible.[Obs.] FLUXION Flux"ion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fluxion.] Defn: The act of flowing. Cotgrave. 2. The matter that flows. Wiseman. 3. Fusion; the running of metals into a fluid state. 4. (Med.) Defn: An unnatural or excessive flow of blood or fluid toward any organ; a determination. 5. A constantly varying indication. Less to be counted than the fluxions of sun dials. De Quincey. 6. (Math.) (a) The infinitely small increase or decrease of a variable or flowing quantity in a certain infinitely small and constant period of time; the rate of variation of a fluent; an incerement; a differential. (b) pl. Defn: A method of analysis developed by Newton, and based on the conception of all magnitudes as generated by motion, and involving in their changes the notion of velocity or rate of change. Its results are the same as those of the differential and integral calculus, from which it differs little except in notation and logical method. FLUXIONAL Flux"ion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or having the nature of, fluxion or fluxions; variable; inconstant. The merely human,the temporary and fluxional. Coleridge. Fluxional structure (Geol.), fluidal structure. FLUXIONARY Flux"ion*a*ry, a. 1. Fluxional. Berkeley. 2. (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to, or caused by, an increased flow of blood to a part; congestive; as, a fluxionary hemorrhage. FLUXIONIST Flux"ion*ist, n. Defn: One skilled in fluxions. Berkeley. FLUXIONS Flux"ions, n. pl. (Math.) Defn: See Fluxion, 6(b). FLUXIVE Flux"ive, a. Defn: Flowing; also, wanting solidity. B. Jonson. FLUXURE Flux"ure (; 138), n. Etym: [L. fluxura a flowing.] 1. The quality of being fluid. [Obs.] Fielding. 2. Fluid matter. [Obs.] Drayton. FLY Fly, v. i. [imp. Flew; p. p. Flown; p. pr. & vb. n. Flying.] Etym: [OE. fleen, fleen, fleyen, flegen, AS. fleógan; akin to D. vliegen, ONG. fliogan, G. fliegen, Icel. flj, Sw. flyga, Dan. flyve, Goth. us- flaugjan to cause to fly away, blow about, and perh. to L. pluma feather, E. plume. Fledge, Flight, Flock of animals.] 1. To move in or pass thorugh the air with wings, as a bird. 2. To move through the air or before the wind; esp., to pass or be driven rapidly through the air by any impulse. 3. To float, wave, or rise in the air, as sparks or a flag. Man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward. Job v. 7. 4. To move or pass swiftly; to hasten away; to circulate rapidly; as, a ship flies on the deep; a top flies around; rumor flies. Fly, envious Time, till thou run out thy race. Milton. The dark waves murmured as the ships flew on. Bryant. 5. To run from danger; to attempt to escape; to flee; as, an enemy or a coward flies. See Note under Flee. Fly, ere evil intercept thy flight. Milton. Whither shall I fly to escape their hands Shak. 6. To move suddenly, or with violence; to do an act suddenly or swiftly; -- usually with a qualifying word; as, a door flies open; a bomb flies apart. To fly about (Naut.), to change frequently in a short time; -- said of the wind. -- To fly around, to move about in haste. [Colloq.] -- To fly at, to spring toward; to rush on; to attack suddenly. -- To fly in the face of, to insult; to assail; to set at defiance; to oppose with violence; to act in direct opposition to; to resist. -- To fly off, to separate, or become detached suddenly; to revolt. -- To fly on, to attack. -- To fly open, to open suddenly, or with violence. -- To fly out. (a) To rush out. (b) To burst into a passion; to break out into license. -- To let fly. (a) To throw or drive with violence; to discharge. "A man lets fly his arrow without taking any aim." Addison. (b) (Naut.) To let go suddenly and entirely; as, to let fly the sheets. FLY Fly, v. t. 1. To cause to fly or to float in the air, as a bird, a kite, a flag, etc. The brave black flag I fly. W. S. Gilbert. 2. To fly or flee from; to shun; to avoid. Sleep flies the wretch. Dryden. To fly the favors of so good a king. Shak. 3. To hunt with a hawk. [Obs.] Bacon. To fly a kite (Com.), to raise money on commercial notes. [Cant or Slang] FLY Fly, n.; pl. Flies. Etym: [OE. flie, flege, AS. flge, fleóge, fr. fleógan to fly; akin to D. vlieg, OHG. flioga, G. fliege, Icel. & Sw. fluga, Dan. flue. Fly, v. i.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) Any winged insect; esp., one with transparent wings; as, the Spanish fly; firefly; gall fly; dragon fly. (b) Any dipterous insect; as, the house fly; flesh fly; black fly. See Diptera, and Illust. in Append. 2. A hook dressed in imitation of a fly, -- used for fishing. "The fur-wrought fly." Gay. 3. A familiar spirit; a witch's attendant. [Obs.] A trifling fly, none of your great familiars. B. Jonson. 4. A parasite. [Obs.] Massinger. 5. A kind of light carriage for rapid transit, plying for hire and usually drawn by one horse. [Eng.] 6. The length of an extended flag from its staff; sometimes, the length from the "union" to the extreme end. 7. The part of a vane pointing the direction from which the wind blows. 8. (Naut.) Defn: That part of a compass on which the points are marked; the compass card. Totten. 9. (Mech.) (a) Two or more vanes set on a revolving axis, to act as a fanner, or to equalize or impede the motion of machinery by the resistance of the air, as in the striking part of a clock. (b) A heavy wheel, or cross arms with weights at the ends on a revolving axis, to regulate or equalize the motion of machinery by means of its inertia, where the power communicated, or the resistance to be overcome, is variable, as in the steam engine or the coining press. See Fly wheel (below). 10. (Knitting Machine) Defn: The piece hinged to the needle, which holds the engaged loop in position while the needle is penetrating another loop; a latch. Knight. 11. The pair of arms revolving around the bobbin, in a spinning wheel or spinning frame, to twist the yarn. 12. (Weaving) Defn: A shuttle driven through the shed by a blow or jerk. Knight. 13. (a) Formerly, the person who took the printed sheets from the press. (b) A vibrating frame with fingers, attached to a power to a power printing press for doing the same work. 14. The outer canvas of a tent with double top, usually drawn over the ridgepole, but so extended as to touch the roof of the tent at no other place. 15. One of the upper screens of a stage in a theater. 16. The fore flap of a bootee; also, a lap on trousers, overcoats, etc., to conceal a row of buttons. 17. (Baseball) Defn: A batted ball that flies to a considerable distance, usually high in the air; also, the flight of a ball so struck; as, it was caught on the fly. Black fly, Cheese fly, Dragon fly, etc. See under Black, Cheese, etc. -- Fly agaric (Bot.), a mushroom (Agaricus muscarius), having a narcotic juice which, in sufficient quantities, is poisonous. -- Fly block (Naut.), a pulley whose position shifts to suit the working of the tackle with which it is connected; -- used in the hoisting tackle of yards. -- Fly board (Printing Press), the board on which printed sheets are deposited by the fly. -- Fly book, a case in the form of a book for anglers' flies. Kingsley. -- Fly cap, a cap with wings, formerly worn by women. -- Fly drill, a drill having a reciprocating motion controlled by a fly wheel, the driving power being applied by the hand through a cord winding in reverse directions upon the spindle as it rotates backward and forward. Knight. -- Fly fishing, the act or art of angling with a bait of natural or artificial flies. Walton. -- Fly flap, an implement for killing flies. -- Fly governor, a governor for regulating the speed of an engine, etc., by the resistance of vanes revolving in the air. -- Fly honeysuckle (Bot.), a plant of the honeysuckle genus (Lonicera), having a bushy stem and the flowers in pairs, as L. ciliata and L. Xylosteum. -- Fly hook, a fishhook supplied with an artificial fly. -- Fly leaf, an unprinted leaf at the beginning or end of a book, circular, programme, etc. -- Fly maggot, a maggot bred from the egg of a fly. Ray. -- Fly net, a screen to exclude insects. -- Fly nut (Mach.), a nut with wings; a thumb nut; a finger nut. -- Fly orchis (Bot.), a plant (Ophrys muscifera), whose flowers resemble flies. -- Fly paper, poisoned or sticky paper for killing flies that feed upon or are entangled by it. -- Fly powder, an arsenical powder used to poison flies. -- Fly press, a screw press for punching, embossing, etc., operated by hand and having a heavy fly. -- Fly rail, a bracket which turns out to support the hinged leaf of a table. -- Fly rod, a light fishing rod used in angling with a fly. -- Fly sheet, a small loose advertising sheet; a handbill. -- Fly snapper (Zoöl.), an American bird (Phainopepla nitens), allied to the chatterers and shrikes. The male is glossy blue-black; the female brownish gray. -- Fly wheel (Mach.), a heavy wheel attached to machinery to equalize the movement (opposing any sudden acceleration by its inertia and any retardation by its momentum), and to accumulate or give out energy for a variable or intermitting resistance. See Fly, n., 9. -- On the fly (Baseball), still in the air; -- said of a batted ball caught before touching the ground.. FLY Fly, a. Defn: Knowing; wide awake; fully understanding another's meaning. [Slang] Dickens. FLY AMANITA; FLY FUNGUS Fly amanita, Fly fungus. (Bot.) Defn: A poisonous mushroom (Amanita muscaria, syn. Agaricus muscarius), having usually a bright red or yellowish cap covered with irregular white spots. It has a distinct volva at the base, generally an upper ring on the stalk, and white spores. Called also fly agaric, deadly amanita. FLYAWAY Fly"a*way`, a. Defn: Disposed to fly away; flighty; unrestrained; light and free; -- used of both persons and things. -- n. Defn: A flyaway person or thing. "Truth is such a flyaway." Emerson. FLYAWAY flyaway adj. 1. frivolous; -- of people. serious Syn. -- flighty. [WordNet 1.5] 2. Tending to move away from a center, rather than remain in a compact group; -- used of hair or clothing or of small particles of matter. Light objects or particles readily taking a static electric charge may be moved apart by acquisition of a charge, or by approach of a charged object. Such a property is called flyaway. Syn. -- fluttering. [WordNet 1.5] FLYAWAY GRASS Flyaway grass. (Bot.) Defn: The hair grass (Agrostis scabra). So called from its light panicle, which is blown to great distances by the wind. FLYBANE Fly"bane`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of catchfly of the genus Silene; also, a poisonous mushroom (Agaricus muscarius); fly agaric. FLY-BITTEN Fly"-bit`ten, a. Defn: Marked by, or as if by, the bite of flies. Shak. FLYBLOW Fly"blow`, v. t. Defn: To deposit eggs upon, as a flesh fly does on meat; to cause to be maggoty; hence, to taint or contaminate, as if with flyblows. Bp. Srillingfleet. FLYBLOW Fly"blow`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the eggs or young larvæ deposited by a flesh fly, or blowfly. FLYBLOWN Fly"blown`, a. Defn: Tainted or contaminated with flyblows; damaged; foul. Wherever flyblown reputations were assembled. Thackeray. FLYBOAT Fly"boat`, n. Etym: [Fly + boat: cf. D. vlieboot.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A large Dutch coasting vessel. Captain George Weymouth made a voyage of discovery to the northwest with two flyboats. Purchas. 2. A kind of passenger boat formerly used on canals. FLY-CASE Fly"-case`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The covering of an insect, esp. the elytra of beetles. FLYCATCHER Fly"catch`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of numerous species of birds that feed upon insects, which they take on the wing. Note: The true flycatchers of the Old World are Oscines, and belong to the family Muscicapidæ, as the spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola). The American flycatchers, or tyrant flycatchers, are Clamatores, and belong to the family Tyrannidæ, as the kingbird, pewee, crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus), and the vermilion flycatcher or churinche (Pyrocephalus rubineus). Certain American flycatching warblers of the family Sylvicolidæ are also called flycatchers, as the Canadian flycatcher (Sylvania Canadensis), and the hooded flycatcher (S. mitrata). See Tyrant flycatcher. FLY-CATCHING Fly"-catch`ing, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the habit of catching insects on the wing. FLYER Fly"er, n. Etym: [See Flier.] 1. One that uses wings. 2. The fly of a flag: See Fly, n., 6. 3. Anything that is scattered abroad in great numbers as a theatrical programme, an advertising leaf, etc. 4. (Arch.) Defn: One in a flight of steps which are parallel to each other(as in ordinary stairs), as distinguished from a winder. 5. The pair of arms attached to the spindle of a spinning frame, over which the thread passes to the bobbin; -- so called from their swift revolution. See Fly, n., 11. 6. The fan wheel that rotates the cap of a windmill as the wind veers. Internat. Cyc. 7. (Stock Jobbing) Defn: A small operation not involving considerable part of one's capital, or not in the line of one's ordinary business; a venture. [Cant] Bartlett. FLYFISH Fly"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A California scorpænoid fish (Sebastichthys rhodochloris), having brilliant colors. FLY-FISH Fly"-fish, v. i. Defn: To angle, using flies for bait. Walton. FLYING Fly"ing, a. Etym: [From Fly, v. i.] Defn: Moving in the air with, or as with, wings; moving lightly or rapidly; intended for rapid movement. Flying army (Mil.) a body of cavalry and infantry, kept in motion, to cover its own garrisons and to keep the enemy in continual alarm. Farrow. --Flying artillery (Mil.), artillery trained to rapid evolutions, -- the men being either mounted or trained to spring upon the guns and caissons when they change position. -- Flying bridge, Flying camp. See under Bridge, and Camp. -- Flying buttress (Arch.), a contrivance for taking up the thrust of a roof or vault which can not be supported by ordinary buttresses. It consists of a straight bar of masonry, usually sloping, carried on an arch, and a solid pier or buttress sufficient to receive the thrust. The word is generally applied only to the straight bar with supporting arch. -- Flying colors, flags unfurled and waving in the air; hence: To come off with flying colors, to be victorious; to succeed thoroughly in an undertaking. -- Flying doe (Zoöl.), a young female kangaroo. -- Flying dragon. (a) (Zoöl.) See Dragon, 6. (b) A meteor. See under Dragon. -- Flying Dutchman. (a) A fabled Dutch mariner condemned for his crimes to sail the seas till the day of judgment. (b) A spectral ship. -- Flying fish. (Zoöl.) See Flying fish, in the Vocabulary. -- Flying fox (Zoöl.), the colugo. -- Flying frog (Zoöl.), an East Indian tree frog of the genus Rhacophorus, having very large and broadly webbed feet, which serve as parachutes, and enable it to make very long leaps. -- Flying gurnard (Zoöl.), a species of gurnard of the genus Cephalacanthus or Dactylopterus, with very large pectoral fins, said to be able to fly like the flying fish, but not for so great a distance. Note: Three species are known; that of the Atlantic is Cephalacanthus volitans. -- Flying jib (Naut.), a sail extended outside of the standing jib, on the flying-jib boom. -- Flying-jib boom (Naut.), an extension of the jib boom. -- Flying kites (Naut.), light sails carried only in fine weather. -- Flying lemur. (Zoöl.) See Colugo. -- Flying level (Civil Engin.), a reconnoissance level over the course of a projected road, canal, etc. -- Flying lizard. (Zoöl.) See Dragon, n, 6. -- Flying machine, an apparatus for navigating the air; a form of balloon. -- Flying mouse (Zoöl.), the opossum mouse (Acrobates pygmæus), of Australia. Note: It has lateral folds of skin, like the flying squirrels. -- Flying party (Mil.), a body of soldiers detailed to hover about an enemy. -- Flying phalanger (Zoöl.), one of several species of small marsuupials of the genera Petaurus and Belideus, of Australia and New Guinea, having lateral folds like those of the flying squirrels. The sugar squirrel (B. sciureus), and the ariel (B. ariel), are the best known; -- called also squirrel petaurus and flying squirrel. See Sugar squirrel. -- Flying pinion, the fly of a clock. -- Flying sap (Mil.), the rapid construction of trenches (when the enemy's fire of case shot precludes the method of simple trenching), by means of gabions placed in juxtaposition and filled with earth. -- Flying shot, a shot fired at a moving object, as a bird on the wing. -- Flying spider. (Zoöl.) See Ballooning spider. -- Flying squid (Zoöl.), an oceanic squid (Ommastrephes, or Sthenoteuthis, Bartramii), abundant in the Gulf Stream, which is able to leap out of the water with such force that it often falls on the deck of a vessel. -- Flying squirrel (Zoöl.) See Flying squirrel, in the Vocabulary. -- Flying start, a start in a sailing race in which the signal is given while the vessels are under way. -- Flying torch (Mil.), a torch attached to a long staff and used for signaling at night. FLYING BOAT Flying boat. Defn: A compact form of hydro-aëroplane having one central body, or hull. FLYING FISH Fly"ing fish`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish which is able to leap from the water, and fly a considerable distance by means of its large and long pectoral fins. These fishes belong to several species of the genus Exocoetus, and are found in the warmer parts of all the oceans. FLYING SQUIRREL Fly"ing squir"rel ( or ). (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group of squirrels, of the genera Pteromus and Sciuropterus, having parachute-like folds of skin extending from the fore to the hind legs, which enable them to make very long leaps. Note: The species of Pteromys are large, with bushy tails, and inhabit southern Asia and the East Indies; those of Sciuropterus are smaller, with flat tails, and inhabit the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America. The American species (Sciuropterus volucella) is also called Assapan. The Australian flying squrrels, or flying phalangers, are marsupials. See Flying phalanger (above). FLYMAN Fly"man, n.; pl. Flymen (-mn). Defn: The driver of a fly, or light public carriage. FLYSCH Flysch (flsh), n. Etym: [A Swiss word, fr. G. fliessen to flow, melt.] (Geol.) Defn: A name given to the series of sandstones and schists overlying the true nummulitic formation in the Alps, and included in the Eocene Tertiary. FLYSPECK Fly"speck (fl'spk), n. Defn: A speck or stain made by the excrement of a fly; hence, any insignificant dot. FLYSPECK Fly"speck, v. t. Defn: To soil with flyspecks. FLYTRAP Fly"trap, n. 1 Defn: . A trap for catching flies. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Dionæa muscipula), called also Venus's flytrap, the leaves of which are fringed with stiff bristles, and fold together when certain hairs on their upper surface are touched, thus seizing insects that light on them. The insects so caught are afterwards digested by a secretion from the upper surface of the leaves. FNESE Fnese, v. i. Etym: [AS. fnsan, gefnsan.] Defn: To breathe heavily; to snort. [Obs.] Chaucer. FO Fo, n. Defn: The Chinese name of Buddha. FOAL Foal, n. Etym: [OE. fole, AS. fola; akin to OHG. folo, G. fohlen, Goth. fula, Icel. foli, Sw Lfle, Gr., L. pullus a young animal. Cf. Filly, Poultry, Pullet.] (Zoö.) Defn: The young of any animal of the Horse family (Equidæ); a colt; a filly. Foal teeth (Zoöl.), the first set of teeth of a horse. -- In foal, With foal, being with young; pregnant; -- said of a mare or she ass. FOAL Foal, v.t. [imp.& p.p. Foaled; p. pr. & vb. n. Foaling.] Defn: To bring forth (a colt); -- said of a mare or a she ass. FOAL Foal, v.i. Defn: To bring forth young, as an animal of the horse kind. FOALFOOT Foal"foot`, n. Defn: (Bot.) See Coltsfoot. FOAM Foam, n. Etym: [OE. fam, fom, AS. fm; akin to OHG. & G. feim.] Defn: The white substance, consisting of an aggregation of bubbles, which is formed on the surface of liquids,or in the mouth of an animal, by violent agitation or fermentation; froth; spume; scum; as, the foam of the sea. Foam cock, in steam boilers, a cock at the water level, to blow off impurities. FOAM Foam, v.i. [imp.& p.p. Foamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Foaming.] Etym: [AS. fman. See Foam, n.] 1. To gather foam; to froth; as, the billows foam. He foameth, and gnasheth with his teeth. Mark ix. 18. 2. To form foam, or become filled with foam; -- said of a steam boiler when the water is unduly agitated and frothy, as because of chemical action. FOAM Foam, v.t. Defn: To cause to foam; as,to foam the goblet; also (with out), to throw out with rage or violence, as foam. "Foaming out their own shame." Jude 13. FOAMINGLY Foam"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With foam; frothily. FOAMLESS Foam"less, a. Defn: Having no foam. FOAMY Foam"y, a. Defn: Covered with foam; frothy; spumy. Behold how high the foamy billows ride! Dryden. FOB Fob, n. Etym: [Cf.Prov. G. fuppe pocket.] Defn: A little pocket for a watch. Fob chain, a short watch chain worn a watch carried in the fob. FOB Fob, v.t. [imp. & p. p. Fobbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Fobbing.] Etym: [Cf.Fop.] 1. To beat; to maul. [Obs.] 2. To cheat; to trick; to impose on. Shak. To fob off, to shift off by an artifice; to put aside; to delude with a trick."A conspiracy of bishops could prostrate and fob off the right of the people." Milton. FOCAL Fo"cal, a. Etym: [Cf.F. focal. See Focus.] Defn: Belonging to,or concerning, a focus; as, a focal point. Focal distance, or length,of a lens or mirror (Opt.), the distance of the focus from the surface of the lens or mirror, or more exactly, in the case of a lens, from its optical center. --Focal distance of a telescope, the distance of the image of an object from the object glass. FOCALIZATION Fo`cal*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of focalizing or bringing to a focus, or the state of being focalized. FOCALIZE Fo"cal*ize, v. t. [imp.& p. p. Focalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Focalizing.] Defn: To bring to a focus; to focus; to concentrate. Light is focalized in the eye, sound in the ear. De Quincey. FOCILLATE Foc"il*late, v. t. Etym: [L. focilatus,p.p. of focillare.] Defn: To nourish. [Obs.] Blount. FOCILLATION Foc`il*la"tion, n. Defn: Comfort; support. [Obs.] FOCIMETER Fo*cim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Focus + -meter.] Defn: (Photog.) An assisting instrument for focusing an object in or before a camera. Knight. FOCUS Fo"cus, n.; pl. E. Focuses, L. Foci. Etym: [L. focus hearth, fireplace; perh. akin to E. bake. Cf. Curfew, Fuel, Fusil the firearm.] 1. (Opt.) Defn: A point in which the rays of light meet, after being reflected or refrcted, and at which the image is formed; as, the focus of a lens or mirror. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A point so related to a conic section and certain straight line called the directrix that the ratio of the distace between any point of the curve and the focus to the distance of the same point from the directrix is constant. Note: Thus, in the ellipse FGHKLM, A is the focus and CD the directrix, when the ratios FA:FE, GA:GD, MA:MC, etc., are all equal. So in the hyperbola, A is the focus and CD the directrix when the ratio HA:HK is constant for all points of the curve; and in the parabola, A is the focus and CD the directrix when the ratio BA:BC is constant. In the ellipse this ratio is less than unity, in the parabola equal to unity, and in the hyperbola greater than unity. The ellipse and hyperbola have each two foci, and two corresponding directrixes, and the parabola has one focus and one directrix. In the ellipse the sum of the two lines from any point of the curve to the two foci is constant; that is: AG+GB=AH+HB; and in the hyperbola the difference of the corresponding lines is constant. The diameter which passes through the foci of the ellipse is the major axis. The diameter which being produced passes through the foci of the hyperbola is the transverse axis. The middle point of the major or the transverse axis is the center of the curve. Certain other curves, as the lemniscate and the Cartesian ovals, have points called foci, possessing properties similar to those of the foci of conic sections. In an ellipse, rays of light coming from one focus, and reflected from the curve, proceed in lines directed toward the other; in an hyperbola, in lines directed from the other; in a parabola, rays from the focus, after reflection at the curve, proceed in lines parallel to the axis. Thus rays from A in the ellipse are reflected to B; rays from A in the hyperbola are reflected toward L and M away from B. 3. A central point; a point of concentration. Aplanatic focus. (Opt.) See under Aplanatic. -- Conjugate focus (Opt.), the focus for rays which have a sensible divergence, as from a near object; -- so called because the positions of the object and its image are interchangeable. -- Focus tube (Phys.), a vacuum tube for Roentgen rays in which the cathode rays are focused upon the anticathode, for intensifying the effect. -- Principal, or Solar, focus (Opt.), the focus for parallel rays. FOCUS Fo"cus, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Focused; p. pr. & vb. n. Focusing.] Defn: To bring to a focus; to focalize; as, to focus a camera. R. Hunt. FODDER Fod"der, n. Etym: [See 1st Fother.] Defn: A weight by which lead and some other metals were formerly sold, in England, varying from 19 [Obs.] FODDER Fod"der, n. Etym: [AS. fdder, fddor, fodder (also sheath case), fr. fda food; akin to D. voeder, OHG. fuotar, G. futter, Icel. fr, Sw. & Dan. foder. sq. root75. See Food Land cf. Forage, Fur.] Defn: That which is fed out to cattle horses, and sheep, as hay, cornstalks, vegetables, etc. FODDER Fod"der, v.t. [imp.& p.p. Foddered (-drd); p. pr. & vb. n. Foddering.] Defn: To feed, as cattle, with dry food or cut grass, etc.;to furnish with hay, straw, oats, etc. FODDERER Fod"der*er, n. Defn: One who fodders cattle. FODIENT Fo"di*ent, a. Etym: [L. fodiens, p. pr. of fodere to dig.] Defn: Fitted for, or pertaining to, digging. FODIENT Fo"di*ent, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Fodientia. FODIENTIA Fo`di*en"ti*a, n.pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. fodiens p. pr., digging.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of African edentates including the aard-vark. FOE Foe, n. Etym: [OE. fo, fa, AS. fh hostile; prob. akin to E. fiend. sq. root81.] Defn: See Fiend, and cf. Feud a quarrel. 1. One who entertains personal enmity, hatred, grudge, or malice, against another; an enemy. A man's foes shall be they of his own household. Matt. x. 36 2. An enemy in war; a hostile army. 3. One who opposes on principle; an opponent; an adversary; an ill- wisher; as, a foe to religion. A foe to received doctrines. I. Watts FOE Foe, v. t. Defn: To treat as an enemy. [Obs.] Spenser. FOEHN Foehn, n. [G. dial. (Swiss), fr. L. Favonius west wind. Cf. Favonian.] (Meteor.) (a) A warm dry wind that often blows in the northern valleys of the Alps, due to the indraught of a storm center passing over Central Europe. The wind, heated by compression in its descent from the mountains, reaches the base, particularly in winter, dry and warm. (b) Any similar wind, as the chinook, in other parts of the world. FOEHOOD Foe"hood, n. Defn: Enmity. Br. Bedell. FOEMAN Foe"man, n.; pl. Foemen (-men). Etym: [AS. fhman.] Defn: An enemy in war. And the stern joy which warriors feel In foemen worthy of their steel. Sir W. Scott FOETAL Foe"tal, a. Defn: Same as Fetal. FOETATION Foe*ta"tion, n. Defn: Same as Fetation. FOETICIDE Foe"ti*cide, n. Defn: Same as Feticide. FOETOR Foe"tor, n. Defn: Same as Fetor. FOETUS Foe"tus, n. Defn: Same as Fetus. FOG Fog, n. Etym: [Cf. Scot. fog, fouge, moss, foggag rank grass, LL. fogagium, W. ffug dry grass.] (Agric.) (a) A second growth of grass; aftergrass. (b) Dead or decaying grass remaining on land through the winter; -- called also foggage. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell. Note: Sometimes called, in New England, old tore. In Scotland, fog is a general name for moss. FOG Fog, v. t. Defn: (Agric.) To pasture cattle on the fog, or aftergrass, of; to eat off the fog from. FOG Fog, v. i. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: To practice in a small or mean way; to pettifog. [Obs.] Where wouldst thou fog to get a fee Dryden. FOG Fog, n. Etym: [Dan. sneefog snow falling thick, drift of snow, driving snow, cf. Icel. fok spray, snowdrift, fj snowstorm, fjka to drift.] 1. Watery vapor condensed in the lower part of the atmosphere and disturbing its transparency. It differs from cloud only in being near the ground, and from mist in not approaching so nearly to fine rain. See Cloud. 2. A state of mental confusion. Fog alarm, Fog bell, Fog horn, etc., a bell, horn, whistle or other contrivance that sounds an alarm, often automatically, near places of danger where visible signals would be hidden in thick weather. -- Fog bank, a mass of fog resting upon the sea, and resembling distant land. -- Fog ring, a bank of fog arranged in a circular form, -- often seen on the coast of Newfoundland. FOG Fog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Fogging.] Defn: To envelop, as with fog; to befog; to overcast; to darken; to obscure. FOG Fog, v. i. (Photog.) Defn: To show indistinctly or become indistinct, as the picture on a negative sometimes does in the process of development. FOG BELT Fog belt. Defn: A region of the ocean where fogs are of marked frequency, as near the coast of Newfoundland. FOGBOW Fog"bow`, n. Defn: A nebulous arch, or bow, of white or yellowish light sometimes seen in fog, etc. FOGE Foge, n. Defn: The Cornish name for a forge used for smelting tin. Raymond FOGEY Fogey, n. Defn: See Fogy. FOGGAGE Foggage (; 48), n. (Agric.) Defn: See 1st Fog. FOGGER Fogger, n. Defn: One who fogs; a pettifogger. [Obs.] A beggarly fogger. Terence in English(1614) FOGGILY Fog"gi*ly, adv. Defn: In a foggy manner; obscurely. Johnson. FOGGINESS Fog"gi*ness, n. Defn: The state of being foggy. Johnson. FOGGY Fog"gy, a. [Compar. Foggier; superl. Foggiest.] Etym: [From 4th Fog.] 1. Filled or abounding with fog, or watery exhalations; misty; as, a foggy atmosphere; a foggy morning. Shak. 2. Beclouded; dull; obscure; as, foggy ideas. Your coarse, foggy, drowsy conceit. Hayward. FOGIE Fo"gie, n. Defn: See Fogy. FOGLESS Fog"less, a. Defn: Without fog; clear. Kane. FOGY Fo"gy, n.; pl. Fogies (. Defn: A dull old fellow; a person behind the times, over- conservative, or slow; -- usually preceded by old. [Written also fogie and fogey.] [Colloq.] Notorious old bore; regular old fogy. Thackeray. Note: The word is said to be connected with the German vogt, a guard or protector. By others it is regareded as a diminutive of folk (cf. D. volkje). It is defined by Jamieson, in his Scottish Dictionary, as "an invalid or garrison soldier," and is applied to the old soldiers of the Royal Hospital at Dublin, which is called the Fogies' Hospital. In the fixed habits of such persons we see the origin of the present use of the term. Sir F. Head. FOGYISM Fo"gy*ism, n. Defn: The principles and conduct of a fogy. [Colloq.] FOH Foh, interj. Etym: [Cf. Faugh.] Defn: An exclamation of abhorrence or contempt; poh; fle. Shak. FOHIST Fo"hist, n. Defn: A Buddhist priest. See Fo. FOIBLE Foi"ble, a. Etym: [OF. foible. See Feeble.] Defn: Weak; feeble. [Obs.] Lord Herbert. FOIBLE Foi"ble, n. 1. A moral weakness; a failing; a weak point; a frailty. A disposition radically noble and generous, clouded and overshadowed by superficial foibles. De Quincey. 2. The half of a sword blade or foil blade nearest the point; -- opposed to forte. [Written also faible.] Syn. -- Fault; imperfection; failing; weakness; infirmity; frailty; defect. See Fault. FOIL Foil (foil), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foiled (foild); p. pr. & vb. n. Foiling.] Etym: [F. fouler to tread or trample under one's feet, to press, oppress. See Full, v. t.] 1. To tread under foot; to trample. King Richard . . . caused the ensigns of Leopold to be pulled down and foiled under foot. Knoless. Whom he did all to pieces breake and foyle, In filthy durt, and left so in the loathely soyle. Spenser. 2. To render (an effort or attempt) vain or nugatory; to baffle; to outwit; to balk; to frustrate; to defeat. And by foiled. Dryden. Her long locks that foil the painter's power. Byron. 3. To blunt; to dull; to spoil; as, to foil the scent in chase. Addison. FOIL Foil, v. t. Etym: [See 6th File.] Defn: To defile; to soil. [Obs.] FOIL Foil, n. 1. Failure of success when on the point of attainment; defeat; frustration; miscarriage. Milton. Nor e'er was fate so near a foil. Dryden. 2. A blunt weapon used in fencing, resembling a smallsword in the main, but usually lighter and having a button at the point. Blunt as the fencer's foils, which hit, but hurt not. Shak. socrates contended with a foil against Demosthenes with a word. Mitford. 3. The track or trail of an animal. To run a foil,to lead astray; to puzzle; -- alluding to the habits of some animals of running back over the same track to mislead their pursuers. Brewer. FOIL Foil, n. Etym: [OE. foil leaf, OF. foil, fuil, fueil, foille, fueille, F. feuille, fr. L. folium, pl. folia; akin to Gr.blade. Cf. Foliage, Folio.] 1. A leaf or very thin sheet of metal; as, brass foil; tin foil; gold foil. 2. (Jewelry) Defn: A thin leaf of sheet copper silvered and burnished, and afterwards coated with transparent colors mixed with isinglass; -- employed by jewelers to give color or brilliancy to pastes and inferior stones. Ure. 3. Anything that serves by contrast of color or quality to adorn or set off another thing to advantage. As she a black silk cap on him began To set, for foil of his milk- white to serve. Sir P. Sidney. Hector has a foil to set him off. Broome. 4. A thin coat of tin, with quicksilver, laid on the back of a looking-glass, to cause reflection. 5. (Arch.) Defn: The space between the cusps in Gothic architecture; a rounded or leaflike ornament, in windows, niches, etc. A group of foils is called trefoil, quatrefoil, quinquefoil, etc., according to the number of arcs of which it is composed. Foil stone, an imitation of a jewel or precious stone. FOILABLE Foil"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being foiled. FOILER Foil"er, n. Defn: One who foils or frustrates. Johnson. FOILING Foil"ing, n. (Arch.) Defn: A foil. Simmonds. FOILING Foil"ing, n. Etym: [Cf. F. foulées. See 1st Foil.] (Hunting) Defn: The track of game (as deer) in the grass. FOIN Foin (foin), n. Etym: [F. fouine a marten.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The beech marten (Mustela foina). See Marten. 2. A kind of fur, black at the top on a whitish ground, taken from the ferret or weasel of the same name.[Obs.] He came to the stake in a fair black gown furred and faced with foins. Fuller. FOIN Foin, v. i. Etym: [OE. foinen, foignen; of uncertain origin; cf. dial. F. fouiner to push for eels with a spear, fr. F. fouine an eelspear, perh. fr. L. fodere to dig, thrust.] Defn: To thrust with a sword or spear; to lunge. [Obs.] He stroke, he soused, he foynd, he hewed, he lashed. Spenser. They lash, they foin, they pass, they strive to bore Their corselets, and the thinnest parts explore. Dryden. FOIN Foin, v. t. Defn: To prick; to stng. [Obs.] Huloet. FOIN Foin, n. Defn: A pass in fencing; a lunge. [Obs.] Shak. FOINERY Foin"er*y, n. Defn: Thrusting with the foil; fencing with the point, as distinguished from broadsword play. [Obs.] Marston. FOININGLY Foin"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With a push or thrust. [Obs.] FOISON Foi"son, n. Etym: [F. foison, fr. L. fusio a pouring, effusion. See Fusion.] Defn: Rich harvest; plenty; abundance. [Archaic] Lowell. That from the seedness the bare fallow brings To teeming foison. Shak. FOIST Foist (foist), n. Etym: [OF. fuste stick, boat, fr. L. fustis cudgel. Cf. 1st Fust.] Defn: A light and fast-sailing ship. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. FOIST Foist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Foisting.] Etym: [Cf. OD. vysten to fizzle, D. veesten, E. fizz, fitchet, bullfist.] Defn: To insert surreptitiously, wrongfully, or without warrant; to interpolate; to pass off (something spurious or counterfeit) as genuine, true, or worthy; -- usually followed by in. Lest negligence or partiality might admit or fois in abuses corruption. R. Carew. When a scripture has been corrupted . . . by a supposititious foisting of some words in. South. FOIST Foist, n. 1. A foister; a sharper. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. A trick or fraud; a swindle. [Obs.] B. Jonson. FOISTER Foist"er, n. Defn: One who foists something surreptitiously; a falsitier. Mir. for Mag. FOISTIED Foist"ied, a. Etym: [See 2d Fust.] Defn: Fusty. [Obs.] FOISTINESS Foist"i*ness, n. Defn: Fustiness; mustiness. [Obs.] FOISTY Foist"y, a. Defn: Fusty; musty. [Obs.] Johnson. FOLD Fold, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Folded; p. pr. & vb. n. Folding.] Etym: [OE. folden, falden, AS. fealdan; akin to OHG. faltan, faldan, G. falten, Icel. falda, Dan. folde, Sw. fålla, Goth. fal, cf. Gr.pu a fold. Cf. Fauteuil.] 1. To lap or lay in plaits or folds; to lay one part over another part of; to double; as, to fold cloth; to fold a letter. As a vesture shalt thou fold them up. Heb. i. 12. 2. To double or lay together, as the arms or the hands; as, he folds his arms in despair. 3. To inclose within folds or plaitings; to envelop; to infold; to clasp; to embrace. A face folded in sorrow. J. Webster. We will descend and fold him in our arms. Shak. 4. To cover or wrap up; to conceal. Nor fold my fault in cleanly coined excuses. Shak. FOLD Fold, v. i. Defn: To become folded, plaited, or doubled; to close over another of the same kind; to double together; as, the leaves of the door fold. 1 Kings vi. 34. FOLD Fold, n. Etym: [From Fold, v. In sense 2 AS. -feald, akin to fealdan to fold.] 1. A doubling,esp. of any flexible substance; a part laid over on another part; a plait; a plication. Mummies . . . shrouded in a number of folds of linen. Bacon. Folds are most common in the rocks of mountainous regions. J. D. Dana. 2. Times or repetitions; -- used with numerals, chiefly in composition, to denote multiplication or increase in a geometrical ratio, the doubling, tripling, etc., of anything; as, fourfold, four times, increased in a quadruple ratio, multiplied by four. 3. That which is folded together, or which infolds or envelops; embrace. Shall from your neck unloose his amorous fold. Shak. Fold net, a kind of net used in catching birds. FOLD Fold, n. Etym: [OE. fald, fold, AS. fald, falod.] 1. An inclosure for sheep; a sheep pen. Leaps o'er the fence with ease into the fold. Milton. 2. A flock of sheep; figuratively, the Church or a church; as, Christ's fold. There shall be one fold and one shepherd. John x. 16. The very whitest lamb in all my fold. Tennyson. 3. A boundary; a limit. [Obs.] Creech. Fold yard, an inclosure for sheep or cattle. FOLD Fold, v. t. Defn: To confine in a fold, as sheep. FOLD Fold, v. i. Defn: To confine sheep in a fold. [R.] The star that bids the shepherd fold. Milton. FOLDAGE Fold"age, ( n. Etym: [See Fold inclosure, Faldage.] (O.Eng.Law.) Defn: See Faldage. FOLDER Fold"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, folds; esp., a flat, knifelike instrument used for folding paper. FOLDEROL Fol"de*rol`, n. Defn: Nonsense. [Colloq.] FOLDING Fold"ing, n. 1. The act of making a fold or folds; also, a fold; a doubling; a plication. The lower foldings of the vest. Addison. 2. (Agric.) Defn: The keepig of sheep in inclosures on arable land, etc. Folding boat, a portable boat made by stretching canvas, etc., over jointed framework, used in campaigning, and by tourists, etc. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Folding chairFolding door, one of two or more doors filling a single and hung upon hinges. FOLDLESS Fold"less, a. Defn: Having no fold. Milman. FOLIACEOUS Fo`li*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. foliaceus, fr. folium leaf.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to, or having the texture or nature of, a leaf; having leaves intermixed with flowers; as, a foliaceous spike. 2. (Min.) Defn: Consisting of leaves or thin laminæ; having the form of a leaf or plate; as, foliaceous spar. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Leaflike in form or mode of growth; as, a foliaceous coral. FOLIAGE Fo"li*age, n. Etym: [OF. foillage, fueillage, F. feuillage, fr. OF. foille, fueille, fueil, F. feulle, leaf, L. folium. See 3d Foil, and cf. Foliation, Filemot.] 1. Leaves, collectively, as produced or arranged by nature; leafage; as, a tree or forest of beautiful foliage. 2. A cluster of leaves, flowers, and branches; especially, the representation of leaves, flowers, and branches, in architecture, intended to ornament and enrich capitals, friezes, pediments, etc. Foliage plant (Bot.), any plant cultivated for the beauty of its leaves, as many kinds of Begonia and Coleus. FOLIAGE Fo"li*age, v. t. Defn: To adorn with foliage or the imitation of foliage; to form into the representation of leaves. [R.] Drummond. FOLIAGED Fo"li*aged, a. Defn: Furnished with foliage; leaved; as, the variously foliaged mulberry. FOLIAR Fo"li*ar, a. (Bot.) Defn: Consisting of, or pertaining to, leaves; as, foliar appendages. Foliar gap (Bot.), an opening in the fibrovascular system of a stem at the point of origin of a leaf. -- Foliar trace (Bot.), a particular fibrovascular bundle passing down into the stem from a leaf. FOLIATE Fo"li*ate (, a. Etym: [L. foliatus leaved, leafy, fr. folium leaf. See Foliage.] (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with leaves; leafy; as, a foliate stalk. Foliate curve. (Geom.) Same as Folium. FOLIATE Fo"li*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foliated; p. pr. & vb. n. Foliating.] 1. To beat into a leaf, or thin plate. Bacon. 2. To spread over with a thin coat of tin and quicksilver; as, to foliate a looking-glass. FOLIATED Fo"li*a`ted, a. 1. Having leaves, or leaflike projections; as, a foliated shell. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Containing, or consisting of, foils; as, a foliated arch. 3. (Min.) Defn: Characterized by being separable into thin plates or folia; as, graphite has a foliated structure. 4. (Geol.) Defn: Laminated, but restricted to the variety of laminated structure found in crystalline schist, as mica schist, etc.; schistose. 5. Spread over with an amalgam of tin and quicksilver. Foliated telluium. (Min.) See Nagyagite. FOLIATION Fo"li*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. foliation.] 1. The process of forming into a leaf or leaves. 2. The manner in which the young leaves are dispo The . . . foliation must be in relation to the stem. De Quincey. 3. The act of beating a metal into a thin plate, leaf, foil, or lamina. 4. The act of coating with an amalgam of tin foil and quicksilver, as in making looking-glasses. 5. (Arch.) Defn: The enrichment of an opening by means of foils, arranged in trefoils, quatrefoils, etc.; also, one of the ornaments. See Tracery. 6. (Geol.) Defn: The property, possessed by some crystalline rocks, of dividing into plates or slabs, which is due to the cleavage structure of one of the constituents, as mica or hornblende. It may sometimes include slaty structure or cleavage, though the latter is usually independent of any mineral constituent, and transverse to the bedding, it having been produced by pressure. FOLIATURE Fo"li*a*ture, n. Etym: [L. foliatura foliage.] Defn: 1. Foliage; leafage. [Obs.] Shuckford. 2. The state of being beaten into foil. Johnson. FOLIER Fo"li*er, n. Defn: Goldsmith's foil. [R.] Sprat. FOLIFEROUS Fo*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. folium leaf+ -ferous: cf. F. foliifère.] Defn: Producing leaves. [Written also foliiferous.] FOLILY Fol"i*ly, a. Defn: Foolishly. [Obs.] Chaucer. FOLIO Fol"io, n.; pl. Folios. Etym: [Ablative of L. folium leaf. See 4th Foil.] 1. A leaf of a book or manuscript. 2. A sheet of paper once folded. 3. A book made of sheets of paper each folded once (four pages to the sheet); hence, a book of the largest kind. See Note under Paper. 4. (Print.) Defn: The page number. The even folios are on the left-hand pages and the odd folios on the right-hand. 5. A page of a book; (Bookkeeping) a page in an account book; sometimes, two opposite pages bearing the same serial number. 6. (Law) Defn: A leaf containing a certain number of words, hence, a certain number of words in a writing, as in England, in law proceedings 72, and in chancery, 90; in New York, 100 words. Folio post, a flat writing paper, usually 17 by 24 inches. FOLIO Folio, v. t. Defn: To put a serial number on each folio or page of (a book); to page. FOLIO Folio, a. Defn: Formed of sheets each folded once, making two leaves, or four pages; as, a folio volume. See Folio, n., 3. FOLIOLATE Fo"li*o*late, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to leaflets; -- used in composition; as, bi- foliolate. Gray. FOLIOLE Fo"li*ole, n. Etym: [Dim. of L. folium leaf: cf. F. foliole.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the distinct parts of a compound leaf; a leaflet. FOLIOMORT Fo`li*o*mort", a. Defn: See Feuillemort. FOLIOSE Fo`li*ose", a. Etym: [L. foliosus, fr. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: Having many leaves; leafy. FOLIOSITY Fo`li*os"i*ty, n. Defn: The ponderousness or bulk of a folio; voluminousness. [R.] De Quincey. FOLIOUS Fo"li*ous (, a. Etym: [See Foliose.] 1. Like a leaf; thin; unsubstantial. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Foliose. [R.] FOLIUM Fo"li*um, n.; pl. E. Foliums, L. Folia. Etym: [L., a leaf.] 1. A leaf, esp. a thin leaf or plate. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A curve of the third order, consisting of two infinite branches, which have a common asymptote. The curve has a double point, and a leaf-shaped loop; whence the name. Its equation is x3 + y3 = axy. FOLK; FOLKS Folk, Folks, n. collect. & pl. Etym: [AS. folc; akin to D. volk, OS. & OHG. folk, G. volk, Icel. f, Sw. & Dan. folk, Lith. pulkas crowd, and perh. to E. follow.] 1. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: In Anglo-Saxon times, the people of a group of townships or villages; a community; a tribe. [Obs.] The organization of each folk, as such, sprang mainly from war. J. R. Green. 2. People in general, or a separate class of people; -- generally used in the plural form, and often with a qualifying adjective; as, the old folks; poor folks. [Colloq.] In winter's tedious nights, sit by the fire With good old folks, and let them tell thee tales. Shak. 3. The persons of one's own family; as, our folks are all well. [Colloq. New Eng.] Bartlett. Folk song, one of a class of songs long popular with the common people. -- Folk speech, the speech of the common people, as distinguished from that of the educated class. FOLKETHING Fol"ke*thing`, n. [Dan. See Folk, and Thing.] Defn: The lower house of the Danish Rigsdag, or Parliament. See Legislature, below. FOLKLAND Folk"land`, n. Etym: [AS. folcland.] (O.Eng. Law) Defn: Land held in villenage, being distributed among the folk, or people, at the pleasure of the lord of the manor, and resumed at his discretion. Not being held by any assurance in writing, it was opposed to bookland or charter land, which was held by deed. Mozley & W. FOLKLORE; FOLK LORE Folk"lore`, n., or; Folk" lore` Defn: . Tales, legends, or superstitions long current among the people. Trench. FOLKMOTE Folk"mote`, n. Etym: [AS. folcm folk meeting.] Defn: An assembly of the people; esp. (Sax. Law), Defn: a general assembly of the people to consider and order matters of the commonwealth; also, a local court. [Hist.] To which folkmote they all with one consent Agreed to travel. Spenser. FOLKMOTER Folk"mot`er, n. Defn: One who takes part in a folkmote, or local court. [Obs.] Milton. FOLLICLE Fol"li*cle, n. Etym: [L. folliculus a small bag, husk, pod, dim of follis bellows, an inflated ball, a leathern money bag, perh. akin to E. bellows: cf. F. follicule. Cf. 2d Fool.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A simple podlike pericarp which contains several seeds and opens along the inner or ventral suture, as in the peony, larkspur and milkweed. 2. (Anat.) (a) A small cavity, tubular depression, or sac; as, a hair follicle. (b) A simple gland or glandular cavity; a crypt. (c) A small mass of adenoid tissue; as, a lymphatic follicle. FOLLICULAR Fol*lic"u*lar, a. 1. Like, pertaining to, or consisting of, a follicles or follicles. 2. (Med.) Defn: Affecting the follicles; as, follicular pharyngitis. FOLLICULATED Fol*lic"u*la`ted, a. Defn: Having follicles. FOLLICULOUS Fol*lic"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. folliculosus full of husks: cf. F. folliculeux.] Defn: Having or producing follicles. FOLLIFUL Fol"li*ful, a. Defn: Full of folly. [Obs.] FOLLOW Fol"low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Followed; p. pr. & vb. n. Following.]Etym: [OE. foluwen, folwen, folgen, AS. folgian, fylgean, fylgan; akin to D. volgen, OHG. folg, G. folgen, Icel. fylgja, Sw. följa, Dan. fölge, and perh. to E. folk.] 1. To go or come after; to move behind in the same path or direction; hence, to go with (a leader, guide, etc.); to accompany; to attend. It waves me forth again; I'll follow it. Shak. 2. To endeavor to overtake; to go in pursuit of; to chase; to pursue; to prosecute. I will harden the hearts of the Egyptians, and they shall follow them. Ex. xiv. 17. 3. To accept as authority; to adopt the opinions of; to obey; to yield to; to take as a rule of action; as, to follow good advice. Approve the best, and follow what I approve. Milton. Follow peace with all men. Heb. xii. 14. It is most agreeable to some men to follow their reason; and to others to follow their appetites. J. Edwards. 4. To copy after; to take as an example. We had rather follow the perfections of them whom we like not, than in defects resemble them whom we love. Hooker. 5. To succeed in order of time, rank, or office. 6. To result from, as an effect from a cause, or an inference from a premise. 7. To watch, as a receding object; to keep the eyes fixed upon while in motion; to keep the mind upon while in progress, as a speech, musical performance, etc.; also, to keep up with; to understand the meaning, connection, or force of, as of a course of thought or argument. He followed with his eyes the flitting shade. Dryden. 8. To walk in, as a road or course; to attend upon closely, as a profession or calling. O, had I but followed the arts! Shak. O Antony! I have followed thee to this. Shak. Follow board (Founding), a board on which the pattern and the flask lie while the sand is rammed into the flask. Knight. -- To follow the hounds, to hunt with dogs. -- To follow suit (Card Playing), to play a card of the same suit as the leading card; hence, colloquially, to follow an example set. -- To follow up, to pursue indefatigably. Syn.- To pursue; chase; go after; attend; accompany; succeed; imitate; copy; embrace; maintain. - To Follow, Pursue. To follow (v.t.) denotes simply to go after; to pursue denotes to follow with earnestness, and with a view to attain some definite object; as, a hound pursues the deer. So a person follows a companion whom he wishes to overtake on a journey; the officers of justice pursue a felon who has escaped from prison. FOLLOW Fol"low, v. i. Defn: To go or come after; -- used in the various senses of the transitive verb: To pursue; to attend; to accompany; to be a result; to imitate. Syn.- To Follow, Succeed, Ensue. To follow (v.i.) means simply to come after; as, a crowd followed. To succeed means to come after in some regular series or succession; as, day succeeds to day, and night to night. To ensue means to follow by some established connection or principle of sequence. As wave follows wave, revolution succeeds to revolution; and nothing ensues but accumulated wretchedness. FOLLOWER Fol"low*er, n. Etym: [OE. folwere, AS. folgere.] Defn: 1. One who follows; a pursuer; an attendant; a disciple; a dependent associate; a retainer. 2. A sweetheart; a beau. [Colloq.] A. Trollope. 3. (Steam Engine) (a) The removable flange, or cover, of a piston. See Illust. of Piston. (b) A gland. See Illust. of Stuffing box. 4. (Mach.) Defn: The part of a machine that receives motion from another part. See Driver. 5. Among law stationers, a sheet of parchment or paper which is added to the first sheet of an indenture or other deed. Syn. -- Imitator; copier; disciple; adherent; partisan; dependent; attendant. FOLLOWING Fol"low*ing, n. 1. One's followers, adherents, or dependents, collectively. Macaulay. 2. Vocation; business; profession. FOLLOWING Fol"low*ing, a. 1. Next after; succeeding; ensuing; as, the assembly was held on the following day. 2. (Astron.) Defn: (In the field of a telescope) In the direction from which stars are apparently moving (in consequence of the erth's rotation); as, a small star, north following or south following. In the direction toward which stars appear to move is called preceding. Note: The four principal directions in the field of a telescope are north, south, following, preceding. FOLLOWING EDGE Following edge. (Aëronautics) Defn: See Advancing-edge, above. FOLLOWING SURFACE Following surface. (Aëronautics) Defn: See Advancing-surface, above. FOLLY Fol"ly, n.; pl. Follies. Etym: [OE. folie, foli, F. folie, fr. fol, fou, foolish, mad. See Fool.] 1. The state of being foolish; want of good sense; levity, weakness, or derangement of mind. 2. A foolish act; an inconsiderate or thoughtless procedure; weak or light-minded conduct; foolery. What folly 'tis to hazard life for ill. Shak. 3. Scandalous crime; sin; specifically, as applied to a woman, wantonness. [Achan] wrought folly in Israel. Josh. vii. 15. When lovely woman stoops to folly. Goldsmith. 4. The result of a foolish action or enterprise. It is called this man's or that man's "folly," and name of the foolish builder is thus kept alive for long after years. Trench. FOLWE Fol"we, v. t. Defn: To follow. [Obs.] Chaucer. FOMALHAUT Fo"mal*haut`, n. [AFomalhaut.] (Astron.) Defn: A star of the first magnitude, in the constellation Piscis Australis, or Southern Fish. FOMENT Fo*ment", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fomented; p. pr. & vb. n. Fomenting.] Etym: [F. fomenter, fr. L. fomentare, fr. fomentum (for fovimentum) a warm application or lotion, fr. fovere to warm or keep warm; perh. akin to Gr. bake.] 1. To apply a warm lotion to; to bathe with a cloth or sponge wet with warm water or medicated liquid. 2. To cherish with heat; to foster. [Obs.] Which these soft fires . . . foment and warm. Milton. 3. To nurse to life or activity; to cherish and promote by excitements; to encourage; to abet; to instigate; -- used often in a bad sense; as, to foment ill humors. Locke. But quench the choler you foment in vain. Dryden. Exciting and fomenting a religious rebellion. Southey. FOMENTATION Fo`men*ta"tion, n. [fomentatio: cf. F. fomentation.] 1. (Med.) (a) The act of fomenting; the application of warm, soft, medicinal substances, as for the purpose of easing pain, by relaxing the skin, or of discussing tumors. (b) The lotion applied to a diseased part. 2. Excitation; instigation; encouragement. Dishonest fomentation of your pride. Young. FOMENTER Fo*ment"er, n. Defn: One who foments; one who encourages or instigates; as, a fomenter of sedition. FOMES Fo"mes, n.; pl. Fomites. Etym: [L. fomes, -itis, touch-wood, tinder.] (Med.) Defn: Any substance supposed to be capable of absorbing, retaining, and transporting contagious or infectious germs; as, woolen clothes are said to be active fomites. FON Fon, n. Etym: [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. fani silly, fana to act silly, Sw. fåne fool. Cf. Fond, a.] Defn: A fool; an idiot. [Obs.] Chaucer. FOND Fond, obs. Defn: imp. of Find. Found. Chaucer. FOND Fond, a. [Compar. Fonder; superl. Fondest.] Etym: [For fonned, p. p. of OE. fonnen to be foolish. See Fon.] 1. Foolish; silly; simple; weak. [Archaic] Grant I may never prove so fond To trust man on his oath or bond. Shak. 2. Foolishly tender and loving; weakly indulgent; over-affectionate. 3. Affectionate; loving; tender; -- in a good sense; as, a fond mother or wife. Addison. 4. Loving; much pleased; affectionately regardful, indulgent, or desirous; longing or yearning; -- followed by of (formerly also by on). More fond on her than she upon her love. Shak. You are as fond of grief as of your child. Shak. A great traveler, and fond of telling his adventures. Irving. 5. Doted on; regarded with affection. [R.] Nor fix on fond abodes to circumscribe thy prayer. Byron. 6. Trifling; valued by folly; trivial. [Obs.] Shak. FOND Fond, v. t. Defn: To caress; to fondle. [Obs.] The Tyrian hugs and fonds thee on her breast. Dryden. FOND Fond, v. i. Defn: To be fond; to dote. [Obs.] Shak. FONDANT Fon"dant (fon"dant; Fr. fôN`däN"), n. [F., lit., melting, p. pr. of fondre to melt, L. fundere. See Found to cast.] Defn: A kind of soft sweetmeat made by boiling solutions to the point of crystallization, usually molded; as, cherry fondant. FONDE Fond"e, v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. fandian to try.] Defn: To endeavor; to strive; to try. [Obs.] Chaucer. FONDLE Fon"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fondled; p. pr. & vb. n. Fondling.] Etym: [From Fond, v.] Defn: To treat or handle with tenderness or in a loving manner; to caress; as, a nurse fondles a child. Syn.- See Caress. FONDLER Fon"dler, n. Defn: One who fondles. Johnson. FONDLING Fon"dling, n. Etym: [From Fondle.] Defn: The act of caressing; manifestation of tenderness. Cyrus made no . . . amorous fondling To fan her pride, or melt her guardless heart. Mickle. FONDLING Fond"ling, n. Etym: [Fond + -ling.] 1. A person or thing fondled or caressed; one treated with foolish or doting affection. Fondlings are in danger to be made fools. L'Estrange. 2. A fool; a simpleton; a ninny. [Obs.] Chapman. FONDLY Fond"ly, adv. 1. Foolishly. [Archaic] Verstegan (1673). Make him speak fondly like a frantic man. Shak. 2. In a fond manner; affectionately; tenderly. My heart, untarveled, fondly turns to thee. Goldsmith. FONDNESS Fond"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being fond; foolishness. [Obs.] Fondness it were for any, being free, To covet fetters, though they golden be. Spenser. 2. Doting affection; tender liking; strong appetite, propensity, or relish; as, he had a fondness for truffles. My heart had still some foolish fondness for thee. Addison. Syn.- Attachment; affection; love; kindness. FONDON Fon"don, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fondant flux.] (Metal.) Defn: A large copper vessel used for hot amalgamation. FONDU Fon`du" (fon"dus"), a. [F. fondu, p.p. of fondre to melt, blend. See Found to cast.] Defn: Blended; passing into each other by subtle gradations; -- said of colors or of the surface or material on which the colors are laid. FONDUE; FONDU Fon`due", n. [Also erroneously Fon`du".] [F. See Fondu; cf. Fondant.] (Cookery) Defn: A dish made of cheese, eggs, butter, etc., melted together. FONDUS Fon`dus", n. Etym: [F. fondu, prop. p.p. of fondre to melt, blend. See Found to cast.] Defn: A style of printing calico, paper hangings, etc., in which the colors are in bands and graduated into each other. Ure. FONE Fone, n.; Defn: pl. of Foe. [Obs.] Spenser. FONGE Fong"e, v. t. Etym: [See Fang, v. t.] Defn: To take; to receive. [Obs.] Chaucer. FONLY Fon"ly, adv. Etym: [See Fon.] Defn: Foolishly; fondly. [Obs.] Spenser. FONNE Fon"ne, n. Defn: A fon. [Obs.] Chaucer. FONT Font, n. Etym: [F. fonte, fr. fondre to melt or cast. See Found to cast, and cf. Fount a font.] (Print.) Defn: A complete assortment of printing type of one size, including a due proportion of all the letters in the alphabet, large and small, points, accents, and whatever else is necessary for printing with that variety of types; a fount. FONT Font, n. Etym: [AS. font, fant, fr. L. fons, fontis, spring, fountain; cf. OF. font, funt, F. fonts, fonts baptismaux, pl. See Fount.] 1. A fountain; a spring; a source. Bathing forever in the font of bliss. Young. 2. A basin or stone vessel in which water is contained for baptizing. That name was given me at the font. Shak. FONTAL Font"al, a. Defn: Pertaining to a font, fountain, source, or origin; original; primitive. [R.] From the fontal light of ideas only can a man draw intellectual power. Coleridge. FONTANEL Fon"ta*nel`, n. Etym: [F. fontanelle, prop., a little fountain, fr. fontaine fountain. See Fountain.] 1. (Med.) Defn: An issue or artificial ulcer for the discharge of humors from the body.[Obs.] Wiseman. 2. (Anat.) Defn: One of the membranous intervals between the incompleted angles of the parietal and neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull; -- so called because it exhibits a rhythmical pulsation. Note: In the human fetus there are six fontanels, of which the anterior, or bregmatic, situated at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures, is much the largest, and remains open a considerable time after birth. FONTANELLE Fon`ta`nelle", n. Etym: [F.] (Anat.) Defn: Same as Fontanel, 2. FONTANGE Fon`tange", n. Etym: [F., from the name of the first wearer, Mlle. de Fontanges, about 1679.] Defn: A kind of tall headdress formerly worn. Addison. FOOD Food, n. Etym: [OE. fode, AS. foda; akin to Icel. fæ\'eba, fæ\'ebi, Sw. föda, Dan. & LG. föde, OHG. fatunga, Gr. patei^sthai to eat, and perh. to Skr. pa to protect, L. pascere to feed, pasture, pabulum food, E. pasture. *75. Cf. Feed, Fodder food, Foster to cherish.] 1. What is fed upon; that which goes to support life by being received within, and assimilated by, the organism of an animal or a plant; nutriment; aliment; especially, what is eaten by animals for nourishment. Note: In a physiological sense, true aliment is to be distinguished as that portion of the food which is capable of being digested and absorbed into the blood, thus furnishing nourishment, in distinction from the indigestible matter which passes out through the alimentary canal as fæces. Note: Foods are divided into two main groups: nitrogenous, or proteid, foods, i.e., those which contain nitrogen, and nonnitrogenous, i.e., those which do not contain nitrogen. The latter group embraces the fats and carbohydrates, which collectively are sometimes termed heat producers or respiratory foods, since by oxidation in the body they especially subserve the production of heat. The proteids, on the other hand, are known as plastic foods or tissue formers, since no tissue can be formed without them. These latter terms, however, are misleading, since proteid foods may also give rise to heat both directly and indirectly, and the fats and carbohydrates are useful in other ways than in producing heat. 2. Anything that instructs the intellect, excites the feelings, or molds habits of character; that which nourishes. This may prove food to my displeasure. Shak. In this moment there is life and food For future years. Wordsworth. Note: Food is often used adjectively or in self-explaining compounds, as in food fish or food-fish, food supply. Food vacuole (Zoöl.), one of the spaces in the interior of a protozoan in which food is contained, during digestion. -- Food yolk. (Biol.) See under Yolk. Syn. -- Aliment; sustenance; nutriment; feed; fare; victuals; provisions; meat. FOOD Food, v. t. Defn: To supply with food. [Obs.] Baret. FOODFUL Food"ful, a. Defn: Full of food; supplying food; fruitful; fertile. "The foodful earth." Dryden. Bent by its foodful burden [the corn]. Glover. FOODLESS Food"less, a. Defn: Without food; barren. Sandys. FOODY Food"y, a. Defn: Eatable; fruitful. [R.] Chapman. FOOL Fool, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fouler to tread, crush. Cf. 1st Foil.] Defn: A compound of gooseberries scalded and crushed, with cream; -- commonly called gooseberry fool. FOOL Fool, n. Etym: [OE. fol, n. & adj., F. fol, fou, foolish, mad; a fool, prob. fr. L. follis a bellows, wind bag, an inflated ball; perh. akin to E. bellows. Cf. Folly, Follicle.] 1. One destitute of reason, or of the common powers of understanding; an idiot; a natural. 2. A person deficient in intellect; one who acts absurdly, or pursues a course contrary to the dictates of wisdom; one without judgment; a simpleton; a dolt. Extol not riches, then, the toil of fools. Milton. Experience keeps a dear school, but fools will learn in no other. Franklin. 3. (Script.) Defn: One who acts contrary to moral and religious wisdom; a wicked person. The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. Ps. xiv. 1. 4. One who counterfeits folly; a professional jester or buffoon; a retainer formerly kept to make sport, dressed fantastically in motley, with ridiculous accouterments. Can they think me . . . their fool or jester Milton. April fool, Court fool, etc. See under April, Court, etc. -- Fool's cap, a cap or hood to which bells were usually attached, formerly worn by professional jesters. -- Fool's errand, an unreasonable, silly, profitless adventure or undertaking. -- Fool's gold, iron or copper pyrites, resembling gold in color. -- Fool's paradise, a name applied to a limbo (see under Limbo) popularly believed to be the region of vanity and nonsense. Hence, any foolish pleasure or condition of vain self-satistaction. -- Fool's parsley (Bot.), an annual umbelliferous plant (Æthusa Cynapium) resembling parsley, but nauseous and poisonous. -- To make a fool of, to render ridiculous; to outwit; to shame. [Colloq.] -- To play the fool, to act the buffoon; to act a foolish part. "I have played the fool, and have erred exceedingly." 1 Sam. xxvi. 21. FOOL Fool, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fooled; p. pr. & vb. n. Fooling.] Defn: To play the fool; to trifle; to toy; to spend time in idle sport or mirth. Is this a time for fooling Dryden. FOOL Fool, v. t. 1. To infatuate; to make foolish. Shak. For, fooled with hope, men favor the deceit. Dryden. 2. To use as a fool; to deceive in a shameful or mortifying manner; to impose upon; to cheat by inspiring foolish confidence; as, to fool one out of his money. You are fooled, discarded, and shook off By him for whom these shames ye underwent. Shak. To fool away, to get rid of foolishly; to spend in trifles, idleness, folly, or without advantage. FOOLAHS Foo"lahs`, n. pl.; sing. Foolah. (Ethnol.) Defn: Same as Fulahs. FOOL-BORN Fool"-born`, a. Defn: Begotten by a fool. Shak. FOOLERY Fool"er*y, n.; pl. Fooleries (. 1. The practice of folly; the behavior of a fool; absurdity. Folly in fools bears not so strong a note, As foolery in the wise, when wit doth dote. Shak. 2. An act of folly or weakness; a foolish practice; something absurd or nonsensical. That Pythagoras, Plato, or Orpheus, believed in any of these fooleries, it can not be suspected. Sir W. Raleigh. FOOLFISH Fool"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The orange filefish. See Filefish. (b) The winter flounder. See Flounder. FOOL-HAPPY Fool"-hap`py, a. Defn: Lucky, without judgment or contrivance. [Obs.] Spenser. FOOLHARDIHOOD Fool"har`di*hood, n. Defn: The state of being foolhardy; foolhardiness. FOOLHARDILY Fool"har`di*ly, adv. Defn: In a foolhardy manner. FOOLHARDINESS Fool"har`di*ness, n. Defn: Courage without sense or judgment; foolish rashness; recklessness. Dryden. FOOLHARDISE Fool"har`dise, n. Etym: [Fool, F. fol, fou + F. hardiesse boldness.] Defn: Foolhardiness. [Obs.] Spenser. FOOLHARDY Fool"har`dy, a. Etym: [OF. folhardi. See Fool idiot, and Hardy.] Defn: Daring without judgment; foolishly adventurous and bold. Howell. Syn. -- Rash; venturesome; venturous; precipitate; reckless; headlong; incautious. See Rash. FOOL-HASTY Fool"-has`ty, a. Defn: Foolishly hasty. [R.] FOOLIFY Fool"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Fool + -fy.] Defn: To make a fool of; to befool. [R.] Holland. FOOLISH Fool"ish, a. 1. Marked with, or exhibiting, folly; void of understanding; weak in intellect; without judgment or discretion; silly; unwise. I am a very foolish fond old man. Shak. 2. Such as a fool would do; proceeding from weakness of mind or silliness; exhibiting a want of judgment or discretion; as, a foolish act. 3. Absurd; ridiculous; despicable; contemptible. A foolish figure he must make. Prior. Syn. -- Absurd; shallow; shallow-brained; brainless; simple; irrational; unwise; imprudent; indiscreet; incautious; silly; ridiculous; vain; trifling; contemptible. See Absurd. FOOLISHLY Fool"ish*ly, adv. Defn: In a foolish manner. FOOLISHNESS Fool"ish*ness, n. 1. The quality of being foolish. 2. A foolish practice; an absurdity. The preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness. 1 Cor. i. 18. FOOL-LARGE Fool"-large`, a. Etym: [OF. follarge. See Fool, and Large.] Defn: Foolishly liberal. [Obs.] Chaucer. FOOL-LARGESSE Fool"-lar*gesse`, n. Etym: [See Fool-large, Largess.] Defn: Foolish expenditure; waste. [Obs.] Chaucer. FOOLSCAP Fools"cap`, n. Etym: [So called from the watermark of a fool's cap and bells used by old paper makers. See Fool's cap, under Fool.] Defn: A writing paper made in sheets, ordinarily 16 x 13 inches, and folded so as to make a page 13 x 8 inches. See Paper. FOOT Foot, n.; pl. Feet. Etym: [OE. fot, foot, pl. feet. AS. f, pl. f; akin to D. voet, OHG. fuoz, G. fuss, Icel. f, Sw. fot, Dan. fod, Goth. f, L. pes, Gr. pad, Icel. fet step, pace measure of a foot, feta to step, find one's way. *77, 250. Cf. Antipodes, Cap-a-pie, Expedient, Fet to fetch, Fetlock, Fetter, Pawn a piece in chess, Pedal.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The terminal part of the leg of man or an animal; esp., the part below the ankle or wrist; that part of an animal upon which it rests when standing, or moves. See Manus, and Pes. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The muscular locomotive organ of a mollusk. It is a median organ arising from the ventral region of body, often in the form of a flat disk, as in snails. See Illust. of Buccinum. 3. That which corresponds to the foot of a man or animal; as, the foot of a table; the foot of a stocking. 4. The lowest part or base; the ground part; the bottom, as of a mountain or column; also, the last of a row or series; the end or extremity, esp. if associated with inferiority; as, the foot of a hill; the foot of the procession; the foot of a class; the foot of the bed. And now at foot Of heaven's ascent they lift their feet. Milton. 5. Fundamental principle; basis; plan; -- used only in the singular. Answer directly upon the foot of dry reason. Berkeley. 6. Recognized condition; rank; footing; -- used only in the singular. [R.] As to his being on the foot of a servant. Walpole. 7. A measure of length equivalent to twelve inches; one third of a yard. See Yard. Note: This measure is supposed to be taken from the length of a man's foot. It differs in length in different countries. In the United States and in England it is 304.8 millimeters. 8. (Mil.) Defn: Soldiers who march and fight on foot; the infantry, usually designated as the foot, in distinction from the cavalry. "Both horse and foot." Milton. 9. (Pros.) Defn: A combination of syllables consisting a metrical element of a verse, the syllables being formerly distinguished by their quantity or length, but in modern poetry by the accent. 10. (Naut.) Defn: The lower edge of a sail. Note: Foot is often used adjectively, signifying of or pertaining to a foot or the feet, or to the base or lower part. It is also much used as the first of compounds. Foot artillery. (Mil.) (a) Artillery soldiers serving in foot. (b) Heavy artillery. Farrow. -- Foot bank (Fort.), a raised way within a parapet. -- Foot barracks (Mil.), barracks for infantery. -- Foot bellows, a bellows worked by a treadle. Knight. -- Foot company (Mil.), a company of infantry. Milton. -- Foot gear, covering for the feet, as stocking, shoes, or boots. -- Foot hammer (Mach.), a small tilt hammer moved by a treadle. -- Foot iron. (a) The step of a carriage. (b) A fetter. -- Foot jaw. (Zoöl.) See Maxilliped. -- Foot key (Mus.), an organ pedal. -- Foot level (Gunnery), a form of level used in giving any proposed angle of elevation to a piece of ordnance. Farrow. -- Foot mantle, a long garment to protect the dress in riding; a riding skirt. [Obs.] -- Foot page, an errand boy; an attendant. [Obs.] -- Foot passenger, one who passes on foot, as over a road or bridge. -- Foot pavement, a paved way for foot passengers; a footway; a trottoir. -- Foot poet, an inferior poet; a poetaster. [R.] Dryden. -- Foot post. (a) A letter carrier who travels on foot. (b) A mail delivery by means of such carriers. -- Fot pound, and Foot poundal. (Mech.) See Foot pound and Foot poundal, in the Vocabulary. -- Foot press (Mach.), a cutting, embossing, or printing press, moved by a treadle. -- Foot race, a race run by persons on foot. Cowper. -- Foot rail, a railroad rail, with a wide flat flange on the lower side. -- Foot rot, an ulcer in the feet of sheep; claw sickness. -- Foot rule, a rule or measure twelve inches long. -- Foot screw, an adjusting screw which forms a foot, and serves to give a machine or table a level standing on an uneven place. -- Foot secretion. (Zoöl.) See Sclerobase. -- Foot soldier, a soldier who serves on foot. -- Foot stick (Printing), a beveled piece of furniture placed against the foot of the page, to hold the type in place. -- Foot stove, a small box, with an iron pan, to hold hot coals for warming the feet. -- Foot tubercle. (Zoöl.) See Parapodium. -- Foot valve (Steam Engine), the valve that opens to the air pump from the condenser. -- Foot vise, a kind of vise the jaws of which are operated by a treadle. -- Foot waling (Naut.), the inside planks or lining of a vessel over the floor timbers. Totten. -- Foot wall (Mining), the under wall of an inclosed vein. By foot, or On foot, by walking; as, to pass a stream on foot. -- Cubic foot. See under Cubic. -- Foot and mouth disease, a contagious disease (Eczema epizoötica) of cattle, sheep, swine, etc., characterized by the formation of vesicles and ulcers in the mouth and about the hoofs. -- Foot of the fine (Law), the concluding portion of an acknowledgment in court by which, formerly, the title of land was conveyed. See Fine of land, under Fine, n.; also Chirograph. (b). -- Square foot. See under Square. -- To be on foot, to be in motion, action, or process of execution. -- To keep the foot (Script.), to preserve decorum. "Keep thy foot when thou goest to the house of God." Eccl. v. 1. -- To put one's foot down, to take a resolute stand; to be determined. [Colloq.] -- To put the best foot foremost, to make a good appearance; to do one's best. [Colloq.] -- To set on foot, to put in motion; to originate; as, to set on foot a subscription. -- To put, or set, one on his feet, to put one in a position to go on; to assist to start. -- Under foot. (a) Under the feet; (Fig.) at one's mercy; as, to trample under foot. Gibbon. (b) Below par. [Obs.] "They would be forced to sell . . . far under foot." Bacon. FOOT Foot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Footed; p. pr. & vb. n. Footing.] 1. To tread to measure or music; to dance; to trip; to skip. Dryden. 2. To walk; -- opposed to ride or fly. Shak. FOOT Foot, v. t. 1. To kick with the foot; to spurn. Shak. 2. To set on foot; to establish; to land. [Obs.] What confederacy have you with the traitors Late footed in the kingdom Shak. 3. To tread; as, to foot the green. Tickell. 4. To sum up, as the numbers in a column; -- sometimes with up; as, to foot (or foot up) an account. 5. The size or strike with the talon. [Poet.] Shak. 6. To renew the foot of, as of stocking. Shak. To foot a bill, to pay it. [Colloq.] -- To foot it, to walk; also, to dance. If you are for a merry jaunt, I'll try, for once, who can foot it farthest. Dryden. FOOTBALL Foot"ball`, n. Defn: An inflated ball to be kicked in sport, usually made in India rubber, or a bladder incased in Leather. Waller. 2. The game of kicking the football by opposing parties of players between goals. Arbuthnot. FOOTBAND Foot"band`, n. Defn: A band of foot soldiers. [Obs.] FOOTBATH Foot"bath`, n. Defn: A bath for the feet; also, a vessel used in bathing the feet. FOOTBOARD Foot"board`, n. 1. A board or narrow platfrom upon which one may stand or brace his feet; as: (a) The platform for the engineer and fireman of a locomotive. (b) The foot-rest of a coachman's box. 2. A board forming the foot of a bedstead. 3. A treadle. FOOTBOY Foot"boy`, n. Defn: A page; an attendant in livery; a lackey. Shak. FOOTBREADTH Foot"breadth`, n. Defn: The breadth of a foot; -- used as a measure. Longfellow. Not so much as a footbreadth. Deut. ii. 5. FOOTBRIDGE Foot"bridge`, n. Defn: A narrow bridge for foot passengers only. FOOT CANDLE Foot candle. (Photom.) Defn: The amount of illumination produced by a standard candle at a distance of one foot. FOOTCLOTH Foot"cloth`, n. Defn: Formerly, a housing or caparison for a horse. Sir W. Scott. FOOTED Foot"ed, a. 1. Having a foot or feet; shaped in the foot. "Footed like a goat." Grew. Note: Footed is often used in composition in the sense of having (such or so many) feet; as, fourfooted beasts. 2. Having a foothold; established. Our king . . . is footed in this land already. Shak. FOOTFALL Foot"fall`, n. Defn: A setting down of the foot; a footstep; the sound of a footstep. Shak. Seraphim, whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted floor. Poe FOOTFIGHT Foot"fight`, n. Defn: A conflict by persons on foot; -- distinguished from a fight on horseback. Sir P. Sidney. FOOTGLOVE Foot"glove`, n. Defn: A kind of stocking. [Obs.] FOOT GUARDS Foot" Guards`, pl. Defn: Infantry soldiers belonging to select regiments called the Guards. [Eng.] FOOTHALT Foot"halt`, n. Defn: A disease affecting the feet of sheep. FOOTHILL Foot"hill`, n. Defn: A low hill at the foot of highe FOOTHOLD Foot"hold`, n. Defn: A holding with the feet; firm L'Estrange. FOOTHOOK Foot"hook`, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Futtock. FOOTHOT Foot"hot`, adv. Defn: Hastily; immediately; instantly; on the spot; hotfloot. Gower. Custance have they taken anon, foothot. Chaucer. FOOTING Foot"ing, n. 1. Ground for the foot; place for the foot to rest on; firm foundation to stand on. In ascent, every stfooting and help to the next. Holder. 2. Standing; position; established place; basis for operation; permanent settlement; foothold. As soon as he had obtained a footing at court, the charms of his manner . . . made him a favorite. Macaulay. 3. Relative condition; state. Lived on a footing of equality with nobles. Macaulay. 4. Tread; step; especially, measured tread. Hark, I hear the footing of a man. Shak. 5. The act of adding up a column of figures; the amount or sum total of such a column. 6. The act of putting a foot to anything; also, that which is added as a foot; as, the footing of a stocking. 7. A narrow cotton lace, without figures. 8. The finer refuse part of whale blubber, not wholly deprived of oil. Simmonds. 9. (Arch. & Enging.) Defn: The thickened or sloping portion of a wall, or of an embankment at its foot. Footing course (Arch.), one of the courses of masonry at the foot of a wall, broader than the courses above. -- To pay one's footing, to pay a fee on first doing anything, as working at a trade or in a shop. Wright. -- Footing beam, the tie beam of a roof. FOOTLESS Foot"less, a. Defn: Having no feet. FOOTLICKER Foot"lick`er, n. Defn: A sycophant; a fawner; a toady. Cf. Bootlick. Shak. FOOTLIGHT Foot"light`, n. Defn: One of a row of lights in the front of the stage in a theater, etc., and on a level therewith. Before the footlights, upon the stage; -- hence, in the capacity of an actor. FOOTMAN Foot"man, n.; pl. Footmen (. 1. A soldier who marches and fights on foot; a foot soldier. 2. A man in waiting; a male servant whose duties are to attend the door, the carriage, the table, etc. 3. Formerly, a servant who ran in front of his master's carriage; a runner. Prior. 4. A metallic stand with four feet, for keeping anything warm before a fire. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A moth of the family Lithosidæ; -- so called from its livery- like colors. FOOTMANSHIP Foot"man*ship, n. Defn: Art or skill of a footman. FOOTMARK Foot"mark`, n. Defn: A footprint; a track or vestige. Coleridge. FOOTNOTE Foot"note`, n. Defn: A note of reference or comment at the foot of a page. FOOTPACE Foot"pace`, n. 1. A walking pace or step. 2. A dais, or elevated platform; the highest step of the altar; a landing in a staircase. Shipley. FOOTPAD Foot"pad`, n. Defn: A highwayman or robber on foot. FOOTPATH Foot"path`, n.; pl. Footpaths (. Defn: A narrow path or way for pedestrains only; a footway. FOOTPLATE Foot"plate`, n. (Locomotives) Defn: See Footboard (a). FOOT POUND Foot" pound`. (Mech.) Defn: A unit of energy, or work, being equal to the work done in raising one pound avoirdupois against the force of gravity the height of one foot. FOOT POUNDAL Foot" pound`al. (Mech.) Defn: A unit of energy or work, equal to the work done in moving a body through one foot against the force of one poundal. FOOTPRINT Foot"print`, n. Defn: The impression of the foot; a trace or footmark; as, "Footprints of the Creator." FOOTROPE Foot"rope`, n. (Aut.) (a) The rope rigged below a yard, upon which men stand when reefing or furling; -- formerly called a horse. (b) That part of the boltrope to which the lower edge of a sail is sewed. FOOTS Foots, n. pl. Defn: The settlings of oil, molasses, etc., at the bottom of a barrel or hogshead. Simmonds. FOOT-SORE Foot"-sore`, a. Defn: Having sore or tender feet, as by reason of much walking; as, foot-sore cattle. FOOTSTALK Foot"stalk`, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: The stalk of a leaf or of flower; a petiole, pedicel, or reduncle. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The peduncle or stem by which various marine animals are attached, as certain brachiopods and goose barnacles. (b) The stem which supports which supports the eye in decapod Crustacea; eyestalk. 3. (Mach.) Defn: The lower part of a millstone spindle. It rests in a step. Knight. FOOTSTALL Foot"stall`, n. Etym: [Cf. Pedestal.] 1. The stirrup of a woman's saddle. 2. (Arch.) Defn: The plinth or base of a pillar. FOOTSTEP Foot"step`, n. 1. The mark or impression of the foot; a track; hence, visible sign of a course pursued; token; mark; as, the footsteps of divine wisdom. How on the faltering footsteps of decay Youth presses. Bryant. 2. An inclined plane under a hand printing press. FOOTSTONE Foot"stone` (; 110), n. Defn: The stone at the foot of a grave; -- opposed to headstone. FOOTSTOOL Foot"stool`, n. Defn: A low stool to support the feet of one when sitting. FOOT TON Foot ton. (Mech.) Defn: A unit of energy or work, being equal to the work done in raising one ton against the force of gravity through the height of one foot. FOOT VALVE Foot valve. (Mech.) Defn: A suction valve or check valve at the lower end of a pipe; esp., such a valve in a steam-engine condenser opening to the air pump. FOOTWAY Foot"way`, n. Defn: A passage for pedestrians only. FOOTWORN Foot"worn`, a. Defn: Worn by, or weared in, the feet; as, a footworn path; a footworn traveler. FOOTY Foot"y, a. 1. Having foots, or settlings; as, footy oil, molasses, etc. [Eng.] 2. Poor; mean. [Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley. FOOZLE Foo"zle, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Foozled; p. pr. & vb. n. Foozling.] [Cf. G. fuseln to work badly or slowly.] Defn: To bungle; to manage awkwardly; to treat or play unskillfully; as, to foozle a stroke in golf. She foozles all along the course. Century Mag. FOOZLE Foo"zle, n. 1. A stupid fellow; a fogy. [Colloq.] 2. Act of foozling; a bungling stroke, as in golf. FOP Fop, n. Etym: [OE. foppe, fop, fool; cf. E. fob to cheat, G. foppen to make a fool of one, jeer, D. foppen.] Defn: One whose ambition it is to gain admiration by showy dress; a coxcomb; an inferior dandy. FOP-DOODLE Fop"-doo`dle, n. Defn: A stupid or insignaficant fellow; a fool; a simpleton. [R.] Hudibras. FOPLING Fop"ling, n. Defn: A petty fop. Landor. FOPPERY Fop"per*y, n.; pl. Fopperies. Etym: [From Fop.] 1. The behavior, dress, or other indication of a fop; coxcombry; affectation of show; showy folly. 2. Folly; foolery. Let not the sound of shallow foppery enter My sober house. Shak. FOPPISH Fop"pish, a. Defn: Foplike; characteristic of a top in dress or manners; making an ostentatious display of gay clothing; affected in manners. Syn. -- Finical; spruce; dandyish. See Finical. -- Fop"pish*ly, adv. -- Fop"pish*ness, n. FOR- For- (. Etym: [AS. for-; akin to D. & G. ver-, OHG. fir-, Icel. for-, Goth. fra-, cf. Skr. para- away, Gr. far, adj. Cf. Fret to rub.] Defn: A prefix to verbs, having usually the force of a negative or privative. It often implies also loss, detriment, or destruction, and sometimes it is intensive, meaning utterly, quite thoroughly, as in forbathe. FOR For, prep. Etym: [AS. for, fore; akin to OS. for, fora, furi, D. voor, OHG. fora, G. vor, OHG. furi, G. für, Icel. fyrir, Sw. för, Dan. for, adv. för, Goth. faúr, faúra, L. pro, Gr. pra-. sq. root 202. Cf. Fore, First, Foremost, Forth, Pro-.] Defn: In the most general sense, indicating that in consideration of, in view of, or with reference to, which anything is done or takes place. 1. Indicating the antecedent cause or occasion of an action; the motive or inducement accompanying and prompting to an act or state; the reason of anything; that on account of which a thing is or is done. With fiery eyes sparkling for very wrath. Shak. How to choose dogs for scent or speed. Waller. Now, for so many glorious actions done, For peace at home, and for the public wealth, I mean to crown a bowl for Cæsar's health. Dryden. That which we, for our unworthiness, are afraid to crave, our prayer is, that God, for the worthiness of his Son, would, notwithstanding, vouchsafe to grant. Hooker. 2. Indicating the remoter and indirect object of an act; the end or final cause with reference to which anything is, acts, serves, or is done. The oak for nothing ill, The osier good for twigs, the poplar for the mill. Spenser. It was young counsel for the persons, and violent counsel for the matters. Bacon. Shall I think the worls was made for one, And men are born for kings, as beasts for men, Not for protection, but to be devoured Dryden. For he writes not for money, nor for praise. Denham. 3. Indicating that in favor of which, or in promoting which, anything is, or is done; hence, in behalf of; in favor of; on the side of; -- opposed to against. We can do nothing against the truth, but for the truth. 2 Cor. xiii. 8. It is for the general good of human society, and consequently of particular persons, to be true and just; and it is for men's health to be temperate. Tillotson. Aristotle is for poetical justice. Dennis. 4. Indicating that toward which the action of anything is directed, or the point toward which motion is made; We sailed from Peru for China and Japan. Bacon. 5. Indicating that on place of or instead of which anything acts or serves, or that to which a substitute, an equivalent, a compensation, or the like, is offered or made; instead of, or place of. And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot. Ex. xxi. 23, 24. 6. Indicating that in the character of or as being which anything is regarded or treated; to be, or as being. We take a falling meteor for a star. Cowley. If a man can be fully assured of anything for a truth, without having examined, what is there that he may not embrace for truLocke. Most of our ingenious young men take up some cried-up English poet for their model. Dryden. But let her go for an ungrateful woman. Philips. 7. Indicating that instead of which something else controls in the performing of an action, or that in spite of which anything is done, occurs, or is; hence, equivalent to notwithstanding, in spite of; -- generally followed by all, aught, anything, etc. The writer will do what she please for all me. Spectator. God's desertion shall, for aught he knows, the next minute supervene. Dr. H. More. For anything that legally appears to the contrary, it may be a contrivance to fright us. Swift. 8. Indicating the space or time through which an action or state extends; hence, during; in or through the space or time of. For many miles about There 's scarce a bush. Shak. Since, hired for life, thy servile muse sing. prior. To guide the sun's bright chariot for a day. Garth. 9. Indicating that in prevention of which, or through fear of which, anything is done. [Obs.] We 'll have a bib, for spoiling of thy doublet. Beau. & Fl. For, or As for, so far as concerns; as regards; with reference to; -- used parenthetically or independently. See under As. As for me and my house, we will serve the Lord. Josh. xxiv. 15. For me, my stormy voyage at an end, I to the port of death securely tend. Dryden. -- For all that, notwithstanding; in spite of. -- For all the world, wholly; exactly. "Whose posy was, for all the world, like cutlers' poetry." Shak. -- For as much as, or Forasmuch as, in consideration that; seeing that; since. -- For by. See Forby, adv. -- For ever, eternally; at all times. See Forever. -- For me, or For all me, as far as regards me. -- For my life, or For the life of me, if my life depended on it. [Colloq.] T. Hook. -- For that, For the reason that, because; since. [Obs.] "For that I love your daughter." Shak. -- For thy, or Forthy Etym: [AS. for, for this; on this account. [Obs.] "Thomalin, have no care for thy." Spenser. -- For to, as sign of infinitive, in order to; to the end of. [Obs., except as sometimes heard in illiterate speech.] -- "What went ye out for to see" Luke vii. 25. See To, prep., 4. -- O for, would that I had; may there be granted; -- elliptically expressing desire or prayer. "O for a muse of fire." Shak. -- Were it not for, or If it were not for, leaving out of account; but for the presence or action of. "Moral consideration can no way move the sensible appetite, were it not for the will." Sir M. Hale. FOR For, conj. 1. Because; by reason that; for that; indicating, in Old English, the reason of anything. And for of long that way had walkéd none, The vault was hid with plants and bushes hoar. Fairfax. And Heaven defend your good souls, that you think I will your serious and great business scant, For she with me. Shak. 2. Since; because; introducing a reason of something before advanced, a cause, motive, explanation, justification, or the like, of an action related or a statement made. It is logically nearly equivalent to since, or because, but connects less closely, and is sometimes used as a very general introduction to something suggested by what has gone before. Give thanks unto the Lord; for he is good; for his mercy endureth forever. Ps. cxxxvi. 1. Heaven doth with us as we with torches do, Not light them for themselves; for if our virtues Did not go forth of us, 't were all alike As if we had them not. Shak. For because, because. [Obs.] "Nor for because they set less store by their own citizens." Robynson (More's Utopia). -- For why. (a) Why; for that reason; wherefore. [Obs.] (b) Because. [Obs.] See Forwhy. Syn. -- See Because. FOR For, n. Defn: One who takes, or that which is said on, the affrimative side; that which is said in favor of some one or something; -- the antithesis of against, and commonly used in connection with it. The fors and against. those in favor and those opposed; the pros and the cons; the advantages and the disadvantages. Jane Austen. FORAGE For"age (; 48), n. Etym: [OF. fourage, F. fourrage, fr. forre, fuerre, fodder, straw, F. feurre, fr. LL. foderum, fodrum, of German or Scand, origin; cf. OHG. fuotar, G. futter. See Fodder food, and cf. Foray.] 1. The act of foraging; search for provisions, etc. He [the lion] from forage will incline to play. Shak. One way a band select from forage drives A herd of beeves, fair oxen and fair kine. Milton. Mawhood completed his forage unmolested. Marshall. 2. Food of any kind for animals, especially for horses and cattle, as grass, pasture, hay, corn, oats. Dryden. Forage cap. See under Cap. -- Forage master (Mil.), a person charged with providing forage and the means of transporting it. Farrow. FORAGE For"age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Foraged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Foraging.] Defn: To wander or rove in search of food; to collect food, esp. forage, for horses and cattle by feeding on or stripping the country; to ravage; to feed on spoil. His most mighty father on a hill Stood smiling to behold his lion's whelp Forage in blood of French nobility. Shak. Foraging ant (Zoöl.), one of several species of ants of the genus Eciton, very abundant in tropical America, remarkable for marching in vast armies in search of food. -- Foraging cap, a forage cap. -- Foraging party, a party sent out after forage. FORAGE For"age, v. t. Defn: To strip of provisions; to supply with forage; as, to forage steeds. Pope. FORAGER For"a*ger, n. Defn: One who forages. FORALITE For"a*lite, n. Etym: [L. forare to bore + -lite.] (Geol.) Defn: A tubelike marking, occuring in sandstone and other strata. FORAMEN Fo*ra"men, n.; pl. L. Foramina, E. Foramines. Etym: [L., fr. forare to bore, pierce.] Defn: A small opening, perforation, or orifice; a fenestra. Foramen of Monro (Anat.), the opening from each lateral into the third ventricle of the brain. -- Foramen of Winslow (Anat.), the opening connecting the sac of the omentum with the general cavity of the peritoneum. FORAMINATED Fo*ram"i*na`ted, a. Etym: [L. foraminatus.] Defn: Having small opening, or foramina. FORAMINIFER For`a*min"i*fer, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the foraminifera. FORAMINIFERA Fo*ram`i*nif"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. foramen, -aminis, a foramen + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive order of rhizopods which generally have a chambered calcareous shell formed by several united zooids. Many of them have perforated walls, whence the name. Some species are covered with sand. See Rhizophoda. FORAMINIFEROUS Fo*ram`i*nif"er*ous, a. 1. Having small openings, or foramina. 2. Pertaining to, or composed of, Foraminifera; as, foraminiferous mud. FORAMINOUS Fo*ram"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. foraminosus.] Defn: Having foramina; full of holes; porous. Bacon. FORASMUCH For`as*much", comj. Defn: In consideration that; seeing that; since; because that; -- followed by as. See under For, prep. FORAY For"ay, n. Etym: [Another form of forahe. Cf. Forray.] Defn: A sudden or irregular incursion in border warfare; hence, any irregular incursion for war or spoils; a raid. Spenser. The huge Earl Doorm, . . . Bound on a foray, rolling eyes of prey. Tennyson. FORAY For"ay, v. t. Defn: To pillage; to ravage. He might foray our lands. Sir W. Scott. FORAYER For"ay*er ( or ), n. Defn: One who makes or joins in a foray. They might not choose the lowand road, For the Merse forayers were abroad. Sir W. Scott. FORBADE For*bade", Defn: imp. of Forbid. FORBATHE For*bathe", v. t. Defn: To bathe. [Obs.] FORBEAR For*bear", n. Etym: [See Fore, and Bear to produce.] Defn: An ancestor; a forefather; -- usually in the plural. [Scot.] "Your forbears of old." Sir W. Scott. FORBEAR For*bear", v. i. [imp. Forbore (Forbare (, [Obs.]); p. p. Forborne; p. pr. & vb. n. Forbearing.] Etym: [OE. forberen, AS. forberan; pref. for- + beran to bear. See Bear to support.] 1. To refrain from proceeding; to pause; to delay. Shall I go against Ramoth-gilead to battle, or shall I forbear 1 Kinds xxii. 6. 2. To refuse; to decline; to give no heed. Thou shalt speak my words unto them, whether they will hear, or whether they will forbear. Ezek. ii. 7. 3. To control one's self when provoked. The kindest and the happiest pair Will find occasion to forbear. Cowper. Both bear and forbear. Old Proverb. FORBEAR For*bear", v. t. 1. To keep away from; to avoid; to abstain from; to give up; as, to forbear the use of a word of doubdtful propriety. But let me that plunder forbear. Shenstone. The King In open battle or the tilting field Forbore his own advantage. Tennyson. 2. To treat with consideration or indulgence. Forbearing one another in love. Eph. iv. 2. 3. To cease from bearing. [Obs.] Whenas my womb her burden would forbear. Spenser. FORBEARANCE For*bear"ance, n. Defn: The act of forbearing or waiting; the exercise of patience. He soon shall findForbearance no acquittance ere day end. Milton. 2. The quality of being forbearing; indulgence toward offenders or enemies; long-suffering. Have a continent forbearance, till the speed of his rage goeShak. Syn. -- Abstinence; refraining; lenity; mildness. FORBEARANT For*bear"ant, a. Defn: Forbearing. [R.] Carlyle. FORBEARER For*bear"er, n. Defn: One who forbears. Tusser. FORBEARING For*bear"ing, a. Defn: Disposed or accustomed to forbear; patient; long-suffering. -- For*bear"ing*ly, adv. FORBID For*bid", v. t. [imp. Forbade; p. p. Forbidden (Forbid, [Obs.]); p. pr. & vb. n. Forbidding.] Etym: [OE. forbeden, AS. forbeódan; pref. for- + beódan to bid; akin to D. verbieden, G. verbieten, Icel., fyrirbjoedha, forboedha, Sw. förbjuda, Dan. forbyde. See Bid, v. t.] 1. To command against, or contrary to; to prohibit; to interdict. More than I have said . . . The leisure and enforcement of the time Forbids to dwell upon. Shak. 2. To deny, exclude from, or warn off, by express command; to command not to enter. Have I not forbid her my house Shak. 3. To oppose, hinder, or prevent, as if by an effectual command; as, an impassable river forbids the approach of the army. A blaze of glory that forbids the sight. Dryden. 4. To accurse; to blast. [Obs.] He shall live a man forbid. Shak. 5. To defy; to challenge. [Obs.] L. Andrews. Syn. -- To prohibit; interdict; hinder; preclude; withold; restrain; prevent. See Prohibit. FORBID For*bid", v. i. Defn: To utter a prohibition; to prevent; to hinder. "I did not or forbid." Milton. FORBIDDANCE For*bid"dance, n. Defn: The act of forbidding; prohibition; command or edict against a thing. [Obs.] ow hast thou yield to transgress The strict forbiddance. Milton. FORBIDDEN For*bid"den, a. Defn: Prohibited; interdicted. I kniw no spells, use no forbidden arts. Milton. Forbidden fruit. (a) Any coveted unlawful pleasure, -- so called with reference to the forbidden fruit of the Garden of Eden. (b) (Bot.) A small variety of shaddock (Citrus decumana). The name is given in different places to several varieties of Citrus fruits. FORBIDDENLY For*bid"den*ly, adv. Defn: In a forbidden or unlawful manner. Shak. FORBIDDER For*bid"der, n. Defn: One who forbids. Milton. FORBIDDING For*bid"ding, a. Defn: Repelling approach; repulsive; raising abhorrence, aversion, or dislike; disagreeable; prohibiting or interdicting; as, a forbidding aspect; a forbidding formality; a forbidding air. Syn. -- Disagreeable; unpleasant; displeasing; offensive; repulsive; odious; abhorrent. -- For*bid"ding*ly, adv. -- For*bid"ding*ness, n. FORBLACK For*black", a. Defn: Very black. [Obs.] As any raven's feathers it shone forblack. Chaucer. FORBODEN For*bo"den, obs. Defn: p. p. of Forbid. Chaucer. FORBORE For*bore", Defn: imp. of Forbear. FORBORNE For*borne", Defn: p. p. of Forbear. FORBRUISE For*bruise", v. t. Defn: To bruise sorely or exceedingly. [Obs.] All forbrosed, both back and side. Chaucer. FORBY For*by", adv. & prep. Etym: [See Foreby.] Defn: Near; hard by; along; past. [Obs.] To tell her if her child went ought forby. Chaucer. To the intent that ships may pass along forby all the sides of the city without let. Robynson (More's Utopia). FORCARVE For*carve", v. t. Defn: To cut completely; to cut off. [Obs.] Chaucer. FORCE Force, v. t. Etym: [See Farce to stuff.] Defn: To stuff; to lard; to farce. [R.] Wit larded with malice, and malice forced with wit. Shak. FORCE Force, n. Etym: [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. fors, foss, Dan. fos.] Defn: A waterfall; a cascade. [Prov. Eng.] To see the falls for force of the river Kent. T. Gray. FORCE Force, n. Etym: [F. force, LL. forcia, fortia, fr. L. fortis strong. See Fort, n.] 1. Strength or energy of body or mind; active power; vigor; might; often, an unusual degree of strength or energy; capacity of exercising an influence or producing an effect; especially, power to persuade, or convince, or impose obligation; pertinency; validity; special signification; as, the force of an appeal, an argument, a contract, or a term. He was, in the full force of the words, a good man. Macaulay. 2. Power exerted against will or consent; compulsory power; violence; coercion. Which now they hold by force, and not by right. Shak. 3. Strength or power war; hence, a body of land or naval combatants, with their appurtenances, ready for action; -- an armament; troops; warlike array; -- often in the plural; hence, a body of men prepared for action in other ways; as, the laboring force of a plantation. Is Lucius general of the forces Shak. 4. (Law) (a) Strength or power exercised without law, or contrary to law, upon persons or things; violence. (b) Validity; efficacy. Burrill. 5. (Physics) Defn: Any action between two bodies which changes, or tends to change, their relative condition as to rest or motion; or, more generally, which changes, or tends to change, any physical relation between them, whether mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, magnetic, or of any other kind; as, the force of gravity; cohesive force; centrifugal force. Animal force (Physiol.), muscular force or energy. -- Catabiotic force Etym: [Gr. (Biol.), the influence exerted by living structures on adjoining cells, by which the latter are developed in harmony with the primary structures. -- Centrifugal force, Centripetal force, Coercive force, etc. See under Centrifugal, Centripetal, etc. -- Composition of forces, Correlation of forces, etc. See under Composition, Correlation, etc. -- Force and arms Etym: [trans. of L. vi et armis] (Law), an expression in old indictments, signifying violence. -- In force, or Of force, of unimpaired efficacy; valid; of full virtue; not suspended or reversed. "A testament is of force after men are dead." Heb. ix. 17. -- Metabolic force (Physiol.), the influence which causes and controls the metabolism of the body. -- No force, no matter of urgency or consequence; no account; hence, to do no force, to make no account of; not to heed. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Of force, of necessity; unavoidably; imperatively. "Good reasons must, of force, give place to better." Shak. -- Plastic force (Physiol.), the force which presumably acts in the growth and repair of the tissues. -- Vital force (Physiol.), that force or power which is inherent in organization; that form of energy which is the cause of the vital phenomena of the body, as distinguished from the physical forces generally known. Syn. -- Strength; vigor; might; energy; stress; vehemence; violence; compulsion; coaction; constraint; coercion. -- Force, Strength. Strength looks rather to power as an inward capability or energy. Thus we speak of the strength of timber, bodily strength, mental strength, strength of emotion, etc. Force, on the other hand, looks more to the outward; as, the force of gravitation, force of circumstances, force of habit, etc. We do, indeed, speak of strength of will and force of will; but even here the former may lean toward the internal tenacity of purpose, and the latter toward the outward expression of it in action. But, though the two words do in a few cases touch thus closely on each other, there is, on the whole, a marked distinction in our use of force and strength. "Force is the name given, in mechanical science, to whatever produces, or can produce, motion." Nichol. Thy tears are of no force to mollify This flinty man. Heywood. More huge in strength than wise in works he was. Spenser. Adam and first matron Eve Had ended now their orisons, and found Strength added from above, new hope to spring Out of despair. Milton. FORCE Force, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forced; p. pr. & vb. n. Forcing.] Etym: [OF. forcier, F. forcer, fr. LL. forciare, fortiare. See Force, n.] 1. To constrain to do or to forbear, by the exertion of a power not resistible; to compel by physical, moral, or intellectual means; to coerce; as, masters force slaves to labor. 2. To compel, as by strength of evidence; as, to force conviction on the mind. 3. To do violence to; to overpower, or to compel by violence to one;s will; especially, to ravish; to violate; to commit rape upon. To force their monarch and insult the court. Dryden. I should have forced thee soon wish other arms. Milton. To force a spotless virgin's chastity. Shak. 4. To obtain or win by strength; to take by violence or struggle; specifically, to capture by assault; to storm, as a fortress. 5. To impel, drive, wrest, extort, get, etc., by main strength or violence; -- with a following adverb, as along, away, from, into, through, out, etc. It stuck so fast, so deeply buried lay That scarce the victor forced the steel away. Dryden. To force the tyrant from his seat by war. Sahk. Ethelbert ordered that none should be forced into religion. Fuller. 6. To put in force; to cause to be executed; to make binding; to enforce. [Obs.] What can the church force more J. Webster. 7. To exert to the utmost; to urge; hence, to strain; to urge to excessive, unnatural, or untimely action; to produce by unnatural effort; as, to force a consient or metaphor; to force a laugh; to force fruits. High on a mounting wave my head I bore, Forcing my strength, and gathering to the shore. Dryden. 8. (Whist) Defn: To compel (an adversary or partner) to trump a trick by leading a suit of which he has none. 9. To provide with forces; to reënforce; to strengthen by soldiers; to man; to garrison. [Obs.] Shak. 10. To allow the force of; to value; to care for. [Obs.] For me, I force not argument a straw. Shak. Syn. -- To compel; constrain; oblige; necessitate; coerce; drive; press; impel. FORCE Force, v. i. [Obs. in all the senses.] 1. To use violence; to make violent effort; to strive; to endeavor. Forcing with gifts to win his wanton heart. Spenser. 2. To make a difficult matter of anything; to labor; to hesitate; hence, to force of, to make much account of; to regard. Your oath once broke, you force not to forswear. Shak. I force not of such fooleries. Camden. 3. To be of force, importance, or weight; to matter. It is not sufficient to have attained the name and dignity of a shepherd, not forcing how. Udall. FORCED Forced, a. Defn: Done or produced with force or great labor, or by extraordinary exertion; hurried; strained; produced by unnatural effort or pressure; as, a forced style; a forced laugh. Forced draught. See under Draught. -- Forced march (Mil.), a march of one or more days made with all possible speed. -- For"ced*ly, adv. -- For"ced*ness, n. FORCEFUL Force"ful, a. Defn: Full of or processing force; exerting force; mighty. -- Force"ful*ly, adv. Against the steed he threw His forceful spear. Dryden. FORCELESS Force"less, a. Defn: Having little or no force; feeble. These forceless flowers like sturdy trees support me. Shak. FORCEMEAT Force"meat`, n. Etym: [Corrupt. for farce-meat, fr. F. farce stuffing. See Farce, n.] (Cookery) Defn: Meat chopped fine and highly seasoned, either served up alone, or used as a stuffing. [Written also forced meat.] FORCEMENT Force"ment, n. Defn: The act of forcing; compulsion. [Obs.] It was imposed upon us by constraint; And will you count such forcement treachery J. Webster. FORCEPS For"ceps, n. Etym: [L. forceps, -cipis, from the root of formus Hot + capere to take; akin to E. heave. Cf. Furnace.] 1. A pair of pinchers, or tongs; an instrument for grasping, holding firmly, or exerting traction upon, bodies which it would be inconvenient or impracticable to seize with the fingers, especially one for delicate operations, as those of watchmakers, surgeons, accoucheurs, dentists, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The caudal forceps-shaped appendage of earwigs and some other insects. See Earwig. Dressing forceps. See under Dressing. FORCE PUMP Force" pump`. (Mach.) (a) A pump having a solid piston, or plunger, for drawing and forcing a liquid, as water, through the valves; in distinction from a pump having a bucket, or valved piston. (b) A pump adapted for delivering water at a considerable height above the pump, or under a considerable pressure; in distinction from one which lifts the water only to the top of the pump or delivers it through a spout. See Illust. of Plunger pump, under Plunger. FORCER For"cer, n. 1. One who, or that which, forces or drives. 2. (Mech.) (a) The solid piston of a force pump; the instrument by which water is forced in a pump. (b) A small hand pump for sinking pits, draining cellars, etc. FORCIBLE For"ci*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. forcible forcible, forceable that may be forced.] 1. Possessing force; characterized by force, efficiency, or energy; powerful; efficacious; impressive; influential. How forcible are right words! Job. vi. 2 Sweet smells are most forcible in dry substances, when broken. Bacon. But I have reasons strong and forcible. Shak. That punishment which hath been sometimes forcible to bridle sin. Hooker. He is at once elegant and sublime, forcible and ornamented. Lowth (Transl. ) 2. Violent; impetuous. Like mingled streams, more forcible when joined. Prior. 3. Using force against opposition or resistance; obtained by compulsion; effected by force; as, forcible entry or abduction. In embraces of King James . . . forcible and unjust. Swift. Forcible entry and detainer (Law), the entering upon and taking and withholding of land and tenements by actual force and violence, and with a strong hand, to the hindrance of the person having the right to enter. Syn. -- Violent; powerful; strong; energetic; mighty; potent; weighty; impressive; cogent; influential. FORCIBLE-FEEBLE For"ci*ble-fee`ble, a. Etym: [From Feeble, a character in the Second Part of Shakespeare's "King Henry IV.," to whom Falstaff derisively applies the epithet "forcible."] Defn: Seemingly vigorous, but really weak or insipid. He [Prof. Ayton] would purge his book of much offensive matter, if he struck out epithets which are in the bad taste of the forcible-feeble school. N. Brit. Review. FORCIBLENESS For"ci*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being forcible. FORCIBLY For"ci*bly, adv. Defn: In a forcible manner. FORCING For"cing, n. 1. The accomplishing of any purpose violently, precipitately, prematurely, or with unusual expedition. 2. (Gardening) Defn: The art of raising plants, flowers, and fruits at an earlier season than the natural one, as in a hitbed or by the use of artificial heat. Forcing bed or pit, a plant bed having an under layer of fermenting manure, the fermentation yielding bottom heat for forcing plants; a hotbed. -- Forcing engine, a fire engine. -- Forcing fit (Mech.), a tight fit, as of one part into a hole in another part, which makes it necessary to use considerable force in putting the two parts together. -- Forcing house, a greenhouse for the forcing of plants, fruit trees, etc. -- Forcing machine, a powerful press for putting together or separating two parts that are fitted tightly one into another, as for forcing a crank on a shaft, or for drawing off a car wheel from the axle. -- Forcing pump. See Force pump (b). FORCIPAL For"ci*pal, a. Defn: Forked or branched like a pair of forceps; constructed so as to open and shut like a pair of forceps. Sir T. Browne. FORCIPATE; FORCIPATED For"ci*pate, For"ci*pa`ted, a. Defn: Like a pair of forceps; as, a forcipated mouth. FORCIPATION For`ci*pa"tion, n. Defn: Torture by pinching with forceps or pinchers. Bacon. FORCITE For"cite, n. [From 3d Force, n.] (Chem.) Defn: A gelatin dynamite in which the dope is composed largely of sodium nitrate. FORCUT For*cut", v. t. Defn: To cut completely; to cut off. [Obs.] Chaucer. FORD Ford, n. Etym: [AS. ford; akin to G. furt, Icel. f bay, and to E. fare. Fare, v. i., and cf. Frith arm of the sea.] 1. A place in a river, or other water, where it may passed by man or beast on foot, by wading. He swam the Esk river where ford there was none. Sir W. Scott. 2. A stream; a current. With water of the ford Or of the clouds. Spenser. Permit my ghost to pass the Stygford. Dryden. FORD Ford, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forded; p. pr. & vb. n. Fording.] Defn: To pass or cross, as a river or other water, by wading; to wade through. His last section, which is no deep one, remains only to be forted. Milton. FORDABLE Ford"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being forded. -- Ford"a*ble*ness, n. FORDLESS Ford"less, a. Defn: Without a ford. A deep and fordless river. Mallock. FORDO For*do", v. t. Etym: [OE. fordon, AS. ford; pref. for- + d to do. See For-, and Do, v. i.] 1. To destroy; to undo; to ruin. [Obs.] This is the night That either makes me or fordoes me quite. Shak. 2. To overcome with fatigue; to exhaust. M. Arnold. All with weary task fordone. Shak. FORDONE For*done", a. Etym: [See Fordo.] Defn: Undone; ruined. [Obs.] Spenser. FORDRIVE For*drive", v. t. Defn: To drive about; to drive here and there. [Obs.] Rom. of R. FORDRUNKEN For*drunk"en, a. Defn: Utterly drunk; very drunk. [Obs.] Chaucer. FORDRY For*dry", a. Defn: Entirely dry; withered. [Obs.] "A tree fordry." Chaucer. FORDWINE For*dwine", v. i. Defn: To dwindle away; to disappear. [Obs.] Rom of R. FORE Fore, n. Etym: [AS. f, fr. faran to go. See Fare, v. i.] Defn: Journey; way; method of proceeding. [Obs.] "Follow him and his fore." Chaucer. FORE Fore, adv. Etym: [AS. fore, adv. & prep., another form of for. See For, and cf. Former, Foremost.] 1. In the part that precedes or goes first; -- opposed to aft, after, back, behind, etc. 2. Formerly; previously; afore. [Obs. or Colloq.] The eyes, fore duteous, now converted are. Shak. 3. (Naut.) Defn: In or towards the bows of a ship. Fore and aft (Naut.), from stem to stern; lengthwise of the vessel; -- in distinction from athwart. R. H. Dana, Jr. -- Fore-and-aft rigged (Naut.), not rigged with square sails attached to yards, but with sails bent to gaffs or set on stays in the midship line of the vessel. See Schooner, Sloop, Cutter. FORE Fore, a. Etym: [See Fore, advv.] Defn: Advanced, as compared with something else; toward the front; being or coming first, in time, place, order, or importance; preceding; anterior; antecedent; earlier; forward; -- opposed to Ant: back or Ant: behind; as, the fore part of a garment; the fore part of the day; the fore and of a wagon. The free will of the subject is preserved, while it is directed by the fore purpose of the state. Southey. Note: Fore is much used adjectively or in composition. Fore bay, a reservoir or canal between a mill race and a water wheel; the discharging end of a pond or mill race. -- Fore body (Shipbuilding), the part of a ship forward of the largest cross-section, distinguisched from middle body abd after body. -- Fore boot, a receptacle in the front of a vehicle, for stowing baggage, etc. -- Fore bow, the pommel of a saddle. Knight. -- Fore cabin, a cabin in the fore part of a ship, usually with inferior accommodations. -- Fore carriage. (a) The forward part of the running gear of a four-wheeled vehicle. (b) A small carriage at the front end of a plow beam. -- Fore course (Naut.), the lowermost sail on the foremost of a square-rigged vessel; the foresail. See Illust. under Sail. -- Fore door. Same as Front door. -- Fore edge, the front edge of a book or folded sheet, etc. -- Fore elder, an ancestor. [Prov. Eng.] -- Fore end. (a) The end which precedes; the earlier, or the nearer, part; the beginning. I have . . . paid More pious debts to heaven, than in all The fore end of my time. Shak. (b) In firearms, the wooden stock under the barrel, forward of the trigger guard, or breech frame. -- Fore girth, a girth for the fore part (of a horse, etc.); a martingale. -- Fore hammer, a sledge hammer, working alternately, or in time, with the hand hammer. -- Fore leg, one of the front legs of a quadruped, or multiped, or of a chair, settee, etc. -- Fore peak (Naut.), the angle within a ship's bows; the portion of the hold which is farthest forward. -- Fore piece, a front piece, as the flap in the fore part of a sidesaddle, to guard the rider's dress. -- Fore plane, a carpenter's plane, in size and use between a jack plane and a smoothing plane. Knight. -- Fore reading, previous perusal. [Obs.] Hales. -- Fore rent, in Scotland, rent payable before a crop is gathered. -- Fore sheets (Naut.), the forward portion of a rowboat; the space beyond the front thwart. See Stern sheets. -- Fore shore. (a) A bank in advance of a sea wall, to break the force of the surf. (b) The seaward projecting, slightly inclined portion of a breakwater. Knight. (c) The part of the shore between high and low water marks. -- Fore sight, that one of the two sights of a gun which is near the muzzle. -- Fore tackle (Naut.), the tackle on the foremast of a ship. -- Fore topmast. (Naut.) See Fore-topmast, in the Vocabulary. -- Fore wind, a favorable wind. [Obs.] Sailed on smooth seas, by fore winds borne. Sandys. -- Fore world, the antediluvian world. [R.] Southey. FORE Fore, n. Defn: The front; hence, that which is in front; the future. At the fore (Naut.), at the fore royal masthead; -- said of a flag, so raised as a signal for sailing, etc. -- To the fore. (a) In advance; to the front; to a prominent position; in plain sight; in readiness for use. (b) In existence; alive; not worn out, lost, or spent, as money, etc. [Irish] "While I am to the fore." W. Collins. "How many captains in the regiment had two thousand pounds to the fore" Thackeray. FORE Fore, prep. Defn: Before; -- sometimes written 'fore as if a contraction of afore or before. [Obs.] FOREADMONISH Fore`ad*mon"ish, v. t. Defn: To admonish beforehand, or before the act or event. Bp. Hall. FOREADVISE Fore`ad*vise", v. t. Defn: To advise or counsel before the time of action, or before the event. Shak. FOREALLEGE Fore`al*lege", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forealleged; p. pr. & vb. n. Forealleging.] Defn: To allege or cite before. Fotherby. FOREAPPOINT Fore`ap*point", v. t. Defn: To set, order, or appoint, beforehand. Sherwood. FOREAPPOINTMENT Fore`ap*point"ment, n. Defn: Previous appointment; preordinantion. Sherwood. FOREARM Fore*arm", v. t. Defn: To arm or prepare for attack or resistance before the time of need. South. FOREARM Fore"arm`, n. (Anat.) Defn: That part of the arm or fore limb between the elbow and wrist; the antibrachium. FOREBEAM Fore"beam`, n. Defn: The breast beam of a loom. FOREBEAR Fore*bear", n. Defn: An ancestor. See Forbear. FOREBODE Fore*bode", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foreboded; p. pr. & vb. n. Foreboding.] Etym: [AS. forebodian; fore + bodian to announce. See Bode v. t.] 1. To foretell. 2. To be prescient of (some ill or misfortune); to have an inward conviction of, as of a calamity which is about to happen; to augur despondingly. His heart forebodes a mystery. Tennyson. Sullen, desponding, and foreboding nothing but wars and desolation, as the certain consequence of Cæsar's death. Middleton. I have a sort of foreboding about him. H. James. Syn. -- To foretell; predict; prognosticate; augur; presage; portend; betoken. FOREBODE Fore*bode", v. i. Defn: To fortell; to presage; to augur. If I forebode aright. Hawthorne. FOREBODE Fore*bode", n. Defn: Prognostication; presage. [Obs.] FOREBODEMENT Fore*bode"ment, n. Defn: The act of foreboding; the thing foreboded. FOREBODER Fore*bod"er, n. Defn: One who forebodes. FOREBODING Fore*bod"ing, n. Defn: Presage of coming ill; expectation of misfortune. FOREBODINGLY Fore*bod"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a foreboding manner. FOREBRACE Fore"brace`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A rope applied to the fore yardarm, to change the position of the foresail. FOREBRAIN Fore"brain`, n. (Anat.) Defn: The anterior of the three principal divisions of the brain, including the prosencephalon and thalamencephalon. Sometimes restricted to the prosencephalon only. See Brain. FOREBY Fore*by", prep. Etym: [Fore + by.] Defn: Near; hard by; along; past. See Forby. Spenser. FORECAST Fore*cast", v. t. 1. To plan beforehand; to scheme; to project. He shall forecast his devices against the strongholds. Dan. xi. 24. 2. To foresee; to calculate beforehand, so as to provide for. It is wisdom to consider the end of things before we embark, and to forecast consequences. L'Estrange. FORECAST Fore*cast", v. i. Defn: To contrive or plan beforehand. If it happen as I did forecast. Milton. FORECAST Fore"cast, n. Defn: Previous contrivance or determination; predetermination. He makes this difference to arise from the forecast and predetermination of the gods themselves. Addison. 2. Foresight of consequences, and provision against them; prevision; premeditation. His calm, deliberate forecast better fitted him for the council than the camp. Prescott. FORECASTER Fore*cast"er, n. Defn: One who forecast. Johnson. FORECASTLE Fore"cas`tle (; sailors say , n. (Naut.) (a) A short upper deck forward, formerly raised like a castle, to command an enemy's decks. (b) That part of the upper deck of a vessel forward of the foremast, or of the after part of the fore channels. (c) In merchant vessels, the forward part of the vessel, under the deck, where the sailors live. FORECHOSEN Fore`cho"sen, a. Defn: Chosen beforehand. FORECITED Fore"cit`ed, a. Defn: Cited or quoted before or above. Arbuthnot. FORECLOSE Fore*close", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foreclosed; p. pr. & vb. n. Foreclosing.] Etym: [F. forclos, p.p. of forclore to exclude; OF. fors, F. hors, except, outside (fr. L. foris outside) + F. clore to close. See Foreign, and Close, v. t.] Defn: To shut up or out; to preclude; to stop; to prevent; to bar; to exclude. The embargo with Spain foreclosed this trade. Carew. To foreclose a mortgager (Law), to cut him off by a judgment of court from the power of redeeming the mortgaged premises, termed his equity of redemption. -- To foreclose a mortgage, (not technically correct, but often used to signify) the obtaining a judgment for the payment of an overdue mortgage, and the exposure of the mortgaged property to sale to meet the mortgage debt. Wharton. FORECLOSURE Fore*clo"sure, n. Defn: The act or process of foreclosing; a proceeding which bars or extinguishes a mortgager's right of redeeming a mortgaged estate. FORECONCEIVE Fore`con*ceive", v. t. Defn: To preconceive; to imagine beforehand. [Obs.] Bacon. FOREDATE Fore*date", v. t. Defn: To date before the true time; to antendate. FOREDECK Fore"deck`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The fore part of a deck, or of a ship. FOREDEEM Fore*deem", v. t. Defn: To recognize or judge in advance; to forebode. [Obs.] Udall. Laugh at your misery, as foredeeming you An idle meteor. J. Webster. FOREDEEM Fore*deem", v. i. Etym: [Cf. Foredoom.] Defn: To know or discover beforehand; to foretell. [Obs.] Which [maid] could guess and foredeem of things past, present, and to come. Genevan Test. FOREDESIGN Fore`de*sign" ( or ), v. t. Defn: To plan beforehand; to intend previously. Cheyne. FOREDETERMINE Fore`de*ter"mine, v. t. Defn: To determine or decree beforehand. Bp. Hopkins. FOREDISPOSE Fore`dis*pose", v. t. Defn: To bestow beforehand. [R.] King James had by promise foredisposed the place on the Bishop of Meath. Fuller. FOREDOOM Fore*doom", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Foredeem.] Defn: To doom beforehand; to predestinate. Thou art foredomed to view the Stygian state. Dryden. FOREDOOM Fore"doom`, n. Defn: Doom or sentence decreed in advance. "A dread foredoom ringing in the ears of the guilty adult." Southey. FOREFATHER Fore"fa`ther, n. Defn: One who precedes another in the line of genealogy in any degree, but usually in a remote degree; an ancestor. Respecting your forefathers, you would have been taught to respect yourselves. Burke. Forefathers' Day, the anniversary of the day (December 21) on which the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620). On account of a mistake in reckoning the change from Old Style to New Style, it has generally been celebrated on the 22d. FOREFEEL Fore*feel", v. t. Defn: To feel beforehand; to have a presentiment of. [Obs.] As when, with unwieldy waves, the great sea forefeels winds. Chapman. FOREFENCE Fore`fence", n. Defn: Defense in front. [Obs.] FOREFEND Fore*fend", v. t. Etym: [OE. forfenden; pref. for- + fenden to fend. See Fend, v. t.] Defn: To hinder; to fend off; to avert; to prevent the approach of; to forbid or prohibit. See Forfend. God forefend it should ever be recorded in our history. Landor. It would be a far better work . . . to forefend the cruelty. I. Taylor. FOREFINGER Fore"fin`ger, n. Defn: The finger next to the thumb; the index. FOREFLOW Fore*flow", v. t. Defn: To flow before. [Obs.] FOREFOOT Fore"foot`, n. 1. One of the anterior feet of a quardruped or multiped; -- usually written fore foot. 2. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A piece of timber which terminates the keel at the fore end, connecting it with the lower end of the stem. FOREFRONT Fore"front`, n. Defn: Foremost part or place. Set ye Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle. 2 Sam. xi. 15. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, standing in the forefront for all time, the masters of those who know. J. C. Shairp. FOREGAME Fore"game`, n. Defn: A first game; first plan. [Obs.] Whitlock. FOREGANGER Fore"gang`er, n. Etym: [Prop., a goer before cf. G. voregänger. See Fore, and Gang.] (Naut.) Defn: A short rope grafted on a harpoon, to which a longer lin Totten. FOREGATHER Fore*gath"er, v. i. Defn: Same as Forgather. FOREGIFT Fore"gift`, n. (Law) Defn: A premium paid by FOREGLEAM Fore"gleam`, n. Defn: An antecedent or premonitory gleam; a dawning light. The foregleams of wisdom. Whittier. FOREGO Fore*go", v. t. [imp. Forewent 2; p. p. Foregone; p. pr. & vb. n. Foregoing.] Etym: [See Forgo.] 1. To quit; to relinquish; to leave. Stay at the third cup, or forego the place. Herbert. 2. To relinquish the enjoyment or advantage of; to give up; to resign; to renounce; -- said of a thing already enjoyed, or of one within reach, or anticipated. All my patrimony,, If need be, I am ready to forego. Milton. Thy lovers must their promised heaven forego. Keble. [He] never forewent an opportunity of honest profit. R. L. Stevenson. Note: Forgo is the better spelling etymologically, but the word has been confused with Forego, to go before. FOREGO Fore*go", v. t. Etym: [AS. foregan; fore + gan to go; akin to G. vorgehen to go before, precede. See GO, v. i.] Defn: To go before; to precede; -- used especially in the present and past participles. Pleasing remembrance of a thought foregone. Wordsworth. For which the very mother's face forewent The mother's special patience. Mrs. Browning. Foregone conclusion, one which has preceded argument or examination; one predetermined. FOREGOER Fore*go"er, n. 1. One who goes before another; a predecessor; hence, an ancestor' a progenitor. 2. A purveyor of the king; -- so called, formerly, from going before to provide for his household. [Obs.] FOREGOER Fore*go"er, n. Etym: [Etymologically forgoer.] Defn: One who forbears to enjoy. FOREGROUND Fore"ground`, n. Defn: On a painting, and sometimes in a bas-relief, mosaic picture, or the like, that part of the scene represented, which is nearest to the spectator, and therefore occupies the lowest part of the work of art itself. Cf. Distance, n., 6. FOREGUESS Fore*guess", v. t. Defn: To conjecture. [Obs.] FOREGUT Fore"gut`, n. (Anat.) Defn: The anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the intestine, o FOREHAND Fore"hand`, n. 1. All that part of a horse which is before the rider. Johnson. 2. The chief or most important part. Shak. 3. Superiority; advantage; start; precedence. And, but for ceremony, such a wretch . . . Had the forehand and vantage of a king. Shak. FOREHAND Fore"hand`, a. Defn: Done beforehand; anticipative. And so extenuate the forehand sin. Shak. FOREHANDED Fore"hand`ed, a. 1. Early; timely; seasonable. "Forehanded care." Jer. Taylor. 2. Beforehand with one's needs, or having resources in advance of one's necessities; in easy circumstances; as, a forehanded farmer. [U.S.] 3. Formed in the forehand or fore parts. A substantial, true-bred beast, bravely forehanded. Dryden. FOREHEAD Fore"head, n. 1. The front of that part of the head which incloses the brain; that part of the face above the eyes; the brow. 2. The aspect or countenance; assurance. To look with forehead bold and big enough Upon the power and puissance of the king. Shak. 3. The front or fore part of anything. Flames in the forehead of the morning sky. Milton. So rich advantage of a promised glory As smiles upon the forehead of this action. Shak. FOREHEAR Fore*hear", v. i. & t. Defn: To hear beforehand. FOREHEARTH Fore"hearth`, n. (Metal.) Defn: The forward extension of the hearth of a blast furnace under the tymp. FOREHEND Fore*hend", v. t. Defn: See Forhend. [Obs.] FOREHEW Fore*hew", v. t. Defn: To hew or cut in front. [Obs.] Sackville. FOREHOLD Fore"hold`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The forward part of the hold of a ship. FOREHOLDING Fore*hold"ing, n. Defn: Ominous foreboding; superstitious prognostication. [Obs.] L'Estrange. FOREHOOK Fore"hook`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A piece of timber placed across the stem, to unite the bows and strengthen the fore part of the ship; a breast hook. FOREIGN For"eign, a. Etym: [OE. forein, F. forain, LL. foraneus, fr. L. foras, foris, out of doors, abroad, without; akin to fores doors, and E. door. See Door, and cf. Foreclose, Forfeit, Forest, Forum.] 1. Outside; extraneous; separated; alien; as, a foreign country; a foreign government. "Foreign worlds." Milton. 2. Not native or belonging to a certain country; born in or belonging to another country, nation, sovereignty, or locality; as, a foreign language; foreign fruits. "Domestic and foreign writers." Atterbury. Hail, foreign wonder! Whom certain these rough shades did never breed. Milton. 3. Remote; distant; strange; not belonging; not connected; not pertaining or pertient; not appropriate; not harmonious; not agreeable; not congenial; -- with to or from; as, foreign to the purpose; foreign to one's nature. This design is not foreign from some people's thoughts. Swift. 4. Held at a distance; excluded; exiled. [Obs.] Kept him a foreign man still; which so grieved him, That he ran mad and died. Shak. Foreign attachment (Law), a process by which the property of a foreign or absent debtor is attached for the satisfaction of a debt due from him to the plaintiff; an attachment of the goods, effects, or credits of a debtor in the hands of a third person; -- called in some States trustee, in others factorizing, and in others garnishee process. Kent. Tomlins. Cowell. -- Foreign bill, a bill drawn in one country, and payable in another, as distinguished from an inland bill, which is one drawn and payable in the same country. In this latter, as well as in several other points of view, the different States of the United States are foreign to each other. See Exchange, n., 4. Kent. Story. -- Foreign body (Med.), a substance occurring in any part of the body where it does not belong, and usually introduced from without. -- Foreign office, that department of the government of Great Britain which has charge British interests in foreign countries. Syn. -- Outlandish; alien; exotic; remote; distant; extraneous; extrinsic. FOREIGNER For"eign*er, n. Defn: A person belonging to or owning allegiance to a foreign country; one not native in the country or jurisdiction under consideration, or not naturalized there; an alien; a stranger. Joy is such a foreigner, So mere a stranger to my thoughts. Denham. Nor could the majesty of the English crown appear in a greater luster, either to foreigners or subjects. Swift. FOREIGNISM For"eign*ism, n. Defn: Anything peculiar to a foreign language or people; a foreign idiom or custom. It is a pity to see the technicalities of the so-called liberal professions distigured by foreignisms. Fitzed. Hall. FOREIGNNESS For"eign*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being foreign; remoteness; want of relation or appropriateness. Let not the foreignness of the subject hinder you from endeavoring to set me right. Locke. A foreignness of complexion. G. Eliot. FOREIN For"ein, a. Defn: Foreign. [Obs.] Chaucer. FOREJUDGE Fore*judge", v. t. Etym: [Fore + judge.] Defn: To judge beforehand, or before hearing the facts and proof; to prejudge. FOREJUDGE Fore*judge", v. t. Etym: [For forjudge, fr. F. forjuger; OF. fors outside, except + F. juger to judge.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: To expel from court for some offense or misconduct, as an attorney or officer; to deprive or put out of a thing by the judgment of a court. Burrill. FOREJUDGER Fore*judg"er, n. (Eng. Law) Defn: A judgment by which one is deprived or put of a right or thing in question. FOREJUDGMENT Fore*judg"ment, n. Defn: Prejudgment. [Obs.] Spenser. FOREKNOW Fore*know", v. t. [imp. Foreknew; p. p. Foreknown; p. pr. & vb. n. Foreknowing.] Defn: To have previous knowledge of; to know beforehand. Who would the miseries of man foreknow Dryden. FOREKNOWABLE Fore*know"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be foreknown. Dr. H. More. FOREKNOWER Fore*know"er, n. Defn: One who foreknows. FOREKNOWINGLY Fore*know"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With foreknowledge. He who . . . foreknowingly loses his life. Jer. Taylor. FOREKNOWLEDGE Fore*knowl"edge, n. Defn: Knowledge of a thing before it happens, or of whatever is to happen; prescience. If I foreknew, Foreknowledge had no influence on their fault. Milton. FOREL For"el, n. Etym: [OE. forelcase, sheath, OF. forel, fourel, F. fourreau, LL. forellus, fr. OF. forre, fuerre, sheath, case, of German origin; cf. OHG. fuotar, akin to Goth. fodr; prob. not the same word as E. fodder food. Cf. Fur, Fodder food.] Defn: A kind of parchment for book covers. See Forrill. FOREL For"el, v. t. Defn: To bind with a forel. [R.] Fuller. FORELAND Fore"land`, n. 1. A promontory or cape; a headland; as, the North and South Foreland in Kent, England. 2. (Fort.) Defn: A piece of ground between the wall of a place and the moat. Farrow. 3. (Hydraul. Engin.) Defn: That portion of the natural shore on the outside of the embankment which receives the stock of waves and deadens their force. Knight. FORELAY Fore*lay", v. t. 1. To lay down beforehand. These grounds being forelaid and understood. Mede. 2. To waylay. See Forlay. [Obs.] FORELEADER Fore*lead"er, n. Defn: One who leads others by his example; aguide. FORELEND Fore*lend", v. t. Defn: See Forlend. [Obs.] As if that life to losse they had forelent. Spenser. FORELET Fore*let", v. t. Defn: See Forlet. [Obs.] Holland. FORELIE Fore*lie", v. i. Defn: To lie in front of. [Obs.] Which forelay Athwart her snowy breast. Spenser. FORELIFT Fore*lift", v. t. Defn: To lift up in front. [Obs.] FORELOCK Fore"lock`, n. 1. The lock of hair that grows from the forepart of the head. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A cotter or split pin, as in a slot in a bolt, to prevent retraction; a linchpin; a pin fastening the cap-square of a gun. Forelock bolt, a bolt retained by a key, gib, or cotter passing through a slot. -- Forelock hook (Rope Making), a winch or whirl by which a bunch of three yarns is twisted into a standard. Knight. -- To take time, or occasion, by the forelock, to make prompt use of anything; not to let slip an opportunity. Time is painted with a lock before and bald behind, signifying thereby that we must take time by the forelock; for when it is once past, there is no recalling it. Swift. On occasion's forelock watchful wait. Milton. FORELOOK Fore*look", v. i. Defn: To look beforehand or forward. [Obs.] Spenser. FOREMAN Fore"man, n.; pl. Foremen (. Defn: The first or chief man; as: (a) The chief man of a jury, who acts as their speaker. (b) The chief of a set of hands employed in a shop, or on works of any kind, who superintends the rest; an overseer. FOREMAST Fore"mast`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The mast nearest the bow. Foremast hand or man (Naut.), a common sailor; also, a man stationed to attend to the gear of the foremast. FOREMEANT Fore*meant", a. Defn: Intended beforehand; premeditated. [Obs.] Spenser. FOREMENTIONED Fore"men`tioned, a. Defn: Mentioned before; already cited; aforementioned. Addison. FOREMILK Fore"milk`, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The milk secreted just before, or directly after, the birth of a child or of the young of an animal; colostrum. FOREMOST Fore"most`, a. Etym: [OE. formest first, AS. formest, fyrmest, superl. of forma first, which is a superl. fr. fore fore; cf. Goth. frumist, fruma, first. See Fore, adv., and cf. First, Former, Frame, v. t., Prime, a.] Defn: First in time or place; most advanced; chief in rank or dignity; as, the foremost troops of an army. THat struck the foremost man of all this world. Shak. FOREMOSTLY Fore"most`ly, adv. Defn: In the foremost place or order; among the foremost. J. Webster. FOREMOTHER Fore"moth`er, n. Defn: A female ancestor. FORENAME Fore"name`, n. Defn: A name that precedes the family name or surname; a first name. Selden. FORENAME Fore"name`, v. t. Defn: To name or mention before. Shak. FORENAMED Fore"named`, a. Defn: Named before; aforenamed. FORENDIHAZ Fö"ren*di*ház`, n. [Hung., lit., House of Lords.] (Hungary) Defn: See Legislature. FORENENST Fore*nenst", prep. Etym: [See Fore, and Anent.] Defn: Over against; opposite to. [Now dialectic] The land forenenst the Greekish shore. Fairfax. FORE-NIGHT Fore"-night`, n. Defn: The evening between twilight and bedtime. [Scot.] FORENOON Fore"noon", n. Defn: The early part of the day, from morning to meridian, or noon. FORENOTICE Fore"no`tice, n. Defn: Notice or information of an event before it happens; forewarning. [R.] Rymer. FORENSAL Fo*ren"sal, a. Defn: Forensic. [R.] FORENSIC Fo*ren"sic, a. Etym: [L. forensis, fr. forum a public place, market place. See Forum.] Defn: Belonging to courts of judicature or to public discussion and debate; used in legal proceedings, or in public discussions; argumentative; rhetorical; as, forensic eloquence or disputes. Forensic medicine, medical jurisprudence; medicine in its relations to law. FORENSIC Fo*ren"sic, n. (Amer. Colleges) Defn: An exercise in debate; a forensic contest; an argumentative thesis. FORENSICAL Fo*ren"sic*al, a. Defn: Forensic. Berkley. FOREORDAIN Fore`or*dain", v. t. Defn: To ordain or appoint beforehand; to preordain; to predestinate; to predetermine. Hooker. FOREORDINATE Fore*or"di*nate, v. t. Defn: To foreordain. FOREORDINATION Fore*or`di*na"tion, n. Defn: Previous ordination or appointment; predetermination; predestination. FORE PART; FOREPART Fore" part`, or; Fore"part`, n. Defn: The part most advanced, or first in time or in place; the beginning. FOREPAST Fore"past`, a. Defn: Bygone. [Obs.] Shak. FOREPOSSESSED Fore`pos*sessed", a. 1. Holding or held formerly in possession. [Obs.] 2. Preoccupied; prepossessed; preëngaged. [Obs.] Not extremely forepossessed with prejudice. Bp. Sanderson. FOREPRIZE Fore*prize", v. t. Defn: To prize or rate beforehand. [Obs.] Hooker. FOREPROMISED Fore`prom"ised, a. Defn: Promised beforehand; preëngaged. Bp. Hall. FOREQUOTED Fore"quot`ed, a. Defn: Cited before; quoted in a foregoing part of the treatise or essay. FORERAN Fore*ran", Defn: imp. of Forerun. FORERANK Fore"rank`, n. Defn: The first rank; the front. FOREREACH Fore*reach", v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To advance or gain upon; -- said of a vessel that gains upon another when sailing closehauled. FOREREACH Fore*reach", v. i. (Naut.) Defn: To shoot ahead, especially when going in stays. R. H. Dana, Jr. FOREREAD Fore*read", v. t. Defn: To tell beforehand; to signify by tokens; to predestine. [Obs.] Spenser. FORERECITED Fore`re*cit"ed, a. Defn: Named or recited before. "The forerecited practices." Shak. FOREREMEMBERED Fore`re*mem"bered, a. Defn: Called to mind previously. Bp. Montagu. FORERIGHT Fore"right`, a. Defn: Ready; directly forward; going before. [Obs.] "A foreright wind." Chapman. FORERIGHT Fore"right`, adv. Defn: Right forward; onward. [Obs.] FORERUN Fore*run", v. t. 1. To turn before; to precede; to be in advance of (something following). 2. To come before as an earnest of something to follow; to introduce as a harbinger; to announce. These signs forerun the death or fall of kings. Shak. FORERUNNER Fore*run"ner, n. 1. A messenger sent before to give notice of the approach of others; a harbinger; a sign foreshowing something; a prognostic; as, the forerunner of a fever. Whither the forerunner in for us entered, even Jesus. Heb. vi. 20. My elder brothers, my forerunners, came. Dryden. 2. A predecessor; an ancestor. [Obs.] Shak. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A piece of rag terminating the log line. FORESAID Fore"said`, a. Defn: Mentioned before; aforesaid. FORESAIL Fore"sail`, n. (Naut.) (a) The sail bent to the foreyard of a square-rigged vessel, being the lowest sail on the foremast. (b) The gaff sail set on the foremast of a schooner. (c) The fore staysail of a sloop, being the triangular sail next forward of the mast. FORESAY Fore*say", v. t. Etym: [AS. foresecgan; fore + secgan to say. See Say, v. t.] Defn: To foretell. [Obs.] Her danger nigh that sudden change foresaid. Fairfax. FORESEE Fore*see", v. t. Etym: [AS. foreseón; fore + seón to see. See See, v. t.] 1. To see beforehand; to have prescience of; to foreknow. A prudent man foreseeth the evil. Prov. xxii. 3. 2. To provide. [Obs.] Great shoals of people, which go on to populate, without foreseeing means of life. Bacon. FORESEE Fore*see", v. i. Defn: To have or exercise foresight. [Obs.] FORESEEN Fore*seen", conj. Defn: , or (strictly) p. p. Provided; in case that; on condition that. [Obs.] One manner of meat is most sure to every complexion, foreseen that it be alway most commonly in conformity of qualities, with the person that eateth. Sir T. Elyot. FORESEER Fore*se"er, n. Defn: One who foresees or foreknows. FORESEIZE Fore*seize", v. t. Defn: To seize beforehand. FORESHADOW Fore*shad"ow, v. t. Defn: To shadow or typi Dryden. FORESHEW Fore*shew", v. t. Defn: See Foreshow. FORESHIP Fore"ship`, n. Defn: The fore part of a ship. [Obs.] FORESHORTEN Fore*short"en, v. t. 1. (Fine Art) Defn: To represent on a plane surface, as if extended in a direction toward the spectator or nearly so; to shorten by drawing in perspective. 2. Fig.: To represent pictorially to the imagination. Songs, and deeds, and lives that lie Foreshortened in the tract of time. Tennyson. FORESHORTENING Fore*short"en*ing, n. (Fine Arts) Defn: Representation in a foreshortened mode or way. FORESHOT Fore"shot`, n. Defn: In distillation of low wines, the first portion of spirit that comes over, being a fluid abounding in fusel oil. Knight. FORESHOW Fore*show", v. t. Etym: [AS. foresceáwian to foresee, provide; fore + sceáwian to see. See Show, v. t.] Defn: To show or exhibit beforehand; to give foreknowledge of; to prognosticate; to foretell. Your looks foreshow You have a gentle heart. Shak. Next, like Aurora, Spenser rose, Whose purple blush the day foreshows. Denham. FORESHOWER Fore*show"er, n. Defn: One who predicts. FORESIDE Fore"side, n. 1. The front side; the front; esp., a stretch of country fronting the sea. 2. The outside or external covering. Spenser. FORESIGHT Fore"sight`, n. 1. The act or the power of foreseeing; prescience; foreknowledge. Milton. 2. Action in reference to the future; provident care; prudence; wise forethought. This seems an unseasonable foresight. Milton. A random expense, without plan or foresight. Burke. 3. (Surv.) Defn: Any sight or reading of the leveling staff, except the backsight; any sight or bearing taken by a compass or theodolite in a forward direction. 4. (Gun.) Defn: Muzzle sight. See Fore sight, under Fore, a. FORESIGHTED Fore"sight`ed, a. Defn: Sagacious; prudent; provident for the future. Bartram. FORESIGHTFUL Fore"sight`ful, a. Defn: Foresighted. [Obs.] FORESIGNIFY Fore*sig"ni*fy, v. t. Defn: To signify beforehand; to foreshow; to typify. Milton. FORESKIN Fore"skin, n. (Anat.) Defn: The fold of skin which covers the glans of the penis; the prepuce. FORESKIRT Fore"skirt`, n. Defn: The front skirt of a garment, in distinction from the train. Honor's train Is longer than his foreskirt. Shak. FORESLACK Fore*slack", v. t. [Obs.] Defn: See Forslack. FORESLEEVE Fore"sleeve`, n. Defn: The sleeve below the elbow. FORESLOW Fore*slow", v. t. Etym: [See Forslow.] Defn: To make slow; to hinder; to obstruct. [Obs.] See Forslow, v. t. No stream, no wood, no mountain could foreslow Their hasty pace. Fairfax. FORESLOW Fore*slow", v. i. Defn: To loiter. [Obs.] See Forslow, v. i. FORESPEAK Fore*speak", v. t. [Obs.] Defn: See Forspeak. FORESPEAK Fore*speak", v. t. Defn: To foretell; to predict. [Obs.] My mother was half a witch; never anything that she forespake but came to pass. Beau. & Fl. FORESPEAKING Fore"speak`ing, n. Defn: A prediction; also, a preface. [Obs.] Camden. Huloet. FORESPEECH Fore"speech`, n. Defn: A preface. [Obs.] Sherwood. FORESPENT Fore*spent", a. Etym: [Fore + spent.] Defn: Already spent; gone by; past. [Obs.] Shak. FORESPENT Fore*spent", a. [Obs.] Defn: See Forspent. FORESPURRER Fore*spur"rer, n. Defn: One who rides before; a harbinger. [Obs.] Shak. FOREST For"est, n. Etym: [OF. forest, F. forêt, LL. forestis, also, forestus, forestum, foresta, prop., open ground reserved for the chase, fr. L. foris, foras, out of doors, abroad. See Foreign.] 1. An extensive wood; a large tract of land covered with trees; in the United States, a wood of native growth, or a tract of woodland which has never been cultivated. 2. (Eng. Law) Defn: A large extent or precinct of country, generally waste and woody, belonging to the sovereign, set apart for the keeping of game for his use, not inclosed, but distinguished by certain limits, and protected by certain laws, courts, and officers of its own. Burrill. FOREST For"est, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a forest; sylvan. Forest fly. (Zoöl.) (a) One of numerous species of blood-sucking flies, of the family Tabanidæ, which attack both men and beasts. See Horse fly. (b) A fly of the genus Hippobosca, esp. H. equina. See Horse tick. -- Forest glade, a grassy space in a forest. Thomson. -- Forest laws, laws for the protection of game, preservation of timber, etc., in forests. -- Forest tree, a tree of the forest, especially a timber tree, as distinguished from a fruit tree. FOREST For"est, v. t. Defn: To cover with trees or wood. FORESTAFF Fore"staff`, n. (Naut.) Defn: An instrument formerly used at sea for taking the altitudes of heavenly bodies, now superseded by the sextant; -- called also cross- staff. Brande & C. FORESTAGE For"est*age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. forestage.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A duty or tribute payable to the king's foresters. (b) A service paid by foresters to the king. FORESTAL For"est*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to forests; as, forestal rights. FORESTALL Fore*stall", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forestalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Forestalling.] Etym: [OE. forstallen to stop, to obstruct; to stop (goods) on the way to the market by buying them beforehand, from forstal obstruction, AS. forsteal, foresteall, prop., a placing one's self before another. See Fore, and Stall.] 1. To take beforehand, or in advance; to anticipate. What need a man forestall his date of grief, And run to meet what he would most avoid Milton. 2. To take possession of, in advance of some one or something else, to the exclusion or detriment of the latter; to get ahead of; to preoccupy; also, to exclude, hinder, or prevent, by prior occupation, or by measures taken in advance. An ugly serpent which forestalled their way. Fairfax. But evermore those damsels did forestall Their furious encounter. Spenser. To be forestalled ere we come to fall. Shak. Habit is a forestalled and obstinate judge. Rush. 3. To deprive; -- with of. [R.] All the better; may This night forestall him of the coming day! Shak. 4. (Eng. Law) Defn: To obstruct or stop up, as a way; to stop the passage of on highway; to intercept on the road, as goods on the way to market. To forestall the market, to buy or contract for merchandise or provision on its way to market, with the intention of selling it again at a higher price; to dissuade persons from bringing their goods or provisions there; or to persuade them to enhance the price when there. This was an offense at law in England until 1844. Burrill. Syn. -- To anticipate; monopolize; engross. FORESTALLER Fore*stall"er, n. Defn: One who forestalls; esp., one who forestalls the market. Locke. FORESTAY Fore"stay`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A large, strong rope, reaching from the foremast head to the bowsprit, to support the mast. See Illust. under Ship. FORESTER For"est*er, n. Etym: [F. forestier, LL. forestarius.] 1. One who has charge of the growing timber on an estate; an officer appointed to watch a forest and preserve the game. 2. An inhabitant of a forest. Wordsworth. 3. A forest tree. [R.] Evelyn. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A lepidopterous insect belonging to Alypia and allied genera; as, the eight-spotted forester (A. octomaculata), which in the larval state is injurious to the grapevine. FORESTICK Fore"stick`, n. Defn: Front stick of a hearth fire. FORESTRY For"est*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. foresterie.] Defn: The art of forming or of cultivating forests; the management of growing timber. FORESWART; FORESWART Fore"swart`, Fore"swart`, a. [Obs.] Defn: See Forswat. FORETASTE Fore"taste`, n. Defn: A taste beforehand; enjoyment in advance; anticipation. FORETASTE Fore*taste", v. t. 1. To taste before full possession; to have previous enjoyment or experience of; to anticipate. 2. To taste before another. "Foretasted fruit." Milton. FORETASTER Fore"tast`er ( or ), n. Defn: One who tastes beforehand, or before another. FORETEACH Fore*teach", v. t. Defn: To teach beforehand. [Obs.] FORETELL Fore*tell", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foretold; p. pr. & vb. n. Foretelling.] Defn: To predict; to tell before occurence; to prophesy; to foreshow. Deeds then undone my faithful tongue foretold. Pope. Prodigies, foretelling the future eminence and luster of his character. C. Middleton. Syn. -- To predict; prophesy; prognosticate; augur. FORETELL Fore*tell", v. i. Defn: To utter predictions. Acts iii. 24. FORETELLER Fore*tell"er, n. Defn: One who predicts. Boyle. FORETHINK Fore*think", v. t. 1. To think beforehand; to anticipate in the mind; to prognosticate. [Obs.] The soul of every man Prophetically doth forethink thy fall. Shak. 2. To contrive (something) beforehend. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. FORETHINK Fore*think", v. i. Defn: To contrive beforehand. [Obs.] FORETHOUGHT Fore"thought`, a. Defn: Thought of, or planned, beforehand; aforethought; prepense; hence, deliberate. "Forethought malice." Bacon. FORETHOUGHT Fore"thought`, n. Defn: A thinking or planning beforehand; prescience; premeditation; forecast; provident care. A sphere that will demand from him forethought, courage, and wisdom. I. Taylor. FORETHOUGHTFUL Fore"thought`ful, a. Defn: Having forethought. [R.] FORETIME Fore"time`, n. Defn: The past; the time before the present. "A very dim foretime." J. C. Shairp. FORETOKEN Fore"to`ken, n. Etym: [AS. foretacen. See Token.] Defn: Prognostic; previous omen. Sir P. Sidney. FORETOKEN Fore*to"ken, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foretokened; p. pr. & vb. n. Foretokening.] Etym: [AS. foretacnian; fore + tacnian.] Defn: To foreshow; to presignify; to prognosticate. Whilst strange prodigious signs foretoken blood. Daniel. FORE TOOTH Fore" tooth`, pl. Fore teeth (. (Anat.) Defn: One of the teeth in the forepart of the mouth; an incisor. FORETOP Fore"top`, n. 1. The hair on the forepart of the head; esp., a tuft or lock of hair which hangs over the forehead, as of a horse. 2. That part of a headdress that is in front; the top of a periwig. 3. (Naut.) Defn: The platform at the head of the foremast. FORE-TOPGALLANT Fore`-top*gal"lant ( or ), a. (Naut.) Defn: Designating the mast, sail, yard, etc., above the topmast; as, the fore-topgallant sail. See Sail. FORE-TOPMAST Fore`-top"mast, n. (Naut.) Defn: The mast erected at the head of the foremast, and at the head of which stands the fore-topgallant mast. See Ship. FORE-TOPSAIL Fore`-top"sail ( or ), n. (Naut.) Defn: See Sail. FOREVER For*ev"er, adv. Etym: [For, prep. + ever.] 1. Through eternity; through endless ages, eternally. 2. At all times; always. Note: In England, for and ever are usually written and printed as two separate words; but, in the United States, the general practice is to make but a single word of them. Forever and ever, an emphatic "forever." Syn. -- Constantly; continually; invariably; unchangeably; incessantly; always; perpetually; unceasingly; ceaselessly; interminably; everlastingly; endlessly; eternally. FOREVOUCHED Fore*vouched", a. Defn: Formerly vouched or avowed; affirmed in advance. [R.] Shak. FOREWARD Fore"ward`, n. Defn: The van; the front. [Obs.] My foreward shall be drawn out all in length, Consisting equally of horse and foot. Shak. FOREWARN Fore*warn", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forewarned; p. pr. & vb. n. Forewarning.] Defn: To warn beforehand; to give previous warning, admonition, information, or notice to; to caution in advance. We were forewarned of your coming. Shak. FOREWASTE Fore*waste", v. t. Defn: See Forewaste. Gascoigne. FOREWEND Fore*wend", v. t. Etym: [Fore + wend.] Defn: To go before. [Obs.] Spenser. FOREWISH Fore*wish", v. t. Defn: To wish beforehand. FOREWIT Fore"wit`, n. 1. A leader, or would-be leader, in matters of knowledge or taste. [Obs.] Nor that the forewits, that would draw the rest unto their liking, always like the best. B. Jonson. 2. Foresight; prudence. Let this forewit guide thy thought. Southwell. FOREWITE Fore*wite", v. t. [pres. indic. sing., 1st & 3d pers. Forewot, 2d person Forewost (, pl. Forewiten (; imp. sing. Forewiste, pl. Forewisten (; p. pr. & vb. n. Forewiting.] Etym: [AS. forewitan. See Wit to know.] Defn: To foreknow. [Obs.] [Written also forwete.] Chaucer. FOREWOMAN Fore"wom`an, n.; pl. Forewomen (. Defn: A woman who is chief; a woman who has charge of the work or workers in a shop or other place; a head woman. Tatler. W. Besant. FOREWORD Fore"word`, n. Defn: A preface. Furnvall. FOREWORN Fore*worn", a. Etym: [See Forworn.] Defn: Worn out; wasted; used up. [Archaic] Old foreworn stories almost forgotten. Brydges. FOREWOT Fore*wot", pres. indic. Defn: , 1st & 3d pers. sing. of Forewite. [Obs.] Chaucer. FOREYARD Fore"yard`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The lowermost yard on the foremast. Note: [See Illust. of Ship.] FORFALTURE For"fal*ture, n. Defn: Forfeiture. [Obs.] FORFEIT For"feit, n. Etym: [OE. forfet crime, penalty, F. forfait crime (LL. forefactum, forifactum), prop. p.p. of forfaire to forfeit, transgress, fr. LL. forifacere, prop., to act beyond; L. foris out of doors, abroad, beyond + facere to do. See Foreign, and FAct.] 1. Injury; wrong; mischief. [Obs. & R.] To seek arms upon people and country that never did us any forfeit. Ld. Berners. 2. A thing forfeit or forfeited; what is or may be taken from one in requital of a misdeed committed; that which is lost, or the right to which is alienated, by a crime, offense, neglect of duty, or breach of contract; hence, a fine; a mulct; a penalty; as, he who murders pays the forfeit of his life. Thy slanders I forgive; and therewithal Remit thy other forfeits. Shak. 3. Something deposited and redeemable by a sportive fine; -- whence the game of forfeits. Country dances and forfeits shortened the rest of the day. Goldsmith. FORFEIT For"feit, a. Etym: [F. forfait, p.p. of forfaire. See Forfeit, n.] Defn: Lost or alienated for an offense or crime; liable to penal seizure. Thy wealth being forfeit to the state. Shak. To tread the forfeit paradise. Emerson. FORFEIT For"feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forfeited; p. pr. & vb. n. Forfeiting.] Etym: [OE. forfeten. See Forfeit, n.] Defn: To lose, or lose the right to, by some error, fault, offense, or crime; to render one's self by misdeed liable to be deprived of; to alienate the right to possess, by some neglect or crime; as, to forfeit an estate by treason; to forfeit reputation by a breach of promise; -- with to before the one acquiring what is forfeited. [They] had forfeited their property by their crimes. Burke. Undone and forfeited to cares forever! Shak. FORFEIT For"feit, v. i. 1. To be guilty of a misdeed; to be criminal; to transgress. [Obs.] 2. To fail to keep an obligation. [Obs.] I will have the heart of him if he forfeit. Shak. FORFEIT For"feit, p. p. or a. Defn: In the condition of being forfeited; subject to alienation. Shak. Once more I will renew His lapsèd powers, though forfeite. Milton. FORFEITABLE For"feit*a*ble, a. Defn: Liable to be forfeited; subject to forfeiture. For the future, uses shall be subject to the statutes of mortmain, and forfeitable, like the lands themselves. Blackstone. FORFEITER For"feit*er, n. Defn: One who incurs a penalty of forfeiture. FORFEITURE For"fei*ture, n. Etym: [F. forfeiture, LL. forisfactura.] 1. The act of forfeiting; the loss of some right, privilege, estate, honor, office, or effects, by an offense, crime, breach of condition, or other act. Under pain of foreiture of the said goods. Hakluyt. 2. That which is forfeited; a penalty; a fine or mulct. What should I gain By the exaction of the forfeiture Shak. Syn. -- Fine; mulct; amercement; penalty. FORFEND For*fend", v. t. Etym: [Pref. for- + fend. See Forewend.] Defn: To prohibit; to forbid; to avert. [Archaic] Which peril heaven forefend! Shak. Note: This is etymologically the preferable spelling. FORFERED For*fer"ed, p. p. & a. Etym: [See For-, and Fear.] Defn: Excessively alarmed; in great fear. [Obs.] "Forfered of his death." Chaucer. FORFETE For"fete, v. i. Etym: [See Forfeit.] Defn: To incur a penalty; to transgress. [Obs.] And all this suffered our Lord Jesus Christ that never forfeted. Chaucer. FORFEX For"fex, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A pair of shears. Pope. FORFICATE For"fi*cate, a. Etym: [L. forfex, forficis, shears.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Deeply forked, as the tail of certain birds. FORFICULA For*fic"u*la, n. Etym: [L., small shears, scissors, dim. of forfex shears.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of insects including the earwigs. See Earwig, 1. FORGATHER For*gath"er, v. i. Defn: To convene; to gossip; to meet accidentally. [Scot.] Jamieson. Within that circle he forgathered with many a fool. Wilson. FORGAVE For*gave", Defn: imp. of Forgive. FORGE Forge, n. Etym: [F. forge, fr. L. fabrica the workshop of an artisan who works in hard materials, fr. faber artisan, smith, as adj., skillful, ingenious; cf. Gr. Fabric.] 1. A place or establishment where iron or other metals are wrought by heating and hammering; especially, a furnace, or a shop with its furnace, etc., where iron is heated and wrought; a smithy. In the quick forge and working house of thought. Shak. 2. The works where wrought iron is produced directly from the ore, or where iron is rendered malleable by puddling and shingling; a shingling mill. 3. The act of beating or working iron or steel; the manufacture of metalic bodies. [Obs.] In the greater bodies the forge was easy. Bacon. American forge, a forge for the direct production of wrought iron, differing from the old Catalan forge mainly in using finely crushed ore and working continuously. Raymond. -- Catalan forge. (Metal.) See under Catalan. -- Forge cinder, the dross or slag form a forge or bloomary. -- Forge rolls, Forge train, the train of rolls by which a bloom is converted into puddle bars. -- Forge wagon (Mil.), a wagon fitted up for transporting a blackmith's forge and tools. -- Portable forge, a light and compact blacksmith's forge, with bellows, etc., that may be moved from place to place. FORGE Forge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forged; p. pr. & vb. n. Forging.] Etym: [F. forger, OF. forgier, fr. L. fabricare, fabricari, to form, frame, fashion, from fabrica. See Forge, n., and cf. Fabricate.] 1. To form by heating and hammering; to beat into any particular shape, as a metal. Mars's armor forged for proof eterne. Shak. 2. To form or shape out in any way; to produce; to frame; to invent. Those names that the schools forged, and put into the mouth of scholars, could never get admittance into common use. Locke. Do forge a life-long trouble for ourselves. Tennyson. 3. To coin. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. To make falsely; to produce, as that which is untrue or not genuine; to fabricate; to counterfeit, as, a signature, or a signed document. That paltry story is untrue, And forged to cheat such gulls as you. Hudibras. Forged certificates of his . . . moral character. Macaulay. Syn. -- To fabricate; counterfeit; feign; falsify. FORGE Forge, v. i. Etym: [See Forge, v. t., and for sense 2, cf. Forge compel.] 1. To commit forgery. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To move heavily and slowly, as a ship after the sails are furled; to work one's way, as one ship in outsailing another; -- used especially in the phrase to forge ahead. Totten. And off she [a ship] forged without a shock. De Quincey. FORGE Forge, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To impel forward slowly; as, to forge a ship forward. FORGEMAN Forge"man, n.; pl. Forgemen (. Defn: A skilled smith, who has a hammerer to assist him. FORGER For"ger, n.Etym: [Cf. F. forgeur metal worker, L. fabricator artificer. See Forge, n. & v. t., and cf. Fabricator.] Defn: One who forges, makes, of forms; a fabricator; a falsifier. 2. Especially: One guilty of forgery; one who makes or issues a counterfeit document. FORGERY For"ger*y, n.; pl. Forgeries. Etym: [Cf. F. forgerie.] 1. The act of forging metal into shape. [Obs.] Useless the forgery Of brazen shield and spear. Milton. 2. The act of forging, fabricating, or producing falsely; esp., the crime of fraudulently making or altering a writing or signature purporting to be made by another; the false making or material alteration of or addition to a written instrument for the purpose of deceit and fraud; as, the forgery of a bond. Bouvier. 3. That which is forged, fabricated, falsely devised, or counterfeited. These are the forgeries of jealously. Shak. The writings going under the name of Aristobulus were a forgery of the second century. Waterland. Syn. -- Counterfeit; Forgery. Counterfeit is chiefly used of imitations of coin, or of paper money, or of securities depending upon pictorial devices and engraved designs for identity or assurance of genuineness. Forgery is more properly applied to making a false imitation of an instrument depending on signatures to show genuineness and validity. Abbott. FORGET For*get", v. t. [imp. Forgot (Forgat (, Obs.); p. p. Forgotten, Forgot; p. pr. & vb. n. Forgetting.] Etym: [OE. forgeten, foryeten, AS. forgietan, forgitan; pref. for- + gietan, gitan (only in comp.), to get; cf. D. vergeten, G. vergessen, Sw. förgäta, Dan. forgiette. See For-, and Get, v. t.] 1. To lose the remembrance of; to let go from the memory; to cease to have in mind; not to think of; also, to lose the power of; to cease from doing. Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits. Ps. ciii. 2. Let y right hand forget her cunning. Ps. cxxxvii. 5. Hath thy knee forget to bow Shak. 2. To treat with inattention or disregard; to slight; to neglect. Can a woman forget her sucking child . . . Yes, they may forget, yet will I not forget thee. Is. xlix. 15. To forget one's self. (a) To become unmindful of one's own personality; to be lost in thought. (b) To be entirely unselfish. (c) To be guilty of what is unworthy of one; to lose one's dignity, temper, or self-control. FORGETFUL For*get"ful, a. 1. Apt to forget; easily losing remembrance; as, a forgetful man should use helps to strengthen his memory. 2. Heedless; careless; neglectful; inattentive. Be not forgetful to entertain strangers. Heb. xiii. 2. 3. Causing to forget; inducing oblivion; oblivious. [Archaic or Poetic] "The forgetful wine." J. Webster. FORGETFULLY For*get"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a forgetful manner. FORGETFULNESS For*get"ful*ness, n. 1. The quality of being forgetful; prononess to let slip from the mind. 2. Loss of remembrance or recollection; a ceasing to remember; oblivion. A sweet forgetfulness of human care. Pope. 3. Failure to bear in mind; careless omission; inattention; as, forgetfulness of duty. Syn. -- Forgetfulnes, Oblivion. Forgetfulness is Anglo-Saxon, and oblivion is Latin. The former commonly has reference to persons, and marks a state of mind, and marks a state of mind; the latter commonly has reference to things, and indicates a condition into which they are sunk. We blame a man for his forgetfulness; we speak of some old custom as buried in oblivion. But this discrimination is not strictly adhered to. FORGETIVE For"ge*tive, a. Etym: [From Forge.] Defn: Inventive; productive; capable. [Obs.] Shak. FORGET-ME-NOT For*get"-me-not`, n. Etym: [Cf. G. vergissmeinnicht.] (Bot.) Defn: A small herb, of the genus Myosotis (M. palustris, incespitosa, etc.), bearing a beautiful blue flower, and extensively considered the emblem of fidelity. Note: Formerly the name was given to the Ajuga Chamæpitus. FORGETTABLE For*get"ta*ble, a. Defn: Liable to be, or that may be, forgotten. Carlyle. FORGETTER For*get"ter, n. Defn: One who forgets; a heedless person. Johnson. FORGETTINGLY For*get"ting*ly, adv. Defn: By forgetting. FORGING For"ging, n. 1. The act of shaping metal by hammering or pressing. 2. The act of counterfeiting. 3. (Mach.) Defn: A piece of forged work in metal; -- a general name for a piece of hammered iron or steel. There are very few yards in the world at which such forgings could be turned out. London Times. FORGIVABLE For*giv"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being forgiven; pardonable; venial. Sherwood. FORGIVE For*give", v. t. [imp. Forgave; p. p. Forgiven; p. pr. & vb. n. Forgiving] Etym: [OE. forgiven, foryiven, foryeven, AS. forgiefan, forgifan; perh. for- + giefan, gifan to give; cf. D. vergeven, G. vergeben, Icel. fyrirgefa, Sw. f, Goth. fragiban to give, grant. See For-, and Give, v. t.] 1. To give wholly; to make over without reservation; to resign. To them that list the world's gay shows I leave, And to great ones such folly do forgive. Spenser. 2. To give up resentment or claim to requital on account of (an offense or wrong); to remit the penalty of; to pardon; -- said in reference to the act forgiven. And their sins should be forgiven them. Mark iv. 12. He forgive injures so readily that he might be said to invite them. Macaulay. 3. To cease to feel resentment against, on account of wrong committed; to give up claim to requital from or retribution upon (an offender); to absolve; to pardon; -- said of the person offending. Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do. Luke xxiii. 34. I as free forgive you, as I would be fforgiven. Shak. Note: Sometimes both the person and the offense follow as objects of the verb, sometimes one and sometimes the other being the indirect object. "Forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors." Matt. vi. 12. "Be of good cheer; thy sins be forgiven thee." Matt. ix. 2. Syn. -- See excuse. FORGIVENESS For*give"ness, n. Etym: [AS. forgifnes.] 1. The act of forgiving; the state of being forgiven; as, the forgiveness of sin or of injuries. To the Lord our God belong mercies and forgivenesses. Dan. ix. 9. In whom we have . . . the forgiveness of sin. Eph. i. 7. 2. Disposition to pardon; willingness to forgive. If thou, Lord, shouldest mark iniquities, O Lord, who shall stand But there is forgiveness with thee, that thou mayest be feared. Ps. cxxx. 3, 4. FORGIVER For*giv"er, n. Defn: One who forgives. Johnson. FORGIVING For*giv"ing, a. Defn: Disposed to forgive; inclined to overlook offenses; mild; merciful; compassionate; placable; as, a forgiving temper. -- For*giv"ing*ly, adv. -- For*giv"ing*ness, n. J. C. Shairp. FORGO For*go", v. t. [imp. Forwent; p. p. Forgone; p. pr. & vb. n. Forgoing.] Etym: [OE. forgan, forgon, forgoon, AS. forgan, prop., to go past, hence, to abstain from; pref. for- + gan to go; akin to G. vergehen to pass away, to transgress. See Go, v. i.] Defn: To pass by; to leave. See 1st Forego. For sith [since] I shall forgoon my liberty At your request. Chaucer. And four [days] since Florimell the court forwent. Spenser. Note: This word in spelling has been confused with, and almost superseded by, forego to go before. Etymologically the form forgo is correct. FORGOT For*got", Defn: imp. & p. p. of Forget. FORGOTTEN For*got"ten, Defn: p. p. of Forget. FORHALL For*hall", v. t. Etym: [Pref. for- + hale to draw.] Defn: To harass; to torment; to distress. [Obs.] Spenser. FORHEND For*hend", v. t. Defn: To seize upon. [Obs.] FORINSECAL Fo*rin"se*cal, a. Etym: [L. forinsecus from without.] Defn: Foreign; alien. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet. FORISFAMILIATE Fo`ris*fa*mil"i*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forisfamiliated; p. pr. & vb. n. Forisfamiliating.] Etym: [LL. forisfamiliatus, p.p. of forisfamiliater to forisfamiliate; L. foris abroad, without + familia family.] (LAw) Defn: Literally, to put out of a family; hence, to portion off, so as to exclude further claim of inheritance; to emancipate (as a with his own consent) from paternal authority. Blackstone. FORISFAMILIATE Fo`ris*fa*mil"i*ate, v. i. (Law) Defn: To renounce a legal title to a further share of paternal inheritance. FORISFAMILIATION Fo`ris*fa*mil`i*a"tion, n. (Law) Defn: The act of forisfamiliating. FORK Fork, n. Etym: [AS. forc, fr. L. furca. Cf. Fourch, Furcate.] 1. An instrument consisting consisting of a handle with a shank terminating in two or more prongs or tines, which are usually of metal, parallel and slightly curved; -- used from piercing, holding, taking up, or pitching anything. 2. Anything furcate or like of a fork in shape, or furcate at the extremity; as, a tuning fork. 3. One of the parts into which anything is furcated or divided; a prong; a branch of a stream, a road, etc.; a barbed point, as of an arrow. Let it fall . . . though the fork invade The region of my heart. Shak. A thunderbolt with three forks. Addison. 4. The place where a division or a union occurs; the angle or opening between two branches or limbs; as, the fork of a river, a tree, or a road. 5. The gibbet. [Obs.] Bp. Butler. Fork beam (Shipbuilding), a half beam to support a deck, where hatchways occur. -- Fork chuck (Wood Turning), a lathe center having two prongs for driving the work. -- Fork head. (a) The barbed head of an arrow. (b) The forked end of a rod which forms part of a knuckle joint. -- In fork. (Mining) A mine is said to be in fork, or an engine to "have the water in fork," when all the water is drawn out of the mine. Ure. -- The forks of a river or a road, the branches into which it divides, or which come together to form it; the place where separation or union takes place. FORK Fork, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Forked; p. pr. & vb. n. Forking.] 1. To shoot into blades, as corn. The corn beginneth to fork. Mortimer. 1 2. To divide into two or more branches; as, a road, a tree, or a stream forks. FORK Fork, v. t. Defn: To raise, or pitch with a fork, as hay; to dig or turn over with a fork, as the soil. Forking the sheaves on the high-laden cart. Prof. Wilson. To fork over or out, to hand or pay over, as money. [Slang] G. Eliot. FORKBEARD Fork"beard`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A European fish (Raniceps raninus), having a large flat head; -- also called tadpole fish, and lesser forked beard. (b) The European forked hake or hake's-dame (Phycis blennoides); -- also called great forked beard. FORKED Forked, a. 1. Formed into a forklike shape; having a fork; dividing into two or more prongs or branches; furcated; bifurcated; zigzag; as, the forked lighting. A serpent seen, with forked tongue. Shak. 2. Having a double meaning; ambiguous; equivocal. Cross forked (Her.), a cross, the ends of whose arms are divided into two sharp points; -- called also cross double fitché. A cross forked of three points is a cross, each of whose arms terminates in three sharp points. -- Forked counsel, advice pointing more than one way; ambiguous advice. [Obs.] B. Jonson. -- Fork"ed*ly, adv. -- Fork"ed*ness, n. FORKERVE For*kerve, v. t. [Obs.] Defn: See Forcarve, v. t. FORKINESS Fork"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state or dividing in a forklike manner. FORKLESS Fork"less, a. Defn: Having no fork. FORKTAIL Fork"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) One of several Asiatic and East Indian passerine birds, belonging to Enucurus, and allied genera. The tail is deeply forking. (b) A salmon in its fourth year's growth. [Prov. Eng.] FORK-TAILED Fork"-tailed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the outer tail feathers longer than the median ones; swallow-tailed; -- said of many birds. Fork-tailed flycatcher (Zoöl.), a tropical American flycatcher (Milvulus tyrannus). -- Fork-tailed gull (Zoöl.), a gull of the genus Xema, of two species, esp. X. Sabinii of the Arctic Ocean. -- Fork-tailed kite (Zoöl.), a graceful American kite (Elanoides forficatus); -- called also swallow-tailed kite. FORKY Fork"y, a. Defn: Opening into two or more parts or shoots; forked; furcated. "Forky tongues." Pope. FORLAFT For*laft", obs. Defn: p. p. of Forleave. Chaucer. FORLAY For*lay", v. t. Etym: [Pref. for- + lay.] Defn: To lie in wait for; to ambush. An ambushed thief forlays a traveler. Dryden. FORLEAVE For*leave", v. t. Etym: [OE. forleven; pref. for- + leven to leave.] Defn: To leave off wholly. [Obs.] Chaucer. FORLEND For*lend", v. t. Defn: To give up wholly. [Obs.] FORLESE For*lese", v. t. [p. p. Forlore, Forlorn (.] Etym: [OE. forlesen. See Forlorn.] Defn: To lose utterly. [Obs.] haucer. FORLET For*let", v. t. Etym: [OE. forleten, AS. forl; pref. for- + l to allow; akin to G. verlassen to leave. See Let to allow.] Defn: To give up; to leave; to abandon. [Obs.] "To forlet sin." Chaucer. FORLIE For*lie", v. i. Defn: See Forlie. FORLORE For*lore", imp. pl. & p. p. Defn: oForlese. [Obs.] The beasts their caves, the birds their neforlore. Fairfax. FORLORN For*lorn", a. Etym: [OE., p.p. of forlesen to lose utterly, AS. forleósan (p.p. forloren); pref. for- + leósan (in comp.) to lose; cf. D. verliezen to lose, G. verlieren, Sw. förlora, Dan. forloren, Goth. fraliusan to lose. See For-, and Lorn, a., Lose, v. t.] 1. Deserted abandoned; lost. Of fortune and of hope at once forlorn. Spenser. Some say that ravens foster forlorn children. Shak. 2. Destitute; helpless; in pitiful plight; wretched; miserable; almost hopeless; desperate. For here forlorn and lost I tread. Goldsmith. The condition of the besieged in the mean time was forlorn in the extreme. Prescott. She cherished the forlorn hope that he was still living. Thomson. A forlorn hope Etym: [D. verloren hoop, prop., a lost band or troop; verloren, p.p. of verliezen to lose + hoop band; akin to E. heap. See For-, and Heap.] (Mil.), a body of men (called in F. enfants perdus, in G. verloren posten) selected, usually from volunteers, to attempt a breach, scale the wall of a fortress, or perform other extraordinarily perilous service; also, a desperate case or enterprise. Syn. -- Destitute, lost; abandoned; forsaken; solitary; helpless; friendless; hopeless; abject; wretched; miserable; pitiable. FORLORN For*lorn", n. 1. A lost, forsaken, or solitary person. Forced to live in Scotland a forlorn. Shak. 2. A forlorn hope; a vanguard. [Obs.] Our forlorn of horse marched within a mile of the enemy. Oliver Cromvell. FORLORNLY For*lorn"ly, adv. Defn: In a forlorn manner. Pollok. FORLORNNESS For*lorn"ness, n. Defn: State of being forlorn. Boyle. FORLYE For*lye", v. i. Defn: Same as Forlie. [Obs.] FORM form (. Etym: [See Form, n.] Defn: A suffix used to denote in the form or shape of, resembling, etc.; as, valiform; oviform. FORM Form (form; in senses 8 & 9, often form in England), n. Etym: [OE. & F. forme, fr. L. forma; cf. Skr. dhariman. Cf. Firm.] 1. The shape and structure of anything, as distinguished from the material of which it is composed; particular disposition or arrangement of matter, giving it individuality or distinctive character; configuration; figure; external appearance. The form of his visage was changed. Dan. iii. 19. And woven close close, both matter, form, and style. Milton. 2. Constitution; mode of construction, organization, etc.; system; as, a republican form of government. 3. Established method of expression or practice; fixed way of proceeding; conventional or stated scheme; formula; as, a form of prayer. Those whom form of laws Condemned to die. Dryden. 4. Show without substance; empty, outside appearance; vain, trivial, or conventional ceremony; conventionality; formality; as, a matter of mere form. Though well we may not pass upon his life Without the form of justice. Shak. 5. Orderly arrangement; shapeliness; also, comeliness; elegance; beauty. The earth was without form and void. Gen. i. 2. He hath no form nor comeliness. Is. liii. 2. 6. A shape; an image; a phantom. 7. That by which shape is given or determined; mold; pattern; model. 8. A long seat; a bench; hence, a rank of students in a school; a class; also, a class or rank in society. "Ladies of a high form." Bp. Burnet. 9. The seat or bed of a hare. As in a form sitteth a weary hare. Chaucer. 10. (Print.) Defn: The type or other matter from which an impression is to be taken, arranged and secured in a chase. 11. (Fine Arts) Defn: The boundary line of a material object. In painting, more generally, the human body. 12. (Gram.) Defn: The particular shape or structure of a word or part of speech; as, participial forms; verbal forms. 13. (Crystallog.) Defn: The combination of planes included under a general crystallographic symbol. It is not necessarily a closed solid. 14. (Metaph.) Defn: That assemblage or disposition of qualities which makes a conception, or that internal constitution which makes an existing thing to be what it is; -- called essential or substantial form, and contradistinguished from matter; hence, active or formative nature; law of being or activity; subjectively viewed, an idea; objectively, a law. 15. Mode of acting or manifestation to the senses, or the intellect; as, water assumes the form of ice or snow. In modern usage, the elements of a conception furnished by the mind's own activity, as contrasted with its object or condition, which is called the matter; subjectively, a mode of apprehension or belief conceived as dependent on the constitution of the mind; objectively, universal and necessary accompaniments or elements of every object known or thought of. 16. (Biol.) Defn: The peculiar characteristics of an organism as a type of others; also, the structure of the parts of an animal or plant. Good form or Bad form, the general appearance, condition or action, originally of horses, atterwards of persons; as, the members of a boat crew are said to be in good form when they pull together uniformly. The phrases are further used colloquially in description of conduct or manners in society; as, it is not good form to smoke in the presence of a lady. FORM Form, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formed; p. pr. & vb. n. Forming.] Etym: [F. former, L. formare, fr. forma. See Form, n.] 1. To give form or shape to; to frame; to construct; to make; to fashion. God formed man of the dust of the ground. Gen. ii. 7. The thought that labors in my forming brain. Rowe. 2. To give a particular shape to; to shape, mold, or fashion into a certain state or condition; to arrange; to adjust; also, to model by instruction and discipline; to mold by influence, etc.; to train. 'T is education forms the common mind. Pope. Thus formed for speed, he challenges the wind. Dryden. 3. To go to make up; to act as constituent of; to be the essential or constitutive elements of; to answer for; to make the shape of; -- said of that out of which anything is formed or constituted, in whole or in part. The diplomatic politicians . . . who formed by far the majority. Burke. 4. To provide with a form, as a hare. See Form, n., 9. The melancholy hare is formed in brakes and briers. Drayton. 5. (Gram.) Defn: To derive by grammatical rules, as by adding the proper suffixes and affixes. FORM Form, v. i. 1. To take a form, definite shape, or arrangement; as, the infantry should form in column. 2. To run to a form, as a hare. B. Jonson. To form on (Mil.), to form a lengthened line with reference to (any given object) as a basis. FORMAL For"mal, a. Etym: [L. formalis: cf. F. formel.] 1. Belonging to the form, shape, frame, external appearance, or organization of a thing. 2. Belonging to the constitution of a thing, as distinguished from the matter composing it; having the power of making a thing what it is; constituent; essential; pertaining to oe depending on the forms, so called of the human intellect. Of [the sounds represented by] letters, the material part is breath and voice; the formal is constituted by the motion and figure of the organs of speech. Holder. 3. Done is due form, or with solemnity; according to regular method; not incidental, sudden or irregular; express; as, he gave his formal consent. His obscure funeral . . . No noble rite nor formal ostentation. Shak. 4. Devoted to, or done in accordance with, forms or rules; punctilious; regular; orderly; methodical; of a prescribed form; exact; prim; stiff; ceremonious; as, a man formal in his dress, his gait, his conversation. A cold-looking, formal garden, cut into angles and rhomboids. W. Irwing. She took off the formal cap that confined her hair. Hawthorne. 5. Having the form or appearance without the substance or essence; external; as, formal duty; formal worship; formal courtesy, etc. 6. Dependent in form; conventional. Still in constraint your suffering sex remains, Or bound in formal or in real chains. Pope. 7. Sound; normal. [Obs.] To make of him a formal man again. Shak. Formal cause. See under Cause. Syn. -- Precise; punctilious; stiff; starched; affected; ritual; ceremonial; external; outward. -- Formal, Ceremonious. When applied to things, these words usually denote a mere accordance with the rules of form or ceremony; as, to make a formal call; to take a ceremonious leave. When applied to a person or his manners, they are used in a bad sense; a person being called formal who shapes himself too much by some pattern or set form, and ceremonious when he lays too much stress on the conventional laws of social intercourse. Formal manners render a man stiff or ridiculous; a ceremonious carriage puts a stop to the ease and freedom of social intercourse. FORMALDEHYDE For*mal"de*hyde, n. Etym: [Formic + aldehyde.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, volatile liquid, H2CO, resembling acetic or ethyl aldehyde, and chemically intermediate between methyl alcohol and formic acid. FORMALIN For"ma*lin, n. [Formic + aldehyde + -in.] (Chem.) Defn: An aqueous solution of formaldehyde, used as a preservative in museums and as a disinfectant. FORMALISM Form"al*ism, n. Defn: The practice or the doctrine of strict adherence to, or dependence on, external forms, esp. in matters of religion. Official formalism. Sir H. Rawlinson. FORMALIST Form"al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. formaliste.] Defn: One overattentive to forms, or too much confined to them; esp., one who rests in external religious forms, or observes strictly the outward forms of worship, without possessing the life and spirit of religion. As far a formalist from wisdom sits, In judging eyes, as libertines from wits. Young. FORMALITY For*mal"i*ty, n.; pl. Formalities. Etym: [Cf. F. formalité.] 1. The condition or quality of being formal, strictly ceremonious, precise, etc. 2. Form without substance. Such [books] as are mere pieces of formality, so that if you look on them, you look though them. Fuller. 3. Compliance with formal or conventional rules; ceremony; conventionality. Nor was his attendance on divine offices a matter of formality and custom, but of conscience. Atterbury. 4. An established order; conventional rule of procedure; usual method; habitual mode. He was installed with all the usual formalities. C. Middleton. 5. pl. Defn: The dress prescribed for any body of men, academical, municipal, or sacerdotal. [Obs.] The doctors attending her in their formalities as far as Shotover. Fuller. 6. That which is formal; the formal part. It unties the inward knot of marriage, . . . while it aims to keep fast the outward formality. Milton. 7. The quality which makes a thing what it is; essence. The material part of the evil came from our father upon us, but the formality of it, the sting and the curse, is only by ourselves. Jer. Taylor. The formality of the vow lies in the promise made to God. Bp. Stillingfleet. 8. (Scholastic. Philos.) Defn: The manner in which a thing is conceived or constituted by an act of human thinking; the result of such an act; as, animality and rationality are formalities. FORMALIZE Form"al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Formalizing.] 1. To give form, or a certain form, to; to model. [R.] 2. To render formal. FORMALIZE Form"al*ize, v. i. Defn: To affect formality. [Obs.] ales. FORMALLY Form"al*ly, adv. Defn: In a formal manner; essentially; characteristically; expressly; regularly; ceremoniously; precisely. That which formally makes this [charity] a Christian grace, is the spring from which it flows. Smalridge. You and your followers do stand formally divided against the authorized guides of the church and rest of the people. Hooker. FORMAT For`mat" (for`ma" or for`mät"), n. [F. or G. Cf. Formation.] (Print.) Defn: The shape and size of a book; hence, its external form. The older manuscripts had been written in a much larger format than that found convenient for university work. G. H. Putnam. One might, indeed, protest that the format is a little too luxurious. Nature. FORMATE For"mate, n. Etym: [See Formic.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of formic acid. [Written also formiate.] FORMATION For*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. formatio: cf. F. formation.] 1. The act of giving form or shape to anything; a forming; a shaping. Beattie. 2. The manner in which a thing is formed; structure; construction; conformation; form; as, the peculiar formation of the heart. 3. A substance formed or deposited. 4. (Geol.) (a) Mineral deposits and rock masses designated with reference to their origin; as, the siliceous formation about geysers; alluvial formations; marine formations. (b) A group of beds of the same age or period; as, the Eocene formation. 5. (Mil.) Defn: The arrangement of a body of troops, as in a square, column, etc. Farrow. FORMATIVE Form"a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. formatif.] 1. Giving form; having the power of giving form; plastic; as, the formative arts. The meanest plant can not be raised without seed, by any formative residing in the soil. Bentley. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Serving to form; derivative; not radical; as, a termination merely formative. 3. (Biol.) Defn: Capable of growth and development; germinal; as, living or formative matter. FORMATIVE Form"a*tive, n. (Gram.) (a) That which serves merely to give form, and is no part of the radical, as the prefix or the termination of a word. (b) A word formed in accordance with some rule or usage, as from a root. FORME For`mé", a. (Her.) Defn: Same as Paté or Patté. FORME For"me, a. Etym: [OE., fr. AS. forma. See Foremost.] Defn: First. [Obs.] "Adam our forme father." Chaucer. FORMED Formed, a. 1. (Astron.) Defn: Arranged, as stars in a constellation; as, formed stars. [R.] 2. (Biol.) Defn: Having structure; capable of growth and development; organized; as, the formed or organized ferments. See Ferment, n. Formed material (Biol.), a term employed by Beale to denote the lifeless matter of a cell, that which is physiologically dead, in distinction from the truly germinal or living matter. FORMEDON For"me*don, n. Etym: [OF., fr. Latin. So called because the plaintiff claimed "by the form of the gift,: L. per formam doni.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A writ of right for a tenant in tail in case of a discontinuance of the estate tail. This writ has been abolished. FORMELL For"mell, n. Etym: [Dim. of F. forme the female of a bird of prey.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The female of a hawk or falcon. FORMER Form"er, n. 1. One who forms; a maker; a creator. 2. (Mech.) (a) A shape around which an article is to be shaped, molded, woven wrapped, pasted, or otherwise constructed. (b) A templet, pattern, or gauge by which an article is shaped. (c) A cutting die. FORMER For"mer, a. Etym: [A compar. due to OE. formest. See Foremost.] 1. Preceding in order of time; antecedent; previous; prior; earlier; hence, ancient; long past. For inquire, I pray thee, of the former age. Job. viii. 8. The latter and former rain. Hosea vi. 3. 3. Near the beginning; preceeding; as, the former part of a discourse or argument. 3. Earlier, as between two things mentioned together; first mentioned. A bad author deserves better usage than a bad critic; a man may be the former merely through the misfortune of an ill judgment; but he can not be latter without both that and an ill temper. Pope. Syn. -- Prior; previous; anterior; antecedent; preceding; foregoing. FORMERET For`me*ret", n. Etym: [F.] (Arch.) Defn: One of the half ribs against the walls in a ceiling vaulted with ribs. FORMERLY For"mer*ly, adv. Defn: In time past, either in time immediately preceding or at any indefinite distance; of old; heretofore. FORMFUL Form"ful, a. Defn: Creative; imaginative. [R.] "The formful brain." Thomson. FORMIC For"mic, a. Etym: [L. formica an ant: cf. F. formique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, ants; as, formic acid; in an extended sense, pertaining to, or derived from, formic acid; as, formic ether. Amido formic acid, carbamic acid. -- Formic acid, a colorless, mobile liquid, HCO.OH, of a sharp, acid taste, occurring naturally in ants, nettles, pine needles, etc., and produced artifically in many ways, as by the oxidation of methyl alcohol, by the reduction of carbonic acid or the destructive distillation of oxalic acid. It is the first member of the fatty acids in the paraffin series, and is homologous with acetic acid. FORMICA For*mi"ca, n. Etym: [L., an ant.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A Linnæan genus of hymenopterous insects, including the common ants. See Ant. FORMICAROID For`mi*ca"roid, a. Etym: [NL. Formicarius, the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the family Formicaridæ or ant thrushes. FORMICARY For"mi*ca*ry, n. Etym: [LL. formicarium, fr. L. formica an ant.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The nest or dwelling of a swarm of ants; an ant-hill. FORMICATE For"mi*cate, a. Etym: [L. formica an ant.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling, or pertaining to, an ant or ants. FORMICATION For`mi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. formicatio, fr. formicare to creep like an ant, to feel as if ants were crawling on one's self, fr. formica ant: cf. F. formication.] (Med.) Defn: A sensation resembling that made by the creeping of ants on the skin. Dunglison. FORMICID For"mi*cid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the ants. -- n. Defn: One of the family Formicidæ, or ants. FORMIDABILITY For`mi*da*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Formidableness. Walpole. FORMIDABLE For"mi*da*ble, a. Etym: [L. formidabilis, fr. formidare to fear, dread: cf. F. formidable.] Defn: Exciting fear or apprehension; impressing dread; adapted to excite fear and deter from approach, encounter, or undertaking; alarming. They seemed to fear the formodable sight. Dryden. I swell my preface into a volume, and make it formidable, when you see so many pages behind. Drydn. Syn. -- Dreadful; fearful; terrible; frightful; shocking; horrible; terrific; tremendous. FORMIDABLENESS For"mi*da*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being formidable, or adapted to excite dread. Boyle. FORMIDABLY For"mi*da*bly, adv. Defn: In a formidable manner. FORMIDOLOSE For*mid"o*lose, a. Etym: [L. formidolosus, fr. formido fear.] Defn: Very much afraid. [Obs.] Bailey. FORMING Form"ing, n. Defn: The act or process of giving form or shape to anything; as, in shipbuilding, the exact shaping of partially shaped timbers. FORMLESS Form"less, a. Defn: Shapeless; without a determinate form; wanting regularity of shape. -- Form"less*ly, adv. -- Form"less*ness, n. FORMULA For"mu*la, n.; pl. E. Formulas, L. Formulæ. Etym: [L., dim. of forma form, model. SeeForm, n.] 1. A prescribed or set form; an established rule; a fixed or conventional method in which anything is to be done, arranged, or said. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A written confession of faith; a formal statement of foctrines. 3. (Math.) Defn: A rule or principle expressed in algebraic language; as, the binominal formula. 4. (Med.) Defn: A prescription or recipe for the preparation of a medicinal compound. 5. (Chem.) Defn: A symbolic expression (by means of letters, figures, etc.) of the constituents or constitution of a compound. Note: Chemical formulæ consist of the abbreviations of the names of the elements, with a small figure at the lower right hand, to denote the number of atoms of each element contained. Empirical formula (Chem.), an expression which gives the simple proportion of the constituents; as, the empirical formula of acetic acid is C2H4O2. -- Graphic formula, Rational formula (Chem.), an expression of the constitution, and in a limited sense of the structure, of a compound, by the grouping of its atoms or radicals; as, a rational formula of acetic acid is CH3.(C:O).OH; -- called also structural formula, constitutional formula, etc. See also the formula of Benzene nucleus, under Benzene. -- Molecular formula (Chem.), a formula indicating the supposed molecular constitution of a compound. FORMULARISTIC For`mu*la*ris"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or exhibiting, formularization. Emerson. FORMULARIZATION For`mu*lar*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of formularizing; a formularized or formulated statement or exhibition. C. Kingsley. FORMULARIZE For"mu*lar*ize, v. t. Defn: To reduce to a forula; to formulate. FORMULARY For"mu*la*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. formulaire. See Formula.] Defn: Stated; prescribed; ritual. FORMULARY For"mu*la*ry, n.; pl. Formularies. Etym: [Cf. F. formulaire.] 1. A book containing stated and prescribed forms, as of oaths, declarations, prayers, medical formulaæ, etc.; a book of precedents. 2. Prescribed form or model; formula. FORMULATE For"mu*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Formulating.] Defn: To reduce to, or express in, a formula; to put in a clear and definite form of statement or expression. G. P. Marsh. FORMULATION For`mu*la"tion, n. Defn: The act, process, or result of formulating or reducing to a formula. FORMULE For"mule, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A set or prescribed model; a formula. [Obs.] Johnson. FORMULIZATION For`mu*li*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of reducing to a formula; the state of being formulized. FORMULIZE For"mu*lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Formulized; p. pr. & vb. n. Formulizing.] Defn: To reduce to a formula; to formulate. Emerson. FORMYL For"myl, n. Etym: [Formic + -yl.] (Chem.) (a) A univalent radical, H.C:O, regarded as the essential residue of formic acid and aldehyde. (b) Formerly, the radical methyl, CH3. FORNCAST Forn*cast", p. p. Etym: [OE. foren + cast. See Forecast.] Defn: Predestined. [Obs.] Chaucer. FORNICAL For"ni*cal, a. Defn: Relating to a fornix. FORNICATE; FORNICATED For"ni*cate, For"ni*ca`ted, a. Etym: [L. fornicatus, fr. fornix, - icis, an arch, vault.] 1. Vaulted like an oven or furnace; arched. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Arching over; overarched. Gray. FORNICATE For"ni*cate, v. i. Etym: [L. fornicatus, p. p. of fornicari to fornicate, fr. fornix, -icis, a vault, a brothel in an underground vault.] Defn: To commit fornication; to have unlawful sexual intercourse. FORNICATION For`ni*ca"tion, n. Etym: [F. fornication, L. fornicatio.] 1. Unlawful sexual intercourse on the part of an unmarried person; the act of such illicit sexual intercourse between a man and a woman as does not by law amount to adultery. Note: In England, the offense, though cognizable in the ecclesiastical courts, was not at common law subject to secular prosecution. In the United States it is indictable in some States at common law, in others only by statute. Whartyon. 2. (Script.) (a) Adultery. (b) Incest. (c) Idolatry. FORNICATOR For"ni*ca`tor, n. Etym: [F. fornicateur, OF. fornicator, from L. fornicator.] Defn: An unmarried person, male or female, who has criminal intercourse with the other sex; one guilty of fornication. FORNICATRESS For"ni*ca`tress, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fornicatrice, L. fornicatrix.] Defn: A woman guilty of fornication. Shak. FORNIX For"nix, n.; pl. Fornices. Etym: [L., an arch.] (Anat.) (a) An arch or fold; as, the fornix, or vault, of the cranium; the fornix, or reflection, of the conjuctiva. (b) Esp., two longitudinal bands of white nervous tissue beneath the lateral ventricles of the brain. FOROLD For*old", a. Defn: Very old. [Obs.] A bear's skin, coal-black, forold. Chaucer. FORPASS For*pass", v. t. & i. Defn: To pass by or along; to pass over. [Obs.] Spenser. FORPINE For*pine", v. t. Defn: To waste away completely by suffering or torment. [Archaic] "Pale as a forpined ghost." Chaucer. FORRAY For"ray ( or ), v. t. Etym: [OE. forrayen. See Foray.] Defn: To foray; to ravage; to pillage. For they that morn had forrayed all the land. Fairfax. FORRAY For"ray, n. Defn: The act of ravaging; a ravaging; a predatory excursion. See Foray. FORRILL For"rill, n. Etym: [See Forel.] Defn: Lambskin parchment; vellum; forel. McElrath. FORSAKE For*sake", v. t. [imp. Forsook; p. p. Forsaken; p. pr. & vb. n. Forsaking.] Etym: [AS. forsacan to oppose, refuse; for- + sacan to contend, strive; akin to Goth. sakan. See For-, and Sake.] 1. To quit or leave entirely; to desert; to abandon; to depart or withdraw from; to leave; as, false friends and flatterers forsake us in adversity. If his children forsake my law, and walk not in my judgments. Ps. lxxxix. 30. 2. To renounce; to reject; to refuse. If you forsake the offer of their love. Shak. Syn. -- To abandon; quit; desert; fail; relinquish; give up; renounce; reject. See Abandon. FORSAKER For*sak"er, n. Defn: One who forsakes or deserts. FORSAY For*say", v. t. Etym: [AS. forsecgan to accuse; pref. for- + secgan to say.] Defn: To forbid; to renounce; to forsake; to deny. [Obs.] Spenser. FORSHAPE For*shape", v. t. Etym: [Pref. for- + shape, v.t.] Defn: To render misshapen. [Obs.] Gower. FORSLACK For*slack", v. t. Etym: [Pref. for- + slack to neglect.] Defn: To neglect by idleness; to delay or to waste by sloth. [Obs.] Spenser. FORSLOUTHE For*slouth"e, v. t. Etym: [See For-, and Slouth.] Defn: To lose by sloth or negligence. [Obs.] Chaucer. FORSLOW For*slow", v. t. Etym: [Pref. for- + slow.] Defn: To delay; to hinder; to neglect; to put off. [Obs.] Bacon. FORSLOW For*slow", v. i. Defn: To loiter. [Obs.] Shak. FORSLUGGE For*slug"ge, v. t. Etym: [See Slug to be idle.] Defn: To lsoe by idleness or slotch. [Obs.] Chaucer. FORSOOTH For*sooth", adv. Etym: [AS. forso\'eb; for, prep. + so\'eb sooth, truth. See For, prep., and Sooth.] Defn: In truth; in fact; certainly; very well; -- formerly used as an expression of deference or respect, especially to woman; now used ironically or contemptuously. A fit man, forsooth, to govern a realm! Hayward. Our old English word forsooth has been changed for the French madam. Guardian. FORSOOTH For*sooth", v. t. Defn: To address respectfully with the term forsooth. [Obs.] The captain of the "Charles" had forsoothed her, though he knew her well enough and she him. Pepys. FORSOOTH For*sooth", n. Defn: A person who used forsooth much; a very ceremonious and deferential person. [R.] You sip so like a forsooth of the city. B. Jonson. FORSPEAK For*speak", v. t. Etym: [Pref. for- + speak.] 1. To forbid; to prohibit. Shak. 2. To bewitch. [Obs.] Drayton. FORSPENT For*spent", a. Etym: [AS. forspendan to consume; pref. for- + spendan to spend.] Defn: Wasted in strength; tired; exhausted. [Archaic] A gentleman almost forspent with speed. Shak. FORSTALL For*stall", v. t. Defn: To forestall. [Obs.] Spenser. FORSTER Fors"ter, n. Defn: A forester. [Obs.] Chaucer. FORSTRAUGHT For*straught", p. p. & a. Etym: [Pref. for- + straught; cf. distraught.] Defn: Distracted. [Obs.] Chaucer. FORSWAT For*swat", a. Etym: [See Sweat.] Defn: Spent with heat; covered with sweat. [Obs.] P. Sidney. FORSWEAR For*swear", v. t. [imp. Forswore; p. p. Forsworn; p. pr. & vb. n. Forswearing.] Etym: [OE. forsweren, forswerien, AS. forswerian; pref. for- + swerian to swear. See For-, and Swear, v. i.] 1. To reject or renounce upon oath; hence, to renounce earnestly, determinedly, or with protestations. I . . . do forswear her. Shak. 2. To deny upon oath. Like innocence, and as serenely bold As truth, how loudly he forswears thy gold! Dryden. To forswear one's self, to swear falsely; to peforswear thyself." Syn. -- See Perjure. FORSWEAR For*swear", v. i. Defn: To swear falsely; to commit perjury. Shak. FORSWEARER For*swear"er, n. Defn: One who rejects of renounces upon oath; one who swears a false oath. FORSWONK For*swonk", a. Etym: [Pref. for- + swonk, p.p. of swinkto labor. See Swink.] Defn: Overlabored; exhausted; worn out. [Obs.] Spenser. FORSWORE For*swore", Defn: imp. of Forswear. FORSWORN For*sworn", Defn: p. p. of Forswear. FORSWORNNESS For*sworn"ness, n. Defn: State of being forsworn. [R.] FORSYTHIA For*syth"i*a, a. Etym: [NL. Named after William Forsyth, who brought in from China.] (Bot.) Defn: A shrub of the Olive family, with yellow blossoms. FORT Fort, n. Etym: [F., from fort strong, L. fortis; perh. akin to Skr. darh to fix, make firm, and to E. firm Cf. Forte, Force, Fortalice, Comfort, Effort.] (Mil.) Defn: A strong or fortified place; usually, a small fortified place, occupied only by troops, surrounded with a ditch, rampart, and parapet, or with palisades, stockades, or other means of defense; a fortification. Detached works, depending solely on their own strength, belong to the class of works termed forts. Farrow. FORTALICE Fort"a*lice, n. Etym: [LL. fortalitia, or OF. fortelesce. See Fortress.] (Mil.) Defn: A small outwork of a fortification; a fortilage; -- called also fortelace. FORTE Forte (fort), n. Etym: [IT. forte: cf. F. fort. See Fort.] 1. The strong point; that in which one excels. fort"a The construction of a fable seems by no means the forte of our modern poetical writers. Jeffrey. 2. The stronger part of the blade of a sword; the part of half nearest the hilt; -- opposed to foible. FORTE For"te (fôr"tay or for"tay), adv. Etym: [It. forte, a. & adv., fr. L. fortis strong.] (Mus.) Defn: Loudly; strongly; powerfully. FORTED Fort"ed, a. Defn: Furnished with, or guarded by, forts; strengthened or defended, as by forts. [R.] Shak. FORTH Forth, v.Etym: [AS. foredh, fr. for akin to D. voort, G. fort sq. root78. See Fore, For, and cf. Afford, Further, adv.] 1. Forward; onward in time, place, or order; in advance from a given point; on to end; as, from that day forth; one, two, three, and so forth. Lucas was Paul's companion, at the leastway from the sixteenth of the Acts forth. Tyndale. From this time forth, I never will speak word. Shak. I repeated the Ave Maria; the inquisitor bad me say forth; I said I was taught no more. Strype. 2. Out, as from a state of concealment, retirement, confinement, nondevelopment, or the like; out into notice or view; as, the plants in spring put forth leaves. When winter past, and summer scarce begun, Invites them forth to labor in the sun. Dryden. 3. Beyond a (certain) boundary; away; abroad; out. I have no mind of feasting forth to-night. Shak. 4. Throughly; from beginning to end. [Obs.] Shak. And so forth, Back and forth, From forth. See under And, Back, and From. -- Forth of, Forth from, out of [Obs.] Shak. -- To bring forth. See under Bring. FORTH Forth, prep. Defn: Forth from; out of. [Archaic] Some forth their cabins peep. Donne. FORTH Forth, n. Etym: [OE., a ford. Frith.] Defn: A way; a passage or ford. [Obs.] Todd. FORTHBY Forth`by", adv. [Obs.] Defn: See Forby. FORTHCOMING Forth"com`ing ( or ), a. Defn: Ready or about to appear; making appearance. FORTHGOING Forth"go`ing ( or ), n. Defn: A going forth; an utterance. A. Chalmers. FORTHGOING Forth"go`ing, a. Defn: Going forth. FORTHINK For*think", v. t. Defn: To repent; to regret; to be sorry for; to cause regret. [Obs.] "Let it forthink you." Tyndale. That me forthinketh, quod this January. Chaucer. FORTHPUTING Forth"put`ing ( or ), a. Defn: Bold; forward; aggressive. FORTHRIGHT Forth"right` ( or ), adv. Etym: [Forth, adv. + right, adv.] Defn: Straight forward; in a straight direction. [Archaic] Sir P. Sidney. FORTHRIGHT Forth"right`, a. Defn: Direct; straightforward; as, a forthright man. [Archaic] Lowell. They were Night and Day, and Day and Night, Piligrims wight with steps forthright. Emerson. FORTHRIGHT Forth"right`, n. Defn: A straight path. [Archaic] Here's a maze trod, indeed, Through forthrights and meanders! Shak. FORTHRIGHTNESS Forth"right`ness, n. Defn: Straightforwardness; explicitness; directness. [Archaic] Dante's concise forthrightness of phrase. Hawthorne. FORTHWARD Forth"ward, adv. Etym: [Forth, adv. + -ward.] Defn: Forward. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher. FORTHWITH Forth`with" ( or ; see With), adv. 1. Immediately; without delay; directly. Immediately there fell from his eyes as it had been scales; and he received sight forthwith. Acts ix. 18. 2. (Law) Defn: As soon as the thing required may be done by reasonable exertion confined to that object. Bouvier. FORTHY For*thy", adv. Etym: [AS. foredhy; for, prep. + edhy, instrumental neut. of se, seó, edhæt, pron. demonstrative and article. See The.] Defn: Therefore. [Obs.] Spenser. FORTIES For"ties, n. pl. Defn: See Forty. FORTIETH For"ti*eth, a. Etym: [AS. feówertigo. See Forty.] 1. Following the thirty-ninth, or preceded by thirty-nine units, things, or parts. 2. Constituting one of forty equal parts into which anything is divided. FORTIETH For"ti*eth, n. Defn: One of forty equal parts into which one whole is divided; the quotient of a unit divided by forty; one next in order after the thirty-ninth. FORTIFIABLE For"ti*fi`a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. fortifiable.] Defn: Capable of being fortified. Johnson. FORTIFICATION For`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. fortificatio : cf. F. fortification.] 1. The act of fortifying; the art or science of fortifying places in order to defend them against an enemy. 2. That which fortifies; especially, a work or works erected to defend a place against attack; a fortified place; a fortress; a fort; a castle. Fortification agate, Scotch pebble. Syn. -- Fortress; citadel; bulwark. See Fortress. FORTIFIER For"ti*fi`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, fortifies, strengthens, supports, or upholds. FORTIFY For"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fortified; p. pr. & vb. n. Fortifying.] Etym: [F. fortifier, L. fortificare; fortis strong + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See Fort, and -fy.] 1. To add strength to; to strengthen; to confirm; to furnish with power to resist attack. Timidity was fortified by pride. Gibbon. Pride came to the aid of fancy, and both combined to fortify his resolution. Sir W. Scott. 2. To strengthen and secure by forts or batteries, or by surrounding with a wall or ditch or other military works; to render defensible against an attack by hostile forces. FORTIFY For"ti*fy, v. i. Defn: To raise defensive works. Milton. FORTILAGE For"ti*lage (; 48), n. Etym: [Cf. Fortalice.] Defn: A little fort; a blockhouse. [Obs.] Spenser. FORTIN Fort"in, n. Etym: [F. See Fort, n.] Defn: A little fort; a fortlet. [Obs.] FORTISSIMO For*tis"si*mo ( or ), adv. Etym: [It., superl. of forte, adv. See Forte, adv.] (Mus.) Defn: Very loud; with the utmost strength or loudness. FORTITION For*ti"tion, n. Etym: [See Fortuitous.] Defn: Casual choice; fortuitous selection; hazard. [R.] No mode of election operating in the spirit of fortition or rotation can be generally good. Burke. FORTITUDE For"ti*tude, n. Etym: [L. fortitudo, fr. fortis strong. See Fort.] 1. Power to resist attack; strength; firmness. [Obs.] The fortitude of the place is best known to you. Shak. 2. That strength or firmness of mind which enables a person to encounter danger with coolness and courage, or to bear pain or adversity without murmuring, depression, or despondency; passive courage; resolute endurance; firmness in confronting or bearing up against danger or enduring trouble. Extolling patience as the truest fortitude. Milton. Fortitude is the guard and support of the other virtues. Locke. Syn. -- Courage; resolution; resoluteness; endurance; bravery. See Courage, and Heroism. FORTITUDINOUS For`ti*tu"di*nous, a. Defn: Having fortitude; courageous. [R.] Gibbon. FORTLET Fort"let, n. Defn: A little fort. [R.] Bailey. FORTNIGHT Fort"night` (; in U.S. often ; 277), n. Etym: [Contr. fr. fourteen nights, our ancestors reckoning time by nights and winters; so, also, seven nights, sennight, a week.] Defn: The space of fourteen days; two weeks. FORTNIGHTLY Fort"night`ly, a. Defn: Occurring or appearing once in a fortnight; as, a fortnightly meeting of a club; a fortnightly magazine, or other publication. -- adv. Defn: Once in a fortnight; at intervals of a fortnight. FORTREAD For*tread", v. t. Defn: To tread down; to trample upon. [Obs.] In hell shall they be all fortroden of devils. Chaucer. FORTRESS For"tress, n.; pl. Fortresses. Etym: [F. forteresse, OF. forteresce, fortelesce, LL. foralitia, fr. L. fortis strong. See Fort, and cf. Fortalice.] Defn: A fortified place; a large and permanent fortification, sometimes including a town; a fort; a castle; a stronghold; a place of defense or security. Syn. -- Fortress, Fortification, Castle, Citadel. A fortress is constructed for military purposes only, and is permanently garrisoned; a fortification is built to defend harbors, cities, etc.; a castle is a fortress of early times which was ordinarily a palatial dwelling; a citadel is the stronghold of a fortress or city, etc. FORTRESS For"tress, v. t. Defn: To furnish with a fortress or with fortresses; to guard; to fortify. Shak. FORTUITOUS For*tu"i*tous, a. Etym: [L. fortuitus; akin to forte, adv., by chance, prop. abl. of fors, fortis, chance. See Fortune.] 1. Happening by chance; coming or occuring unexpectedly, or without any known cause; chance; as, the fortuitous concourse of atoms. It was from causes seemingly fortuitous . . . that all the mighty effects of the Reformation flowed. Robertson. So as to throw a glancing and fortuitous light upon the whole. Hazlitt. 2. (LAw) Defn: Happening independently of human will or means of foresight; resulting from unavoidable physical causes. Abbott. Syn. -- Accidental; casual; contingent; incidental. See Accidental. -- For*tu"i*tous*ly, adv. -- For*tu"i*tous*ness, n. FORTUITY For*tu"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fortuité.] Defn: Accident; chance; casualty. D. Forbes (1750). FORTUNATE For"tu*nate, a. Etym: [L. fortunatus, p.p. of fortunare to make fortunate or prosperous, fr. fortuna. See Fortune, n.] 1. Coming by good luck or favorable chance; bringing some good thing not foreseen as certain; presaging happiness; auspicious; as, a fortunate event; a fortunate concurrence of circumstances; a fortunate investment. 2. Receiving same unforeseen or unexpected good, or some good which was not dependent on one's own skill or efforts; favored with good forune; lucky. Syn. -- Auspicious; lucky; prosperous; successful; favored; happy. -- Fortunate, Successful, Prosperous. A man is fortunate, when he is favored of fortune, and has unusual blessings fall to his lot; successful when he gains what he aims at; prosperous when he succeeds in those things which men commonly desire. One may be fortunate, in some cases, where he is not successful; he may be successful, but, if he has been mistaken in the value of what he has aimed at, he may for that reason fail to be prosperous. FORTUNATELY For"tu*nate*ly, adv. Defn: In a fortunate manner; luckily; successfully; happily. FORTUNATENESS For"tu*nate*ness, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being fortunate; good luck; success; happiness. FORTUNE For"tune, n. Etym: [F. fortune, L. fortuna; akin to fors, fortis, chance, prob. fr. ferre to bear, bring. See Bear to support, and cf. Fortuitous.] 1. The arrival of something in a sudden or unexpected manner; chance; accident; luck; hap; also, the personified or deified power regarded as determining human success, apportioning happiness and unhappiness, and distributing arbitrarily or fortuitously the lots of life. 'T is more by fortune, lady, than by merit. Shak. O Fortune, Fortune, all men call thee fickle. Shak. 2. That which befalls or is to befall one; lot in life, or event in any particular undertaking; fate; destiny; as, to tell one's fortune. You, who men's fortunes in their faces read. Cowley. 3. That which comes as the result of an undertaking or of a course of action; good or ill success; especially, favorable issue; happy event; success; prosperity as reached partly by chance and partly by effort. Our equal crimes shall equal fortune give. Dryden. There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. Shak. His father dying, he was driven to seek his fortune. Swift. 4. Wealth; large possessions; large estate; riches; as, a gentleman of fortune. Syn. -- Chance; accident; luck; fate. Fortune book, a book supposed to reveal future events to those who consult it. Crashaw. - Fortune hunter, one who seeks to acquire wealth by marriage. -- Fortune teller, one who professes to tell future events in the life of another. -- Fortune telling, the practice or art of professing to reveal future events in the life of another. FORTUNE For"tune, v. t. Etym: [OF. fortuner, L. fortunare. See Fortune, n.] 1. To make fortunate; to give either good or bad fortune to. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To provide with a fortune. Richardson. 3. To presage; to tell the fortune of. [Obs.] Dryden. FORTUNE For"tune, v. i. Defn: To fall out; to happen. It fortuned the same night that a Christian, serving a Turk in the camp, secretely gave the watchmen warning. Knolles. FORTUNELESS For"tune*less, a. Defn: Luckless; also, destitute of a fortune or portion. Spenser. FORTUNIZE For"tun*ize, v. t. Defn: To regulate the fortune of; to make happy. [Obs.] Spenser. FORTY For"ty, a. Etym: [OE. forti, fourti, fowerty, AS. feówertig; feówer four + suff. -tig ten; akin to OS. fiwartig, fiartig, D. veertig, G. vierzig, Icel. fjörutiu, Sw. fyratio, Dan. fyrretyve, Goth. fidw. See Four, and Ten, and cf. Fourteen.] Defn: Four times ten; thirtynine and one more. FORTY For"ty, n.; pl. Forties (. 1. The sum of four tens; forty units or objects. 2. A symbol expressing forty units; as, 40, or xl. FORTY-NINER For`ty-nin"er, n. Defn: One of those who went to California in the rush for gold in 1849; an argonaut. [Colloq., U. S.] FORTY-SPOT For"ty-spot`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Tasmanian forty-spotted diamond bird (Pardalotus quadragintus). FORUM Fo"rum, n.; pl. E. Forums, L. Fora. Etym: [L.; akin to foris, foras, out of doors. See Foreign.] 1. A market place or public place in Rome, where causes were judicially tried, and orations delivered to the people. 2. A tribunal; a court; an assembly empowered to hear and decide causes. He [Lord Camden] was . . . more eminent in the senate than in the forum. Brougham. FORWAKED For*waked" ( or ), p. p. & a. Defn: Tired out with excessive waking or watching. [Obs.] Chaucer. FORWANDER For*wan"der, v. i. Defn: To wander away; to go astray; to wander far and to weariness. [Obs.] FORWARD For"ward, n. Etym: [OE., fr. AS. foreweard; fore before + weard a ward. See Ward, n.] Defn: An agreement; a covenant; a promise. [Obs.] Tell us a tale anon, as forward is. Chaucer. FORWARD; FORWARDS For"ward, For"wards, adv. Etym: [AS. forweard, foreweard; for, fore + -weardes; akin to G. vorwärts. The s is properly a genitive ending. See For, Fore, and -ward, -wards.] Defn: Toward a part or place before or in front; onward; in advance; progressively; -- opposed to backward. FORWARD For"ward, a. 1. Near, or at the fore part; in advance of something else; as, the forward gun in a ship, or the forward ship in a fleet. 2. Ready; prompt; strongly inclined; in an ill sense, overready; to hasty. Only they would that we should remember the poor; the same which I also was forward to do. Gal. ii. 10. Nor do we find him forward to be sounded. Shak. 3. Ardent; eager; earnest; in an ill sense, less reserved or modest than is proper; bold; confident; as, the boy is too forward for his years. I have known men disagreeably forward from their shyness. T. Arnold. 4. Advanced beyond the usual degree; advanced for season; as, the grass is forward, or forward for the season; we have a forward spring. early. The most forward bud Is eaten by the canker ere it blow. Shak. FORWARD For"ward, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Forwarded; p.pr. & vb.n. Forwarding.] 1. To help onward; to advance; to promote; to accelerate; to quicken; to hasten; as, to forward the growth of a plant; to forward one in improvement. 2. To send forward; to send toward the place of destination; to transmit; as, to forward a letter. FORWARDER For"ward*er, n. 1. One who forwards or promotes; a promoter. Udall. 2. One who sends forward anything; (Com.) one who transmits goods; a forwarding merchant. 3. (Bookbinding) Defn: One employed in forwarding. FORWARDING For"ward*ing, n. 1. The act of one who forwards; the act or occupation of transmitting merchandise or other property for others. 2. (Bookbinding) Defn: The process of putting a book into its cover, and making it ready for the finisher. FORWARDLY For"ward*ly, adv. Defn: Eagerly; hastily; obtrusively. FORWARDNESS For"ward*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being forward; cheerful readiness; promtness; as, the forwardness of Christians in propagating the gospel. 2. An advanced stage of progress or of preparation; advancement; as, his measures were in great forwardness. Robertson. 3. Eagerness; ardor; as, it is difficult to restrain the forwardness of youth. 3. Boldness; confidence; assurance; want of due reserve or modesty. In France it is usual to bring children into company, and cherish in them, from their infancy, a kind of forwardness and assurance. Addison. 5. A state of advance beyond the usual degree; prematureness; precocity; as, the forwardnessof spring or of corn; the forwardness of a pupil. He had such a dexterous proclivity, as his teachers were fain to restrain his forwardness. Sir H. Wotton. Syn. -- Promptness; promptitude; eagerness; ardor; zeal; assurance; confidence; boldness; impudence; presumption. FORWARDS For"wards, adv. Defn: Same as Forward. FORWASTE For*waste", v. t. Etym: [Pref. for- + waste.] Defn: To desolate or lay waste utterly. [Obs.] Spenser. FORWEARY For*wea"ry, v. t. Defn: To weary extremely; to dispirit. [Obs.] Spenser. FORWEEP For*weep", v. i. Defn: To weep much. [Obs.] FORWETE For*wete", v. t. Defn: See Forewite. [Obs.] Chaucer. FORWHY For*why", conj. Etym: [For + why, AS. hw, instrumental case of hwa who.] Defn: Wherefore; because. [Obs.] FORWORN For*worn", a. Defn: Much worn. [Obs.] A silly man, in simple weeds forworn. Spenser. FORWOT For*wot", Defn: pres. indic. 1st & 3d pers. sing. of Forwete. [Obs.] Chaucer. FORWRAP For*wrap", v. t. Defn: To wrap up; to conceal. [Obs.] All mote be said and nought excused, nor hid, nor forwrapped. Chaucer. FORYELDE For*yelde", v. t. Etym: [AS. forgieldan.] Defn: To repay; to requite. [Obs.] Chaucer. FORYETE For*yete", v. t. Defn: To forget. [Obs.] Chaucer. FORYETTEN For*yet"ten, obs. Defn: p. p. of Foryete. Chaucer. FORZANDO For*zan"do, adv. Etym: [It., prop. p.p. of forzare to force.] (Mus.) Defn: See Sforzato. FOSSA Fos"sa, n.; pl. FossÆ. Etym: [L., a ditch. See Fosse.] (Anat.) Defn: A pit, groove, cavity, or depression, of greater or less depth; as, the temporal fossa on the side of the skull; the nasal fossæ containing the nostrils in most birds. FOSSANE Fos"sane`, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fossane.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of civet (Viverra fossa) resembling the genet. FOSSE Fosse, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. fossa, fr. fodere, fossum, to dig.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A ditch or moat. 2. (Anat.) Defn: See Fossa. Fosse road. See Fosseway. FOSSET Fos"set, n. Defn: A faucet. [Obs.] Shak. FOSSETTE Fos`sette" ( or ), n. Etym: [F., dim. of fosse a fosse.] 1. A little hollow; hence, a dimple. 2. (Med.) Defn: A small, deep-centered ulcer of the transparent cornea. FOSSEWAY Fosse"way`, n. Defn: One of the great military roads constructed by the Romans in England and other parts of Europe; -- so called from the fosse or ditch on each side for keeping it dry. FOSSICK Fos"sick, v. i. [Dial. E. fossick, fossuck, a troublesome person, fussick to potter over one's work, fussock to bustle about; of uncertain origin. Cf. Fuss.] 1. (Mining) Defn: To search for gold by picking at stone or earth or among roots in isolated spots, picking over abandoned workings, etc.; hence, to steal gold or auriferous matter from another's claim. [Australia] 2. To search about; to rummage. A man who has fossicked in nature's byways. D. Macdonald. FOSSIL Fos"sil, a. Etym: [L. fossilis, fr. fodere to dig: cf. F. fossile. See Fosse.] 1. Dug out of the eart; as, fossil coal; fossil salt. 2. (Paleon.) Defn: Like or pertaining to fossils; contained in rocks. whether petrified or not; as, fossil plants, shells. Fossil copal, a resinous substance, first found in the blue clay at Highgate, near London, and apparently a vegetable resin, partly changed by remaining in the earth. -- Fossil cork, flax, paper, or wood, varieties of amianthus. -- Fossil farina, a soft carbonate of lime. -- Fossil ore, fossiliferous red hematite. Raymond. FOSSIL Fos"sil, n. 1. A substance dug from the earth. [Obs.] Note: Formerly all minerals were called fossils, but the word is now restricted to express the remains of animals and plants found buried in the earth. Ure. 2. (Paleon.) Defn: The remains of an animal or plant found in stratified rocks. Most fossils belong to extinct species, but many of the later ones belong to species still living. 3. A person whose views and opinions are extremely antiquated; one whose sympathies are with a former time rather than with the present. [Colloq.] FOSSILIFEROUS Fos`sil*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Fossil + -ferous.] (Paleon.) Defn: Containing or composed of fossils. FOSSILIFICATION Fos*sil`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Fossil + L. facere to make.] Defn: The process of becoming fossil. FOSSILISM Fos"sil*ism, n. 1. The science or state of fossils. Coleridge. 2. The state of being extremely antiquated in views and opinions. FOSSILIST Fos"sil*ist, n. Defn: One who is versed in the science of fossils; a paleontologist. Joseph Black. FOSSILIZATION Fos`sil*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fossilisation.] Defn: The process of converting, or of being converted, into a fossil. FOSSILIZE Fos"sil*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fossilized; p. pr. & vb. n. Fossilizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. fossiliser.] 1. To convert into a fossil; to petrify; as, to fossilize bones or wood. 2. To cause to become antiquated, rigid, or fixed, as by fossilization; to mummify; to deaden. Ten layers of birthdays on a woman's head Are apt to fossilize her girlish mirth. Mrs. Browning. FOSSILIZE Fos"sil*ize, v. i. 1. To become fossil. 2. To become antiquated, rigid, or fixed, beyond the influence of change or progress. FOSSILIZED Fos"sil*ized, a. Defn: Converted into a fossil; antiquated; firmly fixed in views or opinions. A fossilized sample of confused provincialism. Earle. FOSSORES Fos*so"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. fossor digger, fr. fodere to dig.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of hymenopterous insects including the sand wasps. They excavate cells in earth, where they deposit their eggs, with the bodies of other insects for the food of the young when hatched. [Written also Fossoria.] FOSSORIA Fos*so"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Fossores. FOSSORIAL Fos*so"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. fossor a digger.] Defn: Fitted for digging, adapted for burrowing or digging; as, a fossorial foot; a fossorial animal. FOSSORIOUS Fos*so"ri*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Adapted for digging; -- said of the legs of certain insects. FOSSULATE Fos"su*late, a. Etym: [L. fossula little ditch, dim. of fossa. See Fosse.] Defn: Having, or surrounded by, long, narrow depressions or furrows. FOSTER Fos"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fostered, p. pr. & vb. n. Fostering.] Etym: [OE. fostren, fr. AS. foster, fostor, food, nourishment, fr. foda food. *75. See Food.] 1. To feed; to nourish; to support; to bring up. Some say that ravens foster forlorn children. Shak. 2. To cherish; to promote the growth of; to encourage; to sustain and promote; as, to foster genius. FOSTER Fos"ter, v. i. Defn: To be nourished or trained up together. [Obs.] Spenser. FOSTER Fos"ter, a. Etym: [AS. foster, fostor, nourishment. See Foster, v. t.] Defn: Relating to nourishment; affording, receiving, or sharing nourishment or nurture; -- applied to father, mother, child, brother, etc., to indicate that the person so called stands in the relation of parent, child, brother, etc., as regards sustenance and nurture, but not by tie of blood. Foster babe, or child, an infant of child nursed by a woman not its mother, or bred by a man not its father. -- Foster brother, Foster sister, one who is, or has been, nursed at the same breast, or brought up by the same nurse as another, but is not of the same parentage. -- Foster dam, one who takes the place of a mother; a nurse. Dryden. -- Foster earth, earth by which a plant is nourished, though not its native soil. J. Philips. -- Foster father, a man who takes the place of a father in caring for a child. Bacon. -- Foster land. (a) Land allotted for the maintenance of any one. [Obs.] (b) One's adopted country. -- Foster lean Etym: [foster + AS. læn a loan See Loan.], remuneration fixed for the rearing of a foster child; also, the jointure of a wife. [Obs.] Wharton. -- Foster mother, a woman who takes a mother's place in the nurture and care of a child; a nurse. -- Foster nurse, a nurse; a nourisher. [R.] Shak. -- Foster parent, a foster mother or foster father. -- Foster son, a male foster child. FOSTER Fos"ter, n. Defn: A forester. [Obs.] Spenser. FOSTER Fos"ter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, fosters. FOSTERAGE Fos"ter*age (; 48), n. Defn: The care of a foster child; the charge of nursing. Sir W. Raleigh. FOSTERER Fos"ter*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, fosters. FOSTERLING Fos"ter*ling, n. Etym: [AS. fostorling.] Defn: A foster child. FOSTERMENT Fos"ter*ment, n. Defn: Food; nourishment. [Obs.] FOSTRESS Fos"tress, n. Etym: [For fosteress.] Defn: A woman who feeds and cherishes; a nurse. B. Jonson. FOTHER Foth"er, n. Etym: [OE. fother, foder, AS. fo a cartload; akin to G. fuder a cartload, a unit of measure, OHG. fuodar, D. voeder, and perh. to E. fathom, or cf. Skr. patra vessel, dish. Cf. Fodder a fother.] 1. A wagonload; a load of any sort. [Obs.] Of dung full many a fother. Chaucer. 2. See Fodder, a unit of weight. FOTHER Foth"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fothered; p. pr. & vb. n. Fothering.] Etym: [Cf. Fodder food, and G. füttern, futtern, to cover within or without, to line. *75.] Defn: To stop (a leak in a ship at sea) by drawing under its bottom a thrummed sail, so that the pressure of the water may force it into the crack. Totten. FOTIVE Fo"tive, a. Etym: [L. fovere, fotum, to keep warm, to cherish.] Defn: Nourishing. [Obs.] T. Carew (1633). FOTMAL Fot"mal, n. (Com.) Defn: Seventy pounds of lead. FOUCAULT CURRENT Fou`cault" cur`rent. [After J. B. L. Foucault (1819-68), French physicist.] (Elec.) Defn: An eddy current. FOUGADE; FOUGASSE Fou`gade", Fou`gasse", n. (Mil.) Defn: A small mine, in the form of a well sunk from the surface of the ground, charged with explosive and projectiles. It is made in a position likely to be occupied by the enemy. FOUGHT Fought, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Fight. FOUGHTEN Fought"en, Defn: p. p. of Fight. [Archaic] FOUL Foul, n. Etym: [See Fowl.] Defn: A bird. [Obs.] Chaucer. FOUL Foul, a. [Compar. Fouler (-er); superl. Foulest.] Etym: [OE. foul, ful, AS. ful; akin to D. vuil, G. faul rotten, OHG. ful, Icel. ful foul, fetid; Dan. fuul, Sw. ful foul, Goth. fuls fetid, Lith. puti to be putrid, L. putere to stink, be putrid, pus pus, Gr. py`on pus, to cause to rot, Skr. puy to stink. *82. Cf. Defile to foul, File to foul, Filth, Pus, Putrid.] 1. Covered with, or containing, extraneous matter which is injurious, noxious, offensive, or obstructive; filthy; dirty; not clean; polluted; nasty; defiled; as, a foul cloth; foul hands; a foul chimney; foul air; a ship's bottom is foul when overgrown with barnacles; a gun becomes foul from repeated firing; a well is foul with polluted water. My face is foul with weeping. Job. xvi. 16. 2. Scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive; as, foul words; foul language. 3. Hateful; detestable; shameful; odious; wretched. "The foul with Sycorax." Shak. Who first seduced them to that foul revolt Milton. 4. Loathsome; disgusting; as, a foul disease. 5. Ugly; homely; poor. [Obs.] Chaucer. Let us, like merchants, show our foulest wares. Shak. 6. Not favorable; unpropitious; not fair or advantageous; as, a foul wind; a foul road; cloudy or rainy; stormy; not fair; -- said of the weather, sky, etc. So foul a sky clears not without a storm. Shak. 7. Not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.; unfair; dishonest; dishonorable; cheating; as, foul play. 8. Having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement; entangled; -- opposed to clear; as, a rope or cable may get foul while paying it out. Foul anchor. (Naut.) See under Anchor. -- Foul ball (Baseball), a ball that first strikes the ground outside of the foul ball lines, or rolls outside of certain limits. -- Foul ball lines (Baseball), lines from the home base, through the first and third bases, to the boundary of the field. -- Foul berth (Naut.), a berth in which a ship is in danger of fouling another vesel. -- Foul bill, or Foul bill of health, a certificate, duly authenticated, that a ship has come from a place where a contagious disorder prevails, or that some of the crew are infected. -- Foul copy, a rough draught, with erasures and corrections; -- opposed to fair or clean copy. "Some writers boast of negligence, and others would be ashamed to show their foul copies." Cowper. -- Foul proof, an uncorrected proof; a proof containing an excessive quantity of errors. -- Foul strike (Baseball), a strike by the batsman when any part of his person is outside of the lines of his position. -- To fall foul, to fall out; to quarrel. [Obs.] "If they be any ways offended, they fall foul." Burton. -- To fall, or run, foul of. See under Fall. -- To make foul water, to sail in such shallow water that the ship's keel stirs the mud at the bottom. FOUL Foul, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fouled; p. pr. & vb. n. Fouling.] 1. To make filthy; to defile; to daub; to dirty; to soil; as, to foul the face or hands with mire. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To incrust (the bore of a gun) with burnt powder in the process of firing. 3. To cover (a ship's bottom) with anything that impered its sailing; as, a bottom fouled with barnacles. 4. To entangle, so as to impede motion; as, to foul a rope or cable in paying it out; to come into collision with; as, one boat fouled the other in a race. FOUL Foul, v. i. 1. To become clogged with burnt powder in the process of firing, as a gun. 2. To become entagled, as ropes; to come into collision with something; as, the two boats fouled. FOUL Foul, n. 1. An entanglement; a collision, as in a boat race. 2. (Baseball) Defn: See Foul ball, under Foul, a. FOULARD Fou`lard", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A thin, washable material of silk, or silk and cotton, originally imported from India, but now also made elsewhere. FOULDER Foul"der, v. i. Etym: [OE. fouldre lightning, fr. F. foudre, OF. also fouldre, fr. L. fulgur. See Fulgor.] Defn: To flash, as lightning; to lighten; to gleam; to thunder. [Obs.] "Flames of fouldering heat." Spenser. FOULE Foul"e, adv. Defn: Foully. [Obs.] Chaucer. FOULLY Foul"ly, v. Defn: In a foul manner; filthily; nastily; shamefully; unfairly; dishonorably. I foully wronged him; do forgive me, do. Gay. FOUL-MOUTHED Foul"-mouthed`, a. Defn: Using language scurrilous, opprobrious, obscene, or profane; abusive. So foul-mouthed a witness never appeared in any cause. Addison. FOULNESS Foul"ness, n. Etym: [AS. f.] Defn: The quality or condition of being foul. FOUL-SPOKEN Foul"-spo`ken, a. Defn: Using profane, scurrilous, slanderous, or obscene language. Shak. FOUMART Fou"mart`, n. Etym: [OE. folmard, fulmard; AS. f foul + mear, meard, marten: cf. F. marte, martre. See Foul, a., and Marten the quadruped.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European polecat; -- called also European ferret, and fitchew. See Polecat. [Written also foulmart, foulimart, and fulimart.] FOUND Found, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Find. FOUND Found, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Founded; p. pr. & vb. n. Founding.] Etym: [F. fondre, L. fundere to found, pour.] Defn: To form by melting a metal, and pouring it into a mold; to cast. "Whereof to found their engines." Milton. FOUND Found, n. Defn: A thin, single-cut file for combmakers. FOUND Found, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Founded; p. pr. & vb. n. Founding.] Etym: [F. fonder, L. fundare, fr. fundus bottom. See 1st Bottom, and cf. Founder, v. i., Fund.] 1. To lay the basis of; to set, or place, as on something solid, for support; to ground; to establish upon a basis, literal or figurative; to fix firmly. I had else been perfect, Whole as the marble, founded as the rock. Shak. A man that all his time Hath founded his good fortunes on your love. Shak. It fell not, for it was founded on a rock. Matt. vii. 25. 2. To take the ffirst steps or measures in erecting or building up; to furnish the materials for beginning; to begin to raise; to originate; as, to found a college; to found a family. There they shall found Their government, and their great senate choose. Milton. Syn. -- To base; ground; institute; establish; fix. See Predicate. FOUNDATION Foun*da"tion, n. Etym: [F. fondation, L. fundatio. See Found to establish.] 1. The act of founding, fixing, establishing, or beginning to erect. 2. That upon which anything is founded; that on which anything stands, and by which it is supported; the lowest and supporting layer of a superstructure; groundwork; basis. Behold, I lay in Zion, for a foundation, a stone . . . a precious corner stone, a sure foundation. Is. xxviii. 16. The foundation of a free common wealth. Motley. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The lowest and supporting part or member of a wall, including the base course (see Base course (a), under Base, n.) and footing courses; in a frame house, the whole substructure of masonry. 4. A donation or legacy appropriated to support a charitable institution, and constituting a permanent fund; endowment. He was entered on the foundation of Westminster. Macaulay. 5. That which is founded, or established by endowment; an endowed institution or charity. Against the canon laws of our foundation. Milton. Foundation course. See Base course, under Base, n. -- Foundation muslin, an open-worked gummed fabric used for stiffening dresses, bonnets, etc. -- Foundation school, in England, an endowed school. -- To be on a foundation, to be entitled to a support from the proceeds of an endowment, as a scholar or a fellow of a college. FOUNDATIONER Foun*da"tion*er, n. Defn: One who derives support from the funds or foundation of a college or school. [Eng.] FOUNDATIONLESS Foun*da"tion*less, a. Defn: Having no foundation. FOUNDER Found"er, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. fondeor, F. fondateur, L. fundator.] Defn: One who founds, establishes, and erects; one who lays a foundation; an author; one from whom anything originates; one who endows. FOUNDER Found"er, n. Etym: [From Found to cast.] Defn: One who founds; one who casts metals in various forms; a caster; as, a founder of cannon, bells, hardware, or types. Fonder's dust. Same as Facing, 4. -- Founder's sand, a kind of sand suitable for purposes of molding. FOUNDER Found"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Foundered; p. pr. & vb. n. Foundering.] Etym: [OF. fondrer to fall in, cf. F. s'effondrer, fr. fond bottom, L. fundus. See Found to establish.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: To become filled with water, and sink, as a ship. 2. To fall; to stumble and go lame, as a horse. For which his horse fearé gan to turn, And leep aside, and foundrede as he leep. Chaucer. 3. To fail; to miscarry. "All his tricks founder." Shak. FOUNDER Found"er, v. t. Defn: To cause internal inflammation and soreness in the feet or limbs of (a horse), so as to disable or lame him. FOUNDER Found"er, n. (Far.) (a) A lameness in the foot of a horse, occasioned by inflammation; closh. (b) An inflammatory fever of the body, or acute rheumatism; as, chest founder. See Chest ffounder. James White. FOUNDEROUS Foun"der*ous, a. Defn: Difficult to travel; likely to trip one up; as, a founderous road. [R.] Burke. FOUNDERSHAFT Found"er*shaft`, n. (Mining) Defn: The first shaft sunk. Raymond. FOUNDERY Found"er*y, n.; pl. Founderies. Etym: [F. fonderie, fr. fondre. See Found to cast, and cf. Foundry.] Defn: Same as Foundry. FOUNDING Found"ing, n. Defn: The art of smelting and casting metals. FOUNDLING Found"ling, n. Etym: [OE. foundling, fundling; finden to find + - ling; cf. fündling, findling. See Find, v. t., and -ling.] Defn: A deserted or exposed infant; a child found without a parent or owner. Foundling hospital, a hospital for foundlings. FOUNDRESS Found"ress, n. Defn: A female founder; a woman who founds or establishes, or who endows with a fund. FOUNDRY Found"ry, n.; pl. Foundries. Etym: [See Foundery.] 1. The act, process, or art of casting metals. 2. The buildings and works for casting metals. Foundry ladle, a vessel for holding molten metal and conveying it from cupola to the molds. FOUNT Fount, n. Etym: [See Font.] (Print.) Defn: A font. FOUNT Fount, n. Etym: [OF. font, funt, fr. L. fons, fontis, a fountain; of uncertain origin, perh. akin to fundere to pour, E. found to cast. Cf. Font.] Defn: A fountain. FOUNTAIN Foun"tain, n. Etym: [F. fontaine, LL. fontana, fr. L. fons, fontis. See 2d Fount.] 1. A spring of water issuing from the earth. 2. An artificially produced jet or stream of water; also, the structure or works in which such a jet or stream rises or flows; a basin built and constantly supplied with pure water for drinking and other useful purposes, or for ornament. 3. A reservoir or chamber to contain a liquid which can be conducted or drawn off as needed for use; as, the ink fountain in a printing press, etc. 4. The source from which anything proceeds, or from which anything is supplied continuously; origin; source. Judea, the fountain of the gospel. Fuller. Author of all being, Fountain of light, thyself invisible. Milton. Air fountain. See under Air. -- Fountain heead, primary source; original; first principle. Young. -- Fountain inkstand, an inkstand having a continual supply of ink, as from elevated reservoir. -- Fountain lamp, a lamp fed with oil from an elevated reservoir. -- Fountain pen, a pen with a reservoir in the handle which furnishes a supply of ink. -- Fountain pump. (a) A structure for a fountain, having the form of a pump. (b) A portable garden pump which throws a jet, for watering plants, etc. -- Fountain shell (Zoöl.), the large West Indian conch shell (Strombus gigas). -- Fountain of youth, a mythical fountain whose waters were fabled to have the property of renewing youth. FOUNTAINLESS Foun"tain*less, a. Defn: Having no fountain; destitute of springs or sources of water. Barren desert, fountainless and dry. Milton. FOUNTFUL Fount"ful, a. Defn: Full of fountains. Pope. FOUR Four, a. Etym: [OE. four, fower, feower, AS. feówer; akin to OS. fiwar, D. & G. vier, OHG. fior, Icel. fj, Sw. fyra, Dan. fire, Goth. fidw, Russ. chetuire, chetvero, W. pedwar, L. quatuor, Gr. catur. Farthing, Firkin, Forty, Cater four, Quater-cousin, Quatuor, Quire of paper, tetrarch.] Defn: One more than three; twice two. FOUR Four, n. 1. The sum of four units; four units or objects. 2. A symbol representing four units, as 4 or iv. 3. Four things of the same kind, esp. four horses; as, a chariot and four. All fours. See All fours, in the Vocabulary. FOURB; FOURBE Fourb, Fourbe, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A trickly fellow; a cheat. [Obs.] Evelyn. Denham. FOURCHE Four`ché", a. Etym: [F. See Fo.] (Her.) Defn: Having the ends forked or branched, and the ends of the branches terminating abruptly as if cut off; -- said of an ordinary, especially of a cross. FOURCHETTE Four`chette", n. Etym: [F., dim. of fourche. See Fork.] 1. A table fork. 2. (Anat.) (a) A small fold of membrane, connecting the labia in the posterior part of the vulva. (b) The wishbone or furculum of birds. (c) The frog of the hoof of the horse and allied animals. 3. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument used to raise and support the tongue during the cutting of the frænum. 4. (Glove Making) Defn: The forked piece between two adjacent fingers, to which the front and back portions are sewed. Knight. FOUR-CORNERED Four"-cor`nered, a. Defn: Having four corners or angles. FOUR-CYCLE Four"-cy`cle, n. (Thermodynamics) Defn: A four-stroke cycle, as the Otto cycle, for an internal- combustion engine. -- Four"-cy`cle, a. FOURDRINIER Four`dri`nier", n. Defn: A machine used in making paper; -- so named from an early inventor of improvements in this class of machinery. FOURFOLD Four"fold`, a. & adv. Etym: [AS. feówerfeold.] Defn: Four times; quadruple; as, a fourfold division. He snall restore the lamb fourfold. 2 Sam. xii. 6. FOURFOLD Four"fold`, n. Defn: Four times as many or as much. FOURFOLD Four"fold`, v. t. Defn: To make four times as much or as many, as an assessment,; to quadruple. FOURFOOTED Four"foot`ed, a. Defn: Having four feet; quadruped; as, fourfooted beasts. FOURGON Four`gon", n. Etym: [F.] (Mil.) (a)An ammunition wagon. (b) A French baggage wagon. FOURHANDED Four"hand`ed, a. 1. Having four hands; quadrumanous. Goldsmith. 2. Requiring four "hands" or players; as, a fourhanded game at cards. FOURIERISM Fou"ri*er*ism, n. Defn: The coöperative socialistic system of Charles Fourier, a Frenchman, who recommended the reorganization of society into small communities, living in common. FOURIERIST; FOURIERITE Fou"ri*er*ist, Fou"ri*er*ite, n. Defn: One who adopts the views of Fourier. FOUR-IN-HAND Four"-in-hand, a. Defn: Consisting of four horses controlled by one person; as, a four- in-hand team; drawn by four horses driven by one person; as, a four- in-hand coach. -- n. Defn: A team of four horses driven by one person; also, a vehicle drawn by such a team. As quaint a four-in-hand As you shall see. Tennyson. FOURLING Four"ling, n. 1. One of four children born at the same time. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: A compound or twin crystal consisting of four individuals. FOURNEAU Four`neau", n. Etym: [F.] (Mil.) Defn: The chamber of a mine in which the powder is placed. FOUR-O'CLOCK Four"-o'clock`, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Mirabilis. There are about half a dozen species, natives of the warmer parts of America. The common four- o'clock is M. Jalapa. Its flowers are white, yellow, and red, and open toward sunset, or earlier in cloudy weather; hence the name. It is also called marvel of Peru, and afternoon lady. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The friar bird; -- so called from its cry, which resembles these words. FOURPENCE Four"pence, n. 1. A British silver coin, worth four pence; a groat. 2. A name formerly given in New England to the Spanish half real, a silver coin worth six and a quarter cents. FOUR-POSTER Four"-post`er, n. Defn: A large bedstead with tall posts at the corners to support curtains. [Colloq.] FOURRIER Four"rier (; F. , n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. forre. See Forage, n.] Defn: A harbinger. [Obs.] FOURSCORE Four"score`, a. Etym: [Four + core, n.] Defn: Four times twenty; eighty. FOURSCORE Four"score`, n. Defn: The product of four times twenty; eighty units or objects. FOURSOME Four"some, a. [Four + 2d -some.] Defn: Consisting of four; requiring four participants. [Scot. or Golf] FOURSOME Four"some, n. (Golf) Defn: A game between four players, with two on each side and each side playing but one ball, the partners striking alternately. It is called a mixed foursome when each side consists of a man and a woman. FOURSQUARE Four"square`, a. Defn: Having four sides and four equal angles. Sir W. Raleigh. FOURTEEN Four"teen`, a. Etym: [OE. fourtene, feowertene, AS. feówert, feówert. See Four, and Ten, and cf. Forty.] Defn: Four and ten more; twice seven. FOURTEEN Four"teen`, n. 1. The sum of ten and four; forteen units or objects. 2. A symbol representing fourteen, as 14 or xiv. FOURTEENTH Four"teenth`, a. Etym: [Cf. OE. fourtende, fourtethe, AS. feówerteoedha.] 1. Next in order after the thirteenth; as, the fourteenth day of the month. 2. Making or constituting one of fourteen equal parts into which anything may be derived. FOURTEENTH Four"teenth`, n. 1. One of fourteen equal parts into which one whole may be divided; the quotient of a unit divided by fourteen; one next after the thirteenth. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The octave of the seventh. FOURTH Fourth, a. Etym: [OE. fourthe, ferthe, feorthe, AS. feóredha, fr. feówer four.] 1. Next in order after the third; the ordinal of four. 2. Forming one of four equal parts into which anything may be divided. FOURTH Fourth, n. 1. One of four equal parts into which one whole may be divided; the quotient of a unit divided by four; one coming next in order after the third. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The interval of two tones and a semitone, embracing four diatonic degrees of the scale; the subdominant of any key. The Fourth, specifically, un the United States, the fourth day of July, the anniversary of the declaration of American independence; as, to celebrate the Fourth. FOURTHLY Fourth"ly, adv. Defn: In the fourth place. FOUR-WAY Four"-way`, a. Defn: Allowing passage in either of four directions; as, a four-way cock, or valve. Francis. Four-way cock, a cock connected with four pipes or ports, and having two or more passages in the plug, by which the adjacent pipes or ports may be made to communicate; formerly used as a valve in the steam engine, and now for various other purposes. In the illustration, a leads to the upper end of a steam engine cylinder, and b to the lower end; c is the steam pipe, and d the exhaust pipe. FOUR-WHEELED Four"-wheeled`, a. Defn: Having four wheels. FOUR-WHEELER Four"-wheel`er, n. Defn: A vehicle having four wheels. [Colloq.] FOUSSA Fous"sa, n. Etym: [Natibe name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A viverrine animal of Madagascar (Cryptoprocta ferox). It resembles a cat in size and form, and has retractile claws. FOUTER Fou"ter, n. Etym: [F. foutre to lecher, L. futuere. Cf. Fouty.] Defn: A despicable fellow. [Prov. Eng.] Brockett. FOUTRA Fou"tra, n. Etym: [See Fouter.] Defn: A fig; -- a word of contempt. [Obs.] A foutra for the world and wordlings base! Shak. FOUTY Fou"ty, a. Etym: [Cf. F. foutu, p.p. of foutre; OF. foutu scoundrel. See Fouter.] Defn: Despicable. [Obs.] FOVEA Fo"ve*a, n.; pl. Foveæ. Etym: [L., a small pit.] Defn: A slight depression or pit; a fossa. FOVEATE Fo"ve*ate, a. Etym: [L. fovea a pit.] Defn: Having pits or depressions; pitted. FOVEOLA Fo*ve"o*la, n.; pl. Foveolæ. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. fovea.] Defn: A small depression or pit; a fovea. FOVEOLATE Fo"ve*o*late ( or ), a. Defn: Having small pits or depression, as the receptacle in some composite flowers. FOVEOLATED Fo"ve*o*la`ted, a. Defn: Foveolate. FOVILLA Fo*vil"la, n.; pl. Fovillæ. Etym: [Dim. fr. L. fovere to cherish.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the fine granules contained in the protoplasm of a pollen grain. FOWL Fowl, n. Note: Instead of the pl. Fowls the singular is often used collectively. Etym: [OE. foul, fowel, foghel, fuhel, fugel, AS. fugol; akin to OS. fugal D. & G. vogel, OHG. fogal, Icel. & Dan. fugl, Sw. fogel, fågel, Goth. fugls; of unknown origin, possibly by loss of l, from the root of E. fly, or akin to E. fox, as being a tailed animal.] 1. Any bird; esp., any large edible bird. Let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air. Gen. i. 26. Behold the fowls of the air; for they sow not. Matt. vi. 26. Like a flight of fowl Scattered by winds and high tempestuous gusts. Shak. 2. Any domesticated bird used as food, as a hen, turkey, duck; in a more restricted sense, the common domestic cock or hen (Gallus domesticus). Barndoor fowl, or Barnyard fowl, a fowl that frequents the barnyard; the common domestic cock or hen. FOWL Fowl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fowled; p. pr. & vb. n. Fowling.] Defn: To catch or kill wild fowl, for game or food, as by shooting, or by decoys, nets, etc. Such persons as may lawfully hunt, fish, or fowl. Blackstone. Fowling piece, a light gun with smooth bore, adapted for the use of small shot in killing birds or small quadrupeds. FOWLER Fowl"er, n. Defn: A sportsman who pursues wild fowl, or takes or kills for food. FOWLERITE Fow"ler*ite, n. Etym: [From Dr. Samuel Fowler.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of rhodonite, from Franklin Furnace, New Jersey, containing some zinc. FOWLER'S SOLUTION Fow"ler's so*lu"tion Defn: . An Fowler, an English physician who first brought it into use. FOX Fox, n.; pl. Foxes. Etym: [AS. fox; akin to D. vos, G. fuchs, OHG. fuhs, foha, Goth. faúh, Icel. f fox, fox fraud; of unknown origin, cf. Skr. puccha tail. Cf. Vixen.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A carnivorous animal of the genus Vulpes, family Canidæ, of many species. The European fox (V. vulgaris or V. vulpes), the American red fox (V. fulvus), the American gray fox (V. Virginianus), and the arctic, white, or blue, fox (V. lagopus) are well-known species. Note: The black or silver-gray fox is a variety of the American red fox, producing a fur of great value; the cross-gray and woods-gray foxes are other varieties of the same species, of less value. The common foxes of Europe and America are very similar; both are celebrated for their craftiness. They feed on wild birds, poultry, and various small animals. Subtle as the fox for prey. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European dragonet. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The fox shark or thrasher shark; -- called also sea fox. See Thrasher shark, under Shark. 4. A sly, cunning fellow. [Colloq.] We call a crafty and cruel man a fox. Beattie. 5. (Naut.) Defn: Rope yarn twisted together, and rubbed with tar; -- used for seizings or mats. 6. A sword; -- so called from the stamp of a fox on the blade, or perhaps of a wolf taken for a fox. [Obs.] Thou diest on point of fox. Shak. 7. pl. (Enthnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians which, with the Sacs, formerly occupied the region about Green Bay, Wisconsin; -- called also Outagamies. Fox and geese. (a) A boy's game, in which one boy tries to catch others as they run one goal to another. (b) A game with sixteen checkers, or some substitute for them, one of which is called the fox, and the rest the geese; the fox, whose first position is in the middle of the board, endeavors to break through the line of the geese, and the geese to pen up the fox. -- Fox bat (Zoöl.), a large fruit bat of the genus Pteropus, of many species, inhabiting Asia, Africa, and the East Indies, esp. P. medius of India. Some of the species are more than four feet across the outspread wings. See Fruit bat. -- Fox bolt, a bolt having a split end to receive a fox wedge. -- Fox brush (Zoöl.), the tail of a fox. -- Fox evil, a disease in which the hair falls off; alopecy. -- Fox grape (Bot.), the name of two species of American grapes. The northern fox grape (Vitis Labrusca) is the origin of the varieties called Isabella, Concord, Hartford, etc., and the southern fox grape (Vitis vulpina) has produced the Scuppernong, and probably the Catawba. -- Fox hunter. (a) One who pursues foxes with hounds. (b) A horse ridden in a fox chase. -- Fox shark (Zoöl.), the thrasher shark. See Thrasher shark, under Thrasher. -- Fox sleep, pretended sleep. -- Fox sparrow (Zoöl.), a large American sparrow (Passerella iliaca); -- so called on account of its reddish color. -- Fox squirrel (Zoöl.), a large North American squirrel (Sciurus niger, or S. cinereus). In the Southern States the black variety prevails; farther north the fulvous and gray variety, called the cat squirrel, is more common. -- Fox terrier (Zoöl.), one of a peculiar breed of terriers, used in hunting to drive foxes from their holes, and for other purposes. There are rough- and smooth-haired varieties. -- Fox trot, a pace like that which is adopted for a few steps, by a horse, when passing from a walk into a trot, or a trot into a walk. -- Fox wedge (Mach. & Carpentry), a wedge for expanding the split end of a bolt, cotter, dowel, tenon, or other piece, to fasten the end in a hole or mortise and prevent withdrawal. The wedge abuts on the bottom of the hole and the piece is driven down upon it. Fastening by fox wedges is called foxtail wedging. -- Fox wolf (Zoöl.), one of several South American wild dogs, belonging to the genus Canis. They have long, bushy tails like a fox. FOX Fox, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Foxed; p. pr. & vb. n. Foxing.] Etym: [See Fox, n., cf. Icel. fox imposture.] 1. To intoxicate; to stupefy with drink. I drank . . . so much wine that I was almost foxed. Pepys. 2. To make sour, as beer, by causing it to ferment. 3. To repair the feet of, as of boots, with new front upper leather, or to piece the upper fronts of. FOX Fox, v. i. Defn: To turn sour; -- said of beer, etc., when it sours in fermenting. FOXEARTH Fox"earth`, n. Defn: A hole in the earth to which a fox resorts to hide himself. FRACAS Fra"cas (; F. , n. Etym: [F., crash, din, tumult, It. fracasso, fr. fracassare to break in pieces, perh. fr. fra within, among (L. infra) + cassare to annul, cashier. Cf. Cashier, v. t.] Defn: An uproar; a noisy quarrel; a disturbance; a brawl. FOXED Foxed, a. 1. Discolored or stained; -- said of timber, and also of the paper of books or engravings. 2. Repaired by foxing; as, foxed boots. FOXERY Fox"e*ry, n. Defn: Behavior like that of a fox; [Obs.] Chaucer. FOXES Fox"es, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: See Fox, n., 7. FOXFISH Fox"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The fox shark; -- called also sea fox. See Thrasher shark, under Shark. (b) The european dragonet. See Dragonet. FOXGLOVE Fox"glove`, n. Etym: [AS. foxes-gl, foxes-clife.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Digitalis. The common English foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) is a handsome perennial or biennial plant, whose leaves are used as a powerful medicine, both as a sedative and diuretic. See Digitalis. Pan through the pastures oftentimes hath run To pluck the speckled foxgloves from their stem. W. Browne. FOXHOUND Fox"hound`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a special breed of hounds used for chasing foxes. FOX-HUNTING Fox"-hunt`ing, a. Defn: Pertaining to or engaged in the hunting of foxes; fond of hunting foxes. FOXINESS Fox"i*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being foxy, or foxlike; craftiness; shrewdness. 2. The state of being foxed or discolored, as books; decay; deterioration. 3. A coarse and sour taste in grapes. FOXISH Fox"ish, a. Defn: Foxlike. [Obs.] FOXLIKE Fox"like`, a. Defn: Resembling a fox in his characteristic qualities; cunning; artful; foxy. FOXLY Fox"ly, a. Defn: Foxlike. [Obs.] "Foxly craft." Latimer. FOXSHIP Fox"ship, n. Defn: Foxiness; craftiness. [R.] Shak. FOXTAIL Fox"tail`, n. 1. The tail or brush of a fox. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The name of several kinds of grass having a soft dense head of flowers, mostly the species of Alopecurus and Setaria. 3. (Metal.) Defn: The last cinders obtained in the fining process. Raymond. Foxtail saw, a dovetail saw. -- Foxtail wedging. See Fox wedge, under Fox. FOXY Fox"y, a. 1. Like or pertaining to the fox; foxlike in disposition or looks; wily. Modred's narrow, foxy face. Tennyson. 2. Having the color of a fox; of a yellowish or reddish brown color; -- applied sometimes to paintings when they have too much of this color. 3. Having the odor of a fox; rank; strong smeelling. 4. Sour; unpleasant in taste; -- said of wine, beer, etc., not properly fermented; -- also of grapes which have the coarse flavor of the fox grape. FOY Foy, n. Etym: [F. foi, old spelling foy, faith. See Faith.] 1. Faith; allegiance; fealty. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A feast given by one about to leave a place. [Obs.] He did at the Dog give me, and some other friends of his, his foy, he being to set sail to-day. Pepys. FOYER Foy`er", n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. focarium fireplace. See Focus, n.] 1. A lobby in a theater; a greenroom. 2. The crucible or basin in a furnace which receives the molten metal. Knight. FOYSON Foy"son, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Foison. FOZINESS Fo"zi*ness, n. Defn: The state of being fozy; spiritlessness; dullness. [Scot.] [The Whigs'] foziness can no longer be concealed. Blackwood's. FOZY Fo"zy, a. Defn: Spongy; soft; fat and puffy. [Scot.] FRA Fra, adv. & prep. Etym: [OE.] Defn: Fro. [Old Eng. & Scot.] FRA Fra, n. Etym: [It., for frate. See Friar.] Defn: Brother; -- a title of a monk of friar; as, Fra Angelo. Longfellow. FRAB Frab, v. i. & t. Defn: To scold; to nag. [Prov. Eng.] FRABBIT Frab"bit, a. Defn: Crabbed; peevish. [Prov. Eng.] FRACHO Fracho, n. Defn: A shallow iron pan to hold glass ware while being annealed. FRACID Frac"id, a. Etym: [L. fracidus mellow, soft.] Defn: Rotten from being too ripe; overripe. [Obs.] Blount. FRACT Fract, v. t. Etym: [L. fractus, p.p. of frangere to break.] Defn: To break; to violate. [Obs.] Shak. FRACTED Frac"ted, a. (Her.) Defn: Having a part displaced, as if broken; -- said of an ordinary. Macaulay. FRACTION Frac"tion, n. Etym: [F. fraction, L. fractio a breaking, fr. frangere, fractum, to break. See Break.] 1. The act of breaking, or state of being broken, especially by violence. [Obs.] Neither can the natural body of Christ be subject to any fraction or breaking up. Foxe. 2. A portion; a fragment. Some niggard fractions of an hour. Tennyson. 3. (Arith. or Alg.) Defn: One or more aliquot parts of a unit or whole number; an expression for a definite portion of a unit or magnitude. Common, or Vulgar, fraction, a fraction in which the number of equal parts into which the integer is supposed to be divided is indicated by figures or letters, called the denominator, written below a line, over which is the numerator, indicating the number of these parts included in the fraction; as -- Complex fraction, a fraction having a fraction or mixed number in the numerator or denominator, or in both. Davies & Peck. -- Compound fraction, a fraction of a fraction; two or more fractions connected by of. -- Continued fraction, Decimal fraction, Partial fraction, etc. See under Continued, Decimal, Partial, etc. -- Improper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is greater than the denominator. -- Proper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is less than the denominator. FRACTION Frac"tion, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To separate by means of, or to subject to, fractional distillation or crystallization; to fractionate; -- frequently used with out; as, to fraction out a certain grade of oil from pretroleum. FRACTIONAL Frac"tion*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to fractions or a fraction; constituting a fraction; as, fractional numbers. 2. Relatively small; inconsiderable; insignificant; as, a fractional part of the population. Fractional crystallization (Chem.), a process of gradual and approximate purification and separation, by means of repeated solution and crystallization therefrom. -- Fractional currency, small coin, or paper notes, in circulation, of less value than the monetary unit. -- Fractional distillation (Chem.), a process of distillation so conducted that a mixture of liquids, differing considerably from each other in their boiling points, can be separated into its constituents. FRACTIONALLY Frac"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: By fractions or separate portions; as, to distill a liquid fractionally, that is, so as to separate different portions. FRACTIONARY Frac"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Fractional. [Obs.] FRACTIONATE Frac"tion*ate, v. t. Defn: To separate into different portions or fractions, as in the distillation of liquids. FRACTIOUS Frac"tious, a. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. frack forward, eager, E. freak, fridge; or Prov. E. fratch to squabble, quarrel.] Defn: Apt to break out into a passion; apt to scold; cross; snappish; ugly; unruly; as, a fractious man; a fractious horse. Syn. -- Snappish; peevish; waspish; cross; irritable; perverse; pettish. -- Frac"tious*ly, v. -- Frac"tious*ness, n. FRACTURAL Frac"tur*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or consequent on, a fracture. [R.] FRACTURE Frac"ture, n. Etym: [L. fractura, fr. frangere, fractum, to break: cf. F. fracture. See Fraction.] 1. The act of breaking or snapping asunder; rupture; breach. 2. (Surg.) Defn: The breaking of a bone. 3. (Min.) Defn: The texture of a freshly broken surface; as, a compact fracture; an even, hackly, or conchoidal fracture. Comminuted fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the bone is broken into several parts. -- Complicated fracture (Surg.), a fracture of the bone combined with the lesion of some artery, nervous trunk, or joint. -- Compound fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which there is an open wound from the surface down to the fracture. -- Simple fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the bone only is ruptured. It does not communicate with the surface by an open wound. Syn. -- Fracture, Rupture. These words denote different kinds of breaking, according to the objects to which they are applied. Fracture is applied to hard substances; as, the fracture of a bone. Rupture is oftener applied to soft substances; as, the rupture of a blood vessel. It is also used figuratively. "To be an enemy and once to have been a friend, does it not embitter the rupture" South. FRACTURE Frac"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fractured (#; 135); p. pr. & vb. n.. Fracturing.] Etym: [Cf. F. fracturer.] Defn: To cause a fracture or fractures in; to break; to burst asunder; to crack; to separate the continuous parts of; as, to fracture a bone; to fracture the skull. FRAENULUM Fræn"u*lum, n.; pl. Frænula. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. fraenum a bridle.] (Anat.) Defn: A frænum. FRAENUM; FRENUM Fræ"num, or; Fre"num, n.; pl. E. Frænums, L. Fræna. Etym: [L., a bridle.] (Anat.) Defn: A connecting fold of membrane serving to support or restrain any part; as, the frænum of the tongue. FRAGILE Frag"ile, a. Etym: [L. fragilis, from frangere to break; cf. F. fragile. See Break, v. t., and cf. Frail, a.] Defn: Easily broken; brittle; frail; delicate; easily destroyed. The state of ivy is tough, and not fragile. Bacon. Syn. -- Brittle; infirm; weak; frail; frangible; slight. -- Frag"ile*ly, adv. FRAGILITY Fra*gil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. fragilitas: cf. F. fragilité. Cf. Frailty.] 1. The condition or quality of being fragile; brittleness; frangibility. Bacon. 2. Weakness; feebleness. An appearance of delicacy, and even of fragility, is almost essential to it [beauty]. Burke. 3. Liability to error and sin; frailty. [Obs.] The fragility and youthful folly of Qu. Fabius. Holland. FRAGMENT Frag"ment, n. Etym: [L. fragmentum, fr. frangere to break: cf. F. fragment. See Break, v. t.] Defn: A part broken off; a small, detached portion; an imperfect part; as, a fragment of an ancient writing. Gather up the fragments that remain. John vi. 12. FRAGMENTAL Frag*men"tal, a. 1. Fragmentary. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Consisting of the pulverized or fragmentary material of rock, as conglomerate, shale, etc. FRAGMENTAL Frag*men"tal, n. (Geol.) Defn: A fragmentary rock. FRAGMENTARILY Frag"men*ta*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a fragmentary manner; piecemeal. FRAGMENTARINESS Frag"men*ta*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or property of being in fragnebts, or broken pieces, incompleteness; want of continuity. G. Eliot. FRAGMENTARY Frag"men*ta*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fragmentaire.] 1. Composed of fragments, or broken pieces; disconnected; not complete or entire. Donne. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Composed of the fragments of other rocks. FRAGMENTED Frag"ment*ed, a. Defn: Broken into fragments. FRAGMENTIST Frag"ment*ist, n. Defn: A writer of fragments; as, the fragmentist of Wolfenbüttel. [R.] FRAGOR Fra"gor (, n. Etym: [L., a breaking to pieces, fr. frangere to break.] 1. A loud and sudden sound; the report of anything bursting; a crash. I. Watts. 2. Note: [Due to confusion with fragrant.] Defn: A strong or sweet scent. [Obs. & Illegitimate.] Sir T. Herbert. FRAGRANCE; FRAGRANCY Fra"grance, Fra"gran*cy, n. Etym: [L. fragrantia: cf. OF. fragrance.] Defn: The quality of being fragrant; sweetness of smell; a sweet smell; a pleasing odor; perfume. Eve separate he spies, Veiled in a cloud of fragrance. Milton. The goblet crowned, Breathed aromatic fragrancies around. Pope. FRAGRANT Fra"grant, a. Defn: [fragrans. -antis, p.pr. of fragrare to emit a smell of fragrance: cf. OF. fragrant. Affecting the olfactory nerves agreeably; sweet of smell; odorous; having or emitting an agreeable perfume. Fragrant the fertile earth After soft showers. Milton. Syn. -- Sweet-smelling; odorous; odoriferous; swetacented; redolent; ambrosial; balmy; spicy; aromatic. -- Fra"grant*ly, adv. FRAIGHT Fraight, a. Defn: Same as Fraught. [Obs.] Spenser. FRAIL Frail, n. Etym: [OE. fraiel, fraile, OF. fraiel, freel, frael, fr. LL. fraellum.] Defn: A basket made of rushes, used chiefly for containing figs and raisins. 2. The quantity of raisins -- about thirty-two, fifty-six, or seventy-five pounds, -- contained in a frail. 3. A rush for weaving baskets. Johnson. FRAIL Frail, a. [Compar. Frailer; superl. Frailest.] Etym: [OE. frele, freile, OF. fraile, frele, F. frêle, fr. L. fragilis. See Fragile.] 1. Easily broken; fragile; not firm or durable; liable to fail and perish; easily destroyed; not tenacious of life; weak; infirm. That I may know how frail I am. Ps. xxxix. 4. An old bent man, worn and frail. Lowell. 2. Tender. [Obs.] Deep indignation and compassion. Spenser. 3. Liable to fall from virtue or be led into sin; not strong against temptation; weak in resolution; also, unchaste; -- often applied to fallen women. Man is frail, and prone to evil. Jer. Taylor. FRAILLY Frail"ly, adv. Defn: Weakly; infirmly. FRAILNESS Frail"ness, n. Defn: Frailty. FRAILTY Frail"ty, n.; pl. Frailties. Etym: [OE. frelete, freilte, OF. fraileté, fr. L. fragilitas. See Frail, a., and cf. Fragility.] 1. The condition quality of being frail, physically, mentally, or morally, frailness; infirmity; weakness of resolution; liableness to be deceived or seduced. God knows our frailty, [and] pities our weakness. Locke. 2. A fault proceeding from weakness; foible; sin of infirmity. Syn. -- Frailness; fragility; imperfection; failing. FRAISCHEUR Frai"scheur, n. Etym: [OF.; F fraicheur, fr. frais, fem. fra, fresh; of German origin. See Frash, a.] Defn: Freshness; coolness. [R.] Dryden. FRAISE Fraise, n. Etym: [See Froise.] Defn: A large and thick pancake, with slices of bacon in it. [Obs.] Johnson. FRAISE Fraise, n. Etym: [F. fraise, orig., a ruff, cf. F. frise frieze, E. frieze a coarse stuff.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A defense consisting of pointed stakes driven into the ramparts in a horizontal or inclined position. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A fluted reamer for enlarging holes in stone; a small milling cutter. FRAISE Fraise, v. t. (Mil.) Defn: To protect, as a line of troops, against an onset of cavalry, by opposing bayonets raised obliquely forward. Wilhelm. FRAISED Fraised, a. Defn: Fortified with a fraise. FRAKEN Frak"en, n. Defn: A freckle. [Obs.] A few fraknes in his face. Chaucer. FRAMABLE Fram"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being framed. FRAMBAESIA Fram*bæ"si*a, n. Etym: [F. & NL., fr. F. framboise raspberry.] (Med.) Defn: The yaws. See Yaws. FRAME Frame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Framed; p. pr. & vb. n. Framing.] Etym: [OE. framen, fremen, to execute, build, AS. fremman to further, perform, effect, fr. fram strong, valiant; akin to E. foremost, and prob. to AS. fram from, Icel. fremja, frama, to further, framr forward, G. fromm worthy, excellent, pious. See Foremost, From, and cf. Furnish.] 1. (Arch. & Engin.) Defn: To construct by fitting and uniting the several parts of the skeleton of any structure; specifically, in woodwork, to put together by cutting parts of one member to fit parts of another. See Dovetail, Halve, v. t., Miter, Tenon, Tooth, Tusk, Scarf, and Splice. 2. To originate; to plan; to devise; to contrive; to compose; in a bad sense, to invent or fabricate, as something false. How many excellent reasonings are framed in the mind of a man of wisdom and study in a length of years. I. Watts. 3. To fit to something else, or for some specific end; to adjust; to regulate; to shape; to conform. And frame my face to all occasions. Shak. We may in some measure frame our minds for the reception of happiness. Landor. The human mind is framed to be influenced. I. Taylor. 4. To cause; to bring about; to produce. [Obs.] Fear frames disorder, and disorder wounds. Shak. 5. To support. [Obs. & R.] That on a staff his feeble steps did frame. Spenser. 6. To provide with a frame, as a picture. FRAME Frame, v. i. 1. To shape; to arrange, as the organs of speech. [Obs.] Judg. xii. 6. 2. To proceed; to go. [Obs.] The bauty of this sinful dame Made many princes thither frame. Shak. FRAME Frame, n. 1. Anything composed of parts fitted and united together; a fabric; a structure; esp., the constructional system, whether of timber or metal, that gives to a building, vessel, etc., its model and strength; the skeleton of a structure. These are thy glorius works, Parent of good, Almighty! thine this universal frame. Milton. 2. The bodily structure; physical constitution; make or build of a person. Some bloody passion shakes your very frame. Shak. No frames could be strong enough to endure it. Prescott. 3. A kind of open case or structure made for admitting, inclosing, or supporting things, as that which incloses or contains a window, door, picture, etc.; that on which anything is held or stretched; as: (a) The skeleton structure which supports the boiler and machinery of a locomotive upon its wheels. (b) (Founding) A molding box or flask, which being filled with sand serves as a mold for castings. (c) The ribs and stretchers of an umbrella or other structure with a fabric covering. (d) A structure of four bars, adjustable in size, on which cloth, etc., is stretched for quilting, embroidery, etc. (e) (Hort.) A glazed portable structure for protecting young plants from frost. (f) (Print.) A stand to support the type cases for use by the compositor. 4. (Mach.) Defn: A term applied, especially in England, to certain machines built upon or within framework; as, a stocking frame; lace frame; spinning frame, etc. 5. Form; shape; proportion; scheme; structure; constitution; system; as, a frameof government. She that hath a heart of that fine frame To pay this debt of love but to a brother. Shak. Put your discourse into some frame. Shak. 6. Particular state or disposition, as of the mind; humor; temper; mood; as, to be always in a happy frame. 7. Contrivance; the act of devising or scheming. [Obs.] John the bastard Whose spirits toil in frame of villainies. Shak. Balloon frame, Cant frames, etc. See under Balloon, Cant, etc. -- Frame building or house, a building of which the form and support is made of framed timbers. [U.S.] -- Frame level, a mason's level. -- Frame saw, a thin saw stretched in a frame to give it rigidity. FRAMER Fram"er, n. Defn: One who frames; as, the framer of a building; the framers of the Constitution. FRAME-UP Frame"-up`, n. Defn: A conspiracy or plot, esp. for a malicious or evil purpose, as to incriminate a person on false evidence. [Slang] FRAMEWORK Frame"work`, n. 1. The work of framing, or the completed work; the frame or constructional part of anything; as, the framework of society. A staunch and solid piece of framework. Milton. 2. Work done in, or by means of, a frame or loom. FRAMING Fram"ing, n. 1. The act, process, or style of putting together a frame, or of constructing anything; a frame; that which frames. 2. (Arch. & Engin.) Defn: A framework, or a sy Framing chisel (Carp.), a heavy chisel with a socket shank for making mortises. FRAMPEL; FRAMPOID Fram"pel, Fram"poid, a. Etym: [Also written frampul, frampled, framfold.] Etym: [Cf. W. fframfol passionate, ffrom angry, fretting; or perh. akin to E. frump.] Defn: Peevish; cross; vexatious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Shak. Is Pompey grown so malapert, so frampel Beau. & Fl. FRANC Franc, n. Etym: [F., fr. franc a Franc. See Frank, a.] Defn: A silver coin of France, and since 1795 the unit of the French monetary system. It has been adopted by Belgium and Swizerland. It is equivalent to about nineteen cents, or ten pence, and is divided into 100 centimes. FRANCHISE Fran"chise ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [F., fr. franc, fem. franche, free. See Frank, a.] 1. Exemption from constraint or oppression; freedom; liberty. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (LAw) Defn: A particular privilege conferred by grant from a sovereign or a government, and vested in individuals; an imunity or exemption from ordinary jurisdiction; a constitutional or statutory right or privilege, esp. the right to vote. Election by universal suffrage, as modified by the Constitution, is the one crowning franchise of the American people. W. H. Seward. 3. The district or jurisdiction to which a particular privilege extends; the limits of an immunity; hence, an asylum or sanctuary. Churches and mobasteries in Spain are franchises for criminals. London Encyc. 4. Magnanimity; generosity; liberality; frankness; nobility. "Franchise in woman." [Obs.] Chaucer. Elective franchise, the privilege or right of voting in an election of public officers. FRANCHISE Fran"chise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Franchised; p. pr. & vb. n. Franchising.] Etym: [Cf. OF. franchir to free, F., to cross.] Defn: To make free; to enfranchise; to give liberty to. Shak. FRANCHISEMENT Fran"chise*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. franchissement.] Defn: Release; deliverance; freedom. Spenser. FRANCIC Fran"cic, a. Etym: [See Frank, a.] Defn: Pertaining to the Franks, or their language; Frankish. FRANCISCAN Fran*cis"can, a. Etym: [LL. Franciscus Francis: cf. F. franciscain.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Belonging to the Order of St. Francis of the Franciscans. Franciscan Brothers, pious laymen who devote themselves to useful works, such as manual labor schools, and other educational institutions; -- called also Brothers of the Third Order of St. Francis. -- Franciscan Nuns, nuns who follow the rule of t. Francis, esp. those of the Second Order of St. Francis, -- called also Poor Clares or Minoresses. -- Franciscan Tertiaries, the Third Order of St. Francis. FRANCISCAN Fran*cis"can, n. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: A monk or friar of the Order of St. Francis, a large and zealous order of mendicant monks founded in 1209 by St. Francis of Assisi. They are called also Friars Minor; and in England, Gray Friars, because they wear a gray habit. FRANCOLIN Fran"co*lin, n. Etym: [F.; cf. It. francolino, Sp. francolin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A spurred partidge of the genus Francolinus and allied genera, of Asia and Africa. The common species (F. vulgaris) was formerly common in southern Europe, but is now nearly restricted to Asia. FRANCOLITE Fran"co*lite, n. (Min.) Defn: A variety of apatite from Wheal Franco in Devonshire. FRANC-TIREUR Franc"-ti`reur", n. [F., fr. franc free + tireur shooter, fr. tirer to shoot.] (Mil.) Defn: A French partisan soldier, or one belonging to a corps of detached light troops engaged in forays, skirmishes, scouting, etc. FRANGENT Fran"gent, a. Etym: [L. frangens, p.pr. of frangere. See Fraction.] Defn: Causing fracture; breaking. [R.] H. Walpole. FRANGIBILITY Fran`gi*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. frangibilité.] Defn: The state or quality of being frangible. Fox. FRANGIBLE Fran"gi*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. frangible.] Defn: Capable of being broken; brittle; fragile; easily broken. FRANGIPANE Fran"gi*pane, n. Etym: [F. frangipane; supposed to be called so from the inventor, the Marquis Frangipani, major general under Louis XIV.] 1. A perfume of jasmine; frangipani. 2. A species of pastry, containing cream and almonds. FRANGIPANI; FRANGIPANNI Fran`gi*pan"i, Fran`gi*pan"ni, n. Etym: [Another spelling of frangipane.] Defn: A perfume derived from, or imitating the odor of, the flower of the red jasmine, a West Indian tree of the genus Plumeria. FRANGULIC; FRANGULINIC Fran*gu"lic, Fran`gu*lin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or drived from, frangulin, or a species (Rhamnus Frangula) of the buckthorn. Frangulinic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance, resembling alizarin, and obtained by the decomposition of frangulin. FRANGULIN Fran"gu*lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline dyestuff, regarded as a glucoside, extracted from a species (Rhamnus Frangula) of the buckthorn; -- called also rhamnoxanthin. FRANION Fran"ion, n. Etym: [Perh. from F. fainéant an idler.] Defn: A paramour; a loose woman; also, a gay, idle fellow. [Obs.] Spenser. FRANK Frank, n. Etym: [OF. franc.] Defn: A pigsty. [Obs.] FRANK Frank, v. t. Defn: To shut up in a frank or sty; to pen up; hence, to cram; to fatten. [Obs.] Shak. FRANK Frank, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common heron; -- so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.] FRANK Frank, a. [Compar Franker; superl. Frankest.] Etym: [F. franc free, frank, L. Francus a Frank, fr. OHG. Franko the name of a Germanic people on the Rhine, who afterward founded the French monarchy; cf. AS. franca javelin, Icel. frakka. Cf. Franc, French, a., Franchise, n.] 1. Unbounded by restrictions, limitations, etc.; free. [R.] "It is of frank gift." Spenser. 2. Free in uttering one's real sentiments; not reserved; using no disguise; candid; ingenuous; as, a frank nature, conversation, manner, etc. 3. Liberal; generous; profuse. [Obs.] Frank of civilities that cost them nothing. L'Estrange. 4. Unrestrained; loose; licentious; -- used in a bad sense. Spenser. Syn. -- Ingenuous; candid; artless; plain; open; unreserved; undisguised; sincere. See Candid, Ingenuous. FRANK Frank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Franked; p. pr. & vb. n. Franking.] 1. To send by public conveyance free of expense. Dickens. 2. To extempt from charge for postage, as a letter, package, or packet, etc. FRANK Frank, n. Etym: [See Frank, a.] Defn: The privilege of sending letters or other mail matter, free of postage, or without charge; also, the sign, mark, or signature denoting that a letter or other mail matter is to free of postage. I have said so much, that, if I had not a frank, I must burn my letter and begin again. Cowper. FRANK Frank, n. Etym: [Cf. F. franc. See Frank, a.] 1. (Ethnol.) Defn: A member of one of the German tribes that in the fifth century overran and conquered Gaul, and established the kingdom of France. 2. A native or inhabitant of Western Europe; a European; -- a term used in the Levant. 3. A French coin. See Franc. FRANKALMOIGNE Frank`al*moigne", n. Etym: [F. franc free + Norm. F. almoigne alma, for almosne, F. aumône. See Frank, a., and Almoner.] (Eng. Law) Defn: A tenure by which a religious corporation holds lands given to them and their successors forever, usually on condition of praying for the soul of the donor and his heirs; -- called also tenure by free alms. Burrill. FRANK-CHASE Frank"-chase`, n. Etym: [Frank free + chase.] (Eng. Law) Defn: The liberty or franchise of having a chase; free chase. Burrill. FRANK-FEE Frank"-fee`, n. Etym: [Frank free + fee.] (Eng. Law) Defn: A species of tenure in fee simple, being the opposite of ancient demesne, or copyhold. Burrill. FRANKFORT BLACK Frank"fort black` Defn: . A black pigment used in copperplate printing, prepared by burning vine twigs, the lees of wine, etc. McElrath. FRANKINCENSE Frank"in*cense, n. Etym: [OF. franc free, pure + encens incense.] Defn: A fragrant, aromatic resin, or gum resin, burned as an incense in religious rites or for medicinal fumigation. The best kinds now come from East Indian trees, of the genus Boswellia; a commoner sort, from the Norway spruce (Abies excelsa) and other coniferous trees. The frankincense of the ancient Jews is still unidentified. FRANKING Frank"ing, n. (Carp.) Defn: A method of forming a joint at the intersection of window-sash bars, by cutting away only enough wood to show a miter. FRANKISH Frank"ish, a. Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the Franks. FRANK-LAW Frank"-law`, n. Etym: [Frank free + law.] (Eng. Law) Defn: The liberty of being sworn in courts, as a juror or witness; one of the ancient privileges of a freeman; free and common law; -- an obsolete expression signifying substantially the same as the American expression civil rights. Abbot. FRANKLIN Frank"lin, n. Etym: [OE. frankelein; cf. LL. franchilanus. See Frank, a.] Defn: An English freeholder, or substantial householder. [Obs.] Chaucer. The franklin, a small landholder of those days. Sir J. Stephen. FRANKLINIC Frank*lin"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Benjamin Franklin. Franklinic electricity, electricity produced by friction; called also statical electricity. FRANKLINITE Frank"lin*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A kind of mineral of the spinel group. FRANKLIN STOVE Frank"lin stove` Defn: . A kind of open stove introduced by Benjamin Franklin, the peculiar feature of which was that a current of heated air was directly supplied to the room from an air box; -- now applied to other varieties of open stoves. FRANKLY Frank"ly, adv. Defn: In a frank manner; freely. Very frankly he confessed his treasons. Shak. Syn. -- Openly; ingenuously; plainly; unreservedly; undisguisedly; sincerely; candidly; artlessly; freely; readily; unhesitatingly; liberally; willingly. FRANK-MARRIAGE Frank"-mar"riage, n. Etym: [Frank free + marriage.] (Eng. Law) Defn: A certain tenure in tail special; an estate of inheritance given to a man his wife (the wife being of the blood of the donor), and descendible to the heirs of their two bodies begotten. [Obs.] Blackstone. FRANKNESS Frank"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being frank; candor; openess; ingenuousness; fairness; liberality. FRANKPLEDGE Frank"pledge`, n. Etym: [Frank free + pledge.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A pledge or surety for the good behavior of freemen, -- each freeman who was a member of an ancient decennary, tithing, or friborg, in England, being a pledge for the good conduct of the others, for the preservation of the public peace; a free surety. (b) The tithing itself. Bouvier. The servants of the crown were not, as now, bound in frankpledge for each other. Macaulay. FRANTIC Fran"tic, a. Etym: [OE. frentik, frenetik, F. frentique, L. phreneticus, from Gr. Frenzy, and cf. Frenetic, Phrenetic.] Defn: Mad; raving; furious; violent; wild and disorderly; distracted. Die, frantic wretch, for this accursed deed! Shak. Torrents of frantic abuse. Macaulay. -- Fran"tic*al*ly, adv. -- Fran"tic*ly, adv. Shak. -- Fran"tic*ness, n. Johnson. FRAP Frap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Frapping.] Etym: [Cf. F. frapper to strike, to seize ropes. Cf. Affrap.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: To draw together; to bind with a view to secure and strengthen, as a vessel by passing cables around it; to tighten; as a tackle by drawing the lines together. Tottem. 2. To brace by drawing together, as the cords of a drum. Knoght. FRAPE Frape, n. Etym: [Cf. frap, and Prov. E. frape to scold.] Defn: A crowd, a rabble. [Obs.] ares. FRAPLER Frap"ler, n. Defn: A blusterer; a rowdy. [Obs.] Unpolished, a frapler, and base. B. Jonson. FRAPPE Frap`pé" (fra`pa"), a. [F., p.p. of frapper to strike, to chill.] Defn: Iced; frozen; artificially cooled; as, wine frappé. -- n. Defn: A frappé mixture or beverage, as a water ice, variously flavored, frozen soft, and served in glasses. FRAPPING Frap"ping, n. [From Frap.] (Naut.) Defn: A lashing binding a thing tightly or binding things together. FRATER Fra"ter, n. Etym: [L., a brother.] (Eccl.) Defn: A monk; also, a frater house. [R.] Shipley. Frater house, an apartament in a convent used as an eating room; a refectory; -- called also a fratery. FRATERNAL Fra*ter"nal, a.Etym: [F. fraternel, LL. fraternalis, fr. L. fraternus, fr. frater brother. See Brother.] Defn: Pf, pertaining to, or involving, brethren; becoming to brothers; brotherly; as, fraternal affection; a fraternal embrace. -- Fra*ter"nal*ly, adv. An abhorred, a cursed, a fraternal war. Milton. Fraternal love and friendship. Addison. FRATERNATE Fra*ter"nate, v. i. Defn: To fraternize; to hold fellowship. Jefferson. FRATERNATION; FRATERNISM Fra`ter*na"tion, Fra"ter*nism, n. Defn: Fraternization. [R.] Jefferson. FRATERNITY Fra*ter"ni*ty, n.; pl. Fraternities. Etym: [F. fraternité, L. fraternitas.] 1. The state or quality of being fraternal or brotherly; brotherhood. 2. A body of men associated for their common interest, business, or pleasure; a company; a brotherhood; a society; in the Roman Catholic Chucrch, an association for special religious purposes, for relieving the sick and destitute, etc. 3. Men of the same class, profession, occupation, character, or tastes. With what terms of respect knaves and sots will speak of their own fraternity! South. FRATERNIZATION Fra`ter*ni*za"tion ( or ), n. Defn: The act of fraternizing or uniting as brothers. I hope that no French fraternization . . . could so change the hearts of Englishmen. Burke. FRATERNIZE Fra"ter*nize ( or ; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fraternized; p. pr. & vb. n.. Fraternizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. fraterniser.] Defn: To associate or hold fellowship as brothers, or as men of like occupation or character; to have brotherly feelings. FRATERNIZE Fra"ter*nize, v. t. Defn: To bring into fellowship or brotherly sympathy. Correspondence for fraternizing the two nations. Burke. FRATERNIZER Frat"er*ni`zer, n. Defn: One who fraternizes. Burke. FRATERY Fra"ter*y ( or ), n. Etym: [L. frater brother: cf. It. frateria a brotherhood of monks. See Friar.] Defn: A frater house. See under Frater. FRATRAGE Fra"trage ( or ; 48), n. Etym: [L. frater a brother.] (Law) Defn: A sharing among brothers, or brothers' kin. [Obs.] Crabb. FRATRICELLI Fra`tri*cel"li, n. pl. Etym: [It. fraticelli, lit., little brothers, dim. fr. frate brother, L. frater.] (Eccl. Hist.) (a) The name which St. Francis of Assisi gave to his followers, early in the 13th century. (b) A sect which seceded from the Franciscan Order, chiefly in Italy and Sicily, in 1294, repudiating the pope as an apostate, maintaining the duty of celibacy and poverty, and discountenancing oaths. Called also Fratricellians and Fraticelli. FRATRICIDAL Frat"ri*ci`dal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to fratricide; of the nature of fratricide. FRATRICIDE Frat"ri*cide, n. Etym: [L. fratricidium a brother's murder, fr. fratricida a brother's murderer; frater, fratris, brother + caedere to kill: cf. F. fratricide.] 1. The act of one who murders or kills his own brother. 2. Etym: [L. fratricida: cf. F. fratricide.] Defn: One who murders or kills his own brother. FRAU Frau, n.; pl. Frauen (#). [G. Cf. 1st Frow.] Defn: In Germany, a woman; a married woman; a wife; -- as a title, equivalent to Mrs., Madam. FRAUD Fraud, n. Etym: [F. fraude, L. fraus, fraudis; prob. akin to Skr. dh to injure, dhv to cause to fall, and E. dull.] 1. Deception deliberately practiced with a view to gaining an unlawful or unfair advantage; artifice by which the right or interest of another is injured; injurious stratagem; deceit; trick. If success a lover's toil attends, Few ask, if fraud or force attained his ends. Pope. 2. (Law) Defn: An intentional perversion of truth for the purpose of obtaining some valuable thing or promise from another. 3. A trap or snare. [Obs.] To draw the proud King Ahab into fraud. Milton. Constructive fraud (Law), an act, statement, or omission which operates as a fraud, although perhaps not intended to be such. Mozley & W. -- Pious fraud (Ch. Hist.), a fraud contrived and executed to benefit the church or accomplish some good end, upon the theory that the end justified the means. -- Statute of frauds (Law), an English statute (1676), the principle of which is incorporated in the legislation of all the States of this country, by which writing with specific solemnities (varying in the several statutes) is required to give efficacy to certain dispositions of property. Wharton. Syn. -- Deception; deceit; guile; craft; wile; sham; strife; circumvention; stratagem; trick; imposition; cheat. See Deception. FRAUDFUL Fraud"ful, a. Defn: Full of fraud, deceit, or treachery; trickish; treacherous; fraudulent; -- applied to persons or things. I. Taylor. -- Fraud"ful*ly, adv. FRAUDLESS Fraud"less, a. Defn: Free from fraud. -- Fraud"less*ly, adv. -- Fraud"less*ness, n. FRAUDULENCE; FRAUDULENCY Fraud"u*lence or Fraud"u*len*cy, n. Etym: [L. fraudulentia.] Defn: The quality of being fraudulent; deliberate deceit; trickishness. Hooker. FRAUDULENT Fraud"u*lent, a. Etym: [L. fraudulentus, fr. fraus, fraudis, frand: cf. F. fraudulent.] 1. Using fraud; trickly; deceitful; dishonest. 2. Characterized by,, founded on, or proceeding from, fraund; as, a fraudulent bargain. He, with serpent tongue, . . . His fraudulent temptation thus began. Milton. 3. Obtained or performed by artifice; as, fraudulent conquest. Milton. Syn. -- Deceitful; fraudful; guileful; crafty; wily; cunning; subtle; deceiving; cheating; deceptive; insidious; treacherous; dishonest; designing; unfair. FRAUDULENTLY Fraud"u*lent*ly, adv. Defn: In a fraudulent manner. FRAUGHT Fraught, n. Etym: [OE.fraight, fraght; akin to Dan. fragt, Sw. frakt, D. vracht, G. fracht, cf. OHG. fr merit, reward; perh. from corresponding to E. for + The root of E. own. Cf. Freight.] Defn: A freight; a cargo. [Obs.] Shak. FRAUGHT Fraught, a. Defn: Freighted; laden; filled; stored; charged. A vessel of our country richly fraught. Shak. A discourse fraught with all the commending excellences oSouth. Enterprises fraught with world-wide benefits. I. Taylor. FRAUGHT Fraught, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fraughted or Fraught; p. pr. & vb. n. Fraughting.] Etym: [Akin to Dan. fragte, Sw. frakta, D. bevrachten, G. frachten, cf. OHG. frehton to deserve. See Fraught, n.] Defn: To freight; to load; to burden; to fill; to crowd. [Obs.] Upon the tumbling billows fraughted ride The armed ships. Fairfax. FRAUGHTAGE Fraught"age (; 48), n. Defn: Freight; loading; cargo. [Obs.] Shak. FRAUGHTING Fraught"ing, a. Defn: Constituting the freight or cargo. [Obs.] "The fraughting souls within her." Shak. FRAULEIN Fräu"lein, n.sing. & pl. [G., dim. of frau woman. See Frau.] Defn: In Germany, a young lady; an unmarried woman; -- as a title, equivalent to Miss. FRAUNHOFER LINES Fraun"ho*fer lines`. (Physics.) Defn: The lines of the spectrun; especially and properly, the dark lines of the solar spectrum, so called because first accurately observed and interpreted by Fraunhofer, a German physicist. FRAXIN Frax"in, n. Etym: [From Fraxinus.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless crystalline substance, regarded as a glucoside, and found in the bark of the ash (Fraxinus) and along with esculin in the bark of the horse-chestnut. It shows a delicate fluorescence in alkaline solutions; -- called also paviin. FRAXINUS Frax"i*nus, n. Etym: [L., the ash tree.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of deciduous forest trees, found in the north temperate zone, and including the true ash trees. Note: Fraxinus excelsior is the European ash; F. Americana, the white ash; F. sambucifolia, the black ash or water ash. FRAY Fray, n. Etym: [Abbreviated from affray.] Defn: Affray; broil; contest; combat. Who began this bloody fray Shak. FRAY Fray, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Fraying.] Etym: [See 1st Fray, and cf. Affray.] Defn: To frighten; to terrify; to alarm. I. Taylor. What frays ye, that were wont to comfort me affrayed Spenser. FRAY Fray, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. fraier. See Defray, v. t.] Defn: To bear the expense of; to defray. [Obs.] The charge of my most curious and costly ingredients frayed, I shall acknowledge myself amply satisfied. Massinger. FRAY Fray, v. t. Etym: [OF. freier, fraier, froier, to rub. L. fricare; cf. friare to crumble, E. friable; perh. akin to Gr. gh to rub, scratch. Cf. Friction.] Defn: To rub; to wear off, or wear into shreds, by rubbing; to fret, as cloth; as, a deer is said to fray her head. FRAY Fray, v. i. 1. To rub. We can show the marks he made When 'gainst the oak his antlers frayed. Sir W. Scott. 2. To wear out or into shreads, or to suffer injury by rubbing, as when the threads of the warp or of the woof wear off so that the cross threads are loose; to ravel; as, the cloth frays badly. A suit of frayed magnificience. tennyson. FRAY Fray, n. Defn: A fret or chafe, as in cloth; a place injured by rubbing. FRAYING Fray"ing, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The skin which a deer frays from his horns. B. Jonson. FRAZZLE Fraz"zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frazzled; p. pr. & vb. n. Frazzling.] [Cf. G. faseln, and E. fray.] Defn: To fray; to wear or pull into tatters or tag ends; to tatter; - -used literally and figuratively. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.] Her hair was of a reddish gray color, and its frazzled and tangled condition suggested that the woman had recently passed through a period of extreme excitement. J. C. Harris. FRAZZLE Fraz"zle, n. Defn: The act or result of frazzling; the condition or quality of being frazzled; the tag end; a frayed-out end. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.] My fingers are all scratched to frazzles. Kipling. Gordon had sent word to Lee that he "had fought his corps to a frazzle." Nicolay & Hay (Life of Lincoln). FREAK Freak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Freaking.] Etym: [Akin to OE. frakin, freken, freckle, Icel. freknur, pl., Sw. fräkne, Dan. fregne, Gr. prsçni variegated. Cf. Freckle, Freck.] Defn: To variegate; to checker; to streak. [R.] Freaked with many a mingled hue. Thomson. FREAK Freak, n. Etym: [Prob. from OE. frek bold, AS. frec bold, greedly; akin to OHG. freh greedly, G. frech insolent, Icel. frekr greedly, Goth. faíhufriks avaricious.] Defn: A sudden causeless change or turn of the mind; a whim of fancy; a capricious prank; a vagary or caprice. She is restless and peevish, and sometimes in a freak will instantly change her habitation. Spectator. Syn. -- Whim; caprice; folly; sport. See Whim. FREAKING Freak"ing, a. Defn: Freakish. [Obs.] Pepys. FREAKISH Freak"ish, a. Defn: Apt to change the mind suddenly; whimsical; capricious. It may be a question whether the wife or the woman was the more freakish of the two. L'Estrange. Freakish when well, and fretful when she's sick. Pope. -- Freak"ish*ly, adv. -- Freak"ish*ness, n. FRECK Freck, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Freak, v. t., Freckle.] Defn: To checker; to diversify. [R. & Poet.] The painted windows, frecking gloom with glow. Lowell. FRECKLE Freck"le, n. Etym: [Dim., from the same root as freak, v. t.] 1. A small yellowish or brownish spot in the skin, particularly on the face, neck, or hands. 2. Any small spot or discoloration. FRECKLE Frec"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Freckling.] Defn: To spinkle or mark with freckle or small discolored spots; to spot. FRECKLE Frec"kle, v. i. Defn: To become covered or marked with freckles; to be spotted. FRECKLED Frec"kled, a. Defn: Marked with freckles; spotted. "The freckled trout." Dryden. The freckled cowslip, burnet, and green clover. Shak. FRECKLEDNESS Frec"kled*ness, n. Defn: The state of being freckled. FRECKLY Frec"kly, a. Defn: Full of or marked with freckles; sprinkled with spots; freckled. FRED Fred, n. Etym: [AS. fri peace. See Frith inclosure.] Defn: Peace; -- a word used in composition, especially in proper names; as, Alfred; Frederic. FREDSTOLE Fred"stole`, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Fridstol. Fuller. FREE Free, a. [Compar. Freer; superl. Freest.] Etym: [OE. fre, freo, AS. freó, fri; akin to D. vrij, OS. & OHG. fri, G. frei, Icel. fri, Sw. & Dan. fri, Goth. freis, and also to Skr. prija beloved, dear, fr. pri to love, Goth. frij. Cf. Affray, Belfry, Friday, Friend, Frith inclosure.] 1. Exempt from subjection to the will of others; not under restraint, control, or compulsion; able to follow one's own impulses, desires, or inclinations; determining one's own course of action; not dependent; at liberty. That which has the power, or not the power, to operate, is that alone which is or is not free. Locke. 2. Not under an arbitrary or despotic government; subject only to fixed laws regularly and fairly administered, and defended by them from encroachments upon natural or acquired rights; enjoying political liberty. 3. Liberated, by arriving at a certain age, from the control of parents, guardian, or master. 4. Not confined or imprisoned; released from arrest; liberated; at liberty to go. Set an unhappy prisoner free. Prior. 5. Not subjected to the laws of physical necessity; capable of voluntary activity; endowed with moral liberty; -- said of the will. Not free, what proof could they have given sincere Of true allegiance, constant faith, or love. Milton. 6. Clear of offense or crime; guiltless; innocent. My hands are guilty, but my heart is free. Dryden. 7. Unconstrained by timidity or distrust; unreserved; ingenuous; frank; familiar; communicative. He was free only with a few. Milward. 8. Unrestrained; immoderate; lavish; licentious; -- used in a bad sense. The critics have been very free in their censures. Felton. A man may live a free life as to wine or women. Shelley. 9. Not close or parsimonious; liberal; open-handed; lavish; as, free with his money. 10. Exempt; clear; released; liberated; not encumbered or troubled with; as, free from pain; free from a burden; -- followed by from, or, rarely, by of. Princes declaring themselves free from the obligations of their treaties. Bp. Burnet. 11. Characteristic of one acting without restraint; charming; easy. 12. Ready; eager; acting without spurring or whipping; spirited; as, a free horse. 13. Invested with a particular freedom or franchise; enjoying certain immunities or privileges; admitted to special rights; -- followed by of. He therefore makes all birds, of every sect, Free of his farm. Dryden. 14. Thrown open, or made accessible, to all; to be enjoyed without limitations; unrestricted; not obstructed, engrossed, or appropriated; open; -- said of a thing to be possessed or enjoyed; as, a free school. Why, sir, I pray, are not the streets as free For me as for you Shak. 15. Not gained by importunity or purchase; gratuitous; spontaneous; as, free admission; a free gift. 16. Not arbitrary or despotic; assuring liberty; defending individual rights against encroachment by any person or class; instituted by a free people; -- said of a government, institutions, etc. 17. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Certain or honorable; the opposite of base; as, free service; free socage. Burrill. 18. (Law) Defn: Privileged or individual; the opposite of common; as, a free fishery; a free warren. Burrill. 19. Not united or combined with anything else; separated; dissevered; unattached; at liberty to escape; as, free carbonic acid gas; free cells. Free agency, the capacity or power of choosing or acting freely, or without necessity or constraint upon the will. -- Free bench (Eng. Law), a widow's right in the copyhold lands of her husband, corresponding to dower in freeholds. -- Free board (Naut.), a vessel's side between water line and gunwale. -- Free bond (Chem.), an unsaturated or unemployed unit, or bond, of affinity or valence, of an atom or radical. -- Free-borough men (O.Eng. Law). See Friborg. -- Free chapel (Eccles.), a chapel not subject to the jurisdiction of the ordinary, having been founded by the king or by a subject specially authorized. [Eng.] Bouvier. -- Free charge (Elec.), a charge of electricity in the free or statical condition; free electricity. -- Free church. (a) A church whose sittings are for all and without charge. (b) An ecclesiastical body that left the Church of Scotland, in 1843, to be free from control by the government in spiritual matters. -- Free city, or Free town, a city or town independent in its government and franchises, as formerly those of the Hanseatic league. -- Free cost, freedom from charges or expenses. South. -- Free and easy, unconventional; unrestrained; regardless of formalities. [Colloq.] "Sal and her free and easy ways." W. Black. -- Free goods, goods admitted into a country free of duty. -- Free labor, the labor of freemen, as distinguished from that of slaves. -- Free port. (Com.) (a) A port where goods may be received and shipped free of custom duty. (b) A port where goods of all kinds are received from ships of all nations at equal rates of duty. -- Free public house, in England, a tavern not belonging to a brewer, so that the landlord is free to brew his own beer or purchase where he chooses. Simmonds. -- Free school. (a) A school to which pupils are admitted without discrimination and on an equal footing. (b) A school supported by general taxation, by endowmants, etc., where pupils pay nothing for tuition; a public school. -- Free services (O.Eng. Law), such feudal services as were not unbecoming the character of a soldier or a freemen to perform; as, to serve under his lord in war, to pay a sum of money, etc. Burrill. -- Free ships, ships of neutral nations, which in time of war are free from capture even though carrying enemy's goods. -- Free socage (O.Eng. Law), a feudal tenure held by certain services which, though honorable, were not military. Abbott. -- Free States, those of the United States before the Civil War, in which slavery had ceased to exist, or had never existed. -- Free stuff (Carp.), timber free from knots; clear stuff. -- Free thought, that which is thought independently of the authority of others. -- Free trade, commerce unrestricted by duties or tariff regulations. -- Free trader, one who believes in free trade. -- To make free with, to take liberties with; to help one's self to. [Colloq.] -- To sail free (Naut.), to sail with the yards not braced in as sharp as when sailing closehauled, or close to the wind. FREE Free, adv. 1. Freely; willingly. [Obs.] I as free forgive you As I would be forgiven. Shak. 2. Without charge; as, children admitted free. FREE Free, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freed; p. pr. & vb. n. Freeing.] Etym: [OE. freen, freoien, AS. freógan. See Free, a.] 1. To make free; to set at liberty; to rid of that which confines, limits, embarrasses, oppresses, etc.; to release; to disengage; to clear; -- followed by from, and sometimes by off; as, to free a captive or a slave; to be freed of these inconveniences. Clarendon. Our land is from the rage of tigers freed. Dryden. Arise, . . . free thy people from their yoke. Milton. 2. To remove, as something that confines or bars; to relieve from the constraint of. This master key Frees every lock, and leads us to his person. Dryden. 3. To frank. [Obs.] Johnson. FREEBOOTER Free"boot`er, n. Etym: [D. vrijbuiter, fr. vrijbuiten to plunder; vrij free + buit booty, akin to E. booty. See Free, and Booty, and cf. Filibuster.] Defn: One who plunders or pillages without the authority of national warfare; a member of a predatory band; a pillager; a buccaneer; a sea robber. Bacon. FREEBOOTERY Free"boot`er*y, n. Defn: The act, practice, or gains of a freebooter; freebooting. Booth. FREEBOOTING Free"boot`ing, n. Defn: Robbery; plunder; a pillaging. FREEBOOTING Free"boot`ing, a. Defn: Acting the freebooter; practicing freebootery; robbing. Your freebooting acquaintance. Sir W. Scott. FREEBOOTY Free"boot`y, n. Defn: Freebootery. [Obs.] FREEBORN Free"born`, a. Defn: Born free; not born in vasssalage; inheriting freedom. FREE COINAGE Free coinage. Defn: In the fullest sense, the conversion of bullion (of any specified metal) into legal-tender coins for any person who chooses to bring it to the mint; in a modified sense, such coinage when done at a fixed charge proportionate to the cost of the operation. FREE-DENIZEN Free"-den`i*zen, v. t. Defn: To make free. [R.] FREEDMAN Freed"man, n.; pl. Freedmen (. Defn: A man who has been a slave, and has been set free. FREEDOM Free"dom, n. Etym: [AS. freód; freófree + -dom. See Free, and -dom.] 1. The state of being free; exemption from the power and control of another; liberty; independence. Made captive, yet deserving freedom more. Milton. 2. Privileges; franchises; immunities. Your charter and your caty's freedom. Shak. 3. Exemption from necessity, in choise and action; as, the freedom of the will. 4. Ease; facility; as, he speaks or acts with freedom. 5. Frankness; openness; unreservedness. I emboldened spake and freedom used. Milton. 6. Improper familiarity; violation of the rules of decorum; license. 7. Generosity; liberality. [Obs.] Chaucer. Freedom fine, a sum paid on entry to incorporations of trades. -- Freedom of the city, the possession of the rights and privileges of a freeman of the city; formerly often, and now occasionally, conferred on one not a resident, as a mark of honorary distinction for public services. Syn. -- See Liberty. FREEDSTOOL Freed"stool`, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Fridstol. FREE-HAND Free"-hand`, a. Defn: Done by the hand, without support, or the guidance of instruments; as, free-hand drawing. See under Drawing. FREE-HANDED Free"-hand`ed, a. Defn: Open-handed; liberal. FREE-HEARTED Free"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Open; frank; unreserved; liberal; generous; as, free-hearted mirth. -- Free"-heart`ed*ly, adv. -- Free"-heart`ed*ness, n. FREEHOLD Free"hold`, n. (LAw) Defn: An estate in real property, of inheritance (in fee simple or fee tail) or for life; or the tenure by which such estate is held. Kent. Burrill. To abate into a freehold. See under Abate. FREEHOLDER Free"hold`er, n. (Law) Defn: The possessor of a freehold. FREE-LIVER Free"-liv`er, n. Defn: One who gratifies his appetites without stint; one given to indulgence in eating and drinking. FREE-LIVING Free"-liv`ing, n. Defn: Unrestrained indulgence of the appetites. FREE-LOVE Free"-love`, n. Defn: The doctrine or practice of consorting with the opposite sex, at pleasure, without marriage. FREE-LOVER Free"-lov`er, n. Defn: One who believes in or practices free-love. FREELTE Freel"te, n. Defn: Frailty. [Obs.] Chaucer. FREELY Free"ly, adv. Etym: [AS. freólice.] Defn: In a free manner; without restraint or compulsion; abundantly; gratuitously. Of every tree of the garden thou mayst freely eat. Gen. ii. 16. Freely ye have received, freely give. Matt. x. 8. Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell. Milton. Freely we serve Because we freely love. Milton. Syn. -- Independently; voluntarily; spontaneously; unconditionally; unobstructedly; willingly; readily; liberally; generously; bounteously; munificently; bountifully; abundantly; largely; copiously; plentifully; plenteously. FREEMAN Free"man, n.; pl. Freemen. Etym: [AS. freóman; freófree + mann man.] 1. One who enjoys liberty, or who is not subject to the will of another; one not a slave or vassal. 2. A member of a corporation, company, or city, possessing certain privileges; a member of a borough, town, or State, who has the right to vote at elections. See Liveryman. Burrill. Both having been made freemen on the same day. Addison. FREE-MARTIN Free"-mar`tin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An imperfect female calf, twinborn with a male. FREEMASON Free"ma`son, n. Defn: One of an ancient and secret association or fraternity, said to have been at first composed of masons or builders in stone, but now consisting of persons who are united for social enjoyment and mutual assistance. FREEMASONIC Free`ma*son"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the institutions or the practices of freemasons; as, a freemasonic signal. FREEMASONRY Free"ma`son*ry, n. Defn: The institutions or the practices of freemasons. FREE-MILLING Free"-mill`ing, a. Defn: Yielding free gold or silver; -- said of certain ores which can be reduced by crushing and amalgamation, without roasting or other chemical treatment. Raymond. FREE-MINDED Free"-mind`ed, a. Defn: Not perplexed; having a mind free from care. Bacon. FREENESS Free"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being free; freedom; liberty; openness; liberality; gratuitousness. FREER Fre"er, n. Defn: One who frees, or sets free. FREE SILVER Free silver. Defn: The free coinage of silver; often, specif., the free coinage of silver at a fixed ratio with gold, as at the ratio of 16 to 1, which ratio for some time represented nearly or exactly the ratio of the market values of gold and silver respectively. FREE-SOIL Free"-soil`, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or advocating, the non-extension of slavery; -- esp. applied to a party which was active during the period 1846-1856. [U.S.] -- Free"soil`er, n. [U.S.] -- Free"-soil`ism, n. [U.S.] FREE-SPOKEN Free"-spo`ken, a. Defn: Accustomed to speak without reserve. Bacon. -- Free"-spo`ken-ness, n. FREESTONE Free"stone`, n. Defn: A stone composed of sand or grit; -- so called because it is easily cut or wrought. FREESTONE Free"stone`, a. Defn: Having the flesh readily separating from the stone, as in certain kinds of peaches. FREE-SWIMMING Free"-swim`ming, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Swimming in the open sea; -- said of certain marine animals. FREETHINKER Free"think`er, n. Defn: One who speculates or forms opinions independently of the authority of others; esp., in the sphere or religion, one who forms opinions independently of the authority of revelation or of the church; an unbeliever; -- a term assumed by deists and skeptics in the eighteenth century. Atheist is an old-fashioned word: I'm a freethinker, child. Addison. Syn. -- Infidel; skeptic; unbeliever. See Infidel. FREETHINKING Free"think`ing, n. Defn: Undue boldness of speculation; unbelief. Berkeley. -- a. Defn: Exhibiting undue boldness of speculation; skeptical. FREE-TONGUED Free"-tongued`, a. Defn: Speaking without reserve. Bp. Hall. FREEWHEEL Free"wheel`, n. (Mach.) Defn: A clutch fitted in the rear hub of a cycle, which engages the rear sprocket with the rear wheel when the pedals are rotated forwards, but permits the rear wheel to run on free from the rear sprocket when the pedals are stopped or rotated backwards. Freewheelcycles are usually fitted with hub brakes or rim brakes, operated by back pedaling. FREEWHEEL Free"wheel`, v. i. 1. (a) Of a freewheel cycle, to run on while the pedals are held still. (b) Of a person, to ride a cycle of this manner. To ride a freewheel cycle. 2. (Mach.) To operate like a freewheel, so that one part moves freely over another which normally moves with it; -- said of a clutch. FREE WILL Free will. 1. A will free from improper coercion or restraint. To come thus was I not constrained, but did On my free will. Shak. 2. The power asserted of moral beings of willing or choosing without the restraints of physical or absolute necessity. FREEWILL Free"will`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to free will; voluntary; spontaneous; as, a freewill offering. Frewill Baptists. See under Baptist. FREEZABLE Freez"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being frozen. FREEZE Freeze, n. (Arch.) Defn: A frieze. [Obs.] FREEZE Freeze, v. i. [imp. Froze; p. p. Frozen; p. pr. & vb. n. Freezing.] Etym: [OE. fresen, freosen, AS. freósan; akin to D. vriezen, OHG. iosan, G. frieren, Icel. frjsa, Sw. frysa, Dan. fryse, Goth. frius cold, frost, and prob. to L. prurire to itch, E. prurient, cf. L. prna a burning coal, pruina hoarfrost, Skr. prushva ice, prush to spirt. Frost.] 1. To become congealed by cold; to be changed from a liquid to a solid state by the abstraction of heat; to be hardened into ice or a like solid body. Note: Water freezes at 32º above zero by Fahrenheit's thermometer; mercury freezes at 40º below zero. 2. To become chilled with cold, or as with cold; to suffer loss of animation or life by lack of heat; as, the blood freezes in the veins. To freeze up (Fig.), to become formal and cold in demeanor. [Colloq.] FREEZE Freeze, v. t. 1. To congeal; to harden into ice; to convert from a fluid to a solid form by cold, or abstraction of heat. 2. To cause loss of animation or life in, from lack of heat; to give the sensation of cold to; to chill. A faint, cold fear runs through my veins, That almost freezes up the heat of life. Shak. FREEZE Freeze, n. Defn: The act of congealing, or the state of being congealed. [Colloq.] FREEZER Freez"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, cools or freezes, as a refrigerator, or the tub and can used in the process of freezing ice cream. FREEZING Freez"ing, a. Defn: Tending to freeze; for freezing; hence, cold or distant in manner. -- Frrez"ing*ly, adv. Freezing machine. See Ice machine, under Ice. -- Freezing mixture, a mixture (of salt and snow or of chemical salts) for producing intense cold. -- Freezing point, that degree of a thermometer at which a fluid begins to freeze; -- applied particularly to water, whose freezing point is at 32º Fahr., and at 0º Centigrade. FREIESLEBENITE Frei"es*le`ben*ite, n. Etym: [Named after the German chemist Freiesleben.] Defn: A sulphide of antimony, lead, and silver, occuring in monoclinic crystals. FREIGHT Freight, n. Etym: [F. fret, OHG. fr merit, reward. See Fraught, n.] 1. That with which anything in fraught or laden for transportation; lading; cargo, especially of a ship, or a car on a railroad, etc.; as, a freight of cotton; a full freight. 2. (Law) (a) The sum paid by a party hiring a ship or part of a ship for the use of what is thus hired. (b) The price paid a common carrier for the carriage of goods. Wharton. 3. Freight transportation, or freight line. FREIGHT Freight, a. Defn: Employed in the transportation of freight; having to do with freight; as, a freight car. Freight agent, a person employed by a transportation company to receive, forward, or deliver goods. -- Freight car. See under Car. -- Freight train, a railroad train made up of freight cars; -- called in England goods train. FREIGHT Freight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Freighting.] Etym: [Cf. F. freter.] Defn: To load with goods, as a ship, or vehicle of any kind, for transporting them from one place to another; to furnish with freight; as, to freight a ship; to freight a car. FREIGHTAGE Freight"age, n. 1. Charge for transportation; expense of carriage. 2. The transportation of freight. 3. Freight; cargo; lading. Milton. FREIGHTER Freight"er, n. 1. One who loads a ship, or one who charters and loads a ship. 2. One employed in receiving and forwarding freight. 3. One for whom freight is transported. 4. A vessel used mainly to carry freight. FREIGHTLESS Freight"less, a. Defn: Destitute of freight. FREIHERR Frei"herr`, n.; pl. Freiherrn (#). [G., lit., free lord.] Defn: In Germany and Austria, a baron. FRELTE Frel"te, n. Defn: Frailty. [Obs.] Chaucer. FREMD; FREMED Fremd, Frem"ed a. Etym: [OE., from AS. fremede, fremde; akin to G. fremd.] Defn: Strange; foreign. [Old Eng. & Scot.] Chaucer. FREMESCENT Fre*mes"cent, a. [L. fremere to roar, murmur + -escent.] Defn: Becoming murmurous, roaring. "Fremescent clangor." Carlyle. -- Fre*mes"cence (#), n. FREMITUS Frem"i*tus, n., sing. & pl. [L., a murmuring, roaring.] (Med.) Defn: Palpable vibration or thrill; as, the rhonchial fremitus. FREN Fren, n. Etym: [OE. frenne, contr. fr. forrene foreign. See Foreign, a.] Defn: A stranger. [Obs.] Spenser. FRENCH French, a. Etym: [AS. frencisc, LL. franciscus, from L. Francus a Frank: cf. OF. franceis, franchois, fran, F. franFrank, a., and cf. Frankish.] Defn: Of or pertaining to France or its inhabitants. French bean (Bot.), the common kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). -- French berry (Bot.), the berry of a species of buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus), which affords a saffron, green or purple pigment. -- French casement (Arch.) See French window, under Window. -- French chalk (Min.), a variety of granular talc; -- used for drawing lines on cloth, etc. See under Chalk. -- French cowslip (Bot.) The Primula Auricula. See Bear's-ear. -- French fake (Naut.), a mode of coiling a rope by running it backward and forward in parallel bends, so that it may run freely. -- French honeysuckle (Bot.) a plant of the genus Hedysarum (H. coronarium); -- called also garland honeysuckle. -- French horn, a metallic wind instrument, consisting of a long tube twisted into circular folds and gradually expanding from the mouthpiece to the end at which the sound issues; -- called in France cor de chasse. -- French leave, an informal, hasty, or secret departure; esp., the leaving a place without paying one's debts. -- French pie Etym: [French (here used in sense of "foreign") + pie a magpie (in allusion to its black and white color)] (Zoöl.), the European great spotted woodpecker (Dryobstes major); -- called also wood pie. -- French polish. (a) A preparation for the surface of woodwork, consisting of gums dissolved in alcohol, either shellac alone, or shellac with other gums added. (b) The glossy surface produced by the application of the above. -- French purple, a dyestuff obtained from lichens and used for coloring woolen and silken fabrics, without the aid of mordants. Ure. -- French red rouge. -- French rice, amelcorn. -- French roof (Arch.), a modified form of mansard roof having a nearly flat deck for the upper slope. -- French tub, a dyer's mixture of protochloride of tin and logwood; -- called also plum tub. Ure. -- French window. See under Window. FRENCH French, n. 1. The language spoken in France. 2. Collectively, the people of France. FRENCHIFY French"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frenchified; p. pr. & vb. n. Frenchifying.] Etym: [French + -fy.] Defn: To make French; to infect or imbue with the manners or tastes of the French; to Gallicize. Burke. FRENCHISM French"ism, n. Defn: A French mode or characteristic; an idiom peculiar to the French language. Earle. FRENCHMAN French"man, n.; pl. Frenchmen (. Defn: A native or one of the people of France. FRENETIC Fre*net"ic, a. Etym: [See Frantic, a.] Defn: Distracted; mad; frantic; phrenetic. Milton. FRENETICAL Fre*net"ic*al, a. Defn: Frenetic; frantic; frenzied. -- Frenet"ic*al*ly, adv. FRENUM Fre"num, n.; pl. E. Frenums, L. Frena. Etym: [L., a bridle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A cheek stripe of color. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Frænum. FRENZICAL Fren"zi*cal, a. Defn: Frantic. [Obs.] Orrery. FRENZIED Fren"zied, p. p. & a. Defn: Affected with frenzy; frantic; maddened. -- Fren"zied-ly, adv. The people frenzied by centuries of oppression. Buckle. Up starting with a frenzied look. Sir W Scott. FRENZY Fren"zy, n.; pl. Frenzies. Etym: [OE. frenesie, fransey, F. frénésie, L. phrenesis, fr. Gr. Frantic, Phrenitis.] Defn: Any violent agitation of the mind approaching to distraction; violent and temporary derangement of the mental faculties; madness; rage. All else is towering frenzy and distraction. Addison. The poet's eye in a fine frenzy rolling. Shak. Syn. -- Insanity; lunacy; madness; derangment; alienation; aberration; delirium. See Insanity. FRENZY Fren"zy, a. Defn: Mad; frantic. [R.] They thought that some frenzy distemper had got into his head. Bunyan. FRENZY Fren"zy, v. t. Defn: To affect with frenzy; to drive to madness [R.] "Frenzying anguish." Southey. FREQUENCE Fre"quence, n. Etym: [See Frequency.] 1. A crowd; a throng; a concourse. [Archaic.] Tennyson. 2. Frequency; abundance. [R.] Bp. Hall. FREQUENCY Fre"quen*cy, n.; pl. Frequencies. Etym: [L. frequentia numerous attendance, multitude: cf. F. fréquence. See Frequent.] 1. The condition of returning frequently; occurrence often repeated; common occurence; as, the frequency of crimes; the frequency of miracles. The reasons that moved her to remove were, because Rome was a place of riot and luxury, her soul being almost stifled with, the frequencies of ladies' visits. Fuller. 2. A crowd; a throng. [Obs.] B. Jonson. FREQUENT Fre"quent, a. Etym: [L. frequens, -entis, crowded, frequent, akin to farcire to stuff: cf. F. fréquent. Cf. Farce, n.] 1. Often to be met with; happening at short intervals; often repeated or occurring; as, frequent visits. "Frequent feudal towers." Byron. 2. Addicted to any course of conduct; inclined to indulge in any practice; habitual; persistent. He has been loud and frequent in declaring himself hearty for the government. Swift. 3. Full; crowded; thronged. [Obs.] 'T is Cæsar's will to have a frequent senate. B. Jonson. 4. Often or commonly reported. [Obs.] 'T is frequent in the city he hath subdued The Catti and the Daci. Massinger. FREQUENT Fre*quent", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frequented; p. pr. & vb. n. Frequenting.] Etym: [L. frequentare: cf. F. fréquenter. See Frequent, a.] 1. To visit often; to resort to often or habitually. He frequented the court of Augustus. Dryden. 2. To make full; to fill. [Obs.] With their sighs the air Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite. Milton. FREQUENTABLE Fre*quent"a*ble, a. Defn: Accessible. [R.] Sidney. FREQUENTAGE Fre*quent"age, n. Defn: The practice or habit of frequenting. [R.] Southey. FREQUENTATION Fre"quen*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. frequentatio a crowding together, frequency: cf. F. fréquentation.] Defn: The act or habit of frequenting or visiting often; resort. Chesterfield. FREQUENTATIVE Fre*quent"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. frequentativus: cf. F. fréquentatif.] (Gram.) Defn: Serving to express the frequent repetition of an action; as, a frequentative verb. -- n. Defn: A frequentative verb. FREQUENTER Fre*quent*er, n. Defn: One who frequents; one who often visits, or resorts to customarily. FREQUENTLY Fre*quent*ly, adv. Defn: At frequent or short intervals; many times; often; repeatedly; commonly. FREQUENTNESS Fre"quent*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being frequent. FRERE Frère, n. Etym: [F. See Friar.] Defn: A friar. Chaucer. FRESCADE Fres"cade, n. Etym: [See Fresco, Fresh, a.] Defn: A cool walk; shady place. [R.] Maunder. FRESCO Fres"co, n.; pl. Frescoes or Frescos. Etym: [It., fr. fresco fresh; of German origin. See Fresh, a.] 1. A cool, refreshing state of the air; duskiness; coolness; shade. [R.] Prior. 2. (Fine Arts) (a) The art of painting on freshly spread plaster, before it dries. (b) In modern parlance, incorrectly applied to painting on plaster in any manner. (c) A painting on plaster in either of senses a and b. FRESCO Fres"co, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frescoed; p. pr. & vb. n. Frescoing.] Defn: To paint in fresco, as walls. FRESH Fresh, a. [Compar. Fresher (; superl. Freshest.] Etym: [OE. fresch, AS. fersc; akin to D. versch, G. frisch, OHG. frisc, Sw. frisk, Dan. frisk, fersk, Icel. fr frisky, brisk, ferskr fresh; cf. It. fresco, OF. fres, freis, fem. freske, fresche, F. frais, fem. fra, which are of German origin. Cf. Fraischeur, Fresco, Frisk.] 1. Possessed of original life and vigor; new and strong; unimpaired; sound. 2. New; original; additional. "Fear of fresh mistakes." Sir W. Scott. A fresh pleasure in every fresh posture of the limbs. Landor. 3. Lately produced, gathered, or prepared for market; not stale; not dried or preserved; not wilted, faded, or tainted; in good condition; as, fresh vegetables, flowers, eggs, meat, fruit, etc.; recently made or obtained; occurring again; repeated; as, a fresh supply of goods; fresh tea, raisins, etc.; lately come or made public; as, fresh news; recently taken from a well or spring; as, fresh water. 4. Youthful; florid; as, these fresh nymphs. Shak. 5. In a raw, green, or untried state; uncultivated; uncultured; unpracticed; as, a fresh hand on a ship. 6. Renewed in vigor, alacrity, or readiness for action; as, fresh for a combat; hence, tending to renew in vigor; rather strong; cool or brisk; as, a fresh wind. 7. Not salt; as, fresh water, in distinction from that which is from the sea, or brackish; fresh meat, in distinction from that which is pickled or salted. Fresh breeze (Naut.), a breeze between a moderate and a strong breeze; one blowinq about twenty miles an hour. -- Fresh gale, a gale blowing about forty-five miles an hour. -- Fresh way (Naut.), increased speed. Syn. -- Sound; unimpaired; recent; unfaded: ruddy; florid; sweet; good: inexperienced; unpracticed: unused; lively; vigorous; strong. FRESH Fresh, n.; pl. Freshes (. 1. A stream or spring of fresh water. He shall drink naught but brine; for I'll not show him Where the quick freshes are. Shak. 2. A flood; a freshet. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 3. The mingling of fresh water with salt in rivers or bays, as by means of a flood of fresh water flowing toward or into the sea. Beverly. FRESH Fresh, v. t. Defn: To refresh; to freshen. [Obs.] Rom. of R. FRESHEN Fresh"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Freshened; p. pr. & vb. n. Freshening] 1. To make fresh; to separate, as water, from saline ingredients; to make less salt; as, to freshen water, fish, or flesh. 2. To refresh; to revive. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. (Naut.) Defn: To relieve, as a rope, by change of place where friction wears it; or to renew, as the material used to prevent chafing; as, to freshen a hawse. Totten. To freshen ballast (Naut.), to shift Or restore it. -- To freshen the hawse, to pay out a little more cable, so as to bring the chafe on another part. -- To freshen the way, to increase the speed of a vessel. Ham. Nav. Encyc. FRESHEN Fresh"en, v. i. 1. To grow fresh; to lose saltness. 2. To grow brisk or strong; as, the wind freshens. FRESHET Fresh"et, n. Etym: [OE. fresche flood + -et. See Fresh, a.] 1. A stream of fresh water. [Obs.] Milton. 2. A flood or overflowing of a stream caused by heavy rains or melted snow; a sudden inundation. Cracked the sky, as ice in rivers When the freshet is at highest. Longfellow. FRESHLY Fresh"ly, adv. Defn: In a fresh manner; vigorously; newly, recently; brightly; briskly; coolly; as, freshly gathered; freshly painted; the wind blows freshly. Looks he as freshly as he did Shak. FRESHMAN Fresh"man, n.; pl. Freshmen (. Defn: novice; one in the rudiments of knowledge; especially, a student during his fist year in a college or university. He drank his glass and cracked his joke, And freshmen wondered as he spoke. Goldsmith. Freshman class, the lowest of the four classes in an American college. [ U. S.] FRESHMANSHIP Fresh"man*ship, n. Defn: The state of being a freshman. FRESHMENT Fresh"ment, n. Defn: Refreshment. [Obs.] FRESHNESS Fresh"ness, n. Defn: The state of being fresh. The Scots had the advantage both for number and freshness of men. Hayward. And breathe the freshness of the open air. Dryden. Her cheeks their freshness lose and wonted grace. Granville. FRESH-NEW Fresh"-new`, a. Defn: Unpracticed. [Obs.] Shak. FRESH-WATER Fresh"-wa`ter, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or living in, water not salt; as, fresh-water geological deposits; a fresh-water fish; fresh-water mussels. 2. Accustomed to sail on fresh water only; unskilled as a seaman; as, a fresh-water sailor. 3. Unskilled; raw. [Colloq.] "Fresh-water soldiers." Knolles. FRESNEL LAMP; FRESNEL LANTERN Fres`nel" lamp", Fres`nel" lan"tern. Etym: [From Fresnel the inventor, a French physicist.] Defn: A lantern having a lamp surrounded by a hollow cylindrical Fresnel lens. FRESNEL LENS Fres`nel" lens". Etym: [See Fresnel lamp.] (Optics) Defn: See under Lens. FRET Fret, n. [Obs.] Defn: See 1st Frith. FRET Fret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fretted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fretting.] Etym: [OE. freten to eat, consume; AS. fretan, for foretan; pref. for- + etan to eat; akin to D. vreten, OHG. frezzan, G. fressen, Sw. fräta, Goth. fra-itan. See For, and Eat, v. t.] 1. To devour. [Obs.] The sow frete the child right in the cradle. Chaucer. 2. To rub; to wear away by friction; to chafe; to gall; hence, to eat away; to gnaw; as, to fret cloth; to fret a piece of gold or other metal; a worm frets the plants of a ship. With many a curve my banks I fret. Tennyson. 3. To impair; to wear away; to diminish. By starts His fretted fortunes give him hope and fear. Shak. 4. To make rough, agitate, or disturb; to cause to ripple; as, to fret the surface of water. 5. To tease; to irritate; to vex. Fret not thyself because of evil doers. Ps. xxxvii. 1. FRET Fret, v. i. 1. To be worn away; to chafe; to fray; as, a wristband frets on the edges. 2. To eat in; to make way by corrosion. Many wheals arose, and fretted one into another with great excoriation. Wiseman. 3. To be agitated; to be in violent commotion; to rankle; as, rancor frets in the malignant breast. 4. To be vexed; to be chafed or irritated; to be angry; to utter peevish expressions. He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground. Dryden. FRET Fret, n. 1. The agitation of the surface of a fluid by fermentation or other cause; a rippling on the surface of water. Addison. 2. Agitation of mind marked by complaint and impatience; disturbance of temper; irritation; as, he keeps his mind in a continual fret. Yet then did Dennis rave in furious fret. Pope. 3. Herpes; tetter. Dunglison. 4. pl. (Mining) Defn: The worn sides of river banks, where ores, or stones containing them, accumulate by being washed down from the hills, and thus indicate to the miners the locality of the veins. FRET Fret, v. t. Etym: [OE. fretten to adorn, AS. frætwan, frætwian; akin to OS. fratah, cf. Goth. us-fratwjan to make wise, also AS. frætwe ornaments, OS. fratahi adornment.] Defn: To ornament with raised work; to variegate; to diversify. Whose skirt with gold was fretted all about. Spenser. Yon gray lines, That fret the clouds, are messengers of day. Shak. FRET Fret, n. 1. Ornamental work in relief, as carving or embossing. See Fretwork. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An ornament consisting of smmall fillets or slats intersecting each other or bent at right angles, as in classical designs, or at obilique angles, as often in Oriental art. His lady's cabinet is a adorned on the fret, ceiling, and chimney- piece with . . . carving. Evelyn. 3. The reticulated headdress or net, made of gold or silver wire, in which ladies in the Middle Ages confined their hair. A fret of gold she had next her hair. Chaucer. Fret saw, a saw with a long, narrow blade, used in cutting frets, scrolls, etc.; a scroll saw; a keyhole saw; a compass saw. FRET Fret, n. Etym: [F. frette a saltire, also a hoop, ferrule, prob. a dim. of L. ferrum iron. For sense 2, cf. also E. fret to rub.] 1. (Her.) Defn: A saltire interlaced with a mascle. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A short piece of wire, or other material fixed across the finger board of a guitar or a similar instrument, to indicate where the finger is to be placed. FRET Fret, v. t. Defn: To furnish with frets, as an instrument of music. FRETFUL Fret"ful, a. Etym: [See 2d Fret.] Defn: Disposed to fret; ill-humored; peevish; angry; in a state of vexation; as, a fretful temper. -- Fret"ful-ly, adv. -- Fret"ful-ness, n. Syn. -- Peevish; ill-humored; ill-natured; irritable; waspish; captious; petulant; splenetic; spleeny; passionate; angry. -- Fretful, Peevish, Cross. These words all indicate an unamiable working and expression of temper. Peevish marks more especially the inward spirit: a peevish man is always ready to find fault. Fretful points rather to the outward act, and marks a complaining impatience: sickly children are apt to be fretful. Crossness is peevishness mingled with vexation or anger. FRETT Frett, n. Etym: [See 2d Fret.] (Mining) Defn: The worn side of the bank of a river. See 4th Fret, n., 4. FRETT Frett, n. Etym: [See Frit.] Defn: A vitreous compound, used by potters in glazing, consisting of lime, silica, borax, lead, and soda. FRETTED Fret"ted, p. p. & a. Etym: [From 2d Fret.] 1. Rubbed or worn away; chafed. 2. Agitated; vexed; worried. FRETTED Fret"ted, p. p. & a. Etym: [See 5th Fret.] 1. Ornamented with fretwork; furnished with frets; variegated; made rough on the surface. 2. (Her.) Defn: Interlaced one with another; -- said of charges and ordinaries. FRETTEN Fret"ten, a. Etym: [The old p. p. of fret to rub.] Defn: Rubbed; marked; as, pock-fretten, marked with the smallpox. [Obs.] Wright. FRETTER Fret"ter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, frets. FRETTY Fret"ty, a. Etym: [See 5th Fret.] Defn: Adorned with fretwork. FRETUM Fre"tum, n.; pl. Freta. Etym: [L.] Defn: A strait, or arm of the sea. FRETWORK Fret"work, n. Etym: [6th fret + work.] Defn: Work adorned with frets; ornamental openwork or work in relief, esp. when elaborate and minute in its parts. Heuce, any minute play of light andshade, dark and light, or the like. Banqueting on the turf in the fretwork of shade and sunshine. Macaulay. FREYA Frey"a, n. Etym: [Icel. Freyja.] (Scand. Myth.) Defn: The daughter of Njörd, aud goddess of love and beauty; the Scandinavian Venus; -- in Teutonic myths confounded with Frigga, but in Scandinavian, distinct. [Written also Frea, Fraying, and Ereyja.] FRIABIIITY Fri"a*bii"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. friabilité.] Defn: The quality of being friable; friableness. Locke. FRIABLE Fri"a*ble, a. Defn: [friabilis, fr. friare to rub, break, or crumble into small pieces, cf. fricare to rub, E. fray. cf. F. friable.) Easily crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder. "Friable ground." Evelyn. "Soft and friable texture." Paley. -- Fri'a-ble-ness, n. FRIAR Fri"ar, n. Etym: [OR. frere, F. frère brother, friar, fr. L. frater brother. See Brother.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A brother or member of any religious order, but especially of one of the four mendicant orders, viz: (a) Minors, Gray Friars, or Franciscans. (b) Augustines. (c) Dominicans or Black Friars. (d) White Friars or Carmelites. See these names in the Vocabulary. 2. (Print.) Defn: A white or pale patch on a printed page. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American fish; the silversides. Friar bird (Zoöl.), an Australian bird (Tropidorhynchus corniculatus), having the head destitute of feathers; -- called also coldong, leatherhead, pimlico; poor soldier, and four-o'clock. The name is also applied to several other species of the same genus. -- Friar's balsam (Med.), a stimulating application for wounds and ulcers, being an alcoholic solution of benzoin, styrax, tolu balsam, and aloes; compound tincture of benzoin. Brande & C. -- Friar's cap (Bot.), the monkshood. -- Friar's cowl (Bot.), an arumlike plant (Arisarum vulgare) with a spathe or involucral leaf resembling a cowl. -- Friar's lantern, the ignis fatuus or Will-o'-the-wisp. Milton. -- Friar skate (Zoöl.), the European white or sharpnosed skate (Raia alba); -- called also Burton skate, border ray, scad, and doctor. FRIARLY Fri"ar*ly, a. Defn: Like a friar; inexperienced. Bacon. FRIARY Fri"ar*y, a. Etym: [From Friar, n.] Defn: Like a friar; pertaining to friars or to a convent. [Obs.] Camden. FRIARY Fri"ar*y, n. Etym: [OF. frerie, frairie, fr. frère. See Friar.] 1. A monastery; a convent of friars. Drugdale. 2. The institution or praactices of friars. Fuller. FRIATION Fri*a"tion, n. Etym: [See Friable.] Defn: The act of breaking up or pulverizing. FRIBBLE Frib"ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. frivole, L. frivolus, or E. frippery.] Defn: Frivolous; trifling; sily. FRIBBLE Frib"ble, n. Defn: A frivolous, contemptible fellow; a fop. A pert fribble of a peer. Thackeray. FRIBBLE Frib"ble, v. i. 1. To act in a trifling or foolish manner; to act frivolously. The fools that are fribbling round about you. Thackeray. 2. To totter. [Obs.] FRIBBLER Frib"bler, n. Defn: A trifler; a fribble. FRIBBLING Frib"bling, a. Defn: Frivolous; trining; toolishly captious. FRIBORG; FRIBORGH Fri"borg , Fri"borgh, n. Etym: [AS. fri, lit., peace PLAGE; fri peace + borh, borg, pledge, akin to E. borrow. The first part of the word was confused with free, the last part, with borough.] (Old Eng. Law) Defn: The pledge and tithing, afterwards called by the Normans frankpledge. See Frankpledge. [Written also friburgh and fribourg.] Burril. FRICACE Fric"ace, n. Etym: [See Fricassee.] 1. Meat sliced and dressed with strong sauce. [Obs.] King. 2. An unguent; also, the act of rubbing with the unguent. FRICANDEAU; FRICANDO Fri"can`deau`, Fric"*an*do (, n. Etym: [F. fricandeau; cf. Sp. fricandó.] Defn: A ragout or fricassee of veal; a fancy dish of veal or of boned turkey, served as an entrée, -- called also fricandel. A. J. Cooley. FRICASSEE Fric"as*see`, n. Etym: [F. fricassée, fr. fricasser to fry, fricassee; cf. LL. fricare, perh. for frictare, fricare, frictum, to rub. Cf. Fry, Friction.] Defn: A dish made of fowls, veal, or other meat of small animals cut into pieces, and stewed in a gravy. FRICASSEE Fric"as*see`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fricassed; p. pr. &. vb. n. Fricasseeing.] Defn: To dress like a fricassee. FRICATION Fri*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. fricatio, fr. fricare, fricatum, to rub. ] Defn: Friction. [Obs.] Bacon. FRICATIVE Fric"a*tive, a. Etym: [See Frication.] (Phon.) Defn: Produced by the friction or rustling of the breath, intonated or unintonated, through a narrow opening between two of the mouth organs; uttered through a close approach, but not with a complete closure, of the organs of articulation, and hence capable of being continued or prolonged; -- said of certain consonantal sounds, as f, v, s, z, etc. -- n. Defn: A fricative consonant letter or sound. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 197-206, etc. FRICATRICE Fric"a*trice, n. Etym: [Cf. L. frictrix, fr. fricare to rub.] Defn: A lewd woman; a harlot. [Obs.] B. Jonson. FRICKLE Fric"kle, n. Defn: A bushel basket. [Obs.] FRICTION Fric"tion, n. Etym: [L. frictio, fr. fricare, frictum,to rub: cf. F. friction. See Fray to rub, arid cf. Dentifrice.] 1. The act of rubbing the surface of one body against that of another; attrition; in hygiene, the act of rubbing the body with the hand, with flannel, or with a brush etc., to excite the skin to healthy action. 2. (Mech.) Defn: The resistance which a body meets with from the surface on which it moves. It may be resistance to sliding motion, or to rolling motion. 3. A clashing between two persons or parties in opinions or work; a disagreement tending to prevent or retard progress. Angle of friction (Mech.), the angle which a plane onwhich a body is lying makes with a horizontal plane,when the hody is just ready to slide dewn the plane. Note: This angle varies for different bodies, and for planes of different materials. -- Anti-friction wheels (Mach.), wheels turning freely on small pivots, and sustaining, at the angle formed by their circumferences, the pivot or journal of a revolving shaft, to relieve it of friction; -- called also friction wheels. -- Friction balls, or Friction rollers, balls or rollers placed so as to receive the pressure or weight of bodies in motion, and relieve friction, as in the hub of a bicycle wheel. -- Friction brake (Mach.), a form of dynamometer for measuring the power a motor exerts. A clamp around the revolving shaft or fly wheel of the motor resists the motion by its friction, the work thus absorbed being ascertained by observing the force required to keep the clamp from revolving with the shaft; a Prony brake. -- Friction chocks, brakes attached to the common standing garrison carriages of guns, so as to raise the trucks or wheels off the platform when the gun begins to recoil, and prevent its running back. Earrow. -- Friction clutch, Friction coupling, an engaging and disengaging gear for revolving shafts, pulleys, etc., acting by friction; esp.: (a) A device in which a piece on one shaft or pulley is so forcibly pressed against a piece on another shaft that the two will revolve together; as, in the illustration, the cone a on one shaft, when thrust forcibly into the corresponding hollow cone b on the other shaft, compels the shafts to rotate together, by the hold the friction of the conical surfaces gives. (b) A toothed clutch, one member of which, instead of being made fast on its shaft, is held by friction and can turn, by slipping, under excessive strain or in starting. -- Friction drop hammer, one in which the hammer is raised for striking by the friction of revolving rollers which nip the hammer rod. -- Friction gear. See Frictional gearing, under Frictional. -- Friction machine, an electrical machine, generating electricity by friction. -- Friction meter, an instrument for measuring friction, as in testing lubricants. -- Friction powder, Friction composition, a composition of chlorate of potassium, antimony, sulphide, etc, which readily ignites by friction. -- Friction primer, Friction tube, a tube used for firing cannon by means of the friction of a roughened wire in the friction powder or composition with which the tube is filled -- Friction wheel (Mach.), one of the wheels in frictional gearing. See under Frictional. FRICTIONAL Fric"tion*al, a. Defn: Relating to friction; moved by friction; produced by friction; as, frictional electricity. Frictional gearing, wheels which transmit motion by surface friction instead of teeth. The faces are sometimes made more or less V-shaped to increase or decrease friction, as required. FRICTIONLESS Fric"tion*less, a. Defn: Having no friction. FRIDAY Fri"day, n. Etym: [AS. frigedæg, fr. Frigu, the gooddes of marriage; friqu love + dæg day; cf. Icel. Frigg name of a goddess, the wife of Odin or Wodan, OHG. Friatag, Isel. Frjadagr. AS. frigu is prob. from the root of E. friend, free. See Free, and Day.] Defn: The sixth day of the week, following Thursday and preceding Saturday. FRIDGE Fridge, v. t. Etym: [AS. frician to dance, from free bold. Cf. Freak, n.] Defn: To rub; to fray. [Obs.] Sterne. FRIDSTOL; FRITHSTOOL Frid"stol`, Frith`stool", n. Etym: [AS. fril. See Fred, and Stool.] Defn: A seat in churches near the altar, to which offenders formerly fled for sanctuary. [Written variously fridstool, freedstool, etc.] [Obs.] FRIED Fried, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Fry. FRIEND Friend, n. Etym: [OR. frend, freond, AS. freónd, prop. p. pr. of freón, freógan, to love; akin to D. vriend friend, OS. friund friend, friohan to love, OHG. friunt friend, G. freund, Icel. frændi kinsman, Sw. frände. Goth. frij friend, frij to love. sq. root83. See Free, and cf. Fiend.] 1. One who entertains for another suo Want gives to know the flatterer from the friend. Dryden. A friend that sticketh closer than a brother. Prov. xviii. 24. 2. One not inimical or hostile; one not a foe or enemy; also, one of the same nation, party, kin, etc., whose friendly feelings may be assumed. The word is some times used as a term of friendly address. Friend, how camest thou in hither Matt. xxii. 12. 3. One who looks propitiously on a cause, an institution, a project, and the like; a favorer; a promoter; as, a friend to commerce, to poetry, to an institution. 4. One of a religious sect characterized by disuse of outward rites and an ordained ministry, by simplicity of dress and speech, and esp. by opposition to war and a desire to live at peace with all men. They are popularly called Quakers. America was first visited by Friends in 1656. T. Chase. 5. A paramour of either sex. [Obs.] Shak. A friend at court or in court, one disposed to act as a friend in a place of special opportunity or influence. -- To be friends with, to have friendly relations with. "He's . . . friends with Cæsar." Shak. -- To make friends with, to become reconciled to or on friendly terms with. "Having now made friends with the Athenians." Jowett (Thucyd. ). FRIEND Friend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Friended; p. pr, & vb. n. Friending.] Defn: To act as the friend of; to favor; to countenance; to befriend. [Obs.] Fortune friends the bold. Spenser. FRIENDED Friend"ed, a. 1. Having friends; [Obs.] 2. Iuclined to love; well-disposed. [Obs.] Shak. FRIENDING Friend"ing, n. Defn: Friendliness. [Obs.] Shak. FRIENDLESS Friend"less, a. Etym: [AS. freóndleás.] Defn: Destitute of friends; forsaken. -- Friend"less*ness, n. FRIENDLILY Friend"li*ly, adv. Defn: In a friendly manner. Pope. FRIENDLINESS Friend"li*ness, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being friendly. Sir P. Sidney. FRIENDLY Friend"ly, a. Etym: [AS. freéndlice.] 1. Having the temper and disposition of a friend; disposed to promote the good of another; kind; favorable. 2. Appropriate to, or implying, friendship; befitting friends; amicable. In friendly relations with his moderate opponents. Macaulay. 3. Not hostile; as, a friendly power or state. 4. Promoting the good of any person; favorable; propitious; serviceable; as, a friendly breeze or gale. On the first friendly bank he throws him down. Addison. Syn. -- Amicable; kind; conciliatory; propitious; favorable. See Amicable. FRIENDLY Friend"ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of friends; amicably; like friends. [Obs.] Shak. In whom all graces that can perfect beauty Are friendly met. Beau. & Fl. FRIENDSHIP Friend"ship, n. Etym: [AS. freóndscipe. See Friend, and -ship.] 1. The state of being friends; friendly relation, or attachment, to a person, or between persons; affection arising from mutual esteem and good will; friendliness; amity; good will. There is little friendship in the world. Bacon. There can be no friendship without confidence, and no confidence without integrity. Rambler. Preferred by friendship, and not chosen by sufficiency. Spenser. 2. Kindly aid; help; assistance, [Obs.] Some friendship will it [a hovel] lend you gainst the tempest. Shak. 3. Aptness to unite; conformity; affinity; harmony; correspondence. [Obs.] Those colors . . . have a friendship with each other. Dryden. FRIER Fri"er, n. Defn: One who fries. FRIESE Friese, n. Defn: Same as Friesic, n. FRIESIC Fries"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Friesland, a province in the northern part of the Netherlands. FRIESIC Fries"ic, n. Defn: The language of the Frisians, a Teutonic people formerly occupying a large part of the coast of Holland and Northwestern Germany. The modern dialects of Friesic are spoken chiefly in the province of Friesland, and on some of the islands near the coast of Germany and Denmark. FRIESISH Fries"ish, a. Defn: Friesic. [R.] FRIEZE Frieze, n. Etym: [Perh. the same word as frieze a, kind of cloth. Cf. Friz.] (Arch.) (a) That part of the entablature of an order which is between the architrave and cornice. It is a flat member or face, either uniform or broken by triglyphs, and often enriched with figures and other ornaments of sculpture. (b) Any sculptured or richly ornamented band in a building or, by extension, in rich pieces of furniture. See Illust. of Column. Cornice or frieze with bossy sculptures graven. Milton. FRIEZE Frieze, n. Etym: [F. frise, perh. originally a woolen cloth or stuff from Friesland (F. Frise); cf. LL. frisii panni and frissatus pannus, a shaggy woolen cloth, F. friser to friz, curl. Cf. Friz.] Defn: A kind of coarse woolen cloth or stuff with a shaggy or tufted (friezed) nap on one side. "Robes of frieze." Goldsmith. FRIEZE Frieze, v. t. Defn: To make a nap on (cloth); to friz. See Friz, v. t., 2. Friezing machine, a machine for friezing cloth; a friezing machine. FRIEZED Friezed, a. Defn: Gathered, or having the map gathered, into little tufts, knots, or protuberances. Cf. Frieze, v. t., and Friz, v. t., 2. FRIEZER Frie"zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, friezes or frizzes. FRIGATE Frig"ate, n. Etym: [F. frégate, It. fregata, prob. contracted fr. L. fabricata something constructed or. built. See Fabricate.] 1. Originally, a vessel of the Mediterranean propelled by sails and by oars. The French, about 1650, transferred the name to larger vessels, and by 1750 it had been appropriated for a class of war vessels intermediate between corvettes and ships of the line. Frigates, from about 1750 to 1850, had one full battery deck and, often, a spar deck with a lighter battery. They carried sometimes as many as fifty guns. After the application of steam to navigation steam frigates of largely increased size and power were built, and formed the main part of the navies of the world till about 1870, when the introduction of ironclads superseded them. [Formerly spelled frigat and friggot.] 2. Any small vessel on the water. [Obs.] Spenser. Frigate bird (Zoöl.), a web-footed rapacious bird, of the genus Fregata; -- called also man-of-war bird, and frigate pelican. Two species are known; that of the Southern United States and West Indies is F. aquila. They are remarkable for their long wings and powerful flight. Their food consists of fish which they obtain by robbing gulls, terns, and other birds, of their prey. They are related to the pelicans. -- Frigate mackerel (Zoöl.), an oceanic fish (Auxis Rochei) of little or no value as food, often very abundant off the coast of the United States. -- Frigate pelican. (Zoöl.) Same as Frigate bird. FRIGATE-BUILT Frig"ate-built", a. (Naut.) Defn: Built like a frigate with a raised quarter-deck and forecastle. FRIGATOON Frig"a*toon`, n. Etym: [It. fregatone: cf. F.frégaton. See Frigate.] (Naut.) Defn: A Venetian vessel, with a square stern, having only a mainmast, jigger mast, and bowsprit; also a sloop of war ship-rigged. FRIGEFACTION Frig"e*fac`tion, n. Etym: [L. frigere to be cold + facere to make.] Defn: The act of making cold. [Obs.] FRIGEFACTIVE Frig"e*fac`tive, a. Defn: Cooling. [Obs.] Boyle. FRIGERATE Frig"er*ate, e. t. Etym: [L. frigerare, fr. frigus cold.] Defn: To make cool. [Obs.] Blount. FRIGG; FRIGGA Frigg, Frig"ga n. Etym: [Icel. Frigg. See Friday.] (Scand. Myth.) Defn: The wife of Odin and mother of the gods; the supreme goddess; the Juno of the Valhalla. Cf. Freya. FRIGHT Fright, n. Etym: [OE. frigt, freyht, AS. fyrhto, fyrhtu; akin to OS. forhta, OHG. forhta, forahta, G. furcht, Dan. frygt, Sw. fruktan, Goth. faúrhtei fear, faúrhts timid.] 1. A state of terror excited by the sudden appearance of danger; sudden and violent fear, usually of short duration; a sudden alarm. 2. Anything strange, ugly or shocking, producing a feeling of alarm or aversion. [Colloq.] Syn. -- Alarm; terror; consternation. See Alarm. FRIGHT Fright, v. t. [imp. Frighted; p. pr. & vb. n.. Frighting.] Etym: [OE. frigten to fear, frighten, AS. fyrhtan to frighten, forhtian to fear; akin to OS. forhtian, OHG. furihten, forahtan, G. fürchten, Sw. frukta, Dan. frygte, Goth. faurhtjan. See Fright, n., and cf. Frighten.] Defn: To alarm suddenly; to shock by causing sudden fear; to terrify; to scare. Nor exile or danger can fright a brave spirit. Dryden. Syn. -- To affright; dismay; daunt; intimidate. FRIGHTEN Fright"en, v. t. [imp. Frightened; p. pr. & vb. n. Frightening.] Etym: [See Fright, v. t.] Defn: To disturb with fear; to throw into a state of alarm or fright; to affright; to terrify. More frightened than hurt. Old Proverb. FRIGHTFUL Fright"ful, a. 1. Full of fright; affrighted; frightened. [Obs.] See how the frightful herds run from the wood. W. Browne. 2. Full of that which causes fright; exciting alarm; impressing terror; shocking; as, a frightful chasm, or tempest; a frightful appearance. Syn. -- Terrible; dreadful; alarming; fearful; terrific; awful; horrid; horrible; shocking. -- Frightful, Dreadful, Awful. These words all express fear. In frightful, it is a sudden emotion; in dreadful, it is deeper and more prolonged; in awful, the fear is mingled with the emotion of awe, which subdues us before the presence of some invisible power. An accident may be frightful; the approach of death is dreadful to most men; the convulsions of the earthquake are awful. FRIGHTFULLY Fright"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a frightful manner; to a frightful dagree. FRIGHTFULNESS Fright"ful*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being frightful. FRIGHTLESS Fright"less, a. Defn: Free from fright; fearless. [Obs.] FRIGHTMENT Fright"ment, n. Defn: Fear; terror. [Obs.] FRIGID Frig"id, a. Etym: [L. frigidus, fr. frigere to be cold; prob. akin to Gr. Frill.] 1. Cold; wanting heat or warmth; of low temperature; as, a frigid climate. 2. Wanting warmth, fervor, ardor, fire, vivacity, etc.; unfeeling; forbidding in manner; dull and unanimated; stiff and formal; as, a frigid constitution; a frigid style; a frigid look or manner; frigid obedience or service. 3. Wanting natural heat or vigor sufficient to excite the generative power; impotent. Johnson. Frigid zone, that part of the earth which lies between either polar circle and its pole. It extends 23Arctic. FRIGIDARIUM Frig"i*da`ri*um, n.; pl. Frigidaria. Etym: [L., neut. of frigidarium cooling.] Defn: The cooling room of the Roman thermæ, furnished with a cold bath. FRIGIDITY Fri*gid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. frigiditas: cf. F. frigidité.] 1. The condition or quality of being frigid; coldness; want of warmth. Ice is water congealed by the frigidity of the air. Sir T. Browne. 2. Want of ardor, animation, vivacity, etc.; coldness of affection or of manner; dullness; stiffness and formality; as, frigidity of a reception, of a bow, etc. 3. Want of heat or vigor; as, the frigidity of old age. FRIGIDLY Frig"id*ly, adv. Defn: In a frigid manner; coldly; dully; without affection. FRIGIDNESS Frig"id*ness, n. Defn: The state of being frigid; want of heat, vigor, or affection; coldness; dullness. FRIGORIFIC; FRIGORIFICAL Frig"o*rif"ic, Frig"o*rif`ic*al a. Etym: [L. frigorificus; frigus, frigoris, cold + facere to make: cf. F. frigorifique.] Defn: Causing cold; producing or generating cold. Quincy. FRIJOL; FRIJOLE; FREJOL Fri"jol, Fri"jole, n.; pl. Frijoles. Also Fre"jol. [Sp. fríjol, fréjol.] 1. In Mexico, the southwestern United States, and the West Indies, any cultivated bean of the genus Phaseolus, esp. the black seed of a variety of P. vulgaris. 2. The beanlike seed of any of several related plants, as the cowpea. Frijoles are an important article of diet among Spanish- American peoples, being used as an ingredient of many dishes. FRILL Frill, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Frilling.] Etym: [OF. friller, fr. L. frigidulus somewhat cold, dim. of frigidus cold; akin to F. frileux chilly.] 1. To shake or shiver as with cold; as, the hawk frills. Johnson. 2. (Photog.) Defn: To wrinkle; -- said of the gelatin film. FRILL Frill, v. t. Defn: To provide or decorate with a frill or frills; to turn back. in crimped plaits; as, to frill a cap. FRILL Frill, n. Etym: [See Frill, v. i.]. (Zoöl.) (a) A ruffing of a bird's feathers from cold. (b) A ruffle, consisting of a fold of membrane, of hairs, or of feathers, around the neck of an animal. See Frilled lizard (below). (c) A similar ruffle around the legs or other appendages of animals. (d) A ruffled varex or fold on certain shells. 2. A border or edging secured at one edge and left free at the other, usually fluted or crimped like a very narrow flounce. FRILLED Frilled, a. Defn: Furnished with a frill or frills. Frilled lizard (Zoöl.), a large Australian lizard (Chlamydosaurus Kingii) about three feet long, which has a large, erectile frill on each side of the neck. FRIM Frim, a. Etym: [Cf. AS. freme good, bold, and E. frame.] Defn: Flourishing; thriving; fresh; in good case; vigorous. [Obs.] "Frim pastures." Drayton. FRIMAIRE Fri"maire`, n. Etym: [F., fr. frimas hoarfrost.] Defn: The third month of the French republican calendar. It commenced November 21, and ended December 20., See Vendémiaire. FRINGE Fringe, n. Etym: [OF, fringe, F. frange, prob. fr. L. fimbria fiber, thread, fringe, cf. fibra fiber, E. fiber, fimbriate.] 1. An ornamental appendage to the border of a piece of stuff, originally consisting of the ends of the warp, projecting beyond the woven fabric; but more commonly made separate and sewed on, consisting sometimes of projecting ends, twisted or plaited together, and sometimes of loose threads of wool, silk, or linen, or narrow strips of leather, or the like. 2. Something resembling in any respect a fringe; a line of objects along a border or edge; a border; an edging; a margin; a confine. The confines of grace and the fringes of repentance. Jer. Taylor. 3. (Opt.) Defn: One of a number of light or dark bands, produced by the interference of light; a diffraction band; -- called also interference fringe. 4. (Bot.) Defn: The peristome or fringelike appendage of the capsules of most mosses. See Peristome. Fringe tree (Bot.), a small tree (Chionanthus Virginica), growing in the Southern United States, and having snow- white flowers, with long pendulous petals. FRINGE Fringe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fringed; p. pr. & vb. a. Fringing.] Defn: To adorn the edge of with a fringe or as with a fringe. Precipices fringed with grass. Bryant. Fringing reef. See Coral reefs, under Coral. FRINGED Fringed, a. Defn: Furnished with a fringe. Fringed lear (Bot.), a leaf edged with soft parallel hairs. FRINGELESS Fringe"less, a. Defn: Having no fringe. FRINGENT Frin"gent, a. Defn: Encircling like a fringe; bordering. [R.] "The fringent air." Emerson. FRINGE TREE Fringe tree. Defn: A small oleaceous tree (Chionanthus virginica), of the southern United States, having clusters of white flowers with slender petals. It is often cultivated. FRINGILLA Frin*gil"la, a. Etym: [NL., fr. L. fringilla a chaffinch.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of birds, with a short, conical, pointed bill. It formerly included all the sparrows and finches, but is now restricted to certain European finches, like the chaffinch and brambling. FRINGILLACEOUS Frin`gil*la"ceous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Fringilline. FRINGILLINE Frin*gil"line, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the family Fringillidæ; characteristic of finches; sparrowlike. FRINGY Frin"gy, a. Defn: Aborned with fringes. Shak. FRIPPER Frip"per, n. Etym: [F. fripier, fr. friper to rumple, fumble, waste.] Defn: One who deals in frippery or in old clothes. [Obs.] Bacon. FRIPPERER Frip"per*er, n. Defn: A fripper. [Obs.] Johnson. FRIPPERY Frip"per*y, n. Etym: [F. friperie, fr. fruper. See Fripper.] 1. Coast-off clothes. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. Hence: Secondhand finery; cheap and tawdry decoration; affected elegance. Fond of gauze and French frippery. Goldsmith. The gauzy frippery of a French translation. Sir W. Scott. 3. A place where old clothes are sold. Shak. 4. The trade or traffic in old clothes. FRIPPERY Frip"per*y, a. Defn: Trifling; contemptible. FRISETTE; FRIZETTE Fri*sette", Fri*zette", n. [F. frisette curl.] Defn: a fringe of hair or curls worn about the forehead by women. FRISEUR Fri"seur, n. Etym: [F., fr. friser to curl, frizzle. See Frizzle.] Defn: A hairdresser. FRISIAN Fri"sian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Friesland, a province of the Netherlands; Friesic. FRISIAN Fri"sian, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Friesland; also, the language spoken in Friesland. See Friesic, n. FRISK Frisk, a. Etym: [OF. frieque, cf. OHG. frise lively, brisk, fresh, Dan. & Sw. frisk, Icel. friskr. See Fresh, a.] Defn: Lively; brisk; frolicsome; frisky. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. FRISK Frisk, a. Defn: A frolic; a fit of wanton gayety; a gambol: a little playful skip or leap. Johnson. FRISK Frisk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frisked; p. pr. & vb. n. Frisking.] Defn: To leap, skip, dance, or gambol, in fronc and gayety. The frisking satyrs on the summits danced. Addison. FRISKAL Frisk"al, n. Defn: A leap or caper. [Obs.] B. Jonson. FRISKER Frisker, n. Defn: One who frisks; one who leaps of dances in gayety; a wanton; an inconstant or unsettled person. Camden. FRISKET Fris"ket, n. Etym: [F. frisguette. Perh. so named from the velocity or frequency of its motion. See Frisk a.] (Print.) Defn: The light frame which holds the sheet of paper to the tympan in printing. FRISKFUL Frisk"ful, a. Defn: Brisk; lively; frolicsome. FRISKILY Frisk"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a frisky manner. FRISKINESS Frisk"i*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being frisky. FRISKY Frisk"y, a. Defn: Inclined to frisk; frolicsome; gay. He is too frisky for an old man. Jeffrey. FRISLET Fris"let, n. Defn: [Fraise a kind of defense; also Friz.) A kind of small ruffle. Halliwell. FRIST Frist, v. t. Etym: [OE. fristen, firsten, to lend, give respite, postpone, AS. firstan to give respite to; akin to first time, G. frist, Icel. frest delay.] Defn: To sell upon credit, as goods. [R.] Crabb. FRISURE Fri"sure`, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The dressing of the hair by crisping or curling. Smollett. FRIT Frit, n. Etym: [F. fritte, fr. frit fried, p. p. of frire to fry. See Far, v. t.] 1. (Glass Making) Defn: The material of which glass is made, after having been calcined or partly fused in a furnace, but before vitrification. It is a composition of silex and alkali, occasionally with other ingredients. Ure. 2. (Ceramics) Defn: The material for glaze of pottery. Frit brick, a lump of calcined glass materials, brought to a pasty condition in a reverberatory furnace, preliminary to the perfect vitrification in the melting pot. FRIT Frit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fritted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fritting.] Defn: To prepare by heat (the materials for making glass); to fuse partially. Ure. FRIT Frit, v. t. Defn: To fritter; -- with away. [R.] Ld. Lytton. FRITFLY Frit"fly`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small dipterous fly of the genus Oscinis, esp. O. vastator, injurious to grain in Europe, and O. Trifole, injurious to clover in America. FRITH Frith, n. Etym: [OE. firth, Icel. fjör; akin to Sw. fjärd, Dan. fiord, E. ford. sq. root78. See Ford, n., and cf. Firth, Fiord, Fret a frith, Port a harbor.] 1. (Geog.) Defn: A narrow arm of the sea; an estuary; the opening of a river into the sea; as, the Frith of Forth. 2. A kind of weir for catching fish. [Eng.] Carew. FRITH Frith, n. Etym: [OE. frith peace, protection, land inclosed for hunting, park, forest, AS. fri peace; akin to freno peace, protection, asylum, G. friede peace, Icel. fri, and from the root of E. free, friend. See Free, a., and cf. Affray, Defray.] 1. A forest; a woody place. [Obs.] Drayton. 2. A small field taken out of a common, by inclosing it; an inclosure. [Obs.] Sir J. Wynne. FRITHY Frith"y, a. Defn: Woody. [Obs.] Skelton. FRITILLARIA Frit"il*la`ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. fritillus dicebox: cf. F. fritillaire. So named from the checkered markings of the petals.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of liliaceous plants, of which the crown-imperial (Fritillaria imperialis) is one species, and the Guinea-hen flower (F. Meleagris) another. See Crown-imperial. FRITILLARY Frit"il*la*ry, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant with checkered petals, of the genus Fritillaria: the Guinea-hen flower. See Fritillaria. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of butterflies belonging to Argynnis and allied genera; -- so called because the coloring of their wings resembles that of the common Fritillaria. See Aphrodite. FRITINANCY Frit"i*nan*cy, n. Etym: [L. fritinnire to twitter.] Defn: A chirping or creaking, as of a cricket. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. FRITTER Frit"ter, n. Etym: [OR. fritour, friture, pancake, F. friture frying, a thing fried, from frire to fry. See Far, v. t.] 1. A small quantity of batter, fried in boiling lard or in a frying pan. Fritters are of various kinds, named from the substance inclosed in the batter; as, apple fritters, clam fritters, oyster fritters. 2. A fragment; a shred; a small piece. And cut whole giants into fritters. Hudibras. Corn fritter. See under Corn. FRITTER Frit"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frittered; p. pr. & vb. n. Frittering.] 1. To cut, as meat, into small pieces, for frying. 2. To break into small pieces or fragments. Break all nerves, and fritter all their sense. Pope. To fritter away, to diminish; to pare off; to reduce to nothing by taking away a little at a time; also, to waste piecemeal; as, to fritter away time, strength, credit, etc. FRITTING Frit"ting, n. Etym: [See Frit to expose to heat.] Defn: The formation of frit or slag by heat with but incipient fusion. FRIVOL Friv"ol, v. i. Defn: To act frivolously; to trifle. Kipling. -- Friv"ol*er (#), Friv"ol*ler, n. [All Colloq.] FRIVOLISM Friv"o*lism, n. Defn: Frivolity. [R.] Pristley. FRIVOLITY Fri*vol"i*ty, n.; pl. Frivolities. Etym: [Cg. F. frivolité. See Frivolous.] Defn: The condition or quality of being frivolous; also, acts or habits of trifling; unbecoming levity of disposition. FRIVOLOUS Friv"o*lous, a. Etym: [L. frivolus; prob. akin to friare to rub, crumble, E. friable: cf. F. frivole.] 1. Of little weight or importance; not worth notice; slight; as, a frivolous argument. Swift. 2. Given to trifling; marked with unbecoming levity; silly; interested especially in trifling matters. His personal tastes were low and frivolous. Macaulay. Syn. -- Trifling; trivial; slight; petty; worthless. -- Friv"o*lous*ly, adv. -- Friv"o*lous*ness, n. FRIZ Friz, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frizzed; p. pr. & vb. n. Frizzing.] Etym: [Cf. F. friser to curl, crisp, frizzle, to raise the nap (on certain stuffs); prob.akin to OFries. frisle hair of the head. Cf. Frieze kind of cloth.] [Written also frizz.] 1. To curl or form into small curls, as hair, with a crisping pin; to crisp. With her hair frizzed short up to her ears. Pepys. 2. To form into little burs, prominences, knobs, or tufts, as the nap of cloth. 3. (Leather Manufacture) Defn: To soften and make of even thickness by rubbing, as with pumice stone or a blunt instrument. Frizzing machine. (a) (Fabrics) A machine for frizzing the surface of cloth. (b) (Wood Working) A bench with a revolving cutter head slightly protruding above its surface, for dressing boards. FRIZ Friz, n.; pl. Frizzes (. Defn: That which is frizzed; anything crisped or curled, as a wig; a frizzle. [Written also frizz.] He [Dr. Johnson], who saw in his glass how his wig became his face and head, might easily infer that a similar fullbottomed, well-curled friz of words would be no less becoming to his thoughts. Hare. FRIZE Frize, n. (Arch.) Defn: See 1st Frieze. FRIZEL Friz"el, a. (Firearms) Defn: A movable furrowed piece of steel struck by the flint, to throw sparks into the pan, in an early form of flintlock. Knight. FRIZETTE Fri*zette", n. Etym: [F. frisette curl.] Defn: A curl of hair or silk; a pad of frizzed hair or silk worn by women under the hair to stuff it out. FRIZZ Frizz, v. t. & n. Defn: See Friz, v. t. & n. FRIZZLE Friz"zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frizzled; p. pr. & vb. n. Frizzling.] Etym: [Dim. of friz.] Defn: To curl or crisp, as hair; to friz; to crinkle. Gay. To frizzle up, to crinkle or crisp excessively. FRIZZLE Friz"zle, n. Defn: A curl; a lock of hair crisped. Milton. FRIZZLER Friz"zler`, n. Defn: One who frizzles. FRIZZLY; FRIZZY Friz"zly, Friz"zy, a. Defn: Curled or crisped; as, frizzly, hair. FRO Fro, adv. Etym: [OE. fra, fro, adv. & prep., Icel. fr, akin to Dan. fra from, E. from. See From.] Defn: From; away; back or backward; -- now used only in oppositionto the word to, in the phrase to and fro, that is, to and from. See To and fro under To. Millon. FRO Fro, prep. Defn: From. [Obs.] Chaucer. FROCK Frock, n. Etym: [F. froc a monk's cowl, coat, garment, LL. frocus, froccus, flocus, floccus, fr. L. floccus a flock of wool; hence orig., a flocky cloth or garment;cf. L. flaccus flabby, E. flaccid.] 1. A loose outer garment; especially, a gown forming a part of European modern costume for women and children; also, a coarse hirtlike garment worn by some workmen over their ther clothes; a smock frock; as, a marketman's frock. 2. A coarse gown worn by monks or friars, and supposed to take the place of all, or nearly all, other garments. It has a hood which can be drawn over the head at pleasure, and is girded by a cord. Frock coat, a body coat for men, usually doublebreasted, the skirts not being in one piece with the body, but sewed on so as to be somewhat full. -- Smock frock. See in the Vocabulary. FROCK Frock, v. t. 1. To clothe in a frock. 2. To make a monk of. Cf. Unfrock. FROCKED Frocked, a. Defn: Clothed in a frock. FROCKLESS Frock"less, a. Defn: Destitute of a frock. FROE Froe, n. Etym: [See Frow.] Defn: A dirty woman; a slattern; a frow. [Obs.] "Raging frantic froes." Draylon. FROE Froe, n. Etym: [See Frow the tool] Defn: An iron cleaver or splitting tool; a frow. [U. S.] Bartlett. FROEBELIAN Froe*bel"i*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, Friedrich Froebel, or the kindergarten system of education, which he organized. -- n. Defn: One who teaches by, or advocates the use of, the kindergarten system. FROG Frog, n. Etym: [AS. froggu, frocga a frog (in sensel); akin to D. vorsch, OHG. frosk, G. frosch, Icel. froskr, fraukr, Sw. & Dan. frö.] Defn: 1. (Zoöl.) An amphibious animal of the genus Rana and related genera, of many species. Frogs swim rapidly, and take long leaps on land. Many of the species utter loud notes in the springtime. Note: The edible frog of Europe (Rana esculenta) is extensively used as food; the American bullfrog (R. Catesbiana) is remarkable for its great size and loud voice. 2. Etym: [Perh. akin to E. fork, cf. frush frog of a horse.] (Anat.) Defn: The triangular prominence of the hoof, in the middle of the sole of the foot of the horse, and other animals; the fourchette. 3. (Railroads) Defn: A supporting plate having raised ribs that form continuations of the rails, to guide the wheels where one track branches from another or crosses it. 4. Etym: [Cf. fraco of wool or silk, L. floccus, E. frock.] Defn: An oblong cloak button, covered with netted thread, and fastening into a loop instead of a button hole. 5. The loop of the scabbard of a bayonet or sword. Cross frog (Railroads), a frog adapted for tracks that cross at right angles. -- Frog cheese, a popular name for a large puffball. -- Frog eater, one who eats frogs; -- a term of contempt applied to a Frenchman by the vulgar class of English. -- Frog fly. (Zoöl.) See Frog hopper. -- Frog hopper (Zoöl.), a small, leaping, hemipterous insect living on plants. The larvæ are inclosed are frothy liquid called cuckoo spit or frog spit. -- Frog lily (Bot.), the yellow water lily (Nuphar). -- Frog spit (Zoöl.), the frothy exudation of the frog hopper; -- called also frog spittle. See Cuckoo spit, under Cuckoo. FROG Frog, v. t. Defn: To ornament or fasten (a coat, etc.) with trogs. See Frog, n., 4. FROGBIT Frog"bit`, n. (Bot.) (a) A European plant (Hydrocharis Morsus-ranæ), floating on still water and propagating itself by runners. It has roundish leaves and small white flowers. (b) An American plant (Limnobium Spongia), with similar habits. FROG-EYED Frog"-eyed`, a. Defn: Spotted with whitish specks due to a disease, or produced artificially by spraying; -- said of tobacco used for cigar wrappers. FROGFISH Frog"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) See Angler, n., 2. (b) An oceanic fish of the genus Antennarius or Pterophrynoides; -- called also mousefish and toadfish. FROGGED Frogged, a. Defn: Provided or ornamented with frogs; as, a frogged coat. See Frog, n., 4. Ld. Lytton. FROGGY Frog"gy, a. Defn: Abounding in frogs. Sherwood. FROGMOUTH Frog"mouth`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of Asiatic and East Indian birds of the genus Batrachostomus (family Podargidæ); -- so called from their very broad, flat bills. FROGS-BIT Frog"s`-bit", n. (Bot.) Defn: Frogbit. FROGSHELL Frog"shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of numerous species of marine gastropod shells, belonging to Ranella and allied genera. FROISE Froise, n. Etym: [OE. froise cf. F. froisser to bruise, E. frush to bruise,] Defn: A kind of pancake. See 1st Fraise. [Written also fraise.] FROLIC Frol"ic, a. Etym: [D. vroolijk; akin to G. frölich, fr. froh, OHG. fr, Dan. fro, OS. fr, cf. Icel. fr swift; all perh. akin to Skr. pru to spring up.] Defn: Full of levity; dancing, playing, or frisking about; full of pranks; frolicsome; gay; merry. The frolic wind that breathes the spring. Milton. The gay, the frolic, and the loud. Waller. FROLIC Frol"ic, n. 1. A wild prank; a flight of levity, or of gayety and mirth. He would be at his frolic once again. Roscommon. 2. A scene of gayety and mirth, as in lively play, or in dancing; a merrymaking. FROLIC Frol"ic, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frolicked; p. pr. & vb. n. Frolicking.] Defn: To play wild pranks; to play tricks of levity, mirth, and gayety; to indulge in frolicsome play; to sport. Hither, come hither, and frolic and play. Tennyson. FROLICFUL Frol"ic*ful, a. Defn: Frolicsome. [R.] FROLICKY Frol"ick*y, a. Defn: Frolicsome. [Obs.] Richardson. FROLICLY Frol"ic*ly, adv. Defn: In a frolicsome manner; with mirth and gayety. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. FROLICSOME Frol"ic*some, a. Defn: Full of gayety and mirth; given to pranks; sportive. Old England, who takes a frolicsome brain fever once every two or three years, for the benefit of her doctors. Sir W. Scott. -- Frol"ic*some*ly, adv. -- Frol"ic*some*ness, n. FROM From, prep. Etym: [AS. fram, from; akin to OS. fram out, OHG. & Icel. fram forward, Sw. fram, Dan. frem, Goth. fram from, prob. akin to E. forth. Fro, Foremost.] Defn: Out of the neighborhood of; lessening or losing proximity to; leaving behind; by reason of; out of; by aid of; -- used whenever departure, setting out, commencement of action, being, state, occurrence, etc., or procedure, emanation, absence, separation, etc., are to be expressed. It is construed with, and indicates, the point of space or time at which the action, state, etc., are regarded as setting out or beginning; also, less frequently, the source, the cause, the occasion, out of which anything proceeds; -- the aritithesis and correlative of to; as, it, is one hundred miles from Boston to Springfield; he took his sword from his side; light proceeds from the sun; separate the coarse wool from the fine; men have all sprung from Adam, and often go from good to bad, and from bad to worse; the merit of an action depends on the principle from which it proceeds; men judge of facts from personal knowledge, or from testimony. Experience from the time past to the time present. Bacon. The song began from Jove. Drpden. From high Mæonia's rocky shores I came. Addison. If the wind blow any way from shore. Shak. Note: From sometimes denotes away from, remote from, inconsistent with. "Anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing." Shak. From, when joined with another preposition or an adverb, gives an opportunity for abbreviating the sentence. "There followed him great multitudes of people . . . from [the land] beyond Jordan." Math. iv. 25. In certain constructions, as from forth, from out, etc., the ordinary and more obvious arrangment is inverted, the sense being more distinctly forth from, out from -- from being virtually the governing preposition, and the word the adverb. See From off, under Off, adv., and From afar, under Afar, adv. Sudden partings such as press The life from out young hearts. Byron. FROMWARD; FROMWARDS From"ward, From"wards, prep. Etym: [AS. framweard about to depart. Cf. Froward] Defn: A way from; -- the contrary of toward. [Obs.] Towards or fromwards the zenith. Cheyne. FROND Frond, n. Etym: [L. frons, frondis, a leafy branch, foliage.] (Bot.) Defn: The organ formed by the combination or union into one body of stem and leaf, and often bearing the fructification; as, the frond of a fern or of a lichen or seaweed; also, the peculiar leaf of a palm tree. FRONDATION Fron*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. frondatio, from frons. See Frond.] Defn: The act of stripping, as trees, of leaves or branches; a kind of pruning. Evelyn. FRONDE Fronde, n. Etym: [F.] (F. Hist.) Defn: A political party in France, during the minority of Louis XIV., who opposed the government, and made war upon the court party. FRONDED Frond"ed, a. Defn: Furnished with fronds. "Fronded palms." Whittier. FRONDENT Fron"dent, a. Etym: [L. frondens, p. pr. of frondere to put forth leaves. See Frond.] Defn: Covered with leaves; leafy; as, a frondent tree. [R.] FRONDESCE Fron*desce", v. i. Etym: [L. frondescere, inchoative fr. frondere. See Frondent.] Defn: To unfold leaves, as plants. FRONDESCENCE Fron*des"cence, n. (Bot.) (a) The time at which each species of plants unfolds its leaves. (b) The act of bursting into leaf. Milne. Martyn. FRONDEUR Fron"deur`, n. Etym: [F.] (F. Hist.) Defn: A member of the Fronde. FRONDIFEROUS Fron*dif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. frondifer frons a leafy branch + ferre to bear: cf. F. frondifere.] Defn: Producing fronds. FRONDLET Frond"let, n. (Bot.) Defn: A very small frond, or distinct portion of a compound frond. FRONDOSE Fron*dose", a. Etym: [L. frondosus leafy.] (Bot.) (a) Frond bearing; resembling a frond; having a simple expansion not separable into stem and leaves. (b) Leafy. Gray. FRONDOUS Fron"dous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Frondose. [R.] FRONS Frons, n. Etym: [L., front.] (Anal.) Defn: The forehead; the part of the cranium between the orbits and the vertex. FRONT Front, n. Etym: [F. frant forehead, L. frons, frontis; perh. akin to E. brow.] 1. The forehead or brow, the part of the face above the eyes; sometimes, also, the whole face. Bless'd with his father's front, his mother's tongue. Pope. Grim-visaged war hath smoothed his wrinkled front. Shak. His front yet threatens, and his frowns command. Prior. 2. The forehead, countenance, or personal presence, as expressive of character or temper, and especially, of boldness of disposition, sometimes of impudence; seeming; as, a bold front; a hardened front. With smiling fronts encountering. Shak. The inhabitants showed a bold front. Macaulay. 3. The part or surface of anything which seems to look out, or to be directed forward; the fore or forward part; the foremost rank; the van; -- the opposite to back or rear; as, the front of a house; the front of an army. Had he his hurts before Ay, on the front. Shak. 4. A position directly before the face of a person, or before the foremost part of a thing; as, in front of un person, of the troops, or of a house. 5. The most conspicuous part. The very head and front of my offending. Shak. 6. That which covers the foremost part of the head: a front piece of false hair worn by women. Like any plain Miss Smith's, who wears s front. Mrs. Browning. 7. The beginning. "Summer's front." Shak. Bastioned front (Mil.), a curtain connerting two half bastions. -- Front door, the door in the front wall of a building, usually the principal entrance. -- Front of fortification, the works constructed upon any one side of a polygon. Farrow. -- Front of operations, all that part of the field of operations in front of the successive positions occupied by the army as it moves forward. Farrow. -- To come to the front, to attain prominence or leadership. FRONT Front, a. Defn: Of or relating to the front or forward part; having a position in front; foremost; as, a front view. FRONT Front, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Fronting.] 1. To oppose face to face; to oppose directly; to meet in a hostile manner. You four shall front them in the narrow lane. Shak. 2. To appear before; to meet. [Enid] daily fronted him In some fresh splendor. Tennyson. 3. To face toward; to have the front toward; to confront; as, the house fronts the street. And then suddenly front the changed reality. J. Morley. 4. To stand opposed or opposite to, or over against as, his house fronts the church. 5. To adorn in front; to supply a front to; as, to front a house with marble; to front a head with laurel. Yonder walls, that pertly front your town. Shak. FRONT Front, v. t. Defn: To have or turn the face or front in any direction; as, the house fronts toward the east. FRONTAGE Front"age, n. Defn: The front part of an edifice or lot; extent of front. FRONTAL Fron"tal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. frontal.] Defn: Belonging to the front part; being in front; esp. (Anat.), Defn: Of or pertaining to the forehead or the anterior part of the roof of the brain case; as, the frontal bones. FRONTAL Fron"tal, n. Etym: [F. frontal, fronteau, OF. Frontel, frontal, L. frontale an ornament for the forehead, frontlet. See Front.] 1. Something worn on the forehead or face; a frontlet; as: (a) An ornamental band for the hair. (b) (Mil.) The metal face guard of a soldier. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A little pediment over a door or window. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: A movable, decorative member in metal, carved wood, or, commonly, in rich stuff or in embroidery, covering the front of the altar. Frontals are usually changed according to the different ceremonies. 4. (Med.) Defn: A medicament or application for the forehead. [Obs.] Quincy. 5. (Anat.) Defn: The frontal bone, or one of the two frontal bones, of the cranium. Frontal hammer or helve, a forge hammer lifted by a cam, acting upon a "tongue" immediately in front of the hammer head. Raymond. FRONTATE; FRONTATED Fron"tate, Fronta*ted, a. Defn: Growing broader and broader, as a leaf; truncate. FRONTED Front"ed, a. Defn: Formed with a front; drawn up in line. "Fronted brigades." Milton. FRONTIER Fron"tier, n. Etym: [F. frontière, LL. frontaria. See Front.] 1. That part of a country which fronts or faces another country or an unsettled region; the marches; the border, confine, or extreme part of a country, bordering on another country; the border of the settled and cultivated part of a country; as, the frontier of civilization. 2. (Fort.) Defn: An outwork. [Obs.] Palisadoes, frontiers, parapets. Shak. FRONTIER Fron"tier, a. 1. Lying on the exterior part; bordering; conterminous; as, a frontier town. 2. Of or relating to a frontier. "Frontier experience." W. Irving. FRONTIER Fron"tier, v. i. Defn: To constitute or form a frontier; to have a frontier; -- with on. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple. FRONTIERED Fron"tiered, p. a. Defn: Placed on the frontiers. [R.] FRONTIERSMAN Fron"tiers*man, n.; pl. Frontiersmen. Defn: A man living on the frontier. FRONTIGNAC; FRONTIGNAN Fron`ti*gnac", Fron`ti`gnan" (, n. Etym: [So called from Frontignan, a town in Southern France.] 1. A sweet muscadine wine made in Frontignan (Languedoc), France. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A grape of many varieties and colors. FRONTINGLY Front"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a fronting or facing position; opposingly. FRONTINIAC Fron`tin*iac", n. Defn: See Frontignac. FRONTISPIECE Fron"tis*piece, n. Etym: [F. frontispice, LL. frontispicium beginning, front of a church, fr. L. frons front + spicere, specere, to look at, view: cf. It. frontispizio. See Front and Spy.] Defn: The part which first meets the eye; as: (a) (Arch.) The principal front of a building. [Obs. or R.] (b) An ornamental figure or illustration fronting the first page, or titlepage, of a book; formerly, the titlepage itself. FRONTLESS Front"less, a. Defn: Without face or front; shameless; not diffident; impudent. [Obs.] "Frontless vice." Dryden. "Frontless flattery." Pope. FRONTLESSLY Front"less*ly, adv. Defn: Shamelessly; impudently. [Obs.] FRONTLET Front"let, n. Etym: [OF. frontelet brow band, dim. of frontel, frontal. See Frontal, n.] 1. A frontal or brow band; a fillet or band worn on the forehead. They shall be as frontlets between thine eyes. Deut. vi. 8. 2. A frown (likened to a frontlet). [R. & Poetic] What makes that frontlet on Methinks you are too much of late i' the frown. Shak. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The margin of the head, behind the bill of birds, often bearing rigid bristles. FRONTO- Fron"to-. Etym: [L. frons, frontis, the forehead.] (Anat.) Defn: A combining form signifying relating to the forehead or the frontal bone; as, fronto-parietal, relating to the frontal and the parietal bones; fronto-nasal, etc. FRONTON Fron`ton", n. Etym: [F., a pediment. See Front.] (Arch.) Defn: Same as Frontal, 2. FROPPISH Frop"pish, a. Etym: [Cf. Frap, Frape.] Defn: Peevish; froward. [Obs.] Clarendon. FRORE Frore, adv. Etym: [See Frorn.] Defn: Frostily. [Obs.] The parching air Burns frore, and cold performs the effect of fire. Milton. FRORN Frorn, p. a. Etym: [AS. froren, p. p. of freósun to freeze. See Freeze.] Defn: Frozen. [Obs.] Well nigh frorn I feel. Spenser. FRORY Fro"ry, a. Etym: [AS. freórig. See Frorn.] 1. Frozen; stiff with cold. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Covered with a froth like hoarfrost. [Archaic] The foaming steed with frory bit to steer. Fairfax. FROST Frost, n. Etym: [OE. frost, forst, AS. forst, frost. fr. freósan to freeze; akin to D. varst, G., OHG., Icel., Dan., & Sw. frost. *18. See Freeze, v. i.] 1. The act of freezing; -- applied chiefly to the congelation of water; congelation of fluids. 2. The state or temperature of the air which occasions congelation, or the freezing of water; severe cold or freezing weather. The third bay comes a frost, a killing frost. Shak. 3. Frozen dew; -- called also hoarfrost or white frost. He scattereth the frost like ashes. Ps. cxlvii. 16. 4. Coldness or insensibility; severity or rigidity of character. [R.] It was of those moments of intense feeling when the frost of the Scottish people melts like a snow wreath. Sir W. Scott. Black frost, cold so intense as to freeze vegetation and cause it to turn black, without the formation of hoarfrost. -- Frost bearer (Physics), a philosophical instrument illustrating the freezing of water in a vacuum; a cryophous. -- Frost grape (Bot.), an American grape, with very small, acid berries. -- Frost lamp, a lamp placed below the oil tube of an Argand lamp to keep the oil limpid on cold nights; -- used especially in lighthouses. Knight. -- Frost nail, a nail with a sharp head driven into a horse's shoe to keen him from slipping. -- Frost smoke, an appearance resembling smoke, caused by congelation of vapor in the atmosphere in time of severe cold. The brig and the ice round her are covered by a strange black obscurity: it is the frost smoke of arctic winters. Kane. -- Frost valve, a valve to drain the portion of a pipe, hydrant, pump, etc., where water would be liable to freeze. -- Jack Frost, a popular personification of frost. FROST Frost, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frostted; p. pr. & vb. n. Frosting.] 1. To injure by frost; to freeze, as plants. 2. To cover with hoarfrost; to produce a surface resembling frost upon, as upon cake, metals, or glass. While with a hoary light she frosts the ground. Wordsworth. 3. To roughen or sharpen, as the nail heads or calks of horseshoes, so as to fit them for frosty weather. FROSTBIRD Frost"bird, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The golden plover. FROSTBITE Frost"bite, n. Defn: The freezing, or effect of a freezing, of some part of the body, as the ears or nose. Kane. FROSTBITE Frost`bite", v. t. Defn: To expose to the effect of frost, or a frosty air; to blight or nip with frost. My wife up and with Mrs. Pen to walk in the fields to frostbite themselves. Pepys. FROST-BITTEN Frost`-bit"ten, p. a. Defn: Nipped, withered, or injured, by frost or freezing. FROST-BLITE Frost`-blite", n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Atriplex; orache. Gray. (b) The lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album). Dr. Prior. FROSTBOW Frost"bow`, n. Defn: A white arc or circle in the sky attending frosty weather and formed by reflection of sunlight from ice crystals floating in the air; the parhelic circle whose center is at the zenith. FROSTED Frost"ed, a. Defn: Covered with hoarfrost or anything resembling hoarfrost; ornamented with frosting; also, frost-bitten; as, a frosted cake; frosted glass. Frosted work is introduced as a foil or contrast to burnished work. Knight. FROSTFISH Frost`fish", n. (Zoöl.) (a) The tomcod; -- so called because it is abundant on the New England coast in autumn at about the commencement of frost. See Tomcod. (b) The smelt. [Local, U. S.] (c) A name applied in New Zealand to the scabbard fish (Lepidotus) valued as a food fish. FROSTILY Frost"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a frosty manner. FROSTINESS Frost"i*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being frosty. FROSTING Frost"ing, n. 1. A composition of sugar and beaten egg, used to cover or ornament cake, pudding, etc. 2. A lusterless finish of metal or glass; the process of producing such a finish. FROSTLESS Frost"less, a. Defn: Free from frost; as, a frostless winter. FROST SIGNAL Frost" sig`nal. (Meteor.) Defn: A signal consisting of a white flag with a black center, used by the United States Weather Bureau to indicate that a local frost is expected. It is used only in Florida and along the coasts of the Pacific and the Gulf Mexico. FROSTWEED Frost"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An American species of rockrose (Helianthemum Canadense), sometimes used in medicine as an astringent or aromatic tonic. Note: It has large yellow flowers which are often sterile, and later it has abundant but inconspicuous flowers which bear seed. It is so called because, late in autumn, crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root; -- called also frostwort. FROSTWORK Frost`work", n. Defn: The figurework, often fantastic and delicate, which moisture sometimes forms in freezing, as upon a window pane or a flagstone. FROSTWORT Frost`wort", n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Frostweed. FROSTY Frost"y, a. Etym: [Cf. AS. fyrstig.] 1. Attended with, or producing, frost; having power to congeal water; cold; freezing; as, a frosty night. 2. Covered with frost; as, the grass is frosty. 3. Chill in affection; without warmth of affection or courage. Johnson. 4. Appearing as if covered with hoarfrost; white; gray-haired; as, a frosty head. Shak. FROTE Frote, v. t. Etym: [F. frotter.] Defn: To rub or wear by rubbing; to chafe. [Obs.] B. Jonson. FROTERER Fro"ter*er, n. Defn: One who frotes; one who rubs or chafes. [Obs.] Marston. FROTH Froth, n. Etym: [OE. frothe, Icel. frotha; akin to Dan. fraade, Sw. fradga, AS. afreothan to froth.] 1. The bubbles caused in fluids or liquors by fermentation or agitation; spume; foam; esp., a spume of saliva caused by disease or nervous excitement. 2. Any empty, senseless show of wit or eloquence; rhetoric without thought. Johnson. It was a long speech, but all froth. L'Estrange. 3. Light, unsubstantial matter. Tusser. Froth insect (Zoöl.), the cuckoo spit or frog hopper; -- called also froth spit, froth worm, and froth fly. -- Froth spit. See Cuckoo spit, under Cuckoo. FROTH Froth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frothed; p. pr. & vb. n.. Frothing.] 1. To cause to foam. 2. To spit, vent, or eject, as froth. He . . . froths treason at his mouth. Dryden. Is your spleen frothed out, or have ye more Tennyson. 3. To cover with froth; as, a horse froths his chain. FROTH Froth, v. i. Defn: To throw up or out spume, foam, or bubbles; to foam; as beer froths; a horse froths. FROTHILY Froth"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a frothy manner. FROTHINESS Froth"i*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being frothy. FROTHING Froth"ing, n. Defn: Exaggerated declamation; rant. FROTHLESS Froth"less, a. Defn: Free from froth. FROTHY Froth"y, a. [Compar. Frothier; superl. Frothiest.] 1. Full of foam or froth, or consisting of froth or light bubbles; spumous; foamy. 2. Not firm or solid; soft; unstable. Bacon. 3. Of the nature of froth; light; empty; unsubstantial; as, a frothy speaker or harangue. Tillotson. FROUFROU Frou"frou`, n. [F., of imitative origin.] Defn: A rustling, esp. the rustling of a woman's dress. FROUNCE Frounce, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Frounced; p. pr. & vb. n. Frouncing.] Etym: [OE. frouncen, fronsen, to told, wrinkle, OF. froncier, F. froncer, perh. fr. an assumed LL. frontiare to wrinkle the forehead, L. frons forehead. See Front, and cf. Flounce part of a dress.] Defn: To gather into or adorn with plaits, as a dress; to form wrinkles in or upon; to curl or frizzle, as the hair. Not tricked and frounced, as she was wont. Milton. FROUNCE Frounce, v. i. Defn: To form wrinkles in the forehead; to manifest displeasure; to frown. [Obs.] The Commons frounced and stormed. Holland. FROUNCE Frounce, n. 1. A wrinkle, plait, or curl; a flounce; -- also, a frown. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. An affection in hawks, in which white spittle gathers about the hawk's bill. Booth. FROUNCELESS Frounce"less, a. Defn: Without frounces. Rom. of R. FROUZY Frou"zy, a. Etym: [Prov. E. frouzy froward, peevish, offensive to the eye or smell; cf. froust a musty smell, frouse to rumple, frouze to curl, and E. frounce, frowy.] Defn: Fetid, musty; rank; disordered and offensive to the smell or sight; slovenly; dingy. See Frowzy. "Petticoats in frouzy heaps." Swift. FROW Frow, n. Etym: [D. vrouw; akin to G. frau woman, wife, goth, fráuja master, lord, AS. freá.] 1. A woman; especially, a Dutch or German woman. Beau. & Fl. 2. A dirty woman; a slattern. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. FROW Frow, n. Etym: [Cf. Frower.] Defn: A cleaving tool with handle at right angles to the blade, for splitting cask staves and shingles from the block; a frower. FROW Frow, a. Defn: Brittle. [Obs.] Evelyn. FROWARD Fro"ward, a. Etym: [Fro + -ward. See Fro, and cf. Fromward.] Defn: Not willing to yield or compIy with what is required or is reasonable; perverse; disobedient; peevish; as, a froward child. A froward man soweth strife. Prov. xvi. 28. A froward retention of custom is as turbulent a thing as innovation. Bacon. Syn. -- Untoward; wayward; unyielding; ungovernable: refractory; obstinate; petulant; cross; peevish. See Perverse. -- Fro"ward*ly, adv. -- Fro"ward*ness, n. FROWER Frow"er, n. Etym: [Cf. frow a frower, and Prov. E, frommard.] Defn: A tool. See 2d Frow. Tusser. FROWEY Frow"ey, a. Etym: [See Frow, a.] (Carp.) Defn: Working smoothly, or without splitting; -- said of timber. FROWN Frown, v. i. [imp. &, p. p. Frowned; p. pr. & vb. n. Frowning.] Etym: [OF. froignier, F. frogner, in se refrogner, se renfrogner, to knit the brow, to frown; perh. of Teutonic origin; cf. It. in frigno wrinkled, frowning, Prov. It. frignare to cringe the face, to make a wry face, dial. Sw. fryna to make a wry face,] 1. To contract the brow in displeasure, severity, or sternness; to scowl; to put on a stern, grim, or surly look. The frowning wrinkle of her brow. Shak. 2. To manifest displeasure or disapprobation; to look with disfavor or threateningly; to lower; as, polite society frowns upon rudeness. The sky doth frown and lower upon our army. Shak. FROWN Frown, v. t. Defn: To repress or repel by expressing displeasure or disapproval; to rebuke with a look; as, frown the impudent fellow into silence. FROWN Frown, n. 1. A wrinkling of the face in displeasure, rebuke, etc.; a sour, severe, or stere look; a scowl. His front yet threatens, and his frowns command. Prior. Her very frowns are fairer far Than smiles of other maidens are. H. Coleridge. 2. Any expression of displeasure; as, the frowns of Providence; the frowns of Fortune. FROWNINGLY Frown"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a frowning manner. FROWNY Frown"y, a. Defn: Frowning; scowling. [Obs.] Her frowny mother's ragged shoulder. Sir F. Palgrave. FROWY Frow"y, a. Etym: [Cf. Frowzy, Frouzy.] Defn: Musty. rancid; as, frowy butter. "Frowy feed." Spenser FROWZY Frow"zy, a. Etym: [See Frouzy.] Defn: Slovenly; unkempt; untidy; frouzy. "With head all frowzy." Spenser. The frowzy soldiers' wives hanging out clothes. W. D. Howells. FROZE Froze, Defn: imp. of Freeze. FROZEN Fro"zen, a. 1. Congealed with cold; affected by freezing; as, a frozen brook. They warmed their frozen feet. Dryden. 2. Subject to frost, or to long and severe cold; chilly; as, the frozen north; the frozen zones. 3. Cold-hearted; unsympathetic; unyielding. [R.] Be not ever frozen, coy. T. Carew. FROZENNESS Fro"zen*ness, n. Defn: A state of being frozen. FRUBISH Frub"ish, v. t. Etym: [See Furbish.] Defn: To rub up: to furbish. [Obs.] Beau. c& Et. FRUCTED Fruc"ted, a. Etym: [L. fructus fruit. See Fruit.] (Her.) Defn: Bearing fruit; -- said of a tree or plant so represented upon an escutcheon. Cussans. FRUCTESCENCE Fruc*tes"cence, n. Etym: [L. fructus fruit.] (Bot.) Defn: The maturing or ripening of fruit. [R.] Martyn. FRUCTICULOSE Fruc*tic"u*lose`, a. Defn: Fruitful; full of fruit. FRUCTIDOR Fruc`ti`dor", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. fructus fruit.] Defn: The twelfth month of the French republican calendar; -- commencing August 18, and ending September 16. See Vendémiaire. FRUCTIFERUOS Fruc*tif"er*uos, a. Etym: [L. fructifer; fructus fruit + ferre to bear; cf. F. fructifère.] Defn: Bearing or producing fruit. Boyle. FRUCTIFICATION Fruc`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. fructificatio: cf. F. fructification.] 1. The act of forming or producing fruit; the act of fructifying, or rendering productive of fruit; fecundation. The prevalent fructification of plants. Sir T. Brown. 2. (Bot.) (a) The collective organs by which a plant produces its fruit, or seeds, or reproductive spores. (b) The process of producing fruit, or seeds, or spores. FRUCTIFY Fruc"ti*fy, v. i. Etym: [F. fructifier, L. fructificare; fructus fruit + ficare (only in comp.), akin to L. facere to make. See Fruit, and Fact.] Defn: To bear fruit. "Causeth the earth to fructify." Beveridge. FRUCTIFY Fruc"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fructified; p. pr. & vb. n. Fructifying.] Defn: To make fruitful; to render productive; to fertilize; as, to fructify the earth. FRUCTOSE Fruc*tose", n. Etym: [L. fructus fruit.] (Chem.) Defn: Fruit sugar; levulose. [R.] FRUCTUARY Fruc"tu*a*ry, n.; pl. Fructuaries. Etym: [L. fructuarius.] Defn: One who enjoys the profits, income, or increase of anything. Kings are not proprietors nor fructuaries. Prynne. FRUCTUATION Fruc"tu*a`tion, n. Defn: Produce; fruit, [R.] FRUCTUOUS Fruc"tu*ous, a. Etym: [L. fructuosus: cf, F. fructueux.] Defn: Fruitful; productive; profitable. [Obs.] Nothing fructuous or profitable. Chaucer. -- Fruc"tu*ous*ly, adv. -- Fruc"tu*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] FRUCTURE Fruc"ture, n. Etym: [L. frui, p. p. fructus, to enjoy. See Fruit, n.] Defn: Use; fruition; enjoyment. [Obs.] Cotgrave. FRUE VANNER Frue" van"ner. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Mining) Defn: A moving, inclined, endless apron on which ore is concentrated by a current of water; a kind of buddle. FRUGAL Fru"gal, a. Etym: [L. frugalis, fr. frugi, lit., for fruit; hence, fit for food, useful, proper, temperate, the dative of frux, frugis, fruit, akin to E. fruit: cf. F. frugal. See Fruit, n.] 1. Economical in the use or appropriation of resources; not wasteful or lavish; wise in the expenditure or application of force, materials, time, etc.; characterized by frugality; sparing; economical; saving; as, a frugal housekeeper; frugal of time. I oft admire How Nature, wise and frugal, could commit Such disproportions. Milton. 2. Obtained by, or appropriate to, economy; as, a frugal fortune. "Frugal fare." Dryden. FRUGALITY Fru*gal"i*ty, n.; pl. Frugalities. Etym: [L. frugalitas: cf. F. frugalité.] 1. The quality of being frugal; prudent economy; that careful management of anything valuable which expends nothing unnecessarily, and applies what is used to a profitable purpose; thrift; --- opposed to extravagance. Frugality is founded on the principle that all riches have limits. Burke. 2. A sparing use; sparingness; as, frugality of praise. Syn. -- Economy; parsimony. See Economy. FRUGALLY Fru"gal*ly, adv. Defn: Thriftily; prudently. FRUGALNESS Fru"gal*ness Defn: , n. Quality of being frugal; frugality. FRUGIFEROUS Fru*gif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. frugifer; frux, frugis, fruit + ferre to bear: cf. F. frugifere.] Defn: Producing fruit; fruitful; fructiferous. Dr. H. More. FRUGIVORA Fru*giv"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Frugivorous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The fruit bate; a group of the Cheiroptera, comprising the bats which live on fruits. See Eruit bat, under Fruit. FRUGIVOROUS Fru*giv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. frux, frugis, fruit + vorare to devour.: cf. F. frugivore.] Defn: Feeding on fruit, as birds and other animals. Pennant. FRUIT Fruit, n. Etym: [OE. fruit, frut, F. fruit, from L. fructus enjoyment, product, fruit, from frui, p. p. fructus, to enjoy; akin to E. brook, v. t. See Broook, v. t., and cf. Fructify, Frugal.] 1. Whatever is produced for the nourishment or enjoyment of man or animals by the processes of vegetable growth, as corn, grass, cotton, flax, etc.; -- commonly used in the plural. Six years thou shalt sow thy land, and shalt gather in the fruits thereof. Ex. xxiii. 10. 2. (Hort.) Defn: The pulpy, edible seed vessels of certain plants, especially those grown on branches above ground, as apples, oranges, grapes, melons, berries, etc. See 3. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The ripened ovary of a flowering plant, with its contents and whatever parts are consolidated with it. Note: Fruits are classified as fleshy, drupaceous, and -dry. Fleshy fruits include berries, gourds, and melons, orangelike fruita and pomes; drupaceous fruits are stony within and fleshy without, as peaches, plums, and chercies;and dry fruits are further divided into achenes, follicles, legumes, capsules, nuts, and several other kinds. 4. (Bot.) Defn: The spore cases or conceptacles of flowerless plants, as of ferns, mosses, algae, etc., with the spores contained in them. 6. The produce of animals; offspring; young; as, the fruit of the womb, of the loins, of the body. King Edward's fruit, true heir to the English crown. Shak. 6. That which is produced; the effect or consequence of any action; advantageous or desirable product or result; disadvantageous or evil consequence or effect; as, the fruits of labor, of self-denial, of intemperance. The fruit of rashness. Shak. What I obtained was the fruit of no bargain. Burke. They shall eat the fruit of their doings. Is. iii 10. The fruits of this education became visible. Macaulay. Note: Fruit is frequently used adjectively, signifying of, for, or pertaining to a fruit or fruits; as, fruit bud; fruit frame; fruit jar; fruit knife; fruit loft; fruit show; fruit stall; fruit tree; etc. Fruit bat (Zoöl.), one of the Frugivora; -- called also fruit- eating bat. -- Fruit bud (Bot.), a bud that produces fruit; -- in most oplants the same as the power bud. Fruit dot (Bot.), a collection of fruit cases, as in ferns. See Sorus. -- Fruit fly (Zoöl.), a small dipterous insect of the genus Drosophila, which lives in fruit, in the larval state. -- Fruit jar, a jar for holding preserved fruit, usually made of glass or earthenware. -- Fruit pigeon (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of pigeons of the family Carpophagidæ, inhabiting India, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. They feed largely upon fruit. and are noted for their beautiful colors. -- Fruit sugar (Chem.), a kind of sugar occurring, naturally formed, in many ripe fruits, and in honey; levulose. The name is also, though rarely, applied to invert sugar, or to the natural mixture or dextrose and levulose resembling it, and found in fruits and honey. -- Fruit tree (Hort.), a tree cultivated for its edible fruit. -- Fruit worm (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of insect larvæ: which live in the interior of fruit. They are mostly small species of Lepidoptera and Diptera. -- Small fruits (Hort.), currants, raspberries, strawberries, etc. FRUIT Fruit, v. i. Defn: To bear fruit. Chesterfield. FRUITAGE Fruit"age, n. Etym: [F. fruitage.] 1. Fruit, collectively; fruit, in general; fruitery. The trees . . . ambrosial fruitage bear. Milton. 2. Product or result of any action; effect, good or ill. FRUITER Fruit"er, a. Defn: A ship for carrying fruit. FRUITERER Fruit"er*er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fruitier.] Defn: One who deals in fruit; a seller of fruits. FRUITERESS Fruit"er*ess, n. Defn: A woman who sells fruit. FRUITERY Fruit"er*y, n.; pl. Fruiteries. Etym: [F. fruiterie place where fruit is kept, in OF. also, fruitage.] 1. Fruit, taken collectively; fruitage. J. Philips. 2. A repository for fruit. Johnson. FRUITESTERE Fruit"es*tere, n. Defn: A fruiteress. [Obs.] FRUITFUL Fruit"ful, a. Defn: Full of fruit; producing fruit abundantly; bearing results; prolific; fertile; liberal; bountiful; as, a fruitful tree, or season, or soil; a fruitful wife. -- Fruit"ful*ly, adv. -- Fruit"ful*ness, n. Be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth. Gen. i. 28. [Nature] By disburdening grows More fruitful. Milton. The great fruitfulness of the poet's fancy. Addison. Syn. -- Fertile; prolific; productive; fecund; plentiful; rich; abundant; plenteous. See Fertile. FRUITING Fruit"ing, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or producing, fruit. FRUITING Fruit"ing, n. Defn: The bearing of fruit. FRUITION Fru*i"tion, n. Etym: [OF. fruition, L. fruitio, enjoyment, fr. L. frui, p. p. fruitus, to use or enjoy. See Fruit, n.] Defn: Use or possession of anything, especially such as is accompanied with pleasure or satisfaction; pleasure derived from possession or use. "Capacity of fruition." Rogers. "Godlike fruition." Milton. Where I may have fruition of her love. Shak. FRUITIVE Fru"i*tive, a. Etym: [See Fruition.] Defn: Eujoying; possessing. [Obs.] Boyle. FRUITLESS Fruit"less, a. 1. Lacking, or not bearing, fruit; barren; destitute of offspring; as, a fruitless tree or shrub; a fruitless marriage. Shak. 2. Productive of no advantage or good effect; vain; idle; useless; unprofitable; as, a fruitless attempt; a fruitless controversy. They in mutual accusation spent The fruitless hours. Milton. Syn. -- Useless; barren; unprofitable; abortive; ineffectual; vain; idle; profitless. See Useless. -- Fruit"less*ly, adv. -- Fruit"lness*ness, n. FRUITY Fruit"y, a. Defn: Having the odor, taste, or appearance of fruit; also, fruitful. Dickens. FRUMENTACEOUS Fru"men*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [L. frumentaceus, fr. frumentum corn or grain, from the root of frux fruit: cf. F. frumentacé. See Frugal.] Defn: Made of, or resembling, wheat or other grain. FRUMENTARIOUS Fru`men*ta"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. frumentarius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to wheat or grain. [R.] Coles. FRUMENTATION Fru`men*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. frumentatio.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A largess of grain bestowed upon the people, to quiet them when uneasy. FRUMENTY Fru"men*ty, n. Etym: [OF. fromentée, fr. L. frumentum. See Frumentaceous.] Defn: Food made of hulled wheat boiled in milk, with sugar, plums, etc. [Written also furmenty and furmity.] Halliwell. FRUMP Frump, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. frumple to wrinkle, ruffle, D. frommelen.] Defn: To insult; to flout; to mock; to snub. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. FRUMP Frump, n. 1. A contemptuous speech or piece of conduct; a gibe or flout. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. A cross, old-fashioned person; esp., an old woman; a gossip. [Colloq.] Halliwell. FRUMPER Frump"er, n. Defn: A mocker. [Obs.] Cotgrave. FRUMPISH Frump"ish, a. 1. Cross-tempered; scornful. [Obs.] 2. Old-fashioned, as a woman's dress. Our Bell . . . looked very frumpish. Foote. FRUSH Frush, v. t. Etym: [F. froisser to bruise. Cf. Froise.] Defn: To batter; to break in pieces. [Obs.] I like thine armor well; I'll frush it and unlock the rivets all. Shak. FRUSH Frush, a. Defn: Easily broken; brittle; crisp. FRUSH Frush, n. Defn: Noise; clatter; crash. [R.] Southey. FRUSH Frush, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. frosch, frosk, a frog (the animal), G. frosch frog (the animal), also carney or lampass of horses. See Frog, n., 2.] 1. (Far.) Defn: The frog of a horse's foot. 2. A discharge of a fetid or ichorous matter from the frog of a horse's foot; -- also caled thrush. FRUSTRABLE Frus"tra*ble, a. Etym: [L. frustrabilis: cf. F. frustable.] Defn: Capable of beeing frustrated or defeated. FRUSTRANEOUS Frus*tra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [See Frustrate, a.] Defn: Vain; useless; unprofitable. [Obs.] South. FRUSTRATE Frus"trate, a. Etym: [L. frustratus, p. p. of frustrare, frustrari, to deceive, frustrate, fr. frustra in vain, witout effect, in erorr, prob. for frudtra and akin to fraus, E. fraud.] Defn: Vain; ineffectual; useless; unprofitable; null; voil; nugatory; of no effect. "Our frustrate search." Shak. FRUSTRATE Frus"trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Frustrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Frustrating.] 1. To bring to nothing; to prevent from attaining a purpose; to disappoint; to defeat; to baffle; as, to frustrate a plan, design, or attempt; to frustrate the will or purpose. Shall the adversary thus obtain His end and frustrate thine Milton. 2. To make null; to nullifly; to render invalid or of no effect; as, to frustrate a conveyance or deed. Syn. -- To balk; thwart; foil; baffle; defeat. FRUSTRATELY Frus"trate*ly, adv. Defn: In vain. [Obs.] Vicars. FRUSTRATION Frus*tra"tion, n. Etym: [L. frustratio: cf. OF. frustration.] Defn: The act of frustrating; disappointment; defeat; as, the frustration of one's designs FRUSTRATIVE Frus"tra*tive, a. Defn: Tending to defeat; fallacious. [Obs.] Ainsworth. FRUSTRATORY Frus"tra*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. frustrotorius: cf. F. frustratoire.] Defn: Making void; rendering null; as, a frustratory appeal. [Obs.] Ayliffe. FRUSTULE Frus"tule, n. Etym: [L. frustulum, dim. fr. frustum a piece: cf. F. frustule.] (Bot.) Defn: The siliceous shell of a diatom. It is composed of two valves, one overlapping the other, like a pill box and its cover. FRUSTULENT Frus"tu*lent, a. Etym: [L. frustulentus. See Frustule.] Defn: Abounding in fragments. [R.] FRUSTUM Frus"tum, n.; pl. L. Frusta, E. Frustums. Etym: [L. fruslum piece, bit.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: The part of a solid next the base, formed by cutting off the, top; or the part of any solid, as of a cone, pyramid, etc., between two planes, which may be either parallel or inclined to each other. 2. (Arch.) Defn: One of the drums of the shaft of a column. FRUTAGE Frut"age, n. Etym: [Cf. Fruitage.] 1. A picture of fruit; decoration by representation of fruit. The cornices consist of frutages and festoons. Evelyn. 2. A confection of fruit. [Obs.] Nares. FRUTESCENT Fru*tes"cent, a. Etym: [L. frulex, fruticis, shrub, bush: cf. F. frutescent, L. fruticescens, p. pr.] (Bot.) Defn: Somewhat shrubby in character; imperfectly shrubby, as the American species of Wistaria. FRUTEX Fru"tex, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant having a woody, durable stem, but less than a tree; a shrub. FRUTICANT Fru"ti*cant, a. Etym: [L. fruticans, p. pr. of fruticare, to become bushy, fr. frutex, fruticis, shrub.] Defn: Full of shoots. [Obs.] Evelyn. FRUTICOSE Fru"ti*cose`, a. Etym: [L. fruticosus, from frutex, fruticis, shrub] (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to a shrub or shrubs; branching like a shrub; shrubby; shrublike; as, a fruticose stem. Gray. FRUTICOUS Fru"ti*cous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Fruticose. [R.] FRUTICULOSE Fru*tic"u*lose`, a. Etym: [Dim. fr. L. fruticosus bushy: cf. F. fruticuleux.] (Bot.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, a small shrub. Gray. FRY Fry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fried; p. pr. & vb. n. Frying.] Etym: [OE. frien, F. frire, fr. L. frigere to roast, parch, fry, cf. Gr. bhrajj. Cf. Fritter.] Defn: To cook in a pan or on a griddle (esp. with the use of fat, butter, or olive oil) by heating over a fire; to cook in boiling lard or fat; as, to fry fish; to fry doughnuts. FRY Fry, v. i. 1. To undergo the process of frying; to be subject to the action of heat in a frying pan, or on a griddle, or in a kettle of hot fat. 2. To simmer; to boil. [Obs.] With crackling flames a caldron fries. Dryden The frothy billows fry. Spenser. 3. To undergo or cause a disturbing action accompanied with a sensation of heat. To keep the oil from frying in the stomach. Bacon. 4. To be agitated; to be greatly moved. [Obs.] What kindling motions in their breasts do fry. Fairfax. FRY Fry, n. 1. A dish of anything fried. 2. A state of excitement; as, to be in a fry. [Colloq.] FRY Fry, n. Etym: [OE. fri, fry, seed, descendants, cf. OF. froye spawning, spawn of. fishes, little fishes, fr. L. fricare tosub (see Friction), but cf. also Icel. fræ, frjo, seed, Sw. & Dan. frö, Goth. fraiw seed, descendants.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The young of any fish. 2. A swarm or crowd, especially of little fishes; young or small things in general. The fry of children young. Spenser. To sever . . . the good fish from the other fry. Milton. We have burned two frigates, and a hundred and twenty small fry. Walpole. FRYING Fry"ing, n. Defn: The process denoted by the verb fry. Frying pan, an iron pan with a long handle, used for frying meat. vegetables, etc. FU Fu, n. [Chin.] Defn: A department in China comprising several hsein; also, the chief city of a department; -- often forming the last part of a name; as, Paoting-fu. FUAGE Fu"age, n. Defn: Same as Fumage. FUAR Fu"ar, n. Defn: Same as Feuar. FUB; FUBS Fub, Fubs (, n. Etym: [Cf. Fob a pocket.] Defn: A plump young person or child. [Obs.] Smart. FUB Fub, v. t. Etym: [The same word as fob to cheat.] Defn: To put off by trickery; to cheat. [Obs.] I have been fubbed off, and fubbed off, and fabbed off, from this day to that day. Shak. FUBBERY Fub"ber*y, n. Defn: Cheating; deception. Marston. FUBBY; FUBSY Fub"by, Fub"sy a. Defn: Plump; chubby; short and stuffy; as a fubsy sofa. [Eng.] A fubsy, good-humored, silly . . . old maid. Mme. D'Arblay. FUCATE; FUCATED Fu"cate, Fu"ca*ted a. Etym: [L. fucatus, p. p. of fucare to color, paint, fr. fucus.] Defn: Painted; disguised with paint, or with false show. FUCHS Fuchs, n. Etym: [G., prop., a fox.] (German Univ.) Defn: A student of the first year. FUCHSIA Fuch"si*a, n.; pl. E. Fuchsias, L. Fuchslæ. Etym: [NL. Named after Leonard Fuchs, a German botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of flowering plants having elegant drooping flowers, with four sepals, four petals, eight stamens, and a single pistil. They are natives of Mexico and South America. Double-flowered varieties are now common in cultivation. FUCHSINE Fuch"sine, n. Etym: [Named by the French inventor, from Fuchs a fox, the German equivalent of his own name, Renard.] (Chem.) Defn: Aniline red; an artificial coal-tar dyestuff, of a metallic green color superficially, resembling cantharides, but when dissolved forming a brilliant dark red. It consists of a hydrochloride or acetate of rosaniline. See Rosaniline. FUCIVOROUS Fu*civ"o*rous, a. Etym: [Fucus + L. vorare to eat.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Eating fucus or other seaweeds. FUCOID Fu"coid, a. Etym: [Fucus + -oid.] (Bot.) (a) Properly, belonging to an order of alga: (Fucoideæ) which are blackish in color, and produce oöspores which are not fertilized until they have escaped from the conceptacle. The common rockweeds and the gulfweed (Sargassum) are fucoid in character. (b) In a vague sense, resembling seaweeds, or of the nature of seaweeds. FUCOID Fu"coid, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant, whether recent or fossil, which resembles a seaweed. See Fucoid, a. FUCOIDAL Fu*coid"al, a. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Fucoid. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Containing impressions of fossil fucoids or seaweeds; as, fucoidal sandstone. FUCUS Fu"cus, n.; pl. Fuci. Etym: [L. rock lichen, orchil, used as a red dye, red or purple color, disguise, deceit.] 1. A paint; a dye; also, false show. [Obs.] 2. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of tough, leathery seaweeds, usually of a dull brownish green color; rockweed. Note: Formerly most marine alg were called fuci. FUCUSOL Fu"cu*sol, n. Etym: [Fucus + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: An oily liquid, resembling, and possibly identical with, furfurol, and obtained from fucus, and other seaweeds. FUD Fud, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin.] 1. The tail of a hare, coney, etc. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns. 2. Woolen waste, for mixing with mungo and shoddy. FUDDER Fud"der, n. Defn: See Fodder, a weight. FUDDLE Fud"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p., Fuddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Fuddling.] Etym: [Perh. formed as a kind of dim. of full. Cf. Fuzzle.] Defn: To make foolish by drink; to cause to become intoxicated. [Colloq.] I am too fuddled to take care to observe your orders. Steele. FUDDLE Fud"dle, v. i. Defn: To drink to excess. [Colloq.] FUDDLER Fud"dler, n. Defn: A drunkard. [Colloq.] Baxter. FUDGE Fudge, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. F. fuche, feuche, an interj. of contempt.] Defn: A made-up story; stuff; nonsense; humbug; -- often an exclamation of contempt. FUDGE Fudge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fudged; p. pr. & vb. n. Fudging.] 1. To make up; to devise; to contrive; to fabricate. Fudged up into such a smirkish liveliness. N. Fairfax. 2. To foist; to interpolate. That last "suppose" is fudged in. Foote . FUDGE WHEEL Fudge" wheel". (Shoemaking) Defn: A tool for ornamenting the edge of a sole. FUEGIAN Fu*e"gi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Terra del Fuego. -- n. Defn: A native of Terra del Fuego. FUEL Fu"el, n. Etym: [OF. fouail, fuail, or fouaille, fuaille, LL. focalium, focale, fr. L. focus hearth, fireplace, in LL., fire. See Focus.] [Formerly written also fewel.] 1. Any matter used to produce heat by burning; that which feeds fire; combustible matter used for fires, as wood, coal, peat, etc. 2. Anything that serves to feed or increase passion or excitement. Artificial fuel, fuel consisting of small particles, as coal dust, sawdust, etc., consolidated into lumps or blocks. FUEL Fu"el, v. t. 1. To feed with fuel. [Obs.] Never, alas I the dreadful name, That fuels the infernal flame. Cowley. 2. To store or furnish with fuel or firing. [Obs.] Well watered and well fueled. Sir H. Wotton. FUELER Fu"el*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, supplies fuel. [R.] [Written also fueller.] Donne. FUERO Fu*e"ro, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. L. forum.] (Sp. Law) (a) A code; a charter; a grant of privileges. (b) A custom having the force of law. (c) A declaration by a magistrate. (d) A place where justice is administered. (e) The jurisdiction of a tribunal. Burrill. FUFF Fuff, v. t. & i. Etym: [Of imitative origin. Cf. Puff.] Defn: To puff. [Prov. Eng. A Local, U. S.] Halliwel. FUFFY Fuff"y, a. Defn: Light; puffy. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U. S.] FUGA Fu"ga, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A fugue. FUGACIOUS Fu*ga"cious, a. Etym: [L. fugax, fugacis, from fugere: cf. F. fugace. See Fugitive.] 1. Flying, or disposed to fly; fleeing away; lasting but a short time; volatile. Much of its possessions is so hid, so fugacious, and of so uncertain purchase. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Fleeting; lasting but a short time; -- applied particularly to organs or parts which are short-lived as compared with the life of the individual. FUGACIOUSNESS Fu*ga"cious*ness, n. Defn: Fugacity. [Obs.] FUGACITY Fu*gac"i*ty, a. Etym: [L fugacitas: cf. F. fugacité.] 1. The quality of being fugacious; fugaclousness; volatility; as, fugacity of spirits. Boyle. 2. Uncertainty; instability. Johnson. FUGACY Fu"ga*cy, n. Defn: Banishment. [Obs.] Milton. FUGATO Fu*ga"to, a. (Mus.) Defn: in the gugue style, but not strictly like a fugue. -- n. Defn: A composition resembling a fugue. FUGH Fugh, interj. Defn: An exclamation of disgust; foh; faugh. Dryden. FUGHETTA Fu*ghet"ta, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: a short, condensed fugue. Grove. FUGITIVE Fu"gi*tive, a. Etym: [OE. fugitif, F. fugitif, fr. L. fugitivus, fr. fugere to flee. See Bow to bend, and cf. Feverfew.] 1. Fleeing from pursuit, danger, restraint, etc., escaping, from service, duty etc.; as, a fugitive solder; a fugitive slave; a fugitive debtor. The fugitive Parthians follow. Shak. Can a fugitive daughter enjoy herself while her parents are in tear Richardson A libellous pamphlet of a fugitive physician. Sir H. Wotton. 2. Not fixed; not durable; liable to disappear or fall away; volatile; uncertain; evanescent; liable to fade; -- applied to material and immaterial things; as, fugitive colors; a fugitive idea. The me more tender and fugitive parts, the leaves . . . of vegatables. Woodward. Fugitive compositions, Such as are short and occasional, and so published that they quickly escape notice. Syn. -- Fleeting; unstable; wandering; uncertain; volatile; fugacious; fleeing; evanescent. FUGITIVE Fu"gi*tive, n. 1. One who flees from pursuit, danger, restraint, service, duty, etc.; a deserter; as, a fugitive from justice. 2. Something hard to be caught or detained. Or Catch that airy fugitive called wit. Harte. Fugitive from justice (Law), one who, having committed a crime in one jurisdiction, flees or escapes into another to avoid punishment. FUGITIVELY Fu"gi*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a fugitive manner. FUGITIVENESS Fu"gi*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being fugitive; evanescence; volatility; fugacity; instability. FUGLE Fu"gle, v. i. Defn: To maneuver; to move hither and thither. [Colloq.] Wooden arms with elbow joints jerking and fugling in the air. Carlyle. FUGLEMAN Fu"gle*man, n.; pl. Fuglemen. Etym: [G. flügelmann file leader; flügel wing (akin to E. fly) + mann man. Cf. Flugrelman.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A soldier especially expert and well drilled, who takes his place in front of a military company, as a guide for the others in their exercises; a file leader. He originally stood in front of the right wing. [Written also flugelman.] 2. Hence, one who leads the way. [Jocose] FUGUE Fugue, n. Etym: [F., fr. It. fuga, fr. L. fuga a fleeing, flight, akin to fugere to fiee. See Fugitive.] (Mus.) Defn: A polyphonic composition, developed from a given theme or themes, according to strict contrapuntal rules. The theme is first given out by one voice or part, and then, while that pursues its way, it is repeated by another at the interval of a fifth or fourth, and so on, until all the parts have answered one by one, continuing their several melodies and interweaving them in one complex progressive whole, in which the theme is often lost and reappears. All parts of the scheme are eternally chasing each other, like the parts of a fugue. Jer. Taylor. FUGUIST Fu"guist, n. (Mus.) Defn: A musician who composes or performs fugues. Busby. -FUL -ful. Etym: [See Full, a.] Defn: A suffix signifying full of, abounding with; as, boastful, harmful, woeful. FULAHS; FOOLAHS Fu"lahs` Defn: , Foo"lahs` (, n. pl.; sing. Fulah, Foolan (. (Ethnol.) A peculiar African race of uncertain origin, but distinct from the negro tribes, inhabiting an extensive region of Western Soudan. Their color is brown or yellowish bronze. They are Mohammedans. Called also Fellatahs, Foulahs, and Fellani. Fulah is also used adjectively; as, Fulah empire, tribes, language. FULBE Ful"be, n. (Ethnol.) Defn: Same as Fulahs. FULCIBLE Ful"ci*ble, a. Etym: [L. fulcire to prop.] Defn: Capable of being propped up. [Obs.] Cockeram. FULCIMENT Ful"ci*ment, n. Etym: [L. fulcimentum, fr. fulcire to prop.] Defn: A prop; a fulcrum. [Obs.] Bp. Wilkins. FULCRA Ful"cra, n. pl. Defn: See Fulcrum. FULCRATE Ful"crate, a. Etym: [See Fulcrum.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Propped; supported by accessory organs. [R.] Gray. 2. Furnished with fulcrums. FULCRUM Ful"crum, n.; pl. L. Fulcra, E. Fulcrums. Etym: [L., bedpost, fr. fulcire to prop.] 1. A prop or support. 2. (Mech.) Defn: That by which a lever is sustained, or about which it turns in lifting or moving a body. 3. (Bot.) Defn: An accessory organ such as a tendril, stipule, spine, and the like. [R.] Gray. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) The horny inferior surface of the lingua of certain insects. (b) One of the small, spiniform scales found on the front edge of the dorsal and caudal fins of many ganoid fishes. 5. (Anat.) Defn: The connective tissue supporting the framework of the retina of the eye. FULFILL Ful*fill", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fulfilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Fulfilling.] Etym: [OE. fulfillen, fulfullen, AS. fulfyllan; ful full + fyllan to fill. See Full, a., and Fill, v. t.] [Written also fulfil.] 1. To fill up; to make full or complete. [Obs.] "Fulfill her week" Gen. xxix. 27. Suffer thou that the children be fulfilled first, for it is not good to take the bread of children and give to hounds. Wyclif (Mark vii. 27). 2. To accomplish or carry into effect, as an intention, promise, or prophecy, a desire, prayer, or requirement, etc.; to complete by performance; to answer the requisitions of; to bring to pass, as a purpose or design; to effectuate. He will, fulfill the desire of them fear him. Ps. cxlv. 199. Here Nature seems fulfilled in all her ends. Milton. Servants must their masters' minds fulfill. Shak. FULFILLER Ful*fill"er, n. Defn: One who fulfills. South. FULFILLMENT Ful*fill"ment, n. Etym: [Written also fulfilment.] 1. The act of fulfilling; accomplishment; completion; as, the fulfillment of prophecy. 2. Execution; performance; as, the fulfillment of a promise. FULGENCY Fulgen*cy, n. Etym: [See fulgent.] Defn: Brightness; splendor; glitter; effulgence. Bailey. FULGENT Ful"gent, a. Etym: [L. fulgens, -entis, p. pr. of fulgere to flash, glitter, shine, akin to Gr. Phlox, Flagrant.] Defn: Exquisitely bright; shining; dazzling; effulgent. Other Thracians . . . fulgent morions wore. Glower. FULGENTLY Ful"gent*ly, adv. Defn: Dazzlingly; glitteringly. FULGID Ful"gid, a. Etym: [L. fulgidus. See Fulgent.] Defn: Shining; glittering; dazzling. [R.] Pope. FULGIDITY Ful*gid"i*ty, n. Defn: Splendor; resplendence; effulgence. [R.] Bailey. FULGOR Ful"gor, n. Etym: [L. fulgor, fr. fulgere to shine.] Defn: Dazzling brightness; splendor. [R.] Sir T. Browne. FULGURANT Ful"gu*rant a. Etym: [L. fulgurans, p. pr. of fulgurare.] Defn: Lightening. [R.] Dr. H. More. FULGURATA Ful"gu*ra"ta, n. Etym: [NL.] (Electricity) Defn: A spectro-electric tube in which the decomposition of a liquid by the passage of an electric spark is observed. Knight. FULGURATE Ful"gu*rate, v. i. Etym: [L. fulguratus, p. p. of fulgurare to flash, fr. fulgur lightning, fr. fulgere to shine. See Fulgent.] Defn: To flash as lightning. [R.] FULGURATING Ful"gu*ra`ting, a. (Med.) Defn: Resembling lightning; -- used to describe intense lancinating painsaccompanying locomotor ataxy. FULGURATION Ful"gu*ra`tion, n. Etym: [L. fulguratio: cf. F. fulguration.] 1. The act of lightening. [R.] Donne. 2. (Assaying) Defn: The sudden brightening of a fused globule of gold or silver, when the last film of the oxide of lead or copper leaves its surface; -- also called blick. A phenomenon called, by the old chemists, fulguration. Ure. FULGURITE Ful"gu*rite, n. Etym: [L. fulguritus, p. p. of fulgurire to strike with lightning, fr. fulgur lightning: cf. F. fulgurite.] Defn: A vitrified sand tube produced by the striking of lightning on sand; a lightning tube; also, the portion of rock surface fused by a lightning discharge. FULGURY Ful"gu*ry, n. Etym: [L. fulgur.] Defn: Lightning. [Obs.] FULHAM Ful"ham, n. Etym: [So named because supposed to have been chiefly made at Fulham, in Middlesex, Eng.) Defn: A false die. [Cant] [Written also fullam.] Shak. FULIGINOSITY Fu*lig"i*nos"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fuliginosité.] Defn: The condition or quality of being fuliginous; sootiness; matter deposited by smoke. [R.] FULIGINOUS Fu*lig"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. fuliginosus, from fuligo soot: cf. F. fuligineux. See Fume.] 1. Pertaining to soot; sooty; dark; dusky. 2. Pertaining to smoke; resembling smoke. FULIGINOUSLY Fu*lig"i*nous*ly, adv. Defn: In a smoky manner. FULIMART Fu"li*mart, n. Defn: Same as Foumart. FULL Full, a. [Compar. Fuller; superl. Fullest.] Etym: [OE. & AS. ful; akin to OS. ful, D. vol, OHG. fol, G. voll, Icel. fullr, Sw. full, Dan. fuld, Goth. fulls, L. plenus, Gr. p, pr to fill, also to Gr. poly-, pref., G. viel, AS. fela. sq. root80. Cf. Complete, Fill, Plenary, Plenty.] 1. Filled up, having within its limits all that it can contain; supplied; not empty or vacant; -- said primarily of hollow vessels, and hence of anything else; as, a cup full of water; a house full of people. Had the throne been full, their meeting would not have been regular. Blackstone. 2. Abundantly furnished or provided; sufficient in. quantity, quality, or degree; copious; plenteous; ample; adequate; as, a full meal; a full supply; a full voice; a full compensation; a house full of furniture. 3. Not wanting in any essential quality; complete, entire; perfect; adequate; as, a full narrative; a person of full age; a full stop; a full face; the full moon. It came to pass, at the end of two full years, that Pharaoh dreamed. Gen. xii. 1. The man commands Like a full soldier. Shak. I can not Request a fuller satisfaction Than you have freely granted. Ford. 4. Sated; surfeited. I am full of the burnt offerings of rams. Is. i. 11. 5. Having the mind filled with ideas; stocked with knowledge; stored with information. Reading maketh a full man. Bacon. 6. Having the attention, thoughts, etc., absorbed in any matter, and the feelings more or less excited by it, as, to be full of some project. Every one is full of the miracles done by cold baths on decayed and weak constitutions. Locke. 7. Filled with emotions. The heart is so full that a drop overfills it. Lowell. 8. Impregnated; made pregnant. [Obs.] Ilia, the fair, . . . full of Mars. Dryden. At full, when full or complete. Shak. -- Full age (Law) the age at which one attains full personal rights; majority; -- in England and the United States the age of 21 years. Abbott. -- Full and by (Naut.), sailing closehauled, having all the sails full, and lying as near the wind as poesible. -- Full band (Mus.), a band in which all the instruments are employed. -- Full binding, the binding of a book when made wholly of leather, as distinguished from half binding. -- Full bottom, a kind of wig full and large at the bottom. -- Full brother or sister, a brother or sister having the same parents as another. -- Full cry (Hunting), eager chase; -- said of hounds that have caught the scent, and give tongue together. -- Full dress, the dress prescribed by authority or by etiquette to be worn on occasions of ceremony. -- Full hand (Poker), three of a kind and a pair. -- Full moon. (a) The moon with its whole disk illuminated, as when opposite to the sun. (b) The time when the moon is full. -- Full organ (Mus.), the organ when all or most stops are out. -- Full score (Mus.), a score in which all the parts for voices and instruments are given. -- Full sea, high water. -- Full swing, free course; unrestrained liberty; "Leaving corrupt nature to . . . the full swing and freedom of its own extravagant actings." South (Colloq.) -- In full, at length; uncontracted; unabridged; written out in words, and not indicated by figures. -- In full blast. See under Blast. FULL Full, n. Defn: Complete measure; utmost extent; the highest state or degree. The swan's-down feather, That stands upon the swell at full of tide. Shak. Full of the moon, the time of full moon. FULL Full, adv. Defn: Quite; to the same degree; without abatement or diminution; with the whole force or effect; thoroughly; completely; exactly; entirely. The pawn I proffer shall be full as good. Dryden. The diapason closing full in man. Dryden. Full in the center of the sacred wood. Addison. Note: Full is placed before adjectives and adverbs to heighten or strengthen their signification. "Full sad." Milton. "Master of a full poor cell." Shak. "Full many a gem of purest ray serene." T. Gray. Full is also prefixed to participles to express utmost extent or degree; as, full-bloomed, full-blown, full-crammed full-grown, full- laden, full-stuffed, etc. Such compounds, for the most part, are self-defining. FULL Full, v. i. Defn: To become full or wholly illuminated; as, the moon fulls at midnight. FULL Full, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fulled; p. pr. & vb. n. Fulling.] Etym: [OE. fullen, OF. fuler, fouler, F. fouler, LL. fullare, fr. L. fullo fuller, cloth fuller, cf. Gr. fullian to whiten as a fuller, to baptize, fullere a fuller. Cf. Defile to foul, Foil to frustrate, Fuller. n. ] Defn: To thicken by moistening, heating, and pressing, as cloth; to mill; to make compact; to scour, cleanse, and thicken in a mill. FULL Full, v. i. Defn: To become fulled or thickened; as, this material fulls well. FULLAGE Full"age, n. Defn: The money or price paid for fulling or cleansing cloth. Johnson. FULLAM Ful"lam, n. Defn: A false die. See Fulham. FULL-BLOODED Full"-blood`ed, a. 1. Having a full supply of blood. 2. Of pure blood; thoroughbred; as, a full-blooded horse. FULL-BLOOMED Full"-bloomed`, a. Defn: Like a perfect blossom. "Full-bloomed lips." Crashaw. FULL-BLOWN Full"-blown`, a. 1. Fully expanded, as a blossom; as, a full-bloun rose. Denham. 2. Fully distended with wind, as a sail. Dryden. FULL-BOTTOMED Full"-bot"tomed, a. 1. Full and large at the bottom, as wigs worn by certain civil officers in Great Britain. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Of great capacity below the water line. FULL-BUTT Full"-butt", adv. Defn: With direct and violentop position; with sudden collision. [Colloq.] L'Estrange. FULL-DRIVE Full`-drive", adv. Defn: With full speed. [Colloq.] FULLER Full"er, n. Etym: [AS. fullere, fr. L. fullo. See Full, v. t.] Defn: One whose occupation is to full cloth. Fuller's earth, a variety of clay, used in scouring and cleansing cloth, to imbibe grease. -- Fuller's herb (Bot.), the soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), formerly used to remove stains from cloth. -- Fuller's thistle or weed (Bot.), the teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) whose burs are used by fullers in dressing cloth. See Teasel. FULLER Full"er, n. Etym: [From Full, a.] (Blacksmith's Work) Defn: A die; a half-round set hammer, used for forming grooves and spreading iron; -- called also a creaser. FULLER Full"er, v. t. Defn: To form a groove or channel in, by a fuller or set hammer; as, to fuller a bayonet. FULLERY Full"er*y, n.; pl. Fulleries (. Defn: The place or the works where the fulling of cloth is carried on. FULL-FORMED Full"-formed`, a. Defn: Full in form or shape; rounded out with flesh. The full-formed maids of Afric. Thomson. FULL-GROWN Full"-grown`, a. Defn: Having reached the limits of growth; mature. "Full-grown wings." Lowell. FULL-HEARTED Full"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Full of courage or confidence. Shak. FULL-HOT Full"-hot`, a. Defn: Very fiery. Shak. FULL HOUSE Full house. (Poker) Defn: A hand containing three of a kind and a pair, as three kings and two tens. It ranks above a flush and below four of a kind. FULLING Full"ing, n. Defn: The process of cleansing, shrinking, and thickening cloth by moisture, heat, and pressure. Fulling mill, a mill for fulling cloth as by means of pesties or stampers, which alternately fall into and rise from troughs where the cloth is placed with hot water and fuller's earth, or other cleansing materials. FULL-MANNED Full"-manned`, a. Defn: Completely furnished wiith men, as a ship. FULLMART Full"mart", n. Defn: See Foumart. B. Jonson. FULLNESS Full"ness, n. Defn: The state of being full, or of abounding; abundance; completeness. [Written also fulness.] "In thy presence is fullness of joy." Ps. xvi. 11. FULLONICAL Ful*lon"i*cal, a. Etym: [L. fullonicus, from fullo a cloth fuller.] Defn: Pertaining to a fuller of cloth. [Obs.] Blount. FULL-ORBED Full"-orbed` (, a. Defn: Having the orb or disk complete or fully illuminated; like the full moon. FULL-SAILED Full"-sailed`, a. Defn: Having all its sails set,; hence, without restriction or reservation. Massinger. FULL-WINGED Full"-winged`, a. 1. Having large and strong or complete wings. Shak. 2. Beady for flight; eager. [Archaic] Beau. & Fl. FULLY Ful"ly, adv. Defn: In a full manner or degree; completely; entirely; without lack or defect; adequately; satisfactorily; as, to be fully persuaded of the truth of a proposition. Fully committed (Law), committed to prison for trial, in distinction from being detained for examination. Syn. -- Completely; entirely; maturely; plentifuly; abundantly; plenteously; copiously; largely; amply; sufficiently; perfectly. FULMAR Ful"mar (fûlmär), n. Etym: [Icel. fulmar. See foul, and Man a gull.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of sea birds, of the family procellariidæ, allied to the albatrosses and petrels. Among the well- known species are the arctic fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) (called also fulmar petrel, malduck, and mollemock), and the giant fulmar (Ossifraga gigantea). FULMINANT Ful"mi*nant, a. Etym: [L. fulminans, p. pr. of fulminare to lighten: cf. F. fulminant.] Defn: Thundering; fulminating. [R.] Bailey. FULMINATE Ful"mi*nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fulminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Fulminating.] Etym: [L. fulminatus, p. p. of fulminare to lighten, strike with lightning, fr. fulmen thunderbolt, fr. fulgere to shine. See Fulgent, and cf. Fulmine.] 1. To thunder; hence, to make a loud, sudden noise; to detonate; to explode with a violent report. 2. To issue or send forth decrees or censures with the assumption of supreme authority; to thunder forth menaces. FULMINATE Ful"mi*nate, v. t. 1. To cause to explode. Sprat. 2. To utter or send out with denunciations or censures; -- said especially of menaces or censures uttered by ecclesiastical authority. They fulminated the most hostile of all decrees. De Quincey. FULMINATE Ful"mi*nate, n. Etym: [Cf. P. fulminate. See Fulminate, v. i.] (Chem.) (a) A salt of fulminic acid. See under Fulminic. (b) A fulminating powder. Fulminate of gold, an explosive compound of gold; -- called also fulminating gold, and aurum fulminans. FULMINATING Ful"mi*na"ting, a. 1. Thundering; exploding in a peculiarly sudden or violent manner. 2. Hurling denunciations, menaces, or censures. Fulminating oil, nitroglycerin. -- Fulminating powder (Chem.) any violently explosive powder, but especially one of the fulminates, as mercuric fulminate. FULMINATION Ful"mi*na`tion, n. Etym: [L. fulminatio a darting of lightning: cf. F. fulmination.] 1. The act of fulminating or exploding; detonation. 2. The act of thundering forth threats or censures, as with authority. 3. That which is fulminated or thundered forth; vehement menace or censure. The fulminations from the Vatican were turned into ridicule. Ayliffe. FULMINATORY Ful"mi*na*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fulminatoire.] Defn: Thundering; striking terror. Cotgrave. FULMINE Ful"mine, v. i. Etym: [F. fulminer. See Fulminate, v.] Defn: To thunder. [Obs.] Spenser. Milton. FULMINE Ful"mine, v. t. Defn: To shoot; to dart like lightning; to fulminate; to utter with authority or vehemence. She fulmined out her scorn of laws Salique. Tennyson. FULMINEOUS Ful*min"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. fulmen thunder.] Defn: Of, or concerning thunder. FULMINIC Ful*min"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fulminique.] Defn: Pertaining to fulmination; detonating; specifically (Chem.), pertaining to, derived from, or denoting, an acid, so called; as, fulminic acid. Fulminic acid (Chem.), a complex acid, H2C2N2O2, isomeric with cyanic and cyanuric acids, and not known in the free state, but forming a large class of highly explosive salts, the fulminates. Of these, mercuric fulminate, the most common, is used, mixed with niter, to fill percussion caps, charge cartridges, etc. -- Fulminic acid is made by the action of nitric acid on alcohol. FULMINURIC Ful"mi*nu"ric, a. Etym: [Fulminic + cyanuric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to fulminic and cyanuric acids, and designating an acid so called. Fulminuric acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, explosive subatance, H3C3N3O3, forming well known salts, and obtained from the fulnunates. It is isomeric with cyanuric acid, and hence is also called isocyanuric acid. FULNESS Ful"ness, n. Defn: See Fullness. FULNESS Ful"ness, n. Defn: See Fullness. FULSAMIC Ful*sam"ic, a. Etym: [See Fulsome.] Defn: Fulsome. [Obs.] FULSOME Ful"some, a. Etym: [Full, a. + -some.] 1. Full; abundant; plenteous; not shriveled. [Obs.] His lean, pale, hoar, and withered corpse grew fulsome, fair, and fresh. Golding. 2. Offending or disgusting by overfullness, excess, or grossness; cloying; gross; nauseous; esp., offensive from excess of praise; as, fulsome flattery. And lest the fulsome artifice should fail Themselves will hide its coarseness with a veil. Cowper. 3. Lustful; wanton; obscene; also, tending to obscenity. [Obs.] "Fulsome ewes." Shak. -- Ful"some*ly, adv. -- Ful"some*ness, n. Dryden. FULVID Ful"vid, a. Etym: [LL. fulvidus, fr. L. fulvus.] Defn: Fulvous. [R.] Dr. H. More. FULVOUS Ful"vous, a. Etym: [L. fulvus.] Defn: Tawny; dull yellow, with a mixture of gray and brown. Lindley. FUM Fum, v. i. Defn: To play upon a fiddle. [Obs.] Follow me, and fum as you go. B. Jonson. FUMACIOUS Fu*ma"cious, a. Etym: [From Fume.] Defn: Smoky; hence, fond of smoking; addicted to smoking tobacco. FUMADE; FUMADO Fu*made", Fu*ma"do (, n.; pl. Fumades, Fumadoes. Etym: [Sp. fumodo smoked, p. p. of fumar to smoke, fr. L. fumare. See Fume, v. i.] Defn: A salted and smoked fish, as the pilchard. FUMAGE Fu"mage, n. Etym: [OF. fumage, fumaige, fr. L. fumus smoke.] Defn: Hearth money. Fumage, or fuage, vulgarly called smoke farthings. Blackstone. FUMARATE Fu"ma*rate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of fumaric acid. FUMARIC Fu*mar"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, fumitory (Fumaria officinalis). Fumaric acid (Chem.), a widely occurring organic acid, exttracted from fumitory as a white crystallline substance, C2H2(CO2H)2, and produced artificially in many ways, as by the distillation of malic acid; boletic acid. It is found also in the lichen, Iceland moss, and hence was also called lichenic acid. FUMARINE Fu"ma*rine, n. Etym: [L. fumus smoke, fume.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid extracted from fumitory, as a white crystalline substance. FUMAROLE Fu"ma*role, n. Etym: [It. fumaruola, fr. fumo smoke, L. fumus: cf. F. fumerolle, fumarolle.] Defn: A hole or spot in a volcanic or other region, from which fumes issue. FUMATORIUM Fu`ma*to"ri*um, n.; L. pl. -ria (#). [NL., fr. L. fumare, fumatum, to smoke.] Defn: An air-tight compartment in which vapor may be generated to destroy germs or insects; esp., the apparatus used to destroy San José scale on nursery stock, with hydrocyanic acid vapor. FUMATORY Fu"ma*to*ry, n. Defn: See Fumitory. [Obs.] FUMBLE Fum"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fumbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Fumbling.] Etym: [Akin to D. fommelen to crumple, fumble, Sw. fumla to fusuble, famla to grope, Dan. famle to grope, fumble, Icel. falme, AS. folm palm of the hand. See Feel, and cf. Fanble, Palm.] 1. To feel or grope about; to make awkward attempts to do or find something. Adams now began to fumble in his pockets. Fielding. 2. To grope about in perplexity; to seek awkwardly; as, to fumble for an excuse. Dryden. My understanding flutters and my memory fumbles. Chesterfield. Alas! how he fumbles about the domains. Wordsworth. 3. To handle much; to play childishly; to turn over and over. I saw him fumble with the sheets, and play with flowers. Shak. FUMBLE Fum"ble, v. t. Defn: To handle or manage awkwardly; to crowd or tumble together. Shak. FUMBLER Fum"bler, n. Defn: One who fumbles. FUMBLINGLY Fum"bling*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of one who fumbles. FUME Fume, n. Etym: [L. fumus; akin to Skr. dh smoke, dh to shake, fan a flame, cf. Gr. fum smoke, F. fumée. Cf. Dust, n., Femerell, Thyme.] 1. Exhalation; volatile matter (esp. noxious vapor or smoke) ascending in a dense body; smoke; vapor; reek; as, the fumes of tobacco. The fumes of new shorn hay. T. Warton. The fumes of undigested wine. Dryden. 2. Rage or excitement which deprives the mind of self-control; as, the fumes of passion. South. 3. Anything vaporlike, unsubstantial, or' airy; idle conceit; vain imagination. A show of fumes and fancies. Bacon. 4. The incense of praise; inordinate flattery. To smother him with fumes and eulogies. Burton. In a fume, in ill temper, esp. from impatience. FUME Fume, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fumed; p. pr. & vb. n. Fuming.] Etym: [Cf. F. fumer, L. fumare to smoke. See Fume, n.] 1. To smoke; to throw off fumes, as in combustion or chemical action; to rise up, as vapor. Where the golden altar fumed. Milton. Silenus lay, Whose constant cups lay fuming to his brain. Roscommon. 2. To be as in a mist; to be dulled and stupefied. Keep his brain fuming. Shak. 3. To pass off in fumes or vapors. Their parts pre kept from fuming away by their fixity. Cheyne. 4. To be in a rage; to be hot with anger. He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground. Dryden. While her mother did fret, and her father did fume. Sir W. Scott. To tame away, to give way to excitement and displeasure; to storm; also, to pass off in fumes. FUME Fume, e. t. 1. To expose to the action of fumes; to treat with vapors, smoke, etc.; as, to bleach straw by fuming it with sulphur; to fill with fumes, vapors, odors, etc., as a room. She fumed the temple with an odorous flame. Dryden. 2. To praise inordinately; to flatter. They demi-deify and fume him so. Cowper. 3. To throw off in vapor, or as in the form of vapor. The heat will fume away most of the scent. Montimer. How vicious hearts fume frenzy to the brain! Young. FUMED OAK Fumed oak. (Cabinetwork) Defn: Oak given a weathered appearance by exposure in an air-tight compartment to fumes of ammonia from uncorked cans, being first given a coat of filler. FUMELESS Fume"less, a. Defn: Free from fumes. FUMER Fum"er, n. 1. One that fumes. 2. One who makes or uses perfumes. [Obs.] Embroiderers, feather makers, fumers. Beau. & Fl. FUMERELL Fu"mer*ell, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Femerell. FUMET Fu"met, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fumier dung, OF. femier, fr. L. fimus dung.] Defn: The dung of deer. B. Jonson. FUMET; FUMETTE Fu"met Fu*mette", n. Etym: [F. fumet odor, fume of wine or meat, fr. L. fumus smoke. See Fume, n.] Defn: The stench or high flavor of game or other meat when kept long. Swift. FUMETERE Fu"me*tere", n. Defn: Fumitory. [Obs.] FUMID Fu"mid, a. Etym: [L. fumidus, fr. fumus smoke. See Fume.] Defn: Smoky; vaporous. Sir T. Broune. FUMIDITY; FUMIDNESS Fu*mid"i*ty, Fu"mid*ness n. Defn: The state of being fumid; smokiness. FUMIFEROUS Fu*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. fumifer; fumus smoke + ferre to bear.] Defn: Producing smoke. FUMIFUGIST Fu*mif"u*gist, n. Etym: [L. fumus smoke + fugare to put to flight, fugere to flee.] Defn: One who, or that which, drives away smoke or fumes. FUMIFY Fu"mi*fy, v. t. Etym: [Fume + -fy.] Defn: To subject to the action of smoke. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. FUMIGANT Fu"mi*gant, a. Etym: [L. fumigans, p. pr. of fumigare. See Fumigate.] Defn: Fuming. [R.] FUMIGATE Fu"mi*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fumigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Fumigating.] Etym: [L. fumigate, p. p. of fumigare to fumigate, fr. fumus smoke. See Fume, n.] 1. To apply smoke to; to expose to smoke or vapor; to purify, or free from infection, by the use of smoke or vapors. 2. To smoke; to perfume. Dryden. FUMIGATION Fum`iga"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fumigation.] 1. The act of fumigating, or applying smoke or vapor, as for disinfection. 2. Vapor raised in the process of fumigating. FUMIGATOR Fu"mi*ga`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, fumigates; an apparattus for fumigating. FUMIGATORY Fu"mi*ga*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fumigatoire.] Defn: Having the quality of purifying by smoke. [R.] FUMILY Fum"i*ly, adv. Defn: Smokily; with fume. FUMING Fum"ing, a. Defn: Producing fumes, or vapors. Cadet's fuming liquid (Chem.), alkarsin. -- Fuming liquor of Libsvius (Old Chem.), stannic chloride; the chloride of tin, SnCl4, forming a colorless, mobile liquid which fumes in the air. Mixed with water it solidifies to the so-called butter of tin. -- Fuming sulphuric acid. (Chem.) Same as Disulphuric acid, uder Disulphuric. FUMINGLY Fum"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a fuming manner; angrily. "They answer fumingly." Hooker. FUMISH Fum"ish, a. Defn: Smoky; hot; choleric. FUMISH Fum"ish, a. Defn: Smoky; hot; choleric. FUMISHNESS Fum"ish*ness, n. Defn: Choler; fretfulness; passion. FUMITER Fu"mi*ter`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Fumitory. [Obs.] FUMITORY Fu"mi*to*ry, n. Etym: [OE. fumetere, F. fumeterre, prop., smoke of the ground, fr. L. fumus smoke + terra earth. See Fume, and Terrace.] (Bot.) Defn: The common uame of several species of the genus Fumaria, annual herbs of the Old World, with finely dissected leaves and small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. F. officinalis is a common species, and was formerly used as an antiscorbutic. Climbing fumitory (Bot.), the Alleghany vine (Adlumia cirrhosa); a biennial climbing plant with elegant feathery leaves and large clusters of pretty white or pinkish flowers looking like grains of rice. FUMMEL Fum"mel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A hinny. FUMOSITY Fu*mos"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. fumosité.] Defn: The fumes of drink. [Obs.] Chaucer. FUMOUS Fum"ous, a. Etym: [L. fumosus, fr. fumus smoke: cf. F. fumeux.] 1. Producing smoke; smoky. 2. Producing fumes; full of fumes. Garlic, onions, mustard, and such-like fumous things. Barough (1625). FUMY Fum"y, a. Defn: Producing fumes; fumous. "Drowned in fumy wine." H. Brooke. FUN Fun, n. Etym: [Perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. fonn pleasure.] Defn: Sport; merriment; frolicsome amusement. "Oddity, frolic, and fun." Goldsmith. To make fan of, to hold up to, or turn into, ridicule. FUNAMBULATE Fu*nam"bu*late, v. i. Etym: [See Funambulo.] Defn: To walk or to dance on a rope. FUNAMBULATION Fu*nam"bu*la`tion, n. Defn: Ropedancing. FUNAMBULATORY Fu*nam"bu*la`to*ry, a. 1. Performing like a ropedancer. Chambers. 2. Narrow, like the walk of a ropedancer. This funambulatory track. Sir T. Browne. FUNAMBULIST Fu*nam"bu*list, n. Defn: A ropewalker or ropedancer. FUNAMBULO; FUNAMBULUS Fu*nam"bu*lo, Fu*nam"bu*lus n. Etym: [Sp. funambulo, or It. funambolo, fr. L. funambulus; funis rope (perh. akin to E. bind) + ambulare to walk. See Amble, and cf. Funambulist.] Defn: A ropewalker or ropedancer. [Obs.] Bacon. FUNCTION Func"tion, n. Etym: [L. functio, fr. fungi to perform, execute, akin to Skr. bhuj to enjoy, have the use of: cf. F. fonction. Cf. Defunct.] 1. The act of executing or performing any duty, office, or calling; per formance. "In the function of his public calling." Swift. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The appropriate action of any special organ or part of an animal or vegetable organism; as, the function of the heart or the limbs; the function of leaves, sap, roots, etc.; life is the sum of the functions of the various organs and parts of the body. 3. The natural or assigned action of any power or faculty, as of the soul, or of the intellect; the exertion of an energy of some determinate kind. As the mind opens, and its functions spread. Pope. 4. The course of action which peculiarly pertains to any public officer in church or state; the activity appropriate to any business or profession. Tradesmen . . . going about their functions. Shak. The malady which made him incapable of performing his regal functions. Macaulay. 5. (Math.) Defn: A quantity so connected with another quantity, that if any alteration be made in the latter there will be a consequent alteration in the former. Each quantity is said to be a function of the other. Thus, the circumference of a circle is a function of the diameter. If x be a symbol to which different numerical values can be assigned, such expressions as x2, 3x, Log. x, and Sin. x, are all functions of x. Algebraic function, a quantity whose connection with the variable is expressed by an equation that involves only the algebraic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to a given power, and extracting a given root; -- opposed to transcendental function. -- Arbitrary function. See under Arbitrary. -- Calculus of functions. See under Calculus. -- Carnot's function (Thermo-dynamics), a relation between the amount of heat given off by a source of heat, and the work which can be done by it. It is approximately equal to the mechanical equivalent of the thermal unit divided by the number expressing the temperature in degrees of the air thermometer, reckoned from its zero of expansion. -- Circular functions. See Inverse trigonometrical functions (below). -- Continuous function, a quantity that has no interruption in the continuity of its real values, as the variable changes between any specified limits. -- Discontinuous function. See under Discontinuous. -- Elliptic functions, a large and important class of functions, so called because one of the forms expresses the relation of the arc of an ellipse to the straight lines connected therewith. -- Explicit function, a quantity directly expressed in terms of the independently varying quantity; thus, in the equations y = 6x2, y = 10 -x3, the quantity y is an explicit function of x. -- Implicit function, a quantity whose relation to the variable is expressed indirectly by an equation; thus, y in the equation x2 + y2 = 100 is an implicit function of x. -- Inverse trigonometrical functions, or Circular function, the lengths of arcs relative to the sines, tangents, etc. Thus, AB is the arc whose sine is BD, and (if the length of BD is x) is written sin - 1x, and so of the other lines. See Trigonometrical function (below). Other transcendental functions are the exponential functions, the elliptic functions, the gamma functions, the theta functions, etc. -- One-valued function, a quantity that has one, and only one, value for each value of the variable. -- Transcendental functions, a quantity whose connection with the variable cannot be expressed by algebraic operations; thus, y in the equation y = 10x is a transcendental function of x. See Algebraic function (above). -- Trigonometrical function, a quantity whose relation to the variable is the same as that of a certain straight line drawn in a circle whose radius is unity, to the length of a corresponding are of the circle. Let AB be an arc in a circle, whose radius OA is unity let AC be a quadrant, and let OC, DB, and AF be drawnpependicular to OA, and EB and CG parallel to OA, and let OB be produced to G and F. E Then BD is the sine of the arc AB; OD or EB is the cosine, AF is the tangent, CG is the cotangent, OF is the secant OG is the cosecant, AD is the versed sine, and CE is the coversed sine of the are AB. If the length of AB be represented by x (OA being unity) then the lengths of Functions. these lines (OA being unity) are the trigonometrical functions of x, and are written sin x, cos x, tan x (or tang x), cot x, sec x, cosec x, versin x, coversin x. These quantities are also considered as functions of the angle BOA. FUNCTION; FUNCTIONATE Func"tion, Func"tion*ate, v. i. Defn: To execute or perform a function; to transact one's regular or appointed business. FUNCTIONAL Func"tion*al, a. 1. Pertaining to, or connected with, a function or duty; official. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Pertaining to the function of an organ or part, or to the functions in general. Functional disease (Med.), a disease of which the symptoms cannot be referred to any appreciable lesion or change of structure; the derangement of an organ arising from a cause, often unknown, external to itself opposed to organic disease, in which the organ itself is affected. FUNCTIONALIZE Func"tion*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To assign to some function or office. [R.] FUNCTIONALLY Func"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a functional manner; as regards normal or appropriate activity. The organ is said to be functionally disordered. Lawrence. FUNCTIONARY Func"tion*a*ry, n.; pl. Functionaries. Etym: [Cf. F. fonctionnaire.] Defn: One charged with the performance of a function or office; as, a public functionary; secular functionaries. FUNCTIONLESS Func"tion*less, a. Defn: Destitute of function, or of an appropriate organ. Darwin. FUND Fund, n. Etym: [OF. font, fond, nom. fonz, bottom, ground, F. fond bottom, foundation, fonds fund, fr. L. fundus bottom, ground, foundation, piece of land. See Found to establish.] 1. An aggregation or deposit of resources from which supplies are or may be drawn for carrying on any work, or for maintaining existence. 2. A stock or capital; a sum of money appropriated as the foundation of some commercial or other operation undertaken with a view to profit; that reserve by means of which expenses and credit are supported; as, the fund of a bank, commercial house, manufacturing corporation, etc. 3. pl. Defn: The stock of a national debt; public securities; evidences (stocks or bonds) of money lent to government, for which interest is paid at prescribed intervals; -- called also public funds. 4. An invested sum, whose income is devoted to a specific object; as, the fund of an ecclesiastical society; a fund for the maintenance of lectures or poor students; also, money systematically collected to meet the expenses of some permanent object. 5. A store laid up, from which one may draw at pleasure; a supply; a full provision of resources; as, a fund of wisdom or good sense. An inexhaustible fund of stories. Macaulay. Sinking fund, the aggregate of sums of money set apart and invested, usually at fixed intervals, for the extinguishment of the debt of a government, or of a corporation, by the accumulation of interest. FUND Fund, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Funded; p. pr. & vb. n. Funding.] 1. To provide and appropriate a fund or permanent revenue for the payment of the interest of; to make permanent provision of resources (as by a pledge of revenue from customs) for discharging the interest of or principal of; as, to fund government notes. 2. To place in a fund, as money. 3. To put into the form of bonds or stocks bearing regular interest; as, to fund the floating debt. FUNDABLE Fund"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being funded, or converted into a fund; convertible into bonds. FUNDAMENT Fun"da*ment, n. Etym: [OE. fundament, fundement, fondement, OF. fundement, fondement, F. fondement, fr. L. fundamentum foundation, fr. fundare to lay the bottom, to found, fr. fundus bottom. See Fund.] 1. Foundation. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The part of the body on which one sits; the buttocks; specifically (Anat.), the anus. Hume. FUNDAMENTAL Fun`da*men"tal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. fondamental.] Defn: Pertaining to the foundation or basis; serving for the foundation. Hence: Essential, as an element, principle, or law; important; original; elementary; as, a fundamental truth; a fundamental axiom. The fundamental reasons of this war. Shak. Some fundamental antithesis in nature. Whewell. Fundamental bass (Mus.), the root note of a chord; a bass formed of the roots or fundamental tones of the chords. -- Fundamental chord (Mus.), a chord, the lowest tone of which is its root. -- Fundamental colors, red, green, and violet-blue. See Primary colors, under Color. FUNDAMENTAL Fun"da*men`tal, n. Defn: A leading or primary principle, rule, law, or article, which serves as the groundwork of a system; essential part, as, the fundamentals of the Christian faith. FUNDAMENTALLY Fun`da*men"tal*ly, adv. Defn: Primarily; originally; essentially; radically; at the foundation; in origin or constituents. "Fundamentally defective." Burke. FUNDED Fund"ed, a. 1. Existing in the form of bonds bearing regular interest; as, funded debt. 2. Invested in public funds; as, funded money. FUNDHOLDER Fund"hold"er, a. Defn: One who has money invested in the public funds. J. S. Mill. FUNDING Fund"ing, a. 1. Providing a fund for the payment of the interest or principal of a debt. 2. Investing in the public funds. Funding system, a system or scheme of finance or revenue by which provision is made for paying the interest or principal of a public debt. FUNDLESS Fund"less, a. Defn: Destitute of funds. FUNDUS Fun"dus, n. Etym: [L., bottom.] (Anat.) Defn: The bottom or base of any hollow organ; as, the fundus of the bladder; the fundus of the eye. FUNEBRIAL Fu*ne"bri*al, a. Etym: [L. funebris belonging to a funeral, fr. funus funeral.] Defn: Pertaining to a funeral or funerals; funeral; funereal. [Obs.] [Written also funebral.] Sir T. Browne. FUNEBRIOUS Fu*ne"bri*ous, a. Defn: Funebrial. [Obs.] FUNERAL Fu"ner*al, n. Etym: [LL. funeralia, prop. neut. pl. of funeralis of a funeral, fr. L. funus, funeris, funeral: cf. F. funérailles.] 1. The solemn rites used in the disposition of a dead human body, whether such disposition be by interment, burning, or otherwise; esp., the ceremony or solemnization of interment; obsequies; burial; -- formerly used in the plural. King James his funerals were performed very solemnly in the collegiate church at Westminster. Euller. 2. The procession attending the burial of the dead; the show and accompaniments of an interment. "The long funerals." Pope. 3. A funeral sermon; -- usually in the plural. [Obs.] Mr. Giles Lawrence preached his funerals. South. FUNERAL Fu"ner*al, a. Etym: [LL. funeralis. See Funeral, n.] Defn: Per. taining to a funeral; used at the interment of the dead; as, funeral rites, honors, or ceremonies. Shak. Funeral pile, a structure of combustible material, upon which a dead body is placed to be reduced to ashes, as part of a funeral rite; a pyre. -- Fu"ner*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. FUNERATE Fu"ner*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. funeratus, p. p. of funerare to funerate, fr. funus. See Funeral.] Defn: To bury with funeral rites. [Obs.] Cockeram. FUNERATION Fu`ner*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. funeratio.] Defn: The act of burying with funeral rites. [Obs.] Knatchbull. FUNEREAL Fu*ne"re*al, a. Etym: [L. funereus, fr. fentus a funeral.] Defn: Suiting a funeral; pertaining to burial; solemn. Hence: Dark; dismal; mournful. Jer. Taylor. What seem to us but sad funereal tapers May be heaven's distant lamps. Longfellow. -- Fu*ne"re*al*ly, adv. FUNEST Fu*nest", a. Etym: [L. funestus, fr. funus a funeral, destruction: cf. F. funeste.] Defn: Lamentable; doleful. [R.] "Funest and direful deaths." Coleridge. A forerunner of something very funest. Evelyn. FUNGAL Fun"gal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to fungi. FUNGATE Fun"gate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fongate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of fungic acid. [Formerly written also fungiate.] FUNGE Funge, n. Etym: [L. fungus mushroom, dolt.] Defn: A blockhead; a dolt; a fool. [Obs.] Burton. FUNGI Fun"gi, n. pl. (Bot.) Defn: See Fungus. FUNGIA Fun"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. fungus mushroom: cf. F. fongie.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of simple, stony corals; -- so called because they are usually flat and circular, with radiating plates, like the gills of a mushroom. Some of them are eighteen inches in diameter. FUNGIAN Fun"gi*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Fungidæ, a family of stony corals. -- n. Defn: One of the Fungidæ. FUNGIBLES Fun"gi*bles, n. pl. Etym: [LL. (res) fungibiles, probably fr. L. fungi to discharge. "A barbarous term, supposed to have originated in the use of the words functionem recipere in the Digeste." Bouvier. "Called fungibiles, quia una alterius vice fungitur." John Taylor (1755). Cf. Function.] 1. (Civ. Law) Defn: Things which may be furnished or restored in kind, as distinguished from specific things; -- called also fungible things. Burrill. 2. (Scots Law) Defn: Movable goods which may be valued by weight or measure, in contradistinction from those which must be judged of individually. Jamieson. FUNGIC Fun"gic, a. Etym: [L. fungus mushroom: cf. F. fungique, fongique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, mushrooms; as, fungic acid. FUNGICIDE Fun"gi*cide`, n. Etym: [Fungi + -cide, fr. L. caedere to kill.] Defn: Anything that kills fungi. -- Fun`gi*ci"dal, n. FUNGIFORM Fun"gi*form, a. Etym: [Eungus + -form: cf. F. fongiforme.] Defn: Shaped like a fungus or mushroom. Fungiform papillæ (Anat.), numerous small, rounded eminences on the upper surface of the tongue. FUNGI IMPERFECTI Fun"gi Im`per*fec"ti, pl. [L. imperfecti imperfect.] (Bot.) Defn: A heterogenous group of fungi of which the complete life history is not known. Some undoubtedly represent the conidium stages of various Ascomycetes. The group is divided into the orders Sphæropsidales, Melanconiales, and Moniliales. FUNGILLIFORM Fun*gil"li*form, a. Defn: Shaped like a small fungus. FUNGIN Fun"gin, n. Etym: [L. fungus mushroom: cf. F, fongine, fungine.] (Chem.) Defn: A name formerly given to cellulose found in certain fungi and mushrooms. FUNGITE Fun"gite, n. Etym: [L. fungus mushroom: cf. F. pongite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil coral resembling Fungia. FUNGIVOROUS Fun*giv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. fungus + vorare to eat freedily: cf. F. fangivore.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Eating fungi; -- said of certain insects and snails. FUNGOID Fun"goid, a. Etym: [Fungus + -oil: cf. F. fongoïde.] Defn: Like a fungus; fungous; spongy. FUNGOLOGIST Fun*gol"o*gist, n. Defn: A mycologist. FUNGOLOGY Fun*gol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Fungus + --logy.] Defn: Mycology. FUNGOSITY Fun*gos"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fungosité, fongosité.] Defn: The quality of that which is fungous; fungous excrescence. Dunglison. FUNGOUS Fun"gous, a. Etym: [L. fungosus: cf. F. fungueux.] 1. Of the nature of fungi; spongy. 2. Growing suddenly, but not substantial or durable. FUNGUS Fun"gus, n.; pl. L. Fungi, E. Funguses. Etym: [L., a mushroom; perh. akin to a doubtful Gr. sponge.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any one of the Fungi, a large and very complex group of thallophytes of low organization, -- the molds, mildews, rusts, smuts, mushrooms, toadstools, puff balls, and the allies of each. Note: The fungi are all destitute of chorophyll, and, therefore, to be supplied with elaborated nourishment, must live as saprophytes or parasites. They range in size from single microscopic cells to systems of entangled threads many feet in extent, which develop reproductive bodies as large as a man's head. The vegetative system consists of septate or rarely unseptate filaments called hyphæ; the aggregation of hyphæ into structures of more or less definite form is known as the mycelium. See Fungi, in the Supplement. 2. (Med.) Defn: A spongy, morbid growth or granulation in animal bodies, as the proud flesh of wounds. Hoblyn. FUNIC Fu"nic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Funicular. FUNICLE Fu"ni*cle, n. Etym: [L. funiculus, dim. of funis cord, rope: cf. F. funicule funicle (in sense 2). Cf. Funambulo.] (Bot.) 1. A small cord, ligature, or fiber. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The little stalk that attaches a seed to the placenta. FUNICULAR Fu*nic"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. funiculaire.] 1. Consisting of a small cord or fiber. 2. Dependent on the tension of a cord. 3. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to a funiculus; made up of, or resembling, a funiculus, or funiculi; as, a funicular ligament. Funicular action (Mech.), the force or action exerted by a rope in drawing together the supports to which its ends are Fastened, when acted upon by forces applied in a direction transverse to the rope, as in the archer's bow. -- Funicular curve. Same as Catenary. -- Funicular machine (Mech.), an apparatus for illustrating certain principles in statics, consisting of a cord or chain attached at one end to a fixed point, and having the other passed over a pulley and sustaining a weight, while one or more other weights are suspended from the cord at points between the fixed support and the pulley. -- Funicular polygon (Mech.), the polygonal figure assumed by a cord fastened at its extremities, and sustaining weights at different points. FUNICULATE Fu*nic"u*late, a. Defn: Forming a narrow ridge. FUNICULUS Fu*nic"u*lus, n.; pl. Funiculi. Etym: [L., a little cord. See Funicle.] 1. (Anat.) A cord, baud, or bundle of fibers; esp., one of the small bundles of fibers, of which large nerves are made up; applied also to different bands of white matter in the brain and spinal cord. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A short cord which connects the embryo of some myriapods with the amnion. (b) In Bryozoa, an organ extending back from the stomach. See Bryozoa, and Phylactolema. FUNILIFORM Fu*nil"i*form, a. Etym: [L. funis rope + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Resembling a cord in toughness and flexibility, as the roots of some endogenous trees. FUNIS Fu"nis, n. Etym: [L., a rope. ] Defn: A cord; specifically, the umbilical cord or navel string. FUNK Funk, n. Etym: [OE. funke a little fire; akin to Prov. E. funk touchwood, G. funke spark, and perh. to Goth. f fire.] Defn: An offensive smell; a stench. [Low] FUNK Funk, v. t. Defn: To envelop with an offensive smell or smoke. [Obs.] King. FUNK Funk, v. i. 1. To emit an offensive smell; to stink. 2. To be frightened, and shrink back; to flinch; as, to funk at the edge of a precipice. [Colloq.] C. Kingsley. To funk out, to back out in a cowardly fashion. [Colloq.] To funk right out o' political strife. Lowell (Biglow Papers). FUNK; FUNKING Funk, Funk"ing, n. Defn: A shrinking back through fear. [Colloq.] "The horrid panic, or funk (as the men of Eton call it)." De Quincey. FUNKY Funk"y, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, great fear, or funking. [Colloq. Eng.] FUNNEL Fun"nel, n. Etym: [OE. funel, fonel, prob. through OF. fr, L. fundibulum, infundibulum, funnel, fr. infundere to pour in; in in + fundere to pour; cf. Armor. founil funnel, W. ffynel air hole, chimney. See Fuse, v. t.] 1. A vessel of the shape of an inverted hollow cone, terminating below in a pipe, and used for conveying liquids into a close vessel; a tunnel. 2. A passage or avenue for a fluid or flowing substance; specifically, a smoke flue or pipe; the iron chimney of a steamship or the like. Funnel box (Mining), an apparatus for collecting finely crushed ore from water. Knight. -- Funnel stay (Naut.), one of the ropes or rods steadying a steamer's funnel. FUNNELFORM Fun"nel*form`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of a funnel, or tunnel; that is, expanding gradually from the bottom upward, as the corolla of some flowers; infundibuliform. FUNNY Fun"ny, a. [Compar. Funnier; superl. Funniest.] Etym: [From Fun.] Defn: Droll; comical; amusing; laughable. Funny bone. See crazy bone, under Crazy. FUNNY Fun"ny, n.; pl. Funnies (. Defn: A clinkerbuit, narrow boat for sculling. [Eng.] FUR Fur, n. Etym: [OE. furre, OF. forre, fuerre, sheatth, case, of German origin; cf. OHG. fuotar lining, case, G. futter; akin to Icel. f lining, Goth. f, scabbard; cf. Skr. p vessel, dish. The German and Icel. words also have the sense, fodder, but this was probably a different word originally. Cf. Fodder food, Fother, v. t., Forel, n.] 1. The short, fine, soft hair of certain animals, growing thick on the skin, and distinguished from the hair, which is longer and coarser. 2. The skins of certain wild animals with the fur; peltry; as, a cargo of furs. 3. Strips of dressed skins with fur, used on garments for warmth or for ornament. 4. pl. Defn: Articles of clothing made of fur; as, a set of furs for a lady (a collar, tippet, or cape, muff, etc.). Wrapped up in my furs. Lady M. W. Montagu. 5. Any coating considered as resembling fur; as: (a) A coat of morbid matter collected on the tongue in persons affected with fever. (b) The soft, downy covering on the skin of a peach. (c) The deposit formed on the interior of boilers and other vessels by hard water. 6. (Her.) Defn: One of several patterns or diapers used as tinctures. There are nine in all, or, according to some writers, only six. See Tincture. FUR Fur, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to furs; bearing or made of fur; as, a fur cap; the fur trade. Fur seal (Zoöl.) one of several species of seals of the genera Callorhinus and Arclocephalus, inhabiting the North Pacific and the Antarctic oceans. They have a coat of fine and soft fur which is highly prized. The northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) breeds in vast numbers on the Prybilov Islands, off the coast of Alaska; -- called also sea bear. FUR Fur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furred; p. pr. & vb. n. Furring.] 1. To line, face, or cover with fur; as, furred robes. "You fur your gloves with reason." Shak. 2. To cover with morbid matter, as the tongue. 3. (Arch.) To nail small strips of board or larger scantling upon, in order to make a level surface for lathing or boarding, or to provide for a space or interval back of the plastered or boarded surface, as inside an outer wall, by way of protection against damp. Gwill. FURACIOUS Fu*ra"cious, a. Etym: [L. furax, -racis thievish, from fur thief.] Defn: Given to theft; thievish. [Obs.] FURACITY Fu*rac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. furacitas.] Defn: Addictedness to theft; thievishness. [Obs.] FURBELOW Fur"be*low, n. Etym: [Prov. F. farbala, equiv. to F. falbala, It. falbalà.] Defn: A plaited or gathered flounce on a woman's garment. FURBELOW Fur"be*low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furbelowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Furbelowing.] Defn: To put a furbelow on; to ornament. FURBISH Fur"bish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furbished; p. pr. & vb. n. Furbishing.] Etym: [OE. forbischen, OF. forbir, furbir, fourbir, F. fourbir, fr. OHG. furban to clean. See -ish.] Defn: To rub or scour to brightness; to clean; to burnish; as, to furbish a sword or spear. Shak. Furbish new the name of John a Gaunt. Shak. FURBISHABLE Fur"bish*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being furbished. FURBISHER Fur"bish*er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fourbisseur.] Defn: One who furbishes; esp., a sword cutler, who finishes sword blades and similar weapons. FURCATE; FURCATED Fur"cate, Fur"ca*ted, a. Etym: [L. furca fork. See Fork.] Defn: Forked; branching like a fork; as, furcate twigs. FURCATION Fur*ca"tion, n. Defn: A branching like a. fork. FURCIFEROUS Fur*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. furcifer yoke bearer, scoundrel; furca fork, yoke, fork-shaped instrument of punishment + ferre to bear.] Defn: Rascally; scandalous. [R.] "Furciferous knaves." De Quincey. FURCULA Fur"cu*la, n. Etym: [L., a forked prop, dim. of furca a fork.] (Anat.) Defn: A forked process; the wishbone or furculum. FURCULAR Fur"cu*lar, a. Defn: Shaped like a fork; furcate. FURCULUM Fur"cu*lum, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. furca a fork.] (Anat.) Defn: The wishbone or merrythought of birds, formed by the united clavicles. FURDLE Fur"dle, v. t. Etym: [See Fardel, and cf. Furl.] Defn: To draw up into a bundle; to roll up. [Ods.] FURFUR Fur"fur, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Scurf; dandruff. FURFURACEOUS Fur"fu*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [L. furfuraceus.] Defn: Made of bran; like bran; scurfy. FURFURAN Fur"fu*ran, n. Etym: [L. furfur bran.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, oily substance, C4H4O, obtained by distilling certain organic substances, as pine wood, salts of pyromucic acid, etc.; -- called also tetraphenol. FURFURATION Fur"fu*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. furfur bran, scurf.] Defn: Falling of scurf from the head; desquamation. FURFURINE Fur"fu*rine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline base, obtained indirectly from furfurol. FURFUROL Fur"fu*rol, n. Etym: [L. furfur bran + oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless oily liquid, C4H3O.CHO, of a pleasant odor, obtained by the distillation of bran, sugar, etc., and regarded as an aldehyde derivative of furfuran; -- called also furfural. FURFUROUS Fur"fu*rous, a. Defn: Made of bran; furfuraceous. [R.] "Furfurous bread." Sydney Smith. FURIAL Fu"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. furialis: cf. OF. furial.] Defn: Furious; raging; tormenting. [Obs.] Chaucer. FURIBUNDAL Fu`ri*bun"dal, a. Etym: [L. furibundus, fr. furere to rage.] Defn: Full of rage. [Obs.] G. Harvey. FURIES Fu"ries, n. pl. Defn: See Fury, 3. FURILE Fu"rile, n. Etym: [Furfurol + benzile.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow, crystalline substance, (C4H3O)2.C2O2, obtained by the oxidation of furoin. [Written also furil.] FURILIC Fu*ril"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, furile; as, furilic acid. FURIOSO Fu"ri*o"so, a.& adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: With great force or vigor; vehemently. FURIOUS Fu"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. furiosus, fr. furia rage, fury: cf. F. furieux. See Fury.] 1. Transported with passion or fury; raging; violent; as, a furious animal. 2. Rushing with impetuosity; moving with violence; as, a furious stream; a furious wind or storm. Syn. -- Impetuous; vehement; boisterous; fierce; turbulent; tumultuous; angry; mad; frantic; frenzied. -- Fu"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Fu"ri*ous*ness, n. FURL Furl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furld; p. pr. & vb. n. Furling.] Etym: [Contr. fr. furdle, fr. fardel bundle: cf. F. ferler to furl, OF. fardeler to pack. See Furdle, Fardel, and cf. Farl.] Defn: To draw up or gather into close compass; to wrap or roll, as a sail, close to the yard, stay, or mast, or, as a flag, close to or around its staff, securing it there by a gasket or line. Totten. FURLONG Fur"long, n. Etym: [OE. furlong, furlang, AS. furlang, furlung, prop., the length of a furrow; furh furrow + lang long. See Furrow, and Long, a.] Defn: A measure of length; the eighth part of a mile; forty rods; two hundred and twenty yards. FURLOUGH Fur"lough, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. D. verlof, fr. a prefix akin to E. for + the root of E. lief, and akin to Dan. forlov, Sw. förlof, G. verlaub permission. See Life, a.] (Mil.) Defn: Leave of abserice; especially, leave given to an offcer or soldier to be absent from service for a certain time; also, the document granting leave of absence. FURLOUGH Fur"lough, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furloughed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Furloughing.] (Mil.) Defn: To furnish with a furlough; to grant leave of absence to, as to an offcer or soldier. FURMONTY; FURMITY Fur"mon*ty, Fur"mi*ty n. Defn: Same as Frumenty. FURNACE Fur"nace, n. Etym: [OE. fornais, forneis, OF. fornaise, F. fournaise, from L. fornax; akin to furnus oven, and prob. to E. forceps.] 1. An inclosed place in which heat is produced by the combustion of fuel, as for reducing ores or melting metals, for warming a house, for baking pottery, etc.; as, an iron furnace; a hot-air furnace; a glass furnace; a boiler furnace, etc. Note: Furnaces are classified as wind or air. furnaces when the fire is urged only by the natural draught; as blast furnaces, when the fire is urged by the injection artificially of a forcible current of air; and as reverberatory furnaces, when the flame, in passing to the chimney, is thrown down by a low arched roof upon the materials operated upon. 2. A place or time of punishment, affiction, or great trial; severe experience or discipline. Deut. iv. 20. Bustamente furnace, a shaft furnace for roasting quicksilver ores. -- Furnace bridge, Same as Bridge wall. See Bridge, n., 5. -- Furnace cadmiam or cadmia, the oxide of zinc which accumulates in the chimneys of furnaces smelting zinciferous ores. Raymond. -- Furnace hoist (Iron Manuf.), a lift for raising ore, coal, etc., to the mouth of a blast furnace. FURNACE Fur"nace, n. 1. To throw out, or exhale, as from a furnace; also, to put into a furnace. [Obs. or R.] He furnaces The thick sighe from him. Shak. FURNIMENT Fur"ni*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fourniment. See Furnish.] Defn: Furniture. [Obs.] Spenser. FURNISH Fur"nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furnished; p. pr. & vb. n. Furnishing.] Etym: [OF. furnir, fornir, to furnish, finish, F. fournir; akin to Pr. formir, furmir, fromir, to accomplish, satisfy, fr. OHG. frumjan to further, execute, do, akin to E. frame. See Frame, v. t., and - ish.] 1. To supply with anything necessary, useful, or appropriate; to provide; to equip; to fit out, or fit up; to adorn; as, to furnish a family with provisions; to furnish one with arms for defense; to furnish a Cable; to furnish the mind with ideas; to furnish one with knowledge or principles; to furnish an expedition or enterprise, a room or a house. That the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works. 2 Tim. iii. 17, 2. To offer for use; to provide (something); to give (something); to afford; as, to furnish food to the hungry: to furnish arms for defense. Ye are they . . . that furnish the drink offering unto that number. Is. lxv. 11. His writings and his life furnish abundant proofs that he was not a man of strong sense. Macaulay. FURNISH Fur"nish, n. Defn: That which is furnished as a specimen; a sample; a supply. [Obs.] Greene. FURNISHER Fur"nish*er, n. Defn: One who supplies or fits out. FURNISHMENT Fur"nish*ment, n. Defn: The act of furnishing, or of supplying furniture; also, furniture. [Obs.] Daniel. FURNITURE Fur"ni*ture, n. Etym: [F. fourniture. See Furnish, v. t.] 1. That with which anything is furnished or supplied; supplies; outfit; equipment. The form and all the furniture of the earth. Tillotson. The thoughts which make the furniture of their minds. M. Arnold. 2. Articles used for convenience or decoration in a house or apartment, as tables, chairs, bedsteads, sofas, carpets, curtains, pictures, vases, etc. 3. The necessary appendages to anything, as to a machine, a carriage, a ship, etc. (a) (Naut.) The masts and rigging of a ship. (b) (Mil.) The mountings of a gun. (c) Builders' hardware such as locks, door and window trimmings. (d) (Print) Pieces of wood or metal of a lesser height than the type, placed around the pages or other matter in a form, and, with the quoins, serving to secure the form in its place in the chase. 4. (Mus.) Defn: A mixed or compound stop in an organ; -- sometimes called mixture. FUROIN Fu"ro*in, n. Etym: [See Furfurol.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, crystalline substance, C10H8O4, from furfurol. FURORE Fu*ro"re, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: Excitement; commotion; enthusiasm. FURRIER Fur"ri*er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fourreur.] Defn: A dealer in furs; one who makes or sells fur goods. FURRIERY Fur"ri*er*y, n. 1. Furs, in general. Tooke. 2. The business of a furrier; trade in furs. FURRING Fur"ring, n. 1. (Carp.) (a) The leveling of a surface, or the preparing of an air space, by means of strips of board or of larger pieces. See Fur, v. t., 3. (b) The strips thus laid on. 2. (Shipbuilding) Defn: Double planking of a ship's side. 3. A deposit from water, as on the inside of a boiler; also, the operation of cleaning away this deposit. FURROW Fur"row, n. Etym: [OE. forow, forgh, furgh, AS. furh; akin to D. voor, OHG. furuh, G. furche, Dan. fure, Sw. f, Icel. for drain, L. porca ridge between two furrows.] 1. A trench in the earth made by, or as by, a plow. 2. Any trench, channel, or groove, as in wood or metal; a wrinkle on the face; as, the furrows of age. Farrow weed a weed which grows on plowed land. Shak. -- To draw a straight furrow, to live correctly; not to deviate from the right line of duty. Lowell. FURROW Fur"row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furrowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Furrowing.] Etym: [From Furrow, n.; cf. AS. fyrian.] 1. To cut a furrow in; to make furrows in; to plow; as, to furrow the ground or sea. Shak. 2. To mark with channels or with wrinkles. Thou canst help time to furrow me with age. Shak. Fair cheeks were furrowed with hot tears. Byron. FURROWY Fur"row*y, a. Defn: Furrowed. [R.] Tennyson. FURRY Fur"ry, a. Etym: [From Fur.] 1. Covered with fur; dressed in fur. "Furry nations." Thomson. 2. Consisting of fur; as, furry spoils. Dryden. 3. Resembling fur. FURTHER Fur"ther, adv. Etym: [A comparative of forth; OE. further, forther, AS. fur, far; akin to G. fürder. See Forth, adv.] Defn: To a greater distance; in addition; moreover. See Farther. Carries us, I know not how much further, into familiar company. M. Arnold. They sdvanced us far as Eleusis and Thria; but no further. Jowett (Thucyd. ). Further off, not so near; apart by a greater distance. FURTHER Fur"ther, a. compar. [Positive wanting; superl. Furthest.] 1. More remote; at a greater distance; more in advance; farther; as, the further end of the field. See Farther. 2. Beyond; additional; as, a further reason for this opinion; nothing further to suggest. Note: The forms further and farther are in general not differentiated by writers, but further is preferred by many when application to quantity or degree is implied. FURTHER Fur"ther", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Furthered; p. pr. & vb. n. Furthering.] Etym: [OE. furthren, forthren, AS. fyredhran, fyredhrian. See Further, adv.] Defn: To help forward; to promote; to advance; to forward; to help or assist. This binds thee, then, to further my design. Dryden. I should nothing further the weal public. Robynsom (More's Utopia). FURTHERANCE Fur"ther*ance, n. Defn: The act of furthering or helping forward; promotion; advancement; progress. I know that I shall abide and continue with you all for your furthersnce and joy of faith. Phil. i. 25. Built of furtherance and pursuing, Not of spent deeds, but of doing. Emerson. FURTHERER Fur"ther*er, n. Defn: One who furthers. or helps to advance; a promoter. Shak. FURTHERMORE Fur"ther*more", adv. Defn: or conj. Moreover; besides; in addition to what has been said. FURTHERMOST Fur"ther*most", a. Defn: Most remote; furthest. FURTHERSOME Fur"ther*some, a. Defn: Tending to further, advance, or promote; helpful; advantageous. [R.] You will not find it furthersome. Carlyle. FURTHEST Fur"thest, a. Defn: superl. Most remote; most in advance; farthest. See Further, a. FURTHEST Fur"thest, adv. Defn: At the greatest distance; farthest. FURTIVE Fur"tive, a. Etym: [L. furtivus, fr. furtum theft, fr. fur thief, akin to ferre to bear: cf. F. furtif. See Fertile.] Defn: Stolen; obtained or characterized by stealth; sly; secret; stealthy; as, a furtive look. Prior. A hasty and furtive ceremony. Hallam. FURTIVELY Fur"tive*ly, adv. Defn: Stealthily by theft. Lover. FURUNCLE Fu"run*cle, n. Etym: [L. furunculus a petty thief, a boil, dim. of fur thief: cf. F. furoncle.] (Med.) Defn: A superficial, inflammatory tumor, suppurating with a central core; a boil. FURUNCULAR Fu*run"cu*lar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a furuncle; marked by the presence of furuncles. FURY Fu"ry, n. Etym: [L. fur.] Defn: A thief. [Obs.] Have an eye to your plate, for there be furies. J. Fleteher. FURY Fu"ry, n.; pl. Furies. Etym: [L. furia, fr. furere to rage: cf. F. furie. Cf. Furor.] 1. Violent or extreme excitement; overmastering agitation or enthusiasm. Her wit began to be with a divine fury inspired. Sir P. Sidney. 2. Violent anger; extreme wrath; rage; -- sometimes applied to inanimate things, as the wind or storms; impetuosity; violence. "Fury of the wind." Shak. I do oppose my patience to his fury. Shak. 3. pl. (Greek Myth.) The avenging deities, Tisiphone, Alecto, and Megæra; the Erinyes or Eumenides. The Furies, they said, are attendants on justice, and if the sun in heaven should transgress his path would punish him. Emerson. 4. One of the Parcæ, or Fates, esp. Atropos. [R.] Comes the blind Fury with the abhorred shears, And slits the thin- spun life. Milton. 5. A stormy, turbulent violent woman; a hag; a vixen; a virago; a termagant. Syn. -- Anger; indignation; resentment; wrath; ire; rage; vehemence; violence; fierceness; turbulence; madness; frenzy. See Anger. FURZE Furze, n. Etym: [OE. firs, As. fyrs.] (Bot.) Defn: A thorny evergreen shrub (Ulex Europæus), with beautiful yellow flowers, very common upon the plains and hills of Great Britain; -- called also gorse, and whin. The dwarf furze is Ulex nanus. FURZECHAT Furze"chat", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The whinchat; -- called also furzechuck. FURZELING Furze"ling, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An English warbler (Melizophilus provincialis); -- called also furze wren, and Dartford warbler. FURZEN Furz"en, a. Defn: Furzy; gorsy. [Obs.] Holland. FURZY Furz"y, a. a. Defn: bounding in, or overgrown with, furze; characterized by furze. Gay. FUSAIN Fu"sain", n. Etym: [F., the spindle tree; also, charcoal made from it.] (Eine Arts) (a) Fine charcoal of willow wood, used as a drawing implement. (b) A drawing made with it. See Charcoal, n. 2, and Charcoal drawing, under Charcoal. FUSAROLE Fu"sa*role, n. Etym: [F. fusarolle, fr. It. fusaruolo, fr. fuso spindle, shaft of a column. See Fusee a conical wheel.] (Arch.) Defn: A molding generally placed under the echinus or quarter round of capitals in the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders of architecture. FUSCATION Fus*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. fuscare, fuscatum, to make dark, fr. fuscus dark.] Defn: A darkening; obscurity; obfuscation. [R.] Blount. FUSCIN Fus"cin, n. Etym: [L. fuscus dark-colored, tawny.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A brown, nitrogenous pigment contained in the retinal epithelium; a variety of melanin. FUSCINE Fus"cine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A dark-colored substance obtained from empyreumatic animal oil. [R.] FUSCOUS Fus"cous, a. Etym: [L. fuscus.] Defn: Brown or grayish black; darkish. Sad and fuscous colors, as black or brown, or deep purple and the like. Burke. FUSE Fuse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fused (fuzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Fusing.] Etym: [L. fusus, p. p. of fundere to pour, melt, cast. See Foundo to cast, and cf. Futile.] 1. To liquefy by heat; to render fiuid; to dissolve; to melt. 2. To unite or blend, as if melted together. Whose fancy fuses old and new. Tennyson. FUSE Fuse, v. i. 1. To be reduced from a solid to a Quid state by heat; to be melted; to melt. 2. To be blended, as if melted together. Fusing point, the degree of temperature at which a substance melts; the point of fusion. FUSE Fuse, n. Etym: [For fusee, fusil. See 2d Fusil.] (Gunnery, Mining, etc.) Defn: A tube or casing filled with combustible matter, by means of which a charge of powder is ignited, as in blasting; -- called also fuzee. See Fuze. Fuse hole, the hole in a shell prepared for the reception of the fuse. Farrow. FUSEE Fu*see", n. Etym: [See 2d Fusil, and cf. Fuse, n.] 1. A flintlock gun. See 2d Fusil. [Obs.] 2. A fuse. See Fuse, n. 3. A kind of match for lighting a pipe or cigar. (Railroad) Defn: A small packet of explosive material with wire appendages allowing it to be conveniently attached to a railroad track. It will explode with a loud report when run over by a train, and is used to provide a warning signal to the engineer. FUSEE Fu*see", n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: The track of a buck. Ainsworth. FUSEE Fu*see", n. Etym: [F. fusée a spindleful, fusee, LL. fusata, fr. fusare to use a spindle, L. fusus spindle.] (a) The cone or conical wheel of a watch or clock, designed to equalize the power of the mainspring by having the chain from the barrel which contains the spring wind in a spiral groove on the surface of the cone in such a manner that the diameter of the cone at the point where the chain acts may correspond with the degree of tension of the spring. (b) A similar wheel used in other machinery. FUSEL; FUSEL OIL Fu"sel, n., Fu"sel oil. Etym: [G. fusel bad liquor.] (Chem.) Defn: A hot, acrid, oily liquid, accompanying many alcoholic liquors (as potato whisky, corn whisky, etc.), as an undesirable ingredient, and consisting of several of the higher alcohols and compound ethers, but particularly of amyl alcohol; hence, specifically applied to amyl alcohol. FUSELAGE Fu"se*lage, n. (Aëronautics) Defn: An elongated body or frame of an aëroplane or flying machine; sometimes, erroneously, any kind of frame or body. Many aëroplanes have no fuselage, properly so called. FUSE PLUG; FUZE PLUG Fuse, or Fuze, plug . 1. (Ordnance) Defn: A plug fitted to the fuse hole of a shell to hold the fuse. 2. A fusible plug that screws into a receptacle, used as a fuse in electric wiring. FUSIBILITY Fu"si*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fusibilité.] Defn: The quality of being fusible. FUSIBLE Fu"si*ble, a. Etym: [F. fusible. See Fuse, v. t.] Defn: CapabIe of being melted or liquefied. Fusible metal, any alloy of different metals capable of being easily fused, especially an alloy of five parts of bismuth, three of lead, and two of tin, which melts at a temperature below that of boiling water. Ure. -- Fusible plug (Steam Boiler), a piece of easily fusible alloy, placed in one of the sheets and intended to melt and blow off the steam in case of low water. FUSIFORM Fu"si*form, a. Etym: [L. fusus spindle + -form: cf. F. fusiforme.] Defn: Shaped like a spindle; tapering at each end; as, a fusiform root; a fusiform cell. FUSIL Fu"sil, a. Etym: [L. fusilis molten, fluid, fr. fundere, fusum, to pour, cast. See Fuse, v. t.] 1. Capable of being melted or rendered fluid by heat; fusible. [R.] "A kind of fusil marble" Woodward. 2. Running or flowing, as a liquid. [R.] "A fusil sea." J. Philips. 3. Formed by melting and pouring into a mold; cast; founded. [Obs.] Milton. FUSIL Fu"sil, n. Etym: [F. fusil, LL. fosile a steel for kindling fire, from L. focus hearth, fireplace, in LLL. fire. See Focus, and cf. Fusee a firelock.] Defn: A light kind of flintlock musket, formerly in use. FUSIL Fu"sil, n. Etym: [See 3d Fusee.] (Her.) Defn: A bearing of a rhomboidal figure; -- named from its shape, which resembles that of a spindle. Note: It differs from a lozenge in being longer in proportion to its width. FUSILE Fu"sile, a. Defn: Same as Fusil, a. FUSILEER; FUSILIER Fu"sil*eer", Fu"sil*ier", n. Etym: [F. fusilier, fr. fusil.] (Mil.) (a) Formerly, a soldier armed with a fusil. Hence, in the plural: (b) A title now borne by some regiments and companies; as, "The Royal Fusiliers," etc. FUSILLADE Fu"sil*lade", n. Etym: [F. fusillade, cf. It. fucilata. See Fusil a firelock.] (Mil.) Defn: A simultaneous discharge of firearms. FUSILLADE Fu"sil*lade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Fusillader; p. pr. & vb. n. Fusillading.] Defn: To shoot down of shoot at by a simultaneous discharge of firearms. FUSION Fu"sion, n. Etym: [L. fusio, fr. fundere, fusum to pour, melt: cf. F. fusion. See Fuse, v. t., aud cf, Foison.] 1. The act or operation of melting or rendering fluid by heat; the act of melting together; as, the fusion of metals. 2. The state of being melted or dissolved by heat; a state of fluidity or flowing in consequence of heat; as, metals in fusion. 3. The union or blending together of things, as, melted together. The universal fusion of races, languages, and customs . . . had produced a corresponding fusion of creeds. C. Kingsley. Watery fusion (Chem.) the melting of certain crystals by heat in their own water of crystallization. 4. (Biol.) Defn: The union, or binding together, of adjacent parts or tissues. FUSOME Fu"some, a. Etym: [AS. f to hasten, fr. f ready, prompt, quick; akin to OS. f, OHG. funs, Icel. fuss willing; prob. from the root of E. find.] Defn: Handy; reat; handsome; notable. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. FUSS Fuss, n. Etym: [Cf. Fusome.] 1. A tumult; a bustle; unnecessary or annoying ado about trifles. Byron. Zealously, assiduously, and with a minimum of fuss or noise Carlyle. 2. One who is unduly anxious about trifles. [R.] I am a fuss and I don't deny it. W. D. Howell. FUSS Fuss, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Fussed; p. pr. & vb. n. Fussing.] Defn: To be overbusy or unduly anxious about trifles; to make a bustle or ado. Sir W. Scott. FUSSILY Fuss"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a fussy manner. Byron. FUSSINESS Fuss"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being fussy. FUSSY Fuss"y, a. [Compar. Fussier; superl Fussiest.] Defn: Making a fuss; disposed to make an unnecessary ado about trifles; overnice; fidgety. Not at all fussy about his personal appearance. R. G. White. FUST Fust, n. Etym: [OF. fust, F. f, fr. L. fustis stick staff.] (Arch.) Defn: The shaft of a column, or trunk of pilaster. Gwilt. FUST Fust, n. Etym: [OF. fust cask, F. f cask, taste or smell of the caak, fustiness, cf. sentir le f to taste of the cask. See 1st Fust.] Defn: A strong, musty smell; mustiness. FUST Fust, v. i. Defn: To become moldy; to smell ill. [Obs.] FUSTED Fust"ed, a. Defn: Moldy; ill-smelling. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. FUSTERIC Fus"ter*ic, n. Defn: The coloring matter of fustet. Ure. FUSTET Fus"tet, n. Etym: [F. fustet (cf. Sp. & Pg. fustete), LL. fustetus, fr. L. fustis stick, in LL., tree, See 1st Fust, and cf. Fustic.] Defn: The wood of the Rhus Cptinus or Venice sumach, a shrub of Southern Europe, which yields a fine orange color, which, however, is not durable without a mordant. Ure. FUSTIAN Fus"tian, n. Etym: [OE. fustan, fustian, OF. fustaine, F. futaine, It. fustagno, fr. LL. fustaneum, fustanum; cf. Pr. fustani, Sp. fustan. So called from Fustat, i. e., Cairo, where it was made.] 1. A kind of coarse twilled cotton or cotton and linen stuff, including corduroy, velveteen, etc. 2. An inflated style of writing; a kind of writing in which high- sounding words are used,' above the dignity of the thoughts or subject; bombast. Claudius . . . has run his description into the most wretched fustian. Addison. FUSTIAN Fus"tian, a. 1. Made of fustian. 2. Pompous; ridiculously tumid; inflated; bombastic; as, fustian history. Walpole. FUSTIANIST Fus"tian*ist, n. Defn: A writer of fustian. [R.] Milton. FUSTIC Fus"tic, n. Etym: [F. fustoc, Sp. fustoc. Cf. Fustet.] Defn: The wood of the Maclura tinctoria, a tree growing in the West Indies, used in dyeing yellow; -- called also old fustic. [Written also fustoc.] Note: Other kinds of yellow wood are often called fustic; as that of species of Xanthoxylum, and especially the Rhus Cotinus, which is sometimes called young fustic to distinguish it from the Maclura. See Fustet. FUSTIGATE Fus"ti*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. fustigare, fr. fustis stick. See 1st Fust.] Defn: To cudgel. [R.] Bailey. FUSTIGATION Fus"ti*ga"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. fustigation.] Defn: A punishment by beating with a stick or club; cudgeling. This satire, composed of actual fustigation. Motley. FUSTILARIAN Fus"ti*la"ri*an, n. Etym: [From Fusty.] Defn: A low fellow; a stinkard; a scoundrel. [Obs.] Shak. FUSTILUG; FUSTILUGS Fus"ti*lug` (, Fus"ti*lugs`, n. Etym: [Fusty + lug someting heavy, to be drawn or carried.] Defn: A gross, fat, unwieldy person. [Obs.] F. Junius. FUSTINESS Fus"ti*ness, n. Defn: A fusty state or quality; moldiness; mustiness; an ill smell from moldiness. FUSTY Fusty, a. [Compar. Fustier; superl Fustiest.] Etym: [See 2d Fust.] 1. Moldy; musty; ill-smelling; rank. "A fusty plebeians." Shak. 2. Moping. [Archaic] A melancholy, fusty humor. Pepys. FUSURE Fu"sure, n. Etym: [L. fusura, fr. fundere, fusum. See Fuse, v. t.] Defn: Act of fusing; fusion. [R.] FUTCHEL Futch"el, n. Defn: The jaws between which the hinder end of a carriage tongue is inserted. Knight. FUTHORC; FUTHORK Fu"thorc Fu"thork, n. [Written also futharc, futhark.] Defn: The Runic alphabet; -- so called from the six letters f, u, þ (th), o (or a), r, c (=k). The letters are called Runes and the alphabet bears the name Futhorc from the first six letters. I. Taylor. The spelling futharc represents most accurately the original values of these six Runic letters. FUTILE Fu"tile, a. Etym: [L. futilis that easily pours out, that easily lets loose, vain, worthless, from the root of fundere to pour out: cf. F. futile. See Fuse, v. t.] 1. Talkative; loquacious; tattling. [Obs.] Talkers and futile persons. Bacon. 2. Of no importance; answering no useful end; useless; vain; worthless. "Futile theories." I. Taylor. His reasoning . . . was singularly futile. Macaulay. FUTILELY Fu"tile*ly, adv. Defn: In a futile manner. FUTILITY Fu"til`i*ty, n. Etym: [L. futilitas: cf. F. futilité.] 1. The quality of being talkative; talkativeness; loquaciousness; loquacity. [Obs.] 2. The quality of producing no valuable effect, or of coming to nothing; uselessness. The futility of this mode of philosophizing. Whewell. FUTILOUS Fu"til*ous, a. Defn: Futile; trifling. [Obs.] FUTTOCK Fu"ttock, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupted fr. foothook.] (Naut.) Defn: One of the crooked timbers which are scarfed together to form the lower part of the compound rib of a vessel; one of the crooked transverse timbers passing across and over the keel. Futtock plates (Naut.), plates of iron to which the dead-eyes of the topmast rigging are secured. -- Futtock shrouds, short iron shrouds leading from the upper part of the lower mast or of the main shrouds to the edge of the top, or through it, and connecting the topmast rigging with the lower mast. Totten. FUTURABLE Fu"tur*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being future; possible to occur. [R.] Not only to things future, but futurable. Fuller. FUTURE Fu"ture, a. Etym: [F. futur, L. futurus, used as fut. p. of esse to be, but from the same root as E. be. See Be, v. i.] Defn: That is to be or come hereafter; that will exist at any time after the present; as, the next moment is future, to the present. Future tense (Gram.), the tense or modification of a verb which expresses a future act or event. FUTURE Fu"ture, n. Etym: [Cf. F. futur. See Future, a.] 1. Time to come; time subsequent to the present (as, the future shall be as the present); collectively, events that are to happen in time to come. "Lay the future open." Shak. 2. The possibilities of the future; -- used especially of prospective success or advancement; as, he had great future before him. 3. (Gram.) Defn: A future tense. To deal in futures, to speculate on the future values of merchandise or stocks. [Brokers' cant] FUTURELESS Fu"ture*less, a. Defn: Without prospect of betterment in the future. W. D. Howells. FUTURELY Fu"ture*ly, adv. Defn: In time to come. [Obs.] Raleigh. FUTURISM Fu"tur*ism, n. (Painting) Defn: A movement or phase of post-impressionism (which see, below). FUTURIST Fu"tur*ist, n. 1. One whose chief interests are in what is to come; one who anxiously, eagerly, or confidently looks forward to the future; an expectant. 2. (Theol.) Defn: One who believes or maintains that the fulfillment of the prophecies of the Bible is to be in the future. FUTURITIAL Fu`tu*ri"tial, a. Defn: Relating to what is to come; pertaining to futurity; future. [R.] FUTURITION Fu`tu*ri"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. futurition.] Defn: The state of being future; futurity. [R.] Nothing . . . can have this imagined futurition, but as it is decreed. Coleridge. FUTURITY Fu*tu"ri*ty, n.; pl. Futurities (. 1. State of being that is yet to come; future state. 2. Future time; time to come; the future. 3. Event to come; a future event. All futurities are naked before the All-seeing Eye. South. FUZE Fuze, n. Defn: A tube, filled with combustible matter, for exploding a shell, etc. See Fuse, n. Chemical fuze, a fuze in which substances separated until required for action are then brought into contact, and uniting chemically, produce explosion. -- Concussion fuze, a fuze ignited by the striking of the projectile. -- Electric fuze, a fuze which is ignited by heat or a spark produced by an electric current. -- Friction fuze, a fuze which is ignited by the heat evolved by friction. -- Percussion fuze, a fuze in which the ignition is produced by a blow on some fulminating compound. -- Time fuze, a fuze adapted, either by its length or by the character of its composition, to burn a certain time before producing an explosion. FUZZ Fuzz, v. t. Defn: To make drunk. [Obs.] Wood. FUZZ Fuzz, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. fuzzy that ravels (of silk or cotton), D. voos spongy, fungous, G. faser filament. E. feaze to untwist.] Defn: Fine, light particles or fibers; loose, volatile matter. Fuzz ball, a kind of fungus or mushroom, which, when pressed, bursts and scatters a fine dust; a puffball. FUZZ Fuzz, v. i. Defn: To fly off in minute particles. FUZZLE Fuz"zle, v. t. Etym: [Cf. LG. fuseln to drink common liquor, fr. fusel bad liquor.] Defn: To make drunk; to intoxicate; to fuddle. [Obs.] Burton. FUZZY Fuzz"y, a. Etym: [See Fuzz, n.] 1. Not firmly woven; that ravels. [Written also fozy.] [Prov. Eng.] 2. Furnished with fuzz; having fuzz; like fuzz; as, the fuzzy skin of a peach. -FY -fy. Etym: [Through French verbs in -fier, L. -ficare, akin to facere to do, make. See Fact.] Defn: A suffix signifying to make, to form into, etc.; as, acetify, amplify, dandify, Frenchify, etc. FY Fy, interj. Etym: [See Fie, interj.] Defn: A word which expresses blame, dislike, disapprobation, abhorrence, or contempt. See Fie. FYKE Fyke, n. Etym: [D. fuik a bow net.] Defn: A long bag net distended by hoops, into which fish can pass easily, without being able to return; -- called also fyke net. Cozzens. FYLLOT Fyl"lot, n. Etym: [Prov. fr. AS. fy, fierf, feówerf. See Four, and Foot, n.] Defn: A rebated cross, formerly used as a secret emblem, and a common ornament. It is also called gammadion, and swastika. FYRD; FYRDUNG Fyrd, Fyr"dung (, n. Etym: [AS.; akin to E. fare, v. i.] (Old. Eng. Hist.) Defn: The military force of the whole nation, consisting of all men able to bear arms. The national fyrd or militia. J. R. Green. FYTTE Fytte, n. Defn: See Fit a song. [Archaic] G 1. G is the seventh letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. It has two sounds; one simple, as in gave, go, gull; the other compound (like that of j), as in gem, gin, dingy. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 231-6, 155, 176, 178, 179, 196, 211, 246. Note: The form of G is from the Latin, in the alphabet which it first appeared as a modified form of C. The name is also from the Latin, and probably comes to us through the French. Etymologically it is most closely related to a c hard, k y, and w; as in corn, grain, kernel; kin L. genus, Gr. garden, yard; drag, draw; also to ch and h; as in get, prehensile; guest, host (an army); gall, choler; gust, choose. See C. 2. (Mus.) Defn: G is the name of the fifth tone of the natural or model scale; -- called also sol by the Italians and French. It was also originally used as the treble clef, and has gradually changed into the character represented in the margin. See Clef. G# (G sharp) is a tone intermediate between G and A. GAB Gab, n. Etym: [Cf. Gaff.] (Steam Engine) Defn: The hook on the end of an eccentric rod opposite the strap. See. Illust. of Eccentric. GAB Gab, n. Etym: [OE. gabbe gabble, mocking, fr. Icel. gabb mocking, mockery, or OF. gab, gabe; perh. akin to E. gape, or gob. Cf. Gab, v. i., Gibber.] Defn: The mouth; hence, idle prate; chatter; unmeaning talk; loquaciousness. [Colloq.] Gift of gab, facility of expression. [Colloq.] GAB Gab, v. i. Etym: [OE. gabben to jest, lie, mock, deceive, fr. Icel. gabba to mock, or OF. gaber. See 2d Gab, and cf. Gabble.] 1. To deceive; to lie. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To talk idly; to prate; to chatter. Holinshed. GABARAGE Gab"ar*age, n. Defn: A kind of coarse cloth for packing goods. [Obs.] GABARDINE; GABERDINE Gab`ar*dine", Gab`er*dine" (, n. Etym: [Sp. gabardina; cf. It. gavardina, OF. galvardine, calvardine, gavardine, galeverdine; perh. akin to Sp. & OF. gaban a sort of cloak or coat for rainy weather, F. caban great coat with a hood and sleeves, It. gabbano and perh. to E. cabin.] Defn: A coarse frock or loose upper garment formerly worn by Jews; a mean dress. Shak. GABBER Gab"ber, n. 1. A liar; a deceiver. [Obs.] 2. One addicted to idle talk. GABBLE Gab"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gabbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Gabbling.] Etym: [Freq. of gab. See Gab, v. i.] 1. To talk fast, or to talk without meaning; to prate; to jabber. Shak. 2. To utter inarticulate sounds with rapidity; as, gabbling fowls. Dryden. GABBLE Gab"ble, n. 1. Loud or rapid talk without meaning. Forthwith a hideous gabble rises loud Among the builders. Milton. 2. Inarticulate sounds rapidly uttered; as of fowls. GABBLER Gab"bler, n. Defn: One who gabbles; a prater. GABBRO Gab"bro, n. Etym: [It.] (Geol.) Defn: A name originally given by the Italians to a kind of serpentine, later to the rock called euphotide, and now generally used for a coarsely crystalline, igneous rock consisting of lamellar pyroxene (diallage) and labradorite, with sometimes chrysolite (olivine gabbro). GABEL Ga"bel, n. Etym: [F. gabelle, LL. gabella, gabulum, gablum; of uncertain origin. Cf.Gavel tribute.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A rent, service, tribute, custom, tax, impost, or duty; an excise. Burrill. He enables St. Peter to pay his gabel by the ministry of a fish. Jer. Taylor. GABELER Ga"bel*er, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A collector of gabels or taxes. GABELLE Ga`belle", n. Etym: [F. See Gabel.] Defn: A tax, especially on salt. [France] Brande & C. GABELLEMAN Ga*belle"man, n. Defn: A gabeler. Carlyle. GABERDINE Gab`er*dine", n. Defn: See Gabardine. GABER-LUNZIE Gab"er-lun`zie, n. Etym: [Gael. gabair talker + lunndair idler.] Defn: A beggar with a wallet; a licensed beggar. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. GABERT Gab"ert, n. Etym: [Cf.F.gabare, Arm. kobar, gobar.] Defn: A lighter, or vessel for inland navigation. [Scot.] Jamieson. GABION Ga"bi*on, n.Etym: [F., from It. gabbione a large cage, gabion, from gabbia cage, L. cavea. See Cage.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A hollow cylinder of wickerwork, like a basket without a bottom. Gabions are made of various sizes, and filled with earth in building fieldworks to shelter men from an enemy's fire. 2. (Hydraul. Engin.) Defn: An openwork frame, as of poles, filled with stones and sunk, to assist in forming a bar dyke, etc., as in harbor improvement. GABIONADE Ga`bi*on*ade", n. Etym: [F. gabionnade.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A traverse made with gabions between guns or on their flanks, protecting them from enfilading fire. 2. A structure of gabions sunk in lines, as a core for a sand bar in harbor improvements. GABIONAGE Ga"bi*on*age, n. Etym: [F. gabionnage.] (Mil.) Defn: The part of a fortification built of gabions. GABIONED Ga"bi*oned, p. a. Defn: Furnished with gabions. GABIONNADE Ga`bion`nade", n. Defn: See Gabionade. GABLE Ga"ble, n. Defn: A cable. [Archaic] Chapman. GABLE Ga"ble, n. Etym: [OE. gable, gabil, F. gable, fr. LL. gabalum front of a building, prob. of German or Scand. origin; cf. OHG. gibil, G. giebel gable, Icel. gafl, Goth. gibla pinnacle; perh. akin to Gr. cephalic, or to G. gabel fork, AS. geafl, E. gaffle, L. gabalus a kind of gallows.] (Arch.) (a) The vertical triangular portion of the end of a building, from the level of the cornice or eaves to the ridge of the roof. Also, a similar end when not triangular in shape, as of a gambrel roof and the like. Hence: (b) The end wall of a building, as distinguished from the front or rear side. (c) A decorative member having the shape of a triangular gable, such as that above a Gothic arch in a doorway. Bell gable. See under Bell. -- Gable roof, a double sloping roof which forms a gable at each end. -- Gable wall. Same as Gable (b). -- Gable window, a window in a gable. GABLET Ga"blet, n. (Arch.) Defn: A small gable, or gable-shaped canopy, formed over a tabernacle, niche, etc. GABLOCK Gab"lock, n. Etym: [See Gavelock.] Defn: A false spur or gaff, fitted on the heel of a gamecock. Wright. GABY Ga"by, n. Etym: [Icel. gapi a rash, reckless man. Cf. Gafe.] Defn: A simpleton; a dunce; a lout. [Colloq.] GAD Gad, n. Etym: [OE. gad, Icel. gaddr goad, sting; akin to Sw. gadd sting, Goth. gazds, G. gerte switch. See Yard a measure.] 1. The point of a spear, or an arrowhead. 2. A pointed or wedge-shaped instrument of metal, as a steel wedge used in mining, etc. I will go get a leaf of brass, And with a gad of steel will write these words. Shak. 3. A sharp-pointed rod; a goad. 4. A spike on a gauntlet; a gadling. Fairholt. 5. A wedge-shaped billet of iron or steel. [Obs.] Flemish steel . . . some in bars and some in gads. Moxon. 6. A rod or stick, as a fishing rod, a measuring rod, or a rod used to drive cattle with. [Prov. Eng. Local, U.S.] Halliwell. Bartlett. Upon the gad, upon the spur of the moment; hastily. [Obs.] "All this done upon the gad!" Shak. GAD Gad, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gadded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gadding.] Etym: [Prob. fr. gad, n., and orig. meaning to drive about.] Defn: To walk about; to rove or go about, without purpose; hence, to run wild; to be uncontrolled. "The gadding vine." Milton. Why gaddest thou about so much to change thy way Jer. ii. 36. GADABOUT Gad"a*bout`, n. Defn: A gadder [Colloq.] GADBEE Gad"bee`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The gadfly. GADDER Gad"der, n. Defn: One who roves about idly, a rambling gossip. GADDING Gad"ding, a. & n. Defn: Going about much, needlessly or without purpose. Envy is a gadding passion, and walketh the streets. Bacon. The good nuns would check her gadding tongue. Tennyson. Gadding car, in quarrying, a car which carries a drilling machine so arranged as to drill a line of holes. GADDINGLY Gad"ding*ly, adv. Defn: In a roving, idle manner. GADDISH Gad"dish, a. Defn: Disposed to gad. -- Gad"dish*nes, n. "Gaddishness and folly." Abp. Leighton. GADE Gade, n. Etym: [Cf. Cod the fish.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small British fish (Motella argenteola) of the Cod family. (b) A pike, so called at Moray Firth; -- called also gead. [Prov. Eng.] GADERE; GADRE Gad"er*e, Gad"re (, v. t. & i. Defn: To gather. [Obs.] Chaucer. GADFLY Gad"fly`, n.; pl. Gadflies. Etym: [Gad + fly.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any dipterous insect of the genus Oestrus, and allied genera of botflies. Note: The sheep gadfly (Oestrus ovis) deposits its young in the nostrils of sheep, and the larvæ develop in the frontal sinuses. The common species which infests cattle (Hypoderma bovis) deposits its eggs upon or in the skin where the larvæ or bots live and produce sores called wormels. The gadflies of the horse produce the intestinal parasites called bots. See Botfly, and Bots. The true horseflies are often erroneously called gadflies, and the true gadflies are sometimes incorrectly called breeze flies. Gadfly petrel (Zoöl.), one of several small petrels of the genus Oestrelata. GADHELIC Gadhel"ic (gal"îk), a. Etym: [See Gaelic.] Defn: Of or pertaining to that division of the Celtic languages, which includes the Irish, Gaelic, and Manx. J. Peile. GADIC Gad"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the cod (Gadus); -- applied to an acid obtained from cod-liver oil, viz., gadic acid. GADITANIAN Gad`i*ta`ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Gaditanus, fr. Gades Cadiz.] Defn: Of or relating to Cadiz, in Spain. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Cadiz. GADLING Gad"ling, n. Etym: [Gad, n. + -ling.] (Mediæval Armor) [R.] Defn: See Gad, n., 4. GADLING Gad"ling, a. Etym: [See Gad, v. i.] Defn: Gadding about. [Obs.] GADLING Gad"ling, n. Defn: A roving vagabond. [Obs.] Rom. of R. GADMAN Gadman, n. Defn: A gadsman. GADOID Ga"doid, a. Etym: [NL. gadus cod + -oid: cf. F. gadoïde gadoid, Gr. gade.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the family of fishes (Gadidæ) which includes the cod, haddock, and hake. -- n. Defn: One of the Gadidæ. [Written also gadid.] GADOLINIA Gad`o*lin"i*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Gadolinite.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare earth, regarded by some as an oxide of the supposed element gadolinium, by others as only a mixture of the oxides of yttrium, erbium, ytterbium, etc. GADOLINIC Gad`o*lin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to or containing gadolinium. GADOLINITE Gad"o*lin*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Gadolin, a Russian chemist.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a nearly black color and vitreous luster, and consisting principally of the silicates of yttrium, cerium, and iron. GADOLINIUM Gad`o*lin"i*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Gadolinite.] (Chem.) Defn: A supposed rare metallic element, with a characteristic spectrum, found associated with yttrium and other rare metals. Its individuality and properties have not yet been determined. GADSMAN Gads"man, n. Defn: One who uses a gad or goad in driving. GADUIN Gad"u*in, n.Etym: [NL. gadus codfish.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow or brown amorphous substance, of indifferent nature, found in cod-liver oil. GADWALL Gad"wall, n. Etym: [Gad to walk about + well.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large duck (Anas strepera), valued as a game bird, found in the northern parts of Europe and America; -- called also gray duck. [Written also gaddwell.] GAEKWAR Gaek"war, n. [Also Gaikwar, Guicowar.] [Marathi gaekwar, prop., a cowherd.] Defn: The title of the ruling Prince of Baroda, in Gujarat, in Bombay, India. GAEL Gael, n.sing. & pl. Etym: [See Gaelic.] (Ethnol.) Defn: A Celt or the Celts of the Scotch Highlands or of Ireland; now esp., a Scotch Highlander of Celtic origin. GAELIC Gael"ic, a. Etym: [Gael. Gàidhealach, Gaelach, from Gàidheal, Gael, a Scotch Highlander.] (Ethnol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Gael, esp. to the Celtic Highlanders of Scotland; as, the Gaelic language. GAELIC Gael"ic, n. Etym: [Gael. Gaelig, Gàilig.] Defn: The language of the Gaels, esp. of the Highlanders of Scotland. It is a branch of the Celtic. GAFF Gaff, n. Etym: [OE. gaffe, F. gaffe an iron hook with which seamen pull great fishes into their ships; cf. Ir. gaf, gafa hook; perh. akin to G. gabel fork, Skr. gabhasti. CF. Gaffle, Gable.] 1. A barbed spear or a hook with a handle, used by fishermen in securing heavy fish. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The spar upon which the upper edge of a fore-and-aft sail is extended. 3. Same as Gaffle, 1. Wright. GAFF Gaff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gaffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gaffing.] Defn: To strike with a gaff or barbed spear; to secure by means of a gaff; as, to gaff a salmon. GAFFER Gaf"fer, n. Etym: [Possibly contr. fr. godfather; but prob. fr. gramfer for grandfather. Cf. Gammer.] 1. An old fellow; an aged rustic. Go to each gaffer and each goody. Fawkes. Note: Gaffer was originally a respectful title, now degenerated into a term of familiarity or contempt when addressed to an aged man in humble life. 2. A foreman or overseer of a gang of laborers. [Prov. Eng.] GAFFLE Gaf"fle, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. geafl fork, LG., D., Sw., & Dan. gaffel, G. gabel, W. gafl, Ir. & Gael. gabhal. Cf. Gaff.] 1. An artificial spur or gaff for gamecocks. 2. A lever to bend crossbows. GAFF-TOPSAIL Gaff`-top"sail, n. (Naut.) Defn: A small triangular sail having its foot extended upon the gaff and its luff upon the topmast. GAG Gag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Gagging.] Etym: [Prob. fr. W. cegio to choke or strangle, fr. ceg mouth, opening, entrance.] 1. To stop the mouth of, by thrusting sometimes in, so as to hinder speaking; hence, to silence by authority or by violence; not to allow freedom of speech to. Marvell. The time was not yet come when eloquence was to be gagged, and reason to be hood winked. Maccaulay. 2. To pry or hold open by means of a gag. Mouths gagged to such a wideness. Fortescue (Transl. ). 3. To cause to heave with nausea. GAG Gag, v. i. 1. To heave with nausea; to retch. 2. To introduce gags or interpolations. See Gag, n., 3. [Slang] Cornill Mag. GAG Gag, n. 1. Sometimes thrust into the mouth or throat to hinder speaking. 2. A mouthful that makes one retch; a choking bit; as, a gag of mutton fat. Lamb. 3. A speech or phrase interpolated offhand by an actor on the stage in his part as written, usually consisting of some seasonable or local allusion. [Slang] Gag rein (Harness), a rein for drawing the bit upward in the horse's mouth. -- Gag runner (Harness), a loop on the throat latch guiding the gag rein. GAGATE Gag"ate (; 48), n. Etym: [L. gagates. See Jet a black mineral.] Defn: Agate. [Obs.] Fuller. GAGE Gage, n. Etym: [F. gage, LL. gadium, wadium; of German origin; cf. Goth. wadi, OHG. wetti, weti, akin to E. wed. See Wed, and cf. Wage, n.] 1. A pledge or pawn; something laid down or given as a security for the performance of some act by the person depositing it, and forfeited by nonperformance; security. Nor without gages to the needy lend. Sandys. 2. A glove, cap, or the like, cast on the ground as a challenge to combat, and to be taken up by the accepter of the challenge; a challenge; a defiance. "There I throw my gage." Shak. GAGE Gage, n. Etym: [So called because an English family named Gage imported the greengage from France, in the last century.] Defn: A variety of plum; as, the greengage; also, the blue gage, frost gage, golden gage, etc., having more or less likeness to the greengage. See Greengage. GAGE Gage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gaged; p. pr & vb. n. Gaging.] Etym: [Cf. F. gager. See Gage, n., a pledge.] 1. To give or deposit as a pledge or security for some act; to wage or wager; to pawn or pledge. [Obs.] A moiety competent Was gaged by our king. Shak. 2. To bind by pledge, or security; to engage. Great debts Wherein my time, sometimes too prodigal, Hath left me gaged. Shak. GAGE Gage, n. Defn: A measure or standart. See Gauge, n. GAGE Gage, v. t. Defn: To measure. See Gauge, v. t. You shall not gage me By what we do to-night. Shak. GAGER Ga"ger, n. Defn: A measurer. See Gauger. GAGGER Gag"ger, n. 1. One who gags. 2. (Founding) Defn: A piece of iron imbedded in the sand of a mold to keep the sand in place. GAGGLE Gag"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gaggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Gaggling.] Etym: [Of imitative origin; cf. D. gaggelen, gagelen, G. gackeln, gackern, MHG. g, E. giggle, cackle.] Defn: To make a noise like a goose; to cackle. Bacon. GAGGLE Gag"gle, n. Etym: [Cf. Gaggle v. i.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A flock of wild geese. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. GAG LAW Gag law. (Parliamentary Law) Defn: A law or ruling prohibiting proper or free debate, as in closure. [Colloq. or Cant] GAGTOOTH Gag"tooth`, n.; pl. Gagteeth (. Defn: A projecting tooth. [Obs.] GAG-TOOTHED Gag"-toothed", a. Defn: Having gagteeth. [Obs.] GAHNITE Gahn"ite, n. Etym: [Named after Gahn, a Swedish chemist.] (Min.) Defn: Zinc spinel; automolite. GAIDIC Ga*id"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to hypogeic acid; -- applied to an acid obtained from hypogeic acid. GAIETY Gai"e*ty, n. Defn: Same as Gayety. GAILER Gail"er, n. Defn: A jailer. [Obs.] Chaucer. GAILLARD Gail`lard", a. Etym: [F. See Galliard.] Defn: Gay; brisk; merry; galliard. Chaucer. GAILLIARDE Gail*liarde", n. Etym: [See Galliard a dance.] Defn: A lively French and Italian dance. GAILY Gai"ly, adv. Etym: [From Gay.] Defn: Merrily; showily. See gaily. GAIN Gain, n. Etym: [Cf. W. gan a mortise.] (Arch.) Defn: A square or beveled notch cut out of a girder, binding joist, or other timber which supports a floor beam, so as to receive the end of the floor beam. GAIN Gain, a. Etym: [OE. gein, gain, good, near, quick; cf. Icel. gegn ready, serviceable, and gegn, adv., against, opposite. CF. Ahain.] Defn: Convenient; suitable; direct; near; handy; dexterous; easy; profitable; cheap; respectable. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] GAIN Gain, n. Etym: [OE. gain, gein, ga, gain, advantage, Icel. gagn; akin to Sw. gagn, Dan. gavn, cf. Goth. gageigan to gain. The word was prob. influenced by F. gain gain, OF. gaain. Cf. Gain, v. t.] 1. That which is gained, obtained, or acquired, as increase, profit, advantage, or benefit; -- opposed to loss. But what things were gain to me, those I counted loss for Christ. Phil. iii. 7. Godliness with contentment is great gain. 1 Tim. vi. 6. Every one shall share in the gains. Shak. 2. The obtaining or amassing of profit or valuable possessions; acquisition; accumulation. "The lust of gain." Tennyson. GAIN Gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gained; p. pr. & vb. n. Gaining.] Etym: [From gain, n. but. prob. influenced by F. gagner to earn, gain, OF. gaaignier to cultivate, OHG. weidin, weidinen to pasture, hunt, fr. weida pasturage, G. weide, akin to Icel. vei hunting, AS. wa, cf. L. venari to hunt, E. venison. See Gain, n., profit.] 1. To get, as profit or advantage; to obtain or acquire by effort or labor; as, to gain a good living. What is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul Matt. xvi. 26. To gain dominion, or to keep it gained. Milton. For fame with toil we gain, but lose with ease. Pope. 2. To come off winner or victor in; to be successful in; to obtain by competition; as, to gain a battle; to gain a case at law; to gain a prize. 3. To draw into any interest or party; to win to one's side; to conciliate. If he shall hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother. Matt. xviii. 15. To gratify the queen, and gained the court. Dryden. 4. To reach; to attain to; to arrive at; as, to gain the top of a mountain; to gain a good harbor. Forded Usk and gained the wood. Tennyson. 5. To get, incur, or receive, as loss, harm, or damage. [Obs. or Ironical] Ye should . . . not have loosed from Crete, and to have gained this harm and loss. Acts xxvii. 21. Gained day, the calendar day gained in sailing eastward around the earth. -- To gain ground, to make progress; to advance in any undertaking; to prevail; to acquire strength or extent. -- To gain over, to draw to one's party or interest; to win over. -- To gain the wind (Naut.), to reach the windward side of another ship. Syn. -- To obtain; acquire; get; procure; win; earn; attain; achieve. See Obtain. -- To Gain, Win. Gain implies only that we get something by exertion; win, that we do it in competition with others. A person gains knowledge, or gains a prize, simply by striving for it; he wins a victory, or wins a prize, by taking it in a struggle with others. GAIN Gain, v. i. Defn: To have or receive advantage or profit; to acquire gain; to grow rich; to advance in interest, health, or happiness; to make progress; as, the sick man gains daily. Thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbors by extortion. Ezek. xxii. 12. Gaining twist, in rifled firearms, a twist of the grooves, which increases regularly from the breech to the muzzle. To gain on or upon. (a) To encroach on; as, the ocean gains on the land. (b) To obtain influence with. (c) To win ground upon; to move faster than, as in a race or contest. (d) To get the better of; to have the advantage of. The English have not only gained upon the Venetians in the Levant, but have their cloth in Venice itself. Addison. My good behavior had so far gained on the emperor, that I began to conceive hopes of liberty. Swift. GAINABLE Gain"a*ble, a. Etym: [CF. F. gagnable. See Gain, v. t.] Defn: Capable of being obtained or reached. Sherwood. GAINAGE Gain"age (, 48), n. Etym: [OF. gaignage pasturage, crop, F. gaignage pasturage. See Gain, v. t.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) The horses, oxen, plows, wains or wagons and implements for carrying on tillage. (b) The profit made by tillage; also, the land itself. Bouvier. GAINER Gain"er, n. Defn: One who gains. Shak. GAINFUL Gain"ful, a. Defn: Profitable; advantageous; lucrative. "A gainful speculation." Macaulay. -- Gain"ful*ly, adv. -- Gain"ful*ness, n. GAINGIVING Gain"giv`ing, n. Etym: [See Again, and Give.] Defn: A misgiving. [Obs.] GAINLESS Gain"less, a. Defn: Not producing gain; unprofitable. Hammond. -- Gain"less/ness, n. GAINLY Gain"ly, adv. Etym: [See Gain, a.] Defn: Handily; readily; dexterously; advantageously. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. GAINPAIN Gain"pain`, n.Etym: [F. gagner to gain + pain bread.] Defn: Bread-gainer; -- a term applied in the Middle Ages to the sword of a hired soldier. GAINSAY Gain`say" ( or ; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gainsaid ( or ); p. pr. & vb. n. Gainsaying.] Etym: [OE. geinseien, ageinseien. See Again, and Say to utter.] Defn: To contradict; to deny; to controvert; to dispute; to forbid. I will give you a mouth and wisdom which all your adversaries shall not be able to gainsay nor resist. Luke xxi. 15. The just gods gainsay That any drop thou borrow'dst from thy mother, My sacred aunt, should by my mortal sword Be drained. Shak. GAINSAYER Gain`say"er, n. Defn: One who gainsays, contradicts, or denies. "To convince the gainsayers." Tit. i. 9. GAINSBOROUGH HAT Gains"borough hat. Defn: A woman's broad-brimmed hat of a form thought to resemble those shown in portraits by Thomas Gainsborough, the English artist (1727- 88). GAINSOME Gain"some, a. 1. Gainful. 2. Prepossessing; well-favored. [Obs.] Massinger. 'GAINST; GAINST Gainst, prep. Defn: A contraction of Against. GAINSTAND Gain"stand`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gainstood; p. pr. & vb. n. gainstanding.] Etym: [See Again, and Stand.] Defn: To withstand; to resist. [Obs.] Durst . . . gainstand the force of so many enraged desires. Sir P. Sidney. GAINSTRIVE Gain"strive`, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Again, and Strive.] Defn: To strive or struggle against; to withstand. [Obs.] Spenser. GAIRFOWL Gair"fowl`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Garefowl. GAIRISH; GAIRISHLY; GAIRISHNESS Gair"ish, a., Gair"ish*ly, adv., Gair"ishness, n. Defn: Same as Garish, Garishly, Garishness. GAIT Gait, n. Etym: [See Gate a way.] 1. A going; a walk; a march; a way. Good gentleman, go your gait, and let poor folks pass. Shak. 2. Manner of walking or stepping; bearing or carriage while moving. 'T is Cinna; I do know him by his gait. Shak. GAITED Gait"ed, a. Defn: Having (such) a gait; -- used in composition; as, slow-gaited; heavy-gaited. GAITER Gait"er, n. Etym: [F. guêtre, cf. Armor. gweltren; or perh. of German origin, and akin to E. wear, v.] 1. A covering of cloth or leather for the ankle and instep, or for the whole leg from the knee to the instep, fitting down upon the shoe. 2. A kind of shoe, consisting of cloth, and covering the ankle. GAITER Gai"ter, v. t. Defn: To dress with gaiters. GAITRE; GAYTRE Gai"tre, Gay"tre (, n. Etym: [OE. Cf. Gatten tree.] Defn: The dogwood tree. [Obs.] Chaucer. GALA Ga"la, n. Etym: [F. gala show, pomp, fr. It. gala finery, gala; of German origin. See Gallant.] Defn: Pomp, show, or festivity. Macaulay. Gala day, a day of mirth and festivity; a holiday. GALACTA-GOGUE Ga*lac"ta-gogue, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: An agent exciting secretion of milk. GALACTIC Ga*lac"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Galaxy, and cf. Lactic.] 1. Of or pertaining to milk; got from milk; as, galactic acid. 2. Of or pertaining to the galaxy or Milky Way. Galactic circle (Astron.), the great circle of the heavens, to which the course of the galaxy most nearly conforms. Herschel. -- Galactic poles, the poles of the galactic circle. GALACTIN Ga*lac"tin, n. Etym: [Gr. Lactin.] (Chem.) (a) An amorphous, gelatinous substance containing nitrogen, found in milk and other animal fluids. It resembles peptone, and is variously regarded as a coagulating or emulsifying agent. (b) A white waxy substance found in the sap of the South American cow tree (Galactodendron). (c) An amorphous, gummy carbohydrate resembling gelose, found in the seeds of leguminous plants, and yielding on decomposition several sugars, including galactose. GALACTODENSIMETER Ga*lac`to*den*sim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. densimeter.] Defn: Same as Galactometer. GALACTOMETER Gal`ac*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. galactomètre. Cf. Lactometer.] Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the quality of milk (i.e., its richness in cream) by determining its specific gravity; a lactometer. GALACTOPHAGIST Gal`ac*toph"a*gist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who eats, or subsists on, milk. GALACTOPHAGOUS Gal`ac*toph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. galactophade.] Defn: Feeding on milk. GALACTOPHOROUS Gal`ac*toph"o*rous, a. Etym: [Gr. galactophore. Cf. Lactiferous.] (Anat.) Defn: Milk-carrying; lactiferous; -- applied to the ducts of mammary glands. GALACTOPOIETIC Ga*lac`to*poi*et"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Increasing the flow of milk; milk-producing. -- n. A galactopoietic substance. GALACTOSE Ga*lac"tose, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline sugar, C6H12O6, isomeric with dextrose, obtained by the decomposition of milk sugar, and also from certain gums. When oxidized it forms mucic acid. Called also lactose (though it is not lactose proper). GALAGE Ga*lage", n. (Obs.) Defn: See Galoche. Spenser. GALAGO Ga*la"go, n.; pl. Galagos. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of African lemurs, including numerous species. Note: The grand galago (Galago crassicaudata) is about the size of a cat; the mouse galago (G. murinus)is about the size of a mouse. GALANGA; GALANGAL Ga*lan"ga, Ga*lan"gal, n.Etym: [OE. galingale, OF. galingal, garingal, F. galanga (cf. Sp. galanga), prob. fr. Ar. khalanj. ] Defn: The pungent aromatic rhizome or tuber of certain East Indian or Chinese species of Alpinia (A. Galanga and A. officinarum) and of the Kæmpferia Galanga), -- all of the Ginger family. GALANTINE Gal"an*tine ( or ), n. Etym: [F. galantine.] Defn: A dish of veal, chickens, or other white meat, freed from bones, tied up, boiled, and served cold. Smart. GALAPEE TREE Gal"a*pee` tree", (Bot.) Defn: The West Indian Sciadophyllum Brownei, a tree with very large digitate leaves. GALATEA Gal`a*te"a, n. [After Galatea, a British man-of-war, the material being used for children's sailor suits.] Defn: A kind of striped cotton fabric, usually of superior quality and striped with blue or red on white. GALATIAN Ga*la"tian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Galatia or its inhabitants. -- A native or inhabitant of Galatia, in Asia Minor; a descendant of the Gauls who settled in Asia Minor. GALAXY Gal"ax*y, n.; pl. Galaxies. Etym: [F. galaxie, L. galaxias, fr. Gr. lac. CF. Lacteal.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: The Milky Way; that luminous tract, or belt, which is seen at night stretching across the heavens, and which is composed of innumerable stars, so distant and blended as to be distinguishable only with the telescope. The term has recently been used for remote clusters of stars. Nichol. 2. A splendid assemblage of persons or things. GALBAN; GALBANUM Gal"ban, Gal"ba*num, n. Etym: [L. galbanum, Gr. klekb'n: cf. F. galbanum.] Defn: A gum resin exuding from the stems of certain Asiatic umbelliferous plants, mostly species of Ferula. The Bubon Galbanum of South Africa furnishes an inferior kind of galbanum. It has an acrid, bitter taste, a strong, unpleasant smell, and is used for medical purposes, also in the arts, as in the manufacture of varnish. GALBE Galbe, n. [F.; OF. garbe, fr. It. garbo grace, gracefulness. See Garb dress.] (Art) Defn: The general outward form of any solid object, as of a column or a vase. GALE Gale, n. Etym: [Prob. of Scand.. origin; cf. Dan. gal furious, Icel. galinn, cf. Icel. gala to sing, AS. galan to sing, Icel. galdr song, witchcraft, AS. galdor charm, sorcery, E. nightingale; also, Icel. gjla gust of wind, gola breeze. Cf. Yell.] 1. A strong current of air; a wind between a stiff breeze and a hurricane. The most violent gales are called tempests. Note: Gales have a velocity of from about eighteen ("moderate") to about eighty ("very heavy") miles an our. Sir. W. S. Harris. 2. A moderate current of air; a breeze. A little gale will soon disperse that cloud. Shak. And winds of gentlest gale Arabian odors fanned From their soft wings. Milton. 3. A state of excitement, passion, or hilarity. The ladies, laughing heartily, were fast getting into what, in New England, is sometimes called a gale. Brooke (Eastford). Topgallant gale (Naut.), one in which a ship may carry her topgallant sails. GALE Gale, v. i. (Naut.) Defn: To sale, or sail fast. GALE Gale, n Etym: [OE. gal. See Gale wind.] Defn: A song or story. [Obs.] Toone. GALE Gale, v. i. Etym: [AS. galan. See 1st Gale.] Defn: To sing. [Obs.] "Can he cry and gale." Court of Love. GALE Gale, n Etym: [AS. gagel, akin to D. gagel.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Myrica, growing in wet places, and strongly resembling the bayberry. The sweet gale (Myrica Gale) is found both in Europe and in America. GALE Gale, n. Etym: [Cf. Gabel.] Defn: The payment of a rent or annuity. [Eng.] Mozley & W. Gale day, the day on which rent or interest is due. GALEA Ga"le*a, n.Etym: [L., a helmet. ] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The upper lip or helmet-shaped part of a labiate flower. 2. (Surg.) Defn: A kind of bandage for the head. 3. (Pathol.) Defn: Headache extending all over the head. 4. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of fossil echini, having a vaulted, helmet-shaped shell. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The anterior, outer process of the second joint of the maxillae in certain insects. GALEAS Gal"e*as, n. Defn: See Galleass. GALEATE; GALEATED Ga"le*ate, Ga"le*a`ted, a. Etym: [L. galeatus, p.p. of galeare helmet.] 1. Wearing a helmet; protected by a helmet; covered, as with a helmet. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Helmeted; having a helmetlike part, as a crest, a flower, etc.; helmet-shaped. GALEI Ga"le*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Galeus, name of one genus, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: That division of elasmobranch fishes which includes the sharks. GALENA Ga*le"na, n.Etym: [L. galena lead ore, dross that remains after melting lead: cf. F. galène sulphide of lead ore, antidote to prison, stillness of the sea, calm, tranquility.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A remedy or antidose for poison; theriaca. [Obs.] Parr. 2. (Min.) Defn: Lead sulphide; the principal ore of lead. It is of a bluish gray color and metallic luster, and is cubic in crystallization and cleavage. False galena. See Blende. GALENIC; GALENICAL Ga*len"ic, Ga*len"ic*al (, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, galena. GALENIC; GALENICAL Ga*len"ic, Ga*len"ic*al, an. Etym: [From Galen, the physician.] Defn: Relating to Galen or to his principles and method of treating diseases. Dunglison. Galenic pharmacy, that branch of pharmacy which relates to the preparation of medicines by infusion, decoction, etc., as distinguished from those which are chemically prepared. GALENISM Ga"len*ism, n. Defn: The doctrines of Galen. GALENIST Ga*len*ist, n. Defn: A follower of Galen. GALENITE Ga*le"nite, n. (Min.) Defn: Galena; lead ore. GALEOPITHECUS Ga`le`o*pi*the"cus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of flying Insectivora, formerly called flying lemurs. See Colugo. GALERICULATE Gal`er*ic"u*late, a. Etym: [L. galericulum, dim. of galerum a hat or cap, fr. galea helmet.] Defn: Covered as with a hat or cap. Smart. GALERITE Gal"er*ite, n. Etym: [L. galerum a hat, cap: cf. F. galérite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A cretaceous fossil sea urchin of the genus Galerites. GALICIAN Ga*li"cian, a. Etym: [Cf. Sp. Galiciano, Gallego, fr. L. Gallaecus, Gallaicus, fr. Gallaeci a people in Western Spain.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Galicia, in Spain, or to Galicia, the kingdom of Austrian Poland. -- n. Defn: A native of Galicia in Spain; -- called also Gallegan. GALILEAN Gal`i*le"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Galileo; as, the Galilean telescope. See Telescope. GALILEAN Gal`i*le"an, a. Etym: [L. Galilaeus, fr. Galilaea Galilee, Gr. galiléen.] Defn: Of or relating to Galilee. GALILEAN Gal`i*le"an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Galilee, the northern province of Palestine under the Romans. 2. (Jewish Hist.) Defn: One of the party among the Jews, who opposed the payment of tribute to the Romans; -- called also Gaulonite. 3. A Christian in general; -- used as a term of reproach by Mohammedans and Pagans. Byron. GALILEE Gal"i*lee, n. Etym: [Supposed to have been so termed in allusion to the scriptural "Galilee of the Gentiles." cf. OF. galilée.] (Arch.) Defn: A porch or waiting room, usually at the west end of an abbey church, where the monks collected on returning from processions, where bodies were laid previous to interment, and where women were allowed to see the monks to whom they were related, or to hear divine service. Also, frequently applied to the porch of a church, as at Ely and Durham cathedrals. Gwilt. GALIMATIAS Gal`i*ma"tias, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Nonsense; gibberish; confused and unmeaning talk; confused mixture. Her dress, like her talk, is a galimatias of several countries. Walpole. GALINGALE Gal"in*gale, n. Etym: [See Galangal.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the Sedge family (Cyperus longus) having aromatic roots; also, any plant of the same genus. Chaucer. Meadow, set with slender galingale. Tennyson. GALIOT Gal"i*ot, n. Etym: [OE. galiote, F. galiote. See Galley.] (Naut.) (a) A small galley, formerly used in the Mediterranean, built mainly for speed. It was moved both by sails and oars, having one mast, and sixteen or twenty seats for rowers. (b) A strong, light-draft, Dutch merchant vessel, carrying a mainmast and a mizzenmast, and a large gaff mainsail. GALIPOT Gal"i*pot, n. Etym: [F. galipot; cf. OF. garipot the wild pine or pitch tree.] Defn: An impure resin of turpentine, hardened on the outside of pine trees by the spontaneous evaporation of its essential oil. When purified, it is called yellow pitch, white pitch, or Burgundy pitch. GALL Gall, n.Etym: [OE. galle, gal, AS. gealla; akin to D. gal, OS. & OHG. galla, Icel. gall, SW. galla, Dan. galde, L. fel, Gr. yellow. Yellow, and cf. Choler] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: The bitter, alkaline, viscid fluid found in the gall bladder, beneath the liver. It consists of the secretion of the liver, or bile, mixed with that of the mucous membrane of the gall bladder. 2. The gall bladder. 3. Anything extremely bitter; bitterness; rancor. He hath . . . compassed me with gall and travail. Lam. iii. 5. Comedy diverted without gall. Dryden. 4. Impudence; brazen assurance. [Slang] Gall bladder (Anat.), the membranous sac, in which the bile, or gall, is stored up, as secreted by the liver; the cholecystis. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus. -- Gall duct, a duct which conveys bile, as the cystic duct, or the hepatic duct. -- Gall sickness, a remitting bilious fever in the Netherlands. Dunglison. -- Gall of the earth (Bot.), an herbaceous composite plant with variously lobed and cleft leaves, usually the Prenanthes serpentaria. GALL Gall, n. Etym: [F. galle, noix de galle, fr. L. galla.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An excrescence of any form produced on any part of a plant by insects or their larvae. They are most commonly caused by small Hymenoptera and Diptera which puncture the bark and lay their eggs in the wounds. The larvae live within the galls. Some galls are due to aphids, mites, etc. See Gallnut. Note: The galls, or gallnuts, of commerce are produced by insects of the genus Cynips, chiefly on an oak (Quercus infectoria or Lusitanica) of Western Asia and Southern Europe. They contain much tannin, and are used in the manufacture of that article and for making ink and a black dye, as well as in medicine. Gall insect (Zoöl.), any insect that produces galls. -- Gall midge (Zoöl.), any small dipterous insect that produces galls. -- Gall oak, the oak (Quercus infectoria) which yields the galls of commerce. -- Gall of glass, the neutral salt skimmed off from the surface of melted crown glass;- called also glass gall and sandiver. Ure.-- Gall wasp. (Zoöl.) See Gallfly. GALL Gall, v. t. (Dyeing) Defn: To impregnate with a decoction of gallnuts. Ure. GALL Gall, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Galled; p. pr. & vb. n. Galling.] Etym: [OE. gallen; cf. F. galer to scratch, rub, gale scurf, scab, G. galle a disease in horses' feet, an excrescence under the tongue of horses; of uncertain origin. Cf. Gall gallnut.] 1. To fret and wear away by friction; to hurt or break the skin of by rubbing; to chafe; to injure the surface of by attrition; as, a saddle galls the back of a horse; to gall a mast or a cable. I am loth to gall a new-healed wound. Shak. 2. To fret; to vex; as, to be galled by sarcasm. They that are most galled with my folly, They most must laugh. Shak. 3. To injure; to harass; to annoy; as, the troops were galled by the shot of the enemy. In our wars against the French of old, we used to gall them with our longbows, at a greater distance than they could shoot their arrows. Addison. GALL Gall, v. i. Defn: To scoff; to jeer. [R.] Shak. GALL Gall, n. Defn: A wound in the skin made by rubbing. GALLANT Gal"lant, a. Etym: [F. gallant, prop. p. pr. of OF. galer to rejoice, akin to OF. gale amusement, It. gala ornament; of German origin; cf. OHG. geil merry, luxuriant, wanton, G. geil lascivious, akin to AS. g wanton, wicked, OS. g merry, Goth. gailjan to make to rejoice, or perh. akin to E. weal. See Gala, Galloon.] 1. Showy; splendid; magnificent; gay; well-dressed. The town is built in a very gallant place. Evelyn. Our royal, good and gallant ship. Shak. 2. Noble in bearing or spirit; brave; high-spirited; courageous; heroic; magnanimous; as, a gallant youth; a gallant officer. That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds. Shak. The gay, the wise, the gallant, and the grave. Waller. Syn. -- Gallant, Courageous, Brave. Courageous is generic, denoting an inward spirit which rises above fear; brave is more outward, marking a spirit which braves or defies danger; gallant rises still higher, denoting bravery on extraordinary occasions in a spirit of adventure. A courageous man is ready for battle; a brave man courts it; a gallant man dashes into the midst of the conflict. GALLANT Gal*lant", a. Defn: Polite and attentive to ladies; courteous to women; chivalrous. GALLANT Gal*lant", n. 1. A man of mettle or spirit; a gay; fashionable man; a young blood. Shak. 2. One fond of paying attention to ladies. 3. One who wooes; a lover; a suitor; in a bad sense, a seducer. Addison. Note: In the first sense it is by some orthoëpists (as in Shakespeare) accented on the first syllable. GALLANT Gal*lant", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gallanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gallanting.] 1. To attend or wait on, as a lady; as, to gallant ladies to the play. 2. To handle with grace or in a modish manner; as, to gallant a fan. [Obs.] Addison. GALLANTLY Gal*lant"ly, adv. Defn: In a polite or courtly manner; like a gallant or wooer. GALLANTLY Gal"lant*ly, adv. Defn: In a gallant manner. GALLANTNESS Gal"lant*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being gallant. GALLANTRY Gal"lant*ry, n.; pl. Gallantries. Etym: [F. galanterie.] 1. Splendor of appearance; ostentatious finery. [Archaic] Guess the gallantry of our church by this . . . when the desk whereon the priest read was inlaid with plates of silver. Fuller. 2. Bravery; intrepidity; as, the troops behaved with great gallantry. 3. Civility or polite attention to ladies; in a bed sense, attention or courtesy designed to win criminal favors from a female; freedom of principle or practice with respect to female virtue; intrigue. 4. Gallant persons, collectively. [R.] Helenus, Antenor, and all the gallantry of Troy. Shak. Syn. -- See Courage, and Heroism. GALLATE Gal"late, n. Etym: [Cf. F. gallate. See Gall gallnut.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of gallic acid. GALLATURE Gal"la*ture, n. Etym: [From L. gallus a cock.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The tread, treadle, or chalasa of an egg. GALLEASS Gal"le*ass, n. Etym: [F. galéasse, galéace; cf. It. galeazza, Sp. galeaza; LL. galea a galley. See Galley.] (Naut.) Defn: A large galley, having some features of the galleon, as broadside guns; esp., such a vessel used by the southern nations of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. See Galleon, and Galley. [Written variously galeas, gallias, etc.] Note: "The galleasses . . . were a third larger than the ordinary galley, and rowed each by three hundred galley slaves. They consisted of an enormous towering structure at the stern, a castellated structure almost equally massive in front, with seats for the rowers amidships." Motley. GALLEGAN; GALLEGO Gal*le"gan, Gal*le"go ( or ), n. Etym: [Sp. Gallego.] Defn: A native or inhabitant of Galicia, in Spain; a Galician. GALLEIN Gal"le*ïn, n. Etym: [Pyrogallol + phthaleïn.] (Chem.) Defn: A red crystalline dyestuff, obtained by heating together pyrogallic and phthalic acids. GALLEON Gal"le*on, n. Etym: [Sp. galeon, cf. F. galion; fr. LL. galeo, galio. See Galley.] (Naut.) Defn: A sailing vessel of the 15th and following centuries, often having three or four decks, and used for war or commerce. The term is often rather indiscriminately applied to any large sailing vessel. The gallens . . . were huge, round-stemmed, clumsy vessels, with bulwarks three or four feet thick, and built up at stem and stern, like castels. Motley. GALLEOT Gal"le*ot, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Galiot. GALLERY Gal"ler*y, n.; pl Galleries. Etym: [F. galerie, It. galleria, fr. LL. galeria gallery, perh. orig., a festal hall, banquetting hall; cf. OF. galerie a rejoicing, fr. galer to rejoice. Cf. Gallant, a.] 1. A long and narrow corridor, or place for walking; a connecting passageway, as between one room and another; also, a long hole or passage excavated by a boring or burrowing animal. 2. A room for the exhibition of works of art; as, a picture gallery; hence, also, a large or important collection of paintings, sculptures, etc. 3. A long and narrow platform attached to one or more sides of public hall or the interior of a church, and supported by brackets or columns; -- sometimes intended to be occupied by musicians or spectators, sometimes designed merely to increase the capacity of the hall. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A frame, like a balcony, projecting from the stern or quarter of a ship, and hence called stern galery or quarter gallry, -- seldom found in vessels built since 1850. 5. (Fort.) Defn: Any communication which is covered overhead as well as at the sides. When prepared for defense, it is a defensive galery. 6. (Mining) Defn: A working drift or level. Whispering gallery. See under Whispering. GALLETYLE Gal"le*tyle, n. Etym: [OE. gallytile. Cf. Gallipot.] Defn: A little tile of glazed earthenware. [Obs.] "The substance of galletyle." Bacon. GALLEY Gal"ley, n.; pl. Galleys. Etym: [OE. gale, galeie (cf. OF. galie, galée, LL. galea, LGr. 1. (Naut.) Defn: A vessel propelled by oars, whether having masts and sails or not; as: (a) A large vessel for war and national purposes; -- common in the Middle Ages, and down to the 17th century. (b) A name given by analogy to the Greek, Roman, and other ancient vessels propelled by oars. (c) A light, open boat used on the Thames by customhouse officers, press gangs, and also for pleasure. (d) One of the small boats carried by a man-of-war. Note: The typical galley of the Mediterranean was from one hundred to two hundred feet long, often having twenty oars on each side. It had two or three masts rigged with lateen sails, carried guns at prow and stern, and a complement of one thousand to twelve hundred men, and was very efficient in mediaeval walfare. Galleons, galliots, galleasses, half galleys, and quarter galleys were all modifications of this type. 2. The cookroom or kitchen and cooking apparatus of a vessel; -- sometimes on merchant vessels called the caboose. 3. (Chem.) Defn: An oblong oven or muffle with a battery of retorts; a gallery furnace. 4. Etym: [F. galée; the same word as E. galley a vessel.] (Print.) (a) An oblong tray of wood or brass, with upright sides, for holding type which has been set, or is to be made up, etc. (b) A proof sheet taken from type while on a galley; a galley proof. Galley slave, a person condemned, often as a punishment for crime, to work at the oar on board a galley. "To toil like a galley slave." Macaulay.-- Galley slice (Print.), a sliding false bottom to a large galley. Knight. GALLEY-BIRD Gal"ley-bird`, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European green woodpecker; also, the spotted woodpecker. [Prov. Eng.] GALLEY-WORM Gal"ley-worm`, n. Etym: [Prob. so called because the numerous legs along the sides move rhythmically like the oars of a galley.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A chilognath myriapod of the genus Iulus, and allied genera, having numerous short legs along the sides; a milliped or "thousand legs." See Chilognatha. GALLFLY Gall"fly`, n.; pl. Gallflies (. (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect that deposits its eggs in plants, and occasions galls, esp. any small hymenopteran of the genus Cynips and allied genera. See Illust. of Gall. GALLIAMBIC Gal`li*am"bic, a. Etym: [L. galliambus a song used by the priests of Cybele; Gallus (a name applied to these priests) + iambus] (Pros.) Defn: Consisting of two iambic dimeters catalectic, the last of which lacks the final syllable; -- said of a kind of verse. GALLIAN Gal"li*an, a. Etym: [See Gallic.] Defn: Gallic; French. [Obs.] Shak. GALLIARD Gal"liard, a. Etym: [OE., fr. F. gaillard, perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. galach valiant, or AS. gagol, geagl, wanton, lascivious.] Defn: Gay; brisk; active. [Obs.] GALLIARD Gal"liard, n. Defn: A brisk, gay man. [Obs.] Selden is a galliard by himself. Cleveland. GALLIARD Gal"liard, n. Etym: [F. gaillarde, cf. Sp. gallarda. See Galliard, a.] Defn: A gay, lively dance. Cf. Gailliarde. Never a hall such a galliard did grace. Sir. W. Scott. GALLIARDISE Gal`liard*ise, n. Etym: [F. gaillardise. See Galliard, a.] Defn: Excessive gayety; merriment. [Obs.] The mirth and galliardise of company. Sir. T. Browne. GALLIARDNESS Gal"liard*ness, n. Defn: Gayety. [Obs.] Gayton. GALLIASS Gal"li*ass, n. Defn: Same as Galleass. GALLIC Gal"lic, a. Etym: [From Gallium.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, gallium. GALLIC Gal"lic (277), a. Etym: [From Gall the excrescence.] Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, galls, nutgalls, and the like. Gallic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, very widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom, being found in the free state in galls, tea, etc., and produced artificially. It is a white, crystalline substance, C6H2(HO)3.CO2H, with an astringent taste, and is a strong reducing agent, as employed in photography. It is usually prepared from tannin, and both give a dark color with iron salts, forming tannate and gallate of iron, which are the essential ingredients of common black ink. GALLIC Gal"lic, a. Etym: [L. Gallicus belonging to the Gauls, fr. Galli the Gauls, Gallia Gaul, now France: cf. F. gallique.] Defn: Pertaining to Gaul or France; Gallican. GALLICAN Gal"li*can, a. Etym: [L. Gallicanus: cf. F. gallican.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Gaul or France; Gallic; French; as, the Gallican church or clergy. GALLICAN Gal"li*can, n. Defn: An adherent to, and supporter of, Gallicanism. Shipley. GALLICANISM Gal"li*can*ism, n. Defn: The principles, tendencies, or action of those, within the Roman Catholic Church in France, who (esp. in 1682) sought to restrict the papal authority in that country and increase the power of the national church. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. GALLICISM Gal"li*cism, n. Etym: [F. gallicisme.] Defn: A mode of speech peculiar to the French; a French idiom; also, in general, a French mode or custom. GALLICIZE Gal"li*cize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gallicized; p. pr. & vb. n. Gallicizing.] Defn: To conform to the French mode or idiom. GALLIED Gal"lied, p. p. & a. (Naut.) Defn: Worried; flurried; frightened. Ham. Nav. Encyc. GALLIFORM Gal"li*form, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like the Gallinae (or Galliformes) in structure. GALLIGASKINS Gal`li*gas"kins, n. pl. Etym: [Prob. corrupted fr. It. Grechesco Grecian, a name which seems to have been given in Venice, and to have been afterwards confused with Gascony, as if they came from Gascony.] Defn: Loose hose or breeches; leather leg quards. The word is used loosely and often in a jocose sense. GALLIMATIA Gal`li*ma"ti*a ( or ), n. Defn: Senseless talk. [Obs. or R.] See Galimatias. GALLIMAUFRY Gal`li*mau"fry, n.; pl. Gallimaufries. Etym: [F. galimafrée a sort of ragout or mixed hash of different meats.] 1. A hash of various kinds of meats, a ragout. Delighting in hodge-podge, gallimaufries, forced meat. King. 2. Any absurd medley; a hotchpotch. The Mahometan religion, which, being a gallimaufry made up of many, partakes much of the Jewish. South. GALLIN Gal"lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance obtained by the reduction of galleïn. GALLINACEAE Gal"li*nace*ae, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Gallinaceous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Gallinae. GALLINACEAN Gal`li*na"cean, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Gallinae or gallinaceous birds. GALLINACEOUS Gal`li*na"ceous, a.Etym: [L. gallinaceus, fr. gallina hen, fr. gallus cock.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling the domestic fowls and pheasants; of or pertaining to the Gallinae. GALLINAE Gal*li"nae, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. gallina a hen, gallus a cock.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of birds, including the common domestic fowls, pheasants, grouse, quails, and allied forms; -- sometimes called Rasores. GALLING Gall"ing, a. Defn: Fitted to gall or chafe; vexing; harassing; irritating. -- Gall"ing*ly, adv. GALLINIPPER Gal"li*nip`per, n. Defn: A large mosquito. GALLINULE Gal"li*nule, n. Etym: [L. gallinula chicken, dim. of gallina hen: cf. F. gallinule.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several wading birds, having long, webless toes, and a frontal shield, belonging to the family Rallidae. They are remarkable for running rapidly over marshes and on floating plants. The purple gallinule of America is Ionornis Martinica, that of the Old World is Porphyrio porphyrio. The common European gallinule (Gallinula chloropus) is also called moor hen, water hen, water rail, moor coot, night bird, and erroneously dabchick. Closely related to it is the Florida gallinule (Gallinula galeata). Note: The purple gallinule of Southern Europe and Asia was formerly believed to be able to detect and report adultery, and for that reason, chiefly, it was commonly domesticated by the ancients. GALLIOT Gal"li*ot, n. Defn: See Galiot. GALLIPOLI OIL Gal*lip"o*li oil`. Defn: An inferior kind of olive oil, brought from Gallipoli, in Italy. GALLIPOT Gal"li*pot, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. OD. gleypot, the first part of which is possibly akin to E. glad. See Glad, and Pot.] Defn: A glazed earthen pot or vessel, used by druggists and apothecaries for containing medicines, etc. GALLIUM Gal"li*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Gallia France.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element, found in certain zinc ores. It is white, hard, and malleable, resembling aluminium, and remarcable for its low melting point (86 Note: The element was predicted with most of its properties, under the name ekaluminium, by the Russian chemist Mendelejeff, on the basis of the Periodic law. This prediction was verified in its discovery by the French chemist Lecoq de Boisbaudran by its characteristic spectrum (two violet lines), in an examination of a zinc blende from the Pyrenees. GALLIVANT Gal"li*vant, v. i. Etym: [From Gallant.] Defn: To play the beau; to wait upon the ladies; also, to roam about for pleasure without any definite plan. [Slang] Dickens. GALLIVAT Gal"li*vat, n.Etym: [Prob. fr. Pg. galeota; cf. E. galiot, galley.] (Naut.) Defn: A small armed vessel, with sails and oars, -- used on the Malabar coast. A. Chalmers. GALLIWASP Gal"li*wasp`, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A West Indian lizard (Celestus occiduus), about a foot long, imagined by the natives to be venomous. GALLIZE Gal"lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gallized; p. pr. & vb. n. Gallizing.] [After Dr. L. Gall, a French chemist, who invented the process.] Defn: In wine making, to add water and sugar to (unfermented grape juice) so as to increase the quantity of wine produced. -- Gal`li*za"tion (#), n. GALLNUT Gall"nut`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A round gall produced on the leaves and shoots of various species of the oak tree. See Gall, and Nutgall. GALLOMANIA Gal`lo*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [L. Galli Gauls + mania madness.] Defn: An excessive admiration of what is French. -- Gal`lo*ma"ni*ac, n. GALLON Gal"lon, n. Etym: [OF galon, jalon, LL. galo, galona, fr. galum a liquid measure; cf. F. jale large bowl. Cf. Gill a measure.] Defn: A measure of capacity, containing four quarts; -- used, for the most part, in liquid measure, but sometimes in dry measure. Note: The standart gallon of the Unites States contains 231 cubic inches, or 8.3389 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at its maximum density, and with the barometer at 30 inches. This is almost exactly equivalent to a cylinder of seven inches in diameter and six inches in height, and is the same as the old English wine gallon. The beer gallon, now little used in the United States, contains 282 cubic inches. The English imperial gallon contains 10 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at 62 GALLOON Gal*loon", n. Etym: [From F. or Sp. galon. See Gala. ] 1. A narrow tapelike fabric used for binding hats, shoes, etc., -- sometimes made ornamental. 2. A similar bordering or binding of rich material, such as gold lace. Silver and gold galloons, with the like glittering gewgaws. Addison. GALLOONED Gal*looned`, a. Defn: Furnished or adorned with galloon. GALLOP Gal"lop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Galloped; p. pr. & vb. n. Galloping.] Etym: [OE. galopen, F. galoper, of German origin; cf. assumed Goth. ga-hlaupan to run, OHG. giloufen, AS. gehleápan to leap, dance, fr. root of E. leap, and a prefix; or cf. OFlem. walop a gallop. See Leap, and cf. 1st Wallop.] 1. To move or run in the mode called a gallop; as a horse; to go at a gallop; to run or move with speed. But gallop lively down the western hill. Donne. 2. To ride a horse at a gallop. 3. Fig.: To go rapidly or carelessly, as in making a hasty examination. Such superficial ideas he may collect in galloping over it. Locke. GALLOP Gal"lop, v. t. Defn: To cause to gallop. GALLOP Gal"lop, n. Etym: [Cf. F. galop. See Gallop, v. i., and cf. Galop.] Defn: A mode of running by a quadruped, particularly by a horse, by lifting alternately the fore feet and the hind feet, in successive leaps or bounds. Hand gallop, a slow or gentle gallop. GALLOPADE Gal"lo*pade`, n. Etym: [F. galopade. See Gallop, n.] 1. I horsemanship, a sidelong or curveting kind of gallop. 2. A kind of dance; also, music to the dance; a galop. GALLOPADE Gal`lo*pade", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gallopaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gallopading.] 1. To gallop, as on horseback. 2. To perform the dance called gallopade. GALLOPER Gal"lop*er, n. 1. One who, or that which, gallops. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A carriage on which very small guns were formerly mounted, the gun resting on the shafts, without a limber. Farrow. Galloper gun, a light gun, supported on a galloper, -- formerly attached to British infantry regiments. GALLOPIN Gal"lo*pin, n.Etym: [F. galopin. See Gallop, v. i.] Defn: An under servant for the kitchen; a scullion; a cook's errand boy. [Obs.] Halliwell. GALLOPING Gal"lop*ing, a. Defn: Going at a gallop; progressing rapidly; as, a galloping horse. GALLOTANNIC Gal`lo*tan"nic, a. Etym: [Gall nutgall + tannic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to the tannin or nutgalls. Gallotannic acid. See Tannic acid, under Tannic. GALLOW Gal"low, v. t. Etym: [Cf. AS. agelwan to stupefy.] Defn: To fright or terrify. See Gally, v. t. [Obs.] Shak. GALLOWAY Gal"lo*way, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small horse of a breed raised at Galloway, Scotland; -- called also garran, and garron. GALLOWGLASS Gal"low*glass`, n. Etym: [Ir. galloglach. Cf. Gillie.] Defn: A heavy-armed foot soldier from Ireland and the Western Isles in the time of Edward Shak. GALLOWS Gal"lows, n. sing.; pl. Gallowses or Gallows. Etym: [OE. galwes, pl., AS. galga, gealga, gallows, cross; akin to D. galg gallows, OS. & OHG. galgo, G. galgen, Icel. galgi, Sw. & Dan. galge, Goth. galga a cross. Etymologically and historically considered, gallows is a noun in the plural number, but it is used as a singular, and hence is preceded by a; as, a gallows.] 1. A frame from which is suspended the rope with which criminals are executed by hanging, usually consisting of two upright posts and a crossbeam on the top; also, a like frame for suspending anything. So they hanged Haman on the gallows. Esther vii. 10. If I hang, I'll make a fat pair of gallows. Shak. O, there were desolation of gaolers and gallowses Shak. 2. A wretch who deserves the gallows. [R.] Shak. 3. (Print.) Defn: The rest for the tympan when raised. 4. pl. Defn: A pair of suspenders or braces. [Colloq.] Gallows bird, a person who deserves the gallows. [Colloq.] -- Gallows bitts (Naut.), one of two or more frames amidships on deck for supporting spare spars; -- called also gallows, gallows top, gallows frame, etc. -- Gallows frame. (a) The frame supporting the beam of an engine. (b) (Naut.) Gallows bitts. -- Gallows, or Gallow tree, the gallows. At length him nailéd on a gallow tree. Spenser. GALLSTONE Gall"stone`, n. Defn: A concretion, or calculus, formed in the gall bladder or biliary passages. See Calculus, n., 1. GALLY Gal"ly, v. t. Etym: [See Gallow, v. t.] Defn: To frighten; to worry. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] T. Brown. GALLY Gall"y, a. Defn: Like gall; bitter as gall. Cranmer. GALLY Gal"ly, n. Defn: See Galley, n., 4. GALLYGASKINS Gal`ly*gas"kins, n. pl. Defn: See Galligaskins. GALOCHE; GALOSHE Ga*loche", Ga*loshe" (, Etym: [OE. galoche, galache, galage, shoe, F. galoche galoche, perh. altered fr. L. gallica a Gallic shoe, or fr. LL. calopedia wooden shoe, or shoe with a wooden sole, Gr. 1. A clog or patten. [Obs.] Nor were worthy [to] unbuckle his galoche. Chaucer. 2. Hence: An overshoe worn in wet weather. 3. A gaiter, or legging, covering the upper part of the shoe and part of the leg. GALOOT Ga*loot", n. Defn: A noisy, swaggering, or worthless fellow; a rowdy. [Slang, U. S.] GALOP Gal"op, n. Etym: [F.] (Mus.) Defn: A kind of lively dance, in 2-4 time; also, the music to the dance. GALORE Ga*lore", n. & a. Etym: [Scot. gelore, gilore, galore, fr. Gael. gu leòr, enough; gu- to, also an adverbial prefix + leòr, leòir, enough; or fr. Ir. goleor, the same word.] Defn: Plenty; abundance; in abundance. GALOSH Ga*losh", n. 1. Same as Galoche, Galoshe. 2. A strip of material, as leather, running around a shoe at and above the sole, as for protection or ornament. GALOSHE Ga*loshe", n. Defn: Same as Galoche. GALPE Galpe, v. i. Defn: To gape,; to yawn. [Obs.] Chaucer. GALSOME Gal"some, a. Etym: [Gall bitterness + some.] Defn: Angry; malignant. [Obs.] Bp. Morton. GALT Galt, n Etym: [See Gault.] Defn: Same as Gault. GALVANIC Gal*van"ic, a. Etym: [From Galvani, a professor of physiology at Bologna, on account of his connection (about 1780) with the discovery of dynamical or current electricity: cf. F. galvanique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to, or exhibiting the phenomena of, galvanism; employing or producing electrical currents. Galvanic battery (Elec.), an apparatus for generating electrical currents by the mutual action of certain liquids and metals; -- now usually called voltaic battery. See Battery. -- Galvanic circuit or circle. (Elec.) See under Circuit. -- Galvanic pile (Elec.), the voltaic pile. See under Voltaic. GALVANISM Gal"va*nism, n Etym: [From Galvani: cf. F. galvanisme. See Galvanic.] (Physics) (a) Electricity excited by the mutual action of certain liquids and metals; dynamical electricity. (b) The branch of physical science which treats of dynamical elecricity, or the properties and effects of electrical currents. Note: The words galvanism and galvanic, formerly in very general use, are now rarely employed. For the latter, voltaic, from the name of Volta, is commonly used. GALVANIST Gal"va*nist, n. Defn: One versed in galvanism. GALVANIZATION Gal"va*niza`tion, n. Defn: The act of process of galvanizing. GALVANIZE Gal"va*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Galvanized; p pr. & vb. n. Galvanizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. galvaniser.] 1. To affect with galvanism; to subject to the action of electrical currents. 2. To plate, as with gold, silver, etc., by means of electricity. 3. To restore to consciousness by galvanic action (as from a state of suspended animation); hence, to stimulate or excite to a factitious animation or activity. 4. To coat, as iron, with zinc. See Galvanized iron. Galvanized iron, formerly, iron coated with zink by electrical deposition; now more commonly, iron coated with zink by plunging into a bath of melted zink, after its surface has been cleaned by friction with the aid of dilute acid. GALVANIZER Gal"va*ni`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, galvanize. GALVANOCAUSTIC Gal*van`o*caus"tic, a. Etym: [Galvanic + caustic.] Defn: Relating to the use of galvanic heat as a caustic, especially in medicine. GALVANOCAUTERY Gal*van`o*cau"ter*y, n. (Med.) Defn: Cautery effected by a knife or needle heated by the passage of a galvanic current. GALVANOGLYPHY Gal`va*nog"ly*phy, n. Etym: [Galvanic + Gr. Defn: Same as Glyphography. GALVANOGRAPH Gal*van"o*graph, n. Etym: [Galvanic + -graph.] (Engraving) Defn: A copperplate produced by the method of galvanography; also, a picture printed from such a plate. GALVANOGRAPHIC Gal*van`o*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to galvanography. GALVANOGRAPHY Gal`va*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Galvanic + -graphy.] 1. The art or process of depositing metals by electricity; electrotypy. 2. A method of producing by means of electrotyping process (without etching) copperplates which can be printed from in the same manner as engraved plates. GALVANOLOGIST Gal`va*nol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who describes the phenomena of galvanism; a writer on galvanism. GALVANOLOGY Gal`va*nol"o*gy n. Etym: [Galvanic + -logy.] Defn: A treatise on galvanism, or a description of its phenomena. GALVANOMETER Gal`va*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Galvanic + -meter: cf. F. galvanomètre.] (Elec.) Defn: An instrument or apparatus for measuring the intensity of an electric current, usually by the deflection of a magnetic needle. Differential galvanometer. See under Differental, a. -- Sine galvanometer, Cosine galvanometer, Tangent galvanometer (Elec.), a galvanometer in which the sine, cosine, or tangent respectively, of the angle through which the needle is deflected, is proportional to the strength of the current passed through the instrument. GALVANOMETRIC Gal*van`o*met"ric, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or measured by, a galvanometer. GALVANOMETRY Gal`va*nom"e*try, n. Defn: The art or process of measuring the force of electric currents. GALVANOPLASTIC Gal*van`o*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Galvanic + -plastic.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the art or process of electrotyping; employing, or produced by, the process of electolytic deposition; as, a galvano-plastic copy of a medal or the like. GALVANOPLASTY Gal*van"o*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. galanoplastie.] Defn: The art or process of electrotypy. GALVANOPUNCTURE Gal*van`o*punc"ture, n. (Med.) Defn: Same as Electro-puncture. GALVANOSCOPE Gal*van`o*scope, n. Etym: [Galvanic + -scope: cf. F. galvanoscope.] (Elec.) Defn: An instrument or apparatus for detecting the presence of electrical currents, especially such as are of feeble intensity. GALVANOSCOPIC Gal*van`o*scop"ic, a Defn: Of or pertaining to a galvanoscope. GALVANOSCOPY Gal`va*nos"co*py, n (Physiol.) Defn: The use of galvanism in physiological experiments. GALVANOTONUS Gal`va*not"o*nus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. E. galvanic + GR. (Physiol.) Defn: Same as Electrotonus. GALVANOTROPISM Gal`va*not"ro*pism, n. Etym: [Galvanic + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The tendency of a root to place its axis in the line of a galvanic current. GALWES Gal"wes, n. Defn: Gallows. [Obs.] Chaucer. GAM Gam, n. [Orig. uncert.] (Naut.) (a) A herd, or school, of whales. (b) A visit between whalers at sea; a holding of social intercourse between those on different vessels at sea, or (Local U. S.) between persons ashore. GAM Gam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gammed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gam"ming.] (Naut.) (a) To gather in a gam; -- said of whales. (b) To engage in a gam, or (Local, U. S.) in social intercourse anywhere. GAM Gam, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To have a gam with; to pay a visit to, esp. among whalers at sea. GAMA GRASS Ga"ma grass`. Etym: [From Gama, a cluster of the Maldive Islands.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of grass (Tripsacum dactyloides) tall, stout, and exceedingly productive; cultivated in the West Indies, Mexico, and the Southern States of North America as a forage grass; -- called also sesame grass. GAMASHES Ga*mash"es, n. pl. Etym: [F. gamaches.] Defn: High boots or buskins; in Scotland, short spatterdashes or riding trousers, worn over the other clothing. GAMBA Gam"ba, n. Defn: A viola da gamba. GAMBADOES Gam*ba"does, n. pl. Etym: [I. or Sp. gamba leg. See Gambol, n.] Defn: Same as Gamashes. His thin legs tenanted a pair of gambadoes fastened at the side with rusty clasps. Sir W. Scott. GAMBEER Gam*beer", v. t. [Cf. F. gambier a kind of hook.] (Fishing) Defn: To gaff, as mackerel. GAMBESON Gam"be*son, n. Defn: Same as Gambison. GAMBET Gam"bet, n. Etym: [Fr. gambette, or It. gambetta.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the genuis Totanus. See Tattler. GAMBIER Gam"bier, n. Etym: [Malayan.] (a) The inspissated juice of a plant (Uncaria Gambir) growing in Malacca. It is a powerful astringent, and, under the name of Terra Japonica, is used for chewing with the Areca nut, and is exported for tanning and dyeing. (b) Catechu. [Written also gambeer and gambir.] GAMBISON Gam"bi*son, n. Etym: [OF. gambeson, gambaison, fr. gambais, wambais, of German origin: cf. MHG. wambeis, G. wams doublet, fr. OHG. wamba, stomach. See Womb.] Defn: A defensive garment formerly in use for the body, made of cloth stuffed and quilted. GAMBIST Gam"bist, n. Etym: [It. gamba leg.] (Mus.) Defn: A performer upon the viola di gamba. See under Viola. GAMBIT Gam"bit, n. Etym: [F. gambit, cf. It. gambitto gambit, a tripping up. See Gambol, n.] (Chess Playing) Defn: A mode of opening the game, in which a pawn is sacrificed to gain an attacking position. GAMBLE Gam"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gambled; p. pr. & vb. n. Gambling.] Etym: [Dim. of game. See 2d Game.] Defn: To play or game for money or other stake. GAMBLE Gamble, v. t. Defn: To lose or squander by gaming; -- usually with away. "Bankrupts or sots who have gambled or slept away their estates." Ames. GAMBLER Gam"bler, n. Defn: One who gambles. GAMBOGE Gam*boge", n. Defn: A concrete juice, or gum resin, produced by several species of trees in Siam, Ceylon, and Malabar. It is brought in masses, or cylindrical rolls, from Cambodia, or Cambogia, -- whence its name. The best kind is of a dense, compact texture, and of a beatiful reddish yellow. Taking internally, it is a strong and harsh cathartic ad emetic. [Written also camboge.] Note: There are several kinds of gamboge, but all are derived from species of Garcinia, a genus of trees of the order Guttiferæ. The best Siam gamboge is thought to come from Garcinia Hanburii. Ceylon gamboge is from G. Morella. G. pictoria, of Western India, yields gamboge, and also a kind of oil called gamboge butter. GAMBOGIAN; GAMBOGIC Gam*bo"gi*an, Gambogic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, resembling, or containing, gamboge. GAMBOL Gam"bol, n. Etym: [OE. gambolde, gambaulde, F. gambade, gambol, fr. It. gambata kick, fr. L. gamba leg, akin to F. jambe, OF. also, gambe, fr. L. gamba, hoof or perh. joint: cf. Gr. cam crooked; perh. akin to E. chamber: cf.F. gambiller to kick about. Cf. Jamb, n., Gammon ham, Gambadoes.] Defn: A skipping or leaping about in frolic; a hop; a sportive prank. Dryden. GAMBOL Gam"bol v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gamboled, or Gambolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Gamboling or Gambolling.] Defn: To dance and skip about in sport; to frisk; to skip; to play in frolic, like boys or lambs. GAMBREL Gam"brel, n Etym: [OF. gambe, jambe leg, F. jambe. Cf. Cambrel, Chambrel, and see Gambol. n.] 1. The hind leg of a horse. 2. A stick crooked like a horse's hind leg; -- used by butchers in suspending slaughtered animals. Gambrel roof (Arch.), a curb roof having the same section in all parts, with a lower steeper slope and an upper and flatter one, so that each gable is pentagonal in form. GAMBREL Gam"brel v. t. Defn: To truss or hang up by means of a gambrel. Beau. & Fl. GAMBROON Gam*broon", n. Defn: A kind of twilled linen cloth for lining. Simmonds. GAME Game, a. Etym: [Cf. W. cam crooked, and E. gambol, n.] Defn: Crooked; lame; as, a game leg. [Colloq.] GAME Game, n. Etym: [OE. game, gamen, AS. gamen, gomen, play, sport; akin to OS., OHG., & Icel. gaman, Dan. gammen mirth, merriment, OSw. gamman joy. Cf. Gammon a game, Backgammon, Gamble v. i.] 1. Sport of any kind; jest, frolic. We have had pastimes here, and pleasant game. Shak. 2. A contest, physical or mental, according to certain rules, for amusement, recreation, or for winning a stake; as, a game of chance; games of skill; field games, etc. But war's a game, which, were their subject wise, Kings would not play at. Cowper. Note: Among the ancients, especially the Greeks and Romans, there were regularly recurring public exhibitions of strength, agility, and skill under the patronage of the government, usually accompanied with religious ceremonies. Such were the Olympic, the Pythian, the Nemean, and the Isthmian games. 3. The use or practice of such a game; a single match at play; a single contest; as, a game at cards. Talk the game o'er between the deal. Lloyd. 4. That which is gained, as the stake in a game; also, the number of points necessary to be scored in order to win a game; as, in short whist five points are game. 5. (Card Playing) Defn: In some games, a point credited on the score to the player whose cards counts up the highest. 6. A scheme or art employed in the pursuit of an object or purpose; method of procedure; projected line of operations; plan; project. Your murderous game is nearly up. Blackw. Mag. It was obviously Lord Macaulay's game to blacken the greatest literary champion of the cause he had set himself to attack. Saintsbury. 7. Animals pursued and taken by sportsmen; wild meats designed for, or served at, table. Those species of animals . . . distinguished from the rest by the well-known appellation of game. Blackstone. Confidence game. See under Confidence. -- To make game of, to make sport of; to mock. Milton. GAME Game, a. 1. Having a resolute, unyielding spirit, like the gamecock; ready to fight to the last; plucky. I was game . . . .I felt that I could have fought even to the death. W. Irving. 2. Of or pertaining to such animals as are hunted for game, or to the act or practice of hunting. Game bag, a sportsman's bag for carrying small game captured; also, the whole quantity of game taken. -- Game bird, any bird commonly shot for food, esp. grouse, partridges, quails, pheasants, wild turkeys, and the shore or wading birds, such as plovers, snipe, woodcock, curlew, and sandpipers. The term is sometimes arbitrarily restricted to birds hunted by sportsmen, with dogs and guns. -- Game egg, an egg producing a gamecock. -- Game laws, laws regulating the seasons and manner of taking game for food or for sport. -- Game preserver, a land owner who regulates the killing of game on his estate with a view to its increase. [Eng.] -- To be game. (a) To show a brave, unyielding spirit. (b) To be victor in a game. [Colloq.] -- To die game, to maintain a bold, unyielding spirit to the last; to die fighting. GAME Game, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gaming.] Etym: [OE. gamen, game, to rejoice, AS. gamenian to play. See Game, n.] 1. To rejoice; to be pleased; -- often used, in Old English, impersonally with dative. [Obs.] God loved he best with all his whole hearte At alle times, though him gamed or smarte. Chaucer. 2. To play at any sport or diversion. 3. To play for a stake or prize; to use cards, dice, billiards, or other instruments, according to certain rules, with a view to win money or other thing waged upon the issue of the contest; to gamble. GAMECOCK Game"cock`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The male game fowl. GAME FOWL Game" fowl`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A handsome breed of the common fowl, remarkable for the great courage and pugnacity of the males. GAMEFUL Game"ful, a. Defn: Full of game or games. GAMEKEEPER Game"keep`er, n. Defn: One who has the care of game, especially in a park or preserve. Blackstone. GAMELESS Game"less, a. Defn: Destitute of game. GAMELY Game"ly, adv. Defn: In a plucky manner; spiritedly. GAMENESS Game"ness, n. Defn: Endurance; pluck. GAMESOME Game"some, a. Defn: Gay; sportive; playful; frolicsome; merry. Shak. Gladness of the gamesome crowd. Byron. -- Game"some*ly, adv. -- Game"some*ness, n. GAMESTER Game"ster, n. Etym: [Game + -ster.] 1. A merry, frolicsome person. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A person who plays at games; esp., one accustomed to play for a stake; a gambler; one skilled in games. When lenity and cruelty play for a kingdom, the gentlest gamester is the soonest winner. Shak. 3. A prostitute; a strumpet. [Obs.] Shak. GAMETE Gam"ete (gam"et; ga*met"; the latter usually in compounds), n. [Gr. gameth` wife, or game`ths husband, fr. gamei^n to marry.] (Biol.) Defn: A sexual cell or germ cell; a conjugating cell which unites with another of like or unlike character to form a new individual. In Bot., gamete designates esp. the similar sex cells of the lower thallophytes which unite by conjugation, forming a zygospore. The gametes of higher plants are of two sorts, sperm (male) and egg (female); their union is called fertilization, and the resulting zygote an oöspore. In Zoöl., gamete is most commonly used of the sexual cells of certain Protozoa, though also extended to the germ cells of higher forms. GAMETOPHYTE Ga*me"to*phyte, n. [Gamete + Gr. fyto`n plant.] (Bot.) Defn: In the alternation of generations in plants, that generation or phase which bears sex organs. In the lower plants, as the algæ, the gametophyte is the conspicuous part of the plant body; in mosses it is the so-called moss plant; in ferns it is reduced to a small, early perishing body; and in seed plants it is usually microscopic or rudimentary. GAMIC Gam"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resulting from, sexual connection; formed by the union of the male and female elements. GAMIN Gam"in, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A neglected and untrained city boy; a young street Arab. In Japan, the gamins run after you, and say, 'Look at the Chinaman.' L. Oliphant. GAMING Gam"ing, n. Defn: The act or practice of playing games for stakes or wagers; gambling. GAMMA Gam"ma, n. Defn: The third letter (G) of the Greek alphabet. GAMMADION Gam*ma"di*on, n. Defn: A cross formed of four capital gammas, formerly used as a mysterious ornament on ecclesiastical vestments, etc. See Fylfot. GAMMA RAYS Gam"ma rays. (Physics) Defn: Very penetrating rays not appreciably deflected by a magnetic or electric field, emitted by radioactive substances. The prevailing view is that they are non-periodic ether pulses differing from Röntgen rays only in being more penetrating. GAMMER Gam"mer, n. Etym: [Possibly contr. fr. godmother; but prob. fr. grammer for grandmother. Cf. Gaffer.] Defn: An old wife; an old woman; -- correlative of gaffer, an old man. GAMMON Gam"mon, n. Etym: [OF. gambon, F. jambon, fr. OF. gambe leg, F. jambe. See Gambol, n., and cf. Ham.] Defn: The buttock or tight of a hog, salted and smoked or dried; the lower end of a flitch. Goldsmith. GAMMON Gam"mon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gameed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gameing.] Defn: To make bacon of; to salt and dry in smoke. GAMMON Gam"mon, n. Etym: [See 2d Game.] 1. Backgammon. 2. An imposition or hoax; humbug. [Colloq.] GAMMON Gam"mon, v. t. 1. To beat in the game of backgammon, before an antagonist has been able to get his "men" or counters home and withdraw any of them from the board; as, to gammon a person. 2. To impose on; to hoax; to cajole. [Colloq.] Hood. GAMMON Gam"mon, v. t. Etym: [Etymol. unknown.] (Naut.) Defn: To fasten (a bowsprit) to the stem of a vessel by lashings of rope or chain, or by a band of iron. Totten. GAMMONING Gam"mon*ing, n. Etym: [From 5th Gammon.] (Naut.) Defn: The lashing or iron band by which the bowsprit of a vessel is secured to the stem to opposite the lifting action of the forestays. Gammoning fashion, in the style of gammoning lashing, that is, having the turns of rope crossed. -- Gammoning hole (Naut.), a hole cut through the knee of the head of a vessel for the purpose of gammoning the bowsprit. GAMMONING Gam"mon*ing, n. Etym: [From 4th Gammon.] Defn: The act of imposing upon or hoaxing a person. [Colloq.] GAMOGENESIS Gam`o*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: The production of offspring by the union of parents of different sexes; sexual reproduction; -- the opposite of agamogenesis. GAMOGENETIC Gam`o*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to gamogenesis. -- Gam`o*ge*net"ic*al*ly, adv. GAMOMORPHISM Gam`o*mor"phism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: That stage of growth or development in an organism, in which the reproductive elements are generated and matured in preparation for propagating the species. GAMOPETALOUS Gam`o*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. petalous: cf. F. gamopétale.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the petals united or joined so as to form a tube or cup; monopetalous. GAMOPHYLLOUS Ga*moph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Composed of leaves united by their edges (coalescent). Gray. GAMOSEPALOUS Gam`o*sep"al*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. sepal.] (Bot.) Defn: Formed of united sepals; monosepalous. GAMP Gamp, n. Defn: A large umbrella; --said to allude to Mrs. Gamp's umbrella, in Dickens's "Martin Chuzzlewit." GAMUT Gam"ut, n. Etym: [F. gamme + ut the name of a musical note. F. gamme is fr. the name of the Greek letter Gamma, and Ut.] (Mus.) Defn: The scale. GAMY Gam"y, a. 1. (Cookery) Defn: Having the flavor of game, esp. of game kept uncooked till near the condition of tainting; high-flavored. 2. (Sporting) Defn: Showing an unyielding spirit to the last; plucky; furnishing sport; as, a gamy trout. GAN Gan, imp. of Gin. Etym: [See Gin, v.] Defn: Began; commenced. Note: Gan was formerly used with the infinitive to form compound imperfects, as did is now employed. Gan regularly denotes the singular; the plural is usually denoted by gunne or gonne. This man gan fall (i.e., fell) in great suspicion. Chaucer. The little coines to their play gunne hie (i.e., hied). Chaucer. Note: Later writers use gan both for singular and plural. Yet at her speech their rages gan relent. Spenser. GANANCIAL Ga*nan"cial, a. [Sp., pertaining to gain, held in common, fr. ganancia gain.] (Law) Defn: Designating, pertaining to, or held under, the Spanish system of law (called ganancial system) which controls the title and disposition of the property acquired during marriage by the husband or wife. GANCH Ganch, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. ganche, n., also Sp. & Pg. gancho hook, It. gancio.] Defn: To drop from a high place upon sharp stakes or hooks, as the Turks dropped malefactors, by way of punishment. Ganching, which is to let fall from on high upon hooks, and there to hang until they die. Sandys. GANDER Gan"der, n. Etym: [AS. gandra, ganra, akin to Prov. G. gander, ganter, and E. goose, gannet. See Goose.] Defn: The male of any species of goose. GANE Gane, v. i. Etym: [See Yawn.] Defn: To yawn; to gape. [Obs.] Chaucer. GANESA Ga*ne"sa, n. (Hind. Myth.) Defn: The Hindoo god of wisdom or prudence. Note: He is represented as a short, fat, red-colored man, with a large belly and the head of an elephant. Balfour. GANG Gang, v. i. Etym: [AS. gangan, akin to OS. & OHG. gangan, Icel. ganga, Goth. gaggan; cf. Lith. to walk, Skr. ja leg. sq. root48. CF. Go.] Defn: To go; to walk. Note: Obsolete in English literature, but still used in the North of England, and also in Scotland. GANG Gang, n. Etym: [Icel. gangr a going, gang, akin to AS., D., G., & Dan. gang a going, Goth. gaggs street, way. See Gang, v. i.] 1. A going; a course. [Obs.] 2. A number going in company; hence, a company, or a number of persons associated for a particular purpose; a group of laborers under one foreman; a squad; as, a gang of sailors; a chain gang; a gang of thieves. 3. A combination of similar implements arranged so as, by acting together, to save time or labor; a set; as, a gang of saws, or of plows. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A set; all required for an outfit; as, a new gang of stays. 5. Etym: [Cf. Gangue.] (Mining) Defn: The mineral substance which incloses a vein; a matrix; a gangue. Gang board, or Gang plank. (Naut.) (a) A board or plank, with cleats for steps, forming a bridge by which to enter or leave a vessel. (b) A plank within or without the bulwarks of a vessel's waist, for the sentinel to walk on. -- Gang cask, a small cask in which to bring water aboard ships or in which it is kept on deck. -- Gang cultivator, Gang plow, a cultivator or plow in which several shares are attached to one frame, so as to make two or more furrows at the same time. -- Gang days, Rogation days; the time of perambulating parishes. See Gang week (below). -- Gang drill, a drilling machine having a number of drills driven from a common shaft. -- Gang master, a master or employer of a gang of workmen. -- Gang plank. See Gang board (above). -- Gang plow. See Gang cultivator (above). -- Gang press, a press for operating upon a pile or row of objects separated by intervening plates. -- Gang saw, a saw fitted to be one of a combination or gang of saws hung together in a frame or sash, and set at fixed distances apart. -- Gang tide. See Gang week (below). -- Gang tooth, a projecting tooth. [Obs.] Halliwell. -- Gang week, Rogation week, when formerly processions were made to survey the bounds of parishes. Halliwell. -- Live gang, or Round gang, the Western and the Eastern names, respectively, for a gang of saws for cutting the round log into boards at one operation. Knight. -- Slabbing gang, an arrangement of saws which cuts slabs from two sides of a log, leaving the middle part as a thick beam. GANGE Gange, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ganged; p. pr. & vb. n. Ganging.] [Of uncertain origin.] 1. To protect (the part of a line next a fishhook, or the hook itself) by winding it with wire. 2. To attach (a fishhook) to a line or snell, as by knotting the line around the shank of the hook. GANGER Gang"er, n. Defn: One who oversees a gang of workmen. [R.] Mayhew. GANGETIC Gan*get"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or inhabiting, the Ganges; as, the Gangetic shark. GANG-FLOWER Gang"-flow`er, n. (Bot.) Defn: The common English milkwort (Polygala vulgaris), so called from blossoming in gang week. Dr. Prior. GANGION Gan"gion, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A short line attached to a trawl. See Trawl, n. GANGLIAC; GANGLIAL Gan"gli*ac, Gan"gli*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Relating to a ganglion; ganglionic. GANGLIATE; GANGLIATED Gan"gli*ate, Gan"gli*a`ted, a. (Anat.) Defn: Furnished with ganglia; as, the gangliated cords of the sympathetic nervous system. GANGLIFORM; GANGLIOFORM Gan"gli*form`, Gan"gli*o*form`, a. Etym: [Ganglion + -form.] (Anat.) Defn: Having the form of a ganglion. GANGLION Gan"gli*on, n.; pl. L. Ganglia, E. Ganglions. Etym: [L. ganglion a sort of swelling or excrescence, a tumor under the skin, Gr. ganglion.] 1. (Anat.) (a) A mass or knot of nervous matter, including nerve cells, usually forming an enlargement in the course of a nerve. (b) A node, or gland in the lymphatic system; as, a lymphatic ganglion. 2. (Med.) Defn: A globular, hard, indolent tumor, situated somewhere on a tendon, and commonly formed by the effusion of a viscid fluid into it; -- called also weeping sinew. Ganglion cell, a nerve cell. See Illust. under Bipolar. GANGLIONARY Gan"gli*on*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ganglionnarie.] (Anat.) Defn: Ganglionic. GANGLIONIC Gan`gli*on"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ganglionique.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, ganglia or ganglion cells; as, a ganglionic artery; the ganglionic columns of the spinal cord. GANGREL Gan"grel, a. Etym: [Cf. Gang, v. i.] Defn: Wandering; vagrant. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. GANGRENATE Gan"gre*nate, v. t. Defn: To gangrene. [Obs.] GANGRENE Gan"grene, n. Etym: [F. gangrène, L. gangraena, fr. Gr. gras, gar, to devour, and E. voracious, also canker, n., in sense 3.] (Med.) Defn: A term formerly restricted to mortification of the soft tissues which has not advanced so far as to produce complete loss of vitality; but now applied to mortification of the soft parts in any stage. GANGRENE Gan"grene, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Gangrened; p. pr. & vb. n. Gangrening.] Etym: [Cf. F. gangréner.] Defn: To produce gangrene in; to be affected with gangrene. GANGRENESCENT Gan`gre*nes"cent, a. Defn: Tending to mortification or gangrene. GANGRENOUS Gan"gre*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. gangréneux.] Defn: Affected by, or produced by, gangrene; of the nature of gangrene. GANGUE Gangue, n. Etym: [F. gangue, fr. G. gang a metallic vein, a passage. See Gang, n.] (Mining) Defn: The mineral or earthy substance associated with metallic ore. GANGWAY Gang"way`, n. Etym: [See Gang, v. i.] 1. A passage or way into or out of any inclosed place; esp., a temporary way of access formed of planks. 2. In the English House of Commons, a narrow aisle across the house, below which sit those who do not vote steadly either with the government or with the opposition. 3. (Naut.) Defn: The opening through the bulwarks of a vessel by which persons enter or leave it. 4. (Naut.) Defn: That part of the spar deck of a vessel on each side of the booms, from the quarter-deck to the forecastle; -- more properly termed the waist. Totten. Gangway ladder, a ladder rigged on the side of a vessel at the gangway. -- To bring to the gangway, to punish (a seaman) by flogging him at the gangway. GANIL Gan"il, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A kind of brittle limestone. [Prov. Eng.] Kirwan. GANISTER; GANNISTER Gan"is*ter, Gan"nis*ter, n. (Mech.) Defn: A refractory material consisting of crushed or ground siliceous stone, mixed with fire clay; -- used for lining Bessemer converters; also used for macadamizing roads. GANJA Gan"ja, n. Etym: [Hind. ganjha.] Defn: The dried hemp plant, used in India for smoking. It is extremely narcotic and intoxicating. GANNET Gan"net, n. Etym: [OE. gant, AS. ganet, ganot, a sea fowl, a fen duck; akin to D. gent gander, OHG. ganazzo. See Gander, Goose.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of sea birds of the genus Sula, allied to the pelicans. Note: The common gannet of Europe and America (S. bassana), is also called solan goose, chandel goose, and gentleman. In Florida the wood ibis is commonly called gannet. Booby gannet. See Sula. GANOCEPHALA Gan`o*ceph"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A group of fossil amphibians allied to the labyrinthodonts, having the head defended by bony, sculptured plates, as in some ganoid fishes. GANOCEPHALOUS Gan`o*ceph"a*lous, a. (Paleon.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ganocephala. GANOID Ga"noid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Ganoidei. -- n. One of the Ganoidei. Ganoid scale (Zoöl.), one kind of scales of the ganoid fishes, composed of an inner layer of bone, and an outer layer of shining enamel. They are often so arranged as to form a coat of mail. GANOIDAL Ga*noid"al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Ganoid. GANOIDEI Ga*noi"de*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the subclasses of fishes. They have an arterial cone and bulb, spiral intestinal valve, and the optic nerves united by a chiasma. Many of the species are covered with bony plates, or with ganoid scales; others have cycloid scales. Note: They were numerous, and some of them of large size, in early geological periods; but they are represented by comparatively few living species, most of which inhabit fresh waters, as the bowfin, gar pike, bichir, Ceratodus, paddle fish, and sturgeon. GANOIDIAN Ga*noid"i*an, a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Ganoid. GANOINE Ga"no*ine, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar bony tissue beneath the enamel of a ganoid scale. GANSA Gan"sa, n. Defn: Same as Ganza. Bp. Hall. GANTLET Gant"let, n. [Gantlet is corrupted fr. gantlope; gantlope is for gatelope, Sw. gatlopp, orig., a running down a lane; gata street, lane + lopp course, career, akin to löpa to run. See Gate a way, and Leap.] Defn: A military punishment formerly in use, wherein the offender was made to run between two files of men facing one another, who struck him as he passed. To run the gantlet, to suffer the punishment of the gantlet; hence, to go through the ordeal of severe criticism or controversy, or ill-treatment at many hands. Winthrop ran the gantlet of daily slights. Palfrey. Note: Written also, but less properly, gauntlet. GANTLET Gant"let, n. Defn: A glove. See Gauntlet. GANTLINE Gant"line`, n. Defn: A line rigged to a mast; -- used in hoisting rigging; a girtline. GANTLOPE Gant"lope`, n. Defn: See Gantlet. [Obs.] GANTRY Gan"try, n. Defn: See Gauntree. GANZA Gan"za, n. Etym: [Sp. gansa, ganso, goose; of Gothic origin. See Gannet, Goose.] Defn: A kind of wild goose, by a flock of which a virtuoso was fabled to be carried to the lunar world. [Also gansa.] Johnson. GANZ SYSTEM Ganz system Defn: A haulage system for canal boats, in which an electric locomotive running on a monorail has its adhesion materially increased by the pull of the tow rope on a series of inclined gripping wheels. GAOL Gaol, n. Etym: [See Jail.] Defn: A place of confinement, especially for minor offenses or provisional imprisonment; a jail. [Preferably, and in the United States usually, written jail.] Commission of general gaol delivery, an authority conferred upon judges and others included in it, for trying and delivering every prisoner in jail when the judges, upon their circuit, arrive at the place for holding court, and for discharging any whom the grand jury fail to indict. [Eng.] -- Gaol delivery. (Law) See Jail delivery, under Jail. GAOLER Gaol"er, n. Defn: The keeper of a jail. See Jailer. GAP Gap, n. Etym: [OE. gap; cf. Icel. gap an empty space, Sw. gap mouth, breach, abyss, Dan. gab mouth, opening, AS. geap expanse; as adj., wide, spacious. See Gape.] Defn: An opening in anything made by breaking or parting; as, a gap in a fence; an opening for a passage or entrance; an opening which implies a breach or defect; a vacant space or time; a hiatus; a mountain pass. Miseries ensued by the opening of that gap. Knolles. It would make a great gap in your own honor. Shak. Gap lathe (Mach.), a turning lathe with a deep notch in the bed to admit of turning a short object of large diameter. -- To stand in the gap, to expose one's self for the protection of something; to make defense against any assailing danger; to take the place of a fallen defender or supporter. -- To stop a gap, to secure a weak point; to repair a defect. GAP Gap, v. t. 1. To notch, as a sword or knife. 2. To make an opening in; to breach. Their masses are gapp'd with our grape. Tennyson. GAPE Gape (; in Eng, commonly ; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gaped ( or ); p. pr. & vb. n. Gaping] Etym: [OE. gapen, AS. geapan to open; akin to D. gapen to gape, G. gaffen, Icel. & Sw. gapa, Dan. gabe; cf. Skr. jabh to snap at, open the mouth. Cf. Gaby, Gap.] 1. To open the mouth wide; as: (a) Expressing a desire for food; as, young birds gape. Dryden. (b) Indicating sleepiness or indifference; to yawn. She stretches, gapes, unglues her eyes, And asks if it be time to rise. Swift. (c) Showing self-forgetfulness in surprise, astonishment, expectation, etc. With gaping wonderment had stared aghast. Byron. (d) Manifesting a desire to injure, devour, or overcome. They have gaped upon me with their mouth. Job xvi. 10. 2. To pen or part widely; to exhibit a gap, fissure, or hiatus. May that ground gape and swallow me alive! Shak. 3. To long, wait eagerly, or cry aloud for something; -- with for, after, or at. The hungry grave for her due tribute gapes. Denham. Syn. -- To gaze; stare; yawn. See Gaze. GAPE Gape, n. 1. The act of gaping; a yawn. Addison. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The width of the mouth when opened, as of birds, fishes, etc. GAPES; THE GAPES The gapes. (a) A fit of yawning. (b) A disease of young poultry and other birds, attended with much gaping. It is caused by a parasitic nematode worm (Syngamus trachealis), in the windpipe, which obstructs the breathing. See Gapeworm. GAPER Gap"er, n. 1. One who gapes. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A European fish. See 4th Comber. (b) A large edible clam (Schizothærus Nuttalli), of the Pacific coast; -- called also gaper clam. (c) An East Indian bird of the genus Cymbirhynchus, related to the broadbills. GAPESEED Gape"seed`, n. Defn: Any strange sight. Wright. GAPESING Gapes"ing ( or ), n. Defn: Act of gazing about; sightseeing. [Prov. Eng.] GAPEWORM Gape"worm` ( or ), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The parasitic worm that causes the gapes in birds. See Illustration in Appendix. GAPINGSTOCK Gap"ing*stock` ( or ), n. Defn: One who is an object of open-mouthed wonder. I was to be a gapingstock and a scorn to the young volunteers. Godwin. GAP-TOOTHED Gap"-toothed`, a. Defn: Having interstices between the teeth. Dryden. GAR Gar, n. Etym: [Prob. AS. gar dart, spear, lance. The name is applied to the fish on account of its long and slender body and pointed head. Cf. Goad, Gore, v.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any slender marine fish of the genera Belone and Tylosurus. See Garfish. (b) The gar pike. See Alligator gar (under Alligator), and Gar pike. Gar pike, or Garpike (Zoöl.), a large, elongated ganoid fish of the genus Lepidosteus, of several species, inhabiting the lakes and rivers of temperate and tropical America. GAR Gar, v. t. Etym: [Of Scand. origin. See Gear, n.] Defn: To cause; to make. [Obs. or Scot.] Spenser. GARAGE Ga`rage", n. [F.] 1. A place for housing automobiles. 2. (Aëronautics) A shed for housing an airship or flying machine; a hangar. 3. A side way or space in a canal to enable vessels to pass each other; a siding. Garage is recent in English, and has as yet acquired no settled pronunciation. GARAGE Ga`rage", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Garaging.] Defn: To keep in a garage. [Colloq.] GARANCIN Gar"an*cin (; 104), n. Etym: [F. garance madder, LL. garantia.] (Chem.) Defn: An extract of madder by sulphuric acid. It consists essentially of alizarin. GARB Garb, n. Etym: [OF. garbe looks, countenance, grace, ornament, fr. OHG. garawi, garwi, ornament, dress. akin to E. gear. See Gear, n.] 1. (a) Clothing in general. (b) The whole dress or suit of clothes worn by any person, especially when indicating rank or office; as, the garb of a clergyman or a judge. (c) Costume; fashion; as, the garb of a gentleman in the 16th century. 2. External appearance, as expressive of the feelings or character; looks; fashion or manner, as of speech. You thought, because he could not speak English in the native garb, he could not therefore handle an English cudgel. Shak. GARB Garb, n. Etym: [F. gerbe, OF. also garbe, OHG. garba, G. garbe; cf. Skr. grbh to seize, E. grab.] (Her.) Defn: A sheaf of grain (wheat, unless otherwise specified). GARB Garb, v. t. Defn: To clothe; array; deck. These black dog-Dons Garb themselves bravely. Tennyson. GARBAGE Gar"bage (; 48), n. Etym: [OE. also garbash, perh. orig., that which is purged or cleansed away; cf. OF. garber to make fine, neat, OHG. garawan to make ready, prepare, akin to E. garb dress; or perh. for garbleage, fr. garble; or cf. OF. garbage tax on sheaves, E. garb sheaf.] Defn: Offal, as the bowels of an animal or fish; refuse animal or vegetable matter from a kitchen; hence, anything worthless, disgusting, or loathsome. Grainger. GARBAGE Gar"bage, v. t. Defn: To strip of the bowels; to clean. "Pilchards . . . are garbaged." Holland. GARBED Garbed, a. Defn: Dressed; habited; clad. GARBEL Gar"bel, n. (Naut.) Defn: Same as Garboard. GARBEL Gar"bel, n. Etym: [Cf. Garble, v. t.] Defn: Anything sifted, or from which the coarse parts have been taken. [Obs.] GARBLE Gar"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Garbling.] Etym: [Formerly, to pick out, sort, OF. grabeler, for garbeler to examine precisely, garble spices, fr. LL. garbellare to sift; cf. Sp. garbillar to sift, garbillo a coarse sieve, L. cribellum, dim. of cribrum sieve, akin to cernere to separate, sift (cf. E. Discern); or perh. rather from Ar. gharbal, gharbil, sieve.] 1. To sift or bolt, to separate the fine or valuable parts of from the coarse and useless parts, or from dros or dirt; as, to garble spices. [Obs.] 2. To pick out such parts of as may serve a purpose; to mutilate; to pervert; as, to garble a quotation; to garble an account. GARBLE Gar"ble, n. 1. Refuse; rubbish. [Obs.] Wolcott. 2. pl. Defn: Impurities separated from spices, drugs, etc.; -- also called garblings. GARBLER Gar"bler, n. Defn: One who garbles. GARBOARD Gar"board, n. (Naut.) Defn: One of the planks next the keel on the outside, which form a garboard strake. Garboard strake or streak, the first range or strake of planks laid on a ship's bottom next the keel. Totten. GARBOIL Gar"boil, n. Etym: [OF. garbouil; cf. Sp. garbullo, It. garbuglio; of uncertain origin; the last part is perh. fr. L. bullire to boil, E. boil.] Defn: Tumult; disturbance; disorder. [Obs.] Shak. GARCINIA Gar*cin"i*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants, including the mangosteen tree (Garcinia Mangostana), found in the islands of the Indian Archipelago; -- so called in honor of Dr. Garcin. GARCON Gar`çon", n. [F.] Defn: A boy; fellow; esp., a serving boy or man; a waiter; -- in Eng. chiefly applied to French waiters. GARD Gard, n. Etym: [See Garde, Yard] Defn: Garden. [Obs.] "Trees of the gard." F. Beaumont. GARD Gard, v. & n. Defn: See Guard. GARDANT Gar"dant, a. Etym: [F. See Guardant.] (Her.) Defn: Turning the head towards the spectator, but not the body; -- said of a lion or other beast. GARDE CIVIQUE Garde` ci`vique". [F.] Defn: See Army organization, above. GARDEN Gar"den, n. Etym: [OE. gardin, OF. gardin, jardin, F. jardin, of German origin; cf. OHG. garto, G. garten; akin to AS. geard. See Yard an inclosure.] 1. A piece of ground appropriates to the cultivation of herbs, fruits, flowers, or vegetables. 2. A rich, well-cultivated spot or tract of country. I am arrived from fruitful Lombardy, The pleasant garden of great Italy. Shak. Note: Garden is often used adjectively or in self-explaining compounds; as, garden flowers, garden tools, garden walk, garden wall, garden house or gardenhouse. Garden balsam, an ornamental plant (Impatiens Balsamina). -- Garden engine, a wheelbarrow tank and pump for watering gardens. -- Garden glass. (a) A bell glass for covering plants. (b) A globe of dark-colored glass, mounted on a pedestal, to reflect surrounding objects; -- much used as an ornament in gardens in Germany. -- Garden house (a) A summer house. Beau & Fl. (b) A privy. [Southern U.S.] -- Garden husbandry, the raising on a small scale of seeds, fruits, vegetables, etc., for sale. -- Garden mold or mould, rich, mellow earth which is fit for a garden. Mortimer. -- Garden nail, a cast nail used, for fastening vines to brick walls. Knight. -- Garden net, a net for covering fruits trees, vines, etc., to protect them from birds. -- Garden party, a social party held out of doors, within the grounds or garden attached to a private residence. -- Garden plot, a plot appropriated to a garden. Garden pot, a watering pot. -- Garden pump, a garden engine; a barrow pump. -- Garden shears, large shears, for clipping trees and hedges, pruning, etc. -- Garden spider, (Zoöl.), the diadem spider (Epeira diadema), common in gardens, both in Europe and America. It spins a geometrical web. See Geometric spider, and Spider web. -- Garden stand, a stand for flower pots. -- Garden stuff, vegetables raised in a garden. [Colloq.] -- Garden syringe, a syringe for watering plants, sprinkling them with solutions for destroying insects, etc. -- Garden truck, vegetables raised for the market. [Colloq.] -- Garden ware, garden truck. [Obs.] Mortimer. -- Bear garden, Botanic garden, etc. See under Bear, etc. -- Hanging garden. See under Hanging. -- Kitchen garden, a garden where vegetables are cultivated for household use. -- Market garden, a piece of ground where vegetable are cultivated to be sold in the markets for table use. GARDEN Gar"den, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gardened; p. pr. & vb. n. Gardening.] Defn: To lay out or cultivate a garden; to labor in a garden; to practice horticulture. GARDEN Gar"den, v. t. Defn: To cultivate as a garden. GARDENER Gar"den*er, n. Defn: One who makes and tends a garden; a horticulturist. GARDENIA Garde"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants, some species of which produce beautiful and fragrant flowers; Cape jasmine; -- so called in honor of Dr. Alexander Garden. GARDENING Gar"den*ing, n. Defn: The art of occupation of laying out and cultivating gardens; horticulture. GARDENLESS Gar"den*less, a. Defn: Destitute of a garden. Shelley. GARDENLY Gar"den*ly, a. Defn: Like a garden. [R.] W. Marshall. GARDENSHIP Gar"den*ship, n. Defn: Horticulture. [Obs.] GARDON Gar"don, n. Etym: [F] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European cyprinoid fish; the id. GARDYLOO Gar`dy*loo", n. Etym: [F. gare l'eau beware of the water.] Defn: An old cry in throwing water, slops, etc., from the windows in Edingburgh. Sir. W. Scott. GARE Gare, n. Etym: [Cf. Gear.] Defn: Coarse wool on the legs of sheep. Blount. GAREFOWL Gare"fowl`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The great auk; also, the razorbill. See Auk. [Written also gairfowl, and gurfel.] GARFISH Gar"fish`, n. Etym: [See Gar, n.] (Zoöl.) (a) A European marine fish (Belone vulgaris); -- called also gar, gerrick, greenback, greenbone, gorebill, hornfish, longnose, mackerel guide, sea needle, and sea pike. (b) One of several species of similar fishes of the genus Tylosurus, of which one species (T. marinus) is common on the Atlantic coast. T. Caribbæus, a very large species, and T. crassus, are more southern; - - called also needlefish. Many of the common names of the European garfish are also applied to the American species. GARGALIZE Gar"ga*lize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Gargle, Gargarize.] Defn: To gargle; to rinse. [Obs.] Marston. GARGANEY Gar"ga*ney, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European duck (Anas querquedula); -- called also cricket teal, and summer teal. GARGANTUAN Gar*gan"tu*an, a. Etym: [From Gargantua, an allegorical hero of Rabelais.] Defn: Characteristic of Gargantua, a gigantic, wonderful personage; enormous; prodigious; inordinate. GARGARISM Gar"ga*rism, n. Etym: [F. gargarisme, L. gargarisma. See Gargarize.] (Med.) Defn: A gargle. GARGARIZE Gar"ga*rize, v. t. Etym: [F. gargarizare, fr. Gr. Defn: To gargle; to rinse or wash, as the mouth and throat. [Obs.] Bacon. GARGET Garget, n. Etym: [OE. garget, gargate, throat, OF. gargate. Cf. Gorge. The etymol. of senses 2, 3, & 4 is not certain.] 1. The throat. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A diseased condition of the udders of cows, etc., arising from an inflammation of the mammary glands. 3. A distemper in hogs, indicated by staggering and loss of appetite. Youatt. 4. (Bot.) Defn: See Poke. GARGIL Gar"gil, n. Etym: [Cf. Garget, Gargoyle.] Defn: A distemper in geese, affecting the head. GARGLE Gar"gle, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Gargoyle. GARGLE Gar"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garggled, p. pr. & vb. n. Gargling ( Etym: [F. gargouiller to dabble, paddle, gargle. Cf. Gargoyle, Gurgle.] 1. To wash or rinse, as the mouth or throat, particular the latter, agitating the liquid (water or a medicinal preparation) by an expulsion of air from the lungs. 2. To warble; to sing as if gargling [Obs.] Waller. GARGLE Gar"gle, n. Defn: A liquid, as water or some medicated preparation, used to cleanse the mouth and throat, especially for a medical effect. GARGOL Gar"gol, n. Etym: [Cf. Gargil.] Defn: A distemper in swine; garget. Mortimer. GARGOULETTE Gar`gou*lette", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A water cooler or jug with a handle and spout; a gurglet. Mollett. GARGOYLE Gar"goyle, n. Etym: [OE. garguilie, gargouille, cf. Sp. gárgola, prob. fr. the same source as F. gorge throat, influenced by L. gargarizare to gargle. See Gorge and cf. Gargle, Gargarize.] (Arch.) Defn: A spout projecting from the roof gutter of a building, often carved grotesquely. [Written also gargle, gargyle, and gurgoyle.] GARGYLE Gar"gyle, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Gargoyle. GARIBALDI Ga`ri*bal"di, n. 1. A jacket worn by women; -- so called from its resemblance in shape to the red shirt worn by the Italians patriot Garibaldi. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A California market fish (Pomancentrus rubicundus) of a deep scarlet color. GARISH Gar"ish, a. Etym: [Cf. OE. gauren to stare; of uncertain origin. Cf. gairish.] 1. Showy; dazzling; ostentatious; attracting or exciting attention. "The garish sun." "A garish flag." Shak. "In . . . garish colors." Asham. "The garish day." J. H. Newman. Garish like the laughters of drunkenness. Jer. Taylor. 2. Gay to extravagance; flighty. It makes the mind loose and garish. South. -- Gar"ish*ly, adv. -- Garish*ness, n. Jer. Taylor. GARLAND Gar"land, n. Etym: [OE. garland, gerlond, OF. garlande, F. guirlande; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. wiara, wiera, crown, pure gold, MHG. wieren to adorn.] 1. The crown of a king. [Obs.] Graffon. 2. A wreath of chaplet made of branches, flowers, or feathers, and sometimes of precious stones, to be worn on the head like a crown; a coronal; a wreath. Pope. 3. The top; the thing most prized. Shak. 4. A book of extracts in prose or poetry; an anthology. They [ballads] began to be collected into little miscellanies under the name of garlands. Percy. 5. (Naut.) (a) A sort of netted bag used by sailors to keep provision in. (b) A grommet or ring of rope lashed to a spar for convenience in handling. GARLAND Gar"land, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garlanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Garlanding.] Defn: To deck with a garland. B. Jonson. GARLANDLESS Gar"land*less, a. Defn: Destitute of a garland. Shelley. GARLIC Gar"lic, n. Etym: [OE. garlek, AS. garleác; gar spear, lance + leác leek. See Gar, n., and Leek.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Allium (A. sativum is the cultivated variety), having a bulbous root, a very strong smell, and an acrid, pungent taste. Each root is composed of several lesser bulbs, called cloves of garlic, inclosed in a common membranous coat, and easily separable. 2. A kind of jig or farce. [Obs.] Taylor (1630). Garlic mustard, a European plant of the Mustard family (Alliaria officinalis) which has a strong smell of garlic. -- Garlic pear tree, a tree in Jamaica (Cratæva gynandra), bearing a fruit which has a strong scent of garlic, and a burning taste. GARLICKY Gar"lick*y, a. Defn: Like or containing garlic. GARMENT Gar"ment, n. Etym: [OE. garnement, OF. garnement, garniment, fr. garnir to garnish. See Garnish.] Defn: Any article of clothing, as a coat, a gown, etc. No man putteth a piece of new cloth unto old garment. Matt. ix. 16. GARMENTED Gar"ment*ed, p. a. Defn: Having on a garment; attired; enveloped, as with a garment. [Poetic] A lovely lady garmented in light From her own beauty. Shelley. GARMENTURE Gar"men*ture, n. Defn: Clothing; dress. GARNER Gar"ner, n. Etym: [OE. garner, gerner, greiner, OF. gernier, grenier, F. grenier, fr. L. granarium, fr. granum. See 1st Grain, and cf. Granary.] Defn: A granary; a building or place where grain is stored for preservation. GARNER Gar"ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnered; p. pr. & vb. n. Garnering.] Defn: To gather for preservation; to store, as in a granary; to treasure. Shak. GARNET Gar"net, n. Etym: [OE. gernet, grenat, OF. grenet,grenat, F. grenat, LL. granatus, fr. L. granatum pomegranate, granatus having many grains or seeds, fr. granum grain, seed. So called from its resemblance in color and shape to the grains or seeds of the pomegranate. See Grain, and cf. Grenade, Pomegranate.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral having many varieties differing in color and in their constituents, but with the same crystallization (isometric), and conforming to the same general chemical formula. The commonest color is red, the luster is vitreous, and the hardness greater than that of quartz. The dodecahedron and trapezohedron are the common forms. Note: There are also white, green, yellow, brown, and black varieties. The garnet is a silicate, the bases being aluminia lime (grossularite, essonite, or cinnamon stone), or aluminia magnesia (pyrope), or aluminia iron (almandine), or aluminia manganese (spessartite), or iron lime (common garnet, melanite, allochroite), or chromium lime (ouvarovite, color emerald green). The transparent red varieties are used as gems. The garnet was, in part, the carbuncle of the ancients. Garnet is a very common mineral in gneiss and mica slate. Garnet berry (Bot.), the red currant; -- so called from its transparent red color. -- Garnet brown (Chem.), an artificial dyestuff, produced as an explosive brown crystalline substance with a green or golden luster. It consists of the potassium salt of a complex cyanogen derivative of picric acid. GARNET Gar"net, n. Etym: [Etymol. unknown.] (Naut.) Defn: A tackle for hoisting cargo in our out. Clew garnet. See under Clew. GARNETIFEROUS Gar`net*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [1st garnet + -ferous.] (Min.) Defn: Containing garnets. GARNIERITE Gar"ni*er*ite, n. Etym: [Named after the French geologist Garnier.] (Min.) Defn: An amorphous mineral of apple-green color; a hydrous silicate of nickel and magnesia. It is an important ore of nickel. GARNISH Gar"nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnished; p. pr. & vb. n. Garnishing.] Etym: [OE. garnischen, garnissen, OF. garnir to provide, strengthen, prepare, garnish, warn, F. garnir to provide, furnish, garnish, -- of German origin; cf. OHG. warnon to provide, equip; akin to G. wahren to watch, E. aware, ware, wary, and cf. also E. warn. See Wary, -ish, and cf. Garment, Garrison.] 1. To decorate with ornamental appendages; to set off; to adorn; to embellish. All within with flowers was garnished. Spenser. 2. (Cookery) Defn: To ornament, as a dish, with something laid about it; as, a dish garnished with parsley. 3. To furnish; to supply. 4. To fit with fetters. [Cant] Johnson. 5. (Law) Defn: To warn by garnishment; to give notice to; to garnishee. See Garnishee, v. t. Cowell. GARNISH Gar"nish, n. 1. Something added for embellishment; decoration; ornament; also, dress; garments, especially such as are showy or decorated. So are you, sweet, Even in the lovely garnish of a boy. Shak. Matter and figure they produce; For garnish this, and that for use. Prior. 2. (Cookery) Defn: Something set round or upon a dish as an embellishment. See Garnish, v. t., 2. Smart. 3. Fetters. [Cant] 4. A fee; specifically, in English jails, formerly an unauthorized fee demanded by the old prisoners of a newcomer. [Cant] Fielding. Garnish bolt (Carp.), a bolt with a chamfered or faceted head. Knight. GARNISHEE Gar`nish*ee", n. (Law) Defn: One who is garnished; a person upon whom garnishment has been served in a suit by a creditor against a debtor, such person holding property belonging to the debtor, or owing him money. Note: The order by which warning is made is called a garnishee order. GARNISHEE Gar`nish*ee", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnisheed (-ed); p. pr. & vb. n. Garnisheeing.] (Law) (a) To make (a person) a garnishee; to warn by garnishment; to garnish. (b) To attach (the fund or property sought to be secured by garnishment); to trustee. GARNISHER Gar"nish*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, garnishes. GARNISHMENT Gar"nish*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. garnissement protection, guarantee, warning.] 1. Ornament; embellishment; decoration. Sir H. Wotton. 2. (Law) (a) Warning, or legal notice, to one to appear and give information to the court on any matter. (b) Warning to a person in whose hands the effects of another are attached, not to pay the money or deliver the goods to the defendant, but to appear in court and give information as garnishee. 3. A fee. See Garnish, n., 4. GARNITURE Gar"ni*ture, n. Etym: [F. garniture. See Garnish, v. t.] Defn: That which garnishes; ornamental appendage; embellishment; furniture; dress. The pomp of groves and garniture of fields. Beattie. GAROOKUH Ga*roo"kuh, n. Defn: A small fishing vessel met with in the Persian Gulf. GAROUS Ga"rous, a. Etym: [From Garum.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, garum. Sir T. Browne. GAR PIKE; GARPIKE Gar" pike` or; Gar"pike`. (Zoöl.) Defn: See under Gar. GARRAN Gar"ran, n. Etym: [Gael. garrán, gearrán, gelding, work horse, hack.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Galloway. [Scot. garron or gerron. Jamieson.] GARRET Gar"ret, n. Etym: [OE. garite, garette, watchtower, place of lookout, OF. garite, also meaning, a place of refuge, F. guérite a place of refuge, donjon, sentinel box, fr. OF. garir to preserve, save, defend, F. guérir to cure; of German origin; cf. OHG. werian to protect, defend, hinder, G. wehren, akin to Goth. warjan to hinder, and akin to E. weir, or perhaps to wary. See Weir, and cf. Guerite.] 1. A turret; a watchtower. [Obs.] He saw men go up and down on the garrets of the gates and walls. Ld. Berners. 2. That part of a house which is on the upper floor, immediately under or within the roof; an attic. The tottering garrets which overhung the streets of Rome. Macaulay. GARRETED Gar"ret*ed, a. Defn: Protected by turrets. [Obs.] R. Carew. GARRETEER Gar`ret*eer", n. Defn: One who lives in a garret; a poor author; a literary hack. Macaulay. GARRETING Gar"ret*ing, n. Defn: Small splinters of stone inserted into the joints of coarse masonry. Weale. GARRISON Gar"ri*son, n. Etym: [OE. garnisoun, F. garnison garrison, in OF. & OE. also, provision, munitions, from garnir to garnish. See Garnish.] (Mil.) (a) A body of troops stationed in a fort or fortified town. (b) A fortified place, in which troops are quartered for its security. In garrison, in the condition of a garrison; doing duty in a fort or as one of a garrison. GARRISON Gar"ri*son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garrisoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Garrisoning.] (Mil.) (a) To place troops in, as a fortification, for its defense; to furnish with soldiers; as, to garrison a fort or town. (b) To secure or defend by fortresses manned with troops; as, to garrison a conquered territory. GARRON Gar"ron, n. Defn: Same as Garran. [Scot.] GARROT Gar"rot, n. Etym: [F. Cf. Garrote.] (Surg.) Defn: A stick or small wooden cylinder used for tightening a bandage, in order to compress the arteries of a limb. GARROT Gar"rot, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European golden-eye. GARROTE Gar*rote", n. Etym: [Sp. garrote, from garra claw, talon, of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. & W. gar leg, ham, shank. Cf. Garrot stick, Garter.] Defn: A Spanish mode of execution by strangulation, with an iron collar affixed to a post and tightened by a screw until life become extinct; also, the instrument by means of which the punishment is inflicted. GARROTE Gar*rote", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garroted; p. pr. & vb. n. Garroting.] Defn: To strangle with the garrote; hence, to seize by the throat, from behind, with a view to strangle and rob. GARROTER Gar*rot"er, n. Defn: One who seizes a person by the throat from behind, with a view to strangle and rob him. GARRULITY Gar*ru"li*ty, n. Etym: [L. garrulitas: cf. F. garrulité.] Defn: Talkativeness; loquacity. GARRULOUS Gar"ru*lous, a. Etym: [L. garrulus, fr. garrire to chatter, talk; cf. Gr. Call.] 1. Talking much, especially about commonplace or trivial things; talkative; loquacious. The most garrulous people on earth. De Quincey. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a loud, harsh note; noisy; -- said of birds; as, the garrulous roller. Syn. -- Garrulous, Talkative, Loquacious. A garrulous person indulges in long, prosy talk, with frequent repetitions and lengthened details; talkative implies simply a great desire to talk; and loquacious a great flow of words at command. A child is talkative; a lively woman is loquacious; an old man in his dotage is garrulous. -- Gar"ru*lous*ly, adv. -- Gar"ru*lous*ness, n. GARRUPA Gar*ru"pa, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. Pg. garupa crupper. Cf. Grouper the fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of California market fishes, of the genus Sebastichthys; -- called also rockfish. See Rockfish. GARTER Gar"ter, n. Etym: [OE. gartier, F. jarretière, fr. OF. garet bend of the knee, F. jarret; akin to Sp. garra claw, Prov. garra leg. See Garrote.] 1. A band used to prevent a stocking from slipping down on the leg. 2. The distinguishing badge of the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, called the Order of the Garter, instituted by Edward III.; also, the Order itself. 3. (Her.) Defn: Same as Bendlet. Garter fish (Zoöl.), a fish of the genus Lepidopus, having a long, flat body, like the blade of a sword; the scabbard fish. -- Garter king-at-arms, the chief of the official heralds of England, king-at-arms to the Order of the Garter; -- often abbreviated to Garter. -- Garter snake (Zoöl.), one of several harmless American snakes of the genus Eutænia, of several species (esp. E. saurita and E. sirtalis); one of the striped snakes; -- so called from its conspicuous stripes of color. GARTER Gar"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gartered; p. pr. & vb. n. Gartering.] 1. To bind with a garter. He . . . could not see to garter his hose. Shak. 2. To invest with the Order of the Garter. T. Warton. GARTER STITCH Garter stitch. Defn: The simplest stitch in knitting. GARTH Garth, n. Etym: [Icel. gar yard. See Yard.] 1. A close; a yard; a croft; a garden; as, a cloister garth. A clapper clapping in a garth To scare the fowl from fruit. Tennyson. 2. A dam or weir for catching fish. GARTH Garth, n. Etym: [Girth.] Defn: A hoop or band. [Prov. Eng.] GARUM Ga"rum, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: A sauce made of small fish. It was prized by the ancients. GARVIE Gar"vie, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The spart; -- called also garvie herring, and garvock. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] GAS Gas, n.; pl. Gases. Etym: [Invented by the chemist Van Helmont of Brussels, who died in 1644.] 1. An aëriform fluid; -- a term used at first by chemists as synonymous with air, but since restricted to fluids supposed to be permanently elastic, as oxygen, hydrogen, etc., in distinction from vapors, as steam, which become liquid on a reduction of temperature. In present usage, since all of the supposed permanent gases have been liquified by cold and pressure, the term has resumed nearly its original signification, and is applied to any substance in the elastic or aëriform state. 2. (Popular Usage) (a) A complex mixture of gases, of which the most important constituents are marsh gas, olefiant gas, and hydrogen, artificially produced by the destructive distillation of gas coal, or sometimes of peat, wood, oil, resin, etc. It gives a brilliant light when burned, and is the common gas used for illuminating purposes. (b) Laughing gas. (c) Any irrespirable aëriform fluid. Note: Gas is often used adjectively or in combination; as, gas fitter or gasfitter; gas meter or gas-meter, etc. Air gas (Chem.), a kind of gas made by forcing air through some volatile hydrocarbon, as the lighter petroleums. The air is so saturated with combustible vapor as to be a convenient illuminating and heating agent. -- Gas battery (Elec.), a form of voltaic battery, in which gases, especially hydrogen and oxygen, are the active agents. -- Gas carbon, Gas coke, etc. See under Carbon, Coke, etc. -- Gas coal, a bituminous or hydrogenous coal yielding a high percentage of volatile matters, and therefore available for the manufacture of illuminating gas. R. W. Raymond. -- Gas engine, an engine in which the motion of the piston is produced by the combustion or sudden production or expansion of gas; -- especially, an engine in which an explosive mixture of gas and air is forced into the working cylinder and ignited there by a gas flame or an electric spark. -- Gas fitter, one who lays pipes and puts up fixtures for gas. -- Gas fitting. (a) The occupation of a gas fitter. (b) pl. The appliances needed for the introduction of gas into a building, as meters, pipes, burners, etc. -- Gas fixture, a device for conveying illuminating or combustible gas from the pipe to the gas-burner, consisting of an appendage of cast, wrought, or drawn metal, with tubes upon which the burners, keys, etc., are adjusted. -- Gas generator, an apparatus in which gas is evolved; as: (a) a retort in which volatile hydrocarbons are evolved by heat; (b) a machine in which air is saturated with the vapor of liquid hydrocarbon; a carburetor; (c) a machine for the production of carbonic acid gas, for aërating water, bread, etc. Knight. -- Gas jet, a flame of illuminating gas. -- Gas machine, an apparatus for carbureting air for use as illuminating gas. -- Gas meter, an instrument for recording the quantity of gas consumed in a given time, at a particular place. -- Gas retort, a retort which contains the coal and other materials, and in which the gas is generated, in the manufacture of gas. -- Gas stove, a stove for cooking or other purposes, heated by gas. -- Gas tar, coal tar. -- Gas trap, a drain trap; a sewer trap. See 4th Trap, 5. -- Gas washer (Gas Works), an apparatus within which gas from the condenser is brought in contact with a falling stream of water, to precipitate the tar remaining in it. Knight. -- Gas water, water through which gas has been passed for purification; -- called also gas liquor and ammoniacal water, and used for the manufacture of sal ammoniac, carbonate of ammonia, and Prussian blue. Tomlinson. -- Gas well, a deep boring, from which natural gas is discharged. Raymond. -- Gas works, a manufactory of gas, with all the machinery and appurtenances; a place where gas is generated for lighting cities. -- Laughing gas. See under Laughing. -- Marsh gas (Chem.), a light, combustible, gaseous hydrocarbon, CH4, produced artificially by the dry distillation of many organic substances, and occurring as a natural product of decomposition in stagnant pools, whence its name. It is an abundant ingredient of ordinary illuminating gas, and is the first member of the paraffin series. Called also methane, and in coal mines, fire damp. -- Natural gas, gas obtained from wells, etc., in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and elsewhere, and largely used for fuel and illuminating purposes. It is chiefly derived from the Coal Measures. -- Olefiant gas (Chem.). See Ethylene. -- Water gas (Chem.), a kind of gas made by forcing steam over glowing coals, whereby there results a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This gives a gas of intense heating power, but destitute of light-giving properties, and which is charged by passing through some volatile hydrocarbon, as gasoline.synthesis gas GASALIER Gas`a*lier", n. Etym: [Formed from gas, in imitation of chandelier.] Defn: A chandelier arranged to burn gas. GAS-BURNER Gas"-burn`er, n. Defn: The jet piece of a gas fixture where the gas is burned as it escapes from one or more minute orifices. GASCOINES Gas"coines, n. pl. Defn: See Gaskins, 1. Lyly. GASCON Gas"con (; F. ), a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Gascony, in France, or to the Gascons; also, braggart; swaggering. -- n. Defn: A native of Gascony; a boaster; a bully. See Gasconade. GASCONADE Gas`con*ade", n. Etym: [F. gasconnade, from Gascon an inhabitant of Gascony, the people of which were noted for boasting.] Defn: A boast or boasting; a vaunt; a bravado; a bragging; braggodocio. Swift. GASCONADE Gas`con*ade", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gasconaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gasconading.] Defn: To boast; to brag; to bluster. GASCONADER Gas`con*ad"er, n. Defn: A great boaster; a blusterer. GASCOYNES Gas"coynes, n. pl. Defn: Gaskins. Beau & Fl. GASEITY Gas*e"i*ty ( or ), n. Defn: State of being gaseous. [R] Eng. Cyc. GASELIER Gas`e*lier", n. [Formed from gas, in imitation of chandelier.] Defn: A chandelier arranged to burn gas. GAS ENGINE Gas engine. (Mach.) Defn: A kind of internal-combustion engine (which see) using fixed gas; also, broadly, any internal-combustion engine. GASEOUS Gas"e*ous ( or ; 277), a. Etym: [From Gas. Cf. F. gazeux.] 1. In the form, or of the nature, of gas, or of an aëriform fluid. 2. Lacking substance or solidity; tenuous. "Unconnected, gaseous information." Sir J. Stephen. GASH Gash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gashing.] Etym: [For older garth or garse, OF. garser to scarify, F. gercer to chap, perh. from an assumed LL. carptiare, fr. L. carpere, carptum, to pluck, separate into parts; cf. LL. carptare to wound. Cf. Carpet.] Defn: To make a gash, or long, deep incision in; -- applied chiefly to incisions in flesh. Grievously gashed or gored to death. Hayward. GASH Gash, n. Defn: A deep and long cut; an incision of considerable length and depth, particularly in flesh. GASHFUL Gash"ful, a. Defn: Full of gashes; hideous; frightful. [Obs.] "A gashful, horrid, ugly shape." Gayton. GASIFICATION Gas`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [See Gasify.] Defn: The act or process of converting into gas. GASIFORM Gas"i*form, a. Defn: Having a form of gas; gaseous. GASIFY Gas"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gasified; p. pr. & vb. n. Gasifying.] Etym: [Gas + -fy.] Defn: To convert into gas, or an aëriform fluid, as by the application of heat, or by chemical processes. GASIFY Gas"i*fy, v. i. Defn: To become gas; to pass from a liquid to a gaseous state. Scientific American. GASKET Gas"ket, n. Etym: [Cf. F. garcette, It. gaschetta, Sp. cajeta caburn, garceta reef point.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A line or band used to lash a furled sail securely. Sea gaskets are common lines; harbor gaskets are plaited and decorated lines or bands. Called also casket. 2. (Mech.) (a) The plaited hemp used for packing a piston, as of the steam engine and its pumps. (b) Any ring or washer of packing. GASKINS Gas"kins, n.pl. Etym: [Cf. Galligaskins.] 1. Loose hose or breeches; galligaskins. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Packing of hemp. Simmonds. 3. A horse's thighs. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. GASLIGHT Gas"light`, n. 1. The light yielded by the combustion of illuminating gas. 2. A gas jet or burner. GASOGEN Gas"o*gen, n. Etym: [Gas + -gen.] 1. An apparatus for the generation of gases, or for impregnating a liquid with a gas, or a gas with a volatile liquid. 2. A volatile hydrocarbon, used as an illuminant, or for charging illuminating gas. GASOLENE Gas`o*lene, n. Defn: See Gasoline. GASOLIER Gas`o*lier", n. Defn: Same as Gasalier. GASOLINE Gas"o*line ( or ; 104), n. Defn: A highly volatile mixture of fluid hydrocarbons, obtained from petroleum, as also by the distillation of bituminous coal. It is used in making air gas, and in giving illuminating power to water gas. See Carburetor. GASOLINE ENGINE; GASOLENE ENGINE Gas"o*line, or Gas"o*lene, en"gine . (Mach.) Defn: A kind of internal-combustion engine; -- in British countries called usually petrol engine. GASOMETER Gas*om"e*ter ( or ), n. Etym: [Gas + -meter. Cf. F. gazomètre.] Defn: An apparatus for holding and measuring of gas; in gas works, a huge iron cylinder closed at one end and having the other end immersed in water, in which it is made to rise or fall, according to the volume of gas it contains, or the pressure required. GASOMETRIC; GASOMETRICAL Gas`o*met"ric or; Gas`o*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the measurement of gases; as, gasometric analysis. GASOMETRY Gas*om"e*try ( or ), n. Defn: The art or practice of measuring gases; also, the science which treats of the nature and properties of these elastic fluids. Coxe. GASOSCOPE Gas"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gas + -scope.] Defn: An apparatus for detecting the presence of any dangerous gas, from a gas leak in a coal mine or a dwelling house. GASP Gasp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gasped; p. pr. & vb. n. Gasping.] Etym: [OE. gaspen, gaispen, to yawn, gasp, Icel. geispa to yawn; akin to Sw. gäspa, Dan. gispe to gasp.] 1. To open the mouth wide in catching the breath, or in laborious respiration; to labor for breath; to respire convulsively; to pant violently. She gasps and struggles hard for life. Lloyd. 2. To pant with eagerness; to show vehement desire. Quenching the gasping furrows' thirst with rain. Spenser. GASP Gasp, v. t. Defn: To emit or utter with gasps; -- with forth, out, away, etc. And with short sobs he gasps away his breath. Dryden. GASP Gasp, n. Defn: The act of opening the mouth convulsively to catch the breath; a labored respiration; a painful catching of the breath. At the last gasp, at the point of death. Addison. GASPEREAU Gas"per*eau, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The alewife. [Local, Canada] GASSERIAN Gas*se"ri*an, a. Defn: Relating to Casserio (L. Gasserius), the discover of the Gasserian ganglion. Gasserian ganglion (Anat.), a large ganglion, at the root of the trigeminal, or fifth cranial, nerve. GASSING Gas"sing, n. 1. (Manuf.) Defn: The process of passing cotton goods between two rollers and exposing them to numerous minute jets of gas to burn off the small fibers; any similar process of singeing. 2. Boasting; insincere or empty talk. [Slang] GASSY Gas"sy, a. Defn: Full of gas; like gas. Hence: [Colloq.] Inflated; full of boastful or insincere talk. GAST Gast, v. t. Etym: [OE. gasten, g to frighten, akin to Goth. usgaisjan. See Aghast, Ghastly, and cf. Gaze.] Defn: To make aghast; to frighten; to terrify. See Aghast. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak. GASTER Gast"er, v. t. Defn: To gast. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. GASTEROMYCETES Gas`te*ro*my*ce"tes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: An order of fungi, in which the spores are borne inside a sac called the peridium, as in the puffballs. GASTEROPOD Gas"ter*o*pod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Gastropod. GASTEROPODA Gas`te*rop`o*da, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Gastropoda. GASTEROPODOUS Gas`ter*op"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Gastropodous. GASTFUL; GASTLY Gast"ful, Gast"ly (, a. [Obs.] Defn: See Ghastful, Ghastly. GASTIGHT Gas"tight`, a. Defn: So tightly fitted as to preclude the escape of gas; impervious to gas. GASTNESS Gast"ness, n. Defn: See Ghastness. [Obs.] GASTORNIS Gas*tor"nis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gaston M. Plante, the discover + Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of large eocene birds from the Paris basin. GASTRAEA Gas*træ"a, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A primeval larval form; a double-walled sac from which, according to the hypothesis of Haeckel, man and all other animals, that in the first stages of their individual evolution pass through a two-layered structural stage, or gastrula form, must have descended. This idea constitutes the Gastræa theory of Haeckel. See Gastrula. GASTRALGIA Gas*tral"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Pain in the stomach or epigastrium, as in gastric disorders. GASTRIC Gas"tric, a. Etym: [Gr. gastrique.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or situated near, the stomach; as, the gastric artery. Gastric digestion (Physiol.), the conversion of the albuminous portion of food in the stomach into soluble and diffusible products by the solvent action of gastric juice. -- Gastric fever (Med.), a fever attended with prominent gastric symptoms; -- a name applied to certain forms of typhoid fever; also, to catarrhal inflammation of the stomach attended with fever. -- Gastric juice (Physiol.), a thin, watery fluid, with an acid reaction, secreted by a peculiar set of glands contained in the mucous membrane of the stomach. It consists mainly of dilute hydrochloric acid and the ferment pepsin. It is the most important digestive fluid in the body, but acts only on proteid foods. -- Gastric remittent fever (Med.), a form of remittent fever with pronounced stomach symptoms. GASTRILOQUIST Gas*tril"o*quist, n. Etym: [Gr. gasth`r, gastro`s, stomach + L. loqui to speak.] Defn: One who appears to speak from his stomach; a ventriloquist. GASTRILOQUOUS Gas*tril"o*quous, a. Defn: Ventriloquous. [R.] GASTRILOQUY Gas*tril"o*quy, n. Defn: A voice or utterance which appears to proceed from the stomach; ventriloquy. GASTRITIS Gas*tri"tis, n. Etym: [NL., from. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the stomach, esp. of its mucuos membrane. GASTRO- Gas"tro-. Defn: A combining form from the Gr. gastrocolic, gastrocele, gastrotomy. GASTROCNEMIUS Gas`troc*ne"mi*us, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The muscle which makes the greater part of the calf of the leg. GASTROCOLIC Gas`tro*col"ic, a. Etym: [Gastro- + colic.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to both the stomach and the colon; as, the gastrocolic, or great, omentum. GASTRODISC Gas`tro*disc, n. Etym: [Gastro- + disc.] (Biol.) Defn: That part of blastoderm where the hypoblast appears like a small disk on the inner face of the epibladst. GASTRODUODENAL Gas`tro*du"o*de"nal, a. Etym: [Gastro- + -duodenal.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the stomach and duodenum; as, the gastroduodenal artery. GASTRODUODENITIS Gas`tro*du`o*de*ni"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Gastroduodenal, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the stomach and duodenum. It is one of the most frequent causes of jaundice. GASTROELYTROTOMY Gas`tro*el`y*trot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gastro- + Gr (Surg.) Defn: The operation of cutting into the upper part of the vagina, through the abdomen (without opening the peritoneum), for the purpose of removing a fetus. It is a substitute for the Cæsarean operation, and less dangerous. GASTROENTERIC Gas`tro*en*te"ric, a. Etym: [Gastro- + -enteric.] (Anat. & Med.) Defn: Gastrointestinal. GASTROENTERITIS Gas`tro*en`te*ri"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Gastroenrteric, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the lining membrane of the stomach and the intestines. GASTROEPIPLOIC Gas`tro*ep`i*plo"ic, a. Etym: [Gastro- + -epiploic.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the stomach and omentum. GASTROHEPATIC Gas`tro*he*pat"ic, a. Etym: [Gastro- + -hepatic.] (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to the stomach and liver; hepatogastric; as, the gastrohepatic, or lesser, omentum. GASTROHYSTEROTOMY Gas`tro*hys`ter*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gastro- + GR. to cut.] (Surg.) Defn: Cæsarean section. See under Cæsarean. GASTROINTESTINAL Gas`tro*in*tes"ti*nal, a. Etym: [Gastro- + -intestinal.] (Anat. & Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines; gastroenteric. GASTROLITH Gas`tro*lith, n. Etym: [Gastro- + -lith.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Crab's eyes, under Crab. GASTROLOGY Gas*trol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr gastrologie.] Defn: The science which treats of the structure and functions of the stomach; a treatise of the stomach. GASTROMALACIA Gas`tro*ma*la"ci*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A softening of the coats of the stomach; -- usually a post- morten change. GASTROMANCY Gas`tro*man"cy, n. Etym: [Gastro- + -mancy: cf. F. gastromancy.] (Antiq.) (a) A kind of divination, by means of words seemingly uttered from the stomach. (b) A species of divination, by means of glasses or other round, transparent vessels, in the center of which figures are supposed to appear by magic art. GASTROMYCES Gas`tro*my"ces, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The fungoid growths sometimes found in the stomach; such as Torula, etc. GASTROMYTH Gas"tro*myth, n. Etym: [Gastro- + Gr. Defn: One whose voice appears to proceed from the stomach; a ventriloquist. [Obs.] GASTRONOME; GASTRONOMER Gas"tro*nome, Gas*tron"o*mer, n. Etym: [F. gastronome, fr. Gr. Defn: One fond of good living; an epicure. Sir W. Scott. GASTRONOMIC; GASTRONOMICAL Gas`tro*nom"ic, Gas`tro*nom"ic*al (, a. Etym: [Cf. F. gastronomique.] Defn: Pertaining to gastromony. GASTRONOMIST Gas*tron"o*mist, n. Defn: A gastromomer. GASTRONOMY Gas*tron"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. gastronomie.] Defn: The art or science of good eating; epicurism; the art of good cheer. GASTROPHRENIC Gas`tro*phren"ic, a. Etym: [Gastro- + -phrenic.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the stomach and diaphragm; as, the gastrophrenic ligament. GASTROPNEUMATIC Gas`tro*pneu*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gastro- + pneumatic.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the alimentary canal and air passages, and to the cavities connected with them; as, the gastropneumatic mucuos membranes. GASTROPOD Gas"tro*pod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Gastropoda. [Written also gasteropod.] GASTROPODA Gas*trop"o*da, n. pl., Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the classes of Mollusca, of great extent. It includes most of the marine spiral shells, and the land and fresh-water snails. They generally creep by means of a flat, muscular disk, or foot, on the ventral side of the body. The head usually bears one or two pairs of tentacles. See Mollusca. [Written also Gasteropoda.] Note: The Gastropoda are divided into three subclasses; viz.: (a) The Streptoneura or Dioecia, including the Pectinibranchiata, Rhipidoglossa, Docoglossa, and Heteropoda. (b) The Euthyneura, including the Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia. (c) The Amphineura, including the Polyplacophora and Aplacophora. GASTROPODOUS Gas*trop"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Gastropoda. GASTRORAPHY Gas*tror"a*phy, n. Etym: [Gr.gastrorrhaphie.] (Surg.) Defn: The operation of sewing up wounds of the abdomen. Quincy. GASTROSCOPE Gas"tro*scope, n. Etym: [Gastro- + -scope.] (Med.) Defn: An instrument for viewing or examining the interior of the stomach. GASTROSCOPIC Gas`tro*scop"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to gastroscopy. GASTROSCOPY Gas*tros"co*py, n. (Med.) Defn: Examination of the abdomen or stomach, as with the gastroscope. GASTROSPLENIC Gas`tro*splen"ic, n. Etym: [Gastro- + splenic.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the stomach and spleen; as, the gastrosplenic ligament. GASTROSTEGE Gas*tros"tege, n. Etym: [Gastro- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the large scales on the belly of a serpent. GASTROSTOMY Gas*tros"to*my, n. Etym: [Gastro- + Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of making a permanent opening into the stomach, for the introduction of food. GASTROTOMY Gas*trot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gastro + Gr. gastrotomie.] (Surg.) Defn: A cutting into, or opening of, the abdomen or the stomach. GASTROTRICHA Gas*trot"ri*cha, n. pl., Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of small wormlike animals, having cilia on the ventral side. The group is regarded as an ancestral or synthetic one, related to rotifers and annelids. GASTROTROCHA Gas*trot"ro*cha, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A form of annelid larva having cilia on the ventral side. GASTROVASCULAR Gas`tro*vas"cu*lar, a. Etym: [Gastro- + -vascular.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the structure, or performing the functions, both of digestive and circulatory organs; as, the gastrovascular cavity of coelenterates. GASTRULA Gas"tru*la, n.; pl. Gastrulæ Etym: [NL., dim. fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: An embryonic form having its origin in the invagination or pushing in of the wall of the planula or blastula (the blastosphere) on one side, thus giving rise to a double-walled sac, with one opening or mouth (the blastopore) which leads into the cavity (the archenteron) lined by the inner wall (the hypoblast). See Illust. under Invagination. In a more general sense, an ideal stage in embryonic development. See Gastræa. -- a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a gastrula. GASTRULATION Gas`tru*la"tion, n. (Biol.) Defn: The process of invagination, in embryonic development, by which a gastrula is formed. GASTRURA Gas*tru"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Stomatopoda. GASTRUROUS Gas*tru"rous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Gastrura. GAT Gat, Defn: imp. of Get. [Obs.] GATCH Gatch, n. [Per. gach mortar.] Defn: Plaster as used in Persian architecture and decorative art. Gatch decoration, decoration in plaster often producing design of great beauty. -- Gatch work, work in which gatch is employed; also, articles of gatch ornamentation collectively. GATE Gate, n. Etym: [OE. et, , giat, gate, door, AS. geat, gat, gate, door; akin to OS., D., & Icel. gat opening, hole, and perh. to E. gate a way, gait, and get, v. Cf. Gate a way in the wall, 3d Get.] 1. A large door or passageway in the wall of a city, of an inclosed field or place, or of a grand edifice, etc.; also, the movable structure of timber, metal, etc., by which the passage can be closed. 2. An opening for passage in any inclosing wall, fence, or barrier; or the suspended framework which closes or opens a passage. Also, figuratively, a means or way of entrance or of exit. Knowest thou the way to Dover Both stile and gate, horse way and footpath. Shak. Opening a gate for a long war. Knolles. 3. A door, valve, or other device, for stopping the passage of water through a dam, lock, pipe, etc. 4. (Script.) Defn: The places which command the entrances or access; hence, place of vantage; power; might. The gates of hell shall not prevail against it. Matt. xvi. 18. 5. In a lock tumbler, the opening for the stump of the bolt to pass through or into. 6. (Founding) (a) The channel or opening through which metal is poured into the mold; the ingate. (b) The waste piece of metal cast in the opening; a sprue or sullage piece. [Written also geat and git.] Gate chamber, a recess in the side wall of a canal lock, which receives the opened gate. -- Gate channel. See Gate, 5. -- Gate hook, the hook-formed piece of a gate hinge. -- Gate money, entrance money for admission to an inclosure. -- Gate tender, one in charge of a gate, as at a railroad crossing. -- Gate valva, a stop valve for a pipe, having a sliding gate which affords a straight passageway when open. -- Gate vein (Anat.), the portal vein. -- To break gates (Eng. Univ.), to enter a college inclosure after the hour to which a student has been restricted. -- To stand in the gate, or gates, to occupy places or advantage, power, or defense. GATE Gate, v. t. 1. To supply with a gate. 2. (Eng. Univ.) To punish by requiring to be within the gates at an earlier hour than usual. GATE Gate, n. Etym: [Icel. gata; akin to SW. gata street, lane, Dan. gade, Goth. gatwö, G. gasse. Cf. Gate a door, Gait.] 1. A way; a path; a road; a street (as in Highgate). [O. Eng. & Scot.] I was going to be an honest man; but the devil has this very day flung first a lawyer, and then a woman, in my gate. Sir W. Scott. 2. Manner; gait. [O. Eng. & Scot.] GATED Gat"ed, a. Defn: Having gates. Young. GATEHOUSE Gate"house`, n. Defn: A house connected or associated with a gate. GATELESS Gate"less, a. Defn: Having no gate. GATEMAN Gate"man, n. Defn: A gate keeper; a gate tender. GATEPOST Gate"post`, n. 1. A post to which a gate is hung; -- called also swinging or hinging post. 2. A post against which a gate closes; -- called also shutting post. GATEWAY Gate"way`, n. Defn: A passage through a fence or wall; a gate; also, a frame, arch, etc., in which a gate in hung, or a structure at an entrance or gate designed for ornament or defense. GATEWISE Gate"wise`, adv. Defn: In the manner of a gate. Three circles of stones set up gatewise. Fuller. GATHER Gath"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gathered; p. pr. & vb. n. Gathering.] Etym: [OE. gaderen, AS. gaderian, gadrian, fr. gador, geador, together, fr. gæd fellowship; akin to E. good, D. gaderen to collect, G. gatte husband, MHG. gate, also companion, Goth. gadiliggs a sister's son. sq. root29. See Good, and cf. Together.] 1. To bring together; to collect, as a number of separate things, into one place, or into one aggregate body; to assemble; to muster; to congregate. And Belgium's capital had gathered them Her beauty and her chivalry. Byron. When he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together. Matt. ii. 4. 2. To pick out and bring together from among what is of less value; to collect, as a harvest; to harvest; to cull; to pick off; to pluck. A rose just gathered from the stalk. Dryden. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles Matt. vii. 16. Gather us from among the heathen. Ps. cvi. 47. 3. To accumulate by collecting and saving little by little; to amass; to gain; to heap up. He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he shall gather it for him that will pity the poor. Prov. xxviii. 8. To pay the creditor . . . he must gather up money by degrees. Locke. 4. To bring closely together the parts or particles of; to contract; to compress; to bring together in folds or plaits, as a garment; also, to draw together, as a piece of cloth by a thread; to pucker; to plait; as, to gather a ruffle. Gathering his flowing robe, he seemed to stand In act to speak, and graceful stretched his hand. Pope. 5. To derive, or deduce, as an inference; to collect, as a conclusion, from circumstances that suggest, or arguments that prove; to infer; to conclude. Let me say no moreGather the sequel by that went before. Shak. 6. To gain; to win. [Obs.] He gathers ground upon her in the chase. Dryden. 7. (Arch.) Defn: To bring together, or nearer together, in masonry, as where the width of a fireplace is rapidly diminished to the width of the flue, or the like. 8. (Naut.) Defn: To haul in; to take up; as, to gather the slack of a rope. To be gathered to one's people, or to one's fathers to die. Gen. xxv. 8. -- To gather breath, to recover normal breathing after being out of breath; to get breath; to rest. Spenser. -- To gather one's self together, to collect and dispose one's powers for a great effort, as a beast crouches preparatory to a leap. -- To gather way (Naut.), to begin to move; to move with increasing speed. GATHER Gath"er, v. i. 1. To come together; to collect; to unite; to become assembled; to congregate. When small humors gather to a gout. Pope. Tears from the depth of some divine despair Rise in the heart, and gather to the eyes. Tennyson. 2. To grow larger by accretion; to increase. Their snowball did not gather as it went. Bacon. 3. To concentrate; to come to a head, as a sore, and generate pus; as, a boil has gathered. 4. To collect or bring things together. Thou knewest that I reap where I sowed not, and gather where I have not strewed. Matt. xxv. 26. GATHER Gath"er, n. 1. A plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing a thread through it; a pucker. 2. (Carriage Making) Defn: The inclination forward of the axle journals to keep the wheels from working outward. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The soffit or under surface of the masonry required in gathering. See Gather, v. t., 7. GATHERABLE Gath"er*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being gathered or collected; deducible from premises. [R.] Godwin. GATHERER Gath"er*er, n. 1. One who gathers or collects. 2. (Sewing Machine) Defn: An attachment for making gathers in the cloth. GATHERING Gath"er*ing, n. 1. The act of collecting or bringing together. 2. That which is gathered, collected, or brought together; as: (a) A crowd; an assembly; a congregation. (b) A charitable contribution; a collection. (c) A tumor or boil suppurated or maturated; an abscess. GATHERING Gath"er*ing, a. Defn: Assembling; collecting; used for gathering or concentrating. Gathering board (Bookbinding), a table or board on which signatures are gathered or assembled, to form a book. Knight. -- Gathering coal, a lighted coal left smothered in embers over night, about which kindling wood is gathered in the morning. -- Gathering hoop, a hoop used by coopers to draw together the ends of barrel staves, to allow the hoops to be slipped over them. -- Gathering peat. (a) A piece of peat used as a gathering coal, to preserve a fire. (b) In Scotland, a fiery peat which was sent round by the Borderers as an alarm signal, as the fiery cross was by the Highlanders. GATLING GUN Gat"ling gun` (. Etym: [From the inventor, R.J. Gatling.] Defn: An American machine gun, consisting of a cluster of barrels which, being revolved by a crank, are automatically loaded and fired. Note: The improved Gatling gun can be fired at the rate of 1,200 shots per minute. Farrow. GATTEN TREE Gat"ten tree`. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. gatter bush.] (Bot.) Defn: A name given to the small trees called guelder-rose (Viburnum Opulus), cornel (Cornus sanguinea), and spindle tree (Euonymus Europæus). GAT-TOOTHED Gat"-toothed`, a. Etym: [OE. gat goat + tooth. See Goat the animal.] Defn: Goat-toothed; having a lickerish tooth; lustful; wanton. [Obs.] GAUCHE Gauche, n. Etym: [F.] 1. Left handed; hence, awkward; clumsy. 2. (Geom.) Defn: Winding; twisted; warped; -- applied to curves and surfaces. GAUCHERIE Gauche`rie", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: An awkward action; clumsiness; boorishness. GAUCHO Gau"cho, n., pl. Gauchos ( Etym: [Sp.] Defn: On of the native inhabitants of the pampas, of Spanish-American descent. They live mostly by rearing cattle. GAUD Gaud, n. Etym: [OE. gaude jest, trick, gaudi bead of a rosary, fr. L. gaudium joy, gladness. See Joy.] 1. Trick; jest; sport. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Deceit; fraud; artifice; device. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. An ornament; a piece of worthless finery; a trinket. "An idle gaud." Shak. GAUD Gaud, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. se gaudir to rejoice, fr. L. gaudere. See Gaud, n.] Defn: To sport or keep festival. [Obs.] "Gauding with his familiars. " [Obs.] Sir T. North. GAUD Gaud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gauding.] Defn: To bedeck gaudily; to decorate with gauds or showy trinkets or colors; to paint. [Obs.] "Nicely gauded cheeks." Shak. GAUD-DAY Gaud"-day`, n. Defn: See Gaudy, a feast. GAUDERY Gaud"er*y, n. Defn: Finery; ornaments; ostentatious display. [R.] "Tarnished gaudery." Dryden. GAUDFUL Gaud"ful, a. Defn: Joyful; showy. [Obs.] GAUDILY Gaud"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a gaudy manner. Guthrie. GAUDINESS Gaud"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being gaudy. Whitlock. GAUDISH Gaud"ish, a. Defn: Gaudy. "Gaudish ceremonies." Bale. GAUDLESS Gaud"less, a. Defn: Destitute of ornament. [R.] GAUDY Gaud"y, a. [Compar. Gaudier; superl. Gauidiest.] 1. Ostentatiously fine; showy; gay, but tawdry or meretricious. Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy, But not expressed in fancy; rich, not gaudy. Shak. 2. Gay; merry; festal. Tennyson. Let's have one other gaudy night. Shak. GAUDY Gaud"y, n.; pl. Gaudies Etym: [See Gaud, n.] Defn: One of the large beads in the rosary at which the paternoster is recited. [Obs.] Gower. GAUDY Gaud"y, n. Defn: A feast or festival; -- called also gaud-day and gaudy day. [Oxford Univ.] Conybeare. GAUDYGREEN Gaud"y*green`, a. or n. Etym: [OE. gaude grene.] Defn: Light green. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. GAUFFER Gauf"fer, v. t. Etym: [F. gaufrer to figure cloth, velvet, and other stuffs, fr. gaufre honeycomb, waffle; of German origin. See Waffle, Wafer, and cf. Goffer, Gopher an animal.] Defn: To plait, crimp, or flute; to goffer, as lace. See Goffer. GAUFFERING Gauf"fer*ing, n. Defn: A mode of plaiting or fluting. Gauffering iron, a kind of fluting iron for fabrics. -- Gauffering press (Flower Manuf.), a press for crimping the leaves and petals into shape. GAUFFRE Gauf"fre, n. Etym: [See Gopher.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A gopher, esp. the pocket gopher. GAUGE Gauge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gauged; p. pr. & vb. n. Gauging] Etym: [OF. gaugier, F. jauger, cf. OF. gauge gauge, measuring rod, F. jauge; of uncertain origin; perh. fr. an assumed L. qualificare to determine the qualities of a thing (see Qualify); but cf. also F. jalon a measuring stake in surveying, and E. gallon.] [Written also gage.] 1. To measure or determine with a gauge. 2. To measure or to ascertain the contents or the capacity of, as of a pipe, barrel, or keg. 3. (Mech.) Defn: To measure the dimensions of, or to test the accuracy of the form of, as of a part of a gunlock. The vanes nicely gauged on each side. Derham. 4. To draw into equidistant gathers by running a thread through it, as cloth or a garment. 5. To measure the capacity, character, or ability of; to estimate; to judge of. You shall not gauge me By what we do to-night. Shak. GAUGE Gauge, n. Etym: [Written also gage.] 1. A measure; a standard of measure; an instrument to determine dimensions, distance, or capacity; a standard. This plate must be a gauge to file your worm and groove to equal breadth by. Moxon. There is not in our hands any fixed gauge of minds. I. Taylor. 2. Measure; dimensions; estimate. The gauge and dimensions of misery, depression, and contempt. Burke. 3. (Mach. & Manuf.) Defn: Any instrument for ascertaining or regulating the dimensions or forms of things; a templet or template; as, a button maker's gauge. 4. (Physics) Defn: Any instrument or apparatus for measuring the state of a phenomenon, or for ascertaining its numerical elements at any moment; -- usually applied to some particular instrument; as, a rain gauge; a steam gauge. 5. (Naut.) (a) Relative positions of two or more vessels with reference to the wind; as, a vessel has the weather gauge of another when on the windward side of it, and the lee gauge when on the lee side of it. (b) The depth to which a vessel sinks in the water. Totten. 6. The distance between the rails of a railway. Note: The standard gauge of railroads in most countries is four feet, eight and one half inches. Wide, or broad, gauge, in the United States, is six feet; in England, seven feet, and generally any gauge exceeding standard gauge. Any gauge less than standard gauge is now called narrow gauge. It varies from two feet to three feet six inches. 7. (Plastering) Defn: The quantity of plaster of Paris used with common plaster to accelerate its setting. 8. (Building) Defn: That part of a shingle, slate, or tile, which is exposed to the weather, when laid; also, one course of such shingles, slates, or tiles. Gauge of a carriage, car, etc., the distance between the wheels; -- ordinarily called the track. -- Gauge cock, a stop cock used as a try cock for ascertaining the height of the water level in a steam boiler. -- Gauge concussion (Railroads), the jar caused by a car-wheel flange striking the edge of the rail. -- Gauge glass, a glass tube for a water gauge. -- Gauge lathe, an automatic lathe for turning a round object having an irregular profile, as a baluster or chair round, to a templet or gauge. -- Gauge point, the diameter of a cylinder whose altitude is one inch, and contents equal to that of a unit of a given measure; -- a term used in gauging casks, etc. -- Gauge rod, a graduated rod, for measuring the capacity of barrels, casks, etc. -- Gauge saw, a handsaw, with a gauge to regulate the depth of cut. Knight. -- Gauge stuff, a stiff and compact plaster, used in making cornices, moldings, etc., by means of a templet. -- Gauge wheel, a wheel at the forward end of a plow beam, to determine the depth of the furrow. -- Joiner's gauge, an instrument used to strike a line parallel to the straight side of a board, etc. -- Printer's gauge, an instrument to regulate the length of the page. -- Rain gauge, an instrument for measuring the quantity of rain at any given place. -- Salt gauge, or Brine gauge, an instrument or contrivance for indicating the degree of saltness of water from its specific gravity, as in the boilers of ocean steamers. -- Sea gauge, an instrument for finding the depth of the sea. -- Siphon gauge, a glass siphon tube, partly filled with mercury, -- used to indicate pressure, as of steam, or the degree of rarefaction produced in the receiver of an air pump or other vacuum; a manometer. -- Sliding gauge. (Mach.) (a) A templet or pattern for gauging the commonly accepted dimensions or shape of certain parts in general use, as screws, railway-car axles, etc. (b) A gauge used only for testing other similar gauges, and preserved as a reference, to detect wear of the working gauges. (c) (Railroads) See Note under Gauge, n., 5. -- Star gauge (Ordnance), an instrument for measuring the diameter of the bore of a cannon at any point of its length. -- Steam gauge, an instrument for measuring the pressure of steam, as in a boiler. -- Tide gauge, an instrument for determining the height of the tides. -- Vacuum gauge, a species of barometer for determining the relative elasticities of the vapor in the condenser of a steam engine and the air. -- Water gauge. (a) A contrivance for indicating the height of a water surface, as in a steam boiler; as by a gauge cock or glass. (b) The height of the water in the boiler. -- Wind gauge, an instrument for measuring the force of the wind on any given surface; an anemometer. -- Wire gauge, a gauge for determining the diameter of wire or the thickness of sheet metal; also, a standard of size. See under Wire. GAUGEABLE Gauge"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being gauged. GAUGED Gauged, p. a. Defn: Tested or measured by, or conformed to, a gauge. Gauged brick, brick molded, rubbed, or cut to an exact size and shape, for arches or ornamental work. -- Gauged mortar. See Gauge stuff, under Gauge, n. GAUGER Gau"ger, n. Defn: One who gauges; an officer whose business it is to ascertain the contents of casks. GAUGER-SHIP Gau"ger-ship, n. Defn: The office of a gauger. GAUGING ROD Gau"ging rod`. Defn: See Gauge rod, under Gauge, n. GAUL Gaul, n. Etym: [F. Gaule, fr. L. Gallia, fr. Gallus a Gaul.] 1. The Anglicized form of Gallia, which in the time of the Romans included France and Upper Italy (Transalpine and Cisalpine Gaul). 2. A native or inhabitant of Gaul. GAULISH Gaul"ish, a. Defn: Pertaining to ancient France, or Gaul; Gallic. [R.] GAULT Gault, n. Etym: [Cf. Norw. gald hard ground, Icel. gald hard snow.] (Geol.) Defn: A series of beds of clay and marl in the South of England, between the upper and lower greensand of the Cretaceous period. GAULTHERIA Gaul*the"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of ericaceous shrubs with evergreen foliage, and, often, edible berries. It includes the American winter-green (Gaultheria procumbens), and the larger-fruited salal of Northwestern America (Gaultheria Shallon). GAUNT Gaunt, a. Etym: [Cf. Norw. gand a thin pointed stick, a tall and thin man, and W. gwan weak.] Defn: Attenuated, as with fasting or suffering; lean; meager; pinched and grim. "The gaunt mastiff." Pope. A mysterious but visible pestilence, striding gaunt and fleshless across our land. Nichols. GAUNTLET Gaunt"let, n. (Mil.) Defn: See Gantlet. GAUNTLET Gaunt"let, n. Etym: [F. gantelet, dim. of gant glove, LL. wantus, of Teutonic origin; cf. D. want, Sw. & Dan. vante, Icel. vöttr, for vantr.] 1. A glove of such material that it defends the hand from wounds. Note: The gauntlet of the Middle Ages was sometimes of chain mail, sometimes of leather partly covered with plates, scales, etc., of metal sewed to it, and, in the 14th century, became a glove of small steel plates, carefully articulated and covering the whole hand except the palm and the inside of the fingers. 2. A long glove, covering the wrist. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A rope on which hammocks or clothes are hung for drying. To take up the gauntlet, to accept a challenge. -- To throw down the gauntlet, to offer or send a challenge. The gauntlet or glove was thrown down by the knight challenging, and was taken up by the one who accepted the challenge; -- hence the phrases. GAUNTLETTED Gaunt"lett*ed, a. Defn: Wearing a gauntlet. GAUNTLY Gaunt"ly, adv. Defn: In a gaunt manner; meagerly. GAUNTREE; GAUNTRY Gaun"tree, Gaun"try, n. Etym: [F. chantier, LL. cantarium, fr. L. canterius trellis, sort of frame.] 1. A frame for supporting barrels in a cellar or elsewhere. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Engin.) Defn: A scaffolding or frame carrying a crane or other structure. Knight. GAUR Gaur, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An East Indian species of wild cattle (Bibos gauris), of large size and an untamable disposition. [Spelt also gour.] GAURE Gaure, v. i. Defn: To gaze; to stare. [Obs.] Chaucer. GAUSS Gauss (gous), n. [So named after Karl F. Gauss, a German mathematician.] (Elec.) Defn: The C.G.S. unit of density of magnetic field, equal to a field of one line of force per square centimeter, being thus adopted as an international unit at Paris in 1900; sometimes used as a unit of intensity of magnetic field. It was previously suggested as a unit of magnetomotive force. GAUSSAGE Gauss"age, n. (Elec.) Defn: The intensity of a magnetic field expressed in C.G.S. units, or gausses. GAUZE Gauze, n. Etym: [F. gaze; so called because it was first introduced from Gaza, a city of Palestine.] Defn: A very thin, slight, transparent stuff, generally of silk; also, any fabric resembling silk gauze; as, wire gauze; cotton gauze. Gauze dresser, one employed in stiffening gauze. GAUZE Gauze, a. Defn: Having the qualities of gauze; thin; light; as, gauze merino underclothing. GAUZINESS Gauz"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being gauzy; flimsiness. Ruskin. GAUZY Gauz"y, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, gauze; thin and slight as gauze. GAVAGE Ga`vage" (ga`vazh"), n. [F., fr. gaver to gorge.] Defn: Forced feeding (as of poultry or infants) by means of a tube passed through the mouth down to the stomach. GAVE Gave, Defn: imp. of Give. GAVEL Gav"el, n. Defn: A gable. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. GAVEL Gav"el, n. Etym: [OF. gavelle, F. javelle, prob. dim. from L. capulus handle, fr. capere to lay hold of, seize; or cf. W. gafael hold, grasp. Cf. Heave.] Defn: A small heap of grain, not tied up into a bundle. Wright. GAVEL Gav"el, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. The mallet of the presiding officer in a legislative body, public assembly, court, masonic body, etc. 2. A mason's setting maul. Knight. GAVEL Gav"el, n. Etym: [OF. gavel, AS. gafol, prob. fr. gifan to give. See Give, and cf. Gabel tribute.] (Law) Defn: Tribute; toll; custom. [Obs.] See Gabel. Cowell. GAVELET Gav"el*et, n. Etym: [From Gavel tribute.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: An ancient special kind of cessavit used in Kent and London for the recovery of rent. [Obs.] GAVELKIND Gav"el*kind`, n. Etym: [OE. gavelkynde, gavelkende. See Gavel tribute, and Kind, n.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A tenure by which land descended from the father to all his sons in equal portions, and the land of a brother, dying without issue, descended equally to his brothers. It still prevails in the county of Kent. Cowell. GAVELOCHE Gav"e*loche, n. Defn: Same as Gavelock. GAVELOCK Gav"e*lock, n. Etym: [OE. gaveloc a dart, AS. gafeluc; cf. Icel. gaflok, MHG. gabil, OF. gavelot, glavelot, F. javelot, Ir. gabhla spear, W. gaflach fork, dart, E. glave, gaff] 1. A spear or dart. [R. & Obs.] 2. An iron crow or lever. [Scot. & North of Eng.] GAVERICK Ga"ver*ick, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European red gurnard (Trigla cuculus). [Prov. Eng.] GAVIAE Ga"viæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. gavia a sea mew.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of birds which includes the gulls and terns. GAVIAL Ga"vi*al, n. Etym: [Hind. ghariu: cf. F. gavial.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large Asiatic crocodilian (Gavialis Gangeticus); -- called also nako, and Gangetic crocodile. Note: The gavial has a long, slender muzzle, teeth of nearly uniform size, and feet completely webbed. It inhabits the Ganges and other rivers of India. The name is also applied to several allied fossil species. GAVOT Gav"ot ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [F. gavotte, fr. Gavots, a people inhabiting a mountainous district in France, called Gap.] (Mus.) Defn: A kind of difficult dance; a dance tune, the air of which has two brisk and lively, yet dignified, strains in common time, each played twice over. [Written also gavotte.] GAWBY Gaw"by, n. Defn: A baby; a dunce. [Prov. Eng.] GAWK Gawk, n. Etym: [OE. gok, gowk, cuckoo, fool, Icel. gaukr cuckoo; akin to OHG. gouh, G. gauch cuckoo, fool, AS. géac cuckoo, Sw. gök, Dan. giög] 1. A cuckoo. Johnson. 2. A simpleton; a booby; a gawky. Carlyle. GAWK Gawk, v. i. Defn: To act like a gawky. GAWKY Gawk"y, a. [Compar. Gawkier; superl. Gawkiest.] Defn: Foolish and awkward; clumsy; clownish; as, gawky behavior. -- n. A fellow who is awkward from being overgrown, or from stupidity, a gawk. GAWN Gawn, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. gallon.] Defn: A small tub or lading vessel. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson. GAWNTREE Gawn"tree, n. Defn: See Gauntree. GAY Gay, a. [Compar. Gayer; superl. Gayest.] Etym: [F. gai, perhaps fr. OHG. g swift, rapid, G. gäh, jäh, steep, hasty; or cf. OHG. w beatiful, good. Cf. Jay.] 1. Excited with merriment; manifesting sportiveness or delight; inspiring delight; livery; merry. Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay. Pope. Gay hope is theirs by fancy fed. Gray. 2. Brilliant in colors; splendid; fine; richly dressed. Why is my neighbor's wife so gay Chaucer. A bevy of fair women, richly gay In gems and wanton dressMilton. 3. Loose; dissipated; lewd. [Colloq.] Syn. -- Merry; gleeful; blithe; airy; lively; sprightly, sportive; light- hearted; frolicsome; jolly; jovial; joyous; joyful; glad; showy; splendid; vivacious. GAY Gay, n. Defn: An ornament [Obs.] L'Estrange. GAYAL Gay"al, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A Southern Asiatic species of wild cattle (Bibos frontalis). GAYDIANG Gay"di*ang, n. (Naut.) Defn: A vessel of Anam, with two or three masts, lofty triangular sails, and in construction somewhat resembling a Chinese junk. GAYETY Gay"e*ty, n.; pl. Gayeties (. [Written also gaiety.] Etym: [F. gaieté. See Gay, a.] 1. The state of being gay; merriment; mirth; acts or entertainments prompted by, or inspiring, merry delight; -- used often in the plural; as, the gayeties of the season. 2. Finery; show; as, the gayety of dress. Syn. -- Liveliness; mirth; animation; vivacity; glee; blithesomeness; sprightliness; jollity. See Liveliness. GAYLEY PROCESS Gay"ley proc"ess. (Med.) Defn: The process of removing moisture from the blast of an iron blast furnace by reducing its temperature so far that it will not remain suspended as vapor in the blast current, but will be deposited as snow in the cooling apparatus. The resultant uniformly dehydrated blast effects great economy in fuel consumption, and promotes regularity of furnace operation, and certainty of furnace control. GAYLUSSITE Gay"lus*site`, n. Etym: [Named after Gay-Lussac, the French chemist.] (Min.) Defn: A yellowish white, translucent mineral, consisting of the carbonates of lime and soda, with water. GAYLY Gay"ly, adv. 1. With mirth and frolic; merrily; blithely; gleefully. 2. Finely; splendidly; showily; as, ladies gayly dressed; a flower gayly blooming. Pope. GAYNE Gayne, v. i. Etym: [See Gain.] Defn: To avail. [Obs.] GAYNESS Gay"ness, n. Defn: Gayety; finery. [R.] GAYSOME Gay"some, a. Defn: Full of gayety. Mir. for Mag. GAYTRE Gay"tre, n. Etym: [See Gaitre.] Defn: The dogwood tree. [Obs.] Chaucer. GAZE Gaze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gazed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gazing.] Etym: [OE. gasen, akin to dial. Sw. gasa, cf. Goth. us-gaisjan to terrify, us- geisnan to be terrified. Cf. Aghast, Ghastly, Ghost, Hesitate.] Defn: To fixx the eyes in a steady and earnest look; to look with eagerness or curiosity, as in admiration, astonishment, or with studious attention. Why stand ye gazing up into heaven Acts i. 11. Syn. -- To gape; stare; look. -- To Gaze, Gape, Stare. To gaze is to look with fixed and prolonged attention, awakened by excited interest or elevated emotion; to gape is to look fixedly, with open mouth and feelings of ignorant wonder; to stare is to look with the fixedness of insolence or of idiocy. The lover of nature gazes with delight on the beauties of the landscape; the rustic gapes with wonder at the strange sights of a large city; the idiot stares on those around with a vacant look. GAZE Gaze, v. t. Defn: To view with attention; to gaze on . [R.] And gazed a while the ample sky. Milton. GAZE Gaze, n. 1. A fixed look; a look of eagerness, wonder, or admiration; a continued look of attention. With secret gaze Or open admiration him behold. Milton. 2. The object gazed on. Made of my enemies the scorn and gaze. Milton. At gaze (a) (Her.) With the face turned directly to the front; -- said of the figures of the stag, hart, buck, or hind, when borne, in this position, upon an escutcheon. (b) In a position expressing sudden fear or surprise; -- a term used in stag hunting to describe the manner of a stag when he first hears the hounds and gazes round in apprehension of some hidden danger; hence, standing agape; idly or stupidly gazing. I that rather held it better men should perish one by one, Than that earth should stand at gaze like Joshua's moon in Ajalon! Tennyson. GAZEEBO Ga*zee"bo, n. Etym: [Humorously formed from gaze.] Defn: A summerhouse so situated as to command an extensive prospect. [Colloq.] GAZEFUL Gaze"ful, a. Defn: Gazing. [R.] Spenser. GAZEHOUND Gaze"hound`, n. Defn: A hound that pursues by the sight rather than by the scent. Sir W. Scott. GAZEL Ga"zel, n. Defn: The black currant; also, the wild plum. [Prov. Eng.] GAZEL Ga*zel", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Gazelle. GAZELLE Ga*zelle", n. Etym: [F. gazelle, OF. also, gazel; cf. Sp. gacela, Pr. gazella, It. gazella; all fr. Ar. ghaz a wild goat.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several small, swift, elegantly formed species of antelope, of the genus Gazella, esp. G. dorcas; -- called also algazel, corinne, korin, and kevel. The gazelles are celebrated for the luster and soft expression of their eyes. [Written also gazel.] Note: The common species of Northern Africa (Gazella dorcas); the Arabian gazelle, or ariel (G. Arabica); the mohr of West Africa (G. mohr); the Indian (G. Bennetti); the ahu or Persian (G. subgutturosa); and the springbok or tsebe (G. euchore) of South Africa, are the best known. GAZEMENT Gaze"ment, n. Defn: View. [Obs.] Spenser. GAZER Gaz"er, n. Defn: One who gazes. GAZET Ga*zet, n. Etym: [It.. gazeta, gazzetta, prob. dim. of L. gaza royal treasure.] Defn: A Venetian coin, worth about three English farthings, or one and a half cents. [Obs.] GAZETTE Ga*zette", n. Etym: [F. gazette, It. gazzetta, perh. from gazetta a Venetian coin (see Gazet), said to have been the price of the first newspaper published at Venice; or perh. dim. of gazza magpie, a name perh. applied to the first newspaper; cf. OHG. agalstra magpie, G. elster.] Defn: A newspaper; a printed sheet published periodically; esp., the official journal published by the British government, and containing legal and state notices. GAZETTE Ga*zette", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gazetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gazetting.] Defn: To announce or publish in a gazette; to announce officially, as an appointment, or a case of bankruptcy. GAZETTEER Gaz`et*teer", n. Etym: [Cf. F. gazetier.] 1. A writer of news, or an officer appointed to publish news by authority. Johnson. 2. A newspaper; a gazette. [Obs.] Burke. 3. A geographical dictionary; a book giving the names and descriptions, etc., of many places. 4. An alphabetical descriptive list of anything. GAZINGSTOCK Gaz"ing*stock`, n. Defn: A person or thing gazed at with scorn or abhorrence; an object of curiosity or contempt. Bp. Hall. GAZOGENE Gaz"o*gene, n. Etym: [F. gazogène; gaz gas + -gène, E. -gen.] Defn: A portable apparatus for making soda water or aërated liquids on a small scale. Knight. GAZON Ga*zon", n. Etym: [F. gazon turf, fr. OHG. waso, G. wasen.] (Fort.) Defn: One of the pieces of sod used to line or cover parapets and the faces of earthworks. GE- Ge-. Defn: An Anglo-Saxon prefix. See Y-. GEAL Geal, v. i. Etym: [F. geler, fr. L. gelare, fr. gelu. See Gelid.] Defn: To congeal. [Obs. or Scot.] GEAN Gean, n. Etym: [F. guigne the fruit of the gean; cf. OHG. wihsila, G. weichsel.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of cherry tree common in Europe (Prunus avium); also, the fruit, which is usually small and dark in color. GEANTICLINAL Ge`an*ti*cli"nal, n. Etym: [Gr. anticlinal.] (Geol.) Defn: An upward bend or flexure of a considerable portion of the earth's crust, resulting in the formation of a class of mountain elevations called anticlinoria; -- opposed to geosynclinal. GEAR Gear, n. Etym: [OE. gere, ger, AS. gearwe clothing, adornment, armor, fr. gearo, gearu, ready, yare; akin to OHG. garawi, garwi ornament, dress. See Yare, and cf. Garb dress.] 1. Clothing; garments; ornaments. Array thyself in thy most gorgeous gear. Spenser. 2. Goods; property; household stuff. Chaucer. Homely gear and common ware. Robynson (More's Utopia) 3. Whatever is prepared for use or wear; manufactured stuff or material. Clad in a vesture of unknown gear. Spenser. 4. The harness of horses or cattle; trapping. 5. Warlike accouterments. [Scot.] Jamieson. 6. Manner; custom; behavior. [Obs.] Chaucer. 7. Business matters; affairs; concern. [Obs.] Thus go they both together to their gear. Spenser. 8. (Mech.) (a) A toothed wheel, or cogwheel; as, a spur gear, or a bevel gear; also, toothed wheels, collectively. (b) An apparatus for performing a special function; gearing; as, the feed gear of a lathe. (c) Engagement of parts with each other; as, in gear; out of gear. 9. pl. (Naut.) Defn: See 1st Jeer (b). 10. Anything worthless; stuff; nonsense; rubbish. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Wright. That servant of his that confessed and uttered this gear was an honest man. Latimer. Bever gear. See Bevel gear. -- Core gear, a mortise gear, or its skeleton. See Mortise wheel, under Mortise. -- Expansion gear (Steam Engine), the arrangement of parts for cutting off steam at a certain part of the stroke, so as to leave it to act upon the piston expansively; the cut-off. See under Expansion. -- Feed gear. See Feed motion, under Feed, n. -- Gear cutter, a machine or tool for forming the teeth of gear wheels by cutting. -- Gear wheel, any cogwheel. -- Running gear. See under Running. -- To throw in, or out of, gear (Mach.), to connect or disconnect (wheelwork or couplings, etc.); to put in, or out of, working relation. GEAR Gear v. t. [imp. & p. p. Geared; p. pr. & vb. n. Gearing.] 1. To dress; to put gear on; to harness. 2. (Mach.) Defn: To provide with gearing. Double geared, driven through twofold compound gearing, to increase the force or speed; -- said of a machine. GEAR Gear, v. i. (Mach.) Defn: To be in, or come into, gear. GEARING Gear"ing, n. 1. Harness. 2. (Mach.) Defn: The parts by which motion imparted to one portion of an engine or machine is transmitted to another, considered collectively; as, the valve gearing of locomotive engine; belt gearing; esp., a train of wheels for transmitting and varying motion in machinery. Frictional gearing. See under Frictional. -- Gearing chain, an endless chain transmitted motion from one sprocket wheel to another. See Illust. of Chain wheel. -- Spur gearing, gearing in which the teeth or cogs are ranged round either the concave or the convex surface (properly the latter) of a cylindrical wheel; -- for transmitting motion between parallel shafts, etc. GEASON Gea"son, a. Etym: [OE. gesen, geson, rare, scanty, AS. g barren, wanting. Cf. Geest.] Defn: Rare; wonderful. [Obs.] Spenser. GEAT Geat, n. Etym: [See Gate a door.] (Founding) Defn: The channel or spout through which molten metal runs into a mold in casting. [Written also git, gate.] GECARCINIAN Ge`car*cin"i*an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A land crab of the genus Gecarcinus, or of allied genera. GECK Geck, n. Etym: [D. gek fool, fop; akin to G. geck; cf. Icel. gikkr a pert, rude person.] 1. Scorn, derision, or contempt. [Prov. Eng.] 2. An object of scorn; a dupe; a gull. [Obs.] To become the geck and scorn O'the other's villainy. Shak. GECK Geck, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OD. ghecken, G. gecken. See Geck, n.] 1. To deride; to scorn; to mock. [Prov. Eng.] 2. To cheat; trick, or gull. [Obs.] Johnson. GECK Geck, v. i. Defn: To jeer; to show contempt. Sir W. Scott. GECKO Geck"o, n.; pl. Geckoes. Etym: [Cf. F. & G. gecko; -- so called from the sound which the animal utters.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any lizard of the family Geckonidæ. The geckoes are small, carnivorous, mostly nocturnal animals with large eyes and vertical, elliptical pupils. Their toes are generally expanded, and furnished with adhesive disks, by which they can run over walls and ceilings. They are numerous in warm countries, and a few species are found in Europe and the United States. See Wall gecko, Fanfoot. GECKOTIAN Geck*o"tian, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A gecko. GED; GEDD Ged, Gedd (, n. Defn: The European pike. GEE Gee, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Geed; p. pr. & vb. n. Geeing.] 1. To agree; to harmonize. [Colloq. or Prov. Eng.] Forby. 2. Etym: [Cf. G. jü, interj., used in calling to a horse, It. giò, F. dia, used to turn a horse to the left.] Defn: To turn to the off side, or from the driver (i.e., in the United States, to the right side); -- said of cattle, or a team; used most frequently in the imperative, often with off, by drivers of oxen, in directing their teams, and opposed to haw, or hoi. [Written also jee.] Note: In England, the teamster walks on the right-hand side of the cattle; in the United States, on the left-hand side. In all cases, however, gee means to turn from the driver, and haw to turn toward him. Gee ho, or Gee whoa. Same as Gee. GEE Gee, v. t. Etym: [See Gee to turn.] Defn: To cause (a team) to turn to the off side, or from the driver. [Written also jee.] GEER; GEERING Geer, Geer"ing. [Obs.] Defn: See Gear, Gearing. GEESE Geese, n., Defn: pl. of Goose. GEEST Geest, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. geest, geestland, sandy, dry and, OFries. gest, gast, gestlond, gastlond, fr. Fries. gast barren. Cf. Geason.] Defn: Alluvial matter on the surface of land, not of recent origin. R. Jameson. GEET Geet, n. Etym: [See Jet.] Defn: Jet. [Obs.] Chaucer. GEEZ Geez, n. Defn: The original native name for the ancient Ethiopic language or people. See Ethiopic. GEEZER Gee"zer, n. [Dial. corrupt. of Guiser a mummer.] Defn: A queer old fellow; an old chap; an old woman. [Contemptuous, Slang or Dial.] GEHENNA Ge*hen"na, n. Etym: [L. Gehenna, Gr. G.] (Jewish Hist.) Defn: The valley of Hinnom, near Jerusalem, where some of the Israelites sacrificed their children to Moloch, which, on this account, was afterward regarded as a place of abomination, and made a receptacle for all the refuse of the city, perpetual fires being kept up in order to prevent pestilential effluvia. In the New Testament the name is transferred, by an easy metaphor, to Hell. The pleasant valley of Hinnom. Tophet thence And black Gehenna called, the type of Hell. Milton. GEIC Ge"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, earthy or vegetable mold. Geic acid. (Chem.) See Humin. GEIN Ge"in, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: See Humin. GEISHA Gei"sha (ga"sha), n.; pl. Geisha (-sha), Geishas (-shaz). [Jap.] Defn: A Japanese singing and dancing girl. GEISSLER TUBE Geis"sler tube`. (Elec.) Defn: A glass tube provided with platinum electrodes, and containing some gas under very low tension, which becomes luminous when an electrical discharge is passed through it; -- so called from the name of a noted maker in germany. It is called also Plücker tube, from the German physicist who devised it. GEITONOGAMY Gei"to*nog"a*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Fertilization of flowers by pollen from other flowers on the same plant. GELABLE Gel"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. gelare to congeal: cf. F. gelable. See Geal.] Defn: Capable of being congealed; capable of being converted into jelly. GELADA Gel"a*da, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A baboon (Gelada Ruppelli) of Abyssinia, remarkable for the length of the hair on the neck and shoulders of the adult male. GELASTIC Ge*las"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to laughter; used in laughing. "Gelastic muscles." Sir T. Browne. GELATIFICATION Ge*lat"i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Gelatin + L. -ficare. (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The formation of gelatin. GELATIGENOUS Gel`a*tig"e*nous, n. Etym: [Gelatin + -genous.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Producing, or yielding, gelatin; gelatiniferous; as, the gelatigeneous tissues. GELATIN; GELATINE Gel"a*tin Defn: , Gel"a*tine (, n. Etym: [F. gélatine, fr. L. gelare to congeal. See Geal.] (Chem.) Animal jelly; glutinous material obtained from animal tissues by prolonged boiling. Specifically (Physiol. Chem.), a nitrogeneous colloid, not existing as such in the animal body, but formed by the hydrating action of boiling water on the collagen of various kinds of connective tissue (as tendons, bones, ligaments, etc.). Its distinguishing character is that of dissolving in hot water, and forming a jelly on cooling. It is an important ingredient of calf's-foot jelly, isinglass, glue, etc. It is used as food, but its nutritious qualities are of a low order. Note: Both spellings, gelatin and gelatine, are in good use, but the tendency of writers on physiological chemistry favors the form in - in, as in the United States Dispensatory, the United States Pharmacopoeia, Fownes' Watts' Chemistry, Brande & Cox's Dictionary. Blasting gelatin, an explosive, containing about ninety-five parts of nitroglycerin and five of collodion. -- Gelatin process, a name applied to a number of processes in the arts, involving the use of gelatin. Especially: (a) (Photog.) A dry- plate process in which gelatin is used as a substitute for collodion as the sensitized material. This is the dry-plate process in general use, and plates of extreme sensitiveness are produced by it. (b) (Print.) A method of producing photographic copies of drawings, engravings, printed pages, etc., and also of photographic pictures, which can be printed from in a press with ink, or (in some applications of the process) which can be used as the molds of stereotype or electrotype plates. (c) (Print. or Copying) A method of producing facsimile copies of an original, written or drawn in aniline ink upon paper, thence transferred to a cake of gelatin softened with glycerin, from which impressions are taken upon ordinary paper. -- Vegetable gelatin. See Gliadin. GELATINATE Ge*lat"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gelatinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Gelatinating.] Defn: To convert into gelatin, or into a substance resembling jelly. GELATINATE Ge*lat"i*nate, v. i. Defn: To be converted into gelatin, or into a substance like jelly. Lapis lazuli, if calcined, does not effervesce, but gelatinates with the mineral acids. Kirwan. GELATINATION Ge*lat`i*na"tion, n. Defn: The act of process of converting into gelatin, or a substance like jelly. GELATINE Gel"a*tine, n. Defn: Same as Gelatin. GELATINIFEROUS Gel`a*tin*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gelatin + -ferous.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Yielding gelatin on boiling with water; capable of gelatination. GELATINIFORM Gel`a*tin"i*form, a. Defn: Having the form of gelatin. GELATINIZATION Ge*lat`i*ni*za"tion, n. Defn: Same as Gelatination. GELATINIZE Ge*lat"i*nize, v. t. 1. To convert into gelatin or jelly. Same as Gelatinate, v. t. 2. (Photog.) Defn: To coat, or otherwise treat, with gelatin. GELATINIZE Ge*lat"i*nize, v. i. Defn: Same as Gelatinate, v. i. GELATINOUS Ge*lat"i*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. gélatineux.] Defn: Of the nature and consistence of gelatin or the jelly; resembling jelly; viscous. GELATION Ge*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. gelatio a freezing, fr. gelare to freeze.] (Astron.) Defn: The process of becoming solid by cooling; a cooling and solidifying. GELD Geld, n. Etym: [AS. gild, gield, geld, tribute, payment, fr. gieldan to pay, render. See Yield.] Defn: Money; tribute; compensation; ransom.[Obs.] Note: This word occurs in old law books in composition, as in danegeld, or danegelt, a tax imposed by the Danes; weregeld, compensation for the life of a man, etc. GELD Geld, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gelded or Gelt (p. pr. & vb. n. Gelding.] Etym: [Icel. gelda to castrate; akin to Dan. gilde, Sw. gälla, and cf. AS. gilte a young sow, OHG. galt dry, not giving milk, G. gelt, Goth. gilpa siclke.] 1. To castrate; to emasculate. 2. To deprive of anything essential. Bereft and gelded of his patrimony. Shak. 3. To deprive of anything exceptionable; as, to geld a book, or a story; to expurgate. [Obs.] Dryden. GELDABLE Geld"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being gelded. GELDABLE Geld"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Geld money.] Defn: Liable to taxation. [Obs.] Burrill. GELDER Geld"er, n. Defn: One who gelds or castrates. GELDER-ROSE Gel"der-rose, n. Defn: Same as Guelder-rose. GELDING Geld"ing, n. Etym: [Icel. gelding a gelding, akin to geldingr wether, eunuch, Sw. gälling gelding, Dan. gilding eunuch. See Geld, v. t.] Defn: A castrated animal; -- usually applied to a horse, but formerly used also of the human male. They went down both into the water, Philip and the gelding, and Philip baptized him. Wyclif (Acts viii. 38). GELDING Geld"ing, p. pr. a. & vb. n.. Defn: from Geld, v. t. GELID Gel"id, a. Etym: [L. gelidus, fr. gelun frost, cold. See Cold, and cf. Congeal, Gelatin, Jelly.] Defn: Cold; very cold; frozen. "Gelid founts." Thompson. GELIDITY Ge*lid"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being gelid. GELIDLY Gel"id*ly, adv. Defn: In a gelid manner; coldly. GELIDNESS Gel"id*ness, n. Defn: The state of being gelid; gelidity. GELLY Gel"ly, n. Defn: Jelly. [Obs.] Spenser. GELOSCOPY Ge*los"copy, n. Etym: [Gr. -scopy.] Defn: Divination by means of laughter. GELOSE Ge*lose", n. Etym: [See Gelatin.] (Chem.) Defn: An amorphous, gummy carbohydrate, found in Gelidium, agar-agar, and other seaweeds. GELSEMIC Gel*se"mic, a. Defn: Gelseminic. GELSEMINE Gel"se*mine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid obtained from the yellow jasmine (Gelsemium sempervirens), as a bitter white semicrystalline substance; -- called also gelsemia. GELSEMINIC Gel`se*min"ic, n. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the yellow jasmine (Gelsemium sempervirens); as, gelseminic acid, a white crystalline substance resembling esculin. GELSEMIUM Gel*se"mium, n. Etym: [NL., fr. It. gelsomino jasmine.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of climbing plants. The yellow (false) jasmine (Gelsemium sempervirens) is a native of the Southern United States. It has showy and deliciously fragrant flowers. 2. (Med.) Defn: The root of the yellow jasmine, used in malarial fevers, etc. GELT Gelt, n. Etym: [See 1st Geld.] Defn: Trubute, tax. [Obs.] All these the king granted unto them . . . free from all gelts and payments, in a most full and ample manner. Fuller. GELT Gelt, n. Etym: [See Gelt, v. t.] Defn: A gelding. [Obs.] Mortimer. GELT Gelt, n. Defn: Gilding; tinsel. [Obs.] Spenser. GEM Gem, n. Etym: [OE. gemme precious stone, F. gemme, fr. L. gemma a precious stone, bud.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A bud. From the joints of thy prolific stem A swelling knot is raised called a gem. Denham. 2. A precious stone of any kind, as the ruby, emerald, topaz, sapphire, beryl, spinel, etc., especially when cut and polished for ornament; a jewel. Milton. 3. Anything of small size, or expressed within brief limits, which is regarded as a gem on account of its beauty or value, as a small picture, a verse of poetry, a witty or wise saying. Artificial gem, an imitation of a gem, made of glass colored with metallic oxide. Cf. Paste, and Strass. GEM Gem v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gemmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gemming] 1. To put forth in the form of buds. "Gemmed their blossoms." [R.] Milton. 2. To adorn with gems or precious stones. 3. To embellish or adorn, as with gems; as, a foliage gemmed with dewdrops. England is . . . gemmed with castles and palaces. W. Irving. GEMARA Ge*ma"ra, n. Etym: [Heb.] (Jewish Law) Defn: The second part of the Talmud, or the commentary on the Mishna (which forms the first part or text). GEMARIC Ge*mar"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to the Gemara. GEMARIST Ge*ma"rist, n. Defn: One versed in the Gemara, or adhering to its teachings. GEMEL Gem"el, a. Etym: [OF. gemel twin, F. jumeau, L. gemellus twin, doubled, dim. of geminus. See Gemini, and cf. Gimmal.] (Her.) Defn: Coupled; paired. Bars gemel (Her.), two barrulets placed near and parallel to each other. GEMEL Gem"el, n. 1. One of the twins. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. (Heb.) Defn: One of the barrulets placed parallel and closed to each other. Cf. Bars gemel, under Gemel, a. Two gemels silver between two griffins passant. Strype. Gemel hinge (Locksmithing), a hinge consisting of an eye or loop and a hook. -- Gemel ring, a ring with two or more links; a gimbal. See Gimbal. -- Gemel window, a window with two bays. GEMELLIPA-ROUS Gem`el*lip"a-rous, a. Etym: [L. gemellipara, fem., gemellus twin + parere to bear, produce.] Defn: Producing twins. [R.] Bailey. GEMINAL Gem"i*nal, a. Etym: [L. geminus twin.] Defn: A pair. [Obs.] Drayton. GEMINATE Gem"i*nate, a. Etym: [L. geminatus, p.p. of genimare to double. See Gemini.] (Bot.) Defn: In pairs or twains; two together; binate; twin; as, geminate flowers. Gray. GEMINATE Gem"i*nate, v. t. Defn: To double. [R.] B. Jonson. GEMINATION Gem`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. geminatio.] Defn: A doubling; duplication; repetition. [R.] Boyle. GEMINI Gem"i*ni, n. pl. Etym: [L., twins, pl. of geminus; cf. Skr. j related as brother or sister.] (Astron.) Defn: A constellation of the zodiac, containing the two bright stars Castor and Pollux; also, the third sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about May 20th. GEMINIFLOROUS Gem`i*ni*flo"rous, a. Etym: [L. geminus twin + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the flowers arranged in pairs. GEMINOUS Gem"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. geminus.] Defn: Double; in pairs. Sir T. Browne. GEMINY Gemi*ny, n. Etym: [See Gemini.] Defn: Twins; a pair; a couple. [Obs.] Shak. GEMITORES Gem`i*to"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. gemere, gemitum, to sign, moan.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of birds including the true pigeons. GEMMA Gem"ma, n.; pl. Gemmæ. Etym: [L., a bud.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A leaf bud, as distinguished from a flower bud. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A bud spore; one of the small spores or buds in the reproduction of certain Protozoa, which separate one at a time from the parent cell. GEMMACEOUS Gem*ma"ceous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to gems or to gemmæ; of the nature of, or resembling, gems or gemmæ. GEMMARY Gem"ma*ry, a. Etym: [L. gemmarius. See Gem.] Defn: Of or pertaining to gems. GEMMARY Gem"ma*ry, n. Defn: A receptacle for jewels or gems; a jewel house; jewels or gems, collectively. GEMMATE Gem"mate, a. Etym: [L. gemmatus, p. p. of gemmare to put forth buds, fr. gemma bud.] (Bot.) Defn: Having buds; reproducing by buds. GEMMATED Gem"ma*ted, a. Defn: Having buds; adorned with gems or jewels. GEMMATION Gem*ma"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. gemmation.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: The formation of a new individual, either animal or vegetable, by a process of budding; an asexual method of reproduction; gemmulation; gemmiparity. See Budding. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The arrangement of buds on the stalk; also, of leaves in the bud. GEMMEOUS Gem"me*ous, a. Etym: [L. gemmeus. See Gem.] Defn: Pertaining to gems; of the nature of gems; resembling gems. Pennant. GEMMIFEROUS Gem*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. gemma bud + -ferous: cf. F. gemmifère.] Defn: Producing gems or buds; (Biol.) Defn: multiplying by buds. GEMMIFICATION Gem`mi*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. gemma bud + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] (Biol.) Defn: The production of a bud or gem. GEMMIFLORATE Gem`mi*flo"rate, a. Etym: [L. gemma bud + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Defn: Having flowers like buds. GEMMINESS Gem"mi*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being gemmy; spruceness; smartness. GEMMIPARA; GEMMIPARES Gem*mip"a*ra Gem*mip"a*res n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. gemma bud + parere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Animals which increase by budding, as hydroids. GEMMIPARITY Gem`mi*par"i*ty, n. (Biol.) Defn: Reproduction by budding; gemmation. See Budding. GEMMIPAROUS Gem*mip"a*rous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. gemmipare.] (Biol.) Defn: Producing buds; reproducing by buds. See Gemmation, 1. GEMMOSITY Gem*mos"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. gemmosus set with jewels. See Gem.] Defn: The quality or characteristics of a gem or jewel. [Obs.] Bailey. GEMMULATION Gem`mu*la"tion, n. Etym: [From L. gemmula, dim. of gemma bud.] (Biol.) Defn: See Gemmation. GEMMULE Gem"mule, n. Etym: [L. gemmula, dim. of gemma: cf. F. gemmule. See Gem.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A little leaf bud, as the plumule between the cotyledons. (b) One of the buds of mosses. (c) One of the reproductive spores of algæ. (d) An ovule. 2. (Biol.) (a) A bud produced in generation by gemmation. (b) One of the imaginary granules or atoms which, according to Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis, are continually being thrown off from every cell or unit, and circulate freely throughout the system, and when supplied with proper nutriment multiply by self-division and ultimately develop into cells like those from which they were derived. They are supposed to be transmitted from the parent to the offspring, but are often transmitted in a dormant state during many generations and are then developed. See Pangenesis. GEMMULIFEROUS Gem`mu*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gemmule + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing or producing gemmules or buds. GEMMY Gem"my, a. Etym: [From Gem, n.] 1. Full of gems; bright; glittering like a gem. The gemmy bridle glittered free. Tennyson. 2. Spruce; smart. [Colloq. Eng.] GEMOTE Ge*mote", n. Etym: [As. gem an assembly. See Meet, v. t.] (AS. Hist.) Defn: A meeting; -- used in combination, as, Witenagemote, an assembly of the wise men. GEMS Gems, n. Etym: [G.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The chamois. GEMSBOK Gems"bok, n. Etym: [D.; akin to G. gemsbock the male or buck of the chamois; gemse chamois, goat of the Alps + bock buck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South African antelope (Oryx Capensis), having long, sharp, nearly straight horns. GEMS-HORN Gems"-horn`, n. Etym: [G., prop., chamois horn.] (Mus.) Defn: An organ stop with conical tin pipes. GEMUL Ge*mul", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small South American deer (Furcifer Chilensis), with simple forked horns. [Written also guemul.] -GEN -gen. Etym: [(1) From Gr. -gen-, from the same root as ge`nos race, stock (see Genus). (2) From Gr. suffix -genh`s born. Cf. F. -gène.] 1. A suffix used in scientific words in the sense of producing, generating: as, amphigen, amidogen, halogen. 2. A suffix meaning produced, generated; as, exogen. GENA Ge"na, Etym: [L., the cheek.] (Zoöl.) (a) The cheek; the feathered side of the under mandible of a bird. (b) The part of the head to which the jaws of an insect are attached. GENAPPE Ge*nappe", n. Etym: [From Genappe, in Belgium.] Defn: A worsted yarn or cord of peculiar smoothness, used in the manufacture of braid, fringe, etc. Simmonds. GENDARME Gen`darme", n.; pl. Gendarmes, or Gens d'armes. Etym: [F.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: One of a body of heavy cavalry. [Obs.] [France] 2. An armed policeman in France. Thackeray. GENDARMERY Gen*darm"er*y, n. Etym: [F. gendarmerie.] Defn: The body of gendarmes. GENDER Gen"der, n. Etym: [OF. genre, gendre (with excrescent d.), F.genre, fr. L. genus, generis, birth, descent, race, kind, gender, fr. the root of genere, gignere, to beget, in pass., to be born, akin to E. kin. See Kin, and cf. Generate, Genre, Gentle, Genus.] 1. Kind; sort. [Obs.] "One gender of herbs." Shak. 2. Sex, male or female. [Obs. or Colloq.] 3. (Gram.) Defn: A classification of nouns, primarily according to sex; and secondarily according to some fancied or imputed quality associated with sex. Gender is a grammatical distinction and applies to words only. Sex is natural distinction and applies to living objects. R. Morris. Note: Adjectives and pronouns are said to vary in gender when the form is varied according to the gender of the words to which they refer. GENDER Gen"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gendered; p. pr. & vb. n. Gendering.] Etym: [OF. gendrer, fr. L. generare. See Gender, n.] Defn: To beget; to engender. GENDER Gen"der, v. i. Defn: To copulate; to breed. [R.] Shak. GENDERLESS Gen"der*less, a. Defn: Having no gender. GENEAGENESIS Gen`e*a*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: Alternate generation. See under Generation. GENEALOGIC Gen`e*a*log"ic, a. Defn: Genealogical. GENEALOGICAL Gen`e*a*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. généalogique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to genealogy; as, a genealogical table; genealogical order. -- Gen`e*a*log"ic*al*ly, adv. Genealogical tree, a family lineage or genealogy drawn out under the form of a tree and its branches. GENEALOGIST Gen`e*al"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. généalogiste.] Defn: One who traces genealogies or the descent of persons or families. GENEALOGIZE Gen`e*al"o*gize, v. i. Defn: To investigate, or relate the history of, descents. GENEALOGY Gen`e*al"o*gy, n.; pl. Genealogies. Etym: [OE. genealogi, genelogie, OF. genelogie, F. généalogie, L. genealogia, fr. Gr. genus) + 1. An account or history of the descent of a person or family from an ancestor; enumeration of ancestors and their children in the natural order of succession; a pedigree. 2. Regular descent of a person or family from a progenitor; pedigree; lineage. GENEARCH Gen"e*arch, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The chief of a family or tribe. GENERA Gen"e*ra, n. pl. Defn: See Genus. GENERABILITY Gen`er*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability of being generated. Johnstone. GENERABLE Gen"er*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. generabilis.] Defn: Capable of being generated or produced. Bentley. GENERAL Gen"er*al, a. Etym: [F. général, fr. L. generalis. See Genus.] 1. Relating to a genus or kind; pertaining to a whole class or order; as, a general law of animal or vegetable economy. 2. Comprehending many species or individuals; not special or particular; including all particulars; as, a general inference or conclusion. 3. Not restrained or limited to a precise import; not specific; vague; indefinite; lax in signification; as, a loose and general expression. 4. Common to many, or the greatest number; widely spread; prevalent; extensive, though not universal; as, a general opinion; a general custom. This general applause and cheerful sShak. 5. Having a relation to all; common to the whole; as, Adam, our general sire. Milton. 6. As a whole; in gross; for the most part. His general behavior vain, ridiculous. Shak. 7. Usual; common, on most occasions; as, his general habit or method. Note: The word general, annexed to a name of office, usually denotes chief or superior; as, attorney-general; adjutant general; commissary general; quartermaster general; vicar-general, etc. General agent (Law), an agent whom a principal employs to transact all his business of a particular kind, or to act in his affairs generally. -- General assembly. See the Note under Assembly. -- General average, General Court. See under Average, Court. -- General court-martial (Mil.), the highest military and naval judicial tribunal. -- General dealer (Com.), a shopkeeper who deals in all articles in common use. -- General demurrer (Law), a demurrer which objects to a pleading in general terms, as insufficient, without specifying the defects. Abbott. -- General epistle, a canonical epistle. -- General guides (Mil.), two sergeants (called the right, and the left, general guide) posted opposite the right and left flanks of an infantry battalion, to preserve accuracy in marching. Farrow. -- General hospitals (Mil.), hospitals established to receive sick and wounded sent from the field hospitals. Farrow. General issue (Law), an issue made by a general plea, which traverses the whole declaration or indictment at once, without offering any special matter to evade it. Bouvier. Burrill. -- General lien (Law), a right to detain a chattel, etc., until payment is made of any balance due on a general account. -- General officer (Mil.), any officer having a rank above that of colonel. -- General orders (Mil.), orders from headquarters published to the whole command. -- General practitioner, in the United States, one who practices medicine in all its branches without confining himself to any specialty; in England, one who practices both as physician and as surgeon. -- General ship, a ship not chartered or let to particular parties. -- General term (Logic), a term which is the sign of a general conception or notion. -- General verdict (Law), the ordinary comprehensive verdict in civil actions, "for the plaintiff" or "for the defendant". Burrill. -- General warrant (Law), a warrant, now illegal, to apprehend suspected persons, without naming individuals. Syn. General, Common, Universal. Common denotes primarily that in which many share; and hence, that which is often met with. General is stronger, denoting that which pertains to a majority of the individuals which compose a genus, or whole. Universal, that which pertains to all without exception. To be able to read and write is so common an attainment in the United States, that we may pronounce it general, though by no means universal. Syn: Gen"er*al, n. Etym: [F. général. See General., a.] 1. The whole; the total; that which comprehends or relates to all, or the chief part; -- opposed to particular. In particulars our knowledge begins, and so spreads itself by degrees to generals. Locke. 2. (Mil.) Defn: One of the chief military officers of a government or country; the commander of an army, of a body of men not less than a brigade. In European armies, the highest military rank next below field marshal. Note: In the United States the office of General of the Army has been created by temporary laws, and has been held only by Generals U. S. Grant, W. T. Sherman, and P. H. Sheridan. Popularly, the title General is given to various general officers, as General, Lieutenant general, Major general, Brigadier general, Commissary general, etc. See Brigadier general, Lieutenant general, Major general, in the Vocabulary. 3. (Mil.) Defn: The roll of the drum which calls the troops together; as, to beat the general. 4. (Eccl.) Defn: The chief of an order of monks, or of all the houses or congregations under the same rule. 5. The public; the people; the vulgar. [Obs.] Shak. In general, in the main; for the most part. GENERALIA Gen`e*ra"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [Neut. pl., fr. L. generalis.] Defn: Generalities; general terms. J. S. Mill. GENERALISSIMO Gen`er*al*is"si*mo, n. Etym: [It., superl. of generale general. See General, a.] Defn: The chief commander of an army; especially, the commander in chief of an army consisting of two or more grand divisions under separate commanders; -- a title used in most foreign countries. GENERALITY Gen`er*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Generalities. Etym: [L. generalitas: cf. F. généralité. Cf. Generalty.] 1. The state of being general; the quality of including species or particulars. Hooker. 2. That which is general; that which lacks specificalness, practicalness, or application; a general or vague statement or phrase. Let us descend from generalities to particulars. Landor. The glittering and sounding generalities of natural right which make up the Declaration of Independence. R. Choate. 3. The main body; the bulk; the greatest part; as, the generality of a nation, or of mankind. GENERALIZABLE Gen"er*al*i`za*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being generalized, or reduced to a general form of statement, or brought under a general rule. Extreme cases are . . . not generalizable. Coleridge GENERALIZATION Gen`er*al*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. généralisation.] 1. The act or process of generalizing; the act of bringing individuals or particulars under a genus or class; deduction of a general principle from particulars. Generalization is only the apprehension of the one in the many. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. A general inference. GENERALIZE Gen"er*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Generalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Generalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. généraliser.] 1. To bring under a genus or under genera; to view in relation to a genus or to genera. Copernicus generalized the celestial motions by merely referring them to the moon's motion. Newton generalized them still more by referring this last to the motion of a stone through the air. W. Nicholson. 2. To apply to other genera or classes; to use with a more extensive application; to extend so as to include all special cases; to make universal in application, as a formula or rule. When a fact is generalized, our discontent is quited, and we consider the generality itself as tantamount to an explanation. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. To derive or deduce (a general conception, or a general principle) from particulars. A mere conclusion generalized from a great multitude of facts. Coleridge. GENERALIZE Gen"er*al*ize, v. i. Defn: To form into a genus; to view objects in their relations to a genus or class; to take general or comprehensive views. GENERALIZED Gen"er*al*ized, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Comprising structural characters which are separated in more specialized forms; synthetic; as, a generalized type. GENERALIZER Gen"er*al*i`zer (, n. Defn: One who takes general or comprehensive views. Tyndall. GENERALLY Gen"er*al*ly, adv. 1. In general; commonly; extensively, though not universally; most frequently. 2. In a general way, or in general relation; in the main; upon the whole; comprehensively. Generally speaking, they live very quietly. Addison. 3. Collectively; as a whole; without omissions. [Obs.] I counsel that all Israel be generally gathered unto thee. 2 Sam. xvii. ll. GENERALNESS Gen"er*al*ness, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being general; frequency; commonness. Sir P. Sidney. GENERALSHIP Gen"er*al*ship, n. 1. The office of a general; the exercise of the functions of a general; -- sometimes, with the possessive pronoun, the personality of a general. Your generalship puts me in mind of Prince Eugene. Goldsmith. 2. Military skill in a general officer or commander. 3. Fig.: Leadership; management. An artful stroke of generalship in Trim to raise a dust. Sterne. GENERALTY Gen"er*al*ty, n. Defn: Generality. [R.] Sir M. Hale. GENERANT Gen"er*ant, a. Etym: [L. generans, p. pr. of generare.] Defn: Generative; producing; esp. (Geom.), Defn: acting as a generant. GENERANT Gen"er*ant, n. 1. That which generates. Glanvill. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A generatrix. GENERATE Gen"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Generated; p. pr. & vb. n. Generating.] Etym: [L. generatus, p. p. of generare to generate, fr. genus. See Genus, Gender.] 1. To beget; to procreate; to propagate; to produce (a being similar to the parent); to engender; as, every animal generates its own species. 2. To cause to be; to bring into life. Milton. 3. To originate, especially by a vital or chemical process; to produce; to cause. Whatever generates a quantity of good chyle must likewise generate milk. Arbuthnot. 4. (Math.) Defn: To trace out, as a line, figure, or solid, by the motion of a point or a magnitude of inferior order. GENERATION Gen`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [OE. generacioun, F. génération, fr.L. generatio.] 1. The act of generating or begetting; procreation, as of animals. 2. Origination by some process, mathematical, chemical, or vital; production; formation; as, the generation of sounds, of gases, of curves, etc. 3. That which is generated or brought forth; progeny; offspiring. 4. A single step or stage in the succession of natural descent; a rank or remove in genealogy. Hence: The body of those who are of the same genealogical rank or remove from an ancestor; the mass of beings living at one period; also, the average lifetime of man, or the ordinary period of time at which one rank follows another, or father is succeeded by child, usually assumed to be one third of a century; an age. This is the book of the generations of Adam. Gen. v. 1. Ye shall remain there [in Babylon] many years, and for a long season, namely, seven generations. Baruch vi. 3. All generations and ages of the Christian church. Hooker. 5. Race; kind; family; breed; stock. Thy mother's of my generation; what's she, if I be a dog Shak. 6. (Geom.) Defn: The formation or production of any geometrical magnitude, as a line, a surface, a solid, by the motion, in accordance with a mathematical law, of a point or a magnitude; as, the generation of a line or curve by the motion of a point, of a surface by a line, a sphere by a semicircle, etc. 7. (Biol.) Defn: The aggregate of the functions and phenomene which attend reproduction. Note: There are four modes of generation in the animal kingdom: scissiparity or by fissiparous generation, gemmiparity or by budding, germiparity or by germs, and oviparity or by ova. Alternate generation (Biol.), alternation of sexual with asexual generation, in which the products of one process differ from those of the other, -- a form of reproduction common both to animal and vegetable organisms. In the simplest form, the organism arising from sexual generation produces offspiring unlike itself, agamogenetically. These, however, in time acquire reproductive organs, and from their impregnated germs the original parent form is reproduced. In more complicated cases, the first series of organisms produced agamogenetically may give rise to others by a like process, and these in turn to still other generations. Ultimately, however, a generation is formed which develops sexual organs, and the original form is reproduced. -- Spontaneous generation (Biol.), the fancied production of living organisms without previously existing parents from inorganic matter, or from decomposing organic matter, a notion which at one time had many supporters; abiogenesis. GENERATIVE Gen"er*a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. génératif.] Defn: Having the power of generating, propagating, originating, or producing. "That generative particle." Bentley. GENERATOR Gen"er*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. One who, or that which, generates, begets, causes, or produces. 2. An apparatus in which vapor or gas is formed from a liquid or solid by means of heat or chemical process, as a steam boiler, gas retort, or vessel for generating carbonic acid gas, etc. 3. (Mus.) Defn: The principal sound or sounds by which others are produced; the fundamental note or root of the common chord; -- called also generating tone. GENERATRIX Gen`er*a"trix, n.; pl. L. Generatrices, E. Generatrixes. Etym: [L.] (Geom.) Defn: That which generates; the point, or the mathematical magnitude, which, by its motion, generates another magnitude, as a line, surface, or solid; -- called also describent. GENERIC; GENERICAL Ge*ner"ic, Ge*ner"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. genus, generis, race, kind: cf. F. générique. See Gender.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to a genus or kind; relating to a genus, as distinct from a species, or from another genus; as, a generic description; a generic difference; a generic name. 2. Very comprehensive; pertaining or appropriate to large classes or their characteristics; -- opposed to Ant: specific. GENERICALLY Ge*ner"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: With regard to a genus, or an extensive class; as, an animal generically distinct from another, or two animals or plants generically allied. GENERICALNESS Ge*ner"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being generic. GENERIFICATION Ge*ner`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. genus kind, class + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: The act or process of generalizing. Out of this the universal is elaborated by generification. Sir W. Hamilton. GENEROSITY Gen`er*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. generositas: cf. F. générosité.] 1. Noble birth. [Obs.] Harris (Voyages). 2. The quality of being noble; noble-mindedness. Generosity is in nothing more seen than in a candid estimation of other men's virtues and good qualities. Barrow. 3. Liberality in giving; munificence. Syn. -- Magnanimity; liberality. GENEROUS Gen"er*ous, a. Etym: [F. généreux, fr. L. generous of noble birth, noble, excellent, magnanimous, fr. genus birth, race: cf. It. generoso. See 2d Gender.] 1. Of honorable birth or origin; highborn. [Obs.] The generous and gravest citizens. Shak. 2. Exhibiting those qualities which are popularly reregarded as belonging to high birth; noble; honorable; magnanimous; spirited; courageous. "The generous critic." Pope. "His generous spouse." Pope. "A generous pack [of hounds]." Addison. 3. Open-handed; free to give; not close or niggardly; munificent; as, a generous friend or father. 4. Characterized by generosity; abundant; overflowing; as, a generous table. Swift. 5. Full of spirit or strength; stimulating; exalting; as, generous wine. Syn. -- Magnanimous; bountiful. See Liberal. -- Gen"er*ous*ly, adv. -- Gen"er*ous*ness, n. GENESEE EPOCH Gen`e*see" ep"och. (Geol.) Defn: The closing subdivision of the Hamilton period in the American Devonian system; -- so called because the formations of this period crop out in Genesee, New York. GENESIAL Ge*ne"sial, a. Defn: Of or relating to generation. GENESIOLGY Ge*ne`si*ol"gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The doctrine or science of generation. GENESIS Gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. genus birth, race. See Gender.] 1. The act of producing, or giving birth or origin to anything; the process or mode of originating; production; formation; origination. The origin and genasis of poor Sterling's club. Carlyle. 2. The first book of the Old Testament; -- so called by the Greek translators, from its containing the history of the creation of the world and of the human race. 3. (Geom.) Defn: Same as Generation. GENET; GENETTE Gen"et, Ge*nette" (, n. Etym: [F. genette, Sp. gineta, fr. Ar. jarnei 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of small Carnivora of the genus Genetta, allied to the civets, but having the scent glands less developed, and without a pouch. Note: The common genet (Genetta vulgaris) of Southern Europe, Asia Minor, and North Africa, is dark gray, spotted with black. The long tail is banded with black and white. The Cape genet (G. felina), and the berbe (G. pardina), are related African species. 2. The fur of the common genet (Genetta vulgaris); also, any skin dressed in imitation of this fur. GENET Gen"et, n. Etym: [See Jennet.] Defn: A small-sized, well-proportioned, Spanish horse; a jennet. Shak. GENETHLIAC Ge*neth"li*ac, a. Etym: [L. genethliacus, Gr. Defn: Pertaining to nativities; calculated by astrologers; showing position of stars at one's birth. Howell. GENETHLIAC Ge*neth"li*ac, n. 1. A birthday poem. 2. One skilled in genethliacs. GENETHLIACAL Gen`eth*li"a*cal, a. Defn: Genethliac. GENETHLIACS Ge*neth"li*acs, n. Defn: The science of calculating nativities, or predicting the future events of life from the stars which preside at birth. Jhonson. GENETHLIALOGY Ge*neth`li*al"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Divination as to the destinies of one newly born; the act or art of casting nativities; astrology. GENETHLIATIC Ge*neth`li*at"ic, n. Defn: One who calculates nativities. Sir W. Drummond. GENETIC Ge*net"ic, a. Defn: Same as Genetical. GENETICAL Ge*net"ic*al, a. Etym: [See Genesis.] Defn: Pertaining to, concerned with, or determined by, the genesis of anything, or its natural mode of production or development. This historical, genetical method of viewing prior systems of philosophy. Hare. GENETICALLY Ge*net"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a genetical manner. GENEVA Ge*ne"va, n. Defn: The chief city of Switzerland. Geneva Bible, a translation of the Bible into English, made and published by English refugees in Geneva (Geneva, 1560; London, 1576). It was the first English Bible printed in Roman type instead of the ancient black letter, the first which recognized the division into verses, and the first which ommited the Apocrypha. In form it was a small quarto, and soon superseded the large folio of Cranmer's translation. Called also Genevan Bible. -- Geneva convention (Mil.), an agreement made by representatives of the great continental powers at Geneva and signed in 1864, establishing new and more humane regulation regarding the treatment of the sick and wounded and the status of those who minister to them in war. Ambulances and military hospitals are made neutral, and this condition affects physicians, chaplains, nurses, and the ambulance corps. Great Britain signed the convention in 1865. -- Geneva cross (Mil.), a red Greek cross on a white ground; -- the flag and badge adopted in the Geneva convention. GENEVA Ge*ne"va, n. Etym: [F. genièvre juniper, juniper berry, gin, OF. geneivre juniper, fr. L. juniperus the juniper tree: cf. D. jenever, fr. F. genièvre. See Juniper, and cf. Gin a liquor.] Defn: A strongly alcoholic liquor, flavores with juniper berries; -- made in Holland; Holland gin; Hollands. GENEVAN Ge*ne"van, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Geneva, in Switzerland; Genevese. GENEVAN Ge*ne"van, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Geneva. 2. A supported of Genevanism. GENEVANISM Ge*ne"van*ism, n. Etym: [From Geneva, where Calvin resided.] Defn: Strict Calvinism. Bp. Montagu. GENEVESE Gen`e*vese", a. Etym: [Cf. L. Genevensis, F. génevois.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Geneva, in Switzerland; Genevan. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Geneva; collectively, the inhabitants of Geneva; people of Geneva. GENIAL Ge*ni"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Genian. GENIAL Gen"ial, a. Etym: [L. genialis: cf. OF. genial. See Genius.] 1. Contributing to, or concerned in, propagation or production; generative; procreative; productive. "The genial bed." Milton. Creator Venus, genial power of love. Dryden. 2. Contributing to, and sympathizing with, the enjoyment of life; sympathetically cheerful and cheering; jovial and inspiring joy or happiness; exciting pleasure and sympathy; enlivening; kindly; as, she was of a cheerful and genial disposition. So much I feel my genial spirits droop. Milton. 3. Belonging to one's genius or natural character; native; natural; inborn. [Obs.] Natural incapacity and genial indisposition. Sir T. Browne. 4. Denoting or marked with genius [R.] Men of genius have often attached the highest value to their less genial works. Hare. Genial gods (Pagan Mythol.), the powers supposed to preside over marriage and generation. GENIALITY Ge`ni*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. genialitas.] Defn: The quality of being genial; sympathetic cheerfulness; warmth of disposition and manners. GENIALLY Gen"ial*ly, adv. 1. By genius or nature; naturally. [Obs.] Some men are genially disposed to some opinions. Glanvill. 2. Gayly; cheerfully. Johnson. GENIALNESS Gen"ial*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being genial. GENIAN Ge*ni"an, a. Etym: [Gr. Chin.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the chin; mental; as, the genian prominence. GENICULATE Ge*nic"u*late, a. Etym: [L. geniculatus, fr. geniculum little knee, knot or joint, dim. of genu knee. See Knee.] Defn: Bent abruptly at an angle, like the knee when bent; as, a geniculate stem; a geniculate ganglion; a geniculate twin crystal. GENICULATE Ge*nic"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Geniculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Geniculating.] Defn: To form joints or knots on. [R.] Cockeram. GENICULATED Ge*nic"u*la`ted, a. Defn: Same as Geniculate. GENICULATION Ge*nic`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. geniculatio a kneeling.] 1. The act of kneeling. [R.] Bp. Hall. 2. The state of being bent abruptly at an angle. GENIE Gé`nie, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Genius. GENIO Ge"ni*o, n. Etym: [It. See Genius.] Defn: A man of a particular turn of mind. [R.] Tatler. GENIOHYOID Ge`ni*o*hy"oid, a. Etym: [Gr. hyoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the chin and hyoid bone; as, the geniohyoid muscle. GENIP; GENIP TREE Gen"ip, n., or Genip tree. 1. Any tree or shrub of the genus Genipa. 2. The West Indian sapindaceous tree Melicocca bijuga, which yields the honeyberry; also, the related trees Exothea paniculata and E. trifoliata. GENIPAP Gen"i*pap, n. (Bot.) Defn: The edible fruit of a West Indian tree (Genipa Americana) of the order Rubiaceæ. It is oval in shape, as a large as a small orange, of a pale greenish color, and with dark purple juice. GENISTA Ge*nis"ta, n. Etym: [L., broom.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants including the common broom of Western Europe. GENITAL Gen"i*tal, a. Etym: [L. genitalis, fr. genere, gignere, to beget: cf. F. génital. See Gender.] Defn: Pertaining to generation, or to the generative organs. Genital cord (Anat.), a cord developed in the fetus by the union of portions of the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts and giving rise to parts of the urogenital passages in both sexes. GENITALS Gen"i*tals, n. pl. Etym: [From Genital, a.: cf. L. genitalia.] Defn: The organs of generation; the sexual organs; the private parts. GENITING Gen"i*ting, n. Etym: [See Jenneting.] Defn: A species of apple that ripens very early. Bacon. GENITIVAL Gen`i*ti"val, a. Defn: Possessing genitive from; pertaining to, or derived from, the genitive case; as, a genitival adverb. -- Gen`i*ti"val*ly, adv. GENITIVE Gen"i*tive, a. Etym: [L. genitivus, fr. gignere, genitum, to beget: cf. F. génitif. See Gender.] (Gram.) Defn: Of or pertaining to that case (as the second case of Latin and Greek nouns) which expresses source or possession. It corresponds to the possessive case in English. GENITIVE Gen"i*tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: The genitive case. Genitive absolute, a construction in Greek similar to the ablative absolute in Latin. See Ablative absolute. GENITOCRURAL Gen`i*to*cru"ral, a. Etym: [Genital + crural.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the genital organs and the thigh; -- applied especially to one of the lumbar nerves. GENITOR Gen"i*tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. One who begets; a generator; an originator. Sheldon. 2. pl. Defn: The genitals. [Obs.] Holland. GENITOURINARY Gen`i*to*u"ri*na*ry, a. Etym: [Genital + urinary.] (Anat.) Defn: See Urogenital. GENITURE Gen"i*ture, n. Etym: [L. genitura: cf. F. géniture.] Defn: Generation; procreation; birth. Dryden. GENIUS Gen"ius, n.; pl. E. Geniuses; in sense 1, L. Genii. Etym: [L. genius, prop., the superior or divine nature which is innate in everything, the spirit, the tutelar deity or genius of a person or place, taste, talent, genius, from genere, gignere, to beget, bring forth. See Gender, and cf. Engine.] 1. A good or evil spirit, or demon, supposed by the ancients to preside over a man's destiny in life; a tutelary deity; a supernatural being; a spirit, good or bad. Cf. Jinnee. The unseen genius of the wood. Milton. We talk of genius still, but with thought how changed! The genius of Augustus was a tutelary demon, to be sworn by and to receive offerings on an altar as a deity. Tylor. 2. The peculiar structure of mind with whoch each individual is endowed by nature; that disposition or aptitude of mind which is peculiar to each man, and which qualifies him for certain kinds of action or special success in any pursuit; special taste, inclination, or disposition; as, a genius for history, for poetry, or painting. 3. Peculiar character; animating spirit, as of a nation, a religion, a language. 4. Distinguished mental superiority; uncommon intellectual power; especially, superior power of invention or origination of any kind, or of forming new combinations; as, a man of genius. Genius of the highest kind implies an unusual intensity of the modifyng power. Coleridge. 5. A man endowed with uncommon vigor of mind; a man of superior intellectual faculties; as, Shakespeare was a rare genius. Syn. -- Genius, Talent. Genius implies high and peculiar gifts of nature, impelling the mind to certain favorite kinds of mental effort, and producing new combinations of ideas, imagery, etc. Talent supposes general strength of intellect, with a peculiar aptitude for being molded and directed to specific employments and valuable ends and purposes. Genius is connected more or less with the exercise of imagination, and reaches its ends by a kind of intuitive power. Talent depends more on high mental training, and a perfect command of all the faculties, memory, judgment, sagacity, etc. Hence we speak of a genius for poetry, painting. etc., and a talent for business or diplomacy. Among English orators, Lord Chatham was distinguished for his genius; William Pitt for his preëminent talents, and especially his unrivaled talent for debate. Genius loci ( Etym: [L.], the genius or presiding divinity of a place; hence, the pervading spirit of a place or institution, as of a college, etc. GENOA CAKE Gen"o*a cake. (Cookery) Defn: A rich glazed cake, with almonds, pistachios, filberts, or other nuts; also, a rich currant cake with almonds on the top. GENOESE Gen`o*ese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Genoa, a city of Italy. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Genoa; collectively, the people of Genoa. GENOUILLERE Ge*nouil`lère", n. Etym: [F.] 1. (Anc. Armor) Defn: A metal plate covering the knee. 2. (Fort.) Defn: That part of a parapet which lies between the gun platform and the bottom of an embrasure. -GENOUS -ge*nous. Etym: [-gen + -ous.] Defn: A suffix signifying producing, yielding; as, alkaligenous; endogenous. GENRE Genre, n. Etym: [F. See Gender.] (Fine Arts) Defn: A style of painting, sculpture, or other imitative art, which illustrates everyday life and manners. GENS Gens, n.; pl. Gentes. Etym: [L. See Gentle, a.] (Rom. Hist.) 1. A clan or family connection, embracing several families of the same stock, who had a common name and certain common religious rites; a subdivision of the Roman curia or tribe. 2. (Ethnol.) Defn: A minor subdivision of a tribe, among American aborigines. It includes those who have a common descent, and bear the same totem. GENT Gent, a. Etym: [OF. gent, fr. L. genitus born, or (less prob.) fr. gentilis. See Genteel.] 1. Gentle; noble; of gentle birth. [Obs.] All of a knight [who] was fair and gent. Chaucer. 2. Neat; pretty; fine; elegant. [Obs.] Spenser. Her body gent and small. Chaucer. GENTEEL Gen*teel", a. Etym: [F. gentil noble, pretty, graceful. See Gentle.] 1. Possessing or exhibiting the qualities popularly regarded as belonging to high birth and breeding; free from vulgarity, or lowness of taste or behavior; adapted to a refined or cultivated taste; polite; well-bred; as, genteel company, manners, address. 2. Graceful in mien or form; elegant in appearance, dress, or manner; as, the lady has a genteel person. Law. 3. Suited to the position of lady or a gentleman; as, to live in a genteel allowance. Syn. -- Polite; well-bred; refined; polished. GENTEELISH Gen*teel"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat genteel. GENTEELLY Gen*teel"ly, adv. Defn: In a genteel manner. GENTEELNESS Gen*teel"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being genteel. GENTERIE; GENTRIE Gen"ter*ie, Gen"trie (, n. Etym: [OE. See Gentry.] Defn: Nobility of birth or of character; gentility. [Obs.] Chaucer. GENTIAN Gen"tian, n. Etym: [OE. genciane, F. gentiane, L. gentiana, fr. Gentius, an Illyrian king, said to have discovered its properties.] (Bot.) Defn: Any one of a genus (Gentiana) of herbaceous plants with opposite leaves and a tubular four- or five-lobed corolla, usually blue, but sometimes white, yellow, or red. See Illust. of Capsule. Note: Many species are found on the highest mountains of Europe, Asia, and America, and some are prized for their beauty, as the Alpine (Gentiana verna, Bavarica, and excisa), and the American fringed gentians (G. crinita and G. detonsa). Several are used as tonics, especially the bitter roots of Gentiana lutea, the officinal gentian of the pharmacopoeias. Horse gentian, fever root. -- Yellow gentian (Bot.), the officinal gentian (Gentiana lutea). See Bitterwort. GENTIANACEOUS Gen`tian*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Gentianaceæ) of which the gentian is the type. GENTIANELLA Gen`tian*el"la, n. Etym: [See Gentian.] Defn: A kind of blue color. Johnson. GENTIANIC Gen`ti*an"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to or derived from the gentian; as, gentianic acid. GENTIANINE Gen"tian*ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A bitter, crystallizable substance obtained from gentian. GENTIANOSE Gen"tian*ose`, n. (Chem.) Defn: A crystallizable, sugarlike substance, with a slightly sweetish taste, obtained from the gentian. GENTIL Gen"til, a. & n. Defn: Gentle. [Obs.] Chaucer. GENTILE Gen"tile, n. Etym: [L. gentilis belonging to the same clan, stock, race, people, or nation; in opposition to Roman, a foreigner; in opposition to Jew or Christian, a heathen: cf. F. gentil. See Gentle, a.] Defn: One of a non-Jewish nation; one neither a Jew nor a Christian; a worshiper of false gods; a heathen. Note: The Hebrews included in the term goyim, or nations, all the tribes of men who had not received the true faith, and were not circumcised. The Christians translated goyim by the L. gentes, and imitated the Jews in giving the name gentiles to all nations who were neither Jews nor Christians. In civil affairs, the denomination was given to all nations who were not Romans. Syn. -- Pagan; heathen. See Pagan. GENTILE Gen"tile, a. 1. Belonging to the nations at large, as distinguished from the Jews; ethnic; of pagan or heathen people. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Denoting a race or country; as, a gentile noun or adjective. GENTILE-FALCON Gen"tile-fal`con, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Falcon-gentil. GENTILESSE Gen`ti*lesse", n. Etym: [OF. gentilesse, gentelise, F. gentillesse. See Gentle. a.] Defn: Gentleness; courtesy; kindness; nobility. [Obs.] Chaucer. GENTILISH Gen"til*ish, a. Defn: Heathenish; pagan. GENTILISM Gen"til*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. gentilisme.] 1. Hethenism; paganism; the worship of false gods. 2. Tribal feeling; devotion to one's gens. GENTILITIAL; GENTILITIOUS Gen`ti*li"tial, Gen`ti*li"tious, a. Etym: [L. gentilitius. See Gentile.] [Obs.] 1. Peculiar to a people; national. Sir T. Browne. 2. Hereditary; entailed on a family. Arbuthnot. GENTILITY Gen*til"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. gentilitas the relationship of those who belong to the same clan, also, heathenism: cf. F. gentilité heathenism. See Gentile.] 1. Good extraction; dignity of birth. Macaulay. He . . . mines my gentility with my education. Shak. 2. The quality or qualities appropriate to those who are well born, as self-respect, dignity, courage, courtesy, politeness of manner, a graceful and easy mien and behavior, etc.; good breeding. 3. The class in society who are, or are expected to be, genteel; the gentry. [R.] Sir J. Davies. 4. Paganism; heathenism. [Obs.] Hooker. GENTILIZE Gen"til*ize, v. i. Etym: [See Gentile.] 1. To live like a gentile or heathen. [Obs.] Milton. 2. To act the gentleman; -- with it (see It, 5). [Obs.] GENTILIZE Gen"til*ize, v. i. Defn: To render gentile or gentlemanly; as, to gentilize your unworthy sones. [R.] Sylvester. GENTILLY Gen"til*ly, adv. Etym: [From Gentil, a.] Defn: In a gentle or hoble manner; frankly. [Obs.] Chaucer. GENTIOPIKRIN Gen`ti*o*pi"krin, n. Etym: [Gentian + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A bitter, yellow, crystalline substance, regarded as a glucoside, and obtained from the gentian. GENTISIN Gen"ti*sin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A tasteless, yellow, crystalline substance, obtained from the gentian; -- called also gentianin. GENTLE Gen"tle, a. [Compar. Gentler; superl. Gentlest.] Etym: [OE. gentil, F. gentil noble, pretty, graceful, fr. L. gentilis of the same clan or race, fr. gens, gentis, tribe, clan, race, orig. that which belongs together by birth, fr. the root of genere, gignere, to beget; hence gentle, properly, of birth or family, that is, of good or noble birth. See Gender, and cf. Genteel, Gentil, Gentile, Gentoo, Jaunty.] 1. Well-born; of a good family or respectable birth, though not noble. British society is divided into nobility, gentry, and yeomanry, and families are either noble, gentle, or simple. Johnson's Cyc. The studies wherein our noble and gentle youth ought to bestow their time. Milton. 2. Quiet and refined in manners; not rough, harsh, or stern; mild; meek; bland; amiable; tender; as, a gentle nature, temper, or disposition; a gentle manner; a gentle address; a gentle voice. 3. A compellative of respect, consideration, or conciliation; as, gentle reader. "Gentle sirs." "Gentle Jew." "Gentle servant." Shak. 4. Not wild, turbulent, or refractory; quiet and docile; tame; peaceable; as, a gentle horse. 5. Soft; not violent or rough; not strong, loud, or disturbing; easy; soothing; pacific; as, a gentle touch; a gentle gallop. "Gentle music." Sir J. Davies. O sleep! it is a gentle thing. Coleridge. The gentle craft, the art or trade of shoemaking. Syn. -- Mild; meek; placid; dovelike; quiet; peaceful; pacific; bland; soft; tame; tractable; docile. -- Gentle, Tame, Mild, Meek. Gentle describes the natural disposition; tame, that which is subdued by training; mild implies a temper which is, by nature, not easily provoked; meek, a spirit which has been schooled to mildness by discipline or suffering. The lamb is gentle; the domestic fowl is tame; John, the Apostle, was mild; Moses was meek. GENTLE Gen"tle, n. 1. One well born; a gentleman. [Obs.] Gentles, methinks you frown. Shak. 2. A trained falcon. See Falcon-gentil. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A dipterous larva used as fish bait. GENTLE Gent"le, v. t. 1. To make genteel; to raise from the vulgar; to ennoble. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To make smooth, cozy, or agreeable. [R. or Poet.] To gentle life's descent, We shut our eyes, and think it is a plain. Young. 3. To make kind and docile, as a horse. [Colloq.] GENTLEFOLK; GENTLEFOLKS Gen"tle*folk`, Gen"tle*folks` (, n. pl. Defn: Persons of gentle or good family and breeding. Etym: [Generally in the United States in the plural form.] Shak. GENTLE-HEARTED Gen"tle-heart`ed, a. Defn: Having a kind or gentle disposition. Shak. -- Gen"tle-heart`ed*ness, n. GENTLEMAN Gen"tle*man, n.; pl. Gentlemen. Etym: [OE. gentilman nobleman; gentil noble + man man; cf. F. gentilhomme.] 1. A man well born; one of good family; one above the condition of a yeoman. 2. One of gentle or refined manners; a well-bred man. 3. (Her.) Defn: One who bears arms, but has no title. 4. The servant of a man of rank. The count's gentleman, one Cesario. Shak. 5. A man, irrespective of condition; -- used esp. in the plural (= citizens; people), in addressing men in popular assemblies, etc. Note: In Great Britain, the term gentleman is applied in a limited sense to those having coats of arms, but who are without a title, and, in this sense, gentlemen hold a middle rank between the nobility and yeomanry. In a more extended sense, it includes every man above the rank of yeoman, comprehending the nobility. In the United States, the term is applied to men of education and good breeding of every occupation. Gentleman commoner, one of the highest class of commoners at the University of Oxford. -- Gentleman usher, one who ushers visitors into the presence of a sovereign, etc. -- Gentleman usher of the black rod, an usher belonging to the Order of the Garter, whose chief duty is to serve as official messenger of the House of Lords. -- Gentlemen-at-arms, a band of forty gentlemen who attend the sovereign on state occasions; formerly called gentlemen pensioners. [Eng.] GENTLEMANHOOD Gen"tle*man*hood, n. Defn: The qualities or condition of a gentleman. [R.] Thackeray. GENTLEMANLIKE; GENTLEMANLY Gen"tle*man*like`, Gen"tle*man*ly, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, resembling, or becoming, a gentleman; well- behaved; courteous; polite. GENTLEMANLINESS Gen"tle*man*li*ness, n. Defn: The state of being gentlemanly; gentlemanly conduct or manners. GENTLEMANSHIP Gen"tle*man*ship, n. Defn: The carriage or quality of a gentleman. GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT Gen"tle*men's a*gree"ment. Defn: An agreement binding only as a matter of honor; often, specif., such an agreement among the heads of industrial or merchantile enterprises, the terms of which could not be included and enforced in a legal contract. GENTLENESS Gen"tle*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being gentle, well-born, mild, benevolent, docile, etc.; gentility; softness of manners, disposition, etc.; mildness. GENTLESHIP Gen"tle*ship, n. Defn: The deportment or conduct of a gentleman. [Obs.] Ascham. GENTLESSE Gent"lesse, n. Defn: Gentilesse; gentleness. [Obs.] GENTLEWOMAN Gen"tle*wom`an, n.; pl. Gentlewomen (. 1. A woman of good family or of good breeding; a woman above the vulgar. Bacon. 2. A woman who attends a lady of high rank. Shak. GENTLY Gen"tly, adv. Defn: In a gentle manner. My mistress gently chides the fault I made. Dryden. GENTOO Gen*too", n.; pl. Gentoos. Etym: [Pg. gentio gentile, heathen. See Gentile.] Defn: A native of Hindostan; a Hindoo. [Archaic] GENTRY Gen"try, n. Etym: [OE. genterie, gentrie, noble birth, nobility, cf. gentrise, and OF. gentelise, genterise, E. gentilesse, also OE. genteleri high-mindedness. See Gent, a., Gentle, a.] 1. Birth; condition; rank by birth. [Obs.] "Pride of gentrie." Chaucer. She conquers him by high almighty Jove, By knighthood, gentry, and sweet friendship's oath. Shak. 2. People of education and good breeding; in England, in a restricted sense, those between the nobility and the yeomanry. Macaulay. 3. Courtesy; civility; complaisance. [Obs.] To show us so much gentry and good will. Shak. GENTY Gen"ty, a. Etym: [From F. gentil. Cf. Jaunty.] Defn: Neat; trim. [Scot.] Burns. GENU Ge"nu, n.; pl. Genua. Etym: [L., the knee.] (Anat.) (a) The knee. (b) The kneelike bend, in the anterior part of the callosum of the brain. GENUFLECT Gen`u*flect", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Genuflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Genuflecting.] Etym: [See Genuflection.] Defn: To bend the knee, as in worship. GENUFLECTION Gen`u*flec"tion, n. Etym: [F. génuflexion, fr. LL. genuflexio, fr. L. genu knee + flexio a bending, fr. flectere, flexum, to bend. See Knee, Flexible.] Defn: The act of bending the knee, particularly in worship. Bp. Stillingfleet. GENUINE Gen"u*ine, a. Etym: [L. genuinus, fr. genere, gignere, to beget, in pass., to be born: cf. F. génuine. See Gender.] Defn: Belonging to, or proceeding from, the original stock; native; hence, not counterfeit, spurious, false, or adulterated; authentic; real; natural; true; pure; as, a genuine text; a genuine production; genuine materials. "True, genuine night." Dryden. Syn. -- Authentic; real; true; pure; unalloyed; unadulterated. See Authentic. -- Gen"u*ine*ly, adv. -- Gen"u*ine*ness, n. The evidence, both internal and external, against the genuineness of these letters, is overwhelming. Macaulay. GENUS Ge"nus, n.; pl. Genera. Etym: [L., birth, race, kind, sort; akin to Gr. Gender, and cf. Benign.] 1. (Logic) Defn: A class of objects divided into several subordinate species; a class more extensive than a species; a precisely defined and exactly divided class; one of the five predicable conceptions, or sorts of terms. 2. (Biol.) Defn: An assemblage of species, having so many fundamental points of structure in common, that in the judgment of competent scientists, they may receive a common substantive name. A genus is not necessarily the lowest definable group of species, for it may often be divided into several subgenera. In proportion as its definition is exact, it is natural genus; if its definition can not be made clear, it is more or less an artificial genus. Note: Thus in the animal kingdom the lion, leopard, tiger, cat, and panther are species of the Cat kind or genus, while in the vegetable kingdom all the species of oak form a single genus. Some genera are represented by a multitude of species, as Solanum (Nightshade) and Carex (Sedge), others by few, and some by only one known species. Subaltern genus (Logic), a genus which may be a species of a higher genus, as the genus denoted by quadruped, which is also a species of mammal. -- Summum genus Etym: [L.] (Logic), the highest genus; a genus which can not be classed as a species, as being . GENYS Ge"nys, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Conys. GEOCENTRIC; GEOCENTRICAL Ge`o*cen"tric, Ge`o*cen"tric*al, a. Etym: [Gr. géocentrique.] (Astron.) (a) Having reference to the earth as center; in relation to or seen from the earth, -- usually opposed to heliocentric, as seen from the sun; as, the geocentric longitude or latitude of a planet. (b) Having reference to the center of the earth. Geocentric latitude (of place) the angle included between the radius of the earth through the place and the plane of the equator, in distinction from geographic latitude. It is a little less than the geographic latitude. GEOCENTRICALLY Ge`o*cen"tric*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a geocentric manner. GEOCHEMISTRY Ge`o*chem"is*try (je`o*kem"is*try), n. [Gr. ge`a, gh^, the earth + chemistry.] Defn: The study of the chemical composition of, and of actual or possible chemical changes in, the crust of the earth. -- Ge`o*chem"ic*al (#), a. --Ge`o*chem"ist (#), n. GEOCRONITE Ge*oc"ro*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. geokronit.] (Min.) Defn: A lead-gray or grayish blue mineral with a metallic luster, consisting of sulphur, antimony, and lead, with a small proportion of arsenic. GEOCYCLIC Ge`o*cyc"lic, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Of, pertaining to, or illustrating, the revolutions of the earth; as, a geocyclic machine. 2. Circling the earth periodically. GEODE Ge"ode, n. Etym: [F. géode, L. geodes, fr. Gr. (Min.) (a) A nodule of stone, containing a cavity, lined with crystals or mineral matter. (b) The cavity in such a nodule. GEODEPHAGOUS Ge`o*deph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Living in the earth; -- applied to the ground beetles. GEODESIC; GEODESICAL Ge`o*des"ic, Ge`o*des"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. géodésique.] (Math.) Defn: Of or pertaining to geodetic. GEODESIC Ge`o*des"ic, n. Defn: A geodetic line or curve. GEODESIST Ge*od"e*sist, n. Defn: One versed in geodesy. GEODESY Ge*od"e*sy, n. Etym: [Gr. géodésie.] (Math.) Defn: That branch of applied mathematics which determines, by means of observations and measurements, the figures and areas of large portions of the earth's surface, or the general figure and dimenshions of the earth; or that branch of surveying in which the curvature of the earth is taken into account, as in the surveys of States, or of long lines of coast. GEODETIC; GEODETICAL Ge`o*det"ic, Ge`o*det"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to gebdesy; obtained or determined by the operations of geodesy; engaged in geodesy; geodesic; as, geodetic surveying; geodetic observers. Geodetic line or curve, the shortest line that can be drawn between two points on the elipsoidal surface of the earth; a curve drawn on any given surface so that the osculating plane of the curve at every point shall contain the normal to the surface; the minimum line that can be drawn on any surface between any two points. GEODETICALLY Ge`o*det"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a geodetic manner; according to geodesy. GEODETICS Ge`o*det"ics, n. Defn: Same as Geodesy. GEODIFEROUS Ge`o*dif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Geode + -ferous.] (Min.) Defn: Producing geodes; containing geodes. GEODUCK Ge"o*duck, n. Etym: [American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A gigantic clam (Glycimeris generosa) of the Pacific coast of North America, highly valued as an article of food. GEOGNOSIS Ge`og*no"sis, n. Etym: [See Geognosy.] Defn: Knowledge of the earth. [R.] G. Eliot. GEOGNOST Ge"og*nost, n. Etym: [Cf. F. géognoste.] Defn: One versed in geognosy; a geologist. [R.] GEOGNOSTIC; GEOGNOSTICAL Ge`og*nos"tic, Ge`og*nos"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. géognostique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to geognosy, or to a knowledge of the structure of the earth; geological. [R.] GEOGNOSY Ge*og"no*sy, n. Etym: [Gr. géognosie.] Defn: That part of geology which treats of the materials of the earth's structure, and its general exterior and interior constitution. GEOGONIC; GEOGONICAL Ge`o*gon"ic, Ge`o*gon"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. géogonique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to geogony, or to the formation of the earth. GEOGONY Ge*og"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. géogonie.] Defn: The branch of science which treats of the formation of the earth. GEOGRAPHER Ge*og"ra*pher, n. Defn: One versed in geography. GEOGRAPHIC; GEOGRAPHICAL Ge`o*graph"ic, Ge`o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. geographicus, Gr. géographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to geography. Geographical distribution. See under Distribution. -- Geographic latitude (of a place), the angle included between a line perpendicular or normal to the level surface of water at rest at the place, and the plane of the equator; differing slightly from the geocentric latitude by reason of the difference between the earth's figure and a true sphere. -- Geographical mile. See under Mile. -- Geographical variation, any variation of a species which is dependent on climate or other geographical conditions. GEOGRAPHICALLY Ge`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a geographical manner or method; according to geography. GEOGRAPHY Ge*og"ra*phy, n.; pl. Geographies. Etym: [F. géographie, l. geographia, fr. Gr. Graphic.] 1. The science which treats of the world and its inhabitants; a description of the earth, or a portion of the earth, including its structure, fetures, products, political divisions, and the people by whom it is inhabited. 2. A treatise on this science. Astronomical, or Mathematical, geography treats of the earth as a planet, of its shape, its size, its lines of latitude and longitude, its zones, and the phenomena due to to the earth's diurnal and annual motions. -- Physical geography treats of the conformation of the earth's surface, of the distribution of land and water, of minerals, plants, animals, etc., and applies the principles of physics to the explanation of the diversities of climate, productions, etc. -- Political geography treats of the different countries into which earth is divided with regard to political and social and institutions and conditions. GEOLATRY Ge*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The worship of the earth. G. W. Cox. The Geological Series. Note: The science of geology, as treating of the history of the globe, involves a description of the different strata which compose its crust, their order of succession, characteristic forms of animal and vegetable life, etc. The principal subdivisions of geological time, and the most important strata, with their relative positions, are indicated in the following diagram. GEOLOGER; GEOLOGIAN Ge*ol"o*ger, Ge`o*lo"gi*an, n. Defn: A geologist. GEOLOGIC; GEOLOGICAL Ge`o*log"ic, Ge`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. géologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to geology, or the science of the earth. GEOLOGICALLY Ge`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a geological manner. GEOLOGIST Ge*ol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Géologiste.] Defn: One versed in the science of geology. GEOLOGIZE Ge*ol"o*gize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Geologized; p. pr. & vb. n. Geologizing.] Defn: To study geology or make geological investigations in the field; to discourse as a geologist. During midsummer geologized a little in Shropshire. Darwin. GEOLOGY Ge*ol"o*gy, n.; pl. Geologies. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. géologie.] 1. The science which treats: (a) Of the structure and mineral constitution of the globe; structural geology. (b) Of its history as regards rocks, minerals, rivers, valleys, mountains, climates, life, etc.; historical geology. (c) Of the causes and methods by which its structure, features, changes, and conditions have been produced; dynamical geology. See Chart of The Geological Series. 2. A treatise on the science. GEOMALISM Ge*om"a*lism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The tendency of an organism to respond, during its growth, to the force of gravitation. GEOMANCER Ge"o*man`cer, n. Defn: One who practices, or is versed in, geomancy. GEOMANCY Ge"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [OE. geomance, geomancie, F. géomance, géomancie, LL. geomantia, fr. Gr. Defn: A kind of divination by means of figures or lines, formed by little dots or points, originally on the earth, and latterly on paper. GEOMANTIC; GEOMANTICAL Ge`o*man"tic, Ge`o*man"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. géomantique.] Defn: Pertaining or belonging to geomancy. GEOMETER Ge*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [F. géomètre, L. geometres, geometra, fr. Gr. Meter measure.] 1. One skilled in geometry; a geometrician; a mathematician. I. Watts. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of geometrid moth; a geometrid. GEOMETRAL Ge*om"e*tral, a. Etym: [Cf. F. géométral.] Defn: Pertaining to geometry. [Obs.] GEOMETRIC; GEOMETRICAL Ge`o*met"ric, Ge`o*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [L. geometricus; Gr. géométrique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or according to the rules or principles of, geometry; determined by geometry; as, a geometrical solution of a problem. Note: Geometric is often used, as opposed to algebraic, to include processes or solutions in which the propositions or principles of geometry are made use of rather than those of algebra. Note: Geometrical is often used in a limited or strictly technical sense, as opposed to mechanical; thus, a construction or solution is geometrical which can be made by ruler and compasses, i. e., by means of right lines and circles. Every construction or solution which requires any other curve, or such motion of a line or circle as would generate any other curve, is not geometrical, but mechanical. By another distinction, a geometrical solution is one obtained by the rules of geometry, or processes of analysis, and hence is exact; while a mechanical solution is one obtained by trial, by actual measurements, with instruments, etc., and is only approximate and empirical. Geometrical curve. Same as Algebraic curve; -- so called because their different points may be constructed by the operations of elementary geometry. -- Geometric lathe, an instrument for engraving bank notes, etc., with complicated patterns of interlacing lines; -- called also cycloidal engine. -- Geometrical pace, a measure of five feet. -- Geometric pen, an instrument for drawing geometric curves, in which the movements of a pen or pencil attached to a revolving arm of ajustable length may be indefinitely varied by changing the toothed wheels which give motion to the arm. -- Geometrical plane (Persp.), the same as Ground plane . -- Geometrical progression, proportion, ratio. See under Progression, Proportion and Ratio. -- Geometrical radius, in gearing, the radius of the pitch circle of a cogwheel. Knight. -- Geometric spider (Zoöl.), one of many species of spiders, which spin a geometrical web. They mostly belong to Epeira and allied genera, as the garden spider. See Garden spider. -- Geometric square, a portable instrument in the form of a square frame for ascertaining distances and heights by measuring angles. -- Geometrical staircase, one in which the stairs are supported by the wall at one end only. -- Geometrical tracery, in architecture and decoration, tracery arranged in geometrical figures. GEOMETRICALLY Ge`o*met"ric*al*ly, adv. Defn: According to the rules or laws of geometry. GEOMETRICIAN Ge*om`e*tri"cian, n. Defn: One skilled in geometry; a geometer; a mathematician. GEOMETRID Ge*om"e*trid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining or belonging to the Geometridæ. GEOMETRID Ge*om"e*trid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of numerous genera and species of moths, of the family Geometridæ; -- so called because their larvæ (called loopers, measuring worms, spanworms, and inchworms) creep in a looping manner, as if measuring. Many of the species are injurious to agriculture, as the cankerworms. GEOMETRIZE Ge*om"e*trize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Geometrized; p. pr. & vb. n. Geometrizing.] Defn: To investigate or apprehend geometrical quantities or laws; to make geometrical constructions; to proceed in accordance with the principles of geometry. Nature geometrizeth, and observeth order in all things. Sir T. Browne. GEOMETRY Ge*om"e*try, n; pl. Geometries Etym: [F. géométrie, L. geometria, fr. Gr. Geometer.] 1. That branch of mathematics which investigates the relations, properties, and measurement of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles; the science which treats of the properties and relations of magnitudes; the science of the relations of space. 2. A treatise on this science. Analytical, or Coördinate, geometry, that branch of mathematical analysis which has for its object the analytical investigation of the relations and properties of geometrical magnitudes. -- Descriptive geometry, that part of geometry which treats of the graphic solution of all problems involving three dimensions. -- Elementary geometry, that part of geometry which treats of the simple properties of straight lines, circles, plane surface, solids bounded by plane surfaces, the sphere, the cylinder, and the right cone. -- Higher geometry, that pert of geometry which treats of those properties of straight lines, circles, etc., which are less simple in their relations, and of curves and surfaces of the second and higher degrees. GEOPHAGISM Ge*oph"a*gism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The act or habit of eating earth. See Dirt eating, under Dirt. Dunglison. GEOPHAGIST Ge*oph"a*gist, n. Defn: One who eats earth, as dirt, clay, chalk, etc. GEOPHAGOUS Ge*oph"a*gous, a. Defn: Earth-eating. GEOPHILA Ge*oph"i*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of Mollusca which includes the land snails and slugs. GEOPONIC; GEOPONICAL Ge`o*pon"ic, Ge`o*pon"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. géoponique.] Defn: Pertaining to tillage of the earth, or agriculture. GEOPONICS Ge`o*pon"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. géoponique.] Defn: The art or science of cultivating the earth; agriculture. Evelin. GEORAMA Ge`o*ra"ma, n. Etym: [Gr. géorama.] Defn: A hollow globe on the inner surface of which a map of the world is depicted, to be examined by one standing inside. GEORDIE Geor"die, n. Defn: A name given by miners to George Stephenson's safety lamp. Raymond. GEORGE George, n. Etym: [F. George, or Georges, a proper name, fr. Gr. work. See Work.] 1. A figure of St. George (the patron saint of England) on horseback, appended to the collar of the Order of the Garter. See Garter. 2. A kind of brown loaf. [Obs.] Dryden. GEORGE NOBLE George" no`ble. Etym: [So called from the image of St. George on it.] Defn: A gold noble of the time of Henry VIII. See Noble, n. GEORGIAN Geor"gi*an, a. 1. Of or pertaining to Georgia, in Asia, or to Georgia, one of the United States. 2. Of or relating to the reigns of the four Georges, kings of Great Britan; as, the Georgian era. GEORGIAN Geor"gi*an, n. Defn: A native of, or dweller in, Georgia. GEORGIAN ARCHITECTURE Georgian architecture. Defn: British or British colonial architecture of the period of the four Georges, especially that of the period before 1800. GEORGIC Geor"gic, n. Etym: [L. georgicum (sc. carmen), and georgica, pl., Gr. géorgiques, pl. See Georgic, a.] Defn: A rural poem; a poetical composition on husbandry, containing rules for cultivating lands, etc.; as, the Georgics of Virgil. GEORGIC; GEORGICAL Geor"gic, Geor"gic*al, a. Etym: [L. georgicus, Gr. géorgique. See George.] Defn: Relating to agriculture and rural affairs. GEORGIUM SIDUS Geor"gi*um Si`dus. Etym: [NL., the star of George (III. of England).] (Astron.) Defn: The planet Uranus, so named by its discoverer, Sir W. Herschel. GEOSCOPY Ge*os"co*py, n. Etym: [Gr. -scopy: cf. F. géoscopie.] Defn: Knowledge of the earth, ground, or soil, obtained by inspection. Chambers. GEOSELENIC Ge`o*se*len"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to the earth and moon; belonging to the joint action or mutual relations of the earth and moon; as, geoselenic phenomena. GEOSTATIC Ge`o*stat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. static.] (Civil Engin.) Defn: Relating to the pressure exerted by earth or similar substance. Geostatic arch, an arch having a form adapted to sustain pressure similar to that exerted by earth. Rankine. GEOSYNCLINAL Ge`o*syn*cli"nal, n. Etym: [Gr. synclinal.] (Geol.) Defn: the downward bend or subsidence of the earth's crust, which allows of the gradual accumulation of sediment, and hence forms the first step in the making of a mountain range; -- opposed to geanticlinal. GEOTHERMOMETER Ge`o*ther*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. thermometer.] (Physics) Defn: A thermometer specially constructed for measuring temperetures at a depth below the surface of the ground. GEOTIC Ge*ot"ic a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Belonging to earth; terrestrial. [Obs.] Bailey. GEOTROPIC Ge`o*trop"ic, a. Etym: [See Geotropism.] (Biol.) Defn: Relating to, or showing, geotropism. GEOTROPISM Ge*ot"ro*pism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A disposition to turn or incline towards the earth; the influence of gravity in determining the direction of growth of an organ. Note: In plants, organs which grow towards the center of the earth are said to be positively geotropic, and those growing in the opposite direction negatively geotropic. In animals, geotropism is supposed by some to have an influence either direct or indirect on the plane of division of the ovum. GEPHYREA Ge*phyr"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of marine Annelida, in which the body is imperfectly, or not at all, annulated externally, and is mostly without setæ. GEPHYREAN Ge*phyr"e*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Gephyrea. -- n. One of the Gerphyrea. GEPHYREOID Ge*phyr"e*oid, a. & n. Etym: [Gephyrea + -oid.] Defn: Gephyrean. GEPOUND Ge*pound", n. Defn: See Gipoun. [Obs.] Chaucer. GERAH Ge"rah, n. Etym: [Heb. g, lit., a bean.] (Jewish Antiq.) Defn: A small coin and weight; 1-20th of a shekel. Note: The silver gerah is supposed to have been worth about three cents; the gold about fifty-four cents; the weight equivalent to about thirteen grains. GERANIACEOUS Ge*ra`ni*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order of pants (Geraniaceæ) which includes the genera Geranium, Pelargonium, and many others. GERANIINE; GERANINE Ge*ra"ni*ine, Ger"a*nine, n. Etym: [See Geranium.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A valuable astringet obtained from the root of the Geranium maculatum or crane's-bill. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A liquid terpene, obtained from the crane's-bill (Geranium maculatum), and having a peculiar mulberry odor. [Written also geranium.] GERANIUM Ge*ra"ni*um, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. géranium. See Crane, n.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants having a beaklike tours or receptacle, around which the seed capsules are arranged, and membranous projections, or stipules, at the joints. Most of the species have showy flowers and a pungent odor. Called sometimes crane's-bill. 2. (Floriculture) Defn: A cultivated pelargonium. Note: Many plants referred to the genus Geranium by the earlier botanists are now separated from it under the name of Pelargonium, which includes all the commonly cultivated "geraniums", mostly natives of South Africa. GERANT Ge"rant, n. Etym: [F. gérant.] Defn: The manager or acting partner of a company, joint-stock association, etc. GERBE Gerbe, n. Etym: [F., prop. a sheaf.] (Pyrotechny) Defn: A kind of ornamental firework. Farrow. GERBIL; GERBILLE Ger"bil, Ger`bille", n. Etym: [F. gerbille. Cf. Jerboa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of small, jumping, murine rodents, of the genus Gerbillus. In their leaping powers they resemble the jerboa. They inhabit Africa, India, and Southern Europe. GERBOA Ger*bo"a, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The jerboa. GERE Gere, n. Defn: Gear. [Obs.] Chaucer. GERENT Ge"rent, a. Etym: [L. gerens, p. pr. of gerere to bear, manage.] Defn: Bearing; carrying. [Obs.] Bailey. GERFALCON Ger"fal`con, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Gyrfalcon. GERFUL Ger"ful, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. girer to twirl, E. gyrate.] Defn: Changeable; capricious. [Obs.] Chaucer. GERLAND; GERLOND Ger"land, Ger"lond, n. Defn: A garland. [Obs.] GERLIND Ger"lind, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A salmon returning from the sea the second time. [Prov. Eng.] GERM Germ, n. Etym: [F. germe, fr. L. germen, germinis, sprout, but, germ. Cf. Germen, Germane.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: That which is to develop a new individual; as, the germ of a fetus, of a plant or flower, and the like; the earliest form under which an organism appears. In the entire process in which a new being originates . . . two distinct classes of action participate; namely, the act of generation by which the germ is produced; and the act of development, by which that germ is evolved into the complete organism. Carpenter. 2. That from which anything springs; origin; first principle; as, the germ of civil liberty. Disease germ (Biol.), a name applied to certain tiny bacterial organisms or their spores, such as Anthrax bacillus and the Micrococcus of fowl cholera, which have been demonstrated to be the cause of certain diseases. See Germ theory (bellow). -- Germ cell (Biol.), the germ, egg, spore, or cell from which the plant or animal arises. At one time a part of the body of the parent, it finally becomes detached,and by a process of multiplication and growth gives rise to a mass of cells, which ultimately form a new individual like the parent. See Ovum. -- Germ gland. (Anat.) See Gonad. -- Germ stock (Zoöl.), a special process on which buds are developed in certain animals. See Doliolum. -- Germ theory (Biol.), the theory that living organisms can be produced only by the evolution or development of living germs or seeds. See Biogenesis, and Abiogenesis. As applied to the origin of disease, the theory claims that the zymotic diseases are due to the rapid development and multiplication of various bacteria, the germs or spores of which are either contained in the organism itself, or transferred through the air or water. See Fermentation theory. GERM Germ, v. i. Defn: To germinate. [R.] J. Morley. GERMAIN Ger*main", a. [Obs.] Defn: See Germane. GERMAN Ger"man, a. Etym: [OE. german, germain, F. germain, fr. L. germanus full, own (said of brothers and sisters who have the same parents); akin to germen germ. Cf. Germ, Germane.] Defn: Nearly related; closely akin. Wert thou a leopard, thou wert german to the lion. Shak. Brother german. See Brother german. -- Cousins german. See the Note under Cousin. GERMAN Ger"man, n.; pl. Germans Etym: [L. Germanus, prob. of Celtis origin.] 1. A native or one of the people of Germany. 2. The German language. 3. (a) A round dance, often with a waltz movement, abounding in capriciosly involved figures. (b) A social party at which the german is danced. High German, the Teutonic dialect of Upper or Southern Germany, -- comprising Old High German, used from the 8th to the 11th century; Middle H. G., from the 12th to the 15th century; and Modern or New H. G., the language of Luther's Bible version and of modern German literature. The dialects of Central Germany, the basis of the modern literary language, are often called Middle German, and the Southern German dialects Upper German; but High German is also used to cover both groups. -- Low German, the language of Northern Germany and the Netherlands, -- including Friesic; Anglo-Saxon or Saxon; Old Saxon; Dutch or Low Dutch, with its dialect, Flemish; and Plattdeutsch (called also Low German), spoken in many dialects. GERMAN Ger"man, a. Etym: [L. Germanus. See German, n.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Germany. German Baptists. See Dunker. -- German bit, a wood-boring tool, having a long elliptical pod and a scew point. -- German carp (Zoöl.), the crucian carp. -- German millet (Bot.), a kind of millet (Setaria Italica, var.), whose seed is sometimes used for food. -- German paste, a prepared food for caged birds. -- German process (Metal.), the process of reducing copper ore in a blast furnace, after roasting, if necessary. Raymond. -- German sarsaparilla, a substitute for sarsaparilla extract. -- German sausage, a polony, or gut stuffed with meat partly cooked. -- German silver (Chem.), a silver-white alloy, hard and tough, but malleable and ductile, and quite permanent in the air. It contains nickel, copper, and zinc in varying proportions, and was originally made from old copper slag at Henneberg. A small amount of iron is sometimes added to make it whiter and harder. It is essentially identical with the Chinese alloy packfong. It was formerly much used for tableware, knife handles, frames, cases, bearings of machinery, etc., but is now largely superseded by other white alloys. -- German steel (Metal.), a metal made from bog iron ore in a forge, with charcoal for fuel. -- German text (Typog.), a character resembling modern German type, used in English printing for ornamental headings, etc., as in the words, Note: This line is German Text. -- German tinder. See Amadou. GERMANDER Ger*man"der, n. Etym: [OE. germaunder, F. germandrée, It. calamandrea, L. chamaedrys, fr. Gr.Humble, and Tree.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Teucrium (esp. Teucrium Chamædrys or wall germander), mintlike herbs and low shrubs. American germander, Teucrium Canadense. -- Germander chickweed, Veronica agrestis. -- Water germander, Teucrium Scordium. -- Wood germander, Teucrium Scorodonia. GERMANE Ger*mane", a. Etym: [See German akin, nearly related.] Defn: Literally, near akin; hence, closely allied; appropriate or fitting; relevant. The phrase would be more germane to the matter. Shak. [An amendment] must be germane. Barclay (Digest). GERMANIC Ger*man"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, germanium. GERMANIC Ger*man"ic, a. Etym: [L. Germanicus: cf. F. germanique. See German, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to Germany; as, the Germanic confederacy. 2. Teutonic. [A loose sense] GERMANISM Ger"man*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. germanisme.] 1. An idiom of the German language. 2. A characteristic of the Germans; a characteristic German mode, doctrine, etc.; rationalism. J. W. Alexander. GERMANIUM Ger*ma"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Germania Germany.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare element, recently discovered (1885), in a silver ore (argyrodite) at Freiberg. It is a brittle, silver-white metal, chemically intermediate between the metals and nonmetals, resembles tin, and is in general identical with the predicted ekasilicon. Symbol Ge. Atomic weight 72.3. GERMANIZATION Ger`man*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of Germanizing. M. Arnold. GERMANIZE Ger"man*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Germanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Germanizing.] Defn: To make German, or like what is distinctively German; as, to Germanize a province, a language, a society. GERMANIZE Ger"man*ize, v. i. Defn: To reason or write after the manner of the Germans. GERMARIUM Ger*ma"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Germ.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An organ in which the ova are developed in certain Turbellaria. GERM CELL Germ cell. (Biol.) Defn: A cell, of either sex, directly concerned in the production of a new organism. GERMEN Ger"men, n.; pl. E. Germens, L. Germina. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Germ. GERMICIDAL Ger"mi*ci`dal, a. Defn: Germicide. GERMICIDE Ger"mi*cide, a. Etym: [Germ +L. caedere to kill.] (Biol.) Defn: Destructive to germs; -- applied to any agent which has a destructive action upon living germs, particularly bacteria, or bacterial germs, which are considered the cause of many infectious diseases. -- n. Defn: A germicide agent. GERMINAL Ger"mi*nal, a. Etym: [See Germ.] Defn: Pertaining or belonging to a germ; as, the germinal vesicle. Germinal layers (Biol.), the two layers of cells, the ectoblast and entoblast, which form respectively the outer covering and inner wall of the gastrula. A third layer of cells, the mesoblast, which is formed later and lies between these two, is sometimes included. -- Germinal membrane. (Biol.) Same as Blastoderm. -- Germinal spot (Biol.), the nucleolus of the ovum. -- Germinal vesicle, (Biol.) , the nucleus of the ovum of animals. GERMINAL Ger`mi*nal", n. Etym: [F. See Germ .] Defn: The seventh month of the French republican calendar [1792 -- 1806]. It began March 21 and ended April 19. See VendÉmiaire. GERMINANT Ger"mi*nant, a. Etym: [L. germinans, p. pr.] Defn: Sprouting; sending forth germs or buds. GERMINATE Ger"mi*nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Germinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Germinating.] Etym: [L. germinatus, p. p. of germinare to sprout, fr. germen. See Germ.] Defn: To sprout; to bud; to shoot; to begin to vegetate, as a plant or its seed; to begin to develop, as a germ. Bacon. GERMINATE Ger"mi*nate, v. t. Defn: To cause to sprout. Price (1610). GERMINATION Ger`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. germinatio: cf. F. germination.] Defn: The process of germinating; the beginning of vegetation or growth in a seed or plant; the first development of germs, either animal or vegetable. Germination apparatus, an apparatus for malting grain. GERMINATIVE Ger"mi*na*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. germinatif.] Defn: Pertaining to germination; having power to bud or develop. Germinative spot, Germinative vesicle. (Biol.) Same as Germinal spot, Germinal vesicle, under Germinal. GERMIPARITY Ger`mi*par"i*ty, n. Etym: [Germ + L. parere to produce.] (Biol.) Defn: Reproduction by means of germs. GERMLESS Germ"less, a. Defn: Without germs. GERMOGEN Ger"mo*gen, n. Etym: [Germ + -gen.] (Biol.) (a) A polynuclear mass of protoplasm, not divided into separate cells, from which certain ova are developed. Balfour. (b) The primitive cell in certain embryonic forms. Balfour. GERM PLASM Germ" plasm`, (Biol.) Defn: See Plasmogen, and Idioplasm. GERM THEORY Germ theory. 1. (Biol.) Defn: The theory that living organisms can be produced only by the development of living germs. Cf. Biogenesis, Abiogenesis. 2. (Med.) The theory which attributes contagious and infectious diseases, suppurative lesions, etc., to the agency of germs. The science of bacteriology was developed after this theory had been established. GERMULE Germ"ule, n. Etym: [Dim. fr. germ.] (Biol.) Defn: A small germ. GERN Gern, v. t. Etym: [See Grin.] Defn: To grin or yawn. [Obs.] "[/He] gaped like a gulf when he did gern." Spenser. GERNER Ger"ner, n. Defn: A garner. [Obs.] Chaucer. GEROCOMIA Ger`o*co"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Gerocomy. GEROCOMICAL Ger`o*com"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to gerocomy. Dr. John Smith. GEROCOMY Ge*roc"o*my, n. Etym: [F. gérocomie, fr. Gr. Defn: That part of medicine which treats of regimen for old people. GERONTES Ge*ron"tes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: Magistrates in Sparta, who with the ephori and kings, constituted the supreme civil authority. GERONTOCRACY Ger`on*toc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Government by old men. [R.] Gladstone. GEROPIGIA Ger`o*pig"i*a, n. Etym: [Pg. geropiga.] Defn: A mixture composed of unfermented grape juice, brandy, sugar, etc., for adulteration of wines. [Written also jerupigia.] -GEROUS -ger*ous. Etym: [L. -ger, fr. gerere to bear, carry. See Jest.] Defn: A suffix signifying bearing, producing; as, calcigerous; dentigerous. GERRYMANDER Ger`ry*man"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gerrymandered; p. pr. & vb. n. Gerrymandering.] Defn: To divide (a State) into districts for the choice of representatives, in an unnatural and unfair way, with a view to give a political party an advantage over its opponent. [Political Cant, U. S.] Note: This was done in Massachusetts at a time when Elbridge Gerry was governor, and was attributed to his influence, hence the name; though it is now known that he was opposed to the measure. Bartlett. GERUND Ger"und, n. Etym: [L. gerundium, fr. gerere to bear, carry, perform. See Gest a deed, Jest.] (Lat. Gram.) 1. A kind of verbal noun, having only the four oblique cases of the singular number, and governing cases like a participle. 2. (AS. Gram.) Defn: A verbal noun ending in -e, preceded by to and usually denoting purpose or end; -- called also the dative infinitive; as, "Ic hæbbe mete tô etanne" (I have meat to eat.) In Modern English the name has been applied to verbal or participal nouns in -ing denoting a transitive action; e. g., by throwing a stone. GERUNDIAL Ge*run"di*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a gerund; as, a gerundial use. GERUNDIVE Ge*run"dive, a. Etym: [L. gerundivus.] Defn: Pertaining to, or partaking of, the nature of the gerund; gerundial. -- n. (Lat. Gram.) Defn: The future passive participle; as, amandus, i. e., to be loved. GERUNDIVELY Ge*run"dive*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a gerund; as, or in place of, a gerund. GERY Ger"y, a. Etym: [See Gerful.] Defn: Changeable; fickle. [Obs.] Chaucer. GESLING Ges"ling, n. Defn: A gosling. [Prov. Eng.] GESSE Gesse, v. t. & i. Defn: To guess. [Obs.] Chaucer. GESSO Ges"so, n. [It., chalk, plaster.] 1. Plaster of Paris, or gypsum, esp. as prepared for use in painting, or in making bas-reliefs and the like; by extension, a plasterlike or pasty material spread upon a surface to fit it for painting or gilding, or a surface so prepared. 2. A work of art done in gesso. [Obs.] GESSO DURO Ges"so du"ro. [It., hard plaster.] Defn: A variety of gesso which when dried becomes hard and durable, often used in making bas-relief casts, which are colored and mounted in elaborate frames. GEST Gest, n. Defn: A guest. [Obs.] Chaucer. GEST Gest, n. Etym: [OF. geste exploit. See Jest.] 1. Something done or achieved; a deed or an action; an adventure. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. An action represented in sports, plays, or on the stage; show; ceremony. [Obs.] Mede. 3. A tale of achievements or adventures; a stock story. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. 4. Gesture; bearing; deportment. [Archaic] Through his heroic grace and honorable gest. Spenser. GEST Gest, n. Etym: [Cf. Gist a resting place.] 1. A stage in traveling; a stop for rest or lodging in a journey or progress; a rest. [Obs.] Kersey. 2. A roll recting the several stages arranged for a royal progress. Many of them are extant in the herald's office. [Obs.] Hanmer. GESTANT Ges"tant, a. Etym: [L. gestans, p. pr. of gestare.] Defn: Bearing within; laden; burdened; pregnant. [R.] "Clouds gestant with heat." Mrs. Browning. GESTATION Ges*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. gestatio a bearing, carrying, fr. gestare to bear, carry, intens. fr. gerere, gestum, to bear: cf. F. gestation. See Gest deed, Jest.] 1. The act of wearing (clothes or ornaments). [Obs.] 2. The act of carrying young in the womb from conception to delivery; pregnancy. 3. Exercise in which one is borne or carried, as on horseback, or in a carriage, without the exertion of his own powers; passive exercise. Dunglison. GESTATORY Ges"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. gestatorius that serves for carrying: cf. F. gestatoire.] 1. Pertaining to gestation or pregnancy. 2. Capable of being carried or worn. [Obs. or R.] GESTE Geste, v. i. Defn: To tell stories or gests. [Obs.] GESTIC Ges"tic, a. Etym: [See Gest a deed, Gesture.] 1. Pertaining to deeds or feats of arms; legendary. And the gay grandsire, skilled in gestic lore. Goldsmith. 2. Relating to bodily motion; consisting of gestures; -- said especially with reference to dancing. Carried away by the enthusiasm of the gestic art. Sir W. Scott. GESTICULATE Ges*tic"u*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gesticulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Gesticulating.] Etym: [L. gesticulatus, p. p. of gesticulari to gesticulate, fr. gesticulus a mimic gesture, gesticulation, dim. of gestus gesture, fr. gerere, gestum, to bear, carry, peform. See Gestic.] Defn: To make gestures or motions, as in speaking; to use postures. Sir T. Herbert. GESTICULATE Ges*tic"u*late, v. t. Defn: To represent by gesture; to act. [R.] B. Jonson. GESTICULATION Ges*tic`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. gesticulatio: cf. F. gesticulation.] 1. The act of gesticulating, or making gestures to express passion or enforce sentiments. 2. A gesture; a motion of the body or limbs in speaking, or in representing action or passion, and enforcing arguments and sentiments. Macaulay. 3. Antic tricks or motions. B. Jonson. GESTICULATOR Ges*tic"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who gesticulates. GESTICULATORY Ges*tic"u*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Representing by, or belonging to, gestures. T. Warton. GESTOUR Ges"tour, n. Etym: [See Gest a deed.] Defn: A reciter of gests or legendary tales; a story-teller. [Obs.] Minstrels and gestours for to tell tales. Chaucer. GESTURAL Ges"tur*al, a. Defn: Relating to gesture. GESTURE Ges"ture, n. Etym: [LL. gestura mode of action, fr. L. gerere, gestum, to bear, behave, perform, act. See Gest a deed.] 1. Manner of carrying the body; position of the body or limbs; posture. [Obs.] Accubation, or lying down at meals, was a gesture used by many nations. Sir T. Browne. 2. A motion of the body or limbs expressive of sentiment or passion; any action or posture intended to express an idea or a passion, or to enforce or emphasize an argument, assertion, or opinion. Humble and reverent gestures. Hooker. Grace was in all her steps, heaven in her eye, In every gesture dignity and love. Milton. GESTURE Ges"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gestured; p. pr. & vb. n. Gesturing.] Defn: To accompany or illustrate with gesture or action; to gesticulate. It is not orderly read, nor gestured as beseemeth. Hooker. GESTURE Ges"ture, v. i. Defn: To make gestures; to gesticulate. The players . . . gestured not undecently withal. Holland. GESTURELESS Ges"ture*less, a. Defn: Free from gestures. GESTUREMENT Ges"ture*ment, n. Defn: Act of making gestures; gesturing. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. GET Get, n. Defn: Jet, the mineral. [Obs.] Chaucer. GET Get, n. Etym: [OF. get.] 1. Fashion; manner; custom. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Artifice; contrivance. [Obs.] Chaucer. GET Get, v. t. [imp. Got (Obs. Gat (); p. p. Got (Obsolescent Gotten); p. pr. & vb. n. Getting.] Etym: [OE. geten, AS. gitan, gietan (in comp.); akin to Icel. geta, Goth. bigitan to find, L. prehendere to seize, take, Gr. Comprehend, Enterprise, Forget, Impregnable, Prehensile.] 1. To procure; to obtain; to gain possession of; to acquire; to earn; to obtain as a price or reward; to come by; to win, by almost any means; as, to get favor by kindness; to get wealth by industry and economy; to get favor by kindness; to get wealth by industry and economy; to get land by purchase, etc. 2. Hence, with have and had, to come into or be in possession of; to have. Johnson. Thou hast got the face of man. Herbert. 3. To beget; to procreate; to generate. I had rather to adopt a child than get it. Shak. 4. To obtain mental possession of; to learn; to commit to memory; to memorize; as to get a lesson; also with out; as, to get out one's Greek lesson. It being harder with him to get one sermon by heart, than to pen twenty. Bp. Fell. 5. To prevail on; to induce; to persuade. Get him to say his prayers. Shak. 6. To procure to be, or to cause to be in any state or condition; -- with a following participle. Those things I bid you do; get them dispatched. Shak. 7. To betake; to remove; -- in a reflexive use. Get thee out from this land. Gen. xxxi. 13. He . . . got himself . . . to the strong town of Mega. Knolles. Note: Get, as a transitive verb, is combined with adverbs implying motion, to express the causing to, or the effecting in, the object of the verb, of the kind of motion indicated by the preposition; thus, to get in, to cause to enter, to bring under shelter; as, to get in the hay; to get out, to make come forth, to extract; to get off, to take off, to remove; to get together, to cause to come together, to collect. To get by heart, to commit to memory. -- To get the better of, To get the best of, to obtain an advantage over; to surpass; to subdue. -- To get up, to cause to be established or to exit; to prepare; to arrange; to construct; to invent; as, to get up a celebration, a machine, a book, an agitation. Syn. -- To obtain; gain; win; acquire. See Obtain. GET Get, v. i. 1. To make acquisition; to gain; to profit; to receive accessions; to be increased. We mourn, France smiles; we lose, they daily get. Shak. 2. To arrive at, or bring one's self into, a state, condition, or position; to come to be; to become; -- with a following adjective or past participle belonging to the subject of the verb; as, to get sober; to get awake; to get beaten; to get elected. To get rid of fools and scoundrels. Pope. His chariot wheels get hot by driving fast. Coleridge. Note: It [get] gives to the English language a middle voice, or a power of verbal expression which is neither active nor passive. Thus we say to get acquitted, beaten, confused, dressed. Earle. Note: Get, as an intransitive verb, is used with a following preposition, or adverb of motion, to indicate, on the part of the subject of the act, movement or action of the kind signified by the preposition or adverb; or, in the general sense, to move, to stir, to make one's way, to advance, to arrive, etc.; as, to get away, to leave to escape; to disengage one's self from; to get down, to descend, esp. with effort, as from a literal or figurative elevation; to get along, to make progress; hence, to prosper, succeed, or fare; to get in, to enter; to get out, to extricate one's self, to escape; to get through, to traverse; also, to finish, to be done; to get to, to arrive at, to reach; to get off, to alight, to descend from, to dismount; also, to escape, to come off clear; to get together, to assemble, to convene. To get ahead, to advance; to prosper. -- To get along, to proceed; to advance; to prosper. -- To get a mile (or other distance), to pass over it in traveling. -- To get among, to go or come into the company of; to become one of a number. -- To get asleep, to fall asleep. -- To get astray, to wander out of the right way. -- To get at, to reach; to make way to. To get away with, to carry off; to capture; hence, to get the better of; to defeat. -- To get back, to arrive at the place from which one departed; to return. -- To get before, to arrive in front, or more forward. -- To get behind, to fall in the rear; to lag. -- To get between, to arrive between. -- To get beyond, to pass or go further than; to exceed; to surpass. "Three score and ten is the age of man, a few get beyond it." Thackeray. -- To get clear, to disengage one's self; to be released, as from confinement, obligation, or burden; also, to be freed from danger or embarrassment. -- To get drunk, to become intoxicated. -- To get forward, to proceed; to advance; also, to prosper; to advance in wealth. -- To get home, to arrive at one's dwelling, goal, or aim. -- To get into. (a) To enter, as, "she prepared to get into the coach." Dickens. (b) To pass into, or reach; as, " as, " a language has got into the inflated state." Keary. -- To get loose or free, to disengage one's self; to be released from confinement. -- To get near, to approach within a small distance. -- To get on, to proceed; to advance; to prosper. -- To get over. (a) To pass over, surmount, or overcome, as an obstacle or difficulty. (b) To recover from, as an injury, a calamity. -- To get through. (a) To pass through something. (b) To finish what one was doing. -- To get up. (a) To rise; to arise, as from a bed, chair, etc. (b) To ascend; to climb, as a hill, a tree, a flight of stairs, etc. GET Get, n. Defn: Offspring; progeny; as, the get of a stallion. GETEN Get"en, obs. Defn: p. p. of Get. Chaucer. GETH Geth, Defn: the original third pers. sing. pres. of Go. [Obs.] Chaucer. GET-PENNY Get"-pen`ny, n. Defn: Something which gets or gains money; a successful affair. [Colloq.] Chapman. GETTABLE Get"ta*ble, a. Defn: That may be obtained. [R.] GETTER Get"ter, n. Defn: One who gets, gains, obtains, acquires, begets, or procreates. GETTERUP Get"ter*up`, n. Defn: One who contrives, makes, or arranges for, anything, as a book, a machine, etc. [Colloq.] A diligent getter-up of miscellaneous works. W. Irving. GETTING Get"ting, n. 1. The act of obtaining or acquiring; acquisition. With all thy getting, get understanding. Prov. iv. 7. 2. That which is got or obtained; gain; profit. GET-UP Get"-up, n. Defn: General composition or structure; manner in which the parts of a thing are combined; make-up; style of dress, etc. [Colloq.] H. Kingsley. GEUSDISM Geusd"ism (ged"iz'm), n. Defn: The Marxian socialism and programme of reform through revolution as advocated by the French political leader Jules Basile Guesde (pron. ged) (1845- ). -- Guesd"ist (#), n. & a. GEWGAW Gew"gaw, n. Etym: [OE. gigawe, gugawe, gewgaude, prob. the same word as OE. givegove gewgaw, apparently a reduplicated form fr. AS. gifan to give; cf. also F. joujou plaything, and E. gaud, n. See Give, and cf. Giffgaff.] Defn: A showy trifle; a toy; a splendid plaything; a pretty but worthless bauble. A heavy gewgaw called a crown. Dryden. GEWGAW Gew"gaw, a. Defn: Showy; unreal; pretentious. Seeing his gewgaw castle shine. Tennyson. GEYSER Gey"ser, n. Etym: [Icel. geysir, fr. geysa to rush furiously, fr. gj to gush. Cf. Gush.] Defn: A boiling spring which throws forth at frequent intervals jets of water, mud, etc., driven up by the expansive power of steam. Note: Geysers were first known in Iceland, and later in New Zealand. In the Yellowstone region in the United States they are numerous, and some of them very powerful, throwing jets of boiling water and steam to a height of 200 feet. They are grouped in several areas called geyser basins. The mineral matter, or geyserite, with which geyser water is charged, forms geyser cones about the orifice, often of great size and beauty. GEYSERITE Gey"ser*ite, n. Etym: [From Geyser.] (Min.) Defn: A loose hydrated form of silica, a variety of opal, deposited in concretionary cauliflowerlike masses, around some hot springs and geysers. GHARRY Ghar"ry, n. Etym: [Hind. ga.] Defn: Any wheeled cart or carriage. [India] GHAST Ghast, v. t. Etym: [OE. gasten. See Ghastly, a.] Defn: To strike aghast; to affright. [Obs.] Ghasted by the noise I made. Full suddenly he fled. Shak. GHASTFUL Ghast"ful, a. Etym: [See Ghastly, a.] Defn: Fit to make one aghast; dismal. [Obs.] -- Ghast"ful*ly, adv. GHASTLINESS Ghast"li*ness, n. Defn: The state of being ghastly; a deathlike look. GHASTLY Ghast"ly, a. [Compar. Ghastlier; superl. Ghastliest.] Etym: [OE. gastlich, gastli, fearful, causing fear, fr. gasten to terrify, AS. gæstan. Cf. Aghast, Gast, Gaze, Ghostly.] 1. Like a ghost in appearance; deathlike; pale; pallid; dismal. Each turned his face with a ghastly pang. Coleridge. His face was so ghastly that it could scarcely be recognized. Macaulay. 2. Horrible; shocking; dreadful; hideous. Mangled with ghastly wounds through plate and mail. Milton. GHASTLY Ghast"ly, adv. Defn: In a ghastly manner; hideously. Staring full ghastly like a strangled man. Shak. GHASTNESS Ghast"ness, n. Defn: Ghastliness. [Obs.] Shak. GHAT; GHAUT Ghat Ghaut, n. Etym: [Hind. ghat.] 1. A pass through a mountain. [India] J. D. Hooker. 2. A range of mountains. Balfour (Cyc. of Ind. ). 3. Stairs descending to a river; a landing place; a wharf. [India] Malcom. GHAWAZI Gha*wa"zi, n. pl. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Egyptian dancing girls, of a lower sort than the almeh. GHAZAL; GHAZEL Ghaz"al, Ghaz"el, n. [Ar. ghazal.] Defn: A kind of Oriental lyric, and usually erotic, poetry, written in recurring rhymes. GHAZI Gha"zi, n. [Ar. ghazi.] Defn: Among Mohammedans, a warrior champion or veteran, esp. in the destruction of infidels. GHEBER; GHEBRE Ghe"ber Ghe"bre, n. Etym: [Pers. ghebr: cf. F. Guèbre. Cf. Giaour.] Defn: A worshiper of fire; a Zoroastrian; a Parsee. GHEE Ghee, n. Etym: [Hind. ghi clarified butter, Skr. gh.] Defn: Butter clarified by boiling, and thus converted into a kind of oil. [India] Malcom. GHERKIN Gher"kin, n. Etym: [D. agurkje, a dim. akin to G. gurke, Dan. ag; cf. Pol. ogórek, Bohem. okurka, LGr. al-khiyar, Per. khiyar.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of small, prickly cucumber, much used for pickles. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Sea gherkin. GHESS Ghess, v. t. & i. Defn: See Guess. [Obs.] GHETTO Ghet"to, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: The Jews'quarter in an Italian town or city. I went to the Ghetto, where the Jews dwell. Evelyn. GHIBELLINE Ghib"el*line, n. Etym: [It. Ghibellino; of German origin.] (It. Hist.) Defn: One of a faction in Italy, in the 12th and 13th centuries, which favored the German emperors, and opposed the Guelfs, or adherents of the poses. Brande & C. GHOLE Ghole, n. Defn: See Ghoul. GHOST Ghost, n. Etym: [OE. gast, gost, soul, spirit, AS. gast breath, spirit, soul; akin to OS. g spirit, soul, D. geest, G. geist, and prob. to E. gaze, ghastly.] 1. The spirit; the soul of man. [Obs.] Then gives her grieved ghost thus to lament. Spenser. 2. The disembodied soul; the soul or spirit of a deceased person; a spirit appearing after death; an apparition; a specter. The mighty ghosts of our great Harrys rose. Shak. I thought that I had died in sleep, And was a blessed ghost. Coleridge. 3. Any faint shadowy semblance; an unsubstantial image; a phantom; a glimmering; as, not a ghost of a chance; the ghost of an idea. Each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Poe. 4. A false image formed in a telescope by reflection from the surfaces of one or more lenses. Ghost moth (Zoöl.), a large European moth (Hepialus humuli); so called from the white color of the male, and the peculiar hovering flight; -- called also great swift. -- Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit; the Paraclete; the Comforter; (Theol.) the third person in the Trinity. -- To give up or yield up the ghost, to die; to expire. And he gave up the ghost full softly. Chaucer. Jacob . . . yielded up the ghost, and was gathered unto his people. Gen. xlix. 33. GHOST Ghost, v. i. Defn: To die; to expire. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. GHOST Ghost, v. t. Defn: To appear to or haunt in the form of an apparition. [Obs.] Shak. GHOST DANCE Ghost dance. Defn: A religious dance of the North American Indians, participated in by both sexes, and looked upon as a rite of invocation the purpose of which is, through trance and vision, to bring the dancer into communion with the unseen world and the spirits of departed friends. The dance is the chief rite of the Ghost-dance, or Messiah, religion, which originated about 1890 in the doctrines of the Piute Wovoka, the Indian Messiah, who taught that the time was drawing near when the whole Indian race, the dead with the living, should be reunited to live a life of millennial happiness upon a regenerated earth. The religion inculcates peace, righteousness, and work, and holds that in good time, without warlike intervention, the oppressive white rule will be removed by the higher powers. The religion spread through a majority of the western tribes of the United States, only in the case of the Sioux, owing to local causes, leading to an outbreak. GHOSTFISH Ghost"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A pale ubspotted variety of the wrymouth. GHOSTLESS Ghost"less, a. Defn: Without life or spirit. [R.] GHOSTLIKE Ghost"like`, a. Defn: Like a ghost; ghastly. GHOSTLINESS Ghost"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being ghostly. GHOSTLY Ghost"ly, a. Etym: [OE. gastlich, gostlich, AS. gastlic. See Ghost.] 1. Relating to the soul; not carnal or secular; spiritual; as, a ghostly confessor. Save and defend us from our ghostly enemies. Book of Common Prayer [Ch. of Eng. ] One of the gostly children of St. Jerome. Jer. Taylor. 2. Of or pertaining to apparitions. Akenside. GHOSTLY Ghost"ly, adv. Defn: Spiritually; mystically. Chaucer. GHOSTOLOGY Ghost*ol"o*gy, n. Defn: Ghost lore. [R.] It seemed even more unaccountable than if it had been a thing of ghostology and witchcraft. Hawthorne. GHOUL Ghoul, n. Etym: [Per. gh an imaginary sylvan demon, supposed to devour men and animals: cf. Ar. gh, F. goule.] Defn: An imaginary evil being among Eastern nations, which was supposed to feed upon human bodies. [Written also ghole .] Moore. GHOULISH Ghoul"ish, a. Defn: Characteristic of a ghoul; vampirelike; hyenalike. GHYLL Ghyll, n. Defn: A ravine. See Gill a woody glen. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wordsworth. GIALLOLINO Gial`lo*li"no, n. Etym: [It., from giallo yellow, prob. fr. OHG. gelo, G. gelb; akin to E. yellow.] Defn: A term variously employed by early writers on art, though commonly designating the yellow oxide of lead, or massicot. Fairholt. GIAMBEUX Giam"beux, n. pl. Etym: [See Jambeux.] Defn: Greaves; armor for the legs. [Obs.] Spenser. GIANT Gi"ant, n. Etym: [OE. giant, geant, geaunt, OF. jaiant, geant, F. géant, L. gigas, fr. Gr. gender, genesis. See Gender, and cf. Gigantic.] 1. A man of extraordinari bulk and stature. Giants of mighty bone and bold emprise. Milton. 2. A person of extraordinary strength or powers, bodily or intellectual. 3. Any animal, plant, or thing, of extraordinary size or power. Giant's Causeway, a vast collection of basaltic pillars, in the county of Antrim on the northern coast of Ireland. GIANT Gi"ant, a. Defn: Like a giant; extraordinary in size, strength, or power; as, giant brothers; a giant son. Giant cell. (Anat.) See Myeloplax. -- Giant clam (Zoöl.), a bivalve shell of the genus Tridacna, esp. T. gigas, which sometimes weighs 500 pounds. The shells are sometimes used in churches to contain holy water. -- Giant heron (Zoöl.), a very large African heron (Ardeomega goliath). It is the largest heron known. -- Giant kettle, a pothole of very large dimensions, as found in Norway in connection with glaciers. See Pothole. -- Giant powder. See Nitroglycerin. -- Giant puffball (Bot.), a fungus (Lycoperdon giganteum), edible when young, and when dried used for stanching wounds. -- Giant salamander (Zoöl.), a very large aquatic salamander (Megalobatrachus maximus), found in Japan. It is the largest of living Amphibia, becoming a yard long. -- Giant squid (Zoöl.), one of several species of very large squids, belonging to Architeuthis and allied genera. Some are over forty feet long. GIANTESS Gi"ant*ess, n. Defn: A woman of extraordinary size. GIANTIZE Gi"ant*ize, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. géantiser.] Defn: To play the giant. [R.] Sherwood. GIANTLY Gi"ant*ly, a. Defn: Appropriate to a giant. [Obs.] Usher. GIANTRY Gi"ant*ry, n. Defn: The race of giants. [R.] Cotgrave. GIANTSHIP Gi"ant*ship, n. Defn: The state, personality, or character, of a giant; -- a compellation for a giant. His giantship is gone somewhat crestfallen. Milton. GIAOUR Giaour, n. Etym: [Turk. giaur an infidel, Per. gawr, another form of ghebr fire worshiper. Cf. Kaffir, Gheber .] Defn: An infidel; -- a term applied by Turks to disbelievers in the Mohammedan religion, especially Christrians. Byron. GIB Gib, n. Etym: [Abbreviated fr. Gilbert, the name of the cat in the old story of "Reynard the Fox". in the "Romaunt of the Rose", etc.] Defn: A male cat; a tomcat. [Obs.] GIB Gib, v. i. Defn: To act like a cat. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. GIB Gib, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A piece or slip of metal or wood, notched or otherwise, in a machine or structure, to hold other parts in place or bind them together, or to afford a bearing surface; -- usually held or adjusted by means of a wedge, key, or screw. Gib and key, or Gib and cotter (Steam Engine), the fixed wedge or gib, and the driving wedge,key, or cotter, used for tightening the strap which holds the brasses at the end of a connecting rod. GIB Gib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gibbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gibbing.] Defn: To secure or fasten with a gib, or gibs; to provide with a gib, or gibs. Gibbed lathe, an engine lathe in which the tool carriage is held down to the bed by a gib instead of by a weight. GIB Gib, v. i. Defn: To balk. See Jib, v. i. Youatt. GIBARO Gi"ba*ro, n.; pl. Gibaros (#). [Amer. Sp. jíbaro wild.] (Ethnol.) Defn: The offspring of a Spaniard and an Indian; a Spanish-Indian mestizo. [Sp. Amer.] GIBBARTAS Gib*bar"tas, n. Etym: [Cf. Ar. jebbar giant; or L. gibber humpbacked: cf. F. gibbar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several finback whales of the North Atlantic; -- called also Jupiter whale. [Written also jubartas, gubertas, dubertus.] GIBBER Gib"ber, n. Etym: [From Gib to balk.] Defn: A balky horse. Youatt. GIBBER Gib"ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gibbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Gibbering.] Etym: [Akin to jabber, and gabble.] Defn: To speak rapidly and inarticulately. Shak. GIBBERISH Gib"ber*ish, n. Etym: [From Gibber, v. i.] Defn: Rapid and inarticulate talk; unintelligible language; unmeaning words; jargon. He, like a gypsy, oftentimes would go; All kinds of gibberish he had learnt to known. Drayton. Such gibberish as children may be heard amusing themselves with. Hawthorne. GIBBERISH Gib"ber*ish, a. Defn: Unmeaning; as, gibberish language. GIBBET Gib"bet, n. Etym: [OE. gibet, F. gibet, in OF. also club, fr. LL. gibetum;; cf. OF. gibe sort of sickle or hook, It. giubbetto gibbet, and giubbetta, dim. of giubba mane, also, an under waistcoat, doublet, Prov. It. gibba (cf. Jupon); so that it perhaps originally signified a halter, a rope round the neck of malefactors; or it is, perhaps, derived fr. L. gibbus hunched, humped, E. gibbous; or cf. E. jib a sail.] 1. A kind of gallows; an upright post with an arm projecting from the top, on which, formerly, malefactors were hanged in chains, and their bodies allowed to remain asa warning. 2. The projecting arm of a crane, from which the load is suspended; the jib. GIBBET Gib"bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gibbeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gibbeting.] 1. To hang and expose on a gibbet. 2. To expose to infamy; to blacken. I'll gibbet up his name. Oldham. GIBBIER Gib"bier, n. Etym: [F. gibier.] Defn: Wild fowl; game. [Obs.] Addison. GIBBON Gib"bon, n. Etym: [Cf. F. gibbon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any arboreal ape of the genus Hylobates, of which many species and varieties inhabit the East Indies and Southern Asia. They are tailless and without cheek pouches, and have very long arms, adapted for climbing. Note: The white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar), the crowned (H. pilatus), the wou-wou or singing gibbon (H. agilis), the siamang, and the hoolock. are the most common species. GIB BOOM Gib" boom`. Defn: See Jib boom. GIBBOSE Gib*bose", a. Etym: [L. gibbosus, fr. gibbus, gibba, hunch, hump. Cf. Gibbous.] Defn: Humped; protuberant; -- said of a surface which presents one or more large elevations. Brande & C. GIBBOSTITY Gib*bost"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. gibbosité.] Defn: The state of being gibbous or gibbose; gibbousness. GIBBOUS Gib"bous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. gibbeux. See Gibbose.] 1. Swelling by a regular curve or surface; protuberant; convex; as, the moon is gibbous between the half-moon and the full moon. The bones will rise, and make a gibbous member. Wiseman. 2. Hunched; hump-backed. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. -- Gib"bous*ly, adv. -- Gib"bous*ness, n. GIBBSITE Gibbs"ite, n. Etym: [Named after George Gibbs.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrate of alumina. GIB-CAT Gib"-cat`, n. Defn: A male cat, esp. an old one. See lst Gib. n. [Obs.] Shak. GIBE Gibe, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gibed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gibing.] Etym: [Cf. Prov. F. giber, equiv. to F. jouer to play, Icel. geipa to talk nonsense, E. jabber.] Defn: To cast reproaches and sneering expressions; to rail; to utter taunting, sarcastic words; to flout; to fleer; to scoff. Fleer and gibe, and laugh and flout. Swift. GIBE Gibe, v. i. Defn: To reproach with contemptuous words; to deride; to scoff at; to mock. Draw the beasts as I describe them, From their features, while I gibe them. Swift. GIBE Gibe, n. Defn: An expression of sarcastic scorn; a sarcastic jest; a scoff; a taunt; a sneer. Mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorns. Shak. With solemn gibe did Eustace banter me. Tennyson. GIBEL Gib"el, n. Etym: [G. gibel, giebel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of carp (Cyprinus gibelio); -- called also Prussian carp. GIBER Gib"er n. Defn: One who utters gibes. B. Jonson. GIBFISH Gib"fish`, n. Defn: The male of the salmon. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. GIBINGLY Gib"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a gibing manner; scornfully. GIBLET Gib"let, a. Defn: Made of giblets; as, a giblet pie. GIBLETS Gib"lets, n. pl. Etym: [OE. gibelet, OF. gibelet game: cf. F. gibelotte stewed rabbit. Cf. Gibbier.] Defn: The inmeats, or edible viscera (heart, gizzard, liver, etc.), of poultry. GIBRALTAR Gi*bral"tar, n. 1. A strongly fortified town on the south coast of Spain, held by the British since 1704; hence, an impregnable stronghold. 2. A kind of candy sweetmeat, or a piece of it; -- called, in full, Gibraltar rock. GIBSTAFF Gib"staff`, n. Etym: [Prov. E. gib a hooked stick + E. staff.] 1. A staff to guage water, or to push a boat. 2. A staff formerly used in fighting beasts on the stage. [Obs.] Bailey. GID Gid, n. Etym: [Cf. Giddy, a.] Defn: A disease of sheep, characterized by vertigo; the staggers. It is caused by the presence of the CC. GIDDILY Gid"di*ly, adv. Defn: In a giddy manner. GIDDINESS Gid"di*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being giddy. GIDDY Gid"dy, a. [Compar. Giddier; superl. Giddiest.] Etym: [OE. gidi mad, silly, AS. gidig, of unknown origin, cf. Norw. gidda to shake, tremble.] 1. Having in the head a sensation of whirling or reeling about; having lost the power of preserving the balance of the body, and therefore wavering and inclined to fall; lightheaded; dizzy. By giddy head and staggering legs betrayed. Tate. 2. Promoting or inducing giddiness; as, a giddy height; a giddy precipice. Prior. Upon the giddy footing of the hatches. Shak. 3. Bewildering on account of rapid turning; running round with celerity; gyratory; whirling. The giddy motion of the whirling mill. Pope. 4. Characterized by inconstancy; unstable; changeable; fickle; wild; thoughtless; heedless. "Giddy, foolish hours." Rowe. "Giddy chance." Dryden. Young heads are giddy and young hearts are warm. Cowper. GIDDY Gid"dy, v. i. Defn: To reel; to whirl. Chapman. GIDDY Gid"dy, v. t. Defn: To make dizzy or unsteady. [Obs.] GIDDY-HEAD Gid"dy-head`, n. Defn: A person without thought fulness, prudence, or judgment. [Colloq.] Burton. GIDDY-HEADED Gid"dy-head`ed, a. Defn: Thoughtless; unsteady. GIDDY-PACED Gid"dy-paced`, a. Defn: Moving irregularly; flighty; fickle. [R.] Shak. GIE Gie, v. t. Defn: To guide. See Gye . [Obs.] Chaucer. GIE Gie, v. t. Defn: To give. [Scot.] Burns. GIER-EAGLE Gier"-ea`gle, n. Etym: [Cf. D. gier vulture, G. gier, and E. gyrfalcon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird referred to in the Bible (Lev. xi. 18and Deut. xiv. 17) as unclean, probably the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus). GIER-FALCON Gier"-fal`con, n. Etym: [Cf. Gier-eagle, Gyrfalcon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The gyrfalcon. GIESECKITE Gie"seck*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Karl Giesecke.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in greenish gray six-sided prisms, having a greasy luster. It is probably a pseudomorph after elæolite. GIF Gif, conj. Etym: [AS. See If.] Defn: If. [Obs.] Note: Gif is the old form of if, and frequently occurs in the earlier English writers. See If. GIFFARD INJECTOR Gif"fard in*ject"or. (Mach.) Defn: See under Injector. GIFFGAFF Giff"gaff, n. Etym: [Reduplicated fr. give.] Defn: Mutial accommodation; mutual giving. [Scot.] GIFFY Gif"fy, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Jiffy. GIFT Gift, n. Etym: [OE. gift, yift, yeft, AS. gift, fr. gifan to give; akin to D. & G. gift, Icel. gift, gipt, Goth. gifts (in comp.). See Give, v. t.] 1. Anything given; anything voluntarily transferred by one person to another without compensation; a present; an offering. Shall I receive by gift, what of my own, . . . I can command Milton. 2. The act, right, or power of giving or bestowing; as, the office is in the gift of the President. 3. A bribe; anything given to corrupt. Neither take a gift, for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise. Deut. xvi. 19. 4. Some quality or endowment given to man by God; a preëminent and special talent or aptitude; power; faculty; as, the gift of wit; a gift for speaking. 5. (Law) Defn: A voluntary transfer of real or personal property, without any consideration. It can be perfected only by deed, or in case of personal property, by an actual delivery of possession. Bouvier. Burrill. Gift rope (Naut), a rope extended to a boat for towing it; a guest rope. Syn. -- Present; donation; grant; largess; benefaction; boon; bounty; gratuity; endowment; talent; faculty. -- Gift, Present, Donation. These words, as here compared, denote something gratuitously imparted to another out of one's property. A gift is something given whether by a superior or an inferior, and is usually designed for the relief or benefit of him who receives it. A present is ordinarly from an equal or inferior, and is always intended as a compliment or expression of kindness. Donation is a word of more dignity, denoting, properly, a gift of considerable value, and ordinarly a gift made either to some public institution, or to an individual on account of his services to the public; as, a donation to a hospital, a charitable society, or a minister. GIFT Gift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gifting.] Defn: To endow with some power or faculty. He was gifted . . . with philosophical sagacity. I. Taylor. GIFTEDNESS Gift"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being gifted. Echard. GIG Gig, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. gigue. See Jig, n.] Defn: A fiddle. [Obs.] GIG Gig, v. t. Etym: [Prob. fr. L. gignere to beget.] Defn: To engender. [Obs.] Dryden. GIG Gig, n. Defn: A kind of spear or harpoon. See Fishgig. GIG Gig, v. t. Defn: To fish with a gig. GIG Gig, n. Etym: [OE. gigge. Cf. Giglot.] Defn: A playful or wanton girl; a giglot. GIG Gig, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. g fiddle, MHG. g, G. geige, Icel. geiga to take a wrong direction, rove at random, and E. jig.] 1. A top or whirligig; any little thing that is whirled round in play. Thou disputest like an infant; go, whip thy gig. Shak. 2. A light carriage, with one pair of wheels, drawn by one horse; a kind of chaise. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A long, light rowboat, generally clinkerbuilt, and designed to be fast; a boat appropriated to the use of the commanding officer; as, the captain's gig. 4. (Mach.) Defn: A rotatory cylinder, covered with wire teeth or teasels, for teaseling woolen cloth. Gig machine, Gigging machine, Gig mill, or Napping machine. See Gig, 4. -- Gig saw. See Jig saw. GIGANTEAN Gi`gan*te"an, a. Etym: [L. giganteus, fr. gigas, antis. See Giant.] Defn: Like a giant; mighty; gigantic. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. GIGANTESQUE Gi`gan*tesque", a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Befitting a giant; bombastic; magniloquent. The sort of mock-heroic gigantesque With which we bantered little Lilia first. Tennyson. GIGANTIC Gi*gan"tic, a. Etym: [L. gigas, -antis, giant. See Giant.] 1. Of extraordinary size; like a giant. 2. Such as a giant might use, make, or cause; immense; tremendous; extraordinarly; as, gigantic deeds; gigantic wickedness. Milton. When descends on the Atlantic The gigantic Strom wind of the equinox. Longfellow. GIGANTICAL Gi*gan"tic*al, a. Defn: Bulky, big. [Obs.] Burton. -- Gi*gan"tic*al*ly, adv. GIGANTICIDE Gi*gan"ti*cide, n. Etym: [. gigas, -antis, giant + caedere to kill.] Defn: The act of killing, or one who kills, a giant. Hallam. GIGANTINE Gi*gan"tine, a. Defn: Gigantic. [Obs.] Bullokar. GIGANTOLOGY Gi`gan*tol"og*y, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. gigantologie.] Defn: An account or description of giants. GIGANTOMACHY Gi`gan*tom"a*chy, n. Etym: [L. gigantoma, fr. Gr. gigantomachie.] Defn: A war of giants; especially, the fabulous war of the giants against heaven. GIGE; GUIGE Gige, Guige, n. Etym: [OF. guide, guiche.] (Anc. Armor) Defn: The leather strap by which the shield of a knight was slung across the shoulder, or across the neck and shoulder. Meyrick (Ancient Armor). GIGERIUM Gi*ge"ri*um, n.; pl. Gigeria. Etym: [NL., fr. L. gigeria, pl., the cooked entrails of poultry.] (Anat.) Defn: The muscular stomach, or gizzard, of birds. GIGGET Gig"get, n. Defn: Same as Gigot. Cut the slaves to giggets. Beau. & Fl. GIGGLE Gig"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Giggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Giggling.] Etym: [Akin to gaggle: cf. OD. ghichelen, G. kichern.] Defn: To laugh with short catches of the breath or voice; to laugh in a light, affected, or silly manner; to titter with childish levity. Giggling and laughing with all their might At the piteous hap of the fairy wight. J. R. Drake. GIGGLE Gig"gle, n. Defn: A kind of laugh, with short catches of the voice or breath; a light, silly laugh. GIGGLER Gig"gler, n. Defn: One who giggles or titters. GIGGLY Gig"gly, a. Defn: Prone to giggling. Carlyle. GIGGOT Gig"got, n. Defn: See Gigot. [Obs.] Chapman. GIGGYNG Gig"gyng, n. Etym: [See Gige.] Defn: The act of fastending the gige or leather strap to the shield. [Obs.] "Gigging of shields." Chaucer. GIGLOT; GIGLET Gig"lot, Gig"let, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. gikkr a pert, rude person, Dan. giek a fool, silly man, AS. gagol, gægl, lascivious, wanton, MHG. gogel wanton, giege fool, and E. gig a wanton person.] Defn: A wanton; a lascivious or light, giddy girl. [Obs.] The giglet is willful, and is running upon her fate. Sir W. Scott. GIGLOT Gig"lot, a. Defn: Giddi; light; inconstant; wanton. [Obs.] "O giglot fortune!" Shak. GIGOT; GIGGOT Gig"ot, Gig"got (, n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. gigue fiddle; -- on account of the resemblance in shape. See Jig, n.] 1. A leg of mutton. 2. A small piece of flesh; a slice. [Obs.] The rest in giggots cut, they spit. Chapman. GIGUE Gigue (zheg), n. [F.] Defn: A piece of lively dance music, in two strains which are repeated; also, the dance. GILA MONSTER Gi"la mon"ster. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large tuberculated lizard (Heloderma suspectum) native of the dry plains of Arizona, New Mexico, etc. It is the only lizard known to have venomous teeth. GILD Gild, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gilded or Gilt (p. pr. & vb. n. Gilding.] Etym: [AS. gyldan, from gold gold. sq. root234. See Gold.] 1. To overlay with a thin covering of gold; to cover with a golden color; to cause to look like gold. "Gilded chariots." Pope. No more the rising sun shall gild the morn. Pope. 2. To make attractive; to adorn; to brighten. Let oft good humor, mild and gay, Gild the calm evening of your day. Trumbull. 3. To give a fair but deceptive outward appearance to; to embellish; as, to gild a lie. Shak. 4. To make red with drinking. [Obs.] This grand liquior that hath gilded them. Shak. GILDALE Gild"ale`, n. Etym: [AS. gilgan to pay + E. ale. See Yield, v. t., and Ale.] Defn: A drinking bout in which every one pays an equal share. [Obs.] GILDEN Gild"en, a. Defn: Gilded. Holland. GILDER Gild"er, n. Defn: One who gilds; one whose occupation is to overlay with gold. GILDER Gil"der, n. Defn: A Dutch coin. See Guilder. GILDING Gild"ing, n. 1. The art or practice of overlaying or covering with gold leaf; also, a thin coating or wash of gold, or of that which resembles gold. 2. Gold in leaf, powder, or liquid, for application to any surface. 3. Any superficial coating or appearance, as opposed to what is solid and genuine. Gilding metal, a tough kind of sheet brass from which cartridge shells are made. GILE Gile, n. Etym: [See Guile.] Defn: Guile. [Obs.] Chaucer. GILL Gill, n. Etym: [Dan. giælle, gelle; akin to Sw. gäl, Icel. gjölnar gills; cf. AS. geagl, geahl, jaw.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: An organ for aquatic respiration; a branchia. Fishes perform respiration under water by the gills. Ray. Note: Gills are usually lamellar or filamentous appendages, through which the blood circulates, and in which it is exposed to the action of the air contained in the water. In vertebrates they are appendages of the visceral arches on either side of the neck. In invertebrates they occupy various situations. 2. pl. (Bot.) Defn: The radiating, gill-shaped plates forming the under surface of a mushroom. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The fleshy flap that hangs below the beak of a fowl; a wattle. 4. The flesh under or about the chin. Swift. 5. (Spinning) Defn: One of the combs of closely ranged steel pins which divide the ribbons of flax fiber or wool into fewer parallel filaments. Etym: [Prob. so called from F. aiguilles, needles. Ure.] Gill arches, Gill bars. (Anat.) Same as Branchial arches. -- Gill clefts. (Anat.) Same as Branchial clefts. See under Branchial. -- Gill cover, Gill lid. See Operculum. -- Gill frame, or Gill head (Flax Manuf.), a spreader; a machine for subjecting flax to the action of gills. Knight. -- Gill net, a flat net so suspended in the water that its meshes allow the heads of fish to pass, but catch in the gills when they seek to extricate themselves. -- Gill opening, or Gill slit (Anat.), an opening behind and below the head of most fishes, and some amphibians, by which the water from the gills is discharged. In most fishes there is a single opening on each side, but in the sharks and rays there are five, or more, on each side. -- Gill rakes, or Gill rakers (Anat.), horny filaments, or progresses, on the inside of the branchial arches of fishes, which help to prevent solid substances from being carried into gill cavities. GILL Gill, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A two-wheeled frame for transporting timber. [Prov. Eng.] GILL Gill, n. Defn: A leech. [Also gell.] [Scot.] Jameison. GILL Gill, n. Etym: [Icel. gil.] Defn: A woody glen; a narrow valley containing a stream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] GILL Gill, n. Etym: [OF. gille, gelle, a sort of measure for wine, LL. gillo, gello., Cf. Gallon.] Defn: A measure of capacity, containing one fourth of a pint. GILL Gill, n. Etym: [Abbrev. from Gillian.] 1. A young woman; a sweetheart; a flirting or wanton girl. "Each Jack with his Gill." B. Jonson. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The ground ivy (Nepeta Glechoma); -- called also gill over the ground, and other like names. 3. Malt liquor medicated with ground ivy. Gill ale. (a) Ale flavored with ground ivy. (b) (Bot.) Alehoof. GILL-FLIRT Gill"-flirt`, n. Defn: A thoughtless, giddy girl; a flirt-gill. Sir W. Scott. GILLHOUSE Gill"house`, n. Defn: A shop where gill is sold. Thee shall each alehouse, thee each gillhouse mourn. Pope. GILLIAN Gil"li*an, n. Etym: [OE. Gillian, a woman's name, for Julian, Juliana. Cf. Gill a girl.] Defn: A girl; esp., a wanton; a gill. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. GILLIE; GILLY Gil"lie Gil"ly, n. Etym: [Gael. gille, giolla, boy, lad.] Defn: A boy or young man; a manservant; a male attendant, in the Scottish Highlands. Sir W. Scott. GILLYFLOWER Gil"ly*flow`er, n. Etym: [OE. gilofre, gilofer, clove, OF. girofre, girofle, F. girofle: cf. F. giroflée gillyflower, fr. girofle, Gr. foliage. Cf. Caryophyllus, July-flower.] (Bot.) 1. A name given by old writers to the clove pink (Dianthus Caryophyllus) but now to the common stock (Matthiola incana), a cruciferous plant with showy and fragrant blossoms, usually purplish, but often pink or white. 2. A kind of apple, of a roundish conical shape, purplish red color, and having a large core. [Written also gilliflower.] Clove gillflower, the clove pink. -- Marsh gillyflower, the ragged robin (Lychnis Flos-cuculi). -- Queen's, or Winter, gillyflower, damewort. -- Sea gillyflower, the thrift (Armeria vulgaris). -- Wall gillyflower, the wallflower (Cheiranthus Cheiri). -- Water gillyflower, the water violet. GILOUR Gil"our, n. Etym: [OF.] Defn: A guiler; deceiver. [Obs.] GILSE Gilse, n. Etym: [W. gleisiad, fr. glas blue.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Grilse. GILT Gilt, n. Etym: [See Geld, v. t.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A female pig, when young. GILT Gilt, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Gild. GILT Gilt, p. p. & a. Defn: Gilded; covered with gold; of the color of gold; golden yellow. "Gilt hair" Chaucer. GILT Gilt, n. 1. Gold, or that which resembles gold, laid on the surface of a thing; gilding. Shak. 2. Money. [Obs.] "The gilt of France." Shak. GILT-EDGE; GILT-EDGED Gilt"-edge`, Gilt"-edged`, a. 1. Having a gilt edge; as, gilt-edged paper. 2. Of the best quality; -- said of negotiable paper, etc. [Slang, U. S.] GILTHEAD Gilt"head`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine fish. The name is applied to two species: (a) The Pagrus, or Chrysophrys, auratus, a valuable food fish common in the Mediterranean (so named from its golden-colored head); -- called also giltpoll. (b) The Crenilabrus melops, of the British coasts; -- called also golden maid, conner, sea partridge. GILTIF Gilt"if, a. Etym: [For gilti, by confusion with -if, -ive, in French forms. See Guilty.] Defn: Guilty. [Obs.] Chaucer. GILTTAIL Gilt"tail`, n. Defn: A yellow-tailed worm or larva. GIM Gim, a. Etym: [Cf. Gimp, a.] Defn: Neat; spruce. [Prov.] GIMBAL; GIMBALS Gim"bal, or; Gim"bals (, n. Etym: [See Gimmal, n.] Defn: A contrivance for permitting a body to incline freely in all directions, or for suspending anything, as a barometer, ship's compass, chronometer, etc., so that it will remain plumb, or level, when its support is tipped, as by the rolling of a ship. It consists of a ring in which the body can turn on an axis through a diameter of the ring, while the ring itself is so pivoted to its support that it can turn about a diameter at right angles to the first. Gimbal joint (Mach.), a universal joint embodying the principle of the gimbal. -- Gimbal ring, a single gimbal, as that by which the cockeye of the upper millstone is supported on the spindle. GIMBLET Gim"blet, n. & v. Defn: See Gimlet. GIMCRACK Gim"crack`, n. Etym: [OE., a spruce and pert pretender, also, a spruce girl, prob. fr. gim + crack lad, boaster.] Defn: A trivial mechanism; a device; a toy; a pretty thing. Arbuthnot. GIMLET Gim"let, n. [Also written and pronounced gimbled (] Etym: [OF. guimbelet, guibelet, F. gibelet, prob. fr. OD. wimpel, weme, a bore, wemelen to bore, to wimble. See Wimble, n.] Defn: A small tool for boring holes. It has a leading screw, a grooved body, and a cross handle. Gimlet eye, a squint-eye. [Colloq.] Wright. GIMLET Gim"let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gimleted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gimleting.] 1. To pierce or make with a gimlet. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To turn round (an anchor) by the stock, with a motion like turning a gimlet. GIMMAL Gim"mal, n. Etym: [Prob. the same word as gemel. See Gemel, and cf. Gimbal.] 1. Joined work whose parts move within each other; a pair or series of interlocked rings. 2. A quaint piece of machinery; a gimmer. [Obs.] GIMMAL Gim"mal, a. Defn: Made or consisting of interlocked rings, gimmal mail. In their pale dull mouths the gimmal bit Lies foul with chewed grass. Shak. Gimmal joint. See Gimbal joint, under Gimbal. GIMMER; GIMMOR Gim"mer, Gim"mor (, n. Etym: [Cf. Gimmal, n.] Defn: A piece of mechanism; mechanical device or contrivance; a gimcrack. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Shak. GIMP Gimp, a. Etym: [W. gwymp fair, neat, comely.] Defn: Smart; spruce; trim; nice. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] GIMP Gimp, n. Etym: [OF. guimpe, guimple, a nun's wimple, F. guimpe, OHG. wimpal a veil G. wimpel pennon, pendant. See Wimple, n.] Defn: A narrow ornamental fabric of silk, woolen, or cotton, often with a metallic wire, or sometimes a coarse cord, running through it; -- used as trimming for dresses, furniture, etc. Gimp nail, an upholsterer's small nail. GIMP Gimp, v. t. Defn: To notch; to indent; to jag. GIN Gin, prep. Etym: [AS. geán. See Again.] Defn: Against; near by; towards; as, gin night. [Scot.] A. Ross (1778). GIN Gin, conj. Etym: [See Gin, prep.] Defn: If. [Scotch] Jamieson. GIN Gin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gan, Gon (Gun (p. pr. & vb. n. Ginning.] Etym: [OE. ginnen, AS. ginnan (in comp.), prob. orig., to open, cut open, cf. OHG. inginnan to begin, open, cut open, and prob. akin to AS. ginan to yawn, and E. yawn. Yawn, v. i., and cf. Begin.] Defn: To begin; -- often followed by an infinitive without to; as, gan tell. See Gan. [Obs. or Archaic] "He gan to pray." Chaucer. GIN Gin, n. Etym: [Contr. from Geneva. See 2d Geneva.] Defn: A strong alcoholic liquor, distilled from rye and barley, and flavored with juniper berries; -- also called Hollands and Holland gin, because originally, and still very extensively, manufactured in Holland. Common gin is usually flavored with turpentine. GIN Gin, n. Etym: [A contraction of engine.] 1. Contrivance; artifice; a trap; a snare. Chaucer. Spenser. 2. (a) A machine for raising or moving heavy weights, consisting of a tripod formed of poles united at the top, with a windlass, pulleys, ropes, etc. (b) (Mining) A hoisting drum, usually vertical; a whim. 3. A machine for separating the seeds from cotton; a cotton gin. Note: The name is also given to an instrument of torture worked with screws, and to a pump moved by rotary sails. Gin block, a simple form of tackle block, having one wheel, over which a rope runs; -- called also whip gin, rubbish pulley, and monkey wheel. -- Gin power, a form of horse power for driving a cotton gin. -- Gin race, or Gin ring, the path of the horse when putting a gin in motion. Halliwell. -- Gin saw, a saw used in a cotton gin for drawing the fibers through the grid, leaving the seed in the hopper. -- Gin wheel. (a) In a cotton gin, a wheel for drawing the fiber through the grid; a brush wheel to clean away the lint. (b) (Mining) the drum of a whim. GIN Gin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ginned; p. pr. & vb. n. Ginning.] 1. To catch in a trap. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. To clear of seeds by a machine; as, to gin cotton. GING Ging, n. Defn: Same as Gang, n., 2. [Obs.] There is a knot, a ging, a pack, a conspiracy against me. Shak. GINGAL Gin*gal", n. Defn: See Jingal. GINGER Gin"ger, n. Etym: [OE. ginger, gingever, gingivere, OF. gengibre, gingimbre, F. gingembre, L. zingiber, zingiberi, fr. Gr. zenjebil, fr. Skr. , prop., hornshaped; horn + vëra body.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Zingiber, of the East and West Indies. The species most known is Z. officinale. 2. The hot and spicy rootstock of Zingiber officinale, which is much used in cookery and in medicine. Ginger beer or ale, a mild beer impregnated with ginger. -- Ginger cordial, a liquor made from ginger, raisins, lemon rind, and water, and sometimes whisky or brandy. -- Ginger pop. See Ginger beer (above). -- Ginger wine, wine impregnated with ginger. -- Wild ginger (Bot.), an American herb (Asarum Canadense) with two reniform leaves and a long, cordlike rootstock which has a strong taste of ginger. GINGERBREAD Gin"ger*bread`, n. Defn: A kind of plain sweet cake seasoned with ginger, and sometimes made in fanciful shapes. "Gingerbread that was full fine." Chaucer. Gingerbread tree (Bot.), the doom palm; -- so called from the resemblance of its fruit to gingerbread. See Doom Palm. -- Gingerbread work, ornamentation, in architecture or decoration, of a fantastic, trivial, or tawdry character. GINGERLY Gin"ger*ly, adv. Etym: [Prov. E. ginger brittle, tender; cf. dial. Sw. gingla, gängla, to go gently, totter, akin to E. gang.] Defn: Cautiously; timidly; fastidiously; daintily. What is't that you took up so gingerly Shak. GINGERNESS Gin"ger*ness, n. Defn: Cautiousness; tenderness. GINGHAM Ging"ham, n. Etym: [F. guingan; cf. Jav. ginggang; or perh. fr. Guingamp, in France.] Defn: A kind of cotton or linen cloth, usually in stripes or checks, the yarn of which is dyed before it is woven; -- distinguished from printed cotton or prints. GINGING Ging"ing, n. (Mining) Defn: The lining of a mine shaft with stones or bricks to prevent caving. GINGIVAL Gin"gi*val, a. Etym: [L. gingiva the gum.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the gums. Holder. GINGLE Gin"gle, n. & v. [Obs.] Defn: See Jingle. GINGLYFORM Gin"gly*form, a. (Anat.) Defn: Ginglymoid. GINGLYMODI Gin`gly*mo"di, n. Etym: [NL.; cf. Gr. Ginglymoid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of ganoid fishes, including the modern gar pikes and many allied fossil forms. They have rhombic, ganoid scales, a heterocercal tail, paired fins without an axis, fulcra on the fins, and a bony skeleton, with the vertebræ convex in front and concave behind, forming a ball and socket joint. See Ganoidel. GINGLYMOID; GINGLYMOIDAL Gin"gly*moid, Gin`gly*moid"al, a. Etym: [Gr. ginglymoide, ginglymoïdal.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a ginglymus, or hinge joint; ginglyform. GINGLYMUS Gin"gly*mus, n.; pl. Ginglymi. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A hinge joint; an articulation, admitting of flexion and extension, or motion in two directions only, as the elbow and the ankle. GINHOUSE Gin"house`, n. Defn: A building where cotton is ginned. GINKGO Gink"go, n.; pl. Ginkgoes. Etym: [Chin., silver fruit.] (Bot.) Defn: A large ornamental tree (Ginkgo biloba) from China and Japan, belonging to the Yew suborder of Coniferæ. Its leaves are so like those of some maidenhair ferns, that it is also called the maidenhair tree. GINNEE Gin"nee, n.; pl. Ginn (. Defn: See Jinnee. GINNET Gin"net, n. Defn: See Genet, a horse. GINNING Gin"ning, n. Etym: [See Gin, v. i.] Defn: Beginning. [Obs.] Chaucer. GINNY-CARRIAGE Gin"ny-car`riage (, n. Defn: A small, strong carriage for conveying materials on a railroad. [Eng.] GINSENG Gin"seng, n. Etym: [Chinese.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Aralia, the root of which is highly valued as a medicine among the Chinese. The Chinese plant (Aralia Schinseng) has become so rare that the American (A. quinquefolia) has largely taken its place, and its root is now an article of export from America to China. The root, when dry, is of a yellowish white color, with a sweetness in the taste somewhat resembling that of licorice, combined with a slight aromatic bitterness. GINSHOP Gin"shop`, n. Defn: A shop or barroom where gin is sold as a beverage. [Colloq.] GIP Gip, v. t. Defn: To take out the entrails of (herrings). GIP Gip, n. Defn: A servant. See Gyp. Sir W. Scott. GIPOUN Gi*poun", n. Etym: [See Jupon.] Defn: A short cassock. [Written also gepoun, gypoun, jupon, juppon.] [Obs.] GIPSER; GIPSIRE Gip"ser, Gip"sire, n. Etym: [F. gibecière a game pouch or game pocket. Cf. Gibbier.] Defn: A kind of pouch formerly worn at the girdle. Ld. Lytton. A gipser all of silk, Hung at his girdle, white as morné milk. Chaucer. GIPSY Gip"sy, n. a.. Defn: See Gypsy. GIPSYISM Gip"sy*ism, n. Defn: See Gypsyism. GIRAFFE Gi*raffe", n. Etym: [F. girafe, Sp. girafa, from Ar. zurafa, zarafa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An African ruminant (Camelopardalis giraffa) related to the deers and antelopes, but placed in a family by itself; the camelopard. It is the tallest of animals, being sometimes twenty feet from the hoofs to the top of the head. Its neck is very long, and its fore legs are much longer than its hind legs. GIRANDOLE Gir"an*dole, n. Etym: [F. See Gyrate.] 1. An ornamental branched candlestick. 2. A flower stand, fountain, or the like, of branching form. 3. (Pyrotechny) Defn: A kind of revolving firework. 4. (Fort.) Defn: A series of chambers in defensive mines. Farrow. GIRASOLE; GIRASOL Gir"a*sole Gir"a*sol, n. Etym: [It. girasole, or F. girasol, fr. L. gyrare to turn around + sol sun.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: See Heliotrope. [Obs.] 2. (Min.) Defn: A variety of opal which is usually milk white, bluish white, or sky blue; but in a bright light it reflects a reddish color. GIRD Gird, n. Etym: [See Yard a measure.] 1. A stroke with a rod or switch; a severe spasm; a twinge; a pang. Conscience . . . is freed from many fearful girds and twinges which the atheist feels. Tillotson. 2. A cut; a sarcastic remark; a gibe; a sneer. I thank thee for that gird, good Tranio. Shak. GIRD Gird, v. t. Etym: [See Gird, n., and cf. Girde, v.] 1. To strike; to smite. [Obs.] To slay him and to girden off his head. Chaucer. 2. To sneer at; to mock; to gibe. Being moved, he will not spare to gird the gods. Shak. GIRD Gird, v. i. Defn: To gibe; to sneer; to break a scornful jest; to utter severe sarcasms. Men of all sorts take a pride to gird at me. Shak. GIRD Gird, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girt or Girded; p. pr. & vb. n. Girding.] Etym: [OE. girden, gurden, AS. gyrdan; akin to OS. gurdian, D. gorden, OHG. gurten, G. gürten, Icel. gyr, Sw. gjorda, Dan. giorde, Goth. bigaírdan to begird, and prob. to E. yard an inclosure. Cf. Girth, n. & v., Girt, v. t.] 1. To encircle or bind with any flexible band. 2. To make fast, as clothing, by binding with a cord, girdle, bandage, etc. 3. To surround; to encircle, or encompass. That Nyseian isle, Girt with the River Triton. Milton. 4. To clothe; to swathe; to invest. I girded thee about with fine linen. Ezek. xvi. 10. The Son . . . appeared Girt with omnipotence. Milton. 5. To prepare; to make ready; to equip; as, to gird one's self for a contest. Thou hast girded me with strength. Ps. xviii. 39. To gird on, to put on; to fasten around or to one securely, like a girdle; as, to gird on armor or a sword. Let not him that girdeth on his harness boast himself as he that putteth it off. 1 Kings xx. 11. -- To gird up, to bind tightly with a girdle; to support and strengthen, as with a girdle. He girded up his loins, and ran before Ahab. 1 Kings xviii. 46. Gird up the loins of your mind. 1 Pet. i. 13. -- Girt up; prepared or equipped, as for a journey or for work, in allusion to the ancient custom of gathering the long flowing garments into the girdle and tightening it before any exertion; hence, adjectively, eagerly or constantly active; strenuous; striving. "A severer, more girt-up way of living." J. C. Shairp. GIRDER Gird"er, n. Etym: [From Gird to sneer at.] Defn: One who girds; a satirist. GIRDER Gird"er, n. Etym: [From Gird to encircle.] 1. One who, or that which, girds. 2. (Arch. & Engin.) Defn: A main beam; a stright, horizontal beam to span an opening or carry weight, such as ends of floor beams, etc.; hence, a framed or built-up member discharging the same office, technically called a compound girder. See Illusts. of Frame, and Doubleframed floor, under Double. Bowstring girder, Box girder, etc. See under Bowstring, Box, etc. -- Girder bridge. See under Bridge. -- Lattice girder, a girder consisting of longitudinal bars united by diagonal crossing bars. -- Half-lattice girder, a girder consisting of horizontal upper and lower bars connected by a series of diagonal bars sloping alternately in opposite directions so as to divide the space between the bars into a series of triangles. Knight. -- Sandwich girder, a girder consisting of two parallel wooden beams, between which is an iron plate, the whole clamped together by iron bolts. GIRDING Gird"ing, n. Defn: That with which one is girded; a girdle. Instead of a stomacher, a girding of sackcloth. Is. iii. 24. GIRDLE Gir"dle, n. Defn: A griddle. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] GIRDLE Gir"dle, n. Etym: [OE. gurdel, girdel, AS. gyrdel, fr. gyrdan; akin to D. gordel, G. gürtel, Icel. gyr. See Gird, v. t., to encircle, and cf. Girth, n.] 1. That which girds, encircles, or incloses; a circumference; a belt; esp., a belt, sash, or article of dress encircling the body usually at the waist; a cestus. Within the girdle of these walls. Shak. Their breasts girded with golden girdles. Rev. xv. 6. 2. The zodiac; also, the equator. [Poetic] Bacon. From the world's girdle to the frozen pole. Cowper. That gems the starry girdle of the year. Campbell. 3. (Jewelry) Defn: The line ofgreatest circumference of a brilliant-cut diamond, at which it is grasped by the setting. See Illust. of Brilliant. Knight. 4. (Mining) Defn: A thin bed or stratum of stone. Raymond. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The clitellus of an earthworm. Girdle bone (Anat.), the sphenethmoid. See under Sphenethmoid. -- Girdle wheel, a spinning wheel. -- Sea girdle (Zoöl.), a ctenophore. See Venus's girdle, under Venus. -- Shoulder, Pectoral, and Pelvic, girdle. (Anat.) See under Pectoral, and Pelvic. -- To have under the girdle, to have bound to one, that is, in subjection. GIRDLE Gir"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girdled; p. pr. & vb. n. Girdling.] 1. To bind with a belt or sash; to gird. Shak. 2. To inclose; to environ; to shut in. Those sleeping stones, That as a waist doth girdle you about. Shak. 3. To make a cut or gnaw a groove around (a tree, etc.) through the bark and alburnum, thus killing it. [U. S.] GIRDLER Gir"dler, n. 1. One who girdles. 2. A maker of girdles. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American longicorn beetle (Oncideres cingulatus) which lays its eggs in the twigs of the hickory, and then girdles each branch by gnawing a groove around it, thus killing it to provide suitable food for the larvæ. GIRDLESTEAD Gir"dle*stead, n. Etym: [Girdle + stead place.] 1. That part of the body where the girdle is worn. [Obs.] Sheathed, beneath his girdlestead. Chapman. 2. The lap. [R.] There fell a flower into her girdlestead. Swinburne. GIRE Gire, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Gyre. GIRKIN Gir"kin, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Gherkin. GIRL Girl, n. Etym: [OE. girle, gerle, gurle, a girl (in sense 1): cf. LG. gör child.] 1. A young person of either sex; a child. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A female child, from birth to the age of puberty; a young maiden. 3. A female servant; a maidservant. [U. S.] 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A roebuck two years old. [Prov. Eng.] GIRLHOOD Girl"hood, n. Defn: State or time of being a girl. GIRLISH Girl"ish, a. Defn: Like, or characteristic of, a girl; of or pertaining to girlhood; innocent; artless; immature; weak; as, girlish ways; girlish grief. -- Girl"ish*ly, adv. -- Girl"ish*ness, n. GIRLOND Gir"lond, n. Etym: [See Garland, n.] Defn: A garland; a prize. [Obs.] Chapman. GIRN Girn, v. i. Etym: [See Grin, n.] Defn: To grin. [Obs.] GIRONDIST Gi*ron"dist, n. Etym: [F. Girondiste.] Defn: A member of the moderate republican party formed in the French legislative assembly in 1791. The Girondists were so called because their leaders were deputies from the department of La Gironde. GIRONDIST Gi*ron"dist, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Girondists. [Written also Girondin.] GIRROCK Gir"rock, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. F. chicarou.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A garfish. Johnson. GIRT Girt, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Gird. GIRT Girt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Girted; p. pr. & vb. n. Girting.] Etym: [From Girt, n., cf. Girth, v.] Defn: To gird; to encircle; to invest by means of a girdle; to measure the girth of; as, to girt a tree. We here create thee the first duke of Suffolk, And girt thee with the sword. Shak. GIRT Girt, a. (Naut.) Defn: Bound by a cable; -- used of a vessel so moored by two anchors that she swings against one of the cables by force of the current or tide. GIRT Girt, n. Defn: Same as Girth. GIRTH Girth, n. Etym: [Icel. gjör girdle, or ger girth; akin to Goth. gaírda girdle. See Gird to girt, and cf. Girdle, n.] 1. A band or strap which encircles the body; especially, one by which a saddle is fastened upon the back of a horse. 2. The measure round the body, as at the waist or belly; the circumference of anything. He's a lu sty, jolly fellow, that lives well, at least three yards in the girth. Addison. 3. A small horizontal brace or girder. GIRTH Girth, v. t. Etym: [From Girth, n., cf. Girt, v. t.] Defn: To bind as with a girth. [R.] Johnson. GIRTLINE Girt"line`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A gantline. Hammock girtline, a line rigged for hanging out hammocks to dry. GISARM Gis*arm", n. Etym: [OF. gisarme, guisarme.] (Mediæval Armor) Defn: A weapon with a scythe-shaped blade, and a separate long sharp point, mounted on a long staff and carried by foot soldiers. GISE Gise, v. t. Etym: [See Agist.] Defn: To feed or pasture. [Obs.] GISE Gise, n. Defn: Guise; manner. [Obs.] Chaucer. GISLE Gis"le, n. Etym: [AS. gisel; akin to G. geisel, Icel. gisl.] Defn: A pledge. [Obs.] Bp. Gibson. GISMONDINE; GISMONDITE Gis*mon"dine, Gis*mon"dite, n. Etym: [From the name of the discoverer, Gismondi.] (Min.) Defn: A native hydrated silicate of alumina, lime, and potash, first noticed near Rome. GIST Gist, n. Etym: [OF. giste abode, lodgings, F. gîte, fr. gésir to lie, L. jac, prop., to be thrown, hence, to lie, fr. jacre to throw. In the second sense fr. OF. gist, F. gît, 3d pers. sing. ind. of gésir to lie, used in a proverb, F., c'est là que gît le lièvre, it is there that the hare lies, i. e., that is the point, the difficulty. See Jet a shooting forth, and cf. Agist, Joist, n., Gest a stage in traveling.] 1. A resting place. [Obs.] These quails have their set gists; to wit, ordinary resting and baiting places. Holland. 2. The main point, as of a question; the point on which an action rests; the pith of a matter; as, the gist of a question. GIT Git, n. (Founding) Defn: See Geat. GITANA; GITANO Gi*ta"na, n. fem.; Gi*ta"no, n. masc. [Sp., fr. (assumed) LL. Aegyptanus, fem. Aegyptana, Egyptian. Cf. Gypsy.] Defn: A Spanish gypsy. GITE Gite, n. Defn: A gown. [Obs.] She came often in a gite of red. Chaucer. GITH Gith, n. Etym: [Prov. E., corn cockle; cf. W. gith corn cockle.] (Bot.) Defn: The corn cockle; also anciently applied to the Nigella, or fennel flower. GITTERN Git"tern, n. Etym: [OE. giterne, OF. guiterne, ultimately from same source as E. guitar. See Guitar, and cf. Cittern.] Defn: An instrument like a guitar. "Harps, lutes, and giternes." Chaucer. GITTERN Git"tern, v. i. Defn: To play on gittern. Milton. GITTITH Git"tith, n. Etym: [Heb.] Defn: A musical instrument, of unknown character, supposed by some to have been used by the people of Gath, and thence obtained by David. It is mentioned in the title of Psalms viii., lxxxi., and lxxxiv. Dr. W. Smith. GIUST Giust, n. [Obs.] Defn: Same as Joust. Spenser. GIUST Giust (just), n. [Obs.] Defn: Same as Joust. Spenser. GIUSTO Gius"to, a. Etym: [It., fr. L. justus. See Just, a.] (Mus.) Defn: In just, correct, or suitable time. GIVE Give, v. t. [imp. Gave; p. p. Given; p. pr. & vb. n. Giving.] Etym: [OE. given, yiven, yeven, AS. gifan, giefan; akin to D. geven, OS. g, OHG. geban, Icel. gefa, Sw. gifva, Dan. give, Goth. giban. Cf. Gift, n.] 1. To bestow without receiving a return; to confer without compensation; to impart, as a possession; to grant, as authority or permission; to yield up or allow. For generous lords had rather give than pay. Young. 2. To yield possesion of; to deliver over, as property, in exchange for something; to pay; as, we give the value of what we buy. What shall a man give in exchange for his soul Matt. xvi. 26. 3. To yield; to furnish; to produce; to emit; as, flint and steel give sparks. 4. To communicate or announce, as advice, tidings, etc.; to pronounce; to render or utter, as an opinion, a judgment, a sentence, a shout, etc. 5. To grant power or license to; to permit; to allow; to license; to commission. It is given me once again to behold my friend. Rowe. Then give thy friend to shed the sacred wine. Pope. 6. To exhibit as a product or result; to produce; to show; as, the number of men, divided by the number of ships, gives four hundred to each ship. 7. To devote; to apply; used reflexively, to devote or apply one's self; as, the soldiers give themselves to plunder; also in this sense used very frequently in the past participle; as, the people are given to luxury and pleasure; the youth is given to study. 8. (Logic & Math.) Defn: To set forth as a known quantity or a known relation, or as a premise from which to reason; -- used principally in the passive form given. 9. To allow or admit by way of supposition. I give not heaven for lost. Mlton. 10. To attribute; to assign; to adjudge. I don't wonder at people's giving him to me as a lover. Sheridan. 11. To excite or cause to exist, as a sensation; as, to give offense; to give pleasure or pain. 12. To pledge; as, to give one's word. 13. To cause; to make; -- with the infinitive; as, to give one to understand, to know, etc. But there the duke was given to understand That in a gondola were seen together Lorenzo and his amorous Jessica. Shak. To give away, to make over to another; to transfer. Whatsoever we employ in charitable uses during our lives, is given away from ourselves. Atterbury. -- To give back, to return; to restore. Atterbury. -- To give the bag, to cheat. [Obs.] I fear our ears have given us the bag. J. Webster. -- To give birth to. (a) To bear or bring forth, as a child. (b) To originate; to give existence to, as an enterprise, idea. -- To give chase, to pursue. -- To give ear to. See under Ear. -- To give forth, to give out; to publish; to tell. Hayward. -- To give ground. See under Ground, n. -- To give the hand, to pledge friendship or faith. -- To give the hand of, to espouse; to bestow in marriage. -- To give the head. See under Head, n. -- To give in. (a) To abate; to deduct. (b) To declare; to make known; to announce; to tender; as, to give in one's adhesion to a party. -- To give the lie to (a person), to tell (him) that he lies. -- To give line. See under Line. -- To give off, to emit, as steam, vapor, odor, etc. -- To give one's self away, to make an inconsiderate surrender of one's cause, an unintentional disclosure of one's purposes, or the like. [Colloq.] -- To give out. (a) To utter publicly; to report; to announce or declare. One that gives out himself Prince Florizel. Shak. Give out you are of Epidamnum. Shak. (b) To send out; to emit; to distribute; as, a substance gives out steam or odors. -- To give over. (a) To yield completely; to quit; to abandon. (b) To despair of. (c) To addict, resign, or apply (one's self). The Babylonians had given themselves over to all manner of vice. Grew. -- To give place, to withdraw; to yield one's claim. -- To give points. (a) In games of skill, to equalize chances by conceding a certain advantage; to allow a handicap. (b) To give useful suggestions. [Colloq.] -- To give rein. See under Rein, n. -- To give the sack . Same as To give the bag. -- To give and take. (a) To average gains and losses. (b) To exchange freely, as blows, sarcasms, etc. -- To give time (Law), to accord extension or forbearance to a debtor. Abbott. -- To give the time of day, to salute one with the compliment appropriate to the hour, as "good morning." "good evening", etc. -- To give tongue, in hunter's phrase, to bark; -- said of dogs. -- To give up. (a) To abandon; to surrender. "Don't give up the ship." He has . . . given up For certain drops of salt, your city Rome. Shak. (b) To make public; to reveal. I'll not state them By giving up their characters. Beau. & Fl. (c) (Used also reflexively.) -- To give up the ghost. See under Ghost. -- To give one's self up, to abandon hope; to despair; to surrender one's self. -- To give way. (a) To withdraw; to give place. (b) To yield to force or pressure; as, the scaffolding gave way. (c) (Naut.) To begin to row; or to row with increased energy. (d) (Stock Exchange). To depreciate or decline in value; as, railroad securities gave way two per cent. -- To give way together, to row in time; to keep stroke. Syn. -- To Give, Confer, Grant. To give is the generic word, embracing all the rest. To confer was originally used of persons in power, who gave permanent grants or privileges; as, to confer the order of knighthood; and hence it still denotes the giving of something which might have been withheld; as, to confer a favor. To grant is to give in answer to a petition or request, or to one who is in some way dependent or inferior. GIVE Give, v. i. 1. To give a gift or gifts. 2. To yield to force or pressure; to relax; to become less rigid; as, the earth gives under the feet. 3. To become soft or moist. [Obs.] Bacon . 4. To move; to recede. Now back he gives, then rushes on amain. Daniel. 5. To shed tears; to weep. [Obs.] Whose eyes do never give But through lust and laughter. Shak. 6. To have a misgiving. [Obs.] My mind gives ye're reserved To rob poor market women. J. Webster. 7. To open; to lead. [A Gallicism] This, yielding, gave into a grassy walk. Tennyson. To give back, to recede; to retire; to retreat. They gave back and came no farther. Bunyan. -- To give in, to yield; to succumb; to acknowledge one's self beaten; to cease opposition. The Scots battalion was enforced to give in. Hayward. This consideration may induce a translator to give in to those general phrases. Pope. -- To give off, to cease; to forbear. [Obs.] Locke. -- To give on or upon. (a) To rush; to fall upon. [Obs.] (b) To have a view of; to be in sight of; to overlook; to look toward; to open upon; to front; to face. [A Gallicism: cf. Fr. donner sur.] Rooms which gave upon a pillared porch. Tennyson. The gloomy staircase on which the grating gave. Dickens. -- To give out. (a) To expend all one's strength. Hence: (b) To cease from exertion; to fail; to be exhausted; as, my feet being to give out; the flour has given out. -- To give over, to cease; to discontinue; to desist. It would be well for all authors, if they knew when to give over, and to desist from any further pursuits after fame. Addison. -- To give up, to cease from effort; to yield; to despair; as, he would never give up. GIVEN Giv"en, Defn: p. p. & a. from Give, v. 1. (Math. & Logic) Defn: Granted; assumed; supposed to be known; set forth as a known quantity, relation, or premise. 2. Disposed; inclined; -- used with an adv.; as, virtuously given. Shak. 3. Stated; fixed; as, in a given time. Given name, the Christian name, or name given by one's parents or guardians, as distinguished from the surname, which is inherited. [Colloq.] GIVER Giv"er, n. Defn: One who gives; a donor; a bestower; a grantor; one who imparts or distributes. It is the giver, and not the gift, that engrosses the heart of the Christian. Kollock. GIVES Gives, n. pl. Etym: [See Give, n.] Defn: Fetters. GIVING Giv"ing, n. 1. The act of bestowing as a gift; a conferring or imparting. 2. A gift; a benefaction. [R.] Pope. 3. The act of softening, breaking, or yielding. "Upon the first giving of the weather." Addison. Giving in, a falling inwards; a collapse. -- Giving out, anything uttered or asserted; an outgiving. His givings out were of an infinite distance From his true meant design. Shak. GIZZARD Giz"zard, n. Etym: [F. gésier, L. gigeria, pl., the cooked entrails of poultry. Cf. Gigerium.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The second, or true, muscular stomach of birds, in which the food is crushed and ground, after being softened in the glandular stomach (crop), or lower part of the esophagus; the gigerium. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A thick muscular stomach found in many invertebrate animals. (b) A stomach armed with chitinous or shelly plates or teeth, as in certain insects and mollusks. Gizzard shad (Zoöl.), an American herring (Dorosoma cepedianum) resembling the shad, but of little value. -- To fret the gizzard, to harass; to vex one's self; to worry. [Low] Hudibras. -- To stick in one's gizzard, to be difficult of digestion; to be offensive. [Low] GLABELLA Gla*bel"la, n.; pl. Glabell. Etym: [NL., fr. L. glabellus hairless, fr. glaber bald.] (Anat.) Defn: The space between the eyebrows, also including the corresponding part of the frontal bone; the mesophryon. -- Gla*bel"lar, a. GLABELLUM Gla*bel"lum, n.; pl. Glabella. Etym: [NL. See Glabella.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The median, convex lobe of the head of a trilobite. See Trilobite. GLABRATE Gla"brate, a. Etym: [L. glabrare, fr. glaber smooth.] (Bot.) Defn: Becoming smooth or glabrous from age. Gray. GLABREATE; GLABRIATE Gla"bre*ate, Gla"bri*ate, v. t. Etym: [See Glabrate.] Defn: To make smooth, plain, or bare. [Obs.] GLABRITY Glab"ri*ty, n. Etym: [L. glabritas.] Defn: Smoothness; baldness. [R.] GLABROUS Gla"brous, a. Etym: [L. glaber; cf. Gr. Defn: Smooth; having a surface without hairs or any unevenness. GLACE Gla`cé", a. [F., p.p. of glacer to freeze, to ice. Cf. Glacier.] Defn: Coated with icing; iced; glazed; -- said of fruits, sweetmeats, cake, etc. GLACIAL Gla"cial, a. Etym: [L. glacialis, from glacies ice: cf. F. glacial.] 1. Pertaining to ice or to its action; consisting of ice; frozen; icy; esp., pertaining to glaciers; as, glacial phenomena. Lyell. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Resembling ice; having the appearance and consistency of ice; - - said of certain solid compounds; as, glacial phosphoric or acetic acids. Glacial acid (Chem.), an acid of such strength or purity as to crystallize at an ordinary temperature, in an icelike form; as acetic or carbolic acid. -- Glacial drift (Geol.), earth and rocks which have been transported by moving ice, land ice, or icebergs; bowlder drift. -- Glacial epoch or period (Geol.), a period during which the climate of the modern temperate regions was polar, and ice covered large portions of the northern hemisphere to the mountain tops. -- Glacial theory or hypothesis. (Geol.) See Glacier theory, under Glacier. GLACIALIST Gla"cial*ist, n. Defn: One who attributes the phenomena of the drift, in geology, to glaciers. GLACIATE Gla"ci*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. glaciatus, p. p. of glaciare to freeze, fr. glacies ice.] Defn: To turn to ice. GLACIATE Gla"ci*ate, v. t. 1. To convert into, or cover with, ice. 2. (Geol.) Defn: To produce glacial effects upon, as in the scoring of rocks, transportation of loose material, etc. Glaciated rocks, rocks whose surfaces have been smoothed, furrowed, or striated, by the action of ice. GLACIATION Gla`ci*a"tion, n. 1. Act of freezing. 2. That which is formed by freezing; ice. 3. The process of glaciating, or the state of being glaciated; the production of glacial phenomena. GLACIER Gla"cier, n. Etym: [F. glacier, fr. glace ice, L. glacies.] Defn: An immense field or stream of ice, formed in the region of perpetual snow, and moving slowly down a mountain slope or valley, as in the Alps, or over an extended area, as in Greenland. Note: The mass of compacted snow forming the upper part of a glacier is called the firn, or névé; the glacier proper consist of solid ice, deeply crevassed where broken up by irregularities in the slope or direction of its path. A glacier usually carries with it accumulations of stones and dirt called moraines, which are designated, according to their position, as lateral, medial, or terminal (see Moraine). The common rate of flow of the Alpine glaciers is from ten to twenty inches per day in summer, and about half that in winter. Glacier theory (Geol.), the theory that large parts of the frigid and temperate zones were covered with ice during the glacial, or ice, period, and that, by the agency of this ice, the loose materials on the earth's surface, called drift or diluvium, were transported and accumulated. GLACIOUS Gla"cious, a. Defn: Pertaining to, consisting of or resembling, ice; icy. Sir T. Browne. GLACIS Gla"cis, n. Etym: [F. glacis; -- so named from its smoothness. See Glacier.] Defn: A gentle slope, or a smooth, gently sloping bank; especially (Fort.), that slope of earth which inclines from the covered way toward the exterior ground or country (see Illust. of Ravelin). GLAD Glad, a. [Compar. Gladder; superl. Gladdest.] Etym: [AS. glæd bright, glad; akin to D. glad smooth, G. glatt, OHG. glat smooth, shining, Icel. gla glad, bright, Dan. & Sw. glad glad, Lith. glodas smooth, and prob. to L. glaber, and E. glide. Cf. Glabrous.] 1. Pleased; joyous; happy; cheerful; gratified; -- opposed to sorry, sorrowful, or unhappy; -- said of persons, and often followed by of, at, that, or by the infinitive, and sometimes by with, introducing the cause or reason. A wise son maketh a glad father. Prov. x. 1. He that is glad at calamities shall not be unpunished. Prov. xvii. 5. The Trojan, glad with sight of hostile blood. Dryden. He, glad of her attention gained. Milton. As we are now glad to behold your eyes. Shak. Glad am I that your highness is so armed. Shak. Glad on 't, glad of it. [Colloq.] Shak. 2. Wearing a gay or bright appearance; expressing or exciting joy; producing gladness; exhilarating. Her conversation More glad to me than to a miser money is. Sir P. Sidney. Glad evening and glad morn crowned the fourth day. Milton. Syn. -- Pleased; gratified; exhilarated; animated; delighted; happy; cheerful; joyous; joyful; cheering; exhilarating; pleasing; animating. -- Glad, Delighted, Gratified. Delighted expresses a much higher degree of pleasure than glad. Gratified always refers to a pleasure conferred by some human agent, and the feeling is modified by the consideration that we owe it in part to another. A person may be glad or delighted to see a friend, and gratified at the attention shown by his visits. GLAD Glad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gladded; p. pr. & vb. n. Gladding.] Etym: [AS. gladian. See Glad, a., and cf. Gladden, v. t.] Defn: To make glad; to cheer; to gladden; to exhilarate. Chaucer. That which gladded all the warrior train. Dryden. Each drinks the juice that glads the heart of man. Pope. GLAD Glad, v. i. Defn: To be glad; to rejoice. [Obs.] Massinger. GLADDEN Glad"den, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gladdened; p. pr. & vb. n. Gladdening.] Etym: [See Glad, v. t.] Defn: To make glad; to cheer; to please; to gratify; to rejoice; to exhilarate. A secret pleasure gladdened all that saw him. Addison. GLADDEN Glad"den, v. i. Defn: To be or become glad; to rejoice. The vast Pacific gladdens with the freight. Wordsworth. GLADDER Glad"der, n. Defn: One who makes glad. Chaucer. GLADE Glade, n. Etym: [Prob. of Scand. origin, and akin to glad, a.; cf. also W. golead, goleuad, a lighting, illumination, fr. goleu light, clear, bright, goleu fwlch glade, lit., a light or clear defile.] 1. An open passage through a wood; a grassy open or cleared space in a forest. There interspersed in lawns and opening glades. Pope. 2. An everglade. [Local, U. S.] 3. An opening in the ice of rivers or lakes, or a place left unfrozen; also, smooth ice. [Local, U. S.] Bottom glade. See under Bottom. -- Glade net, in England, a net used for catching woodcock and other birds in forest glades. GLADEN Gla"den, n. Etym: [AS. glædene, cf. L. gladius a sword. Cf. Gladiole.] (Bot.) Defn: Sword grass; any plant with sword-shaped leaves, esp. the European Iris foetidissima. [Written also gladwyn, gladdon, and glader.] GLADEYE Glad"eye`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European yellow-hammer. GLADFUL Glad"ful, a. Defn: Full of gladness; joyful; glad. [R.] -- Glad"ful*ness, n. [R.] Spenser. It followed him with gladful glee. Spenser. GLADIATE Glad"i*ate, a. Etym: [L. gladius sword.] (Bot.) Defn: Sword-shaped; resembling a sword in form, as the leaf of the iris, or of the gladiolus. GLADIATOR Glad"i*a`tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. gladius sword. See Glaive.] 1. Originally, a swordplayer; hence, one who fought with weapons in public, either on the occasion of a funeral ceremony, or in the arena, for public amusement. 2. One who engages in any fierce combat or controversy. GLADIATORIAL; GLADIATORIAN Glad`i*a*to"ri*al, Glad`i*a*to"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to gladiators, or to contests or combatants in general. GLADIATORISM Glad"i*a`tor*ism, n. Defn: The art or practice of a gladiator. GLADIATORSHIP Glad"i*a`tor*ship, n. Defn: Conduct, state, or art, of a gladiator. GLADIATORY Glad"i*a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. gladiatorius.] Defn: Gladiatorial. [R.] GLADIATURE Glad"i*a*ture, n. Etym: [L. gladiatura.] Defn: Swordplay; fencing; gladiatorial contest. Gayton. GLADIOLE Glad"i*ole, n. Etym: [L. gladiolus a small sword, the sword lily, dim. of gladius sword. See Glaive.] (Bot.) Defn: A lilylike plant, of the genus Gladiolus; -- called also corn flag. GLADIOLUS Gla*di"o*lus, n.; pl. L. Gladioli, E. Gladioluses. Etym: [L. See Gladiole.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants having bulbous roots and gladiate leaves, and including many species, some of which are cultivated and valued for the beauty of their flowers; the corn flag; the sword lily. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The middle portion of the sternum in some animals; the mesosternum. GLADIUS Gla"di*us, n.; pl. Gladii. Etym: [L., a sword.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The internal shell, or pen, of cephalopods like the squids. GLADLY Glad"ly, adv. Etym: [From Glad, a.] 1. Preferably; by choice. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. With pleasure; joyfully; cheerfully; eagerly. The common people heard him gladly. Mark xii. 37. GLADNESS Glad"ness, n. Etym: [AS. glædnes.] Defn: State or quality of being glad; pleasure; joyful satisfaction; cheerfulness. They . . . did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart. Acts ii. 46. Note: Gladness is rarely or never equivalent to mirth, merriment, gayety, and triumph, and it usually expresses less than delight. It sometimes expresses great joy. The Jews had joy and gladness, a feast and a good day. Esther viii. 17. GLADSHIP Glad"ship, n. Etym: [AS. glædscipe.] Defn: A state of gladness. [Obs.] Gower. GLADSOME Glad"some, a. 1. Pleased; joyful; cheerful. 2. Causing joy, pleasure, or cheerfulness; having the appearance of gayety; pleasing. Of opening heaven they sung, and gladsome day. Prior. -- Glad"some*ly, adv. -- Glad"some*ness, n. Hours of perfect gladsomeness. Wordsworth. GLADSTONE Glad"stone, n. Etym: [Named after Wm. E. Gladstone.] Defn: A four-wheeled pleasure carriage with two inside seats, calash top, and seats for driver and footman. GLADWYN Glad"wyn, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Gladen. GLAIR Glair, n. Etym: [F. glaire, glaire d'clarus clear, bright. See Clear, a.] 1. The white of egg. It is used as a size or a glaze in bookbinding, for pastry, etc. 2. Any viscous, transparent substance, resembling the white of an egg. 3. A broadsword fixed on a pike; a kind of halberd. GLAIR Glair, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glaired; p. pr. & vb. n. Glairing.] Defn: To smear with the white of an egg. GLAIRE Glaire, n. Defn: See Glair. GLAIREOUS Glair"e*ous, a. Defn: Glairy; covered with glair. GLAIRIN Glair"in, n. Defn: A glairy viscous substance, which forms on the surface of certain mineral waters, or covers the sides of their inclosures; -- called also baregin. GLAIRY Glair"y, a. Defn: Like glair, or partaking of its qualities; covered with glair; viscous and transparent; slimy. Wiseman. GLAIVE Glaive, n. Etym: [F. glaive, L. gladius; prob. akin to E. claymore. Cf. Gladiator.] 1. A weapon formerly used, consisting of a large blade fixed on the end of a pole, whose edge was on the outside curve; also, a light lance with a long sharp-pointed head. Wilhelm. 2. A sword; -- used poetically and loosely. The glaive which he did wield. Spenser. GLAMA Gla"ma, n. Etym: [NL.;cf. Gr. gramiae, Gr. (Med.) Defn: A copious gummy secretion of the humor of the eyelids, in consequence of some disorder; blearedness; lippitude. GLAMOUR Gla"mour, n. Etym: [Scot. glamour, glamer; cf. Icel. glámeggdr one who is troubled with the glaucoma; or Icel. glam-s weakness of sight, glamour; glamr name of the moon, also of a ghost + s sight akin to E. see. Perh., however, a corruption of E. gramarye.] 1. A charm affecting the eye, making objects appear different from what they really are. 2. Witchcraft; magic; a spell. Tennyson. 3. A kind of haze in the air, causing things to appear different from what they really are. The air filled with a strange, pale glamour that seemed to lie over the broad valley. W. Black. 4. Any artificial interest in, or association with, an object, through which it appears delusively magnified or glorified. Glamour gift, Glamour might, the gift or power of producing a glamour. The former is used figuratively, of the gift of fascination peculiar to women. It had much of glamour might To make a lady seem a knight. Sir W. Scott. GLAMOURIE Glam"ou*rie, n. Defn: Glamour. [Scot.] GLANCE Glance, n. Etym: [Akin to D. glans luster, brightness, G. glanz, Sw. glans, D. glands brightness, glimpse. Cf. Gleen, Glint, Glitter, and Glance a mineral.] 1. A sudden flash of light or splendor. Swift as the lightning glance. Milton. 2. A quick cast of the eyes; a quick or a casual look; a swift survey; a glimpse. Dart not scornful glances from those eyes. Shak. 3. An incidental or passing thought or allusion. How fleet is a glance of the mind. Cowper. 4. (Min.) Defn: A name given to some sulphides, mostly dark-colored, which have a brilliant metallic luster, as the sulphide of copper, called copper glance. Glance coal, anthracite; a mineral composed chiefly of carbon. -- Glance cobalt, cobaltite, or gray cobalt. -- Glance copper, c -- Glance wood, a hard wood grown in Cuba, and used for gauging instruments, carpenters' rules, etc. McElrath. GLANCE Glance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Glancing.] 1. To shoot or emit a flash of light; to shine; to flash. From art, from nature, from the schools, Let random influences glance, Like light in many a shivered lance, That breaks about the dappled pools. Tennyson. 2. To strike and fly off in an oblique direction; to dart aside. "Your arrow hath glanced". Shak. On me the curse aslope Glanced on the ground. Milton. 3. To look with a sudden, rapid cast of the eye; to snatch a momentary or hasty view. The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven. Shak. 4. To make an incidental or passing reflection; to allude; to hint; - - often with at. Wherein obscurely Cæsar''s ambition shall be glanced at. Shak. He glanced at a certain reverend doctor. Swift. 5. To move quickly, appearing and disappearing rapidly; to be visible only for an instant at a time; to move interruptedly; to twinkle. And all along the forum and up the sacred seat, His vulture eye pursued the trip of those small glancing feet. Macaulay. GLANCE Glance, v. t. 1. To shoot or dart suddenly or obliquely; to cast for a moment; as, to glance the eye. 2. To hint at; to touch lightly or briefly. [Obs.] In company I often glanced it. Shak. GLANCING Glan"cing, a. 1. Shooting, as light. When through the gancing lightnings fly. Rowe. 2. Flying off (after striking) in an oblique direction; as, a glancing shot. GLANCINGLY Glan"cing*ly, adv. Defn: In a glancing manner; transiently; incidentally; indirectly. Hakewill. GLAND Gland, n. Etym: [F. glande, L. glans, glandis, acorn; akin to Gr. Parable, n.] 1. (Anat.) (a) An organ for secreting something to be used in, or eliminated from, the body; as, the sebaceous glands of the skin; the salivary glands of the mouth. (b) An organ or part which resembles a secreting, or true, gland, as the ductless, lymphatic, pineal, and pituitary glands, the functions of which are very imperfectly known. Note: The true secreting glands are, in principle, narrow pouches of the mucous membranes, or of the integument, lined with a continuation of the epithelium, or of the epidermis, the cells of which produce the secretion from the blood. In the larger glands, the pouches are tubular, greatly elongated, and coiled, as in the sweat glands, or subdivided and branched, making compound and racemose glands, such as the pancreas. 2. (Bot.) (a) A special organ of plants, usually minute and globular, which often secretes some kind of resinous, gummy, or aromatic product. (b) Any very small prominence. 3. (Steam Mach.) Defn: The movable part of a stuffing box by which the packing is compressed; -- sometimes called a follower. See Illust. of Stuffing box, under Stuffing. 4. (Mach.) Defn: The crosspiece of a bayonet clutch. GLANDAGE Glan"dage, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. glandage. See Gland.] Defn: A feeding on nuts or mast. [Obs.] Crabb. GLANDERED Glan"dered, a. Defn: Affected with glanders; as, a glandered horse. Yu GLANDEROUS Glan"der*ous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to glanders; of the nature of glanders. Youatt. GLANDERS Glan"ders, n. Etym: [From Gland.] (Far.) Defn: A highly contagious and very destructive disease of horses, asses, mules, etc., characterized by a constant discharge of sticky matter from the nose, and an enlargement and induration of the glands beneath and within the lower jaw. It may transmitted to dogs, goats, sheep, and to human beings. GLANDIFEROUS Glan*dif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. glandifer; glans, glandis, acorn + ferre to bear; cf. F. glandifère.] Defn: Bearing acorns or other nuts; as, glandiferous trees. GLANDIFORM Gland"i*form, a. Etym: [L. glans, glandis, acorn + -form: cf. F. glandiforme .] Defn: Having the form of a gland or nut; resembling a gland. GLANDULAR Glan"du*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. glandulaire. See Glandule.] Defn: Containing or supporting glands; consisting of glands; pertaining to glands. GLANDULATION Glan`du*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. glandulation.] (Bot.) Defn: The situation and structure of the secretory vessels in plants. Martyn. Glandulation respects the secretory vessels, which are either glandules, follicles, or utricles. J. Lee. GLANDULE Glan"dule, n. Etym: [L. glandula, dim. of glans, glandis, acorn: cf. F. glandule. See Gland.] Defn: A small gland or secreting vessel. GLANDULIFEROUS Glan`du*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. glandula gland + -ferous; cf. F. glandulifère.] Defn: Bearing glandules. GLANDULOSE Glan"du*lose`, a. Defn: Same as Glandulous. GLANDULOSITY Glan`du*los"i*ty, n. Defn: Quality of being glandulous; a collection of glands. [R.] Sir T. Browne. GLANDULOUS Glan"du*lous, a. Etym: [L. glandulosus: cf. F. glanduleux.] Defn: Containing glands; consisting of glands; pertaining to glands; resembling glands. GLANS Glans n.; pl. Glandes. Etym: [L. See Gland.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The vascular body which forms the apex of the penis, and the extremity of the clitoris. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The acorn or mast of the oak and similar fruits. Gray. 3. (Med.) (a) Goiter. (b) A pessary. [Obs.] GLARE Glare (glâr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glared; p. pr. & vb. n. Glaring.] Etym: [OE. glaren, gloren; cf. AS. glær amber, LG. glaren to glow or burn like coals, D. gloren to glimmer; prob. akin to E. glass.] 1. To shine with a bright, dazzling light. The cavern glares with new-admitted light. Dryden. 2. To look with fierce, piercing eyes; to stare earnestly, angrily, or fiercely. And eye that scorcheth all it glares upon. Byron. 3. To be bright and intense, as certain colors; to be ostentatiously splendid or gay. She glares in balls, front boxes, and the ring. Pope. GLARE Glare, v. t. Defn: To shoot out, or emit, as a dazzling light. Every eye Glared lightning, and shot forth pernicious fire. Milton. GLARE Glare, n. 1. A bright, dazzling light; splendor that dazzles the eyes; a confusing and bewildering light. The frame of burnished steel that cast a glare. Dryden. 2. A fierce, piercing look or stare. About them round, A lion now he stalks with fiery glare. Milton. 3. A viscous, transparent substance. See Glair. 4. A smooth, bright, glassy surface; as, a glare of ice. [U. S. ] GLARE Glare, a. Etym: [See Glary, and Glare, n.] Defn: Smooth and bright or translucent; -- used almost exclusively of ice; as, skating on glare ice. [U. S.] GLAREOUS Glar"e*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. glaireux. See Glair.] Defn: Glairy. John Georgy (1766). GLARINESS; GLARINGNESS Glar"i*ness, Glar"ing*ness, n. Defn: A dazzling luster or brilliancy. GLARING Glar"ing, a. Defn: Clear; notorious; open and bold; barefaced; as, a glaring crime. -- Glar"ing*ly, adv. GLARY Glar"y, a. Defn: Of a dazzling luster; glaring; bright; shining; smooth. Bright, crystal glass is glary. Boyle. GLASS Glass, n. Etym: [OE. glas, gles, AS. glæs; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. glas, Icel. glas, gler, Dan. glar; cf. AS. glær amber, L. glaesum. Cf. Glare, n., Glaze, v. t.] 1. A hard, brittle, translucent, and commonly transparent substance, white or colored, having a conchoidal fracture, and made by fusing together sand or silica with lime, potash, soda, or lead oxide. It is used for window panes and mirrors, for articles of table and culinary use, for lenses, and various articles of ornament. Note: Glass is variously colored by the metallic oxides; thus, manganese colors it violet; copper (cuprous), red, or (cupric) green; cobalt, blue; uranium, yellowish green or canary yellow; iron, green or brown; gold, purple or red; tin, opaque white; chromium, emerald green; antimony, yellow. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Any substance having a peculiar glassy appearance, and a conchoidal fracture, and usually produced by fusion. 3. Anything made of glass. Especially: (a) A looking-glass; a mirror. (b) A vessel filled with running sand for measuring time; an hourglass; and hence, the time in which such a vessel is exhausted of its sand. She would not live The running of one glass. Shak. (c) A drinking vessel; a tumbler; a goblet; hence, the contents of such a vessel; especially; spirituous liquors; as, he took a glass at dinner. (d) An optical glass; a lens; a spyglass; -- in the plural, spectacles; as, a pair of glasses; he wears glasses. (e) A weatherglass; a barometer. Note: Glass is much used adjectively or in combination; as, glass maker, or glassmaker; glass making or glassmaking; glass blower or glassblower, etc. Bohemian glass, Cut glass, etc. See under Bohemian, Cut, etc. -- Crown glass, a variety of glass, used for making the finest plate or window glass, and consisting essentially of silicate of soda or potash and lime, with no admixture of lead; the convex half of an achromatic lens is composed of crown glass; -- so called from a crownlike shape given it in the process of blowing. -- Crystal glass, or Flint glass. See Flint glass, in the Vocabulary. -- Cylinder glass, sheet glass made by blowing the glass in the form of a cylinder which is then split longitudinally, opened out, and flattened. -- Glass of antimony, a vitreous oxide of antimony mixed with sulphide. -- Glass blower, one whose occupation is to blow and fashion glass. -- Glass blowing, the art of shaping glass, when reduced by heat to a viscid state, by inflating it through a tube. -- Glass cloth, a woven fabric formed of glass fibers. -- Glass coach, a coach superior to a hackney-coach, hired for the day, or any short period, as a private carriage; -- so called because originally private carriages alone had glass windows. [Eng.] Smart. Glass coaches are [allowed in English parks from which ordinary hacks are excluded], meaning by this term, which is never used in America, hired carriages that do not go on stands. J. F. Cooper. -- Glass cutter. (a) One who cuts sheets of glass into sizes for window panes, ets. (b) One who shapes the surface of glass by grinding and polishing. (c) A tool, usually with a diamond at the point, for cutting glass. -- Glass cutting. (a) The act or process of dividing glass, as sheets of glass into panes with a diamond. (b) The act or process of shaping the surface of glass by appylying it to revolving wheels, upon which sand, emery, and, afterwards, polishing powder, are applied; especially of glass which is shaped into facets, tooth ornaments, and the like. Glass having ornamental scrolls, etc., cut upon it, is said to be engraved. -- Glass metal, the fused material for making glass. -- Glass painting, the art or process of producing decorative effects in glass by painting it with enamel colors and combining the pieces together with slender sash bars of lead or other metal. In common parlance, glass painting and glass staining (see Glass staining, below) are used indifferently for all colored decorative work in windows, and the like. -- Glass paper, paper faced with pulvirezed glass, and used for abrasive purposes. -- Glass silk, fine threads of glass, wound, when in fusion, on rapidly rotating heated cylinders. -- Glass silvering, the process of transforming plate glass into mirrors by coating it with a reflecting surface, a deposit of silver, or a mercury amalgam. -- Glass soap, or Glassmaker's soap, the black oxide of manganese or other substances used by glass makers to take away color from the materials for glass. -- Glass staining, the art or practice of coloring glass in its whole substance, or, in the case of certain colors, in a superficial film only; also, decorative work in glass. Cf. Glass painting. -- Glass tears. See Rupert's drop. -- Glass works, an establishment where glass is made. -- Heavy glass, a heavy optical glass, consisting essentially of a borosilicate of potash. -- Millefiore glass. See Millefiore. -- Plate glass, a fine kind of glass, cast in thick plates, and flattened by heavy rollers, -- used for mirrors and the best windows. -- Pressed glass, glass articles formed in molds by pressure when hot. -- Soluble glass (Chem.), a silicate of sodium or potassium, found in commerce as a white, glassy mass, a stony powder, or dissolved as a viscous, sirupy liquid; -- used for rendering fabrics incombustible, for hardening artificial stone, etc.; -- called also water glass. -- Spun glass, glass drawn into a thread while liquid. -- Toughened glass, Tempered glass, glass finely tempered or annealed, by a peculiar method of sudden cooling by plunging while hot into oil, melted wax, or paraffine, etc.; -- called also, from the name of the inventor of the process, Bastie glass. -- Water glass. (Chem.) See Soluble glass, above. -- Window glass, glass in panes suitable for windows. GLASS Glass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Glassing.] 1. To reflect, as in a mirror; to mirror; -- used reflexively. Happy to glass themselves in such a mirror. Motley. Where the Almighty's form glasses itself in tempests. Byron. 2. To case in glass. [R.] Shak. 3. To cover or furnish with glass; to glaze. Boyle. 4. To smooth or polish anything, as leater, by rubbing it with a glass burnisher. GLASS-CRAB Glass"-crab`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larval state (Phyllosoma) of the genus Palinurus and allied genera. It is remarkable for its strange outlines, thinness, and transparency. See Phyllosoma. GLASSEN Glass"en, a. Defn: Glassy; glazed. [Obs.] And pursues the dice with glassen eyes. B. Jonson. GLASSEYE Glass"eye`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of the great lakes; the wall-eyed pike. 2. (Far.) Defn: A species of blindness in horses in which the eye is bright and the pupil dilated; a sort of amaurosis. Youatt. GLASS-FACED Glass"-faced`, a. Defn: Mirror-faced; reflecting the sentiments of another. [R.] "The glass-faced flatterer." Shak. GLASSFUL Glass"ful, n.; pl. Glassfuls (. Defn: The contents of a glass; as much of anything as a glass will hold. GLASSFUL Glass"ful, a. Defn: Glassy; shining like glass. [Obs.] "Minerva's glassful shield." Marston. GLASS-GAZING Glass"-gaz`ing, a. Defn: Given to viewing one's self in a glass or mirror; finical. [Poetic] Shak. GLASSHOUSE Glass"house`, n. Defn: A house where glass is made; a commercial house that deals in glassware. GLASSILY Glass"i*ly, adv. Defn: So as to resemble glass. GLASSINESS Glass"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being glassy. GLASSITE Glass"ite, n. Defn: A member of a Scottish sect, founded in the 18th century by John Glass, a minister of the Established Church of Scotland, who taught that justifying faith is "no more than a simple assent to the divine testimone passively recived by the understanding." The English and American adherents of this faith are called Sandemanians, after Robert Sandeman, the son-in-law and disciple of Glass. GLASS MAKER; GLASSMAKER Glass" mak`er, or; Glass"mak`er, n. Defn: One who makes, or manufactures, glass. -- Glass" mak`ing, or Glass"mak`ing, n. GLASS-ROPE Glass"-rope`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A remarkable vitreous sponge, of the genus Hyalonema, first brought from Japan. It has a long stem, consisting of a bundle of long and large, glassy, siliceous fibers, twisted together. GLASS-SNAIL Glass"-snail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, transparent, land snail, of the genus Vitrina. GLASS-SNAKE Glass"-snake`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A long, footless lizard (Ophiosaurus ventralis), of the Southern United States; -- so called from its fragility, the tail easily breaking into small pieces. It grows to the length of three feet. The name is applied also to similar species found in the Old World. GLASS-SPONGE Glass"-sponge`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A siliceous sponge, of the genus Hyalonema, and allied genera; -- so called from their glassy fibers or spicules; -- called also vitreous sponge. See Glass-rope, and Euplectella. GLASSWARE Glass"ware, n. Defn: Ware, or articles collectively, made of glass. GLASSWORK Glass"work`, n. Defn: Manufacture of glass; articles or ornamentation made of glass. GLASSWORT Glass"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A seashore plant of the Spinach family (Salicornia herbacea), with succulent jointed stems; also, a prickly plant of the same family (Salsola Kali), both formerly burned for the sake of the ashes, which yield soda for making glass and soap. GLASSY Glass"y, a. 1. Made of glass; vitreous; as, a glassy substance. Bacon. 2. Resembling glass in its properties, as in smoothness, brittleness, or transparency; as, a glassy stream; a glassy surface; the glassy deep. 3. Dull; wanting life or fire; lackluster; -- said of the eyes. "In his glassy eye." Byron. Glassy feldspar (Min.), a variety of orthoclase; sanidine. GLASTONBURY THORN Glas"ton*bur*y thorn`. (Bot.) Defn: A variety of the common hawthorn. Loudon. GLASYNGE Glas"ynge, n. Defn: Glazing or glass. [Obs.] GLAUBERITE Glau"ber*ite, n. Etym: [From Glauber, a German chemist, died 1668: cf. F. glaubérite, G. glauberit.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral, consisting of the sulphates of soda and lime. GLAUBER'S SALT; GLAUBER'S SALTS Glau"ber's salt` or; Glau"ber's salts` (. Etym: [G. glaubersalz, from Glauber, a German chemist who discovered it. See Glauberite.] Defn: Sulphate of soda, a well-known cathartic. It is a white crystalline substance, with a cooling, slightly bitter taste, and is commonly called "salts." Note: It occurs naturally and abundantly in some mineral springs, and in many salt deposits, as the mineral mirabilite. It is manufactured in large quantities as an intermediate step in the "soda process," and also for use in glass making. GLAUCESCENT Glau*ces"cent, a. Etym: [See Glaucous.] Defn: Having a somewhat glaucous appearance or nature; becoming glaucous. GLAUCIC Glau"cic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Glaucium or horned poppy; -- formerly applied to an acid derived from it, now known to be fumaric acid. GLAUCINE Glau"cine, a. Defn: Glaucous or glaucescent. GLAUCINE Glau"cine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid obtained from the plant Glaucium, as a bitter, white, crystalline substance. GLAUCODOT Glau"co*dot, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A metallic mineral having a grayish tin-white color, and containing cobalt and iron, with sulphur and arsenic. GLAUCOMA Glau*co"ma, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Dimness or abolition of sight, with a diminution of transparency, a bluish or greenish tinge of the refracting media of the eye, and a hard inelastic condition of the eyeball, with marked increase of tension within the eyeball. GLAUCOMATOUS Glau*co"ma*tous, a. Defn: Having the nature of glaucoma. GLAUCOMETER Glau*com"e*ter, n. Defn: See Gleucometer. GLAUCONITE Glau"co*nite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. glauconite, glauconie, fr. L. glaucus. See Glaucous.] (Min.) Defn: The green mineral characteristic of the greensand of the chalk and other formations. It is a hydrous silicate of iron and potash. See Greensand. GLAUCOPHANE Glau"co*phane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a dark bluish color, related to amphibole. It is characteristic of certain crystalline rocks. GLAUCOSIS Glau*co"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Same as Glaucoma. GLAUCOUS Glau"cous, a. Etym: [L. glaucus, Gr. 1. Of a sea-green color; of a dull green passing into grayish blue. Lindley. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Covered with a fine bloom or fine white powder easily rubbed off, as that on a blue plum, or on a cabbage leaf. Gray. GLAUCUS Glau"cus, n. Etym: [L., sea green.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of nudibranchiate mollusks, found in the warmer latitudes, swimming in the open sea. These mollusks are beautifully colored with blue and silvery white. GLAUM Glaum, v. i. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: To grope with the hands, as in the dark. [Scot.] To glaum at, to grasp or snatch at; to aspire to. Wha glaum'd at kingdoms three. Burns. GLAVE Glave, n. Defn: See Glaive. GLAVER Glav"er, v. i. Etym: [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. glafr flattery.] 1. To prate; to jabber; to babble. [Obs.] Here many, clepid filosophirs, glavern diversely. Wyclif. 2. To flatter; to wheedle. [Obs.] Some slavish, glavering, flattering parasite. South. GLAVERER Glav"er*er, n. Defn: A flatterer. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag. GLAYMORE Glay"more`, n. Defn: A claymore. Johnson. GLAZE Glaze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glazed; p. pr. & vb. n. Glazing.] Etym: [OE. glasen, glazen, fr. glas. See Glass.] 1. To furnish (a window, a house, a sash, a ease, etc.) with glass. Two cabinets daintily paved, richly handed, and glazed with crystalline glass. Bacon. 2. To incrust, cover, or overlay with a thin surface, consisting of, or resembling, glass; as, to glaze earthenware; hence, to render smooth, glasslike, or glossy; as, to glaze paper, gunpowder, and the like. Sorrow's eye glazed with blinding tears. Shak. 3. (Paint.) Defn: To apply thinly a transparent or semitransparent color to (another color), to modify the effect. GLAZE Glaze, v. i. Defn: To become glazed of glassy. GLAZE Glaze, n. 1. The vitreous coating of pottery or porcelain; anything used as a coating or color in glazing. See Glaze, v. t., 3. Ure. 2. (Cookery) Defn: Broth reduced by boiling to a gelatinous paste, and spread thinly over braised dishes. 3. A glazing oven. See Glost oven. GLAZEN Glaz"en, a. Etym: [AS. glæsen.] Defn: Resembling glass; glasslike; glazed. [Obs.] Wyclif. GLAZER Glaz"er, n. 1. One who applies glazing, as in pottery manufacture, etc.; one who gives a glasslike or glossy surface to anything; a calenderer or smoother of cloth, paper, and the like. 2. A tool or machine used in glazing, polishing, smoothing, etc.; amoung cutlers and lapidaries, a wooden wheel covered with emery, or having a band of lead and tin alloy, for polishing cutlery, etc. GLAZIER Gla"zier, n. Etym: [From Glaze.] Defn: One whose business is to set glass. Glazier's diamond. See under Diamond. GLAZING Glaz"ing, n. 1. The act or art of setting glass; the art of covering with a vitreous or glasslike substance, or of polishing or rendering glossy. 2. The glass set, or to be set, in a sash, frame. etc. 3. The glass, glasslike, or glossy substance with which any surface is incrusted or overlaid; as, the glazing of pottery or porcelain, or of paper. 4. (Paint.) Defn: Transparent, or semitransparent, colors passed thinly over other colors, to modify the effect. GLAZY Glaz"y, a. Defn: Having a glazed appearance; -- said of the fractured surface of some kinds of pin iron. GLEAD Glead, n. Defn: A live coal. See Gleed. [Archaic] GLEAM Gleam, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OE. glem birdlime, glue, phlegm, and E. englaimed.] (Falconry) Defn: To disgorge filth, as a hawk. GLEAM Gleam, n. Etym: [OE. glem, gleam, AS. glæm, prob. akin to E. glimmer, and perh. to Gr. Glitter.] 1. A shoot of light; a small stream of light; a beam; a ray; a glimpse. Transient unexpected gleams of joi. Addison. At last a gleam Of dawning light turned thitherward in haste His [Satan's] traveled steps. Milton. A glimmer, and then a gleam of light. Longfellow. 2. Brightness; splendor. In the clear azure gleam the flocks are seen. Pope. GLEAM Gleam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gleamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gleaming.] 1. To shoot, or dart, as rays of light; as, at the dawn, light gleams in the east. 2. To shine; to cast light; to glitter. Syn. -- To Gleam, Glimmer, Glitter. To gleam denotes a faint but distinct emission of light. To glimmer describes an indistinct and unsteady giving of light. To glitter imports a brightness that is intense, but varying. The morning light gleams upon the earth; a distant taper glimmers through the mist; a dewdrop glitters in the sun. See Flash. GLEAM Gleam, v. t. Defn: To shoot out (flashes of light, etc.). Dying eyes gleamed forth their ashy lights. Shak. GLEAMY Gleam"y, a. Defn: Darting beams of light; casting light in rays; flashing; coruscating. In brazed arms, that cast a gleamy ray, Swift through the town the warrior bends his way. Pope. GLEAN Glean, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gleaned; p. pr. & vb. n. Gleaning.] Etym: [OE. glenen, OF. glener, glaner, F. glaner, fr. LL. glenare; cf. W. glan clean, glanh to clean, purify, or AS. gelm, gilm, a hand 1. To gather after a reaper; to collect in scattered or fragmentary parcels, as the grain left by a reaper, or grapes left after the gathering. To glean the broken ears after the man That the main harvest reaps. Shak. 2. To gather from (a field or vineyard) what is left. 3. To collect with patient and minute labor; to pick out; to obtain. Content to glean what we can from . . . experiments. Locke. GLEAN Glean, v. i. 1. To gather stalks or ears of grain left by reapers. And she went, and came, and gleaned in the field after the reapers. Ruth ii. 3. 2. To pick up or gather anything by degrees. Piecemeal they this acre first, then that; Glean on, and gather up the whole estate. Pope. GLEAN Glean, n. Defn: A collection made by gleaning. The gleans of yellow thyme distend his thighs. Dryden. GLEAN Glean, n. Defn: Cleaning; afterbirth. [Obs.] Holland. GLEANER Glean"er, n. 1. One who gathers after reapers. 2. One who gathers slowly with labor. Locke. GLEANING Glean"ing, n. Defn: The act of gathering after reapers; that which is collected by gleaning. Glenings of natural knowledge. Cook. GLEBA Gle"ba, n.; pl. Glebæ (#). [L., a clod.] (Bot.) Defn: The chambered sporogenous tissue forming the central mass of the sporophore in puff balls, stinkhorns, etc. GLEBE Glebe, n. Etym: [F. glèbe, L. gleba, glaeba, clod, land, soil.] 1. A lump; a clod. 2. Turf; soil; ground; sod. Fertile of corn the glebe, of oil, and wine. Milton. 3. (Eccl. Law) Defn: The land belonging, or yielding revenue, to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice. GLEBELESS Glebe"less, a. Defn: Having no glebe. GLEBOSITY Gle*bos"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being glebous. [R.] GLEBOUS; GLEBY Gleb"ous, Gleb"y, a. Etym: [Cf. L. glaebosus cloddy.] Defn: Pertaining to the glebe; turfy; cloddy; fertile; fruitful. "Gleby land." Prior. GLEDE Glede, n. Etym: [AS. glida, akin to Icel. gle,, Sw. glada. Cf. Glide, v. i.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The common European kite (Milvus ictinus). This name is also sometimes applied to the buzzard. [Written also glead, gled, gleed, glade, and glide.] GLEDE Glede, n. Etym: [See Gleed.] Defn: A live coal. [Archaic] The cruel ire, red as any glede. Chaucer. GLEE Glee, n. Etym: [OE. gle, gleo, AS. gleów, gleó, akin to Icel. gl: cf. Gr. 1. Music; minstrelsy; entertainment. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Joy; merriment; mirth; gayety; paricularly, the mirth enjoyed at a feast. Spenser. 3. (Mus.) Defn: An unaccompanied part song for three or more solo voices. It is not necessarily gleesome. GLEE CLUB Glee club. Defn: A club or company organized for singing glees, and (by extension) part songs, ballads, etc. GLEED Gleed, n. Etym: [AS. gl, fr. gl to glow as a fire; akin to D. gloed, G. glut, Icel. gl. See Glow, v. i.] Defn: A live or glowing coal; a glede. [Archaic] Chaucer. Longfellow. GLEEFUL Glee"ful, a. Defn: Merry; gay; joyous. Shak. GLEEK Gleek, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. Icel. leika to play, play a trick on, with the prefix ge-; akin to AS. gelacan, Sw. leka to play, Dan. lege.] 1. A jest or scoff; a trick or deception. [Obs.] Where's the Bastard's braves, and Charles his gleeks Shak. 2. Etym: [Cf. Glicke] Defn: An enticing look or glance. [Obs.] A pretty gleek coming from Pallas' eye. Beau. & Fl. GLEEK Gleek, v. i. Defn: To make sport; to gibe; to sneer; to spend time idly. [Obs.] Shak. GLEEK Gleek, n. Etym: [OF. glic, G. glück, fortune. See Luck.] 1. A game at cards, once popular, played by three persons. [Obs.] Pepys. Evelyn. 2. Three of the same cards held in the same hand; -- hence, three of anything. [Obs.] GLEEMAN Glee"man, n.; pl. Gleemen. Etym: [Glee + man; AS. gleóman.] Defn: A name anciently given to an itinerant minstrel or musician. GLEEN Gleen, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Glance, Glint.] Defn: To glisten; to gleam. [Obs.] Prior. GLEESOME Glee"some, a. Defn: Merry; joyous; gleeful. GLEET Gleet, n. Etym: [OE. glette, glet, glat, mucus, pus, filth, OF. glete.] (Med.) Defn: A transparent mucous discharge from the membrane of the urethra, commonly an effect of gonorrhea. Hoblyn. GLEET Gleet, v. i. 1. To flow in a thin, limpid humor; to ooze, as gleet. Wiseman. 2. To flow slowly, as water. Cheyne. GLEETY Gleet"y, a. Defn: Ichorous; thin; limpid. Wiseman. GLEG Gleg, a. Etym: [Icel. glöggr.] Defn: Quick of perception; alert; sharp. [Scot.] Jamieson. GLEIRE; GLEYRE Gleire, Gleyre, n. Defn: See Glair. [Obs.] Chaucer. GLEN Glen, n. Etym: [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. glyn a deep valley, Ir. & Gael. gleann valley, glen.] Defn: A secluded and narrow valley; a dale; a depression between hills. And wooes the widow's daughter of the glen. Spenser. GLENGARRY; GLENGARRY BONNET Glen*gar"ry, n., or Glen*gar"ry bon"net. [Name of a valley in Scotland.] Defn: A kind of Highland Scotch cap for men, with straight sides and a hollow top sloping to the back, where it is parted and held together by ribbons or strings. The long silk streamers of his Glengarry bonnet. L. Hutton. GLENLIVAT; GLENLIVET Glen*liv"at, Glen*liv"et, n. Defn: A kind of Scotch whisky, named from the district in which it was first made. W. E. Aytoun. GLENOID Gle"noid, a. Etym: [Gr. glénoïde.] (Anat.) Defn: Having the form of a smooth and shallow depression; sockas, the glenoid cavity, or fossa, of the scapula, in which the head of the humerus articulates. GLENOIDAL Gle*noid"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Glenoid. GLENT Glent, n. & v. Defn: See Glint. GLEUCOMETER Gleu*com"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. gleucomètre.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the specific gravity and ascertaining the quantity of sugar contained in must. GLEW Glew, n. Defn: See Glue. [Obs.] GLEY Gley, v. i. Etym: [OE. gli, glien, gleien, to shine, to squint; cf. Icel. glja to glitter.] Defn: To squint; to look obliquely; to overlook things. [Scot.] Jamieson. GLEY Gley, adv. Defn: Asquint; askance; obliquely. GLIADIN Gli"a*din, n. Etym: [Gr. gliadine.] (Chem.) Defn: Vegetable glue or gelatin; glutin. It is one of the constituents of wheat gluten, and is a tough, amorphous substance, which resembles animal glue or gelatin. GLIB Glib, a. [Compar. Glibber; superl. Glibbest.] Etym: [Prob. fr. D. glibberen, glippen, to slide, glibberig, glipperig, glib, slippery.] 1. Smooth; slippery; as, ice is glib. [Obs.] 2. Speaking or spoken smoothly and with flippant rapidity; fluent; voluble; as, a glib tongue; a glib speech. I want that glib and oily art, To speak and purpose not. Shak. Syn. -- Slippery; smooth; fluent; voluble; flippant. GLIB Glib, v. t. Defn: To make glib. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. GLIB Glib, n. Etym: [Ir. & Gael. glib a lock of hair.] Defn: A thick lock of hair, hanging over the eyes. [Obs.] The Irish have, from the Scythians, mantles and long glibs, which is a thick curied bush of hair hanging down over their eyes, and monstrously disguising them. Spenser. Their wild costume of the glib and mantle. Southey. GLIB Glib, v. t. Etym: [Cf. O. & Prov. E. lib to castrate, geld, Prov. Dan. live, LG. & OD. lubben.] Defn: To castrate; to geld; to emasculate. [Obs.] Shak. GLIBBERY Glib"ber*y, a. 1. Slippery; changeable. [Obs.] My love is glibbery; there is no hold on't. Marston. 2. Moving easily; nimble; voluble. [Obs.] Thy lubrical and glibbery muse. B. Jonson. GLIBLY Glib"ly, adv. Defn: In a glib manner; as, to speak glibly. GLIBNESS Glib"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being glib. GLICKE Glicke, n. Etym: [Cf. Gleek, n., 2, and Ir. & Gael. glic wise, cunning, crafty.] Defn: An ogling look. [Obs.] GLIDDEN Glid"den, obs. Defn: p. p. of Glide. Chaucer. GLIDDER; GLIDDERY Glid"der, Glid"der*y, a. Etym: [Cf. Glide.] Defn: Giving no sure footing; smooth; slippery. [Prov. Eng.] Shingle, slates, and gliddery stones. R. D. Blackmore. GLIDE Glide, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The glede or kite. GLIDE Glide, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glided; p. pr. & vb. n. Gliding.] Etym: [AS. glidan; akin to D. glijden, OHG. glitan, G. gleiten, Sw. glida, Dan. glide, and prob. to E. glad.] 1. To move gently and smoothly; to pass along without noise, violence, or apparent effort; to pass rapidly and easily, or with a smooth, silent motion, as a river in its channel, a bird in the air, a skater over ice. The river glideth at his own sweet will. Wordsworth. 2. (Phon.) Defn: To pass with a glide, as the voice. GLIDE Glide, n. 1. The act or manner of moving smoothly, swiftly, and without labor or obstruction. They prey at last ensnared, he dreadful darts, With rapid glide, along the leaning line. Thomson. Seeing Orlando, it unlink'd itself, And with indented glides did slip away. Shak. 2. (Phon.) Defn: A transitional sound in speech which is produced by the changing of the mouth organs from one definite position to another, and with gradual change in the most frequent cases; as in passing from the begining to the end of a regular diphthong, or from vowel to consonant or consonant to vowel in a syllable, or from one component to the other of a double or diphthongal consonant (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 19, 161, 162). Also (by Bell and others), the vanish (or brief final element) or the brief initial element, in a class of diphthongal vowels, or the brief final or initial part of some consonants (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 18, 97, 191). Note: The on-glide of a vowel or consonant is the glidemade in passing to it, the off-glide, one made in passing from it. Glides of the other sort are distinguished as initial or final, or fore-glides and after-glides. For voice-glide, see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 17, 95. GLIDEN Glid"en, obs. Defn: p. p. of Glide. Chaucer. GLIDER Glid"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, glides. GLIDING ANGLE Gliding angle. (Aëronautics) Defn: The angle, esp. the least angle, at which a gliding machine or aëroplane will glide to earth by virtue of gravity without applied power. GLIDINGLY Glid"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a gliding manner. GLIDING MACHINE Gliding machine. (Aëronautics) Defn: A construction consisting essentially of one or more aëroplanes for gliding in an inclined path from a height to the ground. GLIFF Gliff, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. gliffen, gliften, to look with fear at.] 1. A transient glance; an unexpected view of something that startles one; a sudden fear. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. 2. A moment: as, for a gliff. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. GLIKE Glike, n. Etym: [See Gleek a jest.] Defn: A sneer; a flout. [Obs.] GLIM Glim, n. 1. Brightness; splendor. [Obs.] 2. A light or candle. [Slang] Dickens. Douse the glim, put out the light. [Slang] GLIMMER Glim"mer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glimmered; p. pr. & vb. n. Glimmering.] Etym: [Akin to G. glimmer a faint, trembling light, mica, glimmern to glimmer, glimmen to shine faintly, glow, Sw. glimma, Dan. glimre, D. glimmen, glimpen. See Gleam a ray, and cf. Glimpse.] Defn: To give feeble or scattered rays of light; to shine faintly; to show a faint, unsteady light; as, the glimmering dawn; a glimmering lamp. The west yet glimmers with some streaks of day. Shak. Syn. -- To gleam; to glitter. See Gleam, Flash. GLIMMER Glim"mer, n. 1. A faint, unsteady light; feeble, scattered rays of light; also, a gleam. Gloss of satin and glimmer of pearls. Tennyson. 2. Mica. See Mica. Woodsward. Glimmer gowk, an owl. [Prov. Eng.] Tennyson. GLIMMERING Glim"mer*ing, n. 1. Faint, unsteady light; a glimmer. South. 2. A faint view or idea; a glimpse; an inkling. GLIMPSE Glimpse, n. Etym: [For glimse, from the root of glimmer.] 1. A sudden flash; transient luster. LIght as the lightning glimpse they ran. Milton. 2. A short, hurried view; a transitory or fragmentary perception; a quick sight. Here hid by shrub wood, there by glimpses seen. S. Rogers. 3. A faint idea; an inkling. GLIMPSE Glimpse, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glimpsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Glimpsing.] Defn: to appear by glimpses; to catch glimpses. Drayton. GLIMPSE Glimpse, v. t. Defn: To catch a glimpse of; to see by glimpses; to have a short or hurried view of. Some glimpsing and no perfect sight. Chaucer. GLINT Glint, n. Etym: [OE. glent.] Defn: A glimpse, glance, or gleam. [Scot.] "He saw a glint of light." Ramsay. GLINT Glint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Glinting.] Etym: [OE. glenten. Cf. Glance, v. i., Glitter, v. i.] Defn: To glance; to peep forth, as a flower from the bud; to glitter. Burns. GLINT Glint, v. t. Defn: To glance; to turn; as, to glint the eye. GLIOMA Gli*o"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A tumor springing from the neuroglia or connective tissue of the brain, spinal cord, or other portions of the nervous system. GLIRES Gli"res, n. pl. Etym: [L., dormice.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of mammals; the Rodentia. -- Gli"rine, a. GLISSADE Glis`sade", n. Etym: [F., fr. glisser to slip.] Defn: A sliding, as down a snow slope in the Alps. Tyndall. GLISSANDO Glis*san"do, n. & a. Etym: [As if It. = Fr. glissant sliding.] (Mus.) Defn: A gliding effect; gliding. GLISSETTE Glis*sette", n. Etym: [F., fr. glisser to slip.] (Math.) Defn: The locus described by any point attached to a curve that slips continuously on another fixed curve, the movable curve having no rotation at any instant. GLIST Glist, n. Etym: [From Glisten.] Defn: Glimmer; mica. GLISTEN Glis"ten, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glistened; p. pr. & vb. n. Glistening.] Etym: [OE. glistnian, akin to glisnen, glisien, AS. glisian, glisnian, akin to E. glitter. See Glitter, v. i., and cf. Glister, v. i.] Defn: To sparkle or shine; especially, to shine with a mild, subdued, and fitful luster; to emit a soft, scintillating light; to gleam; as, the glistening stars. Syn. -- See Flash. GLISTER Glis"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glistered; p. pr. & vb. n. Glistering.] Etym: [OE. glistren; akin to G. glistern,glinstern, D. glinsteren, and E. glisten. See Glisten.] Defn: To be bright; to sparkle; to be brilliant; to shine; to glisten; to glitter. All that glisters is not gold. Shak. GLISTER Glis"ter, n. Defn: Glitter; luster. GLISTER Glis"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. glistere.] Defn: Same as Clyster. GLISTERINGLY Glis"ter*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a glistering manner. GLITTER Glit"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glittered; p. pr. & vb. n. Glittering.] Etym: [OE. gliteren; akin to Sw. glittra, Icel. glitra, glita, AS. glitenian, OS. glitan, OHG. glizzan, G. gleissen, Goth. glitmunjan, and also to E. glint, glisten, and prob. glance, gleam.] 1. To sparkle with light; to shine with a brilliant and broken light or showy luster; to gleam; as, a glittering sword. The field yet glitters with the pomp of war. Dryden. 2. To be showy, specious, or striking, and hence attractive; as, the glittering scenes of a court. Syn. -- To gleam; to glisten; to shine; to sparkle; to glare. See Gleam, Flash. GLITTER Glit"ter, n. Defn: A bright, sparkling light; brilliant and showy luster; brilliancy; as, the glitter of arms; the glitter of royal equipage. Milton. GLITTERAND Glit"ter*and, a. Defn: Glittering. [Obs.] Spenser. GLITTERINGLY Glit"ter*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a glittering manner. GLOAM Gloam, v. i. Etym: [See Gloom, Glum.] 1. To begin to grow dark; to grow dusky. 2. Defn: To be sullen or morose. [Obs.] GLOAM Gloam, n. Defn: The twilight; gloaming. [R.] Keats. GLOAMING Gloam"ing, n. Etym: [See Gloom.] 1. Twilight; dusk; the fall of the evening. [Scot. & North of Eng., and in poetry.] Hogg. 2. Sullenness; melancholy. [Obs.] J. Still. GLOAR Gloar, v. i. Etym: [OD. gloeren, glueren, gluyeren. Cf. Glower.] Defn: To squint; to stare. [Obs.] GLOAT Gloat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gloated; p. pr. & vb. n. Gloating.] Etym: [Akin to Icel. glotta to smile scornfully, G. glotzen to gloat.] Defn: To look steadfastly; to gaz In vengeance gloating on another's pain. Byron. GLOBARD Glo"bard, n. Etym: [OE. globerde, from glow.] Defn: A glowworm. {Obs.] Holland. GLOBATE; GLOBATED Glo"bate, Glo"ba*ted, a. Etym: [L. globatus, p. p. of globare to make into a ball, fr. globus ball.] Defn: Having the form of a globe; spherical. GLOBE Globe, n. Etym: [L. globus, perh. akin to L. glomus a ball of yarn, and E. clump, golf: cf. F. globe.] 1. A round or spherical body, solid or hollow; a body whose surface is in every part equidistant from the center; a ball; a sphere. 2. Anything which is nearly spherical or globular in shape; as, the globe of the eye; the globe of a lamp. 3. The earth; the terraqueous ball; -- usually preceded by the definite article. Locke. 4. A round model of the world; a spherical representation of the earth or heavens; as, a terrestrial or celestial globe; -- called also artificial globe. 5. A body of troops, or of men or animals, drawn up in a circle; -- a military formation used by the Romans, answering to the modern infantry square. Him round A globe of fiery seraphim inclosed. Milton. Globe amaranth (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gomphrena (G. globosa), bearing round heads of variously colored flowers, which long retain color when gathered. -- Globe animalcule, a small, globular, locomotive organism (Volvox globator), once throught to be an animal, afterward supposed to be a colony of microscopic algæ. -- Globe of compression (Mil.), a kind of mine producing a wide crater; -- called also overcharged mine. -- Globe daisy (Bot.), a plant or flower of the genus Globularing, common in Europe. The flowers are minute and form globular heads. -- Globe sight, a form of front sight placed on target rifles. -- Globe slater (Zoöl.), an isopod crustacean of the genus Spheroma. -- Globe thistle (Bot.), a thistlelike plant with the flowers in large globular heads (Cynara Scolymus); also, certain species of the related genus Echinops. -- Globe valve. (a) A ball valve. (b) A valve inclosed in a globular chamber. Knight. Syn. -- Globe, Sphere, Orb, Ball. -- Globe denotes a round, and usually a solid body; sphere is the term applied in astronomy to such a body, or to the concentric spheres or orbs of the old astronomers; orb is used, especially in poetry, for globe or sphere, and also for the pathway of a heavenly body; ball is applied to the heavenly bodies concieved of as impelled through space. GLOBE Globe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Globed; p. pr. & vb. n. Globing.] Defn: To gather or form into a globe. GLOBEFISH Globe"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A plectognath fish of the genera Diodon, Tetrodon, and allied genera. The globefishes can suck in water or air and distend the body to a more or less globular form. Called also porcupine fish, and sea hedgehog. See Diodon. GLOBEFLOWER Globe"flow`er, n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Trollius (T. Europæus), found in the mountainous parts of Europe, and producing handsome globe-shaped flowers. (b) The American plant Trollius laxus. Japan globeflower. See Corchorus. GLOBE-SHAPED Globe"-shaped`, a. Defn: Shaped like a globe. GLOBIFEROUS Glo*bif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Globe + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a round or globular tip. GLOBIGERINA Glo*big`e*ri"na, n.; pl. Globigerinæ. Etym: [NL., fr. L. globus a round body + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small Foraminifera, which live abundantly at or near the surface of the sea. Their dead shells, falling to the bottom, make up a large part of the soft mud, generally found in depths below 3,000 feet, and called globigerina ooze. See Illust. of Foraminifera. GLOBOSE Glo*bose", a. Etym: [L. globosus.] Defn: Having a rounded form resembling that of a globe; globular, or nearly so; spherical. Milton. GLOBOSELY Glo*bose"ly, adv. Defn: In a globular manner; globularly. GLOBOSITY Glo*bos"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. globositas: cf. F. globosité.] Defn: Sphericity. Ray. GLOBOUS Glo"bous, a. Etym: [See Globose.] Defn: Spherical. Milton. GLOBULAR Glob"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. globulaire.] Defn: Globe-shaped; having the form of a ball or sphere; spherical, or nearly so; as, globular atoms. Milton. Globular chart, a chart of the earth's surface constructed on the principles of the globular projection. -- Globular projection (Map Projection), a perspective projection of the surface of a hemisphere upon a plane parallel to the base of the hemisphere, the point of sight being taken in the axis produced beyond the surface of the opposite hemisphere a distance equal to the radius of the sphere into the sine of 45º. -- Globular sailing, sailing on the arc of a great circle, or so as to make the shortest distance between two places; circular sailing. GLOBULARITY Glob`u*lar"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being globular; globosity; sphericity. GLOBULARLY Glob"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: Spherically. GLOBULARNESS Glob"u*lar*ness, n. Defn: Sphericity; globosity. GLOBULE Glob"ule, n. Etym: [L. globulus, dim. of globus globe: cf. F. globule.] 1. A little globe; a small particle of matter, of a spherical form. Globules of snow. Sir I. Newton. These minute globules [a mole's eyes] are sunk . . . deeply in the skull. Paley. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A minute spherical or rounded structure; as blood, lymph, and pus corpuscles, minute fungi, spores, etc. 3. A little pill or pellet used by homeopathists. GLOBULET Glob"u*let, n. Defn: A little globule. Crabb. GLOBULIFEROUS Glob`u*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Globule + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing globules; in geology, used of rocks, and denoting a variety of concretionary structure, where the concretions are isolated globules and evenly distributed through the texture of the rock. GLOBULIMETER Glob`u*lim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Globule + -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the number of red blood corpuscles in the blood. Note: The method depends on the differences of tint obtained by mixing a sample of the blood with sodium carbonate solution. GLOBULIN Glob"u*lin, n. Etym: [From Globule: cf. F. globuline.] (Phisiol. Chem.) Defn: An albuminous body, insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute solutions of salt. It is present in the red blood corpuscles united with hæmatin to form hæmoglobin. It is also found in the crystalline lens of the eye, and in blood serum, and is sometimes called crystallin. In the plural the word is applied to a group of proteid substances such as vitellin, myosin, fibrinogen, etc., all insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute salt solutions. GLOBULITE Glob"u*lite, n. Etym: [See Globule.] (Min.) Defn: A rudimentary form of crystallite, spherical in shape. GLOBULOUS Glob"u*lous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. globuleux.] Defn: Globular; spherical; orbicular. -- Glob"u*lous*ness, n. GLOBY Glob"y, a. Defn: Resembling, or pertaining to, a globe; round; orbicular. "The globy sea." Milton. GLOCHIDIATE Glo*chid"i*ate, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having barbs; as, glochidiate bristles. Gray. GLOCHIDIUM Glo*chid"i*um, n.; pl. Glochidia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva or young of the mussel, formerly thought to be a parasite upon the parent's gills. GLOCKENSPIEL Glock"en*spiel`, n. [G.; glocke bell + spiel play.] (Music) Defn: An instrument, originally a series of bells on an iron rod, now a set of flat metal bars, diatonically tuned, giving a bell-like tone when played with a mallet; a carillon. GLODE Glode, obs. Defn: imp. of Glide. Chaucer. GLOMBE; GLOME Glombe, Glome, v. i. Defn: To gloom; to look gloomy, morose, or sullen. [Obs.] Surrey. GLOME Glome, n. Defn: Gloom. [Obs.] GLOME Glome, n. Etym: [L. glomus a ball. Cf. Globe.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the two prominences at the posterior extremity of the frog of the horse's foot. GLOMERATE Glom"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. glomeratus, p. p. of glomerare to glomerate, from glomus. See 3d Glome.] Defn: Gathered together in a roundish mass or dense cluster; conglomerate. GLOMERATE Glom"er*ate, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Glomerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Glomerating.] Defn: To gather or wind into a ball; to collect into a spherical form or mass, as threads. GLOMERATION Glom`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. glomeratio.] 1. The act of forming or gathering into a ball or round mass; the state of being gathered into a ball; conglomeration. 2. That which is formed into a ball; a ball. Bacon. GLOMEROUS Glom"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. glomerosus, fr. glomus. See 3d Glome.] Defn: Gathered or formed into a ball or round mass. [Obs.] Blount. GLOMERULE Glom"er*ule, n. Etym: [Dim. fr. L. glomus ball.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A head or dense cluster of flowers, formed by condensation of a cyme, as in the flowering dogwood. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A glomerulus. GLOMERULUS Glo*mer"u*lus, n.; pl. Glomeruli. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. glomus. See 3d Glome.] (Anat.) Defn: The bunch of looped capillary blood vessels in a Malpighian capsule of the kidney. GLOMULIFEROUS Glom`u*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. glomus a ball + -ferous.] (Biol.) Defn: Having small clusters of minutely branched coral-like excrescences. M. C. Cooke. GLONOIN; GLONOINE Glon"o*in Glon"o*ine, n. Etym: [Glycerin + oxygen + nitrogen + -in, - ine.] 1. Same as Nitroglycerin; -- called also oil of glonoin. [Obs.] 2. (Med.) Defn: A dilute solution of nitroglycerin used as a neurotic. GLOOM Gloom (gloom), n. Etym: [AS. glom twilight, from the root of E. glow. See Glow, and cf. Glum, Gloam.] 1. Partial or total darkness; thick shade; obscurity; as, the gloom of a forest, or of midnight. 2. A shady, gloomy, or dark place or grove. Before a gloom of stubborn-shafted oaks. Tennyson . 3. Cloudiness or heaviness of mind; melancholy; aspect of sorrow; low spirits; dullness. A sullen gloom and furious disorder prevailed by fits. Burke. 4. In gunpowder manufacture, the drying oven. Syn. -- Darkness; dimness; obscurity; heaviness; dullness; depression; melancholy; dejection; sadness. See Darkness. GLOOM Gloom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gloomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Glooming.] 1. To shine or appear obscurely or imperfectly; to glimmer. 2. To become dark or dim; to be or appear dismal, gloomy, or sad; to come to the evening twilight. The black gibbet glooms beside the way. Goldsmith. [This weary day] . . . at last I see it gloom. Spenser. GLOOM Gloom, v. t. 1. To render gloomy or dark; to obscure; to darken. A bow window . . . gloomed with limes. Walpole. A black yew gloomed the stagnant air. Tennyson. 2. To fill with gloom; to make sad, dismal, or sullen. Such a mood as that which lately gloomed Your fancy. Tennison. What sorrows gloomed that parting day. Goldsmith. GLOOMILY Gloom"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a gloomy manner. GLOOMINESS Gloom"i*ness, n. Defn: State of being gloomy. Addison. GLOOMING Gloom"ing, n. Etym: [Cf. Gloaming.] Defn: Twilight (of morning or evening); the gloaming. When the faint glooming in the sky First lightened into day. Trench. The balmy glooming, crescent-lit. Tennyson. GLOOMTH Gloomth, n. Defn: Gloom. [R.] Walpole. GLOOMY Gloom"y, a. [Compar. Gloomier; superl. Gloomiest.] 1. Imperfectly illuminated; dismal through obscurity or darkness; dusky; dim; clouded; as, the cavern was gloomy. "Though hid in gloomiest shade." Milton. 2. Affected with, or expressing, gloom; melancholy; dejected; as, a gloomy temper or countenance. Syn. -- Dark; dim; dusky; dismal; cloudy; moody; sullen; morose; melancholy; sad; downcast; depressed; dejected; disheartened. GLOPPEN Glop"pen, v. t. & i. Etym: [OE. glopnen to be frightened, frighten: cf. Icel. gl to look downcast.] Defn: To surprise or astonish; to be startled or astonished. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. GLORE Glore, v. i. Etym: [See Gloar.] Defn: To glare; to glower. [Obs.] Halliwell. GLORIA Glo"ri*a, n. Etym: [L., glory.] (Eccl.) (a) A doxology (beginning Gloria Patri, Glory be to the Father), sung or said at the end of the Psalms in the service of the Roman Catholic and other churches. (b) A portion of the Mass (Gloria in Excelsis Deo, Glory be to God on high), and also of the communion service in some churches. In the Episcopal Church the version in English is used. (c) The musical setting of a gloria. GLORIATION Glo`ri*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. gloriatio, from gloriari to glory, boast, fr. gloria glory. See Glory, n.] Defn: Boast; a triumphing. [Obs.] Bp. Richardson. Internal gloriation or triumph of the mind. Hobbes. GLORIED Glo"ried, a. Etym: [See Glory.] Defn: Illustrious; honorable; noble. [Obs.] Milton. GLORIFICATION Glo`ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. glorificatio: cf. F. glorification. See Glorify.] 1. The act of glorifyng or of giving glory to. Jer. Taylor. 2. The state of being glorifed; as, the glorification of Christ after his resurrection. GLORIFY Glo"ri*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glorified; p. pr. & vb. n. Glorifying.] Etym: [F. glorifier, L. glorificare; gloria glory + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] 1. To make glorious by bestowing glory upon; to confer honor and distinction upon; to elevate to power or happiness, or to celestial glory. Jesus was not yet glorified. John vii. 39. 2. To make glorious in thought or with the heart, by ascribing glory to; to asknowledge the excellence of; to render homage to; to magnify in worship; to adore. That we for thee may glorify the Lord. Shak. GLORIOLE Glo"ri*ole, n. Etym: [L. gloriola a small glory, dim. of gloria glory.] Defn: An aureole. [R.] Msr. Browning. GLORIOSA Glo`ri*o"sa, n. Etym: [Nl., fr. L. gloriosus. See Glorious.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of climbing plants with very showy lilylike blossoms, natives of India. GLORIOSER Glo`ri*o"ser, n. Etym: [From L. gloriosus boastful.] Defn: A boaster. [Obs.] Greene. GLORIOSO Glo`ri*o"so, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A boaster. [Obs.] Fuller. GLORIOUS Glo"ri*ous, a. Etym: [OF. glorios, glorious, F. glorieux, fr. L. gloriosus. See Glory, n.] 1. Exhibiting attributes, qualities, or acts that are worthy of or receive glory; noble; praiseworthy; excellent; splendid; illustrious; inspiring admiration; as, glorious deeds. These are thy glorious works, Parent of good ! Milton. 2. Eager for glory or distinction; haughty; boastful; ostentatious; vainglorious. [Obs.] Most miserable Is the desire that's glorious. Shak. 3. Ecstatic; hilarious; elated with drink. [Colloq.] kings may be blest, but Tam was glorious, O'er all the ills of life victorious. Burns. During his office treason was no crime, The sons of Belial had a glorious time. Dryden. Syn. -- Eniment; noble; excellent; renowned; illustrious; celebrated; magnificent; grand; splendid. -- Glo"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Glo"ri*ous*ness, n. Udall. Sing ye to the Lord, for he hath triumphed gloriously. Ex. xv. 21. I speak it not gloriously, nor out of affectation. B. Jonson. GLORY Glo"ry, n. Etym: [OE. glorie, OF. glorie, gloire, F. gloire, fr. L. gloria; prob. akin to Gr. glory, praise, to hear. See Loud.] 1. Praise, honor, admiration, or distinction, accorded by common consent to a person or thing; high reputation; honorable fame; renown. Glory to God in the highest. Luke ii. 14. Spread his glory through all countries wide. Spenser. 2. That quality in a person or thing which secures general praise or honor; that which brings or gives renown; an object of pride or boast; the occasion of praise; excellency; brilliancy; splendor. Think it no glory to swell in tyranny. Sir P. Sidney. Jewels lose their glory if neglected. Shak. Your sex's glory 't is to shine unknown. Young. 3. Pride; boastfulness; arrogance. In glory of thy fortunes. Chapman. 4. The presence of the Divine Being; the manifestations of the divine nature and favor to the blessed in heaven; celestial honor; heaven. Thou shalt guide me with thy counsel, and afterward receive me to glory. Ps. lxxiii. 24. 5. An emanation of light supposed to proceed from beings of peculiar sanctity. It is represented in art by rays of gold, or the like, proceeding from the head or body, or by a disk, or a mere line. Note: This is the general term; when confined to the head it is properly called nimbus; when encircling the whole body, aureola or aureole. Glory hole, an opening in the wall of a glass furnace, exposing the brilliant white light of the interior. Knight. -- Glory pea (Bot.), the name of two leguminous plants (Clianthus Dampieri and C. puniceus) of Australia and New Zeland. They have showy scarlet or crimson flowers. -- Glory tree (Bot.), a name given to several species of the verbenaceous genus Clerodendron, showy flowering shrubs of tropical regions. GLORY Glo"ry, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gloried; p. pr. & vb. n. Glorying.] Etym: [OE. glorien, OF. glorier, fr. L. gloriari, fr. gloria glory. See Glory, n.] 1. To exult with joy; to rejoice. Glory ye in his holy name. Ps. cv. 2. To boast; to be proud. God forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ. Gal. vi. 14 No one . . . should glory in his prosperity. Richardson. GLOSE Glose, n. & v. Defn: See Gloze. Chaucer. GLOSER Glos"er, n. Defn: See Glosser. GLOSS Gloss, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. glossi a blaze, glys finery, MHG. glosen to glow, G. glosten to glimmer; perh. akin to E. glass.] 1. Bbrightness or luster of a body proceeding from a smooth surface; polish; as, the gloss of silk; cloth is calendered to give it a gloss. It is no part . . . to set on the face of this cause any fairer gloss than the naked truth doth afford. Hooker. 2. A specious appearance; superficial quality or show. To me more dear, congenial to my heart, One native charm than all the gloss of art. Goldsmith. GLOSS Gloss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glossed; p. pr. & vb. n. Glossing.] Defn: To give a superficial luster or gloss to; to make smooth and shining; as, to gloss cloth. The glossed and gleamy wave. J. R. Drake. GLOSS Gloss, n. Etym: [OE. glose, F. glose, L. glossa a difficult word needing explanation, fr. Gr. Gloze, Glossary, Glottis.] 1. A foreign, archaic, technical, or other uncommon word requiring explanation. [Obs.] 2. An interpretation, consisting of one or more words, interlinear or marginal; an explanatory note or comment; a running commentary. All this, without a gloss or comment, He would unriddle in a moment. Hudibras. Explaining the text in short glosses. T. Baker. 3. A false or specious explanation. Dryden. GLOSS Gloss, v. t. 1. To render clear and evident by comments; to illustrate; to explain; to annotate. 2. To give a specious appearance to; to render specious and plausible; to palliate by specious explanation. You have the art to gloss the foulest cause. Philips. GLOSS Gloss, v. i. 1. To make comments; to comment; to explain. Dryden. 2. To make sly remarks, or insinuations. Prior. GLOSSA Glos"sa, n.; pl. Gloss. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The tongue, or lingua, of an insect. See Hymenoptera. GLOSSAL Glos"sal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the tongue; lingual. GLOSSANTHRAX Glos*san"thrax, n. Etym: [Gr. anthrax: cf. F. glossanthrax.] Defn: A disease of horses and cattle accompanied by carbuncles in the mouth and on the tongue. GLOSSARIAL Glos*sa"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to glosses or to a glossary; containing a glossary. GLOSSARIALLY Glos*sa"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a glossary. GLOSSARIST Glos"sa*rist, n. Defn: A writer of glosses or of a glossary; a commentator; a scholiast. Tyrwhitt. GLOSSARY Glos"sa*ry, n.; pl. Gossaries. Etym: [L. glossarium, fr. glossa: cf. F. glossaire. See 3d Gloss.] Defn: A collection of glosses or explanations of words and passages of a work or author; a partial dictionary of a work, an author, a dialect, art, or science, explaining archaic, technical, or other uncommon words. GLOSSATA Glos*sa"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Glossa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Lepidoptera. GLOSSATOR Glos*sa"tor, n. Etym: [LL. See 3d Gloss.] Defn: A writer of glosses or comments; a commentator. [R.] "The . . . glossators of Aristotle." Milman. GLOSSER Gloss"er, n. Etym: [See lst Gloss.] Defn: A polisher; one who gives a luster. GLOSSER Gloss"er, n. Etym: [See 3d Gloss.] Defn: A writer of glosses; a scholiast; a commentator. L. Addison. GLOSSIC Glos"sic, n. Etym: [L. glossa a word requiring a gloss. See 3d Gloss.] Defn: A system of phonetic spelling based upon the present values of English letters, but invariably using one symbol to represent one sound only. Ingglish Glosik konvaiA. J. Ellis. GLOSSILY Gloss"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a glossy manner. GLOSSINESS Gloss"i*ness, n. Etym: [From Glossy.] Defn: The condition or quality of being glossy; the luster or brightness of a smooth surface. Boyle. GLOSSIST Gloss"ist, n. Defn: A writer of comments. [Obs.] Milton. GLOSSITIS Glos*si"tis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the tongue. GLOSSLY Gloss"ly, adv. Defn: Like gloss; specious. Cowley. GLOSSOCOMON Glos*soc"o*mon, n.Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A kind of hoisting winch. GLOSSOEPIGLOTTIC Glos`so*ep`i*glot"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. epiglottic.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to both tongue and epiglottis; as, glossoepiglottic folds. GLOSSOGRAPHER Glos"sog"ra*pher, n. Etym: [Gr. Gloss.] Defn: A writer of a glossary; a commentator; a scholiast. Hayward. GLOSSOGRAPHICAL Glos`so*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to glossography. GLOSSOGRAPHY Glos"sog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [See Glossographer.] Defn: The writing of glossaries, glosses, or comments for illustrating an author. GLOSSOHYAL Glos`so*hy"al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to both the hyoidean arch and the tongue; -- applied to the anterior segment of the hyoidean arch in many fishes. -- n. The glossohyal bone or cartilage; lingual bone; entoglossal bone. GLOSSOLALIA; GLOSSOLALY Glos`so*la"li*a, Glos*sol"a*ly, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. glossolalie.] Defn: The gift of tongues. Farrar. GLOSSOLOGICAL Glos`so*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to glossology. GLOSSOLOGIST Glos*sol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who defines and explains terms; one who is versed in glossology. GLOSSOLOGY Glos*sol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. glossologie. See 3d Gloss.] 1. The definition and explanation of terms; a glossary. 2. The science of language; comparative philology; linguistics; glottology. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL Glos`so*phar`yn*ge"al, a. Etym: [Gr. pharyngeal.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to both the tongue and the pharynx; -- applied especially to the ninth pair of cranial nerves, which are distributed to the pharynx and tongue. -- n. One of the glossopharyngeal nerves. GLOSSY Gloss"y, a. [Compar. Glossier; superl. Glossiest.] Etym: [See Gloss luster.] 1. Smooth and shining; reflecting luster from a smooth surface; highly polished; lustrous; as, glossy silk; a glossy surface. 2. Smooth; specious; plausible; as, glossy deceit. GLOST OVEN Glost" ov`en. Defn: An oven in which glazed pottery is fired; -- also called glaze kiln, or glaze. GLOTTAL Glot"tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or produced by, the glottis; glottic. Glottal catch, an effect produced upon the breath or voice by a sudden opening or closing of the glotts. Sweet. GLOTTIC; GLOTTIDEAN Glot"tic, Glot*tid"e*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the glottis; glottal. GLOTTIS Glot"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Gloss an explanatory remark.] (Anat.) Defn: The opening from the pharynx into the larynx or into the trachea. See Larynx. GLOTTOLOGICAL Glot`to*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to glottology. GLOTTOLOGIST Glot*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: A linguist; a philologist. GLOTTOLOGY Glot*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of tongues or languages; comparative philology; glossology. GLOUT Glout, v. i. Etym: [Scot. Cf. Gloat.] Defn: To pout; to look sullen. [Obs.] Garth. GLOUT Glout, v. t. Defn: To view attentively; to gloat on; to stare at. [Obs.] Wright. GLOVE Glove, n. Etym: [OE. glove, glofe, AS. gl; akin to Icel. gl, cf. Goth. l palm of the hand, Icel. l.] 1. A cover for the hand, or for the hand and wrist, with a separate sheath for each finder. The latter characteristic distinguishes the glove from the mitten. 2. A boxing glove. Boxing glove. See under Boxing. -- Glove fight, a pugilistic contest in wich the fighters wear boxing gloves. -- Glove money or silver. (a) A tip or gratuity to servants, professedly to buy gloves with. (b) (Eng. Law.) A reward given to officers of courts; also, a fee given by the sheriff of a country to the clerk of assize and judge's officers, when there are no offenders to be executed. -- Glove sponge (Zoöl.), a fine and soft variety of commercial sponges (Spongia officinalis). -- To be hand and glove with, to be intimately associated or on good terms with. "Hand and glove with traitors." J. H. Newman. -- To handle without gloves, to treat without reserve or tenderness; to deal roughly with. [Colloq.] -- To take up the glove, to accept a challenge or adopt a quarrel. -- To throw down the glove, to challenge to combat. GLOVE Glove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gloved; p. pr. & vb. n. Gloving.] Defn: To cover with, or as with, a glove. GLOVER Glov"er, n. Defn: One whose trade it is to make or sell gloves. Glover's suture or stitch, a kind of stitch used in sewing up wounds, in which the thread is drawn alternately through each side from within outward. GLOW Glow, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Glowing.] Etym: [AS. gl; akin to D. gloeijen, OHG. gluoen, G. glühen, Icel. gl, Dan. gloende glowing. Gloom.] 1. To shine with an intense or white heat; to give forth vivid light and heat; to be incandenscent. Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees. Pope. 2. To exhibit a strong, bright color; to be brilliant, as if with heat; to be bright or red with heat or animation, with blushes, etc. Clad in a gown that glows with Tyrian rays. Dryden. And glow with shame of your proceedings. Shak. 3. To feel hot; to have a burning sensation, as of the skin, from friction, exercise, etc.; to burn. Did not his temples glow In the same sultry winds and acrching heats Addison. The cord slides swiftly through his glowing hands. Gay. 4. To feel the heat of passion; to be animated, as by intense love, zeal, anger, etc.; to rage, as passior; as, the heart glows with love, zeal, or patriotism. With pride it mounts, and with revenge it glows. Dryden. Burns with one love, with one resentment glows. Pope. GLOW Glow, v. t. Defn: To make hot; to flush. [Poetic] Fans, whose wind did seem To glow the delicate cheeks which they did cool. Shak. GLOW Glow, n. 1. White or red heat; incandscence. 2. Brightness or warmth of color; redness; a rosy flush; as, the glow of health in the cheeks. 3. Intense excitement or earnestness; vehemence or heat of passion; ardor. The red glow of scorn. Shak. 4. Heat of body; a sensation of warmth, as that produced by exercise, etc. GLOWBARD Glow"bard, n. Etym: [See Globard.] Defn: The glowworm. [Obs.] GLOWER Glow"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glowered; p. pr. & vb. n. Glowering.] Etym: [Cf. Gloar.] Defn: to look intently; to stare angrily or with a scowl. Thackeray. GLOWINGLY Glow"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a glowing manner; with ardent heat or passion. GLOWLAMP Glow"lamp`, n. 1. (Chem.) Defn: An aphlogistic lamp. See Aphlogistic. 2. (Elect.) Defn: An incandescent lamp. See Incandescent, a. GLOWWORM Glow"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A coleopterous insect of the genus Lampyris; esp., the wingless females and larvæ of the two European species (L. noctiluca, and L. splendidula), which emit light from some of the abdominal segments. Like a glowworm in the night, The which hath fire in darkness, none in light. Shak. Note: The male is winged, and is supposed to be attracted by the light of the female. In America, the luminous larvæ of several species of fireflies and fire beetles are called glowworms. Both sexes of these are winged when mature. See Firefly. GLOXINIA Glox*in"i*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: American genus of herbaceous plants with very handsome bell- shaped blossoms; -- named after B. P. Gloxin, a German botanist. GLOZE Gloze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Glozed(); p. pr. & vb. n. Glozing.] Etym: [OE. glosen, F. gloser. See gloss explanation.] 1. To flatter; to wheedle; to fawn; to talk smoothly. Chaucer. A false, glozing parasite. South. So glozed the tempter, and his proem tuned. Milton. 2. To give a specious or false meaning; to ministerpret. Shak. GLOZE Gloze, v. t. Defn: To smooth over; to palliate. By glozing the evil that is in the world. I. Taylor. GLOZE Gloze, n. 1. Flattery; adulation; smooth speech. Now to plain dealing; lay these glozes by. Shak. 2. Specious show; gloss. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. GLOZER Gloz"er, n. Defn: A flatterer. [Obs.] Gifford (1580). GLUCIC Glu"cic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, sugar; as, glucic acid. GLUCINA Glu*ci"na, n. Etym: [Cf. F. glycine, glucine. So called because it forms sweet salts. See Glucinum.] (Chem.) Defn: A white or gray tasteless powder, the oxide of the element glucinum; -- formerly called glucine. GLUCINIC Glu*cin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, glucinum; as, glucinic oxide. GLUCINUM Glu*ci"num, n. Etym: [Cf. F. glucinium, glycium, fr. Gr. Glycerin.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element, of a silver white color, and low specific gravity (2.1), resembling magnesium. It never occurs naturally in the free state, but is always combined, usually with silica or alumina, or both; as in the minerals phenacite, chrysoberyl, beryl or emerald, euclase, and danalite. It was named from its oxide glucina, which was known long before the element was isolated. Symbol Gl. Atomic weight 9.1. Called also beryllium. [Formerly written also glucinium.] GLUCOGEN Glu"co*gen, n. [R.] Defn: See Glycogen. GLUCOGENESIS Glu`co*gen"e*sis, n. Defn: Glycogenesis. [R.] GLUCONIC Glu*con"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, glucose. Gluconic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, obtained as a colorless, sirupy liquid, by the oxidation of glucose; -- called also maltonic acid, and dextronic acid. GLUCOSE Glu"cose`, n. Etym: [Gr. Glycerin.] 1. A variety of sugar occurring in nature very abundantly, as in ripe grapes, and in honey, and produced in great quantities from starch, etc., by the action of heat and acids. It is only about half as sweet as cane sugar. Called also dextrose, grape sugar, diabetic sugar, and starch sugar. See Dextrose. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a large class of sugars, isometric with glucose proper, and including levulose, galactose, etc. 3. The trade name of a sirup, obtained as an uncrystallizable reside in the manufacture of glucose proper, and containing, in addition to some dextrose or glucose, also maltose, dextrin, etc. It is used as a cheap adulterant of sirups, beers, etc. GLUCOSIDE Glu"co*side, n. Etym: [See Glucose.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a large series of amorphous or crystalline substances, occurring very widely distributed in plants, rarely in animals, and regarded as influental agents in the formation and disposition of the sugars. They are frequently of a bitter taste, but, by the action of ferments, or of dilute acids and alkalies, always break down into some characteristic substance (acid, aldehyde, alcohol, phenole, or alkaloid) and glucose (or some other sugar); hence the name. They are of the nature of complex and compound ethers, and ethereal salts of the sugar carbohydrates. GLUCOSURIA Glu`co*su"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. E. glucose + Gr. (Med.) Defn: A condition in which glucose is discharged in the urine; diabetes mellitus. GLUE Glue, n. Etym: [F. glu, L. glus, akin to gluten, from gluere to draw together. Cf. Gluten.] Defn: A hard brittle brownish gelatin, obtained by boiling to a jelly the skins, hoofs, etc., of animals. When gently heated with water, it becomes viscid and tenaceous, and is used as a cement for uniting substances. The name is also given to other adhesive or viscous substances. Bee glue. See under Bee. -- Fish glue, a strong kind of glue obtained from fish skins and bladders; isinglass. -- Glue plant (Bot.), a fucoid seaweed (Gloiopeltis tenax). -- Liquid glue, a fluid preparation of glue and acetic acid oralcohol. -- Marine glue, a solution of caoutchouc in naphtha, with shellac, used in shipbuilding. GLUE Glue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glued; p. pr. & vb. n. Gluing.] Etym: [F. gluer. See Glue, n.] Defn: To join with glue or a viscous substance; to cause to stick or hold fast, as if with glue; to fix or fasten. This cold, congealed blood That glues my lips, and will not let me speak. Shak. GLUEPOT Glue"pot`, n. Defn: A utensil for melting glue, consisting of an inner pot holding the glue, immersed in an outer one containing water which is heated to soften the glue. GLUER Glu"er, n. Defn: One who cements with glue. GLUEY Glu"ey, a. Defn: Viscous; glutinous; of the nature of, or like, glue. GLUEYNESS Glu"ey*ness, n. Defn: Viscidity. GLUISH Glu"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat gluey. Sherwood. GLUM Glum, n. Etym: [See Gloom.] Defn: Sullenness. [Obs.] Skelton. GLUM Glum, a. Defn: Moody; silent; sullen. I frighten people by my glun face. Thackeray. GLUM Glum, v. i. Defn: To look sullen; to be of a sour countenance; to be glum. [Obs.] Hawes. GLUMACEOUS Glu*ma"ceous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. glumancé. See Glume.] Defn: Having glumes; consisting of glumes. GLUMAL Glu"mal, a. (Bot.) Defn: Characterized by a glume, or having the nature of a glume. GLUME Glume, n. Etym: [L. gluma hull, husk, fr. glubere to bark or peel: cf. F. glume or gloume.] (Bot.) Defn: The bracteal covering of the flowers or seeds of grain and grasses; esp., an outer husk or bract of a spikelt. Gray. GLUMELLA; GLUMELLE Glu*mel"la, Glu"melle, n. Etym: [F. glumelle, dim. of glume.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the pelets or inner chaffy scales of the flowers or spikelets of grasses. GLUMLY Glum"ly, adv. Defn: In a glum manner; sullenly; moodily. GLUMMY Glum"my, a. Etym: [See Gloom.] Defn: dark; gloomy; dismal. [Obs.] GLUMNESS Glum"ness, n. Defn: Moodiness; sullenness. GLUMP Glump, v. i. Etym: [See Glum.] Defn: To manifest sullenness; to sulk. [Colloq.] GLUMPY Glump"y, a. Defn: Glum; sullen; sulky. [Colloq.] "He was glumpy enough." T. Hook. GLUNCH Glunch, a. Etym: [Cf. Glump.] Defn: Frowning; sulky; sullen. Sir W. Scott. -- n. Defn: A sullen, angry look; a look of disdain or dislike. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] GLUT Glut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Glutting.] Etym: [OE. glotten, fr. OF. glotir, gloutir, L. glutire, gluttire; cf. Gr. gar. Cf. Gluttion, Englut.] 1. To swallow, or to swallow greedlly; to gorge. Though every drop of water swear against it, And gape at widest to glut him. Shak. 2. To fill to satiety; to satisfy fully the desire or craving of; to satiate; to sate; to cloy. His faithful heart, a bloody sacrifice, Torn from his breast, to glut the tyrant's eyes. Dryden. The realms of nature and of art were ransacked to glut the wonder, lust, and ferocity of a degraded populace. C. Kingsley. To glut the market, to furnish an oversupply of any article of trade, so that there is no sale for it. GLUT Glut, v. i. Defn: To eat gluttonously or to satiety. Like three horses that have broken fence, And glutted all night long breast-deep in corn. Tennyson. GLUT Glut, n. 1. That which is swallowed. Milton 2. Plenty, to satiety or repletion; a full supply; hence, often, a supply beyond sufficiency or to loathing; over abundance; as, a glut of the market. A glut of those talents which raise men to eminence. Macaulay. 3. Something that fills up an opening; a clog. 4. (a) A wooden wedge used in splitting blocks. [Prov. Eng.] (b) (Mining) A piece of wood used to fill up behind cribbing or tubbing. Raymond. (c) (Bricklaying) A bat, or small piece of brick, used to fill out a course. Knight. (d) (Arch.) An arched opening to the ashpit of a klin. (e) A block used for a fulcrum. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The broad-nosed eel (Anguilla latirostris), found in Europe, Asia, the West Indies, etc. GLUTACONIC Glu`ta*con"ic, a. Etym: [Glutaric + aconitic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, an acid intermediate between glutaric and aconitic acids. GLUTAEUS Glu*tæ"us, n. Etym: [NL. See Gluteal.] (Anat.) Defn: The great muscle of the buttock in man and most mammals, and the corresponding muscle in many lower animals. Note: In man, the glutæus is composed of three distinct parts, which extend and abduct the thigh, and help support the body in standing. GLUTAMIC Glu*tam"ic, a. Etym: [Gluten + -amic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to gluten. Glutamic acid, a nitrogenous organic acid obtained from certain albuminoids, as gluten; -- called also amido-glutaric acid.C5H9NO4. GLUTARIC Glu*tar"ic, a. Etym: [Glutamic + tartaric.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid so called; as, glutaric ethers. Glutaric acid, an organic acid obtained as a white crystalline substance, isomeric with pyrotartaric acid; -- called also normal pyrotartaric acid. GLUTAZINE Glu"ta*zine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous substance, forming a heavy, sandy powder, white or nearly so. It is a derivative of pyridine. GLUTEAL Glu"te*al, a. Etym: [G. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or in the region of, the glutæus. GLUTEN Glu"ten, n. Etym: [L., glue: cf. F. gluten. See Glue.] (Chem.) Defn: The viscid, tenacious substance which gives adhesiveness to dough. Note: Gluten is a complex and variable mixture of glutin or gliadin, vegetable fibrin, vegetable casein, oily material, etc., and ia a very nutritious element of food. It may be separated from the flour of grain by subjecting this to a current of water, the starch and other soluble matters being thus washed out. Gluten bread, bread containing a large proportion of gluten; -- used in cases of diabetes. -- Gluten casein (Chem.), a vegetable proteid found in the seeds of grasses, and extracted as a dark, amorphous, earthy mass. -- Gluten fibrin (Chem.), a vegetable proteid found in the cereal grains, and extracted as an amorphous, brownish yellow substance. GLUTEUS Glu*te"us, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: Same as Glutæus. GLUTIN Glu"tin, n. Etym: [See Gluten.] (Chem.) 1. Same as Gliadin. 2. Sometimes synonymous with Gelatin. [R.] GLUTINATE Glu"ti*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Glutinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Glutinating.] Etym: [L. glutinatus, p. p. of glutinare to glue, fr. gluten glue.] Defn: To unite with glue; to cement; to stick together. Bailey. GLUTINATION Glu`ti*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. glutinatio: cf. F. glutination.] Defn: The act of uniting with glue; sticking together. GLUTINATIVE Glu"ti*na*tive, a. Etym: [L. glutinativus: cf. F. glutinatif.] Defn: Having the quality of cementing; tenacious; viscous; glutinous. GLUTINOSITY Glu`ti*nos"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. glutinosité .] Defn: The quality of being glutinous; viscousness. [R.] GLUTINOUS Glu"ti*nous, a. Etym: [L. glutinosus, fr. gluten glue: cf. F. glutineux. See Gluten.] 1. Of the nature of glue; resembling glue; viscous; viscid; adhesive; gluey. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Havig a moist and adhesive or sticky surface, as a leaf or gland. GLUTINOUSNESS Glu"ti*nous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being glutinous. GLUTTON Glut"ton, n. Etym: [OE. glotoun, glotun, F. glouton, fr. L. gluto, glutto. See Glut.] 1. One who eats voraciously, or to excess; a gormandizer. 2. Fig.: One who gluts himself. Gluttons in murder, wanton to destroy. Granville. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A carnivorous mammal (Gulo luscus), of the family Mustelidæ, about the size of a large badger. It was formerly believed to be inordinately voracious, whence the name; the wolverene. It is a native of the northern parts of America, Europe, and Asia. Glutton bird (Zoöl.), the giant fulmar (Ossifraga gigantea); -- called also Mother Carey's goose, and mollymawk. GLUTTON Glut"ton, a. Defn: Gluttonous; greedy; gormandizing. "Glutton souls." Dryden. A glutton monastery in former ages makes a hungry ministry in our days. Fuller. GLUTTON Glut"ton, v. t. & i. Defn: To glut; to eat voraciously. [Obs.] Gluttoned at last, return at home to pine. Lovelace. Whereon in Egypt gluttoning they fed. Drayton. GLUTTONISH Glut"ton*ish, a. Defn: Gluttonous; greedy. Sir P. Sidney. GLUTTONIZE Glut"ton*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gluttonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Gluttonizing.] Defn: To eat to excess; to eat voraciously; to gormandize. Hallywell. GLUTTONOUS Glut"ton*ous, a. Defn: Given to gluttony; eating to excess; indulging the appetite; voracious; as, a gluttonous age. -- Glut"ton*ous*ly, adv. -- Glut"ton*ous*ness, n. GLUTTONY Glut"ton*y, n.; pl. Gluttonies. Etym: [OE. glotonie, OF. glotonie, gloutonnie.] Defn: Excess in eating; extravagant indulgence of the appetite for food; voracity. Their sumptuous gluttonies, and gorgeous feasts. Milton. GLYCERATE Glyc"er*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of glyceric acid. GLYCERIC Gly*cer"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, glycerin. Glyceric acid (Chem.), an organic acid, obtained by the partial oxidation of glycerin, as a thick liquid. It is a hydroxyl derivative of propionic acid, and has both acid and alcoholic properties. GLYCERIDE Glyc"er*ide, n. Etym: [See Glycerin.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound ether (formed from glycerin). Some glycerides exist ready formed as natural fats, others are produced artificially. GLYCERIN; GLYCERINE Glyc"er*in, Glyc"er*ine (, n. Etym: [F. glycérine, fr. Gr. glykero`s, glyky`s, sweet. Cf. Glucose, Licorice.] (Chem.) Defn: An oily, viscous liquid, C3H5(OH)3, colorless and odorless, and with a hot, sweetish taste, existing in the natural fats and oils as the base, combined with various acids, as oleic, margaric, stearic, and palmitic. It is a triatomic alcohol, and hence is also called glycerol. See Note under Gelatin. Note: It is obtained from fats by saponification, or, on a large scale, by the action of superheated steam. It is used as an ointment, as a solvent and vehicle for medicines, and as an adulterant in wine, beer, etc. GLYCERITE Glyc"er*ite, n. (Med.) Defn: A medicinal preparation made by mixing or dissolving a substance in glycerin. GLYCEROL Glyc"er*ol, n. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Glycerin. GLYCEROLE Glyc"er*ole, n. Etym: [F. glycérolé.] (Med.) Defn: Same as Glycerite. GLYCERYL Glyc"er*yl, n. Etym: [Glycerin + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound radical, C3H5, regarded as the essential radical of glycerin. It is metameric with allyl. Called also propenyl. GLYCIDE Glyc"ide, n. Etym: [Glyceric + anhydride.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless liquid, obtained from certain derivatives of glycerin, and regarded as a partially dehydrated glycerin; -- called also glycidic alcohol. GLYCIDIC Gly*cid"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, glycide; as, glycidic acid. GLYCIN Gly"cin, n. Etym: [Gr. glyky`s sweet.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Same as Glycocoll. GLYCOCHOLATE Gly`co*cho"late, n. Etym: [Glycocoll + cholic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A salt of glycocholic acid; as, sodium glycocholate. GLYCOCHOLIC Gly`co*chol"ic, a. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or composed of, glycocoll and cholic acid. Glycocholic acid (Physiol. Chem.), a conjugate acid, composed of glycocoll and cholic acid, present in bile in the form of a sodium salt. The acid commonly forms a resinous mass, but can be crystallized in long, white needles. GLYCOCIN Gly"co*cin, n. Etym: [Glycocoll + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Same as Glycocoll. GLYCOCOLL Gly"co*coll, n. Etym: [Gr. glyky`s sweet + ko`lla glue.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A crystalline, nitrogenous substance, with a sweet taste, formed from hippuric acid by boiling with hydrochloric acid, and present in bile united with cholic acid. It is also formed from gelatin by decomposition with acids. Chemically, it is amido-acetic acid. Called also glycin, and glycocin. GLYCOGEN Gly"co*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen: cf. F. glycogène.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A white, amorphous, tasteless substance resembling starch, soluble in water to an opalescent fluid. It is found abundantly in the liver of most animals, and in small quantity in other organs and tissues, particularly in the embryo. It is quickly changed into sugar when boiled with dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, and also by the action of amylolytic ferments. GLYCOGENIC Gly`co*gen"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or caused by, glycogen; as, the glycogenic function of the liver. GLYCOGENY; GLYCOGENESIS Gly*cog"e*ny, Gly`co*gen"e*sis, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The production or formation of sugar from gycogen, as in the liver. GLYCOL Gly"col, n. Etym: [Glycerin + -ol. See Glycerin.] (Chem.) (a) A thick, colorless liquid, C2H4(OH)2, of a sweetish taste, produced artificially from certain ethylene compounds. It is a diacid alcohol, intermediate between ordinary ethyl alcohol and glycerin. (b) Any one of the large class of diacid alcohols, of which glycol proper is the type. GLYCOLIC Gly*col"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, glycol; as, glycolic ether; glycolic acid. Glycolic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, found naturally in unripe grapes and in the leaves of the wild grape (Ampelopsis quinquefolia), and produced artificially in many ways, as by the oxidation of glycol, -- whence its name. It is a sirupy, or white crystalline, substance, HO.CH2.CO2H, has the properties both of an alcohol and an acid, and is a type of the hydroxy acids; -- called also hydroxyacetic acid. GLYCOLIDE Gly"co*lide, n. Etym: [Glycol + anhydride.] (Chem.) Defn: A white amorphous powder, C4H4O, obtained by heating and dehydrating glycolic acid. [Written also glycollide.] GLYCOLURIC Gly`co*lu"ric, a. Etym: [Glycol + uric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, glycol and urea; as, glycoluric acid, which is called also hydantoic acid. GLYCOLURIL Gly`co*lu"ril, n. Etym: [Glycolyl + uric.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, obtained by the reduction of allantoïn. GLYCOLYL Gly"co*lyl, n. Etym: [Glycolic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A divalent, compound radical, CO.CH2, regarded as the essential radical of glycolic acid, and a large series of related compounds. GLYCONIAN Gly*co"ni*an, a. & n. Defn: Glyconic. GLYCONIC Gly*con"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Glycon.] (Pros.) Defn: Consisting of a spondee, a choriamb, and a pyrrhic; -- applied to a kind of verse in Greek and Latin poetry. -- n. (Pros.) Defn: A glyconic verse. GLYCONIN Gly"co*nin, n. Defn: An emulsion of glycerin and the yolk of eggs, used as an ointment, as a vehicle for medicines, etc. GLYCOSE Gly"cose, n. [Gr. sweet + -ose.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: One of a class of carbohydrates having from three to nine atoms of carbon in the molecules and having the constitution either of an aldehyde alcohol or of a ketone alcohol. Most glycoses have hydrogen and oxygen present in the proportion to form water, while the number of carbon atoms is usually equal to the number of atoms of oxygen. GLYCOSINE Gly"co*sine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An organic base, C6H6N4, produced artificially as a white, crystalline powder, by the action of ammonia on glyoxal. GLYCOSOMETER Gly`co*som"e*ter, n. [Gr. sweet + -meter.] (Med.) Defn: An apparatus for determining the amount of sugar in diabetic urine. GLYCOSURIA Gly`co*su"ri*a, n. (Med.) Defn: Same as Gluoosuria. GLYCYRRHIZA Glyc`yr*rhi"za, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Licorice.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of papilionaceous herbaceous plants, one species of which (G. glabra), is the licorice plant, the roots of which have a bittersweet mucilaginous taste. 2. (Med.) Defn: The root of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice root), used as a demulcent, etc. GLYCYRRHIZIMIC Glyc`yr*rhi*zim"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: From, or pertaining to, glycyrrhizin; as, glycyrrhizimic acid. GLYCYRRHIZIN Gly*cyr"rhi*zin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. glycyrrhizine. See Glycyrrhiza.] (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside found in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza), in monesia bark (Chrysophyllum), in the root of the walnut, etc., and extracted as a yellow, amorphous powder, of a bittersweet taste. GLYN; GLYNNE Glyn, Glynne, n. Defn: A glen. See Glen. Note: [Obs. singly, but occurring often in locative names in Ireland, as Glen does in Scotland.] He could not beat out the Irish, yet he did shut them up within those narrow corners and glyns under the mountain's foot. Spenser. GLYOXAL Gly*ox"al, n. Etym: [Glycol + oxalic + aldehyde.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, amorphous, deliquescent powder, (CO.H)2, obtained by the partial oxidation of glycol. It is a double aldehyde, between glycol and oxalic acid. GLYOXALIC Gly`ox*al"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an aldehyde acid, intermediate between glycol and oxalic acid. [Written also glyoxylic.] GLYOXALINE Gly*ox"a*line, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, organic base, C3H4N2, produced by the action of ammonia on glyoxal, and forming the origin of a large class of derivatives hence, any one of the series of which glyoxaline is a type; -- called also oxaline. GLYOXIME Gly*ox"ime, n. Etym: [Glyoxal + oxime.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, produced by the action of hydroxylamine on glyoxal, and belonging to the class of oximes; also, any one of a group of substances resembling glyoxime proper, and of which it is a type. See Oxime. GLYPH Glyph, n. Etym: [Gr. glyphe. Cf. Cleave to split.] (Arch.) Defn: A sunken channel or groove, usually vertical. See Triglyph. GLYPHIC Glyph"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Fine Arts) Defn: Of or pertaining to sculpture or carving of any sort, esp. to glyphs. GLYPHOGRAPH Glyph"o*graph, n. Defn: A plate made by glyphography, or an impression taken from such a plate. GLYPHOGRAPHIC Glyph`o*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to glyphography. GLYPHOGRAPHY Gly*phog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A process similar to etching, in which, by means of voltaic electricity, a raised copy of a drawing is made, so that it can be used to print from. GLYPTIC Glyp"tic, a. Etym: [See Glyph.] 1. Of or pertaining to gem engraving. 2. (Min.) Defn: Figured; marked as with figures. GLYPTICS Glyp"tics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. glyptique. See Glyph.] Defn: The art of engraving on precious stones. GLYPTODON Glyp"to*don, n. Etym: [Gr. Glyph.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct South American quaternary mammal, allied to the armadillos. It was as large as an ox, was covered with tessellated scales, and had fluted teeth. Owen. GLYPTODONT Glyp"to*dont, n. (Paleon.) Defn: One of a family (glyptodontidæ) of extinct South American edentates, of which Glyptodon is the type. About twenty species are known. GLYPTOGRAPHIC Glyp`to*graph"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. glyptographique.] Defn: Relating to glyptography, or the art of engraving on precious stones. [R.] GLYPTOGRAPHY Glyp*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. glyptographie.] Defn: The art or process of engraving on precious stones. [R.] GLYPTOTHECA Glyp`to*the"ca, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A building or room devoted to works of sculpture. GLYSTER Glys"ter, n. (Med.) Defn: Same as Clyster. GMELINITE Gmel"in*ite, n. Etym: [Named after the German chemist Gmelin.] (Min.) Defn: A rhombohedral zeolitic mineral, related in form and composition to chabazite. GNAPHALIUM Gna*pha"li*um, n. Etym: [Nl., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of composite plants with white or colored dry and persistent involucres; a kind of everlasting. GNAR Gnar, n. Etym: [OE. knarre, gnarre, akin to OD. knor, G. knorren. Cf. Knar, Knur, Gnarl.] Defn: A knot or gnarl in wood; hence, a tough, thickset man; -- written also gnarr. [Archaic] He was . . . a thick gnarre. Chaucer. GNAR Gnar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gnarred; p. pr. & vb. n. Gnarring.] Etym: [See Gnarl.] Defn: To gnarl; to snarl; to growl; -- written also gnarr. [Archaic] At them he gan to rear his bristles strong, And felly gnarre. Spenser. A thousand wants Gnarr at the heels of men. Tennison. GNARL Gnarl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gnarled; p. pr. & vb. n. Gnarling.] Etym: [From older gnar, prob. of imitative origin; cf. G. knarren, knurren. D. knorren, Sw. knorra, Dan. knurre.] Defn: To growl; to snarl. And wolves are gnarling who shall gnaw thee first. Shak. GNARL Gnarl, n. Etym: [See Gnar, n.] Defn: a knot in wood; a large or hard knot, or a protuberance with twisted grain, on a tree. GNARLED Gnarled, a. Defn: Knotty; full of knots or gnarls; twisted; crossgrained. The unwedgeable and gnarléd oak. Shak. GNARLY Gnarl"y, a. Defn: Full of knots; knotty; twisted; crossgrained. GNASH Gnash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gnashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gnashing.] Etym: [OE. gnasten, gnaisten, cf. Icel. gnastan a gnashing, gn to gnash, Dan.knaske, Sw. gnissla, D. knarsen, G. knirschen.] Defn: To strike together, as in anger or pain; as, to gnash the teeth. GNASH Gnash, v. i. Defn: To grind or strike the teeth together. There they him laid, Gnashing for anguish, and despite, and shame. Milton. GNASHINGLY Gnash"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With gnashing. GNAT Gnat, n. Etym: [AS. gnæt.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A blood-sucking dipterous fly, of the genus Culex, undergoing a metamorphosis in water. The females have a proboscis armed with needlelike organs for penetrating the skin of animals. These are wanting in the males. In America they are generally called mosquitoes. See Mosquito. 2. Any fly resembling a Culex in form or habits; esp., in America, a small biting fly of the genus Simulium and allies, as the buffalo gnat, the black fly, etc. Gnat catcher (Zoöl.), one of several species of small American singing birds, of the genus Polioptila, allied to the kinglets. -- Gnat flower, the bee flower. -- Gnat hawk (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker; -- called also gnat owl. -- Gnat snapper (Zoöl.), a bird that catches gnats. -- Gnat strainer, a person ostentatiously punctilious about trifles. Cf. Matt. xxiii. 24. GNATHIC Gnath"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the jaw. Gnathic index, in a skull, the ratio of the distance from the middle of the nasofrontal suture to the basion (taken equal to 100), to the distance from the basion to the middle of the front edge of the upper jaw; -- called also alveolar index. Skulls with the gnathic index below 98 are orthognathous, from 98 to 103 mesognathous, and above 103 are prognathous. Flower. GNATHIDIUM Gna*thid"i*um, n.; pl. Gnathidia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ramus of the lower jaw of a bird as far as it is naked; -- commonly used in the plural. GNATHITE Gnath"ite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of the mouth appendages of the Arthropoda. They are known as mandibles, maxillæ, and maxillipeds. GNATHONIC; GNATHONICAL Gna*thon"ic, Gna*thon"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. Gnatho, name of a parasite in the "Eunuchus" of Terence, Gr. Defn: Flattering; deceitful. [Obs.] GNATHOPOD Gnath"o*pod, n. Etym: [Gr. -pod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A gnathopodite or maxilliped. See Maxilliped. GNATHOPODITE Gna*thop"o*dite, n. (Zoöl,) Defn: Any leglike appendage of a crustacean, when modified wholly, or in part, to serve as a jaw, esp. one of the maxillipeds. GNATHOSTEGITE Gna*thos"te*gite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a pair of broad plates, developed from the outer maxillipeds of crabs, and forming a cover for the other mouth organs. GNATHOSTOMA Gna*thos"to*ma, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A comprehensive division of vertebrates, including all that have distinct jaws, in contrast with the leptocardians and marsipobranchs (Cyclostoma), which lack them. [Written also Gnathostomata.] GNATHOTHECA Gnath`o*the"ca, n.; pl. GnathothecÆ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The horney covering of the lower mandible of a bird. GNATLING Gnat"ling, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small gnat. GNATWORM Gnat"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The aquatic larva of a gnat; -- called also, colloquially, wiggler. GNAW Gnaw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gnawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gnawing.] Etym: [OE. gnawen, AS. gnagan; akin to D. knagen, OHG. gnagan, nagan, G. nagen, Icel. & Sw. gnaga, Dan. gnave, nage. Cf. Nag to tease.] 1. To bite, as something hard or tough, which is not readily separated or crushed; to bite off little by little, with effort; to wear or eat away by scraping or continuous biting with the teeth; to nibble at. His bones clean picked; his very bones they gnaw. Dryden. 2. To bite in agony or rage. They gnawed their tongues for pain. Rev. xvi. 10. 3. To corrode; to fret away; to waste. GNAW Gnaw, v. i. Defn: To use the teeth in biting; to bite with repeated effort, as in eating or removing with the teethsomething hard, unwiedly, or unmanageable. I might well, like the spaniel, gnaw upon the chain that ties me. Sir P. Sidney. GNAWER Gnaw"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, gnaws. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A rodent. GNEISS Gneiss, n. Etym: [G.] (Geol.) Defn: A crystalline rock, consisting, like granite, of quartz, feldspar, and mica, but having these materials, especially the mica, arranged in planes, so that it breaks rather easily into coarse slabs or flags. Hornblende sometimes takes the place of the mica, and it is then called hornblendic or syenitic gneiss. Similar varieties of related rocks are also called gneiss. GNEISSIC Gneis"sic, a. Defn: Relating to, or resembling, gneiss; consisting of gneiss. GNEISSOID Gneis"soid, a. Etym: [Gneiss+ -old.] Defn: Resembling gneiss; having some of the characteristics of gneiss; -- applied to rocks of an intermediate character between granite and gneiss, or mica slate and gneiss. GNEISSOSE Gneis"sose`, a. Defn: Having the structure of gneiss. GNEW Gnew, obs. Defn: imp. of Gnaw. Chaucer. GNIDE Gnide (nid), v. t. Etym: [AS. gnidan.] Defn: To rub; to bruise; to break in pieces. [Obs.] Note: This word is found in Tyrwhitt's Chaucer, but improperly. The woed, though common in Old English, does not occur in Chaucer. T. R. Lounsbury. GNOF Gnof, n. Defn: Churl; curmudgeon. [Obs.] Chaucer. GNOME Gnome, n. Etym: [F. gnome, prob. fr. Gr. i. e., of the treasures in the inner parts of the earth, or fr. Know.] 1. An imaginary being, supposed by the Rosicrucians to inhabit the inner parts of the earth, and to be the guardian of mines, quarries, etc. 2. A dwarf; a goblin; a person of small stature or misshapen features, or of strange appearance. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small owl (Glaucidium gnoma) of the Western United States. 4. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A brief reflection or maxim. Peacham. GNOMIC; GNOMICAL Gnom"ic, Gnom"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. gnomique. See Gnome maxim.] Defn: Sententious; uttering or containing maxims, or striking detached thoughts; aphoristic. A city long famous as the seat of elegiac and gnomic poetry. G. R. Lewes. Gnomic Poets, Greek poets, as Theognis and Solon, of the sixth century B. C., whose writings consist of short sententious precepts and reflections. GNOMICAL Gnom"ic*al, a. Etym: [See Gnomon.] Defn: Gnomonical. Boyle. GNOMICALLY Gnom"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a gnomic, didactic, or sententious manner. GNOMOLOGIC; GNOMOLOGICAL Gno`mo*log"ic, Gno`mo*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to, of the nature of, or resembling, a gnomology. GNOMOLOGY Gno*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. gnomologie.] Defn: A collection of, or a treatise on, maxims, grave sentences, or reflections. [Obs.] Milton. GNOMON Gno"mon, n. Etym: [L. gnomon, Gr. Gnome.] 1. (Dialing) Defn: The style or pin, which by its shadow, shows the hour of the day. It is usually set parallel to the earth's axis. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A style or column erected perpendicularly to the horizon, formerly used in astronomocal observations. Its principal use was to find the altitude of the sun by measuring the length of its shadow. 3. (Geom.) Defn: The space included between the boundary lines of two similar parallelograms, the one within the other, with an angle in common; as, the gnomon bcdefg of the parallelograms ac and af. The parallelogram bf is the complement of the parallelogram df. 4. The index of the hour circle of a globe. GNOMONIC; GNOMONICAL Gno*mon"ic, Gno*mon"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. gnomonicus, Gr. gnomonique. See Gnomon.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the gnomon, or the art of dialing. Gnomonic projection, a projection of the circles of the sphere, in which the point of sight is taken at the center of the sphere, and the principal plane is tangent to the surface of the sphere. "The gnomonic projection derives its name from the connection between the methods of describing it and those for the construction of a gnomon or dial." Cyc. of Arts & Sciences. GNOMONICALLY Gno*mon"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: According to the principles of the gnomonic projection. GNOMONICS Gno*mon"ics, n. Etym: [See Gnomonic.] Defn: The art or science of dialing, or of constructing dials to show the hour of the day by the shadow of a gnomon. GNOMONIST Gno"mon*ist, n. Defn: One skilled in gnomonics. Boyle. GNOMONOLOGY Gno`mon*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gnomon + -logy. Cf. Gnomonology.] Defn: A treatise on gnomonics. GNOSCOPINE Gnos"co*pine, n. Etym: [Gr. gignw`skein to know + E. opium] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid existing in small quantities in opium. GNOSIS Gno"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. gnw^sis.] (Metaph.) Defn: The deeper wisdom; knowledge of spiritual truth, such as was claimed by the Gnostics. GNOSTIC Gnos"tic, a. 1. Knowing; wise; shrewd. [Old Slang] I said you were a gnostic fellow. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Gnosticism or its adherents; as, the Gnostic heresy. GNOSTIC Gnos"tic, n. Etym: [L. gnosticus, Gr. gignw`skein to know: cf. F. gnostique. See Know.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of the so-called philosophers in the first ages of Christianity, who claimed a true philosophical interpretation of the Christian religion. Their system combined Oriental theology and Greek philosophy with the doctrines of Christianity. They held that all natures, intelligible, intellectual, and material, are derived from the Deity by successive emanations, which they called Eons. GNOSTICISM Gnos"ti*cism, n. Defn: The system of philosophy taught by the Gnostics. GNOW Gnow, obs. imp. of Gnaw. Defn: Gnawed. Chaucer. GNU Gnu, n. Etym: [Hottentot gnu, or nju: cf. F. gnou.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of two species of large South African antelopes of the genus Catoblephas, having a mane and bushy tail, and curved horns in both sexes. [Written also gnoo.] Note: The common gnu or wildebeest (Catoblephas gnu) is plain brown; the brindled gnu or blue wildebeest (C. gorgon) is larger, with transverse stripes of black on the neck and shoulders. GO Go, obs. p. p. of Go. Defn: Gone. Chaucer. GO Go, v. i. [imp. Went; p. p. Gone; p. pr. & vb. n. Going. Went comes from the AS, wendan. See Wend, v. i.] Etym: [OE. gan, gon, AS. gan, akin to D. gaan, G. gehn, gehen, OHG. g, gan, SW. ga, Dan. gaae; cf. Gr. ha to go, AS. gangan, and E. gang. The past tense in AS., eode, is from the root i to go, as is also Goth. iddja went. sq. root47a. Cf. Gang, v. i., Wend.] 1. To pass from one place to another; to be in motion; to be in a state not motionless or at rest; to proced; to advance; to make progress; -- used, in various applications, of the movement of both animate and inanimate beings, by whatever means, and also of the movements of the mind; also figuratively applied. 2. To move upon the feet, or step by step; to walk; also, to walk step by step, or leisurely. Note: In old writers go is much used as opposed to run, or ride. "Whereso I go or ride." Chaucer. You know that love Will creep in service where it can not go. Shak. Thou must run to him; for thou hast staid so long that going will scarce serve the turn. Shak. He fell from running to going, and from going to clambering upon his hands and his knees. Bunyan. Note: In Chaucer go is used frequently with the pronoun in the objective used reflexively; as, he goeth him home. 3. To be passed on fron one to another; to pass; to circulate; hence, with for, to have currency; to be taken, accepted, or regarded. The man went among men for an old man in the days of Saul. 1 Sa. xvii. 12. [The money] should go according to its true value. Locke. 4. To proceed or happen in a given manner; to fare; to move on or be carried on; to have course; to come to an issue or result; to succeed; to turn out. How goes the night, boy Shak. I think, as the world goes, he was a good sort of man enough. Arbuthnot. Whether the cause goes for me or against me, you must pay me the reward. I Watts. 5. To proceed or tend toward a result, consequence, or product; to tend; to conduce; to be an ingredient; to avail; to apply; to contribute; -- often with the infinitive; as, this goes to show. Against right reason all your counsels go. Dryden. To master the foul flend there goeth some complement knowledge of theology. Sir W. Scott. 6. To apply one's self; to set one's self; to undertake. Seeing himself confronted by so many, like a resolute orator, he went not to denial, but to justify his cruel falsehood. Sir P. Sidney. Note: Go, in this sense, is often used in the present participle with the auxiliary verb to be, before an infinitive, to express a future of intention, or to denote design; as, I was going to say; I am going to begin harvest. 7. To proceed by a mental operation; to pass in mind or by an act of the memory or imagination; -- generally with over or through. By going over all these particulars, you may receive some tolerable satisfaction about this great subject. South. 8. To be with young; to be pregnant; to gestate. The fruit she goes with, I pray for heartily, that it may find Good time, and live. Shak. 9. To move from the person speaking, or from the point whence the action is contemplated; to pass away; to leave; to depart; -- in opposition to stay and come. I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the Lord your God; . . . only ye shall not go very far away. Ex. viii. 28. 10. To pass away; to depart forever; to be lost or ruined; to perish; to decline; to decease; to die. By Saint George, he's gone! That spear wound hath our master sped. Sir W. Scott. 11. To reach; to extend; to lead; as, a line goes across the street; his land goes to the river; this road goes to New York. His amorous expressions go no further than virtue may allow. Dryden. 12. To have recourse; to resort; as, to go to law. Note: Go is used, in combination with many prepositions and adverbs, to denote motion of the kind indicated by the preposition or adverb, in which, and not in the verb, lies the principal force of the expression; as, to go against to go into, to go out, to go aside, to go astray, etc. Go to, come; move; go away; -- a phrase of exclamation, serious or ironical. -- To go a-begging, not to be in demand; to be undesired. -- To go about. (a) To set about; to enter upon a scheme of action; to undertake. "They went about to slay him." Acts ix. 29. They never go about . . . to hide or palliate their vices. Swift. (b) (Naut.) To tack; to turn the head of a ship; to wear. -- To go abraod. (a) To go to a foreign country. (b) To go out of doors. (c) To become public; to be published or disclosed; to be current. Then went this saying abroad among the brethren. John xxi. 23. -- To go against. (a) To march against; to attack. (b) To be in opposition to; to be disagreeable to. -- To go ahead. (a) To go in advance. (b) To go on; to make progress; to proceed. -- To go and come. See To come and go, under Come. -- To go aside. (a) To withdraw; to retire. He . . . went aside privately into a desert place. Luke. ix. 10. (b) To go from what is right; to err. Num. v. 29.-- To go back on. (a) To retrace (one's path or footsteps). (b) To abandon; to turn against; to betray. [Slang, U. S.] -- To go below (Naut), to go below deck. -- To go between, to interpose or mediate between; to be a secret agent between parties; in a bad sense, to pander. -- To go beyond. See under Beyond. -- To go by, to pass away unnoticed; to omit. -- To go by the board (Naut.), to fall or be carried overboard; as, the mast went by the board. -- To go down. (a) To descend. (b) To go below the horizon; as, the sun has gone down. (c) To sink; to founder; -- said of ships, etc. (d) To be swallowed; -- used literally or figuratively. [Colloq.] Nothing so ridiculous, . . . but it goes down whole with him for truth. L' Estrange. -- To go far. (a) To go to a distance. (b) To have much weight or influence. -- To go for. (a) To go in quest of. (b) To represent; to pass for. (c) To favor; to advocate. (d) To attack; to assault. [Low] (e) To sell for; to be parted with for (a price). -- To go for nothing, to be parted with for no compensation or result; to have no value, efficacy, or influence; to count for nothing. -- To go forth. (a) To depart from a place. (b) To be divulged or made generally known; to emanate. The law shall go forth of Zion, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem. Micah iv. 2. -- To go hard with, to trouble, pain, or endanger. -- To go in, to engage in; to take part. [Colloq.] -- To go in and out, to do the business of life; to live; to have free access. John x. 9. -- To go in for. [Colloq.] (a) To go for; to favor or advocate (a candidate, a measure, etc.). (b) To seek to acquire or attain to (wealth, honor, preferment, etc.) (c) To complete for (a reward, election, etc.). (d) To make the object of one's labors, studies, etc. He was as ready to go in for statistics as for anything else. Dickens. -- To go in to or unto. (a) To enter the presence of. Esther iv. 16.(b) To have sexual intercourse with. [Script.] -- To go into. (a) To speak of, investigate, or discuss (a question, subject, etc.). (b) To participate in (a war, a business, etc.). -- To go large. (Naut) See under Large. -- To go off. (a) To go away; to depart. The leaders . . . will not go off until they hear you. Shak. (b) To cease; to intermit; as, this sickness went off. (c) To die. Shak. (d) To explode or be discharged; -- said of gunpowder, of a gun, a mine, etc. (e) To find a purchaser; to be sold or disposed of. (f) To pass off; to take place; to be accomplished. The wedding went off much as such affairs do. Mrs. Caskell. -- To go on. (a) To proceed; to advance further; to continue; as, to go on reading. (b) To be put or drawn on; to fit over; as, the coat will not go on. -- To go all fours, to correspond exactly, point for point. It is not easy to make a simile go on all fours. Macaulay. -- To go out. (a) To issue forth from a place. (b) To go abroad; to make an excursion or expedition. There are other men fitter to go out than I. Shak. What went ye out for to see Matt. xi. 7, 8, 9. (c) To become diffused, divulged, or spread abroad, as news, fame etc. (d) To expire; to die; to cease; to come to an end; as, the light has gone out. Life itself goes out at thy displeasure. Addison. -- To go over. (a) To traverse; to cross, as a river, boundary, etc.; to change sides. I must not go over Jordan. Deut. iv. 22. Let me go over, and see the good land that is beyond Jordan. Deut. iii. 25. Ishmael . . . departed to go over to the Ammonites. Jer. xli. 10. (b) To read, or study; to examine; to review; as, to go over one's accounts. If we go over the laws of Christianity, we shall find that . . . they enjoin the same thing. Tillotson. (c) To transcend; to surpass. (d) To be postponed; as, the bill went over for the session. (e) (Chem.) To be converted (into a specified substance or material); as, monoclinic sulphur goes over into orthorhombic, by standing; sucrose goes over into dextrose and levulose. -- To go through. (a) To accomplish; as, to go through a work. (b) To suffer; to endure to the end; as, to go through a surgical operation or a tedious illness. (c) To spend completely; to exhaust, as a fortune. (d) To strip or despoil (one) of his property. [Slang] (e) To botch or bungle a business. [Scot.] -- To go through with, to perform, as a calculation, to the end; to complete. -- To go to ground. (a) To escape into a hole; -- said of a hunted fox. (b) To fall in battle. -- To go to naught (Colloq.), to prove abortive, or unavailling. -- To go under. (a) To set; -- said of the sun. (b) To be known or recognized by (a name, title, etc.). (c) To be overwhelmed, submerged, or defeated; to perish; to succumb. -- To go up, to come to nothing; to prove abortive; to fail. [Slang] -- To go upon, to act upon, as a foundation or hypothesis. -- To go with. (a) To accompany. (b) To coincide or agree with. (c) To suit; to harmonize with. -- To go (well, ill, or hard) with, to affect (one) in such manner. -- To go without, to be, or to remain, destitute of. -- To go wrong. (a) To take a wrong road or direction; to wander or stray. (b) To depart from virtue. (c) To happen unfortunately. (d) To miss success. -- To let go, to allow to depart; to quit one's hold; to release. GO Go, v. t. 1. To take, as a share in an enterprise; to undertake or become responsible for; to bear a part in. They to go equal shares in the booty. L'Estrange. 2. To bet or wager; as, I'll go you a shilling. [Colloq.] To go halves, to share with another equally. -- To go it, to behave in a wild manner; to be uproarious; to carry on; also, to proceed; to make progress. [Colloq.] -- To go it alone (Card Playing), to play a hand without the assistance of one's partner. -- To go it blind. (a) To act in a rash, reckless, or headlong manner. [Slang] (b) (Card Playing) To bet without having examined the cards. -- To go one's way, to set forth; to depart. GO Go, n. 1. Act; working; operation. [Obs.] So gracious were the goes of marriage. Marston. 2. A circumstance or occurrence; an incident. [Slang] This is a pretty go. Dickens. 3. The fashion or mode; as, quite the go. [Colloq.] 4. Noisy merriment; as, a high go. [Colloq.] 5. A glass of spirits. [Slang] 6. Power of going or doing; energy; vitality; perseverance; push; as, there is no go in him. [Colloq.] 7. (Cribbage) Defn: That condition in the course of the game when a player can not lay down a card which will not carry the aggregate count above thirty-one. Great go, Little go, the final and the preliminary examinations for a degree. [Slang, Eng. Univ.] -- No go, a failure; a fiasco. [Slang] Thackeray. -- On the go, moving about; unsettled. [Colloq.] GOA Go"a, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of antelope (Procapra picticauda), inhabiting Thibet. GOAD Goad, n. Etym: [AS. gad; perh. akin to AS. gar a dart, and E. gore. See Gore, v. t.] Defn: A pointed instrument used to urge on a beast; hence, any necessity that urges or stimulates. The daily goad urging him to the daily toil. Macaulay. GOAD Goad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Goaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Goading.] Defn: To prick; to drive with a goad; hence, to urge forward, or to rouse by anything pungent, severe, irritating, or inflaming; to stimulate. That temptation that doth goad us on. Shak. Syn. -- To urge; stimulate; excite; arouse; irritate; incite; instigate. GOAF Goaf; n.; pl. Goafs or Goaves. Etym: [Cf. lst Gob.] (Mining) Defn: That part of a mine from which the mineral has been partially or wholly removed; the waste left in old workings; -- called also gob . To work the goaf or gob, to remove the pillars of mineral matter previously left to support the roof, and replace them with props. Ure. GOAL Goal, n. Etym: [F. gaule pole, Prov. F. waule, of German origin; cf. Fries. walu staff, stick, rod, Goth. walus, Icel. völr a round stick; prob. akin to E. wale.] 1. The mark set to bound a race, and to or around which the constestants run, or from which they start to return to it again; the place at which a race or a journey is to end. Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal With rapid wheels. Milton. 2. The final purpose or aim; the end to which a design tends, or which a person aims to reach or attain. Each individual seeks a several goal. Pope. 3. A base, station, or bound used in various games; in football, a line between two posts across which the ball must pass in order to score; also, the act of kicking the ball over the line between the goal posts. Goal keeper, the player charged with the defense of the goal. GOA POWDER Go"a pow"der. Etym: [So called from Goa, on the Malabar coast, whither it was shipped from Portugal.] Defn: A bitter powder (also called araroba) found in the interspaces of the wood of a Brazilian tree (Andira araroba) and used as a medicine. It is the material from which chrysarobin is obtained. GOAR Goar, n. Defn: Same as lst Gore. GOARISH Goar"ish, a. Defn: Patched; mean. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. GOAT Goat, n. Etym: [OE goot, got, gat, AS. gat; akin to D. geit, OHG. geiz, G. geiss, Icel. geit, Sw. get, Dan. ged, Goth. gaits, L. haedus a young goat, kid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A hollow-horned ruminant of the genus Capra, of several species and varieties, esp. the domestic goat (C. hircus), which is raised for its milk, flesh, and skin. Note: The Cashmere and Angora varieties of the goat have long, silky hair, used in the manufacture of textile fabrics. The wild or bezoar goat (Capra ægagrus), of Asia Minor, noted for the bezoar stones found in its stomach, is supposed to be one of the ancestral species ofthe domestic goat. The Rocky Montain goat (Haplocercus montanus) is more nearly related to the antelopes. See Mazame. Goat antelope (Zoöl), one of several species of antelopes, which in some respects resemble a goat, having recurved horns, a stout body, large hoofs, and a short, flat tail, as the goral, thar, mazame, and chikara. -- Goat fig (Bot.), the wild fig. -- Goat house. (a) A place for keeping goats. (b) A brothel. [Obs.] -- Goat moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Cossus, esp. the large European species (C. ligniperda), the larva of which burrows in oak and willow trees, and requires three years to mature. It exhales an odor like that of the he-goat. -- Goat weed (Bot.), a scrophulariaceous plant, of the genus Capraria (C. biflora). -- Goat's bane (Bot.), a poisonous plant (Aconitum Lucoctonum), bearing pale yellow flowers, introduced from Switzerland into England; wolfsbane. -- Goat's beard (Bot.), a plant of the genus Tragopogon; -- so named from the long silky beard of the seeds. One species is the salsify or oyster plant. -- Goat's foot (Bot.), a kind of wood sorrel (Oxalis caprina) growing at the Cape of Good Hope. -- Goat's rue (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Galega officinalis of Europe, or Tephrosia Virginiana in the United States). -- Goat's thorn (Bot.), a thorny leguminous plant (Astragalus Tragacanthus), found in the Levant. -- Goat's wheat (Bot.), the genus Tragopyrum (now referred to Atraphaxis). GOATEE Goat`ee", n. Defn: A part of a man's beard on the chin or lower lip which is allowed to grow, and trimmed so as to resemble the beard of a goat. GOATFISH Goat"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of the genus Upeneus, inhabiting the Gulf of Mexico. It is allied to the surmullet. GOATHERD Goat"herd`, n. Defn: One who tends goats. Spenser. GOATISH Goat"ish, a. Defn: Characteristic of a goat; goatlike. Give your chaste body up to the embraces Of goatish lust. Massinger. -- Goat"ish*ly, adv. -- Goat"ish*ness, n. GOATLIKE Goat"like`, a. Defn: Like a goat; goatish. GOATSKIN Goat"skin`, n. Defn: The skin of a goat, or leather made from it. -- a. Defn: Made of the skin of a goat. GOATSUCKER Goat"suck`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of insectivorous birds, belonging to Caprimulgus and allied genera, esp. the European species (Caprimulgus Europæus); -- so called from the mistaken notion that it sucks goats. The European species is also goat-milker, goat owl, goat chaffer, fern owl, night hawk, nightjar, night churr, churr-owl, gnat hawk, and dorhawk . GOAVES Goaves, n. pl. Etym: [See Goaf, n.] (Mining) Defn: Old workings. See Goaf. Raymond. GOB Gob, n. Etym: [Cf. Goaf.] (Mining) Defn: Same as Goaf. GOB Gob, n. Etym: [OF. gob morsel; cf. F. gobe, gobbe, a poisoned morsel, poison ball, gobet a piece swallowed, gober to swallow greedily and without tasting; cf. Gael. & Ir. gob mouth, snout, W. gwp a bird's head and neck. Cf. Gobble, Job, n.] 1. A little mass or collection; a small quantity; a mouthful. [Low] L'Estrange. 2. The mouth. [Prov. Eng.or Low] Wright. GOBANG Go*bang", n. [Written also goban.] [Jap. goban checkerboard, fr. Chino-Jap. go checker + ban board.] Defn: A Japanese game, played on a checkerboard, in which the object of the game is to be the first in placing five pieces, or men, in a row in any direction. GOBBET Gob"bet, n. Etym: [OE. & F. gobet. See 2d Gob.] Defn: A mouthful; a lump; a small piece. Spenser. [He] had broken the stocks to small gobbets. Wyclif. GOBBET Gob"bet, v. t. Defn: To swallow greedily; to swallow in gobbets. [Low] L'Estrange. GOBBETLY Gob"bet*ly, adv. Defn: In pieces. [Obs.] Huloet. GOBBING Gob"bing, n. Etym: [See lst Gob.] (Mining) (a) The refuse thrown back into the excavation after removing the coal. It is called also gob stuff. Brande & C. (b) The process of packing with waste rock; stowing. GOBBLE Gob"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gobbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Gobbling.] Etym: [Freq. of 2d gob.] 1. To swallow or eat greedily or hastily; to gulp. Supper gobbled up in haste. Swift. 2. To utter (a sound) like a turkey cock. He . . . gobbles out a note of self-approbation. Goldsmith. To gobble up, to capture in a mass or in masses; to capture suddenly. [Slang] GOBBLE Gob"ble, v. i. 1. To eat greedily. 2. To make a noise like that of a turkey cock. Prior. GOBBLE Gob"ble, n. Defn: A noise made in the throat. Ducks and geese . . . set up a discordant gobble. Mrs. Gore. GOBBLER Gob"bler, n. Defn: A turkey cock; a bubbling Jock. GOBELIN Gob"e*lin, a. Defn: Pertaining to tapestry produced in the so-called Gobelin works, which have been maintained by the French Government since 1667. GOBEMOUCHE Gobe`mouche", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Literally, a fly swallower; hence, once who keeps his mouth open; a boor; a silly and credulous person. GOBET Gob"et, n. Defn: See Gobbet. [Obs.] Chaucer. GO-BETWEEN Go"-be*tween`, n. Defn: An intermediate agent; a broker; a procurer; -- usually in a disparaging sense. Shak. GOBIOID Go"bi*oid, a. Etym: [NL. Gobius + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the goby, or the genus Gobius. -- n. Defn: A gobioid fish. GOBLET Gob"let, n. Etym: [F. gobelet, LL. gobeletus, gobellus; cf. L. cupa tub, cask. See Cupel.] Defn: A kind of cup or drinking vessel having a foot or standard, but without a handle. We love not loaded boards and goblets crowned. Denham. GOBLIN Gob"lin, n. Etym: [OE. gobelin, F. gobelin, LL. gobelinus, fr. Gr. kobold, E. kobold, cobalt, Armor. gobilin an ignis fatuus, goblin.] Defn: An evil or mischievous spirit; a playful or malicious elf; a frightful phantom; a gnome. To whom the goblin, full of wrath, replied. Milton. GOBLINE Gob"line`, n. (Naut.) Defn: One of the ropes or chains serving as stays for the dolphin striker or the bowsprit; -- called also gobrope and gaubline. GOBLINIZE Gob"lin*ize, v. t. Defn: To transform into a goblin. [R.] Lowell. GOBSTICK Gob"stick`, n. [Gob mouth + stick.] 1. (Angling) Defn: A stick or device for removing the hook from a fish's gullet. He . . . wrenched out the hook with the short wooden stick he called a "gobstick." Kipling. 2. A spoon. [Prov. Eng. or Slang] GOBY Go"by, n.; pl. Gobies. Etym: [F. gobie, L. gobius, gobio, Gr. Gudgeon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of small marine fishes of the genus Gobius and allied genera. GO-BY Go"-by`, n. Defn: A passing without notice; intentional neglect; thrusting away; a shifting off; adieu; as, to give a proposal the go-by. Some songs to which we have given the go-by. Prof. Wilson. GOCART Go"cart`, n. Defn: A framework moving on casters, designed to support children while learning to walk. GOD God, a. & n. Defn: Good. [Obs.] Chaucer. GOD God, n. Etym: [AS. god; akin to OS. & D. god, OHG. got, G. gott, Icel. gu, go, Sw. & Dan. gud, Goth. gup, prob. orig. a p. p. from a root appearing in Skr. h, p. p. h, to call upon, invoke, implore. Goodbye, Gospel, Gossip.] 1. A being conceived of as possessing supernatural power, and to be propitiated by sacrifice, worship, etc.; a divinity; a deity; an object of worship; an idol. He maketh a god, and worshipeth it. Is. xliv. 15. The race of Israel . . . bowing lowly down To bestial gods. Milton. 2. The Supreme Being; the eternal and infinite Spirit, the Creator, and the Sovereign of the universe; Jehovah. God is a Spirit; and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth. John iv. 24. 3. A person or thing deified and honored as the chief good; an object of supreme regard. Whose god is their belly. Phil. iii. 19. 4. Figuratively applied to one who wields great or despotic power. [R.] Shak. Act of God. (Law) See under Act. -- Gallery gods, the occupants of the highest and cheapest gallery of a theater. [Colloq.] -- God's acre, God's field, a burial place; a churchyard. See under Acre. -- God's house. (a) An almshouse. [Obs.] (b) A church. -- God's penny, earnest penny. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. -- God's Sunday, Easter. GOD God, v. t. Defn: To treat as a god; to idolize. [Obs.] Shak. GODCHILD God"child`, n. Defn: One for whom a person becomes sponsor at baptism, and whom he promises to see educated as a Christian; a godson or goddaughter. See Godfather. GODDAUGHTER God"daugh`ter, n. Etym: [AS. goddohtor.] Defn: A female for whom one becomes sponsor at baptism. GODDESS God"dess, n. 1. A female god; a divinity, or deity, of the female sex. When the daughter of Jupiter presented herself among a crowd of goddesses, she was distinguished by her graceful stature and superior beauty. Addison. 2. A woman of superior charms or excellence. GODE Gode, a. & n. Defn: Good. [Obs.] Chaucer. GODELICH Gode"lich, a. Defn: Goodly. [Obs.] Chaucer. GO-DEVIL Go"-dev"il, n. (Mach.) (a) A weight which is dropped into a bore, as of an oil well, to explode a cartridge previously lowered. (b) A device, as a loosely fitted plug, which is driven through a pipe by the pressure of the contents behind the plug to clear away obstructions. (c) A rough sled or dray used for dragging logs, hauling stone, etc. [Local, U. S.] GODE-YEAR Gode"-year, n. Etym: [See Goujere.] Defn: The venereal disease; -- often used as a mild oath. [Obs.] Shak. GODFATHER God"fa`ther, n. Etym: [AS. godfæder. Cf. Gossip.] Defn: A man who becomes sponsor for a child at baptism, and makes himself a surety for its Christian training and instruction. There shall be for every Male-child to be baptized, when they can be had, two Godfathers and one Godmother; and for every Female, one Godfather and two Godmothers; and Parents shall be admitted as Sponsors, if it is desired. Book of Common Prayer (Prot. Episc. Ch., U. S. ). GODFATHER God"fa`ther, v. t. Defn: To act as godfather to; to take under one's fostering care. [R.] Burke. GOD-FEARING God"-fear`ing, a. Defn: Having a reverential and loving feeling towards God; religious. A brave good-fearing man. Tennyson. GODHEAD God"head, n. Etym: [OE. godhed. See -head, and cf. Godhood.] 1. Godship; deity; divinity; divine nature or essence; godhood. 2. The Deity; God; the Supreme Being. The imperial throne Of Godhead, fixed for ever. Milton. 3. A god or goddess; a divinity. [Obs.] Adoring first the genius of the place, The nymphs and native godheads yet unknown. Dryden. GODHOOD God"hood, n. Etym: [God + -hood. Cf. Godhead.] Defn: Divine nature or essence; deity; godhead. GODILD God"ild. Defn: A corruption of God yield, i. e., God reward or bless. Shak. GODLESS God"less, a. Defn: Having, or acknowledging, no God; without reverence for God; impious; wicked. -- God"less*ly, adv. -- God"less*ness, n. GODLIKE God"like`, a. Etym: [God + like. Cf. Godly.] Defn: Resembling or befitting a god or God; divine; hence, preeminently good; as, godlike virtue. -- God"like`ness, n. GODLILY God"li*ly, adv. Defn: Righteously. H. Wharton. GODLINESS God"li*ness, n. Etym: [From Godly.] Defn: Careful observance of, or conformity to, the laws of God; the state or quality of being godly; piety. Godliness is profitable unto all things. 1 Tim. iv. 8. GODLING God"ling, n. Defn: A diminutive god. Dryden. GODLY God"ly, a. Etym: [God, n. + -ly. Cf. Godlike, Like.] Defn: Pious; reverencing God, and his character and laws; obedient to the commands of God from love for, and reverence of, his character; conformed to God's law; devout; righteous; as, a godly life. For godly sorrow worketh repentance. 2 Cor. vii. 10. GODLY God"ly, adv. Defn: Piously; devoutly; righteously. All that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution. 2. Tim. iii. 12. GODLYHEAD God"ly*head, n. Etym: [Cf. Goodlyhead.] Defn: Goodness. [Obs.] Spenser. GODMOTHER God"moth`er, n. Etym: [AS. godm.] Defn: A woman who becomes sponsor for a child in baptism. See Godfather GODOWN Go*down", n. Etym: [Corruption of Malay gadong warehouse.] Defn: A warehouse. [East Indies] GODROON Go*droon", n. Etym: [F. godron a round plait, godroon.] (Arch.) Defn: An ornament produced by notching or carving a rounded molding. GODSEND God"send`, n. Defn: Something sent by God; an unexpected acquisiton or piece of good fortune. GODSHIP God"ship, n. Etym: [God, n. + -ship.] Defn: The rank or character of a god; deity; divinity; a god or goddess. O'er hills and dales their godships came. Prior. GODSIB God"sib, n. Defn: A gossip. [Obs.] Chaucer. GODSON God"son`, n. Etym: [AS. godsunu.] Defn: A male for whom one has stood sponsor in baptism. See Godfather. GODSPEED God"speed`, n. Defn: Success; prosperous journeying; -- a contraction of the phrase, "God speed you." [Written also as two separate words.] Receive him not into house, neither bid him God speed. 2 John 10. GODWARD God"ward, adv. Defn: Toward God. 2 Cor. iii. 4. GODWIT God"wit, n. Etym: [Prob. from AS. g good + wiht creature, wight.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of long-billed, wading birds of the genus Limosa, and family Tringidæ. The European black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa), the American marbled godwit (L. fedoa), the Hudsonian godwit (L. hæmastica), and others, are valued as game birds. Called also godwin. GOEL Go"el (go"êl), a. Etym: [Cf. Yellow. sq. root49.] Defn: Yellow. [Obs.] Tusser. GOELAND Go`ë`land", n. Etym: [F. goëland.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A white tropical tern (Cygis candida). GOEMIN Go`ë`min", n. Etym: [F. goëmon seaweed.] Defn: A complex mixture of several substances extracted from Irish moss. GOEN Go"en, Defn: p. p. of Go. [Obs.] GOER Go"er, n. Etym: [From Go.] Defn: One who, or that which, goes; a runner or walker; as: (a) A foot. [Obs.] Chapman. (b) A horse, considered in reference to his gait; as, a good goer; a safe goer. This antechamber has been filled with comers and goers. Macaulay. GOETY Go"e*ty, n. Etym: [Gr. goétie.] Defn: Invocation of evil spirits; witchcraft. [Obs.] Hallywell. GOFF Goff, n. Etym: [Cf. F. goffe ill-made, awkward, It. goffo, Sp. gofo, Prov. G. goff a blockhead, Gr. Defn: A silly clown. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. GOFF Goff, n. Defn: A game. See Golf. [Scot.] Halliwell. GOFFER Gof"fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Goffered; p. pr. & vb. n. Goffering.] Etym: [See Gauffer.] Defn: To plait, flute, or crimp. See Gauffer. Clarke. GOG Gog, n. Etym: [Cf. agog, F. gogue sprightliness, also W. gogi to agitate, shake.] Defn: Haste; ardent desire to go. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. GOGGLE Gog"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Goggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Goggling.] Etym: [Cf. Ir. & Gael. gog a nod, slight motion.] Defn: To roll the eyes; to stare. And wink and goggle like an owl. Hudibras. GOGGLE Gog"gle, a. Defn: Full and rolling, or staring; -- said of the eyes. The long, sallow vissage, the goggle eyes. Sir W. Scott. GOGGLE Gog"gle, n. Etym: [See Goggle, v. i.] 1. A strained or affected rolling of the eye. 2. pl. (a) A kind of spectacles with short, projecting eye tubes, in the front end of which are fixed plain glasses for protecting the eyes from cold, dust, etc. (b) Colored glasses for relief from intense light. (c) A disk with a small aperture, to direct the sight forward, and cure squinting. (d) Any screen or cover for the eyes, with or without a slit for seeing through. GOGGLED Gog"gled, a. Defn: Prominent; staring, as the eye. GOGGLE-EYE Gog"gle-eye`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) One of two or more species of American fresh-water fishes of the family Centrarchidæ, esp. Chænobryttus antistius, of Lake Michigan and adjacent waters, and Ambloplites rupestris, of the Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley; -- so called from their prominent eyes. (b) The goggler. GOGGLE-EYED Gog"gle-eyed`, a. Defn: Having prominent and distorted or rolling eyes. Ascham. GOGGLER Gog"gler, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A carangoid oceanic fish (Trachurops crumenophthalmus), having very large and prominent eyes; -- called also goggle-eye, big-eyed scad, and cicharra. GOGLET Gog"let, n. Etym: [Pg. gorgoleta.] Defn: See Gurglet. GOING Go"ing, n. 1. The act of moving in any manner; traveling; as, the going is bad. 2. Departure. Milton. 3. Pregnancy; gestation; childbearing. Crew. 4. pl. Defn: Course of life; behavior; doings; ways. His eyes are upon the ways of man, and he seeth all his goings. Job xxxiv. 21. Going barrel. (Horology) (a) A barrel containing the mainspring, and having teeth on its periphery to drive the train. (b) A device for maintaining a force to drive the train while the timepiece is being wound up. -- Going forth. (Script.) (a) Outlet; way of exit. "Every going forth of the sanctuary." Ezek. xliv. 5. (b) A limit; a border. "The going forth thereof shall be from the south to Kadesh-barnea." Num. xxxiv. 4. -- Going out, or Goings out. (Script.) (a) The utmost extremity or limit. "The border shall go down to Jordan, and the goings out of it shall be at the salt sea." Num. xxxiv. 12. (b) Departure or journeying. "And Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys." Num. xxxiii. 2. -- Goings on, behavior; actions; conduct; -- usually in a bad sense. GOITER; GOITRE Goi"ter Goi"tre, n. Etym: [F. goître, L. guttur throat, cf. tumidum guttur goiter, gutturosus goitered. See Guttural.] (Med.) Defn: An enlargement of the thyroid gland, on the anterior part of the neck; bronchocele. It is frequently associated with cretinism, and is most common in mountainous regions, especially in certain parts of Switzerland. GOITERED; GOITRED Goi"tered, Goi"tred, a. Defn: Affected with goiter. GOITROUS Goi"trous, a. Etym: [F. goîtreux, L. gutturosus. See Goiter.] Defn: Pertaining to the goiter; affected with the goiter; of the nature of goiter or bronchocele. Let me not be understood as insinuating that the inhabitants in general are either goitrous or idiots. W. Coxe. GOLD; GOLDE; GOOLDE Gold, Golde, Goolde, n. (Bot.) Defn: An old English name of some yellow flower, -- the marigold (Calendula), according to Dr. Prior, but in Chaucer perhaps the turnsole. GOLD Gold, n. Etym: [AS. gold; akin to D. goud, OS. & G. gold, Icel. gull, Sw. & Dan. guld, Goth. gulp, Russ. & OSlav. zlato; prob. akin to E. yellow. Yellow, and cf. Gild, v. t.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A metallic element, constituting the most precious metal used as a common commercial medium of exchange. It has a characteristic yellow color, is one of the heaviest substances known (specific gravity 19.32), is soft, and very malleable and ductile. It is quite unalterable by heat, moisture, and most corrosive agents, and therefore well suited for its use in coin and jewelry. Symbol Au (Aurum). Atomic weight 196.7. Note: Native gold contains usually eight to ten per cent of silver, but often much more. As the amount of silver increases, the color becomes whiter and the specific gravity lower. Gold is very widely disseminated, as in the sands of many rivers, but in very small quantity. It usually occurs in quartz veins (gold quartz), in slate and metamorphic rocks, or in sand and alluvial soil, resulting from the disintegration of such rocks. It also occurs associated with other metallic substances, as in auriferous pyrites, and is combined with tellurium in the minerals petzite, calaverite, sylvanite, etc. Pure gold is too soft for ordinary use, and is hardened by alloying with silver and copper, the latter giving a characteristic reddish tinge. [See Carat.] Gold also finds use in gold foil, in the pigment purple of Cassius, and in the chloride, which is used as a toning agent in photography. 2. Money; riches; wealth. For me, the gold of France did not seduce. Shak. 3. A yellow color, like that of the metal; as, a flower tipped with gold. 4. Figuratively, something precious or pure; as, hearts of gold. Shak. Age of gold. See Golden age, under Golden. -- Dutch gold, Fool's gold, Gold dust, etc. See under Dutch, Dust, etc. -- Gold amalgam, a mineral, found in Columbia and California, composed of gold and mercury. -- Gold beater, one whose occupation is to beat gold into gold leaf. -- Gold beater's skin, the prepared outside membrane of the large intestine of the ox, used for separating the leaves of metal during the process of gold-beating. -- Gold beetle (Zoöl.), any small gold-colored beetle of the family Chrysomelidæ; -- called also golden beetle. -- Gold blocking, printing with gold leaf, as upon a book cover, by means of an engraved block. Knight. -- Gold cloth. See Cloth of gold, under Cloth. -- Gold Coast, a part of the coast of Guinea, in West Africa. -- Gold cradle. (Mining) See Cradle, n., 7. -- Gold diggings, the places, or region, where gold is found by digging in sand and gravel from which it is separated by washing. -- Gold end, a fragment of broken gold or jewelry. -- Gold-end man. (a) A buyer of old gold or jewelry. (b) A goldsmith's apprentice. (c) An itinerant jeweler. "I know him not: he looks like a gold-end man." B. Jonson. -- Gold fever, a popular mania for gold hunting. -- Gold field, a region in which are deposits of gold. -- Gold finder. (a) One who finds gold. (b) One who empties privies. [Obs. & Low] Swift. -- Gold flower, a composite plant with dry and persistent yellow radiating involucral scales, the Helichrysum Stoechas of Southern Europe. There are many South African species of the same genus. -- Gold foil, thin sheets of gold, as used by dentists and others. See Gold leaf. -- Gold knobs or knoppes (Bot.), buttercups. -- Gold lace, a kind of lace, made of gold thread. -- Gold latten, a thin plate of gold or gilded metal. -- Gold leaf, gold beaten into a film of extreme thinness, and used for gilding, etc. It is much thinner than gold foil. -- Gold lode (Mining), a gold vein. -- Gold mine, a place where gold is obtained by mining operations, as distinguished from diggings, where it is extracted by washing. Cf. Gold diggings (above). -- Gold nugget, a lump of gold as found in gold mining or digging; - - called also a pepito. -- Gold paint. See Gold shell. -- Gold or Golden, pheasant. (Zoöl.) See under Pheasant. -- Gold plate, a general name for vessels, dishes, cups, spoons, etc., made of gold. -- Gold of pleasure. Etym: [Name perhaps translated from Sp. oro-de- alegria.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Camelina, bearing yellow flowers. C. sativa is sometimes cultivated for the oil of its seeds. -- Gold shell. (a) A composition of powdered gold or gold leaf, ground up with gum water and spread on shells, for artists' use; -- called also gold paint. (b) (Zoöl.) A bivalve shell (Anomia glabra) of the Atlantic coast; -- called also jingle shell and silver shell. See Anomia. -- Gold size, a composition used in applying gold leaf. -- Gold solder, a kind of solder, often containing twelve parts of gold, two of silver, and four of copper. -- Gold stick, the colonel of a regiment of English lifeguards, who attends his sovereign on state occasions; -- so called from the gilt rod presented to him by the sovereign when he receives his commission as colonel of the regiment. [Eng.] -- Gold thread. (a) A thread formed by twisting flatted gold over a thread of silk, with a wheel and iron bobbins; spun gold. Ure. (b) (Bot.) A small evergreen plant (Coptis trifolia), so called from its fibrous yellow roots. It is common in marshy places in the United States. -- Gold tissue, a tissue fabric interwoven with gold thread. -- Gold tooling, the fixing of gold leaf by a hot tool upon book covers, or the ornamental impression so made. -- Gold washings, places where gold found in gravel is separated from lighter material by washing. -- Gold worm, a glowworm. [Obs.] -- Jeweler's gold, an alloy containing three parts of gold to one of copper. -- Mosaic gold. See under Mosaic. GOLD-BEATEN Gold"-beat`en, a. Defn: Gilded. [Obs.] GOLD-BEATING Gold"-beat`ing, n. Defn: The art or process of reducing gold to extremely thin leaves, by beating with a hammer. Ure. GOLD-BOUND Gold"-bound`, a. Defn: Encompassed with gold. GOLDCREST Gold"crest`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European golden-crested kinglet (Regulus cristatus, or R. regulus); -- called also golden-crested wren, and golden wren. The name is also sometimes applied to the American golden-crested kinglet. See Kinglet. GOLDCUP Gold"cup`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The cuckoobud. GOLDEN Gold"en, a. Etym: [OE. golden; cf. OE. gulden, AS. gylden, from gold. See Gold, and cf. Guilder.] 1. Made of gold; consisting of gold. 2. Having the color of gold; as, the golden grain. 3. Very precious; highly valuable; excellent; eminently auspicious; as, golden opinions. Golden age. (a) The fabulous age of primeval simplicity and purity of manners in rural employments, followed by the silver, bronze, and iron ages. Dryden. (b) (Roman Literature) The best part (B. C. 81 -- A. D. 14) of the classical period of Latinity; the time when Cicero, Cæsar, Virgil, etc., wrote. Hence: (c) That period in the history of a literature, etc., when it flourishes in its greatest purity or attains its greatest glory; as, the Elizabethan age has been considered the golden age of English literature. -- Golden balls, three gilt balls used as a sign of a pawnbroker's office or shop; -- originally taken from the coat of arms of Lombardy, the first money lenders in London having been Lombards. -- Golden bull. See under Bull, an edict. -- Golden chain (Bot.), the shrub Cytisus Laburnum, so named from its long clusters of yellow blossoms. -- Golden club (Bot.), an aquatic plant (Orontium aquaticum), bearing a thick spike of minute yellow flowers. -- Golden cup (Bot.), the buttercup. -- Golden eagle (Zoöl.), a large and powerful eagle (Aquila Chrysaëtos) inhabiting Europe, Asia, and North America. It is so called from the brownish yellow tips of the feathers on the head and neck. A dark variety is called the royal eagle; the young in the second year is the ring-tailed eagle. -- Golden fleece. (a) (Mythol.) The fleece of gold fabled to have been taken from the ram that bore Phryxus through the air to Colchis, and in quest of which Jason undertook the Argonautic expedition. (b) (Her.) An order of knighthood instituted in 1429 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy; -- called also Toison d'Or. -- Golden grease, a bribe; a fee. [Slang] -- Golden hair (Bot.), a South African shrubby composite plant with golden yellow flowers, the Chrysocoma Coma-aurea. -- Golden Horde (Hist.), a tribe of Mongolian Tartars who overran and settled in Southern Russia early in the 18th century. -- Golden Legend, a hagiology (the "Aurea Legenda") written by James de Voragine, Archbishop of Genoa, in the 13th century, translated and printed by Caxton in 1483, and partially paraphrased by Longfellow in a poem thus entitled. -- Golden marcasite tin. [Obs.] -- Golden mean, the way of wisdom and safety between extremes; sufficiency without excess; moderation. Angels guard him in the golden mean. Pope. -- Golden mole (Zoöl), one of several South African Insectivora of the family Chrysochloridæ, resembling moles in form and habits. The fur is tinted with green, purple, and gold. -- Golden number (Chronol.), a number showing the year of the lunar or Metonic cycle. It is reckoned from 1 to 19, and is so called from having formerly been written in the calendar in gold. -- Golden oriole. (Zoöl.) See Oriole. -- Golden pheasant. See under Pheasant. -- Golden pippin, a kind of apple, of a bright yellow color. -- Golden plover (Zoöl.), one of several species of plovers, of the genus Charadrius, esp. the European (C. apricarius, or pluvialis; -- called also yellow, black-breasted hill, and whistling, plover. The common American species (C. dominicus) is also called frostbird, and bullhead. -- Golden robin. (Zoöl.) See Baltimore oriole, in Vocab. -- Golden rose (R. C. Ch.), a gold or gilded rose blessed by the pope on the fourth Sunday in Lent, and sent to some church or person in recognition of special services rendered to the Holy See. -- Golden rule. (a) The rule of doing as we would have others do to us. Cf. Luke vi. 31. (b) The rule of proportion, or rule of three. -- Golden samphire (Bot.), a composite plant (Inula crithmoides), found on the seashore of Europe. -- Golden saxifrage (Bot.), a low herb with yellow flowers (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium), blossoming in wet places in early spring. -- Golden seal (Bot.), a perennial ranunculaceous herb (Hydrastis Canadensis), with a thick knotted rootstock and large rounded leaves. -- Golden sulphide, or sulphuret, of antimony (Chem.), the pentasulphide of antimony, a golden or orange yellow powder. -- Golden warbler (Zoöl.), a common American wood warbler (Dendroica æstiva); -- called also blue-eyed yellow warbler, garden warbler, and summer yellow bird. -- Golden wasp (Zoöl.), a bright-colored hymenopterous insect, of the family Chrysididæ. The colors are golden, blue, and green. -- Golden wedding. See under Wedding. GOLDEN-EYE Gold"en-eye`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A duck (Glaucionetta clangula), found in Northern Europe, Asia, and America. The American variety (var. Americana) is larger. Called whistler, garrot, gowdy, pied widgeon, whiteside, curre, and doucker. Barrow's golden-eye of America (G. Islandica) is less common. GOLDENLY Gold"en*ly, adv. Defn: In golden terms or a golden manner; splendidly; delightfully. [Obs.] Shak. GOLDEN-ROD Gold"en-rod`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tall herb (Solidago Virga-aurea), bearing yellow flowers in a graceful elongated cluster. The name is common to all the species of the genus Solidago. Golden-rod tree (Bot.), a shrub (Bosea Yervamora), a native of the Canary Isles. GOLDEN STATE Gold"en State. Defn: California; -- a nickname alluding to its rich gold deposits. GOLDFINCH Gold"finch`, n. Etym: [AS. goldfinc. See Gold, and Finch.] (Zoöl.) (a) A beautiful bright-colored European finch (Carduelis elegans). The name refers to the large patch of yellow on the wings. The front of the head and throat are bright red; the nape, with part of the wings and tail, black; -- called also goldspink, goldie, fool's coat, drawbird, draw-water, thistle finch, and sweet William. (b) The yellow-hammer. (c) A small American finch (Spinus tristis); the thistle bird. Note: The name is also applied to other yellow finches, esp. to several additional American species of Spinus. GOLDFINNY Gold"fin`ny, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of two or more species of European labroid fishes (Crenilabrus melops, and Ctenolabrus rupestris); -- called also goldsinny, and goldney. GOLDFISH Gold"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A small domesticated cyprinoid fish (Carassius auratus); -- so named from its color. It is native of China, and is said to have been introduced into Europe in 1691. It is often kept as an ornament, in small ponds or glass globes. Many varieties are known. Called also golden fish, and golden carp. See Telescope fish, under Telescope. (b) A California marine fish of an orange or red color; the garibaldi. GOLD-HAMMER Gold"-ham`mer, n. Defn: The yellow-hammer. GOLDIE Gold"ie, n. Etym: [From Gold.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European goldfinch. (b) The yellow-hammer. GOLDILOCKS Gold"i*locks`, n. Defn: Same as Goldylocks. GOLDIN; GOLDING Gold"in, Gold"ing, n. (Bot.) Etym: [From the golden color of the blossoms.] Defn: A conspicuous yellow flower, commonly the corn marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum). [This word is variously corrupted into gouland, gools, gowan, etc.] GOLDLESS Gold"less, a. Defn: Destitute of gold. GOLDNEY Gold"ney, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Gilthead. GOLDSEED Gold"seed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Dog's-tail grass. GOLDSINNY Gold"sin`ny, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Goldfinny. GOLDSMITH Gold"smith`, n. Etym: [AS. goldsmiGold., and Smith.] 1. An artisan who manufactures vessels and ornaments, etc., of gold. 2. A banker. [Obs.] Note: The goldsmiths of London formerly received money on deposit because they were prepared to keep it safely. Goldsmith beetle (Zoöl.), a large, bright yellow, American beetle (Cotalpa lanigera), of the family Scarabæidæ GOLDTIT Gold"tit`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Verdin. GOLDYLOCKS Gold"y*locks`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of several species of the genus Chrysocoma; -- so called from the tufts of yellow flowers which terminate the stems; also, the Ranunculus auricomus, a kind of buttercup. GOLET Go"let, n. Defn: The gullet. [Obs.] Chaucer. GOLET Go"let, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A California trout. See Malma. GOLF Golf, n. Etym: [D. kolf club or bat, also a Dutch game played in an inclosed area with clubs and balls; akin to G. kolben club, but end, Icel. k tongue of a bell. bolt, Sw. kolf bolt, dart, but end, Dan. kolv bolt, arrow. Cf. Club, Globe.] Defn: A game played with a small ball and a bat or club crooked at the lower end. He who drives the ball into each of a series of small holes in the ground and brings it into the last hole with the fewest strokes is the winner. [Scot.] Strutt. GOLFER Golf"er, n. Defn: One who plays golf. [Scot.] GOLGOTHA Gol"go*tha, n. Defn: Calvary. See the Note under Calvary. GOLIARD Gol"iard, n. Etym: [From OF. goliart glutton, buffoon, riotous student, Goliard, LL. goliardus, prob. fr. L. gula throat. Cf. Gules.] Defn: A buffoon in the Middle Ages, who attended rich men's tables to make sport for the guests by ribald stories and songs. GOLIARDERY Gol"iard*er*y, n. Defn: The satirical or ribald poetry of the Goliards. Milman. GOLIATH BEETLE Go*li"ath bee"tle. Etym: [From Goliath, the Philistine giant.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Goliathus, a genus of very large and handsome African beetles. GOLL Goll, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A hand, paw, or claw. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. B. Jonson. GOLOE-SHOE Go*loe"-shoe`, n. Defn: A galoche. GOLORE Go*lore", n. Defn: See Galore. GOLOSHE Go*loshe", n. Defn: See Galoche. GOLTSCHUT Golt"schut, n. 1. A small ingot of gold. 2. A silver ingot, used in Japan as money. GOLYARDEYS Gol"yard*eys, n. Defn: A buffoon. See Gollard. [Obs.] Chaucer. GOMAN Go"man, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. good man; but cf. also AS. gumman a man, OHG. gomman man, husband.] Defn: A husband; a master of a family. [Obs.] GOMARIST; GOMARITE Go"mar*ist, Go"mar*ite, n. (Eccl.-Hist.) Defn: One of the followers of Francis Gomar or Gomarus, a Dutch disciple of Calvin in the 17th century, who strongly opposed the Arminians. GOMBO Gom"bo, n. Defn: See Gumbo. GOME Gome, n. Etym: [AS. guma; akin to Goth. guma, L. homo. See Bridegroom.] Defn: A man. [Obs.] P. Plowman. GOME Gome, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. gormr ooze, mud.] Defn: The black grease on the axle of a cart or wagon wheel; -- called also gorm. See Gorm. [Prov. Eng.] GOMER Go"mer, n. Defn: A Hebrew measure. See Homer. GOMER Go"mer, n. (Gun.) Defn: A conical chamber at the breech of the bore in heavy ordnance, especially in mortars; -- named after the inventor. GOMMELIN Gom"me*lin, n. Etym: [F. gommeline, from gomme gum.] (Chem.) Defn: See Dextrin. GOMPHIASIS Gom*phi"a*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A disease of the teeth, which causes them to loosen and fall out of their sockets. GOMPHOSIS Gom*pho"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. gomphose.] (Anat.) Defn: A form of union or immovable articulation where a hard part is received into the cavity of a bone, as the teeth into the jaws. GOMUTI Go*mu"ti, n. Etym: [Malayan gumuti.] Defn: A black, fibrous substance resembling horsehair, obtained from the leafstalks of two kinds of palms, Metroxylon Sagu, and Arenga saccharifera, of the Indian islands. It is used for making cordage. Called also ejoo. GON Gon, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Go. [Obs.] Chaucer. GONAD Gon"ad, n.; pl. Gonads. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: One of the masses of generative tissue primitively alike in both sexes, but giving rise to either an ovary or a testis; a generative gland; a germ gland. Wiedersheim. GONAKIE Go"na*kie, n. (Bot.) Defn: An African timber tree (Acacia Adansonii). GONANGIUM Go`nan*gi"um, n.; pl. L. Gonangia, E. Gonangiums. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Gonotheca. GONDOLA Gon"do*la, n. Etym: [It., dim. of gonda a gondola; cf. LL. gandeia a kind of boat, Gr. gondole gondola, cup.] 1. A long, narrow boat with a high prow and stern, used in the canals of Venice. A gondola is usually propelled by one or two oarsmen who stand facing the prow, or by poling. A gondola for passengers has a small open cabin amidships, for their protection against the sun or rain. A sumptuary law of Venice required that gondolas should be painted black, and they are customarily so painted now. 2. A flat-bottomed boat for freight. [U. S.] 3. A long platform car, either having no sides or with very low sides, used on railroads. [U. S.] GONDOLET Gon"do*let, n. Etym: [It. gondoletta, dim. of gondola.] Defn: A small gondola. T. Moore. GONDOLIER Gon`do*lier", n. Etym: [It. gondoliere: cf. F. gondolier.] Defn: A man who rows a gondola. GONE Gone, Defn: p. p. of Go. GONENESS Gone"ness, n. Defn: A state of exhaustion; faintness, especially as resulting from hunger. [Colloq. U. S.] GONFALON; GONFANON Gon"fa*lon, Gon"fa*non, n. Etym: [OE. gonfanoun, OF. gonfanon, F. gonfalon, the same word as F. confalon, name of a religious brotherhood, fr. OHG. gundfano war flag; gund war (used in comp., and akin to AS. gu\'eb) + fano cloth, flag; akin to E. vane; cf. AS. gu\'ebfana. See Vane, and cf. Confalon.] 1. The ensign or standard in use by certain princes or states, such as the mediæval republics of Italy, and in more recent times by the pope. 2. A name popularly given to any flag which hangs from a crosspiece or frame instead of from the staff or the mast itself. Standards and gonfalons, 'twixt van and rear, Stream in the air. Milton. GONFALONIER Gon`fa*lon*ier", n. Etym: [F. gonfalonier: cf. It. gonfaloniere.] Defn: He who bears the gonfalon; a standard bearer; as: (a) An officer at Rome who bears the standard of the Church. (b) The chief magistrate of any one of several republics in mediæveal Italy. (c) A Turkish general, and standard keeper. GONG Gong, n. Etym: [AS. gong, gang, a going, passage, drain. See Gang.] Defn: A privy or jakes. [Obs.] Chaucer. Gong farmer, Gong man, a cleaner of privies. [Obs.] GONG Gong, n. 1. Etym: [Malayan (Jav.) gong.] Defn: An instrument, first used in the East, made of an alloy of copper and tin, shaped like a disk with upturned rim, and producing, when struck, a harsh and resounding noise. O'er distant deserts sounds the Tartar gong. Longfellow. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A flat saucerlike bell, rung by striking it with a small hammer which is connected with it by various mechanical devices; a stationary bell, used to sound calls or alarms; -- called also gong bell. Gong metal, an alloy (78 parts of copper, 22 of tin), from which Oriental gongs are made. GONGORISM Gon"go*rism, n. Defn: An affected elegance or euphuism of style, for which the Spanish poet Gongora y Argote (1561-1627), among others of his time, was noted. Gongorism, that curious disease of euphuism, that broke out simultaneously in Italy, England, and Spain. The Critic. The Renaissance riots itself away in Marinism, Gongorism, Euphuism, and the affectations of the Hôtel Rambouillet. J. A. Symonds. GONIATITE Go"ni*a*tite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: One of an extinct genus of fossil cephalopods, allied to the Ammonites. The earliest forms are found in the Devonian formation, the latest, in the Triassic. GONIDIAL Go*nid"i*al, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, gonidia. GONIDIAL Go*nid"i*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the angles of the mouth; as, a gonidial groove of an actinian. GONIDIUM Go*nid"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zool.) Defn: A special groove or furrow at one or both angles of the mouth of many Anthozoa. GONIDIUM Go*nid"i*um, n.; pl. Gonidia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A component cell of the yellowish green layer in certain lichens. GONIMIA Go*nim"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Bluish green granules which occur in certain lichens, as Collema, Peltigera, etc., and which replace the more usual gonidia. GONIMOUS Gon"i*mous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, gonidia or gonimia, as that part of a lichen which contains the green or chlorophyll-bearing cells. GONIOMETER Go`ni*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. goniomètre.] Defn: An instrument for measuring angles, especially the angles of crystals, or the inclination of planes. Contact, or Hand, goniometer, a goniometer having two movable arms (ab, cd), between which (at ab) the faces of the crystals are placed. These arms turn about a fixed point, which is the center of the graduated circle or semicircle upon which the angle is read off. -- Reflecting goniometer, an instrument for measuring the angles of crystals by determining through what angular space the crystal must be turned so that two rays reflected from two surfaces successively shall have the same direction; -- called also Wollaston's goniometer, from the inventor. GONIOMETRIC; GONIOMETRICAL Go`ni*o*met"ric, Go`ni*o*met"ric*al (, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or determined by means of, a goniometer; trigonometric. GONIOMETRY Go`ni*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. goniométrie.] (Math.) Defn: The art of measuring angles; trigonometry. GONOBLASTID Gon`o*blas"tid, n. Etym: [See Gonoblastidium.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A reproductive bud of a hydroid; a simple gonophore. GONOBLASTIDIUM Gon`o*blas*tid"i*um, n.; pl. Gonoblastidia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A blastostyle. GONOCALYX Gon`o*ca"lyx, n. Etym: [Gr. calyx,] (Zoöl.) Defn: The bell of a sessile gonozooid. GONOCHORISM Gon`o*cho"rism, n. Etym: [Gr. (a) Separation of the sexes in different individuals; -- opposed to hermaphroditism. (b) In ontogony, differentiation of male and female individuals from embryos having the same rudimentary sexual organs. (c) In phylogeny, the evolution of distinct sexes in species previously hermaphrodite or sexless. GONOCOCCUS Gon`o*coc"cus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. coccus.] (Med.) Defn: A vegetable microörganism of the genus Micrococcus, occurring in the secretion in gonorrhea. It is believed by some to constitute the cause of this disease. GONOPH Gon"oph, n. Etym: [Perh. fr. Heb. gannabh thief.] Defn: A pickpocket or thief. [Eng. Slang] Dickens. GONOPHORE Gon"o*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sexual zooid produced as a medusoid bud upon a hydroid, sometimes becoming a free hydromedusa, sometimes remaining attached. See Hydroidea, and Illusts. of Athecata, Campanularian, and Gonosome. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A lengthened receptacle, bearing the stamens and carpels in a conspicuous manner. GONORRHEA; GONORRHOEA Gon`or*rhe"a, Gon`or*rhoe"a, n. Etym: [L. gonorrhoea, Gr. gonorrhée.] (Med.) Defn: A contagious inflammatory disease of the genitourinary tract, affecting especially the urethra and vagina, and characterized by a mucopurulent discharge, pain in urination, and chordee; clap. GONORRHEAL; GONORRHOEAL Gon`or*rhe"al, Gon`or*rhoe"al, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to gonorrhea; as, gonorrheal rheumatism. GONOSOME Gon"o*some, n. Etym: [Gr. -some body.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The reproductive zooids of a hydroid colony, collectively. GONOTHECA Gon`o*the"ca, n.; pl. Gonothec. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A capsule developed on certain hydroids (Thecaphora), inclosing the blastostyle upon which the medusoid buds or gonophores are developed; -- called also gonangium, and teleophore. See Hydroidea, and Illust. of Campanularian. GONOZOOID Gon`o*zo"oid, n. Etym: [Gr. zooid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A sexual zooid, or medusoid bud of a hydroid; a gonophore. See Hydroidea, and Illust. of Campanularian. GONYDIAL Go*nyd"i*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the gonys of a bird's beak. GONYS Go"nys, n. Etym: [Cf. Genys.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The keel or lower outline of a bird's bill, so far as the mandibular rami are united. GOOBER Goo"ber, n. Defn: A peanut. [Southern U. S.] GOOD Good, a. [Compar. Better; superl. Best. These words, though used as the comparative and superlative of good, are from a different root.] Etym: [AS. God, akin to D. goed, OS. god, OHG. guot, G. gut, Icel. goedhr, Sw. & Dan. god, Goth. gods; prob. orig., fitting, belonging together, and akin to E. gather. sq. root29 Cf. Gather.] 1. Possessing desirable qualities; adapted to answer the end designed; promoting success, welfare, or happiness; serviceable; useful; fit; excellent; admirable; commendable; not bad, corrupt, evil, noxious, offensive, or troublesome, etc. And God saw everything that he had made, and behold, it was very good. Gen. i. 31. Good company, good wine, good welcome. Shak. 2. Possessing moral excellence or virtue; virtuous; pious; religious; -- said of persons or actions. In all things showing thyself a pattern of good works. Tit. ii. 7. 3. Kind; benevolent; humane; merciful; gracious; polite; propitious; friendly; well-disposed; -- often followed by to or toward, also formerly by unto. The men were very good unto us. 1 Sam. xxv. 15. 4. Serviceable; suited; adapted; suitable; of use; to be relied upon; -- followed especially by for. All quality that is good for anything is founded originally in merit. Collier. 5. Clever; skillful; dexterous; ready; handy; -- followed especially by at. He . . . is a good workman; a very good tailor. Shak. Those are generally good at flattering who are good for nothing else. South. 6. Adequate; sufficient; competent; sound; not fallacious; valid; in a commercial sense, to be depended on for the discharge of obligations incurred; having pecuniary ability; of unimpaired credit. My reasons are both good and weighty. Shak. My meaning in saying he is a good man is . . . that he is sufficient . . . I think I may take his bond. Shak. 7. Real; actual; serious; as in the phrases in good earnest; in good sooth. Love no man in good earnest. Shak. 8. Not small, insignificant, or of no account; considerable; esp., in the phrases a good deal, a good way, a good degree, a good share or part, etc. 9. Not lacking or deficient; full; complete. Good measure, pressed down, and shaken together, and running over. Luke vi. 38. 10. Not blemished or impeached; fair; honorable; unsullied; as in the phrases a good name, a good report, good repute, etc. A good name is better than precious ointment. Eccl. vii. 1. As good as. See under As. -- For good, or For good and all, completely and finally; fully; truly. The good woman never died after this, till she came to die for good and all. L'Estrange. -- Good breeding, polite or polished manners, formed by education; a polite education. Distinguished by good humor and good breeding. Macaulay. -- Good cheap, literally, good bargain; reasonably cheap. -- Good consideration (Law). (a) A consideration of blood or of natural love and affection. Blackstone. (b) A valuable consideration, or one which will sustain a contract. -- Good fellow, a person of companionable qualities. [Familiar] -- Good folk, or Good people, fairies; brownies; pixies, etc. [Colloq. Eng. & Scot.] -- Good for nothing. (a) Of no value; useless; worthless. (b) Used substantively, an idle, worthless person. My father always said I was born to be a good for nothing. Ld. Lytton. -- Good Friday, the Friday of Holy Week, kept in some churches as a fast, in memoory of our Savior's passion or suffering; the anniversary of the crucifixion. -- Good humor, or Good-humor, a cheerful or pleasant temper or state of mind. -- Good nature, or Good-nature, habitual kindness or mildness of temper or disposition; amiability; state of being in good humor. The good nature and generosity which belonged to his character. Macaulay. The young count's good nature and easy persuadability were among his best characteristics. Hawthorne. -- Good people. See Good folk (above). -- Good speed, good luck; good success; godspeed; -- an old form of wishing success. See Speed. -- Good turn, an act of kidness; a favor. -- Good will. (a) Benevolence; well wishing; kindly feeling. (b) (Law) The custom of any trade or business; the tendency or inclination of persons, old customers and others, to resort to an established place of business; the advantage accruing from tendency or inclination. The good will of a trade is nothing more than the probability that the old customers will resort to the old place. Lord Eldon. -- In good time. (a) Promptly; punctually; opportunely; not too soon nor too late. (b) (Mus.) Correctly; in proper time. -- To hold good, to remain true or valid; to be operative; to remain in force or effect; as, his promise holds good; the condition still holds good. -- To make good, to fulfill; to establish; to maintain; to supply (a defect or deficiency); to indemmify; to prove or verify (an accusation); to prove to be blameless; to clear; to vindicate. Each word made good and true. Shak. Of no power to make his wishes good. Shak. I . . . would by combat make her good. Shak. Convenient numbers to make good the city. Shak. -- To think good, to approve; to be pleased or satisfied with; to consider expedient or proper. If ye think good, give me my price; and if not, forbear. Zech. xi. 12. Note: Good, in the sense of wishing well, is much used in greeting and leave-taking; as, good day, good night, good evening, good morning, etc. GOOD Good, n. 1. That which possesses desirable qualities, promotes success, welfare, or happiness, is serviceable, fit, excellent, kind, benevolent, etc.; -- opposed to evil. There be many that say, Who will show us any good Ps. iv. 6. 2. Advancement of interest or happiness; welfare; prosperity; advantage; benefit; -- opposed to harm, etc. The good of the whole community can be promoted only by advancing the good of each of the members composing it. Jay. 3. pl. Defn: Wares; commodities; chattels; -- formerly used in the singular in a collective sense. In law, a comprehensive name for almost all personal property as distinguished from land or real property. Wharton. He hath made us spend much good. Chaucer. Thy lands and goods Are, by the laws of Venice, confiscate Unto the state of Venice. Shak. Dress goods, Dry goods, etc. See in the Vocabulary. -- Goods engine, a freight locomotive. [Eng.] -- Goods train, a freight train. [Eng.] -- Goods wagon, a freight car [Eng.] See the Note under Car, n., 2. GOOD Good, adv. Defn: Well, -- especially in the phrase as good, with a following as expressed or implied; equally well with as much advantage or as little harm as possible. As good almost kill a man as kill a good book. Milton. As good as, in effect; virtually; the same as. They who counsel ye to such a suppressing, do as good as bid ye suppress yourselves. Milton. GOOD Good, v. t. 1. To make good; to turn to good. [Obs.] 2. To manure; to improve. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. GOOD-BY; GOOD-BYE Good`-by", Good`-bye", n. or interj. Etym: [A contraction of God be with ye (God be wî ye, God bw' ye, God bwye).] Defn: Farewell; a form of address used at parting. See the last Note under By, prep. Shak. GOOD-DEN Good`-den", interj. Etym: [Corrupt. of good e'en, for good evening.] Defn: A form of salutation. [Obs.] Shak. GOOD-FELLOWSHIP Good`-fel"low*ship, n. Defn: Agreeable companionship; companionableness. GOODGEON Good"geon, n. (Naut.) Defn: Same as Gudgeon, 5. GOOD-HUMORED Good`-hu"mored, a. Defn: Having a cheerful spirit and demeanor; good-tempered. See Good- natured. GOOD-HUMOREDLY Good`-hu"mored*ly, adv. Defn: With a cheerful spirit; in a cheerful or good-tempered manner. GOODISH Good"ish, a. Defn: Rather good than the contrary; not actually bad; tolerable. Goodish pictures in rich frames. Walpole. GOODLESS Good"less, a. Defn: Having no goods. [Obs.] Chaucer. GOODLICH Good"lich, a. Defn: Goodly. [Obs.] Chaucer. GOODLINESS Good"li*ness, n. Etym: [From Goodly.] Defn: Beauty of form; grace; elegance; comeliness. Her goodliness was full of harmony to his eyes. Sir P. Sidney. GOOD-LOOKING Good"-look`ing, a. Defn: Handsome. GOODLY Good"ly, adv. Defn: Excellently. [Obs.] Spenser. GOODLY Good"ly, a. [Compar. Goodlier; superl. Goodliest.] Etym: [OE. godlich, AS. g. See Good, and Like.] 1. Pleasant; agreeable; desirable. We have many goodly days to see. Shak. 2. Of pleasing appearance or character; comely; graceful; as, a goodly person; goodly raiment, houses. The goodliest man of men since born. Milton. 3. Large; considerable; portly; as, a goodly number. Goodly and great he sails behind his link. Dryden. GOODLYHEAD; GOODLYHOOD Good"ly*head, Good"ly*hood n. Defn: Goodness; grace; goodliness. [Obs.] Spenser. GOODMAN Good"man, n. Etym: [Good + man] 1. A familiar appellation of civility, equivalent to "My friend", "Good sir", "Mister;" -- sometimes used ironically. [Obs.] With you, goodman boy, an you please. Shak. 2. A husband; the master of a house or family; -- often used in speaking familiarly. [Archaic] Chaucer. Say ye to the goodman of the house, . . . Where is the guest-chamber Mark xiv. 14. Note: In the early colonial records of New England, the term goodman is frequently used as a title of designation, sometimes in a respectful manner, to denote a person whose first name was not known, or when it was not desired to use that name; in this use it was nearly equivalent to Mr. This use was doubtless brought with the first settlers from England. GOOD-NATURED Good`-na"tured, a. Defn: Naturally mild in temper; not easily provoked. Syn. -- Good-natured, Good-tempered, Good-humored. Good-natured denotes a disposition to please and be pleased. Good-tempered denotes a habit of mind which is not easily ruffied by provocations or other disturbing influences. Good-humored is applied to a spirit full of ease and cheerfulness, as displayed in one's outward deportment and in social intercourse. A good-natured man recommends himself to all by the spirit which governs him. A good-humored man recommends himself particularly as a companion. A good-tempered man is rarely betrayed into anything which can disturb the serenity of the social circle. GOOD-NATUREDLY Good`-na"tured*ly, adv. Defn: With maldness of temper. GOODNESS Good"ness, n. Etym: [AS. g.] Defn: The quality of being good in any of its various senses; excellence; virtue; kindness; benevolence; as, the goodness of timber, of a soil, of food; goodness of character, of disposition, of conduct, etc. GOOD NOW Good" now". Defn: An exclamation of wonder, surprise, or entreaty. [Obs.] Shak. GOODS Goods, n. pl. Defn: See Good, n., 3. GOODSHIP Good"ship, n. Defn: Favor; grace. [Obs.] Gower. GOOD-TEMPERED Good`-tem"pered, a. Defn: Having a good temper; not easily vexed. See Good-natured. GOODWIFE Good"wife`, n. Defn: The mistress of a house. [Archaic] Robynson (More's Utopia). GOODY Good"y, n.; pl. Goodies (. 1. A bonbon, cake, or the like; -- usually in the pl. [Colloq.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American fish; the lafayette or spot. GOODY Good"y, n.; pl. Goodies. Etym: [Prob. contr. from goodwife.] Defn: Goodwife; -- a low term of civility or sport. GOODY-GOODY Good"y-good`y, a. Defn: Mawkishly or weakly good; exhibiting goodness with silliness. [Colloq.] GOODYSHIP Good"y*ship, n. Defn: The state or quality of a goody or goodwife [Jocose] Hudibraus. GOOROO; GURU Goo*roo", Gu*ru" (, n. Etym: [Hind. gur a spiritual parent or teacher, Skr. guru heavy, noble, venerable, teacher. Cf. Grief.] Defn: A spiritual teacher, guide, or confessor amoung the Hindoos. Malcom. GOOSANDER Goos"an`der, n. Etym: [OE. gossander, a tautological word formed fr. goose + gander. Cf. Merganser.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of merganser (M. merganser) of Northern Europe and America; -- called also merganser, dundiver, sawbill, sawneb, shelduck, and sheldrake. See Merganser. GOOSE Goose, n.; pl. Geese. Etym: [OE. gos, AS. g, pl. g; akin to D. & G. gans, Icel. gas, Dan. gaas, Sw. g, Russ. guse. OIr. geiss, L. anser, for hanser, Gr. hamsa. sq. root233. Cf. Gander, Gannet, Ganza, Gosling.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any large web-footen bird of the subfamily Anserinæ, and belonging to Anser, Branta, Chen, and several allied genera. See Anseres. Note: The common domestic goose is believed to have been derived from the European graylag goose (Anser anser). The bean goose (A. segetum), the American wild or Canada goose (Branta Canadensis), and the bernicle goose (Branta leucopsis) are well known species. The American white or snow geese and the blue goose belong to the genus Chen. See Bernicle, Emperor goose, under Emperor, Snow goose, Wild goose, Brant. 2. Any large bird of other related families, resembling the common goose. Note: The Egyptian or fox goose (Alopochen Ægyptiaca) and the African spur-winged geese (Plectropterus) belong to the family Plectropteridæ. The Australian semipalmated goose (Anseranas semipalmata) and Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis Novæ-Hollandiæ) are very different from northern geese, and each is made the type of a distinct family. Both are domesticated in Australia. 3. A tailor's smoothing iron, so called from its handle, which resembles the neck of a goose. 4. A silly creature; a simpleton. 5. A game played with counters on a board divided into compartments, in some of which a goose was depicted. The pictures placed for ornament and use, The twelve good rules, the royal game of goose. Goldsmith. A wild goose chase, an attempt to accomplish something impossible or unlikely of attainment. -- Fen goose. See under Fen. -- Goose barnacle (Zoöl.), any pedunculated barnacle of the genus Anatifa or Lepas; -- called also duck barnacle. See Barnacle, and Cirripedia. -- Goose cap, a silly person. [Obs.] Beau. & . -- Goose corn (Bot.), a coarse kind of rush (Juncus squarrosus). -- Goose feast, Michaelmas. [Colloq. Eng.] -- Goose flesh, a peculiar roughness of the skin produced by cold or fear; -- called also goose skin.goose pimples and goose bumps -- Goose grass. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Galium (G. Aparine), a favorite food of geese; -- called also catchweed and cleavers. (b) A species of knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare). (c) The annual spear grass (Poa annua). -- Goose neck, anything, as a rod of iron or a pipe, curved like the neck of a goose; specially (Naut.), an iron hook connecting a spar with a mast. -- Goose quill, a large feather or quill of a goose; also, a pen made from it. -- Goose skin. See Goose flesh, above. -- Goose tongue (Bot.), a composite plant (Achillea ptarmica), growing wild in the British islands. -- Sea goose. (Zoöl.) See Phalarope. -- Solan goose. (Zoöl.) See Gannet. GOOSEBERRY Goose"ber*ry, n.; pl. Gooseberries, Etym: [Corrupted for groseberry or groiseberry, fr. OF. groisele, F. groseille, -- of German origin; cf. G. krausbeere, kräuselbeere (fr. kraus crisp), D. kruisbes, kruisbezie (as if crossberry, fr. kruis cross; for kroesbes, kroesbezie, fr. kroes crisp), Sw. krusbär (fr. krus, krusing, crisp). The first part of the word is perh. akin to E. curl. Cf. Grossular, a.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any thorny shrub of the genus Ribes; also, the edible berries of such shrub. There are several species, of which Ribes Grossularia is the one commonly cultivated. 2. A silly person; a goose cap. Goldsmith. Barbadoes gooseberry, a climbing prickly shrub (Pereskia aculeata) of the West Indies, which bears edible berries resembling gooseberries. -- Coromandel gooseberry. See Carambola. -- Gooseberry fool. See lst Fool. -- Gooseberry worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a small moth (Dakruma convolutella). It destroys the gooseberry by eating the interior. GOOSE EGG Goose egg. Defn: In games, a zero; a score or record of naught; -- so named in allusion to the egglike outline of the zero sign 0. Called also duck egg. [Slang] GOOSEFISH Goose"fish`, n. (Zöll.) Defn: See Angler. GOOSEFOOT Goose"foot`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbs (Chenopodium) mostly annual weeds; pigweed. GOOSE-RUMPED Goose"-rumped`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the tail set low and buttocks that fall away sharply from the croup; -- said of certain horses. GOOSERY Goos"er*y, n.; pl. Gooseries (. 1. A place for keeping geese. 2. The characteristics or actions of a goose; silliness. The finical goosery of your neat sermon actor. Milton. GOOSEWING Goose"wing`, n. (Naut.) Defn: One of the clews or lower corners of a course or a topsail when the middle part or the rest of the sail is furled. GOOSEWINGED Goose"winged`, a. (Naut.) (a) Having a "goosewing." (b) Said of a fore-and-aft rigged vessel with foresail set on one side and mainsail on the other; wing and wing. GOOSISH Goos"ish, a. Defn: Like a goose; foolish. [Obs.] Chaucer. GOOST Goost, n. Defn: Ghost; spirit. [Obs.] Chaucer. GOOT Goot, n. Defn: A goat. [Obs.] Chaucer. GO-OUT Go"-out`, n. Defn: A sluice in embankments against the sea, for letting out the land waters, when the tide is out. [Written also gowt.] GOPHER Go"pher, n. Etym: [F. gaufre waffle, honeycomb. See Gauffer.] (Zoöl.) 1. One of several North American burrowing rodents of the genera Geomys and Thomomys, of the family Geomyidæ; -- called also pocket gopher and pouched rat. See Pocket gopher, and Tucan. Note: The name was originally given by French settlers to many burrowing rodents, from their honeycombing the earth. 2. One of several western American species of the genus Spermophilus, of the family Sciuridæ; as, the gray gopher (Spermophilus Franklini) and the striped gopher (S. tridecemlineatus); -- called also striped prairie squirrel, leopard marmot, and leopard spermophile. See Spermophile. 3. A large land tortoise (Testudo Carilina) of the Southern United States, which makes extensive burrows. 4. A large burrowing snake (Spilotes Couperi) of the Southern United States. Gopher drift (Mining), an irregular prospecting drift, following or seeking the ore without regard to regular grade or section. Raymond. GOPHER STATE Go"pher State. Defn: Minnesota; -- a nickname alluding to the abundance of gophers. GOPHER WOOD Go"pher wood`. Etym: [Heb. gopher.] Defn: A species of wood used in the construction of Noah's ark. Gen. vi. 14. GORACCO Go*rac"co, n. Defn: A paste prepared from tobacco, and smoked in hookahs in Western India. GORAL Go"ral, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Indian goat antelope (Nemorhedus goral), resembling the chamois. GORAMY Go"ra*my, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Gourami. GOR-BELLIED Gor"-bel`lied, a. Defn: Bog-bellied. [Obs.] GOR-BELLY Gor"-bel`ly, n. Etym: [Gore filth, dirt + belly.] Defn: A prominent belly; a big-bellied person. [Obs.] GORCE Gorce, n. Etym: [OF. gort, nom. gorz, gulf, L. gurges whirlpool, gulf, stream. See Gorge.] Defn: A pool of water to keep fish in; a wear. [Obs.] GORCOCK Gor"cock`, n. Etym: [Prob. from gore blood.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The moor cock, or red grouse. See Grouse. [Prov. Eng.] GORCROW Gor"crow`, n. Etym: [AS. gor dung, dirt. See Gore blood, dirt.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The carrion crow; -- called also gercrow. [Prov. Eng.] GORD Gord, n. [Written also gourd.] Etym: [Perh. hollow, and so named in allusion to a gourd.] Defn: An instrument of gaming; a sort of dice. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. GORDIACEA Gor`di*a"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Gordian, 1.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of nematoid worms, including the hairworms or hair eels (Gordius and Mermis). See Gordius, and Illustration in Appendix. GORDIAN Gor"di*an, a. 1. Pertaining to Gordius, king of Phrygia, or to a knot tied by him; hence, intricate; complicated; inextricable. Gordian knot, an intricate knot tied by Gordius in the thong which connected the pole of the chariot with the yoke. An oracle having declared that he who should untie it should be master of Asia, Alexander the Great averted the ill omen of his inability to loosen it by cutting it with his sword. Hence, a Gordian knot is an inextricable difficulty; and to cut the Gordian knot is to remove a difficulty by bold and energetic measures. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Gordiacea. GORDIAN Gor"di*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Gordiacea. GORDIUS Gor"di*us, n. Etym: [NL. See Gordian, 1.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of long, slender, nematoid worms, parasitic in insects until near maturity, when they leave the insect, and live in water, in which they deposit their eggs; -- called also hair eel, hairworm, and hair snake, from the absurd, but common and widely diffused, notion that they are metamorphosed horsehairs. GORE Gore, n. Etym: [AS. gor dirt, dung; akin to Icel. gor, SW. gorr, OHG. gor, and perh. to E. cord, chord, and yarn; cf. Icel. görn, garnir, guts.] 1. Dirt; mud. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher. 2. Blood; especially, blood that after effusion has become thick or clotted. Milton. GORE Gore, n. Etym: [OE. gore, gare, AS. g angular point of land, fr. g spear; akin to D. geer gore, G. gehre gore, ger spear, Icel. geiri gore, geir spear, and prob. to E. goad. Cf. Gar, n., Garlic, and Gore, v.] 1. A wedgeshaped or triangular piece of cloth, canvas, etc., sewed into a garment, sail, etc., to give greater width at a particular part. 2. A small traingular piece of land. Cowell. 3. (Her.) Defn: One of the abatements. It is made of two curved lines, meeting in an acute angle in the fesse point. Note: It is usually on the sinister side, and of the tincture called tenné. Like the other abatements it is a modern fancy and not actually used. GORE Gore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gored; p. pr. & vb. n. Goring.] Etym: [OE. gar spear, AS. g. See 2d Gore.] Defn: To pierce or wound, as with a horn; to penetrate with a pointed instrument, as a spear; to stab. The low stumps shall gore His daintly feet. Coleridge. GORE Gore, v. t. Defn: To cut in a traingular form; to piece with a gore; to provide with a gore; as, to gore an apron. GOREBILL Gore"bill`, n. Etym: [2d gore + bill.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The garfish. [Prov. Eng.] GORFLY Gor"fly`, n.; pl. Gorflies. Etym: [Gore (AS. gor) dung + fly.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A dung fly. GORGE Gorge, n. Etym: [F. gorge, LL. gorgia, throat, narrow pass, and gorga abyss, whirlpool, prob. fr. L. gurgea whirlpool, gulf, abyss; cf. Skr. gargara whirlpool, gr to devour. Cf. Gorget.] 1. The throat; the gullet; the canal by which food passes to the stomach. Wherewith he gripped her gorge with so great pain. Spenser. Now, how abhorred! . . . my gorge rises at it. Shak. 2. A narrow passage or entrance; as: (a) A defile between mountains. (b) The entrance into a bastion or other outwork of a fort; -- usually synonymous with rear. See Illust. of Bastion. 3. That which is gorged or swallowed, especially by a hawk or other fowl. And all the way, most like a brutish beast,gorge, that all did him detest. Spenser. 4. A filling or choking of a passage or channel by an obstruction; as, an ice gorge in a river. 5. (Arch.) Defn: A concave molding; a cavetto. Gwilt. 6. (Naut.) Defn: The groove of a pulley. Gorge circle (Gearing), the outline of the smallest cross section of a hyperboloid of revolution. -- Gorge hook, two fishhooks, separated by a piece of lead. Knight. GORGE Gorge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gorged; p. pr. & vb. n. Gorging.] Etym: [F. gorger. See Gorge, n.] 1. To swallow; especially, to swallow with greediness, or in large mouthfuls or quantities. The fish has gorged the hook. Johnson. 2. To glut; to fill up to the throat; to satiate. The giant gorged with flesh. Addison. Gorge with my blood thy barbarous appetite. Dryden. GORGE Gorge, v. i. Defn: To eat greedily and to satiety. Milton. GORGED Gorged, a. 1. Having a gorge or throat. 2. (Her.) Defn: Bearing a coronet or ring about the neck. 3. Glutted; fed to the full. GORGELET Gor"ge*let, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small gorget, as of a humming bird. GORGEOUS Gor"geous, a. Etym: [OF. gorgias beautiful, glorious, vain, luxurious; cf. OF. gorgias ruff, neck handkerchief, and F. gorge throat, and se pengorger to assume airs. Cf. Gorge, n.] Defn: Imposing through splendid or various colors; showy; fine; magnificent. Cloud-land, gorgeous land. Coleridge. Gogeous as the sun at midsummer. Shak. -- Gor"geous*ly, adv. -- Gor"geous*ness, n. GORGERIN Gor`ge*rin", n. Etym: [F., fr. gorge neck.] (Arch.) Defn: In some columns, that part of the capital between the termination of the shaft and the annulet of the echinus, or the space between two neck moldings; -- called also neck of the capital, and hypotrachelium. See Illust. of Column. GORGET Gor"get, n. Etym: [OF. gorgete, dim. of gorge throat. See Gorge, n.] 1. A piece of armor, whether of chain mail or of plate, defending the throat and upper part of the breast, and forming a part of the double breastplate of the 14th century. 2. A piece of plate armor covering the same parts and worn over the buff coat in the 17th century, and without other steel armor. Unfix the gorget's iron clasp. Sir W. Scott. 3. A small ornamental plate, usually crescent-shaped, and of gilded copper, formerly hung around the neck of officers in full uniform in some modern armies. 4. A ruff worn by women. [Obs.] 5. (Surg.) (a) A cutting instrument used in lithotomy. (b) A grooved instrunent used in performing various operations; -- called also blunt gorget. Dunglison. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: A crescent-shaped, colored patch on the neck of a bird or mammal. Gorget hummer (Zoöl.), a humming bird of the genus Trochilus. See Rubythroat. GORGON Gor"gon, n. Etym: [L. Gorgo, -onis, Gr. 1. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: One of three fabled sisters, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, with snaky hair and of terrific aspect, the sight of whom turned the beholder to stone. The name is particularly given to Medusa. 2. Anything very ugly or horrid. Milton. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The brindled gnu. See Gnu. GORGON Gor"gon, a. Defn: Like a Gorgon; very ugly or terrific; as, a Gorgon face. Dryden. GORGONACEA Gor`go*na"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Gorgoniacea. GORGONEAN Gor*go"ne*an, a. Defn: See Gorgonian, 1. GORGONEION Gor`go*ne"ion, n.; pl. Gorgoneia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Gorgo`neios, equiv. to Gorgei^os belonging to a Gorgon.] (Arch.) Defn: A mask carved in imitation of a Gorgon's head. Elmes. GORGONIA Gor*go"ni*a, n. Etym: [L., a coral which hardens in the air.] (Zoöl.) 1. A genus of Gorgoniacea, formerly very extensive, but now restricted to such species as the West Indian sea fan (Gorgonia flabellum), sea plume (G. setosa), and other allied species having a flexible, horny axis. 2. Any slender branched gorgonian. GORGONIACEA Gor*go`ni*a"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Gorgonia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the principal divisions of Alcyonaria, including those forms which have a firm and usually branched axis, covered with a porous crust, or c Note: The axis is commonly horny, but it may be solid and stony (composed of calcium carbonate), as in the red coral of commerce, or it may be in alternating horny and stony joints, as in Isis. See Alcyonaria, Anthozoa, C. GORGONIAN Gor*go"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Gorgoneus.] 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, a Gorgon; terrifying into stone; terrific. The rest his look Bound with Gorgonian rigor not to move. Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Gorgoniacea; as, gorgonian coral. GORGONIAN Gor*go"ni*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Gorgoniacea. GORGONIZE Gor"gon*ize, v. t. Defn: To have the effect of a Gorgon upon; to turn into stone; to petrify. [R.] GORGONZOLA Gor`gon*zo"la, n. [It.] Defn: A kind of Italian pressed milk cheese; -- so called from a village near Milan. GORHEN Gor"hen`, n. Etym: [Gor- as in gorcock + hen.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The female of the gorcock. GORILLA Go*ril"la, n. Etym: [An African word; found in a Greek translation of a treatise in Punic by Hanno, a Carthaginian.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, arboreal, anthropoid ape of West Africa. It is larger than a man, and is remarkable for its massive skeleton and powerful muscles, which give it enormous strength. In some respects its anatomy, more than that of any other ape, except the chimpanzee, resembles that of man. GORING; GORING CLOTH Gor"ing, or Gor"ing cloth` (, n., (Naut.) Defn: A piece of canvas cut obliquely to widen a sail at the foot. GORM Gorm, n. Defn: Axle grease. See Gome. [Prov. Eng.] GORM Gorm, v. t. Defn: To daub, as the hands or clothing, with gorm; to daub with anything sticky. [Prov. Eng.] GORMA Gor"ma, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European cormorant. GORMAND Gor"mand, n. Etym: [F. gourmand; cf. Prov. F. gourmer to sip, to lap, gourmacher to eat improperly, F. gourme mumps, glanders, Icel. gormr mud, mire, Prov. E. gorm to smear, daub; all perh. akin to E. gore blood, filth. Cf. Gourmand.] Defn: A greedy or ravenous eater; a luxurious feeder; a gourmand. GORMAND Gor"mand, a. Defn: Gluttonous; voracious. Pope. GORMANDER Gor"mand*er, n. Defn: See Gormand, n. [Obs.] GORMANDISM Gor"mand*ism, n. Defn: Gluttony. GORMANDIZE Gor"mand*ize, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Gormandized; p. pr. & vb. n. Gormandizing.] Etym: [F. gourmandise gluttony. See Gormand.] Defn: To eat greedily; to swallow voraciously; to feed ravenously or like a glutton. Shak. GORMANDIZER Gor"mand*i`zer, n. Defn: A greedy, voracious eater; a gormand; a glutton. GOROON SHELL Go*roon" shell`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, handsome, marine, univalve shell (Triton femorale). GORSE Gorse, n. Etym: [OE. & AS. gorst; perh. akin to E. grow, grass.] (Bot.) Defn: Furze. See Furze. The common, overgrown with fern, and rough With prickly gorse. Cowper. Gorse bird (Zoöl.), the European linnet; -- called also gorse hatcher. [Prov. Eng.] -- Gorse chat (Zoöl.), the winchat. -- Gorse duck, the corncrake; -- called also grass drake, land drake, and corn drake. GORY Gor"y, a. Etym: [From Gore.] 1. Covered with gore or clotted blood. Thou canst not say I did it; never shake Thy gory locks at me. Shak. 2. Bloody; murderous. "Gory emulation." Shak. GOSHAWK Gos"hawk`, n. Etym: [AS. g, lit., goosehawk; or Icel. gashaukr. See Goose, and Hawk the bird.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any large hawk of the genus Astur, of which many species and varieties are known. The European (Astur palumbarius) and the American (A. atricapillus) are the best known species. They are noted for their powerful flight, activity, and courage. The Australian goshawk (A. Novæ-Hollandiæ) is pure white. GOSHERD Gos"herd, n. Etym: [OE. gosherde. See Goose, and Herd a herdsman.] Defn: One who takes care of geese. GOSLET Gos"let, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of pygmy geese, of the genus Nettepus. They are about the size of a teal, and inhabit Africa, India, and Australia. GOSLING Gos"ling, n. Etym: [AS. g goose + -ling.] 1. A young or unfledged goose. 2. A catkin on nut trees and pines. Bailey. GOSPEL Gos"pel, n. Etym: [OE. gospel, godspel, AS. godspell; god God + spell story, tale. See God, and Spell, v.] 1. Glad tidings; especially, the good news concerning Christ, the Kingdom of God, and salvation. And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom. Matt. iv. 23. The steadfast belief of the promises of the gospel. Bentley. Note: It is probable that gospel is from. OE. godspel, God story, the narrative concerning God; but it was early confused with god spell, good story, good tidings, and was so used by the translators of the Authorized version of Scripture. This use has been retained in most cases in the Revised Version. Thus the literal sense [of gospel] is the "narrative of God," i. e., the life of Christ. Skeat. 2. One of the four narratives of the life and death of Jesus Christ, written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. 3. A selection from one of the gospels, for use in a religious service; as, the gospel for the day. 4. Any system of religious doctrine; sometimes, any system of political doctrine or social philosophy; as, this political gospel. Burke. 5. Anything propounded or accepted as infallibly true; as, they took his words for gospel. [Colloq.] If any one thinks this expression hyperbolical, I shall only ask him to read , instead of taking the traditional witticisms about Lee for gospel. Saintsbury. GOSPEL Gos"pel, a. Defn: Accordant with, or relating to, the gospel; evangelical; as, gospel righteousness. Bp. Warburton. GOSPEL Gos"pel, v. t. Defn: To instruct in the gospel. [Obs.] Shak. GOSPELER Gos"pel*er, n. Etym: [AS. godspellere.] [Written also gospeller.] 1. One of the four evangelists. Rom. of R. Mark the gospeler was the ghostly son of Peter in baptism. Wyclif. 2. A follower of Wyclif, the first English religious reformer; hence, a Puritan. [Obs.] Latimer. The persecution was carried on against the gospelers with much fierceness by those of the Roman persuasion. Strype. 3. A priest or deacon who reads the gospel at the altar during the communion service. The Archbishop of York was the celebrant, the epistoler being the dean, and the gospeler the Bishop of Sydney. Pall Mall Gazette. GOSPELIZE Gos"pel*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gospelized; p. pr. & vb. n. Gospelizing.] Etym: [Written also gospellize.] 1. To form according to the gospel; as, a command gospelized to us. Milton. 2. To instruct in the gospel; to evangelize; as, to gospelize the savages. Boyle. GOSS Goss, n. Etym: [See Gorse.] Defn: Gorse. [Obs.] Shak. GOSSAMER Gos"sa*mer, n. Etym: [OE. gossomer, gossummer, gosesomer, perh. for goose summer, from its downy appearance, or perh. for God's summer, cf. G. mariengarr gossamer, properly Mary's yarn, in allusion to the Virgin Mary. Perhaps the E. word alluded to a legend that the gossamer was the remnant of the Virgin Mary's winding sheet, which dropped from her when she was taken up to heaven. For the use of summer in the sense of film or threads, cf. G. Mädchensommer, Altweibersommer, fliegender Sommer, all meaning, gossamer.] 1. A fine, filmy substance, like cobwebs, floating in the air, in calm, clear weather, especially in autumn. It is seen in stubble fields and on furze or low bushes, and is formed by small spiders. 2. Any very thin gauzelike fabric; also, a thin waterproof stuff. 3. An outer garment, made of waterproof gossamer. Gossamer spider (Zoöl.), any small or young spider which spins webs by which to sail in the air. See Ballooning spider. GOSSAMERY Gos"sa*mer*y, a. Defn: Like gossamer; flimsy. The greatest master of gossamery affectation. De Quincey. GOSSAN Gos"san, n. (Geol.) Defn: Decomposed rock, usually reddish or ferruginous (owing to oxidized pyrites), forming the upper part of a metallic vein. GOSSANIFEROUS Gos`san*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gossan + -ferous.] Defn: Containing or producing gossan. GOSSAT Gos"sat, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small British marine fish (Motella tricirrata); -- called also whistler and three-bearded rockling. [Prov. Eng.] GOSSIB Gos"sib, n. Defn: A gossip. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. GOSSIP Gos"sip, n. Etym: [OE. gossib, godsib, a relation or sponsor in baptism, a relation by a religious obligation, AS. godsibb, fr. god + sib alliance, relation; akin to G. sippe, Goth. sibja, and also to Skr. sabha assembly.] 1. A sponsor; a godfather or a godmother. Should a great lady that was invited to be a gossip, in her place send her kitchen maid, 't would be ill taken. Selden. 2. A friend or comrade; a companion; a familiar and customary acquaintance. [Obs.] My noble gossips, ye have been too prodigal. Shak. 3. One who runs house to house, tattling and telling news; an idle tattler. The common chat of gossips when they meet. Dryden. 4. The tattle of a gossip; groundless rumor. Bubbles o'er like a city with gossip, scandal, and spite. Tennyson. GOSSIP Gos"sip, v. t. Defn: To stand sponsor to. [Obs.] Shak. GOSSIP Gos"sip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gossiped; p. pr. & vb. n. Gossiping.] 1. To make merry. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To prate; to chat; to talk much. Shak. 3. To run about and tattle; to tell idle tales. GOSSIPER Gos"sip*er, n. Defn: One given to gossip. Beaconsfield. GOSSIPREDE Gos"sip*rede, n. Etym: [Cf. Kindred.] Defn: The relationship between a person and his sponsors. [Obs.] GOSSIPRY Gos"sip*ry, n. 1. Spiritual relationship or affinity; gossiprede; special intimacy. Bale. 2. Idle talk; gossip. Mrs. Browning. GOSSIPY Gos"sip*y, a. Defn: Full of, or given to, gossip. GOSSOON Gos*soon", n. Etym: [Scot. garson an attendant, fr. F. garçon, OF. gars.] Defn: A boy; a servant. [Ireland] GOSSYPIUM Gos*syp"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. gossypion, gossipion.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants which yield the cotton of the arts. The species are much confused. G. herbaceum is the name given to the common cotton plant, while the long-stapled sea-island cotton is produced by G. Barbadense, a shrubby variety. There are several other kinds besides these. GOT Got, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Get. See Get. GOTE Gote, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. gote, gaute, canal, G. gosse; akin to giessen to pour, shed, AS. geótan, and E. fuse to melt.] Defn: A channel for water. [Prov. Eng.] Crose. GOTER Go"ter, n. Defn: a gutter. [Obs.] Chaucer. GOTH Goth, n. Etym: [L. Gothi, pl.; cf. Gr. 1. (Ethnol.) Defn: One of an ancient Teutonic race, who dwelt between the Elbe and the Vistula in the early part of the Christian era, and who overran and took an important part in subverting the Roman empire. Note: Under the reign of Valens, they took possession of Dacia (the modern Transylvania and the adjoining regions), and came to be known as Ostrogoths and Visigoths, or East and West Goths; the former inhabiting countries on the Black Sea up to the Danube, and the latter on this river generally. Some of them took possession of the province of Moesia, and hence were called Moesogoths. Others, who made their way to Scandinavia, at a time unknown to history, are sometimes styled Suiogoths. 2. One who is rude or uncivilized; a barbarian; a rude, ignorant person. Chesterfield. GOTHAMIST Go"tham*ist, n. Defn: A wiseacre; a person deficient in wisdom; -- so called from Gotham, in Nottinghamshire, England, noted for some pleasant blunders. Bp. Morton. GOTHAMITE Go"tham*ite, n. 1. A gothamist. 2. An inhabitant of New York city. [Jocular] Irving. GOTHIC Goth"ic, a. Etym: [L. Gothicus: cf. F. gothique.] 1. Pertaining to the Goths; as, Gothic customs; also, rude; barbarous. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a style of architecture with pointed arches, steep roofs, windows large in proportion to the wall spaces, and, generally, great height in proportion to the other dimensions -- prevalent in Western Europe from about 1200 to 1475 a. d. See Illust. of Abacus, and Capital. GOTHIC Goth"ic, n. 1. The language of the Goths; especially, the language of that part of the Visigoths who settled in Moesia in the 4th century. See Goth. Note: Bishop Ulfilas or Walfila translated most of the Bible into Gothic about the Middle of the 4th century. The portion of this translaton which is preserved is the oldest known literary document in any Teutonic language. 2. A kind of square-cut type, with no hair lines. Note: This is Nonpareil GOTHIC. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The style described in Gothic, a., 2. GOTHICISM Goth"i*cism, n. 1. A Gothic idiom. 2. Conformity to the Gothic style of architecture. 3. Rudeness of manners; barbarousness. GOTHICIZE Goth"i*cize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gothicized; p. pr. & vb. n. Gothicizing.] Defn: To make Gothic; to bring back to barbarism. GOTHITE; GOETHITE Gö"thite, or Goe"thite (, n. Etym: [After the poet Göthe.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous oxide of iron, occurring in prismatic crystals, also massive, with a fibrous, reniform, or stalactitic structure. The color varies from yellowish to blackish brown. GOTTEN Got"ten, Defn: p. p. of Get. GOUACHE Gouache, n. Etym: [F., It. guazzo.] Defn: A method of painting with opaque colors, which have been ground in water and mingled with a preparation of gum; also, a picture thus painted. GOUD Goud, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. gaide, F. guède, fr. OHG. weit; or cf. F. gaude weld. Cf. Woad.] Defn: Woad. [Obs.] GOUDRON Gou`dron", n. Etym: [F., tar.] (Mil.) Defn: a small fascine or fagot, steeped in wax, pitch, and glue, used in various ways, as for igniting buildings or works, or to light ditches and ramparts. Farrow. GOUGE Gouge, n. Etym: [F. gouge. LL. gubia, guvia, gulbia, gulvia, gulvium; cf. Bisc. gubia bow, gubioa throat.] 1. A chisel, with a hollow or semicylindrical blade, for scooping or cutting holes, channels, or grooves, in wood, stone, etc.; a similar instrument, with curved edge, for turning wood. 2. A bookbinder's tool for blind tooling or gilding, having a face which forms a curve. 3. An incising tool which cuts forms or blanks for gloves, envelopes, etc.. from leather, paper, etc. Knight. 4. (Mining) Defn: Soft material lying between the wall of a vein aud the solid vein. Raymond. 5. The act of scooping out with a gouge, or as with a gouge; a groove or cavity scooped out, as with a gouge. 6. Imposition; cheat; fraud; also, an impostor; a cheat; a trickish person. [Slang, U. S.] Gouge bit, a boring bit, shaped like a gouge. GOUGE Gouge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gouged; p. pr. & vb. n. Gouging.] 1. To scoop out with a gouge. 2. To scoop out, as an eye, with the thumb nail; to force out the eye of (a person) with the thumb. [K S.] Note: A barbarity mentioned by some travelers as formerly practiced in the brutal frays of desperadoes in some parts of the United States. 3. To cheat in a bargain; to chouse. [Slang, U. S.] GOUGER Gou"ger, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Plum Gouger. GOUGESHELL Gouge"shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sharp-edged, tubular, marine shell, of the genus Vermetus; also, the pinna. See Vermetus. GOUJERE Gou"jere, n. Etym: [F. gouge prostitute, a camp trull. Cf. Good- year.] Defn: The venereal disease. [Obs.] GOULAND Gou"land, n. Defn: See Golding. GOULARDS EXTRACT Gou*lard"s" ex"tract". Etym: [Named after the introducer, Thomas Goulard, a French surgeon.] (Med.) Defn: An aqueous solution of the subacetate of lead, used as a lotion in cases of inflammation. Goulard's cerate is a cerate containing this extract. GOUR Gour, n. Etym: [See Giaour.] 1. A fire worshiper; a Gheber or Gueber. Tylor. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Koulan. GOURA Gou"ra, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of large, crested ground pigeons of the genus Goura, inhabiting New Guinea and adjacent islands. The Queen Victoria pigeon (Goura Victoria) and the crowned pigeon (G. coronata) are among the beat known species. GOURAMI Gou"ra*mi, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very largo East Indian freshwater fish (Osphromenus gorami), extensively reared in artificial ponds in tropical countries, and highly valued as a food fish. Many unsuccessful efforts have been made to introduce it into Southern Europe. [Written also goramy.] GOURD Gourd, n. Etym: [F. gourde, OF. cougourde, gouhourde, fr. L. cucurbita gourd (cf. NPr. cougourdo); perh. akin to corbin basket, E. corb. Cf. Cucurbite.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A fleshy, three-celled, many-seeded fruit, as the melon, pumpkin, cucumber, etc., of the order Cucurbitaceæ; and especially the bottle gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris) which occurs in a great variety of forms, and, when the interior part is removed, serves for bottles, dippers, cups, and other dishes. 2. A dipper or other vessel made from the shell of a gourd; hence, a drinking vessel; a bottle. Chaucer. Bitter gourd, colocynth. GOURD Gourd, n. Defn: A false die. See Gord. GOURD; GOURDE Gourd, Gourde n. Etym: [Sp. gordo large.] Defn: A silver dollar; -- so called in Cuba, Hayti, etc. Simmonds. GOURDINESS Gourd"i*ness, n. Etym: [From Gourdy.] (Far.) Defn: The state of being gourdy. GOURD TREE Gourd" tree". (Bot.) Defn: A tree (the Crescentia Cujete, or calabash tree) of the West Indies and Central America. GOURDWORM Gourd"worm", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The fluke of sheep. See Fluke. GOURDY Gourd"y, a. Etym: [Either fr. gourd, or fr. F. gourd benumbed.] (Far.) Defn: Swelled in the legs. GOURMAND Gour"mand, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A greedy or ravenous eater; a glutton. See Gormand. That great gourmand, fat Apicius B. Jonson. GOURMET Gour"met", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A connoisseur in eating and drinking; an epicure. GOURNET Gour"net, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish. See Gurnet. GOUT Gout, n. Etym: [F. goutte a drop, the gout, the disease being considered as a defluxion, fr. L. gutta drop.] 1. A drop; a clot or coagulation. On thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood. Shak. 2. (Med.) Defn: A constitutional disease, occurring by paroxysms. It constists in an inflammation of the fibrous and ligamentous parts of the joints, and almost always attacks first the great toe, next the smaller joints, after which, it may attack the greater articulations. It is attended with various sympathettic phenomena, particularly in the digestive organs. It may also attack internal organs, as the stomach, the intestines, etc. Dunglison. 3. A disease of cornstalks. See Corn fly, under Corn. Cout stones. See Chalkstone, n., 2. GOUT Goût, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. gustus taste. See Gusto.] Defn: Taste; relish. GOUTILY Gout"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a gouty manner. GOUTINESS Gout"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being gouty; gout. GOUTWEED; GOUTWORT Gout"weed` (, Gout"wort` n. Etym: [So called from having been formerly used in assuaging the pain of the gout.] (Bot.) Defn: A coarse umbelliferous plant of Europe (Ægopodium Podagraria); -- called also bishop's weed, ashweed, and herb gerard. GOUTY Gout"y, a. 1. Diseased with, or subject to, the gout; as, a gouty person; a gouty joint. 2. Pertaining to the gout. "Gouty matter." Blackmore. 3. Swollen, as if from gout. Derham. 4. Boggy; as, gouty land. [Obs.] Spenser. Gouty bronchitis, bronchitis arising as a secondary disease during the progress of gout. -- Gouty concretions, calculi (urate of sodium) formed in the joints, kidneys, etc., of sufferers from gout. -- Gouty kidney, an affection occurring during the progress of gout, the kidney shriveling and containing concretions of urate of sodium. GOVE Gove, n. Etym: [Also goaf, goof, goff.] Defn: A mow; a rick for hay. [Obs.] Tusser. GOVERN Gov"ern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Governed; p. pr. & vb. n. Governing.] Etym: [OF. governer, F. gouverner, fr. L. gubernare to steer, pilot, govern, Gr. Gubernatorial.] 1. To direct and control, as the actions or conduct of men, either by established laws or by arbitrary will; to regulate by authority. "Fit to govern and rule multitudes." Shak. 2. To regulate; to influence; to direct; to restrain; to manage; as, to govern the life; to govern a horse. Govern well thy appetite. Milton. 3. (Gram.) Defn: To require to be in a particular case; as, a transitive verb governs a noun in the objective case; or to require (a particular case); as, a transitive verb governs the objective case. GOVERN Gov"ern, v. i. Defn: To exercise authority; to administer the laws; to have the control. Dryden. GOVERNABILITY Gov"ern*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Governableness. GOVERNABLE Gov"ern*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. gouvernable.] Defn: Capable of being governed, or subjected to authority; controllable; manageable; obedient. Locke. GOVERNABLENESS Gov"ern*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being governable; manageableness. GOVERNAL; GOVERNAIL Gov"ern*al, Gov"ern*ail (, n. Etym: [Cf. F. gouvernail helm, rudder, L. gubernaculum.] Defn: Management; mastery. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. GOVERNANCE Gov"ern*ance, n. Etym: [F. gouvernance.] Defn: Exercise of authority; control; government; arrangement. Chaucer. J. H. Newman. GOVERNANTE Gov"ern*ante", n. Etym: [F. gouvernante. See Govern.] Defn: A governess. Sir W. Scott. GOVERNESS Gov"ern*ess, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. governeresse. See Governor.] Defn: A female governor; a woman invested with authority to control and direct; especially, one intrusted with the care and instruction of children, -- usually in their homes. GOVERNING Gov"ern*ing, a. 1. Holding the superiority; prevalent; controlling; as, a governing wind; a governing party in a state. Jay. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Requiring a particular case. GOVERNMENT Gov"ern*ment, n. Etym: [F. gouvernement. See Govern.] 1. The act of governing; the exercise of authority; the administration of laws; control; direction; regulation; as, civil, church, or family government. 2. The mode of governing; the system of polity in a state; the established form of law. That free government which we have so dearly purchased, free commonwealth. Milton. 3. The right or power of governing; authority. I here resign my goverment to thee. Shak. 4. The person or persons authorized to administer the laws; the ruling powe; the administratian. When we, in England, speak of the government, we generally understand the ministers of the crown for the time being. Mozley & W. 5. The body politic governed by one authority; a state; as, the governments of Europe. 6. Management of the limbs or body. Shak. 7. (Gram.) Defn: The influence of a word in regard to construction, requiring that another word should be in a particular case. GOVERNMENTAL Gov"ern*men"tal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. gouveernemental.] Defn: Pertaining to government; made by government; as, governmental duties. GOVERNOR Gov"ern*or, n. Etym: [OE. governor, governour, OF. governeor, F. gouverneur, fr. L. gubernator steersman, ruler, governor. See Govern.] 1. One who governs; especially, one who is invested with the supreme executive authority in a State; a chief ruler or magistrate; as, the governor of Pennsylvania. "The governor of the town." Shak. 2. One who has the care or guardianship of a young man; a tutor; a guardian. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A pilot; a steersman. [R.] 4. (Mach.) Defn: A contrivance applied to steam engines, water wheels, and other machinery, to maintain nearly uniform speed when the resistances and motive force are variable. Note: The illustration shows a form of governor commonly used for steam engines, in wich a heavy sleeve (a) sliding on a rapidly revolving spindle (b), driven by the engine, is raised or lowered, when the speed varies, by the changing centrifugal force of two balls (c c) to which it is connected by links (d d), the balls being attached to arms (e e) which are jointed to the top of the spindle. The sleeve is connected with the throttle valve or cut-off through a lever (f), and its motion produces a greater supply of steam when the engine runs too slowly and a less supply when too fast. Governor cut- off (Steam Engine), a variable cut-off gear in which the governor acts in such a way as to cause the steam to be cut off from entering the cylinder at points of the stroke dependent upon the engine's speed. -- Hydraulic governor (Mach.), a governor which is operated by the action of a liquid in flowing; a cataract. GOVERNOR GENERAL Gov"ern*or gen"er*al. Defn: A governor who has lieutenant or deputy governors under him; as, the governor general of Canada, of India. GOVERNORSHIP Gov"ern*or*ship, n. Defn: The office of a governor. GOWAN Gow"an, n. Etym: [Scot., fr. Gael. gugan bud, flower, daisy.] 1. The daisy, or mountain daisy. [Scot.] And pu'd the gowans fine. Burns. 2. (Min.) Defn: Decomposed granite. GOWANY Gow"an*y, a. Defn: Having, abounding in, or decked with, daisies. [Scot.] Sweeter than gowany glens or new-mown hay. Ramsay. GOWD Gowd, n. Etym: [Cf. Gold.] Defn: Gold; wealth. [Scot.] The man's the gowd for a' that. Burns. GOWDEN Gowd"en, a. Defn: Golden. [Scot.] GOWDIE Gow"die, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Dragont. [Scot.] GOWDNOOK Gowd"nook", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The saury pike; -- called also gofnick. GOWK Gowk, v. t. Etym: [See Gawk.] Defn: To make a, booby of one); to stupefy. [Obs.] B. Jonson. GOWK Gowk, n. Etym: [See Gawk.] (Zoöl.) 1. The European cuckoo; -- called also gawky. 2. A simpleton; a gawk or gawky. GOWL Gowl, v. i. Etym: [OE. gaulen, goulen. Cf. Yawl, v. i.] Defn: To howl. [Obs.] Wyclif. GOWN Gown, n. Etym: [OE. goune, prob. from W. gwn gown, loose robe, akin to Ir. gunn, Gael. gùn; cf. OF. gone, prob. of the same origin.] 1. A loose, flowing upper garment; especially: (a) The ordinary outer dress of a woman; as, a calico or silk gown. (b) The official robe of certain professional men and scholars, as university students and officers, barristers, judges, etc.; hence, the dress of peace; the dress of civil officers, in distinction from military. He Mars deposed, and arms to gowns made yield. Dryden. (c) A loose wrapper worn by gentlemen within doors; a dressing gown. 2. Any sort of dress or garb. He comes . . . in the gown of humility. Shak. GOWNED Gowned, p. a. Defn: Dressed in a gown; clad. Gowned in pure white, that fitted to the shape. Tennyson. GOWNSMAN; GOWNMAN Gowns"man, Gown"man (, n.; pl. -men (-men). Defn: One whose professional habit is a gown, as a divine or lawyer, and particularly a member of an English university; hence, a civilian, in distinction from a soldier. GOZZARD Goz"zard, n. Defn: See Gosherd. [Prov. Eng.] GRAAFIAN Graaf"i*an, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or discovered by, Regnier de Graaf, a Dutch physician. Graafian follicles or vesicles, small cavities in which the ova are developed in the ovaries of mammals, and by the bursting of which they are discharged. GRAAL Graal, n. Defn: See Grail., a dish. GRAB Grab, n. Etym: [Ar. & Hind. ghur crow, raven, a kind of Arab ship.] (Naut.) Defn: A vessel used on the Malabar coast, having two or three masts. GRAB Grab, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Grabbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Grabbing.] Etym: [Akin to Sw. grabba to grasp. Cf. Grabble, Grapple, Grasp.] Defn: To gripe suddenly; to seize; to snatch; to clutch. GRAB Grab, n. 1. A sudden grasp or seizure. 2. An instrument for clutching objects for the purpose of raising them; -- specially applied to devices for withdrawing drills, etc., from artesian and other wells that are drilled, bored, or driven. Grab hag, at fairs, a bag or box holding small articles which are to be drawn, without being seen, on payment of a small sum. [Colloq.] -- Grab game, a theft committed by grabbing or snatching a purse or other piece of property. [Colloq.] GRABBER Grab"ber, n. Defn: One who seizes or grabs. GRABBLE Grab"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grabbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Grabbling (.] Etym: [Freq. of grab; cf. D. grabbelen.] 1. To grope; to feel with the hands. He puts his hands into his pockets, and keeps a grabbling and fumbling. Selden. 2. To lie prostrate on the belly; to sprawl on the ground; to grovel. Ainsworth. GRACE Grace, n. Etym: [F. grâce, L. gratia, from gratus beloved, dear, agreeable; perh. akin to Gr. hary to desire, and E. yearn. Cf. Grateful, Gratis.] 1. The exercise of love, kindness, mercy, favor; disposition to benefit or serve another; favor bestowed or privilege conferred. To bow and sue for grace With suppliant knee. Milton. 2. (Theol.) Defn: The divine favor toward man; the mercy of God, as distinguished from His justice; also, any benefits His mercy imparts; divine love or pardon; a state of acceptance with God; enjoyment of the divine favor. And if by grace, then is it no more of works. Rom. xi. 6. My grace is sufficicnt for thee. 2 Cor. xii. 9. Where sin abounded, grace did much more abound. Rom. v. 20. By whom also we have access by faith into this grace wherein we stand. Rom. v.2 3. (Law) (a) The prerogative of mercy execised by the executive, as pardon. (b) The same prerogative when exercised in the form of equitable relief through chancery. 4. Fortune; luck; -- used commonly with hard or sorry when it means misfortune. [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. Inherent excellence; any endowment or characteristic fitted to win favor or confer pleasure or benefit. He is complete in feature and in mind. With all good grace to grace a gentleman. Shak. I have formerly given the general character of Mr. Addison's style and manner as natural and unaffected, easy and polite, and full of those graces which a flowery imagination diffuses over writing. Blair. 6. Beauty, physical, intellectual, or moral; loveliness; commonly, easy elegance of manners; perfection of form. Grace in women gains the affections sooner, and secures them longer, than any thing else. Hazlitt. I shall answer and thank you again For the gift and the grace of the gift. Longfellow. 7. pl. (Myth.) Defn: Graceful and beautiful females, sister goddesses, represented by ancient writers as the attendants sometimes of Apollo but oftener of Venus. They were commonly mentioned as three in number; namely, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, and were regarded as the inspirers of the qualities which give attractiveness to wisdom, love, and social intercourse. The Graces love to weave the rose. Moore. The Loves delighted, and the Graces played. Prior. 8. The title of a duke, a duchess, or an archbishop, and formerly of the king of England. How fares your Grace ! Shak. 9. (Commonly pl.) Defn: Thanks. [Obs.] Yielding graces and thankings to their lord Melibeus. Chaucer. 10. A petition for grace; a blessing asked, or thanks rendered, before or after a meal. 11. pl. (Mus.) Defn: Ornamental notes or short passages, either introduced by the performer, or indicated by the composer, in which case the notation signs are called grace notes, appeggiaturas, turns, etc. 12. (Eng. Universities) Defn: An act, vote, or decree of the government of the institution; a degree or privilege conferred by such vote or decree. Walton. 13. pl. Defn: A play designed to promote or display grace of motion. It consists in throwing a small hoop from one player to another, by means of two sticks in the hands of each. Called also grace hoop or hoops. Act of grace. See under Act. -- Day of grace (Theol.), the time of probation, when the offer of divine forgiveness is made and may be accepted. That day of grace fleets fast away. I. Watts. -- Days of grace (Com.), the days immediately following the day when a bill or note becomes due, which days are allowed to the debtor or payer to make payment in. In Great Britain and the United States, the days of grace are three, but in some countries more, the usages of merchants being different. -- Good graces, favor; friendship. -- Grace cup. (a) A cup or vessel in which a health is drunk after grace. (b) A health drunk after grace has been said. The grace cup follows to his sovereign's health. Hing. -- Grace drink, a drink taken on rising from the table; a grace cup. To [Queen Margaret, of Scotland] . . . we owe the custom of the grace drink, she having established it as a rule at her table, that whosoever staid till grace was said was rewarded with a bumper. Encyc. Brit. -- Grace hoop, a hoop used in playing graces. See Grace, n., 13. -- Grace note (Mus.), an appoggiatura. See Appoggiatura, and def. 11 above. -- Grace stroke, a finishing stoke or touch; a coup de grace. -- Means of grace, means of securing knowledge of God, or favor with God, as the preaching of the gospel, etc. -- To do grace, to reflect credit upon. Content to do the profession some grace. Shak. -- To say grace, to render thanks before or after a meal. -- With a good grace, in a fit and proper manner grace fully; graciously. -- With a bad grace, in a forced, reluctant, or perfunctory manner; ungraciously. What might have been done with a good grace would at least be done with a bad grace. Macaulay. Syn. -- Elegance; comeliness; charm; favor; kindness; mercy. -- Grace, Mercy. These words, though often interchanged, have each a distinctive and peculiar meaning. Grace, in the strict sense of the term, is spontaneous favor to the guilty or undeserving; mercy is kindness or compassion to the suffering or condemned. It was the grace of God that opened a way for the exercise of mercy toward men. See Elegance. GRACE Grace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graced; p. pr. & vb. n. Gracing.] 1. To adorn; to decorate; to embellish and dignify. Great Jove and Phoebus graced his noble line. Pope. We are graced with wreaths of victory. Shak. 2. To dignify or raise by an act of favor; to honor. He might, at his pleasure, grace or disgrace whom he would in court. Knolles. 3. To supply with heavenly grace. Bp. Hall. 4. (Mus.) To add grace notes, cadenzas, etc., to. GRACED Graced, a. Defn: Endowed with grace; beautiful; full of graces; honorable. Shak. GRACEFUL Grace"ful, a. Defn: Displaying grace or beauty in form or action; elegant; easy; agreeable in appearance; as, a graceful walk, deportment, speaker, air, act, speech. High o'er the rest in arms the graceful Turnus rode. Dryden. -- Grace"ful*ly, adv. Grace"ful*ness, n. GRACELESS Grace"less, a. 1. Wanting in grace or excellence; departed from, or deprived of, divine grace; hence, depraved; corrupt. "In a graceless age." Milton. 2. Unfortunate. Cf. Grace, n., 4. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Grace"less*ly, adv. -- Grace"less-ness, n. GRACILE; GRACILLENT Grac"ile, Grac"il*lent a. Etym: [L. gracilis, gracilentus.] Defn: Slender; thin. [Obs.] Bailey. GRACILITY Gra*cil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. gracilitas; cf. F. gracilité.] Defn: State of being gracilent; slenderness. Milman. "Youthful gracility." W. D. Howells. GRACIOUS Gra"cious, a. Etym: [F. gracieux, L. gratiosus. See Grace.] 1. Abounding in grace or mercy; manifesting love, or bestowing mercy; characterized by grace; beneficent; merciful; disposed to show kindness or favor; condescending; as, his most gracious majesty. A god ready to pardon, gracious and merciful. Neh. ix. 17. So hallowed and so gracious in the time. Shak. 2. Abounding in beauty, loveliness, or amiability; graceful; excellent. Since the birth of Cain, the first male child, . . . There was not such a gracious creature born. Shak. 3. Produced by divine grace; influenced or controlled by the divine influence; as, gracious affections. Syn. -- Favorable; kind; benevolent; friendly; beneficent; benignant; merciful. GRACIOUSLY Gra"cious*ly, adv. 1. In a gracious manner; courteously; benignantly. Dryden. 2. Fortunately; luckily. [Obs.] Chaucer. GRACIOUSNESS Gra"cious*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being gracious. GRACKLE Grac"kle, n. Etym: [Cf. L. graculus jackdaw.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of several American blackbirds, of the family Icteridæ; as, the rusty grackle (Scolecophagus Carolinus); the boat-tailed grackle (see Boat-tail); the purple grackle (Quiscalus quiscula, or Q. versicolor). See Crow blackbird, under Crow. (b) An Asiatic bird of the genus Gracula. See Myna. GRADATE Gra"date, v. t. Etym: [See Grade.] 1. To grade or arrange (parts in a whole, colors in painting, etc.), so that they shall harmonize. 2. (Chem.) Defn: To bring to a certain strength or grade of concentration; as, to gradate a saline solution. GRADATION Gra*da"tion, n., Etym: [L. gradatio: cf. F. gradation. See Grade.] 1. The act of progressing by regular steps or orderly arrangement; the state of being graded or arranged in ranks; as, the gradation of castes. 2. The act or process of bringing to a certain grade. 3. Any degree or relative position in an order or series. The several gradations of the intelligent universe. I. Taylor. 4. (Fine Arts) Defn: A gradual passing from one tint to another or from a darker to a lighter shade, as in painting or drawing. 6. (Mus.) Defn: A diatonic ascending or descending succession of chords. GRADATION Gra*da"tion, v. t. Defn: To form with gradations. [R.] GRADATIONAL Gra*da"tion*al, a. Defn: By regular steps or gradations; of or pertaining to gradation. GRADATORY Grad"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [See Grade.] 1. Proceeding step by step, or by gradations; gradual. Could we have seen [Macbeth's] crimes darkening on their progress . . . could this gradatory apostasy have been shown us. A. Seward. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Suitable for walking; -- said of the limbs of an animal when adapted for walking on land. GRADATORY Grad"a*to*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. gradatarium.] (Arch.) Defn: A series of steps from a cloister into a church. GRADE Grade, n. Etym: [F. grade, L. gradus step, pace, grade, from gradi to step, go. Cf. Congress, Degree, Gradus.] 1. A step or degree in any series, rank, quality, order; relative position or standing; as, grades of military rank; crimes of every grade; grades of flour. They also appointed and removed, at their own pleasure, teachers of every grade. Buckle. 2. In a railroad or highway: (a) The rate of ascent or descent; gradient; deviation from a level surface to an inclined plane; -- usually stated as so many feet per mile, or as one foot rise or fall in so many of horizontal distance; as, a heavy grade; a grade of twenty feet per mile, or of 1 in 264. (b) A graded ascending, descending, or level portion of a road; a gradient. 3. (Stock Breeding) Defn: The result of crossing a native stock with some better breed. If the crossbreed have more than three fourths of the better blood, it is called high grade. At grade, on the same level; -- said of the crossing of a railroad with another railroad or a highway, when they are on the same level at the point of crossing. -- Down grade, a descent, as on a graded railroad. -- Up grade, an ascent, as on a graded railroad. -- Equating for grades. See under Equate. -- Grade crossing, a crossing at grade. GRADE Grade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graded; p. pr. & vb. n. Grading.] 1. To arrange in order, steps, or degrees, according to size, quality, rank, etc. 2. To reduce to a level, or to an evenly progressive ascent, as the line of a canal or road. 3. (Stock Breeding) Defn: To cross with some better breed; to improve the blood of. GRADELY Grade"ly, a. Etym: [Cf. AS. grad grade, step, order, fr. L. gradus. See Grade.] Defn: Decent; orderly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. -- adv. Defn: Decently; in order. [Prov. Eng.] GRADER Grad"er, n. Defn: 1. One who grades, or that by means of which grading is done or facilitate. Defn: 2. A vehicle used for levelling earth, esp. one with a plow blade suspended from the center, used specifically for grading roads. GRADIENT Gra"di*ent, a. Etym: [L. gradiens, p. pr. of gradi to step, to go. See Grade.] 1. Moving by steps; walking; as, gradient automata. Wilkins. 2. Rising or descending by regular degrees of inclination; as, the gradient line of a railroad. 3. Adapted for walking, as the feet of certain birsds. GRADIENT Gra"di*ent, n. 1. The rate of regular or graded ascent or descent in a road; grade. 2. A part of a road which slopes upward or downward; a portion of a way not level; a grade. 3. The rate of increase or decrease of a variable magnitude, or the curve which represents it; as, a thermometric gradient. Gradient post, a post or stake indicating by its height or by marks on it the grade of a railroad, highway, or embankment, etc., at that spot. GRADIN; GRADINE Gra"din, Gra*dine", n. Etym: [F. gradin, dim. of grade. See Grade.] (Arch.) Defn: Any member like a step, as the raised back of an altar or the like; a set raised over another. "The gradines of the amphitheeater." Layard. GRADINE Gra*dine", n. Etym: [F. gradine.] Defn: A toothed chised by sculptors. GRADING Grad"ing, n. Defn: The act or method of arranging in or by grade, or of bringing, as the surface of land or a road, to the desired level or grade. GRADINO Gra*di"no, n.; pl. Gradinos. Etym: [It.] (Arch.) Defn: A step or raised shelf, as above a sideboard or altar. Cf. Superaltar, and Gradin. GRADUAL Grad"u*al"; a. Etym: [Cf; F. graduel. See Grade, and cf. Gradual, n.] Defn: Proceeding by steps or degrees; advancing, step by step, as in ascent or descent or from one state to another; regularly progressive; slow; as, a gradual increase of knowledge; a gradual decline. Creatures animate with gradual life Of growth, sense, reason, all summed up in man. Milton. GRADUAL Grad"u*al, n. Etym: [LL. graduale a gradual (in sense 1), fr. L. gradus step: cf. F. graduel. See Grade, and cf. Grail a gradual.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) (a) An antiphon or responsory after the epistle, in the Mass, which was sung on the steps, or while the deacon ascended the steps. (b) A service book containing the musical portions of the Mass. 2. A series of steps. [Obs.] Dryden. GRADUALITY Grad"u*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being gradual; gradualness. [R.] Sir T. Browne. GRADUALLY Grad"u*al*ly, adv. 1. In a gradual manner. 2. In degree. [Obs.] Human reason doth not only gradually, but specifically, differ from the fantastic reason of brutes. Grew. GRADUALNESS Grad"u*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being gradual; regular progression or gradation; slowness. The gradualness of this movement. M. Arnold. The gradualness of growth is a characteristic which strikes the simplest observer. H. Drummond. GRADUATE Grad"u*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graduated p. pr. & vb. n. Graduating (.] Etym: [Cf. F. graduer. See Graduate, n., Grade.] 1. To mark with degrees; to divide into regular steps, grades, or intervals, as the scale of a thermometer, a scheme of punishment or rewards, etc. 2. To admit or elevate to a certain grade or degree; esp., in a college or university, to admit, at the close of the course, to an honorable standing defined by a diploma; as, he was graduated at Yale College. 3. To prepare gradually; to arrange, temper, or modify by degrees or to a certain degree; to determine the degrees of; as, to graduate the heat of an oven. Dyers advance and graduate their colors with salts. Browne. 4. (Chem.) Defn: To bring to a certain degree of consistency, by evaporation, as a fluid. Graduating engine, a dividing engine. See Dividing engine, under Dividing. GRADUATE Grad"u*ate, v. i. 1. To pass by degrees; to change gradually; to shade off; as, sandstone which graduates into gneiss; carnelian sometimes graduates into quartz. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: To taper, as the tail of certain birds. 3. To take a degree in a college or university; to become a graduate; to receive a diploma. He graduated at Oxford. Latham. He was brought to their bar and asked where he had graduated. Macaulay. GRADUATE Grad"u*ate, n. Etym: [LL. graduatus, p. p. of graduare to admit to a degree, fr. L. gradus grade. See Grade, n.] 1. One who has received an academical or professional degree; one who has completed the prescribed course of study in any school or institution of learning. 2. A graduated cup, tube, or flask; a measuring glass used by apothecaries and chemists. See under Graduated. GRADUATE Grad"u*ate, a. Etym: [See Graduate, n. & v.] Defn: Arrangei by successive steps or degrees; graduated. Beginning with the genus, passing through all the graduate and subordinate stages. Tatham. GRADUATED Grad"u*a"ted, a. 1. Marked with, or divided into, degrees; divided into grades. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Tapered; -- said of a bird's tail when the outer feathers are shortest, and the others successively longer. Graduated tube, bottle, cap, or glass, a vessel, usually of glass, having horizontal marks upon its sides, with figures, to indicate the amount of the contents at the several levels. -- Graduated spring (Railroads), a combination of metallic and rubber springs. GRADUATESHIP Grad"u*ate*ship, n. Defn: State of being a graduate. Milton. GRADUATION Grad"u*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. graduatio promotion to a degree: cf. F. graduation division into degrees.] 1. The act of graduating, or the state of being graduated; as, graduation of a scale; graduation at a college; graduation in color; graduation by evaporation; the graduation of a bird's tail, etc. 2. The marks on an instrument or vessel to indicate degrees or quantity; a scale. 3. The exposure of a liquid in large surfaces to the air, so as to hasten its evaporation. GRADUATOR Grad"u*a"tor, n. 1. One who determines or indicates graduation; as, a graduator of instruments. 2. An instrument for dividing any line, right or curve, into small, regular intervals. 3. An apparatus for diffusing a solution, as brine or vinegar, over a large surface, for exposure to the air. GRADUS Gra"dus, n. Etym: [From L. gradus ad Parnassum a step to Parnassus.] Defn: A dictionary of prosody, designed as an aid in writing Greek or Latin poetry. He set to work . . . without gradus or other help. T. Hughes. GRAF Graf, n. Etym: [G. Cf. -grave.] Defn: A German title of nobility, equivalent to earl in English, or count in French. See Earl. GRAFF Graff, n. Etym: [OE. grafe, greife, greive. Cf. Margrave.] Defn: A steward; an overseer. [A prince] is nothing but a servant, overseer, or graff, and not the head, which is a title belonging only to Christ. John Knox. GRAFF Graff n. & v. Defn: See Graft. GRAFFAGE Graff"age, n. Etym: [Cf. Grave, n.] Defn: The scarp of a ditch or moat. "To clean the graffages." Miss Mitford. GRAFFER Graf"fer, n. Etym: [See Greffier.] (Law.) Defn: a notary or scrivener. Bowvier. GRAFFITI Graf*fi"ti, n. pl. Etym: [It., pl. of graffito scratched] Defn: Inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., found on the walls of ancient sepulchers or ruins, as in the Catacombs, or at Pompeii. GRAFFITO Graf*fi"to, n. [It., fr. graffio a scratching.] (Art) Defn: Production of decorative designs by scratching them through a surface of layer plaster, glazing, etc., revealing a different- colored ground; also, pottery or ware so decorated; -- chiefly used attributively. GRAFT Graft, n. Etym: [OE. graff, F. greffe, originally the same word as OF. grafe pencil, L. graphium, Gr. carve. So named from the resemblance of a scion or shoot to a pointed pencil. Cf. Graphic, Grammar.] (a) A small shoot or scion of a tree inserted in another tree, the stock of which is to support and nourish it. The two unite and become one tree, but the graft determines the kind of fruit. (b) A branch or portion of a tree growing from such a shoot. (c) (Surg.) A portion of living tissue used in the operation of autoplasty. GRAFT Graft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Grafting.] Etym: [F. greffer. See Graft, n.] 1. To insert (a graft) in a branch or stem of another tree; to propagate by insertion in another stock; also, to insert a graft upon. [Formerly written graff.] 2. (Surg.) Defn: To implant a portion of (living flesh or akin) in a lesion so as to form an organic union. 3. Defn: To join (one thing) to another as if by grafting, so as to bring about a close union. And graft my love immortal on thy fame ! Pope. 4. (Naut.) Defn: To cover, as a ring bolt, block strap, splicing, etc., with a weaving of small cord or rope-yarns. GRAFT Graft, v. i. Defn: To insert scions from one tree, or kind of tree, etc., into another; to practice grafting. GRAFTAGE Graft"age, n. (Hort.) Defn: The science of grafting, including the various methods of practice and details of operation. GRAFTER Graft"er, n. 1. One who inserts scions on other stocks, or propagates fruit by ingrafting. 2. Defn: An instrument by which grafting is facilitated. 3. The original tree from which a scion has been taken for grafting upon another tree. Shak. GRAFTING Graft"ing n. 1. (Hort.) The act, art, or process of inserting grafts. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The act or method of weaving a cover for a ring, rope end, etc. 3. (Surg.) Defn: The transplanting of a portion of flesh or skin to a denuded surface; autoplasty. 4. (Carp.) Defn: A scarfing or endwise attachment of one timber to another. Cleft grafting (Hort.) a method of grafting in which the scion is placed in a cleft or slit in the stock or stump made by sawing off a branch, usually in such a manaer that its bark evenly joins that of the stock. -- Crown, or Rind, grafting, a method of grafting which the alburnum and inner bark are separated, and between them is inserted the lower end of the scion cut slantwise. -- Saddle grafting, a mode of grafting in which a deep cleft is made in the end of the scion by two sloping cuts, and the end of the stock is made wedge-shaped to fit the cleft in the scion, which is placed upon it saddlewise. -- Side grafting, a mode of grafting in which the scion, cut quite across very obliquely, so as to give it the form of a slender wedge, is thrust down inside of the bark of the stock or stem into which it is inserted, the cut side of the scion being next the wood of the stock. -- Skin grafting. (Surg.) See Autoplasty. -- Splice grafting (Hort.), a method of grafting by cutting the ends of the scion and stock completely across and obliquely, in such a manner that the sections are of the same shape, then lapping the ends so that the one cut surface exactly fits the other, and securing them by tying or otherwise. -- Whip grafting, tongue grafting, the same as splice grafting, except that a cleft or slit is made in the end of both scion and stock, in the direction of the grain and in the middle of the sloping surface, forming a kind of tongue, so that when put together, the tongue of each is inserted in the slit of the other. -- Grafting scissors, a surgeon's scissors, used in rhinoplastic operations, etc. -- Grafting tool. (a) Any tool used in grafting. (b) A very strong curved spade used in digging canals. -- Grafting wax, a composition of rosin, beeswax tallow, etc., used in binding up the wounds of newly grafted trees. GRAHAM BREAD Gra"ham bread". Etym: [From Sylvester Graham, a lecturer on dietetics.] Defn: Bread made of unbolted wheat flour. [U. S.] Bartlett. GRAHAMITE Gra"ham*ite, n. Etym: [See Graham bread.] Defn: One who follows the dietetic system of Graham. [U. S.] GRAIL Grail, n. Etym: [OF. greel, LL. gradale. See Gradual, n.] Defn: A book of offices in the Roman Catholic Church; a gradual. [Obs.] T. Warton. Such as antiphonals, missals, grails, processionals, etc. Strype. GRAIL Grail, n. Etym: [OF. graal, greal, greet, F. graal, gral, LL. gradalis, gradale, prob. derived fr. L. crater bowl, mixing vessel, Gr. krath`r. See Crater.] Defn: A broad, open dish; a chalice; -- only used of the Holy Grail. Note: The Holy Grail, according to some legends of the Middle Ages, was the cup used by our Savior in dispensing the wine at the last supper; and according to others, the platter on which the paschal lamb was served at the last Passover observed by our Lord. This cup, according to the legend, if appoached by any but a perfectly pure and holy person, would be borne away and vanish from the sight. The quest of the Holy Grail was to be undertaken only by a knight who was perfectly chaste in thought, word, and act. GRAIL Grail, n. Etym: [F. grêle hail, from grÉs grit, OHG. griex, grioz, G. gries, gravel, grit. See Grit.] Defn: Small particles of earth; gravel. [Obs.] Lying down upon the sandy grail. Spenser. GRAIL Grail, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. graite slender, F. grête.] Defn: One of the small feathers of a hawk. GRAILLE Graille, n. Etym: [Cf. F. grêle a sort of file.] Defn: A halfround single-cut file or fioat, having one curved face and one straight face, -- used by comb makers. Knight. GRAIN Grain, v. & n. Defn: See Groan. [Obs.] GRAIN Grain, n. Etym: [F. grain, L. granum, grain, seed, small kernel, small particle. See Corn, and cf. Garner, n., Garnet, Gram the chick- pea, Granule, Kernel.] 1. A single small hard seed; a kernel, especially of those plants, like wheat, whose seeds are used for food. 2. The fruit of certain grasses which furnish the chief food of man, as corn, wheat, rye, oats, etc., or the plants themselves; -- used collectively. Storehouses crammed with grain. Shak. 3. Any small, hard particle, as of sand, sugar, salt, etc.; hence, any minute portion or particle; as, a grain of gunpowder, of pollen, of starch, of sense, of wit, etc. I . . . with a grain of manhood well resolved. Milton. 4. The unit of the English system of weights; -- so called because considered equal to the average of grains taken from the middle of the ears of wheat. 7,000 grains constitute the pound avoirdupois, and 5,760 grains the pound troy. A grain is equal to .0648 gram. See Gram. 5. A reddish dye made from the coccus insect, or kermes; hence, a red color of any tint or hue, as crimson, scarlet, etc.; sometimes used by the poets as equivalent to Tyrian purple. All in a robe of darkest grain. Milton. Doing as the dyers do, who, having first dipped their silks in colors of less value, then give' them the last tincture of crimson in grain. Quoted by Coleridge, preface to Aids to Reflection. 6. The composite particles of any substance; that arrangement of the particles of any body which determines its comparative roughness or hardness; texture; as, marble, sugar, sandstone, etc., of fine grain. Hard box, and linden of a softer grain. Dryden. 7. The direction, arrangement, or appearance of the fibers in wood, or of the strata in stone, slate, etc. Knots, by the conflux of meeting sap, Infect the sound pine and divert his grain Tortive and errant from his course of growth. Shak. 8. The fiber which forms the substance of wood or of any fibrous material. 9. The hair side of a piece of leather, or the marking on that side. Knight. 10. pl. Defn: The remains of grain, etc., after brewing or distillation; hence, any residuum. Also called draff. 11. (Bot.) Defn: A rounded prominence on the back of a sepal, as in the common dock. See Grained, a., 4. 12. Temper; natural disposition; inclination. [Obs.] Brothers . . . not united in grain. Hayward. 13. A sort of spice, the grain of paradise. [Obs.] He cheweth grain and licorice, To smellen sweet. Chaucer. Against the grain, against or across the direction of the fibers; hence, against one's wishes or tastes; unwillingly; unpleasantly; reluctantly; with difficulty. Swift.Saintsbury.-- A grain of allowance, a slight indulgence or latitude a small allowance. -- Grain binder, an attachment to a harvester for binding the grain into sheaves. -- Grain colors, dyes made from the coccus or kermes in sect. -- Grain leather. (a) Dressed horse hides. (b) Goat, seal, and other skins blacked on the grain side for women's shoes, etc. -- Grain moth (Zoöl.), one of several small moths, of the family Tineidæ (as Tinea granella and Butalis cereAlella), whose larvæ devour grain in storehouses. -- Grain side (Leather), the side of a skin or hide from which the hair has been removed; -- opposed to flesh side. -- Grains of paradise, the seeds of a species of amomum. -- grain tin, crystalline tin ore metallic tin smelted with charcoal. -- Grain weevil (Zoöl.), a small red weevil (Sitophilus granarius), which destroys stored wheat and othar grain, by eating out the interior. -- Grain worm (Zoöl.), the larva of the grain moth. See grain moth, above. -- In grain, of a fast color; deeply seated; fixed; innate; genuine. "Anguish in grain." Herbert.-- To dye in grain, to dye of a fast color by means of the coccus or kermes grain [see Grain, n., 5]; hence, to dye firmly; also, to dye in the wool, or in the raw material. See under Dye. The red roses flush up in her cheeks . . . Likce crimson dyed in grain. Spenser. -- To go against the grain of (a person), to be repugnant to; to vex, irritate, mortify, or trouble. GRAIN Grain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grained; p. pr. & vb. n. Graining.] 1. To paint in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc. 2. To form (powder, sugar, etc.) into grains. 3. To take the hair off (skins); to soften and raise the grain of (leather, etc.). GRAIN Grain, v. i. Etym: [F. grainer, grener. See Grain, n.] 1. To yield fruit. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To form grains, or to assume a granular ferm, as the result of crystallization; to granulate. GRAIN Grain, n. Etym: [See Groin a part of the body.] 1. A branch of a tree; a stalk or stem of a plant. [Obs.] G. Douglas. 2. A tine, prong, or fork. Specifically: (a) One the branches of a valley or of a river. (b) pl. Defn: An iron first speak or harpoon, having four or more barbed points. 3. A blade of a sword, knife, etc. 4. (Founding) Defn: A thin piece of metal, used in a mold to steady a core. GRAINED Grained, a. 1. Having a grain; divided into small particles or grains; showing the grain; hence, rough. 2. Dyed in grain; ingrained. Persons lightly dipped, not grained, in generous honesty, are but pale in goodness. Sir T. Browne. 3. Painted or stained in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc. 4. (Bot.) Defn: Having tubercles or grainlike processes, as the petals or sepals of some flowers. GRAINER Grain"er, n. 1. An infusion of pigeon's dung used by tanners to neutralize the effects of lime and give flexibility to skins; -- called also grains and bate. 2. A knife for taking the hair off skins. 3. One who paints in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.; also, the brush or tool used in graining. GRAINFIELD Grain"field`, n. Defn: A field where grain is grown. GRAINING Grain"ing, n. 1. Indentation; roughening; milling, as on edges of coins. Locke. 2. A process in dressing leather, by which the skin is softened and the grain raised. 3. Painting or staining, in imitation of the grain of wood, atone, etc. 4. (Soap Making) Defn: The process of separating soap from spent lye, as with salt. GRAINING Grain"ing, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European fresh-water fish (Leuciscus vulgaris); - called also dobule, and dace. GRAINS Grains, n. pl. 1. See 5th Grain, n., 2 (b). 2. Pigeon's dung used in tanning. See Grainer. n., 1. GRAINY Grain"y, a. Defn: Resembling grains; granular. GRAIP Graip, n. Etym: [Perh. akin to grope, gripe.] Defn: A dungfork. [Scot.] Burns. GRAITH Graith, v. t. [Obs.] Defn: See Greith. Chaucer. GRAITH Graith, n. Defn: Furniture; apparatus or accouterments for work, traveling, war, etc. [Scot.] Jamieson. GRAKLE Gra"kle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Grackle. GRALLAE Gral"læ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. grallae stilts, for gradulae, fr. gradus. See Grade.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of birds which formerly included all the waders. By later writers it is usually restricted to the sandpipers, plovers, and allied forms; -- called also Grallatores. GRALLATORES Gral"la*to"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL. from L. grallator one who runs on stilts.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Grallæ. GRALLATORIAL; GRALLATORY Gral`la*to"ri*al, Gral"la*to*ry, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Grallatores, or waders. GRALLIC Gral"lic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Grallæ. GRALLINE Gral"line (lin), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Grallæ. GRALLOCH Gral"loch, n. Defn: Offal of a deer. -- v. t. Defn: To remove the offal from (a deer). -GRAM -gram. Etym: [Gr. a thing drawn or written, a letter, fr. gra`fein to draw, write. See Graphic.] Defn: A suffix indicating something drawn or written, a drawing, writing; -- as, monogram, telegram, chronogram. GRAM Gram, a. Etym: [AS. gram; akin to E. grim. sq. root35.] Defn: Angry. [Obs.] Havelok, the Dane. GRAM Gram, n. Etym: [Pg. gro grain. See Grain.] (Bot.) Defn: The East Indian name of the chick-pea (Cicer arietinum) and its seeds; also, other similar seeds there used for food. GRAM; GRAMME Gram, Gramme, n. Etym: [F. gramme, from Gr. that which is written, a letter, a small weight, fr. to write. See Graphic.] Defn: The unit of weight in the metric system. It was intended to be exactly, and is very nearly, equivalent to the weight in a vacuum of one cubic centimeter of pure water at its maximum density. It is equal to 15.432 grains. See Grain, n., 4. Gram degree, or Gramme degree (Physics), a unit of heat, being the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water one degree centigrade. -- Gram equivalent (Electrolysis), that quantity of the metal which will replace one gram of hydrogen. GRAMA GRASS Gra"ma grass`. Etym: [Sp. grama a sort of grass.] (Bot.) Defn: The name of several kinds of pasture grasses found in the Western United States, esp. the Bouteloua oligostachya. GRAMARYE Gram"a*rye, n. Etym: [OE. gramer, grameri, gramori, grammar, magic, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire. See Grammar.] Defn: Necromancy; magic. Sir W. Scott. GRAMASHES Gra*mash"es, n. pl. Etym: [See Gamashes.] Defn: Gaiters reaching to the knee; leggings. Strong gramashes, or leggings of thick gray cloth. Sir W. Scott. GRAME Grame, n. Etym: [See Gram, a.] 1. Anger; wrath; scorn. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Sorrow; grief; misery. [Obs.] Chaucer. GRAMERCY Gra*mer"cy, interj. Etym: [F. grand-merci. See Grand, and Mercy.] Defn: A word formerly used to express thankfulness, with surprise; many thanks. Gramercy, Mammon, said the gentle knight. Spenser. GRAMINACEOUS Gram"i*na"ceous, a. Etym: [L. gramen, graminis, grass.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the grasses; gramineous; as, graminaceous plants. GRAMINEAL Gra*min"e*al, a. Defn: Gramineous. GRAMINEOUS Gra*min"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. gramineus, fr. gramen, graminis, grass.] (Bot.) Defn: Like, Or pertaining to, grass. See Grass, n., 2. GRAMINIFOLIOUS Gram"i*ni*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. gramen, graminis, grass + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing leaves resembling those of grass. GRAMINIVOROUS Gram"i*niv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. gramen, graminis, grass + vorare to eat greedily.] Defn: Feeding or subsisting on grass, and the like food; -- said of horses, cattle, and other animals. GRAMMALOGUE Gram"ma*logue, n. Etym: [Gr. gra`mma letter + lo`gos word. Cf. Logogram.] (Phonography) Defn: Literally, a letter word; a word represented by a logogram; as, it, represented by |, that is, t. pitman. GRAMMAR Gram"mar, n. Etym: [OE. gramere, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire Prob. fr. L. gramatica Gr Gramme, Graphic, and cf. Grammatical, Gramarye.] 1. The science which treats of the principles of language; the study of forms of speech, and their relations to one another; the art concerned with the right use aud application of the rules of a language, in speaking or writing. Note: The whole fabric of grammar rests upon the classifying of words according to their function in the sentence. Bain. 2. The art of speaking or writing with correctness or according to established usage; speech considered with regard to the rules of a grammar. The original bad grammar and bad spelling. Macaulay. 3. A treatise on the principles of language; a book containing the principles and rules for correctness in speaking or writing. 4. treatise on the elements or principles of any science; as, a grammar of geography. Comparative grammar, the science which determines the relations of kindred languages by examining and comparing their grammatical forms. -- Grammar school. (a) A school, usually endowed, in which Latin and Greek grammar are taught, as also other studies preparatory to colleges or universities; as, the famous Rugby Grammar School. This use of the word is more common in England than in the United States. When any town shall increase to the number of a hundred families or householders, they shall set up a grammar school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the University. Mass. Records (1647). (b) In the American system of graded common schools an intermediate grade between the primary school and the high school, in which the principles of English grammar are taught. GRAMMAR Gram"mar, v. i. Defn: To discourse according to the rules of grammar; to use grammar. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. GRAMMARIAN Gram*ma"ri*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. grammairien.] 1. One versed in grammar, or the construction of languages; a philologist. Note: "The term was used by the classic ancients as a term of honorable distinction for all who were considered learned in any art or faculty whatever." Brande & C. 2. One who writes on, or teaches, grammar. GRAMMARIANISM Gram*ma"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: The principles, practices, or peculiarities of grammarians. [R.] GRAMMARLESS Gram"mar*less, a. Defn: Without grammar. GRAMMATES Gram"mates, n. pl. Etym: [From Gr. Defn: Rudiments; first principles, as of grammar. [Obs.] Ford. GRAMMATIC Gram*mat"ic, a. Defn: Grammatical. GRAMMATICAL Gram*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. grammaticus, grammaticalis; Gr. grammatical. See Grammar.] 1. Of or pertaining to grammar; of the nature of grammar; as, a grammatical rule. 2. According to the rules of grammar; grammatically correct; as, the sentence is not grammatical; the construction is not grammatical. -- Gram*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Gram*mat"ic*al*ness, n. GRAMMATICASTER Gram*mat"icas"ter, n. Etym: [LL.] Defn: A petty grammarian; a grammatical pedant or pretender. My noble Neophite, my little grammaticaster. B. Jonson. GRAMMATICATION Gram*mat"i*ca"tion, n. Defn: A principle of grammar; a grammatical rule. [Obs.] Dalgarno. GRAMMATICISM Gram*mat"i*cism, n. Defn: A point or principle of grammar. Abp. Leighton. GRAMMATICIZE Gram*mat"i*cize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grammaticized; p. pr. & vb. n. Grammaticizing.] Defn: To render grammatical. Fuller. GRAMMATIST Gram"ma*tist, n. Etym: [L. grammatista schoolmaster, Gr. grammatiste. See Grammatical.] Defn: A petty grammarian. [R] Tooke. GRAMME Gramme, n. Defn: Same as Gram the weight. GRAMME MACHINE Gramme" ma*chine". (Elec.) Defn: A kind of dynamo-electric machine; -- so named from its French inventor, M. Gramme. Knight. GRAMOPHONE Gram"o*phone, n. [Gr. a thing drawn or written (fr. write) + - phone, as in telephone.] Defn: An instrument for recording, preserving, and reproducing sounds, the record being a tracing of a phonautograph etched in some solid material. Reproduction is accomplished by means of a system attached to an elastic diaphragm. GRAMPUS Gram"pus, n.; pl. Grampuses. Etym: [Probably corrupted from It. gran pesce great fish, or Sp. gran pez, or Pg. gran peixe, all fr. L. grandis piscis. See Grand, and Fish. the animal.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A toothed delphinoid cetacean, of the genus Grampus, esp. G. griseus of Europe and America, which is valued for its oil. It grows to be fifteen to twenty feet long; its color is gray with white streaks. Called also cowfish. The California grampus is G. Stearnsii. 2. A kind of tongs used in a bloomery. [U.S.] GRANADE; GRANADO Gra*nade", Gra*na"do, n. Defn: See Grenade. GRANADILLA Grana*dil"la, n. Etym: [Sp., dim. of granada pomegranate. See Grenade, Garnet.] (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of certain species of passion flower (esp. Passiflora quadrangularis) found in Brazil and the West Indies. It is as large as a child's head, and is a good dessert fruit. The fruit of Passiflora edulis is used for flavoring ices. GRANARY Gran"a*ry, n.; pl. Granaries. Etym: [L. granarium, fr. granum grain. See Garner.] Defn: A storehouse or repository for grain, esp. after it is thrashed or husked; a cornbouse; also (Fig.), a region fertile in grain. The exhaustless granary of a world. Thomson. GRANATE Gran"ate, n. Defn: See Garnet. GRANATIN Gra*na"tin, n. Etym: [L. granatum the pomegranate.] (Chem.) Defn: Mannite; -- so called because found in the pomegranate. GRANATITE Gran"a*tite, n. Defn: See Staurolite. GRAND Grand, a. [Compar. Grander; superl. Grandest.] Etym: [OE. grant, grount, OF. grant, F. grand, fr. L. grandis; perh. akin to gravis heavy, E. grave, a. Cf. Grandee.] 1. Of large size or extent; great; extensive; hence, relatively great; greatest; chief; principal; as, a grand mountain; a grand army; a grand mistake. "Our grand foe, Satan." Milton. Making so bold . . . to unseal Their grand commission. Shak. 2. Great in size, and fine or imposing in appearance or impression; illustrious, dignifled, or noble (said of persons); majestic, splendid, magnificent, or sublime (said of things); as, a grand monarch; a grand lord; a grand general; a grand view; a grand conception. They are the highest models of expression, the unapproached masters of the grand style. M. Arnold. 3. Having higher rank or more dignity, size, or importance than other persons or things of the same name; as, a grand lodge; a grand vizier; a grand piano, etc. 4. Standing in the second or some more remote degree of parentage or descent; -- generalIy used in composition; as, grandfather, grandson, grandchild, etc. What cause Mov'd our grand parents, in that happy state, Favor'd of Heaven so highly, to fall off From their Creator. Milton. Grand action, a pianoforte action, used in grand pianos, in which special devices are employed to obtain perfect action of the hammer in striking and leaving the string. -- Grand Army of the Republic, an organized voluntary association of men who served in the Union army or navy during the civil war in the United States. The order has chapters, called Posts, throughout the country. -- Grand cross. (a) The highest rank of knighthood in the Order of the Bath. (b) A knight grand cross. -- Grand cordon, the cordon or broad ribbon, identified with the highest grade in certain honorary orders; hence, a person who holds that grade. -- Grand days (Eng. Law), certain days in the terms which are observed as holidays in the inns of court and chancery (Candlemas, Ascension, St. John Baptist's, and All Saints' Days); called also Dies non juridici. -- Grand duchess. (a) The wife or widow of a grand duke. (b) A lady having the sovereignty of a duchy in her own right. (c) In Russia, a daughter of the Czar. -- Grand duke. (a) A sovereign duke, inferior in rank to a king; as, the Grand Duke of Tuscany. (b) In Russia, a son of the Czar. (c) (Zoöl.) The European great horned owl or eagle owl (Bubo maximas). -- Grand-guard, or Grandegarde, a piece of plate armor used in tournaments as an extra protection for the left shoulder and breast. -- Grand juror, a member of a grand jury. -- Grand jury (Law), a jury of not less than twelve men, and not more than twenty-three, whose duty it is, in private session, to examine into accusations against persons charged with crime, and if they see just cause, then to find bills of indictment against them, to be presented to the court; -- called also grand inquest. -- Grand juryman, a grand juror. -- Grand larceny. (Law) See under Larceny. -- Grand lodge, the chief lodge, or governing body, among Freemasons and other secret orders. -- Grand master. (a) The head of one of the military orders of knighthood, as the Templars, Hospitallers, etc. (b) The head of the order of Freemasons or of Good Templars, etc. -- Grand paunch, a glutton or gourmand. [Obs.] Holland. -- Grand pensionary. See under Pensionary. -- Grand piano (Mus.), a large piano, usually harp-shaped, in which the wires or strings are generally triplicated, increasing the power, and all the mechanism is introduced in the most effective manner, regardless of the size of the instrument. -- Grand relief (Sculp.), alto relievo. -- Grand Seignior. See under Seignior. -- Grand stand, the principal stand, or erection for spectators, at a, race course, etc. -- Grand vicar (Eccl.), a principal vicar; an ecclesiastical delegate in France. -- Grand vizier. See under Vizier. Syn. -- Magnificent; sublime; majestic; dignified; elevated; stately; august; pompous; lofty; eralted; noble. -- Grand, Magnificent, Sublime. Grand, in reference to objects of taste, is applied to that which expands the mind by a sense of vastness and majesty; magnificent is applied to anything which is imposing from its splendor; sublime describes that which is awful and elevating. A cataract is grand; a rich and varied landscape is magnificent; an overhanging precipice is sublime. "Grandeur admits of degrees and modifications; but magnificence is that which has already reached the highest degree of superiority naturally belonging to the object in question." Crabb. GRANDAM Gran"dam, n. Etym: [F. grande, fem. of grand + dame. See Grand, and Dame.] Defn: An old woman; specifically, a grandmother. Shak. GRANDAUNT Grand"aunt", n. Etym: [Cf. F. grand'tante.] Defn: The aunt of one's father or mother. GRANDCHILD Grand"child", n. Defn: A son's or daughter's child; a child in the second degree of descent. GRANDDAUGHTER Grand"daugh"ter, n. Defn: The daughter of one's son or daughter. GRAND-DUCAL Grand"-du"cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a grand duke. H. James. GRANDEE Gran*dee", n. Etym: [Sp. grande. See Grand.] Defn: A man of elevated rank or station; a nobleman. In Spain, a nobleman of the first rank, who may be covered in the king's presence. GRANDEESHIP Gran*dee"ship, n. Defn: The rank or estate of a grandee; lordship. H. Swinburne. GRANDEUR Gran"deur, n. Etym: [F., fr. grand. See Grand.] Defn: The state or quality of being grand; vastness; greatness; splendor; magnificence; stateliness; sublimity; dignity; elevation of thought or expression; nobility of action. Nor doth this grandeur and majestic show Of luxury . . . allure mine eye. Milton. Syn. -- Sublimity; majesty; stateliness; augustness; loftiness. See Sublimity. GRANDEVITY Gran*dev"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. grandaevitas.] Defn: Great age; long life. [Obs.] Glanvill. GRANDEVOUS Gran*de"vous, a. Etym: [L. grandaevus; grandig grand+ aevum lifetime, age.] Defn: Of great age; aged; longlived. [R.] Bailey. GRANDFATHER Grand"fa"ther, n. Defn: A father's or mother's father; an ancestor in the next degree above the father or mother in lineal ascent. Grandfather longlegs. (Zoöl.) See Dady longlegs. GRANDFATHERLY Grand"fa"ther*ly, a. Defn: Like a grandfather in age or manner; kind; benignant; indulgent. He was a grandfatherly sort of personage. Hawthorne. GRANDIFIC Gran*dif"ic, a. Etym: [L. grandificus; grandis grand + facere to make.] Defn: Making great. [R.] Bailey. GRANDILOQUENCE Gran*dil"o*quence, n. Defn: The use of lofty words or phrases; bombast; -- usually in a bad sense. The sin of grandiloquence or tall talking. Thackeray, GRANDILOQUENT Gran*dil"o*quent, a. Etym: [L. grandis grand + logui to speak.] Defn: Speaking in a lofty style; pompous; bombastic. GRANDILOQUOUS Gran*dil"o*quous, a. Etym: [L. grandiloquus; grandis grand + loqui to apeak.] Defn: Grandiloquent. GRANDINOUS Gran"di*nous, a. Etym: [L. grandinosus, fr. qrando, grandinis, hail.] Defn: Consisting of hail; abounding in hail. [R.] Bailey. GRANDIOSE Gran"di*ose", a. Etym: [F. grandiose, It. grandioso. See Grand.] 1. Impressive or elevating in effect; vimposing; splendid; striking; -- in a good sense. The tone of the parts was to be perpetually kept down in order not to impair the grandiose effect of the whole. M. Arnold. The grandiose red tulips which grow wild. C. Kingsley. 2. Characterized by affectation of grandeur or splendor; flaunting; turgid; bombastic; -- in a bad sense; as, a grandiose style. GRANDIOSITY Gran"di*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. grandiosité, It. grandiosità.] Defn: The state or quality of being grandiose, GRANDITY Grand"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. granditas: cf. OF. granité. See Grand.] Defn: Grandness. [Obs.] Camden. GRANDLY Grand"ly, adv. Defn: In a grand manner. GRANDMA; GRANDMAMMA Grand"ma", Grand"mam*ma", n. Defn: A grand mother. GRAND MERCY Grand" mer"cy. Defn: See Gramercy. [Obs.] GRANDMOTHER Grand"moth"er, n. Defn: The mother of one's father or mother. GRANDMOTHERLY Grand"moth"er*ly, a. Defn: Like a grandmother in age or manner; kind; indulgent. GRANDNEPHEW Grand"neph"ew, n. Defn: The grandson of one's brother or sister. GRANDNESS Grand"ness, n. Defn: Grandeur. Wollaston. GRANDNIECE Grand"niece", n. Defn: The granddaughter of one's brother or sister. GRANDPA; GRANDPAPA Grand"pa", Grand"pa*pa", n. Defn: A grandfather. GRANDSIRE Grand"sire", n. Etym: [OF. grantsire. See Grand, and Sire.] Defn: Specifically, a grandfather; more generally, any ancestor. GRANDSON Grand"son", n. Defn: A son's or daughter's son. GRANDUNCLE Grand"un"cle, n. Etym: [Cf. F. grand-oncle.] Defn: father's or mother's uncle. GRANE Grane, v. & n. Defn: See Groan. [Obs.] GRANGE Grange, n. Etym: [F. grange barn, LL. granea, from L. granum grain. See Grain a kernel.] 1. A building for storing grain; a granary. [Obs.] Milton. 2. A farmhouse, with the barns and other buildings for farming purposes. And eke an officer out for to ride, To see her granges and her bernes wide. Chaucer. Nor burnt the grange, nor bussed the milking maid. Tennyson. 3. A farmhouse of a monastery, where the rents and tithes, paid in grain, were deposited. [Obs.] 4. A farm; generally, a farm with a house at a distance from neighbors. 5. An association of farmers, designed to further their interests, aud particularly to bring producers and consumers, farmers and manufacturers, into direct commercial relations, without intervention of middlemen or traders. The first grange was organized in 1867. [U. S.] GRANGER Gran"ger, n. 1. A farm steward. [Obs.] 2. A member of a grange. [U. S.] GRANGERISM Gran"ger*ism, n. Etym: [So called from the Rev. James Granger, whose "Biographical History of England" (1769) was a favorite book for illustration in this manner.] Defn: The practice of illustrating a particular book by engravings collected from other books. GRANGERITE Gran"ger*ite, n. Defn: One who collects illustrations from various books for the decoration of one book. GRANGERIZE Gran"ger*ize, v. t. & i. Defn: To collect (illustrations from books) for decoration of other books. G. A. Sala. GRANGER RAILROADS; GRANGER ROADS Gran"ger railroads, or Granger roads. (Finance) Defn: Certain railroads whose traffic largely consists in carrying the produce of farmers or grangers; -- specifically applied to the Chicago & Alton; Chicago, Burlington & Quincey; Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; and Chicago & Northwestern, railroads. [U. S.]. GRANGER STOCKS; GRANGER SHARES Granger stocks or shares. Defn: Stocks or shares of the granger railroads. GRANIFEROUS Gra*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. qranifer; granum grain + ferre to bear: cf. F. granifère.] Defn: Bearing grain, or seeds like grain. Humble. GRANIFORM Gran"i*form, a. Etym: [L. granum grain + -form; cf. F. graniforme.] Defn: Formed like of corn. GRANILLA Gra*nil"la, n. Etym: [Sp., small seed.] Defn: Small grains or dust of cochineal or the coccus insect. GRANITE Gran"ite, n. Etym: [It. granito granite, adj., grainy, p. p. of granire to make grainy, fr. L. granum grain; cf. F. granit. See Grain.] (Geol.) Defn: A crystalline, granular rock, consisting of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and usually of a whitish, grayish, or flesh-red color. It differs from gneiss in not having the mica in planes, and therefor in being destitute of a schistose structure. Note: Varieties containing hornblende are common. See also the Note under Mica. Gneissoid granite, granite in which the mica has traces of a regular arrangement. -- Graphic granite, granite consisting of quartz and feldspar without mica, and having the quartz crystals so arranged in the transverse section like oriental characters. -- Porphyritic granite, granite containing feldspar in distinct crystals. -- Hornblende granite, or Syenitic granite, granite containing hornblende as well as mica, or, according to some authorities hornblende replacing the mica. -- Granite ware. (a) A kind of stoneware. (b) A Kind of ironware, coated with an enamel resembling granite. GRANITE STATE Gran"ite State. Defn: New Hampshire; -- a nickname alluding to its mountains, which are chiefly of granite. GRANITE STATE Gran"ite State. Defn: New Hampshire; -- a nickname alluding to its mountains, which are chiefly of granite. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] GRANITIC Gra*nit"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. granitique.] 1. Like granite in composition, color, etc.; having the nature of granite; as, granitic texture. 2. Consisting of granite; as, granitic mountains. GRANITICAL Gra*nit"ic*al, a. Defn: Granitic. GRANITIFICATION Gra*nit`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Granite + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: The act or the process of forming into granite. Humble. GRANITIFORM Gra*nit"i*form, a. Etym: [Granite + -form.] (Geol.) Defn: Resembling granite in structure or shape. GRANITOID Gran"i*toid, a. Etym: [Granite + -oid: cf. F. granitoïde.] Defn: Resembling granite in granular appearance; as, granitoid gneiss; a granitoid pavement. GRANIVOROUS Gra*niv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. granum grain + vorare to devour: cf. F. granivore.] Defn: Eating grain; feeding or subsisting on seeds; as, granivorous birds. Gay. GRANNAM Gran"nam, n. Defn: A grandam. [Colloq.] GRANNY Gran"ny, n. Defn: A grandmother; a grandam; familiarly, an old woman. Granny's bend, or Granny's knot (Naut.), a kind of insecure knot or hitch; a reef knot crossed the wrong way. GRANOLITHIC Gran`o*lith"ic, n. Etym: [L. granum a grain (or E. granite) + -lith + -ic.] Defn: A kind of hard artificial stone, used for pavements. GRANT Grant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Granted; p. pr. & vb. n. Granting.] Etym: [OE. graunten, granten, OF. graanter, craanter, creanter, to promise, yield, LL. creantare to promise, assure, for (assumed LL.) credentare to make believe, fr. L. credens, p. pr. of credere to believe. See Creed, Credit.] 1. To give over; to make conveyance of; to give the possession or title of; to convey; -- usually in answer to petition. Grant me the place of this threshing floor. 1 Chrcn. xxi. 22. 2. To bestow or confer, with or without compensation, particularly in answer to prayer or request; to give. Wherefore did God grant me my request. Milton. 3. To admit as true what is not yet satisfactorily proved; to yield belief to; to allow; to yield; to concede. Grant that the Fates have firmed by their decree. Dryden. Syn.-- To give; confer; bestow; convey; transfer; admit; allow; concede. See Give. GRANT Grant, v. i. Defn: To assent; to consent. [Obs.] Chaucer. GRANT Grant, n. Etym: [OE. grant, graunt, OF. graant, creant, promise, assurance. See Grant, v. t.] 1. The act of granting; a bestowing or conferring; concession; allowance; permission. 2. The yielding or admission of something in dispute. 3. The thing or property granted; a gift; a boon. 4. (Law) Defn: A transfer of property by deed or writing; especially, au appropriation or conveyance made by the government; as, a grant of land or of money; also, the deed or writing by which the transfer is made. Note: Formerly, in English law, the term was specifically applied to transfrrs of incorporeal hereditaments, expectant estates, and letters patent from government and such is its present application in some of the United States. But now, in England the usual mode of transferring realty is by grant; and so, in some of the United States, the term grant is applied to conveyances of every kind of real property. Bouvier. Burrill. GRANTABLE Grant"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being granted. GRANTEE Gran*tee", n. (Law) Defn: The person to whom a grant or conveyance is made. His grace will not survive the poor grantee he despises. Burke. GRANTER Grant"er, n. Defn: One who grants. GRANTOR Grant"or, n. (Law) Defn: The person by whom a grant or conveyance is made. GRANULAR Gran"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. granulaire. See Granule.] Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, grains; as, a granular substance. Granular limestone, crystalline limestone, or marble, having a granular structure. GRANULARLY Gran"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a granular form. GRANULARY Gran"u*la*ry, a. Defn: Granular. GRANULATE Gran"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Granulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Granulating.] Etym: [See Granule.] 1. To form into grains or small masses; as, to granulate powder, sugar, or metal. 2. To raise in granules or small asperities; to make rough on the surface. GRANULATE Gran"u*late, v. i. Defn: To collect or be formed into grains; as, cane juice granulates into sugar. GRANULATE; GRANULATED Gran"u*late, Gran"u*la`ted, a. 1. Consisting of, or resembling, grains; crystallized in grains; granular; as, granulated sugar. 2. Having numerous small elevations, as shagreen. Granulated steel, a variety of steel made by a particular process beginning with the granulation of pig iron. GRANULATION Gran`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. granulation.] 1. The act or process of forming or crystallizing into grains; as, the granulation of powder and sugar. 2. The state of being granulated. 3. (Med.) (a) One of the small, red, grainlike prominences which form on a raw surface (that of wounds or ulcers), and are the efficient agents in the process of healing. (b) The act or process of the formation of such prominences. GRANULE Gran"ule, n. Etym: [L. granulum, dim. of granum grain: cf. F. granule. See Grain a kernel.] Defn: A little grain a small particle; a pellet. GRANULIFEROUS Gran`u*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Granule + -ferous.] Defn: Full of granulations. GRANULIFORM Gra*nu"li*form, a. Etym: [Granule + -form.] (Min.) Defn: Having a granular structure; granular; as, granuliform limestone. GRANULITE Gran"u*lite, n. Etym: [From Granule.] (Geol.) Defn: A whitish, granular rock, consisting of feldspar and quartz intimately mixed; -- sometimes called whitestone, and leptynite. GRANULOSE Gran"u*lose`, n. Etym: [From Granule.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The main constituent of the starch grain or granule, in distinction from the framework of cellulose. Unlike cellulose, it is colored blue by iodine, and is converted into dextrin and sugar by boiling acids and amylolytic ferments. GRANULOUS Gran"u*lous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. granuleux.] Defn: Full of grains; abounding with granular substances; granular. GRAPE Grape, n. Etym: [OF. grape, crape, bunch or cluster of grapes, F. grappe, akin to F. grappin grapnel, hook; fr. OHG. chrapfo hook, G. krapfen, akin to E. cramp. The sense seems to have come from the idea of clutching. Cf. Agraffe, Cramp, Grapnel, Grapple.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A well-known edible berry growing in pendent clusters or bunches on the grapevine. The berries are smooth-skinned, have a juicy pulp, and are cultivated in great quantities for table use and for making wine and raisins. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The plant which bears this fruit; the grapevine. 3. (Man.) Defn: A mangy tumor on the leg of a horse. 4. (Mil.) Defn: Grapeshot. Grape borer. (Zoöl.) See Vine borer. -- Grape curculio (Zoöl.), a minute black weevil (Craponius inæqualis) which in the larval state eats the interior of grapes. -- Grape flower, or Grape hyacinth (Bot.), a liliaceous plant (Muscari racemosum) with small blue globular flowers in a dense raceme. -- Grape fungus (Bot.), a fungus (Oidium Tuckeri) on grapevines; vine mildew. -- Grape hopper (Zoöl.), a Small yellow and red hemipterous insect, often very injurious to the leaves of the grapevine. -- Grape moth (Zoöl.), a small moth (Eudemis botrana), which in the larval state eats the interior of grapes, and often binds them together with silk. -- Grape of a cannon, the cascabel or knob at the breech. -- Grape sugar. See Glucose. -- Grape worm (Zoöl.), the larva of the grape moth. -- Soar grapes, things which persons affect to despise because they can not possess them; -- in allusion to GRAPE FRUIT Grape" fruit`. Defn: The shaddock. GRAPELESS Grape"less, a. Defn: Wanting grapes or the flavor of grapes. GRAPERY Grap"er*y, n. Defn: A building or inclosure used for the cultivation of grapes. GRAPESHOT Grape"shot`, n. (Mil.) Defn: A cluster, usually nine in number, of small iron balls, put together by means of cast-iron circular plates at top and bottom, with two rings, and a central connecting rod, in order to be used as a charge for a cannon. Formerly grapeshot were inclosed in canvas bags. GRAPESTONE Grape"stone`, n. Defn: A seed of the grape. GRAPEVINE Grape"vine`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A vine or climbing shrub, of the genus Vitis, having small green flowers and lobed leaves, and bearing the fruit called grapes. Note: The common grapevine of the Old World is Vitis vinifera, and is a native of Central Asia. Another variety is that yielding small seedless grapes commonly called Zante currants. The northern Fox grape of the United States is the V. Labrusca, from which, by cultivation, has come the Isabella variety. The southern Fox grape, or Muscadine, is the V. vulpina. The Frost grape is V. cordifolia, which has very fragrant flowers, and ripens after the early frosts. -GRAPH -graph ( Etym: [From Gr. gra`fein to write. See Graphic.] Defn: A suffix signifying something written, a writing; also, a writer; as autograph, crystograph, telegraph, photograph. GRAPHIC; GRAPHICAL Graph"ic, Graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. graphicus, Gr. graphique. See Graft.] 1. Of or pertaining to the arts of painting and drawing. 2. Of or pertaining to the art of writing. 3. Written or engraved; formed of letters or lines. The finger of God hath left an inscription upon all his works, not graphical, or composed of letters. Sir T. Browne. 4. Well delineated; clearly and vividly described. 5. Having the faculty of, or characterized by, clear and impressive description; vivid; as, a gruphic writer. Graphic algebra, a branch of algebra in which, the properties of equations are treated by the use of curves and straight lines. -- Graphic arts, a name given to those fine arts which pertain to the representation on a fiat surface of natural objects; as distinguished from music, etc., and also from sculpture. -- Graphic formula. (Chem.) See under Formula. -- Graphic granite. See under Granite. -- Graphic method, the method of scientific analysis or investigation, in which the relations or laws involved in tabular numbers are represented to the eye by means of curves or other figures; as the daily changes of weather by means of curves, the abscissas of which represent the hours of the day, and the ordinates the corresponding degrees of temperature. -- Graphical statics (Math.), a branch of statics, in which the magnitude, direction, and position of forces are represented by straight lines -- Graphic tellurium. See Sylvanite. GRAPHICALLY Graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a graphic manner; vividly. GRAPHICNESS; GRAPHICALNESS Graph"ic*ness, Graph"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being graphic. GRAPHICS Graph"ics, n. Defn: The art or the science of drawing; esp. of drawing according to mathematical rules, as in perspective, projection, and the like. GRAPHISCOPE Graph"i*scope, n. Defn: See Graphoscope. GRAPHITE Graph"ite, n. Etym: [Gr. graphite. See Graphic.] (Min.) Defn: Native carbon in hexagonal crystals, also foliated or granular massive, of black color and metallic luster, and so soft as to leave a trace on paper. It is used for pencils (improperly called lead pencils), for crucibles, and as a lubricator, etc. Often called plumbago or black lead. Graphite battery (Elec.), a voltaic battery consisting of zinc and carbon in sulphuric acid, or other exciting liquid. GRAPHITIC Gra*phit"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, containing, derived from, or resembling, graphite. Graphitic acid (Chem.), an organic acid, so called because obtained by the oxidation of graphite; -- usually called mellitic acid. -- Graphitic carbon, in iron or steel, that portion of the carbon which is present as graphite. Raymond. GRAPHITOID; GRAPHITOIDAL Graph"i*toid, Graph"i*toid"al, a. Defn: Resembling graphite or plumbago. GRAPHOLITE Graph"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. grapholithe.] Defn: Any species of slate suitable to be written on. GRAPHOLOGY Gra*phol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. graphologie.] Defn: The art of judging of a person's character, disposition, and aptitude from his handwriting. GRAPHOPHONE Graph"o*phone, n. [Gr. to write + -phone, as in telephone.] Defn: A kind of photograph. GRAPHOSCOPE Graph"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] Defn: An optical instrument for magnifying engravings, photographs, etc., usually having one large lens and two smaller ones. GRAPHOTYPE Graph"o*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.] (Engraving) Defn: A process for producing a design upon a surface in relief so that it can be printed from. Prepared chalk or oxide of zinc is pressed upon a smooth plate by a hydraulic press, and the design is drawn upon this in a peculiar ink which hardens the surface wherever it is applied. The surface is then carefully rubbed or brushed, leaving the lines in relief. -GRAPHY -gra*phy. Etym: [Gr. Graphic.] Defn: A suffix denoting the art of writing or describing; also, the writing or description itself; a treatise; as, calligraphy, biography, geography. GRAPNEL Grap"nel, n. Etym: [OE. grapenel, dim. fr. F. grappin the grapple of a ship; of German origin. See Grape.] (Naut.) Defn: A small anchor, with four or five flukes or claws, used to hold boats or small vessels; hence, any instrument designed to grapple or hold; a grappling iron; a grab; -- written also grapline, and crapnel. GRAPPLE Grap"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grappled; p. pr. & vb. n. Grappling.] Etym: [F. grappiller, OF. graypil the grapple of a ship, fr. graper to pluck, prop., to seize, clutch; of German origin. See Grape.] 1. To seize; to lay fast hold of; to attack at close quarters: as, to grapple an antagonist. 2. To fasten, as with a grapple; to fix; to join indissolubly. The gallies were grappled to the Centurion. Hakluyt. Grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel. Shak. GRAPPLE Grap"ple, v. i. Defn: To use a grapple; to contend in close fight; to attach one's self as if by a grapple, as in wrestling; to close; to seize one another. To grapple with, to enter into contest with, resolutely and courageously. And in my standard bear the arms of York, To grapple with the house of Lancaster. Shak. GRAPPLE Grap"ple, n. Etym: [See Grapple, v. t., and cf. Crapple.] 1. A seizing or seizure; close hug in contest; the wrestler's hold. Milton. 2. (a) An instrument, usually with hinged claws, for seizing and holding fast to an object; a grab. (b) (Naut.) Defn: A grappling iron. The iron hooks and grapples keen. Spenser. Grapple plant (Bot.), a South African herb (Herpagophytum leptocarpum) having the woody fruits armed with long hooked or barbed thorns by which they adhere to cattle, causing intense annoyance. -- Grapple shot (Life-saving Service), a projectile, to which are attached hinged claws to catch in a ship's rigging or to hold in the ground; -- called also anchor shot. GRAPPLEMENT Grapple*ment, n. Defn: A grappling; close fight or embrace. [Obs.] Spenser. GRAPPLING Grap"pling, n. 1. A laying fast ho1d of; also, that by which anything is seized and held, a grapnel. 2. A grapple; a struggle. A match for yards in fight, in grappling for the bear. Dryden. Grappling iron, a hooked iron used for grappling and holding fast a vessel or other object. -- Grappling tongs, broad-mouthed tongs for gathering oysters. GRAPSOID Grap"soid, a. Etym: [NL. Grapsus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the genus Grapsus or the family Grapsidæ. -- n. Defn: A grapsoid crab. GRAPTOLITE Grap"to*lite, n. Etym: [NL, Graptolithus, from Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: One of numerous species of slender and delicate fossils, of the genus Graptolites and allied genera, found in the Silurian rocks. They belong to an extinct group (Graptolithina) supposed to be hydroids. GRAPTOLITIC Grap"to*lit`ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to graptolites; containing graptolites; as, a graptolitic slate. GRAPY Grap"y, a. Defn: Composed of, or resembling, grapes. The grapy clusters. Addison. GRASP Grasp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grasper; p. pr. & vb. n. Qraspine.] Etym: [OE. graspen; prob. akin to LG. grupsen, or to E. grope. Cf. Grab, Grope.] 1. To seize and hold by clasping or embracing with the fingers or arms; to catch to take possession of. Thy hand is made to grasp a palmer's staff. Shak. 2. To lay hold of with the mind; to become thoroughly acquainted or conversant with; to comprehend. GRASP Grasp, v. i. Defn: To effect a grasp; to make the motion of grasping; to clutch; to struggle; to strive. As one that grasped And tugged for life and was by strength subdued. Shak. To grasp at, to catch at; to try to seize; as, Alexander grasped at universal empire, GRASP Grasp, n. 1. A gripe or seizure of the hand; a seizure by embrace, or infolding in the arms. "The grasps of love." Shak. 2. Reach of the arms; hence, the power of seizing and holding; as, it was beyond his grasp. 3. Forcible possession; hold. The whole space that's in the tyrant's grasp. Shak. 4. Wide-reaching power of intellect to comprehend subjects and hold them under survey. The foremost minds of the next . . . era were not, in power of grasp, equal to their predecessors. Z. Taylor. 5. The handle of a sword or of an oar. GRASPABLE Grasp"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being grasped. GRASPER Grasp"er, n. Defn: One who grasps or seizes; one who catches or holds. GRASPING Grasp"ing, a. 1. Seizing; embracing; catching. 2. Avaricious; greedy of gain; covetous; close; miserly; as, he is a grasping man. -- Grasp"ing*ly, adv. -- Grasp"ing*ness, n. GRASPLESS Grasp"less, a. Defn: Without a grasp; relaxed. From my graspless hand Drop friendship's precious pearls. Coleridge. GRASS Grass, n. Etym: [OE. gras, gres, gers, AS, qr, g; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. gr, Sw. gr, and prob. to Z. grcen, grow. Cf. Graze.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute the food of cattle and other beasts; pasture. 2. (Bot.) Defn: An endogenous plant having simple leaves, a stem generally jointed and tubular, the husks or glumes in pairs, and the seed single. Note: This definition includes wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc., and excludes clover and some other plants which are commonly called by the name of grass. The grasses form a numerous family of plants. 3. The season of fresh grass; spring. [Colloq.] Two years old next grass. Lathsm. 4. Metaphorically used for what is transitory. Surely the people is grass. Is. xl. 7. Note: The following list includes most of the grasses of the United States of special interest, except cereals. Many of these terms will be found with definitions in the Vocabulary. See Illustrations in Appendix. Barnyard grass, for hay. South. Panicum Grus-galli. Bent, pasture and hay. Agrostis, several species. Bermuda grass, pasture. South. Cynodon Dactylon. Black bent. Same as Switch grass (below). Blue bent, hay. North and West. Andropogon provincialis. Blue grass, pasture. Poa compressa. Blue joint, hay. Northwest. Aqropyrum glaucum. Buffalo grass, grazing. Rocky Mts., etc. (a) Buchloë dectyloides. (b) Same as Grama grass (below). Bunch grass, grazing. Far West. Eriocoma, Festuca, Stips, etc. Chess, or Cheat, a weed. Bromus secalinus, etc. Couch grass. Same as Quick grass (below). Crab grass, (a) Hay, in South. A weed, in North. Panicum sanguinale. (b) Pasture and hay. South. Eleusine Indica. Darnel (a) Bearded, a noxious weed. Lolium temulentum. (b) Common. Same as Rye grass (below). Drop seed, fair for forage and hay. Muhlenbergia, several species. English grass. Same as Redtop (below). Fowl meadow grass. (a) Pasture and hay. Poa serotina. (b) Hay, on moist land. Gryceria nervata. Gama grass, cut fodder. South. Tripsacum dactyloides. Grama grass, grazing. West and Pacific slope. Bouteloua oligostachya, etc. Great bunch grass, pasture and hay. Far West. Festuca scabrella. Guinea grass, hay. South. Panicum jumentorum. Herd's grass, in New England Timothy, in Pennsylvania and South Redtop. Indian grass. Same as Wood grass (below). Italian rye grass, forage and hay. Lolium Italicum. Johnson grass, grazing aud hay. South and Southwest. Sorghum Halepense. Kentucky blue grass, pasture. Poa pratensis. Lyme grass, coarse hay. South. Elymus, several species. Manna grass, pasture and hay. Glyceria, several species. Meadow fescue, pasture and hay. Festuca elatior. Meadow foxtail, pasture, hay, lawn. North. Alopecurus pratensis. Meadow grass, pasture, hay, lawn. Poa, several species. Mesquite, or Muskit grass. Same as Grama grass (above). Nimble Will, a kind of drop seed. Muhlenbergia diffsa. Orchard grass, pasture and hay. Dactylis glomerata. Porcupine grass, troublesome to sheep. Northwest. Stipa spartea. Quaking grass, ornamental. Briza media and maxima. Quitch, or Quick, grass, etc., a weed. Agropyrum repens. Ray grass. Same as Rye grass (below). Redtop, pasture and hay. Agrostis vulgaris. Red-topped buffalo grass, forage. Northwest. Poa tenuifolia. Reed canary grass, of slight value. Phalaris arundinacea. Reed meadow grass, hay. North. Glyceria aquatica. Ribbon grass, a striped leaved form of Reed canary grass. Rye grass, pasture, hay. Lolium perenne, var. Seneca grass, fragrant basket work, etc. North. Hierochloa borealis. Sesame grass. Same as Gama grass (above). Sheep's fescue, sheep pasture, native in Northern Europe and Asia. Festuca ovina. Small reed grass, meadow pasture and hay. North. Deyeuxia Canadensis. Spear grass, Same as Meadow grass (above). Squirrel-tail grass, troublesome to animals. Seacoast and Northwest. Hordeum jubatum. Switch grass, hay, cut young. Panicum virgatum. Timothy, cut young, the best of hay. North. Phleum pratense. Velvet grass, hay on poor soil. South. Holcus lanatus. Vernal grass, pasture, hay, lawn. Anthoxanthum odoratum. Wire grass, valuable in pastures. Poa compressa. Wood grass, Indian grass, hay. Chrysopogon nutans. Note: Many plants are popularly called grasses which are not true grasses botanically considered, such as black grass, goose grass, star grass, etc. Black grass, a kind of small rush (Juncus Gerardi), growing in salt marshes, used for making salt hay. -- Grass of the Andes, an oat grass, the Arrhenatherum avenaceum of Europe.-- Grass of Parnassus, a plant of the genus Parnassia growing in wet ground. The European species is P. palustris; in the United States there are several species. -- Grass bass (Zoöl.), the calico bass. -- Grass bird, the dunlin. -- Grass cloth, a cloth woven from the tough fibers of the grass- cloth plant. -- Grass-cloth plant, a perennial herb of the Nettle family (Boehmeria nivea or Urtica nivea), which grows in Sumatra, China, and Assam, whose inner bark has fine and strong fibers suited for textile purposes. -- Grass finch. (Zoöl.) (a) A common American sparrow (Poöcætes gramineus); -- called also vesper sparrow and bay-winged bunting. (b) Any Australian finch, of the genus Poëphila, of which several species are known. -- Grass lamb, a lamb suckled by a dam running on pasture land and giving rich milk.-- Grass land, land kept in grass and not tilled. -- Grass moth (Zoöl.), one of many small moths of the genus Crambus, found in grass. -- Grass oil, a fragrant essential volatile oil, obtained in India from grasses of the genus Andropogon, etc.; -- used in perfumery under the name of citronella, ginger grass oil, lemon grass oil, essence of verbena etc. -- Grass owl (Zoöl.), a South African owl (Strix Capensis). -- Grass parrakeet (Zoöl.), any of several species of Australian parrots, of the genus Euphemia; -- also applied to the zebra parrakeet. -- Grass plover (Zoöl.), the upland or field plover. -- Grass poly (Bot.), a species of willowwort (Lythrum Hyssopifolia). Johnson. -- Crass quit (Zoöl.), one of several tropical American finches of the genus Euetheia. The males have most of the head and chest black and often marked with yellow.-- Grass snake. (Zoöl.) (a) The common English, or ringed, snake (Tropidonotus natrix). (b) The common green snake of the Northern United States. See Green snake, under Green. -- Grass snipe (Zoöl.), the pectoral sandpiper (Tringa maculata) -- called also jacksnipe in America. -- Grass spider (Zoöl.), a common spider (Agelena nævia), which spins flat webs on grass, conspicuous when covered with dew. -- Grass sponge (Zoöl.), an inferior kind of commercial sponge from Florida and the Bahamas. -- Grass table. (Arch.) See Earth table, under Earth. -- Grass vetch (Bot.), a vetch (Lathyrus Nissolia), with narrow grasslike leaves. -- Grass widow. Etym: [Cf. Prov. R. an unmarried mother, G. strohwittwe a mock widow, Sw. gräsenka a grass widow.] (a) An unmarried woman who is a mother. [Obs.] (b) A woman separated from her husband by abandonment or prolonged absence; a woman living apart from her husband. [Slang.] -- Grass wrack (Bot.) eelgrass. -- To bring to grass (Mining.), to raise, as ore, to the surface of the ground. -- To put to grass, To put out to grass, to put out to graze a season, as cattle. GRASS Grass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Grassing.] 1. To cover with grass or with turf. 2. To expose, as flax, on the grass for bleaching, etc. 3. To bring to the grass or ground; to land; as, to grass a fish. [Colloq.] GRASS Grass, v. i. Defn: To produce grass. [R.] Tusser. GRASSATION Gras*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. grassatio, from grassari to go about.] Defn: A wandering about with evil intentions; a rioting. [Obs. & R.] Feltham. GRASS-GREEN Grass"-green`, a. 1. Green with grass. 2. Of the color of grass; clear and vivid green. GRASS-GROWN Grass"-grown`, a. Defn: Overgrown with grass; as, a grass-grown road. GRASSHOPPER Grass"hop`per, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any jumping, orthopterous insect, of the families Acrididæ and Locustidæ. The species and genera are very numerous. The former family includes the Western grasshopper or locust (Caloptenus spretus), noted for the great extent of its ravages in the region beyond the Mississippi. In the Eastern United States the red-legged (Caloptenus femurrubrum and C. atlanis) are closely related species, but their ravages are less important. They are closely related to the migratory locusts of the Old World. See Locust. Note: The meadow or green grasshoppers belong to the Locustidæ. They have long antennæ, large ovipositors, and stridulating organs at the base of the wings in the male. The European great green grasshopper (Locusta viridissima) belongs to this family. The common American green species mostly belong to Xiphidium, Orchelimum, and Conocephalus. 2. In ordinary square or upright pianos of London make, the escapement lever or jack, so made that it can be taken out and replaced with the key; -- called also the hopper. Grove. Grasshopper engine, a steam engine having a working beam with its fulcrum at one end, the steam cylinder at the other end, and the connecting rod at an intermediate point. -- Grasshopper lobster (Zoöl.) a young lobster. [Local, U. S.] -- Grasshopper warbler (Zoöl.), cricket bird. GRASSINESS Grass"i*ness, n. Etym: [From Grassy.] Defn: The state of abounding with grass; a grassy state. GRASSLESS Grass"less, a. Defn: Destitute of grass. GRASSPLOT Grass"plot`, n. Defn: A plot or space covered with grass; a lawn. "Here on this grassplot." Shak. GRASS TREE Grass" tree". (Bot.) (a) An Australian plant of the genus Xanthorrhoea, having a thick trunk crowned with a dense tuft of pendulous, grasslike leaves, from the center of which arises a long stem, bearing at its summit a dense flower spike looking somewhat like a large cat-tail. These plants are often called "blackboys" from the large trunks denuded and blackened by fire. They yield two kinds of fragrant resin, called Botany-bay gum, and Gum Acaroides. (b) A similar Australian plant (Kingia australis). GRASSY Grass"y a. 1. Covered with grass; abounding with grass; as, a grassy lawn. Spenser. 2. Resembling grass; green. GRATE Grate, a. Etym: [L. gratus agreeable, grateful: cf. It. & Sp. grato. See Grace, and cf. Agree.] Defn: Serving to gratify; agreeable. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. GRATE Grate, n. Etym: [LL.. grata, fr. L. crates hurdle; or It. grata, of the same origin. Sae Crate, Hurdle.] 1. A structure or frame containing parallel or crosed bars, with interstices; a kind of latticework, such as is used ia the windows of prisons and cloisters. "A secret grate of iron bars." Shak. 2. A frame or bed, or kind of basket, of iron bars, for holding fuel while burning. Grate surface (Steam, Boiler) the area of the surface of the grate upon which the fuel lies in the furnace. GRATE Grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grated; p. pr. &. vb. n. Grating.] Defn: To furnish with grates; to protect with a grating or crossbars; as, to grate a window. GRATE Grate, v. t. Etym: [OF grater to scrape, scratch, F. gratter, LL. gratare, cratare; of German origin; cf. OHG. chrazzon G. kratzen, D. krassen, Sw. Kratta, and perh. E. scratch.] 1. To rub roughly or harshly, as one body against another, causing a harsh sound; as, to grate the teeth; to produce (a harsh sound) by rubbing. On their hinges grate Harsh thunder. Milton. 2. To reduce to small particles by rubbing with anything rough or indented; as, to grate a nutmeg. 3. To fret; to irritate; to offend. News, my good lord Rome . . . grates me. Shak. GRATE Grate, v. i. 1. To make a harsh sound by friction. I had rather hear a brazen canstick turned, Or a dry wheel grate on the exletree. Shak. 2. To produce the effect of rubbing with a hard rough material; to cause wearing, tearing, or bruising. Hence; To produce exasperation, soreness, or grief; to offend by oppression or importunity. This grated harder upon the hearts of men. South. GRATED Grat"ed, a. Etym: [From 2d Grate.] Defn: Furnished with a grate or grating; as, grated windows. GRATEFUL Grate"ful, a. Etym: [Grate, a. + full; cf. F. gré thanks, good will, fr. L. gratum, neut. of gratus agreeable, grateful. See Grate, a.] 1. Having a due sense of benefits received; kindly disposed toward one from whom a favor has been received; willing to acknowledge and repay, or give thanks for, benefits; as, a grateful heart. A grateful mind By owing, owes not, but still pays. Milton. 2. Affording pleasure; pleasing to the senses; gratifying; delicious; as, a grateful present; food grateful to the palate; grateful sleep. Now golden fruits on loaded branches shine, And grateful clusters swell. Pope. Syn. -- Thankful; pleasing; acceptable; gratifying; agreeable; welcome; delightful; delicious. -- Grate"ful*ly, adv. -- Grate"ful*ness, n. GRATER Grat"er, a. Etym: [From Qrate, v.] Defn: One who, or that which, grates; especially, an instrument or utensil with a rough, indented surface, for rubbing off small particles of any substance; as a grater for nutmegs. GRATICULATION Gra*tic"u*la"tion, n. Etym: [F. graticulation, craticulation, fr. graticuler, craticuler, to square, fr. graticule, craticule, graticule, L. craticula, dim. of crates wickerwork. See 2d Grate.] Defn: The division of a design or draught into squares, in order the more easily to reproduce it in larger or smaller dimensions. GRATICULE Grat"i*cule, n. Etym: [F. See Graticulation.] Defn: A design or draught which has been divided into squares, in order to reproduce it in other dimensions. GRATIFICATION Grat"i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. gratificatio: cf. F. gratification.] 1. The act of gratifying, or pleasing, either the mind, the taste, or the appetite; as, the gratification of the palate, of the appetites, of the senses, of the desires, of the heart. 2. That which affords pleasure; satisfaction; enjoyment; fruition: delight. 3. A reward; a recompense; a gratuity. Bp. Morton. GRATIFIED Grat"i*fied, a. Defn: Pleased; indulged according to desire. Syn. -- Glad; pleased. See Glad. GRATIFIER Grat"i*fi"er, n. Defn: One who gratifies or pleases. GRATIFY Grat"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gratified; p. pr. & vb. n. Gratifying.] Etym: [F. gratifier, L. gratificari; gratus pleasing + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] 1. To please; to give pleasure to; to satisfy; to soothe; to indulge; as, to gratify the taste, the appetite, the senses, the desires, the mind, etc. For who would die to gratify a foe Dryden. 2. To requite; to recompense. [Obs.] It remains . . . To gratify his noble service. Shak. Syn. -- To indulge; humor please; delight; requite; recompense. -- To Gratify, Indulge, Humor. Gratify, is the generic term, and has reference simply to the pleasure communicated. To indulge a person implies that we concede something to his wishes or his weaknesses which he could not claim, and which had better, perhaps, be spared. To humor is to adapt ourselves to the varying moods, and, perhaps, caprices, of others. We gratify a child by showing him the sights of a large city; we indulge him in some extra expense on such an occasion; we humor him when he is tired and exacting. GRATIN Gra`tin", n. [F.] (Cookery) Defn: The brown crust formed upon a gratinated dish; also, dish itself, as crusts bread, game, or poultry. GRATINATE Grat"i*nate, v. t. [F. gratiner, v.i., to form a crust.] (Cookery) Defn: To cook, as macaroni, in a savory juice or sauce until juice is absorbed and a crisp surface forms. GRATING Grat"ing, n. Etym: [See 2d Grate.] 1. A partition, covering, or frame of parallel or cross bars; a latticework resembling a window grate; as, the grating of a prison or convent. 2. (Optics) A system of close equidistant and parallel lines lines or bars, especially lines ruled on a polished surface, used for producing spectra by diffraction; -- called also diffraction grating. 3. pl. (Naut.) The strong wooden lattice used to cover a hatch, admitting light and air; also, a movable Lattice used for the flooring of boats. GRATING Grat"ing, a. Etym: [See Grate to rub harshy.] Defn: That grates; making a harsh sound; harsh. -- Grat"ing*ly, adv. GRATING Grat"ing, n. Defn: A harsh sound caused by attrition. GRATIOLIN Gra*ti"o*lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: One of the essential principles of the hedge hyssop (Gratiola officinalis). GRATIS Gra"tis, adv. Etym: [L., contr. fr. gratiis out of favor or kindness, without recompense, for nothing, fr. gratia favor. See Grace.] Defn: For nothing; without fee or recompense; freely; gratuitously. GRATITUDE Grat"i*tude, n. Etym: [F. gratitude, LL. gratitudo, from gratus agreeable, grateful. See Grate, a.] Defn: The state of being grateful; warm and friendly feeling toward a benefactor; kindness awakened by a favor received; thankfulness. The debt immense of endless gratitude. Milton. GRATUITOUS Gra*tu"i*tous a. Etym: [L. gratuitus, from gratus pleasing. See Grate, a., Gratis.] 1. Given without an equivalent or recompense; conferred without valuable consideration; granted without pay, or without claim or merit; not required by justice. We mistake the gratuitous blessings of Heaven for the fruits of our own industry. L'Estrange. 2. Not called for by the circumstances; without reason, cause, or proof; adopted or asserted without any good ground; as, a gratuitous assumption. Acts of gratuitous self-humiliation. De Quincye. -- Gra*tu"i*tous*ly, adv. -- Gra*tu"i*tous*ness, n. GRATUITY Gra*tu"i*ty, n.; pl. Gtratuities. Etym: [F. gratuité, or LL. gratuitas.] 1. Something given freely or without recompense; a free gift; a present. Swift. 2. Something voluntarily given in return for a favor or service, as a recompense or acknowledgment. GRATULATE Grat"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grqatulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Gratulating.] Etym: [L. gratulatus, p. p. of gratulari to congratulate, fr. gratus pleasing, agreeable. See Grate, a.] Defn: To salute with declaration of joy; to congratulate. [R.] Shak. GRATULATE Grat"u*late, a. Defn: Worthy of gratulation. [Obs.] There's more behind that is more gratulate. Shak. GRATULATION Grat"u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. gratulatio.] Defn: The act of gratulating or felicitating; congratulation. I shall turn my wishes into gratulations. South. GRATULATORY Grat"u*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. gratulatorius.] Defn: Expressing gratulation or joy; congratulatory. The usual groundwork of such gratulatory odes. Bp. Horsley. GRAUNT Graunt, v. & n. [Obs.] Defn: See Grant. Chaucer. GRAUWACKE Grau"wack*e, n. Etym: [G.] Defn: Graywacke. GRAVAMEN Gra*va"men, n.; pl. L. Gravamina , E. Gravamens. Etym: [L., fr. gravare to load, burden, fr. gravis heavy, weighty. See Grave, a.] (Law) Defn: The grievance complained of; the substantial cause of the action; also, in general, the ground or essence of a complaint. Bouvier. -GRAVE -grave. Defn: A final syllable signifying a ruler, as in landgrave, margrave. See Margrave. GRAVE Grave, v. t. Defn: (Naut.) To clean, as a vessel's bottom, of barnacles, grass, etc., and pay it over with pitch; -- so called because graves or greaves was formerly used for this purpose. GRAVE Grave, a. [Compar. Graver (grav"er); superl. Gravest.] Etym: [F., fr. L. gravis heavy; cf. It. & Sp. grave heavy, grave. See Grief.] 1. Of great weight; heavy; ponderous. [Obs.] His shield grave and great. Chapman. 2. Of importance; momentous; weighty; influential; sedate; serious; - - said of character, relations, etc.; as, grave deportment, character, influence, etc. Most potent, grave, and reverend seigniors. Shak. A grave and prudent law, full of moral equity. Milton. 3. Not light or gay; solemn; sober; plain; as, a grave color; a grave face. 4. (Mus.) (a) Not acute or sharp; low; deep; -- said of sound; as, a grave note or key. The thicker the cord or string, the more grave is the note or tone. Moore (Encyc. of Music). (b) Slow and solemn in movement. Grave accent. (Pron.) See the Note under Accent, n., 2. Syn. -- Solemn; sober; serious; sage; staid; demure; thoughtful; sedate; weighty; momentous; important. -- Grave, Sober, Serious, Solemn. Sober supposes the absence of all exhilaration of spirits, and is opposed to gay or flighty; as, sober thought. Serious implies considerateness or reflection, and is opposed to jocose or sportive; as, serious and important concerns. Grave denotes a state of mind, appearance, etc., which results from the pressure of weighty interests, and is opposed to hilarity of feeling or vivacity of manner; as, a qrave remark; qrave attire. Solemn is applied to a case in which gravity is carried to its highest point; as, a solemn admonition; a solemn promise. GRAVE Grave, v. t. [imp. Graved (gravd); p. p. Graven (grav"'n) or Graved; p. pr. & vb. n. Graving.] Etym: [AS. grafan to dig, grave, engrave; akin to OFries. greva, D. graven, G. graben, OHG. & Goth. graban, Dan. grabe, Sw. gräfva, Icel. grafa, but prob. not to Gr. gra`fein to write, E. graphic. Cf. Grave, n., Grove, n.] 1. To dig. [Obs.] Chaucer. He hath graven and digged up a pit. Ps. vii. 16 (Book of Common Prayer). 2. To carve or cut, as letters or figures, on some hard substance; to engrave. Thou shalt take two onyx stones, and grave on them the names of the children of Israel. Ex. xxviii. 9. 3. To carve out or give shape to, by cutting with a chisel; to sculpture; as, to grave an image. With gold men may the hearte grave. Chaucer. 4. To impress deeply (on the mind); to fix indelibly. O! may they graven in thy heart remain. Prior. 5. To entomb; to bury. [Obs.] Chaucer. Lie full low, graved in the hollow ground. Shak. GRAVE Grave, v. i. Defn: To write or delineate on hard substances, by means of incised lines; to practice engraving. GRAVE Grave, n. Etym: [AS. grf, fr. grafan to dig; akin to D. & OS. graf, G. grab, Icel. gröf, Russ. grob' grave, coffin. See Grave to carve.] Defn: An excavation in the earth as a place of burial; also, any place of interment; a tomb; a sepulcher. Hence: Death; destruction. He bad lain in the grave four days. John xi. 17. Grave wax, adipocere. GRAVECLOTHES Grave"clothes` (, n. pl. Defn: The clothes or dress in which the dead are interred. GRAVEDIGGER Grave"dig`ger, n. 1. A digger of graves. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Burying beetle, under Bury, v. t. GRAVEL Grav"el, n. Etym: [OF. gravele, akin to F. grve a sandy shore, strand; of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. grouan gravel, W. gro coarse gravel, pebbles, and Skr. gravan stone.] 1. Small stones, or fragments of stone; very small pebbles, often intermixed with particles of sand. 2. (Med.) Defn: A deposit of small calculous concretions in the kidneys and the urinary or gall bladder; also, the disease of which they are a symptom. Gravel powder, a coarse gunpowder; pebble powder. GRAVEL Grav"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Graveled or Gravelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Graveling or Gravelling.] 1. To cover with gravel; as, to gravel a walk. 2. To run (as a ship) upon the gravel or beach; to run aground; to cause to stick fast in gravel or sand. When we were fallen into a place between two seas, they graveled the ship. Acts xxvii. 41 (Rhemish version). Willam the Conqueror . . . chanced as his arrival to be graveled; and one of his feet stuck so fast in the sand that he fell to the ground. Camden. 3. To check or stop; to embarrass; to perplex. [Colloq.] When you were graveled for lack of matter. Shak. The physician was so graveled and amazed withal, that he had not a word more to say. Sir T. North. 4. To hurt or lame (a horse) by gravel lodged between the shoe and foot. GRAVELESS Grave"less, a. Defn: Without a grave; unburied. GRAVELING; GRAVELLING Grav"el*ing, or Grav"el*ling, n. 1. The act of covering with gravel. 2. A layer or coating of gravel (on a path, etc.). GRAVELING; GRAVELLING Grav"el*ing, or Grav"el*ling, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A salmon one or two years old, before it has gone to sea. GRAVELLINESS Grav"el*li*ness, n. Defn: State of being gravelly. GRAVELLY Grav"el*ly, a. Defn: Abounding with gravel; consisting of gravel; as, a gravelly soil. GRAVEL-STONE Grav"el-stone", n. Defn: A pebble, or small fragment of stone; a calculus. GRAVELY Grave"ly, adv. Defn: In a grave manner. GRAVEN Grav"en, p. p. of Grave, v. t. Defn: Carved. Graven image, an idol; an object of worship carved from wood, stone, etc. "Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image." Ex. xx. 4. GRAVENESS Grave"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being grave. His sables and his weeds, Importing health and graveness. Shak. GRAVENSTEIN Gra"ven*stein", n. Etym: [So called because it came from Gravenstein, a place in Schleswig. Downing.] Defn: A kind of fall apple, marked with streaks of deep red and orange, and of excellent flavor and quality. GRAVEOLENCE Gra*ve"o*lence, n. Etym: [L. graveolentia: cf. F. gravéolence. See Graveolent.] Defn: A strong and offensive smell; rancidity. [R.] Bailey. GRAVEOLENT Gra*ve"o*lent, a. Etym: [L. graveolens; gravis heavy + olere to smell.] Defn: Having a rank smell. [R.] Boyle. GRAVER Graver, n. 1. One who graves; an engraver or a sculptor; one whose occupation is te cut letters or figures in stone or other hard material. 2. An ergraving or cutting tool; a burin. GRAVERY Grav"er*y, n. Defn: The act, process, or art, of graving or carving; engraving. Either of picture or gravery and embossing. Holland. GRAVES Graves, n. pl. Defn: The sediment of melted tallow. Same as Greaves. GRAVES' DISEASE Graves"' dis*ease". Etym: [So called after Dr. Graves, of Dublin.] Defn: Same as Basedow's disease. GRAVESTONE Grave"stone, n. Defn: A stone laid over, or erected near, a grave, usually with an inscription, to preserve the memory of the dead; a tombstone. GRAVEYARD Grave"yard", n. Defn: A yard or inclosure for the interment of the dead; a cemetery. GRAVIC Grav"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or causing, gravitation; as, gravic forces; gravic attraction. [R.] GRAVID Grav"id, a. Etym: [L. gravidus, fr. gravis heavy, loaded. See Grave, a.] Defn: Being with child; heavy with young; pregnant; fruitful; as, a gravid uterus; gravid piety. " His gravid associate." Sir T. Herbert. GRAVIDATED Grav"i*da"ted, a. Etym: [L. gravidatus, p. p. of gravidare to load, impregnate. See Gravid.] Defn: Made pregnant; big. [Obs.] Barrow. GRAVIDATION Grav"i*da"tion, n. Defn: Gravidity. [Obs.] GRAVIDITY Gra*vid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. graviditas.] Defn: The state of being gravidated; pregnancy. [R.] GRAVIGRADE Grav"i*grade, a. Etym: [L. gravis heavy + gradus step.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Slow-paced. -- n. Defn: One of the pachyderms. GRAVIMETER Gra*vim"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. gravis heavy + -meter: cf. F. gravimètre.] Defn: (Physics) An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity of bodies. GRAVIMETRIC Grav"i*met"ric, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to measurement by weight; measured by weight. -- Grav"i*met"ric*al*ly, adv. Gravimetric analysis (Chem.), analysis in which the amounts of the coastituents are determined by weight; -- in distinction from volumetric analysis. GRAVING Grav"ing, n. Etym: [From Grave to clean.] Defn: The act of cleaning a ship's bottom. Graving dock. (Naut.) See under Dock. GRAVING Grav"ing, n. Etym: [From Grave to dig.] l. Defn: The act or art of carving figures in hard substances, esp. by incision or in intaglio. 2. That which is graved or carved. [R.] Skillful to . . . grave any manner of graving. 2 Chron. ii. 14. 3. Impression, as upon the mind or heart. New gravings upon their souls. Eikon Basilike GRAVITATE Grav"i*tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gravitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Gravitating.] Etym: [Cf. F. graviter. See Gravity.] Defn: To obey the law of gravitation; to exert a force Or pressure, or tend to move, under the influence of gravitation; to tend in any direction or toward any object. Why does this apple fall to the ground Because all bodies gravitate toward each other. Sir W. Hamilton. Politicians who naturally gravitate towards the stronger party. Macaulay. GRAVITATION Grav"i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. gravitation. See Gravity.] 1. The act of gravitating. 2. (Pysics) That species of attraction or force by which all bodies or particles of matter in the universe tend toward each other; called also attraction of gravitation, universal gravitation, and universal gravity. See Attraction, and Weight. Law of gravitatian, that law in accordance with which gravitation acts, namely, that every two bodies or portions of matter in the universe attract each other with a force proportional directly to the quantity of matter they contain, and inversely to the squares of their distances. GRAVITATIONAL Grav`i*tation*al, a. (Physics) Defn: Of or pertaining to the force of gravity; as, gravitational units. GRAVITATIVE Gravi*ta*tive, a. Defn: Causing to gravitate; tending to a center. Coleridge. GRAVITY Grav"i*ty, n.; pl. Gravities. Etym: [L. gravitas, fr. gravis heavy; cf. F. gravité. See Grave, a., Grief.] 1. The state of having weight; beaviness; as, the gravity of lead. 2. Sobriety of character or demeanor. "Men of gravity and learning."Shak. 3. Importance, significance, dignity, etc; hence, seriousness; enormity; as, the gravity of an offense. They derive an importance from . . . the gravity of the place where they were uttered. Burke. 4. (Physics) Defn: The tendency of a mass of matter toward a center of attraction; esp., the tendency of a body toward the center of the earth; terrestrial gravitation. 5. (Mus.) Defn: Lowness of tone; -- opposed to acuteness. Center of gravity See under Center. -- Gravity battery, See Battery, n., 4. -- Specific gravity, the ratio of the weight of a body to the weight of an equal volume of some other body taken as the standard or unit. This standard is usually water for solids and liquids, and air for gases. Thus, 19, the specific gravity of gold, expresses the fact that, bulk for bulk, gold is nineteen times as heavy as water. GRAVY Gra"vy, n; pl. Gravies. Etym: [OE. greavie; prob. fr. greaves, graves, the sediment of melted tallow. See Greaves.] 1. The juice or other liquid matter that drips from flesh in cooking, made into a dressing for the food when served up. 2. Liquid dressing for meat, fish, vegetables, etc. GRAY Gray, a. [Compar. Grayer (; superl. Grayest.] Etym: [OE. gray, grey, AS. grg, grg; akin to D. graauw OHG. gro, G. grau, Dan. graa, Dw. gr, Icel. grdr.] [Written also grey.] 1. White mixed with black, as the color of pepper and salt, or of ashes, or of hair whitened by age; sometimes, a dark mixed color; as, the soft gray eye of a dove. These gray and dun colors may be also produced by mixing whites and blacks. Sir I. Newton. 2. Gray-haired; gray-headed; of a gray color; hoary. 3. Old; mature; as, gray experience. Ames. Gray antimony (Min.), stibnite. -- Gray buck (Zoöl.), the chickara. -- Gray cobalt (Min.), smaltite. -- Gray copper (Min.), tetrahedrite. -- Gray duck (Zoöl.), the gadwall; also applied to the female mallard. -- Gray falcon (Zoöl.) the peregrine falcon. -- Gray Friar. See Franciscan, and Friar. -- Gray hen (Zoöl.), the female of the blackcock or black grouse. See Heath grouse. -- Gray mill or millet (Bot.), a name of several plants of the genus Lithospermum; gromwell. -- Gray mullet (Zoöl.) any one of the numerous species of the genus Mugil, or family Mugilidæ, found both in the Old World and America; as the European species (M. capito, and M. auratus), the American striped mullet (M. albula), and the white or silver mullet (M. Braziliensis). See Mullet. -- Gray owl (Zoöl.), the European tawny or brown owl (Syrnium aluco). The great gray owl (Ulula cinerea) inhabits arctic America. -- Gray parrot (Zoöl.), a parrot (Psittacus erithacus), very commonly domesticated, and noted for its aptness in learning to talk. -- Gray pike. (Zoöl.) See Sauger. -- Gray snapper (Zoöl.), a Florida fish; the sea lawyer. See Snapper. -- Gray snipe (Zoöl.), the dowitcher in winter plumage. -- Gray whale (Zoöl.), a rather large and swift California whale (Rhachianectes glaucus), formerly taken in large numbers in the bays; -- called also grayback, devilfish, and hardhead. GRAY Gray, n. 1. A gray color; any mixture of white and black; also, a neutral or whitish tint. 2. An animal or thing of gray color, as a horse, a badger, or a kind of salmon. Woe worth the chase, woe worth the day. That coats thy life, my gallant gray. Sir W. Scott. GRAYBACK Gray"back`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The California gray whale. (b) The redbreasted sandpiper or knot. (c) The dowitcher. (d) The body louse. GRAYBEARD Gray"beard`, n. Defn: An old man. Shak. GRAYFLY Gray"fly`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The trumpet fly. Milton. GRAYHOUND Gray"hound` (-hound`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Greyhound. GRAYISH Gray"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat gray. GRAYLAG Gray"lag`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common wild gray goose (Anser anser) of Europe, believed to be the wild form of the domestic goose. See Illust. of Goose. GRAYLING Gray"ling, n. Etym: [From Gray, a.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European fish (Thymallus vulgaris), allied to the trout, but having a very broad dorsal fin; -- called also umber. It inhabits cold mountain streams, and is valued as a game fish. And here and there a lusty trout, And here and there a grayling. Tennyson. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American fish of the genus Thymallus, having similar habits to the above; one species (T. Ontariensis), inhabits several streams in Michigan; another (T. montanus), is found in the Yellowstone region. GRAYNESS Gray"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being gray. GRAYSTONE Gray"stone`, n. (Geol.) Defn: A grayish or greenish compact rock, composed of feldspar and augite, and allied to basalt. GRAYWACKE Gray"wacke`, n. Etym: [G. grauwacke; grau gray + wacke wacke. See Gray, and Wacke, and cf. Grauwacke.] (Geol.) Defn: A conglomerate or grit rock, consisting of rounded pebbles sand firmly united together. Note: This term, derved from the grauwacke of German miners, was formerly applied in geology to different grits and slates of the Silurian series; but it is now seldom used. GRAZE Graze, v. t. Etym: [imp. & p. p. Grazed (p. pr. & vb. n. Grazing.] Etym: [OE. grasen, AS. grasian, fr. grs grass. See Grass.] 1. To feed or supply (cattle, sheep, etc.) with grass; to furnish pasture for. A field or two to graze his cows. Swift. 2. To feed on; to eat (growing herbage); to eat grass from (a pasture); to browse. The lambs with wolves shall graze the verdant mead. Pope. 3. To tend (cattle, etc.) while grazing. When Jacob grazed his uncle Laban's sheep. Shak. 4. To rub or touch lightly the surface of (a thing) in passing; as, the bullet grazed the wall. GRAZE Graze, v. i. 1. To eat grass; to feed on growing herbage; as, cattle graze on the meadows. 2. To yield grass for grazing. The ground cortinueth the wet, whereby it will never graze to purpose. Bacon. 3. To touch something lightly in passing. GRAZE Graze, n. 1. The act of grazing; the cropping of grass. [Colloq.] Turning him out for a grace on the common. T. Hughes. 2. A light touch; a slight scratch. GRAZER Graz"er, n. Defn: One that grazes; a creature which feeds on growing grass or herbage. The cackling goose, Close grazer, finds wherewith to ease her want. J. Philips. GRAZIER Gra"zier, n. Defn: One who pastures cattle, and rears them for market. The inhabitants be rather . . . graziers than plowmen. Stow. GRAZING Graz"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, grazes. 2. A pasture; growing grass. GRAZIOSO Gra"zi*o"so, adv. Etym: [It., adj. See Gracious.] (Mus.) Defn: Gracefully; smoothly; elegantly. GRE Gre, n. Defn: See Gree, a step. [Obs.] GRE Gre, n. Defn: See Gree, good will. [Obs.] GREASE Grease (gres), n. Etym: [OE. grese, grece, F. graisse; akin to gras fat, greasy, fr. LL. grassus thick, fat, gross, L. crassus. Cf. Crass.] 1. Animal fat, as tallow or lard, especially when in a soft state; oily or unctuous matter of any kind. 2. (Far.) Defn: An inflammation of a horse's heels, suspending the ordinary greasy secretion of the part, and producing dryness and scurfiness, followed by cracks, ulceration, and fungous excrescences. Grease bush. (Bot.) Same as Grease wood (below). -- Grease moth (Zoöl.), a pyralid moth (Aglossa pinguinalis) whose larva eats greasy cloth, etc. -- Grease wood (Bot.), a scraggy, stunted, and somewhat prickly shrub (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) of the Spinach family, very abundant in alkaline valleys from the upper Missouri to California. The name is also applied to other plants of the same family, as several species of Atriplex and Obione. GREASE Grease, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greased (grezd or gresd); p. pr. & vb. n. Greasing.] 1. To smear, anoint, or daub, with grease or fat; to lubricate; as, to grease the wheels of a wagon. 2. To bribe; to corrupt with presents. The greased advocate that grinds the poor. Dryden. 3. To cheat or cozen; to overreach. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 4. (Ear.) To affect (a horse) with grease, the disease. To grease in the hand, to corrupt by bribes. Usher. GREASE COCK; GREASE CUP Grease cock or cup . (Mach.) Defn: A cock or cup containing grease, to serve as a lubricator. GREASER Greas"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, greases; specifically, a person employed to lubricate the working parts of machinery, engines, carriages, etc. 2. A nickname sometimes applied in contempt to a Mexican of the lowest type. [Low, U. S.] GREASILY Greas"i*ly Defn: , adv. 1. In a greasy manner. 2. In a gross or indelicate manner. [Obs.] You talk greasily; your lips grow foul. Shak. GREASINESS Greas"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being greasy, oiliness; unctuousness; grossness. GREASY Greas"y, a. Etym: [Compar. Greasier ( 1. Composed of, or characterized by, grease; oily; unctuous; as, a greasy dish. 2. Smeared or defiled with grease. With greasy aprons, rules, and hammers. Shak. 3. Like grease or oil; smooth; seemingly unctuous to the touch, as is mineral soapstone. 4. Fat of body; bulky. [R.] Shak. 5. Gross; indelicate; indecent. [Obs.] Marston. 6. (Far.) Defn: Affected with the disease called grease; as, the heels of a horse. See Grease, n., 2. GREAT Great, a. [Compar. Greater (; superl. Greatest.] Etym: [OE. gret, great, AS. gret; akin to OS. & LG. grt, D. groot, OHG. grz, G. gross. Cf. Groat the coin.] 1. Large in space; of much size; big; immense; enormous; expanded; -- opposed to small and little; as, a great house, ship, farm, plain, distance, length. 2. Large in number; numerous; as, a great company, multitude, series, etc. 3. Long continued; lengthened in duration; prolonged in time; as, a great while; a great interval. 4. Superior; admirable; commanding; -- applied to thoughts, actions, and feelings. 5. Endowed with extraordinary powers; uncommonly gifted; able to accomplish vast results; strong; powerful; mighty; noble; as, a great hero, scholar, genius, philosopher, etc. 6. Holding a chief position; elevated: lofty: eminent; distingushed; formost; principal; as, great men; the great seal; the great marshal, etc. He doth object I am too great of birth. Shak. 7. Entitled to earnest consideration; weighty; important; as, a great argument, truth, or principle. 8. Pregnant; big (with young). The ewes great with young. Ps. lxxviii. 71. 9. More than ordinary in degree; very considerable in degree; as, to use great caution; to be in great pain. We have all Great cause to give great thanks. Shak. 10. (Genealogy) Older, younger, or more remote, by single generation; -- often used before grand to indicate one degree more remote in the direct line of de scent; as, great-grandfather (a grandfather's or a grand- mother's father), great-grandson, etc. Great bear (Astron.), the constellation Ursa Major. -- Great cattle (Law), all manner of cattle except sheep and yearlings. Wharton. -- Great charter (Eng. Hist.), Magna Charta. -- Great circle of a sphere, a circle the plane of which passes through the center of the sphere. -- Great circle sailing, the process or art of conducting a ship on a great circle of the globe or on the shortest arc between two places. -- Great go, the final examination for a degree at the University of Oxford, England; -- called also greats. T. Hughes. -- Great guns. (Naut.) See under Gun. -- The Great Lakes the large fresh-water lakes (Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario) which lie on the northern borders of the United States. -- Great master. Same as Grand master, under Grand. -- Great organ (Mus.), the largest and loudest of the three parts of a grand organ (the others being the choir organ and the swell, and sometimes the pedal organ or foot keys), It is played upon by a separate keyboard, which has the middle position. -- The great powers (of Europe), in modern diplomacy, Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Russia, and Italy. -- Great primer. See under Type. -- Great scale (Mus.), the complete scale; -- employed to designate the entire series of musical sounds from lowest to highest. -- Great sea, the Mediterranean sea. In Chaucer both the Black and the Mediterranean seas are so called. -- Great seal. (a) The principal seal of a kingdom or state. (b) In Great Britain, the lord chancellor (who is custodian of this seal); also, his office. -- Great tithes. See under Tithes. -- The great, the eminent, distinguished, or powerful. -- The Great Spirit, among the North American Indians, their chief or principal deity. -- To be great (with one), to be intimate or familiar (with him). Bacon. GREAT Great, n. Defn: The whole.; the gross; as, a contract to build a ship by the great. GREAT-BELLIED Great"-bel`lied, a. Defn: Having a great belly, bigbellied; pregnant; teeming. Shak. GREATCOAT Great"coat", n. Defn: An overcoat. GREATEN Great"en, v. t. Defn: To make great; to aggrandize; to cause to increase in size; to expand. [R.] A minister's [business] is to greaten and exalt [his king]. Ken. GREATEN Great"en, v. i. Defn: To become large; to dilate. [R.] My blue eyes greatening in the looking-glass. Mrs. Browning. GREAT-GRANDCHILD Great"-grand"child`, n. Defn: The child of one's grandson or granddaughter. GREAT-GRANDDAUGHTER Great"-grand"daugh`ter, n. Etym: [See Great, 10.] Defn: A daughter of one's grandson or granddaughter. GREAT-GRANDFATHER Great"-grand"fa`ther, n. Etym: [See Great, 10.] Defn: The father of one's grandfather or grandmother. GREAT-GRANDMOTHER Great"-grand"moth`er, n. Defn: The mother of one's grandfather or grandmother. GREAT-GRANDSON Great"-grand"son`, n. Etym: [See Great, 10.] Defn: A son of one's grandson or granddaughter. GREAT-HEARTED Great"-heart`ed, a. 1. High-spirited; fearless. [Obs.] Clarendon. 2. Generous; magnanimous; noble. GREAT-HEARTEDNESS Great"-heart`ed*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being greathearted; high-mindedness; magnanimity. GREATLY Great"ly, adv. 1. In a great degree; much. I will greatly multiply thy sorrow. Gen. iii. 16. 2. Nobly; illustriously; magnanimously. By a high fate thou greatly didst expire. Dryden. GREATNESS Great"ness, n. Etym: [AS. greátnes.] 1. The state, condition, or quality of being great; as, greatness of size, greatness of mind, power, etc. 2. Pride; haughtiness. [Obs.]It is not of pride or greatness that he cometh not aboard your ships. Bacon. GREAT WHITE WAY Great White Way. Defn: Broadway, in New York City, in the neighborhood chiefly occupied by theaters, as from about 30th Street about 50th Street; -- so called from its brilliant illumination at night. GREAVE Greave, n. Defn: A grove. [Obs.] Spenser. GREAVE Greave, n. Etym: [OF. greees; cf. Sp. grevas.] Defn: Armor for the leg below the knee; -- usually in the plural. GREAVE Greave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greaved (grevd); p. pr. & vb. n. Greaving.] Etym: [From Greaves.] (Naut.) Defn: To clean (a ship's bottom); to grave. GREAVES Greaves (grevz), n. pl. Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. grevar greaves, LG. greven, G. griebe, also AS. greofa pot. Cf. Gravy.] Defn: The sediment of melted tallow. It is made into cakes for dogs' food. In Scotland it is called cracklings. [Written also graves.] GREBE Grebe (greb), n. Etym: [F. grbe, fr. Armor. krib comb; akin to kriben crest, W. crib comb, crest. So called in allusion to the crest of one species.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several swimming birds or divers, of the genus Colymbus (formerly Podiceps), aud allied genera, found in the northern parts of America, Europe, and Asia. They have strong, sharp bills, and lobate toes. GRECIAN Gre"cian", a. Etym: [Cf. Greek.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Greece; Greek. Grecian bend, among women, an affected carriage of the body, the upper part being inclined forward. [Collog.] -- Grecian fire. See Greek fire, under Greek. GRECIAN Gre"cian, n. 1. A native or naturalized inhabitant of Greece; a Greek. 2. A jew who spoke Greek; a Hellenist. Acts vi. 1. Note: The Greek word rendered Grecian in the Authorized Version of the New Testament is translated Grecian Jew in the Revised Version. 6. One well versed in the Greek language, literature, or history. De Quincey. GRECISM Gre"cism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. grécisme.] Defn: An idiom of the Greek language; a Hellenism. Addison. GRECIZE Gre"cize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grecized; p. pr. & vb. n. Grecizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. gréciser.] 1. To render Grecian; also, to cause (a word or phrase in another language) to take a Greek form; as, the name is Grecized. T. Warton. 2. To translate into Greek. GRECIZE; GRECIANIZE Gre"cize, Gre"cian*ize (, v. i. Defn: To conform to the Greek custom, especially in speech. GRECO-ROMAN Gre"co-Ro"man, a. Defn: Having characteristics that are partly Greek and partly Roman; as, Greco-Roman architecture. GRECQUE Grecque (grêk), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: An ornament supposed to be of Greek origin, esp. a fret or meander, GREE Gree, n. Etym: [F. gré. See Grateful, and cf. Agree.] 1. Good will; favor; pleasure; satisfaction; -- used esp. in such phrases as: to take in gree; to accept in gree; that is, to take favorably. [Obs.] Chaucer. Accept in gree, my lord, the words I spoke. Fairfax. 2. Rank; degree; position. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer. He is a shepherd great in gree. Spnser. 3. The prize; the honor of the day; as, to bear the gree, i. e., to carry off the prize. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer. GREE Gree, v. i. Etym: [From Agree.] Defn: To agree. [Obs.] Fuller. GREE Gree, n.; pl. Grees (grez); obs. plurals Greece (gres) Grice (grs or grs), Grise, Grize (grz or grz), etc. Etym: [OF. gré, F. grade. See Grade.] Defn: A step. GREECE Greece, n. pl. Defn: See Gree a step. [Obs.] GREED Greed, n. Etym: [Akin to Goth. grdus hunger, Icel. graedhr. sq. root34. See Greedy.] Defn: An eager desire or longing; greediness; as, a greed of gain. GREEDILY Greed"i*ly Defn: , adv. In a greedy manner. GREEDINESS Greed"i*ness, n. Etym: [AS grdignes.] Defn: The quality of being greedy; vehement and selfish desire. Fox in stealth, wolf in greediness. Shak. Syn.-- Ravenousness; voracity; eagerness; avidity. GREEDY Greed"y, a. [Compar. Greedier (-î-er); superl. Greediest.] Etym: [OE. gredi, AS. grdig, grdig; akin to D. gretig, OS. grdag, OHG. grtag, Dan. graadig, OSw. gradig, grdig, Icel. graugr, Goth. grdags greedy, grdn to be hungry; cf. Skr. grdh to be greedy. Cf. Greed.] 1. Having a keen appetite for food or drink; ravenous; voracious; very hungry; -- followed by of; as, a lion that is greedy of his prey. 2. Having a keen desire for anything; vehemently desirous; eager to obtain; avaricious; as, greedy of gain. GREEDY-GUT Greed"y-gut", n. Defn: A glutton. [Low] Todd. GREEGREE; GRIGRI Gree"gree", Gri"gri", n. Defn: An African talisman or Gri'gri' charm. A greegree man, an African magician or fetich priest. GREEK Greek, a. Etym: [AS. grec, L. Graecus, Gr. : cf. F. grec. Cf. Grecian.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Greece or the Greeks; Grecian. Greek calends. See under Calends. -- Greek Church (Eccl. Hist.), the Eastern Church; that part of Christendom which separated from the Roman or Western Church in the ninth century. It comprises the great bulk of the Christian population of Russia (of which this is the established church), Greece, Moldavia, and Wallachia. The Greek Church is governed by patriarchs and is called also the Byzantine Church. -- Greek cross. See Illust. (10) Of Cross. -- Greek Empire. See Byzantine Empire. -- Greek fire, a combustible composition which burns under water, the constituents of which are supposed to be asphalt, with niter and sulphur. Ure. -- Greek rose, the flower campion. GREEK Greek, n. 1. A native, or one of the people, of Greece; a Grecian; also, the language of Greece. 2. A swindler; a knave; a cheat. [Slang] Without a confederate the . . . game of baccarat does not . . . offer many chances for the Greek. Sat. Rev. 3. Something unintelligible; as, it was all Greek to me. [Colloq.] GREEK CALENDAR Greek calendar. 1. Any of various calendars used by the ancient Greek states. The Attic calendar divided the year into twelve months of 29 and 30 days, as follows: 1. Hecatombæon (July-Aug.). 2. Metageitnion (Aug.-Sept.). 3. Boëdromion (Sept.-Oct.). 4. Pyanepsion (Oct.-Nov.). 5. Mæmacterion (Nov.-Dec.). 6. Poseideon (Dec.-Jan.). 7. Gamelion (Jan.-Feb.). 8. Anthesterion (Feb.-Mar.). 9. Elaphebolion (Mar.-Apr.). 10. Munychion (Apr.-May). 11. Thargelion (May-June). 12. Scirophorion (June-July). A fixed relation to the seasons was maintained by introducing an intercalary month, "the second Poseideon," at first in an inexact way, afterward in years 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 16, 19 of the Metonic cycle. Dates were reckoned in Olympiads. 2. The Julian calendar, used in the Greek Church. GREEK CALENDS; GREEK KALENDS Greek calends or kalends. Defn: A time that will never come, as the Greeks had no calends. GREEKESS Greek"ess, n. Defn: A female Greek. [R.] GREEKISH Greek"ish, a. Etym: [Cf. AS. Grecisc.] Defn: Peculiar to Greece. GREEKLING Greek"ling, n. Defn: A little Greek, or one of small esteem or pretensions. B. Jonson. GREEN Green, a. [Compar. Greener (; superl. Greenest.] Etym: [OE. grene, AS. grne; akin to D. groen, OS. grni, OHG. gruoni, G. grn, Dan. & Sw. grn, Icel. grnn; fr. the root of E. grow. See Grow.] 1. Having the color of grass when fresh and growing; resembling that color of the solar spectrum which is between the yellow and the blue; verdant; emerald. 2. Having a sickly color; wan. To look so green and pale. Shak. 3. Full of life aud vigor; fresh and vigorous; new; recent; as, a green manhood; a green wound. As valid against such an old and beneficent government as against . . . the greenest usurpation. Burke. 4. Not ripe; immature; not fully grown or ripened; as, green fruit, corn, vegetables, etc. 5. Not roasted; half raw. [R.] We say the meat is green when half roasted. L. Watts. 6. Immature in age or experience; young; raw; not trained; awkward; as, green in years or judgment. I might be angry with the officious zeal which supposes that its green conceptions can instruct my gray hairs. Sir W. Scott. 7. Not seasoned; not dry; containing its natural juices; as, green wood, timber, etc. Shak. Green brier (Bot.), a thorny climbing shrub (Emilaz rotundifolia) having a yellowish green stem and thick leaves, with small clusters of flowers, common in the United States; -- called also cat brier. -- Green con (Zoöl.), the pollock. -- Green crab (Zoöl.), an edible, shore crab (Carcinus menas) of Europe and America; -- in New England locally named joe-rocker. -- Green crop, a crop used for food while in a growing or unripe state, as distingushed from a grain crop, root crop, etc. -- Green diallage. (Min.) (a) Diallage, a variety of pyroxene. (b) Smaragdite. -- Green dragon (Bot.), a North American herbaceous plant (Arisæma Dracontium), resembling the Indian turnip; -- called also dragon root. -- Green earth (Min.), a variety of glauconite, found in cavities in amygdaloid and other eruptive rock, and used as a pigment by artists; -- called also mountain green. -- Green ebony. (a) A south American tree (Jacaranda ovalifolia), having a greenish wood, used for rulers, turned and inlaid work, and in dyeing. (b) The West Indian green ebony. See Ebony. -- Green fire (Pyrotech.), a composition which burns with a green flame. It consists of sulphur and potassium chlorate, with some salt of barium (usually the nitrate), to which the color of the flame is due. -- Green fly (Zoöl.), any green species of plant lice or aphids, esp. those that infest greenhouse plants. -- Green gage, (Bot.) See Greengage, in the Vocabulary. -- Green gland (Zoöl.), one of a pair of large green glands in Crustacea, supposed to serve as kidneys. They have their outlets at the bases of the larger antennæ. -- Green hand, a novice. [Colloq.] -- Green heart (Bot.), the wood of a lauraceous tree found in the West Indies and in South America, used for shipbuilding or turnery. The green heart of Jamaica and Guiana is the Nectandra Rodioei, that of Martinique is the Colubrina ferruginosa. -- Green iron ore (Min.) dufrenite. -- Green laver (Bot.), an edible seaweed (Ulva latissima); -- called also green sloke. -- Green lead ore (Min.), pyromorphite. -- Green linnet (Zoöl.), the greenfinch. -- Green looper (Zoöl.), the cankerworm. -- Green marble (Min.), serpentine. -- Green mineral, a carbonate of copper, used as a pigment. See Greengill. -- Green monkey (Zoöl.) a West African long-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), very commonly tamed, and trained to perform tricks. It was introduced into the West Indies early in the last century, and has become very abundant there. -- Green salt of Magnus (Old Chem.), a dark green crystalline salt, consisting of ammonia united with certain chlorides of platinum. -- Green sand (Founding) molding sand used for a mold while slightly damp, and not dried before the cast is made. -- Green sea (Naut.), a wave that breaks in a solid mass on a vessel's deck. -- Green sickness (Med.), chlorosis. -- Green snake (Zoöl.), one of two harmless American snakes (Cyclophis vernalis, and C. æstivus). They are bright green in color. -- Green turtle (Zoöl.), an edible marine turtle. See Turtle. -- Green vitriol. (a) (Chem.) Sulphate of iron; a light green crystalline substance, very extensively used in the preparation of inks, dyes, mordants, etc. (b) (Min.) Same as copperas, melanterite and sulphate of iron. -- Green ware, articles of pottery molded and shaped, but not yet baked. -- Green woodpecker (Zoöl.), a common European woodpecker (Picus viridis); -- called also yaffle. GREEN Green (gren), n. 1. The color of growing plants; the color of the solar spectrum intermediate between the yellow and the blue. 2. A grassy plain or plat; a piece of ground covered with verdant herbage; as, the village green. O'er the smooth enameled green. Milton. 3. Fresh leaves or branches of trees or other plants; wreaths; -- usually in the plural. In that soft season when descending showers Call forth the greens, and wake the rising flowers. Pope. 4. pl. Leaves and stems of young plants, as spinach, beets, etc., which in their green state are boiled for food. 5. Any substance or pigment of a green color. Alkali green (Chem.), an alkali salt of a sulphonic acid derivative of a complex aniline dye, resembling emerald green; -- called also Helvetia green.-- Berlin green. (Chem.) See under Berlin. -- Brilliant green (Chem.), a complex aniline dye, resembling emerald green in composition. -- Brunswick green an oxychloride of copper. -- Chrome green. See under Chrome. -- Emerald green. (Chem.) (a) A complex basic derivative of aniline produced as a metallic, green crystalline substance, and used for dyeing silk, wool, and mordanted vegetable fiber a brilliant green; - - called also aldehyde green, acid green, malachite green, Victoria green, solid green, etc. It is usually found as a double chloride, with zinc chloride, or as an oxalate. (b) See Paris green (below). -- Gaignet's green (Chem.) a green pigment employed by the French artist, Adrian Gusgnet, and consisting essentially of a basic hydrate of chromium. -- Methyl green (Chem.), an artificial rosaniline dyestuff, obtained as a green substance having a brilliant yellow luster; -- called also light-green. -- Mineral green. See under Mineral. -- Mountain green. See Green earth, under Green, a. -- Paris green (Chem.), a poisonous green powder, consisting of a mixture of several double salts of the acetate and arsenite of copper. It has found very extensive use as a pigment for wall paper, artificial flowers, etc., but particularly as an exterminator of insects, as the potato bug; -- called also Schweinfurth green, imperial green, Vienna green, emerald qreen, and mitis green. -- Scheele's green (Chem.), a green pigment, consisting essentially of a hydrous arsenite of copper; -- called also Swedish green. It may enter into various pigments called parrot green, pickel green, Brunswick green, nereid green, or emerald green. GREEN Green, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greened (great): p. pr. & vb. n. Greening.] Defn: To make green. Great spring before Greened all the year. Thomson. GREEN Green, v. i. Defn: To become or grow green. Tennyson. By greening slope and singing flood. Whittier. GREENBACK Green"back", n. Defn: One of the legal tender notes of the United States; -- first issued in 1862, and having the devices on the back printed with green ink, to prevent alterations and counterfeits. GREENBACKER Green"back"er, n. Defn: One of those who supported greenback or paper money, and opposed the resumption of specie payments. [Colloq. U. S.] GREENBONE Green"bone, n. Etym: [So named because the bones are green when boiled.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any garfish (Belone or Tylosurus). (b) The European eelpout. GREEN-BROOM Green"-broom`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Genista (G. tinctoria); dyer's weed; -- called also greenweed. GREENCLOTH Green"cloth` (-klôth`; 115), n. Defn: A board or court of justice formerly held in the counting house of the British sovereign's household, composed of the lord steward and his officers, and having cognizance of matters of justice in the household, with power to correct offenders and keep the peace within the verge of the palace, which extends two hundred yards beyond the gatees. GREENERY Green"er*y, n. Defn: Green plants; verdure. A pretty little one-storied abode, so rural, so smothered in greenery. J. Ingelow. GREEN-EYED Green"-eyed, a. 1. Having green eyes. 2. Seeing everything through a medium which discolors or distorts. "Green-eyed jealousy." Shak. GREENFINCH Green"finch`, n. (Zoöl.) 1. A European finch (Ligurinus chloris); -- called also green bird, green linnet, green grosbeak, green olf, greeny, and peasweep. 2. The Texas sparrow (Embernagra rufivirgata), in which the general color is olive green, with four rufous stripes on the head. GREENFISH Green"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Bluefish, and Pollock. GREENGAGE Green"gage`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of plum of medium size, roundish shape, greenish flesh, and delicious flavor. It is called in France Reine Claude, after the queen of Francis I. See Gage. GREENGILL Green"gill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An oyster which has the gills tinged with a green pigment, said to be due to an abnormal condition of the blood. GREENGROCER Green"gro`cer, n. Defn: A retailer of vegetables or fruits in their fresh or green state. GREENHEAD Green"head`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The mallard. (b) The striped bass. See Bass. GREENHEAD; GREENHOOD Green"head, Green"hood, n. Defn: A state of greenness; verdancy. Chaucer. GREENHORN Green"horn`, n. Defn: A raw, inexperienced person; one easily imposed upon. W. Irving. GREENHOUSE Green"house`, n. Defn: A house in which tender plants are cultivated and sheltered from the weather. GREENING Green"ing, n. Defn: A greenish apple, of several varieties, among which the Rhode Island greening is the best known for its fine-grained acid flesh and its excellent keeping quality. GREENISH Green"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat green; having a tinge of green; as, a greenish yellow. -- Green"ish*ness, n. GREENLANDER Green"land*er, n. Defn: A native of Greenland. GREEN-LEEK Green"-leek`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Australian parrakeet (Polytelis Barrabandi); -- called also the scarlet-breasted parrot. GREENLET Green"let, n. Defn: l. (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of small American singing birds, of the genus Vireo, as the solitary, or blue-headed (Vireo solitarius); the brotherly-love (V. Philadelphicus); the warbling greenlet (V. gilvus); the yellow-throated greenlet (V. flavifrons) and others. See Vireo. 2. (Zoöl,) Any species of Cyclorhis, a genus of tropical American birds allied to the tits. GREENLY Green"ly, adv. Defn: With a green color; newly; freshly, immaturely. -- a. Defn: Of a green color. [Obs.] GREENNESS Green"ness, n. Etym: [AS. grnnes. See Green.] 1. The quality of being green; viridity; verdancy; as, the greenness of grass, or of a meadow. 2. Freshness; vigor; newness. 3. Immaturity; unripeness; as, the greenness of fruit; inexperience; as, the greenness of youth. GREENOCKITE Green"ock*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Lord Greenock.] (Min.) Defn: Native cadmium sulphide, a mineral occurring in yellow hexagonal crystals, also as an earthy incrustation. GREENROOM Green"room` (gren"room`), n. Defn: The retiring room of actors and actresses in a theater. GREENSAND Green"sand` (-s, n. (Geol.) Defn: A variety of sandstone, usually imperfectly consolidated, consisting largely of glauconite, a silicate of iron and potash of a green color, mixed with sand and a trace of phosphate of lime. Note: Greensand is often called marl, because it is a useful fertilizer. The greensand beds of the American Cretaceous belong mostly to the Upper Cretaceous. GREENSHANK Green"shank`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European sandpiper or snipe (Totanus canescens); -- called also greater plover. GREEN-STALL Green"-stall`, n. Defn: A stall at which greens and fresh vegetables are exposed for sale. GREENSTONE Green"stone` (gren"ston`), n. Etym: [So called from a tinge of green in the color.] (Geol.) Defn: A name formerly applied rather loosely to certain dark-colored igneous rocks, including diorite, diabase, etc. GREENSWARD Green"sward` (-sward') n. Defn: Turf green with grass. GREENTH Greenth (grenth), n. Etym: [Cf. Growth.] Defn: The state or quality of being green; verdure. [R.] The greenth of summer. G. Eliot. GREENWEED Green"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Greenbroom. GREENWOOD Green"wood`, n. Defn: A forest as it appears is spring and summer. GREENWOOD Green"wood`, a. Defn: Pertaining to a greenwood; as, a greenwood shade. Dryden. GREET Greet, a. Defn: Great. [Obs.] Chaucer. GREET Greet, v. i. Etym: [OE. greten, AS. grtan, grlan; akin to Icel. grata, Sw. gita, Dan. grde, Goth. grctan; cf. Skr. hrd to sound, roar. sq. root50.] Defn: To weep; to cry; to lament. [Obs. or Scot.] [Written also greit.] Spenser. GREET Greet, n. Defn: Mourning. [Obs.] Spenser. GREET Greet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Greeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Greeting.] Etym: [OE. greten, AS. grtan to address, approach; akin to OS. gr, LG gröten, D. groeten, OHG. gruozzen, G. grüssen.] 1. To address with salutations or expressions of kind wishes; to salute; to hail; to welcome; to accost with friendship; to pay respects or compliments to, either personally or through the intervention of another, or by writing or token. My lord, the mayor of London comes to greet you. Shak. 2. To come upon, or meet, as with something that makes the heart glad. In vain the spring my senses greets. Addison. 3. To accost; to address. Pope. GREET Greet, v. i. Defn: To meet and give salutations. There greet in silence, as the dead are wont, And sleep in peace. Shak. GREET Greet, n. Defn: Greeting. [Obs.] F. Beaumont. GREETER Greet"er, n. Defn: One who greets or salutes another. GREETER Greet"er, n. Defn: One who weeps or mourns. [Obs.] GREETING Greet"ing, n. Defn: Expression of kindness or joy; salutation at meeting; a compliment from one absent. Write to him . . . gentle adieus and greetings. Shak. Syn. -- Salutation; salute; compliment. GREEVE Greeve, n. Defn: See Grieve, an overseer. GREEZE Greeze, n. Defn: A step. See Gree, a step. [Obs.] The top of the ladder, or first greeze, is this. Latimer. GREFFIER Gref"fi*er, n. Etym: [F., from LL. grafarius, graphiarius, fr. L. graphium, a writing style; cf. F. greffe a record office. See Graft, and cf. Graffer.] Defn: A registrar or recorder; a notary. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. GREGAL Gre"gal, a. Etym: [L. gregalis, fr. grex, gregis, herd.] Defn: Pertaining to, or like, a flock. For this gregal conformity there is an excuse. W. S. Mayo. GREGARIAN Gre*ga"ri*an, a. Defn: Gregarious; belonging to the herd or common sort; common. [Obs.] "The gregarian soldiers." Howell. GREGARINE; GREGARINAE Greg`a*ri"nae, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gregarina the typical genus, fr. L. gregarius. See Gregarious.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Protozoa, allied to the Rhizopoda, and parasitic in other animals, as in the earthworm, lobster, etc. When adult, they have a small, wormlike body inclosing a nucleus, but without external organs; in one of the young stages, they are amoebiform; -- called also Gregarinida, and Gregarinaria. GREGARINE Greg"a*rine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Gregarinæ. -- n. Defn: One of the Gregarinæ. GREGARINIDA Greg`a*rin"i*da Defn: Gregarinæ. GREGARIOUS Gre*ga"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. gregarius, fr. grex, gregis, herd; cf. Gr. jar to approach. Cf. Congregate, Egregious.] Defn: Habitually living or moving in flocks or herds; tending to flock or herd together; not habitually solitary or living alone. Burke. No birds of prey are gregarious. Ray. -- Gre*ga"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Gre-ga'ri-ous-ness, n. GREGE; GREGGE Grege, Greg"ge (, v. t. Etym: [OE. gregier to burden.] Defn: To make heavy; to increase. [Obs.] Wyclif. GREGGOE; GREGO Greg"goe, Gre"go, n. Etym: [Prob. fr, It. Greco Greek, or Sp. Griego, or Pg. Grego.] Defn: A short jacket or cloak, made of very thick, coarse cloth, with a hood attached, worn by the Greeks and others in the Levant. [Written also griego.] GREGORIAN Gre*go"ri*an, a. Etym: [NL. Gregorianus, fr. Gregorius Gregory, Gr. grégorien.] Defn: Pertaining to, or originated by, some person named Gregory, especially one of the popes of that name. Gregorian calendar, the calendar as reformed by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582, including the method of adjusting the leap years so as to harmonize the civil year with the solar, and also the regulation of the time of Easter and the movable feasts by means of epochs. See Gregorian year (below). -- Gregorian chant (Mus.), plain song, or canto fermo, a kind of unisonous music, according to the eight celebrated church modes, as arranged and prescribed by Pope Gregory I. (called "the Great") in the 6th century. -- Gregorian modes, the musical scales ordained by Pope Gregory the Great, and named after the ancient Greek scales, as Dorian, Lydian, etc. -- Gregorian telescope (Opt.), a form of reflecting telescope, named from Prof. James Gregory, of Edinburgh, who perfected it in 1663. A small concave mirror in the axis of this telescope, having its focus coincident with that of the large reflector, transmits the light received from the latter back through a hole in its center to the eyepiece placed behind it. -- Gregorian year, the year as now reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar. Thus, every year, of the current reckoning, which is divisible by 4, except those divisible by 100 aud not by 400, has 366 days; all other years have 365 days. See Bissextile, and Note under Style, n., 7. GREILLADE Greil"lade, n. (Metal.) Defn: Iron ore in coarse powder, prepared for reduction by the Catalan process. GREISEN Grei"sen, n. (Min.) Defn: A crystalline rock consisting of quarts and mica, common in the tin regions of Cornwall and Saxony. GREIT Greit, v. i. Defn: See Greet, to weep. GREITH Greith, v. t. Etym: [Icel. grcta: cf. AS. gerdan to arrange; pref. ge- + r ready. Cf. Ready.] Defn: To make ready; -- often used reflexively. [Obs.] Chaucer. GREITH Greith, n. Etym: [Icel. grcii. See Greith, v.] Defn: Goods; furniture. [Obs.] Note: See Graith. GREMIAL Gre"mi*al, a. Etym: [L. gremium lap, bosom.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the lap or bosom. [R.] GREMIAL Gre"mi*al, n. 1. A bosom friend. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. (Ecol.) Defn: A cloth, often adorned with gold or silver lace, placed on the bishop's lap while he sits in celebrating mass, or in ordaining priests. GRENADE Gre*nade", n. Etym: [F. grenade a pomegranate, a grenade, or Sp. granada; orig., filled with seeds. So called from the resemblanse of its shape to a pomegranate. See Carnet, Grain a kernel, and cf. Pomegranate.] (Min.) Defn: A hollow ball or shell of iron filled with powder of other explosive, ignited by means of a fuse, and thrown from the hand among enemies. Hand grenade. (a) A small grenade of iron or glass, usually about two and a half inches in diameter, to be thrown from the hand into the head of a sap, trenches, covered way, or upon besiegers mounting a breach. (b) A portable fire extinguisher consisting of a glass bottle containing water and gas. It is thrown into the flames. Called also fire grenade. Rampart grenades, grenades of various sizes, which, when used, are rolled over the pararapet in a trough. GRENADIER Gren`a*dier", n. Etym: [F. grenadier. See Grenade.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: Originaly, a soldier who carried and threw grenades; afterward, one of a company attached to each regiment or battalion, taking post on the right of the line, and wearing a peculiar uniform. In modern times, a member of a special regiment or corps; as, a grenadier of the guard of Napoleon I. one of the regiment of Grenadier Guards of the British army, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any marine fish of the genus Macrurus, in which the body and tail taper to a point; they mostly inhabit the deep sea; -- called also onion fish, and rat-tail fish. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bright-colored South African grosbeak (Pyromelana orix), having the back red and the lower parts black. GRENADILLO Gren`a*dil"lo, n. Etym: [Sp. granadillo.] Defn: A handsome tropical American wood, much used for making flutes and other wind instruments; -- called also Grenada cocos, or cocus, and red ebony. GRENADINE Gren`a*dine", n. Etym: [F.] 1. A thin gauzelike fabric of silk or wool, for women's wear. 2. A trade name for a dyestuff, consisting essentially of impure fuchsine. GRENADO Gre*na"do, n. Defn: Same as Grenade. GRENE Grene, a. Defn: Green. [Obs.] Chaucer. GRES Gres, n. Defn: Grass. [Obs.] Chaucer. GRESSORIAL; GRESSORIOUS Gres*so"ri*al, Gres*so"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. gressus, p. p. of gradi to step, go.] (Zool.) Defn: Adapted for walking; anisodactylous; as the feet of certain birds and insects. See Illust. under Aves. GRET; GRETE Gret, Grete (, a. Defn: Great. [Obs.] Chaucer. GRETTO Gret"to, obs. Defn: imp. of Greet, to salute. GREVE Greve, n. Defn: A grove. [Obs.] Chaucer. GREW Grew, Defn: imp. of Grow. GREWSOME; GRUESOME Grew"some Defn: , Grue"some, a. Etym: [From a word akin to Dan. gru horror, terror + -some; cf. D. gruwzaam, G. grausam. Cf. Grisly.] Defn: Ugly; frightful. Grewsome sights of war. C. Kingsley. GREY Grey, a. Defn: See Gray (the correct orthography). GREYHOUND Grey"hound`, n. Etym: [OE. graihund, greihound, greahund, grihond, Icel. greyhundr; grey greyhound + hundr dog; cf. AS. grghund. The origin of the first syllable is unknown.] Defn: A slender, graceful breed of dogs, remarkable for keen sight and swiftness. It is one of the oldest varieties known, and is figured on the Egyptian monuments. [Written also grayhound.] GREYLAG Grey"lag`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Graylag. GRIBBLE Grib"ble, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. grib to bite.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small marine isopod crustacean (Limnoria lignorum or L. terebrans), which burrows into and rapidly destroys submerged timber, such as the piles of wharves, both in Europe and America. GRICE Grice, n. Etym: [OE. gris, grise; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. grss, Sw. gris, Dan. grus, also Gr. , Skr. ghrshvi, boar. Cf. Grise, Griskin.] Defn: A little pig. [Written also grise.] [Scot.] GRICE Grice, n. Defn: See Gree, a step. [Obs.] B. Jonson. GRID Grid, n. Defn: A grating of thin parallel bars, similar to a gridiron. GRIDDLE Grid"dle, n. Etym: [OE. gredil, gredl, gridel, of Celtic origin; cf. W. greidell, Ir. greideal, greideil, griddle, gridiron, greadaim I burn, scorch. Cf. Gridiron.] 1. An iron plate or pan used for cooking cakes. 2. A sieve with a wire bottom, used by miners. GRIDDLECAKE Grid"dle*cake`, n. Defn: A cake baked or fried on a griddle, esp. a thin batter cake, as of buckwheat or common flour. GRIDE Gride, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grided; p. pr. & vb. n. Griding.] Etym: [For gird, properly, to strike with a rod. See Yard a measure, and cf. Grid to strike, sneer.] Defn: To cut with a grating sound; to cut; to penetrate or pierce harshly; as, the griding sword. Milton. That through his thigh the mortal steel did gride. Spenser. GRIDE Gride, n. Defn: A harsh scraping or cutting; a grating. The gride of hatchets fiercely thrown. On wigwam log, and tree, and stone. Whittier. GRIDELIN Grid"e*lin, n. Etym: [F. gris de lin gray of flax, flax gray.] Defn: A color mixed of white, and red, or a gray violet. [Written also gredaline, grizelin.] Dryden. GRIDIRON Grid"i`ron, n. Etym: [OE. gredire, gredirne, from tthe same source as E. griddle, but the ending wass confused with E. iron. See Griddle.] 1. A grated iron utensil for broiling flesh and fish over coals. 2. (Naut.) Defn: An openwork frame on which vessels are placed for examination, cleaning, and repairs. 3. (Sport) Defn: A football field. Gridiron pendulum. See under Pendulum. -- Gridiron valve (Steam Engine), a slide valve with several parallel perforations corresponding to openings in the seat on which the valve moves. GRIEF Grief, n. Etym: [OE. grief, gref, OF. grief, gref, F. grief, L. gravis heavy; akin to Gr. , Skr. guru, Goth. karus. Cf. Barometer, Grave, a., Grieve, Gooroo.] 1. Pain of mind on account of something in the past; mental suffering arising from any cause, as misfortune, loss of friends, misconduct of one's self or others, etc.; sorrow; sadness. The mother was so afflicted at the loss of a fine boy, . . . that she died for grief of it. Addison. 2. Cause of sorrow or pain; that which afficts or distresses; trial; grievance. Be factious for redress of all these griefs. Shak. 3. Physical pain, or a cause of it; malady. [R.] This grief (cancerous ulcers) hastened the end of that famous mathematician, Mr. Harriot. Wood. To come to grief, to meet with calamity, accident, defeat, ruin, etc., causing grief; to turn out badly. [Colloq.] Syn. -- Affiction; sorrow; distress; sadness; trial; grievance. Grief, Sorrow, Sadness. Sorrow is the generic term; grief is sorrow for some definite cause -- one which commenced, at least, in the past; sadness is applied to a permanent mood of the mind. Sorrow is transient in many cases; but the grief of a mother for the loss of a favorite child too often turns into habitual sadness. "Grief is sometimes considered as synonymous with sorrow; and in this case we speak of the transports of grief. At other times it expresses more silent, deep, and painful affections, such as are inspired by domestic calamities, particularly by the loss of friends and relatives, or by the distress, either of body or mind, experienced by those whom we love and value." Cogan.See Affliction. GRIEFFUL Grief"ful, a. Defn: Full of grief or sorrow. Sackvingle. GRIEFLESS Grief"less, a. Defn: Without grief. Huloet. GRIEGO Grie"go, n. Defn: See Greggoe. GRIEVABLE Griev"a*ble, a. Defn: Lamentable. [Obs.] GRIEVANCE Griev"ance, n. Etym: [OF. grcvance. See Grieve, v. t.] 1. A cause of uneasiness and complaint; a wrong done and suffered; that which gives ground for remonstrance or resistance, as arising from injustice, tyranny, etc.; injury. 2. Grieving; grief; affliction. The . . . grievance of a mind unreasonably yoked. Milton. Syn. -- Burden; oppression; hardship; trouble. GRIEVANCER Griev"an*cer, n. Defn: One who occasions a grievance; one who gives ground for complaint. [Obs.] Petition . . . against the bishops as grand grievancers. Fuller. GRIEVE; GREEVE Grieve, Greeve, n. Etym: [AS. ger. Cf. Reeve an officer.] Defn: A manager of a farm, or overseer of any work; a reeve; a manorial bailiff. [Scot.] Their children were horsewhipped by the grieve. Sir W. Scott. GRIEVE Grieve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grieved; p. pr. & vb. n. Grieving.] Etym: [OE. greven, OF. grever, fr. L. gravare to burden, oppress, fr. gravis heavy. See Grief.] 1. To occasion grief to; to wound the sensibilities of; to make sorrowful; to cause to suffer; to affect; to hurt; to try. Grieve not the Holy Spirit of God. Eph. iv. 30. The maidens grieved themselves at my concern. Cowper, 2. To sorrow over; as, to grieve one's fate. [R.] GRIEVE Grieve, v. i. Defn: To feel grief; to be in pain of mind on account of an evil; to sorrow; to mourn; -- often followed by at, for, or over. Do not you grieve at this. Shak. GRIEVER Griev"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, grieves. GRIEVING Griev"ing, a. Defn: Sad; sorrowful; causing grief. -- n. Defn: The act of causing grief; the state of being grieved. -- Griev'ing-ly, adv. Shak. GRIEVOUS Griev"ous, a. Etym: [OF. grevous, grevos, LL. gravosus. See Grief.] 1. Causing grief or sorrow; painful; afflictive; hard to bear; offensive; harmful. The famine was grievous in the land. Gen. xii. 10. The thing was very grievous in Abraham's sight. Gen. xxi 11. 2. Characterized by great atrocity; heinous; aggravated; flagitious; as, a grievous sin. Gen. xviii. 20. 3. Full of, or expressing, grief; showing great sorrow or affliction; as, a grievous cry. -- Griev"ous*ly, adv. -- Griev"ous*ness, n. GRIFF Griff, n. Etym: [Cf. Gripe.] 1. Grasp; reach. [Obs.] A vein of gold ore within one spade's griff. Holland. 2. Etym: [Cf. F. griffe, G. griff, prop., a grasping.] (Weaving) Defn: An arrangement of parallel bars for lifting the hooked wires which raise the warp threads in a loom for weaving figured goods. Knight. GRIFFE Griffe, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The offspring of a mulatto woman and a negro; also, a mulatto. [Local, U. S.] GRIFFIN Grif"fin, n. Defn: An Anglo-Indian name for a person just arrived from Europe. H. Kingsley. GRIFFIN; GRIFFON Grif"fin, Grif"fon, n. Etym: [OE. griffin, griffon, griffoun, F. griffon, fr. L. gryphus, equiv to gryps, Gr. 1. (Myth.) Defn: A fabulous monster, half lion and half eagle. It is often represented in Grecian and Roman works of art. 2. (Her.) Defn: A representation of this creature as an heraldic charge. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of large vulture (Gyps fulvus) found in the mountainous parts of Southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor; - - called also gripe, and grype. It is supposed to be the "eagle" of the Bible. The bearded griffin is the lammergeir. [Written also gryphon.] 4. An English early apple. GRIG Grig, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. kräk little creature, reptile; or D. kriek cricket, E. cricket.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A cricket or grasshopper. [Prov. Eng.] (b) Any small eel. (c) The broad-nosed eel See Glut. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Heath. [Prov. Eng.] Audrey. As merry as a grig Etym: [etymology uncertain], a saying supposed by some to be a corruption of "As merry as a Greek; " by others, to be an allusion to the cricket. GRIL Gril, a. Etym: [OE. gril harsh; akin to G. grell offending the ear or eye, shrill, dazzling, MHG. grel angry; cf. AS. gallan to provoke.] Defn: Harah; hard; severe; stern; rough. [Obs.] Rom. of R. GRILL Grill, n. Etym: [F. gril. See Grill, v. t.] 1. A gridiron. [They] make grills of [wood] to broil their meat. Cotton. 2. That which is broiled on a gridiron, as meat, fish, etc. GRILL Grill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Grilling.] Etym: [F. griller, fr. gril gridiron, OF. graïl, L. craticulum for craticula fine hurdlework, a small gridiron, dim. of crates hurdle. See Grate, n.] 1. To broil on a grill or gridiron. Boiling of men in caldrons, grilling them on gridirons. Marvell. 2. To torment, as if by broiling. Dickens. GRILLADE Gril*lade" (, n. Etym: [F. See Grill, v. t.] Defn: The act of grilling; also, that which is grilled. GRILLAGE Gril"lage, n. Etym: [F.] (Hydraulic Eagin.) Defn: A framework of sleepers and crossbeams forming a foundation in marshy or treacherous soil. GRILLE Grille, a. Etym: [F. See Grill, v. t.] Defn: A lattice or grating. The grille which formed part of the gate. L. Oliphant. GRILLROOM Grill"room`, n. Defn: A room specially fitted for broiling food, esp. one in a restaurant, hotel, or clubhouse, arranged for prompt service. GRILLY Gril"ly, v. t. Etym: [See Grill, v. t.] Defn: To broil; to grill; hence, To harass. [Obs.] Hudibras. GRILSE Grilse, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young salmon after its first return from the sea. GRIM Grim, a. [Compar. Grimmer (-mer); superl. Grimmest (.] Etym: [AS. grim; akin to G. grimm, equiv. to G. & D. grimmig, Dan. grim, grum, Sw. grym, Icel. grimmr, G. gram grief, as adj., hostile; cf. Gr. Defn: Of forbidding or fear-inspiring aspect; fierce; stern; surly; cruel; frightful; horrible. Whose grim aspect sets every joint a-shaking. Shak . The ridges of grim war. Milton. Syn.-- Fierce; ferocious; furious; horrid; horrible; frightful; ghastly; grisly; hideous; stern; sullen; sour. GRIMACE Gri*mace", n. Etym: [F., prob. of Teutonic origin; cf. AS. gr mask, specter, Ical. gr mask, hood, perh. akin to E. grin.] Defn: A distortion of the countenance, whether habitual, from affectation, or momentary aad occasional, to express some feeling, as contempt, disapprobation, complacency, etc.; a smirk; a made-up face. Moving his face into such a hideons grimace, that every feature of it appeared under a different distortion. Addison. Note: "Half the French words used affectedly by Melantha in Dryden's "Marriage a-la-Mode," as innovations in our language, are now in common usa: chagrin, double--entendre, éclaircissement, embarras, équivoque, foible, grimace, naïvete, ridicule. All these words, which she learns by heart to use occasionally, are now in common use." I. Disraeli. GRIMACE Gri*mace", v. i. Defn: To make grimaces; to distort one's face; to make faces. H. Martineau. GRIMACED Gri*maced", a. Defn: Distorted; crabbed. GRIMALKIN Gri*mal"kin, n. Etym: [For graymalkin; gray + malkin.] Defn: An old cat, esp. a she-cat. J. Philips. GRIME Grime, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. grim, griim, lampblack, soot, grime, Icel. gr mask, sort of hood, OD. grijmsel, grimsel, soot, smut, and E. grimace.] Defn: Foul matter; dirt, rubbed in; sullying blackness, deeply ingrained. GRIME Grime, v. t. Defn: To sully or soil deeply; to dirt. Shak. GRIMILY Grim"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a grimy manner. GRIMINESS Grim"i*ness n. Defn: The state of being grimy. GRIMLY Grim"ly, a. Defn: Grim; hideous; stern. [R.] In glided Margaret's grimly ghost, And stood at William's feet. D. Mallet. GRIMLY Grim"ly, adv. Defn: In a grim manner; fiercely. Shak. GRIMME Grimme, n. Etym: [Cf. F. grimme.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A West African antelope (Cephalophus rufilotus) of a deep bay color, with a broad dorsal stripe of black; -- called also conquetoon. GRIMNESS Grim"ness, n. Etym: [AS. grimnes.] Defn: Fierceness of look; sternness; crabbedness; forbiddingness. GRIMSIR Grim"sir, n. Defn: A stern man. [Obs.] Burton. GRIMY Grim"y, a. [Compar. Grimier; superl. Grimiest.] Defn: Full of grime; begrimed; dirty; foul. GRIN Grin, n. Etym: [AS. grin.] Defn: A snare; a gin. [Obs.] Like a bird that hasteth to his grin. Remedy of Love. GRIN Grin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grinned; p. pr. & vb. n. Grinning.] Etym: [OE. grinnen, grennen, AS. grennian, Sw. grina; akin to D. grijnen, G. greinen, OHG. grinan, Dan. grine. Groan.] 1. To show the teeth, as a dog; to shsrl. 2. To set the teeth together and open the lips, or to open the mouth and withdraw the lips from the teeth, so as to show them, as in laughter, acorn, or pain. The pangs of death do make him grin. Shak. GRIN Grin, v. t. Defn: To express by grinning. Grinned horrible a ghastly smile.Milton. GRIN Grin, n. Defn: The act of closing the teeth and showing them, or of withdrawing the lips and showing the teeth; a hard, forced, or smeering smile. I.Watts. He showed twenty teeth at a grin. Addison. GRIND Grind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ground; p. pr. & vb. n. Grinding.] Etym: [AS. grindan; perh. akin to L. frendere to gnash, grind. Cf. Grist.] 1. To reduce to powder by friction, as in a mill, or with the teeth; to crush into small fragments; to produce as by the action of millstones. Take the millstones, and grind meal. Is. xivii. 2. 2. To wear down, polish, or sharpen, by friction; to make smooth, sharp, or pointed; to whet, as a knife or drill; to rub against one another, as teeth, etc. 3. To oppress by severe exactions; to harass. To grind the subject or defraud the prince. Dryden. 4. To study hard for examination. [College Slang] GRIND Grind, v. i. 1. To perform the operation of grinding something; to turn the millstones. Send thee Into the common prison, there to grind. Milton. 2. To become ground or pulverized by friction; as, this corn grinds well. 3. To become polished or sharpened by friction; as, glass grinds smooth; steel grinds to a sharp edge. 4. To move with much difficulty or friction; to grate. 5. To perform hard aud distasteful service; to drudge; to study hard, as for an examination. Farrar. GRIND Grind, n. 1. The act of reducing to powder, or of sharpening, by friction. 2. Any severe continuous work or occupation; esp., hard and uninteresting study. [Colloq.] T. Hughes. 3. A hard student; a dig. [College Slang] GRINDED Grind"ed, obs. p. p. of Grind. Defn: Ground. Sir W. Scott. GRINDELIA Grin*de"li*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named after D. H. Grindel, a Russian.] (Med.) Defn: The dried stems and leaves of tarweed (Grindelia), used as a remedy in asthma and bronchitis. GRINDER Grind"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, grinds. 2. One of the double teeth, used to grind or masticate the food; a molar. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The restless flycatcher (Seisura inquieta) of Australia; -- called also restless thrush and volatile thrush. It makes a noise like a scissors grinder, to which the name alludes. Grinder's asthma, phthisis, or rot (Med.), a lung disease produced by the mechanical irritation of the particles of steel and stone given off in the operation of grinding. GRINDERY Grind"er*y, n. Defn: Leather workers' materials. [Eng.] Grindery warehouse, a shop where leather workers' materials and tools are kept on sale. [Eng.] GRINDING Grind"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Grind. Grinding frame, an English name for a cotton spinning machine. -- Grinding mill. (a) A mill for grinding grain. (b) A lapidary's lathe. GRINDINGLY Grind"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a grinding manner. [Colloq.] GRINDLE Grin"dle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The bowfin; -- called also Johnny Grindle. [Local, U. S.] GRINDLE STONE Grin"dle stone". Defn: A grindstone. [Obs.] GRINDLET Grind"let, n. Defn: A small drain. GRINDSTONE Grind"stone`, n. Defn: A flat, circular stone, revolving on an axle, for grinding or sharpening tools, or shaping or smoothing objects. To hold, pat, or bring one's nose to the grindstone, to oppress one; to keep one in a condition of servitude. They might be ashamed, for lack of courage, to suffer the Lacedæmonians to hold their noses to the grindstone. Sir T. North. GRINGO Grin"go, n. [Amer. Sp., fr. Sp. gringo gibberish; cf. griego Greek, F. grigou wretch.] Defn: Among Spanish Americans, a foreigner, esp. an Englishman or American; -- often used as a term of reproach. GRINNER Grin"ner, n. Defn: One who grins. Addison. GRINNINGLY Grin"ning*ly, adv. Defn: In a grinning manner. GRINT Grint, Defn: 3d pers. sing. pres. of Grind, Etym: contr. from grindeth. [Obs.] Chaucer. GRINTE Grin"te, obs. Defn: imp. of Grin, v. i., 1. [He] grinte with his teeth, so was he wroth. Chaucer. GRINTING Grint"ing, n. Defn: Grinding. [Obs.] Chaucer. GRIP Grip, n. Etym: [L. gryps, gryphus. See Griffin, Grype.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The griffin. [Obs.] GRIP Grip, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. grip furrow, hitch, D. greb.] Defn: A small ditch or furrow. Ray. GRIP Grip, v. t. Defn: To trench; to drain. GRIP Grip, n. Etym: [AS. gripe. Cf. Grip, v. t., Gripe, v. t.] 1. An energetic or tenacious grasp; a holding fast; strength in grasping. 2. A peculiar mode of clasping the hand, by which members of a secret association recognize or greet, one another; as, a masonic grip. 3. That by which anything is grasped; a handle or gripe; as, the grip of a sword. 4. A device for grasping or holding fast to something. GRIP Grip, v. t. Etym: [From Grip a grasp; or P. gripper to seize; -- of German origin. See Gripe, v. t.] Defn: To give a grip to; to grasp; to gripe. GRIP CAR Grip car. Defn: A car with a grip to clutch a traction cable. GRIPE Gripe, n. Etym: [See Grype.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A vulture; the griffin. [Obs.] Like a white hind under the gripe's sharp claws. Shak. Gripe's egg, an alchemist's vessel. [Obs.] E. Jonson. GRIPE Gripe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Griped; p. pr. & vb. n. Griping.] Etym: [AS. gripan; akin to D. grijpen, G. greifen, OHG. gr, Icel. gripa, Sw. gripe, Dan. gribe, Goth. greipan; cf. Lith. graibyti, Russ. grabite to plunder, Skr. grah, grabh, to seize. Cf. Grip, v. t., Grope.] 1. To catch with the hand; to clasp closely with the fingers; to clutch. 2. To seize and hold fast; to embrace closely. Wouldst thou gripe both gain and pleasure Robynson (More's Utopia). 3. To pinch; to distress. Specifically, to cause pinching and spasmodic pain to the bowels of, as by the effects of certain purgative or indigestible substances. How inly sorrow gripes his soul. Shak. GRIPE Gripe, v. i. 1. To clutch, hold, or pinch a thing, esp. money, with a gripe or as with a gripe. 2. To suffer griping pains. Jocke. 3. (Naut.) Defn: To tend to come up into the wind, as a ship which, when sailing closehauled, requires constant labor at the helm. R. H. Dana, Jr. GRIPE Gripe, n. 1. Grasp; seizure; fast hold; clutch. A barren scepter in my gripe. Shak. 2. That on which the grasp is put; a handle; a grip; as, the gripe of a sword. 3. (Mech.) Defn: A device for grasping or holding anything; a brake to stop a wheel. 4. Oppression; cruel exaction; affiction; pinching distress; as, the gripe of poverty. 5. Pinching and spasmodic pain in the intestines; -- chiefly used in the plural. 6. (Naut.) (a) The piece of timber which terminates the keel at the fore end; the forefoot. (b) The compass or sharpness of a ship's stern under the water, having a tendency to make her keep a good wind. (c) pl. Defn: An assemblage of ropes, dead-eyes, and hocks, fastened to ringbolts in the deck, to secure the boats when hoisted; also, broad bands passed around a boat to secure it at the davits and prevent swinging. Gripe penny, a miser; a niggard. D. L. Mackenzie. GRIPEFUL Gripe"ful, a. Defn: Disposed to gripe; extortionate. GRIPER Grip"er, a. Defn: One who gripes; an oppressor; an extortioner. Burton. GRIPINGLY Grip"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a griping or oppressive manner. Bacon. GRIPMAN Grip"man, n. Defn: The man who manipulates a grip. GRIPPE Grippe, n. Etym: [F.] (Med.) Defn: The influenza or epidemic catarrh. Dunglison. GRIPPER Grip"per, n. 1. One who, or that which, grips or seizes. 2. pl. Defn: In printing presses, the fingers or nippers. GRIPPLE Grip"ple, n. Defn: A grasp; a gripe. [Obs.] Spenser. GRIPPLE Grip"ple, a. Etym: [Dim. fr. gripe.] Defn: Griping; greedy; covetous; tenacious. [Obs.] Spenser. GRIPPLENESS Grip"ple*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being gripple. [Obs.] GRIPSACK Grip"sack`, n. Defn: A traveler's handbag. [Colloq.] GRIS Gris, a. Etym: [OF. & F., fr. LL. griseus; of German origin; cf. MHG. gris, G. greis, hoary. Cf. Grizzle.] Defn: Gray. [R.] Chaucer. GRIS Gris, n. Etym: [OF., fr. gris gray. Cf. G. grauwerk (lit. gray work) the gray skin of the Siberian squirrel. See Gris, a.] Defn: A costly kind of fur. [Obs.] Chaucer. GRIS Gris (grîs), n. sing. & pl. Etym: [See Grice a pig.] Defn: A little pig. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. GRISAILLE Gri"saille`, n. Etym: [F., from gris gray.] 1. (Fine Arts) Defn: Decorative painting in gray monochrome; -- used in English especially for painted glass. 2. A kind of French fancy dress goods. Knight. GRISAMBER Gris"am`ber, n. Etym: [See Ambergris.] Defn: Ambergris. [Obs.] Milton. GRISE Grise (gris), n. Defn: See Grice, a pig. [Prov. Eng.] GRISE Grise (gris or gres), n. Etym: [Prop. pl. of gree a step.] Defn: A step (in a flight of stairs); a degree. [Obs.] Every grise of fortune is smoothed by that below. Shak. GRISEOUS Gris"e*ous, a. Etym: [LL. griseus. See Gris.] Defn: Of a light color, or white, mottled with black or brown; grizzled or grizzly. Maunder. GRISETTE Gri*sette", n. Etym: [F., fr. grisette a gray woolen cloth, fr. gris gray. Grisettes were so called because they wore gray gowns made of this stuff. See Gars.] Defn: A French girl or young married woman of the lower class; more frequently, a young working woman who is fond of gallantry. Sterne. GRISKIN Gris"kin, n. Etym: [Grise a pig + -kin.] Defn: The spine of a hog. [Obs.] GRISLED Gri"sled, a. Etym: [Obs.] Defn: See Grizzled. GRISLINESS Gris"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being grisly; horrid. Sir P. Sidney. GRISLY Gris"ly, a. Etym: [OE, grisly, grislich, AS. grislic, gryslic, fr. gro shudder; cf. OD. grijselick horrible, OHG. grisenlch, and also AS. gresan to frighten, and E. gruesome.] Defn: Frightful; horrible; dreadful; harsh; as, grisly locks; a grisly specter. "Grisly to behold." Chaucer. A man of grisly and stern gravity. Robynson (More's Utopia). Grisly bear. (Zoöl.) See under Grizzly. GRISON Gri"son, n. Etym: [F., fr. grison gray, gray-haired, gris gray. See Gris.] (Zoöl.) (a) A South American animal of the family Mustelidae (Galictis vittata). It is about two feet long, exclusive of the tail. Its under parts are black. Also called South American glutton. (b) A South American monkey (Lagothrix infumatus), said to be gluttonous. GRISONS Gri"sons, n. pl. Etym: [F.] (Geog.) (a) Inhabitants of the eastern Swiss Alps. (b) sing. Defn: The largest and most eastern of the Swiss cantons. GRIST Grist, n. Etym: [AS. grist, fr. grindan. See Grind.] 1. Ground corn; that which is ground at one time; as much grain as is carried to the mill at one time, or the meal it produces. Get grist to the mill to have plenty in store. Tusser. Q. 2. Supply; provision. Swift. 3. In rope making, a given size of rope, common grist being a rope three inches in circumference, with twenty yarns in each of the three strands. Knight. All is grist that comes to his mill, all that he has anything to do with is a source of profit. [Colloq.] -- To bring grist to the maill, to bring profitable business into one's hands; to be a source of profit. [Colloq.] Ayliffe. GRISTLE Gris"tle, n. Etym: [OE. gristel, gristil, AS. gristl; akin to OFries. gristel, grestel. Perh. a dim. of grist but cf. OHG. krustila, krostela. Cf. Grist.] (Anat.) Defn: Cartilage. See Cartilage. Bacon. GRISTLY Gris"tly, a. (Anat.) Defn: Consisting of, or containing, gristle; like gristle; cartilaginous. GRISTMILL Grist"mill", n. Defn: A mill for grinding grain; especially, a mill for grinding grists, or portions of grain brought by different customers; a custom mill. GRIT Grit, n. Etym: [OE, greet, greot, sand, gravel, AS. greót grit, sant, dust; akin to OS griott, OFries. gret gravel, OHG. grioz, G. griess, Icel. grjot, and to E. groats, grout. See Groats, Grout, and cf. Grail gravel.] 1. Sand or gravel; rough, hard particles. 2. The coarse part of meal. 3. pl. Defn: Grain, esp. oats or wheat, hulled and coarsely ground; in high milling, fragments of cracked wheat smaller than groats. 4. (Geol.) Defn: A hard, coarse-grained siliceous sandstone; as, millstone grit; -- called also gritrock and gritstone. The name is also applied to a finer sharp-grained sandstone; as, grindstone grit. 5. Structure, as adapted to grind or sharpen; as, a hone of good grit. 6. Firmness of mind; invincible spirit; unyielding courage; fortitude. C. Reade. E. P. Whipple. GRIT Grit, v. i. Defn: To give forth a grating sound, as sand under the feet; to grate; to grind. The sanded floor that grits beneath the tread. Goldsmith. GRIT Grit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gritted; p. pr. &, vb. n. Gritting.] Defn: To grind; to rub harshly together; to grate; as, to grit the teeth. [Collog.] GRITH Grith, n. Etym: [AS. grith peace; akin to Icel. grid.] Defn: Peace; security; agreement. [Obs.] Gower. GRITROCK; GRITSTONE Grit"rock`, Grit"stone` n. (Geol.) Defn: See Grit, n., 4. GRITTINESS Grit"ti*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being gritty. GRITTY Grit"ty, a. 1. Containing sand or grit; consisting of grit; caused by grit; full of hard particles. 2. Spirited; resolute; unyielding. [Colloq., U. S.] GRIVET Griv"et, n. Etym: [Cf. F. grivet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A monkey of the upper Nile and Abyssinia (Cercopithecus griseoviridis), having the upper parts dull green, the lower parts white, the hands, ears, and face black. It was known to the ancient Egyptians. Called also tota. GRIZE Grize, n. Defn: Same as 2d Grise. [Obs.] GRIZELIN Griz"e*lin, a. Defn: See Gridelin. GRIZZLE Griz"zle, n. Etym: [F. gris: cf. grisaille hair partly gray, fr. gris gray. See Gris, and cf. Grisaille.] Defn: Gray; a gray color; a mixture of white and black. Shak. GRIZZLED Griz"zled, a. Defn: Gray; grayish; sprinkled or mixed with gray; of a mixed white and black. Grizzled hair flowing in elf locks. Sir W. Scott. GRIZZLY Griz"zly, a. Defn: Somewhat gray; grizzled. Old squirrels that turn grizzly. Bacon. Grizzly bear (Zoöl.), a large and ferocious bear (Ursus horribilis) of Western North America and the Rocky Mountains. It is remarkable for the great length of its claws. GRIZZLY Griz"zly, n.; pl. Grizzlies (. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A grizzly bear. See under Grizzly, a. 2. pl. Defn: In hydraulic mining, gratings used to catch and throw out large stones from the sluices. [Local, U. S.] Raymond. GROAN Groan, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groaned; p. pr. & vb. n. Groaning.] Etym: [OE. gronen, granen, granien, AS. gr, fr. the root of grennian to grin. *35. See 2d Grin, and cf. Grunt.] 1. To give forth a low, moaning sound in breathing; to utter a groan, as in pain, in sorrow, or in derision; to moan. For we . . . do groan, being burdened. 2 Cor. v. 4. He heard the groaning of the oak. Sir W. Scott. 2. To strive after earnestly, as with groans. Nothing but holy, pure, and clear, Or that which groaneth to be so. Herbert. GROAN Groan, v. t. Defn: To affect by groans. GROAN Groan, n. Defn: A low, moaning sound; usually, a deep, mournful sound uttered in pain or great distress; sometimes, an expression of strong disapprobation; as, the remark was received with groans. Such groans of roaring wind and rain. Shak. The wretched animal heaved forth such groans. Shak. GROANFUL Groan"ful, a. Defn: Agonizing; sad. [Obs.] Spenser. GROAT Groat, n. Etym: [LG. grote, orig., great, that is, a great piece of coin, larger than other coins in former use. See Great.] 1. An old English silver coin, equal to four pence. 2. Any small sum of money. GROATS Groats, n. pl. Etym: [OE. grot, AS. gratan; akin to Icel. grautr porridge, and to E. gritt, grout. See Grout.] Defn: Dried grain, as oats or wheat, hulled and broken or crushed; in high milling, cracked fragments of wheat larger than grits. Embden groats, crushed oats. GROBIAN Gro"bi*an, n. [G., fr. grob rude. Cf. Gruff, a.] Defn: A rude or clownish person; boor; lout. GROCER Gro"cer, n. Etym: [Formerly written grosser, orig., one who sells by the gross, or deals by wholesale, fr. F. grossier, marchand grossier, fr. gros large, great. See Gross.] Defn: A trader who deals in tea, sugar, spices, coffee, fruits, and various other commodities. Grocer's itch (Med.), a disease of the akin, caused by handling sugar and treacle. GROCERY Gro"cer*y, n.; pl. Groceries. Etym: [F. grosserie wholesale. See Grocer.] 1. The commodities sold by grocers, as tea, coffee, spices, etc.; -- in the United States almost always in the plural form, in this sense. A deal box . . . to carry groceries in. Goldsmith. The shops at which the best families of the neighborhood bought grocery and millinery. Macaulay. 2. A retail grocer's shop or store. [U.s.]; GROG Grog, n. Etym: [So named fronm "Old Grog" a nickmname given to Admiral Vernon, in allusion to his wearing a grogram cloak in foul weather. He is said to have been the first to dilute the rum of the sailors (about 1745).] Defn: A mixture of spirit and water not sweetened; hence, any intoxicating liquor. Grog blossom, a redness on the nose or face of persons who drink ardent spirits to excess. [Collog.] GROGGERY Grog"ger*y, n.; pl. Groggeries. Defn: A grogshop. [Slang, U. S.] GROGGINESS Grog"gi*ness, n. 1. State of being groggy. 2. (Man.) Defn: Tenderness or stiffness in the foot of a horse, which causes him to move in a hobbling manner. GROGGY Grog"gy, a. 1. Overcome with grog; tipsy; unsteady on the legs. [Colloq.] 2. Weakened in a fight so as to stagger; -- said of pugilists. [Cant or Slang] 3. (Man.) Defn: Moving in a hobbling manner, owing to ten der feet; -- said of a horse. Youatt. GROGRAM; GROGRAN Grog"ram, Grog"ran, n. Etym: [OF. gros-grain, lit., gros-grain, of a coarse texture. See Gross, and Grain a kernel, and cf. Grog.] Defn: A coarse stuff made of silk and mohair, or of coarse silk. GROGSHOP Grog"shop`, n. Defn: A shop or room where strong liquors are sold and drunk; a dramshop. GROIN Groin, n. Etym: [F. groin, fr. grogner to grunt, L. grunnire.] Defn: The snout of a swine. [Obs.] Chaucer. GROIN Groin, v. i. Etym: [F. grogner to grunt, grumble.] Defn: To grunt to growl; to snarl; to murmur. [Obs.] Chaucer. Bears that groined coatinually. Spenser. GROIN Groin, n. Etym: [Icel. grein distinction, division, branch; akin to Sw. gren, branch, space between the legs, Icel. greina to distinguish, divide, Sw. grena to branch, straddle. Cf. Grain a branch.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The line between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh, or the region of this line; the inguen. 2. (Arch.) Defn: The projecting solid angle formed by the meeting of two vaults, growing more obtuse as it approaches the summit. 3. (Math.) Defn: The surface formed by two such vaults. 4. A frame of woodwork across a beach to accumulate and retain shingle. [Eng.] Weale. GROIN Groin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Groined; p. pr. & vb. n. Groining.] (Arch.) Defn: To fashion into groins; to build with groins. The hand that rounded Peter's dome, And groined the aisles of Christian Rome, Wrought in a sad sincerity. Emerson. GROINED Groined, a. (Arch.) Defn: Built with groins; as, a groined ceiling; a groined vault. GROLIER Gro"lier`, n. Defn: The name by which Jean Grolier de Servier (1479-1565), a French bibliophile, is commonly known; -- used in naming a certain style of binding, a design, etc. Grolier binding, a book binding decorated with a pattern imitated from those given covers of books bound for Jean Grolier, and bearing his name and motto. --Grolier design or school, the pattern of interlacing bars, bands, or ribbons, with little scrolls of slender gold lines, assumed to be an imitation of the designs on Jean Grolier's book bindings. GROMET Grom"et, n. Defn: Same as Grommet. GROMILL Grom"ill, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Gromwell. GROMMET Grom"met, n. Etym: [F. gourmette curb, curb chain, fr. gourmer to curb, thump, beat; cf. Armor. gromm a curb, gromma to curb.] 1. A ring formed by twisting on itself a single strand of an unlaid rope; also, a metallic eyelet in or for a sail or a mailbag. Sometimes written grummet. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A ring of rope used as a wad to hold a cannon ball in place. GROMWELL Grom"well, n. Etym: [Called also gromel, grommel, graymill, and gray millet, all prob. fr. F. grmil, cf. W. cromandi.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Lithospermum (L. arvense), anciently used, because of its stony pericarp, in the cure of gravel. The German gromwell is the Stellera. [Written also gromill.] GROND Grond, Defn: obs. imp. of Grind. Chaucer. GRONTE Gron"te, Defn: obs. imp. of Groan. Chaucer. GROOM Groom, n. Etym: [Cf. Scot. grome, groyme, grume, gome, guym, man, lover, OD. grom boy, youth; perh. the r is an insertion as in E. bridegroom, and the word is the same as AS. guma man. See Bridegroom.] 1. A boy or young man; a waiter; a servant; especially, a man or boy who has charge of horses, or the stable. Spenser. 2. One of several officers of the English royal household, chiefly in the lord chamberlain's department; as, the groom of the chamber; the groom of the stole. 3. A man recently married, or about to be married; a bridegroom. Dryden. Groom porter, formerly an officer in the English royal household, who attended to the furnishing of the king's lodgings and had certain privileges. GROOM Groom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Grooming.] Defn: To tend or care for, or to curry or clean, as a, horse. GROOMER Groom"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, grooms horses; especially, a brush rotated by a flexible or jointed revolving shaft, for cleaning horses. GROOMSMAN Grooms"man, n.; pl. Groomsmen (. Defn: A male attendant of a bridegroom at his wedding; -- the correlative of bridesmaid. GROOPER Groop"er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Grouper. GROOVE Groove, n. Etym: [D. groef, groeve; akin to E. grove. See Grove.] 1. A furrow, channel, or long hollow, such as may be formed by cutting, molding, grinding, the wearing force of flowing water, or constant travel; a depressed way; a worn path; a rut. 2. Hence: The habitual course of life, work, or affairs; fixed routine. The gregarious trifling of life in the social groove. J. Morley. 3. Etym: [See Grove.] (Mining) Defn: A shaft or excavation. [Prov. Eng.] GROOVE Groove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grooved; p. pr. & vb. n. Groving.] Defn: To cut a groove or channel in; to form into channels or grooves; to furrow. GROOVER Groov"er, n. 1. One who or that which grooves. 2. A miner. [Prov. Eng.] Holloway. GROOVING Groov"ing, n. Defn: The act of forming a groove or grooves; a groove, or collection of grooves. GROPE Grope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groped; p. pr. & vb. n. Groping.] Etym: [OE. gropen, gropien, grapien, AS. gr to touch, grope, fr. gr to gripe. See Gripe.] 1. To feel with or use the hands; to handle. [Obs.] 2. To search or attempt to find something in the dark, or, as a blind person, by feeling; to move about hesitatingly, as in darkness or obscurity; to feel one's way, as with the hands, when one can not see. We grope for the wall like the blind. Is. lix. 10. To grope a little longer among the miseries and sensualities ot a worldly life. Buckminster. GROPE Grope, v. t. 1. To search out by feeling in the dark; as, we groped our way at midnight. 2. To examine; to test; to sound. [Obs.] Chaucer. Felix gropeth him, thinking to have a bribe. Genevan Test. (Acts xxiv. ). GROPER Grop"er, n. Defn: One who gropes; one who feels his way in the dark, or searches by feeling. GROPING-LY Grop"ing-ly, adv. Defn: In a groping manner. GROS Gros, n. Etym: [F. See Gross.] Defn: A heavy silk with a dull finish; as, gros de Naples; gros de Tours. GROSBEAK Gros"beak, n. Etym: [Gross + beak: cf. F. gros-bec.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of various species of finches having a large, stout beak. The common European grosbeak or hawfinch is Coccothraustes vulgaris. Note: Among the best known American species are the rose-breasted (Habia Ludoviciana); the blue (Guiraca coerulea); the pine (Pinicola enucleator); and the evening grosbeak. See Hawfinch, and Cardinal grosbeak, Evening grosbeak, under Cardinal and Evening. [Written also grossbeak.] Habia Ludoviciana). GROSCHEN Grosch"en, n. Etym: [G.] Defn: A small silver coin and money of account of Germany, worth about two cents. It is not included in the new monetary system of the empire. GROSGRAIN Gros"grain`, a. Etym: [F. Cf. Grogram.] Defn: Of a coarse texture; -- applied to silk with a heavy thread running crosswise. GROSS Gross, a. [Compar. Grosser (; superl. Grossest.] Etym: [F. gros, L. grossus, perh. fr. L. crassus thick, dense, fat, E. crass, cf. Skr. grathita tied together, wound up, hardened. Cf. Engross, Grocer, Grogram.] 1. Great; large; bulky; fat; of huge size; excessively large. "A gross fat man." Shak. A gross body of horse under the Duke. Milton. 2. Coarse; rough; not fine or delicate. 3. Not easily aroused or excited; not sensitive in perception or feeling; dull; witless. Tell her of things that no gross ear can hear. Milton. 4. Expressing, Or originating in, animal or sensual appetites; hence, coarse, vulgar, low, obscene, or impure. The terms which are delicate in one age become gross in the next. Macaulay. 5. Thick; dense; not attenuated; as, a gross medium. 6. Great; palpable; serious; vagrant; shameful; as, a gross mistake; gross injustice; gross negligence. 7. Whole; entire; total; without deduction; as, the gross sum, or gross amount, the gross weight; -- opposed to net. Gross adventure (Law) the loan of money upon bottomry, i. e., on a mortgage of a ship. -- Gross average (Law), that kind of average which falls upon the gross or entire amount of ship, cargo, and freight; -- commonly called general average. Bouvier. Burrill. -- Gross receipts, the total of the receipts, before they are diminished by any deduction, as for expenses; -- distinguished from net profits. Abbott. -- Gross weight the total weight of merchandise or goods, without deduction for tare, tret, or waste; -- distinguished from neat, or net, weight. GROSS Gross, n. Etym: [F. gros (in sense 1), grosse (in sense 2) See Gross, a.] 1. The main body; the chief part, bulk, or mass. "The gross of the enemy." Addison. For the gross of the people, they are considered as a mere herd of cattle. Burke. 2. sing. & pl. Defn: The number of twelve dozen; twelve times twelve; as, a gross of bottles; ten gross of pens. Advowson in gross (Law), an advowson belonging to a person, and not to a manor. -- A great gross, twelve gross; one hundred and forty-four dozen. -- By the gross, by the quantity; at wholesale. -- Common in gross. (Law) See under Common, n. -- In the gross, In gross, in the bulk, or the undivided whole; all parts taken together. GROSSBEAK Gross"beak`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Grosbeak. GROSS-HEADED Gross"-head`ed, a. Defn: Thick-skulled; stupid. GROSSIFICATION Gross`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Gross + L. ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] 1. The act of making gross or thick, or the state of becoming so. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The swelling of the ovary of plants after fertilization. Henslow. GROSSLY Gross"ly, adv. Defn: In a gross manner; greatly; coarsely; without delicacy; shamefully; disgracefully. GROSSNESS Gross"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being gross; thickness; corpulence; coarseness; shamefulness. Abhor the swinish grossness that delights to wound the' ear of delicacy. Dr. T. Dwight. GROSSULAR Gros"su*lar, a. Etym: [NL. grossularius, from Grossularia a subgenus of Ribes, including the gooseberry, fr. F. groseille. See Gooseberry.] Defn: Pertaining too, or resembling, a gooseberry; as, grossular garnet. GROSSULAR Gros"su*lar, n. Etym: [See Grossular, a.] (Min.) Defn: A translucent garnet of a pale green color like that of the gooseberry; -- called also grossularite. GROSSULARIA Gros`su*la"ria, n. Etym: [NL. See Grossular.] (Min.) Defn: Same as Grossular. GROSSULIN Gros"su*lin, n. Etym: [See Grossular.] (Chem.) Defn: A vegetable jelly, resembling pectin, found in gooseberries (Ribes Grossularia) and other fruits. GROT Grot, n. Etym: [F. grotte, It. grotta. See Grotto.] Defn: A grotto. [Poetic] Milton. GROT; GROTE Grot, Grote (, n. Defn: A groat. [Obs.] Chaucer. GROTESQUE Gro*tesque", a. Etym: [F., fr. It. grottesco, fr. grotta grotto. See Grotto.] Defn: Like the figures found in ancient grottoes; grottolike; wildly or strangely formed; whimsical; extravagant; of irregular forms and proportions; fantastic; ludicrous; antic. "Grotesque design." Dryden. "Grotesque incidents." Macaulay. GROTESQUE Gro*tesque, n. 1. A whimsical figure, or scene, such as is found in old crypts and grottoes. Dryden. 2. Artificial grotto-work. GROTESQUELY Gro*tesque"ly, adv. Defn: In a grotesque manner. GROTESQUENESS Gro*tesque"ness, n. Defn: Quality of being grotesque. GROTESQUERY Gro*tesqu"er*y, n. [Written also grotesquerie.] [From Grotesque.] Defn: Grotesque action, speech, or manners; grotesque doings. "The sustained grotesquery of Feather-top." K. L. Bates. Vileness, on the other hand, becomes grotesquerie, wonderfully converted into a subject of laughter. George Gissing. GROTTO Grot"to, n.; pl. Grottoes. Etym: [Formerly grotta, fr. It. grotta, LL. grupta, fr. L. crypta a con cealed subterranran passage vault, cavern, Gr. Grot, Crypt.] Defn: A natural covered opening in the earth; a cave; also, an artificial recess, cave, or cavernlike apartment. GROTTO-WORK Grot"to-work`, n. Defn: Artificial and ornamental rockwork in imitation of a grotto. Cowper. GROUND Ground, n. Etym: [OE. ground, grund, AS. grund; akin to D. grond, OS., G., Sw., & Dan. grund, Icel. grunnr bottom, Goth. grundus (in composition); perh. orig. meaning, dust, gravel, and if so perh. akin to E. grind.] 1. The surface of the earth; the outer crust of the globe, or some indefinite portion of it. There was not a man to till the ground. Gen. ii. 5. The fire ran along upon the ground. Ex. ix. 23. Hence: Defn: A floor or pavement supposed to rest upon the earth. 2. Any definite portion of the earth's surface; region; territory; country. Hence: A territory appropriated to, or resorted to, for a particular purpose; the field or place of action; as, a hunting or fishing ground; a play ground. From . . . old Euphrates, to the brook that parts Egypt from Syrian ground. Milton. 3. Land; estate; possession; field; esp. (pl.), the gardens, lawns, fields, etc., belonging to a homestead; as, the grounds of the estate are well kept. Thy next design is on thy neighbor's grounds. Dryden. 4. 4. The basis on which anything rests; foundation. Hence: The foundation of knowledge, belief, or conviction; a premise, reason, or datum; ultimate or first principle; cause of existence or occurrence; originating force or agency; as, the ground of my hope. 5. (Paint. & Decorative Art) (a) That surface upon which the figures of a composition are set, and which relieves them by its plainness, being either of one tint or of tints but slightly contrasted with one another; as, crimson Bowers on a white ground. See Background, Foreground, and Middle-ground. (b) In sculpture, a flat surface upon which figures are raised in relief. (c) In point lace, the net of small meshes upon which the embroidered pattern is applied; as, Brussels ground. See Brussels lace, under Brussels. 6. (Etching) Defn: A gummy composition spread over the surface of a metal to be etched, to prevent the acid from eating except where an opening is made by the needle. 7. (Arch.) Defn: One of the pieces of wood, flush with the plastering, to which moldings, etc., are attached; -- usually in the plural. Note: Grounds are usually put up first and the plastering floated flush with them. 8. (Mus.) (a) A composition in which the bass, consisting of a few bars of independent notes, is continually repeated to a varying melody. (b) The tune on which descants are raised; the plain song. Moore (Encyc.). On that ground I'll build a holy descant. Shak. 9. (Elec.) Defn: A conducting connection with the earth, whereby the earth is made part of an electrical circuit. 10. pl. Defn: Sediment at the bottom of liquors or liquids; dregs; lees; feces; as, coffee grounds. 11. The pit of a theater. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Ground angling, angling with a weighted line without a float. -- Ground annual (Scots Law), an estate created in land by a vassal who instead of selling his land outright reserves an annual ground rent, which becomes a perpetual charge upon the land. -- Ground ash. (Bot.) See Groutweed. -- Ground bailiff (Mining), a superintendent of mines. Simmonds. -- Ground bait, bits of bread, boiled barley or worms, etc., thrown into the water to collect the fish, Wallon. -- Ground bass or base (Mus.), fundamental base; a fundamental base continually repeated to a varied melody. -- Ground beetle (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of carnivorous beetles of the family Carabidæ, living mostly in burrows or under stones, etc. -- Ground chamber, a room on the ground floor. -- Ground cherry. (Bot.) (a) A genus (Physalis) of herbaceous plants having an inflated calyx for a seed pod: esp., the strawberry tomato (P. Alkekengi). See Alkekengl. (b) A European shrub (Prunus Chamæcerasus), with small, very acid fruit. -- Ground cuckoo. (Zoöl.) See Chaparral cock. -- Ground cypress. (Bot.) See Lavender cotton. -- Ground dove (Zoöl.), one of several small American pigeons of the genus Columbigallina, esp. C. passerina of the Southern United States, Mexico, etc. They live chiefly on the ground. -- Ground fish (Zoöl.), any fish which constantly lives on the botton of the sea, as the sole, turbot, halibut. -- Ground floor, the floor of a house most nearly on a level with the ground; -- called also in America, but not in England, the first floor. -- Ground form (Gram.), the stem or basis of a word, to which the other parts are added in declension or conjugation. It is sometimes, but not always, the same as the root. -- Ground furze (Bot.), a low slightly thorny, leguminous shrub (Ononis arvensis) of Europe and Central Asia,; -- called also rest- harrow. -- Ground game, hares, rabbits, etc., as distinguished from winged game. -- Ground hele (Bot.), a perennial herb (Veronica officinalis) with small blue flowers, common in Europe and America, formerly thought to have curative properties. -- Ground of the heavens (Astron.), the surface of any part of the celestial sphere upon which the stars may be regarded as projected. -- Ground hemlock (Bot.), the yew (Taxus baccata var. Canadensisi) of eastern North America, distinguished from that of Europe by its low, straggling stems. -- Ground hog. (Zoöl.) (a) The woodchuck or American marmot (Arctomys monax). See Woodchuck. (b) The aardvark. -- Ground hold (Naut.), ground tackle. [Obs.] Spenser. -- Ground ice, ice formed at the bottom of a body of water before it forms on the surface. -- Ground ivy. (Bot.) A trailing plant; alehoof. See Gill. -- Ground joist, a joist for a basement or ground floor; a. sleeper. -- Ground lark (Zoöl.), the European pipit. See Pipit. -- Ground laurel (Bot.). See Trailing arbutus, under Arbutus. -- Ground line (Descriptive Geom.), the line of intersection of the horizontal and vertical planes of projection. -- Ground liverwort (Bot.), a flowerless plant with a broad flat forking thallus and the fruit raised on peduncled and radiated receptacles (Marchantia polymorpha). -- Ground mail, in Scotland, the fee paid for interment in a churchyard. -- Ground mass (Geol.), the fine-grained or glassy base of a rock, in which distinct crystals of its constituents are embedded. -- Ground parrakeet (Zoöl.), one of several Australian parrakeets, of the genera Callipsittacus and Geopsittacus, which live mainly upon the ground. -- Ground pearl (Zoöl.), an insect of the family Coccidæ (Margarodes formicarum), found in ants' nests in the Bahamas, and having a shelly covering. They are strung like beads, and made into necklaces by the natives. -- Ground pig (Zoöl.), a large, burrowing, African rodent (Aulacodus Swinderianus) about two feet long, allied to the porcupines but with harsh, bristly hair, and no spines; -- called also ground rat. -- Ground pigeon (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of pigeons which live largely upon the ground, as the tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris), of the Samoan Islands, and the crowned pigeon, or goura. See Goura, and Ground dove (above). -- Ground pine. (Bot.) (a) A blue-flowered herb of the genus Ajuga (A. Chamæpitys), formerly included in the genus Teucrium or germander, and named from its resinous smell. Sir L. Hill. (b) A long, creeping, evergreen plant of the genus Lycopodium (L. clavatum); -- called also club moss. (c) A tree-shaped evergreen plant about eight inches in height, of the same genus (L. dendroideum) found in moist, dark woods in the northern part of the United States. Gray. -- Ground plan (Arch.), a plan of the ground floor of any building, or of any floor, as distinguished from an elevation or perpendicular section. -- Ground plane, the horizontal plane of projection in perspective drawing. -- Ground plate. (a) (Arch.) One of the chief pieces of framing of a building; a timber laid horizontally on or near the ground to support the uprights; a ground sill or groundsel. (b) (Railroads) A bed plate for sleepers or ties; a mudsill. (c) (Teleg.) A metallic plate buried in the earth to conduct the electric current thereto. Connection to the pipes of a gas or water main is usual in cities. Knight. -- Ground plot, the ground upon which any structure is erected; hence, any basis or foundation; also, a ground plan. -- Ground plum (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Astragalus caryocarpus) occurring from the Saskatchewan to Texas, and having a succulent plum-shaped pod. -- Ground rat. (Zoöl.) See Ground pig (above). -- Ground rent, rent paid for the privilege of building on another man's land. -- Ground robin. (Zoöl.) See Chewink. -- Ground room, a room on the ground floor; a lower room. Tatler. -- Ground sea, the West Indian name for a swell of the ocean, which occurs in calm weather and without obvious cause, breaking on the shore in heavy roaring billows; -- called also rollers, and in Jamaica, the North sea. -- Ground sill. See Ground plate (a) (above). -- Ground snake (Zoöl.), a small burrowing American snake (Celuta amoena). It is salmon colored, and has a blunt tail. -- Ground squirrel. (Zoöl.) (a) One of numerous species of burrowing rodents of the genera Tamias and Spermophilus, having cheek pouches. The former genus includes the Eastern striped squirrel or chipmunk and some allied Western species; the latter includes the prairie squirrel or striped gopher, the gray gopher, and many allied Western species. See Chipmunk, and Gopher. (b) Any species of the African genus Xerus, allied to Tamias. -- Ground story. Same as Ground floor (above). -- Ground substance (Anat.), the intercellular substance, or matrix, of tissues. -- Ground swell. (a) (Bot.) The plant groundsel. [Obs.] Holland. (b) A broad, deep swell or undulation of the ocean, caused by a long continued gale, and felt even at a remote distance after the gale has ceased. -- Ground table. (Arch.) See Earth table, under Earth. -- Ground tackle (Naut.), the tackle necessary to secure a vessel at anchor. Totten. -- Ground thrush (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of bright-colored Oriental birds of the family Pittidæ. See Pitta. -- Ground tier. (a) The lowest tier of water casks in a vessel's hold. Totten. (b) The lowest line of articles of any kind stowed in a vessel's hold. (c) The lowest range of boxes in a theater. -- Ground timbers (Shipbuilding) the timbers which lie on the keel and are bolted to the keelson; floor timbers. Knight. -- Ground tit. (Zoöl.) See Ground wren (below). -- Ground wheel, that wheel of a harvester, mowing machine, etc., which, rolling on the ground, drives the mechanism. -- Ground wren (Zoöl.), a small California bird (Chamæa fasciata) allied to the wrens and titmice. It inhibits the arid plains. Called also gronnd tit, and wren lit. -- To bite the ground, To break ground. See under Bite, Break. -- To come to the ground, To fall to the ground, to come to nothing; to fail; to miscarry. -- To gain ground. (a) To advance; to proceed forward in confict; as, an army in battle gains ground. (b) To obtain an advantage; to have some success; as, the army gains ground on the enemy. (c) To gain credit; to become more prosperous or influential. -- To get, or To gather, ground, to gain ground. [R.] "Evening mist . . . gathers ground fast." Milton. There is no way for duty to prevail, and get ground of them, but by bidding higher. South. -- To give ground, to recede; to yield advantage. These nine . . . began to give me ground. Shak. --To lose ground, to retire; to retreat; to withdraw from the position taken; hence, to lose advantage; to lose credit or reputation; to decline. -- To stand one's ground, to stand firm; to resist attack or encroachment. Atterbury. -- To take the ground to touch bottom or become stranded; -- said of a ship. GROUND Ground, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Grounding.] 1. To lay, set, or run, on the ground. 2. To found; to fix or set, as on a foundation, reason, or principle; to furnish a ground for; to fix firmly. Being rooted and grounded in love. Eph. iii. 17. So far from warranting any inference to the existence of a God, would, on the contrary, ground even an argument to his negation. Sir W. Hamilton 3. To instruct in elements or first principles. 4. (Elec.) Defn: To connect with the ground so as to make the earth a part of an electrical circuit. 5. (Fine Arts) Defn: To cover with a ground, as a copper plate for etching (see Ground, n., 5); or as paper or other materials with a uniform tint as a preparation for ornament. GROUND Ground, v. i. Defn: To run aground; to strike the bottom and remain fixed; as, the ship grounded on the bar. GROUND Ground, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Grind. Ground cock, a cock, the plug of which is ground into its seat, as distinguished from a compression cock. Knight. -- Ground glass, glass the transparency of which has been destroyed by having its surface roughened by grinding. -- Ground joint, a close joint made by grinding together two pieces, as of metal with emery and oil, or of glass with fine sand and water. GROUNDAGE Ground"age, n. Defn: A local tax paid by a ship for the ground or space it occupies while in port. Bouvier. GROUNDEDLY Ground"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a grounded or firmly established manner. Glanvill. GROUNDEN Ground"en, obs. Defn: p. p. of Grind. Chaucer. GROUNDING Ground"ing, n. Defn: The act, method, or process of laying a groundwork or foundation; hence, elementary instruction; the act or process of applying a ground, as of color, to wall paper, cotton cloth, etc.; a basis. GROUNDLESS Ground"less, a. Etym: [AS. grundleás bottomless.] Defn: Without ground or foundation; wanting cause or reason for support; not authorized; false; as, groundless fear; a groundless report or assertion. -- Ground"less*ly, adv. -- Ground"less*ness, n. GROUNDLING Ground"ling, n. Etym: [Ground + -ling.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish that keeps at the bottom of the water, as the loach. 2. A spectator in the pit of a theater, which formerly was on the ground, and without floor or benches. No comic buffoon to make the groundlings laugh. Coleridge. GROUNDLY Ground"ly, adv. Defn: Solidly; deeply; thoroughly. [Obs.] Those whom princes do once groundly hate, Let them provide to die as sure us fate. Marston. GROUNDNUT Ground"nut`, n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of the Arachis hypogæa (native country uncertain); the peanut; the earthnut. (b) A leguminous, twining plant (Apios tuberosa), producing clusters of dark purple flowers and having a root tuberous and pleasant to the taste. (c) The dwarf ginseng (Aralia trifolia). [U. S.] Gray. (d) A European plant of the genus Bunium (B. flexuosum) having an edible root of a globular shape aud sweet, aromatic taste; -- called also earthnut, earth chestnut, hawknut, and pignut. GROUNDSEL Ground"sel, n. Etym: [OE. grundswilie, AS. gpundeswylige, grundeswelge, earlier gundiswilge; gund matter, pus + swelgan to swallow. So named as being good for a running from the eye. See Swallow, v.] (Bot.) Defn: An annual composite plant (Senecio vulgaris) one of the most common, and widely distributed weeds on the globe. GROUNDSEL Ground"sel, n. Etym: [Ground + sill.] Defn: See Ground GROUNDSILL Ground"sill` Defn: GROUNDWORK Ground"work`, n. Defn: That which forms the foundation or support of anything; the basis; the essential or fundamental part; first principle. Dryden. GROUP Group, n. Etym: [F groupe, It. gruppo, groppo, cluster, bunch, packet, group; of G. origin: cf. G. krepf craw, crop, tumor, bunch. See Crop, n.] 1. A cluster, crowd, or throng; an assemblage, either of persons or things, collected without any regular form or arrangement; as, a group of men or of trees; a group of isles. 2. An assemblage of objects in a certain order or relation, or having some resemblance or common characteristic; as, groups of strata. 3. (Biol.) Defn: A variously limited assemblage of animals or planta, having some resemblance, or common characteristics in form or structure. The term has different uses, and may be made to include certain species of a genus, or a whole genus, or certain genera, or even several orders. 4. (Mus.) Defn: A number of eighth, sixteenth, etc., notes joined at the stems; -- sometimes rather indefinitely applied to any ornament made up of a few short notes. GROUP Group, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grouped; p. pr. & vb. n. Grouping.] Etym: [Cf. F. grouper. See Group, n.] Defn: To form a group of; to arrange or combine in a group or in groups, often with reference to mutual relation and the best effect; to form an assemblage of. The difficulty lies in drawing and disposing, or, as the painters term it, in grouping such a multitude of different objects. Prior. Grouped columns (Arch.), three or moro columns placed upon the same pedestal. GROUPER Group"er, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. Pg. garupa crupper. Cf. Garbupa.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of several species of valuable food fishes of the genus Epinephelus, of the family Serranidæ, as the red grouper, or brown snapper (E. morio), and the black grouper, or warsaw (E. nigritus), both from Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. (b) The tripletail (Lobotes). (c) In California, the name is often applied to the rockfishes. [Written also groper, gruper, and trooper.] GROUPING Group"ing, n. (Fine Arts) Defn: The disposal or relative arrangement of figures or objects, as in, drawing, painting, and sculpture, or in ornamental design. GROUSE Grouse, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [Prob. after the analogy of mouse, mice, fr. the earlier grice, OF. griesche meor hen: cf. F. piegrièche shrike.] (Zoöl. Defn: ) Any of the numerous species of gallinaceous birds of the family Tetraonidæ, and subfamily Tetraoninæ, inhabiting Europe, Asia, and North America. They have plump bodies, strong, well-feathered legs, and usually mottled plumage. The group includes the ptarmigans (Lagopus), having feathered feet. Note: Among the European species are the red grouse (Lagopus Scoticus) and the hazel grouse (Bonasa betulina). See Capercaidzie, Ptarmigan, and Heath grouse. Among the most important American species are the ruffed grouse, or New England partridge (Bonasa umbellus); the sharp-tailed grouse (Pediocætes phasianellus) of the West; the dusky blue, or pine grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) of the Rocky Mountains; the Canada grouse, or spruce partridge (D. Canadensis). See also Prairie hen, and Sage cock. The Old World sand grouse (Pterocles, etc.) belong to a very different family. See Pterocletes, and Sand grouse. GROUSE Grouse, v. i. Defn: To seek or shoot grouse. GROUSER Grou"ser, n. Defn: (Dredging, Pile Driving, etc.) A pointed timber attached to a boat and sliding vertically, to thrust into the ground as a means of anchorage. GROUT Grout, n. Etym: [AS. grut; akin to grytt, G. grütze, griess, Icel. grautr, Lith. grudas corn, kernel, and Z. groats.] 1. Coarse meal; ground malt; pl. groats. 2. Formerly, a kind of beer or ale. [Eng.] 3. pl. Defn: Lees; dregs; grounds. [Eng.] "Grouts of tea." Dickens. 4. A thin, coarse mortar, used for pouring into the joints of masonry and brickwork; also, a finer material, used in finishing the best ceilings. Gwilt. GROUT Grout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Grouting.] Defn: To fill up or finish with grout, as the joints between stones. GROUTHEAD Grout"head`, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Growthead. GROUTING Grout"ing, n. Defn: The process of filling in or finishing with grout; also, the grout thus filled in. Gwilt. GROUTNOL Grout"nol, n. Etym: [See Groat, and Noll, n.] [Obs.] Defn: Same as Growthead. Beau. & Fl. GROUTY Grout"y, a. Defn: Cross; sulky; sullen. [Colloq.] GROVE Grove, n. Etym: [AS. graf, fr. grafan to dig. Defn: The original sense seems to have been a lane cut through trees. See Grave, v., and cf. Groove.] A smaller group of trees than a forest, and without underwood, planted, or growing naturally as if arranged by art; a wood of small extent. Note: The Hebrew word Asherah, rendered grove in the Authorized Version of the Bible, is left untranslated in the Revised Version. Almost all modern interpreters agree that by Asherah an idol or image of some kind is intended. GROVEL Grov"el, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groveled or Grovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Groveling or Grovelling.] Etym: [From OE. grovelinge, grufelinge, adv., on the face, prone, which was misunderstood as a p. pr.; cf. OE. gruf, groff, in the same sense; of Scand. origin, cf. Icel. grufa, in a grufu on the face, prone, grufa to grovel.] 1. To creep on the earth, or with the face to the ground; to lie prone, or move uneasily with the body prostrate on the earth; to lie fiat on one's belly, expressive of abjectness; to crawl. To creep and grovel on the ground. Dryden. 2. To tend toward, or delight in, what is sensual or base; to be low, abject, or mean. GROVELER Grov"el*er, n. Defn: One who grovels; an abject wretch. [Written also groveller.] GROVELING Grov"el*ing, a. Defn: Lying prone; low; debased. [Written also grovelling.] "A groveling creature." Cowper. GROVY Grov"y, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a grove; situated in, or frequenting, groves. Dampier. GROW Grow, v. i. [imp. Grew; p. p. Grown (; p. pr. & vb. n. Growing.] Etym: [AS. grawan; akin to D. groeijen, Icel. groa, Dan. groe, Sw. gro. Cf. Green, Grass.] 1. To increase in size by a natural and organic process; to increase in bulk by the gradual assimilation of new matter into the living organism; -- said of animals and vegetables and their organs. 2. To increase in any way; to become larger and stronger; to be augmented; to advance; to extend; to wax; to accrue. Winter began to grow fast on. Knolles. Even just the sum that I do owe to you Is growing to me by Antipholus. Shak. 3. To spring up and come to matturity in a natural way; to be produced by vegetation; to thrive; to flourish; as, rice grows in warm countries. Where law faileth, error groweth. Gower. 4. To pass from one state to another; to result as an effect from a cause; to become; as, to grow pale. For his mind Had grown Suspicion's sanctuary. Byron. 5. To become attached of fixed; to adhere. Our knees shall kneel till to the ground they grow. Shak. Growing cell, or Growing slide, a device for preserving alive a minute object in water continually renewed, in a manner to permit its growth to be watched under the microscope. -- Grown over, covered with a growth. -- To grow out of, to issue from, as plants from the soil, or as a branch from the main stem; to result from. These wars have grown out of commercial considerations. A. Hamilton. -- To grow up, to arrive at full stature or maturity; as, grown up children. -- To grow together, to close and adhere; to become united by growth, as flesh or the bark of a tree severed. Howells. Syn. -- To become; increase; enlarge; augment; improve; expand; extend. GROW Grow, v. t. Defn: To cause to grow; to cultivate; to produce; as, to grow a crop; to grow wheat, hops, or tobacco. Macaulay. Syn. -- To raise; to cultivate. See Raise, v. t., 3. GROWABLE Grow"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of growth. GROWAN Grow"an, n. Etym: [Cf. Arm. grouan gravel, Corn. grow gravel, sand.] (Mining.) Defn: A decomposed granite, forming a mass of gravel, as in tin lodes in Cornwall. GROWER Grow"er, n. Defn: One who grows or produces; as, a grower of corn; also, that which grows or increases; as, a vine may be a rank or a slow grower. GROWL Growl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Growled; p. pr. & vb. e. Growling.] Etym: [D. grollen to grunt, murmur, be angry; akin to G. grollen to be angry.] Defn: To utter a deep guttural sound, sa an angry dog; to give forth an angry, grumbling sound. Gay. GROWL Growl, v. t. Defn: To express by growling. Thomson. GROWL Growl, n. Defn: The deep, threatening sound made by a surly dog; a grumbling sound. GROWLER Growl"er, n. 1. One who growls. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The large-mouthed black bass. [Local] 3. A four-wheeled cab. [Slang, Eng.] GROWLINGLY Growl"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a growling manner. GROWN Grown, Defn: p. p. of Grow. GROWSE Growse, v. i. Etym: [Cf. gruesome, grcwsome, and G. grausen to make shudder, shiver.] Defn: To shiver; to have chills. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray. GROWTH Growth, n. Etym: [Icel. groGrow.] 1. The process of growing; the gradual increase of an animal or a vegetable body; the development from a seed, germ, or root, to full size or maturity; increase in size, number, frequency, strength, etc.; augmentation; advancement; production; prevalence or influence; as, the growth of trade; the growth of power; the growth of intemperance. Idle weeds are fast in growth. Shak. 2. That which has grown or is growing; anything produced; product; consequence; effect; result. Nature multiplies her fertile growth. Milton. GROWTHEAD Growt"head`, n. Etym: [Lit., greathead.] Defn: A lazy person; a blockhead. [Obs.] Tusser. GROWTHFUL Growth"ful, a. Defn: Having capacity of growth. [R.] J. Hamilton. GROYNE Groyne, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Groin. GROZING IRON Gro"zing i"ron. 1. A tool with a hardened steel point, formerly used instead of a diamond for cutting glass. 2. (Plumbing) Defn: A tool for smoothing the solder joints of lead pipe. Knight. GRUB Grub, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grubbed, p. pr. & vb. n. Grubbing (.] Etym: [OE. grubbin., cf. E. grab, grope.] 1. To dig in or under the ground, generally for an object that is difficult to reach or extricate; to be occupied in digging. 2. To drudge; to do menial work. Richardson. GRUB Grub, v. t. 1. To dig; to dig up by the roots; to root out by digging; -- followed by up; as, to grub up trees, rushes, or sedge. They do not attempt to grub up the root of sin. Hare. 2. To supply with food. [Slang] Dickens. GRUB Grub, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of an insect, especially of a beetle; -- called also grubworm. See Illust. of Goldsmith beetle, under Goldsmith. Yet your butterfly was a grub. Shak. 2. A short, thick man; a dwarf. [Obs.] Carew. 3. Victuals; food. [Slang] Halliwell. Grub ax or axe, a kind of mattock used in grubbing up roots, etc. -- Grub breaker. Same as Grub hook (below). -- Grub hoe, a heavy hoe for grubbing. -- Grub hook, a plowlike implement for uprooting stumps, breaking roots, etc. -- Grub saw, a handsaw used for sawing marble. -- Grub Street, a street in London (now called Milton Street), described by Dr. Johnson as "much inhabited by writers of small histories, dictionaries, and temporary poems, whence any mean production is called grubstreet." As an adjective, suitable to, or resembling the production of, Grub Street. I 'd sooner ballads write, and grubstreet lays. Gap. GRUBBER Grub"ber, n. Defn: One who, or that which, grubs; especially, a machine or tool of the nature of a grub ax, .grub hook, etc. GRUBBLE Grub"ble, v. t. & i. Etym: [Freq. of grub, but cf. grabble.] Defn: To feel or grope in the dark. [Obs.] Dryden. GRUBBY Grub"by, a. Etym: [From Grub.] Defn: Dirty; unclean. [Colloq.] The grubby game of marbles. Lond. Sat. Rev. GRUBBY Grub"by, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Cottus; a sculpin. [Local, U. S.] GRUBWORM Grub"worm, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Grub, n., 1. And gnats and grubworms crowded on his view. C. Smart. GRUCCHE Grucche, v. i. Etym: [See Grudge.] Defn: To murmur; to grumble. [Obs.] What aileth you, thus for grucche and groan. Chaucer. GRUDGE Grudge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grudger; p. pr. & vb. n. Grudging.] Etym: [OE. grutchen, gruchen, grochen, to murmur, grumble, OF. grochier, grouchier, grocier, groucier; cf. Icel. krytja to murmur, krutr a murmur, or E. grunt.] 1. To look upon with desire to possess or to appropriate; to envy (one) the possession of; to begrudge; to covet; to give with reluctance; to desire to get back again; -- followed by the direct object only, or by both the direct and indirect objects. Tis not in thee To grudge my pleasures, to cut off my train. Shak. I have often heard the Presbyterians say, they did not grudge us our employments. Swift. They have grudged us contribution. Shak. 2. To hold or harbor with malicioua disposition or purpose; to cherish enviously. [Obs.] Perish they That grudge one thought against your majesty ! Shak. GRUDGE Grudge, v. i. 1. To be covetous or envious; to show discontent; to murmur; to complain; to repine; to be unwilling or reluctant. Grudge not one against another. James v. 9. He eats his meat without grudging. Shak. 2. To feel compunction or grief. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher. GRUDGE Grudge, n. 1. Sullen malice or malevolence; cherished malice, enmity, or dislike; ill will; an old cause of hatred or quarrel. Esau had conceived a mortal grudge and eumity against hie brother Jacob. South. The feeling may not be envy; it may not be imbittered by a grudge. I. Taylor. 2. Slight symptom of disease. [Obs.] Our shaken monarchy, that now lies . . . struggling againat the grudges of more dreaded calamities. Milton. Syn. -- Pique; aversion; dislike; ill will; hatred; spite. See Pique. GRUDGEFUL Grudge"ful, a. Defn: Full of grudge; envious. "Grudgeful discontent." Spenser. GRUDGEONS; GURGEONS Grud"geons, Gur"geons (, n. pl. Etym: [Prob. from P. grugir to craunch; cf. D. gruizen to crush, grind, and E. grout.] Defn: Coarse meal. [Obs.] GRUDGER Grudg"er, n. Defn: One who grudges. GRUDGINGLY Grudg"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a grudging manner. GRUDGINGNESS Grudg"ing*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of grudging, or of being full of grudge or unwillingness. GRUEL Gru"el, n. Etym: [OF. gruel, F. gruau; of German origin; cf. OHG. gruzzi groats, G. grütze, As. grut. See Grout.] Defn: A light, liquid food, made by boiling meal of maize, oatmeal, or fiour in water or milk; thin porridge. GRUELLY Gru"el*ly, a. Defn: Like gruel; of the consistence of gruel. GRUESOME Grue"some, a. Defn: Same as Grewsome. [Scot.] GRUF Gruf, adv. Etym: [Cf. Grovel.] Defn: Forwards; with one's face to the ground. [Obs.] They fellen gruf, and cryed piteously. Chaucer. GRUFF Gruff, a. [Compar. Gruffer (; superl. Gruffest.] Etym: [D. grof; akin to G. grob, OHG. gerob, grob, Dan. grov, Sw. grof, perh. akin to AS. rcófan to break, Z. reavc, rupture, g- standing for the AS. prefix ge-, Goth. ga-.] Defn: Of a rough or stern manner, voice, or countenance; sour; surly; severe; harsh. Addison. Gruff, disagreeable, sarcastic remarks. Thackeray. -- Gruff"ly, adv. -- Gruff"ness, n. GRUGRU PALM Gru"gru palm". (Bot.) Defn: A West Indian name for several kinds of palm. See Macaw tree, under Macaw. [Written also grigri palm.] GRUGRU WORM Gru"gru worm". (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva or grub of a large South American beetle (Calandra palmarum), which lives in the pith of palm trees and sugar cane. It is eaten by the natives, and esteemed a delicacy. GRUM Grum, a. Etym: [Cf. Dan. grum furious, Sw. grym, AS. gram, and E. grim, and grumble. 1. Morose; severe of countenance; sour; surly; glum; grim. "Nick looked sour and grum." Arbuthnof. 2. Low; deep in the throat; guttural; rumbling; as, GRUMBLE Grum"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Grunbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Grumbling.] Etym: [Cf. LG. grummeln, grumman, D. grommelen, grommen, and F. grommeler, of German origin; cf. W. grwm, murmur, grumble, surly. sq. root35. Cf. Grum, Grim.] 1. To murmur or mutter with discontent; to make ill-natured complaints in a low voice and a surly manner. L'Avare, not using half his store, Still grumbles that he has no more. Prior. 2. To growl; to snarl in deep tones; as, a lion grumbling over his prey. 3. To rumble; to make a low, harsh, and heavy sound; to mutter; as, the distant thunder grumbles. GRUMBLE Grum"ble, v. t. Defn: To express or utter with grumbling. GRUMBLE Grum"ble, n. 1. The noise of one that grumbles. 2. A grumbling, discontented disposition. A bad case of grumble. Mrs. H. H. Jacksn. GRUMBLER Grum"bler, n. Defn: One who grumbles. GRUMBLINGLY Grum"bling*ly, adv. Defn: In a grumbling manner. GRUME Grume, n. Etym: [OF. grume, cf. F. grumeau a little heap, clot of blood, dim. fr. L. grumus.] Defn: A thick, viscid fluid; a clot, as of blood. Quincy. GRUMLY Grum"ly, adv. Defn: In a grum manner. GRUMOSE Gru*mose", a. (Bot.) Defn: Clustered in grains at intervals; grumous. GRUMOUS Gru"mous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. grumeleux. See Grume.] 1. Resembling or containing grume; thick; concreted; clotted; as, grumous blood. 2. (Bot.) Defn: See Grumose. GRUMOUSNESS Gru"mous*ness, n. Defn: The state of being grumous. GRUMPILY gRUMPI*LY, ADV. Defn: In a surly manner; sullenly. [Colloq.] GRUMPY gRUMPY, a. Etym: [Cf. Grumblle, and Grum.] Defn: Surly; dissatisfied; grouty. [Collog.] Ferby. GRUNDEL Grun"del, n. Etym: [See Groundling.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A groundling (fish). [Prov. Eng.] GRUNDSEL Grundsel, n. Defn: Grounsel. [Obs.] GRUNDYISM Grun"dy*ism, n. Defn: Narrow and unintelligent conventionalism. -- Grun"dy*ist, n. GRUNT Grunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Grunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Grunting.] Etym: [OE. grunten; akin to As. grunian, G. grunzen, Dan. grynte, Sw. grymta; all prob. of imitative; or perh. akin to E. groan.] Defn: To make a deep, short noise, as a hog; to utter a short groan or a deep guttural sound. Who would fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life. Shak. Grunting ox (Zoöl.), the yak. GRUNT Grunt, n. 1. A deep, guttural sound, as of a hog. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of American food fishes, of the genus Hæmulon, allied to the snappers, as, the black grunt (A. Plumieri), and the redmouth grunt (H. aurolineatus), of the Southern United States; -- also applied to allied species of the genera Pomadasys, Orthopristis, and Pristopoma. Called also pigfish, squirrel fish, and grunter; -- so called from the noise it makes when taken. GRUNTER Grunt"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, grunts; specifically, a hog. "Bristled grunters." Tennyson. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several American marine fishes. See Sea robin, and Grunt, n., 2. 3. (Brass Founding) Defn: A hook used in lifting a crucible. GRUNTINGLY Grunt"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a grunting manner. GRUNTLE Grun"tle, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of grunt.] Defn: To grunt; to grunt repeatedly. [Obs.] GRUNTLING Grunt"ling, n. Defn: A young hog. GRUTCH Grutch, v. Defn: See Grudge. [Obs.] Hudibras. GRUYERE CHEESE Gru"yère` cheese Defn: '' (Gruyère, Switzerland. It is a firm cheese containing numerous cells, and is known in the United States as Schweitzerkäse. GRY Gry, n. Etym: [Gr 1. A measure equal to one tenth of a line. [Obs.] Locke. 2. Anything very small, or of little value. [R.] GRYDE Gryde, v. i. Defn: To gride. See Gride. Spenser. GRYFON Gryf"on, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Griffin. Spenser. GRYLLUS Gryl"lus, n. Etym: [L., locust.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of insects including the common crickets. GRYPE Grype, v. t. Defn: To gripe. [Obs.] See Gripe. Spenser. GRYPE Grype, n. Etym: [Gr. gry`f, grypo`s, griffin. See Griffin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A vulture; the griffin. [Written also gripe.] [Obs.] GRYPHAEA Gry*phæ"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. I gryphus, or qryps, gen. gryphis, a griffin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of cretaceous fossil shells allied to the oyster. GRYPHITE Gryph"ite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. gryphite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A shell of the genus Gryphea. GRYPHON Gryph"on, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The griffin vulture. GRYSBOK Grys"bok n. Etym: [D. grijs gray + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small South African antelope (Neotragus melanotis). It is speckled with gray and chestnut, above; the under parts are reddish fawn. GUACHARO Gua*cha"ro, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. guácharo sickly, dropsical, guacharaca a sort of bird.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A nocturnal bird of South America and Trinidad (Steatornis Caripensis, or S. steatornis); -- called also oilbird. Note: It resembles the goatsuckers and nighthawks, but feeds on fruits, and nests in caverns. A pure oil, used in place of butter, is extracted from the young by the natives. GUACHO Gua"cho, n.; pl. Guachos ( Etym: [Spanish American.] 1. One of the mixed-blood (Spanish-Indian) inhabitants of the pampas of South America; a mestizo. 2. An Indian who serves as a messenger. GUACO Gua"co, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Bot.) (a) A plant (Aristolochia anguicida) of Carthagena, used as an antidote to serpent bites. Lindley. (b) The Mikania Guaco, of Brazil, used for the same purpose. GUAIAC Gua"iac, a. Etym: [See Guaiacum.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, guaiacum. -- n. Guaiacum. GUAIACOL Guai"a*col, n. [Guaiacum + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless liquid, C7H8O2, with a peculiar odor. It is the methyl ether of pyrocatechin, and is obtained by distilling guaiacum from wood-tar creosote, and in other ways. It has been used in treating pulmonary tuberculosis. GUAIACUM Gua"ia*cum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Sp. guayaco, from native name in Hayti.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of small, crooked trees, growing in tropical America. 2. The heart wood or the resin of the Guaiacum offinale or lignum- vitæ, a large tree of the West Indies and Central America. It is much used in medicine. [Written also guaiac.] GUAN Guan, n. ((Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of many species of large gallinaceous birds of Certal and South America, belonging to Penelope, Pipile, Ortalis, and allied genera. Several of the species are often domesticated. GUANA Gua"na, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Iguana. GUANACO Gua*na"co, n.; pl. Guanacos. Etym: [Sp. guanaco, Peruv. huanacu. Cf. Huanaco.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American mammal (Auchenia huanaco), allied to the llama, but of larger size and more graceful form, inhabiting the southern Andes and Patagonia. It is supposed by some to be the llama in a wild state. [Written also huanaco.] GUANIDINE Gua"ni*dine, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A strongly alkaline base, CN3H5, formed by the oxidation of guanin, and also obtained combined with methyl in the decomposition of creatin. Boiled with dilute sulphuric acid, it yields urea and ammonia. GUANIFEROUS Gua*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Guano + -ferous.] Defn: Yielding guano. Ure. GUANIN Gua"nin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A crystalline substance (C5H5N5O) contained in guano. It is also a constituent of the liver, pancreas, and other glands in mammals. GUANO Gua"no, n.; pl. Guanos. Etym: [Sp. guano, fr. Peruv. huanu dung.] Defn: A substance found in great abundance on some coasts or islands frequented by sea fowls, and composed chiefly of their excrement. It is rich in phosphates and ammonia, and is used as a powerful fertilizer. GUARA Gua"ra, n. Etym: [Braz. guará.] (Zoöl.) (a) The scarlet ibis. See Ibis. (b) A large-maned wild dog of South America (Canis jubatus) -- named from its cry. GUARANA Gua"ra*na`, n. Etym: [Pg.] (Med.) Defn: A preparation from the seeds of Paullinia sorbilis, a woody climber of Brazil, used in making an astringent drink, and also in the cure of headache. GUARANINE Gua"ra*nine`, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid extracted from guarana. Same as Caffeine. GUARANTEE Guar`an*tee", n.; pl. Guarantees. Etym: [For guaranty, prob. influenced by words like assignee, lessee, etc. See Guaranty, and cf. Warrantee.] 1. In law and common usage: A promise to answer for the payment of some debt, or the performance of some duty, in case of the failure of another person, who is, in the first instance, liable to such payment or performance; an engagement which secures or insures another against a contingency; a warranty; a security. Same as Guaranty. His interest seemed to be a guarantee for his zeal. Macaulay. 2. One who binds himself to see an undertaking of another performed; a guarantor. South. Note: Guarantor is the correct form in this sense. 3. (Law) Defn: The person to whom a guaranty is made; -- the correlative of guarantor. Syn. -- Guarantee, Warranty. A guarantee is an engagement that a certain act will be done or not done in future. A warranty is an engagement as to the qualities or title of a thing at the time of the engagement. GUARANTEE Guar"an*tee`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. guaranteed; p, pr. & vb. n. Guaranteeing.] Etym: [From Guarantee, n.] Defn: In law and common usage: to undertake or engage for the payment of (a debt) or the performance of (a duty) by another person; to undertake to secure (a possession, right, claim, etc.) to another against a specified contingency, or at all avents; to give a guarantee concerning; to engage, assure, or secure as a thing that may be depended on; to warrant; as, to guarantee the execution of a treaty. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government. Constitution of the U. S. GUARANTOR Guar"an*tor`, n. Etym: [See Guaranty, and cf. Warrantor.] (Law) (a) One who makes or gives a guaranty; a warrantor; a surety. (b) One who engages to secure another in any right or possession. GUARANTY Guar"an*ty, n.; pl. Guaranies. Etym: [OF. guarantie, garantie, F. garantie, OF. guarantir, garantir, to warrant, to guaranty, E. garantir, fr. OF. guarant, garant, a warranter, F. garant; of German origin, and from the same word as warranty. See Warrant, and cf. Warranty, Guarantee.] Defn: In law and common usage: An undertaking to answer for the payment of some debt, or the performance of some contract or duty, of another, in case of the failure of such other to pay or perform; a guarantee; a warranty; a security. GUARANTY Guar"an*ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guarantied; p. pr. & vb. n. Guarantying.] Etym: [From Guaranty, n.] Defn: In law and common usage: To undertake or engage that another person shall perform (what he hass stipulated); to undertake to be answerable for (the debt or default of another); to engage to answer for the performance of (some promise or duty by another) in case of a failure by the latter to perform; to undertake to secure (something) to another, as in the case of a contingency. See Guarantee, v. t. Note: Guaranty agrees in form with warranty. Both guaranty and guarantee are well authorized by legal writers in the United States. The prevailing spelling, at least for the verb, is guarantee. GUARD Guard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guarded; p. pr. &, vb. n. Gurding.] Etym: [OF. guarder, garder, warder, F. garder, fr. OHG. wart to be on the watch, await, G. marten. See Ward, v. & n., and cf. Guard, n.] 1. To protect from danger; to secure against surprise, attack, or injury; to keep in safety; to defend; to shelter; to shield from surprise or attack; to protect by attendance; toaccompany for protection; to vare for. For Heaven still guards the right. Shak. 2. To keep watch over, in order to prevent escape or restrain from acts of violence, or the like. 3. To protect the edge of, esp. with an ornamental border; hence, to face or ornament with lists, laces, etc. The body of your discourse it sometime guarded with fragments, and the guards are but slightly basted on neither. Shak. 4. To fasten by binding; to gird. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Syn. -- To defend, protect, shield; keep; watch. GUARD Guard (gärd), v. i. Defn: To watch by way of caution or defense; to be caution; to be in a state or position of defense or safety; as, careful persons guard against mistakes. GUARD Guard, n. Etym: [OF. guarde, F. garde; of German origin; cf. OHG. wart, marto, one who watches, mata a watching, Goth. wardja watchman. See Guard, v. t.] 1. One who, or that which, guards from injury, danger, exposure, or attack; defense; protection. His greatness was no guard to bar heaven's shaft. Shak. 2. A man, or body of men, stationed to protect or control a person or position; a watch; a sentinel. The guard which kept the door of the king's house. Kings xiv. 27. 3. One who has charge of a mail coach or a railway train; a conductor. [Eng.] 4. Any fixture or attachment designed to protect or secure against injury, soiling, or defacement, theft or loss; as: (a) That part of a sword hilt which protects the hand. (b) Ornamental lace or hem protecting the edge of a garment. (c) A chain or cord for fastening a watch to one's person or dress. (d) A fence or rail to prevent falling from the deck of a vessel. (e) An extension of the deck of a vessel beyond the hull; esp., in side-wheel steam vessels, the framework of strong timbers, which curves out on each side beyond the paddle wheel, and protects it and the shaft against collision. (f) A plate of metal, beneath the stock, or the lock frame, of a gun or pistol, having a loop, called a bow, to protect the trigger. (g) (Bookbinding) An interleaved strip at the back, as in a scrap book, to guard against its breaking when filled. 5. A posture of defense in fencing, and in bayonet and saber exercise. 6. An expression or admission intended to secure against objections or censure. They have expressed themselves with as few guards and restrictions as I. Atterbury. 7. Watch; heed; care; attention; as, to keep guard. 8. (Zoöl.) Defn: The fibrous sheath which covers the phragmacone of the Belemnites. Note: Guard is often used adjectively or in combination; as, guard boat or guardboat; guardroom or guard room; guard duty. Advanced guard, Coast guard, etc. See under Advanced, Coast, etc. -- Grand guard (Mil.), one of the posts of the second line belonging to a system of advance posts of an army. Mahan. -- Guard boat. (a) A boat appointed to row the rounds among ships of war in a harbor, to see that their officers keep a good lookout. (b) A boat used by harbor authorities to enforce the observance of quarantine regulations. -- Guard cells (Bot.), the bordering cells of stomates; they are crescent-shaped and contain chlorophyll. -- Guard chamber, a guardroom. -- Guard detail (Mil.men from a company regiment etc., detailed for guard duty. -- Guard duty (Mil.), the duty of watching patrolling, etc., performed by a sentinel or sentinels. -- Guard lock (Engin.), a tide lock at the mouth of a dock or basin. -- Guard of honor (Mil.), a guard appointed to receive or to accompany eminent persons. -- Guard rail (Railroads), a rail placed on the inside of a main rail, on bridges, at switches, etc., as a safeguard against derailment. -- Guard ship, a war vessel appointed to superintend the marine affairs in a harbor, and also, in the English service, to receive seamen till they can be distributed among their respective ships. -- Life guard (Mil.), a body of select troops attending the person of a prince or high officer. -- Off one's guard, in a careless state; inattentive; unsuspicious of danger. -- On guard, serving in the capacity of a guard; doing duty as a guard or sentinel; watching. -- On one's guard, in a watchful state; alert; vigilant. -- To mount guard (Mil.), to go on duty as a guard or sentinel. -- To run the guard, to pass the watch or sentinel without leave. Syn. -- Defense; shield; protection; safeguard; convoy; escort; care; attention; watch; heed. GUARDABLE Guard"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. gardable. See Guard, v. t.] Defn: Capable of being guarded or protected. GUARDAGE Guard"age, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. wardage. See Guard, v. t.] Defn: Wardship [Obs.] Shak. GUARDANT Guard"ant, a. Etym: [OF. guardant, p. pr. of guard. See Guard, v. t.] 1. Acting as guardian. [Obs.] Shak. 2. (Her.) Defn: Same as Gardant. GUARDANT Guard"ant, n. Defn: A guardian. [Obs.] Shak. GUARDED Guard"ed, a. Defn: Cautious; wary; circumspect; as, he was guarded in his expressions; framed or uttered with caution; as, his expressions were guarded. -- Guard"edly, adv. -- Guard"ed*ness, n. GUARDENAGE Guard"en*age, n. Defn: Guardianship. [Obs. & R.] " His tuition and guardenage." Holland. GUARDER Guard"er, n. Defn: One who guards. GUARDFISH Guard"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The garfish. GUARDFUL Guard"ful, a. Defn: Cautions; wary; watchful. [Obs. or Poetic.] -- Guard"ful*ly, adv. GUARDHOUSE Guard"house`, n. (Mil.) Defn: A building which is occupied by the guard, and in which soldiers are confined for misconduct; hence, a lock-up. GUARDIAN Guard"i*an, n. Etym: [OF. guardain, gardien, F. gardien, LL. guardianus. See Guard, v. t., and cf. Wasden.] 1. One who guards, preserves, or secures; one to whom any person or thing is committed for protection, security, or preservation from injury; a warden. 2. (Law) Defn: One who has, or is entitled to, the custody of the person or property of an infant, a minor without living parents, or a person incapable of managing his own affairs. Of the several species of guardians, the first are guardians by nature. -- viz., the father and (in some cases) the mother of the child. Blockstone. Guardian ad litem ( (Law), a guardian appointed by a court of justice to conduct a particular suit. -- Guardians of the poor, the members of a board appointed or elected to care for the relief of the poor within a township, or district. GUARDIAN Guard"i*an, a. Defn: Performing, or appropriate to, the office of a protector; as, a guardian care. Feast of Guardian Angels (R. C. Ch.) a church festival instituted by Pope Paul V., and celebrated on October 2d. -- Guardian angel. (a) The particular spiritual being believed in some branches of the Christian church to have guardianship and protection of each human being from birth. (b) Hence, a protector or defender in general. O. W. Holmes. -- Guardian spirit, in the belief of many pagan nations, a spirit, often of a deceased relative or friend, that presides over the interests of a household, a city, or a region. GUARDIANAGE Guard"i*an*age, n. Defn: Guardianship. [Obs.] GUARDIANCE Guard"i*ance, n. Defn: Guardianship. [Obs.] GUARDIANESS Guard"i*an*ess, n. Defn: A female guardian. I have placed a trusty, watchful guardianess. Beau. & Fl. GUARDIANLESS Guard"i*an*less, a. Defn: Without a guardian. Marston. GUARDIANSHIP Guard"i*an*ship, n. Defn: The office, duty, or care, of a guardian; protection; care; watch. GUARDLESS Guard"less, a. Defn: Without a guard or defense; unguarded. Chapman. GUARDROOM Guard"room`, n. (Mil.) Defn: The room occupied by the guard during its term of duty; also, a room where prisoners are confined. GUARDS Guards (gärdz), n. pl. Defn: A body of picked troops; as, "The Household Guards." GUARDSHIP Guard"ship, n. Defn: Care; protection. [Obs.] Swift. GUARDSMAN Guards"man, n.; pl. Guardsmen (. 1. One who guards; a guard. 2. A member, either officer or private, of any military body called Guards. GUARISH Guar"ish, v. t. Etym: [OF. guarir, garir, F. guérir.] Defn: To heal. [Obs.] Spenser. GUATEMALA GRASS Gua`te*ma"la grass". (Bot.) Defn: See Teosinte. GUAVA Gua"va, n. Etym: [Sp. guayaba the guava fruit, guayabo the guava tree; prob. fr. the native West Indian name.] Defn: A tropical tree, or its fruit, of the genus Psidium. Two varieties are well known, the P. pyriferum, or white guava, and P. pomiferum, or red guava. The fruit or berry is shaped like a pomegranate, but is much smaller. It is somewhat astringent, but makes a delicious jelly. GUBERNANCE Gu"ber*nance, n. Defn: Government. [Obs.] GUBERNATE Gu"ber*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. gubernatus, p. p. of gubernare. See Govern.] Defn: To govern. [Obs.] Cockeram. GUBERNATION Gu"ber*na`tion, n. Etym: [L. gubernatio.] Defn: The act of governing; government [Obs.] I. Watts. GUBERNATIVE Gu"ber*na*tive, a. Defn: Governing. [Obs.] GUBERNATORIAL Gu"ber*na*to`ri*al, a. Etym: [L. gubernator governor. See Gabernate.] Defn: Pertaining to a governor, or to government. GUDGEON Gud"geon, n. Etym: [OE. gojon, F. goujon, from L. gobio, or gob, Gr. 1st Goby. ] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European freshwater fish (Gobio fluviatilis), allied to the carp. It is easily caught and often used for food and for bait. In America the killifishes or minnows are often called gudgeons. 2. What may be got without skill or merit. Fish not, with this melancholy bait, For this fool gudgeon, this opinion. Shak. 3. A person easily duped or cheated. Swift. 4. (Mach.) Defn: The pin of iron fastened in the end of a wooden shaft or axle, on which it turns; formerly, any journal, or pivot, or bearing, as the pintle and eye of a hinge, but esp. the end journal of a horizontal. 6. (Naut.) Defn: A metal eye or socket attached to the sternpost to receive the pintle of the rudder. Ball gudgeon. See under Ball. GUDGEON Gud"geon, v. t. Defn: To deprive fraudulently; to cheat; to dupe; to impose upon. [R.] To be gudgeoned of the opportunities which had been given you. Sir IV. Scott. GUE Gue, n. Defn: A sharper; a rogue. [Obs.] J. Webstar. GUEBER; GUEBRE Gue"ber Gue"bre, n. Defn: Same as Gheber. GUELDERROSE Guel"der*rose, n. Etym: [Supposed to be brought from Guelderland; hence, D. Geldersche roos, G. Gelderische rose, F. rose de Gueldre, It. rose di Gueldra, Sp. rosa de Gueldres.] (Bot.) Defn: A cultivated variety of a species of Viburnum (V. Opulus), bearing large bunches of white flowers; -- called also snowball tree. GUELPH; GUELF Guelph, Guelf, n. Etym: [It. Guelfo, from Welf, the name of a German family.] (Hist.) Defn: One of a faction in Germany and Italy, in the 12th and 13th centuries, which supported the House of Guelph and the pope, and opposed the Ghibellines, or faction of the German emperors. GUELPHIC; GUELFIC Guelph"ic, Guelf"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the family or the facttion of the Guelphs. GUENON Guenon", n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several long-tailed Oriental monkeys, of the genus Cercocebus, as the green monkey and grivet. GUEPARDE Gue`parde", n. Etym: [Cf. F. guépard.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The cheetah. GUERDON Guer"don, n. Etym: [OF. guerdon, guerredon, LL. widerdonum (influenced by L. donum gift, cf. Donation ), fr. OHG. widarl; widar again, against (G. wider wieder) + lon reward, G. lohn, akin to AS. leán Goth. laun. See Withers.] Defn: A reward; requital; recompense; -- used in both a good and a bad sense. Macaulay. So young as to regard men's frown or smile As loss or guerdon of a glorious lot. Byron. He shall, by thy revenging hand, at once receive the just guerdon of all his former villainies. Knolles. GUERDON Guer"don, v. t. Etym: [OF. guerdonner, guerredonner. See Guerdon, n.] Defn: To give guerdon to; to reward; to be a recompense for. [R.] Him we gave a costly bribe To guerdon silence. Tennyson. GUERDONABLE Guer"don*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. guerredonable.] Defn: Worthy of reward. Sir G. Buck. GUERDONLESS Guer"don*less, a. Defn: Without reward or guerdon. GUEREZA Gue*re"za, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A beautiful Abyssinian monkey (Colobus guereza), having the body black, with a fringe of long, silky, white hair along the sides, and a tuft of the same at the end of the tail. The frontal band, cheeks, and chin are white. GUERILLA Gue*ril"la, a. Defn: See Guerrilla. GUERITE Guer"ite, n. Etym: [F. guérite.] (Fort.) Defn: A projecting turret for a sentry, as at the salient angles of works, or the acute angles of bastions. GUERNSEY LILY Guern"sey lil"y. (Bot.) Defn: A South African plant (Nerine Sarniensis) with handsome lilylike flowers, naturalized on the island of Guernsey. GUERRILLA Guer*ril"la, n. Etym: [Sp., lit., a little war, skirmish, dim. of guerra war, fr. OHG. werra discord, strife. See War.] 1. An irregular mode of carrying on war, by the constant attacks of independent bands, adopted in the north of Spain during the Peninsular war. 2. One who carries on, or assists in carrying on, irregular warfare; especially, a member of an independent band engaged in predatory excursions in war time. Note: The term guerrilla is the diminutive of the Spanish word guerra, war, and means petty war, that is, war carried on by detached parties; generally in the mountains. . . . A guerrilla party means, an irregular band of armed men, carrying on an irregular war, not being able, according to their character as a guerrilla party, to carry on what the law terms a regular war. F. Lieder. GUERRILLA Guer*ril"la, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or engaged in, warfare carried on irregularly and by independent bands; as, a guerrilla party; guerrilla warfare. GUESS Guess, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guessed; p. pr. & vb. n. Guessing.] Etym: [OE. gessen; akin to Dan. gisse, Sw. gissa, Icel. gizha, D. gissen: cf. Dan. giette to guess, Icel. geta to get, to guess. Probably originally, to try to get, and akin to E. get. See Get.] 1. To form an opinion concerning, without knowledge or means of knowledge; to judge of at random; to conjecture. First, if thou canst, the harder reason guess. Pope. 2. To judge or form an opinion of, from reasons that seem preponderating, but are not decisive. We may then guess how far it was from his design. Milton. Of ambushed men, whom, by their arms and dress, To be Taxallan enemies I guess. Dryden. 3. To solve by a correct conjecture; to conjecture rightly; as, he who guesses the riddle shall have the ring; he has guessed my designs. 4. To hit upon or reproduce by memory. [Obs.] Tell me their words, as near as thou canst guess them. Shak. 5. To think; to suppose; to believe; to imagine; -- followed by an objective clause. Not all together; better far, I guess, That we do make our entrance several ways. Shak. But in known images of life I guess The labor greater. Pope. Syn. -- To conjecture; suppose; surmise; suspect; divine; think; imagine; fancy. -- To Guess, Think, Reckon. Guess denotes, to attempt to hit upon at random; as, to guess at a thing when blindfolded; to conjecture or form an opinion on hidden or very slight grounds: as, to guess a riddle; to guess out the meaning of an obscure passage. The use of the word guess for think or believe, although abundantly sanctioned by good English authors, is now regarded as antiquated and objectionable by discriminating writers. It may properly be branded as a colloguialism and vulgarism when used respecting a purpose or a thing about which there is no uncertainty; as, I guess I 'll go to bed. GUESS Guess, v. i. Defn: To make a guess or random judgment; to conjecture; -- with at, about, etc This is the place, as well as I may guess. Milton. GUESS Guess, n. Defn: An opinion as to anything, formed without sufficient or decisive evidence or grounds; an attempt to hit upon the truth by a random judgment; a conjecture; a surmise. A poet must confess His art 's like physic -- but a happy guess. Dryden. GUESSABLE Guess"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being guessed. GUESSER Guess"er, n. Defn: One who guesses; one who forms or gives an opinion without means of knowing. GUESSINGLY Guess"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By way of conjecture. Shak. GUESSIVE Guess"ive, a. Defn: Conjectural. [Obs.] Feltham. GUESS ROPE Guess" rope". (Naut.) Defn: A guess warp. GUESS WARP Guess" warp". (Naut.) Defn: A rope or hawser by which a vessel is towed or warped along; -- so called because it is necessary to guess at the length to be carried in the boat making the attachment to a distant object. GUESSWORK Guess"work`, n. Defn: Work performed, or results obtained, by guess; conjecture. GUEST Guest, n. Etym: [OE. gest, AS. gæst, gest; akin to OS., D., & G. gust, Icel gestr, Sw. gäst, Dan. Gjäst, Goth. gast, Russ. goste, and to L. hostis enemy, stranger; the meaning stranger is the older one, but the root is unknown. Cf. Host an army, Hostile.] 1. A visitor; a person received and entertained in one's house or at one's table; a visitor entertained without pay. To cheer his gueste, whom he had stayed that night. Spenser. True friendship's laws are by this rule exprest. Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest. Pope. GUEST Guest, v. t. Defn: To receive or entertain hospitably. [Obs.] Sylvester. GUEST Guest, v. i. Defn: To be, or act the part of, a guest. [Obs.] And tell me, best of princes, who he was That guested here so late. Chapman. GUEST ROPE Guest" rope". (Naut.) Defn: The line by which a boat makes fast to the swinging boom. Ham. Nav. Encyc. GUESTWISE Guest"wise", adv. Defn: In the manner of a guest. GUEVI Gue"vi, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several very small species and varieties of African antelopes, of the genus Cephalophus, as the Cape guevi or kleeneboc (C. pyg. mæa); -- called also pygmy antelope. GUFFAW Guf*faw" (, n. Defn: A loud burst of laughter, a horse laugh. "A hearty low guffaw." Carlyle. GUFFER Guf"fer, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The eelpout; guffer eel. GUGGLE Gug"gle, v. i. Defn: See Gurgle. GUHR Guhr, n. Etym: [G.] Defn: A loose, earthy deposit from water, found in the cavities or clefts of rocks, mostly white, but sometimes red or yellow, from a mixture of clay or ocher. P. Cleaveland. GUIAC Gui"ac, n. Defn: Same as Guaiac. GUIACOL Gui"a*col, n. Etym: [Guiac + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless liquid, C6H4,OCH3.OH, resembling the phenols, found as a constituent of woodtar creosote, aud produced by the dry distillation of guaiac resin. GUIACUM Gui"a*cum, n. Defn: Same as Guaiacum. GUIB Guib, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A West African antelope (Tragelaphus scriptus), curiously marked with white stripes and spots on a reddish fawn ground, and hence called harnessed antelope; -- called also guiba. GUICOWAR Gui"co*war, n. Defn: [Mahratta gaekwar, prop., a cowherd.] The title of the sovereign of Guzerat, in Western India; -- generally called the Guicowar of Baroda, which is the capital of the country. GUIDABLE Guid"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being guided; willing to be guided or counseled. Sprat. GUIDAGE Guid"age, n. Etym: [See Guide.] 1. The reward given to a guide for services. [R.] Ainsworth. 2. Guidance; lead; direction. [R.] Southey. GUIDANCE Guid"ance, n. Etym: [See Guide.] Defn: The act or result of guiding; the superintendence or assistance of a guide; direction; government; a leading. His studies were without guidance and without plan. Macaulay. GUIDE Guide, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guided; p. pr. & vb. n. Guiding.] Etym: [OE. guiden, gyden, F. guiaer, It. guidare; prob. of Teutonic origin; cf. Goth. ritan to watch over, give heed to, Icel. viti signal, AS. witan to know. The word prob. meant, to indicate, point to, and hence, to show the way. Cf. Wit, Guy a rope, Gye.] 1. To lead or direct in a way; to conduct in a course or path; to pilot; as, to guide a traveler. I wish . . . you 'ld guide me to your sovereign's court. Shak. 2. To regulate and manage; to direct; to order; to superintend the training or education of; to instruct and influence intellectually or morally; to train. He will guide his affairs with discretion. Ps. cxii. 5. The meek will he guide in judgment. Ps. xxv. 9. GUIDE Guide, n. Etym: [OE. giae, F. guide, It. guida. See Guide, v. t.] 1. A person who leads or directs another in his way or course, as in a strange land; one who exhibits points of interest to strangers; a conductor; also, that which guides; a guidebook. 2. One who, or that which, directs another in his conduct or course of lifo; a director; a regulator. He will be our guide, even unto death. Ps. xlviii. 14. 3. Any contrivance, especially one having a directing edge, surface, or channel, for giving direction to the motion of anything, as water, an instrument, or part of a machine, or for directing the hand or eye, as of an operator; as: (a) (Water Wheels) A blade or channel for directing the flow of water to the wheel buckets. (b) (Surgery) Defn: A grooved director for a probe or knife. (c) (Printing) A strip or device to direct the compositor's eye to the line of copy he is setting. 4. (Mil.) Defn: A noncommissioned officer or soldier placed on the directiug flank of each subdivision of a column of troops, or at the end of a line, to mark the pivots, formations, marches, and alignments in tactics. Farrow. Guide bar (Mach.), the part of a steam engine on which the crosshead slides, and by which the motion of the piston rod is kept parallel to the cylinder, being a substitute for the parallel motion; -- called also guide, and slide bar. -- Guide block (Steam Engine), a block attached in to the crosshead to work in contact with the guide bar. -- Guide meridian. (Surveying) See under Meridian. -- Guide pile (Engin.), a pile driven to mark a place, as a point to work to. -- Guide pulley (Mach.), a pulley for directing or changing the line of motion of belt; an idler. Knight. -- Guide rail (Railroads), an additional rail, between the others, gripped by horizontal driving wheels on the locomotive, as a means of propulsion on steep gradients. GUIDEBOARD Guide"board`, n. Defn: A board, as upon a guidepost having upon it directions or information as to the road. Lowell. GUIDEBOOK Guide"book`, n. Defn: A book of directions and information for travelers, tourists, etc. GUIDELESS Guide"less, a. Defn: Without a guide. Dryden. GUIDEPOST Guide"post`, n. Defn: A post at the fork of a road, with a guideboard on it, to direct travelers. GUIDER Guid"er, n. Defn: A guide; a director. Shak. GUIDERESS Guid"er*ess, n. Defn: A female guide. [Obs.] Chaucer. GUIDE ROPE Guide rope. (Aëronautics) Defn: A rope hung from a balloon or dirigible so as trail along the ground for about half its length, used to preserve altitude automatically, by variation of the length dragging on the ground, without loss of ballast or gas. GUIDGUID Guid"guid`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American ant bird of the genus Hylactes; -- called also barking bird. GUIDON Gui"don, n. Etym: [F. guidon, It. guidone. See Guide, v. t.] 1. A small flag or streamer, as that carried by cavalry, which is broad at one end and nearly pointed at the other, or that used to direct the movements of a body of infantry, or to make signals at sea; also, the flag of a guild or fraternity. In the United States service, each company of cavalry has a guidon. The pendants and guidons were carried by the officer of the army. Evelyn. 2. One who carries a flag. Johnson. 3. One of a community established at Rome, by Charlemagne, to guide pilgrims to the Holy Land. GUIGE Guige, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Gige. GUILD Guild, n. Etym: [OE. gilds, AS. gild, gield, geld, tribute, a society or company where payment was made for its charge and support, fr. AS. gildan, gieldan, to pay. See Yield, v. t.] 1. An association of men belonging to the same class, or engaged in kindred pursuits, formed for mutual aid and protection; a business fraternity or corporation; as, the Stationers' Guild; the Ironmongers' Guild. They were originally licensed by the government, and endowed with special privileges and authority. 2. A guildhall. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. A religious association or society, organized for charitable purposes or for assistance in parish work. GUILDABLE Guild"a*ble, a. Defn: Liable to a tax. [Obs.] GUILDER Guil"der, n. Etym: [D. gulden, orig., golden. Cf. Golden.] Defn: A Dutch silver coin worth about forty cents; -- called also florin and gulden. GUILDHALL Guild"hall`, n. Defn: The hall where a guild or corporation usually assembles; a townhall. GUILE Guile, n. Etym: [OE. guile, gile, OF. guile; of German origin, and the same word as E. wile. See Wile.] Defn: Craft; deceitful cunning; artifice; duplicity; wile; deceit; treachery. Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile. John i. 47. To wage by force or guile eternal war. Milton. GUILE Guile, v. t. Etym: [OF. guiler. See Guile, n.] Defn: To disguise or conceal; to deceive or delude. [Obs.] Spenser. GUILEFUL Guile"ful, a. Defn: Full of guile; characterized by cunning, deceit, or treachery; guilty. -- Guile"ful*ly, adv. -- Guile"ful*ness, n. GUILELESS Guile"less, a. Defn: Free from guile; artless. -- Guile"less*ly, adv. Guile"less*ness, n. GUILLEMET Guil"le*met`, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A quotation mark. [R.] GUILLEMOT Guil"le*mot`, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several northern sea birds, allied to the auks. They have short legs, placed far back, and are expert divers and swimmers. Note: The common guillemots, or murres, belong to the genus Uria (as U. troile); the black or foolish guillemot (Cepphus grylle, formerly Uria grylle), is called also sea pigeon and eligny. See Murre. GUILLEVAT Guil`le*vat" [], n. Etym: [F. guilloire (fr. guiller to work, ferment)+ E. vat.] Defn: A vat for fermenting liquors. GUILLOCHE Guil"loche`, n. Etym: [F. guillochis; -- said to be fr. Guillot, the inventor of a machine for carving it.] (Arch.) Defn: An ornament in the form of two or more bands or strings twisted over each other in a continued series, leaving circular openings which are filled with round ornaments. GUILLOCHED Guil*loched", a. Defn: Waved or engine-turned. Mollett. GUILLOTINE Guil"lo*tine`, n. Etym: [F., from Guillotin, a French physician, who proposed, in the Constituent Assembly of 1789, to abolish decapitation with the ax or sword. The instrument was invented by Dr. Antoine Louis, and was called at first Louison or Louisette. Similar machines, however, were known earlier.] 1. A machine for beheading a person by one stroke of a heavy ax or blade, which slides in vertical guides, is raised by a cord, and let fall upon the neck of the victim. 2. Any machine or instrument for cutting or shearing, resembling in its action a guillotine. GUILLOTINE Guil"lo*tine`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guillotined; p. pr. & vb. n. Guillotining.] Etym: [Cf. F. guillotiner.] Defn: To behead with the guillotine. GUILOR Guil"or, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. guileor.] Defn: A deceiver; one who deludes, or uses guile. [Obs.] Spenser. GUILT Guilt, n. Etym: [OE. gilt, gult, AS. gylt, crime; probably originally signifying, the fine or mulct paid for an offence, and afterward the offense itself, and akin to AS. gieldan to pay, E. yield. See Yield, v. t.] 1. The criminality and consequent exposure to punishment resulting from willful disobedience of law, or from morally wrong action; teh state of one who has broken a moral or political law; crime; criminality; offense against right. Satan had not answer, but stood struck With guilt of his own sin. Milton. 2. Exposure to any legal penalty or forfeiture. A ship incurs guilt by the violation of a blockade. Kent. GUILTILY Guilt"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a guilty manner. GUILTINESS Guilt"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being guilty. GUILTLESS Guilt"less, a. 1. Free from guilt; innocent. The Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain. Ex. xx. 7. 2. Without experience or trial; unacquainted (with). Such gardening tools, as art, yet rude, Guiltless of fire, had formed. Milton. -- Guilt"less*ly, adv. -- Guilt"less*ness, n. GUILT-SICK Guilt"-sick`, a. Defn: Made sick by consciousness of guilt. "A guilt-sick conscience." Beau. c& El. GUILTY Guilt"y, a. [Compar. Gultier; superl. Guiltiest.] Etym: [AS. gyltig liable. See Guilt.] 1. Having incurred guilt; criminal; morally delinquent; wicked; chargeable with, or responsible for, something censurable; justly exposed to penalty; -- used with of, and usually followed by the crime, sometimes by the punishment. They answered and said, He is guilty of death. Matt. xxvi. 66. Nor he, nor you, were guilty of the strife. Dryden. 2. Evincing or indicating guilt; involving guilt; as, a guilty look; a guilty act; a guilty feeling. 3. Conscious; cognizant. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 4. Condemned to payment. [Obs. & R.] Dryden. GUILTYLIKE Guilt"y*like`, adv. Defn: Guiltily. [Obs.] Shak. GUIMPE Guimpe, n. [F. See 2d Gimp.] Defn: A kind of short chemisette, worn with a low-necked dress. GUINEA Guin"ea, n. 1. A district on the west coast of Africa (formerly noted for its export of gold and slaves) after which the Guinea fowl, Guinea grass, Guinea peach, etc., are named. 2. A gold coin of England current for twenty-one shillings sterling, or about five dollars, but not coined since the issue of sovereigns in 1817. The guinea, so called from the Guinea gold out of which it was first struck, was proclaimed in 1663, and to go for twenty shillings; but it never went for less than twenty-one shillings. Pinkerton. Guinea corn. (Bot.) See Durra. -- Guinea Current (Geog.), a current in the Atlantic Ocean setting southwardly into the Bay of Benin on the coast of Guinea.-- Guinea dropper one who cheats by dropping counterfeit guineas. [Obs.] Gay. -- Guinea fowl, Guinea hen (Zoöl.), an African gallinaceous bird, of the genus Numida, allied to the pheasants. The common domesticated species (N. meleagris), has a colored fleshy horn on each aide of the head, and is of a dark gray color, variegated with small white spots. The crested Guinea fowl (N. cristata) is a finer species.-- Guinea grains (Bot.), grains of Paradise, or amomum. See Amomum. -- Guinea grass (Bot.), a tall strong forage grass (Panicum jumentorum) introduced. from Africa into the West Indies and Southern United States. -- Guinea-hen flower (Bot.), a liliaceous flower (Fritillaria Meleagris) with petals spotted like the feathers of the Guinea hen. -- Guinea peach. See under Peach. -- Guinea pepper (Bot.), the pods of the Xylopia aromatica, a tree of the order Anonaceæ, found in tropical West Africa. They are also sold under the name of Piper Æthiopicum. --Guinea pig. Note: [Prob. a mistake for Guiana pig.] (a) (Zoöl.) A small Brazilian rodent (Cavia cobaya), about seven inches in length and usually of a white color, with spots of orange and black. (b) A contemptuous sobriquet. Smollett. -- Guinea plum (Bot.), the fruit of Parinarium excelsum, a large West African tree of the order Chrysobalaneæ, having a scarcely edible fruit somewhat resembling a plum, which is also called gray plum and rough-skin plum. -- Guinea worm (Zoöl.), a long and slender African nematoid worm (Filaria Medinensis) of a white color. It lives in the cellular tissue of man, beneath the skin, and produces painful sores. GUINEA-PIG DIRECTOR Guin"ea-pig` di*rec"tor. Defn: A director (usually one holding a number of directorships) who serves merely or mainly for the fee (in England, often a guinea) paid for attendance. [Colloq.] GUIPURE Gui*pure", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A term used for lace of different kinds; most properly for a lace of large pattern and heavy material which has no ground or mesh, but has the pattern held together by connecting threads called bars or brides. GUIRLAND Guir"land, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Garland. GUISE Guise, n. Etym: [OE. guise, gise, way, manner, F. guise, fr. OHG. wisa, G. weise. See Wise, n.] 1. Customary way of speaking or acting; custom; fashion; manner; behavior; mien; mode; practice; -- often used formerly in such phrases as: at his own guise; that is, in his own fashion, to suit himself. Chaucer. The swain replied, "It never was our guise To slight the poor, or aught humane despise." Pope. 2. External appearance in manner or dress; appropriate indication or expression; garb; shape. As then the guise was for each gentle swain. Spenser. A . . . specter, in a far more terrific guise than any which ever yet have overpowered the imagination. Burke. 3. Cover; cloak; as, under the guise of patriotism. GUISER Guis"er, n. Etym: [From Guise.] Defn: A person in disguise; a masker; a mummer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] GUITAR Gui*tar", n. Etym: [F. guitare; cf. Pr., Sp., & Pg.guitarra, It. chitarra; all fr. Gr. cithara. Cf. Cittern, Gittern.] Defn: A stringed instrument of music resembling the lute or the violin, but larger, and having six strings, three of silk covered with silver wire, and three of catgut, -- played upon with the fingers. GUITGUIT Guit"guit`, n. Etym: [So called from its note.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of small tropical American birds of the family Coerebidæ, allied to the creepers; -- called also quit. See Quit. GULA Gu"la, n.; pl. L. GulÆ, E. Gulas. Etym: [L., the throat, gullet.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The upper front of the neck, next to the chin; the upper throat. (b) A plate which in most insects supports the submentum. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A capping molding. Same as Cymatium. GULAR Gu"lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. gulaire.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the gula or throat; as, gular plates. See Illust. of Bird, and Bowfin. GULAUND Gu"laund, n. Etym: [Icel. gul-önd.] Defn: An arctic sea bird. GULCH Gulch, n. 1. Act of gulching or gulping. [Obs.] 2. A glutton. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. A ravine, or part of the deep bed of a torrent when dry; a gully. GULCH Gulch, v. t. Etym: [OE. gulchen; cf. dial. Sw. gölka to gulch, D. gulzig greedy, or E. gulp.] Defn: To swallow greedily; to gulp down. [Obs.] GULD Guld, n. Defn: A flower. See Gold. [Obs.] Chaucer. GULDEN Gul"den, n. Defn: See Guilder. GULE Gule, v. t. Defn: To give the color of gules to. GULE Gule, n. Defn: The throat; the gullet. [Obs.] Throats so wide and gules so gluttonous. Gauden. GULES Gules, n. Etym: [OE. goules, F. gueules, the same word as gueule throat, OF. gole, goule, L. gula. So named from the red color of the throat. See Gullet, and cf. Gula.] (Her.) Defn: The tincture red, indicated in seals and engraved figures of escutcheons by parallel vertical lines. Hence, used poetically for a red color or that which is red. His sev'n-fold targe a field of gules did stain In which two swords he bore; his word, "Divide and reign." P. Fletcher. Follow thy drum; With man's blood paint the ground; gules, gules. Shak. Let's march to rest and set in gules, like suns. Beau. & Fl. GULF Gulf, n. Etym: [F. golfe, It. golfo, fr. Gr. bosom, bay, gulf, LGr. 1. A hollow place in the earth; an abyss; a deep chasm or basin, He then surveyed Hell and the gulf between. Milton. Between us and you there is a great gulf fixed. Luke xvi. 26. 2. That which swallows; the gullet. [Obs.] Shak. 3. That which swallows irretrievably; a whirlpool; a sucking eddy. Shak. A gulf of ruin, swallowing gold. Tennyson. 4. (Geog.) Defn: A portion of an ocean or sea extending into the land; a partially land-locked sea; as, the Gulf of Mexico. 5. (Mining) Defn: A large deposit of ore in a lode. Gulf Stream (Geog.), the warm ocean current of the North Atlantic. Note: It originates in the westward equatorial current, due to the trade winds, is deflected northward by Cape St. Roque through the Gulf of Mexico, and flows parallel to the coast of North America, turning eastward off the island of Nantucket. Its average rate of flow is said to be about two miles an hour. The similar Japan current, or Kuro-Siwo, is sometimes called the Gulf Stream of the Pacific. -- Gulf weed (Bot.), a branching seaweed (Sargassum bacciferum, or sea grape), having numerous berrylike air vessels, -- found in the Gulf Stream, in the Sargasso Sea, and elsewhere. GULFY Gulf"y, a. Defn: Full of whirlpools or gulfs. Chapman. GULGUL Gul"gul, n. Etym: [Hind. galgal.] Defn: A cement made in India from sea shells, pulverized and mixed with oil, and spread over a ship's bottom, to prevent the boring of worms. GULIST Gu"list, n. Etym: [L. gulo.] Defn: A glutton. [Obs.] GULL Gull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gulled; p. pr. & vb. n. Gulling.] Etym: [Prob. fr. gull the bird; but cf. OSw. gylla to deceive, D. kullen, and E. cullibility.] Defn: To deceive; to cheat; to mislead; to trick; to defraud. The rulgar, gulled into rebellion, armed. Dryden. I'm not gulling him for the emperor's service. Coleridge. GULL Gull, n. 1. A cheating or cheat; trick; fraud. Shak. 2. One easily cheated; a dupe. Shak. GULL Gull, n. Etym: [Of Celtic origin; cf. Corn. gullan, W. gwylan.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of many species of long-winged sea birds of the genus Larus and allied genera. Note: Among the best known American species are the herring gull (Larus argentatus), the great black-backed gull (L. murinus) the laughing gull (L. atricilla), and Bonaparte's gull (L. Philadelphia). The common European gull is Larus canus. Gull teaser (Zoöl.), the jager; -- also applied to certain species of terns. GULLAGE Gull"age, n. Defn: Act of being gulled. [Obs.] Had you no quirk. To avoid gullage, sir, by such a creature B. Jonson GULLER Gull"er, n. Defn: One who gulls; a deceiver. GULLERY Gull"er*y, n. Defn: An act, or the practice, of gulling; trickery; fraud. [R.] "A mere gullery." Selden. GULLET Gul"let, n. Etym: [OE. golet, OF. Goulet, dim. of gole, goule, throat, F. gueule, L. gula; perh. akin to Skr. gula, G. kenle; cf. F. goulet the neck of a bottle, goulotte channel gutter. Cf. Gules, Gully.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The tube by which food and drink are carried from the pharynx to the stomach; the esophagus. 2. Something shaped like the food passage, or performing similar functions; as: (a) A channel for water. (b) (Engin.) A preparatory cut or channel in excavations, of sufficient width for the passage of earth wagons. (c) A concave cut made in the teeth of some saw blades. GULLETING Gul"let*ing, n. (Engin.) Defn: A system of excavating by means of gullets or channels. GULLIBLE Gul"li*ble, a. Defn: Easily gulled; that may be duped. -- Gul"li*bii`i*ty, n. Burke. GULLISH Gull"ish, a. Defn: Foolish; stupid. [Obs.] Gull"ish*ness, n. [Obs.] GULLY Gul"ly, n.; pl. Gulles. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain] Defn: A large knife. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. GULLY Gul"ly, n.; pl. Gullies. Etym: [Formerly gullet.] 1. A channel or hollow worn in the earth by a current of water; a short deep portion of a torrent's bed when dry. 2. A grooved iron rail or tram plate. [Eng.] Gully gut, a glutton. [Obs.] Chapman. -- Gully hole, the opening through which gutters discharge surface water. GULLY Gul"ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gullied; p. pr. & vb. n. Gullying.] Defn: To wear into a gully or into gullies. GULLY Gul"ly, v. i. Defn: To flow noisily. [Obs.] Johnson. GULOSITY Gu*los"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. gulositas, fr. gulosus gluttonous. See Gullet.] Defn: Excessive appetite; greediness; voracity. [R.] Sir T. Browne. GULP Gulp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gulped; p. pr. & vb. n. Gulping.] Etym: [D. gulpen, cf. OD. golpe gulf.] Defn: To swallow eagerly, or in large draughts; to swallow up; to take down at one swallow. He does not swallow, but he gulps it down. Cowper. The old man . . . glibly gulped down the whole narrative. Fielding. To gulp up, to throw up from the stomach; to disgorge. GULP Gulp, n. 1. The act of taking a large mouthful; a swallow, or as much as is awallowed at once. 2. A disgorging. [Colloq.] GULPH Gulph, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Gulf. GULT Gult, n. Defn: Guilt. See Guilt. [Obs.] Chaucer. GULTY Gult"y, a. Defn: Guilty. [Obs.] Chaucer. GULY Gul"y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to gules; red. "Those fatal guly dragons." Milton. GUM Gum, n. Etym: [OE. gome, AS. gama palate; akin Co G. gaumen, OHG. goumo, guomo, Icel. g, Sw. gom; cf. Gr. Defn: The dense tissues which invest the teeth, and cover the adjacent parts of the jaws. Gum rash (Med.), strophulus in a teething child; red gum. -- Gum stick, a smooth hard substance for children to bite upon while teething. GUM Gum, v. t. Defn: To deepen and enlarge the spaces between the teeth of (a worn saw). See Gummer. GUM Gum, n. Etym: [OE. gomme, gumme, F. gomme, L. gummi and commis, fr. Gr. kam; cf. It. gomma.] 1. A vegetable secretion of many trees or plants that hardens when it exudes, but is soluble in water; as, gum arabic; gum tragacanth; the gum of the cherry tree. Also, with less propriety, exudations that are not soluble in water; as, gum copal and gum sandarac, which are really resins. 2. (Bot.) Defn: See Gum tree, below. 3. A hive made of a section of a hollow gum tree; hence, any roughly made hive; also, a vessel or bin made of a hollow log. [Southern U. S.] 4. A rubber overshoe. [Local, U. S.] Black gum, Blue gum, British gum, etc. See under Black, Blue, etc. -- Gum Acaroidea, the resinous gum of the Australian grass tree (Xanlhorrhoea). -- Gum animal (Zoöl.), the galago of West Africa; -- so called because it feeds on gums. See Galago. -- Gum animi or animé. See Animé. -- Gum arabic, a gum yielded mostly by several species of Acacia (chiefly A. vera and A. Arabica) growing in Africa and Southern Asia; -- called also gum acacia. East Indian gum arabic comes from a tree of the Orange family which bears the elephant apple. -- Gum butea, a gum yielded by the Indian plants Butea frondosa and B. superba, and used locally in tanning and in precipitating indigo. -- Gum cistus, a plant of the genus Cistus (Cistus ladaniferus), a species of rock rose.-- Gum dragon. See Tragacanth. -- Gum elastic, Elastic gum. See Caoutchouc. -- Gum elemi. See Elemi. -- Gum juniper. See Sandarac. -- Gum kino. See under Kino. -- Gum lac. See Lac. -- Gum Ladanum, a fragrant gum yielded by several Oriental species of Cistus or rock rose. -- Gum passages, sap receptacles extending through the parenchyma of certain plants (Amygdalaceæ, Cactaceæ, etc.), and affording passage for gum. -- Gum pot, a varnish maker's utensil for melting gum and mixing other ingredients. -- Gum resin, the milky juice of a plant solidified by exposure to air; one of certain inspissated saps, mixtures of, or having properties of, gum and resin; a resin containing more or less mucilaginous and gummy matter. -- Gum sandarac. See Sandarac. -- Gum Senegal, a gum similar to gum arabic, yielded by trees (Acacia Verek and A. Adansoniä) growing in the Senegal country, West Africa. -- Gum tragacanth. See Tragacanth. -- Gum tree, the name given to several trees in America and Australia: (a) The black gum (Nyssa multiflora), one of the largest trees of the Southern States, bearing a small blue fruit, the favorite food of the opossum. Most of the large trees become hollow. (b) A tree of the genus Eucalyptus. See Eucalpytus. (c) The sweet gum tree of the United States (Liquidambar styraciflua), a large and beautiful tree with pointedly lobed leaves and woody burlike fruit. It exudes an aromatic terebinthine juice. -- Gum water, a solution of gum, esp. of gum arabic, in water. -- Gum wood, the wood of any gum tree, esp. the wood of the Eucalyptus piperita, of New South Wales. GUM Gum, v. t. [imp. &. p. Gummed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gumming.] Defn: To smear with gum; to close with gum; to unite or stiffen by gum or a gumlike substance; to make sticky with a gumlike substance. He frets likke a gummed velvet.Shak. GUM Gum, v. i. Defn: To exude or from gum; to become gummy. GUMBO Gum"bo, n. Etym: [Written aalso gombo.] 1. A soup thickened with the mucilaginous pods of the okra; okra soup. 2. The okra plant or its pods. GUMBOIL Gum"boil, n. (Med.) Defn: A small suppurting inflamed spot on the gum. GUMMA Gum"ma, n.; pl. Gummata. Etym: [NL. So called from its gummy contents See Gum.] (Med.) Defn: A kind of soft tumor, usually of syphilitic origin. GUMMATOUS Gum*ma"tous, a. (Med.) Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, gumma. GUMMER Gum"mer, n. Etym: [From 2d Gum.] Defn: A punch-cutting tool, or machine for deepening and enlarging the spaces between the teeth of a worn saw. GUMMIFEROUS Gum*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. gummi gum + -ferous.] Defn: Producing gum; gum-bearing. GUMMINESS Gum"mi*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being gummy; viscousness. GUMMITE Gum"mite, n. Etym: [So called because it occurs in rounded or flattened pieces which look like gum.] (Min.) Defn: A yellow amorphous mineral, essentially a hydrated oxide of uranium derived from the alteration of uraninite. GUMMOSITY Gum*mos"i*ty, n. Defn: Gumminess; a viscous or adhesive quality or nature. [R.] Floyer. GUMMOUS Gum"mous, a. Etym: [L. gummosus; cf. F. gommeux.] 1. Gumlike, or composed of gum; gummy. 2. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a gumma. GUMMY Gum"my, a. Etym: [Compar. Gummer (Gummirst.] Defn: Consisting of gum; viscous; adhesive; producing or containing gum; covered with gum or a substance resembling gum. Kindles the gummy bark of fir or pine. Milton. Then rubs his gummy eyes. Dryden. Gummy tumor (Med.), a gumma. GUMP Gump, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. & Dan. gump buttocks, rump, Icel. gumprg.] Defn: A dolt; a dunce. [Low.] Holloway. GUMPTION Gump"tion, n. Etym: [OE. gom, gome, attention; akin to AS. geómian, gyman, to regard, observe, gyme care, OS. gomean to heed, Goth. gaumjan to see, notice.] 1. Capacity; shrewdness; common sense. [Colloq.] One does not have gumption till one has been properly cheated. Lord Lytton. 2. (Paint.) (a) The art of preparing colors. Sir W. Scott. (b) Megilp. Fairholt. GUN Gun, n. Etym: [OE. gonne, gunne; of uncertain origin; cf. Ir., Gael.) A LL. gunna, W. gum; possibly (like cannon) fr. L. canna reed, tube; or abbreviated fr. OF. mangonnel, E. mangonel, a machine for hurling stones.] 1. A weapon which throws or propels a missile to a distance; any firearm or instrument for throwing projectiles by the explosion of gunpowder, consisting of a tube or barrel closed at one end, in which the projectile is placed, with an explosive charge behind, which is ignited by various means. Muskets, rifles, carbines, and fowling pieces are smaller guns, for hand use, and are called small arms. Larger guns are called cannon, ordnance, fieldpieces, carronades, howitzers, etc. See these terms in the Vocabulary. As swift as a pellet out of a gunne When fire is in the powder runne. Chaucer. The word gun was in use in England for an engine to cast a thing from a man long before there was any gunpowder found out. Selden. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A piece of heavy ordnance; in a restricted sense, a cannon. 3. pl. (Naut.) Defn: Violent blasts of wind. Note: Guns are classified, according to their construction or manner of loading as rifled or smoothbore, breech-loading or muzzle-loading, cast or built-up guns; or according to their use, as field, mountain, prairie, seacoast, and siege guns. Armstrong gun, a wrought iron breech-loading cannon named after its English inventor, Sir William Armstrong. -- Great gun, a piece of heavy ordnance; hence (Fig.), a person superior in any way. -- Gun barrel, the barrel or tube of a gun. -- Gun carriage, the carriage on which a gun is mounted or moved. -- Gun cotton (Chem.), a general name for a series of explosive nitric ethers of cellulose, obtained by steeping cotton in nitric and sulphuric acids. Although there are formed substances containing nitric acid radicals, yet the results exactly resemble ordinary cotton in appearance. It burns without ash, with explosion if confined, but quietly and harmlessly if free and open, and in small quantity. Specifically, the lower nitrates of cellulose which are insoluble in ether and alcohol in distinction from the highest (pyroxylin) which is soluble. See Pyroxylin, and cf. Xyloidin. The gun cottons are used for blasting and somewhat in gunnery: for making celluloid when compounded with camphor; and the soluble variety (pyroxylin) for making collodion. See Celluloid, and Collodion. Gun cotton is frequenty but improperly called nitrocellulose. It is not a nitro compound, but an ethereal salt of nitric acid. -- Gun deck. See under Deck. -- Gun fire, the time at which the morning or the evening gun is fired. -- Gun metal, a bronze, ordinarily composed of nine parts of copper and one of tin, used for cannon, etc. The name is also given to certain strong mixtures of cast iron. -- Gun port (Naut.), an opening in a ship through which a cannon's muzzle is run out for firing. -- Gun tackle (Naut.), the blocks and pulleys affixed to the side of a ship, by which a gun carriage is run to and from the gun port. -- Gun tackle purchase (Naut.), a tackle composed of two single blocks and a fall. Totten. -- Krupp gun, a wrought steel breech-loading cannon, named after its German inventor, Herr Krupp. -- Machine gun, a breech-loading gun or a group of such guns, mounted on a carriage or other holder, and having a reservoir containing cartridges which are loaded into the gun or guns and fired in rapid succession, sometimes in volleys, by machinery operated by turning a crank. Several hundred shots can be fired in a minute with accurate aim. The Gatling gun, Gardner gun, Hotchkiss gun, and Nordenfelt gun, named for their inventors, and the French mitrailleuse, are machine guns. -- To blow great guns (Naut.), to blow a gale. See Gun, n., 3. GUN Gun, v. i. Defn: To practice fowling or hunting small game; -- chiefly in participial form; as, to go gunning. GUNA Gu"na (goo"na), n. Etym: [Skr. guna quality.] Defn: In Sanskrit grammar, a lengthening of the simple vowels a, i, e, by prefixing an a element. The term is sometimes used to denote the same vowel change in other languages. GUNARCHY Gu"nar*chy, n. Defn: See Gynarchy. GUNBOAT Gun"boat`, n. (Nav.) Defn: A vessel of light draught, carrying one or more guns. GUNCOTTON Gun"cot`ton. Defn: See under Gun. GUNDELET Gun"de*let, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Gondola. Marston. GUNFLINT Gun"flint`, n. Defn: A sharpened flint for the lock of a gun, to ignite the charge. It was in common use before the introduction of percussion caps. GUNJAH Gun"jah, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Ganja. GUNLOCK Gun"lock`, n. Defn: The lock of a gun, for producing the discharge. See Lock. GUNNAGE Gun"nage, n. Defn: The number of guns carried by a ship of war. GUNNEL Gun"nel, n. Etym: [See Gunwale.] 1. A gunwale. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, eel-shaped, marine fish of the genus Murænoides; esp., M. gunnellus of Europe and America; -- called also gunnel fish, butterfish, rock eel. GUNNER Gun"ner, n. 1. One who works a gun, whether on land or sea; a cannoneer. 2. A warrant officer in the navy having charge of the ordnance on a vessel. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The great northern diver or loon. See Loon. (b) The sea bream. [Prov. Eng. or Irish] Gunner's daughter, the gun to which men or boys were lashed for punishment. [Sailor's slang] W. C. Russell. GUNNERY Gun"ner*y, n. Defn: That branch of military science which comprehends the theory of projectiles, and the manner of constructing and using ordnance. GUNNIE Gun"nie, n. (Mining.) Defn: Space left by the removal of ore. GUNNING Gun"ning, n. Defn: The act or practice of hunting or shooting game with a gun. The art of gunning was but little practiced. Goldsmith. GUNNY; GUNNY CLOTH Gun"ny, n., Gun"ny cloth` (. Etym: [Hind. gon, gon,, a sack, sacking.] Defn: A strong, coarse kind of sacking, made from the fibers (called jute) of two plants of the genus Corchorus (C. olitorius and C. capsularis), of India. The fiber is also used in the manufacture of cordage. Gunny bag, a sack made of gunny, used for coarse commodities. GUNOCRACY Gu*noc"ra*cy, n. Defn: See Gyneocracy. GUNPOWDER Gun"pow`der, n. (Chem.) Defn: A black, granular, explosive substance, consisting of an intimate mechanical mixture of niter, charcoal, and sulphur. It is used in gunnery and blasting. Note: Gunpowder consists of from 70 to 80 per cent of niter, with 10 to 15 per cent of each of the other ingredients. Its explosive energy is due to the fact that it contains the necessary amount of oxygen for its own combustion, and liberates gases (chiefly nitrogen and carbon dioxide), which occupy a thousand or fifteen hundred times more space than the powder which generated them. Gunpowder pile driver, a pile driver, the hammer of which is thrown up by the explosion of gunpowder. -- Gunpowder plot (Eng. Hist.), a plot to destroy the King, Lords, and Commons, in revenge for the penal laws against Catholics. As Guy Fawkes, the agent of the conspirators, was about to fire the mine, which was placed under the House of Lords, he was seized, Nov. 5, 1605. Hence, Nov. 5 is known in England as Guy Fawkes Day. -- Gunpowder tea, a species of fine green tea, each leaf of which is rolled into a small ball or pellet. GUNREACH Gun"reach`, n. Defn: The reach or distance to which a gun will shoot; gunshot. GUNROOM Gun"room` (, n. (Naut.) Defn: An apartment on the after end of the lower gun deck of a ship of war, usually occupied as a messroom by the commissioned officers, except the captain; -- called wardroom in the United States navy. GUNSHOT Gun"shot`, n. 1. Act of firing a gun; a shot. 2. The distance to which shot can be thrown from a gun, so as to be effective; the reach or range of a gun. Those who are come over to the royal party are supposed to be out of gunshot. Dryden. GUNSHOT Gun"shot`, a. Defn: Made by the shot of a gun: as. a gunshot wound. GUNSMITH Gun"smith, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to make or repair small firearms; an armorer. GUNSMITHERY; GUNSMITH; GUNSMITHING Gunsmith`er*y, Gun"smith` ing, n. Defn: The art or business of a gunsmith. GUNSTICK Gun"stick, n. Defn: A stick to ram down the charge of a musket, etc.; a rammer or ramrod. [R.] GUNSTOCK Gun"stock`, n. Defn: The stock or wood to which the barrel of a hand gun is fastened. GUNSTOME Gun"stome`, n. Defn: A cannon ball; -- so called because originally made of stone. [Obs.] Shak. GUNTER RIG Gun"ter rig`. (Naut.) Defn: A topmast arranged with metal bands so that it will readily slide up and down the lower mast. GUNTER'S CHAIN Gun"ter's chain`. (Surveying) Defn: The chain ordinarily used in measuring land. See Chain, n., 4, and Gunter's scale. GUNTER'S LINE Gun"ter's line`. Defn: A logarithmic line on Gunter's scale, used for performing the multiplication and division of numbers mechanically by the dividers; -- called also line of lines, and line of numbers. GUNTER'S QUADRANT Gun"ter's quad`rant. Defn: A thin quadrant, made of brass, wood, etc., showing a stereographic projection on the plane of the equator. By it are found the hour of the day, the sun's azimuth, the altitude of objects in degrees, etc. See Gunter's scale. GUNTER'S SCALE Gun"ter's scale`. Defn: A scale invented by the Rev. Edmund Gunter (1581-1626), a professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London, who invented also Gunter's chain, and Gunter's quadrant. Note: Gunter's scale is a wooden rule, two feet long, on one side of which are marked scales of equal parts, of chords, sines, tangents, rhombs, etc., and on the other side scales of logarithms of these various parts, by means of which many problems in surveying and navigation may be solved, mechanically, by the aid of dividers alone. GUNWALE Gun"wale, n. Etym: [Gun + wale. So named because the upper guns were pointed from it.] (Naut.) Defn: The upper edge of a vessel's or boat's side; the uppermost wale of a ship (not including the bulwarks); or that piece of timber which reaches on either side from the quarter-deck to the forecastle, being the uppermost bend, which finishes the upper works of the hull. [Written also gunnel.] GURGE Gurge, n. Etym: [L. gurges.] Defn: A whirlpool. [Obs.] The plain, wherein a black bituminous gurge Boils out from under ground. Milton. GURGE Gurge, v. t. Etym: [See Gorge.] Defn: To swallow up. [Obs.] GURGEONS Gur"geons, n. pl. [Obs.] Defn: See Grudgeons. GURGLE Gur"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gurgled;p. pr. & vb. n. Gurgling.] Etym: [Cf. It. gorgogliare to gargle, bubble up, fr. L. gurgulio gullet. Cf. Gargle, Gorge.] Defn: To run or flow in a broken, irregular, noisy current, as water from a bottle, or a small stream among pebbles or stones. Pure gurgling rills the lonely desert trace, And waste their music on the savage race. Young. GURGLE Gur"gle, n. Defn: The act of gurgling; a broken, bubbling noise. "Tinkling gurgles." W. Thompson. GURGLET Gur"glet, n. Etym: [See Goglet.] Defn: A porous earthen jar for cooling water by evaporation. GURGLINGLY Gur"gling*ly`, adv. Defn: In a gurgling manner. GURGOYLE Gur"goyle, n. Defn: See Gargoyle. GURJUN Gur"jun, n. Defn: A thin balsam or wood oil derived from the Diptcrocarpus lævis, an East Indian tree. It is used in medicine, and as a substitute for linseed oil in the coarser kinds of paint. GURL Gurl, n. Defn: A young person of either sex. [Obs.] See Girl. Chaucer. GURLET Gur"let, n. (Masonry) Defn: A pickax with one sharp point and one cutting edge. Knight. GURMY Gur"my, n. (Mining) Defn: A level; a working. GURNARD; GURNET Gur"nard, Gur"net n. Etym: [OF. gornal, gournal, gornart, perh. akin to F. grogner to grunt; cf. Ir. guirnead gurnard.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One ofseveral European marine fishes, of the genus Trigla and allied genera, having a large and spiny head, with mailed cheeks. Some of the species are highly esteemed for food. The name is sometimes applied to the American sea robins. [Written also gournet.] Plyling gurnard. See under Flying. GURNIAD Gur"ni*ad, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Gwiniad. GURRY Gur"ry, n. Defn: An alvine evacuation; also, refuse matter. [Obs. or Local] Holland. GURRY Gur"ry`, n. Etym: [Hind. garhi.] Defn: A small fort. [India] GURT Gurt, n. (Mining) Defn: A gutter or channel for water, hewn out of the bottom of a working drift. Page. GURTS Gurts, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. Grout.] Defn: Groatts. [Obs.] GUSH Gush, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gushed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gushing.] Etym: [OE. guschen, cf. Icel. gusa and gjsa, also D. gucsen; perh. akin to AS. geótan to pour, G. giessen, Goth. giutan, E. gut. Cf. Found to cast.] 1. To issue with violence and rapidity, as a fluid; to rush forth as a fluid from confinement; to flow copiously. He smote the rock that the waters gushed out. Ps ixxviii 20. A sea of blood gushed from the gaping wound. Spenser. 2. To make a sentimental or untimely exhibition of affection; to display enthusiasm in a silly, demonstrative manner. [Colloq.] GUSH Gush, v. t. 1. A sudden and violent issue of a fluid from an inclosed plase; an emission of a liquid in a large quantity, and with force; the fluid thus emitted; a rapid outpouring of anything; as, a gush of song from a bird. The gush of springs, An fall of lofty foundains. Byron. 2. A sentimental exhibition of affection or enthusiasm, etc.; effusive display of sentiment. [Collog.] GUSHER Gush"er, n. Defn: One who gushes. [Colloq.] GUSHING Gush"ing, a. 1. Rushing forth with violence, as a fluid; flowing copiously; as, gushing waters. "Gushing blood." Milton. 2. Emitting copiously, as tears or words; weakly and unreservedly demonstrative in matters of affection; sentimental. [Colloq.] GUSHINGLY Gush"ing*ly Defn: , adv. 1. In a gushing manner; copiously. Byron. 2. Weakly; sentimentally; effusively. [Colloq.] GUSSET Gus"set, n. Etym: [F. gousset armpit, fob, gusset, dim. of gousse pod, husk; cf. It. guscio shell, or W. cwysed gore, gusset.] 1. A small piece of cloth inserted in a garment, for the purpose of strengthening some part or giving it a tapering enlargement. Seam and gusset and band. Hood. 2. Anything resembling a gusset in a garment; as: (a) (Armor) A small piece of chain mail at the openings of the joints beneath the arms. (b) (Mach.) A kind of bracket, or angular piece of iron, fastened in the angles of a structure to give strength or stiffness; esp., the part joining the barrel and the fire box of a locomotive boiler. 3. (Her.) Defn: An abatement or mark of dishonor in a coat of arms, resembling a gusset. GUST Gust, n. Etym: [Icel. gustr a cool breeze. Cf. Gush.] 1. A sudden squall; a violent blast of wind; a sudden and brief rushing or driving of the wind. Snow, and hail, stormy gust and flaw. Milton. 2. A sudden violent burst of passion. Bacon. GUST Gust, n. Etym: [L. gustus; cf. It. & Sp. gusto. sq. root46.] 1. The sense or pleasure of tasting; relish; gusto. An ox will relish the tender flesh of kids with as much gust and appetite. Jer. Taylor. 2. Gratification of any kind, particularly that which is exquisitely relished; enjoyment. Destroy all creatures for thy sport or gust. Pope. 3. Intellectual taste; fancy. A choice of it may be made according to the gust and manner of the ancients. Dryden. GUST Gust, v. t. Etym: [Cf. L. gustare, It. gustare, Sp. gustar. See GUST a relish.] Defn: To taste; to have a relish for. [Obs.] GUSTABLE Gust"a*ble, a. Etym: [See Gust, v.] [Obs.] 1. Capable of being tasted; tastable. This position informs us of a vulgar error, terming the gall bitter; whereas there is nothing gustable sweeter. Harvey. 2. Pleasant to the taste; toothsome; savory. A gustable thing, seen or smelt, excites the appetite, and affects the glands and parts of the mouth. Derham. GUSTABLE Gust"a*ble, n. Defn: Anything that can be tasted. [Obs.] GUSTARD Gus"tard, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The great bustard. GUSTATION Gus*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. gustatio: cf. F. gustation.] Defn: The act of tasting. [R.] Sir T. Browne. GUSTATORY Gusta*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or subservient to, the sense of taste; as, the gustatory nerve which supplies the front of the tongue. GUSTFUL Gust"ful, a. Defn: Tasteful; well-tasted. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby. -- Gust"ful*ness, n. [Obs.] Barrow. GUSTFUL Gust"ful, a. Defn: Gusty. [R.] A gustful April morn. Tennyson. GUSTLESS Gust"less, a. Defn: Tasteless; insipid. [R.] GUSTO Gus"to, n. Etym: [It. or Sp., fr. L. gustus; akin to E. choose. Cf. 2d GUST, GOUR.] Defn: Nice or keen appreciation or enjoyment; relish; taste; fancy. Dryden. GUSTOSO Gus*to"so, a. & adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Tasteful; in a tasteful, agreeable manner. GUSTY Gust"y, a. Defn: Subject to, or characterized by, gusts or squalls; windy; stormy; tempestuous. Upon a raw and gusty day. Shak. GUT Gut, n. Etym: [OE. gut, got, AS. gut, prob. orig., a channel, and akin to geótan to pour. See FOUND to cast.] 1. A narrow passage of water; as, the Gut of Canso. 2. An intenstine; a bowel; the whole alimentary canal; the enteron; (pl.) bowels; entrails. 3. One of the prepared entrails of an animal, esp. of a sheep, used for various purposes. See Catgut. 4. The sac of silk taken from a silkworm (when ready to spin its cocoon), for the purpose of drawing it out into a thread. This, when dry, is exceedingly strong, and is used as the snood of a fish line. Blind gut. See CÆcum, n. (b). GUT Gut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Gutting.] 1. To take out the bowels from; to eviscerate. 2. To plunder of contents; to destroy or remove the interior or contents of; as, a mob gutted the bouse. Tom Brown, of facetious memory, having gutted a proper name of its vowels, used it as freely as he pleased. Addison. GUTTA Gut"ta, n.; pl. GuttÆ. Etym: [L.] 1. A drop. 2. (Arch.) Defn: One of a series of ornaments, in the form of a frustum of a cone, attached to the lower part of the triglyphs, and also to the lower faces of the mutules, in the Doric order; -- called also campana, and drop. Gutta serena Etym: [L., lit. serene or clear drop] (Med.), amaurosis. -- Guttæ band (Arch.), the listel or band from which the guttæ hang. GUTTA-PERCHA Gut"ta-per`cha, n. Etym: [Malay gutah gum + pertja the tree from which is it procured.] Defn: A concrete juice produced by various trees found in the Malayan archipelago, especially by the Isonandra, or Dichopsis, Gutta. It becomes soft, and unpressible at the tamperature of boiling water, and, on cooling, retains its new shape. It dissolves in oils and ethers, but not in water. In many of its properties it resembles caoutchouc, and it is extensively used for many economical purposes. The Mimusops globosa of Guiana also yields this material. GUTTATE Gut"tate, a. Etym: [L. guttatus. Cf. Gutty.] Defn: Spotted, as if discolored by drops. GUTTATED Gut"ta*ted, a. Etym: [See Guttate.] Defn: Besprinkled with drops, or droplike spots. Bailey. GUTTATRAP Gut"ta*trap, n. Defn: The inspissated juice of a tree of the genus Artocarpus (A. incisa, or breadfruit tree), sometimes used in making birdlime, on account of its glutinous quality. GUTTER Gut"ter, n. Etym: [OE. gotere, OF. goutiere, F. gouttière, fr. OF. gote, goute, drop, F. goutte, fr. L. gutta.] 1. A channel at the eaves of a roof for conveying away the rain; an eaves channel; an eaves trough. 2. A small channel at the roadside or elsewhere, to lead off surface water. Gutters running with ale. Macaulay. 3. Any narrow channel or groove; as, a gutter formed by erosion in the vent of a gun from repeated firing. Gutter member (Arch.), an architectural member made by treating the outside face of the gutter in a decorative fashion, or by crowning it with ornaments, regularly spaced, like a diminutive battlement. -- Gutter plane, a carpenter's plane with a rounded bottom for planing out gutters. -- Gutter snipe, a neglected boy running at large; a street Arab. [Slang] -- Gutter stick (Printing), one of the pieces of furniture which separate pages in a form. GUTTER Gut*ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guttered; p. pr. & vb. n. Guttering.] 1. To cut or form into small longitudinal hollows; to channel. Shak. 2. To supply with a gutter or gutters. [R.] Dryden. GUTTER Gut"ter, v. i. Defn: To become channeled, as a candle when the flame flares in the wind. GUTTERSNIPE Gut"ter*snipe", n. (Slang) (a) A small poster, suitable for a curbstone. (b) A curbstone broker. [U. S.] GUTTIFER Gut"ti*fer`, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. gutta drop+ ferre to bear.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant that exudes gum or resin. GUTTIFEROUS Gut*tif"er*ous, a. (Bot.) (a) Yielding gum or resinous substances. (b) Pertaining to a natural order of trees and shrubs (Guttiferæ) noted for their abounding in a resinous sap. GUTTIFORM Gut"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. gutta a drop + -form.] Defn: Drop-shaped, as a spot of color. GUTTLE Gut"tle, v. t. & i. Etym: [From GUT, n.] Defn: To put into the gut; to swallow greedily; to gorge; to gormandize. [Obs.] L'Estrange. Dryden. GUTTLER Gut"tler, n. Defn: A greedy eater; a glutton. [Obs.] GUTTULOUS Gut"tu*lous, a. Etym: [L. guttula a little drop, dim. of gutta drop.] Defn: In droplike form. [Obs.] In its [hail's] guttulous descent from the air. Sir T. Browne. GUTTURAL Gut"tur*al, a. Etym: [L. guttur throat: cf. F. gutural.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the throat; formed in the throat; relating to, or characteristic of, a sound formed in the throat. Children are occasionally born with guttural swellings. W. Guthrie. In such a sweet, guttural accent. Landor. GUTTURAL Gut"tur*al, n. Defn: A sound formed in the throat; esp., a sound formed by the aid of the back of the tongue, much retracted, and the soft palate; also, a letter representing such a sound. GUTTURALISM Gut"tur*al*ism, n. Defn: The quality of being guttural; as, the gutturalism of A [in the 16th cent.] Earle. GUTTURALITY Gut"tur*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being guttural. [R.] "The old gutturality of k." Earle. GUTTURALIZE Gut"tur*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To speak gutturally; to give a guttural sound to. GUTTURALLY Gut"tur*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a guttural manner. GUTTURALNESS Gut"tur*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being guttural. GUTTURINE Gut"tur*ine, a. Etym: [L. guttur throat.] Defn: Pertaining to the throat. [Obs.] "Gutturine tumor." Ray. GUTTURIZE Gut"tur*ize, v. t. Etym: [L. guttur throat.] Defn: To make in the throat; to gutturalize. [R.] For which the Germans gutturize a sound. Coleridge. GUTTURO- Gut"tur*o-. Defn: A combining form denoting relation to the throat; as, gutturo- nasal, having both a guttural and a nasal character; gutturo-palatal. GUTTY Gut"ty, a. Etym: [L. gutta drop: cf. F. goutté. Cf. Guttated.] (Her.) Defn: Charged or sprinkled with drops. GUTWORT Gut"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant, Globularia Alypum, a violent purgative, found in Africa. GUY Guy, n. Etym: [Sp. guia guide, a guy or small rope used on board of ships to keep weighty things in their places; of Teutonic origin, and the same word as E. guide. See Guide, and cf. Gye.] Defn: A rope, chain, or rod attached to anything to steady it; as: a rope to steady or guide an object which is being hoisted or lowered; a rope which holds in place the end of a boom, spar, or yard in a ship; a chain or wire rope connecting a suspension bridge with the land on either side to prevent lateral swaying; a rod or rope attached to the top of a structure, as of a derrick, and extending obliquely to the ground, where it is fastened. GUY Guy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Guyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Guying.] Defn: To steady or guide with a guy. GUY Guy, n. 1. A grotesque effigy, like that of Guy Fawkes, dressed up in England on the fifth of November, the day of the Gunpowder Plot. The lady . . . who dresses like a guy. W. S. Gilbert. 2. A person of queer looks or dress. Dickens. GUY Guy, v. t. Defn: To fool; to baffle; to make (a person) an object of ridicule. [Local & Collog U.S.] GUYLE Guyle, v. t. Defn: To guile. [Obs.] Spenser. GUZE Guze, n. Etym: [Cf. Gules.] (Her.) Defn: A roundlet of tincture sanguine, which is blazoned without mention of the tincture. GUZZLE Guz"zle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Guzzled, p. pr. & vb. n. Guzzling (.] Etym: [OP. gosillier, prob. orig., to pass through the throat; akin to F. gosier throat; cf. It. gozzo a bird's crop.] Defn: To swallow liquor greedily; to drink much or frequently. Those that came to guzzle in his wine cellar. Milton. Well-seasoned bowls the gossip's spirits raise, Who, while she guzzles, chats the doctor's praise. Roscommon. To fat the guzzling hogs with floods of whey. Gay. GUZZLE Guz"zle, v. t. Defn: To swallow much or often; to swallow with immoderate gust; to drink greedily or continually; as, one who guzzles beer. Dryden. GUZZLE Guz"zle, n. Defn: An insatiable thing or person. That sink of filth, that guzzle most impure. Marston. GUZZLER Guz"zler, n. Defn: An immoderate drinker. GWINIAD Gwin"i*ad, n. Etym: [W. gwyniad a whiting, the name of various fishes, fr. gwyn white.] (Zool.) Defn: A fish (Coregonus ferus) of North Wales and Northern Europe, allied to the lake whitefish; -- called also powan, and schelly. [Written also gwyniad, guiniad, gurniad.] GYALL Gy"all, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Gayal. GYB; GYBE Gyb, Gybe (, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Jib. [Obs.] GYBE Gybe, n. & v. Defn: See Gibe. GYBE Gybe, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Gybed; p. pr. & vb. n. Gybing.] Etym: [See Jibe.] (Naut.) Defn: To shift from one side of a vessel to the other; -- said of the boom of a fore-and-aft sail when the vessel is steered off the wind until the sail fills on the opposite side. [Also jibe.] GYE Gye, v. t. Etym: [OF. guier; of German origin. See Guide, and cf. Guy.] Defn: To guide; to govern. [Obs.] Discreet enough his country for to gye. Chaucer. GYLE Gyle, n. Etym: [F. guiller to ferment. Cf. Guillevat.] Defn: Fermented wort used for making vinegar. Gyle tan (Brewing), a large vat in which wort ferments. GYMNAL Gym"nal, a. & n. Defn: Same as Gimmal. GYMNASIARCH Gym*na"si*arch, n. Etym: [L. gymnasiarchus, Gr. gymnasiarque.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: An Athenian officer who superintended the gymnasia, and provided the oil and other necessaries at his own expense. GYMNASIUM Gym*na"si*um n.; pl. E. Gymnasiums, L. Gymnasia. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. A place or building where athletic exercises are performed; a school for gymnastics. 2. A school for the higher branches of literature and science; a preparatory school for the university; -- used esp. of German schools of this kind. More like ordinary schools of gymnasia than universities. Hallam. GYMNAST Gym"nast (, n. Etym: [Gr. gymnaste. See Gymnasium.] Defn: One who teaches or practices gymnastic exercises; the manager of a gymnasium; an athlete. GYMNASTIC; GYMNASTICAL Gym*nas"tic, Gym*nas"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. gymnasticus, Gr. gymnastique. See Gymnasium.] Defn: Pertaining to athletic exercises intended for health, defense, or diversion; -- said of games or exercises, as running, leaping, wrestling, throwing the discus, the javelin, etc.; also, pertaining to disciplinary exercises for the intellect; athletic; as, gymnastic exercises, contests, etc. GYMNASTIC Gym*nas"tic, n. Defn: A gymnast. [Obs.] GYMNASTICALLY Gym*nas"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a gymnastic manner. GYMNASTICS Gym*nas"tics, n. Defn: Athletic or disciplinary exercises; the art of performing gymnastic exercises; also, disciplinary exercises for the intellect or character. GYMNIC; GYMNICAL Gym"nic, Gym"nic*al a. Etym: [L. gymnicus, Gr. gymnique. See Gymmasium.] Defn: Athletic; gymnastic. [Obs.] Have they not swordplayers, and every sort Of gymnic artists, wrestlers, riders, runners Milton. GYMNIC Gym"nic, n. Defn: Athletic exercise. [Obs.] Burton. GYMNITE Gym"nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A hydrous silicate of magnesia. GYMNOBLASTEA Gym"no*blas`te*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + (Zoöl.) Defn: The Athecata; -- so called because the medusoid buds are not inclosed in a capsule. GYMNOBLASTIC Gym"no*blas"tic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Gymnoblastea. GYMNOCARPOUS Gym`no*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. gymno`s naked + (Bot.) Defn: Naked-fruited, the fruit either smooth or not adherent to the perianth. Gray. GYMNOCHROA Gym*noch"ro*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Hydroidea including the hydra. See Hydra. GYMNOCLADUS Gym*noc"la*dus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + (Bot.) Defn: A genus of leguminous plants; the Kentucky coffee tree. The leaves are cathartic, and the seeds a substitute for coffee. GYMNOCOPA Gym"no*co`pa, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of transparent, free-swimming Annelida, having setae only in the cephalic appendages. GYMNOCYTE Gym"no*cyte, n. Etym: [Gr. gymno`s nake + Defn: (Biol.) A cytode without a proper cell wall, but with a nucleus. Haeckel. GYMNOCYTODE Gym"no*cy`tode, n. Etym: [Gr. gymno`s naked + E. cytode.] (Biol.) Defn: A cytode without either a cell wall or a nucleus. Haeckel. GYMNODONT Gym"no*dont, n. Etym: [Gr. gymno`s naked + (Zool.) Defn: One of a group of plectognath fishes (Gymnodontes), having the teeth and jaws consolidated into one or two bony plates, on each jaw, as the diodonts and tetradonts. See Bur fish, Globefish, Diodon. GYMNOGEN Gym"no*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. gymno`s naked + -gen.] (Bot.) Defn: One of a class of plants, so called by Lindley, because the ovules are fertilized by direct contact of the pollen. Same as Gymnosperm. GYMNOGLOSSA Gym"no*glos`sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of gastropods in which the odontophore is without teeth. GYMNOLAEMA; GYMNOLAEMATA Gym"no*læ`ma, Gym*no*læ"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [Nl., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Bryozoa, having no epistome. GYMNONOTI Gym"no*no`ti, n. pl. Etym: [NL. fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + (Zoöl.) Defn: The order of fishes which includes the Gymnotus or electrical eel. The dorsal fin is wanting. GYMNOPAEDIC Gym`no*pæd"ic ((), a. Etym: [Gr. gymno`s naked + (Zoöl.) Defn: Having young that are naked when hatched; psilopædic; -- said of certain birds. GYMNOPHIONA Gym`no*phi"o*na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Amphibia, having a long, annulated, snakelike body. See Ophiomorpha. GYMNOPHTHALMATA Gym`noph*thal"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of acalephs, including the naked-eyed medusæ; the hydromedusæ. Most of them are known to be the free-swimming progeny (gonophores) of hydroids. GYMNOPLAST Gym"no*plast, n. Etym: [Gr. gymno`s naked + pla`ssein to shape, mold.] (Biol.) Defn: A cell or mass of protoplasm devoid of an envelope, as a white blood corpuscle. GYMNORHINAL Gym"no*rhi`nal, a. Etym: [Gr. gymno`s naked + (Zoöl.) Defn: Having unfeathered nostrils, as certain birds. GYMNOSOMATA Gym`no*so"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the orders of Pteropoda. They have no shell. GYMNOSOPHIST Gym*nos"o*phist, n. Etym: [Gr. gymno`s naked + gymnosophisle.] Defn: One of a sect of philosophers, said to have been found in India by Alexander the Great, who went almost naked, denied themselves the use of flesh, renounced bodily pleasures, and employed themselves in the contemplation of nature. GYMNOSOPHY Gym*nos"o*phy, n. Defn: The doctrines of the Gymnosophists. Good. GYMNOSPERM Gym"no*sperm, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant that bears naked seeds (i. e., seeds not inclosed in an ovary), as the common pine and hemlock. Cf. Angiosperm. GYMNOSPERMOUS Gym"no*sper`mous, n. Etym: [Gr. gymno`spermos; gymno`s naked + spe`rma seed: cf. F. gymnosperme.] (Bot.) (a) Having naked seeds, or seeds not inclosed in a capsule or other vessel. (b) Belonging to the class of plants consisting of gymnosperms. GYMNOTOKA Gym*not"o*ka, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + (Zoöl.) Defn: The Athecata. GYMNOTUS Gym*no"tus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. gymno`s naked + gymnote.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of South American fresh-water fishes, including the Gymnotus electricus, or electric eel. It has a greenish, eel-like body, and is possessed of electric power. One fearful shock, fearful but momentary, like from the electric blow of the gymnotus. De Quincey. GYN Gyn, v. i. Defn: To begin [Obs.] See Gin. GYNAECEUM; GYNAECIUM Gyn`æ*ce"um, Gyn`æ*ci"um, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: The part of a large house, among the ancients, exclusively appropriated to women. [Written also gyneceum, gynecium.] Tennyson. GYNAECIAN Gy*næ"cian, a. Defn: The same as Gynecian. GYNAECOPHORE Gy`næ"co*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A ventral canal or groove, in which the males of some dioecious trematodes carry the female. See Illust. of Hæmatozoa. GYNANDER Gy*nan"der, n. Etym: [See Gynandrian.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant having the stamens inserted in the pistil. GYNANDRIA Gy*nan"dri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Gynandrian.] (Bot.) Defn: A class of plants in the Linnaean system, whose stamens grow out of, or are united with, the pistil. GYNANDRIAN; GYNANDROUS Gy*nan"dri*an, Gy*nan"drous, a. Etym: [Gr. gy`nandros of doubtful sex; gynh` a woman + gynandre.] (Bot.) Defn: Having stamens inserted in the pistil; belonging to the class Gynandria. GYNANDROMORPH Gy*nan"dro*morph, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal affected with gynandromorphism, GYNANDROMORPHISM Gy*nan"dro*mor`phism, n. Etym: [Gr. gynh` a woman, female + (Zoöl.) Defn: An abnormal condition of certain animals, in which one side has the external characters of the male, and the other those of the female. GYNANDROMORPHOUS Gy*nan`dro*mor"phous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Affected, with gynandromorphism. GYNANTHEROUS Gy*nan"ther*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. gynh` a woman + E. anther.] (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to an abnormal condition of the flower, in which the stamens are converted into pistils. A. Brown. GYNARCHY Gyn"ar*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. gynh` a woman+ -archy.] Defn: Government by a woman. Chesterfield. GYNECEUM Gyn"e*ce`um, n. Defn: See Gynæceum. GYNECIAN Gy*ne"cian, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or relating to women. GYNECOCRACY Gyn`e*coc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. gynh`, gynaiko`s, a woman + gynécocratie. Cf. Gynocracy.] Defn: Government by a woman, female power; gyneocracy. Bailey. GYNECOLOGICAL Gyn"e*co*log`ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to gynecology. GYNECOLOGY Gyn"e*col`o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. gynh`, gynaiko`s, a woman+ -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of the structure and diseases of women. -- Gyn`e*col"o*gist. GYNEOCRACY Gyn"e*oc`ra*cy, n. Defn: See Gynecocracy. GYNEOLATRY Gyn`e*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The adoration or worship of woman. The sentimental gyneolatry of chivalry, which was at best but skin- deep. Lowell. GYNEPHOBIA Gyn`e*pho"bi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: Hatred of women; repugnance to the society of women. Holmes. GYNNO Gyn"no, v. i. Defn: To begin. See Gin. [Obs.] GYNOBASE Gyn"o*base, n. Etym: [Gr. base.] (Bot.) Defn: A dilated base or receptacle, supporting a multilocular ovary. GYNOBASIC Gyn"o*ba`sic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or having, a gynobase. GYNOCRACY Gy*noc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [See Gynecocracy.] Defn: Female government; gynecocracy. The aforesaid state has repeatedly changed from absolute despotism to republicanism, not forgetting the intermediate stages of oligarchy, limited monarchy, and even gynocracy; for I myself remember Alsatia governed for nearly nine months by an old fishwoman. Sir H. Scott. GYNODIOECIOUS Gy"no*di*oe`cious, a. Etym: [Gr. di.] (Bot.) Defn: Dioecious, but having some hermaphrodite or perfect flowers on an individual plant which bears mostly pistillate flowers. GYNOECIUM Gy*noe"ci*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The pistils of a flower, taken collectively. See Illust. of Carpophore. GYNOPHORE Gyn"o*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. gynophore.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The pedicel raising the pistil or ovary above the stamens, as in the passion flower. Lindley. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the branches bearing the female gonophores, in certain Siphonophora. GYP Gyp, n. Etym: [Said to be a sportive application of Gr. Defn: A college servant; -- so called in Cambridge, England; at Oxford called a scout. [Cant] GYPSE Gypse, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Gypsum. [Obs.] Pococke. GYPSEOUS Gyp"se*ous, a. Etym: [L. gypseus. See Gypsum.] Defn: Resembling or containing gypsum; partaking of the qualities of gypsum. GYPSEY Gyp"sey, n. Defn: A gypsy. See Gypsy. GYPSIFEROUS Gyp*sif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gypsum + -ferous: cf. F. gypsif.] Defn: Containing gypsum. GYPSINE Gyp"sine ((), a. Defn: Gypseous. [R.] Chambers. GYPSOGRAPHY Gyp*sog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gypsum + -graphy.] Defn: The act or art of engraving on gypsum. GYPSOPLAST Gyp"so*plast, n. Etym: [Gypsum + Gr. Defn: A cast taken in plaster of Paris, or in white lime. GYPSUM Gyp"sum, n. Etym: [L. gypsum, Gr. jibs plaster, mortar, Per. jabs lime.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral consisting of the hydrous sulphate of lime (calcium). When calcined, it forms plaster of Paris. Selenite is a transparent, crystalline variety; alabaster, a fine, white, massive variety. GYPSY Gyp"sy, n.; pl. Gypsies. Etym: [OE. Gypcyan, F. gyptien Egyptian, gypsy, L. Aegyptius. See Egyptian.] [Also spelled gipsy and gypsey.] 1. One of a vagabond race, whose tribes, coming originally from India, entered Europe in 14th or 15th centry, and are now scattered over Turkey, Russia, Hungary, Spain, England, etc., living by theft, fortune telling, horsejockeying, tinkering, etc. Cf. Bohemian, Romany. Like a right gypsy, hath, at fast and loose, Beguiled me to the very heart of loss. Shak. 2. The language used by the gypsies. Shak. 3. A dark-complexioned person. Shak. 4. A cunning or crafty person [Collog.] Prior. GYPSY Gyp"sy a. Defn: Pertaining to, or suitable for, gypsies. Gypsy hat, a woman's or child's broad-brimmed hat, usually of straw or felt. -- Gypsy winch, a small winch, which may be operated by a crank, or by a ratchet and pawl through a lever working up and down. GYPSY Gyp"sy, v. i. Defn: To play the gypsy; to picnic in the woods. Mostly. Gyp"sy*ing, vb. n. GYPSYISM Gyp"sy*ism, n. 1. The arts and practices or habits of gypsies; deception; cheating; flattery. 2. The state of a gypsy. GYPSY MOTH; GIPSY MOTH Gyp"sy, or Gip"sy, moth . Defn: A tussock moth (Ocneria dispar) native of the Old World, but accidentally introduced into eastern Massachusetts about 1869, where its caterpillars have done great damage to fruit, shade, and forest trees of many kinds. The male gypsy moth is yellowish brown, the female white, and larger than the male. In both sexes the wings are marked by dark lines and a dark lunule. The caterpillars, when full- grown, have a grayish mottled appearance, with blue tubercles on the anterior and red tubercles on the posterior part of the body, all giving rise to long yellow and black hairs. They usually pupate in July and the moth appears in August. The eggs are laid on tree trunks, rocks, etc., and hatch in the spring. GYPSYWORT Gyp"sy*wort", n. (Bot.) Defn: A labiate plant (the Lycopus Europæus). Gypsies are said to stain their skin with its juice. GYRACANTHUS Gyr`a*can"thus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr, (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of fossil fishes, found in Devonian and carboniferous strata; -- so named from their round, sculptured spines. GYRAL Gy"ral, a. Etym: [See Gyre.] 1. Moving in a circular path or way; whirling; gyratory. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to a gyrus, or convolution. GYRANT Gy"rant, a. Defn: Gyrating. [R.] GYRATE Gy"rate, a. Etym: [L. gyratus made in a circular form, p. p. of gyrare.] Defn: Winding or coiled round; curved into a circle; taking a circular course. GYRATE Gy"rate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gyrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Gyrating.] Etym: [L. gyratus, p. p. of gyrare to gyrate. See Gyre, n.] Defn: To revolve round a central point; to move spirally about an axis, as a tornado; to revolve. GYRATION Gy*ra"tion, n. 1. The act of turning or whirling, as around a fixed center; a circular or spiral motion; motion about an axis; rotation; revolution. The gyrations of an ascending balloon. De Quincey. If a burning coal be nimbly moved round in a circle, with gyrations continually repeated, the whole circle will appear like fire. Sir I. Newton. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the whorls of a spiral univalve shell. Center of gyration. (Mech.) See under Center. -- Radius of gyration the distance between the axis of a rotating body and its center of gyration. Rankine. GYRATORY Gy"ra*to*ry, a. Defn: Moving in a circle, or spirally; revolving; whirling around. GYRE Gyre, n. Etym: [L. gyrus, Gr. Defn: A circular motion, or a circle described by a moving body; a turn or revolution; a circuit. Quick and more quick he spins in giddy gyres. Dryden. Still expanding and ascending gyres. Mrs. Browning. GYRE Gyre, v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. OF. gyrer, girer. See Gyrate.] Defn: To turn round; to gyrate. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Drayton. GYREFUL Gyre"ful, a. Defn: Abounding in gyres. [Obs.] GYRENCEPHALA Gyr"en*ceph`a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL. fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The higher orders of Mammalia, in which the cerebrum is convoluted. -- Gyr"en*ceph"a*lous, a. GYRFALCON Gyr"fal`con, n. Etym: [OE. gerfaucon, OF. gerfaucon, LL. gyrofalco, perh. fr. L. gyrus circle + falco falcon, and named from its circling flight; or cf. E. gier-eagle. See Gyre, n., Falcon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species and varieties of large Arctic falcons, esp. Falco rusticolus and the white species F. Islandicus, both of which are circumpolar. The black and the gray are varieties of the former. See Illust. of Accipiter. [Written also gerfalcon, gierfalcon, and jerfalcon.] GYRI Gy"ri, n. pl. Defn: See Gyrus. GYRLAND Gyr"land, v. t. Etym: [See Garland.] Defn: To garland. [Obs.] GYRODUS Gyr"o*dus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of extinct oölitic fishes, having rounded teeth in several rows adapted for crushing. GYROGONITE Gy*rog"o*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: The petrified fruit of the Chara hispida, a species of stonewort. See Stonewort. Lyell. GYROIDAL Gy*roid"al, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid + -al.] 1. Spiral in arrangement or action. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: Having the planes arranged spirally, so that they incline all to the right (or left) of a vertical line; -- said of certain hemihedral forms. 3. (Opt.) Defn: Turning the plane of polarization circularly or spirally to the right or left. GYROLEPIS Gy*rol"e*pis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of ganoid fishes, found in strata of the new red sandetone, and the lias bone beds. Agassiz. GYROMA Gy*ro"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A turning round. [R.] GYROMANCY Gyr"o*man"cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy: cf. F. gyromancie.] Defn: A kind of divination performed by drawing a ring or circle, and walking in or around it. Brande & C. GYRON Gy"ron, n. Etym: [F. giron; of German origin. See Gore a piece of cloth,] (Her.) Defn: A subordinary of triangular form having one of its angles at the fess point and the opposite aide at the edge of the escutcheon. When there is only one gyron on the shield it is bounded by two linea drawn from the fess point, one horizontally to the dexter side, and one to the dexter chief corner. GYRONNY Gy"ron*ny, a. Etym: [F. gironn.] (Her.) Defn: Covered with gyrons, or divided so as to form several gyrons; - - said of an escutcheon. GYROPIGEON; GYRO-PIGEON Gy"ro*pi"geon, n. Etym: [L. gyrare to revolve + E. pigeon.] Defn: A flying object simulating a pigeon in flight, when projected from a spring trap. It is used as a flying target in shooting matches. Knight. GYROSCOPE Gy"ro*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] 1. A rotating wheel, mounted in a ring or rings, for illustrating the dynamics of rotating bodies, the composition of rotations, etc. It was devised by Professor W. R. Johnson, in 1832, by whom it was called the rotascope. 2. A form of the above apparatus, invented by M. Foucault, mounted so delicately as to render visible the rotation of the earth, through the tendency of the rotating wheel to preserve a constant plane of rotation, independently of the earth's motion. GYROSCOPIC Gy"ro*scop"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to the gyroscope; resembling the motion of the gyroscope. GYROSE Gy"rose", a. Etym: [See Gyre.] (Bot.) Defn: Turned round like a crook, or bent to and fro. Loudon. GYROSTAT Gy"ro*stat, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physics) Defn: A modification of the gyroscope, consisting essentially of a fly wheel fixed inside a rigid case to which is attached a thin flange of metal for supporting the instrument. It is used in studying the dynamics of rotating bodies. GYROSTATIC Gy"ro*stat"ic, a. (Physics) Defn: Of or pertaining to the gyrostat or to gyrostatics. GYROSTATICS Gy"ro*stat"ics, n. (Physics) Defn: The doctrine or theory of the gyrostat, or of the phenomena of rotating bodies. GYRUS Gy"rus, n.; pl. Gyri. Etym: [L. See Gyre, n.] Defn: A convoluted ridge between grooves; a convolution; as, the gyri of the brain; the gyri of brain coral. See Brain. GYSE Gyse, n. Defn: Guise. [Obs.] Chaucer. GYTE Gyte, a. Defn: Delirious; senselessly extravagant; as, the man is clean gyte. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. GYVE Gyve, n. Etym: [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. gefyn, Ir. geibbionn, Gael. geimheal.] Defn: A shackle; especially, one to confine the legs; a fetter. [Written also give.] Like a poor prisoner in his twisted gyves. Shak. With gyves upon his wrist. Hood. GYVE Gyve, v. t. Etym: [imp. & p. p. Gyved (p. pr. & vb. n. Gyving.] Defn: To fetter; to shackle; to chain. Spenser. I will gyve thee in thine own courtship. Shak. H Defn: the eighth letter of the English alphabet, is classed among the consonants, and is formed with the mouth organs in the same position as that of the succeeding vowel. It is used with certain consonants to form digraphs representing sounds which are not found in the alphabet, as sh, th, th, as in shall, thing, thine (for zh see §274); also, to modify the sounds of some other letters, as when placed after c and p, with the former of which it represents a compound sound like that of tsh, as in charm (written also tch as in catch), with the latter, the sound of f, as in phase, phantom. In some words, mostly derived or introduced from foreign languages, h following c and g indicates that those consonants have the hard sound before e, i, and y, as in chemistry, chiromancy, chyle, Ghent, Ghibelline, etc.; in some others, ch has the sound of sh, as in chicane. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 153, 179, 181-3, 237-8. Note: The name (aitch) is from the French ache; its form is from the Latin, and this from the Greek H, which was used as the sign of the spiritus asper (rough breathing) before it came to represent the long vowel, Gr. ê. The Greek H is from Phoenician, the ultimate origin probably being Egyptian. Etymologically H is most closely related to c; as in E. horn, L. cornu, Gr. ke`ras; E. hele, v. t., conceal; E. hide, L. cutis, Gr. ky`tos; E. hundred, L. centum, Gr. 'e-kat-on, Skr. csata. H piece (Mining), the part of a plunger pump which contains the valve. H H (hal). (Mus.) Defn: The seventh degree in the diatonic scale, being used by the Germans for B natural. See B. HA Ha (hal), interj. Etym: [AS.] Defn: An exclamation denoting surprise, joy, or grief. Both as uttered and as written, it expresses a great variety of emotions, determined by the tone or the context. When repeated, ha, ha, it is an expression of laughter, satisfaction, or triumph, sometimes of derisive laughter; or sometimes it is equivalent to "Well, it is so." Ha-has, and inarticulate hootings of satirical rebuke. Carlyle. HAAF Haaf, n. Etym: [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. & Sw. haf the sea, Dan. hav, perh. akin to E. haven.] Defn: The deepsea fishing for cod, ling, and tusk, off the Shetland Isles. HAAK Haak, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sea fish. See Hake. Ash. HAAR Haar, n. Etym: [See Hoar.] Defn: A fog; esp., a fog or mist with a chill wind. [Scot.] T. Chalmers. HABEAS CORPUS Ha"be*as corpus. Etym: [L. you may have the body.] (Law) Defn: A writ having for its object to bring a party before a court or judge; especially, one to inquire into the cause of a person's imprisonment or detention by another, with the view to protect the right to personal liberty; also, one to bring a prisoner into court to testify in a pending trial. Bouvier. HABENDUM Ha*ben"dum, n. Etym: [L., that must be had.] (Law) Defn: That part of a deed which follows the part called the premises, and determines the extent of the interest or estate granted; -- so called because it begins with the word Habendum. Kent. HABERDASH Hab"er*dash, v. i. Etym: [See Haberdasher.] Defn: To deal in small wares. [R.] To haberdash in earth's base ware. Quarles. HABERDASHER Hab"er*dash"er, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. Icel. hapurtask trumpery, trifles, perh. through French. It is possibly akin to E. haversack, and to Icel. taska trunk, chest, pocket, G. tasche pocket, and the orig. sense was perh., peddler's wares.] 1. A dealer in small wares, as tapes, pins, needles, and thread; also, a hatter. [Obs.] The haberdasher heapeth wealth by hats. Gascoigne. 2. A dealer in drapery goods of various descriptions, as laces, silks, trimmings, etc. HABERDASHERY Hab"er*dash"er*y, n. Defn: The goods and wares sold by a haberdasher; also (Fig.), trifles. Burke. HABERDINE Hab"er*dine", n. Etym: [D. abberdaan, labberdaan; or a French form, cf. OF. habordeau, from the name of a Basque district, cf. F. Labourd, adj. Labourdin. The l was misunderstood as the French article.] Defn: A cod salted and dried. Ainsworth. HABERGEON Ha*ber"ge*on, n. Etym: [F. haubergeon a small hauberk, dim. of OF. hauberc, F. haubert. See Hauberk.] Defn: Properly, a short hauberk, but often used loosely for the hauberk. Chaucer. HABILATORY Hab"i*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to clothing; wearing clothes. Ld. Lytton. HABILE Hab"ile, a. Etym: [F. habile, L. habilis. See Able, Habit.] Defn: Fit; qualified; also, apt. [Obs.] Spenser. HABILIMENT Ha*bil"i*ment, n. Etym: [F. habillement, fr. habiller to dress, clothe, orig., to make fit, make ready, fr. habile apt, skillful, L. habilis. See Habile.] 1. A garment; an article of clothing. Camden. 2. pl. Defn: Dress, in general. Shak. HABILIMENTED Ha*bil"i*ment*ed, a. Defn: Clothed. Taylor (1630). HABILITATE Ha*bil"i*tate, a. Etym: [LL. habilitatus, p. p. of habilitare to enable.] Defn: Qualified or entitled. [Obs.] Bacon. HABILITATE Ha*bil"i*tate, v. t. Defn: To fit out; to equip; to qualify; to entitle. Johnson. HABILITATION Ha*bil"i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [LL. habilitatio: cf. F. habilitation.] Defn: Equipment; qualification. [Obs.] Bacon. HABILITY Ha*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [See Ability.] Defn: Ability; aptitude. [Obs.] Robynson. (More's Utopia). HABIT Hab"it n. Etym: [OE. habit, abit fr. habit fr. L. habitus state, appearance, dress, fr. habere to have, be in a condition; prob. akin to E. have. See Have, and cf. Able, Binnacle, Debt, Due, Exhibit, Malady.] 1. The usual condition or state of a person or thing, either natural or acquired, regarded as something had, possessed, and firmly retained; as, a religious habit; his habit is morose; elms have a spreading habit; esp., physical temperament or constitution; as, a full habit of body. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The general appearance and manner of life of a living organism. 3. Fixed or established custom; ordinary course of conduct; practice; usage; hence, prominently, the involuntary tendency or aptitude to perform certain actions which is acquired by their frequent repetition; as, habit is second nature; also, peculiar ways of acting; characteristic forms of behavior. A man of very shy, retired habits. W. Irving. 4. Outward appearance; attire; dress; hence, a garment; esp., a closely fitting garment or dress worn by ladies; as, a riding habit. Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy. Shak. There are, among the states, several of Venus, in different habits. Addison. Syn. -- Practice; mode; manner; way; custom; fashion. -- Habit, Custom. Habit is a disposition or tendency leading us to do easily, naturally, and with growing certainty, what we do often; custom is external, being habitual use or the frequent repetition of the same act. The two operate reciprocally on each other. The custom of giving produces a habit of liberality; habits of devotion promote the custom of going to church. Custom also supposes an act of the will, selecting given modes of procedure; habit is a law of our being, a kind of "second nature" which grows up within us. How use doth breed a habit in a man ! Shak. He who reigns . . . upheld by old repute, Consent, or custom. Milton. HABIT Hab"it, v. t. [ Habited; p. pr. & vb. n. Habiting.] Etym: [OE. habiten to dwell, F. habiter, fr. L. habitare to have frequently, to dwell, intens. fr. habere to have. See Habit, n.] 1. To inhabit. [Obs.] In thilke places as they [birds] habiten. Rom. of R. 2. To dress; to clothe; to array. They habited themselves lite those rural deities. Dryden. 3. To accustom; to habituate. [Obs.] Chapman. HABITABILITY Hab"it*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Habitableness. HABITABLE Hab"it*a*ble, a. Etym: [F. habitable, L. habitbilis.] Defn: Capable of being inhabited; that may be inhabited or dwelt in; as, the habitable world. -- Hab"it*a*ble*ness, n. -- Hab"it*a*bly, adv. HABITABLE Hab"ita*ble, n Etym: [F. habitacle dwelling place, binnacle, L. habitaculum dwelling place. See Binnacle, Habit, v.] Defn: A dwelling place. Chaucer. Southey. HABITAN Ha`bi`tan", n. Defn: Same as Habitant, 2. General met an emissary . . . sent . . . to ascertain the feelings of the habitans or French yeomanry. W. Irwing. HABITANCE Hab"it*ance, n. Etym: [OF. habitance, LL. habitania.] Defn: Dwelling; abode; residence. [Obs.] Spenser. HABITANCY Hab"it*an*cy, n. Defn: Same as Inhabitancy. HABITANT Hab`it*ant, n. Etym: [F. habitant. See Habit, v.t] 1. An inhabitant; a dweller. Milton. Pope. 2. Etym: [F. pron. (] Defn: An inhabitant or resident; -- a name applied to and denoting farmers of French descent or origin in Canada, especially in the Province of Quebec; -- usually in plural. The habitants or cultivators of the soil. Parkman. HABITAT Hab`i*tat, n. Etym: [L., it dwells, fr. habitare. See Habit, v. t.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: The natural abode, locality or region of an animal or plant. 2. Place where anything is commonly found. This word has its habitat in Oxfordshire. Earle. HABITATION Hab`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [F. habitation, L. habi(atio.] 1. The act of inhabiting; state of inhabiting or dwelling, or of being inhabited; occupancy. Denham. 2. Place of abode; settled dwelling; residence; house. The Lord . . . blesseth the habitation of the just. Prov. iii. 33. HABITATOR Hab"ita`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A dweller; an inhabitant. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. HABITED Hab`it*ed, p. p. & a. 1. Clothed; arrayed; dressed; as, he was habited like a shepherd. 2. Fixed by habit; accustomed. [Obs.] So habited he was in sobriety. Fuller. 3. Inhabited. [Archaic] Another world, which is habited by the ghosts of men and women. Addison. HABITUAL Ha*bit"ual, a. Etym: [Cf. F. habituel, LL. habituals. See Habit, n.] 1. Formed or acquired by habit or use. An habitual knowledge of certain rules and maxims. South. 2. According to habit; established by habit; customary; constant; as, the habiual practice of sin. It is the distinguishing mark of habitual piety to be grateful for the most common and ordinary blessings. Buckminster. Syn. -- Customary; accustomed; usual; common; wonted; ordinary; regular; familiar. -- Ha*bit"u*al*ly, adv. -- Ha*bit"u*al*ness, n. HABITUATE Ha*bit"u*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Habituated; p. pr. & vb. n. Habituating.] Etym: [L. habituatus, p. p. of habituare to bring into a condition or habit of body: cf. F. habituer. See Habit.] 1. To make accustomed; to accustom; to familiarize. Our English dogs, who were habituated to a colder clime. Sir K. Digby. Men are first corrupted . . . and next they habituate themselves to their vicious practices. Tillotson. 2. To settle as an inhabitant. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple. HABITUATE Ha*bit"u*ate, a. Defn: Firmly established by custom; formed by habit; habitual. [R.] Hammond. HABITUATION Ha*bit`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. habituation.] Defn: The act of habituating, or accustoming; the state of being habituated. HABITUDE Hab"i*tude, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. habitudo condition. See Habit.] 1. Habitual attitude; usual or accustomed state with reference to something else; established or usual relations. South. The same ideas having immutably the same habitudes one to another. Locke. The verdict of the judges was biased by nothing else than habitudes of thinking. Landor. 2. Habitual association, intercourse, or familiarity. To write well, one must have frequent habitudes with the best company. Dryden. 3. Habit of body or of action. Shak. It is impossible to gain an exact habitude without an infinite Dryden. HABITUE Ha`bi`tu`e", n. Etym: [F., p. p. of habituer. See Habituate.] Defn: One who habitually frequents a place; as, an habitué of a theater. HABITURE Hab"i*ture, n. Defn: Habitude. [Obs.] HABITUS Hab"i*tus, n. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Habitude; mode of life; general appearance. HABLE Ha"ble, a. Defn: See Habile. [Obs.] Spenser. HABNAB Hab"nab, adv. [Hobnob.] Defn: By chance. [Obs.] HACHURE Hach"ure, n. Etym: [F., fr. hacher to hack. See Hatching.] (Fine Arts) Defn: A short line used in drawing and engraving, especially in shading and denoting different surfaces, as in map drawing. See Hatching. HACIENDA Ha`ci*en"da ( or ), n. Etym: [Sp., fr. OSp. facienda employment, estate, fr. L. facienda, pl. of faciendum what is to be done, fr. facere to do. See Fact.] Defn: A large estate where work of any kind is done, as agriculture, manufacturing, mining, or raising of animals; a cultivated farm, with a good house, in distinction from a farming establishment with rude huts for herdsmen, etc.; -- a word used in Spanish-American regions. 1. HACK Hack, n. Etym: [See Hatch a half door.] 1. A frame or grating of various kinds; as, a frame for drying bricks, fish, or cheese; a rack for feeding cattle; a grating in a mill race, etc. 2. Unburned brick or tile, stacked up for drying. HACK Hack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hacked; p. pr. & vb. n. Hacking.] Etym: [OE. hakken; akin to D. hakken, G. hacken, Dan. hakke, Sw. hacka, and perh. to E. hew. Cf. Hew to cut, Haggle.] 1. To cut irregulary, without skill or definite purpose; to notch; to mangle by repeated strokes of a cutting instrument; as, to hack a post. My sword hacked like a handsaw. Shak. 2. Fig.: To mangle in speaking. Shak. HACK Hack, v. i. Defn: To cough faintly and frequently, or in a short, broken manner; as, a hacking cough. HACK Hack, n. 1. A notch; a cut. Shak. 2. An implement for cutting a notch; a large pick used in breaking stone. 3. A hacking; a catch in speaking; a short, broken cough. Dr. H. More. 4. (Football) Defn: A kick on the shins. T. Hughes. Hack saw, a handsaw having a narrow blade stretched in an iron frame, for cutting metal. HACK Hack, n. Etym: [Shortened fr. hackney. See Hackney.] 1. A horse, hackneyed or let out for common hire; also, a horse used in all kinds of work, or a saddle horse, as distinguished from hunting and carriage horses. 2. A coach or carriage let for hire; particularly, a a coach with two seats inside facing each other; a hackney coach. On horse, on foot, in hacks and gilded chariots. Pope. 3. A bookmaker who hires himself out for any sort of literary work; an overworked man; a drudge. Here lies poor Ned Purdon, from misery freed, Who long was a bookseller's hack. Goldsmith. 4. A procuress. HACK Hack, a. Defn: Hackneyed; hired; mercenary. Wakefield. Hack writer, a hack; one who writes for hire. "A vulgar hack writer." Macaulay. HACK Hack, v. t. 1. To use as a hack; to let out for hire. 2. To use frequently and indiscriminately, so as to render trite and commonplace. The word "remarkable" has been so hacked of late. J. H. Newman. HACK Hack, v. i. 1. To be exposed or offered or to common use for hire; to turn prostitute. Hanmer. 2. To live the life of a drudge or hack. Goldsmith. HACKAMORE Hack"a*more, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. jaquima headstall of a halter.] Defn: A halter consisting of a long leather or rope strap and headstall, -- used for leading or tieing a pack animal. [Western U.S.] HACKBERRY Hack"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees (Celtis) related to the elm, but bearing drupes with scanty, but often edible, pulp. C. occidentalis is common in the Eastern United States. Gray. HACKBOLT Hack"bolt`, n, (Zoöl.) Defn: The greater shearwater or hagdon. See Hagdon. HACKBUSS Hack"buss, n. Defn: Same as Hagbut. HACKEE Hack"ee, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chipmunk; also, the chickaree or red squirrel. [U.S.] HACKER Hack"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, hacks. Specifically: A cutting instrument for making notches; esp., one used for notching pine trees in collecting turpentine; a hack. HACKERY Hack"er*y, n. Etym: [Hind. chakra.] Defn: A cart with wooden wheels, drawn by bullocks. [Bengal] Malcom. HACKLE Hac"kle, n. Etym: [See Heckle, and cf. Hatchel.] 1. A comb for dressing flax, raw silk, etc.; a hatchel. 2. Any flimsy substance unspun, as raw silk. 3. One of the peculiar, long, narrow feathers on the neck of fowls, most noticeable on the cock, -- often used in making artificial flies; hence, any feather so used. 4. An artificial fly for angling, made of feathers. HACKLE Hac"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hackled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hackling.] 1. To separate, as the coarse part of flax or hemp from the fine, by drawing it through the teeth of a hackle or hatchel. 2. To tear asunder; to break in pieces. The other divisions of the kingdom being hackled and torn to pieces. Burke. HACKLY Hac"kly, a. Etym: [From Hackle] 1. Rough or broken, as if hacked. 2. (Min.) Defn: Having fine, short, and sharp points on the surface; as, the hackly fracture of metallic iron. HACKMAN Hack"man, n.; pl. Hackmen (. Defn: The driver of a hack or carriage for public hire. HACKMATACK Hack"ma*tack`, n. Etym: [Of American Indian origin.] (Bot.) Defn: The American larch (Larix Americana), a coniferous tree with slender deciduous leaves; also, its heavy, close-grained timber. Called also tamarack. HACKNEY Hack"ney, n.; pl. Hackneys. Etym: [OE. haceney, hacenay; cf. F. haquenée a pacing horse, an ambling nag, OF. also haquenée, Sp. hacanea, OSp. facanea, D. hakkenei, also OF. haque horse, Sp. haca, OSp. faca; perh akin to E. hack to cut, and orig. meaning, a jolting horse. Cf. Hack a horse, Nag.] 1. A horse for riding or driving; a nag; a pony. Chaucer. 2. A horse or pony kept for hire. 3. A carriage kept for hire; a hack; a hackney coach. 4. A hired drudge; a hireling; a prostitute. HACKNEY Hack"ney, a. Defn: Let out for hire; devoted to common use; hence, much used; trite; mean; as, hackney coaches; hackney authors. "Hackney tongue." Roscommon. HACKNEY Hack"ney, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hackneyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Hackneying.] 1. To devote to common or frequent use, as a horse or carriage; to wear out in common service; to make trite or commonplace; as, a hackneyed metaphor or quotation. Had I lavish of my presence been, So common-hackneyed in the eyes of men. Shak. 2. To carry in a hackney coach. Cowper. HACKNEYMAN Hack"ney*man, n.; pl. Hackneymen (. Defn: A man who lets horses and carriages for hire. HACKSTER Hack"ster, n. Etym: [From Hack to cut.] Defn: A bully; a bravo; a ruffian; an assassin. [Obs.] Milton. HACQUETON Hac"que*ton, n. Defn: Same as Acton. [Obs.] HAD Had, imp. & p. p. of Have. Etym: [OE.had, hafde, hefde, AS. hæfde.] Defn: See Have. Had as lief, Had rather, Had better, Had as soon, etc., with a nominative and followed by the infinitive without to, are well established idiomatic forms. The original construction was that of the dative with forms of be, followed by the infinitive. See Had better, under Better. And lever me is be pore and trewe. [And more agreeable to me it is to be poor and true.] C. Mundi (Trans. ). Him had been lever to be syke. [To him it had been preferable to be sick.] Fabian. For him was lever have at his bed's head Twenty bookes, clad in black or red, . . . Than robes rich, or fithel, or gay sawtrie. Chaucer. Note: Gradually the nominative was substituted for the dative, and had for the forms of be. During the process of transition, the nominative with was or were, and the dative with had, are found. Poor lady, she were better love a dream. Shak. You were best hang yourself. Beau. & Fl. Me rather had my heart might feel your love Than my unpleased eye see your courtesy. Shak. I hadde levere than my scherte, That ye hadde rad his legende, as have I. Chaucer. I had as lief not be as live to be In awe of such a thing as I myself. Shak. I had rather be a dog and bay the moon, Than such a Roman. Shak. I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God, than to dwell in the tents of wickedness. Ps. lxxxiv.10. HADDER Had"der, n. Defn: Heather; heath. [Obs.] Burton. HADDIE Had"die, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The haddock. [Scot.] HADDOCK Had"dock, n. Etym: [OE. hadoc, haddok, of unknown origin; cf. Ir. codog, Gael. adag, F. hadot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine food fish (Melanogrammus æglefinus), allied to the cod, inhabiting the northern coasts of Europe and America. It has a dark lateral line and a black spot on each side of the body, just back of the gills. Galled also haddie, and dickie. Norway haddock, a marine edible fish (Sebastes marinus) of Northern Europe and America. See Rose fish. HADE Hade, n. Etym: [Cf. heald inclined, bowed down, G. halde declivity.] 1. The descent of a hill. [Obs.] 2. (Mining) Defn: The inclination or deviation from the vertical of any mineral vein. HADE Hade, v. i. (Mining) Defn: To deviate from the vertical; -- said of a vein, fault, or lode. HADES Ha"des, n. Etym: [Gr.Un-, Wit.] Defn: The nether world (according to classical mythology, the abode of the shades, ruled over by Hades or Pluto); the invisible world; the grave. And death and Hades gave up the dead which were in them. Rev. xx. 13 (Rev. Ver. ). Neither was he left in Hades, nor did his flesh see corruption. Acts ii. 31 (Rev. Ver.). And in Hades he lifted up his eyes, being in torments. Luke xvi.23 (Rev. Ver.). HADJ Hadj, n. Etym: [Ar.hajj, fr. hajja to set out, walk, go on a pilgrimage.] Defn: The pilgrimage to Mecca, performed by Mohammedans. HADJI Hadj"i, n. Etym: [Ar. haji. See Hadj.] 1. A Mohammedan pilgrim to Mecca; -- used among Orientals as a respectful salutation or a title of honor. G. W. Curtis. 2. A Greek or Armenian who has visited the holy sepulcher at Jerusalem. Heyse. HADROSAURUS Had`ro*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "adro`s thick + say^ros lizard.] (Paleon.) Defn: An American herbivorous dinosaur of great size, allied to the iguanodon. It is found in the Cretaceous formation. HAECCEITY Hæc*ce`i*ty, Etym: [L. hæcce this.] (Logic) Defn: Literally, this-ness. A scholastic term to express individuality or singleness; as, this book. HAEMA-; HAEMATO-; HAEMO- Haem"a- (, Haem"a*to- (, Hæm"o- (. Etym: [Gr. ai^"ma, blood.] Defn: Combining forms indicating relation or resemblance to blood, association with blood; as, hæmapod, hæmatogenesis, hæmoscope. Note: Words from Gr. (hema-, hemato-, hemo-, as well as hæma-, hæmato-, hæmo-. HAEMACHROME Hæm"a*chrome ( or ), n. Etym: [Hæma- + Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Hematin. HAEMACYANIN Hæm`a*cy"a*nin, n. Etym: [Hæma- + Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A substance found in the blood of the octopus, which gives to it its blue color. Note: When deprived of oxygen it is colorless, but becomes quickly blue in contact with oxygen, and is then generally called oxyhæmacyanin. A similar blue coloring matter has been detected in small quantity in the blood of other animals and in the bile. HAEMACYTOMETER Hæm`a*cy*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Hæma + Gr. -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: An apparatus for determining the number of corpuscles in a given quantity of blood. HAEMAD Hæ"mad, adv. Etym: [Hæma- + L. ad toward.] (Anat.) Defn: Toward the hæmal side; on the hæmal side of; -- opposed to neurad. HAEMADROMETER; HAEMADROMOMETER Hæm`a*drom"e*ter, Hæm`a*dro*mom"e*ter, n. Defn: Same as Hemadrometer. HAEMADROMETRY; HAEMADROMOMETRY Haem`a*drom"e*try,Haem`a*dro*mom"e*try, n. Defn: Same as Hemadrometry. HAEMADROMOGRAPH Hæm`a*drom"o*graph, n. Etym: [Hæma- + Gr. -graph.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for registering the velocity of the blood. HAEMADYNAMETER; HAEMADYNAMOMETER Hae`ma*dy*nam"e*ter ( or ) Hae`ma*dy`na*mom"e*ter ( or ), Defn: Same as Hemadynamometer. HAEMADYNAMICS Hæma*dy*nam"ics (, n. Defn: Same as Hemadynamics. HAEMAL Hæ"mal, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to the blood or blood vessels; also, ventral. See Hemal. HAEMAPHAEIN Hæm`a*phæ"in, n. Etym: [Hæma- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A brownish substance sometimes found in the blood, in cases of jaundice. HAEMAPOD Hæm"a*pod ( or ), n. Etym: [Hæma + -pod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An hæmapodous animal. G. Rolleston. HAEMAPODOUS Hæ*map"o*dous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Having the limbs on, or directed toward, the ventral or hemal side, as in vertebrates; -- opposed to neuropodous. HAEMAPOIETIC Hæm`a*poi*et"ic ( or ), a. Etym: [Hæma- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Bloodforming; as, the hæmapoietic function of the spleen. HAEMAPOPHYSIS Hæm`a*poph"y*sis, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Same as Hemapophysis. -- Hæm`a*po*phys"i*al, a. HAEMASTATICS Hæm`a*stat"ics, n. Defn: Same as Hemastatics. HAEMATACHOMETER Hæm`a*ta*chom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Hæma- + Gr. -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: A form of apparatus (somewhat different from the hemadrometer) for measuring the velocity of the blood. HAEMATACHOMETRY Hæm`a*ta*chom"e*try, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The measurement of the velocity of the blood. HAEMATEMESIS Hæm`a*tem"e*sis, n. Defn: Same as Hematemesis. HAEMATIC Hæ*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the blood; sanguine; brownish red. Hæmatic acid (Physiol.), a hypothetical acid, supposed to be formed from hemoglobin during its oxidation in the lungs, and to have the power of freeing carbonic acid from the sodium carbonate of the serum. Thudichum. HAEMATIN Hæm"a*tin, n. Defn: Same as Hematin. HAEMATINOMETER Hæm`a*ti*nom"e*ter, n. Defn: Same as Hematinometer. HAEMATINOMETRIC Hæm`a*tin`o*met"ric, a. Defn: Same as Hematinometric. HAEMATITE Hæm"a*tite, n. Defn: Same as Hematite. HAEMATITIC Hæm`a*tit"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of a blood-red color; crimson; (Bot.) brownish red. HAEMATO- Hæm"a*to- ( or ), prefix. Defn: See Hæma-. HAEMATOBLAST Hæm"a*to*blast, n. Etym: [Hæmato- + -blast.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the very minute, disk-shaped bodies found in blood with the ordinary red corpuscles and white corpuscles; a third kind of blood corpuscle, supposed by some to be an early stage in the development of the red corpuscles; -- called also blood plaque, and blood plate. HAEMATOCRYA Hæm`a*toc"ry*a, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: The cold-blooded vertebrates. Same as Hematocrya. HAEMATOCRYAL Hæm`*a*toc"ry*al, a. Defn: Cold-blooded. HAEMATOCRYSTALLIN Hæm`a*to*crys"tal*lin, n. Defn: Same as Hematocrystallin. HAEMATODYNAMOMETER Hæ`ma*to*dy`na*mom"e*ter ( or ), n. Defn: Same as Hemadynamometer. HAEMATOGENESIS Hæm`a*to*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Hæmato- + genesis.] (Physiol.) (a) The origin and development of blood. (b) The transformation of venous arterial blood by respiration; hematosis. HAEMATOGENIC Hæm`a*to*gen"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Relating to hæmatogenesis. HAEMATOGENOUS Hæm`a*tog"e*nous, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Originating in the blood. HAEMATOGLOBULIN Hæm`a*to*glob"u*lin, n. Defn: Same as Hematoglobin. HAEMATOID Hæm"a*toid, a. Defn: Same as Hematoid. HAEMATOIDIN Hæm`a*toid"in, n. Defn: Same as Hematoidin. HAEMATOIN Hæ*mat"o*in, n. Etym: [Hæmato- + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A substance formed from the hematin of blood, by removal of the iron through the action of concentrated sulphuric acid. Two like bodies, called respectively hæmatoporphyrin and hæmatolin, are formed in a similar manner. HAEMATOLIN Hæ*mat"o*lin, n. Defn: See Hæmatoin. HAEMATOLOGY Hæm`a*tol"o*gy ( or ), n. Defn: The science which treats of the blood. Same as Hematology. HAEMATOLYSIS Hæm`a*tol"y*sis, n. [NL.; hæmato- + Gr. a loosing, dissolving, fr. to loose, dissolve.] (Physiol.) Defn: Dissolution of the red blood corpuscles with diminished coagulability of the blood; hæmolysis. -- Hæm`a*to*lyt"ic (#), a. HAEMATOMETER Hæm`a*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Hæmato- + -meter.] (Physiol.) (a) Same as Hemadynamometer. (b) An instrument for determining the number of blood corpuscles in a given quantity of blood. HAEMATOPHILINA Hæm`a*to*ph*i*li"na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. -gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Cheiroptera, including the bloodsucking bats. See Vampire. HAEMATOPLAST Hæm"a*to*plast`, n. Etym: [Hæmato- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Hæmatoblast. HAEMATOPLASTIC Hæm`a*to*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Hæmato- + -plastic.] (Physiol.) Defn: Blood formative; -- applied to a substance in early fetal life, which breaks up gradually into blood vessels. HAEMATOPORPHYRIN Hæm`a*to*por"phy*rin, n. Etym: [Hæmato- + Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: See Hæmatoin. HAEMATOSAC Hæm"a*to*sac`, n. Etym: [Hæmato- + sac.] (Anat.) Defn: A vascular sac connected, beneath the brain, in many fishes, with the infundibulum. HAEMATOSCOPE Hæm"a*to*scope`, n. Defn: A hæmoscope. HAEMATOSIN Hæm`a*to"sin ( or ), n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Hematin. [R.] HAEMATOSIS Hæm`a*to"sis, n. Defn: Same as Hematosis. HAEMATOTHERMA Hæm`a*to*ther"ma, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Hematotherma. HAEMATOTHERMAL Hæm`a*to*ther"mal, a. Defn: Warm-blooded; homoiothermal. HAEMATOTHORAX Hæm`a*to*tho"rax, n. Defn: Same as Hemothorax. HAEMATOXYLIN Hæm`a*tox"y*lin, n. Etym: [See Hæmatoxylon.] (Chem.) Defn: The coloring principle of logwood. It is obtained as a yellow crystalline substance, C16H14O6, with a sweetish taste. Formerly called also hematin. HAEMATOXYLON Hæm`a*tox"y*lon, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of leguminous plants containing but a single species, the H. Campechianum or logwood tree, native in Yucatan. HAEMATOZOON; HAEMATOZOOEN Hæm`a*to*zo"ön, n.; pl. Hæmatozoa. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A parasite inhabiting the blood; esp.: (a) Certain species of nematodes of the genus Filaria, sometimes found in the blood of man, the horse, the dog, etc. (b) The trematode, Bilharzia hæmatobia, which infests the inhabitants of Egypt and other parts of Africa, often causing death. HAEMIC Hæ"mic ( or ) Defn: , HAEMIN Hæ"min, n. Defn: Same as Hemin. HAEMO- Hæm"o- ( or ), prefix. Defn: See Hæma-. HAEMOCHROME Hæm"ochrome, n. Defn: Same as Hæmachrome. HAEMOCHROMOGEN Hæm`o*chro"mogen, n. Etym: [Hæmochrome + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A body obtained from hemoglobin, by the action of reducing agents in the absence of oxygen. HAEMOCHROMOMETER Hæm`o*chro*mom`e*ter, n. Etym: [Hæmochrome + -meter.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An apparatus for measuring the amount of hemoglobin in a fluid, by comparing it with a solution of known strength and of normal color. HAEMOCYANIN Hæm`o*cy"a*nin, n. Defn: Same as Hæmacyanin. HAEMOCYTOLYSIS Hæm`o*cy*tol"y*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: See Hæmocytotrypsis. HAEMOCYTOMETER Hæm`o*cy*tom"e*ter, n. Defn: See Hæmacytometer. HAEMOCYTOTRYPSIS Hæm`o*cy`to*tryp"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A breaking up of the blood corpuscles, as by pressure, in distinction from solution of the corpuscles, or hæmcytolysis. HAEMODROMOGRAPH Hæm`o*drom"o*graph, n. Defn: Same as Hæmadromograph. HAEMODROMOMETER Hæm`o*dro*mom"e*ter(-dro*mom"e*ter),n. Defn: Same as Hemadrometer. HAEMODYNAMETER Hæ`mo*dy*nam"e*ter ( or ), n. Defn: Same as Hemadynamics. HAEMODYNAMICS Hæ`mo*dy*nam"ics,n. Defn: Same as Hemadynamics. HAEMOGLOBIN Hæm`o*glo"bin, n. Defn: Same as Hemoglobin. HAEMOGLOBINOMETER Hæm`o*glo`bin*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Hæmoglobin + -meter.] Defn: Same as Hemochromometer. HAEMOL Hæ"mol, n. [Gr. blood.] (Chem.) Defn: A dark brown powder containing iron, prepared by the action of zinc dust as a reducing agent upon the coloring matter of the blood, used medicinally as a hematinic. HAEMOLUTEIN Hæm`o*lu"te*in, n. Etym: [Hæmo- + corpus luteum.] (Physiol.) Defn: See Hematoidin. HAEMOLYSIS; HAEMOLYTIC Hæ*mol"y*sis, n., Hæm`o*lyt"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Same as Hæmatolysis, Hæmatolytic. HAEMOMANOMETER Hæm`o*ma*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Hæmo- + manometer.] Defn: Same as Hemadynamometer. HAEMOMETER Hæ*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Hæmo- + -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: Same as Hemadynamometer. HAEMONY Hæ"mo*ny, n. Etym: [L. Hæmonia a name of Thessaly, the land of magic.] Defn: A plant described by Milton as "of sovereign use against all enchantments." HAEMOPLASTIC Hæmo*plas"tic, a. Defn: Same as Hæmatoplastic. HAEMORRHOIDAL Hæm"or*rhoid"al, a. Defn: Same as Hemorrhoidal. HAEMOSCOPE Hæm"o*scope ( or ), n. Etym: [Hæmo- + -scope.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument devised by Hermann, for regulating and measuring the thickness of a layer of blood for spectroscopic examination. HAEMOSTATIC Hæm`o*stat"ic, a. Defn: Same Hemostatic. HAEMOTACHOMETER Hæm`o*ta*chom"e*ter, n. Defn: Same as Hæmatachometer. HAEMOTACHOMETRY Hæm`o*ta*chom"e*try, n. Defn: Same as Hæmatachometry. HAF Haf, imp. of Heave. Defn: Hove. [Obs.] Chaucer. HAFFLE Haf"fle, v. i. Etym: [Cf. G. haften to cling, stick to, Prov. G., to stop, stammer.] Defn: To stammer; to speak unintelligibly; to prevaricate. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell. HAFT Haft, n. Etym: [AS. hæft; akin to D. & G. heft, Icel. hepti, and to E. Heave, or have. Cf. Heft.] 1. A handle; that part of an instrument or vessel taken into the hand, and by which it is held and used; -- said chiefly of a knife, sword, or dagger; the hilt. This brandish'dagger I'll bury to the haft in her fair breast. Dryden. 2. A dwelling. [Scot.] Jamieson. HAFT Haft, v. t. Defn: To set in, or furnish with, a haft; as, to haft a dagger. HAFTER Haft"er, n. [haften to cling or stick to, and E. haffle.] Defn: A caviler; a wrangler. [Obs.] Baret. HAG Hag, n. Etym: [OE. hagge, hegge, with, hag, AS. hægtesse; akin to OHG. hagazussa, G. hexe, D. heks, Dan. hex, Sw. häxa. The first part of the word is prob. the same as E. haw, hedge, and the orig. meaning was perh., wood woman, wild woman. 1. A witch, sorceress, or enchantress; also, a wizard. [Obs.] "[Silenus] that old hag." Golding. 2. An ugly old woman. 3. A fury; a she-monster. Grashaw. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: An eel-like marine marsipobranch (Myxine glutinosa), allied to the lamprey. It has a suctorial mouth, with labial appendages, and a single pair of gill openings. It is the type of the order Hyperotpeta. Called also hagfish, borer, slime eel, sucker, and sleepmarken. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hagdon or shearwater. 6. An appearance of light and fire on a horse's mane or a man's hair. Blount. Hag moth (Zoöl.), a moth (Phobetron pithecium), the larva of which has curious side appendages, and feeds on fruit trees. -- Hag's tooth (Naut.), an ugly irregularity in the pattern of matting or pointing. HAG Hag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Hagging.] Defn: To harass; to weary with vexation. How are superstitious men hagged out of their wits with the fancy of omens. L'Estrange. HAG Hag, n. Etym: [Scot. hag to cut; cf. E. hack.] 1. A small wood, or part of a wood or copse, which is marked off or inclosed for felling, or which has been felled. This said, he led me over hoults and hags; Through thorns and bushes scant my legs I drew. Fairfax. 2. A quagmire; mossy ground where peat or turf has been cut. Dugdale. HAGBERRY Hag"ber"ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Prunus (P. Padus); the bird cherry. [Scot.] HAGBORN Hag"born`, a. Defn: Born of a hag or witch. Shak. HAGBUT Hag"but, n. Etym: [OF. haquebute, prob. a corruption of D. haakbus; haak hook + bus gun barrel. See Hook, and 2d Box, and cf. Arquebus.] Defn: A harquebus, of which the but was bent down or hooked for convenience in taking aim. [Written also haguebut and hackbuss.] HAGBUTTER Hag"but*ter, n. Defn: A soldier armed with a hagbut or arquebus. [Written also hackbutter.] Froude. HAGDON Hag"don, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of sea birds of the genus Puffinus; esp., P. major, the greater shearwarter, and P. Stricklandi, the black hagdon or sooty shearwater; -- called also hagdown, haglin, and hag. See Shearwater. HAGFISH Hag"fish`(-fish`),n.(Zoöl.) Defn: See Hag, 4. HAGGADA Hag*ga"da, n.; pl. Haggadoth. Etym: [Rabbinic haggadha, fr. Heb. higgidh to relate.] Defn: A story, anecdote, or legend in the Talmud, to explain or illustrate the text of the Old Testament. [Written also hadaga.] HAGGARD Hag"gard, a. Etym: [F. hagard; of German origin, and prop. meaning, of the hegde or woods, wild, untamed. See Hedge, 1st Haw, and -ard.] 1. Wild or intractable; disposed to break away from duty; untamed; as, a haggard or refractory hawk. [Obs.] Shak 2. Etym: [For hagged, fr. hag a witch, influenced by haggard wild.] Defn: Having the expression of one wasted by want or suffering; hollow-eyed; having the features distorted or wasted, or anxious in appearance; as, haggard features, eyes. Staring his eyes, and haggard was his look. Dryden. HAGGARD Hag"gard, n. Etym: [See Haggard, a.] 1. (Falconry) Defn: A young or untrained hawk or falcon. 2. A fierce, intractable creature. I have loved this proud disdainful haggard. Shak. 3. Etym: [See Haggard, a., 2.] Defn: A hag. [Obs.] Garth. HAGGARD Hag"gard, n. Etym: [See 1st Haw, Hedge, and Yard an inclosed space.] Defn: A stackyard. [Prov. Eng.] Swift. HAGGARDLY Hag"gard*ly, adv. Defn: In a haggard manner. Dryden. HAGGED Hag"ged, a. Defn: Like a hag; lean; ugly. [R.] HAGGIS Hag"gis, n. Etym: [Scot. hag to hack, chop, E. hack. Formed, perhaps, in imitation of the F. hachis (E. hash), fr. hacher.] Defn: A Scotch pudding made of the heart, liver, lights, etc., of a sheep or lamb, minced with suet, onions, oatmeal, etc., highly seasoned, and boiled in the stomach of the same animal; minced head and pluck. [Written also haggiss, haggess, and haggies.] HAGGISH Hag"gish, a. Defn: Like a hag; ugly; wrinkled. But on both did haggish age steal on. Shak. HAGGISHLY Hag"gish*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a hag. HAGGLE Hag"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Haggling.] Etym: [Freq. of Scot. hag, E. hack. See Hack to cut.] Defn: To cut roughly or hack; to cut into small pieces; to notch or cut in an unskillful manner; to make rough or mangle by cutting; as, a boy haggles a stick of wood. Suffolk first died, and York, all haggled o'er, Comes to him, where in gore he lay insteeped. Shak. HAGGLE Hag"gle, v. i. Defn: To be difficult in bargaining; to stick at small matters; to chaffer; to higgle. Royalty and science never haggled about the value of blood. Walpole. HAGGLE Hag"gle, n. Defn: The act or process of haggling. Carlyle. HAGGLER Hag"gler, n. 1. One who haggles or is difficult in bargaining. 2. One who forestalls a market; a middleman between producer and dealer in London vegetable markets. HAGIARCHY Ha"gi*ar`chy, n. Etym: [Gr. -archy.] Defn: A sacred government; by holy orders of men. Southey. HAGIOCRACY Ha`gi*oc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Government by a priesthood; hierarchy. HAGIOGRAPHA Ha`gi*og"ra*pha, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. The last of the three Jewish divisions of the Old Testament, or that portion not contained in the Law and the Prophets. It comprises Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The lives of the saints. Brande & C. HAGIOGRAPHAL Ha`gi*og"ra*phal Defn: , Pertaining to the hagiographa, or to sacred writings. HAGIOGRAPHER Ha`gi*og"ra*pher, n. Defn: One of the writers of the hagiographa; a writer of lives of the saints. Shipley. HAGIOGRAPHY Ha`gi*og"ra*phy (, 277), n. Defn: Same Hagiographa. HAGIOLATRY Ha`gi*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The invocation or worship of saints. HAGIOLOGIST Ha`gi*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who treats of the sacred writings; a writer of the lives of the saints; a hagiographer. Tylor. Hagiologists have related it without scruple. Southey. HAGIOLOGY Ha`gi*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The history or description of the sacred writings or of sacred persons; a narrative of the lives of the saints; a catalogue of saints. J. H. Newman. HAGIOSCOPE Ha"gi*o*scope`, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] Defn: An opening made in the interior walls of a cruciform church to afford a view of the altar to those in the transepts; -- called, in architecture, a squint. Hook. HAG-RIDDEN Hag"-rid`den, a. Defn: Ridden by a hag or witch; hence, afflicted with nightmare. Beattie. Cheyne. HAGSEED Hag"seed`, n. Defn: The offspring of a hag. Shak. HAGSHIP Hag"ship, n. Defn: The state or title of a hag. Middleton. HAG-TAPER Hag"-ta`per, n. Etym: [Cf. 1st Hag, and Hig-taper.] (Bot.) Defn: The great woolly mullein (Verbascum Thapsus). HAGUEBUT Hague"but, n. Defn: See Hagbut. HAGUE TRIBUNAL Hague Tribunal. Defn: The permanent court of arbitration created by the "International Convention for the Pacific Settle of International Disputes.", adopted by the International Peace Conference of 1899. It is composed of persons of known competency in questions of international law, nominated by the signatory powers. From these persons an arbitration tribunal is chosen by the parties to a difference submitted to the court. On the failure of the parties to agree directly on the arbitrators, each chooses two arbitrators, an umpire is selected by them, by a third power, or by two powers selected by the parties. HAH Hah, interj. Defn: Same as Ha. HA-HA Ha-ha", n. Etym: [See Haw-haw.] Defn: A sunk fence; a fence, wall, or ditch, not visible till one is close upon it. [Written also haw-haw.] HAIDINGERITE Hai"ding*er*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral consisting of the arseniate of lime; -- so named in honor of W. Haidinger, of Vienna. HAIDUCK Hai"duck, n. Etym: [G. haiduck, heiduck, fr. Hung. hajdu.] Defn: Formerly, a mercenary foot soldier in Hungary, now, a halberdier of a Hungarian noble, or an attendant in German or Hungarian courts. [Written also hayduck, heiduc, heiduck, and heyduk.] HAIK Haik, n. Etym: [Ar. haik, fr. haka to weave.] Defn: A large piece of woolen or cotton cloth worn by Arabs as an outer garment. [Written also hyke.] Heyse. HAIKAL Hai"kal, n. Defn: The central chapel of the three forming the sanctuary of a Coptic church. It contains the high altar, and is usually closed by an embroidered curtain. HAIKWAN Hai"kwan", n. [Chin. 'hai-kuan.] Defn: Chinese maritime customs. HAIKWAN TAEL Haikwan tael. Defn: A Chinese weight ( 1/10 catty) equivalent to 1 1/3 oz. or 37.801 g. HAIL Hail, n. Etym: [OE. hail, ha, AS. hægel; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. hagel; Icel. hagl; cf. Gr. Defn: Small roundish masses of ice precipitated from the clouds, where they are formed by the congelation of vapor. The separate masses or grains are called hailstones. Thunder mixed with hail, Hail mixed with fire, must rend the Egyptian sky. Milton. HAIL Hail, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Halled; p. pr. & vb. n. Halting.] Etym: [OE. hailen, AS. haqalian.] Defn: To pour down particles of ice, or frozen vapors. HAIL Hail, v. t. Defn: To pour forcibly down, as hail. Shak. HAIL Hail, a. Defn: Healthy. See Hale (the preferable spelling). HAIL Hail, v. t. Etym: [OE. hailen, heilen, Icel. heil hale, sound, used in greeting. See Hale sound.] 1. To call loudly to, or after; to accost; to salute; to address. 2. To name; to designate; to call. And such a son as all men hailed me happy. Milton. HAIL Hail, v. i. 1. To declare, by hailing, the port from which a vessel sails or where she is registered; hence, to sail; to come; -- used with from; as, the steamer hails from New York. 2. To report as one's home or the place from whence one comes; to come; -- with from. [Colloq.] G. G. Halpine. HAIL Hail, interj. Etym: [See Hail, v. t.] Defn: An exclamation of respectful or reverent salutation, or, occasionally, of familiar greeting. "Hail, brave friend." Shak. All hail. See in the Vocabulary. -- Hail Mary, a form of prayer made use of in the Roman Catholic Church in invocation of the Virgin. See Ave Maria. HAIL Hail, n. Defn: A wish of health; a salutation; a loud call. "Their puissant hail." M. Arnold. The angel hail bestowed. Milton. HAIL-FELLOW Hail"-fel`low, n. Defn: An intimate companion. Hail-fellow well met. Lyly. HAILSE Hailse, v. t. Etym: [OE. hailsen, Icel. heilsa. Cf. Hall to call to.] Defn: To greet; to salute. [Obs.] P. Plowman. HAILSHOT Hail"shot`, n. pl. Defn: Small shot which scatter like hailstones. [Obs.] Hayward. HAILSTONE Hail"stone`, n. Defn: A single particle of ice falling from a cloud; a frozen raindrop; a pellet of hail. HAILSTORM Hail"storm`, n. Defn: A storm accompanied with hail; a shower of hail. HAILY Hai"ly, a. Defn: Of hail. "Haily showers." Pope. HAIN Hain, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Sw. hägn hedge, inclosure, Dan. hegn hedge, fence. See Hedge.] Defn: To inclose for mowing; to set aside for grass. "A ground . . . hained in." Holland. HAIN Hain (han), v. t. [Cf. Sw. hägn hedge, inclosure, Dan. hegn hedge, fence. See Hedge.] Defn: To inclose for mowing; to set aside for grass. "A ground . . . hained in." Holland. HAIN'T Hain't Defn: . A contraction of have not or has not; as, I hain't, he hain't, we hain't. [Colloq. or illiterate speech.] [Written also han't.] HAIR Hair, n. Etym: [OE. her, heer, hær, AS. hær; akin to OFries, her, D. & G. haar, OHG. & Icel. har, Dan. haar, Sw. hår; cf. Lith. kasa.] 1. The collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body. 2. One the above-mentioned filaments, consisting, in invertebrate animals, of a long, tubular part which is free and flexible, and a bulbous root imbedded in the skin. Then read he me how Sampson lost his hairs. Chaucer. And draweth new delights with hoary hairs. Spenser. 3. Hair (human or animal) used for various purposes; as, hair for stuffing cushions. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A slender outgrowth from the chitinous cuticle of insects, spiders, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. Such hairs are totally unlike those of vertebrates in structure, composition, and mode of growth. 5. An outgrowth of the epidermis, consisting of one or of several cells, whether pointed, hooked, knobbed, or stellated. Internal hairs occur in the flower stalk of the yellow frog lily (Nuphar). 6. A spring device used in a hair-trigger firearm. 7. A haircloth. [Obc.] Chaucer. 8. Any very small distance, or degree; a hairbreadth. Note: Hairs is often used adjectively or in combination; as, hairbrush or hair brush, hair dye, hair oil, hairpin, hair powder, a brush, a dye, etc., for the hair. Against the hair, in a rough and disagreeable manner; against the grain. [Obs.] "You go against the hair of your professions." Shak. -- Hair bracket (Ship Carp.), a molding which comes in at the back of, or runs aft from, the figurehead. -- Hair cells (Anat.), cells with hairlike processes in the sensory epithelium of certain parts of the internal ear. -- Hair compass, Hair divider, a compass or divider capable of delicate adjustment by means of a screw. -- Hair glove, a glove of horsehair for rubbing the skin. -- Hair lace, a netted fillet for tying up the hair of the head. Swift. -- Hair line, a line made of hair; a very slender line. -- Hair moth (Zoöl.), any moth which destroys goods made of hair, esp. Tinea biselliella. -- Hair pencil, a brush or fine hair, for painting; -- generally called by the name of the hair used; as, a camel's hair pencil, a sable's hair pencil, etc. -- Hair plate, an iron plate forming the back of the hearth of a bloomery fire. -- Hair powder, a white perfumed powder, as of flour or starch, formerly much used for sprinkling on the hair of the head, or on wigs. -- Hair seal (Zoöl.), any one of several species of eared seals which do not produce fur; a sea lion. -- Hair seating, haircloth for seats of chairs, etc. -- Hair shirt, a shirt, or a band for the loins, made of horsehair, and worn as a penance. -- Hair sieve, a strainer with a haircloth bottom. -- Hair snake. See Gordius. -- Hair space (Printing), the thinnest metal space used in lines of type. -- Hair stroke, a delicate stroke in writing. -- Hair trigger, a trigger so constructed as to discharge a firearm by a very slight pressure, as by the touch of a hair. Farrow. -- Not worth a hair, of no value. -- To a hair, with the nicest distinction. -- To split hairs, to make distinctions of useless nicety. HAIRBELL Hair"bell`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Harebell. HAIRBIRD Hair"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chipping sparrow. HAIRBRAINED Hair"brained`, a. Defn: See Harebrained. HAIRBREADTH; HAIR'SBREADTH Hair"breadth`, Hair's"breadth`, a. Defn: The diameter or breadth of a hair; a very small distance; sometimes, definitely, the forty-eighth part of an inch. Every one could sling stones at an hairbreadth and not miss. Judg. xx. 16 HAIRBREADTH Hair"breadth`, a. Defn: Having the breadth of a hair; very narrow; as, a hairbreadth escape. HAIR-BROWN Hair"-brown`, a. Defn: Of a clear tint of brown, resembling brown human hair. It is composed of equal proportions of red and green. HAIRBRUSH Hair"brush`, n. Defn: A brush for cleansing and smoothing the hair. HAIRCLOTH Hair"cloth`, n. Defn: Stuff or cloth made wholly or in part of hair. HAIRDRESSER Hair"dress`er, n. Defn: One who dresses or cuts hair; a barber. HAIRED Haired, a. 1. Having hair. "A beast haired like a bear." Purchas. 2. In composition: Having (such) hair; as, red-haired. HAIREN Hai"ren, a. Etym: [AS. h.] Defn: Hairy. [Obc.] His hairen shirt and his ascetic diet. J. Taylor. HAIR GRASS Hair" grass`. (Bot.) Defn: A grass with very slender leaves or branches; as the Agrostis scabra, and several species of Aira or Deschampsia. HAIRINESS Hair"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of abounding, or being covered, with hair. Johnson. HAIRLESS Hair"less, a. Defn: Destitute of hair. Shak. HAIRPIN Hair"pin` (, n. Defn: A pin, usually forked, or of bent wire, for fastening the hair in place, -- used by women. HAIR-SALT Hair"-salt`, n. Etym: [A translation of G. haarsalz.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of native Epsom salt occurring in silky fibers. HAIRSPLITTER Hair"split`ter, n. Defn: One who makes excessively nice or needless distinctions in reasoning; one who quibbles. "The caviling hairsplitter." De Quincey. HAIRSPLITTING Hair"split`ting, a. Defn: Making excessively nice or trivial distinctions in reasoning; subtle. -- n. Defn: The act or practice of making trivial distinctions. The ancient hairsplitting technicalities of special pleading. Charles Sumner. HAIRSPRING Hair"spring`, n. (Horology) Defn: The slender recoil spring which regulates the motion of the balance in a timepiece. HAIRSTREAK Hair"streak`, n. Defn: A butterfly of the genus Thecla; as, the green hairstreak (T. rubi). HAIRTAIL Hair"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of marine fishes of the genus Trichiurus; esp., T. lepterus of Europe and America. They are long and like a band, with a slender, pointed tail. Called also bladefish. HAIRWORM Hair"worm`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A nematoid worm of the genus Gordius, resembling a hair. See Gordius. HAIRY Hair"y, a. Defn: Bearing or covered with hair; made of or resembling hair; rough with hair; rough with hair; rough with hair; hirsute. His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge. Milton. HAITIAN Hai"ti*an, a. & n. Defn: See Haytian. HAJE Ha"je, n. Etym: [Ar. hayya snake.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Egyptian asp or cobra (Naja haje.) It is related to the cobra of India, and like the latter has the power of inflating its neck into a hood. Its bite is very venomous. It is supposed to be the snake by means of whose bite Cleopatra committed suicide, and hence is sometimes called Cleopatra's snake or asp. See Asp. HAKE Hake, n. Etym: [See Hatch a half door.] Defn: A drying shed, as for unburned tile. HAKE Hake, n. [Also haak.] Etym: [Akin to Norweg. hakefisk, lit., hook fish, Prov. E. hake hook, G. hecht pike. See Hook.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of marine gadoid fishes, of the genera Phycis, Merlucius, and allies. The common European hake is M. vulgaris; the American silver hake or whiting is M. bilinearis. Two American species (Phycis chuss and P. tenius) are important food fishes, and are also valued for their oil and sounds. Called also squirrel hake, and codling. HAKE Hake, v. t. Defn: To loiter; to sneak. [Prov. Eng.] HAKE'S-DAME Hake's"-dame`, n. Defn: See Forkbeard. HAKETON Hak"e*ton, n. Defn: Same as Acton. [Obs.] HAKIM Ha*kim", n. Etym: [Ar. hakim.] Defn: A wise man; a physician, esp. a Mohammedan. [India] HAKIM Ha"kim, n. Etym: [Ar. hakim.] Defn: A Mohammedan title for a ruler; a judge. [India] HALACHA Ha*la"cha, n.; pl. Halachoth(Etym: [Heb. halachah.] Defn: The general term for the Hebrew oral or traditional law; one of two branches of exposition in the Midrash. See Midrash. HALATION Ha*la"tion, n. (Photog.) Defn: An appearance as of a halo of light, surround the edges of dark object HALBERD Hal"berd, n. Etym: [F. hallebarde; of German origin; cf. MHG. helmbarte, G. hellebarte; prob. orig., an ax to split a helmet, fr. G. barte a broad ax (orig. from the same source as E. beard; cf. Icel. bar, a kind of ax, skegg beard, skeggia a kind of halberd) + helm helmet; but cf. also MNG. helm, halm, handle, and E. helve. See Beard, Helmet.] (Mil.) Defn: An ancient long-handled weapon, of which the head had a point and several long, sharp edges, curved or straight, and sometimes additional points. The heads were sometimes of very elaborate form. [Written also halbert.] HALBERDIER Hal`berd*ier", n. Etym: [F. hallebardier.] Defn: One who is armed with a halberd. Strype. HALBERD-SHAPED Hal"berd-shaped`, a. Defn: Hastate. HALCYON Hal"cy*on, n. Etym: [L. halcyon, alcyon, Gr.halcyon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kingfisher. By modern ornithologists restricted to a genus including a limited number of species having omnivorous habits, as the sacred kingfisher (Halcyon sancta) of Australia. Amidst our arms as quiet you shall be As halcyons brooding on a winter sea. Dryden. HALCYON Hal"cy*on, a. 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, the halcyon, which was anciently said to lay her eggs in nests on or near the sea during the calm weather about the winter solstice. 2. Hence: Calm; quiet; peaceful; undisturbed; happy. "Deep, halcyon repose." De Quincy. HALCYONIAN Hal`cy*o"ni*an, a. Defn: Halcyon; calm. HALCYONOID Hal"cy*o*noid, a. & n. Etym: [Halcyon + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Alcyonoid. HALE Hale, a. Etym: [Written also heil, Icel. heill; akin to E. whole. See Whole.] Defn: Sound; entire; healthy; robust; not impaired; as, a hale body. Last year we thought him strong and hale. Swift. HALE Hale, n. Defn: Welfare. [Obs.] All heedless of his dearest hale. Spenser. HALE Hale (hal or hall; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haled (hald or halld); p. pr. & vb. n. Haling.] Defn: Etym: [OE. halen, halien; cf. AS. holian, to acquire, get. See Haul.] Defn: To pull; to drag; to haul. See Haul. Chaucer. Easier both to freight, and to hale ashore. Milton. As some dark priest hales the reluctant victim. Shelley. HALESIA Ha*le"si*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of American shrubs containing several species, called snowdrop trees, or silver-bell trees. They have showy, white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels. HALF Half, a. Etym: [AS. healf, half, half; as a noun, half, side, part; akin to OS., OFries., & D. half, G. halb, Sw. half, Dan. halv, Icel. halfr, Goth. halbs. Cf. Halve, Behalf.] 1. Consisting of a moiety, or half; as, a half bushel; a half hour; a half dollar; a half view. Note: The adjective and noun are often united to form a compound. 2. Consisting of some indefinite portion resembling a half; approximately a half, whether more or less; partial; imperfect; as, a half dream; half knowledge. Assumed from thence a half consent. Tennyson. Half ape (Zoöl.), a lemur. -- Half back. (Football) See under 2d Back. -- Half bent, the first notch, for the sear point to enter, in the tumbler of a gunlock; the halfcock notch. -- Half binding, a style of bookbinding in which only the back and corners are in leather. -- Half boarder, one who boards in part; specifically, a scholar at a boarding school who takes dinner only. -- Half-breadth plan (Shipbuilding), a horizontal plan of the half a vessel, divided lengthwise, showing the lines. -- Half cadence (Mus.), a cadence on the dominant. -- Half cap, a slight salute with the cap. [Obs.] Shak. -- A half cock, the position of the cock of a gun when retained by the first notch. -- Half hitch, a sailor's knot in a rope; half of a clove hitch. -- Half hose, short stockings; socks. -- Half measure, an imperfect or weak line of action. -- Half note (Mus.), a minim, one half of a semibreve. -- Half pay, half of the wages or salary; reduced pay; as, an officer on half pay. -- Half price, half the ordinary price; or a price much reduced. -- Half round. (a) (Arch.) A molding of semicircular section. (b) (Mech.) Having one side flat and the other rounded; -- said of a file. -- Half shift (Mus.), a position of the hand, between the open position and the first shift, in playing on the violin and kindred instruments. See Shift. -- Half step (Mus.), a semitone; the smallest difference of pitch or interval, used in music. -- Half tide, the time or state of the tide equally distant from ebb and flood. -- Half time, half the ordinary time for work or attendance; as, the half-time system. -- Half tint (Fine Arts), a middle or intermediate tint, as in drawing or painting. See Demitint. -- Half truth, a statement only partially true, or which gives only a part of the truth. Mrs. Browning. -- Half year, the space of six moths; one term of a school when there are two terms in a year. HALF Half, adv. Defn: In an equal part or degree; in some paas, half-colored, half done, half-hearted, half persuaded, half conscious. "Half loth and half consenting." Dryden. Their children spoke halfin the speech of Ashdod. Neh. xiii. 24 HALF Half, n.; pl. Halves. Etym: [AS. healf. See Half, a.] 1. Part; side; behalf. [Obs.] Wyclif. The four halves of the house. Chaucer. 2. One of two equal parts into which anything may be divided, or considered as divided; -- sometimes followed by of; as, a half of an apple. Not half his riches known, and yet despised. Milton. A friendship so complete Portioned in halves between us. Tennyson. Better half. See under Better. -- In half, in two; an expression sometimes used improperly instead of in or into halves; as, to cut in half. [Colloq.] Dickens. -- In, or On, one's half, in one's behalf; on one's part. [Obs.] -- To cry halves, to claim an equal share with another. -- To go halves, to share equally between two. HALF Half, v. t. Defn: To halve. [Obs.] See Halve. Sir H. Wotton. HALF-AND-HALF Half`-and-half", n. Defn: A mixture of two malt liquors, esp. porter and ale, in about equal parts. Dickens. HALFBEAK Half"beak`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any slender, marine fish of the genus Hemirhamphus, having the upper jaw much shorter than the lower; -- called also balahoo. HALF BLOOD Half" blood`. 1. The relation between persons born of the same father or of the same mother, but not of both; as, a brother or sister of the half blood. See Blood, n., 2 and 4. 2. A person so related to another. 3. A person whose father and mother are of different races; a half- breed. Note: In the 2d and 3d senses usually with a hyphen. HALF-BLOODED Half"-blood`ed, a. 1. Proceeding from a male and female of different breeds or races; having only one parent of good stock; as, a half-blooded sheep. 2. Degenerate; mean. HALF-BOOT Half"-boot`, n. Defn: A boot with a short top covering only the ankle. See Cocker, and Congress boot, under Congress. HALF-BOUND Half"-bound`, n. Defn: Having only the back and corners in leather, as a book. HALF-BRED Half"-bred`, a. 1. Half-blooded. [Obs.] 2. Imperfectly acquainted with the rules of good-breeding; not well trained. Atterbury. HALF-BREED Half"-breed`, a. Defn: Half-blooded. HALF-BREED Half"-breed`, n. Defn: A person who is blooded; the offspring of parents of different races, especially of the American Indian and the white race. HALF-BROTHER Half"-broth`er, n. Defn: A brother by one parent, but not by both. HALF-CASTE Half"-caste`, n. Defn: One born of a European parent on the one side, and of a Hindoo or Mohammedan on the other. Also adjective; as, half-caste parents. HALF-CLAMMED Half"-clammed`, a. Defn: Half-filled. [Obs.] Lions' half-clammed entrails roar food. Marston. HALFCOCK Half"cock`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Halfcocked(); p. pr. & vb. n. Halfcocking.] Defn: To set the cock of (a firearm) at the first notch. To go off halfcocked. (a) To be discharged prematurely, or with the trigger at half cock; -- said of a firearm. (b) To do or say something without due thought or care. [Colloq. or Low] HALF-CRACKED Half"-cracked`, a. Defn: Half-demented; half-witted. [Colloq.] HALF-DECK Half"-deck`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A shell of the genus Crepidula; a boat shell. See Boat shell. 2. See Half deck, under Deck. HALF-DECKED Half"-decked`, a. Defn: Partially decked. The half-decked craft . . . used by the latter Vikings. Elton. HALFEN Half"en, a. Etym: [From Half.] Defn: Wanting half its due qualities. [Obs.] Spencer. HALFENDEAL Half"en*deal`, adv. Etym: [OE. halfendele. See Half, and Deal.] Defn: Half; by the part. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- n. Defn: A half part. [Obs.] R. of Brunne. HALFER Half"er, n. 1. One who possesses or gives half only; one who shares. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu. 2. A male fallow deer gelded. Pegge (1814). HALF-FACED Half"-faced`, a. Defn: Showing only part of the face; wretched looking; meager. Shak. HALF-FISH Half"-fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A salmon in its fifth year of growth. [Prov. Eng.] HALF-HATCHED Half"-hatched`, a. Defn: Imperfectly hatched; as, half-hatched eggs. Gay. HALF-HEARD Half"-heard`, a. Defn: Imperfectly or partly heard to the end. And leave half-heard the melancholy tale. Pope. HALF-HEARTED Half"-heart`ed, a. 1. Wanting in heart or spirit; ungenerous; unkind. B. Jonson. 2. Lacking zeal or courage; lukewarm. H. James. HALF-HOURLY Half"-hour`ly, a. Defn: Done or happening at intervals of half an hour. HALF-LEARNED Half"-learned`, a. Defn: Imperfectly learned. HALF-LENGTH Half"-length`, a. Defn: Of half the whole or ordinary length, as a picture. HALF-MAST Half"-mast`, n. Defn: A point some distance below the top of a mast or staff; as, a flag a half-mast (a token of mourning, etc.). HALF-MOON Half"-moon`, n. 1. The moon at the quarters, when half its disk appears illuminated. 2. The shape of a half-moon; a crescent. See how in warlike muster they appear, In rhombs, and wedges, and half-moons, and wings. Milton. 3. (Fort.) Defn: An outwork composed of two faces, forming a salient angle whose gorge resembles a half-moon; -- now called a ravelin. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine, sparoid, food fish of California (Cæsiosoma Californiense). The body is ovate, blackish above, blue or gray below. Called also medialuna. HALF NELSON Half nelson. (Wrestling) Defn: A hold in which one arm is thrust under the corresponding arm of the opponent, generally behind, and the hand placed upon the back of his neck. In the full nelson both hands are so placed. HALFNESS Half"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being half; incompleteness. [R.] As soon as there is any departure from simplicity, and attempt at halfness, or good for me that is not good for him, my neighbor feels the wrong. Emerson. HALFPACE Half"pace`, n. (Arch.) Defn: A platform of a staircase where the stair turns back in exactly the reverse direction of the lower flight. See Quarterpace. Note: This term and quartepace are rare or unknown in the United States, platform or landing being used instead. HALF-PENNY Half"-pen*ny(ha"pen*ny or häf"-; 277),n.;pl. Half-pence (-pens) or Half-pennies(-pen*niz). Defn: An English coin of the value of half a penny; also, the value of half a penny. HALF-PIKE Half"-pike`, n. (Mil.) Defn: A short pike, sometimes carried by officers of infantry, sometimes used in boarding ships; a spontoon. Tatler. HALF-PORT Half"-port`, n. (Naut.) Defn: One half of a shutter made in two parts for closing a porthole. HALF-RAY Half"-ray`, n. (Geom.) Defn: A straight line considered as drawn from a center to an indefinite distance in one direction, the complete ray being the whole line drawn to an indefinite distance in both directions. HALF-READ Half"-read`, a. Defn: Informed by insufficient reading; superficial; shallow. Dryden. HALF SEAS OVER Half" seas` o`ver. Defn: Half drunk. [Slang: used only predicatively.] Spectator. HALF-SIGHTED Half"-sight`ed, a. Defn: Seeing imperfectly; having weak discernment. Bacon. HALF-SISTER Half"-sis`ter, n. Defn: A sister by one parent only. HALF-STRAINED Half"-strained`, a. Defn: Half-bred; imperfect. [R.] "A half-strained villain." Dryden. HALF-SWORD Half"-sword`, n. Defn: Half the length of a sword; close fight. "At half-sword." Shak. HALF-TIMBERED Half"-tim`bered, a. (Arch.) Defn: Constructed of a timber frame, having the spaces filled in with masonry; -- said of buildings. HALF TONE; HALF-TONE Half tone, or Half"-tone`, n. 1. (Fine Arts) (a) An intermediate or middle tone in a painting, engraving, photograph, etc.; a middle tint, neither very dark nor very light. (b) A half-tone photo-engraving. 2. (Music) A half step. HALF-TONE Half"-tone`, a. Defn: Having, consisting of, or pertaining to, half tones; specif. (Photo-engraving), Defn: pertaining to or designating plates, processes, or the pictures made by them, in which gradation of tone in the photograph is reproduced by a graduated system of dotted and checkered spots, usually nearly invisible to the unaided eye, produced by the interposition between the camera and the object of a screen. The name alludes to the fact that this process was the first that was practically successful in reproducing the half tones of the photograph. HALF-TONGUE Half"-tongue`, n. (O. Law) Defn: A jury, for the trial of a fore foreigner, composed equally of citizens and aliens. HALFWAY Half"way`, adv. Defn: In the middle; at half the distance; imperfectly; partially; as, he halfway yielded. Temples proud to meet their gods halfway. Young. HALFWAY Half"way`, a. Defn: Equally distant from the extremes; situated at an intermediate point; midway. Halfway covenant, a practice among the Congregational churches of New England, between 1657 and 1662, of permitting baptized persons of moral life and orthodox faith to enjoy all the privileges of church membership, save the partaking of the Lord's Supper. They were also allowed to present their children for baptism. -- Halfway house, an inn or place of call midway on a journey. HALF-WIT Half"-wit`, n. Defn: A foolish; a dolt; a blockhead; a dunce. Dryden. HALF-WITTED Half"-wit`ted, a. Defn: Weak in intellect; silly. HALF-YEARLY Half"-year`ly, a. Defn: Two in a year; semiannual. -- adv. Twice in a year; semiannually. HALIBUT Hal"i*but (;277), n. Etym: [OE. hali holy + but, butte, flounder; akin to D. bot, G. butte; cf. D. heilbot, G. heilbutt. So named as being eaten on holidays. See Holy, Holiday.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, northern, marine flatfish (Hippoglossus vulgaris), of the family Pleuronectidæ. It often grows very large, weighing more than three hundred pounds. It is an important food fish. [Written also holibut.] HALICHONDRIAE Hal`i*chon"dri*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of sponges, having simple siliceous spicules and keratose fibers; -- called also Keratosilicoidea. HALICORE Hal"i*core (; L.), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: Same as Dugong. HALIDOM Hal"i*dom, n. Etym: [AS. haligd holiness, sacrament, sanctuary, relics; halig holy + -d, E. -dom. See Holy.] 1. Holiness; sanctity; sacred oath; sacred things; sanctuary; -- used chiefly in oaths. [Archaic] So God me help and halidom. Piers Plowman. By my halidom, I was fast asleep. Shak. 2. Holy doom; the Last Day. [R.] Shipley. HALIEUTICS Hal`i*eu"tics, n. Etym: [L. halieuticus pertaining to fishing, Gr. Defn: A treatise upon fish or the art of fishing; ichthyology. HALIMAS; HALMAS Ha`li"mas, Hal"mas, a. Etym: [See Hallowmas.] Defn: The feast of All Saints; Hallowmas. [Obs.] HALIOGRAPHER Ha`li*og"ra*pher ( or ), n. Defn: One who writes about or describes the sea. HALIOGRAPHY Ha`li*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: Description of the sea; the science that treats of the sea. HALIOTIS Ha`li*o"tis ( or ), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine shells; the ear-shells. See Abalone. HALIOTOID Ha"li*o*toid` ( or ), a. Etym: [Haliots + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the genus Haliotis; ear-shaped. HALISAURIA Hal`i*sau"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: The Enaliosauria. HALITE Ha"lite ( or ), n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Native salt; sodium chloride. HALITUOUS Ha*lit"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. halitus breath, vapor, fr. halare to breathe: cf. F. halitueux.] Defn: Produced by, or like, breath; vaporous. Boyle. HALK Halk, n. Defn: A nook; a corner. [Obs.] Chaucer. HALL Hall, n. Etym: [OE. halle, hal, AS. heal, heall; akin to D. hal, OS. & OHG. halla, G. halle, Icel. hölt, and prob. from a root meaning, to hide, conceal, cover. See Hell, Helmet.] 1. A building or room of considerable size and stateliness, used for public purposes; as, Westminster Hall, in London. 2. (a) The chief room in a castle or manor house, and in early times the only public room, serving as the place of gathering for the lord's family with the retainers and servants, also for cooking and eating. It was often contrasted with the bower, which was the private or sleeping apartment. Full sooty was her bower and eke her hall. Chaucer. Hence, as the entrance from outside was directly into the hall: (b) A vestibule, entrance room, etc., in the more elaborated buildings of later times. Hence: (c) Any corridor or passage in a building. 3. A name given to many manor houses because the magistrate's court was held in the hall of his mansion; a chief mansion house. Cowell. 4. A college in an English university (at Oxford, an unendowed college). 5. The apartment in which English university students dine in common; hence, the dinner itself; as, hall is at six o'clock. 6. Cleared passageway in a crowd; -- formerly an exclamation. [Obs.] "A hall! a hall!" B. Jonson. Syn. -- Entry; court; passage. See Vestibule. HALLAGE Hall"age (; 48), n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A fee or toll paid for goods sold in a hall. HALLELUIAH; HALLELUJAH Hal`le*lu"iah, Hal`le*lu"jah, n. & interj. Etym: [Heb. See Alleluia.] Defn: Praise ye Jehovah; praise ye the Lord; -- an exclamation used chiefly in songs of praise or thanksgiving to God, and as an expression of gratitude or adoration. Rev. xix. 1 (Rev. Ver. ) So sung they, and the empyrean rung With Hallelujahs. Milton. In those days, as St. Jerome tells us,"any one as he walked in the fields, might hear the plowman at his hallelujahs." Sharp. HALLELUJATIC Hal`le*lu*jat"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, hallelujahs. [R.] HALLIARD Hal"liard, n. Defn: See Halyard. HALLIDOME Hal"li*dome, n. Defn: Same as Halidom. HALLIER Hal"li*er ( or ), n. Etym: [From Hale to pull.] Defn: A kind of net for catching birds. HALL-MARK Hall"-mark`, n. Defn: The official stamp of the Goldsmiths' Company and other assay offices, in the United Kingdom, on gold and silver articles, attesting their purity. Also used figuratively; -- as, a word or phrase lacks the hall-mark of the best writers. HALLOA Hal*loa". Defn: See Halloo. HALLOO Hal*loo", n. Etym: [Perh. fr. ah + lo; cf. AS. eala, G. halloh, F. haler to set (a dog) on. Cf. Hollo, interj.] Defn: A loud exclamation; a call to invite attention or to incite a person or an animal; a shout. List! List! I hear Some far off halloo break the silent air. Milton. HALLOO Hal*loo", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hallooed; p. pr. & vb. n. Halloing.] Defn: To cry out; to exclaim with a loud voice; to call to a person, as by the word halloo. Country folks hallooed and hooted after me. Sir P. Sidney. HALLOO Hal*loo", v. t. 1. To encourage with shouts. Old John hallooes his hounds again. Prior. 2. To chase with shouts or outcries. If I fly . . . Halloo me like a hare. Shak. 3. To call or shout to; to hail. Shak. HALLOO Hal*loo", interj. Etym: [OE. halow. See Halloo, n.] Defn: An exclamation to call attention or to encourage one. HALLOW Hal"low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hallowed(); p. pr. & vb. n. Hallowing.] Etym: [OE. halowen, halwien, halgien, AS. halgian, fr. halig holy. See Holy.] Defn: To make holy; to set apart for holy or religious use; to consecrate; to treat or keep as sacred; to reverence. "Hallowed be thy name." Matt. vi. 9. Hallow the Sabbath day, to do no work therein. Jer. xvii. 24. His secret altar touched with hallowed fire. Milton. In a larger sense . . . we can not hallow this ground [Gettysburg]. A. Lincoln. HALLOWEEN Hal`low*een", n. Defn: The evening preceding Allhallows or All Saints' Day. [Scot.] Burns. HALLOWMAS Hal"low*mas, n. Etym: [See Mass the eucharist.] Defn: The feast of All Saints, or Allhallows. To speak puling, like a beggar at Hallowmas. Shak. HALLOYSITE Hal*loy"site, n. Etym: [Named after Omalius d'Halloy.] (Min.) Defn: A claylike mineral, occurring in soft, smooth, amorphous masses, of a whitish color. HALLSTATT; HALLSTATTIAN Hall"statt, Hall*stat"ti*an, a. Defn: Of or pert. to Hallstatt, Austria, or the Hallstatt civilization. -- Hallstatt, or Hallstattian, civilization, a prehistoric civilization of central Europe, variously dated at from 1000 to 1500 b. c. and usually associated with the Celtic or Alpine race. It was characterized by expert use of bronze, a knowledge of iron, possession of domestic animals, agriculture, and artistic skill and sentiment in manufacturing pottery, ornaments, etc. The Hallstattian civilization flourished chiefly in Carinthia, southern Germany, Switzerland, Bohemia, Silesia, Bosnia, the southeast of France, and southern Italy. J. Deniker. -- H. epoch, the first iron age, represented by the Hallstatt civilization. HALLUCAL Hal"lu*cal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the hallux. HALLUCINATE Hal*lu"ci*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. hallucinatus, alucinatus, p. p. of hallucinari, alucinari, to wander in mind, talk idly, dream.] Defn: To wander; to go astray; to err; to blunder; -- used of mental processes. [R.] Byron. HALLUCINATION Hal*lu`ci*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. hallucinatio cf. F. hallucination.] 1. The act of hallucinating; a wandering of the mind; error; mistake; a blunder. This must have been the hallucination of the transcriber. Addison. 2. (Med.) Defn: The perception of objects which have no reality, or of sensations which have no corresponding external cause, arising from disorder or the nervous system, as in delirium tremens; delusion. Hallucinations are always evidence of cerebral derangement and are common phenomena of insanity. W. A. Hammond. HALLUCINATOR Hal*lu"ci*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One whose judgment and acts are affected by hallucinations; one who errs on account of his hallucinations. N. Brit. Rev. HALLUCINATORY Hal*lu"ci*na*to*ry, a. Defn: Partaking of, or tending to produce, hallucination. HALLUX Hal"lux, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. hallex, allex.] (Anat.) Defn: The first, or preaxial, digit of the hind limb, corresponding to the pollux in the fore limb; the great toe; the hind toe of birds. HALM Halm, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Haulm. HALMA Hal"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Greek Antiq.) Defn: The long jump, with weights in the hands, -- the most important of the exercises of the Pentathlon. HALO Ha"lo, n.; pl. Halos(. Etym: [L. halos, acc. halo, Gr. volvere, and E. voluble.] 1. A luminous circle, usually prismatically colored, round the sun or moon, and supposed to be caused by the refraction of light through crystals of ice in the atmosphere. Connected with halos there are often white bands, crosses, or arches, resulting from the same atmospheric conditions. 2. A circle of light; especially, the bright ring represented in painting as surrounding the heads of saints and other holy persons; a glory; a nimbus. 3. An ideal glory investing, or affecting one's perception of, an object. 4. A colored circle around a nipple; an areola. HALO Ha"lo, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Haloed; p. pr. & vb. n. Haloing.] Defn: To form, or surround with, a halo; to encircle with, or as with, a halo. The fire That haloed round his saintly brow. Sothey. HALOED Ha"loed, a. Defn: Surrounded with a halo; invested with an ideal glory; glorified. Some haloed face bending over me. C. Bronté. HALOGEN Hal"o*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. "a`ls, "alo`s, salt + -gen: cf. F. halogène.] (Chem.) Defn: An electro-negative element or radical, which, by combination with a metal, forms a haloid salt; especially, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; sometimes, also, fluorine and cyanogen. See Chlorine family, under Chlorine. HALOGENOUS Ha*log"e*nous, a. Defn: Of the nature of a halogen. HALOID Ha"loid ( or ), a. Etym: [Gr. "a`ls, "alo`s salt + -oid: cf. F. cal.] (Chem.) Defn: Resembling salt; -- said of certain binary compounds consisting of a metal united to a negative element or radical, and now chiefly applied to the chlorides, bromides, iodides, and sometimes also to the fluorides and cyanides. -- n. Defn: A haloid substance. HALOMANCY Hal"o*man`cy, n. Defn: See Alomancy. HALOMETER Ha*lom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. "a`ls, "alo`s, salt + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the forms and angles of salts and crystals; a goniometer. HALONES Ha*lo"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Alternating transparent and opaque white rings which are seen outside the blastoderm, on the surface of the developing egg of the hen and other birds. HALOPHYTE Hal"o*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. "a`ls, "alo`s, salt + (Bot.) Defn: A plant found growing in salt marshes, or in the sea. HALOSCOPE Ha"lo*scope, n. Etym: [Halo + -scope.] Defn: An instrument for exhibition or illustration of the phenomena of halos, parhelia, and the like. HALOTRICHITE Hal*o*tri"chite, n. Etym: [Gr. "a`ls sea + fri`x, tricho`s, hair.] (Min.) Defn: An iron alum occurring in silky fibrous aggregates of a yellowish white color. HALOXYLINE Ha*lox"y*line, n. Etym: [Gr. "a`ls, "alo`s, salt + xy`lon wood.] Defn: An explosive mixture, consisting of sawdust, charcoal, niter, and ferrocyanide of potassium, used as a substitute for gunpowder. HALP Halp, imp. of Help. Defn: Helped. [Obs.] HALPACE Hal"pace, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Haut pas. HALS Hals, n. Etym: [AS. heals; akin to D., G., & Goth. hals. See Collar.] Defn: The neck or throat. [Obs.] Do me hangen by the hals. Chaucer. HALSE Halse, v. t. Etym: [AS. healsian.] 1. To embrace about the neck; to salute; to greet. [Obs.] Each other kissed glad And lovely halst. Spenser. 2. To adjure; to beseech; to entreat. [Obs.] O dere child, I halse thee, In virtue of the Holy Trinity. Chaucer. HALSE Halse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Halsed (hlst); p. pr. & vb. n. Halsing.] Etym: [Cf. Hawser.] Defn: To haul; to hoist. [Obs.] HALSENING Hal"sen*ing, a. Defn: Sounding harshly in the throat; inharmonious; rough. [Obs.] Carew. HALSER Hals"er, n. Defn: See Hawser. Pope. HALT Halt, Defn: 3d pers. sing. pres. of Hold, contraction for holdeth. [Obs.] Chaucer. HALT Halt, n. Etym: [Formerly alt, It. alto, G. halt, fr. halten to hold. See Hold.] Defn: A stop in marching or walking, or in any action; arrest of progress. Without any halt they marched. Clarendon. [Lovers] soon in passion's war contest, Yet in their march soon make a halt. Davenant. HALT Halt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Halted; p. pr. & vb. n. Halting.] 1. To hold one's self from proceeding; to hold up; to cease progress; to stop for a longer or shorter period; to come to a stop; to stand still. 2. To stand in doubt whether to proceed, or what to do; to h How long halt ye between two opinions 1 Kings xviii. 21 HALT Halt, v. t. (Mil.) Defn: To cause to cease marching; to stop; as, the general halted his troops for refreshment. HALT Halt, a. Etym: [AS. healt; akin to OS., Dan., & Sw. halt, Icel. haltr, halltr, Goth. halts, OHG. halz.] Defn: Halting or stopping in walking; lame. Bring in hither the poor, and the maimed, and the halt, and the blind. Luke xiv. 21. HALT Halt, n. Defn: The act of limping; lameness. HALT Halt, v. i. Etym: [OE. halten, AS. healtian. See Halt, a.] 1. To walk lamely; to limp. 2. To have an irregular rhythm; to be defective. The blank verse shall halt for it. Shak. HALTER Halt"er, n. Defn: One who halts or limps HALTER Hal"ter, n. Etym: [OE. halter, helter, helfter, AS. hælftre; akin to G. halfter, D. halfter, halster, and also to E. helve. See Helve.] Defn: A strong strap or cord. Especially: (a) A rope or strap, with or without a headstall, for leading or tying a horse. (b) A rope for hanging malefactors; a noose. Shak. No man e'er felt the halter draw With good opinion of the law. Trumbull. HALTER Hal"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haltered; p. pr. & vb. n. Haltering.] Defn: To tie by the neck with a rope, strap, or halter; to put a halter on; to subject to a hangman's halter. "A haltered neck." Shak. HALTERES Hal*te"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Balancers; the rudimentary hind wings of Diptera. HALTER-SACK Hal"ter-sack`, n. Defn: A term of reproach, implying that one is fit to be hanged. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. HALTINGLY Halt"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a halting or limping manner. HALVANS Hal"vans, n. pl. (Mining) Defn: Impure ore; dirty ore. HALVE Hal"ve, n. Defn: A half. [Obs.] Chaucer. HALVE Halve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Halved; p. pr. & vb. n. Halving.] Etym: [From Half.] 1. To divide into two equal parts; as, to halve an apple; to be or form half of. So far apart their lives are thrown From the twin soul that halves their own. M. Arnold. 2. (Arch.) Defn: To join, as two pieces of timber, by cutting away each for half its thickness at the joining place, and fitting together. HALVED Halved, a. Defn: Appearing as if one side, or one half, were cut away; dimidiate. HALVES Halves, n., Defn: pl. of Half. By halves, by one half at once; halfway; fragmentarily; partially; incompletely. I can not believe by halves; either I have faith, or I have it not. J. H. Newman. To go halves. See under Go. HALWE Hal"we, n. Etym: [OE., fr. AS. halga. See Holy.] Defn: A saint. [Obs.] Chaucer. HAL'YARD; HALYARD Hal'yard, n. Etym: [Hale, v. t. + yard.] (Naut.) Defn: A rope or tackle for hoisting or lowering yards, sails, flags, etc. [Written also halliard, haulyard.] HALYSITES Hal`y*si"tes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of Silurian fossil corals; the chain corals. See Chain coral, under Chain. HAM Ham, n. Defn: Home. [North of Eng.] Chaucer. HAM Ham, n. Etym: [AS. ham; akin to D. ham, dial. G. hamme, OHG. hamma. Perh. named from the bend at the ham, and akin to E. chamber. Cf. Gammon ham.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The region back of the knee joint; the popliteal space; the hock. 2. The thigh of any animal; especially, the thigh of a hog cured by salting and smoking. A plentiful lack of wit, together with most weak ham. Shak. HAMADRYAD Ham"a*dry`ad, n.; pl. E. Hamadryads, L. Hamadryades. Etym: [L. Hamadryas, -adis, Gr. hamadryade. See Same, and Tree.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A tree nymph whose life ended with that of the particular tree, usually an oak, which had been her abode. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large venomous East Indian snake (Orhiophagus bungarus), allied to the cobras. HAMADRYAS Ha*ma"dry*as, n. Etym: [L., a hamadryad. See Hamadryad.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The sacred baboon of Egypt (Cynocephalus Hamadryas). HAMAL Ha*mal", n. [Written also hammal, hummaul, hamaul, khamal, etc.] [Turk. & Ar. hammal, fr. Ar. hamala to carry.] Defn: In Turkey and other Oriental countries, a porter or burden bearer; specif., in Western India, a palanquin bearer. HAMAMELIS Ham`a*me"lis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants which includes the witch-hazel (Hamamelis Virginica), a preparation of which is used medicinally. HAMATE Ha"mate, a. Etym: [L. hamatus, fr. hamus hook.] Defn: Hooked; bent at the end into a hook; hamous. HAMATED Ha"ma*ted, a. Defn: Hooked, or set with hooks; hamate. Swift. HAMATUM Ha*ma"tum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. hamatus hooked.] (Anat.) Defn: See Unciform. HAMBLE Ham"ble, v. t. Etym: [OE. hamelen to mutilate, AS. hamelian; akin to OHG. hamal to mutilate, hamal mutilated, ham mutilated, Icel. hamla to mutilate. Cf.Ham to fetter.] Defn: To hamstring. [Obs.] HAMBURG Ham"burg, n. Defn: A commercial city of Germany, near the mouth of the Elbe. Black Hamburg grape. See under Black. -- Hamburg , a kind of embroidered work done by machinery on cambric or muslin; -- used for trimming. -- Hamburg lake, a purplish crimson pigment resembling cochineal. HAME Hame, n. Defn: Home. [Scot. & O. Eng.] HAME Hame, n. Etym: [Scot. haims, hammys, hems, OE. ham; cf. D. haam.] Defn: One of the two curved pieces of wood or metal, in the harness of a draught horse, to which the traces are fastened. They are fitted upon the collar, or have pads fitting the horse's neck attached to them. HAMEL Ham"el, v. t. [Obs.] Defn: Same as Hamele. HAMESECKEN; HAMESUCKEN Hame"seck`en, Hame"suck`en, n. Etym: [AS. hams. See Home, and Seek.] (Scots Law) Defn: The felonious seeking and invasion of a person in his dwelling house. Bouvier. HAMFATTER Ham"fat`ter, n. [From a negro minstrel song called "The ham-fat man."] Defn: A low-grade actor or performer. [Theatrical Slang] HAMIFORM Ha"mi*form, n. Etym: [L. hamus hook + -form.] Defn: Hook-shaped. HAMILTON PERIOD Ham"il*ton pe"ri*od. (Geol.) Defn: A subdivision of the Devonian system of America; -- so named from Hamilton, Madison Co., New York. It includes the Marcellus, Hamilton, and Genesee epochs or groups. See the Chart of Geology. HAMINURA Ham`i*nu"ra, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large edible river fish (Erythrinus macrodon) of Guiana. HAMITE Ha"mite, n.Etym: [L. hamus hook.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil cephalopod of the genus Hamites, related to the ammonites, but having the last whorl bent into a hooklike form. HAMITE Ham"ite, n. Defn: A descendant of Ham, Noah's second son. See Gen. x. 6-20. HAMITIC Ham*it"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to Ham or his descendants. Hamitic languages, the group of languages spoken mainly in the Sahara, Egypt, Galla, and Somâli Land, and supposed to be allied to the Semitic. Keith Johnson. HAMLET Ham"let, n. Etym: [OWE. hamelet, OF. hamelet, dim. of hamel, F. hameau, LL. hamellum, a dim. of German origin; cf. G. heim home. sq. root220. See Home.] Defn: A small village; a little cluster of houses in the country. The country wasted, and the hamlets burned. Dryden. Syn. -- Village; neighborhood. See Village. HAMLETED Ham"let*ed, p. a. Defn: Confined to a hamlet. Feltham. HAMMER Ham"mer, n. Etym: [OE. hamer, AS. hamer, hamor; akin to D. hamer, G. & Dan. hammer, Sw. hammare, Icel. hamarr, hammer, crag, and perh. to Gr. a stone.] 1. An instrument for driving nails, beating metals, and the like, consisting of a head, usually of steel or iron, fixed crosswise to a handle. With busy hammers closing rivets up. Shak. 2. Something which in firm or action resembles the common hammer; as: (a) That part of a clock which strikes upon the bell to indicate the hour. (b) The padded mallet of a piano, which strikes the wires, to produce the tones. (c) (Anat.) The malleus. See under Ear. (Gun.) Defn: That part of a gunlock which strikes the percussion cap, or firing pin; the cock; formerly, however, a piece of steel covering the pan of a flintlock musket and struck by the flint of the cock to ignite the priming. (e) Also, a person of thing that smites or shatters; as, St. Augustine was the hammer of heresies. He met the stern legionaries [of Rome] who had been the "massive iron hammers" of the whole earth. J. H. Newman. Atmospheric hammer, a dead-stroke hammer in which the spring is formed by confined air. -- Drop hammer, Face hammer, etc. See under Drop, Face, etc. -- Hammer fish. See Hammerhead. -- Hammer hardening, the process of hardening metal by hammering it when cold. -- Hammer shell (Zoöl.), any species of Malleus, a genus of marine bivalve shells, allied to the pearl oysters, having the wings narrow and elongated, so as to give them a hammer-shaped outline; -- called also hammer oyster. -- To bring to the hammer, to put up at auction. HAMMER Ham"mer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hammered; p. pr. & vb. n. Hammering.] 1. To beat with a hammer; to beat with heavy blows; as, to hammer iron. 2. To form or forge with a hammer; to shape by beating. "Hammered money." Dryden. 3. To form in the mind; to shape by hard intellectual labor; -- usually with out. Who was hammering out a penny dialogue. Jeffry. HAMMER Ham"mer, v. i. 1. To be busy forming anything; to labor hard as if shaping something with a hammer. Whereon this month I have hammering. Shak. 2. To strike repeated blows, literally or figuratively. Blood and revenge are hammering in my head. Shak. HAMMERABLE Ham"mer*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being formed or shaped by a hammer. Sherwood. HAMMER-BEAM Ham"mer-beam`, n. (Cothic Arch.) Defn: A member of one description of roof truss, called hammer-beam truss, which is so framed as not to have a tiebeam at the top of the wall. Each principal has two hammer-beams, which occupy the situation, and to some extent serve the purpose, of a tiebeam. HAMMER BREAK Ham"mer break. (Elec.) Defn: An interrupter in which contact is broken by the movement of an automatically vibrating hammer between a contact piece and an electromagnet, or of a rapidly moving piece mechanically driven. HAMMERCLOTH Ham"mer*cloth`, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. D. hemel heaven, canopy, tester (akin to G. himmel, and perh. also to E. heaven) + E. cloth; or perh. a corruption of hamper cloth.] Defn: The cloth which covers a coach box. HAMMER-DRESSED Ham"mer-dressed`, a. Defn: Having the surface roughly shaped or faced with the stonecutter's hammer; -- said of building stone. HAMMERER Ham"mer*er, n. Defn: One who works with a hammer. HAMMER-HARDEN Ham"mer-hard`en, v. t. Defn: To harden, as a metal, by hammering it in the cold state. HAMMERHEAD Ham"mer*head`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A shark of the genus Sphyrna or Zygæna, having the eyes set on projections from the sides of the head, which gives it a hammer shape. The Sphyrna zygæna is found in the North Atlantic. Called also hammer fish, and balance fish. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fresh-water fish; the stone-roller. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: An African fruit bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus); -- so called from its large blunt nozzle. HAMMERKOP Ham"mer*kop, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of the Heron family; the umber. HAMMER-LESS Ham"mer-less, a. (Firearms) Defn: Without a visible hammer; -- said of a gun having a cock or striker concealed from sight, and out of the way of an accidental touch. HAMMER LOCK Hammer lock. (Wrestling) Defn: A hold in which an arm of one contestant is held twisted and bent behind his back by his opponent. HAMMERMAN Ham"mer*man, n.; pl. Hammermen (. Defn: A hammerer; a forgeman. HAMMOCHRYSOS Ham`mo*chry"sos, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. chryso`s gold.] Defn: A stone with spangles of gold color in it. HAMMOCK Ham"mock, n. Etym: [A word of Indian origin: cf. Sp. hamaca. Columbus, in the Narrative of his first voyage, says: "A great many Indians in canoes came to the ship to-day for the purpose of bartering their cotton, and hamacas, or nets, in which they sleep."] 1. A swinging couch or bed, usually made of netting or canvas about six feet wide, suspended by clews or cords at the ends. 2. A piece of land thickly wooded, and usually covered with bushes and vines. Used also adjectively; as, hammock land. [Southern U. S.] Bartlett. Hammock nettings (Naut.), formerly, nets for stowing hammocks; now, more often, wooden boxes or a trough on the rail, used for that purpose. HAMOSE; HAMOUS Ha*mose", Ha"mous,Etym: [L. hamus hook.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the end hooked or curved. HAMPER Ham"per, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. hanaper.] Defn: A large basket, usually with a cover, used for the packing and carrying of articles; as, a hamper of wine; a clothes hamper; an oyster hamper, which contains two bushels. HAMPER Ham"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hampered; p. pr. & vb. n. Hampering.] Defn: To put in a hamper. HAMPER Ham"per, v. t. Etym: [OE. hamperen, hampren, prob. of the same origin as E. hamble.] Defn: To put a hamper or fetter on; to shackle; to insnare; to inveigle; hence, to impede in motion or progress; to embarrass; to encumber. "Hampered nerves." Blackmore. A lion hampered in a net. L'Estrange. They hamper and entangle our souls. Tillotson. HAMPER Ham"per, n. Etym: [See Hamper to shackle.] 1. A shackle; a fetter; anything which impedes. W. Browne. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Articles ordinarily indispensable, but in the way at certain times. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Top hamper (Naut.), unnecessary spars and rigging kept aloft. HAMSHACKLE Ham"shac`kle, v. t. Etym: [Ham + shackle.] Defn: To fasten (an animal) by a rope binding the head to one of the fore legs; as, to hamshackle a horse or cow; hence, to bind or restrain; to curb. HAMSTER Ham"ster, n. Etym: [G. hamster.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European rodent (Cricetus frumentarius). It is remarkable for having a pouch on each side of the jaw, under the skin, and for its migrations. HAMSTRING Ham"string`, n. (Anat.) Defn: One of the great tendons situated in each side of the ham, or space back of the knee, and connected with the muscles of the back of the thigh. HAMSTRING Ham"string`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hamstrung; p. pr. & vb. n. Hamstringing. See String.] Defn: To lame or disable by cutting the tendons of the ham or knee; to hough; hence, to cripple; to incapacitate; to disable. So have they hamstrung the valor of the subject by seeking to effeminate us all at home. Milton. HAMULAR Ham"u*lar, a. Defn: Hooked; hooklike; hamate; as, the hamular process of the sphenoid bone. HAMULATE Ham"u*late, a. Defn: Furnished with a small hook; hook-shaped. Gray. HAMULE Ham"ule, n. Etym: [L. hamulus.] Defn: A little hook. HAMULOSE Ham"u*lose", a. Etym: [L. hamulus, dim. of hamus a hook.] Defn: Bearing a small hook at the end. Gray. HAMULUS Ham"u*lus, n.; pl. Hamuli (. Etym: [L., a little hook.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A hook, or hooklike process. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A hooked barbicel of a feather. HAN Han, Etym: contr. inf. & plural pres. of Haven. Defn: To have; have. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Him thanken all, and thus they han an end. Chaucer. HANAP Han"ap, n. Etym: [F. hanap. See Hanaper.] Defn: A rich goblet, esp. one used on state occasions. [Obs.] HANAPER Han"a*per, n. Etym: [LL. hanaperium a large vase, fr. hanaus vase, bowl, cup (whence F. hanap); of German origin; cf. ONG. hnapf, G. napf, akin to AS. hnæp cup, bowl. Cf. Hamper, Nappy, n.] Defn: A kind of basket, usually of wickerwork, and adapted for the packing and carrying of articles; a hamper. Hanaper office, an office of the English court of chancery in which writs relating to the business of the public, and the returns to them, were anciently kept in a hanaper or hamper. Blackstone. HANCE Hance, v. t. Etym: [See Enhance.] Defn: To raise; to elevate. [Obs.] Lydgate. HANCE; HANCH Hance, Hanch,Etym: [See Hanse.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: See Hanse. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A sudden fall or break, as the fall of the fife rail down to the gangway. HAND Hand, n. Etym: [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. hönd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hinpan to seize (in comp.). Cf. Hunt.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in man and monkeys, and the corresponding part in many other animals; manus; paw. See Manus. 2. That which resembles, or to some extent performs the office of, a human hand; as: (a) A limb of certain animals, as the foot of a hawk, or any one of the four extremities of a monkey. (b) An index or pointer on a dial; as, the hour or minute hand of a clock. 3. A measure equal to a hand's breadth, -- four inches; a palm. Chiefly used in measuring the height of horses. 4. Side; part; direction, either right or left. On this hand and that hand, were hangings. Ex. xxxviii. 15. The Protestants were then on the winning hand. Milton. 5. Power of performance; means of execution; ability; skill; dexterity. He had a great mind to try his hand at a Spectator. Addison. 6. Actual performance; deed; act; workmanship; agency; hence, manner of performance. To change the hand in carrying on the war. Clarendon. Gideon said unto God, If thou wilt save Israel by my hand. Judges vi. 36. 7. An agent; a servant, or laborer; a workman, trained or competent for special service or duty; a performer more or less skillful; as, a deck hand; a farm hand; an old hand at speaking. A dictionary containing a natural history requires too many hands, as well as too much time, ever to be hoped for. Locke. I was always reckoned a lively hand at a simile. Hazlitt. 8. Handwriting; style of penmanship; as, a good, bad or running hand. Hence, a signature. I say she never did invent this letter; This is a man's invention and his hand. Shak. Some writs require a judge's hand. Burril. 9. Personal possession; ownership; hence, control; direction; management; -- usually in the plural. "Receiving in hand one year's tribute." Knolles. Albinus . . . found means to keep in his hands the goverment of Britain. Milton. 10. Agency in transmission from one person to another; as, to buy at first hand, that is, from the producer, or when new; at second hand, that is, when no longer in the producer's hand, or when not new. 11. Rate; price. [Obs.] "Business is bought at a dear hand, where there is small dispatch." Bacon. 12. That which is, or may be, held in a hand at once; as: (a) (Card Playing) The quota of cards received from the dealer. (b) (Tobacco Manuf.) A bundle of tobacco leaves tied together. 13. (Firearms) Defn: The small part of a gunstock near the lock, which is grasped by the hand in taking aim. Note: Hand is used figuratively for a large variety of acts or things, in the doing, or making, or use of which the hand is in some way employed or concerned; also, as a symbol to denote various qualities or conditions, as: (a) Activity; operation; work; -- in distinction from the head, which implies thought, and the heart, which implies affection. "His hand will be against every man." Gen. xvi. 12.(b) Power; might; supremacy; -- often in the Scriptures. "With a mighty hand . . . will I rule over you." Ezek. xx. 33.(c) Fraternal feeling; as, to give, or take, the hand; to give the right hand. (d) Contract; -- commonly of marriage; as, to ask the hand; to pledge the hand. Note: Hand is often used adjectively or in compounds (with or without the hyphen), signifying performed by the hand; as, hand blow or hand- blow, hand gripe or hand-gripe: used by, or designed for, the hand; as, hand ball or handball, hand bow, hand fetter, hand grenade or hand-grenade, handgun or hand gun, handloom or hand loom, handmill or hand organ or handorgan, handsaw or hand saw, hand-weapon: measured or regulated by the hand; as, handbreadth or hand's breadth, hand gallop or hand-gallop. Most of the words in the following paragraph are written either as two words or in combination. Hand bag, a satchel; a small bag for carrying books, papers, parcels, etc. -- Hand basket, a small or portable basket. -- Hand bell, a small bell rung by the hand; a table bell. Bacon. -- Hand bill, a small pruning hook. See 4th Bill. -- Hand car. See under Car. -- Hand director (Mus.), an instrument to aid in forming a good position of the hands and arms when playing on the piano; a hand guide. -- Hand drop. See Wrist drop. -- Hand gallop. See under Gallop. -- Hand gear (Mach.), apparatus by means of which a machine, or parts of a machine, usually operated by other power, may be operated by hand. -- Hand glass. (a) A glass or small glazed frame, for the protection of plants. (b) A small mirror with a handle. -- Hand guide. Same as Hand director (above). -- Hand language, the art of conversing by the hands, esp. as practiced by the deaf and dumb; dactylology. -- Hand lathe. See under Lathe. -- Hand money, money paid in hand to bind a contract; earnest money. -- Hand organ (Mus.), a barrel organ, operated by a crank turned by hand. -- Hand plant. (Bot.) Same as Hand tree (below). -- Hand rail, a rail, as in staircases, to hold by. Gwilt. -- Hand sail, a sail managed by the hand. Sir W. Temple. -- Hand screen, a small screen to be held in the hand. -- Hand screw, a small jack for raising heavy timbers or weights; (Carp.) a screw clamp. -- Hand staff (pl. Hand staves), a javelin. Ezek. xxxix. 9. -- Hand stamp, a small stamp for dating, addressing, or canceling papers, envelopes, etc. -- Hand tree (Bot.), a lofty tree found in Mexico (Cheirostemon platanoides), having red flowers whose stamens unite in the form of a hand. -- Hand vise, a small vise held in the hand in doing small work. Moxon. -- Hand work, or Handwork, work done with the hands, as distinguished from work done by a machine; handiwork. -- All hands, everybody; all parties. -- At all hands, On all hands, on all sides; from every direction; generally. -- At any hand, At no hand, in any (or no) way or direction; on any account; on no account. "And therefore at no hand consisting with the safety and interests of humility." Jer. Taylor. -- At first hand, At second hand. See def. 10 (above). -- At hand. (a) Near in time or place; either present and within reach, or not far distant. "Your husband is at hand; I hear his trumpet." Shak. (b) Under the hand or bridle. [Obs.] "Horses hot at hand." Shak. -- At the hand of, by the act of; as a gift from. "Shall we receive good at the hand of God and shall we not receive evil" Job ii. 10. -- Bridle hand. See under Bridle. -- By hand, with the hands, in distinction from instrumentality of tools, engines, or animals; as, to weed a garden by hand; to lift, draw, or carry by hand. -- Clean hands, freedom from guilt, esp. from the guilt of dishonesty in money matters, or of bribe taking. "He that hath clean hands shall be stronger and stronger." Job xvii. 9. -- From hand to hand, from one person to another. -- Hand in hand. (a) In union; conjointly; unitedly. Swift. (b) Just; fair; equitable. As fair and as good, a kind of hand in hand comparison. Shak. -- Hand over hand, Hand over fist, by passing the hands alternately one before or above another; as, to climb hand over hand; also, rapidly; as, to come up with a chase hand over hand. -- Hand over head, negligently; rashly; without seeing what one does. [Obs.] Bacon. -- Hand running, consecutively; as, he won ten times hand running. -- Hand off! keep off! forbear! no interference or meddling! -- Hand to hand, in close union; in close fight; as, a hand to hand contest. Dryden. -- Heavy hand, severity or oppression. -- In hand. (a) Paid down. "A considerable reward in hand, and . . . a far greater reward hereafter." Tillotson. (b) In preparation; taking place. Chaucer. "Revels . . . in hand." Shak. (c) Under consideration, or in the course of transaction; as, he has the business in hand. -- In one's hand or hands. (a) In one's possession or keeping. (b) At one's risk, or peril; as, I took my life in my hand. -- Laying on of hands, a form used in consecrating to office, in the rite of confirmation, and in blessing persons. -- Light hand, gentleness; moderation. -- Note of hand, a promissory note. -- Off hand, Out of hand, forthwith; without delay, hesitation, or difficulty; promptly. "She causeth them to be hanged up out of hand." Spenser. -- Off one's hands, out of one's possession or care. -- On hand, in present possession; as, he has a supply of goods on hand. -- On one's hands, in one's possession care, or management. -- Putting the hand under the thigh, an ancient Jewish ceremony used in swearing. -- Right hand, the place of honor, power, and strength. -- Slack hand, idleness; carelessness; inefficiency; sloth. -- Strict hand, severe discipline; rigorous government. -- To bear a hand (Naut), to give help quickly; to hasten. -- To bear in hand, to keep in expectation with false pretenses. [Obs.] Shak. -- To be hand and glove, or in glove with. See under Glove. -- To be on the mending hand, to be convalescent or improving. -- To bring up by hand, to feed (an infant) without suckling it. -- To change hand. See Change. -- To change hands, to change sides, or change owners. Hudibras. -- To clap the hands, to express joy or applause, as by striking the palms of the hands together. -- To come to hand, to be received; to be taken into possession; as, the letter came to hand yesterday. -- To get hand, to gain influence. [Obs.] Appetites have . . . got such a hand over them. Baxter. -- To got one's hand in, to make a beginning in a certain work; to become accustomed to a particular business. -- To have a hand in, to be concerned in; to have a part or concern in doing; to have an agency or be employed in. -- To have in hand. (a) To have in one's power or control. Chaucer. (b) To be engaged upon or occupied with. -- To have one's hands full, to have in hand al that one can do, or more than can be done conveniently; to be pressed with labor or engagements; to be surrounded with difficulties. -- To have, or get, the (higher) upper hand, to have, or get, the better of another person or thing. -- To his hand, To my hand, etc., in readiness; already prepared. "The work is made to his hands." Locke. -- To hold hand, to compete successfully or on even conditions. [Obs.] Shak. -- To lay hands on, to seize; to assault. -- To lend a hand, to give assistance. -- To lift, or put forth, the hand against, to attack; to oppose; to kill. -- To live from hand to mouth, to obtain food and other necessaries as want compels, without previous provision. -- To make one's hand, to gain advantage or profit. -- To put the hand unto, to steal. Ex. xxii. 8.-- To put the last, or finishing, hand to, to make the last corrections in; to complete; to perfect. -- To set the hand to, to engage in; to undertake. That the Lord thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to. Deut. xxiii. 20. -- To stand one in hand, to concern or affect one. -- To strike hands, to make a contract, or to become surety for another's debt or good behavior. -- To take in hand. (a) To attempt or undertake. (b) To seize and deal with; as, he took him in hand. -- To wash the hands of, to disclaim or renounce interest in, or responsibility for, a person or action; as, to wash one's hands of a business. Matt. xxvii. 24. -- Under the hand of, authenticated by the handwriting or signature of; as, the deed is executed under the hand and seal of the owner. HAND Hand, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handed; p. pr. & vb. n. Handing.] 1. To give, pass, or transmit with the hand; as, he handed them the letter. 2. To lead, guide, or assist with the hand; to conduct; as, to hand a lady into a carriage. 3. To manage; as, I hand my oar. [Obs.] Prior. 4. To seize; to lay hands on. [Obs.] Shak. 5. To pledge by the hand; to handfast. [R.] 6. (Naut.) Defn: To furl; -- said of a sail. Totten. To hand down, to transmit in succession, as from father to son, or from predecessor to successor; as, fables are handed down from age to age; to forward to the proper officer (the decision of a higher court); as, the Clerk of the Court of Appeals handed down its decision. -- To hand over, to yield control of; to surrender; to deliver up. HAND Hand, v. i. Defn: To coöperate. [Obs.] Massinger. HANDBALL Hand"ball`, n. 1. A ball for throwing or using with the hand. 2. A game played with such a ball, as by players striking it to and fro between them with the hands, or alternately against a wall, until one side or the other fails to return the ball. HANDBARROW Hand"bar"row, n. Defn: A frame or barrow, without a wheel, carried by hand. HANDBILL Hand"bill`, n. 1. A loose, printed sheet, to be distributed by hand. 2. A pruning hook. [Usually written hand bill.] HANDBOOK Hand"book`, n. Etym: [Hand + book; cf. AS. handb, or G. handbuch.] Defn: A book of reference, to be carried in the hand; a manual; a guidebook. HANDBREADTH Hand"breadth`, n. Defn: A space equal to the breadth of the hand; a palm. Ex. xxxvii. 12. HANDCART Hand"cart`, n. Defn: A cart drawn or pushed by hand. HANDCLOTH Hand"cloth`, n. Defn: A handkerchief. HANDCRAFT Hand"craft`, n. Defn: Same as Handicraft. HANDCRAFTSMAN Hand"crafts`man, n.; pl. -men (. Defn: A handicraftsman. HANDCUFF Hand"cuff`, n. Etym: [AS. handcops; hand hand + cosp, cops, fetter. The second part was confused with E. cuffs,] Defn: A fastening, consisting of an iron ring around the wrist, usually connected by a chain with one on the other wrist; a manacle; -- usually in the plural. HANDCUFF Hand"cuff`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handcuffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Handcuffing.] Defn: To apply handcuffs to; to manacle. Hay (1754). HANDED Hand"ed, a. 1. With hands joined; hand in hand. Into their inmost bower, Handed they went. Milton. 2. Having a peculiar or characteristic hand. As poisonous tongued as handed. Shak. Note: Handed is used in composition in the sense of having (such or so many) hands; as, bloody-handed; free-handed; heavy-handed; left- handed; single-handed. HANDER Hand"er, n. Defn: One who hands over or transmits; a conveyer in succession. Dryden. HANDFAST Hand"fast`, n. 1. Hold; grasp; custody; power of confining or keeping. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Contract; specifically, espousal. [Obs.] HANDFAST Hand"fast`, a. Defn: Fast by contract; betrothed by joining hands. [Obs.] Bale. HANDFAST Hand"fast`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handfasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Handfasting.] Defn: To pledge; to bind; to betroth by joining hands, in order to cohabitation, before the celebration of marriage. [Obs.] HANDFAST Hand"fast`, n. Etym: [G. handfest; hand hand + fest strong. See Fast.] Defn: Strong; steadfast.[R.] Carlyle. HANDFASTLY Hand"fast`ly, adv. Defn: In a handfast or publicly pledged manner. [Obs.] Holinshed. HANDFISH Hand"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The frogfish. HANDFUL Hand"ful, n.; pl. Hand flus. Etym: [AS. handfull.] 1. As much as the hand will grasp or contain. Addison. 2. A hand's breadth; four inches. [Obs.] Knap the tongs together about a handful from the bottom. Bacon. 3. A small quantity. This handful of men were tied to very hard duty. Fuller. To have one's handful, to have one's hands full; to have all one can do. [Obs.] They had their handful to defend themselves from firing. Sir. W. Raleigh. HAND-HOLE Hand"-hole, n. (Steam Boilers) Defn: A small hole in a boiler for the insertion of the hand in cleaning, etc. Hand-hole plate, the cover of a hand-hole. HANDICAP Hand"i*cap, n. Etym: [From hand in cap; -- perh. in reference to an old mode of setting a bargain by taking pieces of money from a cap.] 1. An allowance of a certain amount of time or distance in starting, granted in a race to the competitor possessing inferior advantages; or an additional weight or other hindrance imposed upon the one possessing superior advantages, in order to equalize, as much as possible, the chances of success; as, the handicap was five seconds, or ten pounds, and the like. 2. A race, for horses or men, or any contest of agility, strength, or skill, in which there is an allowance of time, distance, weight, or other advantage, to equalize the chances of the competitors. 3. An old game at cards. [Obs.] Pepys. HANDICAP Hand"i*cap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handicapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Handicapping.] Defn: To encumber with a handicap in any contest; hence, in general, to place at disadvantage; as, the candidate was heavily handicapped. HANDICAPPER Hand"i*cap`per, n. Defn: One who determines the conditions of a handicap. HANDICRAFT Hand"i*craft, n. Etym: [For handcraft, influenced by handiwork; AS. handcræft.] 1. A trade requiring skill of hand; manual occupation; handcraft. Addison. 2. A man who earns his living by handicraft; a handicraftsman. [R.] Dryden. HANDICRAFTSMAN Hand"i*crafts`man, n.; pl. -men (. Defn: A man skilled or employed in handcraft. Bacon. HANDILY Hand"i*ly, adv. Etym: [See Handy.] Defn: In a handy manner; skillfully; conveniently. HANDINESS Hand"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being handy. HANDIRON Hand"i`ron, n. Defn: See Andrion. [Obs.] HANDIWORK Hand"i*work`, n. Etym: [OE. handiwerc, AS. handgeweorc; hand hand + geweorc work; prefix ge- + weorc. See Work.] Defn: Work done by the hands; hence, any work done personally. The firmament showeth his handiwork. Ps. xix. 1. HANDKERCHER Hand"ker*cher, n. Defn: A handkerchief. [Obs. or Colloq.] Chapman (1654). Shak. HANDKERCHIEF Hand"ker*chief (hân"ker*chîf; 277), n. Etym: [Hand + kerchief.] 1. A piece of cloth, usually square and often fine and elegant, carried for wiping the face or hands. 2. A piece of cloth shaped like a handkerchief to be worn about the neck; a neckerchief; a neckcloth. HANDLE Han"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handled; p. pr. & vb. n. Handling .] Etym: [OE. handlen, AS. handian; akin to D. handelen to trade, G. handeln. See Hand.] 1. To touch; to feel with the hand; to use or hold with the hand. Handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh. Luke xxiv. 39. About his altar, handling holy things. Milton. 2. To manage in using, as a spade or a musket; to wield; often, to manage skillfully. That fellow handles his bow like a crowkeeper. Shak. 3. To accustom to the hand; to work upon, or take care of, with the hands. The hardness of the winters forces the breeders to house and handle their colts six months every year. Sir W. Temple. 4. To receive and transfer; to have pass through one's hands; hence, to buy and sell; as, a merchant handles a variety of goods, or a large stock. 5. To deal with; to make a business of. They that handle the law knew me not. Jer. ii. 8. 6. To treat; to use, well or ill. How wert thou handled being prisoner. Shak. 7. To manage; to control; to practice skill upon. You shall see how I will handle her. Shak. 8. To use or manage in writing or speaking; to treat, as a theme, an argument, or an objection. We will handle what persons are apt to envy others. Bacon. To handle without gloves. See under Glove. [Colloq.] HANDLE Han"dle, v. i. Defn: To use the hands. They have hands, but they handle not. Ps. cxv. 7. HANDLE Han"dle, n. Etym: [AS. handle. See Hand.] 1. That part of vessels, instruments, etc., which is held in the hand when used or moved, as the haft of a sword, the knob of a door, the bail of a kettle, etc. 2. That of which use is made; the instrument for effecting a purpose; a tool. South. To give a handle, to furnish an occasion or means. HANDLEABLE Han"dle*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being handled. HANDLESS Hand"less, a. Defn: Without a hand. Shak. HANDLING Han"dling, n. Etym: [AS. handlung.] 1. A touching, controlling, managing, using, etc., with the hand or hands, or as with the hands. See Handle, v. t. The heavens and your fair handling Have made you master of the field this day. Spenser. 2. (Drawing, Painting, etc.) Defn: The mode of using the pencil or brush, etc.; style of touch. Fairholt. HANDMADE Hand"made", a. Defn: Manufactured by hand; as, handmade shoes. HANDMAID; HANDMAIDEN Hand"maid", Hand"maiden, n. Defn: A maid that waits at hand; a female servant or attendant. HANDSAW Hand"saw` n. Defn: A saw used with one hand. HANDSEL Hand"sel, n. [Written also hansel.] Etym: [OE. handsal, hansal, hansel, AS. handsa giving into hands, or more prob. fr. Icel. handsal; hand hand + sal sale, bargain; akin to AS. sellan to give, deliver. See Sell, Sale. ] 1. A sale, gift, or delivery into the hand of another; especially, a sale, gift, delivery, or using which is the first of a series, and regarded as on omen for the rest; a first installment; an earnest; as the first money received for the sale of goods in the morning, the first money taken at a shop newly opened, the first present sent to a young woman on her wedding day, etc. Their first good handsel of breath in this world. Fuller. Our present tears here, not our present laughter, Are but the handsels of our joys hereafter. Herrick. 2. Price; payment. [Obs.] Spenser. Handsel Monday, the first Monday of the new year, when handsels or presents are given to servants, children, etc. HANDSEL Hand"sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Handseled or Handseled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Handseling or Handselling.] Etym: [Written also hansel.] Etym: [OE handsellen, hansellen;cf. Isel. hadsala, handselja. See Handsel, n.] 1. To give a handsel to. 2. To use or do for the first time, esp. so as to make fortunate or unfortunate; to try experimentally. No contrivance of our body, but some good man in Scripture hath handseled it with prayer. Fuller. HANDSOME Hand"some, a. [Compar. Handsomer; superl. Handsomest.] Etym: [Hand + -some. It at first meant, dexterous; cf. D. handzaam dexterous, ready, limber, manageable, and E. handy.] 1. Dexterous; skillful; handy; ready; convenient; -- applied to things as persons. [Obs.] That they [engines of war] be both easy to be carried and handsome to be moved and turned about. Robynson (Utopia). For a thief it is so handsome as it may seem it was first invented for him. Spenser. 2. Agreeable to the eye or to correct taste; having a pleasing appearance or expression; attractive; having symmetry and dignity; comely; -- expressing more than pretty, and less than beautiful; as, a handsome man or woman; a handsome garment, house, tree, horse. 3. Suitable or fit in action; marked with propriety and ease; graceful; becoming; appropriate; as, a handsome style, etc. Easiness and handsome address in writing. Felton. 4. Evincing a becoming generosity or nobleness of character; liberal; generous. Handsome is as handsome does. Old Proverb. 5. Ample; moderately large. He . . . accumulated a handsome sum of money. V. Knox. To do the handsome thing, to act liberally. [Colloq.] Syn. -- Handsome, Pretty. Pretty applies to things comparatively small, which please by their delicacy and grace; as, a pretty girl, a pretty flower, a pretty cottage. Handsome rises higher, and is applied to objects on a larger scale. We admire what is handsome, we are pleased with what is pretty. The word is connected with hand, and has thus acquired the idea of training, cultivation, symmetry, and proportion, which enters so largely into our conception of handsome. Thus Drayton makes mention of handsome players, meaning those, who are well trained; and hence we speak of a man's having a handsome address, which is the result of culture; of a handsome horse or dog, which implies well proportioned limbs; of a handsome face, to which, among other qualities, the idea of proportion and a graceful contour are essential; of a handsome tree, and a handsome house or villa. So, from this idea of proportion or suitableness, we have, with a different application, the expressions, a handsome fortune, a handsome offer. HANDSOME Hand"some, v. t. Defn: To render handsome. [Obs.] Donne HANDSOMELY Hand"some*ly, adv. 1. In a handsome manner. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Carefully; in shipshape style. HANDSOMENESS Hand"some*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being handsome. Handsomeness is the mere animal excellence, beauty the mere imaginative. Hare. HANDSPIKE Hand"spike`, n. Defn: A bar or lever, generally of wood, used in a windlass or capstan, for heaving anchor, and, in modified forms, for various purposes. HANDSPRING Hand"spring`, n. Defn: A somersault made with the assistance of the hands placed upon the ground. HAND-TIGHT Hand"-tight`, a. (Naut.) Defn: As tight as can be made by the hand. Totten. HANDWHEEL Hand"wheel`, n. (Mach.) Defn: Any wheel worked by hand; esp., one the rim of which serves as the handle by which a valve, car brake, or other part is adjusted. HAND-WINGED Hand"-winged`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having wings that are like hands in the structure and arrangement of their bones; -- said of bats. See Cheiroptera. HANDWRITING Hand"writ`ing, n. 1. The cast or form of writing peculiar to each hand or person; chirography. 2. That which is written by hand; manuscript. The handwriting on the wall, a doom pronounced; an omen of disaster. Dan. v. 5. HANDY Hand"y, a. [Compar. Handier; superl. Handiest.] Etym: [OE. hendi, AS. hendig (in comp.), fr. hand hand; akin to D. handig, Goth. handugs clever, wise.] 1. Performed by the hand. [Obs.] To draw up and come to handy strokes. Milton. 2. Skillful in using the hand; dexterous; ready; adroit. "Each is handy in his way." Dryden. 3. Ready to the hand; near; also, suited to the use of the hand; convenient; valuable for reference or use; as, my tools are handy; a handy volume. 4. (Naut.) Defn: Easily managed; obedient to the helm; -- said of a vessel. HANDY-DANDY Hand"y-dan`dy, n. Defn: A child's play, one child guessing in which closed hand the other holds some small object, winning the object if right and forfeiting an equivalent if wrong; hence, forfeit. Piers Plowman. HANDYFIGHT Hand"y*fight`, n. Defn: A fight with the hands; boxing. "Pollux loves handyfights." B. Jonson. HANDYGRIPE Hand"y*gripe`, n. Defn: Seizure by, or grasp of, the hand; also, close quarters in fighting. Hudibras. HANDYSTROKE Hand"y*stroke`, n. Defn: A blow with the hand. HANDYWORK Hand"y`work`, n. Defn: See Handiwork. HANG Hang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hanged (hngd) or Hung (; p. pr. & vb. n. Hanging. The use of hanged is preferable to that of hung, when reference is had to death or execution by suspension, and it is also more common.] Etym: [OE. hangen, hangien, v. t. & i., AS. hangian, v. i., fr. h, v. t. (imp. heng, p. p. hongen); akin to OS. hang, v. i. D. hangen, v. t. & i., G. hangen, v. i, hängen, v. t, Isel hanga, v. i., Goth. hahan, v. t. (imp. haíhah), hahan, v. i. (imp. hahaida), and perh. to L. cunctari to delay. sq. root37. ] 1. To suspend; to fasten to some elevated point without support from below; -- often used with up or out; as, to hang a coat on a hook; to hang up a sign; to hang out a banner. 2. To fasten in a manner which will allow of free motion upon the point or points of suspension; -- said of a pendulum, a swing, a door, gate, etc. 3. To fit properly, as at a proper angle (a part of an implement that is swung in using), as a scythe to its snath, or an ax to its helve. [U. S.] 4. To put to death by suspending by the neck; -- a form of capital punishment; as, to hang a murderer. 5. To cover, decorate, or furnish by hanging pictures trophies, drapery, and the like, or by covering with paper hangings; -- said of a wall, a room, etc. Hung be the heavens with black. Shak. And hung thy holy roofs with savage spoils. Dryden. 6. To paste, as paper hangings, on the walls of a room. 7. To hold or bear in a suspended or inclined manner or position instead of erect; to droop; as, he hung his head in shame. Cowslips wan that hang the pensive head. Milton. To hang down, to let fall below the proper position; to bend down; to decline; as, to hang down the head, or, elliptically, to hang the head. -- To hang fire (Mil.), to be slow in communicating fire through the vent to the charge; as, the gun hangs fire; hence, to hesitate, to hold back as if in suspense. HANG Hang, v. i. 1. To be suspended or fastened to some elevated point without support from below; to dangle; to float; to rest; to remain; to stay. 2. To be fastened in such a manner as to allow of free motion on the point or points of suspension. 3. To die or be put to death by suspension from the neck. [R.] "Sir Balaam hangs." Pope. 4. To hold for support; to depend; to cling; -- usually with on or upon; as, this question hangs on a single point. "Two infants hanging on her neck." Peacham. 5. To be, or be like, a suspended weight. Life hangs upon me, and becomes a burden. Addison. 6. To hover; to impend; to appear threateningly; -- usually with over; as, evils hang over the country. 7. To lean or incline; to incline downward. To decide which way hung the victory. Milton. His neck obliquely o'er his shoulder hung. Pope. 8. To slope down; as, hanging grounds. 9. To be undetermined or uncertain; to be in suspense; to linger; to be delayed. A noble stroke he lifted high, Which hung not, but so swift with tempest fell On the proud crest of Satan. Milton. To hang around, to loiter idly about. -- To hang back, to hesitate; to falter; to be reluctant. "If any one among you hangs back." Jowett (Thucyd.). -- To hang by the eyelids. (a) To hang by a very slight hold or tenure. (b) To be in an unfinished condition; to be left incomplete. -- To hang in doubt, to be in suspense. -- To hang on (with the emphasis on the preposition), to keep hold; to hold fast; to stick; to be persistent, as a disease. -- To hang on the lips, words, etc., to be charmed by eloquence. -- To hang out. (a) To be hung out so as to be displayed; to project. (b) To be unyielding; as, the juryman hangs out against an agreement. [Colloq.] (c) to lounge around a particular place; as, teenageers tend to hang out at the mall these days -- To hang over. (a) To project at the top. (b) To impend over. -- To hang to, to cling. -- To hang together. (a) To remain united; to stand by one another. "We are all of a piece; we hang together." Dryden. (b) To be self- consistent; as, the story does not hang together. [Colloq.] -- To hang upon. (a) To regard with passionate affection. (b) (Mil.) To hover around; as, to hang upon the flanks of a retreating enemy. HANG Hang, n. 1. The manner in which one part or thing hangs upon, or is connected with, another; as, the hang of a scythe. 2. Connection; arrangement; plan; as, the hang of a discourse. [Colloq.] 3. A sharp or steep declivity or slope. [Colloq.] To get the hang of, to learn the method or arrangement of; hence, to become accustomed to. [Colloq.] HANGBIRD Hang"bird`, n. (Zoöl) Defn: The Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula); -- so called because its nest is suspended from the limb of a tree. See Baltimore oriole. HANG-BY Hang"-by`, n.; pl. Hang-bies (. Defn: A dependent; a hanger-on; -- so called in contempt. B. Jonson. HANGDOG Hang"dog`, n. Defn: A base, degraded person; a sneak; a gallows bird. HANGDOG Hang"dog` Defn: , Low; sneaking; ashamed. The poor colonel went out of the room with a hangdog look. Thackeray. HANGER Hang"er, n. 1. One who hangs, or causes to be hanged; a hangman. 2. That by which a thing is suspended. Especially: (a) A strap hung to the girdle, by which a dagger or sword is suspended. (b) (Mach.) A part that suspends a journal box in which shafting runs. See Illust. of Countershaft. (c) A bridle iron. 3. That which hangs or is suspended, as a sword worn at the side; especially, in the 18th century, a short, curved sword. 4. A steep, wooded declivity. [Eng.] Gilbert White. HANGER-ON Hang"er-on`, n.; pl. Hangers-on (. Defn: One who hangs on, or sticks to, a person, place, or service; a dependent; one who adheres to others' society longer than he is wanted. Goldsmith. HANGING Hang"ing, a. 1. Requiring, deserving, or foreboding death by the halter. "What a hanging face!" Dryden. 2. Suspended from above; pendent; as, hanging shelves. 3. Adapted for sustaining a hanging object; as, the hanging post of a gate, the post which holds the hinges. Hanging compass, a compass suspended so that the card may be read from beneath. -- Hanging garden, a garden sustained at an artificial elevation by any means, as by the terraces at Babylon. -- Hanging indentation. See under Indentation. -- Hanging rail (Arch.), that rail of a door or casement to which hinges are attached. -- Hanging side (Mining), the overhanging side of an inclined or hading vein. -- Hanging sleeves. (a) Strips of the same stuff as the gown, hanging down the back from the shoulders. (b) Loose, flowing sleeves. -- Hanging stile. (Arch.) (a) That stile of a door to which hinges are secured. (b) That upright of a window frame to which casements are hinged, or in which the pulleys for sash windows are fastened. -- Hanging wall (Mining), the upper wall of inclined vein, or that which hangs over the miner's head when working in the vein. HANGING Hang"ing, n. 1. The act of suspending anything; the state of being suspended. 2. Death by suspension; execution by a halter. 3. That which is hung as lining or drapery for the walls of a room, as tapestry, paper, etc., or to cover or drape a door or window; -- used chiefly in the plural. Nor purple hangings clothe the palace walls. Dryden. HANGMAN Hang"man, n.; pl. Hangmen( Defn: One who hangs another; esp., one who makes a business of hanging; a public executioner; -- sometimes used as a term of reproach, without reference to office. Shak. HANGMANSHIP Hang"man*ship, n.. Defn: The office or character of a hangman. HANGNAIL Hang"nail`, n. Etym: [A corruption of agnail.] Defn: A small piece or silver of skin which hangs loose, near the root of finger nail. Holloway. HANGNEST Hang"nest`, n. 1. A nest that hangs like a bag or pocket. 2. A bird which builds such a nest; a hangbird. HANK Hank, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. hank handle, Sw. hank a band or tie, Icel. hanki hasp, clasp, hönk, hangr, hank, coil, skein, G. henkel, henk, handle; ar prob. akin to E. hang. See Hang.] 1. A parcel consisting of two or more skeins of yarn or thread tied together. 2. A rope or withe for fastening a gate. [Prov. Eng.] 3. Hold; influence. When the devil hath got such a hank over him. Bp. Sanderson. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A ring or eye of rope, wood, or iron, attached to the edge of a sail and running on a stay. HANK Hank, v. t. 1. Etym: [OE. hanken.] Defn: To fasten with a rope, as a gate. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 2. To form into hanks. HANKER Han"ker, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hankered; p. pr. & vb. n. Hankering.] Etym: [Prob. fr. hang; cf. D. hunkeren, hengelen.] 1. To long (for) with a keen appetite and uneasiness; to have a vehement desire; -- usually with for or after; as, to hanker after fruit; to hanker after the diversions of the town. Addison. He was hankering to join his friend. J. A. Symonds. 2. To linger in expectation or with desire. Thackeray. HANKERINGLY Han"ker*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a hankering manner. HANKEY-PANKEY Han"key-pan"key, n. Etym: [Cf. Hocus-pocus.] Defn: Professional cant; the chatter of conjurers to divert attention from their tricks; hence, jugglery. [Colloq.] HANOVERIAN Han`o*ve"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Hanover or its people, or to the House of Hanover in England. HANOVERIAN Han`o*ve"ri*an, n. Defn: A native or naturalized inhabitant of Hanover; one of the House of Hanover. HANSA Han" sa, n. Defn: See 2d Hanse. HANSARD Han"sard, n. Defn: An official report of proceedings in the British Parliament; -- so called from the name of the publishers. HANSARD Han"sard, n. Defn: A merchant of one of the Hanse towns. See the Note under 2d Hanse. HANSE Hanse, n. Etym: [Cf. F. anse handle, anse de panier surbased arch, flat arch, vault, and E. haunch hip.] (Arch.) Defn: That part of an elliptical or many-centered arch which has the shorter radius and immediately adjoins the impost. HANSE Hanse, n. Etym: [G. hanse, or F. hanse (from German), OHG. & Goth. hansa; akin to AS. h band, troop.] Defn: An association; a league or confederacy. Hanse towns (Hist.), certain commercial cities in Germany which associated themselves for the protection and enlarging of their commerce. The confederacy, called also Hansa and Hanseatic league, held its first diet in 1260, and was maintained for nearly four hundred years. At one time the league comprised eighty-five cities. Its remnants, Lübeck, Hamburg, and Bremen, are free cities, and are still frequently called Hanse towns. HANSEATIC Han`se*at"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to the Hanse towns, or to their confederacy. Hanseatic league. See under 2d Hanse. HANSEL Han"sel, n. & v. Defn: See Handsel. HANSELINES Han"sel*ines, n. Defn: A sort of breeches. [Obs..] Chaucer. HANSOM; HANSOM CAB Han"som, n., Han"som cab` (. Etym: [From the name of the inventor.] Defn: A light, low, two-wheeled covered carriage with the driver's seat elevated behind, the reins being passed over the top. He hailed a cruising hansom . . . " 'Tis the gondola of London," said Lothair. Beaconsfield. HAN'T; HAIN'T Han't. Defn: A contraction of have not, or has not, used in illiterate speech. In the United States the commoner spelling is hain't. HANUKKA; HANUKKAH Ha"nuk*ka, or Ha"nuk*kah, n. [Heb. khanukkah.] Defn: The Jewish Feast of the Dedication, instituted by Judas Maccabæus, his brothers, and the whole congregation of Israel, in 165 b. c., to commemorate the dedication of the new altar set up at the purification of the temple of Jerusalem to replace the altar which had been polluted by Antiochus Epiphanes (1 Maccabees i. 58, iv. 59). The feast, which is mentioned in John x. 22, is held for eight days (beginning with the 25th day of Kislev, corresponding to December), and is celebrated everywhere, chiefly as a festival of lights, by the Jews. HANUMAN Han"u*man, n. Defn: See Hoonoomaun. HAP Hap, v. t. Etym: [OE.happen.] Defn: To clothe; to wrap. The surgeon happed her up carefully. Dr. J. Brown. HAP Hap, n. Etym: [Cf. Hap to clothe.] Defn: A cloak or plaid. [O. Eng. & Scot.] HAP Hap, n. Etym: [Icel. happ unexpected good luck. Defn: That which happens or comes suddenly or unexpectedly; also, the manner of occurrence or taking place; chance; fortune; accident; casual event; fate; luck; lot. Chaucer. Whether art it was or heedless hap. Spenser. Cursed be good haps, and cursed be they that build Their hopes on haps. Sir P. Sidney. Loving goes by haps: Some Cupid kills with arrows, some with traps. Shak. HAP Hap, v. i. Etym: [OE. happen. See Hap chance, and cf. Happen.] Defn: To happen; to befall; to chance. Chaucer. Sends word of all that haps in Tyre. Shak. HA'PENNY; HAP'PENNY Hap'"pen*ny, n. Defn: A half-penny. HAPHAZARD Hap"haz`ard, n. Etym: [Hap + hazard.] Defn: Extra hazard; chance; accident; random. We take our principles at haphazard, upon trust. Locke. HAPHTARAH Haph*ta"rah, n.; pl. -taroth (#). [Heb. haphtarah, prop., valedictory, fr. patar to depart.] Defn: One of the lessons from the Nebiim (or Prophets) read in the Jewish synagogue on Sabbaths, feast days, fasts, and the ninth of Ab, at the end of the service, after the parashoth, or lessons from the Law. Such a practice is evidenced in Luke iv.17 and Acts xiii.15. HAPLESS Hap"less, a. Defn: Without hap or luck; luckless; unfortunate; unlucky; unhappy; as, hapless youth; hapless maid. Dryden. HAPLESSLY Hap"less*ly, adv. Defn: In a hapless, unlucky manner. HAPLOMI Ha*plo"mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of freshwater fishes, including the true pikes, cyprinodonts, and blindfishes. HAPLOSTEMONOUS Hap`lo*stem"o*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having but one series of stamens, and that equal in number to the proper number of petals; isostemonous. HAPLY Hap"ly, adv. Defn: By hap, chance, luck, or accident; perhaps; it may be. Lest haply ye be found even to fight against God. Acts v. 39. HAPPED Happed, p. a. Etym: [From 1st Hap.] Defn: Wrapped; covered; cloaked. [Scot.] All happed with flowers in the green wood were. Hogg. HAPPEN Hap"pen, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Happened; p. pr. & vb. n. Happening.] Etym: [OE. happenen, hapnen. See Hap to happen.] 1. To come by chance; to come without previous expectation; to fall out. There shall no evil happen to the just. Prov. xii. 21. 2. To take place; to occur. All these things which had happened. Luke xxiv. 14. To happen on, to meet with; to fall or light upon. "I have happened on some other accounts." Graunt. -- To happen in, to make a casual call. [Colloq.] HAPPILY Hap"pi*ly, adv. Etym: [From Happy.] 1. By chance; peradventure; haply. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. By good fortune; fortunately; luckily. Preferred by conquest, happily o'erthrown. Waller. 3. In a happy manner or state; in happy circumstances; as, he lived happily with his wife. 4. With address or dexterity; gracefully; felicitously; in a manner to success; with success. Formed by thy converse, happily to steer From grave to gay, from lively to severe. Pope. Syn. -- Fortunately; luckily; successfully; prosperously; contentedly; dexterously; felicitously. HAPPINESS Hap"pi*ness, n. Etym: [From Happy.] 1. Good luck; good fortune; prosperity. All happiness bechance to thee in Milan! Shak. 2. An agreeable feeling or condition of the soul arising from good fortune or propitious happening of any kind; the possession of those circumstances or that state of being which is attended enjoyment; the state of being happy; contentment; joyful satisfaction; felicity; blessedness. 3. Fortuitous elegance; unstudied grace; -- used especially of language. Some beauties yet no precepts can declare, For there's a happiness, as well as care. Pope. Syn. -- Happiness, Felicity, Blessedness, Bliss. Happiness is generic, and is applied to almost every kind of enjoyment except that of the animal appetites; felicity is a more formal word, and is used more sparingly in the same general sense, but with elevated associations; blessedness is applied to the most refined enjoyment arising from the purest social, benevolent, and religious affections; bliss denotes still more exalted delight, and is applied more appropriately to the joy anticipated in heaven. O happiness! our being's end and aim! Pope. Others in virtue place felicity, But virtue joined with riches and long life; In corporal pleasures he, and careless ease. Milton. His overthrow heaped happiness upon him; For then, and not till then, he felt himself, And found the blessedness of being little. Shak. HAPPY Hap"py, a. [Compar. Happier; superl. Happiest.] Etym: [From Hap chance.] 1. Favored by hap, luck, or fortune; lucky; fortunate; successful; prosperous; satisfying desire; as, a happy expedient; a happy effort; a happy venture; a happy omen. Chymists have been more happy in finding experiments than the causes of them. Boyle. 2. Experiencing the effect of favorable fortune; having the feeling arising from the consciousness of well-being or of enjoyment; enjoying good of any kind, as peace, tranquillity, comfort; contented; joyous; as, happy hours, happy thoughts. Happy is that people, whose God is the Lord. Ps. cxliv. 15. The learned is happy Nature to explore, The fool is happy that he knows no more. Pope. 3. Dexterous; ready; apt; felicitous. One gentleman is happy at a reply, another excels in a in a rejoinder. Swift. Happy family, a collection of animals of different and hostile propensities living peaceably together in one cage. Used ironically of conventional alliances of persons who are in fact mutually repugnant. -- Happy-go-lucky, trusting to hap or luck; improvident; easy-going. "Happy-go-lucky carelessness." W. Black. HAPUKU Ha*pu"ku, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large and valuable food fish (Polyprion prognathus) of New Zealand. It sometimes weighs one hundred pounds or more. HAQUEBUT Haque"but, n. Defn: See Hagbut. HARA-KIRI Ha"ra-ki`ri, n. Etym: [Jap., stomach cutting.] Defn: Suicide, by slashing the abdomen, formerly practiced in Japan, and commanded by the government in the cases of disgraced officials; disembowelment; -- also written, but incorrectly, hari-kari. W. E. Griffis. HARANGUE Ha*rangue", n. Etym: [F. harangue: cf. Sp. arenda, It. aringa; lit., a speech before a multitude or on the hustings, It. aringo arena, hustings, pulpit; all fr. OHG. hring ring, anything round, ring of people, G. ring. See Ring.] Defn: A speech addressed to a large public assembly; a popular oration; a loud address a multitude; in a bad sense, a noisy or pompous speech; declamation; ranting. Gray-headed men and grave, with warriors mixed, Assemble, and harangues are heard. Milton. Syn. -- Harangue, Speech, Oration. Speech is generic; an oration is an elaborate and rhetorical speech; an harangue is a vehement appeal to the passions, or a noisy, disputatious address. A general makes an harangue to his troops on the eve of a battle; a demagogue harangues the populace on the subject of their wrongs. HARANGUE Ha*rangue", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harangued; p. pr. & vb. n. Haranguing.] Etym: [Cf. F. haranguer, It. aringare.] Defn: To make an harangue; to declaim. HARANGUE Ha*rangue", v. t. Defn: To address by an harangue. HARANGUEFUL Ha*rangue"ful, a. Defn: Full of harangue. HARANGUER Ha*rang"uer, n. Defn: One who harangues, or is fond of haranguing; a declaimer. With them join'd all th' harangues of the throng, That thought to get preferment by the tongue. Dryden. HARASS Har"ass (hâr"as), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Harassing.] Etym: [F. harasser; cf. OF. harace a basket made of cords, harace, harasse,a very heavy and large shield; or harer to set (a dog) on.] Defn: To fatigue; to tire with repeated and exhausting efforts; esp., to weary by importunity, teasing, or fretting; to cause to endure excessive burdens or anxieties; -- sometimes followed by out. [Troops] harassed with a long and wearisome march. Bacon. Nature oppressed and harass'd out with care. Addison. Vext with lawyers and harass'd with debt. Tennyson. Syn. -- To weary; jade; tire; perplex; distress; tease; worry; disquiet; chafe; gall; annoy; irritate; plague; vex; molest; trouble; disturb; torment. HARASS Har"ass, n. 1. Devastation; waste. [Obs.] Milton. 2. Worry; harassment. [R.] Byron. HARASSER Har"ass*er, n. Defn: One who harasses. HARASSMENT Har"ass*ment, n. Defn: The act of harassing, or state of being harassed; worry; annoyance; anxiety. Little harassments which I am led to suspect do occasionally molest the most fortunate. Ld. Lytton. HARBEROUS Har"ber*ous, a. Defn: Harborous. [Obs.] A bishop must be faultless, the husband of one wife, honestly appareled, harberous. Tyndale (1 Tim. iii. 2) HARBINGER Har"bin*ger, n. Etym: [OE. herbergeour, OF. herbergeor one who provides lodging, fr. herbergier to provide lodging, F. héberger, OF. herberge lodging, inn, F. auberge; of German origin. See Harbor.] 1. One who provides lodgings; especially, the officer of the English royal household who formerly preceded the court when traveling, to provide and prepare lodgings. Fuller. 2. A forerunner; a precursor; a messenger. I knew by these harbingers who were coming. Landor. HARBINGER Har"bin*ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harbingered; p. pr. & vb. n. Harbingering.] Defn: To usher in; to be a harbinger of. "Thus did the star of religious freedom harbinger the day." Bancroft. HARBOR Har"bor, n. [Written also harbour.] Etym: [OE herbor, herberwe, herberge, Icel. herbergi (cf. OHG. heriberga), orig., a shelter for soldiers; herr army + bjarga to save, help, defend; akin to AS. here army, G. heer, OHG. heri, Goth. harjis, and AS. beorgan to save, shelter, defend, G. bergen. See Harry, 2d Bury, and cf. Harbinger.] 1. A station for rest and entertainment; a place of security and comfort; a refuge; a shelter. [A grove] fair harbour that them seems. Spenser. For harbor at a thousand doors they knocked. Dryden. 2. Specif.: A lodging place; an inn. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. (Astrol.) Defn: The mansion of a heavenly body. [Obs.] 4. A portion of a sea, a lake, or other large body of water, either landlocked or artificially protected so as to be a place of safety for vessels in stormy weather; a port or haven. 5. (Glass Works) Defn: A mixing box materials. Harbor dues (Naut.), fees paid for the use of a harbor. -- Harbor seal (Zoöl.), the common seal. -- Harbor watch, a watch set when a vessel is in port; an anchor watch. HARBOR Har"bor, v. t. [Written also harbour.] [imp. & p. p. Harbored; p. pr. & vb. n. Harboring.] Etym: [OE. herberen, herberwen, herbergen; cf. Icel. herbergja. See Harbor, n.] Defn: To afford lodging to; to enter as guest; to receive; to give a refuge to; indulge or cherish (a thought or feeling, esp. an ill thought). Any place that harbors men. Shak. The bare suspicion made it treason to harbor the person suspected. Bp. Burnet. Let not your gentle breast harbor one thought of outrage. Rowe. HARBOR Har"bor, v. i. Defn: To lodge, or abide for a time; to take shelter, as in a harbor. For this night let's harbor here in York. Shak. HARBORAGE Har"bor*age, n. Defn: Shelter; entertainment.[R.] Where can I get me harborage for the night Tennyson. HARBORER Har"bor*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, harbors. Geneva was . . . a harborer of exiles for religion. Strype. HARBORLESS Har"bor*less, a. Defn: Without a harbor; shelterless. HARBOR MASTER Har"bor mas`ter. Defn: An officer charged with the duty of executing the regulations respecting the use of a harbor. HARBOROUGH; HARBROUGH Har"bor*ough, Har"brough,Etym: [See Harbor.] Defn: A shelter. [Obs]. Spenser. HARBOROUS Har"bor*ous, a. Defn: Hospitable. [Obs.] HARD Hard, a. [Compar. Harder; superl. Hardest.] Etym: [OE. heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. heard, G. hart, OHG. harti, Icel. har, Dan. haard, Sw. hård, Goth. hardus, Gr.,, strength, and also to E. -ard, as in coward, drunkard, -crat, -cracy in autocrat, democracy; cf. Skr. kratu strength, to do, make. Gf.Hardy.] 1. Not easily penetrated, cut, or separated into parts; not yielding to pressure; firm; solid; compact; -- applied to material bodies, and opposed to soft; as, hard wood; hard flesh; a hard apple. 2. Difficult, mentally or judicially; not easily apprehended, decided, or resolved; as a hard problem. The hard causes they brought unto Moses. Ex. xviii. 26. In which are some things hard to be understood. 2 Peter iii. 16. 3. Difficult to accomplish; full of obstacles; laborious; fatiguing; arduous; as, a hard task; a disease hard to cure. 4. Difficult to resist or control; powerful. The stag was too hard for the horse. L'Estrange. A power which will be always too hard for them. Addison. 5. Difficult to bear or endure; not easy to put up with or consent to; hence, severe; rigorous; oppressive; distressing; unjust; grasping; as, a hard lot; hard times; hard fare; a hard winter; hard conditions or terms. I never could drive a hard bargain. Burke. 6. Difficult to please or influence; stern; unyielding; obdurate; unsympathetic; unfeeling; cruel; as, a hard master; a hard heart; hard words; a hard character. 7. Not easy or agreeable to the taste; stiff; rigid; ungraceful; repelling; as, a hard style. Figures harder than even the marble itself. Dryden. 8. Rough; acid; sour, as liquors; as, hard cider. 9. (Pron.) Abrupt or explosive in utterance; not aspirated, sibilated, or pronounced with a gradual change of the organs from one position to another;- said of certain consonants, as c in came, and g in go, as distinguished from the same letters in center, general, etc. 10. Wanting softness or smoothness of utterance; harsh; as, a hard tone. 11. (Painting) (a) Rigid in the drawing or distribution of the figures; formal; lacking grace of composition. (b) Having disagreeable and abrupt contrasts in the coloring or light and shade. Hard cancer, Hard case, etc. See under Cancer, Case, etc. -- Hard clam, or Hard-shelled clam (Zoöl.), the guahog. -- Hard coal, anthracite, as distinguished from bituminous or soft coal. -- Hard and fast. (Naut.) See under Fast. -- Hard finish (Arch.), a smooth finishing coat of hard fine plaster applied to the surface of rough plastering. -- Hard lines, hardship; difficult conditions. -- Hard money, coin or specie, as distinguished from paper money. -- Hard oyster (Zoöl.), the northern native oyster. [Local, U. S.] - - Hard pan, the hard stratum of earth lying beneath the soil; hence, figuratively, the firm, substantial, fundamental part or quality of anything; as, the hard pan of character, of a matter in dispute, etc. See Pan. -- Hard rubber. See under Rubber. -- Hard solder. See under Solder. -- Hard water, water, which contains lime or some mineral substance rendering it unfit for washing. See Hardness, 3.- Hard wood, wood of a solid or hard texture; as walnut, oak, ash, box, and the like, in distinction from pine, poplar, hemlock, etc.- In hard condition, in excellent condition for racing; having firm muscles;-said of race horses. Syn. -- Solid; arduous; powerful; trying; unyielding; stubborn; stern; flinty; unfeeling; harsh; difficult; severe; obdurate; rigid. See Solid, and Arduous. HARD Hard, adv. Etym: [OE. harde, AS. hearde.] 1. With pressure; with urgency; hence, diligently; earnestly. And prayed so hard for mercy from the prince. Dryden. My father Is hard at study; pray now, rest yourself. Shak. 2. With difficulty; as, the vehicle moves hard. 3. Uneasily; vexatiously; slowly. Shak. 4. So as to raise difficulties. " The guestion is hard set". Sir T. Browne. 5. With tension or strain of the powers; violently; with force; tempestuously; vehemently; vigorously; energetically; as, to press, to blow, to rain hard; hence, rapidly; as, to run hard. 6. Close or near. Whose house joined hard to the synagogue. Acts xviii.7. Hard by, near by; close at hand; not far off. "Hard by a cottage chimney smokes." Milton. -- Hard pushed, Hard run, greatly pressed; as, he was hard pushed or hard run for time, money, etc. [Colloq.] -- Hard up, closely pressed by want or necessity; without money or resources; as, hard up for amusements. [Slang] Note: Hard in nautical language is often joined to words of command to the helmsman, denoting that the order should be carried out with the utmost energy, or that the helm should be put, in the direction indicated, to the extreme limit, as, Hard aport! Hard astarboard! Hard alee! Hard aweather up! Hard is also often used in composition with a participle; as, hard-baked; hard-earned; hard-working; hard- won. HARD Hard, v. t. Defn: To harden; to make hard. [Obs.] Chaucer. HARD Hard, n. Defn: A ford or passage across a river or swamp. HARDBAKE Hard"bake`, n. Defn: A sweetmeat of boiled brown sugar or molasses made with almonds, and flavored with orange or lemon juice, etc. Thackeray. HARDBEAM Hard"beam`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tree of the genus Carpinus, of compact, horny texture; hornbeam. HARDEN Hard"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hardened; p. pr. & vb. n. Hardening.] Etym: [OE. hardnen, hardenen.] 1. To make hard or harder; to make firm or compact; to indurate; as, to harden clay or iron. 2. To accustom by labor or suffering to endure with constancy; to strengthen; to stiffen; to inure; also, to confirm in wickedness or shame; to make unimpressionable. "Harden not your heart." Ps. xcv. 8. I would harden myself in sorrow. Job vi. 10. HARDEN Hard"en, v. i. 1. To become hard or harder; to acquire solidity, or more compactness; as, mortar hardens by drying. The deliberate judgment of those who knew him [A. Lincoln] has hardened into tradition. The Century. 2. To become confirmed or strengthened, in either a good or a bad sense. They, hardened more by what might most reclaim. Milton. HARDENED Hard"ened, a. Defn: Made hard, or compact; made unfeeling or callous; made obstinate or obdurate; confirmed in error or vice. Syn. -- Impenetrable; hard; obdurate; callous; unfeeling; unsusceptible; insensible. See Obdurate. HARDENER Hard"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, hardens; specif., one who tempers tools. HARDENING Hard"en*ing, n. 1. Making hard or harder. 2. That which hardens, as a material used for converting the surface of iron into steel. HARDER Har"der, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South African mullet, salted for food. HARDERIAN Har*de"ri*an, a. (Anat.) Defn: A term applied to a lachrymal gland on the inner side of the orbit of many animals which have a third eyelid, or nictitating membrane. See Nictitating membrane, under Nictitate. HARD-FAVORED Hard"-fa`vored, a. Defn: Hard-featured; ill-looking; as, Vulcan was hard-favored. Dryden. HARDFAVOREDNESS Hard"fa`vored*ness, n. Defn: Coarseness of features. HARD-FAVOREDNESS Hard"-fa`vored*ness, n. Defn: Coarseness of features. HARD-FEATURED Hard"-fea`tured, a Defn: Having coarse, unattractive or stern features. Smollett. HARDFERN Hard"fern`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of fern (Lomaria borealis), growing in Europe and Northwestern America. HARD-FISTED Hard"-fist`ed, a. 1. Having hard or strong hands; as, a hard-fisted laborer. 2. Close-fisted; covetous; niggardly. Bp. Hall. HARD-FOUGHT Hard"-fought`, a. Vigorously Defn: contested; as, a hard-fought battle. HARD GRASS Hard" grass` (. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several different grasses, especially to the Roltböllia incurvata, and to the species of Ægilops, from one of which it is contended that wheat has been derived. HARDHACK Hard"hack` (, n. (Bot.) Defn: A very astringent shrub (Spiræa tomentosa), common in pastures. The Potentilla fruticosa in also called by this name. HARD-HANDED Hard"-hand`ed, a. Defn: Having hard hands, as a manual laborer. Hard-handed men that work in Athens here. Shak. HARDHEAD Hard"head`, n. 1. Clash or collision of heads in contest. Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The menhaden. See Menhaden. [Local, U.S.] (b) Block's gurnard (Trigla gurnardus) of Europe. (c) A California salmon; the steelhead. (d) The gray whale. See Gray whale, under Gray. (e) A coarse American commercial sponge (Spongia dura). HARD-HEADED Hard"-head`ed, a. Defn: Having sound judgment; sagacious; shrewd. -- Hard"-head`ed*ness, n. HARD-HEARTED Hard"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Unsympathetic; inexorable; cruel; pitiless. -- Hard"-heart`ed*ness, n. HARDIHEAD Hard"i*head, n. Defn: Hardihood. [Obs.] HARDIHOOD Hard"i*hood, n. Etym: [Hardy + -hood.] Defn: Boldness, united with firmness and constancy of mind; bravery; intrepidity; also, audaciousness; impudence. A bound of graceful hardihood. Wordsworth. It is the society of numbers which gives hardihood to iniquity. Buckminster. Syn. -- Intrepidity; courage; pluck; resolution; stoutness; audacity; effrontery; impudence. HARDILY Har"di*ly, adv. 1. Same as Hardly. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Boldly; stoutly; resolutely. Wyclif. HARDIMENT Har"di*ment, n. Etym: [OF. hardement. See Hardy.] Defn: Hardihood; boldness; courage; energetic action. [Obs.] Changing hardiment with great Glendower. Shak. HARDINESS Har"di*ness, n. 1. Capability of endurance. 2. Hardihood; boldness; firmness; assurance. Spenser. Plenty and peace breeds cowards; Hardness ever Of hardiness is mother. Shak. They who were not yet grown to the hardiness of avowing the contempt of the king. Clarendon. 3. Hardship; fatigue. [Obs.] Spenser. HARDISH Hard"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat hard. HARD-LABORED Hard"-la`bored, a. Defn: Wrought with severe labor; elaborate; studied. Swift. HARDLY Hard"ly, adv. Etym: [AS.heardlice. See Hand.] 1. In a hard or difficult manner; with difficulty. Recovering hardly what he lost before. Dryden. 2. Unwillingly; grudgingly. The House of Peers gave so hardly theiMilton. 3. Scarcely; barely; not guite; not wholly. Hardly shall you one so bad, but he desires the credit of being thought good. South. 4. Severely; harshly; roughly. He has in many things been hardly used. Swift. 5. Confidently; hardily. [Obs.] Holland. 6. Certainly; surely; indeed. [Obs.] Chaucer. HARD-MOUTHED Hard"-mouthed`, a. Defn: Not sensible to the bit; not easily governed; as, a hard- mouthed horse. HARDNESS Hard"ness, n. Etym: [AS. heardness.] 1. The quality or state of being hard, literally or figuratively. The habit of authority also had given his manners some peremptory hardness. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Min.) Defn: The cohesion of the particles on the surface of a body, determined by its capacity to scratch another, or be itself scratched;-measured among minerals on a scale of which diamond and talc form the extremes. 3. (Chem.) Defn: The peculiar quality exhibited by water which has mineral salts dissolved in it. Such water forms an insoluble compound with soap, and is hence unfit for washing purposes. Note: This quality is caused by the presence of calcium carbonate, causing temporary hardness which can be removed by boiling, or by calcium sulphate, causing permanent hardness which can not be so removed, but may be improved by the addition of sodium carbonate. HARDOCK Har"dock, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Hordock. HARDPAN Hard"pan`, n. Defn: The hard substratum. Same as Hard pan, under Hard, a. HARDS Hards, n. pl. Etym: [OE. herdes, AS. heordan; akin to G. hede.] Defn: The refuse or coarse part of fiax; tow. HARD-SHELL Hard"-shell`, a. Defn: Unyielding; insensible to argument; uncompromising; strict. [Collog., U.S.] HARDSHIP Hard"ship, n. Defn: That which is hard to hear, as toil, privation, injury, injustice, etc. Swift. HARDSPUN Hard"spun`, a. Defn: Firmly twisted in spinning. HARD STEEL Hard steel. Defn: Steel hardened by the addition of other elements, as manganese, phosphorus, or (usually) carbon. HARD-TACK Hard"-tack`, n. Defn: A name given by soldiers and sailors to a kind of hard biscuit or sea bread. HARDTAIL Hard"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Jurel. HARD-VISAGED Hard"-vis`aged, a. Defn: Of a harsh or stern countenance; hard-featured. Burke. HARDWARE Hard"ware`, n. Defn: Ware made of metal, as cutlery, kitchen utensils, and the like; ironmongery. HARDWAREMAN Hard"ware`man, n.; pl. Hardwaremen (. Defn: One who makes, or deals in, hardware. HARDY Har"dy, a. [Compar. Hardier; superl. Hardiest.] Etym: [F.hardi, p. p. fr. OF. hardir to make bold; of German origin, cf. OHG. hertan to harden, G. härten. See Hard, a.] 1. Bold; brave; stout; daring; resolue; intrepid. Hap helpeth hardy man alway. Chaucer. 2. Confident; full of assurance; in a bad sense, morally hardened; shameless. 3. Strong; firm; compact. [A] blast may shake in pieces his hardy fabric. South. 4. Inured to fatigue or hardships; strong; capable of endurance; as, a hardy veteran; a hardy mariner. 5. Able to withstand the cold of winter. Note: Plants which are hardy in Virginia may perish in New England. Half-hardy plants are those which are able to withstand mild winters or moderate frosts. HARDY Har"dy, n. Defn: A blacksmith's fuller or chisel, having a square shank for insertion into a square hole in an anvil, called the hardy hole. HARE Hare, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Harry, Harass.] Defn: To excite; to tease, or worry; to harry. [Obs.] Locke. HARE Hare, n. Etym: [AS. hara; akin to D. haas, G. hase, OHG. haso, Dan. æ Sw. hare, Icel. h, Skr. . 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A rodent of the genus Lepus, having long hind legs, a short tail, and a divided upper lip. It is a timid animal, moves swiftly by leaps, and is remarkable for its fecundity. Note: The species of hares are numerous. The common European hare is Lepustimidus. The northern or varying hare of America (L. Americanus), and the prairie hare (L. campestris), turn white in winter. In America, the various species of hares are commonly called rabbits. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A small constellation situated south of and under the foot of Orion; Lepus. Hare and hounds, a game played by men and boys, two, called hares, having a few minutes' start, and scattering bits of paper to indicate their course, being chased by the others, called the hounds, through a wide circuit. -- Hare kangaroo (Zoöl.)., a small Australian kangaroo (Lagorchestes Leporoides), resembling the hare in size and color, -- Hare's lettuce (Bot.), a plant of the genus Sonchus, or sow thistle; -- so called because hares are said to eat it when fainting with heat. Dr. Prior. -- Jumping hare. (Zoöl.) See under Jumping. -- Little chief hare, or Crying hare. (Zoöl.) See Chief hare. -- Sea hare. (Zoöl.) See Aplysia. HAREBELL Hare"bell`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A small, slender, branching plant (Campanula rotundifolia), having blue bell-shaped flowers; also, Scilla nutans, which has similar flowers; -- called also bluebell. [Written also hairbell.] E'en the light harebell raised its head. Sir W. Scott . HAREBRAINED; HARE BRAINED Hare"brained`', a. Defn: Wild; giddy; volatile; heedless. "A mad hare-brained fellow." North (Plutarch). [Written also hairbrained.] HAREFOOT Hare"foot`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A long, narrow foot, carried (that is, produced or extending) forward; -- said of dogs. 2. (Bot) Defn: A tree (Ochroma Laqopus) of the West Indies, having the stamens united somewhat in the form of a hare's foot. Harefoot clover (Bot.), a species of clover (Trifolium arvense) with soft and silky heads. HARE-HEARTED Hare"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Timorous; timid; easily frightened. Ainsworth. HAREHOUND Hare"hound`, n. Defn: See Harrier. A. Chalmers. HARELD Har"eld, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The long-tailed duck. See Old Squaw. HARELIP Hare"lip`, n. Defn: A lip, commonly the upper one, having a fissure of perpendicular division like that of a hare. -- Hare"lipped`, a. HAREM Ha"rem, n.Etym: [Ar.haram, orig., anything forbidden of sacred, fr. harama to forbid, prohibit.] Etym: [Written also haram and hareem.] 1. The apartments or portion of the house allotted to females in Mohammedan families. 2. The family of wives and concubines belonging to one man, in Mohammedan countries; a seraglio. HARENGIFORM Ha*ren"gi*form, a. Etym: [F. hareng herring (LL.harengus) + -form.] Defn: Herring-shaped. HARE'S-EAR Hare's"-ear`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous plant (Bupleurum rotundifolium ); -- so named from the shape of its leaves. Dr. Prior. HARE'S-FOOT FERN Hare's"-foot` fern`. (Bot.) Defn: A species of fern (Davallia Canariensis) with a soft, gray, hairy rootstock; -- whence the name. HARE'S-TAIL Hare's"-tail` (-tal`), n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of grass (Eriophorum vaginatum). See Cotton grass, under Cotton. Hare's-tail grass (Bot.), a species of grass (Lagurus ovatus) whose head resembles a hare's tail. HARFANG Har"fang, n. Etym: [See Hare, n., and Fang.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The snowy owl. HARIALI GRASS Ha`ri*a"li grass`. (Bot.) Defn: The East Indian name of the Cynodon Dactylon; dog's-grass. HARICOT Har"i*cot, n. Etym: [F.] 1. A ragout or stew of meat with beans and other vegetables. 2. The ripe seeds, or the unripe pod, of the common string bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), used as a vegetable. Other species of the same genus furnish different kinds of haricots. HARIER Har"i*er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Harrier. HARIKARI Ha"ri*ka`ri, n. Defn: See Hara-kiri. HARIOLATION Har`i*o*la"tion, n. Etym: [See Ariolation.] Defn: Prognostication; soothsaying. [Obs.] Cockeram. HARISH Har"ish, a. Defn: Like a hare. [R.] Huloet. HARK Hark, v. i. Etym: [OE. herken. See Hearken.] Defn: To listen; to hearken. [Now rare, except in the imperative form used as an interjection, Hark! listen.] Hudibras. Hark away! Hark back! Hark forward! (Sporting), cries used to incite and guide hounds in hunting. -- To hark back, to go back for a fresh start, as when one has wandered from his direct course, or made a digression. He must have overshot the mark, and must hark back. Haggard. He harked back to the subject. W. E. Norris. HARKEN Hark"en, v. t. & i. Defn: To hearken. Tennyson. HARL Harl, n. Etym: [Cf. OHG. harluf noose, rope; E. hards refuse of flax.] 1. A filamentous substance; especially, the filaments of flax or hemp. 2. A barb, or barbs, of a fine large feather, as of a peacock or ostrich, -- used in dressing artificial flies. [Written also herl.] HARLE Harle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The red-breasted merganser. HARLECH GROUP Har"lech group`. Etym: [ So called from Harlech in Wales.] (Geol.) Defn: A minor subdivision at the base of the Cambrian system in Wales. HARLEQUIN Har"le*quin, n. Etym: [F. arlequin,formerly written also harlequin (cf. It, arlecchino), prob. fr. OF. hierlekin, hellequin, goblin, elf, which is prob. of German or Dutch origin; cf. D. hel hell. Cf. Hell, Kin.] Defn: A buffoon, dressed in party-colored clothes, who plays tricks, often without speaking, to divert the bystanders or an audience; a merry-andrew; originally, a droll rogue of Italian comedy. Percy Smith. As dumb harlequin is exhibited in our theaters. Johnson. Harlequin bat (Zoöl.), an Indian bat (Scotophilus ornatus), curiously variegated with white spots. -- Harlequin beetle (Zoöl.), a very large South American beetle (Acrocinus longimanus) having very long legs and antennæ. The elytra are curiously marked with red, black, and gray. -- Harlequin cabbage bug. (Zoöl.) See Calicoback. -- Harlequin caterpillar. (Zoöl.), the larva of an American bombycid moth (Euchætes egle) which is covered with black, white, yellow, and orange tufts of hair. -- Harlequin duck (Zoöl.), a North American duck (Histrionicus histrionicus). The male is dark ash, curiously streaked with white. -- Harlequin moth. (Zoöl.) See Magpie Moth. -- Harlequin opal. See Opal. -- Harlequin snake (Zoöl.), a small, poisonous snake (Elaps fulvius), ringed with red and black, found in the Southern United States. HARLEQUIN Har"le*quin, n. i. Defn: To play the droll; to make sport by playing ludicrous tricks. HARLEQUIN Har"le*quin, v. t. Defn: Toremove or conjure away, as by a harlequin's trick. And kitten,if the humor hit Has harlequined away the fit. M. Green. HARLEQUINADE Har"le*quin*ade`, n. Etym: [F. arleguinade.] Defn: A play or part of play in which the harlequin is conspicuous; the part of a harlequin. Macaulay. HARLOCK Har"lock, n. Defn: Probably a corruption either of charlock or hardock. Drayton. HARLOT Har"lot, n. Etym: [OE.harlot, herlot, a vagabond, OF. harlot, herlot, arlot; cf. Pr. arlot, Sp. arlote, It. arlotto; of uncertain origin.] 1. A churl; a common man; a person, male or female, of low birth. [Obs.] He was a gentle harlot and a kind. Chaucer. 2. A person given to low conduct; a rogue; a cheat; a rascal. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A woman who prostitutes her body for hire; a prostitute; a common woman; a strumpet. HARLOT Har"lot, a. Defn: Wanton; lewd; low; base. Shak. HARLOT Har"lot, v. i. Defn: To play the harlot; to practice lewdness. Milton. HARLOTIZE Har"lot*ize, v. i. Defn: To harlot. [Obs.] Warner. HARLOTRY Har"lot*ry, n. 1. Ribaldry; buffoonery; a ribald story. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Chaucer. 2. The trade or practice of prostitution; habitual or customary lewdness. Dryden. 3. Anything meretricious; as, harlotry in art. 4. A harlot; a strumpet; a baggage. [Obs.] He sups to-night with a harlotry. Shak. HARM Harm, n. Etym: [OE.harm, hearm, AS.hearm; akin to OS. harm, G. harm grief, Icel. harmr, Dan. harme, Sw. harm; cf. OSlav. & Russ. sram' shame, Skr. crama toil, fatigue.] 1. Injury; hurt; damage; detriment; misfortune. 2. That which causes injury, damage, or loss. We, ignorant of ourselves, Beg often our own harms. Shak. Syn. -- Mischief; evil; loss; injury. See Mischief. HARM Harm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Harming.] Etym: [OE. harmen, AS. hearmian. See Harm, n.] Defn: To hurt; to injure; to damage; to wrong. Though yet he never harmed me. Shak. No ground of enmity between us known Why he should mean me ill or seek to harm. Milton. HARMALINE Har"ma*line, n. Etym: [Cf. F. harmaline See Harmel.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid found in the plant Peganum harmala. It forms bitter, yellow salts. HARMATTAN Har*mat"tan, n. Etym: [F. harmattan, prob. of Arabic origin.] Defn: A dry, hot wind, prevailing on the Atlantic coast of Africa, in December, January, and February, blowing from the interior or Sahara. It is usually accompanied by a haze which obscures the sun. HARMEL Har"mel, n. Etym: [Ar. harmal.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of rue (Ruta sylvestris) growing in India. At Lahore the seeds are used medicinally and for fumigation. HARMFUL Harm"ful, a. Defn: Full of harm; injurious; hurtful; mischievous. " Most harmful hazards." Strype. --Harm"ful*ly, adv. -- Harm"ful*ness, n. HARMINE Har"mine, n.Etym: [See Harmaline.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid accompanying harmaline (in the Peganum harmala), and obtained from it by oxidation. It is a white crystalline substance. HARMLESS Harm"less, a. 1. Free from harm; unhurt; as, to give bond to save another harmless. 2. Free from power or disposition to harm; innocent; inoffensive. " The harmless deer." Drayton Syn. -- Innocent; innoxious; innocuous; inoffensive; unoffending; unhurt; uninjured; unharmed. --Harm"less*ly, adv.- Harm"less*ness, n. HARMONIC; HARMONICAL Har*mon"ic, Har*mon"ic*al (, a. Etym: [L. harmonicus, Gr. harmonique. See Harmony.] 1. Concordant; musical; consonant; as, harmonic sounds. Harmonic twang! of leather, horn, and brass. Pope. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Relating to harmony, -- as melodic relates to melody; harmonious; esp., relating to the accessory sounds or overtones which accompany the predominant and apparent single tone of any string or sonorous body. 3. (Math.) Defn: Having relations or properties bearing some resemblance to those of musical consonances; -- said of certain numbers, ratios, proportions, points, lines. motions, and the like. Harmonic interval (Mus.), the distance between two notes of a chord, or two consonant notes. -- Harmonical mean (Arith. & Alg.), certain relations of numbers and quantities, which bear an analogy to musical consonances. -- Harmonic motion, the motion of the point A, of the foot of the perpendicular PA, when P moves uniformly in the circumference of a circle, and PA is drawn perpendicularly upon a fixed diameter of the circle. This is simple harmonic motion. The combinations, in any way, of two more simple harmonic motions, make other kinds of harmonic motion. The motion of the pendulum bob of a clock is approximately simple harmonic motion. -- Harmonic proportion. See under Proportion. -- Harmonic series or progression. See under Progression. -- Spherical harmonic analysis, a mathematical method, sometimes referred to as that of Laplace's Coefficients, which has for its object the expression of an arbitrary, periodic function of two independent variables, in the proper form for a large class of physical problems, involving arbitrary data, over a spherical surface, and the deduction of solutions for every point of space. The functions employed in this method are called spherical harmonic functions. Thomson & Tait. -- Harmonic suture (Anat.), an articulation by simple apposition of comparatively smooth surfaces or edges, as between the two superior maxillary bones in man; -- called also harmonic, and harmony. -- Harmonic triad (Mus.), the chord of a note with its third and fifth; the common chord. HARMONIC Har*mon"ic, n. (Mus.) Defn: A musical note produced by a number of vibrations which is a multiple of the number producing some other; an overtone. See Harmonics. HARMONICA Har*mon"i*ca, n. Etym: [Fem. fr. L. harmonicus harmonic. See Harmonic, n. ] 1. A musical instrument, consisting of a series of hemispherical glasses which, by touching the edges with the dampened finger, give forth the tones. 2. A toy instrument of strips of glass or metal hung on two tapes, and struck with hammers. HARMONICALLY Har* mon"ic*al*ly, adv. 1. In an harmonical manner; harmoniously. 2. In respect to harmony, as distinguished from melody; as, a passage harmonically correct. 3. (Math.) Defn: In harmonical progression. HARMONICON Har*mon"i*con, n. Defn: A small, flat, wind instrument of music, in which the notes are produced by the vibration of free metallic reeds. HARMONICS Har*mon"ics, n. 1. The doctrine or science of musical sounds. 2. pl. (Mus.) Defn: Secondary and less distinct tones which accompany any principal, and apparently simple, tone, as the octave, the twelfth, the fifteenth, and the seventeenth. The name is also applied to the artificial tones produced by a string or column of air, when the impulse given to it suffices only to make a part of the string or column vibrate; overtones. HARMONIOUS Har*mo"ni*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. harmonieux. See Harmony.] 1. Adapted to each other; having parts proportioned to each other; symmetrical. God hath made the intellectual world harmonious and beautiful without us. Locke. 2. Acting together to a common end; agreeing in action or feeling; living in peace and friendship; as, an harmonious family. 3. Vocally or musically concordant; agreeably consonant; symphonious. -- Har*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Har*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. HARMONIPHON Har*mon"i*phon, n. Etym: [Gr. (Mus.) Defn: An obsolete wind instrument with a keyboard, in which the sound, which resembled the oboe, was produced by the vibration of thin metallic plates, acted upon by blowing through a tube. HARMONIST Har"mo*nist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. harmoniste.] 1. One who shows the agreement or harmony of corresponding passages of different authors, as of the four evangelists. 2. (Mus.) Defn: One who understands the principles of harmony or is skillful in applying them in composition; a musical composer. HARMONIST; HARMONITE Har"mo*nist, Har"mo*nite, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a religious sect, founded in Würtemburg in the last century, composed of followers of George Rapp, a weaver. They had all their property in common. In 1803, a portion of this sect settled in Pennsylvania and called the village thus established, Harmony. HARMONIUM Har*mo"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Harmony. ] Defn: A musical instrument, resembling a small organ and especially designed for church music, in which the tones are produced by forcing air by means of a bellows so as to cause the vibration of free metallic reeds. It is now made with one or two keyboards, and has pedals and stops. HARMONIZATION Har`mo*ni*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of harmonizing. HARMONIZE Har"mo*nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harmonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Harmonizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. harmoniser. ] 1. To agree in action, adaptation, or effect on the mind; to agree in sense or purport; as, the parts of a mechanism harmonize. 2. To be in peace and friendship, as individuals, families, or public organizations. 3. To agree in vocal or musical effect; to form a concord; as, the tones harmonize perfectly. HARMONIZE Har"mo*nize, v. t. 1. To adjust in fit proportions; to cause to agree; to show the agreement of; to reconcile the apparent contradiction of. 2. (Mus.) Defn: To accompany with harmony; to provide with parts, as an air, or melody. HARMONIZER Har"mo*ni`zer, n. Defn: One who harmonizes. HARMONOMETER Har`mo*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. meter: cf. F. harmonometre.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the harmonic relations of sounds. It is often a monochord furnished with movable bridges. HARMONY Har"mo*ny, n.; pl. Harmonies. Etym: [ F.harmonic, L. harmonia, Gr. Article. ] 1. The just adaptation of parts to each other, in any system or combination of things, or in things, or things intended to form a connected whole; such an agreement between the different parts of a design or composition as to produce unity of effect; as, the harmony of the universe. 2. Concord or agreement in facts, opinions, manners, interests, etc.; good correspondence; peace and friendship; as, good citizens live in harmony. 3. A literary work which brings together or arranges systematically parallel passages of historians respecting the same events, and shows their agreement or consistency; as, a harmony of the Gospels. 4. (Mus.) (a) A succession of chords according to the rules of progression and modulation. (b) The science which treats of their construction and progression. Ten thousand harps, that tuned Angelic harmonies. Milton. 5. (Anat.) Defn: See Harmonic suture, under Harmonic. Close harmony, Dispersed harmony, etc. See under Close, Dispersed, etc. -- Harmony of the spheres. See Music of the spheres, under Music. Syn. -- Harmony, Melody. Harmony results from the concord of two or more strains or sounds which differ in pitch and quality. Melody denotes the pleasing alternation and variety of musical and measured sounds, as they succeed each other in a single verse or strain. HARMOST Har"most, n. Etym: [Gr. , fr. harmoste. See Harmony.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A governor or prefect appointed by the Spartans in the cities subjugated by them. HARMOTOME Har"mo*tome, n. Etym: [Gr. harmotome.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous silicate of alumina and baryta, occurring usually in white cruciform crystals; cross-stone. Note: A related mineral, called lime harmotome, and Phillipsite, contains lime in place of baryta. Dana. HARNESS Har"ness, n. Etym: [OE. harneis, harnes, OF.harneis, F. harnais, harnois; of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. harnez old iron, armor, W. haiarn iron, Armor. houarn, Ir. iarann, Gael. iarunn. Gf. Iron.] 1. Originally, the complete dress, especially in a military sense, of a man or a horse; hence, in general, armor. At least we 'll die witch harness on our back. Shak. 2. The equipment of a draught or carriage horse, for drawing a wagon, coach, chaise, etc.; gear; tackling. 3. The part of a loom comprising the heddles, with their means of support and motion, by which the threads of the warp are alternately raised and depressed for the passage of the shuttle. To die in harness, to die with armor on; hence, colloquially, to die while actively engaged in work or duty. HARNESS Har"ness, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harnessed; p. pr. & vb. n. Harnessing.] Etym: [OE. harneisen; cf. F. harnacher, OF. harneschier.] 1. To dress in armor; to equip with armor for war, as a horseman; to array. Harnessed in rugged steel. Rowe. A gay dagger, Harnessed well and sharp as point of spear. Chaucer. 2. Fig.: To equip or furnish for defense. Dr. H. More. 3. To make ready for draught; to equip with harness, as a horse. Also used figuratively. Harnessed to some regular profession. J. C. Shairp. Harnessed antelope. (Zoöl.) See Guib. -- Harnessed moth (Zoöl.), an American bombycid moth (Arctia phalerata of Harris), having, on the fore wings, stripes and bands of buff on a black ground. HARNESS CASK Har"ness cask`. (Naut.) Defn: A tub lashed to a vessel's deck and containing salted provisions for daily use; -- called also harness tub. W. C. Russell. HARNESSER Har"ness*er, n. Defn: One who harnesses. HARNS Harns, n. pl. Etym: [Akin to Icel.hjarni, Dan. hierne.] Defn: The brains. [Scot.] HARP Harp, n. Etym: [OE. harpe, AS. hearpe; akin to D. harp, G.harfe, OHG. harpha, Dan. harpe, Icel. & Sw. harpa.] 1. A musical instrument consisting of a triangular frame furnished with strings and sometimes with pedals, held upright, and played with the fingers. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A constellation; Lyra, or the Lyre. 3. A grain sieve. [Scot.] Æolian harp. See under Æolian. Harp seal (Zoöl.), an arctic seal (Phoca Groenlandica). The adult males have a light-colored body, with a harp-shaped mark of black on each side, and the face and throat black. Called also saddler, and saddleback. The immature ones are called bluesides. -- Harp shell (Zoöl.), a beautiful marine gastropod shell of the genus Harpa, of several species, found in tropical seas. See Harpa. HARP Harp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Harped p. pr. & vb. n. Harping.] Etym: [AS. hearpian. See Harp, n.] 1. To play on the harp. I heard the voice of harpers, harping with their harps. Rev. xiv. 2. 2. To dwell on or recur to a subject tediously or monotonously in speaking or in writing; to refer to something repeatedly or continually; -- usually with on or upon. "Harpings upon old themes." W. Irving. Harping on what I am, Not what he knew I was. Shak. To harp on one string, to dwell upon one subject with disagreeable or wearisome persistence. [Collog.] HARP Harp, v. t. Defn: To play on, as a harp; to play (a tune) on the harp; to develop or give expression to by skill and art; to sound forth as from a harp; to hit upon. Thou 'harped my fear aright. Shak. HARPA Har"pa, n. Etym: [L., harp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine univalve shells; the harp shells; -- so called from the form of the shells, and their ornamental ribs. HARPAGON Har"pa*gon, n Etym: [L. harpago, Gr. Defn: A grappling iron. [Obs.] HARPER Harp"er, n. Etym: [AS. hearpere.] 1. A player on the harp; a minstrel. The murmuring pines and the hemlocks . . . Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms. Longfellow. 2. A brass coin bearing the emblem of a harp, -- formerly current in Ireland. B. Jonson. HARPING Harp"ing, a. Defn: Pertaining to the harp; as, harping symphonies. Milton. HARPING IRON Harp"ing i`ron. Etym: [F.harper to grasp strongly. See Harpoon.] Defn: A harpoon. Evelyn. HARPINGS Harp"ings, n. pl. (Naut.) Defn: The fore parts of the wales, which encompass the bow of a vessel, and are fastened to the stem. [Written also harpins.] Totten. HARPIST Harp"ist, n. Etym: [Gf. F. harpiste.] Defn: A player on the harp; a harper. W. Browne. HARPOON Har*poon", n. Etym: [F. harpon, LL. harpo, perh. of Ger. origin, fr. the harp; cf. F. harper to take and grasp strongly, harpe a dog's claw, harpin boathook (the sense of hook coming from the shape of the harp); but cf. also Gr. harpy. Cf. Harp.] Defn: A spear or javelin used to strike and kill large fish, as whales; a harping iron. It consists of a long shank, with a broad, fiat, triangular head, sharpened at both edges, and is thrown by hand, or discharged from a gun. Harpoon fork, a kind of hayfork, consisting of bar with hinged barbs at one end a loop for a rope at the other end, used for lifting hay from the load by horse power. -- Harpoon gun, a gun used in the whale fishery for shooting the harpoon into a whale. HARPOON Har*poon", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harpooned; p. pr. & vb. n. Harpooning.] Defn: To strike, catch, or kill with a harpoon. HARPOONEER Har`poon*eer`, n. Defn: An harpooner. Grabb. HARPOONER Har*poon`er, n. Etym: [Gf. F. harponneur.] Defn: One who throws the harpoon. HARPRESS Harp`ress, n. Defn: A female harper. [R.] Sir W. Scott. HARPSICHON Harp"si*chon, n. Defn: A harpsichord. [Obs.] HARPSICHORD Harp"si*chord, n. Etym: [OF. harpechorde, in which the harpe is of German origin. See Harp, and Chord.] (Mus.) Defn: A harp-shaped instrument of music set horizontally on legs, like the grand piano, with strings of wire, played by the fingers, by means of keys provided with quills, instead of hammers, for striking the strings. It is now superseded by the piano. HARPY Har"py, n.; pl. Harpies. Etym: [F. harpie, L. harpyia, Gr. Rapacious.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: A fabulous winged monster, ravenous and filthy, having the face of a woman and the body of a vulture, with long claws, and the face pale with hunger. Some writers mention two, others three. Both table and provisions vanished guite. With sound of harpies' wings and talons heard. Milton. 2. One who is rapacious or ravenous; an extortioner. The harpies about all pocket the pool. Goldsmith. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The European moor buzzard or marsh harrier (Circus æruginosus). (b) A large and powerful, double-crested, short-winged American eagle (Thrasaëtus harpyia). It ranges from Texas to Brazil. Harpy bat (Zoöl.) (a) An East Indian fruit bat of the genus Harpyia (esp. H. cerphalotes), having prominent, tubular nostrils. (b) A small, insectivorous Indian bat (Harpiocephalus harpia). Harpy fly (Zoöl.), the house fly. HARQUEBUS; HARQUEBUSE Har"que*bus, Har"que*buse, n. Etym: [See Arquebus.] Defn: A firearm with match holder, trigger, and tumbler, made in the second half of the 15th century. the barrel was about forty inches long. A form of the harquebus was subsequently called arquebus with matchlock. HARRAGE Har"rage v. t.. Etym: [See Harry.] Defn: To harass; to plunder from. [Obs.] Fuller. HARRE Har"re, n. Etym: [OE., fr. AS. heorr, hior.] Defn: A hinge. [Obs.] Chaucer. HARRIDAN Har"ri*dan, n. Etym: [F. haridelle a worn-out horse, jade.] Defn: A worn-out strumpet; a vixenish woman; a hag. Such a weak, watery, wicked old harridan, substituted for the pretty creature I had been used to see. De Quincey. HARRIER Har"ri*er, n. Etym: [From Hare, n.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a small breed of hounds, used for hunting hares. [Written also harier.] HARRIER Har"ri*er, n. Etym: [From Harry.] 1. One who harries. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of hawks or buzzards of the genus Circus which fly low and harry small animals or birds, -- as the European marsh harrier (Circus ærunginosus), and the hen harrier (C. cyaneus). Harrier hawk(Micrastur. HARROW Har"row, n. Etym: [OE. harowe, harwe, AS. hearge; cf. D. hark rake, G. harke, Icel. herfi harrow, Dan. harve, Sw. harf. 1. An implement of agriculture, usually formed of pieces of timber or metal crossing each other, and set with iron or wooden teeth. It is drawn over plowed land to level it and break the clods, to stir the soil and make it fine, or to cover seed when sown. 2. (Mil.) Defn: An obstacle formed by turning an ordinary harrow upside down, the frame being buried. Bush harrow, a kind of light harrow made of bushes, for harrowing grass lands and covering seeds, or to finish the work of a toothed harrow. -- Drill harrow. See under 6th Drill. -- Under the harrow, subjected to actual torture with a toothed instrument, or to great affliction or oppression. HARROW Har"row, v. t.. [imp. & p. p. Harrowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Harrowing.] Etym: [OE. harowen, harwen; cf. Dan. harve. See Harrow, n.] 1. To draw a harrow over, as for the purpose of breaking clods and leveling the surface, or for covering seed; as, to harrow land. Will he harrow the valleys after thee Job xxxix. 10. 2. To break or tear, as with a harrow; to wound; to lacerate; to torment or distress; to vex. My aged muscles harrowed up with whips. Rowe. I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word Would harrow up thy soul. Shak. HARROW Har"row, interj. Etym: [OF. harau, haro; fr. OHG. hara, hera, herot, or fr. OS. herod hither, akin to E. here.] Defn: Help! Halloo! An exclamation of distress; a call for succor;- the ancient Norman hue and cry. "Harrow and well away!" Spenser. Harrow! alas! here lies my fellow slain. Chaucer. HARROW Har"row, v. t.. Etym: [See Harry.] Defn: To pillage; to harry; to oppress. [Obs.] Spenser. Meaning thereby to harrow his people. Bacon HARROWER Har"row*er, n. Defn: One who harrows. HARROWER Har"row*er, n. Defn: One who harries. [Obs.] HARRY Har"ry, v. t.. [imp. & p. p. Harried( ); p. pr. & vb. n. Harrying.] Etym: [OF. harwen, herien, her, AS. hergisn to act as an army, to ravage, plunder, fr. here army; akin to G. here army; akin to G. heer, Icel. herr, Goth. harjis, and Lith. karas war. Gf. Harbor, Herald, Heriot.] 1. To strip; to lay waste; as, the Northmen came several times and harried the land. To harry this beautiful region. W. Irving. A red squirrel had harried the nest of a wood thrush. J. Burroughs. 2. To agitate; to worry; to harrow; to harass. Shak. Syn. -- To ravage; plunder; pillage; lay waste; vex; tease; worry; annoy; harass. HARRY Har"ry, v. i.. Defn: To make a predatory incursion; to plunder or lay waste. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. HARSH Harsh, a. [Compar. Harsher; superl. Harshest.] Etym: [OE. harsk; akin to G. harsch, Dan. harsk rancid, Sw. härsk; from the same source as E. hard. See Hard, a.] 1. Rough; disagreeable; grating; esp.:(a) To the touch."Harsh sand." Boyle. (b) To the taste. "Berries harsh and crude." Milton. (c) To the ear. "Harsh din." Milton. 2. Unpleasant and repulsive to the sensibilities; austere; crabbed; morose; abusive; abusive; severe; rough. Clarence is so harsh, so blunt. Shak. Though harsh the precept, yet the charmed. Dryden. 3. (Painting, Drawing, etc.) Defn: Having violent contrasts of color, or of light and shade; lacking in harmony. HARSHLY Harsh"ly, adv. Defn: In a harsh manner; gratingly; roughly; rudely. 'T will sound harshly in her ears. Shak. HARSHNESS Harsh"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being harsh. O, she is Ten times more gentle than her father 's crabbed, And he's composed of harshness. Shak. 'Tis not enough no harshness gives offense, The sound must seem an echo to the sense. Pope. Syn. -- Acrimony; roughness; sternness; asperity; tartness. See Acrimony. HARSLET Hars"let, n. Defn: See Haslet. HART Hart, n. Etym: [OE.hart, hert, heort, AS. heort, heorot; akin to D. hert, OHG. hiruz, hirz, G. hirsch, Icel. hjörtr, Dan. & Sw. hjort, L. cervus, and prob. to Gr.Horn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A stag; the male of the red deer. See the Note under Buck. Goodliest of all the forest, hart and hind. Milton. HARTBEEST Hart"beest`, n. Etym: [D. hertebeest. See Hart, and Beast.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large South African antelope (Alcelaphus caama), formerly much more abundant than it is now. The face and legs are marked with black, the rump with white. [Written also hartebeest, and hartebest.] HARTEN Hart"en, v. t. Defn: To hearten; to encourage; to incite. [Obs.] Spenser. HARTFORD Hart"ford, n. Defn: The Hartford grape, a variety of grape first raised at Hartford, Connecticut, from the Northern fox grape. Its large dark- colored berries ripen earlier than those of most other kinds. HART'S CLOVER Hart's` clo`ver. (Bot.) Defn: Melilot or sweet clover. See Melilot. HART'S-EAR Hart's`-ear`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An Asiatic species of Cacalia (C. Kleinia), used medicinally in India. HARTSHORN Harts"horn`, n. 1. The horn or antler of the hart, or male red deer. 2. Spirits of hartshorn (see below); volatile salts. Hartshorn plantain (Bot.), an annual species of plantain (Plantago Coronopus); -- called also duck's-horn. Booth. -- Hartshorn shavings, originally taken from the horns of harts, are now obtained chiefly by planing down the bones of calves. They afford a kind of jelly. Hebert. -- Salt of hartshorn (Chem.), an impure solid carbonate of ammonia, obtained by the destructive distillation of hartshorn, or any kind of bone; volatile salts. Brande & C.-- Spirits of hartshorn (Chem.), a solution of ammonia in water; -- so called because formerly obtained from hartshorn shavings by destructive distillation. Similar ammoniacal solutions from other sources have received the same name. HART-TONGUE; HART'S-TONGUE Hart"-tongue`, Hart's"-tongue`, n. (Bot.) (a) A common British fern (Scolopendrium vulgare), rare in America. (b) A West Indian fern, the Polypodium Phyllitidis of Linnæus. It is also found in Florida. HARTWORT Hart"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A coarse umbelliferous plant of Europe (Tordylium maximum). Note: The name is often vaguely given to other plants of the same order, as species of Seseli and Bupleurum. HARUM-SCARUM Har"um-scar"um, a. Etym: [Cf. hare,v. t., and scare, v. t.] Defn: Wild; giddy; flighty; rash; thoughtless. [Colloq.] They had a quarrel with Sir Thomas Newcome's own son, a harum-scarum lad. Thackeray. HARUSPICATION Ha*rus`pi*ca"tion, n. Defn: See Haruspicy. Tylor. HARUSPICE Ha*rus"pice, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. haruspex.] Defn: A diviner of ancient Rome. Same as Aruspice. HARUSPICY Ha*rus"pi*cy, n. Defn: The art or practices of haruspices. See Aruspicy. HARVEST Har"vest, n. Etym: [OE. harvest, hervest, AS. hærfest autumn; akin to LG. harfst, D. herfst, OHG. herbist, G. herbst, and prob. to L. carpere to pluck, Gr. Carpet.] 1. The gathering of a crop of any kind; the ingathering of the crops; also, the season of gathering grain and fruits, late summer or early autumn. Seedtime and harvest . . . shall not cease. Gen viii. 22. At harvest, when corn is ripe. Tyndale. 2. That which is reaped or ready to be reaped or gath Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe. Joel iii. 13. To glean the broken ears after the man That the main harvest reaps. Shak. 3. The product or result of any exertion or labor; gain; reward. The pope's principal harvest was in the jubilee. Fuller. The harvest of a quiet eye. Wordsworth. Harvest fish (Zoöl.), a marine fish of the Southern United States (Stromateus alepidotus); -- called whiting in Virginia. Also applied to the dollar fish. -- Harvest fly (Zoöl.), an hemipterous insect of the genus Cicada, often called locust. See Cicada. -- Harvest lord, the head reaper at a harvest. [Obs.] Tusser. -- Harvest mite (Zoöl.), a minute European mite (Leptus autumnalis), of a bright crimson color, which is troublesome by penetrating the skin of man and domestic animals; -- called also harvest louse, and harvest bug. -- Harvest moon, the moon near the full at the time of harvest in England, or about the autumnal equinox, when, by reason of the small angle that is made by the moon's orbit with the horizon, it rises nearly at the same hour for several days. -- Harvest mouse (Zoöl.), a very small European field mouse (Mus minutus). It builds a globular nest on the stems of wheat and other plants. -- Harvest queen, an image pepresenting Ceres, formerly carried about on the last day of harvest. Milton. -- Harvest spider. (Zoöl.) See Daddy longlegs. HARVEST Har"vest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Harvested; p. pr. & vb. n. Harvesting.] Defn: To reap or gather, as any crop. HARVESTER Har"vest*er, n. 1. One who harvests; a machine for cutting and gathering grain; a reaper. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A harvesting ant. HARVEST-HOME Har"vest-home", n. 1. The gathering and bringing home of the harvest; the time of harvest. Showed like a stubble land at harvest-home. Shak. 2. The song sung by reapers at the feast made at the close of the harvest; the feast itself. Dryden. 3. A service of thanksgiving, at harvest time, in the Church of England and in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. 4. The opportunity of gathering treasure. Shak. HARVESTING Har"vest*ing, a. & n. Defn: , from Harvest, v. t. Harvesting ant (Zoöl.), any species of ant which gathers and stores up seeds for food. Many species are known. Note: The species found in Southern Europe and Palestine are Aphenogaster structor and A. barbara; that of Texas, called agricultural ant, is Pogonomyrmex barbatus or Myrmica molifaciens; that of Florida is P. crudelis. See Agricultural ant, under Agricultural. HARVESTLESS Har"vest*less, a. Defn: Without harvest; lacking in crops; barren. "Harvestless autumns." Tennyson. HARVESTMAN Har"vest*man, n.; pl. Harvestmen (. 1. A man engaged in harvesting. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Daddy longlegs, 1. HARVESTRY Har"vest*ry, n. Defn: The act of harvesting; also, that which is harvested. Swinburne. HARVEY PROCESS Har"vey proc"ess. (Metal.) Defn: A process of hardening the face of steel, as armor plates, invented by Hayward A. Harvey of New Jersey, consisting in the additional carburizing of the face of a piece of low carbon steel by subjecting it to the action of carbon under long-continued pressure at a very high heat, and then to a violent chilling, as by a spray of cold water. This process gives an armor plate a thick surface of extreme hardness supported by material gradually decreasing in hardness to the unaltered soft steel at the back. HARY Har"y, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. harier to harass, or E. harry, v. t.] Defn: To draw; to drag; to carry off by vio [Obs.] Chaucer. HAS Has, Defn: 3d pers. sing. pres. of Have. HASARD Has"ard, n. Defn: Hazard. [Obs.] Chaucer. HASE Hase, v. t. [Obs.] Defn: See Haze, v. t. HASH Hash, n. Etym: [Formerly hachey, hachee, F. hachis, hacher to hash; of German origin; cf. G. hippe sickle, OHG. hippa, for happia. Cf. Hatchet.] 1. That which is hashed or chopped up; meat and vegetables, especially such as have been already cooked, chopped into small pieces and mixed. 2. A new mixture of old matter; a second preparation or exhibition. I can not bear elections, and still less the hash of them over again in a first session. Walpole. HASH Hash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Hashing.] Etym: [From Hash, n.: cf. F. hacher to hash.] Defn: To as, to hash meat. Hudibras. HASHEESH; HASHISH Hash"eesh, Hash"ish, n. Etym: [Ar. hashish.] Defn: A slightly acrid gum resin produced by the common hemp (Cannabis saltiva), of the variety Indica, when cultivated in a warm climate; also, the tops of the plant, from which the resinous product is obtained. It is narcotic, and has long been used in the East for its intoxicating effect. See Bhang, and Ganja. HASK Hask, n. Etym: [See Hassock.] Defn: A basket made of rushes or flags, as for carrying fish. [Obs.] Spenser. HASLET Has"let, n. Etym: [F. hâtelettes broil, for hastelettes, fr. F. haste spit; cf. L. hasta spear, and also OHG. harst gridiron.] Defn: The edible viscera, as the heart, liver, etc., of a beast, esp. of a hog. [Written also harslet.] HASP Hasp, n. Etym: [OE. hasp, hesp, AS. hæpse; akin to G. haspe, häspe, Sw. & Dan. haspe, Icel. hespa.] 1. A clasp, especially a metal strap permanently fast at one end to a staple or pin, while the other passes over a staple, and is fastened by a padlock or a pin; also, a metallic hook for fastening a door. 2. A spindle to wind yarn, thread, or silk on. 3. An instrument for cutting the surface of grass land; a scarifier. HASP Hasp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hasped; p. pr. & vb. n. Hasping.] Etym: [AS. hæpsian.] Defn: To shut or fasten with a hasp. HASSOCK Has"sock, n. Etym: [Scot. hassock, hassik, a besom, anything bushy, a large, round turf used as a seat, OE. hassok sedgy ground, W. hesgog sedgy, hesg sedge, rushes; cf. Ir. seisg, and E. sedge.] 1. A rank tuft of bog grass; a tussock. Forby. 2. A small stuffed cushion or footstool, for kneeling on in church, or for home use. And knees and hassocks are well nigh divorced. Cowper. HAST Hast Defn: , 2d pers. sing. pres. of. Fave, contr. of havest. [Archaic] HASTATE; HASTATED Has"tate, Has"ta*ted, a. Etym: [L. hastatus, fr. hasta spear. Cf. Gad, n.] Defn: Shaped like the head of a halberd; triangular, with the basal angles or lobes spreading; as, a hastate leaf. HASTE Haste, n. Etym: [OE. hast; akin to D. haast, G., Dan., Sw., & OFries. hast, cf. OF. haste, F. hâte (of German origin); all perh. fr. the root of E. hate in a earlier sense of, to pursue. See Hate.] 1. Celerity of motion; speed; swiftness; dispatch; expedition; -- applied only to voluntary beings, as men and other animals. The king's business required haste. 1 Sam. xxi. 8. 2. The state of being urged or pressed by business; hurry; urgency; sudden excitement of feeling or passion; precipitance; vehemence. I said in my haste, All men are liars. Ps. cxvi. 11. To make haste, to hasten. Syn. -- Speed; quickness; nimbleness; swiftness; expedition; dispatch; hurry; precipitance; vehemence; precipitation. -- Haste, Hurry, Speed, Dispatch. Haste denotes quickness of action and a strong desire for getting on; hurry includes a confusion and want of collected thought not implied in haste; speed denotes the actual progress which is made; dispatch, the promptitude and rapidity with which things are done. A man may properly be in haste, but never in a hurry. Speed usually secures dispatch. HASTE Haste, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hasting.] Etym: [OE. hasten; akin to G. hasten, D. haasten, Dan. haste, Sw. hasta, OF. haster, F. hâter. See Haste, n.] Defn: To hasten; to hurry. [Archaic] I 'll haste the writer. Shak. They were troubled and hasted away. Ps. xlviii. 5. HASTEN Has"ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hastened; p. pr. & vb. n. Hastening.] Defn: To press; to drive or urge forward; to push on; to precipitate; to accelerate the movement of; to expedite; to hurry. I would hasten my escape from the windy storm. Ps. lv. 8. HASTEN Has"ten, v. i. Defn: To move celerity; to be rapid in motion; to act speedily or quickly; to go quickly. I hastened to the spot whence the noise came. D HASTENER Has"ten*er, n. 1. One who hastens. 2. That which hastens; especially, a stand or reflector used for confining the heat of the fire to meat while roasting before it. HASTIF Has"tif, a. Etym: [OF. See Hastive.] Defn: Hasty. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Has"tif*ly, adv. [Obs.] HASTILE Has"tile, a. Etym: [L. hasta a spear.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Hastate. Gray. HASTILY Has"ti*ly, adv. Etym: [From Hasty.] 1. In haste; with speed or quickness; speedily; nimbly. 2. Without due reflection; precipitately; rashly. We hastily engaged in the war. Swift. 3. Passionately; impatiently. Shak. HASTINESS Has"ti*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being hasty; haste; precipitation; rashness; quickness of temper. HASTINGS Has"tings, n. pl. Etym: [From Haste, v.] Defn: Early fruit or vegetables; especially, early pease. Mortimer. HASTINGS SANDS Has"tings sands". (Geol.) Defn: The lower group of the Wealden formation; -- so called from its development around Hastings, in Sussex, England. HASTIVE Has"tive, a. Etym: [OF. hastif. See Haste, n., and cf. Hastif.] Defn: Forward; early; -- said of fruits. [Obs.] HASTY Has"ty, a. [Compar. Hastier; superl. Hastiest.] Etym: [Akin to D. haastig, G., Sw., & Dan. hastig. See Haste, n.] 1. Involving haste; done, made, etc., in haste; as, a hasty sketch. 2. Demanding haste or immediate action. [R.] Chaucer. "Hasty employment." Shak. 3. Moving or acting with haste or in a hurry; hurrying; hence, acting without deliberation; precipitate; rash; easily excited; eager. 4. Made or reached without deliberation or due caution; as, a hasty conjecture, inference, conclusion, etc., a hasty resolution. 5. Defn: Proceeding from, or indicating, a quick temper. Take no unkindness of his hasty words. Shak 6. Forward; early; first ripe. [Obs.] "As the hasty fruit before the summer." Is. xxviii. 4. HASTY PUDDING Has"ty pud"ding. 1. A thick batter pudding made of Indian meal stirred into boiling water; mush. [U. S.] 2. A batter or pudding made of flour or oatmeal, stirred into boiling water or milk. [Eng.] HAT Hat, a. Defn: Hot. [Obs.] Chaucer. HAT Hat, Defn: sing. pres. of Hote to be called. Cf. Hatte. [Obs.] "That one hat abstinence." Piers Plowman. HAT Hat, n. Etym: [AS. hæt, hætt; akin to Dan. hat, Sw. hatt, Icel. hattr a hat, höttr hood, D. hoed hat, G. hut, OHG. huot, and prob. to L. cassis helmet. Hood.] Defn: A covering for the head; esp., one with a crown and brim, made of various materials, and worn by men or women for protecting the head from the sun or weather, or for ornament. Hat block, a block on which hats are formed or dressed. -- To pass around the hat, to take up a collection of voluntary contributions, which are often received in a hat. [Collog.] Lowell. HATABLE Hat"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Hate.] Defn: Capable of being, or deserving to be, hated; odious; detestable. HATBAND Hat"band`, n. Defn: A band round the crown of a hat; sometimes, a band of black cloth, crape, etc., worn as a badge of mourning. HATBOX Hat"box`, n. Defn: A box for a hat. HATCH Hatch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hatched; p. pr. & vb. n. Hatching.] Etym: [F. hacher to chop, hack. See Hash.] 1. To cross with lines in a peculiar manneHatching. Shall win this sword, silvered and hatched. Chapman. Those hatching strokes of the pencil. Dryden. 2. To cross; to spot; to stain; to steep. [Obs.] His weapon hatched in blood. Beau. & Fl. HATCH Hatch, v. t. Etym: [OE. hacchen, hetchen; akin to G. hecken, Dan. hekke; cf. MHG. hagen bull; perh. akin to E. hatch a half door, and orig. meaning, to produce under a hatch. 1. To produce, as young, from an egg or eggs by incubation, or by artificial heat; to produce young from (eggs); as, the young when hatched. Paley. As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them not. Jer. xvii. 11. For the hens do not sit upon the eggs; but by keeping them in a certain equal heat they [the husbandmen] bring life into them and hatch them. Robynson (More's Utopia). 2. To contrive or plot; to form by meditation, and bring into being; to originate and produce; to concoct; as, to hatch mischief; to hatch heresy. Hooker. Fancies hatched In silken-folded idleness. Tennyson. HATCH Hatch, v. i. Defn: To produce young; -- said of eggs; to come forth from the egg; -- said of the young of birds, fishes, insects, etc. HATCH Hatch, n. 1. The act of hatching. 2. Development; disclosure; discovery. Shak. 3. The chickens produced at once or by one incubation; a brood. HATCH Hatch, n. Etym: [OE. hacche, AS. hæc, cf. haca the bar of a door, D. hek gate, Sw. häck coop, rack, Dan. hekke manger, rack. Prob. akin to E. hook, and first used of something made of pieces fastened together. Cf. Heck, Hack a frame.] 1. A door with an opening over it; a half door, sometimes set with spikes on the upper edge. In at the window, or else o'er the hatch. Shak. 2. A frame or weir in a river, for catching fish. 3. A flood gate; a a sluice gate. Ainsworth. 4. A bedstead. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. 5. An opening in the deck of a vessel or floor of a warehouse which serves as a passageway or hoistway; a hatchway; also; a cover or door, or one of the covers used in closing such an opening. 6. (Mining) Defn: An opening into, or in search of, a mine. Booby hatch, Buttery hatch, Companion hatch, etc. See under Booby, Buttery, etc. -- To batten down the hatches (Naut.), to lay tarpaulins over them, and secure them with battens. -- To be under hatches, to be confined below in a vessel; to be under arrest, or in slavery, distress, etc. HATCH Hatch, v. t. Defn: To close with a hatch or hatches. 'T were not amiss to keep our door hatched. Shak HATCH-BOAT Hatch"-boat`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A vessel whose deck consists almost wholly of movable hatches; -- used mostly in the fisheries. HATCHEL Hatch"el, n. Etym: [OE. hechele, hekele; akin to D. hekel, G. hechel, Dan. hegle, Sw. häkla, and prob. to E. hook. See Hook, and cf. Hackle, Heckle.] Defn: An instrument with long iron teeth set in a board, for cleansing flax or hemp from the tow, hards, or coarse part; a kind of large comb; -- called also hackle and heckle. HATCHEL Hatch"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hatcheled or Hatchelled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Hatcheling or Hatchelling.] Etym: [OE. hechelen, hekelen; akin to D. hekelen, G. hecheln, Dan. hegle, Sw. häkla. See Hatchel, n.] 1. To draw through the teeth of a hatchel, as flax or hemp, so as to separate the coarse and refuse parts from the fine, fibrous parts. 2. To tease; to worry; to torment. [Colloq.] HATCHELER Hatch"el*er, n. Defn: One who uses a hatchel. HATCHER Hatch"er, n. 1. One who hatches, or that which hatches; a hatching apparatus; an incubator. 2. One who contrives or originates; a plotter. A great hatcher and breeder of business. Swift. HATCHERY Hatch"er*y, n. Defn: A house for hatching fish, etc. HATCHET Hatch"et, n. Etym: [F. hachette, dim. of hache Hatch, Hash.] 1. A small ax with a short handle, to be used with one hand. 2. Specifically, a tomahawk. Buried was the bloody hatchet. Longfellow. Hatchet face, a thin, sharp face, like the edge of a hatchet; hence: Hatchet-faced, sharp-visaged. Dryden. -- To bury the hatchet, to make peace or become reconciled. -- To take up the hatchet, to make or declare war. The last two phrases are derived from the practice of the American Indians. HATCHET MAN Hatchet man Defn: 1. A person hired to murder or physically attack another; a hit man. Defn: 2. A person who deliberately tries to ruin the reputation of another, often unscrupulously, by slander or other malicious communication, often with political motive, and sometimes for pay. HATCHETTINE; HATCHETTITE Hatch"et*tine, Hatch"et*tite, n. Etym: [Named after the discoverer, Charles Hatchett.] (Min.) Defn: Mineral t HATCHING Hatch"ing, n. Etym: [See 1st Hatch.] Defn: A mode of execution in engraving, drawing, and miniature painting, in which shading is produced by lines crossing each other at angles more or less acute; -- called also crosshatching. HATCHMENT Hatch"ment, n. Etym: [Corrupt. fr. achievement.] 1. (Her.) Defn: A sort of panel, upon which the arms of a deceased person are temporarily displayed, -- usually on the walls of his dwelling. It is lozenge-shaped or square, but is hung cornerwise. It is used in England as a means of giving public notification of the death of the deceased, his or her rank, whether married, widower, widow, etc. Called also achievement. His obscure funeral; No trophy, sword, or hatchment o'er his bones. Shak. 2. A sword or other mark of the profession of arms; in general, a mark of dignity. Let there be deducted, out of our main potation, Five marks in hatchments to adorn this thigh. Beau. & Fl. HATCHURE Hatch"ure, n. Defn: Same as Hachure. HATCHWAY Hatch"way`, n. Defn: A square or oblong opening in a deck or floor, affording passage from one deck or story to another; the entrance to a cellar. HATE Hate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hated; p. pr. & pr. & vb. n. Hating.] Etym: [OE. haten, hatien, AS. hatian; akin to OS. hatan, hat to be hostile to, D. haten to hate, OHG. hazz, hazz, G. hassen, Icel. & Sw. hata, Dan. hade, Goth. hatan, hatian. . Cf. Hate, n., Heinous.] 1. To have a great aversion to, with a strong desire that evil should befall the person toward whom the feeling is directed; to dislike intensely; to detest; as, to hate one's enemies; to hate hypocrisy. Whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer. 1 John iii. 15. 2. To be very unwilling; followed by an infinitive, or a substantive clause with that; as, to hate to get into debt; to hate that anything should be wasted. I hate that he should linger here. Tennyson. 3. (Script.) Defn: To love less, relatively. Luke xiv. 26. Syn. -- To Hate, Abhor, Detest, Abominate, Loathe. Hate is the generic word, and implies that one is inflamed with extreme dislike. We abhor what is deeply repugnant to our sensibilities or feelings. We detest what contradicts so utterly our principles and moral sentiments that we feel bound to lift up our voice against it. What we abominate does equal violence to our moral and religious sentiments. What we loathe is offensive to our own nature, and excites unmingled disgust. Our Savior is said to have hated the deeds of the Nicolaitanes; his language shows that he loathed the lukewarmness of the Laodiceans; he detested the hypocrisy of the scribes and Pharisees; he abhorred the suggestions of the tempter in the wilderness. HATE Hate, n. Etym: [OE. hate, hete, AS. hete; akin to D. haat, G. hass, Icel. hatr, SW. hat, Dan. had, Goth. hatis. Cf. Hate, v.] Defn: Strong aversion coupled with desire that evil should befall the person toward whom the feeling is directed; as exercised toward things, intense dislike; hatred; detestation; -- opposed to love. For in a wink the false love turns to hate. Tennyson. HATEFUL Hate"ful, a. 1. Manifesting hate or hatred; malignant; malevolent. [Archaic or R.] And worse than death, to view with hateful eyes His rival's conquest. Dryden. 2. Exciting or deserving great dislike, aversion, or disgust; odious. Unhappy, wretched, hateful day! Shak. Syn. -- Odious; detestable; abominable; execrable; loathsome; abhorrent; repugnant; malevolent. -- Hate"ful*ly, adv. -- Hate"ful*ness, n. HATEL Hat"el, a. Defn: Hateful; detestable. [Obs.] HATER Hat"er, n. Defn: One who hates. An enemy to God, and a hater of all good. Sir T. Browne. HATH Hath, 3d pers. sing. pres. of Have, contracted from haveth. Defn: Has. [Archaic.] HATLESS Hat"less, a. Defn: Having no hat. HATRACK Hat"rack`, n. Defn: A hatstand; hattree. HATRED Ha"tred, n. Etym: [OE. hatred, hatreden. See Hate, and cf. Kindred.] Defn: Strong aversion; intense dislike; hate; an affection of the mind awakened by something regarded as evil. Syn. -- Odium; ill will; enmity; hate; animosity; malevolence; rancor; malignity; detestation; loathing; abhorrence; repugnance; antipathy. See Odium. HATSTAND Hat"stand`, n. Defn: A stand of wood or iron, with hooks or pegs upon which to hang hats, etc. HATTE Hat`te, Defn: pres. & imp. sing. & pl. of Hote, to be called. See Hote. [Obs.] Chaucer. A full perilous place, purgatory it hatte. Piers Plowman. HATTED Hat"ted, a. Defn: Covered with a hat. HATTER Hat"ter, v. t. Etym: [Prov. E., to entangle; cf. LG. verhaddern, verheddern, verhiddern.] Defn: To tire or worry; -- out. [Obs.] Dryden. HATTER Hat"ter, n. Defn: One who makes or sells hats. HATTERIA Hat*te"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A New Zealand lizard, which, in anatomical character, differs widely from all other existing lizards. It is the only living representative of the order Rhynchocephala, of which many Mesozoic fossil species are known; -- called also Sphenodon, and Tuatera. HATTING Hat"ting, n. Defn: The business of making hats; also, stuff for hats. HATTI-SHERIF Hat"ti-sher`if, n. Etym: [Turk., fr. Ar. knatt a writing + sherif noble.] Defn: A irrevocable Turkish decree countersigned by the sultan. HATTREE Hat"tree`, n. Defn: A hatstand. HAUBERGEON Hau*ber"ge*on, n. Defn: See Habergeon. HAUBERK Hau"berk, n. Etym: [OF. hauberc, halberc, F.haubert, OHG. halsberc; hals neck + bergan to protect, G. bergen; akin to AS. healsbeorg, Icel. halsbjörg. See Collar, and Bury, v. t.] Defn: A coat of mail; especially, the long coat of mail of the European Middle Ages, as contrasted with the habergeon, which is shorter and sometimes sleeveless. By old writers it is often used synonymously with habergeon. See Habergeon. [Written variously hauberg, hauberque, hawberk, etc.] Chaucer. Helm, nor hawberk's twisted mail. Gray. HAUERITE Hau"er*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Von Hauer, of Vienna.] (Min.) Defn: Native sulphide of manganese a reddish brown or brownish black mineral. HAUGH Haugh, n. Etym: [See Haw a hedge.] Defn: A low-lying meadow by the side of a river. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] On a haugh or level plain, near to a royal borough. Sir W. Scott. HAUGHT Haught, a. Etym: [See Haughty.] Defn: High; elevated; hence, haughty; proud. [Obs.] Shak. HAUGHTILY Haugh"ti*ly, adv. Etym: [From Haughty.] Defn: In a haughty manner; arrogantly. HAUGHTINESS Haugh"ti*ness, n. Etym: [For hauteinness. See Haughty.] Defn: The quality of being haughty; disdain; arrogance. Syn. -- Arrogance; disdain; contemptuousness; superciliousness; loftiness. -- Haughtiness, Arrogance, Disdain. Haughtiness denotes the expression of conscious and proud superiority; arrogance is a disposition to claim for one's self more than is justly due, and enforce it to the utmost; disdain in the exact reverse of condescension toward inferiors, since it expresses and desires others to feel how far below ourselves we consider them. A person is haughty in disposition and demeanor; arrogant in his claims of homage and deference; disdainful even in accepting the deference which his haughtiness leads him arrogantly to exact. HAUGHTY Haugh"ty, a. [Compar. Haughtier; superl. Haughtiest.] Etym: [OE. hautein, F. hautain, fr. haut high, OF. also halt, fr. L. altus. See Altitude.] 1. High; lofty; bold. [Obs. or Archaic] To measure the most haughty mountain's height. Spenser. Equal unto this haughty enterprise. Spenser 2. Disdainfully or contemptuously proud; arrogant; overbearing. A woman of a haughty and imperious nature. Clarendon. 3. Indicating haughtiness; as, a haughty carriage. Satan, with vast and haughty strides advanced, Came towering. Milton. HAUL Haul, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hauled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hauling.] Etym: [OE. halen, halien, F. geholian to acquire, get, D. halen to fetch, pull, draw, OHG. hol, hal, G. holen, Dan. hale to haul, Sw. hala, and to L. calare to call, summon, Gr. Hale, v. t., Claim. Class, Council, Ecclesiastic.] 1. To pull or draw with force; to drag. Some dance, some haul the rope. Denham. Thither they bent, and hauled their ships to land. Pope. Romp-loving miss Is hauled about in gallantry robust. Thomson. 2. To transport by drawing, as with horses or oxen; as, to haul logs to a sawmill. When I was seven or eight years of age, I began hauling all the wood used in the house and shops. U. S. Grant. To haul over the coals. See under Coal. -- To haul the wind (Naut.), to turn the head of the ship nearer to the point from which the wind blows. HAUL Haul, v. i. 1. (Naut.) Defn: To change the direction of a ship by hauling the wind. See under Haul, v. t. I . . . hauled up for it, and found it to be an island. Cook. 2. To pull apart, as oxen sometimes do when yoked. To haul around (Naut.), to shift to any point of the compass; -- said of the wind. -- To haul off (Naut.), to sail closer to the wind, in order to get farther away from anything; hence, to withdraw; to draw back. HAUL Haul, n. 1. A pulling with force; a violent pull. 2. A single draught of a net; as, to catch a hundred fish at a haul. 3. That which is caught, taken, or gained at once, as by hauling a net. 4. Transportation by hauling; the distance through which anything is hauled, as freight in a railroad car; as, a long haul or short haul. 5. (Rope Making) Defn: A bundle of about four hundred threads, to be tarred. HAULABOUT Haul"a*bout`, n. Defn: A bargelike vessel with steel hull, large hatchways, and coal transporters, for coaling war vessels from its own hold or from other colliers. HAULAGE Haul"age, n. Defn: Act of hauling; as, the haulage of cars by an engine; charge for hauling. HAULER Haul"er, n. Defn: One who hauls. HAULM Haulm (, n. Etym: [OE. halm, AS. healm; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. halm, Icel. halmr, L. calamus reed, cane, stalk, Gr. Excel, Culminate, Culm, Shawm, Calamus.] Defn: The denuded stems or stalks of such crops as buckwheat and the cereal grains, beans, etc.; straw. HAULM Haulm, n. Defn: A part of a harness; a hame. HAULS Hauls, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Hals. HAULSE Haulse, v. [Obs.] Defn: See Halse. HAULT Hault, a. Etym: [OF. hault, F. haut. See Haughty.] Defn: Lofty; haughty. [Obs.] Through support of countenance proud and hault. Spenser. HAUM Haum, n. Defn: See Haulm, stalk. Smart. HAUNCE Haunce, v. t. Defn: To enhance. [Obs.] Lydgate. HAUNCH Haunch, n. Etym: [F. hanche, of German origin; cf. OD. hancke, hencke, and also OHG. ancha; prob. not akin to E. ankle.] 1. The hip; the projecting region of the lateral parts of the pelvis and the hip joint; the hind part. 2. Of meats: The leg and loin taken together; as, a haunch of venison. Haunch bone. See Innominate bone, under Innominate. -- Haunches of an arch (Arch.), the parts on each side of the crown of an arch. (See Crown, n., 11.) Each haunch may be considered as from one half to two thirds of the half arch. HAUNCHED Haunched, a. Defn: Having haunches. HAUNT Haunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Haunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Haunting.] Etym: [F. hanter; of uncertain origin, perh. from an assumed LL. ambitare to go about, fr. L. ambire (see Ambition); or cf. Icel. heimta to demand, regain, akin to heim home (see Home). sq. root36.] 1. To frequent; to resort to frequently; to visit pertinaciously or intrusively; to intrude upon. You wrong me, sir, thus still to haunt my house. Shak. Those cares that haunt the court and town. Swift. 2. To inhabit or frequent as a specter; to visit as a ghost or apparition. Foul spirits haunt my resting place. Fairfax. 3. To practice; to devote one's self to. [Obs.] That other merchandise that men haunt with fraud . . . is cursed. Chaucer. Leave honest pleasure, and haunt no good pastime. Ascham. 4. To accustom; to habituate. [Obs.] Haunt thyself to pity. Wyclif. HAUNT Haunt, v. i. Defn: To persist in staying or visiting. I've charged thee not to haunt about my doors. Shak. HAUNT Haunt, n. 1. A place to which one frequently resorts; as, drinking saloons are the haunts of tipplers; a den is the haunt of wild beasts. Note: In Old English the place occupied by any one as a dwelling or in his business was called a haunt. Note: Often used figuratively. The household nook, The haunt of all affections pure. Keble. The feeble soul, a haunt of fears. Tennyson. 2. The habit of resorting to a place. [Obs.] The haunt you have got about the courts. Arbuthnot. 3. Practice; skill. [Obs.] Of clothmaking she hadde such an haunt. Chaucer. HAUNTED Haunt"ed, a. Defn: Inhabited by, or subject to the visits of, apparitions; frequented by a ghost. All houses wherein men have lived and died Are haunted houses. Longfellow. HAUNTER Haunt"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, haunts. HAURIENT Hau"ri*ent, a. Etym: [L. hauriens, p. pr. of haurire to breathe.] (Her.) Defn: In pale, with the head in chief; -- said of the figure of a fish, as if rising for air. HAUSEN Hau"sen, n. Etym: [G.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large sturgeon (Acipenser huso) from the region of the Black Sea. It is sometimes twelve feet long. HAUSSE Hausse, n. Etym: [F.] (Gun.) Defn: A kind of graduated breech sight for a small arm, or a cannon. HAUSTELLATA Haus`tel*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. haustellum, fr. L. haurire, haustum, to draw water, to swallow. See Exhaust.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An artificial division of insects, including all those with a sucking proboscis. HAUSTELLATE Haus"tel*late, a. Etym: [See Haustellata.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Provided with a haustellum, or sucking proboscis. -- n. Defn: One of the Haustellata. HAUSTELLUM Haus*tel"lum, n.; pl. Haustella. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The sucking proboscis of various insects. See Lepidoptera, and Diptera. HAUSTORIUM Haus*to"ri*um, n.; pl. Haustoria. Etym: [LL., a well, fr. L. haurire, haustum, to drink.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the suckerlike rootlets of such plants as the dodder and ivy. R. Brown. HAUT Haut, a. Etym: [F. See Haughty.] Defn: Haughty. [Obs.] "Nations proud and haut." Milton. HAUTBOY Haut"boy, n. Etym: [F. hautbois, lit., high wood; haut high + bois wood. So called on account of its high tone. See Haughty, Bush; and cf. Oboe.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A wind instrument, sounded through a reed, and similar in shape to the clarinet, but with a thinner tone. Now more commonly called oboe. See Illust. of Oboe. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A sort of strawberry (Fragaria elatior). HAUTBOYIST Haut"boy*ist (-îst), n. Etym: [Cf. F. hautboïste.] Defn: A player on the hautboy. HAUTEIN Hau"tein, a. Etym: [See Haughty.] 1. Haughty; proud. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. High; -- said of the voice or flight of birds. [Obs.] HAUTEUR Hau`teur", n. Etym: [F., fr. haut high. See Haughty.] Defn: Haughty manner or spirit; haughtiness; pride; arrogance. HAUTGOUT Haut`goût", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: High relish or flavor; high seasoning. HAUTPAS Haut`pas", n. Etym: [F. haut high + pas step.] Defn: A raised part of the floor of a large room; a platform for a raised table or throne. See Dais. HAUYNITE Ha"üy*nite, n. Etym: [From the French mineralogist Haüy.] (Min.) Defn: A blue isometric mineral, characteristic of some volcani HAVANA Ha*van"a, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Havana, the capital of the island of Cuba; as, an Havana cigar; -- formerly sometimes written Havannah. -- n. Defn: An Havana cigar. Young Frank Clavering stole his father's Havannahs, and . . . smoked them in the stable. Thackeray. HAVANESE Hav`an*ese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Havana, in Cuba. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or inhabitant, or the people, of Havana. HAVE Have, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Had; p. pr. & vb. n. Having. Indic. present, I have, thou hast, he has; we, ye, they have.] Etym: [OE. haven, habben, AS. habben (imperf. hæfde, p. p. gehæfd); akin to OS. hebbian, D. hebben, OFries, hebba, OHG. hab, G. haben, Icel. hafa, Sw. hafva, Dan. have, Goth. haban, and prob. to L. habere, whence F. avoir. Cf. Able, Avoirdupois, Binnacle, Habit.] 1. To hold in possession or control; to own; as, he has a farm. 2. To possess, as something which appertains to, is connected with, or affects, one. The earth hath bubbles, as the water has. Shak. He had a fever late. Keats. 3. To accept possession of; to take or accept. Break thy mind to me in broken English; wilt thou have me Shak. 4. To get possession of; to obtain; to get. Shak. 5. To cause or procure to be; to effect; to exact; to desire; to require. It had the church accurately described to me. Sir W. Scott. Wouldst thou have me turn traitor also Ld. Lytton. 6. To bear, as young; as, she has just had a child. 7. To hold, regard, or esteem. Of them shall I be had in honor. 2 Sam. vi. 22. 8. To cause or force to go; to take. "The stars have us to bed." Herbert. "Have out all men from me." 2 Sam. xiii. 9. 9. To take or hold (one's self); to proceed promptly; -- used reflexively, often with ellipsis of the pronoun; as, to have after one; to have at one or at a thing, i. e., to aim at one or at a thing; to attack; to have with a companion. Shak. 10. To be under necessity or obligation; to be compelled; followed by an infinitive. Science has, and will long have, to be a divider and a separatist. M. Arnold. The laws of philology have to be established by external comparison and induction. Earle. 11. To understand. You have me, have you not Shak. 12. To put in an awkward position; to have the advantage of; as, that is where he had him. [Slang] Note: Have, as an auxiliary verb, is used with the past participle to form preterit tenses; as, I have loved; I shall have eaten. Originally it was used only with the participle of transitive verbs, and denoted the possession of the object in the state indicated by the participle; as, I have conquered him, I have or hold him in a conquered state; but it has long since lost this independent significance, and is used with the participles both of transitive and intransitive verbs as a device for expressing past time. Had is used, especially in poetry, for would have or should have. Myself for such a face had boldly died. Tennyson. To have a care, to take care; to be on one's guard. -- To have (a man) out, to engage (one) in a duel. -- To have done (with). See under Do, v. i. -- To have it out, to speak freely; to bring an affair to a conclusion. -- To have on, to wear. -- To have to do with. See under Do, v. t. Syn. -- To possess; to own. See Possess. HAVELESS Have"less, a. Defn: Having little or nothing. [Obs.] Gower. HAVELOCK Hav"e*lock, n. Etym: [From Havelock, an English general distinguished in India in the rebellion of 1857.] Defn: A light cloth covering for the head and neck, used by soldiers as a protection from sunstroke. HAVEN Ha"ven, n. Etym: [AS. hæfene; akin to D. & LG. haven, G. hafen, MNG. habe, Dan. havn, Icel. höfn, Sw. hamn; akin to E. have, and hence orig., a holder; or to heave (see Heave); or akin to AS. hæf sea, Icel. & Sw. haf, Dan. hav, which is perh. akin to E. heave.] 1. A bay, recess, or inlet of the sea, or the mouth of a river, which affords anchorage and shelter for shipping; a harbor; a port. What shipping and what lading's in our haven. Shak. Their haven under the hill. Tennyson. 2. A place of safety; a shelter; an asylum. Shak. The haven, or the rock of love. Waller. HAVEN Ha"ven, v. t. Defn: To shelter, as in a haven. Keats. HAVENAGE Ha"ven*age, n. Defn: Harbor dues; port dues. HAVENED Ha"vened, p. a. Defn: Sheltered in a haven. Blissful havened both from joy and pain. Keats. HAVENER Ha"ven*er, n. Defn: A harbor master. [Obs.] HAVER Ha"ver, n. Defn: A possessor; a holder. Shak. HAVER Hav"er, n. Etym: [D. haver; akin to G. haber.] Defn: The oat; oats. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Haver bread, oaten bread. -- Haver cake, oaten cake. Piers Plowman. -- Haver grass, the wild oat. -- Haver meal, oatmeal. HAVER Ha"ver, v. i. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: To maunder; to talk foolishly; to chatter. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. HAVERSACK Hav"er*sack, n. Etym: [F. havresac, G. habersack, sack for oats. See 2d Haver, and Sack a bag.] 1. A bag for oats or oatmeal. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A bag or case, usually of stout cloth, in which a soldier carries his rations when on a march; -- distinguished from knapsack. 3. A gunner's case or bag used carry cartridges from the ammunition chest to the piece in loading. HAVERSIAN Ha*ver"sian, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or discovered by, Clopton Havers, an English physician of the seventeenth century. Haversian canals (Anat.), the small canals through which the blood vessels ramify in bone. HAVIER Hav"ier, n. [Formerly haver, prob. fr. Half; cf. L. semimas emasculated, prop., half male.] Defn: A castrated deer. Haviers, or stags which have been gelded when young, have no horns. Encyc. of Sport. HAVILDAR Hav`il*dar", n. Defn: In the British Indian armies, a noncommissioned officer of native soldiers, corresponding to a sergeant. Havildar major, a native sergeant major in the East Indian army. HAVING Hav"ing, n. Defn: Possession; goods; estate. I 'll lend you something; my having is not much. Shak. HAVIOR Hav"ior, n. Etym: [OE. havour, a corruption of OF. aveir, avoir, a having, of same origin as E. aver a work horse. The h is due to confusion with E. have.] Defn: Behavior; demeanor. [Obs.] Shak. HAVOC Hav"oc, n. Etym: [W. hafog devastation, havoc; or, if this be itself fr. E. havoc, cf. OE. havot, or AS. hafoc hawk, which is a cruel or rapacious bird, or F. hai, voux! a cry to hounds.] Defn: Wide and general destruction; devastation; waste. As for Saul, he made havoc of the church. Acts viii. 3. Ye gods, what havoc does ambition make Among your works! Addison. HAVOC Hav"oc, v. t. Defn: To devastate; to destroy; to lay waste. To waste and havoc yonder world. Milton. HAVOC Hav"oc, interj. Etym: [See Havoc, n.] Defn: A cry in war as the signal for indiscriminate slaughter. Toone. Do not cry havoc, where you should but hunt With modest warrant. Shak. Cry 'havoc,' and let slip the dogs of war! Shak. HAW Haw, n. Etym: [OE. hawe, AS. haga; akin to D. haag headge, G. hag, hecke, Icel. hagi pasture, Sw. hage, Dan. have garden. Haggard, Ha- ha, Haugh, Hedge.] 1. A hedge; an inclosed garden or yard. And eke there was a polecat in his haw. Chaucer. 2. The fruit of the hawthorn. Bacon. HAW Haw, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Anat.) Defn: The third eyelid, or nictitating membrane. See Nictitating membrane, under Nictitate. HAW Haw, n. Etym: [Cf. ha an interjection of wonder, surprise, or hesitation.] Defn: An intermission or hesitation of speech, with a sound somewhat like haw! also, the sound so made. "Hums or haws." Congreve. HAW Haw, v. i. Defn: To stop, in speaking, with a sound like haw; to speak with interruption and hesitation. Cut it short; don't prose -- don't hum and haw. Chesterfield. HAW Haw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Hawing.] Etym: [Written also hoi.] Etym: [Perhaps connected with here, hither; cf., however, F. huhau, hue, interj. used in turning a horse to the right, G. hott, hü, interj. used in calling to a horse.] Defn: To turn to the near side, or toward the driver; -- said of cattle or a team: a word used by teamsters in guiding their teams, and most frequently in the imperative. See Gee. To haw and gee, or To haw and gee about, to go from one thing to another without good reason; to have no settled purpose; to be irresolute or unstable. [Colloq.] HAW Haw, v. t. Defn: To cause to turn, as a team, to the near side, or toward the driver; as, to haw a team of oxen. To haw and gee, or To haw and gee about, to lead this way and that at will; to lead by the nose; to master or control. [Colloq.] HAWAIIAN Ha*wai"ian, a. Defn: Belonging to Hawaii or the Sandwich Islands, or to the people of Hawaii. -- n. Defn: A native of Hawaii. HAWEBAKE Hawe"bake`, n. Defn: Probably, the baked berry of the hawthorn tree, that is, coarse fare. See 1st Haw, 2. [Obs.] Chaucer. HAWFINCH Haw"finch`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common European grosbeak (Coccothraustes vulgaris); -- called also cherry finch, and coble. HAW-HAW Haw-haw", n. Etym: [Duplication of haw a hedge.] Defn: See Ha-ha. HAWHAW Haw*haw", v. i. Etym: [Of imitative origin.] Defn: To laugh boisterously. [Colloq. U. S.] We haw-haw'd, I tell you, for more than half an hour. Major Jack Downing. HAWK Hawk, n. Etym: [OE. hauk (prob. fr. Icel.), havek, AS. hafoc, heafoc; akin to D. havik, OHG. habuh, G. habicht, Icel. haukr, Sw. hök, Dan. hög, prob. from the root of E. heave.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of numerous species and genera of rapacious birds of the family Falconidæ. They differ from the true falcons in lacking the prominent tooth and notch of the bill, and in having shorter and less pointed wings. Many are of large size and grade into the eagles. Some, as the goshawk, were formerly trained like falcons. In a more general sense the word is not infrequently applied, also, to true falcons, as the sparrow hawk, pigeon hawk, duck hawk, and prairie hawk. Note: Among the common American species are the red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis); the red-shouldered (B. lineatus); the broad-winged (B. Pennsylvanicus); the rough-legged (Archibuteo lagopus); the sharp-shinned Accipiter fuscus). See Fishhawk, Goshawk, Marsh hawk, under Marsh, Night hawk, under Night. Bee hawk (Zoöl.), the honey buzzard. -- Eagle hawk. See under Eagle. -- Hawk eagle (Zoöl.), an Asiatic bird of the genus Spizætus, or Limnætus, intermediate between the hawks and eagles. There are several species. -- Hawk fly (Zoöl.), a voracious fly of the family Asilidæ. See Hornet fly, under Hornet. -- Hawk moth. (Zoöl.) See Hawk moth, in the Vocabulary. -- Hawk owl. (Zoöl.) (a) A northern owl (Surnia ulula) of Europe and America. It flies by day, and in some respects resembles the hawks. (b) An owl of India (Ninox scutellatus). -- Hawk's bill (Horology), the pawl for the rack, in the striking mechanism of a clock. HAWK Hawk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hawked; p. pr. & vb. n. Hawking.] 1. To catch, or attempt to catch, birds by means of hawks trained for the purpose, and let loose on the prey; to practice falconry. A falconer Henry is, when Emma hawks. Prior. 2. To make an attack while on the wing; to soar and strike like a hawk; -- generally with at; as, to hawk at flies. Dryden. A falcon, towering in her pride of place, Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed. Shak. HAWK Hawk, v. i. Etym: [W. hochi.] Defn: To clear the throat with an audible sound by forcing an expiratory current of air through the narrow passage between the depressed soft palate and the root of the tongue, thus aiding in the removal of foreign substances. HAWK Hawk, v. t. Defn: To raise by hawking, as phlegm. HAWK Hawk, n. Etym: [W. hoch.] Defn: An effort to force up phlegm from the throat, accompanied with noise. HAWK Hawk, v. t. Etym: [Akin to D. hauker a hawker, G. höken, höcken, to higgle, to retail, höke, höker, a higgler, huckster. See Huckster.] Defn: To offer for sale by outcry in the street; to carry (merchandise) about from place to place for sale; to peddle; as, to hawk goods or pamphlets. His works were hawked in every street. Swift. HAWK Hawk, n. (Masonry) Defn: A small board, with a handle on the under side, to hold mortar. Hawk boy, an attendant on a plasterer to supply him with mortar. HAWKBILL Hawk"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), which yields the best quality of tortoise shell; -- called also caret. HAWKBIT Hawk"bit`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The fall dandelion (Leontodon autumnale). HAWKED Hawked, a. Defn: Curved like a hawk's bill; crooked. HAWKER Hawk"er, n. Defn: One who sells wares by crying them in the street; hence, a peddler or a packman. HAWKER Hawk"er, v. i. Defn: To sell goods by outcry in the street. [Obs.] Hudibras. HAWKER Hawk"er, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. hafecere. See 1st Hawk.] Defn: A falconer. HAWKEY Hawk"ey, n. Defn: See Hockey. Holloway. HAWK-EYED Hawk"-eyed`, a. Defn: Having a keen eye; sharpsighted; discerning. HAWKEYE STATE Hawk"eye` State. Defn: Iowa; -- a nickname of obscure origin. HAWK MOTH Hawk" moth`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any moth of the family Sphingidæ, of which there are numerous genera and species. They are large, handsome moths, which fly mostly at twilight and hover about flowers like a humming bird, sucking the honey by means of a long, slender proboscis. The larvæ are large, hairless caterpillars ornamented with green and other bright colors, and often with a caudal spine. See Sphinx, also Tobacco worm, and Tomato worm. Tobacco Hawk Moth (Macrosila Carolina), and its Larva, the Tobacco Worm. Note: The larvæ of several species of hawk moths feed on grapevines. The elm-tree hawk moth is Ceratomia Amyntor. HAWKWEED Hawk"weed`, n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Hieracium; -- so called from the ancient belief that birds of prey used its juice to strengthen their vision. (b) A plant of the genus Senecio (S. hieracifolius). Loudon. HAWM Hawm, n. Defn: See Haulm, straw. HAWM Hawm, v. i. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: To lounge; to loiter. [Prov. Eng.] Tennyson. HAWSE Hawse, n. Etym: [Orig. a hawse hole, or hole in the ship; cf. Icel. hals, hals, neck, part of the bows of a ship, AS. heals neck. See Collar, and cf. Halse to embrace.] 1. A hawse hole. Harris. 2. (Naut.) (a) The situation of the cables when a vessel is moored with two anchors, one on the starboard, the other on the port bow. (b) The distance ahead to which the cables usually extend; as, the ship has a clear or open hawse, or a foul hawse; to anchor in our hawse, or athwart hawse. (c) That part of a vessel's bow in which are the hawse holes for the cables. Athwart hawse. See under Athwart. -- Foul hawse, a hawse in which the cables cross each other, or are twisted together. -- Hawse block, a block used to stop up a hawse hole at sea; -- called also hawse plug. -- Hawse hole, a hole in the bow of a ship, through which a cable passes. -- Hawse piece, one of the foremost timbers of a ship, through which the hawse hole is cut. -- Hawse plug. Same as Hawse block (above). -- To come in at the hawse holes, to enter the naval service at the lowest grade. [Cant] -- To freshen the hawse, to veer out a little more cable and bring the chafe and strain on another part. HAWSER Haws"er, n. Etym: [From F. hausser to hausserée towpath, towing, F. haussière hawser), LL. altiare, fr. L. altus high. See Haughty.] Defn: A large rope made of three strands each containing many yarns. Note: Three hawsers twisted together make a cable; but it nautical usage the distinction between cable and hawser is often one of size rather than of manufacture. Hawser iron, a calking iron. HAWSER-LAID Haws"er-laid`, a. Defn: Made in the manner of a hawser. Cf. Cable-laid, and see Illust. of Cordage. HAWTHORN Haw"thorn`, n. Etym: [AS. hagaborn, hæg. See Haw a hedge, and Thorn.] (Bot.) Defn: A thorny shrub or tree (the Cratægus oxyacantha), having deeply lobed, shining leaves, small, roselike, fragrant flowers, and a fruit called haw. It is much used in Europe for hedges, and for standards in gardens. The American hawthorn is Cratægus cordata, which has the leaves but little lobed. Gives not the hawthorn bush a sweeter shade To shepherds Shak. HAY Hay, n. Etym: [AS. hege: cf. F. haie, of German origin. See Haw a hedge, Hedge.] 1. A hedge. [Obs.] 2. A net set around the haunt of an animal, especially of a rabbit. Rowe. To dance the hay, to dance in a ring. Shak. HAY Hay, v. i. Defn: To lay snares for rabbits. Huloet. HAY Hay, n. Etym: [OE. hei, AS. h; akin to D. kooi, OHG. hewi, houwi, G. heu, Dan. & Sw. hö, Icel. hey, ha, Goth. hawi grass, fr. the root of E. hew. See Hew to cut. ] Defn: Grass cut and cured for fodder. Make hay while the sun shines. Camden. Hay may be dried too much as well as too little. C. L. Flint. Hay cap, a canvas covering for a haycock. -- Hay fever (Med.), nasal catarrh accompanied with fever, and sometimes with paroxysms of dyspnoea, to which some persons are subject in the spring and summer seasons. It has been attributed to the effluvium from hay, and to the pollen of certain plants. It is also called hay asthma, hay cold, and rose fever. -- Hay knife, a sharp instrument used in cutting hay out of a stack or mow. -- Hay press, a press for baling loose hay. -- Hay tea, the juice of hay extracted by boiling, used as food for cattle, etc. -- Hay tedder, a machine for spreading and turning newmown hay. See Tedder. HAY Hay, v. i. Defn: To cut and cure grass for hay. HAYBIRD Hay"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The European spotted flycatcher. (b) The European blackcap. HAYBOTE Hay"bote`, n. Etym: [See Hay hedge, and Bote, and cf. Hedgebote.] (Eng. Law.) Defn: An allowance of wood to a tenant for repairing his hedges or fences; hedgebote. See Bote. Blackstone. HAYCOCK Hay"cock`, n. Defn: A conical pile or hear of hay in the field. The tanned haycock in the mead. Milton. HAY-CUTTER Hay"-cut`ter, n. Defn: A machine in which hay is chopped short, as fodder for cattle. HAYFIELD Hay"field`, n. Defn: A field where grass for hay has been cut; a meadow. Cowper. HAYFORK Hay"fork`, n. Defn: A fork for pitching and tedding hay. Horse hayfork, a contrivance for unloading hay from the cart and depositing it in the loft, or on a mow, by horse power. HAYLOFT Hay"loft`, n. Defn: A loft or scaffold for hay. HAYMAKER Hay"mak`er, n. 1. One who cuts and cures hay. 2. A machine for curing hay in rainy weather. HAYMAKING Hay"mak`ing, n. Defn: The operation or work of cutting grass and curing it for hay. HAYMOW Hay"mow`, n. 1. A mow or mass of hay laid up in a barn for preservation. 2. The place in a barn where hay is deposited. HAYRACK Hay"rack`, n. Defn: A frame mounted on the running gear of a wagon, and used in hauling hay, straw, sheaves, etc.; -- called also hay rigging. HAYRAKE Hay"rake`, n. Defn: A rake for collecting hay; especially, a large rake drawn by a horse or horses. HAYRICK Hay"rick, n. Defn: A heap or pile of hay, usually covered with thatch for preservation in the open air. HAYSTACK Hay"stack`, n. Defn: A stack or conical pile of hay in the open air. HAYSTALK Hay"stalk`, n. Defn: A stalk of hay. HAYTHORN Hay"thorn`, n. Defn: Hawthorn. R. Scot. HAYTIAN Hay"ti*an, a. Defn: Of pertaining to Hayti. -- n. Defn: A native of Hayti. [Written also Haitian.] HAYWARD Hay"ward, n. Etym: [Hay a hedge + ward.] Defn: An officer who is appointed to guard hedges, and to keep cattle from breaking or cropping them, and whose further duty it is to impound animals found running at large. HAZARD Haz"ard, n. Etym: [F. hazard, Sp. azar an unforeseen disaster or accident, an unfortunate card or throw at dice, prob. fr. Ar. zahr, zar, a die, which, with the article al the, would give azzahr, azzar.] 1. A game of chance played with dice. Chaucer. 2. The uncertain result of throwing a die; hence, a fortuitous event; chance; accident; casualty. I will stand the hazard of the die. Shak. 3. Risk; danger; peril; as, he encountered the enemy at the hazard of his reputation and life. Men are led on from one stage of life to another in a condition of the utmost hazard. Rogers 4. (Billiards Defn: Holing a ball, whether the object ball (winning hazard) or the player's ball (losing hazard). 5. Anything that is hazarded or risked, as the stakes in gaming. "Your latter hazard." Shak. Hazard table, a a table on which hazard is played, or any game of chance for stakes. -- To ru, to take the chance or risk. Syn. -- Danger; risk; chance. See Danger. HAZARD Haz"ard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hazarded; p. pr. & vb. Hazarding.] Etym: [Cf. F. hazarder. See Hazard, n.] 1. To expose to the operation of chance; to put in danger of loss or injury; to venture; to risk. Men hazard nothing by a course of evangelical obedience. John Clarke. He hazards his neck to the halter. Fuller. 2. To venture to incur, or bring on. I hazarded the loss of whom I loved. Shak. They hazard to cut their feet. Landor. Syn. -- To venture; risk; jeopard; peril; endanger. HAZARD Haz"ard, v. i. Defn: To try the chance; to encounter risk or danger. Shak. HAZARDABLE Haz"ard*a*ble, a. 1. Liable to hazard or chance; uncertain; risky. Sir T. Browne. 2. Such as can be hazarded or risked. HAZARDER Haz"ard*er, n. 1. A player at the game of hazard; a gamester. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. One who hazards or ventures. HAZARDIZE Haz"ard*ize, n. Defn: A hazardous attempt or situation; hazard. [Obs.] Herself had run into that hazardize. Spenser. HAZARDOUS Haz"ard*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hasardeux.] Defn: Exposed to hazard; dangerous; risky. To enterprise so hazardous and high! Milton. Syn. -- Perilous; dangerous; bold; daring; adventurous; venturesome; precarious; uncertain. -- Haz"ard*ous*ly, adv. -- Haz"ard*ous*ness, n. HAZARDRY Haz"ard*ry, n. 1. Playing at hazard; gaming; gambling. [R.] Chaucer. 2. Rashness; temerity. [R.] Spenser. HAZE Haze, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. höss gray; akin to AS. hasu, heasu, gray; or Armor. aézen, ézen, warm vapor, exhalation, zephyr.] Defn: Light vapor or smoke in the air which more or less impedes vision, with little or no dampness; a lack of transparency in the air; hence, figuratively, obscurity; dimness. O'er the sky The silvery haze of summer drawn. Tennyson. Above the world's uncertain haze. Keble. HAZE Haze, v. i. Defn: To be hazy, or tick with haze. Ray. HAZE Haze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hazed; p. pr. & vb. n. Hazing.] [Also haze.] Etym: [Cf. Sw. haza to hamstring, fr. has hough, OD. hæssen ham.] 1. To harass by exacting unnecessary, disagreeable, or difficult work. 2. To harass or annoy by playing abusive or shameful tricks upon; to humiliate by practical jokes; -- used esp. of college students; as, the sophomores hazed a freshman. HAZEL Ha"zel, n. Etym: [OE. hasel, AS. hæsel; akin to D. hazelaar, G. hazel, OHG. hasal, hasala, Icel. hasl, Dan & Sw. hassel, L. corylus, for cosylus.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A shrub or small tree of the genus Corylus, as the C. avellana, bearing a nut containing a kernel of a mild, farinaceous taste; the filbert. The American species are C. Americana, which produces the common hazelnut, and C. rostrata. See Filbert. Gray. 2. A miner's name for freestone. Raymond. Hazel earth, soil suitable for the hazel; a fertile loam. -- Hazel grouse (Zoöl.), a European grouse (Bonasa betulina), allied to the American ruffed grouse. -- Hazel hoe, a kind of grub hoe. -- Witch hazel. See Witch-hazel, and Hamamelis. HAZEL Ha"zel, a. 1. Consisting of hazels, or of the wood of the hazel; pertaining to, or derived from, the hazel; as, a hazel wand. I sit me down beside the hazel grove. Keble. 2. Of a light brown color, like the hazelnut. "Thou hast hazel eyes." Shak. HAZELESS Haze"less, a. Defn: Destitute of haze. Tyndall. HAZELLY Ha"zel*ly, a. Defn: Of the color of the hazelnut; of a light brown. Mortimer. HAZELNUT Ha"zel*nut`, n. Etym: [AS. hæselhnutu.] Defn: The nut of the hazel. Shak. HAZELWORT Ha"zel*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The asarabacca. HAZILY Ha"zi*ly, adv. Defn: In a hazy manner; mistily; obscurely; confusedly. HAZINESS Ha"zi*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being hazy. HAZLE Ha"zle, v. t. Defn: To make dry; to dry. [Obs.] HAZY Ha"zy, a. Etym: [From Haze, n.] 1. Thick with haze; somewhat obscured with haze; not clear or transparent. "A tender, hazy brightness." Wordsworth. 2. Obscure; confused; not clear; as, a hazy argument; a hazy intellect. Mrs. Gore. HE He, pron. [nom. He; poss. His; obj. Him; pl. nom. They; poss. Their or Theirs (; obj. Them.] Etym: [AS. h, masc., heó, fem., hit, neut.; pl. hi, or hie, hig; akin to Ofries. hi, D. hij, OS. he, hi, G. heute to-day, Goth. himma, dat. masc., this, hina, accus. masc., and hita, accus. neut., and prob. to L. his this. sq. root183. Cf. It.] 1. The man or male being (or object personified to which the masculine gender is assigned), previously designated; a pronoun of the masculine gender, usually referring to a specified subject already indicated. Thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee. Gen. iii. 16. Thou shalt fear the Lord thy God; him shalt thou serve. Deut. x. 20. 2. Any one; the man or person; -- used indefinitely, and usually followed by a relative pronoun. He that walketh with wise men shall be wise. Prov. xiii. 20. 3. Man; a male; any male person; -- in this sense used substantively. Chaucer. I stand to answer thee, Or any he, the proudest of thy sort. Shak. Note: When a collective noun or a class is referred to, he is of common gender. In early English, he referred to a feminine or neuter noun, or to one in the plural, as well as to noun in the masculine singular. In composition, he denotes a male animal; as, a he-goat. -HEAD -head, suffix. Defn: A variant of -hood. HEAD Head, n. Etym: [OE. hed, heved, heaved, AS. heáfod; akin to D. hoofd, OHG. houbit, G. haupt, Icel. höfu, Sw. hufvud, Dan. hoved, Goth. haubip. The word does not corresponds regularly to L. caput head (cf. E. Chief, Cadet, Capital), and its origin is unknown.] 1. The anterior or superior part of an animal, containing the brain, or chief ganglia of the nervous system, the mouth, and in the higher animals, the chief sensory organs; poll; cephalon. 2. The uppermost, foremost, or most important part of an inanimate object; such a part as may be considered to resemble the head of an animal; often, also, the larger, thicker, or heavier part or extremity, in distinction from the smaller or thinner part, or from the point or edge; as, the head of a cane, a nail, a spear, an ax, a mast, a sail, a ship; that which covers and closes the top or the end of a hollow vessel; as, the head of a cask or a steam boiler. 3. The place where the head should go; as, the head of a bed, of a grave, etc.; the head of a carriage, that is, the hood which covers the head. 4. The most prominent or important member of any organized body; the chief; the leader; as, the head of a college, a school, a church, a state, and the like. "Their princes and heads." Robynson (More's Utopia). The heads of the chief sects of philosophy. Tillotson. Your head I him appoint. Milton. 5. The place or honor, or of command; the most important or foremost position; the front; as, the head of the table; the head of a column of soldiers. An army of fourscore thousand troops, with the duke Marlborough at the head of them. Addison. 6. Each one among many; an individual; -- often used in a plural sense; as, a thousand head of cattle. It there be six millions of people, there are about four acres for every head. Graunt. 7. The seat of the intellect; the brain; the understanding; the mental faculties; as, a good head, that is, a good mind; it never entered his head, it did not occur to him; of his own head, of his own thought or will. Men who had lost both head and heart. Macaulay. 8. The source, fountain, spring, or beginning, as of a stream or river; as, the head of the Nile; hence, the altitude of the source, or the height of the surface, as of water, above a given place, as above an orifice at which it issues, and the pressure resulting from the height or from motion; sometimes also, the quantity in reserve; as, a mill or reservoir has a good head of water, or ten feet head; also, that part of a gulf or bay most remote from the outlet or the sea. 9. A headland; a promontory; as, Gay Head. Shak. 10. A separate part, or topic, of a discourse; a theme to be expanded; a subdivision; as, the heads of a sermon. 11. Culminating point or crisis; hence, strength; force; height. Ere foul sin, gathering head, shall break into corruption. Shak. The indisposition which has long hung upon me, is at last grown to such a head, that it must quickly make an end of me or of itself. Addison. 12. Power; armed force. My lord, my lord, the French have gathered head. Shak. 13. A headdress; a covering of the head; as, a laced head; a head of hair. Swift. 14. An ear of wheat, barley, or of one of the other small cereals. 15. (Bot.) (a) A dense cluster of flowers, as in clover, daisies, thistles; a capitulum. (b) A dense, compact mass of leaves, as in a cabbage or a lettuce plant. 16. The antlers of a deer. 17. A rounded mass of foam which rises on a pot of beer or other effervescing liquor. Mortimer. 18. pl. Defn: Tiles laid at the eaves of a house. Knight. Note: Head is often used adjectively or in self-explaining combinations; as, head gear or headgear, head rest. Cf. Head, a. A buck of the first head, a male fallow deer in its fifth year, when it attains its complete set of antlers. Shak. -- By the head. (Naut.) See under By. -- Elevator head, Feed head, etc. See under Elevator, Feed, etc. -- From head to foot, through the whole length of a man; completely; throughout. "Arm me, audacity, from head to foot." Shak. -- Head and ears, with the whole person; deeply; completely; as, he was head and ears in debt or in trouble. [Colloq.] -- Head fast. (Naut.) See 5th Fast. -- Head kidney (Anat.), the most anterior of the three pairs of embryonic renal organs developed in most vertebrates -- Head money, a capitation tax; a poll tax. Milton. -- Head pence, a poll tax. [Obs.] -- Head sea, a sea that meets the head of a vessel or rolls against her course. -- Head and shoulders. (a) By force; violently; as, to drag one, head and shoulders. "They bring in every figure of speech, head and shoulders." Felton. (b) By the height of the head and shoulders; hence, by a great degree or space; by far; much; as, he is head and shoulders above them. -- Head or tail, this side or that side; this thing or that; -- a phrase used in throwing a coin to decide a choice, guestion, or stake, head being the side of the coin bearing the effigy or principal figure (or, in case there is no head or face on either side, that side which has the date on it), and tail the other side. -- Neither head nor tail, neither beginning nor end; neither this thing nor that; nothing distinct or definite; -- a phrase used in speaking of what is indefinite or confused; as, they made neither head nor tail of the matter. [Colloq.] -- Head wind, a wind that blows in a direction opposite the vessel's course. -- Out one's own head, according to one's own idea; without advice or coöperation of another. Over the head of, beyond the comprehension of. M. Arnold. -- To be out of one's head, to be temporarily insane. -- To come or draw to a head. See under Come, Draw. -- To give (one) the head, or To give head, to let go, or to give up, control; to free from restraint; to give license. "He gave his able horse the head." Shak. "He has so long given his unruly passions their head." South. -- To his head, before his face. "An uncivil answer from a son to a father, from an obliged person to a benefactor, is a greater indecency than if an enemy should storm his house or revile him to his head." Jer. Taylor. -- To lay heads together, to consult; to conspire. -- To lose one's head, to lose presence of mind. -- To make head, or To make head against, to resist with success; to advance. -- To show one's head, to appear. Shak. -- To turn head, to turn the face or front. "The ravishers turn head, the fight renews." Dryden. HEAD Head, a. Defn: Principal; chief; leading; first; as, the head master of a school; the head man of a tribe; a head chorister; a head cook. HEAD Head, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Headed; p. pr. & vb. n. Heading.] 1. To be at the head of; to put one's self at the head of; to lead; to direct; to act as leader to; as, to head an army, an expedition, or a riot. Dryden. 2. To form a head to; to fit or furnish with a head; as, to head a nail. Spenser. 3. To behead; to decapitate. [Obs.] Shak. 4. To cut off the top of; to lop off; as, to head trees. 5. To go in front of; to get in the front of, so as to hinder or stop; to oppose; hence, to check or restrain; as, to head a drove of cattle; to head a person; the wind heads a ship. 6. To set on the head; as, to head a cask. To head off, to intercept; to get before; as, an officer heads off a thief who is escaping. -- To head up, to close, as a cask or barrel, by fitting a head to. HEAD Head, v. i. 1. To originate; to spring; to have its A broad river, that heads in the great Blue Ridge. Adair. 2. To go or point in a certain direction; to tend; as, how does the ship head 3. To form a head; as, this kind of cabbage heads early. HEADACHE Head"ache`, n. Defn: Pain in the head; ceph "Headaches and shivering fits." Macaulay. HEADACHY Head"ach`y, a. Defn: Afflicted with headache. [Colloq.] HEADBAND Head"band`, n. 1. A fillet; a band for the head. "The headbands and the tablets." Is. iii. 20. 2. The band at each end of the back of a book. HEADBOARD Head"board`, n. Defn: A board or boarding which marks or forms the head of anything; as, the headboard of a bed; the headboard of a grave. HEADBOROUGH; HEADBORROW Head"bor*ough, Head"bor*row n. 1. The chief of a frankpledge, tithing, or decennary, consisting of ten families; -- called also borsholder, boroughhead, boroughholder, and sometimes tithingman. See Borsholder. [Eng.] Blackstone. 2. (Modern Law) Defn: A petty constable. [Eng.] HEAD-CHEESE Head"-cheese, n. Defn: A dish made of portions of the head, or head and feet, of swine, cut up fine, seasoned, and pressed into a cheeselike mass. HEADDRESS Head"dress`, n. 1. A covering or ornament for the head; a headtire. Among birds the males very often appear in a most beautiful headdress, whether it be a crest, a comb, a tuft of feathers, or a natural little plume. Addison. 2. A manner of dressing the hair or of adorning it, whether with or without a veil, ribbons, combs, etc. HEADED Head"ed, a. 1. Furnished with a head (commonly as denoting intellectual faculties); -- used in composition; as, clear-headed, long-headed, thick-headed; a many-headed monster. 2. Formed into a head; as, a headed cabbage. HEADER Head"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, heads nails, rivets, etc., esp. a machine for heading. 2. One who heads a movement, a party, or a mob; head; chief; leader. [R.] 3. (Arch.) (a) A brick or stone laid with its shorter face or head in the surface of the wall. (b) In framing, the piece of timber fitted between two trimmers, and supported by them, and carrying the ends of the tailpieces. 4. A reaper for wheat, that cuts off the heads only. 5. A fall or plunge headforemost, as while riding a bicycle, or in bathing; as, to take a header. [Colloq.] HEADFIRST; HEADFOREMOST Head`first", Head`fore"most`, adv. Defn: With the head foremost. HEADFISH Head`fish", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sunfish (Mola). HEAD GEAR; HEADGEAR Head" gear`, or; Head"gear` (, n. 1. Headdress. 2. Apparatus above ground at the mouth of a mine or deep well. HEAD-HUNTER Head"-hunt`er, n. Defn: A member of any tribe or race of savages who have the custom of decapitating human beings and preserving their heads as trophies. The Dyaks of Borneo are the most noted head-hunters. -- Head"-hunt`ing, n. HEADILY Head"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a heady or rash manner; hastily; rashly; obstinately. HEADINESS Head"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being heady. HEADING Head"ing, n. 1. The act or state of one who, or that which, heads; formation of a head. 2. That which stands at the head; title; as, the heading of a paper. 3. Material for the heads of casks, barrels, etc. 4. (Mining.) Defn: A gallery, drift, or adit in a mine; also, the end of a drift or gallery; the vein above a drift. 5. (sewing) Defn: The extension of a line ruffling above the line of stitch. 6. (Masonry) Defn: That end of a stone or brick which is presented outward. Knight. Heading course (Arch.), a course consisting only of headers. See Header, n. 3 (a). -- Heading joint. (a) (Carp.) A joint, as of two or more boards, etc., at right angles to the grain of the wood. (b) (Masonry) A joint between two roussoirs in the same course. HEADLAND Head"land, n. 1. A cape; a promontory; a point of land projecting into the sea or other expanse of water. "Sow the headland with wheat." Shak. 2. A ridge or strip of unplowed at the ends of furrows, or near a fence. Tusser. HEADLESS Head"less, a. Etym: [AS. heáfodleás.] 1. Having no head; beheaded; as, a headless body, neck, or carcass. 2. Destitute of a chief or leader. Sir W. Raleigh. 3. Destitute of understanding or prudence; foolish; rash; obstinate. [Obs.] Witless headiness in judging or headless hardiness in condemning. Spenser. HEADLIGHT Head"light`, n. (Engin.) Defn: A light, with a powerful reflector, placed at the head of a locomotive, or in front of it, to throw light on the track at night, or in going through a dark tunnel. HEADLINE Head"line`, n. 1. (Print.) Defn: The line at the head or top of a page. 2. (Naut.) Defn: See Headrope. HEADLONG Head"long`, adv. Etym: [OE. hedling, hevedlynge; prob. confused with E. long, a. & adv.] 1. With the head foremost; as, to fall headlong. Acts i. 18. 2. Rashly; precipitately; without deliberation. 3. Hastily; without delay or respite. HEADLONG Head"long, a. 1. Rash; precipitate; as, headlong folly. 2. Steep; precipitous. [Poetic] Like a tower upon a headlong rock. Byron. HEAD-LUGGED Head"-lugged`, a. Defn: Lugged or dragged by the head. [R.] "The head-lugged bear." Shak. HEADMAN Head"man`, n.; pl. Headmen. Etym: [AS. heáfodman.] Defn: A head or leading man, especially of a village community. HEADMOLD SHOT; HEADMOULD SHOT Head"mold" shot", Head"mould` shot". (Med.) Defn: An old name for the condition of the skull, in which the bones ride, or are shot, over each other at the sutures. Dunglison. HEADMOST Head"most`, a. Defn: Most advanced; most forward; as, the headmost ship in a fleet. HEADNOTE Head"note`, n. Defn: A note at the head of a page or chapter; in law reports, an abstract of a case, showing the principles involved and the opinion of the court. HEADPAN Head"pan`, n. Etym: [AS. heáfodpanne.] Defn: The brainpan. [Obs.] HEADPIECE Head"piece`, n. 1. Head. In his headpiece he felt a sore pain. Spenser. 2. A cap of defense; especially, an open one, as distinguished from the closed helmet of the Middle Ages. 3. Understanding; mental faculty. Eumenes had the best headpiece of all Alexander's captains. Prideaux. 4. An engraved ornament at the head of a chapter, or of a page. HEADQUARTERS Head"quar`ters, n. pl. Etym: [but sometimes used as a n. sing.] Defn: The quarters or place of residence of any chief officer, as the general in command of an army, or the head of a police force; the place from which orders or instructions are issued; hence, the center of authority or order. The brain, which is the headquarters, or office, of intelligence. Collier. HEADRACE Head"race`, n. Defn: See Race, a water course. HEADROOM Head"room`, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Headway, 2. HEADROPE Head"rope`, n. (Naut.) Defn: That part of a boltrope which is sewed to the upper edge or head of a sail. HEADSAIL Head"sail`, n. (Naut.) Defn: Any sail set forward of the foremast. Totten. HEADSHAKE Head`shake`, n. Defn: A significant shake of the head, commonly as a signal of denial. Shak. HEADSHIP Head"ship, n. Defn: Authority or dignity; chief place. HEADSMAN Heads"man, n; pl. Headsmen (. Defn: An executioner who cuts off heads. Dryden. HEADSPRING Head"spring`, n. Defn: Fountain; source. The headspring of our belief. Stapleton. HEADSTALL Head"stall`, n. Defn: That part of a bridle or halter which encompasses the head. Shak. HEADSTOCK Head"stock`, n. (Mach.) Defn: A part (usually separate from the bed or frame) for supporting some of the principal working parts of a machine; as: (a) The part of a lathe that holds the revolving spindle and its attachments; -- also called poppet head, the opposite corresponding part being called a tailstock. (b) The part of a planing machine that supports the cutter, etc. HEADSTONE Head"stone`, n. 1. The principal stone in a foundation; the chief or corner stone. Ps. cxviii. 22. 2. The stone at the head of a grave. HEADSTRONG Head"strong`, a. 1. Not easily restrained; ungovernable; obstinate; stubborn. Not let headstrong boy my will control. Dryden. 2. Directed by ungovernable will, or proceeding from obstinacy. Dryden. Syn. -- Violent; obstinate; ungovernable; unratable; stubborn; unruly; venturesome; heady. HEADSTRONGNESS Head"strong`ness, n. Defn: Obstinacy. [R.] Gayton. HEADTIRE Head"tire`, n. 1. A headdress. "A headtire of fine linen." 1 Edras iii. 6. 2. The manner of dressing the head, as at a particular time and place. HEADWATER Head"wa`ter, n. Defn: The source and upper part of a stream; -- commonly used in the plural; as, the headwaters of the Missouri. HEADWAY Head"way`, n. 1. The progress made by a ship in motion; hence, progress or success of any kind. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Clear space under an arch, girder, and the like, sufficient to allow of easy passing underneath. HEADWORK Head"work`, n. Defn: Mental labor. HEADY Head"y, a. Etym: [From Head.] 1. Willful; rash; precipitate; hurried on by will or passion; ungovernable. All the talent required is to be hot, to be heady, -- to be violent on one side or the other. Sir W. Temple. 2. Apt to affect the head; intoxicating; strong. The liquor is too heady. Dryden. 3. Violent; impetuous. "A heady currance." Shak. HEAL Heal, v. t. Etym: [See Hele.] Defn: To cover, as a roof, with tiles, slate, lead, or the like. [Obs.] HEAL Heal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Healed; p. pr. & vb. n. Healing.] Etym: [OE. helen, hælen, AS. hælan, fr. hal hale, sound, whole; akin to OS. helian, D. heelen, G. heilen, Goth. hailjan. See Whole.] 1. To make hale, sound, or whole; to cure of a disease, wound, or other derangement; to restore to soundness or health. Speak the word only, and my servant shall be healed. Matt. viii. 8. 2. To remove or subdue; to cause to pass away; to cure; -- said of a disease or a wound. I will heal their backsliding. Hos. xiv. 4. 3. To restore to original purity or integrity. Thus saith the Lord, I have healed these waters. 2 Kings ii. 21. 4. To reconcile, as a breach or difference; to make whole; to free from guilt; as, to heal dissensions. HEAL Heal, v. i. Defn: To grow sound; to return to a sound state; as, the limb heals, or the wound heals; -- sometimes with up or over; as, it will heal up, or over. Those wounds heal ill that men do give themselves. Shak. HEAL Heal, n. Etym: [AS. h, h. See Heal, v. t.] Defn: Health. [Obs.] Chaucer. HEALABLE Heal"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being healed. HEALALL Heal"all`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A common herb of the Mint family (Brunela vulgaris), destitute of active properties, but anciently thought a panacea. HEALD Heald, n. Etym: [CF. Heddle.] Defn: A heddle. Ure. HEALER Heal"er (hel"er), n. Defn: One who, or that which, heals. HEALFUL Heal"ful, a. Defn: Tending or serving to heal; healing. [Obs.] Ecclus. xv. 3. HEALING Heal"ing, a. Defn: Tending to cure; soothing; mollifying; as, the healing art; a healing salve; healing words. Here healing dews and balms abound. Keble. HEALINGLY Heal"ing*ly, adv. Defn: So as to heal or cure. HEALTH Health, n. Etym: [OE. helthe, AS. hhal hale, sound, whole. See Whole.] 1. The state of being hale, sound, or whole, in body, mind, or soul; especially, the state of being free from physical disease or pain. There is no health in us. Book of Common Prayer. Though health may be enjoyed without gratitude, it can not be sported with without loss, or regained by courage. Buckminster. 2. A wish of health and happiness, as in pledging a person in a toast. "Come, love and health to all." Shak. Bill of health. See under Bill. -- Health lift, a machine for exercise, so arranged that a person lifts an increasing weight, or moves a spring of increasing tension, in such a manner that most of the muscles of the body are brought into gradual action; -- also called lifting machine. -- Health officer, one charged with the enforcement of the sanitary laws of a port or other place. -- To drink a health. See under Drink. HEALTHFUL Health"ful, a. 1. Full of health; free from illness or disease; well; whole; sound; healthy; as, a healthful body or mind; a healthful plant. 2. Serving to promote health of body or mind; wholesome; salubrious; salutary; as, a healthful air, diet. The healthful Spirit of thy grace. Book of Common Prayer. 3. Indicating, characterized by, or resulting from, health or soundness; as, a healthful condition. A mind . . . healthful and so well-proportioned. Macaulay. 4. Well-disposed; favorable. [R.] Gave healthful welcome to their shipwrecked guests. Shak. HEALTHFULLY Health"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In health; wholesomely. HEALTHFULNESS Health"ful*ness, n. Defn: The state of being healthful. HEALTHILY Health"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a healthy manner. HEALTHINESS Health"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being healthy or healthful; freedom from disease. HEALTHLESS Health"less, n. 1. Without health, whether of body or mind; in firm. "A healthless or old age." Jer. Taylor. 2. Not conducive to health; unwholesome. [R.] HEALTHLESSNESS Health"less*ness, n. Defn: The state of being health HEALTHSOME Health"some, a. Defn: Wholesome; salubrious. [R.] "Healthsome air." Shak. HEALTHWARD Health"ward, a. & adv. Defn: In the direction of health; as, a healthward tendency. HEALTHY Health"y, a. [Compar. Healthier; superl. Healthiest.] 1. Being in a state of health; enjoying health; hale; sound; free from disease; as, a healthy chid; a healthy plant. His mind was now in a firm and healthy state. Macaulay. 2. Evincing health; as, a healthy pulse; a healthy complexion. 3. Conducive to health; wholesome; salubrious; salutary; as, a healthy exercise; a healthy climate. Syn. -- Vigorous; sound; hale; salubrious; healthful; wholesome; salutary. HEAM Heam, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. cidhamma womb, OD. hamme afterbirth, LG. hamen.] Defn: The afterbirth or secundines of a beast. HEAP Heap, n. Etym: [OE. heep, heap, heap, multitude, AS. heáp; akin to OS. h, D. hoop, OHG. houf, h, G. haufe, haufen, Sw. hop, Dan. hob., Icel. h troop, flock, Russ. kupa heap, crowd, Lith. kaupas. Cf. Hope, in Forlorn hope.] 1. A crowd; a throng; a multitude or great number of persons. [Now Low or Humorous] The wisdom of a heap of learned men. Chaucer. A heap of vassals and slaves. Bacon. He had heaps of friends. W.Black. 2. A great number or large quantity of things not placed in a pile. [Now Low or Humorous] A vast heap, both of places of scripture and quotations. Bp. Burnet. I have noticed a heap of things in my life. R. L. Stevenson. 3. A pile or mass; a collection of things laid in a body, or thrown together so as to form an elevation; as, a heap of earth or stones. Huge heaps of slain around the body rise. Dryden. HEAP Heap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heaped; p. pr. & vb. n. Heaping.] Etym: [AS. heápian.] 1. To collect in great quantity; to amass; to lay up; to accumulate; -- usually with up; as, to heap up treasures. Though he heap up silver as the dust. Job. xxvii. 16. 2. To throw or lay in a heap; to make a heap of; to pile; as, to heap stones; -- often with up; as, to heap up earth; or with on; as, to heap on wood or coal. 3. To form or round into a heap, as in measuring; to fill (a measure) more than even full. HEAPER Heap"er, n. Defn: One who heaps, piles, or amasses. HEAPY Heap"y, a. Defn: Lying in heaps. Gay. HEAR Hear (, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heard; p. pr. & vb. n. Hearing.] Etym: [OE. heren, AS,. hiéran, hran, hran; akin to OS. h, OFries. hera, hora, D. hooren, OHG. h, G. hören, Icel. heyra, Sw: höra, Dan. hore, Goth. hausjan, and perh. to Gr. acoustic. Cf. Hark, Hearken.] 1. To perceive by the ear; to apprehend or take cognizance of by the ear; as, to hear sounds; to hear a voice; to hear one call. Lay thine ear close to the ground, and list if thou canst hear the tread of travelers. Shak. He had been heard to utter an ominous growl. Macaulay. 2. To give audience or attention to; to listen to; to heed; to accept the doctrines or advice of; to obey; to examine; to try in a judicial court; as, to hear a recitation; to hear a class; the case will be heard to-morrow. 3. To attend, or be present at, as hearer or worshiper; as, to hear a concert; to hear Mass. 4. To give attention to as a teacher or judge. Thy matters are good and right, but there is no man deputed of the king to hear thee. 2 Sam. xv. 3. I beseech your honor to hear me one single word. Shak. 5. To accede to the demand or wishes of; to listen to and answer favorably; to favor. I love the Lord, because he hath heard my voice. Ps. cxvi. 1. They think that they shall be heard for their much speaking. Matt. vi. 7. Hear him. See Remark, under Hear, v. i. -- To hear a bird sing, to receive private communication. [Colloq.] Shak. -- To hear say, to hear one say; to learn by common report; to receive by rumor. [Colloq.] HEAR Hear, v. i. 1. To have the sense or faculty of perceiving sound. "The Hearing ear." Prov. xx. 12. 2. To use the power of perceiving sound; to perceive or apprehend by the ear; to attend; to listen. So spake our mother Eve, and Adam heard, Well pleased, but answered not. Milton. 3. To be informed by oral communication; to be told; to receive information by report or by letter. I have heard, sir, of such a man. Shak. I must hear from thee every day in the hour. Shak. To hear ill, to be blamed. [Obs.] Not only within his own camp, but also now at Rome, he heard ill for his temporizing and slow proceedings. Holland. -- To hear well, to be praised. [Obs.] Note: Hear, or Hear him, is often used in the imperative, especially in the course of a speech in English assemblies, to call attention to the words of the speaker. Hear him, . . . a cry indicative, according to the tone, of admiration, acquiescence, indignation, or derision. Macaulay. HEARD Heard, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Hear. HEARER Hear"er, n. Defn: One who hears; an auditor. HEARING Hear"ing, n. 1. The act or power of perceiving sound; perception of sound; the faculty or sense by which sound is perceived; as, my hearing is good. I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear. Job xlii. 5. Note: Hearing in a special sensation, produced by stimEar. 2. Attention to what is delivered; opportunity to be heard; audience; as, I could not obtain a hearing. 3. A listening to facts and evidence, for the sake of adjudication; a session of a court for considering proofs and determining issues. His last offenses to us Shall have judicious hearing. Shak. Another hearing before some other court. Dryden. Note: Hearing, as applied to equity cases, means the same thing that the word trial does at law. Abbot. 4. Extent within which sound may be heard; sound; earshot. "She's not within hearing." Shak. They laid him by the pleasant shore, And in the hearing of the wave. Tennyson. HEARKEN Heark"en, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hearkened; p. pr. & vb. n. Hearkening.] Etym: [OE. hercnen, hercnien, AS. hercnian, heorcnian, fr. hiéran, h, to hear; akin to OD. harcken, horcken, LG. harken, horken, G. horchen. See Hear, and cf. Hark..] 1. To listen; to lend the ear; to attend to what is uttered; to give heed; to hear, in order to obey or comply. The Furies hearken, and their snakes uncurl. Dryden. Hearken, O Israel, unto the statutes and unto the judgments, which I teach you. Deut. iv. 1. 2. To inquire; to seek information. [Obs.] "Hearken after their offense." Shak. Syn. -- To attend; listen; hear; heed. See Attend, v. i. HEARKEN Heark"en, v. t. 1. To hear by listening. [Archaic] [She] hearkened now and then Some little whispering and soft groaning sound. Spenser. 2. To give heed to; to hear attentively. [Archaic] The King of Naples . . . hearkens my brother's suit. Shak. To hearken out, to search out. [Obs.] If you find none, you must hearken out a vein and buy. B. Johnson. HEARKENER Heark"en*er, n. Defn: One who hearkens; a listener. HEARSAL Hear"sal, n. Defn: Rehearsal. [Obs.] Spenser. HEARSAY Hear"say`, n. Defn: Report; rumor; fame; common talk; something heard from another. Much of the obloquy that has so long rested on the memory of our great national poet originated in frivolous hearsays of his life and conversation. Prof. Wilson. Hearsay evidence (Law), that species of testimony which consists in a a narration by one person of matters told him by another. It is, with a few exceptions, inadmissible as testimony. Abbott. HEARSE Hearse, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A hind in the year of its age. [Eng.] Wright. HEARSE Hearse, n. Etym: [See Herse.] 1. A framework of wood or metal placed over the coffin or tomb of a deceased person, and covered with a pall; also, a temporary canopy bearing wax lights and set up in a church, under which the coffin was placed during the funeral ceremonies. [Obs.] Oxf. Gloss. 2. A grave, coffin, tomb, or sepulchral monument. [Archaic] "Underneath this marble hearse." B. Johnson. Beside the hearse a fruitful palm tree grows. Fairfax Who lies beneath this sculptured hearse. Longfellow. 3. A bier or handbarrow for conveying the dead to the grave. [Obs.] Set down, set down your honorable load, It honor may be shrouded in a hearse. Shak. 4. A carriage specially adapted or used for conveying the dead to the grave. HEARSE Hearse, v. t. Defn: To inclose in a hearse; to entomb. [Obs.] "Would she were hearsed at my foot." Shak. HEARSECLOTH Hearse"cloth`, n. Defn: A cloth for covering a coffin when on a bier; a pall. Bp. Sanderson. HEARSELIKE Hearse"like", a. Defn: Suitable to a funeral. If you listen to David's harp, you shall hear as many hearselike airs as carols. Bacon. HEART Heart, n. Etym: [OE. harte, herte, heorte, AS. heorte; akin to OS. herta, OFies. hirte, D. hart, OHG. herza, G. herz, Icel. hjarta, Sw. hjerta, Goth. haírt, Lith. szirdis, Russ. serdtse, Ir. cridhe, L. cor, Gr. Accord, Discord, Cordial, 4th Core, Courage.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. Why does my blood thus muster to my heart! Shak. Note: In adult mammals and birds, the heart is four-chambered, the right auricle and ventricle being completely separated from the left auricle and ventricle; and the blood flows from the systematic veins to the right auricle, thence to the right ventricle, from which it is forced to the lungs, then returned to the left auricle, thence passes to the left ventricle, from which it is driven into the systematic arteries. See Illust. under Aorta. In fishes there are but one auricle and one ventricle, the blood being pumped from the ventricle through the gills to the system, and thence returned to the auricle. In most amphibians and reptiles, the separation of the auricles is partial or complete, and in reptiles the ventricles also are separated more or less completely. The so-called lymph hearts, found in many amphibians, reptiles, and birds, are contractile sacs, which pump the lymph into the veins. 2. The seat of the affections or sensibilities, collectively or separately, as love, hate, joy, grief, courage, and the like; rarely, the seat of the understanding or will; -- usually in a good sense, when no epithet is expressed; the better or lovelier part of our nature; the spring of all our actions and purposes; the seat of moral life and character; the moral affections and character itself; the individual disposition and character; as, a good, tender, loving, bad, hard, or selfish heart. Hearts are dust, hearts' loves remain. Emerson. 3. The nearest the middle or center; the part most hidden and within; the inmost or most essential part of any body or system; the source of life and motion in any organization; the chief or vital portion; the center of activity, or of energetic or efficient action; as, the heart of a country, of a tree, etc. Exploits done in the heart of France. Shak. Peace subsisting at the heart Of endless agitation. Wordsworth. 4. Courage; courageous purpose; spirit. Eve, recovering heart, replied. Milton. The expelled nations take heart, and when they fly from one country invade another. Sir W. Temple. 5. Vigorous and efficient activity; power of fertile production; condition of the soil, whether good or bad. That the spent earth may gather heart again. Dryden. 6. That which resembles a heart in shape; especially, a roundish or oval figure or object having an obtuse point at one end, and at the other a corresponding indentation, -- used as a symbol or representative of the heart. 7. One of a series of playing cards, distinguished by the figure or figures of a heart; as, hearts are trumps. 8. Vital part; secret meaning; real intention. And then show you the heart of my message. Shak. 9. A term of affectionate or kindly and familiar address. "I speak to thee, my heart." Shak. Note: Heart is used in many compounds, the most of which need no special explanation; as, heart-appalling, heart-breaking, heart- cheering, heart-chilled, heart-expanding, heart-free, heart-hardened, heart-heavy, heart-purifying, heart-searching, heart-sickening, heart-sinking, heart-stirring, heart-touching, heart-wearing, heart- whole, heart-wounding, heart-wringing, etc. After one's own heart, conforming with one's inmost approval and desire; as, a friend after my own heart. The Lord hath sought him a man after his own heart. 1 Sam. xiii. 14. -- At heart, in the inmost character or disposition; at bottom; really; as, he is at heart a good man. -- By heart, in the closest or most thorough manner; as, to know or learn by heart. "Composing songs, for fools to get by heart" (that is, to commit to memory, or to learn thoroughly). Pope. -- For my heart, for my life; if my life were at stake. [Obs.] "I could not get him for my heart to do it." Shak. -- Heart bond (Masonry), a bond in which no header stone stretches across the wall, but two headers meet in the middle, and their joint is covered by another stone laid header fashion. Knight. -- Heart and hand, with enthusiastic coöperation. -- Heart hardness, hardness of heart; callousness of feeling; moral insensibility. Shak. -- Heart heaviness, depression of spirits. Shak. -- Heart point (Her.), the fess point. See Escutcheon. -- Heart rising, a rising of the heart, as in opposition. -- Heart shell (Zoöl.), any marine, bivalve shell of the genus Cardium and allied genera, having a heart-shaped shell; esp., the European Isocardia cor; -- called also heart cockle. -- Heart sickness, extreme depression of spirits. -- Heart and soul, with the utmost earnestness. -- Heart urchin (Zoöl.), any heartshaped, spatangoid sea urchin. See Spatangoid. -- Heart wheel, a form of cam, shaped like a heart. See Cam. -- In good heart, in good courage; in good hope. -- Out of heart, discouraged. -- Poor heart, an exclamation of pity. -- To break the heart of. (a) To bring to despair or hopeless grief; to cause to be utterly cast down by sorrow. (b) To bring almost to completion; to finish very nearly; -- said of anything undertaken; as, he has broken the heart of the task. -- To find in the heart, to be willing or disposed. "I could find in my heart to ask your pardon." Sir P. Sidney. -- To have at heart, to desire (anything) earnestly. -- To have in the heart, to purpose; to design or intend to do. -- To have the heart in the mouth, to be much frightened. -- To lose heart, to become discouraged. -- To lose one's heart, to fall in love. -- To set the heart at rest, to put one's self at ease. -- To set the heart upon, to fix the desires on; to long for earnestly; to be very fond of. -- To take heart of grace, to take courage. -- To take to heart, to grieve over. -- To wear one's heart upon one's sleeve, to expose one's feelings or intentions; to be frank or impulsive. -- With all one's whole heart, very earnestly; fully; completely; devotedly. HEART Heart, v. t. Defn: To give heart to; to hearten; to encourage; to inspirit. [Obs.] My cause is hearted; thine hath no less reason. Shak. HEART Heart, v. i. Defn: To form a compact center or heart; as, a hearting cabbage. HEARTACHE Heart"ache`, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. heortece.] Defn: Sorrow; anguish of mind; mental pang. Shak. HEARTBREAK Heart"break`, n. Defn: Crushing sorrow or grief; a yielding to such grief. Shak. HEARTBREAKING Heart"break`ing, a. Defn: Causing overpowering sorrow. HEARTBROKEN Heart"bro`ken, a. Defn: Overcome by crushing sorrow; deeply grieved. HEARTBURN Heart"burn`, n. (Med.) Defn: An uneasy, burning sensation in the stomach, often attended with an inclination to vomit. It is sometimes idiopathic, but is often a symptom of often complaints. HEARTBURNED Heart"burned`, a. Defn: Having heartburn. Shak. HEARTBURNING Heart"burn`ing, a. Defn: Causing discontent. HEARTBURNING Heart"burn`ing, n. 1. (Med.) Defn: Same as Heartburn. 2. Discontent; secret enmity. Swift. The transaction did not fail to leave heartburnings. Palfrey. HEARTDEAR Heart"dear`, a. Defn: Sincerely beloved. [R.] Shak. HEARTDEEP Heart"deep`, a. Defn: Rooted in the heart. Herbert. HEART-EATING Heart"-eat`ing, a. Defn: Preying on the heart. HEARTED Heart"ed, a. 1. Having a heart; having (such) a heart (regarded as the seat of the affections, disposition, or character). 2. Shaped like a heart; cordate. [R.] Landor. 3. Seated or laid up in the heart. I hate the Moor: my cause is hearted. Shak. Note: This word is chiefly used in composition; as, hard-hearted, faint-hearted, kind-hearted, lion-hearted, stout-hearted, etc. Hence the nouns hard-heartedness, faint-heartedness, etc. HEARTEDNESS Heart"ed*ness, n. Defn: Earnestness; sincerity; heartiness. [R.] Clarendon. Note: See also the Note under Hearted. The analysis of the compounds gives hard-hearted + -ness, rather than hard + heartedness, etc. HEARTEN Heart"en, v. t. Etym: [From Heart.] 1. To encourage; to animate; to incite or stimulate the courage of; to embolden. Hearten those that fight in your defense. Shak. 2. To restore fertility or strength to, as to land. HEARTENER Heart"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, heartens, animates, or stirs up. W. Browne. HEARTFELT Heart"felt`, a. Defn: Hearty; sincere. HEARTGRIEF Heart"grief`, n. Defn: Heartache; sorrow. Milton. HEARTH Hearth, n. Etym: [OE. harthe, herth, herthe, AS. heor; akin to D. haard, heerd, Sw. härd, G. herd; cf. Goth. haúri a coal, Icel. hyrr embers, and L. cremare to burn.] 1. The pavement or floor of brick, stone, or metal in a chimney, on which a fire is made; the floor of a fireplace; also, a corresponding part of a stove. There was a fire on the hearth burning before him. Jer. xxxvi. 22. Where fires thou find'st unraked and hearths unswept. There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry. Shak. 2. The house itself, as the abode of comfort to its inmates and of hospitality to strangers; fireside. 3. (Metal. & Manuf.) Defn: The floor of a furnace, on which the material to be heated lies, or the lowest part of a melting furnace, into which the melted material settles. Hearth ends (Metal.), fragments of lead ore ejected from the furnace by the blast. -- Hearth money, Hearth penny Etym: [AS. heoredhpening], a tax formerly laid in England on hearths, each hearth (in all houses paying the church and poor rates) being taxed at two shillings; -- called also chimney money, etc. He had been importuned by the common people to relieve them from the . . . burden of the hearth money. Macaulay. HEARTHSTONE Hearth"stone`, n. Defn: Stone forming the hearth; hence, the fireside; home. Chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone. A. Lincoln. HEARTILY Heart"i*ly, adv. Etym: [From Hearty.] 1. From the heart; with all the heart; with sincerity. I heartily forgive them. Shak. 2. With zeal; actively; vigorously; willingly; cordially; as, he heartily assisted the prince. To eat heartily, to eat freely and with relish. Addison. Syn. -- Sincerely; cordially; zealously; vigorously; actively; warmly; eagerly; ardently; earnestly. HEARTINESS Heart"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being hearty; as, the heartiness of a greeting. HEARTLESS Heart"less, a. 1. Without a heart. You have left me heartess; mine is in your bosom. J. Webster. 2. Destitute of courage; spiritless; despodent. Heartless they fought, and quitted soon their ground. Dryden. Heartless and melancholy. W. Irwing. 3. Destitute of feeling or affection; unsympathetic; cruel. "The heartless parasites." Byron. -- Heart"less*ly, adv. -- Heart"less*ness, n. HEARTLET Heart"let, n.. Defn: A little heart. HEARTLINGS Heart"lings, interj. Defn: An exclamation used in addressing a familiar acquaintance. [Obs.] Shak. HEARTPEA Heart"pea`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Heartseed. HEARTQUAKE Heart"quake`, n. Defn: Trembling of the heart; trepidation; fear. In many an hour of danger and heartquake. Hawthorne. HEARTRENDING Heart"rend`ing, a. Defn: Causing intense grief; overpowering with anguish; very distressing. HEART-ROBBING Heart"-rob`bing, a. 1. Depriving of thought; ecstatic. "Heart-robbing gladness." Spenser. 2. Stealing the heart or affections; winning. HEART'S-EASE Heart's"-ease`, n. 1. Ease of heart; peace or tranquillity of mind or feeling. Shak. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A species of violet (Viola tricolor); -- called also pansy. HEARTSEED Heart"seed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A climbing plant of the genus Cardiospermum, having round seeds which are marked with a spot like a heart. Loudon. HEARTSHAPED Heart"shaped` (, a. Defn: Having the shape of a heart; cordate. HEARTSICK Heart"sick`, a. Etym: [AS. heoriseóc.] Defn: Sick at heart; extremely depressed in spirits; very despondent. HEARTSOME Heart"some, a. Defn: Merry; cheerful; lively. [Scot.] HEART-SPOON Heart"-spoon`, n. Defn: A part of the breastbone. [Obs.] He feeleth through the herte-spon the pricke. Chaucer. HEARTSTRICKEN Heart"strick`en, a. Defn: Shocked; dismayed. HEARTSTRIKE Heart"strike`, v. t. Defn: To affect at heart; to shock. [R.] "The seek to heartstrike us." B. Jonson. HEARTSTRING Heart"string`, n. Defn: A nerve or tendon, supposed to brace and sustain the heart. Shak. Sobbing, as if a hearstring broke. Moore. HEARTSTRUCK Heart"struck`, a. 1. Driven to the heart; infixed in the mind. "His heartstruck injuries." Shak. 2. Shocked with pain, fear, or remorse; dismayed; heartstricken. Milton. HEARTSWELLING Heart"swell`ing, a. Defn: Rankling in, or swelling, the heart. "Heartswelling hate." Spenser. HEART-WHOLE Heart"-whole`, a. Etym: [See Whole.] 1. Having the heart or affections free; not in love. Shak. 2. With unbroken courage; undismayed. 3. Of a single and sincere heart. If he keeps heart-whole towards his Master. Bunyan. HEARTWOOD Heart"wood`, n. Defn: The hard, central part of the trunk of a tree, consisting of the old and matured wood, and usually differing in color from the outer layers. It is technically known as duramen, and distinguished from the softer sapwood or alburnum. HEART-WOUNDED Heart"-wound`ed, a. Defn: Wounded to the heart with love or grief. Pope. HEARTY Heart"y, a. [Compar. Heartier; superl. Heartiest.] 1. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, the heart; warm; cordial; bold; zealous; sincere; willing; also, energetic; active; eager; as, a hearty welcome; hearty in supporting the government. Full of hearty tears For our good father's loss. Marston. 2. Exhibiting strength; sound; healthy; firm; not weak; as, a hearty timber. 3. Promoting strength; nourishing; rich; abundant; as, hearty food; a hearty meal. Syn. -- Sincere; real; unfeigned; undissembled; cordial; earnest; warm; zealous; ardent; eager; active; vigorous. -- Hearty, Cordial, Sincere. Hearty implies honesty and simplicity of feelings and manners; cordial refers to the warmth and liveliness with which the feelings are expressed; sincere implies that this expression corresponds to the real sentiments of the heart. A man should be hearty in his attachment to his friends, cordial in his reception of them to his house, and sincere in his offers to assist them. HEARTY Heart"y, n.; pl. Hearties (. Defn: Comrade; boon companion; good fellow; -- a term of familiar address and fellowship among sailors. Dickens. HEARTYHALE Heart"y*hale`, a. Defn: Good for the heart. [Obs.] HEAT Heat, n. Etym: [OE. hete, hæte, AS. h, h, fr. hat hot; akin to OHG. heizi heat, Dan. hede, Sw. hetta. See Hot.] 1. A force in nature which is recognized in various effects, but especially in the phenomena of fusion and evaporation, and which, as manifested in fire, the sun's rays, mechanical action, chemical combination, etc., becomes directly known to us through the sense of feeling. In its nature heat is a mode if motion, being in general a form of molecular disturbance or vibration. It was formerly supposed to be a subtile, imponderable fluid, to which was given the name caloric. Note: As affecting the human body, heat produces different sensations, which are called by different names, as heat or sensible heat, warmth, cold, etc., according to its degree or amount relatively to the normal temperature of the body. 2. The sensation caused by the force or influence of heat when excessive, or above that which is normal to the human body; the bodily feeling experienced on exposure to fire, the sun's rays, etc.; the reverse of cold. 3. High temperature, as distinguished from low temperature, or cold; as, the heat of summer and the cold of winter; heat of the skin or body in fever, etc. Else how had the world . . . Avoided pinching cold and scorching heat! Milton. 4. Indication of high temperature; appearance, condition, or color of a body, as indicating its temperature; redness; high color; flush; degree of temperature to which something is heated, as indicated by appearance, condition, or otherwise. It has raised . . . heats in their faces. Addison. The heats smiths take of their iron are a blood-red heat, a white- flame heat, and a sparking or welding heat. Moxon. 5. A single complete operation of heating, as at a forge or in a furnace; as, to make a horseshoe in a certain number of heats. 6. A violent action unintermitted; a single effort; a single course in a race that consists of two or more courses; as, he won two heats out of three. Many causes . . . for refreshment betwixt the heats. Dryden. [He] struck off at one heat the matchless tale of "Tam o'Shanter." J. C. Shairp. 7. Utmost violence; rage; vehemence; as, the heat of battle or party. "The heat of their division." Shak. 8. Agitation of mind; inflammation or excitement; exasperation. "The head and hurry of his rage." South. 9. Animation, as in discourse; ardor; fervency. With all the strength and heat of eloquence. Addison. 10. Sexual excitement in animals. 11. Fermentation. Animal heat, Blood heat, Capacity for heat, etc. See under Animal, Blood, etc. -- Atomic heat (Chem.), the product obtained by multiplying the atomic weight of any element by its specific heat. The atomic heat of all solid elements is nearly a constant, the mean value being 6.4. -- Dynamical theory of heat, that theory of heat which assumes it to be, not a peculiar kind of matter, but a peculiar motion of the ultimate particles of matter. Heat engine, any apparatus by which a heated substance, as a heated fluid, is made to perform work by giving motion to mechanism, as a hot-air engine, or a steam engine. -- Heat producers. (Physiol.) See under Food. -- Heat rays, a term formerly applied to the rays near the red end of the spectrum, whether within or beyond the visible spectrum. -- Heat weight (Mech.), the product of any quantity of heat by the mechanical equivalent of heat divided by the absolute temperature; -- called also thermodynamic function, and entropy. -- Mechanical equivalent of heat. See under Equivalent. -- Specific heat of a substance (at any temperature), the number of units of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of the substance at that temperature one degree. -- Unit of heat, the quantity of heat required to raise, by one degree, the temperature of a unit mass of water, initially at a certain standard temperature. The temperature usually employed is that of 0º Centigrade, or 32º Fahrenheit. HEAT Heat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heated; p. pr. & vb. n. Heating.] Etym: [OE. heten, AS. h, fr. hat hot. See Hot.] 1. To make hot; to communicate heat to, or cause to grow warm; as, to heat an oven or furnace, an iron, or the like. Heat me these irons hot. Shak. 2. To excite or make hot by action or emotion; to make feverish. Pray, walk softly; do not heat your blood. Shak. 3. To excite ardor in; to rouse to action; to excite to excess; to inflame, as the passions. A noble emulation heats your breast. Dryden. HEAT Heat, v. i. 1. To grow warm or not by the action of fire or friction, etc., or the communication of heat; as, the iron or the water heats slow. 2. To grow warm or hot by fermentation, or the development of heat by chemical action; as, green hay heats in a mow, and manure in the dunghill. HEAT Heat, Etym: imp. & p. p. of Heat. Defn: Heated; as, the iron though heat red-hot. [Obs. or Archaic.] Shak. HEATER Heat"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, heats. 2. Any contrivance or implement, as a furnace, stove, or other heated body or vessel, etc., used to impart heat to something, or to contain something to be heated. Feed heater. See under Feed. HEATH Heath, n. Etym: [OE. heth waste land, the plant heath, AS. h; akin to D. & G. heide, Icel. hei waste land, Dan. hede, Sw. hed, Goth. haipi field, L. bucetum a cow pasture; cf. W. coed a wood, Skr. ksh field. sq. root20.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A low shrub (Erica, or Calluna, vulgaris), with minute evergreen leaves, and handsome clusters of pink flowers. It is used in Great Britain for brooms, thatch, beds for the poor, and for heating ovens. It is also called heather, and ling. (b) Also, any species of the genus Erica, of which several are European, and many more are South African, some of great beauty. See Illust. of Heather. 2. A place overgrown with heath; any cheerless tract of country overgrown with shrubs or coarse herbage. Their stately growth, though bare, Stands on the blasted heath. Milton Heath cock (Zoöl.), the blackcock. See Heath grouse (below). -- Heath grass (Bot.), a kind of perennial grass, of the genus Triodia (T. decumbens), growing on dry heaths. -- Heath grouse, or Heath game (Zoöl.), a European grouse (Tetrao tetrix), which inhabits heats; -- called also black game, black grouse, heath poult, heath fowl, moor fowl. The male is called, heath cock, and blackcock; the female, heath hen, and gray hen. -- Heath hen. (Zoöl.) See Heath grouse (above). -- Heath pea (bot.), a species of bitter vetch (Lathyris macrorhizus), the tubers of which are eaten, and in Scotland are used to flavor whisky. -- Heath throstle (Zoöl.), a European thrush which frequents heaths; the ring ouzel. HEATHCLAD Heath"clad`, a. Defn: Clad or crowned with heath. HEATHEN Hea"then, n.; pl. Heathens or collectively Heathen. Etym: [OE. hethen, AS. h, prop. an adj. fr. h heath, and orig., therefore, one who lives in the country or on the heaths and in the woods (cf. pagan, fr. pagus village); akin to OS. h, adj., D. heiden a heathen, G. heide, OHG. heidan, Icel. hei, adj., Sw. heden, Goth. haipn, n. fem. See Heath, and cf. Hoiden.] 1. An individual of the pagan or unbelieving nations, or those which worship idols and do not acknowledge the true God; a pagan; an idolater. 2. An irreligious person. If it is no more than a moral discourse, he may preach it and they may hear it, and yet both continue unconverted heathens. V. Knox. The heathen, as the term is used in the Scriptures, all people except the Jews; now used of all people except Christians, Jews, and Mohammedans. Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance. Ps. ii. 8. Syn. -- Pagan; gentile. See Pagan. HEATHEN Hea"then, a. 1. Gentile; pagan; as, a heathen author. "The heathen philosopher." "All in gold, like heathen gods." Shak. 2. Barbarous; unenlightened; heathenish. 3. Irreligious; scoffing. HEATHENDOM Hea"then*dom, n. Etym: [AS. hæedhendom.] 1. That part of the world where heathenism prevails; the heathen nations, considered collectively. 2. Heathenism. C. Kingsley. HEATHENESSE Hea"then*esse, n. Etym: [AS. hæedhennes, i. e., heathenness.] Defn: Heathendom. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sir W. Scott. HEATHENISH Hea"then*ish, a. Etym: [AS. hæedhenisc.] 1. Of or pertaining to the heathen; resembling or characteristic of heathens. "Worse than heathenish crimes." Milton. 2. Rude; uncivilized; savage; cruel. South. 3. Irreligious; as, a heathenish way of living. HEATHENISHLY Hea"then*ish"ly, adv. Defn: In a heathenish manner. HEATHENISHNESS Hea"then*ish*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being heathenish. "The . . . heathenishness and profaneness of most playbooks." Prynne. HEATHENISM Hea"then*ism, n. 1. The religious system or rites of a heathen nation; idolatry; paganism. 2. The manners or morals usually prevalent in a heathen country; ignorance; rudeness; barbarism. HEATHENIZE Hea"then*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heathenized; p. pr. & vb. n. Heathenizing.] Defn: To render heathen or heathenish. Firmin. HEATHENNESS Hea"then*ness, n. Etym: [Cf. Heathenesse.] Defn: State of being heathen or like the heathen. HEATHENRY Hea"then*ry, n. 1. The state, quality, or character of the heathen. Your heathenry and your laziness. C. Kingsley. 2. Heathendom; heathen nations. HEATHER Heath"er (; 277. This is the only pronunciation in Scotland), n. Etym: [See Heath.] Defn: Heath. [Scot.] Gorse and grass And heather, where his footsteps pass, The brighter seem. Longfellow. Heather bell (Bot.), one of the pretty subglobose flowers of two European kinds of heather (Erica Tetralix, and E. cinerea). HEATHERY Heath"er*y, a. Defn: Heathy; abounding in heather; of the nature of heath. HEATHY Heath"y, a. Defn: Full of heath; abounding with heath; as, heathy land; heathy hills. Sir W. Scott. HEATING Heat"ing, a. Defn: That heats or imparts heat; promoting warmth or heat; exciting action; stimulating; as, heating medicines or applications. Heating surface (Steam Boilers), the aggregate surface exposed to fire or to the heated products of combustion, esp. of all the plates or sheets that are exposed to water on their opposite surfaces; -- called also fire surface. HEATINGLY Heat"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a heating manner; so as to make or become hot or heated. HEATLESS Heat"less, a. Defn: Destitute of heat; cold. Beau. & Fl. HEAVE Heave, v. t. [imp. Heaved, or Hove (; p. p. Heaved, Hove, formerly Hoven (; p. pr. & vb. n. Heaving.] Etym: [OE. heven, hebben, As. hebban; akin to OS. hebbian, D. heffen, OHG. heffan, hevan, G. heven, Icel. häfva, Dan. hæve, Goth. hafjan, L. capere to take, seize; cf. Gr. Accept, Behoof, Capacious, Forceps, haft, Receipt.] 1. To cause to move upward or onward by a lifting effort; to lift; to raise; to hoist; -- often with up; as, the wave heaved the boat on land. One heaved ahigh, to be hurled down below. Shak. Note: Heave, as now used, implies that the thing raised is heavy or hard to move; but formerly it was used in a less restricted sense. Here a little child I stand, Heaving up my either hand. Herrick. 2. To throw; to cast; -- obsolete, provincial, or colloquial, except in certain nautical phrases; as, to heave the lead; to heave the log. 3. To force from, or into, any position; to cause to move; also, to throw off; -- mostly used in certain nautical phrases; as, to heave the ship ahead. 4. To raise or force from the breast; to utter with effort; as, to heave a sigh. The wretched animal heaved forth such groans. Shak. 5. To cause to swell or rise, as the breast or bosom. The glittering, finny swarms That heave our friths, and crowd upon our shores. Thomson. To heave a cable short (Naut.), to haul in cable till the ship is almost perpendicularly above the anchor. -- To heave a ship ahead (Naut.), to warp her ahead when not under sail, as by means of cables. -- To heave a ship down (Naut.), to throw or lay her down on one side; to careen her. -- To heave a ship to (Naut.), to bring the ship's head to the wind, and stop her motion. -- To heave about (Naut.), to put about suddenly. -- To heave in (Naut.), to shorten (cable). -- To heave in stays (Naut.), to put a vessel on the other tack. -- To heave out a sail (Naut.), to unfurl it. -- To heave taut (Naut.), to turn a capstan, etc., till the rope becomes strained. See Taut, and Tight. -- To heave the lead (Naut.), to take soundings with lead and line. -- To heave the log. (Naut.) See Log. -- To heave up anchor (Naut.), to raise it from the bottom of the sea or elsewhere. HEAVE Heave, v. i. 1. To be thrown up or raised; to rise upward, as a tower or mound. And the huge columns heave into the sky. Pope. Where heaves the turf in many a moldering heap. Gray. The heaving sods of Bunker Hill. E. Everett. 2. To rise and fall with alternate motions, as the lungs in heavy breathing, as waves in a heavy sea, as ships on the billows, as the earth when broken up by frost, etc.; to swell; to dilate; to expand; to distend; hence, to labor; to struggle. Frequent for breath his panting bosom heaves. Prior. The heaving plain of ocean. Byron. 3. To make an effort to raise, throw, or move anything; to strain to do something difficult. The Church of England had struggled and heaved at a reformation ever since Wyclif's days. Atterbury. 4. To make an effort to vomit; to retch; to vomit. To heave at. (a) To make an effort at. (b) To attack, to oppose. [Obs.] Fuller. -- To heave in sight (as a ship at sea), to come in sight; to appear. -- To heave up, to vomit. [Low] HEAVE Heave, n. 1. An effort to raise something, as a weight, or one's self, or to move something heavy. After many strains and heaves He got up to his saddle eaves. Hudibras. 2. An upward motion; a rising; a swell or distention, as of the breast in difficult breathing, of the waves, of the earth in an earthquake, and the like. There's matter in these sighs, these profound heaves, You must translate. Shak. None could guess whether the next heave of the earthquake would settle . . . or swallow them. Dryden. 3. (Geol.) Defn: A horizontal dislocation in a metallic lode, taking place at an intersection with another lode. HEAVEN Heav"en, n. Etym: [OE. heven, hefen, heofen, AS. heofon; akin to OS. hevan, LG. heben, heven, Icel. hifinn; of uncertain origin, cf. D. hemel, G. himmel, Icel. himmin, Goth. himins; perh. akin to, or influenced by, the root of E. heave, or from a root signifying to cover, cf. Goth. gaham to put on, clothe one's self, G. hemd shirt, and perh. E. chemise.] 1. The expanse of space surrounding the earth; esp., that which seems to be over the earth like a great arch or dome; the firmament; the sky; the place where the sun, moon, and stars appear; -- often used in the plural in this sense. I never saw the heavens so dim by day. Shak. When my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time the sun in heaven. D. Webster. 2. The dwelling place of the Deity; the abode of bliss; the place or state of the blessed after death. Unto the God of love, high heaven's King. Spenser. It is a knell That summons thee to heaven or to hell. Shak. New thoughts of God, new hopes of Heaven. Keble. Note: In this general sense heaven and its corresponding words in other languages have as various definite interpretations as there are phases of religious belief. 3. The sovereign of heaven; God; also, the assembly of the blessed, collectively; -- used variously in this sense, as in No. 2. Her prayers, whom Heaven delights to hear. Shak. The will And high permission of all-ruling Heaven. Milton. 4. Any place of supreme happiness or great comfort; perfect felicity; bliss; a sublime or exalted condition; as, a heaven of delight. "A heaven of beauty." Shak. "The brightest heaven of invention." Shak. O bed! bed! delicious bed! That heaven upon earth to the weary head! Hood. Note: Heaven is very often used, esp. with participles, in forming compound words, most of which need no special explanation; as, heaven-appeasing, heaven-aspiring, heaven-begot, heaven-born, heaven- bred, heaven-conducted, heaven-descended, heaven-directed, heaven- exalted, heaven-given, heaven-guided, heaven-inflicted, heaven- inspired, heaven-instructed, heaven-kissing, heaven-loved, heaven- moving, heaven-protected, heaven-taught, heaven-warring, and the like. HEAVEN Heav"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heavened; p. pr. & vb. n. Heavening.] Defn: To place in happiness or bliss, as if in heaven; to beatify. [R.] We are happy as the bird whose nest Is heavened in the hush of purple hills. G. Massey. HEAVENIZE Heav"en*ize, v. t. Defn: To render like heaven or fit for heaven. [R.] Bp. Hall. HEAVENLINESS Heav"en*li*ness, n. Etym: [From Heavenly.] Defn: The state or quality of being heavenly. Sir J. Davies. HEAVENLY Heav"en*ly, a. Etym: [AS. heofonic.] 1. Pertaining to, resembling, or inhabiting heaven; celestial; not earthly; as, heavenly regions; heavenly music. As is the heavenly, such are they also that are heavenly. 1 Cor. xv. 48. 2. Appropriate to heaven in character or happiness; perfect; pure; supremely blessed; as, a heavenly race; the heavenly, throng. The love of heaven makes one heavenly. Sir P. Sidney. HEAVENLY Heav"en*ly, adv. 1. In a manner resembling that of heaven. "She was heavenly true." Shak. 2. By the influence or agency of heaven. Out heavenly guided soul shall climb. Milton. HEAVENLYMINDED; HEAVENLY-MINDED Heav"en*ly*mind`ed, Heav"en*ly-mind`ed, a. Defn: Having the thoughts and affections placed on, or suitable for, heaven and heavenly objects; devout; godly; pious. Milner. -- Heav"en*ly*mind`ed*ness, n. HEAVENWARD Heav"en*ward, a & adv. Defn: Toward heaven. HEAVE OFFERING Heave" of`fer*ing. (Jewish Antiq.) Defn: An offering or oblation heaved up or elevated before the altar, as the shoulder of the peace offering. See Wave offering. Ex. xxix. 27. HEAVER Heav"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, heaves or lifts; a laborer employed on docks in handling freight; as, a coal heaver. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A bar used as a lever. Totten. HEAVES Heaves, n. Defn: A disease of horses, characterized by difficult breathing, with heaving of the flank, wheezing, flatulency, and a peculiar cough; broken wind. HEAVILY Heav"i*ly, adv. Etym: [From 2d Heavy.] 1. In a heavy manner; with great weight; as, to bear heavily on a thing; to be heavily loaded. Heavily interested in those schemes of emigration. The Century. 2. As if burdened with a great weight; slowly and laboriously; with difficulty; hence, in a slow, difficult, or suffering manner; sorrowfully. And took off their chariot wheels, that they drave them heavily. Ex. xiv. 25. Why looks your grace so heavily to-day Shak. HEAVILY-TRAVELED; HEAVILY TRAVELED heavily-traveled, heavily traveled adj. Defn: subject to much traffic or travel; as, the region's most heavily traveled highways. Syn. -- heavily traveled. [WordNet 1.5] HEAVINESS Heav"i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being heavy in its various senses; weight; sadness; sluggishness; oppression; thickness. HEAVING Heav"ing, n. Defn: A lifting or rising; a swell; a panting or deep sighing. Addison. Shak. HEAVISOME Heav"i*some, a. Defn: Heavy; dull. [Prov.] HEAVY Heav"y, a. Defn: Having the heaves. HEAVY Heav"y, a. [Compar. Heavier; superl. Heaviest.] Etym: [OE. hevi, AS. hefig, fr. hebban to lift, heave; akin to OHG. hebig, hevig, Icel. höfigr, höfugr. See Heave.] 1. Heaved or lifted with labor; not light; weighty; ponderous; as, a heavy stone; hence, sometimes, large in extent, quantity, or effects; as, a heavy fall of rain or snow; a heavy failure; heavy business transactions, etc.; often implying strength; as, a heavy barrier; also, difficult to move; as, a heavy draught. 2. Not easy to bear; burdensome; oppressive; hard to endure or accomplish; hence, grievous, afflictive; as, heavy yokes, expenses, undertakings, trials, news, etc. The hand of the Lord was heavy upon them of Ashdod. 1 Sam. v. 6. The king himself hath a heavy reckoning to make. Shak. Sent hither to impart the heavy news. Wordsworth. Trust him not in matter of heavy consequence. Shak. 3. Laden with that which is weighty; encumbered; burdened; bowed down, either with an actual burden, or with care, grief, pain, disappointment. The heavy [sorrowing] nobles all in council were. Chapman. A light wife doth make a heavy husband. Shak. 4. Slow; sluggish; inactive; or lifeless, dull, inanimate, stupid; as, a heavy gait, looks, manners, style, and the like; a heavy writer or book. Whilst the heavy plowman snores. Shak. Of a heavy, dull, degenerate mind. Dryden. Neither [is] his ear heavy, that it can not hear. Is. lix. 1. 5. Strong; violent; forcible; as, a heavy sea, storm, cannonade, and the like. 6. Loud; deep; -- said of sound; as, heavy thunder. But, hark! that heavy sound breaks in once more. Byron. 7. Dark with clouds, or ready to rain; gloomy; -- said of the sky. 8. Impeding motion; cloggy; clayey; -- said of earth; as, a heavy road, soil, and the like. 9. Not raised or made light; as, heavy bread. 10. Not agreeable to, or suitable for, the stomach; not easily digested; -- said of food. 11. Having much body or strength; -- said of wines, or other liquors. 12. With child; pregnant. [R.] Heavy artillery. (Mil.) (a) Guns of great weight or large caliber, esp. siege, garrison, and seacoast guns. (b) Troops which serve heavy guns. -- Heavy cavalry. See under Cavalry. -- Heavy fire (Mil.), a continuous or destructive cannonading, or discharge of small arms. -- Heavy metal (Mil.), large guns carrying balls of a large size; also, large balls for such guns. -- Heavy metals. (Chem.) See under Metal. -- Heavy weight, in wrestling, boxing, etc., a term applied to the heaviest of the classes into which contestants are divided. Cf. Feather weight (c), under Feather. Note: Heavy is used in composition to form many words which need no special explanation; as, heavy-built, heavy-browed, heavy-gaited, etc. HEAVY Heav"y Defn: , adv. Heavily; -- sometimes used in composition; as, heavy- laden. HEAVY Heav"y, v. t. Defn: To make heavy. [Obs.] Wyclif. HEAVY-ARMED Heav"y-armed`, a. (Mil.) Defn: Wearing heavy or complete armor; carrying heavy arms. HEAVY-HADED Heav"y-had"ed, a. Defn: Clumsy; awkward. HEAVY-HEADED Heav"y-head"ed, a. Defn: Dull; stupid. "Gross heavy-headed fellows." Beau. & Fl. HEAVY SPAR Heav"y spar`. (Min.) Defn: Native barium sulphate or barite, -- so called because of its high specific gravity as compared with other non-metallic minerals. HEBDOMAD Heb"do*mad, n. Etym: [L. hebdomas, -adis, Gr. "ebdoma`s the number seven days, fr. Seven.] Defn: A week; a period of seven days. [R.] Sir T. Browne. HEBDOMADAL; HEBDOMADARY Heb*dom"a*dal, Heb*dom"a*da*ry, a. Etym: [L. hebdomadalis, LL. hebdomadarius: cf. F. hebdomadaire.] Defn: Consisting of seven days, or occurring at intervals of seven days; weekly. HEBDOMADALLY Heb*dom"a*dal*ly, adv. Defn: In periods of seven days; weekly. Lowell. HEBDOMADARY Heb*dom"a*da*ry, n. Etym: [LL. hebdomadarius: cf. F. hebdomadier.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A member of a chapter or convent, whose week it is to officiate in the choir, and perform other services, which, on extraordinary occasions, are performed by the superiors. HEBDOMATICAL Heb`do*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. hebdomaticus, Gr. Defn: Weekly; hebdomadal. [Obs.] HEBE He"be, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. "h`bh youth, "H`bh Hebe.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The goddess of youth, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. She was believed to have the power of restoring youth and beauty to those who had lost them. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An African ape; the hamadryas. HEBEN Heb"en, n. Defn: Ebony. [Obs.] Spenser. HEBENON Heb"e*non, n. Defn: See Henbane. [Obs.] Shak. HEBETATE Heb"e*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hebetated; p. pr. & vb. n. Hebetating.] Etym: [L. hebetatus, p. p. of hebetare to dull. See Hebete.] Defn: To render obtuse; to dull; to blunt; to stupefy; as, to hebetate the intellectual faculties. Southey HEBETATE Heb"e*tate, a. 1. Obtuse; dull. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having a dull or blunt and soft point. Gray. HEBETATION Heb`e*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. hebetatio: cf. F. hébétation.] 1. The act of making blunt, dull, or stupid. 2. The state of being blunted or dulled. HEBETE He*bete", a. Etym: [L. hebes, hebetis, dull, stupid, fr. hebere to be dull.] Defn: Dull; stupid. [Obs.] HEBETUDE Heb"e*tude, n. Etym: [L. hebetudo.] Defn: Dullness; stupidity. Harvey. HEBRAIC He"bra"ic, a. Etym: [L. Hebraicus, Gr. hebraïque. See Hebrew.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Hebrews, or to the language of the Hebrews. HEBRAICALLY He*bra"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: After the manner of the Hebrews or of the Hebrew language. HEBRAISM He"bra*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hébraïsme.] 1. A Hebrew idiom or custom; a peculiar expression or manner of speaking in the Hebrew language. Addison. 2. The type of character of the Hebrews. The governing idea of Hebraism is strictness of conscience. M. Arnold. HEBRAIST He"bra*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hébraïste.] Defn: One versed in the Hebrew language and learning. HEBRAISTIC He`bra*is"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the Hebrew language or idiom. HEBRAISTICALLY He`bra*is"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a Hebraistic sense or form. Which is Hebraistically used in the New Testament. Kitto. HEBRAIZE He"bra*ize, v. t. Etym: [Gr. hébraïser.] Defn: To convert into the Hebrew idiom; to make Hebrew or Hebraistic. J. R. Smith. HEBRAIZE He"bra*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hebraized; p. pr. & vb. n. Hebraizing.] Defn: To speak Hebrew, or to conform to the Hebrew idiom, or to Hebrew customs. HEBREW He"brew, n. Etym: [F. Hébreu, L. Hebraeus, Gr. 'ibhri.] 1. An appellative of Abraham or of one of his descendants, esp. in the line of Jacob; an Israelite; a Jew. There came one that had escaped and told Abram the Hebrew. Gen. xiv. 13. 2. The language of the Hebrews; -- one of the Semitic family of languages. HEBREW He"brew, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Hebrews; as, the Hebrew language or rites. HEBREW CALENDAR Hebrew calendar. Defn: = Jewish calendar. HEBREWESS He"brew*ess, n. Defn: An Israelitish woman. HEBRICIAN He*bri"cian, n. Defn: A Hebraist. [R.] HEBRIDEAN; HEBRIDIAN He*brid"e*an, He*brid"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the islands called Hebrides, west of Scotland. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of the Hebrides. HECATOMB Hec"a*tomb, n. Etym: [L. hecatombe, Gr. hécatombe.] (Antiq.) Defn: A sacrifice of a hundred oxen or cattle at the same time; hence, the sacrifice or slaughter of any large number of victims. Slaughtered hecatombs around them bleed. Addison. More than a human hecatomb. Byron. HECATOMPEDON Hec`a*tom"pe*don, n. Etym: [Gr. (Arch.) Defn: A name given to the old Parthenon at Athens, because measuring 100 Greek feet, probably in the width across the stylobate. HECDECANE Hec"de*cane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A white, semisolid, spermaceti-like hydrocarbon, C16H34, of the paraffin series, found dissolved as an important ingredient of kerosene, and so called because each molecule has sixteen atoms of carbon; -- called also hexadecane. HECK Heck, n. Etym: [See Hatch a half door.] [Written also hack.] 1. The bolt or latch of a door. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A rack for cattle to feed at. [Prov. Eng.] 3. A door, especially one partly of latticework; -- called also heck door. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 4. A latticework contrivance for catching fish. 5. (Weaving) Defn: An apparatus for separating the threads of warps into sets, as they are wound upon the reel from the bobbins, in a warping machine. 6. A bend or winding of a stream. [Prov. Eng.] Half heck, the lower half of a door. -- Heck board, the loose board at the bottom or back of a cart. -- Heck box or frame, that which carries the heck in warping. HECKERISM Heck"er*ism, n. (R. C. Ch.) (a) The teaching of Isaac Thomas Hecker (1819-88), which interprets Catholicism as promoting human aspirations after liberty and truth, and as the religion best suited to the character and institutions of the American people. (b) Improperly, certain views or principles erroneously ascribed to Father Hecker in a French translation of Elliott's Life of Hecker. They were condemned as "Americanism" by the Pope, in a letter to Cardinal Gibbons, January 22, 1899. HECKIMAL Heck"i*mal, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European blue titmouse (Parus coeruleus). [Written also heckimel, hackeymal, hackmall, hagmall, and hickmall.] HECKLE Hec"kle, n. & v. t. Defn: Same as Hackle. HECTARE Hec"tare`, n. Etym: [F., fr. Gr. are an are.] Defn: A measure of area, or superficies, containing a hundred ares, or 10,000 square meters, and equivalent to 2.471 acres. HECTIC Hec"tic, a. Etym: [F. hectique, Gr. sah to overpower, endure; cf. AS. sige, sigor, victory, G. sieg, Goth. sigis. Cf. Scheme.] 1. Habitual; constitutional; pertaining especially to slow waste of animal tissue, as in consumption; as, a hectic type in disease; a hectic flush. 2. In a hectic condition; having hectic fever; consumptive; as, a hectic patient. Hectic fever (Med.), a fever of irritation and debility, occurring usually at a advanced stage of exhausting disease, as a in pulmonary consumption. HECTIC Hec"tic, n. 1. (Med.) Defn: Hectic fever. 2. A hectic flush. It is no living hue, but a strange hectic. Byron. HECTOCOTYLIZED Hec`to*cot"y*lized, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Changed into a hectocotylus; having a hectocotylis. HECTOCOTYLUS Hec`to*cot"y*lus, n.; pl. Hectocotyli. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the arms of the male of most kinds of cephalopods, which is specially modified in various ways to effect the fertilization of the eggs. In a special sense, the greatly modified arm of Argonauta and allied genera, which, after receiving the spermatophores, becomes detached from the male, and attaches itself to the female for reproductive purposes. HECTOGRAM Hec"to*gram, n. Etym: [F. hectogramme, fr. Gr. gramme a gram.] Defn: A measure of weight, containing a hundred grams, or about 3.527 ounces avoirdupois. HECTOGRAMME Hec"to*gramme, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The same as Hectogram. HECTOGRAPH Hec"to*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: A contrivance for multiple copying, by means of a surface of gelatin softened with glycerin. [Written also hectograph.] HECTOLITER; HECTOLITRE Hec"to*li`ter, Hec"to*li`tre, n. Etym: [F. hectolitre, fr. Gr. litre a liter.] Defn: A measure of liquids, containing a hundred liters; equal to a tenth of a cubic meter, nearly 26 HECTOMETER; HECTOMETRE Hec"to*me`ter, Hec"to*me`tre, n. Etym: [F. hectomètre, fr. Gr. mètre a meter.] Defn: A measure of length, equal to a hundred meters. It is equivalent to 328.09 feet. HECTOR Hec"tor, n. Etym: [From the Trojan warrior Hector, the son of Priam.] Defn: A bully; a blustering, turbulent, insolent, fellow; one who vexes or provokes. HECTOR Hec"tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hectored; p. pr. & vb. n. Hectoring.] Defn: To treat with insolence; to threaten; to bully; hence, to torment by words; to tease; to taunt; to worry or irritate by bullying. Dryden. HECTOR Hec"tor, v. i. Defn: To play the bully; to bluster; to be turbulent or insolent. Swift. HECTORISM Hec"to*rism, n. Defn: The disposition or the practice of a hector; a bullying. [R.] HECTORLY Hec"tor*ly, a. Defn: Resembling a hector; blustering; insolent; taunting. "Hectorly, ruffianlike swaggering or huffing." Barrow. HECTOSTERE Hec"to*stere, n. Etym: [F. hectostère; Gr. stère.] Defn: A measure of solidity, containing one hundred cubic meters, and equivalent to 3531.66 English or 3531.05 United States cubic feet. HEDDLE Hed"dle, n.; pl. Heddles. Etym: [Cf. Heald.] (Weaving) Defn: One of the sets of parallel doubled threads which, with mounting, compose the harness employed to guide the warp threads to the lathe or batten in a loom. HEDDLE Hed"dle, v. t. Defn: To draw (the warp thread) through the heddle-eyes, in weaving. HEDDLE-EYE Hed"dle-eye`, n. (Weaving) Defn: The eye or loop formed in each heddle to receive a warp thread. HEDDLING Hed"dling, vb. n. Defn: The act of drawing the warp threads through the heddle-eyes of a weaver's harness; the harness itself. Knight. HEDERACEOUS Hed`er*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. hederaceus, fr. hedera ivy.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, ivy. HEDERAL Hed"er*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ivy. HEDERIC He*der"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the ivy (Hedera); as, hederic acid, an acid of the acetylene series. HEDERIFEROUS Hed`er*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. hedera ivy + -ferous.] Defn: Producing ivy; ivy-bearing. HEDEROSE Hed"er*ose`, a. Etym: [L. hederosus, fr. hedera ivy.] Defn: Pertaining to, or of, ivy; full of ivy. HEDGE Hedge, n. Etym: [OE. hegge, AS. hecg; akin to haga an inclosure, E. haw, AS. hege hedge, E. haybote, D. hegge, OHG. hegga, G. hecke. sq. root12. See Haw a hedge.] Defn: A thicket of bushes, usually thorn bushes; especially, such a thicket planted as a fence between any two portions of land; and also any sort of shrubbery, as evergreens, planted in a line or as a fence; particularly, such a thicket planted round a field to fence it, or in rows to separate the parts of a garden. The roughest berry on the rudest hedge. Shak. Through the verdant maze Of sweetbrier hedges I pursue my walk. Thomson. Note: Hedge, when used adjectively or in composition, often means rustic, outlandish, illiterate, poor, or mean; as, hedge priest; hedgeborn, etc. Hedge bells, Hedge bindweed (Bot.), a climbing plant related to the morning-glory (Convolvulus sepium). -- Hedge bill, a long-handled billhook. -- Hedge garlic (Bot.), a plant of the genus Alliaria. See Garlic mustard, under Garlic. -- Hedge hyssop (Bot.), a bitter herb of the genus Gratiola, the leaves of which are emetic and purgative. -- Hedge marriage, a secret or clandestine marriage, especially one performed by a hedge priest. [Eng.] -- Hedge mustard (Bot.), a plant of the genus Sisymbrium, belonging to the Mustard family. -- Hedge nettle (Bot.), an herb, or under shrub, of the genus Stachys, belonging to the Mint family. It has a nettlelike appearance, though quite harmless. -- Hedge note. (a) The note of a hedge bird. (b) Low, contemptible writing. [Obs.] Dryden. -- Hedge priest, a poor, illiterate priest. Shak. -- Hedge school, an open-air school in the shelter of a hedge, in Ireland; a school for rustics. -- Hedge sparrow (Zoöl.), a European warbler (Accentor modularis) which frequents hedges. Its color is reddish brown, and ash; the wing coverts are tipped with white. Called also chanter, hedge warbler, dunnock, and doney. -- Hedge writer, an insignificant writer, or a writer of low, scurrilous stuff. [Obs.] Swift. -- To breast up a hedge. See under Breast. -- To hang in the hedge, to be at a standstill. "While the business of money hangs in the hedge." Pepys. HEDGE Hedge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hedged; p. pr. & vb. n. Hedging.] 1. To inclose or separate with a hedge; to fence with a thickly set line or thicket of shrubs or small trees; as, to hedge a field or garden. 2. To obstruct, as a road, with a barrier; to hinder from progress or success; -- sometimes with up and out. I will hedge up thy way with thorns. Hos. ii. 6. Lollius Urbius . . . drew another wall . . . to hedge out incursions from the north. Milton. 3. To surround for defense; to guard; to protect; to hem (in). "England, hedged in with the main." Shak. 4. To surround so as to prevent escape. That is a law to hedge in the cuckoo. Locke. To hedge a bet, to bet upon both sides; that is, after having bet on one side, to bet also on the other, thus guarding against loss. HEDGE Hedge, v. i. 1. To shelter one's self from danger, risk, duty, responsibility, etc., as if by hiding in or behind a hedge; to skulk; to slink; to shirk obligations. I myself sometimes, leaving the fear of God on the left hand and hiding mine honor in my necessity, am fain to shuffle, to hedge and to lurch. Shak. 2. (Betting) Defn: To reduce the risk of a wager by making a bet against the side or chance one has bet on. 3. To use reservations and qualifications in one's speech so as to avoid committing one's self to anything definite. The Heroic Stanzas read much more like an elaborate attempt to hedge between the parties than . . . to gain favor from the Roundheads. Saintsbury. HEDGEBORN Hedge"born`, a. Defn: Born under a hedge; of low birth. Shak. HEDGEBOTE Hedge"bote`, n. (Eng. Law) Defn: Same as Haybote. HEDGEHOG Hedge"hog`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European insectivore (Erinaceus Europæus), and other allied species of Asia and Africa, having the hair on the upper part of its body mixed with prickles or spines. It is able to roll itself into a ball so as to present the spines outwardly in every direction. It is nocturnal in its habits, feeding chiefly upon insects. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Canadian porcupine.[U.S] 3. (Bot.) Defn: A species of Medicago (M. intertexta), the pods of which are armed with short spines; -- popularly so called. Loudon. 4. A form of dredging machine. Knight. Hedgehog caterpillar (Zoöl.), the hairy larvæ of several species of bombycid moths, as of the Isabella moth. It curls up like a hedgehog when disturbed. See Woolly bear, and Isabella moth. -- Hedgehog fish (Zoöl.), any spinose plectognath fish, esp. of the genus Diodon; the porcupine fish. -- Hedgehog grass (Bot.), a grass with spiny involucres, growing on sandy shores; burgrass (Cenchrus tribuloides). -- Hedgehog rat (Zoöl.), one of several West Indian rodents, allied to the porcupines, but with ratlike tails, and few quills, or only stiff bristles. The hedgehog rats belong to Capromys, Plagiodon, and allied genera. -- Hedgehog shell (Zoöl.), any spinose, marine, univalve shell of the genus Murex. -- Hedgehog thistle (Bot.), a plant of the Cactus family, globular in form, and covered with spines (Echinocactus). -- Sea hedgehog. See Diodon. HEDGELESS Hedge"less, a. Defn: Having no hedge. HEDGEPIG Hedge"pig`, n. Defn: A young hedgehog. Shak. HEDGER Hedg"er, n. Defn: One who makes or mends hedges; also, one who hedges, as, in betting. HEDGEROW Hedge"row`, n. Defn: A row of shrubs, or trees, planted for inclosure or separation of fields. By hedgerow elms and hillocks green. Milton. HEDGING BILL Hedg"ing bill`. Defn: A hedge bill. See under Hedge. HEDONIC He*don"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Pertaining to pleasure. 2. Of or relating to Hedonism or the Hedonic sect. HEDONICS He*don"ics, n. (Philos.) Defn: That branch of moral philosophy which treats of the relation of duty to pleasure; the science of practical, positive enjoyment or pleasure. J. Grote. HEDONISM Hed"on*ism, n. 1. The doctrine of the Hedonic sect. 2. The ethical theory which finds the explanation and authority of duty in its tendency to give pleasure. HEDONIST Hed"on*ist, n. Defn: One who believes in hedonism. HEDONISTIC Hed`o*nis"tic, a. Defn: Same as Hedonic, 2. HEED Heed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Heeding.] Etym: [OE. heden, AS. h; akin to OS. hdian, D. hoeden, Fries. hoda, OHG. huoten, G. hüten, Dan. hytte.Hood.] Defn: To mind; to regard with care; to take notice of; to attend to; to observe. With pleasure Argus the musician heeds. Dryden. Syn. -- To notice; regard; mind. See Attend, v. t. HEED Heed, v. i. Defn: To mind; to consider. HEED Heed, n. 1. Attention; notice; observation; regard; -- often with give or take. With wanton heed and giddy cunning. Milton. Amasa took no heed to the sword that was in Joab's hand. 2 Sam. xx. 10. Birds give more heed and mark words more than beasts. Bacon. 2. Careful consideration; obedient regard. Therefore we ought to give the more earnest heed to the things which we have heard. Heb. ii. 1. 3. A look or expression of heading. [R.] He did it with a serious mind; a heed Was in his countenance. Shak. HEEDFUL Heed"ful, a. Defn: Full of heed; regarding with care; cautious; circumspect; attentive; vigilant. Shak. -- Heed"ful*ly, adv. -- Heed"ful*ness, n. HEEDLESS Heed"less, a. Defn: Without heed or care; inattentive; careless; thoughtless; unobservant. O, negligent and heedless discipline! Shak. The heedless lover does not know Whose eyes they are that wound him so. Waller. -- Heed"less*ly, adv. -- Heed"less*ness, n. HEEDY Heed"y, a. Defn: Heedful. [Obs.] "Heedy shepherds." Spenser. -- Heed"i*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Heed"i*ness, n. [Obs.] Spenser. HEEL Heel, v. i. Etym: [OE. helden to lean, incline, AS. heldan, hyldan; akin to Icel. halla, Dan. helde, Sw. hälla to tilt, pour, and perh. to E. hill.] (Naut.) Defn: To lean or tip to one side, as a ship; as, the ship heels aport; the boat heeled over when the squall struck it. Heeling error (Naut.), a deviation of the compass caused by the heeling of an iron vessel to one side or the other. HEEL Heel, n. Etym: [OE. hele, heele, AS. hela, perh. for hohila, fr. AS. heh heel (cf. Hough); but cf. D. hiel, OFries. heila, h, Icel. hæll, Dan. hæl, Sw. häl, and L. calx. sq. root12. Cf. Inculcate.] 1. The hinder part of the foot; sometimes, the whole foot; -- in man or quadrupeds. He [the stag] calls to mind his strength and then his speed, His winged heels and then his armed head. Denham. 2. The hinder part of any covering for the foot, as of a shoe, sock, etc.; specif., a solid part projecting downward from the hinder part of the sole of a boot or shoe. 3. The latter or remaining part of anything; the closing or concluding part. "The heel of a hunt." A. Trollope. "The heel of the white loaf." Sir W. Scott. 4. Anything regarded as like a human heel in shape; a protuberance; a knob. 5. The part of a thing corresponding in position to the human heel; the lower part, or part on which a thing rests; especially: (a) (Naut.) The after end of a ship's keel. (b) (Naut.) The lower end of a mast, a boom, the bowsprit, the sternpost, etc. (c) (Mil.) In a small arm, the corner of the but which is upwards in the firing position. (d) (Mil.) The uppermost part of the blade of a sword, next to the hilt. (e) The part of any tool next the tang or handle; as, the heel of a scythe. 6. (Man.) Defn: Management by the heel, especially the spurred heel; as, the horse understands the heel well. 7. (Arch.) (a) The lower end of a timber in a frame, as a post or rafter. In the United States, specif., the obtuse angle of the lower end of a rafter set sloping. (b) A cyma reversa; -- so called by workmen. Gwilt. Heel chain (Naut.), a chain passing from the bowsprit cap around the heel of the jib boom. -- Heel plate, the butt plate of a gun. -- Heel of a rafter. (Arch.) See Heel, n., 7. -- Heel ring, a ring for fastening a scythe blade to the snath. -- Neck and heels, the whole body. (Colloq.) -- To be at the heels of, to pursue closely; to follow hard: as, hungry want is at my heels. Otway. -- To be down at the heel, to be slovenly or in a poor plight. -- To be out at the heels, to have on stockings that are worn out; hence, to be shabby, or in a poor plight. Shak. -- To cool the heels. See under Cool. -- To go heels over head, to turn over so as to bring the heels uppermost; hence, to move in a inconsiderate, or rash, manner. -- To have the heels of, to outrun. -- To lay by the heels, to fetter; to shackle; to imprison. Shak. Addison. -- To show the heels, to flee; to run from. -- To take to the heels, to flee; to betake to flight. -- To throw up another's heels, to trip him. Bunyan. -- To tread upon one's heels, to follow closely. Shak. HEEL Heel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heeled; p. pr. & vb. n. Heeling.] 1. To perform by the use of the heels, as in dancing, running, and the like. [R.] I cannot sing, Nor heel the high lavolt. Shak. 2. To add a heel to; as, to heel a shoe. 3. To arm with a gaff, as a cock for fighting. HEELBALL Heel"ball`, n. Defn: A composition of wax and lampblack, used by shoemakers for polishing, and by antiquaries in copying inscriptions. HEELER Heel"er, n. 1. A cock that strikes well with his heels or spurs. 2. A dependent and subservient hanger-on of a political patron. [Political Cant, U. S.] The army of hungry heelers who do their bidding. The Century. HEELLESS Heel"less, a. Defn: Without a heel. HEELPATH Heel"path`, n. [So called with a play upon the words tow and toe.] Defn: The bank of a canal opposite, and corresponding to, that of the towpath; berm. [U. S.] The Cowles found convenient spiles sunk in the heelpath. The Century. HEELPIECE Heel"piece`, n. 1. A piece of armor to protect the heels. Chesterfield. 2. A piece of leather fixed on the heel of a shoe. 3. The end. "The heelpiece of his book." Lloyd. HEELPOST Heel"post`, n. 1. (Naut.) The post supporting the outer end of a propeller shaft. 2. (Carp.) Defn: The post to which a gate or door is hinged. 3. (Engineering) Defn: The quoin post of a lock gate. HEELSPUR Heel"spur`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A slender bony or cartilaginous process developed from the heel bone of bats. It helps to support the wing membranes. See Illust. of Cheiropter. HEELTAP Heel"tap`, n. 1. One of the segments of leather in the heel of a shoe. 2. A small portion of liquor left in a glass after drinking. "Bumpers around and no heeltaps." Sheridan. HEELTAP Heel"tap`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heeltapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Heeltapping.] Defn: To add a piece of leather to the heel of (a shoe, boot, etc.) HEELTOOL Heel"tool`, n. Defn: A tool used by turners in metal, having a bend forming a heel near the cutting end. HEEMRAAD Heem"raad`, n.; pl. -raaden (#). [Sometimes, incorrectly, Heemraat or even Heemrad.] [D. heem village + raad council, councilor.] Defn: In Holland, and, until the 19th century, also in Cape Colony, a council to assist a local magistrate in the government of rural districts; hence, also, a member of such a council. HEEP Heep, n. Defn: The hip of the dog-rose. [Obs.] HEER Heer, n.Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A yarn measure of six hundred yards or of a spindle. See Spindle. HEER Heer, n. Etym: [See Hair.] Defn: Hair. [Obs.] Chaucer. HEFT Heft, n. Defn: Same as Haft, n. [Obs.] Waller. HEFT Heft, n. Etym: [From Heave: cf. hefe weight. Cf. Haft.] 1. The act or effort of heaving [Obs.] He craks his gorge, his sides, With violent hefts. Shak. 2. Weight; ponderousness. [Colloq.] A man of his age and heft. T. Hughes. 3. The greater part or bulk of anything; as, the heft of the crop was spoiled. [Colloq. U. S.] J. Pickering. HEFT Heft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hefted (Heft, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Hefting.] 1. To heave up; to raise aloft. Inflamed with wrath, his raging blade he heft. Spenser. 2. To prove or try the weight of by raising. [Colloq.] HEFTY Heft"y, a. Defn: Moderately heavy. [Colloq. U. S.] HEGELIAN He*ge"li*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to Hegelianism. -- n. Defn: A follower of Hegel. HEGELIANISM; HEGELISM He*ge"li*an*ism, He"gel*ism, n. Defn: The system of logic and philosophy set forth by Hegel, a German writer (1770-1831). HEGEMONIC; HEGEMONICAL Heg`e*mon"ic, Heg`e*mon"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Hegemony.] Defn: Leading; controlling; ruling; predominant. "Princelike and hegemonical." Fotherby. HEGEMONY He*gem`o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Leadership; preponderant influence or authority; -- usually applied to the relation of a government or state to its neighbors or confederates. Lieber. HEGGE Heg"ge, n. Defn: A hedge. [Obs.] Chaucer. HEGIRA He*gi"ra, n. [Written also hejira.] Etym: [Ar. hijrah flight.] Defn: The flight of Mohammed from Mecca, September 13, A. D. 622 (subsequently established as the first year of the Moslem era); hence, any flight or exodus regarded as like that of Mohammed. Note: The starting point of the Era was made to begin, not from the date of the flight, but from the first day of the Arabic year, which corresponds to July 16, A. D. 622. HEIFER Heif"er, n. Etym: [OE. hayfare, AS. heáhfore, heáfore; the second part of this word seems akin to AS. fearr bull, ox; akin to OHG. farro, G. farre, D. vaars, heifer, G. färse, and perh. to Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young cow. HEIGH-HO Heigh"-ho (hi"-ho), interj. Defn: An exclamation of surprise, joy, dejection, uneasiness, weariness, etc. Shak. HEIGHT Height, n. [Written also hight.] Etym: [OE. heighte, heght, heighthe, AS. heáh, fr. heah high; akin to D. hoogte, Sw. höjd, Dan. höide, Icel. hæ, Goth. hauhipa. See High.] 1. The condition of being high; elevated position. Behold the height of the stars, how high they are! Job xxii. 12. 2. The distance to which anything rises above its foot, above that on which in stands, above the earth, or above the level of the sea; altitude; the measure upward from a surface, as the floor or the ground, of animal, especially of a man; stature. Bacon. [Goliath's] height was six cubits and a span. 1 Sam. xvii. 4. 3. Degree of latitude either north or south. [Obs.] Guinea lieth to the north sea, in the same height as Peru to the south. Abp. Abbot. 4. That which is elevated; an eminence; a hill or mountain; as, Alpine heights. Dryden. 5. Elevation in excellence of any kind, as in power, learning, arts; also, an advanced degree of social rank; preëminence or distinction in society; prominence. Measure your mind's height by the shade it casts. R. Browning. All would in his power hold, all make his subjects. Chapman. 6. Progress toward eminence; grade; degree. Social duties are carried to greater heights, and enforced with stronger motives by the principles of our religion. Addison. 7. Utmost degree in extent; extreme limit of energy or condition; as, the height of a fever, of passion, of madness, of folly; the height of a tempest. My grief was at the height before thou camest. Shak. On height, aloud. [Obs.] [He] spake these same words, all on hight. Chaucer. HEIGHTEN Height"en (hit"'n), v. t. [Written also highten.] [imp. & p. p. Heightened; p. pr. & vb. n. Heightening.] 1. To make high; to raise higher; to elevate. 2. To carry forward; to advance; to increase; to augment; to aggravate; to intensify; to render more conspicuous; -- used of things, good or bad; as, to heighten beauty; to heighten a flavor or a tint. "To heighten our confusion." Addison. An aspect of mystery which was easily heightened to the miraculous. Hawthorne. HEIGHTENER Height"en*er, n. Etym: [Written also hightener.] Defn: One who, or that which, heightens. HEINOUS Hei"nous, a. Etym: [OF. haïnos hateful, F. haineux, fr. OF. haïne hate, F. haine, fr. haïr to hate; of German origin. See Hate.] Defn: Hateful; hatefully bad; flagrant; odious; atrocious; giving great great offense; -- applied to deeds or to character. It were most heinous and accursed sacrilege. Hooker. How heinous had the fact been, how deserving Contempt! Milton. Syn. -- Monstrous; flagrant; flagitious; atrocious. -- Hei"nous*ly, adv. -- Hei"nous*ness, n. HEIR Heir, n. Etym: [OE. heir, eir, hair, OF. heir, eir, F. hoir, L. heres; of uncertain origin. Cf. Hereditary, Heritage.] 1. One who inherits, or is entitled to succeed to the possession of, any property after the death of its owner; one on whom the law bestows the title or property of another at the death of the latter. I am my father's heir and only son. Shak. 2. One who receives any endowment from an ancestor or relation; as, the heir of one's reputation or virtues. And I his heir in misery alone. Pope. Heir apparent. (Law.) See under Apparent. -- Heir at law, one who, after his ancector's death, has a right to inherit all his intestate estate. Wharton (Law Dict.). -- Heir presumptive, one who, if the ancestor should die immediately, would be his heir, but whose right to the inheritance may be defeated by the birth of a nearer relative, or by some other contingency. HEIR Heir, v. t. Defn: To inherit; to succeed to. [R.] One only daughter heired the royal state. Dryden. HEIRDOM Heir"dom, n. Defn: The state of an heir; succession by inheritance. Burke. HEIRESS Heir"ess, n Defn: , A female heir. HEIRLESS Heir"less a. Defn: Destitute of an heir. Shak. HEIRLOOM Heir"loom`, n. Etym: [Heir + loom, in its earlier sense of implement, tool. See Loom the frame.] Defn: Any furniture, movable, or personal chattel, which by law or special custom descends to the heir along with the inheritance; any piece of personal property that has been in a family for several generations. Woe to him whose daring hand profanes The honored heirlooms of his ancestors. Moir. HEIRSHIP Heir"ship, n. Defn: The state, character, or privileges of an heir; right of inheriting. Heirship movables, certain kinds of movables which the heir is entitled to take, besides the heritable estate. [Scot.] HEJIRA He*ji"ra, n. Defn: See Hegira. HEKTARE; HEKTOGRAM; HEKTOLITER; HEKTOMETER Hek"tare`, Hek"to*gram, Hek"to*li`ter, and; Hek"to*me`ter, n. Defn: Same as Hectare, Hectogram, Hectoliter, and Hectometer. HEKTOGRAPH Hek"to*graph, n. Defn: See Hectograph. HELAMYS Hel*a*mys, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Jumping hare, under Hare. HELCOPLASTY Hel"co*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Gr. -plasty.] (Med.) Defn: The act or process of repairing lesions made by ulcers, especially by a plastic operation. HELD Held, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Hold. HELE Hele, n. Etym: [See Heal, n.] Defn: Health; welfare. [Obs.] "In joy and perfyt hele." Chaucer. HELE Hele, v. t. Etym: [AS. helan, akin to D. helen, OHG. helan, G. hehlen, L. celare. sq. root17. See Hell, and cf. Conceal.] Defn: To hide; to cover; to roof. [Obs.] Hide and hele things. Chaucer. HELENA Hel"e*na, n. Etym: [L.: cf. Sp. helena.] Defn: See St. Elmo's fire, under Saint. HELENIN Hel"e*nin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A neutral organic substance found in the root of the elecampane (Inula helenium), and extracted as a white crystalline or oily material, with a slightly bitter taste. HELIAC He"li*ac, a. Defn: Heliacal. HELIACAL He*li"a*cal, a. Etym: [Gr. héliaque.] (Astron.) Defn: Emerging from the light of the sun, or passing into it; rising or setting at the same, or nearly the same, time as the sun. Sir T. Browne. Note: The heliacal rising of a star is when, after being in conjunction with the sun, and invisible, it emerges from the light so as to be visible in the morning before sunrising. On the contrary, the heliacal setting of a star is when the sun approaches conjunction so near as to render the star invisible. HELIACALLY He*li"a*cal*ly, adv. Defn: In a heliacal manner. De Quincey. HELIANTHIN He`li*an"thin, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. L. helianthes, or NL. helianthus, sunflower, in allusion to its color.] (Chem.) Defn: An artificial, orange dyestuff, analogous to tropaolin, and like it used as an indicator in alkalimetry; -- called also methyl orange. HELIANTHOID He`li*an"thoid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Helianthoidea. HELIANTHOIDEA He`li*an"thoi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. helianthes sunflower + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Anthozoa; the Actinaria. HELICAL Hel"i*cal, a. Etym: [From Helix.] Defn: Of or pertaining to, or in the form of, a helix; spiral; as, a helical staircase; a helical spring. -- Hel"i*cal*ly, adv. HELICHRYSUM Hel`i*chry"sum (, n. Etym: [L., the marigold, fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of composite plants, with shining, commonly white or yellow, or sometimes reddish, radiated involucres, which are often called "everlasting flowers." HELICIFORM He*lic"i*form, a. Etym: [Helix + -form.] Defn: Having the form of a helix; spiral. HELICIN Hel"i*cin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside obtained as a white crystalline substance by partial oxidation of salicin, from a willow (Salix Helix of Linnæus.) HELICINE Hel"i*cine, a. (Anat.) Defn: Curled; spiral; helicoid; -- applied esp. to certain arteries of the penis. HELICOGRAPH Hel"i*co*graph`, n. Etym: [Helix + -graph.] Defn: An instrument for drawing spiral lines on a plane. HELICOID Hel"i*coid, a. Etym: [Gr. hélicoïde. See Helix.] 1. Spiral; curved, like the spire of a univalve shell. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Shaped like a snail shell; pertaining to the Helicidæ, or Snail family. Helicoid parabola (Math.), the parabolic spiral. HELICOID Hel"i*coid, n. (Geom.) Defn: A warped surface which may be generated by a straight line moving in such a manner that every point of the line shall have a uniform motion in the direction of another fixed straight line, and at the same time a uniform angular motion about it. HELICOIDAL Hel`i*coid"al, a. Defn: Same as Helicoid. -- Hel`i*coid"al*ly, adv. HELICON Hel"i*con, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: A mountain in Boeotia, in Greece, supposed by the Greeks to be the residence of Apollo and the Muses. From Helicon's harmonious springs A thousand rills their mazy progress take. Gray. HELICONIA Hel`i*co"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Helicon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of numerous species of Heliconius, a genus of tropical American butterflies. The wings are usually black, marked with green, crimson, and white. HELICONIAN Hel`i*co"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Heliconius.] 1. Of or pertaining to Helicon. "Heliconian honey." Tennyson. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the butterflies of the genus Heliconius. HELICOTREMA Hel`i*co"tre"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The opening by which the two scalæ communicate at the top of the cochlea of the ear. HELIO- He"li*o-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. "h`lios the sun. HELIOCENTRIC; HELIOCENTRICAL He`li*o*cen"tric, He`li*o*cen"tric"al, a. Etym: [Helio- + centric, centrical: cf. F. héliocentrique.] (Astron.) Defn: pertaining to the sun's center, or appearing to be seen from it; having, or relating to, the sun as a center; -- opposed to geocentrical. Heliocentric parallax. See under Parallax. -- Heliocentric place, latitude, longitude, etc. (of a heavenly body), the direction, latitude, longitude, etc., of the body as viewed from the sun. HELIOCHROME He"li*o*chrome, n. Etym: [Helio- + Gr. Defn: A photograph in colors. R. Hunt. HELIOCHROMIC He`li*o*chro"mic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or produced by, heliochromy. HELIOCHROMY He"li*o*chro`my, n. Defn: The art of producing photographs in color. HELIOGRAM He"li*o*gram, n. [Helio- + -gram.] Defn: A message transmitted by a heliograph. HELIOGRAPH He"li*o*graph, n. Etym: [Helio- + -graph.] 1. A picture taken by heliography; a photograph. 2. An instrument for taking photographs of the sun. 3. An apparatus for telegraphing by means of the sun's rays. See Heliotrope, 3. HELIOGRAPHIC He`li*o*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to heliography or a heliograph; made by heliography. Heliographic chart. See under Chart. HELIOGRAPHY He`li*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Helio- + -graphy.] Defn: Photography. R. Hunt. HELIOGRAVURE He`li*o*grav"ure, n. Etym: [F. héliogravure.] Defn: The process of photographic engraving. HELIOLATER He`li*ol"a*ter, n. Etym: [Helio- + Gr. Defn: A worshiper of the sun. HELIOLATRY He`li*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Helio- + Gr. Defn: Sun worship. See Sabianism. HELIOLITE He"li*o*lite, n. Etym: [Helio- + -lite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil coral of the genus Heliolites, having twelve-rayed cells. It is found in the Silurian rocks. HELIOMETER He`li*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Helio- + -meter: cf. F. héliomètre.] (Astron.) Defn: An instrument devised originally for measuring the diameter of the sun; now employed for delicate measurements of the distance and relative direction of two stars too far apart to be easily measured in the field of view of an ordinary telescope. HELIOMETRIC; HELIOMETRICAL He`li*o*met"ric, He`li*o*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the heliometer, or to heliometry. HELIOMETRY He`li*om"e*try, n. Defn: The apart or practice of measuring the diameters of heavenly bodies, their relative distances, etc. See Heliometer. HELIOPORA He`li*op"o*ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An East Indian stony coral now known to belong to the Alcyonaria; -- called also blue coral. HELIOSCOPE He"li*o*scope, n. Etym: [Helio- + -scope: cf. F. hélioscope.] (Astron.) Defn: A telescope or instrument for viewing the sun without injury to the eyes, as through colored glasses, or with mirrors which reflect but a small portion of light. -- He`li*o*scop`ic, a. HELIOSTAT He"li*o*stat, n. Etym: [Helio- + Gr. héliostate.] Defn: An instrument consisting of a mirror moved by clockwork, by which a sunbeam is made apparently stationary, by being steadily directed to one spot during the whole of its diurnal period; also, a geodetic heliotrope. HELIOTROPE He"li*o*trope, n. Etym: [F. héliotrope, L. heliotropium, Gr. Heliacal, Trope.] 1. (Anc. Astron.) Defn: An instrument or machine for showing when the sun arrived at the tropics and equinoctial line. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Heliotropium; -- called also turnsole and girasole. H. Peruvianum is the commonly cultivated species with fragrant flowers. 3. (Geodesy & Signal Service) Defn: An instrument for making signals to an observer at a distance, by means of the sun's rays thrown from a mirror. 4. (Min.) Defn: See Bloodstone (a). Heliotrope purple, a grayish purple color. HELIOTROPER He"li*o*tro`per, n. Defn: The person at a geodetic station who has charge of the heliotrope. HELIOTROPIC He`li*o*trop"ic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Manifesting heliotropism; turning toward the sun. HELIOTROPISM He`li*ot"ro*pism, n. Etym: [Helio- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The phenomenon of turning toward the light, seen in many leaves and flowers. HELIOTYPE He"li*o*type, n. Etym: [Helio- + -type.] Defn: A picture obtained by the process of heliotypy. HELIOTYPIC He`li*o*typ"ic, a. Defn: Relating to, or obtained by, heliotypy. HELIOTYPY He"li*o*ty`py, n. Defn: A method of transferring pictures from photographic negatives to hardened gelatin plates from which impressions are produced on paper as by lithography. HELIOZOA He`li*o*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fresh-water rhizopods having a more or less globular form, with slender radiating pseudopodia; the sun animalcule. HELISPHERIC; HELISPHERICAL Hel`i*spher"ic, Hel`i*spher"ic*al (, a. Etym: [Helix + spheric, spherical.] Defn: Spiral. Helispherical line (Math.). the rhomb line in navigation. [R.] HELIUM He"li*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A gaseous element found in the atmospheres of the sun and earth and in some rare minerals. HELIX He"lix, n.; pl. L. Helices, E. Helixes. Etym: [L. helix, Gr. volvere, and E. volute, voluble.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A nonplane curve whose tangents are all equally inclined to a given plane. The common helix is the curve formed by the thread of the ordinary screw. It is distinguished from the spiral, all the convolutions of which are in the plane. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A caulicule or little volute under the abacus of the Corinthian capital. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The incurved margin or rim of the external ear. See Illust. of Ear. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of land snails, including a large number of species. Note: The genus originally included nearly all shells, but is now greatly restricted. See Snail, Pulmonifera. HELL Hell, n. Etym: [AS. hell; akin to D. hel, OHG. hella, G. hölle, Icel. hal, Sw. helfvete, Dan. helvede, Goth. halja, and to AS. helan to conceal. Hele, v. t., Conceal, Cell, Helmet, Hole, Occult.] 1. The place of the dead, or of souls after death; the grave; -- called in Hebrew sheol, and by the Greeks hades. He descended into hell. Book of Common Prayer. Thou wilt not leave my soul in hell. Ps. xvi. 10. 2. The place or state of punishment for the wicked after death; the abode of evil spirits. Hence, any mental torment; anguish. "Within him hell." Milton. It is a knell That summons thee to heaven or to hell. Shak. 3. A place where outcast persons or things are gathered; as: (a) A dungeon or prison; also, in certain running games, a place to which those who are caught are carried for detention. (b) A gambling house. "A convenient little gambling hell for those who had grown reckless." W. Black. (c) A place into which a tailor throws his shreds, or a printer his broken type. Hudibras. Gates of hell. (Script.) See Gate, n., 4. HELL Hell, v. t. Defn: To overwhelm. [Obs.] Spenser. HELLANODIC Hel`la*nod"ic, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A judge or umpire in games or combats. HELLBENDER Hell"bend`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large North American aquatic salamander (Protonopsis horrida or Menopoma Alleghaniensis). It is very voracious and very tenacious of life. Also called alligator, and water dog. HELLBORN Hell"born`, a. Defn: Born in or of hell. Shak. HELLBRED Hell`bred`, a. Defn: Produced in hell. Spenser. HELLBREWED Hell"brewed`, a. Defn: Prepared in hell. Milton. HELLBROTH Hell"broth`, n. Defn: A composition for infernal purposes; a magical preparation. Shak. HELL-CAT Hell"-cat `, n. Defn: A witch; a hag. Middleton. HELL-DIVER Hell`-div`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dabchick. HELLDOOMED Hell`doomed`, a. Defn: Doomed to hell. Milton. HELLEBORE Hel"le*bore, n. Etym: [L. helleborus, elleborus, Gr. hellébore, ellébore.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of perennial herbs (Helleborus) of the Crowfoot family, mostly having powerfully cathartic and even poisonous qualities. H. niger is the European black hellebore, or Christmas rose, blossoming in winter or earliest spring. H. officinalis was the officinal hellebore of the ancients. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of several species of the poisonous liliaceous genus Veratrum, especially V. album and V. viride, both called white hellebore. HELLEBOREIN Hel`le*bo"re*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous glucoside accompanying helleborin in several species of hellebore, and extracted as a white crystalline substance with a bittersweet taste. It has a strong action on the heart, resembling digitalin. HELLEBORIN Hel*leb"o*rin ( or ), n. (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous glucoside found in several species of hellebore, and extracted as a white crystalline substance with a sharp tingling taste. It possesses the essential virtues of the plant; -- called also elleborin. HELLEBORISM Hel"le*bo*rism, n. Defn: The practice or theory of using hellebore as a medicine. HELLENE Hel"lene, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A native of either ancient or modern Greece; a Greek. Brewer. HELLENIAN Hel*le"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Hellenes, or Greeks. HELLENIC Hel*len"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Hellenes, or inhabitants of Greece; Greek; Grecian. "The Hellenic forces." Jowett (Thucyd. ). HELLENIC Hel*len"ic, n. Defn: The dialect, formed with slight variations from the Attic, which prevailed among Greek writers after the time of Alexander. HELLENISM Hel"len*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. Hellénisme.] 1. A phrase or form of speech in accordance with genius and construction or idioms of the Greek language; a Grecism. Addison. 2. The type of character of the ancient Greeks, who aimed at culture, grace, and amenity, as the chief elements in human well-being and perfection. HELLENIST Hel"len*ist, n. Etym: [Gr. Helléniste.] 1. One who affiliates with Greeks, or imitates Greek manners; esp., a person of Jewish extraction who used the Greek language as his mother tongue, as did the Jews of Asia Minor, Greece, Syria, and Egypt; distinguished from the Hebraists, or native Jews (Acts vi. 1). 2. One skilled in the Greek language and literature; as, the critical Hellenist. HELLENISTIC; HELLENISTICAL Hel`le*nis"tic, Hel`le*nis"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. Hellénistique.] Defn: Pertaining to the Hellenists. Hellenistic language, dialect, or idiom, the Greek spoken or used by the Jews who lived in countries where the Greek language prevailed; the Jewish-Greek dialect or idiom of the Septuagint. HELLENISTICALLY Hel`le*nis"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: According to the Hellenistic manner or dialect. J. Gregory. HELLENIZE Hel"len*ize, v. i. Etym: [Gr. Defn: To use the Greek language; to play the Greek; to Grecize. HELLENIZE Hel"len*ize, v. t. Etym: [Gr. Defn: To give a Greek form or character to; to Grecize; as, to Hellenize a word. HELLENOTYPE Hel*len"o*type, n. Defn: See Ivorytype. HELLESPONT Hel"les*pont, n. Etym: [L. Hellespontus, Gr. Defn: A narrow strait between Europe and Asia, now called the Daradanelles. It connects the Ægean Sea and the sea of Marmora. HELLESPONTINE Hel`les*pon"tine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Hellespont. Mitford. HELLGAMITE; HELLGRAMITE Hell"ga*mite, Hell"gra*mite, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The aquatic larva of a large American winged insect (Corydalus cornutus), much used a fish bait by anglers; the dobson. It belongs to the Neuroptera. HELLHAG Hell"hag`, n. Defn: A hag of or fit for hell. Bp. Richardson. HELL-HAUNTED Hell"-haunt`ed (, a. Defn: Haunted by devils; hellish. Dryden. HELLHOUND Hell"hound`, n. Etym: [AS. hellehund.] Defn: A dog of hell; an agent of hell. A hellhound, that doth hunt us all to death. Shak. HELLIER Hel"li*er, n. Etym: [See Hele, v. t.] Defn: One who heles or covers; hence, a tiler, slater, or thatcher. [Obs.] [Written also heler.] Usher. HELLISH Hell"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to hell; like hell; infernal; malignant; wicked; detestable; diabolical. "Hellish hate." Milton. -- Hell"ish*ly, adv. -- Hell"ish*ness, n. HELLKITE Hell"kite`, n. Defn: A kite of infernal breed. Shak. HELLO Hel*lo", interj. & n. Defn: See Halloo. HELLWARD Hell"ward, adv. Defn: Toward hell. Pope. HELLY Hell"y, a. Etym: [AS. hellic.] Defn: Hellish. Anderson (1573). HELM Helm, n. Defn: See Haulm, straw. HELM Helm, n. Etym: [OE. helme, AS. helma rudder; akin to D. & G. helm, Icel. hjalm, and perh. to E. helve.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: The apparatus by which a ship is steered, comprising rudder, tiller, wheel, etc.; -- commonly used of the tiller or wheel alone. 2. The place or office of direction or administration. "The helm of the Commonwealth." Melmoth. 3. One at the place of direction or control; a steersman; hence, a guide; a director. The helms o' the State, who care for you like fathers. Shak. 4. Etym: [Cf. Helve.] Defn: A helve. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Helm amidships, when the tiller, rudder, and keel are in the same plane. -- Helm aport, when the tiller is borne over to the port side of the ship. -- Helm astarboard, when the tiller is borne to the starboard side. -- Helm alee, Helm aweather, when the tiller is borne over to the lee or to the weather side. -- Helm hard alee or hard aport, hard astarboard, etc., when the tiller is borne over to the extreme limit. -- Helm port, the round hole in a vessel's counter through which the rudderstock passes. -- Helm down, helm alee. -- Helm up, helm aweather. -- To ease the helm, to let the tiller come more amidships, so as to lessen the strain on the rudder. -- To feel the helm, to obey it. -- To right the helm, to put it amidships. -- To shift the helm, to bear the tiller over to the corresponding position on the opposite side of the vessel. Ham. Nav. Encyc. HELM Helm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Helmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Helming.] Defn: To steer; to guide; to direct. [R.] The business he hath helmed. Shak. A wild wave . . . overbears the bark, And him that helms it. Tennyson. HELM Helm, n. Etym: [AS. See Helmet.] 1. A helmet. [Poetic] 2. A heavy cloud lying on the brow of a mountain. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. HELM Helm, v. t. Defn: To cover or furnish with a helm or helmet. [Perh. used only as a past part. or part. adj.] She that helmed was in starke stours. Chaucer. HELMAGE Helm"age, n. Defn: Guidance; direction. [R.] HELMED Helm"ed, a. Defn: Covered with a helmet. The helmed cherubim Are seen in glittering ranks. Milton. HELMET Hel"met, n. Etym: [OF. helmet, a dim of helme, F. heaume; of Teutonic origin; cf. G. helm, akin to AS. & OS. helm, D. helm, helmet, Icel. hjalmr, Sw. hjelm, Dan. hielm, Goth. hilms; and prob. from the root of AS. helan to hide, to hele; cf. also Lith. szalmas, Russ. shleme, Skr. çarman protection. sq. root17. Cf. Hele, Hell, Helm a helmet.] 1. (Armor) Defn: A defensive covering for the head. See Casque, Headpiece, Morion, Sallet, and Illust. of Beaver. 2. (Her.) Defn: The representation of a helmet over shields or coats of arms, denoting gradations of rank by modifications of form. 3. A helmet-shaped hat, made of cork, felt, metal, or other suitable material, worn as part of the uniform of soldiers, firemen, etc., also worn in hot countries as a protection from the heat of the sun. 4. That which resembles a helmet in form, position, etc.; as: (a) (Chem.) The upper part of a retort. Boyle. (b) (Bot.) The hood-formed upper sepal or petal of some flowers, as of the monkshood or the snapdragon. (c) (Zoöl.) A naked shield or protuberance on the top or fore part of the head of a bird. Helmet beetle (Zoöl.), a leaf-eating beetle of the family Chrysomelidæ, having a short, broad, and flattened body. Many species are known. -- Helmet shell (Zoöl.), one of many species of tropical marine univalve shells belonging to Cassis and allied genera. Many of them are large and handsome; several are used for cutting as cameos, and hence are called cameo shells. See King conch. -- Helmet shrike (Zoöl.), an African wood shrike of the genus Prionodon, having a large crest. HELMETED Hel`met*ed, a. Defn: Wearing a helmet; furnished with or having a helmet or helmet- shaped part; galeate. HELMET-SHAPED Hel"met-shaped` (, a. Defn: Shaped like a helmet; galeate. See Illust. of Galeate. HELMINTH Hel"minth, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An intestinal worm, or wormlike intestinal parasite; one of the Helminthes. HELMINTHAGOGUE Hel*min"tha*gogue, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A vermifuge. HELMINTHES Hel*min"thes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the grand divisions or branches of the animal kingdom. It is a large group including a vast number of species, most of which are parasitic. Called also Enthelminthes, Enthelmintha. Note: The following classes are included, with others of less importance: Cestoidea (tapeworms), Trematodea (flukes, etc.), Turbellaria (planarians), Acanthocephala (thornheads), Nematoidea (roundworms, trichina, gordius), Nemertina (nemerteans). See Plathelminthes, and Nemathelminthes. HELMINTHIASIS Hel`min*thi"a*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A disease in which worms are present in some part of the body. HELMINTHIC Hel*min"thic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. helminthique.] Defn: Of or relating to worms, or Helminthes; expelling worms. -- n. Defn: A vermifuge; an anthelmintic. HELMINTHITE Hel*min"thite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Geol.) Defn: One of the sinuous tracks on the surfaces of many stones, and popularly considered as worm trails. HELMINTHOID Hel*min"thoid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Wormlike; vermiform. HELMINTHOLOGIC; HELMINTHOLOGICAL Hel*min`tho*log"ic, Hel*min`tho*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. helminthologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to helminthology. HELMINTHOLOGIST Hel`min*thol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. helminthologiste.] Defn: One versed in helminthology. HELMINTHOLOGY Hel`min*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. helminthologie.] Defn: The natural history, or study, of worms, esp. parasitic worms. HELMLESS Helm"less, a. 1. Destitute of a helmet. 2. Without a helm or rudder. Carlyle. HELMSMAN Helms"man, n.; pl. Helmsmen (. Defn: The man at the helm; a steersman. HELMWIND Helm"wind`, n. Defn: A wind attending or presaged by the cloud called helm. [Prov. Eng.] HELOT He"lot, n. Etym: [L. Helotes, Hilotae, pl., fr. Gr. E'e`lws and E'elw`ths a bondman or serf of the Spartans; so named from 'Elos, a town of Laconia, whose inhabitants were enslaved; or perh. akin to e`lei^n to take, conquer, used as 2d aor. of Defn: A slave in ancient Sparta; a Spartan serf; hence, a slave or serf. Those unfortunates, the Helots of mankind, more or less numerous in every community. I. Taylor. HELOTISM He"lot*ism, n. Defn: The condition of the Helots or slaves in Sparta; slavery. HELOTRY He"lot*ry, n. Defn: The Helots, collectively; slaves; bondsmen. "The Helotry of Mammon." Macaulay. HELP Help, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Helped (Obs. imp. Holp (, p. p. Holpen (; p. pr. & vb. n. Helping.] Etym: [AS. helpan; akin to OS. helpan, D. helpen, G. helfen, OHG. helfan, Icel. hjalpa, Sw. hjelpa, Dan. hielpe, Goth. hilpan; cf. Lith. szelpti, and Skr. klp to be fitting.] 1. To furnish with strength or means for the successful performance of any action or the attainment of any object; to aid; to assist; as, to help a man in his work; to help one to remember; -- the following infinitive is commonly used without to; as, "Help me scale yon balcony." Longfellow. 2. To furnish with the means of deliverance from trouble; as, to help one in distress; to help one out of prison. "God help, poor souls, how idly do they talk!" Shak. 3. To furnish with relief, as in pain or disease; to be of avail against; -- sometimes with of before a word designating the pain or disease, and sometimes having such a word for the direct object. "To help him of his blindness." in is used for that function; -- "to help him in his misery" Shak. The true calamus helps coughs. Gerarde. 4. To change for the better; to remedy. Cease to lament for what thou canst not help. Shak. 5. To prevent; to hinder; as, the evil approaches, and who can help it Swift. 6. To forbear; to avoid. I can not help remarking the resemblance betwixt him and our author. Pope. 7. To wait upon, as the guests at table, by carving and passing food. To help forward, to assist in advancing. -- To help off, to help to go or pass away, as time; to assist in removing. Locke. -- To help on, to forward; to promote by aid. -- To help out, to aid, as in delivering from a difficulty, or to aid in completing a design or task. The god of learning and of light Would want a god himself to help him out. Swift. -- To help over, to enable to surmount; as, to help one over an obstacle. -- To help to, to supply with; to furnish with; as, to help one to soup. -- To help up, to help (one) to get up; to assist in rising, as after a fall, and the like. "A man is well holp up that trusts to you." Shak. Syn. -- To aid; assist; succor; relieve; serve; support; sustain; befriend. -- To Help, Aid, Assist. These words all agree in the idea of affording relief or support to a person under difficulties. Help turns attention especially to the source of relief. If I fall into a pit, I call for help; and he who helps me out does it by an act of his own. Aid turns attention to the other side, and supposes coöperation on the part of him who is relieved; as, he aided me in getting out of the pit; I got out by the aid of a ladder which he brought. Assist has a primary reference to relief afforded by a person who "stands by" in order to relieve. It denotes both help and aid. Thus, we say of a person who is weak, I assisted him upstairs, or, he mounted the stairs by my assistance. When help is used as a noun, it points less distinctively and exclusively to the source of relief, or, in other words, agrees more closely with aid. Thus we say, I got out of a pit by the help of my friend. HELP Help, v. i. Defn: To lend aid or assistance; to contribute strength or means; to avail or be of use; to assist. A generous present helps to persuade, as well as an agreeable person. Garth. To help out, to lend aid; to bring a supply. HELP Help, n. Etym: [AS. help; akin to D. hulp, G. hülfe, hilfe, Icel. hjalp, Sw. hjelp, Dan. hielp. See Help, v. t.] 1. Strength or means furnished toward promoting an object, or deliverance from difficulty or distress; aid; ^; also, the person or thing furnishing the aid; as, he gave me a help of fifty dollars. Give us help from trouble, for vain is the help of man. Ps. lx. 11. God is . . . a very present help in trouble. Ps. xlvi. 1. Virtue is a friend and a help to nature. South. 2. Remedy; relief; as, there is no help for it. 3. A helper; one hired to help another; also, thew hole force of hired helpers in any business. 4. Specifically, a domestic servant, man or woman. [Local, U. S.] HELPER Help"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, helps, aids, assists, or relieves; as, a lay helper in a parish. Thou art the helper of the fatherless. Ps. x. 14. Compassion . . . oftentimes a helper of evils. Dr. H. More. HELPFUL Help"ful, a. Defn: Furnishing help; giving aid; assistant; useful; salutary. Heavens make our presence and our practices Pleasant and helpful to him! Shak. -- Help"ful*ly, adv. -- Help"ful*ness, n. Milton. HELPLESS Help"less, a. 1. Destitute of help or strength; unable to help or defend one's self; needing help; feeble; weak; as, a helpless infant. How shall I then your helpless fame defend Pope. 2. Beyond help; irremediable. Some helpless disagreement or dislike, either of mind or body. Milton. 3. Bringing no help; unaiding. [Obs.] Yet since the gods have been Helpless foreseers of my plagues. Chapman. 4. Unsupplied; destitute; -- with of. [R.] Helpless of all that human wants require. Dryden. -- Help"less*ly, adv. -- Help"less*ness, n. HELPMATE Help"mate`, n. Etym: [A corruption of the "help meet for him" of Genesis ii. 18.Fitzedward Hall.] Defn: A helper; a companion; specifically, a wife. In Minorca the ass and the hog are common helpmates, and are yoked together in order to turn up the land. Pennant. A waiting woman was generally considered as the most suitable helpmate for a parson. Macaulay. HELPMEET Help"meet`, n. Etym: [See Helpmate.] Defn: A wife; a helpmate. The Lord God created Adam, . . . and afterwards, on his finding the want of a helpmeet, caused him to sleep, and took one of his ribs and thence made woman. J. H. Newman. HELTER-SKELTER Hel"ter-skel"ter, adv. Etym: [An onomatholter-polter, D. holder de bolder.] Defn: In hurry and confusion; without definite purpose; irregularly. [Colloq.] Helter-skelter have I rode to thee. Shak. A wistaria vine running helter-skelter across the roof. J. C. Harris. HELVE Helve, n. Etym: [OE. helve, helfe, AS. hielf, helf, hylf, cf. OHG. halb; and also E. halter, helm of a rudder.] 1. The handle of an ax, hatchet, or adze. 2. (Iron Working) (a) The lever at the end of which is the hammer head, in a forge hammer. (b) A forge hammer which is lifted by a cam acting on the helve between the fulcrum and the head. HELVE Helve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Helved; p. pr. & vb. n. Helving.] Defn: To furnish with a helve, as an ax. HELVETIAN Hel*ve"tian, a. Defn: Same as Helvetic. -- n. Defn: A Swiss; a Switzer. HELVETIC Hel*ve"tic, a. Etym: [L. Helveticus, fr. Helvetii the Helvetii.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Helvetii, the ancient inhabitant of the Alps, now Switzerland, or to the modern states and inhabitant of the Alpine regions; as, the Helvetic confederacy; Helvetic states. HELVINE; HELVITE Hel"vine, Hel"vite, n. Etym: [L. helvus of a light bay color.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a yellowish color, consisting chiefly of silica, glucina, manganese, and iron, with a little sulphur. HEM Hem, pron. Etym: [OE., fr. AS. him, heom, dative pl. of. h he. See He, They.] Defn: Them [Obs.] Chaucer. HEM Hem, interj. Defn: An onomatopoetic word used as an expression of hesitation, doubt, etc. It is often a sort of voluntary half cough, loud or subdued, and would perhaps be better expressed by hm. Cough or cry hem, if anybody come. Shak. HEM Hem, n. Defn: An utterance or sound of the voice, hem or hm, often indicative of hesitation or doubt, sometimes used to call attention. "His morning hems." Spectator. HEM Hem, v. i. [Hem, interj.] Defn: To make the sound expressed by the word hem; hence, to hesitate in speaking. "Hem, and stroke thy beard." Shak. HEM Hem, n. Etym: [AS. hem, border, margin; cf. Fries. hämel, Prov. G. hammel hem of mire or dirt.] 1. The edge or border of a garment or cloth, doubled over and sewed, to strengthen raveling. 2. Border; edge; margin. "Hem of the sea." Shak. 3. A border made on sheet-metal ware by doubling over the edge of the sheet, to stiffen it and remove the sharp edge. HEM Hem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hemmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Hemming.] 1. To form a hem or border to; to fold and sew down the edge of. Wordsworth. 2. To border; to edge All the skirt about Was hemmed with golden fringe. Spenser. To hem about, around, or in, to inclose and confine; to surround; to environ. "With valiant squadrons round about to hem." Fairfax. "Hemmed in to be a spoil to tyranny." Daniel. -- To hem out, to shut out. "You can not hem me out of London." J. Webster. HEMA- Hem"a-. Defn: Same as Hæma-. HEMACHATE Hem"a*chate, n. Etym: [L. haemachates; Gr. (Min.) Defn: A species of agate, sprinkled with spots of red jasper. HEMACHROME Hem"a*chrome, n. Defn: Same as Hæmachrome. HEMACITE Hem"a*cite, n. Etym: [Gr. a"i^ma blood.] Defn: A composition made from blood, mixed with mineral or vegetable substances, used for making buttons, door knobs, etc. HEMADROMETER; HEMADROMOMETER Hem`a*drom"e*ter, Hem`a*dro*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Hema- + Gr. -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the velocity with which the blood moves in the arteries. HEMADROMETRY; HEMADROMOMETRY Hem`a*drom`e*try, Hem`a*dro*mom"e*try, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The act of measuring the velocity with which the blood circulates in the arteries; hæmotachometry. HEMADYNAMICS He`ma*dy*nam"ics, n. Etym: [Hema- + dynamics.] (Physiol.) Defn: The principles of dynamics in their application to the blood; that part of science which treats of the motion of the blood. HEMADYNAMOMETER He`ma*dy"na*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Hema- + dynamometr.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument by which the pressure of the blood in the arteries, or veins, is measured by the height to which it will raise a column of mercury; -- called also a hæmomanometer. HEMAL He"mal, a. Etym: [Gr. a"i^ma blood.] Defn: Relating to the blood or blood vessels; pertaining to, situated in the region of, or on the side with, the heart and great blood vessels; -- opposed to neural. Note: As applied to vertebrates, hemal is the same as ventral, the heart and great blood vessels being on the ventral, and the central nervous system on the dorsal, side of the vertebral column. Hemal arch (Anat.), the ventral arch in a segment of the spinal skeleton, formed by vertebral processes or ribs. HEMAPHAEIN Hem`a*phæ"in, n. Defn: Same as Hæmaphæin. HEMAPOPHYSIS Hem`a*poph"y*sis, n.; pl. Hemapophyses . Etym: [NL. See Hæma-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) Defn: The second element in each half of a hemal arch, corresponding to the sternal part of a rib. Owen. -- Hem`a*po*phys"i*al, a. HEMASTATIC; HEMASTATICAL Hem`a*stat"ic, Hem`a*stat"ic*al, a. & n. Defn: Same as Hemostatic. HEMASTATICS Hem`a*stat"ics, n. (Physiol.) Defn: Laws relating to the equilibrium of the blood in the blood vessels. HEMATACHOMETER Hem`a*ta*chom"e*ter, n. Defn: Same as Hæmatachometer. HEMATEIN Hem`a*te"in, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A reddish brown or violet crystalline substance, C16H12O6, got from hematoxylin by partial oxidation, and regarded as analogous to the phthaleins. HEMATEMESIS Hem`a*tem"e*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. a"i^ma, a"i`matos, blood + (Med.) Defn: A vomiting of blood. HEMATHERM Hem"a*therm, n. Etym: [Gr. a"i^ma blood + (Zoöl.) Defn: A warm-blooded animal. [R.] HEMATHERMAL Hem`a*ther"mal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Warm-blooded; hematothermal. [R] HEMATIC He*mat"ic, a. Defn: Same as Hæmatic. HEMATIC He*mat"ic, n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine designed to improve the condition of the blood. HEMATIN Hem"a*tin, n. Etym: [Gr. a"i^ma, a"i`matos, blood.] 1. Hematoxylin. 2. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A bluish black, amorphous substance containing iron and obtained from blood. It exists the red blood corpuscles united with globulin, and the form of hemoglobin or oxyhemoglobin gives to the blood its red color. HEMATINIC He`ma*tin"ic, n. [From Hematin.] (Med.) Defn: Any substance, such as an iron salt or organic compound containing iron, which when ingested tends to increase the hemoglobin contents of the blood. HEMATINOMETER Hem`a*ti*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Hematin + -meter.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A form of hemoglobinometer. HEMATINOMETRIC Hem`a*tin`o*met"ric, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Relating to the measurement of the amount of hematin or hemoglobin contained in blood, or other fluids. HEMATINON He*mat"i*non, n. Etym: [Gr. a"i^ma, a"i`matos, blood.] Defn: A red consisting of silica, borax, and soda, fused with oxide of copper and iron, and used in enamels, mosaics, etc. HEMATITE Hem"a*tite, n. Etym: [L. haematites, Gr. a"i^ma, a"i`matos, blood.] (Min.) Defn: An important ore of iron, the sesquioxide, so called because of the red color of the powder. It occurs in splendent rhombohedral crystals, and in massive and earthy forms; -- the last called red ocher. Called also specular iron, oligist iron, rhombohedral iron ore, and bloodstone. See Brown hematite, under Brown. HEMATITIC Hem`a*tit"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to hematite, or resembling it. HEMATO Hem"a*to. Defn: See Hæma-. HEMATOCELE He*mat"o*cele, n. Etym: [Hemato- + Gr. hématocèle.] (Med.) Defn: A tumor filled with blood. HEMATOCRYA Hem`a*toc"ry*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. a"i^ma, a"i`matos, blood + kry`os cold.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The cold-blooded vertebrates, that is, all but the mammals and birds; -- the antithesis to Hematotherma. HEMATOCRYSTALLIN Hem`a*to*crys"tal*lin, n. Etym: [Hemato + crystalline.] (Physiol.) Defn: See Hemoglobin. HEMATOID Hem"a*toid, a. Etym: [Hemato- + -oid.] (Physiol.) Defn: Resembling blood. HEMATOIDIN Hem`a*toid"in, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A crystalline or amorphous pigment, free from iron, formed from hematin in old blood stains, and in old hemorrhages in the body. It resembles bilirubin. When present in the corpora lutea it is called hæmolutein. HEMATOLOGY Hem`a*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Hemato- + -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of the blood. HEMATOMA Hem`a*to"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Hema-, and -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A circumscribed swelling produced by an effusion of blood beneath the skin. HEMATOPHILIA Hem`a*to*phil"i*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. a"i^ma, a"i`matos, blood + (Med.) Defn: A condition characterized by a tendency to profuse and uncontrollable hemorrhage from the slightest wounds. HEMATOSIN Hem`a*to"sin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The hematin of blood. [R.] HEMATOSIS Hem`a*to"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. a"ima`twsis.] (Physiol.) (a) Sanguification; the conversion of chyle into blood. (b) The arterialization of the blood in the lungs; the formation of blood in general; hæmatogenesis. HEMATOTHERMA Hem`a*to*ther"ma, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. a"i^ma, a"i`matos, blood + thermo`s warm.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The warm-blooded vertebrates, comprising the mammals and birds; -- the antithesis to hematocrya. HEMATOTHERMAL Hem"a*to*ther"mal, a. Defn: Warm-blooded. HEMATOXYLIN Hem`a*tox"y*lin, n. Defn: Hæmatoxylin. HEMATURIA Hem`a*tu"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Hema-, and Urine.] (Med.) Defn: Passage of urine mingled with blood. HEMAUTOGRAPHY Hem`au*tog"ra*phy, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The obtaining of a curve similar to a pulse curve or sphygmogram by allowing the blood from a divided artery to strike against a piece of paper. HEMELYTRON; HEMELYTRUM Hem*el"y*tron or, Hem*el"y*trum (-trûm cf. Elytron, 277),, n.; pl. Hemelytra (. Etym: [NL. See Hemi, and Elytron.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the partially thickened anterior wings of certain insects, as of many Hemiptera, the earwigs, etc. HEMERALOPIA Hem`e*ra*lo"pi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Nyctalopia.] (Med.) Defn: A disease of the eyes, in consequence of which a person can see clearly or without pain only by daylight or a strong artificial light; day sight. Note: Some writers (as Quain) use the word in the opposite sense, i. e., day blindness. See Nyctalopia. HEMEROBIAN Hem`er*o"bi*an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A neuropterous insect of the genus Hemerobius, and allied genera. HEMEROBID He*mer"o*bid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of relating to the hemerobians. HEMEROCALLIS Hem`e*ro*cal"lis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants, some species of which are cultivated for their beautiful flowers; day lily. HEMI- Hem"i-. Etym: [Gr. "hmi-. See Semi-.] Defn: A prefix signifying half. HEMIALBUMIN Hem`i*al*bu"min, n. Etym: [Hemi- + albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Same as Hemialbumose. HEMIALBUMOSE Hem`i*al"bu"mose`, n. Etym: [Hemi- + albumose.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An albuminous substance formed in gastric digestion, and by the action of boiling dilute acids on albumin. It is readily convertible into hemipeptone. Called also hemialbumin. HEMIANAESTHESIA Hem`i*an`æs*the"si*a, n. Etym: [Hemi- + anæsthesia.] (Med.) Defn: Anæsthesia upon one side of the body. HEMIBRANCHI Hem`i*bran"chi, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Hemi-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes having an incomplete or reduced branchial apparatus. It includes the sticklebacks, the flutemouths, and Fistularia. HEMICARDIA Hem`i*car"di*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Hemi-, and Cardia.] (Anat.) Defn: A lateral half of the heart, either the right or left. B. G. Wilder. HEMICARP Hem`i*carp, n. Etym: [Hemi- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: One portion of a fruit that spontaneously divides into halves. HEMICEREBRUM Hem`i*cer"e*brum, n. Etym: [Hemi- + cerebrum.] (Anat.) Defn: A lateral half of the cerebrum. Wilder. HEMICOLLIN Hem`i*col"lin, n. Etym: [Hemi- + collin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: See Semiglutin. HEMICRANIA Hem`i*cra"ni*a, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. hémicrânie. See Cranium, and Megrim.] (Med.) Defn: A pain that affects only one side of the head. HEMICRANY Hem"i*cra`ny, n. (Med.) Defn: Hemicranis. HEMICYCLE Hem"i*cy`cle, n. Etym: [L. hemicyclus, Gr. 1. A half circle; a semicircle. 2. A semicircular place, as a semicircular arena, or room, or part of a room. The collections will be displayed in the hemicycle of the central pavilion. London Academy. HEMIDACTYL Hem`i*dac"tyl, n. Etym: [See Hemi-, and Dactyl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Old World geckoes of the genus Hemidactylus. The hemidactyls have dilated toes, with two rows of plates beneath. HEMI-DEMI-SEMIQUAVER Hem`i-dem`i-sem"i*quaver, n. Etym: [Hemi- + demi-semiquaver.] (Mus.) Defn: A short note, equal to one fourth of a semiquaver, or the sixty-fourth part of a whole note. HEMIDITONE Hem`i*di"tone, n. Etym: [Hemi- + ditone.] (Gr. Mus.) Defn: The lesser third. Busby. HEMIGAMOUS He*mig"a*mous, a. Etym: [Hemi- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having one of the two florets in the same spikelet neuter, and the other unisexual, whether male or female; -- said of grasses. HEMIGLYPH Hem"i*glyph, n. Etym: [Hemi- + Gr. (Arch.) Defn: The half channel or groove in the edge of the triglyph in the Doric order. HEMIHEDRAL Hem`i*he"dral, a. Etym: [Hemi- + Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: Having half of the similar parts of a crystals, instead of all; consisting of half the planes which full symmetry would require, as when a cube has planes only on half of its eight solid angles, or one plane out of a pair on each of its edges; or as in the case of a tetrahedron, which is hemihedral to an octahedron, it being contained under four of the planes of an octahedron. -- Hem`i*he"dral*ly, adv. HEMIHEDRISM Hem`i*he"drism, n. (Crystallog.) Defn: The property of crystallizing hemihedrally. HEMIHEDRON Hem`i*he"dron, n. (Crystallog.) Defn: A solid hemihedrally derived. The tetrahedron is a hemihedron. HEMIHOLOHEDRAL Hem`i*hol`o*he"dral, a. Etym: [Hemi- + holohedral.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Presenting hemihedral forms, in which half the sectants have the full number of planes. HEMIMELLITIC Hem`i*mel*lit"ic, a. Etym: [Hemi- + mellitic.] (Chem.) Defn: Having half as many (three) carboxyl radicals as mellitic acid; -- said of an organic acid. HEMIMETABOLA Hem`i*me*tab"o*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Hemi-, and Metabola.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Those insects which have an incomplete metamorphosis. HEMIMETABOLIC Hem`i*met`a*bol"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having an incomplete metamorphosis, the larvæ differing from the adults chiefly in laking wings, as in the grasshoppers and cockroaches. HEMIMORPHIC Hem`i*mor"phic, a. Etym: [Hemi- + Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: Having the two ends modified with unlike planes; -- said of a crystal. HEMIN He"min, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A substance, in the form of reddish brown, microscopic, prismatic crystals, formed from dried blood by the action of strong acetic acid and common salt; -- called also Teichmann's crystals. Chemically, it is a hydrochloride of hematin. Note: The obtaining of these small crystals, from old blood clots or suspected blood stains, constitutes one of the best evidences of the presence of blood. HEMINA He*mi"na, n.; pl. Heminæ. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A measure of half a sextary. Arbuthnot. 2. (Med.) Defn: A measure equal to about ten fluid ounces. HEMIONUS He*mi"o*nus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A wild ass found in Thibet; the kiang. Darwin. HEMIOPIA; HEMIOPSIA Hem`i*o"pi*a, Hem`i*op"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A defect of vision in consequence of which a person sees but half of an object looked at. HEMIORTHOTYPE Hem`i*or"tho*type, a. Etym: [Hemi- + Gr. -type.] Defn: Same as Monoclinic. HEMIPEPTONE Hem`i*pep"tone, n. Etym: [Hemi- + peptone.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A product of the gastric and pancreatic digestion of albuminous matter. Note: Unlike antipeptone it is convertible into leucin and tyrosin, by the continued action of pancreatic juice. See Peptone. It is also formed from hemialbumose and albumin by the action of boiling dilute sulphuric acid. HEMIPLEGIA Hem`i*ple"gi*a, n.Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. hémiplagie.] (Med.) Defn: A palsy that affects one side only of the body. -- Hem`i"pleg"ic, a. HEMIPLEGY Hem"i*ple`gy, n. (Med.) Defn: Hemiplegia. HEMIPODE Hem"i*pode, n. Etym: [Hemi- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the genus Turnix. Various species inhabit Asia, Africa, and Australia. HEMIPROTEIN Hem`i*pro"te*in, n. Etym: [Hemi- + protein.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An insoluble, proteid substance, described by Schützenberger, formed when albumin is heated for some time with dilute sulphuric acid. It is apparently identical with antialbumid and dyspeptone. HEMIPTER He*mip"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hémiptères, pl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Hemiptera. HEMIPTERA He*mip"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of hexapod insects having a jointed proboscis, including four sharp stylets (mandibles and maxillæ), for piercing. In many of the species (Heteroptera) the front wings are partially coriaceous, and different from the others. Note: They are divided into the Heteroptera, including the squash bug, soldier bug, bedbug, etc.; the Homoptera, including the cicadas, cuckoo spits, plant lice, scale insects, etc.; the Thysanoptera, including the thrips, and, according to most recent writers, the Pediculina or true lice. HEMIPTERAL; HEMIPTEROUS He*mip"ter*al, He*mip"ter*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Hemiptera. HEMIPTERAN He*mip"ter*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Hemiptera; an hemipter. HEMISECT Hem`i*sect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hemisected; p. pr. & vb. n. Hemisecting.] Etym: [Hemi- + L. secare to cut.] (Anat.) Defn: To divide along the mesial plane. HEMISECTION Hem`i*sec"tion, n. (Anat.) Defn: A division along the mesial plane; also, one of the parts so divided. HEMISPHERE Hem"i*sphere, n. Etym: [L. hemisphaerium, Gr. hémisphère. See Hemi-, and Sphere.] 1. A half sphere; one half of a sphere or globe, when divided by a plane passing through its center. 2. Half of the terrestrial globe, or a projection of the same in a map or picture. 3. The people who inhabit a hemisphere. He died . . . mourned by a hemisphere. J. P. Peters. ten Cerebral hemispheres. (Anat.) See Brain. -- Magdeburg hemispheres (Physics), two hemispherical cups forming, when placed together, a cavity from which the air can be withdrawn by an air pump; -- used to illustrate the pressure of the air. So called because invented by Otto von Guericke at Magdeburg. HEMISPHERIC; HEMISPHERICAL Hem`i*spher"ic, Hem`i*spher"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hémisphérique.] Defn: Containing, or pertaining to, a hemisphere; as, a hemispheric figure or form; a hemispherical body. HEMISPHEROID Hem`i*sphe"roid, n. Etym: [Hemi- + spheroid.] Defn: A half of a spheroid. HEMISPHEROIDAL Hem`i*sphe*roid"al, a. Defn: Resembling, or approximating to, a hemisphere in form. HEMISPHERULE Hem`i*spher"ule, n. Defn: A half spherule. HEMISTICH Hem"i*stich, n. Etym: [L. hemistichium, Gr. "hmisti`chion; "hmi- half + sti`chos row, line, verse: cf. F. hémistiche.] Defn: Half a poetic verse or line, or a verse or line not completed. HEMISTICHAL He*mis"ti*chal, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or written in, hemistichs; also, by, or according to, hemistichs; as, a hemistichal division of a verse. HEMISYSTOLE Hem`i*sys"to*le, n. (Physiol.) Defn: Contraction of only one ventricle of the heart. Note: Hemisystole is noticed in rare cases of insufficiency of the mitral valve, in which both ventricles at times contract simultaneously, as in a normal heart, this condition alternating with contraction of the right ventricle alone; hence, intermittent hemisystole. HEMITONE Hem"i*tone, n. Etym: [L. hemitonium, Gr. Defn: See Semitone. HEMITROPAL; HEMITROPOUS He*mit"ro*pal, He*mit"ro*pous, a. Etym: [See Hemitrope.] 1. Turned half round; half inverted. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having the raphe terminating about half way between the chalaza and the orifice; amphitropous; -- said of an ovule. Gray. HEMITROPE Hem"i*trope, a. Etym: [Hemi- + Gr. hémitrope.] Defn: Half turned round; half inverted; (Crystallog.) having a twinned structure. HEMITROPE Hem"i*trope, n. Defn: That which is hemitropal in construction; (Crystallog.) a twin crystal having a hemitropal structure. HEMITROPY He*mit"ro*py, n. (Crystallog.) Defn: Twin composition in crystals. HEMLOCK Hem"lock, n. Etym: [OE. hemeluc, humloc, AS. hemlic, hymlic.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The name of several poisonous umbelliferous herbs having finely cut leaves and small white flowers, as the Cicuta maculata, bulbifera, and virosa, and the Conium maculatum. See Conium. Note: The potion of hemlock administered to Socrates is by some thought to have been a decoction of Cicuta virosa, or water hemlock, by others, of Conium maculatum. 2. (Bot.) Defn: An evergreen tree common in North America (Abies, or Tsuga, Canadensis); hemlock spruce. The murmuring pines and the hemlocks. Longfellow. 3. The wood or timber of the hemlock tree. Ground hemlock, or Dwarf hemlock. See under Ground. HEMMEL Hem"mel, n. Etym: [Scot. hemmel, hammel, Prov. E. hemble hovel, stable, shed, perh. allied to D. hemel heaven, canopy, G. himmel; cf. E. heaven. Defn: A shed or hovel for cattle. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. HEMMER Hem"mer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, hems with a needle. Specifically: (a) An attachment to a sewing machine, for turning under the edge of a piece of fabric, preparatory to stitching it down. (b) A tool for turning over the edge of sheet metal to make a hem. HEMO- Hem"o-. Defn: Same as Hæma-, Hæmo-. HEMOGLOBIN Hem"o*glo"bin, n. Etym: [Hemo- + globe.] (Physiol.) Defn: The normal coloring matter of the red blood corpuscles of vertebrate animals. It is composed of hematin and globulin, and is also called hæmatoglobulin. In arterial blood, it is always combined with oxygen, and is then called oxyhemoglobin. It crystallizes under different forms from different animals, and when crystallized, is called hæmatocrystallin. See Blood crystal, under Blood. HEMOGLOBINOMETER Hem`o*glo"bin*om"e*ter, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Same as Hæmochromometer. HEMOPHILIA Hem`o*phil"i*a, n. Defn: See Hematophilia. HEMOPTYSIS He*mop"ty*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. hémoptysie.] (Med.) Defn: The expectoration of blood, due usually to hemorrhage from the mucous membrane of the lungs. HEMORRHAGE Hem"or*rhage, n. Etym: [L. haemorrhagia, Gr. hémorriage, hémorrhagie.] (Med.) Defn: Any discharge of blood from the blood vessels. Note: The blood circulates in a system of closed tubes, the rupture of which gives rise to hemorrhage. HEMORRHAGIC Hem`or*rhag"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. hémorrhagique.] Defn: Pertaining or tending to a flux o HEMORRHOIDAL Hem`or*rhoid"al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hémorroïdal, hémorrhoïdal.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, hemorrhoids. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the rectum; rectal; as, the hemorrhoidal arteries, veins, and nerves. HEMORRHOIDS Hem"or*rhoids, n. pl. Etym: [L. haemorrhoidae, pl., Gr. hémorroïdes, hémorrhoïdes. See Rheum.] (Med.) Defn: Livid and painful swellings formed by the dilation of the blood vessels around the margin of, or within, the anus, from which blood or mucus is occasionally discharged; piles; emerods. [The sing. hemorrhoid is rarely used.] HEMOSTATIC Hem`o*stat"ic, a. Etym: [Hemo- + Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: Of or relating to stagnation of the blood. 2. Serving to arrest hemorrhage; styptic. HEMOSTATIC Hem`o*stat"ic, n. Defn: A medicine or application to arrest hemorrhage. HEMOTHORAX Hem"o*tho"rax, n. Etym: [NL. See Hemo-, and Thorax.] (Med.) Defn: An effusion of blood into the cavity of the pleura. HEMP Hemp, n. Etym: [OE. hemp, AS. henep, hænep; akin to D. hennep, OHG. hanaf, G. hanf, Icel. hampr, Dan. hamp, Sw. hampa, L. cannabis, cannabum, Gr. conoplia, Skr. a; all prob. borrowed from some other language at an early time. Cf. Cannabine, Canvas.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Cannabis (C. sativa), the fibrous skin or bark of which is used for making cloth and cordage. The name is also applied to various other plants yielding fiber. 2. The fiber of the skin or rind of the plant, prepared for spinning. The name has also been extended to various fibers resembling the true hemp. African hemp, Bowstring hemp. See under African, and Bowstring. -- Bastard hemp, the Asiatic herb Datisca cannabina. -- Canada hemp, a species of dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum), the fiber of which was used by the Indians. -- Hemp agrimony, a coarse, composite herb of Europe (Eupatorium cannabinum), much like the American boneset. -- Hemp nettle, a plant of the genus Galeopsis (G. Tetrahit), belonging to the Mint family. -- Indian hemp. See under Indian, a. -- Manila hemp, the fiber of Musa textilis. -- Sisal hemp, the fiber of Agave sisalana, of Mexico and Yucatan. -- Sunn hemp, a fiber obtained from a leguminous plant (Crotalaria juncea). -- Water hemp, an annual American weed (Acnida cannabina), related to the amaranth. HEMPEN Hemp"en, a. 1. Made of hemp; as, a hempen cord. 2. Like hemp. "Beat into a hempen state." Cook. HEMPY Hemp"y, a. Defn: Like hemp. [R.] Howell. HEMSELF; HEMSELVE; HEMSELVEN Hem*self", Hem*selve" (, Hem*selv"en (, pron. pl. Etym: [See Hem, pron.] Defn: Themselves; -- used reflexively. [Obs.] Chaucer. HEMSTITCH Hem"stitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hemstitched; p. pr. & vb. n. Hemstitching.] Etym: [Hem + stitch.] Defn: To ornament at the head of a broad hem by drawing out a few parallel threads, and fastening the cross threads in successive small clusters; as, to hemstitch a handkerchief. HEMSTITCHED Hem"stitched, a. Defn: Having a broad hem separated from the body of the article by a line of open work; as, a hemistitched handkerchief. HEMUSE He"muse, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The roebuck in its third year. [Prov. Eng.] HEN Hen, n. Etym: [AS. henn, hen, hæn; akin to D. hen, OHG. henna, G. henne, Icel. hna, Dan. höna; the fem. corresponding to AS. hana cock, D. haan, OHG. hano, G. hahn, Icel. hani, Dan. & Sw. hane. Prob. akin to L. canere to sing, and orig. meaning, a singer. Cf. Chanticleer.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The female of the domestic fowl; also, the female of grouse, pheasants, or any kind of birds; as, the heath hen; the gray hen. Note: Used adjectively or in combination to indicate the female; as, hen canary, hen eagle, hen turkey, peahen. Hen clam. (Zoöl.) (a) A clam of the Mactra, and allied genera; the sea clam or surf clam. See Surf clam. (b) A California clam of the genus Pachydesma. -- Hen driver. See Hen harrier (below). -- Hen harrier (Zoöl.), a hawk (Circus cyaneus), found in Europe and America; -- called also dove hawk, henharm, henharrow, hen driver, and usually, in America, marsh hawk. See Marsh hawk. -- Hen hawk (Zoöl.), one of several species of large hawks which capture hens; esp., the American red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis), the red-shouldered hawk (B. lineatus), and the goshawk. HENBANE Hen"bane`, n. Etym: [Hen + bane.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Hyoscyamus (H. niger). All parts of the plant are poisonous, and the leaves are used for the same purposes as belladonna. It is poisonous to domestic fowls; whence the name. Called also, stinking nightshade, from the fetid odor of the plant. See Hyoscyamus. HENBIT Hen"bit`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A weed of the genus Lamium (L. amplexicaule) with deeply crenate leaves. HENCE Hence, adv. Etym: [OE. hennes, hens (the s is prop. a genitive ending; cf. -wards), also hen, henne, hennen, heonnen, heonene, AS. heonan, heonon, heona, hine; akin to OHG. hinnan, G. hinnen, OHG. hina, G. hin; all from the root of E. he. See He.] 1. From this place; away. "Or that we hence wend." Chaucer. Arise, let us go hence. John xiv. 31. I will send thee far hence unto the Gentiles. Acts xxii. 21. 2. From this time; in the future; as, a week hence. "Half an hour hence." Shak. 3. From this reason; as an inference or deduction. Hence, perhaps, it is, that Solomon calls the fear of the Lord the beginning of wisdom. Tillotson. 4. From this source or origin. All other faces borrowed hence Their light and grace. Suckling. Whence come wars and fightings among you Come they not hence, even of your lusts James. iv. 1. Note: Hence is used, elliptically and imperatively, for go hence; depart hence; away; be gone. "Hence with your little ones." Shak. -- From hence, though a pleonasm, is fully authorized by the usage of good writers. An ancient author prophesied from hence. Dryden. Expelled from hence into a world Of woe and sorrow. Milton. HENCE Hence, v. t. Defn: To send away. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. HENCEFORTH Hence`forth", adv. Defn: From this time forward; henceforward. I never from thy side henceforth to stray. Milton. HENCEFORWARD Hence`for"ward, adv. Defn: From this time forward; henceforth. HENCHBOY Hench"boy`, n. Defn: A page; a servant. [Obs.] HENCHMAN Hench"man, n.; pl. -men. Etym: [OE. hencheman, henxman; prob. fr. OE. & AS. hengest horse + E. man, and meaning, a groom. AS. hengest is akin to D. & G. hengst stallion, OHG. hengist horse, gelding.] Defn: An attendant; a servant; a follower. Now chiefly used as a political cant term. HENCOOP Hen"coop`, n. Defn: A coop or cage for hens. HENDE Hende, a. Etym: [OE., near, handy, kind, fr. AS. gehende near, fr. hand hand. See Handy.] 1. Skillful; dexterous; clever. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Friendly; civil; gentle; kind. [Obs.] Chaucer. HENDECAGON Hen*dec"a*gon, n. Etym: [Gr. hendécagone.] (Geom.) Defn: A plane figure of eleven sides and eleven angles. [Written also endecagon.] HENDECANE Hen"de*cane, n. Etym: [Gr. "e`ndeka eleven.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon, C11H24, of the paraffin series; -- so called because it has eleven atoms of carbon in each molecule. Called also endecane, undecane. HENDECASYLLABIC Hen*dec`a*syl*lab"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to a line of eleven syllables. HENDECASYLLABLE Hen*dec"a*syl`la*ble, n. Etym: [L. hendecasyllabus, Gr. hendécasyllabe.] Defn: A metrical line of eleven syllables. J. Warton. HENDECATOIC Hen*dec`a*to"ic, a. Etym: [See Hendecane.] (Chem.) Defn: Undecylic; pertaining to, or derived from, hendecane; as, hendecatoic acid. HENDIADYS Hen*di"a*dys, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Gram.) Defn: A figure in which the idea is expressed by two nouns connected by and, instead of by a noun and limiting adjective; as, we drink from cups and gold, for golden cups. HENDY Hen"dy, a. [Obs.] Defn: See Hende. HENEN Hen"en, adv. Defn: Hence. [Obs.] Chaucer. HENFISH Hen"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine fish; the sea bream. (b) A young bib. See Bib, n., 2. HENG Heng, obs. imp. of Hang. Defn: Hung. Chaucer. HEN-HEARTED Hen"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Cowardly; timid; chicken-hearted. Udall. HENHOUSE Hen"house`, n.; pl. Henhouses. Defn: A house or shelter for fowls. HENHUSSY Hen"hus`sy, n. Defn: A cotquean; a man who intermeddles with women's concerns. HENIQUEN He*ni"quen, n. Defn: See Jeniquen. HENNA Hen"na, n. Etym: [Ar. hinna alcanna (Lawsonia inermis or alba). Cf. Alcanna, Alkanet, Orchanet.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A thorny tree or shrub of the genus Lawsonia (L. alba). The fragrant white blossoms are used by the Buddhists in religious ceremonies. The powdered leaves furnish a red coloring matter used in the East to stain the hails and fingers, the manes of horses, etc. 2. (Com.) Defn: The leaves of the henna plant, or a preparation or dyestuff made from them. HENNERY Hen"ner*y, n. Defn: An inclosed place for keeping hens. [U. S.] HENNES Hen"nes, adv. Defn: Hence. [Obs.] Chaucer. HENNOTANNIC Hen`no*tan"nic, a. Etym: [Henna + tannic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a brown resinous substance resembling tannin, and extracted from the henna plant; as, hennotannic acid. HENOGENY; HENOGENESIS He*nog"e* ny, Hen`o*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Ontogeny. HENOTHEISM Hen"o*the*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. theism.] Defn: Primitive religion in which each of several divinities is regarded as independent, and is worshiped without reference to the rest. [R.] HENOTIC He*not"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Harmonizing; irenic. Gladstone. HENPECK Hen"peck`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Henpecked; p. pr. & vb. Henpecking.] Defn: To subject to petty authority; -- said of a wife who thus treats her husband. Commonly used in the past participle (often adjectively). HENRIETTA CLOTH Hen`ri*et"ta cloth`. Defn: A fine wide wooled fabric much used for women's dresses. HENROOST Hen"roost`, n. Defn: A place where hens roost. HENRY Hen"ry, n.; pl. Henrys. Etym: [From Joseph Henry, an American physicist.] Defn: The unit of electric induction; the induction in a circuit when the electro-motive force induced in this circuit is one volt, while the inducing current varies at the rate of one ampère a second. HEN'S-FOOT Hen's-foot` (, n. (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous plant (Caucalis daucoides). HENT Hent, v. t. [imp. Hente; p. p. Hent.] Etym: [OE. hente, henten, fr. AS. hentan, gehentan, to pursue, take, seize; cf. Icel. henda, Goth. hinpan (in compos.), and E. hunt.] Defn: To seize; to lay hold on; to catch; to get. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Spenser. This cursed Jew him hente and held him fast. Chaucer. But all that he might of his friendes hente On bookes and on learning he it spente. Chaucer. HENWARE Hen"ware`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A coarse, blackish seaweed. See Badderlocks. HENXMAN Henx"man, n. Defn: Henchman. [Obs.] HEP Hep, n. Defn: See Hip, the fruit of the dog-rose. HEPAR He"par, n. Etym: [L. hepar, hepatis, the liver, Gr. 1. (Old Chem.) Defn: Liver of sulphur; a substance of a liver-brown color, sometimes used in medicine. It is formed by fusing sulphur with carbonates of the alkalies (esp. potassium), and consists essentially of alkaline sulphides. Called also hepar sulphuris (. 2. Any substance resembling hepar proper, in appearance; specifically, in homeopathy, calcium sulphide, called also hepar sulphuris calcareum ( Hepar antimonii ( (Old Chem.), a substance, of a liver-brown color, obtained by fusing together antimony sulphide with alkaline sulphides, and consisting of sulphantimonites of the alkalies; -- called also liver of antimony. HEPATIC He*pat"ic, a. Etym: [L. hepaticus, Gr. jecur, Skr. yak: cf. F. hépatique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the liver; as, hepatic artery; hepatic diseases. 2. Resembling the liver in color or in form; as, hepatic cinnabar. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the plants called Hepaticæ, or scale mosses and liverworts. Hepatic duct (Anat.), any biliary duct; esp., the duct, or one of the ducts, which carries the bile from the liver to the cystic and common bile ducts. See Illust., under Digestive. -- Hepatic gas (Old Chem.), sulphureted hydrogen gas. -- Hepatic mercurial ore, or Hepatic cinnabar. See under Cinnabar. HEPATICA He*pat"i*ca, n.; pl. Hepaticæ. Etym: [NL. See Hepatic. So called in allusion to the shape of the lobed leaves or fronds.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of pretty spring flowers closely related to Anemone; squirrel cup. 2. (bot.) Defn: Any plant, usually procumbent and mosslike, of the cryptogamous class Hepaticæ; -- called also scale moss and liverwort. See Hepaticæ, in the Supplement. HEPATICAL He*pat"ic*al, a. Defn: Hepatic. [R.] HEPATITE Hep"a*tite, n. Etym: [L. hepatitis an unknown precious stone, Gr. hépatite.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of barite emitting a fetid odor when rubbed or heated. HEPATITIS Hep`a*ti"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the liver. HEPATIZATION Hep`a*ti*za"tion, n. 1. (Chem.) Defn: Impregnating with sulphureted hydrogen gas. [Obs.] 2. Etym: [Cf. F. hépatisation.] (Med.) Defn: Conversion into a substance resembling the liver; a state of the lungs when gorged with effused matter, so that they are no longer pervious to the air. HEPATIZE Hep"a*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hepatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Hepatizing.] Etym: [Gr. hepatite, and (for sense 2) F. hépatiser.] 1. To impregnate with sulphureted hydrogen gas, formerly called hepatic gas. On the right . . . were two wells of hepatized water. Barrow. 2. To gorge with effused matter, as the lungs. HEPATOCELE He*pat"o*cele, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Hernia of the liver. HEPATOCYSTIC Hep`a*to*cys"tic, a. Etym: [Hepatic + cystic.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the liver and gall bladder; as, the hepatocystic ducts. HEPATOGASTRIC Hep`a*to*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Hepatic + gastric.] (Anat.) Defn: See Gastrohepatic. HEPATOGENIC; HEPATOGENOUS Hep`a*to*gen"ic, Hep`a*tog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. "h ar, "h`patos, the liver + root of gi`gnesthai to be born] (Med.) Defn: Arising from the liver; due to a condition of the liver; as, hepatogenic jaundice. HEPATOLOGY Hep`a*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. "h ar, "h`patos, the liver + -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of the liver; a treatise on the liver. HEPATO-PANCREAS Hep"a*to-pan"cre*as, n. Etym: [Gr. "h ar, "h`patos, the liver + E. pancreas.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A digestive gland in Crustacea, Mollusca, etc., usually called the liver, but different from the liver of vertebrates. HEPATORENAL Hep`a*to*re"nal, a. Etym: [Hepatic + renal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the liver and kidneys; as, the hepatorenal ligament. HEPATOSCOPY Hep`a*tos"co*py, n. Etym: [Gr. "h ar, "h`patos, the liver + hépatoscopie.] Defn: Divination by inspecting the liver of animals. HEPPELWHITE Hep"pel*white, a. (Furniture) Defn: Designating a light and elegant style developed in England under George III., chiefly by Messrs. A.Heppelwhite & Co. HEPPEN Hep"pen, a. Etym: [Cf. AS. gehæp fit, Icel. heppinn lucky, E. happy.] Defn: Neat; fit; comfortable. [Obs.] HEPPER Hep"per, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young salmon; a parr. HEPTA Hep"ta. Etym: [See Seven.] Defn: A combining form from Gr. "epta`, seven. HEPTACHORD Hep"ta*chord, n. Etym: [Gr. "epta`xordos seven-stringed; "epta` seven + xordh` chord: cf. F. heptacorde. See Seven, and Chord.] 1. (Anc. Mus.) (a) A system of seven sounds. (b) A lyre with seven chords. 2. (Anc. Poet.) Defn: A composition sung to the sound of seven chords or tones. Moore (Encyc. of Music). HEPTAD Hep"tad, n. Etym: [L. heptas the number seven. Gr. "epta` seven.] (Chem.) Defn: An atom which has a valence of seven, and which can be theoretically combined with, substituted for, or replaced by, seven monad atoms or radicals; as, iodine is a heptad in iodic acid. Also used as an adjective. HEPTADE Hep"tade, n. Etym: [Cf. F. heptade. See Heptad.] Defn: The sum or number of seven. HEPTAGLOT Hep"ta*glot, n. Etym: [Gr. "epta` seven + 3, Defn: A book in seven languages. HEPTAGON Hep"ta*gon, n. Etym: [Gr. "epta` seven + heptagone.] (Geom.) Defn: A plane figure consisting of seven sides and having seven angles. HEPTAGONAL Hep*tag"o*nal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. heptagonal.] Defn: Having seven angles or sides. Heptagonal numbers (Arith.), the numbers of the series 1, 7, 18, 34, 55, etc., being figurate numbers formed by adding successively the terms of the arithmetical series 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, etc. HEPTAGYNIA Hep`ta*gyn"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "epta` seven + heptagunie.] (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan order of plants having seven pistils. HEPTAGYNIAN; HEPTAGYNOUS Hep`ta*gyn"i*an, Hep*tag"y*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. heptagyne.] (Bot.) Defn: Having seven pistils. HEPTAHEDRON Hep`ta*he"dron, n. Etym: [Hepta- + Gr. heptaèdre.] (Geom.) Defn: A solid figure with seven sides. HEPTAMEROUS Hep*tam"er*ous, a. Etym: [Hepta- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Consisting of seven parts, or having the parts in sets of sevens. Gray. HEPTANDRIA Hep*tan"dri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "epta` seven + heptandrie.] (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants having seven stamens. HEPTANDRIAN; HEPTANDROUS Hep*tan"dri*an, Hep*tan"drous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. heptandre.] (Bot.) Defn: Having seven stamens. HEPTANE Hep"tane, n. Etym: [Gr. "epta` seven.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of several isometric hydrocarbons, C7H16, of the paraffin series (nine are possible, four are known); -- so called because the molecule has seven carbon atoms. Specifically, a colorless liquid, found as a constituent of petroleum, in the tar oil of cannel coal, etc. HEPTANGULAR Hep*tan"gu*lar, a. Etym: [Hepta- + angular: cf. F. heptangulaire. Cf. Septangular.] Defn: Having seven angles. HEPTAPHYLLOUS Hep*taph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Hepta- + Gr. heptaphylle.] (Bot.) Defn: Having seven leaves. HEPTARCH Hep"tarch, n. Defn: Same as Heptarchist. HEPTARCHIC Hep*tar"chic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. heptarchique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a heptarchy; constituting or consisting of a heptarchy. T. Warton. HEPTARCHIST Hep"tarch*ist, n. Defn: A ruler of one division of a heptarchy. [Written also heptarch.] HEPTARCHY Hep"tarch*y, n. Etym: [Hepta- + -archy: cf. F. heptarchie.] Defn: A government by seven persons; also, a country under seven rulers. Note: The word is most commonly applied to England, when it was divided into seven kingdoms; as, the Saxon heptachy, which consisted of Kent, the South Saxons (Sussex), West Saxons (Wessex), East Saxons (Essex), the East Angles, Mercia, and Northumberland. HEPTASPERMOUS Hep`ta*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Hepta- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having seven seeds. HEPTASTICH Hep"ta*stich, n. Etym: [Hepta- + Gr. sti`chos line, verse.] (Pros.) Defn: A composition consisting of seven lines or verses. HEPTATEUCH Hep"ta*teuch, n. Etym: [L. heptateuchos, Gr. "epta` seven + heptateuque.] Defn: The first seven books of the Testament. HEPTAVALENT Hep*tav"a*lent, a. Etym: [Hepta- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Defn: Having seven units of attractive force or affinity; -- said of heptad elements or radicals. HEPTENE Hep"tene, n. Etym: [Gr. "epta` seven.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Heptylene. HEPTINE Hep"tine, n. Etym: [Heptane + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of unsaturated metameric hydrocarbons, C7H12, of the acetylene series. HEPTOIC Hep*to"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, heptane; as, heptoic acid. HEPTONE Hep"tone, n. Etym: [Gr. "epta` seven.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon, C7H10, of the valylene series. HEP TREE Hep" tree`. Etym: [See Hep.] Defn: The wild dog-rose. HEPTYL Hep"tyl, n. Etym: [Hepta- + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound radical, C7H15, regarded as the essential radical of heptane and a related series of compounds. HEPTYLENE Hep"tyl*ene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless liquid hydrocarbon, C7H14, of the ethylene series; also, any one of its isomers. Called also heptene. HEPTYLIC Hep*tyl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, heptyl or heptane; as, heptylic alcohol. Cf. . HER Her, pron. & a. Etym: [OE. hire, here, hir, hure, gen. and dat. sing., AS. hire, gen. and dat. sing. of héo she. from the same root as E. he. See He.] Defn: The form of the objective and the possessive case of the personal pronoun she; as, I saw her with her purse out. Note: The possessive her takes the form hers when the noun with which in agrees is not given, but implied. "And what his fortune wanted, hers could mend." Dryden. HER; HERE Her, Here (, pron. pl. Etym: [OE. here, hire, AS. heora, hyra, gen. pl. of he. See He.] Defn: Of them; their. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. On here bare knees adown they fall. Chaucer. HERACLEONITE He*rac"le*on*ite, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Heracleon of Alexandria, a Judaizing Gnostic, in the early history of the Christian church. HERAKLINE He*rak"line, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A picrate compound, used as an explosive in blasting. HERALD Her"ald, n. Etym: [OE. herald, heraud, OF. heralt, heraut, herault, F. héraut, LL. heraldus, haraldus, fr. (assumed) OHG. heriwalto, hariwaldo, a (civil) officer who serves the army; hari, heri, army + waltan to manage, govern, G. walten; akin to E. wield. See Harry, Wield.] 1. (Antiq.) Defn: An officer whose business was to denounce or proclaim war, to challenge to battle, to proclaim peace, and to bear messages from the commander of an army. He was invested with a sacred and inviolable character. 2. In the Middle Ages, the officer charged with the above duties, and also with the care of genealogies, of the rights and privileges of noble families, and especially of armorial bearings. In modern times, some vestiges of this office remain, especially in England. See Heralds' College (below), and King-at-Arms. 3. A proclaimer; one who, or that which, publishes or announces; as, the herald of another's fame. Shak. 4. A forerunner; a a precursor; a harbinger. It was the lark, the herald of the morn. Shak. 5. Any messenger. "My herald is returned." Shak. Heralds' College, in England, an ancient corporation, dependent upon the crown, instituted or perhaps recognized by Richard III. in 1483, consisting of the three Kings-at-Arms and the Chester, Lancaster, Richmond, Somerset, Windsor, and York Heralds, together with the Earl Marshal. This retains from the Middle Ages the charge of the armorial bearings of persons privileged to bear them, as well as of genealogies and kindred subjects; -- called also College of Arms. HERALD Her"ald, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Heralded; p. pr. & vb. n. Heralding.] Etym: [Cf. OF. herauder, heraulder.] Defn: To introduce, or give tidings of, as by a herald; to proclaim; to announce; to foretell; to usher in. Shak. HERALDIC He*ral"dic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. héraldique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to heralds or heraldry; as, heraldic blazoning; heraldic language. T. Warton. HERALDICALLY He*ral"dic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an heraldic manner; according to the rules of heraldry. HERALDRY Her"ald*ry, n. Defn: The art or office of a herald; the art, practice, or science of recording genealogies, and blazoning arms or ensigns armorial; also, of marshaling cavalcades, processions, and public ceremonies. HERALDSHIP Her"ald*ship, n. Defn: The office of a herald. Selden. HERAPATHITE Her"a*path*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Dr. Herapath, the discoverer.] (Chem.) Defn: The sulphate of iodoquinine, a substance crystallizing in thin plates remarkable for their effects in polarizing light. HERAUD Her"aud, n. Defn: A herald. [Obs.] Chaucer. HERB Herb, n. Etym: [OE. herbe, erbe, OF. herbe, erbe, F. herbe, L. herba; perh. akin to Gr. forbh` food, pasture, fe`rbein to feed.] 1. A plant whose stem does not become woody and permanent, but dies, at least down to the ground, after flowering. Note: Annual herbs live but one season; biennial herbs flower the second season, and then die; perennial herbs produce new stems year after year. 2. Grass; herbage. And flocks Grazing the tender herb. Milton. Herb bennet. (Bot.) See Bennet. -- Herb Christopher (Bot.), an herb (Actæa spicata), whose root is used in nervous diseases; the baneberry. The name is occasionally given to other plants, as the royal fern, the wood betony, etc. -- Herb Gerard (Bot.), the goutweed; -- so called in honor of St. Gerard, who used to be invoked against the gout. Dr. Prior. -- Herb grace, or Herb of grace. (Bot.) See Rue. -- Herb Margaret (Bot.), the daisy. See Marguerite. -- Herb Paris (Bot.), an Old World plant related to the trillium (Paris quadrifolia), commonly reputed poisonous. -- Herb Robert (Bot.), a species of Geranium (G. Robertianum.) HERBACEOUS Her*ba"ceous, a. Etym: [L. herbaceus grassy. See Herb.] Defn: Of or pertaining to herbs; having the nature, texture, or characteristics, of an herb; as, herbaceous plants; an herbaceous stem. HERBAGE Herb"age (; 48), n. Etym: [F. See Herb.] 1. Herbs collectively; green food beasts; grass; pasture. "Thin herbage in the plaims." Dryden. 2. (Law.) Defn: The liberty or right of pasture in the forest or in the grounds of another man. Blount. HERBAGED Herb"aged, a. Defn: Covered with grass. Thomson. HERBAL Herb"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to herbs. Quarles. HERBAL Herb"al, n. 1. A book containing the names and descriptions of plants. Bacon. 2. A collection of specimens of plants, dried and preserved; a hortus siccus; an herbarium. Steele. HERBALISM Herb"al*ism, n. Defn: The knowledge of herbs. HERBALIST Herb"al*ist, n. Defn: One skilled in the knowledge of plants; a collector of, or dealer in, herbs, especially medicinal herbs. HERBAR Herb"ar, n. Defn: An herb. [Obs.] Spenser. HERBARIAN Her*ba"ri*an, n. Defn: A herbalist. HERBARIST Herb"a*rist, n. Defn: A herbalist. [Obs.] HERBARIUM Her*ba"ri*um, n.; pl. E. Herbariums, L. Herbaria. Etym: [LL., fr. L. herba. See Herb, and cf. Arbor, Herbary.] 1. A collection of dried specimens of plants, systematically arranged. Gray. 2. A book or case for preserving dried plants. HERBARIZE Herb"a*rize, v. t. Defn: See Herborize. HERBARY Herb"a*ry, n. Etym: [See Herbarium.] Defn: A garden of herbs; a cottage garden. T. Warton. HERBER Herb"er, n. Etym: [OF. herbier, LL. herbarium. See Herbarium.] Defn: A garden; a pleasure garden. [Obs.] "Into an herber green." Chaucer. HERBERGAGE Her"berg*age, n. Etym: [See Harborage.] Defn: Harborage; lodging; shelter; harbor. [Obs.] Chaucer. HERBERGEOUR Her"ber*geour, n. Etym: [See Harbinger.] Defn: A harbinger. [Obs.] Chaucer. HERBERGH; HERBERWE Her"bergh, Her"ber*we (, n. Etym: [See Harbor.] Defn: A harbor. [Obs.] Chaucer. HERBESCENT Her*bes"cent, a. Etym: [L. herbescens, p. pr. of herbescere.] Defn: Growing into herbs. HERBID Herb"id, a. Etym: [L. herbidus.] Defn: Covered with herbs. [Obs.] Bailey. HERBIFEROUS Her*bif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Herb + -ferous: cf. F. herbifére.] Defn: Bearing herbs or vegetation. HERBIST Herb"ist, n. Defn: A herbalist. HERBIVORA Her*biv"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. herba herb + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of Mammalia. It formerly included the Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla, but by later writers it is generally restricted to the two latter groups (Ungulata). They feed almost exclusively upon vegetation. HERBIVORE Her"bi*vore, n. Etym: [Cf. F. herbivore.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Herbivora. P. H. Gosse. HERBIVOROUS Her*biv"o*rous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Eating plants; of or pertaining to the Herbivora. HERBLESS Herb"less, a. Defn: Destitute of herbs or of vegetation. J. Warton. HERBLET Herb"let, n. Defn: A small herb. Shak. HERBORIST Her"bo*rist, n. Etym: [F. herboriste.] Defn: A herbalist. Ray. HERBORIZATION Her`bo*ri*za"tion, n. Etym: [F. herborisation.] 1. The act of herborizing. 2. The figure of plants in minerals or fossils. HERBORIZE Her"bo*rize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Herborized; p. pr. & vb. n. Herborizing.] Etym: [F. herboriser, for herbariser, fr. L. herbarium. See Hebrarium.] Defn: To search for plants, or new species of plants, with a view to classifying them. He herborized as he traveled. W. Tooke. HERBORIZE Her"bo*rize, v. t. Defn: To form the figures of plants in; -- said in reference to minerals. See Arborized. Herborized stones contain fine mosses. Fourcroy (Trans.) HERBOROUGH Her"bor*ough, n. Etym: [See Harborough, and Harbor.] Defn: A harbor. [Obs.] B. Jonson. HERBOSE; HERBOUS Her*bose", Herb"ous, a. Etym: [L. herbosus: cf. F. herbeux.] Defn: Abounding with herbs. "Fields poetically called herbose." Byrom. HERB-WOMAN Herb"-wom`an, n.; pl. Herb-women (. Defn: A woman that sells herbs. HERBY Herb"y, a. Defn: Having the nature of, pertaining to, or covered with, herbs or herbage. "Herby valleys." Chapman. HERCOGAMOUS Her*cog"a*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Not capable of self-fertilization; -- said of hermaphrodite flowers in which some structural obstacle forbids autogamy. HERCULEAN Her*cu"le*an, a. Etym: [L. herculeus, fr. Hercules: cf. F. herculéen. See Hercules.] 1. Requiring the strength of Hercules; hence, very great, difficult, or dangerous; as, an Herculean task. 2. Having extraordinary strength or size; as, Herculean limbs. "Herculean Samson." Milton. HERCULES Her"cu*les, n. 1. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: A hero, fabled to have been the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, and celebrated for great strength, esp. for the accomplishment of his twelve great tasks or "labors." 2. (Astron.) Defn: A constellation in the northern hemisphere, near Lyra. Hercules' beetle (Zoöl.), any species of Dynastes, an American genus of very large lamellicorn beetles, esp. D. hercules of South America, which grows to a length of six inches. -- Hercules' club. (Bot.) (a) An ornamental tree of the West Indies (Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis), of the same genus with the prickly ash. (b) A variety of the common gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris). Its fruit sometimes exceeds five feet in length. (c) The Angelica tree. See under Angelica. -- Hercules powder, an explosive containing nitroglycerin; -- used for blasting. HERCYNIAN Her*cyn"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Hercynia silva, Hercynius saltus, the Hercynian forest; cf. Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to an extensive forest in Germany, of which there are still portions in Swabia and the Hartz mountains. HERD Herd, a. Defn: Haired. [Obs.] Chaucer. HERD Herd, n. Etym: [OE. herd, heord, AS. heord; akin to OHG. herta,G. herde, Icel. hjör, Sw. hjord, Dan. hiord, Goth. haírda; cf. Skr. çardha troop, host.] 1. A number of beasts assembled together; as, a herd of horses, oxen, cattle, camels, elephants, deer, or swine; a particular stock or family of cattle. The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea. Gray. Note: Herd is distinguished from flock, as being chiefly applied to the larger animals. A number of cattle, when driven to market, is called a drove. 2. A crowd of low people; a rabble. But far more numerous was the herd of such Who think too little and who talk too much. Dryden. You can never interest the common herd in the abstract question. Coleridge. Herd's grass (Bot.), one of several species of grass, highly esteemed for hay. See under Grass. HERD Herd, n. Etym: [OE. hirde, herde, heorde, AS. hirde, hyrde, heorde; akin to G. hirt, hirte, OHG. hirti, Icel. hirir, Sw. herde, Dan. hyrde, Goth. haírdeis. See 2d Herd.] Defn: One who herds or assembles domestic animals; a herdsman; -- much used in composition; as, a shepherd; a goatherd, and the like. Chaucer. HERD Herd, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Herded; p. pr. & vb. n. Herding.] Etym: [See 2d Herd.] 1. To unite or associate in a herd; to feed or run together, or in company; as, sheep herd on many hills. 2. To associate; to ally one's self with, or place one's self among, a group or company. I'll herd among his friends, and seem One of the number. Addison. 3. To act as a herdsman or a shepherd. [Scot.] HERD Herd, v. t. Defn: To form or put into a herd. HERDBOOK Herd"book`, n. Defn: A book containing the list and pedigrees of one or more herds of choice breeds of cattle; -- also called herd record, or herd register. HERDER Herd"er, n. Defn: A herdsman. [R.] HERDERITE Her"der*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Baron von Herder, who discovered it.] (Min.) Defn: A rare fluophosphate of glucina, in small white crystals. HERDESS Herd"ess, n. Defn: A shepherdess; a female herder. Sir P. Sidney. Chaucer. HERDGROOM Herd"groom`, n. Defn: A herdsman. [Obs.] HERDIC Her"dic, n. Etym: [Named from Peter Herdic, the inventor.] Defn: A kind of low-hung cab. HERDMAN; HERDSMAN Herd"man, Herds"man, n.; pl. -men (. Defn: The owner or keeper of a herd or of herds; one employed in tending a herd of cattle. HERDSWOMAN Herds"wom`an, n.; pl. -women (. Defn: A woman who tends a herd. Sir W. Scott. HERE Here, n. Defn: Hair. [Obs.] Chaucer. HERE Here, pron. 1. See Her, their. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Her; hers. See Her. [Obs.] Chaucer. HERE Here, adv. Etym: [OE. her, AS. h; akin to OS. h, D. hier, OHG. hiar, G. hier, Icel. & Goth. h, Dan. her, Sw. här; fr. root of E. he. See He.] 1. In this place; in the place where the speaker is; -- opposed to Ant: there. He is not here, for he is risen. Matt. xxviii. 6. 2. In the present life or state. Happy here, and more happy hereafter. Bacon. 3. To or into this place; hither. [Colloq.] See Thither. Here comes Virgil. B. Jonson. Thou led'st me here. Byron. 4. At this point of time, or of an argument; now. The prisoner here made violent efforts to rise. Warren. Note: Here, in the last sense, is sometimes used before a verb without subject; as, Here goes, for Now (something or somebody) goes; -- especially occurring thus in drinking healths. "Here's [a health] to thee, Dick." Cowley. Here and there, in one place and another; in a dispersed manner; irregularly. "Footsteps here and there." Longfellow. -- It is neither, here nor there, it is neither in this place nor in that, neither in one place nor in another; hence, it is to no purpose, irrelevant, nonsense. Shak. HEREA-BOUT; HEREABOUTS Here"a-bout`, Here"a*bouts`, adv. 1. About this place; in this vicinity. 2. Concerning this. [Obs.] HEREAFTER Here*aft"er, adv. Etym: [AS. hræfter.] Defn: In time to come; in some future time or state. Hereafter he from war shall come. Dryden. HEREAFTER Here*aft"er, n. Defn: A future existence or state. 'Tis Heaven itself that points out an hereafter. Addison. HEREAFTERWARD Here*aft"er*ward, adv. Defn: Hereafter. [Obs.] Thou shalt hereafterward . . . come. Chaucer. HERE-AT Here-at", adv. Defn: At, or by reason of, this; as, he was offended hereat. Hooker. HEREBY Here*by", adv. 1. By means of this. And hereby we do know that we know him. 1 John ii. 3. 2. Close by; very near. [Obs.] Shak. HEREDITABILITY He*red`i*ta*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: State of being hereditable. Brydges. HEREDITABLE He*red"i*ta*ble, a. Etym: [LL. hereditabilis, fr. hereditare to inherit, fr. L. hereditas heirship inheritance, heres heir: cf. OF. hereditable. See Heir, and cf. Heritable.] 1. Capable of being inherited. See Inheritable. Locke. 2. Qualified to inherit; capable of inheriting. HEREDITABLY He*red"i*ta*bly, adv. Defn: By inheritance. W. Tooke. HEREDITAMENT Her`e*dit"a*ment, n. Etym: [LL. hereditamentum. See Hereditable.] (Law) Defn: Any species of property that may be inherited; lands, tenements, anything corporeal or incorporeal, real, personal, or mixed, that may descend to an heir. Blackstone. Note: A corporeal hereditament is visible and tangible; an incorporeal hereditament is not in itself visible or tangible, being an hereditary right, interest, or obligation, as duty to pay rent, or a right of way. HEREDITARILY He*red"i*ta*ri*ly, adv. Defn: By inheritance; in an hereditary manner. Pope. HEREDITARY He*red"i*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. hereditarius, fr. hereditas heirship, inheritance, fr. heres heir: cf. F. héréditaire. See Heir.] 1. Descended, or capable of descending, from an ancestor to an heir at law; received or passing by inheritance, or that must pass by inheritance; as, an hereditary estate or crown. 2. Transmitted, or capable of being transmitted, as a constitutional quality or condition from a parent to a child; as, hereditary pride, bravery, disease. Syn. -- Ancestral; patrimonial; inheritable. HEREDITY He*red"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. hereditas heirship.] (Biol.) Defn: Hereditary transmission of the physical and psychical qualities of parents to their offspring; the biological law by which living beings tend to repeat their characteristics in their descendants. See Pangenesis. HEREFORD Her"e*ford, n. Defn: One of a breed of cattle originating in Herefordshire, England. The Herefords are good working animals, and their beef-producing quality is excellent. HEREHENCE Here"hence`, adv. Defn: From hence. [Obs.] HEREIN Here*in", adv. Etym: [AS. hrinne.] Defn: In this. Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit. John xv. 8. HEREINAFTER Here`in*aft"er, adv. Defn: In the following part of this (writing, document, speech, and the like). HEREINBEFORE Here`in*be*fore", adv. Defn: In the preceding part of this (writing, document, book, etc.). HEREINTO Here`in*to", adv. Defn: Into this. Hooker. HEREMIT; HEREMITE Her"e*mit, Her"e*mite, n. Etym: [See Hermit.] Defn: A hermit. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. HEREMITICAL Her`e*mit"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a hermit; solitary; secluded from society. Pope. HEREN Her"en, a. Defn: Made of hair. [Obs.] Chaucer. HEREOF Here*of", adv. Defn: Of this; concerning this; from this; hence. Hereof comes it that Prince Harry is valiant. Shak. HEREON Here*on", adv. Defn: On or upon this; hereupon. HEREOUT Here*out", adv. Defn: Out of this. [Obs.] Spenser. HERESIARCH Her"e*si*arch, n. Etym: [L. haeresiarcha, Gr. hérésiarque.] Defn: A leader in heresy; the chief of a sect of heretics. Bp. Stillingfleet. HERESIARCHY Her"e*si*arch`y, n. Defn: A chief or great heresy. [R.] The book itself [the Alcoran] consists of heresiarchies against our blessed Savior. Sir T. Herbert. HERESIOGRAPHER Her`e*si*og"ra*pher, n. Etym: [See Heresiography.] Defn: One who writes on heresies. HERESIOGRAPHY Her`e*si*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. hérésiographie.] Defn: A treatise on heresy. HERESY Her"e*sy, n.; pl. Heresies. Etym: [OE. heresie, eresie, OF. heresie, iresie, F. hérésie, L. haeresis, Gr. 1. An opinion held in opposition to the established or commonly received doctrine, and tending to promote a division or party, as in politics, literature, philosophy, etc.; -- usually, but not necessarily, said in reproach. New opinions Divers and dangerous, which are heresies, And, not reformed, may prove pernicious. Shak. After the study of philosophy began in Greece, and the philosophers, disagreeing amongst themselves, had started many questions . . . because every man took what opinion he pleased, each several opinion was called a heresy; which signified no more than a private opinion, without reference to truth or falsehood. Hobbes. 2. (Theol.) Defn: Religious opinion opposed to the authorized doctrinal standards of any particular church, especially when tending to promote schism or separation; lack of orthodox or sound belief; rejection of, or erroneous belief in regard to, some fundamental religious doctrine or truth; heterodoxy. Doubts 'mongst divines, and difference of texts, From whence arise diversity of sects, And hateful heresies by God abhor'd. Spenser. Deluded people! that do not consider that the greatest heresy in the world is a wicked life. Tillotson. 3. (Law) Defn: An offense against Christianity, consisting in a denial of some essential doctrine, which denial is publicly avowed, and obstinately maintained. A second offense is that of heresy, which consists not in a total denial of Christianity, but of some its essential doctrines, publicly and obstinately avowed. Blackstone. Note: "When I call dueling, and similar aberrations of honor, a moral heresy, I refer to the force of the Greek Coleridge. HERETIC Her"e*tic, n. Etym: [L. haereticus, Gr. hérétique. See Heresy.] 1. One who holds to a heresy; one who believes some doctrine contrary to the established faith or prevailing religion. A man that is an heretic, after the first and second admonition, reject. Titus iii. 10. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: One who having made a profession of Christian belief, deliberately and pertinaciously refuses to believe one or more of the articles of faith "determined by the authority of the universal church." Addis & Arnold. Syn. -- Heretic, Schismatic, Sectarian. A heretic is one whose errors are doctrinal, and usually of a malignant character, tending to subvert the true faith. A schismatic is one who creates a schism, or division in the church, on points of faith, discipline, practice, etc., usually for the sake of personal aggrandizement. A sectarian is one who originates or is an ardent adherent and advocate of a sect, or distinct organization, which separates from the main body of believers. HERETICAL He*ret"i*cal, a. Defn: Containing heresy; of the nature of, or characterized by, heresy. HERETICALLY He*ret"i*cal*ly, adv. Defn: In an heretical manner. HERETICATE He*ret"i*cate, v. t. Etym: [LL. haereticatus, p. p. of haereticare.] Defn: To decide to be heresy or a heretic; to denounce as a heretic or heretical. Bp. Hall. And let no one be minded, on the score of my neoterism, to hereticate me. Fitzed. Hall. HERETIFICATION He*ret`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of hereticating or pronouncing heretical. London Times. HERETO Here*to", adv. Defn: To this; hereunto. Hooker. HERETOCH; HERETOG Her"e*toch, Her"e*tog, n. Etym: [AS. heretoga, heretoha; here army + teón to draw, lead; akin to OS. heritogo, OHG. herizogo, G. herzog duke.] (AS. Antiq.) Defn: The leader or commander of an army; also, a marshal. Blackstone. HERETOFORE Here`to*fore", adv. Defn: Up to this time; hitherto; before; in time past. Shak. HEREUNTO Here`un*to", adv. Defn: Unto this; up to this time; hereto. HEREUPON Here`up*on", adv. Defn: On this; hereon. HEREWITH Here*with", adv. Defn: With this. HERIE Her"ie, v. t. Etym: [See Hery.] Defn: To praise; to worship. [Obs.] Chaucer. HERIOT Her"i*ot, n. Etym: [AS. heregeatu military equipment, heriot; here army + geatwe, pl., arms, equipments.] (Eng. Law) Defn: Formerly, a payment or tribute of arms or military accouterments, or the best beast, or chattel, due to the lord on the death of a tenant; in modern use, a customary tribute of goods or chattels to the lord of the fee, paid on the decease of a tenant. Blackstone. Bouvier. Heriot custom, a heriot depending on usage. -- Heriot service (Law), a heriot due by reservation in a grant or lease of lands. Spelman. Blackstone. HERIOTABLE Her"i*ot*a*ble, a. Defn: Subject to the payment of a heriot. Burn. HERISSON Her"is*son, n. Etym: [F. hérisson, prop., hedgehog.] (fort.) Defn: A beam or bar armed with iron spikes, and turning on a pivot; - - used to block up a passage. HERITABILITY Her`it*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being heritable. HERITABLE Her"it*a*ble, a. Etym: [OF. héritable. See Heritage, Hereditable.] 1. Capable of being inherited or of passing by inheritance; inheritable. 2. Capable of inheriting or receiving by inheritance. This son shall be legitimate and heritable. Sir M. Hale. Heritable rights (Scots Law), rights of the heir; rights to land or whatever may be intimately connected with land; realty. Jacob (Law Dict.). HERITAGE Her"it*age, a. Etym: [OE. heritage, eritage, OF. heritage, eritage, F. héritage, fr. hériter to inherit, LL. heriditare. See Hereditable.] 1. That which is inherited, or passes from heir to heir; inheritance. Part of my heritage, Which my dead father did bequeath to me. Shak. 2. (Script.) Defn: A possession; the Israelites, as God's chosen people; also, a flock under pastoral charge. Joel iii. 2. 1 Peter v. 3. HERITANCE Her"it*ance, n. Etym: [OF. heritance.] Defn: Heritage; inheritance. [R.] Robbing their children of the heritance Their fathers handed down Southey. HERITOR Her"it*or, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. her, fr. L. heres an heir.] Defn: A proprietor or landholder in a parish. [Scot.] HERL Herl, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Harl, 2. HERLING; HIRLING Her"ling, Hir"ling (, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The young of the sea trout. [Prov. Eng.] HERMA Her"ma, n.; pl. Hermæ. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Hermes, 2. HERMAPHRODEITY Her*maph`ro*de"i*ty, n. Defn: Hermaphrodism. B. Jonson. HERMAPHRODISM Her*maph"ro*dism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hermaphrodisme.] (Biol.) Defn: See Hermaphroditism. HERMAPHRODITE Her*maph"ro*dite, n. Etym: [L. hermaphroditus, Gr. Hermaphroditus, son of Hermes and Aphrodite, when bathing, became joined in one body with Salmacis, the nymph of a fountain in Caria: cf. F. hermaphrodite.] (Biol.) Defn: An individual which has the attributes of both male and female, or which unites in itself the two sexes; an animal or plant having the parts of generation of both sexes, as when a flower contains both the stamens and pistil within the same calyx, or on the same receptacle. In some cases reproduction may take place without the union of the distinct individuals. In the animal kingdom true hermaphrodites are found only among the invertebrates. See Illust. in Appendix, under Helminths. HERMAPHRODITE Her*maph"ro*dite, a. Defn: Including, or being of, both sexes; as, an hermaphrodite animal or flower. Hermaphrodite brig. (Naut.) See under Brig. Totten. HERMAPHRODITIC; HERMAPHRODITICAL Her*maph`ro*dit"ic, Her*maph`ro*dit"ic*al, a. (Biol.) Defn: Partaking of the characteristics of both sexes; characterized by hermaphroditism. -- Her*maph`ro*dit"ic*al*ly, adv. HERMAPHRODITISM Her*maph"ro*dit*ism, n. (Biol.) Defn: The union of the two sexes in the same individual, or the combination of some of their characteristics or organs in one individual. HERMENEUTIC; HERMENEUTICAL Her`me*neu"tic, Her`me*neu"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. herméneutique.] Defn: Unfolding the signification; of or pertaining to interpretation; exegetical; explanatory; as, hermeneutic theology, or the art of expounding the Scriptures; a hermeneutic phrase. HERMENEUTICALLY Her`me*neu"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: According to the principles of interpretation; as, a verse of Scripture was examined hermeneutically. HERMENEUTICS Her`me*neu"tics, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The science of interpretation and explanation; exegesis; esp., that branch of theology which defines the laws whereby the meaning of the Scriptures is to be ascertained. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. HERMES Her"mes, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Myth.) Defn: See Mercury. Note: Hermes Trismegistus Etym: [Gr. 'Ermh^s trisme`gistos, lit., Hermes thrice greatest] was a late name of Hermes, especially as identified with the Egyptian god Thoth. He was the fabled inventor of astrology and alchemy. 2. (Archæology) Defn: Originally, a boundary stone dedicated to Hermes as the god of boundaries, and therefore bearing in some cases a head, or head and shoulders, placed upon a quadrangular pillar whose height is that of the body belonging to the head, sometimes having feet or other parts of the body sculptured upon it. These figures, though often representing Hermes, were used for other divinities, and even, in later times, for portraits of human beings. Called also herma. See Terminal statue, under Terminal. HERMETIC; HERMETICAL Her*met"ic, Her*met"ic*al, a. Etym: [F. hermétique. See Note under Hermes, 1.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or taught by, Hermes Trismegistus; as, hermetic philosophy. Hence: Alchemical; chemic. "Delusions of the hermetic art." Burke. The alchemists, as the people were called who tried to make gold, considered themselves followers of Hermes, and often called themselves Hermetic philosophers. A. B. Buckley. 2. Of or pertaining to the system which explains the causes of diseases and the operations of medicine on the principles of the hermetic philosophy, and which made much use, as a remedy, of an alkali and an acid; as, hermetic medicine. 3. Made perfectly close or air-tight by fusion, so that no gas or spirit can enter or escape; as, an hermetic seal. See Note under Hermetically. Hermetic art, alchemy. -- Hermetic books. (a) Books of the Egyptians, which treat of astrology. (b) Books which treat of universal principles, of the nature and orders of celestial beings, of medicine, and other topics. HERMETICALLY Her*met"ic*al*ly, adv. 1. In an hermetical manner; chemically. Boyle. 2. By fusion, so as to form an air-tight closure. Note: A vessel or tube is hermetically sealed when it is closed completely against the passage of air or other fluid by fusing the extremity; -- sometimes less properly applied to any air-tight closure. HERMIT Her"mit, n. Etym: [OE. ermite, eremite, heremit, heremite, F. hermite, ermite, L. eremita, Gr. Eremite.] 1. A person who retires from society and lives in solitude; a recluse; an anchoret; especially, one who so lives from religious motives. He had been Duke of Savoy, and after a very glorious reign, took on him the habit of a hermit, and retired into this solitary spot. Addison. 2. A beadsman; one bound to pray for another. [Obs.] "We rest your hermits." Shak. Hermit crab (Zoöl.), a marine decapod crustacean of the family Paguridæ. The species are numerous, and belong to many genera. Called also soldier crab. The hermit crabs usually occupy the dead shells of various univalve mollusks. See Illust. of Commensal. -- Hermit thrush (Zoöl.), an American thrush (Turdus Pallasii), with retiring habits, but having a sweet song. -- Hermit warbler (Zoöl.), a California wood warbler (Dendroica occidentalis), having the head yellow, the throat black, and the back gray, with black streaks. HERMITAGE Her"mit*age (; 48), n. Etym: [OE. hermitage, ermitage, F. hermitage, ermitage. See Hermit.] 1. The habitation of a hermit; a secluded residence. Some forlorn and naked hermitage, Remote from all the pleasures of the world. Shak. 2. Etym: [F. Vin de l'Hermitage.] Defn: A celebrated French wine, both white and red, of the Department of Drôme. HERMITARY Her"mit*a*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. hermitorium, eremitorium.] Defn: A cell annexed to an abbey, for the use of a hermit. Howell. HERMITESS Her"mit*ess, n. Defn: A female hermit. Coleridge. HERMITICAL Her*mit"i*cal, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or suited for, a hermit. Coventry. HERMODACTYL Her`mo*dac"tyl, n. Etym: [NL. hermodactylus, lit., Hermes' finger; fr. Gr. (med.) Defn: A heart-shaped bulbous root, about the size of a finger, brought from Turkey, formerly used as a cathartic. HERMOGENIAN Her`mo*ge"ni*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A disciple of Hermogenes, and heretical teacher who lived in Africa near the close of the second century. He ha HERN Hern, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A heron; esp., the common European heron. "A stately hern." Trench. HERNANI Her*na"ni, n. Defn: A thin silk or woolen goods, for women's dresses, woven in various styles and colors. HERNE Herne, n. Etym: [AS. hyrne.] Defn: A corner. [Obs.] Lurking in hernes and in lanes blind. Chaucer. HERNIA Her"ni*a, n.; pl. E. Hernias, L. Herniæ. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: A protrusion, consisting of an organ or part which has escaped from its natural cavity, and projects through some natural or accidental opening in the walls of the latter; as, hernia of the brain, of the lung, or of the bowels. Hernia of the abdominal viscera in most common. Called also rupture. Strangulated hernia, a hernia so tightly compressed in some part of the channel through which it has been protruded as to arrest its circulation, and produce swelling of the protruded part. It may occur in recent or chronic hernia, but is more common in the latter. HERNIAL Her"ni*al, a. Defn: Of, or connected with, hernia. HERNIOTOMY Her`ni*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [Hernia + Gr. (Med.) Defn: A cutting for the cure or relief of hernia; celotomy. HERNSHAW Hern"shaw, n. Defn: Heronshaw. [Obs.] Spenser. HERO He"ro, n.; pl. Heroes. Etym: [F. héros, L. heros, Gr. 1. (Myth.) Defn: An illustrious man, supposed to be exalted, after death, to a place among the gods; a demigod, as Hercules. 2. A man of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in suffering; a prominent or central personage in any remarkable action or event; hence, a great or illustrious person. Each man is a hero and oracle to somebody. Emerson. 3. The principal personage in a poem, story, and the like, or the person who has the principal share in the transactions related; as Achilles in the Iliad, Ulysses in the Odyssey, and Æneas in the Æneid. The shining quality of an epic hero. Dryden. Hero worship, extravagant admiration for great men, likened to the ancient worship of heroes. Hero worship exists, has existed, and will forever exist, universally among mankind. Carlyle. HERODIAN He*ro"di*an, n. (Jewish Hist.) Defn: One of a party among the Jews, composed of partisans of Herod of Galilee. They joined with the Pharisees against Christ. HERODIONES He*ro`di*o"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of wading birds, including the herons, storks, and allied forms. Called also Herodii. -- He*ro`di*o"nine, a. HEROESS He"ro*ess, n. Defn: A heroine. [Obs.] Dryden. HEROIC He*ro"ic, a. Etym: [F. héroïque, L. heroïcus, Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to, or like, a hero; of the nature of heroes; distinguished by the existence of heroes; as, the heroic age; an heroic people; heroic valor. 2. Worthy of a hero; bold; daring; brave; illustrious; as, heroic action; heroic enterprises. 3. (Sculpture & Painting) Defn: Larger than life size, but smaller than colossal; -- said of the representation of a human figure. Heroic Age, the age when the heroes, or those called the children of the gods, are supposed to have lived. -- Heroic poetry, that which celebrates the deeds of a hero; epic poetry. -- Heroic treatment or remedies (Med.), treatment or remedies of a severe character, suited to a desperate case. -- Heroic verse (Pros.), the verse of heroic or epic poetry, being in English, German, and Italian the iambic of ten syllables; in French the iambic of twelve syllables; and in classic poetry the hexameter. Syn. -- Brave; intrepid; courageous; daring; valiant; bold; gallant; fearless; enterprising; noble; magnanimous; illustrious. HEROICAL He*ro"ic*al, a. Defn: Heroic. [R.] Spectator. -- He*ro"ic*al*ly, adv. -- He*ro"ic*al*ness, n. HEROICNESS He*ro"ic*ness, n. Defn: Heroism. [R.] W. Montagu. HEROICOMIC; HEROICOMICAL He`ro*i*com"ic, He`ro*i*com"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. héroïcomigue. See Heroic, and Comic.] Defn: Combining the heroic and the ludicrous; denoting high burlesque; as, a heroicomic poem. HEROINE Her"o*ine, n. Etym: [F. héroïne, L. heroina, Gr. Hero.] 1. A woman of an heroic spirit. The heroine assumed the woman's place. Dryden. 2. The principal female person who figures in a remarkable action, or as the subject of a poem or story. HEROISM Her"o*ism, n. Etym: [F. héroïsme.] Defn: The qualities characteristic of a hero, as courage, bravery, fortitude, unselfishness, etc.; the display of such qualities. Heroism is the self-devotion of genius manifesting itself in action. Hare. Syn. -- Heroism, Courage, Fortitude, Bravery, Valor, Intrepidity, Gallantry. Courage is generic, denoting fearlessness or defiance of danger; fortitude is passive courage, the habit of bearing up nobly under trials, danger, and sufferings; bravery is courage displayed in daring acts; valor is courage in battle or other conflicts with living opponents; intrepidity is firm courage, which shrinks not amid the most appalling dangers; gallantry is adventurous courage, dashing into the thickest of the fight. Heroism may call into exercise all these modifications of courage. It is a contempt of danger, not from ignorance or inconsiderate levity, but from a noble devotion to some great cause, and a just confidence of being able to meet danger in the spirit of such a cause. Cf. Courage. HEROLOGIST; HEROELOGIST He`röl"o*gist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who treats of heroes. [R.] T. Warton. HERON Her"on, n. Etym: [OE. heiroun, heroun, heron, hern, OF. hairon, F. héron, OHG. heigir; cf. Icel. hegri, Dan. heire, Sw. häger, and also G. häher jay, jackdaw, OHG. hehara, higere, woodpecker, magpie, D. reiger heron, G. reiher, AS. hragra. Cf. Aigret, Egret.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any wading bird of the genus Ardea and allied genera, of the family Ardeidæ. The herons have a long, sharp bill, and long legs and toes, with the claw of the middle toe toothed. The common European heron (Ardea cinerea) is remarkable for its directly ascending flight, and was formerly hunted with the larger falcons. Note: There are several common American species; as, the great blue heron (Ardea herodias); the little blue (A. coerulea); the green (A. virescens); the snowy (A. candidissima); the night heron or qua-bird (Nycticorax nycticorax). The plumed herons are called egrets. Heron's bill (Bot.), a plant of the genus Erodium; -- so called from the fancied resemblance of the fruit to the head and beak of the heron. HERONER Her"on*er, n. Defn: A hawk used in hunting the heron. "Heroner and falcon." Chaucer. HERONRY Her"on*ry, n. Defn: A place where herons breed. HERONSEW Her"on*sew, n. Defn: A heronshaw. [Obs.] Chaucer. HERONSHAW Her"on*shaw, n. Etym: [OF. heroncel, dim. of héron. See Heron.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A heron. [Written variously hernshaw, harnsey, etc.] HEROSHIP He"ro*ship, n. Defn: The character or personality of a hero. "Three years of heroship." Cowper. HERPES Her"pes, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: An eruption of the skin, taking various names, according to its form, or the part affected; especially, an eruption of vesicles in small distinct clusters, accompanied with itching or tingling, including shingles, ringworm, and the like; -- so called from its tendency to creep or spread from one part of the skin to another. HERPETIC Her*pet"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. herpétique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the herpes; partaking of the nature of herpes; as, herpetic eruptions. HERPETISM Her"pe*tism, n. Etym: [See Herpes.] (Med.) Defn: See Dartrous diathesis, under Dartrous. HERPETOLOGIC; HERPETOLOGICAL Her*pet`o*log"ic, Her*pet`o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to herpetology. HERPETOLOGIST Her`pe*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in herpetology, or the natural history of reptiles. HERPETOLOGY Her`pe*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Written also, but less properly, erpetology.] Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. herpétologie.] Defn: The natural history of reptiles; that branch of zoölogy which relates to reptiles, including their structure, classification, and habits. HERPETOTOMIST Her`pe*tot"o*mist, n. Defn: One who dissects, or studies the anatomy of, reptiles. HERPETOTOMY Her`pe*tot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The anatomy or dissection of reptiles. HERR Herr, n. Defn: A title of respect given to gentlemen in Germany, equivalent to the English Mister. HERRENHAUS Her"ren*haus`, n. [G., House of Lords.] Defn: See Legislature, Austria, Prussia. HERRING Her"ring, n. Etym: [OE. hering, AS. hæring; akin to D. haring, G. häring, hering, OHG. haring, hering, and prob. to AS. here army, and so called because they commonly move in large numbers. Cf. Harry.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of various species of fishes of the genus Clupea, and allied genera, esp. the common round or English herring (C. harengus) of the North Atlantic. Herrings move in vast schools, coming in spring to the shores of Europe and America, where they are salted and smoked in great quantities. Herring gull (Zoöl.), a large gull which feeds in part upon herrings; esp., Larus argentatus in America, and L. cachinnans in England. See Gull. -- Herring hog (Zoöl.), the common porpoise. -- King of the herrings. (Zoöl.) (a) The chimæra (C. monstrosa) which follows the schools of herring. See Chimæra. (b) The opah. HERRINGBONE Her"ring*bone", a. Defn: Pertaining to, or like, the spine of a herring; especially, characterized by an arrangement of work in rows of parallel lines, which in the alternate rows slope in different directions. Herringbone stitch, a kind of cross-stitch in needlework, chiefly used in flannel. Simmonds. HERRNHUTER Herrn"hut*er, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of the Moravians; -- so called from the settlement of Herrnhut (the Lord's watch) made, about 1722, by the Moravians at the invitation of Nicholas Lewis, count of Zinzendorf, upon his estate in the circle of Bautzen. HERS Hers, pron. Defn: See the Note under Her, pr. HERSAL Her"sal, n. Defn: Rehearsal. [Obs.] Spenser. HERSCHEL Her"schel, n. (Astron.) Defn: See Uranus. HERSCHELIAN Her*sche"li*an, a. Defn: Of or relating to Sir William Herschel; as, the Herschelian telescope. HERSE Herse, n. Etym: [F. herse harrow, portcullis, OF. herce, LL. hercia, L. hirpex, gen. hirpicis, and irpex, gen. irpicis, harrow. The LL. hercia signifies also a kind of candlestick in the form of a harrow, having branches filled with lights, and placed at the head of graves or cenotaphs; whence herse came to be used for the grave, coffin, or chest containing the dead. Cf. Hearse.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A kind of gate or portcullis, having iron bars, like a harrow, studded with iron spikes. It is hung above gateways so that it may be quickly lowered, to impede the advance of an enemy. Farrow. 2. See Hearse, a carriage for the dead. 3. A funeral ceremonial. [Obs.] Spenser. HERSE Herse, v. t. Defn: Same as Hearse, v. t. Chapman. HERSELF Her*self", pron. 1. An emphasized form of the third person feminine pronoun; -- used as a subject with she; as, she herself will bear the blame; also used alone in the predicate, either in the nominative or objective case; as, it is herself; she blames herself. 2. Her own proper, true, or real character; hence, her right, or sane, mind; as, the woman was deranged, but she is now herself again; she has come to herself. By herself, alone; apart; unaccompanied. HERSILLON Her"sil*lon, n. Etym: [F., fr. herse a harrow. See Herse, n.] (Fort.) Defn: A beam with projecting spikes, used to make a breach impassable. HERT Hert, n. Defn: A hart. [Obs.] Chaucer. HERTE Her"te, n. Defn: A heart. [Obs.] Chaucer. HERTELY Her"te*ly, a. & adv. Defn: Hearty; heartily. [Obs.] Chaucer. HERTZIAN Hertz"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pert. to the German physicist Heinrich Hertz. Hertzian telegraphy, telegraphy by means of the Hertzian waves; wireless telegraphy. -- H. waves, electric waves; -- so called because Hertz was the first to investigate them systematically. His apparatus consisted essentially in an oscillator for producing the waves, and a resonator for detecting them. The waves were found to have the same velocity as light, and to undergo reflection, refraction, and polarization. HERY Her"y, v. t. Etym: [AS. herian.] Defn: To worship; to glorify; to praise. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. HERZOG Her"zog, n. [G., akin to AS. heretoga, lit., army leader. See Harry, and Duke.] Defn: A member of the highest rank of nobility in Germany and Austria, corresponding to the British duke. HESITANCY Hes"i*tan*cy, n. Etym: [L. haesitantia a stammering.] 1. The act of hesitating, or pausing to consider; slowness in deciding; vacillation; also, the manner of one who hesitates. 2. A stammering; a faltering in speech. HESITANT Hes"i*tant, a. Etym: [L. haesitans, p. pr. of haesitare: cf. F. hésitant. See Hesitate.] 1. Not prompt in deciding or acting; hesitating. 2. Unready in speech. Baxter. HESITANTLY Hes"i*tant*ly, adv. Defn: With hesitancy or doubt. HESITATE Hes"i*tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hesitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Hesitating.] Etym: [L. haesitatus, p. p. of haesitare, intens. fr. haerere to hesitate, stick fast; to hang or hold fast. Cf. Aghast, Gaze, Adhere.] 1. To stop or pause respecting decision or action; to be in suspense or uncertainty as to a determination; as, he hesitated whether to accept the offer or not; men often hesitate in forming a judgment. Pope. 2. To stammer; to falter in speaking. Syn. -- To doubt; waver; scruple; deliberate; demur; falter; stammer. HESITATE Hes"i*tate, v. t. Defn: To utter with hesitation or to intimate by a reluctant manner. [Poetic & R.] Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike. Pope. HESITATINGLY Hes"i*ta`ting*ly, adv. Defn: With hesitation or doubt. HESITATION Hes`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. haesitatio: cf. F. hésitation.] 1. The act of hesitating; suspension of opinion or action; doubt; vacillation. 2. A faltering in speech; stammering. Swift. HESITATIVE Hes"i*ta*tive, a. Defn: Showing, or characterized by, hesitation. [He said] in his mild, hesitative way. R. D. Blackmore. HESITATORY Hes"i*ta*to*ry, a. Defn: Hesitating. R. North. HESP Hesp, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. hespa a hasp, a wisp or skein. See Hasp.] Defn: A measure of two hanks of linen thread. [Scot.] [Written also hasp.] Knight. HESPER Hes"per, n. Etym: [See Hesperian.] Defn: The evening; Hesperus. HESPERETIN Hes*per"e*tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline substance having a sweetish taste, obtained by the decomposition of hesperidin, and regarded as a complex derivative of caffeic acid. HESPERIAN Hes*pe"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. hesperius, fr. hesperus the evening star, Gr. Vesper.] Defn: Western; being in the west; occidental. [Poetic] Milton. HESPERIAN Hes*pe"ri*an, n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of a western country. [Poetic] J. Barlow. HESPERIAN Hes*pe"ri*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a family of butterflies called Hesperidæ, or skippers. -- n. Defn: Any one of the numerous species of Hesperidæ; a skipper. HESPERID Hes"per*id, a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as 3d Hesperian. HESPERIDENE Hes*per"i*dene, n. Etym: [See Hesperidium.] (Chem.) Defn: An isomeric variety of terpene from orange oil. HESPERIDES Hes*per"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The daughters of Hesperus, or Night (brother of Atlas), and fabled possessors of a garden producing golden apples, in Africa, at the western extremity of the known world. To slay the guarding dragon and get some of these apples was one of the labors of Hercules. Called also Atlantides. 2. The garden producing the golden apples. It not love a Hercules, Still climbing trees in the Hesperides Shak. HESPERIDIN Hes*per"i*din, n. Etym: [See Hesperidium.] (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside found in ripe and unripe fruit (as the orange), and extracted as a white crystalline substance. HESPERIDIUM Hes`pe*rid"i*um, n. Etym: [NL. So called in allusion to the golden apples of the Hesperides. See Hesperides.] (Bot.) Defn: A large berry with a thick rind, as a lemon or an orange. HESPERORNIS Hes`pe*ror"nis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of large, extinct, wingless birds from the Cretaceous deposits of Kansas, belonging to the Odontornithes. They had teeth, and were essentially carnivorous swimming ostriches. Several species are known. See Illust. in Append. HESPERUS Hes"pe*rus, n. Etym: [L. See Hesper.] 1. Venus when she is the evening star; Hesper. 2. Evening. [Poetic] The Sun was sunk, and after him the Star Of Hesperus. Milton. HESSIAN Hes"sian, a. Defn: Of or relating to Hesse, in Germany, or to the Hessians. Hessian boots, or Hessians, boot of a kind worn in England, in the early part of the nineteenth century, tasseled in front. Thackeray. -- Hessian cloth, or Hessians, a coarse hempen cloth for sacking. -- Hessian crucible. See under Crucible. -- Hessian fly (Zoöl.), a small dipterous fly or midge (Cecidomyia destructor). Its larvæ live between the base of the lower leaves and the stalk of wheat, and are very destructive to young wheat; -- so called from the erroneous idea that it was brought into America by the Hessian troops, during the Revolution. HESSIAN Hes"sian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Hesse. 2. A mercenary or venal person. [U. S.] Note: This use is a relic of the patriot hatred of the Hessian mercenaries who served with the British troops in the Revolutionary War. 3. pl. Defn: See Hessian boots and cloth, under Hessian, a. HESSITE Hess"ite, n. Etym: [After H. Hess.] (Min.) Defn: A lead-gray sectile mineral. It is a telluride of silver. HEST Hest, n. Etym: [AS. hs, fr. h to call, bid. See Hight, and cf. Behest.] Defn: Command; precept; injunction. [Archaic] See Behest. "At thy hest." Shak. Let him that yields obey the victor's hest. Fairfax. Yet I thy hest will all perform, at full. Tennyson. HESTERN; HESTERNAL Hes"tern, Hes*ter"nal, a. Etym: [L. hesternus; akin to heri yesterday.] Defn: Pertaining to yesterday. [Obs.] See Yester, a. Ld. Lytton. HESYCHAST Hes"y*chast, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One of a mystical sect of the Greek Church in the fourteenth century; a quietist. Brande & C. HETAERA; HETAIRA He*tæ"ra, He*tai"ra, n.; pl. -ræ (#). [NL. See Hetairism.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A female paramour; a mistress, concubine, or harlot. -- He*tæ"ric, He*tai"ric (#), a. HETAIRISM; HETARISM He*tair"ism, Het"a*rism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A supposed primitive state of society, in which all the women of a tribe were held in common. H. Spencer. -- Het`a*ris"tic, a. HETCHEL Hetch"el, v. t. Defn: Same as Hatchel. HETE Hete, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hete, later Het.] Defn: Variant of Hote. [Obs.] But one avow to greate God I hete. Chaucer. HETERACANTH Het"er*a*canth, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the spines of the dorsal fin unsymmetrical, or thickened alternately on the right and left sides. HETERARCHY Het"er*arch`y, n. Etym: [Hetero- + -archy.] Defn: The government of an alien. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. HETERAUXESIS Het`e*raux*e"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Unequal growth of a cell, or of a part of a plant. HETERO- Het"er*o-. Etym: [Gr. "e`teros other.] Defn: A combining form signifying other, other than usual, different; as, heteroclite, heterodox, heterogamous. HETEROCARPISM Het`er*o*car"pism, n. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The power of producing two kinds of reproductive bodies, as in Amphicarpæa, in which besides the usual pods, there are others underground. HETEROCARPOUS Het`er*o*car"pous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Characterized by heterocarpism. HETEROCEPHALOUS Het`e*ro*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Bearing two kinds of heads or capitula; -- said of certain composite plants. HETEROCERA Het`e*roc"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Lepidoptera, including the moths, and hawk moths, which have the antennæ variable in form. HETEROCERCAL Het`er*o*cer"cal, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the vertebral column evidently continued into the upper lobe of the tail, which is usually longer than the lower one, as in sharks. HETEROCERCY Het"er*o*cer`cy, n. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. (anat.) Defn: Unequal development of the tail lobes of fishes; the possession of a heterocercal tail. HETEROCHROMOUS Het`er*o*chro"mous, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. (bot.) Defn: Having the central florets of a flower head of a different color from those of the circumference. HETEROCHRONISM; HETEROCHRONY Het`er*och"ro*nism, Het`er*och"ro*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: In evolution, a deviation from the typical sequence in the formation of organs or parts. HETEROCLITE Het"er*o*clite, a. Etym: [L. heteroclitus, Gr. hétéroclite.] Defn: Deviating from ordinary forms or rules; irregular; anomalous; abnormal. HETEROCLITE Het"er*o*clite, n. 1. (Gram.) Defn: A word which is irregular or anomalous either in declension or conjugation, or which deviates from ordinary forms of inflection in words of a like kind; especially, a noun which is irregular in declension. 2. Any thing or person deviating from the common rule, or from common forms. Howell. HETEROCLITIC; HETEROCLITICAL Het`er*o*clit"ic, Het`er*o*clit"ic*al, a. Etym: [See Heteroclite.] Defn: Deviating from ordinary forms or rules; irregular; anomalous; abnormal. HETEROCLITOUS Het`er*oc"li*tous, a. Defn: Heteroclitic. [Obs.] HETEROCYST Het"er*o*cyst, n. Etym: [Hetero- + cyst.] (Bot.) Defn: A cell larger than the others, and of different appearance, occurring in certain algæ related to nostoc. HETERODACTYL Het`er*o*dac"tyl, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Heterodactylous. -- n. Defn: One of the Heterodactylæ. HETERODACTYLAE Het`e*ro*dac"ty*læ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of birds including the trogons. HETERODACTYLOUS Het`er*o*dac"tyl*ous, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the first and second toes turned backward, as in the trogons. HETERODONT Het"er*o*dont, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the teeth differentiated into incisors, canines, and molars, as in man; -- opposed to homodont. HETERODONT Het"er*o*dont, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any animal with heterodont dentition. HETERODOX Het"er*o*dox, a. Etym: [Gr. hétérodoxe.] 1. Contrary to, or differing from, some acknowledged standard, as the Bible, the creed of a church, the decree of a council, and the like; not orthodox; heretical; -- said of opinions, doctrines, books, etc., esp. upon theological subjects. Raw and indigested, heterodox, preaching. Strype. 2. Holding heterodox opinions, or doctrines not orthodox; heretical; -- said of persons. Macaulay. -- Het"er*o*dox`ly, adv. -- Het"er*o*dox`ness, n. HETERODOX Het"er*o*dox, n. Defn: An opinion opposed to some accepted standard. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. HETERODOXAL Het"er*o*dox`al, a. Defn: Not orthodox. Howell. HETERODOXY Het"er*o*dox`y, n. Etym: [Gr. hétérodoxie.] Defn: An opinion or doctrine, or a system of doctrines, contrary to some established standard of faith, as the Scriptures, the creed or standards of a church, etc.; heresy. Bp. Bull. HETERODROMOUS Het`er*od"ro*mous, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Having spirals of changing direction. Gray. 2. (Mech.) Defn: Moving in opposite directions; -- said of a lever, pulley, etc., in which the resistance and the actuating force are on opposite sides of the fulcrum or axis. HETEROECIOUS Het`er*o"cious, a. [Hetero- + Gr. house.] (Bot.) Defn: Passing through the different stages in its life history on an alternation of hosts, as the common wheat-rust fungus (Puccinia graminis), and certain other parasitic fungi; -- contrasted with autocious. -- Het`er*o"cism (#), n. HETEROGAMOUS Het`er*og"a*mous, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. ga`mos marriage: cf. F. hétérogame.] (Bot. & Biol.) (a) The condition of having two or more kinds of flowers which differ in regard to stamens and pistils, as in the aster. (b) Characterized by heterogamy. HETEROGAMY Het`er*og"a*my, n. Etym: [See Heterogamous.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The process of fertilization in plants by an indirect or circuitous method; -- opposed to orthogamy. 2. (Biol.) Defn: That form of alternate generation in which two kinds of sexual generation, or a sexual and a parthenogenetic generation, alternate; -- in distinction from metagenesis, where sexual and asexual generations alternate. Claus & Sedgwick. HETEROGANGLIATE Het`er*o*gan"gli*ate, a. Etym: [Hetero- + gangliate.] (Physiol.) Defn: Having the ganglia of the nervous system unsymmetrically arranged; -- said of certain invertebrate animals. HETEROGENE Het"er*o*gene, a. Defn: Heterogenous. [Obs.] HETEROGENEAL Het`er*o*ge"ne*al, a. Defn: Heterogeneous. HETEROGENEITY Het`er*o*ge*ne"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hétérogénéité.] Defn: The state of being heterogeneous; contrariety. The difference, indeed the heterogeneity, of the two may be felt. Coleridge. HETEROGENEOUS Het`er*o*ge"ne*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. kin: cf. F. hétérogène.] Defn: Differing in kind; having unlike qualities; possessed of different characteristics; dissimilar; -- opposed to homogeneous, and said of two or more connected objects, or of a conglomerate mass, considered in respect to the parts of which it is made up. -- Het`er*o*ge"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Het`er*o*ge"ne*ous*ness, n. Heterogeneous nouns (Gram.), nouns having different genders in the singular and plural numbers; as, hic locus, of the masculine gender in the singular, and hi loci and hæc loca, both masculine and neuter in the plural; hoc cælum, neuter in the singular; hi cæli, masculine in the plural. -- Heterogeneous quantities (Math.), such quantities as are incapable of being compared together in respect to magnitude, and surfaces and solids. -- Heterogeneous surds (Math.), surds having different radical signs. HETEROGENESIS Het`er*o*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Hetero- + genesis.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Spontaneous generation, so called. 2. (Biol.) Defn: That method of reproduction in which the successive generations differ from each other, the parent organism producing offspring different in habit and structure from itself, the original form, however, reappearing after one or more generations; -- opposed to homogenesis, or gamogenesis. HETEROGENETIC Het`er*o*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to heterogenesis; as, heterogenetic transformations. HETEROGENIST Het`er*og"e*nist, n. (Biol.) Defn: One who believes in the theory of spontaneous generation, or heterogenesis. Bastian. HETEROGENOUS Het`er*og"e*nous, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to heterogenesis; heterogenetic. HETEROGENY Het`er*og"e*ny, n. (Biol.) Defn: Heterogenesis. HETEROGONOUS Het`er*og"o*nous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Characterized by heterogony. -- Het`er*og"o*nous*ly, adv. HETEROGONY Het`er*og"o*ny, n. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The condition of having two or more kinds of flowers, different as to the length of their stamens and pistils. HETEROGRAPHIC Het`er*o*graph"ic, a. Etym: [See Heterography.] Defn: Employing the same letters to represent different sounds in different words or syllables; -- said of methods of spelling; as, the ordinary English orthography is heterographic. HETEROGRAPHY Het`er*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Hetero- + -graphy.] Defn: That method of spelling in which the same letters represent different sounds in different words, as in the ordinary English orthography; e. g., g in get and in ginger. HETEROGYNOUS Het`er*og"y*nous, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having females very unlike the males in form and structure; -- as certain insects, the males of which are winged, and the females wingless. HETEROLOGOUS Het`er*ol"o*gous, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. Defn: Characterized by heterology; consisting of different elements, or of like elements in different proportions; different; -- opposed to homologous; as, heterologous organs. Heterologous stimulus. (Physiol.) See under Stimulus. -- Heterologous tumor (Med.), a tumor differing in structure from the normal tissues of the body. HETEROLOGY Het`er*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Hetero- + -logy.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: The absence of correspondence, or relation, in type of structure; lack of analogy between parts, owing to their being composed of different elements, or of like elements in different proportions; variation in structure from the normal form; -- opposed to homology. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The connection or relation of bodies which have partial identity of composition, but different characteristics and properties; the relation existing between derivatives of the same substance, or of the analogous members of different series; as, ethane, ethyl alcohol, acetic aldehyde, and acetic acid are in heterology with each other, though each in at the same time a member of a distinct homologous series. Cf. Homology. HETEROMERA Het`e*rom"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Coleoptera, having heteromerous tarsi. HETEROMEROUS Het`er*om"er*ous, a. Etym: [See Heteromera.] 1. (Chem & Crystallog.) Defn: Unrelated in chemical composition, though similar or indentical in certain other respects; as, borax and augite are homoemorphous, but heteromerous. 2. (Bot.) Defn: With the parts not corresponding in number. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the femoral artery developed as the principal artery of the leg; -- said of certain birds, as the cotingas and pipras. (b) Having five tarsal joints in the anterior and middle legs, but only four in the posterior pair, as the blister beetles and oil beetles. HETEROMORPHIC Het`er*o*mor"phic, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Deviating from the normal, perfect, or mature form; having different forms at different stages of existence, or in different individuals of the same species; -- applied especially to insects in which there is a wide difference of form between the larva and the adult, and to plants having more than one form of flower. HETEROMORPHISM; HETEROMORPHY Het`er*o*mor"phism, Het`er*o*mor"phy, n. (Biol.) Defn: The state or quality of being heteromorphic. HETEROMORPHOUS Het`er*o*mor"phous, a. (Biol.) Defn: Heteromorphic. HETEROMYARIA Het`e*ro*my*a"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of bivalve shells, including the marine mussels, in which the two adductor muscles are very unequal. See Dreissena, and Illust. under Byssus. HETERONEREIS Het`e*ro*ne*re"is, n. Etym: [NL. See Hetero-, and Nereis.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A free-swimming, dimorphic, sexual form of certain species of Nereis. Note: In this state the head and its appendages are changed in form, the eyes become very large; more or less of the parapodia are highly modified by the development of finlike lobes, and branchial lamellæ, and their setæ become longer and bladelike. HETERONOMOUS Het`er*on"o*mous, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. no`mos law.] Defn: Subject to the law of another. Krauth-Fleming. HETERONOMY Het`er*on"o*my, n. 1. Subordination or subjection to the law of another; political subjection of a community or state; -- opposed to autonomy. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: A term applied by Kant to those laws which are imposed on us from without, or the violence done to us by our passions, wants, or desires. Krauth-Fleming. HETERONYM Het"er*o*nym, n. Defn: That which is heteronymous; a thing having a different name or designation from some other thing; -- opposed to homonym. HETERONYMOUS Het`er*on"y*mous, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. "o`nyma, for "o`noma a name.] Defn: Having different names or designations; standing in opposite relations. J. Le Conte. -- Het"er*on"y*mous*ly, adv. HETEROOUSIAN Het`er*o*ou`si*an, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. Defn: Having different essential qualities; of a different nature. HETEROOUSIAN Het`er*o*ou"si*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of those Arians who held that the Son was of a different substance from the Father. HETEROOUSIOUS Het`er*o*ou"si*ous, a. Defn: See Heteroousian. HETEROPATHIC Het`er*o*path"ic, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the method of heteropathy; allopathic. HETEROPATHY Het`er*op"a*thy, n. Etym: [See Heteropathic.] (Med.) Defn: That mode of treating diseases, by which a morbid condition is removed by inducing an opposite morbid condition to supplant it; allopathy. HETEROPELMOUS Het`er*o*pel"mous, a. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having each of the two flexor tendons of the toes bifid, the branches of one going to the first and second toes; those of the other, to the third and fourth toes. See Illust. in Append. HETEROPHAGI Het`e*roph"a*gi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Altrices. HETEROPHEMIST Het`er*oph"e*mist, n. Defn: One liable to the fault of heterophemy. HETEROPHEMY Het`er*oph"e*my, n. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. Defn: The unconscious saying, in speech or in writing, of that which one does not intend to say; -- frequently the very reverse of the thought which is present to consciousness. R. G. White. HETEROPHONY Het`er*oph"o*ny, n. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: An abnormal state of the voice. Mayne. HETEROPHYLLOUS Het`er*oph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. hétérophylle.] (Bot.) Defn: Having leaves of more than one shape on the same plant. HETEROPLASM Het"er*o*plasm, n. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. Defn: An abnormal formation foreign to the economy, and composed of elements different from those are found in it in its normal condition. Dunglison. HETEROPLASTIC Het`er*o*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Hetero- + -plastic.] (Biol.) Defn: Producing a different type of organism; developing into a different form of tissue, as cartilage which develops into bone. Haeckel. HETEROPOD Het`er*o*pod, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hétéropode.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Heteropoda. -- a. Defn: Heteropodous. HETEROPODA Het`e*rop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of pelagic Gastropoda, having the foot developed into a median fin. Some of the species are naked; others, as Carinaria and Atlanta, have thin glassy shells. HETEROPODOUS Het`er*op"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Heteropoda. HETEROPTER Het`er*op"ter, n. Defn: One of the Heteroptera. HETEROPTERA Het`e*rop"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Hemiptera, in which the base of the anterior wings is thickened. See Hemiptera. HETEROPTICS Het`er*op"tics, n. Etym: [Hetero- + optics.] Defn: False optics. Spectator. HETEROSCIAN Het`er*os"cian, n. Etym: [Gr. hétéroscien.] Defn: One who lives either north or south of the tropics, as contrasted with one who lives on the other side of them; -- so called because at noon the shadows always fall in opposite directions (the one northward, the other southward). HETEROSIS Het`e*ro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure of speech by which one form of a noun, verb, or pronoun, and the like, is used for another, as in the sentence: "What is life to such as me" Aytoun. HETEROSOMATI Het`e*ro*so"ma*ti, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes, comprising the flounders, halibut, sole, etc., having the body and head asymmetrical, with both eyes on one side. Called also Heterosomata, Heterosomi. HETEROSPORIC; HETEROSPOROUS Het`er*o*spor"ic, Het`er*o*spor"ous, a. Etym: [Hetero- + spore.] (Bot.) Defn: Producing two kinds of spores unlike each other. HETEROSTYLED Het"er*o*styled, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having styles of two or more distinct forms or lengths. Darwin. HETEROSTYLISM Het`er*o*sty"lism, n. (Bot.) Defn: The condition of being heterostyled. HETEROTACTOUS Het`er*o*tac"tous, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to, or characterized by, heterotaxy. HETEROTAXY Het"er*o*tax`y, n. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Variation in arrangement from that existing in a normal form; heterogenous arrangement or structure, as, in botany, the deviation in position of the organs of a plant, from the ordinary or typical arrangement. HETEROTOPISM; HETEROTOPY Het`er*ot"o*pism, Het`er*ot"o*py, n. Etym: [Hetero- + Gr. hétérotopie.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A deviation from the natural position; -- a term applied in the case of organs or growths which are abnormal in situation. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A deviation from the natural position of parts, supposed to be effected in thousands of years, by the gradual displacement of germ cells. HETEROTRICHA Het`e*rot"ri*cha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of ciliated Infusoria, having fine cilia all over the body, and a circle of larger ones around the anterior end. HETEROTROPAL; HETEROTROPOUS Het`er*ot"ro*pal, Het`er*ot"ro*pous (, a. Etym: [Gr. "etero`tropos turning another way; hétérotrope.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the embryo or ovule oblique or transverse to the funiculus; amphitropous. Gray. HETHING He"thing, n. Defn: Contempt; scorn. [Obs.] Chaucer. HETMAN Het"man, n.; pl. Hetmans. Etym: [Pol. hetman. Cf. Ataman.] Defn: A Cossack headman or general. The title of chief hetman is now held by the heir to the throne of Russia. HEUGH Heugh, n. Etym: [Cf. Hogh.] 1. A crag; a cliff; a glen with overhanging sides. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 2. A shaft in a coal pit; a hollow in a quarry. [Scot.] HEUK Heuk, n. Defn: Variant of Huke. [Obs.] HEULANDITE Heu"land*ite, n. Etym: [After Heuland, an English mineralogist.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of the Zeolite family, often occurring in amygdaloid, in foliated masses, and also in monoclinic crystals with pearly luster on the cleavage face. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. HEURISTIC Heu*ris"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Serving to discover or find out. HEVED Hev"ed, n. Defn: The head. [Obs.] Chaucer. HEW Hew, v. t. [imp. Hewed; p. p. Hewed or Hewn (; p. pr. & vb. n. Hewing.] Etym: [AS. heáwan; akin to D. houwen, OHG. houwan, G. hauen, Icel. höggva, Sw. hugga, Dan. hugge, Lith. kova battle, Russ. kovate to hammer, forge. Cf. Hay cut grass, Hoe.] 1. To cut with an ax; to fell with a sharp instrument; -- often with down, or off. Shak. 2. To form or shape with a sharp instrument; to cut; hence, to form laboriously; -- often with out; as, to hew out a sepulcher. Look unto the rock whence ye are hewn. Is. li. 1. Rather polishing old works than hewing out new. Pope. 3. To cut in pieces; to chop; to hack. Hew them to pieces; hack their bones asunder. Shak. HEW Hew, n. Defn: Destruction by cutting down. [Obs.] Of whom he makes such havoc and such hew. Spenser. HEW Hew, n. 1. Hue; color. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Shape; form. [Obs.] Spenser. HEWE Hewe, n. Etym: [Cf. Hind a peasant.] Defn: A domestic servant; a retainer. [Obs.] "False homely hewe." Chaucer. HEWER Hew"er, n. Defn: One who hews. HEWHOLE Hew"hole`, n. Etym: [Cf. Hickwall.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European green woodpecker. See Yaffle. HEWN Hewn, a. 1. Felled, cut, or shaped as with an ax; roughly squared; as, a house built of hewn logs. 2. Roughly dressed as with a hammer; as, hewn stone. HEX-; HEXA Hex-, Hex"a. Etym: [Gr. Six.] Defn: A prefix or combining form, used to denote six, sixth, etc.; as, hexatomic, hexabasic. HEXABASIC Hex`a*ba"sic, a. Etym: [Hexa- + basic.] (Chem.) Defn: Having six hydrogen atoms or six radicals capable of being replaced or saturated by bases; -- said of acids; as, mellitic acid is hexabasic. HEXACAPSULAR Hex`a*cap"su*lar, a. Etym: [Hexa- + capsular.] (Bot.) Defn: Having six capsules or seed vessels. HEXACHORD Hex"a*chord, n. Etym: [Hexa- + Gr. hexacorde.] (Mus.) Defn: A series of six notes, with a semitone between the third and fourth, the other intervals being whole tones. HEXACID Hex`ac"id, a. Etym: [Hex- + acid.] (Chem.) Defn: Having six atoms or radicals capable of being replaced by acids; hexatomic; hexavalent; -- said of bases; as, mannite is a hexacid base. HEXACTINELLID Hex*ac`ti*nel"lid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having six-rayed spicules; belonging to the Hexactinellinæ. HEXACTINELLINE Hex*ac`ti*nel"line, a. Etym: [From NL. Hexactinellinæ, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Hexactinellinæ, a group of sponges, having six-rayed siliceous spicules. HEXACTINIA Hex`ac*tin"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Hex-, and Actinia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Anthozoa. HEXAD Hex"ad, n. Etym: [L. hexas, hexadis, the number six, Gr. (chem.) Defn: An atom whose valence is six, and which can be theoretically combined with, substituted for, or replaced by, six monad atoms or radicals; as, sulphur is a hexad in sulphuric acid. Also used as an adjective. HEXADACTYLOUS Hex`a*dac"tyl*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. hexadactyle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having six fingers or toes. HEXADE Hex"ade, n. Etym: [See Hexad.] Defn: A series of six numbers. HEXADECANE Hex"a*dec`ane, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Hecdecane. HEXAGON Hex"a*gon, n. Etym: [L. hexagonum, Gr. six) + (Geom.) Defn: A plane figure of six angles. Regular hexagon, a hexagon in which the angles are all equal, and the sides are also all equal. HEXAGONAL Hex*ag"o*nal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hexagonal.] Defn: Having six sides and six angles; six-sided. Hexagonal system. (Crystal.) See under Crystallization. HEXAGONALLY Hex*ag"o*nal*ly, adv. Defn: In an hexagonal manner. HEXAGONY Hex*ag"o*ny, n. Defn: A hexagon. [Obs.] Bramhall. HEXAGRAM Hex"a*gram, n. [Hexa- + -gram.] A figure of six lines; specif.: (a) A figure composed of two equal triangles intersecting so that each side of one triangle is parallel to a side of the other, and the six points coincide with those of a hexagon. (b) In Chinese literature, one of the sixty-four figures formed of six parallel lines (continuous or broken), forming the basis of the Yih King, or "Book of Changes." S. W. Williams. HEXAGYNIA Hex`a*gyn"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. hexagynie.] (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan order of plants having six pistils. HEXAGYNIAN; HEXAGYNOUS Hex`a*gyn"i*an, Hex*ag"y*nous (, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hexagyne.] (Bot.) Defn: Having six pistils. HEXAHEDRAL Hex`a*he"dral, a. Defn: In the form of a hexahedron; having six sides or faces. HEXAHEDRON Hex`a*he"dron, n.; pl. E. Hexahedrons, L. Hexahedra. Etym: [Hexa- + Gr. hexaèdre.] (Geom.) Defn: A solid body of six sides or faces. Regular hexahedron, a hexagon having six equal squares for its sides; a cube. HEXAHEMERON Hex`a*hem"er*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. hexaëmeron, Gr. 1. A term of six days. Good. 2. The history of the six day's work of creation, as contained in the first chapter of Genesis. HEXAMEROUS Hex*am"er*ous, a. Etym: [Hexa- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: In six parts; in sixes. HEXAMETER Hex*am"e*ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. hexamètre. See Six, and Meter.] (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) Defn: A verse of six feet, the first four of which may be either dactyls or spondees, the fifth must regularly be a dactyl, and the sixth always a spondee. In this species of verse are composed the Iliad of Homer and the Æneid of Virgil. In English hexameters accent takes the place of quantity. Leaped like the | roe when he | hears in the | woodland the | voice of the | huntsman. Longfellow. Strongly it | bears us a- | long on | swelling and | limitless | billows, Nothing be- | fore and | nothing be- | hind but the | sky and the | ocean. Coleridge. HEXAMETER Hex*am"e*ter, a. Defn: Having six metrical feet, especially dactyls and spondees. Holland. HEXAMETRIC; HEXAMETRICAL Hex`a*met"ric, Hex`a*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Consisting of six metrical feet. HEXAMETRIST Hex*am"e*trist, n. Defn: One who writes in hexameters. "The Christian hexametrists." Milman. HEXANDRIA Hex*an"dri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. hexandrie.] (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants having six stamens. HEXANDRIAN; HEX-ANDROUS Hex*an"dri*an, Hex-an"drous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hexandre.] (Bot.) Defn: Having six stamens. HEXANE Hex"ane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of five hydrocarbons, C6H14, of the paraffin series. They are colorless, volatile liquids, and are so called because the molecule has six carbon atoms. HEXANGULAR Hex*an"gu*lar, a. Etym: [Hex- + angular. Cf. Sexangular.] Defn: Having six angles or corners. HEXAPETALOUS Hex`a*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Hexa- + petal: cf. F. hexapétale.] (Bot.) Defn: Having six petals. HEXAPHYLLOUS Hex*aph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Hexa- + Gr. hexaphylle.] (Bot.) Defn: Having six leaves or leaflets. HEXAPLA Hex"a*pla, n. Etym. pl., but syntactically sing. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A collection of the Holy Scriptures in six languages or six versions in parallel columns; particularly, the edition of the Old Testament published by Origen, in the 3d century. HEXAPOD Hex"a*pod, a. Etym: [Gr. hexapode.] Defn: Having six feet. -- n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal having six feet; one of the Hexapoda. HEXAPODA Hex*ap"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The true, or six-legged, insects; insects other than myriapods and arachnids. Note: The Hexapoda have the head, thorax, and abdomen differentiated, and are mostly winged. They have three pairs of mouth organs, viz., mandibles, maxillæ, and the second maxillæ or labial palpi; three pairs of thoracic legs; and abdominal legs, which are present only in some of the lowest forms, and in the larval state of some of the higher ones. Many (the Metabola) undergo a complete metamorphosis, having larvæ (known as maggots, grubs, caterpillars) very unlike the adult, and pass through a quiescent pupa state in which no food is taken; others (the Hemimetabola) have larvæ much like the adult, expert in lacking wings, and an active pupa, in which rudimentary wings appear. See Insecta. The Hexapoda are divided into several orders. HEXAPODOUS Hex*ap"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having six feet; belonging to the Hexapoda. HEXAPTEROUS Hex*ap"ter*ous, a. Etym: [Hexa- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having six processes. Gray. HEXASTICH; HEXASTICHON Hex"a*stich, Hex*as"ti*chon, n. Etym: [L. hexastichus of six rows, lines, or verses, Gr. "e`x six + sti`chos row, line, verse.] Defn: A poem consisting of six verses or lines. HEXASTYLE Hex"a*style, a. Etym: [Gr. hexastyle.] (Arch.) Defn: Having six columns in front; -- said of a portico or temple. -- n. Defn: A hexastyle portico or temple. HEXATEUCH Hex"a*teuch`, n. Etym: [Hexa- + Defn: The first six books of the Old Testament. HEXATOMIC Hex`a*tom"ic, a. Etym: [Hex- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Having six atoms in the molecule. [R.] (b) Having six replaceable radicals. HEXAVALENT Hex*av"a*lent, a. Etym: [Hexa- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Defn: Having a valence of six; -- said of hexads. HEXDECYL Hex"de*cyl, n. Etym: [Hex- + decyl.] (Chem.) Defn: The essential radical, C16H33, of hecdecane. HEXDECYLIC Hex`de*cyl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, hexdecyl or hecdecane; as, hexdecylic alcohol. HEXEIKOSANE Hex*ei"ko*sane, n. Etym: [Hex- + eikosane.] (chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon, C26H54, resembling paraffine; -- so called because each molecule has twenty-six atoms of carbon. [Written also hexacosane.] HEXENE Hex"ene, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Hexylene. HEXICOLOGY Hex`i*col"ogy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of the complex relations of living creatures to other organisms, and to their surrounding conditions generally. St. George Mivart. HEXINE Hex"ine, n. Etym: [Gr. "e`x six.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon, C6H10, of the acetylene series, obtained artificially as a colorless, volatile, pungent liquid; -- called also hexoylene. HEXOCTAHEDRON Hex*oc`ta*he"dron, n. Etym: [Hex- + octahedron.] (Geom.) Defn: A solid having forty-eight equal triangular faces. HEXOIC Hex*o"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, hexane; as, hexoic acid. HEXONE Hex"one, n. Etym: [Hex- + -one.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon, C6H8, of the valylene series, obtained from distillation products of certain fats and gums. HEXOSE Hex"ose, n. [Hexa- + -ose.] (Chem.) Defn: Any member of a group of sugars containing six carbon atoms in the molecule. Some are widely distributed in nature, esp. in ripe fruits. HEXYL Hex"yl, n. Etym: [Hex- + -yl.] (chem.) Defn: A compound radical, C6H13, regarded as the essential residue of hexane, and a related series of compounds. HEXYLENE Hex"yl*ene, n. Etym: [Hex- + -yl + ethlene.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, liquid hydrocarbon, C6H12, of the ethylene series, produced artificially, and found as a natural product of distillation of certain coals; also, any one several isomers of hexylene proper. Called also hexene. HEXYLIC Hex*yl"ic, a. (chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, hexyl or hexane; as, hexylic alcohol. HEY Hey, a. Etym: [See High.] Defn: High. [Obs.] Chaucer. HEY Hey, interj. Etym: [OE. hei; cf. D. & G. hei.] 1. An exclamation of joy, surprise, or encouragement. Shak. 2. A cry to set dogs on. Shak. HEYDAY Hey"day`, interj. Etym: [Cf. G. heida, or hei da, D. hei daar. Cf. Hey, and There.] Defn: An expression of frolic and exultation, and sometimes of wonder. B. Jonson. HEYDAY Hey"day`, n. Etym: [Prob. for. high day. See High, and Day.] Defn: The time of triumph and exultation; hence, joy, high spirits, frolicsomeness; wildness. The heyday in the blood is tame. Shak. In the heyday of their victories. J. H. Newman. HEYDEGUY Hey"de*guy, n. Etym: [Perh. fr. heyday + guise.] Defn: A kind of country-dance or round. [Obs.] Spenser. HEYH; HEYGH Heyh, Heygh (, a. Defn: High. [Obs.] Chaucer. HEYNE Heyne, n. Etym: [AS. heán low, mean.] Defn: A wretch; a rascal. [Obs.] Chaucer. HEYTEN Hey"ten, adv. Etym: [Icel. h.] Defn: Hence. [Obs.] Chaucer. HIATION Hi*a"tion, n. Etym: [See Hiatus.] Defn: Act of gaping. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. HIATUS Hi*a"tus, n.; pl. L. Hiatus, E. Hiatuses. Etym: [L., fr. hiare, hiatum, to gape; akin to E. yawn. See Yawn.] 1. An opening; an aperture; a gap; a chasm; esp., a defect in a manuscript, where some part is lost or effaced; a space where something is wanting; a break. 2. (Gram.) Defn: The concurrence of two vowels in two successive words or syllables. Pope. HIBERNACLE Hi*ber"na*cle, n. Etym: [L. hibernaculum a winter residence, pl. hibernacula winter quarters: cf. F. hibernacle. See Hibernate.] Defn: That which serves for protection or shelter in winter; winter quarters; as, the hibernacle of an animal or a plant. Martyn. HIBERNACULUM Hi`ber*nac"u*lum, n. Etym: [See Hibernacle.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A winter bud, in which the rudimentary foliage or flower, as of most trees and shrubs in the temperate zone, is protected by closely overlapping scales. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A little case in which certain insects pass the winter. 3. Winter home or abiding place. J. Burroughs. HIBERNAL Hi*ber"nal, a. Etym: [L. hibernalis, from the root of hiems winter; akin to Gr. hima cold, winter, snow: cf. F. hibernal.] Defn: Belonging or relating to winter; wintry; winterish. Sir T. Browne. HIBERNATE Hi"ber*nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hibernated; p. pr. & vb. n. Hibernating.] Etym: [L. hibernare, hibernatum, fr. hibernu wintry. See Hibernal.] Defn: To winter; to pass the season of winter in close quarters, in a torpid or lethargic state, as certain mammals, reptiles, and insects. Inclination would lead me to hibernate, during half the year, in this uncomfortable climate of Great Britain. Southey. HIBERNATION Hi`ber*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hibernation.] Defn: The act or state of hibernating. Evelyn. HIBERNIAN Hi*ber"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Hibernia, Ireland.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Hibernia, now Ireland; Irish. -- n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Ireland. HIBERNICISM; HIBERNIANISM Hi*ber"ni*cism, Hi*ber"ni*an*ism, n. Defn: An idiom or mode of speech peculiar to the Irish. Todd. HIBERNO-CELTIC Hi*ber"no-Celt"ic, n. Defn: The native language of the Irish; that branch of the Celtic languages spoken by the natives of Ireland. Also adj. HIBISCUS Hi*bis"cus, n. Etym: [L., marsh mallow; cf. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants (herbs, shrubs, or trees), some species of which have large, showy flowers. Some species are cultivated in India for their fiber, which is used as a substitute for hemp. See Althea, Hollyhock, and Manoe. HICCIUS DOCTIUS Hic"ci*us doc"ti*us. Etym: [Corrupted fr. L. hic est doctus this is a learned man.] Defn: A juggler. [Cant] hocus pocus Hudibras. HICCOUGH Hic"cough, n. Etym: [OE. hickup, hicket, hickock; prob. of imitative origin; cf. D. & Dan. hik, Sw. hicka, Armor. hak, hik, W. ig, F. hoquet.] (Physiol.) Defn: A modified respiratory movement; a spasmodic inspiration, consisting of a sudden contraction of the diaphragm, accompanied with closure of the glottis, so that further entrance of air is prevented, while the impulse of the column of air entering and striking upon the closed glottis produces a sound, or hiccough. [Written also hickup or hiccup.] HICCOUGH Hic"cough, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hiccoughed; p. pr. & vb. n. Hiccoughing.] Defn: To have a hiccough or hiccoughs. HICKORY Hick"o*ry, n. Etym: [North American Indian pawcohiccora (Capt. J. Smith) a kind of milk or oily liquor pressed from pounded hickory nuts. "Pohickory" is named in a list of Virginia trees, in 1653, and this was finally shortened to "hickory." J. H. Trumbull.] (Bot.) Defn: An American tree of the genus Carya, of which there are several species. The shagbark is the C. alba, and has a very rough bark; it affords the hickory nut of the markets. The pignut, or brown hickory, is the C. glabra. The swamp hickory is C. amara, having a nut whose shell is very thin and the kernel bitter. Hickory shad. (Zoöl.) (a) The mattowacca, or fall herring. (b) The gizzard shad. HICKSITE Hicks"ite, n. Defn: A member or follower of the "liberal" party, headed by Elias Hicks, which, because of a change of views respecting the divinity of Christ and the Atonement, seceded from the conservative portion of the Society of Friends in the United States, in 1827. HICKUP Hick"up, n. & v. i. Defn: See Hiccough. HICKWALL; HICKWAY Hick"wall`, Hick"way`, n. Etym: [OE., also hyghwhele, highawe.] Defn: The lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopus minor) of Europe. [Prov. Eng.] HID Hid, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Hide. See Hidden. HIDAGE Hid"age, n. Etym: [From hide a quantity of land.] (O. Eng. Law.) Defn: A tax formerly paid to the kings of England for every hide of land. [Written also hydage.] HIDALGO Hi*dal"go, n. Etym: [Sp., contr. fr. hijo de algo, i. e., son of something; hijo son (fr. LL. filius) + algo something, fr. L. aliquod. Cf. Fidalgo.] Defn: A title, denoting a Spanish nobleman of the lower class. HIDDEN Hid"den, p. p. & a. Defn: from Hide. Concealed; put out of view; secret; not known; mysterious. Hidden fifths or octaves (Mus.), consecutive fifths or octaves, not sounded, but suggested or implied in the parallel motion of two parts towards a fifth or an octave. Syn. -- Hidden, Secret, Covert. Hidden may denote either known to on one; as, a hidden disease; or intentionally concealed; as, a hidden purpose of revenge. Secret denotes that the thing is known only to the party or parties concerned; as, a secret conspiracy. Covert literally denotes what is not open or avowed; as, a covert plan; but is often applied to what we mean shall be understood, without openly expressing it; as, a covert allusion. Secret is opposed to known, and hidden to revealed. Bring to light the hidden things of darkness. 1 Cor. iv. 5. My heart, which by a secret harmony Still moves with thine, joined in connection sweet. Milton. By what best way, Whether of open war, or covert guile, We now debate. Milton. HIDDENITE Hid"den*ite, n. Etym: [After W. E. Hidden.] (Min.) Defn: An emerald-green variety of spodumene found in North Carolina; lithia emerald, -- used as a gem. HIDDENLY Hid"den*ly, adv. Defn: In a hidden manner. HIDE Hide, v. t. [imp. Hid; p. p. Hidden, Hid; p. pr. & vb. n. Hiding.] Etym: [OE. hiden, huden, AS. h; akin to Gr. house, hut, and perh. to E. hide of an animal, and to hoard. Cf. Hoard.] 1. To conceal, or withdraw from sight; to put out of view; to secrete. A city that is set on an hill can not be hid. Matt. v. 15. If circumstances lead me, I will find Where truth is hid. Shak. 2. To withhold from knowledge; to keep secret; to refrain from avowing or confessing. Heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate. Pope. 3. To remove from danger; to shelter. In the time of trouble he shall hide me in his pavilion. Ps. xxvi. 5. To hide one's self, to put one's self in a condition to be safe; to secure protection. "A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself." Prov. xxii. 3. -- To hide the face, to withdraw favor. "Thou didst hide thy face, and I was troubled." Ps. xxx. 7. -- To hide the face from. (a) To overlook; to pardon. "Hide thy face from my sins." Ps. li. 9. (b) To withdraw favor from; to be displeased with. Syn. -- To conceal; secrete; disguise; dissemble; screen; cloak; mask; veil. See Conceal. HIDE Hide, v. i. Defn: To lie concealed; to keep one's self out of view; to be withdrawn from sight or observation. Bred to disguise, in public 'tis you hide. Pope. Hide and seek, a play of children, in which some hide themselves, and others seek them. Swift. HIDE Hide, n. Etym: [AS. hid, earlier higed; prob. orig., land enough to support a family; cf. AS. hiwan, higan, members of a household, and E. hind a peasant.] (O. Eng. Law.) (a) An abode or dwelling. (b) A measure of land, common in Domesday Book and old English charters, the quantity of which is not well ascertained, but has been differently estimated at 80, 100, and 120 acres. [Written also hyde.] HIDE Hide, n. Etym: [OE.hide, hude, AS. h; akin to D. huid, OHG, h, G. haut, Icel. h, Dan. & Sw. hud, L. cutis, Gr. scutum shield, and E. sky. .] 1. The skin of an animal, either raw or dressed; -- generally applied to the undressed skins of the larger domestic animals, as oxen, horses, etc. 2. The human skin; -- so called in contempt. O tiger's heart, wrapped in a woman's hide! Shak. HIDE Hide, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hided; p. pr. & vb. n. Hiding.] Defn: To flog; to whip. [Prov. Eng. & Low, U. S.] HIDEBOUND Hide"bound`, a. 1. Having the skin adhering so closely to the ribs and back as not to be easily loosened or raised; -- said of an animal. 2. (Hort.) Defn: Having the bark so close and constricting that it impedes the growth; -- said of trees. Bacon. 3. Untractable; bigoted; obstinately and blindly or stupidly conservative. Milton. Carlyle. 4. Niggardly; penurious. [Obs.] Quarles. HIDEOUS Hid"e*ous, a. Etym: [OE. hidous, OF. hidous, hidos, hidus, hisdos, hisdous, F. hideux: cf. OF. hide, hisde, fright; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. egidi horror, or L. hispidosus, for hispidus rough, bristly, E. hispid.] 1. Frightful, shocking, or offensive to the eyes; dreadful to behold; as, a hideous monster; hideous looks. "A piteous and hideous spectacle." Macaulay. 2. Distressing or offensive to the ear; exciting terror or dismay; as, a hideous noise. "Hideous cries." Shak. 3. Hateful; shocking. "Sure, you have some hideous matter to deliver." Shak. Syn. -- Frightful; ghastly; grim; grisly; horrid; dreadful; terrible. -- Hid"e*ous*ly, adv. -- Hid"e*ous*ness, n. HIDER Hid"er, n. Defn: One who hides or conceals. HIDING Hid"ing, n. Defn: The act of hiding or concealing, or of withholding from view or knowledge; concealment. There was the hiding of his power. Hab. iii. 4. HIDING Hid"ing, n. Defn: A flogging. [Colloq.] Charles Reade. HIDROSIS Hi*dro"sis, n. [Written also, but incorrectly, idrosis.] [NL., fr. Gr. to sweat, sweat.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: Excretion of sweat; perspiration. 2. (Med.) Excessive perspiration; also, any skin disease characterized by abnormal perspiration. HIDROTIC Hi*drot"ic, a. [Gr. sudorific.] (Med.) Defn: Causing perspiration; diaphoretic or sudorific. HIDROTIC Hi*drot"ic, n. Defn: A medicine that causes perspiration; a diaphoretic or a sudorific. HIE Hie, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hied; p. pr. & vb. n. Hying.] Etym: [OE. hien, hihen, highen, AS. higian to hasten, strive; cf. L. ciere to put in motion, call upon, rouse, Gr. cite.] Defn: To hasten; to go in haste; -- also often with the reciprocal pronoun. [Rare, except in poetry] "My husband hies him home." Shak. The youth, returning to his mistress, hies. Dryden. HIE Hie, n. Defn: Haste; diligence. [Obs.] Chaucer. HIEMS Hi"ems, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Winter. Shak. HIERAPICRA Hi"e*ra*pi"cra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (med.) Defn: A warming cathartic medicine, made of aloes and canella bark. Dunglison. HIERARCH Hi"er*arch, n. Etym: [LL. hierarcha, Gr. ishiras vigorous, fresh, blooming) + hiérarque.] Defn: One who has high and controlling authority in sacred things; the chief of a sacred order; as, princely hierarchs. Milton. HIERARCHAL; HIERARCHIC Hi"er*arch`al, Hi`er*arch"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to a hierarch. "The great hierarchal standard." Milton. HIERARCHICAL Hi`er*arch"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hiérarchique.] Defn: Pertaining to a hierarchy. -- Hi`er*arch`ic*al*ly, adv. HIERARCHISM Hi"er*arch`ism, n. Defn: The principles or authority of a hierarchy. The more dominant hierarchism of the West. Milman. HIERARCHY Hi"er*arch`y, n.; pl. Hierarchies. Etym: [Gr. hiérarchie.] 1. Dominion or authority in sacred things. 2. A body of officials disposed organically in ranks and orders each subordinate to the one above it; a body of ecclesiastical rulers. 3. A form of government administered in the church by patriarchs, metropolitans, archbishops, bishops, and, in an inferior degree, by priests. Shipley. 4. A rank or order of holy beings. Standards and gonfalons . . . for distinction serve Of hierarchies, of orders, and degrees. Milton. HIERATIC Hi`er*at"ic, a. Etym: [L. hieraticus, Gr. hiératique.] Defn: Consecrated to sacred uses; sacerdotal; pertaining to priests. Hieratic character, a mode of ancient Egyptian writing; a modified form of hieroglyphics, tending toward a cursive hand and formerly supposed to be the sacerdotal character, as the demotic was supposed to be that of the people. It was a false notion of the Greeks that of the three kinds of writing used by the Egyptians, two -- for that reason called hieroglyphic and hieratic -- were employed only for sacred, while the third, the demotic, was employed for secular, purposes. No such distinction is discoverable on the more ancient Egyptian monuments; bur we retain the old names founded on misapprehension. W. H. Ward (Johnson's Cyc.). HIEROCRACY Hi`er*oc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Government by ecclesiastics; a hierarchy. Jefferson. HIEROGLYPH; HIEROGLYPHIC Hi"er*o*glyph, Hi`er*o*glyph"ic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hiéroglyphe. See Hieroglyphic, a.] 1. A sacred character; a character in picture writing, as of the ancient Egyptians, Mexicans, etc. Specifically, in the plural, the picture writing of the ancient Egyptian priests. It is made up of three, or, as some say, four classes of characters: first, the hieroglyphic proper, or figurative, in which the representation of the object conveys the idea of the object itself; second, the ideographic, consisting of symbols representing ideas, not sounds, as an ostrich feather is a symbol of truth; third, the phonetic, consisting of symbols employed as syllables of a word, or as letters of the alphabet, having a certain sound, as a hawk represented the vowel a. 2. Any character or figure which has, or is supposed to have, a hidden or mysterious significance; hence, any unintelligible or illegible character or mark. [Colloq.] HIEROGLYPHIC; HIEROGLYPHICAL Hi`er*o*glyph"ic, Hi`er*o*glyph"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. hieroglyphicus, Gr. hiéroglyphique.] 1. Emblematic; expressive of some meaning by characters, pictures, or figures; as, hieroglyphic writing; a hieroglyphic obelisk. Pages no better than blanks to common minds, to his, hieroglyphical of wisest secrets. Prof. Wilson. 2. Resembling hieroglyphics; not decipherable. "An hieroglyphical scrawl." Sir W. Scott. HIEROGLYPHICALLY Hi`er*o*glyph`ic*ally, adv. Defn: In hieroglyphics. HIEROGLYPHIST Hi`er*og"ly*phist, n. Defn: One versed in hieroglyphics. Gliddon. HIEROGRAM Hi"er*o*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. -gram.] Defn: A form of sacred or hieratic writing. HIEROGRAMMATIC Hi`er*o*gram"mat"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hiérogrammatique.] Defn: Written in, or pertaining to, hierograms; expressive of sacred writing. Bp. Warburton. HIEROGRAMMATIST Hi`er*o*gram"ma*tist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hiérogrammatiste.] Defn: A writer of hierograms; also, one skilled in hieroglyphics. Greenhill. HIEROGRAPHIC; HIEROGRAPHICAL Hi`er*o*graph"ic, Hi`er*o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. hierographicus, Gr. hiérographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to sacred writing. HIEROGRAPHY Hi`er*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. hiérographie.] Defn: Sacred writing. [R.] Bailey. HIEROLATRY Hi`er*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The worship of saints or sacred things. [R.] Coleridge. HIEROLOGIC; HIEROLOGICAL Hi`er*o*log"ic, Hi`er*o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hiérologique.] Defn: Pertaining to hierology. HIEROLOGIST Hi`er*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in, or whostudies, hierology. HIEROLOGY Hi`er*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. hiérologie.] Defn: A treatise on sacred things; especially, the science which treats of the ancient writings and inscriptions of the Egyptians, or a treatise on that science. HIEROMANCY Hi"er*o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. hiéromantie.] Defn: Divination by observing the objects offered in sacrifice. HIEROMARTYR Hi"er*o*mar`tyr, n. Etym: [Gr. martyr.] Defn: A priest who becomes a martyr. HIEROMNEMON Hi`e*rom*ne"mon, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (gr. Antiq.) 1. The sacred secretary or recorder sent by each state belonging to the Amphictyonic Council, along with the deputy or minister. Liddel & Scott. 2. A magistrate who had charge of religious matters, as at Byzantium. Liddel & Scott. HIERON Hi"er*on, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A consecrateo place; esp., a temple. HIERONYMITE Hi`er*on"y*mite, n. Etym: [From St. Hieronymus, or Jerome.] (Eccl.) Defn: See Jeronymite. HIEROPHANT Hi*er"o*phant, n. Etym: [L. hierophanta, hierophantes, Gr. hiérophante.] Defn: The presiding priest who initiated candidates at the Eleusinian mysteries; hence, one who teaches the mysteries and duties of religion. Abp Potter. HIEROPHANTIC Hi`er*o*phan"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or relating to hierophants or their teachings. HIEROSCOPY Hi`er*os"co*py, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Divination by inspection of entrails of victims offered in sacrifice. HIEROTHECA Hi`er*o*the"ca, n.; pl. -cæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A receptacle for sacred objects. HIEROURGY Hi"er*our`gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A sacred or holy work or worship. [Obs.] Waterland. HIFALUTIN Hi`fa*lu"tin, n. Defn: See Highfaluting. HIGGLE Hig"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Higgled; p. pr. & vb. n. Higgling.] Etym: [Cf. Haggle, or Huckster.] 1. To hawk or peddle provisions. 2. To chaffer; to stickle for small advantages in buying and selling; to haggle. A person accustomed to higgle about taps. Jeffry. To truck and higgle for a private good. Emerson. HIGGLEDY-PIGGLEDY Hig`gle*dy-pig"gle*dy, adv. Defn: In confusion; topsy-turvy. [Colloq.] Johnson. HIGGLER Hig"gler, n. Defn: One who higgles. HIGH High, v. i. Etym: [See Hie.] Defn: To hie. [Obs.] Men must high them apace, and make haste. Holland. HIGH High, a. [Compar. Higher; superl. Highest.] Etym: [OE. high, hegh, hey, heh, AS. heáh, h; akin to OS. hh, OFries. hag, hach, D. hoog, OHG. hh, G. hoch, Icel. hr, Sw. hög, Dan. höi, Goth. hauhs, and to Icel. haugr mound, G. hügel hill, Lith. kaukaras.] 1. Elevated above any starting point of measurement, as a line, or surface; having altitude; lifted up; raised or extended in the direction of the zenith; lofty; tall; as, a high mountain, tower, tree; the sun is high. 2. Regarded as raised up or elevated; distinguished; remarkable; conspicuous; superior; -- used indefinitely or relatively, and often in figurative senses, which are understood from the connection; as - (a) Elevated in character or quality, whether moral or intellectual; preëminent; honorable; as, high aims, or motives. "The highest faculty of the soul." Baxter. (b) Exalted in social standing or general estimation, or in rank, reputation, office, and the like; dignified; as, she was welcomed in the highest circles. He was a wight of high renown. Shak. (c) Of noble birth; illustrious; as, of high family. (d) Of great strength, force, importance, and the like; strong; mighty; powerful; violent; sometimes, triumphant; victorious; majestic, etc.; as, a high wind; high passions. "With rather a high manner." Thackeray. Strong is thy hand, and high is thy right hand. Ps. lxxxix. 13. Can heavenly minds such high resentment show Dryden. (e) Very abstract; difficult to comprehend or surmount; grand; noble. Both meet to hear and answer such high things. Shak. Plain living and high thinking are no more. Wordsworth. (f) Costly; dear in price; extravagant; as, to hold goods at a high price. If they must be good at so high a rate, they know they may be safe at a cheaper. South. (g) Arrogant; lofty; boastful; proud; ostentatious; -- used in a bad sense. An high look and a proud heart . . . is sin. Prov. xxi. 4. His forces, after all the high discourses, amounted really but to eighteen hundred foot. Clarendon. 3. Possessing a characteristic quality in a supreme or superior degree; as, high (i. e., intense) heat; high (i. e., full or quite) noon; high (i. e., rich or spicy) seasoning; high (i. e., complete) pleasure; high (i. e., deep or vivid) color; high (i. e., extensive, thorough) scholarship, etc. High time it is this war now ended were. Spenser. High sauces and spices are fetched from the Indies. Baker. 4. (Cookery) Defn: Strong-scented; slightly tainted; as, epicures do not cook game before it is high. 5. (Mus.) Defn: Acute or sharp; -- opposed to grave or low; as, a high note. 6. (Phon.) Defn: Made with a high position of some part of the tongue in relation to the palate, as e (eve), oo (food). See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 10, 11. High admiral, the chief admiral. -- High altar, the principal altar in a church. -- High and dry, out of water; out of reach of the current or tide; -- said of a vessel, aground or beached. -- High and mighty arrogant; overbearing. [Colloq.] -- High art, art which deals with lofty and dignified subjects and is characterized by an elevated style avoiding all meretricious display. -- High bailiff, the chief bailiff. -- High Church, and Low Church, two ecclesiastical parties in the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal Church. The high- churchmen emphasize the doctrine of the apostolic succession, and hold, in general, to a sacramental presence in the Eucharist, to baptismal regeneration, and to the sole validity of Episcopal ordination. They attach much importance to ceremonies and symbols in worship. Low-churchmen lay less stress on these points, and, in many instances, reject altogether the peculiar tenets of the high-church school. See Broad Church. -- High constable (Law), a chief of constabulary. See Constable, n., 2. -- High commission court,a court of ecclesiastical jurisdiction in England erected and united to the regal power by Queen Elizabeth in 1559. On account of the abuse of its powers it was abolished in 1641. -- High day (Script.), a holy or feast day. John xix. 31. -- High festival (Eccl.), a festival to be observed with full ceremonial. -- High German, or High Dutch. See under German. -- High jinks, an old Scottish pastime; hence, noisy revelry; wild sport. [Colloq.] "All the high jinks of the county, when the lad comes of age." F. Harrison. -- High latitude (Geog.), one designated by the higher figures; consequently, a latitude remote from the equator. -- High life, life among the aristocracy or the rich. -- High liver, one who indulges in a rich diet. -- High living, a feeding upon rich, pampering food. -- High Mass. (R. C. Ch.) See under Mass. -- High milling, a process of making flour from grain by several successive grindings and intermediate sorting, instead of by a single grinding. -- High noon, the time when the sun is in the meridian. -- High place (Script.), an eminence or mound on which sacrifices were offered. -- High priest. See in the Vocabulary. -- High relief. (Fine Arts) See Alto-rilievo. -- High school. See under School. High seas (Law), the open sea; the part of the ocean not in the territorial waters of any particular sovereignty, usually distant three miles or more from the coast line. Wharton. -- High steam, steam having a high pressure. -- High steward, the chief steward. -- High tea, tea with meats and extra relishes. -- High tide, the greatest flow of the tide; high water. -- High time. (a) Quite time; full time for the occasion. (b) A time of great excitement or enjoyment; a carousal. [Slang] -- High treason, treason against the sovereign or the state, the highest civil offense. See Treason. Note: It is now sufficient to speak of high treason as treason simply, seeing that petty treason, as a distinct offense, has been abolished. Mozley & W. -- High water, the utmost flow or greatest elevation of the tide; also, the time of such elevation. -- High-water mark. (a) That line of the seashore to which the waters ordinarily reach at high water. (b) A mark showing the highest level reached by water in a river or other body of fresh water, as in time of freshet. -- High-water shrub (Bot.), a composite shrub (Iva frutescens), growing in salt marshes along the Atlantic coast of the United States. -- High wine, distilled spirits containing a high percentage of alcohol; -- usually in the plural. -- To be on a high horse, to be on one's dignity; to bear one's self loftily. [Colloq.] -- With a high hand. (a) With power; in force; triumphantly. "The children of Israel went out with a high hand." Ex. xiv. 8.(b) In an overbearing manner, arbitrarily. "They governed the city with a high hand." Jowett (Thucyd. ). Syn. -- Tall; lofty; elevated; noble; exalted; supercilious; proud; violent; full; dear. See Tall. HIGH High, adv. Defn: In a high manner; in a high place; to a great altitude; to a great degree; largely; in a superior manner; eminently; powerfully. "And reasoned high." Milton. "I can not reach so high." Shak. Note: High is extensively used in the formation of compound words, most of which are of very obvious signification; as, high-aimed, high-arched, high-aspiring, high-bearing, high-boasting, high-browed, high-crested, high-crowned, high-designing, high-engendered, high- feeding, high-flaming, high-flavored, high-gazing, high-heaped, high- heeled, high-priced, high-reared, high-resolved, high-rigged, high- seated, high-shouldered, high-soaring, high-towering, high-voiced, and the like. High and low, everywhere; in all supposable places; as, I hunted high and low. [Colloq.] HIGH High, n. 1. An elevated place; a superior region; a height; the sky; heaven. 2. People of rank or high station; as, high and low. 3. (Card Playing) Defn: The highest card dealt or drawn. High, low, jack, and the game, a game at cards; -- also called all fours, old sledge, and seven up. -- In high and low, utterly; completely; in every respect. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- On high, aloft; above. The dayspring from on high hath visited us. Luke i. 78. -- The Most High, the Supreme Being; God. HIGH High, v. i. Defn: To rise; as, the sun higheth. [Obs.] HIGHBINDER High"bind`er, n. Defn: A ruffian; one who hounds, or spies upon, another; app. esp. to the members of certain alleged societies among the Chinese. [U. S.] HIGH-BLOWN High"-blown`, a. Defn: Inflated, as with conceit. HIGHBORN High"born`, a. Defn: Of noble birth. Shak. HIGHBOY High"boy`, n. 1. One who lives high; also, in politics, a highflyer. 2. A kind of set of drawers. [U. S.] "Mahogany highboys glittering with brass handles." K. L. Bates. HIGH-BRED High"-bred`, a. Defn: Bred in high life; of pure blood. Byron. HIGH-BUILT High"-built`, a. Defn: Of lofty structure; tall. "High-built organs." Tennyson. The high-built elephant his castle rears. Creech. HIGH-CHURCH High"-church`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or favoring, the party called the High Church, or their doctrines or policy. See High Church, under High, a. HIGH-CHURCHISM High"-church`ism, n. Defn: The principles of the high-church party. HIGH-CHURCHMAN High"-church`man, n.; pl. -men (. Defn: One who holds high-church principles. HIGH-CHURCHMAN-SHIP High"-church`man-ship, n. Defn: The state of being a high-churchman. J. H. Newman. HIGH-COLORED High"-col`ored, a. 1. Having a strong, deep, or glaring color; flushed. Shak. 2. Vivid; strong or forcible in representation; hence, exaggerated; as, high-colored description. HIGH-EMBOWED High"-em*bowed `, a. Defn: Having lofty arches. "The high-embowed roof." Milton. HIGHER CRITICISM High"er crit"i*cism. Defn: Criticism which includes the study of the contents, literary character, date, authorship, etc., of any writing; as, the higher criticism of the Pentateuch. Called also historical criticism. The comparison of the Hebrew and Greek texts . . . introduces us to a series of questions affecting the composition, the editing, and the collection of the sacred books. This class of questions forms the special subject of the branch of critical science which is usually distinguished from the verbal criticism of the text by the name of higher, or historical, criticism. W. Robertson Smith. HIGHERING High"er*ing, a. Defn: Rising higher; ascending. In ever highering eagle circles. Tennyson. HIGHER THOUGHT Higher thought. Defn: See New thought, below. HIGHER-UP High"er-up", n. Defn: A superior officer or official; -- used chiefly in pl. [Slang] HIGHFALUTING High`fa*lu"ting, n. Etym: [Perh. a corruption of highflighting.] Defn: High-flown, bombastic language. [Written also hifalutin.] [Jocular, U. S.] Lowell. HIGH-FED High"-fed`, a. Defn: Pampered; fed luxuriously. HIGH-FINISHED High"-fin`ished, a. Defn: Finished with great care; polished. HIGH FIVE High five. Defn: See Cinch (the game). HIGHFLIER High"fli`er, n. Defn: One who is extravagant in pretensions, opinions, or manners. Swift. HIGH-FLOWN High"-flown`, a. 1. Elevated; proud. "High-flown hopes." Denham. 2. Turgid; extravagant; bombastic; inflated; as, high-flown language. M. Arnold. HIGH-FLUSHED High"-flushed`, a. Defn: Elated. Young. HIGHFLYING High"fly`ing, a. Defn: Extravagant in opinions or ambition. "Highflying, arbitrary kings." Dryden. HIGH-GO High"-go`, n. Defn: A spree; a revel. [Low] HIGH-HANDED High"-hand`ed, a. Defn: Overbearing; oppressive; arbitrary; violent; as, a high-handed act. HIGH-HEARTED High"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Full of courage or nobleness; high-souled. -- High"-heart`ed*ness, n. HIGH-HOE High"-hoe`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European green woodpecker or yaffle. [Written also high- hoo.] HIGH-HOLDER High"-hold`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The flicker; -- called also high-hole. [Local, U. S.] HIGHLAND High"land, n. Defn: Elevated or mountainous land; (often in the pl.) an elevated region or country; as, the Highlands of Scotland. Highland fling, a dance peculiar to the Scottish Highlanders; a sort of hornpipe. HIGHLANDER High"land*er, n. Defn: An inhabitant of highlands, especially of the Highlands of Scotland. HIGHLANDRY High"land*ry, n. Defn: Highlanders, collectively. HIGH-LOW High"-low`, n. Defn: A laced boot, ankle high. HIGHLY High"ly, adv. Defn: In a high manner, or to a high degree; very much; as, highly esteemed. HIGHMEN High"men, n. pl. Defn: Loaded dice so contrived as to turn up high numbers. [Obs] Sir J. Harrington. HIGH-METTLED High"-met`tled, a. Defn: Having abundance of mettle; ardent; full of fire; as, a high- mettled steed. HIGH-MINDED High"-mind"ed, a. 1. Proud; arrogant. [Obs.] Be not high-minded, but fear. Rom. xi. 20. 2. Having, or characterized by, honorable pride; of or pertaining to elevated principles and feelings; magnanimous; -- opposed to mean. High-minded, manly recognition of those truths. A. Norton. HIGH-MINDEDNESS High"-mind`ed*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being highminded; nobleness; magnanimity. HIGHMOST High"most`, a. Defn: Highest. [Obs.] Shak. HIGHNESS High"ness, n. Etym: [AS. heáhnes.] 1. The state of being high; elevation; loftiness. 2. A title of honor given to kings, princes, or other persons of rank; as, His Royal Highness. Shak. HIGH-PALMED High"-palmed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having high antlers; bearing full-grown antlers aloft. HIGH-PRESSURE High"-pres`sure, a. 1. Having or involving a pressure greatly exceeding that of the atmosphere; -- said of steam, air, water, etc., and of steam, air, or hydraulic engines, water wheels, etc. 2. Fig.: Urgent; intense; as, a high-pressure business or social life. High-pressure engine, an engine in which steam at high pressure is used. It may be either a condensing or a noncondensing engine. Formerly the term was used only of the latter. See Steam engine. HIGH PRIEST High" priest`. (Eccl.) Defn: A chief priest; esp., the head of the Jewish priesthood. HIGH-PRIESTHOOD High"-priest`hood, n. Defn: The office, dignity, or position of a high priest. HIGH-PRIESTSHIP High"-priest`ship, n. Defn: High-priesthood. HIGH-PRINCIPLED High"-prin`ci*pled, a. Defn: Possessed of noble or honorable principles. HIGH-PROOF High"-proof`, a. 1. Highly rectified; very strongly alcoholic; as, high-proof spirits. 2. So as to stand any test. "We are high-proof melancholy." Shak. HIGH-RAISED High"-raised`, a. 1. Elevated; raised aloft; upreared. 2. Elated with great ideas or hopes. Milton. HIGH-REACHING High"-reach`ing, a. Defn: Reaching high or upward; hence, ambitious; aspiring. Shak. HIGH-RED High"-red`, a. Defn: Of a strong red color. HIGHROAD High"road`, n. Defn: A highway; a much travele HIGH-SEASONED High"-sea`soned, a. Defn: Enriched with spice and condiments; hence, exciting; piquant. HIGH-SIGHTED High"-sight`ed, a. Defn: Looking upward; supercilious. Shak. HIGH-SOULED High"-souled`, a. Defn: Having a high or noble spirit; honorable. E. Everett. HIGH-SOUNDING High"-sound`ing, a. Defn: Pompous; noisy; ostentatious; as, high-sounding words or titles. HIGH-SPIRITED High"-spir`it*ed, a. Defn: Full of spirit or natural fire; haughty; courageous; impetuous; not brooking restraint or opposition. HIGH STEEL High steel. Defn: Steel containing a high percentage of carbon; high-carbon steel. HIGH-STEPPER High"-step`per, n. Defn: A horse that moves with a high step or proud gait; hence, a person having a proud bearing. [Colloq.] HIGH-STOMACHED High"-stom`ached, a. Defn: Having a lofty spirit; haughty. [Obs.] Shak. HIGH-STRUNG High"-strung`, a. Defn: Strung to a high pitch; spirited; sensitive; as, a high-strung horse. HIGH-SWELLING High"-swell`ing, a. Defn: Inflated; boastful. HIGHT Hight, n. Defn: A variant of Height. HIGHT Hight, v. t. & i. [imp. Hight, Hot (, p. p. Hight, Hote (Hoten (Hote.] Etym: [OE. heiten, highten, haten, hoten; also hight, hatte, hette, is called, was called, AS. hatan to call, name, be called, to command, promise; also hatte is called, was called; akin to G. heissen to call, be called, bid, Goth. haitan to call, in the passive, to be called.] 1. To be called or named. [Archaic & Poetic.] Note: In the form hight, it is used in a passive sense as a present, meaning is called or named, also as a preterite, was called or named. This form has also been used as a past participle. See Hote. The great poet of Italy, That highte Dante. Chaucer. Bright was her hue, and Geraldine she hight. Surrey. Entered then into the church the Reverend Teacher. Father he hight, and he was, in the parish. Longfellow. Childe Harold was he hight. Byron. 2. To command; to direct; to impel. [Obs.] But the sad steel seized not where it was hight Upon the child, but somewhat short did fall. Spenser. 3. To commit; to intrust. [Obs.] Yet charge of them was to a porter hight. Spenser. 4. To promise. [Obs.] He had hold his day, as he had hight. Chaucer. HIGHTENER Hight"en*er, n. Defn: That which heightens. HIGHTH Highth (hith or hitth), n. Defn: Variant of Height. [Obs.] HIGH-TONED High"-toned`, a. 1. High in tone or sound. 2. Elevated; high-principled; honorable. In whose high-toned impartial mind Degrees of mortal rank and state Seem objects of indifferent weight. Sir W. Scott. HIGH-TOP High"-top`, n. Defn: A ship's masthead. Shak. HIGHTY-TIGHTY High"ty-tigh"ty, a. Defn: Hoity-toity. HIGHWAY High"way`, n. Defn: A road or way open to the use of the public; a main road or thoroughfare. Syn. -- Way; road; path; course. HIGHWAYMAN High"way`man, n.; pl. Highwaymen (. Defn: One who robs on the public road; a highway robber. HIGH-WROUGHT High"-wrought`, a. 1. Wrought with fine art or skill; elaborate. [Obs.] Pope. 2. Worked up, or swollen, to a high degree; as, a highwrought passion. "A high-wrought flood." Shak. HIGRE Hi"gre, n. Defn: See Eagre. [Obs.] Drayton. HIG-TAPER Hig"-ta`per, n. Etym: [Cf. Hag-taper.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Verbascum (V. Thapsus); the common mullein. [Also high-taper and hag-taper.] HIJERA; HIJRA Hij"e*ra, Hij"ra (, n. Defn: See Hegira. HIKE Hike, v. i. Defn: To hike one's self; specif., to go with exertion or effort; to tramp; to march laboriously. [Dial. or Colloq.] "If you persist in heaving and hiking like this." Kipling. It's hike, hike, hike (march) till you stick in the mud, and then you hike back again a little slower than you went. Scribner's Mag. HIKE Hike, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hiked; p. pr. & vb. n. Hiking.] [Cf. Hitch.] Defn: To move with a swing, toss, throw, jerk, or the like. [Dial. or Colloq.] HIKE Hike, n. Defn: The act of hiking; a tramp; a march. [Dial. or Colloq.] With every hike there's a few laid out with their hands crossed. Scribner's Mag. HILAL Hi"lal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a hilum. HILAR Hi"lar, a. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to the hilum. HILARIOUS Hi*la"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. hilaris, hilarus, Gr. Defn: Mirthful; noisy; merry. HILARITY Hi*lar"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. hilaritas: cf. F. hilarité. See Hilarious.] Defn: Boisterous mirth; merriment; jollity. Goldsmith. Note: Hilarity differs from joy: the latter, excited by good news or prosperity, is an affection of the mind; the former, produced by social pleasure, drinking, etc., which rouse the animal spirits, is more demonstrative. Syn. -- Glee; cheerfulness; mirth; merriment; gayety; joyousness; exhilaration; joviality; jollity. HILARY TERM Hil"a*ry term`. Defn: Formerly, one of the four terms of the courts of common law in England, beginning on the eleventh of January and ending on the thirty-first of the same month, in each year; -- so called from the festival of St. Hilary, January 13th. Note: The Hilary term is superseded by the Hilary sittings, which commence on the eleventh of January and end on the Wednesday before Easter. Mozley & W. HILDING Hil"ding, n. Etym: [Prob. a corruption of hindling, dim. of hind, adj. Cf. Prov. E. hilderling, hinderling. See Hinderling.] Defn: A base, menial wretch. -- a. Defn: Base; spiritless. [Obs.] Shak. HILE Hile, v. t. Defn: To hide. See Hele. [Obs.] Chaucer. HILE Hile, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Hilum. HILL Hill, n. Etym: [OE. hil, hul, AS. hyll; akin to OD. hille, hil, L. collis, and prob. to E. haulm, holm, and column. Cf. 2d Holm.] 1. A natural elevation of land, or a mass of earth rising above the common level of the surrounding land; an eminence less than a mountain. Every mountain and hill shall be made low. Is. xl. 4. 2. The earth raised about the roots of a plant or cluster of plants. [U. S.] See Hill, v. t. 3. A single cluster or group of plants growing close together, and having the earth heaped up about them; as, a hill of corn or potatoes. [U. S.] Hill ant (Zoöl.), a common ant (Formica rufa), of Europe and America, which makes mounds or ant-hills over its nests. -- Hill myna (Zoöl.), one of several species of birds of India, of the genus Gracula, and allied to the starlings. They are easily taught to speak many words. [Written also hill mynah.] See Myna. -- Hill partridge (Zoöl.), a partridge of the genus Aborophila, of which numerous species in habit Southern Asia and the East Indies. -- Hill tit (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of small Asiatic singing birds of the family Leiotrichidæ. Many are beautifully colored. HILL Hill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hilling.] Defn: To surround with earth; to heap or draw earth around or upon; as, to hill corn. Showing them how to plant and hill it. Palfrey. HILLINESS Hill"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being hilly. HILLING Hill"ing, n. Defn: The act or process of heaping or drawing earth around plants. HILLOCK Hill"ock, n. Defn: A small hill. Shak. HILLSIDE Hill"side`, n. Defn: The side or declivity of a hill. HILLTOP Hill"top`, n. Defn: The top of a hill. HILLY Hill"y, a. 1. Abounding with hills; uneven in surface; as, a hilly country. "Hilly steep." Dryden. 2. Lofty; as, hilly empire. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. HILT Hilt, n. Etym: [AS. hilt, hilte; akin to OHG. helza, Prov. G. hilze, Icel. hjalt.] 1. A handle; especially, the handle of a sword, dagger, or the like. HILTED Hilt"ed, a. Defn: Having a hilt; -- used in composition; as, basket-hilted, cross-hilted. HILUM Hi"lum, n. Etym: [L., a little thing, trifle.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The eye of a bean or other seed; the mark or scar at the point of attachment of an ovule or seed to its base or support; -- called also hile. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The part of a gland, or similar organ, where the blood vessels and nerves enter; the hilus; as, the hilum of the kidney. HILUS Hi"lus, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: Same as Hilum, 2. HIM Him, pron. Defn: Them. See Hem. [Obs.] Chaucer. HIM Him, pron. Etym: [AS. him, dat. of he. sq. root183. See He.] Defn: The objective case of he. See He. Him that is weak in the faith receive. Rom. xiv. 1. Friends who have given him the most sympathy. Thackeray. Note: In old English his and him were respectively the genitive and dative forms of it as well as of he. This use is now obsolete. Poetically, him is sometimes used with the reflexive sense of himself. I never saw but Humphrey, duke of Gloster, Did bear him like a noble gentleman. Shak. HIMALAYAN Hi*ma"la*yan, a. Etym: [Skr. himalaya, prop., the abode of snow.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Himalayas, the great mountain chain in Hindostan. HIMPNE Himp"ne, n. Defn: A hymn. [Obs.] Chaucer. HIMSELF Him*self", pron. 1. An emphasized form of the third person masculine pronoun; -- used as a subject usually with he; as, he himself will bear the blame; used alone in the predicate, either in the nominative or objective case; as, it is himself who saved himself. But he himself returned from the quarries. Judges iii. 19. David hid himself in the field. 1 Sam. xx. 24. The Lord himself shall give you a sign. Is. vii. 14. Who gave himself for us, that he might . . . purify unto himself a peculiar people. Titus ii. 14. With shame remembers, while himself was one Of the same herd, himself the same had done. Denham. Note: Himself was formerly used instead of itself. See Note under Him. It comprehendeth in himself all good. Chaucer. 2. One's true or real character; one's natural temper and disposition; the state of being in one's right or sane mind (after unconsciousness, passion, delirium, or abasement); as, the man has come to himself. By himself, alone; unaccompanied; apart; sequestered; as, he sits or studies by himself. -- To leave one to himself, to withdraw from him; to let him take his own course. HIMSELF; HIMSELVE; HIMSELVEN Him*self", Him*selve" (, Him*selv"en (pron. pl. Defn: Themselves. See Hemself. [Obs.] Chaucer. HIMSELVE Him*selve", pron. Defn: See 1st Himself. [Obs.] HIMYARIC; HIMYARITIC Him*yar"ic, Him`ya*rit"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to Himyar, an ancient king of Yemen, in Arabia, or to his successors or people; as, the Himjaritic characters, language, etc.; applied esp. to certain ancient inscriptions showing the primitive type of the oldest form of the Arabic, still spoken in Southern Arabia. Brande & C. HIN Hin, n. Etym: [Heb. hin.] Defn: A Hebrew measure of liquids, containing three quarts, one pint, one gill, English measure. W. H. Ward. HIND Hind, n. Etym: [AS. hind; akin to D. hinde, OHG. hinta, G. hinde, hindin, Icel., Sw., & Dan. hind, and perh. to Goth. hinpan to seize (in comp.), E. hunt, or cf. Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The female of the red deer, of which the male is the stag. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A spotted food fish of the genus Epinephelus, as E. apua of Bermuda, and E. Drummond-hayi of Florida; -- called also coney, John Paw, spotted hind. HIND Hind, n. Etym: [OE. hine, AS. hine, hina, orig. gen. pl. of hiwan domestics; akin to Icel. hju man and wife, domestics, family, Goth. heiwafrauja master of the house, G. heirath marriage; cf. L. civis citizen, E. city or E. home. Cf. Hide a measure of land.] 1. A domestic; a servant. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A peasant; a rustic; a farm servant. [Eng.] The hind, that homeward driving the slow steer Tells how man's daily work goes forward here. Trench. HIND Hind, a. [Compar. Hinder; superl. Hindmost, or Hindermost (.] Etym: [OE. hind, adv., back, AS. hindan behind. See Hinder, a.] Defn: In the rear; -- opposed to front; of or pertaining to the part or end which follows or is behind, in opposition to the part which leads or is before; as, the hind legs or hind feet of a quadruped; the hind man in a procession. HINDBERRY Hind"ber*ry, n. Etym: [AS. hindberie; akin to OHG. hintberi, G. himbeere. So called because hinds or stags are fond of them. See 1st Hind, and Berry.] Defn: The raspberry. [Prov. Eng.] HINDBRAIN Hind"brain`, n. Etym: [Hind, adj. + brain.] (Anat.) Defn: The posterior of the three principal divisions of the brain, including the epencephalon and metencephalon. Sometimes restricted to the epencephalon only. HINDER Hind"er, a. Etym: [OE. hindere, AS. hinder, adv., behind; akin to OHG. hintar, prep., behind, G. hinter, Goth. hindar; orig. a comparative, and akin to AS. hine hence. See Hence, He, and cf. Hind, a., Hindmost.] Defn: Of or belonging to that part or end which is in the rear, or which follows; as, the hinder part of a wagon; the hinder parts of a horse. He was in the hinder part of the ship. Mark iv. 38. HINDER Hin"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hindered; p. pr. & vb. n. Hindering.] Etym: [OE. hindren, hinderen, AS. hindrian, fr. hinder behind; akin to D. hinderen, G. hindern, OHG. hintar, Icel. & Sw. hindra, Dan. hindre. See Hinder, a.] 1. To keep back or behind; to prevent from starting or moving forward; to check; to retard; to obstruct; to bring to a full stop; - - often followed by from; as, an accident hindered the coach; drought hinders the growth of plants; to hinder me from going. Them that were entering in ye hindered. Luke xi. 52. I hinder you too long. Shak. 2. To prevent or embarrass; to debar; to shut out. What hinders younger brothers, being fathers of families, from having the same right Locke. Syn. -- To check; retard; impede; delay; block; clog; prevent; stop; interrupt; counteract; thwart; oppose; obstruct; debar; embarrass. HINDER Hin"der, v. i. Defn: To interpose obstacles or impediments; to be a hindrance. This objection hinders not but that the heroic action of some commander . . . may be written. Dryden. HINDERANCE Hin"der*ance. n. Defn: Same as Hindrance. HINDERER Hin"der*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, hinders. HINDEREST Hind"er*est, a. Defn: Hindermost; -- superl. of Hind, a. [Obs.] Chaucer. HINDERLING Hind"er*ling, n. Etym: [AS. hinderling one who comes behind his ancestors, fr. AS. hinder behind. See Hinder, a., and cf. Hilding.] Defn: A worthless, base, degenerate person or animal. [Obs.] Callander. HINDERMOST; HINDMOST Hind"er*most`, Hind"most`, a. Etym: [The superlative of hind. See Hind, a.] Etym: [Cf. AS. hindema (akin to Goth. hindumists), a superlative from the same source as the comparative hinder. See Hinder, a., and cf. Aftermost.] Defn: Furthest in or toward the rear; last. "Rachel and Joseph hindermost." Gen. xxxiii. 2. HINDGUT Hind"gut`, n. Etym: [Hind, a. + gut.] (Anat.) Defn: The posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and sometimes the large intestine also. HINDI Hin"di, n. Etym: [Prop. a Per. adj. meaning, Indian, Hindoo.] Defn: The name given by Europeans to that form of the Hindustani language which is chiefly spoken by native Hindoos. In employs the Devanagari character, in which Sanskrit is written. Whitworth. HINDLEYS SCREW Hind"ley"s screw`. (Mech.) Defn: A screw cut on a solid whose sides are arcs of the periphery of a wheel into the teeth of which the screw is intended to work. It is named from the person who first used the form. HINDOO; HINDU Hin"doo, Hin"du, n.; pl. Hindoos or Hindus. Etym: [Per. Hindu, fr. Hind, Hindustan, India. Cf. Indian.] Defn: A native inhabitant of Hindostan. As an ethnical term it is confined to the Dravidian and Aryan races; as a religious name it is restricted to followers of the Veda. HINDOO CALENDAR; HINDU CALENDAR Hin"doo, or Hindu, calendar . Defn: A lunisolar calendar of India, according to which the year is divided into twelve months, with an extra month inserted after every month in which two new moons occur (once in three years). The intercalary month has the name of the one which precedes it. The year usually commences about April 11. The months are follows: Baisakh . . . . . . . . . . April-May Jeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . May-June Asarh . . . . . . . . . . . . June-July Sawan (Sarawan) . . . . . . . July-Aug. Bhadon . . . . . . . . . . . Aug.-Sept. Asin (Kuar). . . . . . . . . . Sept.-Oct. Katik (Kartik) . . . . . . . . Oct.-Nov. Aghan . . . . . . . . . . . . Nov.-Dec. Pus . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dec.-Jan. Magh . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jan.-Feb. Phagun (Phalgun) . . . . . . . Feb.-March Chait . . . . . . . . . . . . March-April HINDOOISM; HINDUISM Hin"doo*ism, Hin"du*ism, n. Defn: The religious doctrines and rites of the Hindoos; Brahmanism. HINDOOSTANEE; HINDUSTANI Hin"doo*sta"nee, Hin"du*sta"ni, a. Etym: [Hind. Hindustani an Indian, fr. Hind. and Per. Hindustan India.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Hindoos or their language. -- n. Defn: The language of Hindostan; the name given by Europeans to the most generally spoken of the modern Aryan languages of India. It is Hindi with the addition of Persian and Arabic words. HINDRANCE Hin"drance, n. Etym: [See Hinder, v. t.] 1. The act of hindering, or the state of being hindered. 2. That which hinders; an impediment. What various hindrances we meet. Cowper. Something between a hindrance and a help. Wordsworth. Syn. -- Impediment; obstruction; obstacle; difficulty; interruption; check; delay; restraint. HINDU Hin"du, n. Defn: Same as Hindoo. HINE Hine, n. Etym: [See Hind a servant.] Defn: A servant; a farm laborer; a peasant; a hind. [Obs.] Bailiff, herd, nor other hine. Chaucer. HINGE Hinge, n. Etym: [OE. henge, heeng; akin to D. heng, LG. henge, Prov. E. hingle a small hinge; connected with hang, v., and Icel. hengja to hang. See Hang.] 1. The hook with its eye, or the joint, on which a door, gate, lid, etc., turns or swings; a flexible piece, as a strip of leather, which serves as a joint to turn on. The gate self-opened wide, On golden hinges turning. Milton. 2. That on which anything turns or depends; a governing principle; a cardinal point or rule; as, this argument was the hinge on which the question turned. 3. One of the four cardinal points, east, west, north, or south. [R.] When the moon is in the hinge at East. Creech. Nor slept the winds . . . but rushed abroad. Milton. Hinge joint. (a) (Anat.) See Ginglymus. (b) (Mech.) Any joint resembling a hinge, by which two pieces are connected so as to permit relative turning in one plane. -- To be off the hinges, to be in a state of disorder or irregularity; to have lost proper adjustment. Tillotson. HINGE Hinge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hinged; p. pr. & vb. n. Hinging.] 1. To attach by, or furnish with, hinges. 2. To bend. [Obs.] Shak. HINGE Hinge, v. i. Defn: To stand, depend, hang, or turn, as on a hinge; to depend chiefly for a result or decision or for force and validity; -- usually with on or upon; as, the argument hinges on this point. I. Taylor HINGED Hinged, a. Defn: Furnished with hinges. HINGELESS Hinge"less, a. Defn: Without a hinge or joint. HINK Hink, n. Defn: A reaping hook. Knight. HINNIATE; HINNY Hin"ni*ate, Hin"ny v. i. Etym: [L. hinnire.] Defn: To neigh; to whinny. [Obs.] HINNY Hin"ny, n.; pl. Hinnies. Etym: [L. hinnus, cf. Gr. Defn: A hybrid between a stallion and an ass. HINNY Hin"ny, n. Defn: A term of endearment; darling; -- corrupted from honey. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. HINT Hint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hinting.] Etym: [OE. henten, hinten, to seize, to catch, AS. hentan to pursue, take, seize; or Icel. ymta to mutter, ymtr a muttering, Dan. ymte to whisper. sq. root36. Cf. Hent.] Defn: To bring to mind by a slight mention or remote allusion; to suggest in an indirect manner; as, to hint a suspicion. Just hint a fault and hesitate dislike. Pope. Syn. -- To suggest; intimate; insinuate; imply. HINT Hint, v. i. Defn: To make an indirect reference, suggestion, or allusion; to allude vaguely to something. We whisper, and hint, and chuckle. Tennyson. To hint at, to allude to lightly, indirectly, or cautiously. Syn. -- To allude; refer; glance; touch. HINT Hint, n. Defn: A remote allusion; slight mention; intimation; insinuation; a suggestion or reminder, without a full declaration or explanation; also, an occasion or motive. Our hint of woe Is common. Shak. The hint malevolent, the look oblique. Hannah M Syn. -- Suggestion; allusion. See Suggestion. HINTERLAND Hin"ter*land`, n. [G.; hinter behind + land land.] Defn: The land or region lying behind the coast district. The term is used esp. with reference to the so-called doctrine of the hinterland, sometimes advanced, that occupation of the coast supports a claim to an exclusive right to occupy, from time to time, the territory lying inland of the coast. HINTINGLY Hint"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a hinting manner. HIP Hip, n. Etym: [OE. hipe, huppe, AS. hype; akin to D. heup, OHG. huf, G. hüfte, Dan. hofte, Sw. höft, Goth. hups; cf. Icel. huppr, and also Gr. kumpis ham.] 1. The projecting region of the lateral parts of one side of the pelvis and the hip joint; the haunch; the huckle. 2. (Arch.) Defn: The external angle formed by the meeting of two sloping sides or skirts of a roof, which have their wall plates running in different directions. 3. (Engin) Defn: In a bridge truss, the place where an inclined end post meets the top chord. Waddell. Hip bone (Anat.), the innominate bone; -- called also haunch bone and huckle bone. -- Hip girdle (Anat.), the pelvic girdle. -- Hip joint (Anat.), the articulation between the thigh bone and hip bone. -- Hip knob (Arch.), a finial, ball, or other ornament at the intersection of the hip rafters and the ridge. -- Hip molding (Arch.), a molding on the hip of a roof, covering the hip joint of the slating or other roofing. -- Hip rafter (Arch.), the rafter extending from the wall plate to the ridge in the angle of a hip roof. -- Hip roof, Hipped roof (Arch.), a roof having sloping ends and sloping sides. See Hip, n., 2., and Hip, v. t., 3. -- Hip tile, a tile made to cover the hip of a roof. -- To catch upon the hip, or To have on the hip, to have or get the advantage of; -- a figure probably derived from wresting. Shak. -- To smite hip and thigh, to overthrow completely; to defeat utterly. Judg. xv. 8. HIP Hip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Hipping.] 1. To dislocate or sprain the hip of, to fracture or injure the hip bone of (a quadruped) in such a manner as to produce a permanent depression of that side. 2. To throw (one's adversary) over one's hip in wrestling (technically called cross buttock). 3. To make with a hip or hips, as a roof. Hipped roof. See Hip roof, under Hip. HIP Hip, n. Etym: [OE. hepe, AS. heópe; cf. OHG. hiufo a bramble bush.] (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of a rosebush, especially of the English dog-rose (Rosa canina). [Written also hop, hep.] Hip tree (Bot.), the dog- rose. HIP Hip, interj. Defn: Used to excite attention or as a signal; as, hip, hip, hurra! HIP; HIPPS Hip, or Hipps (, n. Defn: See Hyp, n. [Colloq.] HIPE; HYPE Hipe, n. Also Hype . [Etym. uncertain.] (Wrestling) Defn: A throw in which the wrestler lifts his opponent from the ground, swings him to one side, knocks up his nearer thigh from the back with the knee, and throws him on his back. HIPE Hipe, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hiped; p. pr. & vb. n. Hiping.] (Wrestling) Defn: To throw by means of a hipe. -- Hip"er (#), n. HIPHALT Hip"halt`, a. Defn: Lame in the hip. [R.] Gower. HIP LOCK Hip lock. (Wrestling) Defn: A lock in which a close grip is obtained and a fall attempted by a heave over the hip. HIPPA; HIPPE Hip"pa, Hip"pe, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine decapod crustaceans, which burrow rapidly in the sand by pushing themselves backward; -- called also bait bug. See Illust. under Anomura. HIPPARION Hip*pa"ri*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of Tertiary mammals allied to the horse, but three-toed, having on each foot a small lateral hoof on each side of the main central one. It is believed to be one of the ancestral genera of the Horse family. HIPPED; HIPPISH Hipped, Hip"pish, a. Etym: [From 5th Hip.] Defn: Somewhat hypochondriac; melancholy. See Hyppish. [Colloq.] When we are hipped or in high spirits. R. L. Stevenson. HIPPOBOSCA Hip`po*bos"ca, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of dipterous insects including the horsefly or horse tick. -- Hip`po*bos"can, a. HIPPOCAMP Hip"po*camp, n. Defn: See Hippocampus. HIPPOCAMPAL Hip`po*cam"pal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the hippocampus. HIPPOCAMPUS Hip`po*cam"pus, n. Etym: [L., the sea horse, Gr. "i`ppos horse + 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A fabulous monster, with the head and fore quarters of a horse joined to the tail of a dolphin or other fish (Hippocampus brevirostris), -- seen in Pompeian paintings, attached to the chariot of Neptune. Fairholt. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of lophobranch fishes of several species in which the head and neck have some resemblance to those of a horse; -- called also sea horse. Note: They swim slowly, in an erect position, and often cling to seaweeds by means of the incurved prehensile tail. The male has a ventral pouch, in which it carries the eggs till hatched. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A name applied to either of two ridges of white matter in each lateral ventricle of the brain. The larger is called hippocampus major or simply hippocampus. The smaller, hippocampus minor, is called also ergot and calcar. HIPPOCENTAUR Hip`po*cen"taur, n. Etym: [L. hippocentaurus, Gr. (Myth.) Defn: Same as Centaur. HIPPOCRAS Hip"po*cras, n. Etym: [F. hippocras, hypocras, NL. vinum hippocraticum, lit., wine of Hippocrates.] Defn: A cordial made of spiced wine, etc. HIPPOCRATES Hip*poc"ra*tes, n. Defn: A famous Greek physician and medical writer, born in Cos, about 460 B. C. Hippocrates' sleeve, a conical strainer, made by stitching together two adjacent sides of a square piece of cloth, esp. flannel of linen. HIPPOCRATIC Hip"po*crat"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Hippocrates, or to his teachings. Hippocratic face Etym: [L. facies Hippocratica], the change produced in the countenance by death, or long sickness, excessive evacuations, excessive hunger, and the like. The nose is pinched, the eyes are sunk, the temples hollow, the ears cold and retracted, the skin of the forehead tense and dry, the complexion livid, the lips pendent, relaxed, and cold; -- so called, as having been described by Hippocrates. Dunglison. -- Hippocratic oath, an oath said to have been dictated by Hippocrates to his disciples. Such an oath is still administered to candidates for graduation in medicine. HIPPOCRATISM Hip*poc"ra*tism, n. Defn: The medical philosophy or system of Hippocrates. HIPPOCRENE Hip"po*crene, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: A fountain on Mount Helicon in Boeotia, fabled to have burst forth when the ground was struck by the hoof of Pegasus. Also, its waters, which were supposed to impart poetic inspiration. Keats. Nor maddening draughts of Hippocrene. Longfellow. HIPPOCREPIAN Hip"po*crep"i*an, n. Etym: [See Hippocrepiform.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of an order of fresh-water Bryozoa, in which the tentacles are on a lophophore, shaped like a horseshoe. See Phylactolæma. HIPPOCREPIFORM Hip`po*crep`i*form, a. Etym: [Gr. -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Shaped like a horseshoe. HIPPODAME Hip"po*dame, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hippopotame.] Defn: A fabulous sea monster. [Obs.] Spenser. HIPPODROME Hip"po*drome, n. Etym: [L. hippodromos, Gr. hippodrome.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A place set apart for equestrian and chariot races. 2. An arena for equestrian performances; a circus. HIPPOGRIFF Hip"po*griff, n. Etym: [F. hippogriffe; cf. It. ippogrifo. See Hippopotamus, Griffon.] (Myth.) Defn: A fabulous winged animal, half horse and half griffin. Milton. HIPPOLITH Hip"po*lith, n. Etym: [Gr. -lith.] Defn: A concretion, or kind of bezoar, from the intestines of the horse. HIPPOPATHOLOGY Hip`po*pa*thol`o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. pathology: cf. F. hippopathologie.] Defn: The science of veterinary medicine; the pathology of the horse. HIPPOPHAGI Hip*poph"a*gi, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Hippophagous.] Defn: Eaters of horseflesh. HIPPOPHAGISM Hip*poph"a*gism, n. Defn: Hippophagy. Lowell. HIPPOPHAGIST Hip*poph"a*gist, n. Defn: One who eats horseflesh. HIPPOPHAGOUS Hip*poph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. hippophage.] Defn: Feeding on horseflesh; -- said of certain nomadic tribes, as the Tartars. HIPPOPHAGY Hip*poph"a*gy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hippophagie.] Defn: The act or practice of feeding on horseflesh. HIPPOPHILE Hip"po*phile, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who loves horses. Holmes. HIPPOPOTAMUS Hip`po*pot"a*mus, n.; pl. E. Hippopotamuses, L. Hippopotami. Etym: [L., from Gr.Equine.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, amphibious, herbivorous mammal (Hippopotamus amphibius), common in the rivers of Africa. It is allied to the hogs, and has a very thick, naked skin, a thick and square head, a very large muzzle, small eyes and ears, thick and heavy body, and short legs. It is supposed to be the behemoth of the Bible. Called also zeekoe, and river horse. A smaller species (H. Liberiencis) inhabits Western Africa. HIPPOTOMY Hip*pot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. hippotomie.] Defn: Anatomy of the horse. HIPPURIC Hip*pu"ric, a. Etym: [Gr. hippurique.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Obtained from the urine of horses; as, hippuric acid. Hippuric acid, a white crystalline substance, containing nitrogen, present in the urine of herbivorous animals, and in small quantity in human urine. By the action of acids, it is decomposed into benzoic acid and glycocoll. HIPPURITE Hip"pu*rite, n. Etym: [Gr. hippurite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil bivalve mollusk of the genus Hippurites, of many species, having a conical, cup-shaped under valve, with a flattish upper valve or lid. Hippurites are found only in the Cretaceous rocks. HIP-ROOFED Hip"-roofed`, a. Defn: Having a hip roof. HIPSHOT Hip"shot`, a. Etym: [Hip + shot.] Defn: Having the hip dislocated; hence, having one hip lower than the other. L'Estrange. HIP TREE Hip" tree`. (Bot.) Defn: The dog-rose. HIR Hir, pron. [Obs.] Defn: See Here, pron. Chaucer. HIRCIC Hir"cic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hircique. See Hircin.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, mutton suet; -- applied by Chevreul to an oily acid which was obtained from mutton suet, and to which he attributed the peculiar taste and smell of that substance. The substance has also been called hircin. Watts. HIRCIN Hir"cin, n. Etym: [L. hircus, he-goat, buck: cf. F. hircine.] (Chem.) Defn: Hircic acid. See Hircic. [R.] HIRCINE; HIRCINOUS Hir"cine, Hir"ci*nous, a. Etym: [L. hircinus, fr. hircus hegoat: cf. F. hircin.] 1. Goatlike; of or pertaining to a goat or the goats. 2. Of a strong goatish smell. HIRE Hire, pron. [Obs.] Defn: See Here, pron. Chaucer. HIRE Hire, n. Etym: [OE. hire, hure, AS. h; akin to D.huur, G. heuer, Dan. hyre, Sw. hyra.] 1. The price; reward, or compensation paid, or contracted to be paid, for the temporary use of a thing or a place, for personal service, or for labor; wages; rent; pay. The laborer is worthy of his hire. Luke x. 7. 2. (Law.) Defn: A bailment by which the use of a thing, or the services and labor of a person, are contracted for at a certain price or reward. Story. Syn. -- Wages; salary; stipend; allowance; pay. HIRE Hire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hired; p. pr. & vb. n. Hiring.] Etym: [OE. hiren, huren, AS. h; akin to D. huren, G. heuern, Dan. hyre, Sw. hyra. See Hire, n.] 1. To procure (any chattel or estate) from another person, for temporary use, for a compensation or equivalent; to purchase the use or enjoyment of for a limited time; as, to hire a farm for a year; to hire money. 2. To engage or purchase the service, labor, or interest of (any one) for a specific purpose, by payment of wages; as, to hire a servant, an agent, or an advocate. 3. To grant the temporary use of, for compensation; to engage to give the service of, for a price; to let; to lease; -- now usually with out, and often reflexively; as, he has hired out his horse, or his time. They . . . have hired out themselves for bread. 1 Sam. ii. 5. HIRELESS Hire"less, a. Defn: Without hire. Davenant. HIRELING Hire"ling, n. Etym: [AS. h. See Hire, n., and -ling.] Defn: One who is hired, or who serves for wages; esp., one whose motive and interest in serving another are wholly gainful; a mercenary. "Lewd hirelings." Milton. HIRELING Hire"ling, a. Defn: Serving for hire or wages; venal; mercenary. "Hireling mourners." Dryden. HIRE PURCHASE; HIRE PURCHASE AGREEMENT; HIRE AND PURCHASE AGREEMENT Hire purchase, or, more fully, Hire purchase agreement, or Hire and purchase agreement. (Law) Defn: A contract (more fully called contract of hire with an option of purchase) in which a person hires goods for a specified period and at a fixed rent, with the added condition that if he shall retain the goods for the full period and pay all the installments of rent as they become due the contract shall determine and the title vest absolutely in him, and that if he chooses he may at any time during the term surrender the goods and be quit of any liability for future installments upon the contract. In the United States such a contract is generally treated as a conditional sale, and the term hire purchase is also sometimes applied to a contract in which the hirer is not free to avoid future liability by surrender of the goods. In England, however, if the hirer does not have this right the contract is a sale. HIRER Hir"er, n. Defn: One who hires. HIRES; HIRS Hires, Hirs, pron. Defn: Hers; theirs. See Here, pron. [Obs.] Chaucer. HIRSUTE Hir*sute", a. Etym: [L. hirsutus; prob. akin to horridus horrid. Cf. Horrid.] 1. Rough with hair; set with bristles; shaggy. 2. Rough and coarse; boorish. [R.] Cynical and hirsute in his behavior. Life of A. Wood. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Pubescent with coarse or stiff hairs. Gray. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Covered with hairlike feathers, as the feet of certain birds. HIRSUTENESS Hir*sute"ness, n. Defn: Hairiness. Burton. HIRTELLOUS Hir*tel"lous, a. Etym: [Dim., fr. L. hirtus hairy.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Pubescent with minute and somewhat rigid hairs. HIRUDINE Hi*ru"dine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the leeches. HIRUDINEA Hir`u*din"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. hirudo, hirudinis, a leech.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Annelida, including the leeches; -- called also Hirudinei. HIRUDO Hi*ru"do, n. Etym: [L., a leech.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of leeches, including the common medicinal leech. See Leech. HIRUNDINE Hi*run"dine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the swallows. HIRUNDO Hi*run"do, n. Etym: [L., swallow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of birds including the swallows and martins. HIS His, pron. Etym: [AS. his of him, his, gen. masc. & neut. of h, neut. hit. See He.] 1. Belonging or pertaining to him; -- used as a pronominal adjective or adjective pronoun; as, tell John his papers are ready; formerly used also for its, but this use is now obsolete. No comfortable star did lend his light. Shak. Who can impress the forest, bid the tree Unfix his earth-bound root Shak. Note: Also formerly used in connection with a noun simply as a sign of the possessive. "The king his son." Shak. "By young Telemachus his blooming years." Pope. This his is probably a corruption of the old possessive ending -is or -es, which, being written as a separate word, was at length confounded with the pronoun his. 2. The possessive of he; as, the book is his. "The sea is his, and he made it." Ps. xcv. 5. HISINGERITE His"ing*er*ite, n. Etym: [Named after W. Hisinger, a Swedish mineralogist.] (Min.) Defn: A soft black, iron ore, nearly earthy, a hydrous silicate of iron. HISPANIC His*pan"ic, a. Etym: [L. Hispanicus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Spain or its language; as, Hispanic words. HISPANICISM His*pan"i*cism, n. Defn: A Spanish idiom or mode of speech. Keightley. HISPANICIZE His*pan"i*cize, v. t. Defn: To give a Spanish form or character to; as, to Hispanicize Latin words. HISPID His"pid, a. Etym: [L. hispidus: cf. F. hispide.] 1. Rough with bristles or minute spines. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Beset with stiff hairs or bristles. HISPIDULOUS His*pid"u*lous, a. Etym: [Dim. of hispid.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Minutely hispid. HISS Hiss. v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hissed; p. pr. & vb. n. Hissing.] Etym: [AS. hysian; prob. of imitative originhissen, OD. hisschen.] 1. To make with the mouth a prolonged sound like that of the letter s, by driving the breath between the tongue and the teeth; to make with the mouth a sound like that made by a goose or a snake when angered; esp., to make such a sound as an expression of hatred, passion, or disapproval. The merchants among the people shall hiss at thee. Ezek. xxvii. 36. 2. To make a similar noise by any means; to pass with a sibilant sound; as, the arrow hissed as it flew. Shod with steel, We hissed along the polished ice. Wordsworth. HISS Hiss, v. t. 1. To condemn or express contempt for by hissing. If the tag-rag people did not clap him and hiss him, according as he pleased and displeased them. Shak. Malcolm. What is the newest grief Ros. That of an hour's age doth hiss the speaker. Shak. 2. To utter with a hissing sound. The long-necked geese of the world that are ever hissing dispraise. Tennyson. HISS Hiss, n. 1. A prolonged sound like that letter s, made by forcing out the breath between the tongue and teeth, esp. as a token of disapprobation or contempt. "Hiss" implies audible friction of breath consonants. H. Sweet. A dismal, universal hiss, the sound Of public scorn. Milton. 2. Any sound resembling that above described; as: (a) The noise made by a serpent. But hiss for hiss returned with forked tongue. Milton. (b) The note of a goose when irritated. (c) The noise made by steam escaping through a narrow orifice, or by water falling on a hot stove. HISSING Hiss"ing, n. 1. The act of emitting a hiss or hisses. 2. The occasion of contempt; the object of scorn and derision. [Archaic] I will make this city desolate, and a hissing. Jer. xix. 8. HISSINGLY Hiss"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With a hissing sound. HIST Hist, interj. Etym: [Cf. Dan. hys. Hush, Whist.] Defn: Hush; be silent; -- a signal for silence. Milton. HISTIOLOGY His`ti*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. "isto`s tissue + -logy.] Defn: Same as Histology. HISTOGENESIS His`to*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. "isto`s tissue + E. genesis.] (Biol.) (a) The formation and development of organic tissues; histogeny; -- the opposite of histolysis. (b) Germ history of cells, and of the tissues composed of cells. Haeckel. HISTOGENETIC His`to*ge*net"ic, a. Etym: [See Histogeny.] (Biol.) Defn: Tissue-producing; connected with the formation and development of the organic tissues. HISTOGENY His*tog"e*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. "isto`s tissue + root of (Biol.) Defn: Same as Histogenesis. Dunglison. HISTOGRAPHER His*tog"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who describes organic tissues; an histologist. HISTOGRAPHICAL His"to*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to histography. HISTOGRAPHY His*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. "isto`s tissue + -graphy.] Defn: A description of, or treatise on, organic tissues. HISTOHAEMATIN His`to*hæm"a*tin, n. Etym: [Gr. "isto`s tissue + E. hæmatin.] (Physiol.) Defn: One of a class of respiratory pigments, widely distributed in the animal kingdom, capable of ready oxidation and reduction. HISTOID His"toid, a. Etym: [Gr. "isto`s tissue + -oid.] Defn: Resembling the normal tissues; as, histoid tumors. HISTOLOGIC; HISTOLOGICAL His`to*log"ic, His`to*log"ic*al a. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to histology, or to the microscopic structure of the tissues of living organisms. -- His`to*log"ic*al*ly, adv. HISTOLOGIST His*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in histology. HISTOLOGY His*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. "isto`s tissue + -logy.] Defn: That branch of biological science, which treats of the minute (microscopic) structure of animal and vegetable tissues; -- called also histiology. HISTOLYSIS His*tol"y*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "isto`s tissue + (Biol.) Defn: The decay and dissolution of the organic tissues and of the blood. HISTOLYTIC His`to*lyt"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to histolysis, or the degeneration of tissues. HISTONOMY His*ton"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. "isto`s tissue + Defn: The science which treats of the laws relating to organic tissues, their formation, development, functions, etc. HISTOPHYLY His*toph"y*ly, n. Etym: [Gr. "isto`s tissue + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The tribal history of cells, a division of morphophyly. Haeckel. HISTORIAL His*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. historialis: cf. F. historial.] Defn: Historical. [Obs.] Chaucer. HISTORIAN His*to"ri*an, n. Etym: [F. historien.] 1. A writer of history; a chronicler; an annalist. Even the historian takes great liberties with facts. Sir J. Reynolds. 2. One versed or well informed in history. Great captains should be good historians. South. HISTORIC; HISTORICAL His*tor"ic, His*tor"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. historicus, Gr. historique. See History.] Defn: Of or pertaining to history, or the record of past events; as, an historical poem; the historic page. -- His*tor"ic*al*ness, n. -- His*to*ric"i*ty, n. There warriors frowning in historic brass. Pope. Historical painting, that branch of painting which represents the events of history. -- Historical sense, that meaning of a passage which is deduced from the circumstances of time, place, etc., under which it was written. -- The historic sense, the capacity to conceive and represent the unity and significance of a past era or age. HISTORICALLY His*tor"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of, or in accordance with, history. HISTORICIZE His*tor"i*cize, v. t. Defn: To record or narrate in the manner of a history; to chronicle. [R.] HISTORIED His"to*ried, a. Defn: Related in history. HISTORIER His*to"ri*er, n. Defn: An historian. [Obs.] HISTORIETTE His`to*ri*ette", n. Etym: [F., dim. of histoire a history.] Defn: Historical narration on a small scale; a brief recital; a story. Emerson. HISTORIFY His*tor"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [History + -fy.] Defn: To record in or as history. [R.] Lamb. Thy conquest meet to be historified. Sir P. Sidney. HISTORIOGRAPHER His*to`ri*og"ra*pher, n. Etym: [L. historiographus, Gr. historiographe.] Defn: An historian; a writer of history; especially, one appointed or designated to write a history; also, a title bestowed by some governments upon historians of distinction. HISTORIOGRAPHERSHIP His*to`ri*og"ra*pher*ship, n. Defn: The office of an historiographer. Saintsbury. HISTORIOGRAPHY His*to`ri*og"ra*phy, n. Defn: The art of employment of an historiographer. HISTORIOLOGY His*to`ri*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: A discourse on history. Cockeram. HISTORIONOMER His*to`ri*on"o*mer, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One versed in the phenomena of history and the laws controlling them. And historionomers will have measured accurately the sidereal years of races. Lowell. HISTORIZE His"to*rize, v. t. Defn: To relate as history; to chronicle; to historicize. [R.] Evelyn. HISTORY His"to*ry, n.; pl. Histories. Etym: [L.historia, Gr. 'istori`a history, information, inquiry, fr. 'istwr, "istwr, knowing, learned, from the root of wit. See Wit, and cf. Story.] 1. A learning or knowing by inquiry; the knowledge of facts and events, so obtained; hence, a formal statement of such information; a narrative; a description; a written record; as, the history of a patient's case; the history of a legislative bill. 2. A systematic, written account of events, particularly of those affecting a nation, institution, science, or art, and usually connected with a philosophical explanation of their causes; a true story, as distinguished from a romance; -- distinguished also from annals, which relate simply the facts and events of each year, in strict chronological order; from biography, which is the record of an individual's life; and from memoir, which is history composed from personal experience, observation, and memory. Histories are as perfect as the historian is wise, and is gifted with an eye and a soul. Carlyle. For aught that I could ever read, Could ever hear by tale or history. Shak. What histories of toil could I declare! Pope. History piece, a representation in painting, drawing, etc., of any real event, including the actors and the action. -- Natural history, a description and classification of objects in nature, as minerals, plants, animals, etc., and the phenomena which they exhibit to the senses. Syn. -- Chronicle; annals; relation; narration. -- History, Chronicle, Annals. History is a methodical record of important events which concern a community of men, usually so arranged as to show the connection of causes and effects, to give an analysis of motive and action etc. A chronicle is a record of such events, conforming to the order of time as its distinctive feature. Annals are a chronicle divided up into separate years. By poetic license annals is sometimes used for history. Justly Cæsar scorns the poet's lays; It is to history he trusts for praise. Pope. No more yet of this; For 't is a chronicle of day by day, Not a relation for a breakfast. Shak. Many glorious examples in the annals of our religion. Rogers. HISTORY His"to*ry, v. t. Defn: To narrate or record. [Obs.] Shak. HISTOTOMY His*tot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The dissection of organic tissues. HISTOZYME His"to*zyme, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A soluble ferment occurring in the animal body, to the presence of which many normal decompositions and synthetical processes are supposed to be due. HISTRION His"tri*on, n. Etym: [L. histrio: cf. F. histrion.] Defn: A player. [R.] Pope. HISTRIONIC; HISTRIONICAL His`tri*on"ic, His`tri*on"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. histrionicus: cf. F. histronique. See Histrion.] Defn: Of or relating to the stage or a stageplayer; befitting a theatre; theatrical; -- sometimes in a bad sense. -- His`tri*on"ic*al*ly, adv. Tainted with false and histrionic feeling. De Quincey. HISTRIONICISM His`tri*on"i*cism, n. Defn: The histronic art; stageplaying. W. Black. HISTRIONISM His"tri*o*nism, n. Defn: Theatrical representation; acting; affectation. Sir T. Browne. HISTRIONIZE His"tri*o*nize, v. t. Defn: To act; to represent on the stage, or theatrically. Urquhart. HIT Hit, pron. Defn: It. [Obs.] Chaucer. HIT Hit, Defn: 3d pers. sing. pres. of Hide, contracted from hideth. [Obs.] Chaucer. HIT Hit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hit; p. pr. & vb. n. Hitting.] Etym: [OE. hitten, hutten, of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. hitte to hit, find, Sw. & Icel. hitta.] 1. To reach with a stroke or blow; to strike or touch, usually with force; especially, to reach or touch (an object aimed at). I think you have hit the mark. Shak. 2. To reach or attain exactly; to meet according to the occasion; to perform successfully; to attain to; to accord with; to be conformable to; to suit. Birds learning tunes, and their endeavors to hit the notes right. Locke. There you hit him; . . . that argument never fails with him. Dryden. Whose saintly visage is too bright To hit the sense of human sight. Milton. He scarcely hit my humor. Tennyson. 3. To guess; to light upon or discover. "Thou hast hit it." Shak. 4. (Backgammon) Defn: To take up, or replace by a piece belonging to the opposing player; -- said of a single unprotected piece on a point. To hit off, to describe with quick characteristic strokes; as, to hit off a speaker. Sir W. Temple. -- To hit out, to perform by good luck. [Obs.] Spenser. HIT Hit, v. i. 1. To meet or come in contact; to strike; to clash; -- followed by against or on. If bodies be extension alone, how can they move and hit one against another Locke. Corpuscles, meeting with or hitting on those bodies, become conjoined with them. Woodward. 2. To meet or reach what was aimed at or desired; to succeed, -- often with implied chance, or luck. And oft it hits Where hope is coldest and despair most fits. Shak. And millions miss for one that hits. Swift. To hit on or upon, to light upon; to come to by chance. "None of them hit upon the art." Addison. HIT Hit, n. 1. A striking against; the collision of one body against another; the stroke that touches anything. So he the famed Cilician fencer praised, And, at each hit, with wonder seems amazed. Dryden. 2. A stroke of success in an enterprise, as by a fortunate chance; as, he made a hit. What late he called a blessing, now was wit, And God's good providence, a lucky hit. Pope. 3. A peculiarly apt expression or turn of thought; a phrase which hits the mark; as, a happy hit. 4. A game won at backgammon after the adversary has removed some of his men. It counts less than a gammon. 5. (Baseball) Defn: A striking of the ball; as, a safe hit; a foul hit; -- sometimes used specifically for a base hit. Base hit, Safe hit, Sacrifice hit. (Baseball) See under Base, Safe, etc. HIT Hit adj. Defn: having become very popular or acclaimed; -- said of entertainment performances; as, a hit record, a hit movie. HITCH Hitch, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Scot. hitch a motion by a jerk, and hatch, hotch, to move by jerks, also Prov. G. hiksen, G. hinken, to limp, hobble; or E. hiccough; or possibly akin to E. hook.] 1. To become entangled or caught; to be linked or yoked; to unite; to cling. Atoms . . . which at length hitched together. South. 2. To move interruptedly or with halts, jerks, or steps; -- said of something obstructed or impeded. Slides into verse, and hitches in a rhyme. Pope. To ease themselves . . . by hitching into another place. Fuller. 3. To hit the legs together in going, as horses; to interfere. [Eng.] Halliwell. HITCH Hitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hitched; p. pr. & vb. n. Hitching.] 1. To hook; to catch or fasten as by a hook or a knot; to make fast, unite, or yoke; as, to hitch a horse, or a halter. 2. To move with hitches; as, he hitched his chair nearer. To hitch up. (a) To fasten up. (b) To pull or raise with a jerk; as, a sailor hitches up his trousers. (c) To attach, as a horse, to a vehicle; as, hitch up the gray mare. [Colloq.] HITCH Hitch, n. 1. A catch; anything that holds, as a hook; an impediment; an obstacle; an entanglement. 2. The act of catching, as on a hook, etc. 3. A stop or sudden halt; a stoppage; an impediment; a temporary obstruction; an obstacle; as, a hitch in one's progress or utterance; a hitch in the performance. 4. A sudden movement or pull; a pull up; as, the sailor gave his trousers a hitch. 5. (Naut.) Defn: A knot or noose in a rope which can be readily undone; -- intended for a temporary fastening; as, a half hitch; a clove hitch; a timber hitch, etc. 6. (Geol.) Defn: A small dislocation of a bed or vein. HITCHEL Hitch"el, n. & v. t. Defn: See Hatchel. HITHE Hithe, n. Etym: [AS. hHide to conceal.] Defn: A port or small haven; -- used in composition; as, Lambhithe, now Lambeth. Pennant. HITHER Hith"er, adv. Etym: [OE. hider, AS. hider; akin to Icel. hra, Dan. hid, Sw. hit, Goth. hidrcitra on this side, or E. here, he. He.] 1. To this place; -- used with verbs signifying motion, and implying motion toward the speaker; correlate of hence and thither; as, to come or bring hither. 2. To this point, source, conclusion, design, etc.; -- in a sense not physical. Hither we refer whatsoever belongeth unto the highest perfection of man. Hooker. Hither and thither, to and fro; backward and forward; in various directions. "Victory is like a traveller, and goeth hither and thither." Knolles. HITHER Hith"er, a. 1. Being on the side next or toward the person speaking; nearer; -- correlate of thither and farther; as, on the hither side of a hill. Milton. 2. Applied to time: On the hither side of, younger than; of fewer years than. And on the hither side, or so she looked, Of twenty summers. Tennyson. To the present generation, that is to say, the people a few years on the hither and thither side of thirty, the name of Charles Darwin stands alongside of those of Isaac Newton and Michael Faraday. Huxley. HITHERMOST Hith"er*most`, a. Defn: Nearest on this side. Sir M. Hale. HITHERTO Hith"er*to`, adv. 1. To this place; to a prescribed limit. Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further. Job xxxviii. 11. 2. Up to this time; as yet; until now. The Lord hath blessed me hitherto. Josh. xvii. 14. HITHERWARD Hith"er*ward, adv. Etym: [AS. hiderweard.] Defn: Toward this place; hither. Marching hitherward in proud array. Shak. HITTER Hit"ter, n. Defn: One who hits or strikes; as, a hard hitter. HITTITE Hit"tite, n. [From Heb. Khittim Hittites.] Defn: A member of an ancient people (or perhaps group of peoples) whose settlements extended from Armenia westward into Asia Minor and southward into Palestine. They are known to have been met along the Orontes as early as 1500 b. c., and were often at war with the Egyptians and Assyrians. Especially in the north they developed a considerable civilization, of which numerous monuments and inscriptions are extant. Authorities are not agreed as to their race. While several attempts have been made to decipher the Hittite characters, little progress has yet been made. HITTORF RAYS Hit"torf rays. (Elec.) Defn: Rays (chiefly cathode rays) developed by the electric discharge in Hittorf tubes. HITTORF TUBE Hit"torf tube. (Elec.) (a) A highly exhausted glass tube with metallic electrodes nearly in contact so as to exhibit the insulating effects of a vacuum. It was used by the German physicist W. Hittorf (b. 1824). (b) A Crookes tube. HIVE Hive, n. Etym: [OE. hive, huve, AS. h.] 1. A box, basket, or other structure, for the reception and habitation of a swarm of honeybees. Dryden. 2. The bees of one hive; a swarm of bees. Shak. 3. A place swarming with busy occupants; a crowd. The hive of Roman liars. Tennyson. Hive bee (Zoöl.), the honeybee. HIVE Hive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hived; p. pr. & vb. n. Hiving.] 1. To collect into a hive; to place in, or cause to enter, a hive; as, to hive a swarm of bees. 2. To store up in a hive, as honey; hence, to gather and accumulate for future need; to lay up in store. Hiving wisdom with each studious year. Byron. HIVE Hive, v. i. Defn: To take shelter or lodgings together; to reside in a collective body. Pope. HIVELESS Hive"less, a. Defn: Destitute of a hive. Gascoigne. HIVER Hiv"er, n. Defn: One who collects bees into a hive. HIVES Hives, n. Etym: [Scot.; perh. akin to E. heave.] (Med.) (a) The croup. (b) An eruptive disease (Varicella globularis), allied to the chicken pox. HIZZ Hizz, v. i. Defn: To hiss. [Obs.] Shak. HO Ho, pron. Defn: Who. [Obs.] In some Chaucer MSS. HO; HOA Ho, Hoa, n. Etym: [See Ho, interj., 2.] Defn: A stop; a halt; a moderation of pace. There is no ho with them. Decker. HO; HOA Ho, Hoa, interj. Etym: [Cf. F. & G. ho.] 1. Halloo! attend! -- a call to excite attention, or to give notice of approach. "What noise there, ho" Shak. "Ho! who's within" Shak. 2. Etym: [Perhaps corrupted fr. hold; but cf. F. hau stop! and E. whoa.] Defn: Stop! stand still! hold! -- a word now used by teamsters, but formerly to order the cessation of anything. [Written also whoa, and, formerly, hoo.] The duke . . . pulled out his sword and cried "Hoo!" Chaucer. An herald on a scaffold made an hoo. Chaucer. HOAR Hoar, a. Etym: [OE. hor, har, AS. har; akin to Icel. harr, and to OHG. her illustrious, magnificent; cf. Icel. Heiedh brightness of the sky, Goth. hais torch, Skr. ketus light, torch. Cf. Hoary.] 1. White, or grayish white: as, hoar frost; hoar cliffs. "Hoar waters." Spenser. 2. Gray or white with age; hoary. Whose beard with age is hoar. Coleridge. Old trees with trunks all hoar. Byron. 3. Musty; moldy; stale. [Obs.] Shak. HOAR Hoar, n. Defn: Hoariness; antiquity. [R.] Covered with the awful hoar of innumerable ages. Burke. HOAR Hoar, v. t. Etym: [AS. harian to grow gray.] Defn: To become moldy or musty. [Obs.] Shak. HOARD Hoard, n. Defn: See Hoarding, 2. Smart. HOARD Hoard, n. Etym: [OE. hord, AS. hord; akin to OS. hord, G. hort, Icel. hodd, Goth. huzd; prob. from the root of E. hide to conceal, and of L. custos guard, E. custody. See Hide to conceal.] Defn: A store, stock, or quantity of anything accumulated or laid up; a hidden supply; a treasure; as, a hoard of provisions; a hoard of money. HOARD Hoard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoarding.] Etym: [AS. hordian.] Defn: To collect and lay up; to amass and deposit in secret; to store secretly, or for the sake of keeping and accumulating; as, to hoard grain. HOARD Hoard, v. i. Defn: To lay up a store or hoard, as of money. To hoard for those whom he did breed. Spenser. HOARDER Hoard"er, n. Defn: One who hoards. HOARDING Hoard"ing, n. Etym: [From OF. hourd, hourt, barrier, palisade, of German or Dutch origin; cf. D. horde hurdle, fence, G. horde, hürde; akin to E. hurdle. sq. root16. See Hurdle.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A screen of boards inclosing a house and materials while builders are at work. [Eng.] Posted on every dead wall and hoarding. London Graphic. 2. A fence, barrier, or cover, inclosing, surrounding, or concealing something. The whole arrangement was surrounded by a hoarding, the space within which was divided into compartments by sheets of tin. Tyndall. HOARED Hoared, a. Defn: Moldy; musty. [Obs.] Granmer. HOARFROST Hoar"frost`, n. Defn: The white particles formed by the congelation of dew; white frost. [Written also horefrost. See Hoar, a.] He scattereth the hoarfrost like ashes. Ps. cxlvii. 16. HOARHOUND Hoar"hound`, n. Defn: Same as Horehound. HOARINESS Hoar"i*ness, n. Etym: [From Hoary.] Defn: The state of being hoary. Dryden. HOARSE Hoarse, a. [Compar. Hoarser, superl. Hoarsest.] Etym: [OE. hors, also hos, has, AS. has; akin to D. heesch, G. heiser, Icel. hass, Dan. hæs, Sw. hes. Cf. Prov. E. heazy.] 1. Having a harsh, rough, grating voice or sound, as when affected with a cold; making a rough, harsh cry or sound; as, the hoarse raven. The hoarse resounding shore. Dryden. 2. Harsh; grating; discordant; -- said of any sound. HOARSELY Hoarse"ly, adv. Defn: With a harsh, grating sound or voice. HOARSEN Hoars"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoarsened; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoarsening.] Defn: To make hoarse. I shall be obliged to hoarsen my voice. Richardson. HOARSENESS Hoarse"ness, n. Defn: Harshness or roughness of voice or sound, due to mucus collected on the vocal cords, or to swelling or looseness of the cords. HOARSTONE Hoar"stone`, n. Defn: A stone designating the Halliwell. HOARY Hoar"y, a. 1. White or whitish."The hoary willows." Addison. 2. White or gray with age; hoar; as, hoary hairs. Reverence the hoary head. Dr. T. Dwight. 3. Hence, remote in time past; as, hoary antiquity. 4. Moldy; mossy; musty. [Obs.] Knolles. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of a pale silvery gray. 6. (Bot.) Defn: Covered with short, dense, grayish white hairs; canescent. Hoary bat (Zoöl.), an American bat (Atalapha cinerea), having the hair yellowish, or brown, tipped with white. HOATZIN Ho"at*zin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Hoazin. HOAX Hoax, n. Etym: [Prob. contr. fr. hocus, in hocus-pocus.] Defn: A deception for mockery or mischief; a deceptive trick or story; a practical joke. Macaulay. HOAX Hoax, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoaxed; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoaxing.] Defn: To deceive by a story or a trick, for sport or mischief; to impose upon sportively. Lamb. HOAXER Hoax"er, n. Defn: One who hoaxes. HOAZIN Hoa"zin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A remarkable South American bird (Opisthocomus cristatus); the crested touraco. By some zoölogists it is made the type of a distinct order (Opisthocomi). HOB Hob, n. Etym: [Prob. akin to hump. Cf. Hub. ] 1. The hub of a wheel. See Hub. Washington. 2. The flat projection or iron shelf at the side of a fire grate, where things are put to be kept warm. Smart. 3. (Mech.) Defn: A threaded and fluted hardened steel cutter, resembling a tap, used in a lathe for forming the teeth of screw chasers, worm wheels, etc. HOB Hob, n Etym: [Orig. an abbrev. of Robin, Robert; Robin Goodfellow a celebrated fairy, or domestic spirit. Cf. Hobgoblin, and see Robin. ] 1. A fairy; a sprite; an elf. [Obs.] From elves, hobs, and fairies, . . . Defend us, good Heaven ! Beau. & FL. 2. A countryman; a rustic; a clown. [Obs.] Nares. HOBANOB; HOBANDNOB Hob"a*nob`, Hob"and*nob`, v. i. Defn: Same as Hobnob. Tennyson. HOBBISM Hob"bism, n. Defn: The philosophical system of Thomas Hobbes, an English materialist ( HOBBIST Hob"bist, n. Defn: One who accepts the doctrines of Thomas Hobbes. HOBBLE Hob"ble, n. i. [imp. & p. p. Hobbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hobbling.] Etym: [OE. hobelen, hoblen, freq. of hoppen to hop; akin to D. hobbelen, hoblen, hoppeln. See Hop to jump, and cf. Hopple ] 1. To walk lame, bearing chiefly on one leg; to walk with a hitch or hop, or with crutches. The friar was hobbling the same way too. Dryden. 2. To move roughly or irregularly; -- said of style in writing. Prior. The hobbling versification, the mean diction. Jeffreys. HOBBLE Hob"ble, v. t. 1. To fetter by tying the legs; to hopple; to clog. " They hobbled their horses." Dickens 2. To perplex; to embarrass. HOBBLE Hob"ble, n. 1. An unequal gait; a limp; a halt; as, he has a hobble in his gait. Swift. 2. Same as Hopple. 3. Difficulty; perplexity; embarrassment. Waterton. HOBBLEBUSH Hob"ble*bush`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A low bush (Viburnum lantanoides) having long, straggling branches and handsome flowers. It is found in the Northern United States. Called also shinhopple. HOBBLEDEHOY; HOBBLETEHOY Hob"ble*de*hoy`, Hob"ble*te*hoy`, n. [Written also hobbetyhoy, hobbarddehoy, hobbedehoy, hobdehoy.] Etym: [ Cf. Prob. E. hobbledygee with a limping movement; also F. hobereau, a country squire, E. hobby, and OF. hoi to-day; perh. the orig. sense was, an upstart of to-day.] Defn: A youth between boy and man; an awkward, gawky young fellow . [Colloq.] All the men, boys, and hobbledehoys attached to the farm. Dickens. . HOBBLER Hob"bler, n. Defn: One who hobbles. HOBBLER Hob"bler, n. Etym: [OE. also hobeler, OF. hobelier, LL. hobellarius. See Hobby a horse.] (Eng. Hist.) Defn: One who by his tenure was to maintain a horse for military service; a kind of light horseman in the Middle Ages who was mounted on a hobby. Hallam. Sir J. Davies. HOBBLE SKIRT Hob"ble skirt. Defn: A woman's skirt so scant at the bottom as to restrain freedom of movement after the fashion of a hobble. -- Hob"ble-skirt`ed, a. HOBBLINGLY Hob"bling*ly, adv. Defn: With a limping step. HOBBLY Hob"bly, a. Defn: Rough; uneven; causing one to hobble; as a hobbly road. HOBBY Hob"by, n.; pl. Hobbies. Etym: [OE. hobi; cf. OF. hobe, hobé, F. hobereau a hobby, a species of falcon. OF. hober to move, stir. Cf. Hobby a horse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, strong-winged European falcon (Falco subbuteo), formerly trained for hawking. HOBBY; HOBBYHORSE Hob"by, Hob"by*horse`, n. Etym: [OE. hobin a nag, OF. hobin hobby; cf. hober to stir, move; prob. of German or Scand. origin; cf. Dan. hoppe a mare, dial. Sw. hoppa; perh. akin to E. hop to jump.] 1. A strong, active horse, of a middle size, said to have been originally from Ireland; an ambling nag. Johnson. 2. A stick, often with the head or figure of a horse, on which boys make believe to ride. [ Usually under the form hobbyhorse.] 3. A subject or plan upon which one is constantly setting off; a favorite and ever-recurring theme of discourse, thought, or effort; that which occupies one's attention unduly, or to the weariness of others; a ruling passion. [Usually under the form hobby.] Not one of them has any hobbyhorse, to use the phrase of Sterne. Macaulay. HOBBYHORSICAL Hob`by*hors"ic*al, n. Defn: Pertaining to, or having, a hobby or whim; eccentric; whimsical.[Colloq.] Sterne. HOBGOBLIN Hob"gob`lin, n. Etym: [See 2d Hob, and Goblin.] Defn: A frightful goblin; an imp; a bugaboo; also, a name formerly given to the household spirit, Robin Goodfellow. Macaulay. HOBILER Hob"i*ler, n.Etym: [See 2d Hobbler.] Defn: A light horseman. See 2d Hobbler. [Obs.] Brande & C. HOBIT Ho"bit, n. Etym: [See Howitzer.] (Mil.) Defn: A small mortar on a gun carriage, in use before the howitzer. HOBNAIL Hob"nail`, n. Etym: [1st hob + nail.] 1. A short, sharp-pointed, large-headed nail, -- used in shoeing houses and for studding the soles of heavy shoes. 2. A clownish person; a rustic. Milton. Hobnail liver (Med.), a disease in which the liver is shrunken, hard, and covered with projections like hobnails; one of the forms of cirrhosis of the liver. HOBNAIL Hob"nail`, v. t. Defn: To tread down roughly, as with hobnailed shoes. Your rights and charters hobnailed into slush. Tennyson. HOBNAILED Hob"nailed`, a. Defn: See with hobnails, as a shoe. HOBNOB Hob"nob`, adv. Etym: [AS. habban to have + habban to have not; ne not + habban to have. See Have, and cf. Habnab.] 1. Have or have not; -- a familiar invitation to reciprocal drinking. Shak. 2. At random; hit or miss. (Obs.) Holinshed. HOBNOB Hob"nob`, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hornobbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Hornobbing.] 1. To drink familiarly (with another). [ Written also hob-a-nob.] 2. To associate familiarly; to be on intimate terms. HOBNOB Hob"nob`, n. Defn: Familiar, social intercourse. W. Black. HOBO Ho"bo, n.; pl. Hobos or Hoboes (#). [Of uncertain origin.] Defn: A professional tramp; one who spends his life traveling from place to place, esp. by stealing rides on trains, and begging for a living. [U. S.] -- Ho"bo*ism (#), n. HOBORNOB Hob"or*nob`, adv. Defn: See Hobnob. HOBOY Ho"boy, n. Defn: A hautboy or oboe. [Obs.] HOBSON'S CHOICE Hob"son's choice". Defn: A choice without an alternative; the thing offered or nothing. Note: It is said to have had its origin in the name of one Hobson, at Cambridge, England, who let horses, and required every customer to take in his turn the horse which stood next the stable door. HOCCO Hoc"co, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The crested curassow; -- called also royal pheasant. See Curassow. HOCHEPOT Hoche"pot, n. Defn: Hotchpot. [Obs.] Chaucer. HOCK Hock, n. Etym: [So called from Hochheim, in Germany.] Defn: A Rhenish wine, of a light yellow color, either sparkling or still. The name is also given indiscriminately to all Rhenish wines. HOCK; HOUGH Hock, Hough (, n. Etym: [ AS. h the heel; prob. akin to Icel. hasinn hock sinew, Dan. hasc, G. hechse, hächse, LG. hacke, D.hak; also to L. coxa hip (cf. Cuisses), Skr. kaksha armpit. sq. root12. Cf. Heel.] 1. (a) The joint in the hind limb of quadrupeds between the leg and shank, or tibia and tarsus, and corresponding to the ankle in man. (b) A piece cut by butchers, esp. in pork, from either the front or hind leg, just above the foot. 2. The popliteal space; the ham. HOCK Hock, v. t. Defn: To disable by cutting the tendons of the hock; to hamstring; to hough. HOCKAMORE Hock"a*more, n. Etym: [See 1st Hock.] Defn: A Rhenish wine. [Obs.] See Hock. Hudibras. HOCKDAY Hock"day`, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. hocor mockery, scorn.] Defn: A holiday commemorating the expulsion of the Danes, formerly observed on the second Tuesday after Easter; -- called also hocktide. [Eng.] [Written also hokeday.] HOCKEY Hock"ey, n. Etym: [From Hook, n.] 1. A game in which two parties of players, armed with sticks curved or hooked at the end, attempt to drive any small object (as a ball or a bit of wood) toward opposite goals. 2. The stick used by the players. [Written also hookey and hawkey.] HOCKHERB Hock"herb`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The mallow. HOCKLE Hoc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hockled(); p. pr. & vb. n. Hockling.] Etym: [From 2d Hock.] 1. To hamstring; to hock; to hough. Hanmer. 2. To mow, as stubble. Mason. HOCUS Ho"cus, v. t. Etym: [See Hocus-pocus.] 1. To deceive or cheat. Halliwell. 2. To adulterate; to drug; as, liquor is said to be hocused for the purpose of stupefying the drinker. Dickens. 3. To stupefy with drugged liquor. Thackeray. HOCUS Ho"cus, n. 1. One who cheats or deceives. South. 2. Drugged liquor. HOCUSPOCUS; HOCUS-POCUS Ho"cus*po"cus, n. Etym: [Prob. invented by jugglers in imitation of Latin. Cf. Hoax, Hocus .] 1. A term used by jugglers in pretended incantations. 2. A juggler or trickster. Sir T. Herbert. 3. A juggler's trick; a cheat; nonsense. Hudibras. HOCUSPOCUS; HOCUS-POCUS Ho"cus*po"cus, v. t. Defn: To cheat. [Colloq.] L'Estrange. HOD Hod, n. Etym: [Prov. E. for hold, i. e., that which holds. See Hold.] 1. A kind of wooden tray with a handle, borne on the shoulder, for carrying mortar, brick, etc. 2. A utensil for holding coal; a coal scuttle. HODDENGRAY Hod"den*gray`, a. Etym: [Perh. akin to E. hoiden rustic, clownish.] Defn: Applied to coarse cloth made of undyed wool, formerly worn by Scotch peasants. [Scot.] HODDY Hod"dy, n. Etym: [Prob. for hooded.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Dun crow, under Dun, a. HODDYDODDY Hod"dy*dod`dy, n. Etym: [Prob. E. also hoddypeke, hoddypoule, hoddymandoddy.] Defn: An awkward or foolish person. [Obs.] B. Jonson. HODGEPODGE Hodge"podge`, n. Defn: A mixed mass; a medley. See Hotchpot. Johnson. HODGKIN'S DISEASE Hodg`kin's dis*ease". (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition characterized by progressive anæmia and enlargement of the lymphatic glands; -- first described by Dr. Hodgkin, an English physician. HODIERN; HODIERNAL Ho"di*ern, Ho`di*er"nal, a. Etym: [L. hodiernus, fr. hodie today.] Defn: Of this day; belonging to the present day. [R.] Boyle. Quart. Rev. HODMAN Hod"man, n.; pl. Hodmen( Defn: A man who carries a hod; a mason's tender. HODMANDOD Hod"man*dod, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Dodman. Bacon. HODOGRAPH Hod"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr.graph.] (Math.) Defn: A curve described by the moving extremity of a line the other end of which is fixed, this line being constantly parallel to the direction of motion of, and having its length constantly proportional to the velocity of, a point moving in any path; -used in investigations respecting central forces. HODOMETER Ho*dom"e*ter, n. Defn: See Odometer. HOE Hoe, n. Etym: [OF. hoe, F. houe; of German origin, cf. OHG. houwa, howa, G. haue, fr. OHG. houwan to hew. See Hew to cut.] 1. A tool chiefly for digging up weeds, and arranging the earth about plants in fields and gardens. It is made of a flat blade of iron or steel having an eye or tang by which it is attached to a wooden handle at an acute angle. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The horned or piked dogfish. See Dogfish. Dutch hoe, one having the blade set for use in the manner of a spade. -- Horse hoe, a kind of cultivator. HOE Hoe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoed; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoeing.] Etym: [Cf. F. houer.] Defn: To cut, dig, scrape, turn, arrange, or clean, with a hoe; as, to hoe the earth in a garden; also, to clear from weeds, or to loosen or arrange the earth about, with a hoe; as, to hoe corn. To hoe one's row, to do one's share of a job. [Colloq.] HOE Hoe, v. i. Defn: To use a hoe; to labor with a hoe. HOECAKE Hoe"cake`, n. Defn: A cake of Indian meal, water, and salt, baked before the fire or in the ashes; -- so called because often cooked on a hoe. [Southern U.S.] HOEMOTHER Hoe"moth`er, n. Etym: [A local Orkney name; cf. Icel.har.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The basking or liver shark; -- called also homer. See Liver shark, under Liver. HOFUL Ho"ful, a. Etym: [AS.hogful, hohful, fr. hogu care, anxiety.] Defn: Careful; wary. [Obs.] Stapleton. HOG Hog, n. Etym: [Prob. akin to E. hack to cut, and meaning orig., a castrated boar; cf. also W. hwch swine, sow, Armor. houc'h, hoc'h. Cf. Haggis, Hogget, and Hoggerel.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A quadruped of the genus Sus, and allied genera of Suidæ; esp., the domesticated varieties of S. scrofa, kept for their fat and meat, called, respectively, lard and pork; swine; porker; specifically, a castrated boar; a barrow. Note: The domestic hogs of Siam, China, and parts of Southern Europe, are thought to have been derived from Sus Indicus. 2. A mean, filthy, or gluttonous fellow. [Low.] 3. A young sheep that has not been shorn. [Eng.] 4. (Naut.) Defn: A rough, flat scrubbing broom for scrubbing a ship's bottom under water. Totten. 5. (Paper Manuf.) A device for mixing and stirring the pulp of which paper is made. Bush hog, Ground hog, etc. See under Bush, Ground, etc. -- Hog caterpillar (Zoöl.), the larva of the green grapevine sphinx; -- so called because the head and first three segments are much smaller than those behind them, so as to make a resemblance to a hog's snout. See Hawk moth. -- Hog cholera, an epidemic contagious fever of swine, attended by liquid, fetid, diarrhea, and by the appearance on the skin and mucous membrane of spots and patches of a scarlet, purple, or black color. It is fatal in from one to six days, or ends in a slow, uncertain recovery. Law (Farmer's Veter. Adviser. )-- Hog deer (Zoöl.), the axis deer. -- Hog gum (Bot.), West Indian tree (Symphonia globulifera), yielding an aromatic gum. -- Hog of wool, the trade name for the fleece or wool of sheep of the second year. -- Hog peanut (Bot.), a kind of earth pea. -- Hog plum (Bot.), a tropical tree, of the genus Spondias (S. lutea), with fruit somewhat resembling plums, but chiefly eaten by hogs. It is found in the West Indies. -- Hog's bean (Bot.), the plant henbane. -- Hog's bread.(Bot.) See Sow bread. -- Hog's fennel. (Bot.) See under Fennel. -- Mexican hog (Zoöl.), the peccary. -- Water hog. (Zoöl.) See Capybara. HOG Hog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Hogging.] 1. To cut short like bristles; as, to hog the mane of a horse. Smart. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To scrub with a hog, or scrubbing broom. HOG Hog, v. i. (Naut.) Defn: To become bent upward in the middle, like a hog's back; -- said of a ship broken or strained so as to have this form. HOGBACK Hog"back`, n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: An upward curve or very obtuse angle in the upper surface of any member, as of a timber laid horizontally; -- the opposite of camber. 2. (Naut.) Defn: See Hogframe. 3. (Geol.) Defn: A ridge formed by tilted strata; hence, any ridge with a sharp summit, and steeply sloping sides. HOGCHAIN Hog"chain`, n. Defn: A chain or tie rod, in a boat or barge, to prevent the vessel from hogging. HOGCHOKER Hog"chok`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American sole (Achirus lineatus, or A. achirus), related to the European sole, but of no market value. HOGCOTE Hog"cote`, n. Defn: A shed for swine; a sty. HOGFISH Hog"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large West Indian and Florida food fish (Lachnolæmus). (b) The pigfish or sailor's choice. (c) An American fresh-water fish; the log perch. (d) A large, red, spiny-headed, European marine fish (Scorpæna scrofa). HOGFRAME Hog"frame`, n. (Steam Vessels) Defn: A trussed frame extending fore and aft, usually above deck, and intended to increase the longitudinal strength and stiffness. Used chiefly in American river and lake steamers. Called also hogging frame, and hogback. HOGGED Hogged, a. (Naut.) Defn: Broken or strained so as to have an upward curve between the ends. See Hog, v. i. HOGGER Hog"ger, n. Defn: A stocking without a foot, worn by coal miners at work. HOGGEREL Hog"ger*el, n. Etym: [From the same source as hog; prob. orig., a sheep clipped the first year. See Hog.] Defn: A sheep of the second year. [Written also hogrel.] Ash. HOGGER-PIPE; HOGGERPIPE Hog"ger*-pipe`, n. (Mining) Defn: The upper terminal pipe of a mining pump. Raymond. HOGGER-PUMP Hog"ger-pump", n. (Mining) Defn: The for pump in the pit. Raymond. HOGGERY Hog"ger*y, n. Defn: Hoggish character or manners; selfishness; greed; beastliness. Crime and shame And all their hoggery. Mrs. Browning. HOGGET Hog"get, n. Etym: [See Hog, and Hoggerel.] 1. A young boar of the second year. 2. A sheep or colt alter it has passed its first year. HOGGING Hog"ging, n. (Naut.) Defn: Drooping at the ends; arching;-in distinction from sagging. Hogging frame. See Hogframe. HOGGISH Hog"gish, a. Defn: Swinish; gluttonous; filthy; selfish. -- Hog"gish*ly, adv. -- Hog"gish*ness, n. Is not a hoggish life the height of some men's wishes Shaftesbury. HOGH Hogh (ho), n. Etym: [Icel. haugr hill, mound; akin to E. high. See High.] Defn: A hill; a cliff. [Obs.] Spenser. HOGHERD Hog"herd, n. Defn: A swineherd. W. Browne. HOGMANAY Hog`ma*nay" (, n. Defn: The old name, in Scotland, for the last day of the year, on which children go about singing, and receive a dole of bread or cakes; also, the entertainment given on that day to a visitor, or the gift given to an applicant. [Scot.] HOGNOSESNAKE Hog"nose`snake". (Zoöl.) Defn: A harmless North American snake of the genus Heterodon, esp. H. platyrhynos; -- called also puffing adder, blowing adder, and sand viper. HOGNUT Hog"nut`, n. (Bot.) (a) The pignut. See Hickory. (b) In England, the Bunium flexuosum, a tuberous plant. HOGO Ho"go, n. Etym: [Corrupted from F. haut goût.] Defn: High flavor; strong scent. [Obs.] Halliwell. HOGPEN Hog"pen`, n. Defn: A pen or sty for hogs. HOGREEVE Hog"reeve`, n. Etym: [See Reeve.] Defn: A civil officer charged with the duty of impounding hogs running at large. [New Eng.] Bartlett. HOGRINGER Hog"ring`er, n. Defn: One who puts rings into the snouts of hogs. HOG'S-BACK Hog's"-back`, n. (Geol.) Defn: A hogback. HOGSCORE Hog"score`, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Curling) Defn: A distance lime brawn across the rink or course between the middle line and the tee. [Scot.] HOGSHEAD Hogs"head, n. Etym: [D. okshoofd; akin to Sw. oxhufvud, Dan. oxehoved, G. oxhoft; apparently meaning orig., ox head, but it is not known why this name was given. Cf. Ox, Head.] 1. An English measure of capacity, containing 63 wine gallons, or about 52 Note: The London hogshead of beer was 54 beer gallons, the London hogshead of ale was 48 ale gallons. Elsewhere in England the ale and beer hogsheads held 51 gallons. These measures are no longer in use, except for cider. 2. A large cask or barrel, of indefinite contents; esp. one containing from 100 to 140 gallons. [U. S.] HOGSKIN Hog"skin`, n. Defn: Leather tanned from a hog's skin. Also used adjectively. HOGSTY Hog"sty`, n.; pl. Hogsties (. Defn: A pen, house, or inclosure, for hogs. HOGWASH Hog"wash`, n. Defn: Swill. Arbuthnot. HOGWEED Hog"weed`, n. (Bot.) (a) A common weed (Ambrosia artemisiæge). See Ambrosia, 3. (b) In England, the Heracleum Sphondylium. HOIDEN Hoi"den, n. Etym: [OE. hoydon a lout, rustic, OD. heyden a heathen, gypsy, vagabond, D. heiden, fr. OD. heyde heath, D. heide. See Heathen, Heath.] [Written also hoyden.] 1. A rude, clownish youth. [Obs.] Milton. 2. A rude, bold girl; a romp. H. Kingsley. HOIDEN Hoi"den, a. Defn: Rustic; rude; bold. Younq. HOIDEN Hoi"den, v. i. Defn: To romp rudely or indecently. Swift. HOIDENHOOD Hoi"den*hood, n. Defn: State of being a hoiden. HOIDENISH Hoi"den*ish, a. Defn: Like, or appropriate to, a hoiden. HOISE Hoise, v. t. Etym: [See Hoist.] Defn: To hoist. [Obs.] They . . . hoised up the mainsail to the wind. Acts xxvii. 40. HOIST Hoist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoisting.] Etym: [OE. hoise, hyse, OD. hyssen, D. hijshen; akin to LG. hissen, Dan. hisse, Sw. hissa.] Defn: To raise; to lift; to elevate; esp., to raise or lift to a desired elevation, by means of tackle, as a sail, a flag, a heavy package or weight. They land my goods, and hoist my flying sails. Pope. Hoisting him into his father's throne. South. Hoisting engine, a steam engine for operating a hoist. HOIST Hoist, n. 1. That by which anything is hoisted; the apparatus for lifting goods. 2. The act of hoisting; a lift. [Collog.] 3. (fly, or horizontal length when flying from a staff. (b) The height of a fore-and-aft sail next the mast or stay. Totten. Hoist bridge, a drawbridge that is lifted instead of being swung or drawn aside. HOIST Hoist, p. p. Defn: Hoisted. [Obs.] 'Tis the sport to have the enginer Hoist with his own petar. Shak. HOISTAWAY Hoist"a*way`, n. Defn: A mechanical lift. See Elevator. HOISTWAY Hoist"way`, n. Defn: An opening for the hoist, or HOIT Hoit, v. i. Etym: [Gf. W. hoetian to dally, dandle.] Defn: To leap; to caper; to romp noisily. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. HOITY-TOITY Hoi"ty-toi`ty, a. Etym: [From Hoit.] Defn: Thoughtless; giddy; flighty; also, haughty; patronizing; as, to be in hoity-toity spirits, or to assume hoity-toity airs; used also as an exclamation, denoting surprise or disapprobation, with some degree of contempt. Hoity-toity! What have I to do with dreams Congreve. HOKEDAY Hoke"day`, n. Defn: Same as Hockday. HOKER Ho"ker, n. Etym: [AS. h.] Defn: Scorn; derision; abusive talk. [Obs.] -- Ho"ker*ly, adv. [Obs.] Chaucer. HOL Hol, a. Etym: [See Whole.] Defn: Whole. [Obs.] Chaucer. HOLARCTIC Hol"arc*tic, a. [Holo- + arctic.] Defn: Of or pert. to the arctic regions collectively; specif. (Zoögeography), Defn: designating a realm or region including the northern parts of the Old and the New World. It comprises the Palearctic and Nearctic regions or subregions. HOLASPIDEAN Hol`as*pid"e*an, a. Etym: [Holo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a single series of large scutes on the posterior side of the tarsus; -- said of certain birds. HOLCAD Hol"cad, n. Etym: [Gr. 'olka`s, -a`dos, a ship which is towed, a ship of burden, fr. 'e`lkein to draw. Gf. Hulk.] Defn: A large ship of burden, in ancient Greece. Mitford. HOLD Hold, n. Etym: [D. hol hole, hollow. See Hole.] (Naut.) Defn: The whole interior portion of a vessel below the lower deck, in which the cargo is stowed. HOLD Hold, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Held; p. pr. & vb. n. Holding. Holden (, p. p., is obs. in elegant writing, though still used in legal language.] Etym: [OE. haldan, D. houden, OHG. hoten, Icel. halda, Dan. holde, Sw. hålla, Goth. haldan to feed, tend (the cattle); of unknown origin. Gf. Avast, Halt, Hod.] 1. To cause to remain in a given situation, position, or relation, within certain limits, or the like; to prevent from falling or escaping; to sustain; to restrain; to keep in the grasp; to retain. The loops held one curtain to another. Ex. xxxvi. 12. Thy right hand shall hold me. Ps. cxxxix. 10. They all hold swords, being expert in war. Cant. iii. In vain he seeks, that having can not hold. Spenser. France, thou mayst hold a serpent by the tongue, . . . A fasting tiger safer by the tooth, Than keep in peace that hand which thou dost hold. Shak. 2. To retain in one's keeping; to maintain possession of, or authority over; not to give up or relinquish; to keep; to defend. We mean to hold what anciently we claim Of deity or empire. Milton. 3. To have; to possess; to be in possession of; to occupy; to derive title to; as, to hold office. This noble merchant held a noble house. Chaucer. Of him to hold his seigniory for a yearly tribute. Knolles. And now the strand, and now the plain, they held. Dryden. 4. To impose restraint upon; to limit in motion or action; to bind legally or morally; to confine; to restrain. We can not hold mortality's strong hand. Shak. Death! what do'st O,hold thy blow. Grashaw. He hat not sufficient judgment and self-command to hold his tongue. Macaulay. 5. To maintain in being or action; to carry on; to prosecute, as a course of conduct or an argument; to continue; to sustain. Hold not thy peace, and be not still. Ps. lxxxiii. 1. Seedtime and harvest, heat and hoary frost, Shall hold their course. Milton. 6. To prosecute, have, take, or join in, as something which is the result of united action; as to, hold a meeting, a festival, a session, etc.; hence, to direct and bring about officially; to conduct or preside at; as, the general held a council of war; a judge holds a court; a clergyman holds a service. I would hold more talk with thee. Shak. 7. To receive and retain; to contain as a vessel; as, this pail holds milk; hence, to be able to receive and retain; to have capacity or containing power for. Broken cisterns that can hold no water. Jer. ii. 13. One sees more devils than vast hell can hold. Shak. 8. To accept, as an opinion; to be the adherent of, openly or privately; to persist in, as a purpose; to maintain; to sustain. Stand fast and hold the traditions which ye have been taught. 2 Thes. ii.15. But still he held his purpose to depart. Dryden. 9. To consider; to regard; to esteem; to account; to think; to judge. I hold him but a fool. Shak. I shall never hold that man my friend. Shak. The Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain. Ex. xx. 7. 10. To bear, carry, or manage; as he holds himself erect; he holds his head high. Let him hold his fingers thus. Shak. To hold a wager, to lay or hazard a wager. Swift. -- To hold forth, to offer; to exhibit; to propose; to put forward. "The propositions which books hold forth and pretend to teach." Locke. -- To held in, to restrain; to curd. -- To hold in hand, to toy with; to keep in expectation; to have in one's power. [Obs.] O, fie! to receive favors, return falsehoods, And hold a lady in hand. Beaw. & Fl. --To hold in play, to keep under control; to dally with. Macaulay. -- To hold off, to keep at a distance. -- To hold on, to hold in being, continuance or position; as, to hold a rider on. -- To hold one's day, to keep one's appointment. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To hold one's own. (a) To keep good one's present condition absolutely or relatively; not to fall off, or to lose ground; as, a ship holds her own when she does not lose ground in a race or chase; a man holds his own when he does not lose strength or weight. -- To hold one's peace, to keep silence.- To hold out. (a) To extend; to offer. "Fortune holds out these to you as rewards." B. Jonson. (b) To continue to do or to suffer; to endure. "He can not long hold out these pangs." Shak. -- To hold up. (a) To raise; to lift; as, hold up your head. (b) To support; to sustain. "He holds himself up in virtue."Sir P. Sidney. (c) To exhibit; to display; as, he was held up as an example. (d) To rein in; to check; to halt; as, hold up your horses. -- To hold water. (a) Literally, to retain water without leaking; hence (Fig.), to be whole, sound, consistent, without gaps or holes; -- commonly used in a negative sense; as, his statements will not hold water. [Collog.] (b) (Naut.) To hold the oars steady in the water, thus checking the headway of a boat. HOLD Hold, n. i. Defn: In general, to keep one's self in a given position or condition; to remain fixed. Hence: 1. Not to more; to halt; to stop;-mostly in the imperative. And damned be him that first cries, "Hold, enough!" Shak. 2. Not to give way; not to part or become separated; to remain unbroken or unsubdued. Our force by land hath nobly held. Shak. 3. Not to fail or be found wanting; to continue; to last; to endure a test or trial; to abide; to persist. While our obedience holds. Milton. The rule holds in land as all other commodities. Locke. 4. Not to fall away, desert, or prove recreant; to remain attached; to cleave;-often with with, to, or for. He will hold to the one and despise the other. Matt. vi. 24 5. To restrain one's self; to refrain. His dauntless heart would fain have held From weeping, but his eyes rebelled. Dryden. 6. To derive right or title; -- generally with of. My crown is absolute, and holds of none. Dryden. His imagination holds immediately from nature. Hazlitt. Hold on! Hold up! wait; stop; forbear. [Collog] -- To hold forth, to speak in public; to harangue; to preach. L'Estrange. -- To hold in, to restrain one's self; as, he wanted to laugh and could hardly hold in. -- To hold off, to keep at a distance. -- To hold on, to keep fast hold; to continue; to go on. "The trade held on for many years," Swift. -- To hold out, to last; to endure; to continue; to maintain one's self; not to yield or give way. -- To hold over, to remain in office, possession, etc., beyond a certain date. -- To hold to or with, to take sides with, as a person or opinion. -- To hold together, to be joined; not to separate; to remain in union. Dryden. Locke. -- To hold up. (a) To support one's self; to remain unbent or unbroken; as, to hold up under misfortunes. (b) To cease raining; to cease to stop; as, it holds up. Hudibras. (c) To keep up; not to fall behind; not to lose ground. Collier. HOLD Hold, n. 1. The act of holding, as in or with the hands or arms; the manner of holding, whether firm or loose; seizure; grasp; clasp; gripe; possession; -- often used with the verbs take and lay. Ne have I not twelve pence within mine hold. Chaucer. Thou should'st lay hold upon him. B. Jonson. My soul took hold on thee. Addison. Take fast hold of instruction. Pror. iv. 13. 2. The authority or ground to take or keep; claim. The law hath yet another hold on you. Shak. 3. Binding power and influence. Fear . . . by which God and his laws take the surest hold of. Tillotson. 4. Something that may be grasped; means of support. If a man be upon an high place without rails or good hold, he is ready to fall. Bacon. 5. A place of confinement; a prison; confinement; custody; guard. They . . . put them in hold unto the next day. Acts. iv. 3. King Richard, he is in the mighty hold Of Bolingbroke. Shak. 6. A place of security; a fortified place; a fort; a castle; -- often called a stronghold. Chaucer. New comers in an ancient hold Tennyson. 7. (Mus.) Defn: A character [thus pause, and corona. HOLDBACK Hold"back`, n. 1. Check; hindrance; restraint; obstacle. The only holdback is the affection . . . that we bear to our wealth. Hammond. 2. The projection or loop on the thill of a vehicle. to which a strap of the harness is attached, to hold back a carriage when going down hill, or in backing; also, the strap or part of the harness so used. HOLDER Hold"er, ( n. Defn: One who is employed in the hold of a vessel. HOLDER Hold"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, holds. 2. One who holds land, etc., under another; a tenant. 3. (Com.) Defn: The payee of a bill of exchange or a promissory note, or the one who owns or holds it. Note: Holder is much used as the second part of a compound; as, shareholder, officeholder, stockholder,etc. HOLDER-FORTH Hold"er-forth`, n. Defn: One who speaks in public; an haranguer; a preacher. Addison. HOLDFAST Hold"fast`, n. 1. Something used to secure and hold in place something else, as a long fiat-headed nail, a catch a hook, a clinch, a clamp, etc.; hence, a support. "His holdfast was gone." Bp. Montagu. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A conical or branching body, by which a seaweed is attached to its support, and differing from a root in that it is not specially absorbent of moisture. HOLDING Hold"ing, n. 1. The act or state of sustaining, grasping, or retaining. 2. A tenure; a farm or other estate held of another. 3. That which holds, binds, or influences. Burke. 4. The burden or chorus of a song. [Obs.] Shak. Holding note (Mus.), a note sustained in one part, while the other parts move. HOLE Hole, a. Defn: Whole. [Obs.] Chaucer. HOLE Hole, n. Etym: [OE. hol, hole, AS. hol, hole, cavern, from hol, a., hollow; akin to D. hol, OHG. hol, G. hohl, Dan.huul hollow, hul hole, Sw. hål, Icel. hola; prob. from the root of AS. helan to conceal. See Hele, Hell, and cf. Hold of a ship.] 1. A hollow place or cavity; an excavation; a pit; an opening in or through a solid body, a fabric, etc.; a perforation; a rent; a fissure. The holes where eyes should be. Shak. The blind walls Were full of chinks and holes. Tennyson. The priest took a chest, and bored a hole in the lid. 2 Kings xii. 9. 2. An excavation in the ground, made by an animal to live in, or a natural cavity inhabited by an animal; hence, a low, narrow, or dark lodging or place; a mean habitation. Dryden. The foxes have holes, . . . but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head. Luke ix. 58. Syn. -- Hollow; concavity; aperture; rent; fissure; crevice; orifice; interstice; perforation; excavation; pit; cave; den; cell. Hole and corner, clandestine, underhand. [Colloq.] "The wretched trickery of hole and corner buffery. " Dickens. -- Hole board (Fancy Weaving), a board having holes through which cords pass which lift certain warp threads; -- called also compass board. HOLE Hole, v. t. Etym: [AS. holian. See Hole, n.] 1. To cut, dig, or bore a hole or holes in; as, to hole a post for the insertion of rails or bars. Chapman. 2. To drive into a hole, as an animal, or a billiard ball. HOLE Hole, v. i. Defn: To go or get into a hole. B. Jonson. HOLE IN THE AIR Hole in the air. (Aëronautics) Defn: = Air hole, above. HOLETHNIC Hol*eth"nic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a holethnos or parent race. The holethnic history of the Arians. London Academy. HOLETHNOS Hol*eth"nos, n. Etym: [Holo + Gr. Defn: A parent stock or race of people, not yet divided into separate branches or tribes. HOLIBUT Hol"i*but, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Halibut. HOLIDAM Hol"i*dam, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Halidom. HOLIDAY Hol"i*day, n. Etym: [Holy + day.] 1. A consecrated day; religious anniversary; a day set apart in honor of some person, or in commemoration of some event. See Holyday. 2. A day of exemption from labor; a day of amusement and gayety; a festival day. And young and old come forth to play On a sunshine holiday. Milton. 3. (Law) Defn: A day fixed by law for suspension of business; a legal holiday. Note: In the United States legal holidays, so called, are determined by law, commonly by the statutes of the several States. The holidays most generally observed are: the 22d day of February (Washington's birthday), the 30th day of May (Memorial day), the 4th day of July (Independence day), the 25th day of December (Christmas day). In most of the States the 1st day of January is a holiday. When any of these days falls on Sunday, usually the Monday following is observed as the holiday. In many of the States a day in the spring (as Good Friday, or the first Thursday in April), and a day in the fall (as the last Thursday in November) are now regularly appointed by Executive proclamation to be observed, the former as a day of fasting and prayer, the latter as a day of thanksgiving and are kept as holidays. In England, the days of the greater church feasts (designated in the calendar by a red letter, and commonly called red-letter days) are observed as general holidays. Bank holidays are those on which, by act of Parliament, banks may suspend business. Although Sunday is a holiday in the sense of a day when business is legally suspended, it is not usually included in the general term, the phrase "Sundays and holidays" being more common. The holidays, any fixed or usual period for relaxation or festivity; especially, Christmas and New Year's day with the intervening time. HOLIDAY Hol`i*day, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a festival; cheerful; joyous; gay. Shak. 2. Occurring rarely; adapted for a special occasion. Courage is but a holiday kind of virtue, to be seldom exercised. Dryden. HOLILY Ho"li*ly, adv. Etym: [From Holy.] 1. Piously; with sanctity; in a holy manner. 2. Sacredly; inviolably. [R.] Shak. HOLINESS Ho"li*ness, n. Etym: [AS. halignes.] 1. The state or quality of being holy; perfect moral integrity or purity; freedom from sin; sanctity; innocence. Who is like thee, glorious in holiness! Ex. xv. 11. 2. The state of being hallowed, or consecrated to God or to his worship; sacredness. Israel was holiness unto the Lord. Jer.ii.3. His holiness, a title of the pope; -- formerly given also to Greek bishops and Greek emperors. Syn. -- Piety; devotion; godliness; sanctity; sacredness; righteousness. HOLING Hol"ing, n. Etym: [See Hole a hollow.] (Mining) Defn: Undercutting in a bed of coal, in order to bring down the upper mass. Raymond. HOLLA Hol"la, interj. Etym: [F. hola; ho ho + là there, fr. L. illac that way, there. Cf. Hollo.] Defn: Hollo. HOLLA Hol"la, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hollaed; p. pr. & vb. n. Hollaing.] Defn: See Hollo, v. i. HOLLAND Hol"land, n. Defn: A kind of linen first manufactured in Holland; a linen fabric used for window shades, children's garments, etc.; as, brown or unbleached hollands. HOLLANDAISE SAUCE; HOLLANDAISE Hol`lan*daise" sauce, or Hol`lan*daise", n. [F. hollandaise, fem. of hollandais Dutch.] (Cookery) Defn: A sauce consisting essentially of a seasoned emulsion of butter and yolk of eggs with a little lemon juice or vinegar. HOLLANDER Hol"land*er, n. 1. A native or one of the people of Holland; a Dutchman. 2. A very hard, semi-glazed, green or dark brown brick, which will not absorb water; -- called also, Dutch clinker. Wagner. HOLLANDISH Hol"land*ish, a. Defn: Relating to Holland; Dutch. HOLLANDS Hol"lands, n. 1. Gin made in Holland. 2. pl. Defn: See Holland. HOLLO Hol*lo", interj. & n. Etym: [See Halloo, and cf. Holla.] Defn: Ho there; stop; attend; hence, a loud cry or a call to attract attention; a halloo. And every day, for food or play, Came to the mariner's hollo. Coleridge. HOLLO Hol"lo, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Holloed; p. pr. & vb. n. Holloing.] Etym: [See Hollo, intery., and cf. Halloo.] Defn: To call out or exclaim; to halloo. HOLLOA Hol*loa", interj., n. & v. i. Defn: Same as Hollo. HOLLOW Hol"low, a. Etym: [OE. holow, holgh, holf, AS. holh a hollow, hole. Cf. Hole.] 1. Having an empty space or cavity, natural or artificial, within a solid substance; not solid; excavated in the interior; as, a hollow tree; a hollow sphere. Hollow with boards shalt thou make it. Ex. xxvii. 8.. 2. Depressed; concave; gaunt; sunken. With hollow eye and wrinkled brow. Shak. 3. Reverberated from a cavity, or resembling such a sound; deep; muffled; as, a hollow roar. Dryden. 4. Not sincere or faithful; false; deceitful; not sound; as, a hollow heart; a hollow friend. Milton. Hollow newel (Arch.), an opening in the center of a winding staircase in place of a newel post, the stairs being supported by the wall; an open newel; also, the stringpiece or rail winding around the well of such a staircase. -- Hollow quoin (Engin.), a pier of stone or brick made behind the lock gates of a canal, and containing a hollow or recess to receive the ends of the gates. -- Hollow root. (Bot.) See Moschatel. -- Hollow square. See Square. -- Hollow ware, hollow vessels; -- a trade name for cast-iron kitchen utensils, earthenware, etc. Syn.- Concave; sunken; low; vacant; empty; void; false; faithless; deceitful; treacherous. HOLLOW Hol"low, n. 1. A cavity, natural or artificial; an unfilled space within anything; a hole, a cavern; an excavation; as the hollow of the hand or of a tree. 2. A low spot surrounded by elevations; a depressed part of a surface; a concavity; a channel. Forests grew Upon the barren hollows. Prior. I hate the dreadful hollow behind the little wood. Tennyson. HOLLOW Hol"low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hollowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Hollowing.] Defn: To make hollow, as by digging, cutting, or engraving; to excavate. "Trees rudely hollowed." Dryden. HOLLOW Hol"low, adv. Defn: Wholly; completely; utterly; -- chiefly after the verb to beat, and often with all; as, this story beats the other all hollow. See All, adv. [Collog.] The more civilized so-called Caucasian races have beaten the Turks hollow in the struggle for existence. Darwin. HOLLOW Hol*low", interj. Etym: [See Hollo.] Defn: Hollo. HOLLOW Hol"low, v. i. Defn: To shout; to hollo. Whisperings and hollowings are alike to a deaf ear. Fuller. HOLLOW Hol"low, v. t. Defn: To urge or call by shouting. He has hollowed the hounds. Sir W. Scott. HOLLOW-HEARTED Hol"low-heart`ed, a. Defn: Insincere; deceitful; not sound and true; having a cavity or decayed spot within. Syn. -- Faithless; dishonest; false; treacherous. HOLLOW-HORNED Hol"low-horned`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having permanent horns with a bony core, as cattle. HOLLOWLY Hol"low*ly, adv. Defn: Insincerely; deceitfully. Shak. HOLLOWNESS Hol"low*ness, n. 1. State of being hollow. Bacon. 2. Insincerity; unsoundness; treachery. South. HOLLUSCHICKIE Hol"lus*chick`ie, n. sing. & pl. [Prob. of Russ. goluishka bare of possessions, offspring, etc., fr. goluii naked.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young male fur seal, esp. one from three to six years old; -- called also bachelor, because prevented from breeding by the older full-grown males. The holluschickie are the seals that may legally be killed for their skins. But he'll lie down on the killing grounds where the holluschickie go. Kipling. HOLLY Hol"ly, adv. Defn: Wholly. [Obs.] Chaucer. HOLLY Hol"ly, n. Etym: [OE holi, holin, AS. holen, holegn; akin to D. & G. hulst, OHG. huls hulis, W. celyn, Armor. kelen, Gael. cuilionn, Ir. cuileann. Cf. 1st Holm, Hulver.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A tree or shrub of the genus Ilex. The European species (Ilex Aguifolium) is best known, having glossy green leaves, with a spiny, waved edge, and bearing berries that turn red or yellow about Michaelmas. Note: The holly is much used to adorn churches and houses, at Christmas time, and hence is associated with scenes of good will and rejoicing. It is an evergreen tree, and has a finegrained, heavy, white wood. Its bark is used as a febrifuge, and the berries are violently purgative and emetic. The American holly is the Ilex opaca, and is found along the coast of the United States, from Maine southward. Gray. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The holm oak. See 1st Holm. Holly-leaved oak (Bot.), the black scrub oak. See Scrub oak. -- Holly rose (Bot.), a West Indian shrub, with showy, yellow flowers (Turnera ulmifolia). -- Sea holly (Bot.), a species of Eryngium. See Eryngium. HOLLYHOCK Hol"ly*hock, n. Etym: [OE. holihoc; holi holy + hoc mallow, AS. hoc; cf. W. hocys mallows, hocys bendigaid hollyhock, lit., blessed mallow. Prob. so named because brought from the Holy Land. See Holy.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of Althæa (A. rosea), bearing flowers of various colors; -- called also rose mallow. HOLM Holm, n. Etym: [OE., prob. from AS. holen holly; as the holly is also called holm. See Holly.] (Bot.) Defn: A common evergreen oak, of Europe (Quercus Ilex); -- called also ilex, and holly. HOLM Holm, n. Etym: [AS. holm, usually meaning, sea, water; akin to Icel. holmr, holmr, an island, Dan. holm, Sw. holme, G. holm, and prob. to E. hill. Cf. Hill.] 1. An islet in a river. J. Brand. 2. Low, flat land. Wordsworth. The soft wind blowing over meadowy holms. Tennyson. Holm thrush (Zoöl.), the missel thrush. HOLMIA Hol"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: An oxide of holmium. HOLMIUM Hol"mi*um, n. Etym: [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare element said to be contained in gadolinite. -- Hol"mic, a. HOLMOS Hol"mos, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Greek & Etrus. Antiq.) Defn: A name given to a vase having a rounded body; esp.: (a) A closed vessel of nearly spherical form on a high stem or pedestal. Fairholt. (b) A drinking cup having a foot and stem. HOLO- Hol"o-. Defn: A combining form fr. Gr. "o`los whole. HOLOBLAST Hol"o*blast, n. Etym: [Holo + -blast.] (Biol.) Defn: an ovum composed entirely of germinal matter. See Meroblast. HOLOBLASTIC Hol`o*blas"tic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Undergoing complete segmentation; composed entirely of germinal matter, the whole of the yolk undergoing fission; -- opposed to meroblastic. HOLOCAUST Hol"o*caust, n. Etym: [L. holocaustum, Gr. "o'los whole + kaysto`s burnt, fr. kai`ein to burn (cf. Caustic): cf. F. holocauste.] 1. A burnt sacrifice; an offering, the whole of which was consumed by fire, among the Jews and some pagan nations. Milton. 2. Sacrifice or loss of many lives, as by the burning of a theater or a ship. Note: [An extended use not authorized by careful writers.] HOLOCEPHALI Hol`o*ceph"a*li, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. "o`los whole + (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of elasmobranch fishes, including, among living species, only the chimæras; -- called also Holocephala. See Chimæra; also Illustration in Appendix. HOLOCRYPTIC Hol`o*cryp"tic, a. Etym: [Holo-+ Gr. to conceal.] Defn: Wholly or completely concealing; incapable of being deciphered. Holocryptic cipher, a cipher so constructed as to afford no clew to its meaning to one ignorant of the key. HOLOCRYSTALLINE Hol`o*crys"tal*line, a. Etym: [Holo + crystalline.] (Min.) Defn: Completely crystalline; -- said of a rock like granite, all the constituents of which are crystalline. HOLOGRAPH Hol"o*graph, n. Etym: [L.holographus entirely autograph, Gr. "olo`grafos; "o`los whole + gra`fein to write: cf. F. holographe, olographe.] Defn: A document, as a letter, deed, or will, wholly in the handwriting of the person from whom it proceeds and whose act it purports to be. HOLOGRAPHIC Hol`o*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of the nature of a holograph; pertaining to holographs. HOLOHEDRAL Hol`o*he"dral, a. Etym: [Holo + Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: Having all the planes required by complete symmetry, -- in opposition to hemihedral. HOLOHEMIHEDRAL Hol`o*hem`i*he"dral, a. Etym: [Holo- + hemihedral.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Presenting hemihedral forms, in which all the sectants have halt the whole number of planes. Dana. HOLOMETABOLA Hol`o*me*tab"o*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Holo-, and Metabola.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Those insects which have a complete metamorphosis; metabola. HOLOMETABOLIC Hol`o*met`a*bol"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a complete metamorphosis;-said of certain insects, as the butterflies and bees. HOLOMETER Ho*lom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Holo + -meter: cf. F. holometre.] Defn: An instrument for making of angular measurements. HOLOPHANEROUS Hol`o*phan"er*ous, a. Etym: [Holo + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Holometabolic. HOLOPHOTAL Hol`o*pho"tal, a. Etym: [Holo + Gr. (Opt.) Defn: Causing no loss of light; -- applied to reflectors which throw back the rays of light without perceptible loss. HOLOPHOTE Hol"o*phote, n. Defn: A lamp with lenses or reflectors to collect the rays of light and throw them in a given direction; -- used in lighthouses. HOLOPHRASTIC Hol`o*phras"tic, a. Etym: [Holo + Gr. holophrastique.] Defn: Expressing a phrase or sentence in a single word, -- as is the case in the aboriginal languages of America. HOLOPHYTIC Hol`o*phyt"ic, a. Etym: [Holo + Gr. Defn: Wholly or distinctively vegetable. Holophytic nutrition (, that form of nutrition, characteristic of vegetable organisms, in which carbonic acid, ammonia, and nitrates are absorbed as food, in distinction from the animal mode of nutrition, by the ingestion of albuminous matter. HOLORHINAL Hol`o*rhi"nal, a. Etym: [Holo + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the nasal bones contiguous. HOLOSIDERITE Hol`o*sid"er*ite, n. Etym: [Holo + siderite.] (Min.) Defn: Meteoric iron; a meteorite consisting of metallic iron without stony matter. HOLOSTEAN Ho*los"te*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Holostei. HOLOSTEI Ho*los"te*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "o`los whole + (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of ganoids, including the gar pike, bowfin, etc.; the bony ganoids. See Illustration in Appendix. HOLOSTERIC Hol`o*ster"ic, a. Etym: [Holo + Gr.stereo`s solid.] Defn: Wholly solid; -- said of a barometer constructed of solid materials to show the variations of atmospheric pressure without the use of liquids, as the aneroid. HOLOSTOMATA Hol`o*stom"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "o`los whole + sto`ma, - atos, mouth.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An artificial division of gastropods, including those that have an entire aperture. HOLOSTOMATE Ho*los"to*mate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Holostomatous. HOLOSTOMATOUS Hol`o*stom"a*tous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having an entire aperture; -- said of many univalve shells. HOLOSTOME Hol"o*stome, n. Etym: [Holo + Gr. sto`ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Holostomata. HOLOSTRACA Ho*los"tra*ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of phyllopod Crustacea, including those that are entirely covered by a bivalve shell. HOLOTHURE Hol"o*thure, n. Etym: [L. holothuria, pl., a sort of water polyp, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A holothurian. HOLOTHURIAN Hol`o*thu"ri*an, a. Defn: ( -- n. Defn: One of the Holothurioidea. Note: Some of the species of Holothurians are called sea cucumbers, sea slugs, trepang, and bêche de mèr. Many are used as food, esp. by the Chinese. See Trepang. HOLOTHURIOIDEA Hol`o*thu`ri*oi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Holothure, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the classes of echinoderms. Note: They have a more or less elongated body, often flattened beneath, and a circle of tentacles, which are usually much branched, surrounding the mouth; the skin is more or less flexible, and usually contains calcareous plates of various characteristic forms, sometimes becoming large and scalelike. Most of the species have five bands (ambulacra) of sucker-bearing feet along the sides; in others these are lacking. In one group (Pneumonophora) two branching internal gills are developed; in another (Apneumona) these are wanting. Called also Holothurida, Holothuridea, and Holothuroidea. HOLOTRICHA Ho*lot"ri*cha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of ciliated Infusoria, having cilia all over the body. HOLOUR Hol"our, n. Etym: [OF.holier.] Defn: A whoremonger. [Obs.] Chaucer. HOLP; HOLPEN Holp, Hol"pen, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Help. [Obs.] Shak. HOLSOM Hol"som, a. Defn: Wholesome. [Obs.] Chaucer. HOLSTEIN Hol"stein, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a breed of cattle, originally from Schleswig-Holstein, valued for the large amount of milk produced by the cows. The color is usually black and white in irregular patches. HOLSTER Hol"ster, n. Etym: [D. holster; skin to AS. heolstor den, cave, fr.helan to conceal, and to Icel. hulstr case, Goth.hulistr covering, veil, huljan to cover. sq. root17. See Hele to cover, Hell, and cf. Housing, Houss.] Defn: A leather case for a pistol, carried by a horseman at the bow of his saddle. HOLSTERED Hol"stered, a. Defn: Bearing holsters. Byron. HOLT Holt, Defn: 3d pers. sing. pres. of Hold, contr. from holdeth. [Obs.] Chaucer. HOLT Holt, n. Etym: [AS. holt; akin to LG.holt, D.hout, G. holz. Icel. holt; cf Gael. & Ir.coill wood, Gr. 1. A piece of woodland; especially, a woody hill. "Every holt and heath." Chaucer. She sent her voice though all the holt Before her, and the park. Tennyson. 2. A deep hole in a river where there is protection for fish; also, a cover, a hole, or hiding place. " The fox has gone to holt." C. Kingsley. HOLWE Hol"we, a. Defn: Hollow. [Obs.] Chaucer. HOLY Ho"ly, a. [Compar. Holier; superl. Holiest.] Etym: [OE. holi, hali, AS.halig, fr. hæl health, salvation, happiness, fr. hal whole, well; akin to OS. h, D. & G.heilig, OHG. heilac, Dan. hellig, Sw. helig, Icel. heilagr. See Whole, and cf. Halibut, Halidom, Hallow, Hollyhock.] 1. Set apart to the service or worship of God; hallowed; sacred; reserved from profane or common use; holy vessels; a holy priesthood. "Holy rites and solemn feasts." Milton. 2. Spiritually whole or sound; of unimpaired innocence and virtue; free from sinful affections; pure in heart; godly; pious; irreproachable; guiltless; acceptable to God. Now through her round of holy thought The Church our annual steps has brought. Keble. Holy Alliance (Hist.), a league ostensibly for conserving religion, justice, and peace in Europe, but really for repressing popular tendencies toward constitutional government, entered into by Alexander I. of Russia, Francis I. of Austria, and Frederic William III. of Prussia, at Paris, on the 26th of September, 1815, and subsequently joined by all the sovereigns of Europe, except the pope and the king of England. -- Holy bark. See Cascara sagrada. -- Holy Communion. See Eucharist. -- Holy family (Art), a picture in which the infant Christ, his parents, and others of his family are represented. -- Holy Father, a title of the pope. -- Holy Ghost (Theol.),the third person of the Trinity; the Comforter; the Paraclete. -- Holy Grail. See Grail. -- Holy grass (Bot.), a sweet-scented grass (Hierochloa borealis and H. alpina). In the north of Europe it was formerly strewed before church doors on saints' days; whence the name. It is common in the northern and western parts of the United States. Called also vanilla, or Seneca, grass. -- Holy Innocents' day, Childermas day. -- Holy Land, Palestine, the birthplace of Christianity. -- Holy office, the Inquisition. -- Holy of holies (Script.), the innermost apartment of the Jewish tabernacle or temple, where the ark was kept, and where no person entered, except the high priest once a year. -- Holy One. (a) The Supreme Being; -- so called by way of emphasis. " The Holy One of Israel." Is. xliii. 14. (b) One separated to the service of God. -- Holy orders. See Order. -- Holy rood, the cross or crucifix, particularly one placed, in churches. over the entrance to the chancel. -- Holy rope, a plant, the hemp agrimony. -- Holy Saturday (Eccl.), the Saturday immediately preceding the festival of Easter; the vigil of Easter. -- Holy Spirit, same as Holy Ghost (above). -- Holy Spirit plant. See Dove plant. -- Holy thistle (Bot.), the blessed thistle. See under Thistle. -- Holy Thursday. (Eccl.) (a) (Episcopal Ch.) Ascension day. (b) (R. C. Ch.) The Thursday in Holy Week; Maundy Thursday. -- Holy war, a crusade; an expedition carried on by Christians against the Saracens in the Holy Land, in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, for the possession of the holy places. -- Holy water (Gr. & R. C. Churches), water which has been blessed by the priest for sacred purposes. -- Holy-water stoup, the stone stoup or font placed near the entrance of a church, as a receptacle for holy water. -- Holy Week (Eccl.), the week before Easter, in which the passion of our Savior is commemorated. -- Holy writ, the sacred Scriptures. " Word of holy writ." Wordsworth. HOLY CROSS Ho"ly cross". Defn: The cross as the symbol of Christ's crucifixion. Congregation of the Holy Cross (R. C. Ch.), a community of lay brothers and priests, in France and the United States, engaged chiefly in teaching and manual Labor. Originally called Brethren of St. Joseph. The Sisters of the Holy Cross engage in similar work. Addis & Arnold. -- Holy-cross day, the fourteenth of September, observed as a church festival, in memory of the exaltation of our Savior's cross. HOLYDAY Ho"ly*day`, n. 1. A religious festival. 2. A secular festival; a holiday. Note: Holiday is the preferable and prevailing spelling in the second sense. The spelling holy day or holyday in often used in the first sense. HOLYSTONE Ho"ly*stone`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A stone used by seamen for scrubbing the decks of ships. Totten. HOLYSTONE Ho"ly*stone`, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To scrub with a holystone, as the deck of a vessel. HOMACANTH Hom"a*canth, a. Etym: [Homo + Gr. a spine.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the dorsal fin spines symmetrical, and in the same line; -- said of certain fishes. HOMAGE Hom"age, n. Etym: [OF.homage, homenage, F. hommage, LL. hominaticum, homenaticum, from L. homo a man, LL. also, a client, servant, vassal; akin to L. humus earth, Gr.groom in bridegroom. Cf. Bridegroom, Human.] 1. (Feud. Law) Defn: A symbolical acknowledgment made by a feudal tenant to, and in the presence of, his lord, on receiving investiture of fee, or coming to it by succession, that he was his man, or vassal; profession of fealty to a sovereign. 2. Respect or reverential regard; deference; especially, respect paid by external action; obeisance. All things in heaven and earth do her [Law] homage. Hooker. I sought no homage from the race that write. Pope. 3. Reverence directed to the Supreme Being; reverential worship; devout affection. Chaucer. Syn. -- Fealty; submission; reverence; honor; respect. -- Homage, Fealty. Homage was originally the act of a feudal tenant by which he declared himself, on his knees, to be the hommage or bondman of the lord; hence the term is used to denote reverential submission or respect. Fealty was originally the fidelity of such a tenant to his lord, and hence the term denotes a faithful and solemn adherence to the obligations we owe to superior power or authority. We pay our homage to men of preëminent usefulness and virtue, and profess our fealty to the principles by which they have been guided. Go, go with homage yon proud victors meet ! Go, lie like dogs beneath your masters' feet ! Dryden. Man, disobeying, Disloyal, breaks his fealty, and sins Against the high supremacy of heaven. Milton. HOMAGE Hom"age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Homaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Homaging.] Etym: [Cf. OF. hommager.] 1. To pay reverence to by external action. [R.] 2. To cause to pay homage. [Obs.] Cowley. HOMAGEABLE Hom"age*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. hommageable.] Defn: Subject to homage. Howell. HOMAGER Hom"a*ger, n. Etym: [From Homage: cf. F. hommager.] Defn: One who does homage, or holds land of another by homage; a vassal. Bacon. HOMALOGRAPHIC Hom`a*lo*graph"ic, a. Defn: Same as Homolographic. HOMALOID; HOMALOIDAL Hom"a*loid, Hom`a*loid"al, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Geom.) Defn: Flat; even; -- a term applied to surfaces and to spaces, whether real or imagined, in which the definitions, axioms, and postulates of Euclid respecting parallel straight lines are assumed to hold true. HOMARUS Hom"a*rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of decapod Crustacea, including the common lobsters. -- Hom"a*roid, a. HOMATROPINE Ho*mat"ro*pine, n. Etym: [Homo- + atropine.] (Med.) Defn: An alkaloid, prepared from atropine, and from other sources. It is chemically related to atropine, and is used for the same purpose. HOMAXONIAL Hom`ax*o"ni*al, a. Etym: [Homo- + Gr. an axle, axis.] (Biol.) Defn: Relating to that kind of homology or symmetry, the mathematical conception of organic form, in which all axes are equal. See under Promorphology. HOME Home, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Homelyn. HOME Home (110), n. Etym: [OE. hom, ham, AS. ham; akin to OS. hem, D. & G. heim, Sw. hem, Dan. hiem, Icel. heimr abode, world, heima home, Goth. haims village, Lith. këmas, and perh. to Gr.hind a peasant; cf. Skr.ksh abode, place of rest, security, kshi to dwell. 1. One's own dwelling place; the house in which one lives; esp., the house in which one lives with his family; the habitual abode of one's family; also, one's birthplace. The disciples went away again to their own home. John xx. 10. Home is the sacred refuge of our life. Dryden. Home! home! sweet, sweet home! There's no place like home. Payne. 2. One's native land; the place or country in which one dwells; the place where one's ancestors dwell or dwelt. "Our old home [England]." Hawthorne. 3. The abiding place of the affections, especially of the domestic affections. He entered in his house -- his home no more, For without hearts there is no home. Byron. 4. The locality where a thing is usually found, or was first found, or where it is naturally abundant; habitat; seat; as, the home of the pine. Her eyes are homes of silent prayer. Tennyson. Flandria, by plenty made the home of war. Prior. 5. A place of refuge and rest; an asylum; as, a home for outcasts; a home for the blind; hence, esp., the grave; the final rest; also, the native and eternal dwelling place of the soul. Man goeth to his long home, and the mourners go about the streets. Eccl. xii. 5. 6. (Baseball) Defn: The home base; he started for home. At home.(a) At one's own house, or lodgings. (b) In one's own town or country; as, peace abroad and at home. (c) Prepared to receive callers. -- Home department, the department of executive administration, by which the internal affairs of a country are managed. [Eng.] To be at home on any subject, to be conversant or familiar with it. -- To feel at home, to be at one's ease. -- To make one's self at home, to conduct one's self with as much freedom as if at home. Syn. -- Tenement; house; dwelling; abode; domicile. HOME Home, a. 1. Of or pertaining to one's dwelling or country; domestic; not foreign; as home manufactures; home comforts. 2. Close; personal; pointed; as, a home thrust. Home base (Baseball), the base at which the batsman stands and which is the last goal in making a run. -- Home farm, grounds, etc., the farm, grounds, etc., adjacent to the residence of the owner. -- Home lot, an inclosed plot on which the owner's home stands. [U. S.] -- Home rule, rule or government of an appendent or dependent country, as to all local and internal legislation, by means of a governing power vested in the people within the country itself, in contradistinction to a government established by the dominant country; as, home rule in Ireland. Also used adjectively; as, home- rule members of Parliament. -- Home ruler, one who favors or advocates home rule. -- Home run (Baseball), a complete circuit of the bases made before the batted ball is returned to the home base. -- Home stretch (Sport.), that part of a race course between the last curve and the winning post. -- Home thrust, a well directed or effective thrust; one that wounds in a vital part; hence, in controversy, a personal attack. HOME Home, adv. 1. To one's home or country; as in the phrases, go home, come home, carry home. 2. Close; closely. How home the charge reaches us, has been made out. South. They come home to men's business and bosoms. Bacon. 3. To the place where it belongs; to the end of a course; to the full length; as, to drive a nail home; to ram a cartridge home. Wear thy good rapier bare and put it home. Shak. Note: Home is often used in the formation of compound words, many of which need no special definition; as, home-brewed, home-built, home- grown, etc. To bring home. See under Bring. -- To come home.(a) To touch or affect personally. See under Come. (b) (Naut.) To drag toward the vessel, instead of holding firm, as the cable is shortened; -- said of an anchor. -- To haul home the sheets of a sail (Naut.), to haul the clews close to the sheave hole. Totten. HOMEBORN Home"born`, a. 1. Native; indigenous; not foreign. Donne. Pope. 2. Of or pertaining to the home or family. Fireside enjoyments, homeborn happiness. Cowper. HOME-BOUND Home"-bound`, a. Defn: Kept at home. HOME-BRED Home"-bred`, a. 1. Bred at home; domestic; not foreign. " Home-bred mischief." Milton. Benignity and home-bred sense. Wordsworth. 2. Not polished; rude; uncultivated. Only to me home-bred youths belong. Dryden. HOME-COMING Home-com`ing, n. Defn: Return home. Kepeth this child, al be it foul or fayr, And eek my wyf, unto myn hoom-cominge. Chaucer. HOME-DRIVEN Home"-driv`en, a. Defn: Driven to the end, as a nail; driven close. HOME-DWELLING Home"-dwell`ing, a. Defn: Keeping at home. HOME-FELT Home"-felt`, a. Defn: Felt in one's own breast; inward; private. "Home-felt quiet. Pope. HOMEFIELD Home"field`, n. Defn: Afield adjacent to its owner's home. Hawthorne. HOME-KEEPING Home"-keep`ing, a. Defn: Staying at home; not gadding. Home-keeping youth have ever homely wits. Shak. HOME-KEEPING Home"-keep`ing, n. Defn: A staying at home. HOMELESS Home"less, a. Etym: [AS.hamleas.] Defn: Destitute of a home. -- Home"less*ness, n. HOMELIKE Home"like`, a. Defn: Like a home; comfortable; cheerful; cozy; friendly. HOMELILY Home"li*ly, adv. Defn: Plainly; inelegantly. [R.] HOMELINESS Home"li*ness, n. Etym: [From Homely.] 1. Domesticity; care of home. [Obs.] "Wifely homeliness." Chaucer. 2. Familiarity; intimacy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. Plainness; want of elegance or beauty. 4. Coarseness; simplicity; want of refinement; as, the homeliness of manners, or language. Addison. HOMELING Home"ling, n. Defn: A person or thing belonging to a home or to a particular country; a native; as, a word which is a homeling. Trench. HOMELY Home"ly, a. [Compar. Homelier; superl. Homeliest.] Etym: [From Home, n.] 1. Belonging to, or having the characteristics of, home; domestic; familiar; intimate. [Archaic] With all these men I was right homely, and communed with, them long and oft. Foxe. Their homely joys, and destiny obscure. Gray. 2. Plain; unpretending; rude in appearance; unpolished; as, a homely garment; a homely house; homely fare; homely manners. Now Strephon daily entertains His Chloe in the homeliest strains. Pope. 3. Of plain or coarse features; uncomely; -- contrary to handsome. None so homely but loves a looking-glass. South. HOMELY Home"ly, adv. Defn: Plainly; rudely; coarsely; as, homely dressed. [R.] Spenser. HOMELYN Home"lyn, n. Etym: [Scot. hommelin.] (Zoöl) Defn: The European sand ray (Raia maculata); -- called also home, mirror ray, and rough ray. HOMEMADE Home"made`, a. Defn: Made at home; of domestic manufacture; made either in a private family or in one's own country. Locke. HOMEOPATH Ho"me*o*path, n. Etym: [Cf. F. homéopathe.] Defn: A practitioner of homeopathy. [Written also homoeopath.] HOMEOPATHIC Ho`me*o*path"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. homéopathique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to homeopathy; according to the principles of homeopathy. [Also homoepathic.] HOMEOPATHICALLY Ho`me*o*path"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: According to the practice of homeopathy. [Also homoepathically.] HOMEOPATHIST Ho`me*op"a*thist, n. Defn: A believer in, or practitioner of, homeopathy. [Written also homoepathist.] HOMEOPATHY Ho*me*op"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. Same) + homéopathie. See Pathos.] (Med.) Defn: The art of curing, founded on resemblances; the theory and its practice that disease is cured (tuto, cito, et jucunde) by remedies which produce on a healthy person effects similar to the symptoms of the complaint under which the patient suffers, the remedies being usually administered in minute doses. This system was founded by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, and is opposed to allopathy, or heteropathy. [Written also homoepathy.] HOMER Hom"er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A carrier pigeon remarkable for its ability to return home from a distance. HOMER Ho"mer, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Hoemother. HOMER Ho"mer, n. Etym: [Heb. khomer.] Defn: A Hebrew measure containing, as a liquid measure, ten baths, equivalent to fifty-five gallons, two quarts, one pint; and, as a dry measure, ten ephahs, equivalent to six bushels, two pecks, four quarts. [Written also chomer, gomer.] HOMERIC Ho*mer"ic, a. Etym: [L. Homericus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Homer, the most famous of Greek poets; resembling the poetry of Homer. Homeric verse, hexameter verse; -- so called because used by Homer in his epics. HOMESICK Home"sick`, a. Defn: Pining for home; in a nostalgic condition. -- Home"sick`ness, n. HOME-SPEAKING Home"-speak`ing, n. Defn: Direct, forcible, and effective speaking. Milton. HOMESPUN Home"spun, a. 1. Spun or wrought at home; of domestic manufacture; coarse; plain. "Homespun country garbs." W. Irving. 2. Plain in manner or style; not elegant; rude; coarse. "Our homespun English proverb." Dryden. "Our homespun authors." Addison. HOMESPUN Home"spun, n. 1. Cloth made at home; as, he was dressed in homespun. 2. An unpolished, rustic person. [Obs.] Shak. HOMESTALL Home"stall`, n. Etym: [AS. hamsteall.] Defn: Place of a home; homestead. Cowper. HOMESTEAD Home"stead, n. Etym: [AS. hamstede.] 1. The home place; a home and the inclosure or ground immediately connected with it. Dryden. 2. The home or seat of a family; place of origin. We can trace them back to a homestead on the Rivers Volga and Ural. W. Tooke. 3. (Law) Defn: The home and appurtenant land and buildings owned by the head of a family, and occupied by him and his family. Homestead law. (a) A law conferring special privileges or exemptions upon owners of homesteads; esp., a law exempting a homestead from attachment or sale under execution for general debts. Such laws, with limitations as to the extent or value of the property, exist in most of the States. Called also homestead exemption law. (b) Also, a designation of an Act of Congress authorizing and regulating the sale of public lands, in parcels of 160 acres each, to actual settlers. [U.S.] HOMESTEADER Home"stead*er, n. Defn: One who has entered upon a portion of the public land with the purpose of acquiring ownership of it under provisions of the homestead law, so called; one who has acquired a homestead in this manner. [Local, U.S.] HOMEWARD Home"ward, a. Defn: Being in the direction of home; as, the homeward way. HOMEWARD; HOMEWARDS Home"ward, Home"wards, adv. Etym: [AS. hamweard.] Defn: Toward home; in the direction of one's house, town, or country. Homeward bound, bound for home; going homeward; as, the homeward bound fleet. HOMICIDAL Hom"i*ci`dal, a. Defn: Pertaining to homicide; tending to homicide; murderous. HOMICIDE Hom"i*cide, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. homicidium, fr. homicida a man slayer; homo man + caedere to cut, kill. See Homage, and cf. Concise, Shed, v. t.] 1. The killing of one human being by another. Note: Homicide is of three kinds: justifiable, as when the killing is performed in the exercise of a right or performance of a duty; excusable, as when done, although not as duty or right, yet without culpable or criminal intent; and felonious, or involving what the law terms malice; the latter may be either manslaughter or murder. Bouvier. 2. One who kills another; a manslayer. Chaucer. Shak. HOMIFORM Hom"i*form, a. Etym: [L. homo man + -form.] Defn: In human form. [Obs.] Cudworth. HOMILETE Hom"i*lete, n. Defn: A homilist. HOMILETIC; HOMILETICAL Hom`i*let"ic, Hom`i*let"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. homilétique. See Homily.] 1. Of or pertaining to familiar intercourse; social; affable; conversable; companionable. [R.] His virtues active, chiefly, and homiletical, not those lazy, sullen ones of the cloister. Atterbury. 2. Of or pertaining to homiletics; hortatory. HOMILETICS Hom`i*let"ics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. homilétique.] Defn: The art of preaching; that branch of theology which treats of homilies or sermons, and the best method of preparing and delivering them. HOMILIST Hom"i*list, n. Defn: One who prepares homilies; one who preaches to a congregation. HOMILITE Hom"i*lite, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Min.) Defn: A borosilicate of iron and lime, near datolite in form and composition. HOMILY Hom"i*ly, n.; pl. Homilies. Etym: [LL. homilia, Gr. homélie. See Same.] 1. A discourse or sermon read or pronounced to an audience; a serious discourse. Shak. 2. A serious or tedious exhortation in private on some moral point, or on the conduct of life. As I have heard my father Deal out in his long homilies. Byron. Book of Homilies. A collection of authorized, printed sermons, to be read by ministers in churches, esp. one issued in the time of Edward VI., and a second, issued in the reign of Elizabeth; -- both books being certified to contain a "godly and wholesome doctrine." HOMING Hom"ing, a. Defn: Home-returning; -- used specifically of carrier pigeons. HOMINY Hom"i*ny, n. Etym: [From North American Indian auhúminea parched corn.] Defn: Maize hulled and broken, and prepared for food by being boiled in water. [U.S.] [Written also homony.] HOMISH Hom"ish, a. Defn: Like a home or a home circle. Quiet, cheerful, homish hospital life. E. E. Hale. HOMMOCK Hom"mock, n. Defn: A small eminence of a conical form, of land or of ice; a knoll; a hillock. See Hummock. Bartram. HOMMOCKY Hom"mock*y, a. Defn: Filled with hommocks; piled in the form of hommocks; -- said of ice. HOMO- Ho"mo-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. "omo`s, one and the same, common, joint. HOMOCATEGORIC Ho`mo*cat`e*gor"ic, a. Etym: [Homo- + categoric.] (Biol.) Defn: Belonging to the same category of individuality; -- a morphological term applied to organisms so related. HOMOCENTRIC Ho`mo*cen"tric, a. Etym: [Gr. homocentrique.] Defn: Having the same center. HOMOCERCAL Ho`mo*cer"cal, a. Etym: [Homo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the tail nearly or quite symmetrical, the vertebral column terminating near its base; -- opposed to heterocercal. HOMOCERCY Ho"mo*cer`cy, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The possession of a homocercal tail. HOMOCEREBRIN Ho`mo*cer`e*brin, n. Etym: [Homo- + rebrin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A body similar to, or identical with, cerebrin. HOMOCHROMOUS Ho`mo*chro"mous, a. Etym: [Homo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having all the florets in the same flower head of the same color. HOMODEMIC Ho`mo*dem"ic, a. Etym: [Homo- + 1st deme, 2.] (Biol.) Defn: A morphological term signifying development, in the case of multicellular organisms, from the same unit deme or unit of the inferior orders of individuality. HOMODERMIC Ho`mo*der"mic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to homodermy; originating from the same germ layer. HOMODERMY Ho"mo*der`my, n. Etym: [Homo- + -derm.] (Biol.) Defn: Homology of the germinal layers. HOMODONT Hom"o*dont, a. Etym: [Homo- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having all the teeth similar in front, as in the porpoises; -- opposed to heterodont. HOMODROMAL; HOMODROMOUS Ho*mod"ro*mal, Ho*mod"ro*mous, a. Etym: [Homo- + Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Running in the same direction; -- said of stems twining round a support, or of the spiral succession of leaves on stems and their branches. 2. (Mech.) Defn: Moving in the same direction; -- said of a lever or pulley in which the resistance and the actuating force are both on the same side of the fulcrum or axis. HOMODYNAMIC Ho`mo*dy*nam"ic, a. Defn: Homodynamous. Quain. HOMODYNAMOUS Ho`mo*dy"na*mous, a. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or involving, homodynamy; as, successive or homodynamous parts in plants and animals. HOMODYNAMY Ho`mo*dy"na*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The homology of metameres. See Metamere. Gegenbaur. HOMOEOMERIA Ho`moe*o*me"ri*a, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. Defn: The state or quality of being homogeneous in elements or first principles; likeness or identity of parts. HOMOEOMERIC; HOMOEOMERICAL Ho`moe*o*mer"ic, Ho`moe*o*mer"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, sameness of parts; receiving or advocating the doctrine of homogeneity of elements or first principles. HOMOEOMEROUS Ho`moe*om"er*ous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Having the main artery of the leg parallel with the sciatic nerve; -- said of certain birds. HOMOEOMERY Ho`moe*om"e*ry, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.] Defn: Same as Homoeomeria. [Obs.] Cudworth. HOMOEOMORPHISM Ho`moe*o*mor"phism, n. Etym: [See Homoeomorphous.] Defn: A near similarity of crystalline forms between unlike chemical compounds. See Isomorphism. HOMOEOMORPHOUS Ho`moe*o*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Manifesting homoeomorphism. HOMOEOPATHIC; HOMOEOPATHIST; HOMOEOPATHY Ho`moe*o*path"ic, a., Ho`moe*op"a*thist, n., Ho`moe*op"a*thy, n. Defn: Same as Homeopathic, Homeopathist, Homeopathy. HOMOEOTHERMAL Ho`moe*o*ther"mal, a. Defn: See Homoiothermal. HOMOEOZOIC Ho`moe*o*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or including, similar forms or kinds of life; as, homoeozoic belts on the earth's surface. E. Forbes. HOMOGAMOUS Ho*mog"a*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having all the flowers alike; -- said of such composite plants as Eupatorium, and the thistels. HOMOGAMY Ho*mog"a*my, n. (Bot.) Defn: The condition of being homogamous. HOMOGANGLIATE Ho`mo*gan"gli*ate, a. Etym: [Homo- + gangliate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the ganglia of the nervous system symmetrically arranged, as in certain invertebrates; -- opposed to heterogangliate. HOMOGENE Ho"mo*gene, a. Etym: [Cf. F. homogène.] Defn: Homogeneous. [Obs.] B. Jonson. HOMOGENEAL Ho`mo*ge"ne*al, a. Defn: Homogeneous. HOMOGENEALNESS Ho`mo*ge"ne*al*ness, n. Defn: Homogeneousness. HOMOGENEITY Ho`mo*ge*ne"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. homogénéité.] Defn: Same as Homogeneousness. HOMOGENEOUS Ho`mo*ge"ne*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. homogène. See Same, and Kin.] 1. Of the same kind of nature; consisting of similar parts, or of elements of the like nature; -- opposed to heterogeneous; as, homogeneous particles, elements, or principles; homogeneous bodies. 2. (Alg.) Defn: Possessing the same number of factors of a given kind; as, a homogeneous polynomial. HOMOGENEOUSNESS Ho`mo*ge"ne*ous*ness, n. Defn: Sameness 9kind or nature; uniformity of structure or material. HOMOGENESIS Ho`mo*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Homo- + genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: That method of reproduction in which the successive generations are alike, the offspring, either animal or plant, running through the same cycle of existence as the parent; gamogenesis; -- opposed to heterogenesis. HOMOGENETIC Ho`mo*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Homogenous; -- applied to that class of homologies which arise from similarity of structure, and which are taken as evidences of common ancestry. HOMOGENOUS Ho*mog"e*nous, a. (Biol.) Defn: Having a resemblance in structure, due to descent from a common progenitor with subsequent modification; homogenetic; -- applied both to animals and plants. See Homoplastic. HOMOGENY Ho*mog"e*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. Joint nature. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The correspondence of common descent; -- a term used to supersede homology by Lankester, who also used homoplasy to denote any superinduced correspondence of position and structure in parts embryonically distinct (other writers using the term homoplasmy). Thus, there is homogeny between the fore limb of a mammal and the wing of a bird; but the right and left ventricles of the heart in both are only in homoplasy with each other, these having arisen independently since the divergence of both groups from a univentricular ancestor. HOMOGONOUS Ho*mog"o*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. Homogeneous.] (Bot.) Defn: Having all the flowers of a plant alike in respect to the stamens and pistils. HOMOGONY Ho*mog"o*ny, n. (Bot.) Defn: The condition of having homogonous flowers. HOMOGRAPH Hom"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. "omo`grafos with the same letters; "omo`s the same + gra`fein to write.] (Philol.) Defn: One of two or more words identical in orthography, but having different derivations and meanings; as, fair, n., a market, and fair, a., beautiful. HOMOGRAPHIC Ho`mo*graph"ic, a. 1. Employing a single and separate character to represent each sound; -- said of certain methods of spelling words. 2. (Geom.) Defn: Possessing the property of homography. HOMOGRAPHY Ho*mog"ra*phy, n. 1. That method of spelling in which every sound is represented by a single character, which indicates that sound and no other. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A relation between two figures, such that to any point of the one corresponds one and but one point in the other, and vise versa. Thus, a tangent line rolling on a circle cuts two fixed tangents of the circle in two sets of points that are homographic. HOMOIOPTOTON Ho*moi`op*to"ton, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure in which the several parts of a sentence end with the same case, or inflection generally. HOMOIOTHERMAL Ho*moi`o*ther"mal, a. Etym: [Gr. thermal.] (Physiol.) Defn: Maintaining a uniform temperature; hæmatothermal; homothermic; -- applied to warm-bodied animals, because they maintain a nearly uniform temperature in spite of the great variations in the surrounding air; in distinct from the cold-blooded (poikilothermal) animals, whose body temperature follows the variations in temperature of the surrounding medium. HOMOIOUSIAN Ho`moi*ou"si*an, n. Etym: [Gr. "o`moios + o'ysi`a the substance, being, essence.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of the semi-Arians of the 4th century, who held that the Son was of like, but not the same, essence or substance with the Father; -- opposed to homoousian. HOMOIOUSIAN Ho`moi*ou"si*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Homoiousians, or their belief. HOMOLOGATE Ho*mol"o*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Homologated; p. pr. & vb. n. Homologating.] Etym: [LL. homologatus, p.p. of homologare to homologate; Gr. Homologous.] (Civ. Law) Defn: To approve; to allow; to confirm; as, the court homologates a proceeding. Wheaton. HOMOLOGATION Ho*mol`o*ga"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. homologation.] (Civ. & Scots Law) Defn: Confirmation or ratification (as of something otherwise null and void), by a court or a grantor. HOMOLOGICAL Ho`mo*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to homology; having a structural affinity proceeding from, or base upon, that kind of relation termed homology. -- Ho`mo*log"ic*al*ly, adv. HOMOLOGINIC Ho*mol`o*gin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, homology; as, homologinic qualities, or differences. HOMOLOGIZE Ho*mol"o*gize, v. t. (Biol.) Defn: To determine the homologies or structural relations of. HOMOLOGON Ho*mol"o*gon, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Homologue. HOMOLOGOUMENA Hom`o*lo*gou"me*na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Homologous.] Defn: Those books of the New Testament which were acknowledged as canonical by the early church; -- distinguished from antilegomena. HOMOLOGOUS Ho*mol"o*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having the same relative position, proportion, value, or structure. Especially: (a) (Geom.) Corresponding in relative position and proportion. In similar polygons, the corresponding sides, angles, diagonals, etc., are homologous. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ). (b) (Alg.) Defn: Having the same relative proportion or value, as the two antecedents or the two consequents of a proportion. (c) (Chem.) Characterized by homology; belonging to the same type or series; corresponding in composition and properties. See Homology, 3. (d) (Biol.) Being of the same typical structure; having like relations to a fundamental type to structure; as, those bones in the hand of man and the fore foot of a horse are homologous that correspond in their structural relations, that is, in thier relations to the type structure of the fore limb in vertebrates. Homologous stimulus. (Physiol.) See under Stimulus. HOMOLOGRAPHIC Hom`o*lo*graph"ic, a. Etym: [Homo- + Gr. graph + -ic; but cf. F. homalographique, Gr. Defn: Preserving the mutual relations of parts, especially as to size and form; maintaining relative proportion. Homolographic projection, a method of constructing geographical charts or maps, so that the surfaces, as delineated on a plane, have the same relative size as the real surfaces; that is, so that the relative actual areas of the different countries are accurately represented by the corresponding portions of the map. HOMOLOGUE Hom"o*logue, n. Etym: [Cf. F. homologue. See Homologous.] Defn: That which is homologous to something else; as, the corresponding sides, etc., of similar polygons are the homologues of each other; the members or terms of an homologous series in chemistry are the homologues of each other; one of the bones in the hand of man is the homologue of that in the paddle of a whale. HOMOLOGY Ho*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Homologous.] 1. The quality of being homologous; correspondence; relation; as, the homologyof similar polygons. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Correspondence or relation in type of structure in contradistinction to similarity of function; as, the relation in structure between the leg and arm of a man; or that between the arm of a man, the fore leg of a horse, the wing of a bird, and the fin of a fish, all these organs being modifications of one type of structure. Note: Homology indicates genetic relationship, and according to Haeckel special homology should be defined in terms of identity of embryonic origin. See Homotypy, and Homogeny. 3. (Chem.) Defn: The correspondence or resemblance of substances belonging to the same type or series; a similarity of composition varying by a small, regular difference, and usually attended by a regular variation in physical properties; as, there is an homology between methane, CH4, ethane, C2H6, propane, C3H8, etc., all members of the paraffin series. In an extended sense, the term is applied to the relation between chemical elements of the same group; as, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are said to be in homology with each other. Cf. Heterology. General homology (Biol.), the higher relation which a series of parts, or a single part, bears to the fundamental or general type on which the group is constituted. Owen. -- Serial homology (Biol.), representative or repetitive relation in the segments of the same organism, -- as in the lobster, where the parts follow each other in a straight line or series. Owen. See Homotypy. -- Special homology (Biol.), the correspondence of a part or organ with those of a different animal, as determined by relative position and connection. Owen. HOMOMALLOUS Ho*mom"al*lous, a. Etym: [Homo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Uniformly bending or curving to one side; -- said of leaves which grow on several sides of a stem. HOMOMORPHIC; HOMOMORPHOUS Ho`mo*mor"phic, Ho`mo*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Characterized by homomorphism. HOMOMORPHISM Ho`mo*mor"phism, n. Etym: [See Homomorphous.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Homomorphy. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The possession, in one species of plants, of only one kind of flowers; -- opposed to heteromorphism, dimorphism, and trimorphism. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The possession of but one kind of larvæ or young, as in most insects. HOMOMORPHY Ho"mo*mor`phy, n. Etym: [Homo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Similarity of form; resemblance in external characters, while widely different in fundamental structure; resemblance in geometric ground form. See Homophyly, Promorphology. HOMONOMOUS Ho*mon"o*mous, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to homonomy. HOMONOMY Ho*mon"o*my, n. Etym: [Homo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The homology of parts arranged on transverse axes. Haeckel. HOMONYM Hom"o*nym, n. Etym: [Cf. F. homonyme. See Homonymous.] Defn: A word having the same sound as another, but differing from it in meaning; as the noun bear and the verb bear. [Written also homonyme.] HOMONYMOUS Ho*mon"y*mous, a. Etym: [L. homonymus, Gr. name.] 1. Having the same name or designation; standing in the same relation; -- opposed to heteronymous. 2. Having the same name or designation, but different meaning or relation; hence, equivocal; ambiguous. HOMONYMOUSLY Ho*mon"y*mous*ly, adv. 1. In an homonymous manner; so as to have the same name or relation. 2. Equivocally; ambiguously. HOMONYMY Ho*mon"y*my, n. Etym: [Gr. homonymie.] 1. Sameness of name or designation; identity in relations. Holland. Homonymy may be as well in place as in persons. Fuller. 2. Sameness of name or designation of things or persons which are different; ambiguity. HOMOORGAN; HOMOOERGAN Ho`mo*ör"gan. Etym: [Homo- + organ.] Defn: Same as Homoplast. HOMOOUSIAN Ho`mo*ou"si*an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of those, in the 4th century, who accepted the Nicene creed, and maintained that the Son had the same essence or substance with the Father; -- opposed to homoiousian. HOMOOUSIAN Ho`mo*ou"si*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Homoousians, or to the doctrines they held. HOMOPHONE Hom"o*phone, n. Etym: [Cf. F. homophone. See Homophonous.] 1. A letter or character which expresses a like sound with another. Gliddon. 2. A word having the same sound as another, but differing from it in meaning and usually in spelling; as, all and awl; bare and bear; rite, write, right, and wright. HOMOPHONIC; HOMOPHONOUS Ho`mo*phon"ic, Ho*moph"o*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. homophone.] 1. (Mus.) (a) Originally, sounding alike; of the same pitch; unisonous; monodic. (b) Now used for plain harmony, note against note, as opposed to polyphonic harmony, in which the several parts move independently, each with its own melody. 2. Expressing the same sound by a different combination of letters; as, bay and bey. HOMOPHONY Ho*moph"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. homophonie.] 1. Sameness of sound. 2. (Mus.) (a) Sameness of sound; unison. (b) Plain harmony, as opposed to polyphony. See Homophonous. HOMOPHYLIC Ho`mo*phyl"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to homophily. HOMOPHYLY Ho*moph"y*ly, n. Etym: [Homo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: That form of homology due to common ancestry (phylogenetic homology), in opposition to homomorphy, to which genealogic basis is wanting. Haeckel. HOMOPLASMY Ho"mo*plas`my, n. Etym: [Homo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Resemblance between different plants or animals, in external shape, in general habit, or in organs, which is not due to descent from a common ancestor, but to similar surrounding circumstances. HOMOPLAST Hom"o*plast, n. (Biol.) Defn: One of the plastids composing the idorgan of Haeckel; -- also called homoörgan. HOMOPLASTIC Ho`mo*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Homo- + plastic.] Defn: Of or pertaining to homoplasty; as, homoplasticorgans; homoplastic forms. HOMOPLASTY Ho"mo*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Homo- + plasty.] (Biol.) Defn: The formation of homologous tissues. HOMOPLASY Ho*mop"la*sy, n. Etym: [Homo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: See Homogeny. HOMOPOLIC Ho`mo*pol"ic, a. Etym: [Homo- + pole.] (Biol.) Defn: In promorphology, pertaining to or exhibiting that kind of organic form, in which the stereometric ground form is a pyramid, with similar poles. See Promorphology. HOMOPTER Ho*mop"ter, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Homoptera. HOMOPTERA Ho*mop"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Hemiptera, in which both pairs of wings are similar in texture, and do not overlap when folded, as in the cicada. See Hemiptera. HOMOPTERAN Ho*mop"ter*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An homopter. HOMOPTEROUS Ho*mop"ter*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Homoptera. HOMOSTYLED Ho"mo*styled, a. Etym: [Homo- + style.] (Bot.) Defn: Having only one form of pistils; -- said of the flowers of some plants. Darwin. HOMOSYSTEMIC Ho`mo*sys*tem"ic, a. Etym: [Homo- + systemic.] (Biol.) Defn: Developing, in the case of multicellular organisms, from the same embryonic systems into which the secondary unit (gastrula or plant enbryo) differentiates. HOMOTAXIA Ho`mo*tax"i*a, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Same as Homotaxis. HOMOTAXIAL; HOMOTAXIC Ho`mo*tax"i*al, Ho`mo*tax"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to homotaxis. HOMOTAXIS Ho`mo*tax"is, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Similarly in arrangement of parts; -- the opposite of heterotaxy. HOMOTAXY Ho"mo*tax`y, n. Defn: Same as Homotaxis. HOMOTHERMIC; HOMOTHERMOUS Ho`mo*ther"mic, Ho`mo*ther"mous, a. Etym: [Homo- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Warm-blooded; homoiothermal; hæmatothermal. HOMOTONOUS Ho*mot"o*nous, a. Etym: [L. homotonus, Gr. Defn: Of the same tenor or tone; equable; without variation. HOMOTROPAL; HOMOTROPOUS Ho*mot"ro*pal, Ho*mot"ro*pous, a. Etym: [Gr. homotrope.] 1. Turned in the same direction with something else. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having the radicle of the seed directed towards the hilum. HOMOTYPAL Ho"mo*ty`pal, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of the same type of structure; pertaining to a homotype; as, homotypal parts. HOMOTYPE Hom"o*type, n. Etym: [Homo- + -type.] (Biol.) Defn: That which has the same fundamental type of structure with something else; thus, the right arm is the homotype of the right leg; one arm is the homotype of the other, etc. Owen. HOMOTYPIC; HOMOTYPICAL Ho`mo*typ"ic, Ho`mo*typ"ic*al, a. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Homotypal. HOMOTYPY Ho"mo*ty`py, n. Etym: [See Homotype.] (Biol.) Defn: A term suggested by Haeckel to be instead of serial homology. See Homotype. HOMUNCULUS Ho*mun"cu*lus, n.; pl. Homunculi. Etym: [L., dim. of homo man.] Defn: A little man; a dwarf; a manikin. Sterne. HOND Hond, n. Defn: Hand. [Obs.] Chaucer. HONE Hone, v. i. Etym: [Etymology uncertain. sq. root37.] Defn: To pine; to lament; to long. Lamb. HONE Hone, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. h a knob.] Defn: A kind of swelling in the cheek. HONE Hone, n. Etym: [AS. han; akin to Icel. hein, OSw. hen; cf. Skr. ç\'be, also ç\'d3, çi, to sharpen, and E. cone. sq. root38, 228.] Defn: A stone of a fine grit, or a slab, as of metal, covered with an abrading substance or powder, used for sharpening cutting instruments, and especially for setting razors; an oilstone. Tusser. Hone slateSee Polishing slate. -- Hone stone, one of several kinds of stone used for hones. See Novaculite. HONE Hone, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Honed; p]. pr. & vb. n. Honing.] Defn: To sharpen on, or with, a hone; to rub on a hone in order to sharpen; as, to hone a razor. HONEST Hon"est, a. Etym: [OE. honest, onest, OF. honeste, oneste, F. honnête, L. honestus, fr. honos, honor, honor. See Honor.] 1. Decent; honorable; suitable; becoming. Chaucer. Belong what honest clothes you send forth to bleaching! Shak. 2. Characterized by integrity or fairness and straightas, an honest judge or merchant; an honest statement; an honest bargain; an honest business; an honest book; an honest confession. An honest man's the noblest work of God. Pope. An honest physician leaves his patient when he can contribute no farther to his health. Sir W. Temple. Look ye out among you seven men of honest report. Acts vi. 3. Provide things honest in the sight of all men. Rom. xii. 17. 3. Open; frank; as, an honest countenance. 4. Chaste; faithfuk; virtuous. Wives may be merry, and yet honest too. Shak. Syn. -- Upright; ingenuous; honorable; trusty; faithful; equitable; fair; just; rightful; sincere; frank; candid; genuine. HONEST Hon"est, v. t. Etym: [L. honestare to clothe or adorn with honor: cf. F. honester. See Honest, a.] Defn: To adorn; to grace; to honor; to make becoming, appropriate, or honorable. [Obs.] Abp. Sandys. HONESTATION Hon`es*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of honesting; grace; adornment. [Obs.] W. Montagu. HONESTETEE Ho*nes"te*tee, n. Defn: Honesty; honorableness. [Obs.] Chaucer. HONESTLY Hon"est*ly, adv. 1. Honorably; becomingly; decently. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. In an honest manner; as, a contract honestly made; to live honestly; to speak honestly. Shak. To come honestly by. (a) To get honestly. (b) A circumlocution for to inherit; as, to come honestly by a feature, a mental trait, a peculiarity. HONESTY Hon"es*ty, n. Etym: [OE. honeste, oneste, honor, OF. honesté, onesté (cf. F. honnêteté), L. honestas. See Honest, a.] 1. Honor; honorableness; dignity; propriety; suitableness; decency. [Obs.] Chaucer. She derives her honesty and achieves her goodness. Shak. 2. The quality or state of being honest; probity; fairness and straightforwardness of conduct, speech, etc.; integrity; sincerity; truthfulness; freedom from fraud or guile. That we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty. 1 Tim. ii. 2. 3. Chastity; modesty. Chaucer. To lay . . . siege to the honesty of this Ford's wife. Shak. 4. (Bot.) Defn: Satin flower; the name of two cruciferous herbs having large flat pods, the round shining partitions of which are more beautiful than the blossom; -- called also lunary and moonwort. Lunaria biennis is common honesty; L. rediva is perennial honesty. Syn. -- Integrity; probity; uprightness; trustiness; faithfulness; honor; justice; equity; fairness; candor; plain-dealing; veracity; sincerity. HONEWORT Hone"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous plant of the genus Sison (S.Amomum); -- so called because used to cure a swelling called a hone. HONEY Hon"ey, n. Etym: [OE. honi, huni, AS. hunig; akin to OS. honeg, D. & G. honig, OHG. honag, honang, Icel. hunang, Sw. håning, Dan. honning, cf. Gr. kaa grain.] 1. A sweet viscid fluid, esp. that collected by bees from flowers of plants, and deposited in the cells of the honeycomb. 2. That which is sweet or pleasant, like honey. The honey of his language. Shak. 3. Sweet one; -- a term of endearment. Chaucer. Honey, you shall be well desired in Cyprus. Shak. Note: Honey is often used adjectively or as the first part of compound; as, honeydew or honey dew; honey guide or honeyguide; honey locust or honey-locust. Honey ant (Zoöl.), a small ant (Myrmecocystus melliger), found in the Southwestern United States, and in Mexico, living in subterranean formicares. There are larger and smaller ordinary workers, and others, which serve as receptacles or cells for the storage of honey, their abdomens becoming distended to the size of a currant. These, in times of scarcity, regurgitate the honey and feed the rest. -- Honey badger (Zoöl.), the ratel. -- Honey bear. (Zoöl.) See Kinkajou. -- Honey buzzard (Zoöl.), a bird related to the kites, of the genus Pernis. The European species is P. apivorus; the Indian or crested honey buzzard is P. ptilorhyncha. They feed upon honey and the larvæ of bees. Called also bee hawk, bee kite. -- Honey creeper (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of small, bright, colored, passerine birds of the family Coerebidæ, abundant in Central and South America. -- Honey easter (Zoöl.), one of numerous species of small passerine birds of the family Meliphagidæ, abundant in Australia and Oceania; - - called also honeysucker. -- Honey flower (Bot.), an evergreen shrub of the genus Melianthus, a native of the Cape of Good Hope. The flowers yield much honey. -- Honey guide (Zoöl.), one of several species of small birds of the family Indicatoridæ, inhabiting Africa and the East Indies. They have the habit of leading persons to the nests to wild bees. Called also honeybird, and indicator. -- Honey harvest, the gathering of honey from hives, or the honey which is gathered. Dryden. -- Honey kite. (Zoöl.) See Honey buzzard (above). -- Honey locust (Bot.), a North American tree (Gleditschia triacanthos), armed with thorns, and having long pods with a sweet pulp between the seeds. -- Honey month. Same as Honeymoon. -- Honey weasel (Zoöl.), the ratel. HONEY Hon"ey, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Honeyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Honeying.] Defn: To be gentle, agreeable, or coaxing; to talk fondly; to use endearments; also, to be or become obsequiously courteous or complimentary; to fawn. "Honeying and making love." Shak. Rough to common men, But honey at the whisper of a lord. Tennyson. HONEY Hon"ey, v. t. Defn: To make agreeable; to cover or sweeten with, or as with, honey. Canst thou not honey me with fluent speech Marston. HONEY-BAG Hon"ey-bag`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The receptacle for honey in a honeybee. Shak. Grew. HONEYBEE Hon"ey*bee`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bee of the genus Apis, which lives in communities and collects honey, esp. the common domesticated hive bee (Apis mellifica), the Italian bee (A. ligustica), and the Arabiab bee (A. fasciata). The two latter are by many entomologists considered only varieties of the common hive bee. Each swarm of bees consists of a large number of workers (barren females), with, ordinarily, one queen or fertile female, but in the swarming season several young queens, and a number of males or drones, are produced. HONEYBERRY Hon"ey*ber`ry, n.; pl. -berries. The fruit of either of two trees having sweetish berries: (a) An Old World hackberry (Celtis australis). (b) In the West Indies, the genip (Melicocca bijuga). HONEYBIRD Hon"ey*bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The honey guide. HONEYCOMB Hon"ey*comb`, n. Etym: [AS. hunigcamb. See Honey, and 1st Comb.] 1. A mass of hexagonal waxen cells, formed by bees, and used by them to hold their honey and their eggs. 2. Any substance, as a easting of iron, a piece of worm-eaten wood, or of triple, etc., perforated with cells like a honeycomb. Honeycomb moth (Zoöl.), the wax moth. -- Honeycomb stomach. (Anat.) See Reticulum. HONEYCOMBED Hon"ey*combed`, a. Defn: Formed or perforated like a honeycomb. Each bastion was honeycombed with casements. Motley. HONEYDEW Hon"ey*dew`, n. 1. A sweet, saccharine substance, found on the leaves of trees and other plants in small drops, like dew. Two substances have been called by this name; one exuded from the plants, and the other secreted by certain insects, esp. aphids. 2. A kind of tobacco moistened with molasses. HONEYED Hon"eyed, a. 1. Covered with honey. 2. Sweet, as, honeyed words. Milton. HONEYLESS Hon"ey*less, a. Defn: Destitute of honey. Shak. HONEYMOON Hon"ey*moon`, n. Defn: The first month after marriage. Addison. HONEY-MOUTHED Hon"ey-mouthed`, a. Defn: Soft to sweet in speech; persuasive. Shak. HONEYSTONE Hon"ey*stone`, n. Defn: See Mellite. HONEYSUCKER Hon"ey*suck`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Honey eater, under Honey. HONEYSUCKLE Hon"ey*suc`kle, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. hunis privet. See Honey, and Suck.] (Bot.) Defn: One of several species of flowering plants, much admired for their beauty, and some for their fragrance. Note: The honeysuckles are properly species of the genus Lonicera; as, L. Caprifolium, and L. Japonica, the commonly cultivated fragrant kinds; L. Periclymenum, the fragrant woodbine of England; L. grata, the American woodbine, and L. sempervirens, the red-flowered trumpet honeysuckle. The European fly honeysuckle is L. Xylosteum; the American, L. ciliata. The American Pinxter flower (Azalea nudiflora) is often called honeysuckle, or false honeysuckle. The name Australian honeysuckle is applied to one or more trees of the genus Banksia. See French honeysuckle, under French. HONEYSUCKLED Hon"ey*suc`kled, a. Defn: Covered with honeysuckles. HONEY-SWEET Hon"ey-sweet`, a. Defn: Sweet as honey. Chaucer. HONEY-TONGUED Hon"ey-tongued`, a. Defn: Sweet speaking; persuasive; seductive. Shak. HONEYWARE Hon"ey*ware`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Badderlocks. HONEYWORT Hon"ey*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A European plant of the genus Cerinthe, whose flowers are very attractive to bees. Loudon. HONG Hong, n. Etym: [Chinese hang, Canton dialect hong, a mercantile house, factory.] Defn: A mercantile establishment or factory for foreign trade in China, as formerly at Canton; a succession of offices connected by a common passage and used for business or storage. Hong merchant, one of the few Chinese merchants who, previous to the treaty of 1842, formed a guild which had the exclusive privilege of trading with foreigners. HONG Hong, v. t. & i. Defn: To hang. [Obs.] Chaucer. HONIED Hon"ied, a. Defn: See Honeyed. HONITON LACE Hon"i*ton lace` Defn: . A kind of pillow lace, remarkable for the beauty of its figures; -- so called because chiefly made in Honiton, England. HONK Honk, n. Etym: [Of imitative origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The cry of a wild goose. -- Honk"ing, n. HONOR Hon"or, n. Etym: [OE. honor, honour, onour, onur, OF. honor, onor, honur, onur, honour, onour, F. honneur, fr. L. honor, honos.] [Written also honour.] 1. Esteem due or paid to worth; high estimation; respect; consideration; reverence; veneration; manifestation of respect or reverence. A prophet is not without honor, save in his own country. Matt. xiii. 57. 2. That which rightfully attracts esteem, respect, or consideration; self-respect; dignity; courage; fidelity; especially, excellence of character; high moral worth; virtue; nobleness; specif., in men, integrity; uprightness; trustworthness; in women, purity; chastity. If she have forgot Honor and virtue. Shak. Godlike erect, with native honor clad. Milton. 3. A nice sense of what is right, just, and true, with course of life correspondent thereto; strict conformity to the duty imposed by conscience, position, or privilege. Say, what is honor 'T is the finest sense Of justice which the human mind can frame, Intent each lurking frailty to disclaim, And guard the way of life from all offense Suffered or done. Wordsworth. I could not love thee, dear, so much, Loved I not honor more. Lovelace. 4. That to which esteem or consideration is paid; distinguished position; high rank. "Restored me to my honors." Shak. I have given thee . . . both riches, and honor. 1 Kings iii. 13. Thou art clothed with honor and majesty. Ps. civ. 1. 5. Fame; reputation; credit. Some in theiractions do woo, and affect honor and reputation. Bacon. If my honor is meant anything distinct from conscience, 't is no more than a regard to the censure and esteem of the world. Rogers. 6. A token of esteem paid to worth; a mark of respect; a ceremonial sign of consideration; as, he wore an honor on his breast; military honors; civil honors. "Their funeral honors." Dryden. 7. A cause of respect and fame; a glory; an excellency; an ornament; as, he is an honor to his nation. 8. A title applied to the holders of certain honorable civil offices, or to persons of rank; as, His Honor the Mayor. See Note under Honorable. 9. (Feud. Law) Defn: A seigniory or lordship held of the king, on which other lordships and manors depended. Cowell. 10. pl. Defn: Academic or university prizes or distinctions; as, honors in classics. 11. pl. (Whist) Defn: The ace, king, queen, and jack of trumps. The ten and nine are sometimes called Dutch honors. R. A. Proctor. Affair of honor, a dispute to be decided by a duel, or the duel itself. -- Court of honor, a court or tribunal to investigate and decide questions relating to points of honor; as a court of chivalry, or a military court to investigate acts or omissions which are unofficerlike or ungentlemanly in their nature. -- Debt of honor, a debt contracted by a verbal promise, or by betting or gambling, considered more binding than if recoverable by law. -- Honor bright! An assurance of truth or fidelity. [Colloq.] -- Honor court (Feudal Law), one held in an honor or seignory. -- Honor point. (Her.) See Escutcheon. -- Honors of war (Mil.), distinctions granted to a vanquished enemy, as of marching out from a camp or town armed, and with colors flying. -- Law, or Code, of honor, certain rules by which social intercourse is regulated among persons of fashion, and which are founded on a regard to reputation. Paley. -- Maid of honor, a lady of rank, whose duty it is to attend the queen when she appears in public. -- On one's honor, on the pledge of one's honor; as, the members of the House of Lords in Great Britain, are not under oath, but give their statements or verdicts on their honor. -- Point of honor, a scruple or nice distinction in matters affecting one's honor; as, he raised a point of honor. -- To do the honors, to bestow honor, as on a guest; to act as host or hostess at an entertainment. "To do the honors and to give the word." Pope. -- To do one honor, to confer distinction upon one. -- To have the honor, to have the privilege or distinction. -- Word of honor, an engagement confirmed by a pledge of honor. HONOR Hon"or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Honored; p. pr. & vb. n. Honoring.] Etym: [OE. honouren, onouren, OF. honorer, honourer, F. honorer, fr. L. honorare, fr. honor, n.] 1. To regard or treat with honor, esteem, or respect; to revere; to treat with deference and submission; when used of the Supreme Being, to reverence; to adore; to worship. Honor thy father and thy mother. Ex. xx. 12. That all men should honor the Son, even as they honor the Father. John v. 23. It is a custom More honor'd in the breach than the observance. Shak. 2. To dignify; to raise to distinction or notice; to bestow honor upon; to elevate in rank or station; to ennoble; to exalt; to glorify; hence, to do something to honor; to treat in a complimentary manner or with civility. Thus shall it be done to the man whom the king delighten to honor. Esther vi. 9. The name of Cassius honors this corruption. Shak. 3. (Com.) Defn: To accept and pay when due; as, to honora bill of exchange. HONORABLE Hon"or*a*ble, a. Etym: [F. honorable, L. honorabilis.] 1. Worthy of honor; fit to be esteemed or regarded; estimable; illustrious. Thy name and honorable family. Shak. 2. High-minded; actuated by principles of honor, or a scrupulous regard to probity, rectitude, or reputation. 3. Proceeding from an upright and laudable cause, or directed to a just and proper end; not base; irreproachable; fair; as, an honorable motive. Is this proceeding just and honorable Shak. 4. Conferring honor, or produced by noble deeds. Honorable wounds from battle brought. Dryden. 5. Worthy of respect; regarded with esteem; to be commended; consistent with honor or rectitude. Marriage is honorable in all. Heb. xiii. 4. 6. Performed or accompanied with marks of honor, or with testimonies of esteem; an honorable burial. 7. Of reputable association or use; respectable. Let her descend: my chambers are honorable. Shak. 8. An epithet of respect or distinction; as, the honorable Senate; the honorable gentleman. Note: Honorable is a title of quality, conferred by English usage upon the younger children of earls and all the children of viscounts and barons. The maids of honor, lords of session, and the supreme judges of England and Ireland are entitled to the prefix. In American usage, it is a title of courtesy merely, bestowed upon those who hold, or have held, any of the higher public offices, esp. governors, judges, members of Congress or of the Senate, mayors. Right honorable. See under Right. HONORABLENESS Hon"or*a*ble*ness, n. 1. The state of being honorable; eminence; distinction. 2. Conformity to the principles of honor, probity, or moral rectitude; fairness; uprightness; reputableness. HONORABLY Hon"or*a*bly, adv. 1. In an honorable manner; in a manner showing, or consistent with, honor. The reverend abbot . . . honorably received him. Shak. Why did I not more honorably starve Dryden. 2. Decently; becomingly. [Obs.] "Do this message honorably." Shak. Syn. -- Magnanimously; generously; nobly; worthily; justly; equitably; fairly; reputably. HONORARIUM; HONORARY Hon`o*ra"ri*um, Hon"or*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. honorarium (sc. donum), fr. honorarius. See Honorary, a.] 1. A fee offered to professional men for their services; as, an honorarium of one thousand dollars. S. Longfellow. 2. (Law) Defn: An honorary payment, usually in recognition of services for which it is not usual or not lawful to assign a fixed business price. Heumann. HONORARY Hon"or*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. honorarius, fr. honor honor: cf. F. honoraire.] 1. Done as a sign or evidence of honor; as, honorary services. Macaulay. 2. Conferring honor, or intended merely to confer honor without emolument; as, an honorary degree. "Honorary arches." Addison. 3. Holding a title or place without rendering service or receiving reward; as, an honorary member of a society. HONORER Hon"or*er, n. Defn: One who honors. HONORIFIC Hon`or*if"ic, a. Etym: [See Honor, -fy, and -ic.] Defn: Conferring honor; tending to honor. London. Spectator. HONORLESS Hon"or*less, a. Defn: Destitute of honor; not honored. Bp. Warburton. HONT Hont, n. & v. Defn: See under Hunt. [Obs.] Chaucer. HONVED Hon"véd, n. [Hung. honved; hon home + ved defense.] 1. The Hungarian army in the revolutionary war of 1848-49. 2. = Honvédség. HONVEDSEG Hon"véd*ség`, n. [Hung. honvedseg; honved + seg, an abstract or collective suffix.] (Hungary) Defn: See Army organization, above. HOO Hoo, interj. 1. See Ho. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Hurrah! -- an exclamation of triumphant joy. Shak. -HOOD -hood. Etym: [OE. hod, had, hed, hede, etc., person, rank, order, condition, AS. had; akin to OS. hed, OHG. heit, G. -heit, D. -heid, Goth. haidus manner; cf. Skr. ketu brightness, cit to appear, be noticeable, notice. sq. root217. Cf. -head.] Defn: A termination denoting state, condition, quality, character, totality, as in manhood, childhood, knighthood, brotherhood. Sometimes it is written, chiefly in obsolete words, in the form - head. HOOD Hood, n. Etym: [OE. hood, hod, AS. hod; akin to D. hoed hat, G. hut, OHG. huot, also to E. hat, and prob. to E. heed. sq. root13.] 1. State; condition. [Obs.] How could thou ween, through that disguised hood To hide thy state from being understood Spenser. 2. A covering or garment for the head or the head and shoulders, often attached to the body garment; especially: (a) A soft covering for the head, worn by women, which leaves only the face exposed. (b) A part of a monk's outer garment, with which he covers his head; a cowl. "All hoods make not monks." Shak. (c) A like appendage to a cloak or loose overcoat, that may be drawn up over the head at pleasure. (d) An ornamental fold at the back of an academic gown or ecclesiastical vestment; as, a master's hood. (e) A covering for a horse's head. (f) (Falconry) A covering for a hawk's head and eyes. See Illust. of Falcon. 3. Anything resembling a hood in form or use; as: (a) The top or head of a carriage. (b) A chimney top, often contrived to secure a constant draught by turning with the wind. (c) A projecting cover above a hearth, forming the upper part of the fireplace, and confining the smoke to the flue. (d) The top of a pump. (e) (Ord.) A covering for a mortar. (f) (Bot.) The hood-shaped upper petal of some flowers, as of monkshood; -- called also helmet. Gray. (g) (Naut.) A covering or porch for a companion hatch. 4. (Shipbuilding) Defn: The endmost plank of a strake which reaches the stem or stern. HOOD Hood, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Hooding.] 1. To cover with a hood; to furnish with a hood or hood-shaped appendage. The friar hooded, and the monarch crowned. Pope. 2. To cover; to hide; to blind. While grace is saying, I'll hood mine eyes Thus with my hat, and sigh and say, "Amen." Shak. Hooding end (Shipbuilding), the end of a hood where it enters the rabbet in the stem post or stern post. HOODCAP Hood"cap`, n. Defn: See Hooded seal, under Hooded. HOODED Hood"ed, a. 1. Covered with a hood. 2. Furnished with a hood or something like a hood. 3. Hood-shaped; esp. (Bot.), rolled up like a cornet of paper; cuculate, as the spethe of the Indian turnip. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the head conspicuously different in color from the rest of the plumage; -- said of birds. (b) Having a hoodlike crest or prominence on the head or neck; as, the hooded seal; a hooded snake. Hooded crow, a European crow (Corvus cornix); -- called also hoody, dun crow, and royston crow. -- Hooded gull, the European black-headed pewit or gull. -- Hooded merganser. See Merganser. -- Hooded seal, a large North Atlantic seal (Cystophora cristata). The male has a large, inflatible, hoodlike sac upon the head. Called also hoodcap. -- Hooded sheldrake, the hooded merganser. See Merganser. -- Hooded snake. See Cobra de capello, Asp, Haje, etc. -- Hooded warbler, a small American warbler (Sylvania mitrata). HOODLESS Hood"less, a. Defn: Having no hood. HOODLUM Hood"lum, n. Defn: A young rowdy; a rough, lawless fellow. [Colloq. U.S.] HOODMAN Hood"man, n. Defn: The person blindfolded in the game called hoodman-blind. [Obs.] Shak. HOODMAN-BLIND Hood"man-blind`, n. Defn: An old term for blindman's buff. Shak. HOOD MOLDING; HOOD MOULDING Hood" mold`ing Hood" mould`ing. (Arch.) Defn: A projecting molding over the head of an arch, forming the outermost member of the archivolt; -- called also hood mold. HOODOO Hoo"doo, n. Etym: [Perh. a var. of voodoo.] Defn: One who causes bad luck. [Colloq.] HOODWINK Hood"wink, v. t. Etym: [Hood + wink.] 1. To blind by covering the eyes. We will blind and hoodwink him. Shak. 2. To cover; to hide. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To deceive by false appearance; to impose upon. "Hoodwinked with kindness." Sir P. Sidney. HOODY Hood"y, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hooded crow; also, in Scotland, the hooded gull. HOOF Hoof, n.; pl. Hoofs, very rarely Hooves. Etym: [OE. hof, AS. hof; akin to D. hoef, G1huf, OHG. huof, Icel. hofr, Sw. hof, Dan. hov; cf. Russ. kopuito, Skr. çapha. sq. root225.] 1. The horny substance or case that covers or terminates the feet of certain animals, as horses, oxen, etc. On burnished hooves his war horse trode. Tennyson. 2. A hoofed animal; a beast. Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not a hoof be left behind. Ex. x. 26. 3. (Geom.) Defn: See Ungula. HOOF Hoof, v. i. 1. To walk as cattle. [R.] William Scott. 2. To be on a tramp; to foot. [Slang, U.S.] To hoof it, to foot it. HOOFBOUND Hoof"bound`, a. (Far.) Defn: Having a dry and contracted hoof, which occasions pain and lameness. HOOFED Hoofed, a. Defn: Furnished with hoofs. Grew. HOOFLESS Hoof"less, a. Defn: Destitute of hoofs. HOOK Hook, n. Etym: [OE. hok, AS. hoc; cf. D. haak, G. hake, haken, OHG. hako, hago, haggo, Icel. haki, Sw. hake, Dan. hage. Cf. Arquebuse, Hagbut, Hake, Hatch a half door, Heckle.] 1. A piece of metal, or other hard material, formed or bent into a curve or at an angle, for catching, holding, or sustaining anything; as, a hook for catching fish; a hook for fastening a gate; a boat hook, etc. 2. That part of a hinge which is fixed to a post, and on which a door or gate hangs and turns. 3. An implement for cutting grass or grain; a sickle; an instrument for cutting or lopping; a billhook. Like slashing Bentley with his desperate hook. Pope. 4. (Steam Engin.) Defn: See Eccentric, and V-hook. 5. A snare; a trap. [R.] Shak. 6. A field sown two years in succession. [Prov. Eng.] 7. pl. Defn: The projecting points of the thigh bones of cattle; -- called also hook bones. By hook or by crook, one way or other; by any means, direct or indirect. Milton. "In hope her to attain by hook or crook." Spenser. -- Off the hooks, unhinged; disturbed; disordered. [Colloq.] "In the evening, by water, to the Duke of Albemarle, whom I found mightly off the hooks that the ships are not gone out of the river." Pepys. -- On one's own hook, on one's own account or responsibility; by one's self. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. -- To go off the hooks, to die. [Colloq.] Thackeray. -- Bid hook, a small boat hook. -- Chain hook. See under Chain. -- Deck hook, a horizontal knee or frame, in the bow of a ship, on which the forward part of the deck rests. -- Hook and eye, one of the small wire hooks and loops for fastening together the opposite edges of a garment, etc. -- Hook bill (Zoöl.), the strongly curved beak of a bird. -- Hook ladder, a ladder with hooks at the end by which it can be suspended, as from the top of a wall. -- Hook motion (Steam Engin.), a valve gear which is reversed by V hooks. -- Hook squid, any squid which has the arms furnished with hooks, instead of suckers, as in the genera Enoploteuthis and Onychteuthis. -- Hook wrench, a wrench or spanner, having a hook at the end, instead of a jaw, for turning a bolthead, nut, or coupling. HOOK Hook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooked; p. pr. & vb. n. Hooking.] 1. To catch or fasten with a hook or hooks; to seize, capture, or hold, as with a hook, esp. with a disguised or baited hook; hence, to secure by allurement or artifice; to entrap; to catch; as, to hook a dress; to hook a trout. Hook him, my poor dear, . . . at any sacrifice. W. Collins. 2. To seize or pierce with the points of the horns, as cattle in attacking enemies; to gore. 3. To steal. [Colloq. Eng. & U.S.] To hook on, to fasten or attach by, or as by, hook. HOOK Hook, v. i. Defn: To bend; to curve as a hook. HOOKAH Hook"ah, n. Etym: [Per. or Ar. huqqa a round box or casket, a bottle through which the fumes pass when smoking tobacco.] Defn: A pipe with a long, flexible stem, so arranged that the smoke is cooled by being made to pass through water. HOOK-BILLED Hook"-billed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a strongly curved bill. HOOKED Hooked, a. 1. Having the form of a hookl curvated; as, the hooked bill of a bird. 2. Provided with a hook or hooks. "The hooked chariot." Milton. HOOKEDNESS Hook"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being bent like a hook; incurvation. HOOKER Hook"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, hooks. 2. (Naut.) (a) A Dutch vessel with two masts. (b) A fishing boat with one mast, used on the coast of Ireland. (c) A sailor's contemptuous term for any antiquated craft. HOOKE'S GEARING Hooke's" gear"ing. Etym: [So called from the inventor.] (Mach.) Defn: Spur gearing having teeth slanting across the face of the wheel, sometimes slanting in opposite directions from the middle. HOOKE'S JOINT Hooke's joint. Etym: [So called from the inventor.] (Mach.) Defn: A universal joint. See under Universal. HOOKEY Hook"ey, n. Defn: See Hockey. HOOKLET Hook"let, n. Defn: A little hook. HOOK-NOSED Hook"-nosed`, a. Defn: Having a hooked or aquiline nose. Shak. HOOKY Hook"y, a. Defn: Full of hooks; pertaining to hooks. HOOL Hool, a. Defn: Whole. [Obs.] Chaucer. HOOLOCK Hoo"lock, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small black gibbon (Hylobates hoolock), found in the mountains of Assam. HOOM Hoom, n. Defn: Home. Chaucer. HOONOOMAUN Hoo"noo*maun, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Indian monkey. See Entellus. [Written also hoonuman.] HOOP Hoop, n. Etym: [OE. hope; akin to D. hoep, hoepel.] 1. A pliant strip of wood or metal bent in a circular form, and united at the ends, for holding together the staves of casks, tubs, etc. 2. A ring; a circular band; anything resembling a hoop, as the cylinder (cheese hoop) in which the curd is pressed in making cheese. 3. A circle, or combination of circles, of thin whalebone, metal, or other elastic material, used for expanding the skirts of ladies' dresses; crinoline; -- used chiefly in the plural. Though stiff with hoops, and armed with ribs of whale. Pope. 4. A quart pot; -- so called because originally bound with hoops, like a barrel. Also, a portion of the contents measured by the distance between the hoops. [Obs.] 5. An old measure of capacity, variously estimated at from one to four pecks. [Eng.] Halliwell. Bulge hoop, Chine hoop, Quarter hoop, the hoop nearest the middle of a cask, that nearest the end, and the intermediate hoop between these two, respectively. -- Flat hoop, a wooden hoop dressed flat on both sides. -- Half-round hoop, a wooden hoop left rounding and undressed on the outside. -- Hoop iron, iron in thin narrow strips, used for making hoops. -- Hoop lock, the fastening for uniting the ends of wooden hoops by notching and interlocking them. -- Hoop skirt, a framework of hoops for expanding the skirts of a woman's dress; -- called also hoop petticoat. -- Hoop snake (Zoöl.), a harmless snake of the Southern United States (Abaster erythrogrammus); -- so called from the mistaken notion that it curves itself into a hoop, taking its tail into its mouth, and rolls along with great velocity. -- Hoop tree (Bot.), a small West Indian tree (Melia sempervirens), of the Mahogany family. HOOP Hoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooped; p. pr. & vb. n. Hooping.] 1. To bind or fasten with hoops; as, to hoop a barrel or puncheon. 2. To clasp; to encircle; to surround. Shak. HOOP Hoop, v. i. Etym: [OE. houpen; cf. F. houper to hoop, to shout; -- a hunting term, prob. fr. houp, an interj. used in calling. Cf. Whoop.] 1. To utter a loud cry, or a sound imitative of the word, by way of call or pursuit; to shout. [Usually written whoop.] 2. To whoop, as in whooping cough. See Whoop. Hooping cough. (Med.) See Whooping cough. HOOP Hoop, v. t. Etym: [Written also whoop.] 1. To drive or follow with a shout. "To be hooped out of Rome." Shak. 2. To call by a shout or peculiar cry. HOOP Hoop, n. 1. A shout; a whoop, as in whooping cough. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hoopoe. See Hoopoe. HOOPER Hoop"er, n. Etym: [See 1st Hoop.] Defn: One who hoops casks or tubs; a cooper. HOOPER Hoop"er, n. (Zoöl.) Etym: [So called from its note.] Defn: The European whistling, or wild, swan (Olor cygnus); -- called also hooper swan, whooping swan, and elk. HOOPOE; HOOPOO Hoop"oe, Hoop"oo, n. Etym: [So called from its cry; cf. L. upupa, Gr. hop, F. huppe; cf. also G. wiedenhopf, OHG. wituhopfo, lit., wood hopper.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European bird of the genus Upupa (U. epops), having a beautiful crest, which it can erect or depress at pleasure. Called also hoop, whoop. The name is also applied to several other species of the same genus and allied genera. HOOSIER Hoo"sier, n. Defn: A nickname given to an inhabitant of the State of Indiana. [U.S.] HOOSIER STATE Hoo"sier State. Defn: Indiana; -- a nickname of obscure origin. HOOT Hoot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hooting.] Etym: [OE. hoten, houten, huten; cf. OSw. huta, Sw. huta ut to take one up sharply, fr. Sw. hut interj., begone! cf. also W. hwt off! off with it! away! hoot!] 1. To cry out or shout in contempt. Matrons and girls shall hoot at thee no more. Dryden. 2. To make the peculiar cry of an owl. The clamorous owl that nightly hoots. Shak. HOOT Hoot, v. t. Defn: To assail with contemptuous cries or shouts; to follow with derisive shouts. Partridge and his clan may hoot me for a cheat. Swift. HOOT Hoot, n. 1. A derisive cry or shout. Glanvill. 2. The cry of an owl. Hoot owl (Zoöl.), the barred owl (Syrnium nebulosum). See Barred owl. HOOVE Hoove, n. Etym: [Allied to heave, hove.] Defn: A disease in cattle consisting in inflammation of the stomach by gas, ordinarily caused by eating too much green food; tympany; bloating. HOOVEN; HOVEN Hoov"en, Ho"ven, a. Defn: Affected with hoove; as, hooven, or hoven, cattle. HOP Hop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hopped; p. pr. & vb. n. Hopping.] Etym: [OE. hoppen to hop, leap, dance, AS. hoppian; akin to Icel. & Sw. hoppa, Dan. hoppe, D. huppelen, G. hüpfen.] 1. To move by successive leaps, as toads do; to spring or jump on one foot; to skip, as birds do. [Birds] hopping from spray to spray. Dryden. 2. To walk lame; to limp; to halt. Dryden. 3. To dance. Smollett. HOP Hop, n. 1. A leap on one leg, as of a boy; a leap, as of a toad; a jump; a spring. 2. A dance; esp., an informal dance of ball. [Colloq.] Hop, skip (or step), and jump, a game or athletic sport in which the participants cover as much ground as possible by a hop, stride, and jump in succession. Addison. HOP Hop, n. Etym: [OE. hoppe; akin to D. hop, hoppe, OHG. hopfo, G. hopfen; cf. LL. hupa, W. hopez, Armor. houpez, and Icel. humall, SW. & Dan. humle.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A climbing plant (Humulus Lupulus), having a long, twining, annual stalk. It is cultivated for its fruit (hops). 2. The catkin or strobilaceous fruit of the hop, much used in brewing to give a bitter taste. 3. The fruit of the dog-rose. See Hip. Hop back. (Brewing) See under 1st Back. -- Hop clover (Bot.), a species of yellow clover having heads like hops in miniature (Trifolium agrarium, and T. procumbens). -- Hop flea (Zoöl.), a small flea beetle (Haltica concinna), very injurious to hops. -- Hop fly (Zoöl.), an aphid (Phorodon humuli), very injurious to hop vines. -- Hop froth fly (Zoöl.), an hemipterous insect (Aphrophora interrupta), allied to the cockoo spits. It often does great damage to hop vines. -- Hop hornbeam (Bot.), an American tree of the genus Ostrya (O.Virginica) the American ironwood; also, a European species (O. vulgaris). -- Hop moth (Zoöl.), a moth (Hypena humuli), which in the larval state is very injurious to hop vines. -- Hop picker, one who picks hops. -- Hop pole, a pole used to support hop vines. -- Hop tree (Bot.), a small American tree (Ptelia trifoliata), having broad, flattened fruit in large clusters, sometimes used as a substitute for hops. -- Hop vine (Bot.), the climbing vine or stalk of the hop. HOP Hop, v. t. Defn: To impregnate with hops. Mortimer. HOP Hop, v. i. Defn: To gather hops. [Perhaps only in the form Hopping, vb. n.] HOPBINE; HOPBIND Hop"bine`, Hop"bind`, n. Defn: The climbing stem of the hop. Blackstone. HOPE Hope, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. hop a small bay or inlet.] 1. A sloping plain between mountain ridges. [Obs.] 2. A small bay; an inlet; a haven. [Scot.] Jamieson. HOPE Hope, n. Etym: [AS., akin to D. hoop, hope, Sw. hopp, Dan. haab, MHG. hoffe. Hope in forlorn hope is different word. See Forlorn hope, under Forlorn.] 1. A desire of some good, accompanied with an expectation of obtaining it, or a belief that it is obtainable; an expectation of something which is thought to be desirable; confidence; pleasing expectancy. The hypocrite's hope shall perish. Job vii. 13. He wished, but not with hope. Milton. New thoughts of God, new hopes of Heaven. Keble. 2. One who, or that which, gives hope, furnishes ground of expectation, or promises desired good. The Lord will be the hope of his people. Joel iii. 16. A young gentleman of great hopes, whose love of learning was highly commendable. Macaulay. 3. That which is hoped for; an object of hope. Lavina is thine elder brother's hope. Shak. HOPE Hope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hoped; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoping.] Etym: [AS. hopian; akin to D. hopen, Sw. hopp, Dan. haabe, G. hoffen. See 2nd Hope.] 1. To entertain or indulge hope; to cherish a desire of good, or of something welcome, with expectation of obtaining it or belief that it is obtainable; to expect; -- usually followed by for. "Hope for good success." Jer. Taylor. But I will hope continually. Ps. lxxi. 14. 2. To place confidence; to trust with confident expectation of good; -- usually followed by in. "I hope in thy word." Ps. cxix. 81. Why art thou cast down, O my soul and why art thou disquieted within me Hope thou in God. Ps. xlii. 11. HOPE Hope, v. t. 1. To desire with expectation or with belief in the possibility or prospect of obtaining; to look forward to as a thing desirable, with the expectation of obtaining it; to cherish hopes of. We hope no other from your majesty. Shak. [Charity] hopeth all things. 1 Cor. xiii. 7. 2. To expect; to fear. [Obs.] "I hope he will be dead." Chaucer. Note: Hope is often used colloquially regarding uncertainties, with no reference to the future. "I hope she takes me to be flesh and blood." Mrs. Centlivre. HOPEFUL Hope"ful, a. 1. Full of hope, or agreeable expectation; inclined to hope; expectant. Men of their own natural inclination hopeful and strongly conceited. Hooker. 2. Having qualities which excite hope; affording promise of good or of success; as, a hopeful youth; a hopeful prospect. "Hopeful scholars." Addison. -- Hope"ful*ly, adv. -- Hope"ful*ness, n. HOPEITE Hope"ite, n. Etym: [Named after Professor Hope, of Edinburgh.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous phosphate of zinc in transparent prismatic crystals. HOPELESS Hope"less, a. 1. Destitute of hope; having no expectation of good; despairing. I am a woman, friendless, hopeless. Shak. 2. Giving no ground of hope; promising nothing desirable; desperate; as, a hopeless cause. The hopelessword of "never to return" Breathe I against thee, upon pain of life. Shak. 3. Unhoped for; despaired of. [Obs.] Marston. -- Hope"less*ly, adv. -- Hope"less*ness, n. HOPER Hop"er, n. Defn: One who hopes. Swift. HOPINGLY Hop"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a hopeful manner. Hammond. HOPLITE Hop"lite, n. Etym: [Gr. hoplite.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A heavy-armed infantry soldier. Milford. HOP-O'-MY-THUMB; HOP-THUMB Hop"-o'-my-thumb", Hop"-thumb", n. Defn: A very diminutive person. [Colloq.] liwell. HOPPED Hopped, p. a. Defn: Impregnated with hops. HOPPER Hop"per, n. Etym: [See 1st Hop.] 1. One who, or that which, hops. 2. A chute, box, or receptacle, usually funnel-shaped with an opening at the lower part, for delivering or feeding any material, as to a machine; as, the wooden box with its trough through which grain passes into a mill by joining or shaking, or a funnel through which fuel passes into a furnace, or coal, etc., into a car. 3. (Mus.) Defn: See Grasshopper, 2. 4. pl. Defn: A game. See Hopscotch. Johnson. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) See Grasshopper, and Frog hopper, Grape hopper, Leaf hopper, Tree hopper, under Frog, Grape, Leaf, and Tree. (b) The larva of a cheese fly. 6. (Naut.) Defn: A vessel for carrying waste, garbage, etc., out to sea, so constructed as to discharge its load by a mechanical contrivance; -- called also dumping scow. Bell and hopper (Metal.), the apparatus at the top of a blast furnace, through which the charge is introduced, while the gases are retained. -- Hopper boy, a rake in a mill, moving in a circle to spread meal for drying, and to draw it over an opening in the floor, through which it falls. -- Hopper closet, a water-closet, without a movable pan, in which the receptacle is a funnel standing on a draintrap. -- Hopper cock, a faucet or valve for flushing the hopper of a water-closet. HOPPERDOZER Hop"per*doz`er, n. [Hopper (as in grasshopper) + doze or dose; because conceived as putting insects to sleep or as dosing them with poison.] (Agric.) Defn: An appliance for the destruction of insects, consisting of a shallow iron box, containing kerosene or coated with tar or other sticky substance, which may be mounted on wheels. HOPPERINGS Hop"per*ings, n. (Gold Washing) Defn: Gravel retaining in the hopper of a cradle. HOPPESTERE Hop`pes*tere", a. Defn: An unexplained epithet used by Chaucer in reference to ships. By some it is defined as "dancing (on the wave)"; by others as "opposing," "warlike." T. R. Lounsbury. HOPPET Hop"pet, n. 1. A hand basket; also, a dish used by miners for measuring ore. [Prov. Eng.] 2. An infant in arms. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. HOPPING Hop"ping, n. Defn: The act of one who, or that which, hops; a jumping, frisking, or dancing. Hopping Dick (Zoöl.), a thrush of Jamaica (Merula leucogenys), resembling the English blackbird in its familiar manners, agreeable song, and dark plumage. HOPPING Hop"ping, n. Etym: [See 3rd Hop.] Defn: A gathering of hops. HOPPLE Hop"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoppled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoppling.] Etym: [From Hop; cf. Hobble.] 1. To impede by a hopple; to tie the feet of (a horse or a cow) loosely together; to hamper; to hobble; as, to hopple an unruly or straying horse. 2. Fig.: To entangle; to hamper. Dr. H. More. HOPPLE Hop"ple, n. Defn: A fetter for horses, or cattle, when turned out to graze; -- chiefly used in the plural. HOPPLEBUSH Hop"ple*bush`, n. Defn: Same as Hobblebush. HOPPO Hop"po, n. (a) A collector of customs, as at Canton; an overseer of commerce. (b) A tribunal or commission having charge of the revenue derived from trade and navigation. [China] Hoppo men, Chinese customhouse officers. HOPSCOTCH Hop"scotch`, n. Defn: A child's game, in which a player, hopping on one foot, drives a stone from one compartment to another of a figure traced or scotched on the ground; -- called also hoppers. HOP-THUMB Hop"-thumb`, n. Defn: See Hop-o'-my-thumb. HOPYARD Hop"yard`, n. Defn: A field where hops are raised. HORAL Ho"ral, a. Etym: [L. horalis, fr. hora hour. See Hour.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an hour, or to hours. Prior. HORALY Ho"ra*ly, adv. Defn: Hourly. [Obs.] HORARY Ho"ra*ry, a. Etym: [LL. horarius, fr. L. hora hour: cf. F. horaire. See Hour.] 1. Of or pertaining to an hour; noting the hours. Spectator. 2. Occurring once an hour; continuing an hour; hourly; ephemeral. Horary, or soon decaying, fruits of summer. Sir T. Browne. Horary circles. See Circles. HORATIAN Ho*ra"tian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Horace, the Latin poet, or resembling his style. HORDE Horde, n. Etym: [F. horde (cf. G. horde), fr. Turk. ord, ordi, camp; of Tartar origin.] Defn: A wandering troop or gang; especially, a clan or tribe of a nomadic people migrating from place to place for the sake of pasturage, plunder, etc.; a predatory multitude. Thomson. HORDEIC Hor*de"ic, a. Etym: [L. hordeum barley.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, barley; as, hordeic acid, an acid identical or isomeric with lauric acid. HORDEIN Hor"de*in, n. Etym: [L. hordeum barley.] (Chem.) Defn: A peculiar starchy matter contained in barley. It is complex mixture. [R.] HORDEOLUM Hor*de"o*lum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. hordeolus, dim. of hordeum barley.] (Med.) Defn: A small tumor upon the eyelid, resembling a grain of barley; a sty. HORDOCK Hor"dock`, n. Defn: An unidentified plant mentioned by Shakespeare, perhaps equivalent to burdock. HORE Hore, a. Defn: Hoar. [Obs.] Chaucer. HOREHOUND Hore"hound`, n. Etym: [OE. horehune, AS. harhune; har hoar, gray + hune horehound; cf. L. cunila a species of organum, GR. kn to smell.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Marrubium (M. vulgare), which has a bitter taste, and is a weak tonic, used as a household remedy for colds, coughing, etc. [Written also hoarhound.] Fetid horehound, or Black horehound, a disagreeable plant resembling horehound (Ballota nigra). -- Water horehound, a species of the genus Lycopus, resembling mint, but not aromatic. HORIZON Ho*ri"zon, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. horizon, fr. Gr. 1. The circle which bounds that part of the earth's surface visible to a spectator from a given point; the apparent junction of the earth and sky. And when the morning sun shall raise his car Above the border of this horizon. Shak. All the horizon round Invested with bright rays. Milton. 2. (Astron.) (a) A plane passing through the eye of the spectator and at right angles to the vertical at a given place; a plane tangent to the earth's surface at that place; called distinctively the sensible horizon. (b) A plane parallel to the sensible horizon of a place, and passing through the earth's center; -- called also rational or celestial horizon. (c) (Naut.) The unbroken line separating sky and water, as seen by an eye at a given elevation, no land being visible. 3. (Geol.) Defn: The epoch or time during which a deposit was made. The strata all over the earth, which were formed at the same time, are said to belong to the same geological horizon. Le Conte. 4. (Painting) Defn: The chief horizontal line in a picture of any sort, which determines in the picture the height of the eye of the spectator; in an extended landscape, the representation of the natural horizon corresponds with this line. Apparent horizon. See under Apparent. -- Artificial horizon, a level mirror, as the surface of mercury in a shallow vessel, or a plane reflector adjusted to the true level artificially; -- used chiefly with the sextant for observing the double altitude of a celestial body. -- Celestial horizon. (Astron.) See def. 2, above. -- Dip of the horizon (Astron.), the vertical angle between the sensible horizon and a line to the visible horizon, the latter always being below the former. -- Rational horizon, and Sensible horizon. (Astron.) See def. 2, above. -- Visible horizon. See definitions 1 and 2, above. HORIZONTAL Hor`i*zon"tal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. horizontal.] 1. Pertaining to, or near, the horizon. "Horizontal misty air." Milton. 2. Parallel to the horizon; on a level; as, a horizontalline or surface. 3. Measured or contained in a plane of the horizon; as, horizontal distance. Horizontal drill, a drilling machine having a horizontal drill spindle. -- Horizontal engine, one the piston of which works horizontally. -- Horizontal fire (Mil.), the fire of ordnance and small arms at point-blank range or at low angles of elevation. -- Horizontal force (Physics), the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic force. -- Horizontal line (Descriptive Geometry & Drawing), a constructive line, either drawn or imagined, which passes through the point of sight, and is the chief line in the projection upon which all verticals are fixed, and upon which all vanishing points are found. -- Horizontal parallax. See under Parallax. -- Horizontal plane (Descriptive Geometry), a plane parallel to the horizon, upon which it is assumed that objects are projected. See Projection. It is upon the horizontal plane that the ground plan of the buildings is supposed to be drawn. -- Horizontal projection, a projection made on a plane parallel to the horizon. -- Horizontal range (Gunnery), the distance in a horizontal plane to which a gun will throw a projectile. -- Horizontal water wheel, a water wheel in which the axis is vertical, the buckets or floats revolving in a horizontal plane, as in most turbines. HORIZONTALITY Hor`i*zon*tal"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. horizontalité.] Defn: The state or quality of being horizontal. Kirwan. HORIZONTALLY Hor`i*zon"tal*ly, adv. Defn: In a horizontal direction or position; on a level; as, moving horizontally. HORMOGONIUM Hor`mo*go*ni"um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A chain of small cells in certain algæ, by which the plant is propogated. HORMONE Hor"mone (hôr"mon), n. [From Gr. "orma`ein to excite.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A chemical substance formed in one organ and carried in the circulation to another organ on which it exerts a stimulating effect; thus, according to Starling, the gastric glands are stimulated by a hormone from the pyloric mucous membrane. HORN Horn, n. Etym: [AS. horn; akin to D. horen, hoorn, G., Icel., Sw., & Dan. horn, Goth. haúrn, W., Gael., & Ir. corn, L. cornu, Gr. cheer, cranium, cerebral; cf. Skr. çiras head. Cf. Carat, Corn on the foot, Cornea, Corner, Cornet, Cornucopia, Hart.] 1. A hard, projecting, and usually pointed organ, growing upon the heads of certain animals, esp. of the ruminants, as cattle, goats, and the like. The hollow horns of the Ox family consist externally of true horn, and are never shed. 2. The antler of a deer, which is of bone throughout, and annually shed and renewed. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any natural projection or excrescence from an animal, resembling or thought to resemble a horn in substance or form; esp.: (a) A projection from the beak of a bird, as in the hornbill. (b) A tuft of feathers on the head of a bird, as in the horned owl. (c) A hornlike projection from the head or thorax of an insect, or the head of a reptile, or fish. (d) A sharp spine in front of the fins of a fish, as in the horned pout. 4. (Bot.) Defn: An incurved, tapering and pointed appendage found in the flowers of the milkweed (Asclepias). 5. Something made of a horn, or in resemblance of a horn; as: (a) A wind instrument of music; originally, one made of a horn (of an ox or a ram); now applied to various elaborately wrought instruments of brass or other metal, resembling a horn in shape. "Wind his horn under the castle wall." Spenser. See French horn, under French. (b) A drinking cup, or beaker, as having been originally made of the horns of cattle. "Horns of mead and ale." Mason. (c) The cornucopia, or horn of plenty. See Cornucopia. "Fruits and flowers from Amalthæa's horn." Milton. (d) A vessel made of a horn; esp., one designed for containing powder; anciently, a small vessel for carrying liquids. "Samuel took the hornof oil and anointed him [David]." 1 Sam. xvi. 13. (e) The pointed beak of an anvil. (f) The high pommel of a saddle; also, either of the projections on a lady's saddle for supporting the leg. (g) (Arch.) The Ionic volute. (h) (Naut.) The outer end of a crosstree; also, one of the projections forming the jaws of a gaff, boom, etc. (i) (Carp.) A curved projection on the fore part of a plane. (j) One of the projections at the four corners of the Jewish altar of burnt offering. "Joab . . . caught hold on the horns of the altar." 1 Kings ii. 28. 6. One of the curved ends of a crescent; esp., an extremity or cusp of the moon when crescent-shaped. The moon Wears a wan circle round her blunted horns. Thomson. 7. (Mil.) Defn: The curving extremity of the wing of an army or of a squadron drawn up in a crescentlike form. Sharpening in mooned horns Their phalanx. Milton. 8. The tough, fibrous material of which true horns are composed, being, in the Ox family, chiefly albuminous, with some phosphate of lime; also, any similar substance, as that which forms the hoof crust of horses, sheep, and cattle; as, a spoon of horn. 9. (Script.) Defn: A symbol of strength, power, glory, exaltation, or pride. The Lord is . . . the horn of my salvation. Ps. xviii. 2. 10. An emblem of a cuckold; -- used chiefly in the plural. "Thicker than a cuckold's horn." Shak. Horn block, the frame or pedestal in which a railway car axle box slides up and down; -- also called horn plate. -- Horn of a dilemma. See under Dilemma. -- Horn distemper, a disease of cattle, affecting the internal substance of the horn. -- Horn drum, a wheel with long curved scoops, for raising water. -- Horn lead (Chem.), chloride of lead. -- Horn maker, a maker of cuckolds. [Obs.] Shak. -- Horn mercury. (Min.) Same as Horn quicksilver (below). -- Horn poppy (Bot.), a plant allied to the poppy (Glaucium luteum), found on the sandy shores of Great Britain and Virginia; -- called also horned poppy. Gray. -- Horn pox (Med.), abortive smallpox with an eruption like that of chicken pox. -- Horn quicksilver (Min.), native calomel, or bichloride of mercury. -- Horn shell (Zoöl.), any long, sharp, spiral, gastropod shell, of the genus Cerithium, and allied genera. -- Horn silver (Min.), cerargyrite. -- Horn slate, a gray, siliceous stone. -- To haul in one's horns, to withdraw some arrogant pretension. [Colloq.] -- To raise, or lift, the horn (Script.), to exalt one's self; to act arrogantly. "'Gainst them that raised thee dost thou lift thy horn" Milton. -- To take a horn, to take a drink of intoxicating liquor. [Low] HORN Horn, v. t. 1. To furnish with horns; to give the shape of a horn to. 2. To cause to wear horns; to cuckold. [Obs.] Shak. HORNBEAK Horn"beak`, n. Defn: A fish. See Hornfish. HORNBEAM Horn"beam`, n. Etym: [See Beam.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree of the genus Carpinus (C. Americana), having a smooth gray bark and a ridged trunk, the wood being white and very hard. It is common along the banks of streams in the United States, and is also called ironwood. The English hornbeam is C. Betulus. The American is called also blue beech and water beech. Hop hornbeam. (Bot.) See under Hop. HORNBILL Horn"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the family Bucerotidæ, of which about sixty species are known, belonging to numerous genera. They inhabit the tropical parts of Asia, Africa, and the East Indies, and are remarkable for having a more or less horn-like protuberance, which is usually large and hollow and is situated on the upper side of the beak. The size of the hornbill varies from that of a pigeon to that of a raven, or even larger. They feed chiefly upon fruit, but some species eat dead animals. HORNBLENDE Horn"blende`, n. Etym: [G., fr. horn horn + blende blende.] (Min.) Defn: The common black, or dark green or brown, variety of amphibole. (See Amphibole.) It belongs to the aluminous division of the species, and is also characterized by its containing considerable iron. Also used as a general term to include the whole species. Hornblende schist (Geol.), a hornblende rock of schistose structure. HORNBLENDIC Horn*blend"ic, a. Defn: Composed largely of hornblende; resembling or relating to hornblende. HORNBLOWER Horn"blow`er, n. Etym: [AS. hornblawere.] Defn: One who, or that which, blows a horn. HORNBOOK Horn"book`, n. 1. The first book for children, or that from which in former times they learned their letters and rudiments; -- so called because a sheet of horn covered the small, thin board of oak, or the slip of paper, on which the alphabet, digits, and often the Lord's Prayer, were written or printed; a primer. "He teaches boys the hornbook." Shak. 2. A book containing the rudiments of any science or branch of knowledge; a manual; a handbook. HORNBUG Horn"bug`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large nocturnal beetle of the genus Lucanus (as L. capreolus, and L. dama), having long, curved upper jaws, resembling a sickle. The grubs are found in the trunks of old trees. HORNED Horned, a. Defn: Furnished with a horn or horns; furnished with a hornlike process or appendage; as, horned cattle; having some part shaped like a horn. The horned moon with one bright star Within the nether tip. Coleridge. Horned bee (Zoöl.), a British wild bee (Osmia bicornis), having two little horns on the head. -- Horned dace (Zoöl.), an American cyprinoid fish (Semotilus corporialis) common in brooks and ponds; the common chub. See Illust. of Chub. -- Horned frog (Zoöl.), a very large Brazilian frog (Ceratophrys cornuta), having a pair of triangular horns arising from the eyelids. -- Horned grebe (Zoöl.), a species of grebe (Colymbus auritus), of Arctic Europe and America, having two dense tufts of feathers on the head. -- Horned horse (Zoöl.), the gnu. -- Horned lark (Zoöl.), the shore lark. -- Horned lizard (Zoöl.), the horned toad. -- Horned owl (Zoöl.), a large North American owl (Bubo Virginianus), having a pair of elongated tufts of feathers on the head. Several distinct varieties are known; as, the Arctic, Western, dusky, and striped horned owls, differing in color, and inhabiting different regions; -- called also great horned owl, horn owl, eagle owl, and cat owl. Sometimes also applied to the long-eared owl. See Eared owl, under Eared. -- Horned poppy. (Bot.) See Horn poppy, under Horn. -- Horned pout (Zoöl.), an American fresh-water siluroid fish; the bullpout. -- Horned rattler (Zoöl.), a species of rattlesnake (Crotalus cerastes), inhabiting the dry, sandy plains, from California to Mexico. It has a pair of triangular horns between the eyes; -- called also sidewinder. -- Horned ray (Zoöl.), the sea devil. -- Horned screamer (Zoöl.), the kamichi. -- Horned snake (Zoöl.), the cerastes. -- Horned toad (Zoöl.), any lizard of the genus Phrynosoma, of which nine or ten species are known. These lizards have several hornlike spines on the head, and a broad, flat body, covered with spiny scales. They inhabit the dry, sandy plains from California to Mexico and Texas. Called also horned lizard. -- Horned viper. (Zoöl.) See Cerastes. HORNEDNESS Horn"ed*ness, n. Defn: The condition of being horned. HORNEL Horn"el, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European sand eel. [Scot.] HORNER Horn"er, n. 1. One who works or deal in horn or horns. [R.] Grew. 2. One who winds or blows the horn. [Obs.] Sherwood. 3. One who horns or cuckolds. [Obs.] Massinger. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The British sand lance or sand eel (Ammodytes lanceolatus). HORNET Hor"net, n. Etym: [AS. hyrnet; akin to OHG. hornaz, hornuz, G. horniss; perh. akin to E. horn, and named from the sound it makes as if blowing the horn; but more prob. akin to D. horzel, Lith. szirszone, L. crabo.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, strong wasp. The European species (Vespa crabro) is of a dark brown and yellow color. It is very pugnacious, and its sting is very severe. Its nest is constructed of a paperlike material, and the layers of comb are hung together by columns. The American white- faced hornet (V. maculata) is larger and has similar habits. Hornet fly (Zoöl.), any dipterous insect of the genus Asilus, and allied genera, of which there are numerous species. They are large and fierce flies which capture bees and other insects, often larger than themselves, and suck their blood. Called also hawk fly, robber fly. -- To stir up a hornet's nest, to provoke the attack of a swarm of spiteful enemies or spirited critics. [Colloq.] HORNFISH Horn"fish`, n. Etym: [AS. hornfisc.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The garfish or sea needle. HORNFOOT Horn"foot`, a. Defn: Having hoofs; hoofed. HORNIFY Horn"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Horn + -fy.] Defn: To horn; to cuckold. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. HORNING Horn"ing, n. Defn: Appearance of the moon when increasing, or in the form of a crescent. J. Gregory. Letters of horning (Scots Law), the process or authority by which a person, directed by the decree of a court of justice to pay or perform anything, is ordered to comply therewith. Mozley & W. HORNISH Horn"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat like horn; hard. HORNITO Hor*ni"to, n. Etym: [A dim. fr. Sp. horno oven, L. furnus. See Furnace.] (Geol.) Defn: A low, oven-shaped mound, common in volcanic regions, and emitting smoke and vapors from its sides and summit. Humboldt. HORNLESS Horn"less, a. Defn: Having no horn. HORN-MAD Horn"-mad`, a. Defn: Quite mad; -- raving crazy. Did I tell you about Mr. Garrick, that the town are horn-mad after Gray. HORNOTINE Hor"no*tine, n. Etym: [L. hornotinus of this year.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A yearling; a bird of the year. HORNOWL Horn"owl`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Horned Owl. HORNPIKE Horn"pike`, n. Defn: The garfish. [Prov. Eng.] HORNPIPE Horn"pipe`, n. (Mus.) (a) An instrument of music formerly popular in Wales, consisting of a wooden pipe, with holes at intervals. It was so called because the bell at the open end was sometimes made of horn. (b) A lively tune played on a hornpipe, for dancing; a tune adapted for such playing. Many a hornpipe he tuned to his Phyllis. Sir W. Raleigh. (c) A dance performed, usually by one person, to such a tune, and popular among sailors. HORNPOUT Horn"pout`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Horned pout, under Horned. HORNSNAKE Horn"snake`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A harmless snake (Farancia abacura), found in the Southern United States. The color is bluish black above, red below. HORNSTONE Horn"stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: A siliceous stone, a variety of quartz, closely resembling flint, but more brittle; -- called also chert. HORNTAIL Horn"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of family (Uroceridæ) of large hyminopterous insects, allied to the sawflies. The larvæ bore in the wood of trees. So called from the long, stout ovipositors of the females. HORNWORK Horn"work`, n. (Fort.) Defn: An outwork composed of two demibastions joined by a curtain. It is connected with the works in rear by long wings. HORNWORT Horn"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An aquatic plant (Ceratophyllum), with finely divided leaves. HORNWRACK Horn"wrack`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bryozoan of the genus Flustra. HORNY Horn"y, a. [Compar. Hornier; superl. Horniest.] 1. Having horns or hornlike projections. Gay. 2. Composed or made of horn, or of a substance resembling horn; of the nature of horn. "The horny . . . coat of the eye." Ray. 3. Hard; callous. "His horny fist." Dryden. HORNY-HANDED Horn"y-hand`ed, a. Defn: Having the hands horny and callous from labor. HORNYHEAD Horn"y*head`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any North American river chub of the genus Hybopsis, esp. H. biguttatus. HOROGRAPHY Ho*rog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. horographie.] 1. An account of the hours. Chaucer. 2. The art of constructing instruments for making the hours, as clocks, watches, and dials. HOROLOGE Hor"o*loge, n. Etym: [OE. horologe, orloge, timepiece, OF. horloge, orloge, oriloge, F. horloge, L. horologium, fr. Gr. Hour, and Logic.] 1. A servant who called out the hours. [Obs.] 2. An instrument indicating the time of day; a timepiece of any kind; a watch, clock, or dial. Shak. HOROLOGER Ho*rol"o*ger, n. Defn: A maker or vender of clocks and watches; one skilled in horology. HOROLOGICAL Hor`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. horologicus, Gr. Defn: Relating to a horologe, or to horology. HOROLOGIOGRAPHER Hor`o*lo`gi*og"ra*pher, n. Etym: [See Horologiography.] Defn: A maker of clocks, watches, or dials. HOROLOGIOGRAPHIC Hor`o*lo`gi*o*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to horologiography. Chambers. HOROLOGIOGRAPHY Hor`o*lo`gi*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] 1. An account of instruments that show the hour. 2. The art of constructing clocks or dials; horography. HOROLOGIST Ho*rol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in horology. HOROLOGY Ho*rol"o*gy, n. Etym: [See Horologe.] Defn: The science of measuring time, or the principles and art of constructing instruments for measuring and indicating portions of time, as clocks, watches, dials, etc. HOROMETER Ho*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring time. HOROMETRICAL Hor`o*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Belonging to horometry. HOROMETRY Ho*rom"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. horométrie. See Horometer.] Defn: The art, practice, or method of measuring time by hours and subordinate divisions. "The horometry of antiquity." Sir T. Browne. HOROPTER Ho*rop"ter, n. Etym: [Gr. (Opt.) Defn: The line or surface in which are situated all the points which are seen single while the point of sight, or the adjustment of the eyes, remains unchanged. The sum of all the points which are seen single, while the point of sight remains unchanged, is called the horopter. J. Le Conte. HOROPTERIC Hor`op*ter"ic, a. (Opt.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the horopter. HOROSCOPE Hor"o*scope, n. Etym: [F. horoscope, L. horoscopus, fr. Gr. n., a horoscope; Hour, and -scope.] 1. (Astrol.) (a) The representation made of the aspect of the heavens at the moment of a person's birth, by which the astrologer professed to foretell the events of the person's life; especially, the sign of the zodiac rising above the horizon at such a moment. (b) The diagram or scheme of twelve houses or signs of the zodiac, into which the whole circuit of the heavens was divided for the purposes of such prediction of fortune. 2. The planisphere invented by Jean Paduanus. 3. A table showing the length of the days and nights at all places. Heyse. HOROSCOPER; HOROSCOPIST Hor"o*sco`per, Ho*ros"co*pist, n. Defn: One versed in horoscopy; an astrologer. HOROSCOPY Ho*ros"co*py, n. 1. The art or practice of casting horoscopes, or observing the disposition of the stars, with a view to prediction events. 2. Aspect of the stars at the time of a person's birth. HORRENDOUS Hor*ren"dous, a. Etym: [L. horrendus.] Defn: Fearful; frightful. [Obs.] I. Watts. HORRENT Hor"rent, a. Etym: [L. horrens, p.pr. of horrere to bristle. See Horror.] Defn: Standing erect, as bristles; covered with bristling points; bristled; bristling. Rough and horrent with figures in strong relief. De Quincey. With bright emblazonry and horrent arms. Milton. HORRIBLE Hor"ri*ble, a. Etym: [OE. horrible, orrible, OF. horrible, orrible, F. horrible, fr. L. horribilis, fr. horrere. See Horror.] Defn: Exciting, or tending to excite, horror or fear; dreadful; terrible; shocking; hideous; as, a horrible sight; a horrible story; a horrible murder. A dungeon horrible on all sides round. Milton. Syn. -- Dreadful; frightful; fearful; terrible; awful; terrific; shocking; hideous; horrid. HORRIBLENESS Hor"ri*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being horrible; dreadfulness; hideousness. The horribleness of the mischief. Sir P. Sidney. HORRIBLY Hor"ri*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner to excite horror; dreadfully; terribly. HORRID Hor"rid, a. Etym: [L. horridus. See Horror, and cf. Ordure.] 1. Rough; rugged; bristling. [Archaic] Horrid with fern, and intricate with thorn. Dryden. 2. Fitted to excite horror; dreadful; hideous; shocking; hence, very offensive. Not in the legions Of horrid hell. Shak. The horrid things they say. Pope. Syn. -- Frightful; hideous; alarming; shocking; dreadful; awful; terrific; horrible; abominable. HORRIDLY Hor"rid*ly, adv. Defn: In a horrid manner. Shak. HORRIDNESS Hor"rid*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being horrid. HORRIFIC Hor*rif"ic, a. Etym: [L. horrifieus; horrere to be horrible + -ficare (in comp.) to make: cf. F. horrifique. See Horror, -fy.] Defn: Causing horror; frightful. Let . . . nothing ghastly or horrific be supposed. I. Taylor. HORRIFICATION Hor`ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: That which causes horror. [R.] Miss Edgeworth. HORRIFY Hor"ri*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Horrified; p. pr. & vb. n. Horrifying.] Etym: [L. horrificare. See Horrific.] Defn: To cause to feel horror; to strike or impress with horror; as, the sight horrified the beholders. E. Irving. HORRIPILATION Hor*rip`i*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. horripilatio, fr. horripilare to bristle; horrere to bristle + pilus the hair: cf. F. horripilation.] (Med.) Defn: A real or fancied bristling of the hair of the head or body, resulting from disease, terror, chilliness, etc. HORRISONANT Hor*ris"o*nant, a. Defn: Horrisonous. [Obs.] HORRISONOUS Hor*ris"o*nous, a. Etym: [L. horrisonus; horrere to be horrible + sonus a sound.] Defn: Sounding dreadfully; uttering a terrible sound. [Obs.] Bailey. HORROR Hor"ror, n. Etym: [Formerly written horrour.] Etym: [L. horror, fr. horrere to bristle, to shiver, to tremble with cold or dread, to be dreadful or terrible; cf. Skr. h to bristle.] 1. A bristling up; a rising into roughness; tumultuous movement. [Archaic] Such fresh horror as you see driven through the wrinkled waves. Chapman. 2. A shaking, shivering, or shuddering, as in the cold fit which precedes a fever; in old medical writings, a chill of less severity than a rigor, and more marked than an algor. 3. A painful emotion of fear, dread, and abhorrence; a shuddering with terror and detestation; the feeling inspired by something frightful and shocking. How could this, in the sight of heaven, without horrors of conscience be uttered Milton. 4. That which excites horror or dread, or is horrible; gloom; dreariness. Breathes a browner horror on the woods. Pope. The horrors, delirium tremens. [Colloq.] HORROR-STICKEN Hor"ror-stick`en, a. Defn: Struck with horror; horrified. Blank and horror-stricken faces. C. Kingsley. HORROR-STRUCK Hor"ror-struck`, a. Defn: Horror-stricken; horrified. M. Arnold. HORS DE COMBAT Hors` de com`bat". Etym: [F.] Defn: Out of the combat; disabled from fighting. HORS D'OEUVRE Hors` d'ouvre"; pl. Hors d'ouveres (#). [F., lit., outside of work.] 1. Something unusual or extraordinary. [R.] 2. A dish served as a relish, usually at the beginning of a meal. HORSE Horse, n. Etym: [AS. hors; akin to OS. hros, D. & OHG. ros, G. ross, Icel. hross; and perh. to L. currere to run, E. course, current Cf. Walrus.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A hoofed quadruped of the genus Equus; especially, the domestic horse (E. caballus), which was domesticated in Egypt and Asia at a very early period. It has six broad molars, on each side of each jaw, with six incisors, and two canine teeth, both above and below. The mares usually have the canine teeth rudimentary or wanting. The horse differs from the true asses, in having a long, flowing mane, and the tail bushy to the base. Unlike the asses it has callosities, or chestnuts, on all its legs. The horse excels in strength, speed, docility, courage, and nobleness of character, and is used for drawing, carrying, bearing a rider, and like purposes. Note: Many varieties, differing in form, size, color, gait, speed, etc., are known, but all are believed to have been derived from the same original species. It is supposed to have been a native of the plains of Central Asia, but the wild species from which it was derived is not certainly known. The feral horses of America are domestic horses that have run wild; and it is probably true that most of those of Asia have a similar origin. Some of the true wild Asiatic horses do, however, approach the domestic horse in several characteristics. Several species of fossil (Equus) are known from the later Tertiary formations of Europe and America. The fossil species of other genera of the family Equidæ are also often called horses, in general sense. 2. The male of the genus horse, in distinction from the female or male; usually, a castrated male. 3. Mounted soldiery; cavalry; -- used without the plural termination; as, a regiment of horse; -- distinguished from foot. The armies were appointed, consisting of twenty-five thousand horse and foot. Bacon. 4. A frame with legs, used to support something; as, a clotheshorse, a sawhorse, etc. 5. A frame of timber, shaped like a horse, on which soldiers were made to ride for punishment. 6. Anything, actual or figurative, on which one rides as on a horse; a hobby. 7. (Mining) Defn: A mass of earthy matter, or rock of the same character as the wall rock, occurring in the course of a vein, as of coal or ore; hence, to take horse -- said of a vein -- is to divide into branches for a distance. 8. (Naut.) (a) See Footrope, a. (b) A breastband for a leadsman. (c) An iron bar for a sheet traveler to slide upon. (d) A jackstay. W. C. Russell. Totten. Note: Horse is much used adjectively and in composition to signify of, or having to do with, a horse or horses, like a horse, etc.; as, horse collar, horse dealer or horsehorsehoe, horse jockey; and hence, often in the sense of strong, loud, coarse, etc.; as, horselaugh, horse nettle or horse-nettle, horseplay, horse ant, etc. Black horse, Blood horse, etc. See under Black, etc. -- Horse aloes, caballine aloes. -- Horse ant (Zoöl.), a large ant (Formica rufa); -- called also horse emmet. -- Horse artillery, that portion of the artillery in which the cannoneers are mounted, and which usually serves with the cavalry; flying artillery. -- Horse balm (Bot.), a strong-scented labiate plant (Collinsonia Canadensis), having large leaves and yellowish flowers. -- Horse bean (Bot.), a variety of the English or Windsor bean (Faba vulgaris), grown for feeding horses. -- Horse boat, a boat for conveying horses and cattle, or a boat propelled by horses. -- Horse bot. (Zoöl.) See Botfly, and Bots. -- Horse box, a railroad car for transporting valuable horses, as hunters. [Eng.] -- Horse breaker or trainer, one employed in subduing or training horses for use. -- Horse car. (a) A railroad car drawn by horses. See under Car. (b) A car fitted for transporting horses. -- Horse cassia (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Cassia Javanica), bearing long pods, which contain a black, catharic pulp, much used in the East Indies as a horse medicine. -- Horse cloth, a cloth to cover a horse. -- Horse conch (Zoöl.), a large, spiral, marine shell of the genus Triton. See Triton. -- Horse courser. (a) One that runs horses, or keeps horses for racing. Johnson. (b) A dealer in horses. [Obs.] Wiseman. -- Horse crab (Zoöl.), the Limulus; -- called also horsefoot, horsehoe crab, and king crab. -- Horse crevallé (Zoöl.), the cavally. -- Horse emmet (Zoöl.), the horse ant. -- Horse finch (Zoöl.), the chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.] -- Horse gentian (Bot.), fever root. -- Horse iron (Naut.), a large calking iron. -- Horse latitudes, a space in the North Atlantic famous for calms and baffling winds, being between the westerly winds of higher latitudes and the trade winds. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Horse mackrel. (Zoöl.) (a) The common tunny (Orcynus thunnus), found on the Atlantic coast of Europe and America, and in the Mediterranean. (b) The bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix). (c) The scad. (d) The name is locally applied to various other fishes, as the California hake, the black candlefish, the jurel, the bluefish, etc. -- Horse marine (Naut.), an awkward, lubbery person; one of a mythical body of marine cavalry. [Slang] -- Horse mussel (Zoöl.), a large, marine mussel (Modiola modiolus), found on the northern shores of Europe and America. -- Horse nettle (Bot.), a coarse, prickly, American herb, the Solanum Carolinense. -- Horse parsley. (Bot.) See Alexanders. -- Horse purslain (Bot.), a coarse fleshy weed of tropical America (Trianthema monogymnum). -- Horse race, a race by horses; a match of horses in running or trotting. -- Horse racing, the practice of racing with horses. -- Horse railroad, a railroad on which the cars are drawn by horses; -- in England, and sometimes in the United States, called a tramway. -- Horse run (Civil Engin.), a device for drawing loaded wheelbarrows up an inclined plane by horse power. -- Horse sense, strong common sense. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Horse soldier, a cavalryman. -- Horse sponge (Zoöl.), a large, coarse, commercial sponge (Spongia equina). -- Horse stinger (Zoöl.), a large dragon fly. [Prov. Eng.] -- Horse sugar (Bot.), a shrub of the southern part of the United States (Symplocos tinctoria), whose leaves are sweet, and good for fodder. -- Horse tick (Zoöl.), a winged, dipterous insect (Hippobosca equina), which troubles horses by biting them, and sucking their blood; -- called also horsefly, horse louse, and forest fly. -- Horse vetch (Bot.), a plant of the genus Hippocrepis (H. comosa), cultivated for the beauty of its flowers; -- called also horsehoe vetch, from the peculiar shape of its pods. -- Iron horse, a locomotive. [Colloq.] -- Salt horse, the sailor's name for salt beef. -- To look a gift horse in the mouth, to examine the mouth of a horse which has been received as a gift, in order to ascertain his age; -- hence, to accept favors in a critical and thankless spirit. Lowell. -- To take horse. (a) To set out on horseback. Macaulay. (b) To be covered, as a mare. (c) See definition 7 (above). HORSE Horse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Horsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Horsing.] Etym: [AS. horsion.] 1. To provide with a horse, or with horses; to mount on, or as on, a horse. "Being better horsed, outrode me." Shak. 2. To sit astride of; to bestride. Shak. 3. To cover, as a mare; -- said of the male. 4. To take or carry on the back; as, the keeper, horsing a deer. S. Butler. 5. To place on the back of another, or on a wooden horse, etc., to be flogged; to subject to such punishment. HORSE Horse, v. i. Defn: To get on horseback. [Obs.] Shelton. HORSEBACK Horse"back`, n. 1. The back of a horse. 2. An extended ridge of sand, gravel, and bowlders, in a half- stratified condition. Agassiz. On horseback, on the back of a horse; mounted or riding on a horse or horses; in the saddle. The long journey was to be performed on horseback. Prescott. HORSE-CHESTNUT Horse`-chest"nut, n. (Bot.) (a) The large nutlike seed of a species of Æsculus (Æ. Hippocastanum), formerly ground, and fed to horses, whence the name. (b) The tree itself, which was brought from Constantinople in the beginning of the sixteenth century, and is now common in the temperate zones of both hemispheres. The native American species are called buckeyes. HORSE-DRENCH Horse"-drench`, n. 1. A dose of physic for a horse. Shak. 2. The appliance by which the dose is administred. HORSEFISH Horse"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The moonfish (Selene setipinnis). (b) The sauger. HORSEFLESH Horse"flesh`, n. 1. The flesh of horses. The Chinese eat horseflesh at this day. Bacon. 2. Horses, generally; the qualities of a horse; as, he is a judge of horseflesh. [Colloq.] Horseflesh ore (Min.), a miner's name for bornite, in allusion to its peculiar reddish color on fresh facture. HORSEFLY Horse"fly`, n.; pl. Horseflies (. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any dipterous fly of the family Tabanidæ, that stings horses, and sucks their blood. Note: Of these flies there are numerous species, both in Europe and America. They have a large proboscis with four sharp lancets for piercing the skin. Called also breeze fly. See Illust. under Diptera, and Breeze fly. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The horse tick or forest fly (Hippobosca). HORSEFOOT Horse"foot`, n.; pl. Horsefeet. 1. (Bot.) Defn: The coltsfoot. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Limulus or horseshoe crab. HORSE GUARDS Horse" Guards`. (Mil.) Defn: A body of cavalry so called; esp., a British regiment, called the Royal Horse Guards, which furnishes guards of state for the sovereign. The Horse Guards, a name given to the former headquarters of the commander in chief of the British army, at Whitehall in London. HORSEHAIR Horse"hair`, n. Defn: A hair of a horse, especially one from the mane or tail; the hairs of the mane or tail taken collectively; a fabric or tuft made of such hairs. Horsehair worm (Zoöl.), the hair worm or gordius. HORSEHEAD Horse"head`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The silver moonfish (Selene vomer). HORSEHIDE Horse"hide`, n. 1. The hide of a horse. 2. Leather made of the hide of a horse. HORSE-JOCKEY Horse"-jock`ey, n. 1. A professional rider and trainer of race horses. 2. A trainer and dealer in horses. HORSEKNOP Horse"knop`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Knapweed. HORSELAUGH Horse"laugh`, n. Defn: A loud, boisterous laugh; a guffaw. Pope. HORSE-LEECH Horse"-leech`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large blood-sucking leech (Hæmopsis vorax), of Europe and Northern Africa. It attacks the lips and mouths of horses. 2. A farrier; a veterinary surgeon. HORSE-LEECHERY Horse"-leech`er*y, n. Defn: The business of a farrier; especially, the art of curing the diseases of horses. HORSELESS Horse"less, a. Defn: Being without a horse; specif., not requiring a horse; -- said of certain vehicles in which horse power has been replaced by electricity, steam, etc.; as, a horseless carriage or truck. HORSE-LITTER Horse"-lit`ter, n. Defn: A carriage hung on poles, and borne by and between two horses. Milton. HORSEMAN Horse"man, n.; pl. Horsemen (. 1. A rider on horseback; one skilled in the management of horses; a mounted man. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A mounted soldier; a cavalryman. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A land crab of the genus Ocypoda, living on the coast of Brazil and the West Indies, noted for running very swiftly. (b) A West Indian fish of the genus Eques, as the light-horseman (E. lanceolatus). HORSEMANSHIP Horse"man*ship, n. Defn: The act or art of riding, and of training and managing horses; manege. HORSEMINT Horse"mint`, n. (Bot.) (a) A coarse American plant of the Mint family (Monarda punctata). (b) In England, the wild mint (Mentha sylvestris). HORSENAIL Horse"nail`, n. Defn: A thin, pointed nail, with a heavy flaring head, for securing a horsehoe to the hoof; a horsehoe nail. HORSEPLAY Horse"play`, n. Defn: Rude, boisterous play. Too much given to horseplay in his raillery. Dryden. HORSEPOND Horse"pond`, n. Defn: A pond for watering horses. HORSE POWER Horse" pow`er Defn: . 1. The power which a horse exerts. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A unit of power, used in stating the power required to drive machinery, and in estimating the capabilities of animals or steam engines and other prime movers for doing work. It is the power required for the performance of work at the rate of 33,000 English units of work per minute; hence, it is the power that must be exerted in lifting 33,000 pounds at the rate of one foot per minute, or 550 pounds at the rate of one foot per second, or 55 pounds at the rate of ten feet per second, etc. Note: The power of a draught horse, of average strength, working eight hours per day, is about four fifths of a standard horse power. Brake horse power, the net effective power of a prime mover, as a steam engine, water wheel, etc., in horse powers, as shown by a friction brake. See Friction brake, under Friction. -- Indicated horse power, the power exerted in the cylinder of an engine, stated in horse powers, estimated from the diameter and speed of the piston, and the mean effective pressure upon it as shown by an indicator. See Indicator. -- Nominal horse power (Steam Engine), a term still sometimes used in England to express certain proportions of cylinder, but having no value as a standard of measurement. 3. A machine worked by a horse, for driving other machinery; a horse motor. HORSE-RADISH Horse"-rad`ish, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Nasturtium (N. Armoracia), allied to scurvy grass, having a root of a pungent taste, much used, when grated, as a condiment and in medicine. Gray. Horse-radish tree. (Bot.) See Moringa. HORSERAKE Horse"rake`, n. Defn: A rake drawn by a horse. HORSESHOE Horse"shoe`, n. 1. A shoe for horses, consisting of a narrow plate of iron in form somewhat like the letter U, nailed to a horse's hoof. 2. Anything shaped like a horsehoe crab. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Limulus of horsehoe crab. Horsehoe head (Med.), an old name for the condition of the skull in children, in which the sutures are too open, the coronal suture presenting the form of a horsehoe. Dunglison. -- Horsehoe magnet, an artificial magnet in the form of a horsehoe. -- Horsehoe nail. See Horsenail. -- Horsehoe nose (Zoöl.), a bat of the genus Rhinolophus, having a nasal fold of skin shaped like a horsehoe. HORSESHOEING Horse"shoe`ing, n. Defn: The act or employment of shoeing horses. HORSESHOER Horse"sho`er, n. Defn: One who shoes horses. HORSETAIL Horse"tail`, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A leafless plant, with hollow and rushlike stems. It is of the genus Equisetum, and is allied to the ferns. See Illust. of Equisetum. 2. A Turkish standard, denoting rank. Note: Commanders are distinguished by the number of horsetails carried before them. Thus, the sultan has seven, the grand vizier five, and the pashas three, two, or one. Shrubby horsetail. (Bot.) See Joint-fir. HORSEWEED Horse"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A composite plant (Erigeron Canadensis), which is a common weed. HORSEWHIP Horse"whip`, n. Defn: A whip for horses. HORSEWHIP Horse"whip`, v. t. Defn: To flog or chastise with a horsewhip. HORSEWOMAN Horse"wom`an, n.; pl. Horsewomen (. Defn: A woman who rides on horseback. HORSEWOOD Horse"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A West Indian tree (Calliandra latifolia) with showy, crimson blossoms. HORSEWORM Horse"worm`, n. Defn: The larva of a botfly. HORSINESS Hors"i*ness, n. 1. The condition or quality of being a horse; that which pertains to a horse. Tennyson. 2. Fondness for, or interest in, horses. HORSLY Hors"ly, a. Defn: Horselike. [Obs.] Chaucer. HORSY Hors"y, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or suggestive of, a horse, or of horse racing; as, horsy manners; garments of fantastically horsy fashions. [Colloq.] HORTATION Hor*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. hortatio, fr. hortari to incite, exhort, fr. hori to urge.] Defn: The act of exhorting, inciting, or giving advice; exhortation. [R.] HORTATIVE Hor"ta*tive, a. Etym: [L. hortativus.] Defn: Giving exhortation; advisory; exhortative. Bullokar. HORTATIVE Hor"ta*tive, n. Defn: An exhortation. [Obs.] HORTATORY Hor"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. hortatorius.] Defn: Giving exhortation or advise; encouraging; exhortatory; inciting; as, a hortatory speech. Holland. HORTENSIAL Hor*ten"sial, a. Etym: [L. hortensius, hortensis, fr. hortus garden; akin to E. yard an inclosure.] Defn: Fit for a garden. [Obs.] Evelyn. HORTICULTOR Hor"ti*cul`tor, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. hortus garden + cultor a cultivator, colere to cultivate.] Defn: One who cultivates a garden. HORTICULTURAL Hor`ti*cul"tur*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. horticultural.] Defn: Of or pertaining to horticulture, or the culture of gardens or orchards. HORTICULTURE Hor"ti*cul`ture, n. Etym: [L. hortus garden + cultura culture: cf. F. horticulture. See Yard an inclosure, and Culture.] Defn: The cultivation of a garden or orchard; the art of cultivating gardens or orchards. HORTICULTURIST Hor`ti*cul"tur*ist, n. Defn: One who practices horticulture. HORTULAN Hor"tu*lan, a. Etym: [L. hortulanus; hortus garden.] Defn: Belonging to a garden. [Obs.] Evelyn. HORTUS SICCUS Hor"tus sic"cus. Etym: [L., a dry garden.] Defn: A collection of specimens of plants, dried and preserved, and arranged systematically; an herbarium. HORTYARD Hort"yard, n. Defn: An orchard. [Obs.] HOSANNA Ho*san"na, n.; pl. Hosannas. Etym: [Gr. hoshi'ah nnasave now, save, we pray, hoshia' to save (Hiphil, a causative form, of yasha') + na, a particle.] Defn: A Hebrew exclamation of praise to the Lord, or an invocation of blessings. "Hosanna to the Highest." Milton. Hosanna to the Son of David. Matt. xxi. 9. HOSE Hose, n.; pl. Hose, formerly Hosen. Etym: [AS. hose; akin to D. hoos, G. hose breeches, OHG. hosa, Icel. hosa stocking, gather, Dan. hose stocking; cf. Russ. koshulia a fur jacket.] 1. Close-fitting trousers or breeches, as formerly worn, reaching to the knee. These men were bound in their coats, their hosen, and their hats, and their other garments. Dan. iii. 21. His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide For his shrunk shank. Shak. 2. Covering for the feet and lower part of the legs; a stocking or stockings. 3. A flexible pipe, made of leather, India rubber, or other material, and used for conveying fluids, especially water, from a faucet, hydrant, or fire engine. Hose carriage, cart, or truck, a wheeled vehicle fitted for conveying hose for extinguishing fires. -- Hose company, a company of men appointed to bring and manage hose in the extinguishing of fires. [U.S.] -- Hose coupling, coupling with interlocking parts for uniting hose, end to end. -- Hose wrench, a spanner for turning hose couplings, to unite or disconnect them. HOSEN Ho"sen, n. pl. Defn: See Hose. [Archaic] HOSIER Ho"sier, n. Defn: One who deals in hose or stocking, or in goods knit or woven like hose. HOSIERY Ho"sier*y, n. 1. The business of a hosier. 2. Stockings, in general; goods knit or woven like hose. HOSPICE Hos"pice, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. hospitium hospitality, a place where strangers are entertained, fr. hospes stranger, guest. See Host a landlord.] Defn: A convent or monastery which is also a place of refuge or entertainment for travelers on some difficult road or pass, as in the Alps; as, the Hospice of the Great St. Bernard. HOSPITABLE Hos"pi*ta*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. hospitable, LL. hospitare to receive as a guest. See Host a landlord.] 1. Receiving and entertaining strangers or guests with kindness and without reward; kind to strangers and guests; characterized by hospitality. Shak. 2. Proceeding from or indicating kindness and generosity to guests and strangers; as, hospitable rites. To where you taper cheers the vale With hospitable ray. Goldsmith. HOSPITABLENESS Hos"pi*ta*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being hospitable; hospitality. Barrow. HOSPITABLY Hos"pi*ta*bly, adv. Defn: In a hospitable manner. HOSPITAGE Hos"pi*tage, n. Etym: [LL. hospitagium, for L. hospitium. See Hospice.] Defn: Hospitality. [Obs.] Spenser. HOSPITAL Hos"pi*tal, n. Etym: [OF. hospital, ospital, F. hôpital, LL. hospitale (or perh. E. hospital is directly from the Late Latin), from L. hospitalis relating to a guest, hospitalia apartments for guests, fr. hospes guest. See Host a landlord, and cf. Hostel, Hotel, Spital.] 1. A place for shelter or entertainment; an inn. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A building in which the sick, injured, or infirm are received and treated; a public or private institution founded for reception and cure, or for the refuge, of persons diseased in body or mind, or disabled, infirm, or dependent, and in which they are treated either at their own expense, or more often by charity in whole or in part; a tent, building, or other place where the sick or wounded of an army cared for. Hospital ship, a vessel fitted up for a floating hospital. -- Hospital Sunday, a Sunday set apart for simultaneous contribution in churches to hospitals; as, the London Hospital Sunday. HOSPITAL Hos"pi*tal, a. Etym: [L. hospitalis: cf. OF. hospital.] Defn: Hospitable. [Obs.] Howell. HOSPITALER Hos"pi*tal*er, n. [Written also hospitaller.] Etym: [F. hospitalier. See Hospital, and cf. Hostler.] 1. One residing in a hospital, for the purpose of receiving the poor, the sick, and strangers. 2. One of an order of knights who built a hospital at Jerusalem for pilgrims, A. D. 1042. They were called Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and after the removal of the order to Malta, Knights of Malta. HOSPITALISM Hos"pi*tal*ism, n. (Med.) Defn: A vitiated condition of the body, due to long confinement in a hospital, or the morbid condition of the atmosphere of a hospital. HOSPITALITY Hos`pi*tal"i*ty, n.; pl. Hospitalities. Etym: [L. hospitalitas: cf. F. hospitalité.] Defn: The act or practice of one who is hospitable; reception and entertainment of strangers or guests without reward, or with kind and generous liberality. Given to hospitality. Rom. xii. 13. And little recks to find the way to heaven By doing deeds of hospitality. Shak. HOSPITALIZE Hos"pi*tal*ize, v. t. (Med.) Defn: To render (a building) unfit for habitation, by long continued use as a hospital. HOSPITATE Hos"pi*tate, v. i. Etym: [L. hospitatus, p.p. of hospitari to be a guest, fr. hospes guest.] Defn: To receive hospitality; to be a guest. [Obs.] Grew. HOSPITATE Hos"pi*tate, v. t. Defn: To receive with hospitality; to lodge as a guest. [Obs.] Cockeram. HOSPITIUM Hos*pi"ti*um, n. Etym: [L. See Hospice.] 1. An inn; a lodging; a hospice. [Obs.] 2. (Law) Defn: An inn of court. HOSPODAR Hos"po*dar`, n. Etym: [A Slav. word; cf. Russ. gospodare lord, master.] Defn: A title borne by the princes or governors of Moldavia and Wallachia before those countries were united as Roumania. HOST Host, n. Etym: [LL. hostia sacrifice, victim, from hostire to strike.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The consecrated wafer, believed to be the body of Christ, which in the Mass is offered as a sacrifice; also, the bread before consecration. Note: In the Latin Vulgate the word was applied to the Savior as being an offering for the sins of men. HOST Host, n. Etym: [OE. host, ost, OF. host, ost, fr. L. hostis enemy, LL., army. See Guest, and cf. Host a landlord.] 1. An army; a number of men gathered for war. A host so great as covered all the field. Dryden. 2. Any great number or multitude; a throng. And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host praising God. Luke ii. 13. All at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils. Wordsworth. HOST Host, n. Etym: [OE. host, ost, OF. hoste, oste, F. hôte, from L. hospes a stranger who is treated as a guest, he who treats another as his guest, a hostl prob. fr. hostis stranger, enemy (akin to E. guest a visitor) + potis able; akin to Skr. pati master, lord. See Host an army, Possible, and cf. Hospitable, Hotel.] Defn: One who receives or entertains another, whether gratuitosly or for compensation; one from whom another receives food, lodging, or entertainment; a landlord. Chaucer. "Fair host and Earl." Tennyson. Time is like a fashionable host, That slightly shakes his parting guest by the hand. Shak. HOST Host, v. t. Defn: To give entertainment to. [Obs.] Spenser. HOST Host, v. i. Defn: To lodge at an inn; to take up entertainment. [Obs.] "Where you shall host." Shak. HOSTAGE Hos"tage, n. Etym: [OE. hostage, OF. hostage, ostage, F. ôtage, LL. hostaticus, ostaticum, for hospitaticum, fr. L. hospes guest, host. The first meaning is, the state of a guest, hospitality; hence, the state of a hostage (treated as a guest); and both these meanings occur in Old French. See Host a landlord.] Defn: A person given as a pledge or security for the performance of the conditions of a treaty or stipulations of any kind, on the performance of which the person is to be released. Your hostages I have, so have you mine; And we shall talk before we fight. Shak. He that hath a wife and children hath given hostages to fortune. Bacon. HOSTEL Hos"tel, n. Etym: [OE. hostel, ostel, OF. hostel, ostel, LL. hospitale, hospitalis, fr. L. hospitalis. See Hospital, and cf. Hotel.] 1. An inn. [Archaic] Poe. So pass I hostel, hall, and grange. Tennyson. 2. A small, unendowed college in Oxford or Cambridge. [Obs.] Holinshed. HOSTELER Hos"tel*er, n. Etym: [See Hostel, and cf. Hostler.] 1. The keeper of a hostel or inn. 2. A student in a hostel, or small unendowed collede in Oxford or Cambridge. [Obs.] Fuller. HOSTELRY Hos"tel*ry, n. Etym: [OE. hostelrie, hostelrye, ostelrie, OF. hostelerie, fr. hostel. See Hostel.] Defn: An inn; a lodging house. [Archaic] Chaucer. "Homely brought up in a rude hostelry." B. Jonson. Come with me to the hostelry. Longfellow. HOSTESS Host"ess, n. Etym: [OE. hostesse, ostesse. See Host a landlord.] 1. A female host; a woman who hospitably entertains guests at her house. Shak. 2. A woman who entertains guests for compensation; a female innkeeper. Shak. HOSTESS-SHIP Host"ess-ship, n. Defn: The character, personality, or office of a hostess. Shak. HOSTIE Hos"tie, n. Etym: [F. See 1st Host.] Defn: The consecrated wafer; the host. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet. HOSTILE Hos"tile, a. Etym: [L. hostilis, from hostis enemy: cf. F. hostile. See Host an army.] Defn: Belonging or appropriate to an enemy; showing the disposition of an enemy; showing ill will and malevolence, or a desire to thwart and injure; occupied by an enemy or enemies; inimical; unfriendly; as, a hostile force; hostile intentions; a hostile country; hostile to a sudden change. Syn. -- Warlike; inimical; unfriendly; antagonistic; opposed; adverse; opposite; contrary; repugnant. HOSTILE Hos"tile, n. Defn: An enemy; esp., an American Indian in arms against the whites; -- commonly in the plural. [Colloq.] P. H. Sheridan. HOSTILELY Hos"tile*ly, adv. Defn: In a hostile manner. HOSTILITY Hos*til"i*ty, n.; pl. Hostilities. Etym: [L. hostilitas: cf. F. hostilité.] 1. State of being hostile; public or private enemy; unfriendliness; animosity. Hostility being thus suspended with France. Hayward. 2. An act of an open enemy; a hostile deed; especially in the plural, acts of warfare; attacks of an enemy. We have showed ourselves generous adversaries . . . and have carried on even our hostilities with humanity. Atterbury. He who proceeds to wanton hostility, often provokes an enemy where he might have a friend. Crabb. Syn. -- Animosity; enmity; opposition; violence; aggression; contention; warfare. HOSTILIZE Hos"til*ize, v. t. Defn: To make hostile; to cause to become an enemy. [Obs.] A. Seward. HOSTING Host"ing, n. Etym: [From Host an army.] [Obs.] 1. An encounter; a battle. "Fierce hosting." Milton. 2. A muster or review. Spenser. HOSTLER Hos"tler, n. Etym: [OE. hosteler, osteler, innkeeper, OF. hostelier, F. hôtelier. See Hostel, and cf. Hospitaler, Hosteler.] 1. An innkeeper. [Obs.] See Hosteler. 2. The person who has the care of horses at an inn or stable; hence, any one who takes care of horses; a groom; -- so called because the innkeeper formerly attended to this duty in person. 3. (Railroad) Defn: The person who takes charge of a locomotive when it is left by the engineer after a trip. HOSTLESS Host"less, a. Defn: Inhospitable. [Obs.] "A hostless house." Spenser. HOST PLANT Host plant. (Agric.) Defn: A plant which aids, shelters, or protects another plant in its growth, as those which are used for nurse crops. HOSTRY Host"ry, n. Etym: [OE. hosterie, osterie, OF. hosterie. See Host a landlord.] 1. A hostelry; an inn or lodging house. [Obs.] Marlowe. 2. A stable for horses. [Obs.] Johnson. HOT Hot, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Hote. [Obs.] Spenser. HOT Hot, a. [Compar. Hotter; superl. Hottest.] Etym: [OE. hot, hat, AS. hat; akin to OS. het, D. heet, OHG. heiz, G. heiss, Icel. heitr, Sw. het, Dan. heed, hed; cf. Goth. heito fever, hais torch. Cf. Heat.] 1. Having much sensible heat; exciting the feeling of warmth in a great degree; very warm; -- opposed to cold, and exceeding warm in degree; as, a hot stove; hot water or air. "A hotvenison pasty." Shak. 2. Characterized by heat, ardor, or animation; easily excited; firely; vehement; passionate; violent; eager. Achilles is impatient, hot, and revengeful. Dryden. There was mouthing in hot haste. Byron. 3. Lustful; lewd; lecherous. Shak. 4. Acrid; biting; pungent; as, hot as mustard. Hot bed (Iron Manuf.), an iron platform in a rolling mill, on which hot bars, rails, etc., are laid to cool. -- Hot wall (Gardening), a wall provided with flues for the conducting of heat, to hasten the growth of fruit trees or the ripening of fruit. -- Hot well (Condensing Engines), a receptacle for the hot water drawn from the condenser by the air pump. This water is returned to the boiler, being drawn from the hot well by the feed pump. -- In hot water (Fig.), in trouble; in difficulties. [Colloq.] Syn. -- Burning; fiery; fervid; glowing; eager; animated; brisk; vehement; precipitate; violent; furious; ardent; fervent; impetuous; irascible; passionate; hasty; excitable. HOTBED Hot"bed`, n. 1. (Gardening) Defn: A bed of earth heated by fermenting manure or other substances, and covered with glass, intended for raising early plants, or for nourishing exotics. 2. A place which favors rapid growth or development; as, a hotbed of sedition. HOT BLAST Hot" blast`. Defn: See under Blast. HOT-BLOODED Hot"-blood`ed, a. Defn: Having hot blood; excitable; high-spirited; irritable; ardent; passionate. HOT-BRAINED Hot"-brained`, a. Defn: Ardent in temper; violent; rash; impetuous; as, hot-brained youth. Dryden. HOT BULB; HOT POT Hot bulb, Hot pot. (Internal-combustion Engines) Defn: See Semi-diesel, below. HOTCHKISS GUN Hotch"kiss gun [After Benjamin B. Hotchkiss (1826-85), American inventor.] Defn: A built-up, rifled, rapid-fire gun of oil-tempered steel, having a rectangular breechblock which moves horizontally or vertically in a mortise cut completely through the jacket. It is made in France. HOTCHPOT; HOTCHPOTCH Hotch"pot`, Hotch"potch`, n. Etym: [F. hochepot, fr. hocher to shake + pot pot; both of Dutch or German origin; cf. OD. hutspot hotchpotch, D. hotsen, hutsen, to shake. See Hustle, and Pot, and cf. Hodgepodge.] 1. A mingled mass; a confused mixture; a stew of various ingredients; a hodgepodge. A mixture or hotchpotch of many tastes. Bacon. 2. (Law) Defn: A blending of property for equality of division, as when lands given in frank-marriage to one daughter were, after the death of the ancestor, blended with the lands descending to her and to her sisters from the same ancestor, and then divided in equal portions among all the daughters. In modern usage, a mixing together, or throwing into a common mass or stock, of the estate left by a person deceased and the amounts advanced to any particular child or children, for the purpose of a more equal division, or of equalizing the shares of all the children; the property advanced being accounted for at its value when given. Bouvier. Tomlins. Note: This term has been applied in cases of salvage. Story. It corresponds in a measure with collation in the civil and Scotch law. See Collation. Bouvier. Tomlins. HOTCOCKLES Hot"coc`kles, n. Etym: [Hot + cockle, cockle being perh. corrupt. fr. knuckle. Cf. F. main chaude (lit., hot hand) hotcockles.] Defn: A childish play, in which one covers his eyes, and guesses who strikes him or his hand placed behind him. HOTE Hote, v. t. & i. [pres. & imp. Hatte, Hot (, etc.; p. p. Hote, Hoten (, Hot, etc. See Hight, Hete.] 1. To command; to enjoin. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. To promise. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. To be called; to be named. [Obs.] There as I was wont to hote Arcite, Now hight I Philostrate, not worth a mite. Chaucer. HOTEL Ho*tel", n. Etym: [F. hôtel, OF. hostel. See Hostel.] 1. A house for entertaining strangers or travelers; an inn or public house, of the better class. 2. In France, the mansion or town residence of a person of rank or wealth. HOTEL-DE-VILLE Hôtel`-de-ville", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A city hall or townhouse. HOTEL-DIEU Hôtel`-Dieu", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A hospital. HOTEN Hot"en, p. p. Defn: of Hote. HOTFOOT Hot"foot`, adv. Defn: In haste; foothot. [Colloq.] HOT-HEAD Hot"-head`, n. Defn: A violent, passionate person; a hasty or impetuous person; as, the rant of a hot-head. HOT-HEADED Hot"-head`ed, a. Defn: Fiery; violent; rash; hasty; impetuous; vehement. Macaulay. HOTHOUSE Hot"house`, n. 1. A house kept warm to shelter tender plants and shrubs from the cold air; a place in which the plants of warmer climates may be reared, and fruits ripened. 2. A bagnio, or bathing house. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A brothel; a bagnio. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 4. (Pottery) Defn: A heated room for drying green ware. HOT-LIVERED Hot"-liv`ered, a. Defn: Of an excitable or irritable temperament; irascible. Milton. HOTLY Hot"ly, adv. Etym: [From Hot, a.] 1. In a hot or fiery manner; ardently; vehemently; violently; hastily; as, a hotly pursued. 2. In a lustful manner; lustfully. Dryden. HOT-MOUTHED Hot"-mouthed`, a. Defn: Headstrong. That hot-mouthed beast that bears against the curb. Dryden. HOTNESS Hot"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being hot. 2. Heat or excitement of mind or manner; violence; vehemence; impetuousity; ardor; fury. M. Arnold. HOTPRESS Hot"press`, v. t. Defn: To apply to, in conjunction with mechanical pressure, for the purpose of giving a smooth and glosay surface, or to express oil, etc.; as, to hotpress paper, linen, etc. HOTPRESSED Hot"pressed`, a. Defn: Pressed while heat is applied. See Hotpress, v. t. HOT-SHORT Hot"-short`, a. (Metal.) Defn: More or less brittle when heated; as, hot-short iron. HOT-SPIRITED Hot"-spir`it*ed, a. Defn: Having a fierly spirit; hot-headed. HOTSPUR Hot"spur`, n. Etym: [Hot + spur.] Defn: A rash, hot-headed man. Holinshed. HOTSPUR; HOTSPURRED Hot"spur`, Hot"spurred`, a. Defn: Violent; impetuous; headstrong. Spenser. Peacham. HOTTENTOT Hot"ten*tot, n. Etym: [D. Hottentot; -- so called from hot and tot, two syllables of frequent occurrence in their language. Wedgwood.] 1. (Ethnol.) Defn: One of a degraded and savage race of South Africa, with yellowish brown complexion, high cheek bones, and wooly hair growing in tufts. 2. The language of the Hottentots, which is remarkable for its clicking sounds. Hottentot cherry (Bot.), a South African plant of the genus Cassine (C. maurocenia), having handsome foliage, with generally inconspicuous white or green flowers. Loudon. -- Hottentot's bread. (Bot.) See Elephant's foot (a), under Elephant. HOTTENTOTISM Hot"ten*tot*ism, n. Defn: A term employed to describe one of the varieties of stammering. Tylor. HOUDAH Hou"dah, n. Defn: See Howdah. HOUGH Hough, n. Defn: Same as Hock, a joint. HOUGH Hough, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Houghed; p. pr. & vb. n. Houghing.] Defn: Same as Hock, to hamstring. HOUGH Hough, n. Etym: [Cf. D. hak. Cf. Hack.] Defn: An adz; a hoe. [Obs.] Bp. Stillingfleet. HOUGH Hough, v. t. Defn: To cut with a hoe. [Obs.] Johnson. HOULET Hou"let, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An owl. See Howlet. HOULT Hoult, n. Defn: A piece of woodland; a small wood. [Obs.] See Holt. HOUND Hound, n. Etym: [OE. hound, hund, dog, AS. hund; akin to OS. & OFries. hund, D. hond, G. hund, OHG. hunt, Icel. hundr, Dan. & Sw. hund, Goth. hunds, and prob. to Lith. sz, Ir. & Gael. cu, L. canis, Gr. çvan. sq. root229. Cf. Canine, Cynic, Kennel.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of the domestic dog, usually having large, drooping ears, esp. one which hunts game by scent, as the foxhound, bloodhound, deerhound, but also used for various breeds of fleet hunting dogs, as the greyhound, boarhound, etc. Hounds and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs. Shak. 2. A despicable person. "Boy! false hound!" Shak. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A houndfish. 4. pl. (Naut.) Defn: Projections at the masthead, serving as a support for the trestletrees and top to rest on. 5. A side bar used to strengthen portions of the running gear of a vehicle. To follow the hounds, to hunt with hounds. HOUND Hound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Hounding.] 1. To set on the chase; to incite to pursuit; as, to hounda dog at a hare; to hound on pursuers. Abp. Bramhall. 2. To hunt or chase with hounds, or as with hounds. L'Estrange. HOUNDFISH Hound"fish, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small shark of the genus Galeus or Mustelus, of which there are several species, as the smooth houndfish (G. canis), of Europe and America; -- called also houndshark, and dogfish. Note: The European nursehound, or small-spotted dogfish, is Scyllium canicula; the rough houndfish, or large-spotted dogfish, is S. catulus. The name has also sometimes been applied to the bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), and to the silver gar. HOUNDING Hound"ing, n. 1. The act of one who hounds. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The part of a mast below the hounds and above the deck. HOUND'S-TONGUE Hound's"-tongue`, n. Etym: [AS. hundes tunge.] (Bot.) Defn: A biennial weed (Cynoglossum officinale), with soft tongue- shaped leaves, and an offensive odor. It bears nutlets covered with barbed or hooked prickles. Called also dog's-tongue. HOUP Houp, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Hoopoe. [Obs.] HOUR Hour, n. Etym: [OE. hour, our, hore, ure, OF. hore, ore, ure, F. heure, L. hora, fr. Gr. Year, and cf. Horologe, Horoscope.] 1. The twenty-fourth part of a day; sixty minutes. 2. The time of the day, as expressed in hours and minutes, and indicated by a timepiece; as, what is the hour At what hour shall we meet 3. Fixed or appointed time; conjuncture; a particular time or occasion; as, the hour of greatest peril; the man for the hour. Woman, . . . mine hour is not yet come. John ii. 4. This is your hour, and the power of darkness. Luke xxii. 53. 4. pl. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Certain prayers to be repeated at stated times of the day, as matins and vespers. 5. A measure of distance traveled. Vilvoorden, three hours from Brussels. J. P. Peters. After hours, after the time appointed for one's regular labor. -- Canonical hours. See under Canonical. -- Hour angle (Astron.), the angle between the hour circle passing through a given body, and the meridian of a place. -- Hour circle. (Astron.) (a) Any circle of the sphere passing through the two poles of the equator; esp., one of the circles drawn on an artificial globe through the poles, and dividing the equator into spaces of 15º, or one hour, each. (b) A circle upon an equatorial telescope lying parallel to the plane of the earth's equator, and graduated in hours and subdivisions of hours of right ascension. (c) A small brass circle attached to the north pole of an artificial globe, and divided into twenty-four parts or hours. It is used to mark differences of time in working problems on the globe. -- Hour hand, the hand or index which shows the hour on a timepiece. -- Hour line. (a) (Astron.) A line indicating the hour. (b) (Dialing) A line on which the shadow falls at a given hour; the intersection of an hour circle which the face of the dial. -- Hour plate, the plate of a timepiece on which the hours are marked; the dial. Locke. -- Sidereal hour, the twenty-fourth part of a sidereal day. -- Solar hour, the twenty-fourth part of a solar day. -- The small hours, the early hours of the morning, as one o'clock, two o'clock, etc. -- To keep good hours, to be regular in going to bed early. HOURGLASS Hour"glass`, n. Defn: An instrument for measuring time, especially the interval of an hour. It consists of a glass vessel having two compartments, from the uppermost of which a quantity of sand, water, or mercury occupies an hour in running through a small aperture unto the lower. Note: A similar instrument measuring any other interval of time takes its name from the interval measured; as, a half-hour glass, a half- minute glass. A three-minute glass is sometimes called an egg-glass, from being used to time the boiling of eggs. HOURI Hou"ri, n.; pl. Houris. Etym: [Per. huri, hura, hur; akin to Ar. hur, pl. of ahwar beautiful-eyed, black-eyed.] Defn: A nymph of paradise; -- so called by the Mohammedans. HOURLY Hour"ly, a. Defn: Happening or done every hour; occurring hour by hour; frequent; often repeated; renewed hour by hour; continual. In hourly expectation of a martyrdom. Sharp. HOURLY Hour"ly, adv. Defn: Every hour; frequently; continually. Great was their strife, which hourly was renewed. Dryden. HOURS Hours, n. pl. Etym: [A translation of L. Horae (Gr. Hour.] (Myth.) Defn: Goddess of the seasons, or of the hours of the day. Lo! where the rosy-blosomed Hours, Fair Venus' train, appear. Gray. HOUSAGE Hous"age, n. Etym: [From House.] Defn: A fee for keeping goods in a house. [R.] Chambers. HOUSE House, n.; pl. Houses. Etym: [OE. hous, hus, AS. h; akin to OS. & OFries. h, D. huis, OHG. h, G. haus, Icel. h, Sw. hus, Dan. huus, Goth. gudh, house of God, temple; and prob. to E. hide to conceal. See Hide, and cf. Hoard, Husband, Hussy, Husting.] 1. A structure intended or used as a habitation or shelter for animals of any kind; but especially, a building or edifice for the habitation of man; a dwelling place, a mansion. Houses are built to live in; not to look on. Bacon. Bees with smoke and doves with noisome stench Are from their hives and houses driven away. Shak. 2. Household affairs; domestic concerns; particularly in the phrase to keep house. See below. 3. Those who dwell in the same house; a household. One that feared God with all his house. Acts x. 2. 4. A family of ancestors, descendants, and kindred; a race of persons from the same stock; a tribe; especially, a noble family or an illustrious race; as, the house of Austria; the house of Hanover; the house of Israel. The last remaining pillar of their house, The one transmitter of their ancient name. Tennyson. 5. One of the estates of a kingdom or other government assembled in parliament or legislature; a body of men united in a legislative capacity; as, the House of Lords; the House of Commons; the House of Representatives; also, a quorum of such a body. See Congress, and Parliament. 6. (Com.) Defn: A firm, or commercial establishment. 7. A public house; an inn; a hotel. 8. (Astrol.) Defn: A twelfth part of the heavens, as divided by six circles intersecting at the north and south points of the horizon, used by astrologers in noting the positions of the heavenly bodies, and casting horoscopes or nativities. The houses were regarded as fixed in respect to the horizon, and numbered from the one at the eastern horizon, called the ascendant, first house, or house of life, downward, or in the direction of the earth's revolution, the stars and planets passing through them in the reverse order every twenty- four hours. 9. A square on a chessboard, regarded as the proper place of a piece. 10. An audience; an assembly of hearers, as at a lecture, a theater, etc.; as, a thin or a full house. 11. The body, as the habitation of the soul. This mortal house I'll ruin, Do Cæsar what he can. Shak. 12. [With an adj., as narrow, dark, etc.] Defn: The grave. "The narrow house." Bryant. Note: House is much used adjectively and as the first element of compounds. The sense is usually obvious; as, house cricket, housemaid, house painter, housework. House ant (Zoöl.), a very small, yellowish brown ant (Myrmica molesta), which often infests houses, and sometimes becomes a great pest. -- House of bishops (Prot. Epis. Ch.), one of the two bodies composing a general convertion, the other being House of Clerical and Lay Deputies. -- House boat, a covered boat used as a dwelling. -- House of call, a place, usually a public house, where journeymen connected with a particular trade assemble when out of work, ready for the call of employers. [Eng.] Simonds. -- House car (Railroad), a freight car with inclosing sides and a roof; a box car. -- House of correction. See Correction. -- House cricket (Zoöl.), a European cricket (Gryllus domesticus), which frequently lives in houses, between the bricks of chimneys and fireplaces. It is noted for the loud chirping or stridulation of the males. -- House dog, a dog kept in or about a dwelling house. -- House finch (Zoöl.), the burion. -- House flag, a flag denoting the commercial house to which a merchant vessel belongs. -- House fly (Zoöl.), a common fly (esp. Musca domestica), which infests houses both in Europe and America. Its larva is a maggot which lives in decaying substances or excrement, about sink drains, etc. -- House of God, a temple or church. -- House of ill fame. See Ill fame under Ill, a. -- House martin (Zoöl.), a common European swallow (Hirundo urbica). It has feathered feet, and builds its nests of mud against the walls of buildings. Called also house swallow, and window martin. -- House mouse (Zoöl.), the common mouse (Mus musculus). -- House physician, the resident medical adviser of a hospital or other public institution. -- House snake (Zoöl.), the milk snake. -- House sparrow (Zoöl.), the common European sparrow (Passer domesticus). It has recently been introduced into America, where it has become very abundant, esp. in cities. Called also thatch sparrow. -- House spider (Zoöl.), any spider which habitually lives in houses. Among the most common species are Theridium tepidariorum and Tegenaria domestica. -- House surgeon, the resident surgeon of a hospital. -- House wren (Zoöl.), the common wren of the Eastern United States (Troglodytes aëdon). It is common about houses and in gardens, and is noted for its vivacity, and loud musical notes. See Wren. -- Religious house, a monastery or convent. -- The White House, the official residence of the President of the United States; -- hence, colloquially, the office of President. -- To bring down the house. See under Bring. -- To keep house, to maintain an independent domestic establishment. -- To keep open house, to entertain friends at all times. Syn. -- Dwelling; residence; abode. See Tenement. HOUSE House, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Housed; p. pr. & vb. n. Housing.] Etym: [AS. h.] 1. To take or put into a house; to shelter under a roof; to cover from the inclemencies of the weather; to protect by covering; as, to house one's family in a comfortable home; to house farming utensils; to house cattle. At length have housed me in a humble shed. Young. House your choicest carnations, or rather set them under a penthouse. Evelyn. 2. To drive to a shelter. Shak. 3. To admit to residence; to harbor. Palladius wished him to house all the Helots. Sir P. Sidney. 4. To deposit and cover, as in the grave. Sandys. 5. (Naut.) Defn: To stow in a safe place; to take down and make safe; as, to house the upper spars. HOUSE House, v. i. 1. To take shelter or lodging; to abide to dwell; to lodge. You shall not house with me. Shak. 2. (Astrol.) Defn: To have a position in one of the houses. See House, n., 8. "Where Saturn houses." Dryden. HOUSEBOTE House"bote`, n. Etym: [House + bote.] (Law) Defn: Wood allowed to a tenant for repairing the house and for fuel. This latter is often called firebote. See Bote. HOUSEBREAKER House"break`er, n. Defn: One who is guilty of the crime of housebreaking. HOUSEBREAKING House"break`ing, n. Defn: The act of breaking open and entering, with a felonious purpose, the dwelling house of another, whether done by day or night. See Burglary, and To break a house, under Break. HOUSEBUILDER House"build`er, n. Defn: One whose business is to build houses; a housewright. HOUSECARL House"carl`, n. Etym: [OE. huscarle. See House, and Carl.] (Eng. Archæol.) Defn: A household servant; also, one of the bodyguard of King Canute. HOUSEHOLD House"hold`, n. 1. Those who dwell under the same roof and compose a family. And calls, without affecting airs, His household twice a day to prayers. Swift. 2. A line of ancestory; a race or house. [Obs.] Shak. HOUSEHOLD House"hold`, a. Defn: Belonging to the house and family; domestic; as, household furniture; household affairs. Household bread, bread made in the house for common use; hence, bread that is not of the finest quality. [Obs.] -- Household gods (Rom. Antiq.), the gods presiding over the house and family; the Lares and Penates; hence, all objects endeared by association with home. -- Household troops, troops appointed to attend and guard the sovereign or his residence. HOUSEHOLDER House"hold`er, n. Defn: The master or head of a family; one who occupies a house with his family. Towns in which almost every householder was an English Protestant. Macaulay. Compound householder. See Compound, a. HOUSEKEEPER House"keep`er, n. 1. One who occupies a house with his family; a householder; the master or mistress of a family. Locke. 2. One who does, or oversees, the work of keeping house; as, his wife is a good housekeeper; often, a woman hired to superintend the servants of a household and manage the ordinary domestic affairs. 3. One who exercises hospitality, or has plentiful and hospitable household. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 4. One who keeps or stays much at home. [R.] You are manifest housekeeper. Shak. 5. A house dog. [Obs.] Shak. HOUSEKEEPING House"keep`ing, n. 1. The state of being occupying a dwelling house as a householder. 2. Care of domestic concerns; management of a house and home affairs. 3. Hospitality; a liberal and hospitable table; a supply of provisions. [Obs.] Tell me, softly and hastly, what's in the pantry Small housekeeping enough, said Phoebe. Sir W. Scott. HOUSEKEEPING House"keep`ing, a. Defn: Domestic; used in a family; as, housekeeping commodities. HOUSEL Hou"sel, n. Etym: [OE. housel, husel, AS. h; akin to Icel. h, Goth. hunsl a sacrifice.] Defn: The eucharist. [Archaic] Rom. of R. Tennyson. HOUSEL Hou"sel, v. t. Etym: [AS. h.] Defn: To administer the eucharist to. [Archaic] Chaucer. HOUSELEEK House"leek`, n. Etym: [House + leek.] (Bot.) Defn: A succulent plant of the genus Sempervivum (S. tectorum), originally a native of subalpine Europe, but now found very generally on old walls and roofs. It is very tenacious of life under drought and heat; -- called also ayegreen. HOUSELESS House"less, a. Defn: Destitute of the shelter of a house; shelterless; homeless; as, a houseless wanderer. HOUSELESSNESS House"less*ness, n. Defn: The state of being houseless. HOUSELINE House"line`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A small line of three strands used for seizing; -- called also housing. Totten. HOUSELING House"ling`, a. Defn: Same as Housling. HOUSEMAID House"maid`, n. Defn: A female servant employed to do housework, esp. to take care of the rooms. Housemaid's knee (Med.), a swelling over the knee, due to an enlargement of the bursa in the front of the kneepan; -- so called because frequently occurring in servant girls who work upon their knees. HOUSEMATE House"mate`, n. Defn: One who dwells in the same house with another. R. Browning. HOUSEROOM House"room`, n. Defn: Room or place in a house; as, to give any one houseroom. HOUSEWARMING House"warm`ing, n. Defn: A feast or merry-making made by or for a family or business firm on taking possession of a new house or premises. Johnson. HOUSEWIFE House"wife`, n. Etym: [House + wife. Cf. Hussy.] 1. The wife of a householder; the mistress of a family; the female head of a household. Shak. He a good husband, a good housewife she. Dryden. 2. (Usually pronounced Etym: [See Hussy, in this sense.] Defn: A little case or bag for materials used in sewing, and for other articles of female work; -- called also hussy. [Written also huswife.] P. Skelton. 3. A hussy. [R.] [Usually written huswife.] Shak. Sailor's housewife, a ditty-bag. HOUSEWIFE; HOUSEWIVE House"wife`, House"wive`, v. t. Defn: To manage with skill and economy, as a housewife or other female manager; to economize. Conferred those moneys on the nuns, which since they have well housewived. Fuller. HOUSEWIFELY House"wife`ly, a. Defn: Pertaining or appropriate to a housewife; domestic; economical; prudent. A good sort of woman, ladylike and housewifely. Sir W. Scott. HOUSEWIFERY House"wif`er*y, n. Defn: The business of the mistress of a family; female management of domestic concerns. HOUSEWORK House"work`, n. Defn: The work belonging to housekeeping; especially, kitchen work, sweeping, scrubbing, bed making, and the like. HOUSEWRIGHT House"wright`, n. Defn: A builder of houses. HOUSING Hous"ing, n. Etym: [From House. In some of its senses this word has been confused with the following word.] 1. The act of putting or receiving under shelter; the state of dwelling in a habitation. 2. That which shelters or covers; houses, taken collectively. Fabyan. 3. (Arch.) (a) The space taken out of one solid, to admit the insertion of part of another, as the end of one timber in the side of another. (b) A niche for a statue. 4. (Mach.) Defn: A frame or support for holding something in place, as journal boxes, etc. 5. (Naut.) (a) That portion of a mast or bowsprit which is beneath the deck or within the vessel. (b) A covering or protection, as an awning over the deck of a ship when laid up. (c) A houseline. See Houseline. HOUSING Hous"ing, n. Etym: [From Houss.] 1. A cover or cloth for a horse's saddle, as an ornamental or military appendage; a saddlecloth; a horse cloth; in plural, trappings. 2. An appendage to the hames or collar of a harness. HOUSLING Hous"ling, a. Etym: [See Housel.] Defn: Sacramental; as, housling fire. [R.] Spenser. HOUSS Houss, n. Etym: [F. housse, LL. hulcia, fr. OHG. hulst; akin to E. holster. See Holster, and cf. 2d Housing.] Defn: A saddlecloth; a housing. [Obs.] Dryden. HOUSTONIA Hous*to"ni*a, n. [NL. So named after Dr. William Houston, an English surgeon and botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of small rubiaceous herbs, having tetramerous salveform blue or white flower. There are about twenty species, natives of North America. Also, a plant of this genus. HOUTOU Hou"tou, n. Etym: [From its note.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A beautiful South American motmot. Waterton. HOUVE Houve, n. Etym: [AS. hufe.] Defn: A head covering of various kinds; a hood; a coif; a cap. [Obs.] Chaucer. HOUYHNHNM Hou*yhnhnm", n. Defn: One of the race of horses described by Swift in his imaginary travels of Lemuel Gulliver. The Houyhnhnms were endowed with reason and noble qualities; subject to them were Yahoos, a race of brutes having the form and all the worst vices of men. HOVE Hove, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Heave. Hove short, Hove to. See To heave a cable short, To heave a ship to, etc., under Heave. HOVE Hove, v. i. & t. Defn: To rise; to swell; to heave; to cause to swell. [Obs. or Scot.] Holland. Burns. HOVE Hove, v. i. Etym: [OE. hoven. See Hover.] Defn: To hover around; to loiter; to lurk. [Obs.] Gower. HOVEL Hov"el, n. Etym: [OE. hovel, hovil, prob. a dim. fr. AS. hof house; akin to D. & G. hof court, yard, Icel. hof temple; cf. Prov. E. hove to take shelter, heuf shelter, home.] 1. An open shed for sheltering cattle, or protecting produce, etc., from the weather. Brande & C. 2. A poor cottage; a small, mean house; a hut. 3. (Porcelain Manuf.) Defn: A large conical brick structure around which the firing kilns are grouped. Knight. HOVEL Hov"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoveled or Hovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hoveling or Hovelling.] Defn: To put in a hovel; to shelter. To hovel thee with swine, and rogues forlon. Shak. The poor are hoveled and hustled together. Tennyson. HOVELER Hov"el*er, n. Defn: One who assists in saving life and property from a wreck; a coast boatman. [Written also hoveller.] [Prov. Eng.] G. P. R. James. HOVELING Hov"el*ing, n. Defn: A method of securing a good draught in chimneys by covering the top, leaving openings in the sides, or by carrying up two of the sides higher than the other two. [Written also hovelling.] HOVEN Ho"ven, obs. or archaic Defn: p. p. of Heave. HOVEN Ho"ven, a. Defn: Affected with the disease called hoove; as, hoven cattle. HOVER Hov"er, n. Etym: [Etymol. doubtful.] Defn: A cover; a shelter; a protection. [Archaic] Carew. C. Kingsley. HOVER Hov"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hovered; p. pr. & vb. n. Hovering.] Etym: [OE. hoveren, and hoven, prob. orig., to abide, linger, and fr. AS. hof house; cf. OFries. hovia to receive into one's house. See Hovel.] 1. To hang fluttering in the air, or on the wing; to remain in flight or floating about or over a place or object; to be suspended in the air above something. Great flights of birds are hovering about the bridge, and settling on it. Addison. A hovering mist came swimming o'er his sight. Dryden. 2. To hang about; to move to and fro near a place, threateningly, watchfully, or irresolutely. Agricola having sent his navy to hover on the coast. Milton. Hovering o'er the paper with her quill. Shak. HOVERER Hov"er*er, n. Defn: A device in an incubator for protecting the young chickens and keeping them warm. HOVER-HAWK Hov"er-hawk`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The kestrel. HOVERINGLY Hov"er*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a hovering manner. HOW How, adv. Etym: [OE. how, hou, hu, hwu, AS. h, from the same root as hwa, hwæt, who, what, pron. interrog.; akin to OS. hwow, D. hoe, cf. G. wie how, Goth. hwe wherewith, hwaiwa how. sq. root182. See Who, and cf. Why.] 1. In what manner or way; by what means or process. How can a man be born when he is old John iii. 4. 2. To what degree or extent, number or amount; in what proportion; by what measure or quality. O, how love I thy law! it is my meditation all the day. Ps. cxix. 97. By how much they would diminish the present extent of the sea, so much they would impair the fertility, and fountains, and rivers of the earth. Bentley. 3. For what reason; from what cause. How now, my love! why is your cheek so pale Shak. 4. In what state, condition, or plight. How, and with what reproach, shall I return Dryden. 5. By what name, designation, or title. How art thou called Shak. 6. At what price; how dear. [Obs.] How a score of ewes now Shak. Note: How is used in each sense, interrogatively, interjectionally, and relatively; it is also often employed to emphasize an interrogation or exclamation. "How are the mighty fallen!" 2 Sam. i. 27. Sometimes, also, it is used as a noun; -- as, the how, the when, the wherefore. Shelley. Let me beg you -- don't say "How" for "What" Holmes. HOWADJI How*adj"i, n. Etym: [Ar.] 1. A traveler. 2. A merchant; -- so called in the East because merchants were formerly the chief travelers. HOWBEIT How*be"it, conj. Etym: [How + be + it.] Defn: Be it as it may; nevertheless; notwithstanding; although; albeit; yet; but; however. The Moor -- howbeit that I endure him not -Is of a constant, loving, noble nature. Shak. HOWDAH How"dah, n. Etym: [Ar. hawdaj.] Defn: A seat or pavilion, generally covered, fastened on the back of an elephant, for the rider or riders. [Written also houdah.] HOWDY How"dy, n. Etym: [Scot., also houdy- wife. Of uncertain origin; cf. OSw. jordgumma; or perh. fr. E. how d'ye.] Defn: A midwife. [Prov. Eng.] HOWEL How"el, n. Defn: A tool used by coopers for smoothing and chamfering rheir work, especially the inside of casks. HOWEL How"el, v. t. Defn: To smooth; to plane; as, to howel a cask. HOWELL How"ell, n. Defn: The upper stage of a porcelian furnace. HOWEVER How*ev"er, adv. Etym: [Sometimes contracted into howe'er.] 1. In whetever manner, way, or degree. However yet they me despise and spite. Spenser. Howe'er the business goes, you have made fault. Shak. 2. At all events; at least; in any case. Our chief end is to be freed from all, if it may be, however from the greatest evils. Tillotson. HOWEVER How*ev"er, conj. Defn: Nevertheless; notwithstanding; yet; still; though; as, I shall not oppose your design; I can not, however, approve of it. In your excuse your love does little say; You might howe'er have took a better way. Dryden. Syn. -- However, At least, Nevertheless, Yet. These words, as here compared, have an adversative sense in reference to something referred to in the context. However is the most general, and leads to a final conclusion or decision. Thus we say, the truth, however, has not yet fully come out; i.e., such is the speaker's conclusion in view of the whole case. So also we say, however, you may rely on my assistance to that amount; i. e., at all events, whatever may happen, this is my final decision. At least is adversative in another way. It points out the utmost concession that can possibly be required, and still marks the adversative conclusion; as, at least, this must be done; whatever may be our love of peace, we must at least maintain the rights of conscience. Nevertheless denotes that though the concession be fully made, it has no bearing of the question; as, nevertheless, we must go forward. Yet signifies that however extreme the supposition or fact comceded may be, the consequence which might naturally be expected does not and will not follow; as, though I should die with thee, yet will I not deny thee; though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. Cf. But. HOWITZ How"itz, n. Defn: A howitzer. [Obs.] HOWITZER How"itz*er, n. Etym: [G. haubitze, formerly hauffnitz, Bohem. haufnice, orig., a sling.] (Mil.) (a) A gun so short that the projectile, which was hollow, could be put in its place by hand; a kind of mortar. [Obs.] (b) A short, light, largebore cannon, usually having a chamber of smaller diameter than the rest of the bore, and intended to throw large projectiles with comparatively small charges. HOWKER How"ker, n. (Naut.) Defn: Same as Hooker. HOWL Howl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Howled; p. pr. & vb. n. Howling.] Etym: [OE. houlen, hulen; akin to D. huilen, MHG. hiulen, hiuweln, OHG. hiuwilon to exult, h owl, Dan. hyle to howl.] 1. To utter a loud, protraced, mournful sound or cry, as dogs and wolves often do. And dogs in corners set them down to howl. Drayton. Methought a legion of foul fiends Environ'd me about, and howled in my ears. Shak. 2. To utter a sound expressive of distress; to cry aloud and mournfully; to lament; to wail. Howl ye, for the day of the Lord is at hand. Is. xiii. 6. 3. To make a noise resembling the cry of a wild beast. Wild howled the wind. Sir W. Scott. Howling monkey. (Zoöl.) See Howler, 2. -- Howling wilderness, a wild, desolate place inhabited only by wild beasts. Deut. xxxii. 10. HOWL Howl, v. t. Defn: To utter with outcry. "Go . . . howl it out in deserts." Philips. HOWL Howl, n. 1. The protracted, mournful cry of a dog or a wolf, or other like sound. 2. A prolonged cry of distress or anguish; a wail. HOWLER Howl"er, n. 1. One who howls. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any South American monkey of the genus Mycetes. Many species are known. They are arboreal in their habits, and are noted for the loud, discordant howling in which they indulge at night. HOWLET Howl"et, n. Etym: [Equiv. to owlet, influenced by howl: cf. F. hulotte, OHG. h, hiuwela.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An owl; an owlet. [Written also houlet.] R. Browning. HOWP Howp, v. i. Defn: To cry out; to whoop. [Obs.] Chaucer. HOWSO How"so, adv. Defn: Howsoever. [Obs.] HOWSOEVER How`so*ev"er, adj. & conj. Etym: [How + so + ever.] 1. In what manner soever; to whatever degree or extent; however. I am glad he's come, howsoever he comes. Shak. 2. Although; though; however. [Obs.] Shak. HOWVE Howve, n. Defn: A hood. See Houve. [Obs.] HOX Hox, v. t. Etym: [See Hock. sq. root.] Defn: To hock; to hamstring. See Hock. [Obs.] Shak. HOY Hoy, n. Etym: [D. heu, or Flem. hui.] (Naut.) Defn: A small coaster vessel, usually sloop-rigged, used in conveying passengers and goods from place to place, or as a tender to larger vessels in port. The hoy went to London every week. Cowper. HOY Hoy, interj. Etym: [D. hui. Cf. Ahoy.] Defn: Ho! Halloe! Stop! HOYDEN Hoy"den, n. Defn: Same as Hoiden. HOYMAN Hoy"man, n.; pl. Hoymen (. Defn: One who navigates a hoy. A common hoyman to carry goods by water for hire. Hobart. HSIEN Hsien, n. [Chin.] Defn: An administrative subdivision of a fu, or department, or of an independent chow; also, the seat of government of such a district. HUANACO Hua*na"co, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Guanaco. HUARACHO Hua*ra"cho, n.; pl. Huarachos (#). [Amer. Sp., also guaracha, guarache, huarache, prob. of Mexican origin.] Defn: A kind of sandal worn by Indians and the lower classes generally; --usually used in pl. [Southern U. S. & Mex.] HUB Hub, n. Etym: [See 1st Hob.] 1. The central part, usually cylindrical, of a wheel; the nave. See Illust. of Axle box. 2. The hilt of a weapon. Halliwell. 3. A rough protuberance or projecting obstruction; as, a hub in the road. [U.S.] See Hubby. 4. A goal or mark at which quoits, etc., are cast. 5. (Diesinking) Defn: A hardened, engraved steel punch for impressing a device upon a die, used in coining, etc. 6. A screw hob. See Hob, 3. 7. A block for scotching a wheel. Hub plank (Highway Bridges), a horizontal guard plank along a truss at the height of a wagon-wheel hub. -- Up to the hub, as far as possible in embarrassment or difficulty, or in business, like a wheel sunk in mire; deeply involved. [Colloq.] HUBBLE-BUBBLE Hub"ble-bub`ble, n. Defn: A tobacco pipe, so arranged that the smoke passes through water, making a bubbling noise, whence its name. In India, the bulb containing the water is often a cocoanut shell. HUBBUB Hub"bub, n. Etym: [Cf. Whoobub, Whoop, Hoop, v. i.] Defn: A loud noise of many confused voices; a tumult; uproar. Milton. This hubbub of unmeaning words. Macaulay. HUBBY Hub"by, a. Defn: Full of hubs or protuberances; as, a road that has been frozen while muddy is hubby. [U.S.] HUBNER; HUEBNER Hüb"ner, n. Etym: [After Hübner, who analyzed it.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of brownish black color, occurring in columnar or foliated masses. It is native manganese tungstate. HUCH; HUCHEN Huch, Hu"chen, n. Etym: [G.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large salmon (Salmo, or Salvelinus, hucho) inhabiting the Danube; -- called also huso, and bull trout. HUCK Huck, v. i. Etym: [See Hawk to offer for sale, Huckster.] Defn: To higgle in trading. [Obs.] Holland. HUCKABACK Huck"a*back, n. Etym: [Perh. orig., peddler's wares; cf. LG. hukkebak pickback. Cf. Huckster.] Defn: A kind of linen cloth with raised figures, used for towelings. HUCKLE Huc"kle, n. Etym: [Perh. dim. of Prov. E. hucka hook, and so named from its round shape. See Hook.] 1. The hip; the haunch. 2. A bunch or part projecting like the hip. Huckle bone. (a) The hip bone; the innominate bone. (b) A small bone of the ankle; astragalus. [R.] Udall. HUCKLE-BACKED Huc"kle-backed`, a. Defn: Round-shoulded. HUCKLEBERRY Huc"kle*ber`ry, n. Etym: [Cf. Whortleberry.] (Bot.) (a) The edible black or dark blue fruit of several species of the American genus Gaylussacia, shrubs nearly related to the blueberries (Vaccinium), and formerly confused with them. The commonest huckelberry comes from G. resinosa. (b) The shrub that bears the berries. Called also whortleberry. Squaw huckleberry. See Deeberry. HUCKSTER Huck"ster, n. Etym: [OE. hukstere, hukster, OD. heukster, D. heuker; akin to D. huiken to stoop, bend, OD. huycken, huken, G. hocken, to squat, Icel. h; -- the peddler being named from his stooping under the load on his back. Cf. Hawk to offer for sale.] 1. A retailer of small articles, of provisions, and the like; a peddler; a hawker. Swift. 2. A mean, trickish fellow. Bp. Hall. HUCKSTER Huck"ster, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Huckstered; p. pr. & vb. n. Huckstering.] Defn: To deal in small articles, or in petty bargains. Swift. HUCKSTERAGE Huck"ster*age, n. Defn: The business of a huckster; small dealing; peddling. Ignoble huckster age of piddling tithes. Milton. HUCKSTERER Huck"ster*er, n. Defn: A huckster. Gladstone. Those hucksterers or money-jobbers. Swift. HUCKSTRESS Huck"stress, n. Defn: A female huckster. HUD Hud, n. Etym: [Cf. Hood a covering.] Defn: A huck or hull, as of a nut. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. HUDDLE Hud"dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Huddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Huddling.] Etym: [Cf. OE. hoderen, hodren, to cover, keep, warm; perh. akin to OE. huden, hiden, to hide, E. hide, and orig. meaning, to get together for protection in a safe place. Cf. Hide to conceal.] Defn: To press together promiscuously, from confusion, apprehension, or the like; to crowd together confusedly; to press or hurry in disorder; to crowd. The cattle huddled on the lea. Tennyson. Huddling together on the public square . . . like a herd of panic- struck deer. Prescott. HUDDLE Hud"dle, v. t. 1. To crowd (things) together to mingle confusedly; to assemble without order or system. Our adversary, huddling several suppositions together, . . . makes a medley and confusion. Locke. 2. To do, make, or put, in haste or roughly; hence, to do imperfectly; -- usually with a following preposition or adverb; as, to huddle on; to huddle up; to huddle together. "Huddle up a peace." J. H. Newman. Let him forescat his work with timely care, Which else is huddled when the skies are fair. Dryden. Now, in all haste, they huddle on Their hoods, their cloaks, and get them gone. Swift. HUDDLE Hud"dle, n. Defn: A crowd; a number of persons or things crowded together in a confused manner; tumult; confusion. "A huddle of ideas." Addison. HUDDLER Hud"dler, n. Defn: One who huddles things together. HUDGE Hudge, n. (Mining) Defn: An iron bucket for hoisting coal or ore. Raymond. HUDIBRASTIC Hu`di*bras"tic, a. Defn: Similar to, or in the style of, the poem "Hudibras," by Samuel Butler; in the style of doggerel verse. Macaulay. HUDSONIAN Hud*so"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Hudson's Bay or to the Hudson River; as, the Hudsonian curlew. HUE Hue, n. Etym: [OE. hew, heow, color, shape, form, AS. hiw, heow; akin to Sw. hy skin, complexion, Goth. hiwi form, appearance.] 1. Color or shade of color; tint; dye. "Flowers of all hue." Milton. Hues of the rich unfolding morn. Keble. 2. (Painting) Defn: A predominant shade in a composition of primary colors; a primary color modified by combination with others. HUE Hue, n. Etym: [OE. hue, huer, to hoot, shout, prob. fr. OF. hu an exclamation.] Defn: A shouting or vociferation. Hue and cry (Law), a loud outcry with which felons were anciently pursued, and which all who heard it were obliged to take up, joining in the pursuit till the malefactor was taken; in later usage, a written proclamation issued on the escape of a felon from prison, requiring all persons to aid in retaking him. Burrill. HUED Hued, a. Defn: Having color; -- usually in composition; as, bright-hued; many- hued. Chaucer. HUELESS Hue"less, a. Etym: [AS. hiwleás. See Hue color.] Defn: Destitute of color. Hudibras. HUER Hu"er, n. Defn: One who cries out or gives an alarm; specifically, a balker; a conder. See Balker. HUFF Huff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Huffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Huffing.] Etym: [Cf. OE. hoove to puff up, blow; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To swell; to enlarge; to puff up; as, huffed up with air. Grew. 2. To treat with insolence and arrogance; to chide or rebuke with insolence; to hector; to bully. You must not presume to huff us. Echard. 3. (Draughts) Defn: To remove from the board (the piece which could have captured an opposing piece). See Huff, v. i., 3. HUFF Huff, v. i. 1. To enlarge; to swell up; as, bread huffs. 2. To bluster or swell with anger, pride, or arrogance; to storm; to take offense. THis senseless arrogant conceit of theirs made them huff at the doctrine of repentance. South. 3. (Draughts) Defn: To remove from the board a man which could have captured a piece but has not done so; -- so called because it was the habit to blow upon the piece. HUFF Huff, n. 1. A swell of sudden anger or arrogance; a fit of disappointment and petulance or anger; a rage. "Left the place in a huff." W. Irving. 2. A boaster; one swelled with a false opinion of his own value or importance. Lewd, shallow-brained huffs make atheism and contempt of religion the sole badge . . . of wit. South. To take huff, to take offence. Cowper. HUFFCAP Huff"cap`, n. Defn: A blusterer; a bully. [Obs.] -- a. Defn: Blustering; swaggering. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. HUFFER Huff"er, n. Defn: A bully; a blusterer. Hudibras. HUFFINESS Huff"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being huffish; petulance; bad temper. Ld. Lytton. HUFFINGLY Huff"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Blusteringly; arrogantly. [R.] And huffingly doth this bonny Scot ride. Old Ballad. HUFFISH Huff"ish, a. Defn: Disposed to be blustering or arrogant; petulant. -- Huff"ish*ly, adv. -- Huff"ish*ness, n. HUFFY Huff"y, a. 1. Puffed up; as, huffy bread. 2. Characterized by arrogance or petulance; easily offended. HUG Hug, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hugged; p. pr. & vb. n. Hugging.] Etym: [Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. sidde paa huk to squat, Sw. huka sig to squat, Icel. h. Cf. Huckster.] 1. To cower; to crouch; to curl up. [Obs.] Palsgrave. 2. To crowd together; to cuddle. [Obs.] Shak. HUG Hug, v. t. 1. To press closely within the arms; to clasp to the bosom; to embrace. "And huggen me in his arms." Shak. 2. To hold fast; to cling to; to cherish. We hug deformities if they bear our names. Glanvill. 3. (Naut.) Defn: To keep close to; as, to hug the land; to hug the wind. To hug one's self, to congratulate one's self; to chuckle. HUG Hug, n. Defn: A close embrace or clasping with the arms, as in affection or in wrestling. Fuller. HUGE Huge, a. [Compar. Huger; superl. Hugest.] Etym: [OE. huge, hoge, OF. ahuge, ahoge.] Defn: Very large; enormous; immense; excessive; -- used esp. of material bulk, but often of qualities, extent, etc.; as, a huge ox; a huge space; a huge difference. "The huge confusion." Chapman. "A huge filly." Jer. Taylor. -- Huge"ly, adv. -- Huge"ness, n. Doth it not flow as hugely as the sea. Shak. Syn. -- Enormous; gigantic; colossal; immense; prodigious; vast. HUGGER Hug"ger, n. Defn: One who hugs or embraces. HUGGER Hug"ger, v. t. & i. Defn: To conceal; to lurk ambush. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. HUGGER-MUGGER Hug"ger-mug`ger, n. Etym: [Scot. huggrie-muggrie; Prov. E. hugger to lie in ambush, mug mist, muggard sullen.] Defn: Privacy; secrecy. Commonly in the phrase in hugger-mugger, with haste and secrecy. [Archaic] Many things have been done in hugger-mugger. Fuller. HUGGER-MUGGER Hug"ger-mug`ger, a. 1. Secret; clandestine; sly. 2. Confused; disorderly; slovenly; mean; as, hugger-mugger doings. HUGGLE Hug"gle, v. t. Etym: [Freq. of hug.] Defn: To hug. [Obs.] HUGUENOT Hu"gue*not, n. Etym: [F., properly a dim. of Hugues. The name is probably derived from the Christian name (Huguenot) of some person conspicuous as a reformer.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A French Protestant of the period of the religious wars in France in the 16th century. HUGUENOTISM Hu"gue*not*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. huguenotisme.] Defn: The religion of the Huguenots in France. HUGY Hu"gy, a. Defn: Vast. [Obs.] Dryden. HUIA BIRD Hu"ia bird`. Etym: [Native name; -- so called from its cry.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A New Zealand starling (Heteralocha acutirostris), remarkable for the great difference in the form and length of the bill in the two sexes, that of the male being sharp and straight, that of the female much longer and strongly curved. HUISHER Hui"sher, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Usher. B. Jonson. HUISHER Hui"sher, v. t. Defn: To usher. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. HUKE Huke, n. Etym: [OF. huque, LL. huca; cf. D. huik.] Defn: An outer garment worn in Europe in the Middle Ages. [Written also heuk and hyke.] [Obs.] Bacon. HULAN Hu"lan, n. Defn: See Uhlan. HULCH Hulch, n. Etym: [Cf. Hunch.] Defn: A hunch. [Obs.] HULCHY Hulch"y, a. Defn: Swollen; gibbous. [Obs.] HULK Hulk, n. Etym: [OE. hulke a heavy ship, AS. hulc a light, swift ship; akin to D. hulk a ship of burden, G. holk, OHG. holcho; perh. fr. LL. holcas, Gr. Wolf, Holcad.] 1. The body of a ship or decked vessel of any kind; esp., the body of an old vessel laid by as unfit for service. "Some well-timbered hulk." Spenser. 2. A heavy ship of clumsy build. Skeat. 3. Anything bulky or unwieldly. Shak. Shear hulk, an old ship fitted with an apparatus to fix or take out the masts of a ship. -- The hulks, old or dismasted ships, formerly used as prisons. [Eng.] Dickens. HULK Hulk, v. t. Etym: [Cf. MLG. holken to hollow out, Sw. hålka.] Defn: To take out the entrails of; to disembowel; as, to hulk a hare. [R.] Beau. & Fl. HULKING; HULKY Hulk"ing, Hulk"y, a. Defn: Bulky; unwiedly. [R.] "A huge hulking fellow." H. Brooke. HULL Hull, n. Etym: [OE. hul, hol, shell, husk, AS. hulu; akin to G. hülle covering, husk, case, hüllen to cover, Goth. huljan to cover, AS. helan to hele, conceal. sq. root17. See Hele, v. t., Hell.] 1. The outer covering of anything, particularly of a nut or of grain; the outer skin of a kernel; the husk. 2. Etym: [In this sense perh. influenced by D. hol hold of a ship, E. hold.] (Naut.) Defn: The frame or body of a vessel, exclusive of her masts, yards, sails, and rigging. Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light. Dryden. Hull down, said of a ship so distant that her hull is concealed by the convexity of the sea. HULL Hull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hulled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hulling.] 1. To strip off or separate the hull or hulls of; to free from integument; as, to hull corn. 2. To pierce the hull of, as a ship, with a cannon ball. HULL Hull, v. i. Defn: To toss or drive on the water, like the hull of a ship without sails. [Obs.] Shak. Milton. HULLABALOO Hul`la*ba*loo", n. Etym: [Perh. a corruption of hurly-burly.] Defn: A confused noise; uproar; tumult. [Colloq.] Thackeray. HULLED Hulled, a. Defn: Deprived of the hulls. Hulled corn, kernels of maize prepared for food by removing the hulls. HULLER Hull"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, hulls; especially, an agricultural machine for removing the hulls from grain; a hulling machine. HULLO Hul*lo", interj. Defn: See Hollo. HULLY Hull"y, a. Defn: Having or containing hulls. HULOIST Hu"lo*ist, n. Defn: See Hyloist. HULOTHEISM Hu"lo*the*ism, n. Defn: See Hylotheism. HULVER Hul"ver, n. Etym: [OE. hulfere; prob. akin to E. holly.] Defn: Holly, an evergreen shrub or tree. HUM Hum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hummed; p. pr. & vb. n. Humming.] Etym: [Of imitative origin; cf. G. hummen, D. hommelen. sq. root15.] 1. To make a low, prolonged sound, like that of a bee in flight; to drone; to murmur; to buzz; as, a top hums. P. Fletcher. Still humming on, their drowsy course they keep. Pope. 2. To make a nasal sound, like that of the letter m prolonged, without opening the mouth, or articulating; to mumble in monotonous undertone; to drone. The cloudy messenger turns me his back, And hums. Shak. 3. Etym: [Cf. Hum, interj.] Defn: To make an inarticulate sound, like h'm, through the nose in the process of speaking, from embarrassment or a affectation; to hem. 4. To express satisfaction by a humming noise. Here the spectators hummed. Trial of the Regicides. Note: Formerly the habit of audiences was to express gratification by humming and displeasure by hissing. 5. To have the sensation of a humming noise; as, my head hums, -- a pathological condition. HUM Hum, v. t. 1. To sing with shut mouth; to murmur without articulation; to mumble; as, to hum a tune. 2. To express satisfaction with by humming. 3. To flatter by approving; to cajole; to impose on; to humbug. [Colloq. & Low] HUM Hum, n. 1. A low monotonous noise, as of bees in flight, of a swiftly revolving top, of a wheel, or the like; a drone; a buzz. The shard-borne beetle with his drowsy hums. Shak. 2. Any inarticulate and buzzing sound; as: (a) The confused noise of a crowd or of machinery, etc., heard at a distance; as, the hum of industry. But 'midst the crowd, the hum, the shock of men. Byron. (b) A buzz or murmur, as of approbation. Macaulay. 3. An imposition or hoax. 4. Etym: [Cf. Hem, interj.] Defn: An inarticulate nasal sound or murmur, like h'm, uttered by a speaker in pause from embarrassment, affectation, etc. THese shrugs, these hums and ha's. Shak. 5. Etym: [Perh. so called because strongly intoxicating.] Defn: A kind of strong drink formerly used. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Venous hum. See under Venous. HUM Hum, interj. Etym: [Cf. Hem, interj.] Defn: Ahem; hem; an inarticulate sound uttered in a pause of speech implying doubt and deliberation. Pope. HUMAN Hu"man, a. Etym: [L. humanus; akin to homo man: cf. F. humain. See Homage, and cf. Humane, Omber.] Defn: Belonging to man or mankind; having the qualities or attributes of a man; of or pertaining to man or to the race of man; as, a human voice; human shape; human nature; human sacrifices. To err is human; to forgive, divine. Pope. HUMAN Hu"man, n. Defn: A human being. [Colloq.] Sprung of humans that inhabit earth. Chapman. We humans often find ourselves in strange position. Prof. Wilson. HUMANATE Hu"man*ate, a. Etym: [LL. humanatus.] Defn: Indued with humanity. [Obs.] Cranmer. HUMANE Hu*mane", a. Etym: [L. humanus: cf. F. humain. See Human.] 1. Pertaining to man; human. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. 2. Having the feelings and inclinations creditable to man; having a disposition to treat other human beings or animals with kindness; kind; benevolent. Of an exceeding courteous and humane inclination. Sportswood. 3. Humanizing; exalting; tending to refine. Syn. -- Kind; sympathizing; benevolent; mild; compassionate; gentle; tender; merciful. -- Hu*mane"ly, adv. -- Hu*mane"ness, n. HUMANICS Hu*man"ics, n. Defn: The study of human nature. [R.] T. W. Collins. HUMANIFY Hu*man"i*fy, v. t. Defn: To make human; to invest with a human personality; to incarnate. [R.] The humanifying of the divine Word. H. B. Wilson. HUMANISM Hu"man*ism, n. 1. Human nature or disposition; humanity. [She] looked almost like a being who had rejected with indifference the attitude of sex for the loftier quality of abstract humanism. T. Hardy. 2. The study of the humanities; polite learning. HUMANIST Hu"man*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. humaniste.] 1. One of the scholars who in the field of literature proper represented the movement of the Renaissance, and early in the 16th century adopted the name Humanist as their distinctive title. Schaff- Herzog. 2. One who purposes the study of the humanities, or polite literature. 3. One versed in knowledge of human nature. HUMANISTIC Hu`man*is"tic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to humanity; as, humanistic devotion. Caird. 2. Pertaining to polite kiterature. M. Arnold. HUMANITARIAN Hu*man`i*ta"ri*an, a. 1. (Theol. & Ch. Hist.) Defn: Pertaining to humanitarians, or to humanitarianism; as, a humanitarian view of Christ's nature. 2. (Philos.) Defn: Content with right affections and actions toward man; ethical, as distinguished from religious; believing in the perfectibility of man's nature without supernatural aid. 3. Benevolent; philanthropic. [Recent] HUMANITARIAN Hu*man`i*ta"ri*an, n. Etym: [From Humanity.] 1. (Theol. & Ch. Hist.) Defn: One who denies the divinity of Christ, and believes him to have been merely human. 2. (Philos.) Defn: One who limits the sphere of duties to human relations and affections, to the exclusion or disparagement of the religious or spiritual. 3. One who is actively concerned in promoting the welfare of his kind; a philanthropist. [Recent] HUMANITARIANISM Hu*man`i*ta"ri*an*ism, n. 1. (Theol. & Ch. Hist.) Defn: The distinctive tenet of the humanitarians in denying the divinity of Christ; also, the whole system of doctrine based upon this view of Christ. 2. (Philos.) Defn: The doctrine that man's obligations are limited to, and dependent alone upon, man and the human relations. HUMANITIAN Hu`ma*ni"tian, n. Defn: A humanist. [Obs.] B. Jonson. HUMANITY Hu*man"i*ty, n.; pl. Humanities. Etym: [L. humanitas: cf. F. humanité. See Human.] 1. The quality of being human; the peculiar nature of man, by which he is distinguished from other beings. 2. Mankind collectively; the human race. But hearing oftentimes The still, and music humanity. Wordsworth. It is a debt we owe to humanity. S. S. Smith. 3. The quality of being humane; the kind feelings, dispositions, and sympathies of man; especially, a disposition to relieve persons or animals in distress, and to treat all creatures with kindness and tenderness. "The common offices of humanity and friendship." Locke. 4. Mental cultivation; liberal education; instruction in classical and polite literature. Polished with humanity and the study of witty science. Holland. 5. pl. (With definite article) Defn: The branches of polite or elegant learning; as language, rhetoric, poetry, and the ancient classics; belles-letters. Note: The cultivation of the languages, literature, history, and archæology of Greece and Rome, were very commonly called literæ humaniores, or, in English, the humanities, . . . by way of opposition to the literæ divinæ, or divinity. G. P. Marsh. HUMANIZATION Hu*man`i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of humanizing. M. Arnold. HUMANIZE Hu"man*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Humanizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. humaniser.] 1. To render human or humane; to soften; to make gentle by overcoming cruel dispositions and rude habits; to refine or civilize. Was it the business of magic to humanize our natures with compassion Addison. 2. To give a human character or expression to. "Humanized divinities." Caird. 3. (Med.) Defn: To convert into something human or belonging to man; as, to humanize vaccine lymph. HUMANIZE Hu"man*ize, v. i. Defn: To become or be made more humane; to become civilized; to be ameliorated. By the original law of nations, war and extirpation were the punishment of injury. Humanizing by degrees, it admitted slavery instead of death; a further step was the exchange of prisoners instead of slavery. Franklin. HUMANIZER Hu"man*i`zer, n. Defn: One who renders humane. HUMANKIND Hu"man*kind`, n. Defn: Mankind. Pope. HUMANLY Hu"man*ly, adv. 1. In a human manner; after the manner of men; according to the knowledge or wisdom of men; as, the present prospects, humanly speaking, promise a happy issue. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Kindly; humanely. [Obs.] Pope. HUMANNESS Hu"man*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being human. HUMATE Hu"mate, n. Etym: [L. humus the earth, ground.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of humic acid. HUMATION Hu*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. humatio, fr. humare to cover with earth, to inter, fr. humus the earth, ground. See Homage.] Defn: Interment; inhumation. [R.] HUMBIRD Hum"bird`, n. Defn: Humming bird. HUMBLE Hum"ble, a. [Compar. Humbler; superl. Humblest.] Etym: [F., fr. L. humilis on the ground, low, fr. humus the earth, ground. See Homage, and cf. Chameleon, Humiliate.] 1. Near the ground; not high or lofty; not pretentious or magnificent; unpretending; unassuming; as, a humble cottage. THy humble nest built on the ground. Cowley. 2. Thinking lowly of one's self; claiming little for one's self; not proud, arrogant, or assuming; thinking one's self ill-deserving or unworthy, when judged by the demands of God; lowly; waek; modest. God resisteth the proud, but giveth grace unto the humble. Jas. iv. 6. She should be humble who would please. Prior. Without a humble imitation of the divine Author of our . . . religion we can never hope to be a happy nation. Washington. Humble plant (Bot.), a species of sensitive plant, of the genus Mimosa (M. sensitiva). -- To eat humble pie, to endure mortification; to submit or apologize abjectly; to yield passively to insult or humilitation; -- a phrase derived from a pie made of the entrails or humbles of a deer, which was formerly served to servants and retainers at a hunting feast. See Humbles. Halliwell. Thackeray. HUMBLE Hum"ble, a. Defn: Hornless. See Hummel. [Scot.] HUMBLE Hum"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Humbling.] 1. To bring low; to reduce the power, independence, or exaltation of; to lower; to abase; to humilate. Here, take this purse, thou whom the heaven's plagues Have humbled to all strokes. Shak. The genius which humbled six marshals of France. Macaulay. 2. To make humble or lowly in mind; to abase the pride or arrogance of; to reduce the self-sufficiently of; to make meek and submissive; -- often used rexlexively. Humble yourselves therefore under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you. 1 Pet. v. 6. Syn. -- To abase; lower; depress; humiliate; mortify; disgrace; degrade. HUMBLEBEE Hum"ble*bee`, n. Etym: [OE. humbilbee, hombulbe; cf. D. hommel, G. hummel, OHG. humbal, Dan. humle, Sw. humla; perh. akin to hum. sq. root15. Cf. Bumblebee.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The bumblebee. Shak. HUMBLEHEAD Hum"ble*head`, n. Etym: [Humble + -head.] Defn: Humble condition or estate; humility. [Obs.] Chaucer. HUMBLENESS Hum"ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being humble; humility; meekness. HUMBLER Hum"bler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, humbles some one. HUMBLES Hum"bles, n. pl. Etym: [See Nombles.] Defn: Entrails of a deer. [Written also umbles.] Johnson. HUMBLESSE Hum"blesse, n. Etym: [OF.] Defn: Humbleness; abasement; low obeisance. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. HUMBLY Hum"bly, adv. Defn: With humility; lowly. Pope. HUMBUG Hum"bug`, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. hum to impose on, deceive + bug a frightful object.] 1. An imposition under fair pretenses; something contrived in order to deceive and mislead; a trick by cajolery; a hoax. 2. A spirit of deception; cajolery; trickishness. 3. One who deceives or misleads; a deceitful or trickish fellow; an impostor. Sir J. Stephen. HUMBUG Hum"bug`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humbugged; p. pr. & vb. n. Humbugging.] Defn: To deceive; to impose; to cajole; to hoax. HUMBUGGER Hum"bug`ger, n. Defn: One who humbugs. HUMBUGGERY Hum"bug`ger*y, n. Defn: The practice of imposition. HUMDRUM Hum"drum`, a. Defn: Monotonous; dull; commonplace. "A humdrum crone." Bryant. HUMDRUM Hum"drum`, n. 1. A dull fellow; a bore. B. Jonson. 2. Monotonous and tedious routine. Dissatisfied with humdrum. The Nation. 3. A low cart with three wheels, drawn by one horse. HUMECT; HUMECTATE Hu*mect", Hu*mec"tate, v. t. Etym: [L. humectare, humectatum, fr. humectus moist, fr. humere to be moist: cf. F. humecter.] Defn: To moisten; to wet. [Obs.] Howell. HUMECTANT Hu*mec"tant, a. Etym: [L. humectans, p.pr.] Defn: Diluent. -- n. Defn: A diluent drink or medicine. [Obs.] HUMECTATION Hu`mec*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. humectatio: cf. F. humectation.] Defn: A moistening. [Obs.] Bacon. HUMECTIVE Hu*mec"tive, a. Defn: Tending to moisten. [Obs.] HUMERAL Hu"mer*al, a. Etym: [L. humerus the shoulder: cf. F. huméral.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the humerus, or upper part of the arm; brachial. Humeral veil (R. C. Ch.), a long, narrow veil or scarf of the same material as the vestments, worn round the shoulders by the officiating priest or his attendant at Mass, and used to protect the sacred vessels from contact with the hands. HUMERUS Hu"me*rus, n.; pl. Humeri. Etym: [L.] (Anat.) (a) The bone of the brachium, or upper part of the arm or fore limb. (b) The part of the limb containing the humerus; the brachium. HUMIC Hu"mic, a. Etym: [L. humus the earth, ground: cf. F. humique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, vegetable mold; as, humic acid. See Humin. HUMICUBATION Hu`mi*cu*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. humus the ground + cubare to lie down.] Defn: The act or practice of lying on the ground. [Obs.] Abp. Bramhall. HUMID Hu"mid, a. Etym: [L. humidus, umidus, fr. humere, umere, to be moist; akin to uvidus moist, Gr. uksh to wet, sprinkle, and Icel. vökr moist, and perh. to E. ox: cf. F. humide.] Defn: Containing sensible moisture; damp; moist; as, a humidair or atmosphere; somewhat wet or watery; as, humid earth; consisting of water or vapor. Evening cloud, or humid bow. Milton. HUMIDITY Hu*mid"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. humidité.] Defn: Moisture; dampness; a moderate degree of wetness, which is perceptible to the eye or touch; -- used especially of the atmosphere, or of anything which has absorbed moisture from the atmosphere, as clothing. Note: In hygrometrical reports (as of the United States Signal Service) complete saturation of the air is designated by Humidity 100, and its partial saturation by smaller numbers. HUMIDNESS Hu"mid*ness, n. Defn: Humidity. HUMIFUSE Hu"mi*fuse, a. Etym: [L. humus ground + fusus, p.p. of fundere to spread.] (Bot.) Defn: Spread over the surface of the ground; procumbent. Gray. HUMILIANT Hu*mil"i*ant, a. Etym: [L. humilians, p.pr. of humiliare.] Defn: Humiliating; humbling. "Humiliant thoughts." [R.] Mrs. Browning. HUMILIATE Hu*mil"i*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humiliated; p. pr. & vb. n. Humiliating.] Etym: [L. humiliatus, p.p. of humiliare. See Humble.] Defn: To reduce to a lower position in one's own eyes, or in the eyes of others; to humble; to mortify. We stand humiliated rather than encouraged. M. Arnold. HUMILIATION Hu*mil`i*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. humiliatio: cf. F. humiliation.] 1. The act of humiliating or humbling; abasement of pride; mortification. Bp. Hopkins. 2. The state of being humiliated, humbled, or reduced to lowliness or submission. The former was a humiliation of Deity; the latter a humiliation of manhood. Hooker. HUMILITY Hu*mil"i*ty, n.; pl. Humilities. Etym: [OE. humilite, OF. humilité, humelité, F. humilité, fr. L. humiliatis. See Humble.] 1. The state or quality of being humble; freedom from pride and arrogance; lowliness of mind; a modest estimate of one's own worth; a sense of one's own unworthiness through imperfection and sinfulness; self-abasement; humbleness. Serving the Lord with all humility of mind. Acts xx. 19. 2. An act of submission or courtesy. With these humilities they satisfied the young king. Sir J. Davies. Syn. -- Lowliness; humbleness; meekness; modesty; diffidence. -- Humility, Modesty, Diffidence. Diffidence is a distrust of our powers, combined with a fear lest our failure should be censured, since a dread of failure unconnected with a dread of censure is not usually called diffidence. It may be carried too far, and is not always, like modesty and humility, a virtue. Modesty, without supposing self-distrust, implies an unwillingness to put ourselves forward, and an absence of all over-confidence in our own powers. Humility consists in rating our claims low, in being willing to waive our rights, and take a lower place than might be our due. It does not require of us to underrate ourselves. HUMIN Hu"min, n. Etym: [L. humus the earth, ground.] (Chem.) Defn: A bitter, brownish yellow, amorphous substance, extracted from vegetable mold, and also produced by the action of acids on certain sugars and carbohydrates; -- called also humic acid, ulmin, gein, ulmic or geic acid, etc. HUMIRI Hu*mi"ri, n. Etym: [From native name.] (Bot.) Defn: A fragrant balsam obtained from Brazilian trees of the genus Humirium. HUMITE Hum"ite, n. Etym: [Named after Sir A.Hume.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a transparent vitreous brown color, found in the ejected masses of Vesuvius. It is a silicate of iron and magnesia, containing fluorine. HUMMEL Hum"mel, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Hamble.] Defn: To separate from the awns; -- said of barley. [Scot.] HUMMEL Hum"mel, a. Defn: Having no awns or no horns; as, hummelcorn; a hummel cow. [Scot.] HUMMELER Hum"mel*er, n. Etym: [Written also hummeller.] Defn: One who, or a machine which, hummels. HUMMER Hum"mer, n. 1. One who, or that which, hums; one who applauds by humming. Ainsworth. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A humming bird. HUMMING Hum"ming, a. Defn: Emitting a murmuring sound; droning; murmuring; buzzing. HUMMING Hum"ming, n. Defn: A sound like that made by bees; a low, murmuring sound; a hum. Hummingale, lively or strong ale. Dryden. -- Humming bird (Zoöl.), any bird of the family Trochilidæ, of which over one hundred genera are known, including about four hundred species. They are found only in America and are most abundant in the tropics. They are mostly of very small size, and are not for their very brilliant colors and peculiar habit of hovering about flowers while vibrating their wings very rapidly with a humming noise. They feed both upon the nectar of flowers and upon small insects. The common humming bird or ruby-throat of the Eastern United States is Trochilus culubris. Several other species are found in the Western United States. See Calliope, and Ruby-throat. -- Humming-bird moth (Zoöl.), a hawk moth. See Hawk moth, under Hawk, the bird. HUMMOCK Hum"mock, n. Etym: [Prob. a dim. of hump. See Hump.] 1. A rounded knoll or hillock; a rise of ground of no great extent, above a level surface. 2. A ridge or pile of ice on an ice field. 3. Timbered land. See Hammock. [Southern U.S.] HUMMOCKING Hum"mock*ing, n. Defn: The process of forming hummocks in the collision of Arctic ice. Kane. HUMMOCKY Hum"mock*y, a. Defn: Abounding in hummocks. HUMMUM Hum"mum, n. Etym: [Per. or Ar. hamman.] Defn: A sweating bath or place for sweating. Sir T. Herbert. HUMOR Hu"mor, n. Etym: [OE. humour, OF. humor, umor, F. humeur, L. humor, umor, moisture, fluid, fr. humere, umere, to be moist. See Humid.] [Written also humour.] 1. Moisture, especially, the moisture or fluid of animal bodies, as the chyle, lymph, etc.; as, the humors of the eye, etc. Note: The ancient physicians believed that there were four humors (the blood, phlegm, yellow bile or choler, and black bile or melancholy), on the relative proportion of which the temperament and health depended. 2. (Med.) Defn: A vitiated or morbid animal fluid, such as often causes an eruption on the skin. "A body full of humors." Sir W. Temple. 3. State of mind, whether habitual or temporary (as formerly supposed to depend on the character or combination of the fluids of the body); disposition; temper; mood; as, good humor; ill humor. Examine how your humor is inclined, And which the ruling passion of your mind. Roscommon. A prince of a pleasant humor. Bacon. I like not the humor of lying. Shak. 4. pl. Defn: Changing and uncertain states of mind; caprices; freaks; vagaries; whims. Is my friend all perfection, all virtue and discretion Has he not humors to be endured South. 5. That quality of the imagination which gives to ideas an incongruous or fantastic turn, and tends to excite laughter or mirth by ludicrous images or representations; a playful fancy; facetiousness. For thy sake I admit That a Scot may have humor, I'd almost said wit. Goldsmith. A great deal of excellent humor was expended on the perplexities of mine host. W. Irving. Aqueous humor, Crystalline humor or lens, Vitreous humor. (Anat.) See Eye. -- Out of humor, dissatisfied; displeased; in an unpleasant frame of mind. Syn. -- Wit; satire; pleasantry; temper; disposition; mood; frame; whim; fancy; caprice. See Wit. HUMOR Hu"mor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Humored; p. pr. & vb. n. Humoring.] 1. To comply with the humor of; to adjust matters so as suit the peculiarities, caprices, or exigencies of; to adapt one's self to; to indulge by skillful adaptation; as, to humor the mind. It is my part to invent, and the musician's to humor that invention. Dryden. 2. To help on by indulgence or compliant treatment; to soothe; to gratify; to please. You humor me when I am sick. Pope. Syn. -- To gratify; to indulge. See Gratify. HUMORAL Hu"mor*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. humoral.] Defn: Pertaining to, or proceeding from, the humors; as, a humoral fever. Humoral pathology (Med.), the pathology, or doctrine of the nature of diseases, which attributes all morbid phenomena to the disordered condition of the fluids or humors of the body. HUMORALISM Hu"mor*al*ism, n. 1. (Med.) Defn: The state or quality of being humoral. 2. (Med.) Defn: The doctrine that diseases proceed from the humors; humorism. [Obs.] HUMORALIST Hu"mor*al*ist, n. Defn: One who favors the humoral pathology or believes in humoralism. HUMORISM Hu"mor*ism, n. 1. (Med.) Defn: The theory founded on the influence which the humors were supposed to have in the production of disease; Galenism. Dunglison. 2. The manner or disposition of a humorist; humorousness. Coleridge. HUMORIST Hu"mor*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. humoriste.] 1. (Med.) Defn: One who attributes diseases of the state of the humors. 2. One who has some peculiarity or eccentricity of character, which he indulges in odd or whimsical ways. He [Roger de Coverley] . . . was a great humorist in all parts of his life. Addison. 3. One who displays humor in speaking or writing; one who has a facetious fancy or genius; a wag; a droll. The reputation of wits and humorists. Addison. HUMORISTIC Hu`mor*is"tic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a humorist. HUMORIZE Hu"mor*ize, v. t. Defn: To humor. Marston. HUMORLESS Hu"mor*less, a. Defn: Destitute of humor. HUMOROUS Hu"mor*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. L. humorosus, umorosus, moist. See Humor.] 1. Moist; humid; watery. [Obs.] All founts wells, all deeps humorous. Chapman. 2. Subject to be governed by humor or caprice; irregular; capricious; whimsical. Hawthorne. Rough as a storm and humorous as the wind. Dryden. 3. Full of humor; jocular; exciting laughter; playful; as, a humorous story or author; a humorous aspect. Syn. -- Jocose; facetious; witty; pleasant; merry. HUMOROUSLY Hu"mor*ous*ly, adv. 1. Capriciously; whimsically. We resolve rashly, sillily, or humorously. Calamy. 2. Facetiously; wittily. HUMOROUSNESS Hu"mor*ous*ness, n. 1. Moodiness; capriciousness. 2. Facetiousness; jocularity. HUMORSOME Hu"mor*some, a. 1. Moody; whimsical; capricious. Hawthorne. The commons do not abet humorsome, factious arms. Burke. 2. Jocose; witty; humorous. Swift. HUMORSOMELY Hu"mor*some*ly, adv. Defn: Pleasantly; humorously. HUMORSOMENESS Hu"mor*some*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being humorsome. HUMP Hump, n. Etym: [Cf. D. homp a lump, LG. hump heap, hill, stump, possibly akin to E. heap. Cf. Hunch.] 1. A protuberance; especially, the protuberance formed by a crooked back. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fleshy protuberance on the back of an animal, as a camel or whale. HUMPBACK Hump"back`, n. Etym: [Cf. Hunchback.] 1. A crooked back; a humped back. Tatler. 2. A humpbacked person; a hunchback. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any whale of the genus Megaptera, characterized by a hump or bunch on the back. Several species are known. The most common ones in the North Atlantic are Megaptera longimana of Europe, and M. osphyia of America; that of the California coasts is M. versabilis. (b) A small salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), of the northwest coast of America. HUMPBACKED Hump"backed`, a. Defn: Having a humped back. HUMPBACKED SALMON Hump"backed` salm"on. Defn: A small salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) which ascends the rivers of the Pacific coast from California to Alaska, and also on the Asiatic side. In the breeding season the male has a large dorsal hump and distorted jaws. HUMPED Humped, a. Defn: Having a hump, as the back. HUMPH Humph, interj. Etym: [Of imitative origin.] Defn: An exclamation denoting surprise, or contempt, doubt, etc. HUMPLESS Hump"less, a. Defn: Without a hump. Darwin. HUMP-SHOULDERED Hump"-shoul`dered, a. Defn: Having high, hunched shoulders. Hawthorne. HUMPY Hump"y, a. Defn: Full of humps or bunches; covered with protuberances; humped. HUMSTRUM Hum"strum`, n. Defn: An instrument out of tune or rudely constructed; music badly played. HUMULIN Hu"mu*lin, n. Etym: [NL. Humulus, the genus including the hop.] Defn: An extract of hops. HUMUS Hu"mus, n. Etym: [L., the earth, ground, soil.] Defn: That portion of the soil formed by the decomposition of animal or vegetable matter. It is a valuable constituent of soils. Graham. HUN Hun, n. Etym: [L. Hunni, also Chunni, and Chuni; cf. AS. H, H, OHG. H, G. Hunnen.] Defn: One of a warlike nomadic people of Northern Asia who, in the 5th century, under Atilla, invaded and conquered a great part of Europe. HUNCH Hunch, n. Etym: [Perh. akin to huckle; cf. hump, hunch, bunch, hunk.] 1. A hump; a protuberance. 2. A lump; a thick piece; as, a hunch of bread. 3. A push or thrust, as with the elbow. HUNCH Hunch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hunched; p. pr. & vb. n. Hunching.] 1. To push or jostle with the elbow; to push or thrust suddenly. 2. To thrust out a hump or protuberance; to crook, as the back. Dryden. HUNCHBACK Hunch"back`, n. Etym: [Cf. Humpback.] Defn: A back with a hunch or hump; also, a hunchbacked person. HUNCHBACKED Hunch"backed`, a. Defn: Having a humped back. HUNDRED Hun"dred, n. Etym: [OE. hundred, AS. hundred a territorial division; hund hundred + a word akin to Goth. ga-ra to count, L. ratio reckoning, account; akin to OS. hunderod, hund, D. hondred, G. hundert, OHG. also hunt, Icel. hundra, Dan. hundrede, Sw. hundra, hundrade, Goth. hund, Lith. szimtas, Russ. sto, W. cant, Ir. cead, L. centum, Gr. çata. sq. root309. Cf. Cent, Century, Hecatomb, Quintal, and Reason.] 1. The product of ten mulitplied by ten, or the number of ten times ten; a collection or sum, consisting of ten times ten units or objects; five score. Also, a symbol representing one hundred units, as 100 or C. With many hundreds treading on his heels. Shak. Note: The word hundred, as well as thousand, million, etc., often takes a plural form. We may say hundreds, or many hundreds, meaning individual objects or units, but with an ordinal numeral adjective in constructions like five hundreds, or eight hundreds, it is usually intended to consider each hundred as a separate aggregate; as, ten hundreds are one thousand. 2. A division of a country in England, supposed to have originally contained a hundred families, or freemen. Hundred court, a court held for all the inhabitants of a hundred. [Eng.] Blackstone. HUNDRED Hun"dred, a. Defn: Ten times ten; five score; as, a hundred dollars. HUNDREDER Hun"dred*er, n. 1. An inhabitant or freeholder of a hundred. 2. (Law) Defn: A person competent to serve on a jury, in an action for land in the hundred to which he belongs. 3. One who has the jurisdiction of a hundred; and sometimes, a bailiff of a hundred. Blount. Cowell. HUNDREDFOLD Hun"dred*fold`, n. Defn: A hundred times as much or as many. He shall receive as hundredfold now in this time. Mark x. 30. HUNDREDTH Hun"dredth, a. 1. Coming last of a hundred successive individuals or units. 2. Forming one of a hundred equal parts into which anything is divided; the tenth of a tenth. HUNDREDTH Hun"dredth, n. Defn: One of a hundred equal parts into which one whole is, or may be, divided; the quotient of a unit divided by a hundred. HUNDREDWEIGHT Hun"dred*weight`, n. Defn: A denomination of weight, containing 100, 112, or 120 pounds avoirdupois, according to differing laws or customs. By the legal standard of England it is 112 pounds. In most of the United States, both in practice and by law, it is 100 pounds avoirdupois, the corresponding ton of 2,000 pounds, sometimes called the short ton, beingthe legal ton. HUNG Hung, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Hang. Hung beef, the fleshy part of beef slightly salted and hung up to dry; dried beef. HUNGARIAN Hun*ga"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Hungary or to the people of Hungary. -- n. Defn: A native or one of the people of Hungary. Hungarian grass. See Italian millet, under Millet. HUNGARY Hun"ga*ry, n. Defn: A country in Central Europe, now a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Hungary water, a distilled "water," made from dilute alcohol aromatized with rosemary flowers, etc. HUNGER Hun"ger, n. Etym: [AS. hungor; akin to OFries. hunger, D. honger, OS. & OHG. hungar, G. hunger, Icel. hungr, Sw. & Dan. hunger, Goth. h hunger, huggrjan to hunger.] 1. An uneasy sensation occasioned normally by the want of food; a craving or desire for food. Note: The sensation of hunger is usually referred to the stomach, but is probably dependent on excitation of the sensory nerves, both of the stomach and intestines, and perhaps also on indirect impressions from other organs, more or less exhausted from lack of nutriment. 2. Any strong eager desire. O sacred hunger of ambitious minds! Spenser. For hunger of my gold I die. Dryden. HUNGER Hun"ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hungered; p. pr. & vb. n. Hungering.] Etym: [OE. hungren, AS. hyngrian. See Hunger, n.] 1. To feel the craving or uneasiness occasioned by want of food; to be oppressed by hunger. 2. To have an eager desire; to long. Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteouness. Matt. v. 6. HUNGER Hun"ger, v. t. Defn: To make hungry; to famish. HUNGER-BIT; HUNGER-BITTEN Hun"ger-bit`, Hun"ger-bit`ten, a. Defn: Pinched or weakened by hunger. [Obs.] Milton. HUNGERED Hun"gered, a. Defn: Hungry; pinched for food. [Obs.] Milton. HUNGERER Hun"ger*er, n. Defn: One who hungers; one who longs. Lamb. HUNGERLY Hun"ger*ly, a. Defn: Wanting food; starved. [Obs.] Shak. HUNGERLY Hun"ger*ly, adv. Defn: With keen appetite. [Obs.] Shak. HUNGER-STARVE Hun"ger-starve`, v. t. Defn: To starve with hunger; to famish. [Obs.] Shak. HUNGRED Hun"gred, a. Defn: Hungered; hungry. [Archaic] HUNGRILY Hun"gri*ly, adv. Etym: [From Hunger.] Defn: In a hungry manner; voraciously. Dryden. HUNGRY Hun"gry, a. [Compar. Hungrier; superl. Hungriest.] Etym: [AS. hungrid. See Hunger.] 1. Feeling hunger; having a keen appetite; feeling uneasiness or distress from want of food; hence, having an eager desire. 2. Showing hunger or a craving desire; voracious. The cruel, hungry foam. C. Kingsley. Cassius has a lean and hungry look. Shak. 3. Not rich or fertile; poor; barren; starved; as, a hungry soil. "The hungry beach." Shak. HUNK Hunk, n. Etym: [Cf. Hunch.] Defn: A large lump or piece; a hunch; as, a hunk of bread. [Colloq.] HUNKER Hun"ker, n. Defn: Originally, a nickname for a member of the conservative section of the Democratic party in New York; hence, one opposed to progress in general; a fogy. [Political Cant, U.S.] HUNKERISM Hun"ker*ism, n. Defn: Excessive conservatism; hostility to progress. [Political Cant, U.S.] HUNKERS Hun"kers, n. pl. [See Hunker.] Defn: In the phrase on one's hunkers, in a squatting or crouching position. [Scot. & Local, U. S.] Sit on your hunkers -- and pray for the bridge. Kipling. HUNKS Hunks, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A covetous, sordid man; a miser; a niggard. Pray make your bargain with all the prudence and selfishness of an old hunks. Gray. HUNKY Hunk"y, a. [Perh. fr. Hunk.] Defn: All right; in a good condition; also, even; square. [Slang, U. S.] He . . . began to shoot; began to get "hunky" with all those people who had been plugging at him. Stephen Crane. HUNT Hunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hunting.] Etym: [AS. huntian to hunt; cf. hentan to follow, pursue, Goth. hin (in comp.) to seize. sq. root36. Cf. Hent.] 1. To search for or follow after, as game or wild animals; to chase; to pursue for the purpose of catching or killing; to follow with dogs or guns for sport or exercise; as, to hunt a deer. Like a dog, he hunts in dreams. Tennyson. 2. To search diligently after; to seek; to pursue; to follow; -- often with out or up; as, to hunt up the facts; to hunt out evidence. Evil shall hunt the violent man to overthrow him. Ps. cxl. 11. 3. To drive; to chase; -- with down, from, away, etc.; as, to hunt down a criminal; he was hunted from the parish. 4. To use or manage in the chase, as hounds. He hunts a pack of dogs. Addison. 5. To use or traverse in pursuit of game; as, he hunts the woods, or the country. HUNT Hunt, v. i. 1. To follow the chase; to go out in pursuit of game; to course with hounds. Esau went to the field to hunt for venison. Gen. xxvii. 5. 2. To seek; to pursue; to search; -- with for or after. He after honor hunts, I after love. Shak. To hunt counter, to trace the scent backward in hunting, as a hound to go back on one's steps. [Obs.] Shak. HUNT Hunt, n. 1. The act or practice of chasing wild animals; chase; pursuit; search. The hunt is up; the morn is bright and gray. Shak. 2. The game secured in the hunt. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A pack of hounds. [Obs.] 4. An association of huntsmen. 5. A district of country hunted over. Every landowner within the hunt. London Field. HUNT-COUNTER Hunt"-count`er, n. Defn: A worthless dog that runs back on the scent; a blunderer. [Obs.] Shak. HUNTE Hunt"e, n. Etym: [AS. hunta.] Defn: A hunter. [Obs.] Chaucer. HUNTER Hunt"er, n. 1. One who hunts wild animals either for sport or for food; a huntsman. 2. A dog that scents game, or is trained to the chase; a hunting dog. Shak. 3. A horse used in the chase; especially, a thoroughbred, bred and trained for hunting. 4. One who hunts or seeks after anything, as if for game; as, a fortune hunter a place hunter. No keener hunter after glory breathes. Tennyson. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of spider. See Hunting spider, under Hunting. 6. A hunting watch, or one of which the crystal is protected by a metallic cover. Hunter's room, the lunation after the harvest moon. -- Hunter's screw (Mech.), a differential screw, so named from the inventor. See under Differential. HUNTERIAN Hun*te"ri*an, a. Defn: Discovered or described by John Hunter, an English surgeon; as, the Hunterian chancre. See Chancre. HUNTING Hunt"ing, n. Defn: The pursuit of game or of wild animals. A. Smith. Happy hunting grounds, the region to which, according to the belief of American Indians, the souls of warriors and hunters pass after death, to be happy in hunting and feasting. Tylor. -- Hunting box. Same As Hunting lodge (below). -- Hunting cat (Zoöl.), the cheetah. -- Hunting cog (Mach.), a tooth in the larger of two geared wheels which makes its number of teeth prime to the number in the smaller wheel, thus preventing the frequent meeting of the same pairs of teeth. -- Hunting dog (Zoöl.), the hyena dog. -- Hunting ground, a region or district abounding in game; esp. (pl.), the regions roamed over by the North American Indians in search of game. -- Hunting horn, a bulge; a horn used in the chase. See Horn, and Bulge. -- Hunting leopard (Zoöl.), the cheetah. -- Hunting lodge, a temporary residence for the purpose of hunting. -- Hunting seat, a hunting lodge. Gray. -- Hunting shirt, a coarse shirt for hunting, often of leather. -- Hunting spider (Zoöl.), a spider which hunts its prey, instead of catching it in a web; a wolf spider. -- Hunting watch. See Hunter, 6. HUNTRESS Hunt"ress, n. Defn: A woman who hunts or follows the chase; as, the huntress Diana. Shak. HUNTSMAN Hunts"man, n.; pl. Huntsmen (. 1. One who hunts, or who practices hunting. 2. The person whose office it is to manage the chase or to look after the hounds. L'Estrange. Huntsman's cup (Bot.), the sidesaddle flower, or common American pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea). HUNTSMANSHIP Hunts"man*ship, n. Defn: The art or practice of hunting, or the qualification of a hunter. Donne. HUNT'S-UP Hunt's"-up`, n. Defn: A tune played on the horn very early in the morning to call out the hunters; hence, any arousing sound or call. [Obs.] Shak. Time plays the hunt's-up to thy sleepy head. Drayton. HURDEN Hur"den, n. Etym: [From Hurds.] Defn: A coarse kind of linen; -- called also harden. [Prov. Eng.] HURDLE Hur"dle, n. Etym: [OE. hurdel, hirdel, AS. hyrdel; akin to D. horde, OHG. hurt, G. hürde a hurdle, fold, pen, Icel. hur door, Goth. haúrds, L. cratis wickerwork, hurdle, Gr. k to spin, c to bind, connect. sq. root16. Cf. Crate, Grate, n.] 1. A movable frame of wattled twigs, osiers, or withes and stakes, or sometimes of iron, used for inclosing land, for folding sheep and cattle, for gates, etc.; also, in fortification, used as revetments, and for other purposes. 2. In England, a sled or crate on which criminals were formerly drawn to the place of execution. Bacon. 3. An artificial barrier, variously constructed, over which men or horses leap in a race. Hurdle race, a race in which artificial barriers in the form of hurdles, fences, etc., must be leaped. HURDLE Hur"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurdleed; p. pr. & vb. n. Hurdleing.] Defn: To hedge, cover, make, or inclose with hurdles. Milton. HURDLEWORK Hur"dle*work`, n. Defn: Work after manner of a hurdle. HURDS Hurds, n. Etym: [See Hards.] Defn: The coarse part of flax or hemp; hards. HURDY-GURDY Hur"dy-gur`dy, n. Etym: [Prob. of imitative origin.] 1. A stringled instrument, lutelike in shape, in which the sound is produced by the friction of a wheel turned by a crank at the end, instead of by a bow, two of the strings being tuned as drones, while two or more, tuned in unison, are modulated by keys. 2. In California, a water wheel with radial buckets, driven by the impact of a jet. HURKARU Hur*ka"ru, n. Etym: [Hind. harkara] Defn: In India, a running footman; a messenger. [Written also hurkaroo.] HURL Hurl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hurling.] Etym: [OE. hurlen, hourlen; prob. contracted fr. OE. hurtlen to hurtle, or probably akin to E. whirl. sq. root16. See Hurtle.] 1. To send whirling or whizzing through the air; to throw with violence; to drive with great force; as, to hurl a stone or lance. And hurl'd them headlong to their fleet and main. Pope. 2. To emit or utter with vehemence or impetuosity; as, to hurl charges or invective. Spenser. 3. Etym: [Cf. Whirl.] Defn: To twist or turn. "Hurled or crooked feet." [Obs.] Fuller. HURL Hurl, v. i. 1. To hurl one's self; to go quickly. [R.] 2. To perform the act of hurling something; to throw something (at another). God shall hurl at him and not spare. Job xxvii. 22 (Rev. Ver. ). 3. To play the game of hurling. See Hurling. HURL Hurl, n. 1. The act of hurling or throwing with violence; a cast; a fling. Congreve. 2. Tumult; riot; hurly-burly. [Obs.] Knolles. 3. (Hat Manuf.) Defn: A table on which fiber is stirred and mixed by beating with a bowspring. HURLBAT Hurl"bat`, n. Defn: See Whirlbat. [Obs.] Holland. HURLBONE Hurl"bone`, n. 1. See Whirlbone. 2. (Far.) Defn: A bone near the middle of the buttock of a horse. Crabb. HURLER Hurl"er, n. Defn: One who hurls, or plays at hurling. HURLING Hurl"ing, n. 1. The act of throwing with force. 2. A kind of game at ball, formerly played. Hurling taketh its denomination from throwing the ball. Carew. HURLWIND Hurl"wind`, n. Defn: A whirlwind. [Obs.] Sandys. HURLY Hur"ly, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hurler to howl.] Defn: Noise; confusion; uproar. That, with the hurly, death itself awakes. Shak. HURLY-BURLY Hur"ly-bur`ly, n. Etym: [Reduplicated fr. OE. hurly confusion: cf. F. hurler to howl, yell, L. ululare; or cf. E. hurry.] Defn: Tumult; bustle; confusion. Shak. All places were filled with tumult and hurly-burly. Knolles. HURONIAN Hu*ro"ni*an, a. Etym: [Named from Lake Huron.] (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to certain non-fossiliferous rocks on the borders of Lake Huron, which are supposed to correspond in time to the latter part of the Archæan age. HURON-IROQUOUS Hu"ron-Ir`o*quous", n. (Ethnol.) Defn: A linguistic group of warlike North American Indians, belonging to the same stock as the Algonquins, and including several tribes, among which were the Five Nations. They formerly occupied the region about Lakes Erie and Ontario, and the larger part of New York. HURONS Hu"rons, n. pl. Defn: ; sing. Huron. (Ethnol.) A powerful and warlike tribe of North American Indians of the Algonquin stock. They formerly occupied the country between Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, but were nearly exterminated by the Five Nations about 1650. HURR Hurr, v. i. Etym: [See Hurry.] Defn: To make a rolling or burring sound. [Obs.] R is the dog's letter, and hurreth in the sound. B. Jonson. HURRAH; HURRA Hur*rah" Hur*ra", interj. Etym: [Cf. G., Dan., & Sw. hurra. Cf. Huzza.] Defn: A word used as a shout of joy, triumph, applause, encouragement, or welcome. Hurrah! hurrah! for Ivry and Henry of Navarre. Macaulay. HURRAH Hur*rah", n. Defn: A cheer; a shout of joy, etc. Hurrah's nest, state of utmost confusion. [Colloq. U.S.] A perfect hurrah's nest in our kitchen. Mrs. Stowe. HURRAH Hur*rah", v. i. Defn: To utter hurrahs; to huzza. HURRAH Hur*rah", v. t. Defn: To salute, or applaud, with hurrahs. HURRICANE Hur"ri*cane, n. Etym: [Sp. hurracan; orig. a Carib word signifying, a high wind.] Defn: A violent storm, characterized by extreme fury and sudden changes of the wind, and generally accompanied by rain, thunder, and lightning; -- especially prevalent in the East and West Indies. Also used figuratively. Like the smoke in a hurricane whirl'd. Tennyson. Each guilty thought to me is A dreadful hurricane. Massinger. Hurricane bird (Zoöl.), the frigate bird. -- Hurricane deck. (Naut.) See under Deck. HURRICANO Hur`ri*ca"no, n.; pl. Hurricanoes. Defn: A waterspout; a hurricane. [Obs.] Drayton. "You cataracts and hurricanoes, spout." Shak. HURRIED Hur"ried, a. 1. Urged on; hastened; going or working at speed; as, a hurried writer; a hurried life. 2. Done in a hurry; hence, imperfect; careless; as, a hurried job. "A hurried meeting." Milton. -- Hur"ried*ly, adv. -- Hur"ried*ness, n. HURRIER Hur"ri*er, n. Defn: One who hurries or urges. HURRIES Hur"ries, n. Defn: A staith or framework from which coal is discharged from cars into vessels. HURRY Hur"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurried; p. pr. & vb. n. Hurrying.] Etym: [OE. horien; cf. OSw. hurra to whirl round, dial. Sw. hurr great haste, Dan. hurre to buzz, Icel. hurr hurly-burly, MHG. hurren to hurry, and E. hurr, whir to hurry; all prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To hasten; to impel to greater speed; to urge on. Impetuous lust hurries him on. South. They hurried him abroad a bark. Shak. 2. To impel to precipitate or thoughtless action; to urge to confused or irregular activity. And wild amazement hurries up and down The little number of your doubtful friends. Shak. 3. To cause to be done quickly. Syn. -- To hasten; precipitate; expedite; quicken; accelerate; urge. HURRY Hur"ry, v. i. Defn: To move or act with haste; to proceed with celerity or precipitation; as, let us hurry. To hurry up, to make haste. [Colloq.] HURRY Hur"ry, n. Defn: The act of hurrying in motion or business; pressure; urgency; bustle; confusion. Ambition raises a tumult in the soul, it inflames the mind, and puts into a violent hurry of thought. Addison. Syn. -- Haste; speed; dispatch. See Haste. HURRYINGLY Hur"ry*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a hurrying manner. HURRY-SKURRY Hur"ry-skur`ry, adv. Etym: [An imitative word; cf. Sw. skorra to rattle, snarl, E. scurry.] Defn: Confusedly; in a bustle. [Obs.] Gray. HURST Hurst, n. Etym: [OE. hurst, AS. hyrst; akin to OHG. hurst, horst, wood, thicket, G. horst the nest of a bird of prey, an eyerie, thicket.] Defn: A wood or grove; -- a word used in the composition of many names, as in Hazlehurst. HURT Hurt, n. (Mach.) (a) A band on a trip-hammer helve, bearing the trunnions. (b) A husk. See Husk, 2. HURT Hurt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hurt; p. pr. & vb. n. Hurting.] Etym: [OE. hurten, hirten, horten, herten; prob. fr. OF. hurter, heurter, to knock, thrust, strike, F. heurter; cf. W. hyrddu to push, drive, assault, hwrdd a stroke, blow, push; also, a ram, the orig. sense of the verb thus perhaps being, to butt as a ram; cf. D. horten to push, strike, MHG. hurten, both prob. fr. Old French.] 1. To cause physical pain to; to do bodily harm to; to wound or bruise painfully. The hurt lion groans within his den. Dryden. 2. To impar the value, usefulness, beauty, or pleasure of; to damage; to injure; to harm. Virtue may be assailed, but never hurt. Milton. 3. To wound the feelings of; to cause mental pain to; to offend in honor or self-respect; to annoy; to grieve. "I am angry and hurt." Thackeray. HURTER Hurt"er, n. 1. A bodily injury causing pain; a wound, bruise, or the like. The pains of sickness and hurts . . . all men feel. Locke. 2. An injury causing pain of mind or conscience; a slight; a stain; as of sin. But the jingling of the guinea helps the hurt that Honor feels. Tennyson. 3. Injury; damage; detriment; harm; mischief. Thou dost me yet but little hurt. Shak. Syn. -- Wound; bruise; injury; harm; damage; loss; detriment; mischief; bane; disadvantage. HURTER Hurt"er, n. Defn: One who hurts or does harm. I shall not be a hurter, if no helper. Beau. & Fl. HURTER Hurt"er, n. Etym: [F. heurtoir, lit., a striker. See Hurt, v. t.] Defn: A butting piece; a strengthening piece, esp.: (Mil.) A piece of wood at the lower end of a platform, designed to prevent the wheels of gun carriages from injuring the parapet. HURTFUL Hurt"ful, a. Defn: Tending to impair or damage; injurious; mischievous; occasioning loss or injury; as, hurtful words or conduct. Syn. -- Pernicious; harmful; baneful; prejudicial; detrimental; disadvantageous; mischievous; injurious; noxious; unwholesome; destructive. -- Hurt"ful*ly, adv. -- Hurt"ful*ness, n. HURTLE Hur"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hurtled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hurtling.] Etym: [OE. hurtlen, freq. of hurten. See Hurt, v. t., and cf. Hurl.] 1. To meet with violence or shock; to clash; to jostle. Together hurtled both their steeds. Fairfax. 2. To move rapidly; to wheel or rush suddenly or with violence; to whirl round rapidly; to skirmish. Now hurtling round, advantage for to take. Spenser. Down the hurtling cataract of the ages. R. L. Stevenson. 3. To make a threatening sound, like the clash of arms; to make a sound as of confused clashing or confusion; to resound. The noise of battle hurtled in the air. Shak. The earthquake sound Hurtling 'death the solid ground. Mrs. Browning. HURTLE Hur"tle, v. t. 1. To move with violence or impetuosity; to whirl; to brandish. [Obs.] His harmful club he gan to hurtle high. Spenser. 2. To push; to jostle; to hurl. And he hurtleth with his horse adown. Chaucer. HURTLEBERRY Hur"tle*ber`ry, n. Etym: [Cf. Huckleberry, Whortleberry.] Defn: See Whortleberry. HURTLESS Hurt"less, a. Defn: Doing no injury; harmless; also, unhurt; without injury or harm. Gentle dame so hurtless and so true. Spenser. -- Hurt"less*ly, adv. -- Hurt"less*ness, n. HUSBAND Hus"band, n. Etym: [OE. hosebonde, husbonde, a husband, the master of the house or family, AS. h master of the house; h house + bunda, bonda, householder, husband; prob. fr. Icel. h house master, husband; h house + b dwelling, inhabiting, p.pr. of b to dwell; akin to AS. b, Goth. bauan. See House Be, and cf. Bond a slave, Boor.] 1. The male head of a household; one who orders the economy of a family. [Obs.] 2. A cultivator; a tiller; a husbandman. [Obs.] Shak. The painful husband, plowing up his ground. Hakewill. He is the neatest husband for curious ordering his domestic and field accommodations. Evelyn. 3. One who manages or directs with prudence and economy; a frugal person; an economist. [R.] God knows how little time is left me, and may I be a good husband, to improve the short remnant left me. Fuller. 4. A married man; a man who has a wife; -- the correlative to wife. The husband and wife are one person in law. Blackstone. 5. The male of a pair of animals. [R.] Dryden. A ship's husband (Naut.), an agent representing the owners of a ship, who manages its expenses and receipts. HUSBAND Hus"band, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Husbanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Husbanding.] 1. To direct and manage with frugality; to use or employ to good purpose and the best advantage; to spend, apply, or use, with economy. For my means, I'll husband them so well, They shall go far. Shak. 2. To cultivate, as land; to till. [R.] Land so trim and rarely husbanded. Evelyn. 3. To furnish with a husband. [R.] Shak. HUSBANDABLE Hus"band*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being husbanded, or managed with economy. Sherwood. HUSBANDAGE Hus"band*age, n. (Naut.) Defn: The commission or compensation allowed to a ship's husband. HUSBANDLESS Hus"band*less, a. Defn: Destitute of a husband. Shak. HUSBANDLY Hus"band*ly, a. Defn: Frugal; thrifty. [R.] Tusser. HUSBANDMAN Hus"band*man, n.; pl. Husbandmen (. 1. The master of a family. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A farmer; a cultivator or tiller of the ground. HUSBANDRY Hus"band*ry, n. 1. Care of domestic affairs; economy; domestic management; thrift. There's husbandry in heaven; Their candles are all out. Shak. 2. The business of a husbandman, comprehending the various branches of agriculture; farming. Husbandry supplieth all things necessary for food. Spenser. HUSH Hush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hushed; p. pr. & vb. n. Hushing.] Etym: [OE. huschen, hussen, prob. of imitative origin; cf. LG. hussen to lull to sleep, G. husch quick, make haste, be silent.] 1. To still; to silence; to calm; to make quiet; to repress the noise or clamor of. My tongue shall hush again this storm of war. Shak. 2. To appease; to allay; to calm; to soothe. With thou, then, Hush my cares Otway. And hush'd my deepest grief of all. Tennyson. To hush up, to procure silence concerning; to suppress; to keep secret. "This matter is hushed up." Pope. HUSH Hush, v. i. Defn: To become or to keep still or quiet; to become silent; -- esp. used in the imperative, as an exclamation; be still; be silent or quiet; make no noise. Hush, idle words, and thoughts of ill. Keble. But all these strangers' presence every one did hush. Spenser. HUSH Hush, n. Defn: Stillness; silence; quiet. [R.] "It is the hush of night." Byron. Hush money, money paid to secure silence, or to prevent the disclosure of facts. Swift. HUSH Hush, a. Defn: Silent; quiet. "Hush as death." Shak. HUSHER Hush"er, n. Defn: An usher. [Obs.] Spenser. HUSHING Hush"ing, n. (Mining) Defn: The process of washing ore, or of uncovering mineral veins, by a heavy discharge of water from a reservoir; flushing; -- also called booming. HUSK Husk, n. Etym: [Prob. for hulsk, and from the same root as hull a husk. See Hull a husk.] 1. The external covering or envelope of certain fruits or seeds; glume; hull; rind; in the United States, especially applied to the covering of the ears of maize. 2. The supporting frame of a run of millstones. Husks of the prodigal son (Bot.), the pods of the carob tree. See Carob. HUSK Husk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Husked; p. pr. & vb. n. Husking.] Defn: To strip off the external covering or envelope of; as, to husk Indian corn. HUSKED Husked, a. 1. Covered with a husk. 2. Stripped of husks; deprived of husks. HUSKILY Hus"ki*ly, adv. Etym: [From Husky.] Defn: In a husky manner; dryly. HUSKINESS Hus"ki*ness, n. 1. The state of being husky. 2. Roughness of sound; harshness; hoarseness; as, huskiness of voice. G. Eliot. HUSKING Husk"ing, n. 1. The act or process of stripping off husks, as from Indian corn. 2. A meeting of neighbors or friends to assist in husking maize; -- called also husking bee. [U.S.] "A red ear in the husking." Longfellow. HUSKY Husk"y, a. Etym: [From Husk, n.] Defn: Abounding with husks; consisting of husks. Dryden. HUSKY Hus"ky, a. Etym: [Prob. for husty; cf. OE. host cough, AS. hwosta; akin to D. hoest, G. husten, OHG. huosto, Icel. hosti. See Wheeze.] Defn: Rough in tone; harsh; hoarse; raucous; as, a husky voice. HUSO Hu"so, n. Etym: [NL., fr. G. hausen, and E. isin (Zoöl.) (a) A large European sturgeon (Acipenser huso), inhabiting the region of the Black and Caspian Seas. It sometimes attains a length of more than twelve feet, and a weight of two thousand pounds. Called also hausen. (b) The huchen, a large salmon. HUSSAR Hus*sar", n. Etym: [Hung. huszár, from husz twenty, because under King Matthais I., in the fifteenth century, every twenty houses were to furnish one horse soldier; cf. G. husar, F. houssard, hussard, from the same source.] (Mil.) Defn: Originally, one of the national cavalry of Hungary and Croatia; now, one of the light cavalry of European armies. HUSSITE Huss"ite, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of John Huss, the Bohemian reformer, who was adjudged a heretic and burnt alive in 1415. HUSSY Hus"sy, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. huswife.] 1. A housewife or housekeeper. [Obs.] 2. A worthless woman or girl; a forward wench; a jade; -- used as a term of contempt or reproach. Grew. 3. A pert girl; a frolicsome or sportive young woman; -- used jocosely. Goldsmith. HUSSY Hus"sy, n. Etym: [From Icel. h a case, prob. fr. h house. See House, and cf. Housewife a bag, Huswife a bag.] Defn: A case or bag. See Housewife, 2. HUSTINGS Hus"tings, n. pl. Etym: [OE. husting an assembly, coucil, AS. h; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. h; h home + thing, assembly, meeting; akin to Dan. & Sw. ting, E. thing. See House, and Thing.] 1. A court formerly held in several cities of England; specif., a court held in London, before the lord mayor, recorder, and sheriffs, to determine certain classes of suits for the recovery of lands within the city. In the progress of law reform this court has become unimportant. Mozley & W. 2. Any one of the temporary courts held for the election of members of the British Parliament. 3. The platform on which candidates for Parliament formerly stood in addressing the electors. [Eng.] When the rotten hustings shake In another month to his brazen lies. Tennyson. HUSTLE Hus"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hustled; p. pr. & vb. n. Hustling.] Etym: [D. hustelen to shake, fr. husten to shake. Cf. Hotchpotch.] Defn: To shake together in confusion; to push, jostle, or crowd rudely; to handle roughly; as, to hustle a person out of a room. Macaulay. HUSTLE Hus"tle, v. i. Defn: To push or crows; to force one's way; to move hustily and with confusion; a hurry. Leaving the king, who had hustled along the floor with his dress worfully arrayed. Sir W. Scott. HUSWIFE Hus"wife, n. Etym: [OE. huswif; hus house + wif wife. Cf. Hussy a housewife, Housewife.] [Written also housewife.] 1. A female housekeeper; a woman who manages domestic affairs; a thirfty woman. "The bounteous huswife Nature." Shak. The huswife is she that do labor doth fall. Tusser. 2. A worthless woman; a hussy. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Etym: [See Hussy a bag.] Defn: A case for sewing materials. See Housewife. Cowper. HUSWIFE Hus"wife, v. t. Defn: To manage with frugality; -- said of a woman. Dryden. HUSWIFELY Hus"wife*ly, a. Defn: Like a huswife; capable; economical; prudent. -- adv. Defn: In a huswifely manner. HUSWIFERY Hus"wife*ry, n. Defn: The business of a housewife; female domestic economy and skill. Tusser. HUT Hut, n. Etym: [OE. hotte; akin to D. hut, G. hütte, OHG. hutta, Dan. hytte, Sw. hydda; and F. hutte, of G. origin; all akin to E. hide to conceal. See Hude to conceal.] Defn: A small house, hivel, or cabin; a mean lodge or dwelling; a slightly built or temporary structure. Death comes on with equal footsteps To the hall and hut. Bp. Coxe. HUTCH Hutch, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Hutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hutting.] Defn: To place in huts; to live in huts; as, to hut troops in winter quarters. The troops hutted among the heights of Morristown. W. Irving. HUTCH Hutch, n. Etym: [OE. hucche, huche, hoche, F. huche, LL. hutica.] 1. A chest, box, coffer, bin, coop, or the like, in which things may be stored, or animals kept; as, a grain hutch; a rabbit hutch. 2. A measure of two Winchester bushels. 3. (Mining) Defn: The case of a flour bolt. 4. (Mining) (a) A car on low wheels, in which coal is drawn in the mine and hoisted out of the pit. (b) A jig for washing ore. Bolting hutch, Booby hutch, etc. See under Bolting, etc. HUTCH Hutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hutched; p. pr. & vb. n. Hutching.] 1. To hoard or lay up, in a chest. [R.] "She hutched the . . . ore." Milton. 2. (Mining) Defn: To wash (ore) in a box or jig. HUTCHUNSONIAN Hutch`un*so"ni*an, n. Defn: A follower of John Hutchinson of Yorkshire, England, who believed that the Hebrew Scriptures contained a complete system of natural science and of theology. HUTTONIAN Hut*to"ni*an, a. Defn: Relating to what is now called the Plutonic theory of the earth, first advanced by Dr. James Hutton. Lyell. HUTTONING Hut"ton*ing, n. [So named after two English bonesetters, Richard and Robert Hutton, who made it a part of their method.] (Med.) Defn: Forcible manipulation of a dislocated, stiff, or painful joint. HUXTER Hux"ter, n. & v. i. Defn: See Huckster. HUYGHENIAN Huy*ghe"ni*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or invented by, Christian Huyghens, a Dutch astronomer of the seventeenth century; as, the Huyghenian telescope. Huyghenian eyepieceSee under Eyepiece. HUZZ Huzz, v. i. Etym: [An onomatopoea. sq. root43. Cf. Buzz.] Defn: To buzz; to murmur. [Obs.] Huzzing and burring in the preacher's ear. Latimer. HUZZA Huz*za", interj. Etym: [Cf. G. hussa, husa, interj., hurrah, huzza. sq. root43. Cf. Hurrah.] Defn: A word used as a shout of joy, exultation, approbation, or encouragement. HUZZA Huz"za, n. Defn: A shout of huzza; a cheer; a hurrah. They made a great huzza or shout. Evelyn. HUZZA Huz*za", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Huzzaed; p. pr. & vb. n. Huzzaing.] Defn: To shout huzza; to cheer. HUZZA Huz*za", v. t. Defn: To receive or attend with huzzas. He was huzzaed into the court. Addison. HY Hy, a. Defn: High. [Obs.] Chaucer. HYACINE Hy"a*cine, n. Defn: A hyacinth. [Obs.] Spenser. HYACINTH Hy"a*cinth, n. Etym: [L. hyacinthus a kind of flower, prob. the iris, gladiolus, or larkspur, also a kind of gem, perh. the sapphire; as, a proper name, Hyacinthus, a beautiful Laconian youth, beloved by Apollo, fr. Gr. hyacinthe. Cf. Jacinth. The hyacinth was fabled to have sprung from the blood of Hyacinthus, who was accidentally slain by Apollo.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A bulbous plant of the genus Hyacinthus, bearing beautiful spikes of fragrant flowers. H. orientalis is a common variety. (b) A plant of the genus Camassia (C. Farseri), called also Eastern camass; wild hyacinth. (c) The name also given to Scilla Peruviana, a Mediterranean plant, one variety of which produces white, and another blue, flowers; -- called also, from a mistake as to its origin, Hyacinth of Peru. 2. (Min.) Defn: A red variety of zircon, sometimes used as a gem. See Zircon. Hyacinth bean (Bot.), a climbing leguminous plant (Dolichos Lablab), related to the true bean. It has dark purple flowers and fruit. HYACINTHIAN Hy`a*cin"thi*an, a. Defn: Hyacinthine. [R.] HYACINTHINE Hy`a*cin"thine, a. Etym: [L. hyacinthinus, Gr. Defn: Belonging to the hyacinth; resemblingthe hyacinth; in color like the hyacinth. Milton. His curling locks like hyacinthine flowers. Cowper. The hyacinthine boy, for whom Morn well might break and April bloom. Emerson. HYADES; HYADS Hy"a*des, Hy"ads, n.pl. Etym: [L. Hyades, Gr. (Astron.) Defn: A cluster of five stars in the face of the constellation Taurus, supposed by the ancients to indicate the coming of rainy weather when they rose with the sun. Thro' scudding drifts the rainy Hyaned Vext the dim sea. Tennyson. HYAENA Hy*æ"na, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Hyena. HYALEA Hy*a"le*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A pteroid of the genus Cavolina. See Pteropoda, and Illustration in Appendix. HYALESCENCE Hy`a*les"cence, n. Etym: [See Hyaline.] Defn: The process of becoming, or the state of being, transparent like glass. HYALINE Hy"a*line, a. Etym: [L. hyalinus, Gr. hyalin.] Defn: Glassy; resembling glass; consisting of glass; transparent, like crystal. "Hyaline spaces." Carpenter. HYALINE Hy"a*line, n. 1. A poetic term for the sea or the atmosphere. "The clear hyaline, the glassy sea." Milton. Our blood runs amazed 'neath the calm hyaline. Mrs. Browning. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The pellucid substance, present in cells in process of development, from which, according to some embryologists, the cell nucleous originates. 3. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The main constituent of the walls of hydatid cysts; a nitrogenous body, which, by decomposition, yields a dextrogyrate sugar, susceptible of alcoholic fermentation. Gamgee. HYALITE Hy"a*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. hyalite.] (Min.) Defn: A pellucid variety of opal in globules looking like colorless gum or resin; -- called also Müller's glass. HYALOGRAPH Hy*al"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. graph.] Defn: An instrument for tracing designs on glass. HYALOGRAPHY Hy`a*log"ra*phy, n. Defn: Art of writing or engraving on glass. HYALOID Hy"a*loid, a. Etym: [Gr. hyaloïde.] (Anat.) Defn: Resembling glass; vitriform; transparent; hyaline; as, the hyaloid membrane, a very delicate membrane inclosing the vitreous humor of the eye. HYALONEMA Hy`a*lo*ne"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of hexactinelline sponges, having a long stem composed of very long, slender, transparent, siliceous fibres twisted together like the strands of a color. The stem of the Japanese species (H. Sieboldii), called glass-rope, has long been in use as an ornament. See Glass-rope. HYALOPHANE Hy*al"o*phane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A species of the feldspar group containing barium. See Feldspar. HYALOSPONGIA Hy`a*lo*spon"gi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of vitreous sponges, having glassy six-rayed, siliceous spicules; -- called also Hexactinellinæ. HYALOTYPE Hy*al"o*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.] Defn: A photographic picture copied from the negative on glass; a photographic transparency. R. Hunt. HYBERNACLE; HYBERNATE; HYBERNATION Hy*ber"na*cle, Hy"ber*nate, Hy`ber*na"tion. Defn: See Hibernacle, Hibernate, Hibernation. HYBLAEAN Hy*blæ"an, a. Etym: [L. Hyblaeus.] Defn: Pertaining to Hybla, an ancient town of Sicily, famous for its bees. HYBODONT Hyb"o*dont, a. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an extinct genus of sharks (Hybodus), especially in the form of the teeth, which consist of a principal median cone with smaller lateral ones. HYBODUS Hyb"o*dus, n. Etym: [NL. See Hybodont.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of sharks having conical, compressed teeth. HYBRID Hy"brid, n. Etym: [L. hybrida, hibrida, prob. allied to Gr. over: cf. F. hybride.] (Biol.) Defn: The offspring of the union of two distinct species; an animal or plant produced from the mixture of two species. See Mongrel. HYBRID Hy"brid, a. Defn: Produced from the mixture of two species; as, plants of hybrid nature. HYBRIDISM Hy"brid*ism, n. Defn: The state or quality of being hybrid. HYBRIDIST Hy"brid*ist, n. Defn: One who hybridizes. HYBRIDITY Hy*brid"i*ty, n. Defn: Hybridism. HYBRIDIZABLE Hy"brid*i`za*ble, a. Defn: Capable of forming a hybrid, or of being subjected to a hybridizing process; capable of producing a hybrid by union with another species or stock. Hybridizable genera are rarer than is generally supposed, even in gardens where they are so often operated upon, under circumstances most favorable to the production of hybrids. J. D. Hooker. HYBRIDIZATION Hy`brid*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of hybridizing, or the state of being hybridized. HYBRIDIZE Hy"brid*i`ze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hybridized; p. pr. & vb. n. Hybridizing.] Defn: To render hybrid; to produce by mixture of stocks. HYBRIDIZER Hy"brid*i`zer, n. Defn: One who hybridizes. HYBRIDOUS Hy"brid*ous, a. Defn: Same as Hybrid. HYDAGE Hyd"age, n. (Law) Defn: A land tax. See Hidage. HYDANTOIC Hy`dan*to"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, hydantoin. See Glycoluric. HYDANTOIN Hy*dan"to*in, n. Etym: [Hydrogen + allantion.] (Chem.) Defn: A derivative of urea, C3H4N2O2, obtained from allantion, as a white, crystalline substance, with a sweetish taste; -- called also glycolyl urea. HYDATID Hy"da*tid, n. Etym: [Gr. "y`dwr, "y`datos, water: cf. F. hydatide.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A membranous sac or bladder filled with a pellucid fluid, found in various parts of the bodies of animals, but unconnected with the tissues. It is usually formed by parasitic worms, esp. by larval tapeworms, as Echinococcus and Coenurus. See these words in the Vocabulary. Hydatid of Morgagni (Anat.), one of the small pedunculated bodies found between the testicle and the head of the epididymis, and supposed to be a remnant of the Müllerian duct. HYDATIFORM Hy*dat"i*form, a. Etym: [Hydatid + -form.] Defn: Resembling a hydatid. HYDATOID Hy"da*toid, a. Etym: [Gr. "y`dwr, "y`datos, water + -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Resembling water; watery; aqueous; hyaloid. HYDR- Hy"dr- Defn: . See under Hydro-. HYDRA Hy"dra, n.; pl. E. Hydras, L. Hydræ. Etym: [L. hydra, Gr. "y`dra; akin to "y`dwr water. See Otter the animal, Water.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A serpent or monster in the lake or marsh of Lerna, in the Peloponnesus, represented as having many heads, one of which, when cut off, was immediately succeeded by two others, unless the wound was cauterized. It was slain by Hercules. Hence, a terrible monster. Gorgons, and Hydras, and Chimeras dire. Milton. 2. Hence: A multifarious evil, or an evil having many sources; not to be overcome by a single effort. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small fresh-water hydroid of the genus Hydra, usually found attached to sticks, stones, etc., by a basal sucker. Note: The body is a simple tube, having a mouth at one extremity, surrounded by a circle of tentacles with which it captures its prey. Young hydras bud out from the sides of the older ones, but soon become detached and are then like their parent. Hydras are remarkable for their power of repairing injuries; for if the body be divided in pieces, each piece will grow into a complete hydra, to which fact the name alludes. The zooids or hydranths of marine hydroids are sometimes called hydras. 4. (Astron.) Defn: A southern constellation of great length lying southerly from Cancer, Leo, and Virgo. HYDRACHNID Hy*drach"nid, n. Etym: [Hydr- + arachnid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An aquatic mite of the genus Hydrachna. The hydrachids, while young, are parasitic on fresh-water mussels. HYDRACID Hy*drac"id, n. Etym: [Hydr- + acid: cf. F. hydracide.] (Chem.) Defn: An acid containing hydrogen; -- sometimes applied to distinguish acids like hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and the like, which contain no oxygen, from the oxygen acids or oxacids. See Acid. HYDRACRYLIC Hy`dra*cryl"ic, a. Etym: [Hydr- + acrylic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an isomeric variety of lastic acid that breaks down into acrylic acid and water. HYDRACTINIAN Hy`drac*tin"i*an, n. Etym: [See Hydra, and Actinia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species or marine hydroids, of the genus Hydractinia and allied genera. These hydroids form, by their rootstalks, a firm, chitinous coating on shells and stones, and esp. on spiral shells occupied by hermit crabs. See Illust. of Athecata. HYDRAEMIA Hy*dræ"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "y`dwr water + (Med.) Defn: An abnormally watery state of the blood; anæmia. HYDRAGOGUE Hy"dra*gogue, a. Etym: [L. hydragogus conveying off water, Gr. "y`dwr water + hydragogue.] (Med.) Defn: Causing a discharge of water; expelling serum effused into any part of the body, as in dropsy. -- n. Defn: A hydragogue medicine, usually a cathartic or diuretic. HYDRAMIDE Hy*dram"ide, n. Etym: [Hydr- + -amide.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a group of crystalline bodies produced by the action of ammonia on certain aldehydes. HYDRAMINE Hy*dram"ine, n. Etym: [Hydroxyl + amine.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of artificial, organic bases, usually produced as thick viscous liquids by the action of ammonia on ethylene oxide. They have the properties both of alcohol and amines. HYDRANGEA Hy*dran"ge*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "y`dwr water + hydrangée.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubby plants bearing opposite leaves and large heads of showy flowers, white, or of various colors. H. hortensis, the common garden species, is a native of China or Japan. HYDRANT Hy"drant, n. Etym: [Gr. "y`dwr water. See Hydra.] Defn: A discharge pipe with a valve and spout at which water may be drawn from the mains of waterworks; a water plug. HYDRANTH Hy"dranth, n. Etym: [Hydra + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the nutritive zooids of a hydroid colony. Also applied to the proboscis or manubrium of a hydroid medusa. See Illust. of Hydroidea. HYDRARGOCHLORIDE Hy*drar"go*chlo"ride, n. Etym: [Hydrargyrum + chloride.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound of the bichloride of mercury with another chloride. [Obs.] HYDRARGYRATE Hy*drar"gy*rate, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to mercury; containing, or impregnated with, mercury. [R.] HYDRARGYRISM Hy*drar"gy*rism, n. (Med.) Defn: A diseased condition produced by poisoning with hydrargyrum, or mercury; mercurialism. HYDRARGYRUM Hy*drar"gy*rum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. hydrargyrus, Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Quicksilver; mercury. HYDRARTHROSIS Hy`drar*thro"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Hydro-, 1, and Arthrosis.] (Med.) Defn: An effusion of watery liquid into the cavity of a joint. HYDRASTINE Hy*dras"tine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid, found in the rootstock of the golden seal (Hydrastis Canadensis), and extracted as a bitter, white, crystalline substance. It is used as a tonic and febrifuge. HYDRA-TAINTED Hy"dra-taint`ed, a. Defn: Dipped in the gall of the fabulous hydra; poisonous; deadly. Cowper. HYDRATE Hy"drate, n. Etym: [Gr. "y`dwr water: cf. F. hydrate.] (Chem.) (a) A compound formed by the union of water with some other substance, generally forming a neutral body, as certain crystallized salts. (b) A substance which does not contain water as such, but has its constituents (hydrogen, oxygen, hydroxyl) so arranged that water may be eliminated; hence, a derivative of, or compound with, hydroxyl; hydroxide; as, ethyl hydrate, or common alcohol; calcium hydrate, or slaked lime. HYDRATE Hy"drate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hydrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Hydrating.] Defn: To form into a hydrate; to combine with water. HYDRATED Hy"dra*ted, a. Defn: Formed into a hydrate; combined with water. HYDRATION Hy*dra"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: The act of becoming, or state of being, a hydrate. Water of hydration (Chem.), water chemically combined with some substance to form a hydrate; -- distinguished from water of crystallization. HYDRAULIC Hy*drau"lic, a. Etym: [F. hydraulique, L. hydraulicus, fr. Gr. "y`dwr water + Hydra.] Defn: Of or pertaining to hydraulics, or to fluids in motion; conveying, or acting by, water; as, an hydraulic clock, crane, or dock. Hydraulic accumulator, an accumulator for hydraulic machinery of any kind. See Accumulator, 2. -- Hydraulic brake, a cataract. See Cataract, 3. -- Hydraulic cement, a cement or mortar made of hydraulic lime, which will harden under water. -- Hydraulic elevator, a lift operated by the weight or pressure of water. -- Hydraulic jack. See under Jack. -- Hydraulic lime, quicklime obtained from hydraulic limestone, and used for cementing under water, etc. -- Hydraulic limestone, a limestone which contains some clay, and which yields a quicklime that will set, or form a firm, strong mass, under water. -- Hydraulic main (Gas Works), a horizontal pipe containing water at the bottom into which the ends of the pipes from the retorts dip, for passing the gas through water in order to remove ammonia. -- Hydraulic mining, a system of mining in which the force of a jet of water is used to wash down a bank of gold-bearing gravel or earth. [Pacific Coast] -- Hydraulic press, a hydrostatic press. See under Hydrostatic. -- Hydraulic propeller, a device for propelling ships by means of a stream of water ejected under water rearward from the ship. -- Hydraulic ram, a machine for raising water by means of the energy of the moving water of which a portion is to be raised. When the rush of water through the main pipe d shuts the valve at a, the momentum of the current thus suddenly checked forces part of it into the air chamber b, and up the pipe c, its return being prevented by a valve at the entrance to the air chamber, while the dropping of the valve a by its own weight allows another rush through the main pipe, and so on alternately. -- Hydraulic valve. (Mach.) (a) A valve for regulating the distribution of water in the cylinders of hydraulic elevators, cranes, etc. (b) (Gas Works) An inverted cup with a partition dipping into water, for opening or closing communication between two gas mains, the open ends of which protrude about the water. HYDRAULICAL Hy*drau"lic*al, a. Defn: Hydraulic. HYDRAULICON Hy*drau"li*con, n. Etym: [NL. See Hydraulic.] (Mus.) Defn: An ancient musical instrument played by the action of water; a water organ. [Written also hydraulis.] HYDRAULICS Hy*drau"lics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hydraulique.] Defn: That branch of science, or of engineering, which treats of fluids in motion, especially of water, its action in rivers and canals, the works and machinery for conducting or raising it, its use as a prime mover, and the like. Note: As a science, hydraulics includes hydrodynamics, or the principles of mechanics applicable to the motion of water; as a branch of engineering, it consists in the practical application of the mechanics of fluids to the control and management of water with reference to the wants of man, including canals, waterworks, hydraulic machines, pumps, water wheels, etc. Some writers treat hydraulics and hydrostatics as subdivisions of hydrodynamics. HYDRAZINE Hy"dra*zine, n. Etym: [Hydr- + azo- + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of nitrogenous bases, resembling the amines and produced by the reduction of certain nitroso and diazo compounds; as, methyl hydrazine, phenyl hydrazine, etc. They are derivatives of hydrazine proper, H2N.NH2, which is a doubled amido group, recently (1887) isolated as a stable, colorless gas, with a peculiar, irritating odor. As a base it forms distinct salts. Called also diamide, amidogen, (or more properly diamidogen), etc. HYDRENCEPHSLOID Hy"dren*ceph"s*loid, a. Etym: [Hydrencephalus + -oid.] (Med.) Defn: Same as Hydrocephaloid. HYDRIA Hy"dri*a, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A water jar; esp., one with a large rounded body, a small neck, and three handles. Some of the most beautiful Greek vases are of this form. HYDRIAD Hy"dri*ad, n. Etym: [Gr. "y`dwr water.] (Myth.) Defn: A water nymph. HYDRIC Hy"dric, a. Etym: [From Hydrogen.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, hydrogen; as, hydric oxide. Hydric dioxide. (Chem.) See Hydrogen dioxide, under Hydrogen. -- Hydric oxide (Chem.), water. -- Hydric sulphate (Chem.), hydrogen sulphate or sulphuric acid. HYDRIDE Hy"dride, n. Etym: [Hydr- + ide.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound of the binary type, in which hydrogen is united with some other element. HYDRIFORM Hy"dri*form, a. Etym: [Hydra + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the form or structure of a hydra. HYDRINA Hy*dri"na, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Hydra.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The group of hydroids to which the fresh-water hydras belong. HYDRIODATE Hy*dri"o*date, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hydriodate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Hydriodide. HYDRIODIC Hy`dri*od"ic, a. Etym: [Hydr- + iodic: cf. F. hydriodique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, hydrogen and iodine; -- said of an acid produced by the combination of these elements. Hydriodic acid (Chem.), a pungent, colorless gas, HI, usually prepared as a solution in water. It is strong reducing agent. Called also hydrogen iodine. HYDRIODIDE Hy*dri"o*dide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of hydriodic acid with a base; -- distinguished from an iodide, in which only the iodine combines with the base. HYDRO-; HYDR- Hy"dro-, Hy"dr-. 1. A combining form from Gr. Hydra). 2. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form of hydrogen, indicating hydrogen as an ingredient, as hydrochloric; or a reduction product obtained by hydrogen, as hydroquinone. HYDRO-AEROPLANE Hy"dro-a"ër*o*plane`. (Aëronautics) Defn: An aëroplane with a boatlike or other understructure that enables it to travel on, or to rise from the surface of, a body of water by its own motive power. HYDROBAROMETER Hy`dro*ba*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + barometer.] Defn: An instrument for determining the depth of the sea water by its pressure. HYDROBILIRUBIN Hy`dro*bil`i*ru"bin, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + bilirubin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A body formed from bilirubin, identical with urobilin. HYDROBIPLANE Hy"dro*bi"plane, n. Defn: A hydro-aëroplane having two supporting planes. HYDROBRANCHIATA Hy`dro*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "y`dwr water + (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive artificial division of gastropod mollusks, including those that breathe by gills, as contrasted with the Pulmonifera. -- Hy`dro*bran"chi*ate, a. HYDROBROMATE Hy`dro*bro"mate, n. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Hydrobromide. HYDROBROMIC Hy`dro*bro"mic, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + bromic.] (Chem.) Defn: Composed of hydrogen and bromine; as, hydrobromic acid. Hydrobromic acid (Chem.), a colorless, pungent, corrosive gas, HBr, usually collected as a solution in water. It resembles hydrochloric acid, but is weaker and less stable. Called also hydrogen bromide. HYDROBROMIDE Hy`dro*bro"mide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of hydrobromic acid with a base; -- distinguished from a bromide, in which only the bromine unites with the base. HYDROCARBON Hy`dro*car"bon, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + carbon.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon, as methane, benzene, etc.; also, by extension, any of their derivatives. Hydrocarbon burner, furnace, stove, a burner, furnace, or stove with which liquid fuel, as petroleum, is used. HYDROCARBONACEOUS Hy`dro*car`bo*na"ceous, a. Defn: Of the nature, or containing, hydrocarbons. HYDROCARBONATE Hy`dro*car"bon*ate, n. (a) (Old Chem.) A hydrocarbon. [Obs.] (b) (Chem.) A hydrous carbonate, as malachite. HYDROCARBOSTYRIL Hy`dro*car`bo*sty"ril, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + carbostyril.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, nitrogenous hydrocarbon, C9H9NO, obtained from certain derivatives of cinnamic acid and closely related to quinoline and carbostyril. HYDROCARBURET Hy`dro*car"bu*ret, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + carburet.] (Chem.) Defn: Carbureted hydrogen; also, a hydrocarbon. [Obs.] HYDROCAULUS Hy`dro*cau"lus, n.; pl. Hydrocauli. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "y`dwr water + (Zoöl.) Defn: The hollow stem of a hydroid, either simple or branched. See Illust. of Gymnoblastea and Hydroidea. HYDROCELE Hy`dro*cele, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. "y`dwr water + (Med.) Defn: A collection of serous fluid in the areolar texture of the scrotum or in the coverings, especially in the serous sac, investing the testicle or the spermatic cord; dropsy of the testicle. HYDROCEPHALIC Hy`dro*ce*phal"ic, a. Defn: Relating to, or connected with, hydrocephalus, or dropsy of the brain. HYDROCEPHALOID Hy`dro*ceph"a*loid, a. Etym: [Hydrocephalus + -oid.] (Med.) Defn: Resembling hydrocephalus. Hydrocephaloid affection (Med.), the group of symptoms which follow exhausting diarrhea in young children, resembling those of acute hydrocephalus, or tubercular meningitis. HYDROCEPHALOUS Hy`dro*ceph"a*lous, a. Defn: Having hydrocephalus. "Hydrocephalous offspring." G. Eliot. HYDROCEPHALUS Hy`dro*ceph"a*lus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "y`dwr water + (Med.) Defn: An accumulation of liquid within the cavity of the cranium, especially within the ventricles of the brain; dropsy of the brain. It is due usually to tubercular meningitis. When it occurs in infancy, it often enlarges the head enormously. HYDROCHLORATE Hy`dro*chlo"rate, n. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Hydrochloride. HYDROCHLORIC Hy`dro*chlo"ric, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + hloric: cf. F. hydrochlorique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or compounded of, chlorine and hydrogen gas; as, hydrochloric acid; chlorhydric. Hydrochloric acid (Chem.), hydrogen chloride; a colorless, corrosive gas, HCl, of pungent, suffocating odor. It is made in great quantities in the soda process, by the action of sulphuric acid on common salt. It has a great affinity for water, and the commercial article is a strong solution of the gas in water. It is a typical acid, and is an indispensable agent in commercial and general chemical work. Called also muriatic, and chlorhydric, acid. HYDROCHLORIDE Hy`dro*chlo"ride, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of hydrochloric acid with a base; -- distinguished from a chloride, where only chlorine unites with the base. HYDROCORALLIA Hy`dro*co*ral"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Hydra, and Coral.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Hydroidea, including those genera that secrete a stony coral, as Millepora and Stylaster. Two forms of zooids in life project from small pores in the coral and resemble those of other hydroids. See Millepora. HYDROCYANATE Hy`dro*cy"a*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Hydrocyanide. HYDROCYANIC Hy`dro*cy*an"ic, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + anic: cf. F. hydrocyanique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from the combination of, hydrogen and cyanogen. Hydrocyanic acid (Chem.), a colorless, mobile, volatile liquid, HCN, having a characteristic peach-blossom odor. It is one of the most deadly poisons. It is made by the action of sulphuric acid on yellow prussiate of potassium (potassium ferrocyanide), and chemically resembles hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids. Called also prussic acid, hydrogen cyanide, etc. HYDROCYANIDE Hy`dro*cy"a*nide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of hydrocyanic acid with a base; -- distinguished from a cyanide, in which only the cyanogen so combines. HYDRODYNAMIC; HYDRODYNAMICAL Hy`dro*dy*nam"ic, Hy`dro*dy*nam"ic*al, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + dynamic, -ical: cf. F. hydrodynamique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the dynamical action of water of a liquid; of or pertaining to water power. Hydrodynamic friction, friction produced by the viscosity of a liquid in motion. HYDRODYNAMICS Hy`dro*dy*nam"ics, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + dynamics: cf. F. hydrodynamique.] Defn: That branch of the science of mechanics which relates to fluids, or, as usually limited, which treats of the laws of motion and action of nonelastic fluids, whether as investigated mathematically, or by observation and experiment; the principles of dynamics, as applied to water and other fluids. Note: The word is sometimes used as a general term, including both hydrostatics and hydraulics, together with pneumatics and acoustics. See Hydraulics. HYDRODYNAMOMETER Hy`dro*dy`na*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + dynamometer.] Defn: An instrument to measure the velocity of a liquid current by the force of its impact. HYDRO-ELECTRIC Hy`dro-e*lec"tric, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + electric.] Defn: Pertaining to, employed in, or produced by, the evolution of electricity by means of a battery in which water or steam is used. Hydro-electric machine (Physics), an apparatus invented by Sir William Armstrong of England for generating electricity by the escape of high-pressure steam from a series of jets connected with a strong boiler, in which the steam is produced. HYDRO-EXTRACTOR Hy`dro-ex*tract"or, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + extractor.] Defn: An apparatus for drying anything, as yarn, cloth, sugar, etc., by centrifugal force; a centrifugal. HYDROFERRICYANIC Hy`dro*fer`ri*cy*an"ic, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + ferricyanic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, or obtained from, hydrogen, ferric iron, and cyanogen; as, hydroferricyanic acid. See Ferricyanic. HYDROFERROCYANIC Hy`dro*fer`ro*cy*an"ic, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + ferrocyanic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, or obtained from, hydrogen, ferrous iron, and cyanogen; as, hydroferrocyanic acid. See Ferrocyanic. HYDROFLUATE Hy`dro*flu"ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A supposed compound of hydrofluoris acid and a base; a fluoride. [Archaic] HYDROFLUORIC Hy`dro*flu*or"ic, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + fluoric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, hydrogen and fluorine; fluohydric; as, hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid (Chem.), a colorless, mobile, volatile liquid, HF, very corrosive in its action, and having a strong, pungent, suffocating odor. It is produced by the action of sulphuric acid on fluorite, and is usually collected as a solution in water. It attacks all silicates, as glass or porcelain, is the agent employed in etching glass, and is preserved only in vessels of platinum, lead, caoutchouc, or gutta-percha. HYDROFLUOSILICATE Hy`dro*flu`o*sil"i*cate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of hydrofluosilic acid; a silicofluoride. See Silicofluoride. HYDROFLUOSILICIC Hy`dro*flu`o*si*lic"ic, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + fluorine + silicic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or denoting, a compound consisting of a double fluoride of hydrogen and silicon; silicofluoric. See Silicofluoric. HYDROGALVANIC Hy`dro*gal*van"ic, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + galvanic.] Defn: Pertaining to, produced by, or consisting of, electricity evolved by the action or use of fluids; as, hydrogalvanic currents. [R.] HYDROGEN Hy"dro*gen, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + -gen: cf. F. hydrogène. So called because water is generated by its combustion. See Hydra.] (Chem.) Defn: A gaseous element, colorless, tasteless, and odorless, the lightest known substance, being fourteen and a half times lighter than air (hence its use in filling balloons), and over eleven thousand times lighter than water. It is very abundant, being an ingredient of water and of many other substances, especially those of animal or vegetable origin. It may by produced in many ways, but is chiefly obtained by the action of acids (as sulphuric) on metals, as zinc, iron, etc. It is very inflammable, and is an ingredient of coal gas and water gas. It is standard of chemical equivalents or combining weights, and also of valence, being the typical monad. Symbol H. Atomic weight 1. Note: Although a gas, hydrogen is chemically similar to the metals in its nature, having the properties of a weak base. It is, in all acids, the base which is replaced by metals and basic radicals to form salts. Like all other gases, it is condensed by great cold and pressure to a liquid which freezes and solidifies by its own evaporation. It is absorbed in large quantities by certain metals (esp. palladium), forming alloy-like compounds; hence, in view of quasi-metallic nature, it is sometimes called hydrogenium. It is the typical reducing agent, as opposed to oxidizers, as oxygen, chlorine, etc. Bicarbureted hydrogen, an old name for ethylene. -- Carbureted hydrogen gas. See under Carbureted. -- Hydrogen dioxide, a thick, colorless liquid, H2O2, resembling water, but having a bitter, sour taste, produced by the action of acids on barium peroxide. It decomposes into water and oxygen, and is manufactured in large quantities for an oxidizing and bleaching agent. Called also oxygenated water. -- Hydrogen oxide, a chemical name for water, H -- Hydrogen sulphide, a colorless inflammable gas, H2S, having the characteristic odor of bad eggs, and found in many mineral springs. It is produced by the action of acids on metallic sulphides, and is an important chemical reagent. Called also sulphureted hydrogen. HYDROGENATE Hy"dro*gen*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hydrogenated; p. pr. & vb. n. Hydrogenating.] (Chem.) Defn: To hydrogenize. HYDROGENATION Hy`dro*gen*a"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: The act of combining with hydrogen, or the state of being so combined. HYDROGENIDE Hy"dro*gen*ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound containing hydrogen; a hydride. [R.] See Hydride. HYDROGENIUM Hy`dro*ge"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Hydrogen.] (Chem.) Defn: Hydrogen; -- called also in view of its supposed metallic nature. Graham. HYDROGENIZE Hy"dro*gen*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hydrogenized; p. pr. & vb. n. Hydrogenizing.] (Chem.) Defn: To combine with hydrogen; to treat with, or subject to the action of, hydrogen; to reduce; -- contrasted with oxidize. HYDROGENOUS Hy*drog"e*nous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to hydrogen; containing hydrogen. HYDROGNOSY Hy*drog"no*sy, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. Defn: A treatise upon, or a history and description of, the water of the earth. HYDROGODE Hy"drog*ode, n. Etym: [Hydrogen + Gr. (Elec.) Defn: The negative pole or cathode. [R.] HYDROGRAPHER Hy*drog"ra*pher, n. Defn: One skilled in the hydrography; one who surveys, or draws maps or charts of, the sea, lakes, or other waters, with the adjacent shores; one who describes the sea or other waters. Boyle. HYDROGRAPHIC; HYDROGRAPHICAL Hy`dro*graph"ic, Hy`dro*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or relating to hydrography. HYDROGRAPHY Hy*drog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + -graphy: cf. F. hydrographie.] 1. The art of measuring and describing the sea, lakes, rivers, and other waters, with their phenomena. 2. That branch of surveying which embraces the determination of the contour of the bottom of a harbor or other sheet of water, the depth of soundings, the position of channels and shoals, with the construction of charts exhibiting these particulars. HYDROGURET Hy*drog"u*ret, n. Etym: [From Hydrogen.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydride. [Obs.] HYDROID Hy"droid, a. Etym: [Hydra + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Related to, or resembling, the hydra; of or pertaining to the Hydroidea. -- n. Defn: One of the Hydroideas. HYDROIDEA Hy*droi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Hydra, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive order of Hydrozoa or Acalephæ. [Written also Hydroida.] Note: This order includes the hydras and the free-swimming hydromedusæ, together with a great variety of marine attached hydroids, many of which grow up into large, elegantly branched forms, consisting of a vast number of zooids (hydranths, gonophores, etc.), united by hollow stems. All the zooids of a colony are produced from one primary zooid, by successive buddings. The Siphonophora have also been included in this order by some writers. See Gymnoblastea, Hydromedusa, Gonosome, Gonotheca. HYDROKINETIC Hy`dro*ki*net"ic, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + kinetic.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the motions of fluids, or the forces which produce or affect such motions; -- opposed to hydrostatic. Sir W. Thomson. HYDROLOGICAL Hy`dro*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to hydrology. HYDROLOGIST Hy*drol"o*gist, n. Defn: One skilled in hydrology. HYDROLOGY Hy*drol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + -logy: cf. F. hydrologie.] Defn: The science of water, its properties, phenomena, and distribution over the earth's surface. HYDROLYSIS Hy*drol"y*sis, n. [Hydro-, 1 + -lysis.] (Chem.) Defn: A chemical process involving the addition of the elements of water. HYDROLYTIC Hy`dro*lyt"ic, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Tending to remove or separate water; eliminating water. Hydrolytic agents, such as sulphuric acid or caustic alkali. Encyc. Brit. Hydrolitic ferment (Physiol. Chem.), a ferment, enzyme, or chemical ferment, which acts only in the presence of water, and which causes the substance acted upon to take up a molecule of water. Thus, diastase of malt, ptyalin of saliva, and boiling dilute sulphuric acid all convert starch by hydration into dextrin and sugar. Nearly all of the digestive ferments are hydrolytic in their action. HYDROMAGNESITE Hy`dro*mag"ne*site, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + magnesite.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous carbonate of magnesia occurring in white, early, amorphous masses. HYDROMANCY Hy"dro*man`cy, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + -mancy: cf. F. hydromancie.] Defn: Divination by means of water, -- practiced by the ancients. HYDROMANTIC Hy`dro*man"tic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hydromantique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to divination by water. HYDROMECHANICS Hy`dro*me*chan"ics, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + mechanics.] Defn: That branch of physics which treats of the mechanics of liquids, or of their laws of equilibrium and of motion. HYDROMEDUSA Hy`dro*me*du"sa, n.; pl. Hydromedusæ. Etym: [NL. See Hydra, and Medusa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any medusa or jellyfish which is produced by budding from a hydroid. They are called also Craspedota, and naked-eyed medusæ. Note: Such medusæ are the reproductive zooids or gonophores, either male or female, of the hydroid from which they arise, whether they become free or remain attached to the hydroid colony. They in turn produce the eggs from which the hydroids are developed. The name is also applied to other similar medusæ which are not known to bud from a hydroid colony, and even to some which are known to develop directly from the eggs, but which in structure agree essentially with those produced from hydroids. See Hydroidea, and Gymnoblastea. HYDROMEL Hy"dro*mel, n. Etym: [L. hydromel, hydromeli, Gr. hydromel.] Defn: A liquor consisting of honey diluted in water, and after fermentation called mead. HYDROMELLONIC Hy`dro*mel*lon"ic, a. Defn: See Cyamellone. HYDROMETALLURGICAL Hy`dro*met`al*lur"gic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to hydrometallurgy; involving the use of liquid reagents in the treatment or reduction of ores. -- Hy`dro*met`al*lur"gic*al*ly, adv. HYDROMETALLURGY Hy`dro*met"al*lur`gy, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + metallurgy.] Defn: The art or process of assaying or reducing ores by means of liquid reagents. HYDROMETEOR Hy`dro*me"te*or, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + meteor.] Defn: A meteor or atmospheric phenomenon dependent upon the vapor of water; -- in the pl., a general term for the whole aqueous phenomena of the atmosphere, as rain, snow, hail, etc. Nichol. HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL Hy`dro*me`te*or`o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to hydrometeorology, or to rain, clouds, storms, etc. HYDROMETEOROLOGY Hy`dro*me`te*or*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + meteorology.] Defn: That branch of meteorology which relates to, or treats of, water in the atmosphere, or its phenomena, as rain, clouds, snow, hail, storms, etc. HYDROMETER Hy*drom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + -meter: cf. F. hydromètre.] 1. (Physics) Defn: An instrument for determining the specific gravities of liquids, and thence the strength spirituous liquors, saline solutions, etc. Note: It is usually made of glass with a graduated stem, and indicates the specific gravity of a liquid by the depth to which it sinks in it, the zero of the scale marking the depth to which it sinks in pure water. Extra weights are sometimes used to adapt the scale to liquids of different densities. 2. An instrument, variously constructed, used for measuring the velocity or discharge of water, as in rivers, from reservoirs, etc., and called by various specific names according to its construction or use, as tachometer, rheometer, hydrometer, pendulum, etc.; a current gauge. HYDROMETRIC; HYDROMETRICAL Hy`dro*met"ric, Hy`dro*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hydromètrique.] 1. Of or pertaining to an hydrometer, or to the determination of the specific gravity of fluids. 2. Of or pertaining to measurement of the velocity, discharge, etc., of running water. 3. Made by means of an hydrometer; as, hydrometric observations. Hydrometric pendulum, a species of hydrometer consisting of a hollow ball of ivory or metal suspended by a treated from the center of a graduated quadrant, and held in a stream to measure the velocity of the water by the inclination given to the thread; a kind of current gauge. HYDROMETROGRAPH Hy`dro*met"ro*graph, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. graph.] Defn: An instrument for determining and recording the quantity of water discharged from a pipe, orifice, etc., in a given time. HYDROMETRY Hy*drom"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hydromètrique.] 1. The art of determining the specific gravity of liquids, and thence the strength of spirituous liquors, saline solutions, etc. 2. The art or operation of measuring the velocity or discharge of running water, as in rivers, etc. HYDROMICA Hy`dro*mi"ca, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + mica.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of potash mica containing water. It is less elastic than ordinary muscovite. Hydromica schist (Min.), a mica schist characterized by the presence of hydromica. It often has a silky luster and almost soapy feel. HYDRONEPHROSIS Hy`dro*ne*phro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., Gr. "y`dwr water + (Med.) Defn: An accumulation of urine in the pelvis of the kidney, occasioned by obstruction in the urinary passages. HYDROPATH Hy"dro*path, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hydropathe.] Defn: A hydropathist. HYDROPATHIC; HYDROPATHICAL Hy`dro*path"ic, Hy`dro*path"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to hydropathy. HYDROPATHIST Hy*drop"a*thist, n. Defn: One who practices hydropathy; a water-cure doctor. HYDROPATHY Hy*drop"a*thy, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. Defn: The water cure; a mode of treating diseases by the copious and frequent use of pure water, both internally and externally. HYDROPERITONEUM Hy`dro*per`i*to*ne"um, n. Etym: [NL. See Hydro-, and Peritoneum.] (Med.) Defn: Same as Ascites. HYDROPHANE Hy"dro*phane, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. hydrophane.] (Min.) Defn: A semitranslucent variety of opal that becomes translucent or transparent on immersion in water. HYDROPHANOUS Hy*droph"a*nous, a. (Min.) Defn: Made transparent by immersion in water. HYDROPHID Hy"dro*phid, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any sea snake of the genus Hydrophys and allied genera. These snakes are venomous, live upon fishes, and have a flattened tail for swimming. HYDROPHLORONE Hy`dro*phlo"rone, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + phlorone.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline benzene derivative, C8H10O2, obtained by the reduction of phlorone. HYDROPHOBIA Hy`dro*pho"bi*a, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. "y`dwr water + hydrophobie.] (Med.) (a) An abnormal dread of water, said to be a symptom of canine madness; hence: (b) The disease caused by a bite form, or inoculation with the saliva of, a rabid creature, of which the chief symptoms are, a sense of dryness and construction in the throat, causing difficulty in deglutition, and a marked heightening of reflex excitability, producing convulsions whenever the patient attempts to swallow, or is disturbed in any way, as by the sight or sound of water; rabies; canine madness. [Written also hydrophoby.] HYDROPHOBIC Hy`dro*phob"ic, a. Etym: [L. hydrophobicus, Gr. hydrophobique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to hydrophobia; producing or caused by rabies; as, hydrophobic symptoms; the hydrophobic poison. HYDROPHOBY Hy"dro*pho`by, n. Defn: See Hydrophobia. HYDROPHORA Hy*droph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Hydroidea. HYDROPHORE Hy"dro*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. "y`dwr water + Defn: An instrument used for the purpose of obtaining specimens of water from any desired depth, as in a river, a lake, or the ocean. HYDROPHYLLIUM Hy`dro*phyl"li*um, n.; pl. L. Hydrophyllia, E. Hydrophylliums. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "y`dwr water + (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the flat, leaflike, protective zooids, covering other zooids of certain Siphonophora. HYDROPHYTE Hy"dro*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. hydrophyte.] Defn: An aquatic plant; an alga. HYDROPHYTOLOGY Hy*droph`y*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Hydro- + phyte + -logy.] Defn: The branch of botany which treats of water plants. HYDROPIC; HYDROPICAL Hy*drop"ic, Hy*drop"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. hydropicus, Gr. hydropique. See Dropsy.] Defn: Dropsical, or resembling dropsy. Every lust is a kind of hydropic distemper, and the more we drink the more we shall thirst. Tillotson. HYDROPICALLY Hy*drop"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a hydropical manner. HYDROPIPER Hy"dro*pi`per, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "y`dwr water + L. piper a pepper.] (Bot.) Defn: A species (Polygonum Hydropiper) of knotweed with acrid foliage; water pepper; smartweed. HYDROPLANE Hy"dro*plane, n. [Pref. hydro-, 1 + plane.] 1. A plane, or any of a number of planes, projecting from the hull of a submarine boat, which by being elevated or depressed cause the boat, when going ahead, to sink or rise, after the manner of an aëroplane. 2. A projecting plane or fin on a gliding boat to lift the moving boat on top of the water; also, a gliding boat. HYDROPLANE Hy"dro*plane, v. i. Defn: Of a boat, to plane (see Plane, below). HYDROPNEUMATIC Hy`dro*pneu*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + pneumatic: cf. F. hydropneumatique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or depending upon, both liquid and gaseous substances; as, hydropneumatic apparatus for collecting gases over water or other liquids. HYDROPNEUMATIC GUN CARRIAGE Hy`dro*pneu*mat"ic gun carriage. (Ordnance) Defn: A disappearing gun carriage in which the recoil is checked by cylinders containing liquid and air, the air when compressed furnishing the power for restoring the gun to the firing position. It is used with some English and European heavy guns. HYDROPSY Hy"drop`sy, n. Defn: Same as Dropsy. HYDROPULT Hy"dro*pult, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. Defn: A machine for throwing water by hand power, as a garden engine, a fire extinguisher, etc. HYDROQUINONE Hy`dro*qui"none, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + quinone.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance, C6H4(OH)2, obtained by the reduction of quinone. It is a diacid phenol, resembling, and metameric with, pyrocatechin and resorcin. Called also dihydroxy benzene. HYDRORHIZA Hy`dro*rhi"za, n.; pl. L. Hydrorhizæ, E. Hydrorhizas. Etym: [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The rootstock or decumbent stem by which a hydroid is attached to other objects. See Illust. under Hydroidea. HYDROSALT Hy"dro*salt`, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + salt.] (Chem.) (a) A salt supposed to be formed by a hydracid and a base. (b) An acid salt. [R.] (c) A hydrous salt; a salt combined with water of hydration or crystallization. HYDROSCOPE Hy"dro*scope, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + -scope.] 1. An instrument designed to mark the presence of water, especially in air. Weale. 2. A kind of water clock, used anciently for measuring time, the water tricking from an orifice at the end of a graduated tube. HYDROSOME; HYDROSOMA Hy"dro*some, Hy`dro*so"ma, n. Etym: [NL. hydrosoma. See Hydra, and - some body.] (Zoöl.) Defn: All the zooids of a hydroid colony collectively, including the nutritive and reproductive zooids, and often other kinds. HYDROSORBIC Hy`dro*sor"bic, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + sorbic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from sorbic acid when this takes up hydrogen; as, hydrosorbic acid. HYDROSPHERE Hy"dro*sphere, n. [Pref. hydro-, 1 + sphere.] 1. (Meteor.) Defn: The aqueous vapor of the entire atmosphere. 2. (Phys. Geog.) The aqueous envelope of the earth, including the ocean, all lakes, streams, and underground waters, and the aqueous vapor in the atmosphere. HYDROSTAT Hy"dro*stat, n. Defn: A contrivance or apparatus to prevent the explosion of steam boilers. HYDROSTATIC; HYDROSTATICAL Hy`dro*stat"ic, Hy`dro*stat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. hydrostatique. See Static.] Defn: Of or relating to hydrostatics; pertaining to, or in accordance with, the principles of the equilibrium of fluids. The first discovery made in hydrostatics since the time of Archimedes is due to Stevinus. Hallam. Hydrostatic balance, a balance for weighing substances in water, for the purpose of ascertaining their specific gravities. -- Hydrostatic bed, a water bed. -- Hydrostatic bellows, an apparatus consisting of a water-tight bellowslike case with a long, upright tube, into which water may be poured to illustrate the hydrostatic paradox. -- Hydrostatic paradox, the proposition in hydrostatics that any quantity of water, however small, may be made to counterbalance any weight, however great; or the law of the equality of pressure of fluids in all directions. -- Hydrostatic press, a machine in which great force, with slow motion, is communicated to a large plunger by means of water forced into the cylinder in which it moves, by a forcing pump of small diameter, to which the power is applied, the principle involved being the same as in the hydrostatic bellows. Also called hydraulic press, and Bramah press. In the illustration, a is a pump with a small plunger b, which forces the water into the cylinder c, thus driving upward the large plunder d, which performs the reduced work, such as compressing cotton bales, etc. HYDROSTATICALLY Hy`dro*stat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: According to hydrostatics, or to hydrostatic principles. Bentley. HYDROSTATICIAN Hy`dro*sta*ti"cian, n. Defn: One who is versed or skilled in hydrostatics. [R.] HYDROSTATICS Hy`dro*stat"ics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hydrostatique.] (Physics) Defn: The branch of science which relates to the pressure and equilibrium of nonelastic fluids, as water, mercury, etc.; the principles of statics applied to water and other liquids. HYDROSULPHATE Hy`dro*sul"phate, n. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Hydrosulphurent. HYDROSULPHIDE Hy`dro*sul"phide, n. (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of compounds, derived from hydrogen sulphide by the replacement of half its hydrogen by a base or basic radical; as, potassium hydrosulphide, KSH. The hydrosulphides are analogous to the hydrates and include the mercaptans. HYDROSULPHITE Hy`dro*sul"phite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A saline compound of hydrosulphurous acid and a base. [R.] HYDROSULPHURET Hy`dro*sul"phu*ret, n. (Chem.) Defn: A hydrosulphide. [Archaic] HYDROSULPHURETED Hy`dro*sul"phu*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Defn: Combined with hydrogen sulphide. HYDROSULPHURIC Hy`dro*sul*phu"ric, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + sulphuric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, hydrogen and sulphur; as, hydrosulphuricacid, a designation applied to the solution of hydrogen sulphide in water. HYDROSULPHUROUS Hy`dro*sul"phur*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the reduction of sulphurous acid. See Hyposulphurous acid, under Hyposulphurous. HYDROTELLURATE Hy`dro*tel"lu*rate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt formed by the union of hydrotelluric acid and the base. HYDROTELLURIC Hy`dro*tel*lu"ric, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + telluric.] (Chem.) Defn: Formed by hydrogen and tellurium; as, hydrotelluric acid, or hydrogen telluride. HYDROTHECA Hy`dro*the"ca, n.; pl. L. Hydrothecæ, E. Hydrothecas. Etym: [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the calicles which, in some Hydroidea (Thecaphora), protect the hydrants. See Illust. of Hydroidea, and Campanularian. HYDROTHERAPEUTICS Hy`dro*ther`a*peu"tics, n. [Hydro-, 1 + therapeutics.] (Med.) Defn: A system of treating disease by baths and mineral waters. HYDROTHERAPY Hy`dro*ther"a*py, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + therapy.] (Med.) Defn: See Hydropathy. HYDROTHERMAL Hy`dro*ther"mal, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + thermal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to hot water; -- used esp. with reference to the action of heated waters in dissolving, redepositing, and otherwise producing mineral changes within the crust of the globe. HYDROTHORAX Hy`dro*tho"rax, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + thorax.] (Med.) Defn: An accumulation of serous fluid in the cavity of the chest. HYDROTIC Hy*drot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. "y`dwr water: cf. Gr. hydrotique.] Defn: Causing a discharge of water or phlegm. -- n. (Med.) Defn: A hydrotic medicine. HYDROTICAL Hy*drot"ic*al, a. Defn: Hydrotic. HYDROTROPE Hy"dro*trope, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. Defn: A device for raising water by the direct action of steam; a pulsometer. HYDROTROPIC Hy`dro*trop"ic, a. Etym: [See Hydrotrope.] (Bot.) Defn: Turning or bending towards moisture, as roots. HYDROTROPISM Hy*drot"ro*pism, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tendency towards moisture. HYDROUS Hy"drous, a. Etym: [Gr. "y`dwr water.] 1. Containing water; watery. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Containing water of hydration or crystallization. HYDROXANTHANE Hy`dro*xan"thane, n. (Chem.) Defn: A persulphocyanate. [Obs.] HYDROXANTHIC Hy`dro*xan"thic, a. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + xanthic.] (Chem.) Defn: Persulphocyanic. HYDROXIDE Hy*drox"ide, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + oxide.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrate; a substance containing hydrogen and oxygen, made by combining water with an oxide, and yielding water by elimination. The hydroxides are regarded as compounds of hydroxyl, united usually with basic element or radical; as, calcium hydroxide ethyl hydroxide. HYDROXY- Hy*drox"y-. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form, also used adjectively, indicating hydroxyl as an ingredient. Hydroxy acid (Chem.), an organic acid, having (besides the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl radical) an alcoholic hydroxyl group, and thus having the qualities of an alcohol in addition to its acid properties; as, lactic and tartaric acids are hydroxy acids. HYDROXYL Hy*drox"yl, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 2 + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound radical, or unsaturated group, HO, consisting of one atom of hydrogen and one of oxygen. It is a characteristic part of the hydrates, the alcohols, the oxygen acids, etc. HYDROXYLAMINE Hy*drox`yl*am"ine, n. Etym: [Hydroxyl + amine.] (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous, organic base, NH2.OH, resembling ammonia, and produced by a modified reduction of nitric acid. It is usually obtained as a volatile, unstable solution in water. It acts as a strong reducing agent. HYDROZOA Hy`dro*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Acalephæ; one of the classes of coelenterates, including the Hydroidea, Discophora, and Siphonophora. HYDROZOAL Hy`dro*zo"al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Hydrozoa. HYDROZOON; HYDROZOOEN Hy`dro*zo"ön, n.; pl. L. Hydrozoa, E. Hydrozoöns. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Hydrozoa. HYDRURET Hy"dru*ret, n. Etym: [Hydro-, 2] (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of hydrogen; a hydride. [Obs.] HYDRUS Hy"drus, n. Etym: [L., a water serpent; also, a certain constellation, Gr. "y`dros.] (Astron.) Defn: A constellation of the southern hemisphere, near the south pole. HYE Hye, n. & v. Defn: See Hie. [Obs.] Chaucer. HYEMAL Hy*e"mal, a. Etym: [L. hyemalis, or better hiemalis, fr. hyems, hiems, winter: cf. F. hyémal.] Defn: Belonging to winter; done in winter. Sir T. Browne. HYEMATE Hy"e*mate, v. i. Etym: [L. hiemare, hiematum. See Hyemal.] Defn: To pass the winter. [Obs. & R.] HYEMATION Hy`e*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. hiematio.] 1. The passing of a winter in a particular place; a wintering. 2. The act of affording shelter in winter. [Obs.] HYEN Hy"en, n. Etym: [F. hyène.] Defn: A hyena. [Obs.] Shak. HYENA Hy*e"na, n.; pl. Hyenas. Etym: [L. hyaena, Gr. hyène. See Sow female hog.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any carnivorous mammal of the family Hyænidæ, of which three living species are known. They are large and strong, but cowardly. They feed chiefly on carrion, and are nocturnal in their habits. [Written also hyæna.] Note: The striped hyena (Hyæna striata) inhabits Southern Asia and a large part of Africa. The brown hyena (H. brunnea), and the spotted hyena (Crocuta maculata), are found in Southern Africa. The extinct cave hyena (H. spelæa) inhabited England and France. Cave hyena. See under Cave. -- Hyena dog (Zoöl.), a South African canine animal (Lycaon venaticus), which hunts in packs, chiefly at night. It is smaller than the common wolf, with very large, erect ears, and a bushy tail. Its color is reddish or yellowish brown, blotched with black and white. Called also hunting dog. HYETAL Hy"e*tal, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to rain; descriptive of the distribution of rain, or of rainy regions. HYETOGRAPH Hy"e*to*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: A chart or graphic representation of the average distribution of rain over the surface of the earth. HYETOGRAPHIC Hy`e*to*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to to hyetography. HYETOGRAPHY Hy`e*tog"ra*phy, n. Defn: The branch of physical science which treats of the geographical distribution of rain. HYETOLOGY Hy`e*tol"o*gy, n. [Gr. + rain -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of the precipitation of rain, snow, etc. -- Hy`e*to*log"ic*al, a. HYGEIA Hy*ge"ia, n. Etym: [L. Hygea, Hygia, fr. Gr. (Classic Myth.) Defn: The goddess of health, daughter of Esculapius. HYGEIAN Hy*ge"ian, a. Defn: Relating to Hygeia, the goddess of health; of or pertaining to health, or its preservation. HYGEIST Hy"ge*ist, n. Defn: One skilled in hygiena; a hygienist. HYGIEIST Hy"gie*ist, n. Defn: A hygienist. HYGIENE Hy"gi*ene, n. Etym: [F. hygiène. See Hygeia.] Defn: That department of sanitary science which treats of the preservation of health, esp. of households and communities; a system of principles or rules designated for the promotion of health. HYGIENIC Hy`gi*en"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hygiénique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to health or hygiene; sanitary. HYGIENICS Hy`gi*en"ics, n. Defn: The science of health; hygiene. HYGIENISM Hy"gi*en*ism, n. Defn: Hygiene. HYGIENIST Hy"gi*en*ist, n. Defn: One versed in hygiene. HYGIOLOGY Hy`gi*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: A treatise on, or the science of, the preservation of health. [R.] HYGRINE Hy"grine, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid associated with cocaine in coca leaves (Erythroxylon coca), and extracted as a thick, yellow oil, having a pungent taste and odor. HYGRODEIK Hy"gro*deik, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physics) Defn: A form of hygrometer having wet and dry bulb thermometers, with an adjustable index showing directly the percentage of moisture in the air, etc. HYGROGRAPH Hy"gro*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for recording automatically the variations of the humidity of the atmosphere. HYGROLOGY Hy*grol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. hygrologie.] (Med.) Defn: The science which treats of the fluids of the body. HYGROMETER Hy*grom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. hygromètre.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere. Daniell's hygrometer, a form of hygrometer consisting of a bent glass tube terminating in two bulbs, the one covered with muslin, the other of black glass, and containing ether and a thermometer. Ether being poured on the muslin, the black ball, cooled by the evaporation of the ether within, is soon covered with dew; at this moment, the inclosed thermometer gives the dew-point, and this, compared with the reading of one in the air, determines the humidity. HYGROMETRIC; HYGROMETRICAL Hy`gro*met"ric, Hy`gro*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hygrométrique.] 1. Of or pertaining to hygrometry; made with, or according to, the hygrometer; as, hygrometric observations. 2. Readily absorbing and retaining moisture; as, hygrometric substances, like potash. HYGROMETRY Hy*grom"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hygrométrie.] (Physics) Defn: That branch of physics which relates to the determination of the humidity of bodies, particularly of the atmosphere, with the theory and use of the instruments constructed for this purpose. HYGROPHANOUS Hy*groph"a*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having such a structure as to be diaphanous when moist, and opaque when dry. HYGROPHTHALMIC Hy`groph*thal"mic, a. Etym: [Gr. ophthalmic.] (Anat.) Defn: Serving to moisten the eye; -- sometimes applied to the lachrymal ducts. HYGROPLASM Hy"gro*plasm, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The fluid portion of the cell protoplasm, in opposition to stereoplasm, the solid or insoluble portion. The latter is supposed to be partly nutritive and partly composed of idioplasm. HYGROSCOPE Hy"gro*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope: cf. F. hygroscope.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument which shows whether there is more or less moisture in the atmosphere, without indicating its amount. HYGROSCOPIC Hy`gro*scop"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hygroscopique.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or indicated by, the hygroscope; not readily manifest to the senses, but capable of detection by the hygroscope; as, glass is often covered with a film of hygroscopic moisture. 2. Having the property of readily inbibing moisture from the atmosphere, or of the becoming coated with a thin film of moisture, as glass, etc. HYGROSCOPICITY Hy`gro*sco*pic"i*ty, n. (Bot.) Defn: The property possessed by vegetable tissues of absorbing or discharging moisture according to circumstances. HYGROSTATICS Hy`gro*stat"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. Statics.] Defn: The science or art of comparing or measuring degrees of moisture. Evelyn. HYKE Hyke, n. Defn: See Haik, and Huke. HYKSOS Hyk"sos, n. [Gr. , fr. Egypt. hikshasu chiefs of the Bedouins, shepherds.] Defn: A dynasty of Egyptian kings, often called the Shepherd kings, of foreign origin, who, according to the narrative of Manetho, ruled for about 500 years, forming the XVth and XVIth dynasties. It is now considered that the XVIth is merely a double of the XVth dynasty, and that the total period of the six Hyksos kings was little more than 100 years. It is supposed that they were Asiatic Semites. HYLAEOSAUR; HYLAEOSAURUS Hy"læ*o*saur`, Hy`læ*o*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL. hylaeosaurus, fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A large Wealden dinosaur from the Tilgate Forest, England. It was about twenty feet long, protected by bony plates in the skin, and armed with spines. HYLARCHICAL Hy*lar"chi*cal, a. Etym: [Gr. hylarchique. See Archical.] Defn: Presiding over matter. [Obs.] Hallywell. HYLEOSAUR Hy"le*o*saur", n. Defn: Same as Hylæosaur. HYLIC Hyl"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to matter; material; corporeal; as, hylic influences. HYLICIST Hy"li*cist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A philosopher who treats chiefly of matter; one who adopts or teaches hylism. HYLISM Hy"lism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Metaph.) Defn: A theory which regards matter as the original principle of evil. HYLOBATE Hy"lo*bate, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of the genus Hylobates; a gibbon, or long-armed ape. See Gibbon. HYLODES Hy*lo"des, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The piping frog (Hyla Pickeringii), a small American tree frog, which in early spring, while breeding in swamps and ditches, sings with high, shrill, but musical, notes. HYLOISM Hy"lo*ism, n. Defn: Same as Hylotheism. HYLOIST Hy"lo*ist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Same as Hylotheist. HYLOPATHISM Hy*lop"a*thism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The doctrine that matter is sentient. Krauth-Fleming. HYLOPATHIST Hy*lop"a*thist, n. Defn: One who believes in hylopathism. HYLOPHAGOUS Hy*loph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Eating green shoots, as certain insects do. HYLOTHEISM Hy"lo*the*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The doctrine of belief that matter is God, or that there is no God except matter and the universe; pantheism. See Materialism. HYLOTHEIST Hy"lo*the*ist, n. Defn: One who believes in hylotheism. HYLOZOIC Hy`lo*zo"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to hylozoism. HYLOZOISM Hy`lo*zo"ism, n. Etym: [Gr. hylozoïsme.] Defn: The doctrine that matter possesses a species of life and sensation, or that matter and life are inseparable. [R.] Cudworth. HYLOZOIST Hy`lo*zo"ist, n. Defn: A believer in hylozoism. A. Tucker. HYMAR Hy*mar", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wild ass of Persia. HYMEN Hy"men, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A fold of muscous membrane often found at the orifice of the vagina; the vaginal membrane. HYMEN Hy"men, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Class Myth.) Defn: A fabulous deity; according to some, the son of Apollo and Urania, according to others, of Bacchus and Venus. He was the god of marriage, and presided over nuptial solemnities. Till Hymen brought his love-delighted hour, There dwelt no joy in Eden's rosy bower. Campbell. 2. Marriage; union as if by marriage. Hymen of element and race. Emerson. HYMENEAL; HYMENEAN Hy`me*ne"al, Hy`me*ne"an, a. Etym: [L. hymeneius, a., also Hymenaeus, n., Hymen, Gr. hyménéal, hyménéen.] Defn: Of or pertaining to marriage; as, hymeneal rites. Pope. HYMENEAL; HYMENEAN Hy`me*ne"al, Hy`me*ne"an, n. Defn: A marriage song. Milton. HYMENIUM Hy*me"ni*um, n.; pl. L. Hymenia, E. Hymeniums. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The spore-bearing surface of certain fungi, as that on the gills of a mushroom. HYMENOGENY Hy`me*nog"e*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The production of artificial membranes by contact of two fluids, as albumin and fat, by which the globules of the latter are surrounded by a thin film of the former. HYMENOMYCETES Hy`me*no*my*ce"tes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: One of the great divisions of fungi, containing those species in which the hymenium is completely exposed. M. J. Berkley. HYMENOPHORE Hy*men"o*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: That part of a fungus which is covered with the hymenium. HYMENOPTER Hy`me*nop"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hyménoptère.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Hymenoptera. HYMENOPTERA Hy`me*nop"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive order of insects, including the bees, ants, ichneumons, sawflies, etc. Note: They have four membranous wings, with few reticulations, and usually with a thickened, dark spot on the front edge of the anterior wings. In most of the species, the tongue, or lingua, is converted into an organ for sucking honey, or other liquid food, and the mandibles are adapted for biting or cutting. In one large division (Aculeata), including the bees, wasps, and ants, the females and workers usually have a sting, which is only a modified ovipositor. HYMENOPTERAL; HYMENOPTEROUS Hy`me*nop"ter*al, Hy`me*nop"ter*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or characteristic of, the Hymenoptera; pertaining to the Hymenoptera. HYMENOPTERAN Hy`me*nop"ter*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Hymenoptera. HYMN Hymn, n. Etym: [OE. hympne, ympne, F. hymne, OF. also ymne, L. hymnus, Gr. weave.] Defn: An ode or song of praise or adoration; especially, a religious ode, a sacred lyric; a song of praise or thankgiving intended to be used in religious service; as, the Homeric hymns; Watts' hymns. Admonishing one another in psalms and hymns. Col. iii. 16. Where angels first should practice hymns, and string Their tuneful harps. Dryden. Hymn book, a book containing a collection of hymns, as for use in churches; a hymnal. HYMN Hymn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hymned; p. pr. & vb. n. Hymning.] Etym: [Cf. L. hymnire, Gr. Defn: To praise in song; to worship or extol by singing hymns; to sing. To hymn the bright of the Lord. Keble. Their praise is hymned by loftier harps than mine. Byron. HYMN Hymn, v. i. Defn: To sing in praise or adoration. Milton. HYMNAL Hym"nal, n. Defn: A collection of hymns; a hymn book. HYMNIC Hym"nic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hymnique.] Defn: Relating to hymns, or sacred lyrics. Donne. HYMNING Hymn"ing, a. Defn: Praising with hymns; singing. "The hymning choir." G. West. HYMNING Hymn"ing, n. Defn: The singing of hymns. Milton. HYMNIST Hym"nist, n. Defn: A writer of hymns. HYMNODY Hym"no*dy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Hymns, considered collectively; hymnology. HYMNOGRAPHER Hym*nog"ra*pher, n. 1. One who writes on the subject of hymns. 2. A writer or composed of hymns. HYMNOGRAPHY Hym*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. graphy.] Defn: The art or act of composing hymns. HYMNOLOGIST Hym*nol"o*gist, n. Defn: A composer or compiler of hymns; one versed in hymnology. Busby. HYMNOLOGY Hym*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. hymnologie.] 1. The hymns or sacred lyrics composed by authors of a particular country or period; as, the hymnology of the eighteenth century; also, the collective body of hymns used by any particular church or religious body; as, the Anglican hymnology. 2. A knowledge of hymns; a treatise on hymns. HYMPNE Hymp"ne, n. Defn: A hymn. [Obs.] Chaucer. HYNDRESTE Hynd"reste, a. Defn: See Hinderest. [Obs.] HYNE Hyne, n. Defn: A servant. See Hine. [Obs.] Chaucer. HYO- Hy"o-. Etym: [See Hyod.] Defn: A prexif used in anatomy, and generally denoting connection with the hyoid bone or arch; as, hyoglossal, hyomandibular, hyomental, etc. HYOGANOIDEI Hy`o*ga*noi"de*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Hyo-, and Canoidei.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of ganoid fishes, including the gar pikes and bowfins. -- Hy`o*ga"noid, a. HYOGLOSSAL Hy`o*glos"sal, a. Etym: [Hyo- + Gr. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to or connecting the tongue and hyodean arch; as, the hyoglossal membrane. (b) Of or pertaining to the hyoglossus muscle. HYOGLOSSUS Hy`o*glos"sus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. hyo- hyo- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A flat muscle on either side of the tongue, connecting it with the hyoid bone. HYOID Hy"oid, a. Etym: [Gr. hyoïde.] 1. Having the form of an arch, or of the Greek letter upsilon [ 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the bony or cartilaginous arch which supports the tongue. Sometimes applied to the tongue itself. Hyoid arch (Anat.), the arch of cartilaginous or bony segments, which connects the base of the tongue with either side of the skull. -- Hyoid bone (Anat.), the bone in the base of the tongue, the middle part of the hyoid arch. HYOID Hy"oid, n. Defn: The hyoid bone. HYOIDEAL; HYOIDEAN Hy*oid"e*al, Hy*oid"e*an, a. Defn: Same as Hyoid, a. HYOMANDIBULAR Hy`o*man*dib"u*lar, a. Etym: [Hyo- + mandibular.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining both to the hyoidean arch and the mandible or lower jaw; as, the hyomandibular bone or cartilage, a segment of the hyoid arch which connects the lower jaw with the skull in fishes. -- n. Defn: The hyomandibular bone or cartilage. HYOMENTAL Hy`o*men"tal, a. Etym: [Hyo- + mental of the chin.] (Anat.) Defn: Between the hyoid bone and the lower jaw, pertaining to them; suprahyoid; submaxillary; as, the hyomental region of the front of the neck. HYOPASTRON Hy`o*pas"tron, n. Etym: [Hyo- + plastron.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The second lateral plate in the plastron of turtles; -- called also hyosternum. HYOSCINE Hy*os"cine, n. Etym: [See Hyoscyamus.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid found with hyoscyamine (with which it is also isomeric) in henbane, and extracted as a white, amorphous, semisolid substance. HYOSCYAMINE Hy`os*cy"a*mine, n. Etym: [See Hyoscyamus.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid found in henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), and regarded as its active principle. It is also found with other alkaloids in the thorn apple and deadly nightshade. It is extracted as a white crystalline substance, with a sharp, offensive taste. Hyoscyamine is isomeric with atropine, is very poisonous, and is used as a medicine for neuralgia, like belladonna. Called also hyoscyamia, duboisine, etc. HYOSCYAMUS Hy`os*cy"a*mus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of poisonous plants of the Nightshade family; henbane. 2. (Med.) Defn: The leaves of the black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), used in neuralgic and pectorial troubles. HYOSTERNAL Hy`o*ster"nal, a. Etym: [Hyo- + ternal.] (Anat.) (a) Between the hyoid bone and the sternum, or pertaining to them; infrahyoid; as, the hyosternal region of the neck. (b) Pertaining to the hyosternum of turtles. HYOSTERNUM Hy`o*ster"num, n. Etym: [Hyo- + sternum.] (Anat.) Defn: See Hyoplastron. HYOSTYLIC Hy`o*styl"ic, a. Etym: [Hyo- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the mandible suspended by the hyomandibular, or upper part of the hyoid arch, as in fishes, instead of directly articulated with the skull as in mammals; -- said of the skull. HYP Hyp, n. Defn: An abbreviation of hypochonaria; -- usually in plural. [Colloq.] Heaven send thou hast not got the hyps. Swift. HYP Hyp, v. t. Defn: To make melancholy. [Colloq.] W. Irving. HYPAETHRAL; HYPETHRAL Hy*pæ"thral, Hy*pe"thral, a. Etym: [L. hypaethrus in the open air, uncovered, Gr. (Arch.) Defn: Exposed to the air; wanting a roof; -- applied to a building or part of a building. Gwilt. HYPALLAGE Hy*pal"la*ge, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gram.) Defn: A figure consisting of a transference of attributes from their proper subjects to other. Thus Virgil says, "dare classibus austros," to give the winds to the fleets, instead of dare classibus austris, to give the fleets to the winds. The hypallage, of which Virgil is fonder than any other writer, is much the gravest fault in language. Landor. HYPALLELOMORPH Hyp`al*le"lo*morph, n. Defn: See Allelomorph. HYPANTHIUM Hy*pan"thi*um, n.; pl. L. Hypanthia, E. Hypanthiums. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A fruit consisting in large part of a receptacle, enlarged below the calyx, as in the alycanthus, the rose hip, and the pear. HYPAPOPHYSIS Hy`pa*poph"y*sis, n.; pl. Hypapophyles. Etym: [NL. See Hypo-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) Defn: A process, or other element, of a vertebra developed from the ventral side of the centrum, as hæmal spines, and chevron bones. -- Hy`pa*po*phys"i*al, a. HYPARTERIAL Hy`par*te"ri*al, a. Etym: [Hypo- + arterial.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated below an artery; applied esp. to the branches of the bronchi given off below the point where the pulmonary artery crosses the bronchus. HYPASPIST Hy*pas"pist, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A shield-bearer or armor-bearer. Mitford. HYPAXIAL Hy*pax"i*al, a. Etym: [Hypo- + axial.] (Anat.) Defn: Beneath the axis of the skeleton; subvertebral; hyposkeletal. HYPE hype n. Defn: Intense publicity for a future event, performed in a showy or excessively dramatic manner suggesting an importance not justified by the event; as, the hype surrounding the superbowl is usually ludicrous. [PJC] HYPE hype v. t. 1. to publicize [e.g. a product or a future event] insistently, in a manner exaggerating the importance of; to promote flamboyantly. [wns=1] [WordNet 1.5] 2. To stimulate or excite (a person); --usually used with up, and often in the passive form; as, she was all hyped up over her upcoming wedding. [PJC] HYPER- Hy"per-. Etym: [Gr. super, E. over. See Over, and cf. Super-.] 1. A prefix signifying over, above; as, hyperphysical, hyperthyrion; also, above measure, abnormally great, excessive; as, hyperæmia, hyperbola, hypercritical, hypersecretion. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A prefix equivalent to super- or per-; as hyperoxide, or peroxide. [Obs.] See Per-. HYPERAEMIA Hy`per*æ"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A superabundance or congestion of blood in an organ or part of the body. Active hyperæmia, cognestion d%ue to increased flow of blood to a part. -- Passive hyperæmia, interchange due to obstruction in the return of blood from a part. -- Hy`per*æ"mic, a. HYPERAESTHESIA Hy`per*æs*the"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med. & Physiol.) Defn: A state of exalted or morbidly increased sensibility of the body, or of a part of it. -- Hy`per*æs*thet"ic, a. HYPERAPOPHYSIS Hy`per*a*poph"y*sis, n.; pl. Hyperapophyses. Etym: [NL. See Hyper-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) Defn: A lateral and backward-projecting process on the dorsal side of a vertebra. -- Hy`per*ap`o*phys"i*al, a. HYPERASPIST Hy`per*as"pist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who holds a shield over another; hence, a defender. [Obs.] Chillingworth. HYPERBATIC Hy`per*bat"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an hyperbaton; transposed; inverted. HYPERBATON Hy*per"ba*ton, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gram.) Defn: A figurative construction, changing or inverting the natural order of words or clauses; as, "echoed the hills" for "the hills echoed." With a violent hyperbaton to transpose the text. Milton. HYPERBOLA Hy*per"bo*la, n. Etym: [Gr. i. e., of the angle which the cutting plane makes with the base. See Hyperbole.] (Geom.) Defn: A curve formed by a section of a cone, when the cutting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes. It is a plane curve such that the difference of the distances from any point of it to two fixed points, called foci, is equal to a given distance. See Focus. If the cutting plane be produced so as to cut the opposite cone, another curve will be formed, which is also an hyperbola. Both curves are regarded as branches of the same hyperbola. See Illust. of Conic section, and Focus. HYPERBOLE Hy*per"bo*le, n. Etym: [L., fr. GrHyper-, Parable, and cf. Hyperbola.] (Rhet.) Defn: A figure of speech in which the expression is an evident exaggeration of the meaning intended to be conveyed, or by which things are represented as much greater or less, better or worse, than they really are; a statement exaggerated fancifully, through excitement, or for effect. Our common forms of compliment are almost all of them extravagant hyperboles. Blair. Somebody has said of the boldest figure in rhetoric, the hyperbole, that it lies without deceiving. Macaulay. HYPERBOLIC; HYPERBOLICAL Hy`per*bol"ic, Hy`per*bol"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. hyperbolicus, Gr. hyperbolique.] 1. (Math.) Defn: Belonging to the hyperbola; having the nature of the hyperbola. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: Relating to, containing, or of the nature of, hyperbole; exaggerating or diminishing beyond the fact; exceeding the truth; as, an hyperbolical expression. "This hyperbolical epitaph." Fuller. Hyperbolic functions (Math.), certain functions which have relations to the hyperbola corresponding to those which sines, cosines, tangents, etc., have to the circle; and hence, called hyperbolic sines, hyperbolic cosines, etc. -- Hyperbolic logarithm. See Logarithm. -- Hyperbolic spiral (Math.), a spiral curve, the law of which is, that the distance from the pole to the generating point varies inversely as the angle swept over by the radius vector. HYPERBOLICALLY Hy`per*bol"ic*al*ly, adv. 1. (Math.) Defn: In the form of an hyperbola. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: With exaggeration; in a manner to express more or less than the truth. Sir W. Raleigh. HYPERBOLIFORM Hy`per*bol"i*form, a. Etym: [Hyperbola + -form.] Defn: Having the form, or nearly the form, of an hyperbola. HYPERBOLISM Hy*per"bo*lism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. hyperbolisme.] Defn: The use of hyperbole. Jefferson. HYPERBOLIST Hy*per"bo*list, n. Defn: One who uses hyperboles. HYPERBOLIZE Hy*per"bo*lize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hyperbolized; p. pr. & vb. n. Hyperbolizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. hyperboliser.] Defn: To speak or write with exaggeration. Bp. Montagu. HYPERBOLIZE Hy*per"bo*lize, v. t. Defn: To state or represent hyperbolically. Fotherby. HYPERBOLOID Hy*per"bo*loid, n. Etym: [Hyperbola + -oid: cf. F. hyperboloïde.] (Geom.) Defn: A surface of the second order, which is cut by certain planes in hyperbolas; also, the solid, bounded in part by such a surface. Hyperboloid of revolution, an hyperboloid described by an hyperbola revolving about one of its axes. The surface has two separate sheets when the axis of revolution is the transverse axis, but only one when the axis of revolution is the conjugate axis of the hyperbola. HYPERBOLOID Hy*per"bo*loid, a. (Geom.) Defn: Having some property that belongs to an hyperboloid or hyperbola. HYPERBOREAN Hy`per*bo"re*an, a. Etym: [L. hyperboreus, Gr. Boreas.] 1. (Greek Myth.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the region beyond the North wind, or to its inhabitants. 2. Northern; belonging to, or inhabiting, a region in very far north; most northern; hence, very cold; fright, as, a hyperborean coast or atmosphere. The hyperborean or frozen sea. C. Butler (1633). HYPERBOREAN Hy`per*bo"re*an, n. 1. (Greek Myth.) Defn: One of the people who lived beyond the North wind, in a land of perpetual sunshine. 2. An inhabitant of the most northern regions. HYPERCARBURETED Hy`per*car"bu*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Defn: Having an excessive proportion of carbonic acid; -- said of bicarbonates or acid carbonates. [Written also hypercarburetted.] HYPERCATALECTIC Hy`per*cat`a*lec"tic, a. Etym: [L. hypercatalecticus, hypercatalectus, Gr. hypercatalectique. See Hyper-, and Catalectic.] (Pros.) Defn: Having a syllable or two beyond measure; as, a hypercatalectic verse. HYPERCHLORIC Hy`per*chlo"ric, a. (Chem.) Defn: See Perchloric. HYPERCHROMATISM Hy`per*chro"ma*tism, n. Defn: The condition of having an unusual intensity of color. HYPERCRITIC Hy`per*crit"ic, n. Etym: [Pref. hyper- + critic: cf. F. hypercritique.] Defn: One who is critical beyond measure or reason; a carping critic; a captious censor. "Hypercritics in English poetry." Dryden. HYPERCRITIC Hy`per*crit"ic, a. Defn: Hypercritical. HYPERCRITICAL Hy`per*crit"ic*al, a. 1. Over critical; unreasonably or unjustly critical; carping; captious. "Hypercritical readers." Swift. 2. Excessively nice or exact. Evelyn. HYPERCRITICALLY Hy`per*crit"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a hypercritical manner. HYPERCRITICISE Hy`per*crit"i*cise, v. t. Defn: To criticise with unjust severity; to criticise captiously. HYPERCRITICISM Hy`per*crit"i*cism, n. Defn: Excessive criticism, or unjust severity or rigor of criticism; zoilism. HYPERDICROTIC Hy`per*di*crot"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Excessive dicrotic; as, a hyperdicrotic pulse. HYPERDICROTISM Hy`per*di"cro*tism, n. (Physiol.) Defn: A hyperdicrotic condition. HYPERDICROTOUS Hy`per*di"cro*tous, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Hyperdicrotic. HYPERDULIA Hy`per*du*li"a, n. Etym: [Pref. hyper- + dulia: cf. F. hyperdulie.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Veneration or worship given to the Virgin Mary as the most exalted of mere creatures; higher veneration than dulia. Addis & Arnold. HYPERDULY Hy"per*du`ly, n. Defn: Hyperdulia. [Obs.] HYPERESTHESIA Hy`per*es*the"si*a, n. Defn: Same as Hyperæsthesia. HYPERICUM Hy*per"i*cum, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants, generally with dotted leaves and yellow flowers; -- called also St. John's-wort. HYPERINOSIS Hy`per*i*no"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A condition of the blood, characterized by an abnormally large amount of fibrin, as in many inflammatory diseases. HYPERION Hy*pe"ri*on, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Class Myth.) Defn: The god of the sun; in the later mythology identified with Apollo, and distinguished for his beauty. So excellent a king; that was, to this, Hyperion to a satyr. Shak. HYPERKINESIS Hy`per*ki*ne"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Abnormally increased muscular movement; spasm. HYPERKINETIC Hy`per*ki*net"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to hyperkinesis. HYPERMETAMORPHOSIS Hy`per*met`a*mor"pho*sis, n. Etym: [Hyper- + metamorphosis.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of metamorphosis, in certain insects, in which the larva itself undergoes remarkable changes of form and structure during its growth. HYPERMETER Hy*per"me*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. hypermètre.] 1. (Pros.) Defn: A verse which has a redundant syllable or foot; a hypercatalectic verse. 2. Hence, anything exceeding the ordinary standard. When a man rises beyond six foot, he is an hypermeter. Addison. HYPERMETRICAL Hy`per*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Having a redundant syllable; exceeding the common measure. Hypermetrical verse (Gr. & Lat. Pros.), a verse which contains a syllable more than the ordinary measure. HYPERMETROPIA; HYPERMETROPY Hy`per*me*tro"pi*a, Hy`per*met"ro*py, n. Etym: [NL. hypermetropia, fr. Gr. Hypermeter.] Defn: A condition of the eye in which, through shortness of the eyeball or fault of the refractive media, the rays of light come to a focus behind the retina; farsightedness; -- called also hyperopia. Cf. Emmetropia. Note: In hypermetropia, vision for distant objects, although not better absolutely, is better than that for near objects, and hence, the individual is said to be farsighted. It is corrected by the use of convex glasses. -- Hy`per*me*trop"ic, a. HYPERMYRIORAMA Hy`per*myr`i*o*ra"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A show or exhibition having a great number of scenes or views. HYPERNOEA Hy`per*noe"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Abnormal breathing, due to slightly deficient arterialization of the blood; -- in distinction from eupnoea. See Eupnoea, and Dispnoea. HYPEROARTIA Hy`per*o*ar"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of marsipobranchs including the lampreys. The suckerlike moth contains numerous teeth; the nasal opening is in the middle of the head above, but it does not connect with the mouth. See Cyclostoma, and Lamprey. HYPEROPIA Hy`per*o"pi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: Hypermetropia. -- Hy`per*op"tic, a. HYPERORGANIC Hy`per*or*gan"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. hyper- + organic.] Defn: Higher than, or beyond the sphere of, the organic. Sir W. Hamilton. HYPERORTHODOXY Hy`per*or"tho*dox`y, n. Defn: Orthodoxy pushed to excess. HYPEROTRETA Hy`per*o*tre"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of marsipobranchs, including the Myxine or hagfish and the genus Bdellostoma. They have barbels around the mouth, one tooth on the plate, and a communication between tionnasal aperture and the throat. See Hagfish. [Written also Hyperotreti.] HYPEROXIDE Hy`per*ox"ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound having a relatively large percentage of oxygen; a peroxide. [Obs.] HYPEROXYGENATED; HYPEROXYGENIZED Hy`per*ox"y*gen*a`ted, Hy`per*ox"y*gen*ized, a. (Chem.) Defn: Combined with a relatively large amount of oxygen; -- said of higher oxides. [Obs.] HYPEROXYMURIATE Hy`per*ox`y*mu"ri*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A perchlorate. [Obs.] HYPEROXYMURIATIC Hy`per*ox`y*mu`ri*at"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Perchloric; as, hyperoxymuriatic acid. [Obs.] HYPERPHYSICAL Hy`per*phys"ic*al, a. Defn: Above or transcending physical laws; supernatural. Those who do not fly to some hyperphysical hypothesis. Sir W. Hamilton. HYPERPLASIA Hy`per*pla"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med. & Biol.) Defn: An increase in, or excessive growth of, the normal elements of any part. Note: Hyperplasia relates to the formation of new elements, hypertrophy being an increase in bulk of preexisting normal elements. Dunglison. HYPERPLASTIC Hy`per*plas"tic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to hyperplasia. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Tending to excess of formative action. HYPERPYREXIA Hy`per*py*rex"i*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Hyper-, and Pyrexia.] (Med.) Defn: A condition of excessive fever; an elevation of temperature in a disease, in excess of the limit usually observed in that disease. HYPERSECRETION Hy`per*se*cre"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: Morbid or excessive secretion, as in catarrh. HYPERSENSIBILITY Hy`per*sen`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: See Hyperæsthesia. HYPERSPACE Hy"per*space, n. Etym: [Pref. hyper- + space.] (Geom.) Defn: An imagined space having more than three dimensions. HYPERSTHENE Hy"per*sthene, n. Etym: [Gr. hyperstène.] (Min.) Defn: An orthorhombic mineral of the pyroxene group, of a grayish or greenish black color, often with a peculiar bronzelike luster (schiller) on the cleavage surface. HYPERSTHENIC Hy`per*sthen"ic, a. (Min.) Defn: Composed of, or containing, hypersthene. HYPERTHETICAL Hy`per*thet"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Exaggerated; excessive; hyperbolical. [Obs.] Hyperthetical or superlative . . . expression. Chapman. HYPERTHYRION Hy`per*thyr"i*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Arch.) Defn: That part of the architrave which is over a door or window. HYPERTROPHIC; HYPERTROPHICAL Hy`per*troph"ic, Hy`per*troph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hypertrophique.] (Med. & Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to hypertrophy; affected with, or tending to, hypertrophy. HYPERTROPHIED Hy*per"tro*phied, a. (Med. & Biol.) Defn: Excessively developed; characterized by hypertrophy. HYPERTROPHY Hy*per"tro*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. hypertrophie.] (Med. & Biol.) Defn: A condition of overgrowth or excessive development of an organ or part; -- the opposite of atrophy. HYPHAE Hy"phæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "yfh` a web.] (Bot.) Defn: The long, branching filaments of which the mycelium (and the greater part of the plant) of a fungus is formed. They are also found enveloping the gonidia of lichens, making up a large part of their structure. HYPHEN Hy"phen, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Hypo-.] (Print.) Defn: A mark or short dash, thus [-], placed at the end of a line which terminates with a syllable of a word, the remainder of which is carried to the next line; or between the parts of many a compound word; as in fine-leaved, clear-headed. It is also sometimes used to separate the syllables of words. HYPHEN Hy"phen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hyphened; p. pr. & vb. n. Hyphening.] Defn: To connect with, or separate by, a hyphen, as two words or the parts of a word. HYPHENATED Hy"phen*a`ted, a. Defn: United by hyphens; hyphened; as, a hyphenated or hyphened word. HYPHOMYCETES Hy`pho*my*ce"tes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: One of the great division of fungi, containing those species which have naked spores borne on free or only fasciculate threads. M. J. Berkley. HYPIDIOMORPHIC Hy*pid`i*o*mor"phic, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + idiomorphic.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Partly idiomorphic; -- said of rock a portion only of whose constituents have a distinct crystalline form. -- Hy*pid`i*o*mor"phic*al*ly, adv. HYPINOSIS Hyp`i*no"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A diminution in the normal amount of fibrin present in the blood. HYPNAGOGIC Hyp`na*gog"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Leading to sleep; -- applied to the illusions of one who is half asleep. HYPNOBATE Hyp"no*bate, n. Etym: [F., fr. Gr. Defn: A somnambulist. [R.] HYPNOCYST Hyp"no*cyst, n. Etym: [Gr. cyst.] (Biol.) Defn: A cyst in which some unicellular organisms temporarily inclose themselves, from which they emerge unchanged, after a period of drought or deficiency of food. In some instances, a process of spore formation seems to occur within such cysts. HYPNOGENIC Hyp`no*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Relating to the production of hypnotic sleep; as, the so-called hypnogenic pressure points, pressure upon which is said to cause an attack of hypnotic sleep. De Watteville. HYPNOLOGIST Hyp*nol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who is versed in hypnology. HYPNOLOGY Hyp*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: A treatise on sleep; the doctrine of sleep. HYPNOSCOPE Hyp"no*scope, n. [Gr. + -scope.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the susceptibility of a person to hypnotic influences. HYPNOSIS Hyp*no"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Supervention of sleep. HYPNOTIC Hyp*not"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. somnus, and E. somnolent: cf. F. hypnotique.] 1. Having the quality of producing sleep; tending to produce sleep; soporific. 2. Of or pertaining to hypnotism; in a state of hypnotism; liable to hypnotism; as, a hypnotic condition. HYPNOTIC Hyp*not"ic, n. 1. Any agent that produces, or tends to produce, sleep; an opiate; a soporific; a narcotic. 2. A person who exhibits the phenomena of, or is subject to, hypnotism. HYPNOTISM Hyp"no*tism, n. Etym: [Gr. hypnotisme.] Defn: A form of sleep or somnambulism brought on by artificial means, in which there is an unusual suspension of some powers, and an unusual activity of others. It is induced by an action upon the nerves, through the medium of the senses, as in persons of very feeble organization, by gazing steadly at a very bright object held before the eyes, or by pressure upon certain points of the surface of the body. HYPNOTIZATION Hyp`no*ti*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of producing hypnotism. HYPNOTIZE Hyp"no*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hypnotized; p. pr. & vb. n. Hypnotizing.] Defn: To induce hypnotism in; to place in a state of hypnotism. HYPNOTIZER Hyp"no*ti`zer, n. Defn: One who hypnotizes. HYPNUM Hyp"num, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The largest genus of true mosses; feather moss. HYPO- Hy"po-. Etym: [Gr. sub. See Sub-.] 1. A prefix signifying a less quantity, or a low state or degree, of that denoted by the word with which it is joined, or position under or beneath. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A prefix denoting that the element to the name of which it is prefixed enters with a low valence, or in a low state of oxidization, usually the lowest, into the compounds indicated; as, hyposulphurous acid. HYPO Hy"po, n. Defn: Hypochondria. [Colloq.] HYPO Hy"po, n. Etym: [Abbrev. from hyposulphite.] (Photog.) Defn: Sodium hyposulphite, or thiosulphate, a solution of which is used as a bath to wash out the unchanged silver salts in a picture. [Colloq.] HYPOARIAN Hy`po*a"ri*an, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a hypoarion. HYPOARION Hy`po*a"ri*on, n.; pl. Hypoaria. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: An oval lobe beneath each of the optic lobes in many fishes; one of the inferior lobes. Owen. HYPOBLAST Hy"po*blast, n. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + -blast.] (Biol.) Defn: The inner or lower layer of the blastoderm; -- called also endoderm, entoderm, and sometimes hypoderm. See Illust. of Blastoderm, Delamination, and Ectoderm. HYPOBLASTIC Hy`po*blas"tic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to, or connected with, the hypoblast; as, the hypoic sac. HYPOBOLE Hy*pob"o*le, n. Etym: [Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure in which several things are mentioned that seem to make against the argument, or in favor of the opposite side, each of them being refuted in order. HYPOBRANCHIAL Hy`po*bran"chi*al, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + branchial.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the segment between the basibranchial and the ceratobranchial in a branchial arch. -- n. Defn: A hypobranchial bone or cartilage. HYPOCARP; HYPOCARPIUM Hy"po*carp, Hy`po*car"pi*um, n. Etym: [NL. hypocarpium, fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A fleshy enlargement of the receptacle, or for the stem, below the proper fruit, as in the cashew. See Illust. of Cashew. HYPOCARPOGEAN Hy`po*car`po*ge"an, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Producing fruit below the ground. HYPOCAUST Hyp"o*caust, n. Etym: [L. hypocaustum, Gr. hypocauste.] (Anc. Arch.) Defn: A furnace, esp. one connected with a series of small chambers and flues of tiles or other masonry through which the heat of a fire was distributed to rooms above. This contrivance, first used in bath, was afterwards adopted in private houses. HYPOCHLORITE Hy`po*chlo"rite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of hypochlorous acid; as, a calcium hypochloride. HYPOCHLOROUS Hy`po*chlo"rous, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + chlorous.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, chlorine having a valence lower than in chlorous compounds. Hypochlorous acid (Chem.), an acid derived from chlorine, not known in a pure state, but forming various salts, called hypochlorites. HYPOCHONDRES Hy`po*chon"dres, n. pl. Etym: [F. hypocondres, formerly spely hypochondres.] Defn: The hypochondriac regions. See Hypochondrium. HYPOCHONDRIA Hy`po*chon"dri*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: Hypochondriasis; melancholy; the blues. HYPOCHONDRIAC Hy`po*chon"dri*ac, a. Etym: [Gr. hypocondriaque, formerly spelt hypochondriaque.] 1. Of or pertaining to hypochondria, or the hypochondriac regions. 2. Affected, characterized, or produced, by hypochondriasis. Hypochondriac region (Anat.), a region on either side of the abdomen beneath the cartilages of the false ribs, beside the epigastric, and above the lumbar, region. HYPOCHONDRIAC Hy`po*chon"dri*ac, n. Defn: A person affected with hypochondriasis. He had become an incurable hypochondriac. Macaulay. HYPOCHONDRIACAL Hy`po*chon"dri*a*cal, a. Defn: Same as Hypochondriac, 2. -- Hy`po*chon"dri*a*cal*ly, adv. HYPOCHONDRIACISM Hy`po*chon"dri*a*cism, n. (Med.) Defn: Hypochondriasis. [R.] HYPOCHONDRIASIS Hy`po*chon"dri*a*sis, n. Etym: [NL. So named because supposed to have its seat in the hypochondriac regions. See Hypochondriac, Hypochondrium, and cf. Hyp, 1st Hypo.] (Med.) Defn: A mental disorder in which melancholy and gloomy views torment the affected person, particularly concerning his own health. HYPOCHONDRIASM Hy`po*chon"dri*asm, n. (Med.) Defn: Hypochondriasis. [R.] HYPOCHONDRIUM Hy`po*chon"dri*um, n.; pl. L. Hypochondria, E. Hypochondriums. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Either of the hypochondriac regions. HYPOCHONDRY Hy`po*chon"dry, n. Defn: Hypochondriasis. HYPOCIST Hyp"o*cist, n. Etym: [Gr. Cistus.] Defn: An astringent inspissated juice obtained from the fruit of a plant (Cytinus hypocistis), growing from the roots of the Cistus, a small European shrub. HYPOCLEIDIUM Hy`po*clei"di*um, n.; pl. L. Hypocleida, E. Hypocleidiums. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A median process on the furculum, or merrythought, of many birds, where it is connected with the sternum. HYPOCORISTIC Hyp`o*co*ris"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Endearing; diminutive; as, the hypocoristic form of a name. The hypocoristic or pet form of William. Dr. Murray. HYPOCRATERIFORM Hyp`o*cra*ter"i*form, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: hypocraterimorphous; salver-shaped. Wood. HYPOCRATERIMORPHOUS Hyp`o*cra*ter`i*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Salver-shaped; having a slender tube, expanding suddenly above into a bowl-shaped or spreading border, as in the blossom of the phlox and the lilac. HYPOCRISY Hy*poc"ri*sy, n.; pl. Hypocrisies. Etym: [OE. hypocrisie, ypocrisie, OF. hypocrisie, ypocrisie, F. hypocrisie, L. hypocrisis, fr. Gr. Hypo-, and Critic.] Defn: The act or practice of a hypocrite; a feigning to be what one is not, or to feel what one does not feel; a dissimulation, or a concealment of one's real character, disposition, or motives; especially, the assuming of false appearance of virtue or religion; a simulation of goodness. Hypocrisy is the necessary burden of villainy. Rambler. Hypocrisy is the homage vice pays to virtue. La Rochefoucauld (Trans. ). HYPOCRITE Hyp"o*crite, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. hypocrita, Gr. Hypocrisy.] Defn: One who plays a part; especially, one who, for the purpose of winning approbation of favor, puts on a fair outside seeming; one who feigns to be other and better than he is; a false pretender to virtue or piety; one who simulates virtue or piety. The hypocrite's hope shall perish. Job viii. 13. I dare swear he is no hypocrite, but prays from his heart. Shak. Syn. -- Deceiver; pretender; cheat. See Dissembler. HYPOCRITELY Hyp"o*crite*ly, adv. Defn: Hypocritically. [R.] Sylvester. HYPOCRITIC Hyp`o*crit"ic, a. Defn: See Hypocritical. Swift. HYPOCRITICAL Hyp`o*crit"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. hypocritique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a hypocrite, or to hypocrisy; as, a hypocriticalperson; a hypocritical look; a hypocritical action. Hypocritical professions of friendship and of pacific intentions were not spared. Macaulay. -- Hyp`o*crit"ic*al*ly, adv. HYPOCRYSTALLINE Hyp`o*crys"tal*line, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + crystalline.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Partly crystalline; -- said of rock which consists of crystals imbedded in a glassy ground mass. HYPOCYCLOID Hy`po*cy"cloid, n. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + cycloid: cf. F. hypocycloïde.] (Geom.) Defn: A curve traced by a point in the circumference of a circle which rolls on the concave side in the fixed circle. Cf. Epicycloid, and Trochoid. HYPODACTYLUM Hyp`o*dac"ty*lum, n.; pl. -tyla. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The under side of the toes. HYPODERM Hyp"o*derm, n. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + -derm.] (Biol.) Defn: Same as Hypoblast. HYPODERMA Hyp`o*der"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Hypo, and derma.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A layer of tissue beneath the epidermis in plants, and performing the physiological function of strengthening the epidermal tissue. In phanerogamous plants it is developed as collenchyma. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An inner cellular layer which lies beneath the chitinous cuticle of arthropods, annelids, and some other invertebrates. HYPODERMATIC Hyp`o*der*mat"ic, a. Defn: Hypodermic. -- Hyp`o*der*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. HYPODERMIC Hyp`o*der"mic, a. Etym: [See Hypoderma.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the parts under the skin. Hypodermic medication, the application of remedies under the epidermis, usually by means of a small syringe, called the hypodermic syringe. -- Hyp`o*der"mic*al*ly, adv. HYPODERMIS Hyp`o*der"mis, n. Etym: [NL. See Hypo-, and Derma.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Hypoblast. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Hypoderma, 2. HYPODICROTIC; HYPODICROTOUS Hyp`o*di*crot"ic, Hyp`o*di"cro*tous, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Exhibiting retarded dicrotism; as, a hypodicrotic pulse curve. HYPOGAEIC Hyp`o*gæ"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + Gr. gai^a, gh^, earth.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, the peanut, or earthnut (Arachis hypogæa). Hypogæic acid (Chem.), an acid in the oil of the earthnut, in which it exists as a glyceride, and from which it is extracted as a white, crystalline substance. HYPOGASTRIC Hyp`o*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Cf. F. hypogastrique. See Hypogastrium.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the hypogastrium or the hypogastric region. Hypogastric region. (a) The lower part of the abdomen. (b) An arbitrary division of the abdomen below the umbilical and between the two iliac regions. HYPOGASTRIUM Hyp`o*gas"tri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The lower part of the abdomen. HYPOGEAN Hyp`o*ge"an, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Hypogeous. [Written also hypogæan.] HYPOGENE Hyp"o*gene, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + the root of Gr. hypogène.] (Geol.) Defn: Formed or crystallized at depths the earth's surface; -- said of granite, gneiss, and other rocks, whose crystallization is believed of have taken place beneath a great thickness of overlying rocks. Opposed to epigene. HYPOGEOUS Hyp`o*ge"ous, a. Etym: [See Hypogean.] (Bot.) Defn: Growing under ground; remaining under ground; ripening its fruit under ground. [Written also hypogæous.] HYPOGEUM Hyp`o*ge"um, n.; pl. Hypogea. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Anc. Arch.) Defn: The subterraneous portion of a building, as in amphitheaters, for the service of the games; also, subterranean galleries, as the catacombs. HYPOGLOSSAL Hyp`o*glos"sal, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Under the tongue; -- applied esp., in the higher vertebrates, to the twelfth or last pair of cranial nerves, which are distributed to the base of the tongue. -- n. Defn: One of the hypoglossal nerves. HYPOGNATOUS Hy*pog"na*tous, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the maxilla, or lower jaw, longer than the upper, as in the skimmer. HYPOGYN Hyp"o*gyn, n. (Bot.) Defn: An hypogynous plant. HYPOGYNOUS Hy*pog"y*nous, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + Gr. hypogyne.] (Bot.) Defn: Inserted below the pistil or pistils; -- said of sepals, petals, and stamens; having the sepals, petals, and stamens inserted below the pistil; -- said of a flower or a plant. Gray. HYPOHYAL Hy`po*hy"al, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + Greek letter (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to one or more small elements in the hyoidean arch of fishes, between the caratohyal and urohyal. -- n. Defn: One of the hypohyal bones or cartilages. HYPONASTIC Hy`po*nas"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Exhibiting a downward convexity caused by unequal growth. Cf. Epinastic. HYPONASTY Hy`po*nas"ty, n. (Bot.) Defn: Downward convexity, or convexity of the inferior surface. HYPONITRITE Hy`po*ni"trite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of hyponitrous acid. HYPONITROUS Hy`po*ni"trous, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + nitrous.] (Chem.) Defn: Containing or derived from nitrogen having a lower valence than in nitrous compounds. Hyponitrous acid (Chem.), an unstable nitrogen acid, NOH, whose salts are produced by reduction of the nitrates, although the acid itself is not isolated in the free state except as a solution in water; -- called also nitrosylic acid. HYPOPHARYNX Hy`po*phar"ynx, n. Etym: [NL. See Hypo-, and Pharynx.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An appendage or fold on the lower side of the pharynx, in certain insects. HYPOPHOSPHATE Hy`po*phos"phate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of hypophosphoric acid. HYPOPHOSPHITE Hy`po*phos"phite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of hypophosphorous acid. HYPOPHOSPHORIC Hy`po*phos*phor"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + phosphoric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, or containing, phosphorus in a lower state of oxidation than in phosphoric compounds; as, hypophosphoric acid. Hypophosphoric acid (Chem.), an acid, P2H4O6, produced by the slow oxidation of moist phosphorus, and isolated only as a solution in water. It is regarded as a condensation product of one molecule of phosphoric acid with one of phosphorous acid, by partial dehydration. HYPOPHOSPHOROUS Hy`po*phos"phor*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + phosphorous.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, phosphorus in a lower state of oxidation than in phosphoric compounds; as, hypophosphorous acid. Hypophosphorous acid (Chem.) , an acid, H3PO2, whose salts are produced by the action of barium hygrate on phosphorus. It may be obtained from its water solution, by exaporation and freezing, as a white crystalline substance. It is a powerful reducing agent. HYPOPHYLLOUS Hy*poph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Being or growing on the under side of a leaf, as the fruit dots of ferns. HYPOPHYSIAL Hy`po*phys"i*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the hypophysis; pituitary. HYPOPHYSIS Hy*poph"y*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: See Pituitary body, under Pituitary. 2. (Med.) Defn: Cataract. HYPOPLASTRON Hy`po*plas"tron, n.; pl. Hypoplastra. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + plastron.] (Anat.) Defn: The third lateral plate in the plastron of turtles; -- called also hyposternum. HYPOPTILUM Hy*pop"ti*lum, n.; pl. L. Hypoptila, E. Hypoptilums. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An accessory plume arising from the posterior side of the stem of the contour feathers of many birds; -- called also aftershaft. See Illust. of Feather. HYPORADIUS Hy`po*ra"di*us, n.; pl. Hyporadii. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + radius.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the barbs of the hypoptilum, or aftershaft of a feather. See Feather. HYPORHACHIS Hy`po*rha"chis, n.; pl. Hyporhachides. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The stem of an aftershaft or hypoptilum. [Written also hyporachis.] HYPOSKELETAL Hy`po*skel"e*tal, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + skeletal.] (Anat.) Defn: Beneath the endoskeleton; hypaxial; as, the hyposkeletal muscles; -- opposed to episkeletal. HYPOSPADIAS Hy`po*spa"di*as, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A deformity of the penis, in which the urethra opens upon its under surface. HYPOSTASIS Hy*pos"ta*sis, n.; pl. Hypostases. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Hypo-, and Stand.] 1. That which forms the basis of anything; underlying principle; a concept or mental entity conceived or treated as an existing being or thing. 2. (Theol.) Defn: Substance; subsistence; essence; person; personality; -- used by the early theologians to denote any one of the three subdivisions of the Godhead, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Note: The Council of Alexandria (a.d. 362) defined hypostasis as synonymous with person. Schaff-Herzog. 3. Principle; an element; -- used by the alchemists in speaking of salt, sulphur, and mercury, which they considered as the three principles of all material bodies. 4. (Med.) Defn: That which is deposited at the bottom of a fluid; sediment. HYPOSTASIZE Hy*pos"ta*size, v. t. Defn: To make into a distinct substance; to conceive or treat as an existing being; to hypostatize. [R.] The pressed Newtonians . . . refused to hypostasize the law of gravitation into an ether. Coleridge. HYPOSTATIC; HYPOSTATICAL Hy`po*stat"ic, Hy`po*stat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. hypostatique.] 1. Relating to hypostasis, or substance; hence, constitutive, or elementary. The grand doctrine of the chymists, touching their three hypostatical principles. Boyle. 2. Personal, or distinctly personal; relating to the divine hypostases, or substances. Bp. Pearson. 3. (Med.) Defn: Depending upon, or due to, deposition or setting; as, hypostatic cognestion, cognestion due to setting of blood by gravitation. Hypostatic union (Theol.), the union of the divine with the human nature of Christ. Tillotson. HYPOSTATICALLY Hy`po*stat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a hypostatic manner. HYPOSTATIZE Hy*pos"ta*tize, v. t. 1. To make into, or regarded as, a separate and distinct substance. Looked upon both species and genera as hypostatized universals. Pop. Sci. Monthly. 2. To attribute actual or personal existence to. Sir W. Hamilton. HYPOSTERNUM Hy`po*ster"num, n.; pl. L. Hyposterna, E. Hyposternums. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + sternum.] (Anat.) Defn: See Hypoplastron. HYPOSTOME; HYPOSTOMA Hy"po*stome, Hy*pos"to*ma, n. Etym: [NL. hypostoma, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lower lip of trilobites, crustaceans, etc. HYPOSTROPHE Hy*pos"tro*phe, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) The act of a patient turning himself. (b) A relapse, or return of a disease. HYPOSTYLE Hy"po*style, a. Etym: [Gr. (Arch.) Defn: Resting upon columns; constructed by means of columns; -- especially applied to the great hall at Karnak. HYPOSULPHATE Hy`po*sul"phate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of hyposulphuric acid. HYPOSULPHITE Hy`po*sul"phite, n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of what was formerly called hyposulphurous acid; a thiosulphate. [Obs.] (b) A salt of hyposulphurous acid proper. HYPOSULPHURIC Hy`po*sul*phur"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + sulphuric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, sulphur in a lower state of oxidation than in the sulphuric compounds; as, hyposulphuric acid. Hyposulphuric acid, an acid, H2S2O6, obtained by the action of manganese dioxide on sulphur dioxide, and known only in a watery solution and in its salts; -- called also dithionic acid. See Dithionic. HYPOSULPHUROUS Hy`po*sul"phur*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + sulphurous.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, sulphur, all, or a part, in a low state of oxidation. Hyposulphurous acid. (a) Thiosulphuric acid. [Obs.] (b) An acid, H2SO2, obtained by the reduction of sulphurous acid. It is not obtained in the free state, but in an orange-yellow water solution, which is a strong reducing and bleaching agent. Called also hydrosulphurous acid. HYPOTARSUS Hy`po*tar"sus, n.; pl. Hypotarsi. Etym: [NL. See Hypo-, and Tarsus.] (Anat.) Defn: A process on the posterior side of the tarsometatarsus of many birds; the calcaneal process. -- Hy`po*tar"sal, a. HYPOTENUSE; HYPOTHENUSE Hy*pot"e*nuse, Hy*poth"e*nuse, n. Etym: [L. hypotenusa, Gr. Subtend.] (Geom.) Defn: The side of a right-angled triangle that is opposite to the right angle. HYPOTHEC Hy*poth"ec, n. Etym: [F. hypothèque. See Hypotheca.] (Scot. Law) Defn: A landlord's right, independently of stipulation, over the stocking (cattle, implements, etc.), and crops of his tenant, as security for payment of rent. HYPOTHECA Hy`po*the"ca, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Hypothesis.] (Rom. Law) Defn: An obligation by which property of a debtor was made over to his creditor in security of his debt. Note: It differed from pledge in regard to possession of the property subject to the obligation; pledge requiring, simple hypotheca not requiring, possession of it by the creditor. The modern mortgage corresponds very closely with it. Kent. HYPOTHECATE Hy*poth"e*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hypothecated; p. pr. & vb. n. Hypothecating.] Etym: [LL. hypothecatus, p.p. of hypothecare to pledge, fr. L. hypotheca pledge, security. See Hypotheca.] (Law) Defn: To subject, as property, to liability for a debt or engagement without delivery of possession or transfer of title; to pledge without delivery of possession; to mortgage, as ships, or other personal property; to make a contract by bottomry. See Hypothecation, Bottomry. He had found the treasury empty and the pay of the navy in arrear. He had no power to hypothecate any part of the public revenue. Those who lent him money lent it on no security but his bare word. Macaulay. HYPOTHECATION Hy*poth`e*ca"tion, n. Etym: [LL. hypothecatio.] 1. (Civ. Law) Defn: The act or contract by which property is hypothecated; a right which a creditor has in or to the property of his debtor, in virtue of which he may cause it to be sold and the price appropriated in payment of his debt. This is a right in the thing, or jus in re. Pothier. B. R. Curtis. There are but few cases, if any, in our law, where an hypothecation, in the strict sense of the Roman law, exists; that is a pledge without possession by the pledgee. Story. Note: In the modern civil law, this contract has no application to movable property, not even to ships, to which and their cargoes it is most frequently applied in England and America. See Hypothecate. B. R. Curtis. Domat. 2. (Law of Shipping) Defn: A contract whereby, in consideration of money advanced for the necessities of the ship, the vessel, freight, or cargo is made liable for its repayment, provided the ship arrives in safety. It is usually effected by a bottomry bond. See Bottomry. Note: This term is often applied to mortgages of ships. HYPOTHECATOR Hy*poth"e*ca`tor, n. (Law) Defn: One who hypothecates or pledges anything as security for the repayment of money borrowed. HYPOTHENAL; HYPOTHENAR Hy*poth"e*nal, Hy*poth"e*nar, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + thenar.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the prominent part of the palm of the hand above the base of the little finger, or a corresponding part in the forefoot of an animal; as, the hypothenar eminence. HYPOTHENAR Hy*poth"e*nar, n. (Anat.) Defn: The hypothenar eminence. HYPOTHENUSAL Hy*poth`e*nu"sal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to hypothenuse. [R.] HYPOTHENUSE Hy*poth"e*nuse, n. Defn: Same as Hypotenuse. HYPOTHESIS Hy*poth"e*sis, n.; pl. Hypotheses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Hypo-, Thesis.] 1. A supposition; a proposition or principle which is supposed or taken for granted, in order to draw a conclusion or inference for proof of the point in question; something not proved, but assumed for the purpose of argument, or to account for a fact or an occurrence; as, the hypothesis that head winds detain an overdue steamer. An hypothesis being a mere supposition, there are no other limits to hypotheses than those of the human imagination. J. S. Mill. 2. (Natural Science) Defn: A tentative theory or supposition provisionally adopted to explain certain facts, and to guide in the investigation of others; hence, frequently called a working hypothesis. Syn. -- Supposition; assumption. See Theory. Nebular hypothesis. See under Nebular. HYPOTHETIC; HYPOTHETICAL Hy`po*thet"ic, Hy`po*thet"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. hypotheticus, Gr. hypothétique.] Defn: Characterized by, or of the nature of, an hypothesis; conditional; assumed without proof, for the purpose of reasoning and deducing proof, or of accounting for some fact or phenomenon. Causes hypothetical at least, if not real, for the various phenomena of the existence of which our experience informs us. Sir W. Hamilton. Hypothetical baptism (Ch. of Eng.), baptism administered to persons in respect to whom it is doubtful whether they have or have not been baptized before. Hook. -- Hy`po*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. South. HYPOTHETIST Hy*poth"e*tist, n. Defn: One who proposes or supports an hypothesis. [R.] HYPOTRACHELIUM Hy`po*tra*che"li*um, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Gorgerin. HYPOTRICHA Hy*pot"ri*cha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of ciliated Infusoria in which the cilia cover only the under side of the body. HYPOTROCHOID Hy`po*tro"choid, n. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + trochoid.] (Geom.) Defn: A curve, traced by a point in the radius, or radius produced, of a circle which rolls upon the concave side of a fixed circle. See Hypocycloid, Epicycloid, and Trochoid. HYPOTYPOSIS Hy`po*ty*po"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A vivid, picturesque description of scenes or events. HYPOXANTHIN Hy`po*xan"thin, n. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + xanthin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A crystalline, nitrogenous substance, closely related to xanthin and uric acid, widely distributed through the animal body, but especially in muscle tissue; -- called also sarcin, sarkin. HYPOZOIC Hy`po*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + Gr. (Geol.) Defn: Anterior in age to the lowest rocks which contain organic remains. Lyell. HYPPISH Hyp"pish, a. Etym: [From Hyp.] Defn: Affected with hypochondria; hypped. [Written also hyppish.] HYPPOGRIFF Hyp"po*griff, n. Defn: See Hyppogriff. HYPSILOID Hyp"si*loid, a. Etym: [From -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Resembling the Greek letter HYPSOMETER Hyp*som"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring heights by observation of barometric pressure; esp., one for determining heights by ascertaining the boiling point of water. It consists of a vessel for water, with a lamp for heating it, and an inclosed thermometer for showing the temperature of ebullition. HYPSOMETRIC; HYPSOMETRICAL Hyp`so*met"ric, Hyp`so*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to hypsometry. HYPSOMETRY Hyp*som"e*try, n. Defn: That branch of the science of geodesy which has to do with the measurement of heights, either absolutely with reference to the sea level, or relatively. HYPURAL Hy*pu"ral, a. Etym: [Pref. hypo- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Under the tail; -- applied to the bones which support the caudal fin rays in most fishes. HYRACOID Hy"ra*coid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Hyracoidea. -- n. Defn: One of the Hyracoidea. HYRACOIDEA Hyr`a*coi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Hyrax, and oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of small hoofed mammals, comprising the single living genus Hyrax. HYRAX Hy"rax, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any animal of the genus Hyrax, of which about four species are known. They constitute the order Hyracoidea. The best known species are the daman (H. Syriacus) of Palestine, and the klipdas (H. capensis) of South Africa. Other species are H. arboreus and H. Sylvestris, the former from Southern, and the latter from Western, Africa. See Daman. HYRCANIAN; HYRCAN Hyr*ca"ni*an, Hyr"can, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Hyrcania, an ancient country or province of Asia, southeast of the Caspian (which was also called the Hyracanian) Sea. "The Hyrcan tiger." "Hyracanian deserts." Shak. HYRSE Hyrse, n. Etym: [G. hirse, OHG. hirsi.] (Bot.) Defn: Millet. HYRST Hyrst, n. Defn: A wood. See Hurst. HYSON Hy"son, n. Etym: [Chin. hi-tshun, lit., first crop, or blooming spring.] Defn: A fragrant kind of green tea. Hyson skin, the light and inferior leaves separated from the hyson by a winnowing machine. M'Culloch. HYSSOP Hys"sop, n. Etym: [OE. hysope, ysope, OF. ysope, F. hysope, hyssope, L. hysopum, hyssopum, hyssopus, Gr. esov.] Defn: A plant (Hyssopus officinalis). The leaves have an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. Note: The hyssop of Scripture is supposed to be a species of caper (Capparis spinosa), but probably the name was used for several different plants. HYSTERANTHOUS Hys`ter*an"thous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having the leaves expand after the flowers have opened. Henslow. HYSTERESIS Hys`te*re"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Physics) Defn: A lagging or retardation of the effect, when the forces acting upon a body are changed, as if from velocity or internal friction; a temporary resistance to change from a condition previously invuced, observed in magnetism, thermoelectricity, etc., on reversal of polarity. HYSTERETIC Hys`ter*et"ic, a. (Elec.) Defn: Of or pert. to hysteresis. -- Hysteretic constant, the hysteretic loss in ergs per cubic centimeter per cycle. HYSTERIA Hys*te"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL.: cf. F. hystérie. See Hysteric.] (Med.) Defn: A nervous affection, occurring almost exclusively in women, in which the emotional and reflex excitability is exaggerated, and the will power correspondingly diminished, so that the patient loses control over the emotions, becomes the victim of imaginary sensations, and often falls into paroxism or fits. Note: The chief symptoms are convulsive, tossing movements of the limbs and head, uncontrollable crying and laughing, and a choking sensation as if a ball were lodged in the throat. The affection presents the most varied symptoms, often simulating those of the gravest diseases, but generally curable by mental treatment alone. HYSTERIC; HYSTERICAL Hys*ter"ic, Hys*ter"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. hystericus, Gr. utter, out.] Defn: Of or pertaining to hysteria; affected, or troubled, with hysterics; convulsive, fitful. With no hysteric weakness or feverish excitement, they preserved their peace and patience. Bancroft. HYSTERICS Hys*ter"ics, n. pl. (Med.) Defn: Hysteria. HYSTEROEPILEPSY Hys`ter*o*ep"i*lep`sy, n. Etym: [Hysteria + epilepsy.] (Med.) Defn: A disease resembling hysteria in its nature, and characterized by the occurrence of epileptiform convulsions, which can often be controlled or excited by pressure on the ovaries, and upon other definite points in the body. -- Hys`ter*o*ep`i*lep"tic, a. HYSTEROGENIC Hys`ter*o*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Hysteria + root of Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Producing hysteria; as, the hysterogenicpressure points on the surface of the body, pressure upon which is said both to produce and arrest an attack of hysteria. De Watteville. HYSTEROLOGY Hys`ter*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. hystérologie.] (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which the ordinary course of thought is inverted in expression, and the last put first; -- called also hysteron proteron. HYSTERON PROTERON Hys"te*ron prot"e*ron. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) (a) A figure in which the natural order of sense is reversed; hysterology; as, valet atque vivit, "he is well and lives." (b) An inversion of logical order, in which the conclusion is put before the premises, or the thing proved before the evidence. HYSTEROPHYTE Hys*ter"o*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A plant, like the fungus, which lives on dead or living organic matter. -- Hys`ter*oph"y*tal, a. HYSTEROTOMY Hys`ter*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. hystérotomie.] (Med.) Defn: The Cæsarean section. See under Cæsarean. HYSTRICINE Hys"tri*cine, a. Etym: [See Hystrix.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the porcupines. HYSTRICOMORPHOUS Hys`tri*co*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Hystrix + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or allied to, the porcupines; -- said of a group (Hystricomorpha) of rodents. HYSTRIX Hys"trix, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of rodents, including the porcupine. HYTHE Hythe, n. Defn: A small haven. See Hithe. [Obs.] I 1. I, the ninth letter of the English alphabet, takes its form from the Phoenician, through the Latin and the Greek. The Phoenician letter was probably of Egyptian origin. Its original value was nearly the same as that of the Italian I, or long e as in mete. Etymologically I is most closely related to e, y, j, g; as in dint, dent, beverage, L. bibere; E. kin, AS. cynn; E. thin, AS. ynne; E. dominion, donjon, dungeon. In English I has two principal vowel sounds: the long sound, as in pine, ice; and the short sound, as in pîn. It has also three other sounds: (a) That of e in term, as in thirst. (b) That of e in mete (in words of foreign origin), as in machine, pique, regime. (c) That of consonant y (in many words in which it precedes another vowel), as in bunion, million, filial, Christian, etc. It enters into several digraphs, as in fail, field, seize, feign. friend; and with o often forms a proper diphtong, as in oil, join, coin. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 98-106. Note: The dot which we place over the small or lower case i dates only from the 14th century. The sounds of I and J were originally represented by the same character, and even after the introduction of the form J into English dictionaries, words containing these letters were, till a comparatively recent time, classed together. 2. In our old authors, I was often used for ay (or aye), yes, which is pronounced nearly like it. 3. As a numeral, I stands for 1, II for 2, etc. I- I-, prefix. Defn: See Y-. I I, pron. [poss. My or Mine (; object. Me. pl. nom. We (; poss. Our or Ours (; object. Us.] Etym: [OE. i, ich, ic, AS. ic; akin to OS. & D. ik, OHG. ih, G. ich, Icel. ek, Dan. jeg, Sw. jag, Goth. ik, OSlav. az', Russ. ia, W. i, L. ego, Gr. aham. sq. root179. Cf. Egoism.] Defn: The nominative case of the pronoun of the first person; the word with which a speaker or writer denotes himself. IAMATOLOGY I*am`a*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] (Med.) Defn: Materia Medica; that branch of therapeutics which treats of remedies. IAMB I"amb, n. Etym: [Cf. F. iambe. See Lambus.] Defn: An iambus or iambic. [R.] IAMBIC I*am"bic, a. Etym: [L. iambicus, Gr. iambique.] 1. (Pros.) Defn: Consisting of a short syllable followed by a long one, or of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented; as, an iambic foot. 2. Pertaining to, or composed of, iambics; as, an iambic verse; iambic meter. See Lambus. IAMBIC I*am"bic, n. 1. (Pros.) (a) An iambic foot; an iambus. (b) A verse composed of iambic feet. Note: The following couplet consists of iambic verses. Thy gen- | ius calls | thee not | to pur- | chase fame In keen | iam- | bics, but | mild an- | agram. Dryden. 2. A satirical poem (such poems having been anciently written in iambic verse); a satire; a lampoon. IAMBICAL I*am"bic*al, a. Defn: Iambic. [Obs. or R.] IAMBICALLY I*am"bic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a iambic manner; after the manner of iambics. IAMBIZE I*am"bize, v. t. Etym: [Gr. Defn: To satirize in iambics; to lampoon. [R.] IAMBUS I*am"bus, n.; pl. L. Iambi, E. Iambuses. Etym: [L. iambus, Gr. jacere to throw. Cf. Jet a shooting forth.] (Pros.) Defn: A foot consisting of a short syllable followed by a long one, as in âmans, or of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented one, as invent; an iambic. See the Couplet under Iambic, n. IANTHINA I*an"thi*na, n.; pl. L. Ianthinæ, E. Ianthinas. Etym: [NL., fr. L. ianthinus violet-blue, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any gastropod of the genus Ianthina, of which various species are found living in mid ocean; -- called also purple shell, and violet snail. [Written also janthina.] Note: It floats at the surface by means of a raft, which it constructs by forming and uniting together air bubbles of hardened mucus. The Tyrian purple of the ancients was obtained in part from mollusks of this genus. IATRALIPTIC I*a`tra*lip"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. iatraliptique.] Defn: Treating diseases by anointing and friction; as, the iatraliptic method. [Written also iatroleptic.] IATRIC; IATRICAL I*at"ric, I*at"ric*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to medicine, or to medical men. IATROCHEMICAL I*a`tro*chem"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to iatrochemistry, or to the iatrochemists. IATROCHEMIST I*a`tro*chem"ist, n. Etym: [Gr. chemist.] Defn: A physician who explained or treated diseases upon chemical principles; one who practiced iatrochemistry. IATROCHEMISTRY I*a`tro*chem"is*try, n. Defn: Chemistry applied to, or used in, medicine; -- used especially with reference to the doctrines in the school of physicians in Flanders, in the 17th century, who held that health depends upon the proper chemical relations of the fluids of the body, and who endeavored to explain the conditions of health or disease by chemical principles. IATROMATHEMATICAL I*a`tro*math`e*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to iatromathematicians or their doctrine. IATROMATHEMATICIAN I*a`tro*math`e*ma*ti"cian, n. Etym: [Gr. mathematician.] (Hist. Med.) Defn: One of a school of physicians in Italy, about the middle of the 17th century, who tried to apply the laws of mechanics and mathematics to the human body, and hence were eager student of anatomy; -- opposed to the iatrochemists. IBERIAN I*be"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Iberia. IBEX I"bex, n.; pl. E. Ibexes, L. Ibices. Etym: [L., a kind of goat, the chamois.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of wild goats having very large, recurved horns, transversely ridged in front; -- called also steinbok. Note: The Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) is the best known. The Spanish, or Pyrenean, ibex (C. Hispanica) has smoother and more spreading horns. IBIDEM I*bi"dem, adv. Etym: [L.] Defn: In the same place; -- abbreviated ibid. or ib. IBIS I"bis, n. Etym: [L. ibis, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the genus Ibis and several allied genera, of the family Ibidæ, inhabiting both the Old World and the New. Numerous species are known. They are large, wading birds, having a long, curved beak, and feed largely on reptiles. Note: The sacred ibis of the ancient Egyptians (Ibis Æthiopica) has the head and neck black, without feathers. The plumage of the body and wings is white, except the tertiaries, which are lengthened and form a dark purple plume. In ancient times this bird was extensively domesticated in Egypt, but it is now seldom seen so far north. The glossy ibis (Plegadis autumnalis), which is widely distributed both in the Old World and the New, has the head and neck feathered, except between the eyes and bill; the scarlet ibis (Guara rubra) and the white ibis (G. alba) inhabit the West Indies and South America, and are rarely found in the United States. The wood ibis (Tantalus loculator) of America belongs to the Stork family (Ciconidæ). See Wood ibis. -IBLE -i*ble Defn: . See -able. IBSENISM Ib"sen*ism, n. Defn: The dramatic practice or purpose characteristic of the writings of Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), Norwegian poet and dramatist, whose best-known plays deal with conventional hypocrisies, the story in each play thus developing a definite moral problem. -IC -ic. Etym: [L. -icus, Gr. ique.] 1. A suffix signifying, in general, relating to, or characteristic of; as, historic, hygienic, telegraphic, etc. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A suffix, denoting that the element indicated enters into certain compounds with its highest valence, or with a valence relatively higher than in compounds where the name of the element ends in -ous; as, ferric, sulphuric. It is also used in the general sense of pertaining to; as, hydric, sodic, calcic. ICARIAN I*ca"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Icarius, Gr. Defn: Soaring too high for safety, like Icarus; adventurous in flight. ICE Ice, n. Etym: [OE. is, iis, AS. is; aksin to D. ijs, G. eis, OHG. is, Icel. iss, Sw. is, Dan. iis, and perh. to E. iron.] 1. Water or other fluid frozen or reduced to the solid state by cold; frozen water. It is a white or transparent colorless substance, crystalline, brittle, and viscoidal. Its specific gravity (0.92, that of water at 4° C. being 1.0) being less than that of water, ice floats. Note: Water freezes at 32° F. or 0° Cent., and ice melts at the same temperature. Ice owes its cooling properties to the large amount of heat required to melt it. 2. Concreted sugar. Johnson. 3. Water, cream, custard, etc., sweetened, flavored, and artificially frozen. 4. Any substance having the appearance of ice; as, camphor ice. Anchor ice, ice which sometimes forms about stones and other objects at the bottom of running or other water, and is thus attached or anchored to the ground. -- Bay ice, ice formed in bays, fiords, etc., often in extensive fields which drift out to sea. -- Ground ice, anchor ice. -- Ice age (Geol.), the glacial epoch or period. See under Glacial. -- Ice anchor (Naut.), a grapnel for mooring a vessel to a field of ice. Kane. -- Ice blink Etym: [Dan. iisblink], a streak of whiteness of the horizon, caused by the reflection of light from ice not yet in sight. -- Ice boat. (a) A boat fitted with skates or runners, and propelled on ice by sails; an ice yacht. (b) A strong steamboat for breaking a channel through ice. -- Ice box or chest, a box for holding ice; a box in which things are kept cool by means of ice; a refrigerator. -- Ice brook, a brook or stream as cold as ice. [Poetic] Shak. -- Ice cream Etym: [for iced cream], cream, milk, or custard, sweetened, flavored, and frozen. -- Ice field, an extensive sheet of ice. -- Ice float, Ice floe, a sheet of floating ice similar to an ice field, but smaller. -- Ice foot, shore ice in Arctic regions; an ice belt. Kane. -- Ice house, a close-covered pit or building for storing ice. -- Ice machine (Physics), a machine for making ice artificially, as by the production of a low temperature through the sudden expansion of a gas or vapor, or the rapid evaporation of a volatile liquid. -- Ice master. See Ice pilot (below). -- Ice pack, an irregular mass of broken and drifting ice. -- Ice paper, a transparent film of gelatin for copying or reproducing; papier glacé. -- Ice petrel (Zoöl.), a shearwater (Puffinus gelidus) of the Antarctic seas, abundant among floating ice. -- Ice pick, a sharp instrument for breaking ice into small pieces. -- Ice pilot, a pilot who has charge of a vessel where the course is obstructed by ice, as in polar seas; -- called also ice master. -- Ice pitcher, a pitcher adapted for ice water. -- Ice plow, a large tool for grooving and cutting ice. ice sculpture = a sculpture carved from a block of ice, often used for decorating restaurants. ice show an entertainment consisting of ice skaters performing figure-skating on a sheet of ice, usually in an arena, often accompanied by music. -- Ice sludge, bay ice broken small by the wind or waves; sludge. -- Ice spar (Min.), a variety of feldspar, the crystals of which are very clear like ice; rhyacolite. -- Ice tongs, large iron nippers for handling ice. -- Ice water. (a) Water cooled by ice. (b) Water formed by the melting of ice. -- Ice yacht. See Ice boat (above). -- To break the ice. See under Break. -- Water ice, a confection consisting of water sweetened, flavored, and frozen. ICE Ice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iced; p. pr. & vb. n. Icing.] 1. To cover with ice; to convert into ice, or into something resembling ice. 2. To cover with icing, or frosting made of sugar and milk or white of egg; to frost, as cakes, tarts, etc. 3. To chill or cool, as with ice; to freeze. ICEBERG Ice"berg`, n. Etym: [Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. iisbierg, Sw. isberg, properly, a mountain of ice. See Ice, and Berg.] Defn: A large mass of ice, generally floating in the ocean. Note: Icebergs are large detached portions of glaciers, which in cold regions often project into the sea. ICEBIRD Ice"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Arctic sea bird, as the Arctic fulmar. ICEBOUND Ice"bound`, a. Defn: Totally surrounded with ice, so as to be incapable of advancing; as, an icebound vessel; also, surrounded by or fringed with ice so as to hinder easy access; as, an icebound coast. ICE-BUILT Ice"-built`, a. 1. Composed of ice. 2. Loaded with ice. "Ice-built mountains." Gray. ICED Iced, a. 1. Covered with ice; chilled with ice; as, iced water. 2. Covered with something resembling ice, as sugar icing; frosted; as, iced cake. Iced cream. Same as Ice cream, under Ice. ICEFALL Ice"fall`, n. Defn: A frozen waterfall, or mass of ice resembling a frozen waterfall. Coleridge. ICELANDER Ice"land*er, n. Defn: A native, or one of the Scandinavian people, of Iceland. ICELANDIC Ice*lan"dic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Iceland; relating to, or resembling, the Icelanders. ICELANDIC Ice*lan"dic, n. Defn: The language of the Icelanders. It is one of the Scandinavian group, and is more nearly allied to the Old Norse than any other language now spoken. ICELAND MOSS Ice"land moss`. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of lichen (Cetraria Icelandica) found from the Arctic regions to the North Temperate zone. It furnishes a nutritious jelly and other forms of food, and is used in pulmonary complaints as a demulcent. ICELAND SPAR Ice"land spar`. (Min.) Defn: A transparent variety of calcite, the best of which is obtained in Iceland. It is used for the prisms of the polariscope, because of its strong double refraction. Cf. Calcite. ICEMAN Ice"man, n.; pl. Icemen (. 1. A man who is skilled in traveling upon ice, as among glaciers. 2. One who deals in ice; one who retails or delivers ice. ICE PLANT Ice" plant`. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), sprinkled with pellucid, watery vesicles, which glisten like ice. It is native along the Mediterranean, in the Canaries, and in South Africa. Its juice is said to be demulcent and diuretic; its ashes are used in Spain in making glass. Ice-skater = one who skates on ice wearing an ice skate; esp. an athlete who performs athletic or artistic movements on a sheet of ice, wearing ice skates; including speed skater and figure skater ICEQUAKE Ice"quake`, n. Defn: The crash or concussion attending the breaking up of masses of ice, -- often due to contraction from extreme cold. ICH Ich, pron. Defn: I. [Obs.] Chaucer. Note: In the Southern dialect of Early English this is the regular form. Cf. Ik. ICHNEUMON Ich*neu"mon, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any carnivorous mammal of the genus Herpestes, and family Viverridæ. Numerous species are found in Asia and Africa. The Egyptian species(H. ichneumon), which ranges to Spain and Palestine, is noted for destroying the eggs and young of the crocodile as well as various snakes and lizards, and hence was considered sacred by the ancient Egyptians. The common species of India (H. griseus), known as the mongoose, has similar habits and is often domesticated. It is noted for killing the cobra. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any hymenopterous insect of the family Ichneumonidæ, of which several thousand species are known, belonging to numerous genera. Note: The female deposits her eggs upon, or in, the bodies of other insects, such as caterpillars, plant lice, etc. The larva lives upon the internal tissues of the insect in which it is parasitic, and finally kills it. Hence, many of the species are beneficial to agriculture by destroying noxious insects. Ichneumon fly. See Ichneumon, 2. ICHNEUMONIDAN Ich`neu*mon"i*dan, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ichneumonidæ, or ichneumon flies. -- n. Defn: One of the Ichneumonidæ. ICHNEUMONIDES Ich`neu*mon"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Ichneumon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The ichneumon flies. ICHNITE Ich"nite, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A fossil footprint; as, the ichnites in the Triassic sandstone. Page. ICHNOGRAPHIC; ICHNOGRAPHICAL Ich`no*graph"ic, Ich`no*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ichonographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to ichonography; describing a ground plot. ICHNOGRAPHY Ich*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. ichonographie.] (Drawing) Defn: A horizontal section of a building or other object, showing its true dimensions according to a geometric scale; a ground plan; a map; also, the art of making such plans. ICHNOLITE Ich"no*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] Defn: A fossil footprint; an ichnite. ICHNOLITHOLOGY Ich`no*li*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -lith + -logy.] Defn: Same as Ichnology. Hitchcock. ICHNOLOGICAL Ich`no*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ichnology. ICHNOLOGY Ich*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] (Geol.) Defn: The branch of science which treats of fossil footprints. ICHNOSCOPY Ich*nos"co*py, n. Etym: [Gr. -scopy.] Defn: The search for the traces of anything. [R.] ICHOR I"chor, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ichor.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: An ethereal fluid that supplied the place of blood in the veins of the gods. 2. A thin, acrid, watery discharge from an ulcer, wound, etc. ICHORHAEMIA I`chor*hæ"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Infection of the blood with ichorous or putrid substances. ICHOROUS I"chor*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ichoreux.] Defn: Of or like ichor; thin; watery; serous; sanious. ICHTHIDIN Ich"thi*din, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A substance from the egg yolk of osseous fishes. ICHTHIN Ich"thin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous substance resembling vitellin, present in the egg yolk of cartilaginous fishes. ICHTHULIN Ich"thu*lin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A substance from the yolk of salmon's egg. ICHTHUS Ich"thus, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: In early Christian and eccesiastical art, an emblematic fish, or the Greek word for fish, which combined the initials of the Greek words ICHTHYIC Ich"thy*ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, fishes. ICHTHYOCOL; ICHTHYOCOLLA Ich"thy*o*col, Ich`thy*o*col"la, n. Etym: [L. ichthyocolla, Gr. ichthyocolle.] Defn: Fish glue; isinglass; a glue prepared from the sounds of certain fishes. ICHTHYOCOPROLITE Ich`thy*o*cop"ro*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. coprolite.] (Geol.) Defn: Fossil dung of fishes. ICHTHYODORULITE Ich`thy*o*dor"u*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the spiny plates foundon the back and tail of certain skates. ICHTHYOGRAPHY Ich`thy*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. graphy: cf. F. ichthyographie.] Defn: A treatise on fishes. ICHTHYOID; ICHTHYOIDAL Ich"thy*oid, Ich`thy*oid"al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Somewhat like a fish; having some of the characteristics of fishes; -- said of some amphibians. ICHTHYOL Ich"thy*ol, n. [Gr. , , a fish + (prob.) L. oleum oil; but cf. Ichthyolite.] (Chem.) Defn: An oily substance prepared by the dry distillation of a bituminous mineral containing fossil fishes. It is used in medicine as a remedy in some forms of skin diseases. ICHTHYOLATRY Ich`thy*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Worship of fishes, or of fish-shaped idols. Layard. ICHTHYOLITE Ich"thy*o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil fish, or fragment of a fish. ICHTHYOLOGIC; ICHTHYOLOGICAL Ich`thy*o*log"ic, Ich`thy*o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ichthyologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to ichthyology. ICHTHYOLOGIST Ich`thy*ol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ichthyologiste.] Defn: One versed in, or who studies, ichthyology. ICHTHYOLOGY Ich`thy*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. ichthyologie.] Defn: The natural history of fishes; that branch of zoölogy which relates to fishes, including their structure, classification, and habits. ICHTHYOMANCY Ich"thy*o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy: cf. F. ichthyomancie.] Defn: Divination by the heads or the entrails of fishes. ICHTHYOMORPHA Ich`thy*o*mor"pha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Urodela. ICHTHYOMORPHIC; ICHTHYOMORPHOUS Ich`thy*o*mor"phic, Ich`thy*o*mor"phous, a. Etym: [See Ichthyomorpha.] Defn: Fish-shaped; as, the ichthyomorphic idols of ancient Assyria. ICHTHYOPHAGIST Ich`thy*oph"a*gist, n. Etym: [See Ichthyophagous.] Defn: One who eats, or subsists on, fish. ICHTHYOPHAGOUS Ich`thy*oph"a*gous, a. Etym: [L. ichthyophagus, Gr. Defn: Eating, or subsisting on, fish. ICHTHYOPHAGY Ich`thy*oph"a*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. ichthyophagie.] Defn: The practice of eating, or living upon, fish. ICHTHYOPHTHALMITE Ich`thy*oph*thal"mite, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: See Apophyllite. [R.] ICHTHYOPHTHIRA Ich`thy*oph*thi"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of copepod crustaceans, including numerous species parasitic on fishes. ICHTHYOPSIDA Ich`thy*op"si*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A grand division of the Vertebrata, including the Amphibia and Fishes. ICHTHYOPTERYGIA Ich`thy*op`te*ryg"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Ichthyopterygium.] (Paleon.) Defn: See Ichthyosauria. ICHTHYOPTERYGIUM Ich`thy*op`te*ryg"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The typical limb, or lateral fin, of fishes. ICHTHYORNIS Ich`thy*or"nis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of toothed birds found in the American Cretaceous formation. It is remarkable for having biconcave vertebræ, and sharp, conical teeth set in sockets. Its wings were well developed. It is the type of the order Odontotormæ. ICHTHYOSAUR Ich"thy*o*saur, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ichthyosaure.] (Paleon.) Defn: One of the Ichthyosaura. ICHTHYOSAURIA Ich`thy*o*sau"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Ichthyosaurus.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct order of marine reptiles, including Ichthyosaurus and allied forms; -- called also Ichthyopterygia. They have not been found later than the Cretaceous period. ICHTHYOSAURIAN Ich`thy*o*sau"ri*an, a. (Paleon.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ichthyosauria. -- n. Defn: One of the Ichthyosauria. ICHTHYOSAURUS Ich`thy*o*sau"rus, n.; pl. Ichthyosauri. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + say^ros a lizard.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of marine reptiles; -- so named from their short, biconcave vertebræ, resembling those of fishes. Several species, varying in length from ten to thirty feet, are known from the Liassic, Oölitic, and Cretaceous formations. ICHTHYOSIS Ich`thy*o"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A disease in which the skin is thick, rough, and scaly; -- called also fishskin. -- Ich`thy*ot"ic, a. ICHTHYOTOMIST Ich`thy*ot"o*mist, n. Defn: One skilled in ichthyotomy. ICHTHYOTOMY Ich`thy*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The anatomy or dissection of fishes. [R.] ICHTHYS Ich"thys, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: Same as Ichthus. ICICLE I"ci*cle, n. Etym: [OE. isikel, AS. isgicel; is ice + gicel icicle; akin to Icel. jökull; cf. Gael. eigh ice, Ir. aigh.] Defn: A pendent, and usually conical, mass of ice, formed by freezing of dripping water; as, the icicles on the eaves of a house. ICICLED I"ci*cled, a. Defn: Having icicles attached. ICILY I"ci*ly, adv. Defn: In an icy manner; coldly. Faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null, Dead perfection, no more. Tennyson. ICINESS I"ci*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being icy or very cold; frigidity. ICING I"cing, n. Defn: A coating or covering resembling ice, as of sugar and milk or white of egg; frosting. ICKLE Ic"kle, n. Etym: [OE. ikil. See Icicle.] Defn: An icicle. [Prov. Eng.] ICON I"con, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: An image or representation; a portrait or pretended portrait. Netherlands whose names and icons are published. Hakewill. ICONICAL I*con"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, images, pictures, or representations of any kind. ICONISM I"con*ism, n. Etym: [L. iconismus, Gr. iconisme.] Defn: The formation of a figure, representation, or semblance; a delineation or description. Some kind of apish imitations, counterfeit iconisms. Cudworth. ICONIZE I"con*ize, v. t. Etym: [Gr. Defn: To form an image or likeness of. [R.] Cudworth. ICONOCLASM I*con"o*clasm, n. Etym: [Cf. F. iconoclasme. See Iconoclast.] Defn: The doctrine or practice of the iconoclasts; image breaking. ICONOCLAST I*con"o*clast, n. Etym: [Gr. iconoclaste.] 1. A breaker or destroyer of images or idols; a determined enemy of idol worship. 2. One who exposes or destroys impositions or shams; one who attacks cherished beliefs; a radical. ICONOCLASTIC I*con`o*clas"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the iconoclasts, or to image breaking. Milman. ICONODULE; ICONODULIST I*con"o*dule, I*con"o*du`list, n. Etym: [Gr. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One who serves images; -- opposed to an iconoclast. Schaff- Herzog Encyc. ICONOGRAPH I*con"o*graph, n. [See Iconography.] Defn: An engraving or other picture or illustration for a book. ICONOGRAPHER I`co*nog"ra*pher, n. Defn: A maker of images. Fairholt. ICONOGRAPHIC I*con`o*graph"ic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to iconography. 2. Representing by means of pictures or diagrams; as, an icongraphic encyclopædia. ICONOGRAPHY I`co*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. iconographie.] 1. The art or representation by pictures or images; the description or study of portraiture or representation, as of persons; as, the iconography of the ancients. 2. The study of representative art in general. Christian iconography, the study of the representations in art of the Deity, the persons of the Trinity, angels, saints, virtues, vices, etc. ICONOLATER I`co*nol"a*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. iconolâtre.] Defn: One who worships images. ICONOLATRY I`co*nol"a*try, n. Etym: [See Iconolater.] Defn: The worship of images as symbols; -- distinguished from idolatry, the worship of images themselves. ICONOLOGY I`co*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. iconologie.] Defn: The discussion or description of portraiture or of representative images. Cf. Iconography. ICONOMACHY I`co*nom"a*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Hostility to images as objects of worship. [R.] ICONOMANIA I`co*no*ma"ni*a, n. [NL. See Icon, and Mania.] Defn: A mania or infatuation for icons, whether as objects of devotion, bric-a-brac, or curios. ICONOMICAL I`co*nom"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Opposed to pictures or images as objects of worship. [R.] Sir T. Browne. ICONOPHILIST I`co*noph"i*list, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A student, or lover of the study, of iconography. ICOSAHEDRAL I`co*sa*he"dral, a. Etym: [See Icosahedron.] (Geom.) Defn: Having twenty equal sides or faces. ICOSAHEDRON I`co*sa*he"dron, n. Etym: [Gr. (Geom.) Defn: A solid bounded by twenty sides or faces. Regular icosahedron, one of the five regular polyhedrons, bounded by twenty equilateral triangules. Five triangules meet to form each solid angle of the polyhedron. ICOSANDRIA I`co*san"dri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. icosandrie.] (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants, having twenty or more stamens inserted in the calyx. ICOSANDRIAN; ICOSANDROUS I`co*san"dri*an, I`co*san"drous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to the class Icosandria; having twenty or more stamens inserted in the calyx. ICOSITETRAHEDRON I`co*si*tet`ra*he"dron, n. Etym: [Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: A twenty-four-sided solid; a tetragonal trisoctahedron or trapezohedron. -ICS -ics Defn: . A suffix used in forming the names of certain sciences, systems, etc., as acoustics, mathematics, dynamics, statistics, politics, athletics. Note: The names sciences ending in ics, as mathematics, mechanics, metaphysics, optics, etc., are, with respect to their form, nouns in the plural number. The plural form was probably introduced to mark the complex nature of such sciences; and it may have been in imitation of the use of the Greek plurals ics were construed with a verb or a pronoun in the plural; but it is now generally considered preferable to treat them as singular. In Greman we have die Mathematik, die Mechanik, etc., and in French la metaphysique, la optique, etc., corresponding to our mathematics, mechanics, metaphysics, optics, etc. Mathematics have for their object the consideration of whatever is capable of being numbered or measured. John Davidson. The citations subjoined will serve as examples of the best present usage. Ethics is the sciences of the laws which govern our actions as moral agents. Sir W. Hamilton. All parts of knowledge have their origin in metaphysics, and finally, perhaps, revolve into it. De Quincey. Mechanics, like pure mathematics, may be geometrical, or may be analytical; that is, it may treat space either by a direct consideration of its properties, or by a symbolical representation. Whewell. ICTERIC Ic*ter"ic, n. Defn: A remedy for the jaundice. ICTERIC; ICTERICAL Ic*ter"ic, Ic*ter"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. ictericus, Gr. ictérique.] 1. Pertaining to, or affected with, jaundice. 2. Good against the jaundice. Johnson. ICTERITIOUS; ICTERITOUS Ic`ter*i"tious, Ic*ter"i*tous, a. Defn: Yellow; of the color of the skin when it is affected by the jaundice. ICTEROID Ic"ter*oid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Of a tint resembling that produced by jaundice; yellow; as, an icteroid tint or complexion. ICTERUS Ic"te*rus, n. Etym: [NL. See Icteric, a.] (Med.) Defn: The jaundice. ICTIC Ic"tic, a. Etym: [L. ictus blow.] Defn: Pertaining to, or caused by, a blow; sudden; abrupt. [R.] H. Bushnell. ICTUS Ic"tus, n. Etym: [L., fr. icere, ictum, to strike.] 1. (Pros.) Defn: The stress of voice laid upon accented syllable of a word. Cf. Arsis. 2. (Med.) Defn: A stroke or blow, as in a sunstroke, the sting of an insect, pulsation of an artery, etc. ICY I"cy, a. [Compar. Icier; superl. Iciest.] Etym: [AS. isig. See Ice.] 1. Pertaining to, resembling, or abounding in, ice; cold; frosty. "Icy chains." Shak. "Icy region." Boyle. "Icy seas." Pope. 2. Characterized by coldness, as of manner, influence, etc.; chilling; frigid; cold. Icy was the deportment with which Philip received these demonstrations of affection. Motley. ICY-PEARLED I"cy-pearl`ed, a. Defn: Spangled with ice. Mounting up in icy-pearled car. Milton. I'D I'd Defn: . A contraction from I would or I had. ID Id, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small fresh-water cyprinoid fish (Leuciscus idus or Idus idus) of Europe. A domesticated variety, colored like the goldfish, is called orfe in Germany. IDALIAN I*da"li*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Idalium, a mountain city in Cyprus, or to Venus, to whom it was sacred. "Idalian Aphrodité." Tennyson. IDE Ide, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Id. -IDE -ide. (Chem.) Defn: A suffix used to denote: (a) The nonmetallic, or negative, element or radical in a binary compound; as, oxide, sulphide, chloride. (b) A compound which is an anhydride; as, glycolide, phthalide. (c) Any one of a series of derivatives; as, indogenide, glucoside, etc. IDEA I*de"a, n.; pl. Ideas. Etym: [L. idea, Gr. wit: cf. F. idée. See Wit.] 1. The transcript, image, or picture of a visible object, that is formed by the mind; also, a similar image of any object whatever, whether sensible or spiritual. Her sweet idea wandered through his thoughts. Fairfax. Being the right idea of your father Both in your form and nobleness of mind. Shak. This representation or likeness of the object being transmitted from thence [the senses] to the imagination, and lodged there for the view and observation of the pure intellect, is aptly and properly called its idea. P. Browne. 2. A general notion, or a conception formed by generalization. Alice had not the slightest idea what latitude was. L. Caroll. 3. Hence: Any object apprehended, conceived, or thought of, by the mind; a notion, conception, or thought; the real object that is conceived or thought of. Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or as the immediate object of perception, thought, or undersanding, that I call idea. Locke. 4. A belief, option, or doctrine; a characteristic or controlling principle; as, an essential idea; the idea of development. That fellow seems to me to possess but one idea, and that is a wrong one. Johnson. What is now "idea" for us How infinite the fall of this word, since the time where Milton sang of the Creator contemplating his newly- created world, -"how it showed . . . Answering his great idea," -to its present use, when this person "has an idea that the train has started," and the other "had no idea that the dinner would be so bad!" Trench. 5. A plan or purpose of action; intention; design. I shortly afterwards set off for that capital, with an idea of undertaking while there the translation of the work. W. Irving. 6. A rational conception; the complete conception of an object when thought of in all its essential elements or constituents; the necessary metaphysical or constituent attributes and relations, when conceived in the abstract. 7. A fiction object or picture created by the imagination; the same when proposed as a pattern to be copied, or a standard to be reached; one of the archetypes or patterns of created things, conceived by the Platonists to have excited objectively from eternity in the mind of the Deity. Thence to behold this new-created world, The addition of his empire, how it showed In prospect from his throne, how good, how fair, Answering his great idea. Milton. Note: "In England, Locke may be said to have been the first who naturalized the term in its Cartesian universality. When, in common language, employed by Milton and Dryden, after Descartes, as before him by Sidney, Spenser, Shakespeare, Hooker, etc., the meaning is Platonic." Sir W. Hamilton. Abstract idea, Association of ideas, etc. See under Abstract, Association, etc. Syn. -- Notion; conception; thought; sentiment; fancy; image; perception; impression; opinion; belief; observation; judgment; consideration; view; design; intention; purpose; plan; model; pattern. There is scarcely any other word which is subjected to such abusive treatment as is the word idea, in the very general and indiscriminative way in which it is employed, as it is used variously to signify almost any act, state, or content of thought. IDEAL I*de"al, a. Etym: [L. idealis: cf. F. idéal.] 1. Existing in idea or thought; conceptional; intellectual; mental; as, ideal knowledge. 2. Reaching an imaginary standard of excellence; fit for a model; faultless; as, ideal beauty. Byron. There will always be a wide interval between practical and ideal excellence. Rambler. 3. Existing in fancy or imagination only; visionary; unreal. "Planning ideal common wealth." Southey. 4. Teaching the doctrine of idealism; as, the ideal theory or philosophy. 5. (Math.) Defn: Imaginary. Syn. -- Intellectual; mental; visionary; fanciful; imaginary; unreal; impracticable; utopian. IDEAL I*de"al, n. Defn: A mental conception regarded as a standard of perfection; a model of excellence, beauty, etc. The ideal is to be attained by selecting and assembling in one whole the beauties and perfections which are usually seen in different individuals, excluding everything defective or unseemly, so as to form a type or model of the species. Thus, the Apollo Belvedere is the ideal of the beauty and proportion of the human frame. Fleming. Beau ideal. See Beau ideal. IDEALESS I*de"a*less, a. Defn: Destitute of an idea. IDEALISM I*de"al*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. idéalisme.] 1. The quality or state of being ideal. 2. Conception of the ideal; imagery. 3. (Philos.) Defn: The system or theory that denies the existence of material bodies, and teaches that we have no rational grounds to believe in the reality of anything but ideas and their relations. IDEALIST I*de"al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. idéaliste.] 1. One who idealizes; one who forms picturesque fancies; one given to romantic expectations. 2. One who holds the doctrine of idealism. IDEALISTIC I*de`al*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to idealists or their theories. IDEALITY I`de*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Idealities (. 1. The quality or state of being ideal. 2. The capacity to form ideals of beauty or perfection. 3. (Phren.) Defn: The conceptive faculty. IDEALIZATION I*de`al*i*za"tion, n. 1. The act or process of idealizing. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: The representation of natural objects, scenes, etc., in such a way as to show their most important characteristics; the study of the ideal. IDEALIZE I*de"al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Idealized; p. pr. & vb. n. Idealizing.] 1. To make ideal; to give an ideal form or value to; to attribute ideal characteristics and excellences to; as, to idealize real life. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: To treat in an ideal manner. See Idealization, 2. IDEALIZE I*de"al*ize, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. idéaliser.] Defn: To form ideals. IDEALIZER I*de"al*i`zer, n. Defn: An idealist. IDEALLY I*de"al*ly, adv. Defn: In an ideal manner; by means of ideals; mentally. IDEALOGIC I*de`a*log"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an idealogue, or to idealization. IDEALOGUE I*de"a*logue, n. Etym: [Idea + -logue, as in theologue: cf. F. idéologue.] Defn: One given to fanciful ideas or theories; a theorist; a spectator. [R.] Mrs. Browning. IDEAT; IDEATE I*de"at, I*de"ate, n. Etym: [LL. ideatum. See Idea.] (Metaph.) Defn: The actual existence supposed to correspond with an idea; the correlate in real existence to the idea as a thought or existence. IDEATE I*de"ate, v. t. 1. To form in idea; to fancy. [R.] The ideated man . . . as he stood in the intellect of God. Sir T. Browne. 2. To apprehend in thought so as to fix and hold in the mind; to memorize. [R.] IDEATION I`de*a"tion, n. Defn: The faculty or capacity of the mind for forming ideas; the exercise of this capacity; the act of the mind by which objects of sense are apprehended and retained as objects of thought. The whole mass of residua which have been accumulated . . . all enter now into the process of ideation. J. D. Morell. IDEATIONAL I`de*a"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, ideation. Certain sensational or ideational stimuli. Blackw. Mag. IDEM I"dem, pron. or adj. Etym: [L.] Defn: The same; the same as above; -- often abbreviated id. IDENTIC I*den"tic, a. Defn: Identical. [Obs.] Hudibras. IDENTICAL I*den"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. identique. See Identity.] 1. The same; the selfsame; the very same; not different; as, the identical person or thing. I can not remember a thing that happened a year ago, without a conviction . . . that I, the same identical person who now remember that event, did then exist. Reid. 2. Uttering sameness or the same truth; expressing in the predicate what is given, or obviously implied, in the subject; tautological. When you say body is solid, I say that you make an identical proposition, because it is impossible to have the idea of body without that of solidity. Fleming. Identical equation (Alg.), an equation which is true for all values of the algebraic symbols which enter into it. IDENTICALLY I*den"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an identical manner; with respect to identity. "Identically the same." Bp. Warburton. "Identically different." Ross. IDENTICALNESS I*den"tic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being identical; sameness. IDENTIFIABLE I*den"ti*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being identified. IDENTIFICATION I*den`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. identification.] Defn: The act of identifying, or proving to be the same; also, the state of being identified. IDENTIFY I*den"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Identified; p. pr. & vb. n. Identifying.] Etym: [Cf. F. identifier. See Identity, and -fy.] 1. To make to be the same; to unite or combine in such a manner as to make one; to treat as being one or having the same purpose or effect; to consider as the same in any relation. Every precaution is taken to identify the interests of the people and of the rulers. D. Ramsay. Let us identify, let us incorporate ourselves with the people. Burke. 2. To establish the identity of; to prove to be the same with something described, claimed, or asserted; as, to identify stolen property. IDENTIFY I*den"ti*fy, v. i. Defn: To become the same; to coalesce in interest, purpose, use, effect, etc. [Obs. or R.] An enlightened self-interest, which, when well understood, they tell us will identify with an interest more enlarged and public. Burke. IDENTISM I*den"tism, n. Etym: [See Identity.] (Metaph.) Defn: The doctrine taught by Schelling, that matter and mind, and subject and object, are identical in the Absolute; -- called also the system or doctrine of identity. IDENTITY I*den"ti*ty, n.; pl. Identities. Etym: [F. identité, LL. identitas, fr. L. idem the same, from the root of is he, that; cf. Skr. idam this. Cf. Item.] 1. The state or quality of being identical, or the same; sameness. Identity is a relation between our cognitions of a thing, not between things themselves. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. The condition of being the same with something described or asserted, or of possessing a character claimed; as, to establish the identity of stolen goods. 3. (Math.) Defn: An identical equation. IDEO- I"de*o- Defn: . A combining form from the Gr. idea. IDEOGENICAL I`de*o*gen"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or relating to ideology. IDEOGENY I`de*og"e*ny, n. Etym: [Ideo- + -geny, from the same root as Gr. idéogénie.] Defn: The science which treats of the origin of ideas. IDEOGRAM I*de"o*gram, n. Etym: [Ideo- + -gram; cf. F. idéograme.] 1. An original, pictorial element of writing; a kind of hieroglyph expressing no sound, but only an idea. Ideograms may be defined to be pictures intended to represent either things or thoughts. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). You might even have a history without language written or spoken, by means of ideograms and gesture. J. Peile. 2. A symbol used for convenience, or for abbreviation; as, 1, 2, 3, +, -, 3. A phonetic symbol; a letter. IDEOGRAPH I*de"o*graph, n. Defn: Same as Ideogram. IDEOGRAPHIC; IDEOGRAPHICAL I`de*o*graph"ic, I`de*o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. idéographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an ideogram; representing ideas by symbols, independently of sounds; as, 9 represents not the word "nine," but the idea of the number itself. -- I`de*o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. IDEOGRAPHICS I`de*o*graph"ics, n. Defn: The system of writing in ideographic characters; also, anything so written. IDEOGRAPHY I`de*og"ra*phy, n. Defn: The representation of ideas independently of sounds, or in an ideographic manner, as sometimes is done in shorthand writing, etc. IDEOLOGICAL I`de*o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. idéologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to ideology. IDEOLOGIST I`de*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who treats of ideas; one who theorizes or idealizes; one versed in the science of ideas, or who advocates the doctrines of ideology. IDEOLOGY I`de*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Ideo- + -logy: cf. F. idéologie.] 1. The science of ideas. Stewart. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: A theory of the origin of ideas which derives them exclusively from sensation. Note: By a double blunder in philosophy and Greek, idéologie . . . has in France become the name peculiarly distinctive of that philosophy of mind which exclusively derives our knowledge from sensation. Sir W. Hamilton. IDEO-MOTION I`de*o-mo"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: An ideo-motor movement. IDEO-MOTOR I`de*o-mo"tor, a. Etym: [Ideo- + motor.] (Physiol.) Defn: Applied to those actions, or muscular movements, which are automatic expressions of dominant ideas, rather than the result of distinct volitional efforts, as the act of expressing the thoughts in speech, or in writing, while the mind is occupied in the composition of the sentence. Carpenter. IDES Ides, n. pl. Etym: [L. idus: cf. F. ides.] (Anc. Rom. Calendar) Defn: The fifteenth day of March, May, July, and October, and the thirteenth day of the other months. The ides of March remember. Shak. Note: Eight days in each month often pass by this name, but only one strictly receives it, the others being called respectively the day before the ides, and so on, backward, to the eightth from the ides. IDIO- Id"i*o- Defn: . A combining form from the Greek private, personal, peculiar, distinct. IDIOBLAST Id"i*o*blast, n. Etym: [Ideo- + -blast.] (Bot.) Defn: An individual cell, differing greatly from its neighbours in regard to size, structure, or contents. IDIOCRASIS Id`i*o*cra"sis, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Idiocracy. IDIOCRASY Id`i*oc"ra*sy, n.; pl. Idiocrasies. Etym: [Idio- + Gr. idiocrasie.] Defn: Peculiarity of constitution; that temperament, or state of constitution, which is peculiar to a person; idiosyncrasy. IDIOCRATIC; IDIOCRATICAL Id`i*o*crat"ic, Id`i*o*crat"ic*al, a. Defn: Peculiar in constitution or temperament; idiosyncratic. IDIOCY Id"i*o*cy, n. Etym: [From idiot; cf. Gr. Idiot, and cf. Idiotcy.] Defn: The condition or quality of being an idiot; absence, or marked deficiency, of sense and intelligence. I will undertake to convict a man of idiocy, if he can not see the proof that three angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles. F. W. Robertson. IDIOCYCLOPHANOUS Id`i*o*cy*cloph"a*nous, a. Etym: [Idio- + Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: Same as Idiophanous. IDIOELECTRIC Id`i*o*e*lec"tric, a. Etym: [Idio- + electric: cf. F. idioélectrique.] (Physics) Defn: Electric by virtue of its own peculiar properties; capable of becoming electrified by friction; -- opposed to anelectric. -- n. Defn: An idioelectric substance. IDIOGRAPH Id"i*o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A mark or signature peculiar to an individual; a trade-mark. IDIOGRAPHIC; IDIOGRAPHICAL Id`i*o*graph"ic, Id`i*o*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an idiograph. IDIOLATRY Id`i*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Idio- + Gr. Defn: Self-worship; excessive self-esteem. IDIOM Id"i*om, n. Etym: [F. idiome, L. idioma, fr. Gr. suus, and to E. so.] 1. The syntactical or structural form peculiar to any language; the genius or cast of a language. Idiom may be employed loosely and figuratively as a synonym of language or dialect, but in its proper sense it signifies the totality of the general rules of construction which characterize the syntax of a particular language and distinguish it from other tongues. G. P. Marsh. By idiom is meant the use of words which is peculiar to a particular language. J. H. Newman. He followed their language [the Latin], but did not comply with the idiom of ours. Dryden. 2. An expression conforming or appropriate to the peculiar structural form of a language; in extend use, an expression sanctioned by usage, having a sense peculiar to itself and not agreeing with the logical sense of its structural form; also, the phrase forms peculiar to a particular author. Some that with care true eloquence shall teach, And to just idioms fix our doubtful speech. Prior. Sometimes we identify the words with the object -- though be courtesy of idiom rather than in strict propriety of language. Coleridge. Every good writer has much idiom. Landor. It is not by means of rules that such idioms as the following are made current: "I can make nothing of it." "He treats his subject home." Dryden. "It is that within us that makes for righteousness." M.Arnold. Gostwick (Eng. Gram. ) 3. Dialect; a variant form of a language. Syn. -- Dialect. -- Idiom, Dialect. The idioms of a language belong to its very structure; its dialects are varieties of expression ingrafted upon it in different localities or by different professions. Each county of England has some peculiarities of dialect, and so have most of the professions, while the great idioms of the language are everywhere the same. See Language. IDIOMATIC; IDIOMATICAL Id`i*o*mat"ic, Id`i*o*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or conforming to, the mode of expression peculiar to a language; as, an idiomatic meaning; an idiomatic phrase. -- Id`i*o*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. IDIOMORPHIC Id`i*o*morph"ic, a. Defn: Idiomorphous. IDIOMORPHOUS Id`i*o*morph"ous, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Having a form of its own. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: Apperaing in distinct crystals; -- said of the mineral constituents of a rock. IDIOMUSCULAR Id`i*o*mus"cu*lar, a. Etym: [Idio- + muscular.] (Physiol.) Defn: Applied to a semipermanent contraction of a muscle, produced by a mechanical irritant. IDIOPATHETIC Id`i*o*pa*thet"ic, a. Defn: Idiopathic. [R.] IDIOPATHIC; IDIOPATHICAL Id`i*o*path"ic, Id`i*o*path"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. idiopathique.] (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to idiopathy; characterizing a disease arising primarily, and not in consequence of some other disease or injury; -- opposed to symptomatic, sympathetic, and traumatic. -- Id`i*o*path"ic*al*ly, adv. IDIOPATHY Id`i*op"a*thy, n.; pl. Idiopathies. Etym: [Gr. idiopathie.] 1. A peculiar, or individual, characteristic or affection. All men are so full of their own fancies and idiopathies, that they scarce have the civility to interchange any words with a stranger. Dr. H. More. 2. (Med.) Defn: A morbid state or condition not preceded or occasioned by any other disease; a primary disease. IDIOPHANOUS Id`i*oph"a*nous, a. Etym: [Idio- + (Crystallog.) Defn: Exhibiting interference figures without the aid of a polariscope, as certain crystals. IDIOPLASM Id"i*o*plasm, n. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Idioplasma. IDIOPLASMA Id`i*o*plas"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: That portion of the cell protoplasm which is the seat of all active changes, and which carries on the function of hereditary transmission; -- distinguished from the other portion, which is termed nutritive plasma. See Hygroplasm. IDIOREPULSIVE Id`i*o*re*pul"sive, a. Etym: [Idio- + repulsive.] Defn: Repulsive by itself; as, the idiorepulsive power of heat. IDIOSYNCRASY Id`i*o*syn"cra*sy, n.; pl. Idiosyncrasies. Etym: [Gr. idiosyncrasie. See Idiom, and Crasis.] Defn: A peculiarity of physical or mental constitution or temperament; a characteristic belonging to, and distinguishing, an individual; characteristic susceptibility; idiocrasy; eccentricity. The individual mind . . . takes its tone from the idiosyncrasies of the body. I. Taylor. IDIOSYNCRATIC; IDIOSYNCRATICAL Id`i*o*syn*crat"ic, Id`i*o*syn*crat"ic*al, a. Defn: Of peculiar temper or disposition; belonging to one's peculiar and individual character. IDIOT Id"i*ot, n. Etym: [F. idiot, L. idiota an uneducated, ignorant, ill- informed person, Gr. Idiom.] 1. A man in private station, as distinguished from one holding a public office. [Obs.] St. Austin affirmed that the plain places of Scripture are sufficient to all laics, and all idiots or private persons. Jer. Taylor. 2. An unlearned, ignorant, or simple person, as distinguished from the educated; an ignoramus. [Obs.] Christ was received of idiots, of the vulgar people, and of the simpler sort, while he was rejected, despised, and persecuted even to death by the high priests, lawyers, scribes, doctors, and rabbis. C. Blount. 3. A human being destitute of the ordinary intellectual powers, whether congenital, developmental, or accidental; commonly, a person without understanding from birth; a natural fool; a natural; an innocent. Life . . . is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Shak. 4. A fool; a simpleton; -- a term of reproach. Weenest thou make an idiot of our dame Chaucer. IDIOTCY Id"i*ot*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. Idiocy.] Defn: Idiocy. [R.] IDIOTED Id"i*ot*ed, a. Defn: Rendered idiotic; befooled. [R.] Tennyson. IDIOTHERMIC Id`i*o*ther"mic, a. Etym: [Idio- + thermic.] Defn: Self-heating; warmed, as the body of animal, by process going on within itself. IDIOTIC; IDIOTICAL Id`i*ot"ic, Id`i*ot"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. idioticus ignorant, Gr. idiotique. See Idiot.] 1. Common; simple. [Obs.] Blackwall. 2. Pertaining to, or like, an idiot; characterized by idiocy; foolish; fatuous; as, an idiotic person, speech, laugh, or action. IDIOTICALLY Id`i*ot"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a idiotic manner. IDIOTICON Id`i*ot"i*con, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Idiot.] Defn: A dictionary of a peculiar dialect, or of the words and phrases peculiar to one part of a country; a glossary. IDIOTISH Id"i*ot*ish, a. Defn: Like an idiot; foolish. IDIOTISM Id"i*ot*ism, n. Etym: [F. idiotisme, L. idiotismus the way of fashion of a private person, the common or vulgar manner of speaking, Gr. Idiot.] 1. An idiom; a form, mode of expression, or signification, peculiar to a language. Scholars sometimes give terminations and idiotisms, suitable to their native language, unto words newly invented. M. Hale. 2. Lack of knowledge or mental capacity; idiocy; foolishness. Worse than mere ignorance or idiotism. Shaftesbury. The running that adventure is the greatist idiotism. Hammond. IDIOTIZE Id"i*ot*ize, v. i. Defn: To become stupid. [R.] IDIOTRY Id"i*ot*ry, n. Defn: Idiocy. [R.] Bp. Warburton. IDLE I"dle, a. [Compar. Idler; superl. Idlest.] Etym: [OE. idel, AS. idel vain, empty, useless; akin to OS. idal, D. ijdel, OHG. ital vain, empty, mere, G. eitel, Dan. & Sw. idel mere, pure, and prob. to Gr. Ether.] 1. Of no account; useless; vain; trifling; unprofitable; thoughtless; silly; barren. "Deserts idle." Shak. Every idle word that men shall speak, they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment. Matt. xii. 36. Down their idle weapons dropped. Milton. This idle story became important. Macaulay. 2. Not called into active service; not turned to appropriate use; unemployed; as, idle hours. The idle spear and shield were high uphing. Milton. 3. Not employed; unoccupied with business; inactive; doing nothing; as, idle workmen. Why stand ye here all the day idle Matt. xx. 6. 4. Given rest and ease; averse to labor or employment; lazy; slothful; as, an idle fellow. 5. Light-headed; foolish. [Obs.] Ford. Idle pulley (Mach.), a pulley that rests upon a belt to tighten it; a pulley that only guides a belt and is not used to transmit power. -- Idle wheel (Mach.), a gear wheel placed between two others, to transfer motion from one to the other without changing the direction of revolution. -- In idle, in vain. [Obs.] "God saith, thou shalt not take the name of thy Lord God in idle." Chaucer. Syn. -- Unoccupied; unemployed; vacant; inactive; indolent; sluggish; slothful; useless; ineffectual; futile; frivolous; vain; trifling; unprofitable; unimportant. -- Idle, Indolent, Lazy. A propensity to inaction is expressed by each of these words; they differ in the cause and degree of this characteristic. Indolent denotes an habitual love to ease, a settled dislike of movement or effort; idle is opposed to busy, and denotes a dislike of continuous exertion. Lazy is a stronger and more contemptuous term than indolent. IDLE I"dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Idled; p. pr. & vb. n. Idling.] Defn: To lose or spend time in inaction, or without being employed in business. Shak. IDLE I"dle, v. t. Defn: To spend in idleness; to waste; to consume; -- often followed by away; as, to idle away an hour a day. IDLE-HEADED I"dle-head`ed, a. 1. Foolish; stupid. [Obs.] "The superstitious idle-headed eld." Shak. 2. Delirious; infatuated. [Obs.] L'Estrange. IDLENESS I"dle*ness, n. Etym: [AS. idelnes.] Defn: The condition or quality of being idle (in the various senses of that word); uselessness; fruitlessness; triviality; inactivity; laziness. Syn. -- Inaction; indolence; sluggishness; sloth. IDLE-PATED I"dle-pat`ed, a. Defn: Idle-headed; stupid. [Obs.] IDLER I"dler, n. 1. One who idles; one who spends his time in inaction; a lazy person; a sluggard. 2. (Naut.) Defn: One who has constant day duties on board ship, and keeps no regular watch. Totten. 3. (Mach.) Defn: An idle wheel or pulley. See under Idle. IDLESS; IDLESSE I"dless, I"dlesse, n. Defn: Idleness. [Archaic] "In ydlesse." Spenser. And an idlesse all the day Beside a wandering stream. Mrs. Browning. IDLY I"dly, adv. Defn: In a idle manner; ineffectually; vainly; lazily; carelessly; (Obs.) foolishly. IDO I"do (e"do), n. Defn: An artificial international language, selected by the "Delegation for the Adoption of an Auxillary International Language" (founded at Paris in 1901), made public in 1907, and subsequently greatly revised and extended by a permanent committee or "Academy." It combines systematically the advantages of previous schemes with a thoroughly logical word formation, and has neither accented constants nor arbitrarily coined pronominal words. For each idea that root is selected which is already most international, on the principle of the "greatest facility for the greatest number of people." The word "Ido" means in the language itself "offspring." The official name is: "Linguo Internaciona di la Delegitaro (Sistema Ido)." --I"dism (#), n. -- I"dist (#), n. IDOCRASE Id"o*crase, n. Etym: [Gr. idocrase.] (Min.) Defn: Same as Vesuvianite. IDOL I"dol, n. Etym: [OE. idole, F. idole, L. idolum, fr. Gr. Wit, and cf. Eidolon.] 1. An image or representation of anything. [Obs.] Do her adore with sacred reverence, As th' idol of her maker's great magnificence. Spenser. 2. An image of a divinity; a representation or symbol of a deity or any other being or thing, made or used as an object of worship; a similitude of a false god. That they should not worship devils, and idols of gold. Rev. ix. 20. 3. That on which the affections are strongly (often excessively) set; an object of passionate devotion; a person or thing greatly loved or adored. The soldier's god and people's idol. Denham. 4. A false notion or conception; a fallacy. Bacon. The idols of preconceived opinion. Coleridge. IDOLASTRE I`do*las"tre, n. Etym: [OE., for idolatre.] Defn: An idolater. [Obs.] Chaucer. IDOLATER I*dol"a*ter, n. Etym: [F. idolâtre: cf. L. idololatres, Gr. Idolatry.] 1. A worshiper of idols; one who pays divine honors to images, statues, or representations of anything made by hands; one who worships as a deity that which is not God; a pagan. 2. An adorer; a great admirer. Jonson was an idolater of the ancients. Bp. Hurd. IDOLATRESS I*dol"a*tress, n. Defn: A female worshiper of idols. IDOLATRICAL I`do*lat"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. idolâtrique.] Defn: Idolatrous. [Obs.] IDOLATRIZE I*dol"a*trize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Idolatrized; p. pr. & vb. n. Idolatrizing.] Defn: To worship idols; to pay idolatrous worship. IDOLATRIZE I*dol"a*trize, v. t. Defn: To make in idol of; to idolize. IDOLATROUS I*dol"a*trous, a. 1. Of or pertaining to idolatry; partaking of the nature of idolatry; given to idolatry or the worship of false gods; as, idolatrous sacrifices. [Josiah] put down the idolatrous priests. 2 Kings xxiii. 5. 2. Consisting in, or partaking of, an excessive attachment or reverence; as, an idolatrous veneration for antiquity. IDOLATROUSLY I*dol"a*trous*ly, adv. Defn: In a idolatrous manner. IDOLATRY I*dol"a*try, n.; pl. Idolatries. Etym: [F. idolâtrie, LL. idolatria, L. idololatria, Fr. Gr. 1. The worship of idols, images, or anything which is not God; the worship of false gods. His eye surveyed the dark idolatries Of alienated Judah. Milton. 2. Excessive attachment or veneration for anything; respect or love which borders on adoration. Shak. IDOLISH I"dol*ish, a. Defn: Idolatrous. [Obs.] Milton. IDOLISM I"dol*ism, n. Defn: The worship of idols. [Obs.] IDOLIST I"dol*ist, n. Defn: A worshiper of idols. [Obs.] Milton. IDOLIZE I"dol*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Idolized; p. pr. & vb. n. Idolizing.] 1. To make an idol of; to pay idolatrous worship to; as, to idolize the sacred bull in Egypt. 2. To love to excess; to love or reverence to adoration; as, to idolize gold, children, a hero. IDOLIZE I"dol*ize, v. i. Defn: To practice idolatry. [R.] To idolize after the manner of Egypt. Fairbairn. IDOLIZER I"dol*i`zer, n. Defn: One who idolizes or loves to the point of reverence; an idolater. IDOLOCLAST I*dol"o*clast, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A breaker of idols; an iconoclast. IDOLOGRAPHICAL I*dol`o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Idol + -graph.] Defn: Descriptive of idols. [R.] Southey. IDOLOUS I"dol*ous, a. Defn: Idolatrous. [Obs.] Bale. IDOLUM; IDOLON I*do"lum, I*do"lon, n.; pl. Idola (#). [L. See Idol; cf. Eidolon.] Defn: Appearance or image; a phantasm; a spectral image; also, a mental image or idea. IDONEOUS I*do"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. idoneus.] Defn: Appropriate; suitable; proper; fit; adequate. [R.] An ecclesiastical benefice . . . ought to be conferred on an idoneous person. Ayliffe. IDORGAN Id*or"gan, n. Etym: [Gr. organ.] (Biol.) Defn: A morphological unit, consisting of two or more plastids, which does not possess the positive character of the person or stock, in distinction from the physiological organ or biorgan. See Morphon. IDRIALINE; IDRIALITE Id"ri*a*line, Id"ri*a*lite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. idrialine.] (Min.) Defn: A bituminous substance obtained from the mercury mines of Idria, where it occurs mixed with cinnabar. IDUMEAN Id`u*me"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ancient Idumea, or Edom, in Western Asia. -- n. Defn: An inhabitant of Idumea, an Edomite. IDYL I"dyl, n. Etym: [L. idyllium, Gr. idylle. See Idol.] Defn: A short poem; properly, a short pastoral poem; as, the idyls of Theocritus; also, any poem, especially a narrative or descriptive poem, written in an eleveted and highly finished style; also, by extension, any artless and easily flowing description, either in poetry or prose, of simple, rustic life, of pastoral scenes, and the like. [Written also idyll.] Wordsworth's solemn-thoughted idyl. Mrs. Browning. His [Goldsmith's] lovely idyl of the Vicar's home. F. Harrison. IDYLLIC I*dyl"lic, a. Defn: Of or belonging to idyls. I. E. I. e. Defn: Abbreviation of Latin id est, that is. IF If, conj. Etym: [OE. if, gif, AS. gif; akin to OFries. ief, gef, ef, OS. ef, of, D. of, or, whether, if, G. ob whether, if, OHG. oba, ibu, Icel. ef, Goth. iba, ibai, an interrogative particle; properly a case form of a noun meaning, doubt (cf. OHG. iba doubt, condition, Icel. if, ef, ifi, efi), and therefore orig. meaning, on condition that.] 1. In case that; granting, allowing, or supposing that; -- introducing a condition or supposition. Tisiphone, that oft hast heard my prayer, Assist, if OEdipus deserve thy care. Pope. If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread. Matt. iv. 3. 2. Whether; -- in dependent questions. Uncertain if by augury or chance. Dryden. She doubts if two and two make four. Prior. As if, But if. See under As, But. I' FAITH I' faith" Defn: . In faith; indeed; truly. Shak. IFERE I*fere", a. Etym: [Corrupted fr. in fere.] Defn: Together. [Obs.] Chaucer. IGASURIC Ig`a*su"ric, a. Etym: [See Igasurine.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, nux vomica or St. Ignatius's bean; as, igasuric acid. IGASURINE Ig`a*su"rine, n. Etym: [Malay igasura the nux vomica.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid found in nux vomica, and extracted as a white crystalline substance. IGLOO Ig"loo, n. 1. An Eskimo snow house. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A cavity, or excavation, made in the snow by a seal, over its breathing hole in the ice. IGNATIUS BEAN Ig*na"tius bean`. (Bot.) Defn: See Saint Ignatius's bean, under Saint. IGNEOUS Ig"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. igneus, fr. ignis fire; allied to Skr. agni, Lith. ugnis, OSlav. ogne.] 1. Pertaining to, having the nature of, fire; containing fire; resembling fire; as, an igneous appearance. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Resulting from, or produced by, the action of fire; as, lavas and basalt are igneous rocks. IGNESCENT Ig*nes"cent, a. Etym: [L. ignescens, p.pr. of ignescere to become inflamed, fr. ignis fire: cf. F. ignescent.] Defn: Emitting sparks of fire when struck with steel; scintillating; as, ignescent stones. IGNICOLIST Ig*nic"o*list, n. Etym: [L. ignis fire + colere to worship.] Defn: A worshiper of fire. [R.] IGNIFEROUS Ig*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. ignifer; ignis fire + ferre to bear.] Defn: Producing fire. [R.] Blount. IGNIFLUOUS Ig*nif"lu*ous, a. Etym: [L. ignifluus; ignis fire + fluere to flow.] Defn: Flowing with fire. [Obs.] Cockerman. IGNIFY Ig"ni*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ignified; p. pr. & vb. n. Ignifying.] Etym: [L. ignis fire + -fy.] Defn: To form into fire. [R.] Stukeley. IGNIGENOUS Ig*nig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. ignigenus; ignis fire + genere, ginere, to beget, produce.] Defn: Produced by the action of fire, as lava. [R.] IGNIPOTENCE Ig*nip"o*tence, n. Defn: Power over fire. [R.] IGNIPOTENT Ig*nip"o*tent, a. Etym: [L. ignipotens; ignis fire + potens powerful.] Defn: Presiding over fire; also, fiery. Vulcan is called the powerful ignipotent. Pope. IGNIS FATUUS Ig"nis fat"u*us; pl. Ignes fatui. Etym: [L. ignis fire + fatuus foolish. So called in allusion to its tendency to mislead travelers.] 1. A phosphorescent light that appears, in the night, over marshy ground, supposed to be occasioned by the decomposition of animal or vegetable substances, or by some inflammable gas; -- popularly called also Will-with-the-wisp, or Will-o'-the-wisp, and Jack-with-a- lantern, or Jack-o'-lantern. 2. Fig.: A misleading influence; a decoy. Scared and guided by the ignis fatuus of popular superstition. Jer. Taylor. IGNITE Ig*nite", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ignited; p. pr. & vb. n. Igniting.] Etym: [L. ignitus, p.p. of ignire to ignite, fr. ignis fire. See Igneous.] 1. To kindle or set on fire; as, to ignite paper or wood. 2. (Chem.) Defn: To subject to the action of intense heat; to heat strongly; -- often said of incombustible or infusible substances; as, to ignite iron or platinum. IGNITE Ig*nite", v. i. Defn: To take fire; to begin to burn. IGNITIBLE Ig*nit"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being ignited. IGNITION Ig*ni"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ignition.] 1. The act of igniting, kindling, or setting on fire. 2. The state of being ignited or kindled. Sir T. Browne. IGNITOR Ig*nit"or, n. Defn: One who, or that which, produces ignition; especially, a contrivance for igniting the powder in a torpedo or the like. [Written also igniter.] IGNIVOMOUS Ig*niv"o*mous, a. Etym: [L. ignivomus; ignis fire + vomere 8vomit.] Defn: Vomiting fire. [R.] IGNOBILITY Ig`no*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. ignobilitas: cf. F. ignobilité.] Defn: Ignobleness. [Obs.] Bale. IGNOBLE Ig*no"ble, a. Etym: [L. ignobilis; pref. in- not + nobilis noble: cf. F. ignoble. See In- not, and Noble, a.] 1. Of low birth or family; not noble; not illustrious; plebeian; common; humble. I was not ignoble of descent. Shak. Her royal stock graft with ignoble plants. Shak. 2. Not honorable, elevated, or generous; base. 'T but a base, ignoble mind, That mounts no higher than a bird can soar. Shak. Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife. Gray. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Not a true or noble falcon; -- said of certain hawks, as the goshawk. Syn. -- Degenerate; degraded; mean; base; dishonorable; reproachful; disgraceful; shameful; scandalous; infamous. IGNOBLE Ig*no"ble, v. t. Defn: To make ignoble. [Obs.] Bacon. IGNOBLENESS Ig*no"ble*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being ignoble. IGNOBLY Ig*no"bly, adv. Defn: In an ignoble manner; basely. IGNOMINIOUS Ig`no*min"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. ignominiosus: cf. F. ignominieux.] 1. Marked with ignominy; in curring public disgrace; dishonorable; shameful. Then first with fear surprised and sense of pain, Fled ignominious. Milton. 2. Deserving ignominy; despicable. One single, obscure, ignominious projector. Swift. 3. Humiliating; degrading; as, an ignominious judgment or sentence. Macaulay. IGNOMINIOUSLY Ig`no*min"i*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In an ignominious manner; disgracefully; shamefully; ingloriously. IGNOMINY Ig"no*min*y, n.; pl. Ignominies. Etym: [L. ignominia ignominy (i.e., a deprivation of one's good name); in- not + nomen name: cf. F. ignominie. See In- not, and Name.] 1. Public disgrace or dishonor; reproach; infamy. Their generals have been received with honor after their defeat; yours with ignominy after conquest. Addison. Vice begins in mistake, and ends in ignominy. Rambler. Ignominy is the infliction of such evil as is made dishonorable, or the deprivation of such good as is made honorable by the Common wealth. Hobbes. 2. An act deserving disgrace; an infamous act. Syn. -- Opprobrium; reproach; dishonor. IGNOMY Ig"no*my, n. Defn: Ignominy. [R. & Obs.] I blush to think upon this ignomy. Shak. IGNORAMUS Ig`no*ra"mus, n. Etym: [L., we are ignorant. See Ignore.] 1. (Law) Defn: We are ignorant; we ignore; -- being the word formerly written on a bill of indictment by a grand jury when there was not sufficient evidence to warrant them in finding it a true bill. The phrase now used is, "No bill," "No true bill," or "Not found," though in some jurisdictions "Ignored" is still used. Wharton (Law Dict. ). Burn. 2. (pl. Ignoramuses (.) Defn: A stupid, ignorant person; a vain pretender to knowledge; a dunce. An ignoramus in place and power. South. IGNORANCE Ig"no*rance, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. ignorantia.] 1. The condition of being ignorant; the want of knowledge in general, or in relation to a particular subject; the state of being uneducated or uninformed. Ignorance is the curse of God, Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to heaven. Shak. 2. (Theol.) Defn: A willful neglect or refusal to acquire knowledge which one may acquire and it is his duty to have. Book of Common Prayer. Invincible ignorance (Theol.), ignorance beyond the individual's control and for which, therefore, he is not responsible before God. IGNORANT Ig"no*rant, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. ignorans, -antis, p.pr. of ignorare to be ignorant. See Ignore.] 1. Destitute of knowledge; uninstructed or uninformed; untaught; unenlightened. He that doth not know those things which are of use for him to know, is but an ignorant man, whatever he may know besides. Tillotson. 2. Unacquainted with; unconscious or unaware; -- used with of. Ignorant of guilt, I fear not shame. Dryden. 3. Unknown; undiscovered. [Obs.] Ignorant concealment. Shak. Alas, what ignorant sin have I committed Shak. 4. Resulting from ignorance; foolish; silly. His shipping, Poor ignorant baubles! -- on our terrible seas, Like eggshells moved. Shak. Syn. -- Uninstructed; untaught; unenlightened; uninformed; unlearned; unlettered; illiterate. -- Ignorant, Illiterate. Ignorant denotes want of knowledge, either as to single subject or information in general; illiterate refers to an ignorance of letters, or of knowledge acquired by reading and study. In the Middle Ages, a great proportion of the higher classes were illiterate, and yet were far from being ignorant, especially in regard to war and other active pursuits. In such business Action is eloquence, and the eyes of the ignorant More learned than the ears. Shak. In the first ages of Christianity, not only the learned and the wise, but the ignorant and illiterate, embraced torments and death. Tillotson. IGNORANT Ig"no*rant, n. Defn: A person untaught or uninformed; one unlettered or unskilled; an ignoramous. Did I for this take pains to teach Our zealous ignorants to preach Denham. IGNORANTISM Ig"no*rant*ism, n. Defn: The spirit of those who extol the advantage to ignorance; obscuriantism. IGNORANTIST Ig"no*rant*ist, n. Defn: One opposed to the diffusion of knowledge; an obscuriantist. IGNORANTLY Ig"no*rant*ly, adv. Defn: In a ignorant manner; without knowledge; inadvertently. Whom therefoer ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you. Acts xvii. 23. IGNORE Ig*nore", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ignored; p. pr. & vb. n. Ignoring.] Etym: [L. ignorare; pref. in- not + the root of gnarus knowing, noscere to become acquainted with. See Know, and cf. Narrate.] 1. To be ignorant of or not acquainted with. [Archaic] Philosophy would solidly be established, if men would more carefully distinguish those things that they know from those that they ignore. Boyle. 2. (Law) Defn: To throw out or reject as false or ungrounded; -- said of a bill rejected by a grand jury for want of evidence. See Ignoramus. 3. Hence: To refuse to take notice of; to shut the eyes to; not to recognize; to disregard willfully and causelessly; as, to ignore certain facts; to ignore the presence of an objectionable person. Ignoring Italy under our feet, And seeing things before, behind. Mrs. Browning. IGNOSCIBLE Ig*nos"ci*ble, a. Etym: [L. ignoscibilis, fr. ignoscere to pardon, lit., not to wish to know; pref. in- not + gnoscere, noscere, to learn to know. See In- not, and Know.] Defn: Pardonable. [Obs.] Bailey. IGNOTE Ig*note", a. Etym: [L. ignotus; pref. in- not + gnotus, notus, known, p.p. of gnocere, nocere, to learn to know.] Defn: Unknown. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys. -- n. Defn: One who is unknown. Bp. Hacket. IGUANA I*gua"na, n. Etym: [Sp. iguana, from the native name in Hayti. Cf. Guana.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of the genus Iguana, a genus of large American lizards of the family Iguanidæ. They are arboreal in their habits, usually green in color, and feed chiefly upon fruits. Note: The common iguana (I. tuberculata) of the West Indies and South America is sometimes five feet long. Its flesh is highly prized as food. The horned iguana (I. cornuta) has a conical horn between the eyes. IGUANIAN I*gua"ni*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling, or pertaining to, the iguana. IGUANID I*gua"nid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Iguanoid. IGUANODON I*gua"no*don, n. Etym: [Iguana + Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of gigantic herbivorous dinosaurs having a birdlike pelvis and large hind legs with three-toed feet capable of supporting the entire body. Its teeth resemble those of the iguana, whence its name. Several species are known, mostly from the Wealden of England and Europe. See Illustration in Appendix. IGUANODONT I*gua"no*dont, a. (Paleon.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the genus Iguanodon. IGUANOID I*gua"noid, a. Etym: [Iguana + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Iguanidæ. IHLANG-IHLANG Ih*lang`-ih*lang", n. Etym: [Malayan, flower of flowers.] Defn: A rich, powerful, perfume, obtained from the volatile oil of the flowers of Canada odorata, an East Indian tree. [Also written ylang-ylang.] IHRAM Ih*ram", n. Defn: The peculiar dress worn by pilgrims to Mecca. IHVH IHVH. [Written also JHVH, YHVH.] Defn: A transliteration of the four constants forming the Hebrew tetragrammaton or "incommunicable name" of the Supreme Being, which in latter Jewish tradition is not pronounced save with the vowels of adonai or elohim, so that the true pronunciation is lost. Numerous attempts have been made to represent the supposed original form of the word, as Jahaveh, Jahvaj, Jahve, Jahveh, Yahve, Yahveh, Yahwe, Yahweh, etc. IK Ik, pron. Etym: [See I.] Defn: I [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Note: The Northern dialectic form of I, in Early English, corresponding to ich of the Southern. IL- Il- Defn: . A form of the prefix in-, not, and in-, among. See In-. ILE Ile, n. Etym: [AS. egl.] Defn: Ear of corn. [Obs.] Ainsworth. ILE Ile, n. Etym: [See Aisle.] Defn: An aisle. [Obs.] H. Swinburne. ILE Ile, n. Etym: [See Isle.] Defn: An isle. [Obs.] Chaucer. ILEAC Il"e*ac, a. Etym: [See Ileum.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the ileum. [Written also iliac.] 2. See Iliac, 1. [R.] Ileac passion. (Med.) See Ileus. ILEOCAECAL Il`e*o*cæ"cal, a. Etym: [Ileum + cæcal.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the ileum and cæcum. ILEOCOLIC Il`e*o*col"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the ileum and colon; as, the ileocolic, or ileocæcal, valve, a valve where the ileum opens into the large intestine. ILEUM Il"e*um, n. Etym: [L. ile, ileum, ilium, pl. ilia, groin, flank.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The last, and usually the longest, division of the small intestine; the part between the jejunum and large intestine. [Written also ileon, and ilium.] 2. (Anat.) Defn: See Ilium. [R.] Note: Most modern writers restrict ileum to the division of the intestine and ilium to the pelvic bone. ILEUS Il"e*us, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition due to intestinal obstruction. It is characterized by complete constipation, with griping pains in the abdomen, which is greatly distended, and in the later stages by vomiting of fecal matter. Called also ileac, or iliac, passion. ILEX I"lex, n. Etym: [L., holm oak.] (Bot.) (a) The holm oak (Quercus Ilex). (b) A genus of evergreen trees and shrubs, including the common holly. ILIAC Il"i*ac, a. Etym: [L. Iliacus, Gr. Iliad.] Defn: Pertaining to ancient Ilium, or Troy. Gladstone. ILIAC Il"i*ac, a. Etym: [Cf. F. iliaque. See Ileum, and cf. Jade a stone.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or in the region of, the ilium, or dorsal bone of the pelvis; as, the iliac artery. [Written also ileac.] 2. See Ileac, 1. [R.] Iliac crest, the upper margin of the ilium. -- Iliac passion. See Ileus. -- Iliac region, a region of the abdomen, on either side of the hypogastric regions, and below the lumbar regions. ILIACAL I*li"a*cal, a. Defn: Iliac. [R.] ILIAD Il"i*ad, n. Etym: [L. Ilias, -adis, Gr. Defn: A celebrated Greek epic poem, in twenty-four books, on the destruction of Ilium, the ancient Troy. The Iliad is ascribed to Homer. ILIAL Il"i*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the ilium; iliac. ILICHE I*liche", adv. Etym: [OE., fr. AS. gelic. Cf. Alike.] Defn: Alike. [Obs.] Chaucer. ILICIC I*lic"ic, a. Etym: [L. ilex, ilicis, holm oak.] Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the holly (Ilex), and allied plants; as, ilicic acid. ILICIN Il"i*cin, n. (Chem.) Defn: The bitter principle of the holly. ILIO- Il"i*o-. Etym: [From Ilium.] Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to denote connection with, or relation to, the ilium; as, ilio-femoral, ilio-lumbar, ilio-psoas, etc. ILIOFEMORAL Il`i*o*fem"o*ral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the ilium and femur; as, iliofemoral ligaments. ILIOLUMBAR Il`i*o*lum"bar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the iliac and lumbar regions; as, the iliolumbar artery. ILIOPSOAS Il`i*o*pso"as, n. (Anat.) Defn: The great flexor muscle of the hip joint, divisible into two parts, the iliac and great psoas, -- often regarded as distinct muscles. ILIUM Il"i*um, n. Etym: [See Ileum.] (Anat.) Defn: The dorsal one of the three principal bones comprising either lateral half of the pelvis; the dorsal or upper part of the hip bone. See Innominate bone, under Innominate. [Written also ilion, and ileum.] ILIXANTHIN Il`ix*an"thin, n. Etym: [Ilex the genus including the holly + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow dye obtained from the leaves of the holly. ILK Ilk, a. Etym: [Scot. ilk, OE. ilke the same, AS. ilca. Cf. Each.] Defn: Same; each; every. [Archaic] Spenser. Of that ilk, denoting that a person's surname and the title of his estate are the same; as, Grant of that ilk, i.e., Grant of Grant. Jamieson. ILKE Il"ke, a. Etym: [See Ilk.] Defn: Same. [Obs.] Chaucer. ILKON; ILKOON Il*kon", Il*koon", pron. Etym: [See Ilk, and One.] Defn: Each one; every one. [Obs.] Chaucer. ILL Ill, a. [The regular comparative and superlative are wanting, their places being supplied by worse ( and worst (, from another root.] Etym: [OE. ill, ille, Icel. illr; akin to Sw. illa, adv., Dan. ilde, adv.] 1. Contrary to good, in a physical sense; contrary or opposed to advantage, happiness, etc.; bad; evil; unfortunate; disagreeable; unfavorable. Neither is it ill air only that maketh an ill seat, but ill ways, ill markets, and ill neighbors. Bacon. There 's some ill planet reigns. Shak. 2. Contrary to good, in a moral sense; evil; wicked; wrong; iniquitious; naughtly; bad; improper. Of his own body he was ill, and gave The clergy ill example. Shak. 3. Sick; indisposed; unwell; diseased; disordered; as, ill of a fever. I am in health, I breathe, and see thee ill. Shak. 4. Not according with rule, fitness, or propriety; incorrect; rude; unpolished; inelegant. That 's an ill phrase. Shak. Ill at ease, uneasy; uncomfortable; anxious. "I am very ill at ease." Shak. -- Ill blood, enmity; resentment. -- Ill breeding, want of good breeding; rudeness. -- Ill fame, ill or bad repute; as, a house of ill fame, a house where lewd persons meet for illicit intercourse. -- Ill humor, a disagreeable mood; bad temper. -- Ill nature, bad disposition or temperament; sullenness; esp., a disposition to cause unhappiness to others. -- Ill temper, anger; moroseness; crossness. -- Ill turn. (a) An unkind act. (b) A slight attack of illness. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Ill will, unkindness; enmity; malevolence. Syn. -- Bad; evil; wrong; wicked; sick; unwell. ILL Ill, n. 1. Whatever annoys or impairs happiness, or prevents success; evil of any kind; misfortune; calamity; disease; pain; as, the ills of humanity. Who can all sense of others' ills escape Is but a brute at best in human shape. Tate. That makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of. Shak. 2. Whatever is contrary to good, in a moral sense; wickedness; depravity; iniquity; wrong; evil. Strong virtue, like strong nature, struggles still, Exerts itself, and then throws off the ill. Dryden. ILL Ill, adv. Defn: In a ill manner; badly; weakly. How ill this taper burns! Shak. Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates and men decay. Goldsmith. Note: Ill, like above, well, and so, is used before many participal adjectives, in its usual adverbal sense. When the two words are used as an epithet preceding the noun qualified they are commonly hyphened; in other cases they are written separatively; as, an ill- educated man; he was ill educated; an ill-formed plan; the plan, however ill formed, was acceptable. Ao, also, the following: ill- affected or ill affected, ill-arranged or ill arranged, ill-assorted or ill assorted, ill-boding or ill boding, ill-bred or ill bred, ill- conditioned, ill-conducted, ill-considered, ill-devised, ill- disposed, ill-doing, ill-fairing, ill-fated, ill-favored, ill- featured, ill-formed, ill-gotten, ill-imagined, ill-judged, ill- looking, ill-mannered, ill-matched, ill-meaning, ill-minded, ill- natured, ill-omened, ill-proportioned, ill-provided, ill-required, ill-sorted, ill-starred, ill-tempered, ill-timed, ill-trained, ill- used, and the like. I' LL I' ll Defn: . Contraction for I will or I shall. I'll by a sign give notice to our friends. Shak. ILLABILE Il*lab"ile, a. Defn: Incapable of falling or erring; infalliable. [Obs.] -- Il`la*bil"i*ty, n. [Obs.] ILLACERABLE Il*lac"er*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. illacerabilis: cf. F. illacérable. See In- not, and Lacerable.] Defn: Not lacerable; incapable of being torn or rent. [Obs.] ILLACRYMABLE Il*lac"ry*ma*ble, a. Etym: [L. illacrimabilis; pref. il- not + lacrimabilis worthy of tears.] Defn: Incapable of weeping. [Obs.] Bailey. ILLAPSABLE Il*laps"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. il- not + lapsable.] Defn: Incapable of slipping, or of error. [R.] Morally immutable and illapsable. Glanvill. ILLAPSE Il*lapse", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Illapsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Illapsing.] Etym: [L. illapsus, p.p. of illabi; pref. il- in + labi to fall, slide.] Defn: To fall or glide; to pass; -- usually followed by into. Cheyne. ILLAPSE Il*lapse", n. Etym: [L. illapsus. See Illapse, v. i.] Defn: A gliding in; an immisson or entrance of one thing into another; also, a sudden descent or attack. Akenside. They sit silent . . . waiting for an illapse of the spirit. Jeffrey. ILLAQUEABLE Il*la"que*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being insnared or entrapped. [R.] Cudworth. ILLAQUEATE Il*la"que*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illaqueated; p. pr. & vb. n. Illaqueating.] Etym: [L. illaqueatus, p.p. of illaqueare; pref. il- in + laqueare to insnare, fr. laqueus, noose, snare.] Defn: To insnare; to entrap; to entangle; to catch. Let not the surpassing eloquence of Taylor dazzle you, nor his scholastic retairy versatility of logic illaqueate your good sense. Coleridge. ILLAQUEATION Il*la`que*a"tion, n. 1. The act of catching or insnaring. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. A snare; a trap. Johnson. ILLATION Il*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. illatio, fr. illatus, used as p.p. of inferre to carry or bring in, but from a different root: cf. F. illation. See 1st In-, and Tolerate, and cf. Infer.] Defn: The act or process of inferring from premises or reasons; perception of the connection between ideas; that which is inferred; inference; deduction; conclusion. Fraudulent deductions or inconsequent illations from a false conception of things. Sir T. Browne. ILLATIVE Il"la*tive, a. Etym: [L. illativus: cf. F. illatif.] Defn: Relating to, dependent on, or denoting, illation; inferential; conclusive; as, an illative consequence or proposition; an illative word, as then, therefore, etc. Illative conversion (Logic), a converse or reverse statement of a proposition which in that form must be true because the original proposition is true. -- Illative sense (Metaph.), the faculty of the mind by which it apprehends the conditions and determines upon the correctness of inferences. ILLATIVE Il"la*tive, n. Defn: An illative particle, as for, because. ILLATIVELY Il"la*tive*ly, adv. Defn: By inference; as an illative; in an illative manner. ILLAUDABLE Il*laud"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. illaudabilis. See In- not, and Laudable.] Defn: Not laudable; not praise-worthy; worthy of censure or disapprobation. Milton. -- Il*laud"a*bly, adv. [Obs.] Broome. ILL-BODING Ill`-bod"ing, a. Defn: Boding evil; inauspicious; ill-omened. "Ill-boding stars." Shak. ILL-BRED Ill"-bred`, a. Defn: Badly educated or brought up; impolite; incivil; rude. See Note under Ill, adv. ILLECEBRATION Il*lec`e*bra"tion, n. Etym: [See Illecebrous.] Defn: Allurement. [R.] T. Brown. ILLECEBROUS Il*lec"e*brous, a. Etym: [L. illecebrosus, fr. illecebra allurement, fr. illicere to allure.] Defn: Alluring; attractive; enticing. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. ILLEGAL Il*le"gal, a. Etym: [Pref. il- not + legal: cf. F. illégal.] Defn: Not according to, or authorized by, law; specif., contrary to, or in violation of, human law; unlawful; illicit; hence, immoral; as, an illegal act; illegal trade; illegal love. Bp. Burnet. ILLEGALITY Il`le*gal"i*ty, n.; pl. Illegalities. Etym: [Cf. F. illégalité.] Defn: The quality or condition of being illegal; unlawfulness; as, the illegality of trespass or of false imprisonment; also, an illegal act. ILLEGALIZE Il*le"gal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illegalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Illegalizing.] Defn: To make or declare illegal or unlawful. ILLEGALLY Il*le"gal*ly, adv. Defn: In a illegal manner; unlawfully. ILLEGALNESS Il*le"gal*ness, n. Defn: Illegality, unlawfulness. ILLEGIBILITY Il*leg`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being illegible. ILLEGIBLE Il*leg"i*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being read; not legible; as, illegible handwriting; an illegible inscription. -- Il*leg"i*ble*ness, n. -- Il*leg"i*bly, adv. ILLEGITIMACY Il`le*git"i*ma*cy, n. Defn: The state of being illegitimate. Blackstone. ILLEGITIMATE Il`le*git"i*mate, a. 1. Not according to law; not regular or authorized; unlawful; improper. 2. Unlawfully begotten; born out of wedlock; bastard; as, an illegitimate child. 3. Not legitimately deduced or inferred; illogical; as, an illegitimate inference. 4. Not authorized by good usage; not genuine; spurious; as, an illegitimate word. Illegitimate fertilization, or Illegitimate union (Bot.), the fertilization of pistils by stamens not of their own length, in heterogonously dimorphic and trimorphic flowers. Darwin. ILLEGITIMATE Il`le*git"i*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illegitimated; p. pr. & vb. n. Illegitimating.] Defn: To render illegitimate; to declare or prove to be born out of wedlock; to bastardize; to illegitimatize. The marriage should only be dissolved for the future, without illegitimating the issue. Bp. Burnet. ILLEGITIMATELY Il`le*git"i*mate*ly, adv. Defn: In a illegitimate manner; unlawfully. ILLEGITIMATION Il`le*git`i*ma"tion, n. 1. The act of illegitimating; bastardizing. 2. The state of being illegitimate; illegitimacy. [Obs.] Gardiner had performed his promise to the queen of getting her illegitimation taken off. Bp. Burnet. ILLEGITIMATIZE Il`le*git"i*ma*tize, v. t. Defn: To render illegitimate; to bastardize. ILLESIVE Il*le"sive, a. Etym: [Pref. il- not + L. laedere, laesum, to injure.] Defn: Not injurious; harmless. [R.] ILLEVIABLE Il*lev"i*a*ble, a. Defn: Not leviable; incapable of being imposed, or collected. [R.] Sir M. Hale. ILL-FAVORED Ill`-fa"vored, a. Defn: Wanting beauty or attractiveness; deformed; ugly; ill-looking. Ill-favored and lean-fleshed. Gen. xli. 3. -- Ill`-fa"vored*ly, adv. -- Ill`-fa"vored*ness, n. ILLIBERAL Il*lib"er*al, a. Etym: [L. illiberalis; pref. il- not + liberalis liberal: cf. F. illibéral.] 1. Not liberal; not free or generous; close; niggardly; mean; sordid. "A thrifty and illiberal hand." Mason. 2. Indicating a lack of breeding, culture, and the like; ignoble; rude; narrow-minded; disingenuous. 3. Not well authorized or elegant; as, illiberal words in Latin. [R.] Chesterfield. ILLIBERALISM Il*lib"er*al*ism, n. Defn: Illiberality. [R.] ILLIBERALITY Il*lib`er*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. illiberalitas: cf. F. illibéralité.] Defn: The state or quality of being illiberal; narrowness of mind; meanness; niggardliness. Bacon. ILLIBERALIZE Il*lib"er*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illiberalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Illiberalizing.] Defn: To make illiberal. ILLIBERALLY Il*lib"er*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a illiberal manner, ungenerously; uncharitably; parsimoniously. ILLIBERALNESS Il*lib"er*al*ness, n. Defn: The state of being illiberal; illiberality. ILLICIT Il*lic"it, a. Etym: [L. illicitus; pref. il- not + licitus, p.p. of licere to be allowed or permitted: cf. F. illicite. See In- not, and License.] Defn: Not permitted or allowed; prohibited; unlawful; as, illicit trade; illicit intercourse; illicit pleasure. One illicit . . . transaction always leads to another. Burke. -- Il*lic"it*ly, adv. -- Il*lic"it*ness, n. ILLICITOUS Il*lic"it*ous, a. Defn: Illicit. [R.] Cotgrave. ILLICIUM Il*li"ci*um, n. Etym: [So called, in allusion to its aroma, from L. illicium an allurement.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of Asiatic and American magnoliaceous trees, having star-shaped fruit; star anise. The fruit of Illicium anisatum is used as a spice in India, and its oil is largely used in Europe for flavoring cordials, being almost identical with true oil of anise. ILLIGHTEN Il*light"en, v. t. Defn: To enlighten. [Obs.] ILLIMITABLE Il*lim"it*a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. il- not + limitable: cf. F. illimitable.] Defn: Incapable of being limited or bounded; immeasurable; limitless; boundless; as, illimitable space. The wild, the irregular, the illimitable, and the luxuriant, have their appropriate force of beauty. De Quincey. Syn. -- Boundless; limitless; unlimited; unbounded; immeasurable; infinite; immense; vast. -- Il*lim"it*a*ble*ness, n. -- Il*lim"it*a*bly, adv. ILLIMITATION Il*lim`it*a"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. il- not + limitation: cf. F. illimitation.] Defn: State of being illimitable; want of, or freedom from, limitation. Bp. Hall. ILLIMITED Il*lim"it*ed, a. Defn: Not limited; interminable. Bp. Hall. -- Il*lim"it*ed*ness, n. The absoluteness and illimitedness of his commission was generally much spoken of. Clarendon. ILLINITION Il`li*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L. illinire, illinere, to besmear; pref. il- in, on + linire, linere, to smear.] 1. A smearing or rubbing in or on; also, that which is smeared or rubbed on, as ointment or liniment. 2. A thin crust of some extraneous substance formed on minerals. [R.] A thin crust or illinition of black manganese. Kirwan. ILLINOIS Il`li*nois", n.sing. & pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of North American Indians, which formerly occupied the region between the Wabash and Mississippi rivers. ILLIQUATION Il`li*qua"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. il- in + L. liquare to melt.] Defn: The melting or dissolving of one thing into another. ILLISH Ill"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat ill. [Obs.] Howell. ILLISION Il*li"sion, n. Etym: [L. illisio, fr. illidere, illisum, to strike against; pref. il- in + laedere to strike.] Defn: The act of dashing or striking against. Sir T. Browne. ILLITERACY Il*lit"er*a*cy, n.; pl. Illiteracies. Etym: [From Illiterate.] 1. The state of being illiterate, or uneducated; want of learning, or knowledge; ignorance; specifically, inability to read and write; as, the illiteracy shown by the last census. 2. An instance of ignorance; a literary blunder. The many blunders and illiteracies of the first publishers of his [Shakespeare's] works. Pope. ILLITERAL Il*lit"er*al, a. Defn: Not literal. [R.] B. Dawson. ILLITERATE Il*lit"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. illiteratus: pref. il- not + literatus learned. See In- not, and Literal.] Defn: Ignorant of letters or books; unlettered; uninstructed; uneducated; as, an illiterate man, or people. Syn. -- Ignorant; untaught; unlearned; unlettered; unscholary. See Ignorant. -- Il*lit"er*ate*ly, adv. -- Il*lit"er*ate*ness, n. ILLITERATURE Il*lit"er*a*ture, n. Defn: Want of learning; illiteracy. [R.] Ayliffe. Southey. ILL-JUDGED Ill"-judged`, a. Defn: Not well judged; unwise. ILL-LIVED Ill"-lived`, a. Defn: Leading a wicked life. [Obs.] ILL-LOOKING Ill"-look`ing, a. Defn: Having a bad look; threatening; ugly. See Note under Ill, adv. ILL-MANNERED Ill`-man"nered, a. Defn: Impolite; rude. ILL-MINDED Ill"-mind`ed, a. Defn: Ill-disposed. Byron. ILL-NATURED Ill`-na"tured, a. 1. Of habitual bad temper; peevish; fractious; cross; crabbed; surly; as, an ill-natured person. 2. Dictated by, or indicating, ill nature; spiteful. "The ill-natured task refuse." Addison. 3. Intractable; not yielding to culture. [R.] "Ill-natured land." J. Philips. -- Ill`-na"tured*ly, adv. -- Ill`-na"tured*ness, n. ILLNESS Ill"ness, n. Etym: [From Ill.] 1. The condition of being ill, evil, or bad; badness; unfavorableness. [Obs.] "The illness of the weather." Locke. 2. Disease; indisposition; malady; disorder of health; sickness; as, a short or a severe illness. 3. Wrong moral conduct; wickedness. Shak. Syn. -- Malady; disease; indisposition; ailment. -- Illness, Sickness. Within the present century, there has been a tendency in England to use illness in the sense of a continuous disease, disorder of health, or sickness, and to confine sickness more especially to a sense of nausea, or "sickness of the stomach." ILL-NURTURED Ill"-nur`tured, a. Defn: Ill-bred. Shak. ILLOCALITY Il`lo*cal"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of locality or place. [R.] Cudworth. ILLOGICAL Il*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Ignorant or negligent of the rules of logic or correct reasoning; as, an illogical disputant; contrary of the rules of logic or sound reasoning; as, an illogical inference. -- Il*log"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Il*log"ic*al*ness, n. ILL-OMENED Ill`-o"mened, a. Defn: Having unlucky omens; inauspicious. See Note under Ill, adv. ILL-STARRED Ill"-starred`, a. Defn: Fated to be unfortunate; unlucky; as, an ill-starred man or day. ILL-TEMPERED Ill`-tem"pered, a. 1. Of bad temper; morose; crabbed; sour; peevish; fretful; quarrelsome. 2. Unhealthy; ill-conditioned. [Obs.] So ill-tempered I am grown, that I am afraid I shall catch cold, while all the world is afraid to melt away. Pepys. ILL-TIMED Ill"-timed`, a. Defn: Done, attempted, or said, at an unsuitable or unpropitious time. ILLTREAT Ill`treat", v. t. Defn: To treat cruelly or improperly; to ill use; to maltreat. ILLUDE Il*lude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illuded; p. pr. & vb. n. Illuding.] Etym: [L. illudere, illusum; pref. il- in + ludere to play: cf. OF. illuder. See Ludicrous.] Defn: To play upon by artifice; to deceive; to mock; to excite and disappoint the hopes of. ILLUME Il*lume", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illumed; p. pr. & vb. n. Illuming.] Etym: [Cf. F. illuminer. See Illuminate.] Defn: To throw or spread light upon; to make light or bright; to illuminate; to illumine. Shak. The mountain's brow, Illumed with fluid gold. Thomson. ILLUMINABLE Il*lu"mi*na*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being illuminated. ILLUMINANT Il*lu"mi*nant, n. Etym: [L. illuminans, -antis, p.pr. of illuminare.] Defn: That which illuminates or affords light; as, gas and petroleum are illuminants. Boyle. ILLUMINARY Il*lu"mi*na*ry, a. Defn: Illuminative. ILLUMINATE Il*lu"mi*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illuminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Illuminating.] Etym: [L. illuminatus, p.p. of illuminare; pref. il- in + luminare to enlighten, fr. lumen light. See Luminous, and cf. Illume, Illumine, Enlimn, Limn.] 1. To make light; to throw light on; to supply with light, literally or figuratively; to brighten. 2. To light up; to decorate with artificial lights, as a building or city, in token of rejoicing or respect. 3. To adorn, as a book or page with borders, initial letters, or miniature pictures in colors and gold, as was done in manuscripts of the Middle Ages. 4. To make plain or clear; to dispel the obscurity to by knowledge or reason; to explain; to elucidate; as, to illuminate a text, a problem, or a duty. ILLUMINATE Il*lu"mi*nate, v. i. Defn: To light up in token or rejoicing. ILLUMINATE Il*lu"mi*nate, a. Etym: [L. illuminatus, p.p.] Defn: Enlightened. Bp. Hall. ILLUMINATE Il*lu"mi*nate, n. Defn: One who enlightened; esp., a pretender to extraordinary light and knowledge. ILLUMINATI Il*lu`mi*na"ti, n. pl. Etym: [L. illuminatus. See Illuminate, v. t., and cf. Illuminee.] Defn: Literally, those who are enlightened; -- variously applied as follows: - 1. (Eccl.) Defn: Persons in the early church who had received baptism; in which ceremony a lighted taper was given them, as a symbol of the spiritual illumination they has received by that sacrament. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: Members of a sect which sprung up in Spain about the year 1575. Their principal doctrine was, that, by means of prayer, they had attained to so perfect a state as to have no need of ordinances, sacraments, good works, etc.; -- called also Alumbrados, Perfectibilists, etc. 3. (Mod. Hist.) Defn: Members of certain associations in Modern Europe, who combined to promote social reforms, by which they expected to raise men and society to perfection, esp. of one originated in 1776 by Adam Weishaupt, professor of canon law at Ingolstadt, which spread rapidly for a time, but ceased after a few years. 4. Also applied to: (a) An obscure sect of French Familists. (b) The Hesychasts, Mystics, and Quietists; (c) The Rosicrucians. 5. Any persons who profess special spiritual or intellectual enlightenment. ILLUMINATING Il*lu"mi*na`ting, a. Defn: Giving or producing light; used for illumination. Illuminating gas. See Gas, n., 2 (a). ILLUMINATION Il*lu`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. illuminatio: cf. F. illumination.] 1. The act of illuminating, or supplying with light; the state of being illuminated. 2. Festive decoration of houses or buildings with lights. 3. Adornment of books and manuscripts with colored illustrations. See Illuminate, v. t., 3. 4. That which is illuminated, as a house; also, an ornamented book or manuscript. 5. That which illuminates or gives light; brightness; splendor; especially, intellectual light or knowledge. The illumination which a bright genius giveth to his work. Felton. 6. (Theol.) Defn: The special communication of knowledge to the mind by God; inspiration. Hymns and psalms . . . are framed by meditation beforehand, or by prophetical illumination are inspired. Hooker. ILLUMINATISM Il*lu"mi*na*tism, n. Defn: Illuminism. [R.] ILLUMINATIVE Il*lu"mi*na*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. illuminatif.] Defn: Tending to illuminate or illustrate; throwing light; illustrative. "Illuminative reading." Carlyle. ILLUMINATOR Il*lu"mi*na`tor, n. Etym: [L., an enlightener, LL. also, an illuminator of books.] 1. One whose occupation is to adorn books, especially manuscripts, with miniatures, borders, etc. See Illuminate, v. t., 3. 2. A condenser or reflector of light in optical apparatus; also, an illuminant. ILLUMINE Il*lu"mine, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. illuminer. See Illuminate.] Defn: To illuminate; to light up; to adorn. ILLUMINEE Il*lu`mi*nee", n. Etym: [F. illuminé. Cf. Illuminati.] Defn: One of the Illuminati. ILLUMINER Il*lu"mi*ner, n. Defn: One who, or that which, illuminates. ILLUMINISM Il*lu"mi*nism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. illuminisme.] Defn: The principles of the Illuminati. ILLUMINISTIC Il*lu`mi*nis"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to illuminism, or the Illuminati. ILLUMINIZE Il*lu"mi*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illuminized; p. pr. & vb. n. Illuminizing.] Defn: To initiate the doctrines or principles of the Illuminati. ILLUMINOUS Il*lu"mi*nous, a. Defn: Bright; clear. [R.] H. Taylor. ILLURE Il*lure", v. t. Etym: [Pref. il- in + lure.] Defn: To deceive; to entice; to lure. [Obs.] The devil insnareth the souls of many men, by illuring them with the muck and dung of this world. Fuller. ILL-USED Ill`-used", a. Defn: Misapplied; treated badly. ILLUSION Il*lu"sion, n. Etym: [F. illusion, L. illusio, fr. illudere, illusum, to illude. See Illude.] 1. An unreal image presented to the bodily or mental vision; a deceptive appearance; a false show; mockery; hallucination. To cheat the eye with blear illusions. Milton. 2. Hence: Anything agreeably fascinating and charning; enchantment; witchery; glamour. Ye soft illusions, dear deceits, arise! Pope. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: A sensation originated by some external object, but so modified as in any way to lead to an erroneous perception; as when the rolling of a wagon is mistaken for thunder. Note: Some modern writers distinguish between an illusion and hallucination, regarding the former as originating with some external object, and the latter as having no objective occasion whatever. 4. A plain, delicate lace, usually of silk, used for veils, scarfs, dresses, etc. Syn. -- Delusion; mockery; deception; chimera; fallacy. See Delusion. Illusion, Delusion. Illusion refers particularly to errors of the sense; delusion to false hopes or deceptions of the mind. An optical deception is an illusion; a false opinion is a delusion. E. Edwards. ILLUSIONABLE Il*lu"sion*a*ble, a. Defn: Liable to illusion. ILLUSIONIST Il*lu"sion*ist, n. Defn: One given to illusion; a visionary dreamer. ILLUSIVE Il*lu"sive, a. Etym: [See Illude.] Defn: Deceiving by false show; deceitful; deceptive; false; illusory; unreal. Truth from illusive falsehood to command. Thomson. ILLUSIVELY Il*lu"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In a illusive manner; falsely. ILLUSIVENESS Il*lu"sive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being illusive; deceptiveness; false show. ILLUSORY Il*lu"so*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. illusore.] Defn: Deceiving, or tending of deceive; fallacious; illusive; as, illusory promises or hopes. ILLUSTRABLE Il*lus"tra*ble, a. Defn: Capable of illustration. Sir T. Browne. ILLUSTRATE Il*lus"trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illustrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Illustrating.] Etym: [L. illustratus, p.p. of illustrare to illustrate, fr. illustris bright. See Illustrious.] 1. To make clear, bright, or luminous. Here, when the moon illustrates all the sky. Chapman. 2. To set in a clear light; to exhibit distinctly or conspicuously. Shak. To prove him, and illustrate his high worth. Milton. 3. To make clear, intelligible, or apprehensible; to elucidate, explain, or exemplify, as by means of figures, comparisons, and examples. 4. To adorn with pictures, as a book or a subject; to elucidate with pictures, as a history or a romance. 5. To give renown or honor to; to make illustrious; to glorify. [Obs.] Matter to me of glory, whom their hate Illustrates. Milton. ILLUSTRATE Il*lus"trate, a. Etym: [L. illustratus, p.p.] Defn: Illustrated; distinguished; illustrious. [Obs.] This most gallant, illustrate, and learned gentleman. Shak. ILLUSTRATION Il`lus*tra"tion, n. Etym: [L. illustratio: cf. F. illustration.] 1. The act of illustrating; the act of making clear and distinct; education; also, the state of being illustrated, or of being made clear and distinct. 2. That which illustrates; a comparison or example intended to make clear or apprehensible, or to remove obscurity. 3. A picture designed to decorate a volume or elucidate a literary work. ILLUSTRATIVE Il*lus"tra*tive, a. 1. Tending or designed to illustrate, exemplify, or elucidate. 2. Making illustrious. [Obs.] ILLUSTRATIVELY Il*lus"tra*tive*ly, adv. Defn: By way of illustration or elucidation. [R.] Sir T. Browne. ILLUSTRATOR Il*lus"tra*tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who illustrates. ILLUSTRATORY Il*lus"tra*to*ry, a. Defn: Serving to illustrate. ILLUSTRIOUS Il*lus"tri*ous, a. Etym: [L. illustris, prob. for illuxtris; fr. il- in + the root of lucidus bright: cf. F. illustre. See Lucid.] 1. Possessing luster or brightness; brilliant; luminous; splendid. Quench the light; thine eyes are guides illustrious. Beau. & Fl. 2. Characterized by greatness, nobleness, etc.; eminent; conspicuous; distinguished. Illustrious earls, renowened everywhere. Drayton. 3. Conferring luster or honor; renowned; as, illustrious deeds or titles. Syn. -- Distinguished; famous; remarkable; brilliant; conspicuous; noted; celebrated; signal; renowened; eminent; exalted; noble; glorious. See Distinguished, Famous. ILLUSTRIOUSLY Il*lus"tri*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a illustrious manner; conspicuously; eminently; famously. Milton. ILLUSTRIOUSNESS Il*lus"tri*ous*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being eminent; greatness; grandeur; glory; fame. ILLUSTROUS Il*lus"trous, a. Etym: [Pref. il- not + lustrous.] Defn: Without luster. [Obs. & R.] ILLUTATION Il`lu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. il- in + L. lutum mud: cf. F. illutation.] Defn: The act or operation of smearing the body with mud, especially with the sediment from mineral springs; a mud bath. ILLUXURIOUS Il`lux*u"ri*ous, a. Defn: Not luxurious. [R.] Orrery. ILL-WILL Ill`-will" Defn: . See under Ill, a. ILL-WISHER Ill`-wish"er, n. Defn: One who wishes ill to another; an enemy. ILLY Il"ly, adv. Defn: Etym: [A word not fully approved, but sometimes used for the adverb ill.] ILMENITE Il"men*ite, n. Etym: [So called from Ilmen, a branch of the Ural Mountains.] (Min.) Defn: Titanic iron. See Menaccanite. ILMENIUM Il*me"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Ilmenite.] (Chem.) Defn: A supposed element claimed to have been discovered by R.Harmann. ILVAITE Il"va*ite, n. Etym: [From L. Ilva, the island now called Elba.] (Min.) Defn: A silicate of iron and lime occurring in black prismatic crystals and columnar masses. I'M I'm Defn: . A contraction of I am. IM- Im- Defn: . A form of the prefix in- not, and in- in. See In-. Im- also occurs in composition with some words not of Latin origin; as, imbank, imbitter. IMAGE Im"age, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. imago, imaginis, from the root of imitari to imitate. See Imitate, and cf. Imagine.] 1. An imitation, representation, or similitude of any person, thing, or act, sculptured, drawn, painted, or otherwise made perceptible to the sight; a visible presentation; a copy; a likeness; an effigy; a picture; a semblance. Even like a stony image, cold and numb. Shak. Whose is this image and superscription Matt. xxii. 20. This play is the image of a murder done in Vienna. Shak. And God created man in his own image. Gen. i. 27. 2. Hence: The likeness of anything to which worship is paid; an idol. Chaucer. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, . . . thou shalt not bow down thyself to them. Ex. xx. 4, 5. 3. Show; appearance; cast. The face of things a frightful image bears. Dryden. 4. A representation of anything to the mind; a picture drawn by the fancy; a conception; an idea. Can we conceive Image of aught delightful, soft, or great Prior. 5. (Rhet.) Defn: A picture, example, or illustration, often taken from sensible objects, and used to illustrate a subject; usually, an extended metaphor. Brande & C. 6. (Opt.) Defn: The figure or picture of any object formed at the focus of a lens or mirror, by rays of light from the several points of the object symmetrically refracted or reflected to corresponding points in such focus; this may be received on a screen, a photographic plate, or the retina of the eye, and viewed directly by the eye, or with an eyeglass, as in the telescope and microscope; the likeness of an object formed by reflection; as, to see one's image in a mirror. Electrical image. See under Electrical. -- Image breaker, one who destroys images; an iconoclast. -- Image graver, Image maker, a sculptor. -- Image worship, the worship of images as symbols; iconolatry distinguished from idolatry; the worship of images themselves. -- Image Purkinje (Physics), the image of the retinal blood vessels projected in, not merely on, that membrane. -- Virtual image (Optics), a point or system of points, on one side of a mirror or lens, which, if it existed, would emit the system of rays which actually exists on the other side of the mirror or lens. Clerk Maxwell. IMAGE Im"age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Imaging.] 1. To represent or form an image of; as, the still lake imaged the shore; the mirror imaged her figure. "Shrines of imaged saints." J. Warton. 2. To represent to the mental vision; to form a likeness of by the fancy or recollection; to imagine. Condemn'd whole years in absence to deplore, And image charms he must behold no more. Pope. IMAGEABLE Im"age*a*ble, a. Defn: That may be imaged. [R.] IMAGELESS Im"age*less, a. Defn: Having no image. Shelley. IMAGER Im"a*ger, n. Defn: One who images or forms likenesses; a sculptor. [Obs.] Praxiteles was ennobled for a rare imager. Holland. IMAGERY Im"age*ry, n. Etym: [OE. imagerie, F. imagerie.] 1. The work of one who makes images or visible representation of objects; imitation work; images in general, or in mass. "Painted imagery." Shak. In those oratories might you see Rich carvings, portraitures, and imagery. Dryden. 2. Fig.: Unreal show; imitation; appearance. What can thy imagery of sorrow mean Prior. 3. The work of the imagination or fancy; false ideas; imaginary phantasms. The imagery of a melancholic fancy. Atterbury. 4. Rhetorical decoration in writing or speaking; vivid descriptions presenting or suggesting images of sensible objects; figures in discourse. I wish there may be in this poem any instance of good imagery. Dryden. IMAGINABILITY Im*ag`i*na*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capacity for imagination. [R.] Coleridge. IMAGINABLE Im*ag"i*na*ble, a. Etym: [L. imaginabilis: cf. F. imaginable.] Defn: Capable of being imagined; conceivable. Men sunk into the greatest darkness imaginable. Tillotson. -- Im*ag"i*na*ble*ness, n. -- Im*ag"i*na*bly, adv. IMAGINAL Im*ag"i*nal, a. Etym: [L. imaginalis.] 1. Characterized by imagination; imaginative; also, given to the use or rhetorical figures or imagins. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an imago. Imaginal disks (Zoöl.), masses of hypodermic cells, carried by the larvæ of some insects after leaving the egg, from which masses the wings and legs of the adult are subsequently formed. IMAGINANT Im*ag"i*nant, a. Etym: [L. imaginans, p.pr. of imaginari: cf. F. imaginant.] Defn: Imagining; conceiving. [Obs.] Bacon. -- n. Defn: An imaginer. [Obs.] Glanvill. IMAGINARILY Im*ag"i*na*ri*ly, a. Defn: In a imaginary manner; in imagination. B. Jonson. IMAGINARINESS Im*ag"i*na*ri*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being imaginary; unreality. IMAGINARY Im*ag"i*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. imaginarius: cf. F. imaginaire.] Defn: Existing only in imagination or fancy; not real; fancied; visionary; ideal. Wilt thou add to all the griefs I suffer Imaginary ills and fancied tortures Addison. Imaginary calculus See under Calculus. -- Imaginary expression or quantity (Alg.), an algebraic expression which involves the impossible operation of taking the square root of a negative quantity; as, sq. root-9, a + b sq. root-1. -- Imaginary points, lines, surfaces, etc. (Geom.), points, lines, surfaces, etc., imagined to exist, although by reason of certain changes of a figure they have in fact ceased to have a real existence. Syn. -- Ideal; fanciful; chimerical; visionary; fancied; unreal; illusive. IMAGINARY Im*ag"i*na*ry, n. (Alg.) Defn: An imaginary expression or quantity. IMAGINATE Im*ag"i*nate, a. Defn: Imaginative. [Obs.] Holland. IMAGINATION Im*ag`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [OE. imaginacionum, F. imagination, fr. L. imaginatio. See Imagine.] 1. The imagine-making power of the mind; the power to create or reproduce ideally an object of sense previously perceived; the power to call up mental imagines. Our simple apprehension of corporeal objects, if present, is sense; if absent, is imagination. Glanvill. Imagination is of three kinds: joined with belief of that which is to come; joined with memory of that which is past; and of things present, or as if they were present. Bacon. 2. The representative power; the power to reconstruct or recombine the materials furnished by direct apprehension; the complex faculty usually termed the plastic or creative power; the fancy. The imagination of common language -- the productive imagination of philosophers -- is nothing but the representative process plus the process to which I would give the name of the "comparative." Sir W. Hamilton. The power of the mind to decompose its conceptions, and to recombine the elements of them at its pleasure, is called its faculty of imagination. I. Taylor. The business of conception is to present us with an exact transcript of what we have felt or perceived. But we have moreover a power of modifying our conceptions, by combining the parts of different ones together, so as to form new wholes of our creation. I shall employ the word imagination to express this power. Stewart. 3. The power to recombine the materials furnished by experience or memory, for the accomplishment of an elevated purpose; the power of conceiving and expressing the ideal. The lunatic, the lover, and the poet Are of imagination all compact . . . The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven, And as imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name. Shak. 4. A mental image formed by the action of the imagination as a faculty; a conception; a notion. Shak. Syn. -- Conception; idea; conceit; fancy; device; origination; invention; scheme; design; purpose; contrivance. -- Imagination, Fancy. These words have, to a great extent, been interchanged by our best writers, and considered as strictly synonymous. A distinction, however, is now made between them which more fully exhibits their nature. Properly speaking, they are different exercises of the same general power -- the plastic or creative faculty. Imagination consists in taking parts of our conceptions and combining them into new forms and images more select, more striking, more delightful, more terrible, etc., than those of ordinary nature. It is the higher exercise of the two. It creates by laws more closely connected with the reason; it has strong emotion as its actuating and formative cause; it aims at results of a definite and weighty character. Milton's fiery lake, the debates of his Pandemonium, the exquisite scenes of his Paradise, are all products of the imagination. Fancy moves on a lighter wing; it is governed by laws of association which are more remote, and sometimes arbitrary or capricious. Hence the term fanciful, which exhibits fancy in its wilder flights. It has for its actuating spirit feelings of a lively, gay, and versatile character; it seeks to please by unexpected combinations of thought, startling contrasts, flashes of brilliant imagery, etc. Pope's Rape of the Lock is an exhibition of fancy which has scarcely its equal in the literature of any country. -- "This, for instance, Wordworth did in respect of the words `imagination' and `fancy.' Before he wrote, it was, I suppose, obscurely felt by most that in `imagination' there was more of the earnest, in `fancy' of the play of the spirit; that the first was a loftier faculty and gift than the second; yet for all this words were continually, and not without loss, confounded. He first, in the preface to his Lyrical Ballads, rendered it henceforth impossible that any one, who had read and mastered what he has written on the two words, should remain unconscious any longer of the important difference between them." Trench. The same power, which we should call fancy if employed on a production of a light nature, would be dignified with the title of imagination if shown on a grander scale. C. J. Smith. IMAGINATIONAL Im*ag`i*na"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, involving, or caused by, imagination. IMAGINATIONALISM Im*ag`i*na"tion*al*ism, n. Defn: Idealism. J. Grote. IMAGINATIVE Im*ag"i*na*tive, a. Etym: [F. imaginatif.] 1. Proceeding from, and characterized by, the imagination, generally in the highest sense of the word. In all the higher departments of imaginative art, nature still constitues an important element. Mure. 2. Given to imagining; full of images, fancies, etc.; having a quick imagination; conceptive; creative. Milton had a highly imaginative, Cowley a very fanciful mind. Coleridge. 3. Unreasonably suspicious; jealous. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Im*ag"i*na*tive*ly, adv. -- Im*ag"i*na*tive*ness, n. IMAGINE Im*ag"ine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imagined; p. pr. & vb. n. Imagining.] Etym: [F. imaginer, L. imaginari, p.p. imaginatus, fr. imago image. See Image.] 1. To form in the mind a notion or idea of; to form a mental image of; to conceive; to produce by the imagination. In the night, imagining some fear, How easy is a bush supposed a bear! Shak. 2. To contrive in purpose; to scheme; to devise; to compass; to purpose. See Compass, v. t., 5. How long will ye imagine mischief against a man Ps. lxii. 3. 3. To represent to one's self; to think; to believe. Shak. Syn. -- To fancy; conceive; apprehend; think; believe; suppose; opine; deem; plan; scheme; devise. IMAGINE Im*ag"ine, v. i. 1. To form images or conceptions; to conceive; to devise. 2. To think; to suppose. My sister is not so defenseless left As you imagine. Milton. IMAGINER Im*ag"in*er, n. Defn: One who forms ideas or conceptions; one who contrives. Bacon. IMAGINOUS Im*ag"in*ous, a. Defn: Imaginative. [R.] Chapman. IMAGO I*ma"go, n.; pl. Imagoes. Etym: [L. See Image.] 1. An image. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The final adult, and usually winged, state of an insect. See Illust. of Ant-lion, and Army worm. IMAM; IMAN; IMAUM I*mam", I*man", I*maum", n. Etym: [Ar. imam.] 1. Among the Mohammedans, a minister or priest who performs the regular service of the mosque. 2. A Mohammedan prince who, as a successor of Mohammed, unites in his person supreme spiritual and temporal power. IMARET I*ma"ret, n. Etym: [Turk., fr. Ar. 'imara.] Defn: A lodging house for Mohammedan pilgrims. Moore. IMBALM Im*balm", v. t. Defn: See Embalm. IMBAN Im*ban", v. t. Defn: To put under a ban. [R.] Barlow. IMBAND Im*band", v. t. Defn: To form into a band or bands. "Imbanded nations." J. Barlow. IMBANK Im*bank", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbanked; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbanking.] Etym: [Pref. im- in + bank. Cf. Embank.] Defn: To inclose or defend with a bank or banks. See Embank. IMBANKMENT Im*bank"ment, n. Defn: The act of surrounding with a bank; a bank or mound raised for defense, a roadway, etc.; an embankment. See Embankment. IMBANNERED Im*ban"nered, a. Defn: Having banners. IMBAR Im*bar", v. t. Defn: To bar in; to secure. [Obs.] To imbar their crooked titles. Shak. IMBARGO Im*bar"go, n. Defn: See Embargo. IMBARK Im*bark", v. i. & t. Defn: See Embark. IMBARN Im*barn", v. t. Defn: To store in a barn. [Obs.] IMBASE Im*base", v. t. Defn: See Embase. IMBASE Im*base", v. i. Defn: To diminish in value. [Obs.] Hales. IMBASTARDIZE Im*bas"tard*ize, v. t. Defn: To bastardize; to debase. [Obs.] Milton. IMBATHE Im*bathe", v. t. Etym: [Pref. im- in + bathe. Cf. Embathe.] Defn: To bathe; to wash freely; to immerce. And gave her to his daughters to imbathe In nectared lavers strewed with asphodel. Milton. IMBAY Im*bay", v. t. Defn: See Embay. IMBECILE Im"be*cile, a. Etym: [L. imbecillis, and imbecillus; of unknown origin: cf. F. imbécile.] Defn: Destitute of strength, whether of body or mind; feeble; impotent; esp., mentally wea; feeble-minded; as, hospitals for the imbecile and insane. Syn. -- Weak; feeble; feeble-minded; idiotic. IMBECILE Im"be*cile, n. Defn: One destitute of strength; esp., one of feeble mind. IMBECILE Im"be*cile, v. t. Defn: To weaken; to make imbecile; as, to imbecile men's courage. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. IMBECILITATE Im`be*cil"i*tate, v. t. Defn: To weaken, as to the body or the mind; to enfeeble. [R.] A. Wilson. IMBECILITY Im`be*cil"i*ty, n.; pl. Imbecilities. Etym: [L. imbecillitas: cf. F. imbécillité.] Defn: The quality of being imbecile; weakness; feebleness, esp. of mind. Cruelty . . . argues not only a depravedness of nature, but also a meanness of courage and imbecility of mind. Sir W. Temple. Note: This term is used specifically to denote natural weakness of the mental faculties, affecting one's power to act reasonably or intelligently. Syn. -- Debility; infirmity; weakness; feebleness; impotence. See Debility. IMBED Im*bed", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbedding.] Etym: [Pref. im- in + bed. Cf. Embed.] Defn: To sink or lay, as in a bed; to deposit in a partly inclosing mass, as of clay or mortar; to cover, as with earth, sand, etc. IMBELLIC Im*bel"lic, a. Etym: [L. imbellis; pref. im- = in- not + bellum war; cf. bellicus warlike.] Defn: Not warlike or martial. [Obs.] R. Junius. IMBENCHING Im*bench"ing, n. Etym: [Pref. im- in + bench.] Defn: A raised work like a bench. [Obs.] Parkhurst. IMBER-GOOSE Im"ber-goose`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The loon. See Ember-goose. IMBEZZLE Im*bez"zle, v. t. [Obs.] Defn: See Embezzle. IMBIBE Im*bibe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbibed; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbibing.] Etym: [L. imbibere; pref. im- in + bibere to drink: cf. F. imbiber. Cf. Bib, Imbue, Potable.] 1. To drink in; to absorb; to suck or take in; to receive as by drinking; as, a person imbibes drink, or a sponge imbibes moisture. 2. To receive or absorb into the mind and retain; as, to imbibe principles; to imbibe errors. 3. To saturate; to imbue. [Obs.] "Earth, imbibed with . . . acid." Sir I. Newton. IMBIBER Im*bib"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, imbibes. IMBIBITION Im`bi*bi"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. imbibition.] Defn: The act or process of imbibing, or absorbing; as, the post- mortem imbibition of poisons. Bacon. IMBITTER Im*bit"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbittered; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbittering.] Etym: [Pref. im- in + bitter. Cf. Embitter.] [Written also embitter.] Defn: To make bitter; hence, to make distressing or more distressing; to make sad, morose, sour, or malignant. Is there anything that more imbitters the enjoyment of this life than shame South. Imbittered against each other by former contests. Bancroft. IMBITTERER Im*bit"ter*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, imbitters. IMBITTERMENT Im*bit"ter*ment, n. Defn: The act of imbittering; bitter feeling; embitterment. IMBLAZE Im*blaze", v. t. Defn: See Emblaze. IMBLAZON Im*bla"zon, v. t. Defn: See Emblazon. IMBODY Im*bod"y, v. i. Etym: [See Embody.] Defn: To become corporeal; to assume the qualities of a material body. See Embody. The soul grows clotted by contagion, Imbodies, and imbrutes. Milton. IMBOIL Im*boil", v. t. & i. [Obs.] Defn: See Emboil. IMBOLDEN Im*bold"en, v. t. Defn: See Embolden. IMBONITY Im*bon"i*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. im- not + L. bonitas goodness.] Defn: Want of goodness. [Obs.] Burton. IMBORDER Im*bor"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbordered; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbordering.] Etym: [Pref. im- in + border. Cf. Emborder.] Defn: To furnish or inclose with a border; to form a border of. Milton. IMBOSK Im*bosk", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbosked; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbosking.] Etym: [CF. It. imboscare to imbosk, imboscarsi to retire into a wood; pref. im- in + bosco wood. See Boscage, and cf. Ambush.] Defn: To conceal, as in bushes; to hide. [Obs.] Shelton. IMBOSK Im*bosk", v. i. Defn: To be concealed. [R.] Milton. IMBOSOM Im*bos"om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbosomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbosoming.] Etym: [Pref. im- in + bosom. Cf. Embosom.] 1. To hold in the bosom; to cherish in the heart or affection; to embosom. 2. To inclose or place in the midst of; to surround or shelter; as, a house imbosomed in a grove. "Villages imbosomed soft in trees." Thomson. The Father infinite, By whom in bliss imbosomed sat the Son. Milton. IMBOSS Im*boss", v. t. Defn: See Emboss. IMBOSTURE Im*bos"ture, n. Etym: [See Emboss.] Defn: Embossed or raised work. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. IMBOUND Im*bound", v. t. Defn: To inclose in limits; to shut in. [Obs.] Shak. IMBOW Im*bow", v. t. Etym: [Pref. im- in + bow. Cf. Embow.] Defn: To make like a bow; to curve; to arch; to vault; to embow. "Imbowed windows." Bacon. IMBOWEL Im*bow"el, v. t. Defn: See Embowel. IMBOWER Im*bow"er, v. t. & i. Defn: See Embower. IMBOWMENT Im*bow"ment, n. Defn: act of imbowing; an arch; a vault. Bacon. IMBOX Im*box", v. t. Defn: To inclose in a box. IMBRACERY Im*bra"cer*y, n. Defn: Embracery. [Obs.] IMBRAID Im*braid", v. t. [Obs.] Defn: See Embraid. IMBRANGLE Im*bran"gle, v. t. Defn: To entangle as in a cobweb; to mix confusedly. [R.] Hudibras. Physiology imbrangled with an inapplicable logic. Coleridge. IMBREED Im*breed", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Inbreed.] Defn: To generate within; to inbreed. [Obs.] Hakewill. IMBRICATE; IMBRICATED Im"bri*cate, Im"bri*ca`ted, a. Etym: [L. imbricatus, p.p. of imbricare to cover with tiles, to form like a gutter tile, fr. imbrex, -icis, a hollow tile, gutter tile, fr. imber rain.] 1. Bent and hollowed like a roof or gutter tile. 2. Lying over each other in regular order, so as to "break joints," like tiles or shingles on a roof, the scales on the leaf buds of plants and the cups of some acorns, or the scales of fishes; overlapping each other at the margins, as leaves in æstivation. 3. In decorative art: Having scales lapping one over the other, or a representation of such scales; as, an imbricated surface; an imbricated pattern. IMBRICATE Im"bri*cate, v. t. Defn: To lay in order, one lapping over another, so as to form an imbricated surface. IMBRICATION Im`bri*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. imbrication.] Defn: An overlapping of the edges, like that of tiles or shingles; hence, intricacy of structure; also, a pattern or decoration representing such a structure. IMBRICATIVE Im"bri*ca*tive, a. (Bot.) Defn: Imbricate. IMBROCADO Im`bro*ca"do, n.; pl. Imbrocadoes. Etym: [See Brocade.] Defn: Cloth of silver or of gold. [R.] IMBROCATA; IMBROCCATA Im`bro*ca"ta, Im`broc*ca"ta, n. Etym: [It. imbroccata.] Defn: A hit or thrust. [Obs.] B. Jonson. IMBROGLIO Im*brogl"io, n.; pl. Imbroglios. [Written also embroglio.] Etym: [It. See 1st Broil, and cf. Embroil.] 1. An intricate, complicated plot, as of a drama or work of fiction. 2. A complicated and embarrassing state of things; a serious misunderstanding. Wrestling to free itself from the baleful imbroglio. Carlyle. IMBROWN Im*brown", v. t. Etym: [Pref. im- in + brown. Cf. Embrown.] Defn: To make brown; to obscure; to darken; to tan; as, features imbrowned by exposure. The mountain mass by scorching skies imbrowned. Byron. IMBRUE Im*brue", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbureed; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbureing.] Etym: [Cf. OF. embruer, also embruver, embreuver, embrever, to give to drink, soak (see pref. En-, 1, 1st In-, and Breverage), but also OE. enbrewen, enbrowen, to stain, soil (cf. Brewis).] Defn: To wet or moisten; to soak; to drench, especially in blood. While Darwen stream, will blood of Scots imbrued. Milton. IMBRUEMENT Im*brue"ment, n. Defn: The act of imbruing or state of being imbrued. IMBRUTE Im*brute", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbruted; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbruting.] Etym: [Pref. im- in + brute: cf. F. abrutir. Cf. Embrute.] Defn: To degrade to the state of a brute; to make brutal. And mixed with bestial slime, This essence to incarnate and imbrute. Milton. IMBRUTE Im*brute", v. i. Defn: To sink to the state of a brute. The soul grows clotted by contagion, Imbodies, and imbrutes, till she quite lose The divine property of her first being. Milton. IMBRUTEMENT Im*brute"ment, n. Defn: The act of imbruting, or the state of being imbruted. [R.] Brydges. IMBUE Im*bue", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbued; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbuing.] Etym: [L. imbuere; pref. im- in + perh. a disused simple word akin to L. bibere to drink. Cf. Imbibe.] 1. To tinge deeply; to dye; to cause to absorb; as, clothes thoroughly imbued with black. 2. To tincture deply; to cause to become impressed or penetrated; as, to imbue the minds of youth with good principles. Thy words with grace divine Imbued, bring to their sweetness no satiety. Milton. IMBUEMENT Im*bue"ment, n. Defn: The act of imbuing; the state of being imbued; hence, a deep tincture. IMBURSE Im*burse", v. t. Etym: [Pref. im- in + burse: cf. F. embourser to put into one's purse. See Burse, and Purse.] Defn: To supply or stock with money. [Obs.] IMBURSEMENT Im*burse"ment, n. 1. The act of imbursing, or the state of being imbursed. [Obs.] 2. Money laid up in stock. [Obs.] IMBUTION Im*bu"tion, n. Defn: An imbuing. [Obs.] IMESATIN I*mes"a*tin, n. Etym: [Imide + isatin.] (Chem.) Defn: A dark yellow, crystalline substance, obtained by the action of ammonia on isatin. IMIDE Im"ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound with, or derivative of, the imido group; specif., a compound of one or more acid radicals with the imido group, or with a monamine; hence, also, a derivative of ammonia, in which two atoms of hydrogen have been replaced by divalent basic or acid radicals; -- frequently used as a combining form; as, succinimide. IMIDO Im"i*do, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, containing, or combined with, the radical NH, which is called the imido group. Imido acid, an organic acid, consisting of one or more acid radicals so united with the imido group that it contains replaceable acid hydrogen, and plays the part of an acid; as, uric acid, succinimide, etc., are imido acids. IMITABILITY Im`it*a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [See Imitable.] Defn: The quality of being imitable. Norris. IMITABLE Im"i*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. imitabilis: cf. F. imitable. See Imitate.] 1. Capble of being imitated or copied. The characters of man placed in lower stations of life are more usefull, as being imitable by great numbers. Atterbury. 2. Worthy of imitation; as, imitable character or qualities. Sir W. Raleigh. IMITABLENESS Im"i*ta*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being imitable; worthness of imitation. IMITANCY Im"i*tan*cy, n. Etym: [From L. imitans, p. pr. of imitare.] Defn: Tendency to imitation. [R.] Carlyle. IMITATE Im"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Imitating.] Etym: [L. imitatus, p. p. of imitari to imitate; of unknown origin. Cf. Image.] 1. To follow as a pattern, model, or example; to copy or strive to copy, in acts, manners etc. Despise wealth and imitate a dog. Cowlay. 2. To produce a semblance or likeness of, in form, character, color, qualities, conduct, manners, and the like; to counterfeit; to copy. A place picked out by choice of best alive The Nature's work by art can imitate. Spenser. This hand appeared a shining sword to weild, And that sustained an imitated shield. Dryden. 3. (Biol.) Defn: To resemble (another species of animal, or a plant, or inanimate object) in form, color, ornamentation, or instinctive habits, so as to derive an advantage thereby; sa, when a harmless snake imitates a venomous one in color and manner, or when an odorless insect imitates, in color, one having secretion offensive to birds. IMITATION Im"i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. imitatio: cf. F. imitation.] 1. The act of imitating. Poesy is an art of imitation, . . . that is to say, a representing, counterfeiting, or figuring forth. Sir P. Sidney. 2. That which is made or produced as a copy; that which is made to resemble something else, whether for laudable or for fraudulent purposes; likeness; resemblance. Both these arts are not only true imitations of nature, but of the best nature. Dryden. 3. (Mus.) Defn: One of the principal means of securing unity and consistency in polyphonic composition; the repetition of essentially the same melodic theme, phrase, or motive, on different degrees of pitch, by one or more of the other parts of voises. Cf. Canon. 4. (Biol.) Defn: The act of condition of imitating another species of animal, or a plant, or unanimate object. See Imitate, v. t., 3. Note: Imitation is often used adjectively to characterize things which have a deceptive appearance, simulating the qualities of a superior article; -- opposed to real or genuine; as, imitation lace; imitation bronze; imitation modesty, etc. IMITATIONAL Im`i*ta"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or employed in, imitation; as, imitational propensities. IMITATIVE Im"i*ta*tive, a. Etym: [L. imitavitus: cf. F. imitatif.] 1. Inclined to imitate, copy, or follow; imitating; exhibiting some of the qualities or characteristics of a pattern or model; dependent on example; not original; as, man is an imitative being; painting is an imitative art. 2. Formed after a model, pattern, or original. This temple, less in form, with equal grace, Was imitative of the first in Thrace. Dryden. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Designed to imitate another species of animal, or a plant, or inanimate object, for some useful purpose, such as protection from enemies; having resamblance to something else; as, imitative colors; imitative habits; dendritic and mammillary forms of minerals are imitative. -- Im"i*ta*tive*ly, adv. -- Im"i*ta*tive*ness, n. IMITATIVE Im"i*ta*tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: A verb expressive of imitation or resemblance. [R.] IMITATOR Im"i*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who imitates. IMITATORSHIP Im"i*ta`tor*ship, n. Defn: The state or office of an imitator. "Servile imitatorship." Marston. IMITATRESS Im"i*ta`tress, n. Defn: A woman who is an imitator. IMITATRIX Im"i*ta`trix, n. Defn: An imitatress. IMMACULATE Im*mac"u*late, a. Etym: [L. immaculatus; pref. im- not + maculatus, p. p. of maculare to spot, stane, fr. macula spot. See Mail armor.] Defn: Without stain or blemish; spotless; undefiled; clear; pure. Were but my soul as pure From other guilt as that, Heaven did not hold One more immaculate. Denham. Thou sheer, immaculate and silver fountain. Shak. Immaculate conception (R. C. Ch.), the doctrine that the Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin. -- Im*mac"u*late*ly, adv. -- Im*mac"u*late*ness, n. IMMAILED Im*mailed", a. Defn: Wearing mail or armor; clad of armor. W. Browne. IMMALLEABLE Im*mal"le*a*ble, a. Defn: Not maleable. IMMANACLE Im*man"a*cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immanacled; p. pr. & vb. n. Immanacling.] Defn: To manacle; to fetter; hence; to confine; to restrain from free action. Although this corporal rind Thou hast immanacled. Milton. IMMANATION Im"ma*na"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. im- in + L. manare to flow; cf. mantio a flowing.] Defn: A flowing or entering in; -- opposed to emanation. [R.] Good. IMMANE Im*mane", a. Etym: [L. immanis.] Defn: Very great; huge; vast; also, monstrous in character; inhuman; atrocious; fierce. [Obs.] "So immane a man." Chapman. -- Im*mane"ly, adv. [Obs.] IMMANENCE; IMMANENCY Im"ma*nence, Im"ma*nen*cy, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being immanent; inherence; an indwelling. [Clement] is mainly concerned in enforcing the immanence of God. Christ is everywhere presented by him as Deity indwelling in the world. A. V. G. Allen. IMMANENT Im"ma*nent, a. Etym: [L. immanens, p. pr. of immanere to remain in or near; pref. im- in + manere to remain: cf. F. immanent.] Defn: Remaining within; inherent; indwelling; abiding; intrinsic; internal or subjective; hence, limited in activity, agency, or effect, to the subject or associated acts; -- opposed to emanant, transitory, transitive, or objective. A cognition is an immanent act of mind. Sir W. Hamilton. An immanent power in the life of the world. Hare. IMMANIFEST Im*man"i*fest, a. Defn: Not manifest. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. IMMANITY Im*man"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. immanitas.] Defn: The state or quality of being immane; barbarity. [R.] Shak. IMMANTLE Im*man"tle, v. t. Defn: See Emmantle. [R.] IMMANUEL Im*man"u*el, n. Etym: [Heb. 'imman, fr. 'im with + an us + el God.] Defn: God with us; -- an appellation of the Christ. Is. vii. 14. Matt. i. 23. IMMARCESCIBLE Im`mar*ces"ci*ble, a. Etym: [L. immarcescibilis; pref. im- not + marcescere to fade: cf. F. immarcescible.] Defn: Unfading; lasting. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. IMMARCESCIBLY Im`mar*ces"ci*bly, adv. Defn: Unfadingly. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. IMMARGINATE Im*mar"gin*ate, a. (Bot.) Defn: Not having a distinctive margin or border. Grey. IMMARTIAL Im*mar"tial, a. Defn: Not martial; unwarlike. [Obs.] IMMASK Im*mask", v. t. Defn: To cover, as with a mask; to disguise or conceal. [R.] Shak. IMMATCHABLE Im*match"a*ble, a. Defn: Matchless; peerless. [Obs.] Holland. IMMATERIAL Im"ma*te"ri*al, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + material: cf. F. immatériel.] 1. Not consisting of matter; incorporeal; spiritual; disembodied. Angels are spirits immaterial and intellectual. Hooker. 2. Of no substantial consequence; without weight or significance; unimportant; as, it is wholly immaterial whether he does so or not. Syn. -- Unimportant; inconsequential; insignificant; inconsiderable; trifling. IMMATERIALISM Im`ma*te"ri*al*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. immatérialisme.] 1. The doctrine that immaterial substances or spiritual being exist, or are possible. 2. (Philos.) Defn: The doctrine that external bodies may be reduced to mind and ideas in a mind; any doctrine opposed to materialism or phenomenalism, esp. a system that maintains the immateriality of the soul; idealism; esp., Bishop Berkeley's theory of idealism. IMMATERIALIST Im`ma*te"ri*al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. immatérialiste.] (Philos.) Defn: One who believes in or professes, immaterialism. IMMATERIALITY Im`ma*te`ri*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Immaterialities. Etym: [Cf. F. immatérialité.] Defn: The state or quality of being immaterial or incorporeal; as, the immateriality of the soul. IMMATERIALIZE Im`ma*te"ri*al*ize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. immatérialiser.] Defn: To render immaterial or incorporeal. Immateralized spirits. Glanvill. IMMATERIALLY Im`ma*te"ri*al*ly, adv. 1. In an immaterial manner; without matter or corporeal substance. 2. In an unimportant manner or degree. IMMATERIALNESS Im`ma*te"ri*al*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being immaterial; immateriality. IMMATERIATE Im`ma*te"ri*ate, a. Defn: Immaterial. [Obs.] Bacon. IMMATURE Im`ma*ture", a. Etym: [L. immaturus; pref. im- not + maturus mature, ripe. See Mature.] 1. Not mature; unripe; not arrived at perfection of full development; crude; unfinished; as, immature fruit; immature character; immature plans. "An ill-measured and immature counsel." Bacon. 2. Premature; untimely; too early; as, an immature death. [R.] Jer. Taylor. IMMATURED Im`ma*tured", a. Defn: Immature. IMMATURELY Im`ma*ture"ly, adv. Defn: In an immature manner. Warburion. IMMATURENESS Im`ma*ture"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being immature; immaturity. Boyle. IMMATURITY Im`ma*tu"ri*ty, n. Etym: [L. immaturitas: cf. F. immaturité.] Defn: The state or quality of being immature or not fully developed; unripeness; incompleteness. When the world has outgrown its intellectual immaturity. Caird. IMMEABILITY Im`me*a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. im- not + L. meabilis passable, fr. meare to pass.] Defn: Want of power to pass, or to permit passage; impassableness. Immeability of the juices. Arbuthnot. IMMEASURABILITY Im*meas`ur*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being immeasurable; immensurability. IMMEASURABLE Im*meas"ur*a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + measurable: cf. F. measurable. Cf. Immensurable, Unmeasurable.] Defn: Incapble of being measured; indefinitely extensive; illimitable; immensurable; vast. Of depth immeasurable. Milton. IMMEASURABLENESS Im*meas"ur*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being immeasurable. Eternity and immeasurableness belong to thought alone. F. W. Robertson. IMMEASURABLY Im*meas"ur*a*bly, adv. Defn: In an immeasurable manner or degree. "Immeasurably distant." Wordsworth. IMMEASURED Im*meas"ured, a. Defn: Immeasurable. [R.] Spenser. IMMECHANICAL Im`me*chan"ic*al, a. Defn: Not mechanical. [Obs.] Cheyne. -- Im"me*chan"ic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] IMMEDIACY Im*me"di*a*cy, n. Defn: The relation of freedom from the interventionof a medium; immediateness. Shak. IMMEDIATE Im*me"di*ate, a. Etym: [F. immédiat. See In- not, and Mediate.] 1. Not separated in respect to place by anything intervening; proximate; close; as, immediate contact. You are the most immediate to our throne. Shak. 2. Not deferred by an interval of time; present; instant. "Assemble we immediate council." Shak. Death . . . not yet inflicted, as he feared, By some immediate stroke. Milton. 3. Acting with nothing interposed or between, or without the intervention of another object as a cause, means, or agency; acting, perceived, or produced, directly; as, an immediate cause. The immediate knowledge of the past is therefore impossible. Sir. W. Hamilton. Immediate amputation (Surg.), an amputation performed within the first few hours after an injury, and before the the effects of the shock have passed away. Syn. -- Proximate; close; direct; next. IMMEDIATELY Im*me"di*ate*ly, adv. 1. In an immediate manner; without intervention of any other person or thing; proximately; directly; -- opposed to mediately; as, immediately contiguous. God's acceptance of it either immediately by himself, or mediately by the hands of the bishop. South. 2. Without interval of time; without delay; promptly; instantly; at once. And Jesus . . . touched him, saying, I will; be thou clean. And immediately his leprosy was cleansed. Matt. viii. 3. 3. As soon as. Cf. Directly, 8, Note. Syn. -- Directly; instantly; quickly; forthwith; straightway; presently. See Directly. IMMEDIATENESS Im*me"di*ate*ness, n. Defn: The quality or relations of being immediate in manner, place, or time; exemption from second or interventing causes. Bp. Hall. IMMEDIATISM Im*me"di*a*tism, n. Defn: Immediateness. IMMEDICABLE Im*med"i*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. Immedicabilis. See In- not, and Medicable.] Defn: Not to be healed; incurable. "Wounds immedicable." Milton. IMMELODIOUS Im`me*lo"di*ous, a. Defn: Not melodious. IMMEMORABLE Im*mem"o*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. immemorabilis; pref. im- not + memorabilis memorable: cf. F. immémorable. See Memorable.] Defn: Not memorable; not worth remembering. Johnson. IMMEMORIAL Im`me*mo"ri*al, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + memorial: cf. F. immémorial.] Defn: Extending beyond the reach of memory, record, or tradition; indefinitely ancient; as, existing from time immemorial. "Immemorial elms." Tennyson. "Immemorial usage or custom." Sir M. Hale. Time immemorial (Eng. Law.), a time antedating (legal) history, and beyond "legal memory" so called; formerly an indefinite time, but in 1276 this time was fixed by statute as the begining of the reign of Richard I. (1189). Proof of unbroken possession or use of any right since that date made it unnecessary to establish the original grant. In 1832 the plan of dating legal memory from a fixed time was abandoned and the principle substituted that rights which had been enjoyed for full twenty years (or as against the crown thirty years) should not be liable to impeachment merely by proving that they had not been enjoyed before. IMMEMORIALLY Im`me*mo"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: Beyond memory. Bentley. IMMENSE Im*mense", a. Etym: [L. immensus; pref. im- not + mensus, p. p. of metiri to measure: cf. F. immense. See Measure.] Defn: Immeasurable; unlimited. In commonest use: Very great; vast; huge. "Immense the power" Pope. "Immense and boundless ocean." Daniel. O Goodness infinite! Goodness immense! Milton. Syn. -- Infinite; immeasurable; illimitable; unbounded; unlimited; interminable; vast; prodigious; enormous; monstrous. See Enormous. IMMENSELY Im*mense"ly, adv. Defn: In immense manner or degree. IMMENSENESS Im*mense"ness, n. Defn: The state of being immense. IMMENSIBLE Im*men"si*ble, a. Etym: [Immense + -ible.] Defn: Immeasurable. [Obs.] Davies. IMMENSITY Im*men"si*ty, n.; pl. Immensities. Etym: [L. immensitas: cf. F. immensité.] Defn: The state or quality of being immense; inlimited or immeasurable extension; infinity; vastness in extent or bulk; greatness. Lost in the wilds of vast immensity. Blackmore. The immensity of the material system. I. Taylor. IMMENSIVE Im*men"sive, a. Defn: Huge. [Obs.] Herrick. IMMENSURABILITY Im*men`su*ra*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being immensurable. IMMENSURABLE Im*men"su*ra*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + L. mensurabilis measurable: cf. F. immensurable. Cf. Immeasurable.] Defn: Immeasurable. What an immensurable space is the firmament. Derham. IMMENSURATE Im*men"su*rate, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + mensurate.] Defn: Unmeasured; unlimited. [R.] W. Montagu. IMMERGE Im*merge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immerged; p. pr. & vb. n. Immerging.] Etym: [L. immergere; pref. im- in + mergere to dip, plunge: cf. F. immerger. See Merge, and cf. Immerse.] Defn: To plungel into, under, or within anything especially a fuid; to dip; to immerse. See Immerse. We took . . . lukewarm water, and in it immerged a quantity of the leaves of senna. Boyle. Their souls are immerged in matter. Jer. Taylor. IMMERGE Im*merge", v. i. Defn: To dissapear by entering into any medium, as a star into the light of the sun. [R.] IMMERIT Im*mer"it, n. Defn: Want of worth; demerit. [R.] Suckling. IMMERITED Im*mer"it*ed, a. Defn: Unmerited. [Obs.] Charles I. IMMERITOUS Im*mer"it*ous, a. Etym: [L. immeritus; pref. im- not + meritus, p. p. of merere, mereri, to deserve.] Defn: Undeserving. [Obs.] Milton. IMMERSABLE Im*mers"a*ble, a. Defn: See Immersible. IMMERSE Im*merse", a. Etym: [L. immersus, p. p. of immergere. See Immerge.] Defn: Immersed; buried; hid; sunk. [Obs.] "Things immerse in matter." Bacon. IMMERSE Im*merse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immersed; p. pr. & vb. n. Immersing.] 1. To plunge into anything that surrounds or covers, especially into a fluid; to dip; to sink; to bury; to immerge. Deep immersed beneath its whirling wave. J Warton. More than a mile immersed within the wood. Dryden. 2. To baptize by immersion. 3. To engage deeply; to engross the attention of; to involve; to overhelm. The queen immersed in such a trance. Tennyson. It is impossible to have a lively hope in another life, and yet be deeply immersed inn the enjoyments of this. Atterbury. IMMERSED Im*mersed", p. p. & a. 1. Deeply plunged into anything, especially a fluid. 2. Deeply occupied; engrossed; entangled. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Growing wholly under water. Gray. IMMERSIBLE Im*mers"i*ble, a. Etym: [From Immerse.] Defn: Capable of being immersed. IMMERSIBLE Im*mers"i*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + L. mersus, p. p. of mergere to plunge.] Defn: Not capable of being immersed. IMMERSION Im*mer"sion, n. Etym: [L. immersio; cf. F. immersion.] 1. The act of immersing, or the state of being immersed; a sinking within a fluid; a dipping; as, the immersion of Achilles in the Styx. 2. Submersion in water for the purpose of Christian baptism, as, practiced by the Baptists. 3. The state of being overhelmed or deeply absorbed; deep engagedness. Too deep an immersion in the affairs of life. Atterbury. 4. (Astron.) Defn: The dissapearance of a celestail body, by passing either behind another, as in the occultation of a star, or into its shadow, as in the eclipse of a satellite; -- opposed to emersion. Immersion lens, a microscopic objective of short focal distance designed to work with a drop of liquid, as oil, between the front lens and the slide, so that this lens is practically immersed. IMMERSIONIST Im*mer"sion*ist, n. (Eccl.) Defn: One who holds the doctrine that immersion is essential to Christian baptism. IMMESH Im*mesh", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immeshed; p. pr. & vb. n. Immeshing.] Etym: [Pref. im- in + mesh. Cf. Inmesh.] Defn: To catch or entangle in, or as in, the meshes of a net. or in a web; to insnare. IMMETHODICAL Im`me*thod"ic*al, a. Defn: Not methodical; without method or systematic arrangement; without order or regularity; confused. Addison. Syn. -- Irregular; confused; disoderly; unsystematic; desultory. IMMETHODICALLY Im`me*thod"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Without method; confusedly; unsystematically. IMMETHODICALNESS Im`me*thod"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: Want of method. IMMETHODIZE Im*meth"od*ize, v. t. Defn: To render immethodical; to destroy the method of; to confuse. [R.] IMMETRICAL Im*met"ric*al (, a. Defn: Not metrical or rhythmical. [R.] Chapman. IMMEW Im*mew", v. t. Defn: See Emmew. IMMIGRANT Im"mi*grant, n. Etym: [L. immigrans, p. pr. of immigrare to go into: cf. F. immigrant. See Immigrate.] Defn: One who immigrates; one who comes to a country for the purpose of permanent residence; -- correlative of emigrant. Syn. -- See Emigrant. IMMIGRATE Im"mi*grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immigrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Immigrating.] Etym: [L. immigrare, immigratum, to immigrate; pref. im- in + migrare to migrate. See Migrate.] Defn: To come into a country of which one is not a native, for the purpose of permanent residence. See Emigrate. IMMIGRATION Im"mi*gra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. immigration.] Defn: The act of immigrating; the passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence. The immigrations of the Arabians into Europe. T. Warton. IMMINENCE Im"mi*nence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. imminence, L. imminentia, See Imminent.] 1. The condition or quality of being imminent; a threatening, as of something about to happen. The imminence of any danger or distress. Fuller. 2. That which is imminent; impending evil or danger. "But dare all imminence." Shak. IMMINENT Im"mi*nent, a. Etym: [L. imminens, p. pr. of imminere to project; pref. im- in + minere (in comp.) to jut, project. See Eminent.] 1. Threatening to occur immediately; near at hand; impending; -- said especially of misfortune or peril. "In danger imminent." Spenser. 2. Full of danger; threatening; menacing; perilous. Hairbreadth scapes i' the imminent deadly breach. Shak. 3. (With upon) Bent upon; attentive to. [R.] Their eyes ever imminent upon worldly matters. Milton. Syn. -- Impending; threatening; near; at hand. -- Imminent, Impending, Threatening. Imminent is the strongest: it denotes that something is ready to fall or happen on the instant; as, in imminent danger of one's life. Impending denotes that something hangs suspended over us, and may so remain indefinitely; as, the impending evils of war. Threatening supposes some danger in prospect, but more remote; as, threatening indications for the future. Three times to-day You have defended me from imminent death. Shak. No story I unfold of public woes, Nor bear advices of impending foes. Pope. Fierce faces threatening war. Milton. IMMINENTLY Im"mi*nent*ly, adv. Defn: In an imminent manner. IMMINGLE Im*min"gle, v. t. Defn: To mingle; to mix; to unite; to blend. [R.] Thomson. IMMINUTION Im`mi*nu"tion, n. Etym: [L. imminutio, fr. imminuere, imminutum, to lessen; pref. im- in + minuere.] Defn: A lessening; diminution; decrease. [R.] Ray. IMMISCIBILITY Im*mis"ci*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. immiscibilité.] Defn: Incapability of being mixed, or mingled. IMMISCIBLE Im*mis"ci*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + miscible: cf. F. immiscible.] Defn: Not capable of being mixed or mingled. A chaos of immiscible and conflicting particles. Cudworth. IMMISSION Im*mis"sion, n. Etym: [L. immissio: cf. F. immission. See Immit.] Defn: The act of immitting, or of sending or thrusting in; injection; -- the correlative of emission. IMMIT Im*mit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Immiting.] Etym: [L. immittere, immissum; pref. im- in + mittere to send.] Defn: To send in; to inject; to infuse; -- the correlative of emit. [R.] Boyle. IMMITIGABLE Im*mit"i*ga*ble, a. Etym: [L. immitigabilis; fr. pref. im- not + mitigare to mitigate.] Defn: Not capable of being mitigated, softened, or appeased. Coleridge. IMMITIGABLY Im*mit"i*ga*bly, adv. Defn: In an immitigable manner. IMMIX Im*mix", v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in + mix.] Defn: To mix; to mingle. [R.] Amongst her tears immixing prayers meek. Spenser. IMMIXABLE Im*mix"a*ble, a. Defn: Not mixable. Bp. Wilkins. IMMIXED Im*mixed", a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + mixed, p. p. of mix.] Defn: Unmixed. [Obs.] How pure and immixed the design is. Boyle. IMMIXTURE Im*mix"ture, n. Defn: Freedom from mixture; purity. [R.] W. Montagu. IMMOBILE Im*mo"bile, a. Etym: [L. immobilis: cf. F. immobile. See Immobility.] Defn: Incapable of being moved; immovable; fixed; stable. Prof. Shedd. IMMOBILITY Im`mo*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. immobilitas, fr. immobilis immovable; pref. im- not + mobilis movable: cf. F. immobilité. See Mobile.] Defn: The condition or quality of being immobile; fixedness in place or state. IMMOBILIZE Im*mob"i*lize, v. t. Etym: [Pref. im- in + mobilize; cf. f. immobiliser.] Defn: To make immovable; in surgery, to make immovable (a naturally mobile part, as a joint) by the use of splints, or stiffened bandages. IMMOBLE Im*mo"ble, a. [Obs.] Defn: See Immobile. IMMODERACY Im*mod"er*a*cy, n. Etym: [From Immoderate.] Defn: Immoderateness. [R.] Sir T. Browne. IMMODERANCY Im*mod"er*an*cy, n. Etym: [L. immoderantia.] Defn: Immoderateness; excess. [R.] Sir T. Browne. IMMODERATE Im*mod"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. immoderatus; pref. im- not + moderatus moderate. See Moderate.] Defn: Not moderate; exceeding just or usual and suitable bounds; excessive; extravagant; unreasonable; as, immoderate demands; immoderate grief; immoderate laughter. So every scope by the immoderate use Turns to restraint. Shak. Syn. -- Excessive; exorbitant; unreasonable; extravagant; intemperate; inordinate. IMMODERATELY Im*mod"er*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In an immoderate manner; excessively. IMMODERATENESS Im*mod"er*ate*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being immoderate; excess; extravagance. Puller. IMMODERATION Im*mod`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. immoderatio: cf. F. imodération.] Defn: Want of moderation. Hallywell. IMMODEST Im*mod"est, a. Etym: [F. immodeste, L. immodestus immoderate; pref. im- not + modestus modest. See Modest.] 1. Not limited to due bounds; immoderate. 2. Not modest; wanting in the reserve or restraint which decorum and decency require; indecent; indelicate; obscene; lewd; as, immodest persons, behavior, words, pictures, etc. Immodest deeds you hinder to be wrought, But we proscribe the least immodest thought. Dryden. Syn. -- Indecorous; indelicate; shameless; shameful; impudent; indecent; impure; unchaste; lewd; obscene. IMMODESTLY Im*mod"est*ly, adv. Defn: In an immodest manner. IMMODESTY Im*mod"es*ty, n. Etym: [L. immodestia: cf. F. immodestie.] Defn: Want of modesty, delicacy, or decent reserve; indecency. "A piece of immodesty." Pope. IMMOLATE Im"mo*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immolated; p. pr. & vb. n. Immolating.] Etym: [L. immolatus, p. p. of immolare to sacrifice, orig., to sprinkle a victim with sacrifical meal; pref. im- in + mola grits or grains of spelt coarsely ground and mixed with salt; also, mill. See Molar, Meal ground grain.] Defn: To sacrifice; to offer in sacrifice; to kill, as a sacrificial victim. Worshipers, who not only immolate to them [the deities] the lives of men, but . . . the virtue and honor of women. Boyle. IMMOLATION Im`mo*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. immolatio: cf. F. immolation.] 1. The act of immolating, or the state of being immolated, or sacrificed. Sir. T. Browne. 2. That which is immolated; a sacrifice. IMMOLATOR Im"mo*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who offers in sacrifice; specifically, one of a sect of Russian fanatics who practice self-mutilatio and sacrifice. IMMOLD; IMMOULD Im*mold", Im*mould", v. t. Defn: To mold into shape, or form. [Obs.] G. Fletcher. IMMOMENT Im*mo"ment, a. Etym: [See Immomentous.] Defn: Trifling. [R.] "Immoment toys." Shak. IMMOMENTOUS Im`mo*men"tous, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + momentous.] Defn: Not momentous; unimportant; insignificant. [R.] A. Seward. IMMORAL Im*mor"al, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + moral: cf. F. immoral.] Defn: Not moral; inconsistent with rectitude, purity, or good morals; contrary to conscience or the divine law; wicked; unjust; dishonest; vicious; licentious; as, an immoral man; an immoral deed. Syn. -- Wicked; sinful; criminal; vicious; unjust; dishonest; depraved; impure; unchaste; profligate; dissolute; abandoned; licentious; lewd; obscene. IMMORALITY Im`mo*ral"i*ty, n.; pl. Immoralities. Etym: [Cf. F. immoralité.] 1. The state or quality of being immoral; vice. The root of all immorality. Sir W. Temple. 2. An immoral act or practice. Luxury and sloth and then a great drove of heresies and immoralities broke loose among them. Milton. IMMORALLY Im*mor"al*ly, adv. Defn: In an immoral manner; wickedly. IMMORIGEROUS Im`mo*rig"er*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + morigerous.] Defn: Rude; uncivil; disobedient. [Obs.] -- Im`mo*rig"er*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. IMMORTAL Im*mor"tal, a. Etym: [L. immortalis; pref. im- not + mortalis mortal: cf. F. immortel. See Mortal, and cf. Immortelle.] 1. Not mortal; exempt from liability to die; undying; imperishable; lasting forever; having unlimited, or eternal, existance. Unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible. 1 Tim. i. 17. For my soul, what can it do to that, Being a thing immortal as itself Shak. 2. Connected with, or pertaining to immortability. I have immortal longings in me. Shak. 3. Destined to live in all ages of this world; abiding; exempt from oblivion; imperishable; as, immortal fame. One of the few, immortal names, That were not born yo die. Halleck. 4. Great; excessive; grievous. [Obs.] Hayward. Immortal flowers, imortelles; everlastings. Syn. -- Eternal; everlasting; never-ending; ceaseless; perpetual; continual; enduring; endless; imperishable; incorruptible; deathless; undying. IMMORTAL Im*mor"tal, n. Defn: One who will never cease to be; one exempt from death, decay, or annihilation. Bunyan. IMMORTALIST Im*mor"tal*ist, n. Defn: One who holds the doctrine of the immortality of the soul. [R.] Jer. Taylor. IMMORTALITY Im`mor*tal"i*ty, n.; pl. Immortalities. Etym: [L. immortalitas: cf. F. immortalité.] 1. The quality or state of being immortal; exemption from death and annihilation; unending existance; as, the immortality of the soul. This mortal must put on immortality. 1 Cor. xv. 53. 2. Exemption from oblivion; perpetuity; as, the immortality of fame. IMMORTALIZATION Im*mor`tal*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of immortalizing, or state of being immortalized. IMMORTALIZE Im*mor"tal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immortalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Immortalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. immortaliser.] 1. To render immortal; to cause to live or exist forever. S. Clarke. 2. To exempt from oblivion; to perpetuate in fame. Alexander had no Homer to immortalize his quilty name. T. Dawes. IMMORTALIZE Im*mor"tal*ize, v. i. Defn: To become immortal. [R.] IMMORTALLY Im*mor"tal*ly, adv. Defn: In an immortal manner. IMMORTELLE Im`mor*telle", n.; pl. Immortelles. Etym: [F. See Immortal.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant with a conspicuous, dry, unwithering involucre, as the species of Antennaria, Helichrysum, Gomphrena, etc. See Everlasting. IMMORTIFICATION Im*mor`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: Failure to mortify the passions. [R.] Jer. Taylor. IMMOVABILITY Im*mov"a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being immovable; fixedness; steadfastness; as, immovability of a heavy body; immovability of purpose. IMMOVABLE Im*mov"a*ble, a. 1. Incapable of being moved; firmly fixed; fast; -- used of material things; as, an immovable foundatin. Immovable, infixed, and frozen round. Milton. 2. Steadfast; fixed; unalterable; unchangeable; -- used of the mind or will; as, an immovable purpose, or a man who remain immovable. 3. Not capable of being affected or moved in feeling or by sympathy; unimpressible; impassive. Dryden. 4. (Law.) Defn: Not liable to be removed; permanent in place or tenure; fixed; as, an immovable estate. See Immovable, n. Blackstone. Immovable apparatus (Med.), an appliance, like the plaster of paris bandage, which keeps fractured parts firmly in place. -- Immovable feasts (Eccl.), feasts which occur on a certain day of the year and do not depend on the date of Easter; as, Christmas, the Epiphany, etc. IMMOVABLE Im*mov"a*ble, n. 1. That which can not be moved. 2. pl. (Civil Law) Defn: Lands and things adherent thereto by nature, as trees; by the hand of man, as buildings and their accessories; by their destination, as seeds, plants, manure, etc.; or by the objects to which they are applied, as servitudes. Ayliffe. Bouvier. IMMOVABLENESS Im*mov"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being immovable. IMMOVABLY Im*mov"a*bly, adv. Defn: In an immovable manner. IMMUND Im*mund", a. Etym: [L.immundus; pref. im- not + mundus clean.] Defn: Unclean. [R.] Burton. IMMUNDICITY Im`mun*dic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. immondicité, L. immunditia, immundities.] Defn: Uncleanness; filthness. [R.] W. Montagu. IMMUNE Im*mune", a. Etym: [L. immunis. See Immunity.] Defn: Exempt; protected by inoculation. -- Im*mu"nize, v. t. IMMUNITY Im*mu"ni*ty, n.; pl. Immunities. Etym: [L. immunitas, fr. immunis free from a public service; pref. im- not + munis complaisant, obliging, cf. munus service, duty: cf. F. immunité. See Common, and cf. Mean, a.] 1. Freedom or exemption from any charge, duty, obligation, office, tax, imposition, penalty, or service; a particular privilege; as, the immunities of the free cities of Germany; the immunities of the clergy. 2. Freedom; exemption; as, immunity from error. IMMURE Im*mure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immured; p. pr. & vb. n. Immuring.] Etym: [Pref. im- in + mure: cf. F. emmurer.] 1. To wall around; to surround with walls. [Obs.] Sandys. 2. To inclose whithin walls, or as within walls; hence, to shut up; to imprison; to incarcerate. Those tender babes Whom envy hath immured within your walls. Shak. This huge convex of fire, Outrageous to devour, immures us round. Milton. IMMURE Im*mure", n. Defn: A wall; an inclosure. [Obs.] Shak. IMMUREMENT Im*mure"ment, n. Defn: The act iif immuring, or the state of being immured; imprsonment. IMMUSICAL Im*mu"sic*al, a. Defn: Inharmonious; unmusical; discordant. Bacon. IMMUTABILITY Im*mu`ta*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. immutabilitas: cf. F. immutabilité.] Defn: The state or quality of being immutable; immutableness. Heb. vi. 17. IMMUTABLE Im*mu"ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. immutabilis; pref. im- not + mutabilis mutable. See Mutable.] Defn: Not mutable; not capable or susceptible of change; unchangeable; unalterable. That by two immutable things, in which it was impossible for God to lie, we might have a strong consolation. Heb. vi. 18. Immutable, immortal, infinite, Eternal King. Milton. -- Im*mu"ta*ble*ness, n. -- Im*mu"ta*bly, adv. IMMUTATE Im*mu"tate, a. Etym: [L. immutatus, p. p. of immature.] Defn: Unchanged. [Obs.] IMMUTATION Im"mu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. immutatio, from immutare, immutatum, to change. See Immute.] Defn: Change; alteration; mutation. [R.] Dr. H. More. IMMUTE Im*mute", v. t. Etym: [L. immutare, immutatum; perf. im- in + mutare to change : cf. OF. immuter.] Defn: To change or alter. [Obs.] J. Salkeld. IMP Imp, n. Etym: [OE. imp a graft, AS. impa; akin to Dan. ympe, Sw. ymp, prob. fr. LL. impotus, Gr. be. See 1st In-, Be.] 1. A shoot; a scion; a bud; a slip; a graft. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. An offspring; progeny; child; scion. [Obs.] The tender imp was weaned. Fairfax. 3. A young or inferior devil; a little, malignant spirit; a puny demon; a contemptible evil worker. To mingle in the clamorous fray Of squabbling imps. Beattie. 4. Something added to, or united with, another, to lengthen it out or repair it, -- as, an addition to a beehive; a feather inserted in a broken wing of a bird; a length of twisted hair in a fishing line. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] IMP Imp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imped; p. pr. & vb. n. Imping.] Etym: [AS. impian to imp, ingraft, plant; akin to Dan. ympe, Sw. ympa, OHG. impfon, impiton, G. impfen. See Imp, n.] 1. To graft; to insert as a scion. [Obs.] Rom. of R. 2. (Falconry) Defn: To graft with new feathers, as a wing; to splice a broken feather. Hence, Fig.: To repair; to extend; to increase; to strengthen to equip. [Archaic] Imp out our drooping country's broken wing. Shak. Who lazily imp their wings with other men's plumes. Fuller. Here no frail Muse shall imp her crippled wing. Holmes. Help, ye tart satirists, to imp my rage With all the scorpions that should whip this age. Cleveland. IMPACABLE Im*pa"ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. pref. im- not + pacare to quiet. See Pacate.] Defn: Not to be appeased or quieted. [Obs.] Spenser. -- Im*pa"ca*bly, adv. IMPACKMENT Im*pack"ment, n. Etym: [Pref. im- in + pack.] Defn: The state of being closely surrounded, crowded, or pressed, as by ice. [R.] Kane. IMPACT Im*pact", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Impacting.] Etym: [L. impactus, p. p. of impingere to push, strike against. See Impinge.] Defn: To drive close; to press firmly together: to wedge into a place. Woodward. IMPACT Im"pact, n. 1. Contact or impression by touch; collision; forcible contact; force communicated. The quarrel, by that impact driven. Southey. 2. (Mech.) Defn: The single instantaneous stroke of a body in motion against another either in motion or at rest. IMPACTED Im*pact"ed, a. Defn: Driven together or close. Impacted fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the fragments are driven into each other so as to be immovable. IMPACTION Im*pac"tion, n. Etym: [L. impactio a striking : cf. F. impaction.] 1. (Surg.) Defn: The driving of one fragment of bone into another so that the fragments are not movable upon each other; as, impaction of the skull or of the hip. 2. An immovable packing; (Med.), a lodgment of something in a strait or passage of the body; as, impaction of the fetal head in the strait of the pelvis; impaction of food or feces in the intestines of man or beast. IMPAINT Im*paint", v. t. Defn: To paint; to adorn with colors. [R.] "To impaint his cause." Shak. IMPAIR Im*pair", v. t. [imp & p. p. Impaired; p. pr. & vb. n. Impairing.] [Written also empair.] Etym: [OE. empeiren, enpeiren, OF. empeirier, empirier, F. empirer, LL. impejorare; L. pref. im- in + pejorare to make worse, fr. pejor worse. Cf. Appair.] Defn: To make worse; to diminish in quantity, value, excellence, or strength; to deteriorate; as, to impair health, character, the mind, value. Time sensibly all things impairs. Roscommon. In years he seemed, but not impaired by years. Pope. Syn. -- To diminish; decrease; injure; weaken; enfeeble; debilitate; reduce; debase; deteriorate. IMPAIR Im*pair", v. t. Defn: To grow worse; to deteriorate. Milton. IMPAIR Im"pair, a. Etym: [F. impair uneven, L. impar; im- not + par equal.] Defn: Not fit or appropriate. [Obs.] IMPAIR Im*pair", n. Defn: Diminution; injury. [Obs.] IMPAIRER Im*pair"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, impairs. IMPAIRMENT Im*pair"ment, n. Etym: [OE. enpeirement, OF. empirement.] Defn: The state of being impaired; injury. "The impairment of my health." Dryden. IMPALATABLE Im*pal"a*ta*ble, a. Defn: Unpalatable. [R.] IMPALE Im*pale", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impaled; p. pr. & vb. n. Impaling.] Etym: [See 2d Empale.] 1. To pierce with a pale; to put to death by fixing on a sharp stake. See Empale. Then with what life remains, impaled, and left To writhe at leisure round the bloody stake. Addison. 2. To inclose, as with pales or stakes; to surround. Impale him with your weapons round about. Shak. Impenetrable, impaled with circling fire. Milton. 3. (Her.) Defn: To join, as two coats of arms on one shield, palewise; hence, to join in honorable mention. Ordered the admission of St. Patrick to the same to be matched and impaled with the blessed Virgin in the honor thereof. Fuller. IMPALEMENT Im*pale"ment, n. 1. The act of impaling, or the state of being impaled. Byron. 2. An inclosing by stakes or pales, or the space so inclosed. H. Brooke. 3. That which hedges in; inclosure. [R.] Milton. 4. (Her.) Defn: The division of a shield palewise, or by a vertical line, esp. for the purpose of putting side by side the arms of husband and wife. See Impale, 3. IMPALLA Im*pal"la, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pallah deer of South Africa. IMPALLID Im*pal"lid, v. t. Defn: To make pallid; to blanch. [Obs.] Feltham. IMPALM Im*palm", v. t. Defn: To grasp with or hold in the hand. [R.] J. Barlow. IMPALPABILITY Im*pal`pa*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. impalpabilité.] Defn: The quality of being impalpable. Jortin. IMPALPABLE Im*pal"pa*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + palpable: cf. F. impalpable.] 1. Not palpable; that cannot be felt; extremely fine, so that no grit can be perceived by touch. "Impalpable powder." Boyle. 2. Not material; intangible; incorporeal. "Impalpable, void, and bodiless." Holland. 3. Not apprehensible, or readily apprehensible, by the mind; unreal; as, impalpable distinctions. IMPALPABLY Im*pal"pa*bly, adv. Defn: In an impalpable manner. IMPALSY Im*pal"sy, v. t. Defn: To palsy; to paralyze; to deaden. [R.] IMPANATE Im*pa"nate, a. Etym: [LL. impanatus, p. p. of impanare to impanate; L. pref. im- in + panis bread.] Defn: Embodied in bread, esp. in the bread of the eucharist. [Obs.] Cranmer. IMPANATE Im*pa"nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impanated; p. pr. & vb. n. Impanating.] Defn: To embody in bread, esp. in the bread of the eucharist. [Obs.] IMPANATION Im"pa*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. impanation. See Impanate, a.] (Eccl.) Defn: Embodiment in bread; the supposed real presence and union of Christ's material body and blood with the substance of the elements of the eucharist without a change in their nature; -- distinguished from transubstantiation, which supposes a miraculous change of the substance of the elements. It is akin to consubstantiation. IMPANATOR Im*pa"na*tor, n. Etym: [LL.] (Eccl.) Defn: One who holds the doctrine of impanation. IMPANEL Im*pan"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impaneled or Impanelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Impaneling or Impanelling.] Etym: [Pref. im- in + panel. Cf. Empanel.] [Written also empanel.] Defn: To enter in a list, or on a piece of parchment, called a panel; to form or enroll, as a list of jurors in a court of justice. Blackstone. IMPANELMENT Im*pan"el*ment, n. Defn: The act or process of impaneling, or the state of being impaneled. IMPARADISE Im*par"a*dise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imparadised; p. pr. & vb. n. Imparadising.] Etym: [Pref. im- + paradise: cf. F. emparadiser.] Defn: To put in a state like paradise; to make supremely happy. "Imparadised in one another's arms." Milton. IMPARALLELED Im*par"al*leled, a. Defn: Unparalleled. [Obs.] IMPARDONABLE Im*par"don*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. impardonnable.] Defn: Unpardonable. [Obs.] South. IMPARIDIGITATE Im*par`i*dig"i*tate, a. Etym: [L. impar unequal + digitus finger.] (Anat.) Defn: Having an odd number of fingers or toes, either one, three, or five, as in the horse, tapir, rhinoceros, etc. IMPARIPINNATE Im*par"i*pin"nate, a. Etym: [L. impar unequal + E. pinnate.] (Bot.) Defn: Pinnate with a single terminal leaflet. IMPARISYLLABIC Im*par"i*syl*lab"ic, a. Etym: [L. impar unequal + E. syllabic: cf. F. imparisyllabique.] (Gram.) Defn: Not consisting of an equal number of syllables; as, an imparisyllabic noun, one which has not the same number of syllables in all the cases; as, lapis, lapidis; mens, mentis. IMPARITY Im*par"i*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. im- + parity: cf. F. imparité.] 1. Inequality; disparity; disproportion; difference of degree, rank, excellence, number, etc. Milton. 2. Lack of comparison, correspondence, or suitableness; incongruity. In this region of merely intellectual notion we are at once encountered by the imparity of the object and the faculty employed upon it. I. Taylor. 3. Indivisibility into equal parts; oddness. [R.] IMPARK Im*park", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imparked, p. pr. & vb. n. Imparking.] Etym: [Cf. Empark.] Defn: To inclose for a park; to sever from a common; hence, to inclose or shut up. They . . . impark them [the sheep] within hurdles. Holland. IMPARL Im*parl", v. i. Etym: [OF. emparler; pref. em- (L. in) + parler to speak. See In, prep., and Parley.] 1. To hold discourse; to parley. [Obs.] Sir. T. North. 2. (Law) Defn: To have time before pleading; to have delay for mutual adjustment. Blackstone. IMPARLANCE Im*par"lance, n. Etym: [Cf. Emparlance, Parlance.] [Written also inparliance.] 1. Mutual discourse; conference. [Obs.] 2. (Law) (a) Time given to a party to talk or converse with his opponent, originally with the object of effecting, if possible, an amicable adjustment of the suit. The actual object, however, has long been merely to obtain further time to plead, answer to the allegations of the opposite party. (b) Hence, the delay or continuance of a suit. Note: Imparlance and continuance by imparlance have been abolished in England. Wharton (Law Dict. ). IMPARSONEE Im*par`son*ee", a. Etym: [OF. empersone. See 1st In-, and Parson.] (Eng. Eccl. Law) Defn: Presented, instituted, and inducted into a rectory, and in full possession. -- n. Defn: A clergyman so inducted. IMPART Im*part", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imparted; p. pr. & vb. n. Imparting.] Etym: [OF. impartir, empartir, L. impartire, impertire; pref. im- in + partire to part, divide, fr. pars, partis, part, share. See Part, n. ] 1. To bestow a share or portion of; to give, grant, or communicate; to allow another to partake in; as, to impart food to the poor; the sun imparts warmth. Well may he then to you his cares impart. Dryden. 2. To obtain a share of; to partake of. [R.] Munday. 3. To communicate the knowledge of; to make known; to show by words or tokens; to tell; to disclose. Gentle lady, When I did first impart my love to you. Shak. Syn. -- To share; yield; confer; convey; grant; give; reveal; disclose; discover; divulge. See Communicate. IMPART Im*part", v. i. 1. To give a part or share. He that hath two coats, let him impart to him that hath none. Luke iii. 11. 2. To hold a conference or consultation. Blackstone. IMPARTANCE Im*part"ance, n. Defn: Impartation. IMPARTATION Im`par*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of imparting, or the thing imparted. The necessity of this impartation. I. Taylor. IMPARTER Im*part"er, n. Defn: One who imparts. IMPARTIAL Im*par"tial, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + partial: cf. F. impartial.] Defn: Not partial; not favoring one more than another; treating all alike; unprejudiced; unbiased; disinterested; equitable; fair; just. Shak. Jove is impartial, and to both the same. Dryden. A comprehensive and impartial view. Macaulay. IMPARTIALIST Im*par"tial*ist, n. Defn: One who is impartial. [R.] Boyle. IMPARTIALITY Im*par`ti*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. impartialité.] Defn: The quality of being impartial; freedom from bias or favoritism; disinterestedness; equitableness; fairness; as, impartiality of judgment, of treatment, etc. Impartiality strips the mind of prejudice and passion. South. IMPARTIALLY Im*par"tial*ly, a. Defn: In an impartial manner. IMPARTIALNESS Im*par"tial*ness, n. Defn: Impartiality. Sir W. Temple. IMPARTIBILITY Im*part`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being impartible; communicability. Blackstone. IMPARTIBILITY Im*part`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. impartibilité.] Defn: The quality of being incapable of division into parts; indivisibility. Holland. IMPARTIBLE Im*part"i*ble, a. Etym: [From Impart.] Defn: Capable of being imparted or communicated. IMPARTIBLE Im*part"i*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + partible: cf. F. impartible.] Defn: Not partible; not subject to partition; indivisible; as, an impartible estate. Blackatone. IMPARTMENT Im*part"ment, n. Defn: The act of imparting, or that which is imparted, communicated, or disclosed. [R.] It beckons you to go away with it, As if it some impartment did desire To you alone. Shak. IMPASSABLE Im*pass"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. Unpassable.] Defn: Incapable of being passed; not admitting a passage; as, an impassable road, mountain, or gulf. Milton. -- Im*pass"a*ble*ness, n. -- Im*pass"a*bly, adv. IMPASSE Im`passe" (aN`päs"; E. im*pas"), n. [F.] Defn: An impassable road or way; a blind alley; cul-de-sac; fig., a position or predicament affording no escape. The issue from the present impasse will, in all probability, proceed from below, not from above. Arnold White. IMPASSIBILITY Im*pas`si*bil"i*ty, a. Etym: [L. impassibilitas: cf. F. impassibilité.] Defn: The quality or condition of being impassible; insusceptibility of injury from external things. IMPASSIBLE Im*pas"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. impassibilis; pref. im- not + passibilis passable: cf. F. impassible. See Passible.] Defn: Incapable of suffering; inaccessible to harm or pain; not to be touched or moved to passion or sympathy; unfeeling, or not showing feeling; without sensation. "Impassible to the critic." Sir W. Scott. Secure of death, I should contemn thy dart Though naked, and impassible depart. Dryden. IMPASSIBLENESS Im*pas"si*ble*ness, n. Defn: Impassibility. IMPASSION Im*pas"sion, v. t. Etym: [Pref. im- in + passion. Cf. Empassion, Impassionate, v.] Defn: To move or affect strongly with passion. [Archaic] Chapman. IMPASSIONABLE Im*pas"sion*a*ble, a. Defn: Excitable; susceptible of strong emotion. IMPASSIONATE Im*pas"sion*ate, a. Defn: Strongly affected. Smart. IMPASSIONATE Im*pas"sion*ate, v. t. Defn: To affect powerfully; to arouse the passions of. Dr. H. More. IMPASSIONATE Im*pas"sion*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + passionate.] Defn: Without passion or feeling. Burton. IMPASSIONED Im*pas"sioned, p. p. & a. Defn: Actuated or characterized by passion or zeal; showing warmth of feeling; ardent; animated; excited; as, an impassioned orator or discourse. IMPASSIVE Im*pas"sive, a. Defn: Not susceptible of pain or suffering; apathetic; impassible; unmoved. Impassive as the marble in the quarry. De Quincey. On the impassive ice the lightings play. Pope. -- Im*pas"sive*ly, adv. -- Im*pas"sive*ness, n. IMPASSIVITY Im`pas*siv"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being insusceptible of feeling, pain, or suffering; impassiveness. IMPASTATION Im`pas*ta"tion, n. Etym: [F. See Impaste.] Defn: The act of making into paste; that which is formed into a paste or mixture; specifically, a combination of different substances by means of cements. IMPASTE Im*paste", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Impasting.] Etym: [Pref. im- in + paste: cf. It. impastare, OF. empaster, F. empâter. See 1st In- and Paste.] 1. To knead; to make into paste; to concrete. "Blood . . . baked and impasted." Shak. 2. (Paint.) Defn: To lay color on canvas by uniting them skillfully together. [R.] Cf. Impasto. IMPASTING Im*past"ing, (Paint.) Defn: The laying on of colors to produce impasto. IMPASTO Im*pas"to, n. Etym: [It. See Impaste.] (Paint.) Defn: The thickness of the layer or body of pigment applied by the painter to his canvas with especial reference to the juxtaposition of different colors and tints in forming a harmonious whole. Fairholt. IMPASTURE Im*pas"ture, v. t. Defn: To place in a pasture; to foster. [R.] T. Adams. IMPATIBLE Im*pat"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. impatibilis; pref. im- not + patibilis supportable. See Patible.] 1. Not capable of being borne; impassible. A spirit, and so impatible of material fire. Fuller. IMPATIENCE Im*pa"tience n. Etym: [OE. impacience, F. impatience, fr. L. impatientia.] Defn: The quality of being impatient; want of endurance of pain, suffering, opposition, or delay; eagerness for change, or for something expected; restlessness; chafing of spirit; fretfulness; passion; as, the impatience of a child or an invalid. I then, . . . Out of my grief and my impatience, Answered neglectingly. Shak. With huge impatience he inly swelt More for great sorrow that he could not pass, Than for the burning torment which he felt. Spenser. IMPATIENCY Im*pa"tien*cy, n. Defn: Impatience. [Obs.] IMPATIENS Im*pa"ti*ens, n. Etym: [L., impatient.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants, several species of which have very beautiful flowers; -- so called because the elastic capsules burst when touched, and scatter the seeds with considerable force. Called also touch-me-not, jewelweed, and snapweed. I. Balsamina (sometimes called lady's slipper) is the common garden balsam. IMPATIENT Im*pa"tient, a. Etym: [OE. impacient, F. impatient, fr. L. impatiens; pref. im- not + patiens patient. See Patient.] 1. Not patient; not bearing with composure; intolerant; uneasy; fretful; restless, because of pain, delay, or opposition; eager for change, or for something expected; hasty; passionate; -- often followed by at, for, of, and under. A violent, sudden, and impatient necessity. Jer. Taylor. Fame, impatient of extremes, decays Not more by envy than excess of praise. Pope. The impatient man will not give himself time to be informed of the matter that lies before him. Addison. Dryden was poor and impatient of poverty. Macaulay. 2. Not to be borne; unendurable. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. Prompted by, or exhibiting, impatience; as, impatient speeches or replies. Shak. Syn. -- Restless; uneasy; changeable; hot; eager; fretful; intolerant; passionate. IMPATIENT Im*pa"tient, n. Defn: One who is impatient. [R.] IMPATIENTLY Im*pa"tient*ly, adv. Defn: In an impatient manner. IMPATRONIZATION Im*pat`ron*i*za"tion, n. Defn: Absolute seignory or possession; the act of investing with such possession. [R.] Cotgrave. IMPATRONIZE Im*pat"ron*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impatronized; p. pr. & vb. n. Impatronizing.] Defn: To make lord or master; as, to impatronize one's self of a seigniory. [R.] Bacon. IMPAVE Im*pave", v. t. Defn: To pave. [Poetic] Impaved with rude fidelity Of art mosaic. Wordsworth. IMPAVID Im*pav"id, a. Etym: [L. impavidus. See In- not, and Pavid.] Defn: Fearless. -- Im*pav"id*ly, adv. IMPAWN Im*pawn", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impawned; p. pr. & vb. n. Impawning.] Etym: [Pref. im- + pawn: cf. Empawn.] Defn: To put in pawn; to pledge. Shak. IMPEACH Im*peach", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impeached; p. pr. & vb. n. Impeaching.] Etym: [OE. empeechier to prevent, hinder, bar, F. empêcher, L. impedicare to entangle; pref. im- in + pedica fetter, fr. pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and Appeach, Dispatch, Impede.] 1. To hinder; to impede; to prevent. [Obs.] These ungracious practices of his sons did impeach his journey to the Holy Land. Sir J. Davies. A defluxion on my throat impeached my utterance. Howell. 2. To charge with a crime or misdemeanor; to accuse; especially to charge (a public officer), before a competent tribunal, with misbehavior in office; to cite before a tribunal for judgement of official misconduct; to arraign; as, to impeach a judge. See Impeachment. 3. Hence, to charge with impropriety; to dishonor; to bring discredit on; to call in question; as, to impeach one's motives or conduct. And doth impeach the freedom of the state. Shak. 4. (Law) Defn: To challenge or discredit the credibility of, as of a witness, or the validity of, as of commercial paper. Note: When used in law with reference to a witness, the term signifies, to discredit, to show or prove unreliable or unworthy of belief; when used in reference to the credit of witness, the term denotes, to impair, to lessen, to disparage, to destroy. The credit of a witness may be impeached by showing that he has made statements out of court contradictory to what he swears at the trial, or by showing that his reputation for veracity is bad, etc. Syn. -- To accuse; arraign; censure; criminate; indict; impair; disparage; discredit. See Accuse. IMPEACH Im*peach", n. Defn: Hindrance; impeachment. [Obs.] IMPEACHABLE Im*peach"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be impeached; liable to impeachment; chargeable with a crime. Owners of lands in fee simple are not impeachable for waste. Z. Swift. IMPEACHER Im*peach"er, n. Defn: One who impeaches. IMPEACHMENT Im*peach"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. empêchement.] Defn: The act of impeaching, or the state of being impeached; as: (a) Hindrance; impediment; obstruction. [Obs.] Willing to march on to Calais, Without impeachment. Shak. (b) A calling to account; arraignment; especially, of a public officer for maladministration. The consequence of Coriolanus' impeachment had like to have been fatal to their state. Swift. (c) A calling in question as to purity of motives, rectitude of conduct, credibility, etc.; accusation; reproach; as, an impeachment of motives. Shak. Note: In England, it is the privilege or right of the House of Commons to impeach, and the right of the House of Lords to try and determine impeachments. In the United States, it is the right of the House of Representatives to impeach, and of the Senate to try and determine impeachments. Articles of impeachment. See under Article. -- Impeachment of waste (Law), restraint from, or accountability for, injury; also, a suit for damages for injury. Abbott. IMPEARL Im*pearl", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impearled; p. pr. & vb. n. Impearling.] Etym: [Pref. im- in + pearl: cf. F. emperler.] 1. To form into pearls, or into that which resembles pearls. [Poetic] Dewdrops which the sun Impearls on every leaf and every flower. Milton. 2. To decorate as with pearls or with anything resembling pearls. [Poetic] With morning dews impearled. Mrs. Browning. The dews of the morning impearl every thorn. R. Digby. IMPECCABILITY Im*pec`ca*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. impeccabilité.] Defn: the quality of being impeccable; exemption from sin, error, or offense. Infallibility and impeccability are two of his attributes. Pope. IMPECCABLE Im*pec"ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. impeccabilis; pref. im- not + peccare to err, to sin: cf. F. impeccable.] Defn: Not liable to sin; exempt from the possibility of doing wrong. -- n. Defn: One who is impeccable; esp., one of a sect of Gnostic heretics who asserted their sinlessness. God is infallible, impeccable, and absolutely perfect. P. Skelton. IMPECCANCY Im*pec"can*cy, n. Defn: Sinlessness. Bp. Hall. IMPECCANT Im*pec"cant, a. Defn: Sinless; impeccable. Byron. IMPECUNIOSITY Im`pe*cu`ni*os"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being impecunious. Thackeray. Sir W. Scott. IMPECUNIOUS Im"pe*cu"ni*ous, a. Etym: [L. im- not + pecunia money: cf. F. impécunieux.] Defn: Not having money; habitually without money; poor. An impecunious creature. B. Jonson. IMPEDANCE Im*ped"ance, n. [Impede + -ance.] (Elec.) Defn: The apparent resistance in an electric circuit to the flow of an alternating current, analogous to the actual electrical resistance to a direct current, being the ratio of electromotive force to the current. It is equal to R2 + X2, where R = ohmic resistance, X = reactance. For an inductive circuit, X = 2pfL, where f = frequency and L = self-inductance; for a circuit with capacity X = 1 ÷ 2pfC, where C = capacity. IMPEDE Im*pede", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Impeding.] Etym: [L. impedire, lit., to entangle the feet; pref. im- in + pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and cf. Impeach.] Defn: To hinder; to stop in progress; to obstruct; as, to impede the advance of troops. Whatever hinders or impedes The action of the nobler will. Logfellow. IMPEDIBLE Im*ped"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being impeded or hindered. [R.] Jer. Taylor. IMPEDIMENT Im*ped"i*ment, n. Etym: [L. impedimentum: cf. F. impediment.] Defn: That which impedes or hinders progress, motion, activity, or effect. Thus far into the bowels of the land Have we marched on without impediment. Shak. Impediment in speech, a defect which prevents distinct utterance. Syn. -- Hindrance; obstruction; obstacle; difficulty; incumbrance. -- Impediment, Obstacle, Difficulty, Hindrance. An impediment literally strikes against our feet, checking our progress, and we remove it. An obstacle rises before us in our path, and we surmount or remove it. A difficulty sets before us something hard to be done, and we encounter it and overcome it. A hindrance holds us back for a time, but we break away from it. The eloquence of Demosthenes was to Philip of Macedon, a difficulty to be met with his best recources, ant obstacle to his own ambition, and an impedimen in his political career. C. J. Smith. IMPEDIMENT Im*ped"i*ment, v. t. Defn: To impede. [R.] Bp. Reynolds. IMPEDIMENTA Im*ped`i*men"ta, n. pl. [L. See Impediment, Impede.] Defn: Things which impede or hinder progress; incumbrances; baggage; specif. (Mil.), Defn: the supply trains which must accompany an army. On the plains they will have horses dragging travoises, dogs with travoises, women and children loaded with impedimenta. Julian Ralph. IMPEDIMENTAL Im*ped`i*men"tal, a. Defn: Of the nature of an impediment; hindering; obstructing; impeditive. Things so impediental to success. G. H. Lewes. IMPEDITE Im"pe*dite, a. Etym: [L. impeditus, p. p. See Impede.] Defn: Hindered; obstructed. [R.] Jer. Taylor. IMPEDITE Im"pe*dite, v. t. Defn: To impede. [Obs.] Boyle. IMPEDITION Im"pe*di"tion, n. Etym: [L. impeditio.] Defn: A hindering; a hindrance. [Obs.] Baxier. IMPEDITIVE Im*ped"i*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. impéditif.] Defn: Causing hindrance; impeding. "Cumbersome, and impeditive of motion." Bp. Hall. IMPEL Im*pel", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Impelling.] Etym: [L. impellere; pref. im- in + pellere, pulsum, to drive. See Pulse a beat, and cf. Impulse.] Defn: To drive or urge forward or on; to press on; to incite to action or motion in any way. The surge impelled me on a craggy coast. Pope. Syn. -- To instigate; incite; induce; influence; force; drive; urge; actuate; move. IMPELLENT Im*pel"lent, a. Etym: [L. impellens, p. pr. of impellere.] Defn: Having the quality of impelling. IMPELLENT Im*pel"lent, n. Defn: An impelling power or force. Glanvill. IMPELLER Im*pel"ler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, impels. IMPEN Im*pen", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impenned and Impent (; p. pr. & vb. n. Impenning.] Defn: To shut up or inclose, as in a pen. Feltham. IMPEND Im*pend", v. t. Etym: [L. impend; pref. im- in + pend to weigh out, pay.] Defn: To pay. [Obs.] Fabyan. IMPEND Im*pend", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Impended; p. pr. & vb. n. Impending.] Etym: [L. impendere; pref. im- in + pendere to hang. See Pendant.] Defn: To hang over; to be suspended above; to threaten frome near at hand; to menace; to be imminent. See Imminent. Destruction sure o'er all your heads impends. Pope. IMPENDENCE; IMPENDENCY Im*pend"ence, Im*pend"en*cy, n. Defn: The state of impending; also, that which impends. "Impendence of volcanic cloud." Ruskin. IMPENDENT Im*pend"ent, a. Etym: [L. impendens, p. pr. of impendere.] Defn: Impending; threatening. Impendent horrors, threatening hideous fall. Milton. IMPENDING Im*pend"ing, a. Defn: Hanging over; overhanging; suspended so as to menace; imminet; threatening. An impending brow. Hawthorne. And nodding Ilion waits th' impending fall. Pope. Syn. -- Imminent; threatening. See Imminent. IMPENETRABILITY Im*pen`e*tra*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. impénétrabilité.] 1. Quality of being impenetrable. 2. (Physics) Defn: That property in virtue of which two portions of matter can not at the same time occupy the same portion of space. 3. Insusceptibility of intellectual or emotional impression; obtuseness; stupidity; coldness. IMPENETRABLE Im*pen"e*tra*ble, a. Etym: [L. impenetrabilis; pref. im- not + penetrabilis penetrable: cf. F. impénétrable.] 1. Incapable of being penetrated or pierced; not admitting the passage of other bodies; not to be entered; impervious; as, an impenetrable shield. Highest woods impenetrable To star or sunlight. Milton. 2. (Physics) Defn: Having the property of preventing any other substance from occupying the same space at the same time. 3. Inaccessible, as to knowledge, reason, sympathy, etc.; unimpressible; not to be moved by arguments or motives; as, an impenetrable mind, or heart. They will be credulous in all affairs of life, but impenetrable by a sermon of the gospel. Jer. Taylor. IMPENETRABLENESS Im*pen"e*tra*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being impenetrable; impenetrability. IMPENETRABLY Im*pen"e*tra*bly, adv. Defn: In an impenetrable manner or state; imperviously. "Impenetrably armed." Milton. "Impenetrably dull." Pope. IMPENITENCE Im*pen"i*tence, n. Etym: [L. impenitentia: cf. F. impénitence.] Defn: The condition of being impenitent; failure or refusal to repent; hardness of heart. He will advance from one degree of wickedness and impenitence to another. Rogers. IMPENITENCY Im*pen"i*ten*cy, n. Defn: Impenitence. Milton. IMPENITENT Im*pen"i*tent, a. Etym: [L. impaenitens; pref. im- not + paenitens penitens: cf. F. impénitent. See Penitent.] Defn: Not penitent; not repenting of sin; not contrite; of a hard heart. "They . . . died impenitent." Milton. "A careless and impenitent heart." Bp. Hall. IMPENITENT Im*pen"i*tent, n. Defn: One who is not penitent. [R.] IMPENITENTLY Im*pen"i*tent*ly, adv. Defn: Without repentance. IMPENNATE Im*pen"nate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Characterized by short wings covered with feathers resembling scales, as the penguins. -- n. Defn: One of the Impennes. IMPENNES Im*pen"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. pref. im- not + penna feather.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of birds, including only the penguins, in which the wings are without quills, and not suited for flight. IMPENNOUS Im*pen"nous a. Etym: [L. pref. im- not + penna wing.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having no wings, as some insects. IMPEOPLE Im*peo"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impeopled; p. pr. & vb. n. Impeopling.] Etym: [See Empeople.] Defn: To people; to give a population to. [Obs.] Thou hast helped to impeople hell. Beaumont. IMPERANT Im"pe*rant, a. Etym: [L. imperans, p. pr. of imperare to command.] Defn: Commanding. [R.] Baxter. IMPERATE Im"pe*rate, a. Etym: [L. imperatus, p. p. of imperare to command.] Defn: Done by express direction; not involuntary; communded. [Obs.] Those imperate acts, wherein we see the empire of the soul. Sir M. Hale. IMPERATIVAL Im*per`a*ti"val, a. (Gram.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the imperative mood. IMPERATIVE Im*per"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. imperativus, fr. imperare to command; pref. im- in + parare to make ready, prepare: cf. F. impératif. See Perade, and cf. Empire.] 1. Expressive of command; containing positive command; authoritatively or absolutely directive; commanding; authoritative; as, imperative orders. The suit of kings are imperative. Bp. Hall. 2. Not to be avoided or evaded; obligatory; binding; compulsory; as, an imperative duty or order. 3. (Gram.) Defn: Expressive of commund, entreaty, advice, or exhortation; as, the imperative mood. IMPERATIVE Im*per"a*tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: The imperative mood; also, a verb in the imperative mood. IMPERATIVELY Im*per"a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an imperative manner. IMPERATOR Im`pe*ra"tor, n. Etym: [L. See Emperor.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A commander; a leader; an emperor; -- originally an appellation of honor by which Roman soldiers saluted their general after an important victory. Subsequently the title was conferred as a recognition of great military achievements by the senate, whence it carried wiht it some special privileges. After the downfall of the Republic it was assumed by Augustus and his successors, and came to have the meaning now attached to the word emperor. IMPERATORIAL Im*per`a*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. imperatorius.] 1. Commanding; imperative; authoritative. 2. Of or pertaining to the title or office of imperator. "Imperatorial laurels." C. Merivale. IMPERATORIAN Im*per`a*to"ri*an, a. Defn: Imperial. [R.] Gauden. IMPERATORY Im*per"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Imperative. [R.] IMPERCEIVABLE Im`per*ceiv"a*ble, a. Defn: Imperceptible. [R.] South. -- Im`per*ceiv"a*ble*ness, n. Sharp. IMPERCEIVED Im`per*ceived", a. Defn: Not perceived. [Obs.] IMPERCEPTIBILITY Im`per*cep`ti*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being imperceptible. IMPERCEPTIBLE Im`per*cep"ti*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + perceptible: cf. F. imperceptible.] Defn: Not perceptible; not to be apprehended or cognized by the souses; not discernible by the mind; not easily apprehended. Almost imperceptible to the touch. Dryden. Its operation is slow, and in some cases almost imperceptible. Burke. -- Im`per*cep"ti*ble*ness, n. -- Im`per*cep"ti*bly, adv. Their . . . subility and imperceptibleness. Sir M. Hale. IMPERCEPTION Im`per*cep"tion, n. Defn: Want of perception. IMPERCEPTIVE Im`per*cep"tive, a. Defn: Unable to perceive. The imperceptive part of the soul. Dr. H. More. IMPERCIPIENT Im`per*cip"i*ent, a. Defn: Not perceiving, or not able to perceive. A. Baxter. IMPERDIBILITY Im*per`di*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being imperdible. [Obs.] Derham. IMPERDIBLE Im*per"di*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + L. perdere to destroy.] Defn: Not destructible. [Obs.] -- Im*per"di*bly, adv. [Obs.] IMPERFECT Im*per"fect, a. Etym: [L. imperfectus: pref. im- not + perfectus perfect: cf. F imparfait, whence OE. imparfit. See Perfect.] 1. Not perfect; not complete in all its parts; wanting a part; deective; deficient. Something he left imperfect in the state. Shak. Why, then, your other senses grow imperfect. Shak. 2. Wanting in some elementary organ that is essential to successful or normal activity. He . . . stammered like a child, or an amazed, imperfect person. Jer. Taylor. 3. Not fulfilling its design; not realizing an ideal; not conformed to a standard or rule; not satisfying the taste or conscience; esthetically or morally defective. Nothing imperfect or deficient left Of all that he created. Milton. Then say not man's imperfect, Heaven in fault; Say rather, man's as perfect as he ought. Pope. Imperfect arch, an arch of less than a semicircle; a skew arch. -- Imperfect cadence (Mus.), one not ending with the tonic, but with the dominant or some other chord; one not giving complete rest; a half close. -- Imperfect consonances (Mus.), chords like the third and sixth, whose ratios are less simple than those of the fifth and forth. -- Imperfect flower (Bot.), a flower wanting either stamens or pistils. Gray. -- Imperfect interval (Mus.), one a semitone less than perfect; as, an imperfect fifth. -- Imperfect number (Math.), a number either greater or less than the sum of its several divisors; in the former case, it is called also a defective number; in the latter, an abundant number. -- Imperfect obligations (Law), obligations as of charity or gratitude, which cannot be enforced by law. -- Imperfect power (Math.), a number which can not be produced by taking any whole number or vulgar fraction, as a factor, the number of times indicated by the power; thus, 9 is a perfect square, but an imperfect cube. -- Imperfect tense (Gram), a tense expressing past time and incomplete action. IMPERFECT Im*per"fect, n. (Gram.) Defn: The imperfect tense; or the form of a verb denoting the imperfect tense. IMPERFECT Im*per"fect, v. t. Defn: To make imperfect. [Obs.] IMPERFECTIBILITY Im`per*fec`ti*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being imperfectible. [R.] IMPERFECTIBLE Im`per*fec"ti*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being mad perfect. [R.] IMPERFECTION Im`per*fec"tion, n. Etym: [L. imperfectio: cf. F. imperfection. See Imperfect, a.] Defn: The quality or condition of being imperfect; want of perfection; incompleteness; deficiency; fault or blemish. Sent to my account With all my imperfections on my head. Shak. Syn. -- Defect; deficiency; incompleteness; fault; failing; weakness; frailty; foible; blemish; vice. IMPERFECTNESS Im*per"fect*ness, n. Defn: The state of being imperfect. IMPERFORABLE Im*per"fo*ra*ble, a. Etym: [See Imperforate.] Defn: Incapable of being perforated, or bored through. IMPERFORATA Im*per"fo*ra"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Imperforate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Foraminifera, including those in which the shell is not porous. IMPERFORATE; IMPERFORATED Im*per"fo*rate, Im*per"fo*ra"ted, a. Etym: [L. pref. im- not + perforatus, p. p. of perforate to perforate. See Perforate.] Defn: Not perforated; having no opening or aperture. Sir J. Banks. IMPERFORATION Im*per`fo*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. imperforation.] Defn: The state of being without perforation. IMPERIAL Im*pe"ri*al, a. Etym: [OE. emperial, OF. emperial, F. impérial, fr. L. imperialis, fr. imperium command, sovereignty, empire. See Empire.] 1. Of or pertaining to an empire, or to an emperor; as, an imperial government; imperial authority or edict. The last That wore the imperial diadem of Rome. Shak. 2. Belonging to, or suitable to, supreme authority, or one who wields it; royal; sovereign; supreme. "The imperial democracy of Athens." Mitford. Who, as Ulysses says, opinion crowns With an imperial voice. Shak. To tame the proud, the fetter'd slave to free, These are imperial arts, and worthy thee. Dryden. He sounds his imperial clarion along the whole line of battle. E. Everett. 3. Of superior or unusual size or excellence; as, imperial paper; imperial tea, etc. Imperial bushel, gallon, etc. See Bushel, Gallon, etc. -- Imperial chamber, the, the sovereign court of the old German empire. -- Imperial city, under the first German empire, a city having no head but the emperor. -- Imperial diet, an assembly of all the states of the German empire. -- Imperial drill. (Manuf.) See under 8th Drill. -- Imperial eagle. (Zoöl.) See Eagle. -- Imperial green. See Paris green, under Green. -- Imperial guard, the royal guard instituted by Napoleon I. -- Imperial weights and measures, the standards legalized by the British Parliament. IMPERIAL Im*pe"ri*al, n. Etym: [F. impériale: cf. Sp. imperial.] 1. The tuft of hair on a man's lower lip and chin; -- so called from the style of beard of Napoleon III. 2. An outside seat on a diligence. T. Hughes. 3. A luggage case on the top of a coach. Simmonds. 4. Anything of unusual size or excellence, as a large decanter, a kind of large photograph, a large sheet of drowing, printing, or writing paper, etc. 5. A gold coin of Russia worth ten rubles, or about eight dollars. McElrath. 6. A kind of fine cloth brought into England from Greece. or other Eastern countries, in the Middle Ages. IMPERIALISM Im*pe"ri*al*ism, n. Defn: The power or character of an emperor; imperial authority; the spirit of empire. Roman imperialism had divided the world. C. H. Pearson. IMPERIALIST Im*pe"ri*al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. impérialiste.] Defn: One who serves an emperor; one who favors imperialism. IMPERIALITY Im*pe`ri*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Imperialities (. 1. Imperial power. 2. An imperial right or privilegs. See Royalty. The late empress having, by ukases of grace, relinquished her imperialities on the private mines, viz., the tenths of the copper, iron, silver and gold. W. Tooke. IMPERIALIZE Im*pe"ri*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imperialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Imperializing.] Defn: To invest with imperial authority, character, or style; to bring to the form of an empire. Fuller. IMPERIALLY Im*pe"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an imperial manner. IMPERIALLY Im*pe"ri*al*ly, n. Defn: Imperial power. [R.] Sheldon. IMPERIL Im*per"il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imperiled or Imperilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Imperiling or Imperilling.] Defn: To bring into peril; to endanger. IMPERILMENT Im*per"il*ment, n. Defn: The act of imperiling, or the state of being imperiled. IMPERIOUS Im*pe"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. imperiosus: cf. F. impérieux. See Imperial.] 1. Commanding; ascendant; imperial; lordly; majestic. [Obs.] "A vast and imperious mind." Tilloison. Therefore, great lords, be, as your titles witness, Imperious. Shak. 2. Haughly; arrogant; overbearing; as, an imperious tyrant; an imperious manner. This imperious man will work us all From princes into pages. Shak. His bold, contemptuous, and imperious spirit soon made him conspicuous. Macaulay. 3. Imperative; urgent; compelling. Imperious need, which can not be withstood. Dryden. Syn. -- Dictatorial; haughty; domineering; overbearing; lordly; tyrannical; despotic; arrogant; imperative; authoritative; commanding; pressing. -- Imperious, Lordly, Domineering. One who is imperious exercises his authority in a manner highly offensive for its spirit and tone; one who is lordly assumes a lofty air in order to display his importance; one who is domineering gives orders in a way to make other feel their inferiority. IMPERIOUSLY Im*pe"ri*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In an imperious manner. IMPERIOUSNESS Im*pe"ri*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being imperious; arrogance; haughtiness. Imperiousness and severity is but an ill way of treating men who have reason of their own to guide them. Locke. IMPERISHABILITY Im*per`ish*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being imperishable: indstructibility. "The imperishability of the universe." Milman. IMPERISHABLE Im*per"ish*a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + perishable: cf. F. impérissable.] Defn: Not perisha ble; not subject to decay; indestructible; enduringpermanently; as, an imperishable monument; imperishable renown. -- Im*per"ish*a*ble*ness, n. -- Im*per"ish*a*bly, adv. IMPERIUM Im*pe"ri*um, n.; pl. Imperia (#). [L. See Empire.] 1. Supreme power; absolute dominion; empire. 2. (Law) The right to command, which includes the right to employ the force of the state to enforce the laws. It is one of the principal attributes of the executive power. IMPERIWIGGED Im*per"i"wigged, a. Defn: Wearing a periwig. IMPERMANENCE; IMPERMANENCY Im*per"ma*nence, Im*per"ma*nen*cy, n. Defn: Want of permanence. IMPERMANENT Im*per"ma*nent, a. Defn: Not permanent. IMPERMEABILITY Im*per`me*a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. im- not + permeability: cf. F. imperméabilité.] Defn: The quality of being impermeable. IMPERMEABLE Im*per"me*a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + permeable: cf. F. imperméable, L. impermeabilis.] Defn: Not permeable; not permitting passage, as of a fluid. through its substance; impervious; impenetrable; as, India rubber is impermeable to water and to air. -- Im*per"me*a*ble*ness, n. -- Im*per"me*a*bly, adv. IMPERMISSIBLE Im`per*mis"si*ble, a. Defn: Not permissible. IMPERSCRUTABLE Im`per*scru"ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. imperscrutabilis.] Defn: Not capable of being searched out; inscrutable. [Obs.] -- Im`per*scru"ta*ble*ness, n. [Obs.] IMPERSEVERANT Im`per*sev"er*ant, a. Defn: Not persevering; fickle; thoughtless. [Obs.] IMPERSONAL Im*per"son*al, a. Etym: [L. impersonalis; pref. im- not + personalis personal: cf. F. impersonnel. See Personal.] Defn: Not personal; not representing a person; not having personality. An almighty but impersonal power, called Fate. Sir J. Stephen. Impersonal verb (Gram.), a verb used with an indeterminate subject, commonly, in English, with the impersonal pronoun it; as, it rains; it snows; methinks (it seems to me). Many verbs which are not strictly impersonal are often used impersonally; as, it goes well with him. IMPERSONAL Im*per"son*al, n. Defn: That which wants personality; specifically (Gram.), an impersonal verb. IMPERSONALITY Im*per`son*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being impersonal; want or absence of personality. IMPERSONALLY Im*per"son*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an impersonal manner. IMPERSONATE Im*per"son*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impersonated; p. pr. & vb. n. Impersonating.] 1. To invest with personality; to endow with the form of a living being. 2. To ascribe the qualities of a person to; to personify. 3. To assume, or to represent, the person or character of; to personate; as, he impersonated Macbeth. Benedict impersonated his age. Milman. IMPERSONATION; IMPERSONIFICATION Im*per`son*a"tion, Im`per*son`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of impersonating; personification; investment with personality; representation in a personal form. IMPERSONATOR Im*per"son*a`tor, n. Defn: One who impersonates; an actor; a mimic. IMPERSPICUITY Im*per`spi*cu"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of perspicuity or clearness; vaguness; ambiguity. IMPERSPICUOUS Im`per*spic"u*ous, a. Defn: Not perspicuous; not clear; obscure; vague; ambeguous. IMPERSUADABLE Im`per*suad"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. Impersuasible.] Defn: Not to be persuaded; obstinate; unyielding; impersuasible. -- Im`per*suad"a*ble*ness, n. IMPERSUASIBLE Im`per*sua"si*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + persuasible: cf. OF. impersuasible.] Defn: Not persuasible; not to be moved by persuasion; inflexible; impersuadable. Dr. H. More. -- Im`per*sua`si*bil"i*ty, n. IMPERTINENCE Im*per"ti*nence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. impertinence. See Impertinent.] 1. The condition or quality of being impertnent; absence of pertinence, or of adaptedness; irrelevance; unfitness. 2. Conduct or language unbecoming the person, the society, or the circumstances; rudeness; incivility. We should avoid the vexation and impertinence of pedants who affect to talk in a language not to be understood. Swift. 3. That which is impertinent; a thing out of place, or of no value. There are many subtile impertinences learned in schools. Watts. IMPERTINENCY Im*per"ti*nen*cy, n. Defn: Impertinence. [R.] O, matter and impertinency mixed! Reason in madness! Shak. IMPERTINENT Im*per"ti*nent, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. impertinens, -entis; pref. im- not + pertinens. See Pertinent.] 1. Not pertinent; not pertaining to the matter in hand; having no bearing on the subject; not to the point; irrelevant; inapplicable. Things that are impertinent to us. Tillotson. How impertinent that grief was which served no end! Jer. Taylor. 2. Contrary to, or offending against, the rules of propriety or good breeding; guilty of, or prone to, rude, unbecoming, or uncivil words or actions; as, an impertient coxcomb; an impertient remark. 3. Trifing; inattentive; frivolous. Syn. -- Rude; officious; intrusive; saucy; unmannerly; meddlesome; disrespectful; impudent; insolent. -- Impertinent, Officious, Rude. A person is officious who obtrudes his offices or assistance where they are not needed; he is impertinent when he intermeddles in things with which he has no concern. The former shows a want of tact, the latter a want of breeding, or, more commonly, a spirit of sheer impudence. A person is rude when he violates the proprieties of social life either from ignorance or wantonness. "An impertinent man will ask questions for the mere grafication of curiosity; a rude man will burst into the room of another, or push against his person, inviolant of all decorum; one who is officious is quite as unfortunate as he is troublesome; when he strives to serve, he has the misfortune to annoy." Crabb. See Impudence, and Insolent. IMPERTINENT Im*per"ti*nent, n. Defn: An impertinent person. [R.] IMPERTINENTLY Im*per"ti*nent*ly, adv. Defn: In an impertinent manner. "Not to betray myself impertinently." B. Jonson. IMPERTRANSIBILITY Im`per*tran`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being impertransible. [R.] IMPERTRANSIBLE Im`per*tran"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. pref. im- not + pertransire to go through. See Per- and Transient.] Defn: Incapable of being passed through. [R.] IMPERTURBABILITY Im`per*turb`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being imperturbable. [1913 Webster] IMPERTURBABLE Im`per*turb"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. imperturbabilis; pref. im- not + perturbare to disturb: cf. F. imperturbable. See Perture.] Defn: Incapable of being disturbed or disconcerted; as, imperturbable gravity. IMPERTURBABLY Im`per*turb"a*bly, adv. Defn: In an imperturbable manner; calmly. C. Bronté. IMPERTURBATION Im*per`tur*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. imperturbatio.] Defn: Freedom from agitation of mind; calmness; quietude. W. Montagu. IMPERTURBED Im`per*turbed", a. Defn: Not perturbed. IMPERVIABILITY Im*per`vi*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being imperviable. IMPERVIABLE Im*per"vi*a*ble, a. Defn: Not pervious; impervious. [R.] -- Im*per"vi*a*ble*ness, n. [R.] IMPERVIOUS Im*per"vi*ous, a. Etym: [L. impervius; pref. im- not + per through + via way. See Voyage.] Defn: Not pervious; not admitting of entrance or passage through; as, a substance impervious to water or air. This gulf impassable, impervious. Milton. The minds of these zealots were absolutely impervious. Macaulay. Syn. -- Impassable; pathless; impenetrable; imperviable; impermeable. -- Im*per"vi*ous*ly, adv. -- Im*per"vi*ous*ness, n. IMPERY Im"per*y, n. Defn: Empery. [Archaic] Joye. IMPEST Im*pest", v. t. Defn: To affict with pestilence; to infect, as with plague. [Obs.] IMPESTER Im*pes"ter, v. t. Defn: See Pester. [Obs.] IMPETIGINOUS Im`pe*tig"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. impetiginous: cf. F. impétigineux.] Defn: Of the nature of, or pertaining to, impetigo. IMPETIGO Im`pe*ti"go, n. Etym: [L., fr. impetere to attack.] (Med.) Defn: A cutaneous, pustular eruption, not attended with fever; usually, a kind of eczema with pustulation. IMPETRABLE Im"pe*tra*ble a. Etym: [L. impetrabilis: cf. F. impétrable. See Impetrate.] Defn: Capable of being obtained or moved by petition. [Obs.] Bailey. IMPETRATE Im"pe*trate, a. Etym: [L. impetratus, p. p. of impetrare to obtain; pref. im- in + patrare to bring to pass.] Defn: Obtained by entreaty. [Obs.] Ld. Herbert. IMPETRATE Im"pe*trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impetrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Impetrating.] Defn: To obtain by request or entreaty. Usher. IMPETRATION Im`pe*tra"tion, n. Etym: [L. impetratio: cf. F. impétration.] 1. The act of impetrating, or obtaining by petition or entreaty. [Obs.] In way of impertation procuring the removal or allevation of our crosses. Barrow. 2. (Old Eng. Law) Defn: The obtaining of benefice from Rome by solicitation, which benefice belonged to the disposal of the king or other lay patron of the realm. IMPETRATIVE Im"pe*tra*tive, a. Etym: [L. impetrativus obtained by entreaty.] Defn: Of the nature of impetration; getting, or tending to get, by entreaty. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. IMPETRATORY Im"pe*tra*to*ry, a. Defn: Containing or expressing entreaty. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. IMPETUOSITY Im*pet`u*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. impétuosité.] 1. The condition or quality of being impetuous; fury; violence. 2. Vehemence, or furiousnes of temper. Shak. IMPETUOUS Im*pet"u*ous, a. Etym: [F. impetueux, L. impetuosus. See Impetus.] 1. Rushing with force and violence; moving with impetus; furious; forcible; violent; as, an impetuous wind; an impetuous torrent. Went pouring forward with impetuous speed. Byron. 2. Vehement in feeling; hasty; passionate; violent; as, a man of impetuous temper. The people, on their holidays, Impetuous, insolent, unquenchable. Milton. Syn. -- Forcible; rapid; hasty; precipitate; furious; boisterous; violent; raging; fierce; passionate. -- Im*pet"u*ous*ly, adv. -- Im*pet"u*ous*ness, n. IMPETUS Im"pe*tus, n. Etym: [L., fr. impetere to rush upon, attack; pref. im- in + petere to fall upon, seek. See Petition.] 1. A property possessed by a moving body in virtue of its weight and its motion; the force with which any body is driven or impelled; momentum. Note: Momentum is the technical term, impetus its popular equivalent, yet differing from it as applied commonly to bodies moving or moved suddenly or violently, and indicating the origin and intensity of the motion, rather than its quantity or effectiveness. 2. Fig.: Impulse; incentive; vigor; force. Buckle. 3. (Gun.) Defn: The aititude through which a heavy body must fall to acquire a velocity equal to that with which a ball is discharged from a piece. IMPEYAN PHEASANT Im"pey*an pheas"ant. Etym: [From Lady Impey, who attempted to naturalize the bird in England.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An Indian crested pheasant of the genus Lophophorus. Several species are known. Called also monaul, monal. Note: They are remarkable for the bright color and brilliant matallic hues of their plumage. The best known species (L. Impeyanus) has the neck of a brilliant metallic red, changing to golden yellow in certain lights. IMPHEE Im"phee, n. (Bot.) Defn: The African sugar cane (Holcus saccharatus), -- resembling the sorghum, or Chinese sugar cane. IMPI Im"pi (im"pi), n. [Zulu.] Defn: A body of Kaffir warriors; a body of native armed men. [South Africa] As early as 1862 he crossed assagais with and defeated a Matabili impi (war band). James Bryce. IMPICTURED Im*pic"tured, a. Defn: Pictured; impressed. [Obs.] Spenser. IMPIERCE Im*pierce", v. t. Etym: [Pref. im- in + pierce. Cf. Empierce.] Defn: To pierce; to penetrate. [Obs.] Drayton. IMPIERCEABLE Im*pierce"a*ble a. Defn: Not capable of being pierced; impenetrable. [Obs.] Spenser. IMPIETY Im*pi"e*ty, n.; pl. Impieties (. Etym: [L. impietas, fr. impius impious; cf. F. impiété. See Impious, Piety.] 1. The quality of being impious; want of piety; irreverence toward the Supreme Being; ungodliness; wickedness. 2. An impious act; an act of wickednes. Those impieties for the which they are now visited. Shak. Syn. -- Ungodliness; irreligion; unrighteousness; sinfulness; profaneness; wickedness; godlessness. IMPIGNORATE Im*pig"no*rate, v. t. Etym: [LL. impignoratus, p. pl of impignorare to pawn. See Pignoration.] Defn: To pledge or pawn. [Obs.] Laing. IMPIGNORATION Im*pig`no*ra"tion, n. Etym: [LL. impignoratio: cf. F. impignoration.] Defn: The act of pawning or pledging; the state of being pawned. [Obs.] Bailey. IMPING Imp"ing, n. Etym: [See Imp to graft.] 1. The act or process of grafting or mending. [Archaic] 2. (Falconry) Defn: The process of repairing broken feathers or a deficient wing. IMPINGE Im*pinge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impinged; p. pr. & vb. n. Impinging.] Etym: [L. impingere; pref. im- in + pangere to fix, strike; prob. akin to pacisci to agree, contract. See Pact, and cf. Impact.] Defn: To fall or dash against; to touch upon; to strike; to hit; to ciash with; -- with on or upon. The cause of reflection is not the impinging of light on the solid or impervious parts of bodies. Sir I. Newton. But, in the present order of things, not to be employed without impinging on God's justice. Bp. Warburton. IMPINGEMENT Im*pinge"ment, n. Defn: The act of impinging. IMPINGENT Im*pin"gent, a. Etym: [L. impingens, p. pr.] Defn: Striking against or upon. IMPINGUATE Im*pin"guate, v. t. Etym: [L. impinguatus, p. p. of impinguare to fatten; pref. im- in + pinguis fat.] Defn: To fatten; to make fat. [Obs.] Bacon. IMPINGUATION Im`pin*gua"tion, n. Defn: The act of making fat, or the state of being fat or fattened. [Obs.] IMPIOUS Im"pi*ous, a. Etym: [L. impius; pref. im- not + pius piou. See Pious.] Defn: Not pious; wanting piety; irreligious; irreverent; ungodly; profane; wanting in reverence for the Supreme Being; as, an impious deed; impious language. When vice prevails, and impious men bear away, The post of honor is a private station. Addison. Syn. -- Impious, Irreligious, Profane. Irreligious is negative, impious and profane are positive. An indifferent man may be irreligious; a profane man is irreverent in speech and conduct; an impious man is wickedly and boldly defiant in the strongest sense. Profane also has the milder sense of secular. C. J. Smith. -- Im"pi*ous*ly, adv. -- Im"pi*ous*ness, n. IMPIRE Im"pire, n. Defn: See Umpire. [Obs.] Huloet. IMPISH Imp"ish, a. Defn: Having the qualities, or showing the characteristics, of an imp. IMPISHLY Imp"ish*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of an imp. IMPITEOUS Im*pit"e*ous, a. Defn: Pitiless; cruel. [Obs.] IMPLACABILITY Im*pla`ca*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. implacabilitas: cf. F. implacabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being implacable. IMPLACABLE Im*pla"ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. implacabilis; pref. im- not + placabilis: cf. F. implacable. See Placable.] 1. Not placable; not to be appeased; incapable of being pacified; inexorable; as, an implacable prince. I see thou art implacable. Milton. An object of implacable enmity. Macaulay. 2. Incapable of ebign relieved or assuaged; inextinguishable. [R.] O! how I burn with implacable fire. Spenser. Which wrought them pain Implacable, and many a dolorous groan. Milton. Syn. -- Unappeasable; inexorable; irreconcilable; unrelenting; relentless; unyielding. IMPLACABLENESS Im*pla"ca*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being implacable; implacability. IMPLACABLY Im*pla"ca*bly, adv. Defn: In an implacable manner. IMPLACENTAL Im`pla*cen"tal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Without a placenta, as marsupials and monotremes. -- n. Defn: A mammal having no placenta. IMPLACENTALIA Im`pla*cen*ta"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See In- not, and Placental.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A primary division of the Mammalia, including the monotremes and marsupials, in which no placenta is formed. IMPLANT Im*plant" v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Implanting.] Etym: [Pref. im- in + plant: cf. F. implanter.] Defn: To plant, or infix, for the purpose of growth; to fix deeply; to instill; to inculate; to introduce; as, to implant the seeds of virtue, or the principles of knowledge, in the minds of youth. Minds well implanted with solid . . . breeding. Milton. IMPLANTATION Im`plan*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. implantation.] Defn: The act or process of implantating. IMPLATE Im*plate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implated; p. pr. & vb. n. Implating.] Defn: To cover with plates; to sheathe; as, to implate a ship with iron. IMPLAUSIBILITY Im*plau`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of plausibility; the quality of being implausible. IMPLAUSIBLE Im*plau"si*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + plausible: cf. F. implausible.] Defn: Not plausible; not wearing the appearance of truth or credibility, and not likely to be believed. "Implausible harangues." Swift. -- Im*plau"si*ble*ness, n. -- Im*plau"si*bly, adv. IMPLEACH Im*pleach", v. t. Defn: To pleach; to interweave. [Obs.] Shak. IMPLEAD Im*plead", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impleaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Impleading.] Etym: [Cf. Emplead.] (Law) Defn: To institute and prosecute a suit against, in court; to sue or prosecute at law; hence, to accuse; to impeach. IMPLEAD Im*plead", v. i. Defn: To sue at law. IMPLEADABLE Im*plead"a*ble, a. Defn: Not admitting excuse, evasion, or plea; rigorous. [R.] T. Adams. IMPLEADER Im*plead"er, n. (Law) Defn: One who prosecutes or sues another. IMPLEASING Im*pleas"ing (, a. Defn: Unpleasing; displeasing. [Obs.] Overbury. IMPLEDGE Im*pledge", v. t. Defn: To pledge. Sir W. Scott. IMPLEMENT Im"ple*ment, n. Etym: [LL. implementum accomplishment, fr. L. implere, impletum, to fill up, finish, complete; pref. im- in + plere to fill. The word was perh. confuse with OF. empleier, emploier, to employ, F. employer, whence E. employ. See Plenty.] Defn: That which fulfills or supplies a want or use; esp., an instrument, toll, or utensil, as supplying a requisite to an end; as, the implements of trade, of husbandry, or of war. Genius must have talent as its complement and implement. Coleridge. IMPLEMENT Im"ple*ment, v. t. 1. To accomplish; to fulfill. [R.] Revenge . . . executed and implemented by the hand of Vanbeest Brown. Sir W. Scott. 2. To provide with an implement or implements; to cause to be fulfilled, satisfied, or carried out, by means of an implement or implements. The chief mechanical requisites of the barometer are implemented in such an instrument as the following. Nichol. 3. (Scots Law) Defn: To fulfill or perform, as a contract or an engagement. IMPLEMENTAL Im`ple*men"tal, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, implements or their use; mechanical. IMPLETION Im*ple"tion, n. Etym: [L. impletio. See Implement.] 1. The act of filling, or the state of being full. Sir T. Browne. 2. That which fills up; filling. Coleridge. IMPLEX Im"plex, a. Etym: [L. implexus, p. p. of implectere to infold; pref. im- in + plectere to plait: cf. F implexe.] Defn: Intricate; entangled; complicated; complex. The fable of every poem is . . . simple or implex. it is called simple when there is no change of fortune in it; implex, when the fortune of the chief actor changes from bad to good, or from good to bad. Addison. IMPLEXION Im*plex"ion, n. Etym: [L. implexio.] Defn: Act of involving, or state of being involved; involution. IMPLIABLE Im*pli"a*ble, a. Defn: Not pliable; inflexible; inyielding. IMPLICATE Im"pli*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Implicating.] Etym: [L. implicatus, p. p. of implicare to involve; pref. im- in + plicare to fold. See Employ, Ply, and cf. Imply, Implicit.] 1. To infold; to fold together; to interweave. The meeting boughs and implicated leaves. Shelley. 2. To bring into connection with; to involve; to connect; -- applied to persons, in an unfavorable sense; as, the evidence implicates many in this conspiracy; to be implicated in a crime, a discreditable transaction, a fault, etc. IMPLICATION Im`pli*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. implicatio: cf. F. implication.] 1. The act of implicating, or the state of being implicated. Three principal causes of firmness are. the grossness, the quiet contact, and the implication of component parts. Boyle. 2. An implying, or that which is implied, but not expressed; an inference, or something which may fairly be understood, though not expressed in words. Whatever things, therefore, it was asserted that the king might do, it was a necessary implication that there were other things which he could not do. Hallam. IMPLICATIVE Im"pli*ca*tive, a. Defn: Tending to implicate. IMPLICATIVELY Im"pli*ca*tive*ly, adv. Defn: By implication. Sir G. Buck. IMPLICIT Im*plic"it, a. Etym: [L. implicitus, p. p. of implicare to entwine, entangle, attach closely: cf. F. implicite. See Implicate.] 1. Infolded; entangled; complicated; involved. [Obs.] Milton. In his woolly fleece I cling implicit. Pope. 2. Tacitly comprised; fairly to be understood, though not expressed in words; implied; as, an implicit contract or agreement. South. 3. Resting on another; trusting in the word or authority of another, without doubt or reserve; unquestioning; complete; as, implicit confidence; implicit obedience. Back again to implicit faith I fall. Donne. Implicit function. (Math.) See under Function. IMPLICITLY Im*plic"it*ly, adv. 1. In an implicit manner; without reserve; with unreserved confidence. Not to dispute the methods of his providence, but humbly and implicitly to acquiesce in and adore them. Atterbury. 2. By implication; impliedly; as, to deny the providence of God is implicitly to deny his existence. Bentley. IMPLICITNESS Im*plic"it*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being implicit. IMPLICITY Im*plic"i*ty, n. Defn: Implicitness. [Obs.] Cotgrave. IMPLIED Im*plied", a. Defn: Virtually involved or included; involved in substance; inferential; tacitly conceded; -- the correlative of express, or expressed. See Imply. IMPLIEDLY Im*pli"ed*ly, adv. Defn: By implication or inference. Bp. Montagu. IMPLODED Im*plod"ed, a. (Phon.) Defn: Formed by implosion. Ellis. IMPLODENT Im*plod"ent, n. (Phon.) Defn: An implosive sound. Ellis. IMPLORATION Im`plo*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. imploratio: cf. OF. imploration. See Implore.] Defn: The act of imploring; earnest supplication. Bp. Hall. IMPLORATOR Im"plo*ra`tor, n. Defn: One who implores. [Obs.] Mere implorators of unholy suits. Shak. IMPLORATORY Im*plor"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Supplicatory; entreating. [R.] Carlyle. IMPLORE Im*plore", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implored; p. pr. & vb. n. Imploring.] Etym: [L. implorare; pref. im- in + plorare to cry aloud. See Deplore.] Defn: To call upon, or for, in supplication; to beseech; to prey to, or for, earnestly; to petition with urency; to entreat; to beg; -- followed directly by the word expressing the thing sought, or the person from whom it is sought. Imploring all the gods that reign above. Pope. I kneel, and then implore her blessing. Shak. Syn. -- To beseech; supplicate; crave; entreat; beg; solicit; petition; prey; request; adjure. See Beseech. IMPLORE Im*plore", v. i. Defn: To entreat; to beg; to prey. IMPLORE Im*plore", n. Defn: Imploration. [Obs.] Spencer. IMPLORER Im*plor"er, n. Defn: One who implores. IMPLORING Im*plor"ing, a. Defn: That implores; beseeching; entreating. -- Im*plor"ing*ly, adv. IMPLOSION Im*plo"sion, n. Etym: [Formed by substitution of pref. im- in for pref. ex- in explosion.] 1. A burstion inwards, as of a vessel from which the air has been exhausted; -- contrasted with explosion. 2. (Phon.) Defn: A sudden compression of the air in the mouth, simultaneously with and affecting the sound made by the closure of the organs in uttering p, t, or k, at the end of a syllable (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§159, 189); also, a similar compression made by an upward thrust of the larynx without any accompanying explosive action, as in the peculiar sound of b, d, and g, heard in Southern Germany. H. Sweet. IMPLOSIVE Im*plo"sive, a. (Phon.) Defn: Formed by implosion. -- n. Defn: An implosive sound, an implodent. -- Im*plo"sive*ly, adv. H. Sweet. IMPLUMED Im*plumed", a. Defn: Not plumed; without plumes or feathers; featherless. [R.] Drayton. IMPLUNGE Im*plunge", v. t. Defn: To plunge. Fuller. IMPLUVIUM Im*plu"vi*um, n. Etym: [L., fr. impluere to rain into; pref. im- in + pluere to rain.] (Arch.) Defn: In Roman dwellings, a cistern or tank, set in the atrium or peristyle to recieve the water from the roof, by means of the compluvium; generally made ornamental with flowers and works of art around its birm. IMPLY Im*ply", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implied; p. pr. & vb. n. Implying.] Etym: [From the same source as employ. See Employ, Ply, and cf. Implicate, Apply.] 1. To infold or involve; to wrap up. [Obs.] "His head in curls implied." Chapman. 2. To involve in substance or essence, or by fair inference, or by construction of law, when not include virtually; as, war implies fighting. Where a mulicious act is proved, a mulicious intention is implied. Bp. Sherlock. When a man employs a laborer to work for him, . . . the act of hiring implies an obligation and a promise that he shall pay him a reasonable reward for his services. Blackstone. 3. To refer, ascribe, or attribute. [Obs.] Whence might this distaste arise If [from] neither your perverse and peevish will. To which I most imply it. J. Webster. Syn. -- To involve; include; comprise; import; mean; denote; signify; betoken. See Involve. IMPOISON Im*poi"son, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Empoison.] Defn: To poison; to imbitter; to impair. IMPOISONER Im*poi"son*er, n. Defn: A poisoner. [Obs.] Beau. & Fi. IMPOISONMENT Im*poi"son*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. Empoisonment.] Defn: The act of poisoning or impoisoning. [Obs.] Pope. IMPOLARILY; IMPOLARLY Im*po"lar*i*ly, Im*po"lar*ly, adv. Defn: Not according to or in, the direction of the poles. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. IMPOLICY Im*pol"i*cy, n. Defn: The quality of being impolitic; inexpedience; unsuitableness to the end proposed; bads policy; as, the impolicy of fraud. Bp. Horsley. IMPOLITE Im`po*lite", a. Etym: [L. impolitus unpolishied, pref. im- not + politus, p. p. of polire to polish, refine. See Polite.] Defn: Not polite; not of polished manners; wanting in good manners; discourteous; uncivil; rude. -- Im`po*lite"ly, adv. -- Im`po*lite"ness, n. IMPOLITIC Im*pol"i*tic, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + politic; cf. F. impolitique.] Defn: Not politic; contrary to, or wanting in, policy; unwise; imprudent; indiscreet; inexpedient; as, an impolitic ruler, law, or measure. The most unjust and impolitic of all things, unequal taxation. Burke. Syn. -- Indiscreet; inexpedient; undiplomatic. IMPOLITICAL Im`po*lit"i*cal, a. Defn: Impolitic. [Obs.] -- Im`po*lit"i*cal*ly, adv. [Obs.] Bacon. IMPOLITICLY Im*pol"i*tic*ly, adv. Defn: In an impolitic manner. IMPOLITICNESS Im*pol"i*tic*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being impolitic. IMPONDERABILITY Im*pon`der*a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. impondérabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being imponderable; imponderableness. IMPONDERABLE Im*pon"der*a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + ponderable: cf. F. impondérable.] Defn: Not ponderable; without sensible or appreciable weight; incapable of being weighed. IMPONDERABLE Im*pon"der*a*ble, n. (Physics) Defn: An imponderable substance or body; specifically, in the plural, a name formely applied to heat, light, electricity, and magnetism, regarded as subtile flyids destitute of weight but in modern science little used. IMPONDERABLENESS Im*pon"der*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being imponderable. IMPONDEROUS Im*pon"der*ous, a. Defn: Imponderable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. -- Im*pon"der*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] IMPONE Im*pone", v. t. Etym: [L. imponere, impositum, to place upon; pref. im- in + ponere to place. See Position.] Defn: To stake; to wager; to pledge. [Obs.] Against the which he has imponed, as I take it, six French rapiers and poniards. Shak. IMPOOFO Im*poo"fo, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The eland. [Written also impoofoo.] IMPOON Im*poon", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The duykerbok. IMPOOR Im*poor", v. t. Defn: To impoverish. [Obs.] IMPOROSITY Im`po*ros"i*ty, n. Etym: [Perf. im- not + porosity: cf. F. imporosité.] Defn: The state or quality of being imporous; want of porosity; compactness. "The . . . imporosity betwixt the tangible parts." Bacon. IMPOROUS Im*por"ous, a. Defn: Destitute of pores; very close or compact in texture; solid. Sir T. Browne. IMPORT Im*port", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imported; p. pr. & vb. n. Importing.] Etym: [L. importare to bring in, to occasion, to cause; pref. im- in + portare to bear. Sense 3 comes through F. importer, from the Latin. See Port demeanor.] 1. To bring in from abroad; to introduce from without; especially, to bring (wares or merchandise) into a place or country from a foreign country, in the transactions of commerce; -- opposed to export. We import teas from China, coffee from Brasil, etc. 2. To carry or include, as meaning or intention; to imply; to signify. Every petition . . . doth . . . always import a multitude of speakers together. Hooker. 3. To be of importance or consequence to; to have a bearing on; to concern. I have a motion much imports your good. Shak. If I endure it, what imports it you Dryden. Syn. -- To denote; mean; sighify; imply; indicate; betoken; interest; concern. IMPORT Im*port", v. i. Defn: To signify; to purport; to be of moment. "For that . . . importeth to the work." Bacon. IMPORT Im"port, n. 1. Merchandise imported, or brought into a country from without its boundaries; -- generally in the plural, opposed to exports. I take the imports from, and not the exports to, these conquests, as the measure of these advantages which we derived from them. Burke. 2. That which a word, phrase, or document contains as its signification or intention or interpretation of a word, action, event, and the like. 3. Importance; weight; consequence. Most serious design, and the great import. Shak. IMPORTABLE Im*port"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. importable. See Import.] Defn: Capable of being imported. IMPORTABLE Im*port"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. importabilis; pref. im- not + portabilis bearable: cf. OF. importable. See Portable.] Defn: Not to be endured; insupportable; intolerable. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Im*port"a*ble*ness, n. [Obs.] IMPORTANCE Im*por"tance, n. Etym: [F. importance. See Important.] 1. The quality or state of being important; consequence; weight; moment; significance. Thy own importance know, Nor bound thy narrow views to things below. Pope. 2. Subject; matter. [Obs.] Upon importance of so slight and trivial a nature. Shak. 3. Import; meaning; significance. [Obs.] The wisest beholder could not say if the importance were joy or sorrow. Shak. 4. Importunity; solicitation. [Obs.] At our importance hither is he come. Shak. IMPORTANCY Im*por"tan*cy, n. Defn: Importance; significance; consequence; that which is important. [Obs.] Shak. "Careful to conceal importancies." Fuller. IMPORTANT Im*por"tant, a. Etym: [F. important. See Import, v. t.] 1. Full of, or burdened by, import; charged with great interests; restless; anxious. [Obs.] Thou hast strength as much As serves to execute a mind very important. Chapman. 2. Carrying or possessing weight or consequence; of valuable content or bearing; significant; weighty. Things small as nothing . . . He makes important. Shak. 3. Bearing on; forcible; driving. [Obs.] He fiercely at him flew, And with important outrage him assailed. Spenser. 4. Importunate; pressing; urgent. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Weighty; momentous; significant; essential; necessary; considerable; influential; serious. IMPORTANTLY Im*por"tant*ly, adv. Defn: In an important manner. IMPORTATION Im`por*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. importation. See Import, v. t.] 1. The act of carrying, conveying, or delivering. [R.] 2. The act or practice of importing, or bringing into a country or state; -- opposed to exportation. 3. That which is imported; commodities or wares introduced into a country from abroad. IMPORTER Im*port"er, n. Defn: One who imports; the merchant who brings goods into a country or state; -- opposed to exporter. IMPORTING Im*port"ing, a. Defn: Full of meaning. [Obs.] Shak. IMPORTLESS Im*port"less, a. Defn: Void of meaning. [Obs.] Shak. IMPORTUNABLE Im*por"tu*na*ble, a. Defn: Heavy; insupportable. [Obs.] Sir T. More. IMPORTUNACY Im*por"tu*na*cy, n. Etym: [From Importunate.] Defn: The quality of being importunate; importunateness. IMPORTUNATE Im*por"tu*nate, a. Etym: [See Importune.] 1. Troublesomely urgent; unreasonably solicitous; overpressing in request or demand; urgent; teasing; as, an impotunate petitioner, curiosity. Whewell. 2. Hard to be borne; unendurable. [R.] Donne. -- Im*por"tu*nate*ly, adv. -- Im*por"tu*nate*ness, n. IMPORTUNATOR Im*por"tu*na`tor, n. Defn: One who importunes; an importuner. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys. IMPORTUNE Im`por*tune", a. Etym: [F. importun, L. importunus; pref. im- not + a derivative from the root of portus harbor, importunus therefore orig. meaning, hard of access. See Port harbor, and cf. Importunate.] 1. Inopportune; unseasonable. [Obs.] 2. Troublesome; vexatious; persistent; urgent; hence, vexatious on account of untimely urgency or perinacious solicitation. [Obs.] And their importune fates all satisfied. Spenser. Of all other affections it [envy] is the most importune and continual. Bacon. IMPORTUNE Im`por*tune", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Importuned; p. pr. & vb. n. Importuning.] Etym: [From Importune, a.: cf. F. importuner.] 1. To request or solicit, with urgency; to press with frequent, unreasonable, or troublesome application or pertinacity; hence, to tease; to irritate; to worry. Their ministers and residents here have perpetually importuned the court with unreasonable demands. Swift. 2. To import; to signify. [Obs.] "It importunes death." Spenser. IMPORTUNE Im`por*tune", v. i. Defn: To require; to demand. [Obs.] We shall write to you, As time and our concernings shall importune. Shak. IMPORTUNELY Im`por*tune"ly, adv. Defn: In an importune manner. [Obs.] IMPORTUNER Im`por*tun"er, n. Defn: One who importunes. IMPORTUNITY Im`por*tu"ni*ty, n.; pl. Importunities. Etym: [L. importunitas unsuitableness, rudeness: cf. F. importunité.] Defn: The quality of being importunate; pressing or pertinacious solicitation; urgent request; incessant or frequent application; troublesome pertinacity. O'ercome with importunity and tears. Milton. IMPORTUOUS Im*por"tu*ous, a. Etym: [L. importuosus; pref.im- not + portuosus abounding in harbors, fr. portus harbor.] Defn: Without a port or harbor. [R.] IMPOSABLE Im*pos"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. imposable.] Defn: Capable of being imposed or laid on. Hammond. IMPOSABLENESS Im*pos"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being imposable. IMPOSE Im*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Imposing.] Etym: [F. imposer; pref. im- in + poser to place. See Pose, v. t.] 1. To lay on; to set or place; to put; to deposit. Cakes of salt and barley [she] did impose Within a wicker basket. Chapman. 2. To lay as a charge, burden, tax, duty, obligation, command, penalty, etc.; to enjoin; to levy; to inflict; as, to impose a toll or tribute. What fates impose, that men must needs abide. Shak. Death is the penalty imposed. Milton. Thou on the deep imposest nobler laws. Waller. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: To lay on, as the hands, in the religious rites of confirmation and ordination. 4. (Print.) Defn: To arrange in proper order on a table of stone or metal and lock up in a chase for printing; -- said of columns or pages of type, forms, etc. IMPOSE Im*pose", v. i. Defn: To practice trick or deception. To impose on or upon, to pass or put a trick on; to delude. "He imposes on himself, and mistakes words for things." Locke. IMPOSE Im*pose", n. Defn: A command; injunction. [Obs.] Shak. IMPOSEMENT Im*pose"ment, n. Defn: Imposition. [Obs.] IMPOSER Im*pos"er, n. Defn: One who imposes. The imposers of these oaths might repent. Walton. IMPOSING Im*pos"ing, a. 1. Laying as a duty; enjoining. 2. Adapted to impress forcibly; impressive; commanding; as, an imposing air; an imposing spectacle. "Large and imposing edifices." Bp. Hobart. 3. Deceiving; deluding; misleading. IMPOSING Im*pos"ing, n. (Print.) Defn: The act of imposing the columns of a page, or the pages of a sheet. See Impose, v. t., 4. Imposing stone (Print.), the stone on which the pages or columns of types are imposed or made into forms; - - called also imposing table. IMPOSINGLY Im*pos"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In an imposing manner. IMPOSINGNESS Im*pos"ing*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being imposing. IMPOSITION Im`po*si"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. impositio the application of a name to a thing. See Impone.] 1. The act of imposing, laying on, affixing, enjoining, inflicting, obtruding, and the like. "From imposition of strict laws." Milton. Made more solemn by the imposition of hands. Hammond. 2. That which is imposed, levied, or enjoined; charge; burden; injunction; tax. 3. (Eng. Univ.) Defn: An extra exercise enjoined on students as a punishment. T. Warton. 4. An excessive, arbitrary, or unlawful exaction; hence, a trick or deception put on laid on others; cheating; fraud; delusion; imposture. Reputation is an idle and most false imposition. Shak. 5. (Eccl.) Defn: The act of laying on the hands as a religious ceremoy, in ordination, confirmation, etc. 6. (Print.) Defn: The act or process of imosing pages or columns of type. See Impose, v. t., 4. Syn. -- Deceit; fraud; imposture. See Deception. IMPOSSIBILITY Im*pos`si*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Impossibilities. Etym: [L. impossibilitas: cf. F. impossibilité.] 1. The quality of being impossible; impracticability. They confound difficulty with impossibility. South. 2. An impossible thing; that which can not be thought, done, or endured. Impossibilities! O, no, there's none. Cowley. 3. Inability; helplessness. [R.] Latimer. Logical impossibility, a condition or statement involving contradiction or absurdity; as, that a thing can be and not be at the same time. See Principle of Contradiction, under Contradiction. IMPOSSIBLE Im*pos"si*ble, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. impossibilis; pref. im- not + possibilis possible. See Possible.] Defn: Not possible; incapable of being done, of existing, etc.; unattainable in the nature of things, or by means at command; insuperably difficult under the circumstances; absurd or impracticable; not feasible. With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible. Matt. xix. 26. Without faith it is impossible to please him. Heb. xi. 6. Impossible quantity (Math.), an imagnary quantity. See Imaginary. Syn. -- See Impracticable. IMPOSSIBLE Im*pos"si*ble, n. Defn: An impossibility. [Obs.] "Madam," quoth he, "this were an impossible!" Chaucer. IMPOSSIBLY Im*pos"si*bly, adv. Defn: Not possibly. Sir. T. North. IMPOST Im"post, n. Etym: [OF. impost, F. impot, LL. impostus, fr. L. impostus, p. p. of imponere to impose. See Impone.] 1. That which is imposed or levied; a tax, tribute, or duty; especially, a duty or tax laid by goverment on goods imported into a country. Even the ship money . . . Johnson could not pronounce to have been an unconstitutional impost. Macaulay. 2. (Arch.) Defn: The top member of a pillar, pier, wall, etc., upon which the weight of an arch rests. Note: The impost is called continuous, if the moldings of the arch or architrave run down the jamb or pier without a break. Syn. -- Tribute; excise; custom; duty; tax. IMPOSTHUMATE Im*post"hu*mate, v. t. Etym: [See Imposthume.] Defn: To apostemate; to form an imposthume or abscess. Arbuthnot. IMPOSTHUMATE Im*post"hu*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imposthumated; p. pr. & vb. n. Imposthumating.] Defn: To affect with an imposthume or abscess. IMPOSTHUMATE Im*post"hu*mate, a. Defn: Imposthumated. IMPOSTHUMATION Im*post`hu*ma"tion, n. 1. The act of forming an abscess; state of being inflamed; suppuration. 2. An abscess; an imposthume. Coxe. IMPOSTHUME Im*post"hume, n. Etym: [A corruption of aposteme. See Aposteme.] Defn: A collection of pus or purulent matter in any part of an animal body; an abscess. IMPOSTHUME Im*post"hume, v. t. & i. Defn: Same as Imposthumate. IMPOSTOR Im*pos"tor, n. Etym: [L. impostor a deceiver, fr. imponere to impose upon, deceive. See Impone.] Defn: One who imposes upon others; a person who assumes a character or title not his own, for the purpose of deception; a pretender. "The fraudulent impostor foul." Milton. Syn. -- Deceiver; cheat; rogue. See Deceiver. IMPOSTORSHIP Im*pos"tor*ship, n. Defn: The condition, character, or practice of an impostor. Milton. IMPOSTRESS; IMPOSTRIX Im*pos"tress, Im*pos"trix, n. Etym: [LL. impostrix. See Impostor.] Defn: A woman who imposes upon or deceives others. [R.] Fuller. IMPOSTROUS Im*pos"trous, n. Defn: Characterized by imposture; deceitful. "Impostrous pretense of knowledge." Grote. IMPOSTURAGE Im*pos"tur*age, n. Defn: Imposture; cheating. [R.] Jer. Taylor. IMPOSTURE Im*pos"ture, n. Etym: [L. impostura: cf. F. imposture. See Impone.] Defn: The act or conduct of an impostor; deception practiced under a false or assumed character; fraud or imposition; cheating. From new legends And fill the world with follies and impostures. Johnson. Syn. -- Cheat; fraud; trick; imposition; delusion. IMPOSTURED Im*pos"tured, a. Defn: Done by imposture. [Obs.] IMPOSTUROUS Im*pos"tur*ous, a. Defn: Impostrous; deceitful. Strictness fales and impostrous. Beau. & Fl. IMPOSTURY Im*pos"tur*y, n. Defn: Imposture. [Obs.] Fuller. IMPOTENCE; IMPOTENCY Im"po*tence, Im"po*ten*cy, n. Etym: [L. impotenia inability, poverty, want of moderation. See Impotent.] 1. The quality or condition of being impotent; want of strength or power, animal, intellectual, or moral; weakness; feebleness; inability; imbecility. Some were poor by impotency of nature; as young fatherless children, old decrepit persons, idiots, and cripples. Hayward. O, impotence of mind in body strong! Milton. 2. Want of self-restraint or self-control. [R.] Milton. 3. (Law & Med.) Defn: Want of procreative power; inability to copulate, or beget children; also, sometimes, sterility; barrenness. IMPOTENT Im"po*tent, a. Etym: [F. impotent, L. impotens, -entis; pref. im- not + potens potent, powerful. See Potent.] 1. Not potent; wanting power, strength. or vigor. whether physical, intellectual, or moral; deficient in capacity; destitute of force; weak; feeble; infirm. There sat a certain man at Lystra, impotent inhis feet. Acts xiv. 8. O most lame and impotent conclusion! Shak. Not slow to hear, Nor impotent to save. Addison. 2. Wanting the power of self-restraint; incontrolled; ungovernable; violent. Impotent of tongue, her silence broke. Dryden. 3. (Med.) Defn: Wanting the power of procreation; unable to copulate; also, sometimes, sterile; barren. IMPOTENT Im"po*tent, n. Defn: One who is imoitent. [R.] Shak. IMPOTENTLY Im"po*tent*ly, adv. Defn: In an impotent manner. IMPOUND Im*pound" (, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Impounding.] Defn: To shut up or place in an inclosure called a pound; hence, to hold in the custody of a court; as, to impound stray cattle; to impound a document for safe keeping. But taken and impounded as a stray, The king of Scots. Shak. IMPOUNDAGE Im*pound"age, n. 1. The act of impounding, or the state of being impounded. 2. The fee or fine for impounding. IMPOUNDER Im*pound"er, n. Defn: One who impounds. IMPOVERISH Im*pov"er*ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impoverished; p. pr. & vb. n. Impoverishing.] Etym: [OF. empovrir; pref. em- (L. in) + povre poor, F. pauvre; cf. OF. apovrir, F. appauvrir, where the prefix is a-, L. ad. Cf. Empoverish, and see Poor, and -ish.] 1. To make poor; to reduce to poverty or indigence; as, misfortune and disease impoverish families. 2. To exhaust the strength, richness, or fertility of; to make sterile; as, to impoverish land. IMPOVERISHER Im*pov"er*ish*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, impoverishes. IMPOVERISHMENT Im*pov"er*ish*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. empoverissement, and F. appauvrissement.] Defn: The act of impoverishing, or the state of being impoverished; reduction to poverty. Sir W. Scott. IMPOWER Im*pow"er, v. t. Defn: See Empower. IMP-POLE Imp"-pole` (, n. (Building) Defn: A pole for supporting a scaffold. IMPRACTICABILITY Im*prac`ti*ca*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Impracticabilities (. 1. The state or quality of being impracticable; infeasibility. Goldsmith. 2. An impracticable thing. 3. Intractableness; stubbornness. IMPRACTICABLE Im*prac"ti*ca*ble, a. 1. Not practicable; incapable of being performed, or accomplished by the means employed, or at command; impossible; as, an impracticable undertaking. 2. Not to be overcome, presuaded, or controlled by any reasonable method; unmanageable; intractable; not capable of being easily dealt with; -- used in a general sense, as applied to a person or thing that is difficult to control or get along with. This though, impracticable heart Is governed by a dainty-fingered girl. Rowe. Patriotic butloyal men went away disguested afresh with the impracticable arrogance of a sovereign. Palfrey. 3. Incapable of being used or availed of; as, an impracticable road; an impracticable method. Syn. -- Impossible; infeasible. -- Impracticable, Impossible. A thing is impracticable when it can not be accomplished by any human means at present possessed; a thing is impossible when the laws of nature forbid it. The navigation of a river may now be impracticable, but not impossible, because the existing obstructions may yet be removed. "The barons exercised the most despotic authority over their vassals, and every scheme of public utility was rendered impracticable by their continued petty wars with each other." Mickle. "With men this is impossible, but with God all things are possible." Matt. xix. 26. IMPRACTICABLENESS Im*prac"ti*ca*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being impracticable; impracticability. IMPRACTICABLY Im*prac"ti*ca*bly, adv. Defn: In an impracticable manner. Morality not impracticably rigid. Johnson. IMPRACTICAL Im*prac"ti*cal, a. Defn: Not practical. IMPRECATE Im"pre*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imprecated; p. pr. & vb. n. Imprecating.] Etym: [L. imprecatus, p. p. of imprecari to imprecate; pref. im- in, on + precari to pray. See Pray.] 1. To call down by prayer, as something hurtful or calamitous. Imprecate the vengeance of Heaven on the guilty empire. Mickle. 2. To invoke evil upon; to curse; to swear at. In vain we blast the ministers of Fate, And the forlorn physicians imprecate. Rochester. IMPRECATION Im`pre*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. imprecatio: cf. F. imprécation.] Defn: The act of imprecating, or unvoking evil upon any one; a player that a curse or calamnity may fall on any one; a curse. Men cowered like slaves before such horrid imprecations. Motley. Syn. -- Malediction; curse; execration; anathema. See Malediction. IMPRECATORY Im"pre*ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Of the nature of, or containing, imprecation; invokingevil; as, the imprecatory psalms. IMPRECISION Im`pre*ci"sion, n. Defn: Want of precision. [R.] IMPREGN Im*pregn", v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. impregner. See Impregnate.] Defn: To impregnate; to make fruitful. [Obs.] His perniciousss words, impregned With reason. Milton. Semele doth Bacchus bear Impregned of Jove. Dr. H. More. IMPREGNABILITY Im*preg`na*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being impregnable; invincibility. IMPREGNABLE Im*preg"na*ble, a. Etym: [F. imprenable; pref. im- not + prenable pregnable, fr. prendre to take, L. prehendere. See Comprehend, Get to obtain.] Defn: Not to be stormed, or taken by assault; incapable of being subdued; able to resist attack; unconquerable; as, an impregnable fortress; impregnable virtue. The man's affection remains wholly unconcerned and impregnable. South. -- Im*preg"na*ble*ness, n. -- Im*preg"na*bly, adv. IMPREGNABLE Im*preg"na*ble, a. Etym: [See Impregnate.] (Biol.) Defn: Capable of being impregnated, as the egg of an animal, or the ovule of a plant. IMPREGNANT Im*preg"nant, n. Etym: [See Impregnate.] Defn: That which impregnates. [R.] Glanvill. IMPREGNANT Im*preg"nant, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + pregnant.] Defn: Not pregnant; unfertilized or infertile. [R.] IMPREGNATE Im*preg"nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impregnated; p. pr. & vb. n. Impregnating.] Etym: [LL. impraegnatus, p. p. of impraegnare to impregnate, fr. L. pref. im- in + praegnans pregnant. See Pregnant.] 1. To make pregnant; to cause to conceive; to render prolific; to get with child or young. 2. (Biol.) Defn: To come into contact with (an ovum or egg) so as to cause impregnation; to fertilize; to fecundate. 3. To infuse an active principle into; to render frutful or fertile in any way; to fertilize; to imbue. 4. To infuse particles of another substance into; to communicate the quality of another to; to cause to be filled, imbued, mixed, or furnished (with something); as, to impregnate India rubber with sulphur; clothing impregnated with contagion; rock impregnated with ore. IMPREGNATE Im*preg"nate, v. i. Defn: To become pregnant. Addison. IMPREGNATE Im*preg"nate, a. Etym: [LL. impraegnatus, p. p.] Defn: Impregnated; made prolific. The scorching ray Here pierceth not, impregnate with disease. Byron. IMPREGNATION Im`preg*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. imprégnation, LL. impraegnatio.] 1. The act of impregnating or the state of being impregnated; fecundation. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The fusion of a female germ cell (ovum) with a male germ cell (in animals, a spermatozoön) to form a single new cell endowed with the power of developing into a new individual; fertilization; fecundation. Note: In the broadest biological sense, impregnation, or sexual generation, consists simply in the coalescence of two similar masses of protoplasmic matter, either derived from different parts of the same organism or from two distinct organisms. From the single mass, which results from the fusion, or coalescence, of these two masses, a new organism develops. 3. That with which anything is impregnated. Derham. 4. Intimate mixture; influsion; saturation. 5. (Mining) Defn: An ore deposit, with indefinite boundaries, consisting of rock impregnated with ore. Raymond. IMPREJUDICATE Im`pre*ju"di*cate, a. Defn: Not prejuged; unprejudiced; impartial. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. IMPRENABLE Im*pre"na*ble, a. Defn: Impregnable. [Obs.] IMPREPARATION Im*prep`a*ra"tion, n. Defn: Want of preparation. [Obs.] Hooker. IMPRESA Im*pre"sa, n. Etym: [It. See Emprise, and cf. Impress, n., 4.] (Her.) Defn: A device on a shield or seal, or used as a bookplate or the like. [Written also imprese and impress.] My impresa to your lordship; a swain Flying to a laurel for shelter. J. Webster. IMPRESARIO Im`pre*sa"ri*o, n.; pl. Impresarios. Etym: [It., from impresa enterprise.] Defn: The projector, manager, or conductor, of an opera or concert company. IMPRESCRIPTIBILITY Im`pre*scrip`ti*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. imprescriptibilité.] Defn: The quality of being imprescriptible. IMPRESCRIPTIBLE Im`pre*scrip"ti*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + prescriptible: cf. F. imprescriptible.] 1. Not capable of being lost or impaired by neglect, by disuse, or by the claims of another founded on prescription. The right of navigation, fishing, and others that may be exercised on the sea, belonging to the right of mere ability, are imprescriptible. Vattel (Trans. ) 2. Not derived from, or dependent on, external authority; self- evidencing; obvious. The imprescriptible laws of the pure reason. Colerridge. IMPRESCRIPTIBLY Im`pre*scrip"ti*bly, adv. Defn: In an imprescriptible manner; obviously. IMPRESE Im*prese", n. Defn: A device. See Impresa. An imprese, as the Italians call it, is a device in picture with his motto or word, borne by noble or learned personages. Camden. IMPRESS Im*press", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impressed; p. pr. & vb. n. Impressing.] Etym: [L. impressus, p. p. of imprimere to impress; pref. im- in, on + premere to press. See Press to squeeze, and cf. Imprint.] 1. To press, stamp, or print something in or upon; to mark by pressure, or as by pressure; to imprint (that which bears the impression). His heart, like an agate, with your print impressed. Shak. 2. To produce by pressure, as a mark, stamp, image, etc.; to imprint (a mark or figure upon something). 3. Fig.: To fix deeply in the mind; to present forcibly to the attention, etc.; to imprint; to inculcate. Impress the motives of persuasion upon our own hearts till we feel the force of them. I. Watts. 4. Etym: [See Imprest, Impress, n., 5.] Defn: To take by force for public service; as, to impress sailors or money. The second five thousand pounds impressed for the service of the sick and wounded prisoners. Evelyn. IMPRESS Im*press", v. i. Defn: To be impressed; to rest. [Obs.] Such fiendly thoughts in his heart impress. Chaucer. IMPRESS Im"press, n.; pl. Impresses (. 1. The act of impressing or making. 2. A mark made by pressure; an indentation; imprint; the image or figure of anything, formed by pressure or as if by pressure; result produced by pressure or influence. The impresses of the insides of these shells. Woodward. This weak impress of love is as a figure Trenched in ice. Shak. 3. Characteristic; mark of distinction; stamp. South. 4. A device. See Impresa. Cussans. To describe . . . emblazoned shields, Impresses quaint. Milton. 5. Etym: [See Imprest, Press to force into service.] Defn: The act of impressing, or taking by force for the public service; compulsion to serve; also, that which is impressed. Why such impress of shipwrights Shak. Impress gang, a party of men, with an officer, employed to impress seamen for ships of war; a press gang. -- Impress money, a sum of money paid, immediately upon their entering service, to men who have been impressed. IMPRESSIBILITY Im*press`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being impressible; susceptibility. IMPRESSIBLE Im*press"i*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. impressible.] Defn: Capable of being impressed; susceptible; sensitive. -- Im*press"i*ble*ness, n. -- Im*press"i*bly, adv. IMPRESSION Im*pres"sion, n. Etym: [F. impression, L. impressio.] 1. The act of impressing, or the state of being impressed; the communication of a stamp, mold, style, or character, by external force or by influence. 2. That which is impressed; stamp; mark; indentation; sensible result of an influence exerted from without. The stamp and clear impression of good sense. Cowper. To shelter us from impressions of weather, we must spin, we must weave, we must build. Barrow. 3. That which impresses, or exercises an effect, action, or agency; appearance; phenomenon. [Obs.] Portentous blaze of comets and impressions in the air. Milton. A fiery impression falling from out of Heaven. Holland. 4. Influence or effect on the senses or the intellect hence, interest, concern. Reid. His words impression left. Milton. Such terrible impression made the dream. Shak. I have a father's dear impression, And wish, before I fall into my grave, That I might see her married. Ford. 5. An indistinct notion, remembrance, or belief. 6. Impressiveness; emphasis of delivery. Which must be read with an impression. Milton. 7. (Print.) Defn: The pressure of the type on the paper, or the result of such pressure, as regards its appearance; as, a heavy impression; a clear, or a poor, impression; also, a single copy as the result of printing, or the whole edition printed at a given time. Ten impressions which his books have had. Dryden. 8. In painting, the first coat of color, as the priming in house painting and the like. [R.] 9. (Engraving) Defn: A print on paper from a wood block, metal plate, or the like. Proof impression, one of the early impressions taken from an engraving, before the plate or block is worn. IMPRESSIONABILITY Im*pres`sion*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being impressionable. IMPRESSIONABLE Im*pres"sion*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. impressionnable.] Defn: Liable or subject to impression; capable of being molded; susceptible; impressible. He was too impressionable; he had too much of the temperament of genius. Motley. A pretty face and an impressionable disposition. T. Hook. IMPRESSIONABLENESS Im*pres"sion*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being impressionable. IMPRESSIONISM Im*pres"sion*ism, n. Etym: [F. impressionnisme.] (Fine Arts) Defn: The theory or method of suggesting an effect or impression without elaboration of the details; -- a disignation of a recent fashion in painting and etching. IMPRESSIONIST Im*pres"sion*ist, n. Etym: [F. impressionniste.] (Fine Arts) Defn: One who adheres to the theory or method of impressionism, so called. IMPRESSIONISTIC Im*pres`sion*is"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, impressionism. IMPRESSIONLESS Im*pres"sion*less, a. Defn: Having the quality of not being impressed or affected; not susceptible. IMPRESSIVE Im*press"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. impressif.] 1. Making, or tending to make, an impression; having power to impress; adapted to excite attention and feeling, to touch the sensibilities, or affect the conscience; as, an impressive discourse; an impressive scene. 2. Capable of being impressed. [Obs.] Drayton. - Im*press"ive*ly, adv. -- Im*press"ive*ness, n. IMPRESSMENT Im*press"ment, n. Defn: The act of seizing for public use, or of impressing into public service; compulsion to serve; as, the impressment of provisions or of sailors. The great scandal of our naval service -- impressment -- died a protracted death. J. H. Burton. IMPRESSOR Im*press"or, n. Etym: [LL., a printer.] Defn: One who, or that which, impresses. Boyle. IMPRESSURE Im*pres"sure, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. impressure, LL. impressura.] Defn: Dent; impression. [Obs.] Shak. IMPREST Im*prest" (, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Imprested; p. pr. & vb. n. Impresting.] Etym: [Pref. im- + prest: cf. It. imprestare. See Prest, n.] Defn: To advance on loan. Burke. IMPREST Im"prest, n. Etym: [Cf. It. impresto, imprestito, LL. impraestitum. See Imprest, v. t., and Impress compulsion to serve.] Defn: A kind of earnest money; loan; -- specifically, money advanced for some public service, as in enlistment. Burke. The clearing of their imprests for what little of their debts they have received. Pepys. IMPREVALENCE; IMPREVALENCY Im*prev"a*lence, Im*prev"a*len*cy, n. Defn: Want of prevalence. [Obs.] IMPREVENTABILITY Im`pre*vent`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being impreventable. [R.] IMPREVENTABLE Im`pre*vent"a*ble, a. Defn: Not preventable; invitable. IMPRIMATUR Im`pri*ma"tur, n. Etym: [L., let it be printed.] (Law) Defn: A license to print or publish a book, paper, etc.; also, in countries subjected to the censorship of the press, approval of that which is published. IMPRIMERY Im*prim"er*y, n. Etym: [F. imprimerie, fr. imprimer to imprint.] [Obs.] (a) A print; impression. (b) A printing establishment. (c) The art of printing. IMPRIMING Im*prim"ing, n. Defn: A begining. [Obs.] "Their springings and imprimings." Sir H. Wotton. IMPRIMIS Im*pri"mis, adv. Etym: [L., for in primis among the first, chiefly; in in + primus first.] Defn: In the first place; first in order. IMPRINT Im*print", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imptrinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Imprinting.] Etym: [OE. emprenten, F. empreint, p. p. of empreindre to imprint, fr. L. imprimere to impres, imprint. See 1st In-, Print, and cf. Impress.] 1. To impress; to mark by pressure; to indent; to stamp. And sees his num'rous herds imprint her sands. Prior. 2. To stamp or mark, as letters on paper, by means of type, plates, stamps, or the like; to print the mark (figures, letters, etc., upon something). Nature imprints upon whate'er we see, That has a heart and life in it, "Be free." Cowper. 3. To fix indelibly or permanently, as in the mind or memory; to impress. Ideas of those two different things distinctly imprinted on his mind. Locke. IMPRINT Im"print, n. Etym: [Cf. F. empreinte impress, stamp. See Imprint, v. t.] Defn: Whatever is impressed or imprinted; the impress or mark left by something; specifically, the name of the printer or publisher (usually) with the time and place of issue, in the title-page of a book, or on any printed sheet. "That imprint of their hands." Buckle. IMPRISON Im*pris"on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imprisoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Imprisoning.] Etym: [OE. enprisonen, OF. enprisoner, F. emprisonner; pref. en- (L. in) + F. & OF. prison. See Prison.] 1. To put in prison or jail; To arrest and detain in custody; to confine. He imprisoned was in chains remediles. Spenser. 2. To limit, restrain, or confine in any way. Try to imprison the resistless wind. Dryden. Syn. -- To incarcerate; confine; immure. IMPRISONER Im*pris"on*er, n. Defn: One who imprisons. IMPRISONMENT Im*pris"on ment, n. Etym: [OE. enprisonment; F. emprisonnement.] Defn: The act of imprisoning, or the state of being imprisoned; confinement; restraint. His sinews waxen weak and raw Through long imprisonment and hard constraint. Spenser. Every confinement of the person is an imprisonment, whether it be in a common prison, or in a private house, or even by foreibly detaining one in the public streets. Blackstone. False imprisonment. (Law) See under False. Syn. -- Incarceration; custody; confinement; durance; restraint. IMPROBABILITY Im*prob`a*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Improbabilities. Etym: [Cf. F. improbabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being improbable; unlikelihood; also, that which is improbable; an improbable event or result. IMPROBABLE Im*prob"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. improbabilis; pref. im- not + probabilis probable: cf. F. improbable. See Probable.] Defn: Not probable; unlikely to be true; not to be expected under the circumstances or in the usual course of events; as, an improbable story or event. He . . . sent to Elutherius, then bishop of Rome, an improbable letter, as some of the contents discover. Milton. -- Im*prob"a*ble*ness, n. -- Im*prob"a*bly, adv. IMPROBATE Im"pro*bate, v. t. Etym: [L. improbatus, p. p. of improbare to disapprove; pref. im- not + probare to approve.] Defn: To disapprove of; to disallow. [Obs.] IMPROBATION Im`pro*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. improbatio.] 1. The act of disapproving; disapprobation. 2. (Scots Law) Defn: The act by which falsehood and forgery are proved; an action brought for the purpose of having some instrument declared false or forged. Bell. IMPROBATIVE; IMPROBATORY Im"pro*ba*tive, Im"pro*ba`to*ry, a. Defn: Implying, or tending to, improbation. IMPROBITY Im*prob"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. improbitas; pref. im- not + probitas probity: cf. F. improbité.] Defn: Lack of probity; want of integrity or rectitude; dishonesty. Persons . . . cast out for notorious improbity. Hooker. IMPROFICIENCE; IMPROFICIENCY Im`pro*fi"cience, Im`pro*fi"cien*cy, n. Defn: Want of proficiency. [R.] Bacon. IMPROFITABLE Im*prof"it*a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + profitable: cf. F. improfitable.] Defn: Unprofitable. [Obs.] IMPROGRESSIVE Im`pro*gress"ive, a. Defn: Not progressive. De Quincey. -- Im"pro*gress"ive*ly, adv. IMPROLIFIC Im`pro*lif"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + prolific: cf. F. improlifique.] Defn: Not prolific. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse. IMPROLIFICATE Im`pro*lif"ic*ate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. im- in + prolificate.] Defn: To impregnate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. IMPROMPT Im*prompt", a. Defn: Not ready. [R.] Sterne. IMPROMPTU Im*promp"tu, adv. or a. Etym: [F. impromptu, fr. L. in promptu in readiness, at hand; in in + promptus visibility, readiness, from promptus visible, ready. See Prompt.] Defn: Offhand; without previous study; extemporaneous; extempore; as, an impromptu verse. IMPROMPTU Im*promp"tu, n. 1. Something made or done offhand, at the moment, or without previous study; an extemporaneous composition, address, or remark. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A piece composed or played at first thought; a composition in the style of an extempore piece. IMPROPER Im*prop"er, a. Etym: [F. impropre, L. improprius; pref. im- not + proprius proper. See Proper.] 1. Not proper; not suitable; not fitted to the circumstances, design, or end; unfit; not becoming; incongruous; inappropriate; indecent; as, an improper medicine; improper thought, behavior, language, dress. Follow'd his enemy king, and did him service, Improper for a slave. Shak. And to their proper operation still, Ascribe all Good; to their improper, Ill. Pope. 2. Not peculiar or appropriate to individuals; general; common. [Obs.] Not to be adorned with any art but such improper ones as nature is said to bestow, as singing and poetry. J. Fletcher. 3. Not according to facts; inaccurate; erroneous. Improper diphthong. See under Diphthong. -- Improper feud, an originalfeud, not earned by military service. Mozley & W. -- Improper fraction. See under Fraction. IMPROPER Im*prop"er, v. t. Defn: To appropriate; to limit. [Obs.] He would in like manner improper and inclose the sunbeams to comfort the rich and not the poor. Jewel. IMPROPERATION Im*prop`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. improperare, improperatum, to taunt.] Defn: The act of upbraiding or taunting; a reproach; a taunt. [Obs.] Improperatios and terms of scurrility. Sir T. Browne IMPROPERIA Im`pro*pe"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [L., reproaches.] (Mus.) Defn: A series of antiphons and responses, expressing the sorrowful remonstrance of our Lord with his people; -- sung on the morning of the Good Friday in place of the usual daily Mass of the Roman ritual. Grove. IMPROPERLY Im*prop"er*ly, adv. Defn: In an improper manner; not properly; unsuitably; unbecomingly. IMPROPERTY Im*prop"er*ty, n. Defn: Impropriety. [Obs.] IMPROPITIOUS Im`pro*pi"tious, a. Defn: Unpropitious; unfavorable. [Obs.] "Dreams were impropitious." Sir H. Wotton. IMPROPORTIONABLE Im`pro*por"tion*a*ble, a. Defn: Not proportionable. [Obs.] B. Jonson. IMPROPORTIONATE Im`pro*por"tion*ate, a. Defn: Not proportionate. [Obs.] IMPROPRIATE Im*pro"pri*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impropriated; p. pr. & vb. n. Impropriating.] Etym: [Pref. im- in + L. propriatus, p. p. of propriare to appropriate. See Appropriate.] 1. To appropriate to one's self; to assume. [Obs.] To impropriate the thanks to himself. Bacon. 2. (Eng. Eccl. Law) Defn: To place the profits of (ecclesiastical property) in the hands of a layman for care and disbursement. IMPROPRIATE Im*pro"pri*ate, v. i. Defn: To become an impropriator. [R.] IMPROPRIATE Im*pro"pri*ate, a. (Eng. Eccl. Law) Defn: Put into the hands of a layman; impropriated. IMPROPRIATION Im*pro`pri*a"tion, n. 1. The act of impropriating; as, the impropriation of property or tithes; also, that which is impropriated. 2. (Eng. Eccl. Law) (a) The act of putting an ecclesiastical benefice in the hands of a layman, or lay corporation. (b) A benefice in the hands of a layman, or of a lay corporation. IMPROPRIATOR Im*pro"pri*a`tor, n. Defn: One who impropriates; specifically, a layman in possession of church property. IMPROPRIATRIX Im*pro`pri*a"trix, n.; pl. E. -trixes, L. -trices (. Defn: A female impropriator. IMPROPRIETY Im`pro*pri"e*ty, n.; pl. Improprieties. Etym: [L. improprietas; cf. F. impropriété. See Improper.] 1. The quality of being improper; unfitness or unsuitableness to character, time place, or circumstances; as, improperiety of behavior or manners. 2. That which is improper; an unsuitable or improper act, or an inaccurate use of language. But every language has likewise its improprieties and absurdities. Johnson. Many gross improprieties, however authorized by practice, ought to be discarded. Swift. IMPROSPERITY Im`pros*per"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. improspérité.] Defn: Want of prosperity. [Obs.] IMPROSPEROUS Im*pros"per*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + prosperous: cf. F. improspère, L. improsper.] Defn: Not prosperous. [Obs.] Dryden. -- Im*pros"per*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Im*pros"per*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] IMPROVABILITY Im*prov`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being improvable; improvableness. IMPROVABLE Im*prov"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Improve.] 1. Capable of being improved; susceptible of improvement; admitting of being made better; capable of cultivation, or of being advanced in good qualities. Man is accommodated with moral principles, improvable by the exercise of his faculties. Sir M. Hale. I have a fine spread of improvable lands. Addison. 2. Capable of being used to advantage; profitable; serviceable; advantageous. The essays of weaker heads afford improvable hints to better. Sir T. Browne. -- Im*pro"a*ble*ness, n. -- Im*prov"a*bly, adv. IMPROVE Im*prove", v. t. Etym: [Pref. im- not + prove: cf. L. improbare, F. improuver.] 1. To disprove or make void; to refute. [Obs.] Neither can any of them make so strong a reason which another can not improve. Tyndale. 2. To disapprove; to find fault with; to reprove; to censure; as, to improve negligence. [Obs.] Chapman. When he rehearsed his preachings and his doing unto the high apostles, they could improve nothing. Tyndale. IMPROVE Im*prove", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Improved; p. pr. & vb. n. Improving.] Etym: [Pref. in- in + prove, in approve. See Approve, Prove.] 1. To make better; to increase the value or good qualities of; to ameliorate by care or cultivation; as, to improve land. Donne. I love not to improve the honor of the living by impairing that of the dead. Denham. 2. To use or employ to good purpose; to make productive; to turn to profitable account; to utilize; as, to improve one's time; to improve his means. Shak. We shall especially honor God by improving diligently the talents which God hath committed to us. Barrow. A hint that I do not remember to have seen opened and improved. Addison. The court seldom fails to improve the oppotunity. Blackstone. How doth the little busy bee Improve each shining hour. I. Watts. Those moments were diligently improved. Gibbon. True policy, as well as good faith, in my opinion, binds us to improve the occasion. Washington. 3. To advance or increase by use; to augment or add to; -- said with reference to what is bad. [R.] We all have, I fear, . . . not a little improved the wretched inheritance of our ancestors. Bp. Porteus. Syn. -- To better; meliorate; ameliorate; advance; heighten; mend; correct; recify; amend; reform. IMPROVE Im*prove", v. i. 1. To grow better; to advance or make progress in what is desirable; to make or show improvement; as, to improve in health. We take care to improve in our frugality and diligence. Atterbury. 2. To advance or progress in bad qualities; to grow worse. "Domitain improved in cruelty." Milner. 3. To increase; to be enhanced; to rise in value; as, the price of cotton improves. To improve on or upon, to make useful additions or amendments to, or changes in; to bring nearer to perfection; as, to improve on the mode of tillage. IMPROVEMENT Im*prove"ment, n. 1. The act of improving; advancement or growth; promotion in desirable qualities; progress toward what is better; melioration; as, the improvement of the mind, of land, roads, etc. I look upon your city as the best place of improvement. South. Exercise is the chief source of improvement in all our faculties. Blair. 2. The act of making profitable use or applicaton of anything, or the state of being profitably employed; a turning to good account; practical application, as of a doctrine, principle, or theory, stated in a discourse. "A good improvement of his reason." S. Clarke. I shall make some improvement of this doctrine. Tillotson. 3. The state of being improved; betterment; advance; also, that which is improved; as, the new edition is an improvement on the old. The parts of Sinon, Camilla, and some few others, are improvements on the Greek poet. Addison. 4. Increase; growth; progress; advance. There is a design of publishing the history of architecture, with its several improvements and decays. Addison. Those vices which more particularly receive improvement by prosperity. South. 5. pl. Defn: Valuable additions or betterments, as buildings, clearings, drains, fences, etc., on premises. 6. (Patent Laws) Defn: A useful addition to, or modification of, a machine, manufacture, or composition. Kent. IMPROVER Im*prov"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, improves. IMPROVIDED Im`pro*vid"ed, a. Defn: Unforeseen; unexpected; not provided against; unprepared. [Obs.] All improvided for dread of death. E. Hall. IMPROVIDENCE Im*prov"i*dence, n. Etym: [L. improvidentia; OF. improvidence. Cf. Imprudence.] Defn: The quality of being improvident; want of foresight or thrift. The improvidence of my neighbor must not make me inhuman. L'Estrange. IMPROVIDENT Im*prov"i*dent, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + provident: cf. L. improvidus. See Provident, and cf. Imprudent.] Defn: Not provident; wanting foresight or forethought; not foreseeing or providing for the future; negligent; thoughtless; as, an improvident man. Improvident soldires! had your watch been good, This sudden mischief never could have fallen. Shak. Syn. -- Inconsiderable; negligent; careless; shiftless; prodigal; wasteful. IMPROVIDENTIALLY Im*prov`i*den"tial*ly, adv. Defn: Improvidently. [R.] IMPROVIDENTLY Im*prov"i*dent*ly, adv. Defn: In a improvident manner. "Improvidently rash." Drayton. IMPROVING Im*prov"ing, a. Defn: Tending to improve, beneficial; growing better. -- Im*prov"ing*ly, adv. Improving lease (Scots Law), an extend lease to induce the tenant to make improvements on the premises. IMPROVISATE Im*prov"i*sate, a. Etym: [See Improvise.] Defn: Unpremeditated; impromptu; extempore. [R.] IMPROVISATE Im*prov"i*sate, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Improvisated; p. pr. & vb. n. Improvisating.] Defn: To improvise; to extemporize. IMPROVISATION Im*prov`i*sa"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. improvisation.] 1. The act or art of composing and rendering music, poetry, and the like, extemporaneously; as, improvisation on the organ. 2. That which is improvised; an impromptu. IMPROVISATIZE Im`pro*vis"a*tize, v. t. & i. Defn: Same as Improvisate. IMPROVISATOR Im*prov"i*sa`tor, n. Defn: An improviser, or improvvisatore. IMPROVISATORE Im`pro*vi`sa*to"re, n. Defn: See Improvvisatore. IMPROVISATORIAL; IMPROVISATORY Im*prov`i*sa*to"ri*al, Im*prov"i*sa*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to improvisation or extemporaneous composition. IMPROVISATRICE Im`pro*vi`sa*tri"ce, n. Defn: See Improvvisatrice. IMPROVISE Im`pro*vise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Improvised; p. pr. & vb. n. Improvising.] Etym: [F. improviser, it. improvvisare, fr. improvviso unprovided, sudden, extempore, L. improvisus; pref. im- not + provisus foreseen, provided. See Proviso.] 1. To compose, recite, or sing extemporaneously, especially in verse; to extemporize; also, to play upon an instrument, or to act, extemporaneously. 2. To bring about, arrange, or make, on a sudden, or without previous preparation. Charles attempted to improvise a peace. Motley. 3. To invent, or provide, offhand, or on the spur of the moment; as, he improvised a hammer out of a stone. IMPROVISE Im`pro*vise", v. i. Defn: To produce or render extemporaneous compositions, especially in verse or in music, without previous preparation; hence, to do anything offhand. IMPROVISER Im`pro*vis"er, n. Defn: One who improvises. IMPROVISION Im`pro*vi"sion, n. Etym: [Pref. im- not + provision.] Defn: Improvidence. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. IMPROVISO Im`pro*vi"so, a. Etym: [L. improvisus unforeseen; cf. It. improvviso.] Defn: Not prepared or mediated beforehand; extemporaneous. [Obs.] Jonhson. IMPROVVISATORE Im`prov*vi`sa*to"re, n.; pl. Improvvisatori. Etym: [It. See Improvise.] Defn: One who composes and sings or recites rhymes and short poems extemporaneously. [Written also improvisatore.] IMPROVVISATRICE Im`prov*vi`sa*tri"ce, n.; pl. Improvvisatrici. Etym: [It. See Improvise.] Defn: A female improvvisatore. [Written also improvisatrice.] IMPRUDENCE Im*pru"dence, n. Etym: [L. imprudentia: cf. F. imprudence. Cf. Improvidence.] Defn: The quality or state of being imprudent; want to caution, circumspection, or a due regard to consequences; indiscretion; inconsideration; reshness; also, an imprudent act; as, he was guilty of an imprudence. His serenity was interrupted, perhaps, by his own imprudence. Mickle. IMPRUDENT Im*pru"dent, a. Etym: [L. imprudens; pref. im- not + prudens prudent: cf. F. imprudent. See Prudent, and cf. Improvident.] Defn: Not prudent; wanting in prudence or discretion; indiscreet; injudicious; not attentive to consequence; improper. -- Im*pru"dent*ly, adv. Her majesty took a great dislike at the imprudent behavior of many of the ministers and readers. Strype. Syn. -- Indiscreet; injudicious; incautious; ill-advised; unwise; heedless; careless; rash; negligent. IMPUBERAL Im*pu"ber*al, a. Defn: Not having arrived at puberty; immature. In impuberal animals the cerebellum is, in proportion to the brain proper, greatly less than in adults. Sir W. Hamilton. IMPUBERTY Im*pu"ber*ty, n. Defn: The condition of not having reached puberty, or the age of ability to reproduce one's species; want of age at which the marriage contract can be legally entered into. IMPUDENCE Im"pu*dence, n. Etym: [L. impudentia: cf. F. impudence. See Impudent.] Defn: The quality of being impudent; assurance, accompanied with a disregard of the presence or opinions of others; shamelessness; forwardness; want of modesty. Clear truths that their own evidence forces us to admit, or common experience makes it impudence to deny. Locke. Where pride and impudence (in fashion knit) Usurp the chair of wit. B. Jonson. Syn. -- Shamelessness; audacity; insolence; effrontery; sauciness; impertinence; pertness; rudeness. -- Impudence, Effrontery, Sauciness. Impudence refers more especially to the feelings as manifested in action. Effrontery applies to some gross and public exhibition of shamelessness. Sauciness refers to a sudden pert outbreak of impudence, especially from an inferior. Impudence is an unblushing kind of impertinence, and may be manifested in words, tones, gestures, looks, etc. Effrontery rises still higher, and shows a total or shameless disregard of duty or decorum under the circumstances of the case. Sauciness discovers itself toward particular individuals, in certain relations; as in the case of servants who are saucy to their masters, or children who are saucy to their teachers. See Impertinent, and Insolent. IMPUDENCY Im"pu*den*cy, n. Defn: Impudence. [Obs.] Burton. Audacious without impudency. Shak. IMPUDENT Im"pu*dent, a. Etym: [L. impudens, -entis; pref. im- not + pudens ashamed, modest, p. pr. of pudere to feel shame: cf. F. impudent.] Defn: Bold, with contempt or disregard; unblushingly forward; impertinent; wanting modesty; shameless; saucy. More than impudent sauciness. Shak. When we behold an angel, not to fear Is to be impudent. Dryden. Syn. -- Shameless; audacious; brazen; bold-faced; pert; immodest; rude; saucy; impertinent; insolent. IMPUDENTLY Im"pu*dent*ly, adv. Defn: In an impudent manner; with unbecoming assurance; shamelessly. At once assail With open mouths, and impudently rail. Sandys. IMPUDICITY Im`pu*dic"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. impudicus immodest; im- not + pudicus shamefaced, modest: cf. F. impudicité, L. impudicitia.] Defn: Immodesty. Sheldon. IMPUGN Im*pugn", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impugned; p. pr. & vb. n. Impugning.] Etym: [OE. impugnen, F. impugner, fr. L. impugnare; in on, against + pugnare to flight. See Pugnacious.] Defn: To attack by words or arguments; to contradict; to assail; to call in question; to make insinuations against; to gainsay; to oppose. The truth hereof I will net rashly pugn, or overboldly affirm. Peacham. IMPUGNABLE Im*pugn"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being impugned; that may be gainsaid. IMPUGNATION Im`pug*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. impugnatio: cf. OF. impugnation.] Defn: Act of impugning; opposition; attack. [Obs.] A perpetual impugnation and self-conflict. Bp. Hall. IMPUGNER Im*pugn"er, n. Defn: One who impugns. IMPUGNMENT Im*pugn"ment, n. Defn: The act of impugning, or the state of being impugned. Ed. Rev. IMPUISSANCE Im*pu"is*sance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. impuissance.] Defn: Lack of power; inability. Bacon. Their own impuissance and weakness. Holland. IMPUISSANT Im*pu"is*sant, a. Etym: [F., fr. pref. im- not + puissant. See Puissant.] Defn: Weak; impotent; feeble. IMPULSE Im"pulse, n. Etym: [L. impulsus, fr. impellere. See Impel.] 1. The act of impelling, or driving onward with sudden force; impulsion; especially, force so communicated as to produced motion suddenly, or immediately. All spontaneous animal motion is performed by mechanical impulse. S. Clarke. 2. The effect of an impelling force; motion produced by a sudden or momentary force. 3. (Mech.) Defn: The action of a force during a very small interval of time; the effect of such action; as, the impulse of a sudden blow upon a hard elastic body. 4. A mental force which simply and directly urges to action; hasty inclination; sudden motive; momentary or transient influence of appetite or passion; propension; incitement; as, a man of good impulses; passion often gives a violent impulse to the will. These were my natural impulses for the undertaking. Dryden. Syn. -- Force; incentive; influence; motive; feeling; incitement; instigation. IMPULSE Im*pulse", v. t. Etym: [See Impel.] Defn: To impel; to incite. [Obs.] Pope. IMPULSION Im*pul"sion, n. Etym: [L. impulsio: cf. F. impulsion. See Impel.] 1. The act of impelling or driving onward, or the state of being impelled; the sudden or momentary agency of a body in motion on another body; also, the impelling force, or impulse. "The impulsion of the air." Bacon. 2. Influence acting unexpectedly or temporarily on the mind; sudden motive or influence; impulse. "The impulsion of conscience." Clarendon. "Divine impulsion prompting." Milton. IMPULSIVE Im*pul"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. impulsif.] 1. Having the power of driving or impelling; giving an impulse; moving; impellent. Poor men! poor papers! We and they Do some impulsive force obey. Prior. 2. Actuated by impulse or by transient feelings. My heart, impulsive and wayward. Longfellow. 3. (Mech.) Defn: Acting momentarily, or by impulse; not continuous; -- said of forces. IMPULSIVE Im*pul"sive, n. Defn: That which impels or gives an impulse; an impelling agent. Sir W. Wotton. IMPULSIVELY Im*pul"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In an impulsive manner. IMPULSIVENESS Im*pul"sive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being impulsive. IMPULSOR Im*pul"sor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who, or that which, impels; an inciter. [R.] Sir T. Browne. IMPUNCTATE Im*punc"tate, a. Defn: Not punctuate or dotted. IMPUNCTUAL Im*punc"tu*al, a. Etym: [Pref. im- not + punctual: cf. F. imponctuel.] Defn: Not punctual. [R.] IMPUNCTUALITY Im*punc`tu*al"i*ty, n. Defn: Neglect of, or failure in, punctuality. [R.] A. Hamilton. IMPUNE Im*pune", a. Etym: [L. impunis.] Defn: Unpunished. [R.] IMPUNIBLY Im*pu"ni*bly, adv. Defn: Without punishment; with impunity. [Obs.] J. Ellis. IMPUNITY Im*pu"ni*ty, n. Etym: [L. impunitas, fr. impunis without punishment; pref. im- not + poena punishment: cf. F. impunité. See Pain.] Defn: Exemption or freedom from punishment, harm, or loss. Heaven, though slow to wrath, Is neimpunity defied. Cowper. The impunity and also the recompense. Holland. IMPURATION Im`pu*ra"tion, n. Defn: Defilement; obscuration. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. IMPURE Im*pure", a. Etym: [L. impurus; pref. im- not + purus pure: cf. F. impur. See Pure.] 1. Not pure; not clean; dirty; foul; filthy; containing something which is unclean or unwholesome; mixed or impregnated extraneous substances; adulterated; as, impure water or air; impure drugs, food, etc. 2. Defiled by sin or guilt; unholy; unhallowed; -- said of persons or things. 3. Unchaste; lewd; unclean; obscene; as, impure language or ideas. "Impure desires." Cowper. 4. (Script.) Defn: Not purified according to the ceremonial law of Moses; unclean. 5. (Language) Defn: Not accurate; not idiomatic; as, impure Latin; an impure style. IMPURE Im*pure", v. t. Defn: To defile; to pollute. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. IMPURELY Im*pure"ly, adv. Defn: In an impure manner. IMPURENESS Im*pure"ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being impure; impurity. Milton. IMPURITY Im*pu"ri*ty, n.; pl. Impurities. Etym: [L. impuritas: cf. F. impureté.] 1. The condition or quality of being impure in any sense; defilement; foulness; adulteration. Profaneness, impurity, or scandal, is not wit. Buckminster. 2. That which is, or which renders anything, impure; foul matter, action, language, etc.; a foreign ingredient. Foul impurities reigned among the monkish clergy. Atterbury. 3. (Script.) Defn: Want of ceremonial purity; defilement. IMPURPLE Im*pur"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impurpled; p. pr. & vb. n. Impurpling.] Etym: [Pref. im- in + purple. Cf. Empurple.] Defn: To color or tinge with purple; to make red or reddish; to purple; as, a field impurpled with blood. Impurpled with celestial roses, smiled. Milton. The silken fleece impurpled for the loom. Pope. IMPUTABILITY Im*put`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being imputable; imputableness. IMPUTABLE Im*put"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. imputable.] 1. That may be imputed; capable of being imputed; chargeable; ascribable; attributable; referable. A prince whose political vices, at least, were imputable to mental incapacity. Prescott. 2. Accusable; culpable. [R.] The fault lies at his door, and she is no wise imputable. Ayliffe. IMPUTABLENESS Im*put"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being imputable. IMPUTABLY Im*put"a*bly, adv. Defn: By imputation. IMPUTATION Im`pu*ta"tion, Etym: [L. imputatio an account, a charge: cf. F. imputation.] 1. The act of imputing or charging; attribution; ascription; also, anything imputed or charged. Shylock. Antonio is a good man. Bassanio. Have you heard any imputation to the contrary Shak. If I had a suit to Master Shallow, I would humor his men with the imputation of being near their master. Shak. 2. Charge or attribution of evil; censure; reproach; insinuation. Let us be careful to guard ourselves against these groundless imputation of our enemies. Addison. 3. (Theol.) Defn: A setting of something to the account of; the attribution of personal guilt or personal righteousness of another; as, the imputation of the sin of Adam, or the righteousness of Christ. 4. Opinion; intimation; hint. IMPUTATIVE Im*put"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. imputativus: cf. F. imputatif.] Defn: Transferred by imputation; that may be imputed. -- Im*put"a*tive*ly, adv. Actual righteousness as well as imputative. Bp. Warburton. IMPUTE Im*pute", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imputed; p. pr. & vb. n. Imputing.] Etym: [F. imputer, L. imputare to bring into the reckoning, charge, impute; pref. im- in + putare to reckon, think. See Putative.] 1. To charge; to ascribe; to attribute; to set to the account of; to charge to one as the author, responsible originator, or possessor; -- generally in a bad sense. Nor you, ye proud, impute to these the fault, If memory o'er their tomb no trophies raise. Gray. One vice of a darker shade was imputed to him -- envy. Macaulay. 2. (Theol.) Defn: To adjudge as one's own (the sin or righteousness) of another; as, the righteousness of Christ is imputed to us. It was imputed to him for righteousness. Rom. iv. 22. They merit Imputed shall absolve them who renounce Their own, both righteous and unrighteous deeds. Milton. 3. To take account of; to consider; to regard. [R.] If we impute this last humiliation as the cause of his death. Gibbon. Syn. -- To ascribe; attribute; charge; reckon; consider; imply; insinuate; refer. See Ascribe. IMPUTER Im*put"er, n. Defn: One who imputes. IMPUTRESCIBLE Im`pu*tres"ci*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. im- + putrescible: cf. F. imputrescible.] Defn: Not putrescible. IMRIGH Im"righ, n. Etym: [Scot.; Gael. chicken soup.] Defn: A peculiar strong soup or broth, made in Scotland. [Written also imrich.] IN- In-. Etym: [See In, prep. Cf. Em-, En-.] Defn: A prefix from Eng. prep. in, also from Lat. prep. in, meaning in, into, on, among; as, inbred, inborn, inroad; incline, inject, intrude. In words from the Latin, in- regularly becomes il- before l, ir- before r, and im- before a labial; as, illusion, irruption, imblue, immigrate, impart. In- is sometimes used with an simple intensive force. IN- In-. Etym: [L. in-; akin to E. un-. See Un-.] Defn: An inseparable prefix, or particle, meaning not, non-, un- as, inactive, incapable, inapt. In- regularly becomes il- before l, ir- before r, and im- before a labial. -IN -in. Defn: A suffix. See the Note under -ine. IN In, prep. Etym: [AS. in; akin to D. & G. in, Icel. i, Sw. & Dan. i, OIr. & L. in, Gr. In-, Inn.] Defn: The specific signification of in is situation or place with respect to surrounding, environment, encompassment, etc. It is used with verbs signifying being, resting, or moving within limits, or within circumstances or conditions of any kind conceived of as limiting, confining, or investing, either wholly or in part. In its different applications, it approaches some of the meanings of, and sometimes is interchangeable with, within, into, on, at, of, and among. It is used: -- 1. With reference to space or place; as, he lives in Boston; he traveled in Italy; castles in the air. The babe lying in a manger. Luke ii. 16. Thy sun sets weeping in the lowly west. Shak. Situated in the forty-first degree of latitude. Gibbon. Matter for censure in every page. Macaulay. 2. With reference to circumstances or conditions; as, he is in difficulties; she stood in a blaze of light. "Fettered in amorous chains." Shak. Wrapt in sweet sounds, as in bright veils. Shelley. 3. With reference to a whole which includes or comprises the part spoken of; as, the first in his family; the first regiment in the army. Nine in ten of those who enter the ministry. Swift. 4. With reference to physical surrounding, personal states, etc., abstractly denoted; as, I am in doubt; the room is in darkness; to live in fear. When shall we three meet again, In thunder, lightning, or in rain Shak. 5. With reference to character, reach, scope, or influence considered as establishing a limitation; as, to be in one's favor. "In sight of God's high throne." Milton. Sounds inharmonious in themselves, and harsh. Cowper. 6. With reference to movement or tendency toward a certain limit or environment; -- sometimes equivalent to into; as, to put seed in the ground; to fall in love; to end in death; to put our trust in God. He would not plunge his brother in despair. Addison. She had no jewels to deposit in their caskets. Fielding. 7. With reference to a limit of time; as, in an hour; it happened in the last century; in all my life. In as much as, or Inasmuch as, in the degree that; in like manner as; in consideration that; because that; since. See Synonym of Because, and cf. For as much as, under For, prep. -- In that, because; for the reason that. "Some things they do in that they are men . . . ; some things in that they are men misled and blinded with error." Hooker. -- In the name of, in behalf of; on the part of; by authority; as, it was done in the name of the people; -- often used in invocation, swearing, praying, and the like. -- To be in for it. (a) To be in favor of a thing; to be committed to a course. (b) To be unable to escape from a danger, penalty, etc. [Colloq.] -- To be (or keep) in with. (a) To be close or near; as, to keep a ship in with the land. (b) To be on terms of friendship, familiarity, or intimacy with; to secure and retain the favor of. [Colloq.] Syn. -- Into; within; on; at. See At. IN In, adv. 1. Not out; within; inside. In, the preposition, becomes an adverb by omission of its object, leaving it as the representative of an adverbial phrase, the context indicating what the omitted object is; as, he takes in the situation (i. e., he comprehends it in his mind); the Republicans were in (i. e., in office); in at one ear and out at the other (i. e., in or into the head); his side was in (i. e., in the turn at the bat); he came in (i. e., into the house). Their vacation . . . falls in so pat with ours. Lamb. Note: The sails of a vessel are said, in nautical language, to be in when they are furled, or when stowed. In certain cases in has an adjectival sense; as, the in train (i. e., the incoming train); compare up grade, down grade, undertow, afterthought, etc. 2. (Law) Defn: With privilege or possession; -- used to denote a holding, possession, or seisin; as, in by descent; in by purchase; in of the seisin of her husband. Burrill. In and in breeding. See under Breeding. -- In and out (Naut.), through and through; -- said of a through bolt in a ship's side. Knight. -- To be in, to be at home; as, Mrs. A. is in. -- To come in. See under Come. IN In, n. Note: [Usually in the plural.] 1. One who is in office; -- the opposite of Ant: out. 2. A reëntrant angle; a nook or corner. Ins and outs, nooks and corners; twists and turns. All the ins and outs of this neighborhood. D. Jerrold. IN In, v. t. Defn: To inclose; to take in; to harvest. [Obs.] He that ears my land spares my team and gives me leave to in the crop. Shak. INABILITY In`a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + ability: cf. F. inhabileté. See Able, and cf. Unable.] Defn: The quality or state of being unable; lack of ability; want of sufficient power, strength, resources, or capacity. It is not from an inability to discover what they ought to do, that men err in practice. Blair. Syn. -- Impotence; incapacity; incompetence; weakness; powerlessness; incapability. See Disability. INABLE In*a"ble, v. t. Defn: See Enable. INABLEMENT In*a"ble*ment, n. Defn: See Enablement. [Obs.] INABSTINENCE In*ab"sti*nence, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + abstinence: cf. F. inabstinence.] Defn: Want of abstinence; indulgence. [Obs.] "The inabstinence of Eve." Milton. INABSTRACTED In`ab*stract"ed, a. Defn: Not abstracted. INABUSIVELY In`a*bu"sive*ly, adv. Defn: Without abuse. INACCESSIBILITY In`ac*cess`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inaccessibilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being inaccessible; inaccessibleness. "The inaccessibility of the precipice." Bp. Butler. INACCESSIBLE In`ac*cess"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. inaccessibilis: cf. F. inaccessible. See In- not, and Accessible.] Defn: Not accessible; not to be reached, obtained, or approached; as, an inaccessible rock, fortress, document, prince, etc. -- In`ac*cess"i*ble*ness, n. -- In`ac*cess"i*bly, adv. INACCORDANT In`ac*cord"ant, a. Defn: Not accordant; discordant. INACCURACY In*ac"cu*ra*cy, n.; pl. Inaccuracies (. 1. The quality of being inaccurate; want of accuracy or exactness. 2. That which is inaccurate or incorrect; mistake; fault; defect; error; as, in inaccuracy in speech, copying, calculation, etc. INACCURATE In*ac"cu*rate, a. Defn: Not accurate; not according to truth; inexact; incorrect; erroneous; as, in inaccurate man, narration, copy, judgment, calculation, etc. The expression is plainly inaccurate. Bp. Hurd. Syn. -- Inexact; incorrect; erroneous; faulty; imperfect; incomplete; defective. INACCURATELY In*ac"cu*rate*ly, adv. Defn: In an inaccurate manner; incorrectly; inexactly. INACQUAINTANCE In`ac*quaint"ance, a. Defn: Want of acquaintance. Good. INACQUIESCENT In*ac`qui*es"cent, a. Defn: Not acquiescent or acquiescing. INACTION In*ac"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. in. not + action: cf. inaction.] Defn: Want of action or activity; forbearance from labor; idleness; rest; inertness. Berkeley. INACTIVE In*ac"tive, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + active: cf. F. inactif.] 1. Not active; having no power to move; that does not or can not produce results; inert; as, matter is, of itself, inactive. 2. Not disposed to action or effort; not diligent or industrious; not busy; idle; as, an inactive officer. 3. (Chem. & Opt.) Defn: Not active; inert; esp., not exhibiting any action or activity on polarized light; optically neutral; -- said of isomeric forms of certain substances, in distinction from other forms which are optically active; as, racemic acid is an inactive tartaric acid. Syn. -- Inert; dull; sluggish; idle; indolent; slothful; lazy. See Inert. INACTIVELY In*ac"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an inactive manner. Locke. INACTIVITY In`ac*tiv"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inactivité.] 1. The state or quality of being inactive; inertness; as, the inactivity of matter. 2. Idleness; habitual indisposition to action or exertion; want of energy; sluggishness. The gloomy inactivity of despair. Cook. INACTOSE In*ac"tose, n. (Chem.) Defn: A variety of sugar, found in certain plants. It is optically inactive. INACTUATE In*ac"tu*ate, v. t. Defn: To put in action. [Obs.] INACTUATION In*ac`tu*a"tion, n. Defn: Operation. [Obs.] INADAPTATION In*ad`ap*ta"tion, n. Defn: Want of adaptation; unsuitableness. INADEQUACY In*ad"e*qua*cy, n. Etym: [From Inadequate.] Defn: The quality or state of being inadequate or insufficient; defectiveness; insufficiency; inadequateness. The inadequacy and consequent inefficacy of the alleged causes. Dr. T. Dwight. INADEQUATE In*ad"e*quate, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + adequate: cf. F. inadéquat.] Defn: Not adequate; unequal to the purpose; insufficient; deficient; as, inadequate resources, power, conceptions, representations, etc. Dryden. -- In*ad"e*quate*ly, adv. -- In*ad"e*quate*ness, n. INADEQUATION In*ad`e*qua"tion, n. Defn: Want of exact correspondence. [Obs.] Puller. INADHERENT In`ad*her"ent, a. 1. Not adhering. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Free; not connected with the other organs. INADHESION In`ad*he"sion, n. Defn: Want of adhesion. INADMISSIBILITY In`ad*mis`si*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inadmissibilité.] Defn: The state or quality of being inadmissible, or not to be received. INADMISSIBLE In`ad*mis"si*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + admissible: cf. F. inadmissible.] Defn: Not admissible; not proper to be admitted, allowed, or received; as, inadmissible testimony; an inadmissible proposition, or explanation. -- In`ad*mis"si*bly, adv. INADVERTENCE; INADVERTENCY In`ad*vert"ence; pl. -ces (, In`ad*vert"en*cy; pl. -cies (, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inadvertance.] 1. The quality of being inadvertent; lack of heedfulness or attentiveness; inattention; negligence; as, many mistakes proceed from inadvertence. Inadvertency, or want of attendance to the sense and intention of our prayers. Jer. Taylor. 2. An effect of inattention; a result of carelessness; an oversight, mistake, or fault from negligence. The productions of a great genius, with many lapses an inadvertencies, are infinitely preferable to works of an inferior kind of author which are scrupulously exact. Addison. Syn. -- Inattention; heedlessness; carelessness; negligence; thoughtlessness. See Inattention. INADVERTENT In`ad*vert"ent, a. Etym: [Cf. F. inadvertant. See 2d In-, and Advert.] Defn: Not turning the mind to a matter; heedless; careless; negligent; inattentive. An inadvertent step may crush the snail That crawls at evening in the public path. Cowper. -- In`ad*vert"ent*ly, adv. INADVISABLE In`ad*vis"a*ble, a. Defn: Not advisable. -- In`ad*vis"a*ble*ness, n. INAFFABILITY In*af`fa*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inaffabilité.] Defn: Want of affability or sociability; reticence. INAFFABLE In*af"fa*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + affable.] Defn: Not affable; reserved in social intercourse. INAFFECTATION In*af`fec*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + affectation: cf. F. inaffectation.] Defn: Freedom from affectation; naturalness. [R.] INAFFECTED In`af*fect"ed, a. Defn: Unaffected. [Obs.] -- In`af*fect"ed*ly, adv. [Obs.] INAIDABLE In*aid"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being assisted; helpless. [R.] Shak. INALIENABILITY In*al`ien*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inalienable. INALIENABLE In*al"ien*a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + alienable: cf. F. inaliénable.] Defn: Incapable of being alienated, surrendered, or transferred to another; not alienable; as, in inalienable birthright. INALIENABLENESS In*al"ien*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inalienable; inalienability. INALIENABLY In*al"ien*a*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner that forbids alienation; as, rights inalienably vested. INALIMENTAL In*al`i*men"tal, a. Defn: Affording no aliment or nourishment. [Obs.] Bacon. INALTERABILITY In*al`ter*a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inaltérabilité.] Defn: The quality of being unalterable or unchangeable; permanence. INALTERABLE In*al"ter*a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + alterable: cf. F. inaltérable.] Defn: Not alterable; incapable of being altered or changed; unalterable. -- In*al"ter*a*ble*ness, n. -- In*al"ter*a*bly, adv. INAMIABLE In*a"mi*a*ble, a. Defn: Unamiable. [Obs.] -- In*a"mi*a*ble*ness, n. [Obs.] INAMISSIBLE In`a*mis"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. inamissibilis: cf. F. inamissible.] Defn: Incapable of being lost. [R.] Hammond. -- In`a*mis"si*ble*ness, n. [R.] INAMORATA In*a`mo*ra"ta, n. Etym: [It. innamorata, fem., innamorato, masc., p. p. of innamorare to inspire with love. See Enamor.] Defn: A woman in love; a mistress. "The fair inamorata." Sherburne. INAMORATE In*am"o*rate, a. Defn: Enamored. Chapman. -- In*am"o*rate*ly, adv. [R.] INAMORATO In*a`mo*ra"to, n.; pl. Inamoratos. Etym: [See Inamorata.] Defn: A male lover. INAMOVABLE In`a*mov"a*ble, a. Defn: Not amovable or removable. [R.] Palgrave. IN-AND-IN In"-and-in", n. Defn: An old game played with four dice. In signified a doublet, or two dice alike; in-and-in, either two doubles, or the four dice alike. IN AND IN In and an, a. & adv. Defn: Applied to breeding from a male and female of the same parentage. See under Breeding. INANE In*ane", a. Etym: [L. inanis.] Defn: Without contents; empty; void of sense or intelligence; purposeless; pointless; characterless; useless. "Vague and inane instincts." I. Taylor. -- In*ane"ly, adv. INANE In*ane", n. Defn: That which is void or empty. [R.] The undistinguishable inane of infinite space. Locke. INANGULAR In*an"gu*lar, a. Defn: Not angular. [Obs.] INANILOQUENT; INANILOQUOUS In`a*nil"o*quent, In`a*nil"o*quous, a. Etym: [L. inanis empty + loqui to speak.] Defn: Given to talking inanely; loquacious; garrulous. [R.] INANIMATE In*an"i*mate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in (or intensively) + animate.] Defn: To animate. [Obs.] Donne. INANIMATE In*an"i*mate, a. Etym: [L. inanimatus; pref. in- not + animatus animate.] Defn: Not animate; destitute of life or spirit; lifeless; dead; inactive; dull; as, stones and earth are inanimate substances. Grieving, if aught inanimate e'er grieves. Byron. Syn. -- Lifeless; dead; inert; inactive; dull; soulless; spiritless. See Lifeless. INANIMATED In*an"i*ma`ted, a. Defn: Destitute of life; lacking animation; unanimated. Pope. INANIMATENESS In*an"i*mate*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inanimate. The deadness and inanimateness of the subject. W. Montagu. INANIMATION In*an`i*ma"tion, n. Etym: [See 2d Inanimate.] Defn: Want of animation; lifeless; dullness. INANIMATION In*an`i*ma"tion, n. Etym: [See 1st Inanimate.] Defn: Infusion of life or vigor; animation; inspiration. [Obs.] The inanimation of Christ living and breathing within us. Bp. Hall. INANITIATE In`a*ni"ti*ate, v. t. Defn: To produce inanition in; to exhaust for want of nourishment. [R.] INANITIATION In`a*ni`ti*a"tion, n. Defn: Inanition. [R.] INANITION In`a*ni"tion, n. Etym: [F. inanition, L. inanitio emptiness, fr. inanire to empty, fr. inanis empty. Cf. Inane.] Defn: The condition of being inane; emptiness; want of fullness, as in the vessels of the body; hence, specifically, exhaustion from want of food, either from partial or complete starvation, or from a disorder of the digestive apparatus, producing the same result. Feeble from inanition, inert from weariness. Landor. Repletion and inanition may both do harm in two contrary extremes. Burton. INANITY In*an"i*ty, n.; pl. Inanities. Etym: [L. inanitas, fr. inanis empty: cf. F. inanité. See Inane.] 1. Inanition; void space; vacuity; emptiness. 2. Want of seriousness; aimlessness; frivolity. 3. An inane, useless thing or pursuit; a vanity; a silly object; -- chiefly in pl.; as, the inanities of the world. INANTHERATE In*an"ther*ate, a. (Bot.) Defn: Not bearing anthers; -- said of sterile stamens. IN ANTIS In an"tis. Etym: [L.] (Arch.) Defn: Between antæ; -- said of a portico in classical style, where columns are set between two antæ, forming the angles of the building. See Anta. INAPATHY In*ap"a*thy, n. Defn: Sensibility; feeling; -- opposed to apathy. [R.] INAPPEALABLE In`ap*peal"a*ble, a. Defn: Not admitting of appeal; not appealable. Coleridge. INAPPEASABLE In`ap*peas"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being appeased or satisfied; unappeasable. INAPPELLABILITY In`ap*pel`la*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being inappellable; finality. The inappellability of the councils. Coleridge. INAPPELLABLE In`ap*pel"la*ble, a. Defn: Inappealable; final. INAPPETENCE; INAPPETENCY In*ap"pe*tence, In*ap"pe*ten*cy, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + appetence: cf. F. inappétence.] Defn: Want of appetency; want of desire. INAPPLICABILITY In*ap`pli*ca*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inapplicabilité.] Defn: The quality of being inapplicable; unfitness; inapplicableness. INAPPLICABLE In*ap"pli*ca*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + applicable.] Defn: Not applicable; incapable of being applied; not adapted; not suitable; as, the argument is inapplicable to the case. J. S. Mill. Syn. -- Unsuitable; unsuited; unadapted; inappropriate; inapposite; irrelevant. -- In*ap"pli*ca*ble*ness, n. -- In*ap"pli*ca*bly, adv. INAPPLICATION In*ap`pli*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + application: cf. F. inapplication.] Defn: Want of application, attention, or diligence; negligence; indolence. INAPPOSITE In*ap"po*site, a. Defn: Not apposite; not fit or suitable; not pertinent. -- In*ap"po*site*ly, adv. INAPPRECIABLE In`ap*pre"ci*a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + appreciable: cf. F. inappréciable.] Defn: Not appreciable; too small to be perceived; incapable of being duly valued or estimated. Hallam. INAPPRECIATION In`ap*pre"ci*a"tion, n. Defn: Want of appreciation. INAPPREHENSIBLE In*ap`pre*hen"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. inapprehensibilis: cf. F. inappréhensible.] Defn: Not apprehensible; unintelligible; inconceivable. Milton. INAPPREHENSION In*ap`pre*hen"sion, n. Defn: Want of apprehension. INAPPREHENSIVE In*ap`pre*hen"sive, a. Defn: Not apprehensive; regardless; unconcerned. Jer. Taylor. INAPPROACHABLE In`ap*proach"a*ble, a. Defn: Not approachable; unapproachable; inaccessible; unequaled. -- In`ap*proach"a*bly, adv. INAPPROPRIATE In`ap*pro"pri*ate, a. Defn: Not instrument (to); not appropriate; unbecoming; unsuitable; not specially fitted; -- followed by to or for. -- In`ap*pro"pri*ate*ly, adv. -- In`ap*pro"pri*ate*ness, n. INAPT In*apt", a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + apt: cf. F. inapte. Cf. Inept.] Defn: Unapt; not apt; unsuitable; inept. -- In*apt"ly, adv. -- In*apt"ness, n. INAPTITUDE In*apt"i*tude, n. Etym: [In- + aptitude: cf. F. inaptitude. Cf. In.] Defn: Want of aptitude. INAQUATE In*a"quate, a. Etym: [L. inaquatus, p. p. of inaquare to make into water; pref. in- in + aqua water.] Defn: Embodied in, or changed into, water. [Obs.] Cranmer. INAQUATION In`a*qua"tion, n. Defn: The state of being inaquate. [Obs.] Bp. Gardiner. INARABLE In*ar"a*ble, a. Defn: Not arable. [R.] INARCH In*arch", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inarched; p. pr. & vb. n. Inarching.] Defn: To graft by uniting, as a scion, to a stock, without separating either from its root before the union is complete; -- also called to graft by approach. P. Miler. INARCHING In*arch"ing, n. Defn: A method of ingrafting. See Inarch. INARTICULATE In`ar*tic"u*late, a. Etym: [L. inarticulatus; pref. in- not + articulatus articulate.] 1. Not uttered with articulation or intelligible distinctness, as speech or words. Music which is inarticulate poesy. Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Not jointed or articulated; having no distinct body segments; as, an inarticulate worm. (b) Without a hinge; -- said of an order (Inarticulata or Ecardines) of brachiopods. 3. Incapable of articulating. [R.] The poor earl, who is inarticulate with palsy. Walpole. INARTICULATED In`ar*tic"u*la`ted, a. Defn: Not articulated; not jointed or connected by a joint. INARTICULATELY In`ar*tic"u*late*ly, adv. Defn: In an inarticulate manner. Hammond. INARTICULATENESS In`ar*tic"u*late*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being inarticulate. INARTICULATION In`ar*tic`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inarticulation.] Defn: Inarticulateness. Chesterfield. INARTIFICIAL In*ar`ti*fi"cial, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + artificial: cf. F. inartificiel.] Defn: Not artificial; not made or elaborated by art; natural; simple; artless; as, an inartificial argument; an inartificial character. -- In*ar`ti*fi"cial*ly, adv. -- In*ar`ti*fi"cial*ness, n. INASMUCH In`as*much", adv. Etym: [In + as + much.] Defn: In like degree; in like manner; seeing that; considering that; since; -- followed by as. See In as much as, under In, prep. Inasmuch as ye did it not to one of the least of these, ye did it not to me. Matt. xxv. 45. Syn. -- Because; since; for; as. See Because. INATTENTION In`at*ten"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + attention: cf. F. inattention.] Defn: Want of attention, or failure to pay attention; disregard; heedlessness; neglect. Novel lays attract our ravished ears; But old, the mind inattention hears. Pope. Syn. -- Inadvertence; heedlessness; negligence; carelessness; disregard; remissness; thoughtlessness; neglect. -- Inattention, Inadvertence. We miss seeing a thing through inadvertence when do not happen to look at it; through inattention when we give no heed to it, though directly before us. The latter is therefore the worse. Inadvertence may be an involuntary accident; inattention is culpable neglect. A versatile mind is often inadvertent; a careless or stupid one is inattentive. INATTENTIVE In`at*ten"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. inattentif.] Defn: Not attentive; not fixing the mind on an object; heedless; careless; negligent; regardless; as, an inattentive spectator or hearer; an inattentive habit. I. Watts. Syn. -- Careless; heedless; regardless; thoughtless; negligent; remiss; inadvertent. -- In`at*ten"tive*ly, adv. -- In`at*ten"tive*ness, n. INAUDIBILITY In*au`di*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being inaudible; inaudibleness. INAUDIBLE In*au"di*ble, a. Etym: [L. inaudibilis; pref. in- not + audire to hear: cf. F. unaudible. See In- not, and Audible.] Defn: Not audible; incapable of being heard; silent. -- In*au"di*ble*ness, n. -- In*au"di*bly, adv. INAUGUR In*au"gur, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. inaugurer. See Inaugurate.] Defn: To inaugurate. [Obs.] Latimer. INAUGURAL In*au"gu*ral, a. Etym: [Cf. F. inaugural.] Defn: Pertaining to, or performed or pronounced at, an inauguration; as, an inaugural address; the inaugural exercises. INAUGURAL In*au"gu*ral, n. Defn: An inaugural address. [U.S.] INAUGURATE In*au"gu*rate, a. Etym: [L. inauguratus, p. p. of inaugurare to take omens from the flight of birds (before entering upon any important undertaking); hence, to consecrate, inaugurate, or install, with such divination; pref. in- in + augurare, augurari, to augur. See Augur.] Defn: Invested with office; inaugurated. Drayton. INAUGURATE In*au"gu*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inaugurated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inaugurating.] 1. To introduce or induct into an office with suitable ceremonies or solemnities; to invest with power or authority in a formal manner; to install; as, to inaugurate a president; to inaugurate a king. Milton. 2. To cause to begin, esp. with formality or solemn ceremony; hence, to set in motion, action, or progress; to initiate; -- used especially of something of dignity or worth or public concern; as, to inaugurate a new era of things, new methods, etc. As if kings did closes remarkable days to inaugurate their favors. Sir H. Wotton. 3. To celebrate the completion of, or the first public use of; to dedicate, as a statue. [Colloq.] 4. To begin with good omens. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. INAUGURATION In*au`gu*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. inauguratio a beginning: cf. F. inauguration.] 1. The act of inuagurating, or inducting into office with solemnity; investiture by appropriate ceremonies. At his regal inauguration, his old father resigned the kingdom to him. Sir T. Browne. 2. The formal beginning or initiation of any movement, course of action, etc.; as, the inauguration of a new system, a new condition, etc. INAUGURATION DAY In*au`gu*ra"tion Day. Defn: The day on which the President of the United States is inaugurated, the 4th of March in every year next after a year divisible by four. INAUGURATOR In*au"gu*ra`tor, n. Defn: One who inaugurates. INAUGURATORY In*au"gu*ra*to*ry, a. Defn: Suitable for, or pertaining to, inauguration. Johnson. INAURATE In*au"rate, a. Etym: [L. inauratus, p. p. inaurare to gild; pref. in- in + aurum gold.] Defn: Covered with gold; gilded. INAURATE In*au"rate, v. t. Defn: To cover with gold; to gild. INAURATION In`au*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inauration.] Defn: The act or process of gilding or covering with gold. INAUSPICATE In*aus"pi*cate, a. Etym: [L. inauspicatus; pref. in- not + auspicatus, p. p. auspicari. See Auspicate.] Defn: Inauspicious [Obs.] Sir G. Buck. INAUSPICIOUS In`aus*pi"cious, a. Defn: Not auspicious; ill-omened; unfortunate; unlucky; unfavorable. "Inauspicious stars." Shak. "Inauspicious love." Dryden. -- In`aus*pi"cious*ly, adv. -- In`aus*pi"cious*ness, n. INAUTHORITATIVE In`au*thor"i*ta*tive, a. Defn: Without authority; not authoritative. INBARGE In"barge, v. t. & i. Defn: To embark; to go or put into a barge. [Obs.] Drayton. INBEAMING In"beam`ing, n. Defn: Shining in. South. INBEING In"be`ing, n. Defn: Inherence; inherent existence. I. Watts. INBIND In*bind", v. t. Defn: To inclose. [Obs.] Fairfax. INBLOWN In"blown`, a. Defn: Blown in or into. [Obs.] INBOARD In"board`, a. & adv. 1. (Naut.) Defn: Inside the line of a vessel's bulwarks or hull; the opposite of outboard; as, an inboard cargo; haul the boom inboard. 2. (Mech.) Defn: From without inward; toward the inside; as, the inboard stroke of a steam engine piston, the inward or return stroke. INBORN In"born`, a. Defn: Born in or with; implanted by nature; innate; as, inborn passions. Cowper. Syn. -- Innate; inherent; natural. INBREAK; INBREAKING In"break`, In"break`ing, n. Defn: A breaking in; inroad; invasion. INBREATHE In*breathe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inbreathed; p. pr. & vb. n. Inbreathing.] Defn: To infuse by breathing; to inspire. Coleridge. INBRED In"bred`, a. Defn: Bred within; innate; as, inbred worth. "Inbred sentiments." Burke. INBREED In*breed", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inbred; p. pr. & vb. n. Inbreeding.] Etym: [Cf. Imbreed.] 1. To produce or generate within. Bp. Reynolds. To inbreed and cherish . . . the seeds of virtue. Milton. 2. To breed in and in. See under Breed, v. i. INBURNING In"burn`ing, a. Defn: Burning within. Her inburning wrath she gan abate. Spenser. INBURNT In"burnt`, a. Defn: Burnt in; ineffaceable. Her inburnt, shamefaced thoughts. P. Fletcher. INBURST In"burst`, n. Defn: A bursting in or into. INC Inc, n. Defn: A Japanese measure of length equal to about two and one twelfth yards. [Written also ink.] INCA In"ca, n. (a) An emperor or monarch of Peru before, or at the time of, the Spanish conquest; any member of this royal dynasty, reputed to have been descendants of the sun. (b) pl. Defn: The people governed by the Incas, now represented by the Quichua tribe. Inca dove (Zoöl.), a small dove (Scardafella inca), native of Arizona, Lower California, and Mexico. INCAGE In*cage", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Incaging.] Etym: [Cf. Encage.] Defn: To confine in, or as in, a cage; to coop up. [Written also encage.] "Incaged birds." Shak. INCAGEMENT In*cage"ment, n. Defn: Confinement in, or as in, cage. [Obs.] Shelton. INCALCULABILITY In*cal`cu*la*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being incalculable. INCALCULABLE In*cal"cu*la*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + calculable: cf. F. incalculable.] Defn: Not capable of being calculated; beyond calculation; very great. -- In*cal"cu*la*ble*ness, n. -- In*cal"cu*la*bly, adv. INCALESCENCE In`ca*les"cence, n. Defn: The state of being incalescent, or of growing warm. Sir T. Browne. INCALESCENCY In`ca*les"cen*cy, n. Defn: Incalescence. Ray. INCALESCENT In`ca*les"cent, a. Etym: [L. incalescens, -entis, p. pr. of incalescere to grow hot. See 1st In-, and Calescence.] Defn: Growing warm; increasing in heat. INCAMERATION In*cam`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- in + L. camera chamber, LL., also, jurisdiction: cf. F. incamération, It. incamerazione.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The act or process of uniting lands, rights, or revenues, to the ecclesiastical chamber, i. e., to the pope's domain. INCAN In"can, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Incas. INCANDESCENCE In`can*des"cence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incandescence.] Defn: A white heat, or the glowing or luminous whiteness of a body caused by intense heat. INCANDESCENT In`can*des"cent, a. Etym: [L. incandecens, -entis, p. pr. of incandescere to become warm or hot; pref. in- in + candescere to become of a glittering whiteness, to become red hot, incho. fr. candere to be of a glittering whiteness: cf. F. incandescent. See Candle.] Defn: White, glowing, or luminous, with intense heat; as, incandescent carbon or platinum; hence, clear; shining; brilliant. Holy Scripture become resplendent; or, as one might say, incandescent throughout. I. Taylor. Incandescent lamp or light (Elec.), a kind of lamp in which the light is produced by a thin filament of conducting material, usually carbon, contained in a vacuum, and heated to incandescence by an electric current, as in the Edison lamp; -- called also incandescence lamp, and glowlamp. INCANESCENT In`ca*nes"cent, a. Etym: [L. incanescens, p. pr. incanescere to become gray.] Defn: Becoming hoary or gray; canescent. INCANOUS In*ca"nous, a. Etym: [L. incanus; pref. in- in + canus hoary.] (Bot.) Defn: Hoary with white pubescence. INCANTATION In`can*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. incantatio, fr. incantare to chant a magic formula over one: cf. F. incantation. See Enchant.] 1. The act or process of using formulas sung or spoken, with occult ceremonies, for the purpose of raising spirits, producing enchantment, or affecting other magical results; enchantment. "Mysterious ceremony and incantation." Burke. 2. A formula of words used as above. INCANTATORY In*cant"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Dealing by enchantment; magical. Sir T. Browne. INCANTING In*cant"ing, a. Defn: Enchanting. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. INCANTON In*can"ton, v. t. Defn: To unite to, or form into, a canton or separate community. Addison. INCAPABILITY In*ca`pa*bil"i*ty, n. 1. The quality of being incapable; incapacity. Suckling. 2. (Law) Defn: Want of legal qualifications, or of legal power; as, incapability of holding an office. INCAPABLE In*ca"pa*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + capable: cf. F. incapable, L. incapabilis incomprehensible.] 1. Wanting in ability or qualification for the purpose or end in view; not large enough to contain or hold; deficient in physical strength, mental or moral power, etc.; not capable; as, incapable of holding a certain quantity of liquid; incapable of endurance, of comprehension, of perseverance, of reform, etc. 2. Not capable of being brought to do or perform, because morally strong or well disposed; -- used with reference to some evil; as, incapable of wrong, dishonesty, or falsehood. 3. Not in a state to receive; not receptive; not susceptible; not able to admit; as, incapable of pain, or pleasure; incapable of stain or injury. 4. (Law) Defn: Unqualified or disqualified, in a legal sense; as, a man under thirty-five years of age is incapable of holding the office of president of the United States; a person convicted on impeachment is thereby made incapable of holding an office of profit or honor under the government. 5. (Mil.) Defn: As a term of disgrace, sometimes annexed to a sentence when an officer has been cashiered and rendered incapable of serving his country. Note: Incapable is often used elliptically. Is not your father grown incapable of reasonable affairs Shak. Syn. -- Incompetent; unfit; unable; insufficient; inadequate; deficient; disqualified. See Incompetent. INCAPABLE In*ca"pa*ble, n. Defn: One who is morally or mentally weak or inefficient; an imbecile; a simpleton. INCAPABLENESS In*ca"pa*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being incapable; incapability. INCAPABLY In*ca"pa*bly, adv. Defn: In an incapable manner. INCAPACIOUS In`ca*pa"cious, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + capacious: cf. L. incapax incapable.] Defn: Not capacious; narrow; small; weak or foolish; as, an incapacious soul. Bp. Burnet. -- In`ca*pa"cious*ness, n. INCAPACITATE In`ca*pac"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incapacitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Incapacitating.] Etym: [Pref. in- not + capacitate.] 1. To deprive of capacity or natural power; to disable; to render incapable or unfit; to disqualify; as, his age incapacitated him for war. 2. (Law) Defn: To deprive of legal or constitutional requisites, or of ability or competency for the performance of certain civil acts; to disqualify. It absolutely incapacitated them from holding rank, office, function, or property. Milman. INCAPACITATION In`ca*pac`i*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of incapacitating or state of being incapacitated; incapacity; disqualification. Burke. INCAPACITY In`ca*pac"i*ty, n.; pl. Incapacities (. Etym: [Cf. F. incapacité.] 1. Want of capacity; lack of physical or intellectual power; inability. 2. (Law) Defn: Want of legal ability or competency to do, give, transmit, or receive something; inability; disqualification; as, the inacapacity of minors to make binding contracts, etc. Syn. -- Inability; incapability; incompetency; unfitness; disqualification; disability. INCAPSULATE In*cap"su*late, v. t. (Physiol.) Defn: To inclose completely, as in a membrane. INCAPSULATION In*cap`su*la"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The process of becoming, or the state or condition of being, incapsulated; as, incapsulation of the ovum in the uterus. INCARCERATE In*car"cer*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incarcerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Incarcerating.] Etym: [Pref. in- in + L. carceratus, p. p. of carcerare to imprison, fr. carcer prison.] 1. To imprison; to confine in a jail or priso 2. To confine; to shut up or inclose; to hem in. Incarcerated hernia (Med.), hernia in which the constriction can not be easily reduced. INCARCERATE In*car"cer*ate, a. Defn: Imprisoned. Dr. H. More. INCARCERATION In*car`cer*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incarcération.] 1. The act of confining, or the state of being confined; imprisonment. Glanvill. 2. (Med.) (a) Formerly, strangulation, as in hernia. (b) A constriction of the hernial sac, rendering it irreducible, but not great enough to cause strangulation. INCARCERATOR In*car"cer*a`tor, n. Defn: One who incarcerates. INCARN In*carn", v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. incarner. See Incarnate.] Defn: To cover or invest with flesh. [R.] Wiseman. INCARN In*carn", v. i. Defn: To develop flesh. [R.] Wiseman. INCARNADINE In*car"na*dine, a. Etym: [F. incarnadin, It. incarnatino; L. pref. in- in + caro, carnis, flesh. Cf. Carnation, Incarnate.] Defn: Flesh-colored; of a carnation or pale red color. [Obs.] Lovelace. INCARNADINE In*car"na*dine, v. t. Defn: To dye red or crimson. Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand No; this my hand will rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red. Shak. INCARNATE In*car"nate, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + carnate.] Defn: Not in the flesh; spiritual. [Obs.] I fear nothing . . . that devil carnate or incarnate can fairly do. Richardson. INCARNATE In*car"nate, a. Etym: [L. incarnatus, p. p. of incarnare to incarnate, pref. in- in + caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnal.] 1. Invested with flesh; embodied in a human nature and form; united with, or having, a human body. Here shalt thou sit incarnate. Milton. He represents the emperor and his wife as two devils incarnate, sent into the world for the destruction of mankind. Jortin. 2. Flesh-colored; rosy; red. [Obs.] Holland. INCARNATE In*car"nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incarnated; p. pr. & vb. n. Incarnating.] Defn: To clothe with flesh; to embody in flesh; to invest, as spirits, ideals, etc., with a human from or nature. This essence to incarnate and imbrute, That to the height of deity aspired. Milton. INCARNATE In*car"nate, v. i. Defn: To form flesh; to granulate, as a wound. [R.] My uncle Toby's wound was nearly well -- 't was just beginning to incarnate. Sterne. INCARNATION In`car*na"tion, n. Etym: [F. incarnation, LL. incarnatio.] 1. The act of clothing with flesh, or the state of being so clothed; the act of taking, or being manifested in, a human body and nature. 2. (Theol.) Defn: The union of the second person of the Godhead with manhood in Christ. 3. An incarnate form; a personification; a manifestation; a reduction to apparent from; a striking exemplification in person or act. She is a new incarnation of some of the illustrious dead. Jeffrey. The very incarnation of selfishness. F. W. Robertson. 4. A rosy or red color; flesh color; carnation. [Obs.] 5. (Med.) Defn: The process of healing wounds and filling the part with new flesh; granulation. INCARNATIVE In*car"na*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. incarnatif.] Defn: Causing new flesh to grow; healing; regenerative. -- n. Defn: An incarnative medicine. INCARNIFICATION In*car`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [See Incarnation, and -fy.] Defn: The act of assuming, or state of being clothed with, flesh; incarnation. INCASE In*case", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incased; p. pr. & vb. n. Incasing.] Etym: [F. encaisser; pref. en- (L. in) + caisse case. See Case a box, and cf. Encase, Enchase.] Defn: To inclose in a case; to inclose; to cover or surround with something solid. Rich plates of gold the folding doors incase. Pope. INCASEMENT In*case"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. Casement.] 1. The act or process of inclosing with a case, or the state of being incased. 2. That which forms a case, covering, or inclosure. INCASK In*cask", v. t. Defn: To cover with a casque or as with a casque. Sherwood. INCASTELLATED In*cas"tel*la`ted, a. Defn: Confined or inclosed in a castle. INCASTELLED In*cas"telled, a. (Far.) Defn: Hoofbound. Crabb. INCATENATION In*cat`e*na"tion, n. Etym: [LL. incatenatio; L. pref. in- in + catena chain. See Enchain.] Defn: The act of linking together; enchaining. [R.] Goldsmith. INCAUTION In*cau"tion, n. Defn: Want of caution. Pope. INCAUTIOUS In*cau"tious, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + cautious: cf. L. incautus.] Defn: Not cautious; not circumspect; not attending to the circumstances on which safety and interest depend; heedless; careless; as, an incautious step; an incautious remark. You . . . incautious tread On fire with faithless embers overspread. Francis. His rhetorical expressions may easily captivate any incautious reader. Keill. Syn. -- Unwary; indiscreet; inconsiderate; imprudent; impolitic; careless; heedless; thoughtless. -- In*cau"tious*ly, adv. -- In*cau"tious*ness, n. INCAVATED In"ca*va`ted, a. Etym: [L. incavatus, p. p. of incavare to make hollow: pref in- in + cavare to hollow out, fr. cavus hollow.] Defn: Made hollow; bent round or in. INCAVATION In`ca*va"tion, n. Defn: Act of making hollow; also, a hollow; an exvation; a depression. INCAVED In*caved", a. Etym: [Pref. in- in + cave. Cf. Encave, Incavated.] Defn: Inclosed in a cave. INCAVERNED In*cav"erned, a. Defn: Inclosed or shut up as in a cavern. Drayton. INCEDINGLY In*ced"ing*ly, adv. Etym: [L. incedere to walk majestically.] Defn: Majestically. [R.] C. Bronté. INCELEBRITY In`ce*leb"ri*ty, n. Defn: Want of celebrity or distinction; obscurity. [R.] Coleridge. INCEND In*cend", v. t. Etym: [L. incendere, incensum, to kindle, burn. See Incense to inflame.] Defn: To inflame; to excite. [Obs.] Marston. INCENDIARISM In*cen"di*a*rism, n. Etym: [From Incendiary.] Defn: The act or practice of maliciously setting fires; arson. INCENDIARY In*cen"di*a*ry, n.; pl. Incendiaries. Etym: [L. incendiarius: cf. F. incendiaire. See Incense to inflame.] 1. Any person who maliciously sets fire to a building or other valuable or other valuable property. 2. A person who excites or inflames factions, and promotes quarrels or sedition; an agitator; an exciter. Several cities . . . drove them out as incendiaries. Bentley. INCENDIARY In*cen"di*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. incendiarius, fr. incendium a fire, conflagration: cf. F. incendiaire. See Incense to inflame.] 1. Of or pertaining to incendiarism, or the malicious burning of valuable property; as, incendiary material; as incendiary crime. 2. Tending to excite or inflame factions, sedition, or quarrel; inflammatory; seditious. Paley. Incendiary shell, a bombshell. See Carcass, 4. INCENDIOUS In*cen"di*ous, a. Etym: [L. incendiosus burning, hot.] Defn: Promoting faction or contention; seditious; inflammatory. [Obs.] Bacon. -- In*cen"di*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] INCENSANT In*cen"sant, a. Etym: [See Incense to anger.] (Her.) Defn: A modern term applied to animals (as a boar) when borne as raging, or with furious aspect. INCENSATION In`cen*sa"tion, n. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The offering of incense. [R.] Encyc. Brit. INCENSE In*cense", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incensed; p. pr. & vb. n. Incensing.] Etym: [L. incensus, p. p. of incendere; pref. in- in + root of candere to glow. See Candle.] 1. To set on fire; to inflame; to kindle; to burn. [Obs.] Twelve Trojan princes wait on thee, and labor to incense Thy glorious heap of funeral. Chapman. 2. To inflame with anger; to endkindle; to fire; to incite; to provoke; to heat; to madden. The people are incensed him. Shak. Syn. -- To enrage; exasperate; provoke; anger; irritate; heat; fire; instigate. INCENSE In"cense, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incensed; p. pr. & vb. n. Incensing.] Etym: [LL. incensare: cf. F. encenser. See Incense, n.] 1. To offer incense to. See Incense. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To perfume with, or as with, incense. "Incensed with wanton sweets." Marston. INCENSE In"cense, n. Etym: [OE. encens, F. encens, L. incensum, fr. incensus, p. p. of incendere to burn. See Incense to inflame.] 1. The perfume or odors exhaled from spices and gums when burned in celebrating religious rites or as an offering to some deity. A thick of incense went up. Ezek. viii. 11. 2. The materials used for the purpose of producing a perfume when burned, as fragrant gums, spices, frankincense, etc. Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, took either of them his censer, and put fire therein, and put incense thereon. Lev. x. 1. 3. Also used figuratively. Or heap the shrine of luxury and pride, With incense kindled at the Muse's flame. Gray. Incense tree, the name of several balsamic trees of the genus Bursera (or Icica) mostly tropical American. The gum resin is used for incense. In Jamaica the Chrysobalanus Icaco, a tree related to the plums, is called incense tree. -- Incense wood, the fragrant wood of the tropical American tree Bursera heptaphylla. INCENSEBREATHING; INCENSE-BREATHING In"cense*breath`ing, a. Defn: Breathing or exhaling incense. "Incense-breathing morn." Gray. INCENSED In*censed", a. 1. Angered; enraged. 2. (Her.) Defn: Represented as enraged, as any wild creature depicted with fire issuing from mouth and eyes. INCENSEMENT In*cense"ment, n. Defn: Fury; rage; heat; exasperation; as, implacable incensement. Shak. INCENSER In*cen"ser, n. Defn: One who instigates or incites. INCENSION In*cen"sion, n. Etym: [L. incensio. See Incense to inflame.] Defn: The act of kindling, or the state of being kindled or on fire. Bacon. INCENSIVE In*cen"sive, a. Defn: Tending to excite or provoke; inflammatory. Barrow. INCENSOR In*cen"sor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A kindler of anger or enmity; an inciter. INCENSORY In*cen"so*ry, n.; pl. Incensories. Etym: [LL. incensorium: cf. F. encensoir. See 2d Incense, and cf. Censer.] Defn: The vessel in which incense is burned and offered; a censer; a thurible. [R.] Evelyn. INCENSURABLE In*cen"sur*a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + censurable: cf. F. incensurable.] Defn: Not censurable. Dr. T. Dwight. -- In*cen"sur*a*bly, adv. INCENTER In*cen"ter, n. (Geom.) Defn: The center of the circle inscribed in a triangle. INCENTIVE In*cen"tive, a. Etym: [L. incentivus, from incinere to strike up or set the tune; pref. in- + canere to sing. See Enchant, Chant.] 1. Inciting; encouraging or moving; rousing to action; stimulative. Competency is the most incentive to industry. Dr. H. More. 2. Serving to kindle or set on fire. [R.] Part incentive reed Provide, pernicious with one touch of fire. Milton. INCENTIVE In*cen"tive, n. Etym: [L. incentivum.] Defn: That which moves or influences the mind, or operates on the passions; that which incites, or has a tendency to incite, to determination or action; that which prompts to good or ill; motive; spur; as, the love of money, and the desire of promotion, are two powerful incentives to action. The greatest obstacles, the greatest terrors that come in their way, are so far from making them quit the work they had begun, that they rather prove incentives to them to go on in it. South. Syn. -- Motive; spur; stimulus; incitement; encouragement; inducement; influence. INCENTIVELY In*cen"tive*ly, adv. Defn: Incitingly; encouragingly. INCEPTION In*cep"tion, n. Etym: [L. inceptio, fr. incipere to begin; pref. in- in + capere to take. See Capable.] 1. Beginning; commencement; initiation. Bacon. Marked with vivacity of inception, apathy of progress, and prematureness of decay. Rawle. 2. Reception; a taking in. [R.] Poe. INCEPTIVE In*cep"tive, a. Defn: Beginning; expressing or indicating beginning; as, an inceptive proposition; an inceptive verb, which expresses the beginning of action; -- called also inchoative. -- In*cep"tive*ly, adv. INCEPTIVE In*cep"tive, n. Defn: An inceptive word, phrase, or clause. INCEPTOR In*cep"tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. A beginner; one in the rudiments. Johnson. 2. One who is on the point of taking the degree of master of arts at an English university. Walton. INCERATION In`cer*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. incerare to smear with wax; pref. in- in + cerare to wax, fr. cera wax: cf. F. incération.] Defn: The act of smearing or covering with wax. B. Jonson. INCERATIVE In*cer"a*tive, a. Defn: Cleaving or sticking like wax. Cotgrave. INCERTAIN In*cer"tain, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + certain: cf. F. incertain, L. incertus. See Certain.] Defn: Uncertain; doubtful; unsteady. -- In*cer"tain*ly, adv. Very questionable and of uncertain truth. Sir T. Browne. INCERTAINTY In*cer"tain*ty, n. Defn: Uncertainty. [Obs.] Shak. INCERTITUDE In*cer"ti*tude, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incertitude, LL. incertitudo, fr. L. incertus. See Incertain.] Defn: Uncertainty; doubtfulness; doubt. The incertitude and instability of this life. Holland. He fails . . . from mere incertitude or irresolution. I. Taylor. INCERTUM In*cer"tum, a. Defn: Doubtful; not of definite form. Opus incertum (Anc. Arch.), a kind of masonry employed in building walls, in which the stones were not squared nor laid in courses; rubblework. INCESSABLE In*ces"sa*ble, a. Etym: [L. incessabilis; pref. in- not + cessare to cease.] Defn: Unceasing; continual. [Obs.] Shelton. -- In*ces"sa*bly, adv. [Obs.] INCESSANCY In*ces"san*cy, n. Etym: [From Incessant.] Defn: The quality of being incessant; unintermitted continuance; unceasingness. Dr. T. Dwight. INCESSANT In*ces"sant, a. Etym: [L. incessans, -antis; pref. in- not + cessare to cease: cf. F. incessant. See Cease.] Defn: Continuing or following without interruption; unceasing; unitermitted; uninterrupted; continual; as, incessant clamors; incessant pain, etc. Against the castle gate, . . . Which with incessant force and endless hate, They batter'd day and night and entrance did await. Spenser. Syn. -- Unceasing; uninterrupted; unintermitted; unremitting; ceaseless; continual; constant; perpetual. INCESSANTLY In*ces"sant*ly, adv. Defn: Unceasingly; continually. Shak. INCESSION In*ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. incedere, incessum, to walk.] Defn: Motion on foot; progress in walking. [Obs.] The incession or local motion of animals. Sir T. Browne. INCEST In"cest, n. Etym: [F. inceste, L. incestum unchastity, incest, fr. incestus unchaste; pref. in- not + castus chaste. See Chaste.] Defn: The crime of cohabitation or sexual commerce between persons related within the degrees wherein marriage is prohibited by law. Shak. Spiritual incest. (Eccl. Law) (a) The crime of cohabitation committed between persons who have a spiritual alliance by means of baptism or confirmation. (b) The act of a vicar, or other beneficiary, who holds two benefices, the one depending on the collation of the other. INCESTTUOUS In*cest"tu*ous, a. Etym: [L. incestuosus: cf. F. incestueux.] Defn: Guilty of incest; involving, or pertaining to, the crime of incest; as, an incestuous person or connection. Shak. Ere you reach to this incestuous love, You must divine and human rights remove. Dryden. -- In*cest"tu*ous*ly, adv. -- In*cest"tu*ous*ness, n. INCH Inch, n. Etym: [Gael. inis.] Defn: An island; -- often used in the names of small islands off the coast of Scotland, as in Inchcolm, Inchkeith, etc. [Scot.] INCH Inch, n. Etym: [OE. inche, unche, AS. ynce, L. uncia the twelfth part, inch, ounce. See Ounce a weight.] 1. A measure of length, the twelfth part of a foot, commonly subdivided into halves, quarters, eights, sixteenths, etc., as among mechanics. It was also formerly divided into twelve parts, called lines, and originally into three parts, called barleycorns, its length supposed to have been determined from three grains of barley placed end to end lengthwise. It is also sometimes called a prime ('), composed of twelve seconds ('\'b7), as in the duodecimal system of arithmetic. 12 seconds ('\'b7) make 1 inch or prime. 12 inches or primes (') make 1 foot. B. Greenleaf. Note: The meter, the accepted scientific standard of length, equals 39.37 inches; the inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters. See Metric system, and Meter. 2. A small distance or degree, whether or time Beldame, I think we watched you at an inch. Shak. By inches, by slow degrees, gradually. -- Inch of candle. See under Candle. -- Inches of pressure, usually, the pressure indicated by so many inches of a mercury column, as on a steam gauge. -- Inch of water. See under Water. -- Miner's inch, (Hydraulic Mining), a unit for the measurement of water. See Inch of water, under Water. INCH Inch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inched; p. pr. & vb. n. Inching.] 1. To drive by inches, or small degrees. [R.] He gets too far into the soldier's grace And inches out my master. Dryden. 2. To deal out by inches; to give sparingly. [R.] INCH Inch, v. i. Defn: To advance or retire by inches or small degrees; to move slowly. With slow paces measures back the field, And inches to the walls. Dryden. INCH Inch, a. Defn: Measurement an inch in any dimension, whether length, breadth, or thickness; -- used in composition; as, a two-inch cable; a four- inch plank. Inch stuff, boards, etc., sawed one inch thick. INCHAMBER In*cham"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inchambered; p. pr. & vb. n. Inchambering.] Etym: [Pref. in- in + chamber: cf. OF. enchambrer.] Defn: To lodge in a chamber. [R.] Sherwood. INCHANGEABILITY In*change`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Unchangeableness. [Obs.] Kenrick. INCHANT In*chant", v. t. Defn: See Enchant. INCHARITABLE In*char"i*ta*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. incharitable.] Defn: Uncharitable; unfeeling. [Obs.] Shak. INCHARITY In*char"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incharité.] Defn: Want of charity. [Obs.] Evelyn. INCHASE In*chase", v. t. Defn: See Enchase. INCHASTITY In*chas"ti*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + chastity: cf. F. inchasteté.] Defn: Unchastity. [Obs.] Milton. INCHED Inched, a. Defn: Having or measuring (so many) inches; as, a four-inched bridge. Shak. INCHEST In*chest", v. t. Defn: To put into a chest. INCHIPIN Inch"i*pin, n. Defn: See Inchpin. INCHMEAL Inch"meal`, n. Etym: [See Meal a part, and cf. Piecemeal.] Defn: A piece an inch long. By inchmeal, by small degrees; by inches. Shak. INCHMEAL Inch"meal`, adv. Defn: Little by little; gradually. INCHOATE In"cho*ate, a. Etym: [L. inchoatus, better incohatus, p. p. of incohare to begin.] Defn: Recently, or just, begun; beginning; partially but not fully in existence or operation; existing in its elements; incomplete. -- In"cho*ate*ly, adv. Neither a substance perfect, nor a substance inchoate. Raleigh. INCHOATE In"cho*ate, v. t. Defn: To begin. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. INCHOATION In`cho*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. inchoatio, incohatio.] Defn: Act of beginning; commencement; inception. The setting on foot some of those arts, in those parts, would be looked on as the first inchoation of them. Sir M. Hale. It is now in actual progress, from the rudest inchoation to the most elaborate finishing. I. Taylor. INCHOATIVE In*cho"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. inchoativus, incohativus: cf. F. inchoatif.] Defn: Expressing or pertaining to a beginning; inceptive; as, an inchoative verb. "Some inchoative or imperfect rays." W. Montagu. -- n. Defn: An inchoative verb. See Inceptive. INCHPIN Inch"pin, n. Etym: [Written also inchipin, inche-pinne, inne-pinne.] Etym: [Cf. Gael. inne, innidh, bowel, entrail.] Defn: The sweetbread of a deer. Cotgrave. INCHWORM Inch"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of any geometrid moth. See Geometrid. INCICURABLE In*cic"u*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. incicur not tame; pref. in- not + cicur name.] Defn: Untamable. [R.] INCIDE In*cide", v. t. Etym: [L. incidere; pref. in- in + caedere to cut. See Concise, and cf. Incise.] Defn: To cut; to separate and remove; to resolve or break up, as by medicines. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. INCIDENCE In"ci*dence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incidence.] 1. A falling on or upon; an incident; an event. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. (Physics) Defn: The direction in which a body, or a ray of light or heat, falls on any surface. In equal incidences there is a considerable inequality of refractions. Sir I. Newton. Angle of incidence, the angle which a ray of light, or the line of incidence of a body, falling on any surface, makes with a perpendicular to that surface; also formerly, the complement of this angle. -- Line of incidence, the line in the direction of which a surface is struck by a body, ray of light, and the like. INCIDENCY In"ci*den*cy, n. Defn: Incidence. [Obs.] Shak. INCIDENT In"ci*dent, a. Etym: [L. incidens, -entis, p. pr. & of incidere to fall into or upon; pref. in- in, on + cadere to fall: cf. F. incident. See Cadence.] 1. Falling or striking upon, as a ray of light upon a reflecting surface. 2. Coming or happening accidentally; not in the usual course of things; not in connection with the main design; not according to expectation; casual; fortuitous. As the ordinary course of common affairs is disposed of by general laws, so likewise men's rarer incident necessities and utilities should be with special equity considered. Hooker. 3. Liable to happen; apt to occur; befalling; hence, naturally happening or appertaining. All chances incident to man's frail life. Milton. The studies incident to his profession. Milward. 4. (Law) Defn: Dependent upon, or appertaining to, another thing, called the principal. Incident proposition (Logic), a proposition subordinate to another, and introduced by who, which, whose, whom, etc.; as, Julius, whose surname was Cæsar, overcame Pompey. I. Watts. INCIDENT In"ci*dent, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incident.] 1. That which falls out or takes place; an event; casualty; occurrence. 2. That which happens aside from the main design; an accidental or subordinate action or event. No person, no incident, in a play but must be of use to carry on the main design. Dryden. 3. (Law) Defn: Something appertaining to, passing with, or depending on, another, called the principal. Tomlins. Syn. -- Circumstance; event; fact; adventure; contingency; chance; accident; casualty. See Event. INCIDENTAL In`ci*den"tal, a. Defn: Happening, as an occasional event, without regularity; coming without design; casual; accidental; hence, not of prime concern; subordinate; collateral; as, an incidental conversation; an incidental occurrence; incidental expenses. By some, religious duties . . . appear to be regarded . . . as an incidental business. Rogers. Syn. -- Accidental; casual; fortuitous; contingent; chance; collateral. See Accidental. -- In`cen*den"tal*ly, adv. -- In`cen*den"tal*ness, n. I treat either or incidentally of colors. Boyle. INCIDENTAL In`ci*den"tal, n. Defn: An incident; that which is incidental; esp., in the plural, an aggregate of subordinate or incidental items not particularized; as, the expense of tuition and incidentals. Pope. INCIDENTLY In"ci*dent*ly, adv. Defn: Incidentally. [Obs.] INCINERABLE In*cin"er*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being incinerated or reduced to ashes. Sir T. Browne. INCINERATE In*cin"er*ate, Etym: [LL. incineratus, p. p. of incinerare to incinerate; L. pref. in- in + cinis, cineris, ashes.] Defn: Reduced to ashes by burning; thoroughly consumed. [Obs.] Bacon. INCINERATE In*cin"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incinerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Incinerating.] Defn: To burn to ashes; to consume; to burn. Bacon. It is the fire only that incinerates bodies. Boyle. INCINERATION In*cin`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. incineratio: cf. F. incinération.] Defn: The act of incinerating, or the state of being incinerated; cremation. The phenix kind, Of whose incineration, There riseth a new creation. Skelton. INCIPIENCE; INCIPIENCY In*cip"i*ence, In*cip"i*en*cy, n. Etym: [L. incipientia.] Defn: Beginning; commencement; incipient state. INCIPIENT In*cip"i*ent, a. Etym: [L. incipiens, p. pr. of incipere to begin. See Inception.] Defn: Beginning to be, or to show itself; commencing; initial; as, the incipient stage of a fever; incipient light of day. -- In*cip"i*ent*ly, adv. INCIRCLE In*cir"cle, v. t. Defn: See Encircle. INCIRCLET In*cir"clet, n. Etym: [Cf. Encirclet.] Defn: A small circle. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. INCIRCUMSCRIPTIBLE In*cir`cum*scrip"ti*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + circumscriptible: cf. LL. incircumscriptibilis.] Defn: Incapable of being circumscribed or limited. Cranmer. INCIRCUMSCRIPTION In*cir`cum*scrip"tion, n. Defn: Condition or quality of being incircumscriptible or limitless. Jer. Taylor. INCIRCUMSPECT In*cir"cum*spect, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + circumspect.] Defn: Not circumspect; heedless; careless; reckless; impolitic. Tyndale. INCIRCUMSPECTION In*cir`cum*spec"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incirconspection.] Defn: Want of circumspection. Sir T. Browne. INCISE In*cise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incised; p. pr. & vb. n. Incising.] Etym: [L. incisus, p. p. of incidere to incise: cf. F. inciser. See Incide.] 1. To cut in or into with a sharp instrument; to carve; to engrave. I on thy grave this epitaph incise. T. Carew. 2. To cut, gash, or wound with a sharp instrument; to cut off. INCISED In*cised", a. 1. Cut in; carved; engraved. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having deep and sharp notches, as a leaf or a petal. INCISELY In*cise"ly, adv. Defn: In an incised manner. INCISION In*ci"sion, n. Etym: [L. incisio: cf. F. incision. See Incise.] 1. The act of incising, or cutting into a substance. Milton. 2. That which is produced by incising; the separation of the parts of any substance made by a cutting or pointed instrument; a cut; a gash. 3. Separation or solution of viscid matter by medicines. [Obs.] INCISIVE In*ci"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. incisif.] 1. Having the quality of incising, cutting, or penetrating, as with a sharp instrument; cutting; hence, sharp; acute; sarcastic; biting. "An incisive, high voice." G. Eliot. And her incisive smile accrediting That treason of false witness in my blush. Mrs. Browning. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the incisors; incisor; as, the incisive bones, the premaxillaries. INCISOR In*ci"sor, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the teeth in front of the canines in either jaw; an incisive tooth. See Tooth. INCISOR In*ci"sor, a. Defn: Adapted for cutting; of or pertaining to the incisors; incisive; as, the incisor nerve; an incisor foramen; an incisor tooth. INCISORY In*ci"so*ry, a. Defn: Having the quality of cutting; incisor; incisive. INCISURE In*cis"ure, n. Etym: [L. incisura: cf. F. incisure.] Defn: A cut; an incision; a gash. Derham. INCITANT In*cit"ant, a. Etym: [L. incitans, -antis, p. pr. of incitare. See Incite.] Defn: Inciting; stimulating. INCITANT In*cit"ant, n. Defn: That which incites; an inciting agent or cause; a stimulant. E. Darwin. INCITATION In`ci*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. incitatio: cf. F. incitation.] 1. The act of inciting or moving to action. 2. That which incites to action; that which rouses or prompts; incitement; motive; incentive. The noblest incitation to honest attempts. Tatler. INCITATIVE In*cit"a*tive, n. Defn: A provocative; an incitant; a stimulant. [R.] Jervas. INCITE In*cite", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inciting.] Etym: [L. incitare; pref. in- in + citare to rouse, stir up: cf. F. inciter. See Cite.] Defn: To move to action; to stir up; to rouse; to spur or urge on. Anthiochus, when he incited Prusias to join in war, set before him the greatness of the Romans. Bacon. No blown ambition doth our arms incite. Shak. Syn. -- Excite; stimulate; instigate; spur; goad; arouse; move; urge; rouse; provoke; encourage; prompt; animate. See Excite. INCITEMENT In*cite"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incitement.] 1. The act of inciting. 2. That which incites the mind, or moves to action; motive; incentive; impulse. Burke. From the long records of a distant age, Derive incitements to renew thy rage. Pope. Syn. -- Motive; incentive; spur; stimulus; impulse; encouragement. INCITER In*cit"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, incites. INCITINGLY In*cit"ing*ly, adv. Defn: So as to incite or stimulate. INCITO-MOTOR In*ci`to-mo"tor, a. Etym: [L. incitus incited + E. motor.] (Physiol.) Defn: Inciting to motion; -- applied to that action which, in the case of muscular motion, commences in the nerve centers, and excites the muscles to contraction. Opposed to excito-motor. INCITO-MOTORY In*ci`to-mo"to*ry, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Incitomotor. INCIVIL In*civ"il, a. Etym: [L. incivilis; pref. in- not + civilis civil: cf. F. incivil.] Defn: Uncivil; rude. [Obs.] Shak. INCIVILITY In`ci*vil"i*ty, n.; pl. Incivilities. Etym: [L. incivilitas: cf. F. incivilité.] 1. The quality or state of being uncivil; want of courtesy; rudeness of manner; impoliteness. Shak. Tillotson. 2. Any act of rudeness or ill breeding. Uncomely jests, loud talking and jeering, which, in civil account, are called indecencies and incivilities. Jer. Taylor. 3. Want of civilization; a state of rudeness or barbarism. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh. Syn. -- Impoliteness; uncourteousness; unmannerliness; disrespect; rudeness; discourtesy. INCIVILIZATION In*civ`i*li*za"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + civilization.] Defn: The state of being uncivilized; want of civilization; barbarism. INCIVILLY In*civ"il*ly, adv. Defn: Uncivilly. [Obs.] Shak. INCIVISM In*civ"ism, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + civism: cf. F. incivisme.] Defn: Want of civism; want of patriotism or love to one's country; unfriendliness to one's state or government. [R.] Macaulay. INCLAMATION In`cla*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. inclamatio. See 1st In-, and Claim.] Defn: Exclamation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. INCLASP In*clasp", v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in + clasp. Cf. Enclasp.] Defn: To clasp within; to hold fast to; to embrace or encircle. [Written also enclasp.] The flattering ivy who did ever see Inclasp the huge trunk of an aged tree. F. Beaumont. INCLAUDENT In*clau"dent, a. Defn: Not closing or shutting. INCLAVATED In"cla*va`ted, a. Etym: [LL. inclavatus; L. pref. in- in + clavare to fasten with nails, fr. clavus nail.] Defn: Set; fast; fixed. Dr. John Smith. INCLAVE In*clave", a. Etym: [See Inclavated.] (Her.) Defn: Resembling a series of dovetails; -- said of a line of division, such as the border of an ordinary. INCLE In"cle, n. Defn: Same as Inkle. INCLEMENCY In*clem"en*cy, n.; pl. Inclemencies. Etym: [L. inclementia: cf. F. inclémence.] 1. The state or quality of being inclement; want of clemency; want of mildness of temper; unmercifulness; severity. The inclemency of the late pope. Bp. Hall. 2. Physical severity or harshness (commonly in respect to the elements or weather); roughness; storminess; rigor; severe cold, wind, rain, or snow. The inclemencies of morning air. Pope. The rude inclemency of wintry skies. Cowper. Syn. -- Harshness; severity; cruelty; rigor; roughness; storminess; boisterousness. INCLEMENT In*clem"ent, a. Etym: [L. inclemens; pref. in- not + clemens mild: cf. F. inclément. See Clement.] 1. Not clement; destitute of a mild and kind temper; void of tenderness; unmerciful; severe; harsh. 2. Physically severe or harsh (generally restricted to the elements or weather); rough; boisterous; stormy; rigorously cold, etc.; as, inclement weather. Cowper. The guard the wretched from the inclement sky. Pope. Teach us further by what means to shun The inclement seasons, rain, ice, hail, and snow! Milton. INCLEMENTLY In*clem"ent*ly, adv. Defn: In an inclement manner. INCLINABLE In*clin"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. inclinabilis. See Incline.] 1. Leaning; tending. Likely and inclinable to fall. Bentley. 2. Having a propensity of will or feeling; leaning in disposition; disposed; propense; as, a mind inclinable to truth. Whatsoever other sins he may be inclinable to. South. The very constitution of a multitude is not so inclinable to save as to destroy. Fuller. INCLINABLENESS In*clin"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being inclinable; inclination. INCLINATION In`cli*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. inclinatio: cf. F. inclination.] 1. The act of inclining, or state of being inclined; a leaning; as, an inclination of the head. 2. A direction or tendency from the true vertical or horizontal direction; as, the inclination of a column, or of a road bed. 3. A tendency towards another body or point 4. (Geom.) Defn: The angle made by two lines or planes; as, the inclination of the plane of the earth's equator to the plane of the ecliptic is about 23º 28'; the inclination of two rays of light. 5. A leaning or tendency of the mind, feelings, preferences, or will; propensity; a disposition more favorable to one thing than to another; favor; desire; love. A mere inclination to a thing is not properly a willing of that thing. South. How dost thou find the inclination of the people Shak. 6. A person or thing loved or admired. Sir W. Temple. 7. (Pharm.) Defn: Decantation, or tipping for pouring. Inclination compass, an inclinometer. -- Inclination of an orbit (Astron.), the angle which the orbit makes the ecliptic. -- Inclination of the needle. See Dip of the needle, under Dip. Syn. -- Bent; tendency; proneness; bias; proclivity; propensity; prepossession; predilection; attachment; desire; affection; love. See Bent, and cf. Disposition. INCLINATORY In*clin"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Having the quality of leaning or inclining; as, the inclinatory needle. -- In*clin"a*to*ri*ly, adv. Sir T. Browne. INCLINE In*cline", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inclined; p. pr. & vb. n. Inclining.] Etym: [OE. inclinen, enclinen, OF. encliner, incliner, F. incliner, L. inclinare; pref. in- in + clinare to bend, incline; akin to E. lean. See Lean to incline.] 1. To deviate from a line, direction, or course, toward an object; to lean; to tend; as, converging lines incline toward each other; a road inclines to the north or south. 2. Fig.: To lean or tend, in an intellectual or moral sense; to favor an opinion, a course of conduct, or a person; to have a propensity or inclination; to be disposed. Their hearts inclined to follow Abimelech. Judges ix. 3. Power finds its balance, giddy motions cease In both the scales, and each inclines to peace. Parnell. 3. To bow; to incline the head. Chaucer. Syn. -- To lean; slope; slant; tend; bend. INCLINE In*cline", v. t. 1. To cause to deviate from a line, position, or direction; to give a leaning, bend, or slope to; as, incline the column or post to the east; incline your head to the right. Incline thine ear, O Lord, and hear. Is. xxxvii. 17. 2. To impart a tendency or propensity to, as to the will or affections; to turn; to dispose; to influence. Incline my heart unto thy testimonies. Ps. cxix. 36. Incline our hearts to keep this law. Book of Com. Prayer. 3. To bend; to cause to stoop or bow; as, to incline the head or the body in acts of reverence or civility. With due respect my body I inclined. Dryden. INCLINE In*cline", n. Defn: An inclined plane; an ascent o INCLINED In*clined", p. p. & a. 1. Having a leaning or tendency towards, or away from, a thing; disposed or moved by wish, desire, or judgment; as, a man inclined to virtue. "Each pensively inclined." Cowper. 2. (Math.) Defn: Making an angle with some line or plane; -- said of a line or plane. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Bent out of a perpendicular position, or into a curve with the convex side uppermost. Inclined plane. (Mech.) (a) A plane that makes an oblique angle with the plane of the horizon; a sloping plane. When used to produce pressure, or as a means of moving bodies, it is one of the mechanical powers, so called. (b) (Railroad & Canal) An inclined portion of track, on which trains or boats are raised or lowered from one level to another. INCLINER In*clin"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, inclines; specifically, an inclined dial. INCLINING In*clin"ing, a. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Inclined, 3. INCLINING In*clin"ing, n. 1. Inclination; disposition. On the first inclining towards sleep. Burke. 2. Party or side chosen; a following. Both you of my inclining, and the rest. Shak. INCLINNOMETER In`clin*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Incline + -meter.] (Magnetism) Defn: An apparatus to determine the inclination of the earth's magnetic force to the plane of the horizon; -- called also inclination compass, and dip circle. INCLIP In*clip", v. t. Defn: To clasp; to inclose. Whate'er the ocean pales, or sky inclips. Shak. INCLOISTER In*clois"ter, v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in + cloister: cf. F. encloîtrer. Cf. Encloister.] Defn: To confine as in a cloister; to cloister. Lovelace. INCLOSE In*close", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inclosed; p. pr. & vb. n. Inclosing.] Etym: [See Enclose, and cf. Include.] [Written also enclose.] 1. To surround; to shut in; to confine on all sides; to include; to shut up; to encompass; as, to inclose a fort or an army with troops; to inclose a town with walls. How many evils have inclosed me round! Milton. 2. To put within a case, envelope, or the like; to fold (a thing) within another or into the same parcel; as, to inclose a letter or a bank note. The inclosed copies of the treaty. Sir W. Temple. 3. To separate from common grounds by a fence; as, to inclose lands. Blackstone. 4. To put into harness; to harness. [Obs.] They went to coach and their horse inclose. Chapman. INCLOSER In*clos"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, incloses; one who fences off land from common grounds. INCLOSURE In*clo"sure, n. Etym: [See Inclose, Enclosure.] [Written also enclosure.] 1. The act of inclosing; the state of being inclosed, shut up, or encompassed; the separation of land from common ground by a fence. 2. That which is inclosed or placed within something; a thing contained; a space inclosed or fenced up. Within the inclosure there was a great store of houses. Hakluyt. 3. That which incloses; a barrier or fence. Breaking our inclosures every morn. W. Browne. INCLOUD In*cloud", v. t. Defn: To envelop as in clouds; to darken; to obscure. Milton. INCLUDE In*clude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Included; p. pr. & vb. n. Including.] Etym: [L. includere, inclusum; pref. in- in + claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Enclose.] 1. To confine within; to hold; to contain; to shut up; to inclose; as, the shell of a nut includes the kernel; a pearl is included in a shell. 2. To comprehend or comprise, as a genus the species, the whole a part, an argument or reason the inference; to contain; to embrace; as, this volume of Shakespeare includes his sonnets; he was included in the invitation to the family; to and including page twenty-five. The whole included race, his purposed prey. Milton. The loss of such a lord includes all harm. Shak. 3. To conclude; to end; to terminate. [Obs.] Come, let us go; we will include all jars With triumphs, mirth, and rare solemnity. Shak. Syn. -- To contain; inclose; comprise; comprehend; embrace; involve. INCLUDED In*clud"ed, a. Defn: Inclosed; confined. Included stamens (Bot.), such as are shorter than the floral envelopes, or are concealed within them. INCLUDIBLE In*clud"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being included. INCLUSA In*clu"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. inclusus, p. p. of includere to shut in.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of bivalve mollusks, characterized by the closed state of the mantle which envelops the body. The ship borer (Teredo navalis) is an example. INCLUSION In*clu"sion, n. Etym: [L. inclusio: cf. F. inclusion. See Include.] 1. The act of including, or the state of being included; limitation; restriction; as, the lines of inclusion of his policy. Sir W. Temple. 2. (Min.) Defn: A foreign substance, either liquid or solid, usually of minute size, inclosed in the mass of a mineral. INCLUSIVE In*clu"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. inclusif.] 1. Inclosing; encircling; surrounding. The inclusive verge Of golden metal that must round my brow. Shak. 2. Comprehending the stated limit or extremes; as, from Monday to Saturday inclusive, that is, taking in both Monday and Saturday; -- opposed to exclusive. INCLUSIVELY In*clu"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In an inclusive manner. INCOACH In*coach", v. t. Defn: To put a coach. INCOACT; INCOACTED In`co*act", In`co*act"ed, a. Etym: [L. incoactus; pref. in- not + coactus forced. See Coact.] Defn: Not compelled; unconstrained. [Obs.] Coles. INCOAGULABLE In`co*ag"u*la*ble, a. Defn: Not coagulable. INCOALESCENCE In`co*a*les"cence, n. Defn: The state of not coalescing. INCOCTED In*coct"ed, a. Etym: [Cf. Concoct.] Defn: Raw; indigestible. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. INCOERCIBLE In`co*er"ci*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + coercible: cf. F. incoercible.] 1. Not to be coerced; incapable of being compelled or forced. 2. (Physics) Defn: Not capable of being reduced to the form of a liquid by pressure; -- said of any gas above its critical point; -- also particularly of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide, formerly regarded as incapable of liquefaction at any temperature or pressure. 3. (Physics) Defn: That can note be confined in, or excluded from, vessels, like ordinary fluids, gases, etc.; -- said of the imponderable fluids, heat, light, electricity, etc. INCOEXISTENCE In`co*ex*ist"ence, n. Defn: The state of not coexisting. [Obs.] Locke. INCOG In*cog", adv. Defn: Incognito. [Colloq.] Depend upon it -- he'll remain incog. Addison. INCOGITABLE In*cog"i*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. incogitabilis; pref. in- not + cogitabilis cogitable.] Defn: Not cogitable; inconceivable. Sir T. More. INCOGITANCE; INCOGITANCY In*cog"i*tance, In*cog"i*tan*cy, n. Etym: [L. incogitantia.] Defn: Want of thought, or of the power of thinking; thoughtlessness; unreasonableness. 'T is folly and incogitancy to argue anything, one way or the other, from the designs of a sort of beings with whom we so little communicate. Glanvill. INCOGITANT In*cog"i*tant, a. Etym: [L. incogitans; pref. in- not + cogitans, p. pr. of cogitare to think. See Cogitate.] Defn: Toughtless; inconsiderate. [R.] Milton. Men are careless and incogitant. J. Goodman. INCOGITANTLY In*cog"i*tant*ly, adv. Defn: In an incogitant manner. INCOGITATIVE In*cog"i*ta*tive, a. Defn: Not cogitative; not thinking; wanting the power of thought; as, a vegetable is an incogitative being. Locke. INCOGITATIVITY In*cog`i*ta*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being incogitative; want of thought or of the power of thinking. Wollaston. INCOGNITA In*cog"ni*ta, n. Etym: [See Incognito.] 1. A woman who is unknown or in disguise. 2. The state of being in disguise; -- said of a woman. INCOGNITANT In*cog"ni*tant, a. Defn: Ignorant. [Obs.] INCOGNITO In*cog"ni*to, a. or adv. Etym: [It. incognito, masc., incognita, fem., L. incognitus unknown; pref. in- not + cognitus known, p. p. of cognoscere: cf. F. incognito, fr. It. See Cognition.] Defn: Without being known; in disguise; in an assumed character, or under an assumed title; -- said esp. of great personages who sometimes adopt a disguise or an assumed character in order to avoid notice. 'T was long ago Since gods come down incognito. Prior. The prince royal of Persia came thither incognito. Tatler. INCOGNITO In*cog"ni*to, n.; pl. Incognitos. Etym: [See Incognito, a.] 1. One unknown or in disguise, or under an assumed character or name. 2. The assumption of disguise or of a feigned character; the state of being in disguise or not recognized. His incognito was endangered. Sir W. Scott. INCOGNIZABLE In*cog"ni*za*ble, a. Defn: Not cognizable; incapable of being recognized, known, or distinguished. H. Spenser. The Lettish race, not a primitive stock of the Slavi, but a distinct branch, now become incognizable. Tooke. INCOGNIZANCE In*cog"ni*zance, n. Defn: Failure to cognize, apprehended, or notice. This incognizance may be explained. Sir W. Hamilton. INCOGNIZANT In*cog"ni*zant, a. Defn: Not cognizant; failing to apprehended or notice. Of the several operations themselves, as acts of volition, we are wholly incognizant. Sir W. Hamilton. INCOGNOSCIBLE In`cog*nos"ci*ble, a. Defn: Incognizable. -- In`cog*nos"ci*bil"i*ty, n. INCOHERENCE; INCOHERENCY In`co*her"ence, In`co*her"en*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incohérence.] 1. The quality or state of being incoherent; want of coherence; want of cohesion or adherence. Boyle. 2. Want of connection; incongruity; inconsistency; want of agreement or dependence of one part on another; as, the incoherence of arguments, facts, etc. Incoherences in matter, and suppositions without proofs, put handsomely together, are apt to pass for strong reason. Locke. 3. That which is incoherent. Crude incoherencies . . . and nauseous tautologies. South. INCOHERENT In`co*her"ent, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + coherent: cf. F. incohérent.] 1. Not coherent; wanting cohesion; loose; unconnected; physically disconnected; not fixed to each; -- said of material substances. Woodward. 2. Wanting coherence or agreement; incongruous; inconsistent; having no dependence of one part on another; logically disconnected. "The same rambling, incoherent manner." Bp. Warburton. INCOHERENTIFIC In`co*her`en*tif"ic, a. Etym: [E. incoherent + L. facere to make.] Defn: Causing incoherence. [R.] INCOHERENTLY In`co*her"ent*ly, adv. Defn: In an incoherent manner; without due connection of parts. INCOHERENTNESS In`co*her"ent*ness, n. Defn: Incoherence. INCOINCIDENCE In`co*in"ci*dence, n. Defn: The quality of being incoincident; want of coincidence. [R.] INCOINCIDENT In`co*in"ci*dent, a. Defn: Not coincident; not agreeing in time, in place, or principle. INCOLUMITY In`co*lu"mi*ty, n. Etym: [L. incolumitas, fr. incolumis uninjured, safe; perh. fr. in intens. + (doubtful) columis safe.] Defn: Safety; security. [Obs.] Howell. INCOMBER In*com"ber, v. t. Defn: See Encumber. INCOMBINE In`com*bine", v. i. Defn: To be incapable of combining; to disagree; to differ. [Obs.] Milton. INCOMBUSTIBILITY In`com*bus`ti*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incombustilité.] Defn: The quality of being incombustible. INCOMBUSTIBLE In`com*bus"ti*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + combustible: cf. F. incombustible.] Defn: Not combustible; not capable of being burned, decomposed, or consumed by fire; uninflammable; as, asbestus is an incombustible substance; carbon dioxide is an incombustible gas. Incombustible cloth, a tissue of amianthus or asbestus; also, a fabric imbued with an incombustible substance. -- In`com*bus"ti*ble*ness, n. -- In`com*bus"ti*bly, adv. INCOME In"come, n. 1. A coming in; entrance; admittance; ingress; infusion. [Obs.] Shak. More abundant incomes of light and strength from God. Bp. Rust. At mine income I louted low. Drant. 2. That which is caused to enter; inspiration; influence; hence, courage or zeal imparted. [R.] I would then make in and steep My income in their blood. Chapman. 3. That gain which proceeds from labor, business, property, or capital of any kind, as the produce of a farm, the rent of houses, the proceeds of professional business, the profits of commerce or of occupation, or the interest of money or stock in funds, etc.; revenue; receipts; salary; especially, the annual receipts of a private person, or a corporation, from property; as, a large income. No fields afford So large an income to the village lord. Dryden. 4. (Physiol.) Defn: That which is taken into the body as food; the ingesta; -- sometimes restricted to the nutritive, or digestible, portion of the food. See Food. Opposed to output. Income bond, a bond issued on the income of the corporation or company issuing it, and the interest of which is to be paid from the earnings of the company before any dividends are made to stockholders; -- issued chiefly or exclusively by railroad companies. -- Income tax, a tax upon a person's incomes, emoluments, profits, etc., or upon the excess beyond a certain amount. Syn. -- Gain; profit; proceeds; salary; revenue; receipts; interest; emolument; produce. INCOMER In"com`er, n. 1. One who comes in. Outgoers and incomers. Lew Wallace. 2. One who succeeds another, as a tenant of land, houses, etc. [Eng.] INCOMING In"com`ing, a. 1. Coming in; accruing. A full incoming profit on the product of his labor. Burke. 2. Coming in, succeeding, or following, as occupant or possessor; as, in incoming tenant. INCOMING In"com`ing, n. 1. The act of coming in; arrival. The incomings and outgoings of the trains. Dickens. 2. Income; gain. [R.] Many incomings are subject to great fluctuations. Tooke. INCOMITY In*com"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of comity; incivility; rudeness. [R.] IN COMMENDAM In com*men"dam. Etym: [See Commendam.] (Law) Defn: See Commendam, and Partnership in Commendam, under Partnership. INCOMMENSURABILITY In`com*men`su*ra*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incommensurabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being incommensurable. Reid. INCOMMENSURABLE In`com*men"su*ra*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + commensurable: cf. F. incommensurable.] Defn: Not commensurable; having no common measure or standard of comparison; as, quantities are incommensurable when no third quantity can be found that is an aliquot part of both; the side and diagonal of a square are incommensurable with each other; the diameter and circumference of a circle are incommensurable. They are quantities incommensurable. Burke. -- In`com*men"su*ra*ble*ness, n. -- In`com*men"su*ra*bly, adv. INCOMMENSURABLE In`com*men"su*ra*ble, n. Defn: One of two or more quantities which have no common measure. INCOMMENSURATE In`com*men"su*rate, a. 1. Not commensurate; not admitting of a common measure; incommensurable. 2. Not of equal of sufficient measure or extent; not adequate; as, our means are incommensurate to our wants. Syn. -- Inadequate; insufficient; disproportionate. -- In`com*men"su*rate*ly, adv. -- In`com*men"su*rate*ness, n. INCOMMISCIBLE In`com*mis"ci*ble, a. Etym: [L. incommiscibilis; pref. in- not + commiscibilis that can be mingled.] Defn: Not commiscible; not mixable. INCOMMIXTURE In`com*mix"ture, n. Defn: A state of being unmixed; separateness. Sir T. Browne. INCOMMODATE In*com"mo*date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incommodated; p. pr. & vb. n. Incommodating.] Etym: [L. incommodare. See Incommode.] Defn: To incommode. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. INCOMMODATION In*com`mo*da"tion, n. Defn: The state of being incommoded; inconvenience. [Obs.] INCOMMODE In`com*mode", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incommoded; p. pr. & vb. n. Incommoding.] Etym: [F. incommoder, L. incommodare inconvenient; pref. in- not + commodus convenient. See Commodious.] Defn: To give inconvenience or trouble to; to disturb or molest; to discommode; to worry; to put out; as, we are incommoded by want of room. Syn. -- To annoy; disturb; trouble; molest; disaccomodate; inconvenience; disquiet; vex; plague. INCOMMODE In`com*mode", n. Defn: An inconvenience. [R.] Strype. INCOMMODEMENT In`com*mode"ment, n. Defn: The act of incommoded. [Obs.] Cheyne. INCOMMODIOUS In`com*mo"di*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + commodious: cf. LL. incommodious, L. incommodus, F. incommode.] Defn: Tending to incommode; not commodious; not affording ease or advantage; unsuitable; giving trouble; inconvenient; annoying; as, an incommodious seat; an incommodious arrangement. -- In`com*mo"di*ous*ly, adv. -- In`com*mo"di*ous*ness, n. INCOMMODITY In`com*mo"di*ty, n.; pl. Incommodities. Etym: [L. incommoditas: cf. F. incommodité. See Incommodious.] Defn: Inconvenience; trouble; annoyance; disadvantage; encumbrance. [Archaic] Bunyan. A great incommodity to the body. Jer. Taylor. Buried him under a bulk of incommodities. Hawthorne. INCOMMUNICABILITY In`com*mu`ni*ca*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incommunicabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being incommunicable, or incapable of being imparted. INCOMMUNICABLE In`com*mu"ni*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. incommunicabilis: cf. F. incommunicable. See In- not, and Communicable.] Defn: Not communicable; incapable of being communicated, shared, told, or imparted, to others. Health and understanding are incommunicable. Southey. Those incommunicable relations of the divine love. South. -- In`com*mu"ni*ca*ble*ness, n. -- In`com*mu"ni*ca*bly, adv. INCOMMUNICATED In`com*mu"ni*ca`ted, a. Defn: Not communicated or imparted. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. INCOMMUNICATING In`com*mu"ni*ca`ting, a. Defn: Having no communion or intercourse with each other. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. INCOMMUNICATIVE In`com*mu"ni*ca*tive, a. Defn: Not communicative; not free or apt to impart to others in conversation; reserved; silent; as, the messenger was incommunicative; hence, not disposed to hold fellowship or intercourse with others; exclusive. The Chinese . . . an incommunicative nation. C. Buchanan. -- In`com*mu"ni*ca*tive*ly, adv. -- In`com*mu"ni*ca*tive*ness, n. Lamb. His usual incommunicativeness. G. Eliot. INCOMMUTABILITY In`com*mu`ta*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. incommutabilitas: cf. F. incommutabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being incommutable. INCOMMUTABLE In`com*mut"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. incommutabilis: cf. F. incommutable. See In- not, and Commutable.] Defn: Not commutable; not capable of being exchanged with, or substituted for, another. Cudworth. -- In`com*mut"a*ble*ness, n. -- In`com*mut"a*bly, adv. INCOMPACT; INCOMPACTED In`com*pact", In`com*pact"ed, a. Defn: Not compact; not having the parts firmly united; not solid; incoherent; loose; discrete. Boyle. INCOMPARABLE In*com"pa*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. incomparabilis: cf. F. incomparable. See In- not, and Comparable.] Defn: Not comparable; admitting of no comparison with others; unapproachably eminent; without a peer or equal; matchless; peerless; transcendent. A merchant of incomparable wealth. Shak. A new hypothesis . . . which hath the incomparable Sir Isaac Newton for a patron. Bp. Warburton. -- In*com"pa*ra*ble*ness, n. -- In*com"pa*ra*bly, adv. Delights incomparably all those corporeal things. Bp. Wilkins. INCOMPARED In`com*pared", a. Defn: Peerless; incomparable. [Obs.] Spenser. INCOMPASS In*com"pass, v. t. Defn: See Encompass. INCOMPASSION In`com*pas"sion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + compassion: cf. F. incompassion.] Defn: Want of compassion or pity. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. INCOMPASSIONATE In`com*pas"sion*ate, a. Defn: Not compassionate; void of pity or of tenderness; remorseless. -- In`com*pas"sion*ate*ly, adv. -- In`com*pas"sion*ate*ness, n. INCOMPATIBILITY In`com*pat`i*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. -ties (. Etym: [Cf. F. incompatibilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being incompatible; inconsistency; irreconcilableness. INCOMPATIBLE In`com*pat"i*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + compatible: cf. F. incompatible.] [It was formerly sometimes written incompetible.] 1. Not compatible; so differing as to be incapable of harmonious combination or coexistence; inconsistent in thought or being; irreconcilably disagreeing; as, persons of incompatible tempers; incompatible colors, desires, ambition. A strength and obduracy of character incompatible with his meek and innocent nature. Southey. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Incapable of being together without mutual reaction or decomposition, as certain medicines. Incompatible terms (Logic), terms which can not be combined in thought. Syn. -- Inconsistent; incongruous; dissimilar; irreconcilable; unsuitable; disagreeing; inharmonious; discordant; repugnant; contradictory. See Inconsistent. INCOMPATIBLE In`com*pat"i*ble, n. (Med. & Chem.) Defn: An incompatible substance; esp., in pl., things which can not be placed or used together because of a change of chemical composition or of opposing medicinal qualities; as, the incompatibles of iron. INCOMPATIBLENESS In`com*pat"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being incompatible; incompatibility. INCOMPATIBLY In`com*pat"i*bly, adv. Defn: In an incompatible manner; inconsistently; incongruously. INCOMPETENCE; INCOMPETENCY In*com"pe*tence, In*com"pe*tency, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incompétence.] 1. The quality or state of being incompetent; want of physical, intellectual, or moral ability; insufficiency; inadequacy; as, the incompetency of a child hard labor, or of an idiot for intellectual efforts. "Some inherent incompetency." Gladstone. 2. (Law) Defn: Want of competency or legal fitness; incapacity; disqualification, as of a person to be heard as a witness, or to act as a juror, or of a judge to try a cause. Syn. -- Inability; insufficiency; inadequacy; disqualification; incapability; unfitness. INCOMPETENT In*com"pe*tent, a. Etym: [L. incompetens: cf. F. incompétent. See In- not, and Competent.] 1. Not competent; wanting in adequate strength, power, capacity, means, qualifications, or the like; incapable; unable; inadequate; unfit. Incompetent to perform the duties of the place. Macaulay. 2. (Law) Defn: Wanting the legal or constitutional qualifications; inadmissible; as, a person professedly wanting in religious belief is an incompetent witness in a court of law or equity; incompetent evidence. Richard III. had a resolution, out of hatred to his brethren, to disable their issues, upon false and incompetent pretexts, the one of attainder, the other of illegitimation. Bacon. 3. Not lying within one's competency, capacity, or authorized power; not permissible. Syn. -- Incapable; unable; inadequate; insufficient; inefficient; disqualified; unfit; improper. -- Incompetent, Incapable. Incompetent is a relative term, denoting a want of the requisite qualifications for performing a given act, service, etc.; incapable is absolute in its meaning, denoting want of power, either natural or moral. We speak of a man as incompetent to a certain task, of an incompetent judge, etc. We say of an idiot that he is incapable of learning to read; and of a man distinguished for his honor, that he is incapable of a mean action. INCOMPETENTLY In*com"pe*tent*ly, adv. Defn: In an competent manner; inadequately; unsuitably. INCOMPETIBILITY In`com*pet`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: See Incompatibility. INCOMPETIBLE In`com*pet"i*ble, a. Defn: See Incompatible. INCOMPLETE In`com*plete", a. Etym: [L. incompletus: cf. F. incomplet. See In- not, and Complete.] 1. Not complete; not filled up; not finished; not having all its parts, or not having them all adjusted; imperfect; defective. A most imperfect and incomplete divine. Milton. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Wanting any of the usual floral organs; -- said of a flower. Incomplete equation (Alg.), an equation some of whose terms are wanting; or one in which the coefficient of some one or more of the powers of the unknown quantity is equal to 0. INCOMPLETELY In`com*plete"ly, adv. Defn: In an incomplete manner. INCOMPLETENESS In`com*plete"ness, n. Defn: The state of being incomplete; imperfectness; defectiveness. Boyle. INCOMPLETION In`com*ple"tion, n. Defn: Want of completion; incompleteness. Smart. INCOMPLEX In`com*plex", a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + complex: cf. F. incomplexe.] Defn: Not complex; uncompounded; simple. Barrow. INCOMPLIABLE In`com*pli"a*ble, a. Defn: Not compliable; not conformable. INCOMPLIANCE In`com*pli"ance, n. 1. The quality or state of being incompliant; unyielding temper; obstinacy. Self-conceit produces peevishness and incompliance of humor in things lawful and indifferent. Tillotson. 2. Refusal or failure to comply. Strype. INCOMPLIANT In`com*pli"ant, a. Defn: Not compliant; unyielding to request, solicitation, or command; stubborn. -- In`com*pli"ant*ly, adv. INCOMPOSED In`com*posed", a. Defn: Disordered; disturbed. [Obs.] Milton. -- In`com*po"sed*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- In`com*pos"ed*ness, n. [Obs.] INCOMPOSITE In`com*pos"ite, a. Etym: [L. incompositus. See Composite.] Defn: Not composite; uncompounded; simple. Incomposite numbers. See Prime numbers, under Prime. INCOMPOSSIBLE In`com*pos"si*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + compossible: cf. F. incompossible.] Defn: Not capable of joint existence; incompatible; inconsistent. [Obs.] Ambition and faith . . . are . . . incompossible. Jer. Taylor. -- In`com*pos`si*bil"i*ty, n. [Obs.] INCOMPREHENSE In*com`pre*hense", a. Etym: [L. incomprehensus.] Defn: Incomprehensible. [Obs.] "Incomprehense in virtue." Marston. INCOMPREHENSIBILITY In*com`pre*hen`si*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incompréhensibilité.] Defn: The quality of being incomprehensible, or beyond the reach of human intellect; incomprehensibleness; inconceivability; inexplicability. The constant, universal sense of all antiquity unanimously confessing an incomprehensibility in many of the articles of the Christian faith. South. INCOMPREHENSIBLE In*com`pre*hen"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. incomprehensibilis: cf. F. incompréhensible. See In- not, and Comprehensible.] 1. Not capable of being contained within limits. An infinite and incomprehensible substance. Hooker. 2. Not capable of being comprehended or understood; beyond the reach of the human intellect; inconceivable. And all her numbered stars that seem to roll Spaces incomprehensible. Milton. -- In*com`pre*hen"si*ble*ness, n. -- In*com`pre*hen"si*bly, adv. INCOMPREHENSION In*com`pre*hen"sion, n. Defn: Want of comprehension or understanding. "These mazes and incomprehensions." Bacon. INCOMPREHENSIVE In*com`pre*hen"sive, a. Defn: Not comprehensive; not capable of including or of understanding; not extensive; limited. -- In*com`pre*hen"sive*ly, a. Sir W. Hamilton. -- In*com`pre*hen"sive*ness, n. T. Warton. INCOMPRESSIBILITY In`com*press`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incompressibilité.] Defn: The quality of being incompressible, or incapable of reduction in volume by pressure; -- formerly supposed to be a property of liquids. The incompressibility of water is not absolute. Rees. INCOMPRESSIBLE In`com*press"i*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + compressible: cf. F. incompressible.] Defn: Not compressible; incapable of being reduced by force or pressure into a smaller compass or volume; resisting compression; as, many liquids and solids appear to be almost incompressible. -- In`com*press"i*ble*ness, n. INCOMPUTABLE In`com*put"a*ble, a. Defn: Not computable. INCONCEALABLE In`con*ceal"a*ble, a. Defn: Not concealable. "Inconcealable imperfections." Sir T. Browne. INCONCEIVABILITY In`con*ceiv`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being inconceivable; inconceivableness. The inconceivability of the Infinite. Mansel. INCONCEIVABLE In`con*ceiv"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + conceivable: cf. F. inconcevable.] Defn: Not conceivable; incapable of being conceived by the mind; not explicable by the human intellect, or by any known principles or agencies; incomprehensible; as, it is inconceivable to us how the will acts in producing muscular motion. It is inconceivable to me that a spiritual substance should represent an extended figure. Locke. -- In`con*ceiv"a*ble*ness, n. -- In`con*ceiv"a*bly, adv. The inconceivableness of a quality existing without any subject to possess it. A. Tucker. INCONCEPTIBLE In`con*cep"ti*ble, a. Defn: Inconceivable. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. INCONCERNING In`con*cern"ing, a. Defn: Unimportant; trifling. [Obs.] "Trifling and inconcerning matters." Fuller. INCONCINNE In`con*cinne", a. Etym: [See Inconcinnous.] Defn: Dissimilar; incongruous; unsuitable. [Obs.] Cudworth. INCONCINNITY In`con*cin"ni*ty, n. Etym: [L. inconcinnitas.] Defn: Want of concinnity or congruousness; unsuitableness. There is an inconcinnity in admitting these words. Trench. INCONCINNOUS In`con*cin"nous, a. Etym: [L. inconcinnus. See In- not, and Concinnity.] Defn: Not concinnous; unsuitable; discordant. [Obs.] Cudworth. INCONCLUDENT In`con*clud"ent, a. Defn: Not inferring a conclusion or consequence; not conclusive. [Obs.] INCONCLUDING In`con*clud"ing, a. Defn: Inferring no consequence. [Obs.] INCONCLUSIVE In`con*clu"sive, a. Defn: Not conclusive; leading to no conclusion; not closing or settling a point in debate, or a doubtful question; as, evidence is inconclusive when it does not exhibit the truth of a disputed case in such a manner as to satisfy the mind, and put an end to debate or doubt. Arguments . . . inconclusive and impertinent. South. -- In`con*clu"sive*ly, adv. -- In`con*clu"sive*ness, n. INCONCOCT In`con*coct", a. Etym: [L. pref. in- not + concoctus, p. p. of concoquere. See Concoct.] Defn: Inconcocted. [Obs.] INCONCOCTED In`con*coct"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + concocted.] Defn: Imperfectly digested, matured, or ripened. [Obs.] Bacon. INCONCOCTION In`con*coc"tion, n. Defn: The state of being undigested; unripeness; immaturity. [Obs.] Bacon. INCONCRETE In*con"crete, a. Etym: [L. inconcretus incorporeal.] Defn: Not concrete. [R.] L. Andrews. INCONCURRING In`con*cur"ring, a. Defn: Not concurring; disagreeing. [R.] Sir T. Browne. INCONCUSSIBLE In`con*cus"si*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + L. concussibilis that can be shaken. See Concussion.] Defn: Not concussible; that cannot be shaken. INCONDENSABILITY; INCONDENSIBILITY In`con*den`sa*bil"i*ty, In`con*den`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being incondensable. INCONDENSABLE; INCONDENSIBLE In`con*den"sa*ble, In`con*den"si*ble, a. Defn: Not condensable; incapable of being made more dense or compact, or reduced to liquid form. INCONDITE In"con*dite, a. Etym: [L. inconditus; pref. in- not + conditus, p. p. of condere to put or join together. See Condition.] Defn: Badly put together; inartificial; rude; unpolished; irregular. "Carol incondite rhymes." J. Philips. INCONDITIONAL In`con*di"tion*al, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + conditional: cf. F. inconditionnel.] Defn: Unconditional. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. INCONDITIONATE In`con*di"tion*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + conditionate: cf. F. inconditionné.] Defn: Not conditioned; not limited; absolute. [Obs.] Boyle. INCONFORM In`con*form", a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + conform.] Defn: Unconformable. [Obs.] Gauden. INCONFORMABLE In`con*form"a*ble, a. Defn: Unconformable. [Obs.] INCONFORMITY In`con*form"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inconformité.] Defn: Want of conformity; nonconformity. [Obs.] INCONFUSED In`con*fused", a. Defn: Not confused; distinct. [Obs.] INCONFUSION In`con*fu"sion n. Defn: Freedom from confusion; distinctness. [Obs.] Bacon. INCONFUTABLE In`con*fut"a*ble, a. Defn: Not confutable. -- In`con*fut"a*bly, adv. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. INCONGEALABLE In`con*geal"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. incongelabilis. See Congeal.] Defn: Not congealable; incapable of being congealed. -- In`con*geal"a*ble*ness, n. INCONGENIAL In`con*gen"ial, a. Defn: Not congenial; uncongenial. [R.] -- In`con*ge`ni*al"i*ty. [R.] INCONGRUENCE In*con"gru*ence, n. Etym: [L. incongruentia.] Defn: Want of congruence; incongruity. Boyle. INCONGRUENT In*con"gru*ent, a. Etym: [L. incongruens. See In- not, and Congruent.] Defn: Incongruous. Sir T. Elyot. INCONGRUITY In`con*gru"i*ty, n.; pl. Incongruities. Etym: [Pref. in- not + congruity: cf. F. incongruité.] 1. The quality or state of being incongruous; want of congruity; unsuitableness; inconsistency; impropriety. The fathers make use of this acknowledgment of the incongruity of images to the Deity, from thence to prove the incongruity of the worship of them. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. Disagreement of parts; want of symmetry or of harmony. [Obs.] 3. That which is incongruous; want of congruity. INCONGRUOUS In*con"gru*ous, a. Etym: [L. incongruus. See In- not, and Congruous.] Defn: Not congruous; reciprocally disagreeing; not capable of harmonizing or readily assimilating; inharmonious; inappropriate; unsuitable; not fitting; inconsistent; improper; as, an incongruous remark; incongruous behavior, action, dress, etc. "Incongruous mixtures of opinions." I. Taylor. "Made up of incongruous parts." Macaulay. Incongruous denotes that kind of absence of harmony or suitableness of which the taste and experience of men takes cognizance. C. J. Smith. Incongruous numbers (Arith.), two numbers, which, with respect to a third, are such that their difference can not be divided by it without a remainder, the two numbers being said to be incongruous with respect to the third; as, twenty-five are incongruous with respect to four. Syn. -- Inconsistent; unsuitable; inharmonious; disagreeing; absurd; inappropriate; unfit; improper. See Inconsistent. -- In*con"gru*ous*ly, adv. -- In*con"gru*ous*ness, n. INCONNECTED In`con*nect"ed, a. Defn: Not connected; disconnected. [R.] Bp. Warburton. INCONNECTION In`con*nec"tion, n. Defn: Disconnection. INCONNEXEDLY In`con*nex"ed*ly, adv. Etym: [Pref. in- not + connexed (p. p. of connex) + -ly.] Defn: Not connectedly; without connection. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. INCONSCIONABLE In*con"scion*a*ble, a. Defn: Unconscionable. [Obs.] Spenser. INCONSCIOUS In*con"scious, a. Defn: Unconscious. [Obs.] INCONSECUTIVENESS In`con*sec"u*tive*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of not being consecutive. J. H. Newman. INCONSEQUENCE In*con"se*quence, n. Etym: [L. inconsequentia: cf. F. inconséquence.] Defn: The quality or state of being inconsequent; want of just or logical inference or argument; inconclusiveness. Bp. Stillingfleet. Strange, that you should not see the inconsequence of your own reasoning! Bp. Hurd. INCONSEQUENT In*con"se*quent, a. Etym: [L. inconsequens: cf. F. inconséquent. See In- not, and Consequent.] Defn: Not following from the premises; not regularly inferred; invalid; not characterized by logical method; illogical; arbitrary; inconsistent; of no consequence. Loose and inconsequent conjectures. Sir T. Browne. INCONSEQUENTIAL In*con`se*quen"tial, a. Defn: Not regularly following from the premises; hence, irrelevant; unimportant; of no consequence. Chesterfield. -- In*con`se*quen"tial*ly, adv. INCONSEQUENTIALITY In*con`se*quen`ti*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being inconsequential. INCONSEQUENTNESS In*con"se*quent*ness, n. Defn: Inconsequence. INCONSIDERABLE In`con*sid"er*a*ble, a. Defn: Not considerable; unworthy of consideration or notice; unimportant; small; trivial; as, an inconsiderable distance; an inconsiderable quantity, degree, value, or sum. "The baser scum and inconsiderable dregs of Rome." Stepney. -- In`con*sid"er*a*ble*ness, n. -- In`con*sid"er*a*bly, adv. INCONSIDERACY In`con*sid"er*a*cy, n. Defn: Inconsiderateness; thoughtlessness. [Obs.] Chesterfield. INCONSIDERATE In`con*sid"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. inconsideratus. See In- not, and Considerate.] 1. Not considerate; not attentive to safety or to propriety; not regarding the rights or feelings of others; hasty; careless; thoughtless; heedless; as, the young are generally inconsiderate; inconsiderate conduct. It is a very unhappy token of our corruption, that therinconsiderate among us as to sacrifice morality to politics. Addison. 2. Inconsiderable. [Obs.] E. Terry. Syn. -- Thoughtless; inattentive; inadvertent; heedless; negligent; improvident; careless; imprudent; indiscreet; incautious; injudicious; rash; hasty. INCONSIDERATELY In`con*sid"er*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In an inconsiderate manner. INCONSIDERATENESS In`con*sid"er*ate*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inconsiderate. Tillotson. INCONSIDERATION In`con*sid`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. inconsideratio: cf. F. inconsidération.] Defn: Want of due consideration; inattention to consequences; inconsiderateness. Blindness of mind, inconsideration, precipitation. Jer. Taylor. Not gross, willful, deliberate, crimes; but rather the effects of inconsideration. Sharp. INCONSISTENCE In`con*sist"ence, n. Defn: Inconsistency. INCONSISTENCY In`con*sist"en*cy, n.; pl. Inconsistencies. Etym: [Cf. F. inconsistance.] 1. The quality or state of being inconsistent; discordance in respect to sentiment or action; such contrariety between two things that both can not exist or be true together; disagreement; incompatibility. There is a perfect inconsistency between that which is of debt and that which is of free gift. South. 2. Absurdity in argument ore narration; incoherence or irreconcilability in the parts of a statement, argument, or narration; that which is inconsistent. If a man would register all his opinions upon love, politics, religion, and learning, what a bundle of inconsistencies and contradictions would appear at last! Swift. 3. Want of stability or uniformity; unsteadiness; changeableness; variableness. Mutability of temper, and inconsistency with ourselves, is the greatest weakness of human nature. Addison. INCONSISTENT In`con*sist"ent, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + consistent: cf. F. inconsistant.] 1. Not consistent; showing inconsistency; irreconcilable; discordant; at variance, esp. as regards character, sentiment, or action; incompatible; incongruous; contradictory. Compositions of this nature . . . show that wisdom and virtue are far from being inconsistent with politeness and good humor. Addison. 2. Not exhibiting uniformity of sentiment, steadiness to principle, etc.; unequal; fickle; changeable. Ah, how unjust to nature, and himself, Is thoughtless, thankless, inconsistent man. Young. Syn. -- Incompatible; incongruous; irreconcilable; discordant; repugnant; contradictory. -- Inconsistent, Incongruous, Incompatible. Things are incongruous when they are not suited to each other, so that their union is unbecoming; inconsistent when they are opposed to each other, so as render it improper or wrong; incompatible when they can not coexist, and it is therefore impossible to unite them. Habitual levity of mind is incongruous with the profession of a clergyman; it is inconsistent with his ordination vows; it is incompatible with his permanent usefulness. Incongruity attaches to the modes and qualities of things; incompatibility attaches to their essential attributes; inconsistency attaches to the actions, sentiments, etc., of men. INCONSISTENTLY In`con*sist"ent*ly, adv. Defn: In an inconsistent manner. INCONSISTENTNESS In`con*sist"ent*ness, n. Defn: Inconsistency. [R.] INCONSISTING In`con*sist"ing, a. Defn: Inconsistent. [Obs.] INCONSOLABLE In`con*sol"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. inconsolabilis: cf. F. inconsolable. See In- not, and Console.] Defn: Not consolable; incapable of being consoled; grieved beyond susceptibility of comfort; disconsolate. Dryden. With inconsolable distress she griev'd, And from her cheek the rose of beauty fied. Falconer. -- In`con*sol"a*ble*ness, n. -- In`con*sol"a*bly, adv. INCONSONANCE; INCONSONANCY In*con"so*nance, In*con"so*nan*cy, n. Defn: Want of consonance or harmony of sound, action, or thought; disagreement. INCONSONANT In*con"so*nant, a. Etym: [L. inconsonans. See In- not, and Consonant.] Defn: Not consonant or agreeing; inconsistent; discordant. -- In*con"so*nant*ly, adv. INCONSPICUOUS In`con*spic"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. inconspicuus. See In- not, and Conspicuous.] Defn: Not conspicuous or noticeable; hardly discernible. -- In`con*spic"u*ous*ly, adv. -- In`con*spic"u*ous*ness, n. Boyle. INCONSTANCE In*con"stance, n. Etym: [F. See Inconstancy.] Defn: Inconstancy. Chaucer. INCONSTANCY In*con"stan*cy, n. Etym: [L. inconstantia.] Defn: The quality or state of being inconstant; want of constancy; mutability; fickleness; variableness. For unto knight there was no greater shame, Than lightness and inconstancie in love. Spenser. INCONSTANT In*con"stant, a. Etym: [L. inconstans: cf. F. inconstant. See In- not, and Constant.] Defn: Not constant; not stable or uniform; subject to change of character, appearance, opinion, inclination, or purpose, etc.; not firm; unsteady; fickle; changeable; variable; -- said of persons or things; as, inconstant in love or friendship. "The inconstant moon." Shak. While we, inquiring phantoms of a day, Inconstant as the shadows we survey! Boyse. Syn. -- Mutable; fickle; volatile; unsteady; unstable; changeable; variable; wavering; fluctuating. INCONSTANTLY In*con"stant*ly, adv. Defn: In an inconstant manner. INCONSUMABLE In`con*sum"a*ble, a. Defn: Not consumable; incapable of being consumed, wasted, or spent. Paley. -- In`con*sum"a*bly, adv. INCONSUMMATE In`con*sum"mate, a. Etym: [L. inconsummatus. See In- not, and Consummate.] Defn: Not consummated; not finished; incomplete. Sir M. Hale. -- In`con*sum"mate*ness, n. INCONSUMPTIBLE In`con*sump"ti*ble, a. Etym: [L. inconsumptibilis.] Defn: Inconsumable. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby. INCONTAMINATE In`con*tam"i*nate, a. Etym: [L. incontamina. See In- not, and not, and Contaminate.] Defn: Not contaminated; pure. Moore. -- In`con*tam"i*nate*ness, n. INCONTENTATION In*con`ten*ta"tion, n. Etym: [See In- not, and Content.] Defn: Discontent. [Obs.] Goodwin. INCONTESTABILITY In`con*test`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being incontestable. INCONTESTABLE In`con*test"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + contestable: cf. F. incontestable.] Defn: Not contestable; not to be disputed; that cannot be called in question or controverted; incontrovertible; indisputable; as, incontestable evidence, truth, or facts. Locke. Syn. -- Incontrovertible; indisputable; irrefragable; undeniable; unquestionable; intuitable; certain. -- In`con*test"a*ble*ness, n. -- In`con*test"a*bly, adv. INCONTESTED In`con*test"ed, a. Defn: Not contested. Addison. INCONTIGUOUS In`con*tig"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. incontiguus that can not be touched. See In- not, and Contiguous.] Defn: Not contiguous; not adjoining or in contact; separate. Boyle. -- In`con*tig"u*ous*ly, adv. INCONTINENCE; INCONTINENCY In*con"ti*nence, In*con"ti*nen*cy, n. Etym: [L. incontinentia: cf. F. incontinence.] 1. Incapacity to hold; hence, incapacity to hold back or restrain; the quality or state of being incontinent; want of continence; failure to restrain the passions or appetites; indulgence of lust; lewdness. That Satan tempt you not for your incontinency. 1 Cor. vii. 5. From the rash hand of bold incontinence. Milton. 2. (Med.) Defn: The inability of any of the animal organs to restrain the natural evacuations, so that the discharges are involuntary; as, incontinence of urine. INCONTINENT In*con"ti*nent, a. Etym: [L. incontinens: cf. F. incontinent. See In- not, and Continent.] 1. Not continent; uncontrolled; not restraining the passions or appetites, particularly the sexual appetite; indulging unlawful lust; unchaste; lewd. 2. (Med.) Defn: Unable to restrain natural evacuations. INCONTINENT In*con"ti*nent, n. Defn: One who is unchaste. B. Jonson. INCONTINENT In*con"ti*nent, adv. Etym: [Cf. F. incontinent.] Defn: Incontinently; instantly immediately. [Obs.] He says he will return incontinent. Shak. INCONTINENTLY In*con"ti*nent*ly, adv. 1. In an incontinent manner; without restraint, or without due restraint; -- used esp. of the passions or appetites. 2. Immediately; at once; forthwith. [Archaic] Immediately he sent word to Athens that he would incontinently come hither with a host of men. Golding. INCONTRACTED In`con*tract"ed, a. Defn: Uncontracted. [Obs.] Blackwall. INCONTROLLABLE In`con*trol"la*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + controllable: cf. F. incontrôlable.] Defn: Not controllable; uncontrollable. -- In`con*trol"la*bly, adv. South. INCONTROVERTIBILITY In*con`tro*ver`ti*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or condition of being incontrovertible. INCONTROVERTIBLE In*con`tro*ver"ti*ble, a. Defn: Not controvertible; too clear or certain to admit of dispute; indisputable. Sir T. Browne. -- In*con`tro*ver"ti*ble*ness, n. -- In*con`tro*ver"ti*bly, adv. INCONVENIENCE In`con*ven"ience, n. Etym: [L. inconvenientia inconsistency: cf. OF. inconvenience.] 1. The quality or condition of being inconvenient; want of convenience; unfitness; unsuitableness; inexpediency; awkwardness; as, the inconvenience of the arrangement. They plead against the inconvenience, not the unlawfulness, . . . of ceremonies in burial. Hooker. 2. That which gives trouble, embarrassment, or uneasiness; disadvantage; anything that disturbs quiet, impedes prosperity, or increases the difficulty of action or success; as, one inconvenience of life is poverty. A place upon the top of Mount Athos above all clouds of rain, or other inconvenience. Sir W. Raleigh. Man is liable to a great many inconveniences. Tillotson. Syn. -- Incommodiousness; awkwardness; disadvantage; disquiet; uneasiness; disturbance; annoyance. INCONVENIENCE In`con*ven"ience, v. t. Defn: To put to inconvenience; to incommode; as, to inconvenience a neighbor. INCONVENIENCY In`con*ven"ien*cy, n. Defn: Inconvenience. INCONVENIENT In`con*ven"ient, a. Etym: [L. inconveniens unbefitting: cf. F. inconvénient. See In- not, and Convenient.] 1. Not becoming or suitable; unfit; inexpedient. 2. Not convenient; giving trouble, uneasiness, or annoyance; hindering progress or success; uncomfortable; disadvantageous; incommodious; inopportune; as, an inconvenient house, garment, arrangement, or time. Syn. -- Unsuitable; uncomfortable; disaccommodating; awkward; unseasonable; inopportune; incommodious; disadvantageous; troublesome; cumbersome; embarrassing; objectionable. INCONVENIENTLY In`con*ven"ient*ly, adv. Defn: In an inconvenient manner; incommodiously; unsuitably; unseasonably. INCONVERSABLE In`con*vers"a*ble, a. Defn: Incommunicative; unsocial; reserved. [Obs.] INCONVERSANT In*con"ver*sant, a. Defn: Not conversant; not acquainted; not versed; unfamiliar. INCONVERTED In`con*vert"ed, a. Defn: Not turned or changed about. [R.] Sir T. Browne. INCONVERTIBILITY In`con*vert`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. inconvertibilitas.] Defn: The quality or state of being inconvertible; not capable of being exchanged for, or converted into, something else; as, the inconvertibility of an irredeemable currency, or of lead, into gold. INCONVERTIBLE In`con*vert"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. inconvertibilis: cf. F. inconvertible. See In- not, and Convertible.] Defn: Not convertible; not capable of being transmuted, changed into, or exchanged for, something else; as, one metal is inconvertible into another; bank notes are sometimes inconvertible into specie. Walsh. INCONVERTIBLENESS In`con*vert"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: Inconvertibility. INCONVERTIBLY In`con*vert"i*bly, adv. Defn: In an inconvertible manner. INCONVINCIBLE In`con*vin"ci*ble, a. Etym: [L. inconvincibilis. See In- not, and Convince.] Defn: Not convincible; incapable of being convinced. None are so inconvincible as your half-witted people. Gov. of the Tongue. INCONVINCIBLY In`con*vin"ci*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner not admitting of being convinced. INCONY In*co"ny, a. Etym: [Cf. Conny, Canny.] Defn: Unlearned; artless; pretty; delicate. [Obs.] Most sweet jests! most incony vulgar wit! Shak. INCOORDINATE; INCOOERDINATE In`co*ör"di*nate, a. Defn: Not coördinate. INCOORDINATION; INCOOERDINATION In`co*ör`di*na"tion, n. Defn: Want of coördination; lack of harmonious adjustment or action. Incoördination of muscular movement (Physiol.), irregularity in movements resulting from inharmonious action of the muscles in consequence of loss of voluntary control over them. INCORONATE In*cor"o*nate, a. Etym: [Pref. in- in + coronate.] Defn: Crowned. [R.] Longfellow. INCORPORAL In*cor"po*ral, a. Etym: [L. incorporalis. See In- not, and Corporal, and cf. Incorporeal.] Defn: Immaterial; incorporeal; spiritual. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. INCORPORALITY In*cor`po*ral"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. incorporalitas: cf. F. incorporalité.] Defn: Incorporeality. [Obs.] Bailey. INCORPORALLY In*cor"po*ral*ly, adv. Defn: Incorporeally. [Obs.] INCORPORATE In*cor"po*rate, a. Etym: [L. incorporatus. See In- not, and Corporate.] 1. Not consisting of matter; not having a material body; incorporeal; spiritual. Moses forbore to speak of angles, and things invisible, and incorporate. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Not incorporated; not existing as a corporation; as, an incorporate banking association. INCORPORATE In*cor"po*rate, a. Etym: [L. incorporatus, p. p. of incorporare to incorporate; pref. in- in + corporare to make into a body. See Corporate.] Defn: Corporate; incorporated; made one body, or united in one body; associated; mixed together; combined; embodied. As if our hands, our sides, voices, and minds Had been incorporate. Shak. A fifteenth part of silver incorporate with gold. Bacon. INCORPORATE In*cor"po*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incorporated; p. pr. & vb. n. Incorporating.] 1. To form into a body; to combine, as different ingredients. into one consistent mass. By your leaves, you shall not stay alone, Till holy church incorporate two in one. Shak. 2. To unite with a material body; to give a material form to; to embody. The idolaters, who worshiped their images as golds, supposed some spirit to be incorporated therein. Bp. Stillingfleet. 3. To unite with, or introduce into, a mass already formed; as, to incorporate copper with silver; -- used with with and into. 4. To unite intimately; to blend; to assimilate; to combine into a structure or organization, whether material or mental; as, to incorporate provinces into the realm; to incorporate another's ideas into one's work. The Romans did not subdue a country to put the inhabitants to fire and sword, but to incorporate them into their own community. Addison. 5. To form into a legal body, or body politic; to constitute into a corporation recognized by law, with special functions, rights, duties and liabilities; as, to incorporate a bank, a railroad company, a city or town, etc. INCORPORATE In*cor"po*rate, v. i. Defn: To unite in one body so as to make a part of it; to be mixed or blended; -- usually followed by with. Painters' colors and ashes do better incorporate will oil. Bacon. He never suffers wrong so long to grow, And to incorporate with right so far As it might come to seem the same in show. Daniel. INCORPORATED In*cor"po*ra`ted, a. Defn: United in one body; formed into a corporation; made a legal entity. INCORPORATION In*cor`po*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. incorporatio: cf. F. incorporation.] 1. The act of incorporating, or the state of being incorporated. 2. The union of different ingredients in one mass; mixture; combination; synthesis. 3. The union of something with a body already existing; association; intimate union; assimilation; as, the incorporation of conquered countries into the Roman republic. 4. (Law) (a) The act of creating a corporation. (b) A body incorporated; a corporation. INCORPORATIVE In*cor"po*ra*tive, a. Defn: Incorporating or tending to incorporate; as, the incorporative languages (as of the Basques, North American Indians, etc. ) which run a whole phrase into one word. History demonstrates that incorporative unions are solid and permanent; but that a federal union is weak. W. Belsham. INCORPORATOR In*cor"po*ra`tor, n. Defn: One of a number of persons who gets a company incorporated; one of the original members of a corporation. INCORPOREAL In`cor*po"re*al, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + corporeal: cf. L. incorporeus. Cf. Incorporal.] 1. Not corporeal; not having a material body or form; not consisting of matter; immaterial. Thus incorporeal spirits to smaller forms Reduced their shapes immense. Milton. Sense and perception must necessarily proceed from some incorporeal substance within us. Bentley. 2. (Law) Defn: Existing only in contemplation of law; not capable of actual visible seizin or possession; not being an object of sense; intangible; -- opposed to corporeal. Incorporeal hereditament. See under Hereditament. Syn. -- Immaterial; unsubstantial; bodiless; spiritual. INCORPOREALISM In`cor*po"re*al*ism, n. Defn: Existence without a body or material form; immateriality. Cudworth. INCORPOREALIST In`cor*po"re*al*ist, n. Defn: One who believes in incorporealism. Cudworth. INCORPOREALITY In`cor*po`re*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being incorporeal or bodiless; immateriality; incorporealism. G. Eliot. INCORPOREALLY In`cor*po"re*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an incorporeal manner. Bacon. INCORPOREITY In*cor`po*re"i*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + corporeity: cf. F. incorporéite.] Defn: The quality of being incorporeal; immateriality. Berkeley. INCORPSE In*corpse", v. t. Defn: To incorporate. [R.] Shak. INCORRECT In`cor*rect", a. Etym: [L. incorrectus: cf. F. incorrect. See In- not, and Correct.] 1. Not correct; not according to a copy or model, or to established rules; inaccurate; faulty. The piece, you think, is incorrect. Pope. 2. Not in accordance with the truth; inaccurate; not exact; as, an incorrect statement or calculation. 3. Not accordant with duty or morality; not duly regulated or subordinated; unbecoming; improper; as, incorrect conduct. It shows a will most incorrect to heaven. Shak. The wit of the last age was yet more incorrect than their language. Dryden. Syn. -- Inaccurate; erroneous; wrong; faulty. INCORRECTION In`cor*rec"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + correction: cf. F. incorrection.] Defn: Want of correction, restraint, or discipline. [Obs.] Arnway. INCORRECTLY In`cor*rect"ly, adv. Defn: Not correctly; inaccurately; not exactly; as, a writing incorrectly copied; testimony incorrectly stated. INCORRECTNESS In`cor*rect"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being incorrect; want of conformity to truth or to a standard; inaccuracy; inexactness; as incorrectness may in defect or in redundance. INCORRESPONDENCE; INCORRESPONDENCY In*cor`re*spond"ence, In*cor`re*spond"en*cy, n. Defn: Want of correspondence; disagreement; disproportion. [R.] INCORRESPONDING In*cor`re*spond"ing, a. Defn: Not corresponding; disagreeing. [R.] Coleridge. INCORRIGIBILITY In*cor`ri*gi*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incorrigibilité.] Defn: The state or quality of being incorrigible. The ingratitude, the incorrigibility, the strange perverseness . . . of mankind. Barrow. INCORRIGIBLE In*cor"ri*gi*ble, a. Etym: [L. incorrigibilis: cf. F. incorrigible. See In- not, and Corrigible.] Defn: Not corrigible; incapable of being corrected or amended; bad beyond correction; irreclaimable; as, incorrigible error. "Incorrigible fools." Dryden. INCORRIGIBLE In*cor"ri*gi*ble, n. Defn: One who is corrigible; especially, a hardened criminal; as, the perpetual imprisonment of incorrigibles. INCORRIGIBLENESS In*cor"ri*gi*ble*ness, n. Defn: Incorrigibility. Dr. H. More. INCORRIGIBLY In*cor"ri*gi*bly, adv. Defn: In an incorrigible manner. INCORRODIBLE In`cor*rod"i*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being corroded, consumed, or eaten away. INCORRUPT In"cor*rupt", a. Etym: [L. incorruptus. See In- not, and Corrupt.] 1. Not affected with corruption or decay; unimpaired; not marred or spoiled. 2. Not defiled or depraved; pure; sound; untainted; above the influence of bribes; upright; honest. Milton. Your Christian principles . . . which will preserve you incorrupt as individuals. Bp. Hurd. INCORRUPTED In"cor*rupt"ed, a. Defn: Uncorrupted. [Obs.] Breathed into their incorrupted breasts. Sir J. Davies. INCORRUPTIBILITY In`cor*rupt`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. incorruptibilitas: cf. F. incorruptibilité.] Defn: The quality of being incorruptible; incapability of corruption. Holland. INCORRUPTIBLE In"cor*rupt"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. incorruptibilis: cf. F. incorruptible. See In- not, and Corrupt.] 1. Not corruptible; incapable of corruption, decay, or dissolution; as, gold is incorruptible. Our bodies shall be changed into incorruptible and immortal substances. Wake. 2. Incapable of being bribed or morally corrupted; inflexibly just and upright. INCORRUPTIBLE In"cor*rupt"i*ble, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a religious sect which arose in Alexandria, in the reign of the Emperor Justinian, and which believed that the body of Christ was incorruptible, and that he suffered hunger, thirst, pain, only in appearance. INCORRUPTIBLE In"cor*rupt"i*ble, n. Defn: The quality or state of being incorruptible. Boyle. INCORRUPTIBLENESS In`cor*rupt"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being incorruptible. Boyle. INCORRUPTIBLY In"cor*rupt"i*bly, adv. Defn: In an incorruptible manner. INCORRUPTION In"cor*rup"tion, n. Etym: [L. incorruptio: cf. F. incorruption. See In- not, and Corruption.] Defn: The condition or quality of being incorrupt or incorruptible; absence of, or exemption from, corruption. It is sown in corruption; it is raised in incorruption. 1 Cor. xv. 42. The same preservation, or, rather, incorruption, we have observed in the flesh of turkeys, capons, etc. Sir T. Browne. INCORRUPTIVE In`cor*rupt"ive, a. Etym: [L. incorruptivus.] Defn: Incorruptible; not liable to decay. Akenside. INCORRUPTLY In`cor*rupt"ly, adv. Defn: Without corruption. To demean themselves incorruptly. Milton. INCORRUPTNESS In`cor*rupt"ness, n. 1. Freedom or exemption from decay or corruption. 2. Probity; integrity; honesty. Woodward. INCRASSATE In*cras"sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incrassated; p. pr. & vb. n. Incrassating.] Etym: [L. incrassatus, p. p. of incrassare; pref. in- in + crassus thick.] Defn: To make thick or thicker; to thicken; especially, in pharmacy, to thicken (a liquid) by the mixture of another substance, or by evaporating the thinner parts. Acids dissolve or attenuate; alkalies precipitate or incrassate. Sir I. Newton. Liquors which time hath incrassated into jellies. Sir T. Browne. INCRASSATE In*cras"sate, v. i. Defn: To become thick or thicker. INCRASSATE; INCRASSATED In*cras"sate, In*cras"sa*ted, a. Etym: [L. incrassatus, p. p.] 1. Made thick or thicker; thickened; inspissated. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Thickened; becoming thicker. Martyn. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Swelled out on some particular part, as the antennæ of certain insects. INCRASSATION In`cras*sa"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incrassation.] 1. The act or process of thickening or making thick; the process of becoming thick or thicker. 2. The state of being incrassated or made thick; inspissation. Sir T. Browne. INCRASSATIVE In*cras"sa*tive, a. Defn: Having the quality of thickening; tending to thicken. Harvey. INCRASSATIVE In*cras"sa*tive, n. Defn: A substance which has the power to thicken; formerly, a medicine supposed to thicken the humors. Harvey. INCREASABLE In*creas"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being increased. Sherwood. -- In*creas"a*ble*ness, n. An indefinite increasableness of some of our ideas. Bp. Law. INCREASE In*crease", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Increased; p. pr. & vb. n. Increasing.] Etym: [OE. incresen, encresen, enrescen, OF. encreistre, fr. L. increscere; pref. in- in + crescere to grow. See Crescent, and cf. Decrease.] 1. To become greater or more in size, quantity, number, degree, value, intensity, power, authority, reputation, wealth; to grow; to augment; to advance; -- opposed to decrease. The waters increased and bare up the ark. Gen. vii. 17. He must increase, but I must decrease. John iii. 30. The heavens forbid But that our loves and comforts should increase, Even as our days do grow! Shak. 2. To multiply by the production of young; to be fertile, fruitful, or prolific. Fishes are more numerous of increasing than beasts or birds, as appears by their numerous spawn. Sir M. Hale. 3. (Astron.) Defn: To become more nearly full; to show more of the surface; to wax; as, the moon increases. Increasing function (Math.), a function whose value increases when that of the variable increases, and decreases when the latter is diminished. Syn. -- To enlarge; extend; multiply; expand; develop; heighten; amplify; raise; enhance; spread; aggravate; magnify; augment; advance. -- To Increase, Enlarge, Extend. Enlarge implies to make larger or broader in size. Extend marks the progress of enlargement so as to have wider boundaries. Increase denotes enlargement by growth and internal vitality, as in the case of plants. A kingdom is enlarged by the addition of new territories; the mind is enlarged by knowledge. A kingdom is extended when its boundaries are carried to a greater distance from the center. A man's riches, honors, knowledge, etc., are increased by accessions which are made from time to time. INCREASE In*crease", v. t. Defn: To augment or make greater in bulk, quantity, extent, value, or amount, etc.; to add to; to extend; to lengthen; to enhance; to aggravate; as, to increase one's possessions, influence. I will increase the famine. Ezek. v. 16. Make denials Increase your services. Shak. INCREASE In"crease, n. Etym: [OE. encres, encresse. See Increase, v. i.] 1. Addition or enlargement in size, extent, quantity, number, intensity, value, substance, etc.; augmentation; growth. As if increase of appetite had grown By what if fed on. Shak. For things of tender kind for pleasure made Shoot up with swift increase, and sudden are decay'd. Dryden. 2. That which is added to the original stock by augmentation or growth; produce; profit; interest. Take thou no usury of him, or increase. Lev. xxv. 36. Let them not live to taste this land's increase. Shak. 3. Progeny; issue; offspring. All the increase of thy house shall die in the flower of their age. 1 Sam. ii. 33. 4. Generation. [Obs.] "Organs of increase." Shak. 5. (Astron.) Defn: The period of increasing light, or luminous phase; the waxing; -- said of the moon. Seeds, hair, nails, hedges, and herbs will grow soonest if set or cut in the increase of the moon. Bacon. Increase twist, the twixt of a rifle groove in which the angle of twist increases from the breech to the muzzle. Syn. -- Enlargement; extension; growth; development; increment; addition; accession; production. INCREASEFUL In*crease"ful, a. Defn: Full of increase; abundant in produce. "Increaseful crops." [R.] Shak. INCREASEMENT In*crease"ment, n. Defn: Increase. [R.] Bacon. INCREASER In*creas"er, n. Defn: One who, or that, increases. INCREASINGLY In*creas"ing*ly, adv. Defn: More and more. INCREATE In`cre*ate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Increated; p. pr. & vb. n. Increating.] Etym: [Pref. in- in + create.] Defn: To create within. [R.] INCREATE; INCREATED In"cre*ate, In"cre*a`ted, a. Etym: [L. increatus. See In- not, and Create.] Defn: Uncreated; self-existent. [R.] Bright effincreate. Milton. INCREDIBILITY In*cred`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. incredibilitas: cf. F. incrédibilité.] 1. The quality or state of being incredible; incredibleness. Dryden. 2. That which is incredible. Johnson. INCREDIBLE In*cred"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. incredibilis: cf. OF. incredible. See In- not, and Credible.] Defn: Not credible; surpassing belief; too extraordinary and improbable to admit of belief; unlikely; marvelous; fabulous. Why should it be thought a thing incredible with you, that God should raise the dead Acts xxvi. 8. INCREDIBLENESS In*cred"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: Incredibility. INCREDIBLY In*cred"i*bly, adv. Defn: In an incredible manner. INCREDITED In*cred"it*ed, a. Defn: Uncredited. [Obs.] INCREDULITY In`cre*du"li*ty, n. Etym: [L. incredu: cf. F. incrédulité.] Defn: The state or quality of being i Of every species of incredulity, religious unbelief is the most irrational. Buckminster. INCREDULOUS In*cred"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. incredulus. See In- not, and Credulous.] 1. Not credulous; indisposed to admit or accept that which is related as true, skeptical; unbelieving. Bacon. A fantastical incredulous fool. Bp. Wilkins. 2. Indicating, or caused by, disbelief or incredulity. "An incredulous smile." Longfellow. 3. Incredible; not easy to be believed. [R.] Shak. INCREDULOUSLY In*cred"u*lous*ly, adv. Defn: In an incredulous manner; with incredulity. INCREDULOUSNESS In*cred"u*lous*ness, n. Defn: Incredulity. INCREMABLE In*crem"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + L. cremabilis combustible, fr. cremare to burn.] Defn: Incapable of being burnt; incombustibe. Sir T. Browne. INCREMATE In"cre*mate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in + cremate.] Defn: To consume or reduce to ashes by burning, as a dead body; to cremate. INCREMATION In`cre*ma"tion, n. Defn: Burning; esp., the act of burning a dead body; cremation. INCREMENT In"cre*ment, n. Etym: [L. incrementum: cf. F. incrément. See Increase.] 1. The act or process of increasing; growth in bulk, guantity, number, value, or amount; augmentation; enlargement. The seminary that furnisheth matter for the formation and increment of animal and vegetable bodies. Woodward. A nation, to be great, ought to be compressed in its increment by nations more civilized than itself. Coleridge. 2. Matter added; increase; produce; production; -- opposed to decrement. "Large increment." J. Philips. 3. (Math.) Defn: The increase of a variable quantity or fraction from its present value to its next ascending value; the finite quantity, generally variable, by which a variable quantity is increased. 4. (Rhet.) Defn: An amplification without strict climax, as in the following passage: Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report, . . . think on these things. Phil. iv. 8. Infinitesimal increment (Math.), an infinitesimally small variation considered in Differential Calculus. See Calculus. -- Method of increments (Math.), a calculus founded on the properties of the successive values of variable quantities and their differences or increments. It differs from the method of fluxions in treating these differences as finite, instead of infinitely small, and is equivalent to the calculus of finite differences. INCREMENTAL In`cre*men"tal, a. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resulting from, the process of growth; as, the incremental lines in the dentine of teeth. INCREPATE In"cre*pate, v. t. Etym: [L. increpatus, p. p. of increpare to upbraid; pref. in- in, against + crepare to talk noisily.] Defn: To chide; to rebuke; to reprove. [Obs.] INCREPATION In`cre*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. increpatio.] Defn: A chiding; rebuke; reproof. [Obs.] Hammond. INCRESCENT In*cres"cent, a. Etym: [L. increscens, -entis, p. pr. of increscere. See Increase.] 1. Increasing; growing; augmenting; swelling; enlarging. Between the incresent and decrescent moon. Tennyson. 2. (Her.) Defn: Increasing; on the increase; -- said of the moon represented as the new moon, with the points turned toward the dexter side. INCREST In*crest", v. t. Defn: To adorn with a crest. [R.] Drummond. INCRIMINATE In*crim"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incriminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Incriminating.] Etym: [LL. incriminatus, p. p. of incriminare; in- in + criminare, criminari, to accuse one of a crime. See Criminate.] Defn: To accuse; to charge with a crime or fault; to criminate. INCRIMINATION In*crim`i*na"tion, n. Defn: The act of incriminating; crimination. INCRIMINATORY In*crim"i*na*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to crimination; tending to incriminate; criminatory. INCROYABLE In`croy`a"ble, n. [F., lit., incredible.] Defn: A French fop or dandy of the time of the Directory; hence, any fop. The name is said to have been given in allusion not only to the extravagant dress, but also to the frequent use of the phrase "C'est vraiment incroyable" (That is really incredible.). INCRUENTAL In`cru*en"tal, a. Etym: [L. incruentus. See In- not, and Cruentous.] Defn: Unbloody; not attended with blood; as, an incruental sacrifice. [Obs.] Brevint. INCRUST In*crust", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incrusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Incrusting.] Etym: [L. incrustare; pref. in- in + crustare to cover with a crust: cf. F. incruster. See Crust.] [Written also encrust.] 1. To cover or line with a crust, or hard coat; to form a crust on the surface of; as, iron incrusted with rust; a vessel incrusted with salt; a sweetmeat incrusted with sugar. And by the frost refin'd the whiter snow, Incrusted hard. Thomson. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: To inlay into, as a piece of carving or other ornamental object. INCRUSTATE In*crus"tate, a. Etym: [L. incrustatus, p. p. See Incrust.] Defn: Incrusted. Bacon. INCRUSTATE In*crus"tate, v. t. Defn: To incrust. [R.] Cheyne. INCRUSTATION In`crus*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. incrustatio: cf. F. incrustation. See Incrust.] 1. The act of incrusting, or the state of being incrusted. 2. A crust or hard coating of anything upon or within a body, as a deposit of lime, sediment, etc., from water on the inner surface of a steam boiler. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A covering or inlaying of marble, mosaic, etc., attached to the masonry by cramp irons or cement. 4. (Fine Arts) Defn: Anything inlaid or imbedded. INCRUSTMENT In*crust"ment, n. Defn: Incrustation. [R.] INCRYSTALLIZABLE In*crys"tal*li`za*ble, a. Defn: Not crystallizable; incapable of being formed into crystals. INCUBATE In"cu*bate, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Incubated; p. pr. & vb. n. Incubating.] Etym: [L. incubatus, p. p. incubare to lie on; pref. in- in, on + cubare to lie down. Cf. Cubit, Incumbent.] Defn: To sit, as on eggs for hatching; to brood; to brood upon, or keep warm, as eggs, for the purpose of hatching. INCUBATION In`cu*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. incubatio: cf. F. incubation.] 1. A sitting on eggs for the purpose of hatching young; a brooding on, or keeping warm, (eggs) to develop the life within, by any process. Ray. 2. (Med.) Defn: The development of a disease from its causes, or its period of incubation. (See below.) 3. A sleeping in a consecrated place for the purpose of dreaming oracular dreams. Tylor. Period of incubation, or Stage of incubation (Med.), the period which elapses between exposure to the causes of a disease and the attack resulting from it; the time of development of the supposed germs or spores. INCUBATIVE In"cu*ba*tive, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to incubation, or to the period of incubation. INCUBATOR In"cu*ba`tor, n. Defn: That which incubates, especially, an apparatus by means of which eggs are hatched by artificial heat. INCUBATORY In*cu"ba*to*ry, a. Defn: Serving for incubation. INCUBE In*cube", v. t. Defn: To fix firmly, as in cube; to secure or place firmly. [Obs.] Milton. INCUBITURE In*cu"bi*ture, n. Etym: [Cf. L. incubitus.] Defn: Incubation. [Obs.] J. Ellis. INCUBOUS In"cu*bous, a. Etym: [From L. incubare to lie on.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the leaves so placed that the upper part of each one covers the base of the leaf next above it, as in hepatic mosses of the genus Frullania. See Succubous. INCUBUS In"cu*bus, n.; pl. E. Incubuses, L. Incubi. Etym: [L., the nightmare. Cf. Incubate.] 1. A demon; a fiend; a lascivious spirit, supposed to have sexual intercourse with women by night. Tylor. The devils who appeared in the female form were generally called succubi; those who appeared like men incubi, though this distinction was not always preserved. Lecky. 2. (Med.) Defn: The nightmare. See Nightmare. Such as are troubled with incubus, or witch-ridden, as we call it. Burton. 3. Any oppressive encumbrance or burden; anything that prevents the free use of the faculties. Debt and usury is the incubus which weighs most heavily on the agricultural resources of Turkey. J. L. Farley. INCULCATE In*cul"cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inculcated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inculcating.] Etym: [L. inculcatus, p. p. of inculcare to tread on; pref. in- in, on + calcare to tread, fr. calx the heel; perh. akin to E. heel. Cf. 2d Calk, Heel.] Defn: To teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions; to urge on the mind; as, Christ inculcates on his followers humility. The most obvious and necessary duties of life they have not yet had authority enough to enforce and inculcate upon men's minds. S. Clarke. Syn. -- To instill; infuse; implant; engraft; impress. INCULCATION In`cul*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. inculcatio: cf. F. inculcation.] Defn: A teaching and impressing by frequent repetitions. Bp. Hall. INCULCATOR In*cul"ca*tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who inculcates. Boyle. INCULK In*culk". v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. inculquer. See Inculcate.] Defn: To inculcate. [Obs.] Sir T. More. INCULP In*culp", v. t. Etym: [Cf. inculper. See Inculpate.] Defn: To inculpate. [Obs.] Shelton. INCULPABLE In*cul"pa*ble, a. Etym: [L. inculpabilis: cf. F. incupable.] Defn: Faultless; blameless; innocent. South. An innocent and incupable piece of ignorance. Killingbeck. INCULPABLENESS In*cul"pa*ble*ness, n. Defn: Blamelessness; faultlessness. INCULPABLY In*cul"pa*bly, adv. Defn: Blamelessly. South. INCULPATE In*cul"pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inculpated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inculpating.] Etym: [LL. inculpatus, p. p. of inculpare to blame; pref. in- in + culpa fault. See Culpable.] Note: [A word of recent introduction.] Defn: To blame; to impute guilt to; to accuse; to involve or implicate in guilt. That risk could only exculpate her and not inculpate them -- the probabilities protected them so perfectly. H. James. INCULPATION In`cul*pa"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inculpation.] Defn: Blame; censure; crimination. Jefferson. INCULPATORY In*cul"pa*to*ry, a. Defn: Imputing blame; criminatory; compromising; implicating. INCULT In*cult", a. Etym: [L. incultus; pref. in- not + cultus, p. p. of colere to cultivate: cf. F. inculte.] Defn: Untilled; uncultivated; crude; rude; uncivilized. Germany then, says Tacitus, was incult and horrid, now full of magnificent cities. Burton. His style is diffuse and incult. M. W. Shelley. INCULTIVATED In*cul"ti*va`ted, a. Defn: Uncultivated. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. INCULTIVATION In*cul`ti*va"tion, n. Defn: Want of cultivation. [Obs.] Berington. INCULTURE In*cul"ture, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + culture: cf. F. inculture.] Defn: Want or neglect of cultivation or culture. [Obs.] Feltham. INCUMBENCY In*cum"ben*cy, n.; pl. Incumbencies. Etym: [From Incumbent.] 1. The state of being incumbent; a lying or resting on something. 2. That which is physically incumbent; that which lies as a burden; a weight. Evelyn. 3. That which is morally incumbent, or is imposed, as a rule, a duty, obligation, or responsibility. "The incumbencies of a family." Donne. 4. The state of holding a benefice; the full possession and exercise of any office. These fines are only to be paid to the bishop during his incumbency. Swift. INCUMBENT In*cum"bent, a. Etym: [L. incumbens, -entis, p. pr. of incumbere to lie down upon, press upon; pref. in- in, on + cumbere (in comp.); akin to cubare to lie down. See Incubate.] 1. Lying; resting; reclining; recumbent; superimposed; superincumbent. Two incumbent figures, gracefully leaning upon it. Sir H. Wotton. To move the incumbent load they try. Addison. 2. Lying, resting, or imposed, as a duty or obligation; obligatory; always with on or upon. All men, truly zealous, will perform those good works that are incumbent on all Christians. Sprat. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Leaning or resting; -- said of anthers when lying on the inner side of the filament, or of cotyledons when the radicle lies against the back of one of them. Gray. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Bent downwards so that the ends touch, or rest on, something else; as, the incumbent toe of a bird. INCUMBENT In*cum"bent, n. Defn: A person who is in present possession of a benefice or of any office. The incumbent lieth at the mercy of his patron. Swift. INCUMBENTLY In*cum"bent*ly, adv. Defn: In an incumbent manner; so as to be incumbent. INCUMBER In*cum"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incumbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Incumbering.] Defn: See Encumber. INCUMBITION In`cum*bi"tion, n. Defn: Incubation. [R.] Sterne. INCUMBRANCE In*cum"brance, n. Etym: [See Encumbrance.] [Written also encumbrance.] 1. A burdensome and troublesome load; anything that impedes motion or action, or renders it difficult or laborious; clog; impediment; hindrance; check. Cowper. 2. (Law) Defn: A burden or charge upon property; a claim or lien upon an estate, which may diminish its value. INCUMBRANCER In*cum"bran*cer, n. (Law) Defn: One who holds Kent. INCUMBROUS In*cum"brous, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. encombros.] Defn: Cumbersome; troublesome. [Written also encombrous.] [Obs.] Chaucer. INCUNABULUM In`cu*nab"u*lum, n.; pl. Incunabula. Etym: [L. incunabula cradle, birthplace, origin. See 1st In-, and Cunabula.] Defn: A work of art or of human industry, of an early epoch; especially, a book printed before A. D. 1500. INCUR In*cur", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incurred; p. pr. & vb. n. Incurring.] Etym: [L. incurrere to run into or toward; pref. in- in + currere to run. See Current.] 1. To meet or fall in with, as something inconvenient, harmful, or onerous; to put one's self in the way of; to expose one's self to; to become liable or subject to; to bring down upon one's self; to encounter; to contract; as, to incur debt, danger, displeasure I know not what I shall incur to passShak. 2. To render liable or subject to; to occasion. [Obs.] Lest you incur me much more damage in my fame than you have done me pleasure in preserving my life. Chapman. INCUR In*cur", v. i. Defn: To pass; to enter. [Obs.] Light is discerned by itself because by itself it incurs into the eye. South. INCURABILITY In*cur`a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. incurabilité incurability, LL. incurabilitas negligence.] Defn: The state of being uncurable; irremediableness. Harvey. INCURABLE In*cur"a*ble, a. Etym: [F. incurable, L. incurabilis. See In- not, and Curable.] 1. Not capable of being cured; beyond the power of skill or medicine to remedy; as, an incurable disease. A scirrh is not absolutely incurable. Arbuthnot. 2. Not admitting or capable of remedy or correction; irremediable; remediless; as, incurable evils. Rancorous and incurable hostility. Burke. They were laboring under a profound, and, as it might have seemed, an almost incurable ignorance. Sir J. Stephen. Syn. -- Irremediable; remediless; irrecoverable; irretrievable; irreparable; hopeless. INCURABLE In*cur"a*ble, n. Defn: A person diseased beyond cure. INCURABLENESS In*cur"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state of being incurable; incurability. Boyle. INCURABLY In*cur"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner that renders cure impracticable or impossible; irremediably. "Incurably diseased." Bp. Hall. "Incurably wicked." Blair. INCURIOSITY In*cu`ri*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. incuriositas: cf. F. incurosité.] Defn: Want of curiosity or interest; inattentiveness; indifference. Sir H. Wotton. INCURIOUS In*cu"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. incuriosus: cf. F. incurieux. See In- not, and Curious.] Defn: Not curious or inquisitive; without care for or interest in; inattentive; careless; negligent; heedless. Carelessnesses and incurious deportments toward their children. Jer. Taylor. INCURIOUSLY In*cu"ri*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In an curious manner. INCURIOUSNESS In*cu"ri*ous*ness, n. Defn: Unconcernedness; incuriosity. Sordid incuriousness and slovenly neglect. Bp. Hall. INCURRENCE In*cur"rence, n. Etym: [See Incur.] Defn: The act of incurring, bringing on, or subjecting one's self to (something troublesome or burdensome); as, the incurrence of guilt, debt, responsibility, etc. INCURRENT In*cur"rent, a. Etym: [L. incurrens, p. pr. incurere, incursum, to run in; in- + currere to run.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Characterized by a current which flows inward; as, the incurrent orifice of lamellibranch Mollusca. INCURSION In*cur"sion, n. Etym: [L. incursio: cf. F. incursion. See Incur.] 1. A running into; hence, an entering into a territory with hostile intention; a temporary invasion; a predatory or harassing inroad; a raid. The Scythian, whose incursions wild Have wasted Sogdiana. Milton. The incursions of the Goths disordered the affairs of the Roman Empire. Arbuthnot. 2. Attack; occurrence. [Obs.] Sins of daily incursion. South. Syn. -- Invasion; inroad; raid; foray; sally; attack; onset; irruption. See Invasion. INCURSIVE In*cur"sive, a. Defn: Making an incursion; invasive; aggressive; hostile. INCURTAIN In*cur"tain, v. t. Defn: To curtain. [Obs.] INCURVATE In*cur"vate, a. Etym: [L. incurvatus, p. p. of incurvare to crook; pref. in- in + curvus bent. See Curve, and cf. Incurve.] Defn: Curved; bent; crooked. Derham. INCURVATE In*cur"vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incurvated; p. pr. & vb. n. Incurvating.] Defn: To turn from a straight line or course; to bend; to crook. Cheyne. INCURVATION In`cur*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. incurvatio: cf. F. incurvation.] 1. The act of bending, or curving. 2. The state of being bent or curved; curvature. An incurvation of the rays. Derham. 3. The act of bowing, or bending the body, in respect or reverence. "The incurvations of the knee." Bp. Hall. INCURVE In*curve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incurved; p. pr. & vb. n. Incurving.] Etym: [See Incurvate.] Defn: To bend; to curve; to make crooked. INCURVED In*curved", a. Etym: [Pref. in- in + curved.] (Bot.) Defn: Bending gradually toward the axis or center, as branches or petals. INCURVITY In*cur"vi*ty, n. Etym: [From L. incurvus bent. See Incurvate.] Defn: A state of being bent or curved; incurvation; a bending inwards. Sir T. Browne. INCUS In"cus, n. Etym: [L., anvil.] 1. An anvil. 2. (Anat.) Defn: One of the small bones in the tympanum of the ear; the anvil bone. See Ear. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The central portion of the armature of the pharynx in the Rotifera. INCUSE In*cuse", a. Etym: [See Incuse, v. t.] (Numismatics) Defn: Cut or stamped in, or hollowed out by engraving. "Irregular incuse square." Dr. W. Smith. INCUSE; INCUSS In*cuse", In*cuss", v. t. Etym: [L. incussus, p. p. of incutere to strike. See 1st In-, and Concuss.] Defn: To form, or mold, by striking or stamping, as a coin or medal. INCUTE In*cute", v. t. Etym: [See Incuse.] Defn: To strike or stamp in. [Obs.] Becon. INCYST In*cyst", v. t. Defn: See Encyst. INCYSTED In*cyst"ed, a. Defn: See Encysted. IND Ind, n. Defn: India. [Poetical] Shak. Milton. INDAGATE In"da*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. indagatus, p. p. of indagare to seek.] Defn: To seek or search out. [Obs.] INDAGATION In`da*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. indagatio: cf. F. indagation.] Defn: Search; inquiry; investigation. [Obs.] INDAGATIVE In"da*ga*tive, a. Defn: Searching; exploring; investigating. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. INDAGATOR In"da*ga`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A searcher; an explorer; an investigator. [Obs.] Searched into by such skillful indagators of nature. Boyle. INDAMAGE In*dam"age (; 48), v. t. Defn: See Endamage. [R.] INDAMAGED In*dam"aged, a. Defn: Not damaged. [Obs.] Milton. INDART In*dart", v. t. Defn: To pierce, as with a dart. INDAZOL In"da*zol, n. Etym: [Indol + azote.] (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous compound, C7H6N2, analogous to indol, and produced from a diazo derivative or cinnamic acid. INDE Inde, a. Defn: Azure-colored; of a bright blue color. [Obs.] Rom. of R. INDEAR In*dear", v. t. Defn: See Endear. INDEBT In*debt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indebted; p. pr. & vb. n. Indebting.] Etym: [OE. endetten, F. endetter; pref. en- (L. in) + F. dette debt. See Debt.] Defn: To bring into debt; to place under obligation; -- chiefly used in the participle indebted. Thy fortune hath indebted thee to none. Daniel. INDEBTED In*debt"ed, a. 1. Brought into debt; being under obligation; held to payment or requital; beholden. By owing, owes not, but still pays, at once Indebted and discharged. Milton. 2. Placed under obligation for something received, for which restitution or gratitude is due; as, we are indebted to our parents for their care of us in infancy; indebted to friends for help and encouragement. Cowper. INDEBTEDNESS In*debt"ed*ness, n. 1. The state of being indebted. 2. The sum owed; debts, collectively. INDEBTMENT In*debt"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. endettement.] Defn: Indebtedness. [R.] Bp. Hall. INDECENCE In*de"cence, n. Defn: See Indecency. [Obs.] "An indecence of barbarity." Bp. Burnet. INDECENCY In*de"cen*cy, n.; pl. Indecencies. Etym: [L. indecentia unseemliness: cf. F. indécence.] 1. The quality or state of being indecent; want of decency, modesty, or good manners; obscenity. 2. That which is indecent; an indecent word or act; an offense against delicacy. They who, by speech or writing, present to the ear or the eye of modesty any of the indecencies I allude to, are pests of society. Beattie. Syn. -- Indelicacy; indecorum; immodesty; impurity; obscenity. See Indecorum. INDECENT In*de"cent, a. Etym: [L. indecens unseemly, unbecoming: cf. F. indécent. See In- not, and Decent.] Defn: Not decent; unfit to be seen or heard; offensive to modesty and delicacy; as, indecent language. Cowper. Syn. -- Unbecoming; indecorous; indelicate; unseemly; immodest; gross; shameful; impure; improper; obscene; filthy. INDECENTLY In*de"cent*ly, adv. Defn: In an indecent manner. INDECIDUATE In`de*cid"u*ate, a. 1. Indeciduous. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Having no decidua; nondeciduate. INDECIDUOUS In`de*cid"u*ous, a. Defn: Not deciduous or falling, as the leaves of trees in autumn; lasting; evergreen; persistent; permanent; perennial. The indeciduous and unshaven locks of Apollo. Sir T. Browne. INDECIMABLE In*dec"i*ma*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + LL. decimare to tithe: cf. F. indécimable. See Decimate.] Defn: Not decimable, or liable to be decimated; not liable to the payment of tithes. Cowell. INDECIPHERABLE In`de*ci"pher*a*ble, a. Defn: Not decipherable; incapable of being deciphered, explained, or solved. -- In`de*ci"pher*a*bly, adv. INDECISION In`de*ci"sion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + decision: cf. F. indécision.] Defn: Want of decision; want of settled purpose, or of firmness; indetermination; wavering of mind; irresolution; vacillation; hesitation. The term indecision . . . implies an idea very nicely different from irresolution; yet it has a tendency to produce it. Shenstone. Indecision . . . is the natural accomplice of violence. Burke. INDECISIVE In`de*ci"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. indécisif.] 1. Not decisive; not bringing to a final or ultimate issue; as, an indecisive battle, argument, answer. The campaign had everywhere been indecisive. Macaulay. 2. Undetermined; prone to indecision; irresolute; unsettled; wavering; vacillating; hesitating; as, an indecisive state of mind; an indecisive character. INDECISIVELY In`de*ci"sive*ly, adv. Defn: Without decision. INDECISIVENESS In`de*ci"sive*ness, n. Defn: The state of being indecisive; unsettled state. INDECLINABLE In`de*clin"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. indeclinabilis: cf. F. indéclinable. See In- not, and Decline.] (Gram.) Defn: Not declinable; not varied by inflective terminations; as, nihil (nothing), in Latin, is an indeclinable noun. -- n. Defn: An indeclinable word. INDECLINABLY In`de*clin"a*bly, adv. 1. Without variation. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Without variation of termination. INDECOMPOSABLE In*de`com*pos"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + decomposable: cf. F. indécomposable.] Defn: Not decomposable; incapable or difficult of decomposition; not resolvable into its constituents or elements. INDECOMPOSABLENESS In*de`com*pos"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Incapableness of decomposition; stability; permanence; durability. INDECOROUS In`de*co"rous, a. Etym: [L. indecorous. See In- not, and Decorous.] Defn: Not decorous; violating good manners; contrary to good breeding or etiquette; unbecoming; improper; out of place; as, indecorous conduct. It was useless and indecorous to attempt anything more by mere struggle. Burke. Syn. -- Unbecoming; unseemly; unbefitting; rude; coarse; impolite; uncivil; ill-bred. INDECOROUSLY In`de*co"rous*ly, adv. Defn: In an indecorous manner. INDECOROUSNESS In`de*co"rous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being indecorous; want of decorum. INDECORUM In`de*co"rum, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + decorum: cf. L. indecorous unbecoming.] 1. Want of decorum; impropriety of behavior; that in behavior or manners which violates the established rules of civility, custom, or etiquette; indecorousness. 2. An indecorous or becoming action. Young. Syn. -- Indecorum is sometimes synonymous with indecency; but indecency, more frequently than indecorum, is applied to words or actions which refer to what nature and propriety require to be concealed or suppressed. Indecency is the stronger word; indecorum refers to any transgression of etiquette or civility, especially in public. INDEED In*deed", adv. Etym: [Prep. in + deed.] Defn: In reality; in truth; in fact; verily; truly; -- used in a variety of sense. Esp.: (a) Denoting emphasis; as, indeed it is so. (b) Denoting concession or admission; as, indeed, you are right. (c) Denoting surprise; as, indeed, is it you Its meaning is not intrinsic or fixed, but depends largely on the form of expression which it accompanies. The carnal mind is enmity against God; for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be. Rom. viii. 7. I were a beast indeed to do you wrong. Dryden. There is, indeed, no great pleasure in visiting these magazines of war. Addison. INDEFATIGABILITY In`de*fat`i*ga*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being indefatigable. INDEFATIGABLE In`de*fat"i*ga*ble, a. Etym: [L. indefatigabilis: cf. OF. indefatigable. See In- not, and Defatigable, and cf. Infatigable.] Defn: Incapable of being fatigued; not readily exhausted; unremitting in labor or effort; untiring; unwearying; not yielding to fatigue; as, indefatigable exertions, perseverance, application. "A constant, indefatigable attendance." South. Upborne with indefatigable wings. Milton. Syn. -- Unwearied; untiring; persevering; persistent. INDEFATIGABLENESS In`de*fat"i*ga*ble*ness, n. Defn: Indefatigable quality; unweariedness; persistency. Parnell. INDEFATIGABLY In`de*fat"i*ga*bly, adv. Defn: Without weariness; without yielding to fatigue; persistently. Dryden. INDEFATIGATION In`de*fat`i*ga"tion, n. Defn: Indefatigableness; unweariedness. [Obs.] J. Gregory. INDEFEASIBILITY In`de*fea`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being undefeasible. INDEFEASIBLE In`de*fea`si*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + defeasible: cf. OF. indefaisable.] Defn: Not to be defeated; not defeasible; incapable of being annulled or made void; as, an indefeasible or title. That the king had a divine and an indefeasible right to the regal power. Macaulay. INDEFECTIBILITY In`de*fect`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. indéfectibilité.] Defn: The quality of being indefectible. Barrow. INDEFECTIBLE In`de*fect"i*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + defectible: cf. F. indéfectible.] Defn: Not defectible; unfailing; not liable to defect, failure, or decay. An indefectible treasure in the heavens. Barrow. A state of indefectible virtue and happiness. S. Clarke. INDEFECTIVE In`de*fect"ive, a. Defn: Not defective; perfect; complete. "Absolute, indefective obedience." South. INDEFEISIBLE In`de*fei"si*ble, a. Defn: Indefeasible. [Obs.] INDEFENSIBILITY In`de*fen`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of not being defensible. Walsh. INDEFENSIBLE In`de*fen"si*ble, Etym: [Pref. in- not + defensible: cf. OF. indefensible, indefensable.] Defn: Not defensible; not capable of being defended, maintained, vindicated, or justified; unjustifiable; untenable; as, an indefensible fortress, position, cause, etc. Men find that something can be said in favor of what, on the very proposal, they thought utterly indefensible. Burke. INDEFENSIBLY In`de*fen"si*bly, adv. Defn: In an indefensible manner. INDEFENSIVE In`de*fen"sive, a. Defn: Defenseless. [Obs.] The sword awes the indefensive villager. Sir T. Herbert. INDEFICIENCY In`de*fi"cien*cy, n. Defn: The state or quality of not being deficient. [Obs.] Strype. INDEFICIENT In`de*fi"cient, a. Etym: [L. indeficiens. See In- not, and Deficient.] Defn: Not deficient; full. [Obs.] Brighter than the sun, and indeficient as the light of heaven. Jer. Taylor. INDEFINABLE In`de*fin"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being defined or described; inexplicable. Bp. Reynolds. INDEFINABLY In`de*fin"a*bly, adv. Defn: In an indefinable manner. INDEFINITE In*def"i*nite, a. Etym: [L. indefinitus. See In- not, and Definite.] 1. Not definite; not limited, defined, or specified; not explicit; not determined or fixed upon; not precise; uncertain; vague; confused; obscure; as, an indefinite time, plan, etc. It were to be wished that . . . men would leave off that indefinite way of vouching, "the chymists say this," or "the chymists affirm that." Boyle. The time of this last is left indefinite. Dryden. 2. Having no determined or certain limits; large and unmeasured, though not infinite; unlimited; as indefinite space; the indefinite extension of a straight line. Though it is not infinite, it may be indefinite; though it is not boundless in itself, it may be so to human comprehension. Spectator. 3. Boundless; infinite. [R.] Indefinite and omnipresent God, Inhabiting eternity. W. Thompson (1745). 4. (Bot.) Defn: Too numerous or variable to make a particular enumeration important; -- said of the parts of a flower, and the like. Also, indeterminate. Indefinite article (Gram.), the word a or an, used with nouns to denote any one of a common or general class. -- Indefinite inflorescence. (Bot.) See Indeterminate inflorescence, under Indeterminate. -- Indefinite proposition (Logic), a statement whose subject is a common term, with nothing to indicate distribution or nondistribution; as, Man is mortal. -- Indefinite term (Logic), a negative term; as, the not-good. Syn. -- Inexplicit; vague; uncertain; unsettled; indeterminate; loose; equivocal; inexact; approximate. INDEFINITELY In*def"i*nite*ly, adv. Defn: In an indefinite manner or degree; without any settled limitation; vaguely; not with certainty or exactness; as, to use a word indefinitely. If the world be indefinitely extended, that is, so far as no human intellect can fancy any bound of it. Ray. INDEFINITENESS In*def"i*nite*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being indefinite. INDEFINITUDE In`de*fin"i*tude, n. Defn: Indefiniteness; vagueness; also, number or quantity not limited by our understanding, though yet finite. [Obs.] Sir M . Hale. INDEHISCENCE In`de*his"cence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. indéhiscence.] (Bot.) Defn: The property or state of being indehiscent. INDEHISCENT In`de*his"cent, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + dehiscent: cf. F. indéhiscent.] (Bot.) Defn: Remaining closed at maturity, or not opening along regular lines, as the acorn, or a cocoanut. INDELECTABLE In`de*lec"ta*ble, a. Defn: Not delectable; unpleasant; disagreeable. [R.] Richardson. INDELIBERATE In`de*lib"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. indeliberatus. See In- not, and Deliberate.] Defn: Done without deliberation; unpremeditated. [Obs.] -- In`de*lib"er*ate*ly, adv. [Obs.] INDELIBERATED In`de*lib"er*a`ted, a. Defn: Indeliberate. [Obs.] INDELIBILITY In*del`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. indélébilité.] Defn: The quality of being indelible. Bp. Horsley. INDELIBLE In*del"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. indelebilis; pref.in- not + delebilis capable of being destroyed: cf. F. indélébile. See In- not, and Deleble.] [Formerly written also indeleble, which accords with the etymology of the word.] 1. That can not be removed, washed away, blotted out, or effaced; incapable of being canceled, lost, or forgotten; as, indelible characters; an indelible stain; an indelible impression on the memory. 2. That can not be annulled; indestructible. [R.] They are endued with indelible power from above. Sprat. Indelible colors, fast colors which do not fade or tarnish by exposure. -- Indelible ink, an ink obliterated by washing; esp., a solution of silver nitrate. Syn. -- Fixed; fast; permanent; ineffaceable. -- In*del"i*ble*ness, n. -- In*del"i*bly, adv. Indelibly stamped and impressed. J. Ellis. INDELICACY In*del"i*ca*cy, n.; pl. Indelicacies. Etym: [From Indelicate.] Defn: The quality of being indelicate; want of delicacy, or of a nice sense of, or regard for, purity, propriety, or refinement in manners, language, etc.; rudeness; coarseness; also, that which is offensive to refined taste or purity of mind. The indelicacy of English comedy. Blair. Your papers would be chargeable with worse than indelicacy; they would be immoral. Addison. INDELICATE In*del"i*cate, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + delicate: cf. F. indélicat.] Defn: Not delicate; wanting delicacy; offensive to good manners, or to purity of mind; coarse; rude; as, an indelicate word or suggestion; indelicate behavior. Macaulay. -- In*del"i*cate*ly, adv. Syn. -- Indecorous; unbecoming; unseemly; rude; coarse; broad; impolite; gross; indecent; offensive; improper; unchaste; impure; unrefined. INDEMNIFICATION In*dem`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. 1. The act or process of indemnifying, preserving, or securing against loss, damage, or penalty; reimbursement of loss, damage, or penalty; the state of being indemnified. Indemnification is capable of some estimate; dignity has no standard. Burke. 2. That which indemnifies. No reward with the name of an indemnification. De Quincey. INDEMNIFY In*dem"ni*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indemnified; p. pr. & vb. n. Indemnifying.] Etym: [L. indemnis unhurt (in- not + damnum hurt, damage) + -fy. Cf. Damn, Damnify.] 1. To save harmless; to secure against loss or damage; to insure. The states must at last engage to the merchants here that they will indemnify them from all that shall fall out. Sir W. Temple. 2. To make restitution or compensation for, as for that which is lost; to make whole; to reimburse; to compensate. Beattie. INDEMNITY In*dem"ni*ty, n.; pl. Indemnities. Etym: [L. indemnitas, fr. indemnis uninjured: cf. F. indemnité. See Indemnify.] 1. Security; insurance; exemption from loss or damage, past or to come; immunity from penalty, or the punishment of past offenses; amnesty. Having first obtained a promise of indemnity for the riot they had committed. Sir W. Scott. 2. Indemnification, compensation, or remuneration for loss, damage, or injury sustained. They were told to expect, upon the fall of Walpole, a large and lucrative indemnity for their pretended wrongs. Ld. Mahon. Note: Insurance is a contract of indemnity. Arnould. The owner of private property taken for public use is entitled to compensation or indemnity. Kent. Act of indemnity (Law), an act or law passed in order to relieve persons, especially in an official station, from some penalty to which they are liable in consequence of acting illegally, or, in case of ministers, in consequence of exceeding the limits of their strict constitutional powers. These acts also sometimes provide compensation for losses or damage, either incurred in the service of the government, or resulting from some public measure. INDEMONSTRABILITY In`de*mon`stra*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being indemonstrable. INDEMONSTRABLE In`de*mon"stra*ble, a. Etym: [L. indemonstrabilis. See In- not, and Demonstrable.] Defn: Incapable of being demonstrated. -- In`de*mon"stra*ble*ness, n. INDENIZATION In*den`i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of naturalizing; endenization. [R.] Evelyn. INDENIZE In*den"ize, v. t. Defn: To naturalize. [R.] INDENIZEN In*den"i*zen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indenizened; p. pr. & vb. n. Indenizening.] Defn: To invest with the privileges of a denizen; to naturalize. [R.] Words indenizened, and commonly used as English. B. Jonson. INDENT In*dent", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indented; p. pr. & vb. n. Indenting.] Etym: [OE. endenten to notch, fit in, OF. endenter, LL. indentare, fr. L. in + dens, dentis, tooth. See Tooth, and cf. Indenture.] 1. To notch; to jag; to cut into points like a row of teeth; as, to indent the edge of paper. 2. To dent; to stamp or to press in; to impress; as, indent a smooth surface with a hammer; to indent wax with a stamp. 3. Etym: [Cf. Indenture.] Defn: To bind out by indenture or contract; to indenture; to apprentice; as, to indent a young man to a shoemaker; to indent a servant. 4. (Print.) Defn: To begin (a line or lines) at a greater or less distance from the margin; as, to indent the first line of a paragraph one em; to indent the second paragraph two ems more than the first. See Indentation, and Indention. 5. (Mil.) Defn: To make an order upon; to draw upon, as for military stores. [India] Wilhelm. INDENT In*dent", v. i. 1. To be cut, notched, or dented. 2. To crook or turn; to wind in and out; to zigzag. 3. To contract; to bargain or covenant. Shak. To indent and drive bargains with the Almighty. South. INDENT In*dent", n. 1. A cut or notch in the man gin of anything, or a recess like a notch. Shak. 2. A stamp; an impression. [Obs.] 3. A certificate, or intended certificate, issued by the government of the United States at the close of the Revolution, for the principal or interest of the public debt. D. Ramsay. A. Hamilton. 4. (Mil.) Defn: A requisition or order for supplies, sent to the commissariat of an army. [India] Wilhelm. INDENTATION In`den*ta"tion, n. 1. The act of indenting or state of being indented. 2. A notch or recess, in the margin or border of anything; as, the indentations of a leaf, of the coast, etc. 3. A recess or sharp depression in any surface. 4. (Print.) (a) The act of beginning a line or series of lines at a little distance within the flush line of the column or page, as in the common way of beginning the first line of a paragraph. (b) The measure of the distance; as, an indentation of one em, or of two ems. Hanging, or Reverse, indentation, indentation of all the lines of a paragraph except the first, which is a full line. INDENTED In*dent"ed, a. 1. Cut in the edge into points or inequalities, like teeth; jagged; notched; stamped in; dented on the surface. 2. Having an uneven, irregular border; sinuous; undulating. Milton. Shak. 3. (Her.) Defn: Notched like the part of a saw consisting of the teeth; serrated; as, an indented border or ordinary. 4. Bound out by an indenture; apprenticed; indentured; as, an indented servant. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: Notched along the margin with a different color, as the feathers of some birds. Indented line (Fort.), a line with alternate long and short faces, with salient and receding angles, each face giving a flanking fire along the front of the next. INDENTEDLY In*dent"ed*ly, adv. Defn: With indentations. INDENTING In*dent"ing, n. Defn: Indentation; an impression like that made by a tooth. INDENTION In*den"tion, n. (Print.) Defn: Same as Indentation, 4. INDENTMENT In*dent"ment, n. Defn: Indenture. [Obs.] INDENTURE In*den"ture, n. Etym: [OE. endenture, OF. endenture, LL. indentura a deed in duplicate, with indented edges. See the Note below. See Indent.] 1. The act of indenting, or state of being indented. 2. (Law) Defn: A mutual agreement in writing between two or more parties, whereof each party has usually a counterpart or duplicate; sometimes in the pl., a short form for indentures of apprenticeship, the contract by which a youth is bound apprentice to a master. The law is the best expositor of the gospel; they are like a pair of indentures: they answer in every part. C. Leslie. Note: Indentures were originally duplicates, laid together and intended by a notched cut or line, or else written on the same piece of parchment and separated by a notched line so that the two papers or parchments corresponded to each other. But indenting has gradually become a mere form, and is often neglected, while the writings or counterparts retain the name of indentures. INDENTURE In*den"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indentured; p. pr. & vb. n. Indenturing.] 1. To indent; to make hollows, notches, or wrinkles in; to furrow. Though age may creep on, and indenture the brow. Woty. 2. To bind by indentures or written contract; as, to indenture an apprentice. INDENTURE In*den"ture, v. i. Defn: To run or wind in and out; to be cut or notched; to indent. Heywood. INDEPENDENCE In`de*pend"ence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. indépendance.] 1. The state or quality of being independent; freedom from dependence; exemption from reliance on, or control by, others; self- subsistence or maintenance; direction of one's own affairs without interference. Let fortune do her worst, . . . as long as she never makes us lose our honesty and our independence. Pope. 2. Sufficient means for a comfortable livelihood. Declaration of Independence (Amer. Hist.), the declaration of the Congress of the Thirteen United States of America, on the 4th of July, 1776, by which they formally declared that these colonies were free and independent States, not subject to the government of Great Britain. INDEPENDENCE DAY In`de*pend"ence Day. Defn: In the United States, a holiday, the 4th of July, commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on that day in 1776. INDEPENDENCY In`de*pend"en*cy, n. 1. Independence. "Give me," I cried (enough for me), "My bread, and independency!" Pope. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: Doctrine and polity of the Independents. INDEPENDENT In`de*pend"ent, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + dependent: cf. F. indépendant.] 1. Not dependent; free; not subject to control by others; not relying on others; not subordinate; as, few men are wholly independent. A dry, but independent crust. Cowper. 2. Affording a comfortable livelihood; as, an independent property. 3. Not subject to bias or influence; not obsequious; self-directing; as, a man of an independent mind. 4. Expressing or indicating the feeling of independence; free; easy; bold; unconstrained; as, an independent air or manner. 5. Separate from; exclusive; irrespective. That obligation in general, under which we conceive ourselves bound to obey a law, independent of those resources which the law provides for its own enforcement. R. P. Ward. 6. (Eccl.) Defn: Belonging or pertaining to, or holding to the doctrines or methods of, the Independents. 7. (Math.) Defn: Not dependent upon another quantity in respect to value or rate of variation; -- said of quantities or functions. 8. (U. S. Politics) Defn: Not bound by party; exercising a free choice in voting with either or any party. Independent company (Mil.), one not incorporated in any regiment. -- Independent seconds watch, a stop watch having a second hand driven by a separate set of wheels, springs, etc., for timing to a fraction of a second. -- Independent variable. (Math.) See Dependent variable, under Dependent. Syn. -- Free; uncontrolled; separate; uncoerced; self-reliant; bold; unconstrained; unrestricted. INDEPENDENT In`de*pend"ent, n. 1. (Eccl.) Defn: One who believes that an organized Christian church is complete in itself, competent to self-government, and independent of all ecclesiastical authority. Note: In England the name is often applied (commonly in the pl.) to the Congregationalists. 2. (Politics) Defn: One who does not acknowledge an obligation to support a party's candidate under all circumstances; one who exercises liberty in voting. INDEPENDENTISM In`de*pend"ent*ism, n. Defn: Independency; the church system of Independents. Bp. Gauden. INDEPENDENTLY In`de*pend"ent*ly, adv. Defn: In an independent manner; without control. INDEPOSABLE In`de*pos"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being deposed. [R.] Princes indeposable by the pope. Bp. Stillingfleet. INDEPRAVATE In*dep"ra*vate, a. Etym: [L. indepravatus.] Defn: Undepraved. [R.] Davies (Holy Roode). INDEPRECABLE In*dep"re*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. indeprecabilis. See In- not, and Deprecate.] Defn: Incapable or undeserving of being deprecated. Cockeram. INDEPREHENSIBLE In*dep`re*hen"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. indeprehensibilis. See In- not, and Deprehensible.] Defn: Incapable of being found out. Bp. Morton. INDEPRIVABLE In`de*priv"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being deprived, or of being taken away. INDESCRIBABLE In`de*scrib"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being described. -- In`de*scrib"a*bly, adv. INDESCRIPTIVE In`de*scrip"tive, a. Defn: Not descriptive. INDESERT In`de*sert", n. Defn: Ill desert. [R.] Addison. INDESINENT In*des"i*nent, a. Etym: [L. indesinens. See In- not, and Desinent.] Defn: Not ceasing; perpetual. [Obs.] Baxter. -- In*des"i*nent*ly, adv. [Obs.] Ray. INDESIRABLE In`de*sir"a*ble, a. Defn: Undesirable. INDESTRUCTIBILITY In`de*struc`ti*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. indestructibilité.] Defn: The quality of being indestructible. INDESTRUCTIBLE In`de*struc"ti*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + destructible: cf. F. indestructible.] Defn: Not destructible; incapable of decomposition or of being destroyed. -- In`de*struc"ti*ble*ness, n. -- In`de*struc"ti*bly, adv. INDETERMINABLE In`de*ter"mi*na*ble, a. Etym: [L. indeterminabilis: cf. F. indéterminable. See In- not, and Determine.] Defn: Not determinable; impossible to be determined; not to be definitely known, ascertained, defined, or limited. -- In`de*ter"mi*na*bly, adv. INDETERMINABLE In`de*ter"mi*na*ble, n. Defn: An indeterminable thing or quantity. Sir T. Browne. INDETERMINATE In`de*ter"mi*nate, a. Etym: [L. indeterminatus.] Defn: Not determinate; not certain or fixed; indefinite; not precise; as, an indeterminate number of years. Paley. Indeterminate analysis (Math.), that branch of analysis which has for its object the solution of indeterminate problems. -- Indeterminate coefficients (Math.), coefficients arbitrarily assumed for convenience of calculation, or to facilitate some artifice of analysis. Their values are subsequently determined. -- Indeterminate equation (Math.), an equation in which the unknown quantities admit of an infinite number of values, or sets of values. A group of equations is indeterminate when it contains more unknown quantities than there are equations. -- Indeterminate inflorescence (Bot.), a mode of inflorescence in which the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the terminal bud going on to grow and sometimes continuing the stem indefinitely; -- called also acropetal, botryose, centripetal, and indefinite inflorescence. Gray. -- Indeterminate problem (Math.), a problem which admits of an infinite number of solutions, or one in which there are fewer imposed conditions than there are unknown or required results. -- Indeterminate quantity (Math.), a quantity which has no fixed value, but which may be varied in accordance with any proposed condition. -- Indeterminate series (Math.), a series whose terms proceed by the powers of an indeterminate quantity, sometimes also with indeterminate exponents, or indeterminate coefficients. -- In`de*ter"mi*nate*ly adv. -- In`de*ter"mi*nate*ness, n. INDETERMINATION In`de*ter`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + determination: cf. indétermination.] 1. Want of determination; an unsettled or wavering state, as of the mind. Jer. Taylor. 2. Want of fixed or stated direction. Abp. Bramhall. INDETERMINED In`de*ter"mined, a. Defn: Undetermined. INDEVIRGINATE In`de*vir"gin*ate, a. Etym: [See In- not, Devirginate.] Defn: Not devirginate. [Obs.] Chapman. INDEVOTE In*de*vote", a. Etym: [L. indevotus: cf. F. indévot. Cf. Indevout.] Defn: Not devoted. [Obs.] Bentley. Clarendon. INDEVOTION In`de*vo"tion, n. Etym: [L. indevotio: cf. F. indévotion.] Defn: Want of devotion; impiety; irreligion. "An age of indevotion." Jer. Taylor. INDEVOUT In*de*vout", a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + devout. Cf. Indevote.] Defn: Not devout. -- In*de*vout"ly, adv. INDEW In*dew", v. t. Defn: To indue. [Obs.] Spenser. INDEX In"dex, n.; pl. E. Indexes, L. Indices(. Etym: [L.: cf. F. index. See Indicate, Diction.] 1. That which points out; that which shows, indicates, manifests, or discloses. Tastes are the indexes of the different qualities of plants. Arbuthnot. 2. That which guides, points out, informs, or directs; a pointer or a hand that directs to anything, as the hand of a watch, a movable finger on a gauge, scale, or other graduated instrument. In printing, a sign [*] used to direct particular attention to a note or paragraph; -- called also fist. 3. A table for facilitating reference to topics, names, and the like, in a book; -- usually alphabetical in arrangement, and printed at the end of the volume. 4. A prologue indicating what follows. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Anat.) Defn: The second digit, that next pollex, in the manus, or hand; the forefinger; index finger. 6. (Math.) Defn: The figure or letter which shows the power or root of a quantity; the exponent. [In this sense the plural is always indices.] Index error, the error in the reading of a mathematical instrument arising from the zero of the index not being in complete adjustment with that of the limb, or with its theoretically perfect position in the instrument; a correction to be applied to the instrument readings equal to the error of the zero adjustment. -- Index expurgatorius. Etym: [L.] See Index prohibitorius (below). -- Index finger. See Index, 5. -- Index glass, the mirror on the index of a quadrant, sextant, etc. -- Index hand, the pointer or hand of a clock, watch, or other registering machine; a hand that points to something. -- Index of a logarithm (Math.), the integral part of the logarithm, and always one less than the number of integral figures in the given number. It is also called the characteristic. -- Index of refraction, or Refractive index (Opt.), the number which expresses the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction. Thus the index of refraction for sulphur is 2, because, when light passes out of air into sulphur, the sine of the angle of incidence is double the sine of the angle of refraction. -- Index plate, a graduated circular plate, or one with circular rows of holes differently spaced; used in machines for graduating circles, cutting gear teeth, etc. -- Index prohibitorius Etym: [L.], or Prohibitory index (R. C. Ch.), a catalogue of books which are forbidden by the church to be read; the index expurgatorius Etym: [L.], or expurgatory index, is a catalogue of books from which passages marked as against faith or morals must be removed before Catholics can read them. These catalogues are published with additions, from time to time, by the Congregation of the Index, composed of cardinals, theologians, etc., under the sanction of the pope. Hook. -- Index rerum Etym: [L.], a tabulated and alphabetized notebook, for systematic preservation of items, quotations, etc. INDEX In"dex, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indexed; p. pr. & vb. n. Indexing.] Defn: To provide with an index or table of references; to put into an index; as, to index a book, or its contents. INDEXER In"dex*er, n. Defn: One who makes an index. INDEXICAL In*dex"ic*al, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, an index; having the form of an index. INDEXICALLY In*dex"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of an index. INDEXTERITY In`dex*ter"i*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + dexterity: cf. F. indextérité.] Defn: Want of dexterity or readiness, especially in the use of the hands; clumsiness; awkwardness. Harvey. INDIA In"di*a, n. Etym: [See Indian.] Defn: A country in Southern Asia; the two peninsulas of Hither and Farther India; in a restricted sense, Hither India, or Hindostan. India ink, a nearly black pigment brought chiefly from China, used for water colors. It is in rolls, or in square, and consists of lampblack or ivory black and animal glue. Called also China ink. The true India ink is sepia. See Sepia. -- India matting, floor matting made in China, India, etc., from grass and reeds; -- also called Canton, or China, matting. -- India paper, a variety of Chinese paper, of smooth but not glossy surface, used for printing from engravings, woodcuts, etc. -- India proof (Engraving), a proof impression from an engraved plate, taken on India paper. -- India rubber. See Caoutchouc. -- India-rubber tree (Bot.), any tree yielding caoutchouc, but especially the East Indian Ficus elastica, often cultivated for its large, shining, elliptical leaves. INDIADEM In*di"a*dem, v. t. Defn: To place or set in a diadem, as a gem or gems. INDIAMAN In"di*a*man, n.; pl. Indiamen (. Defn: A large vessel in the India trade. Macaulay. INDIAN In"di*an, a Etym: [From India, and this fr. Indus, the name of a river in Asia, L. Indus, Gr. Hindu, name of the land on the Indus, Skr. sindhu river, the Indus. Cf. Hindoo.] 1. Of or pertaining to India proper; also to the East Indies, or, sometimes, to the West Indies. 2. Of or pertaining to the aborigines, or Indians, of America; as, Indian wars; the Indian tomahawk. 3. Made of maize or Indian corn; as, Indian corn, Indian meal, Indian bread, and the like. [U.S.] Indian bay (Bot.), a lauraceous tree (Persea Indica). -- Indian bean (Bot.), a name of the catalpa. -- Indian berry. (Bot.) Same as Cocculus indicus. -- Indian bread. (Bot.) Same as Cassava. -- Indian club, a wooden club, which is swung by the hand for gymnastic exercise. -- Indian cordage, cordage made of the fibers of cocoanut husk. -- Indian corn (Bot.), a plant of the genus Zea (Z. Mays); the maize, a native of America. See Corn, and Maize. -- Indian cress (Bot.), nasturtium. See Nasturtium, 2. -- Indian cucumber (Bot.), a plant of the genus Medeola (M. Virginica), a common in woods in the United States. The white rootstock has a taste like cucumbers. -- Indian currant (Bot.), a plant of the genus Symphoricarpus (S. vulgaris), bearing small red berries. -- Indian dye, the puccoon. -- Indian fig. (Bot.) (a) The banyan. See Banyan. (b) The prickly pear. -- Indian file, single file; arrangement of persons in a row following one after another, the usual way among Indians of traversing woods, especially when on the war path. -- Indian fire, a pyrotechnic composition of sulphur, niter, and realgar, burning with a brilliant white light. -- Indian grass (Bot.), a coarse, high grass (Chrysopogon nutans), common in the southern portions of the United States; wood grass. Gray. -- Indian hemp. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Apocynum (A. cannabinum), having a milky juice, and a tough, fibrous bark, whence the name. The root it used in medicine and is both emetic and cathartic in properties. (b) The variety of common hemp (Cannabis Indica), from which hasheesh is obtained. -- Indian mallow (Bot.), the velvet leaf (Abutilon Avicennæ). See Abutilon. -- Indian meal, ground corn or maize. [U.S.] -- Indian millet (Bot.), a tall annual grass (Sorghum vulgare), having many varieties, among which are broom corn, Guinea corn, durra, and the Chinese sugar cane. It is called also Guinea corn. See Durra. -- Indian ox (Zoöl.), the zebu. -- Indian paint. See Bloodroot. -- Indian paper. See India paper, under India. -- Indian physic (Bot.), a plant of two species of the genus Gillenia (G. trifoliata, and G. stipulacea), common in the United States, the roots of which are used in medicine as a mild emetic; -- called also American ipecac, and bowman's root. Gray. -- Indian pink. (Bot.) (a) The Cypress vine (Ipomoea Quamoclit); -- so called in the West Indies. (b) See China pink, under China. -- Indian pipe (Bot.), a low, fleshy herb (Monotropa uniflora), growing in clusters in dark woods, and having scalelike leaves, and a solitary nodding flower. The whole plant is waxy white, but turns black in drying. -- Indian plantain (Bot.), a name given to several species of the genus Cacalia, tall herbs with composite white flowers, common through the United States in rich woods. Gray. -- Indian poke (Bot.), a plant usually known as the white hellebore (Veratrum viride). -- Indian pudding, a pudding of which the chief ingredients are Indian meal, milk, and molasses. -- Indian purple. (a) A dull purple color. (b) The pigment of the same name, intensely blue and black. -- Indian red. (a) A purplish red earth or pigment composed of a silicate of iron and alumina, with magnesia. It comes from the Persian Gulf. Called also Persian red. (b) See Almagra. -- Indian rice (Bot.), a reedlike water grass. See Rice. -- Indian shot (Bot.), a plant of the genus Canna (C. Indica). The hard black seeds are as large as swan shot. See Canna. -- Indian summer, in the United States, a period of warm and pleasant weather occurring late in autumn. See under Summer. -- Indian tobacco (Bot.), a species of Lobelia. See Lobelia. -- Indian turnip (Bot.), an American plant of the genus Arisæma. A. triphyllum has a wrinkled farinaceous root resembling a small turnip, but with a very acrid juice. See Jack in the Pulpit, and Wake-robin. -- Indian wheat, maize or Indian corn. -- Indian yellow. (a) An intense rich yellow color, deeper than gamboge but less pure than cadmium. (b) See Euxanthin. INDIAN In"di*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of India. 2. One of the aboriginal inhabitants of America; -- so called originally from the supposed identity of America with India. INDIANEER In`di*an*eer", n. (Naut.) Defn: An Indiaman. INDIA RUBBER In"di*a rub"ber Defn: . See Caoutchouc. INDIA STEEL In"di*a steel. Defn: Same as Wootz. INDICAL In"dic*al, a. Etym: [From L. index, indicis, an index.] Defn: Indexical. [R.] Fuller. INDICAN In"di*can, n. Etym: [See Indigo.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside obtained from woad (indigo plant) and other plants, as a yellow or light brown sirup. It has a nauseous bitter taste, a decomposes or drying. By the action of acids, ferments, etc., it breaks down into sugar and indigo. It is the source of natural indigo. 2. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An indigo-forming substance, found in urine, and other animal fluids, and convertible into red and blue indigo (urrhodin and uroglaucin). Chemically, it is indoxyl sulphate of potash, C8H6NSO4K, and is derived from the indol formed in the alimentary canal. Called also uroxanthin. INDICANT In"di*cant, a. Etym: [L. indicans, p. pr. indicare. See Indicate.] Defn: Serving to point out, as a remedy; indicating. INDICANT In"di*cant, n. Defn: That which indicates or points out; as, an indicant of the remedy for a disease. INDICATE In"di*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Indicating.] Etym: [L. indicatus, p. p. of indicare to indicate; pref. in- in + dicare to proclaim; akin to dicere to say. See Diction, and cf. Indict, Indite.] 1. To point out; to discover; to direct to a knowledge of; to show; to make known. That turns and turns to indicate From what point blows the weather. Cowper. 2. (Med.) Defn: To show or manifest by symptoms; to point to as the proper remedies; as, great prostration of strength indicates the use of stimulants. 3. (Mach.) Defn: To investigate the condition or power of, as of steam engine, by means of an indicator. Syn. -- To show; mark; signify; denote; discover; evidence; evince; manifest; declare; specify; explain; exhibit; present; reveal; disclose; display. INDICATED In"di*ca`ted, a. Defn: Shown; denoted; registered; measured. Indicated power. See Indicated horse power, under Horse power. INDICATION In`di*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. indicatio: cf. F. indication.] 1. Act of pointing out or indicating. 2. That which serves to indicate or point out; mark; token; sign; symptom; evidence. The frequent stops they make in the most convenient places are plain indications of their weariness. Addison. 3. Discovery made; information. Bentley. 4. Explanation; display. [Obs.] Bacon. 5. (Med.) Defn: Any symptom or occurrence in a disease, which serves to direct to suitable remedies. Syn. -- Proof; demonstration; sign; token; mark; evidence; signal. INDICATIVE In*dic"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. indicativus: cf. F. indicatif.] 1. Pointing out; bringing to notice; giving intimation or knowledge of something not visible or obvious. That truth id productive of utility, and utility indicative of truth, may be thus proved. Bp. Warburton. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: Suggestive; representing the whole by a part, as a fleet by a ship, a forest by a tree, etc. Indicative mood (Gram.), that mood or form of the verb which indicates, that is, which simply affirms or denies or inquires; as, he writes; he is not writing; has the mail arrived INDICATIVE In*dic"a*tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: The indicative mood. INDICATIVELY In*dic"a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an indicative manner; in a way to show or signify. INDICATOR In"di*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. indicateur.] 1. One who, or that which, shows or points out; as, a fare indicator in a street car. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A pressure gauge; a water gauge, as for a steam boiler; an apparatus or instrument for showing the working of a machine or moving part; as: (a) (Steam Engine) An instrument which draws a diagram showing the varying pressure in the cylinder of an engine or pump at every point of the stroke. It consists of a small cylinder communicating with the engine cylinder and fitted with a piston which the varying pressure drives upward more or less against the resistance of a spring. A lever imparts motion to a pencil which traces the diagram on a card wrapped around a vertical drum which is turned back and forth by a string connected with the piston rod of the engine. See Indicator card (below). (b) A telltale connected with a hoisting machine, to show, at the surface, the position of the cage in the shaft of a mine, etc. 3. (Mech.) Defn: The part of an instrument by which an effect is indicated, as an index or pointer. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the genus Indicator and allied genera. See Honey guide, under Honey. 5. (Chem.) Defn: That which indicates the condition of acidity, alkalinity, or the deficiency, excess, or sufficiency of a standard reagent, by causing an appearance, disappearance, or change of color, as in titration or volumetric analysis. Note: The common indicators are limits, tropæolin, phenol phthalein, potassic permanganate, etc. Indicator card, the figure drawn by an engine indicator, by means of which the working of the engine can be investigated and its power calculated. The Illustration shows one form of indicator card, from a steam engine, together with scales by which the pressure of the steam above or below that of the atmosphere, corresponding to any position of the engine piston in its stroke, can be measured. Called also indicator diagram. -- Indicator telegraph, a telegraph in which the signals are the deflections of a magnetic needle, as in the trans-Atlantic system. INDICATORY In"di*ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Serving to show or make known; showing; indicative; signifying; implying. INDICATRIX In`di*ca"trix, n. Etym: [NL.] (Geom. of Three Dimensions) Defn: A certain conic section supposed to be drawn in the tangent plane to any surface, and used to determine the accidents of curvature of the surface at the point of contact. The curve is similar to the intersection of the surface with a parallel to the tangent plane and indefinitely near it. It is an ellipse when the curvature is synclastic, and an hyperbola when the curvature is anticlastic. INDICAVIT In`di*ca"vit, n. Etym: [L., he has indicated.] (Eng. Law) Defn: A writ of prohibition against proceeding in the spiritual court in certain cases, when the suit belongs to the common-law courts. Wharton (Law Dict. ). INDICE In"dice, n. Etym: [F. indice indication, index. See Index.] Defn: Index; indication. [Obs.] B. Jonson. INDICES In"di*ces, n. pl. Defn: See Index. INDICIA In*di"ci*a, n. pl. Etym: [L., pl. of indicium, fr. index an index.] (Law) Defn: Discriminating marks; signs; tokens; indications; appearances. Burrill. INDICIBLE In*dic"i*ble, a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Unspeakable. [Obs.] INDICOLITE In*dic"o*lite, n. Etym: [L. indicum indigo + -lite: cf. F. indicolithe.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of tourmaline of an indigo-blue color. INDICT In*dict", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Indicting.] Etym: [OE. enditen. See Indite.] 1. To write; to compose; to dictate; to indite. [Obs.] 2. To appoint publicly or by authority; to proclaim or announce. [Obs.] I am told shall have no Lent indicted this year. Evelyn. 3. (Law) Defn: To charge with a crime, in due form of law, by the finding or presentment of a grand jury; to find an indictment against; as, to indict a man for arson. It is the peculiar province of a grand jury to indict, as it is of a house of representatives to impeach. INDICTABLE In*dict"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being, or liable to be, indicted; subject to indictment; as, an indictable offender or offense. INDICTEE In`dict*ee", n. (Law) Defn: A person indicted. INDICTER In*dict"er, n. Defn: One who indicts. INDICTION In*dic"tion, n. Etym: [L. indictio: cf. F. indiction. See Indict, Indite.] 1. Declaration; proclamation; public notice or appointment. [Obs.] "Indiction of a war." Bacon. Secular princes did use to indict, or permit the indiction of, synods of bishops. Jer. Taylor. 2. A cycle of fifteen years. Note: This mode of reckoning time is said to have been introduced by Constantine the Great, in connection with the payment of tribute. It was adopted at various times by the Greek emperors of Constantinople, the popes, and the parliaments of France. Through the influence of the popes, it was extensively used in the ecclesiastical chronology of the Middle Ages. The number of indictions was reckoned at first from 312 a. d., but since the twelfth century it has been reckoned from the birth of Christ. The papal indiction is the only one ever used at the present day. To find the indiction and year of the indiction by the first method, subtract 312 from the given year a. d., and divide by 15; by the second method, add 3 to the given year a. d., and the divide by 15. In either case, the quotient is the number of the current indiction, and the remainder the year of the indiction. See Cycle of indiction, under Cycle. INDICTIVE In*dic"tive, a. Etym: [L. indictivus. See Indict.] Defn: Proclaimed; declared; public. Kennet. INDICTMENT In*dict"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. Inditement.] 1. The act of indicting, or the state of being indicted. 2. (Law) Defn: The formal statement of an offense, as framed by the prosecuting authority of the State, and found by the grand jury. Note: To the validity of an indictment a finding by the grand jury is essential, while an information rests only on presentation by the prosecuting authority. 3. An accusation in general; a formal accusation. Bill of indictment. See under Bill. INDICTOR In*dict"or, n. (Law) Defn: One who indicts. Bacon. INDIES In"dies, n. pl. Defn: A name designating the East Indies, also the West Indies. Our king has all the Indies in his arms. Shak. INDIFFERENCE In*dif"fer*ence, n. Etym: [L. indifferentia similarity, want of difference: cf. F. indifférence.] 1. The quality or state of being indifferent, or not making a difference; want of sufficient importance to constitute a difference; absence of weight; insignificance. 2. Passableness; mediocrity. 3. Impartiality; freedom from prejudice, prepossession, or bias. He . . . is far from such indifference and equity as ought and must be in judges which he saith I assign. Sir T. More. 4. Absence of anxiety or interest in respect to what is presented to the mind; unconcernedness; as, entire indifference to all that occurs. Indifference can not but be criminal, when it is conversant about objects which are so far from being of an indifferent nature, that they are highest importance. Addison. Syn. -- Carelessness; negligence; unconcern; apathy; insensibility; coldness; lukewarmness. INDIFFERENCY In*dif"fer*en*cy, n. Defn: Absence of interest in, or influence from, anything; unconcernedness; equilibrium; indifferentism; indifference. Gladstone. To give ourselves to a detestable indifferency or neutrality in this cause. Fuller. Moral liberty . . . does not, after all, consist in a power of indifferency, or in a power of choosing without regard to motives. Hazlitt. INDIFFERENT In*dif"fer*ent, a. Etym: [F. indifférent, L. indifferens. See In- not, and Different.] 1. Not mal Dangers are to me indifferent. Shak. Everything in the world is indifferent but sin. Jer. Taylor. His slightest and most indifferent acts . . . were odious in the clergyman's sight. Hawthorne. 2. Neither particularly good, not very bad; of a middle state or quality; passable; mediocre. The staterooms are in indifferent order. Sir W. Scott. 3. Not inclined to one side, party, or choice more than to another; neutral; impartial. Indifferent in his choice to sleep or die. Addison. 4. Feeling no interest, anxiety, or care, respecting anything; unconcerned; inattentive; apathetic; heedless; as, to be indifferent to the welfare of one's family. It was a law of Solon, that any person who, in the civil commotions of the republic, remained neuter, or an indifferent spectator of the contending parties, should be condemned to perpetual banishment. Addison. 5. (Law) Defn: Free from bias or prejudice; impartial; unbiased; disinterested. In choice of committees for ripening business for the counsel, it is better indifferent persons than to make an indifferency by putting in those that are strong on both sides. Bacon. Indifferent tissue (Anat.), the primitive, embryonic, undifferentiated tissue, before conversion into connective, muscular, nervous, or other definite tissue. INDIFFERENT In*dif"fer*ent, adv. Defn: To a moderate degree; passably; tolerably. [Obs.] "News indifferent good." Shak. INDIFFERENTISM In*dif"fer*ent*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. indifférentisme.] 1. State of indifference; want of interest or earnestness; especially, a systematic apathy regarding what is true or false in religion or philosophy; agnosticism. The indifferentism which equalizes all religions and gives equal rights to truth and error. Cardinal Manning. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: Same as Identism. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A heresy consisting in an unconcern for any particular creed, provided the morals be right and good. Gregory XVI. INDIFFERENTIST In*dif"fer*ent*ist, n. Defn: One governed by indifferentism. INDIFFERENTLY In*dif"fer*ent*ly, adv. Defn: In an indifferent manner; without distinction or preference; impartially; without concern, wish, affection, or aversion; tolerably; passably. That they may truly and indifferently minister justice, to the punishment of wickedness and vice, and to the maintenance of thy true religion, and virtue. Book of Com. Prayer [Eng. Ed. ] Set honor in one eye and death i' the other, And I will look on both indifferently. Shak. I hope it may indifferently entertain your lordship at an unbending hour. Rowe. INDIFULVIN In`di*ful"vin, n. Etym: [Indican + L. fulvus reddish yellow.] (Chem.) Defn: A reddish resinous substance, obtained from indican. INDIFUSCIN In`di*fus"cin, n. Etym: [Indican + L. fuscus dusky.] (Chem.) Defn: A brown amorphous powder, obtained from indican. INDIGEEN In"di*geen, n. Defn: Same as Indigene. Darwin. INDIGENCE In"di*gence, n. Etym: [L. indigentia: cf. F. indigence. See Indigent.] Defn: The condition of being indigent; want of estate, or means of comfortable subsistence; penury; poverty; as, helpless, indigence. Cowper. Syn. -- Poverty; penury; destitution; want; need; privation; lack. See Poverty. INDIGENCY In"di*gen*cy, n. Defn: Indigence. New indigencies founded upon new desires. South. INDIGENE In"di*gene, n. Etym: [L. indigena: cf. F. indigène. See Indigenous.] Defn: One born in a country; an aboriginal animal or plant; an autochthon. Evelyn. Tylor. INDIGENOUS In*dig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. indigenus, indigena, fr. OL. indu (fr. in in) + the root of L. gignere to beget, bear. See In, and Gender.] 1. Native; produced, growing, or living, naturally in a country or climate; not exotic; not imported. Negroes were all transported from Africa and are not indigenous or proper natives of America. Sir T. Browne. In America, cotton, being indigenous, is cheap. Lion Playas. 2. Native; inherent; innate. Joy and hope are emotions indigenous to the human mind. I. Taylor. INDIGENT In"di*gent, a. Etym: [L. indigent, L. indigens, p. p. of indigere to stand in need of, fr. OL. indu (fr. in- in) + L. egere to be needy, to need.] 1. Wanting; void; free; destitute; -- used with of. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Destitute of property or means of comfortable subsistence; needy; poor; in want; necessitous. Indigent faint souls past corporal toil. Shak. Charity consists in relieving the indigent. Addison. INDIGENTLY In"di*gent*ly, adv. Defn: In an indigent manner. INDIGEST In`di*gest", a. Etym: [L. indigestus unarranged. See Indigested.] Defn: Crude; unformed; unorganized; undigested. [Obs.] "A chaos rude and indigest." W. Browne. "Monsters and things indigest." Shak. INDIGEST In`di*gest", n. Defn: Something indigested. [Obs.] Shak. INDIGESTED In`di*gest"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + digested.] 1. Not digested; undigested. "Indigested food." Dryden. 2. Not resolved; not regularly disposed and arranged; not methodical; crude; as, an indigested array of facts. In hot reformations . . . the whole is generally crude, harsh, and indigested. Burke. This, like an indigested meteor, appeared and disappeared almost at the same time. South. 3. (Med.) (a) Not in a state suitable for healing; -- said of wounds. (b) Not ripened or suppurated; -- said of an abscess or its contents. 4. Not softened by heat, hot water, or steam. INDIGESTEDNESS In`di*gest"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being undigested; crudeness. Bp. Burnet. INDIGESTIBILITY In*di*gest`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being indigestible; indigestibleness. INDIGESTIBLE In`di*gest"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. indigestibilis: cf. F. indigestible. See In- not, and Digest.] 1. Not digestible; not readily soluble in the digestive juices; not easily convertible into products fitted for absorption. 2. Not digestible in the mind; distressful; intolerable; as, an indigestible simile. T. Warton. -- In`di*gest"i*ble*ness, n. -- In`di*gest"i*bly, adv. INDIGESTION In`di*ges"tion, n. Etym: [L. indigestio: cf. F. indigestion. See In- not, and Digest.] Defn: Lack of proper digestive action; a failure of the normal changes which food should undergo in the alimentary canal; dyspepsia; incomplete or difficult digestion. INDIGITATE In*dig"i*tate, v. i. Etym: [Pref. in- in + L. digitus finger.] Defn: To communicative ideas by the fingers; to show or compute by the fingers. [Obs.] INDIGITATE In*dig"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indigitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Indigitating.] Defn: To point out with the finger; to indicate. [Obs.] The depressing this finger, . . . in the right hand indigitate six hundred. Sir T. Browne. INDIGITATION In*dig`i*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of pointing out as with the finger; indication. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. INDIGLUCIN In`di*glu"cin, n. Etym: [Indican + glucin.] (Chem.) Defn: The variety of sugar (glucose) obtained from the glucoside indican. It is unfermentable, but reduces Fehling's solution. INDIGN In*dign", a. Etym: [L. indignus; pref. in- not + dignus worthy: cf. F. indigne. See Dignity.] Defn: Unworthy; undeserving; disgraceful; degrading. Chaucer. Counts it scorn to draw Comfort indign from any meaner thing. Trench. INDIGNANCE; INDIGNANCY In*dig"nance, In*dig"nan*cy, n. Defn: Indignation. [Obs.] Spenser. INDIGNANT In*dig"nant, a. Etym: [L. indignans, -antis, p. pr. of indignari to be indignant, disdain. See Indign.] Defn: Affected with indignation; wrathful; passionate; irate; feeling wrath, as when a person is exasperated by unworthy or unjust treatment, by a mean action, or by a degrading accusation. He strides indignant, and with haughty cries To single fight the fairy prince defies. Tickell. INDIGNANTLY In*dig"nant*ly, adv. Defn: In an indignant manner. INDIGNATION In`dig*na"tion, n. Etym: [F. indignation, L. indignatio. See Indign.] 1. The feeling excited by that which is unworthy, base, or disgraceful; anger mingled with contempt, disgust, or abhorrence. Shak. Indignation expresses a strong and elevated disapprobation of mind, which is also inspired by something flagitious in the conduct of another. Cogan. When Haman saw Mordecai in the king's gate, that he stood not up, nor moved for him, he was full of indignation against Mordecai. Esther v. 9. 2. The effect of anger; punishment. Shak. Hide thyself . . . until the indignation be overpast. Is. xxvi. 20. Syn. -- Anger; ire wrath; fury; rage. See Anger. INDIGNIFY In*dig"ni*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. indignus unworthy + -fy.] Defn: To treat disdainfully or with indignity; to contemn. [Obs.] Spenser. INDIGNITY In*dig"ni*ty, n.; pl. Indignities. Etym: [L. indignitas: cf. F. indignité. See Indign.] Defn: Any action toward another which manifests contempt for him; an offense against personal dignity; unmerited contemptuous treatment; contumely; incivility or injury, accompanied with insult. How might a prince of my great hopes forget So great indignities you laid upon me Shak. A person of so great place and worth constrained to endure so foul indignities. Hooker. INDIGNLY In*dign"ly, adv. Defn: Unworthily. [Obs.] INDIGO In"di*go, n.; pl. Indigoes. Etym: [F. indigo, Sp. indigo, indico, L. indicum indigo, fr. Indicus Indian. See Indian.] 1. A kind of deep blue, one of the seven prismatic colors. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A blue dyestuff obtained from several plants belonging to very different genera and orders; as, the woad, Isatis tinctoria, Indigofera tinctoria, I. Anil, Nereum tinctorium, etc. It is a dark blue earthy substance, tasteless and odorless, with a copper-violet luster when rubbed. Indigo does not exist in the plants as such, but is obtained by decomposition of the glycoside indican. Note: Commercial indigo contains the essential coloring principle indigo blue or indigotine, with several other dyes; as, indigo red, indigo brown, etc., and various impurities. Indigo is insoluble in ordinary reagents, with the exception of strong sulphuric acid. Chinese indigo (Bot.), Isatis indigotica, a kind of woad. -- Wild indigo (Bot.), the American herb Baptisia tinctoria which yields a poor quality of indigo, as do several other species of the same genus. INDIGO In"di*go, a. Defn: Having the color of, pertaining to, or derived from, indigo. Indigo berry (Bot.), the fruit of the West Indian shrub Randia aculeata, used as a blue dye. -- Indigo bird (Zoöl.), a small North American finch (Cyanospiza cyanea). The male is indigo blue in color. Called also indigo bunting. -- Indigo blue. (a) The essential coloring material of commercial indigo, from which it is obtained as a dark blue earthy powder, with a reddish luster, C16H10N2O2, which may be crystallized by sublimation. Indigo blue is also made from artificial amido cinnamic acid, and from artificial isatine; and these methods are of great commercial importance. Called also indigotin. (b) A dark, dull blue color like the indigo of commerce. -- Indigo brown (Chem.), a brown resinous substance found in crude indigo. -- Indigo copper (Min.), covellite. -- Indigo green, a green obtained from indigo. -- Indigo plant (Bot.), a leguminous plant of several species (genus Indigofera), from which indigo is prepared. The different varieties are natives of Asia, Africa, and America. Several species are cultivated, of which the most important are the I. tinctoria, or common indigo plant, the I. Anil, a larger species, and the I. disperma. -- Indigo purple, a purple obtained from indigo. -- Indigo red, a dyestuff, isomeric with indigo blue, obtained from crude indigo as a dark brown amorphous powder. -- Indigo snake (Zoöl.), the gopher snake. -- Indigo white, a white crystalline powder obtained by reduction from indigo blue, and by oxidation easily changed back to it; -- called also indigogen. -- Indigo yellow, a substance obtained from indigo. INDIGOFERA In`di*gof"e*ra, n. Etym: [NL., from E. indigo + L. ferre to bear.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of leguminous plants having many species, mostly in tropical countries, several of them yielding indigo, esp. Indigofera tinctoria, and I. Anil. INDIGOGEN In"di*go*gen, n. Etym: [Indigo + -gen.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: See Indigo white, under Indigo. 2. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Same as Indican, 2. INDIGOMETER In`di*gom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Indigo + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the strength of an indigo solution, as in volumetric analysis. Ure. INDIGOMETRY In`di*gom"e*try, n. Defn: The art or method of determining the coloring power of indigo. INDIGOTIC In`di*got"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. indigotique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, indigo; as, indigotic acid, which is also called anilic or nitrosalicylic acid. INDIGOTIN In"di*go*tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Indigo blue, under Indigo. INDIGRUBIN In`dig*ru"bin, n. Etym: [Indigo + L. ruber red.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Same as Urrhodin. INDIHUMIN In`di*hu"min, n. Etym: [Indican + humin.] (Chem.) Defn: A brown amorphous substance resembling humin, and obtained from indican. INDILATORY In*dil"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Not dilatory. [Obs.] INDILIGENCE In*dil"i*gence, n. Etym: [L. indiligentia: cf. F. indiligence.] Defn: Want of diligence. [Obs.] B. Jonson. INDILIGENT In*dil"i*gent, a. Etym: [L. indiligens: cf. F. indiligent. See Diligent.] Defn: Not diligent; idle; slothful. [Obs.] Feltham. -- In*dil"i*gent*ly, adv. [Obs.] INDIMINISHABLE In`di*min"ish*a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being diminished. [R.] Milton. INDIN In"din, n. Etym: [From Indigo.] (Chem.) Defn: A dark red crystalline substance, isomeric with and resembling indigo blue, and obtained from isatide and dioxindol. INDIRECT In`di*rect", a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + direct: cf. F. indirect.] 1. Not direct; not straight or rectilinear; deviating from a direct line or course; circuitous; as, an indirect road. 2. Not tending to an aim, purpose, or result by the plainest course, or by obvious means, but obliquely or consequentially; by remote means; as, an indirect accusation, attack, answer, or proposal. By what bypaths and indirect, crooked ways I met this crown. Shak. 3. Not straightforward or upright; unfair; dishonest; tending to mislead or deceive. Indirect dealing will be discovered one time or other. Tillotson. 4. Not resulting directly from an act or cause, but more or less remotely connected with or growing out of it; as, indirect results, damages, or claims. 5. (Logic & Math.) Defn: Not reaching the end aimed at by the most plain and direct method; as, an indirect proof, demonstration, etc. Indirect claims, claims for remote or consequential damage. Such claims were presented to and thrown out by the commissioners who arbitrated the damage inflicted on the United States by the Confederate States cruisers built and supplied by Great Britain. -- Indirect demonstration, a mode of demonstration in which proof is given by showing that any other supposition involves an absurdity (reductio ad absurdum), or an impossibility; thus, one quantity may be proved equal to another by showing that it can be neither greater nor less. -- Indirect discourse. (Gram.) See Direct discourse, under Direct. -- Indirect evidence, evidence or testimony which is circumstantial or inferential, but without witness; -- opposed to direct evidence. -- Indirect tax, a tax, such as customs, excises, etc., exacted directly from the merchant, but paid indirectly by the consumer in the higher price demanded for the articles of merchandise. INDIRECTED In`di*rect"ed, a. Defn: Not directed; aimless. [Obs.] INDIRECTION In`di*rec"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. indirection.] Defn: Oblique course or means; dishonest practices; indirectness. "By indirections find directions out." Shak. INDIRECTLY In`di*rect"ly, adv. Defn: In an direct manner; not in a straight line or course; not in express terms; obliquely; not by direct means; hence, unfairly; wrongly. To tax it indirectly by taxing their expense. A. Smith. Your crown and kingdom indirectly held. Shak. INDIRECTNESS In`di*rect"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being indirect; obliquity; deviousness; crookedness. 2. Deviation from an upright or straightforward course; unfairness; dishonesty. W. Montagu. INDIRETIN In`di*re"tin, n. Etym: [Indian + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A dark brown resinous substance obtained from indican. INDIRUBIN In`di*ru"bin, n. Etym: [Indigo + L. ruber red.] (Chem.) Defn: A substance isomeric with, and resembling, indigo blue, and accompanying it as a side product, in its artificial production. INDISCERNIBLE In`dis*cern"i*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + discernible: cf. F. indiscernable.] Defn: Not to be discerned; imperceptible; not discoverable or visible. Secret and indiscernible ways. Jer. Taylor. -- In`dis*cern"i*ble*ness, n. -- In`dis*cern"i*bly, adv. INDISCERPIBILITY; INDISCERPTIBILITY In`dis*cerp`i*bil"i*ty, In`dis*cerp`ti*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being indiscerpible. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. INDISCERPIBLE; INDISCERPTIBLE In`dis*cerp"i*ble, In`dis*cerp"ti*ble, a. Defn: Not discerpible; inseparable. [Obs.] Bp. Butler. -- In`dis*cerp"i*ble*ness, n., In`dis*cerp"ti*ble*ness, n. [Obs.] -- In`dis*cerp"ti*bly, adv. [Obs.] INDISCIPLINABLE In*dis"ci*plin*a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + disciplinable: cf. F. indisciplinable.] Defn: Not disciplinable; undisciplinable. [R.] INDISCIPLINE In*dis"ci*pline, n. Etym: [L. indisplina: cf. F. indiscipline. See In- not, and Discipline.] Defn: Want of discipline or instruction. [R.] INDISCOVERABLE In`dis*cov"er*a*ble, a. Defn: Not discoverable; undiscoverable. J. Conybeare. INDISCOVERY In`dis*cov"er*y, n. Defn: Want of discovery. [Obs.] INDISCREET In`dis*creet", a. Etym: [OE. indiscret, F. indiscret, fr. L. indiscretus unseparated, indiscreet. See In- not, and Discreet, and cf. Indiscrete.] Defn: Not discreet; wanting in discretion. So drunken, and so indiscreet an officer. Shak. Syn. -- Imprudent; injudicious; inconsiderate; rash; hasty; incautious; heedless; undiscerning; foolish. -- In`dis*creet"ly, adv. -- In`dis*creet"ness, n. INDISCRETE In`dis*crete", a. Etym: [L. indiscretus unseparated. See Indiscreet.] 1. Indiscreet. [Obs.] Boyle. 2. Not discrete or separated; compact; homogenous. An indiscrete mass of confused matter. Pownall. INDISCRETION In`dis*cre"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + discretion: cf. F. indiscrétion.] 1. The quality or state of being indiscreet; want of discretion; imprudence. 2. An indiscreet act; indiscreet behavior. Past indiscretion is a venial crime. Cowper. INDISCRIMINATE In`dis*crim"i*nate, a. Defn: Not discriminate; wanting discrimination; undistinguishing; not making any distinction; confused; promiscuous. "Blind or indiscriminate forgiveness." I. Taylor. The indiscriminate defense of right and wrong. Junius. -- In`dis*crim"i*nate*ly, adv. Cowper. INDISCRIMINATING In`dis*crim"i*na`ting, a. Defn: Not discriminating. -- In`dis*crim"i*na`ting*ly, adv. INDISCRIMINATION In`dis*crim`i*na"tion, n. Defn: Want of discrimination or distinction; impartiality. Jefferson. INDISCRIMINATIVE In`dis*crim"i*na*tive, a. Defn: Making no distinction; not discriminating. INDISCUSSED In`dis*cussed", a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + discuss: cf. L. indiscussus.] Defn: Not discussed. [Obs.] Donne. INDISPENSABILITY In`dis*pen`sa*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. indispensabilité.] Defn: Indispensableness. INDISPENSABLE In`dis*pen"sa*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + dispensable: cf. F. indispensable.] 1. Not dispensable; impossible to be omitted, remitted, or spared; absolutely necessary or requisite. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: Not admitting dispensation; not subject to release or exemption. [R.] The law was moral and indispensable. Bp. Burnet. 3. Unavoidable; inevitable. [Obs.] Fuller. INDISPENSABLENESS In`dis*pen"sa*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being indispensable, or absolutely necessary. S. Clarke. INDISPENSABLY In`dis*pen"sa*bly, adv. Defn: In an indispensable manner. "Indispensably necessary." Bp. Warburton. INDISPERSED In`dis*persed", a. Defn: Not dispersed. [R.] INDISPOSE In`dis*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indisposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Indisposing.] Etym: [OE. indispos indisposed, feeble, or F. indisposé indisposed. See In- not, and Dispose.] 1. To render unfit or unsuited; to disqualify. 2. To disorder slightly as regards health; to make somewhat. Shak. It made him rather indisposed than sick. Walton. 3. To disincline; to render averse or unfavorable; as, a love of pleasure indisposes the mind to severe study; the pride and selfishness of men indispose them to religious duties. The king was sufficiently indisposed towards the persons, or the principles, of Calvin's disciples. Clarendon. INDISPOSEDNESS In`dis*pos"ed*ness, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being indisposed. [R.] Bp. Hall. INDISPOSITION In*dis`po*si"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. indisposition.] 1. The state of being indisposed; disinclination; as, the indisposition of two substances to combine. A general indisposition towards believing. Atterbury. 2. A slight disorder or illness. Rather as an indisposition in health than as any set sickness. Hayward. INDISPUTABILITY In*dis`pu*ta*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. indisputabilité.] Defn: Indisputableness. INDISPUTABLE In*dis"pu*ta*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + disputable: cf. F. indisputable.] Defn: Not disputable; incontrovertible; too evident to admit of dispute. Syn. -- Incontestable; unquestionable; incontrovertible; undeniable; irrefragable; certain; positive; undoubted; sure; infallible. -- In*dis"pu*ta*ble*ness, n. -- In*dis"pu*ta*bly, adv. INDISPUTED In`dis*put"ed, a. Defn: Undisputed. INDISSIPABLE In*dis"si*pa*ble, a. Defn: Incapable o INDISSOLUBILITY In*dis`so*lu*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. indissolubilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being indissoluble. INDISSOLUBLE In*dis"so*lu*ble, a. Etym: [L. indissolubilis: cf. F. indissoluble. See In- not, and Dissoluble, and cf. Indissolvable.] 1. Not dissoluble; not capable of being dissolved, melted, or liquefied; insoluble; as few substances are indissoluble by heat, but many are indissoluble in water. Boyle. 2. Incapable of being rightfully broken or dissolved; perpetually binding or obligatory; firm; stable, as, an indissoluble league or covenant. To the which my duties Are with a most indissoluble tie Forever knit. Shak. INDISSOLUBLENESS In*dis"so*lu*ble*ness, n. Defn: Indissolubility. Sir M. Hale. INDISSOLUBLY In*dis"so*lu*bly, adv. Defn: In an indissoluble manner. On they move, indissolubly firm. Milton. INDISSOLVABLE In`dis*solv"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + dissolvable. Cf. Indissoluble.] Defn: Not dissolvable; incapable of being dissolved or separated; incapable oas, an indissolvable bond of union. Bp. Warburton. INDISSOLVABLENESS In`dis*solv"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Indissolubleness. INDISTANCY In*dis"tan*cy, n. Defn: Want of distance o [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. INDISTINCT In`dis*tinct", a. Etym: [L. indistinctus: cf. F. indistinct. See In- not, and Distinct.] 1. Not distinct or distinguishable; not separate in such a manner as to be perceptible by itself; as, the indistinct parts of a substance. "Indistinct as water is in water." Shak. 2. Obscure to the mind or senses; not clear; not definite; confused; imperfect; faint; as, indistinct vision; an indistinct sound; an indistinct idea or recollection. When we come to parts too small four our senses, our ideas of these little bodies become obscure and indistinct. I. Watts. Their views, indeed, are indistinct and dim. Cowper. Syn. -- Undefined; indistinguishable; obscure; indefinite; vague; ambiguous; uncertain; confused. INDISTINCTIBLE In`dis*tinc"ti*ble, a. Defn: Indistinguishable. [Obs.] T. Warton. INDISTINCTION In`dis*tinc"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. indistinction.] Defn: Want of distinction or distinguishableness; confusion; uncertainty; indiscrimination. The indistinction of many of the same name . . . hath made some doubt. Sir T. Browne. An indistinction of all persons, or equality of all orders, is far from being agreeable to the will of God. Sprat. INDISTINCTIVE In`dis*tinc"tive, a. Defn: Having nothing distinctive; common. -- In`dis*tinc"tive*ness, n. INDISTINCTLY In`dis*tinct"ly, adv. Defn: In an indistinct manner; not clearly; confusedly; dimly; as, certain ideas are indistinctly comprehended. In its sides it was bounded distinctly, but on its ends confusedly an indistinctly. Sir I. Newton. INDISTINCTNESS In`dis*tinct"ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being indistinct; want of definiteness; dimness; confusion; as, the indistinctness of a picture, or of comprehension; indistinctness of vision. INDISTINGUISHABLE In`dis*tin"guish*a*ble, a. Defn: Not distinguishable; not capable of being perceived, known, or discriminated as separate and distinct; hence, not capable of being perceived or known; as, in the distance the flagship was indisguishable; the two copies were indisguishable in form or color; the difference between them was indisguishable. INDISTINGUISHABLY In`dis*tin"guish*a*bly, adv. Defn: In a indistinguishable manner. Sir W. Scott. INDISTINGUISHED In`dis*tin"guished, a. Defn: Indistinct. [R.] "That indistinguished mass." Sir T. Browne. INDISTINGUISHING In`dis*tin"guish*ing, a. Defn: Making no difference; indiscriminative; impartial; as, indistinguishing liberalities. [Obs.] Johnson. INDISTURBANCE In`dis*turb"ance, n. Defn: Freedom from disturbance; calmness; repose; apathy; indifference. INDITCH In*ditch", v. t. Defn: To bury in, or cast into, a ditch. Bp. Hall. INDITE In*dite", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inditing.] Etym: [OE. enditen to indite, indict, OF. enditer to indicate, show, dictate, write, inform, and endicter to accuse; both fr. LL. indictare to show, to accuse, fr. L. indicere to proclaim, announce; pref. in- in + dicere to say. The word was influenced also by L. indicare to indicate, and by dictare to dictate. See Diction, and cf. Indict, Indicate, Dictate.] 1. To compose; to write; to be author of; to dictate; to prompt. My heart is inditing a good matter. Ps. xlv. 1. Could a common grief have indited such expressions South. Hear how learned Greece her useful rules indites. Pope. 2. To invite or ask. [Obs.] She will indite him so supper. Shak. 3. To indict; to accuse; to censure. [Obs.] Spenser. INDITE In*dite", v. i. Defn: To compose; to write, as a poem. Wounded I sing, tormented I indite. Herbert. INDITEMENT In*dite"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. Indictment.] Defn: The act of inditing. Craig. INDITER In*dit"er, n. Defn: One who indites. Smart. INDIUM In"di*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Indigo.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element, discovered in certain ores of zinc, by means of its characteristic spectrum of two indigo blue lines; hence, its name. In appearance it resembles zinc, being white or lead gray, soft, malleable and easily fusible, but in its chemical relation it resembles aluminium or gallium. Symbol In. Atomic weight, 113.4. INDIVERTIBLE In`di*vert"i*ble, a. Defn: Not to be diverted or turned aside. [R.] Lamb. INDIVIDABLE In`di*vid"a*ble, a. Defn: Indivisible. [R.] Shak. INDIVIDED In`di*vid"ed, a. Defn: Undivided. [R.] Bp. Patrick. INDIVIDUAL In`di*vid"u*al, a. Etym: [L. individuus indivisible; pref. in- not + dividuus divisible, fr. dividere to divide: cf. F. individuel. See Divide.] 1. Not divided, or not to be divided; existing as one entity, or distinct being or object; single; one; as, an individual man, animal, or city. Mind has a being of its own, distinct from that of all other things, and is pure, unmingled, individual substance. A. Tucker. United as one individual soul. Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to one only; peculiar to, or characteristic of, a single person or thing; distinctive; as, individual traits of character; individual exertions; individual peculiarities. INDIVIDUAL In`di*vid"u*al, n. 1. A single person, animal, or thing of any kind; a thing or being incapable of separation or division, without losing its identity; especially, a human being; a person. Cowper. An object which is in the strict and primary sense one, and can not be logically divided, is called an individual. Whately. That individuals die, his will ordains. Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) An independent, or partially independent, zooid of a compound animal. (b) The product of a single egg, whether it remains a single animal or becomes compound by budding or fission. INDIVIDUALISM In`di*vid"u*al*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. individualisme.] 1. The quality of being individual; individuality; personality. 2. An excessive or exclusive regard to one's personal interest; self- interest; selfishness. The selfishness of the small proprietor has been described by the best writers as individualism. Ed. Rev. INDIVIDUALISTIC In`di*vid`u*al*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the individual or individualism. London Athenæum. INDIVIDUALITY In`di*vid`u*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Individualities. Etym: [Cf. F. individualité.] 1. The quality or state of being individual or constituting an individual; separate or distinct existence; oneness; unity. Arbuthnot. They possess separate individualities. H. Spencer. 2. The character or property appropriate or peculiar to an individual; that quality which distinguishes one person or thing from another; the sum of characteristic traits; distinctive character; as, he is a person of marked individuality. INDIVIDUALIZATION In`di*vid`u*al*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. individualization.] Defn: The act of individualizing; the state of being individualized; individuation. INDIVIDUALIZE In`di*vid"u*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Individualized; p. pr. & vb. n. Individualizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. individualiser.] Defn: The mark as an individual, or to distinguish from others by peculiar properties; to invest with individuality. The peculiarities which individualize and distinguish the humor of Addison. N. Drake. INDIVIDUALIZER In`di*vid"u*al*i`zer, n. Defn: One who individualizes. INDIVIDUALLY In`di*vid"u*al*ly, adv. 1. In an individual manner or relation; as individuals; separately; each by itself. "Individually or collectively." Burke. How should that subsist solitarily by itself which hath no substance, but individually the very same whereby others subsist with it Hooker. 2. In an inseparable manner; inseparably; incommunicably; indivisibly; as, individuallyhe same. [Omniscience], an attribute individually proper to the Godhead. Hakewill. INDIVIDUATE In`di*vid"u*ate, a. Etym: [See Individual.] Defn: Undivided. [Obs.] INDIVIDUATE In`di*vid"u*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Individuated (p. pr. & vb. n. Individuating.] Defn: To distinguish from others from others of the species; to endow with individuality; to divide into individuals; to discriminate. The soul, as the prime individuating principle, and the said reserved portion of matter as an essential and radical part of the individuation, shall . . . make up and restore the same individual person. South. Life is individuated into infinite numbers, that have their distinct sense and pleasure. Dr. H. More. INDIVIDUATION In`di*vid`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. individuation.] Defn: The act of individuating or state of being individuated; individualization. H. Spencer. INDIVIDUATOR In`di*vid"u*a`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, individuates. Sir K. Digby. INDIVIDUITY In`di*vi*du"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. individuitas.] Defn: Separate existence; individuality; oneness. Fuller. INDIVINITY In`di*vin"i*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + divinity: cf. F. indivinité.] Defn: Want or absence of divine power or of divinity. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. INDIVISIBILITY In`di*vis`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. indivisibilité.] Defn: The state or property of being indivisible or inseparable; inseparability. Locke. INDIVISIBLE In`di*vis"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. indivisibilis: cf. F. indivisible. See In- not, and Divisible.] 1. Not divisible; incapable of being divided, separated, or broken; not separable into parts. "One indivisible point of time." Dryden. 2. (Math.) Defn: Not capable of exact division, as one quantity by another; incommensurable. INDIVISIBLE In`di*vis"i*ble, n. 1. That which is indivisible. By atom, nobody will imagine we intend to express a perfect indivisible, but only the least sort of natural bodies. Digby. 2. (Geom.) Defn: An infinitely small quantity which is assumed to admit of no further division. Method of indivisibles, a kind of calculus, formerly in use, in which lines were considered as made up of an infinite number of points; surfaces, as made up of an infinite number of lines; and volumes, as made up of an infinite number of surfaces. INDIVISIBLENESS In`di*vis"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state of being indivisible; indivisibility. W. Montagu. INDIVISIBLY In`di*vis"i*bly, adv. Defn: In an indivisible manner. INDIVISION In`di*vi"sion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + division: cf. F. indivision, LL. indivisio.] Defn: A state of being not divided; oneness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. INDO- In"do-. Etym: [From L. Indus East Indian.] Defn: A prefix signifying Indian (i. e., East Indian); of or pertaining of India. INDOANILINE In`do*an"i*line, n. Etym: [Indigo + aniline.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of artificial blue dyes, in appearance resembling indigo, for which they are often used as substitutes. INDO-ARYAN In`do-Ar"yan, a. Defn: Pert. to the Indo-Aryans, or designating, or of, the Aryan languages of India. INDO-ARYAN In`do-Ar"yan, n. Defn: A member of one of the native races of India of Aryan speech and blood, characterized by tall stature, dolichocephaly, fair complexion with dark hair and eyes, plentiful beard, and narrow and prominent nose. INDO-BRITON In`do-*Brit"on, n. Etym: [Indo- + Briton.] Defn: A person born in India, of mixed Indian and British blood; a half-caste. Malcom. INDO-CHINESE In`do-Chi*nese", a. Etym: [Indo- + Chinese.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Indo-China (i. e., Farther India, or India beyond the Ganges). INDOCIBILITY In*doc`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being indocible; indocibleness; indocility. INDOCIBLE In*doc"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. indocibilis. See In- not, and Docible.] Defn: Incapable of being taught, or not easily instructed; dull in intellect; intractable; unteachable; indocile. Bp. Hall. -- In*doc"i*ble*ness, n. INDOCILE In*doc"ile, a. Etym: [L. indocilis: cf. F. indocile. See In- not, and Docile.] Defn: Not teachable; indisposed to be taught, trained, or disciplined; not easily instructed or governed; dull; intractable. INDOCILITY In`do*cil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. indocilitas: cf. F. indocilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being indocile; dullness of intellect; unteachableness; intractableness. The stiffness and indocility of the Pharisees. W. Montagu. INDOCTRINATE In*doc"tri*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indoctrinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Indoctrinating.] Etym: [Pref. in- in + L. doctrina doctrine: cf. F. endoctriner.] Defn: To instruct in the rudiments or principles of learning, or of a branch of learning; to imbue with learning; to instruct in, or imbue with, principles or doctrines; to teach; -- often followed by in. A master that . . . took much delight in indoctrinating his young, unexperienced favorite. Clarendon. INDOCTRINATION In*doc`tri*na"tion, n. Defn: The act of indoctrinating, or the condition of being indoctrinated; instruction in the rudiments and principles of any science or system of belief; information. Sir T. Browne. INDO-DO-CHINESE LANGUAGES In`do-do-Chinese languages. Defn: A family of languages, mostly of the isolating type, although some are agglutinative, spoken in the great area extending from northern India in the west to Formosa in the east and from Central Asia in the north to the Malay Peninsula in the south. INDO-ENGLISH In`do-Eng"lish, a. Etym: [Indo- + English.] Defn: Of or relating to the English who are born or reside in India; Anglo-Indian. INDO-EUROPEAN In`do-Eu`ro*pe"an, a. Defn: Aryan; -- applied to the languages of India and Europe which are derived from the prehistoric Aryan language; also, pertaining to the people or nations who speak these languages; as, the Indo- European or Aryan family. The common origin of the Indo-European nations. Tylor. INDOGEN In"do*gen, n. Etym: [Indigo + -gen.] (Chem.) Defn: A complex, nitrogenous radical, C8H5NO, regarded as the essential nucleus of indigo. INDOGENIDE In"do*gen*ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of the derivatives of indogen, which contain that group as a nucleus. INDO-GERMANIC In`do-Ger*man"ic, a. Etym: [Indo- + Germanic.] 1. Same as Aryan, and Indo-European. 2. Pertaining to or denoting the Teutonic family of languages as related to the Sanskrit, or derived from the ancient Aryan language. INDOIN In"do*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance resembling indigo blue, obtained artificially from certain isatogen compounds. INDOL In"dol, n. Etym: [Indigo + -ol of phenol.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline substance, C8H7N, obtained from blue indigo, and almost all indigo derivatives, by a process of reduction. It is also formed from albuminous matter, together with skatol, by putrefaction, and by fusion with caustic potash, and is present in human excrement, as well as in the intestinal canal of some herbivora. INDOLENCE In"do*lence, n. Etym: [L. indolentia freedom from pain: cf. F. indolence.] 1. Freedom from that which pains, or harasses, as toil, care, grief, etc. [Obs.] I have ease, if it may not rather be called indolence. Bp. Hough. 2. The quality or condition of being indolent; inaction, or want of exertion of body or mind, proceeding from love of ease or aversion to toil; habitual idleness; indisposition to labor; laziness; sloth; inactivity. Life spent in indolence, and therefore sad. Cowper. As there is a great truth wrapped up in "diligence," what a lie, on the other hand, lurks at the root of our present use of the word "indolence"! This is from "in" and "doleo," not to grieve; and indolence is thus a state in which we have no grief or pain; so that the word, as we now employ it, seems to affirm that indulgence in sloth and ease is that which would constitute for us the absence of all pain. Trench. INDOLENCY In"do*len*cy, n. Defn: Indolence. [Obs.] Holland. INDOLENT In"do*lent, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + L. dolens, -entis, p. pr. of dolere to feel pain: cf. F. indolent. See Dolorous.] 1. Free from toil, pain, or trouble. [Obs.] 2. Indulging in ease; avoiding labor and exertion; habitually idle; lazy; inactive; as, an indolent man. To waste long nights in indolent repose. Pope. 3. (Med.) Defn: Causing little or no pain or annoyance; as, an indolent tumor. Syn. -- Idle; lazy; slothful; sluggish; listless; inactive; inert. See Idle. INDOLENTLY In"do*lent*ly, adv. Defn: In an indolent manner. Calm and serene you indolently sit. Addison. INDOLES In"do*les, n. Etym: [L. Cf. Adolescence.] Defn: Natural disposition; natural quality or abilities. INDOLIN In"do*lin, n. Etym: [See Indol.] (Chem.) Defn: A dark resinous substance, polymeric with indol, and obtained by the reduction of indigo white. INDOMABLE In*dom"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. indomabilis; pref. in- not + domabilis tamable.] Defn: Indomitable. [Obs.] INDOMITABLE In*dom"i*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. indomitabilis; pref. in- not + domitare, intens. fr. domare to tame. See Tame.] Defn: Not to be subdued; untamable; invincible; as, an indomitable will, courage, animal. INDOMITE In*dom"ite, a. Etym: [L. indomitus.] Defn: Not tamed; untamed; savage; wild. [Obs.] J. Salkeld. INDOMPTABLE In*domp"ta*ble, a. Etym: [F. indomptable, L. indomitabilis.] Defn: Indomitable. [Obs.] Tooke. INDONESIAN In`do*ne"sian, a. [Indo- + Gr. island.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Indonesia or Indonesians. INDONESIAN In`do*ne"sian, n. Defn: A member of a race forming the chief pre-Malay population of the Malay Archipelago, and probably sprung from a mixture of Polynesian and Mongoloid immigrants. According to Keane, the autochthonous Negritos were largely expelled by the Caucasian Polynesians, themselves followed by Mongoloid peoples of Indo-Chinese affinities, from mixture with whom sprang the Indonesian race. The term Indonesian, introduced by Logan to designate the light- colored non-Malay inhabitants of the Eastern Archipelago, is now used as a convenient collective name for all the peoples of Malaysia and Polynesia who are neither Malay nor Papuans, but of Caucasic type. . . . The true Indonesians are of tall stature (5 ft. 10 in.), muscular frame, rather oval features, high, open forehead, large straight or curved nose, large full eyes always horizontal and with no trace of the third lid, light brown complexion (cinnamon or ruddy brown), long black hair, not lank but often slightly curled or wavy, skull generally brachycephalous like that of the melanochroic European. A. H. Keane. The Indonesians [of the Philippines], with the tribal population of some 251, 200, live almost exclusively on the great island of Mindanao. They are not only physically superior to the Negritos, but to the peoples of the Malayan race as well, and are, as a rule, quite intelligent. Rep. Phil. Com. , 1902. INDOOR In"door`, a. Defn: Done or being within doors; within a house or institution; domestic; as, indoor work. INDOORS In"doors`, adv. Defn: Within the house; -- usually separated, in doors. INDOPHENOL In`do*phe"nol, n. Etym: [Indigo + phenol.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of artificial blue dyestuffs, resembling indigo in appearance, and obtained by the action of phenol on certain nitrogenous derivatives of quinone. Simple indophenol proper has not yet been isolated. INDORSABLE In*dors"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being indorsed; transferable; convertible. INDORSATION In`dor*sa"tion, n. Defn: Indorsement. [Obs.] INDORSE In*dorse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indorsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Indorsing.] Etym: [LL. indorsare. See Endorse.] [Written also endorse.] 1. To cover the back of; to load or burden. [Obs.] Elephants indorsed with towers. Milton. 2. To write upon the back or outside of a paper or letter, as a direction, heading, memorandum, or address. 3. (Law & Com.) Defn: To write one's name, alone or with other words, upon the back of (a paper), for the purpose of transferring it, or to secure the payment of a 4. To give one's name or support to; to sanction; to aid by approval; to approve; as, to indorse an opinion. To indorse in blank, to write one's name on the back of a note or bill, leaving a blank to be filled by the holder. INDORSED In*dorsed", a. (Her.) Defn: See Addorsed. INDORSEE In`dor*see", n. Defn: The person to whom a note or bill is indorsed, or assigned by indorsement. INDORSEMENT In*dorse"ment, n. Etym: [From Indorse; cf. Endorsement.] [Written also endorsement.] 1. The act of writing on the back of a note, bill, or other written instrument. 2. That which is written on the back of a note, bill, or other paper, as a name, an order for, or a receipt of, payment, or the return of an officer, etc.; a writing, usually upon the back, but sometimes on the face, of a negotiable instrument, by which the property therein is assigned and transferred. Story. Byles. Burrill. 3. Sanction, support, or approval; as, the indorsement of a rumor, an opinion, a course, conduct. Blank indorsement. See under Blank. INDORSER; INDORSOR In*dors"er, In*dors"or, n. Defn: The person who indorses. [Written also endorser.] INDOW In*dow", v. t. Defn: See Endow. INDOWMENT In*dow"ment, n. Defn: See Endowment. INDOXYL In*dox"yl, n. Etym: [Indigo + hydroxyl.] (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous substance, C8H7NO, isomeric with oxindol, obtained as an oily liquid. INDOXYLIC In`dox*yl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to, or producing, indoxyl; as, indoxylic acid. INDRAUGHT In"draught`, n. 1. An opening from the sea into the land; an inlet. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 2. A draught of air or flow of water setting inward. INDRAWN In"drawn`, a. Defn: Drawn in. INDRENCH In*drench", v. t. Defn: To overwhelm with water; to drench; to drown. [Obs.] Shak. INDRIS; INDRI In"dris, In"dri, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any lemurine animal of the genus Indris. Note: Several species are known, all of them natives of Madagascar, as the diadem indris (I. diadema), which has a white ruff around the forehead; the woolly indris (I. laniger); and the short-tailed or black indris (I. brevicaudatus), which is black, varied with gray. INDUBIOUS In*du"bi*ous, a. Etym: [L. indubius. See In- not, and Dubious.] 1. Not dubious or doubtful; certain. 2. Not doubting; unsuspecting. "Indubious confidence." Harvey. INDUBITABLE In*du"bi*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. indubitabilis: cf. F. indubitable. See In- not, and Dubitable.] Defn: Not dubitable or doubtful; too evident to admit of doubt; unquestionable; evident; apparently certain; as, an indubitable conclusion. -- n. Defn: That which is indubitable. Syn. -- Unquestionable; evident; incontrovertible; incontestable; undeniable; irrefragable. INDUBITABLENESS In*du"bi*ta*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being indubitable. INDUBITABLY In*du"bi*ta*bly, adv. Defn: Undoubtedly; unquestionably; in a manner to remove all doubt. Oracles indubitably clear and infallibly certain. Barrow. INDUBITATE In*du"bi*tate, a. Etym: [L. indubitatus; pref. in- not + dubitatus, p. p. of dubitare to doubt.] Defn: Not questioned or doubtful; evident; certain. [Obs.] Bacon. INDUBITATE In*du"bi*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. indubitatus, p. p. of indubitare; pref. in- in + dubitare to doubt.] Defn: To bring into doubt; to cause to be doubted. [Obs.] To conceal, or indubitate, his exigency. Sir T. Browne. INDUCE In*duce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Induced; p. pr. & vb. n. Inducing.] Etym: [L. inducere, inductum; pref. in- in + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Induct.] 1. To lead in; to introduce. [Obs.] The poet may be seen inducing his personages in the first Iliad. Pope. 2. To draw on; to overspread. [A Latinism] Cowper. 3. To lead on; to influence; to prevail on; to incite; to move by persuasion or influence. Shak. He is not obliged by your offer to do it, . . . though he may be induced, persuaded, prevailed upon, tempted. Paley. Let not the covetous desire of growing rich induce you to ruin your reputation. Dryden. 4. To bring on; to effect; to cause; as, a fever induced by fatigue or exposure. Sour things induces a contraction in the nerves. Bacon. 5. (Physics) Defn: To produce, or cause, by proximity without contact or transmission, as a particular electric or magnetic condition in a body, by the approach of another body in an opposite electric or magnetic state. 6. (Logic) Defn: To generalize or conclude as an inference from all the particulars; -- the opposite of deduce. Syn. -- To move; instigate; urge; impel; incite; press; influence; actuate. INDUCED CURRENT In*duced" cur"rent. (Elec.) Defn: A current due to variation in the magnetic field surrounding its conductor. INDUCEMENT In*duce"ment, n. Etym: [From Induce.] 1. The act of inducing, or the state of being induced. 2. That which induces; a motive or consideration that leads one to action or induces one to act; as, reward is an inducement to toil. "Mark the inducement." Shak. 3. (Law) Defn: Matter stated by way of explanatory preamble or introduction to the main allegations of a pleading; a leading to. Syn. -- Motive; reason; influence. See Motive. INDUCER In*du"cer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, induces or incites. INDUCIBLE In*du"ci*ble, a. 1. Capable of being induced, caused, or made to take place. 2. Obtainable by induction; derivable; inferable. INDUCT In*duct", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inducted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inducting.] Etym: [L. inductus, p. p. of inducere. See Induce.] 1. To bring in; to introduce; to usher in. The independent orator inducting himself without further ceremony into the pulpit. Sir W. Scott. 2. To introduce, as to a benefice or office; to put in actual possession of the temporal rights of an ecclesiastical living, or of any other office, with the customary forms and ceremonies. The prior, when inducted into that dignity, took an oath not to alienate any of their lands. Bp. Burnet. INDUCTANCE In*duc"tance, n. (Elec.) Defn: Capacity for induction; the coefficient of self-induction. The unit of inductance is the henry. INDUCTANCE COIL In*duc"tance coil. (Elec.) Defn: A choking coil. INDUCTEOUS In*duc"te*ous, a. (Elec.) Defn: Rendered electro-polar by induction, or brought into the opposite electrical state by the influence of inductive bodies. INDUCTILE In*duc"tile, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + ductile: cf. F. inductile.] Defn: Not ductile; incapable of being drawn into threads, as a metal; inelastic; tough. INDUCTILITY In`duc*til"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inductile. INDUCTION In*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. inductio: cf. F. induction. See Induct.] 1. The act or process of inducting or bringing in; introduction; entrance; beginning; commencement. I know not you; nor am I well pleased to make this time, as the affair now stands, the induction of your acquaintance. Beau. & Fl. These promises are fair, the parties sure, And our induction dull of prosperous hope. Shak. 2. An introduction or introductory scene, as to a play; a preface; a prologue. [Obs.] This is but an induction: I will dMassinger. 3. (Philos.) Defn: The act or process of reasoning from a part to a whole, from particulars to generals, or from the individual to the universal; also, the result or inference so reached. Induction is an inference drawn from all the particulars. Sir W. Hamilton. Induction is the process by which we conclude that what is true of certain individuals of a class, is true of the whole class, or that what is true at certain times will be true in similar circumstances at all times. J. S. Mill. 4. The introduction of a clergyman into a benefice, or of an official into a office, with appropriate acts or ceremonies; the giving actual possession of an ecclesiastical living or its temporalities. 5. (Math.) Defn: A process of demonstration in which a general truth is gathered from an examination of particular cases, one of which is known to be true, the examination being so conducted that each case is made to depend on the preceding one; -- called also successive induction. 6. (Physics) Defn: The property by which one body, having electrical or magnetic polarity, causes or induces it in another body without direct contact; an impress of electrical or magnetic force or condition from one body on another without actual contact. Electro-dynamic induction, the action by which a variable or interrupted current of electricity excites another current in a neighboring conductor forming a closed circuit. -- Electro-magnetic induction, the influence by which an electric current produces magnetic polarity in certain bodies near or around which it passes. -- Electro-static induction, the action by which a body possessing a charge of statical electricity develops a charge of statical electricity of the opposite character in a neighboring body. -- Induction coil, an apparatus producing induced currents of great intensity. It consists of a coil or helix of stout insulated copper wire, surrounded by another coil of very fine insulated wire, in which a momentary current is induced, when a current (as from a voltaic battery), passing through the inner coil, is made, broken, or varied. The inner coil has within it a core of soft iron, and is connected at its terminals with a condenser; -- called also inductorium, and Ruhmkorff's coil. -- Induction pipe, port, or valve, a pipe, passageway, or valve, for leading or admitting a fluid to a receiver, as steam to an engine cylinder, or water to a pump. -- Magnetic induction, the action by which magnetic polarity is developed in a body susceptible to magnetic effects when brought under the influence of a magnet. -- Magneto-electric induction, the influence by which a magnet excites electric currents in closed circuits. Logical induction, (Philos.), an act or method of reasoning from all the parts separately to the whole which they constitute, or into which they may be united collectively; the operation of discovering and proving general propositions; the scientific method. -- Philosophical induction, the inference, or the act of inferring, that what has been observed or established in respect to a part, individual, or species, may, on the ground of analogy, be affirmed or received of the whole to which it belongs. This last is the inductive method of Bacon. It ascends from the parts to the whole, and forms, from the general analogy of nature, or special presumptions in the case, conclusions which have greater or less degrees of force, and which may be strengthened or weakened by subsequent experience and experiment. It relates to actual existences, as in physical science or the concerns of life. Logical induction is founded on the necessary laws of thought; philosophical induction, on the interpretation of the indications or analogy of nature. Syn. -- Deduction. -- Induction, Deduction. In induction we observe a sufficient number of individual facts, and, on the ground of analogy, extend what is true of them to others of the same class, thus arriving at general principles or laws. This is the kind of reasoning in physical science. In deduction we begin with a general truth, which is already proven or provisionally assumed, and seek to connect it with some particular case by means of a middle term, or class of objects, known to be equally connected with both. Thus, we bring down the general into the particular, affirming of the latter the distinctive qualities of the former. This is the syllogistic method. By induction Franklin established the identity of lightning and electricity; by deduction he inferred that dwellings might be protected by lightning rods. INDUCTIONAL In*duc"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or proceeding by, induction; inductive. INDUCTION GENERATOR In*duc"tion gen"er*a`tor. Defn: A machine built as an induction motor and driven above synchronous speed, thus acting as an alternating-current generator; - - called also asynchronous generator. Below synchronism the machine takes in electrical energy and acts as an induction motor; at synchronism the power component of current becomes zero and changes sign, so that above synchronism the machine (driven for this purpose by mechanical power) gives out electrical energy as a generator. INDUCTION MOTOR Induction motor. (Elec.) Defn: A type of alternating-current motor comprising two wound members, one stationary, called the stator, and the other rotating, called the rotor, these two members corresponding to a certain extent to the field and armature of a direct-current motor. INDUCTIVE In*duct"ive, a. Etym: [LL. inductivus: cf. F. inductif. See Induce.] 1. Leading or drawing; persuasive; tempting; -- usually followed by to. A brutish vice, Inductive mainly to the sin of Eve. Milton. 2. Tending to induce or cause. [R.] They may be . . . inductive of credibility. Sir M. Hale. 3. Leading to inferences; proceeding by, derived from, or using, induction; as, inductive reasoning. 4. (Physics) (a) Operating by induction; as, an inductive electrical machine. (b) Facilitating induction; susceptible of being acted upon by induction; as certain substances have a great inductive capacity. Inductive embarrassment (Physics), the retardation in signaling on an electric wire, produced by lateral induction. -- Inductive philosophy or method. See Philosophical induction, under Induction. -- Inductive sciences, those sciences which admit of, and employ, the inductive method, as astronomy, botany, chemistry, etc. INDUCTIVELY In*duct"ive*ly, adv. Defn: By induction or inference. INDUCTOMETER In`duc*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Induction + -meter.] (Elec.) Defn: An instrument for measuring or ascertaining the degree or rate of electrical induction. INDUCTOR In*duct"or, n. Etym: [L., one who stirs up or rouses. See Induce.] 1. The person who inducts another into an office or benefice. 2. (Elec.) Defn: That portion of an electrical apparatus, in which is the inducing charge or current. INDUCTORIUM In`duc*to"ri*um, n.; pl. E. Inductoriums, L. Inductoria. Etym: [NL., fr. E. induction.] (Elec.) Defn: An induction coil. INDUCTRIC; INDUCTRICAL In*duc"tric, In*duc"tric*al, a. (Elec.) Defn: Acting by, or in a state of, induction; relating to electrical induction. INDUE In*due", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indued; p. pr. & vb. n. Induing.] [Written also endue.] Etym: [L. induere to put on, clothe, fr. OL. indu (fr. in- in) + a root seen also in L. exuere to put off, divest, exuviae the skin of an animal, slough, induviae clothes. Cf. Endue to invest.] 1. To put on, as clothes; to draw on. The baron had indued a pair of jack boots. Sir W. Scott. 2. To clothe; to invest; hence, to endow; to furnish; to supply with moral or mental qualities. Indu'd with robes of various hue she flies. Dryden. Indued with intellectual sense and souls. Shak. INDUEMENT In*due"ment, n. Etym: [From Indue; cf. Indument, Enduement.] Defn: The act of induing, or state of being indued; investment; endowment. W. Montagu. INDULGE In*dulge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indulged; p. pr. & vb. n. Indulging.] Etym: [L. indulgere to be kind or tender to one; cf. OIr. dilgud, equiv. to L. remissio, OIr. dligeth, equiv. to L. lex, Goth. dulgs debt.] 1. To be complacent toward; to give way to; not to oppose or restrain; (a) when said of a habit, desire, etc.: to give free course to; to give one's self up to; as, to indulge sloth, pride, selfishness, or inclinations; (b) when said of a person: to yield to the desire of; to gratify by compliance; to humor; to withhold restraint from; as, to indulge children in their caprices or willfulness; to indulge one's self with a rest or in pleasure. Hope in another life implies that we indulge ourselves in the gratifications of this very sparingly. Atterbury. 2. To grant as by favor; to bestow in concession, or in compliance with a wish or request. Persuading us that something must be indulged to public manners. Jer. Taylor. Yet, yet a moment, one dim ray of light Indulge, dread Chaos, and eternal Night! Pope. Note: It is remarked by Johnson, that if the matter of indulgence is a single thing, it has with before it; if it is a habit, it has in; as, he indulged himself with a glass of wine or a new book; he indulges himself in idleness or intemperance. See Gratify. INDULGE In*dulge", v. i. Defn: To indulge one's self; to gratify one's tastes or desires; esp., to give one's self up (to); to practice a forbidden or questionable act without restraint; -- followed by in, but formerly, also, by to. "Willing to indulge in easy vices." Johnson. INDULGEMENT In*dulge"ment, n. Defn: Indulgence. [R.] Wood. INDULGENCE In*dul"gence, n. Etym: [L. indulgentia: cf. F. indulgence.] 1. The act of indulging or humoring; the quality of being indulgent; forbearance of restrain or control. If I were a judge, that word indulgence should never issue from my lips. Tooke. They err, that through indulgence to others, or fondness to any sin in themselves, substitute for repentance anything less. Hammond. 2. An indulgent act; favor granted; gratification. If all these gracious indulgences are without any effect on us, we must perish in our own folly. Rogers. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Remission of the temporal punishment due to sins, after the guilt of sin has been remitted by sincere repentance; absolution from the censures and public penances of the church. It is a payment of the debt of justice to God by the application of the merits of Christ and his saints to the contrite soul through the church. It is therefore believed to diminish or destroy for sins the punishment of purgatory. INDULGENCE In*dul"gence, v. t. Defn: To grant an indulgence to. INDULGENCY In*dul"gen*cy, n. Defn: Indulgence. Dryden. INDULGENT In*dul"gent, a. Etym: [L. indulgens, -entis, p. pr. of indulgere: cf. F. indulgent. See Indulge.] Defn: Prone to indulge; yielding to the wishes, humor, or appetites of those under one's care; compliant; not opposing or restraining; tolerant; mild; favorable; not severe; as, an indulgent parent. Shak. The indulgent censure of posterity. Waller. The feeble old, indulgent of their ease. Dryden. INDULGENTIAL In`dul*gen"tial, a. Defn: Relating to the indulgences of the Roman Catholic Church. Brevint. INDULGENTLY In*dul"gent*ly, adv. Defn: In an indulgent manner; mildly; favorably. Dryden. INDULGER In*dul"ger, n. Defn: One who indulges. W. Montagu. INDULGIATE In*dul"gi*ate, v. t. Defn: To indulge. [R.] Sandys. INDULINE In"du*line, n. Etym: [Perh. fr. indigo.] (Chem.) (a) Any one of a large series of aniline dyes, colored blue or violet, and represented by aniline violet. (b) A dark green amorphous dyestuff, produced by the oxidation of aniline in the presence of copper or vanadium salts; -- called also aniline black. INDULT; INDULTO In*dult", In*dul"to, n. Etym: [L. indultum indulgence, favor, fr. indultus, p. p. of indulgere: cf. It. indulto, F. indult. See Indulge.] 1. A privilege or exemption; an indulgence; a dispensation granted by the pope. 2. (Spain) Defn: A duty levied on all importations. INDUMENT In"du*ment, n. Etym: [L. indumentum a covering. See Indue, and cf. Induement.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Plumage; feathers. INDUPLICATE In*du"pli*cate, a. (Bot.) (a) Having the edges bent abruptly toward the axis; -- said of the parts of the calyx or corolla in æstivation. (b) Having the edges rolled inward and then arranged about the axis without overlapping; -- said of leaves in vernation. INDUPLICATIVE In*du"pli*ca*tive, a. (Bot.) (a) Having induplicate sepals or petals in æstivation. (b) Having induplicate leaves in vernation. INDURANCE In*dur"ance, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Endurance. INDURATE In"du*rate, a. Etym: [L. induratus, p. p. of indurare to harden. See Endure.] 1. Hardened; not soft; indurated. Tyndale. 2. Without sensibility; unfeeling; obdurate. INDURATE In"du*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indurated; p. pr. & vb. n. Indurating.] 1. To make hard; as, extreme heat indurates clay; some fossils are indurated by exposure to the air. 2. To make unfeeling; to deprive of sensibility; to render obdurate. INDURATE In"du*rate, v. i. Defn: To grow hard; to harden, or become hard; as, clay indurates by drying, and by heat. INDURATED In"du*ra`ted, a. Defn: Hardened; as, indurated clay; an indurated heart. Goldsmith. INDURATION In`du*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. induration, L. induratio hardness of heart.] 1. The act of hardening, or the process of growing hard. 2. State of being indurated, or of having become hard. 3. Hardness of character, manner, sensibility, etc.; obduracy; stiffness; want of pliancy or feeling. A certain induration of character had arisen from long habits of business. Coleridge. INDUSIAL In*du"sial, a. Etym: [See Indusium.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, the petrified cases of the larvæ of certain insects. Indusial limestone (Geol.), a fresh-water limestone, largely composed of the agglomerated cases of caddice worms, or larvæ of caddice flies (Phryganea). It is found in Miocene strata of Auvergne, France, and some other localities. INDUSIATE; INDUSIATED In*du"si*ate, In*du"si*a`ted, a. (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with an indusium. INDUSIUM In*du"si*um, n.; pl. Indu. Etym: [L., an under garment, fr. induere to put on: cf. F. indusie the covering of the seed spots of ferns.] (Bot.) (a) A collection of hairs united so as to form a sort of cup, and inclosing the stigma of a flower. (b) The immediate covering of the fruit dots or sori in many ferns, usually a very thin scale attached by the middle or side to a veinlet. (c) A peculiar covering found in certain fungi. INDUSTRIAL In*dus"tri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. industriel, LL. industrialis. See Industry.] Defn: Consisting in industry; pertaining to industry, or the arts and products of industry; concerning those employed in labor, especially in manual labor, and their wages, duties, and rights. The great ideas of industrial development and economic social amelioration. M. Arnold. Industrial exhibition, a public exhibition of the various industrial products of a country, or of various countries. -- Industrial school, a school for teaching one or more branches of industry; also, a school for educating neglected children, and training them to habits of industry. INDUSTRIALISM In*dus"tri*al*ism, n. 1. Devotion to industrial pursuits; labor; industry. J. S. Mill. 2. The principles or policy applicable to industrial pursuits or organized labor. Industrialism must not confounded with industriousness. H. Spencer. INDUSTRIALLY In*dus"tri*al*ly, adv. Defn: With reference to industry. INDUSTRIOUS In*dus"tri*ous, a. Etym: [L. industrius, industriosus: cf. F. industrieux. See Industry.] 1. Given to industry; characterized by diligence; constantly, regularly, or habitually occupied; busy; assiduous; not slothful or idle; -- commonly implying devotion to lawful and useful labor. Frugal and industrious men are commonly friendly to the established government. Sir W. Temple. 2. Steadily and perseveringly active in a particular pursuit or aim; as, he was negligent in business, but industrious in pleasure; an industrious mischief maker. Industrious to seek out the truth of all things. Spenser. -- In*dus"tri*ous*ly, adv. -- In*dus"tri*ous*ness, n. INDUSTRY In"dus*try, n.; pl. Industries. Etym: [L. industria, cf. industrius diligent; of uncertain origin: cf. F. industrie.] 1. Habitual diligence in any employment or pursuit, either bodily or mental; steady attention to business; assiduity; -- opposed to sloth and idleness; as, industry pays debts, while idleness or despair will increase them. We are more industrious than our forefathers, because in the present times the funds destined for the maintenance of industry are much greater in proportion to those which are likely to be employed in the maintenance of idleness, than they were two or three centuries ago. A. Smith. 2. Any department or branch of art, occupation, or business; especially, one which employs much labor and capital and is a distinct branch of trade; as, the sugar industry; the iron industry; the cotton industry. 3. (Polit. Econ.) Defn: Human exertion of any kind employed for the creation of value, and regarded by some as a species of capital or wealth; labor. Syn. -- Diligence; assiduity; perseverance; activity; laboriousness; attention. See Diligence. INDUTIVE In*du"tive, a. Etym: [L. indutus, p. p. of induere to put on. See Indue.] (Bot.) Defn: Covered; -- applied to seeds which have the usual integumentary covering. INDUVIAE In*du"vi*æ, n. pl. Etym: [L., clothes, fr. induere to put on. See Indue.] (Bot.) Defn: Persistent portions of a calyx or corolla; also, leaves which do not disarticulate from the stem, and hence remain for a long time. INDUVIATE In*du"vi*ate, a. (Bot.) Defn: Covered with induviæ, as the upper part of the trunk of a palm tree. INDWELL In"dwell`, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Indwelt; p. pr. & vb. n. Indwelling.] Defn: To dwell in; to abide within; to remain in possession. The Holy Ghost became a dove, not as a symbol, but as a constantly indwelt form. Milman. INDWELLER In"dwell`er n. Defn: An inhabitant. Spenser. INDWELLING In"dwell`ing, n. Defn: Residence within, as in the heart. The personal indwelling of the Spirit in believers. South. -INE -ine (; 104). 1. (Chem.) Defn: A suffix, indicating that those substances of whose names it is a part are basic, and alkaloidal in their nature. Note: All organic bases, and basic substances (especially nitrogenous substances), are systematically written with the termination -ine; as, quinine, morphine, guanidine, etc. All indifferent and neutral substances, as proteids, glycerides, glucosides, etc., should commonly be spelled with -in; as, gelatin, amygdalin, etc. This rue has no application to those numerous commercial or popular names with the termination -ine; as, gasoline, vaseline, etc. 2. (Organ. Chem.) Defn: A suffix, used to indicate hydrocarbons of the second degree of unsaturation; i. e., members of the acetyline series; as, hexine, heptine, etc. INEARTH In*earth", v. t. Defn: To inter. [R.] Southey. INEBRIANT In*e"bri*ant, a. Etym: [L. inebrians, p. pr. of inebriare. See Inebriate.] Defn: Intoxicating. INEBRIANT In*e"bri*ant, n. Defn: Anything that intoxicates, as opium, alcohol, etc.; an intoxicant. Smart. INEBRIATE In*e"bri*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inebriated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inebriating.] Etym: [L. inebriatus, p. p. of inebriare; pref. in- in + ebriare to make drunk, fr. ebrius drunk. See Ebriety.] 1. To make drunk; to intoxicate. The cups That cheer but not inebriate. Cowper. 2. Fig.: To disorder the senses of; to exhilarate or elate as if by spirituous drink; to deprive of sense and judgment; also, to stupefy. The inebriating effect of popular applause. Macaulay. INEBRIATE In*e"bri*ate, v. i. Defn: To become drunk. [Obs.] Bacon. INEBRIATE In*e"bri*ate, a. Etym: [L. inebriatus, p. p.] Defn: Intoxicated; drunk; habitually given to drink; stupefied. Thus spake Peter, as a man inebriate and made drunken with the sweetness of this vision, not knowing what he said. Udall. INEBRIATE In*e"bri*ate, n. Defn: One who is drunk or intoxicated; esp., an habitual drunkard; as, an asylum fro inebriates. Some inebriates have their paroxysms of inebriety. E. Darwin. INEBRIATION In*e`bri*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. inebriatio.] Defn: The condition of being inebriated; intoxication; figuratively, deprivation of sense and judgment by anything that exhilarates, as success. Sir T. Browne. Preserve him from the inebriation of prosperity. Macaulay. Syn. -- See Drunkenness. INEBRIETY In`e*bri"e*ty, n. Etym: [See Inebriate, Ebriety.] Defn: Drunkenness; inebriation. E. Darwin. INEBRIOUS In*e"bri*ous, a. Defn: Intoxicated, or partially so; intoxicating. [R.] T. Brown. INEDIBLE In*ed"i*ble, a. [LL. inedibilis. See In- not, and Edible.] Defn: Not edible; not fit for food. -- In*ed`i*bil"i*ty (#), n. INEDITED In*ed"it*ed, a. Defn: Not edited; unpublished; as, an inedited manuscript. T. Warton. INEE I`née", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: An arrow poison, made from an apocynaceous plant (Strophanthus hispidus) of the Gaboon country; -- called also onaye. INEFFABILITY In*ef`fa*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. ineffabilitas: cf. F. ineffabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being ineffable; ineffableness; unspeakableness. INEFFABLE In*ef"fa*ble, a. Etym: [L. ineffabilis: cf. F. ineffable. See In- not, and Effable, Fame.] Defn: Incapable of being expresses in words; unspeakable; unutterable; indescribable; as, the ineffable joys of heaven. Contentment with our lot . . . will diffuse ineffable contenBeattie. INEFFABLENESS In*ef"fa*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being ineffable or unutterable; unspeakableness. INEFFABLY In*ef"fa*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner not to be expressed in words; unspeakably. Milton. INEFFACEABLE In`ef*face"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + effaceable: cf. F. ineffa.] Defn: Incapable of being effaced; indelible; ineradicable. INEFFACEABLY In`ef*face"a*bly, adv. Defn: So as not to be effaceable. INEFFECTIBLE In`ef*fect"i*ble, a. Defn: Ineffectual; impracticable. [R.] Bp. Hall. INEFFECTIVE In`ef*fect"ive, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + effective: cf. F. ineffectif.] Defn: Not effective; ineffectual; futile; inefficient; useless; as, an ineffective appeal. The word of God, without the spirit, [is] a dead and ineffective letter. Jer. Taylor. INEFFECTIVELY In`ef*fect"ive*ly, adv. Defn: In an ineffective manner; without effect; inefficiently; ineffectually. INEFFECTIVENESS In`ef*fect"ive*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being ineffective. INEFFECTUAL In`ef*fec"tu*al, a. Defn: Not producing the proper effect; without effect; inefficient; weak; useless; futile; unavailing; as, an ineffectual attempt; an ineffectual expedient. Pope. The peony root has been much commended, . . . and yet has been by many found ineffectual. Boyle. Syn. -- Inefficient; useless; inefficacious; vain; fruitless; unavailing; futile. See Uselesss, Inefficacious. INEFFECTUALITY In`ef*fec`tu*al"i*ty, n. Defn: Ineffectualness. [R.] INEFFECTUALLY In`ef*fec"tu*al*ly, adv. Defn: Without effect; in vain. Hereford . . . had been besieged for abouineffectually by the Scots. Ludlow. INEFFECTUALNESS In`ef*fec"tu*al*ness, n. Defn: Want of effect, or of power to produce it; inefficacy. The ineffectualness of some men's devotion. Wake. INEFFERVESCENCE In*ef`fer*ves"cence, n. Defn: Want of effervescence. Kirwan. INEFFERVESCENT In*ef`fer*ves"cent, a. Defn: Not effervescing, or not susceptible of effervescence; quiescent. INEFFERVESCIBILITY In*ef`fer*ves`ci*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being ineffervescible. INEFFERVESCIBLE In*ef`fer*ves"ci*ble, a. Defn: Not capable or susceptible of effervescence. INEFFICACIOUS In*ef`fi*ca"cious, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + efficacious: cf. F. inefficace, L. inefficax.] Defn: Not efficacious; not having power to produce the effect desired; inadequate; incompetent; inefficient; impotent. Boyle. The authority of Parliament must become inefficacious . . . to restrain the growth of disorders. Burke. Note: Ineffectual, says Johnson, rather denotes an actual failure, and inefficacious and habitual impotence to any effect. But the distinction is not always observed, nor can it be; for we can not always know whether means are inefficacious till experiment has proved them ineffectual. Inefficacious is therefore sometimes synonymous with ineffectual. INEFFICACIOUSLY In*ef`fi*ca"cious*ly, adv. Defn: without efficacy or effect. INEFFICACIOUSNESS In*ef`fi*ca"cious*ness, n. Defn: Want of effect, or of power to produce the effect; inefficacy. INEFFICACY In*ef"fi*ca*cy, n. Etym: [L. inefficacia. See In- not, and Efficacy.] Defn: Want of power to produce the desired or proper effect; inefficiency; ineffectualness; futility; uselessness; fruitlessness; as, the inefficacy of medicines or means. The seeming inefficacy of censures. Bp. Hall. The inefficacy was soon proved, like that of many similar medicines. James Gregory. INEFFICIENCY In`ef*fi"cien*cy, n. Defn: The quality of being inefficient; want of power or energy sufficient; want of power or energy sufficient for the desired effect; inefficacy; incapacity; as, he was discharged from his position for inefficiency. INEFFICIENT In`ef*fi"cient, a. 1. Not efficient; not producing the effect intended or desired; inefficacious; as, inefficient means or measures. 2. Incapable of, or indisposed to, effective action; habitually slack or remiss; effecting little or nothing; as, inefficient workmen; an inefficient administrator. INEFFICIENTLY In`ef*fi"cient*ly, adv. Defn: In an inefficient manner. INELABORATE In`e*lab"o*rate, a. Etym: [L. inelaboratus. See In- not, and Elaborate.] Defn: Not elaborate; not wrought with care; unpolished; crude; unfinished. INELASTIC In`e*las"tic, a. Defn: Not elastic. INELASTICITY In`e*las*tic"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of elasticity. INELEGANCE; INELEGANCY In*el"e*gance, In*el"e*gan*cy, n.; pl. Inelegances, Inelegancies. Etym: [L. inelegantia: cf. F. inélégance.] 1. The quality of being inelegant; want of elegance or grace; want of refinement, beauty, or polish in language, composition, or manners. The notorious inelegance of her figure. T. Hook. 2. Anything inelegant; as, inelegance of style in literary composition. INELEGANT In*el"e*gant, a. Etym: [L. inelegans: cf. F. inélégant. See In- not, and Elegant.] Defn: Not elegant; deficient in beauty, polish, refinement, grave, or ornament; wanting in anything which correct taste requires. What order so contrived as not to mix Tastes, not well joined, inelegant. Milton. It renders style often obscure, always embarrassed and inelegant. Blair. INELEGANTLY In*el"e*gant*ly, adv. Defn: In an inelegant manner. INELIGIBILITY In*el`i*gi*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inéligibilité.] Defn: The state or quality of being ineligible. INELIGIBLE In*el"i*gi*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + eligible: cf. F. inéligible.] Defn: Not eligible; not qualified to be chos Burke. INELLIGIBLY In*el"li*gi*bly, adv. Defn: In an ineligible manner. INELOQUENT In*e"lo*quent, a. Etym: [L. ineloquens: cf. F. inéloquent. See In- not, and Eloquent.] Defn: Not eloquent; not fluent, graceful, or pathetic; not persuasive; as, ineloquent language. Nor are thy lips ungraceful, sire of men, Nor tongue ineloquent. Milton. INELOQUENTLY In*e"lo*quent*ly, adv. Defn: Without eloquence. INELUCTABLE In`e*luc"ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. ineluctabilis; pref. in- not + eluctabilis to be surmounted, fr. eluctari to struggle out of, to surmount: cf. F. inéluctable. See Eluctate.] Defn: Not to be overcome by struggling; irresistible; inevitable. Bp. Pearson. The ineluctable conditions of matter. Hamerton. INELUDIBLE In`e*lud"i*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being eluded or evaded; unvoidable. Most pressing reasons and ineludible demonstrations. Glanvill. INEMBRYONATE In*em"bry*o*nate, a. (Biol.) Defn: Not embryonate. INENARRABLE In`e*nar"ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. inenarrabilis; pref. in- not + enarrabilis that may be related; fr. enarrare to relate: cf. F. inénarrable. See Enarration.] Defn: Incapable of being narrated; indescribable; ineffable. [Obs.] "Inenarrable goodness." Bp. Fisher. INEPT In*ept", a. Etym: [L. ineptus; prefix. in- not + aptus apt, fit: cf. F. inepte. Cf. Inapt.] 1. Not apt or fit; unfit; unsuitable; improper; unbecoming. The Aristotelian philosophy is inept for new discoveries. Glanvill. 2. Silly; useless; nonsensical; absurd; foolish. To view attention as a special act of intelligence, and to distinguish it from consciousness, is utterly inept. Sir W. Hamilton. INEPTITUDE In*ept"i*tude, n. Etym: [L. ineptitudo.] 1. The quality of being inept; unfitness; inaptitude; unsuitableness. That ineptitude for society, which is frequently the fault of us scholars. Tatler. 2. Absurdity; nonsense; foolishness. INEPTLY In*ept"ly, adv. Defn: Unfitly; unsuitably; awkwardly. None of them are made foolishly or ineptly. Dr. H. More. INEPTNESS In*ept"ness, n. Defn: Unfitness; ineptitude. The feebleness and miserable ineptness of infancy. Dr. H. More. INEQUABLE In*e"qua*ble, a. Defn: Unequable. [R.] Bailey. INEQUAL In*e"qual, a. Etym: [L. inaequalis. See In- not, and Equal.] Defn: Unequal; uneven; various. [Obs.] Chaucer. INEQUALITY In`e*qual"i*ty, n.; pl. Inequalities. Etym: [L. inaequalitas.] 1. The quality of being unequal; difference, or want of equality, in any respect; lack of uniformity; disproportion; unevenness; disparity; diversity; as, an inequality in size, stature, numbers, power, distances, motions, rank, property, etc. There is so great an inequality in the length of our legs and arms as makes it impossible for us to walk on all four. Ray. Notwithstanding which inequality of number, it was resolved in a council of war to fight the Dutch fleet. Ludlow. Sympathy is rarely strong where there is a great inequality of condition. Macaulay. 2. Unevenness; want of levelness; the alternate rising and falling of a surface; as, the inequalities of the surface of the earth, or of a marble slab, etc. The country is cut into so many hills and inequalities as renders it defensible. Addison. 3. Variableness; changeableness; inconstancy; lack of smoothness or equability; deviation; unsteadiness, as of the weather, feelings, etc. Inequality of air is ever an enemy to health. Bacon. 4. Disproportion to any office or purpose; inadequacy; competency; as, the inequality of terrestrial things to the wants of a rational soul. South. 5. (Alg.) Defn: An expression consisting of two unequal quantities, with the sign of inequality (> or <) between them; as, the inequality 2 < 3, or 4 > 1. 6. (Astron.) Defn: An irregularity, or a deviation, in the motion of a planet or satellite from its uniform mean motion; the amount of such deviation. INEQUATION In`e*qua"tion, n. (Math.) Defn: An inequality. INEQUIDISTANT In*e`qui*dis"tant, a. Defn: Not equally distant; not equidistant. INEQUILATERAL In*e`qui*lat"er*al, a. 1. Having unequal sides; unsymmetrical; unequal-sided. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the two ends unequal, as in the clam, quahaug, and most lamellibranch shells. INEQUILOBATE In*e`qui*lo"bate, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + equi- + lobate.] (Biol.) Defn: Unequally lobed; cut into lobes of different shapes or sizes. INEQUITABLE In*eq"ui*ta*ble, a. Defn: Not equitable; not just. Burke. INEQUITATE In*eq"ui*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. inequitatus, p. p. inequitare to ride over. See 1st In-, and Equitant.] Defn: To ride over or through. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. INEQUITY In*eq"ui*ty, n. Defn: Want of equity; injustice; wrong. "Some form of inequity." H. Spencer. INEQUIVALVE; INEQUIVALVULAR In*e"qui*valve, In*e`qui*val"vu*lar, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having unequal valves, as the shell of an oyster. INERADICABLE In`e*rad"i*ca*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being The bad seed thus sown was ineradicable. Ld. Lytton. INERADICABLY In`e*rad"i*ca*bly, adv. Defn: So as not to be eradicable. INERGETIC; INERGETICAL In`er*get"ic, In`er*get"ic*al, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + energetic, - ical.] Defn: Having no energy; sluggish. [R.] Boyle. INERGETICALLY In`er*get"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Without energy. [R.] INERM; INERMOUS In*erm", In*er"mous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Inermis. INERMIS In*er"mis, a. Etym: [L. inermis, inermus; pref. in- not + arma arms: cf. F. inerme.] (Bot.) Defn: Unarmed; destitute of prickles or thorns, as a leaf. Gray. INERRABILITY In*er`ra*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Freedom or exemption from error; infallibility. Eikon Basilike. INERRABLE In*er"ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. inerrabilis. See In- not, and Err.] Defn: Incapable of erring; infallible; unerring. "Inerabble and requisite conditions." Sir T. Browne. "Not an inerrable text." Gladstone. INERRABLENESS In*er"ra*ble*ness, n. Defn: Exemption from error; inerrability; infallibility. Hammond. INERRABLY In*er"ra*bly, adv. Defn: With security from error; infallibly; unerringly. INERRANCY In*er"ran*cy, n. Defn: Exemption from error. The absolute inerrancy odf the Bible. The Century. INERRATIC In`er*rat"ic, a. Defn: Not erratic or wandering; fixed; settled; established. INERRINGLY In*err"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Without error, mistake, or deviation; unerringly. Glanvill. INERT In*ert", a. Etym: [L. iners, inertis, unskilled, idle; pref. in- + ars art: cf. F. inerte. See Art.] 1. Destitute of the power of moving itself, or of active resistance to motion; as, matter is inert. 2. Indisposed to move or act; very slow to act; sluggish; dull; inactive; indolent; lifeless. The inert and desponding party of the court. Macaulay. It present becomes extravagant, then imbecile, and at length utterly inert. I. Taylor. 3. Not having or manifesting active properties; not affecting other substances when brought in contact with them; powerless for an expected or desired effect. Syn. -- Inactive; dull; passive; indolent; sluggish; slothful; lazy; lifeless; irresolute; stupid; senseless; insensible. -- Inert, Inactive, Sluggish. A man may be inactive from mere want of stimulus to effort; but one who is inert has something in his constitution or his habits which operates like a weight holding him back from exertion. Sluggish is still stronger, implying some defect of temperament which directly impedes action. Inert and inactive are negative, sluggish is positive. Even the favored isles . . . Can boast but little virtue; and, inert Through plenty, lose in morals what they gain In manners -- victims of luxurious ease. Cowper. Doomed to lose four months in inactive obscurity. Johnson. Sluggish Idleness, the nurse of sin, Upon a slothful ass he chose to ride. Spenser. INERTIA In*er"ti*a, n. Etym: [L., idleness, fr. iners idle. See Inert.] 1. (Physics) Defn: That property of matter by which it tends when at rest to remain so, and when in motion to continue in motion, and in the same straight line or direction, unless acted on by some external force; - - sometimes called vis inertiæ. 2. Inertness; indisposition to motion, exertion, or action; want of energy; sluggishness. Men . . . have immense irresolution and inertia. Carlyle. 3. (Med.) Defn: Want of activity; sluggishness; -- said especially of the uterus, when, in labor, its contractions have nearly or wholly ceased. Center of inertia. (Mech.) See under Center. INERTION In*er"tion, n. Defn: Want of activity or exertion; inertness; quietude. [R.] These vicissitudes of exertion and inertion of the arterial system constitute the paroxysms of remittent fever. E. Darwin. INERTITUDE In*ert"i*tude, n. Etym: [See Inert.] Defn: Inertness; inertia. [R.] Good. INERTLY In*ert"ly, adv. Defn: Without activity; sluggishly. Pope. INERTNESS In*ert"ness, n. 1. Want of activity or exertion; habitual indisposition to action or motion; sluggishness; apathy; insensibility. Glanvill. Laziness and inertness of mind. Burke. 2. Absence of the power of self-motion; inertia. INERUDITE In*er"u*dite, a. Etym: [L. ineruditus. See In- not, and Erudite.] Defn: Not erudite; unlearned; ignorant. INESCAPABLE In`es*cap"a*ble, a. Defn: Not escapable. INESCATE In*es"cate, v. t. Etym: [L. inescatus, p. p. of inescare; in- in + esca bait.] Defn: To allure; to lay a bait for. [Obs.] To inescate and beguile young women! Burton. INESCATION In`es*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. inescatio.] Defn: The act of baiting; allurement. [Obs.] Hallywell. INESCUTCHEON In`es*cutch"eon, n. (Her.) Defn: A small escutcheon borne within a shield. IN ESSE In` es"se. Etym: [L.] Defn: In being; actually existing; -- distinguished from in posse, or in potentia, which denote that a thing is not, but may be. INESSENTIAL In`es*sen"tial, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + essential: cf. F. inessentiel.] 1. Having no essence or being. H. Brooke. The womb of inessential Naught. Shelley. 2. Not essential; unessential. INESTIMABLE In*es"ti*ma*ble, a. Etym: [L. inaestimabilis: cf. F. inestimable. See In- not, and Estimate.] Defn: Incapable of being estimated or computed; especially, too valuable or excellent to be measured or fully appreciated; above all price; as, inestimable rights or privileges. But above all, for thine inestimable love. Bk. of Com. Prayer. Science is too inestimable for expression by a money standard. Lyon Playfair. Syn. -- Incalculable; invaluable; priceless. INESTIMABLY In*es"ti*ma*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner, or to a degree, above estimation; as, things inestimably excellent. INEVASIBLE In`e*va"si*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being INEVIDENCE In*ev"i*dence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inévidence.] Defn: Want of evidence; obscurity. [Obs.] Barrow. INEVIDENT In*ev"i*dent, a. Etym: [Cf. F. inévident.] Defn: Not evident; not clear or obvious; obscure. INEVITABILITY In*ev`i*ta*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inévitabilité.] Defn: Impossibility to be avoided or shunned; inevitableness. Shelford. INEVITABLE In*ev"i*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. inevitabilis: cf. F. inévitable. See In- not, and Evitable.] 1. Not evitable; incapable of being shunned; unavoidable; certain. "The inevitable hour." Gray. It was inevitable; it was necessary; it was planted in the nature of things. Burke. 2. Irresistible. "Inevitable charms." Dryden. INEVITABLENESS In*ev"i*ta*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state of being unavoidable; certainty to happen. Prideaux. INEVITABLY In*ev"i*ta*bly, adv. Defn: Without possibility of escape or evasion; unavoidably; certainly. Inevitably thou shalt die. Milton. How inevitably does immoderate laughter end in a sigh! South. INEXACT In`ex*act", a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + exact: cf. F. inexact.] Defn: Not exact; not precisely correct or true; inaccurate. INEXACTITUDE In`ex*act"i*tude, n. Defn: Inexactness; uncertainty; as, geographical inexactitude. INEXACTLY In`ex*act"ly, adv. Defn: In a manner not exact or precise; inaccurately. R. A. Proctor. INEXACTNESS In`ex*act"ness, n. Defn: Incorrectness; want of exactness. INEXCITABILITY In`ex*cit`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being inexcitable; insusceptibility to excitement. INEXCITABLE In`ex*cit"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. inexcitabilis from which one cannot be aroused. See In- not, and Excite.] Defn: Not susceptible of excitement; dull; lifeless; torpid. INEXCUSABLE In`ex*cus"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. inexcusabilis: cf. F. inexcusable. See Excuse.] Defn: Not excusable; not admitting excuse or justification; as, inexcusable folly. Therefore thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoever thou art that judgest; for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou that judgest doest the same things. Rom. ii. 1. INEXCUSABLENESS In`ex*cus"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being inexcusable; enormity forgiveness. South. INEXCUSABLY In`ex*cus"a*bly, adv. Defn: With a degree of guilt or folly beyond excuse or justification. Inexcusably obstinate and perverse. Jortin. INEXECRABLE In*ex"e*cra*ble, a. Defn: That can not be execrated enough. [R.] INEXECUTABLE In*ex"e*cu`ta*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + executable: cf. F. inexécutable.] Defn: Incapable of being executed or performed; impracticable; infeasible. INEXECUTION In*ex`e*cu"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + execution: cf. F. inexécution.] Defn: Neglect of execution; nonperformance; as, the inexecution of a treaty. Spence. INEXERTION In`ex*er"tion, n. Defn: Want of exertion; want of effort; defect of action; indolence; laziness. INEXHALABLE In`ex*hal"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being exhaled. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. INEXHAUSTED In`ex*haust"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + exhausted: cf. F. inexhaustus.] Defn: Not exhausted; not emptied; not spent; not having lost all strength or resources; unexhausted. Dryden. INEXHAUSTEDLY In`ex*haust"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Without exhaustion. INEXHAUSTIBILITY In`ex*haust`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being inexhaustible; abundance. INEXHAUSTIBLE In`ex*haust"i*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being exhausted, emptied, or used up; unfailing; not to be wasted or spent; as, inexhaustible stores of provisions; an inexhaustible stock of elegant words. Dryden. An inexhaustible store of anecdotes. Macaulay. -- In`ex*haust"i*ble*ness, n. -- In`ex*haust"i*bly, adv. INEXHAUSTIVE In`ex*haust"ive, a. Defn: Inexhaustible. Thomson. INEXIST In`ex*ist", v. i. Etym: [Pref. in- in + exist.] Defn: To exist within; to dwell within. [Obs.] Substances inexisting within the divine mind. A. Tucker. INEXISTANT In`ex*ist"ant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. inexistant. See 1st Inexistent.] Defn: Inexistent; not existing. [Obs.] Gudworth. INEXISTENCE In`ex*ist"ence, n. Etym: [Pref. in- in + existence.] [Obs.] (a) Inherence; subsistence. Bp. Hall. (b) That which exists within; a constituent. A. Tucker. INEXISTENCE In`ex*ist"ence, n. Etym: [Pref. in- in + existence: cf. F. inexistence.] Defn: Want of being or existence. INEXISTENT In`ex*ist"ent, a. Etym: [Pref. in- in + existent: cf. F. inexistant.] Defn: Not having being; not existing. INEXISTENT In`ex*ist"ent, a. Etym: [Pref. in- in + existent.] Defn: Inherent; innate; indwelling. Boyle. INEXORABILITY In*ex`o*ra*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. inexorabilitas: cf. F. inexorabilité.] Defn: The quality of being inexorable, or unyielding to entreaty. Paley. INEXORABLE In*ex"o*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. inexorabilis: cf. F. inexorable. See In- not, and Exorable, Adore.] Defn: Not to be persuaded or moved by entreaty or prayer; firm; determined; unyielding; unchangeable; inflexible; relentless; as, an inexorable prince or tyrant; an inexorable judge. "Inexorable equality of laws." Gibbon. "Death's inexorable doom." Dryden. You are more inhuman, more inexorable, O, ten times more than tigers of Hyrcania. Shak. INEXORABLENESS In*ex"o*ra*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inexorable. Chillingworth. INEXORABLY In*ex"o*ra*bly, adv. Defn: In an inexorable manner; inflexibly. "Inexorably firm." Thomson. INEXPANSIBLE In`ex*pan"si*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of expansion, enlargement, or extension. Tyndall. INEXPECTABLE In`ex*pect"a*ble, a. Defn: Not to be expected or anticipated. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. INEXPECTANT In"ex*pect"ant, a. Defn: Not expectant. C. Bronté. INEXPECTATION In*ex`pec*ta"tion, n. Defn: Absence of expectation. Feltham. INEXPECTED In`ex*pect"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + expected: cf. L. inexspectatus.] Defn: Unexpected. [Obs.] INEXPECTEDLY In`ex*pect"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Unexpectedly. [Obs.] INEXPECTEDNESS In`ex*pect"ed*ness, n. Defn: Unexpectedness. [Obs.] INEXPEDIENCE; INEXPEDIENCY In`ex*pe"di*ence, In`ex*pe"di*en*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inexpedient; want of fitness; unsuitableness to the end or object; impropriety; as, the inexpedience of some measures. It is not the rigor but the inexpediency of laws and acts of authority which makes them tyrannical. Paley. INEXPEDIENT In`ex*pe"di*ent, a. Defn: Not expedient; not tending to promote a purpose; not tending to the end desired; inadvisable; unfit; improper; unsuitable to time and place; as, what is expedient at one time may be inexpedient at another. If it was not unlawful, yet it was highly inexpedient to use those ceremonies. Bp. Burnet. Syn. -- Unwise; impolitic; imprudent; indiscreet; unprofitable; inadvisable; disadvantageous. INEXPEDIENTLY In`ex*pe"di*ent*ly, adv. Defn: Not INEXPENSIVE In`ex*pen"sive, a. Defn: Not expensive; cheap. INEXPERIENCE In`ex*pe"ri*ence, n. Etym: [L. inexperientia, cf. F. inexpérience. See In- not, and Experience.] Defn: Absence or want of experience; lack of personal and experimental knowledge; as, the inexperience of youth. Failings which are incident to youth and inexperience. Dryden. Prejudice and self-sufficiency naturally proceed from inexperience of the world, and ignorance of mankind. Addison. INEXPERIENCED In`ex*pe"ri*enced, a. Defn: Not having experience unskilled. "Inexperienced youth." Cowper. INEXPERT In`ex*pert", a. Etym: [L. inexpertus inexperienced: cf. F. inexpert. See In- not, and Expert.] 1. Destitute of experience or of much experience. [Obs.] Milton. 2. Not expert; not skilled; destitute of knowledge or dexterity derived from practice. Akenside. INEXPERTNESS In`ex*pert"ness, n. Defn: Want of expertness or skill. INEXPIABLE In*ex"pi*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. inexpiabilis: cf. F. inexpiable. See In- not, and Expiable.] 1. Admitting of no expiation, atonement, or satisfaction; as, an inexpiable crime or offense. Pomfret. 2. Incapable of being mollified or appeased; relentless; implacable. [Archaic] "Inexpiable hate." Milton. They are at inexpiable war with all establishments. Burke. INEXPIABLENESS In*ex"pi*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being inexpiable. INEXPIABLY In*ex"pi*a*bly, adv. Defn: In an inexpiable manner of degree; to a degree that admits of no atonement. INEXPIATE In*ex"pi*ate, a. Etym: [L. inexpiatus. See In- not, and Expiate.] Defn: Not appeased or placated. [Obs.] To rest inexpiate were much too rude a part. Chapman. INEXPLAINABLE In`ex*plain"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + explainable; cf. L. inexplanabilis.] Defn: Incapable of being explained; inexplicable. INEXPLEABLY In*ex"ple*a*bly, adv. Etym: [Cf. L. inexplebilis; pref. in- not + explere to fill up. See Expletion.] Defn: Insatiably. [Obs.] Sandys. INEXPLICABILITY In*ex`pli*ca*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inexplicabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being inexplicable. H. Spencer. INEXPLICABLE In*ex"pli*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. inexplicabilis: cf. F. inexplicable. See In- not, and Explicable.] Defn: Not explicable; not explainable; incapable of being explained, interpreted, or accounted for; as, an inexplicable mystery. "An inexplicable scratching." Cowper. Their reason is disturbed; their views become vast and perplexed, to others inexplicable, to themselves uncertain. Burke. INEXPLICABLENESS In*ex"pli*ca*ble*ness, n. Defn: A state of being inexplicable; inexplicability. INEXPLICABLY In*ex"pli*ca*bly, adv. Defn: In an inexplicable manner. INEXPLICIT In`ex*plic"it, a. Etym: [L. inexplicitus: cf. F. inexplicite. See In- not, and Explicit.] Defn: Not explicit; not clearly stated; indefinite; vague. INEXPLORABLE In`ex*plor"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being explored, searched out, or discovered. Sir G. Buck. INEXPLOSIVE In`ex*plo"sive, a. Defn: Not explosive. INEXPOSURE In`ex*po"sure, n. Defn: A state of not being exposed. INEXPRESSIBLE In`ex*press"i*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of expression or utterance in language; ineffable; unspeakable; indescribable; unutterable; as, inexpressible grief or pleasure. "Inexpressible grandeur." Blair. In orbs Of circuit inexpressible they stood. Milton. INEXPRESSIBLES In`ex*press"i*bles, n. pl. Defn: Breeches; trousers. [Colloq. or Slang] Ld. Lytton. INEXPRESSIBLY In`ex*press"i*bly, adv. Defn: In an inexpressible manner or degree; unspeakably; unutterably. Spectator. INEXPRESSIVE In`ex*press"ive, a. 1. Inexpressible. [R.] 2. Without expression or meaning; not expressive; dull; unintelligent; as, an inexpressive countenance. INEXPRESSIVENESS In`ex*press"ive*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being inexpressive. INEXPUGNABLE In`ex*pug"na*ble, a. Etym: [L. inexpugnabilis: cf. F. inexpugnable. See In- not, and Expugnable.] Defn: Incapable of being subdued by force; impregnable; unconquerable. Burke. A fortress, inexpugnable by the arts of war. Milman. INEXPUGNABLY In`ex*pug"na*bly, adv. Defn: So as to be inexpugnable; in an inexpugnable manner. Dr. H. More. INEXSUPERABLE In`ex*su"per*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. inexsuperabilis; pref. in- not + exsuperabilis that may be surmounted. See In- not, Ex-, and Superable.] Defn: Not capable of being passed over; insuperable; insurmountable. INEXTENDED In`ex*tend"ed, a. Defn: Not extended. INEXTENSIBLE In`ex*ten"si*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being extended; not elastic; as, inextensible fibers. INEXTENSION In`ex*ten"sion, n. Defn: Want of extension; unextended state. INEXTERMINABLE In`ex*ter"mi*na*ble, a. Etym: [L. inexterminabilis. See In- not, and Exterminate.] Defn: Incapable of extermination. Rush. INEXTINCT In`ex*tinct", a. Etym: [L. inextinctus, inexstinctus. See Extinct.] Defn: Not quenched; not extinct. INEXTINGUIBLE In`ex*tin"gui*ble, a. Etym: [L. inexstinguibilis: cf. F, inextinguible. See Inextinct.] Defn: Inextinguishable. [Obs.] Sir T. More. INEXTINGUISHABLE In`ex*tin"guish*a*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being extinguished; extinguishable; unquenchable; as, inextinguishable flame, light, thirst, desire, feuds. "Inextinguishable rage." Milton. INEXTINGUISHABLY In`ex*tin"guish*a*bly, adv. Defn: So as not to be extinguished; in an inextinguishable manner. INEXTIRPABLE In`ex*tir"pa*ble, a. Etym: [L. inexstirpabilis: cf. F. inextirpable. See In- not, and Extirpate.] Defn: Not capable of being extirpated or rooted out; ineradicable. INEXTRICABLE In*ex"tri*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. inextricabilis: cf. F. inextricable. See In- not, and Extricate.] 1. Incapable of being extricated, untied, or disentangled; hopelessly intricate, confused, or obscure; as, an inextricable knot or difficulty; inextricable confusion. Lost in the wild, inextricable maze. Blackmore. 2. Inevitable. [R.] "Fate inextricable." Milton. INEXTRICABLENESS In*ex"tri*ca*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state of being inextricable. INEXTRICABLY In*ex"tri*ca*bly, adv. Defn: In an inextricable manner. INEYE In*eye", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ineyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ineyeing.] Etym: [Pref. in- in + eye.] Defn: To ingraft, as a tree or plant, by the insertion of a bud or eye; to inoculate. The arts of grafting and ineying. J. Philips. INFABRICATED In*fab"ri*ca`ted, a. Defn: Not fabricated; unwrought; not artificial; natural. [Obs.] INFALLIBILIST In*fal"li*bil*ist, n. Defn: One who accepts or maintains the dogma of papal infallibility. INFALLIBILITY In*fal`li*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. infaillibilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being infallible, or exempt from error; inerrability. Infallibility is the highest perfection of the knowing faculty. Tillotson. Papal infallibility (R. C. Ch.), the dogma that the pope can not, when acting in his official character of supreme pontiff, err in defining a doctrine of Christian faith or rule of morals, to be held by the church. This was decreed by the Ecumenical Council at the Vatican, July 18, 1870. INFALLIBLE In*fal"li*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + fallible: cf. F. infallible.] 1. Not fallible; not capable of erring; entirely exempt from liability to mistake; unerring; inerrable. Dryden. 2. Not liable to fail, deceive, or disappoint; indubitable; sure; certain; as, infallible evidence; infallible success; an infallible remedy. To whom also he showed himself alive, after his passion, by many infallible proofs. Acts i. 3. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Incapable of error in defining doctrines touching faith or morals. See Papal infallibility, under Infallibility. INFALLIBLENESS In*fal"li*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being infallible; infallibility. Bp. Hall. INFALLIBLY In*fal"li*bly, adv. Defn: In an infallible manner; certainly; unfailingly; unerringly. Blair. INFAME In*fame", v. t. Etym: [L. infamare, fr. infamis infamous: cf. F. infamer, It. infamare. See Infamous.] Defn: To defame; to make infamous. [Obs.] Milton. Livia is infamed for the poisoning of her husband. Bacon. INFAMIZE In"fa*mize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infamized; p. pr. & vb. n. Infamizing.] Defn: To make infamous; to defame. [R.] Coleridge. INFAMOUS In"fa*mous, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + famous: cf. L. infamis. See Infamy.] 1. Of very bad report; having a reputation of the worst kind; held in abhorrence; guilty of something that exposes to infamy; base; notoriously vile; detestable; as, an infamous traitor; an infamous perjurer. False errant knight, infamous, and forsworn. Spenser. 2. Causing or producing infamy; deserving detestation; scandalous to the last degree; as, an infamous act; infamous vices; infamous corruption. Macaulay. 3. (Law) Defn: Branded with infamy by conviction of a crime; as, at common law, an infamous person can not be a witness. 4. Having a bad name as being the place where an odious crime was committed, or as being associated with something detestable; hence, unlucky; perilous; dangerous. "Infamous woods." P. Fletcher. Infamous hills, and sandy perilous wilds. Milton. The piny shade More infamous by cursed Lycaon made. Dryden. Syn. -- Detestable; odious; scandalous; disgraceful; base; vile; shameful; ignominious. INFAMOUSLY In"fa*mous*ly, adv. Defn: In an infamous manner or degree; scandalously; disgracefully; shamefully. The sealed fountain of royal bounty which had been infamously monopolized and huckstered. Burke. INFAMOUSNESS In"fa*mous*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being infamous; infamy. INFAMY In"fa*my, n.; pl. Infamies. Etym: [L. infamia, fr. infamis infamous; pref. in- not + fama fame: cf. F. infamie. See Fame.] 1. Total loss of reputation; public disgrace; dishonor; ignominy; indignity. The afflicted queen would not yield, and said she would not . . . submit to such infamy. Bp. Burnet. 2. A quality which exposes to disgrace; extreme baseness or vileness; as, the infamy of an action. 3. (Law) Defn: That loss of character, or public disgrace, which a convict incurs, and by which he is at common law rendered incompetent as a witness. INFANCY In"fan*cy, n. Etym: [L. infantia: cf. F. enfance. See Infant.] 1. The state or period of being an infant; the first part of life; early childhood. The babe yet lies in smiling infancy. Milton. Their love in early infancy began. Dryden. 2. The first age of anything; the beginning or early period of existence; as, the infancy of an art. The infancy and the grandeur of Rome. Arbuthnot. 3. (Law) Defn: The state or condition of one under age, or under the age of twenty-one years; nonage; minority. INFANDOUS In*fan"dous, a. Etym: [L. infandus; pref. in- not + fari to speak.] Defn: Too odious to be expressed or mentioned. [Obs.] Howell. INFANGTHEF In*fang"thef, n. Etym: [AS. in-fangen-peóf; in in, into + fangen taken (p. p. of f to take) + peóf thief.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The privilege granted to lords of certain manors to judge thieves taken within the seigniory of such lords. Cowell. INFANT In"fant, n. Etym: [L. infans; pref. in- not +fari to speak: cf. F. enfant, whence OE. enfaunt. See Fame, and cf. Infante, Infanta.] 1. A child in the first period of life, beginning at his birth; a young babe; sometimes, a child several years of age. And tender cries of infants pierce the ear. C. Pitt. 2. (Law) Defn: A person who is not of full age, or who has not attained the age of legal capacity; a person under the age of twenty-one years; a minor. Note: An infant under seven years of age is not penally responsible; between seven and fourteen years of age, he may be convicted of a malicious offense if malice be proved. He becomes of age on the day preceding his twenty-first birthday, previous to which time an infant has no capacity to contract. 3. Same as Infante. [Obs.] Spenser. INFANT In"fant, a. 1. Of or pertaining to infancy, or the first period of life; tender; not mature; as, infant strength. 2. Intended for young children; as, an infant school. INFANT In"fant, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. enfanter.] Defn: To bear or bring forth, as a child; hence, to produce, in general. [Obs.] This worthy motto, "No bishop, no king," is . . . infanted out of the same fears. Milton. INFANTA In*fan"ta, n. Etym: [Sp. & Pg., fem. of infante. See Infante.] Defn: A title borne by every one of the daughters of the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the eldest. INFANTE In*fan"te, n. Etym: [Sp. & Pg. See Infant.] Defn: A title given to every one of sons of the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the eldest or heir apparent. INFANTHOOD In"fant*hood, n. Defn: Infancy. [R.] INFANTICIDAL In*fan"ti*ci`dal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to infanticide; engaged in, or guilty of, child murder. INFANTICIDE In*fan"ti*cide, n. Etym: [L. infanticidium child murder; infans, - antis, child + caedere to kill: cf. F. infanticide. See Infant, and Homicide.] Defn: The murder of an infant born alive; the murder or killing of a newly born or young child; child murder. INFANTICIDE In*fan"ti*cide, n. Etym: [L. infanticida: cf. F. infanticide.] Defn: One who commits the crime of infanticide; one who kills an infant. INFANTILE In"fan*tile, a. Etym: [L. infantilis: cf. F. infantile. See Infant.] Defn: Of or pertaining to infancy, or to an infant; similar to, or characteristic of, an infant; childish; as, infantile behavior. INFANTILE PARALYSIS In"fan*tile pa*ral"y*sis. (Med.) Defn: An acute disease, almost exclusively infantile, characterized by inflammation of the anterior horns of the gray substance of the spinal cord. It is attended with febrile symptoms, motor paralysis, and muscular atrophy, often producing permanent deformities. Called also acute anterior poliomyelitis. INFANTINE In"fan*tine, a. Etym: [Cf. F. enfantin.] Defn: Infantile; childish. A degree of credulity next infantine. Burke. INFANTLIKE In"fant*like`, a. Defn: Like an infant. Shak. INFANTLY In"fant*ly, a. Defn: Like an infant. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. INFANTRY In"fan*try, n. Etym: [F. infanterie, It. infanteria, fr. infante infant, child, boy servant, foot soldier, fr. L. infans, -antis, child; foot soldiers being formerly the servants and followers of knights. See Infant.] 1. A body of children. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A body of soldiers serving on foot; foot soldiers, in distinction from cavalry. INFARCE In*farce", v. t. Etym: [L. infarcire: pref. in- in + farcire, fartum and farctum, to stuff, cram.] Defn: To stuff; to swell. [Obs.] The body is infarced with . . . watery humors. Sir T. Elyot. INFARCT In*farct", n. [See Infarce.] (Med.) (a) An obstruction or embolus. (b) The morbid condition of a limited area resulting from such obstruction; as, a hemorrhagic infarct. INFARCTION In*farc"tion, n. Etym: [See Infarce.] Defn: The act of stuffing or filling; an overloading and obstruction of any organ or vessel of the body; constipation. INFARE In"fare`, n. Etym: [AS. infær entrance.] Defn: A house-warming; especially, a reception, party, or entertainment given by a newly married couple, or by the husband upon receiving the wife to his house. [Written also infair.] [Scot., & Local, U. S.] INFASHIONABLE In*fash"ion*a*ble, a. Defn: Unfashionable. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. INFATIGABLE In*fat"i*ga*ble, a. Etym: [L. infatigabilis: cf. F. infatigable.] Defn: Indefatigable. [Obs.] Daniel. INFATUATE In*fat"u*ate, a. Etym: [L. infatuatus, p. p. of infatuare to infatuate; pref. in- in + fatuus foolish. See Fatuous.] Defn: Infatuated. Bp. Hall. INFATUATE In*fat"u*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infatuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Infatuating.] 1. To make foolish; to affect with folly; to weaken the intellectual powers of, or to deprive of sound judgment. The judgment of God will be very visible in infatuating a people . . . ripe and prepared for destruction. Clarendon. 2. To inspire with a foolish and extravagant passion; as, to be infatuated with gaming. The people are . . . infatuated with the notion. Addison. INFATUATED In*fat"u*a`ted, a. Defn: Overcome by some foolish passion or desire; affected by infatuation. INFATUATION In*fat`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. infatuatio: cf. F. infatuation.] Defn: The act of infatuating; the state of being infatuated; folly; that which infatuates. The infatuations of the sensual and frivolous part of mankind are amazing; but the infatuations of the learned and sophistical are incomparably more so. I. Taylor. Such is the infatuation of self-love. Blair. INFAUST In*faust", a. Etym: [L. infaustus; pref. in- not + faustus fortunate, lucky.] Defn: Not favorable; unlucky; unpropitious; sinister. [R.] Ld. Lytton. INFAUSTING In*faust"ing, n. Defn: The act of making unlucky; misfortune; bad luck. [Obs.] Bacon. INFEASIBILITY In*fea`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being infeasible; impracticability. INFEASIBLE In*fea"si*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being done or accomplished; impracticable. Glanvill. INFEASIBLENESS In*fea"si*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state of quality of being infeasible; infeasibility. W. Montagu. INFECT In*fect", a. Etym: [L. infectus: cf. F. infect. See Infect, v. t.] Defn: Infected. Cf. Enfect. [Obs.] Shak. INFECT In*fect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infected; p. pr. & vb. n. Infecting.] Etym: [L. infectus, p. p. of inficere to put or dip into, to stain, infect; pref. in- in + facere to make; cf. F. infecter. See Fact.] 1. To taint with morbid matter or any pestilential or noxious substance or effluvium by which disease is produced; as, to infect a lancet; to infect an apartment. 2. To affect with infectious disease; to communicate infection to; as, infected with the plague. Them that were left alive being infected with this disease. Sir T. North. 3. To communicate to or affect with, as qualities or emotions, esp. bad qualities; to corrupt; to contaminate; to taint by the communication of anything noxious or pernicious. Cowper. Infected Ston's daughters with like heat. Milton. 4. (Law) Defn: To contaminate with illegality or to expo Syn. -- To poison; vitiate; pollute; defile. INFECTER In*fect"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, infects. INFECTIBLE In*fect"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being infected. INFECTION In*fec"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. infection, L. infectio a dyeing.] 1. The act or process of infecting. There was a strict order against coming to those pits, and that was only to prevent infection. De Foe. 2. That which infects, or causes the communicated disease; any effluvium, miasm, or pestilential matter by which an infectious disease is caused. And that which was still worse, they that did thus break out spread the infection further by their wandering about with the distemper upon them. De Foe. 3. The state of being infected; contamination by morbific particles; the result of infecting influence; a prevailing disease; epidemic. The danger was really very great, the infection being so very violent in London. De Foe. 4. That which taints or corrupts morally; as, the infection of vicious principles. It was her chance to light Amidst the gross infections of those times. Daniel. 5. (Law) Defn: Contamination by illegality, as in cases of contraband goods; implication. 6. Sympathetic communication of like qualities or emotions; influence. Through all her train the soft infection ran. Pope. Mankind are gay or serious by infection. Rambler. Syn. -- Infection, Contagion. -- Infection is often used in a definite and limited sense of the transmission of affections without direct contact of individuals or immediate application or introduction of the morbific agent, in contradistinction to contagion, which then implies transmission by direct contact. Quain. See Contagious. INFECTIOUS In*fec"tious, a. Etym: [Cf. F. infectieux.] 1. Having qualities that may infect; communicable or caused by infection; pestilential; epidemic; as, an infectious fever; infectious clothing; infectious air; infectious vices. Where the infectious pestilence. Shak. 2. Corrupting, or tending to corrupt or contaminate; vitiating; demoralizing. It [the court] is necessary for the polishing of manners . . . but it is infectious even to the best morals to live always in it. Dryden. 3. (Law) Defn: Contaminating with illegality; exposing to seizure and forfeiture. Contraband articles are said to be of an infectious nature. Kent. 4. Capable of being easily diffused or spread; sympathetic; readily communicated; as, infectious mirth. The laughter was so genuine as to be infectious. W. Black. Syn. -- See Contagious. INFECTIOUS DISEASE In*fec"tious dis*ease". (a) Any disease caused by the entrance, growth, and multiplication of bacteria or protozoans in the body; a germ disease. It may not be contagious. (b) Sometimes, as distinguished from contagious disease, such a disease communicated by germs carried in the air or water, and thus spread without contact with the patient, as measles. INFECTIOUSLY In*fec"tious*ly, adv. Defn: In an infectious manner. Shak. INFECTIOUSNESS In*fec"tious*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being infectious. INFECTIVE In*fect"ive, a. Etym: [L. infectivus pertaining to dyeing.] Defn: Infectious. Beau. & Fl. True love . . . hath an infective power. Sir P. Sidney. INFECUND In*fec"und, a. Etym: [L. infecundus: cf. F. infécond. See In- not, and Fecund.] Defn: Unfruitful; not producing young; barren; infertile. [Obs.] Evelyn. INFECUNDITY In`fe*cun"di*ty, n. Etym: [L. infecunditas: cf. F. infécondité.] Defn: Want of fecundity or fruitfulness; barrenness; sterility; unproductiveness. INFECUNDOUS In`fe*cun"dous, a. Etym: [See Infecund.] Defn: Infertile; barren; unprofitable; unproductive. [Obs.] Glanvill. INFEEBLE In*fee"ble, v. t. Defn: See Enfeeble. INFELICITOUS In`fe*lic"i*tous, a. Defn: Not felicitous; unhappy; unfortunate; not fortunate or appropriate in application; not well said, expressed, or done; as, an infelicitous condition; an infelicitous remark; an infelicitous description; infelicitous words. INFELICITY In`fe*lic"i*ty, n.; pl. Infelicities. Etym: [L. infelicitas: cf. F. infélicité. See In- not, and Felicity.] 1. The state or quality of being infelicitous; unhappiness; misery; wretchedness; misfortune; want of suitableness or appropriateness. I. Watts. Whatever is the ignorance and infelicity of the present state, we were made wise and happy. Glanvill. 2. That (as an act, word, expression, etc.) which is infelicitous; as, infelicities of speech. INFELONIOUS In`fe*lo"ni*ous, a. Defn: Not felonious, malignant, or criminal. G. Eliot. INFELT In"felt`, a. Etym: [Pref. in- in + felt.] Defn: Felt inwardly; heartfelt. [R.] The baron stood afar off, or knelt in submissive, acknowledged, infelt inferiority. Milman. INFEODATION In`feo*da"tion, n. (Law) Defn: See Infeudation. INFEOFF In*feoff", v. t. (Law) Defn: See Enfeoff. INFEOFFMENT In*feoff"ment, n. (Law) Defn: See Enfeoffment. INFER In*fer", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inferred; p. pr. & vb. n. Inferring.] Etym: [L. inferre to bring into, bring forward, occasion, infer; pref. in- in + ferre to carry, bring: cf. F. inférer. See 1 st Bear.] 1. To bring on; to induce; to occasion. [Obs.] Harvey. 2. To offer, as violence. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To bring forward, or employ as an argument; to adduce; to allege; to offer. [Obs.] Full well hath Clifford played the orator, Inferring arguments of mighty force. Shak. 4. To derive by deduction or by induction; to conclude or surmise from facts or premises; to accept or derive, as a consequence, conclusion, or probability; to imply; as, I inferred his determination from his silence. To infer is nothing but by virtue of one proposition laid down as true, to draw in another as true. Locke. Such opportunities always infer obligations. Atterbury. 5. To show; to manifest; to prove. [Obs.] The first part is not the proof of the second, but rather contrariwise, the second inferreth well the first. Sir T. More. This doth infer the zeal I had to see him. Shak. INFERABLE In*fer"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being inferred or deduced from premises. [Written also inferrible.] H. Spencer. A sufficient argument . . . is inferable from these premises. Burke. INFERENCE In"fer*ence, n. Etym: [From Infer.] 1. The act or process of inferring by deduction or induction. Though it may chance to be right in the conclusions, it is yet unjust and mistaken in the method of inference. Glanvill. 2. That which inferred; a truth or proposition drawn from another which is admitted or supposed to be true; a conclusion; a deduction. Milton. These inferences, or conclusions, are the effects of reasoning, and the three propositions, taken all together, are called syllogism, or argument. I. Watts. Syn. -- Conclusion; deduction; consequence. -- Inference, Conclusion. An inference is literally that which is brought in; and hence, a deduction or induction from premises, -- something which follows as certainly or probably true. A conclusion is stronger than an inference; it shuts us up to the result, and terminates inquiry. We infer what is particular or probable; we conclude what is certain. In a chain of reasoning we have many inferences, which lead to the ultimate conclusion. "An inference is a proposition which is perceived to be true, because of its connection with some known fact." "When something is simply affirmed to be true, it is called a proposition; after it has been found to be true by several reasons or arguments, it is called a conclusion." I. Taylor. INFERENTIAL In`fer*en"tial, a. Defn: Deduced or deducible by inference. "Inferential proofs." J. S. Mill. INFERENTIALLY In`fer*en"tial*ly, adv. Defn: By way of inference. INFERIAE In*fe"ri*æ, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. inferus underneath.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: Sacrifices offered to the souls of deceased heroes or friends. INFERIOR In*fe"ri*or, a. Etym: [L., compar. of inferus that is below, underneath, the lower; akin to E. under: cf. F. inférieur. See Under.] 1. Lower in place, rank, excellence, etc.; less important or valuable; subordinate; underneath; beneath. A thousand inferior and particular propositions. I. Watts. The body, or, as some love to call it, our inferior nature. Burke. Whether they are equal or inferior to my other poems, an author is the most improper judge. Dryden. 2. Poor or mediocre; as, an inferior quality of goods. 3. (Astron.) (a) Nearer the sun than the earth is; as, the inferior or interior planets; an inferior conjunction of Mercury or Venus. (b) Below the horizon; as, the inferior part of a meridian, 4. (Bot.) (a) Situated below some other organ; -- said of a calyx when free from the ovary, and therefore below it, or of an ovary with an adherent and therefore inferior calyx. (b) On the side of a flower which is next the bract; anterior. 5. (Min.) Defn: Junior or subordinate in rank; as, an inferior officer. Inferior court (Law), a court subject to the jurisdiction of another court known as the superior, or higher, court. -- Inferior letter, Inferior figure (Print.), a small letter or figure standing at the bottom of the line (opposed to superior letter or figure), as in A2, Bn, 2 and n are inferior characters. -- Inferior tide, the tide corresponding to the moon's transit of the meridian, when below the horizon. INFERIOR In*fe"ri*or, n. Defn: A person lower in station, rank, intellect, etc., than another. A great person gets more by obliging his inferior than by disdaining him. South. INFERIORITY In*fe`ri*or"i*ty, Etym: [Cf. F. infériorité.] Defn: The state of being inferior; a lower state or condition; as, inferiority of rank, of talents, of age, of worth. A deep sense of our own great inferiority. Boyle. INFERIORLY In*fe"ri*or*ly, adv. Defn: In an inferior manner, or on the inferior part. INFERNAL In*fer"nal, a. Etym: [F. infernal, L. infernalis, fr. infernus that which lies beneath, the lower. See Inferior.] 1. Of or pertaining to or suitable for the lower regions, inhabited, according to the ancients, by the dead; pertaining to Pluto's realm of the dead, the Tartarus of the ancients. The Elysian fields, the infernal monarchy. Garth. 2. Of or pertaining to, resembling, or inhabiting, hell; suitable for hell, or to the character of the inhabitants of hell; hellish; diabolical; as, infernal spirits, or conduct. The instruments or abettors in such infernal dealings. Addison. Infernal machine, a machine or apparatus maliciously designed to explode, and destroy life or property. -- Infernal stone (lapis infernalis), lunar caustic; formerly so called. The name was also applied to caustic potash. Syn. -- Tartarean; Stygian; hellish; devilish; diabolical; satanic; fiendish; malicious. INFERNAL In*fer"nal, n. Defn: An inhabitant of the infernal regions; also, the place itself. [Obs.] Drayton. INFERNALLY In*fer"nal*ly, adv. Defn: In an infernal manner; diabolically. "Infernally false." Bp. Hacket. INFERNO In*fer"no, n. [It. See Infernal.] Defn: The infernal regions; hell. Also used fig. At each sudden explosion in the inferno below they sprang back from the brink [of the volcanic crater]. D. C. Worcester. INFEROBRANCHIAN In`fe*ro*bran"chi*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Inferobranchiata. INFEROBRANCHIATA In`fe*ro*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Inferobranchiate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of marine gastropod mollusks, in which the gills are between the foot and the mantle. INFEROBRANCHIATE In`fe*ro*bran"chi*ate, a. Etym: [L. inferus lower + E. branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the gills on the sides of the body, under the margin of the mantle; belonging to the Inferobranchiata. INFERRIBLE In*fer"ri*ble, a. Defn: Inferable. INFERTILE In*fer"tile, a. Etym: [L. infertilis: cf. F. infertile. See In- not, and Fertile.] Defn: Not fertile; not productive; barren; sterile; as, an infertile soil. INFERTILELY In*fer"tile*ly, adv. Defn: In an infertile manner. INFERTILITY In`fer*til"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. infertilitas: cf. F. infertilité.] Defn: The state or quality of being infertile; unproductiveness; barrenness. The infertility or noxiousness of the soil. Sir M. Hale. INFEST In*fest", a. Etym: [L. infestus. See Infest, v. t.] Defn: Mischievous; hurtful; harassing. [Obs.] Spenser. INFEST In*fest", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infested; p. pr. & vb. n. Infesting.] Etym: [L. infestare, fr. infestus disturbed, hostile, troublesome; in in, against + the root of defendere: cf. F. infester. See Defend.] Defn: To trouble greatly by numbers or by frequency of presence; to disturb; to annoy; to frequent and molest or harass; as, fleas infest dogs and cats; a sea infested with pirates. To poison vermin that infest his plants. Cowper. These, said the genius, are envy, avarice, superstition, love, with the like cares and passions that infest human life. Addison. And the cares, that infest the day, Shall fold their tents, like the Arabs, And as silently steal away. Longfellow. INFESTATION In`fest*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. infestatio: cf. F. infestation.] Defn: The act of infesting or state of being infested; molestation; vexation; annoyance. Bacon. Free from the infestation of enemies. Donne. INFESTER In*fest"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, infests. INFESTIVE In*fest"ive, a. Etym: [L. infestivus. See In- not, and Festive.] Defn: Having no mirth; not festive or merry; dull; cheerless; gloomy; forlorn. [R.] INFESTIVITY In`fes*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of festivity, cheerfulness, or mirth; dullness; cheerlessness. [R.] INFESTUOUS In*fes"tu*ous, a. Etym: [L. infestus. See Infest, a.] Defn: Mischievous; harmful; dangerous. [Obs.] "Infestuous as serpents." Bacon. INFEUDATION In`feu*da"tion, n. Etym: [LL. infeudatio, fr. infeudare to enfeoff: cf. F. inféodation. See Feud a fief.] 1. (Law) Defn: The act of putting one in possession of an estate in fee. Sir M. Hale. 2. The granting of tithes to laymen. Blackstone. INFIBULATION In*fib`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. infibulare, infibulatum, to clasp, buckle, or button together; pref. in- in + fibula clasp, buckle: cf. F. infibulation.] 1. The act of clasping, or fastening, as with a buckle or padlock. 2. The act of attaching a ring, clasp, or frame, to the genital organs in such a manner as to prevent copulation. INFIDEL In"fi*del, a. Etym: [L. infidelis; pref. in- not + fidelis faithful, fr. fides faith: cf. F. infidèle. See Fidelity.] Defn: Not holding the faith; -- applied esp. to one who does not believe in the inspiration of the Scriptures, and the supernatural origin of Christianity. The infidel writer is a great enemy to society. V. Knox. INFIDEL In"fi*del, n. Defn: One who does not believe in the prevailing religious faith; especially, one who does not believe in the divine origin and authority of Christianity; a Mohammedan; a heathen; a freethinker. Note: Infidel is used by English writers to translate the equivalent word used Mohammedans in speaking of Christians and other disbelievers in Mohammedanism. Syn. -- Infidel, Unbeliever, Freethinker, Deist, Atheist, Sceptic, Agnostic. An infidel, in common usage, is one who denies Christianity and the truth of the Scriptures. Some have endeavored to widen the sense of infidel so as to embrace atheism and every form of unbelief; but this use does not generally prevail. A freethinker is now only another name for an infidel. An unbeliever is not necessarily a disbeliever or infidel, because he may still be inquiring after evidence to satisfy his mind; the word, however, is more commonly used in the extreme sense. A deist believes in one God and a divine providence, but rejects revelation. An atheist denies the being of God. A sceptic is one whose faith in the credibility of evidence is weakened or destroyed, so that religion, to the same extent, has no practical hold on his mind. An agnostic remains in a state of suspended judgment, neither affirming nor denying the existence of a personal Deity. INFIDELITY In`fi*del"i*ty, n.; pl. Infidelities (. Etym: [L. infidelitas: cf. F. infidélité.] 1. Want of faith or belief in some religious system; especially, a want of faith in, or disbelief of, the inspiration of the Scriptures, of the divine origin of Christianity. There is, indeed, no doubt but that vanity is one of the principal causes of infidelity. V. Knox. 2. Unfaithfulness to the marriage vow or contract; violation of the marriage covenant by adultery. 3. Breach of trust; unfaithfulness to a charge, or to moral obligation; treachery; deceit; as, the infidelity of a servant. "The infidelity of friends." Sir W. Temple. INFIELD In*field", v. t. Defn: To inclose, as a field. [R.] INFIELD In"field`, n. 1. Arable and manured land kept continually under crop; -- distinguished from outfield. [Scotland] Jamieson. 2. (Baseball) Defn: The diamond; -- opposed to outfield. See Diamond, n., 5. INFILE In*file", v. t. Defn: To arrange in a file or rank; to place in order. [Obs.] Holland. INFILM In*film", v. t. Defn: To cover with a film; to coat thinly; as, to infilm one metal with another in the process of gilding; to infilm the glass of a mirror. [R.] INFILTER In*fil"ter, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Infiltered; p. pr. & vb. n. Infiltering.] Etym: [Cf. Infiltrate.] Defn: To filter or sift in. INFILTRATE In*fil"trate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Infiltrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Infiltrating.] Etym: [Pref. in- + filtrate: cf. F, s'infiltrer. Cf. Infilter.] Defn: To enter by penetrating the pores or interstices of a substance; to filter into or through something. The water infiltrates through the porous rock. Addison. INFILTRATE In*fil"trate, v. t. Defn: To penetrate gradually; -- sometimes used reflexively. J. S. Mill. INFILTRATION In`fil*tra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. infiltration.] 1. The act or process of infiltrating, as if water into a porous substance, or of a fluid into the cells of an organ or part of the body. 2. The substance which has entered the pores or cavities of a body. Addison. Calcareous infiltrations filling the cavities. Kirwan. Fatty infiltration. (Med.) See under Fatty. -- Infiltration gallery, a filter gallery. INFILTRATIVE In*fil"tra*tive, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to infiltration. Kane. INFINITE In"fi*nite, a. Etym: [L. infinitus: cf. F. infini. See In- not, and Finite.] 1. Unlimited or boundless, in time or space; as, infinite duration or distance. Whatever is finite, as finite, will admit of no comparative relation with infinity; for whatever is less than infinite is still infinitely distant from infinity; and lower than infinite distance the lowest or least can not sink. H. Brooke. 2. Without limit in power, capacity, knowledge, or excellence; boundless; immeasurably or inconceivably great; perfect; as, the infinite wisdom and goodness of God; -- opposed to finite. Great is our Lord, and of great power; his understanding is infinite. Ps. cxlvii. 5. O God, how infinite thou art! I. Watts. 3. Indefinitely large or extensive; great; vast; immense; gigantic; prodigious. Infinite riches in a little room. Marlowe. Which infinite calamity shall cause To human life. Milton. 4. (Math.) Defn: Greater than any assignable quantity of the same kind; -- said of certain quantities. 5. (Mus.) Defn: Capable of endless repetition; -- said of certain forms of the canon, called also perpetual fugues, so constructed that their ends lead to their beginnings, and the performance may be incessantly repeated. Moore (Encyc. of Music). Syn. -- Boundless; immeasurable; illimitable; interminable; limitless; unlimited; endless; eternal. INFINITE In"fi*nite, n. 1. That which is infinite; boundless space or duration; infinity; boundlessness. Not till the weight is heaved from off the air, and the thunders roll down the horizon, will the serene light of God flow upon us, and the blue infinite embrace us again. J. Martineau. 2. (Math.) Defn: An infinite quantity or magnitude. 3. An infinity; an incalculable or very great number. Glittering chains, embroidered richly o'er With infinite of pearls and finest gold. Fanshawe. 4. The Infinite Being; God; the Almighty. INFINITELY In"fi*nite*ly, adv. 1. Without bounds or limits; beyond or below assignable limits; as, an infinitely large or infinitely small quantity. 2. Very; exceedingly; vastly; highly; extremely. "Infinitely pleased." Dryden. INFINITENESS In"fi*nite*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being infinite; infinity; greatness; immensity. Jer. Taylor. INFINITESIMAL In`fin*i*tes"i*mal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. infinitésimal, fr. infinitésime infinitely small, fr. L. infinitus. See Infinite, a.] Defn: Infinitely or indefinitely small; less than any assignable quantity or value; very small. Infinitesimal calculus, the different and the integral calculus, when developed according to the method used by Leibnitz, who regarded the increments given to variables as infinitesimal. INFINITESIMAL In`fin*i*tes"i*mal, n. (Math.) Defn: An infinitely small quantity; that which is less than any assignable quantity. INFINITESIMALLY In`fin*i*tes"i*mal*ly, adv. Defn: By infinitesimals; in infinitely small quantities; in an infinitesimal degree. INFINITIVAL In*fin`i*ti"val, a. Defn: Pertaining to the infinite mood. "Infinitival stems." Fitzed. Hall. INFINITIVE In*fin"i*tive, n. Etym: [L. infinitivus: cf. F. infinitif. See Infinite.] Defn: Unlimited; not bounded or restricted; undefined. Infinitive mood (Gram.), that form of the verb which merely names the action, and performs the office of a verbal noun. Some grammarians make two forms in English: (a) The simple form, as, speak, go, hear, before which to is commonly placed, as, to speak; to go; to hear. (b) The form of the imperfect participle, called the infinitive in -ing; as, going is as easy as standing. Note: With the auxiliary verbs may, can, must, might, could, would, and should, the simple infinitive is expressed without to; as, you may speak; they must hear, etc. The infinitive usually omits to with the verbs let, dare, do, bid, make, see, hear, need, etc.; as, let me go; you dare not tell; make him work; hear him talk, etc. Note: In Anglo-Saxon, the simple infinitive was not preceded by to (the sign of modern simple infinitive), but it had a dative form (sometimes called the gerundial infinitive) which was preceded by to, and was chiefly employed in expressing purpose. See Gerund, 2. Note: The gerundial ending (-anne) not only took the same form as the simple infinitive (-an), but it was confounded with the present participle in -ende, or -inde (later -inge). INFINITIVE In*fin"i*tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: An infinitive form of the verb; a verb in the infinitive mood; the infinitive mood. INFINITIVE In*fin"i*tive, adv. (Gram.) Defn: In the manner of an infinitive mood. INFINITO In`fi*ni"to, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Infinite; perpetual, as a canon whose end leads back to the beginning. See Infinite, a., 5. INFINITUDE In*fin"i*tude, n. 1. The quality or state of being infinite, or without limits; infiniteness. 2. Infinite extent; unlimited space; immensity; infinity. "I am who fill infinitude." Milton. As pleasing to the fancy, as speculations of eternity or infinitude are to the understanding. Addison. 3. Boundless number; countless multitude. "An infinitude of distinctions." Addison. INFINITUPLE In*fin"i*tu`ple, a. Etym: [Cf. Quadruple.] Defn: Multipied an infinite number of times. [R.] Wollaston. INFINITY In*fin"i*ty, n.; pl. Infinities. Etym: [L. infinitas; pref. in- not + finis boundary, limit, end: cf. F. infinité. See Finite.] 1. Unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity; eternity; boundlessness; immensity. Sir T. More. There can not be more infinities than one; for one of them would limit the other. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Unlimited capacity, energy, excellence, or knowledge; as, the infinity of God and his perfections. Hooker. 3. Endless or indefinite number; great multitude; as an infinity of beauties. Broome. 4. (Math.) Defn: A quantity greater than any assignable quantity of the same kind. Note: Mathematically considered, infinity is always a limit of a variable quantity, resulting from a particular supposition made upon the varying element which enters it. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ). 5. (Geom.) Defn: That part of a line, or of a plane, or of space, which is infinitely distant. In modern geometry, parallel lines or planes are sometimes treated as lines or planes meeting at infinity. Circle at infinity, an imaginary circle at infinity, through which, in geometry of three dimensions, every sphere is imagined to pass. -- Circular points at infinity. See under Circular. INFIRM In*firm", a. Etym: [L.infirmus: cf.F.infirme. See In- not, and Firm, a.] 1. Not firm or sound; weak; feeble; as, an infirm body; an infirm constitution. A poor, infirm, weak, and despised old man. Shak. 2. Weak of mind or will; irresolute; vacillating. "An infirm judgment." Burke. Infirm of purpose! Shak. 3. Not solid or stable; insecure; precarious. He who fixes on false principles treads or infirm ground. South. Syn. -- Debilitated; sickly; feeble; decrepit; weak; enfeebled; irresolute; vacillating; imbecile. INFIRM In*firm", v. t. Etym: [L. infirmare : cf. F.infirmer.] Defn: To weaken; to enfeeble. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. INFIRMARIAN In`fir*ma"ri*an, n. Defn: A person dwelling in, or having charge of, an infirmary, esp. in a monastic institution. INFIRMARY In*firm"a*ry, n.; pl. Infirmaries. Etym: [Cf. OE. fermerie, OF. enfermerie, F. infirmerie, LL. infirmaria. See Infirm.] Defn: A hospital, or place where the infirm or sick are lodged and nursed gratuitously, or where out-patients are treated. INFIRMATIVE In*firm"a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. infirmatif.] Defn: Weakening; annulling, or tending to make void. [Obs.] INFIRMATORY In*firm"a*to*ry, n. Defn: An infirmary. [Obs.] INFIRMITY In*firm"i*ty, n.; pl. Infirmities. Etym: [L. infirmitas : cf. F. infirmite. See Infirm, a.] 1. The state of being infirm; feebleness; an imperfection or weakness; esp., an unsound, unhealthy, or debilitated state; a disease; a malady; as, infirmity of body or mind. 'T is the infirmity of his age. Shak. 2. A personal frailty or failing; foible; eccentricity; a weakness or defect. Will you be cured of your infirmity Shak. A friend should bear his friend's infirmities. Shak. The house has also its infirmities. Evelyn. Syn. -- Debility; imbecility; weakness; feebleness; failing; foible; defect; disease; malady. See Debility. INFIRMLY In*firm"ly, adv. Defn: In an infirm manner. INFIRMNESS In*firm"ness, n. Defn: Infirmity; feebleness. Boyle. INFIX In*fix", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infixed; p. pr. & vb. n. Infixing.] Etym: [L. infixus, p.p of infigere to infix; pref. in- in + figere to fix: cf. F. infixer. See Fix.] 1. To set; to fasten or fix by piercing or thrusting in; as, to infix a sting, spear, or dart. Shak. The fatal dart a ready passage found, And deep within her heart infixed the wound. Dryden. 2. To implant or fix; to instill; to inculcate, as principles, thoughts, or instructions; as, to infix good principles in the mind, or ideas in the memory. INFIX In"fix, n. Defn: Something infixed. [R.] Welsford. INFLAME In*flame", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflaming.] Etym: [OE. enflamen, OF. enflamer, F. enflammer, L. inflammare,inflammatum; pref.in- in + flammare to flame, fr.flamma flame. See Flame.] 1. To set on fire; to kindle; to cause to burn, flame, or glow. We should have made retreat By light of the inflamed fleet. Chapman. 2. Fig.: To kindle or intensify, as passion or appetite; to excite to an excessive or unnatural action or heat; as, to inflame desire. Though more,it seems, Inflamed with lust than rage. Milton. But, O inflame and fire our hearts. Dryden. 3. To provoke to anger or rage; to exasperate; to irritate; to incense; to enrage. It will inflame you; it will make you mad. Shak. 4. (Med.) Defn: To put in a state of inflammation; to produce morbid heat, congestion, or swelling, of; as, to inflame the eyes by overwork. 5. To exaggerate; to enlarge upon. [Obs.] A friend exaggerates a man's virtues, an enemy inflames his crimes. Addison. Syn. -- To provoke; fire; kindle; irritate; exasperate; incense; enrage; anger; excite; arouse. INFLAME In*flame", v. i. Defn: To grow morbidly hot, congested, or painful; to become angry or incensed. Wiseman. INFLAMED In*flamed", p. a. 1. Set on fire; enkindled; heated; congested; provoked; exasperated. 2. (Her.) Defn: Represented as burning, or as adorned with tongues of flame. INFLAMER In*flam"er (n-flam''r), n. Defn: The person or thing that inflames. Addison. INFLAMMABILLTY In*flam"ma*bil"l*ty, n. Etym: [Cf.F. inflammabilite.] Defn: Susceptibility of taking fire readily; the state or quality of being inflammable. INFLAMMABLE In*flam"ma*ble, a. Etym: [CF. F. inflammable.] 1. Capable of being easily set fire; easily enkindled; combustible; as, inflammable oils or spirits. 2. Excitable; irritable; irascible; easily provoked; as, an inflammable temper. Inflammable air, the old chemical name for hydrogen. INFLAMMABLENESS In*flam"ma*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inflammable; inflammability. Boyle. INFLAMMABLY In*flam"ma*bly, adv. Defn: In an inflammable manner. INFLAMMATION In*flam*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. inflammatio: cf. F. inflammation. See Inflame.] 1. The act of inflaming, kindling, or setting on fire; also, the state of being inflamed. "The inflammation of fat." Wilkins. 2. (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition of any part of the body, consisting in congestion of the blood vessels, with obstruction of the blood current, and growth of morbid tissue. It is manifested outwardly by redness and swelling, attended with heat and pain. 3. Violent excitement; heat; passion; animosity; turbulence; as, an inflammation of the mind, of the body politic, or of parties. Hooker. INFLAMMATIVE In*flam"ma*tive, a. Defn: Inflammatory. INFLAMMATORY In*flam"ma*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. inflammatoire.] 1. Tending to inflame, kindle, or irritate. 2. Tending to excite anger, animosity, tumult, or sedition; seditious; as, inflammatory libels, writings, speeches, or publications. Burke. 3. (Med.) Defn: Accompanied with, or tending to cause, preternatural heat and excitement of arterial action; as, an inflammatory disease. Inflammatory crust. (Med.) Same as Buffy coat, under Buffy. -- Inflammatory fever, a variety of fever due to inflammation. INFLATABLE In*flat"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be inflated. INFLATE In*flate", p. a. Etym: [L. inflatus, p.p. of inflare to inflate; pref. in- in + flare to blow. See Blow to puff wind.] Defn: Blown in; inflated. Chaucer. INFLATE In*flate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflating.] 1. To swell or distend with air or gas; to dilate; to expand; to enlarge; as, to inflate a bladder; to inflate the lungs. When passion's tumults in the bosom rise, Inflate the features, and enrage the eyes. J. Scott of Amwell. 2. Fig.: To swell; to puff up; to elate; as, to inflate one with pride or vanity. Inflate themselves with some insane delight. Tennyson. 3. To cause to become unduly expanded or increased; as, to inflate the currency. INFLATE In*flate", v. i. Defn: To expand; to fill; to distend. INFLATED In*flat"ed, a. 1. Filled, as with air or gas; blown up; distended; as, a balloon inflated with gas. 2. Turgid; swelling; puffed up; bombastic; pompous; as, an inflated style. Inflated and astrut with self-conceit. Cowper. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Hollow and distended, as a perianth, corolla, nectary, or pericarp. Martyn. 4. Distended or enlarged fictitiously; as, inflated prices, etc. INFLATER In*flat"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, inflates; as, the inflaters of the stock exchange. INFLATINGLY In*flat"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner tending to inflate. INFLATION In*fla"tion, n. Etym: [L. inflatio: cf. F. inflation.] 1. The act or process of inflating, or the state of being inflated, as with air or gas; distention; expansion; enlargement. Boyle. 2. The state of being puffed up, as with pride; conceit; vanity. B. Jonson. 3. Undue expansion or increase, from overissue; -- said of currency. [U.S.] INFLATIONIST In*fla"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who favors an increased or very large issue of paper money. [U.S.] INFLATUS In*fla"tus, n. Etym: [L. See Inflate, v. t.] Defn: A blowing or breathing into; inflation; inspiration. The divine breath that blows the nostrils out To ineffable inflatus. Mrs. Browning. INFLECT In*flect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflecting.] Etym: [L. inflectere, inflexum; pref. in.- in + flectere to bend. See Flexibl, and cf. Inflex.] 1. To turn from a direct line or course; to bend; to incline, to deflect; to curve; to bow. Are they [the rays of the sun] not reflected, refracted, and inflected by one and the same principle Sir I. Newton. 2. (Gram.) Defn: To vary, as a noun or a verb in its terminations; to decline, as a noun or adjective, or to conjugate, as a verb. 3. To modulate, as the voice. INFLECTED In*flect"ed, a. 1. Bent; turned; deflected. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Having inflections; capable of, or subject to, inflection; inflective. Inflected cycloid (Geom.), a prolate cycloid. See Cycloid. INFLECTION In*flec"tion, n. Etym: [L. inflexio : cf. F. inflexion. See Inflect.] [Written also inflecxion.] 1. The act of inflecting, or the state of being inflected. 2. A bend; a fold; a curve; a turn; a twist. 3. A slide, modulation, or accent of the voice; as, the rising and the falling inflection. 4. (Gram.) Defn: The variation or change which words undergo to mark case, gender, number, comparison, tense, person, mood, voice, etc. 5. (Mus.) (a) Any change or modification in the pitch or tone of the voice. (b) A departure from the monotone, or reciting note, in chanting. 6. (Opt.) Defn: Same as Diffraction. Point of inflection (Geom.), the point on opposite sides of which a curve bends in contrary ways. INFLECTIONAL In*flec"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to inflection; having, or characterized by, inflection. Max Müller. INFLECTIVE In*flect"ive, a. 1. Capable of, or pertaining to, inflection; deflecting; as, the inflective quality of the air. Derham. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Inflectional; characterized by variation, or change in form, to mark case, tense, etc.; subject to inflection. Inflective language (Philol.), a language like the Greek or Latin, consisting largely of stems with variable terminations or suffixes which were once independent words. English is both agglutinative, as, manlike, headache, and inflective, as, he, his, him. Cf. Agglutinative. INFLESH In*flesh", v. t. Defn: To incarnate. INFLEX In*flex", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Flex, Inflect.] Defn: To bend; to cause to become curved; to make crooked; to deflect. J. Philips. INFLEXED In*flexed", a. 1. Turned; bent. Feltham. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Bent or turned abruptly inwards, or toward the axis, as the petals of a flower. INFLEXIBILITY In*flex"i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inflexibilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being inflexible, or not capable of being bent or changed; unyielding stiffness; inflexibleness; rigidity; firmness of will or purpose; unbending pertinacity; steadfastness; resoluteness; unchangeableness; obstinacy. The inflexibility of mechanism. A. Baxter. That grave inflexibility of soul. Churchill. The purity and inflexibility of their faith. T. Warton. INFLEXIBLE In*flex"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. inflexiblis: cf. F. inflexible. See In- not, and Flexible.] 1. Not capable of being bent; stiff; rigid; firm; unyielding. 2. Firm in will or purpose; not to be turned, changed, or altered; resolute; determined; unyieding; inexorable; stubborn. "Inflexibleas steel." Miltom. Amanof upright and inflexibletemper . . . can overcome all private fear. Addison. 3. Incapable of change; unalterable; immutable. The nature of things is inflexible. I. Watts. Syn. -- -- Unbending; unyielding; rigid; inexorable; pertinacious; obstinate; stubborn; unrelenting. INFLEXIBLENESS In*flex"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inflexible; inflexibility; rigidity; firmness. INFLEXIBLY In*flex"i*bly, adv. Defn: In an inflexible manner. INFLEXION In*flex"ion, n. Defn: Inflection. INFLEXIVE In*flex"ive, a. 1. Inflective. "Inflexive endings." W. E. Jelf. 2. Inflexible. [R.] "Foes inflexive." Chapman. INFLEXURE In*flex"ure, n. Defn: An inflection; a bend or fold. [R.] Sir T. Browne. INFLICT In*flict", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflicting.] Etym: [L. inflictus, p.p. of infligere to strike on, to inflict; pref. in- in, on + fligere to strike. Cf. Flail.] Defn: To give, cause, or produce by striking, or as if by striking; to apply forcibly; to lay or impose; to send; to cause to bear, feel, or suffer; as, to inflict blows; to inflict a wound with a dagger; to inflict severe pain by ingratitude; to inflict punishment on an offender; to inflict the penalty of death on a criminal. What heart could wish, what hand inflict, this dire disgrace Drygen. The persecution and the pain That man inflicts on infero-ior kinds. Cowper. INFLICTER In*flict"er, n. Defn: One who inflicts. Godis the sole and immadiate inflicter of such strokes. South. INFLICTION In*flic"tion, n. Etym: [L. inflictio: cf. F. infliction.] 1. The act of inflicting or imposing; as, the infliction of torment, or of punishment. 2. That which is inflicted or imposed, as punishment, disgrace, calamity, etc. His severest inflictions are in themselves acts of justice and righteousness. Rogers. INFLICTIVE In*flict"ive, a. Etym: [Cf.F. inflictif.] Defn: Causing infliction; acting as an infliction. Whitehead. INFLORESCENCE In`flo*res"cence, n. Etym: [L. inflorescens, p.pr. of inflorescere to begin to blossom; pref. in- in + florescere to begin to blossom: cf.F. inflorescence. See Florescent.] 1. A flowering; the putting forth and unfolding of blossoms. 2. (Bot.) (a) The mode of flowering, or the general arrangement and disposition of the flowers with reference to the axis, and to each other. (b) An axis on which all the flower buds. Inflorescence affords an excellent characteristic mark in distinguishing the species of plants. Milne. Centrifugal inflorescence, determinate inflorescence. -- Centripetal inflorescence, indeterminate inflorescence. See under Determinate, and Indeterminate. INFLOW In*flow", v. i. Defn: To flow in. Wiseman. INFLUENCE In"flu*ence, n. Etym: [F. influence, fr. L. influens, -entis, p.pr. See Influent, and cf. Influenza.] 1. A flowing in or upon; influx. [Obs.] God hath his influence into the very essence of all things. Hooker. 2. Hence, in general, the bringing about of an effect, phusical or moral, by a gradual process; controlling power quietly exerted; agency, force, or tendency of any kind which the sun exerts on animal and vegetable life; the influence of education on the mind; the influence, according to astrologers,of the stars over affairs. Astrologers call the evil influences of the stars,evil aspects. Bacon. Cantsthou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion Job xxxviii. 31. She said : influence bad " Spenser. 3. Power or authority arising from elevated station, excelence of character or intellect, wealth, etc.; reputation; acknowledged ascendency; as, he is a man of influence in the community. Such influence hath your excellency. Sir P. Sidney. 4. (Elec.) Defn: Induction. Syn. -- Control; persuasion; ascendency; sway; power; authority; supremacy; mastery; management; restraint; character; reputation; prestige. INFLUENCE In"flu*ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Influenced; p. pr. & vb. n. Influencing.] Defn: To control or move by power, physical or moral; to affect by gentle action; to exert an influence upon; to modify, bias, or sway; to move; to persuade; to induce. Theseexperiments succeed after the same manner in vacuo as in the open air,and therefore are not influenced by the weight or pressure of the atmosphere. Sir I. Newton. This standing revelation . . . is sufficient to influence their faith and practice, if they attend. Attebury. The principle which influenced their obedience has lost its efficacy. Rogers. INFLUENCER In"flu*en*cer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, influences. INFLUENCIVE In"flu*en*cive, a. Defn: Tending toinfluence; influential. INFLUENT In"flu*ent, a. Etym: [L. influens, -entis, p. pr. of influere, influxum, to flow in; pref. in- in + fluere to flow. See Fluid.] 1. Flowing in. "With influent tide." Cowper. "Influent odors." Mrs. Browning. 2. Exerting influence; influential. [Obs.] I find no office by name assigned unto Dr.Cox, who was virtually influent upon all, and most active. Fuller. INFLUENTIAL In`flu*en"tial, a. Etym: [See Influence.] Defn: Exerting or possessing influence or power; potent; efficacious; effective; strong; having authority or ascendency; as, an influential man, station, argument, etc. A very influential Gascon prefix. Earle. INFLUENTIALLY In`flu*en"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In an influential manner. INFLUENZA In`flu*en"za, n. Etym: [It. influenza influence, an epidemic formerly attributed by astrologers to the influence of the heavenly bodies, influenza. See Influence.] (Med.) Defn: An epidemic affection characterized by acute nasal catarrh, or by inflammation of the throat or the bronchi, and usually accompanied by fever. INFLUX In"flux`, n. Etym: [L. influxus, fr. influere, influxum, to flow in: cf. F. influx. See Influent.] 1. The act of flowing in; as, an influx of light. 2. A coming in; infusion; intromission; introduction; importation in abundance; also, that which flows or comes in; as, a great influx of goods into a country, or an influx of gold and silver. The influx of food into the Celtic region, however, was far from keeping pace with the influx of consumers. Macaulau. The general influx of Greek into modern languages. Earle. 3. Influence; power. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. INFLUXION In*flux"ion, n. Etym: [L. influxio : cf. F. influxion.] Defn: A flowing in; infusion. [R.] Bacon. INFLUXIOUS In*flux"ious, a. Defn: Influential. [Obs.] INFLUXIVE In*flux"ive, a. Defn: Having a tendency to flow in; having influence; influential. [R.] Holdsworth. INFLUXIVELY In*flux"ive*ly, adv. Defn: By influxion. [R.] INFOLD In*fold" (n-fld''), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Infolding.] Etym: [Pref. in- in + fold.] [Written also enfold.] 1. To wrap up or cover with folds; to envelop; to inwrap; to inclose; to involve. Gilded tombs do worms infold. Shak. Infold his limbs in bands. Blackmore. 2. To clasp with the arms; to embrace. Noble Banquo, . . . let me infold thee, And hold thee to my heart. Shak. INFOLDMENT In*fold"ment, n. Defn: The act of infolding; the state of being infolded. INFOLIATE In*fo"li*ate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in + L. folium leaf.] Defn: To cover or overspread with, or as with, leaves. [R.] Howell. INFORM In*form", a. Etym: [L. informis; pref. in- not + forma form, shape: cf. F. informe] Defn: Without regular form; shapeless; ugly; deformed. Cotton. INFORM In*form", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Informed; p. pr. & vb. n. Informing.] Etym: [OE. enformen, OF. enformer, F. informer. L. informare; pref. in- in + formare to form, share, fr. forma form. See Form.] 1. To give form or share to; to give vital ororganizing power to; to give life to; to imbue and actuate with vitality; to animate; to mold; to figure; to fashion. "The informing Word." Coleridge. Let others better mold the running mass Of metals, and inform the breathing brass. Dryden. Breath informs this fleeting frame. Prior. Breathes in our soul,informs our mortal part. Pope. 2. To communicate knowledge to; to make known to; to acquaint; to advise; to instruct; to tell; to notify; to enlighten; -- usually followed by of. For he would learn their business secretly, And then inform his master hastily. Spenser. I am informed thoroughky of the cause. Shak. 3. To communicate a knowledge of facts to,by way of accusation; to warn against anybody. Tertullus . . . informed the governor against Paul. Acts xxiv. 1. Syn. -- To acquaint; apprise; tell; teach; instruct; enlighten; animate; fashion. INFORM In*form", v. t. 1. To take form; to become visible or manifest; to appear. [Obs.] It is the bloody business which informs Thus to mine eyes. Shak. 2. To give intelligence or information; to tell. Shak. He might either teach in the same manner,or inform how he had been taught. Monthly Rev. To inform against, to communicate facts by way of accusation against; to denounce; as, two persons came to the magistrate, and informed against A. INFORMAL In*form"al, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + formal.] 1. Not in the regular, usual, or established form; not according to official, conventional, prescribed, or customary forms or rules; irregular; hence, without ceremony; as, an informal writting, proceeding, or visit. 2. Deranged in mind; out of one's senses. [Obs.] These poor informal women. Shak. INFORMALITY In`for*mal"i*ty, n.; pl. Informalities (. 1. The state of being informal; want of regular, prescribed, or customary form; as, the informality of legal proceedings. 2. An informal, unconventional, or unofficial act or proceeding; something which is not in proper or prescribed form or does not conform to the established rule. INFORMALLY In*form"al*ly, adv. Defn: In an informal manner. INFORMANT In*form"ant, n. Etym: [L. informans, -antis, p.pr. of informare. See Inform, v. t.] 1. One who, or that which, informs, animates, or vivifies. [Obs.] Glanvill. 2. One who imparts information or instruction. 3. One who offers an accusation; an informer. See Informer. [Obs. or R.] It was the last evidence of the kind; the informant was hanged. Burke. INFORMATION In`for*ma"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. informatio representation, cinception. See Inform, v. t.] 1. The act of informing, or communicating knowledge or intelligence. The active informations of the intellect. South. 2. News, advice, or knowledge, communicated by others or obtained by personal study and investigation; intelligence; knowledge derived from reading, observation, or instruction. Larger opportunities of information. Rogers. He should get some information in the subject he intends to handle. Swift. 3. (Law) Defn: A proceeding in the nature of a prosecution for some offens against the government, instituted and prosecuted, really or nominally, by some authorized public officer on behalt of the government. It differs from an indictment in criminal cases chiefly in not being based on the finding of a grand juri. See Indictment. INFORMATIVE In*form"a*tive, a. Defn: Having power to inform, animate, or vivify. Dr. H. More. INFORMATORY In*form"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Full of, or conveying, information; instructive. [R.] London Spectator. INFORMED In*formed" (n-frmd''), a. Defn: Unformed or ill-formed; deformed; shapeless. [Obs.] Spenser. Informed stars. See under Unformed. INFORMER In*form"er, n. Etym: [From Inform,v.] 1. One who informs, animates, or inspires. [Obs.] Thomson. Nature, informer of the poet's art. Pope. 2. One who informs, or imparts knowledge or news. 3. (Law) Defn: One who informs a magistrate of violations of law; one who informs against another for violation of some law or penal statute. Common informer (Law), one who habitually gives information of the violation of penal statutes, with a view to a prosecution therefor. Bouvier. Wharton. INFORMIDABLE In*for"mi*da*ble, a. Etym: [L. informidabilis. See In- not, and Formidable.] Defn: Not formidable; not to be feared or dreaded. [Obs.] "Foe not informidable." Milton. INFORMITY In*form"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. informitas. See Inform, a.] Defn: Want of regular form; shapelessness. [Obs.] INFORMOUS In*form"ous, a. Etym: [See Inform, a.] Defn: Of irregular form; shapeless. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. INFORTUNATE In*for"tu*nate, a. Etym: [L. infortunatus.] Defn: Unlucky; unfortunate. [Obs.] Shak. "A most infortynate chance." Howell. - In*for"tu*nate*ly, adv. [Obs.] INFORTUNE In*for"tune, n. Etym: [L. infortunium. See In- not, and Fortune.] Defn: Misfortune. [Obs.] Chaucer. INFORTUNED In*for"tuned, a. Defn: Unfortunate. [Obs.] I, woeful wretch and infortuned wight. Chaucer. INFOUND In*found", v. t. Etym: [L. infundere to pour in. See Infuse.] Defn: To pour in; to infuse. [Obs.] Sir T. More. INFRA In*"fra, adv. Etym: [L. Cf. Inferior.] Defn: Below; beneath; under; after; -- often used as a prefix. INFRA-AXILLARY In`fra-ax"il*la*ry, a. Etym: [Infra + axillary.] (Bot.) Defn: Situated below the axil, as a bud. INFRABRANCHIAL In`fra*bran"chi*al, a. Etym: [Infra + branchial.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Below the gills; -- applied to the ventral portion of the pallial chamber in the lamellibranchs. INFRACLAVICULAR In`fra*cla*vic"u*lar, a. Etym: [Infra + clavicular.] (Anat.) Defn: Below the clavicle; as, the infraclavicular fossa. INFRACT In*fract" (n-fr*kt''), a. Etym: [L. infractus; pref. in- not + fractus. p.p. of frangere to break.] Defn: Not broken or fractured; unharmed; whole. [Obs.] Chapman. INFRACT In*fract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Infracting.] Etym: [L. infractus, p.p. of of infringere. See Infringe.] Defn: To break; to infringe. [R.] Thomson. INFRACTIBLE In*fract"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being broken.[R.] INFRACTION In*frac"tion, n. Etym: [L. infractio: cf. F. infraction.] Defn: The act of infracting or breaking; breach; violation; nonobservance; infringement; as, an infraction of a treaty, compact, rule, or law. I. Watts. INFRACTOR In*fract"or, n. Etym: [Cf. F. infracteur.] Defn: One who infracts or infringes; a violator; a breaker. INFRAGRANT In*fra"grant, a. Defn: Not fragrant. INFRAHYOID In`fra*hy"oid, a. Etym: [Infra + hyoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Same as Hyosternal (a). INFRALABIAL In`fra*la"bi*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Below the lower lip; -- said of certain scales of reptiles and fishes. INFRALAPSARIAN In`fra*lap*sa"ri*an, n. Etym: [Infra + lapse: cf. F. infralapsaire. See Lapse.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of that class of Calvinists who consider the decree of election as contemplating the apostasy as past and the elect as being at the time of election in a fallen and guilty state; -- opposed to Supralapsarian. The former considered the election of grace as a remedy for an existing evil; the latter regarded the fall as a part of God's original purpose in regard to men. INFRALAPSARIAN In`fra*lap*sa"ri*an, a. (Theor.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Infralapsarians, or to their doctrine. INFRALAPSARIANISM In`fra*lap*sa"ri*an*ism, n. (Theor.) Defn: The doctrine, belief, or principles of the Inralapsarians. INFRAMARGINAL In`fra*mar"gin*al, a. Etym: [Infra + marginal.] Defn: Below the margin; submarginal; as, an inframarginal convolution of the brain. INFRAMAXILLARY In`fra*max"il*la*ry, a. Etym: [Infra + maxillary.] (Anat.) (a) Under the lower jaw; submaxillary; as, the inframaxillary nerve. (b) Of or pertaining to the lower iaw. INFRAMEDIAN In`fra*me"di*an, a. Etym: [Infra + median.] (Zoölogical Geog.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the interval or zone along the sea bottom, at the depth of between fifty and one hundred fathoms. E. Forbes. INFRAMUNDANE In`fra*mun"dane, a. Etym: [Infra + mundane.] Defn: Lying or situated beneath the world. INFRANCHISE In*fran"chise, v. t. Defn: See Enfranchise. INFRANGIBILITY In*fran`gi*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being infrangible; infrangibleness. INFRANGIBLE In*fran"gi*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + grangible: cf.F. infrangible.] 1. Not capable of being broken or separated into parts; as, infrangible atoms. [He] link'd their fetlocks with a golden band Infrangible. Pope. 2. Not to be infringed or violated. INFRANGIBLENESS In*fran"gi*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being infrangible; infrangibility. INFRAOCULAR In`fra*oc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Infra + ocular.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Situated below the eyes, as the antenna of certain insects. INFRAORBITAL In`fra*or"bit*al, a. Etym: [Infra + orbital.] (Anat.) Defn: Below the orbit; as, the infraorbital foramen; the infraorbital nerve. INFRAPOSE In`fra*pose", v. t. Etym: [Infra + pose.] Defn: To place under or beneath. [R.] INFRAPOSITION In`fra*po*si"tion, n. Etym: [Infra + position.] Defn: A situation or position beneath. Kane. INFRA-RED In`fra-red", a. [Infra- + red.] (Physics) Defn: Lying outside the visible spectrum at its red end; -- said of rays less refrangible than the extreme red rays. INFRASCAPULAR In`fra*scap"u*lar, a. Etym: [Infra + scapular.] (Anat.) Defn: Beneath the scapula, or shoulder blade; subscapular. INFRASPINAL In`fra*spi"nal, a. Etym: [Infra + spinal.] (Anat.) (a) Below the vertebral column, subvertebral. (b) Below the spine; infraspinate; infraspinous. INFRASPINATE; INFRASPINOUS In`fra*spi"nate, In`fra*spi*nous, a. Etym: [Infra + spinate, spinous.] (Anat.) Defn: Below the spine; infraspinal; esp., below the spine of the scapula; as, the infraspinous fossa; the infraspinate muscle. INFRASTAPEDIAL In`fra*sta*pe"di*al, a. Etym: [Infra + stapedial.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a part of the columella of the ear, which in many animals projects below the connection with the stapes. -- n. Defn: The infrastapedial part of the columella. INFRASTERNAL In`fra*ster"nal, a. Etym: [Infra + sternal.] (Anat.) Defn: Below the sternum; as, the infrasternal depression, or pit of the stomach. INFRATEMPORAL In`fra*tem"po*ral, a. Etym: [Infra + temporal.] (Anat.) Defn: Below the temple; below the temporal bone. INFRATERRITORIAL In`fra*ter"ri*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [Infra + territorial.] Defn: Within the territory of a state. Story. INFRATROCHLEAR In`fra*troch"le*ar, a. Etym: [Infra + trochlear.] (Anat.) Defn: Below a trochlea, or pulley; -- applied esp. to one of the subdivisions of the trigeminal nerve. INFREQUENCE; INFREQUENCY In*fre"quence, In*fre"quen*cy, n. Etym: [L. infrequentia scantiness : cf. F. infrequence.] 1. The state of rarely occuring; uncommonness; rareness; as, the infrquence of his visits. 2. The state of not being frequented; solitude; isolation; retirement; seclusion. [R.] The solitude and infrequency of the place. Bp. Hall. INFREQUENT In*fre"quent, a. Etym: [L. infrquens : cf.F. infrequent. See In- not, and Frequent.] Defn: Seldom happening or occurring; rare; uncommon; unusual. The act whereof is at this day infrequent or out of use among all sorts of men. Sir T. Elyot. INFREQUENTLY In*fre"quent*ly, adv. Defn: Not frequently; rarely. INFRIGIDATE In*frig"i*date, v. t. Etym: [L. infrigidatus, p.p. of infrigidare to chill. See 1st In-, and Frigid.] Defn: To chill; to make cold; to cool. [Obs.] Boyle. INFRIGIDATION In*frig`i*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. infrigidatio.] Defn: The act of chilling or causing to become cold; a chilling; coldness; congelation. [Obs.] Boyle. INFRINGE In*fringe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infringed; p. pr. & vb. n. Infringing.] Etym: [L. infringere; pref. in- in + frangere to break. See Fraction, and cf. Infract .] 1. To break; to violate; to transgress; to neglect to fulfill or obey; as, to infringe a law or contract. If the first that did the edict infringe, Had answered for his deed. Shak. The peace . . . was infringed by Appius Claudius. Golding. 2. To hinder; to destroy; as, to infringe efficacy; to infringe delight or power. [Obs.] Hooker. INFRINGE In*fringe", v. i. 1. To break, violate, or transgress some contract, rule, or law; to injure; to offend. 2. To encroach; to trespass; -- followed by on or upon; as, to infringe upon the rights of another. INFRINGEMENT In*fringe"ment, n. 1. The act of infringing; breach; violation; nonfulfillment; as, the infringement of a treaty, compact, law, or constitution. The punishing of this infringement is proper to that jurisdiction against which the contempt is. Clarendon. 2. An encroachment on a patent, copyright, or other special privilege; a trespass. INFRINGER In*frin"ger, n. Defn: One who infringes or violates; a violator. Strype. INFRUCTUOSE In*fruc"tu*ose", a. Etym: [L.infructuosus. See In- not, and Fruit.] Defn: Not producing fruit; unfruitful; unprofitable. [R.] T. Adams. INFRUGAL In*fru"gal, a. Defn: Not frugal; wasteful; as, an infrugal expense of time. J. Goodman. INFRUGIFEROUS In`fru*gif"er*ous, a. Defn: Not bearing fruit; not fructiferous. INFUCATE In`fu*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. infucatus painted; pref. in- in + fucare to paint, dye. See Fucate.] Defn: To stain; to paint; to daub. INFUCATION In`fu*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of painting or staining, especially of painting the face. INFULA In"fu*la, n.; pl. Infule. Etym: [L.] Defn: A sort of fillet worn by dignitaries, priests, and others among the ancient Romans. It was generally white. INFUMATE In"fu*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infumated; p. pr. & vb. n. Infumating.] Etym: [L.infumatus, p.p. of infumare to infumate; pref. in- in + fumare to smoke, fr. fumus smoke.] Defn: To dry by exposing to smoke; to expose to smoke. INFUMATED In"fu*ma`ted, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Clouded; having a cloudy appearance. INFUMATION In`fu*ma"tion, n. Defn: Act of drying in smoke. INFUMED In*fumed", a. Defn: Dried in smoke; smoked. INFUNDIBULAR; INFUNDIBULATE In`fun*dib"u*lar, In`fun*dib"u*late, a. Etym: [See Infundibulum.] Defn: Having the form of a funnel; pertaining to an infundibulum. Infundibulate Bryozoa (Zoöl.),a group of marine Bryozoa having a circular arrangement of the tentacles upon the disk. INFUNDIBULIFORM In`fun*dib"u*li*form, a. Etym: [L. infundibulum funnel + -form: cf. F. infundibuliforme.] 1. Having the form of a funnel or cone; funnel-shaped. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Funnelform. INFUNDIBULUM In`fun*dib"u*lum, n.; pl. L. Infundibula, E. Infundibulums. Etym: [L., a funnel, from infundere to pour in or into. See Infuse.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A funnel-shaped or dilated organ or part; as, the infundibulum of the brain, a hollow, conical process, connecting the floor of the third ventricle with the pituitary body; the infundibula of the lungs, the enlarged terminations of the bronchial tubes. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A central cavity in the Ctenophora, into which the gastric sac leads. (b) The siphon of Cephalopoda. See Cephalopoda. INFUNERAL In*fu"ner*al, v. t. Defn: To inter with funeral rites; to bury. [Obs.] G. Fletcher. INFURCATION In`fur*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- in + L. furca fork.] Defn: A forked exlpansion or divergence; a bifurcation; a branching. Craig. INFURIATE In*fu"ri*ate, a. Etym: [It. infuriato, p. p. of infuriare. See Infuriate, v. t.] Defn: Enraged; rading; furiously angry; infuriated. Milton. Inflamed beyond the most infuriate wrath. Thomson. INFURIATE In*fu"ri*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infuriated (; p. pr. & vb. n. Infuriating] Etym: [It. infuriato, p. p. of infuriare; pref. in- (L. in) + furia fury, L. furia. See Fury.] Defn: To render furious; to enrage; to exasperate. Those curls of entangled snakes with which Erinys is said to have infuriated Athemas and Ino. Dr. H. More. INFURIATED In*fu"ri*a`ted, a. Defn: Enraged; furious. INFUSCATE In*fus"cate, v. t. Etym: [L. infuscatus, p. p. of infuscare; pref. in- in + fuscare to make dark, fr. fuscus dark.] Defn: To darken; to make black; to obscure. INFUSCATED In*fus"ca*ted, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Darkened with a blackish tinge. INFUSCATION In`fus*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of darkening, or state of being dark; darkness; obscurity. Johnson. INFUSE In*fuse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infused; p. pr. & vb. n. Infusing.] Etym: [L. infusus, p.p. of infundere to pour in or into; pref. in- in + fundere to pour: cf. F. infuser. See Found to cast.] 1. To pour in, as a liquid; to pour (into or upon); to shed. That strong Circean liquor cease to infuse. Denham. 2. To instill, as principles or qualities; to introduce. That souls of animals infuse themselves Into the trunks of men. Shak. Why should he desire to have qualities infused into his son which himself never possessd Swift. 3. To inspire; to inspirit or animate; to fill; -- followed by with. Infuse his breast with magnanimity. Shak. Infusing him with self and vain conceit. Shak. 4. To steep in water or other fluid without boiling, for the propose of extracting medicinal qualities; to soak. One scruple of dried leaves is infused in ten ounces of warm water. Coxe. 5. To make an infusion with, as an ingredient; to tincture; to saturate. [R.] Bacon. INFUSE In*fuse, n. Defn: Infusion. [Obs.] Spenser. INFUSER In*fus"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, infuses. INFUSIBILITY In*fu`si*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [From Infuse.] Defn: Capability of being infused, pouredin, or instilled. INFUSIBILITY In*fu`si*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + fusibility: cf. F. infusibilité.] Defn: Incapability or difficulty of being fused, melted, or dissolved; as, the infusibility of carbon. INFUSIBLE In*fu"si*ble, a. Etym: [From Infuse, v.] Defn: Capable of being infused. Doctrines being infusible into all. Hammond. INFUSIBLE In*fu"si*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + fusible: cf. F. infusible.] Defn: Not fusible; incapble or difficalt of fusion, or of being dissolved or melted. Sir T. Browne. The best crucibles are made of Limoges earth, which seems absolutely infusible. Lavoisier (Trans. ). INFUSIBLENESS In*fu"si*ble*ness, n. Defn: Infusibility. INFUSION In*fu"sion, n. Etym: [L. infusio a pouring in: cf. F. infusion. See Infuse, v. t.] 1. The act of infusing, pouring in, or instilling; instillation; as, the infusion of good principles into the mind; the infusion of ardor or zeal. Our language has received innumerable elegancies and improvements from that infusion of Hebraisms. Addison. 2. That which is infused; suggestion; inspiration. His folly and his wisdom are of his oun growth, not the echo or infusion of other men. Swift. 3. The act of plunging or dipping into a fluid; immersion. [Obs.] "Baptism by infusion." Jortin. 4. (Pharmacy) (a) The act or process of steeping or soaking any substance in water in order to extract its virtues. (b) The liquid extract obtained by this process. Sips meek infusion of a milder herb. Cowper. INFUSIONISM In*fu"sion*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine that the soul is preexistent to the body, and is infused into it at conception or birth; -- opposed to tradicianism and creationism. INFUSIVE In*fu"sive, a. Defn: Having the power of infusion; inspiring; influencing. The infusive force of Spirit on man. Thomson. INFUSORIA In`fu*so"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.; -- so called because found in infusions which are left exposed to the air for a time. See Infuse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the classes of Protozoa, including a large number of species, all of minute size. Note: They are found in all seas, lakes, ponds, and streams, as well as in infusions of organic matter exposed to the air. They are distinguished by having vibrating lashes or cilia, with which they obtain their food and swim about.They are devided into the orders Flagellata, Ciliata, and Tentaculifera. See these words in the Vocabulary. Formely the term Infusoria was applied to all microscopic organisms found in water, including many minute plants, belonging to the diatoms, as well as minute animals belonging to various classes, as the Rotifera, which are worms; and the Rhizopoda, which constitute a distinct class of Protozoa. Fossil Infusoria are mostly the siliceous shells of diatoms; sometimes they are siliceous skeletons of Radiolaria, or the calcareous shells of Foraminifera. INFUSORIAL In`fu*so"ri*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Infusoria; composed of, or containing, Infusoria; as, infusorial earth. Infusorial earth (Geol.), a deposit of fine, usually white, siliceous material, composed mainly of the shells of the microscopic plants called diatoms. It is used in polishing powder, and in the manufacture of dynamite. INFUSORIAN In`fu*so"ri*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Infusoria. INFUSORY In*fu"so*ry, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Infusorial. INFUSORY In*fu"so*ry, n.; pl. Infusories (. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Infusoria; -- usually in the pl. -ING -ing. 1. Etym: [For OE. -and, -end, -ind, AS. -ende; akin to Goth. -and-, L. -ant-, -ent-, Gr. Defn: A suffix used to from present participles; as, singing, playing. 2. Etym: [OE. -ing, AS. -ing, -ung.] Defn: A suffix used to form nouns from verbs, and signifying the act of; the result of the act; as, riding, dying, feeling. It has also a secondary collective force; as, shipping, clothing. Note: The Old English ending of the present participle and verbal noun became confused, both becoming -ing. 3. Etym: [AS. -ing.] Defn: A suffix formerly used to form diminutives; as, lording, farthing. ING Ing, n. Etym: [AS. ing.] Defn: A pasture or meadow; generally one lying low, near a river. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] INGANNATION In`gan*na"tion, n. Etym: [LL. ingannare to decieve.] Defn: Cheat; deception. [Obs.] Sir T. Brown. INGATE In"gate` (, n. 1. Entrance; ingress. [Obs.] Which hath in charge the ingate of the year. Spenser. 2. (Fonding) Defn: The aperture in a mold for pouring in the metal; the gate. Simmonds. INGATHERING In"gath`er*ing, n. Defn: The act or business of gathering or collecting anything; especially, the gathering of the fruits of the earth; harvest. Thou shalt keep . . . the feast of ingathering. Ex. xxii. 16. INGELABLE In*gel"a*ble, a. Defn: Not congealable. INGEMINATE In*gem"i*nate, a. Etym: [L. ingeminatus, p. p.] Defn: Redoubled; repeated. Jer. Taylor. INGEMINATE In*gem"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingeminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Ingeminating.] Etym: [L. ingeminatus, p. p. of ingeminare to double; pref. in- in + geminare. See Geminate.] Defn: To redouble or repeat; to reiterate. Clarendon. . . . She yet ingeminates The last of sounds, and what she hears relates. Sandys. INGEMINATION In*gem`i*na"tion, n. Defn: Repetition; reduplication; reiteration. De Quincey. That Sacred ingemination, Amen, Amen. Featley. Happiness with an echo or ingemination. Holdsworth. INGENA In*ge"na, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The gorilla. INGENDER In*gen"der, v. t. Defn: See Engender. INGENERABILLTY In*gen`er*a*bil"l*ty, n. Defn: Incapacity of being engendered or produced. Cudworth. INGENERABLE In*gen"er*a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + generable: cf. F. ingenerable.] Defn: Incapble of being engendered or produced; original. Holland. INGENERABLY In*gen"er*a*bly, adv. Defn: In an ingenerable manner. INGENERATE In*gen"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. ingeneratus, p. p. of ingenerare. See engender] Defn: Generated within; inborn; innate; as, ingenerate powers of body. W. Wotton. Those virtues were rather feigned and affected . . . than true qualities ingenerate in his judgment. Bacon. INGENERATE In*gen"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingenerat; p. pr. & vb. n. Ingenerating.] Defn: To generate or produce within; to begete; to engener; to occasion; to cause. Mede. Those noble habits are ingenerated in the soul. Sir M. Hale. INGENERATION In*gen`er*a"tion, n. Defn: Act of ingenerating. INGENIATE In*ge"ni*ate, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Ingenious.] Defn: To invent; to contrive. [Obs.] Daniel. INGENIE In"ge*nie, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Ingeny. INGENIOSITY In*ge`ni*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [LL. ingeniositas.] Defn: Ingenuity; skill; cunning. [Obs.] Cudworth. INGENIOUS In*gen"ious, a. Etym: [L. ingeniosus, fr. ingenium innate or natural quality, natural capacity, genius: cf. F. ingénieux. See Engine.] 1. Possessed of genius, or the faculty of invention; skillful or promp to invent; having an aptitude to contrive, or to form new combinations; as, an ingenious author, mechanic. A man . . . very wise and ingenious in feats of war. Hakluyt. Thou, king, send out For torturers ingenious. Shak. The more ingenious men are, the more apt are they to trouble themselves. Sir W. Temple. 2. Proseeding from, pertaining to, or characterized by, genius or ingenuity; of curious design, structure, or mechanism; as, an ingenious model, or machine; an ingenious scheme, contrivance, etc. Thus men go wrong with an ingenious skill. Cowper. 3. Witty; shrewd; adroit; keen; sagacious; as, an ingenious reply. 4. Mental; intellectual. [Obs.] A course of learning and ingenious studies. Shak. INGENIOUSLY In*gen"ious*ly, adv. Defn: In an ingenious manner; with ingenuity; skillfully; wittily; cleverly. "Too ingeniously politic." Sir W. Temple. INGENIOUSNESS In*gen"ious*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being ingenious; ingenuity. INGENITE; INGENIT In*gen"ite In*gen"it, a. Etym: [L. ingenitus, p. p. of ingignere to instill by birthor nature; pref. in- + gignere to beget.] Defn: Innate; inborn; inbred; inherent; native; ingenerate. [Obs.] It is naturalor ingenite, which comes by some defect of the organs and overmuch brain. Burton. INGENUE In`gé`nue" (aN`zhay`nus"), n.; pl. -nues (#). [F., fem. of ingénu ingenious.] Defn: An ingenuous or naïve girl or young woman, or an actress representing such a person. INGENUITY In`ge*nu"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. ingenuitas ingenuousness: cf. F. ingénuité. See Ingenuous.] 1. The quality or power of ready invention; quickness or acuteness in forming new combinations; ingeniousness; skill in devising or combining. All the means which human ingenuity has contrived. Blair. 2. Curiousness, or cleverness in design or contrivance; as, the ingenuity of a plan, or of mechanism. He gives . . . To artist ingenuity and skill. Cowper. 3. Openness of heat; ingeniuousness. [Obs.] The stings and remores of natural ingenuity, a principle that men scarcely ever shake off, as long as they carry anything of human nature about them. South. Syn. -- Inventiveness; ingeniousness; skill; cunning; cleverness; genius. -- Ingenuity, Cleverness. Ingenuity is a form of genius, and cleverness of talent. The former implies invention, the letter a peculiar dexterity and readiness of execution. Sir James Mackintosh remarks that the English overdo in the use of the word clever and cleverness, applying them loosely to almost every form of intellectual ability. INGENUOUS In*gen"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. ingenuus inborn, innate, freeborn, noble, frank; pref. in- in + the root of gignere to beget. See Genius, and cf. Ingenious.] 1. Of honorable extraction; freeborn; noble; as, ingenuous blood of birth. 2. Noble; generous; magnanimous; honorable; uprigth; high-minded; as, an ingenuous ardor or zeal. If an ingenuous detestation of falsehood be but carefully and early instilled, that is the true and genuin method to obviate dishonesty. Locke. 3. Free from reserve, disguise, equivocation, or dissimulation; open; frank; sa, an ingenuous man; an ingenuous declaration, confession, etc. Sensible in myself . . . what a burden it is for me, who would be ingenuous, to be loaded with courtesies which he hath not the least hope to requite or deserve. Fuller. 4. Ingenious. [Obs.] Shak. Note: (Formerly) printers did not discriminate between . . . ingenuous and ingenious, and these words were used or rather printed interchangeably almost to the begining of the eighteenth century. G. P. Marsh. Syn. -- Open; frank; unreserved; artless; plain; sincere; candid; fair; noble; generous. -- Ingenuous, Open, Frank. One who is open speaks out at once what is uppermost in his mind; one who is frank does it from a natural boldness, or dislike of self-restraint; one who is ingenuous is actuated by a native simplicity and artlessness, which make him willing to confess faults, and make known his sentiments without reserve. See Candid. INGENUOUSLY In*gen"u*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In an ingenuous manner; openly; fairly; candidly; artlessly. Being required to explane himself, he ingeniously confessed. Ludlow. INGENUOUSNESS In*gen"u*ous*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being ingenuous; openness of heart; frankness. 2. Ingenuity. [Obs.] Fuller. INGENY In"ge*ny, n. Etym: [L. ingenium. See Ingenious.] Defn: Natural gift or talent; ability; wit; ingenuity. [Obs.] [Written also ingenie.] Becon. INGERMINATE In*ger"mi*nate, v. t. Defn: To cause to germinate. INGEST In*gest", v. t. Etym: [L. ingenium, p. p. of ingerere to put in; pref. in- in + gerere to bear.] Defn: To take into, or as into, the stomach or alimentary canal. Sir T. Browne. INGESTA In*ges"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Ingest.] (Physiol.) Defn: That which is introduced into the body by the stomach or alimentary canal; -- opposed to egesta. INGESTION In*ges"tion, n. Etym: [L. ingestio: cf. F. ingestion.] (Physiol.) Defn: The act of taking or putting into the stomach; as, the ingestion of milk or other food. INGHALLA In*ghal"la, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The reedbuck of South Africa. [Written also ingali.] INGIRT In*girt", v. t. Etym: [See Ingirt.] Defn: To encircle to gird; to engirt. The wreath is ivy that ingirts our beams. Drayton. INGIRT In*girt", a. Defn: Surrounded; encircled. Fenton. INGLE In"gle, n. Etym: [Gael. & Ir. aingeali fire; cf. L. igniculusi spark, dim. of ignis fire. Cf. Ignite.] Defn: Flame; blaze; a fire; a fireplace. [Obs. or Scot.] Burns. Ingle nock, the chimney corner. -- Ingle side, Ingle cheek, the fireside. INGLE In"gle, n. Etym: [Written also engle, enghle: cf. Gael. & Ir. aingeal an angel. Cf. Engle.] Defn: A paramour; a favourite; a sweetheart; an engle. [Obs.] Toone. INGLE In"gle, v. t. Defn: To cajole or coax; to wheedle. See Engle. [Obs.] INGLOBATE In*glo"bate, a. Defn: In the form of a globe or sphere; -- applied to nebulous matter collected into a sphere by the force of gravitation. INGLOBE In*globe", v. t. Defn: To infix, as in a globe; to fix or secure firmly. [Obs.] Milton. INGLORIOUS In*glo"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. inglorious; pref. in- not + gloria glory, fame: cf. F. inglorieux. See Glory.] 1. Not glorious; not bringing honor or glory; not accompanied with fame, honor, or celebrity; obscure; humble; as, an inglorious life of ease. Shak. My next desire is, void of care and strife, To lead a soft, secure, inglorious life. Dryden. Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest. Gray. 2. Shameful; disgraceful; ignominious; as, inglorious flight, defeat, etc. Inglorious shelter in an alien land. J. Philips. INGLORIOUSLY In*glo"ri*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In an inglorious manner; dishonorably; with shame; ignominiously; obscurely. INGLORIOUSNESS In*glo"ri*ous*ness, n. Defn: The state of being inglorious. INGLUT In*glut", v. t. Defn: To glut. [R.] Ascham. INGLUVIAL In*glu"vi*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the indulges or crop of birds. INGLUVIES In*glu"vi*es, n. Etym: [L.] (Anat.) Defn: The crop, or craw, of birds. INGLUVIOUS In*glu"vi*ous, a. Defn: Gluttonous. [Obs.] Blount. IN-GOING In"-go`ing, n. Defn: The act of going in; entrance. IN-GOING In"-go`ing, a. Defn: Going; entering, as upon an office or a possession; as, an in- going tenant. INGORGE In*gorge", v. t. & i. Defn: See Engorge. Milton. INGOT In"got, n. Etym: [Prob. from AS. in in + geótan to pour: cf. F. linglot, LL. lingotus a mass of gold or silver, extended in the manner of a tongue, and G. einguss, LG. & OE. ingot ingot, a mold for casting metals in. See Found to cast, and cf. Linget, Lingot, Nugget.] 1. That in which metal is cast; a mold. [Obs.] And from the fire he took up his matter And in the ingot put it with merry cheer. Chaucer. 2. A bar or wedge of steel, gold, or other malleable metal, cast in a mold; a mass of unwrought cast metal. Wrought ingots from Besoara's mine. Sir W. Jones. Ingot mold, a box or mold in which ingots are cast. -- Ingot iron. See Decarbonized steel, under Decarbonize. INGOT STEEL In"got steel. Defn: Steel cast in ingots from the Bessemer converter or open-hearth furnace. INGRACE In*grace", v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in + grace.] Defn: To ingratiate. [Obs.] G. Fletcher. INGRACIOUS In*gra"cious, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + gracious.] Defn: Ungracious; unkind. [Obs.] Holland. INGRAFF In*graff", v. t. Defn: See Ingraft. [Obs.] INGRAFT In*graft", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingrafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ingrafting.] Etym: [Written also engraft.] 1. To insert, as a scion of one tree, shrub, or plant in another for propagation; as, to ingraft a peach scion on a plum tree; figuratively, to insert or introduce in such a way as to make a part of something. This fellow would ingraft a foreign name Upon our stock. Dryden. A custom . . . ingrafted into the monarchy of Rome. Burke. 2. To subject to the process of grafting; to furnish with grafts or scions; to graft; as, to ingraft a tree. INGRAFTER In*graft"er, n. Defn: A person who ingrafts. INGRAFTMENT In*graft"ment, n. 1. The act of ingrafting. 2. The thing ingrafted; a scion. INGRAIN In"grain`, a. Etym: [Pref. in- in + grain kermes. See Engrain, Grain.] 1. Dyed with grain, or kermes. [Obs.] 2. Dyed before manufacture, -- said of the material of a textile fabric; hence, in general, thoroughly inwrought; forming an essential part of the substance. Ingrain carpet, a double or two-ply carpet. -- Triple ingrain carpet, a three-ply carpet. INGRAIN In"grain`, n. Defn: An ingrain fabric, as a carpet. INGRAIN In"grain`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingrained; p. pr. & vb. n. Ingraining.] Etym: [Written also engrain.] 1. To dye with or in grain or kermes. 2. To dye in the grain, or before manufacture. 3. To work into the natural texture or into the mental or moral constitution of; to stain; to saturate; to imbue; to infix deeply. Our fields ingrained with blood. Daniel. Cruelty and jealousy seem to be ingrained in a man who has these vices at all. Helps. INGRAPPLE In*grap"ple, v. t. & i. Defn: To seize; to clutch; to grapple. [Obs.] Drayton. INGRATE In"grate`, a. Etym: [L. ingratus. See Ingrateful.] Defn: Ingrateful. [Obs. or Poetic] Bacon. INGRATE In"grate`, n. Defn: An ungrateful person. Milton. INGRATEFUL In"grate`ful, a. Etym: [L. ingratus ingrateful (pref. in- not + gratus beloved, dear, grateful) + -ful: cf. F. ingrat. See Grateful.] 1. Ungrateful; thankless; unappreciative. Milton. He proved extremely false and ingrateful to me. Atterbury. 2. Unpleasing to the sense; distasteful; offensive. He gives . . . no ingrateful food. Milton. -- In"grate`ful*ly, adv. -- In"grate`ful*ness, n. INGRATELY In"grate`ly, adv. Defn: Ungratefully. [Obs.] INGRATIATE In*gra"ti*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingratiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Ingratiating.] Etym: [Pref. in- in + L. gratia. See Grace.] 1. To introduce or commend to the favor of another; to bring into favor; to insinuate; -- used reflexively, and followed by with before the person whose favor is sought. Lysimachus . . . ingratiated himself both with Philip and his pupil. Budgell. 2. To recommend; to render easy or agreeable; -- followed by to. [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott. What difficulty would it [the love of Christ] not ingratiate to us Hammond. INGRATIATE In*gra"ti*ate, v. i. Defn: To gain favor. [R.] Sir W. Temple. INGRATITUDE In*grat"i*tude, n. Etym: [F. ingratitude, L. ingratitudo. See Ingrate.] Defn: Want of gratitude; insensibility to, forgetfulness of, or ill return for, kindness or favors received; unthankfulness; ungratefulness. Ingratitude, thou marble-hearted fiend. Shak. Ingratitude is abhorred both by God and man. L'Estrange. INGRAVE In*grave", v. t. Defn: To engrave. [R.] "Whose gleaming rind ingrav'n." Tennyson. INGRAVE In*grave", v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in + grave. Cf. Engrave.] Defn: To bury. [Obs.] Heywood. INGRAVIDATE In*grav"i*date, v. t. Etym: [L. ingravidatus, p. p. of ingravidare to impregnate. See 1st In-, and Gravidated.] Defn: To impregnate. [Obs.] Fuller. INGRAVIDATION In*grav`i*da"tion, n. Defn: The state of being pregnant or impregnated. [Obs.] INGREAT In*great", v. t. Defn: To make great; to enlarge; to magnify. [Obs.] Fotherby. INGREDIENCE; INGREDIENCY In*gre"di*ence, In*gre"di*en*cy, n. Etym: [See Ingredient.] 1. Entrance; ingress. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 2. The quality or state of being an ingredient or component part. Boyle. INGREDIENT In*gre"di*ent, n. Etym: [F. ingrédient, L. ingrediens, -entis, entering into, p. pr. of ingredi, p. p. ingressus, to go into, to enter; pref. in- in + gradi to walk, go. See Grade.] Defn: That which enters into a compound, or is a component part of any combination or mixture; an element; a constituent. By way of analysis we may proceed from compounds to ingredients. Sir I. Newton. Water is the chief ingredient in all the animal fluids and solids. Arbuthnot. INGREDIENT In*gre"di*ent, a. Defn: Entering as, or forming, an ingredient or component part. Acts where no sin is ingredient. Jer. Taylor. INGRESS In"gress, n. Etym: [L. ingressus, fr. ingredi. See Ingredient.] 1. The act of entering; entrance; as, the ingress of air into the lungs. 2. Power or liberty of entrance or access; means of entering; as, all ingress was prohibited. 3. (Astron.) Defn: The entrance of the moon into the shadow of the earth in eclipses, the sun's entrance into a sign, etc. INGRESS In"gress, v. i. Defn: To go in; to enter. [R.] INGRESSION In*gres"sion, n. Etym: [L. ingressio: cf. F. ingression.] Defn: Act of entering; entrance. Sir K. Digby. INGRIEVE In*grieve, v. t. Defn: To render more grievous; to aggravate. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. INGROOVE In*groove", v. t. Defn: To groove in; to join in or with a groove. Tennyson. INGROSS In*gross", v. t. Defn: See Engross. INGROWING In"grow`ing, a. Defn: Growing or appearing to grow into some other substance. Ingrowing nail, one whose edges are becoming imbedded in the adjacent flesh. INGROWTH In"growth`, n. Defn: A growth or development inward. J. LeConte. INGUEN In"guen, n. Etym: [L. inguen, inguinis.] (Anat.) Defn: The groin. INGUILTY In*guilt"y, a. Defn: Not guilty. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. INGUINAL In"gui*nal, a. Etym: [L. inguinalis, fr. inguen, inguinis, the groin: cf. F. inguinal.] (Astron. & Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to, or in the region of, the inguen or groin; as, an inguinal canal or ligament; inguinal hernia. Inguinal ring. See Abdominal ring, under Abdominal. INGULF In*gulf", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingulfed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ingulfing.] Etym: [Cf. Engulf.] [Written also engulf.] Defn: To swallow up or overwhelm in, or as in, a gulf; to cast into a gulf. See Engulf. A river large . . . Passed underneath ingulfed. Milton. INGULFMENT In*gulf"ment, n. Defn: The act of ingulfing, or the state of being ingulfed. INGURGITATE In*gur"gi*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. ingurgitatus, p. p. of ingurgitare to pour in; pref. in- in + gurges whirlpool, gulf.] 1. To swallow, devour, or drink greedily or in large quantity; to guzzle. Cleveland. 2. To swallow up, as in a gulf. Fotherby. INGURGITATE In*gur"gi*tate, v. i. Defn: To guzzle; to swill. Burton. INGURGITATION In*gur`gi*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. ingurgitatio: cf. F. ingurgitation.] Defn: The act of swallowing greedily or immoderately; that which is so swallowed. E. Darwin. He drowned his stomach and senses with a large draught and ingurgitation of wine. Bacon. INGUSTABLE In*gust"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. ingustabilis. See Gustable.] Defn: Tasteless; insipid. Sir T. Browne. INHABILE In*hab"ile, a. Etym: [L. inhabilis: cf. F. inhabile. See In- not, and Habile, and cf. Unable.] 1. Not apt or fit; unfit; not convenient; inappropriate; unsuitable; as, inhabile matter. [Obs.] 2. Unskilled; unready; awkward; incompetent; unqualified; -- said of person. [Obs.] See Unable. INHABILITY In`ha*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inhabileté, inhabilité. See Inability.] Defn: Unsuitableness; unaptness; unfitness; inability. [Obs.] Barrow. INHABIT In*hab"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhabited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inhabiting.] Etym: [OE. enhabiten, OF. enhabiter, L. inhabitare; pref. in- in + habitare to dwell. See Habit.] Defn: To live or dwell in; to occupy, as a place of settled residence; as, wild beasts inhabit the forest; men inhabit cities and houses. The high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity. Is. lvii. 15. O, who would inhabit This bleak world alone Moore. INHABIT In*hab"it, v. i. Defn: To have residence in a place; to dwell; to live; to abide. [Archaic or Poetic] Shak. They say wild beasts inhabit here. Waller. INHABITABLE In*hab"it*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. inhabitabilis. See Inhabit.] Defn: Capable of being inhabited; habitable. Systems of inhabitable planets. Locke. INHABITABLE In*hab"it*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. inhabitabilis: cf. F. inhabitable. See In- not, and Habitable.] Defn: Not habitable; not suitable to be inhabited. [Obs.] The frozen ridges of the Alps Or other ground inhabitable. Shak. INHABITANCE; INHABITANCY In*hab"it*ance, In*hab"it*an*cy, n. 1. The act of inhabiting, or the state of being inhabited; the condition of an inhabitant; residence; occupancy. Ruins yet resting in the wild moors testify a former inhabitance. Carew. 2. (Law) Defn: The state of having legal right to claim the privileges of a recognized inhabitant; especially, the right to support in case of poverty, acquired by residence in a town; habitancy. INHABITANT In*hab"it*ant, n. Etym: [L. inhabitans, -antis, p. pr. of inhabitare.] 1. One who dwells or resides permanently in a place, as distinguished from a transient lodger or visitor; as, an inhabitant of a house, a town, a city, county, or state. "Frail inhabitants of earth." Cowper. In this place, they report that they saw inhabitants which were very fair and fat people. Abp. Abbot. 2. (Law) Defn: One who has a legal settlement in a town, city, or parish; a permanent resident. INHABITATE In*hab"i*tate, v. t. Defn: To inhabit. [Obs.] INHABITATION In*hab`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. inhabitatio a dwelling.] 1. The act of inhabiting, or the state of being inhabited; indwelling. The inhabitation of the Holy Ghost. Bp. Pearson. 2. Abode; place of dwelling; residence. [Obs.] Milton. 3. Population; inhabitants. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. The beginning of nations and of the world's inhabitation. Sir W. Raleigh. INHABITATIVENESS In*hab"it*a*tive*ness, n. (Phrenol.) Defn: A tendency or propensity to permanent residence in a place or abode; love of home and country. INHABITED In*hab"it*ed, a. Defn: Uninhabited. [Obs.] Brathwait. INHABITER In*hab"it*er, n. Defn: An inhabitant. [R.] Derham. INHABITIVENESS In*hab"it*ive*ness, n. (Phrenol.) Defn: See Inhabitativeness. What the phrenologists call inhabitiveness. Lowell. INHABITRESS In*hab"it*ress, n. Defn: A female inhabitant. [R.] INHALANT In*hal"ant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. inhalant.] Defn: Inhaling; used for inhaling. INHALANT In*hal"ant, n. Defn: An apparatus also called an inhaler (which see); that which is to be inhaled. INHALATION In`ha*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inhalation.] Defn: The act of inhaling; also, that which is inhaled. INHALE In*hale", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhaled; p. pr. & vb. n. Inhaling.] Etym: [L. inhalare to breathe upon; pref. in- in + halare to breathe: cf. F. inhaler. Cf. Exhale.] Defn: To breathe or draw into the lungs; to inspire; as, to inhale air; -- opposed to exhale. Martin was walking forth to inhale the fresh breeze of the evening. Arbuthnot. INHALENT In*hal"ent, a. Defn: Used for inhaling; as, the inhalent end of a duct. Dana. INHALER In*hal"er, n. 1. One who inhales. 2. An apparatus for inhaling any vapor or volatile substance, as ether or chloroform, for medicinal purposes. 3. A contrivance to filter, as air, in order to protect the lungs from inhaling damp or cold air, noxious gases, dust, etc.; also, the respiratory apparatus for divers. INHANCE In*hance", v. t. Defn: See Enhance. INHARMONIC; INHARMONICAL In`har*mon"ic, In`har*mon"ic*al, a. Defn: Not harmonic; inharmonious; discordant; dissonant. INHARMONIOUS In`har*mo"ni*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + harmonious: cf. F. inharmonieux.] 1. Not harmonious; unmusical; discordant; dissonant. Sounds inharmonious in themselves and harsh. Cowper. 2. Conflicting; jarring; not in harmony. INHARMONIOUSLY In`har*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. Defn: Without harmony. INHARMONIOUSNESS In`har*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being inharmonious; want of harmony; discord. The inharmoniousness of a verse. A. Tucker. INHARMONY In*har"mo*ny, n. Defn: Want of harmony. INHAUL; INHAULER In"haul`, In"haul`er, n. (Naut.) Defn: A rope used to draw in the jib boom, or flying jib boom. INHEARSE In*hearse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhearsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Inhearsing.] Defn: To put in, or as in, a hearse or coffin. Shak. INHERE In*here", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inhered; p. pr. & vb. n. Inhering.] Etym: [L. inhaerere; pref. in- in + haerere to stick, hang. See Hesitate.] Defn: To be inherent; to stick (in); to be fixed or permanently incorporated with something; to cleave (to); to belong, as attributes or qualities. They do but inhere in the subject that supports them. Digby. INHERENCE; INHERENCY In*her"ence, In*her"en*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inhérence.] Defn: The state of inhering; permanent existence in something; innateness; inseparable and essential connection. Jer. Taylor. INHERENT In*her"ent, a. Etym: [L. inhaerens, -entis, p. pr. of inhaerere: cf. F. inhérent. See Inhere.] Defn: Permanently existing in something; inseparably attached or connected; naturally pertaining to; innate; inalienable; as, polarity is an inherent quality of the magnet; the inherent right of men to life, liberty, and protection. "A most inherent baseness." Shak. The sore disease which seems inherent in civilization. Southey. Syn. -- Innate; inborn; native; natural; inbred; inwrought; inseparable; essential; indispensable. INHERENTLY In*her"ent*ly, adv. Defn: By inherence; inseparably. Matter hath inherently and essentially such an internal energy. Bentley. INHERIT In*her"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inherited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inheriting.] Etym: [OE. enheriten to inherit, to give a heritage to, OF. enheriter to appoint as an heir, L. inhereditare; pref. in- in + hereditare to inherit, fr. heres heir. See Heir.] 1. (Law) Defn: To take by descent from an ancestor; to take by inheritance; to take as heir on the death of an ancestor or other person to whose estate one succeeds; to receive as a right or title descendible by law from an ancestor at his decease; as, the heir inherits the land or real estate of his father; the eldest son of a nobleman inherits his father's title; the eldest son of a king inherits the crown. 2. To receive or take by birth; to have by nature; to derive or acquire from ancestors, as mental or physical qualities; as, he inherits a strong constitution, a tendency to disease, etc. Prince Harry is valiant; for the cold blood he did naturally inherit of his father he hath . . . manured . . . with good store of fertile sherris. Shak. 3. To come into possession of; to possess; to own; to enjoy as a possession. But the meek shall inherit the earth. Ps. xxxvii. 11. To bury so much gold under a tree, And never after to inherit it. Shak. 4. To put in possession of. [R.] Shak. INHERIT In*her"it, v. i. Defn: To take or hold a possession, property, estate, or rights by inheritance. Thou shalt not inherit our father's house. Judg. xi. 2. INHERITABILITY In*her`it*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being inheritable or descendible to heirs. Jefferson. INHERITABLE In*her"it*a*ble, a. 1. Capable of being inherited; transmissible or descendible; as, an inheritable estate or title. Blackstone. 2. Capable of being transmitted from parent to child; as, inheritable qualities or infirmities. 3. Etym: [Cf. OF. enheritable, inheritable.] Defn: Capable of taking by inheritance, or of receiving by descent; capable of succeeding to, as an heir. By attainder . . . the blood of the person attainted is so corrupted as to be rendered no longer inheritable. Blackstone. The eldest daughter of the king is also alone inheritable to the crown on failure of issue male. Blackstone. Inheritable blood, blood or relationship by which a person becomes qualified to be an heir, or to transmit possessions by inheritance. INHERITABLY In*her"it*a*bly, adv. Defn: By inheritance. Sherwood. INHERITANCE In*her"it*ance, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. enheritance.] 1. The act or state of inheriting; as, the inheritance of an estate; the inheritance of mental or physical qualities. 2. That which is or may be inherited; that which is derived by an heir from an ancestor or other person; a heritage; a possession which passes by descent. When the man dies, let the inheritance Descend unto the daughter. Shak. 3. A permanent or valuable possession or blessing, esp. one received by gift or without purchase; a benefaction. To an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away. 1 Pet. i. 4. 4. Possession; ownership; acquisition. "The inheritance of their loves." Shak. To you th' inheritance belongs by right Of brother's praise; to you eke Spenser. 5. (Biol.) Defn: Transmission and reception by animal or plant generation. 6. (Law) Defn: A perpetual or continuing right which a man and his heirs have to an estate; an estate which a man has by descent as heir to another, or which he may transmit to another as his heir; an estate derived from an ancestor to an heir in course of law. Blackstone. Note: The word inheritance (used simply) is mostly confined to the title to land and tenements by a descent. Mozley & W. Men are not proprietors of what they have, merely for themselves; their children have a title to part of it which comes to be wholly theirs when death has put an end to their parents' use of it; and this we call inheritance. Locke. INHERITOR In*her"it*or, n. Defn: One who inherits; an heir. Born inheritors of the dignity. Milton. INHERITRESS In*her"it*ress, n. Defn: A heiress. Milman. INHERITRIX In*her"it*rix, n. Defn: Same as Inheritress. Shak. INHERSE In*herse", v. t. [Obs.] Defn: See Inhearse. INHESION In*he"sion, n. Etym: [L. inhaesio. See Inhere.] Defn: The state of existing, of being inherent, in something; inherence. A. Baxter. Constant inhesion and habitual abode. South. INHIATION In`hi*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. inhiatio, fr. inhiare to gape; pref. in- + hiare to gape.] Defn: A gaping after; eager desire; craving. [R.] Bp. Hall. INHIBIT In*hib"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inhibiting.] Etym: [L. inhibitus, p. p. of inhibere; pref. in- in + habere to have, hold. See Habit.] 1. To check; to hold back; to restrain; to hinder. Their motions also are excited or inhibited . . . by the objects without them. Bentley. 2. To forbid; to prohibit; to interdict. All men were inhibited, by proclamation, at the dissolution, so much as to mention a Parliament. Clarendon. Burial may not be inhibited or denied to any one. Ayliffe. INHIBITION In`hi*bi"tion, n. Etym: [L. inhibitio: cf. F. inhibition.] 1. The act of inhibiting, or the state of being inhibited; restraint; prohibition; embargo. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: A stopping or checking of an already present action; a restraining of the function of an organ, or an agent, as a digestive fluid or ferment, etc.; as, the inhibition of the respiratory center by the pneumogastric nerve; the inhibition of reflexes, etc. 3. (Law) Defn: A writ from a higher court forbidding an inferior judge from further proceedings in a cause before; esp., a writ issuing from a higher ecclesiastical court to an inferior one, on appeal. Cowell. INHIBITOR In*hib"i*tor, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: That which causes inhibitory action; esp., an inhibitory nerve. INHIBITORY In*hib"i*to*ry, a. Etym: [LL. inhibitorius: cf. F. inhibitoire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to, or producing, inhibition; consisting in inhibition; tending or serving to inhibit; as, the inhibitory action of the pneumogastric on the respiratory center. I would not have you consider these criticisms as inhibitory. Lamb. Inhibitory nerves (Physiol.), those nerves which modify, inhibit, or suppress a motor or secretory act already in progress. INHIBITORY-MOTOR In*hib"i*to*ry-mo"tor, a. (Physiol.) Defn: A term applied to certain nerve centers which govern or restrain subsidiary centers, from which motor impressions issue. McKendrick. INHIVE In*hive", v. t. Defn: To place in a hive; to hive. INHOLD In*hold", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inheld; p. pr. & vb. n. Inholding.] Defn: To have inherent; to contain in itself; to possess. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. INHOLDER In*hold"er, n. Defn: An inhabitant. [Obs.] Spenser. INHOOP In*hoop", v. t. Defn: To inclose in a hoop, or as in a hoop. [R.] Shak. INHOSPITABLE In*hos"pi*ta*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + hospitable: cf. L. inhospitalis.] 1. Not hospitable; not disposed to show hospitality to strangers or guests; as, an inhospitable person or people. Have you no touch of pity, that the poor Stand starved at your inhospitable door Cowper. 2. Affording no shelter or sustenance; barren; desert; bleak; cheerless; wild. "Inhospitable wastes." Blair. -- In*hos"pi*ta*ble*mess, n. -- In*hos"pi*ta*bly, adv. INHOSPITALITY In*hos`pi*tal"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. inhospitalitas: cf. F. inhospitalité. See In- not, and Hospitality.] Defn: The quality or state of being inhospitable; inhospitableness; lack of hospitality. Bp. Hall. INHUMAN In*hu"man, a. Etym: [L. inhumanus: cf. F. inhumain. See In- not, and Human.] 1. Destitute of the kindness and tenderness that belong to a human being; cruel; barbarous; savage; unfeeling; as, an inhuman person or people. 2. Characterized by, or attended with, cruelty; as, an inhuman act or punishment. Syn. -- Cruel; unfeeling; pitiless; merciless; savage; barbarous; brutal; ferocious; ruthless; fiendish. INHUMANITY In`hu*man"i*ty, n.; pl. Inhumanities. Etym: [L. inhumanitas: cf. F. inhumanité.] Defn: The quality or state of being inhuman; cruelty; barbarity. Man's inhumanity to man Makes countless thousands mourn. Burns. INHUMANLY In*hu"man*ly, adv. Defn: In an inhuman manner; cruelly; barbarously. INHUMATE In*hu"mate, v. t. Etym: [L. inhumatus, p. p. of inhumare to inhume; pref. in- in + humare to cover with earth. See Humation, and cf. Inhume.] Defn: To inhume; to bury; to inter. Hedge. INHUMATION In`hu*ma"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inhumation.] 1. The act of inhuming or burying; interment. 2. (Old Chem.) Defn: The act of burying vessels in warm earth in order to expose their contents to a steady moderate heat; the state of being thus exposed. 3. (Med.) Defn: Arenation. INHUME In*hume", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhumed; p. pr. & vb. n. Inhuming.] Etym: [Cf. F. inhumer. See Inhumate.] 1. To deposit, as a dead body, in the earth; to bury; to inter. Weeping they bear the mangled heaps of slain, Inhume the natives in their native plain. Pope. 2. To bury or place in warm earth for chemical or medicinal purposes. INIA In"i*a, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American freshwater dolphin (Inia Boliviensis). It is ten or twelve feet long, and has a hairy snout. INIAL In"i*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the inion. INIMAGINABLE In`im*ag"i*na*ble, a. Defn: Unimaginable; inconceivable. [R.] Bp. Pearson. INIMICAL In*im"i*cal, a. Etym: [L. inimicalis, fr. inimicus unfriendly, hostile; pref. in- not + amicus friendly. See Amity.] 1. Having the disposition or temper of an enemy; unfriendly; unfavorable; -- chiefly applied to private, as hostile is to public, enmity. 2. Opposed in tendency, influence, or effects; antagonistic; inconsistent; incompatible; adverse; repugnant. We are at war with a system, which, by its essence, is inimical to all other governments. Burke. INIMICALITY In*im`i*cal"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being inimical or hostile; hostility; unfriendliness. [R.] INIMICALLY In*im"i*cal*ly, adv. Defn: In an inimical manner. INIMICITIOUS In*im`i*ci"tious, a. Etym: [L. inimicitia enmity. See Inimical.] Defn: Inimical; unfriendly. [R.] Sterne. INIMICOUS In*im"i*cous, a. Etym: [L. inimicus.] Defn: Inimical; hurtful. [Obs.] Evelyn. INIMITABILITY In*im`i*ta*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inimitable; inimitableness. Norris. INIMITABLE In*im"i*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. inimitabilis: cf. F. inimitable. See In- not, and Imitable.] Defn: Not capable of being imitated, copied, or counterfeited; beyond imitation; surpassingly excellent; matchless; unrivaled; exceptional; unique; as, an inimitable style; inimitable eloquence. "Inimitable force." Dryden. Performing such inimitable feats. Cowper. -- In*im"i*ta*ble*ness, n. -- In*im"i*ta*bly, adv. INION In"i*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 'ini`on the back of the head.] (Anat.) Defn: The external occipital protuberance of the skull. INIQUITOUS In*iq"ui*tous, a. Etym: [From Iniquity.] Defn: Characterized by iniquity; unjust; wicked; as, an iniquitous bargain; an iniquitous proceeding. Demagogues . . . bribed to this iniquitous service. Burke. Syn. -- Wicked; wrong; unjust; unrighteous; nefarious; criminal. -- Iniquitous, Wicked, Nefarious. Wicked is the generic term. Iniquitous is stronger, denoting a violation of the rights of others, usually by fraud or circumvention. Nefarious is still stronger, implying a breach of the most sacred obligations, and points more directly to the intrinsic badness of the deed. INIQUITOUSLY In*iq"ui*tous*ly, adv. Defn: In an iniquitous manner; unjustly; wickedly. INIQUITY In*iq"ui*ty, n.; pl. Iniquities. Etym: [OE. iniquitee, F. iniquité, L. iniquitas, inequality, unfairness, injustice. See Iniquous.] 1. Absence of, or deviation from, just dealing; want of rectitude or uprightness; gross injustice; unrighteousness; wickedness; as, the iniquity of bribery; the iniquity of an unjust judge. Till the world from his perfection fell Into all filth and foul iniquity. Spenser. 2. An iniquitous act or thing; a deed of injustice o Milton. Your iniquities have separated between you and your God. Is. lix. 2. 3. A character or personification in the old English moralities, or moral dramas, having the name sometimes of one vice and sometimes of another. See Vice. Acts old Iniquity, and in the fit Of miming gets the opinion of a wit. B. Jonson. INIQUOUS In*i"quous, a. Etym: [L. iniquus; pref. in- not + aequus. See Equal.] Defn: Iniquitous. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. INIRRITABLE In*ir"ri*ta*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + irritable: cf. F. inirritable.] Defn: Not irritable; esp. (Physiol.), incapable of being stimulated to action, as a muscle. -- In*ir`ri*ta*bil"i*ty, n. INIRRITATIVE In*ir"ri*ta*tive, a. Defn: Not accompanied with excitement; as, an inirritative fever. E. Darwin. INISLE In*isle", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Enisled.] Defn: To form into an island; to surround. [Obs.] Drayton. INITIAL In*i"tial, a. Etym: [L. initialis, from initium a going in, entrance, beginning, fr. inire to go into, to enter, begin; pref. in- in + ire to go: cf. F. initial. See Issue, and cf. Commence.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning; marking the commencement; incipient; commencing; as, the initial symptoms of a disease. 2. Placed at the beginning; standing at the head, as of a list or series; as, the initial letters of a name. INITIAL In*i"tial, n. Defn: The first letter of a word or a name. INITIAL In*i"tial, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Initialed; p. pr. & vb. n. Initialing.] Defn: To put an initial to; to mark with an initial of initials. [R.] INITIALLY In*i"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In an initial or incipient manner or degree; at the beginning. Barrow. INITIATE In*i"ti*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Initiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Initiating.] Etym: [L. initiatus, p. p. of initiare to begin, fr. initium beginning. See Initial.] 1. To introduce by a first act; to make a beginning with; to set afoot; to originate; to commence; to begin or enter upon. How are changes of this sort to be initiated I. Taylor. 2. To acquaint with the beginnings; to instruct in the rudiments or principles; to introduce. Providence would only initiate mankind into the useful knowledge of her treasures, leaving the rest to employ our industry. Dr. H. More. To initiate his pupil into any part of learning, an ordinary skill in the governor is enough. Locke. 3. To introduce into a society or organization; to confer membership on; especially, to admit to a secret order with mysterious rites or ceremonies. The Athenians believed that he who was initiated and instructed in the mysteries would obtain celestial honor after death. Bp. Warburton. He was initiated into half a dozen clubs before he was one and twenty. Spectator. INITIATE In*i"ti*ate, v. i. Defn: To do the first act; to perform the first rite; to take the initiative. [R.] Pope. INITIATE In*i"ti*ate, a. Etym: [L. initiatus, p. p.] 1. Unpracticed; untried; new. [Obs.] "The initiate fear that wants hard use." Shak. 2. Begun; commenced; introduced to, or instructed in, the rudiments; newly admitted. To rise in science as in bliss, Initiate in the secrets of the skies. Young. Initiate tenant by courtesy (Law), said of a husband who becomes such in his wife's estate of inheritance by the birth of a child, but whose estate is not consummated till the death of the wife. Mozley & W. INITIATE In*i"ti*ate, n. Defn: One who is, or is to be, initiated. INITIATION In*i`ti*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. initiatio: cf. F. initiation.] 1. The act of initiating, or the process of being initiated or introduced; as, initiation into a society, into business, literature, etc. "The initiation of coursers of events." Pope. 2. The form or ceremony by which a person is introduced into any society; mode of entrance into an organized body; especially, the rite of admission into a secret society or order. Silence is the first thing that is taught us at our initiation into sacred mysteries. Broome. INITIATIVE In*i"ti*a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. initiatif.] Defn: Serving to initiate; inceptive; initiatory; introductory; preliminary. INITIATIVE In*i"ti*a*tive, n. Etym: [Cf. F. initiative.] 1. An introductory step or movement; an act which originates or begins. The undeveloped initiatives of good things to come. I. Taylor. 2. The right or power to introduce a new measure or course of action, as in legislation; as, the initiative in respect to revenue bills is in the House of Representatives. INITIATOR In*i"ti*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who initiates. INITIATORY In*i"ti*a*to*ry, a. 1. Suitable for an introduction or beginning; introductory; prefatory; as, an initiatory step. Bp. Hall. 2. Tending or serving to initiate; introducing by instruction, or by the use and application of symbols or ceremonies; elementary; rudimentary. Some initiatory treatises in the law. Herbert. Two initiatory rites of the same general import can not exist together. J. M. Mason. INITIATORY In*i"ti*a*to*ry, n. Defn: An introductory act or rite. [R.] INITION In*i"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. inition. See Initial.] Defn: Initiation; beginning. [Obs.] Sir R. Naunton. INJECT In*ject", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injected; p. pr. & vb. n. Injecting.] Etym: [L. injectus, p. p. of inicere, injicere, to throw in; pref. in- in + jacere to throw: cf. F. injecter. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. To throw in; to dart in; to force in; as, to inject cold water into a condenser; to inject a medicinal liquid into a cavity of the body; to inject morphine with a hypodermic syringe. 2. Fig.: To throw; to offer; to propose; to instill. Cæsar also, then hatching tyranny, injected the same scrupulous demurs. Milton. 3. To cast or throw; -- with on. [R.] And mound inject on mound. Pope. 4. (Anat.) Defn: To fill (a vessel, cavity, or tissue) with a fluid or other substance; as, to inject the blood vessels. INJECTION In*jec"tion, n. Etym: [L. injectio : cf.F. injection.] 1. The act of injecting or throwing in; -- applied particularly to the forcible throwing in of a liquid, or aëriform body, by means of a syringe, pump, etc. 2. That which is injected; especially, a liquid medicine thrown into a cavity of the body by a syringe or pipe; a clyster; an enema. Mayne. 3. (Anat.) (a) The act or process of filling vessels, cavities, or tissues with a fluid or other substance. (b) A specimen prepared by injection. 4. (Steam Eng.) (a) The act of throwing cold water into a condenser to produce a vacuum. (b) The cold water thrown into a condenser. Injection cock, or Injection valve (Steam Eng.), the cock or valve through which cold water is admitted into a condenser. -- Injection condenser. See under Condenser. -- Injection pipe, the pipe through which cold water is through into the condenser of a steam engine. INJECTOR In*ject"or, n. 1. One who, or that which, injects. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A contrivance for forcing feed water into a steam boiler by the direct action of the steam upon the water. The water is driven into the boiler by the impulse of a jet of the steam which becomes condensed as soon as it strikes the stream of cold water it impels; - - also called Giffard's injector, from the inventor. INJELLY In*jel"ly, v. t. Defn: To place in jelly. [R.] INJOIN In*join", v. t. Etym: [Obs.] Defn: See Enjoin. INJOINT In*joint, v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in + joint.] Defn: To join; to unite. [R.] Shak. INJOINT In*joint, v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in + joint.] Defn: To disjoint; to separate. [Obs.] Holland. INJUCUNDITY In`ju*cun"di*ty, n. Etym: [L. injucunditas. See In- not, and Jocund.] Defn: Unpleassantness; disagreeableness. [Obs.] Cockeram. INJUDICABLE In*ju"di*ca*ble, a. Defn: Not cognizable by a judge. [Obs.] Bailey. INJUDICIAL In`ju*di"cial, a. Defn: Not according to the forms of law; not judicial. [R.] INJUDICIOUS In`ju*di"cious, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + judicious; cf. F. injudicieux.] 1. Not judicious; wanting in sound judgment; undiscerning; indiscreet; unwise; as, an injudicious adviser. An injudicious biographer who undertook to be his editor and the protector of his memory. A. Murphy. 2. Not according to sound judgment or discretion; unwise; as, an injudicious measure. Syn. -- Indiscreet; inconsiderate; undiscerning; incautious; unwise; rash; hasty; imprudent. INJUDICIOUSLY In`ju*di"cious*ly, adv. Defn: In an injudicious manner. INJUDICIOUSNESS In`ju*di"cious*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being injudicious; want of sound judgment; indiscretion. Whitlock. INJUNCTION In*junc"tion, n. Etym: [L. injunctio, fr. injungere, injunctum, to join into, to enjoin. See Enjoin.] 1. The act of enjoining; the act of directing, commanding, or prohibiting. 2. That which is enjoined; an order; a mandate; a decree; a command; a precept; a direction. For still they knew,and ought to have still remembered, The high injunction,not to taste that fruit. Milton. Necessary as the injunctions of lawful authority. South. 3. (Law) Defn: A writ or process, granted by a court of equity, and, insome cases, under statutes, by a court of law,whereby a party is required to do or to refrain from doing certain acts, according to the exigency of the writ. Note: It is more generally used as a preventive than as a restorative process, although by no means confined to the former. Wharton. Daniell. Story. INJURE In"jure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injured; p. pr. & vb. n. Injuring.] Etym: [L. injuriari, fr. injuria injury, perh. through F. injurier to insult, in OF. also, to injure; or perhaps fr. E. injury, or F. injure injury. See Injury.] Defn: To do harm to; to impair the excellence and value of; to hurt; to damage; -- used in a variety of senses; as: (a) To hurt or wound, as the person; to impair soundness, as of health. (b) To damage or lessen the value of, as goods or estate. (c) To slander, tarnish, or impair, as reputation or character. (d) To impair or diminish, as happiness or virtue. (e) To give pain to, as the sensibilities or the feelings; to grieve; to annoy. (f) To impair, as the intellect or mind. When have I injured thee when done thee wrong Shak. Syn. -- To damage; mar; spoil; harm; sully; wrong; maltreat; abuse; insult; affront; dishonor. INJURER In"jur*er, n. Defn: One who injures or wrongs. INJURIA In*ju"ri*a, n.; pl. Injurie. Etym: [L.] (Law) Defn: Injury; invasion of another's rights. INJURIOUS In*ju"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. injuriousus, injurius; cf. F. injurieux. See Injury.] 1. Not just; wrongful; iniquitous; culpable. [Obs.] Milton. Till the injurious Roman did extort This tribute from us, we were free. Shak. 2. Causing injury or harm; hurtful; harmful; detrimental; mischievous; as, acts injurious to health, credit, reputation, property, etc. Without being injurious to the memory of our English Pindar. Dryden. Syn. -- Harmful; hurtful; pernicious; mischievous; baneful; deleterious; noxious; ruinous; detrimental. INJURIOUSLY In*ju"ri*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In an injurious or hurtful manner; wrongfully; hurtfully; mischievously. INJURIOUSNESS In*ju"ri*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being injurious or hurtful; harmfulness; injury. INJURY In"ju*ry, n.; pl. Injuries. Etym: [OE. injurie, L. injuria, fr. injurius injurious, wrongful, unjust; pref. in- not + jus,juris, right,law,justice: cf. F. injure. See Just, a.] Defn: Any damage or violation of, the person, character, feelings, rights, property, or interests of an individual; that which injures, or occasions wrong, loss, damage, or detriment; harm; hurt; loss; mischief; wrong; evil; as, his health was impaired by a severe injury; slander is an injury to the character. For he that doeth injury shall receve that he did evil. Wyclif(Col. iii. 25). Many times we do injury to a cause by dwelling on trifling arguments. I. Watts. Riot ascends above their loftiest towers, And injury and outrage. Milton. Note: Injury in morals and jurisprudence is the intentional doing of wrong. Fleming. Syn. -- Harm; hurt; damage; loss; impairment; detriment; wrong; evil; injustice. INJUSTICE In*jus"tice, n. Etym: [F. injustice, L. injustitia. See In- not, and Justice, and cf. Unjust.] 1. Want of justice and equity; violation of the rights of another or others; iniquity; wrong; unfairness; imposition. If this people [the Athenians] resembled Nero in their extravagance, much more did they resemble and even exceed him in cruelty and injustice. Burke. 2. An unjust act or deed; a sin; a crime; a wrong. Cunning men can be guilty of a thousand injustices without being discovered, or at least without being punished. Swift. INK Ink, n. (Mach.) Defn: The step, or socket, in which the lower end of a millstone spindle runs. INK Ink, n. Etym: [OE. enke, inke, OF. enque, F. encre, L. encaustum the purple red ink with which the Roman emperors signed their edicts, Gr. Encaustic, Caustic.] 1. A fluid, or a viscous material or preparation of various kinds (commonly black or colored), used in writing or printing. Make there a prick with ink. Chaucer. Deformed monsters, foul and black as ink. Spenser. 2. A pigment. See India ink, under India. Note: Ordinarily, black ink is made from nutgalls and a solution of some salt of iron, and consists essentially of a tannate or gallate of iron; sometimes indigo sulphate, or other coloring matter,is added. Other black inks contain potassium chromate, and extract of logwood, salts of vanadium, etc. Blue ink is usually a solution of Prussian blue. Red ink was formerly made from carmine (cochineal), Brazil wood, etc., but potassium eosin is now used. Also red, blue, violet, and yellow inks are largely made from aniline dyes. Indelible ink is usually a weak solution of silver nitrate, but carbon in the form of lampblack or India ink, salts of molybdenum, vanadium, etc., are also used. Sympathetic inks may be made of milk, salts of cobalt, etc. See Sympathetic ink (below). Copying ink, a peculiar ink used for writings of which copies by impression are to be taken. -- Ink bag (Zoöl.), an ink sac. -- Ink berry. (Bot.) (a) A shrub of the Holly family (Ilex glabra), found in sandy grounds along the coast from New England to Florida, and producing a small black berry. (b) The West Indian indigo berry. See Indigo. -- Ink plant (Bot.), a New Zealand shrub (Coriaria thumifolia), the berries of which uield a juice which forms an ink. -- Ink powder, a powder from which ink is made by solution. -- Ink sac (Zoöl.), an organ, found in most cephalopods, containing an inky fluid which can be ejected from a duct opening at the base of the siphon. The fluid serves to cloud the water, and enable these animals to escape from their enemies. See Illust. of Dibranchiata. -- Printer's ink, or Printing ink. See under Printing. -- Sympathetic ink, a writing fluid of such a nature that what is written remains invisible till the action of a reagent on the characters makes it visible. INK Ink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inked (nkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Inking.] Defn: To put ink upon; to supply with ink; to blacken, color, or daub with ink. INKER Ink"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, inks; especially, in printing, the pad or roller which inks the type. INKFISH Ink"fish`, n. Defn: A cuttlefish. See Cuttlefish. INKHORN Ink"horn`, n. Etym: [Ink + horn; cf. F. cornet à encre, G. dintenhorn.] Defn: A small bottle of horn or other material formerly used for holding ink; an inkstand; a portable case for writing materials. "With a writer's inkhorn by his side." Ezek. ix. 2. From his pocket the notary drew his papers and inkhorn. Longfellow. INKHORN Ink"horn", a. Defn: Learned; pedantic; affected. [Obs.] "Inkhorn terms." Bale. INKHORNISM Ink"horn`ism, n. Defn: Pedantry. Sir T. Wilson. INKINESS Ink"i*ness, n. Etym: [From Inky.] Defn: The state or quality of being inky; blackness. INKING Ink"ing, a. Defn: Supplying or covering with ink. Inking roller, a somewhat elastic roller,used to spread ink over forms of type, copperplates, etc. -- Inking trough or table, a trough or table from which the inking roller receives its ink. INKLE In"kle, n. Etym: [Prob.the same word as lingle, the first l being mistaken for the definite article in French. See Lingle.] Defn: A kind of tape or braid. Shak. INKLE In"kle, v. t. Etym: [OE. inklen to hint; cf. Dan. ymte to whisper.] Defn: To guess. [Prov. Eng.] "She inkled what it was." R. D. Blackmore. INKLING In"kling, n. Defn: A hint; an intimation. The least inkling or glimpse of this island. Bacon. They had some inkling of secret messages. Clarendon. INKNEE In"knee`, n. Defn: Same as Knock-knee. INKNEED In"kneed`, a. Defn: See Knock-kneed. INKNOT In*knot", v. t. Defn: To fasten or bind, as with a knot; to knot together. Fuller. INKSTAND Ink"stand`, n. Defn: A small vessel for holding ink, to dip the pen into; also, a device for holding ink and writing materials. INKSTONE Ink"stone", n. Defn: A kind of stone containing native vitriol or subphate of iron, used in making ink. INKY Ink"y, a. Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, ink; soiled with ink; black. "Inky blots." Shak. "Its inky blackness." Boyle. INLACE In*lace", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inlaced; p. pr. & vb. n. Inlacing.] Etym: [Pref. in- + lace: cf. OE. enlacen to entangle, involve, OF. enlacier, F. enlacer. See Lace, and cf. Enlace.] Defn: To work in, as lace; to embellish with work resembling lace; also, to lace or enlace. P. Fletcher. INLAGATION In"la*ga"tion, n. Etym: [Law L. inlagatio, fr. inlagare to restore to law. See In, and Law.] (Old Eng. Law) Defn: The restitution of an outlawed person to the protection of the law; inlawing. Bouvier. INLAID In*laid", p. p. Defn: of Inlay. INLAND In"land, a. 1. Within the land; more or less remote from the ocean or from open water; interior; as, an inland town. "This wide inland sea." Spenser. From inland regions to the distant main. Cowper. 2. Limited to the land, or to inland routes; within the seashore boundary; not passing on, or over, the sea; as, inland transportation, commerce, navigation, etc. 3. Confined to a country or state; domestic; not foreing; as, an inland bill of exchange. See Exchange. INLAND In"land, n. Defn: The interior part of a country. Shak. INLAND In"land, adv. Defn: Into, or towards, the interior, away from the coast. Cook. The greatest waves of population have rolled inland from the east. S. Turner. INLANDER In"land*er, n. Defn: One who lives in the interior of a country, or at a distance from the sea. Sir T. Browne. INLANDISH In"land*ish, a. Defn: Inland. [Obs.] T. Reeve(1657) INLAPIDATE In*lap"i*date, v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in + L. lapis, lapidis, stone.] Defn: To convert into a stony substance; to petrity. [R.] Bacon. INLARD In*lard", v. t. Defn: See Inlard. INLAW In*law", v. t. Etym: [In + law. Cf. Inlagation.] (Old Eng. Law) Defn: To clear of outlawry or attainder; to place under the protection of the law. Burrill. INLAY In*lay", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inlaied; p. pr. & vb. n. Inlaying.] Defn: To lay within; hence, to insert, as pieces of pearl, iviry, choice woods, or the like, in a groundwork of some other material; to form an ornamental surface; to diversify or adorn with insertions. Look,how the floor of heaven Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold. Shak. But these things are . . . borrowed by the monks to inlay their story. Milton. INLAY In"lay`, n. Defn: Matter or pieces of wood, ivory, etc., inlaid, or prepared for inlaying; that which is inserted or inlaid for ornament or variety. Crocus and hyacinth with rich inlay Broidered the ground. Milton. The sloping of the moonlit sward Was damask work, and deep inlay Of braided blooms. Tennyson. INLAYER In*lay"er, n. Defn: One who inlays, or whose occupation it is to inlay. INLEAGUE In*league", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inleagued; p. pr. & vb. n. Inleaguing.] Defn: To ally, or form an alliance witgh; to unite; to combine. With a willingness inleague our blood With his, for purchase of full growth in friendship. Ford. INLEAGUER In*lea"guer, v. t. Defn: To beleaguer. Holland. INLET In"let, n. 1. A passage by which an inclosed place may be entered; a place of ingress; entrance. Doors and windows,inlets of men and of light. Sir H. Wotton. 2. A bay or recess,as in the shore of a sea, lake, or large river; a narrow strip of water running into the land or between islands. 3. That which is let in or inland; an inserted material. Note: Inlet is also usewd adjectively,as in inlet pipe, inlet valve, etc. INLIGHTEN In*light"en, v. t. Defn: See Enlighten. INLIST In*list", v. t. Defn: See Enlist. INLIVE In*live", v. t. Defn: To animate. [R.] B. Jonson. INLOCK In*lock", v. t. Defn: To lock in, or inclose. IN LOCO In lo"co. Etym: [L.] Defn: In the place; in the proper or natural place. INLUMINE In*lu"mine, v. t. [Obs.] Defn: See Illumine. INLY In"ly, a. Etym: [OE. inlich, AS. inlic. See In.] Defn: Internal; interior; secret. Didst thou but know the inly touch of love. Shak. INLY In"ly, adv. Defn: Internally; within; in the heart. "Whereat he inly raged." Milton. INMACY In"ma*cy, n. Etym: [From Inmate.] Defn: The state of being an inmate. [R.] Craig. INMATE In"mate`, n. Etym: [In + mate an associate.] Defn: One who lives in the same house or apartment with another; a fellow lodger; esp.,one of the occupants of an asylum, hospital, or prison; by extension, one who occupies or lodges in any place or dwelling. So spake the enemy of mankind, inclos'd In serpent, inmate bad. Milton. INMATE In"mate`, a. Defn: Admitted as a dweller; resident; internal. [R.] "Inmate guests." Milton. INMEATS In"meats`, n.pl. Defn: The edible viscera of animals, as the heart, liver, etc. INMESH In*mesh", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inmeshed; p. pr. & vb. n. Inmeshing.] Defn: To bring within meshes, as of a net; to enmesh. INMEW In*mew", v. t. Etym: [Cf.Emmew, Immew.] Defn: To inclose, as in a mew or cage. [R.] "Inmew the town below." Beau. & Fl. INMOST In"most`, a. Etym: [OE. innemest, AS. innemest, a double superlative form fr. inne within, fr. in in. The modern form is due to confusion with most. See In, and cf. Aftermost, Foremost, Innermost.] Defn: Deepest within; farthest from the surface or external part; innermost. And pierce the inmost center of the earth. Shak. The silent, slow, consuming fires, Which on my inmost vitals prey. Addison. INN Inn, n. Etym: [AS. in,inn, house, chamber, inn, from AS. in in; akin to Icel. inni house. See In.] 1. A place of shelter; hence, dwelling; habitation; residence; abode. [Obs.] Chaucer. Therefore with me ye may take up your inn For this same night. Spenser. 2. A house for the lodging and entertainment of travelers or wayfarers; a tavern; a public house; a hotel. Note: As distinguished from a private boarding house, an inn is a house for the entertainment of all travelers of good conduct and means of payment,as guests for a brief period,not as lodgers or boarders by contract. The miserable fare and miserable lodgment of a provincial inn. W. Irving. 3. The town residence of a nobleman or distinguished person; as, Leicester Inn. [Eng.] 4. One of the colleges (societies or buildings) in London, for students of the law barristers; as, the Inns of Court; the Inns of Chancery; Serjeants' Inns. Inns of chancery (Eng.), colleges in which young students formerly began their law studies, now occupied chiefly by attorneys, solicitors, etc. -- Inns of court (Eng.), the four societies of "students and practicers of the law of England" which in London exercise the exclusive right of admitting persons to practice at the bar; also, the buildings in which the law students and barristers have their chambers. They are the Inner Temple, the Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. INN Inn, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inned; p. pr. & vb. n. Inning.] Defn: To take lodging; to lodge. [R.] Addison. INN Inn, v. t. 1. To house; to lodge. [Obs.] When he had brought them into his city And inned them, everich at his degree. Chaucer. 2. To get in; to in. See In, v. t. INNATE In"nate, a. Etym: [L. innatus; pref. in- in + natus born, p.p. of nasci to be born. See Native.] 1. Inborn; native; natural; as, innate vigor; innate eloquence. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: Originating in, or derived from, the constitution of the intellect, as opposed to acquired from experience; as, innate ideas. See A priori, Intuitive. There is an innate light in every man, discovering to him the first lines of duty in the common notions of good and evil. South. Men would not be guilty if they did not carry in their mind common notions of morality,innate and written in divine letters. Fleming (Origen). If I could only show,as I hope I shall . . . how men, barely by the use of their natural faculties, may attain to all the knowledge they have, without the help of any innate impressions; and may arrive at certainty without any such original notions or principles. Locke. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Joined by the base to the very tip of a filament; as, an innate anther. Gray. Innate ideas (Metaph.), ideas, as of God, immortality, right and wrong, supposed by some to be inherent in the mind, as a priori principles of knowledge. INNATE In*nate", v. t. Defn: To cause to exit; to call into being. [Obs.] "The first innating cause." Marston. INNATELY In"nate*ly, adv. Defn: Naturally. INNATENESS In"nate*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being innate. INNATIVE In*na"tive, a. Defn: Native. [Obs.] Chapman. INNAVIGABLE In*nav"i*ga*ble, a. Etym: [L. innavigabilis : cf. F. innavigable. See In- not, and Navigable.] Defn: Incapable of being navigated; impassable by ships or vessels. Drygen. -- In*nav"i*ga*bly, adv. INNE Inne, adv. & prep. Defn: In. [Obs.] And eke in what array that they were inne. Chaucer. INNER In"ner, a. Etym: [AS. innera, a compar. fr. inne within, fr. in in. See In.] 1. Further in; interior; internal; not outward; as, an spirit or its phenomena. This attracts the soul, Governs the inner man,the nobler part. Milton. 3. Not obvious or easily discovered; obscure. Inner house (Scot.), the first and second divisions of the court of Session at Edinburgh; also,the place of their sittings. -- Inner jib (Naut.), a fore-and-aft sail set on a stay running from the fore-topmast head to the jib boom. -- Inner plate (Arch.), the wall plate which lies nearest to the center of the roof,in a double-plated roof. -- Inner post (Naut.), a piece brought on at the fore side of the main post, to support the transoms. -- Inner square (Carp.), the angle formed by the inner edges of a carpenter's square. INNERLY In"ner*ly, adv. Defn: More within. [Obs.] Baret. INNERMOST In"ner*most`, a. Etym: [A corruption of inmost due to influence of inner. See Inmost.] Defn: Farthest inward; most remote from the outward part; inmost; deepest within. Prov. xviii. 8. INNERMOSTLY In"ner*most`ly, adv. Defn: In the innermost place. [R.] His ebon cross worn innermostly. Mrs. Browning. INNERVATE In*ner"vate, v. t. Etym: [See Innerve.] (Anat.) Defn: To supply with nerves; as, the heart is innervated by pneumogastric and sympathetic branches. INNERVATION In`ner*va"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. innervation.] 1. The act of innerving or stimulating. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Special activity excited in any part of the nervous system or in any organ of sense or motion; the nervous influence necessary for the maintenance of life,and the functions of the various organs. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The distribution of nerves in an animal, or to any of its parts. INNERVE In*nerve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innerved; p. pr. & vb. n. Innerving.] Etym: [Pref. in- in + nerve.] Defn: To give nervous energy or power to; to give increased energy,force,or courage to; to invigorate; to stimulate. INNHOLDER Inn"hold`er, n. Defn: One who keeps an inn. INNING In"ning, n. Etym: [AS. innung, fr. in in, prep. & adv.] 1. Ingathering; harvesting. [Obs.] Holland. 2. The state or turn of being in; specifically, in cricket, baseball, etc.,the turn or time of a player or of a side at the bat; -- often in the pl. Hence: The turn or time of a person, or a party, in power; as, the Whigs went out, and the Democrats had their innings. 3. pl. Defn: Lands recovered from the sea. Ainsworth. INNITENCY In*ni"ten*cy, n. Etym: [L. inniti, p.p. innixus, to lean upon; pref. in- in, on + niti to lean.] Defn: A leaning; pressure; weight. [R.] Sir T. Browne. INNIXION In*nix"ion, n. Etym: [See Innitency.] Defn: Act of leaning upon something; incumbency. [Obs.] Derham. INNKEEPER Inn"keep`er, n. Defn: An innholder. INNOCENCE In"no*cence, n. Etym: [F. innocence, L. innocentia. See Innocent.] 1. The state or quality of being innocent; freedom from that which is harmful or infurious; harmlessness. 2. The state or quality of being morally free from guilt or sin; purity of heart; blamelessness. The silence often of pure innocence Persuades when speaking fails. Shak. Banished from man's life his happiest life, Simplicity and spotless innocence! Milton. 3. The state or quality of being not chargeable for, or guilty of, a particular crime or offense; as, the innocence of the prisoner was clearly shown. 4. Simplicity or plainness, bordering on weakness or silliness; artlessness; ingenuousness. Chaucer. Shak. Syn. -- Harmlessness; innocuousness; blamelessness; purity; sinlessness; guiltlessness. INNOCENCY In"no*cen*cy, n. Defn: Innocence. INNOCENT In"no*cent, a. Etym: [F.innocent, L. innocens, -entis; pref. in- not + nocens, p.pr. of nocere to harm, hurt. See Noxious.] 1. Not harmful; free from that which can injure; innoxious; innocuous; harmless; as, an innocent medicine or remedy. The spear Sung innocent,and spent its force in air. Pope. 2. Morally free from guilt; guiltless; not tainted with sin; pure; upright. To offer up a weak, poor, innocent lamb. Shak. I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood. Matt. xxvii. 4. The aidless,innocent lady, his wished prey. Milton. 3. Free from the guilt of a particular crime or offense; as, a man is innocent of the crime charged. Innocent from the great transgression. Ps. xix. 13. 4. Simple; artless; foolish. Shak. 5. Lawful; permitted; as, an innocent trade. 6. Not contraband; not subject to forfeiture; as, innocent goods carried to a belligerent nation. Innocent party (Law),a party who has not notice of a fact tainting a litigated transaction with illegality. Syn. -- Harmless; innoxious; innoffensive; guiltless; spotless; immaculate; pure; unblamable; blameless; faultless; guileless; upright. INNOCENT In"no*cent, n. 1. An innocent person; one free from, or unacquainted with, guilt or sin. Shak. 2. An unsophisticated person; hence, a child; a simpleton; an idiot. B. Jonson. In Scotland a natural fool was called an innocent. Sir W. Scott. Innocents' day (Eccl.), Childermas day. INNOCENTLY In"no*cent*ly, adv. Defn: In an innocent manner. INNOCUITY In"no*cu"i*ty, n. Defn: Innocuousness. INNOCUOUS In*noc"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. innocuus; in- not + nocuus hurtful, fr. nocere to hurt. See Innocent.] Defn: Harmless; producing no ill effect; innocent. A patient, innocuous, innocent man. Burton. -- In*noc"u*ous*ly, adv. -- In*noc"u*ous*ness, n. Where the salt sea innocuously breaks. Wordsworth. INNODATE In"no*date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innodated; p. pr. & vb. n. Innodating.] Etym: [L. innodatus, p.p. of innodare; pref. in- in + nodus knot.] Defn: To bind up,as in a knot; to include. [Obs.] Fuller. INNOMINABLE In*nom"i*na*ble, a. Etym: [L. innominabilis; pref. in- not + nominare to name: cf. F. innominable.] Defn: Not to be named. [R.] Testament of Love. INNOMINATE In*nom"i*nate, a. Etym: [L. innominatus; pref. in- not + nominare to name.] 1. Having no name; unnamed; as, an innominate person or place. [R.] Ray. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A term used in designating many parts otherwise unnamed; as, the innominate artery, a great branch of the arch of the aorta; the innominate vein, a great branch of the superior vena cava. Innominate bone (Anat.), the great bone which makes a lateral half of the pelvis in mammals; hip bone; haunch bone; huckle bone. It is composed of three bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis, consolidated into one in the adult, though separate in the fetus, as also in many adult reptiles and amphibians. -- Innominate contracts (Law), in the Roman law, contracts without a specific name. INNOVATE In"no*vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innovated; p. pr. & vb. n. Innovating.] Etym: [L. innovatus,p.p. of innovare to revew; pref. in- in + novare to make new,fr. novus new. See New.] 1. To bring in as new; to introduce as a novelty; as, to innovate a word or an act. [Archaic] 2. To change or alter by introducing something new; to remodel; to revolutionize. [Archaic] Burton. From his attempts upon the civil power, he proceeds to innovate God's worship. South. INNOVATE In"no*vate, v. i. Defn: To introduce novelties or changes; -- sometimes with in or on. Bacon. Every man,therefore,is not fit to innovate. Dryden. INNOVATION In`no*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. innovatio; cf. F. innovation.] 1. The act of innovating; introduction of something new, in customs, rites, etc. Dryden. 2. A change effected by innovating; a change in customs; something new, and contrary to established customs, manners, or rites. Bacon. The love of things ancient doth argue stayedness, but levity and want of experience maketh apt unto innovations. Hooker. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A newly formed shoot, or the annually produced addition to the stems of many mosses. INNOVATIONIST In`no*va"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who favors innovation. INNOVATIVE In"no*va*tive, a. Defn: Characterized by, or introducing, innovations. Fitzed. Hall. INNOVATOR In"no*va`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. innovateur.] Defn: One who innovates. Shak. INNOXIOUS In*nox"ious, a. Etym: [L. innoxius. See In- not, and Noxious.] 1. Free from hurtful qualities or effects; harmless. "Innoxious flames." Sir K. Digby. 2. Free from crime; pure; innocent. Pope. -- In*nox`ious*ly, adv. -- In*nox"ious*ness, n. INNUBILOUS In*nu"bi*lous, a. Etym: [L. innubilus. See Nubilous.] Defn: Cloudless. [Obs.] Blount. INNUENDO In`nu*en"do, n.; pl. Innuedoes(. Etym: [L., by intimation, by hinting, gerund of innuere, innutum, to give a nod, to intimate; pref. in- in, to + -nuere (in comp.) to nod. See Nutation.] 1. An oblique hint; a remote allusion or reference, usually derogatory to a person or thing not named; an insinuation. Mercury . . . owns it a marriage by an innuendo. Dryden. Pursue your trade of scandal picking; Your innuendoes, when you tell us, That Stella loves to talk with fellows. Swift. 2. (Law) Defn: An averment employed in pleading, to point the application of matter otherwise unintelligible; an interpretative parenthesis thrown into quoted matter to explain an obscure word or words; -- as, the plaintiff avers that the defendant said that he (innuendo the plaintiff) was a thief. Wharton. Note: The term is so applied from having been the introductory word of this averment or parenthetic explanation when pleadings were in Latin. The word "meaning" is used as its equivalent in modern forms. Syn. -- Insinuation; suggestion; hint; intimation; reference; allusion; implication; representation; -- Innuendo, Insinuation. An innuendo is an equivocal allusion so framed as to point distinctly at something which is injurious to the character or reputation of the person referred to. An insinuation turns on no such double use of language, but consists in artfully winding into the mind imputations of an injurious nature without making any direct charge. INNUENT In"nu*ent, a. Etym: [L.innuens, p.pr.] Defn: Conveying a hint; significant. [Obs.] Burton. INNUIT In"nu*it, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Ethnol.) Defn: An Eskimo. INNUMERABILITY In*nu`mer*a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. innumerabilitas.] Defn: State of being innumerable. Fotherby. INNUMERABLE In*nu`mer*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. innumerabilis : cf.F. innumefable. See In- not, and Numerable.] Defn: Not capable of being counted, enumerated, or numbered, for multitude; countless; numberless; unnumbered, hence, indefinitely numerous; of great number. Innumerable as the stars of night. Milton. -- In*nu"mer*a*ble*ness, n. -- In*nu"mer*a*bly, adv. INNUMEROUS In*nu"mer*ous, a. Etym: [L. innumerosus, innumerus. See Numerous.] Defn: Innumerable. [Archaic] Milton. INNUTRITION In`nu*tri"tion, n. Defn: Want of nutrition; failure of nourishment. E. Darwin. INNUTRITIOUS In`nu*tri"tious, a. Defn: Not nutritious; not furnishing nourishment. INNUTRITIVE In*nu"tri*tive, a. Defn: Innutritious. INNYARD Inn"yard`, n. Defn: The yard adjoining an inn. INOBEDIENCE In`o*be"di*ence, n. Etym: [L. inoboedientia : cf.F. inobedience.] Defn: Disobedience. [Obs.] Wyclif. Chaucer. INOBEDIENT In`o*be"di*ent, a. Etym: [L. inoboediens, p.pr. of inoboedire : cf.F. inobedient. See Obedient.] Defn: Not obedient; disobedient. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- In`o*be"di*ent*ly, adv. [Obs.] INOBSERVABLE In`ob*serv"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. inobservabilis : cf. F. inobservable. See In- not, and Observable.] Defn: Not observable. INOBSERVANCE In`ob*serv"ance, a. Etym: [L. inobservantia : cf. F. inobservance.] Defn: Want or neglect of observance. Bacon. INOBSERVANT In`ob*serv"ant, a. Etym: [L. inobservans. See In- not, and Observant.] Defn: Not observant; regardless; heedless. Bp. Hurd. -- In`ob*serv"ant*ly, adv. INOBSERVATION In*ob`ser*va"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inobservation.] Defn: Neglect or want of observation. [R.] INOBTRUSIVE In`ob*tru"sive, a. Defn: Not obtrusive; unobtrusive. -- In`ob*tru"sive*ly, adv. -- In`ob*tru"sive*ness, n. INOCARPIN In`o*car"pin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A red, gummy, coloring matter, extracted from the colorless juice of the Otaheite chestnut (Inocarpus edulis). INOCCUPATION In*oc`cu*pa"tion, n. Defn: Want of occupation. INOCERAMUS In`o*cer"a*mus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of large, fossil, bivalve shells,allied to the mussels. The genus is characteristic of the Cretaceous period. INOCULABILITY In*oc`u*la*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The qual ity or state of being inoculable. INOCULABLE In*oc"u*la*ble, a. Etym: [See Inoculate.] Defn: Capable of being inoculated; capable of communicating disease, or of being communicated, by inoculation. INOCULAR In*oc"u*lar, a. (Zoöl) Defn: Inserted in the corner of the eye; -- said of the antenn INOCULATE In*oc"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inoculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inoculating,.] Etym: [L. inoculatus, p.p. of inoculare to ingraft; pref. in- in,on + oculare to furnish with eyes, fr. oculus an eye, also, a bud. See Ocular.] 1. To bud; to insert, or graft, as the bud of a tree or plant in another tree or plant. 2. To insert a foreign bud into; as, to inoculate a tree. 3. (Med.) Defn: To communicate a disease to ( a person ) by inserting infectious matter in the skin or flesh; as, to inoculate a person with the virus of smallpox,rabies, etc. See Vaccinate. 4. Fig.: To introduce into the mind; -- used especially of harmful ideas or principles; to imbue; as, to inoculate one with treason or infidelity. INOCULATE In*oc"u*late, v. i. 1. To graft by inserting buds. 2. To communicate disease by inoculation. INOCULATION In*oc"u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. inoculatio: cf. F. inoculation.] 1. The act or art of inoculating trees or plants. 2. (Med.) Defn: The act or practice of communicating a disease to a person in health, by inserting contagious matter in his skin or flesh. Note: The use was formerly limited to the intentional communication of the smallpox, but is now extended to include any similar introduction of modified virus; as, the inoculation of rabies by Pasteur. 3. Fig.: The communication of principles, especially false principles, to the mind. INOCULATOR In*oc"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. inoculateur.] Defn: One who inoculates; one who propagates plants or diseases by inoculation. INODIATE In*o"di*ate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in + L. odium hatred.] Defn: To make odious or hateful. [Obs.] South. INODORATE In*o"dor*ate, a. Defn: Inodorous. [Obs.] Bacon. INODOROUS In*o"dor*ous, a. Etym: [L. inodorus. See In- not, and Odorous.] Defn: Emitting no odor; wthout smell; scentless; odorless. -- In*o"dor*ous*ness, n. INOFFENSIVE In"of*fen"sive, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + offensiue: cf. F. inoffensif.] 1. Giving no offense, or provocation; causing no uneasiness, annoyance, or disturbance; as, an inoffensive man, answer, appearance. 2. Harmless; doing no injury or mischief. Dryden. 3. Not obstructing; presenting no interruption bindrance. [R.] Milton. So have Iseen a river gintly glide In a smooth course, and inoffensive tide. Addison. -- In"of*fen"sive*ly, adv. -- In"of*fen"sive*ness, n. INOFFICIAL In"of*fi"cial, a. Defn: Not official; not having official sanction or authoriy; not according to the forms or ceremony of official business; as, inofficial intelligence. Pinckney and Marshall would not make inofficial visits to discuss official business. Pickering. Syn. -- Private; informal; unwarranted; unauthorizod; irregular; unceremonious; unprofessional. INOFFICIALLY In`of*fi"cial*ly, adv. Defn: Without the usual forms, or not in the official character. INOFFICIOUS In`of*fi"cious, a. Etym: [L. inofficiosus: cf. F.inofficieux. See In- not, and Officious.] 1. Indifferent to obligation or duty. [Obs.] Thou drown'st thyself in inofficious sleep. B. Jonson. 2. Not officious; not civil or attentive. [Obs.] Jonhson. 3. (Law) Defn: Regardless of natural obligation; contrary to natural duty; unkind; -- commonly said of a testament made without regard to natural obligation, or by which a child is unjustly deprived of inheritance. "The inofficious testament." Blackstone. "An inofficious disposition of his fortune." Paley. INOFFICIOUSLY In`of*fi"cious*ly, adv. Defn: Not-officiously. INOGEN In"o*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Physiol.) Defn: A complex nitrogenous substance, which, by Hermann's hypothesis, is continually decomposed and reproduced in the muscles, during their life. INOPERATION In*op`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. inoperari to effect; pref. in- in + operari to operate.] Defn: Agency; influence; production of effects. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. INOPERATIVE In*op"er*a*tive, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + operative.] Defn: Not operative; not active; producing no effects; as, laws renderd inoperative by neglect; inoperative remedies or processes. INOPERCULAR; INOPERCULATE In`o*per"cu*lar, In`o*per"cu*late, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having no operculum; -- said of certain gastropod shells. INOPINABLE In`o*pin"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. inopinabilis. See Inopinate.] Defn: Not to be expected; inconceivable. [Obs.] "Inopinable, incredible . . . saings." Latimer. INOPINATE In*op"i*nate, a. Etym: [L. inopinatus. See In- not, and Opine.] Defn: Not expected or looked for. [Obs.] INOPPORTUNE In*op`por*tune" (, a. Etym: [L. inopportunus: cf. F. inopportun. See In- not, and Opportune.] Defn: Not opportune; inconvenient; unseasonable; as, an inopportune occurrence, remark, etc. No visit could have been more inopportune. T. Hook. INOPPORTUNELY In*op`por*tune"ly, adv. Defn: Not opportunely; unseasonably; inconveniently. INOPPORTUNITY In*op`por*tu"ni*ty, n. Defn: Want of opportunity; unseasonableness; inconvenience. [R.] INOPPRESSIVE In`op*press"ive, a. Defn: Not oppressive or burdensome. O. Wolcott. INOPULENT In*op"u*lent, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + opulent: cf. F. inopulent.] Defn: Not opulent; not affluent or rich. INORDINACY In*or"di*na*cy, n. Defn: The state or quality of being inordinate; excessiveness; immoderateness; as, the inordinacy of love or desire. Jer. Taylor. INORDINATE In*or"di*nate, a. Etym: [L. inordinatus disordered. See In- not, and Ordinate.] Defn: Not limited to rules prescribed, or to usual bounds; irregular; excessive; immoderate; as, an inordinate love of the world. "Inordinate desires." Milton. "Inordinate vanity." Burke. -- In*or"di*nate*ly, adv. -- In*or"di*nate*ness, n. INORDINATION In*or`di*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. inordinatio.] Defn: Deviation from custom, rule, or right; irregularity; inordinacy. [Obs.] South. Every inordination of religion that is not in defect, is properly called superstition. Jer. Taylor. INORGANIC In`or*gan"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + organic: cf. F. inorganique.] Defn: Not organic; without the organs necessary for life; devoid of an organized structure; unorganized; lifeness; inanimate; as, all chemical compounds are inorganic substances. Note: The term inorganic is used to denote any one the large series of substances (as minerals, metals, etc.), which are not directly connected with vital processes, either in origin or nature, and which are broadly and relatively contrasted with organic subscances. See Organic. Inorganic Chemistry. See under Chemistry. INORGANICAL In`or*gan"ic*al, a. Defn: Inorganic. Locke. INORGANICALLY In`or*gan"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an inorganic manner. INORGANITY In`or*gan"i*ty, n. Defn: Quality of being inorganic. [Obs.] "The inorganity of the soul." Sir T. Browne. INORGANIZATION In*or`gan*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The state of being without organization. INORGANIZED In*or"gan*ized, a. Defn: Not having organic structure; devoid of organs; inorganic. INORTHOGRAPHY In`or*thog"ra*phy, n. Defn: Deviation from correct orthography; bad spelling. [Obs.] Feltham. INOSCULATE In*os"cu*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inosculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inosculating.] Etym: [Pref. in- in + osculate.] 1. To unite by apposition or contact, as two tubular vessels at their extremities; to anastomose. 2. To intercommunicate; to interjoin. The several monthly divisions of the journal may inosculate, but not the several volumes. De Quincey. INOSCULATE In*os"cu*late, v. t. 1. To unite by apposition or contact, as two vessels in an animal body. Berkeley. 2. To unite intimately; to cause to become as one. They were still together, grew (For so they said themselves) inosculated. Tennyson. INOSCULATION In*os`cu*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inosculation.] Defn: The junction or connection of vessels, channels, or passages, so that their contents pass from one to the other; union by mouths or ducts; anastomosis; intercommunication; as, inosculation of veins, etc. Ray. INOSINIC In`o*sin"ic, a. Etym: [From Inosite.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, inosite; as, inosinic acid. INOSITE In"o*site, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance with a sweet taste, found in certain animal tissues and fluids, particularly in the muscles of the heart and lungs, also in some plants, as in unripe pease, beans, potato sprouts, etc. Called also phaseomannite. Note: Chemically,it has the composition represented by the formula, C6H12O6+H2O, and was formerly regarded as a carbohydrate, isomeric with dextrose, but is now known to be an aromatic compound (a hexacid phenol derivative of benzene). INOXIDIZABLE In*ox"idi`za*ble, a. (Chem.) Defn: Incapable of being oxidized; as, gold and platinum are inoxidizable in the air. INOXIDIZE In*ox"i*dize, v. i. Defn: To prevent or hinder oxidation, rust, or decay; as, inoxidizing oils or varnishes. INPATIENT In"pa`tient, n. Defn: A patient who receives lodging and food, as well as treatment, in a hospital or an infirmary; -- distinguished from outpatient. IN POSSE In` pos"se. Etym: [L.] Defn: In possibility; possible, although not yet in existence or come to pass; -- contradistinguished from in esse. INQUARTATION In`quar*ta"tion, n. Defn: Quartation. INQUEST In"quest, n. Etym: [OE. enqueste, OF. enqueste, F. enquête, LL. inquesta, for inquisita, fr. L. inquisitus, p.p. of inquirere. See Inquire.] 1. Inquiry; quest; search. [R.] Spenser. The laborious and vexatious inquest that the soul must make after science. South. 2. (Law) (a) Judicial inquiry; official examination, esp. before a jury; as, a coroner's inquest in case of a sudden death. (b) A body of men assembled under authority of law to inquire into any matterm civil or criminal, particularly any case of violent or sudden death; a jury, particularly a coroner's jury. The grand jury is sometimes called the grand inquest. See under Grand. (c) The finding of the jury upon such inquiry. Coroner's inquest, an inquest held by a coroner to determine the cause of any violent, sudden, or mysterious death. See Coroner. -- Inquest of office, an inquiry made, by authority or direction of proper officer, into matters affecting the rights and interests of the crown or of the state. Craig. Bouvier. INQUIET In*qui"et, v. t. Etym: [L. inquietare: cf. F. inquieter. See Quiet.] Defn: To disquiet. [Obs.] Joye. INQUIETATION In*qui`e*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. inquietatio : cf. F. inquielation.] Defn: Disturbance. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. INQUIETNESS In*qui"et*ness, n. Defn: Unquietness. [Obs.] Joye. INQUIETUDE In*qui"e*tude, n. Etym: [L. inquietudo: cf. F. inquietude.] Defn: Disturbed state; uneasiness either of body or mind; restlessness; disquietude. Sir H. Wotton. INQUILINE In"qui*line, n. Etym: [L. inquilinus a tenant, lodger.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A gallfly which deposits its eggs in galls formed by other insects. INQUINATE In"qui*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. inquinatus, p.p. of inquinare to defile.] Defn: To defile; to pollute; to contaminate; to befoul. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. INQUINATION In`qui*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. inquinatio.] Defn: A defiling; pollution; stain. [Obs.] Bacon. INQUIRABLE In*quir"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. enquerable.] Defn: Capable of being inquired into; subject or liable to inquisition or inquest. Bacon. INQUIRANCE In*quir"ance, n. Defn: Inquiry. [Obs.] Latimer. INQUIRE In*quire", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inquired; p. pr. & vb. n. Inquiring.] Etym: [OE. enqueren, inqueren, OF. enquerre, F. enquérir, L. inquirere, inquisitum; pref. in- in + quarere to seek. See Quest a seeking, and cf. Inquiry.] [Written also enquire.] 1. To ask a question; to seek for truth or information by putting queries. We will call the damsel, and inquire. Gen. xxiv. 57. Then David inquired of the Lord yet again. And the Lord answered him. 1 Sam. xxiii. 4. 2. To seek to learn anything by recourse to the proper means of knoledge; to make examination. And inquire Gladly into the ways of God with man. Miltom. Note: This word is followed by of before the person asked; as, to inquire of a neighbor. It is followed by concerning, after, or about, before the subject of inquiry; as, his friends inquired about or concerning his welfare. "Thou dost not inquire wisely concerning this." Eccl. vii. 10. It is followed by into when search is made for particular knowledge or information; as, to inquire into the cause of a sudden death. It is followed by for or after when a place or person is sought, or something is missing. "Inquire in the house of Judas for one called Saul of Tarsus." Acts ix. 11. INQUIRE In*quire", v. t. 1. To ask about; to seek to know by asking; to make examination or inquiry respecting. Having thus at length inquired the truth concerning law and dispense. Milton. And all obey and few inquire his will. Byron. 2. To call or name. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. -- To ask; question. See Question. INQUIRENT In*quir"ent, a. Etym: [L. inquirens, p. pr.] Defn: Making inquiry; inquiring; questioning. [Obs.] Shenstone. INQUIRER In*quir"er, n. Etym: [Written also enquirer.] Defn: One who inquires or examines; questioner; investigator. Locke. Expert inquirers after truth. Cowper. INQUIRING In*quir"ing, a. Defn: Given to inquiry; disposed to investigate causes; curious; as, an inquiring mind. INQUIRINGLY In*quir"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In an inquiring manner. INQUIRY In*quir"y, n.; pl. Inquiries. Etym: [See Inquire.] [Written also enquiry.] 1. The act of inquiring; a seeking for information by asking questions; interrogation; a question or questioning. He could no path nor track of foot descry, Nor by inquiry learn, nor guess by aim. Spenser. The men which were sent from Cornelius had made inquiry for Simon's house, and stood before the gate. Acts x. 17. 2. Search for truth, information, or knoledge; examination into facts or principles; research; invextigation; as, physical inquiries. All that is wanting to the perfection of this art will undoubtedly be found, if able men . . . will make inquiry into it. Dryden. Court of inquiry. See under Court. -- Writ of inquiry, a writ issued in certain actions at law, where the defendant has suffered judgment to pass against him by default, in order to ascertain and assess the plaintiff's damages, where they can not readily be ascertained by mere calculation. Burrill. Syn. -- Interrogation; interrogatory; question; query; scrutiny; investigation; research; examination. INQUISIBLE In*quis"i*ble, a. Defn: Admitting judicial inquiry. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. INQUISITION In`qui*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. inquisitio : cf. F. inquisition. See Inquire, and cf. Inquest.] 1. The act of inquiring; inquiry; search; examination; inspection; investigation. As I could learn through earnest inquisition. Latimer. Let not search and inquisition quail To bring again these foolish runaways. Shak. 2. (Law) (a) Judicial inquiry; official examination; inquest. (b) The finding of a jury, especially such a finding under a writ of inquiry. Bouvier. The justices in eyre had it formerly in charge to make inquisition concerning them by a jury of the county. Blackstone. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A court or tribunal for the examination and punishment of heretics, fully established by Pope Gregory IX. in 1235. Its operations were chiefly confined to Spain, Portugal, and their dependencies, and a part of Italy. INQUISITION In`qui*si"tion, v. t. Defn: To make inquisistion concerning; to inquire into. [Obs.] Milton. INQUISITIONAL In`qui*si"tion*al, a. Etym: [LL. inquisitionalis.] Defn: Relating to inquiry or inquisition; inquisitorial; also, of or pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Inquisition. All the inquisitional rigor . . . executed upon books. Milton. INQUISITIONARY In`qui*si"tion*a*ry, (, a. Etym: [Cf. F. inquisitionnaire.] [R.] Defn: Inquisitional. INQUISITIVE In*quis"i*tive, a. Etym: [OE. inquisitif, F. inquisitif.] 1. Disposed to ask questions, especially in matters which do not concern the inquirer. A wise man is not inquisitive about things impertinent. Broome. 2. Given to examination, investigation, or research; searching; curious. A young, inquisitive, and sprightly genius. I. Watts. Syn. -- Inquiring; prying; curious; meddling; intrusive. -- Inquisitive, Curious, Prying. Curious denotes a feeling, and inquisitive a habit. We are curious when we desire to learn something new; we are inquisitive when we set ourselves to gain it by inquiry or research. Prying implies inquisitiveness, and is more commonly used in a bad sense, as indicating a desire to penetrate into the secrets of others. [We] curious are to hear, What happens new. Milton. This folio of four pages [a newspaper], happy work! Which not even critics criticise; that holds Inquisitive attention, while I read. Cowper. Nor need we with a prying eye survey The distant skies, to find the Milky Way. Creech. INQUISITIVE In*quis"i*tive, n. Defn: A person who is inquisitive; one curious in research. Sir W. Temple. INQUISITIVELY In*quis"i*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an inquisitive manner. The occasion that made him afterwards so inquisitively apply himself to the study of physic. Boyle. INQUISITIVENESS In*quis"i*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inquisitive; the disposition to seek explanation and information; curiosity to learn what is unknown; esp., uncontrolled and impertinent curiosity. Mr. Boswell, whose inquisitiveness is seconded by great activity, scrambled in at a high window. Johnson. Curiosity in children nature has provided, to remove that ignorance they were born with; which, without this busy inquisitiveness, will make them dull. Locke. INQUISITOR In*quis"i*tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. inquisiteur. See Inquire.] 1. An inquisitive person; one fond of asking questions. [R.] "Inquisitors are tatlers." Feltham. 2. (Law) Defn: One whose official duty it is to examine and inquire, as coroners, sheriffs, etc. Mozley & W. 3. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: A member of the Court of Inquisition. INQUISITORIAL In*quis`i*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. inquisitorial.] 1. Pertaining to inquisition; making rigorous and unfriendly inquiry; searching; as, inquisitorial power. "Illiberal and inquisitorial abuse." F. Blackburne. He conferred on it a kind of inquisitorial and censorious power even over the laity, and directed it to inquire into all matters of conscience. Hume. 2. Pertaining to the Court of Inquisition or resembling its practices. "Inquisitorial robes." C. Buchanan. INQUISITORIALLY In*quis`i*to"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an inquisitorial manner. INQUISITORIOUS In*quis`i*to"ri*ous, a. Defn: Making strict inquiry; inquisitorial. [Obs.] Milton. INQUISITURIENT In*quis`i*tu"ri*ent, a. Defn: Inquisitorial. [Obs.] "Our inquisiturient bishops." Milton. INRACINATE In*rac"i*nate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in + F. racine root: cf. F. enraciner.] Defn: To enroot or implant. INRAIL In*rail", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inrailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Inrailing.] Defn: To rail in; to inclose or surround, as with rails. Hooker. INREGISTER In*reg"is*ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inreristered; p. pr. & vb. n. Inregistering.] Etym: [Pref. in- in + register: cf. F. enregistrer. Cf. Enregister.] Defn: To register; to enter, as in a register. [R.] Walsh. IN REM In rem. [L.] (Law) Lit., in or against a (or the) thing; -- used: (a) Of any right (called right, or jus, in rem) of such a nature as to be available over its subject without reference to one person more than another, or, as generally expressed, a right competent, or available, against all persons. Rights in rem include not alone rights over physical property, but all rights available against all persons indifferently, as those of life, liberty, and reputation. (b) Of actions for recovering or reducing to possession or enjoyment a specific object, as in the enforcement of maritime liens against a vessel, which is made the defendant by a sort of personification. Most actions for the specific recovery of property in English and American law are in the nature of actions in personam against a person alleged to be unlawfully withholding the property. INRO In"ro, n. [Jap. inro; in seal + ro box.] Defn: A small closed receptacle or set of receptacles of hard material, as lacquered wood, iron, bronze, or ivory, used by the Japanese to hold medicines, perfumes, and the like, and carried in the girdle. It is usually secured by a silk cord by which the wearer may grasp it, which cord passes through an ornamental button or knob called a netsuke. INROAD In"road`, n. Defn: The entrance of an enemy into a country with purposes of hostility; a sudden or desultory incursion or invasion; raid; encroachment. The loss of Shrewsbury exposed all North Wales to the daily inroads of the enemy. Clarendon. With perpetual inroads to alarm, Though inaccessible, his fatal throne. Milton. Syn. -- Invasion; incursion; irruption. See Invasion. INROAD In*road", v.t [imp. & p. p. Inroaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Inroading.] Defn: To make an inroad into; to invade. [Obs.] The Saracens . . . conquered Spain, inroaded Aquitaine. Fuller. INROLL In*roll", v. t. Defn: See Enroll. INRUNNING In"run`ning, n. Defn: The act or the place of entrance; an inlet. Tennyson. INRUSH In"rush`, n. Defn: A rush inwards; as, the inrush of the tide. G. Eliot. INRUSH In*rush", v. i. Defn: To rush in. [Obs.] Holland. INSABBATATI In*sab`ba*ta"ti, n. pl. Etym: [LL. Insabatati. See 1st In-, and Sabot.] Defn: The Waldenses; -- so called from their peculiary cut or marked sabots, or shoes. INSAFETY In*safe"ty, n. Defn: Insecurity; danger. [Obs.] INSALIVATION In*sal`i*va"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The mixing of the food with the saliva and other secretions of the mouth in eating. INSALUBRIOUS In`sa*lu"bri*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + salubrious: cf. L. insalubris, F. insalubre.] Defn: Not salubrious or healthful; unwholesome; as, an insalubrious air or climate. INSALUBRITY In`sa*lu"bri*ty, n. Etym: [Cf.F. insalubrite.] Defn: Unhealthfulness; unwholesomeness; as, the insalubrity of air, water, or climate. Boyle. INSALUTARY In*sal"u*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. insaluteris : cf. F. insalutaire. See In- not, and Salutary.] 1. Not salutary or wholesome; unfavorable to health. 2. Not tending to safety; productive of evil. INSANABILITY In*san`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being insanable or incurable; insanableness. INSANABLE In*san"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. insanabilis; cf. OF. insanable. See In- not, and Sanable.] Defn: Not capable of being healed; incurable; irremediable. INSANABLENESS In*san"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state of being insanable; insanability; incurableness. INSANABLY In*san"a*bly, adv. Defn: In an incurable manner. INSANE In*sane", a. Etym: [L. insanus. See In- not, and Sane.] 1. Exhibiting unsoundness or disorded of mind; not sane; mad; deranged in mind; delirious; distracted. See Insanity, 2. 2. Used by, or appropriated to, insane persons; as, an insane hospital. 3. Causing insanity or madness. [R.] Or have we eaten on the insaneroot That takes the reason prisoner Shak. 4. Characterized by insanity or the utmost folly; chimerical; unpractical; as, an insane plan, attempt, etc. I know not which was the insane measure. Southey. INSANELY In*sane"ly, adv. Defn: Without reason; madly; foolishly. INSANENESS In*sane"ness, n. Defn: Insanity; madness. INSANIATE In*sa"ni*ate, v. t. Defn: To render unsound; to make mad. [Obs.] Feltham. INSANIE In*sa"nie, n. Defn: Insanity. [Obs.] Shak. INSANITARY In*san"i*ta*ry, a. Defn: Not sanitary; unhealthy; as, insanitary conditions of drainage. INSANITATION In*san`i*ta"tion, n. Defn: Lack of sanitation; careless or dangerous hygienic conditions. INSANITY In*san"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. insanitas unsoundness; cf. insania insanity, F. insanite.] 1. The state of being insane; unsoundness or derangement of mind; madness; lunacy. All power of fancy overreason is a degree of insanity. Johnson. Without grace The heart's insanity admits no cure. Cowper. 2. (Law) Defn: Such a mental condition, as, either from the existence of delusions, or from incapacity to distinguish between right and wrong, with regard to any matter under action, does away with individual responsibility. Syn. - Insanity, Lunacy, Madness, Derangement, Aliention, Aberration, Mania, Delirium, Frenzy, Monomania, Dementia. Insanity is the generic term for all such diseases; lunacy has now an equal extent of meaning, though once used to denote periodical insanity; madness has the same extent, though originally referring to the rage created by the disease; derangement, alienation, are popular terms for insanity; delirium, mania, and frenzy denote excited states of the disease; dementia denotes the loss of mental power by this means; monomania is insanity upon a single subject. INSAPORY In*sa"po*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + sapor.] Defn: Tasteless; unsavory. [R.] Sir T. Herbert. INSATIABILITY In*sa`tia*bil"i*ty, n., Etym: [L. insatiabilitas; cf. F. insatiabilite.] Defn: The state or quality of being insatiable; insatiableness. Eagerness for increase of possession deluges the soul, and we sink into the gulfs of insatiability. Rambler. INSATIABLE In*sa"tia*ble, a. Etym: [F. insatiable, L. ionsatiabilis. See In- not, and Satiable.] Defn: Not satiable; incapable of being satisfied or appeased; very greedy; as, an insatiable appetite, thirst, or desire. "Insatiable of glory." Milton. INSATIABLENESS In*sa"tia*ble*ness, n. Defn: Greediness of appetite that can not be satisfied or appeased; insatiability. The eye of the covetous hath a more particular insatiableness. Bp. Hall. INSATIABLY In*sa"tia*bly, adv. Defn: In an insatiable manner or degree; unappeasably. "Insatiably covetous." South. INSATIATE In*sa"ti*ate, a. Etym: [L. insatiatus.] Defn: Insatiable; as, insatiate thirst. The insatiate greediness of his desires. Shak. And still insatiate, thirsting still for blood. Hook. INSATIATELY In*sa"ti*ate*ly, adv. Defn: Insatiably. Sir T. Herbert. INSATIATENESS In*sa"ti*ate*ness, n. Defn: The state of being insatiate. INSATIETY In`sa*ti"e*ty, n. Etym: [L. insatietas: cf. F. insatiete. See Satiety.] Defn: Insatiableness. T. Grander. INSATISFACTION In*sat`is*fac"tion, n. 1. Insufficiency; emptiness. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Dissatisfaction. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. INSATURABLE In*sat"u*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. insaturabilis: cf. F. insaturable. See In- not, and Saturable.] Defn: Not capable of being saturated or satisfied. INSCIENCE In"science, n. Etym: [L. inscientia: cf.F. inscience.] Defn: Want of knowledge; ignorance. [Obs.] INSCIENT In"scient, a. Etym: [L. insciens, -entis, ignorant. See In- not, and Scient, Science.] Defn: Having little or no knowledge; ignorant; stupid; silly. [R.] N. Bacon. INSCIENT In"scient, a. Etym: [Pref. in- in + L. sciens knowing.] Defn: Having knowledge or insight; intelligent. [R.] Gaze on, with inscient vision, toward the sun. Mrs. Browning. INSCONCE In*sconce", v. t. Defn: See Ensconce. INSCRIBABLE In*scrib"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being inscribed, -- used specif. (Math.) of solids or plane figures capable of being inscribed in other solids or figures. INSCRIBABLENESS In*scrib"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being inscribable. INSCRIBE In*scribe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inscribed; p. pr. & vb. n. Inscribing.] Etym: [L. inscribere. See 1st In-, and Scribe.] 1. To write or engrave; to mark down as something to be read; to imprint. Inscribe a verse on this relenting stone. Pope. 2. To mark with letters, charakters, or words. O let thy once lov'd friend inscribe thy stone. Pope. 3. To assign or address to; to commend to by a shot address; to dedicate informally; as, to inscribe an ode to a friend. Dryden. 4. To imprint deeply; to impress; to stamp; as, to inscribe a sentence on the memory. 5. (Geom.) Defn: To draw within so as to meet yet not cut the boundaries. Note: A line is inscribed in a circle, or in a sphere, when its two ends are in the circumference of the circle, or in the surface of the sphere. A triangle is inscribed in another triangle, when the three angles of the former are severally on the three sides of the latter. A circle is inscribed in a polygon, when it touches each side of the polygon. A sphere is inscribed in a polyhedron, when the sphere touches each boundary plane of the polyhedron. The latter figure in each case is circumscribed about the former. INSCRIBER In*scrib"er, n. Defn: One who inscribes. Pownall. INSCRIPTIBLE In*scrip"ti*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being inscribed; inscribable. INSCRIPTION In*scrip"tion, n. Etym: [L. inscriptio, fr.inscribere, inscriptum, to inscribe: cf. F. inscription. See Inscribe.] 1. The act or process of inscribing. 2. That which is inscribed; something written or engraved; especially, a word or words written or engraved on a solid substance for preservation or public inspection; as, inscriptions on monuments, pillars, coins, medals, etc. 3. (Anat.) Defn: A line of division or intersection; as, the tendinous inscriptions, or intersections, of a muscle. 4. An address, consignment, or informal dedication, as of a book to a person, as a mark of respect or an invitation of patronage. INSCRIPTIVE In*scrip"tive, a. Defn: Bearing inscription; of the character or nature of an inscription. INSCROLL In*scroll", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inscrolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Inscrolling.] Defn: To write on a scroll; to record. [Written also inscrol.] Shak. INSCRUTABILITY In*scru`ta*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inscrutable; inscrutableness. INSCRUTABLE In*scru"ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. inscrutabilis : cf. F. inscrutable. See In- not, and Scrutiny.] Defn: Unsearchable; incapable of being searched into and understood by inquiry or study; impossible or difficult to be explained or accounted for satisfactorily; obscure; incomprehensible; as, an inscrutable design or event. 'T is not in man To yield a reason for the will of Heaven Which is inscrutable. Beau. & Fl. Waiving a question so inscrutable as this. De Quincey. INSCRUTABLENESS In*scru"ta*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inscrutable; inscrutability. INSCRUTABLY In*scru"ta*bly, adv. Defn: In an inscrutable manner. INSCULP In*sculp", v. t. Etym: [L. insculpere: cf. F. insculper. See 1st In-, and Sculptor.] Defn: To engrave; to carve; to sculpture. [Obs. & R.] Shak. Which he insculped in two likely stones. Drayton. INSCULPTION In*sculp"tion, n. Defn: Inscription. [Obs.] INSCULPTURE In*sculp"ture, n. Defn: An engraving, carving, or inscription. [Obs.] On his gravestone this insculpture. Shak. INSCULPTURED In*sculp"tured, p. a. Defn: Engraved. Glover. INSEAM In*seam", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inseamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Inseaming.] Defn: To impress or mark with a seam or cicatrix. Pope. INSEARCH In*search", v. t. Defn: To make search after; to investigate or examine; to ensearch. [Obs.] INSECABLE In*sec"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. insecabilis; pref. in- not + secabilis that may be cut: cf. F. insecable.] Defn: Incapable of being divided by cutting; indivisible. INSECT In"sect, n. Etym: [F.insecte, L. insectum, fr. insectus, p.p. of insecare to cut in. See Section. The name was originally given to certain small animals, whose bodies appear cut in, or almost divided. Cf. Entomology.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Insecta; esp., one of the Hexapoda. See Insecta. Note: The hexapod insects pass through three stages during their growth, viz., the larva, pupa, and imago or adult, but in some of the orders the larva differs little from the imago, except in lacking wings, and the active pupa is very much like the larva, except in having rudiments of wings. In the higher orders, the larva is usually a grub, maggot, or caterpillar, totally unlike the adult, while the pupa is very different from both larva and imago and is inactive, taking no food. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any air-breathing arthropod, as a spider or scorpion. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small crustacean. In a wider sense, the word is often loosely applied to various small invertebrates. 4. Fig.: Any small, trivial, or contemptible person or thing. Thomson. Insect powder,a powder used for the extermination of insects; esp., the powdered flowers of certain species of Pyrethrum, a genus now merged in Chrysanthemum. Called also Persian powder. INSECT In"sect, a. 1. Of or pertaining to an insect or insects. 2. Like an insect; small; mean; ephemeral. INSECTA In*sec"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Insect.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the classes of Arthropoda, including those that have one pair of antennæ, three pairs of mouth organs, and breathe air by means of tracheæ, opening by spiracles along the sides of the body. In this sense it includes the Hexapoda, or six-legged insects and the Myriapoda, with numerous legs. See Insect, n. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: In a more restricted sense, the Hexapoda alone. See Hexapoda. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: In the most general sense, the Hexapoda, Myriapoda, and Arachnoidea, combined. Note: The typical Insecta, or hexapod insects, are divided into several orders, viz.: Hymenoptera, as the bees and ants; Diptera, as the common flies and gnats; Aphaniptera, or fleas; Lepidoptera, or moths and butterflies; Neuroptera, as the ant-lions and hellgamite; Coleoptera, or beetles; Hemiptera, as bugs, lice, aphids; Orthoptera, as grasshoppers and cockroaches; Pseudoneuroptera, as the dragon flies and termites; Euplexoptera, or earwings; Thysanura, as the springtails, podura, and lepisma. See these words in the Vocabulary. INSECTARY In"sec*ta*ry, n. Defn: A place for keeping living insects. -- In`sec*ta"ri*um, n. Etym: [L.] INSECTATION In`sec*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. insectatio. See Insectator.] Defn: The act of pursuing; pursuit; harassment; persecution. [Obs.] Sir T. More. INSECTATOR In`sec*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. insectari to pursue, freq. fr. insequi. See Ensue.] Defn: A pursuer; a persecutor; a censorious critic. [Obs.] Bailey. INSECTED In"sect*ed, a. Defn: Pertaining to, having the nature of, or resembling, an insect. Howell. INSECTICIDE In*sec"ti*cide, n. Etym: [Insect + L. caedere to kill.] Defn: An agent or preparation for destroying insects; an insect powder. -- In*sec"ti*ci`dal, a. INSECTILE In*sec"tile, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or having the nature of, insects. Bacon. INSECTION In*sec"tion, n. Etym: [See Insect.] Defn: A cutting in; incisure; incision. INSECTIVORA In`sec*tiv"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. insectum an insect + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) 1. An order of mammals which feed principally upon insects. Note: They are mostly of small size, and their molar teeth have sharp cusps. Most of the species burrow in the earth, and many of those of cold climates hibernate in winter. The order includes the moles, shrews, hedgehogs, tanrecs, and allied animals, also the colugo. 2. A division of the Cheiroptera, including the common or insect- eating bats. INSECTIVORE In*sec"ti*vore, n.; pl. Insectivores (-vorz). Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Insectivora. INSECTIVOROUS In`sec*tiv"o*rous, a. Etym: [See Insectivora.] Defn: Feeding or subsisting on insects; carnivorous. The term is applied: (a) to Defn: plants which have some special adaptation for catching and digesting insects, as the sundew, Venus's flytrap, Sarracenia, etc. (b) to Defn: the Insectivora, and to many bats, birds, and reptiles. INSECTOLOGER In`sec*tol"o*ger, n. Defn: An entomologist. [Obs.] INSECTOLOGY In`sec*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Insect + -logy: cf. F. insectologie.] Defn: Entomology. [Obs.] INSECURE In`se*cure", a. 1. Not secure; not confident of safety or permanence; distrustful; suspicious; apprehensive of danger or loss. With sorrow and insecure apprehensions. Jer. Taylor. 2. Not effectually guarded, protected, or sustained; unsafe; unstable; exposed to danger or loss. Bp. Hurg. The trade with Egypt was exceedingly insecure and precarious. Mickle. INSECURELY In`se*cure"ly, adv. Defn: In an insecure manner. INSECURENESS In`se*cure"ness, n. Defn: Insecurity. INSECURITY In`se*cu"ri*ty, n.; pl. Insecurities. Etym: [Pref.in- not + security : cf. LL. insecuritas, F. insecurite.] 1. The condition or quality of being insecure; want of safety; danger; hazard; as, the insecurity of a building liable to fire; insecurity of a debt. 2. The state of feeling insecure; uncertainty; want of confidence. With what insecurity of truth we ascribe effects . . . unto arbitrary calculations. Sir T. Browne. A time of insecurity, when interests of all sorts become objects of speculation. Burke. INSECUTION In`se*cu"tion, n. Etym: [L. insecutio, fr. insequi p. p. insecutus. See Ensue.] Defn: A following after; close pursuit. [Obs.] Chapman. INSEMINATE In*sem"i*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. inseminatus, p. p. of inseminare to sow. See Seminate.] Defn: To sow; to impregnate. [Obs.] INSEMINATION In*sem`i*na"tion, n. Defn: A sowing. [Obs.] INSENSATE In*sen"sate, a. Etym: [L. insensatus. See In- not, and Sensate.] Defn: Wanting sensibility; destitute of sense; stupid; foolish. The silence and the calm Of mute, insensate things. Wordsworth. The meddling folly or insensate ambition of statesmen. Buckle. -- In*sen"sate*ly, adv. -- In*sen"sate*ness, n. INSENSE In*sense", v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in + sense.] Defn: To make to understand; to instruct. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. INSENSIBILITY In*sen`si*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. insensibilité.] 1. The state or quality of being insensible; want of sensibility; torpor; unconsciousness; as, the insensibility produced by a fall, or by opiates. 2. Want of tenderness or susceptibility of emotion or passion; dullness; stupidity. Syn. -- Dullness; numbness; unfeelingness; stupidity; torpor; apathy; impassiveness; indifference. INSENSIBLE In*sen"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. insensibilis: cf. F. insensible. See In- not, and Sensible.] 1. Destitute of the power of feeling or perceiving; wanting bodily sensibility. Milton. 2. Not susceptible of emotion or passion; void of feeling; apathetic; unconcerned; indifferent; as, insensible to danger, fear, love, etc.; -- often used with of or to. Accept an obligation without being a slave to the giver, or insensible to his kindness. Sir H. Wotton. Lost in their loves, insensible of shame. Dryden. 3. Incapable of being perceived by the senses; imperceptible. Hence: Progressing by imperceptible degrees; slow; gradual; as, insensible motion. Two small and almost insensible pricks were found upon Cleopatra's arm. Sir T. Browne. They fall away, And languish with insensible decay. Dryden. 4. Not sensible or reasonable; meaningless. [Obs.] If it make the indictment be insensible or uncertain, it shall be quashed. Sir M. Hale. Syn. -- Imperceptible; imperceivable; dull; stupid; torpid; numb; unfeeling; apathetic; stoical; impassive; indifferent; unsusceptible; hard; callous. INSENSIBLENESS In*sen"si*ble*ness, n. Defn: Insensibility. Bp. Hall. INSENSIBLY In*sen"si*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner not to be felt or perceived; imperceptibly; gradually. The hills rise insensibly. Addison. INSENSITIVE In*sen"si*tive, a. Defn: Not sensitive; wanting sensation, or wanting acute sensibility. Tillotson. Ruskin. INSENSUOUS In*sen"su*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + sensuous.] Defn: Not sensuous; not pertaining to, affecting, or addressing, the senses. That intermediate door Betwixt the different planes of sensuous form And form insensuous. Mrs. Browning. INSENTIENT In*sen"ti*ent, a. Defn: Not sentient; not having perception, or the power of perception. The . . . attributes of an insentient, inert substance. Reid. But there can be nothing like to this sensation in the rose, because it is insentient. Sir W. Hamilton. INSEPARABILITY In*sep`a*ra*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. inseparabilitas: cf. F. inséparabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being inseparable; inseparableness. Locke. INSEPARABLE In*sep"a*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. inseparabilis: cf. F. inséparable. See In-, and Separable.] 1. Not separable; incapable of being separated or disjoined. The history of every language is inseparable from that of the people by whom it is spoken. Mure. Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable. D. Webster. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Invariably attached to some word, stem, or root; as, the inseparable particle un-. INSEPARABLENESS In*sep"a*ra*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inseparable; inseparability. Bp. Burnet. INSEPARABLY In*sep"a*ra*bly, adv. Defn: In an inseparable manner or condition; so as not to be separable. Bacon. And cleaves through life inseparably close. Cowper. INSEPARATE In*sep"a*rate, a. Etym: [L. inseparatus. See In- not, and Separate.] Defn: Not separate; together; united. Shak. INSEPARATELY In*sep"a*rate*ly, adv. Defn: Inseparably. [Obs.] Cranmer. INSERT In*sert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inserting.] Etym: [L. insertus, p. p. of inserere to insert; pref. in- in + serere to join, connect. See Series.] Defn: To set within something; to put or thrust in; to introduce; to cause to enter, or be included, or contained; as, to insert a scion in a stock; to insert a letter, word, or passage in a composition; to insert an advertisement in a newspaper. These words were very weakly inserted where they will be so liable to misconstruction. Bp. Stillingfleet. INSERTED In*sert"ed, a. (Bot.) Defn: Situated upon, attached to, or growing out of, some part; -- said especially of the parts of the flower; as, the calyx, corolla, and stamens of many flowers are inserted upon the receptacle. Gray. INSERTING In*sert"ing, n. 1. A setting in. 2. Something inserted or set in, as lace, etc., in garments. [R.] INSERTION In*ser"tion, n. Etym: [L. insertio: cf. F. insertion. See Insert.] 1. The act of inserting; as, the insertion of scions in stocks; the insertion of words or passages in writings. 2. The condition or mode of being inserted or attached; as, the insertion of stamens in a calyx. 3. That which is set in or inserted, especially a narrow strip of embroidered lace, muslin, or cambric. 4. (Anat.) Defn: The point or part by which a muscle or tendon is attached to the part to be moved; -- in contradistinction to its origin. Epigynous insertion (Bot.), the insertion of stamens upon the ovary. -- Hypogynous insertion (Bot.), insertion beneath the ovary. INSERVE In*serve", v. i. Etym: [L. inservire; in- in + servire to serve.] Defn: To be of use to an end; to serve. [Obs.] INSERVIENT In*serv"i*ent, a. Etym: [L. inserviens, p. pr. of inservire.] Defn: Conducive; instrumental. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. INSESSION In*ses"sion, n. Etym: [L. insessio, fr. insidere, insessum, to sit in. See Insidious.] 1. The act of sitting, as in a tub or bath. "Used by way of fomentation, insession, or bath." [R.] Holland. 2. That in which one sits, as a bathing tub. [R.] Insessions be bathing tubs half full. Holland. INSESSOR In*ses"sor, n.; pl. Insessores. Etym: [See Insessores.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Insessores. The group includes most of the common singing birds. INSESSORES In`ses*so"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. insessor, lit., one who sits down, fr. incidere. See Insession.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of birds, formerly established to include the perching birds, but now generally regarded as an artificial group. INSESSORIAL In`ses*so"ri*al, a. (Zoöl.) 1. Pertaining to, or having the character of, perching birds. 2. Belonging or pertaining to the Insessores. INSET In*set", v. t. Defn: To infix. [Obs.] Chaucer. INSET In"set, n. 1. That which is inserted or set in; an insertion. 2. (Bookbinding) Defn: One or more separate leaves inserted in a volume before binding; as: (a) A portion of the printed sheet in certain sizes of books which is cut off before folding, and set into the middle of the folded sheet to complete the succession of paging; -- also called offcut. (b) A page or pages of advertisements inserted. INSEVERABLE In*sev"er*a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being severed; indivisible; inseparable. De Quincey. INSHADED In*shad"ed, a. Defn: Marked with different shades. W. Browne. INSHAVE In"shave`, n. (Mech.) Defn: A plane for shaving or dressing the concave or inside faces of barrel staves. INSHEATHE In*sheathe", v. t. Defn: To insert as in a sheath; to sheathe. Hughes. INSHELL In*shell", v. t. Defn: To hide in a shell. [Obs.] Shak. INSHIP In*ship", v. t. Defn: To embark. [Obs.] Shak. INSHORE In"shore`, a. Defn: Being near or moving towards the shore; as, inshore fisheries; inshore currents. -- adv. Defn: Towards the shore; as, the boat was headed inshore. INSHRINE In*shrine", v. t. Defn: See Enshrine. INSICCATION In`sic*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of drying in. INSIDE In"side`, prep. or adv. Defn: Within the sides of; in the interior; contained within; as, inside a house, book, bottle, etc. INSIDE In"side`, a 1. Being within; included or inclosed in anything; contained; interior; internal; as, the inside passengers of a stagecoach; inside decoration. Kissing with inside lip. Shak. 2. Adapted to the interior. Inside callipers (Mech.), callipers for measuring the diameters of holes, etc. -- Inside finish (Arch.), a general term for the final work in any building necessary for its completion, but other than unusual decoration; thus, in joiner work, the doors and windows, inside shutters, door and window trimmings, paneled jams, baseboards, and sometimes flooring and stairs; in plaster work, the finishing coat, the cornices, centerpieces, etc.,; in painting, all simple painting of woodwork and plastering. -- Inside track, the inner part of a race course; hence, colloquially, advantage of place, facilities, etc., in competition. INSIDE In"side`, n. 1. The part within; interior or internal portion; content. Looked he o' the inside of the paper Shak. 2. pl. Defn: The inward parts; entrails; bowels; hence, that which is within; private thoughts and feelings. Here's none but friends; we may speak Our insides freely. Massinger. 3. An inside passenger of a coach or carriage, as distinguished from one upon the outside. [Colloq. Eng.] So down thy hill, romantic Ashbourne, glides The Derby dilly, carrying three insides. Anti-Jacobin. Patent insides or outside, a name give to newspaper sheets printed on one side with general and miscellaneous matter, and furnished wholesale to offices of small newspapers, where the blank pages are filled up with recent and local news. INSIDIATE In*sid"i*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. insidiatus, p. p. of insidiare to lie in ambush, fr. insidiae. See Insidious.] Defn: To lie in ambush for. [Obs.] Heywood. INSIDIATOR In*sid"i*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who lies in ambush. [Obs.] Barrow. INSIDIOUS In*sid"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. insidiosus, fr. insidiae an ambush, fr. insidere to sit in; pref. in- + sedere to sit: cf. F. insidieux. See Sit.] 1. Lying in wait; watching an opportunity to insnare or entrap; deceitful; sly; treacherous; -- said of persons; as, the insidious foe. "The insidious witch." Cowper. 2. Intended to entrap; characterized by treachery and deceit; as, insidious arts. The insidious whisper of the bad angel. Hawthorne. Insidious disease (Med.), a disease existing, without marked symptoms, but ready to become active upon some slight occasion; a disease not appearing to be as bad as it really is. Syn. -- Crafty; wily; artful; sly; designing; guileful; circumventive; treacherous; deceitful; deceptive. -- In*sid"i*ous*ly, adv. -- In*sid"i*ous*ness, n. INSIGHT In"sight`, n. 1. A sight or view of the interior of anything; a deep inspection or view; introspection; -- frequently used with into. He had an insight into almost all the secrets of state. Jortin. 2. Power of acute observation and deduction; penetration; discernment; perception. Quickest insight In all things that to greatest actions lead. Milton. INSIGNIA In*sig"ni*a, n. pl. Etym: [L. insigne, pl. insignia, fr. insignis distinguished by a mark; pref. in- in + signum a mark, sign. See Ensign, Sign.] 1. Distinguishing marks of authority, office, or honor; badges; tokens; decorations; as, the insignia of royalty or of an order. 2. Typical and characteristic marks or signs, by which anything is known or distinguished; as, the insignia of a trade. INSIGNIFICANCE In`sig*nif"i*cance, n. 1. The condition or quality of being insignificant; want of significance, sense, or meaning; as, the insignificance of words or phrases. 2. Want of force or effect; unimportance; pettiness; inefficacy; as, the insignificance of human art. 3. Want of claim to consideration or notice; want of influence or standing; meanness. Reduce him, from being the first person in the nation, to a state of insignificance. Beattie. INSIGNIFICANCY In`sig*nif"i*can*cy, n. Defn: Insignificance. INSIGNIFICANT In`sig*nif"i*cant, a. 1. Not significant; void of signification, sense, or import; meaningless; as, insignificant words. 2. Having no weight or effect; answering no purpose; unimportant; valueless; futile. Laws must be insignificant without the sanction of rewards and punishments. Bp. Wilkins. 3. Without weight of character or social standing; mean; contemptible; as, an insignificant person. Syn. -- Unimportant; immaterial; inconsiderable; small; inferior; trivial; mean; contemptible. INSIGNIFICANTLY In`sig*nif"i*cant*ly, adv. Defn: without significance, importance, or effect; to no purpose. "Anger insignificantly fierce." Cowper. INSIGNIFICATIVE In`sig*nif"i*ca*tive, a. Etym: [L. insignificativus. See In- not, and Significative.] Defn: Not expressing meaning; not significant. INSIGNMENT In*sign"ment, n. Etym: [See Insignia.] Defn: A token, mark, or explanation. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. INSIMULATE In*sim"u*late, v. t. Etym: [L. insimulatus, p. p. of insimulare to accuse.] Defn: To accuse. [Obs.] Donne. INSINCERE In`sin*cere", a. Etym: [L. insincerus. See In- not, and Sincere.] 1. Not being in truth what one appears to be; not sincere; dissembling; hypocritical; disingenuous; deceitful; false; -- said of persons; also of speech, thought; etc.; as, insincere declarations. 2. Disappointing; imperfect; unsound. [Obs.] To render sleep's soft blessings insincere. Pope. Syn. -- Dissembling; hollow; hypocritical; deceptive deceitful; false; disingenuous; untrustworthy. INSINCERELY In`sin*cere"ly, adv. Defn: Without sincerity. INSINCERITY In`sin*cer"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. insincérité.] Defn: The quality of being insincere; want of sincerity, or of being in reality what one appears to be; dissimulation; hypocritical; deceitfulness; hollowness; untrustworthiness; as, the insincerity of a professed friend; the insincerity of professions of regard. What men call policy and knowledge of the world, is commonly no other thing than dissimulation and insincerity. Blair. INSINEW In*sin"ew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insinewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Insinewing.] Defn: To strengthen, as with sinews; to invigorate. [Obs.] All members of our cause, . . . That are insinewed to this action. Shak. INSINUANT In*sin"u*ant, a. Etym: [L. insinuans, p. pr.: cf. F. insinuant.] Defn: Insinuating; insinuative. [Obs.] INSINUATE In*sin"u*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insinuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Insinuating.] Etym: [L. insinuatus, p. p. of insinuareto insinuate; pref. in- in + sinus the bosom. See Sinuous.] 1. To introduce gently or slowly, as by a winding or narrow passage, or a gentle, persistent movement. The water easily insinuates itself into, and placidly distends, the vessels of vegetables. Woodward. 2. To introduce artfully; to infuse gently; to instill. All the art of rhetoric, besides order and clearness, are for nothing else but to insinuate wrong ideas, move the passions, and thereby mislead the judgment. Locke. Horace laughs to shame all follies and insinuates virtue, rather by familiar examples than by the severity of precepts. Dryden. 3. To hint; to suggest by remote allusion; -- often used derogatorily; as, did you mean to insinuate anything 4. To push or work (one's self), as into favor; to introduce by slow, gentle, or artful means; to ingratiate; -- used reflexively. He insinuated himself into the very good grace of the Duke of Buckingham. Clarendon. Syn. -- To instill; hint; suggest; intimate. INSINUATE In*sin"u*ate, v. i. 1. To creep, wind, or flow in; to enter gently, slowly, or imperceptibly, as into crevices. 2. To ingratiate one's self; to obtain access or favor by flattery or cunning. He would insinuate with thee but to make thee sigh. Shak. To insinuate, flatter, bow, and bend my limbs. Shak. INSINUATING In*sin"u*a`ting, a. Defn: Winding, creeping, or flowing in, quietly or stealthily; suggesting; winning favor and confidence insensibly. Milton. His address was courteous, and even insinuating. Prescott. INSINUATINGLY In*sin"u*a`ting*ly, adv. Defn: By insinuation. INSINUATION In*sin"u*a`tion, n. Etym: [L. insinuatio: cf. F. insinuation.] 1. The act or process of insinuating; a creeping, winding, or flowing in. By a soft insinuation mix'd With earth's large mass. Crashaw. 2. The act of gaining favor, affection, or influence, by gentle or artful means; -- formerly used in a good sense, as of friendly influence or interposition. Sir H. Wotton. I hope through the insinuation of Lord Scarborough to keep them here till further orders. Lady Cowper. 3. The art or power of gaining good will by a prepossessing manner. He bad a natural insinuation and address which made him acceptable in the best company. Clarendon. 4. That which is insinuated; a hint; a suggestion or intimation by distant allusion; as, slander may be conveyed by insinuations. I scorn your coarse insinuation. Cowper. Syn. -- Hint; intimation; suggestion. See Innuendo. INSINUATIVE In*sin"u*a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. insinuatif.] 1. Stealing on or into the confidence or affections; having power to gain favor. "Crafty, insinuative, plausible men." Bp. Reynolds. 2. Using insinuations; giving hints; insinuating; as, insinuative remark. INSINUATOR In*sin"u*a`tor, n. Etym: [L., an introducer.] Defn: One who, or that which, insinuates. De Foe. INSINUATORY In*sin"u*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Insinuative. INSIPID In*sip"id, a. Etym: [L. insipidus; pref. in- not + sapidus savory, fr. sapere to taste: cf. F. insipide. See Savor.] 1. Wanting in the qualities which affect the organs of taste; without taste or savor; vapid; tasteless; as, insipid drink or food. Boyle. 2. Wanting in spirit, life, or animation; uninteresting; weak; vapid; flat; dull; heavy; as, an insipid woman; an insipid composition. Flat, insipid, and ridiculous stuff to him. South. But his wit is faint, and his salt, if I may dare to say so, almost insipid. Dryden. Syn. -- Tasteless; vapid; dull; spiritless; unanimated; lifeless; flat; stale; pointless; uninteresting. INSIPIDITY; INSIPIDNESS In`si*pid"i*ty, In*sip"id*ness, n. Etym: [Cf. F. insipidité.] Defn: The quality or state of being insipid; vapidity. "Dryden's lines shine strongly through the insipidity of Tate's." Pope. INSIPIDLY In*sip"id*ly, adv. Defn: In an insipid manner; without taste, life, or spirit; flatly. Locke. Sharp. INSIPIENCE In*sip"i*ence, n. Etym: [L. insipientia: cf. OF. insipience.] Defn: Want of intelligence; stupidity; folly. [R.] Blount. INSIPIENT In*sip"i*ent, a. Etym: [L. insipiens; pref. in- not + sapiens wise.] Defn: Wanting wisdom; stupid; foolish. [R.] Clarendon. -- n. Defn: An insipient person. [R.] Fryth. INSIST In*sist", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Insisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Insisting.] Etym: [F. insister, L. insistere to set foot upon, follow, persist; pref. in- in + sistere to stand, cause to stand. See Stand.] 1. To stand or rest; to find support; -- with in, on, or upon. [R.] Ray. 2. To take a stand and refuse to give way; to hold to something firmly or determinedly; to be persistent, urgent, or pressing; to persist in demanding; -- followed by on, upon, or that; as, he insisted on these conditions; he insisted on going at once; he insists that he must have money. Insisting on the old prerogative. Shak. Without further insisting on the different tempers of Juvenal and Horace. Dryden. Syn. -- Insist, Persist. -- Insist implies some alleged right, as authority or claim. Persist may be from obstinacy alone, and either with or against rights. We insist as against others; we persist in what exclusively relates to ourselves; as, he persisted in that course; he insisted on his friend's adopting it. C. J. Smith. INSISTENCE In*sist"ence, n. Defn: The quality of insisting, or being urgent or pressing; the act of dwelling upon as of special importance; persistence; urgency. INSISTENT In*sist"ent, a. Etym: [L. insistens, -entis, p. pr. of insistere.] 1. Standing or resting on something; as, an insistent wall. Sir H. Wotton. 2. Insisting; persistent; persevering. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Incumbent. INSISTENTLY In*sist"ent*ly, adv. Defn: In an insistent manner. INSISTURE In*sis"ture, n. Defn: A dwelling or standing on something; fixedness; persistence. [Obs.] Shak. INSITIENCY In*si"ti`en*cy, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + L. sitiens, p. pr. of sitire to be thirsty, fr. sitis thirst.] Defn: Freedom from thirst. [Obs.] The insitiency of a camel for traveling in deserts. Grew. INSITION In*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. insitio, fr. inserere, insitum, to sow or plant in, to ingraft; pref. in- in + serere, satum, to sow.] Defn: The insertion of a scion in a stock; ingraftment. Ray. IN SITU In` si"tu. Etym: [L.] Defn: In its natural position or place; -- said of a rock or fossil, when found in the situation in which it was originally formed or deposited. INSNARE In*snare", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insnared; p. pr. & vb. n. Insnaring.] Etym: [Written also ensnare.] 1. To catch in a snare; to entrap; to take by artificial means. "Insnare a gudgeon." Fenton. 2. To take by wiles, stratagem, or deceit; to involve in difficulties or perplexities; to seduce by artifice; to inveigle; to allure; to entangle. The insnaring charms Of love's soft queen. Glover. INSNARER In*snar"er, n. Defn: One who insnares. INSNARL In*snarl", v. t. Defn: To make into a snarl or knot; to entangle; to snarl. [Obs.] Cotgrave. INSOBRIETY In`so*bri"e*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + : cf. F. insobriété.] Defn: Want of sobriety, moderation, or calmness; intemperance; drunkenness. INSOCIABILITY In*so`cia*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. insociabilité.] Defn: The quality of being insociable; want of sociability; unsociability. [R.] Bp. Warburton. INSOCIABLE In*so"cia*ble, a. Etym: [L. insociabilis: cf. F. insociable. See In- not, and Sociable.] 1. Incapable of being associated, joined, or connected. [Obs.] Lime and wood are insociable. Sir H. Wotton. 2. Not sociable or companionable; disinclined to social intercourse or conversation; unsociable; taciturn. This austere insociable life. Shak. INSOCIABLY In*so"cia*bly, adv. Defn: Unsociably. INSOCIATE In*so"ci*ate, a. Defn: Not associate; without a companion; single; solitary; recluse. [Obs.] "The insociate virgin life." B. Jonson. INSOLATE In"so*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insolated; p. pr. & vb. n. Insolating.] Etym: [L. insolatus, p. p. of insolare to expose to the sun; pref. in- in + sol the sun.] Defn: To dry in, or to expose to, the sun's rays; to ripen or prepare by such exposure. Johnson. INSOLATION In`so*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. insolatio: cf. F. insolation.] 1. The act or process to exposing to the rays of the sun fro the purpose of drying or maturing, as fruits, drugs, etc., or of rendering acid, as vinegar. 2. (Med.) (a) A sunstroke. (b) Exposure of a patient to the sun's rays; a sun bath. INSOLE In"sole`, n. Defn: The inside sole of a boot or shoe; also, a loose, thin strip of leather, felt, etc., placed INSOLENCE In"so*lence, n. Etym: [F. insolence, L. insolentia. See Insolent.] 1. The quality of being unusual or novel. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. The quality of being insolent; pride or haughtiness manifested in contemptuous and overbearing treatment of others; arrogant contempt; brutal imprudence. Flown with insolence and wine. Milton. 3. Insolent conduct or treatment; insult. Loaded with fetters and insolences from the soldiers. Fuller. INSOLENCE In"so*lence, v. t. Defn: To insult. [Obs.] Eikon Basilike. INSOLENCY In"so*len*cy, n. Defn: Insolence. [R.] Evelyn. INSOLENT In"so*lent, a. Etym: [F. insolent, L. insolens, -entis, pref. in- not + solens accustomed, p. pr. of solere to be accustomed.] 1. Deviating from that which is customary; novel; strange; unusual. [Obs.] If one chance to derive any word from the Latin which is insolent to their ears . . . they forth with make a jest at it. Petti If any should accuse me of being new or insolent. Milton. 2. Haughty and contemptuous or brutal in behavior or language; overbearing; domineering; grossly rude or disrespectful; saucy; as, an insolent master; an insolent servant. "A paltry, insolent fellow." Shak. Insolent is he that despiseth in his judgment all other folks as in regard of his value, of his cunning, of his speaking, and of his bearing. Chaucer. Can you not see or will ye not observe . . . How insolent of late he is become, How proud, how peremptory Shak. 3. Proceeding from or characterized by insolence; insulting; as, insolent words or behavior. Their insolent triumph excited . . . indignation. Macaulay. Syn. -- Overbearing; insulting; abusive; offensive; saucy; impudent; audacious; pert; impertinent; rude; reproachful; opprobrious. -- Insolent, Insulting. Insolent, in its primitive sense, simply denoted unusual; and to act insolently was to act in violation of the established rules of social intercourse. He who did this was insolent; and thus the word became one of the most offensive in our language, indicating gross disregard for the feelings of others. Insulting denotes a personal attack, either in words or actions, indicative either of scorn or triumph. Compare Impertinent, Affront, Impudence. INSOLENTLY In"so*lent*ly, adv. Defn: In an insolent manner. INSOLIDITY In`so*lid"i*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + solidity: cf. F. insolidité.] Defn: Want of solidity; weakness; as, the insolidity of an argument. [R.] Dr. H. More. INSOLUBILITY In*sol`u*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. insolubilitas: cf. F. insolubilité.] 1. The quality or state of being insoluble or not dissolvable, as in a fluid. 2. The quality of being inexplicable or insolvable. INSOLUBLE In*sol"u*ble, a. Etym: [L. insolubilis indissoluble, that can not be loosed: cf. F. insoluble. See In- not, and Soluble, and cf. Insolvable.] 1. Not soluble; in capable or difficult of being dissolved, as by a liquid; as, chalk is insoluble in water. 2. Not to be solved or explained; insolvable; as, an insoluble doubt, question, or difficulty. 3. Strong. "An insoluble wall." [Obs.] Holland INSOLUBLENESS In*sol"u*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being insoluble; insolubility. Boyle. INSOLVABLE In*solv"a*ble, a. 1. Not solvable; insoluble; admitting no solution or explanation; as, an insolvable problem or difficulty. I. Watts. 2. Incapable of being paid or discharged, as debts. 3. Not capable of being loosed or disentangled; inextricable. "Bands insolvable." Pope. INSOLVENCY In*sol"ven*cy, n.; pl. Insolvencies (. (Law) (a) The condition of being insolvent; the state or condition of a person who is insolvent; the condition of one who is unable to pay his debts as they fall due, or in the usual course of trade and business; as, a merchant's insolvency. (b) Insufficiency to discharge all debts of the owner; as, the insolvency of an estate. Act of insolvency. See Insolvent law under Insolvent, a. INSOLVENT In*sol"vent, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + solvent: cf. OF. insolvent.] (Law) (a) Not solvent; not having sufficient estate to pay one's debts; unable to pay one's debts as they fall due, in the ordinary course of trade and business; as, in insolvent debtor. (b) Not sufficient to pay all the debts of the owner; as, an insolvent estate. (c) Relating to persons unable to pay their debts. Insolvent law, or Act of insolvency, a law affording relief, -- subject to various modifications in different States, -- to insolvent debtors, upon their delivering up their property for the benefit of their creditors. See Bankrupt law, under Bankrupt, a. INSOLVENT In*sol"vent, n. (Law) Defn: One who is insolvent; as insolvent debtor; -- in England, before 1861, especially applied to persons not traders. Bouvier. INSOMNIA In*som"ni*a, n. Etym: [L., fr. insomnis sleepless; pref. in- not + somnus sleep.] Defn: Want of sleep; inability to sleep; wakefulness; sleeplessness. INSOMNIOUS In*som"ni*ous, a. Etym: [L. insomniosus, fr. insomnia insomnia.] Defn: Restless; sleepless. Blount. INSOMNOLENCE In*som"no*lence, n. Defn: Sleeplessness. INSOMUCH In`so*much", adv. Defn: So; to such a degree; in such wise; -- followed by that or as, and formerly sometimes by both. Cf. Inasmuch. Insomusch as that field is called . . . Aceldama. Acts i. 19. Simonides was an excellent poet, insomuch that he made his fortune by it. L'Estrange. INSONOROUS In`so*no"rous, a. Defn: Not clear or melodious. INSOOTH In*sooth", adv. Defn: In sooth; truly. [Archaic] INSOUCIANCE In`sou`ciance", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Carelessness; heedlessness; thoughtlessness; unconcern. INSOUCIANT In`sou`ciant", a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Careless; heedless; indifferent; unconcerned. J. S. Mill. INSOUL In*soul", v. t. Defn: To set a soul in; reflexively, to fix one's strongest affections on. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. [He] could not but insoul himself in her. Feltham. INSPAN In*span", v. t. & i. Etym: [D. inspannen.] Defn: To yoke or harness, as oxen to a vehicle. [South Africa] INSPECT In*spect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspected; p. pr. & vb. n. Inspecting.] Etym: [L. inspectus, p. p. of inspicere to inspect; pref. in- in + specere to look at, to view: cf. F. inspecter, fr. L. inspectare, freq. fr. inspicere. See Spy.] 1. To look upon; to view closely and critically, esp. in order to ascertain quality or condition, to detect errors, etc., to examine; to scrutinize; to investigate; as, to inspect conduct. 2. To view and examine officially, as troops, arms, goods offered, work done for the public, etc.; to oversee; to superintend. Sir W. Temple. INSPECT In*spect", n. Etym: [L. inspectus. See Inspect, v. t.] Defn: Inspection. [Obs.] Thomson. INSPECTION In*spec"tion, n. Etym: [L. inspectio: cf. F. inspection.] 1. The act or process of inspecting or looking at carefully; a strict or prying examination; close or careful scrutiny; investigation. Spenser. With narrow search, and with inspection deep, Considered every creature. Milton. 2. The act of overseeing; official examination or superintendence. Trial by inspection (O. Eng. Law), a mode of trial in which the case was settled by the individual observation and decision of the judge upon the testimony of his own senses, without the intervention of a jury. Abbott. INSPECTIVE In*spect"ive, a. Etym: [L. inspectivus.] Defn: Engaged in inspection; inspecting; involving inspection. INSPECTOR In*spect"or, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. inspecteur.] Defn: One who inspects, views, or oversees; one to whom the supervision of any work is committed; one who makes an official view or examination, as a military or civil officer; a superintendent; a supervisor; an overseer. Inspector general (Mil.), a staff officer of an army, whose duties are those of inspection, and embrace everything relative to organization, recruiting, discharge, administration, accountability for money and property, instruction, police, and discipline. INSPECTORATE In*spect"or*ate, n. Defn: Inspectorship. [R.] INSPECTORIAL In`spec*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an inspector or to inspection. [R.] INSPECTORSHIP In*spect"or*ship, n. 1. The office of an inspector. 2. The district embraced by an inspector's jurisdiction. INSPECTRESS In*spect"ress, n. Defn: A female inspector. INSPERSE In*sperse", v. t. Etym: [L. inspersus, p. p. of inspergere to sprinkle upon; pref. in- in, on + spargere to sprinkle.] Defn: To sprinkle; to scatter. [Obs.] Bailey. INSPERSION In*sper"sion, n. Etym: [L. inspersio.] Defn: The act of sprinkling. [Obs.] Chapman. INSPEXIMUS In*spex"i*mus, n. Etym: [L., we have inspected.] Defn: The first word of ancient charters in England, confirming a grant made by a former king; hence, a royal grant. INSPHERE In*sphere", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insphered; p. pr. & vb. n. Insphering.] Etym: [Cf. Ensphere.] Defn: To place in, or as in, an orb a sphere. Cf. Ensphere. Bright aërial spirits live insphered In regions mild of calm and serene air. Milton. INSPIRABLE In*spir"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being inspired or drawn into the lungs; inhalable; respirable; admitting inspiration. Harvey. INSPIRATION In`spi*ra"tion, n. Etym: [F. inspiration, L. inspiratio. See Inspire.] 1. The act of inspiring or breathing in; breath; specif. (Physiol.), the drawing of air into the lungs, accomplished in mammals by elevation of the chest walls and flattening of the diaphragm; -- the opposite of expiration. 2. The act or power of exercising an elevating or stimulating influence upon the intellect or emotions; the result of such influence which quickens or stimulates; as, the inspiration of occasion, of art, etc. Your father was ever virtuous, and holy men at their death have good inspirations. Shak. 3. (Theol.) Defn: A supernatural divine influence on the prophets, apostles, or sacred writers, by which they were qualified to communicate moral or religious truth with authority; a supernatural influence which qualifies men to receive and communicate divine truth; also, the truth communicated. All Scripture is given by inspiration of God. 2 Tim. iii. 16. The age which we now live in is not an age of inspiration and impulses. Sharp. Plenary inspiration (Theol.), that kind of inspiration which excludes all defect in the utterance of the inspired message. -- Verbal inspiration (Theol.), that kind of inspiration which extends to the very words and forms of expression of the divine message. INSPIRATIONAL In`spi*ra"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to inspiration. INSPIRATIONIST In`spi*ra"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who holds to inspiration. INSPIRATOR In"spi*ra`tor, n. (Mach.) Defn: A kind of injector for forcing water by steam. See Injector, n., 2. INSPIRATORY In*spir"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or aiding, inspiration; as, the inspiratory muscles. INSPIRE In*spire", v. t. Etym: [OE. enspiren, OF. enspirer, inspirer, F. inspirer, fr. L. inspirare; pref. in- in + spirare to breathe. See Spirit.] 1. To breathe into; to fill with the breath; to animate. When Zephirus eek, with his sweete breath, Inspirèd hath in every holt and health The tender crops. Chaucer. Descend, ye Nine, descend and sing, The breathing instruments inspire. Pope. 2. To infuse by breathing, or as if by breathing. He knew not his Maker, and him that inspired into him an active soul. Wisdom xv. 11. 3. To draw in by the operation of breathing; to inhale; -- opposed to expire. Forced to inspire and expire the air with difficulty. Harvey. 4. To infuse into the mind; to communicate to the spirit; to convey, as by a divine or supernatural influence; to disclose preternaturally; to produce in, as by inspiration. And generous stout courage did inspire. Spenser. But dawning day new comfort hath inspired. Shak. 5. To infuse into; to affect, as with a superior or supernatural influence; to fill with what animates, enlivens, or exalts; to communicate inspiration to; as, to inspire a child with sentiments of virtue. Erato, thy poet's mind inspire, And fill his soul with thy celestial fire. Dryden. INSPIRE In*spire", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inspired; p. pr. & vb. n. Inspiring.] 1. To draw in breath; to inhale air into the lungs; -- opposed to expire. 2. To breathe; to blow gently. [Obs.] And when the wind amongst them did inspire, They wavèd like a penon wide dispread. Spenser. INSPIRED In*spired", a. 1. Breathed in; inhaled. 2. Moved or animated by, or as by, a supernatural influence; affected by divine inspiration; as, the inspired prophets; the inspired writers. 3. Communicated or given as by supernatural or divine inspiration; having divine authority; hence, sacred, holy; -- opposed to uninspired, profane, or secular; as, the inspired writings, that is, the Scriptures. INSPIRER In*spir"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, inspirer. "Inspirer of that holy flame." Cowper. INSPIRING In*spir"ing, a. Defn: Animating; cheering; moving; exhilarating; as, an inspiring or scene. INSPIRIT In*spir"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspirited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inspiriting.] Defn: To infuse new life or spirit into; to animate; to encourage; to invigorate. The courage of Agamemnon is inspirited by the love of empire and ambition. Pope. Syn. -- To enliven; invigorate; exhilarate; animate; cheer; encourage; inspire. INSPISSATE In*spis"sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspissated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inspissating.] Etym: [L. inspissatus, p. p. of inspissare to thicken; pref. in- + spissare to thicken, fr. spissus thick.] Defn: To thicken or bring to greater consistence, as fluids by evaporation. INSPISSATE In*spis"sate, a. Etym: [L. inspissatus, p. p.] Defn: Thick or thickened; inspissated. Greenhill. INSPISSATION In`spis*sa"tion, n. Defn: The act or the process of inspissating, or thickening a fluid substance, as by evaporation; also, the state of being so thickened. INSTABILITY In`sta*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Instabilities. Etym: [L. instabilitas: cf. F. instabilité.] 1. The quality or condition of being unstable; want of stability, firmness, or steadiness; liability to give way or to fail; insecurity; precariousness; as, the instability of a building. 2. Lack of determination of fixedness; inconstancy; fickleness; mutability; changeableness; as, instability of character, temper, custom, etc. Addison. Syn. -- Inconstancy; fickleness; changeableness; wavering; unsteadiness; unstableness. INSTABLE In*sta"ble, a. Etym: [L. instabilis: cf. F. instable. See In- not, and Stable, a., and cf. Unstable.] Defn: Not stable; not standing fast or firm; unstable; prone to change or recede from a purpose; mutable; inconstant. INSTABLENESS In*sta"ble*ness, n. Defn: Instability; unstableness. INSTALL In*stall", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Installed; p. pr. & vb. n. Installing.] Etym: [F. installer, LL. installare, fr. pref. in- in + OHG. stal a place, stall, G. stall, akin to E. stall: cf. It. installare. See Stall.] [Written also instal.] 1. To set in a seat; to give a place to; establish (one) in a place. She installed her guest hospitably by the fireside. Sir W. Scott. 2. To place in an office, rank, or order; to invest with any charge by the usual ceremonies; to instate; to induct; as, to install an ordained minister as pastor of a church; to install a college president. Unworthily Thou wast installed in that high degree. Shak. INSTALLATION In`stal*la"tion, n. Etym: [F. installation, LL. installatio: cf. It. installazione. See Install.] 1. The act of installing or giving possession of an office, rank, or order, with the usual rites or ceremonies; as, the installation of an ordained minister in a parish. On the election, the bishop gives a mandate for his installation. Ayliffe. 2. (Mech.) Defn: The whole of a system of machines, apparatus, and accessories, when set up and arranged for practical working, as in electric lighting, transmission of power, etc. INSTALLMENT In*stall"ment, n. Etym: [Written also instalment.] 1. The act of installing; installation. Take oaths from all kings and magistrates at their installment, to do impartial justice by law. Milton. 2. The seat in which one is placed. [Obs.] The several chairs of order, look, you scour; . . . Each fair installment, coat, and several crest With loyal blazon, evermore be blest. Shak. 3. A portion of a debt, or sum of money, which is divided into portions that are made payable at different times. Payment by installment is payment by parts at different times, the amounts and times being often definitely stipulated. Bouvier. INSTAMP In*stamp", v. t. Defn: See Enstamp. INSTANCE In"stance, n. Etym: [F. instance, L. instantia, fr. instans. See Instant.] 1. The act or quality of being instant or pressing; urgency; solicitation; application; suggestion; motion. Undertook at her instance to restore them. Sir W. Scott. 2. That which is instant or urgent; motive. [Obs.] The instances that second marriage move Are base respects of thrift, but none of love. Shak. 3. Occasion; order of occurrence. These seem as if, in the time of Edward I., they were drawn up into the form of a law, in the first instance. Sir M. Hale. 4. That which offers itself or is offered as an illustrative case; something cited in proof or exemplification; a case occurring; an example. Most remarkable instances of suffering. Atterbury. 5. A token; a sign; a symptom or indication. Shak. Causes of instance, those which proceed at the solicitation of some party. Hallifax. -- Court of first instance, the court by which a case is first tried. -- For instance, by way of example or illustration. -- Instance Court (Law), the Court of Admiralty acting within its ordinary jurisdiction, as distinguished from its action as a prize court. Syn. -- Example; case. See Example. INSTANCE In"stance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Instancing.] Defn: To mention as a case or example; to refer to; to cite; as, to instance a fact. H. Spenser. I shall not instance an abstruse author. Milton. INSTANCE In"stance, v. i. Defn: To give an example. [Obs.] This story doth not only instance in kingdoms, but in families too. Jer. Taylor. INSTANCY In"stan*cy, n. Defn: Instance; urgency. [Obs.] Those heavenly precepts which our Lord and Savior with so great instancy gave. Hooker. INSTANT In"stant, a. Etym: [L. instans, -antis, p. pr. of instare to stand upon, to press upon; pref. in- in, on + stare to stand: cf. F. in. See Stand.] 1. Pressing; urgent; importunate; earnest. Rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation; continuing instant in prayer. Rom. xii. 12. I am beginning to be very instant for some sort of occupation. Carlyle. 2. Closely pressing or impending in respect to time; not deferred; immediate; without delay. Impending death is thine, and instant doom. Prior. 3. Present; current. The instant time is always the fittest time. Fuller. Note: The word in this sense is now used only in dates, to indicate the current month; as, the tenth of July instant. INSTANT In"stant, adv. Defn: Instantly. [Poetic] Instant he flew with hospitable haste. Pope. INSTANT In"stant, n. Etym: [F. instant, fr. L. instans standing by, being near, present. See Instant, a.] 1. A point in duration; a moment; a portion of time too short to be estimated; also, any particular moment. There is scarce an instant between their flourishing and their not being. Hooker. 2. A day of the present or current month; as, the sixth instant; -- an elliptical expression equivalent to the sixth of the month instant, i. e., the current month. See Instant, a., 3. Syn. -- Moment; flash; second. INSTANTANEITY In*stan`ta*ne"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. instantanéité.] Defn: Quality of being instantaneous. Shenstone. INSTANTANEOUS In`stan*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. instantané.] 1. Done or occurring in an instant, or without any perceptible duration of time; as, the passage of electricity appears to be instantaneous. His reason saw With instantaneous view, the truth of things. Thomson. 2. At or during a given instant; as, instantaneous acceleration, velocity, etc. Instantaneous center of rotation (Kinematics), in a plane or in a plane figure which has motions both of translation and of rotation in the plane, is the point which for the instant is at rest. -- Instantaneous axis of rotation (Kinematics), in a body which has motions both of translation and rotation, is a line, which is supposed to be rigidly united with the body, and which for the instant is at rest. The motion of the body is for the instant simply that of rotation about the instantaneous axis. -- In`stan*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- In`stan*ta"ne*ous*ness, n. INSTANTER In*stan"ter, adv. Etym: [L., vehemently, earnestly. See Instant, n. & a.] Defn: Immediately; instantly; at once; as, he left instanter. INSTANTLY In"stant*ly, adv. 1. Without the least delay or interval; at once; immediately. Macaulay. 2. With urgency or importunity; earnestly; pressingly. "They besought him instantly." Luke vii. 4. Syn. -- Directly; immediately; at once. See Directly. INSTAR In*star", v. t. Defn: To stud as with stars. [R.] "A golden throne instarred with gems." J. Barlow. INSTATE In*state", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instated; p. pr. & vb. n. Instating.] Defn: To set, place, or establish, as in a rank, office, or condition; to install; to invest; as, to instate a person in greatness or in favor. Shak. INSTAURATE In*stau"rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instaurated; p. pr. & vb. n. Instaurating.] Etym: [L. instauratus, p. p. of instaurare to renew. See 1st In-, and Store.] Defn: To renew or renovate. [R.] INSTAURATION In`stau*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. instauratio: cf. F. instauration.] Defn: Restoration after decay, lapse, or dilapidation; renewal; repair; renovation; renaissance. Some great catastrophe or . . . instauration. T. Burnet. INSTAURATOR In"stau*ra`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. instaurateur.] Defn: One who renews or restores to a former condition. [R.] Dr. H. More. INSTAURE In*staure", v. t. Etym: [See Instaurate.] Defn: To renew or renovate; to instaurate. [Obs.] Marston. INSTEAD In*stead", adv. Etym: [Pref. in- + stead place.] 1. In the place or room; -- usually followed by of. Let thistles grow of wheat. Job xxxi. 40. Absalom made Amasa captain of the host instead of Joab. 2 Sam. xvii. 25. 2. Equivalent; equal to; -- usually with of. [R.] This very consideration to a wise man is instead of a thousand arguments, to satisfy him, that in those times no such thing was believed. Tillotson. INSTEEP In*steep", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insteeped; p. pr. & vb. n. Insteeping.] Defn: To steep or soak; to drench. [R.] "In gore he lay insteeped." Shak. INSTEP In"step, n. [Formerly also instop, instup.] 1. The arched middle portion of the human foot next in front of the ankle joint. 2. That part of the hind leg of the horse and allied animals, between the hock, or ham, and the pastern joint. INSTIGATE In"sti*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Instigating.] Etym: [L. instigatus, p. p. of instigare to instigate; pref. in- in + a root akin to G. stechen to prick, E. stick. See Stick.] Defn: To goad or urge forward; to set on; to provoke; to incite; -- used chiefly with reference to evil actions; as to instigate one to a crime. He hath only instigated his blackest agents to the very extent of their malignity. Bp. Warburton. Syn. -- To stimulate; urge; spur; provoke; tempt; incite; impel; encourage; animate. INSTIGATINGLY In"sti*ga`ting*ly, adv. Defn: Incitingly; temptingly. INSTIGATION In`sti*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. instigatio: cf. F. instigation.] Defn: The act of instigating, or the state of being instigated; incitement; esp. to evil or wickedness. The baseness and villainy that . . . the instigation of the devil could bring the sons of men to. South. INSTIGATOR In"sti*ga`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. instigateur.] Defn: One who instigates or incites. Burke. INSTILL In*still", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Instilling.] Etym: [L. instillare, instillatum; pref. in- in + stillare to drop, fr. stilla a drop: cf. F. instiller. See Distill.] [Written also instil.] Defn: To drop in; to pour in drop by drop; hence, to impart gradually; to infuse slowly; to cause to be imbibed. That starlight dews All silently their tears of love instill. Byron. How hast thou instilled Thy malice into thousands. Milton. Syn. -- To infuse; impart; inspire; implant; inculcate; insinuate. INSTILLATION In`stil*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. instillatio: cf. F. instillation.] Defn: The of instilling; also, that which is instilled. Johnson. INSTILLATOR In"stil*la`tor, n. Defn: An instiller. [R.] INSTILLATORY In*stil"la*to*ry, a. Defn: Belonging to instillation. [R.] INSTILLER In*still"er, n. Defn: One who instills. Skelton. INSTILLMENT In*still"ment, n. Defn: The act of instilling; also, that which is instilled. [Written also instilment.] INSTIMULATE In*stim"u*late, v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- not + stimulate.] Defn: Not to stimulate; to soothe; to quiet. [Obs.] Cheyne. INSTIMULATE In*stim"u*late, v. t. Etym: [L. instimulatus, p. p. instimulare to stimulate. See 1st In-, and Stimulate.] Defn: To stimulate; to excite. [Obs.] Cockerman. INSTIMULATION In*stim`u*la"tion, n. Defn: Stimulation. INSTINCT In*stinct", a. Etym: [L. instinctus, p. p. of instinguere to instigate, incite; cf. instigare to instigate. Cf. Instigate, Distinguish.] Defn: Urged or sas, birds instinct with life. The chariot of paternal deity . . . Itself instinct with spirit, but convoyed By four cherubic shapes. Milton. A noble performance, instinct with sound principle. Brougham. INSTINCT In"stinct, n. Etym: [L. instinctus instigation, impulse, fr. instinguere to instigate: cf. F. instinct. See Instinct, a.] 1. Natural inward impulse; unconscious, involuntary, or unreasoning prompting to any mode of action, whether bodily, or mental, without a distinct apprehension of the end or object to be accomplished. An instinct is a propensity prior to experience, and independent of instructions. Paley. An instinct is a blind tendency to some mode of action, independent of any consideration, on the part of the agent, of the end to which the action leads. Whately. An instinct is an agent which performs blindly and ignorantly a work of intelligence and knowledge. Sir W. Hamilton. By a divine instinct, men's minds mistrust Ensuing dangers. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Specif., the natural, unreasoning, impulse by which an animal is guided to the performance of any action, without of improvement in the method. The resemblance between what originally was a habit, and an instinct becomes so close as not to be distinguished. Darwin. 3. A natural aptitude or knack; a predilection; as, an instinct for order; to be modest by instinct. INSTINCT In*stinct", v. t. Defn: To impress, as an animating power, or instinct. [Obs.] Bentley. INSTINCTION In*stinc"tion, n. Defn: Instinct; incitement; inspiration. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. INSTINCTIVE In*stinc"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. instinctif.] Defn: Of or pertaining to instinct; derived from, or prompted by, instinct; of the nature of instinct; determined by natural impulse or propensity; acting or produced without reasoning, deliberation, instruction, or experience; spontaneous. "Instinctive motion." Milton. "Instinctive dread." Cowper. With taste instinctive give Each grace appropriate. Mason. Have we had instinctive intimations of the death of some absent friends Bp. Hall. Note: The terms instinctive belief, instinctive judgment, instinctive cognition, are expressions not ill adapted to characterize a belief, judgment, or cognition, which, as the result of no anterior consciousness, is, like the products of animal instinct, the intelligent effect of (as far as we are concerned) an unknown cause. Sir H. Hamilton. Syn. -- Natural; voluntary; spontaneous; original; innate; inherent; automatic. INSTINCTIVELY In*stinc"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an instinctive manner; by force of instinct; by natural impulse. INSTINCTIVITY In`stinc*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being instinctive, or prompted by instinct. [R.] Coleridge. INSTIPULATE In*stip"u*late, a. Defn: See Exstipulate. INSTITUTE In"sti*tute, p. a. Etym: [L. institutus, p. p. of instituere to place in, to institute, to instruct; pref. in- in + statuere to cause to stand, to set. See Statute.] Defn: Established; organized; founded. [Obs.] They have but few laws. For to a people so instruct and institute, very few to suffice. Robynson (More's Utopia). INSTITUTE In"sti*tute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instituted; p. pr. & vb. n. Instituting.] 1. To set up; to establish; to ordain; as, to institute laws, rules, etc. 2. To originate and establish; to found; to organize; as, to institute a court, or a society. Whenever any from of government becomes destructive of these ends it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government. Jefferson (Decl. of Indep. ). 3. To nominate; to appoint. [Obs.] We institute your Grace To be our regent in these parts of France. Shak. 4. To begin; to commence; to set on foot; as, to institute an inquiry; to institute a suit. And haply institute A course of learning and ingenious studies. Shak. 5. To ground or establish in principles and rudiments; to educate; to instruct. [Obs.] If children were early instituted, knowledge would insensibly insinuate itself. Dr. H. More. 6. (Eccl. Law) Defn: To invest with the spiritual charge of a benefice, or the care of souls. Blackstone. Syn. -- To originate; begin; commence; establish; found; erect; organize; appoint; ordain. INSTITUTE In"sti*tute, n. Etym: [L. institutum: cf. F. institut. See Institute, v. t. & a.] 1. The act of instituting; institution. [Obs.] "Water sanctified by Christ's institute." Milton. 2. That which is instituted, established, or fixed, as a law, habit, or custom. Glover. 3. Hence: An elementary and necessary principle; a precept, maxim, or rule, recognized as established and authoritative; usually in the plural, a collection of such principles and precepts; esp., a comprehensive summary of legal principles and decisions; as, the Institutes of Justinian; Coke's Institutes of the Laws of England. Cf. Digest, n. They made a sort of institute and digest of anarchy. Burke. To make the Stoics' institutes thy own. Dryden. 4. An institution; a society established for the promotion of learning, art, science, etc.; a college; as, the Institute of Technology; also, a building owned or occupied by such an institute; as, the Cooper Institute. 5. (Scots Law) Defn: The person to whom an estate is first given by destination or limitation. Tomlins. Institutes of medicine, theoretical medicine; that department of medical science which attempts to account philosophically for the various phenomena of health as well as of disease; physiology applied to the practice of medicine. Dunglison. INSTITUTER In"sti*tu`ter, n. Defn: An institutor. [R.] INSTITUTION In`sti*tu"tion, n. Etym: [L. institutio: cf. F. institution.] 1. The act or process of instituting; as: (a) Establishment; foundation; enactment; as, the institution of a school. The institution of God's law is described as being established by solemn injunction. Hooker. (b) Instruction; education. [Obs.] Bentley. (c) (Eccl. Law) The act or ceremony of investing a clergyman with the spiritual part of a benefice, by which the care of souls is committed to his charge. Blackstone. 2. That which instituted or established; as: (a) Established order, method, or custom; enactment; ordinance; permanent form of law or polity. The nature of our people, Our city's institutions. Shak. (b) An established or organized society or corporation; an establishment, especially of a public character, or affecting a community; a foundation; as, a literary institution; a charitable institution; also, a building or the buildings occupied or used by such organization; as, the Smithsonian Institution. (c) Anything forming a characteristic and persistent feature in social or national life or habits. We ordered a lunch (the most delightful of English institutions, next to dinner) to be ready against our return. Hawthorne. 3. That which institutes or instructs; a textbook; a system of elements or rules; an institute. [Obs.] There is another manuscript, of above three hundred years old, . . . being an institution of physic. Evelyn. INSTITUTIONAL In`sti*tu"tion*al, a. 1. Pertaining to, or treating of, institutions; as, institutional legends. Institutional writers as Rousseau. J. S. Mill. 2. Instituted by authority. 3. Elementary; rudimental. INSTITUTIONARY In`sti*tu"tion*a*ry, a. 1. Relating to an institution, or institutions. 2. Containing the first principles or doctrines; elemental; rudimentary. INSTITUTIST In"sti*tu`tist, n. Defn: A writer or compiler of, or a commentator on, institutes. [R.] Harvey. INSTITUTIVE In"sti*tu`tive, a. 1. Tending or intended to institute; having the power to establish. Barrow. 2. Established; depending on, or characterized by, institution or order. "Institutive decency." Milton. INSTITUTIVELY In"sti*tu`tive*ly adv. Defn: In conformity with an institution. Harrington. INSTITUTOR In"sti*tu`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. instituteur.] 1. One who institutes, founds, ordains, or establishes. 2. One who educates; an instructor. [Obs.] Walker. 3. (Episcopal Church) Defn: A presbyter appointed by the bishop to institute a rector or assistant minister over a parish church. INSTOP In*stop", v. t. Defn: To stop; to close; to make fast; as, to instop the seams. [Obs.] Dryden. INSTORE In*store", v. t. Etym: [See Instaurate, Store.] Defn: To store up; to inclose; to contain. [Obs.] Wyclif. INSTRATIFIED In*strat"i*fied, a. Defn: Interstratified. INSTROKE In"stroke`, n. Defn: An inward stroke; specif., in a steam or other engine, a stroke in which the piston is moving away from the crank shaft; -- opposed to outstroke. INSTRUCT In*struct", a. Etym: [L. instructus, p. p. of instruere to furnish, provide, construct, instruct; pref. in- in, struere. See Structure.] 1. Arranged; furnished; provided. [Obs.] "He had neither ship instruct with oars, nor men." Chapman. 2. Instructed; taught; enlightened. [Obs.] Milton. INSTRUCT In*struct", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instructed; p. pr. & vb. n. Instructing.] 1. To put in order; to form; to prepare. [Obs.] They speak to the merits of a cause, after the proctor has prepared and instructed the same for a hearing. Ayliffe. 2. To form by communication of knowledge; to inform the mind of; to impart knowledge or information to; to enlighten; to teach; to discipline. Schoolmasters will I keep within my house, Fit to instruct her youth. Shak. 3. To furnish with directions; to advise; to direct; to command; as, the judge instructs the jury. She, being before instructed of her mother, said, Give me here John Baptist's head in a charger. Matt. xiv. 8. Take her in; instruct her what she has to do. Shak. Syn. -- To teach; educate; inform; train; discipline; indoctrinate; direct; enjoin. INSTRUCTER In*struct"er, n. Defn: See Instructor. INSTRUCTIBLE In*struct"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being instructed; teachable; docible. Bacon. INSTRUCTION In*struc"tion, n. Etym: [L. instructio: cf. F. instruction.] 1. The act of instructing, teaching, or furnishing with knowledge; information. 2. That which instructs, or with which one is instructed; the intelligence or information imparted; as: (a) Precept; information; teachings. (b) Direction; order; command. "If my instructions may be your guide." Shak. Syn. -- Education; teaching; indoctrination; information; advice; counsel. See Education. INSTRUCTIONAL In*struc"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or promoting, instruction; educational. INSTRUCTIVE In*struct"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. instructif.] Defn: Conveying knowledge; serving to instruct or inform; as, experience furnishes very instructive lessons. Addison. In various talk the instructive hours they past. Pope. -- In*struct"ive*ly, adv. -- In*struct"ive*ness, n. The pregnant instructiveness of the Scripture. Boyle. INSTRUCTOR In*struct"or, n. Etym: [L., a preparer: cf. F. instructeur.] [Written also instructer.] Defn: One who instructs; one who imparts knowledge to another; a teacher. INSTRUCTRESS In*struct"ress, n. Defn: A woman who instructs; a preceptress; a governess. Johnson. INSTRUMENT In"stru*ment, n. Etym: [F. instrument, L. instrumentum. See Instruct.] 1. That by means of which any work is performed, or result is effected; a tool; a utensil; an implement; as, the instruments of a mechanic; astronomical instruments. All the lofty instruments of war. Shak. 2. A contrivance or implement, by which musical sounds are produced; as, a musical instrument. Praise him with stringed instruments and organs. Ps. cl. 4. But signs when songs and instruments he hears. Dryden. 3. (Law) Defn: A writing, as the means of giving formal expression to some act; a writing expressive of some act, contract, process, as a deed, contract, writ, etc. Burrill. 4. One who, or that which, is made a means, or is caused to serve a purpose; a medium, means, or agent. Or useful serving man and instrument, To any sovereign state. Shak. The bold are but the instruments of the wise. Dryden. Syn. -- Tool; implement; utensil; machine; apparatus; channel; agent. INSTRUMENT In"stru*ment, v. t. Defn: To perform upon an instrument; to prepare for an instrument; as, a sonata instrumented for orchestra. INSTRUMENTAL In`stru*men"tal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. instrumental.] 1. Acting as an instrument; serving as a means; contributing to promote; conductive; helpful; serviceable; as, he was instrumental in conducting the business. The head is not more native to the heart, The hand more instrumental to the mouth. Shak. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Pertaining to, made by, or prepared for, an instrument, esp. a musical instrument; as, instrumental music, distinguished from vocal music. "He defended the use of instrumental music in public worship." Macaulay. Sweet voices mix'd with instrumental sounds. Dryden. 3. (Gram.) Defn: Applied to a case expressing means or agency; as, the instrumental case. This is found in Sanskrit as a separate case, but in Greek it was merged into the dative, and in Latin into the ablative. In Old English it was a separate case, but has disappeared, leaving only a few anomalous forms. Instrumental errors, those errors in instrumental measurements, etc., which arise, exclusively from want of mathematical accuracy in an instrument. INSTRUMENTALISM In`stru*men"tal*ism, n. (Philos.) Defn: The view that the sanction of truth is its utility, or that truth is genuine only in so far as it is a valuable instrument. -- In`stru*men"tal*ist, n. Instrumentalism views truth as simply the value belonging to certain ideas in so far as these ideas are biological functions of our organisms, and psychological functions whereby we direct our choices and attain our successes. Josiah Royce. INSTRUMENTALIST In`stru*men"tal*ist, n. Defn: One who plays upon an instrument of music, as distinguished from a vocalist. INSTRUMENTALITY In`stru*men*tal"i*ty, n.; pl. Instrumentalities (. Defn: The quality or condition of being instrumental; that which is instrumental; anything used as a means; medium; agency. The instrumentality of faith in justification. Bp. Burnet. The discovery of gunpowder developed the science of attack and defense in a new instrumentality. J. H. Newman. INSTRUMENTALLY In`stru*men"tal*ly, adv. 1. By means of an instrument or agency; as means to an end. South. They will argue that the end being essentially beneficial, the means become instrumentally so. Burke. 2. With instruments of music; as, a song instrumentally accompanied. Mason. INSTRUMENTALNESS In`stru*men"tal*ness, n. Defn: Usefulness or agency, as means to an end; instrumentality. [R.] Hammond. INSTRUMENTARY In`stru*men"ta*ry, a. Defn: Instrumental. [R.] INSTRUMENTATION In`stru*men*ta"tion, n. 1. The act of using or adapting as an instrument; a series or combination of instruments; means; agency. Otherwise we have no sufficient instrumentation for our human use or handling of so great a fact. H. Bushnell. 2. (Mus.) (a) The arrangement of a musical composition for performance by a number of different instruments; orchestration; instrumental composition; composition for an orchestra or military band. (b) The act or manner of playing upon musical instruments; performance; as, his instrumentation is perfect. INSTRUMENTIST In"stru*men`tist, n. Defn: A performer on a musical instrument; an instrumentalist. INSTYLE In*style", v. t. Defn: To style. [Obs.] Crashaw. INSUAVITY In*suav"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. insuavitas: cf. F. insuavité. See In- not, and Suavity.] Defn: Want of suavity; unpleasantness. [Obs.] Burton. INSUBJECTION In`sub*jec"tion, n. Defn: Want of subjection or obedience; a state of disobedience, as to government. INSUBMERGIBLE In`sub*mer"gi*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being submerged; buoyant. [R.] INSUBMISSION In`sub*mis"sion, n. Defn: Want of submission; disobedience; noncompliance. INSUBORDINATE In`sub*or"di*nate, a. Defn: Not submitting to authority; disobedient; rebellious; mutinous INSUBORDINATION In`sub*or`di*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. insubordination.] Defn: The quality of being insubordinate; disobedience to lawful authority. INSUBSTANTIAL In`sub*stan"tial, a. Defn: Unsubstantial; not real or strong. "Insubstantial pageant." [R.] Shak. INSUBSTANTIALITY In`sub*stan`ti*al"i*ty, n. Defn: Unsubstantiality; unreality. [R.] INSUCCATION In`suc*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. insucare, insucatum, to soak in; pref. in- + succus, sucus, sap.] Defn: The act of soaking or moistening; maceration; solution in the juice of herbs. [Obs.] Coxe. The medicating and insuccation of seeds. Evelyn. INSUCCESS In`suc*cess", n. Defn: Want of success. [R.] Feltham. INSUE In*sue", v. i. Defn: See Ensue, v. i. INSUETUDE In"sue*tude, n. Etym: [L. insuetudo, from insuetus unaccustomed; pref. in- not + suetus, p. p. of suescere to be accustomed.] Defn: The state or quality of being unaccustomed; absence of use or habit. Absurdities are great or small in proportion to custom or insuetude. Landor. INSUFFERABLE In*suf"fer*a*ble, a. 1. Incapable of being suffered, borne, or endured; insupportable; unendurable; intolerable; as, insufferable heat, cold, or pain; insufferable wrongs. Locke. 2. Offensive beyond endurance; detestable. A multitude of scribblers who daily pester the world with their insufferable stuff. Dryden. INSUFFERABLY In*suf"fer*a*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner or to a degree beyond endurance; intolerably; as, a blaze insufferably bright; a person insufferably proud. INSUFFICIENCE In`suf*fi"cience, n. Defn: Insufficiency. Shak. INSUFFICIENCY In`suf*fi"cien*cy, n. Etym: [L. insufficientia: cf. F. insuffisance, whence OE. insuffisance. See Insufficient.] 1. The quality or state of being insufficient; want of sufficiency; deficiency; inadequateness; as, the insufficiency of provisions, of an excuse, etc. The insufficiency of the light of nature is, by the light of Scripture, . . . fully supplied. Hooker. 2. Want of power or skill; inability; incapacity; incompetency; as, the insufficiency of a man for an office. INSUFFICIENT In`suf*fi"cient, a. Etym: [L. insufficiens, -entis. See In- not, and Sufficient.] 1. Not sufficient; not enough; inadequate to any need, use, or purpose; as, the provisions are insufficient in quantity, and defective in quality. "Insufficient for His praise." Cowper. 2. Wanting in strength, power, ability, capacity, or skill; incompetent; incapable; unfit; as, a person insufficient to discharge the duties of an office. Syn. -- Inadequate; scanty; incommensurate; unequal; unfit; incompetent; incapable; inefficient. INSUFFICIENTLY In`suf*fi"cient*ly, adv. Defn: In an insufficient manner or degree; unadequately. INSUFFLATE In*suf"flate, a. [See Insufflation.] Defn: To blow upon; to breath upon or into; to use insufflation upon. INSUFFLATION In`suf*fla"tion, n. Etym: [L. insuffatio: cf. F. insuffation. See In- in, and Sufflation.] Defn: The act of breathing on or into anything; especially: (a) (R. C. Ch.) The breathing upon a person in the sacrament of baptism to symbolize the inspiration of a new spiritual life. (b) (Med.) The act of blowing (a gas, powder, or vapor) into any cavity of the body. INSUITABLE In*suit"a*ble, a. Defn: Unsuitable. [Obs.] -- In*suit`a*bil"i*ty, n. [Obs.] INSULAR In"su*lar, a. Etym: [L. insularis, fr. insula island: cf. F. insulaire. See Isle.] 1. Of or pertaining to an island; of the nature, or possessing the characteristics, of an island; as, an insular climate, fauna, etc. 2. Of or pertaining to the people of an island; narrow; circumscribed; illiberal; contracted; as, insular habits, opinions, or prejudices. The penury of insular conversation. Johnson. INSULAR In"su*lar, n. Defn: An islander. [R.] Berkeley. INSULARITY In`su*lar"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. insularité.] 1. The state or quality of being an island or consisting of islands; insulation. The insularity of Britain was first shown by Agricola, who sent his fleet round it. Pinkerton. 2. Narrowness or illiberality of opinion; prejudice; exclusiveness; as, the insularity of the Chinese or of the aristocracy. INSULARLY In"su*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In an insular manner. INSULARY In"su*la*ry, a. Defn: Insular. [Obs.] Howell. INSULATE In"su*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Insulating.] Etym: [L. insulatus insulated, fr. insula island. See Isle, and cf. Isolate.] 1. To make an island of. [Obs.] Pennant. 2. To place in a detached situation, or in a state having no communication with surrounding objects; to isolate; to separate. 3. (Elec. & Thermotics) Defn: To prevent the transfer o Insulating stool (Elec.), a stool with legs of glass or some other nonconductor of electricity, used for insulating a person or any object placed upon it. INSULATED In"su*la`ted, p. a. 1. Standing by itself; not being contiguous to other bodies; separated; unconnected; isolated; as, an insulated house or column. The special and insulated situation of the Jews. De Quincey. 2. (Elect. & Thermotics) Defn: Separated from other bodies by means of nonconductors of heat or electricity. 3. (Astron.) Defn: Situated at so great a distance as to be beyond the effect of gravitation; -- said of stars supposed to be so far apart that the affect of their mutual attraction is insensible. C. A. Young. Insulated wire, wire wound with silk, or covered with other nonconducting material, for electrical use. INSULATION In`su*la"tion, n. 1. The act of insulating, or the state of being insulated; detachment from other objects; isolation. 2. (Elec. & Thermotics) Defn: The act of separating a body from others by nonconductors, so as to prevent the transfer of electricity or of heat; also, the state of a body so separated. INSULATOR In"su*la`tor, n. 1. One who, or that which, insulates. 2. (Elec. & Thermotics) Defn: The substance or body that insulates; a nonconductor. INSULITE In"su*lite, n. (Elec.) Defn: An insulating material, usually some variety of compressed cellulose, made of sawdust, paper pulp, cotton waste, etc. INSULOUS In"su*lous, a. Etym: [L. insulosus, fr. insula island.] Defn: Abounding in islands. [R.] INSULSE In*sulse", a. Etym: [L. insulsus; pref. in- not + salsus salted, fr. salire, salsum, to salt.] Defn: Insipid; dull; stupid. [Obs.] Milton. INSULSITY In*sul"si*ty, n. Etym: [L. insulsitas.] Defn: Insipidity; stupidity; dullness. [Obs.] The insulsity of mortal tongues. Milton. INSULT In"sult, n. Etym: [L. insultus, fr. insilire to leap upon: cf. F. insulte. See Insult, v. t.] 1. The act of leaping on; onset; attack. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. Gross abuse offered to another, either by word or act; an act or speech of insolence or contempt; an affront; an indignity. The ruthless sneer that insult adds to grief. Savage. Syn. -- Affront; indignity; abuse; outrage; contumely. See Affront. INSULT In*sult", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Insulting.] Etym: [F. insulter, L. insultare, freq. fr. insilire to leap into or upon; pref. in- in, on + salire to leap. See Salient.] 1. To leap or trample upon; to make a sudden onset upon. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To treat with abuse, insolence, indignity, or contempt, by word or action; to abuse; as, to call a man a coward or a liar, or to sneer at him, is to insult him. INSULT In*sult", v. i. 1. To leap or jump. Give me thy knife, I will insult on him. Shak. Like the frogs in the apologue, insulting upon their wooden king. Jer. Taylor. 2. To behave with insolence; to exult. [Archaic] The lion being dead, even hares insult. Daniel. An unwillingness to insult over their helpless fatuity. Landor. INSULTABLE In*sult"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being insulted or affronted. [R.] Emerson. INSULTATION In`sul*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. insultatio, fr. insultare: cf. OF. insultation.] 1. The act of insulting; abusive or insolent treatment; insult. [Obs.] Feltham. 2. Exultation. [Obs.] Is. xiv. (heading). INSULTER In*sult"er, n. Defn: One who insults. Shak. INSULTING In*sult"ing, a. Defn: Containing, or characterized by, insult or abuse; tending to insult or affront; as, insulting language, treatment, etc. -- In*sult"ing*ly, adv. Syn. -- Insolent; impertinent; saucy; rude; abusive; contemptuous. See Insolent. INSULTMENT In*sult"ment, n. Defn: Insolent treatment; insult. [Obs.] "My speech of insultment ended." Shak. INSUME In*sume", v. t. Etym: [L. insumere; pre. in- in + sumere to take.] Defn: To take in; to absorb. [Obs.] INSUPERABILITY In*su`per*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being insuperable; insuperableness. INSUPERABLE In*su"per*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. insuperabilis: cf. OF. insuperable. See In- not, and Superable.] Defn: Incapable of being passed over or surmounted; insurmountable; as, insuperable difficulties. And middle natures, how they long to join, Yet never pass the insuperable line Pope. The difficulty is enhanced, or is . . . insuperable. I. Taylor. Syn. -- Impassable; insurmountable; unconquerable. -- In*su"per*a*ble*ness, n. -- In*su"per*a*bly, adv. INSUPPORTABLE In`sup*port"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. insupportabilis: cf. F. insupportable. See In- not, and Support.] Defn: Incapable of being supported or borne; unendurable; insufferable; intolerable; as, insupportable burdens; insupportable pain. -- In`sup*port"a*ble*ness, n. -- In`sup*port"a*bly, adv. INSUPPOSABLE In`sup*pos"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being supposed; not supposable; inconceivable. INSUPPRESSIBLE In`sup*press"i*ble, a. Defn: That can not be suppressed or concealed; irrepressible. Young. -- In`sup*press"i*bly, adv. INSUPPRESSIVE In`sup*press"ive, a. Defn: Insuppressible. [Obs.] "The insuppressive mettle of our spirits." Shak. INSURABLE In*sur"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Insure.] Defn: Capable of being insured against loss, damage, death, etc.; proper to be insured. The French law annuls the latter policies so far as they exceed the insurable interest which remained in the insured at the time of the subscription thereof. Walsh. INSURANCE In*sur"ance, n. Etym: [From Insure.] 1. The act of insuring, or assuring, against loss or damage by a contingent event; a contract whereby, for a stipulated consideration, called premium, one party undertakes to indemnify or guarantee another against loss by certain specified risks. Cf. Assurance, n., 6. Note: The person who undertakes to pay in case of loss is termed the insurer; the danger against which he undertakes, the risk; the person protected, the insured; the sum which he pays for the protection, the premium; and the contract itself, when reduced to form, the policy. Johnson's Cyc. 2. The premium paid for insuring property or life. 3. The sum for which life or property is insured. 4. A guaranty, security, or pledge; assurance. [Obs.] The most acceptable insurance of the divine protection. Mickle. Accident insurance, insurance against pecuniary loss by reason of accident to the person. -- Endowment insurance or assurance, a combination of life insurance and investment such that if the person upon whose life a risk is taken dies before a certain specified time the insurance becomes due at once, and if he survives, it becomes due at the time specified. -- Fire insurance. See under Fire. -- Insurance broker, a broker or agent who effects insurance. -- Insurance company, a company or corporation whose business it is to insure against loss, damage, or death. -- Insurance policy, a certificate of insurance; the document containing the contract made by an insurance company with a person whose property or life is insured. -- Life insurance. See under Life. INSURANCER In*sur"an*cer, n. Defn: One who effects insurance; an insurer; an underwriter. [Obs.] Dryden. hose bold insurancers of deathless fame. Blair. INSURANT In*sur"ant, n. Defn: The person insured. Champness. INSURE In"sure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insured; p. pr. & vb. n. Insuring.] Etym: [OE. ensuren, prob. for assuren, by a change of prefix. See 1st In-, and Sure, and cf. Assure, Ensure.] [Written also ensure.] 1. To make sure or secure; as, to insure safety to any one. 2. Specifically, to secure against a loss by a contingent event, on certain stipulated conditions, or at a given rate or premium; to give or to take an insurance on or for; as, a merchant insures his ship or its cargo, or both, against the dangers of the sea; goods and buildings are insured against fire or water; persons are insured against sickness, accident, or death; and sometimes hazardous debts are insured. INSURE In*sure", v. i. Defn: To underwrite; to make insurance; as, a company insures at three per cent. INSURER In*sur"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, insures; the person or company that contracts to indemnify losses for a premium; an underwriter. INSURGENCE; INSURGENCY In*sur"gence, In*sur"gen*cy, n. Defn: A state of insurrection; an uprising; an insurrection. A moral insurgence in the minds of grave men against the Court of Rome. G. Eliot. INSURGENT In*sur"gent, a. Etym: [L. insurgens, p. pr. of insurgere to rise up; pref. in- in + surgere to rise. See Surge.] Defn: Rising in opposition to civil or political authority, or against an established government; insubordinate; rebellious. "The insurgent provinces." Motley. INSURGENT In*sur"gent, n. Etym: [Cf. F. insurgent.] Defn: A person who rises in revolt against civil authority or an established government; one who openly and actively resists the execution of laws; a rebel. Syn. -- See Rebel. INSURMOUNTABILITY In`sur*mount`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being insurmountable. INSURMOUNTABLE In`sur*mount"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + surmountable: cf. F. insurmountable.] Defn: Incapable of being passed over, surmounted, or overcome; insuperable; as, insurmountable difficulty or obstacle. Locke. Hope thinks nothing difficult; despair tells us that difficulty is insurmountable. I. Watts. Syn. -- Insuperable; impassable; invincible. INSURMOUNTABLENESS In`sur*mount"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being insurmountable; insurmountability. INSURMOUNTABLY In`sur*mount"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner or to a degree not to be overcome. INSURRECTION In`sur*rec"tion, n. Etym: [L. insurrectio, fr. insurgere, insurrectum: cf. F. insurrection. See Insurgent.] 1. A rising against civil or political authority, or the established government; open and active opposition to the execution of law in a city or state. It is found that this city of old time hath made insurrection against kings, and that rebellion and sedition have been made therein. Ezra iv. 19. 2. A rising in mass to oppose an enemy. [Obs.] Syn. -- Insurrection, Sedition, Revolt, Rebellion, Mutiny. Sedition is the raising of commotion in a state, as by conspiracy, without aiming at open violence against the laws. Insurrection is a rising of individuals to prevent the execution of law by force of arms. Revolt is a casting off the authority of a government, with a view to put it down by force, or to substitute one ruler for another. Rebellion is an extended insurrection and revolt. Mutiny is an insurrection on a small scale, as a mutiny of a regiment, or of a ship's crew. I say again, In soothing them, we nourish 'gainst our senate The cockle of rebellion, insolence, sedition. Shak. Insurrections of base people are commonly more furious in their beginnings. Bacon. He was greatly strengthened, and the enemy as much enfeebled, by daily revolts. Sir W. Raleigh. Though of their names in heavenly records now Be no memorial, blotted out and razed By their rebellion from the books of life. Milton. INSURRECTIONAL In`sur*rec"tion*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. insurrectionnel.] Defn: Pertaining to insurrection; consisting in insurrection. INSURRECTIONARY In`sur*rec"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, insurrection; rebellious; seditious. Their murderous insurrectionary system. Burke. INSURRECTIONIST In`sur*rec"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who favors, or takes part in, insurrection; an insurgent. INSUSCEPTIBILITY In`sus*cep`ti*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of susceptibility, or of capacity to feel or perceive. INSUSCEPTIBLE In`sus*cep`ti*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + susceptible: cf. F. insusceptible.] Defn: Not susceptible; not capable of being moved, affected, or impressed; that can not feel, receive, or admit; as, a limb insusceptible of pain; a heart insusceptible of pity; a mind insusceptible to flattery. -- In`sus*cep`ti*bly adv. INSUSCEPTIVE In`sus*cep"tive, a. Defn: Not susceptive or susceptible. [R.] Rambler. INSUSURRATION In*su`sur*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. insusurratio, fr. insusurrare to whisper into.] Defn: The act of whispering into something. [Obs.] Johnson. INSWATHE In*swathe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inswathed; p. pr. & vb. n. Inswating.] Defn: To wrap up; to infold; to swathe. Inswathed sometimes in wandering mist. Tennyson. INSWEPT In"swept`, a. Defn: Narrowed at the forward end; -- said of an automobile frame when the side members are closer together at the forward end than at the rear. INTACT In*tact", a. Etym: [L. intactus; pref. in- not + tactus, p. p. of tangere to touch: cf. F. intact. See In- not, and Tact, Tangent.] Defn: Untouched, especially by anything that harms, defiles, or the like; uninjured; undefiled; left complete or entire. Buckle. When all external differences have passed away, one element remains intact, unchanged, -- the everlasting basis of our common nature, the human soul. F. W. Robertson. INTACTIBLE; INTACTABLE In*tac"ti*ble, In*tac"ta*ble, a. Defn: Not perceptible to the touch. INTAGLIATED In*tagl"ia*ted, a. Etym: [It. intagliato, p. p. of intagliare. See Intaglio.] Defn: Engraved in intaglio; as, an intagliated stone. T. Warton. INTAGLIO In*tagl"io, n.; pl. E. Intaglius, It. Intagli. Etym: [It., fr. intagliare to engrave, carve; pref. in- in + tagliare to cut, carve. See Detail.] Defn: A cutting or engraving; a figure cut into something, as a gem, so as to make a design depressed below the surface of the material; hence, anything so carved or impressed, as a gem, matrix, etc.; -- opposed to cameo. Also used adjectively. INTAIL In*tail", v. t. Defn: See Entail, v. t. INTAKE In"take`, n. 1. The place where water or air is taken into a pipe or conduit; -- opposed to outlet. 2. the beginning of a contraction or narrowing in a tube or cylinder. 3. The quantity taken in; as, the intake of air. INTAMINATED In*tam"i*na`ted, a. Etym: [L. intaminatus. See Contaminate.] Defn: Uncontaminated. [Obs.] Wood. INTANGIBILITY In*tan`gi*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Intangibilities. Etym: [Cf. F. intangibilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being intangible; intangibleness. INTANGIBLE In*tan"gi*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + tangible: cf. F. intangible.] Defn: Not tangible; incapable of being touched; not perceptible to the touch; impalpable; imperceptible. Bp. Wilkins. A corporation is an artificial, invisible, intangible being. Marshall. -- In*tan"gi*ble*ness, n. -- In*tan"gi*bly, adv. INTANGLE In*tan"gle, v. t. Defn: See Entangle. INTASTABLE In*tast"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being tasted; tasteless; unsavory. [R.] Grew. INTEGER In"te*ger, n. Etym: [L. integer untouched, whole, entire. See Entire.] Defn: A complete entity; a whole number, in contradistinction to a fraction or a mixed number. Complex integer (Theory of Numbers), an expression of the form a + bsq. root-1, where a and b are real integers. INTEGRABILITY In`te*gra*bil"i*ty, n. (Math.) Defn: The quality of being integrable. INTEGRABLE In"te*gra*ble, a. (Math.) Defn: Capable of being integrated. INTEGRAL In"te*gral, a. Etym: [Cf. F. intégral. See Integer.] 1. Lacking nothing of completeness; complete; perfect; uninjured; whole; entire. A local motion keepeth bodies integral. Bacon. 2. Essential to completeness; constituent, as a part; pertaining to, or serving to form, an integer; integrant. Ceasing to do evil, and doing good, are the two great integral parts that complete this duty. South. 3. (Math.) (a) Of, pertaining to, or being, a whole number or undivided quantity; not fractional. (b) Pertaining to, or proceeding by, integration; as, the integral calculus. Integral calculus. See under Calculus. INTEGRAL In"te*gral, n. 1. A whole; an entire thing; a whole number; an individual. 2. (Math.) Defn: An expression which, being differentiated, will produce a given differential. See differential Differential, and Integration. Cf. Fluent. Elliptic integral, one of an important class of integrals, occurring in the higher mathematics; -- so called because one of the integrals expresses the length of an arc of an ellipse. INTEGRALITY In`te*gral"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. intégralité.] Defn: Entireness. [Obs.] Whitaker. INTEGRALLY In"te*gral*ly, adv. Defn: In an integral manner; wholly; completely; also, by integration. INTEGRANT In"te*grant, a. Etym: [L. integrans, -antis, p. pr. of integrare to make whole, renew: cf. F. intégrant. See Integrate.] Defn: Making part of a whole; necessary to constitute an entire thing; integral. Boyle. All these are integrant parts of the republic. Burke. Integrant parts, or particles, of bodies, those smaller particles into which a body may be reduced without loss of its original constitution, as by mechanical division. INTEGRATE In"te*grate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Integrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Integrating.] Etym: [L. integratus, p. p. of integrare to make whole, renew: cf. F. intégrer. See Integer, Entire.] 1. To form into one whole; to make entire; to complete; to renew; to restore; to perfect. "That conquest rounded and integrated the glorious empire." De Quincey. Two distinct substances, the soul and body, go to compound and integrate the man. South. 2. To indicate the whole of; to give the sum or total of; as, an integrating anemometer, one that indicates or registers the entire action of the wind in a given time. 3. (Math.) Defn: To subject to the operation of integration; to find the integral of. INTEGRATION In`te*gra"tion, n. Etym: [L. integratio a renewing, restoring: cf. F. intégration.] 1. The act or process of making whole or entire. 2. (Math.) Defn: The operation of finding the primitive function which has a given function for its differential coefficient. See Integral. Note: The symbol of integration is summa sum), and the integral is also regarded as the limiting value of the sum of great numbers of differentials, when the magnitude of the differentials decreases, and their number increases indefinitely. See Limit, n. When the summation is made between specified values of the variable, the result is a definite integral, and those values of the variable are the limits of the integral. When the summation is made successively for two or more variables, the result is a multiple integral. 3. In the theory of evolution: The process by which the manifold is compacted into the relatively simple and permanent. It is supposed to alternate with differentiation as an agent in development. INTEGRATOR In"te*gra`tor, n. (Math. & Mech.) Defn: That which integrates; esp., an instrument by means of which the area of a figure can be measured directly, or its moment of inertia, or statical moment, etc., be determined. INTEGRITY In*teg"ri*ty, n. Etym: [L. integritas: cf. F. intégrité. See Integer, and cf. Entirety.] 1. The state or quality of being entire or complete; wholeness; entireness; unbroken state; as, the integrity of an empire or territory. Sir T. More. 2. Moral soundness; honesty; freedom from corrupting influence or motive; -- used especially with reference to the fulfillment of contracts, the discharge of agencies, trusts, and the like; uprightness; rectitude. The moral grandeur of independent integrity is the sublimest thing in nature. Buckminster. Their sober zeal, integrity. and worth. Cowper. 3. Unimpaired, unadulterated, or genuine state; entire correspondence with an original condition; purity. Language continued long in its purity and integrity. Sir M. Hale. Syn. -- Honesty; uprightness; rectitude. See Probity. INTEGROPALLIAL In`te*gro*pal"li*al, a. Etym: [L. integer whole + E. pallial.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the pallial line entire, or without a sinus, as certain bivalve shells. INTEGUMATION In*teg`u*ma"tion, n. Etym: [See Integument.] Defn: That part of physiology which treats of the integuments of animals and plants. INTEGUMENT In*teg"u*ment, n. Etym: [L. integumentum, fr. integere to cover; pref. in- in, on + tegere to cover: cf. F. intégument. See 1st n-, and Tegument.] Defn: That which naturally invests or covers another thing, as the testa or the tegmen of a seed; specifically (Anat.), a covering which invests the body, as the skin, or a membrane that invests a particular. INTEGUMENTARY In*teg`u*men"ta*ry, n. Defn: Belonging to, or composed of, integuments. INTEGUMENTATION In*teg`u*men*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of covering with integuments; the state or manner of being thus covered. INTELLECT In"tel*lect, n. Etym: [L. intellectus, fr. intelligere, intellectum, to understand: cf. intellect. See Intelligent.] (Metaph.) Defn: The part or faculty of the human soul by which it knows, as distinguished from the power to feel and to will; sometimes, the capacity for higher forms of knowledge, as distinguished from the power to perceive objects in their relations; the power to judge and comprehend; the thinking faculty; the understanding. INTELLECTED In"tel*lect`ed, a. Defn: Endowed with intellect; having intellectual powers or capacities. [R.] In body, and in bristles, they became As swine, yet intellected as before. Cowper. INTELLECTION In`tel*lec"tion, n. Etym: [L. intellectio synecdoche: cf. F. intellection.] Defn: A mental act or process; especially: (a) The act of understanding; simple apprehension of ideas; intuition. Bentley. (b) A creation of the mind itself. Hickok. INTELLECTIVE In`tel*lec"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. intellectif.] 1. Pertaining to, or produced by, the intellect or understanding; intellectual. 2. Having power to understand, know, or comprehend; intelligent; rational. Glanvill. 3. Capable of being perceived by the understanding only, not by the senses. Intellective abstractions of logic and metaphysics. Milton. INTELLECTIVELY In`tel*lec"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an intellective manner. [R.] "Not intellectivelly to write." Warner. INTELLECTUAL In`tel*lec"tu*al, a. Etym: [L. intellectualis: cf. F. intellectuel.] 1. Belonging to, or performed by, the intellect; mental; as, intellectual powers, activities, etc. Logic is to teach us the right use of our reason or intellectual powers. I. Watts. 2. Endowed with intellect; having the power of understanding; having capacity for the higher forms of knowledge or thought; characterized by intelligence or mental capacity; as, an intellectual person. Who would lose, Though full of pain, this intellectual being, Those thoughts that wander through eternity Milton. 3. Suitable for exercising the intellect; formed by, and existing for, the intellect alone; perceived by the intellect; as, intellectual employments. 4. Relating to the understanding; treating of the mind; as, intellectual philosophy, sometimes called "mental" philosophy. INTELLECTUAL In`tel*lec"tu*al, n. Defn: The intellect or understanding; mental powers or faculties. Her husband, for I view far round, not nigh, Whose higher intellectual more I shun. Milton. I kept her intellectuals in a state of exercise. De Quincey. INTELLECTUALISM In`tel*lec"tu*al*ism, n. 1. Intellectual power; intellectuality. 2. The doctrine that knowledge is derived from pure reason. INTELLECTUALIST In`tel*lec"tu*al*ist, n. 1. One who overrates the importance of the understanding. [R.] Bacon. 2. One who accepts the doctrine of intellectualism. INTELLECTUALITY In`tel*lec`tu*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. intellectualitas: cf. F. intellectualité.] Defn: Intellectual powers; possession of intellect; quality of being intellectual. INTELLECTUALIZE In`tel*lec"tu*al*ize, v. t. 1. To treat in an intellectual manner; to discuss intellectually; to reduce to intellectual form; to express intellectually; to idealize. Sentiment is intellectualized emotion. Lowell. 2. To endow with intellect; to bestow intellectual qualities upon; to cause to become intellectual. INTELLECTUALLY In`tel*lec"tu*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an intellectual manner. INTELLIGENCE In*tel"li*gence, n. Etym: [F. intelligence, L. intelligentia, intellegentia. See Intelligent.] 1. The act or state of knowing; the exercise of the understanding. 2. The capacity to know or understand; readiness of comprehension; the intellect, as a gift or an endowment. And dimmed with darkness their intelligence. Spenser. 3. Information communicated; news; notice; advice. Intelligence is given where you are hid. Shak. 4. Acquaintance; intercourse; familiarity. [Obs.] He lived rather in a fair intelligence than any friendship with the favorites. Clarendon. 5. Knowledge imparted or acquired, whether by study, research, or experience; general information. I write as he that none intelligence Of meters hath, nCourt of Love. 6. An intelligent being or spirit; -- generally applied to pure spirits; as, a created intelligence. Milton. The great Intelligences fair That range above our mortal state, In circle round the blessed gate, Received and gave him welcome there. Tennyson. Intelligence office, an office where information may be obtained, particularly respecting servants to be hired. Syn. -- Understanding; intellect; instruction; advice; notice; notification; news; information; report. INTELLIGENCER In*tel"li*gen*cer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, sends or conveys intelligence or news; a messenger. All the intriguers in foreign politics, all the spies, and all the intelligencers . . . acted solely upon that principle. Burke. INTELLIGENCING In*tel"li*gen*cing, a. Defn: Informing; giving information; talebearing. [Obs.] Shak. That sad intelligencing tyrant. Milton. INTELLIGENCY In*tel"li*gen*cy, n. Defn: Intelligence. [Obs.] Evelyn. INTELLIGENT In*tel"li*gent, a. Etym: [L. intelligens, intellegens, -entis, p. pr. of intelligere, intellegere, to perceive; inter between + legere to gather, collect, choose: cf. F. intelligent. See Legend.] 1. Endowed with the faculty of understanding or reason; as, man is an intelligent being. 2. Possessed of intelligence, education, or judgment; knowing; sensible; skilled; marked by intelligence; as, an intelligent young man; an intelligent architect; an intelligent answer. 3. Gognizant; aware; communicate. [Obs.] Intelligent of seasons. Milton. Which are to France the spies and speculations Intelligent of our state. Shak. Syn. -- Sensible; understanding. See Sensible. INTELLIGENTIAL In*tel`li*gen"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. intelligentiel.] [R.] 1. Of or pertaining to the intelligence; exercising or implying understanding; intellectual. "With act intelligential." Milton. 2. Consisting of unembodied mind; incorporeal. Food alike those pure Intelligential substances require. Milton. INTELLIGENTIARY In*tel`li*gen"tia*ry, n. Defn: One who gives information; an intelligencer. [Obs.] Holinshed. INTELLIGENTLY In*tel"li*gent*ly, adv. Defn: In an intelligent manner; with intelligence. INTELLIGIBILITY In*tel`li*gi*bil"i*ty, Etym: [Cf. F. intelligilibilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being intelligible; clearness; perspicuity; definiteness. INTELLIGIBLE In*tel"li*gi*ble, Etym: [L. intellegibilis: cf. F. intelligible. See Intelligent.] Defn: Capable of being understood or comprehended; as, an intelligible account or description; intelligible pronunciation, writing, etc. The intelligible forms of ancient poets. Coleridge. Syn. -- Comprehensible; perspicuous; plain; clear. INTELLIGIBLENESS In*tel"li*gi*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being intelligible; intelligibility. Locke. INTELLIGIBLY In*tel"li*gi*bly, adv. Defn: In an intelligible manner; so as to be understood; clearly; plainly; as, to write or speak intelligibly. INTEMERATE; INTEMERATED In*tem"er*ate, In*tem"er*a`ted, a. Etym: [L. intemeratus; pref. in- not + temeratus defiled.] Defn: Pure; undefiled. [Obs.] INTEMERATENESS In*tem"er*ate*ness, n. Defn: The state of being unpolluted; purity. [Obs.] Donne. INTEMPERAMENT In*tem"per*a*ment, n. Defn: A bad state; as, the intemperament of an ulcerated part. [R.] Harvey. INTEMPERANCE In*tem"per*ance, n. Etym: [F. intempérance, L. intemperantia. See In- not, and Temperance.] 1. The act of becoming, or state of being, intemperate; excess in any kind of action or indulgence; any immoderate indulgence of the appetites or passions. God is in every creature; be cruel toward none, neither abuse any by intemperance. Jer. Taylor. Some, as thou sawest, by violent stroke shall die, By fire, flood, famine, by intemperance more In meats and drinks. Milton. 2. Specifically: Habitual or excessive indulgence in alcoholic liquors. INTEMPERANCY In*tem"per*an*cy, n. Defn: Intemperance. [Obs.] INTEMPERANT In*tem"per*ant, a. Etym: [L. intemperans, -antis. See In- not, and Temperant.] Defn: Intemperate. [Obs.] Such as be intemperant, that is, followers of their naughty appetites and lusts. Udall. INTEMPERATE In*tem`per*ate, a. Etym: [L. intemperatus. See In- not, and Temperate.] 1. Indulging any appetite or passion to excess; immoderate to enjoyments or exertion. 2. Specifically, addicted to an excessive or habitual use of alcoholic liquors. 3. Excessive; ungovernable; inordinate; violent; immoderate; as, intemperate language, zeal, etc.; intemperate weather. Most do taste through fond intemperate thirst. Milton. Use not thy mouth to intemperate swearing. Ecclus. xxiii. 13. INTEMPERATE In*tem`per*ate, v. t. Defn: To disorder. [Obs.] INTEMPERATELY In*tem`per*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In an intemperate manner; immoderately; excessively; without restraint. The people . . . who behaved very unwisely and intemperately on that occasion. Burke. INTEMPERATENESS In*tem`per*ate*ness, n. 1. The state of being intemperate; excessive indulgence of any appetite or passion; as, intemperateness in eating or drinking. 2. Severity of weather; inclemency. Boyle. By unseasonable weather, by intemperateness of the air or meteors. Sir M. Hale. INTEMPERATURE In*tem"per*a*ture, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. intemperature.] Defn: Intemperateness. [Obs.] Boyle. INTEMPESTIVE In`tem*pes"tive, a. Etym: [L. intempestivus: cf. F. intempestif. See In- not, and Tempestive.] Defn: Out of season; untimely. [Obs.] Burton. Intempestive bashfulness gets nothing. Hales. INTEMPESTIVELY In`tem*pes"tive*ly, adv. Defn: Unseasonably. [Obs.] INTEMPESTIVITY In*tem`pes*tiv"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. intempestivitas: cf. F. intempestivité.] Defn: Unseasonableness; untimeliness. [Obs.] Hales. INTENABLE In*ten"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + tenable: cf. F. intenable.] Defn: Incapable of being held; untenable; not defensible; as, an intenable opinion; an intenable fortress. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton. INTEND In*tend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intended; p. pr. & vb. n. Intending.] Etym: [OE. entenden to be attentive, F. entendre, fr. L. intendre, intentum, and intensum, to intend, attend, stretch out, extend; pref. in- in + tendere to stretch, stretch out. See Tend.] 1. To stretch' to extend; to distend. [Obs.] By this the lungs are intended or remitted. Sir M. Hale. 2. To strain; to make tense. [Obs.] When a bow is successively intended and remedied. Cudworth. 3. To intensify; to strengthen. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Magnetism may be intended and remitted. Sir I. Newton. 4. To apply with energy. Let him intend his mind, without respite, without rest, in one direction. Emerson. 5. To bend or turn; to direct, as one's course or journey. [Archaic] Shak. 6. To fix the mind on; to attend to; to take care of; to superintend; to regard. [Obs.] Having no children, she did, with singular care and tenderness, intend the education of Philip. Bacon. My soul, not being able to intend two things at once, abated of its fervency in praying. Fuller. 7. To fix the mind upon (something to be accomplished); to be intent upon; to mean; to design; to plan; to purpose; -- often followed by an infinitely with to, or a dependent clause with that; as, he intends to go; he intends that she shall remain. They intended evil against thee. Ps. xxi. 11. To-morrow he intends To hunt the boar with certain of his friends. Shak. 8. To design mechanically or artistically; to fashion; to mold. [Obs.] Modesty was made When she was first intended. Beau. & Fl. 9. To pretend; to counterfeit; to simulate. [Obs.] Intend a kind of zeal both to the prince and Claudio. Shak. Syn. -- To purpose; mean; design; plan; conceive; contemplate. INTENDANCY In*tend"an*cy, n.; pl. Intendancies. Etym: [Cf. F. intendance. See Intendant.] 1. The office or employment of an intendant. 2. A territorial district committed to the charge of an intendant. INTENDANT In*tend"ant, n. Etym: [F. intendant, fr. L. intendere to direct (one's thoughts) to a thing. See Intend.] Defn: One who has the charge, direction, or management of some public business; a superintendent; as, an intendant of marine; an intendant of finance. INTENDANT In*tend"ant, a. Etym: [See Intend.] Defn: Attentive. [Obs.] INTENDED In*tend"ed, a. 1. Made tense; stretched out; extended; forcible; violent. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Purposed; designed; as, intended harm or help. They drew a curse from an intended good. Cowper. 3. Betrothed; affianced; as, an intended husband. INTENDED In*tend"ed, n. Defn: One with whom marriage is designed; one who is betrothed; an affianced lover. If it were not that I might appear to disparage his intended, . . . I would add that to me she seems to be throwing herself away. Dickens. INTENDEDLY In*tend"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Intentionally. [R.] Milton. INTENDENT In*tend"ent, n. Defn: See Intendant, n. [Obs.] INTENDER In*tend"er, n. Defn: One who intends. Feltham. INTENDIMENT In*tend"i*ment, n. Etym: [LL. intendimentum. See Intendment.] Defn: Attention; consideration; knowledge; understanding. [Obs.] Spenser. INTENDMENT In*tend"ment, n. Etym: [OE. entendement understanding, insight, F. entendement, fr. LL. intendimentum. See Intend.] 1. Charge; oversight. [Obs.] Ford. 2. Intention; design; purpose. The intendment of God and nature. Jer. Taylor. 3. (Law) Defn: The true meaning, understanding, or intention of a law, or of any legal instrument. INTENERATE In*ten"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intenerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Intenerating.] Etym: [Pref. in- in + L. tener soft, tender. See Tender, a.] Defn: To make tender or sensitive; to soften. Fear intenerates the heart. Bp. Hall. So have I seen the little purls of a stream . . . intenerate the stubborn pavement. Jer. Taylor. INTENERATE In*ten"er*ate, a. Defn: Made tender or soft; softened. [Obs.] INTENERATION In*ten`er*a"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of intenerating, or the state of being intenerated; softening. [R.] Bacon. INTENIBLE In*ten"i*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + L. tenere to hold: cf. L. intenibilis not to be grasped. Cf. Intenable.] Defn: Incapable of holding or containing. [Obs.] This captious and intenible sieve. Shak. INTENSATE In*ten"sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intensated; p. pr. & vb. n. Intensating.] Etym: [See Intense.] Defn: To intensify. [R.] Emerson. INTENSATION In`ten*sa"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of intensifying; intensification; climax. [R.] Carlyle. INTENSATIVE In*ten"sa*tive, a. Defn: Adding intensity; intensifying. INTENSE In*tense", a. Etym: [L. intensus stretched, tight, p. p. of intendere to stretch: cf. F. intense. See Intend, and cf. Intent, and cf. Intent, a.] 1. Strained; tightly drawn; kept on the stretch; strict; very close or earnest; as, intense study or application; intense thought. 2. Extreme in degree; excessive; immoderate; as: (a) Ardent; fervent; as, intense heat. (b) Keen; biting; as, intense cold. (c) Vehement; earnest; exceedingly strong; as, intense passion or hate. (d) Very severe; violent; as, intense pain or anguish. (e) Deep; strong; brilliant; as, intense color or light. In this intense seclusion of the forest. Hawthorne. INTENSELY In*tense"ly, adv. 1. Intently. [Obs.] J. Spencer. 2. To an extreme degree; as, weather intensely cold. INTENSENESS In*tense"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being intense; intensity; as, the intenseness of heat or cold; the intenseness of study or thought. INTENSIFICATION In*ten`si*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of intensifying, or of making more intense. INTENSIFIER In*ten"si*fi`er, n. Defn: One who or that which intensifies or strengthens; in photography, an agent used to intensify the lights or shadows of a picture. INTENSIFY In*ten"si*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intensified; p. pr. & vb. n. Intensifying.] Etym: [Intense + -fly.] Defn: To render more intense; as, to intensify heat or cold; to intensify colors; to intensify a photographic negative; to intensify animosity. Bacon. How piercing is the sting of pride By want embittered and intensified. Longfellow. INTENSIFY In*ten"si*fy, v. i. Defn: To become intense, or more intense; to act with increasing power or energy. INTENSION In*ten"sion, n. Etym: [L. intensio: cf. F. intension. See Intend, and cf. Intention.] 1. A straining, stretching, or bending; the state of being strained; as, the intension of a musical string. 2. Increase of power or energy of any quality or thing; intenseness; fervency. Jer. Taylor. Sounds . . . likewise do rise and fall with the intension or remission of the wind. Bacon. 3. (Logic & Metaph.) Defn: The collective attributes, qualities, or marks that make up a complex general notion; the comprehension, content, or connotation; - - opposed to extension, extent, or sphere. This law is, that the intension of our knowledge is in the inverse ratio of its extension. Sir W. Hamilton. INTENSITIVE In*ten"si*tive, a. Defn: Increasing the force or intensity of; intensive; as, the intensitive words of a sentence. H. Sweet. INTENSITY In*ten"si*ty, n. Etym: [LL. intensitas: cf. F. intensité. See Intense.] 1. The state or quality of being intense; intenseness; extreme degree; as, intensity of heat, cold, mental application, passion, etc. If you would deepen the intensity of light, you must be content to bring into deeper blackness and more distinct and definite outline the shade that accompanies it. F. W. Robertson. 2. (Physics) Defn: The amount or degree of energy with which a force operates or a cause acts; effectiveness, as estimated by results produced. 3. (Mech.) Defn: The magnitude of a distributed force, as pressure, stress, weight, etc., per unit of surface, or of volume, as the case may be; as, the measure of the intensity of a total stress of forty pounds which is distributed uniformly over a surface of four square inches area is ten pounds per square inch. 4. (Photog.) Defn: The degree or depth of shade in a picture. INTENSIVE In*ten"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. intensif. See Intense.] 1. Stretched; admitting of intension, or increase of degree; that can be intensified. Sir M. Hale. 2. Characterized by persistence; intent; unremitted; assiduous; intense. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 3. (Gram.) Defn: Serving to give force or emphasis; as, an intensive verb or preposition. INTENSIVE In*ten"sive, n. Defn: That which intensifies or emphasizes; an intensive verb or word. INTENSIVELY In*ten"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In an intensive manner; by increase of degree. Abp. Bramhall. INTENSIVENESS In*ten"sive*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being intensive; intensity. Sir M. Hale. INTENT In*tent", a. Etym: [L. intentus, p. p. of intendere. See Intend, and cf. Intense.] 1. Closely directed; strictly attentive; bent; -- said of the mind, thoughts, etc.; as, a mind intent on self-improvement. 2. Having the mind closely directed to or bent on an object; sedulous; eager in pursuit of an object; -- formerly with to, but now with on; as, intent on business or pleasure. "Intent on mischief." Milton. Be intent and solicitous to take up the meaning of the speaker. I. Watts. INTENT In*tent", n. Etym: [OE. entent, entente, attention, purpose, OF. entente, F. entente understanding, meaning; a participial noun, fr. F. & OF. entendre. See Intend.] Defn: The act of turning the mind toward an object; hence, a design; a purpose; intention; meaning; drift; aim. Be thy intents wicked or charitable. Shak. The principal intent of Scripture is to deliver the Hooker. To all intents, and purposes, in all applications or senses; practically; really; virtually; essentially. "He was miserable to all intents and purpose." L'Estrange. Syn. -- Design; purpose; intention; meaning; purport; view; drift; object; end; aim; plan. INTENTATION In`ten*ta"tion, n. Defn: Intention. [Obs.] INTENTION In*ten"tion, n. Etym: [F. intention, L. intentio. See Intend, and cf. Intension.] 1. A stretching or bending of the mind toward of the mind toward an object; closeness of application; fixedness of attention; earnestness. Intention is when the mind, with great earnestness, and of choice, fixes its view on any idea. Locke. 2. A determination to act in a certain way or to do a certain thing; purpose; design; as, an intention to go to New York. Hell is paved with good intentions. Johnson. 3. The object toward which the thoughts are directed; end; aim. In [chronical distempers], the principal intention is to restore the tone of the solid parts. Arbuthnot. 4. The state of being strained. See Intension. [Obs.] 5. (Logic) Defn: Any mental apprehension of an object. First intention (Logic), a conception of a thing formed by the first or direct application of the mind to the individual object; an idea or image; as, man, stone. -- Second intention (Logic), a conception generalized from first intuition or apprehension already formed by the mind; an abstract notion; especially, a classified notion, as species, genus, whiteness. -- To heal by the first intention (Surg.), to cicatrize, as a wound, without suppuration. -- To heal by the second intention (Surg.), to unite after suppuration. Syn. -- Design; purpose; object; aim; intent; drift; purport; meaning. See Design. INTENTIONAL In*ten"tion*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. intentionnel.] Defn: Done by intention or design; intended; designed; as, the act was intentional, not accidental. INTENTIONALITY In*ten`tion*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being intentional; purpose; design. Coleridge. INTENTIONALLY In*ten"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an intentional manner; with intention; by design; of purpose. INTENTIONED In*ten"tioned, a. Defn: Having designs; -- chiefly used in composition; as, well- intentioned, having good designs; ill-intentioned, having ill designs. INTENTIVE In*ten"tive, a. Etym: [OE. ententif, OF. ententif, fr. L. intentivus intensive. See Intent, n., and cf. Intensive.] Defn: Attentive; intent. [Obs.] Spenser. INTENTIVELY In*ten"tive*ly, adv. Defn: Attentively; closely. [Obs.] "Intentively to observe." Holland. INTENTIVENESS In*ten"tive*ness, n. Defn: Closeness of attention or application of mind; attentiveness. [Obs.] W. Montagu. INTENTLY In*tent"ly, adv. Defn: In an intent manner; as, the eyes intently fixed. Syn. -- Fixedly; steadfastly; earnestly; attentively; sedulously; diligently; eagerly. INTENTNESS In*tent"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being intent; close application; attention. Extreme solicitude or intentness upon business. South. INTER- In"ter-. Etym: [L. inter, prep., among, between, a compar. form of in in; akin to intra, intro, within, Skr. antar between, in, and E.in. See In, and cf. Entrails, Interior, Enter-, Exterior.] Defn: A prefix signifying among, between, amid; as, interact, interarticular, intermit. INTER In*ter", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interred; p. pr. & vb. n. Interring.] Etym: [OE. enteren, OF. enterer, enterrer, LL. interrare; L. pref. in- in + terra the earth. See Terrace.] Defn: To deposit and cover in the earth; to bury; to inhume; as, to inter a dead body. Shak. INTERACT In`ter*act", n. Etym: [Pref. inter- + act. Cf. Entr'acte.] Defn: A short act or piece between others, as in a play; an interlude; hence, intermediate employment or time. Chesterfield. INTERACT In`ter*act", v. i. Defn: To act upon each other; as, two agents mutually interact. Emerson. Tyndall. INTERACTION In`ter*ac"tion, n. 1. Intermediate action. 2. Mutual or reciprocal action or influence; as, the interaction of the heart and lungs on each other. INTERADDITIVE In`ter*ad"di*tive, a. Defn: Added or placed between the parts of another thing, as a clause inserted parenthetically in a sentence. INTERAGENCY In`ter*a"gen*cy, n. Defn: Intermediate agency. INTERAGENT In`ter*a"gent, n. Defn: An intermediate agent. INTERALL In"ter*all, n. Defn: Entrail or inside. [Obs.] G. Fletcher. INTERALVEOLAR In`ter*al"ve*o*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between alveoli; as, the interalveolar septa between adjacent air cells in the lungs. INTERAMBULACRAL In`ter*am`bu*la"cral, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the interambulacra. INTERAMBULACRUM In`ter*am`bu*la"crum, n.; pl. L. Interambulacra (, E. Interambulacrums (. (Zoöl.) Defn: In echinoderms, one of the areas or zones intervening between two ambulacra. See Illust. of Ambulacrum. INTERAMNIAN In`ter*am"ni*an, a. Etym: [Pref. inter- + L. amnis river: cf. L. interamnus.] Defn: Situated between rivers. [R.] "An interamnian country." J. Bryant. INTERANIMATE In`ter*an"i*mate, v. t. Defn: To animate or inspire mutually. [Obs.] Donne. INTERARBORATION In`ter*ar`bo*ra"tion, n. Defn: The interweaving of branches of trees. [R.] Sir T. Browne. INTERARTICULAR In`ter*ar*tic"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated between joints or articulations; as, interarticular cartilages and ligaments. INTERATOMIC In`ter*a*tom"ic, a. (Chem. & Physics) Defn: Between atoms; situated, or acting, between the atoms of bodies; as, interatomic forces. INTERAULIC In`ter*au"lic, a. Defn: Existing between royal courts. [R.] "Interaulic politics." Motley. INTERAURICULAR In`ter*au*ric"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the auricles; as, the interauricular partition of the heart. INTERAXAL In`ter*ax"al, a. (Arch.) Defn: Situated in an interaxis. Gwilt. INTERAXILLARY In`ter*ax"il*la*ry, a. (Bot.) Defn: Situated within or between the axils of leaves. INTERAXIS In`ter*ax"is, n.; pl. Interaxes (. (Arch.) Defn: The space between two axes. See Axis, 6. The doors, windows, niches, and the like, are then placed centrally in the interaxes. Gwilt. INTERBASTATION In`ter*bas*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. inter- + baste to sew.] Defn: Patchwork. [Obs.] Dr. J. Smith. INTERBRACHIAL In`ter*brach"i*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Between the arms. INTERBRAIN In`ter*brain`, n. (Anat.) Defn: See Thalamencephalon. INTERBRANCHIAL In`ter*bran"chi*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Between the branchiæ. INTERBREED In`ter*breed", v. t. & i. Defn: To breed by crossing different stocks of animals or plants. INTERCALAR In*ter"ca*lar, a. Defn: Intercalary. INTERCALARY In*ter"ca*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. intercalaris, intercalarius: cf. F. intercalaire. See Intercalate.] 1. (Chron.) Defn: Inserted or introduced among others in the calendar; as, an intercalary month, day, etc.; -- now applied particularly to the odd day (Feb. 29) inserted in the calendar of leap year. See Bissextile, n. 2. Introduced or inserted among others; additional; supernumerary. "Intercalary spines." Owen. This intercalary line . . . is made the last of a triplet. Beattie. Intercalary day (Med.), one on which no paroxysm of an intermittent disease occurs. Mayne. INTERCALATE In*ter"ca*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercalated; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercalating.] Etym: [L. intercalatus, p. p. of intercalare to intercalate to intercalate; inter between + calare to call, proclaim. See Calendar.] 1. (Chron.) Defn: To insert, as a day or other portion of time, in a calendar. 2. To insert among others, as a verse in a stanza; specif. (Geol.), to introduce as a bed or stratum, between the layers of a regular series of rocks. Beds of fresh-water shells . . . are intercalated and interstratified with the shale. Mantell. INTERCALATION In*ter`ca*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. intercalatio: cf. F. intercalation.] 1. (Chron.) Defn: The insertion of a day, or other portion of time, in a calendar. 2. The insertion or introduction of anything among others, as the insertion of a phrase, line, or verse in a metrical composition; specif. (Geol.), the intrusion of a bed or layer between other layers. Intercalations of fresh-water species in some localities. Mantell. INTERCAROTID In`ter*ca*rot"id, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated between the external and internal carotid arteries; as, an intercarotid ganglion. INTERCARPAL In`ter*car"pal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the carpal bone; as, intercarpal articulations, ligaments. INTERCARTILAGINOUS In`ter*car`ti*lag"i*nous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Within cartilage; endochondral; as, intercartilaginous ossification. INTERCAVERNOUS In`ter*cav"ern*ous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the cavernous sinuses; as, the intercavernous sinuses connecting the cavernous sinuses at the base of the brain. INTERCEDE In`ter*cede", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Interceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Interceding.] Etym: [L. intercedere, intercessum; inter between + cedere to pass: cf. F. intercéder. See Cede.] 1. To pass between; to intervene. [Obs.] He supposed that a vast period interceded between that origination and the age wherein he lived. Sir M. Hale. 2. To act between parties with a view to reconcile differences; to make intercession; to beg or plead in behalf of another; to mediate; -- usually followed by with and for; as, I will intercede with him for you. I to the lords will intercede, not doubting Their favorable ear. Milton. Syn. -- To mediate; arbitrate. See Interpose. INTERCEDE In`ter*cede", v. t. Defn: To be, to come, or to pass, between; to separate. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. INTERCEDENCE In`ter*ced"ence, n. Defn: The act of interceding; intercession; intervention. [R.] Bp. Reynolds. INTERCEDENT In`ter*ced"ent, a. Etym: [L. intercedens, p. pr. of intercedere.] Defn: Passing between; mediating; pleading. [R.] -- In`ter*ced"ent*ly, adv. INTERCEDER In`ter*ced"er, n. Defn: One who intercedes; an intercessor; a mediator. Johnson. INTERCELLULAR In`ter*cel"lu*lar, a. Defn: Lying between cells or cellules; as, intercellular substance, space, or fluids; intercellular blood channels. INTERCENTRAL In`ter*cen"tral, a. Defn: Between centers. Intercentral nerves (Physiol.), those nerves which transmit impulses between nerve centers, as opposed to peripheral fibers, which convey impulses between peripheral parts and nerve centers. INTERCENTRUM In`ter*cen"trum, n.; pl. Intercentra (. (Anat.) Defn: The median of the three elements composing the centra of the vertebræ in some fossil batrachians. INTERCEPT In`ter*cept", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercepted; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercepting.] Etym: [L. interceptus, p. p. of intercipere to intercept; inter between + capere to take, seize: cf. F. intercepter. See Capable.] 1. To take or seize by the way, or before arrival at the destined place; to cause to stop on the passage; as, to intercept a letter; a telegram will intercept him at Paris. God will shortly intercept your breath. Joye. 2. To obstruct or interrupt the progress of; to stop; to hinder or oppose; as, to intercept the current of a river. Who intercepts me in my expedition Shak. We must meet first, and intercept his course. Dryden. 3. To interrupt communication with, or progress toward; to cut off, as the destination; to blockade. While storms vindictive intercept the shore. Pope. 4. (Math.) Defn: To include between; as, that part of the intercepted between the points A and B. Syn. -- To cut off; stop; catch; seize; obstruct. INTERCEPT In"ter*cept`, n. (Math.) Defn: A part cut off or intercepted, as a portion of a line included between two points, or cut off two straight lines or curves. INTERCEPTER In`ter*cept"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, intercepts. Shak. INTERCEPTION In`ter*cep"tion, n. Etym: [L. interceptio a taking away: cf. F. interception.] Defn: The act of intercepting; as, interception of a letter; interception of the enemy. INTERCEPTIVE In`ter*cept"ive, a. Defn: Intercepting or tending to intercept. INTERCESSION In`ter*ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. intercessio an intervention, a becoming surety: cf. F. intercession. See Intercede.] Defn: The act of interceding; mediation; interposition between parties at variance, with a view to reconcilation; prayer, petition, or entreaty in favor of, or (less often) against, another or others. But the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which can not be uttered. Rom. viii. 26. INTERCESSIONAL In`ter*ces"sion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, intercession or entreaty. INTERCESSIONATE In`ter*ces"sion*ate, v. t. Defn: To entreat. [Obs.] INTERCESSOR In`ter*ces"sor, n. Etym: [L., a surety: cf. F. intercesseur.] 1. One who goes between, or intercedes; a mediator. (a) One who interposes between parties at variance, with a view to reconcile them. (b) One who pleads in behalf of another. Milton. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A bishop, who, during a vacancy of the see, administers the bishopric till a successor is installed. INTERCESSORIAL In`ter*ces*so"ri*al, a. Defn: Intercessory. INTERCESSORY In`ter*ces"so*ry, a. Etym: [LL. intercessorius.] Defn: Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, intercession; interceding; as, intercessory prayer. INTERCHAIN In`ter*chain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interchained; p. pr. & vb. n. Interchaining.] Defn: To link together; to unite closely or firmly, as by a chain. Two bosoms interchained with an oath. Shak. INTERCHANGE In`ter*change", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interchanged; p. pr. & vb. n. Interchanging.] Etym: [OE. entrechangen, OF. entrechangier. See Inter-, and Change.] 1. To put each in the place of the other; to give and take mutually; to exchange; to reciprocate; as, to interchange places; they interchanged friendly offices and services. I shall interchange My waned state for Henry's regal crown. Shak. 2. To cause to follow alternately; to intermingle; to vary; as, to interchange cares with pleasures. INTERCHANGE In`ter*change", v. i. Defn: To make an interchange; to alternate. Sir P. Sidney. INTERCHANGE In`ter*change", n. Etym: [Cf. OF. entrechange.] 1. The act of mutually changing; the act of mutually giving and receiving; exchange; as, the interchange of civilities between two persons. "Interchange of kindnesses." South. 2. The mutual exchange of commodities between two persons or countries; barter; commerce. Howell. 3. Alternate succession; alternation; a mingling. The interchanges of light and darkness. Holder. Sweet interchange Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains. Milton. INTERCHANGEABILITY In`ter*change`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being interchangeable; interchangeableness. INTERCHANGEABLE In`ter*change"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. entrechangeable.] 1. Admitting of exchange or mutual substitution. "Interchangeable warrants." Bacon. 2. Following each other in alternate succession; as, the four interchangeable seasons. Holder. -- In`ter*change"a*ble*ness, n. -- In`ter*change"a*bly, adv. INTERCHANGEMENT In`ter*change"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. entrechangement.] Defn: Mutual transfer; exchange. [Obs.] Shak. INTERCHAPTER In`ter*chap"ter, n. Defn: An intervening or inserted chapter. INTERCIDENCE In*ter"ci*dence, n. Etym: [See Intercident.] Defn: The act or state of coming or falling between; occurrence; incident. [Obs.] Holland. INTERCIDENT In*ter"ci*dent, a. Etym: [L. intercidens, -entis, p. pr. of intercidere to fall between; inter between + cadere to fall.] Defn: Falling or coming between; happening accidentally. [Obs.] Boyle. INTERCIPIENT In`ter*cip"i*ent, a. Etym: [L. intercipiens, -entis, p. pr. of intercipere. See Intercept.] Defn: Intercepting; stopping. -- n. Defn: One who, or that which, intercepts or stops anything on the passage. Wiseman. INTERCISION In`ter*ci"sion, n. Etym: [L. intercisio a cutting through, fr. intercidere to cut asunder.] Defn: A cutting off, through, or asunder; interruption. [R.] Sir T. Browne. INTERCITIZENSHIP In`ter*cit"i*zen*ship, n. Defn: The mutual right to civic privileges, in the different States. Bancroft. INTERCLAVICLE In`ter*clav"i*cle, n. (Anat.) Defn: See Episternum. INTERCLAVICULAR In`ter*cla*vic"u*lar, a. (Anat.) (a) Between the clavicles; as, the interclavicular notch of the sternum. (b) Of or pertaining to the interclavicle. INTERCLOSE In`ter*close", v. t. Etym: [Pref. inter- + close. See Interclude.] Defn: To shut in; to inclose. [Obs.] INTERCLOUD In`ter*cloud", v. t. Defn: To cloud. [R.] Daniel. INTERCLUDE In`ter*clude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercluding.] Etym: [L. intercludere, interclusum; inter between + claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Interclose.] Defn: To shut off or out from a place or course, by something intervening; to intercept; to cut off; to interrupt. Mitford. So all passage of external air into the receiver may be intercluded. Boyle. INTERCLUSION In`ter*clu"sion, n. Etym: [L. interclusio. See Interclude.] Defn: Interception; a stopping INTERCOLLEGIATE In`ter*col*le"gi*ate, a. Defn: Existing or carried on between colleges or universities; as, intercollegiate relations, rivalry, games, etc. INTERCOLLINE In`ter*col"line, a. (Geol.) Defn: Situated between hills; -- applied especially to valleys lying between volcanic cones. INTERCOLONIAL In`ter*co*lo"ni*al, a. Defn: Between or among colonies; pertaining to the intercourse or mutual relations of colonies; as, intercolonial trade. -- In`ter*co*lo"ni*al*ly, adv. INTERCOLUMNAR In`ter*co*lum"nar, a. Defn: Between columns or pillars; as, the intercolumnar fibers of Poupart's ligament; an intercolumnar statue. INTERCOLUMNIATION In`ter*co*lum`ni*a"tion, n. (Arch.) Defn: The clear space between two columns, measured at the bottom of their shafts. Gwilt. Note: It is customary to measure the intercolumniation in terms of the diameter of the shaft, taken also at the bottom. Different words, derived from the Greek, are in use to denote certain common proportions. They are: Pycnostyle, when the intercolumniation is of one and a half diameters; Systyle, of two diameters; Eustyle, of two and a quarter diameters; Diastyle, of three diameters; Aræostyle, of four or more, and so great that a wooden architrave has to be used instead of stone; Aræosystyle, when the intercolumniations are alternately systyle and aræostyle. INTERCOMBAT In`ter*com"bat, n. Defn: Combat. [Obs.] Daniel. INTERCOMING In`ter*com"ing, n. Defn: The act of coming between; intervention; interference. [Obs.] INTERCOMMON In`ter*com"mon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercommoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercommoning.] Etym: [OF. entrecommuner. See Inter-, and Common, and cf. Intercommune.] 1. To share with others; to participate; especially, to eat at the same table. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: To graze cattle promiscuously in the commons of each other, as the inhabitants of adjoining townships, manors, etc. INTERCOMMONAGE In`ter*com"mon*age, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The right or privilege of intercommoning. INTERCOMMUNE In`ter*com*mune", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intercommuned; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercommuning.] Etym: [Cf. Intercommon, Intercommunicate, Commune.] 1. To intercommunicate. [Obs.] 2. To have mutual communication or intercourse by conservation. [Scot.] INTERCOMMUNICABLE In`ter*com*mu"ni*ca*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being mutually communicated. INTERCOMMUNICATE In`ter*com*mu"ni*cate, v. i. Defn: To communicate mutually; to hold mutual communication. INTERCOMMUNICATE In`ter*com*mu"ni*cate, v. t. Defn: To communicate mutually; to interchange. Holland. INTERCOMMUNICATION In`ter*com*mu`ni*ca"tion, n. Defn: Mutual communication. Owen. INTERCOMMUNION In`ter*com*mun"ion, n. Defn: Mutual communion; as, an intercommunion of deities. Faber. INTERCOMMUNITY In`ter*com*mu"ni*ty, n. Defn: Intercommunication; community of possessions, religion, etc. In consequence of that intercommunity of paganism . . . one nation adopted the gods of another. Bp. Warburton. INTERCOMPARISON In`ter*com*par"i*son, n. Defn: Mutual comparison of corresponding parts. INTERCONDYLAR; INTERCONDYLOID In`ter*con"dy*lar, In`ter*con"dy*loid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between condyles; as, the intercondylar fossa or notch of the femur. INTERCONNECT In`ter*con*nect", v. t. Defn: To join together. INTERCONNECTION In`ter*con*nec"tion, n. Defn: Connection between; mutual connection. INTERCONTINENTAL In`ter*con`ti*nen"tal, a. Defn: Between or among continents; subsisting or carried on between continents; as, intercontinental relations or commerce. INTERCONVERTIBLE In`ter*con*vert"i*ble, a. Defn: Convertible the one into the other; as, coin and bank notes are interconvertible. INTERCOSTAL In`ter*cos"tal, a. (Anat. & Physiol.) Defn: Between the ribs; pertaining to, or produced by, the parts between the ribs; as, intercostal respiration, in which the chest is alternately enlarged and contracted by the intercostal muscles. INTERCOURSE In"ter*course, n. Etym: [Formerly entercourse, OF. entrecours commerce, exchange, F. entrecours a reciprocal right on neighboring lands, L. intercursus a running between, fr. intercurrere to run between. See Inter-, and Course.] Defn: A This sweet intercourse Of looks and smiles. Milton. Sexual intercourse, sexual or carnal connection; coition. Syn. -- Communication; connection; commerce; communion; fellowship; familiarity; acquaintance. INTERCROP In"ter*crop`, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. -cropped; p. pr. & vb. n. - cropping.] (Agric.) Defn: To cultivate by planting simultaneous crops in alternate rows; as, to intercrop an orchard. Also, to use for catch crops at seasons when the ground is not covered by crops of the regular rotation. INTERCROP In"ter*crop`, n. (Agric.) Defn: A crop grown among or between the rows of another crop; a catch crop. INTERCROSS In`ter*cross", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Intercrossed; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercrossing.] 1. To cross each other, as lines. 2. (Biol.) Defn: To fertilize by the impregnation of one species or variety by another; to impregnate by a different species or variety. INTERCROSS In"ter*cross`, n. Defn: The process or result of cross fertilization between different kinds of animals, or different varieties of plants. We have reason to believe that occasional intercrosses take place with all animals and plants. Darwin. INTERCRURAL In`ter*cru"ral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between crura; -- applied especially to the interneural plates in the vertebral column of many cartilaginous fishes. INTERCUR In`ter*cur", v. i. Etym: [L. intercurrere. See Intercourse.] Defn: To intervene; to come or occur in the meantime. [Obs.] Shelton. INTERCURRENCE In`ter*cur"rence, n. Etym: [See Intercurrent.] Defn: A passing or running between; occurrence. Boyle. INTERCURRENT In`ter*cur"rent, a. Etym: [L. intercurrens, p. pr. of intercurrere: cf. F. intercurrent. See Intercur.] 1. Running between or among; intervening. Boyle. Bp. Fell. 2. (Med.) (a) Not belonging to any particular season. (b) Said of diseases occurring in the course of another disease. Dunglison. INTERCURRENT In`ter*cur"rent, n. Defn: Something intervening. Holland. INTERCUTANEOUS In`ter*cu*ta"ne*ous, a. Defn: Subcutaneous. INTERDASH In`ter*dash", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interdashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Interdashing.] Defn: To dash between or among; to intersperse. Cowper. INTERDEAL In`ter*deal", v. i. Defn: To intrigue. [Obs.] Daniel. INTERDENOMINATIONAL In`ter*de*nom`i*na"tion*al, a. Defn: Occurring between or among, or common to, different denominations; as, interdenominational fellowship or belief. INTERDENTAL In`ter*den"tal, a. 1. Situated between teeth; as, an interdental space, the space between two teeth in a gear wheel. 2. (Phon.) Defn: Formed between the upper and lower teeth; as, interdental consonants. INTERDENTIL In`ter*den"til, n. (Arch.) Defn: The space between two dentils. Gwilt. INTERDEPENDENCE In`ter*de*pend"ence, n. Defn: Mutual dependence. "The interdependence of virtue and knowledge." M. Arnold. INTERDEPENDENCY In`ter*de*pend"en*cy, n. Defn: Mutual dependence; as, interdependency of interests. De Quincey. INTERDEPENDENT In`ter*de*pend"ent, a. Defn: Mutually dependent. INTERDICT In`ter*dict", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interdicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interdicting.] Etym: [OE. entrediten to forbid communion, L. interdicere, interdictum. See Interdict, n.] 1. To forbid; to prohibit or debar; as, to interdict intercourse with foreign nations. Charged not to touch the interdicted tree. Milton. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: To lay under an interdict; to cut off from the enjoyment of religious privileges, as a city, a church, an individual. An archbishop may not only excommunicate and interdict his suffragans, but his vicar general may do the same. Ayliffe. INTERDICT In"ter*dict`, n. Etym: [OE. entredit, enterdit, OF. entredit, F. interdit, fr. L. interdictum, fr. interdicere to interpose, prohibit; inter between + dicere to say. See Diction.] 1. A prohibitory order or decree; a prohibition. These are not fruits forbidden; no interdict Defends the touching of these viands pure. Milton. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A prohibition of the pope, by which the clergy or laymen are restrained from performing, or from attending, divine service, or from administering the offices or enjoying the privileges of the church. 3. (Scots Law) Defn: An order of the court of session, having the like purpose and effect with a writ of injunction out of chancery in England and America. INTERDICTION In`ter*dic"tion, n. Etym: [L. interdictio: cf. F. interdiction.] Defn: The act of interdicting; prohibition; prohibiting decree; curse; interdict. The truest issue of thy throne By his own interdiction stands accurst. Shak. INTERDICTIVE In`ter*dict"ive, a. Defn: Having the power to prohibit; as, an interdictive sentence. Milton. INTERDICTORY In`ter*dict"o*ry, a. Etym: [L. interdictorius.] Defn: Belonging to an interdiction; prohibitory. INTERDIGITAL In`ter*dig"i*tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the fingers or toes; as, interdigital space. INTERDIGITATE In`ter*dig"i*tate, v. t. Defn: To interweave. [R.] INTERDIGITATE In`ter*dig"i*tate, v. i. Etym: [Pref. inter- + L. digitus finger.] Defn: To interlock, as the fingers of two hands that are joined; to be interwoven; to commingle. Owen. INTERDIGITATION In`ter*dig`i*ta"tion, n. (Anat.) Defn: The state of interdigitating; interdigital space. Owen. INTERDOME In"ter*dome`, n. (Arch.) Defn: The open space between the inner and outer shells of a dome or cupola of masonry. INTERDUCE In"ter*duce, n. Etym: [Cf. F. entre-deux, literally, between two.] (Carp.) Defn: An intertie. INTEREPIMERAL In"ter*e*pim"er*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Between the epimeral plates of insects and crustaceans. INTEREQUINOCTIAL In`ter*e`qui*noc"tial, a. Defn: Coming between the equinoxes. Summer and winter I have called interequinoctial intervals. F. Balfour. INTERESS In"ter*ess, v. t. Etym: [See Interest, v. t.] Defn: To interest or affect. [Obs.] Hooker. INTERESSE In"ter*esse, n. Defn: Interest. [Obs.] Spenser. INTEREST In"ter*est, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interested; p. pr. & vb. n. Interesting.] Etym: [From interess'd, p. p. of the older form interess, fr. F. intéresser, L. interesse. See Interest, n.] 1. To engage the attention of; to awaken interest in; to excite emotion or passion in, in behalf of a person or thing; as, the subject did not interest him; to interest one in charitable work. To love our native country . . . to be interested in its concerns is natural to all men. Dryden. A goddess who used to interest herself in marriages. Addison. 2. To be concerned with or engaged in; to affect; to concern; to excite; -- often used impersonally. [Obs.] Or rather, gracious sir, Create me to this glory, since my cause Doth interest this fair quarrel. Ford. 3. To cause or permit to share. [Obs.] The mystical communion of all faithful men is such as maketh every one to be interested in those precious blessings which any one of them receiveth at God's hands. Hooker. Syn. -- To concern; excite; attract; entertain; engage; occupy; hold. INTEREST In"ter*est, n. Etym: [OF. interest, F. intérêt, fr. L. interest it interests, is of interest, fr. interesse to be between, to be difference, to be importance; inter between + esse to be; cf. LL. interesse usury. See Essence.] 1. Excitement of feeling, whether pleasant or painful, accompanying special attention to some object; concern. Note: Interest expresses mental excitement of various kinds and degrees. It may be intellectual, or sympathetic and emotional, or merely personal; as, an interest in philosophical research; an interest in human suffering; the interest which an avaricious man takes in money getting. So much interest have I in thy sorrow. Shak. 2. Participation in advantage, profit, and responsibility; share; portion; part; as, an interest in a brewery; he has parted with his interest in the stocks. 3. Advantage, personal or general; good, regarded as a selfish benefit; profit; benefit. Divisions hinder the common interest and public good. Sir W. Temple. When interest calls of all her sneaking train. Pope. 4. Premium paid for the use of money, -- usually reckoned as a percentage; as, interest at five per cent per annum on ten thousand dollars. They have told their money, and let out Their coin upon large interest. Shak. 5. Any excess of advantage over and above an exact equivalent for what is given or rendered. You shall have your desires with interest. Shak. 6. The persons interested in any particular business or measure, taken collectively; as, the iron interest; the cotton interest. Compound interest, interest, not only on the original principal, but also on unpaid interest from the time it fell due. -- Simple interest, interest on the principal sum without interest on overdue interest. INTERESTED In"ter*est*ed, a. Etym: [See Interest, v. t.] 1. Having the attention engaged; having emotion or passion excited; as, an interested listener. 2. Having an interest; concerned in a cause or in consequences; liable to be affected or prejudiced; as, an interested witness. INTERESTEDNESS In"ter*est*ed*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being interested; selfishness. Richardson. INTERESTING In"ter*est*ing, a. Defn: Engaging the attention; exciting, or adapted to excite, interest, curiosity, or emotion; as, an interesting story; interesting news. Cowper. INTERESTINGLY In"ter*est*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In an interesting manner. INTERESTINGNESS In"ter*est*ing*ness, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being interesting. A. Smith. INTERFACIAL In`ter*fa"cial, a. (Geom.) Defn: Included between two plane surfaces or faces; as, an interfacial angle. INTERFASCICULAR In`ter*fas*cic"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between fascicles or bundles; as, the interfascicular spaces of connective tissue. INTERFERANT In`ter*fer"ant, n. (Law) Defn: One of the contestants in interference before the Patent Office. [U.S.] INTERFERE In`ter*fere", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Interfered; p. pr. & vb. n. Interfering.] Etym: [OF. entreferir to strike each other; entre between (L. inter) + OF. ferir to strike, F. férir, fr. L. ferire. See Ferula.] 1. To come in collision; to be in opposition; to clash; as, interfering claims, or commands. 2. To enter into, or take a part in, the concerns of others; to intermeddle; to interpose. To interfere with party disputes. Swift. There was no room for anyone to interfere with his own opinions. Bp. Warburton. 3. To strike one foot against the opposite foot or ankle in using the legs; -- sometimes said of a human being, but usually of a horse; as, the horse interferes. 4. (Physics) Defn: To act reciprocally, so as to augment, diminish, or otherwise affect one another; -- said of waves, rays of light, heat, etc. See Interference, 2. 5. (Patent Law) Defn: To cover the same ground; to claim the same invention. Syn. -- To interpose; intermeddle. See Interpose. INTERFERENCE In`ter*fer"ence, n. Etym: [See Interfere.] 1. The act or state of interfering; as, the stoppage of a machine by the interference of some of its parts; a meddlesome interference in the business of others. 2. (Physics) Defn: The mutual influence, under certain conditions, of two streams of light, or series of pulsations of sound, or, generally, two waves or vibrations of any kind, producing certain characteristic phenomena, as colored fringes, dark bands, or darkness, in the case of light, silence or increased intensity in sounds; neutralization or superposition of waves generally. Note: The term is most commonly applied to light, and the undulatory theory of light affords the proper explanation of the phenomena which are considered to be produced by the superposition of waves, and are thus substantially identical in their origin with the phenomena of heat, sound, waves of water, and the like. 3. (Patent Law) Defn: The act or state of interfering, or of claiming a right to the same invention. Interference figures (Optics), the figures observed when certain sections of crystallized bodies are viewed in converging polarized light; thus, a section of a uniaxial crystal, cut normal to the vertical axis, shows a series of concentric colored rings with a single black cross; -- so called because produced by the interference of luminous waves. -- Interference fringe. (Optics) See Fringe. INTERFERER In`ter*fer"er, n. Defn: One who interferes. INTERFERINGLY In`ter*fer"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By or with interference. INTERFEROMETER In`ter*fe*rom"e*ter, n. [See Interfere and -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring small movements, distances, or displacements by means of the interference of two beams of light; -- called also refractometer. INTERFLOW In`ter*flow", v. i. Defn: To flow in. [R.] Holland. INTERFLUENT; INTERFLUOUS In*ter"flu*ent, In*ter"flu*ous, a. Etym: [L. interfluens, p. pr., and interfluus. See Inter-, and Fluent.] Defn: Flowing between or among; intervening. Boyle. INTERFOLDED In`ter*fold"ed, p. a. Defn: Intertwined; interlocked; clasped together. Longfellow. INTERFOLIACEOUS In`ter*fo`li*a"ceous, a. Etym: [Pref. inter- + foliaceous: cf. F. interfoliacé.] (Bot.) Defn: At the same node with opposite or whorled leaves, but occupying a position between their places of attachment. INTERFOLIATE In`ter*fo"li*ate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. inter- + L. folium leaf.] Defn: To interleave. [Obs.] Evelyn. INTERFOLLICULAR In`ter*fol*lic"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between follicles; as, the interfollicular septa in a lymphatic gland. INTERFRETTED In`ter*fret"ted, a. (Her.) Defn: Interlaced; linked together; -- said of charges or bearings. See Fretted. INTERFULGENT In`ter*ful"gent, a. Etym: [L. interfulgens, p. pr. See Inter-, and Fulgent.] Defn: Shining between. INTERFUSE In`ter*fuse" (, v. t. Etym: [L. interfusus, p. p. of interfundere to pour between; inter between + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt.] 1. To pour or spread between or among; to diffuse; to scatter. The ambient air, wide interfused, Embracing round this florid earth. Milton. 2. To spread through; to permeate; to pervade. [R.] Keats, in whom the moral seems to have so perfectly interfused the physical man, that you might almost say he could feel sorrow with his hands. Lowell. 3. To mix up together; to associate. H. Spencer. INTERFUSION In`ter*fu"sion, n. Etym: [L. interfusio.] Defn: The act of interfusing, or the state of being interfused. Coleridge. INTERGANGLIONIC In`ter*gan`gli*on"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between and uniting the nervous ganglions; as, interganglionic cords. INTERGLOBULAR In`ter*glob"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between globules; -- applied esp. to certain small spaces, surrounded by minute globules, in dentine. INTERGRAVE In`ter*grave", v. t. [imp. Intergraved; p. p. Intergraved or Intergraven (p. pr. & vb. n. Intergraving.] Defn: To grave or carve between; to engrave in the alternate sections. The work itself of the bases, was intergraven. 3 Kings vii. 28 (Douay version. ) INTERHEMAL; INTERHAEMAL In`ter*he"mal, In`ter*hæ"mal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the hemal arches or hemal spines. -- n. Defn: An interhemal spine or cartilage. INTERHYAL In`ter*hy"al, a. Etym: [Inter- + the Greek letter (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a segment sometimes present at the proximal end of the hyoidean arch. -- n. Defn: An interhyal ligament or cartilage. INTERIM In"ter*im, n. Etym: [L., fr. inter between + im, an old accusative of is he, this, that.] 1. The meantime; time intervening; interval between events, etc. All the interim is Like a phantasms, or a hideous dream. Shak. 2. (Hist.) Defn: A name given to each of three compromises made by the emperor Charles V. of Germany for the sake of harmonizing the connecting opinions of Protestants and Catholics. INTERIOR In*te"ri*or, a. Etym: [L., compar. fr. inter between: cf. F. intérieur. See Inter-, and cf. Intimate.] 1. Being within any limits, inclosure, or substance; inside; internal; inner; -- opposed to exterior, or superficial; as, the interior apartments of a house; the interior surface of a hollow ball. 2. Remote from the limits, frontier, or shore; inland; as, the interior parts of a region or country. Interior angle (Geom.), an angle formed between two sides, within any rectilinear figure, as a polygon, or between two parallel lines by these lines and another intersecting them; -- called also internal angle. -- Interior planets (Astron.), those planets within the orbit of the earth. -- Interior screw, a screw cut on an interior surface, as in a nut; a female screw. Syn. -- Internal; inside; inner; inland; inward. INTERIOR In*te"ri*or, n. 1. That which is within; the internal or inner part of a thing; the inside. 2. The inland part of a country, state, or kingdom. Department of the Interior, that department of the government of the United States which has charge of pensions, patents, public lands and surveys, the Indians, education, etc.; that department of the government of a country which is specially charged with the internal affairs of that country; the home department. -- Secretary of the Interior, the cabinet officer who, in the United States, is at the head of the Department of the Interior. INTERIORITY In*te`ri*or"i*ty, n. Defn: State of being interior. INTERIORLY In*te"ri*or*ly, adv. Defn: Internally; inwardly. INTERJACENCE; INTERJACENCY In`ter*ja"cence, In`ter*ja"cen*cy, n. Etym: [See Interjacent.] Defn: The state of being between; a coming or lying between or among; intervention; also, that which lies between. England and Scotland is divided only by the interjacency of the Tweed. Sir M. Hale. INTERJACENT In`ter*ja"cent, a. Etym: [L. interjacens, -entis, p. pr. of interjacere to lie between; inter between + jac to lie.] Defn: Lying or being between or among; intervening; as, interjacent isles. Sir W. Raleigh. INTERJACULATE In`ter*jac"u*late, v. t. Defn: To ejaculate parenthetically. [R.] Thackeray. INTERJANGLE In`ter*jan"gle, v. i. Defn: To make a dissonant, discordant noise one with another; to talk or chatter noisily. [R.] Daniel. INTERJECT In`ter*ject", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interjected; p. pr. & vb. n. Interjecting.] Etym: [L. interjectus, p. p. of interjicere to interject; inter between + jac to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] Defn: To throw in between; to insert; to interpose. Sir H. Wotton. INTERJECT In`ter*ject", v. i. Defn: To throw one's self between or among; to come between; to interpose. Sir G. Buck. INTERJECTION In`ter*jec"tion, n. Etym: [L. interjectio: cf. F. interjection. See Interject.] 1. The act of interjecting or throwing between; also, that which is interjected. The interjection of laughing. Bacon. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A word or form of speech thrown in to express emotion or feeling, as O! Alas! Ha ha! Begone! etc. Compare Exclamation. An interjection implies a meaning which it would require a whole grammatical sentence to expound, and it may be regarded as the rudiment of such a sentence. But it is a confusion of thought to rank it among the parts of speech. Earle. How now! interjections Why, then, some be of laughing, as, ah, ha, he! Shak. INTERJECTIONAL In`ter*jec"tion*al, a. 1. Thrown in between other words or phrases; parenthetical; ejaculatory; as, an interjectional remark. 2. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an interjection; consisting of natural and spontaneous exclamations. Certain of the natural accompaniments of interjectional speech, such as gestures, grimaces, and gesticulations, are restrained by civilization. Earle. INTERJECTIONALIZE In`ter*jec"tion*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To convert into, or to use as, an interjection. Earle. INTERJECTIONALLY In`ter*jec"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an interjectional manner. G. Eliot. INTERJECTIONARY In`ter*jec"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Interjectional. INTERJOIN In`ter*join", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interjoined; p. pr. & vb. n. Interjoining.] Etym: [Pref. inter + join.] Defn: To join mutually; to unite. [R.] Shak. INTERJOIST In"ter*joist`, n. (Carp.) 1. The space or interval between two joists. Gwilt. 2. A middle joist or crossbeam. De Colange. INTERJUNCTION In`ter*junc"tion, n. Etym: [L. interjunctus, p. p. of interjungere to join together. See Inter-, and Join, and cf. Interjoin.] Defn: A mutual joining. [R.] INTERKNIT In`ter*knit", v. t. Defn: To knit together; to unite closely; to intertwine. INTERKNOW In`ter*know", v. t. Defn: To know mutually. [Obs.] INTERKNOWLEDGE In`ter*knowl"edge, n. Defn: Mutual knowledge or acquaintance. [Obs.] Bacon. INTERLACE In`ter*lace", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Interlaced; p. pr. & vb. n. Interlacing.] Etym: [OE. entrelacen, F. entrelacer. See Inter-, and Lace.] Defn: To unite, as by lacing together; to insert or interpose one thing within another; to intertwine; to interweave. Severed into stripes That interlaced each other. Cowper. The epic way is every where interlaced with dialogue. Dryden. Interlacing arches (Arch.), arches, usually circular, so constructed that their archivolts intersect and seem to be interlaced. INTERLACEMENT In`ter*lace"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. entrelacement.] Defn: The act of interlacing, or the state of being interlaced; also, that which is interlaced. INTERLAMELLAR; INTERLAMINAR In`ter*lam"el*lar, In`ter*lam"i*nar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between lammellæ or laminæ; as, interlamellar spaces. INTERLAMINATED In`ter*lam"i*na`ted, a. Defn: Placed between, or containing, laminæ or plates. INTERLAMINATION In`ter*lam`i*na"tion, n. Defn: The state of being interlaminated. INTERLAPSE In"ter*lapse`, n. Etym: [Pref. inter- + lapse: cf. L. interlabi, interlapsus, to fall, slide, or flow, between.] Defn: The lapse or interval of time between two events. [R.] Harvey. INTERLARD In`ter*lard", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interlarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Interlarding.] Etym: [F. entrelarder. See Inter-, and Lard.] 1. To place lard or bacon amongst; to mix, as fat meat with lean. [Obs.] Whose grain doth rise in flakes, with fatness interlarded. Drayton. 2. Hence: To insert between; to mix or mingle; especially, to introduce that which is foreign or irrelevant; as, to interlard a conservation with oaths or allusions. The English laws . . . [were] mingled and interlarded with many particular laws of their own. Sir M. Hale. They interlard their native drinks with choice Of strongest brandy. J. Philips. INTERLAY In`ter*lay", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interlaid; p. pr. & vb. n. Interlaying.] Defn: To lay or place among or between. Daniel. INTERLEAF In"ter*leaf`, n.; pl. Interleaves. Etym: [See Interleave.] Defn: A leaf inserted between other leaves; a blank leaf inserted, as in a book. INTERLEAVE In`ter*leave", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interleaved; p. pr. & vb. n. Interleaving.] Etym: [Pref. inter- + leaf.] Defn: To insert a leaf or leaves in; to bind with blank leaves inserted between the others; as, to interleave a book. INTERLIBEL In`ter*li"bel, v. t. Defn: To libel mutually. INTERLINE In`ter*line", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interlined; p. pr. & vb. n. Interlining.] Etym: [Pref. inter- + line: cf. LL. interlineare, F. interlinéer, OF. entreligner.] 1. To write or insert between lines already written or printed, as for correction or addition; to write or print something between the lines of; as, to interline a page or a book. Swift. 2. To arrange in alternate lines; as, to interline Latin and English. Locke. 3. To mark or imprint with lines. A crooked wrinkle interlines my brow. Marlowe. INTERLINEAL; INTERLINEAR In`ter*lin"e*al, In`ter*lin"e*ar, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. interlinearis, F. interlinéaire.] Defn: Contained between lines; written or inserted between lines already written or printed; containing interlineations; as, an interlinear manuscript, translation, etc. -- In`ter*lin"e*ar*ly, adv. INTERLINEARY In`ter*lin"e*a*ry, a. Defn: Interlinear. -- n. Defn: A book containing interlineations. [R.] INTERLINEATION In`ter*lin`e*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. interlinéation.] 1. The act of interlining. 2. That which is interlined; a passage, word, or line inserted between lines already written or printed. INTERLINING In`ter*lin"ing, n. Defn: Correction or alteration by writing between the lines; interlineation. Bp. Burnet. INTERLINK In`ter*link", v. t. Defn: To link together; to join, as one chain to another. Dryden. INTERLINK In`ter*link", n. Defn: An intermediate or connecting link. INTERLOBAR In`ter*lo"bar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between lobes; as, the interlobar notch of the liver; the interlobar ducts of a gland. INTERLOBULAR In`ter*lob"u*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. inter- + lobular: cf. F. interlobulaire.] (Anat.) Defn: Between lobules; as, the interlobular branches of the portal vein. INTERLOCATION In`ter*lo*ca"tion, n. Defn: A placing or coming between; interposition. INTERLOCK In`ter*lock", v. i. Defn: To unite, embrace, communicate with, or flow into, one another; to be connected in one system; to lock into one another; to interlace firmly. INTERLOCK In`ter*lock", v. t. Defn: To unite by locking or linking together; to secure in place by mutual fastening. My lady with her fingers interlocked. Tennyson. INTERLOCUTION In`ter*lo*cu"tion, n. Etym: [L. interlocutio, from interloqui, interlocutus, to speak between; inter between + loqui to speak: cf. F. interlocution. See Loquacious.] 1. Interchange of speech; dialogue; conversation; conference. 2. (Law) Defn: An intermediate act or decree before final decision. Ayliffe. 3. Hence, intermediate argument or discussion. INTERLOCUTOR In`ter*loc"u*tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. interlocuteur.] 1. One who takes part in dialogue or conversation; a talker, interpreter, or questioner. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Law) Defn: An interlocutory judgment or sentence. INTERLOCUTORY In`ter*loc"u*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. interlocutorius, F. interlocutoire.] 1. Consisting of, or having the nature of, dialogue; conversational. Interlocutory discourses in the Holy Scriptures. Fiddes. 2. (Law) Defn: Intermediate; not final or definitive; made or done during the progress of an action. Note: An order, sentence, decree, or judgment, given in an intermediate stage between the commencement and termination of a cause, is called interlocutory. INTERLOCUTORY In`ter*loc"u*to*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. interlocutoire.] Defn: Interpolated discussion or dialogue. INTERLOCUTRICE In`ter*loc"u*trice, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A female interlocutor. INTERLOPE In`ter*lope", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Interloped; p. pr. & vb. n. Interloping.] Etym: [See Interloper.] Defn: To run between parties and intercept without right the advantage that one should gain from the other; to traffic without a proper license; to intrude; to forestall others; to intermeddle. INTERLOPER In"ter*lo`per, n. Etym: [Pref. inter- + D. looper a runner, fr. loopen to run; akin to E. leap. See Leap, and cf. Elope.] Defn: One who interlopes; one who interlopes; one who unlawfully intrudes upon a property, a station, or an office; one who interferes wrongfully or officiously. The untrained man, . . . the interloper as to the professions. I. Taylor. INTERLUCATE In`ter*lu"cate, v. t. Etym: [L. interlucatus, p. p. of interlucare; inter between + lux, lucis, light.] Defn: To let in light upon, as by cutting away branches. [Obs.] INTERLUCATION In`ter*lu*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. interlucatio.] Defn: Act of thinning a wood to let in light. [Obs.] Evelyn. INTERLUCENT In`ter*lu"cent, a. Etym: [L. interlucens, p. pr. See Inter-, and Lucent.] Defn: Shining between. INTERLUDE In`ter*lude, n. Etym: [OE. enterlude, LL. interludium; LL. inter between + ludus play, fr. ludere to play: cf. F. interlude. See Ludicrous.] 1. A short entertainment exhibited on the stage between the acts of a play, or between the play and the afterpiece, to relieve the tedium of waiting. Dreams are but interludes, which fancy makes When monarch reason sleeps. Dryden. 2. A form of English drama or play, usually short, merry, and farcical, which succeeded the Moralities or Moral Plays in the transition to the romantic or Elizabethan drama. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A short piece of instrumental music played between the parts of a song or cantata, or the acts of a drama; especially, in church music, a short passage played by the organist between the stanzas of a hymn, or in German chorals after each line. INTERLUDED In"ter*lu`ded, a. Defn: Inserted in the manner of an interlude; having or containing interludes. INTERLUDER In"ter*lu`der, n. Defn: An actor who performs in an interlude. B. Jonson. INTERLUENCY In"ter*lu`en*cy, n. Etym: [L. interluens, p. pr. of interluere to flow between; inter + luere.] Defn: A flowing between; intervening water. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. INTERLUNAR; INTERLUNARY In`ter*lu"nar, In`ter*lu"na*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. inter- + lunar: cf. L. interlunis.] Defn: Belonging or pertaining to the time when the moon, at or near its conjunction with the sun, is invisible. Milton. INTERMANDIBULAR In`ter*man*dib"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the mandibles; interramal; as, the intermandibular space. INTERMARRIAGE In`ter*mar"riage, n. Defn: Connection by marriage; reciprocal marriage; giving and taking in marriage, as between two families, tribes, castes, or nations. INTERMARRY In`ter*mar"ry, v. i. Defn: To become connected by marriage between their members; to give and take mutually in marriage; -- said of families, ranks, castes, etc. About the middle of the fourth century from the building of Rome, it was declared lawful for nobles and plebeians to intermarry. Swift. INTERMAXILLA In`ter*max*il"la, n.; pl. Intermaxillæ (. (Anat.) Defn: See Premaxilla. INTERMAXILLARY In`ter*max"il*la*ry, a. (Anat.) (a) Between the maxillary bones. (b) Of or pertaining to the intermaxillæ. -- n. Defn: An intermaxilla. INTERMEAN In"ter*mean`, n. Defn: Something done in the meantime; interlude. [Obs.] B. Jonson. INTERMEATION In`ter*me*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. intermeare, intermeatum; to go between; inter between + meare to go.] Defn: A flowing between. [Obs.] Bailey. INTERMEDDLE In`ter*med"dle, v. i. Etym: [OE. entremedlen, entermellen, to mix together, OF. entremedler, entremeller, entremesler, F. entremêler. See Inter-, and Meddle.] Defn: To meddle with the affairs of others; to meddle officiously; to interpose or interfere improperly; to mix or meddle with. The practice of Spain hath been, by war and by conditions of treaty, to intermeddle with foreign states. Bacon. Syn. -- To interpose; interfere. See Interpose. INTERMEDDLE In`ter*med"dle, v. t. Defn: To intermix; to mingle. [Obs.] Many other adventures are intermeddled. Spenser. INTERMEDDLER In`ter*med"dler, n. Defn: One who meddles with, or intrudes into, the affairs of others. Swift. INTERMEDDLESOME In`ter*med"dle*some, a. Defn: Inclined or disposed to intermeddle. -- In`ter*med"dle*some*ness, n. INTERMEDDLING In`ter*med"dling, n. Defn: The act of improperly interfering. Burke. INTERMEDE In"ter*mede, n. Etym: [F. intermède, fr. L. inter between + medius, adj., middle; cf. It. intermedio. Cf. Intermezzo.] Defn: A short musical dramatic piece, of a light and pleasing, sometimes a burlesque, character; an interlude introduced between the acts of a play or an opera. INTERMEDIACY In`ter*me"di*a*cy, n. Etym: [From Intermediate.] Defn: Interposition; intervention. Derham. INTERMEDIAE In`ter*me"di*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. intermedius intermedial.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The middle pair of tail feathers, or middle rectrices. INTERMEDIAL In`ter*me"di*al, a. Etym: [Pref. inter- + medial: cf. L. intermedius.] Defn: Lying between; intervening; intermediate. "Intermedial colors." Evelyn. INTERMEDIAN In`ter*me"di*an, a. Defn: Intermediate. [Obs.] INTERMEDIARY In`ter*me"di*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. intermédiaire.] Defn: Lying, coming, or done, between; intermediate; as, an intermediary project. Intermediary amputation (Surg.), an amputation for injury, performed after inflammation has set in. INTERMEDIARY In`ter*me"di*a*ry, n.; pl. Intermediaries (. Defn: One who, or that which, is intermediate; an interagent; a go- between. INTERMEDIATE In`ter*me"di*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. inter- + mediate: cf. F. intermédiat.] Defn: Lying or being in the middle place or degree, or between two extremes; coming or done between; intervening; interposed; interjacent; as, an intermediate space or time; intermediate colors. Intermediate state (Theol.), the state or condition of the soul between the death and the resurrection of the body. -- Intermediate terms (Math.), the terms of a progression or series between the first and the last (which are called the extremes); the means. -- Intermediate tie. (Arch.) Same as Intertie. INTERMEDIATE In`ter*me"di*ate, v. i. Defn: To come between; to intervene; to interpose. Milton. INTERMEDIATELY In`ter*me"di*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In an intermediate manner; by way of intervention. INTERMEDIATION In`ter*me`di*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of coming between; intervention; interposition. Burke. INTERMEDIATOR In`ter*me"di*a`tor, n. Defn: A mediator. INTERMEDIOUS In`ter*me"di*ous, a. Etym: [L. intermedius.] Defn: Intermediate. [R.] Cudworth. INTERMEDIUM In`ter*me"di*um, n.; pl. Intermediums, L. Intermedia. Etym: [NL., neut. of L. intermedius intermediate.] 1. Intermediate space. [R.] 2. An intervening agent or instrument. Cowper. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The bone or cartilage between the radiale and ulnare in the carpus, and between the tibiale and fibulare in the tarsus. It corresponds to the lunar in the carpus, and to a part of the astragalus in the tarsus of man and most mammals. INTERMELL In`ter*mell", v. i. & t. Etym: [See Intermeddle.] Defn: To intermeddle; to intermix. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher. INTERMEMBRAL In`ter*mem"bral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between members or limbs; as, intermembral homology, the correspondence of the limbs with each other. INTERMEMBRANOUS In`ter*mem"bra*nous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Within or beneath a membrane; as, intermembranous ossification. INTERMENT In*ter"ment, n. Etym: [OE. enterment, F. enterrement. See Inter, v. t.] Defn: The act or ceremony of depositing a dead body in the earth; burial; sepulture; inhumation. T. Warton. INTERMENTION In`ter*men"tion, v. t. Defn: To mention among other things, or casually or incidentally. [Obs.] INTERMESENTERIC In`ter*mes`en*ter"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Within the mesentery; as, the intermesenteric, or aortic, plexus. INTERMETACARPAL In`ter*me`ta*car"pal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the metacarpal bones. INTERMETATARSAL In`ter*me`ta*tar"sal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the metatarsal bones. INTERMEZZO In`ter*mez"zo, n. Etym: [It. See Intermede.] (Mus.) Defn: An interlude; an intermede. See Intermede. INTERMICATE In`ter*mi"cate, v. i. Etym: [L. intermicare; inter- between + micare to glitter.] Defn: To flash or shine between or among. [R.] Blount. INTERMICATION In`ter*mi*ca"tion, n. Defn: A shining between or among. [R.] Smart. INTERMIGRATION In`ter*mi*gra"tion, n. Defn: Reciprocal migration; interchange of dwelling place by migration. [R.] Sir M. Hale. INTERMINABLE In*ter"mi*na*ble, a. Etym: [L. interminabilis: cf. F. interminable. See Terminate.] Defn: Without termination; admitting no limit; boundless; endless; wearisomely protracted; as, interminable space or duration; interminable sufferings. That wild interminable waste of waves. Grainger. Syn. -- Boundless; endless; limitless; illimitable; immeasurable; infinite; unbounded; unlimited. INTERMINABLENESS In*ter"mi*na*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state of being endless. INTERMINABLY In*ter"mi*na*bly, adv. Defn: Without end or limit. INTERMINATE In*ter"mi*nate, a. Etym: [L. interminatus; in- not + terminatus, p. p. of terminate.] Defn: Endless; as, interminate sleep. Chapman. INTERMINATE In*ter"mi*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. interminatus, p. p. of interminari; inter between + minari to threaten.] Defn: To menace; to threaten. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. INTERMINATED In*ter"mi*na`ted, a. Defn: Interminable; interminate; endless; unending. [Obs.] Akenside. INTERMINATION In*ter`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. interminatio.] Defn: A menace or threat. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. INTERMINE In`ter*mine", v. t. Defn: To intersect or penetrate with mines. [Obs.] Drayton. INTERMINGLE In`ter*min"gle, v. t. Defn: To mingle or mix together; to intermix. Hooker. INTERMINGLE In`ter*min"gle, v. i. Defn: To be mixed or incorporated. Party and faction will intermingle. Swift. INTERMISE In"ter*mise, n. Etym: [Cf. F. entremise. See Intermission.] Defn: Interference; interposition. [Obs.] Bacon. INTERMISSION In`ter*mis"sion, n. Etym: [L. intermissio: cf. F. intermission. See Intermit.] 1. The act or the state of intermitting; the state of being neglected or disused; disuse; discontinuance. B. Jonson. 2. Cessation for a time; an intervening period of time; an interval; a temporary pause; as, to labor without intermission; an intermission of ten minutes. Rest or intermission none I find. Milton. 3. (Med.) Defn: The temporary cessation or subsidence of a fever; the space of time between the paroxysms of a disease. Intermission is an entire cessation, as distinguished from remission, or abatement of fever. 4. Intervention; interposition. [Obs.] Heylin. Syn. -- Cessation; interruption; interval; pause; stop; rest; suspension. See Cessation. INTERMISSIVE In`ter*mis"sive, a. Defn: Having temporary cessations; not continual; intermittent. "Intermissive miseries." Shak. "Intermissive wars." Howell. INTERMIT In`ter*mit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intermitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Intermitting.] Etym: [L. intermittere; inter between + mittere, missum, to send: cf. OE. entremeten to busy (one's self) with, F. s'entremettre. See Missile.] Defn: To cause to cease for a time, or at intervals; to interrupt; to suspend. Pray to the gods to intermit the plague. Shak. INTERMIT In`ter*mit", v. i. Defn: To cease for a time or at intervals; to moderate; to be intermittent, as a fever. Pope. INTERMITTENCE In`ter*mit"tence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. intermittence.] Defn: Act or state of intermitting; intermission. Tyndall. INTERMITTENT In`ter*mit"tent, a. Etym: [L. intermittens, -entis, p. pr. of intermittere: cf. F. intermittent.] Defn: Coming and going at intervals; alternating; recurrent; periodic; as, an intermittent fever. Boyle. Intermittent fever (Med.), a disease with fever which recurs at certain intervals; -- applied particularly to fever and ague. See Fever. -- Intermittent gearing (Mach.), gearing which receives, or produces, intermittent motion. -- Intermittent springs, springs which flow at intervals, not apparently dependent upon rain or drought. They probably owe their intermittent action to their being connected with natural reservoirs in hills or mountains by passages having the form of a siphon, the water beginning to flow when it has accumulated so as to fill the upper part of the siphon, and ceasing when, by running through it, it has fallen below the orifice of the upper part of the siphon in the reservoir. INTERMITTENT In`ter*mit"tent, n. (Med.) Defn: An intermittent fever or disease. Dunglison. INTERMITTENTLY In`ter*mit"tent*ly, adv. Defn: With intermissions; in an intermittent manner; intermittingly. INTERMITTINGLY In`ter*mit"ting*ly, adv. Defn: With intermissions; at intervals. W. Montagu. INTERMIX In`ter*mix", v. t. Defn: To mix together; to intermingle. In yonder spring of roses, intermixed With myrtle, find what to redress till noon. Milton. INTERMIX In`ter*mix", v. i. Defn: To be mixed together; to be intermingled. INTERMIXEDLY In`ter*mix"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a mixed manner. INTERMIXTURE In`ter*mix"ture, n. 1. A mass formed by mixture; a mass of ingredients mixed. Boyle. 2. Admixture; an additional ingredient. In this height of impiety there wanted not an intermixture of levity and folly. Bacon. INTERMOBILITY In`ter*mo*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capacity of things to move among each other; as, the intermobility of fluid particles. INTERMODILLION In`ter*mo*dil"lion, n. (Arch.) Defn: The space between two modillions. INTERMONTANE In`ter*mon"tane, a. Etym: [Pref. inter- + L. montanus belonging to a mountain, fr. mons, montis, mountain.] Defn: Between mountains; as, intermontane soil. INTERMUNDANE In`ter*mun"dane, a. Defn: Being, between worlds or orbs. [R.] "Intermundane spaces." Locke. INTERMUNDIAN In`ter*mun"di*an, a. Defn: Intermundane. [Obs.] INTERMURAL In`ter*mu"ral, a. Defn: Lying between walls; inclosed by walls. INTERMURE In`ter*mure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intermured; p. pr. & vb. n. Intermuring.] Etym: [Pref. inter- + L. murus wall.] Defn: To wall in; to inclose. [Obs.] Ford. INTERMUSCULAR In`ter*mus"cu*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between muscles; as, intermuscular septa. INTERMUTATION In`ter*mu*ta"tion, n. Defn: Interchange; mutual or reciprocal change. INTERMUTUAL In`ter*mu"tu*al, a. Defn: Mutual. [Obs.] Daniel. -- In`ter*mu"tu*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] INTERN In*tern", a. Etym: [L. internus: cf. F. interne. See Internal.] Defn: Internal. [Obs.] Howell. INTERN In*tern", v. t. Etym: [F. interne. See Intern, a.] Defn: To put for safe keeping in the interior of a place or country; to confine to one locality; as, to intern troops which have fled for refuge to a neutral country. INTERNAL In*tern"al, a. Etym: [L. internus; akin to interior. See Interior.] 1. Inward; interior; being within any limit or surface; inclosed; -- opposed to external; as, the internal parts of a body, or of the earth. 2. Derived from, or dependent on, the thing itself; inherent; as, the internal evidence of the divine origin of the Scriptures. 3. Pertaining to its own affairs or interests; especially, (said of a country) domestic, as opposed to foreign; as, internal trade; internal troubles or war. 4. Pertaining to the inner being or the heart; spiritual. With our Savior, internal purity is everything. Paley. 5. Intrinsic; inherent; real. [R.] The internal rectitude of our actions in the sight of God. Rogers. 6. (Anat.) Defn: Lying toward the mesial plane; mesial. Internal angle (Geom.), an interior angle. See under Interior. -- Internal gear (Mach.), a gear in which the teeth project inward from the rim instead of outward. Syn. -- Inner; interior; inward; inland; inside. INTERNAL-COMBUSTION; INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE In*ter"nal-com*bus"tion, a. (Mach.) Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, any engine (called an Internal- combustion engine) in which the heat or pressure energy necessary to produce motion is developed in the engine cylinder, as by the explosion of a gas, and not in a separate chamber, as in a steam- engine boiler. The gas used may be a fixed gas, or one derived from alcohol, ether, gasoline (petrol), naphtha, oil (petroleum), etc. There are three main classes: (1) gas engines proper, using fixed gases, as coal, blast-furnace, or producer gas; (2) engines using the vapor of a volatile fluid, as the typical gasoline (petrol) engine; (3) oil engines, using either an atomized spray or the vapor (produced by heat) of a comparatively heavy oil, as petroleum or kerosene. In all of these the gas is mixed with a definite amount of air, the charge is composed in the cylinder and is then exploded either by a flame of gas (flame ignition -- now little used), by a hot tube (tube ignition) or the like, by an electric spark (electric ignition, the usual method is gasoline engines, or by the heat of compression, as in the Diesel engine. Gas and oil engines are chiefly of the stationary type. Gasoline engines are largely used for automobile vehicles, boats, etc. Most internal-combustion engines use the Otto (four-stroke) cycle, though many use the two-stroke cycle. They are almost universally trunk engines and single-acting. Because of the intense heat produced by the frequent explosions, the cylinders must be cooled by a water jacket (water-cooled) or by air currents (air cooled) to give the maximum thermodynamic efficiency and to avoid excessive friction or seizing. INTERNALITY In`ter*nal"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being internal or within; interiority. INTERNALLY In*ter"nal*ly, adv. 1. Inwardly; within the enveloping surface, or the boundary of a thing; within the body; beneath the surface. 2. Hence: Mentally; spiritually. Jer. Taylor. INTERNASAL In`ter*na"sal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the nasal cavities; as, the internasal cartilage. INTERNATIONAL In`ter*na"tion*al, a. Etym: [Pref. inter- + national: cf. F. international.] 1. Between or among nations; pertaining to the intercourse of nations; participated in by two or more nations; common to, or affecting, two or more nations. 2. Of or concerning the association called the International. International code (Naut.), a common system of signaling adopted by nearly all maritime nations, whereby communication may be had between vessels at sea. -- International copyright. See under Copyright. -- International law, the rules regulating the mutual intercourse of nations. International law is mainly the product of the conditions from time to time of international intercourse, being drawn from diplomatic discussion, textbooks, proof of usage, and from recitals in treaties. It is called public when treating of the relations of sovereign powers, and private when of the relations of persons of different nationalities. International law is now, by the better opinion, part of the common law of the land. Cf. Conflict of laws, under Conflict. Wharton. INTERNATIONAL In`ter*na"tion*al, n. Etym: [Cf. F. internationale.] 1. The International; an abbreviated from of the title of the International Workingmen's Association, the name of an association, formed in London in 1864, which has for object the promotion of the interests of the industrial classes of all nations. 2. A member of the International Association. INTERNATIONALISM In`ter*na"tion*al*ism, n. 1. The state or principles of international interests and intercourse. 2. The doctrines or organization of the International. INTERNATIONALIST In`ter*na"tion*al*ist, n. 1. One who is versed in the principles of international law. 2. A member of the International; one who believes in, or advocates the doctrines of, the International. INTERNATIONALIZE In`ter*na"tion*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To make international; to cause to affect the mutual relations of two or more nations; as, to internationalize a principle of law, or a philanthropic enterprise. INTERNATIONALLY In`ter*na"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an international manner; from an international point of view. INTERNE In*terne", n. Etym: [See Intern, a.] Defn: That which is within; the interior. [Poetic] Mrs. Browning. INTERNECIARY; INTERNECINAL In`ter*ne"cia*ry, In`ter*ne"ci*nal, a. Defn: Internecine. INTERNECINE In`ter*ne"cine, a. Etym: [L. internecinus deadly, murderous, fr. internecare to kill, to slaughter; inter between + necare to kill; akin to Gr. Necromancy.] Defn: Involving, or accompanied by, mutual slaughter; mutually destructive. Internecine quarrels, horrible tumults, stain the streets with blood. Motley. INTERNECION In`ter*ne"cion, n. Etym: [L. internecio.] Defn: Mutual slaughter or destruction; massacre. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. INTERNECIVE In`ter*ne"cive, a. Etym: [L. internecivus.] Defn: Internecine. [R.] Sydney Smith. INTERNECTION In`ter*nec"tion, n. Etym: [L. internectere to bind together; inter between + nectere to fasten.] Defn: Intimate connection. [Obs.] W. Montagu. INTERNEURAL In`ter*neu"ral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the neural arches or neural spines. -- n. Defn: An interneural spine or cartilage. INTERNITY In*ter"ni*ty, n. Defn: State of being within; interiority. [R.] H. Brooke. INTERNMENT In*tern"ment, n. Etym: [F. internement. See Intern.] Defn: Confinement within narrow limits, -- as of foreign troops, to the interior of a country. INTERNODAL In`ter*no"dal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to internodes; intervening between nodes or joints. INTERNODE In"ter*node`, n. Etym: [L. internodium; inter between + nodus knot.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The space between two nodes or points of the stem from which the leaves properly arise. H. Spenser. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A part between two joints; a segment; specifically, one of the phalanges. INTERNODIAL In`ter*no"di*al, a. Defn: Internodal. [R.] INTERNUNCIAL In`ter*nun"cial, a. Etym: [See Internuncio.] 1. Of or pertaining to an internuncio. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Communicating or transmitting impressions between different parts of the body; -- said of the nervous system. Carpenter. INTERNUNCIESS In`ter*nun"ciess, n. Defn: A female messenger. [R.] INTERNUNCIO In`ter*nun"ci*o, n.; pl. Internuncios. Etym: [L. internuntius; inter between + nuntius, nuncius, messenger: cf. It. internunzio. See Nuncio.] 1. A messenger between two parties. Johnson. 2. A representative, or chargé d'affaires, of the pope at a foreign court or seat of government, ranking next below a nuncio. Note: This title was formerly given also to the Austrian envoy at Constantinople. INTERNUNCIOSHIP In`ter*nun"ci*o*ship, n. Defn: The office or function of an internuncio. Richardson. INTERNUNCIUS In`ter*nun"ci*us, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Internuncio. INTEROCEANIC In`ter*o`ce*an"ic, a. Defn: Between oceans; connecting oceans; as, interoceanic communication; an interoceanic canal. INTEROCULAR In`ter*oc"u*lar, a. Defn: Between, or within, the eyes; as, the interocular distance; situated between the eyes, as the antennæ of some insects. INTEROPERCULAR In`ter*o*per"cu*lar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the interoperculum. -- n. Defn: The interopercular bone. INTEROPERCULUM In`ter*o*per"cu*lum, n.; pl. -la (-la). (Anat.) Defn: The postero-inferior opercular bone, in fishes. INTERORBITAL In`ter*or"bit*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the orbits; as, the interorbital septum. INTEROSCULANT In`ter*os"cu*lant, a. 1. Mutually touching or intersecting; as, interosculant circles. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Uniting two groups; -- said of certain genera which connect family groups, or of species that connect genera. See Osculant. INTEROSCULATE In`ter*os"cu*late, v. i. & t. 1. To kiss together to touch. See Osculate. 2. (Biol.) Defn: To have the character of, or to lie between, two distinct groups. INTEROSSEAL; INTEROSSEOUS In`ter*os"se*al, In`ter*os"se*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. inter- + osseous: cf. F. interosseux.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated between bones; as, an interosseous ligament. INTERPALE In`ter*pale", v. t. 1. To place pales between or among; to separate by pales. 2. To interweave or interlace. [R.] Brende. INTERPARIETAL In`ter*pa*ri"e*tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the parietal bones or cartilages; as, the interparietal suture. -- n. Defn: The interparietal bone or cartilage INTERPAUSE In`ter*pause`, n. Defn: An intermission. [R.] INTERPEAL In`ter*peal", v. t. Defn: To interpel. [Obs.] INTERPEDENCULAR In`ter*pe*den"cu*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between peduncles; esp., between the peduncles, or crura, of the cerebrum. INTERPEL In`ter*pel", v. t. Etym: [L. interpellare, interpellatum; inter between + pellare (in comp.), akin to pellere to drive: cf. F. interpeller. Cf. Interpellate.] Defn: To interrupt, break in upon, or intercede with. [Obs.] I am interpelled by many businesses. Howell. INTERPELLANT In`ter*pel"lant, a. Etym: [L. interpellans, p. pr. See Interpel.] Defn: Interpelling; interrupting. -- n. Defn: One who, or that which, interpels. INTERPELLATE In`ter*pel"late, v. t. Etym: [See Interpel.] Defn: To question imperatively, as a minister, or other executive officer, in explanation of his conduct; -- generally on the part of a legislative body. INTERPELLATION In`ter*pel*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. interpellatio: cf. F. interpellation.] 1. The act of interpelling or interrupting; interruption. "Continual interpellations." Bp. Hall. 2. The act of interposing or interceding; intercession. Accepted by his interpellation and intercession. Jer. Taylor. 3. An act of interpellating, or of demanding of an officer an explanation of his action; imperative or peremptory questioning; a point raised in a debate. 4. A official summons or citation. Ayliffe. INTERPENETRATE In`ter*pen"e*trate, v. t. Defn: To penetrate between or within; to penetrate mutually. It interpenetrates my granite mass. Shelley. INTERPENETRATE In`ter*pen"e*trate, v. i. Defn: To penetrate each the other; to penetrate between bodies or their parts. Interpenetrating molding (Arch.), in late Gothic architecture, a decoration by means of moldings which seem to pass through solid uprights, transoms, or other members; often, two sets of architectural members penetrating one another, in appearance, as if both had been plastic when they were put together. INTERPENETRATION In`ter*pen`e*tra"tion, n. Defn: The act of penetrating between or within other substances; mutual penetration. Milman. INTERPENETRATIVE In`ter*pen"e*tra*tive, a. Defn: Penetrating among or between other substances; penetrating each the other; mutually penetrative. INTERPETALARY In`ter*pet"al*a*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. inter- + petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Between the petals of a flower. INTERPETIOLAR In`ter*pet"i*o*lar, a. (Bot.) Defn: Being between petioles. Cf. Intrapetiolar. INTERPHALANGEAL In`ter*pha*lan"ge*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between phalanges; as, interphalangeal articulations. INTERPILASTER In`ter*pi*las"ter, n. (Arch.) Defn: The interval or space between two pilasters. Elmes. INTERPLACE In`ter*place", v. t. Defn: To place between or among; as, to interplace a name. [R.] Daniel. INTERPLANETARY In`ter*plan"et*a*ry, a. Defn: Between planets; as, interplanetary spaces. Boyle. INTERPLAY In`ter*play`, n. Defn: Mutual action or influence; interaction; as, the interplay of affection. INTERPLEAD In`ter*plead", v. i. (Law) Defn: To plead against each other, or go to trial between themselves, as the claimants in an in an interpleader. See Interpleader. [Written also enterplead.] INTERPLEADER In`ter*plead"er, n. 1. One who interpleads. 2. (Law) Defn: A proceeding devised to enable a person, of whom the same debt, duty, or thing is claimed adversely by two or more parties, to compel them to litigate the right or title between themselves, and thereby to relieve himself from the suits which they might otherwise bring against him. INTERPLEDGE In`ter*pledge", v. t. Defn: To pledge mutually. [R.] INTERPOINT In`ter*point", v. t. Defn: To point; to mark with stops or pauses; to punctuate. [R.] Her sighs should interpoint her words. Daniel. INTERPOLABLE In*ter"po*la*ble, a. Defn: That may be interpolated; suitable to be interpolated. A most interpolable clause of one sentence. De Morgan. INTERPOLATE In*ter"po*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interpolated; p. pr. & vb. n. Interpolating.] Etym: [L. interpolatus, p. p. of interpolare to form anew, to interpolate, fr. interpolus, interpolis, falsified, vamped up, polished up; inter between + polire to polish. See Polish, v. t.] 1. To renew; to carry on with intermission. [Obs.] Motion . . . partly continued and unintermitted, . . . partly interpolated and interrupted. Sir M. Hale. 2. To alter or corrupt by the insertion of new or foreign matter; especially, to change, as a book or text, by the insertion of matter that is new, or foreign to the purpose of the author. How strangely Ignatius is mangled and interpolated, you may see by the vast difference of all copies and editions. Bp. Barlow. The Athenians were put in possession of Salamis by another law, which was cited by Solon, or, as some think, interpolated by him for that purpose. Pope. 3. (Math.) Defn: To fill up intermediate terms of, as of a series, according to the law of the series; to introduce, as a number or quantity, in a partial series, according to the law of that part of the series. INTERPOLATED In*ter"po*la`ted, a. 1. Inserted in, or added to, the original; introduced; foisted in; changed by the insertion of new or spurious matter. 2. (Math.) (a) Provided with necessary interpolations; as, an interpolated table. (b) Introduced or determined by interpolation; as, interpolated quantities or numbers. INTERPOLATION In*ter`po*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. interpolatio an alteration made here and there: cf. F. interpolation.] 1. The act of introducing or inserting anything, especially that which is spurious or foreign. 2. That which is introduced or inserted, especially something foreign or spurious. Bentley wrote a letter . . . . upon the scriptural glosses in our present copies of Hesychius, which he considered interpolations from a later hand. De Quincey. 3. (Math.) Defn: The method or operation of finding from a few given terms of a series, as of numbers or observations, other intermediate terms in conformity with the law of the series. INTERPOLATOR In*ter"po*la`tor, n. Etym: [L., a corrupter: of. F. interpolateur.] Defn: One who interpolates; esp., one who inserts foreign or spurious matter in genuine writings. INTERPONE In`ter*pone", v. t. Etym: [L. interponere; inter between + ponere to place. See Position.] Defn: To interpose; to insert or place between. [R.] Cudworth. INTERPONENT In`ter*po"nent, n. Defn: One who, or that which, interposes; an interloper, an opponent. [R.] Heywood. INTERPOSAL In`ter*pos"al, n. Etym: [From Interpose.] Defn: The act of interposing; interposition; intervention. INTERPOSE In`ter*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Interposing.] Etym: [F. interposer. See Inter-, and Pose, v. t.] 1. To place between; as, to interpose a screen between the eye and the light. Mountains interposed Make enemies of nations. Cowper. 2. To thrust; to intrude; to between, either for aid or for troubling. What watchful cares do interpose themselves Betwixt your eyes and night Shak. The common Father of mankind seasonably interposed his hand, and rescues miserable man. Woodward. 3. To introduce or inject between the parts of a conversation or argument. Milton. INTERPOSE In`ter*pose", v. i. 1. To be or come between. Long hid by interposing hill or wood. Cowper. 2. To step in between parties at variance; to mediate; as, the prince interposed and made peace. Pope. 3. To utter a sentiment by way of interruption. Boyle. Syn. -- To intervene; intercede; mediate; interfere; intermeddle. -- To Interpose, Intermeddle, Interfere. A man may often interpose with propriety in the concerns of others; he can never intermeddle without being impertinent or officious; nor can be interfere without being liable to the same charge, unless he has rights which are interfered with. "In our practical use, interference is something offensive. It is the pushing in of himself between two parties on the part of a third who was not asked, and is not thanked for his pains, and who, as the feeling of the word implies, had no business there; while interposition is employed to express the friendly, peacemaking mediation of one whom the act well became, and who, even if he was not specially invited thereunto, is still thanked for what he has done." Trench. INTERPOSE In"ter*pose, n. Defn: Interposition. [Obs.] INTERPOSER In`ter*pos"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, interposes or intervenes; an obstacle or interruption; a mediator or agent between parties. Shak. INTERPOSIT In`ter*pos"it, n. Etym: [From L. interpositus, p. p. of interponere. See Interposition.] Defn: An intermediate depot or station between one commercial city or country and another. Mitford. INTERPOSITION In`ter*po*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. interpositio a putting between, insertion, fr. interponere, interpositum: cf. F. interposition. See Interpone, Position.] 1. The act of interposing, or the state of being interposed; a being, placing, or coming between; mediation. 2. The thing interposed. INTERPOSURE In`ter*po"sure, n. Defn: Interposition. [Obs.] INTERPRET In*ter"pret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interpreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interpreting.] Etym: [F. interprêter, L. interpretari, p. p. interpretatus, fr. interpre interpeter, agent, negotiator; inter between + (prob.) the root of pretium price. See Price.] 1. To explain or tell the meaning of; to expound; to translate orally into intelligible or familiar language or terms; to decipher; to define; -- applied esp. to language, but also to dreams, signs, conduct, mysteries, etc.; as, to interpret the Hebrew language to an Englishman; to interpret an Indian speech. Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us. Matt. i. 23. And Pharaoh told them his dreams; but there was none that could interpret them unto Pharaoh. Gen. xli. 8. 2. To apprehend and represent by means of art; to show by illustrative representation; as, an actor interprets the character of Hamlet; a musician interprets a sonata; an artist interprets a landscape. Syn. -- To translate; explain; solve; render; expound; elucidate; decipher; unfold; unravel. INTERPRET In*ter"pret, v. i. Defn: To act as an interpreter. Shak. INTERPRETABLE In*ter"pret*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. interpretabilis: cf. F. interprêtable.] Defn: Admitting of interpretation; capable of being interpreted or explained. INTERPRETAMENT In*ter"pre*ta*ment, n. Etym: [L. interpretamentum.] Defn: Interpretation. [Obs.] Milton. INTERPRETATION In*ter`pre*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. interpretatio: cf. F. interprétation.] 1. The act of interpreting; explanation of what is obscure; translation; version; construction; as, the interpretation of a foreign language, of a dream, or of an enigma. Look how we can, or sad or merrily, Interpretation will misquote our looks. Shak. 2. The sense given by an interpreter; exposition or explanation given; meaning; as, commentators give various interpretations of the same passage of Scripture. 3. The power or explaining. [R.] Bacon. 4. (Fine Arts) Defn: An artist's way of expressing his thought or embodying his conception of nature. 5. (Math.) Defn: The act or process of applying general principles or formulæ to the explanation of the results obtained in special cases. Syn. -- Explanation; solution; translation; version; sense; exposition; rendering; definition. INTERPRETATIVE In*ter"pre*ta*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. interprétatif.] 1. Designed or fitted to interpret; explanatory. "Interpretative lexicography." Johnson. 2. According to interpretation; constructive. An interpretative siding with heresies. Hammond. INTERPRETATIVELY In*ter"pre*ta*tive*ly, adv. Defn: By interpretation. Ray. INTERPRETER In*ter"pret*er, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. entrepreteur, L. interpretator.] Defn: One who or that which interprets, explains, or expounds; a translator; especially, a person who translates orally between two parties. We think most men's actions to be the interpreters of their thoughts. Locke. INTERPRETIVE In*ter"pre*tive, a. Defn: Interpretative. [R.] INTERPUBIC In`ter*pu"bic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the pubic bones or cartilages; as, the interpubic disk. INTERPUNCTION In`ter*punc"tion, n. Etym: [L. interpunctio, fr. interpungere, interppunctum, to interpoint. See Inter-, and Point.] Defn: The insertion of points between word or sentences; punctuation. INTERRADIAL In`ter*ra"di*al, a. Defn: Between the radii, or rays; -- in zoölogy, said of certain parts of radiate animals; as, the interradial plates of a starfish. INTERRAMAL In`ter*ra"mal, a. Etym: [Pref. inter- + L. ramus a branch.] (Anat.) Defn: Between rami or branches; esp., between the mandibles, or rami of the lower jaw; intermandibular. INTERRECEIVE In`ter*re*ceive", v. t. Defn: To receive between or within. INTERREGENCY In`ter*re"gen*cy, n. Defn: An interregnum. [Obs.] Blount. INTERREGENT In`ter*re"gent, n. Defn: A person who discharges the royal functions during an interregnum. Holland. INTERREGNUM In`ter*reg"num, n.; pl. Interregnums. Etym: [L., fr. inter between + regnum dominion, reign. See Reign, and cf. Interreign.] 1. The time during which a throne is vacant between the death or abdication of a sovereign and the accession of his successor. 2. Any period during which, for any cause, the executive branch of a government is suspended or interrupted. INTERREIGN In"ter*reign`, n. Etym: [Cf. F. interrègne.] Defn: An interregnum. [Obs.] Bacon. INTERRELATED In`ter*re*lat"ed, a. Defn: Having a mutual or reciprocal relation or parallelism; correlative. INTERRELATION In`ter*re*la"tion, n. Defn: Mutual or reciprocal relation; correlation. INTERRENAL In`ter*re"nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the kidneys; as, the interrenal body, an organ found in many fishes. -- n. Defn: The interrenal body. INTERREPELLENT In`ter*re*pel"lent, a. Defn: Mutually repellent. De Quincey. INTERRER In*ter"rer, n. Defn: One who inters. INTERREX In"ter*rex`, n.; pl. E. Interrexes, L. Interreges. Etym: [L., fr. inter between + rex king.] Defn: An interregent, or a regent. INTERROGATE In*ter"ro*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interrogating.] Etym: [L. interrogatus, p. p. of interrogare to ask; inter between + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] Defn: To question formally; to question; to examine by asking questions; as, to interrogate a witness. Wilt thou, uncalled, interrogate, Talker! the unreplying Fate Emerson. Syn. -- To question; ask. See Question. INTERROGATE In*ter"ro*gate, v. i. Defn: To ask questions. Bacon. INTERROGATE In*ter"ro*gate, n. Defn: An interrogation; a question. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. INTERROGATEE In*ter`ro*ga*tee", n. Defn: One who is interrogated. INTERROGATION In*ter`ro*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. interrogatio: cf. F. interrogation.] 1. The act of interrogating or questioning; examination by questions; inquiry. 2. A question put; an inquiry. 3. A point, mark, or sign, thus [], indicating that the sentence with which it is connected is a question. It is used to express doubt, or to mark a query. Called also interrogation point. Note: In works printed in the Spanish language this mark is not only placed at the end of an interrogative sentence, but is also placed, inverted [as thus (¿)], at the beginning. INTERROGATIVE In`ter*rog"a*tive (, a. Etym: [L. interrogativus: cf. F. interrogatif.] Defn: Denoting a question; expressed in the form of a question; as, an interrogative sentence; an interrogative pronoun. INTERROGATIVE In`ter*rog"a*tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: A word used in asking questions; as, who which why INTERROGATIVELY In`ter*rog"a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In the form of, or by means of, a question; in an interrogative manner. INTERROGATOR In*ter"ro*ga`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. interrogateur.] Defn: One who asks questions; a questioner. INTERROGATORY In`ter*rog"a*to*ry, n.; pl. Interrogatories. Etym: [Cf. F. interrogatoire.] Defn: A formal question or inquiry; esp. (Law), a question asked in writing. Macaulay. INTERROGATORY In`ter*rog"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. interrogatorius.] Defn: Containing, expressing, or implying a question; as, an interrogatory sentence. INTERRUPT In`ter*rupt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interrupting.] Etym: [L. interruptus, p. p. of interrumpere to interrupt; inter between + rumpere to break. See Rupture.] 1. To break into, or between; to stop, or hinder by breaking in upon the course or progress of; to interfere with the current or motion of; to cause a temporary cessation of; as, to interrupt the remarks speaking. Do not interrupt me in my course. Shak. 2. To divide; to separate; to break the monotony of; as, the evenness of the road was not interrupted by a single hill. INTERRUPT In`ter*rupt", p. a. Etym: [L. interruptus, p. p.] Defn: Broken; interrupted. [Obs.] Milton. INTERRUPTED In`ter*rupt"ed, a. 1. Broken; intermitted; suddenly stopped. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Irregular; -- said of any arrangement whose symmetry is destroyed by local causes, as when leaflets are interposed among the leaves in a pinnate leaf. INTERRUPTEDLY In`ter*rupt"ed*ly, adv. Defn: With breaks or interruptions; discontinuously. Interruptedly pinnate (Bot.), pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with large ones. Gray. INTERRUPTER In`ter*rupt"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, interrupts. 2. (Elec.) Defn: A device for opening and closing an electrical circuit; a vibrating spring or tuning fork, arranged to make and break a circuit at rapidly recurring intervals, by the action of the current itself. INTERRUPTION In`ter*rup"tion, n. Etym: [L. interruptio: cf. F. interruption.] 1. The act of interrupting, or breaking in upon. 2. The state of being interrupted; a breach or break, caused by the abrupt intervention of something foreign; intervention; interposition. Sir M. Hale. Lest the interruption of time cause you to lose the idea of one part. Dryden. 3. Obstruction caused by breaking in upon course, current, progress, or motion; stop; hindrance; as, the author has met with many interruptions in the execution of his work; the speaker or the argument proceeds without interruption. 4. Temporary cessation; intermission; suspension. INTERRUPTIVE In`ter*rupt"ive, a. Defn: Tending to interrupt; interrupting. "Interruptive forces." H. Bushnell. -- In`ter*rupt"ive*ly, adv. INTERSCAPULAR In`ter*scap"u*lar, a. 1. (Anat.) Defn: Between the scapulæ or shoulder blades. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the upper back, or the part between the shoulders; as, the interscapular feathers. INTERSCAPULARS In`ter*scap"u*lars, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: The interscapular feathers of a bird. INTERSCENDENT In`ter*scend"ent, a. Etym: [See Inter-, and Ascend.] (Math.) Defn: Having exponents which are radical quantities; -- said of certain powers; as, xsq. root2, or xsq. roota. Interscedent series, a series whose terms are interscendent quantities. Hutton. INTERSCIND In`ter*scind", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interscinded; p. pr. & vb. n. Interscinding.] Etym: [L. interscindere; inter between + scindere to cut.] Defn: To cut off. [R.] INTERSCRIBE In`ter*scribe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interscribed; p. pr. & vb. n. Interscribing.] Etym: [L. interscribere; inter between + scribere to write.] Defn: To write between. [R.] INTERSECANT In`ter*se"cant, a. Etym: [L. intersecans, p. pr. of intersecare. See Intersect.] Defn: Dividing into parts; crossing; intersecting. INTERSECT In`ter*sect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intersected; p. pr. & vb. n. Intersecting.] Etym: [L. intersectus, p. p. of intersecare to intersect; inter + secare to cut. See Section.] Defn: To cut into or between; to cut or cross mutually; to divide into parts; as, any two diameters of a circle intersect each other at the center. Lands intersected by a narrow frith Abhor each other. Cowper. INTERSECT In`ter*sect", v. i. Defn: To cut into one another; to meet and cross each other; as, the point where two lines intersect. INTERSECTION In`ter*sec"tion, n. Etym: [L. intersectio: cf. F. intersection.] 1. The act, state, or place of intersecting. 2. (Geom.) Defn: The point or line in which one line or surface cuts another. INTERSECTIONAL In`ter*sec"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or formed by, intersections. INTERSEMINATE In`ter*sem"i*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. interseminatus, p. p. of interseminare. See Inter-, and Seminate.] Defn: To sow between or among. [R.] INTERSEPTAL In`ter*sep"tal, a. (Biol.) Defn: Between septa; as, the interseptal spaces or zones, between the transparent, or septal, zones in striated muscle; the interseptal chambers of a shell, or of a seed vessel. INTERSERT In`ter*sert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interserting.] Etym: [L. intersertus, p. p. of interserere to intersert; inter between + serere to join, weave.] Defn: To put in between other things; to insert. [Obs.] Brerewood. INTERSERTTION In`ter*sert"tion, n. Defn: The act of interserting, or that which is interserted. [Obs.] Hammond. INTERSESAMOID In`ter*ses"a*moid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between sesamoid bones; as, intersesamoid ligaments. INTERSET In`ter*set", v. t. Defn: To set between or among. [R.] INTERSHOCK In`ter*shock, v. t. Defn: To shock mutually. [R.] INTERSIDEREAL In`ter*si*de"re*al, a. Defn: Between or among constellations or stars; interstellar. INTERSOCIAL In`ter*so"cial, a. Defn: Pertaining to the mutual intercourse or relations of persons in society; social. INTERSOMNIOUS In`ter*som"ni*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. inter- + L. somnus sleep.] Defn: Between the times of sleeping; in an interval of wakefulness. [R.] INTERSPACE In"ter*space`, n. Etym: [L. interspatium. See Inter-, and Space.] Defn: Intervening space. Bp. Hacket. INTERSPEECH In"ter*speech`, n. Defn: A speech interposed between others. [R.] Blount. INTERSPERSE In`ter*sperse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interspersed; p. pr. & vb. n. Interspersing.] Etym: [L. interspersus interspersed; inter between, among + spargere to scatter. See Sparse.] 1. To scatter or set here and there among other things; to insert at intervals; as, to intersperse pictures in a book. There, interspersed in lawns and op'ning glades, Thin trees arise that shun each other's shades. Pope. 2. To diversify or adorn with things set or scattered at intervals; to place something at intervals in or among; as, to intersperse a book with pictures. Which space is interspersed with small islands and rock. Cook. INTERSPERSION In`ter*sper"sion, n. Defn: The act of interspersing, or the state of being interspersed. INTERSPINAL; INTERSPINOUS In`ter*spi"nal, In`ter*spi"nous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between spines; esp., between the spinous processes of the vertebral column. INTERSPIRATION In`ter*spi*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. interspiratio. See Inter-, and Spirit.] Defn: Spiritual inspiration at separate times, or at intervals. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. INTERSTAPEDIAL In`ter*sta*pe"di*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to a part of the columella of the ear, between the stapes and the mediostapedial. -- n. Defn: The interstapedial part of the columella. INTERSTATE In"ter*state`, a. Defn: Pertaining to the mutual relations of States; existing between, or including, different States; as, interstate commerce. Story. INTERSTELLAR In`ter*stel"lar, a. Defn: Between or among the stars; as, interstellar space. Bacon. INTERSTELLARY In`ter*stel"la*ry, a. Defn: Interstellar. INTERSTERNAL In`ter*ster"nal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Between the sternal; -- said of certain membranes or parts of insects and crustaceans. INTERSTICE In*ter"stice, n.; pl. Interstices. Etym: [L. interstitium a pause, interval; inter between + sistere to set, fr. stare to stand: cf. F. interstice. See Stand.] 1. That which intervenes between one thing and another; especially, a space between things closely set, or between the parts which compose a body; a narrow chink; a crack; a crevice; a hole; an interval; as, the interstices of a wall. 2. An interval of time; specifically (R. C. Ch.), in the plural, the intervals which the canon law requires between the reception of the various degrees of orders. Nonobservance of the interstices . . . is a sin. Addis & Arnold. INTERSTICED In*ter"sticed, a. Defn: Provided with interstices; having interstices between; situated at intervals. INTERSTINCTIVE In`ter*stinc"tive, a. Etym: [L. interstinctus, p. p. of interstinguere to separate; inter + stinguere to extinguish.] Defn: Distinguishing. [Obs.] Wallis. INTERSTITIAL In`ter*sti"tial, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to interstices; intermediate; within the tissues; as, interstitial cavities or spaces in the tissues of animals or plants. INTERSTITION In`ter*sti"tion, n. Defn: An intervening period of time; interval. [Obs.] Gower. INTERSTRATIFICATION In`ter*strat`i*fi*ca"tion, n. (Geol.) Defn: Stratification among or between other layers or strata; also, that which is interstratified. INTERSTRATIFIED In`ter*strat"i*fied, a. (Geol.) Defn: Stratified among or between other bodies; as, interstratified rocks. INTERSTRATIFY In`ter*strat"i*fy, v. t. (Geol.) Defn: To put or insert between other strata. INTERTALK In`ter*talk", v. i. Defn: To converse. [Obs.] Carew. INTERTANGLE In`ter*tan"gle, v. t. Defn: To entangle; to intertwine. "Moss and intertangled vines." Longfellow. INTERTARSAL In`ter*tar"sal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the tarsal bones; as, the intertarsal articulations. INTERTEX In`ter*tex", v. t. Etym: [L. intertexere; inter between + texere to weave.] Defn: To intertwine; to weave or bind together. [Obs.] B. Jonson. INTERTEXTURE In`ter*tex"ture, n. Defn: The act of interweaving, or the state of being interwoven; that which is interwoven. "Knit in nice intertexture." Coleridge. Skirted thick with intertexture firm Of thorny boughs. Cowper. INTERTHORACIC In`ter*tho*rac"ic, a. Defn: In the thorax. INTERTIE In"ter*tie`, n. (Arch.) Defn: In any framed work, a horizontal tie other than sill and plate or other principal ties, securing uprights to one another. INTERTISSUED In`ter*tis"sued, a. Defn: Interwoven. [R.] Shak. INTERTRAFFIC In`ter*traf"fic, n. Defn: Mutual trade of traffic. INTERTRANSPICUOUS In`ter*tran*spic"u*ous, a. Defn: Transpicuous within or between. [R.] Shelley. INTERTRANSVERSE In`ter*trans*verse", a. Defn: Between the transverse processes of the vertebræ. INTERTRIGO In`ter*tri"go, n. Etym: [L., fr. inter between + terere, tritum, to rub.] (Med.) Defn: A rubbing or chafing of the skin; especially, an abrasion or excoriation of the skin between folds, as in fat or neglected children. INTERTROCHANTERIC In`ter*tro`chan*ter"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the trochanters of the femur. INTERTROPICAL In`ter*trop"ic*al, a. Defn: Situated between or within the tropics. J. Morse. INTERTUBULAR In`ter*tu"bu*lar, a. Defn: Between tubes or tubules; as, intertubular cells; intertubular substance. INTERTWINE In`ter*twine", v. t. Defn: To unite by twining one with another; to entangle; to interlace. Milton. INTERTWINE In`ter*twine", v. i. Defn: To be twined or twisted together; to become mutually involved or enfolded. INTERTWINE In`ter*twine", n. Defn: The act intertwining, or the state of being intertwined. Coleridge. INTERTWININGLY In`ter*twin"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By intertwining or being intertwined. INTERTWIST In`ter*twist", v. t. Defn: To twist together one with another; to intertwine. INTERTWISTINGLY In`ter*twist"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By intertwisting, or being intertwisted. INTERUNGULAR; INTERUNGULATE In`ter*un"gu*lar, In`ter*un"gu*late, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between ungulæ; as, interungular glands. INTERURBAN In`ter*ur"ban (in`ter*ûr"ban), a. Defn: Going between, or connecting, cities or towns; as, interurban electric railways. INTERVAL In"ter*val, n. Etym: [L. intervallum; inter between + vallum a wall: cf. F. intervalle. See Wall.] 1. A space between things; a void space intervening between any two objects; as, an interval between two houses or hills. 'Twixt host and host but narrow space was left, A dreadful interval. Milton. 2. Space of time between any two points or events; as, the interval between the death of Charles I. of England, and the accession of Charles II. 3. A brief space of time between the recurrence of similar conditions or states; as, the interval between paroxysms of pain; intervals of sanity or delirium. 4. (Mus.) Defn: Difference in pitch between any two tones. At intervals, coming or happening with intervals between; now and then. "And Miriam watch'd and dozed at intervals." Tennyson. -- Augmented interval (Mus.), an interval increased by half a step or half a tone. INTERVAL; INTERVALE In"ter*val, In"ter*vale, n. Defn: A tract of low ground between hills, or along the banks of a stream, usually alluvial land, enriched by the overflowings of the river, or by fertilizing deposits of earth from the adjacent hills. Cf. Bottom, n., 7. [Local, U. S.] The woody intervale just beyond the marshy land. The Century. INTERVALLUM In`ter*val"lum, n.; pl. Intervallums, L. Intervalla. Etym: [L.] Defn: An interval. [R.] And a' shall laugh without intervallums. Shak. In one of these intervalla. Chillingworth. INTERVARY In`ter*va"ry, v. i. Defn: To alter or vary between; to change. [Obs.] Rush. INTERVEINED In`ter*veined", a. Defn: Intersected, as with veins. INTERVENE In`ter*vene", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intervened; p. pr. & vb. n. Intervening.] Etym: [L. intervenire, interventum, to intervene, to hinder; inter between + venire to come; akin to E. come: cf. F. intervenir. See Come.] 1. To come between, or to be between, persons or things; -- followed by between; as, the Mediterranean intervenes between Europe and Africa. 2. To occur, fall, or come between, points of time, or events; as, an instant intervened between the flash and the report; nothing intervened ( i. e., between the intention and the execution) to prevent the undertaking. 3. To interpose; as, to intervene to settle a quarrel. 4. In a suit to which one has not been made a party, to put forward a defense of one's interest in the subject matter. Abbott. INTERVENE In`ter*vene", v. t. Defn: To come between. [R.] Self-sown woodlands of birch, alder, etc., intervening the different estates. De Quincey. INTERVENE In`ter*vene", n. Defn: A coming between; intervention; meeting. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. INTERVENER In`ter*ven"er, n. Defn: One who intervenes; especially (Law), a person who assumes a part in a suit between others. INTERVENIENCE; INTERVENIENCY In`ter*ven"ience, In`ter*ven"ien*cy, n. Defn: Intervention; interposition. [R.] INTERVENIENT In`ter*ven"ient, a. Etym: [L. interveniens, p. pr. of intervenire.] Defn: Being or coming between; intercedent; interposed. [Obs.] Bacon. INTERVENT In`ter*vent", v. t. Etym: [See Intervene.] Defn: To thwart; to obstruct. [Obs.] Chapman. INTERVENTION In`ter*ven"tion, n. Etym: [L. interventio an interposition: cf. F. intervention.] 1. The act of intervening; interposition. Sound is shut out by the intervention of that lax membrane. Holder. 2. Any interference that may affect the interests of others; especially, of one or more states with the affairs of another; mediation. Let us decide our quarrels at home, without the intervention, of any foreign power. Sir W. Temple. 3. (Civil Law) Defn: The act by which a third person, to protect his own interest, interposes and becomes a party to a suit pending between other parties. INTERVENTOR In`ter*ven"tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. interventeur.] Defn: One who intervenes; a mediator; especially (Eccles. Hist.), a person designated by a church to reconcile parties, and unite them in the choice of officers. Coleman. INTERVENTRICULAR In`ter*ven*tric"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between the ventricles; as, the interventricular partition of the heart. INTERVENUE In`ter*ven"ue, n. Etym: [See Intervene, Avenue.] Defn: Interposition. [Obs.] Sir H. Blount. INTERVERT In`ter*vert", v. t. Etym: [L. intervertere; inter between + vertere to turn.] Defn: To turn to another course or use. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. INTERVERTEBRAL In`ter*ver"te*bral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Between vertebræ. -- In`ter*ver"te*bral*ly, adv. INTERVIEW In"ter*view, n. Etym: [F. entrevue, fr. entrevoir to see imperfectly, to have a glimpse of, s'entrevoir to visit each other. See Inter-, and View.] 1. A mutual sight or view; a meeting face to face; usually, a formal or official meeting for consultation; a conference; as, the secretary had an interview with the President. 2. A conservation, or questioning, for the purpose of eliciting information for publication; the published statement so elicited. Note: A recent use, originating in American newspapers, but apparently becoming general. INTERVIEW In"ter*view, v. t. Defn: To have an interview with; to question or converse with, especially for the purpose of obtaining information for publication. [Recent] INTERVIEWER In"ter*view`er, n. Defn: One who interviews; especially, one who obtains an interview with another for the purpose of eliciting his opinions or obtaining information for publication. It would have made him the prince of interviewers in these days. Leslie Stephen. INTERVIEWING In"ter*view`ing, n. Defn: The act or custom of holding an interview or interviews. An article on interviewing in the "Nation" of January 28, 1869, . . . was the first formal notice of the practice under that name. The American. INTERVISIBLE In`ter*vis"i*ble, a. (Surv.) Defn: Mutually visible, or in sight, the one from the other, as stations. INTERVISIT In`ter*vis"it, v. i. Defn: To exchange visits. [R.] Evelyn. INTERVITAL In`ter*vi"tal, a. Defn: Between two lives. [R.] Through all its [the spirit's] intervital gloom. Tennyson. INTERVOCALIC In`ter*vo*cal"ic, a. (Phon.) Defn: Situated between vowels; immediately preceded and followed by vowel sounds, as, p in occupy, d in idea, etc. INTERVOLUTION In`ter*vo*lu"tion, n. Defn: The state of being intervolved or coiled up; a convolution; as, the intervolutions of a snake. Hawthorne. INTERVOLVE In`ter*volve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intervolved; p. pr. & vb. n. Intervolving.] Etym: [Pref. inter- + L. volvere, volutum, to roll.] Defn: To involve one within another; to twist or coil together. Milton. INTERWEAVE In`ter*weave", v. t. [imp. & obs. p. p. Interwove; p. p. Interwoven; p. pr. & vb. n. Interweaving.] 1. To weave together; to intermix or unite in texture or construction; to intertwine; as, threads of silk and cotton interwoven. Under the hospitable covert nigh Of trees thick interwoven. Milton. 2. To intermingle; to unite intimately; to connect closely; as, to interweave truth with falsehood. Dryden. Words interwove with sighs found out their way. Milton. INTERWISH In`ter*wish", v. t. Defn: To wish mutually in regarded to each other. [Obs.] Donne. INTERWORKING In`ter*work"ing, n. Defn: The act of working in together; interweaving. Milton. INTERWORLD In`ter*world", n. Defn: A world between other worlds. Holland. INTERWOVE; INTERWOVEN In`ter*wove", In`ter*wov"en, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Interweave. INTERWREATHE In`ter*wreathe", v. t. Defn: To weave into a wreath; to intertwine. [R.] Lovelace. INTESTABLE In*tes"ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. intestabilis: cf. F. intestable. See In- not, and Testable.] (Law) Defn: Not capable of making a will; not legally qualified or competent to make a testament. Blackstone. INTESTACY In*tes"ta*cy, n. Etym: [From Intestate.] Defn: The state of being intestate, or of dying without having made a valid will. Blackstone. INTESTATE In*tes"tate, a. Etym: [L. intestatus; pref. in- not + testatus, p. p. of testari to make a will: cf. F. intestat. See Testament.] 1. Without having made a valid will; without a will; as, to die intestate. Blackstone. Airy succeeders of intestate joys. Shak. 2. Not devised or bequeathed; not disposed of by will; as, an intestate estate. INTESTATE In*tes"tate, n. (Law) Defn: A person who dies without making a valid will. Blackstone. INTESTINAL In*tes"ti*nal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. intestinal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the intestines of an animal; as, the intestinal tube; intestinal digestion; intestinal ferments. Intestinal canal. Same as Intestine, n. -- Intestinal worm (Zoöl.), any species of helminth living in the intestinal canal of any animal. The species are numerous. INTESTINE In*tes"tine, a. Etym: [L. intestinus, fr. intus on the inside, within, fr. in in: cf. F. intestine. See In.] 1. Internal; inward; -- opposed to external. Epilepsies, fierce catarrhs, Intestine stone and ulcers. Milton. 2. Internal with regard to a state or country; domestic; not foreign; -- applied usually to that which is evil; as, intestine disorders, calamities, etc. Hoping here to end Intestine war in heaven, the arch foe subdued. Milton. An intestine struggle . . . between authority and liberty. Hume. 3. Depending upon the internal constitution of a body or entity; subjective. Everything labors under and intestine necessity. Cudworth. 4. Shut up; inclosed. [R.] Cowper. INTESTINE In*tes"tine, n.; pl. Intestines. Etym: [L. intestinum: cf. F. intestin. See Intestine, a.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: That part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus. 2. pl. Defn: The bowels; entrails; viscera. Large intestine (Human Anat. & Med.), the lower portion of the bowel, terminating at the anus. It is adapted for the retention of fecal matter, being shorter, broader, and less convoluted than the small intestine; it consists of three parts, the cæcum, colon, and rectum. -- Small intestine (Human Anat. & Med.), the upper portion of the bowel, in which the process of digestion is practically completed. It is narrow and contorted, and consists of three parts, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. INTEXT In"text, n. Defn: The text of a book. [R.] Herrick. INTEXTINE In*tex"tine, n. Etym: [Infine + extine.] (Bot.) Defn: A thin membrane existing in the pollen grains of some plants, and situated between the extine and the intine, as in . INTEXTURED In*tex"tured, a. Defn: Inwrought; woven in. INTHIRST In*thirst", v. t. Defn: To make thirsty. [Obs.] INTHRALL In*thrall", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inthralled; p. pr. & vb. n. Inthralling.] Etym: [Cf. Enthrall.] [Written also inthral, enthral, and enthrall.] Defn: To reduce to bondage or servitude; to make a thrall, slave, vassal, or captive of; to enslave. She soothes, but never can inthrall my mind. Prior. INTHRALLMENT In*thrall"ment, n. Etym: [Written also inthralment, enthrallment.] Defn: Act of inthralling, or state of being inthralled; servitude; bondage; vassalage. INTHRONE In*throne", v. t. Defn: Same as Enthrone. INTHRONG In*throng", v. i. Defn: To throng or collect together. [R.] Fairfax. INTHRONIZATION In*thron`i*za"tion, n. Etym: [LL. inthronizatio.] Defn: Enthronement. Bp. Warburton. INTHRONIZE In*thron"ize, v. t. Etym: [LL. inthronisare, Gr. Enthrone.] Defn: To enthrone. INTICE In*tice", v. t. Defn: See Entice. INTIMACY In"ti*ma*cy, n.; pl. Intimacies. Etym: [From Intimate.] Defn: The state of being intimate; close familiarity or association; nearness in friendship. Syn. -- Acquaintance; familiarity; fellowship; friendship. See Acquaintance. INTIMATE In"ti*mate, a. Etym: [Formerly intime, L. intimus, a superl. corresponding to the compar. interior cf. F. intime. The form intimate is due to confusion with intimate, v. t. See Interior.] 1. Innermost; inward; internal; deep-seated; hearty. "I knew from intimate impulse." Milton. 2. Near; close; direct; thorough; complete. He was honored with an intimate and immediate admission. South. 3. Close in friendship or acquaintance; familiar; confidential; as, an intimate friend. Syn. -- Familiar; near; friendly; confidential. INTIMATE In"ti*mate, n. Defn: An intimate friend or associate; a confidant. Gov. of the Tongue. INTIMATE In"ti*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intimated; p. pr. & vb. n. Intimating.] Etym: [L. intimatus, p. p. of intimare to put, bring, drive, or press into, to announce, make known, from intimus the inmost. See Intimate, a.] 1. To announce; to declare; to publish; to communicate; to make known. [Obs.] He, incontinent, did proclaim and intimate open war. E. Hall. So both conspiring 'gan to intimate Each other's grief. Spenser. 2. To suggest obscurely or indirectly; to refer to remotely; to give slight notice of; to hint; as, he intimated his intention of resigning his office. The names of simple ideas and substances, with the abstract ideas in the mind, intimate some real existence, from which was derived their original pattern. Locke. INTIMATELY In"ti*mate*ly, adv. Defn: In an intimate manner. INTIMATION In`ti*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. intimatio: cf. F. intimation.] 1. The act of intimating; also, the thing intimated. 2. Announcement; declaration. Macaulay. They made an edict with an intimation that whosoever killed a stork, should be banished. Holland. 3. A hint; an obscure or indirect suggestion or notice; a remote or ambiguous reference; as, he had given only intimations of his design. Without mentioning the king of England, or giving the least intimation that he was sent by him. Bp. Burnet. INTIME In"time, a. Etym: [See Intimate, a.] Defn: Inward; internal; intimate. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby. INTIMIDATE In*tim"i*date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intimidated; p. pr. & vb. n. Intimidating.] Etym: [LL. intimidatus, p. p. of intimidare to frighten; pref. in- in + timidus fearful, timid: cf. F. intimider. See Timid.] Defn: To make timid or fearful; to inspire of affect with fear; to deter, as by threats; to dishearten; to abash. Now guilt, once harbored in the conscious breast, Intimidates the brave, degrades the great. Johnson. Syn. -- To dishearten; dispirit; abash; deter; frighten; terrify; daunt; cow. INTIMIDATION In*tim`i*da"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. intimidation.] Defn: The act of making timid or fearful or of deterring by threats; the state of being intimidated; as, the voters were kept from the polls by intimidation. The king carried his measures in Parliament by intimidation. Paley. INTIMIDATORY In*tim"i*da*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending or serving to intimidate. INTINCTION In*tinc"tion, n. Etym: [L. intinctio, fr. intingere to dip in; pref. in- in + tingere to tinge.] 1. The act of tingeing or dyeing. Blount. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A method or practice of the administration of the sacrament by dipping the bread or wafer in the wine and administering both together. INTINCTIVITY In`tinc*tiv"i*ty, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + L. tinctus, p. p. of tingere to tinge] Defn: The want of the quality of coloring or tingeing other bodies. Kirwan. INTINE In"tine, n. Etym: [L. intus within. Cf. Extine.] (Bot.) Defn: A transparent, extensible membrane of extreme tenuity, which forms the innermost coating of grains of pollen. INTIRE; INTIRELY In*tire", a., In*tire"ly, adv. Defn: See Entire, a., Entirely, adv. INTITLE In*ti"tle, v. t. Defn: See Entitle. INTITULE In*tit"ule, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intituled; p. pr. & vb. n. Intituling.] Etym: [Cf. F. intituler. See Entitle.] Defn: To entitle; to give a title to. Selden. INTO In"to, prep. Etym: [In + to.] Defn: To the inside of; within. It is used in a variety of applications. 1. Expressing entrance, or a passing from the outside of a thing to its interior parts; -- following verbs expressing motion; as, come into the house; go into the church; one stream falls or runs into another; water enters into the fine vessels of plants. 2. Expressing penetration beyond the outside or surface, or access to the inside, or contents; as, to look into a letter or book; to look into an apartment. 3. Indicating insertion; as, to infuse more spirit or animation into a composition. 4. Denoting inclusion; as, put these ideas into other words. 5. Indicating the passing of a thing from one form, condition, or state to another; as, compound substances may be resolved into others which are more simple; ice is convertible into water, and water into vapor; men are more easily drawn than forced into compliance; we may reduce many distinct substances into one mass; men are led by evidence into belief of truth, and are often enticed into the commission of crimes'into; she burst into tears; children are sometimes frightened into fits; all persons are liable to be seduced into error and folly. Note: Compare In. INTOLERABILITY In*tol`er*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being intolerable; intolerableness. [R.] INTOLERABLE In*tol"er*a*ble, a. Etym: [F. intolérable, L. intolerabilis. See In- not, and Tolerable.] 1. Not tolerable; not capable of being borne or endured; not proper or right to be allowed; insufferable; insupportable; unbearable; as, intolerable pain; intolerable heat or cold; an intolerable burden. His insolence is more intolerable Than all the princes in the land beside. Shak. 4. Enormous. This intolerable deal of sack. Shak. -- In*tol"er*a*ble*ness, n. -- In*tol"er*a*bly, adv. INTOLERANCE In*tol"er*ance, n. Etym: [L. intolerantia impatience, unendurableness: cf. F. intolérance.] 1. Want of capacity to endure; as, intolerance of light. 2. The quality of being intolerant; refusal to allow to others the enjoyment of their opinions, chosen modes of worship, and the like; want of patience and forbearance; illiberality; bigotry; as, intolerance shown toward a religious sect. These few restrictions, I hope, are no great stretches of intolerance, no very violent exertions of despotism. Burke. INTOLERANCY In*tol"er*an*cy, n. Defn: Intolerance. Bailey. INTOLERANT In*tol"er*ant, a. Etym: [L. intolerans, -antis: cf. F. intolérant. See In- not, and Tolerant.] 1. Not enduring; not able to endure. The powers of human bodies being limited and intolerant of excesses. Arbuthnot. 2. Not tolerating difference of opinion or sentiment, especially in religious matters; refusing to allow others the enjoyment of their opinions, rights, or worship; unjustly impatient of the opinion of those disagree with us; not tolerant; unforbearing; bigoted. Religion, harsh, intolerant, austere, Parent of manners like herself severe. Cowper. INTOLERANT In*tol"er*ant, n. Defn: An intolerant person; a bigot. INTOLERANTLY In*tol"er*ant*ly, adv. Defn: In an intolerant manner. INTOLERATED In*tol"er*a`ted, a. Defn: Not tolerated. INTOLERATING In*tol"er*a`ting, a. Defn: Intolerant. [R.] INTOLERATION In*tol`er*a"tion, n. Defn: Intolerance; want of toleration; refusal to tolerate a difference of opinion. INTOMB In*tomb", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intombed; p. pr. & vb. n. Intombing.] Defn: To place in a tomb; to bury; to entomb. See Entomb. INTOMBMENT In*tomb"ment, n. Defn: See Entombment. INTONATE In"to*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. intonatus, p. p. of intonare to thunder, resound.] Defn: To thunder. [Obs.] Bailey. INTONATE In"to*nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intonated; p. pr. & vb. n. Intonating.] Etym: [See Intone.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: To sound the tones of the musical scale; to practice the sol- fa. 2. To modulate the voice in a musical, sonorous, and measured manner, as in reading the liturgy; to intone. INTONATE In"to*nate, v. t. Defn: To utter in a musical or sonorous manner; to chant; as, to intonate the liturgy. INTONATION In`to*na"tion, n. Etym: [See 1st Intonate.] Defn: A thundering; thunder. [Obs.] Bailey. INTONATION In`to*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. intonation. See Intone.] (Mus.) (a) The act of sounding the tones of the musical scale. (b) Singing or playing in good tune or otherwise; as, her intonation was false. (c) Reciting in a musical prolonged tone; intonating, or singing of the opening phrase of a plain-chant, psalm, or canticle by a single voice, as of a priest. See Intone, v. t. INTONE In*tone", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Intoning.] Etym: [LL. intonare, intonatum; pref. in- in + L. tonus tone. See Tone and cf. Entune, Intonate.] Defn: To utter with a musical or prolonged note or tone; to chant; as, to intone the church service. INTONE In*tone", v. i. Defn: To utter a prolonged tone or a deep, protracted sound; to speak or recite in a measured, sonorous manner; to intonate. Pope. INTORSION In*tor"sion, n. Etym: [L. intortio a curling, crisping: cf. F. intorsion. See Intort, and cf. Intortion.] 1. A winding, bending, or twisting. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The bending or twining of any part of a plant toward one side or the other, or in any direction from the vertical. INTORT In*tort", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Intorting.] Etym: [L. intortus, p. p. of intoquere to twist; pref. in- in + torquere to twist.] Defn: To twist in and out; to twine; to wreathe; to wind; to wring. Pope. INTORTION In*tor"tion, n. Defn: See Intorsion. INTOXICANT In*tox"i*cant, n. Defn: That which intoxicates; an intoxicating agent; as, alcohol, opium, and laughing gas are intoxicants. INTOXICATE In*tox"i*cate, a. Etym: [LL. intoxicatus, p. p. of intoxicare to drug or poison; pref. in- in + L. toxicum a poison in which arrows were dipped, Gr. Toxic.] 1. Intoxicated. 2. Overexcited, as with joy or grief. Alas, good mother, be not intoxicate for me; I am well enough. Chapman. INTOXICATE In*tox"i*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intoxicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Intoxicating.] 1. To poison; to drug. South. 2. To make drunk; to inebriate; to excite or to stupefy by strong drink or by a narcotic substance. With new wine inoxicated both. Milton. 3. To excite to a transport of enthusiasm, frenzy, or madness; to elate unduly or excessively. Intoxicated with the sound of those very bells. G. Eliot. They are not intoxicated by military success. Jowett (Thuc. ). INTOXICATEDNESS In*tox"i*ca`ted*ness, n. Defn: The state of being intoxicated; intoxication; drunkenness. [R.] INTOXICATING In*tox"i*ca`ting, a. Defn: Producing intoxication; as, intoxicating liquors. INTOXICATION In*tox`i*ca"tion, n. 1. (Med.) Defn: A poisoning, as by a spirituous or a narcotic substance. 2. The state of being intoxicated or drunk; inebriation; ebriety; drunkenness; the act of intoxicating or making drunk. 2. A high excitement of mind; an elation which rises to enthusiasm, frenzy, or madness. That secret intoxication of pleasure. Spectator. Syn. -- Drunkenness; inebriation; inebriety; ebriety; infatuation; delirium. See Drunkenness. INTRA- In"tra-. Etym: [L. intra, prep., within, on the inside; akin to inter. See Inter-.] Defn: A prefix signifying in, within, interior; as, intraocular, within the eyeball; intramarginal. INTRAAXILLARY In`tra*ax"il*la*ry, a. (Bot.) Defn: Situated below the point where a leaf joins the stem. INTRACELLULAR In`tra*cel"lu*lar, a. (Biol.) Defn: Within a cell; as, the intracellular movements seen in the pigment cells, the salivary cells, and in the protoplasm of some vegetable cells. INTRACOLIC In`tra*col"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Within the colon; as, the intracolic valve. INTRACRANIAL In`tra*cra"ni*al, a. Defn: Within the cranium or skull. Sir W. Hamilton. INTRACTABILITY In*tract`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being intractable; intractableness. Bp. Hurd. INTRACTABLE In*tract"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. intractabilis: cf. F. intraitable, formerly also intractable. See In- not, and Tractable.] Defn: Not tractable; not easily governed, managed, or directed; indisposed to be taught, disciplined, or tamed; violent; stubborn; obstinate; refractory; as, an intractable child. Syn. -- Stubborn; perverse; obstinate; refractory; cross; unmanageable; unruly; headstrong; violent; ungovernable; unteachable. -- In*tract"a*ble*ness, n. -- In*tract"a*bly, adv. INTRACTILE In*tract"ile, a. Defn: Not tractile; incapable of being drawn out or extended. Bacon. INTRADOS In*tra"dos, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. intra within + F. dos the back, L. dorsum. Cf. Extrados.] (Arch.) Defn: The interior curve of an arch; esp., the inner or lower curved face of the whole body of voussoirs taken together. See Extrados. INTRAFOLIACEOUS In`tra*fo`li*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Growing immediately above, or in front of, a leaf; as, intrafoliaceous stipules. INTRAFUSION In`tra*fu"sion, n. Etym: [Pref. intra- + L. fundere, fusum, to pour.] Defn: The act of pouring into a vessel; specif. (Med.), the operation of introducing a substance into a blood vessel; as, intrafusion of blood. INTRALOBULAR In`tra*lob"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Within lobules; as, the intralobular branches of the hepatic veins. INTRAMARGINAL In`tra*mar"gin*al, a. Defn: Situated within the margin. Loudon. INTRAMERCURIAL In`tra*mer*cu"ri*al, a. (Astron.) Defn: Between the planet Mercury and the sun; -- as, the hypothetical Vulcan is intramercurial. INTRAMOLECULAR In`tra*mo*lec"u*lar, a. (Chem. & Physics) Defn: Between molecules; situated, or acting, between the molecules of bodies. INTRAMUNDANE In`tra*mun"dane, a. Defn: Being within the material world; -- opposed to extramundane. INTRAMURAL In`tra*mu"ral, a. 1. Being within the walls, as of a city. 2. (Anat. & Med.) Defn: Being within the substance of the walls of an organ; as, intramural pregnancy. INTRANQUILLITY In`tran*quil"li*ty, n. Defn: Unquietness; restlessness. Sir W. Temple. INTRANSCALENT In`trans*ca"lent, a. Defn: Impervious to heat; adiathermic. INTRANSGRESSIBLE In`trans*gress"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. intragressibilis that can not be crossed. See In- not, and Transgress.] Defn: Incapable of being transgressed; not to be passes over or crossed. Holland. INTRANSIENT In*trans"ient, a. Defn: Not transient; remaining; permanent. Killingbeck. INTRANSIGENT In*trans"i*gent, a. Etym: [F. intransigeant (cf. Sp. intransigente); pref. in- not + L. transigere to come to an agreement; trans across + agere to lead, act.] Defn: Refusing compromise; uncompromising; irreconcilable. Lond. Sat. Rev. INTRANSIGENTES In`trans"i*gen*tes, n. pl. Etym: [Sp.] (Spanish Politics) Defn: The extreme radicals; the party of the irreconcilables. INTRANSITIVE In*tran"si*tive, a. Etym: [L. intransitivus: cf. F. intransitif. See In- not, and Transitive.] 1. Not passing farther; kept; detained. [R.] And then it is for the image's sake and so far is intransitive; but whatever is paid more to the image is transitive and passes further. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Not transitive; not passing over tas, an intransitive verb, e. g., the bird flies; the dog runs. Note: Intransitive verbs have no passive form. Some verbs which appear at first sight to be intransitive are in reality, or were originally, transitive verbs with a reflexive or other object omitted; as, he keeps (i. e., himself) aloof from danger. Intransitive verbs may take a noun of kindred signification for a cognate object; as, he died the death of a hero; he dreamed a dream. Some intransitive verbs, by the addition of a preposition, become transitive, and so admit of a passive voice; as, the man laughed at; he was laughed at by the man. INTRANSITIVELY In*tran"si*tive*ly, adv. (Gram.) Defn: Without an object following; in the manner of an intransitive verb. IN TRANSITU In` tran"si*tu. Etym: [L.] (Law) Defn: In transit; during passage; as, goods in transitu. INTRANSMISSIBLE In`trans*mis"si*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being transmitted. INTRANSMUTABILITY In`trans*mu`ta*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being intransmutable. INTRANSMUTABLE In`trans*mut"a*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being transmuted or changed into another substance. INTRANT In"trant, a. Etym: [L. intrans, p. pr. of intrare to enter. See Enter.] Defn: Entering; penetrating. INTRANT In"trant, n. Defn: One who enters; especially, a person entering upon some office or station. Hume. INTRANUCLEAR In`tra*nu"cle*ar, a. (Biol.) Defn: Within the nucleus of a cell; as. the intranuclear network of fibrils, seen in the first stages of karyokinesis. INTRAP In*trap", v. t. Defn: See Entrap. Spenser. INTRAPARIETAL In"tra*pa*ri"e*tal, a. Defn: Situated or occurring within an inclosure; shut off from public sight; private; secluded; retired. I have no Turkish proclivities, and I do not think that, after all, impaling is preferable as a mode of capital punishment to intraparietal hanging. Roll INTRAPETIOLAR In`tra*pet"i*o*lar, a. (Bot.) Defn: Situated between the petiole and the stem; -- said of the pair of stipules at the base of a petiole when united by those margins next the petiole, thus seeming to form a single stipule between the petiole and the stem or branch; -- often confounded with interpetiolar, from which it differs essentially in meaning. INTRATERRITORIAL In`tra*ter`ri*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Within the territory or a territory. INTRATHORACIC In`tra*tho*rac"ic, a. Defn: Within the thora INTRATROPICAL In`tra*trop"ic*al, a. Defn: Within the tropics. INTRAUTERINE In`tra*u"ter*ine, a. Defn: Within the uterus or womb; as, intrauterine hemorrhage. INTRAVALVULAR In`tra*valv"u*lar, a. Defn: Between valves. INTRAVENOUS In`tra*ve"nous, a. Defn: Within the veins. INTRAVENTRICULAR In`tra*ven*tric"u*lar, a. Defn: Within or between ventricles. INTREASURE In*treas"ure, v. t. Defn: To lay up, as in a treasury; to hoard. [Obs.] Shak. INTREAT In*treat", v. t. Defn: See Entreat. Spenser. INTREATABLE In*treat"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + treatable.] Defn: Not to be entreated; inexorable. INTREATANCE In*treat"ance, n. Defn: Entreaty. [Obs.] Holland. INTREATFUL In*treat"ful, a. Defn: Full of entreaty. [Obs.] Spenser. INTRENCH In*trench", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intrenched; p. pr. & vb. n. Intrenching.] 1. To cut in; to furrow; to make trenches in or upon. It was this very sword intrenched it. Shak. His face Deep scars of thunder had intrenched. Milton. 2. To surround with a trench or with intrenchments, as in fortification; to fortify with a ditch and parapet; as, the army intrenched their camp, or intrenched itself. "In the suburbs close intrenched." Shak. INTRENCH In*trench", v. i. Defn: To invade; to encroach; to infringe or trespass; to enter on, and take possession of, that which belongs to another; -- usually followed by on or upon; as, the king was charged with intrenching on the rights of the nobles, and the nobles were accused of intrenching on the prerogative of the crown. We are not to intrench upon truth in any conversation, but least of all with children. Locke. INTRENCHANT In*trench"ant, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + trenchant.] Defn: Not to be gashed or marked with furrows. [Obs.] As easy mayest thou the intrenchant air With thy keen sword impress, as make me bleed. Shak. INTRENCHMENT In*trench"ment, n. Etym: [From Intrench.] 1. The act of intrenching or the state of being intrenched. 2. (Mil.) Defn: Any defensive work consisting of at least a trench or ditch and a parapet made from the earth thrown up in making such a ditch. On our side, we have thrown up intrenchments on Winter and Prospect Hills. Washington. 3. Any defense or protection. 4. An encroachment or infringement. The slight intrenchment upon individual freedom. Southey. INTREPID In*trep"id, a. Etym: [L. intrepidus: cf. F. intrépide. See In- not, and Trepidation.] Defn: Not trembling or shaking with fear; fearless; bold; brave; undaunted; courageous; as, an intrepid soldier; intrepid spirit. Syn. -- Fearless; dauntless; resolute; brave; courageous; daring; valiant; heroic; doughty. INTREPIDITY In`tre*pid"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. intrépidité.] Defn: The quality or state of being intrepid; fearless bravery; courage; resoluteness; valor. Sir Roger had acquitted himself of two or three sentences with a look of much business and great intrepidity. Addison. Syn. -- Courage; heroism; bravery; fortitude; gallantry; valor. See Courage, Heroism. INTREPIDLY In*trep"id*ly, adv. Defn: In an intrepid manner; courageously; resolutely. INTRICABLE In"tri*ca*ble, a. Etym: [See Intricate.] Defn: Entangling. [Obs.] Shelton. INTRICACY In"tri*ca*cy, n.; pl. Intricacies. Etym: [From Intricate.] Defn: The state or quality of being intricate or entangled; perplexity; involution; complication; complexity; that which is intricate or involved; as, the intricacy of a knot; the intricacy of accounts; the intricacy of a cause in controversy; the intricacy of a plot. Freed from intricacies, taught to live The easiest way. Milton. INTRICATE In"tri*cate, a. Etym: [L. intricatus, p. p. of intricare to entangle, perplex. Cf. Intrigue, Extricate.] Defn: Entangled; involved; perplexed; complicated; difficult to understand, follow, arrange, or adjust; as, intricate machinery, labyrinths, accounts, plots, etc. His style was fit to convey the most intricate business to the understanding with the utmost clearness. Addison. The nature of man is intricate. Burke. Syn. -- Intricate, Complex, Complicated. A thing is complex when it is made up of parts; it is complicated when those parts are so many, or so arranged, as to make it difficult to grasp them; it is intricate when it has numerous windings and confused involutions which it is hard to follow out. What is complex must be resolved into its parts; what is complicated must be drawn out and developed; what is intricate must be unraveled. INTRICATE In"tri*cate, v. t. Defn: To entangle; to involve; to make perplexing. [Obs.] It makes men troublesome, and intricates all wise discourses. Jer. Taylor. INTRICATELY In"tri*cate*ly, adv. Defn: In an intricate manner. INTRICATENESS In"tri*cate*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being intricate; intricacy. INTRICATION In`tri*ca"tion, n. Defn: Entanglement. [Obs.] INTRIGANTE In`tri`gante", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A female intriguer. INTRIGUE In*trigue", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intrigued; p. pr. & vb. n. Intriguing.] Etym: [F. intriguer, OF. intriquer, entriquer; cf. It. intrigare. See Intricate, Extricate.] 1. To form a plot or scheme; to contrive to accomplish a purpose by secret artifice. 2. To carry on a secret and illicit love or amour. INTRIGUE In*trigue", v. t. Defn: To fill with artifice and duplicity; to complicate; to embarrass. [Obs.] How doth it [sin] perplex and intrique the whole course of your lives! Dr. J. Scott. INTRIGUE In*trigue", n. Etym: [Cf. F. intrique. See Intrigue, v. i.] 1. Intricacy; complication. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 2. A complicated plot or scheme intended to effect some purpose by secret artifice; conspiracy; stratagem. Busy meddlers with intrigues of state. Pomfret. 3. The plot or romance; a complicated scheme of designs, actions, and events. Pope. 4. A secret and illicit love affair between two persons of different sexes; an amour; a liaison. The hero of a comedy is represented victorious in all his intrigues. Swift. Syn. -- Plot; scheme; conspiracy; machination. INTRIGUER In*trigu"er, n. Defn: One who intrigues. INTRIGUERY In*trigu"er*y, n. Defn: Arts or practice of intrigue. INTRIGUINGLY In*trigu"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By means of, or in the manner of, intrigue. INTRINSE In*trinse", a. Etym: [See Intrinsic, and Intense.] Defn: Tightly drawn; or (perhaps) intricate. [Very rare] Like rats, oft bite the holy cords atwain, Which are too intrinse to unloose. Shak. INTRINSIC In*trin"sic, a. Etym: [L. intrinsecus inward, on the inside; intra within + secus otherwise, beside; akin to E. second: cf. F. intrinsèque. See Inter-, Second, and cf. Extrinsic.] 1. Inward; internal; hence, true; genuine; real; essential; inherent; not merely apparent or accidental; -- opposed to extrinsic; as, the intrinsic value of gold or silver; the intrinsic merit of an action; the intrinsic worth or goodness of a person. He was better qualified than they to estimate justly the intrinsic value of Grecian philosophy and refinement. I. Taylor. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Included wholly within an organ or limb, as certain groups of muscles; -- opposed to extrinsic. Intrinsic energy of a body (Physics), the work it can do in virtue of its actual condition, without any supply of energy from without. -- Intrinsic equation of a curve (Geom.), the equation which expresses the relation which the length of a curve, measured from a given point of it, to a movable point, has to the angle which the tangent to the curve at the movable point makes with a fixed line. -- Intrinsic value. See the Note under Value, n. Syn. -- Inherent; innate; natural; real; genuine. INTRINSIC In*trin"sic, n. Defn: A genuine quality. [Obs.] Warburton. INTRINSICAL In*trin"sic*al, a. [Formerly written intrinsecal.] 1. Intrinsic. 2. Intimate; closely familiar. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. INTRINSICALITY In*trin`si*cal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of INTRINSICALLY In*trin"sic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Internally; A lie is a thing absolutely and intrinsically evil. South. INTRINSICALNESS In*trin"sic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being intrinsical; intrinsicality. INTRINSICATE In*trin"si*cate, a. Defn: Intricate. [Obs.] Shak. INTRO- In"tro-. Etym: [L. intro, adv., inwardly, within. See Inter-.] Defn: A prefix signifying within, into, in, inward; as, introduce, introreception, introthoracic. INTROCESSION In`tro*ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. introcedere, introcessum, to go in; intro within + cedere to go.] (Med.) Defn: A depression, or inward sinking of parts. INTRODUCE In`tro*duce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Introduced; p. pr. & vb. n. Introducing.] Etym: [L. introducere, introductum; intro within + ducere to lead. See Intro-, and Duke.] 1. To lead or bring in; to conduct or usher in; as, to introduce a person into a drawing-room. 2. To put (something into a place); to insert; as, to introduce the finger, or a probe. 3. To lead to and make known by formal announcement or recommendation; hence, to cause to be acquainted; as, to introduce strangers; to introduce one person to another. 4. To bring into notice, practice, cultivation, or use; as, to introduce a new fashion, method, or plant. 5. To produce; to cause to exist; to induce. [Obs.] Whosoever introduces habits in children, deserves the care and attention of their governors. Locke. 6. To open to notice; to begin; to present; as, he introduced the subject with a long preface. Syn. -- To bring in; usher in; insert; begin; preface. INTRODUCEMENT In`tro*duce"ment, n. Defn: Introduction. [Obs.] INTRODUCER In`tro*du"cer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, introduces. INTRODUCT In`tro*duct", v. t. Defn: To introduce. [Obs.] INTRODUCTION In`tro*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. introductio: cf. F. introduction. See Introduce.] 1. The act of introducing, or bringing to notice. 2. The act of formally making persons known to each other; a presentation or making known of one person to another by name; as, the introduction of one stranger to another. 3. That part of a book or discourse which introduces or leads the way to the main subject, or part; preliminary; matter; preface; proem; exordium. 4. A formal and elaborate preliminary treatise; specifically, a treatise introductory to other treatises, or to a course of study; a guide; as, an introduction to English literature. INTRODUCTIVE In`tro*duc"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. introductif.] Defn: Serving to introduce; introductory. -- In`tro*duc"tive*ly, adv. INTRODUCTOR In`tro*duc"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: An introducer. [Obs.] INTRODUCTORILY In`tro*duc"to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: By way of introduction. INTRODUCTORY In`tro*duc"to*ry, a. Etym: [L. itroductorius: cf. F. introductoire.] Defn: Serving to introduce something else; leading to the main subject or business; preliminary; prefatory; as, introductory proceedings; an introductory discourse. INTRODUCTRESS In`tro*duc"tress, n. Defn: A female introducer. INTROFLEXED In`tro*flexed", a. Defn: Flexed or bent inward. INTROGRESSION In`tro*gres"sion, n. Etym: [L. introgressus, p. p. of introgredi to go in; intro- within + gradi to step, go.] Defn: The act of going in; entrance. Blount. INTROIT In*tro"it, n. Etym: [L. introitus, fr. introire to go into, to enter; intro within + ire to go: cf. F. introit.] 1. A going in. Caxton. 2. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A psalm sung or chanted immediately before the collect, epistle, and gospel, and while the priest is entering within the rails of the altar. (b) A part of a psalm or other portion of Scripture read by the priest at Mass immediately after ascending to the altar. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: An anthem or psalm sung before the Communion service. 4. Any composition of vocal music appropriate to the opening of church services. INTROMISSION In`tro*mis"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. intromission. See Intromit.] 1. The act of sending in or of putting in; insertion. South. 2. The act of letting go in; admission. 3. (Scots Law) Defn: An intermeddling with the affairs of another, either on legal grounds or without authority. INTROMIT In`tro*mit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intromitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Intromitting.] Etym: [L. intromittere, intromissum; intro- within + mittere to send.] 1. To send in or put in; to insert or introduce. Greenhill. 2. To allow to pass in; to admit. Glass in the window intromits light, without cold. Holder. INTROMIT In`tro*mit", v. i. (Scots Law) Defn: To intermeddle with the effects or goods of another. INTROMITTENT In`tro*mit"tent, a. Etym: [L. intromittens, p. pr.] 1. Throwing, or allowing to pass, into or within. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Used in copulation; -- said of the external reproductive organs of the males of many animals, and sometimes of those of the females. INTROMITTER In`tro*mit"ter, n. Defn: One who intromits. INTROPRESSION In`tro*pres"sion, n. Defn: Pressure acting within. [R.] INTRORECEPTION In`tro*re*cep"tion, n. Defn: The act of admitting into or within. Hammond. INTRORSE In*trorse", a. Etym: [L. introrsus inward, contr. from introversus. See Introvert.] (Bot.) Defn: Turning or facing inward, or toward the axis of the part to which it belongs. Gray. INTROSPECT In`tro*spect", v. t. Etym: [L. introspectus, p. p. introspicere to look into; intro within + specere to look. See Spy.] Defn: To look into or within; to view the inside of. Bailey. INTROSPECTION In`tro*spec"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. introspection.] Defn: A view of the inside or interior; a looking inward; specifically, the act or process of self-examination, or inspection of one's own thoughts and feelings; the cognition which the mind has of its own acts and states; self-consciousness; reflection. I was forced to make an introspection into my own mind. Dryden. INTROSPECTIONIST In`tro*spec"tion*ist, n. (Metaph.) Defn: One given to the introspective method of examining the phenomena of the soul. INTROSPECTIVE In`tro*spec"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. introspectif.] 1. Inspecting within; seeing inwardly; capable of, or exercising, inspection; self-conscious. 2. Involving the act or results of conscious knowledge of physical phenomena; -- contrasted with associational. J. S. Mill. INTROSUME In`tro*sume", v. t. Etym: [Pref. intro- + L. sumere to take.] Defn: To draw in; to swallow. [Obs.] Evelyn. INTROSUSCEPTION In`tro*sus*cep"tion, n. 1. The act or process of receiving within. The person is corrupted by the introsusception of a nature which becomes evil thereby. Coleridge. 2. (Med.) Defn: Same as Intussusception. INTROVENIENT In`tro*ven"ient, a. Etym: [L. introveniens, p. pr. of introvenire to come in; intro within + venire to come.] Defn: Coming in together; entering; commingling. [R.] Sir T. Browne. INTROVERSION In`tro*ver"sion, n. Etym: [See Introvert.] Defn: The act of introverting, or the state of being introverted; the act of turning the mind inward. Berkeley. INTROVERT In`tro*vert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Introverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Introverting.] Etym: [Pref. intro- + L. vertere, versum, to turn.] 1. To turn or bend inward. "Introverted toes." Cowper. 2. To look within; to introspect. Lew Wallace. INTRUDE In*trude", v. i. Etym: [L. intrudere, intrusum; pref. in- in + trudere to thrust, akin to E. threat. See Threat.] Defn: To thrust one's self in; to come or go in without invitation, permission, or welcome; to encroach; to trespass; as, to intrude on families at unseasonable hours; to intrude on the lands of another. Thy wit wants edge And manners, to intrude where I am graced. Shak. Some thoughts rise and intrude upon us, while we shun them; others fly from us, when we would hold them. I. Watts. INTRUDE In*trude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Intruding.] 1. To thrust or force (something) in or upon; especially, to force (one's self) in without leave or welcome; as, to intrude one's presence into a conference; to intrude one's opinions upon another. 2. To enter by force; to invade. [Obs.] Why should the worm intrude the maiden bud Shak. 3. (Geol.) Defn: The cause to enter or force a way, as into the crevices of rocks. Syn. -- To obtrude; encroach; infringe; intrench; trespass. See Obtrude. INTRUDED In*trud"ed, p. a. (Geol.) Defn: Same as Intrusive. INTRUDER In*trud"er, n. Defn: One who intrudes; one who thrusts himself in, or enters without right, or without leave or welcome; a trespasser. They were all strangers and intruders. Locke. INTRUDRESS In*trud"ress, n. Defn: A female intruder. INTRUNK In*trunk", v. t. Defn: To inclose as in a trunk; to incase. [R.] Ford. INTRUSION In*tru"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. intrusion. See Intrude.] 1. The act of intruding, or of forcing in; especially, the forcing (one's self) into a place without right or welcome; encroachment. Why this intrusion Were not my orders that I should be private Addison. 2. (Geol.) Defn: The penetrating of one rock, while in a plastic or metal state, into the cavities of another. 3. (Law) Defn: The entry of a stranger, after a particular estate or freehold is determined, before the person who holds in remainder or reversion has taken possession. 4. (Scotch Ch.) Defn: The settlement of a minister over 3 congregation without their consent. INTRUSIONAL In*tru"sion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to intrusion. INTRUSIONIST In*tru"sion*ist, n. Defn: One who intrudes; especially, one who favors the appointment of a clergyman to a parish, by a patron, against the wishes of the parishioners. INTRUSIVE In*tru"sive, a. Defn: Apt to intrude; characterized by intrusion; entering without right or welcome. Intrusive rocks (Geol.), rocks which have been forced, while in a plastic or melted state, into the cavities or between the cracks or layers of other rocks. The term is sometimes used as equivalent to plutonic rocks. It is then contrasted with effusive or volcanic rocks. -- In*tru"sive*ly, adv. -- In*tru"sive*ness, n. INTRUST In*trust", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intrusted, p. pr. & vb. n. Intrusting.] Defn: To deliver (something) to another in trust; to deliver to (another) something in trust; to commit or surrender (something) to another with a certain confidence regarding his care, use, or disposal of it; as, to intrust a servant with one's money or intrust money or goods to a servant. Syn. -- To commit; consign; confide. See Commit. INTUBATION In`tu*ba"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- in + tube.] (Med.) Defn: The introduction of a tube into an organ to keep it open, as into the larynx in croup. INTUITION In`tu*i"tion, n. Etym: [L. intuitus, p. p. of intueri to look on; in- in, on + tueri: cf. F. intuition. See Tuition.] 1. A looking after; a regard to. [Obs.] What, no reflection on a reward! He might have an intuition at it, as the encouragement, though not the cause, of his pains. Fuller. 2. Direct apprehension or cognition; immediate knowledge, as in perception or consciousness; -- distinguished from "mediate" knowledge, as in reasoning; as, the mind knows by intuition that black is not white, that a circle is not a square, that three are more than two, etc.; quick or ready insight or apprehension. Sagacity and a nameless something more, -- let us call it intuition. Hawthorne. 3. Any object or truth discerned by direct cognition; especially, a first or primary truth. INTUITIONAL In`tu*i"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, intuition; characterized by intuition; perceived by intuition; intuitive. INTUITIONALISM In`tu*i"tion*al*ism, n. (Metaph.) Defn: The doctrine that the perception or recognition of primary truth is intuitive, or direct and immediate; -- opposed to sensationalism, and experientialism. INTUITIONALIST In`tu*i"tion*al*ist, n. Defn: One who holds the doctrine of intuitionalism. INTUITIONISM In`tu*i"tion*ism, n. Defn: Same as Intuitionalism. INTUITIONIST In`tu*i"tion*ist, n. Defn: Same as Intuitionalist. Bain. INTUITIVE In*tu"i*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. intuitif.] 1. Seeing clearly; as, an intuitive view; intuitive vision. 2. Knowing, or perceiving, by intuition; capable of knowing without deduction or reasoning. Whence the soul Reason receives, and reason is her being, Discursive, or intuitive. Milton. 3. Received. reached, obtained, or perceived, by intuition; as, intuitive judgment or knowledge; -- opposed to deductive. Locke. INTUITIVELY In*tu"i*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an intuitive manner. INTUITIVISM In*tu"i*tiv*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine that the ideas of right and wrong are intuitive. J. Grote. INTUMESCE In`tu*mesce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intumesced; p. pr. & vb. n. Intumescing.] Etym: [L. intumescere; pref. in- in + tumescere to swell up, incho. fr. tumere to swell. See Tumid.] Defn: To enlarge or expand with heat; to swell; specifically, to swell up or bubble up under the action of heat, as before the blowpipe. In a higher heat, it intumesces, and melts into a yellowish black mass. Kirwan. INTUMESCENCE In`tu*mes"cence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. intumescence.] 1. The act or process of swelling or enlarging; also, the state of being swollen; expansion; tumidity; especially, the swelling up of bodies under the action of heat. The intumescence of nations. Johnson. 2. Anything swollen or enlarged, as a tumor. INTUMESCENT In`tu*mes"cent, a. Etym: [L. intumescens, p. pr.] Defn: Swelling up; expanding. INTUMULATED In*tu"mu*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. intumulatus. See In- not, and Tumulate.] Defn: Unburied. [Obs.] INTUNE In*tune", v. t. Defn: To intone. Cf. Entune. INTURBIDATE In*tur"bid*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inturbidated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inturbidating.] Etym: [Pref. in- in + turbid.] Defn: To render turbid; to darken; to confuse. [R.] The confusion of ideas and conceptions under the same term painfully inturbidates his theology. Coleridge. INTURGESCENCE In`tur*ges"cence, n. Etym: [L. inturgescens, p. pr. of inturgescere to swell up. See 1st In-, and Turgescent.] Defn: A swelling; the act of swelling, or state of being swelled. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. INTUSE In"tuse, n. Etym: [L. intundere to bruise; pref. in- in + tundere, tusum, to beat, bruise.] Defn: A bruise; a contusion. [Obs.] Spenser. INTUSSUSCEPTED In`tus*sus*cep"ted, a. Etym: [See Intussusception.] Defn: Received into some other thing or part, as a sword into a sheath; invaginated. INTUSSUSCEPTION In`tus*sus*cep"tion, n. Etym: [L. intus within + susception. Cf. Introsusception.] 1. The reception of one part within another. 2. (Med.) Defn: The abnormal reception or slipping of a part of a tube, by inversion and descent, within a contiguous part of it; specifically, the reception or slipping of the upper part of the small intestine into the lower; introsusception; invagination. Dunglison. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The interposition of new particles of formative material among those already existing, as in a cell wall, or in a starch grain. 4. (Physiol.) Defn: The act of taking foreign matter, as food, into a living body; the process of nutrition, by which dead matter is absorbed by the living organism, and ultimately converted into the organized substance of its various tissues and organs. Dead bodies increase by apposition; living bodies by intrussusception. McKendrick. INTWINE In*twine", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Entwine.] Defn: To twine or twist into, or together; to wreathe; as, a wreath of flowers intwined. [Written also entwine.] INTWINE In*twine", v. i. Defn: To be or to become intwined. INTWINEMENT In*twine"ment, n. Defn: The act of twinning, or the state of being intwined. INTWIST In*twist", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Entwist.] Defn: To twist into or together; to interweave. [Written also entwist.] INUENDO In`u*en"do, n. Defn: See Innuendo. INULIN In"u*lin, n. Etym: [From NL. Inula Helenium, the elecampane: cf. F. inuline.] (Chem.) Defn: A substance of very wide occurrence. It is found dissolved in the sap of the roots and rhizomes of many composite and other plants, as Inula, Helianthus, Campanula, etc., and is extracted by solution as a tasteless, white, semicrystalline substance, resembling starch, with which it is isomeric. It is intermediate in nature between starch and sugar. Called also dahlin, helenin, alantin, etc. INULOID In"u*loid, n. Etym: [Inulin + -oid.] (Chem.) Defn: A substance resembling inulin, found in the unripe bulbs of the dahila. INUMBRATE In*um"brate, v. t. Etym: [L. inumbratus, p. p. of inumbrare to shade.] Defn: To shade; to darken. [Obs.] INUNCTED In*unc"ted, a. Etym: [See Inunction.] Defn: Anointed. [Obs.] Cockeram. INUNCTION In*unc"tion, n. Etym: [L. inunctio, fr. inungere, inunctum, to anoint. See 1st In-, and Unction.] Defn: The act of anointing, or the state of being anointed; unction; specifically (Med.), the rubbing of ointments into the pores of the skin, by which medicinal agents contained in them, such as mercury, iodide of potash, etc., are absorbed. INUNCTUOSITY In*unc`tu*os"i*ty, n. Defn: The want of unctuosity; freedom from greasiness or oiliness; as, the inunctuosity of porcelain clay. Kirwan. INUNDANT In*un"dant, a. Etym: [L. inundans, p. pr. of inundare.] Defn: Overflowing. [R.] Shenstone. INUNDATE In*un"date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inundated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inundating.] Etym: [L. inundatus, p. p. of inundare to inundate; pref. in- in + undare to rise in waves, to overflow, fr. unda a wave. See Undulate.] 1. To cover with a flood; to overflow; to deluge; to flood; as, the river inundated the town. 2. To fill with an overflowing abundance or superfluity; as, the country was inundated with bills of credit. Syn. -- To overflow; deluge; flood; overwhelm; submerge; drown. INUNDATION In`un*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. inundatio: cf. F. inondation.] 1. The act of inundating, or the state of being inundated; an overflow; a flood; a rising and spreading of water over grounds. With inundation wide the deluge reigns, Drowns the deep valleys, and o'erspreads the plains. Wilkie. 2. An overspreading of any kind; overflowing or superfluous abundance; a flood; a great influx; as, an inundation of tourists. To stop the inundation of her tears. Shak. INUNDERSTANDING In*un`der*stand"ing, a. Defn: Void of understanding. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. INURBANE In`ur*bane", a. Etym: [L. inurbanus. See In- not, and Urbane.] Defn: Uncivil; unpolished; rude. M. Arnold. -- In`ur*bane"ly, adv. -- In`ur*bane"ness, n. INURBANITY In`ur*ban"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. inurbanité.] Defn: Want of urbanity or courtesy; unpolished manners or deportment; inurbaneness; rudeness. Bp. Hall. INURE In*ure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inured; p. pr. & vb. n. Inuring.] Etym: [From pref. in- in + ure use, work. See Ure use, practice, Opera, and cf. Manure.] Defn: To apply in use; to train; to discipline; to use or accustom till use gives little or no pain or inconvenience; to harden; to habituate; to practice habitually. "To inure our prompt obedience." Milton. He . . . did inure them to speak little. Sir T. North. Inured and exercised in learning. Robynson (More's Utopia). The poor, inured to drudgery and distress. Cowper. INURE In*ure", v. i. Defn: To pass into use; to take or have effect; to be applied; to serve to the use or benefit of; as, a gift of lands inures to the heirs. [Written also enure.] INUREMENT In*ure"ment, n. Defn: Use; practice; discipline; habit; custom. INURN In*urn", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inurned; p. pr. & vb. n. Inurning.] Defn: To put in an urn, as the ashes of the dead; hence, to bury; to intomb. The sepulcher Wherein we saw thee quietly inurned. Shak. INUSITATE In*u"si*tate, a. Etym: [L. inunsitatus unusual. See Use.] Defn: Unusual. [R.] Bramhall. INUSITATION In*u"si*ta"tion, n. Defn: Want of use; disuse. [R.] Paley. INUST In*ust", a. Etym: [L. inurere, inustum, to burn in; pref. in- in + urere to burn.] Defn: Burnt in. [Obs.] INUSTION In*us"tion, n. Defn: The act of burning or branding. [Obs.] T. Adams. INUTILE In*u"tile, a. Etym: [L. inutilis: cf. F. inutile. See In- not, Utile.] Defn: Useless; unprofitable. [Obs.] Bacon. INUTILITY In`u*til"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. inutilitas: cf. F. inutilité.] Defn: Uselessness; the quality of being unprofitable; unprofitableness; as, the inutility of vain speculations and visionary projects. INUTTERABLE In*ut"ter*a*ble, a. Defn: Unutterable; inexpressible. Milton. IN VACUO In` vac"u*o. Etym: [L.] (Physics) Defn: In a vacuum; in empty space; as, experiments in vacuo. INVADE In*vade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Invading.] Etym: [L. invadere, invasum; pref. in- in + vadere to go, akin to E. wade: cf. OF. invader, F. envahir. See Wade.] 1. To go into or upon; to pass within the confines of; to enter; -- used of forcible or rude ingress. [Obs.] Which becomes a body, and doth then invade The state of life, out of the grisly shade. Spenser. 2. To enter with hostile intentions; to enter with a view to conquest or plunder; to make an irruption into; to attack; as, the Romans invaded Great Britain. Such an enemy Is risen to invade us. Milton. 3. To attack; to infringe; to encroach on; to violate; as, the king invaded the rights of the people. 4. To grow or spread over; to affect injuriously and progressively; as, gangrene invades healthy tissue. Syn. -- To attack; assail; encroach upon. See Attack. INVADE In*vade", v. i. Defn: To make an invasion. Brougham. INVADER In*vad"er, n. Defn: One who invades; an assailant; an encroacher; an intruder. INVAGINATE In*vag"i*nate, v. t. Defn: To insert as in a sheath; to pr INVAGINATE; INVAGINATED In*vag"i*nate, In*vag"i*na`ted, a. (Biol.) (a) Sheathed. (b) Having one portion of a hollow organ drawn back within another portion. INVAGINATION In*vag`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. pref. in- + vagina sheath.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: The condition of an invaginated organ or part. 2. (Biol.) Defn: One of the methods by which the various germinal layers of the ovum are differentiated. Note: In embolic invagination, one half of the blastosphere is pushed in towards the other half, producing an embryonic form known as a gastrula. -- In epibolic invagination, a phenomenon in the development of some invertebrate ova, the epiblast appears to grow over or around the hypoblast. INVALESCENCE In`va*les"cence, n. Etym: [L. invalescens, p. pr. of invalescere to become strong. See 1st In-, and Convalesce.] Defn: Strength; health. [Obs.] INVALETUDINARY In*val`e*tu"di*na*ry, a. Defn: Wanting health; valetudinary. [R.] INVALID In*val"id, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + valid: cf. F. invalide, L. invalidus infirm, weak. Cf. Invalid infirm.] 1. Of no force, weight, or cogency; not valid; weak. 2. (Law) Defn: Having no force, effect, or efficacy; void; null; as, an invalid contract or agreement. INVALID In"va*lid, n. Etym: [F. invalide, n. & a., L. invalidus, a. See Invalid null.] Defn: A person who is weak and infirm; one who is disabled for active service; especially, one in chronic ill health. INVALID In"va*lid, a. Etym: [See Invalid, n.] Defn: Not well; feeble; infirm; sickly; as, he had an invalid daughter. INVALID In"va*lid, v. t. 1. To make or render invalid or infirm. "Invalided, bent, and almost blind." Dickens. 2. To classify or enroll as an invalid. Peace coming, he was invalided on half pay. Carlyle. INVALIDATE In*val"i*date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invalidated; p. pr. & vb. n. Invalidating.] Etym: [From Invalid null.] Defn: To render invalid; to weaken or lessen the force of; to destroy the authority of; to render of no force or effect; to overthrow; as, to invalidate an agreement or argument. INVALIDATION In*val`i*da"tion, n. Defn: The act of inavlidating, or the state of being invalidated. So many invalidations of their right. Burke. INVALIDE In`va*lide", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Invalid, n. INVALIDISM In"va*lid*ism, n. Defn: The condition of an invalid; sickness; infirmity. INVALIDITY In`va*lid"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. invalidité, LL. invaliditas want of health.] 1. Want of validity or cogency; want of legal force or efficacy; invalidness; as, the invalidity of an agreement or of a will. 2. Want of health; infirmity. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple. INVALIDNESS In*val"id*ness, n. Defn: Invalidity; as, the invalidness of reasoning. INVALOROUS In*val"or*ous, a. Defn: Not valorous; cowardly. INVALUABLE In*val"u*a*ble, a. Defn: Valuable beyond estimation; inestimable; priceless; precious. INVALUABLY In*val"u*a*bly, adv. Defn: Inestimably. Bp. Hall. INVALUED In*val"ued, a. Defn: Inestimable. [R.] Drayton. INVARIABILITY In*va`ri*a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. invariabilité.] Defn: The quality of being invariable; invariableness; constancy; uniformity. INVARIABLE In*va"ri*a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + variable: cf. F. invariable.] Defn: Not given to variation or change; unalterable; unchangeable; always uniform. Physical laws which are invariable. I. Taylor. -- In*va"ri*a*ble*ness, n. -- In*va"ri*a*bly, adv. INVARIABLE In*va"ri*a*ble, n. (Math.) Defn: An invariable quantity; a constant. INVARIANCE In*va"ri*ance, n. (Math.) Defn: The property of remaining invariable under prescribed or implied conditions. J. J. Sylvester. INVARIANT In*va"ri*ant, n. (Math.) Defn: An invariable quantity; specifically, a function of the coefficients of one or more forms, which remains unaltered, when these undergo suitable linear transformations. J. J. Sylvester. INVASION In*va"sion, n. Etym: [L. invasio: cf. F. invasion. See Invade.] 1. The act of invading; the act of encroaching upon the rights or possessions of another; encroachment; trespass. 2. A warlike or hostile entrance into the possessions or domains of another; the incursion of an army for conquest or plunder. 3. The incoming or first attack of anything hurtful or pernicious; as, the invasion of a disease. Syn. -- Invasion, Irruption, Inroad. Invasion is the generic term, denoting a forcible entrance into a foreign country. Incursion signifies a hasty and sudden invasion. Irruption denotes particularly violent invasion. Inroad is entry by some unusual way involving trespass and injury. INVASIVE In*va"sive, a. Etym: [LL. invasivus: cf. F. invasif. See Invade.] Defn: Tending to invade; characterized by invasion; aggressive. "Invasive war." Hoole. INVECT In*vect", v. i. Defn: To inveigh. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. INVECTED In*vec"ted, a. Etym: [L. invectus carried in. See Inveigh.] (Her.) Defn: Having a border or outline composed of semicircles with the convexity outward; -- the opposite of engrailed. INVECTION In*vec"tion, n. Etym: [L. invectio. See Inveigh.] Defn: An inveighing against; invective. [Obs.] Fulke. INVECTIVE In*vec"tive, a. Etym: [L. invectivus: cf. F. invectif. See Inveigh.] Defn: Characterized by invection; critical; denunciatory; satirical; abusive; railing. INVECTIVE In*vec"tive, n. Etym: [F. invective.] Defn: An expression which inveighs or rails against a person; a severe or violent censure or reproach; something uttered or written, intended to cast opprobrium, censure, or reproach on another; a harsh or reproachful accusation; -- followed by against, having reference to the person or thing affected; as an invective against tyranny. The world will be able to judge of his [Junius'] motives for writing such famous invectives. Sir W. Draper. Syn. -- Abuse; censure; reproach; satire; sarcasm; railing; diatribe. See Abuse. INVECTIVELY In*vec"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an invective manner. Shak. INVEIGH In*veigh", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inveighed; p. pr. & vb. n. Inveighing.] Etym: [L. invehere, invectum, to carry or bring into or against, to attack with words, to inveigh; pref. in- in + vehere to carry. See Vehicle, and cf. Invective.] Defn: To declaim or rail (against some person or thing); to utter censorious and bitter language; to attack with harsh criticism or reproach, either spoken or written; to use invectives; -- with against; as, to inveigh against character, conduct, manners, customs, morals, a law, an abuse. All men inveighed against him; all men, except court vassals, opposed him. Milton. The artificial life against which we inveighed. Hawthorne. INVEIGHER In*veigh"er, n. Defn: One who inveighs. INVEIGLE In*vei"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inveigled; p. pr. & vb. n. Inveigling.] Etym: [Prob. fr. F. aveugler to blind, to delude, OF. aveugler, avugler, avegler, fr. F. aveugle blind, OF. aveugle, avugle, properly, without eyes, fr. L. ab + oculus eye. The pref. in- seems to have been substituted for a- taken as the pref. F. à, L. ad. See Ocular.] Defn: To lead astray as if blind; to persuade to something evil by deceptive arts or flattery; to entice; to insnare; to seduce; to wheedle. Yet have they many baits and guileful spells To inveigle and invite the un unwary sense. Milton. INVEIGLEMENT In*vei"gle*ment, n. Defn: The act of inveigling, or the state of being inveigled; that which inveigles; enticement; seduction. South. INVEIGLER In*vei"gler, n. Defn: One who inveigles. INVEIL In*veil", v. t. Defn: To cover, as with a vail. W. Browne. INVENDIBILITY In*vend`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being invendible; invendibleness; unsalableness. INVENDIBLE In*vend"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. invendibilis. See In- not, and Vendible.] Defn: Not vendible or salable. Jefferson. -- In*vend"i*ble*ness, n. INVENOM In*ven"om, v. t. Defn: See Envenom. INVENT In*vent", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invented; p. pr. & vb. n. Inventing.] Etym: [L. inventus, p. p. of invenire to come upon, to find, invent; pref. in- in + venire to come, akin to E. come: cf. F. inventer. See Come.] 1. To come or light upon; to meet; to find. [Obs.] And vowed never to return again, Till him alive or dead she did invent. Spenser. 2. To discover, as by study or inquiry; to find out; to devise; to contrive or produce for the first time; -- applied commonly to the discovery of some serviceable mode, instrument, or machine. Thus first Necessity invented stools. Cowper. 3. To frame by the imagination; to fabricate mentally; to forge; -- in a good or a bad sense; as, to invent the machinery of a poem; to invent a falsehood. Whate'er his cruel malice could invent. Milton. He had invented some circumstances, and put the worst possible construction on others. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- To discover; contrive; devise; frame; design; fabricate; concoct; elaborate. See Discover. INVENTER In*vent"er, n. Defn: One who invents. INVENTFUL In*vent"ful, a. Defn: Full of invention. J. Gifford. INVENTIBLE In*vent"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being invented. INVENTIBLENESS In*vent"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being inventible. INVENTION In*ven"tion, n. Etym: [L. inventio: cf. F. invention. See Invent.] 1. The act of finding out or inventing; contrivance or construction of that which has not before existed; as, the invention of logarithms; the invention of the art of printing. As the search of it [truth] is the duty, so the invention will be the happiness of man. Tatham. 2. That which is invented; an original contrivance or construction; a device; as, this fable was the invention of Esop; that falsehood was her own invention. We entered by the drawbridge, which has an invention to let one fall if not premonished. Evelyn. 3. Thought; idea. Shak. 4. A fabrication to deceive; a fiction; a forgery; a falsehood. Filling their hearers With strange invention. Shak. 5. The faculty of inventing; imaginative faculty; skill or ingenuity in contriving anything new; as, a man of invention. They lay no less than a want of invention to his charge; a capital crime, . . . for a poet is a maker. Dryden. 6. (Fine Arts, Rhet., etc.) Defn: The exercise of the imagination in selecting and treating a theme, or more commonly in contriving the arrangement of a piece, or the method of presenting its parts. Invention of the cross (Eccl.), a festival celebrated May 3d, in honor of the finding of our Savior's cross by St. Helena. INVENTIOUS In*ven"tious, a. Defn: Inventive. [Obs.] INVENTIVE In*vent"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. inventif.] Defn: Able and apt to invent; quick at contrivance; ready at expedients; as, an inventive head or genius. Dryden. -- In*vent"ive*ly, adv. -- In*vent"ive*ness, n. INVENTOR In*vent"or, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. inventeur.] Defn: One who invents or finds out something new; a contriver; especially, one who invents mechanical devices. INVENTORIAL In`ven*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an inventory. -- In`ven*to"ri*al*ly, adv. Shak. INVENTORY In"ven*to*ry, n.; pl. Inventories. Etym: [L. inventarium: cf. LL. inventorium, F. inventaire, OF. also inventoire. See Invent.] Defn: An account, catalogue, or schedule, made by an executor or administrator, of all the goods and chattels, and sometimes of the real estate, of a deceased person; a list of the property of which a person or estate is found to be possessed; hence, an itemized list of goods or valuables, with their estimated worth; specifically, the annual account of stock taken in any business. There take an inventory of all I have. Shak. Syn. -- List; register; schedule; catalogue. See List. INVENTORY In"ven*to*ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inventoried; p. pr. & vb. n. Inventorying.] Etym: [Cf. F. inventorier.] Defn: To make an inventory of; to make a list, catalogue, or schedule of; to insert or register in an account of goods; as, a merchant inventories his stock. I will give out divers schedules of my beauty; it shall be inventoried, and every particle and utensil labeled. Shak. INVENTRESS In*vent"ress, n. Etym: [Cf. L. inventrix, F. inventrice.] Defn: A woman who invents. Dryden. INVERACITY In`ve*rac"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of veracity. INVERISIMILITUDE In*ver`i*si*mil"i*tude, n. Defn: Want of verisimilitude or likelihood; improbability. INVERNESS; INVERNESS CAPE In`ver*ness", n., or In`ver*ness" cape". Defn: A kind of full sleeveless cape, fitting closely about the neck. Robert's wind-blown head and tall form wrapped in an Inverness cape. Mrs. Humphry Ward. INVERSE In*verse", a. Etym: [L. inversus, p. p. of invertere: cf. F. inverse. See Invert.] 1. Opposite in order, relation, or effect; reversed; inverted; reciprocal; -- opposed to direct. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Inverted; having a position or mode of attachment the reverse of that which is usual. 3. (Math.) Defn: Opposite in nature and effect; -- said with reference to any two operations, which, when both are performed in succession upon any quantity, reproduce that quantity; as, multiplication is the inverse operation to division. The symbol of an inverse operation is the symbol of the direct operation with -1 as an index. Thus sin-1 x means the arc whose sine is x. Inverse figures (Geom.), two figures, such that each point of either figure is inverse to a corresponding point in the order figure. -- Inverse points (Geom.), two points lying on a line drawn from the center of a fixed circle or sphere, and so related that the product of their distances from the center of the circle or sphere is equal to the square of the radius. -- Inverse, or Reciprocal, ratio (Math.), the ratio of the reciprocals of two quantities. -- Inverse, or Reciprocal, proportion, an equality between a direct ratio and a reciprocal ratio; thus, 4 : 2 : : , or 4 : 2 : : 3 : 6, inversely. INVERSE In"verse, n. Defn: That which is inverse. Thus the course of human study is the inverse of the course of things in nature. Tatham. INVERSELY In*verse"ly, adv. Defn: In an inverse order or manner; by inversion; -- opposed to directly. Inversely proportional. See Directly proportional, under Directly, and Inversion, 4. INVERSION In*ver"sion, n. Etym: [L. inversio: cf. F. inversion. See Invert.] 1. The act of inverting, or turning over or backward, or the state of being inverted. 2. A change by inverted order; a reversed position or arrangement of things; transposition. It is just the inversion of an act of Parliament; your lordship first signed it, and then it was passed among the Lords and Commons. Dryden. 3. (Mil.) Defn: A movement in tactics by which the order of companies in line is inverted, the right being on the left, the left on the right, and so on. 4. (Math.) Defn: A change in the order of the terms of a proportion, so that the second takes the place of the first, and the fourth of the third. 5. (Geom.) Defn: A peculiar method of transformation, in which a figure is replaced by its inverse figure. Propositions that are true for the original figure thus furnish new propositions that are true in the inverse figure. See Inverse figures, under Inverse. 6. (Gram.) Defn: A change of the usual order of words or phrases; as, "of all vices, impurity is one of the most detestable," instead of, "impurity is one of the most detestable of all vices." 7. (Rhet.) Defn: A method of reasoning in which the orator shows that arguments advanced by his adversary in opposition to him are really favorable to his cause. 8. (Mus.) (a) Said of intervals, when the lower tone is placed an octave higher, so that fifths become fourths, thirds sixths, etc. (b) Said of a chord, when one of its notes, other than its root, is made the bass. (c) Said of a subject, or phrase, when the intervals of which it consists are repeated in the contrary direction, rising instead of falling, or vice versa. (d) Said of double counterpoint, when an upper and a lower part change places. 9. (Geol.) Defn: The folding back of strata upon themselves, as by upheaval, in such a manner that the order of succession appears to be reversed. 10. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process by which cane sugar (sucrose), under the action of heat and acids or ferments (as diastase), is broken or split up into grape sugar (dextrose), and fruit sugar (levulose); also, less properly, the process by which starch is converted into grape sugar (dextrose). Note: The terms invert and inversion, in this sense, owe their meaning to the fact that the plane of polarization of light, which is rotated to the right by cane sugar, is turned toward the left by levulose. INVERT In*vert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inverting.] Etym: [L. invertere, inversum; pref. in- in + vertere to turn. See Verse.] 1. To turn over; to put upside down; to upset; to place in a contrary order or direction; to reverse; as, to invert a cup, the order of words, rules of justice, etc. That doth invert the attest of eyes and ears, As if these organs had deceptious functions. Shak. Such reasoning falls like an inverted cone, Wanting its proper base to stand upon. Cowper. 2. (Mus.) Defn: To change the position of; -- said of tones which form a chord, or parts which compose harmony. 3. To divert; to convert to a wrong use. [Obs.] Knolles. 4. (Chem.) Defn: To convert; to reverse; to decompose by, or subject to, inversion. See Inversion, n., 10. INVERT In*vert", v. i. (Chem.) Defn: To undergo inversion, as sugar. INVERT In"vert, a. (Chem.) Defn: Subjected to the process of inversion; inverted; converted; as, invert sugar. Invert sugar (Chem.), a variety of sugar, consisting of a mixture of dextrose and levulose, found naturally in fruits, and produced artificially by the inversion of cane sugar (sucrose); also, less properly, the grape sugar or dextrose obtained from starch. See Inversion, Dextrose, Levulose, and Sugar. INVERT In"vert, n. (Masonry) Defn: An inverted arch. INVERTASE In*vert"ase, n. (Chem.) (a) An enzyme capable of effecting the inversion of cane suger, producing invert sugar. It is found in many plants and in the intestines of animals. (b) By extension, any enzyme which splits cane sugar, milk sugar, lactose, etc., into monosaccharides. INVERTEBRAL In*ver"te*bral, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Invertebrate. INVERTEBRATA In*ver`te*bra"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. in- not + vertebratus vertebrate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A comprehensive division of the animal kingdom, including all except the Vertebrata. INVERTEBRATE In*ver"te*brate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Destitute of a backbone; having no vertebræ; of or pertaining to the Invertebrata. -- n. Defn: One of the Invertebrata. Age of invertebrates. See Age, and Silurian. INVERTEBRATED In*ver"te*bra`ted, a. Defn: Having no backbone; invertebrate. INVERTED In*vert"ed, a. 1. Changed to a contrary or counterchanged order; reversed; characterized by inversion. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Situated apparently in reverse order, as strata when folded back upon themselves by upheaval. Inverted arch (Arch.), an arch placed with crown downward; -- much used in foundations. INVERTEDLY In*vert"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In an inverted order. Derham. INVERTIBLE In*vert"i*ble, a. Etym: [From Invert.] 1. Capable of being inverted or turned. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Capable of being changed or converted; as, invertible sugar. INVERTIBLE In*vert"i*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + L. vertere to turn + -ible.] Defn: Incapable of being turned or changed. An indurate and invertible conscience. Cranmer. INVERTIN In*vert"in, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An unorganized ferment which causes cane sugar to take up a molecule of water and be converted into invert sugar. INVEST In*vest", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invested; p. pr. & vb. n. Investing.] Etym: [L. investire, investitum; pref. in- in + vestire to clothe, fr. vestis clothing: cf. F. investir. See Vest.] 1. To put garments on; to clothe; to dress; to array; -- opposed to divest. Usually followed by with, sometimes by in; as, to invest one with a robe. 2. To put on. [Obs.] Can not find one this girdle to invest. Spenser. 3. To clothe, as with office or authority; to place in possession of rank, dignity, or estate; to endow; to adorn; to grace; to bedeck; as, to invest with honor or glory; to invest with an estate. I do invest you jointly with my power. Shak. 4. To surround, accompany, or attend. Awe such as must always invest the spectacle of the guilt. Hawthorne. 5. To confer; to give. [R.] It investeth a right of government. Bacon. 6. (Mil.) Defn: To inclose; to surround of hem in with troops, so as to intercept succors of men and provisions and prevent escape; to lay siege to; as, to invest a town. 7. To lay out (money or capital) in business with the as, to invest money in bank stock. INVEST In*vest", v. i. Defn: To make an investment; as, to invest in stocks; -- usually followed by in. INVESTIENT In*vest"ient, a. Etym: [L. investiens, p. pr. of investire.] Defn: Covering; clothing. [R.] Woodward. INVESTIGABLE In*ves"ti*ga*ble, a. Etym: [L. investigabilis. See Investigate.] Defn: Capable or susceptible of being investigated; admitting research. Hooker. INVESTIGABLE In*ves"ti*ga*ble, a. Etym: [L. investigabilis. See In- not, and Vestigate.] Defn: Unsearchable; inscrutable. [Obs.] So unsearchable the judgment and so investigable the ways thereof. Bale. INVESTIGATE In*ves"ti*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Investigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Investigating.] Etym: [L. investigatus, p. p. of investigare to investigate; pref. in- in + vestigare to track, trace. See Vestige.] Defn: To follow up step by step by patient inquiry or observation; to trace or track mentally; to search into; to inquire and examine into with care and accuracy; to find out by careful inquisition; as, to investigate the causes of natural phenomena. INVESTIGATE In*ves"ti*gate, v. i. Defn: To pursue a course of investigation and study; to make investigation. INVESTIGATION In*ves`ti*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. investigatio: cf. F. investigation.] Defn: The act of investigating; the process of inquiring into or following up; research; study; inquiry, esp. patient or thorough inquiry or examination; as, the investigations of the philosopher and the mathematician; the investigations of the judge, the moralist. INVESTIGATIVE In*ves"ti*ga*tive, a. Defn: Given to investigation; inquisitive; curious; searching. INVESTIGATOR In*ves"ti*ga`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. investigateur.] Defn: One who searches diligently into a subject. INVESTITURE In*ves"ti*ture, n. Etym: [LL. investitura: cf. F. investiture.] 1. The act or ceremony of investing, or the of being invested, as with an office; a giving possession; also, the right of so investing. He had refused to yield up to the pope the investiture of bishops. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. (Feudal Law) Defn: Livery of seizin. The grant of land or a feud was perfected by the ceremony oinvestiture, or open delivery of possession. Blackstone. 3. That with which anyone is invested or clothed; investment; clothing; covering. While we yet have on Our gross investiture of mortal weeds. Trench. INVESTIVE In*vest"ive, a. Defn: Investing. [R.] Mir. for Mag. INVESTMENT In*vest"ment, n. 1. The act of investing, or the state of being invested. 2. That with which anyone is invested; a vestment. Whose white investments figure innocence. Shak. 3. (Mil.) Defn: The act of surrounding, blocking up, or besieging by an armed force, or the state of being so surrounded. The capitulation was signed by the commander of the fort within six days after its investments. Marshall. 4. The laying out of money in the purchase of some species of property; the amount of money invested, or that in which money is invested. Before the investment could be made, a change of the market might render it ineligible. A. Hamilton. An investment in ink, paper, and steel pens. Hawthorne. INVESTOR In*vest"or, n. Defn: One who invests. INVESTURE In*ves"ture, n. Defn: Investiture; investment. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet. INVESTURE In*ves"ture, v. t. Defn: To clothe; to invest; to install. [Obs.] "Monks . . . investured in their copes." Fuller. INVETERACY In*vet"er*a*cy, n. Etym: [From Inveterate.] 1. Firm establishment by long continuance; firmness or deep-rooted obstinacy of any quality or state acquired by time; as, the inveteracy of custom, habit, or disease; -- usually in a bad sense; as, the inveteracy of prejudice or of error. An inveteracy of evil habits that will prompt him to contract more. A. Tucker. 2. Malignity; spitefulness; virulency. The rancor of pamphlets, the inveteracy of epigrams, an the mortification of lampoons. Guardian. INVETERATE In*vet"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. inveteratus, p. p. of inveterare to render old; pref. in- in + vetus, veteris, old. See Veteran.] 1. Old; long-established. [Obs.] It is an inveterate and received opinion. Bacon. 2. Firmly established by long continuance; obstinate; deep-rooted; of long standing; as, an inveterate disease; an inveterate abuse. Heal the inveterate canker of one wound. Shak. 3. Having habits fixed by long continuance; confirmed; habitual; as, an inveterate idler or smoker. 4. Malignant; virulent; spiteful. H. Brooke. INVETERATE In*vet"er*ate, v. t. Defn: To fix and settle by long continuance. [Obs.] Bacon. INVETERATELY In*vet"er*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In an inveterate manner or degree. "Inveterately tough." Hawthorne. INVETERATENESS In*vet"er*ate*ness, n. Defn: Inveteracy. Sir T. Browne. INVETERATION In*vet`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. inveteratio.] Defn: The act of making inveterate. [R.] Bailey. INVICT In*vict", a. Etym: [L. invictus. See In- not, and Victor.] Defn: Invincible. [Obs.] Joye. INVIDIOUS In*vid"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. invidiosus, fr. invidia envy. See Envy, and cf. Envious.] 1. Envious; malignant. [Obs.] Evelyn. 2. Worthy of envy; desirable; enviable. [Obs.] Such a person appeareth in a far more honorable and invidious state than any prosperous man. Barrow. 3. Likely to incur or produce ill will, or to provoke envy; hateful; as, invidious distinctions. Agamemnon found it an invidious affair to give the preference to any one of the Grecian heroes. Broome. -- In*vid"i*ous*ly, adv. -- In*vid"i*ous*ness, n. INVIGILANCE; INVIGILANCY In*vig"i*lance, In*vig"i*lan*cy, n. Etym: [in- not + vigilance: cf. OF. invigilance.] Defn: Want of vigilance; neglect of watching; carelessness. INVIGOR In*vig"or, v. t. Defn: To invigorate. [Obs.] INVIGORATE In*vig"or*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invigorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Invigorating.] Etym: [Pref. in- in + vigor.] Defn: To give vigor to; to strengthen; to animate; to give life and energy to. Christian graces and virtues they can not be, unless fed, invigorated, and animated by universal charity. Atterbury. Syn. -- To refresh; animate; exhilarate; stimulate. INVIGORATION In*vig`or*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of invigorating, or the state of being invigorated. INVILE In*vile", v. t. Defn: To render vile. [Obs.] Daniel. INVILLAGED In*vil"laged (; 48), p. a. Defn: Turned into, or reduced to, a village. [Obs.] W. Browne. INVINCIBILITY In*vin`ci*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. invincibilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being invincible; invincibleness. INVINCIBLE In*vin"ci*ble, a. Etym: [L. invincibilis: cf. F. invincible. See In- not, and Vincible.] Defn: Incapable of being conquered, overcome, or subdued; unconquerable; insuperable; as, an invincible army, or obstacle. Lead forth to battle these my sons Invincible. Milton. -- In*vin"ci*ble*ness, n. -- In*vin"ci*bly, adv. INVIOLABILITY In*vi`o*la*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. inviolabilitas: cf. F. inviolabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being inviolable; inviolableness. INVIOLABLE In*vi"o*la*ble, a. Etym: [L. inviolabilis: cf. F. inviolable. See Inviolate, a.] 1. Not violable; not susceptible of hurt, wound, or harm (used with respect to either physical or moral damage); not susceptible of being profaned or corrupted; sacred; holy; as, inviolable honor or chastity; an inviolable shrine. He tried a third, a tough, well-chosen spear, The inviolable body stood sincere. Dryden. 2. Unviolated; uninjured; undefiled; uncorrupted. For thou, be sure, shalt give account To him who sent us, whose charge is to keep This place inviolable, and these from harm. Milton. 3. Not capable of being broken or violated; as, an inviolable covenant, agreement, promise, or vow. Their almighty Maker first ordained And bound them with inviolable bands. Spenser. And keep our faiths firm and inviolable. Shak. INVIOLABLENESS In*vi"o*la*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being inviolable; as, the inviolableness of divine justice. INVIOLABLY In*vi"o*la*bly, adv. Defn: Without violation. INVIOLACY In*vi"o*la*cy, n. Defn: The state or quality of being inviolate; as, the inviolacy of an oath. INVIOLATE; INVIOLATED In*vi"o*late, In*vi"o*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. inviolatus. See In- not, and Violate.] 1. Not violated; uninjured; unhurt; unbroken. His fortune of arms was still inviolate. Bacon. 2. Not corrupted, defiled, or profaned; chaste; pure. "Inviolate truth." Denham. There chaste Alceste lives inviolate. Spenser. INVIOLATELY In*vi"o*late*ly, adv. Defn: In an inviolate manner. INVIOLATENESS In*vi"o*late*ness, n. Defn: The state of being inviolate. INVIOUS In"vi*ous, a. Etym: [L. invius; pref. in- not + via way.] Defn: Untrodden. [R.] Hudibras. -- In"vi*ous*ness, n. [R.] INVIRILE In*vi"rile, a. Defn: Deficient in manhood; unmanly; effeminate. Lowell. INVIRILITY In`vi*ril"i*ty, n. Defn: Absence of virility or manhood; effeminacy. Prynne. INVISCATE In*vis"cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inviscated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inviscating.] Etym: [L. inviscatus, p. p. of inviscare to birdlime; pref. in- in + viscum, viscus, the mistletoe, birdlime.] Defn: To daub or catch with glue or birdlime; to entangle with glutinous matter. [R.] Sir T. Browne. INVISCERATE In*vis"cer*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inviscerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inviscerating.] Etym: [L. invisceratus, p. p. of inviscerare to put into the entrails. See Viscera.] Defn: To breed; to nourish. [R.] W. Montagu. INVISCERATE In*vis"cer*ate, a. Etym: [L. invisceratus, p. p.] Defn: Deep-seated; internal. [R.] W. Montagu. INVISIBILITY In*vis`i*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Invisibilities. Etym: [L. invisibilitas: cf. F. invisibilité.] Defn: The state or quality of being invisible; also, that which is invisible. "Atoms and invisibilities." Landor. INVISIBLE In*vis"i*ble, a. Etym: [F. invisible, L. invisibilis. See In- not, and Visible.] Defn: Incapable of being seen; not perceptible by vision; not visible. To us invisible, or dimly seen In these thy lowest works. Milton. Invisible bird (Zoöl.), a small, shy singing bird (Myadestes sibilons), of St. Vincent Islands. -- Invisible green, a very dark shade of green, approaching to black, and liable to be mistaken for it. INVISIBLE In*vis"i*ble, n. 1. An invisible person or thing; specifically, God, the Supreme Being. 2. A Rosicrucian; -- so called because avoiding declaration of his craft. [Obs.] 3. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of those (as in the 16th century) who denied the visibility of the church. Shipley. INVISIBLENESS In*vis"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being invisible; invisibility. INVISIBLY In*vis"i*bly, adv. Defn: In an invisible manner, Denham. INVISION In*vi"sion, n. Defn: Want of vision or of the power of seeing. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. INVITATION In`vi*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. invitatio: cf. F. invitation. See Invite.] 1. The act of inviting; solicitation; the requesting of a person's company; as, an invitation to a party, to a dinner, or to visit a friend. 2. A document written or printed, or spoken words, 3. Allurement; enticement. [R.] She gives the leer of invitation. Shak. INVITATORY In*vi"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. invitatorius: cf. F. invitatoire.] Defn: Using or containing invitations. The "Venite" [Psalm xcv.], which is also called the invitatory psalm. Hook. INVITATORY In*vi"ta*to*ry, n.; pl. Invitatories. Etym: [LL. invitatorium: cf. F. invitatoire.] Defn: That which invites; specifically, the invitatory psalm, or a part of it used in worship. INVITE In*vite", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inviting.] Etym: [L. invitare: cf. F. inviter. See Vie.] 1. To ask; to request; to bid; to summon; to ask to do some act, or go to some place; esp., to ask to an entertainment or visit; to request the company of; as, to invite to dinner, or a wedding, or an excursion. So many guests invite as here are writ. Shak. I invite his Grace of Castle Rackrent to reflect on this. Carlyle. 2. To allure; to draw to; to tempt to come; to induce by pleasure or hope; to attract. To inveigle and invite the unwary sense. Milton. Shady groves, that easy sleep invite. Dryden. There no delusive hope invites despair. Cowper. 3. To give occasion for; as, to invite criticism. Syn. -- To solicit; bid; call; ask; summon; allure; attract; entice; persuade. INVITE In*vite", v. i. Defn: To give invitation. Milton. INVITEMENT In*vite"ment, n. Defn: Invitation. [Obs.] Chapman. INVITER In*vit"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, invites. INVITIATE In*vi"ti*ate, a. Defn: Not vitiated. Lowell. INVITING In*vit"ing, a. Defn: Alluring; tempting; as, an inviting amusement or prospect. Nothing is so easy and inviting as the retort of abuse and sarcasm. W. Irving. -- In*vit"ing*ly, adv. -- In*vit"ing*ness, n. Jer. Taylor. INVITRIFIABLE In*vit"ri*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: Not admitting of being vitrified, or converted into glass. Kirwan. INVOCATE In"vo*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Invocating.] Etym: [L. invocatus, p. p. of invocare. See Invoke.] Defn: To invoke; to call on, or for, in supplication; to implore. If Dagon be thy god, Go to his temple, invocate his aid. Milton. INVOCATION In`vo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [F. invocation, L. invocatio.] 1. The act or form of calling for the assistance or presence of some superior being; earnest and solemn entreaty; esp., prayer offered to a divine being. Sweet invocation of a child; most pretty and pathetical! Shak. The whole poem is a prayer to Fortune, and the invocation is divided between the two deities. Addison. 2. (Law) Defn: A call or summons; especially, a judicial call, demand, or order; as, the invocation of papers or evidence into court. INVOCATORY In"vo*ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Making or containing invocation; invoking. INVOICE In"voice`, n. Etym: [F. envois things sent, goods forwarded, pl. of envoi a sending or things sent, fr. envoyer to send; cf. F. lettre d'envoi letter of advice of goods forwarded. See Envoy.] 1. (Com.) Defn: A written account of the particulars of merchandise shipped or sent to a purchaser, consignee, factor, etc., with the value or prices and charges annexed. Wharton. 2. The lot or set of goods as shipped or received; as, the merchant receives a large invoice of goods. INVOICE In"voice`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invoiced; p. pr. & vb. n. Invoicing.] Defn: To make a written list or account of, as goods to be sent to a consignee; to insert in a priced list; to write or enter in an invoice. Goods, wares, and merchandise imported from Norway, and invoiced in the current dollar of Norway. Madison. INVOKE In*voke", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invoked; p. pr. & vb. n. Invoking.] Etym: [F. invoquer, L. invocare; pref. in- in, on + vocare to call, fr. vox voice. See Voice, and cf. Invocate.] Defn: To call on for aid or protection; to invite earnestly or solemnly; to summon; to address in prayer; to solicit or demand by invocation; to implore; as, to invoke the Supreme Being, or to invoke His and blessing. Go, my dread lord, to your great grandsire's tomb, . . . Invoke his warlike spirit. Shak. INVOLUCEL In*vol"u*cel, n. Etym: [Dim. of involucre, or involucrum: cf. F. involucelle.] (Bot.) Defn: A partial, secondary, or small involucre. See Illust. of Involucre. INVOLUCELLATE In`vo*lu"cel*late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with involucels. INVOLUCELLUM In`vo*lu*cel"lum, n.; pl. Involucella. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Involucel. INVOLUCRAL In`vo*lu"cral, a. Etym: [Cf. F. involucral.] Defn: Pertaining to, possessing, or like, an involucrum. INVOLUCRATE; INVOLUCRATED In`vo*lu"crate, In`vo*lu"cra*ted, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having an involucre; involucred. INVOLUCRE In"vo*lu`cre, n. Etym: [L. involucrum a covering, wrapper, fr. involvere to wrap up, envelop: cf. F. involucre. See Involve.] (Bot.) (a) A whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head. (b) A continuous marginal covering of sporangia, in certain ferns, as in the common brake, or the cup-shaped processes of the filmy ferns. (c) The peridium or volva of certain fungi. Called also involucrum. INVOLUCRED In"vo*lu`cred, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having an involucre, as umbels, heads, etc. Martyn. INVOLUCRET In`vo*lu"cret, n. (Bot.) Defn: An involucel. INVOLUCRUM In`vo*lu"crum, n.; pl. L. Involucra, E. Involucrums. Etym: [L. See Involucre.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: See Involucre. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sheath which surrounds the base of the lasso cells in the Siphonophora. INVOLUNTARILY In*vol"un*ta*ri*ly, adv. Etym: [From Involuntary.] Defn: In an involuntary manner; not voluntarily; not intentionally or willingly. INVOLUNTARINESS In*vol"un*ta*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being involuntary; unwillingness; automatism. INVOLUNTARY In*vol"un*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. involuntarius. See In- not, and Voluntary.] 1. Not having will of the power of choice. 2. Not under the influence or control of the will; not voluntary; as, the involuntary movements of the body; involuntary muscle fibers. 3. Not proceeding from choice; done unwillingly; reluctant; compulsory; as, involuntary submission. INVOLUTE; INVOLUTED In"vo*lute, In"vo*lu`ted, a. Etym: [L. involutus, p. p. of involvere. See Involve.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Rolled inward from the edges; -- said of leaves in vernation, or of the petals of flowers in æstivation. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Turned inward at the margin, as the exterior lip of the Cyprea. (b) Rolled inward spirally. INVOLUTE In"vo*lute, n. (Geom.) Defn: A curve traced by the end of a string wound upon another curve, or unwound from it; -- called also evolvent. See Evolute. INVOLUTION In`vo*lu"tion, n. Etym: [L. involutio: cf. F. involution. See Involve.] 1. The act of involving or infolding. 2. The state of being entangled or involved; complication; entanglement. All things are mixed, and causes blended, by mutual involutions. Glanvill. 3. That in which anything is involved, folded, or wrapped; envelope. Sir T. Browne. 4. (Gram.) Defn: The insertion of one or more clauses between the subject and the verb, in a way that involves or complicates the construction. 5. (Math.) Defn: The act or process of raising a quantity to any power assigned; the multiplication of a quantity into itself a given number of times; -- the reverse of evolution. 6. (Geom.) Defn: The relation which exists between three or more sets of points, a.a', b.b', c.c', so related to a point O on the line, that the product Oa.Oa' = Ob.Ob' = Oc.Oc' is constant. Sets of lines or surfaces possessing corresponding properties may be in involution. 7. (Med.) Defn: The return of an enlarged part or organ to its normal size, as of the uterus after pregnancy. INVOLVE In*volve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Involved; p. pr. & vb. n. Involving.] Etym: [L. involvere, involutum, to roll about, wrap up; pref. in- in + volvere to roll: cf. OF. involver. See Voluble, and cf. Involute.] 1. To roll or fold up; to wind round; to entwine. Some of serpent kind . . . involved Their snaky folds. Milton. 2. To envelop completely; to surround; to cover; to hide; to involve in darkness or obscurity. And leave a singèd bottom all involved With stench and smoke. Milton. 3. To complicate or make intricate, as in grammatical structure. "Involved discourses." Locke. 4. To connect with something as a natural or logical consequence or effect; to include necessarily; to imply. He knows His end with mine involved. Milton. The contrary necessarily involves a contradiction. Tillotson. 5. To take in; to gather in; to mingle confusedly; to blend or merge. [R.] The gathering number, as it moves along, Involves a vast involuntary throng. Pope. Earth with hell To mingle and involve. Milton. 6. To envelop, infold, entangle, or embarrass; as, to involve a person in debt or misery. 7. To engage thoroughly; to occupy, employ, or absorb. "Involved in a deep study." Sir W. Scott. 8. (Math.) Defn: To raise to any assigned power; to multiply, as a quantity, into itself a given number of times; as, a quantity involved to the third or fourth power. Syn. -- To imply; include; implicate; complicate; entangle; embarrass; overwhelm. -- To Involve, Imply. Imply is opposed to express, or set forth; thus, an implied engagement is one fairly to be understood from the words used or the circumstances of the case, though not set forth in form. Involve goes beyond the mere interpretation of things into their necessary relations; and hence, if one thing involves another, it so contains it that the two must go together by an indissoluble connection. War, for example, involves wide spread misery and death; the premises of a syllogism involve the conclusion. INVOLVED In*volved", a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Involute. INVOLVEDNESS In*volv"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being involved. INVOLVEMENT In*volve"ment, n. Defn: The act of involving, or the state of being involved. Lew Wallace. INVULGAR In*vul"gar, v. t. Etym: [Pref. in- in + vulgar.] Defn: To cause to become or appear vulgar. [Obs.] Daniel. INVULGAR In*vul"gar, a. Etym: [Pref. in- not + vulgar.] Defn: Not vulgar; refined; elegant. [Obs.] Drayton. INVULNERABILITY In*vul"ner*a*bil`i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. invulnérabilité.] Defn: Quality or state of being invulnerable. INVULNERABLE In*vul"ner*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. invulnerabilis: cf. F. invulnérable. See In- not, and Vulnerable.] 1. Incapable of being wounded, or of receiving injury. Neither vainly hope To be invulnerable in those bright arms. Milton. 2. Unanswerable; irrefutable; that can not be refuted or convinced; as, an invulnerable argument. INVULNERABLENESS In*vul"ner*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Invulnerability. INVULNERATE In*vul"ner*ate, a. Etym: [L. invulneratus unwounded.] Defn: Invulnerable. INWALL In*wall", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inwalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Inwalling.] Defn: To inclose or fortify as with a wall. Spenser. INWALL In"wall`, n. Defn: An inner wall; specifically (Metal.), the inner wall, or lining, of a blast furnace. INWARD In"ward, a. Etym: [AS. inweard, inneweard, innanweard, fr. innan, inne, within (fr. in in; see In) + the suffix -weard, E. -ward.] 1. Being or placed within; inner; interior; -- opposed to outward. Milton. 2. Seated in the mind, heart, spirit, or soul. "Inward beauty." Shak. 3. Intimate; domestic; private. [Obs.] All my inward friends abhorred me. Job xix. 19. He had had occasion, by one very inward with him, to know in part the discourse of his life. Sir P. Sidney. INWARD In"ward, n. 1. That which is inward or within; especially, in the plural, the inner parts or organs of the body; the viscera. Jer. Taylor. Then sacrificing, laid the inwards and their fat. Milton. 2. The mental faculties; -- usually pl. [Obs.] 3. An intimate or familiar friend or acquaintance. [Obs.] "I was an inward of his." Shak. INWARD; INWARDS In"ward, In"wards, adv. Etym: [AS. inweard. The ending -s is prop. a genitive ending. See Inward, a., -wards.] 1. Toward the inside; toward the center or interior; as, to bend a thing inward. 2. Into, or toward, the mind or thoughts; inwardly; as, to turn the attention inward. So much the rather, thou Celestial Light, Shine inward. Milton. INWARDLY In"ward*ly, adv. Etym: [AS. inweardlice.] 1. In the inner parts; internally. Let Benedick, like covered fire, Consume away in sighs, waste inwardly. Shak. 2. Toward the center; inward; as, to curve inwardly. 3. In the heart or mind; mentally; privately; secretas, he inwardly repines. 4. Intimately; thoroughly. [Obs.] I shall desire to know him more inwardly. Beau. & Fl. INWARDNESS In"ward*ness, n. 1. Internal or true state; essential nature; as, the inwardness of conduct. Sense can not arrive to the inwardness Of things. Dr. H. More. 2. Intimacy; familiarity. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Heartiness; earnestness. What was wanted was more inwardness, more feeling. M. Arnold. INWARDS In"wards, adv. Defn: See Inward. INWEAVE In*weave", v. t. Defn: To weave in or together; to intermix or intertwine by weaving; to interlace. Down they cast Their crowns, inwove with amaranth and gold. Milton. INWHEEL In*wheel", v. t. Defn: To encircle. [R.] Beau. & Fl. INWIT In"wit, n. Defn: Inward sense; mind; understanding; conscience. [Obs.] Wyclif. INWITH In*with", prep. Defn: Within. [Obs.] This purse hath she inwith her bosom hid. Chaucer. INWORK In*work", v. t. & i. Etym: [Pref. in- + work. Cf. Inwrought.] Defn: To work in or within. INWORN In"worn`, p. a. Defn: Worn, wrought, or stamped in. [R.] Milton. INWRAP In*wrap", v. t. Etym: [Written also enwrap.] 1. To cover by wrapping; to involve; to infold; as, to inwrap in a cloak, in smoke, etc. 2. To involve, as in difficulty or perplexity; to perplex. [R.] Bp. Hall. INWREATHE In*wreathe", v. t. Defn: To surround or encompass as with a wreath. [Written also enwreathe.] Resplendent locks, inwreathed with beams. Milton. INWROUGHT In*wrought", p. p. or a. Etym: [Pref. in- + wrought. Cf. Inwork.] Defn: Wrought or worked in or among other things; worked into any fabric so as to from a part of its texture; wrought or adorned, as with figures. His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge, Inwrought with figures dim. Milton. IO I"o, n.; pl. Ios. Etym: [L.; cf. Gr. "iw`.] Defn: An exclamation of joy or triumph; -- often interjectional. IOD- I"od-. (Chem.) Defn: See Iodo-. IODAL I"o*dal, n. Etym: [Iod- + alcohol.] (Chem.) Defn: An oily liquid, Cl3.CHO, analogous to chloral and bromal. IODATE I"o*date, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of iodic acid. IODHYDRIN I`od*hy"drin, n. Etym: [Iod- + chlorhydrin.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of compounds containing iodine, and analogous to the chlorhydrins. IODIC I*od"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. iodique. See Iodine.] (Chem.) Defn: to, or containing, iodine; specif., denoting those compounds in which it has a relatively high valence; as, iodic acid. Iodic acid, a monobasic acid, consisting of iodine with three parts of oxygen and one of hydrogen. IODIDE I"o*dide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of iodine, or one which may be regarded as binary; as, potassium iodide. IODINE I"o*dine (; 104), n. Etym: [Gr. iode, iodine. The name was given from the violet color of its vapor. See Violet, Idyl.] (Chem.) Defn: A nonmetallic element, of the halogen group, occurring always in combination, as in the iodides. When isolated it is in the form of dark gray metallic scales, resembling plumbago, soft but brittle, and emitting a chlorinelike odor. Symbol I. Atomic weight 126.5. If heated, iodine volatilizes in beautiful violet vapors. Note: Iodine was formerly obtained from the ashes of seaweed (kelp or varec), but is now also extracted from certain natural brines. In the free state, iodine, even in very minute quantities, colors starch blue. Iodine and its compounds are largely used in medicine (as in liniments, antisyphilitics, etc.), in photography, in the preparation of aniline dyes, and as an indicator in titration. Iodine green, an artificial green dyestuff, consisting of an iodine derivative of rosaniline; -- called also night green. -- Iodine scarlet, a pigment of an intense scarlet color, consisting of mercuric iodide. -- Iodine yellow, a brilliant yellow pigment, consisting of plumbic iodide. IODISM I"o*dism, n. (Med.) Defn: A morbid state produced by the use of iodine and its compounds, and characterized by palpitation, depression, and general emaciation, with a pustular eruption upon the skin. IODIZE I"o*dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iodized; p. pr. & vb. n. Iodizing.] Defn: To treat or impregnate with iodine or its compounds; as, to iodize a plate for photography. R. Hunt. IODIZER I"o*di`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, iodizes. IODO-; IOD- I"o*do-, I"od-. (Chem.) Defn: A prefix, or combining from, indicating iodine as an ingredient; as, iodoform. IODOCRESOL I`o*do*cre"sol, n. [Iodo- + cresol.] (Org. Chem.) Defn: Any of several isomeric iodine derivatives of the cresols, C6H3I(CH3)OH, esp. one, an odorless amorphous powder, used in medicine as a substitute for iodoform. IODOFORM I*od"o*form, n. Etym: [Iodo- + formyl. See Formyl, and cf. Chloroform.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow, crystalline, volatile substance, CI3H, having an offensive odor and sweetish taste, and analogous to chloroform. It is used in medicine as a healing and antiseptic dressing for wounds and sores. IODOFORMOGEN I`o*do*for"mo*gen, n. [Iodoform + -gen root of gi`gnesqai to be born.] (Pharm.) Defn: A light powder used as a substitute for iodoform. It is a compound of iodoform and albumin. IODOL I"o*dol, n. [Iodo- + pyrrol.] (Chem.) Defn: A crystallized substance of the composition C4I4NH, technically tetra-iodo-pyrrol, used like iodoform. IODOQUININE I`o*do*qui"nine, n. Etym: [Iodo- + quinine.] (Chem.) Defn: A iodide of quinine obtained as a brown substance,. It is the base of herapathite. See Herapathite. IODOTHYRIN I`o*do*thy"rin, n. [Iodo- + thyro- + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A peculiar substance obtained from the thyroid gland, containing from nine to ten per cent of iodine. It is a very stable compound, and is believed to be active principle in thyroid extracts and in the internal secretion of the thyroid gland. It was originally called thyroiodin. IODOUS I"o*dous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, iodine. See -ous (chemical suffix). Iodous acid, a hypothetical acid, analogous to chlorous acid. IODURET I*od"u*ret, n. (Chem.) Defn: Iodide. [Obs.] IODYRITE I*od"y*rite, n. Etym: [From Iodine.] (Min.) Defn: Silver iodide, a mineral of a yellowish color. IOLITE I"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A silicate of alumina, iron, and magnesia, having a bright blue color and vitreous luster; cordierite. It is remarkable for its dichroism, and is also called dichroite. IO MOTH I"o moth`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large and handsome American moth (Hyperchiria Io), having a large, bright-colored spot on each hind wing, resembling the spots on the tail of a peacock. The larva is covered with prickly hairs, which sting like nettles. -ION -ion. Etym: [L. -io, acc. -ionem: cf. F. -ion.] Defn: A noun suffix denoting act, process, result of an act or a process, thing acted upon, state, or condition; as, revolution, the act or process of revolving; construction, the act or process of constructing; a thing constructed; dominion, territory ruled over; subjection, state of being subject; dejection; abstraction. ION I"on, n. Etym: [Gr. (Elec. Chem.) Defn: One of the elements which appear at the respective poles when a body is subjected to electro-chemical decomposition. Cf. Anion, Cation. IONIAN I*o"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Ionius. See Ionic.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians; Ionic. -- n. Defn: A native or citizen of Ionia. IONIC I*on"ic, a. Etym: [L. Ionicus, Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Pertaining to the Ionic order of architecture, one of the three orders invented by the Greeks, and one of the five recognized by the Italian writers of the sixteenth century. Its distinguishing feature is a capital with spiral volutes. See Illust. of Capital. Ionic dialect (Gr. Gram.), a dialect of the Greek language, used in Ionia. The Homeric poems are written in what is designated old Ionic, as distinguished from new Ionic, or Attic, the dialect of all cultivated Greeks in the period of Athenian prosperity and glory. -- Ionic foot. (Pros.) See Ionic, n., 1. -- Ionic, or Ionian, mode (Mus.), an ancient mode, supposed to correspond with the modern major scale of C. -- Ionic sect, a sect of philosophers founded by Thales of Miletus, in Ionia. Their distinguishing tenet was, that water is the original principle of all things. -- Ionic type, a kind of heavy-faced type (as that of the following line). Note: This is Nonpareil Ionic. IONIC Ionic a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an ion; composed of ions. IONIC I*on"ic, n. 1. (Pros.) (a) A foot consisting of four syllables: either two long and two short, -- that is, a spondee and a pyrrhic, in which case it is called the greater Ionic; or two short and two long, -- that is, a pyrrhic and a spondee, in which case it is called the smaller Ionic. (b) A verse or meter composed or consisting of Ionic feet. 2. The Ionic dialect; as, the Homeric Ionic. 3. (Print.) Defn: Ionic type. IONIDIUM I`o*nid"i*um, n. Etym: [NL. Cf. Iodine.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of violaceous plants, chiefly found in tropical America, some species of which are used as substitutes for ipecacuanha. IONIZE I"on*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ionized; p. pr. & vb. n. Ionizing.] (Elec. Chem.) Defn: To separate (a compound) into ions, esp. by dissolving in water. --I`on*i*za"tion (#), n. IOQUA SHELL I"o*qua shell`. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The shell of a large Dentalium (D. pretiosum), formerly used as shell money, and for ornaments, by the Indians of the west coast of North America. IOTA I*o"ta, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Jot.] 1. The ninth letter of the Greek alphabet (i) corresponding with the English i. 2. A very small quantity or degree; a jot; a particle. They never depart an iota from the authentic formulas of tyranny and usurpation. Burke. Iota subscript (Gr. Gram.), iota written beneath a preceding vowel, as a,, h,, w,, -- done when iota is silent. IOTACISM I*o"ta*cism, n. Etym: [Gr. iotacisme. See Iota.] Defn: The frequent use of the sound of iota (that of English e in be), as among the modern Greeks; also, confusion from sounding Littré. I O U I O U. Etym: [i. e., I owe you.] Defn: A paper having on it these letters, with a sum named, and duly signed; -- in use in England as an acknowledgment of a debt, and taken as evidence thereof, but not amounting to a promissory note; a due bill. Wharton. Story. IOWAS I"o*was, n. pl. Defn: ; sing. Iowa. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians which formerly occupied the region now included in the State of Iowa. IPECAC Ip"e*cac, n. Defn: An abbreviation of Ipecacuanha, and in more frequent use. IPECACUANHA Ip`e*cac`u*an"ha, n. Etym: [Pg. ipecacuanha (cf. Sp. ipecacuana); fr. Braz. ipe-kaa-guena, prop., a creeping plant that causes vomiting.] (Med. & Bot.) Defn: The root of a Brazilian rubiaceous herb (Cephaëlis Ipecacuanha), largely employed as an emetic; also, the plant itself; also, a medicinal extract of the root. Many other plants are used as a substitutes; among them are the black or Peruvian ipecac (Psychotria emetica), the white ipecac (Ionidium Ipecacuanha), the bastard or wild ipecac (Asclepias Curassavica), and the undulated ipecac (Richardsonia scabra). IPOCRAS Ip"o*cras, n. Defn: Hippocras. [Obs.] Chaucer. IPOMOEA Ip`o*moe"a, n. Etym: [NL. "Named, according to Linnæus, from Gr. 'i`ps, 'ipo`s, a bindweed [which it is not] Defn: , and Gray.] (Bot.) A genus of twining plants with showy monopetalous flowers, including the morning-glory, the sweet potato, and the cypress vine. IPOMOEIC Ip`o*moe"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the oxidation of convolvulin (obtained from jalap, the tubers of Ipomoea purga), and identical in most of its properties with sebacic acid. IR- Ir- Defn: . A form of the prefix in-. See In-. IRACUND I"ra*cund, a. Etym: [L. iracundus, fr. ira anger.] Defn: Irascible; choleric. "Iracund people." Carlyle. IRADE I*ra"de (e*rä"day), n. Etym: [Turk.] Defn: A decree of the Sultan. IRAN I`ran" (e`rän"), n. Etym: [Mod. Persian Iran. Cf. Aryan.] Defn: The native name of Persia. IRANIAN I*ra"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Iran. -- n. Defn: A native of Iran; also, the Iranian or Persian language, a division of the Aryan family of languages. IRANIC I*ran"ic, a. Defn: Iranian. IRASCIBILITY I*ras`ci*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irascibilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being irascible; irritability of temper; irascibleness. IRASCIBLE I*ras"ci*ble, a. Etym: [L. irascibilis, fr. irasci to be angry, ira anger: cf. F. irascible. See Ire.] Defn: Prone to anger; easily provoked or inflamed to anger; choleric; irritable; as, an irascible man; an irascible temper or mood. -- I*ras"ci*ble*ness, n. -- I*ras"ci*bly, adv. IRATE I*rate", a. Etym: [L. iratus, fr. irasci to be angry. See Ire.] Defn: Angry; incensed; enraged. [Recent] The irate colonel . . . stood speechless. Thackeray. Mr. Jaggers suddenly became most irate. Dickens. IRE Ire, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. ira.] Defn: Anger; wrath. [Poet.] Syn. -- Anger; passion; rage; fury. See Anger. IREFUL Ire"ful, a. Defn: Full of ire; angry; wroth. "The ireful bastard Orleans." Shak. -- Ire"ful*ly, adv. IREFULNESS Ire"ful*ness, n. Defn: Wrathfulness. Wyclif. IRENARCH I"re*narch, n. Etym: [L. irenarcha, irenarches, Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: An officer in the Greek empire having functions corresponding to those of a justice of the peace. [Written also eirenarch.] IRENIC; IRENICAL I*ren"ic, I*ren"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Fitted or designed to promote peace; pacific; conciliatory; peaceful. Bp. Hall. IRENICON I*ren"i*con, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Defn: A proposition or device for securing peace, especially in the church. South. IRENICS I*ren"ics, n. (Eccl.) Defn: That branch of Christian science which treats of the methods of securing unity among Christians or harmony and union among the churches; -- called also Irenical theology. Schaff-Herzog. IRESTONE Ire"stone`, n. (Mining) Defn: Any very hard rock. IRIAN I"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the iris. "Irian nerves." Dunglison. IRICISM I"ri*cism, n. Defn: Irishism. [R.] Jeffrey. IRIDACEOUS; IRIDEOUS Ir`i*da"ceous, I*rid"e*ous, a. Etym: [From NL. Iris, Iridis, the Iris.] (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a large natural order of endogenous plants (Iridaceæ), which includes the genera Iris, Ixia, Crocus, Gladiolus, and many others. IRIDAL I"ri*dal, a. Etym: [L. iris, iridis, rainbow. See Iris.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the iris or rainbow; prismatic; as, the iridal colors. Whewell. IRIDECTOMY Ir`i*dec"to*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The act or process of cutting out a portion of the iris in order to form an artificial pupil. IRIDESCENCE Ir`i*des"cence, n. Etym: [See Iridescent.] Defn: Exhibition of colors like those of the rainbow; the quality or state of being iridescent; a prismatic play of color; as, the iridescence of mother-of-pearl. IRIDESCENT Ir`i*des"cent, a. Etym: [L. iris, iridis, the rainbow: cf. F. iridescent.] Defn: Having colors like the rainbow; exhibiting a play of changeable colors; nacreous; prismatic; as, iridescent glass. IRIDIAN I*rid"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the iris or rainbow. IRIDIATED I*rid"i*a`ted, a. Defn: Iridescent. IRIDIC I*rid"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the iris of the eye. IRIDIC I*rid"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to iridium; -- said specifically of those compounds in which iridium has a relatively high valence. IRIDIOSCOPE I*rid"i*o*scope, n. Etym: [See Iris, and -scope.] Defn: A kind of ophthalmoscope. IRIDIOUS I*rid"i*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to iridium; -- applied specifically to compounds in which iridium has a low valence. IRIDIUM I*rid"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. iris, iridis, the rainbow. So called from the iridescence of some of its solutions. See Iris.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element, of the same group as platinum, which it much resembles, being silver-white, but harder, and brittle, and indifferent to most corrosive agents. With the exception of osmium, it is the heaviest substance known, its specific gravity being 22.4. Symbol Ir. Atomic weight 192.5. Note: Iridium usually occurs as a native alloy with osmium (iridosmine or osmiridium), which may occur alone or with platinum. Iridium, as an alloy with platinum, is used in bushing the vents of heavy ordnance. It is also used for the points of gold pens, and in a finely powdered condition (iridium black), for painting porcelain black. IRIDIZE Ir"i*dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iridized; p. pr. & vb. n. Iridizing.] 1. To point or tip with iridium, as a gold pen. 2. To make iridescent; as, to iridize glass. IRIDOLINE I*rid"o*line, n. Etym: [Iridescent + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous base C10H9N, extracted from coal-tar naphtha, as an oily liquid. It is a member of the quinoline series, and is probably identical with lepidine. IRIDOSMINE; IRIDOSMIUM Ir`i*dos"mine, Ir`i*dos"mi*um, n. Etym: [Iridium + osmium.] (Min.) Defn: The native compound of iridium and osmium. It is found in flattened metallic grains of extreme hardness, and is often used for pointing gold pens. IRIS I"ris, n.; pl. E. Irises, L. Irides. Etym: [L. iris, iridis, the goddess, Gr. Orris.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The goddess of the rainbow, and swift-footed messenger of the gods. Shak. 2. The rainbow. Sir T. Browne. 3. An appearance resembling the rainbow; a prismatic play of colors. Tennyson. 4. (Anat.) Defn: The contractile membrane perforated by the pupil, and forming the colored portion of the eye. See Eye. 5. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants having showy flowers and bulbous or tuberous roots, of which the flower-de-luce (fleur-de-lis), orris, and other species of flag are examples. See Illust. of Flower-de-luce. 6. (Her.) Defn: See Fleur-de-lis, 2. IRISATED I"ris*a`ted, a. Etym: [See Iris.] Defn: Exhibiting the prismatic colors; irised; iridescent. W. Phillips. IRISCOPE I"ri*scope, n. Etym: [Iris + -scope.] Defn: A philosophical toy for exhibiting the prismatic tints by means of thin films. IRIS DIAPHRAGM I"ris di"a*phragm. Defn: An adjustable diaphragm, suggesting the iris of the eye in its action, for regulating the aperture of a lens, consisting of a number of thin pieces fastened to a ring. It is used in cameras and microscopes. IRISED I"rised, a. Etym: [See Iris.] Defn: Having colors like those of the rainbow; iridescent. Holmes. IRISH I"rish, a. Etym: [AS. , fr. the Irish. Cf. Aryan, Erse.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Ireland or to its inhabitants; produced in Ireland. Irish elk. (Zoöl.) See under Elk. -- Irish moss. (a) (Bot.) Carrageen. (b) A preparation of the same made into a blanc mange. -- Irish poplin. See Poplin. -- Irish potato, the ordinary white potato, so called because it is a favorite article of food in Ireland. -- Irish reef, or Irishman's reef (Naut.), the head of a sail tied up. -- Irish stew, meat, potatoes, and onions, cut in small pieces and stewed. IRISH I*rish", n. sing. & pl. 1. pl. Defn: The natives or inhabitants of Ireland, esp. the Celtic natives or their descendants. 2. The language of the Irish; the Hiberno-Celtic. 3. An old game resembling backgammon. IRISH AMERICAN I"rish A*mer"i*can. Defn: A native of Ireland who has become an American citizen; also, a child or descendant of such a person. IRISHISM I*rish"*ism, n. Defn: A mode of speaking peculiar to the Irish; an Hibernicism. IRISHMAN I"rish*man, n.; pl. Irishmen (. Defn: A man born in Ireland or of the Irish race; an Hibernian. Irishman's hurricane (Naut.), a dead calm. -- Irishman's reef. (Naut.) See Irish reef, under Irish, a. IRISHRY I"rish*ry, n. Defn: The Celtic people of Ireland. "The whole Irishry of rebels." Milton. IRITIS I*ri"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Iris, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: An inflammation of the iris of the eye. IRK Irk, v. t. Etym: [OE. irken to tire, become tired; cf. Sw. yrka to urge, enforce, press, or G. ekel disgust, MHG. erklich disgusting; perh. akin to L. urgere to urge, E. urge.] Defn: To weary; to give pain; to annoy; -- used only impersonally at present. To see this sight, it irks my very soul. Shak. It irketh him to be here. M. Arnold. IRKSOME Irk"some, a. 1. Wearisome; tedious; disagreeable or troublesome by reason of long continuance or repetition; as, irksome hours; irksome tasks. For not to irksome toil, but to delight, He made us. Milton. 2. Weary; vexed; uneasy. [Obs.] Let us therefore learn not to be irksome when God layeth his cross upon us. Latimer. Syn. -- Wearisome; tedious; tiresome; vexatious; burdensome. -- Irksome, Wearisome, Tedious. These epithets describe things which give pain or disgust. Irksome is applied to something which disgusts by its nature or quality; as, an irksome task. Wearisome denotes that which wearies or wears us out by severe labor; as, wearisome employment. Tedious is applied to something which tires us out by the length of time occupied in its performance; as, a tedious speech. Wearisome nights are appointed to me. Job vii. 3. Pity only on fresh objects stays, But with the tedious sight of woes decays. Dryden. -- Irk"some*ly, adv. -- Irk"some*ness, n. IRON I"ron, n. Etym: [OE. iren, AS. iren, isen, isern; akin to D. ijzer, OS. isarn, OHG. isarn, isan, G. eisen, Icel. isarn, jarn, Sw. & Dan. jern, and perh. to E. ice; cf. Ir. iarann, W. haiarn, Armor. houarn.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: The most common and most useful metallic element, being of almost universal occurrence, usually in the form of an oxide (as hematite, magnetite, etc.), or a hydrous oxide (as limonite, turgite, etc.). It is reduced on an enormous scale in three principal forms; viz., cast iron, steel, and wrought iron. Iron usually appears dark brown, from oxidation or impurity, but when pure, or an fresh surface, is a gray or white metal. It is easily oxidized (rusted) by moisture, and is attacked by many corrosive agents. Symbol Fe (Latin Ferrum). Atomic weight 55.9. Specific gravity, pure iron, 7.86; cast iron, 7.1. In magnetic properties, it is superior to all other substances. Note: The value of iron is largely due to the facility with which it can be worked. Thus, when heated it is malleable and ductile, and can be easily welded and forged at a high temperature. As cast iron, it is easily fusible; as steel, is very tough, and (when tempered) very hard and elastic. Chemically, iron is grouped with cobalt and nickel. Steel is a variety of iron containing more carbon than wrought iron, but less that cast iron. It is made either from wrought iron, by roasting in a packing of carbon (cementation) or from cast iron, by burning off the impurities in a Bessemer converter (then called Bessemer steel), or directly from the iron ore (as in the Siemens rotatory and generating furnace). 2. An instrument or utensil made of iron; -- chiefly in composition; as, a flatiron, a smoothing iron, etc. My young soldier, put up your iron. Shak. 3. pl. Defn: Fetters; chains; handcuffs; manacles. Four of the sufferers were left to rot in irons. Macaulay. 4. Strength; power; firmness; inflexibility; as, to rule with a rod of iron. Bar iron. See Wrought iron (below). -- Bog iron, bog ore; limonite. See Bog ore, under Bog. -- Cast iron (Metal.), an impure variety of iron, containing from three to six percent of carbon, part of which is united with a part of the iron, as a carbide, and the rest is uncombined, as graphite. It there is little free carbon, the product is white iron; if much of the carbon has separated as graphite, it is called gray iron. See also Cast iron, in the Vocabulary. -- Fire irons. See under Fire, n. -- Gray irons. See under Fire, n. -- Gray iron. See Cast iron (above). -- It irons (Naut.), said of a sailing vessel, when, in tacking, she comes up head to the wind and will not fill away on either tack. -- Magnetic iron. See Magnetite. -- Malleable iron (Metal.), iron sufficiently pure or soft to be capable of extension under the hammer; also, specif., a kind of iron produced by removing a portion of the carbon or other impurities from cast iron, rendering it less brittle, and to some extent malleable. -- Meteoric iron (Chem.), iron forming a large, and often the chief, ingredient of meteorites. It invariably contains a small amount of nickel and cobalt. Cf. Meteorite. -- Pig iron, the form in which cast iron is made at the blast furnace, being run into molds, called pigs. -- Reduced iron. See under Reduced. -- Specular iron. See Hematite. -- Too many irons in the fire, too many objects requiring the attention at once. -- White iron. See Cast iron (above). -- Wrought iron (Metal.), the purest form of iron commonly known in the arts, containing only about half of one per cent of carbon. It is made either directly from the ore, as in the Catalan forge or bloomery, or by purifying (puddling) cast iron in a reverberatory furnace or refinery. It is tough, malleable, and ductile. When formed into bars, it is called bar iron. IRON I"ron, a. Etym: [AS. iren, isen. See Iron, n.] 1. Of, or made of iron; consisting of iron; as, an iron bar, dust. 2. Resembling iron in color; as, iron blackness. 3. Like iron in hardness, strength, impenetrability, power of endurance, insensibility, etc.; as: (a) Rude; hard; harsh; severe. Iron years of wars and dangers. Rowe. Jove crushed the nations with an iron rod. Pope. (b) Firm; robust; enduring; as, an iron constitution. (c) Inflexible; unrelenting; as, an iron will. (d) Not to be broken; holding or binding fast; tenacious. "Him death's iron sleep oppressed." Philips. Note: Iron is often used in composition, denoting made of iron, relating to iron, of or with iron; producing iron, etc.; resembling iron, literally or figuratively, in some of its properties or characteristics; as, iron-shod, iron-sheathed, iron-fisted, iron- framed, iron-handed, iron-hearted, iron foundry or iron-foundry. Iron age. (a) (Myth.) The age following the golden, silver, and bronze ages, and characterized by a general degeneration of talent and virtue, and of literary excellence. In Roman literature the Iron Age is commonly regarded as beginning after the taking of Rome by the Goths, A. D. 410. (b) (Archæol.) That stage in the development of any people characterized by the use of iron implements in the place of the more cumbrous stone and bronze. -- Iron cement, a cement for joints, composed of cast-iron borings or filings, sal ammoniac, etc. -- Iron clay (Min.), a yellowish clay containing a large proportion of an ore of iron. -- Iron cross, a Prussian order of military merit; also, the decoration of the order. -- Iron crown, a golden crown set with jewels, belonging originally to the Lombard kings, and indicating the dominion of Italy. It was so called from containing a circle said to have been forged from one of the nails in the cross of Christ. -- Iron flint (Min.), an opaque, flintlike, ferruginous variety of quartz. -- Iron founder, a maker of iron castings. -- Iron foundry, the place where iron castings are made. -- Iron furnace, a furnace for reducing iron from the ore, or for melting iron for castings, etc.; a forge; a reverberatory; a bloomery. -- Iron glance (Min.), hematite. -- Iron hat, a headpiece of iron or steel, shaped like a hat with a broad brim, and used as armor during the Middle Ages. -- Iron horse, a locomotive engine. [Colloq.] -- Iron liquor, a solution of an iron salt, used as a mordant by dyers. -- Iron man (Cotton Manuf.), a name for the self-acting spinning mule. -- Iron mold or mould, a yellow spot on cloth stained by rusty iron. -- Iron ore (Min.), any native compound of iron from which the metal may be profitably extracted. The principal ores are magnetite, hematite, siderite, limonite, Göthite, turgite, and the bog and clay iron ores. -- Iron pyrites (Min.), common pyrites, or pyrite. See Pyrites. -- Iron sand, an iron ore in grains, usually the magnetic iron ore, formerly used to sand paper after writing. -- Iron scale, the thin film which on the surface of wrought iron in the process of forging. It consists essentially of the magnetic oxide of iron, Fe3O4. -- Iron works, a furnace where iron is smelted, or a forge, rolling mill, or foundry, where it is made into heavy work, such as shafting, rails, cannon, merchant bar, etc. IRON I"ron, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ironed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ironing.] 1. To smooth with an instrument of iron; especially, to smooth, as cloth, with a heated flatiron; -- sometimes used with out. 2. To shackle with irons; to fetter or handcuff. "Ironed like a malefactor." Sir W. Scott. 3. To furnish or arm with iron; as, to iron a wagon. IRONBARK TREE I"ron*bark` tree`. (Bot.) Defn: The Australian Eucalyptus Sideroxylon, used largely by carpenters and shipbuilders; -- called also ironwood. IRONBOUND I"ron*bound`, a. 1. Bound as with iron; rugged; as, an ironbound coast. 2. Rigid; unyielding; as, ironbound traditions. IRON-CASED I"ron-cased`, a. Defn: Cased or covered with iron, as a vessel; ironclad. IRONCLAD I"ron*clad`, a. 1. Clad in iron; protected or covered with iron, as a vessel for naval warfare. 2. Rigorous; severe; exacting; as, an ironclad oath or pledge. [Colloq.] IRONCLAD I"ron*clad`, n. Defn: A naval vessel having the parts above water covered and protected by iron or steel usually in large plates closely joined and made sufficiently thick and strong to resist heavy shot. IRONER I"ron*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, irons. IRON-FISTED I"ron-fist`ed, a. Defn: Closefisted; stingy; mean. IRON-GRAY I"ron-gray`, a. Defn: Of a gray color, somewhat resembling that of iron freshly broken. -- n. Defn: An iron-gray color; also, a horse of this color. IRONHEADS I"ron*heads`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A European composite herb (Centaurea nigra); -- so called from the resemblance of its knobbed head to an iron ball fixed on a long handle. Dr. Prior. IRON-HEARTED I"ron-heart`ed, a. Defn: Hard-hearted; unfeeling; cruel; as, an iron-hearted master. Cowper. IRONIC I*ron"ic, a. Defn: Ironical. Sir T. Herbert. IRONICAL I*ron"ic*al, a. Etym: [LL. ironicus, Gr. ironique. See Irony.] 1. Pertaining to irony; containing, expressing, or characterized by, irony; as, an ironical remark. 2. Addicted to the use of irony; given to irony. -- I*ron"ic*al*ly, adv. -- I*ron"ic*al*ness, n. IRONING I"ron*ing, n. 1. The act or process of smoothing, as clothes, with hot flatirons. 2. The clothes ironed. Ironing board, a flat board, upon which clothes are laid being ironed. IRONISH I"ron*ish, a. Defn: Resembling iron, as in taste. Wood. IRONIST I"ron*ist, n. Defn: One who uses irony. IRONMASTER I"ron*mas`ter, n. Defn: A manufacturer of iron, or large dealer therein. Bp. Hurd. IRONMONGER I"ron*mon`ger, n. Defn: A dealer in iron or hardware. IRONMONGERY I"ron*mon`ger*y, n. Defn: Hardware; a general name for all articles made of iron. Gwilt. IRON-SICK I"ron-sick`, a. (Naut.) Defn: Having the ironwork loose or corroded; -- said of a ship when her bolts and nails are so eaten with rust that she has become leaky. IRON-SIDED I"ron-sid`ed, a. Defn: Having iron sides, or very firm sides. IRONSIDES I"ron*sides", n. Defn: A cuirassier or cuirassiers; also, hardy veteran soldiers; -- applied specifically to Cromwell's cavalry. IRONSMITH I"ron*smith`, n. 1. A worker in iron; one who makes and repairs utensils of iron; a blacksmith. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An East Indian barbet (Megalaima faber), inhabiting the Island of Hainan. The name alludes to its note, which resembles the sounds made by a smith. IRONSTONE I"ron*stone`, n. Defn: A hard, earthy ore of iron. Clay ironstone. See under Clay. -- Ironstone china, a hard white pottery, first made in England during the 18th century. IRONWARE I"ron*ware`, n. Defn: Articles made of iron, as household utensils, tools, and the like. IRONWEED I"ron*weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tall weed with purplish flowers (Vernonia Noveboracensis). The name is also applied to other plants of the same genus. IRONWOOD I"ron*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tree unusually hard, strong, or heavy wood. Note: In the United States, the hornbeam and the hop hornbeam are so called; also the Olneya Tesota, a small tree of Arizona; in the West Indies, the Erythroxylon areolatum, and several other unrelated trees; in China, the Metrosideros vera; in India, the Mesua ferrea, and two species of Inga; in Australia, the Eucalyptus Sideroxylon, and in many countries, species of Sideroxylon and Diospyros, and many other trees. IRONWORK I"ron*work`, n. Defn: Anything made of iron; -- a general name of such parts or pieces of a building, vessel, carriage, etc., as consist of iron. IRON WORKS I"ron works` Defn: . See under Iron, a. IRONWORT I"ron*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An herb of the Mint family (Sideritis), supposed to heal sword cuts; also, a species of Galeopsis. IRONY I"ron*y, a. Etym: [From Iron.] 1. Made or consisting of iron; partaking of iron; iron; as, irony chains; irony particles. [R.] Woodward. 2. Resembling iron taste, hardness, or other physical property. IRONY I"ron*y, n.Etym: [L. ironia, Gr. word: cf. F. ironie.] 1. Dissimulation; ignorance feigned for the purpose of confounding or provoking an antagonist. 2. A sort of humor, ridicule, or light sarcasm, which adopts a mode of speech the meaning of which is contrary to the literal sense of the words. IROQUOIAN Ir`o*quoi"an (ir`o*kwoi"an), a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, one of the principal linguistic stocks of the North American Indians. The territory of the northern Iroquoian tribes, of whom the Five Nations, or Iroquois proper, were the chief, extended from the shores of the St. Lawrence and of Lakes Huron, Ontario, and Erie south, through eastern Pennsylvania, to Maryland; that of the southern tribes, of whom the Cherokees were chief, formed part of Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. All of the tribes were agricultural, and they were noted for large, communal houses, palisaded towns, and ability to organize, as well as for skill in war. --n. Defn: An Indian of an Iroquoian tribe. IROQUOIS Ir`o*quois", n. sing. & pl. Etym: [F.] (Ethnol.) Defn: A powerful and warlike confederacy of Indian tribes, formerly inhabiting Central New York and constituting most of the Five Nations. Also, any Indian of the Iroquois tribes. IROUS I"rous, a. Etym: [OF. iros, from ire. See Ire.] Defn: Irascible; passionate. [Obs.] Chaucer. IRP; IRPE Irp, Irpe, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A fantastic grimace or contortion of the body. [Obs.] Smirks and irps and all affected humors. B. Jonson . IRP Irp, a. Defn: Making irps. [Obs.] B. Jonson. IRRADIANCE; IRRADIANCY Ir*ra"di*ance, Ir*ra"di*an*cy, n. Etym: [From Irradiant.] 1. The act of irradiating; emission of rays of light. 2. That which irradiates or is irradiated; luster; splendor; irradiation; brilliancy. Milton. IRRADIANT Ir*ra"di*ant, a. Etym: [L. irradians, -antis, p. pr. See Irradiate.] Defn: Irradiating or illuminating; as, the irradiant moon. Boyse. IRRADIATE Ir*ra"di*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irradiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Irradiating.] Etym: [L. irradiatus, p. p. of irradiate. See In- in, and Radiate.] 1. To throw rays of light upon; to illuminate; to brighten; to adorn with luster. Thy smile irradiates yon blue fields. Sir W. Jones. 2. To enlighten intellectually; to illuminate; as, to irradiate the mind. Bp. Bull. 3. To animate by heat or light. Sir M. Hale. 4. To radiate, shed, or diffuse. A splendid fairradiating hospitality. H. James. IRRADIATE Ir*ra"di*ate, v. i. Defn: To emit rays; to shine. IRRADIATE Ir*ra"di*ate, a. Etym: [L. irradiatus, p. p.] Defn: Illuminated; irradiated. Mason. IRRADIATION Ir*ra`di*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irradiation.] 1. Act of irradiating, or state of being irradiated. 2. Illumination; irradiance; brilliancy. Sir W. Scott. 3. Fig.: Mental light or illumination. Sir M. Hale. 4. (Opt.) Defn: The apparent enlargement of a bright object seen upon a dark ground, due to the fact that the portions of the retina around the image are stimulated by the intense light; as when a dark spot on a white ground appears smaller, or a white spot on a dark ground larger, than it really is, esp. when a little out of focus. IRRADICATE Ir*rad"i*cate, v. t. Defn: To root deeply. [R.] IRRATIONAL Ir*ra"tion*al, a. Etym: [L. irrationalis: cf. F. irrationnel. See In- not, and Rational.] 1. Not rational; void of reason or understanding; as, brutes are irrational animals. 2. Not according to reason; absurd; foolish. It seemed utterly irrational any longer to maintain it. I. Taylor. 3. (Math.) Defn: Not capable of being exactly expressed by an integral number, or by a vulgar fraction; surd; -- said especially of roots. See Surd. Syn. -- Absurd; foolish; preposterous; unreasonable; senseless. See Absurd. IRRATIONALITY Ir*ra`tion*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being irrational. "Brutish irrationaliity." South. IRRATIONALLY Ir*ra"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an irrational manner. Boyle. IRRATIONALNESS Ir*ra"tion*al*ness, n. Defn: Irrationality. IRREBUTTABLE Ir`re*but"ta*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being rebutted. Coleridge. IRRECEPTIVE Ir`re*cep"tive, a. Defn: Not receiving; incapable of receiving. IRRECLAIMABLE Ir`re*claim"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being reclaimed. Addison. -- Ir`re*claim"a*bly, ad IRRECOGNITION Ir*rec`og*ni"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. in- not + recognition.] Defn: A failure to recognize; absence of recognition. Lamb. IRRECOGNIZABLE Ir*rec"og*ni`za*ble, a. Defn: Not recognizable. Carlyle. IRRECONCILABILITY Ir*rec`on*ci`la*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being irreconcilable; irreconcilableness. IRRECONCILABLE Ir*rec"on*ci`la*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + reconcilable: cf. F. irréconciliable.] Defn: Not reconcilable; implacable; incompatible; inconsistent; disagreeing; as, irreconcilable enemies, statements. -- Ir*rec"on*ci`la*ble*ness, n. -- Ir*rec"on*ci`la*bly, adv. IRRECONCILE Ir*rec"on*cile`, v. t. Defn: To prevent from being reconciled; to alienate or disaffect. [Obs.] IRRECONCILEMENT Ir*rec"on*cile`ment, n. Defn: The state or quality of being unreconciled; disagreement. IRRECONCILIATION Ir*rec`on*cil`i*a"tion, n. Defn: Want of reconciliation; disagreement. IRRECORDABLE Ir`re*cord"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir-- not + record: cf. L. irrecordabilis not to be remembered.] Defn: Not fit or possible to be recorded. IRRECOVERABLE Ir`re*cov"er*a*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being recovered, regained, or remedied; irreparable; as, an irrecoverable loss, debt, or injury. That which is past is gone and irrecoverable. Bacon. Syn. -- Irreparable; irretrievable; irremediable; unalterable; incurable; hopeless. -- Ir`re*cov"er*a*ble*ness, n. -- Ir`re*cov"er*a*bly, adv. IRRECUPERABLE Ir`re*cu"per*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. irrecuperabilis: cf. OF. irrecuperable. See In- not, and Recuperate.] Defn: Irrecoverable. -- Ir`re*cu"per*a*bly, adv. IRRECURED Ir`re*cured", a. Defn: Incurable. [Obs.] IRRECUSABLE Ir`re*cu"sa*ble, a. Etym: [L. irrecusabilis; pref. ir-- not + recusabilis that should be rejected, fr. recusare to reject: cf. F. irrécusable.] Defn: Not liable to exception or rejection. Sir W. Hamilton. IRREDEEMABILITY Ir`re*deem`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being irredeemable; irredeemableness. IRREDEEMABLE Ir`re*deem"a*ble, a. Defn: Not redeemable; that can not be redeemed; not payable in gold or silver, as a bond; -- used especially of such government notes, issued as currency, as are not convertible into coin at the pleasure of the holder. -- Ir`re*deem"a*ble*ness, adv. IRREDUCIBILITY Ir`re*du`ci*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being irreducible. IRREDUCIBLE Ir`re*du"ci*ble, a. 1. Incapable of being reduced, or brought into a different state; incapable of restoration to its proper or normal condition; as, an irreducible hernia. 2. (Math.) Defn: Incapable of being reduced to a simpler form of expression; as, an irreducible formula. Irreducible case (Alg.), a particular case in the solution of a cubic equation, in which the formula commonly employed contains an imaginary quantity, and therefore fails in its application. -- Ir`re*du"ci*ble*ness, n. -- -- Ir`re*du"ci*bly, adv. IRREFLECTION Ir`re*flec"tion, n. Defn: Want of reflection. IRREFLECTIVE Ir`re*flect"ive, a. Defn: Not reflective. De Quincey. IRREFORMABLE Ir`re*form"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being reformed; incorrigible. Joseph Cook. IRREFRAGABILITY Ir*ref`ra*ga*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being irrefragable; incapability of being refuted. IRREFRAGABLE Ir*ref"ra*ga*ble, a. Etym: [F. irréfragable, L. irrefragabilis. See Refragable.] Defn: Not refragable; not to be gainsaid or denied; not to be refuted or overthrown; unanswerable; incontestable; undeniable; as, an irrefragable argument; irrefragable evidence. -- Ir*ref"ra*ga*ble*ness, n. -- Ir*ref"ra*ga*bly, adv. Syn. -- Incontrovertible; unanswerable; indisputable; unquestionable; incontestable; indubitable; undeniable; irrefutable. IRREFRANGIBILITY Ir`re*fran`gi*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being irrefrangible; irrefrangibleness. IRREFRANGIBLE Ir`re*fran"gi*ble, a. Defn: Not refrangible; that can not be refracted in passing from one medium to another. -- Ir`re*fran"gi*ble*ness, n. IRREFUTABLE Ir`re*fut"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. irrefutabilis: cf. F. irréfutable. See Refute.] Defn: Incapable of being refuted or disproved; indisputable. -- Ir`re*fut"a*ble*ness, n. -- Ir`re*fut"a*bly, adv. IRREGENERACY Ir`re*gen"er*a*cy, n. Defn: Unregeneracy. IRREGENERATION Ir`re*gen`er*a"tion, n. Defn: An unregenerate state. [Obs.] IRREGULAR Ir*reg"u*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + regular: cf. F. irrégulier.] Defn: Not regular; not conforming to a law, method, or usage recognized as the general rule; not according to common form; not conformable to nature, to the rules of moral rectitude, or to established principles; not normal; unnatural; immethodical; unsymmetrical; erratic; no straight; not uniform; as, an irregular line; an irregular figure; an irregular verse; an irregular physician; an irregular proceeding; irregular motion; irregular conduct, etc. Cf. Regular. Mazes intricate, Eccentric, intervolved, yet regular Then most when most irregular they seem. Milton. Leading the men of Herefordshire to fight Against the irregular and wild Glendower. Shak. A flowery meadow through which a clear stream murmured in many irregular meanders. Jones. Syn. -- Immethodical; unsystematic; abnormal; unnatural; anomalous; erratic; devious; crooked; eccentric; unsettled; uneven; variable; changeable; mutable; desultory; disorderly; wild; immoderate; intemperate; inordinate; vicious. IRREGULAR Ir*reg"u*lar, n. Defn: One who is not regular; especially, a soldier not in regular service. IRREGULARIST Ir*reg"u*lar*ist, n. Defn: One who is irregular. Baxter. IRREGULARITY Ir*reg`u*lar"i*ty, n.; pl. Irregularities. Etym: [Cf. F. irrégularité.] Defn: The state or quality of being irregular; that which is irregular. IRREGULARLY Ir*reg"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In an irregular manner. IRREGULATE Ir*reg"u*late, v. t. Defn: To make irregular; to disorder. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. IRREGULOUS Ir*reg"u*lous, a. Defn: Lawless. [Obs.] Shak. IRREJECTABLE Ir`re*ject"a*ble, a. Defn: That can not be rejected; irresistible. Boyle. IRRELAPSABLE Ir`re*laps"a*ble, a. Defn: Not liable to relapse; secure. Dr. H. More. IRRELATE Ir`re*late, a. Defn: Ir IRRELATION Ir`re*la"tion, n. Defn: The quality or state of being irrelative; want of connection or relation. IRRELATIVE Ir*rel"a*tive, a. Defn: Not relative; without mutual relations; unconnected. -- Ir*rel"a*tive*ly, adv. Irrelative chords (Mus.), those having no common tone. -- Irrelative repetition (Biol.), the multiplication of parts that serve for a common purpose, but have no mutual dependence or connection. Owen. IRRELAVANCE Ir*rel"a*vance, n. Defn: Irrelevancy. IRRELAVANCY Ir*rel"a*van*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being irrelevant; as, the irrelevancy of an argument. IRRELAVANT Ir*rel"a*vant, a. Defn: Not relevant; not applicable or pertinent; not bearing upon or serving to support; foreign; extraneous; as, testimony or arguments irrelevant to a case. -- Ir*rel"a*vant*ly, adv. IRRELIEVABLE Ir`re*liev"a*ble, a. Defn: Not admitting relief; incurable; hopeless. IRRELIGION Ir`re*li"gion, n. Etym: [L. irreligio: cf. F. irréligion. See In- not, and Religion.] Defn: The state of being irreligious; want of religion; impiety. IRRELIGIONIST Ir`re*li"gion*ist, n. Defn: One who is irreligious. IRRELIGIOUS Ir`re*li"gious, a. Etym: [L. irreligiosus: cf. F. irréligieux.] 1. Destitute of religion; not controlled by religious motives or principles; ungodly. Cf. Impiou. Shame and reproach are generally the portion of the impious and irreligious. South. 2. Indicating a want of religion; profane; wicked; as, irreligious speech. IRRELIGIOUSLY Ir`re*li"gious*ly, adv. Defn: In an irreligious manner. IRRELIGIOUSNESS Ir`re*li"gious*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being irreligious; ungodliness. IRREMEABLE Ir*re"me*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. irremeabilis; pref. ir- not + remeabilis returning, fr. remeare: cf. F. irréméable. See Remeant.] Defn: Admitting no return; as, an irremeable way. [Obs.] Dryden. IRREMEDIABLE Ir`re*me"di*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. irremediabilis: cf. F. irrémédiable. See In- not, and Remediable.] Defn: Not to be remedied, corrected, or redressed; incurable; as, an irremediable disease or evil. IRREMEDIABLENESS Ir`re*me"di*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being irremediable. IRREMEDIABLY Ir`re*me"di*a*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner, or to a degree, that precludes remedy, cure, or correction. IRREMISSIBLE Ir`re*mis"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. irremissibilis: cf. F. irrémissible. See In- not, and Remissible.] Defn: Not remissible; unpardonable; as, irremissible crimes. Burke. -- Ir`re*mis"si*ble, n. -- Ir`re*mis"si*bly, adv. IRREMISSION Ir`re*mis"sion, n. Defn: Refusal of pardon. IRREMISSIVE Ir`re*mis"sive, a. Defn: Not remitting; unforgiving. IRREMITTABLE Ir`re*mit"ta*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being remitted; irremissible. Holinshed. IRREMOVABILITY Ir`re*mov`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being irremovable; immovableness. IRREMOVABLE Ir`re*mov"a*ble, a. Defn: Not removable; immovable; inflexible. Shak. -- Ir`re*mov"a*bly, adv. IRREMOVAL Ir`re*mov"al, n. Defn: Absence of removal. IRREMUNERABLE Ir`re*mu"ner*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. irremunerabilis: cf. F. irrémunérable. See Remunerate.] Defn: Not remunerable; not capable of remuneration. IRRENOWNED Ir`re*nowned", a. Defn: Not renowned. [Obs.] IRREPARABILITY Ir*rep`a*ra*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irréparabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being irreparable; irreparableness. Sterne. IRREPARABLE Ir*rep"a*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. irreparabilis: cf. F. irréparable. See In- not, and Reparable.] Defn: Not reparable; not capable of being repaired, recovered, regained, or remedied; irretrievable; irremediable; as, an irreparable breach; an irreparable loss. Shak. IRREPARABLENESS Ir*rep"a*ra*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being irreparable. IRREPARABLY Ir*rep"a*ra*bly, adv. Defn: In an irreparable manner. IRREPEALABILITY Ir`re*peal`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being irrepealable. IRREPEALABLE Ir`re*peal"a*ble, a. Defn: Not repealable; not capable of being repealed or revoked, as a law. -- Ir`re*peal"a*ble*ness, n. -- Ir`re*peal"a*bly, adv. IRREPENTANCE Ir`re*pent"ance, n. Defn: Want of repentance; impenitence. Bp. Montagu. IRREPLEVIABLE; IRREPLEVISABLE Ir`re*plev"i*a*ble, Ir`re*plev"i*sa*ble, a. (Law) Defn: Not capable of being replevied. IRREPREHENSIBLE Ir*rep`re*hen"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. irreprehensibilis: cf. F. irrépréhensible. See Reprehensible.] Defn: Not reprehensible; blameless; innocent. -- Ir*rep`re*hen"si*ble*ness, n. -- Ir*rep`re*hen"si*bly, adv. IRREPRESENTABLE Ir*rep`re*sent"a*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being represented or portrayed. IRREPRESSIBLE Ir`re*press"i*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being repressed, restrained, or controlled; as, irrepressible joy; an irrepressible conflict. W. H. Steward. IRREPRESSIBLY Ir`re*press"i*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner or to a degree that can not be repressed. IRREPROACHABLE Ir`re*proach"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + reproachable: cf. F. irréprochable.] Defn: Not reproachable; above reproach; not deserving reproach; blameless. He [Berkely] erred, -- and who is free from error -- but his intentions were irreproachable. Beattie. IRREPROACHABLENESS Ir`re*proach"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being irreproachable; integrity; innocence. IRREPROACHABLY Ir`re*proach"a*bly, adv. Defn: In an irreproachable manner; blamelessly. IRREPROVABLE Ir`re*prov"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being justly reproved; irreproachable; blameless; upright. -- Ir`re*prov"a*ble*ness, n. -- Ir`re*prov"a*bly, adv. IRREPTITIOUS Ir`rep*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. irrepere, irreptum, to creep in; pref. ir- in + repere to creep.] Defn: Surreptitious; spurious. [Obs.] Dr. Castell (1673). IRREPUTABLE Ir*rep"u*ta*ble, a. Defn: Disreputable. [Obs.] IRRESILIENT Ir`re*sil"i*ent, a. Defn: Not resilient; not recoiling or rebounding; inelastic. IRRESISTANCE Ir`re*sist"ance, n. Defn: Nonresistance; passive submission. IRRESISTIBILITY Ir`re*sist`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irrésistibilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being irrestible, irresistibleness. IRRESISTIBLE Ir`re*sist"i*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + resistible: cf. F. irrésistible.] Defn: That can not be successfully resisted or opposed; superior to opposition; resistless; overpowering; as, an irresistible attraction. An irresistible law of our nature impels us to seek happiness. J. M. Mason. IRRESISTIBLENESS Ir`re*sist"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being irrestible. IRRESISTIBLY Ir`re*sist"i*bly, adv. Defn: In an irrestible manner. IRRESISTLESS Ir`re*sist"less, a. Defn: Irresistible. [Obs.] Glanvill. IRRESOLUBLE Ir*res"o*lu*ble, a. Etym: [L. irresolubilis: cf. F. irrésoluble. See Resoluble, and cf. Irresolvable.] 1. Incapable of being dissolved or resolved into parts; insoluble. Boyle. 2. Incapable of being relieved or assisted. [Obs.] The second is in the irresoluble condition of our souls after a known sin committed. Bp. Hall. IRRESOLUBLENESS Ir*res"o*lu*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being irresoluble; insolubility. IRRESOLUTE Ir*res"o*lute, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + resolute: cf. F. irrésolu, L. irresolutus not loosened.] Defn: Not resolute; not decided or determined; wavering; given to doubt or irresolution. Weak and irresolute is man. Cowper. Syn. -- Wavering; vacillating; undetermined; undecided; unsettled; fickle; changeable; inconstant. -- Ir*res"o*lute*ly, adv. -- Ir*res"o*lute*ness, n. IRRESOLUTION Ir*res`o*lu"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irrésolution.] Defn: Want of resolution; want of decision in purpose; a fluctuation of mind, as in doubt, or between hope and fear; irresoluteness; indecision; vacillation. Irresolution on the schemes of life which offer themselves to our choice, and inconstancy in pursuing them, are the greatest causes of all unhappiness. Addison. IRRESOLVABILITY Ir`re*solv`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being irresolvable; irresolvableness. IRRESOLVABLE Ir`re*solv"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + resolvable. Cf. Irresoluble.] Defn: Incapable of being resolved; not separable into component parts. Irresolvable nebulæ (Astron.), nebulæ of a cloudlike appearance, which have not yet been resolved by the telescope into stars. Sir W. Herschel. IRRESOLVABLENESS Ir`re*solv"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being irresolvable; irresolvability. IRRESOLVEDLY Ir`re*solv"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Without settled determination; in a hesitating manner; doubtfully. [R.] IRRESPECTIVE Ir`re*spec"tive, a. 1. Without regard for conditions, circumstances, or consequences; unbiased; independent; impartial; as, an irrespective judgment. According to this doctrine, it must be resolved wholly into the absolute, irrespective will of God. Rogers. 2. Disrespectful. [Obs.] Sir C. Cornwallis. Irrespective of, regardless of; without regard to; as, irrespective of differences. IRRESPECTIVELY Ir`re*spec"tive*ly, adv. Defn: Without regard to conditions; not making circumstances into consideration. Prosperity, considered absolutely and irrespectively, is better and more desirable than adversity. South. IRRESPIRABLE Ir*res"pi*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. irrespirabilis: cf. F. irrespirable. See Respirable.] Defn: Unfit for respiration; not having the qualities necessary to support animal life; as, irrespirable air. IRRESPONSIBILITY Ir`re*spon`si*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irresponsabilité.] Defn: Want of, or freedom from, responsibility or accountability. IRRESPONSIBLE Ir`re*spon"si*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + responsible: cf. F. irresponsable.] 1. Nor responsible; not liable or able to answer fro consequences; innocent. 2. Not to be trusted; unreliable. IRRESPONSIBLY Ir`re*spon"si*bly, adv. Defn: So as not to be responsible. IRRESPONSIVE Ir`re*spon"sive, a. Defn: Not responsive; not able, ready, or inclined to respond. IRRESUSCITABLE Ir`re*sus"ci*ta*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being resuscitated or revived. -- Ir`re*sus"ci*ta*bly, adv. IRRETENTION Ir`re*ten"tion, n. Defn: Want of retaining power; forgetfulness. De Quincey. IRRETENTIVE Ir`re*ten"tive, a. Defn: Not retentive; as, an irretentive memory. IRRETRACEABLE Ir`re*trace"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being retraced; not retraceable. IRRETRACTILE Ir`re*tract"ile, a. 1. Not retractile. 2. Not tractile or ductile. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton. IRRETRIEVABLE Ir`re*triev"a*ble, a. Defn: Not retrievable; irrecoverable; irreparable; as, an irretrievable loss. Syn. -- Irremediable; incurable; irrecoverable. IRRETRIEVABLENESS Ir`re*triev"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being irretrievable. IRRETRIEVABLY Ir`re*triev"a*bly, adv. Defn: In an irretrievable manner. IRRETURNABLE Ir`re*turn"a*ble, a. Defn: Not to be returned. IRREVEALABLE Ir`re*veal"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being revealed. -- Ir`re*veal"a*bly, adv. IRREVERENCE Ir*rev"er*ence, n. Etym: [L. irreverentia: cf. F. irrévérence.] Defn: The state or quality of being irreverent; want of proper reverence; disregard of the authority and character of a superior. IRREVEREND Ir*rev"er*end, a. Defn: Irreverent. [Obs.] Immodest speech, or irreverend gesture. Strype. IRREVERENT Ir*rev"er*ent, a. Etym: [L. irreverens, -entis: cf. F. irrévérent. See In- not, and Reverent.] Defn: Not reverent; showing a want of reverence; expressive of a want of veneration; as, an irreverent babbler; an irreverent jest. IRREVERENTLY Ir*rev"er*ent*ly, adv. Defn: In an irreverent manner. IRREVERSIBILITY Ir`re*vers`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being irreversible; irreversibleness. IRREVERSIBLE Ir`re*vers"i*ble, a. 1. Incapable of being reversed or turned about or back; incapable of being made to run backward; as, an irreversible engine. 2. Incapable of being reversed, recalled, repealed, or annulled; as, an irreversible sentence or decree. This rejection of the Jews, as it is not universal, so neither is it final and irreversible. Jortin. Syn. -- Irrevocable; irrepealable; unchangeable. IRREVERSIBLENESS Ir`re*vers"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being irreversible. IRREVERSIBLE STEERING GEAR Ir`re*vers"i*ble steering gear. (Mach.) Defn: A steering gear, esp. for an automobile, not affected by the road wheels, as when they strike an obstacle side ways, but easily controlled by the hand wheel or steering lever. IRREVERSIBLY Ir`re*vers"i*bly, adv. Defn: In an irreversible manner. IRREVOCABILITY Ir*rev`o*ca*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irrévocabilité.] Defn: The state or quality of being irrevocable; irrevocableness. IRREVOCABLE Ir*rev"o*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. irrevocabilis: cf. F. irrévocable. See In- not, and Revoke, and cf. Irrevocable.] Defn: Incapable of being recalled or revoked; unchangeable; irreversible; unalterable; as, an irrevocable promise or decree; irrevocable fate. Firm and irrevocable is my doom. Shak. -- Ir*rev"o*ca*ble*ness, n. -- Ir*rev"o*ca*bly, adv. IRREVOKABLE Ir`re*vok"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + revoke.] Defn: Irrevocable. [R.] IRREVOLUBLE Ir*rev"o*lu*ble, a. Defn: That has no finite period of revolution; not revolving. [R.] The dateless and irrevocable circle of eternity. Milton. IRRHETORICAL Ir`rhe*tor"ic*al, a. Defn: Not rethorical. IRRIGATE Ir"ri*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irrigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Irrigating.] Etym: [L. irrigatus, p. p. of irrigare to irrigate: ir- in + rigare to water; prob. akin to E. rain. See Rain.] 1. To water; to wet; to moisten with running or dropping water; to bedew. 2. (Agric.) Defn: To water, as land, by causing a stream to flow upon, over, or through it, as in artificial channels. IRRIGATION Ir`ri*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. irrigatio: cf. F. irrigation.] Defn: The act or process of irrigating, or the state of being irrigated; especially, the operation of causing water to flow over lands, for nourishing plants. IRRIGUOUS Ir*rig"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. irriguus. See Irrigate.] 1. Watered; watery; moist; dewy. [Obs.] The flowery lap Of some irriguous valley spreads her store. Milton. 2. Gently penetrating or pervading. [Obs.] J. Philips. IRRISIBLE Ir*ris"i*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. ir- not + risible. See Irrision.] Defn: Not risible. [R.] IRRISION Ir*ri"sion, n. Etym: [L. irrisio, fr. irridere, irrisum. to laugh at; pref. ir- in + ridere to laugh: cf. F. irrision.] Defn: The act of laughing at another; derision. This being spoken scepticè, or by way of irrision. Chapman. IRRITABILITY Ir`ri*ta*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. irritabilitas: cf. F. irritabilité.] 1. The state or quality of being irritable; quick excitability; petulance; fretfulness; as, irritability of temper. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: A natural susceptibility, characteristic of all living organisms, tissues, and cells, to the influence of certain stimuli, response being manifested in a variety of ways, -- as that quality in plants by which they exhibit motion under suitable stimulation; esp., the property which living muscle processes, of responding either to a direct stimulus of its substance, or to the stimulating influence of its nerve fibers, the response being indicated by a change of form, or contraction; contractility. 3. (Med.) Defn: A condition of morbid excitability of an organ or part of the body; undue susceptibility to the influence of stimuli. See Irritation, n., 3. IRRITABLE Ir"ri*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. irritabilis: cf. F. irritable. See Irritate.] 1. Capable of being irriated. 2. Very susceptible of anger or passion; easily inflamed or exasperated; as, an irritable temper. Vicious, old, and irritable. Tennyson. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: Endowed with irritability; susceptible of irritation; capable of being excited to action by the application of certain stimuli. 4. (Med.) Defn: Susceptible of irritation; unduly sensitive to irritants or stimuli. See Irritation, n., 3. Syn. -- Excitable; irascible; touchy; fretful; peevish. IRRITABLENESS Ir"ri*ta*ble*ness, n. Defn: Irritability. IRRITABLY Ir"ri*ta*bly, adv. Defn: In an irritable manner. IRRITANCY Ir"ri*tan*cy, n. Etym: [From 1st Irritant.] (Scots Law) Defn: The state or quality of being null and void; invalidity; forfeiture. Burrill. IRRITANCY Ir"ri*tan*cy, n. Etym: [From 2d Irritant.] Defn: The state o quality of being irritant or irritating. IRRITANT Ir"ri*tant, a. Etym: [LL. irritants, -antis, p. pr. of irritare to make null, fr. L. irritus void; pref. ir- not + ratus established.] (Scots Law) Defn: Rendering null and void; conditionally invalidating. The states elected Harry, Duke of Anjou, for their king, with this clause irritant; that, if he did violate any part of his oath, the people should owe him no allegiance. Hayward. IRRITANT Ir"ri*tant, a. Etym: [L. irritans, -antis, p. pr. of irritare: cf. F. irritant. See Irritate to excite.] Defn: Irritating; producing irritation or inflammation. IRRITANT Ir"ri*tant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irritant.] 1. That which irritates or excites. 2. (Physiol. & Med.) Defn: Any agent by which irritation is produced; as, a chemical irritant; a mechanical or electrical irritant. 3. (Toxicology) Defn: A poison that produces inflammation. Counter irritant. See under Counter. -- Pure irritant (Toxicology), a poison that produces inflammation without any corrosive action upon the tissues. IRRITATE Ir"ri*tate, v. t. Etym: [See 1 st Irritant.] Defn: To render null and void. [R.] Abp. Bramhall. IRRITATE Ir"ri*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irritated; p. pr. & vb. n. Irritating.] Etym: [L. irritatus, p. p. of irritare. Of doubtful origin.] 1. To increase the action or violence of; to heighten excitement in; to intensify; to stimulate. Cold maketh the spirits vigorous and irritateth them. Bacon. 2. To excite anger or displeasure in; to provoke; to tease; to exasperate; to annoy; to vex; as, the insolence of a tyrant irritates his subjects. Dismiss the man, nor irritate the god: Prevent the rage of him who reigns above. Pope. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: To produce irritation in; to stimulate; to cause to contract. See Irritation, n., 2. 4. (Med.) Defn: To make morbidly excitable, or oversensitive; to fret; as, the skin is irritated by friction; to irritate a wound by a coarse bandage. Syn. -- To fret; inflame; excite; provoke; tease; vex; exasperate; anger; incense; enrage. -- To Irritate, Provoke, Exasperate. These words express different stages of excited or angry feeling. Irritate denotes an excitement of quick and slightly angry feeling which is only momentary; as, irritated by a hasty remark. To provoke implies the awakening of some open expression of decided anger; as, a provoking insult. Exasperate denotes a provoking of anger at something unendurable. Whatever comes across our feelings irritates; whatever excites anger provokes; whatever raises anger to a high point exasperates. "Susceptible and nervous people are most easily irritated; proud people are quickly provoked; hot and fiery people are soonest exasperated." Crabb. IRRITATE Ir"ri*tate, a. Defn: Excited; heightened. [Obs.] IRRITATION Ir`ri*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. irritatio: cf. F. irritation.] 1. The act of irritating, or exciting, or the state of being irritated; excitement; stimulation, usually of an undue and uncomfortable kind; especially, excitement of anger or passion; provocation; annoyance; anger. The whole body of the arts and sciences composes one vast machinery for the irritation and development of the human intellect. De Quincey. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The act of exciting, or the condition of being excited to action, by stimulation; -- as, the condition of an organ of sense, when its nerve is affected by some external body; esp., the act of exciting muscle fibers to contraction, by artificial stimulation; as, the irritation of a motor nerve by electricity; also, the condition of a muscle and nerve, under such stimulation. 3. (Med.) Defn: A condition of morbid excitability or oversensitiveness of an organ or part of the body; a state in which the application of ordinary stimuli produces pain or excessive or vitiated action. IRRITATIVE Ir"ri*ta*tive, a. 1. Serving to excite or irritate; irritating; as, an irritative agent. 2. Accompanied with, or produced by, increased action or irritation; as, an irritative fever. E. Darwin. IRRITATORY Ir"ri*ta*to*ry, a. Defn: Exciting; producing irritation; irritating. [R.] Hales. IRRORATE Ir"ro*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irrorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Irrorating.] Etym: [L. irroratus, p. p. of irrorare to bedew; pref. ir- in + ros, roris, dew.] Defn: To sprinkle or moisten with dew; to bedew. [Obs.] IRRORATE Ir"ro*rate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Covered with minute grains, appearing like fine sand. IRRORATION Ir`ro*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. irroration.] Defn: The act of bedewing; the state of being moistened with de [Obs.] Chambers. IRROTATIONAL Ir`ro*ta"tion*al, a. (Physics) Defn: Not rotatory; passing from one point to another by a movement other than rotation; -- said of the movement of parts of a liquid or yielding mass. Sir W. Thomson. IRRUBRICAL Ir*ru"bric*al, a. Defn: Contrary to the rubric; not rubrical. IRRUGATE Ir"ru*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. irrugatus, p. p. of irrugare to wrinkle.] Defn: To wrinkle. [Obs.] IRRUPTED Ir*rupt"ed, a. Etym: [L. irruptus, p. p. of irrumpere to break in; pref. ir- in + rumpere to break or burst. See Rupture.] Defn: Broken with violence. IRRUPTION Ir*rup"tion, n. Etym: [L. irruptio: cf. F. irruption. See Irrupted.] 1. A bursting in; a sudden, violent rushing into a place; as, irruptions of the sea. Lest evil tidings, with too rude irruption Hitting thy aged ear, should pierce too deep. Milton. 2. A sudden and violent inroad, or entrance of invaders; as, the irruptions of the Goths into Italy. Addison. Syn. -- Invasion; incursion; inroad. See Invasion. IRRUPTIVE Ir*rup"tive, a. Defn: Rushing in or upon. IRVINGITE Ir"ving*ite, n. (Eccl.) Defn: The common designation of one a sect founded by the Rev. Edward Irving (about 1830), who call themselves the Catholic Apostolic Church. They are highly ritualistic in worship, have an elaborate hierarchy of apostles, prophets, etc., and look for the speedy coming of Christ. IS- Is- Defn: . See Iso-. IS Is, v. i. Etym: [AS. is; akin to G. & Goth. ist, L. est, Gr. asti. . Cf. Am, Entity, Essence, Absent.] Defn: The third person singular of the substantive verb be, in the indicative mood, present tense; as, he is; he is a man. See Be. Note: In some varieties of the Northern dialect of Old English, is was used for all persons of the singular. For thy is I come, and eke Alain. Chaucer. Aye is thou merry. Chaucer. Note: The idiom of using the present for future events sure to happen is a relic of Old English in which the present and future had the same form; as, this year Christmas is on Friday. To-morrow is the new moon. 1 Sam. xx. 5. ISABEL; ISABEL COLOR Is"a*bel, n., Is"a*bel col"or.Etym: [F. isabelle.] Defn: See Isabella. ISABELLA; ISABELLA COLOR Is`a*bel"la, n., Is`a*bel"la col"or. Etym: [Said to be named from the Spanish princess Isabella, daughter of king Philip II., in allusion to the color assumed by her shift, which she wore without change from 1601 to 1604, in consequence of a vow made by her.] Defn: A brownish yellow color. ISABELLA GRAPE Is`a*bel"la grape`. (Bot.) Defn: A favorite sweet American grape of a purple color. See Fox grape, under Fox. ISABELLA MOTH Is`a*bel"la moth`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A common American moth (Pyrrharctia isabella), of an isabella color. The larva, called woolly bear and hedgehog caterpillar, is densely covered with hairs, which are black at each end of the body, and red in the middle part. ISABELLINE Is`a*bel"line, a. Defn: Of an isabel or isabella color. ISAGELOUS; ISAGEL A. [Is- + Gr. Agelos Information.] Defn: Containing the same information, as isagelous sentences. The coded message and the original, though appearing entirely unlike, are completely isagelous. Bacon The complementary strands have isagelous sequences. J. D. Watson. -- Isagel I*sag"e*lous (i*sâg"ê*lûs), a. Etym: [Is- + Gr. a`gelos information.] Defn: Containing the same information, as isagelous sentences. "The coded message and the original, though appearing entirely unlike, are completely isagelous." Bacon "The complementary strands have isagelous sequences." J. D. Watson. -- Is"a*gel n. Defn: One of two or more objects containing the same information. ISAGOGE I"sa*goge, n. Etym: [L., fr. Fr. Defn: An introduction. [Obs.] Harris. ISAGOGIC; ISAGOGICAL I"sa*gog"ic, I"sa*gog"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. isagogicus, Gr. Defn: Introductory; especially, introductory to the study of theology. ISAGOGICS I"sa*gog"ics, n. (Theol.) Defn: That part of theological science directly preliminary to actual exegesis, or interpretation of the Scriptures. ISAGON I"sa*gon, n. Etym: [Gr. isagone, a.] (Math.) Defn: A figure or polygon whose angles are equal. ISAPOSTOLIC Is*ap`os*tol"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having equal, or almost equal, authority with the apostles of their teachings. ISATIC; ISATINIC I*sat"ic, I`sa*tin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, isatin; as, isatic acid, which is also called trioxindol. ISATIDE I"sa*tide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance obtained by the partial reduction of isatin. [Written also isatyde.] ISATIN I"sa*tin, n. Etym: [See Isatis.] (Chem.) Defn: An orange-red crystalline substance, C8H5NO2, obtained by the oxidation of indigo blue. It is also produced from certain derivatives of benzoic acid, and is one important source of artificial indigo. [Written also, less properly, isatine.] ISATIS I"sa*tis, n. Etym: [L., a kind of plant, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbs, some species of which, especially the Isatis tinctoria, yield a blue dye similar to indigo; woad. ISATOGEN I*sat"o*gen, n. Etym: [Isatin + -gen.] (Chem.) Defn: A complex nitrogenous radical, C8H4NO2, regarded as the essential residue of a series of compounds, related to isatin, which easily pass by reduction to indigo blue. -- I*sat`o*gen"ic, a. ISATROPIC I`sa*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Is- + atropine.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from atropine, and isomeric with cinnamic acid. ISCHIAC Is"chi*ac, a. (Anat.) Defn: See Ischial. ISCHIADIC Is`chi*ad"ic, a. Etym: [L. ischiadicus, Gr. Sciatic.] (Anat.) Defn: Ischial. [R.] Ischiadic passion or disease (Med.), a rheumatic or neuralgic affection of some part about the hip joint; -- called also sciatica. ISCHIAL Is"chi*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the ischium or hip; ischiac; ischiadic; ischiatic. Ischial callosity (Zoöl.), one of the patches of thickened hairless, and often bright-colored skin, on the buttocks of many apes, as the drill. ISCHIATIC Is`chi*at"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Ishial. ISCHIOCAPSULAR Is`chi*o*cap"su*lar a. Etym: [Ischium + capsular.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the ischium and the capsule of the hip joint; as, the ischiocapsular ligament. ISCHIOCERITE Is`chi*o*ce"rite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The third joint or the antennæ of the Crustacea. ISCHION; ISCHIUM Is"chi*on, Is"chi*um, n. Etym: [L., Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: The ventral and posterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis; seat bone; the huckle bone. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the pleuræ of insects. ISCHIOPODITE Is`chi*op"o*dite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The third joint of the typical appendages of Crustacea. ISCHIORECTAL Is`chi*o*rec"tal, a. Etym: [Ischium + rectal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the region between the rectum and ishial tuberosity. ISCHURETIC Is`chu*ret"ic, a. Defn: Having the quality of relieving ischury. -- n. Defn: An ischuretic medicine. ISCHURY Is"chu*ry, n. Etym: [L. ischuria, Gr. ischurie.] (Med.) Defn: A retention or suppression of urine. -ISE -ise Defn: . See -ize. ISENTROPIC I`sen*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Is- + entropy + -ic.] (Physics) Defn: Having equal entropy. Isentropic lines, lines which pass through points having equal entropy. ISETHIONIC I*seth`i*on"ic, a. Etym: [Is- + ethionic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid, HO.C2H4.SO3H, obtained as an oily or crystalline substance, by the action of sulphur trioxide on alcohol or ether. It is derivative of sulphuric acid. -ISH -ish. Etym: [AS. -isc; akin to G. -isch, OHG. -isc, Goth. & Dan. - isk, Gr. -esque.] Defn: A suffix used to from adjectives from nouns and from adjectives. It denotes relation, resemblance, similarity, and sometimes has a diminutive force; as, selfish, boyish, brutish; whitish, somewhat white. -ISH -ish. Etym: [OE. -issen, fr. F. -is, -iss- (found in the present particle, etc., of certain verbs, as finir to finish, fleurir to flourish), corresponding to L. -escere, an inchoative ending.] Defn: A verb ending, originally appearing in certain verbs of French origin; as, abolish, cherish, finish, furnish, garnish, impoverish. ISHMAELITE Ish"ma*el*ite, n. 1. A descendant of Ishmael (the son of Abraham and Hagar), of whom it was said, "His hand will be against every man, and every man's hand against him." Gen. xvi. 12. 2. One at enmity with society; a wanderer; a vagabond; an outcast. Thackeray. 3. See Ismaelian. ISHMAELITISH Ish"ma*el*i`tish, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an Ishmaelite or the Ishmaelites. ISIAC I"si*ac, a. Etym: [L. Isiacus, Gr. Defn: Pertaining to the goddess Isis; as, Isiac mysteries. ISICLE I"si*cle, n. Defn: A icicle. [Obs.] ISIDORIAN Is`i*do"ri*an, a. Defn: Pertaining, or ascribed, to Isidore; as, the Isidorian decretals, a spurious collection of decretals published in the ninth century. ISINGLASS I"sin*glass, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupted fr. D. huizenblas (akin to G. hausenblase), lit., bladder of the huso, or large sturgeon; huizen sturgeon + blas bladder. Cf. Bladder, Blast a gust of wind.] 1. A semitransparent, whitish, and very pure from of gelatin, chiefly prepared from the sounds or air bladders of various species of sturgeons (as the Acipenser huso) found in the of Western Russia. It used for making jellies, as a clarifier, etc. Cheaper forms of gelatin are not unfrequently so called. Called also fish glue. 2. (Min.) Defn: A popular name for mica, especially when in thin sheets. ISIS I"sis, n. Etym: [L., the goddess Isis, fr. Gr. 1. (Myth.) Defn: The principal goddess worshiped by the Egyptians. She was regarded as the mother of Horus, and the sister and wife of Osiris. The Egyptians adored her as the goddess of fecundity, and as the great benefactress of their country, who instructed their ancestors in the art of agriculture. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any coral of the genus Isis, or family Isidæ, composed of joints of white, stony coral, alternating with flexible, horny joints. See Gorgoniacea. 3. (Astron.) Defn: One of the asteroids. ISLAM Is"lam, n. Etym: [Ar. islam obedience to the will of God, submission, humbling one's self, resigning one's self to the divine disposal. Cf. Moslem.] 1. The religion of the Mohammedans; Mohammedanism; Islamism. Their formula of faith is: There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet. 2. The whole body of Mohammedans, or the countries which they occupy. ISLAMISM Is"lam*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. islamisme.] Defn: The faith, doctrines, or religious system of the Mohammedans; Mohammedanism; Islam. ISLAMITE Is"lam*ite, n. Defn: A Mohammedan. ISLAMITIC Is`lam*it"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Islam; Mohammedan. ISLAMIZE Is"lam*ize, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Islamized; p. pr. & vb. n. Islamizing.] Defn: To conform, or cause to conform, to the religion of Islam. ISLAND Is"land, n. Etym: [OE. iland, yland, AS. igland, , ; ig, , island + land, lond, land. AS. ig, , is akin to AS. eá water, river, OHG. , G. au meadow, Icel. ey island, Dan. & Sw. ö, Goth. ahwa a stream, water, L. aqua water. The s is due to confusion with isle. Cf. Ait, Eyot, Ewer, Aquatic.] 1. A tract of land surrounded by water, and smaller than a continent. Cf. Continent. 2. Anything regarded as resembling an island; as, an island of ice. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Isle, n., 2. Islands of the blessed (Myth.), islands supposed to lie in the Western Ocean, where the favorites of the gods are conveyed at death, and dwell in everlasting joy. ISLAND Is"land, v. t. 1. To cause to become or to resemble an island; to make an island or islands of; to isle. Shelley. 2. To furnish with an island or with islands; as, to island the deep. Southey. ISLANDER Is"land*er, n. Defn: An inhabitant of an island. ISLANDY Is"land*y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to islands; full of islands. Cotgrave. ISLE Isle, n. Etym: [Obs.] Defn: See Aisle. ISLE Isle, n. Etym: [OF. isle, F. île, L. insula; cf. Lith. sala. Cf. Insulate.] 1. An island. [Poetic] Imperial rule of all the seagirt isles. Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A spot within another of a different color, as upon the wings of some insects. ISLE Isle, v. t. Defn: To cause to become an island, or like an island; to surround or encompass; to island. [Poetic] Isled in sudden seas of light. Tennyson. ISLET Is"let, n. Etym: [OF. islette (cf. F. îlot), dim. of isle.] Defn: A little island. -ISM -ism. Etym: [F. -isme, or L. -ismus, Gr. Defn: A suffix indicating an act, a process, the result of an act or a process, a state; also, a characteristic (as a theory, doctrine, idiom, etc.); as, baptism, galvanism, organism, hypnotism, socialism, sensualism, Anglicism. ISM Ism, n. Etym: [See ism, above.] Defn: A doctrine or theory; especially, a wild or visionary theory. E. Everett. The world grew light-headed, and forth came a spawn of isms which no man can number. S. G. Goodrich. ISMAELIAN; ISMAELITE Is`ma*e"li*an, Is"ma*el*ite, n. (Eccl.) Defn: One of a sect of Mohammedans who favored the pretensions of the family of Mohammed ben Ismael, of the house Ali. ISO-; IS- I"so-, Is-.Etym: [Gr. 'i`sos equal.] Defn: A prefix or combining form, indicating identity, or equality; the same numerical value; as in isopod, isomorphous, isochromatic. Specif.: (a) (Chem.) Applied to certain compounds having the same composition but different properties; as in isocyanic. (b) (Organic Chem.) Applied to compounds of certain isomeric series in whose structure one carbon atom, at least, is connected with three other carbon atoms; -- contrasted with neo- and normal; as in isoparaffine; isopentane. ISOBAR I"so*bar, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog.) Defn: A line connecting or marking places upon the surface of the earth where height of the barometer reduced to sea level is the same either at a given time, or for a certain period (mean height), as for a year; an isopiestic line. [Written also isobare.] ISOBAR I"so*bar, n. Defn: The quality or state of being equal in weight, especially in atmospheric pressure. Also, the theory, method, or application of isobaric science. ISOBARIC I`so*bar"ic, a. (Phys. Geog.) Defn: Denoting equal pressure; as, an isobaric line; specifically, of or pertaining to isobars. ISOBARISM I"so*bar*ism, n. Defn: The quality or state of being equal in weight, especially in atmospheric pressure. Also, the theory, method, or application of isobaric science. ISOBAROMETRIC I`so*bar`o*met"ric, a. Etym: [Iso + barometric.] (Phys. Geog.) Defn: Indicating equal barometric pressure. ISOBATHYTHERM I`so*bath"y*therm, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog.) Defn: A line connecting the points on the surface of the earth where a certain temperature is found at the same depth. ISOBATHYTHERMIC I`so*bath"y*ther"mic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an isobathytherm; possessing or indicating the same temperature at the same depth. ISOBRONT I"so*bront (i"so*bront), n. [Iso- + Gr. bronth` thunder.] (Meteor.) Defn: An imaginary line, or a line on a chart, marking the simultaneous development of a thunderstorm, as noted by observing the time when the thunder is heard at different places. ISOCEPHALISM I`so*ceph"a*lism, n. Etym: [From Gr. Iso-, and Cephalon.] (Art) Defn: A peculiarity in the design of bas-relief by which the heads of human figures are kept at the same height from the ground, whether the personages are seated, standing, or mounted on horseback; -- called also isokephaleia. ISOCHASM I"so*chasm, n. Etym: [Iso- + chasm.] (Phys. Geog.) Defn: A line connecting places on the earth's surface at which there is the same mean frequency of auroras. ISOCHASMIC I`so*chas"mic, a. Defn: Indicating equal auroral display; as, an isochasmic line. ISOCHEIM I"so*cheim, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog.) Defn: A line connecting places on the earth having the same mean winter temperature. Cf. Isothere. ISOCHEIMAL; ISOCHIMAL I`so*chei"mal, I`so*chi"mal, a. Defn: Pertaining to, having the nature of, or making, isocheims; as, an isocheimal line; an isocheimal chart. ISOCHEIMENAL; ISOCHIMENAL I`so*chei"me*nal, I`so*chi"me*nal a. Defn: The same as Isocheimal. ISOCHEIMIC I`so*chei"mic, a. Defn: The same as Isocheimal. ISOCHIMENE I`so*chi"mene, n. Defn: The same as Isocheim. ISOCHOR I"so*chor, n. [Iso- + Gr. xhw`ra space.] (Physics) Defn: A line upon a thermodynamic diagram so drawn as to represent the pressures corresponding to changes of temperature when the volume of the gas operated on is constant. -- I`so*chor"ic (#), a. ISOCHROMATIC I`so*chro*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + chromatic.] (Opt.) Defn: Having the same color; connecting parts having the same color, as lines drawn through certain points in experiments on the chromatic effects of polarized light in crystals. ISOCHRONAL I*soch"ro*nal, a. Etym: [See Isochronous.] Defn: Uniform in time; of equal time; performed in equal times; recurring at regular intervals; isochronal vibrations or oscillations. ISOCHRONIC I`so*chron"ic, a. Defn: Isochronal. ISOCHRONISM I*soch"ro*nism, n. Defn: The state or quality of being isochronous. ISOCHRONIZE I*soch"ro*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. -nized; p. pr. & vb. n. - nizing.] [See Isochronous.] Defn: To make, or tend to make (the motion of a moving body), uniform in rate of rotation, or in frequency of vibration. ISOCHRONON I*soch"ro*non, n. Etym: [NL. See Isochronous.] Defn: A clock that is designed to keep very accurate time. ISOCHRONOUS I*soch"ro*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Same as Isochronal. ISOCHROOUS I*soch"ro*ous, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. Defn: Having the same tint or color throughout; uniformly or evenly colored. ISOCLINAL; ISOCLINIC I`so*cli"nal, I`so*clin"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or indicating, equality of inclination or dip; having equal inclination or dip. Isoclinal lines (Magnetism), lines on the earth's surface connecting places at which a dipping needle indicates the same inclination or dip. ISOCRYMAL I`so*cry"mal, a. (Phys. Geog.) Defn: Pertaining to, having the nature of, or illustrating, an isocryme; as, an isocrymal line; an isocrymal chart. ISOCRYME I"so*cryme, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog.) Defn: A line connecting points on the earth's surface having the same mean temperature in the coldest month of the year. ISOCRYMIC I`so*crym"ic, a. Defn: Isocrymal. ISOCYANIC I`so*cy*an"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + cyanic.] (Chem.) Defn: Designating an acid isomeric with cyanic acid. Isocyanic acid, an acid metameric with cyanic acid, and resembling it in its salts. It is obtained as a colorless, mobile, unstable liquid by the heating cyanuric acid. Called technically carbimide. ISOCYANURIC I`so*cy`a*nu"ric, a. Etym: [Iso- + cyanuric.] (Chem.) Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, an acid isomeric with cyanuric acid, and called also fulminuric acid. See under Fulminuric. ISODIABATIC I`so*di`a*bat"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Physics) Defn: Pertaining to the reception or the giving out of equal quantities of heat by a substance. Rankine. Isodiabatic lines or curves, a pair of lines or curves exhibiting, on a diagram of energy, the law of variation of the pressure and density of a fluid, the one during the lowering, and the other during the raising, of its temperature, when the quantity of heat given out by the fluid during any given stage of the one process is equal to the quantity received during the corresponding stage of the other. Such lines are said to be isodiabatic with respect to each other. Compare Adiabatic. ISODIAMETRIC I`so*di`a*met"ric, a. Etym: [Iso- + diametric.] 1. (Crystallog.) Defn: Developed alike in the directions of the several lateral axes; -- said of crystals of both the tetragonal and hexagonal systems. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having the several diameters nearly equal; -- said of the cells of ordinary parenchyma. ISODIMORPHIC I`so*di*mor"phic, a. Etym: [Iso- + dimorphic.] Defn: Isodimorphous. ISODIMORPHISM I`so*di*mor"phism, n. Defn: Isomorphism between the two forms severally of two dimorphous substances. ISODIMORPHOUS I`so*di*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Iso- + dimorphous.] Defn: Having the quality of isodimorphism. ISODROME I"so*drome, n. [Iso- + Gr. course.] (Nav.) Defn: A method of moving a fleet from one formation to another, the direction usually being changed eight points (90º), by means of paths of equal length for each ship. It is prohibited in the United States navy. ISODULCITE I`so*dul"cite, n. Etym: [Iso- + dulcite.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, sugarlike substance, obtained by the decomposition of certain glucosides, and intermediate in nature between the hexacid alcohols (ductile, mannite, etc.) and the glucoses. ISODYNAMIC I`so*dy*nam"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + dynamic.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, having, or denoting, equality of force. Isodynamic foods (Physiol.), those foods that produce a similar amount of heat. -- Isodynamic lines (Magnetism), lines on the earth's surface connecting places at which the magnetic intensity is the same. ISODYNAMOUS I`so*dy"na*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. Isodynamic.] Defn: Of equal force or size. ISOGEOTHERM I`so*ge"o*therm, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. gh^ the earth + qe`rmh heat.] (Phys. Geog.) Defn: A line or curved surface passing beneath the earth's surface through points having the same mean temperature. ISOGEOTHERMAL; ISOGEOTHERMIC I`so*ge`o*ther"mal, I`so*ge`o*ther"mic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, having the nature of, or marking, isogeotherms; as, an isogeothermal line or surface; as isogeothermal chart. -- n. Defn: An isogeotherm. ISOGONIC I`so*gon"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. Defn: Pertaining to, or noting, equal angles. Isogonic lines (Magnetism), lines traced on the surface of the globe, or upon a chart, connecting places at which the deviation of the magnetic needle from the meridian or true north is the same. ISOGONIC I`so*gon"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Characterized by isogonism. ISOGONISM I*sog"o*nism, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The quality of having similar sexual zooids or gonophores and dissimilar hydrants; -- said of certain hydroids. ISOGRAPHIC I`so*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to isography. ISOGRAPHY I*sog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Iso- + -graphy.] Defn: Imitation of another's handwriting, ISOHYETOSE I`so*hy"e*tose`, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. "yeto`s rain.] (Phys. Geog.) Defn: Of or pertaining to lines connecting places on the earth's surface which have a mean annual rainfall. -- n. Defn: An isohyetose line. ISOLABLE I"so*la*ble, a. Etym: [See Isolate.] (Chem.) Defn: Capable of being isolated, or of being obtained in a pure state; as, gold is isolable. ISOLATE I"so*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Isolated; p. pr. & vb. n. Isolating.] Etym: [It. isolato, p. p. of isolare to isolate, fr. isola island, L. insula. See 2d Isle, and cf. Insulate.] 1. To place in a detached situation; to place by itself or alone; to insulate; to separate from others. Short isolated sentences were the mode in which ancient wisdom delighted to convey its precepts. Bp. Warburton. 2. (Elec.) Defn: To insulate. See Insulate. 3. (Chem.) Defn: To separate from all foreign substances; to make pure; to obtain in a free state. ISOLATED I"so*la`ted, a. Defn: Placed or standing alone; detached; separated from others. Isolated point of a curve. (Geom.) See Acnode. ISOLATEDLY I"so*la`ted*ly, adv. Defn: In an isolated manner. ISOLATION I`so*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. isolation.] Defn: The act of isolating, or the state of being isolated; insulation; separation; loneliness. Milman. ISOLATOR I"so*la`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, isolates. ISOLOGOUS I*sol"o*gous, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Having similar proportions, similar relations, or similar differences of composition; -- said specifically of groups or series which differ by a constant difference; as, ethane, ethylene, an acetylene, or their analogous compounds, form an isologous series. ISOMER I"so*mer, n. Etym: [See Isomeric.] (Chem.) Defn: A body or compound which is isomeric with another body or compound; a member of an isomeric series. ISOMERE I"so*mere, n. [Iso- + -mere.] (Zoöl.) 1. A homologous or corresponding part or segment. 2. (Chem.) = Isomer. ISOMERIC I`so*mer"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. isomérique.] (Chem.) Defn: Having the same percentage composition; -- said of two or more different substances which contain the same ingredients in the same proportions by weight, often used with with. Specif.: (a) Polymeric; i. e., having the same elements united in the same proportion by weight, but with different molecular weights; as, acetylene and benzine are isomeric (polymeric) with each other in this sense. See Polymeric. (b) Metameric; i. e., having the same elements united in the same proportions by weight, and with the same molecular weight, but which a different structure or arrangement of the ultimate parts; as, ethyl alcohol and methyl ether are isomeric (metameric) with each other in this sense. See Metameric. ISOMERIDE I*som"er*ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: An isomer. [R.] ISOMERISM I*som"er*ism, n. (Chem.) Defn: The state, quality, or relation, of two or more isomeric substances. Physical isomerism (Chem.), the condition or relation of certain (metameric) substances, which, while chemically identical (in that they have the same composition, the same molecular weights, and the same ultimate constitution), are yet physically different, as in their action on polarized light, as dextro- and lævo-tartaric acids. In such compounds there is usually at least one unsymmetrical carbon atom. See Unsymmetrical. ISOMEROMORPHISM I`so*mer`o*mor"phism, n. Etym: [Isomer + Gr. ism.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Isomorphism between substances that are isomeric. ISOMETRIC; ISOMETRICAL I`so*met"ric, I`so*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. 1. Pertaining to, or characterized by, equality of measure. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: Noting, or conforming to, that system of crystallization in which the three axes are of equal length and at right angles to each other; monometric; regular; cubic. Cf. Crystallization. Isometric lines (Thermodynamics), lines representing in a diagram the relations of pressure and temperature in a gas, when the volume remains constant. -- Isometrical perspective. See under Perspective. -- Isometrical projection, a species of orthographic projection, in which but a single plane of projection is used. It is so named from the fact that the projections of three equal lines, parallel respectively to three rectangular axes, are equal to one another. This kind of projection is principally used in delineating buildings or machinery, in which the principal lines are parallel to three rectangular axes, and the principal planes are parallel to three rectangular planes passing through the three axes. ISOMORPH I"so*morph, n. Etym: [See Isomorphous.] Defn: A substance which is similar to another in crystalline form and composition. ISOMORPHIC I`so*mor"phic, a. Defn: Isomorphous. ISOMORPHISM I`so*mor"phism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. isomorphisme.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A similarity of crystalline form between substances of similar composition, as between the sulphates of barium (BaSO4) and strontium (SrSO4). It is sometimes extended to include similarity of form between substances of unlike composition, which is more properly called homoeomorphism. ISOMORPHOUS I`so*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Iso- + -morphous.] Defn: Having the quality of isomorphism. ISONANDRA I`so*nan"dra, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of sapotaceous trees of India. Isonandra Gutta is the principal source of gutta-percha. ISONEPHELIC I`so*ne*phel"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog.) Defn: Having, or indicating, an equal amount of cloudiness for a given period; as, isonephelic regions; an isonephelic line. ISONICOTINE I`so*nic"o*tine, n. Etym: [Iso- + nicotine.] (Chem.) Defn: A crystalline, nitrogenous base, C10H14N2, isomeric with nicotine. ISONICOTINIC I`so*nic`o*tin"ic, a. (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or derived from, isonicotine. (b) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid isomeric with nicotinic acid. ISONITROSO- I`so*ni*tro"so-. Etym: [Iso- + nitroso-.] (Chem.) Defn: A combining from (also used adjectively), signifying: Pertaining to, or designating, the characteristic, nitrogenous radical, NOH, called the isonitroso group. ISONOMIC I`so*nom"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The same, or equal, in law or right; one in kind or origin; analogous; similar. Dana. ISONOMY I*son"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. isonomie. See Isonomic.] Defn: Equal law or right; equal distribution of rights and privileges; similarity. ISOPATHY I*sop"a*thy, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Med.) (a) The system which undertakes to cure a disease by means of the virus of the same disease. (b) The theory of curing a diseased organ by eating the analogous organ of a healthy animal. Mayne. (c) The doctrine that the power of therapeutics is equal to that of the causes of disease. ISOPEPSIN I`so*pep"sin, n. Etym: [Iso- + pepsin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Pepsin modified by exposure to a temperature of from 40º to 60º C. ISOPERIMETRICAL I`so*per`i*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Gr. isopérimètre. See Perimeter.] (Geom.) Defn: Having equal perimeters of circumferences; as, isoperimetrical figures or bodies. ISOPERIMETRY I`so*per*im"e*try, n. (Geom.) Defn: The science of figures having equal perimeters or boundaries. ISOPIESTIC I`so*pi*es"tic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Thermodynamics) Defn: Having equal pressure. Isopiestic lines, lines showing, in a diagram, the relations of temperature and volume, when the elastic force is constant; -- called also isobars. ISOPLEURA I`so*pleu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Iso-, and Pleura.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A subclass of Gastropoda, in which the body is symmetrical, the right and left sides being equal. Note: The intestine terminates at the posterior end of the body, and the gills and circulatory and reproductive organs are paired. It includes the chitons (Polyplacophora), together with Neomenia and Chætoderma, which are wormlike forms without a shell. ISOPOD I"so*pod, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the legs similar in structure; belonging to the Isopoda. -- n. Defn: One of the Isopoda. ISOPODA I*sop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Iso-, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of sessile-eyed Crustacea, usually having seven pairs of legs, which are all similar in structure. Note: The body is usually depressed, with the abdominal segments short, and often consolidated in part. The branchiæ are on the abdominal appendages. The group includes the terrestrial pill bugs and sow bugs, with numerous marine forms. See Arthrostrata, Gribble. ISOPODIFORM I`so*pod"i*form, a. Etym: [Isopod + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the shape of an isopod; -- said of the larvæ of certain insects. ISOPODOUS I*sop"o*dous, a. Defn: Same as Isopod. ISOPOGONOUS I`so*pog"o*nous, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the two webs equal in breath; -- said of feathers. ISOPRENE I"so*prene, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.) Defn: An oily, volatile hydrocarbon, obtained by the distillation of caoutchouc or guttaipercha.C5H8 -- unsaturated, and used to make synthetic rubber by polymerization. In organic chemistry, viewed conceptually as the building block of the terpene series of hydrocarbons ISOPYCNIC I`so*pyc"nic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. pykno`s dense.] (Physics) Defn: Having equal density, as different regions of a medium; passing through points at which the density is equal; as, an isopycnic line or surface. ISOPYCNIC I`so*pyc"nic, n. (Physics) Defn: A line or surface passing through those points in a medium, at which the density is the same. ISORCIN I*sor"cin, n. Etym: [Iso- + orcin.] (Chem.) Defn: A crystalline hydrocarbon derivative, metameric with orcin, but produced artificially; -- called also cresorcin. ISORROPIC I`sor*rop"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. 'iso`rropos in equipoise; 'i`sos equal + "roph` downward inclination or momentum.] Defn: Of equal value. Isorropic line (in a diagram) (Geom.), the locus of all the points for which a specified function has a constant value. Newcomb. ISOSCELES I*sos"ce*les, a. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 'i`sos equal + (Geom.) Defn: Having two legs or sides that are equal; -- said of a triangle. ISOSPONDYLI I`so*spon"dy*li, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 'i`sos equal + (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive order of fishes, including the salmons, herrings, and many allied forms. ISOSPONDYLOUS I`so*spon"dy*lous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Isospondyli; having the anterior vertebræ separate and normal. ISOSPORE I"so*spore, n. (Biol.) (a) One of the spores produced by an isosporous organism. (b) A zygospore. ISOSPORIC I`so*spor"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Producing but one kind of spore, as the ferns and Equiseta. Cf. Heterosporic. ISOSPOROUS I*sos"po*rous, a. [Iso- + Gr. fruit.] (Biol.) Defn: Producing but one kind of spore, as the ferns. ISOSTASY I*sos"ta*sy, n. [See Iso-; Stasis.] Defn: The state or quality of being isostatic. Specif. (Geol.), Defn: general equilibrium in the earth's crust, supposed to be maintained by the yielding or flow of rock material beneath the surface under gravitative stress. By the theory of isostasy each unit column of the earth, from surface to center, has approximately the same weight, and the continents stand higher than the ocean beds chiefly because the material of the crust has there less density. ISOSTATIC I`so*stat"ic, a. [Iso- + static.] (Physics & Geol.) Defn: Subjected to equal pressure from every side; being in hydrostatic equilibrium, as a body submerged in a liquid at rest; pertaining to, or characterized by, isostasy. ISOSTEMONOUS I`so*stem"o*nous, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having exactly as many stamens as petals. ISOSTEMONY I`so*stem"o*ny, n. (Bot.) Defn: The quality or state of being isostemonous. ISOSULPHOCYANATE I`so*sul`pho*cy"a*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of isosulphocyanic acid. ISOSULPHOCYANIC I`so*sul`pho*cy*an"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, HNCS, isomeric with sulphocyanic acid. ISOTHERAL I*soth"er*al, a. Defn: Having the nature of an isothere; indicating the distribution of temperature by means of an isothere; as, an isotheral chart or line. ISOTHERE I"so*there, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog.) Defn: A line connecting points on the earth's surface having the same mean summer temperature. ISOTHERM I"so*therm, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog.) Defn: A line connecting or marking points on the earth's surface having the same temperature. This may be the temperature for a given time of observation, or the mean temperature for a year or other period. Also, a similar line based on the distribution of temperature in the ocean. ISOTHERMAL I`so*ther"mal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. isotherme.] (a) Relating to equality of temperature. (b) (Phys. Geog.) Having reference to the geographical distribution of temperature, as exhibited by means of isotherms; as, an isothermal line; an isothermal chart. Isothermal line. (a) An isotherm. (b) A line drawn on a diagram of energy such that its ordinates represent the pressures of a substance corresponding to various volumes, while the absolute temperature is maintained at a constant value. -- Isothermal zones, spaces on opposite sides of the equator having the same mean temperature, and bounded by corresponding isothermal lines. ISOTHERMOBATH I`so*ther"mo*bath, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Phys. Geog) Defn: A line drawn through points of equal temperature in a vertical section of the ocean. ISOTHERMOBATHIC I`so*ther`mo*bath"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an isothermobath; possessing or indicating equal temperatures in a vertical section, as of the ocean. ISOTHEROMBROSE I*soth`er*om"brose, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. qe`ros summer + 'o`mbros rain.] (Phys. Geog) Defn: A line connecting or marking points on the earth's surface, which have the same mean summer rainfall. ISOTONIC I`so*ton"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + tonic.] Defn: Having or indicating, equal tones, or tension. Isotonic system (Mus.), a system consisting of intervals, in which each concord is alike tempered, and in which there are twelve equal semitones. ISOTRIMORPHIC I`so*tri*mor"phic, a. Defn: Isotrimorphous. ISOTRIMORPHISM I`so*tri*mor"phism, n. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. Defn: Isomorphism between the three forms, severally, of two trimorphous substances. ISOTRIMORPHOUS I`so*tri*mor"phous, a. Defn: Having the quality of isotrimorphism; isotrimorphic. ISOTROPIC I`so*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Iso- + Gr. (Physics) Defn: Having the same properties in all directions; specifically, equally elastic in all directions. ISOTROPISM I*sot"ro*pism, n. Defn: Isotropy. ISOTROPOUS I*sot"ro*pous, a. Defn: Isotropic. ISOTROPY I*sot"ro*py, n. (Physics) Defn: Uniformity of physical properties in all directions in a body; absence of all kinds of polarity; specifically, equal elasticity in all directions. ISOURIC I`so*u"ric, a. Etym: [Iso- + uric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid, isomeric with uric acid. ISRAELITE Is"ra*el*ite, n. Etym: [L. Israëlites, Gr. Yisra, i. e., champion of God; sarah to fight + God.] Defn: A descendant of Israel, or Jacob; a Hebrew; a Jew. ISRAELITIC; ISRAELITISH Is`ra*el*it"ic, Is"ra*el*i`tish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Israel, or to the Israelites; Jewish; Hebrew. ISSUABLE Is"su*a*ble, a. Etym: [From Issue.] 1. Leading to, producing, or relating to, an issue; capable of being made an issue at law. Burrill. 2. Lawful or suitable to be issued; as, a writ issuable on these grounds. Issuable plea (Law), a plea to the merits, on which the adverse party may take issue and proceed to trial. ISSUABLY Is"su*a*bly, adv. Defn: In an issuable manner; by way of issue; as, to plead issuably. ISSUANCE Is"su*ance, n. Defn: The act of issuing, or giving out; as, the issuance of an order; the issuance of rations, and the like. ISSUANT Is"su*ant, a. (Her.) Defn: Issuing or coming up; -- a term used to express a charge or bearing rising or coming out of another. ISSUE Is"sue, n. Etym: [OF. issue, eissue, F. issue, fr. OF. issir, eissir, to go out, L. exire; ex out of, from + ire to go, akin to Gr. i., Goth. iddja went, used as prefect of gaggan to go. Cf. Ambition, Count a nobleman, Commence, Errant, Exit, Eyre, Initial, Yede went.] 1. The act of passing or flowing out; a moving out from any inclosed place; egress; as, the issue of water from a pipe, of blood from a wound, of air from a bellows, of people from a house. 2. The act of sending out, or causing to go forth; delivery; issuance; as, the issue of an order from a commanding officer; the issue of money from a treasury. 3. That which passes, flows, or is sent out; the whole quantity sent forth or emitted at one time; as, an issue of bank notes; the daily issue of a newspaper. 4. Progeny; a child or children; offspring. In law, sometimes, in a general sense, all persons descended from a common ancestor; all lineal descendants. If the king Should without issue die. Shak. 5. Produce of the earth, or profits of land, tenements, or other property; as, A conveyed to B all his right for a term of years, with all the issues, rents, and profits. 6. A discharge of flux, as of blood. Matt. ix. 20. 7. (Med.) Defn: An artificial ulcer, usually made in the fleshy part of the arm or leg, to produce the secretion and discharge of pus for the relief of some affected part. 8. The final outcome or result; upshot; conclusion; event; hence, contest; test; trial. Come forth to view The issue of the exploit. Shak. While it is hot, I 'll put it to the issue. Shak. 9. A point in debate or controversy on which the parties take affirmative and negative positions; a presentation of alternatives between which to choose or decide. 10. (Law) Defn: In pleading, a single material point of law or fact depending in the suit, which, being affirmed on the one side and denied on the other, is presented for determination. See General issue, under General, and Feigned issue, under Feigned. Blount. Cowell. At issue, in controversy; disputed; opposing or contesting; hence, at variance; disagreeing; inconsistent. As much at issue with the summer day As if you brought a candle out of doors. Mrs. Browning. -- Bank of issue, Collateral issue, etc. See under Bank, Collateral, etc. -- Issue pea, a pea, or a similar round body, used to maintain irritation in a wound, and promote the secretion and discharge of pus. -- To join, or take, issue, to take opposing sides in a matter in controversy. ISSUE Is"sue, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Issued; p. pr. & vb. n. Issuing.] 1. To pass or flow out; to run out, as from any inclosed place. From it issued forced drops of blood. Shak. 2. To go out; to rush out; to sally forth; as, troops issued from the town, and attacked the besiegers. 3. To proceed, as from a source; as, water issues from springs; light issues from the sun. 4. To proceed, as progeny; to be derived; to be descended; to spring. Of thy sons that shall issue from thee. 2 Kings xx. 18. 5. To extend; to pass or open; as, the path issues into the highway. 6. To be produced as an effect or result; to grow or accrue; to arise; to proceed; as, rents and profits issuing from land, tenements, or a capital stock. 7. To close; to end; to terminate; to turn out; as, we know not how the cause will issue. 8. (Law) Defn: In pleading, to come to a point in fact or law, on which the parties join issue. ISSUE Is"sue, v. t. 1. To send out; to put into circulation; as, to issue notes from a bank. 2. To deliver for use; as, to issue provisions. 3. To send out officially; to deliver by authority; as, to issue an order; to issue a writ. ISSUELESS Is"sue*less, a. Defn: Having no issue or progeny; childless. "The heavens . . . have left me issueless." Shak. ISSUER Is"su*er, n. Defn: One who issues, emits, or publishes. -IST -ist. Etym: [Gr. iste.] Defn: A noun suffix denoting an agent, or doer, one who practices, a believer in; as, theorist, one who theorizes; socialist, one who holds to socialism; sensualist, one given to sensuality. IS'T Is't. Defn: A contraction of is it. ISTHMIAN Isth"mi*an, a. Etym: [L. Isthmius, Gr. Isthmus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an isthmus, especially to the Isthmus of Corinth, in Greece. Isthmian games (Gr. Antiq.), one of the four great national festivals of Greece, celebrated on the Isthmus of Corinth in the spring of every alternate year. They consisted of all kinds of athletic sports, wrestling, boxing, racing on foot and in chariots, and also contests in music and poetry. The prize was a garland of pine leaves. ISTHMUS Isth"mus, n.; pl. Isthmuses. Etym: [L. isthmus, Gr. 'isqmo`s a neck, a neck of land between two seas, an isthmus, especially the Isthmus of Corinth; prob. from the root of 'ie`nai to go; cf. Icel. eiedh isthmus. See Issue.] (Geog.) Defn: A neck or narrow slip of land by which two continents are connected, or by which a peninsula is united to the mainland; as, the Isthmus of Panama; the Isthmus of Suez, etc. Isthmus of the fauces. (Anat.) See Fauces. ISTLE Is"tle, n. Defn: Same as Ixtle. ISURET I*su"ret, n. Etym: [Iso- + urea.] (Chem.) Defn: An artificial nitrogenous base, isomeric with urea, and forming a white crystalline substance; -- called also isuretine. IT It, pron. Etym: [OE. it, hit, AS. hit; cf. D. het. sq. root181. See He.] Defn: The neuter pronoun of the third person, corresponding to the masculine pronoun he and the feminine she, and having the same plural (they, their of theirs, them). Note: The possessive form its is modern, being rarely found in the writings of Shakespeare and Milton, and not at all in the original King James's version of the Bible. During the transition from the regular his to the anomalous its, it was to some extent employed in the possessive without the case ending. See His, and He. In Dryden's time its had become quite established as the regular form. The day present hath ever inough to do with it owne grief. Genevan Test. Do, child, go to it grandam, child. Shak. It knighthood shall do worse. It shall fright all it friends with borrowing letters. B. Jonson. Note: In the course of time, the nature of the neuter sign i in it, the form being found in but a few words, became misunderstood. Instead of being looked upon as an affix, it passed for part of the original word. Hence was formed from it the anomalous genitive it, superseding the Saxon his. Latham. The fruit tree yielding fruit after his (its) kind. Gen. i. 11. It is used, -- 1. As a substance for any noun of the neuter gender; as, here is the book, take it home. 2. As a demonstrative, especially at the beginning of a sentence, pointing to that which is about to be stated, named, or mentioned, or referring to that which apparent or well known; as, I saw it was John. It is I; be not afraid. Matt. xiv. 27. Peter heard that it was the Lord. John xxi. 7. Often, in such cases, as a substitute for a sentence or clause; as, it is thought he will come; it is wrong to do this. 3. As an indefinite nominative for a impersonal verb; as, it snows; it rains. 4. As a substitute for such general terms as, the state of affairs, the condition of things, and the like; as, how is it with the sick man Think on me when it shall be well with thee. Gen. xl. 14. 5. As an indefinite object after some intransitive verbs, or after a substantive used humorously as a verb; as, to foot it (i. e., to walk). The Lacedemonians, at the Straits of Thermopylæ, when their arms failed them, fought it out with nails and teeth. Dryden. Whether the charmer sinner it, or saint it, If folly grows romantic, I must paint it. Pope. Its self. See Itself. ITACISM I"ta*cism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. itacisme. See Etacism, and cf. Iotacism.] (Greek Gram.) Defn: Pronunciation of e in the English word be. This was the pronunciation advocated by ReuEtacism. In all such questions between a the confusing element of itacism comes in. Alford. ITACIST I"ta*cist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. itaciste.] Defn: One who is in favor of itacism. ITACOLUMITE It`a*col"u*mite, n. Etym: [From Itacolumi, a mountain of Brazil.] (Min.) Defn: A laminated, granular, siliceous rocks, often occurring in regions where the diamond is found. ITACONIC It`a*con"ic, a. Etym: [From aconitic, by transposition of the letters.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C5H6O4, which is obtained as a white crystalline substance by decomposing aconitic and other organic acids. ITALA It"a*la, n. Etym: [Fem. of L. Italus Italian.] Defn: An early Latin version of the Scriptures (the Old Testament was translated from the Septuagint, and was also called the Italic version). ITALIAN I*tal"ian, a. Etym: [Cf. F. italien, It. italiano. Cf. Italic.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Italy, or to its people or language. Italian cloth a light material of cotton and worsted; -- called also farmer's satin. -- Italian iron, a heater for fluting frills. -- Italian juice, Calabrian liquorice. ITALIAN I*tal"ian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Italy. 2. The language used in Italy, or by the Italians. ITALIANATE I*tal"ian*ate, v. t. Etym: [Cf. It. italianare.] Defn: To render Italian, or conformable to Italian customs; to Italianize. [R.] Ascham. ITALIANATE I*tal"ian*ate, a. Defn: Italianized; Italianated. "Apish, childish, and Italianate." Marlowe. ITALIANISM I*tal"ian*ism, n. 1. A word, phrase, or idiom, peculiar to the Italians; an Italicism. 2. Attachment to, or sympathy for, Italy. ITALIANIZE I*tal"ian*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Italianized; p. pr. & vb. n. Italianizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. italianiser, It. italianizzare.] 1. To play the Italian; to speak Italian. Cotgrave. 2. To render Italian in any respect; to Italianate. "An Englishman Italianized." Lowell. ITALIC I*tal"ic, a. Etym: [L. Italicus: cf. F. italique. Cf. Italian.] 1. Relating to Italy or to its people. 2. Applied especially to a kind of type in which the letters do not stand upright, but slope toward the right; -- so called because dedicated to the States of Italy by the inventor, Aldus Manutius, about the year 1500. Italic languages, the group or family of languages of ancient Italy. -- Italic order (Arch.), the composite order. See Composite. -- Italic school, a term given to the Pythagorean and Eleatic philosophers, from the country where their doctrines were first promulgated. -- Italic version. See Itala. ITALIC I*tal"ic, n.; pl. Italics (. (Print.) Defn: An Italic letter, character, or type (see Italic, a., 2.); -- often in the plural; as, the Italics are the author's. Italic letters are used to distinguish words for emphasis, importance, antithesis, etc. Also, collectively, Italic letters. ITALICISM I*tal"i*cism, n. 1. A phrase or idiom peculiar to the Italian language; to Italianism. 2. The use of Italics. ITALICIZE I*tal"i*cize, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Italicized; p. pr. & vb. n. Italicizing.] Defn: To print in Italic characters; to underline written letters or words with a single line; as, to Italicize a word; Italicizes too much. ITA PALM I"ta palm`. (Bot.) Defn: A magnificent species of palm (Mauritia flexuosa), growing near the Orinoco. The natives eat its fruit and buds, drink its sap, and make thread and cord from its fiber. ITCH Itch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Itched; p. pr. & vb. n. Itching.] Etym: [OE. icchen, , AS. giccan; akin to D. jeuken, joken, G. jucken, OHG. jucchen.] 1. To have an uneasy sensation in the skin, which inclines the person to scratch the part affected. My mouth hath itched all this long day. Chaucer. 2. To have a constant desire or teasing uneasiness; to long for; as, itching ears. "An itching palm." Shak. ITCH Itch, n. 1. (Med.) Defn: An eruption of small, isolated, acuminated vesicles, produced by the entrance of a parasitic mite (the Sarcoptes scabei), and attended with itching. It is transmissible by contact. 2. Any itching eruption. 3. A sensation in the skin occasioned (or resembling that occasioned) by the itch eruption; -- called also scabies, psora, etc. 4. A constant irritating desire. An itch of being thought a divine king. Dryden. Baker's itch. See under Baker. -- Barber's itch, sycosis. -- Bricklayer's itch, an eczema of the hands attended with much itching, occurring among bricklayers. -- Grocer's itch, an itching eruption, being a variety of eczema, produced by the sugar mite (Tyrogluphus sacchari). -- Itch insect (Zoöl.), a small parasitic mite (Sarcoptes scabei) which burrows and breeds beneath the human skin, thus causing the disease known as the itch. See Illust. in Append. -- Itch mite. (Zoöl.) Same as Itch insect, above. Also, other similar mites affecting the lower animals, as the horse and ox. -- Sugar baker's itch, a variety of eczema, due to the action of sugar upon the skin. -- Washerwoman's itch, eczema of the hands and arms, occurring among washerwomen. ITCHINESS Itch"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being itchy. ITCHLESS Itch"less, a. Defn: Free from itching. ITCHY Itch"y, a. Defn: Infected with the itch, or with an itching sensation. Cowper. -ITE -ite. Etym: [From Gr. 1. A suffix denoting one of a party, a sympathizer with or adherent of, and the like, and frequently used in ridicule; as, a Millerite; a Benthamite. 2. A suffix used in naming minerals; as, chlorite, from its characteristic green color; barite, from its heaviness; graphite, from its use in writing. 3. (Chem.) Defn: A suffix used to denote the salts formed from those acids whose names end in -ous; as, sulphite, from sulphurous; nitrite, from nitrous acid, etc. ITEM I"tem, adv. Etym: [L. See Iterate.] Defn: Also; as an additional article. ITEM I"tem, n. Etym: [From Item, adv.] 1. An article; a separate particular in an account; as, the items in a bill. 2. A hint; an innuendo. [Obs.] A secret item was given to some of the bishops . . . to absent themselves. Fuller. 3. A short article in a newspaper; a paragraph; as, an item concerning the weather. ITEM I"tem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Itemed; p. pr. & vb. n. Iteming.] Defn: To make a note or memorandum of. I have itemed it in my memory. Addison. ITEMIZE I"tem*ize, v. t. Defn: To state in items, or by particulars; as, to itemize the cost of a railroad. [Local, U. S.] ITER I"ter, n. Etym: [L. See Eyre.] (Anat.) Defn: A passage; esp., the passage between the third and fourth ventricles in the brain; the aqueduct of Sylvius. ITERABLE It"er*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. iterabilis. See Iterate.] Defn: Capable of being iterated or repeated. [Obs.] ITERANCE It"er*ance, n. Defn: Iteration. [Obs.] ITERANT It"er*ant, a. Etym: [L. iterans, p. pr. of iterare.] Defn: Repeating; iterating; as, an iterant echo. Bacon. ITERATE It"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. iteratus, p. p. of iterare to repeat, fr. iterum again, prop. a compar. from the stem of is he, that; cf. L. ita so, item likewise, also, Skr. itara other, iti thus. Cf. Identity, Item.] Defn: Uttered or done again; repeated. [Obs.] Bp. Gardiner. ITERATE It"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iterated; p. pr. & vb. n. Iterating.] Defn: To utter or do a second time or many times; to repeat; as, to iterate advice. Nor Eve to iterate Her former trespass feared. Milton. ITERATE It"er*ate, adv. Defn: By way of iteration. ITERATION It`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. iteratio.] Defn: Recital or performance a second time; repetition. Bacon. What needs this iteration, woman Shak. ITERATIVE It"er*a*tive, a. Etym: [L. iterativus: cf. F. itératif.] Defn: Repeating. Cotgrave. -- It"er*a*tive*ly, adv. ITHYPHALLIC Ith`y*phal"lic, a. Etym: [L. ithyphallicus, fr. ithyphallus, Gr. membrum virile erectum, or a figure thereof carried in the festivals of Bacchus.] Defn: Lustful; lewd; salacious; indecent; obscene. ITINERACY I*tin"er*a*cy, n. Defn: The act or practice of itinerating; itinerancy. ITINERANCY I*tin"er*an*cy, n. Etym: [See Itinerant.] 1. A passing from place to place. Dr. H. More. 2. A discharge of official duty involving frequent change of residence; the custom or practice of discharging official duty in this way; also, a body of persons who thus discharge official duty. ITINERANT I*tin"er*ant, a. Etym: [LL. itinerans, -antis, p. pr. of itinerare to make a journey, fr. L. iter, itineris, a walk, way, journey. See Errant, Issue.] Defn: Passing or traveling about a country; going or preaching on a circuit; wandering; not settled; as, an itinerant preacher; an itinerant peddler. The king's own courts were then itinerant, being kept in the king's palace, and removing with his household in those royal progresses which he continually made. Blackstone. ITINERANT I*tin"er*ant, a. Defn: One who travels from place to place, particularly a preacher; one who is unsettled. Glad to turn itinerant, To stroll and teach from town to town. Hudibras. ITINERANTLY I*tin"er*ant*ly, adv. Defn: In an itinerant manner. ITINERARY I*tin"er*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. itinerarius: cf. F. itinéraire. See Itinerant.] Defn: Itinerant; traveling; passing from place to place; done on a journey. It was rather an itinerary circuit of justice than a progress. Bacon. ITINERARY I*tin"er*a*ry, n.; pl. Itineraries. Etym: [L. itinerarium: cf. F. itinéraire. See Itinerary, a.] Defn: An account of travels, or a register of places and distances as a guide to travelers; as, the Itinerary of Antoninus. ITINERATE I*tin"er*ate. v. i. [imp. & p. p. Itinerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Itinerating.] Etym: [LL. itineratus, p. p. of itinerari, itinerare. See Itinerant.] Defn: To wander without a settled habitation; to travel from place or on a circuit, particularly for the purpose of preaching, lecturing, etc. -ITIS -i"tis, Etym: [Gr. Defn: A suffix used in medical terms to denote an inflammatory disease of; as, arthritis; bronchitis, phrenitis. ITS Its. Defn: Possessive form of the pronoun it. See It. ITSELF It*self", pron. Defn: The neuter reciprocal pronoun of It; as, the thing is good in itself; it stands by itself. Borrowing of foreigners, in itself, makes not the kingdom rich or poor. Locke. ITTRIA It"tri*a, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Yttria. ITTRIUM It"tri*um, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Yttrium. ITZIBU It"zi*bu, n. Etym: [Jap. ichibu.] (Numis.) Defn: A silver coin of Japan, worth about thirty-four cents. [Written also itzebu, ichebu, itcheboo, etc.] IULIDAN I*u"li*dan, n. Etym: [See Iulus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Iulidæ, a family of myriapods, of which the genus Iulus is the type. See Iulus. IULUS I*u"lus, n. Etym: [L., down, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of chilognathous myriapods. The body is long and round, consisting of numerous smooth, equal segments, each of which bears two pairs of short legs. It includes the galleyworms. See Chilognatha. IVAN IVANOVITCH I*van" I*van"o*vitch Defn: . An ideal personification of the typical Russian or of the Russian people; -- used as "John Bull" is used for the typical Englishman. I'VE I've Defn: . Colloquial contraction of I have. -IVE -ive. Etym: [L. -ivus.] Defn: An adjective suffix signifying relating or belonging to, of the nature of, tending to; as affirmative, active, conclusive, corrective, diminutive. IVIED I"vied, a. Etym: [From Ivy.] Defn: Overgrown with ivy. IVORIDE I"vo*ride, n. Defn: A composition resembling ivory in appearance and used as a substitute for it. IVORY I"vo*ry, n.; pl. Ivories. Etym: [OE. ivori, F. ivoire, fr. L. eboreus made of ivory, fr. ebur, eboris, ivory, cf. Skr. ibha elephant. Cf. Eburnean.] 1. The hard, white, opaque, fine-grained substance constituting the tusks of the elephant. It is a variety of dentine, characterized by the minuteness and close arrangement of the tubes, as also by their double flexure. It is used in manufacturing articles of ornament or utility. Note: Ivory is the name commercially given not only to the substance constituting the tusks of the elephant, but also to that of the tusks of the hippopotamus and walrus, the hornlike tusk of the narwhal, etc. 2. The tusks themselves of the elephant, etc. 3. Any carving executed in ivory. Mollett. 4. pl. Defn: Teeth; as, to show one's ivories. [Slang] Ivory black. See under Black, n. -- Ivory gull (Zoöl.), a white Arctic gull (Larus eburneus). -- Ivory nut (Bot.), the nut of a species of palm, the Phytephas macroarpa, often as large as a hen's egg. When young the seed contains a fluid, which gradually hardness into a whitish, close- grained, albuminous substance, resembling the finest ivory in texture and color, whence it is called vegetable ivory. It is wrought into various articles, as buttons, chessmen, etc. The palm is found in New Grenada. A smaller kind is the fruit of the Phytephas microarpa. The nuts are known in commerce as Corosso nuts. -- Ivory palm (Bot.), the palm tree which produces ivory nuts. -- Ivory shell (Zoöl.), any species of Eburna, a genus of marine gastropod shells, having a smooth surface, usually white with red or brown spots. -- Vegetable ivory, the meat of the ivory nut. See Ivory nut (above). IVORY-BILL I"vo*ry-bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, handsome, North American woodpecker (Campephilus principalis), having a large, sharp, ivory-colored beak. Its general color is glossy black, with white secondaries, and a white dorsal stripe. The male has a large, scarlet crest. It is now rare, and found only in the Gulf States. IVORYTYPE I"vo*ry*type`, n. (photog.) Defn: A picture produced by superposing a very light print, rendered translucent by varnish, and tinted upon the back, upon a stronger print, so as to give the effect of a photograph in natural colors; -- called also hellenotype. Knight. IVY I"vy, n.; pl. Ivies. Etym: [AS. ifig; akin to OHG. ebawi, ebah, G. epheu.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Hedera (H. helix), common in Europe. Its leaves are evergreen, dark, smooth, shining, and mostly five-pointed; the flowers yellowish and small; the berries black or yellow. The stem clings to walls and trees by rootlike fibers. Direct The clasping ivy where to climb. Milton. Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere. Milton. American ivy. (Bot.) See Virginia creeper. -- English ivy (Bot.), a popular name in America for the ivy proper (Hedera helix). -- German ivy (Bot.), a creeping plant, with smooth, succulent stems, and fleshy, light-green leaves; a species of Senecio (S. scandens). -- Ground ivy. (Bot.) Gill (Nepeta Glechoma). -- Ivy bush. (Bot.) See Mountain laurel, under Mountain. -- Ivy owl (Zoöl.), the barn owl. -- Ivy tod (Bot.), the ivy plant. Tennyson. -- Japanese ivy (Bot.), a climbing plant (Ampelopsis tricuspidata), closely related to the Virginia creeper. -- Poison ivy (Bot.), an American woody creeper (Rhus Toxicodendron), with trifoliate leaves, and greenish-white berries. It is exceedingly poisonous to the touch for most persons. -- To pipe in an ivy leaf, to console one's self as best one can. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- West Indian ivy, a climbing plant of the genus Marcgravia. IVY-MANTLED I"vy-man`tled, a. Defn: Covered with ivy. IWIS I*wis", adv. Defn: Indeed; truly. See Ywis. [Written also iwys, iwisse, etc.] [Obs.] Ascham. I. W. W. I. W. W. (Abbrev.) Defn: Industrial Workers of the World (the name of two American labor organizations, one of which advocates syndicalism). IXIA Ix"i*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A South African bulbous plant of the Iris family, remarkable for the brilliancy of its flowers. IXODES Ix*o"des, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of parasitic Acarina, which includes various species of ticks. See Tick, the insect. IXODIAN Ix*o"di*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tick of the genus Ixodes, or the family Ixodidæ. IXTLE; IXTLI Ix"tle, Ix"tli, n. (Bot.) Defn: A Mexican name for a variety of Agave rigida, which furnishes a strong coarse fiber; also, the fiber itself, which is called also pita, and Tampico fiber. [Written also istle.] IXTLE; IXTIL Ix"tle Ix"til, n. Defn: The fine, soft fiber of the bromeliaceous plant Bromelia sylvestris. IZARD Iz"ard, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of the chamois found in the Pyrenees. -IZE -ize. Etym: [F. -iser, L. -izare, Gr. Defn: A verb suffix signifying to make, to do, to practice; as apologize, baptize, theorize, tyrannize. Note: In the case of certain words the spelling with -ise (after analogy with F. -iser) is the usual form; as, catechise, criticise. With regard to most words, however, which have this suffix there is a diversity of usage, some authorities spelling -ise, others (as in this book) -ize. IZEDI Iz"e*di, n. Defn: One of an Oriental religious sect which worships Satan or the Devil. The Izedis or Yezdis, the so-called Devil worshipers, still remain a numerous though oppressed people in Mesopotamia and adjacent countries. Tylor. IZEDISM Iz"e*dism, n. Defn: The religion of the Izedis. IZZARD Iz"zard, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Izard. IZZARD Iz"zard, n. Etym: [Formerly ezed, prob. fr. F. et zÉde and z.] Defn: The letter z; -- formerly so called. J Defn: . J is the tenth letter of the English alphabet. It is a later variant form of the Roman letter I, used to express a consonantal sound, that is, originally, the sound of English y in yet. The forms J and I have, until a recent time, been classed together, and they have been used interchangeably. Note: In medical prescriptions j is still used in place of i at the end of a number, as a Roman numeral; as, vj, xij. J is etymologically most closely related to i, y, g; as in jot, iota; jest, gesture; join, jugular, yoke. See I. J is a compound vocal consonant, nearly equivalent in sound to dzh. It is exactly the same as g in gem. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 179, 211, 239. JAAL GOAT Jaal" goat`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of wild goat (Capra Nubiana) found in the mountains of Abyssinia, Upper Egypt, and Arabia; -- called also beden, and jaela. JAB Jab, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Job.] Defn: To thrust; to stab; to punch. See Job, v. t. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.] JAB Jab, n. Defn: A thrust or stab. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.] JABBER Jab"ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jabbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Jabbering.] Etym: [Cf. Gibber, Gabble.] Defn: To talk rapidly, indistinctly, or unintelligibly; to utter gibberish or nonsense; to chatter. Swift. JABBER Jab"ber, v. t. Defn: To utter rapidly or indistinctly; to gabble; as, to jabber French. Addison. JABBER Jab"ber, n. Defn: Rapid or incoherent talk, with indistinct utterance; gibberish. Swift. JABBER Jab"ber, n. Defn: One who jabbers. JABBERER Jab"ber*er, n. Defn: One who jabbers. JABBERINGLY Jab"ber*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a jabbering manner. JABBERMENT Jab"ber*ment, n. Defn: Jabber. [R.] Milton. JABBERNOWL Jab"ber*nowl`, n. Defn: Same as Jobbernowl. JABIRU Jab"i*ru, n. Etym: [Braz. jabirú, jaburú.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several large wading birds of the genera Mycteria and Xenorhynchus, allied to the storks in form and habits. Note: The American jabiru (Mycteria Americana) is white, with the head and neck black and nearly bare of feathers. The East Indian and Australian (Xenorhynchus Australis) has the neck, head, and back covered with glossy, dark green feathers, changing on the head to purple. The African jabiru (Mycteria, or Ephippiorhynchus, Senegalensis) has the neck, head, wing coverts, and tail, black, and is called also saddle-billed stork. JABORANDI Jab`o*ran"di, n. (Bot.) Defn: The native name of a South American rutaceous shrub (Pilocarpus pennatifolius). The leaves are used in medicine as an diaphoretic and sialogogue. JABORINE Jab"o*rine, n. Etym: [From Jaborandi.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid found in jaborandi leaves, from which it is extracted as a white amorphous substance. In its action it resembles atropine. JABOT Jab"ot, n. Etym: [F.] 1. Originally, a kind of ruffle worn by men on the bosom of the shirt. 2. An arrangement of lace or tulle, looped ornamentally, and worn by women on the front of the dress. JACAL Ja*cal" (hä*käl"; 239), n. [Amer. Sp., fr. Mex. xacalli.] Defn: In Mexico and the southwestern United States, a kind of plastered house or hut, usually made by planting poles or timber in the ground, filling in between them with screen work or wickerwork, and daubing one or both sides with mud or adobe mortar; also, this method of construction. JACAMAR Jac"a*mar`, n. Etym: [F. jacamar, Braz. jacamarica; cf. Sp. jacamar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of tropical American birds of the genus Galbula and allied genera. They are allied to the kingfishers, but climb on tree trunks like nuthatches, and feed upon insects. Their colors are often brilliant. JACANA Jac"a*na`, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. jacania.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any of several wading birds belonging to the genus Jacana and several allied genera, all of which have spurs on the wings. They are able to run about over floating water weeds by means of their very long, spreading toes. Called also surgeon bird. Note: The most common South American species is Jacana spinosa. The East Indian or pheasant jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) is remarkable for having four very long, curved, middle tail feathers. JACARANDA Jac`a*ran"da, n. Etym: [Braz.; cf. Sp. & Pg. jacaranda.] (Bot.) (a) The native Brazilian name for certain leguminous trees, which produce the beautiful woods called king wood, tiger wood, and violet wood. (b) A genus of bignoniaceous Brazilian trees with showy trumpet- shaped flowers. JACARE Jac"a*re`, n. Etym: [Pg. jacaré; of Brazilian origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A cayman. See Yacare. JACCHUS Jac"chus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Jacchus a mystic name of Bacchus, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common marmoset (Hapale vulgaris). Formerly, the name was also applied to other species of the same genus. JACCONET Jac"co*net, n. Defn: See Jaconet. JACENT Ja"cent, a. Etym: [L. jacens, p. pr. of jacere to lie: cf. F. jacent.] Defn: Lying at length; as, the jacent posture. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. JACINTH Ja"cinth, n. Etym: [F. jacinthe, L. hyacinthus. See Hyacinth.] Defn: See Hyacinth. Tennyson. JACK Jack, n. Etym: [Pg. jaca, Malayalam, tsjaka.] (Bot.) Defn: A large tree, the Artocarpus integrifolia, common in the East Indies, closely allied to the breadfruit, from which it differs in having its leaves entire. The fruit is of great size, weighing from thirty to forty pounds, and through its soft fibrous matter are scattered the seeds, which are roasted and eaten. The wood is of a yellow color, fine grain, and rather heavy, and is much used in cabinetwork. It is also used for dyeing a brilliant yellow. [Written also jak.] JACK Jack, n. Etym: [F. Jacques James, L. Jacobus, Gr. Ya 'aq Jacob; prop., seizing by the heel; hence, a supplanter. Cf. Jacobite, Jockey.] 1. A familiar nickname of, or substitute for, John. You are John Rugby, and you are Jack Rugby. Shak. 2. An impertinent or silly fellow; a simpleton; a boor; a clown; also, a servant; a rustic. "Jack fool." Chaucer. Since every Jack became a gentleman, There 's many a gentle person made a Jack. Shak. 3. A popular colloquial name for a sailor; -- called also Jack tar, and Jack afloat. 4. A mechanical contrivance, an auxiliary machine, or a subordinate part of a machine, rendering convenient service, and often supplying the place of a boy or attendant who was commonly called Jack; as: (a) A device to pull off boots. (b) A sawhorse or sawbuck. (c) A machine or contrivance for turning a spit; a smoke jack, or kitchen jack. (b) (Mining) A wooden wedge for separating rocks rent by blasting. (e) (Knitting Machine) A lever for depressing the sinkers which push the loops down on the needles. (f) (Warping Machine) A grating to separate and guide the threads; a heck box. (g) (Spinning) A machine for twisting the sliver as it leaves the carding machine. (h) A compact, portable machine for planing metal. (i) A machine for slicking or pebbling leather. (k) A system of gearing driven by a horse power, for multiplying speed. (l) A hood or other device placed over a chimney or vent pipe, to prevent a back draught. (m) In the harpsichord, an intermediate piece communicating the action of the key to the quill; -- called also hopper. (n) In hunting, the pan or frame holding the fuel of the torch used to attract game at night; also, the light itself. C. Hallock. 5. A portable machine variously constructed, for exerting great pressure, or lifting or moving a heavy body through a small distance. It consists of a lever, screw, rack and pinion, hydraulic press, or any simple combination of mechanical powers, working in a compact pedestal or support and operated by a lever, crank, capstan bar, etc. The name is often given to a jackscrew, which is a kind of jack. 6. The small bowl used as a mark in the game of bowls. Shak. Like an uninstructed bowler who thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straight forward upon it. Sir W. Scott. 7. The male of certain animals, as of the ass. 8. (Zoöl.) (a) A young pike; a pickerel. (b) The jurel. (c) A large, California rock fish (Sebastodes paucispinus); -- called also boccaccio, and mérou. (d) The wall-eyed pike. 9. A drinking measure holding half a pint; also, one holding a quarter of a pint. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 10. (Naut.) (a) A flag, containing only the union, without the fly, usually hoisted on a jack staff at the bowsprit cap; -- called also union jack. The American jack is a small blue flag, with a star for each State. (b) A bar of iron athwart ships at a topgallant masthead, to support a royal mast, and give spread to the royal shrouds; -- called also jack crosstree. R. H. Dana, Jr. 11. The knave of a suit of playing cards. Note: Jack is used adjectively in various senses. It sometimes designates something cut short or diminished in size; as, a jack timber; a jack rafter; a jack arch, etc. Jack arch, an arch of the thickness of one brick. -- Jack back (Brewing & Malt Vinegar Manuf.), a cistern which receives the wort. See under 1st Back. -- Jack block (Naut.), a block fixed in the topgallant or royal rigging, used for raising and lowering light masts and spars. -- Jack boots, boots reaching above the knee; -- worn in the 17 century by soldiers; afterwards by fishermen, etc. -- Jack crosstree. (Naut.) See 10, b, above. -- Jack curlew (Zoöl.), the whimbrel. -- Jack frame. (Cotton Spinning) See 4 (g), above. -- Jack Frost, frost personified as a mischievous person. -- Jack hare, a male hare. Cowper. -- Jack lamp, a lamp for still hunting and camp use. See def. 4 (n.), above. -- Jack plane, a joiner's plane used for coarse work. -- Jack post, one of the posts which support the crank shaft of a deep-well-boring apparatus. -- Jack pot (Poker Playing), the name given to the stakes, contributions to which are made by each player successively, till such a hand is turned as shall take the "pot," which is the sum total of all the bets. -- Jack rabbit (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large American hares, having very large ears and long legs. The California species (Lepus Californicus), and that of Texas and New Mexico (L. callotis), have the tail black above, and the ears black at the tip. They do not become white in winter. The more northern prairie hare (L. campestris) has the upper side of the tail white, and in winter its fur becomes nearly white. -- Jack rafter (Arch.), in England, one of the shorter rafters used in constructing a hip or valley roof; in the United States, any secondary roof timber, as the common rafters resting on purlins in a trussed roof; also, one of the pieces simulating extended rafters, used under the eaves in some styles of building. -- Jack salmon (Zoöl.), the wall-eyed pike, or glasseye. -- Jack sauce, an impudent fellow. [Colloq. & Obs.] -- Jack shaft (Mach.), the first intermediate shaft, in a factory or mill, which receives power, through belts or gearing, from a prime mover, and transmits it, by the same means, to other intermediate shafts or to a line shaft. -- Jack sinker (Knitting Mach.), a thin iron plate operated by the jack to depress the loop of thread between two needles. -- Jack snipe. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary. -- Jack staff (Naut.), a staff fixed on the bowsprit cap, upon which the jack is hoisted. -- Jack timber (Arch.), any timber, as a rafter, rib, or studding, which, being intercepted, is shorter than the others. -- Jack towel, a towel hung on a roller for common use. -- Jack truss (Arch.), in a hip roof, a minor truss used where the roof has not its full section. -- Jack tree. (Bot.) See 1st Jack, n. -- Jack yard (Naut.), a short spar to extend a topsail beyond the gaff. Blue jack, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. -- Hydraulic jack, a jack used for lifting, pulling, or forcing, consisting of a compact portable hydrostatic press, with its pump and a reservoir containing a supply of liquid, as oil. -- Jack-at-a-pinch. (a) One called upon to take the place of another in an emergency. (b) An itinerant parson who conducts an occasional service for a fee. -- Jack-at-all-trades, one who can turn his hand to any kind of work. -- Jack-by-the-hedge (Bot.), a plant of the genus Erysimum (E. alliaria, or Alliaria officinalis), which grows under hedges. It bears a white flower and has a taste not unlike garlic. Called also, in England, sauce-alone. Eng. Cyc. -- Jack-in-a-box. (a) (Bot.) A tropical tree (Hernandia sonora), which bears a drupe that rattles when dry in the inflated calyx. (b) A child's toy, consisting of a box, out of which, when the lid is raised, a figure springs. (c) (Mech.) An epicyclic train of bevel gears for transmitting rotary motion to two parts in such a manner that their relative rotation may be variable; applied to driving the wheels of tricycles, road locomotives, and to cotton machinery, etc.; an equation box; a jack frame; -- called also compensating gearing. (d) A large wooden screw turning in a nut attached to the crosspiece of a rude press. -- Jack-in-office, an insolent fellow in authority. Wolcott. -- Jack-in-the-bush (Bot.), a tropical shrub with red fruit (Cordia Cylindrostachya). -- Jack-in-the-green, a chimney sweep inclosed in a framework of boughs, carried in Mayday processions. -- Jack-in-the-pulpit (Bot.), the American plant Arisæma triphyllum, or Indian turnip, in which the upright spadix is inclosed. -- Jack-of-the-buttery (Bot.), the stonecrop (Sedum acre). -- Jack-of-the-clock, a figure, usually of a man, on old clocks, which struck the time on the bell. -- Jack-on-both-sides, one who is or tries to be neutral. -- Jack-out-of-office, one who has been in office and is turned out. Shak. -- Jack the Giant Killer, the hero of a well-known nursery story. -- Jack-with-a-lantern, Jack-o'-lantern. (a) An ignis fatuus; a will-o'-the-wisp. "[Newspaper speculations] supplying so many more jack-o'-lanterns to the future historian." Lowell. (b) A lantern made of a pumpkin so prepared as to show in illumination the features of a human face, etc. -- Yellow Jack (Naut.), the yellow fever; also, the quarantine flag. See Yellow flag, under Flag. JACK Jack, n. Etym: [F. jaque, jacque, perh. from the proper name Jacques. Cf. Jacquerie.] Defn: A coarse and cheap mediæval coat of defense, esp. one made of leather. Their horsemen are with jacks for most part clad. Sir J. Harrington. JACK Jack, n. Etym: [Named from its resemblance to a jack boot.] Defn: A pitcher or can of waxed leather; -- called also black jack. [Obs.] Dryden. JACK Jack, v. i. Defn: To hunt game at night by means of a jack. See 2d Jack, n., 4, n. JACK Jack, v. t. Defn: To move or lift, as a house, by means of a jack or jacks. See 2d Jack, n., 5. JACK-A-DANDY Jack`-a-dan"dy, n. Defn: A little dandy; a little, foppish, impertinent fellow. JACKAL Jack"al`, n. Etym: [Pers. shaghal: cf. OF. jackal, F. chacal; cf. Skr. ç\'f0gala.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of carnivorous animals inhabiting Africa and Asia, related to the dog and wolf. They are cowardly, nocturnal, and gregarious. They feed largely on carrion, and are noted for their piercing and dismal howling. Note: The common species of Southern Asia (Canis aureus) is yellowish gray, varied with brown on the shoulders, haunches, and legs. The common African species (C. anthus) is darker in color. 2. One who does mean work for another's advantage, as jackals were once thought to kill game which lions appropriated. [Colloq.] Ld. Lytton. JACK-A-LENT Jack"-a-lent, n. Defn: A small stuffed puppet to be pelted in Lent; hence, a simple fellow. JACKANAPES Jack"a*napes, n. Etym: [For Jack o' (= of) apes; prop., a man who exhibits apes.] [Written also jackanape.] 1. A monkey; an ape. Shak. 2. A coxcomb; an impertinent or conceited fellow. A young upstart jackanapes. Arbuthnot. JACKAROO; JACKEROO Jack`a*roo", n. Also Jack`e*roo". [Jack + kangaroo.] Defn: A young man living as an apprentice on a sheep station, or otherwise engaged in acquainting himself with colonial life. [Colloq., Australia] JACKAROO Jack`a*roo", v. i. Defn: To be a jackaroo; to pass one's time as a jackaroo. [Colloq., Australia] JACKASS Jack"ass`, n. Etym: [2d jack + ass.] 1. The male ass; a donkey. 2. A conceited dolt; a perverse blockhead. Jackass bark (Naut.), a three-masted vessel, with only the foremast square-rigged; a barkentine. -- Jackass deer (Zoöl.), the koba. -- Jackass hare, Jackass rabbit (Zoöl.). See Jack rabbit, under 2d Jack, n. -- Jackass penguin (Zoöl.), any species of penguin of the genus Spheniscus, of which several are known. One species (S. demersus) inhabits the islands near the Cape of Good Hope; another (S. Magellanicus) is found at the Falkland Islands. They make a noise like the braying of an ass; -- hence the name. -- Laughing jackass. (Zoöl.) See under Laughing. JACKDAW Jack"daw`, n. Etym: [Prob. 2d jack + daw, n.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Daw, n. JACKEEN Jack*een", n. Defn: A drunken, dissolute fellow. [Ireland] S. C. Hall. JACKET Jack"et, n. Etym: [F. jaquette, dim. of jaque. See 3d Jack, n.] 1. A short upper garment, extending downward to the hips; a short coat without skirts. 2. An outer covering for anything, esp. a covering of some nonconducting material such as wood or felt, used to prevent radiation of heat, as from a steam boiler, cylinder, pipe, etc. 3. (Mil.) Defn: In ordnance, a strengthening band surrounding and reënforcing the tube in which the charge is fired. 4. A garment resembling a waistcoat lined with cork, to serve as a life preserver; -- called also cork jacket. Blue jacket. (Naut.) See under Blue. -- Steam jacket, a space filled with steam between an inner and an outer cylinder, or between a casing and a receptacle, as a kettle. -- To dust one's jacket, to give one a beating. [Colloq.] JACKET Jack"et, v. t. 1. To put a jacket on; to furnish, as a boiler, with a jacket. 2. To thrash; to beat. [Low] JACKETED Jack"et*ed, a. Defn: Wearing, or furnished with, a jacket. JACKETING Jack"et*ing, n. Defn: The material of a jacket; as, nonconducting jacketing. JACK KETCH Jack" Ketch". Etym: [Perh. fr. Jack, the proper name + Prov. E. ketch a hangman, fr. ketch, for catch to seize; but see the citations below.] Defn: A public executioner, or hangman. [Eng.] The manor of Tyburn was formerly held by Richard Jaquett, where felons for a long time were executed; from whence we have Jack Ketch. Lloyd's MS., British Museum. [Monmouth] then accosted John Ketch, the executioner, a wretch who had butchered many brave and noble victims, and whose name has, during a century and a half, been vulgarly given to all who have succeeded him in his odious office. Macaulay. JACKKNIFE Jack"knife`, n. Defn: A large, strong clasp knife for the pocket; a pocket knife. JACK-'-LANTERN Jack"-o'-lan`tern, n. Defn: See Jack-with-a-lantern, under 2d Jack. JACKMAN Jack"man, n.; pl. Jackmen (. 1. One wearing a jack; a horse soldier; a retainer. See 3d Jack, n. Christie . . . the laird's chief jackman. Sir W. Scott. 2. A cream cheese. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. JACK-O'-LANTERN Jack"-o'-lan`tern, n. Defn: See Jack-with-a-lantern, under 2d Jack. JACKPOT Jackpot Defn: 1. (a) See "jack pot" under jack; (b) any larger-than-usual gambling prize formed by the accumulation of unwon bets[=MW10 1(a)(2) and 1(c)]; (c) the highest gambling prize awarded in a gambling game in which smaller prizes are also awarded, especially such a prize on a slot machine. Defn: 2. (a) An unusually large success in an enterprise, either unexpected or unpredictable, esp. one providing a great financial benefit. hit the jackpotto receive an unexpectedly large (or the largest possible) benefit from an enterprise. JACKPUDDING Jack"pud`ding, n. Defn: A merry-andrew; a buffoon. Milton. JACKSAW Jack"saw`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The merganser. JACKSCREW Jack"screw`, n. Defn: A jack in which a screw is used for lifting, or exerting pressure. See Illust. of 2d Jack, n., 5. JACKSLAVE Jack"slave`, n. Defn: A low servant; a mean fellow. Shak. JACKSMITH Jack"smith`, n. Defn: A smith who makes jacks. See 2d Jack, 4, c. Dryden. JACKSNIPE Jack"snipe`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European snipe (Limnocryptes gallinula); -- called also judcock, jedcock, juddock, jed, and half snipe. (b) A small American sandpiper (Tringa maculata); -- called also pectoral sandpiper, and grass snipe. JACKSTAY Jack"stay`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A rail of wood or iron stretching along a yard of a vessel, to which the sails are fastened. JACKSTONE Jack"stone`, n. (a) One of the pebbles or pieces used in the game of jackstones. (b) (pl.) A game played with five small stones or pieces of metal. See 6th Chuck. JACKSTRAW Jack"straw`, n. 1. An effigy stuffed with straw; a scarecrow; hence, a man without property or influence. Milton. 2. One of a set of straws of strips of ivory, bone, wood, etc., for playing a child's game, the jackstraws being thrown confusedly together on a table, to be gathered up singly by a hooked instrument, without touching or disturbing the rest of the pile. See Spilikin. JACKWOOD Jack"wood`, n. Defn: Wood of the jack (Artocarpus integrifolia), used in cabinetwork. JACKY Jack"y, n.; pl. Jackies (#). Dim. or pet from Jack. Hence: (a) A landsman's nickname for a seaman, resented by the latter. (b) English gin. [Dial. Eng.] JACOB Ja"cob, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Jacob. See 2d Jack.] Defn: A Hebrew patriarch (son of Isaac, and ancestor of the Jews), who in a vision saw a ladder reaching up to heaven (Gen. xxviii. 12); -- also called Israel. And Jacob said . . . with my staff I passed over this Jordan, and now I am become two bands. Gen. xxxii. 9, 10. Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel. Gen. xxxii. 28. Jacob's ladder. (a) (Bot.) A perennial herb of the genus Polemonium (P. coeruleum), having corymbs of drooping flowers, usually blue. Gray. (b) (Naut.) A rope ladder, with wooden steps, for going aloft. R. H. Dana, Jr. (c) (Naut.) A succession of short cracks in a defective spar. -- Jacob's membrane. See Retina. -- Jacob's staff. (a) A name given to many forms of staff or weapon, especially in the Middle Ages; a pilgrim's staff. [Obs.] Spenser. (b) (Surveying) See under Staff. JACOBAEAN LILY Jac`o*bæ"an lil"y. Etym: [See Jacobean.] (Bot.) Defn: A bulbous plant (Amaryllis, or Sprekelia, formosissima) from Mexico. It bears a single, large, deep, red, lilylike flower. [Written also Jacobean.] JACOBEAN; JACOBIAN Ja*co"be*an, Ja*co"bi*an, a. Etym: [From L. Jacobus James. See 2d Jack.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a style of architecture and decoration in the time of James the First, of England. "A Jacobean table." C. L. Eastlake. JACOBIN Jac"o*bin, n. Etym: [F. See 2d Jack, Jacobite.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A Dominican friar; -- so named because, before the French Revolution, that order had a convent in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris. 2. One of a society of violent agitators in France, during the revolution of 1789, who held secret meetings in the Jacobin convent in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris, and concerted measures to control the proceedings of the National Assembly. Hence: A plotter against an existing government; a turbulent demagogue. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fancy pigeon, in which the feathers of the neck form a hood, -- whence the name. The wings and tail are long, and the beak moderately short. JACOBIN Jac"o*bin, a. Defn: Same as Jacobinic. JACOBINE Jac"o*bine, n. Defn: A Jacobin. JACOBINIC; JACOBINICAL Jac`o*bin"ic, Jac`o*bin"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Jacobins of France; revolutionary; of the nature of, or characterized by, Jacobinism. Burke. -- Jac`o*bin"ic*al*ly, adv. JACOBINISM Jac"o*bin*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Jacobinisme.] Defn: The principles of the Jacobins; violent and factious opposition to legitimate government. Under this new stimulus, Burn's previous Jacobitism passed towards the opposite, but not very distant, extreme of Jacobinism. J. C. Shairp. JACOBINIZE Jac"o*bin*ize`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jacobinized; p. pr. & vb. n. Jacobinizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. Jacobiniser.] Defn: To taint with, or convert to, Jacobinism. France was not then jacobinized. Burke. JACOBITE Jac"o*bite, n. Etym: [L. Jacobus James: cf. F. Jacobite. See 2d Jack.] 1. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: A partisan or adherent of James the Second, after his abdication, or of his descendants, an opposer of the revolution in 1688 in favor of William and Mary. Macaulay. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: One of the sect of Syrian Monophysites. The sect is named after Jacob Baradæus, its leader in the sixth century. JACOBITE Jac"o*bite, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Jacobites. JACOBITIC; JACOBITICAL Jac`o*bit"ic, Jac`o*bit"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Jacobites; characterized by Jacobitism. -- Jac`o*bit"ic*al*ly, adv. JACOBITISM Jac"o*bit*ism`, n. Defn: The principles of the Jacobites. Mason. JACOBUS Ja*co"bus, n.; pl. Jacobuses. Etym: [See Jacobite.] Defn: An English gold coin, of the value of twenty-five shillings sterling, struck in the reign of James I. JACONET Jac"o*net, n. Etym: [F. jaconas.] Defn: A thin cotton fabric, between and muslin, used for dresses, neckcloths, etc. [Written also jacconet.] JACQUARD Jac*quard", a. Defn: Pertaining to, or invented by, Jacquard, a French mechanician, who died in 1834. Jacquard apparatus or arrangement, a device applied to looms for weaving figured goods, consisting of mechanism controlled by a chain of variously perforated cards, which cause the warp threads to be lifted in the proper succession for producing the required figure. -- Jacquard card, one of the perforated cards of a Jacquard apparatus. -- Jackquard loom, a loom with Jacquard apparatus. JACQUEMINOT Jacque"mi*not, n. Defn: A half-hardy, deep crimson rose of the remontant class; -- so named after General Jacqueminot, of France. JACQUERIE Jacque`rie", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The name given to a revolt of French peasants against the nobles in 1358, the leader assuming the contemptuous title, Jacques Bonhomme, given by the nobles to the peasantry. Hence, any revolt of peasants. JACTANCY Jac"tan*cy, n. Etym: [L. jactantia, fr. jactans, p. pr. of jactare to throw, boast, freq. fr. jacere to throw; cf. F. jactance.] Defn: A boasting; a bragging. [Obs.] JACTATION Jac*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. jactatio, fr. jactare: af. F. jactation. See Jactancy.] Defn: A throwing or tossing of the body; a shaking or agitation. Sir. W. Temple. JACTITATION Jac"ti*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. jactitare to utter in public, from jactare. See Jactancy.] 1. (Law) Defn: Vain boasting or assertions repeated to the prejudice of another's right; false claim. Mozley & W. 2. (Med.) Defn: A frequent tossing or moving of the body; restlessness, as in delirium. Dunglison. Jactitation of marriage (Eng. Eccl. Law), a giving out or boasting by a party that he or she is married to another, whereby a common reputation of their matrimony may ensue. Blackstone. JACULABLE Jac"u*la*ble, a. Defn: Fit for throwing. [Obs.] JACULATE Jac"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jaculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Jaculating.] Etym: [L. jaculatus, p. p. of jaculari. See Ejaculate.] Defn: To throw or cast, as a dart; to throw out; to emit. JACULATION Jac`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. jaculatio.] Defn: The act of tossing, throwing, or hurling, as spears. Hurled to and fro with jaculation dire. Milton. JACULATOR Jac"u*la`tor, Etym: [L.] 1. One who throws or casts. [R.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The archer fish (Toxotes jaculator). JACULATORY Jac"u*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. jaculatorius: cf. F. jaculatoire.] Defn: Darting or throwing out suddenly; also, suddenly thrown out; uttered in short sentences; ejaculatory; as, jaculatory prayers. Smart. JADDING Jad"ding, n. (Mining) Defn: See Holing. JADE Jade, n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. jade, fr. piedra de ijada stone of the side, fr. ijada flank, side, pain in the side, the stone being so named because it was supposed to cure this pain. Sp. ijada is derived fr. L. ilia flanks. Cf. Iliac.] (Min.) Defn: A stone, commonly of a pale to dark green color but sometimes whitish. It is very hard and compact, capable of fine polish, and is used for ornamental purposes and for implements, esp. in Eastern countries and among many early peoples. Note: The general term jade includes nephrite, a compact variety of tremolite with a specific gravity of 3, and also the mineral jadeite, a silicate of alumina and soda, with a specific gravity of 3.3. The latter is the more highly prized and includes the feitsui of the Chinese. The name has also been given to other tough green minerals capable of similar use. JADE Jade, n. Etym: [OE. jade; cf. Prov. E. yaud, Scot. yade, yad, yaud, Icel. jalda a mare.] 1. A mean or tired horse; a worthless nag. Chaucer. Tired as a jade in overloaden cart. Sir P. Sidney. 2. A disreputable or vicious woman; a wench; a quean; also, sometimes, a worthless man. Shak. She shines the first of battered jades. Swift. 3. A young woman; -- generally so called in irony or slight contempt. A souple jade she was, and strang. Burns. JADE Jade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Jading.] 1. To treat like a jade; to spurn. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To make ridiculous and contemptible. [Obs.] I do now fool myself, to let imagination jade me. Shak. 3. To exhaust by overdriving or long-continued labor of any kind; to tire or wear out by severe or tedious tasks; to harass. The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, . . . checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after. Locke. Syn. -- To fatigue; tire; weary; harass. -- To Jade, Fatigue, Tire, Weary. Fatigue is the generic term; tire denotes fatigue which wastes the strength; weary implies that a person is worn out by exertion; jade refers to the weariness created by a long and steady repetition of the same act or effort. A little exertion will tire a child or a weak person; a severe or protracted task wearies equally the body and the mind; the most powerful horse becomes jaded on a long journey by a continual straining of the same muscles. Wearied with labor of body or mind; tired of work, tired out by importunities; jaded by incessant attention to business. JADE Jade, v. i. Defn: To become weary; to lose spirit. They . . . fail, and jade, and tire in the prosecution. South. JADEITE Jade"ite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Jade, the stone. JADERY Jad"er*y, n. Defn: The tricks of a jade. JADISH Jad"ish, a. 1. Vicious; ill-tempered; resembling a jade; -- applied to a horse. 2. Unchaste; -- applied to a woman. L'Estrange. JAEGER Jae"ger, n. Defn: See Jager. JAG Jag, n. Etym: [Prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. gag aperture, cleft, chink; akin to Ir. & Gael. gag.] [Written also jagg.] 1. A notch; a cleft; a barb; a ragged or sharp protuberance; a denticulation. Arethuss arose . . . From rock and from jag. Shelley. Garments thus beset with long jags. Holland. 2. A part broken off; a fragment. Bp. Hacket. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A cleft or division. Jag bolt, a bolt with a nicked or barbed shank which resists retraction, as when leaded into stone. JAG Jag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Jagging.] Defn: To cut into notches or teeth like those of a saw; to notch. [Written also jagg. Jagging iron, a wheel with a zigzag or jagged edge for cutting cakes or pastry into ornamental figures. JAG Jag, n. Etym: [Scot. jag, jaug, a leather bag or wallet, a pocket. Cf. Jag a notch.] Defn: A small load, as of hay or grain in the straw, or of ore. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] [Written also jagg.] Forby. JAG Jag, v. t. Defn: To carry, as a load; as, to jag hay, etc. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] JAGANATHA; JAGANATHA Jag`a*nat"ha, Jag`a*nat"ha, n. Defn: See Juggernaut. JAGANNATH; JAGANNATHA; JUGGERNAUT Jag"an*nath, Jag`an*na"tha, n. Also Jug"ger*naut. [Hind. Jagan-nath lord of the world, Skr. jagannatha.] (Hinduism) Defn: A particular form of Vishnu, or of Krishna, whose chief idol and worship are at Puri, in Orissa. The idol is considered to contain the bones of Krishna and to possess a soul. The principal festivals are the Snanayatra, when the idol is bathed, and the Rathayatra, when the image is drawn upon a car adorned with obscene paintings. Formerly it was erroneously supposed that devotees allowed themselves to be crushed beneath the wheels of this car. It is now known that any death within the temple of Jagannath is considered to render the place unclean, and any spilling of blood in the presence of the idol is a pollution. JAGER Ja"ger, n. Etym: [G. jäger a hunter, a sportsman. Cf. Yager.] [Written also jaeger.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A sharpshooter. See Yager. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of gull of the genus Stercorarius. Three species occur on the Atlantic coast. The jagers pursue other species of gulls and force them to disgorge their prey. The two middle tail feathers are usually decidedly longer than the rest. Called also boatswain, and marline-spike bird. The name is also applied to the skua, or Arctic gull (Megalestris skua). JAGG Jagg, v. t. & n. Defn: See Jag. JAGGED Jag"ged, a. Defn: Having jags; having rough, sharp notches, protuberances, or teeth; cleft; laciniate; divided; as, jagged rocks. " Jagged vine leaves' shade." Trench. -- Jag"ged*ly, adv. -- Jag"ged*ness, n. JAGGER Jag"ger, n. Defn: One who carries about a small load; a peddler. See 2d Jag. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. JAGGER Jag"ger, n. Etym: [From 4th Jag.] Defn: One who, or that which, jags; specifically: (a) jagging iron used for crimping pies, cakes, etc. (b) A toothed chisel. See Jag, v. t. Jagger spring, a spring beneath a seat, and resting on cleats or blocks in the body of a vehicle. Knight. JAGGERY Jag"ger*y, n. Etym: [Hind jagri. Cf. Sugar.] Defn: Raw palm sugar, made in the East Indies by evaporating the fresh juice of several kinds of palm trees, but specifically that of the palmyra (Borassus flabelliformis). [Written also jagghery.] JAGGERY PALM Jag"ger*y palm. Defn: An East Indian palm (Caryota urens) having leaves pinnate with wedge-shaped divisions, the petiole very stout. It is the principal source of jaggery, and is often cultivated for ornament. JAGGY Jag"gy, a. Defn: Having jags; set with teeth; notched; uneven; as, jaggy teeth. Addison. JAGHIR Ja"ghir, n. Etym: [Per. jagir.] Defn: A village or district the government and revenues of which are assigned to some person, usually in consideration of some service to be rendered, esp. the maintenance of troops. [Written also jaghire, jagir, etc.] [India] Whitworth. JAGHIRDAR Ja"ghir*dar`, n. Etym: [Per. jagir-dar.] Defn: The holder of a jaghir. JAGUA PALM Ja"gua palm`. Etym: [Sp. jagua the fruit of the jagua palm.] (Bot.) Defn: A great Brazilian palm (Maximiliana regia), having immense spathes which are used for baskets and tubs. JAGUAR Ja*guar", n. Etym: [Braz. yagoára: cf. & Pg. jaguar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large and powerful feline animal (Felis onca), ranging from Texas and Mexico to Patagonia. It is usually brownish yellow, with large, dark, somewhat angular rings, each generally inclosing one or two dark spots. It is chiefly arboreal in its habits. Called also the American tiger. JAGUARONDI Ja`gua*ron"di, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American wild cat (Felis jaguarondi), having a long, slim body and very short legs. Its color is grayish brown, varied with a blackish hue. It is arboreal in its habits and feeds mostly on birds. JAH Jah (jä), n. Etym: [Heb. yah.] Defn: Jehovah. Ps. lxviii. 4. JAHVIST; JAHVISTIC Jah"vist, n., Jah*vis"tic, a. Defn: See Jehovist, Jehovistic. JAIL Jail, n. Etym: [OE. jaile, gail, gayhol, OF. gaole, gaiole, jaiole, F. geôle, LL. gabiola, dim. of gabia cage, for L. cavea cavity, cage. See Cage.] Defn: A kind of prison; a building for the confinement of persons held in lawful custody, especially for minor offenses or with reference to some future judicial proceeding. [Written also gaol.] This jail I count the house of liberty. Milton. Jail bird, a prisoner; one who has been confined in prison. [Slang] - - Jail delivery, the release of prisoners from jail, either legally or by violence. -- Jail delivery commission. See under Gaol. -- Jail fever (Med.), typhus fever, or a disease resembling it, generated in jails and other places crowded with people; -- called also hospital fever, and ship fever. -- Jail liberties, or Jail limits, a space or district around a jail within which an imprisoned debtor was, on certain conditions, allowed to go at large. Abbott. -- Jail lock, a peculiar form of padlock; -- called also Scandinavian lock. JAIL Jail, v. t. Defn: To imprison. [R.] T. Adams (1614). [Bolts] that jail you from free life. Tennyson. JAILER Jail"er, n. Etym: [OE. jailer, gailer, OF. geolier, F. geôlier. See Jail.] Defn: The keeper of a jail or prison. [Written also jailor, gaoler.] JAIN; JAINA Jain, Jai"na, n. Etym: [Skr. Jaina, fr. Jina, a proper name, fr. jina victorious.] Defn: One of a numerous sect in British India, holding the tenets of Jainism. JAINISM Jain"ism, n. Defn: The heterodox Hindoo religion, of which the most striking features are the exaltation of saints or holy mortals, called jins, above the ordinary Hindoo gods, and the denial of the divine origin and infallibility of the Vedas. It is intermediate between Brahmanism and Buddhism, having some things in common with each. JAIROU Jai*rou", n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The ahu or Asiatic gazelle. JAK Jak, n. (Bot.) Defn: see Ils Jack. JAKES Jakes, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. F. Jacques, the proper name. See 2d Jack.] Defn: A privy. Shak. JAKIE Ja"kie, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American striped frog (Pseudis paradoxa), remarkable for having a tadpole larger than the adult, and hence called also paradoxical frog. JAKO Jak"o (jâk"o), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An African parrot (Psittacus erithacus), very commonly kept as a cage bird; -- called also gray parrot. JAKWOOD Jak"wood`, n. Defn: See Jackwood. JALAP Jal"ap, n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. jalapa; -- so called from Jalapa, a town in Mexico, whence it was first obtained.] (Med.) Defn: The tubers of the Mexican plant Ipomoea purga (or Exogonium purga), a climber much like the morning-glory. The abstract, extract, and powder, prepared from the tubers, are well known purgative medicines. Other species of Ipomoea yield several inferior kinds of jalap, as the I. Orizabensis, and I. tuberosa. False jalap, the root of Mirabilis Jalapa, four-o'clock, or marvel of Peru. JALAPIC Ja*lap"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to jalap. JALAPIN Jal"a*pin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside found in the stems of the jalap plant and scammony. It is a strong purgative. JALONS Ja`lons", n. pl. Etym: [F. Of unknown origin.] (Mil.) Defn: Long poles, topped with wisps of straw, used as landmarks and signals. Farrow. JALOUSIE Ja`lou`sie", n. Etym: [F. See Jealousy.] Defn: A Venetian or slatted inside window blind. JALOUSIED Ja`lou`sied", a. Defn: Furnished with jalousies; as, jalousied porches. JAM Jam, n. Etym: [Per. or Hind. jamah garment, robe.] Defn: A kind of frock for children. JAM Jam, n. (Mining) Defn: See Jamb. JAM Jam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jammed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jamming.] Etym: [Either fr. jamb, as if squeezed between jambs, or more likely from the same source as champ See Champ.] 1. To press into a close or tight position; to crowd; to squeeze; to wedge in. The . . . jammed in between two rocks. De Foe. 2. To crush or bruise; as, to jam a finger in the crack of a door. [Colloq.] 3. (Naut.) Defn: To bring (a vessel) so close to the wind that half her upper sails are laid aback. W. C. Russell. JAM Jam, n. 1. A mass of people or objects crowded together; also, the pressure from a crowd; a crush; as, a jam in a street; a jam of logs in a river. 2. An injury caused by jamming. [Colloq.] JAM Jam, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. jam, v.; but cf. also Ar. jamad ice, jelly, jamid congealed, jamd congelation, ice.] Defn: A preserve of fruit boiled with sugar and water; as, raspberry jam; currant jam; grape jam. Jam nut. See Check nut, under Check. -- Jam weld (Forging), a butt weld. See under Butt. JAMACINA Jam`a*ci"na, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Jamaicine. JAMADAR Jam"a*dar, n. Defn: Same as Jemidar. JAMAICA Ja*mai"ca, n. Defn: One of the West India is islands. Jamaica ginger, a variety of ginger, called also white ginger, prepared in Jamaica from the best roots, which are deprived of their epidermis and dried separately. -- Jamaica pepper, allspice. -- Jamaica rose (Bot.), a West Indian melastomaceous shrub (Blakea trinervis), with showy pink flowers. JAMAICAN Ja*mai"can, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Jamaica. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Jamaica. JAMAICINE Ja*ma"i*cine, n. Etym: [From Jamaica.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid said to be contained in the bark of Geoffroya inermis, a leguminous tree growing in Jamaica and Surinam; -- called also jamacina. Watts. JAMB Jamb, n. Etym: [Prov. E. jaumb, jaum, F. jambe a leg, jambe de force a principal rafter. See Gambol.] 1. (Arch) Defn: The vertical side of any opening, as a door or fireplace; hence, less properly, any narrow vertical surface of wall, as the of a chimney-breast or of a pier, as distinguished from its face. Gwilt. 2. (Mining) Defn: Any thick mass of rock which prevents miners from following the lode or vein. JAMB Jamb, v. t. Defn: See Jam, v. t. JAMBEE Jam*bee", n. Etym: [See Jamb, n.: cf. OF. jamboier to walk.] Defn: A fashionable cane. [Obs.] Tatler. JAMBES; JAMBEUX Jambes, Jam"beux, n. pl. Etym: [From F. jambe a leg: cf. OF. jambiere. See Jamb, n.] (Ancient Armor) Defn: In the Middle Ages, armor for the legs below the knees. [Written also giambeux.] Chaucer. JAMBOLANA Jam`bo*la"na, n. Etym: [Cf. Pg. jambolao a kind of tropical fruit.] (Bot.) Defn: A myrtaceous tree of the West Indies and tropical America (Calyptranthes Jambolana), with astringent bark, used for dyeing. It bears an edible fruit. JAMBOOL; JAMBUL Jam"bool, Jam"bul, n. [Hind. jambu, jambul, prop., the rose-apple tree or its fruit, fr. Skr. jambu, jambu.] Defn: The Java plum; also, a drug obtained from its bark and seeds, used as a remedy for diabetes. JAMBOOREE Jam`boo*ree", n. [Etym. uncertain. Cf. Jambone.] Defn: A noisy or unrestrained carousal or frolic; a spree. [Slang] Kipling. A Calcutta-made pony cart had been standing in front of the manager's bungalow when Raja Singh started on his jamboree. W. A. Fraser. JAMDANI Jam"da*ni, n. Defn: A silk fabric, with a woven pattern of sprigs of flowers. [Written also jamdanee.] Balfour (Cyc. of India). JAMESONITE Ja"me*son*ite, n. Etym: [From Prof. Jameson, of Edinburgh.] (Min.) Defn: A steel-gray mineral, of metallic luster, commonly fibrous massive. It is a sulphide of antimony and lead, with a little iron. JAMES'S POWDER James"'s pow`der. (Med.) Defn: Antimonial powder, first prepared by Dr. James, ar English physician; -- called also fever powder. JAMESTOWN WEED James"town` weed`. (Bot.) Defn: The poisonous thorn apple or stramonium (Datura stramonium), a rank weed early noticed at Jamestown, Virginia. See Datura. Note: This name is often corrupted into jimson, jimpson, and gympsum. JAN Jan, n. Etym: [Ar.] (Moham. Myth.) Defn: One of intermediate order between angels and men. JANE Jane, n. Etym: [LL. Janua Genoa; L. Genua, also OE. Jean.] 1. A coin of Genoa; any small coin. Chaucer. 2. A kind of twilled cotton cloth. See Jean. JANE-OF-APES Jane"-of-apes", n. Defn: A silly, pert girl; -- corresponding to jackanapes. Massinger. JANGLE Jan"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jangling.] Etym: [OE. janglen to quarrel, OF. jangler to rail, quarrel; of Dutch or German origin; cf. D. jangelen, janken, to whimper, chide, brawl, quarrel.] 1. To sound harshly or discordantly, as bells out of tune. 2. To talk idly; to prate; to babble; to chatter; to gossip. "Thou janglest as a jay." Chaucer. 3. To quarrel in words; to altercate; to wrangle. Good wits will be jangling; but, gentles, agree. Shak. Prussian Trenck . . . jargons and jangles in an unmelodious manner. Carlyle. JANGLE Jan"gle, v. t. Defn: To cause to sound harshly or inharmoniously; to produce discordant sounds with. Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune, and harsh. Shak. JANGLE Jan"gle, n. Etym: [Cf. OF.jangle.] 1. Idle talk; prate; chatter; babble. Chaucer. 2. Discordant sound; wrangling. The musical jangle of sleigh bells. Longfellow. JANGLER Jan"gler, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. jangleor.] 1. An idle talker; a babbler; a prater. Chaucer. 2. A wrangling, noisy fellow. JANGLERESS Jan"gler*ess, n. Defn: A female prater or babbler. JANGLERY Jan"gler*y, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. janglerie chattering, talk.] Defn: Jangling. [Obs.] Chaucer. JANGLING Jan"gling, a. Defn: Producing discordant sounds. "A jangling noise." Milton. JANGLING Jan"gling, n. 1. Idle babbling; vain disputation. From which some, having swerved, have turned aside unto vain jangling. 1 Tim. i. 6. 2. Wrangling; altercation. Lamb. JANISSARY Jan"is*sa*ry, n. Defn: See Janizary. JANITOR Jan"i*tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. janua a door.] Defn: A door-keeper; a porter; one who has the care of a public building, or a building occupied for offices, suites of rooms, etc. JANITRESS; JANITRIX Jan"i*tress, Jan"i*trix, n. Etym: [L. janitrix. See Janitor.] Defn: A female janitor. JANIZAR Jan"i*zar`, n. Defn: A janizary. [R.] Byron. JANIZARIAN Jan`i*za"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the janizaries, or their government. Burke. JANIZARY Jan"i*za*ry, n.; pl. Janizaries. Etym: [F. janissaire, fr. Turk. ye new soldiers or troops.] Defn: A soldier of a privileged military class, which formed the nucleus of the Turkish infantry, but was suppressed in 1826. [written also janissary.] JANKER Jan"ker, n. Defn: A long pole on two wheels, used in hauling logs. [Scot.] Jamieson. JANSENISM Jan"sen*ism, n. Etym: [F. Jansénisme.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The doctrine of Jansen regarding free will and divine grace. JANSENIST Jan"sen*ist, n. Etym: [F. Janséniste.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Cornelius Jansen, a Roman Catholic bishop of Ypres, in Flanders, in the 17th century, who taught certain doctrines denying free will and the possibility of resisting divine grace. JANT Jant, v. i. Defn: See Jaunt. JANTHINA Jan"thi*na, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Ianthina. JANTILY Jan"ti*ly, adv. Defn: See Jauntily. JANTINESS Jan"ti*ness, n. Defn: See Jauntiness. JANTU Jan"tu n. Defn: A machine of great antiquity, used in Bengal for raising water to irrigate land. Knight. JANTY Jan"ty, a. Defn: See Jaunty. JANUARY Jan"u*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. Januarius, fr. Janus an old Latin deity, the god of the sun and the year, to whom the month of January was sacred; cf. janua a door, Skr. ya to go.] Defn: The first month of the year, containing thirty-one days. Note: Before the adoption of New Style, the commencement of the year was usually reckoned from March 25. JANUS Ja"nus, n. Etym: [L. See January.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A Latin deity represented with two faces looking in opposite directions. Numa is said to have dedicated to Janus the covered passage at Rome, near the Forum, which is usually called the Temple of Janus. This passage was open in war and closed in peace. Dr. W. Smith. Janus cloth, a fabric having both sides dressed, the sides being of different colors, -- used for reversible garments. JANUS-FACED Ja"nus-faced`, a. Defn: Double-faced; deceitful. Janus-faced lock, one having duplicate faces so as to go upon a right or a left hand door, the key entering on either side indifferently. Knight. JANUS-HEADED Ja"nus-head`ed, a. Defn: Double-headed. JAPAN Ja*pan", n. Etym: [From Japan, the country.] Defn: Work varnished and figured in the Japanese manner; also, the varnish or lacquer used in japanning. JAPAN Ja*pan", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Japan, or to the lacquered work of that country; as, Japan ware. Japan allspice (Bot.), a spiny shrub from Japan (Chimonanthus fragrans), related to the Carolina allspice. -- Japan black (Chem.), a quickly drying black lacquer or varnish, consisting essentially of asphaltum dissolved in naphtha or turpentine, and used for coating ironwork; -- called also Brunswick black, Japan lacquer, or simply Japan. -- Japan camphor, ordinary camphor brought from China or Japan, as distinguished from the rare variety called borneol or Borneo camphor. -- Japan clover, or Japan pea (Bot.), a cloverlike plant (Lespedeza striata) from Eastern Asia, useful for fodder, first noticed in the Southern United States about 1860, but now become very common. During the Civil War it was called variously Yankee clover and Rebel clover. -- Japan earth. See Catechu. -- Japan ink, a kind of writing ink, of a deep, glossy black when dry. -- Japan varnish, a varnish prepared from the milky juice of the Rhus vernix, a small Japanese tree related to the poison sumac. JAPAN Ja*pan", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Japanned; p. pr. & vb. n. Japanning.] 1. To cover with a coat of hard, brilliant varnish, in the manner of the Japanese; to lacquer. 2. To give a glossy black to, as shoes. [R.] Gay. JAPAN CURRENT Japan current. Defn: A branch of the equatorial current of the Pacific, washing the eastern coast of Formosa and thence flowing northeastward past Japan and merging into the easterly drift of the North Pacific; -- called also Kuro-Siwo, or Black Stream, in allusion to the deep blue of its water. It is similar in may ways to the Gulf Stream. JAPANESE Jap`a*nese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Japan, or its inhabitants. JAPANESE Jap`a*nese", n. sing. & pl. 1. A native or inhabitant of Japan; collectively, the people of Japan. 2. sing. Defn: The language of the people of Japan. JAPANNED Ja*panned", a. Defn: Treated, or coated, with varnish in the Japanese manner. Japanned leather,leather treated with coatings of Japan varnish, and dried in a stove. Knight. JAPANNER Ja*pan"ner, n. 1. One who varnishes in the manner of the Japanese, or one skilled in the art. 2. A bootblack. [R.] JAPANNING Ja*pan"ning, n. Defn: The art or act of varnishing in the Japanese manner. JAPANNISH Ja*pan"nish, a. Defn: After the manner of the Japanese; resembling japanned articles. Carlyle. JAPE Jape, v. i. Etym: [Prob. from the same source as gab,influenced by F. japper to yelp. See Gab to deceive.] Defn: To jest; to play tricks; to jeer. [Obs.] Chaucer. JAPE Jape, v. t. Defn: To mock; to trick. Chaucer. I have not been putting a jape upon you. Sir W. Scott. The coy giggle of the young lady to whom he has imparted his latest merry jape. W. Besant. JAPER Jap"er, n. Defn: A jester; a buffoon. [Obs.] Chaucer. JAPERY Jap"er*y, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. japerie a yelping.] Defn: Jesting; buffoonery. [Obs.] Chaucer. JAPHETHITE Ja"pheth*ite, n. Defn: A Japhetite. Kitto. JAPHETIC Ja*phet"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, Japheth, one of the sons of Noah; as, Japhetic nations, the nations of Europe and Northern Asia; Japhetic languages. JAPHETITE Ja"phet*ite, n. Defn: A descendant of Japheth. JAPONICA Ja*pon"i*ca, n. Etym: [NL., Japanese, fr. Japonia Japan.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of Camellia (Camellia Japonica), a native of Japan, bearing beautiful red or white flowers. Many other genera have species of the same name. JAPONISM Jap"o*nism, n. [F. japonisme, fr. Japon Japan.] Defn: A quality, idiom, or peculiarity characteristic of the Japanese or their products, esp. in art. JAR Jar, n. Etym: [See Ajar.] Defn: A turn. [Only in phrase.] On the jar, on the turn, ajar, as a door. JAR Jar, n. Etym: [F. jarre, Sp. jarra, from Ar. jarrah ewer; cf. Pers. jarrah.] 1. A deep, broad-mouthed vessel of earthenware or glass, for holding fruit, preserves, etc., or for ornamental purposes; as, a jar of honey; a rose jar. Dryden. 2. The measure of what is contained in a jar; as, a jar of oil; a jar of preserves. Bell jar, Leyden jar. See in the Vocabulary. JAR Jar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jarred; p. pr. & vb. n. jarring.] Etym: [Cf. OE. charken to creak, AS. cearcian to gnash, F. jars a gander, L. garrire to chatter, prate, OHG. kerran to chatter, croak, G. quarren to grumble, and E. jargon, ajar.] 1. To give forth a rudely quivering or tremulous sound; to sound harshly or discordantly; as, the notes jarred on my ears. When such strings jar, what hope of harmony Shak. A string may jar in the best master's hand. Roscommon. 2. To act in opposition or disagreement; to clash; to interfere; to quarrel; to dispute. When those renowned noble peers Greece Through stubborn pride among themselves did jar. Spenser. For orders and degrees Jar not with liberty, but well consist. Milton. JAR Jar, v. t. 1. To cause a short, tremulous motion of, to cause to tremble, as by a sudden shock or blow; to shake; to shock; as, to jar the earth; to jar one's faith. 2. To tick; to beat; to mark or tell off. [Obs.] My thoughts are minutes, and with sighs they jar Their watches on unto mine eyes. Shak. JAR Jar, n. 1. A rattling, tremulous vibration or shock; a shake; a harsh sound; a discord; as, the jar of a train; the jar of harsh sounds. 2. Clash of interest or opinions; collision; discord; debate; slight disagreement. And yet his peace is but continual jar. Spenser. Cease, cease these jars, and rest your minds in peace. Shak. 3. A regular vibration, as of a pendulum. I love thee not a jar of the clock. Shak. 4. pl. Defn: In deep well boring, a device resembling two long chain links, for connecting a percussion drill to the rod or rope which works it, so that the drill is driven down by impact and is jerked loose when jammed. JARARACA Jar`a*ra"ca, n. Etym: [Pg., from the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A poisonous serpent of Brazil (Bothrops jararaca), about eighteen inches long, and of a dusky, brownish color, variegated with red and black spots. JARBLE Jar"ble, v. t. Defn: To wet; to bemire. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. JARDINIERE Jar`di`nière", n. Etym: [F., fem. of jardinier gardener. See Garden.] Defn: An ornamental stand or receptacle for plants, flowers, etc., used as a piece of decorative furniture in room. JARDS Jards, n. Etym: [F. jarde, jardon.] (Far.) Defn: A callous tumor on the leg of a horse, below the hock. JARGLE Jar"gle, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OSw. jerga to repeat angrily, to brawl, Icel. jarg tedious iteration, F. jargonner to talk jargon. See Jargon gabble.] Defn: To emit a harsh or discordant sound. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. JARGON Jar"gon, n. Etym: [F. jargon, OF. also gargon, perh. akin to E. garrulous, or gargle.] Defn: Confused, unintelligible language; gibberish; hence, an artificial idiom or dialect; cant language; slang. "A barbarous jargon." Macaulay. "All jargon of the schools." Prior. The jargon which serves the traffickers. Johnson. JARGON Jar"gon, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jargon; p. pr. & vb. n. Jargoning.] Defn: To utter jargon; to emit confused or unintelligible sounds; to talk unintelligibly, or in a harsh and noisy manner. The noisy jay, Jargoning like a foreigner at his food. Longfellow. JARGON Jar"gon, n. Etym: [E.jargon, It. jiargone; perh. fr. Pers. zarg gold- colored, fr. zar gold. Cf. Zircon.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of zircon. See Zircon. JARGONELLE Jar`go*nelle", n. Etym: [F. jargonelle a very gritty variety of pear. See Jargon zircon.] Defn: A variety of pear which ripens early. JARGONIC Jar*gon"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the mineral jargon. JARGONIST Jar"gon*ist, n. Defn: One addicted to jargon; one who uses cant or slang. Macaulay. JARL Jarl, n. Etym: [Icel., nobleman, chief. See Earl.] Defn: A chief; an earl; in English history, one of the leaders in the Danish and Norse invasions. Longfellow. JARNUT Jar"nut`, n. Etym: [Of Scand. origin: cf. Dan. jordnöd.] (Bot.) Defn: An earthnut. Dr. Prior. JAROSITE Ja*ro"site, n. Etym: [From Barranco Jaroso, in Spain.] (Min.) Defn: An ocher-yellow mineral occurring on minute rhombohedral crystals. It is a hydrous sulphate of iron and potash. JAR-OWL Jar"-owl`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The goatsucker. JARRAH Jar"rah, n. Defn: The mahoganylike wood of the Australian Eucalyptus marginata. See Eucalyptus. JARRING Jar"ring, a. Etym: [See Jar.] Defn: Shaking; disturbing; discordant. "A jarring sound." Dryden. JARRING Jar"ring n. 1. A shaking; a tremulous motion; as, the jarring of a steamship, caused by its engines. 2. Discord; a clashing of interests. "Endless jarrings and immortal hate." Dryden. JARRINGLY Jar"ring*ly, adv. Defn: In a jarring or discordant manner. JARVEY; JARVY Jar"vey, Jar"vy, n. 1. The driver of a hackney coach. [Slang, Eng.] Carlyle. 2. A hackney coach. [Slang, Eng.] The litter at the bottom of the jarvy. T. Hook. JASEY Ja"sey, n. Defn: A wig; -- so called, perhaps, from being made of, or resembling, Jersey yarn. Thackeray. JASHAWK Jas"hawk`, n. Etym: [A corruption of eyas hawk.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young hawk. Booth. JASMINE Jas"mine, n. Etym: [F. jasmin, Sp. jazmin, Ar. yasmin, Pers. yasmin; cf. It. gesmino, gelsomino. Cf. Jessamine.] (Bot.) Defn: A shrubby plant of the genus Jasminum, bearing flowers of a peculiarly fragrant odor. The J. officinale, common in the south of Europe, bears white flowers. The Arabian jasmine is J. Sambac, and, with J. angustifolia, comes from the East Indies. The yellow false jasmine in the Gelseminum sempervirens (see Gelsemium). Several other plants are called jasmine in the West Indies, as species of Calotropis and Faramea. [Written also jessamine.] Cape jasmine, or Cape jessamine, the Gardenia florida, a shrub with fragrant white flowers, a native of China, and hardy in the Southern United States. JASP Jasp, n. Defn: Jasper. [Obs.] Spenser. JASPACHATE Jas"pa*chate, n. Etym: [L. iaspachates, Gr. (Min.) Defn: Agate jasper. [Obs.] JASPE Ja`spé", a. [F., p.p. of jasper to mottle. See Jasper.] (Ceramics) Defn: Having the surface decorated with cloudings and streaks, somewhat as if imitating jasper. JASPER Jas"per, n. Etym: [OE. jaspre, jaspe, OF. jaspre, jaspe, F. jaspe, L. iaspis, Gr. yashp, yashf, Ar.yashb, yasb, yasf, Heb. yashpheh. Cf. Diaper.] (Min.) Defn: An opaque, impure variety of quartz, of red, yellow, and other dull colors, breaking with a smooth surface. It admits of a high polish, and is used for vases, seals, snuff boxes, etc. When the colors are in stripes or bands, it is called striped or banded jasper. The Egyptian pebble is a brownish yellow jasper. Jasper opal, a yellow variety of opal resembling jasper. -- Jasper ware, a delicate kind of earthenware invented by Josiah Wedgwood. It is usually white, but is capable of receiving color. JASPERATED Jas"per*a`ted, a. Defn: mixed with jasper; containing particles of jasper; as, jasperated agate. JASPERIZE Jas"per*ize, v. t. Etym: [Usually p. p. Jasperized ( Defn: To convert into, or make to resemble, jasper. Polished specimens of jasperized and agatized woods. Pop. Sci. Monthly. JASPERY Jas"per*y, a. Defn: Of the nature of jasper; mixed with jasper. JASPIDEAN; JASPIDEOUS Jas*pid"e*an, Jas*pid"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. iaspideus. See Jasper.] Defn: Consisting of jasper, or containing jasper; jaspery; jasperlike. JASPILITE Jas"pi*lite, n. Etym: [Jasper + -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A compact siliceous rock resembling jasper. JASPOID Jas"poid, a. Etym: [F. jaspoïde; jaspe jasper + Gr. Defn: Resembling jasper. [R.] JASPONYX Jasp`o"nyx, n. Etym: [L. iasponyx, Gr. . See Jasper, and Onyx.] (min.) Defn: An onyx, part or all of whose layers consist of jasper. JATROPHIC Ja*troph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to physic nuts, the seeds of plants of the genus Jatropha. JAUNCE Jaunce, v. i. Etym: [OF. jancer. Cf. Jounce, Jaunt.] Defn: To ride hard; to jounce. [Obs.] Spurr'd, galled and tired by jauncing Bolingbroke. Shak. JAUNDICE Jaun"dice, n. Etym: [OE. jaunis, F. jaunisse, fr. jaune yellow, orig. jalne, fr. L. galbinus yellowish, fr. galbus yellow.] (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition, characterized by yellowness of the eyes, skin, and urine, whiteness of the fæces, constipation, uneasiness in the region of the stomach, loss of appetite, and general languor and lassitude. It is caused usually by obstruction of the biliary passages and consequent damming up, in the liver, of the bile, which is then absorbed into the blood. Blue jaundice. See Cyanopathy. JAUNDICE Jaun"dice, v. t. Defn: To affect with jaundice; to color by prejudice or envy; to prejudice. The envy of wealth jaundiced his soul. Ld. Lytton. JAUNDICED Jaun"diced, a. 1. affected with jaundice. Jaundiced eyes seem to see all objects yellow. Bp. Hall. 2. Prejudiced; envious; as, a jaundiced judgment. JAUNT Jaunt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jaunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jaunting.] Etym: [Cf. Scot. jaunder to ramble, jaunt to taunt, jeer, dial. Sw. ganta to play the buffoon, romp, jest; perh. akin to E. jump. Cf. Jaunce.] 1. To ramble here and there; to stroll; to make an excursion. 2. To ride on a jaunting car. Jaunting car, a kind of low-set open vehicle, used in Ireland, in which the passengers ride sidewise, sitting back to back. [Written also jaunty car.] Thackeray. JAUNT Jaunt, v. t. Defn: To jolt; to jounce. [Obs.] Bale. JAUNT Jaunt, n. 1. A wearisome journey. [R.] Our Savior, meek, and with untroubled mind After his aëry jaunt, though hurried sore. Hungry and cold, betook him to his rest. Milton. 2. A short excursion for pleasure or refreshment; a ramble; a short journey. JAUNTILY Jaun"ti*ly, adv. Defn: In a jaunty manner. JAUNTINESS Jaun"ti*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being jaunty. That jauntiness of air I was once master of. Addison. JAUNTY Jaun"ty, a. [Compar. Jauntier; superl. Jauntiest.] Etym: [Formerly spelt janty, fr. F. gentil. See Gentle, and cf. Genty.] Defn: Airy; showy; finical; hence, characterized by an affected or fantastical manner. JAVA Ja"va, n. 1. One of the islands of the Malay Archipelago belonging to the Netherlands. 2. Java coffee, a kind of coffee brought from Java. Java cat (Zoöl.), the musang. -- Java sparrow (Zoöl.), a species of finch (Padda oryzivora), native of Java, but very commonly kept as a cage bird; -- called also ricebird, and paddy bird. In the male the upper parts are glaucous gray, the head and tail black, the under parts delicate rose, and the cheeks white. The bill is large and red. A white variety is also kept as a cage bird. JAVANESE Jav`a*nese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Java, or to the people of Java. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or natives of Java. JAVEL Jav"el, n. Defn: A vagabond. [Obs.] Spenser. JAVELIN Jave"lin, n. Etym: [F. javeline; akin to Sp. jabalina, It. giavelina, and F. javelot, OF. gavlot. Cf. Gavelock.] Defn: A sort of light spear, to be thrown or cast by thew hand; anciently, a weapon of war used by horsemen and foot soldiers; now used chiefly in hunting the wild boar and other fierce game. Flies the javelin swifter to its mark, Launched by the vigor of a Roman arm Addison. JAVELIN Jave"lin, v. t. Defn: To pierce with a javelin. [R.] Tennyson. JAVELINIER Jave`lin*ier", n. Defn: A soldier armed with a javelin. Holland. JAW Jaw, n. Etym: [A modification of chaw, formed under the influence of F. joue the cheek. See Chaw, Chew.] 1. (Anat.) (a) One of the bones, usually bearing teeth, which form the framework of the mouth. (b) Hence, also, the bone itself with the teeth and covering. (c) In the plural, the mouth. 2. Fig.: Anything resembling the jaw of an animal in form or action; esp., pl., the mouth or way of entrance; as, the jaws of a pass; the jaws of darkness; the jaws of death. Shak. 3. (Mach.) (a) A notch or opening. (b) A notched or forked part, adapted for holding an object in place; as, the jaw of a railway-car pedestal. See Axle guard. (b) One of a pair of opposing parts which are movable towards or from each other, for grasping or crushing anything between them, as, the jaws of a vise, or the jaws of a stone-crushing machine. 4. (Naut.) Defn: The inner end of a boom or gaff, hollowed in a half circle so as to move freely on a mast. 5. Defn: Impudent or abusive talk. [Slang] H. Kingsley. Jaw bit (Railroad), a bar across the jaws of a pedestal underneath an axle box. -- Jaw breaker, a word difficult to pronounce. [Obs.] -- Jaw rope (Naut.), a rope which holds the jaws of a gaff to the mast. -- Jaw tooth, a molar or grinder; a back tooth. JAW Jaw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jawing.] Defn: To scold; to clamor. [Law] Smollett. JAW Jaw, v. t. Defn: To assail or abuse by scolding. [Law] JAWBONE Jaw"bone`, n. Defn: The bone of either jaw; a maxilla or a mandible. JAWED Jawed, a. Defn: Having jaws; -- chiefly in composition; as, lantern-jawed. "Jawed like a jetty." Skelton. JAW-FALL Jaw"-fall`, n. Defn: Depression of the jaw; hence, depression of spirits. M. Griffith (1660). JAW-FALLEN Jaw"-fall`en, a. Defn: Dejected; chopfallen. JAWFOOT Jaw"foot`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Maxilliped. JAWING Jaw"ing, n. Defn: Scolding; clamorous or abusive talk. [Slang] H. Kingsley. JAWN Jawn, v. i. Defn: See Yawn. [Obs.] Marston. JAWY Jaw"y, a. Defn: Relating to the jaws. Gayton. JAY Jay, n. Etym: [F. geai, OF. gai, jaj, perh. fr. OHG. gahi. Cf. Gay.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of the numerous species of birds belonging to Garrulus, Cyanocitta, and allied genera. They are allied to the crows, but are smaller, more graceful in form, often handsomely colored, and usually have a crest. Note: The European jay (Garrulus glandarius) is a large and handsomely colored species, having the body pale reddish brown, lighter beneath; tail and wing quills blackish; the primary coverts barred with bright blue and black; throat, tail coverts, and a large spot on the wings, white. Called also jay pie, Jenny jay, and kæ. The common blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata.), and the related species, are brilliantly colored, and have a large erectile crest. The California jay (Aphelocoma Californica), the Florida jay (A. Floridana), and the green jay (Xanthoura luxuosa), of Texas and Mexico, are large, handsome, crested species. The Canada jay (Perisoreus Canadensis), and several allied species, are much plainer and have no crest. See Blue jay, and Whisky jack. Jay thrush (Zoöl.), any one several species of Asiatic singing birds, of the genera Garrulax, Grammatoptila, and related genera of the family Crateropodidæ; as; the white-throated jay thrush (G. albogularis), of India. JAYET Jay"et, n. (Min.) Defn: See Jet. [Obs.] JAYHAWKER Jay"hawk`er, n. Defn: A name given to a free-booting, unenlisted, armed man or guerrilla. Note: [A term of opprobrium used in the war of 1861-65, U. S.] JAZEL Ja"zel, n. Defn: A gem of an azure color. [Obs.] JAZERANT Jaz"er*ant, n. Etym: [OF. jacerant, jaseran, Sp. jacerina, cota jacerina, fr. jazarino Algerine, fr. Ar. jaza\'c6r Algiers.] Defn: A coat of defense made of small plates of metal sewed upon linen or the like; also, this kind of armor taken generally; as, a coat of jazerant. JEALOUS Jeal"ous, a. Etym: [OE. jalous, gelus, OF. jalous, F. jaloux, LL. zelosus zealous, fr. zelus emulation, zeal, jealousy, Gr. Zeal, and cf. Zealous.] 1. Zealous; solicitous; vigilant; anxiously watchful. I have been very jeolous for the Lord God of hosts. Kings xix. 10. How nicely jealous is every one of us of his own repute! Dr. H. More. 2. Apprehensive; anxious; suspiciously watchful. 'This doing wrong creates such doubts as these, Renders us jealous and disturbs our peace. Waller. The people are so jealous of the clergy's ambition. Swift. 3. Exacting exclusive devotion; intolerant of rivalry. Thou shalt worship no other God; for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God. Ex. xxxiv. 14. 4. Disposed to suspect rivalry in matters of interest and affection; apprehensive regarding the motives of possible rivals, or the fidelity of friends; distrustful; having morbid fear of rivalry in love or preference given to another; painfully suspicious of the faithfulness of husband, wife, or lover. If the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife. Num. v. 14. To both these sisters have I sworn my love: Each jealous of the other, as the stung Are of the adder. Shak. It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do if she find him jealous. Bacon. Syn. -- Suspicious; anxious; envious. Jealous, Suspicious. Suspicious is the wider term. We suspect a person when we distrust his honesty and imagine he has some bad design. We are jealous when we suspect him of aiming to deprive us of what we dearly prize. Iago began by awakening the suspicions of Othello, and converted them at last into jealousy. "Suspicion may be excited by some kind of accusation, not supported by evidence sufficient for conviction, but sufficient to trouble the repose of confidence." "Jealousy is a painful apprehension of rivalship in cases that are peculiarly interesting to us." Cogan. JEALOUSHOOD Jeal"ous*hood, n. Defn: Jealousy. [Obs.] Shak. JEALOUSLY Jeal"ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a jealous manner. JEALOUSNESS Jeal"ous*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being jealous. JEALOUSY Jeal"ous*y, n.; pl. Jealousies. Etym: [ F. jalousie. See Jealous, and cf. Jalousie.] Defn: The quality of being jealous; earnest concern or solicitude; painful apprehension of rivalship in cases nearly affecting one's happiness; painful suspicion of the faithfulness of husband, wife, or lover. I was jealous for jealousy. Zech. viii. 2. Jealousy is the . . . apprehension of superiority. Shenstone. Whoever had qualities to alarm our jealousy, had excellence to deserve our fondness. Rambler. JEAMES Jeames, n. Etym: [Corrup. of James.] Defn: A footman; a flunky. [Slang, Eng.] Thackeray. JEAN Jean, n. Etym: [Prob. named from Genoa. See Jane.] Defn: A twilled cotton cloth. Satin jean, a kind of jean woven smooth and glossy, after the manner of satin. JEARS Jears, n. pl. (Naut.) Defn: See 1st Jeer (b). JEAT Jeat, n. (Min.) Defn: See Jet. [Obs.] JEDDING AX Jed"ding ax`, n. Defn: A stone mason's tool, having a flat face and a pointed part. Knight. JEE Jee, v. t. & i. Defn: See Gee. JEEL Jeel, n. Etym: [Hind. jhil.] Defn: A morass; a shallow lake. [Written also jhil.] [India] Whitworth. JEER Jeer, n. Etym: [Cf. Gear.] (Naut.) (a) A gear; a tackle. (b) pl. Defn: An assemblage or combination of tackles, for hoisting or lowering the lower yards of a ship. Jeer capstan (Naut.), an extra capstan usually placed between the foremast and mainmast. JEER Jeer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jeered; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeering.] Etym: [Perh. a corrup. of cheer to salute with cheers, taken in an ironical sense; or more prob. fr. D. gekscheren to jeer, lit., to shear the fool; gek a fool (see 1st Geck) + scheren to shear. See Shear, v.] Defn: To utter sarcastic or scoffing reflections; to speak with mockery or derision; to use taunting language; to scoff; as, to jeer at a speaker. But when he saw her toy and gibe and jeer. Spenser. Syn. -- To sneer; scoff; flout; gibe; mock. JEER Jeer, v. t. Defn: To treat with scoffs or derision; to address with jeers; to taunt; to flout; to mock at. And if we can not jeer them, we jeer ourselves. B. Jonson. JEER Jeer, n. Defn: A railing remark or reflection; a scoff; a taunt; a biting jest; a flout; a jibe; mockery. Midas, exposed to all their jeers, Had lost his art, and kept his ears. Swift. JEERER Jeer"er, n. Defn: A scoffer; a railer; a mocker. JEERING Jeer"ing, a. Defn: Mocking; scoffing. -- n. Defn: A mocking utterance. -- Jeer"ing*ly, adv. JEERS Jeers, n. pl. (Naut.) Defn: See 1st Jeer (b). JEFFERSONIA Jef`fer*so"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named after Thomas Jefferson.] (Bot.) Defn: An American herb with a pretty, white, solitary blossom, and deeply two-cleft leaves (Jeffersonia diphylla); twinleaf. JEFFERSONIAN Jef`fer*so"ni*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characteristic of, Thomas Jefferson or his policy or political doctrines. Lowell. JEFFERSONIAN SIMPLICITY Jeffersonian simplicity. Defn: The absence of pomp or display which Jefferson aimed at in his administration as President (1801-1809), eschewing display or ceremony tending to distinguish the President from the people, as in going to the capital on horseback and with no escort, the abolition of court etiquette and the weekly levee, refusal to recognize titles of honor, etc. JEFFERSONITE Jef"fer*son*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Thomas Jefferson.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of pyroxene of olive-green color passing into brown. It contains zinc. JEG Jeg, n. (Mach.) Defn: See Jig, 6. JEHOVAH Je*ho"vah, n. Etym: [Heb. usually yêhovah (with the vowel points of âdonai Lord), sometimes (to avoid repetition) yêhovih (with the vowel points of êlohim God); but only the four Heb, consonants yhvh are conceded to be certainly known.] Defn: A Scripture name of the Supreme Being, by which he was revealed to the Jews as their covenant God or Sovereign of the theocracy; the "ineffable name" of the Supreme Being, which was not pronounced by the Jews. JEHOVIST Je*ho"vist, n. 1. One who maintains that the vowel points of the word Jehovah, in Hebrew, are the proper vowels of that word; -- opposed to adonist. 2. The writer of the passages of the Old Testament, especially those of the Pentateuch, in which the Supreme Being is styled Jehovah. See Elohist. The characteristic manner of the Jehovist differs from that of his predecessor [the Elohist]. He is fuller and freer in his descriptions; more reflective in his assignment of motives and causes; more artificial in mode of narration. S. Davidson. JEHOVISTIC Je`ho*vis"tic, a. Defn: Relating to, or containing, Jehovah, as a name of God; -- said of certain parts of the Old Testament, especially of the Pentateuch, in which Jehovah appears as the name of the Deity. See Elohistic. JEHU Je"hu, n. Etym: [From Jehu, son of Nimshi. 2 Kings ix. 20.] Defn: A coachman; a driver; especially, one who drives furiously. [Colloq.] JEJUNAL Je*ju"nal, a. Defn: Pertaining to the jejunum. JEJUNE Je*june", a. Etym: [L. jejunus fasting, hungry, dry, barren, scanty; of unknown origin.] 1. Lacking matter; empty; void of substance. 2. Void of interest; barren; meager; dry; as, a jejune narrative. - Je*june"ly, adv. -- Je*june"ness, n. Bacon. JEJUNITY Je*ju"ni*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being jejune; jejuneness. JEJUNUM Je*ju"num, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. jejunus empty, dry.] (Anat.) Defn: The middle division of the small intestine, between the duodenum and ileum; -- so called because usually found empty after death. JELERANG Jel"er*ang, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, handsome squirrel (Sciurus Javensis), native of Java and Southern Asia; -- called also Java squirrel. JELL Jell, v. i. Defn: To jelly. [Colloq.] JELLIED Jel"lied, a. Defn: Brought to the state or consistence of jelly. JELLIFY Jel"li*fy, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jellified; p. pr. & vb. n. Jellifying.] Defn: To make, or to become, gelatinous; to jelly. -- Jel`li*fi*ca"tion (#), n. JELLY Jel"ly, n.; pl. Jellies. Etym: [ Formerly gelly, gely, F. gelée jelly, frost, fr. geler to freeze. L. gelare; akin to gelu frost. See Gelid.] 1. Anything brought to a gelatinous condition; a viscous, translucent substance in a condition between liquid and solid; a stiffened solution of gelatin, gum, or the like. 2. The juice of fruits or meats boiled with sugar to an elastic consistence; as, currant jelly; calf's-foot jelly. Jelly bag, a bag through which the material for jelly is strained. -- Jelly mold, a mold for forming jelly in ornamental shapes. -- Jelly plant (Bot.), Australian name of an edible seaweed (Eucheuma speciosum), from which an excellent jelly is made. J. Smith. -- Jelly powder, an explosive, composed of nitroglycerin and collodion cotton; -- so called from its resemblance to calf's-foot jelly. JELLY Jel"ly, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jellied; p. pr. & vb. n. Jellying.] Defn: To become jelly; to come to the state or consistency of jelly. JELLYFISH Jel"ly*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of the acalephs, esp. one of the larger species, having a jellylike appearance. See Medusa. JEMIDAR Jem"i*dar`, n. Etym: [Per. & Hind. jama-dar.] Defn: The chief or leader of a hand or body of persons; esp., in the native army of India, an officer of a rank corresponding to that of lieutenant in the English army. [Written also jemadar, jamadar.] JEMLAH GOAT Jem"lah goat`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The jharal. JEMMINESS Jem"mi*ness, n. Defn: Spruceness. [Slang, Eng.] Pegge (1814). JEMMY Jem"my, a. Etym: [Cf. Gim, and Gimp, a.] Defn: Spruce. [Slang, Eng.] Smart. JEMMY Jem"my, n. 1. A short crowbar. See Jimmy. 2. A baked sheep's head. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens. JENIQUEN Je*ni"quen, n. Etym: [Sp. jeniquen.] (Bot.) Defn: A Mexican name for the Sisal hemp (Agave rigida, var. Sisalana); also, its fiber. [Written also heniequen.] JENITE Je"nite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Yenite. JENKINS Jen"kins, n. Defn: name of contempt for a flatterer of persons high in social or official life; as, the Jenkins employed by a newspaper. [Colloq. Eng. & U.S.] G. W. Curtis. JENNET Jen"net, n. Etym: [F. genet, Sp. jinete, orig., a mounted soldier, Ar. zenata a tribe of Barbary celebrated for its cavalry.] Defn: A small Spanish horse; a genet. JENNETING Jen"net*ing, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. a dim. of Jean John, so named as becoming ripe about St. John's day, June 24. F. Jean is fr. L. Johannes. See Zany.] Defn: A variety of early apple. See Juneating. [Written also geniting.] JENNY Jen"ny, n.; pl. Jennies (. 1. A familiar or pet form of the proper name Jane. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A familiar name of the European wren. Jenny ass (Zoöl.), a female ass. JENNY Jen"ny, n. Etym: [A corruption of gin an engine; influenced by Jenny, the proper name. See Gin an engine, and cf. Ginny-carriage.] Defn: A machine for spinning a number of threads at once, -- used in factories. JENTLING Jent"ling, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of the genus Leuciscus; the blue chub of the Danube. JEOFAIL Jeof"ail, n. Etym: [F. j'ai failli I have failed.] (Law) Defn: An oversight in pleading, or the acknowledgment of a mistake or oversight. Blackstone. JEOPARD Jeop"ard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeoparded; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeoparding.] Etym: [From Jeopardy.] Defn: To put in jeopardy; to expose to loss or injury; to imperil; to hazard. Sir T. North. A people that jeoparded their lives unto the death. Judg. v. 18. Syn. -- To hazard; risk; imperil; endanger; expose. JEOPARDER Jeop"ard*er, n. Defn: One who puts in jeopardy. [R.] JEOPARDIZE Jeop"ard*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeopardized; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeopardizing.] Defn: To expose to loss or injury; to risk; to jeopard. That he should jeopardize his willful head Only for spite at me. H. Taylor. JEOPARDOUS Jeop"ard*ous, a. Defn: Perilous; hazardous. His goodly, valiant, and jeopardous enterprise. Fuller. -- Jeop"ard*ous*ly, adv. Huloet. JEOPARDY Jeop"ard*y, n. Etym: [OE. jupartie, juperti, jeuparti, OF. jeu parti an even game, a game in which the chances are even; OF. jeu, ju, F. jeu (L. jocus jest) + F. partier to divide, L. partire to divide. See Joke, and Part.] Defn: Exposure to death, loss, or injury; hazard; danger. There came down a storm of wind on the lake; and they were filled with water, and were in jeopardy. Luke viii. 23. Look to thyself, thou art in jeopardy. Shak. Syn. -- Danger; peril; hazard; risk. See Danger. JEOPARDY Jeop"ard*y, v. t. Defn: To jeopardize. [R.] Thackeray. JEQUIRITY; JEQUIRITY BEAN Je*quir"i*ty, n., or Je*quir"i*ty bean`. [Prob. fr. a native name.] (Bot.) Defn: The seed of the wild licorice (Abrus precatorius) used by the people of India for beads in rosaries and necklaces, as a standard weight, etc.; -- called also jumble bead. JERBOA Jer*bo"a, n. Etym: [Ar. yarb.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small jumping rodent of the genus Dipus, esp. D. Ægyptius, which is common in Egypt and the adjacent countries. The jerboas have very long hind legs and a long tail. [Written also gerboa.] Note: The name is also applied to other small jumping rodents, as the Pedetes Caffer, of the Cape of Good Hope. Jerboa kangaroo (Zoöl.), small Australian kangaroo (Bettongia penicillata), about the size of a common hare. JEREED Jer*eed", n. Etym: [Ar. jerid. Cf. Djereed.] Defn: A blunt javelin used by the people of the Levant, especially in mock fights. [Written also jerreed, jerid.] Byron. JEREMIAD; JEREMIADE Jer`e*mi"ad, Jer`e*mi"ade, n. Etym: [From Jeremiah, the prophet: cf. F. jérémiade.] Defn: A tale of sorrow, disappointment, or complaint; a doleful story; a dolorous tirade; -- generally used satirically. He has prolonged his complaint into an endless jeremiad. Lamb. JERFALCON Jer"fal`con, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The gyrfalcon. JERGUER Jer"guer, n. Defn: See Jerquer. JERID Jer*id", n. Defn: Same as Jereed. JERK Jerk, v. t. Etym: [Corrupted from Peruv. charqui dried beef.] Defn: To cut into long slices or strips and dry in the sun; as, jerk beef. See Charqui. JERK Jerk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jerked; p. pr. & vb. n. Jerking.] Etym: [Akin to yerk, and perh. also to yard a measure.] 1. To beat; to strike. [Obs.] Florio. 2. To give a quick and suddenly arrested thrust, push, pull, or twist, to; to yerk; as, to jerk one with the elbow; to jerk a coat off. 3. To throw with a quick and suddenly arrested motion of the hand; as, to jerk a stone. JERK Jerk, v. i. 1. To make a sudden motion; to move with a start, or by starts. Milton. 2. To flout with contempt. JERK Jerk, n. 1. A short, sudden pull, thrust, push, twitch, jolt, shake, or similar motion. His jade gave him a jerk. B. Jonson. 2. A sudden start or spring. Lobsters . . . swim backwards by jerks or springs. Grew. JERKER Jerk"er, n. 1. A beater. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. One who jerks or moves with a jerk. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A North American river chub (Hybopsis biguttatus). JERKIN Jer"kin, n. Etym: [Dim. of D. jurk a frock.] Defn: A jacket or short coat; a close waistcoat. Shak. JERKIN Jer"kin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A male gyrfalcon. JERKING Jerk"ing, n. Defn: The act of pulling, pushing, or throwing, with a jerk. -- Jerk"ing*ly, adv. JERKINHEAD Jer"kin*head`, n. (Arch.) Defn: The hipped part of a roof which is hipped only for a part of its height, leaving a truncated gable. JERKY Jerk"y, a. Defn: Moving by jerks and starts; characterized by abrupt transitions; as, a jerky vehicle; a jerky style. JERMOONAL Jer*moon"al, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Himalayan now partridge. JERONYMITE Je*ron"y*mite, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One belonging of the mediæval religious orders called Hermits of St. Jerome. [Written also Hieronymite.] JEROPIGIA Jer`o*pig"i*a, n. Defn: See Geropigia. JERQUER Jer"quer, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chercher to search, E. search.] Defn: A customhouse officer who searches ships for unentered goods. [Eng.] [Written also jerguer.] JERQUING Jer"quing, n. Defn: The searching of a ship for unentered goods. [Eng.] [Written also jerguer.] JERQUING Jer"quing, n. Defn: The searching of a ship for unentered goods. [Eng.] JERRY-BUILDER Jer"ry-build`er, n. [Prob. fr. the proper name Jerry, familiar form of Jeremiah.] Defn: A professional builder who erects cheap dwellings of poor materials and unsubstantial and slovenly construction. JERRY-BUILT Jer"ry-built`, a. Defn: Built hastily and of bad materials; as, jerry-built houses. [Colloq. Eng.] JERSEY Jer"sey, n.; pl. Jerseys. Etym: [From Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands.] 1. The finest of wool separated from the rest; combed wool; also, fine yarn of wool. 2. A kind of knitted jacket; hence, in general, a closefitting jacket or upper garment made of an elastic fabric (as stockinet). 3. One of a breed of cattle in the Island of Jersey. Jerseys are noted for the richness of their milk. JERUSALEM Je*ru"sa*lem, n. Etym: [Gr. Y.] Defn: The chief city of Palestine, intimately associated with the glory of the Jewish nation, and the life and death of Jesus Christ. Jerusalem artichoke Etym: [Perh. a corrupt. of It. girasole i.e., sunflower, or turnsole. See Gyre, Solar.] (Bot.) (a) An American plant, a perennial species of sunflower (Helianthus tuberosus), whose tubers are sometimes used as food. (b) One of the tubers themselves. -- Jerusalem cherry (Bot.), the popular name of either of either of two species of Solanum (S. Pseudo-capsicum and S. capsicastrum), cultivated as ornamental house plants. They bear bright red berries of about the size of cherries. -- Jerusalem oak (Bot.), an aromatic goosefoot (Chenopodium Botrys), common about houses and along roadsides. -- Jerusalem sage (Bot.), a perennial herb of the Mint family (Phlomis tuberosa). -- Jerusalem thorn (Bot.), a spiny, leguminous tree (Parkinsonia aculeata), widely dispersed in warm countries, and used for hedges. -- The New Jerusalem, Heaven; the Celestial City. JERVINE Jer"vine, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. Sp. yerba herb, OSp., the poison of the veratrum.] (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous alkaloid resembling veratrine, and found with it in white hellebore (Veratrum album); -- called also jervina. JESS Jess, n.; pl. Jesses. Etym: [OF. gies, giez, prop. pl. of giet, get, jet, F. jet, a throwing, jess. See Jet a shooting forth.] (falconry) Defn: A short strap of leather or silk secured round the leg of a hawk, to which the leash or line, wrapped round the falconer's hand, was attached when used. See Illust. of Falcon. Like a hawk, which feeling freed From bells and jesses which did let her flight. Spenser. JESSAMINE Jes"sa*mine, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Jasmine. JESSANT Jes"sant, a. (Her.) Defn: Springing up or emerging; -- said of a plant or animal. JESSE Jes"se, n. Etym: [LL.Jesse, the father of David, fr. Gr. Yishai.] Defn: Any representation or suggestion of the genealogy of Christ, in decorative art; as: (a) A genealogical tree represented in stained glass. (b) A candlestick with many branches, each of which bears the name of some one of the descendants of Jesse; -- called also tree of Jesse. Jesse window (Arch.), a window of which the glazing and tracery represent the tree of Jesse. JESSED Jessed, a. (Her.) Defn: Having jesses on, as a hawk. JEST Jest, n. Etym: [OE. jeste, geste, deed, action, story, tale, OF. geste, LL. gesta, orig., exploits, neut. pl. from L. gestus, p. p. of gerere to bear, carry, accomplish, perform; perh. orig., to make to come, bring, and perh. akin to E. come. Cf. Gest a deed, Register, n.] 1. A deed; an action; a gest. [Obs.] The jests or actions of princes. Sir T. Elyot. 2. A mask; a pageant; an interlude. [Obs.] Nares. He promised us, in honor of our guest, To grace our banquet with some pompous jest. Kyd. 3. Something done or said in order to amuse; a joke; a witticism; a jocose or sportive remark or phrase. See Synonyms under Jest, v. i. I must be sad . . . smile at no man's jests. Shak. The Right Honorable gentleman is indebted to his memory for his jests, and to his imagination for his facts. Sheridan. 4. The object of laughter or sport; a laughingstock. Then let me be your jest; I deserve it. Shak. In jest, for mere sport or diversion; not in truth and reality; not in earnest. And given in earnest what I begged in jest. Shak. -- Jest book, a book containing a collection of jests, jokes, and amusing anecdotes; a Joe Miller. JEST Jest, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jested; p. pr. & vb. n. Jesting.] 1. To take part in a merrymaking; -- especially, to act in a mask or interlude. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To make merriment by words or actions; to joke; to make light of anything. He jests at scars that never felt a wound. Shak. Syn. -- To joke; sport; rally. -- To Jest, Joke. One jests in order to make others laugh; one jokes to please himself. A jest is usually at the expense of another, and is often ill-natured; a joke is a sportive sally designed to promote good humor without wounding the feelings of its object. "Jests are, therefore, seldom harmless; jokes frequently allowable. The most serious subject may be degraded by being turned into a jest." Crabb. JESTER Jest"er, n. Etym: [Cf. Gestour.] 1. A buffoon; a merry-andrew; a court fool. This . . . was Yorick's skull, the king's jester. Shak. Dressed in the motley garb that jesters wear. Longfellow. 2. A person addicted to jesting, or to indulgence in light and amusing talk. He ambled up and down With shallow jesters. Shak. JESTFUL Jest"ful, a. Defn: Given to jesting; full of jokes. JESTING Jest"ing, a. Defn: Sportive; not serious; fit for jests. He will find that these are no jesting matters. Macaulay . JESTING Jest"ing, n. Defn: The act or practice of making jests; joking; pleasantry. Eph. v. 4. JESTINGLY Jest"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a jesting manner. JESU Je"su, n. [L., vocative and oblique cases of Jesus.] Defn: Jesus. [Poetical] Jesu, give the weary Calm and sweet repose. S. Baring-Gould. JESUIT Jes"u*it, n. Etym: [F. Jésuite, Sp. Jesuita: cf. It. Gesuita.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: One of a religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola, and approved in 1540, under the title of The Society of Jesus. Note: The order consists of Scholastics, the Professed, the Spiritual Coadjutors, and the Temporal Coadjutors or Lay Brothers. The Jesuit novice after two years becomes a Scholastic, and takes his first vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience simply. Some years after, at the close of a second novitiate, he takes his second vows and is ranked among the Coadjutors or Professed. The Professed are bound by a fourth vow, from which only the pope can dispense, requiring them to go wherever the pope may send them for missionary duty. The Coadjutors teach in the schools, and are employed in general missionary labors. The Society is governed by a General who holds office for life. He has associated with him "Assistants" (five at the present time), representing different provinces. The Society was first established in the United States in 1807. The Jesuits have displayed in their enterprises a high degree of zeal, learning, and skill, but, by their enemies, have been generally reputed to use art and intrigue in promoting or accomplishing their purposes, whence the words Jesuit, Jesuitical, and the like, have acquired an opprobrious sense. 2. Fig.: A crafty person; an intriguer. Jesuits' bark, Peruvian bark, or the bark of certain species of Cinchona; -- so called because its medicinal properties were first made known in Europe by Jesuit missionaries to South America. -- Jesuits' drops. See Friar's balsam, under Friar. -- Jesuits' nut, the European water chestnut. -- Jesuits' powder, powdered cinchona bark. -- Jesuits' tea, a Chilian leguminous shrub, used as a tea and medicinally. JESUITED Jes"u*it*ed, a. Defn: Conforming to the principles of the Jesuits. Milton. JESUITESS Jes"u*it*ess, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Jésuitesse.] (R. C. Hist.) Defn: One of an order of nuns established on the principles of the Jesuits, but suppressed by Pope Urban in 1633. JESUITIC; JESUITICAL Jes`u*it"ic, Jes`u*it"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. jésuitique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Jesuits, or to their principles and methods. 2. Designing; cunning; deceitful; crafty; -- an opprobrious use of the word. Dryden. JESUITICALLY Jes`u*it"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a jesuitical manner. JESUITISM Jes"u*it*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. jésuitisme.] 1. The principles and practices of the Jesuits. 2. Cunning; deceit; deceptive practices to effect a purpose; subtle argument; -- an opprobrious use of the word. JESUITOCRACY Jes`u*it*oc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Jesuit + -cracy, as in aristocracy.] Defn: Government by Jesuits; also, the whole body of Jesuits in a country. [R.] C. Kingsley. JESUITRY Jes"u*it*ry, n. Defn: Jesuitism; subtle argument. [R.] Carlyle. JESUS Je"sus, n. Etym: [L. Jesus, Gr. Yésh; Yah Jehovah + h to help.] Defn: The Savior; the name of the Son of God as announced by the angel to his parents; the personal name of Our Lord, in distinction from Christ, his official appellation. Luke i. 31. Thou shalt call his name Jesus; for he shall save his people from their sins. Matt. i. 21. Note: The form Jesu is often used, esp. in the vocative. Jesu, do thou my soul receive. Keble. The Society of Jesus. See Jesuit. JET Jet, n. Defn: Same as 2d Get. [Obs.] Chaucer. JET Jet, n. Etym: [OF. jet, jayet, F. jaïet, jais, L. gagates, fr. Gr. [written also jeat, jayet.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of lignite, of a very compact texture and velvet black color, susceptible of a good polish, and often wrought into mourning jewelry, toys, buttons, etc. Formerly called also black amber. Jet ant (Zoöl.), a blackish European ant (Formica fuliginosa), which builds its nest of a paperlike material in the trunks of trees. JET Jet, n. Etym: [F. jet, OF. get, giet, L. jactus a throwing, a throw, fr. jacere to throw. Cf. Abject, Ejaculate, Gist, Jess, Jut.] 1. A shooting forth; a spouting; a spurt; a sudden rush or gush, as of water from a pipe, or of flame from an orifice; also, that which issues in a jet. 2. Drift; scope; range, as of an argument. [Obs.] 3. The sprue of a type, which is broken from it when the type is cold. Knight. Jet propeller (Naut.), a device for propelling vessels by means of a forcible jet of water ejected from the vessel, as by a centrifugal pump. -- Jet pump, a device in which a small jet of steam, air, water, or other fluid, in rapid motion, lifts or otherwise moves, by its impulse, a larger quantity of the fluid with which it mingles. JET Jet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jetting.] Etym: [F. jeter, L. jactare, freq. fr. jacere to throw. See 3d Jet, and cf. Jut.] 1. To strut; to walk with a lofty or haughty gait; to be insolent; to obtrude. [Obs.] he jets under his advanced plumes! Shak. To jet upon a prince's right. Shak. 2. To jerk; to jolt; to be shaken. [Obs.] Wiseman. 3. To shoot forward or out; to project; to jut out. JET Jet, v. t. Defn: To spout; to emit in a stream or jet. A dozen angry models jetted steam. Tennyson. JET-BLACK Jet"-black`, a. Defn: Black as jet; deep black. JET D'EAU Jet` d'eau", pl. Jets d'eau (. Etym: [F., a throw of water. See Jet a shooting forth.] Defn: A stream of water spouting from a fountain or pipe (especially from one arranged to throw water upward), in a public place or in a garden, for ornament. JETERUS Jet"e*rus, n. (Bot.) Defn: A yellowness of the parts of plants which are normally green; yellows. JETSAM; JETSON Jet"sam, Jet"son, n. Etym: [F. jeter to throw: cf. OF. getaison a throwing. Cf. Flotsam, Jettison.] 1. (Mar. Law) Defn: Goods which sink when cast into the sea, and remain under water; -- distinguished from flotsam, goods which float, and ligan, goods which are sunk attached to a buoy. 2. Jettison. See Jettison, 1. JETTEAU Jet"teau, n. Defn: See Jet d'eau. [R.] Addison. JETTEE Jet"tee, n. Defn: See Jetty, n. Burke. JETTER Jet"ter, n. Defn: One who struts; one who bears himself jauntily; a fop. [Obs.] Palsgrave. JETTINESS Jet"ti*ness (-ti*nes). n. Defn: The state of being jetty; blackness. Pennant. JETTISON Jet"ti*son. n. Etym: [See Jetsam.] 1. (Mar. Law) Defn: The throwing overboard of goods from necessity, in order to lighten a vessel in danger of wreck. 2. See Jetsam, 1. JETTON Jet"ton, n. Etym: [F. jeton.] Defn: A metal counter used in playing cards. JETTY Jet"ty, a. Defn: Made of jet, or like jet in color. The people . . . are of a jetty. Sir T. Browne. JETTY Jet"ty, n.; pl. Jetties. Etym: [F.jetée a pier, a jetty, a causeway. See Jet a shooting forth, and cf. Jutty.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A part of a building that jets or projects beyond the rest, and overhangs the wall below. 2. A wharf or pier extending from the shore. 3. (Hydraul. Engin.) Defn: A structure of wood or stone extended into the sea to influence the current or tide, or to protect a harbor; a mole; as, the Eads system of jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Jetty ad (Naut.), a projecting part at the end of a wharf; the front of a wharf whose side forms one of the cheeks of a dock. JETTY Jet"ty, v. i. Defn: To jut out; to project. [Obs.] Florio. JEU D'ESPRIT Jeu" d'es`prit". Etym: [F., play of mind.] Defn: A witticism. JEUNESSE DOREE Jeu`nesse" do`rée". [F.] Defn: Lit., gilded youth; young people of wealth and fashion, esp. if given to prodigal living; -- in the French Revolution, applied to young men of the upper classes who aided in suppressing the Jacobins after the Reign of Terror. JEW Jew, n. Etym: [OF. Juis, pl., F. Juif, L. Judaeus, Gr. Y Judah, son of Jacob. Cf. Judaic.] Defn: Originally, one belonging to the tribe or kingdom of Judah; after the return from the Babylonish captivity, any member of the new state; a Hebrew; an Israelite. Jew's frankincense, gum styrax, or benzoin. -- Jew's mallow (Bot.), an annual herb (Corchorus olitorius) cultivated in Syria and Egypt as a pot herb, and in India for its fiber. -- Jew's pitch, asphaltum; bitumen. -- The Wandering Jew, an imaginary personage, who, for his cruelty to the Savior during his passion, is doomed to wander on the earth till Christ's second coming. JEWBUSH Jew"bush`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A euphorbiaceous shrub of the genus Pedilanthus (P. tithymaloides), found in the West Indies, and possessing powerful emetic and drastic qualities. JEWEL Jew"el, n. Etym: [OE. juel, jowel, OF. jouel, juel, joiel, F. joyau, dim. of OF. joie joy, jewel, F. joie joy. See Joy.] 1. An ornament of dress usually made of a precious metal, and having enamel or precious stones as a part of its design. Plate of rare device, and jewels Of rich and exquisite form. Shak. 2. A precious stone; a gem. Shak. 3. An object regarded with special affection; a precious thing. "Our prince (jewel of children)." Shak. 4. A bearing for a pivot a pivot in a watch, formed of a crystal or precious stone, as a ruby. Jewel block (Naut.), block at the extremity of a yard, through which the halyard of a studding sail is rove. JEWEL Jew"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeweled, or Jewelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeweling, or Jewelling.] Defn: To dress, adorn, deck, or supply with jewels, as a dress, a sword hilt, or a watch; to bespangle, as with jewels. The long gray tufts . . . are jeweled thick with dew. M. Arnold. JEWELER Jew"el*er, n. Etym: [Cf. F.joaillier.] Defn: One who makes, or deals in, jewels, precious stones, and similar ornaments. [Written also jeweller.] Jeweler's gold. See under Gold. JEWELLERY Jew"el*ler*y, n. Defn: See Jewelry. Burke. JEWELRY Jew"el*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. joaillerie.] 1. The art or trade of a jeweler. Cotgrave. 2. Jewels, collectively; as, a bride's jewelry. JEWELWEED Jew"el*weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Impatiens. JEWESS Jew"ess, n., fem. of Jew. Defn: A Hebrew woman. JEWFISH Jew"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) 1. A very large serranoid fish (Promicrops itaiara) of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. It often reaches the weight of five hundred pounds. Its color is olivaceous or yellowish, with numerous brown spots. Called also guasa, and warsaw. 2. A similar gigantic fish (Stereolepis gigas) of Southern California, valued as a food fish. 3. The black grouper of Florida and Texas. 4. A large herringlike fish; the tarpum. JEWISE Jew*ise", n. Defn: Same as Juise. [Obs.] Chaucer. JEWISH Jew"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Jews or Hebrews; characteristic of or resembling the Jews or their customs; Israelitish. -- Jew"ish*ly, adv. -- Jew"ish*ness, n. JEWISH CALENDAR Jew"ish cal"en*dar. Defn: A lunisolar calendar in use among Hebraic peoples, reckoning from the year 3761 b. c., the date traditionally given for the Creation. It received its present fixed form from Hillel II. about 360 a. d. The present names of the months, which are Babylonian- Assyrian in origin, replaced older ones, Abib, Bul, etc., at the time of the Babylonian Exile. Nineteen years constitute a lunar cycle, of which the 3d, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years are leap years. The year 5663 [1902-3 a. d.] was the first year of the 299th lunar cycle. The common year is said to be defective, regular, or perfect (or abundant) according as it has 353, 354, or 355 days. The leap year has an intercalary month, and a total of 383 (defective), 384 (regular), or 385 (perfect, or abundant) days. The calendar is complicated by various rules providing for the harmonious arrangement of festivals, etc., so that no simple perpetual calendar can be constructed. The following table gives the months in order, with the number of days assigned to each. Only three months vary in length. They are: Heshvan, which has 30 days in perfect years; Kislev, which has 30 days in regular and perfect years; and Adar, which has 30 days in leap years. The ecclesiastical year commences with Nisan and the civil year with Tishri. The date of the first of Tishri, or the Jewish New Year, is also given for the Jewish years 5661-5696 (1900- 1935 a. d.). From these tables it is possible to transform any Jewish date into Christian, or vice versa, for the years 1900-1935 a. d. Months of the Jewish Year. 1 Tishri . . . . . . 30 2 Heshvan . . . . . 29 (r. & d.) or 30 (p.) 3 Kislev . . . . . . 29 (d.) or 30 (r. & p.) 4 Tebet . . . . . . 29 5 Shebat . . . . . . 30 6 Adar . . . . . . . 29 or 30 (l.) -- Veadar . . . . . 29 (occuring only in leap years) 7 Nisan . . . . . . .30 8 Ivar . . . . . . ..29 9 Sivan . . . . . . .30 10 Tammux . . . . . . 29 11 Ab . . . . . . . . 30 12 Elul . . . . . . ..29 Jewish Year a. d. 5661 p. begins Sept. 24, 1900 5662 d.l. " " 14, 1901 5663 p. " Oct. 2, 1902 5664 r. " Sept. 22, 1903 5665 p.l. " " 10, 1904 5666 p. " " 30, 1905 5667 r. " " 20, 1906 5668 d.l. " " 6, 1907 5669 p. " " 26, 1908 5670 d.l. " " 16, 1909 5671 r. " Oct. 4, 1910 5672 p. " Sept. 23, 1911 5673 p.l. " " 12, 1912 5674 r. " Oct. 2, 1913 5675 d. " Sept. 21, 1914 5676 p.l. " " 9, 1915 5677 r. " " 28, 1916 5678 p. " " 17, 1917 5679 d.l. begins Sept. 7, 1918 5680 r. " " 25, 1919 5681 p.l. " " 13, 1920 5682 p. " Oct. 3, 1921 5683 d. " Sept. 23, 1922 5684 r.l. " " 11, 1923 5685 p. " " 29, 1924 5686 p. " " 19, 1925 5687 d.l. " " 9, 1926 5688 r. " " 27, 1927 5689 p.l. " " 15, 1928 5690 d. " Oct. 5, 1929 5691 r. " Sept. 23, 1930 5692 p.l. " " 12, 1931 5693 p. " Oct. 1, 1932 5694 r. " Sept. 23, 1933 5695 d.l. " " 10, 1934 5696 p. " " 28, 1935 d. = defective year; d.l. = defective leap year; p. = perfect year; p.l. = perfect leap year; r. = regular year; r.l. = regular leap year. JEWRY Jew"ry, n. Etym: [OE. Jewerie, OF. Juierie, F. Juiverie.] Defn: Judea; also, a district inhabited by Jews; a Jews' quarter. Chaucer. Teaching throughout all Jewry. Luke xxiii. 5. JEW'S-EAR Jew's"-ear`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of fungus (Hirneola Auricula-Judæ, or Auricula), bearing some resemblance to the human ear. JEW'S-HARP Jew's-harp`, n. Etym: [Jew + harp; or possibly a corrupt. of jaw's harp; cf. G. maultrommel, lit., mouthdrum.]1. An instrument of music, which, when placed between the teeth, gives, by means of a bent metal tongue struck by the finger, a sound which is modulated by the breath; -- called also Jew's-trump. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The shackle for joining a chain cable to an anchor. JEW'S-STONE; JEWSTONE Jew's-stone`, Jew"stone`, n. (Paleon.) Defn: A large clavate spine of a fossil sea urchin. JEZEBEL Jez"e*bel, n. Etym: [From Jezebel, Heb. Izebel, the wife of Ahab king of Israel.] Defn: A bold, vicious woman; a termagant. Spectator. JHARAL Jha"ral, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A wild goat (Capra Jemlaica) which inhabits the loftiest mountains of India. It has long, coarse hair, forming a thick mane on its head and neck. JIB Jib, n. Etym: [Named from its shifting from side to side. See Jib, v. i.., Jibe.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A triangular sail set upon a stay or halyard extending from the foremast or fore-topmast to the bowsprit or the jib boom. Large vessels often carry several jibe; as, inner jib; outer jib; flying jib; etc. 2. (Mach.) Defn: The projecting arm of a crane, from which the load is suspended. Jib boom (Naut.), a spar or boom which serves as an extension of the bowsprit. It is sometimes extended by another spar called the flying jib boom. [Written also gib boom.] -- Jib crane (Mach.), a crane having a horizontal jib on which a trolley moves, bearing the load. -- Jib door (Arch.), a door made flush with the wall, without dressings or moldings; a disguised door. -- Jib header (Naut.), a gaff-topsail, shaped like a jib; a jib- headed topsail. -- Jib topsail (Naut.), a small jib set above and outside of all the other jibs. -- The cut of one's jib, one's outward appearance. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott. JIB Jib, v. i. Etym: [Connected with jibe; cf. OF. giber to shake.] Defn: To move restively backward or sidewise, -- said of a horse; to balk. [Written also jibb.] [Eng.] JIB; JIBB Jib, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jibbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jibbing.] Also Jibb. [Cf. Jib a sail, Gybe.] (Chiefly Naut.) Defn: To shift, or swing round, as a sail, boom, yard, etc., as in tacking. JIBBER Jib"ber, n. Defn: A horse that jibs. [Eng.] JIBE Jibe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jibed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jibing.] Etym: [Cf. Dan. gibbe, D. gijpen, v. i., and dial. Sw. gippa to jerk. Cf. Jib, n. & v. i.] (Naut.) Defn: To shift, as the boom of a fore-and-aft sail, from one side of a vessel to the other when the wind is aft or on the quarter. See Gybe. JIBE Jibe, v. i. 1. (Naut.) Defn: To change a ship's course so as to cause a shifting of the boom. See Jibe, v. t., and Gybe. 2. To agree; to harmonize. [Colloq.] Bartlett. JIFFY Jif"fy, n. Etym: [Perh. corrupt. fr. gliff.] [Written also giffy.] Defn: A moment; an instant; as, I will be ready in a jiffy. [Colloq.] J. & H. Smith. JIG Jig, n. Etym: [OF. gigue a stringed instrument, a kind of dance, F. gigue dance, tune, gig; of German origin; cf. MHG. gige fiddle, G. geige. Cf. Gig a fiddle, Gig a whirligig.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A light, brisk musical movement. Hot and hasty, like a Scotch jib. Shak. 3. A light, humorous piece of writing, esp. in rhyme; a farce in verse; a ballad. [Obs.] A jig shall be clapped at, and every rhyme Praised and applauded. Beau. & Fl. 4. A piece of sport; a trick; a prank. [Obs.] Is't not a fine jig, A precious cunning, in the late Protector Beau & Fl. 5. A trolling bait, consisting of a bright spoon and a hook attached. 6. (Mach.) (a) A small machine or handy tool; esp.: (Metal Working) Defn: A contrivance fastened to or inclosing a piece of work, and having hard steel surfaces to guide a tool, as a drill, or to form a shield or templet to work to, as in filing. (b) (Mining) An apparatus or a machine for jigging ore. Drill jig, a jig for guiding a drill. See Jig, 6 (a). -- Jig drilling, Jig filing (Metal Working), a process of drilling or filing in which the action of the tool is directed or limited by a jig. -- Jig saw, a sawing machine with a narrow, vertically reciprocating saw, used to cut curved and irregular lines, or ornamental patterns in openwork, a scroll saw; -- called also gig saw. JIG Jig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jigged; p. pr. & vb. n. Jigging.] 1. To sing to the tune of a jig. Jig off a tune at the tongue's end. Shak. 2. To trick or cheat; to cajole; to delude. Ford. 3. (Mining) Defn: To sort or separate, as ore in a jigger or sieve. See Jigging, n. 4. (Metal Working) Defn: To cut or form, as a piece of metal, in a jigging machine. JIG Jig, v. i. Defn: To dance a jig; to skip about. You jig, you amble, and you lisp. Shak. JIGGER Jig"ger, n. Etym: [A corrupt. of chigre.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of flea (Sarcopsylla, or Pulex, penetrans), which burrows beneath the skin. See Chigoe. JIGGER Jig"ger, n. Etym: [See Jig, n. & v.] 1. One who, or that which, jigs; specifically, a miner who sorts or cleans ore by the process of jigging; also, the sieve used in jigging. 2. (Pottery) (a) A horizontal table carrying a revolving mold, on which earthen vessels are shaped by rapid motion; a potter's wheel. (b) A templet or tool by which vessels are shaped on a potter's wheel. 3. (Naut.) (a) A light tackle, consisting of a double and single block and the fall, used for various purposes, as to increase the purchase on a topsail sheet in hauling it home; the watch tackle. Totten. (b) A small fishing vessel, rigged like a yawl. [New Eng.] (c) A supplementary sail. See Dandy, n., 2 (b). 4. A pendulum rolling machine for slicking or graining leather; same as Jack, 4 (i). Jigger mast. (Naut.) (a) The after mast of a four- masted vessel. (b) The small mast set at the stern of a yawlrigged boat. JIGGING Jig"ging, n. (Mining) Defn: The act or using a jig; the act of separating ore with a jigger, or wire-bottomed sieve, which is moved up and down in water. Jigging machine. (a) (Mining) A machine for separating ore by the process of jigging. (b) (Metal Working) A machine with a rotary milling cutter and a templet by which the action of the cutter is guided or limited; -- used for forming the profile of an irregularly shaped piece; a profiling machine. JIGGISH Jig"gish, a. 1. Resembling, or suitable for, a jig, or lively movement. Tatler. 2. Playful; frisky. [R.] She is never sad, and yet not jiggish. Habington. JIGGLE Jig"gle, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of jig.] Defn: To wriggle or frisk about; to move awkwardly; to shake up and down. JIGJOG Jig"jog`, n. Defn: A jolting motion; a jogging pace. JIGJOG Jig"jog, a. Defn: Having a jolting motion. JIHAD; JEHAD Ji*had", Je*had", n. [Ar. jihad.] (Moham.) Defn: A religious war against infidels or Mohammedan heretics; also, any bitter war or crusade for a principle or belief. [Their] courage in war . . . had not, like that of the Mohammedan dervishes of the Sudan, or of Mohammedans anywhere engaged in a jehad, a religious motive and the promise of future bliss behind it. James Bryce. JILL Jill, n. Etym: [See Gill sweetheart.] Defn: A young woman; a sweetheart. See Gill. Beau. & Fl. JILL-FLIRT Jill"-flirt`, n. Defn: A light, giddy, or wanton girl or woman. See Gill-flirt. JILT Jilt, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. Scot. jillet a giddy girl, a jill-flirt, dim. of jill a jill.] Defn: A woman who capriciously deceives her lover; a coquette; a flirt. Otway. JILT Jilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jilted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jilting.] Defn: To cast off capriciously or unfeeling, as a lover; to deceive in love. Locke. JILT Jilt, v. i. Defn: To play the jilt; to practice deception in love; to discard lovers capriciously. Congreve. JIMCRACK Jim"crack`, n. Defn: See Gimcrack. JIM-CROW Jim"-crow`, n. (Mach.) 1. A machine for bending or straightening rails. 2. A planing machine with a reversing tool, to plane both ways. JIM CROW Jim Crow. Defn: A negro; -- said to be so called from a popular negro song and dance, the refrain of which is "Wheel about and turn about and jump Jim Crow," produced in 1835 by T. D. Rice, a famous negro minstrel. [Slang, U. S.] JIMMY Jim"my, n.; pl. Jimmies. Etym: [Cf. Jemmy.] Defn: A short crowbar used by burglars in breaking open doors. [Written also jemmy.] JIMP Jimp, a. Etym: [Cf. Gimp, a.] Defn: Neat; handsome; elegant. See Gimp. JIMSON WEED Jim"son weed` Defn: . See Jamestown weed. [Local, U.S.] JIN; JINN Jin, Jinn, n. Defn: See Jinnee. "Solomon is said to have had power over the jin." Balfour (Cyc. of India). JINGAL Jin*gal", n. Etym: [Hind. jangal a swivel, a large musket.] Defn: A small portable piece of ordnance, mounted on a swivel. [Written also gingal and jingall.] [India] JINGLE Jin"gle, v. i. Etym: [OE. gingelen, ginglen; prob. akin to E. chink; cf. also E. jangle.] 1. To sound with a fine, sharp, rattling, clinking, or tinkling sound; as, sleigh bells jingle. [Written also gingle.] 2. To rhyme or sound with a jingling effect. "Jingling street ballads." Macaulay. JINGLE Jin"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jingled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jingling.] Defn: To cause to give a sharp metallic sound as a little bell, or as coins shaken together; to tinkle. The bells she jingled, and the whistle blew. Pope. JINGLE Jin"gle, n. 1. A rattling, clinking, or tinkling sound, as of little bells or pieces of metal. 2. That which makes a jingling sound, as a rattle. If you plant where savages are, do not only entertain them with trifles and jingles,but use them justly. Bacon. 3. A correspondence of sound in rhymes, especially when the verse has little merit; hence, the verse itself." The least jingle of verse." Guardian. Jingle shell. See Gold shell (b), under Gold. JINGLER Jin"gler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, jingles. JINGLING Jin"gling, n. Defn: The act or process of producing a jingle; also, the sound itself; a chink. "The jingling of the guinea." Tennyson. JINGLINGLY Jin"gling*ly, adv. Defn: So as to jingle. Lowell. JINGO Jin"go, n.; pl. Jingoes. Etym: [Said to be a corruption of St. Gingoulph.] 1. A word used as a jocular oath. "By the living jingo." Goldsmith. 2. A statesman who pursues, or who favors, aggressive, domineering policy in foreign affairs. [Cant, Eng.] Note: This sense arose from a doggerel song which was popular during the Turco-Russian war of 1877 and 1878. The first two lines were as follows: -- We don't want to fight, but by Jingo if we do, We 've got the ships, we 've got the men, we 've got the money too. JINGOISM Jin"go*ism, n. Defn: The policy of the Jingoes, so called. See Jingo, 2. [Cant, Eng.] JINK Jink, v. i. [Cf. Jig, v. i.] 1. To move quickly, esp. with a sudden turn; hence, to dodge; to escape by a quick turn; --obs. or dial., except as a hunting term in pig-sticking. 2. (Card Playing) In the games of spoilfive and forty-five, to win the game by taking all five tricks; also, to play to win all five tricks, losing what has been already won if unsuccessful. JINNEE Jin"nee, n.; pl. Jinn. Etym: [Ar.] (Arabian & Mohammedan Myth.) Defn: A genius or demon; one of the fabled genii, good and evil spirits, supposed to be the children of fire, and to have the power of assuming various forms. [Written also jin, djinnee, etc.] Note: Jinn is also used as sing., with pl. jinns (. JINNY ROAD Jin"ny road`. Etym: [Cf. Gin an engine, Ginnycarriage.] (Mining) Defn: An inclined road in a coal mine, on which loaded cars descend by gravity, drawing up empty ones. Knight. JINRIKISHA Jin*rik"i*sha, n. Etym: [Jap. jin man + riki power + sha carriage.] Defn: A small, two-wheeled, hooded vehicle drawn by one more men. [Japan] JINX Jinx, n. Defn: A person, object, influence, or supernatural being which is supposed to bring bad luck or to cause things to go wrong. [Slang] JIPPO Jip"po, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. juppon.] Defn: A waistcoat or kind of stays for women. JO Jo, n.; pl. Joes. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A sweetheart; a darling. [Scot.] Burns. JOB Job, n. Etym: [Prov. E. job, gob, n., a small piece of wood, v., to stab, strike; cf. E. gob, gobbet; perh. influenced by E. chop to cut off, to mince. See Gob.] 1. A sudden thrust or stab; a jab. 2. A piece of chance or occasional work; any definite work undertaken in gross for a fixed price; as, he did the job for a thousand dollars. 3. A public transaction done for private profit; something performed ostensibly as a part of official duty, but really for private gain; a corrupt official business. 4. Any affair or event which affects one, whether fortunately or unfortunately. [Colloq.] 5. A situation or opportunity of work; as, he lost his job. [Colloq.] Note: Job is used adjectively to signify doing jobs, used for jobs, or let on hire to do jobs; as, job printer; job master; job horse; job wagon, etc. By the job, at a stipulated sum for the work, or for each piece of work done; -- distinguished from time work; as, the house was built by the job. -- Job lot, a quantity of goods, usually miscellaneous, sold out of the regular course of trade, at a certain price for the whole; as, these articles were included in a job lot. -- Job master, one who lest out horses and carriages for hire, as for family use. [Eng.] -- Job printer, one who does miscellaneous printing, esp. circulars, cards, billheads, etc. -- Odd job, miscellaneous work of a petty kind; occasional work, of various kinds, or for various people. JOB Job, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jobbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jobbing.] 1. To strike or stab with a pointed instrument. L'Estrange. 2. To thrust in, as a pointed instrument. Moxon. 3. To do or cause to be done by separate portions or lots; to sublet (work); as, to job a contract. 4. (Com.) Defn: To buy and sell, as a broker; to purchase of importers or manufacturers for the purpose of selling to retailers; as, to job goods. 5. To hire or let by the job or for a period of service; as, to job a carriage. Thackeray. JOB Job, v. i. 1. To do chance work for hire; to work by the piece; to do petty work. Authors of all work, to job for the season. Moore. 2. To seek private gain under pretense of public service; to turn public matters to private advantage. And judges job, and bishops bite the town. Pope. 3. To carry on the business of a jobber in merchandise or stocks. JOB Job, n. Defn: The hero of the book of that name in the Old Testament; the typical patient man. Job's comforter. (a) A false friend; a tactless or malicious person who, under pretense of sympathy, insinuates rebukes. (b) A boil. [Colloq.] -- Job's news, bad news. Carlyle. -- Job's tears (Bot.), a kind of grass (Coix Lacryma), with hard, shining, pearly grains. JOBATION Jo*ba"tion, n. Etym: [Prov. E. job to scold, to reprove, perh. fr. Job, the proper name.] Defn: A scolding; a hand, tedious reproof. [Law] Grose. JOBBER Job"ber, n. 1. One who works by the job. 2. A dealer in the public stocks or funds; a stockjobber. [Eng.] 3. One who buys goods from importers, wholesalers, or manufacturers, and sells to retailers. 4. One who turns official or public business to private advantage; hence, one who performs low or mercenary work in office, politics, or intrigue. JOBBERNOWL Job"ber*nowl`, n. Etym: [OE. jobbernoule, fr. jobarde a stupid fellow; cf. E. noll.] Defn: A blockhead. [Colloq. & Obs.] H. Taylor. JOBBERY Job"ber*y, n. 1. The act or practice of jobbing. 2. Underhand management; official corruption; as, municipal jobbery. Mayhew. JOBBING Job"bing, a. 1. Doing chance work or add jobs; as, a jobbing carpenter. 2. Using opportunities of public service for private gain; as, a jobbing politician. London Sat. Rev. Jobbing house, a mercantile establishment which buys from importers, wholesalers or manufacturers, and sells to retailers. [U.S.] JOCANTRY Jo"cant*ry, n. Etym: [L. jocans, p. pr. of jocare to jest, fr. jocus a jest.] Defn: The act or practice of jesting. [Obs.] JOCKEY Jock"ey, n.; pl. Jockeys. Etym: [Dim. of Jack, Scot. Jock; orig., a boy who rides horses. See 2d Jack.] 1. A professional rider of horses in races. Addison. 2. A dealer in horses; a horse trader. Macaulay. 3. A cheat; one given to sharp practice in trade. JOCKEY Jock"ey, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jockeyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jockeying.] 1. " To jostle by riding against one." Johnson. 2. To play the jockey toward; to cheat; to trick; to impose upon in trade; as, to jockey a customer. JOCKEY Jock"ey, v. i. Defn: To play or act the jockey; to cheat. JOCKEYING Jock"ey*ing, n. Defn: The act or management of one who jockeys; trickery. Beaconsfield. JOCKEYISM Jock"ey*ism, n. Defn: The practice of jockeys. JOCKEYSHIP Jock"ey*ship, n. Defn: The art, character, or position, of a jockey; the personality of a jockey. Go flatter Sawney for his jockeyship. Chatterton. Where can at last his jockeyship retire Cowper. JOCOSE Jo*cose", a. Etym: [L jocosus, fr. jocus joke. See Joke.] Defn: Given to jokes and jesting; containing a joke, or abounding in jokes; merry; sportive; humorous. To quit their austerity and be jocose and pleasant with an adversary. Shaftesbury. All . . . jocose or comical airs should be excluded. I. Watts. Syn. -- Jocular; facetious; witty; merry; pleasant; waggish; sportive; funny; comical. -- Jo*cose"ly, adv. -- Jo*cose"ness, n. Spondanus imagines that Ulysses may possibly speak jocosely, but in truth Ulysses never behaves with levity. Broome. He must beware lest his letter should contain anything like jocoseness; since jesting is incompatible with a holy and serious life. Buckle. JOCOSERIOUS Jo`co*se"ri*ous, a. Etym: [Jocose + serious.] Defn: Mingling mirth and seriousness. M. Green. JOCOSITY Jo*cos"i*ty, n. Defn: A jocose act or saying; jocoseness. Sir T. Browne. JOCULAR Joc"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. jocularis, fr. joculus, dim. of jocus joke. See Joke.] 1. Given to jesting; jocose; as, a jocular person. 2. Sportive; merry. "Jocular exploits." Cowper. The style is serious and partly jocular. Dryden. JOCULARITY Joc`u*lar"i*ty, n. Defn: Jesting; merriment. JOCULARLY Joc"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In jest; for sport or mirth; jocosely. JOCULARY Joc"u*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. jocularius. Cf. Jocular.] Defn: Jocular; jocose; sportive. Bacon. JOCULATOR Joc"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [L. See Juggler.] Defn: A jester; a joker. [Obs.] Strutt. JOCULATORY Joc"u*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. joculatorius.] Defn: Droll; sportive. [Obs.] Cockeram. JOCUND Joc"und, Etym: [L. jocundus, jucundus, orig., helpful, fr. juvare to help. See Aid.] Defn: Merry; cheerful; gay; airy; lively; sportive. Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops. Shak. Rural sports and jocund strains. Prior. -- Joc"und*ly, adv. -- Joc"und*ness, n. JOCUND Joc"und, adv. Defn: Merrily; cheerfully. Gray. JOCUNDITY Jo*cun"di*ty, n. Etym: [L. jocunditas jucunditas. See Jocund, and cf. Jucundity.] Defn: The state or quality of being jocund; gayety; sportiveness. JOE Joe, n. Defn: See Johannes. JOE MILLER Joe" Mil"ler. Etym: [From Joseph Miller, a comic actor, whose name was attached, after his death, to a popular jest book published in 1739.] Defn: A jest book; a stale jest; a worn-out joke. [Colloq.] It is an old Joe Miller in whist circles, that there are only two reasons that can justify you in not returning trumps to your partner's lead; i. e., first, sudden illness; secondly, having none. Pole. JOE-PYE WEED Joe`-Pye" weed`. (Bot.) Defn: A tall composite plant of the genus Eupatorium (E. purpureum), with purplish flowers, and whorled leaves. JOG Jog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Jogging.] Etym: [OE. joggen; cf. W. gogi to shake, and also E. shog, shock, v.] 1. To push or shake with the elbow or hand; to jostle; esp., to push or touch, in order to give notice, to excite one's attention, or to warn. Now leaps he upright, jogs me, and cries: Do you see Yonder well- favored youth Donne. Sudden I jogged Ulysses, who was laid Fast by my side. Pope. 2. To suggest to; to notify; to remind; to call the attention of; as, to jog the memory. 3. To cause to jog; to drive at a jog, as a horse. See Jog, v. i. JOG Jog, v. i. Defn: To move by jogs or small shocks, like those of a slow trot; to move slowly, leisurely, or monotonously; -- usually with on, sometimes with over. Jog on, jog on, the footpath way. Shak. So hung his destiny, never to rot, While he might still jog on and keep his trot. Milton . The good old ways our sires jogged safely over. R. Browning. JOG Jog, n. 1. A slight shake; a shake or push intended to give notice or awaken attention; a push; a jolt. To give them by turns an invisible jog. Swift. 2. A rub; a slight stop; an obstruction; hence, an irregularity in motion of from; a hitch; a break in the direction of a line or the surface of a plane. Glanvill. Jog trot, a slow, regular, jolting gait; hence, a routine habit or method, persistently adhered to. T. Hook. JOGGER Jog"ger, n. Defn: One who jogs. Dryden. JOGGING Jog"ging, n. Defn: The act of giving a jog or jogs; traveling at a jog. JOGGLE Jog"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Joggling.] Etym: [Freq. of jog.] 1. To shake slightly; to push suddenly but slightly, so as to cause to shake or totter; to jostle; to jog. 2. (Arch.) Defn: To join by means of joggles, so as to prevent sliding apart; sometimes, loosely, to dowel. The struts of a roof are joggled into the truss posts. Gwilt. JOGGLE Jog"gle, v. i. Defn: To shake or totter; to slip out of place. JOGGLE Jog"gle, n. [Arch.] Defn: A notch or tooth in the joining surface of any piece of building material to prevent slipping; sometimes, but incorrectly, applied to a separate piece fitted into two adjacent stones, or the like. Joggle joint (Arch.), a joint in any kind of building material, where the joining surfaces are made with joggles. JOHANNEAN Jo`han*ne"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to John, esp. to the Apostle John or his writings. M. Stuart. JOHANNES Jo*han"nes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Y, Y, i. e., one whom Jehovah has blessed; hence F. Jean, E. John.] (Numis.) Defn: A Portuguese gold coin of the value of eight dollars, named from the figure of King John which it bears;- often contracted into joe; as, a joe, or a half joe. JOHANNISBERGER Jo*han"nis*ber`ger, n. Etym: [G.] Defn: A fine white wine produced on the estate of Schloss (or Castle) Johannisberg, on the Rhine. JOHN John, n. Etym: [See Johannes.] Defn: A proper name of a man. John-apple, a sort of apple ripe about St. John's Day. Same as Apple-john. -- John Bull, an ideal personification of the typical characteristics of an Englishman, or of the English people. -- John Bullism, English character. W. Irving. -- John Doe (Law), the name formerly given to the fictitious plaintiff in an action of ejectment. Mozley & W. -- John Doree, John Dory. Etym: [John (or F. jaune yellow) + Doree, Dory.] (Zoöl.) An oval, compressed, European food fish (Zeus faber). Its color is yellow and olive, with golden, silvery, and blue reflections. It has a round dark spot on each side. Called also dory, doree, and St. Peter's fish. JOHNADREAMS John"a*dreams`, n. Defn: A dreamy, idle fellow. Shak. JOHNNY John"ny, n.; pl. Johnnies (. 1. A familiar diminutive of John. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sculpin. [Local cant] Johny Crapaud (, a jocose designation of a Frenchman, or of the French people, collectively. JOHNNYCAKE John"ny*cake`, n. Defn: A kind of bread made of the meal of maize (Indian corn), mixed with water or milk, etc., and baked. [U.S.] J. Barlow. JOHNSONESE John`son*ese", n. Defn: The literary style of Dr. Samuel Johnson, or one formed in imitation of it; an inflated, stilted, or pompous style, affecting classical words. E. Everett. JOHNSON GRASS John"son grass`. Etym: [Named after W. Johnson of Alabama, who planted it about 1840-1845.] (Bot.) Defn: A tall perennial grass (Sorghum Halepense), valuable in the Southern and Western States for pasture and hay. The rootstocks are large and juicy and are eagerly sought by swine. Called also Cuba grass, Means grass, Evergreen millet, and Arabian millet. JOHNSONIAN John*so"ni*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to or resembling Dr. Johnson or his style; pompous; inflated. JOHNSONIANISM John*so"ni*an*ism, n. Defn: A manner of acting or of writing peculiar to, or characteristic of, Dr. Johnson. [Written also Johnsonism.] JOHN'S-WORT John's"-wort`, n. Defn: See St. John's-wort. JOIN Join, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joined; p. pr. & vb. n. Joining.] Etym: [OE. joinen, joignen, F. joindre, fr. L. jungere to yoke, bind together, join; akin to jugum yoke. See Yoke, and cf. Conjugal, Junction, Junta.] 1. To bring together, literally or figuratively; to place in contact; to connect; to couple; to unite; to combine; to associate; to add; to append. Woe unto them that join house to house. Is. v. 8. Held up his left hand, which did flame and burn Like twenty torches joined. Shak. Thy tuneful voice with numbers join. Dryden. 2. To associate one's self to; to be or become connected with; to league one's self with; to unite with; as, to join a party; to join the church. We jointly now to join no other head. Dryden. 3. To unite in marriage. He that joineth his virgin in matrimony. Wyclif. What, therefore, God hath joined together, let not man put asunder. Matt. xix. 6. 4. To enjoin upon; to command. [Obs. & R.] They join them penance, as they call it. Tyndale. 5. To accept, or engage in, as a contest; as, to join encounter, battle, issue. Milton. To join battle, To join issue. See under Battle, Issue. Syn. -- To add; annex; unite; connect; combine; consociate; couple; link; append. See Add. JOIN Join, v. i. Defn: To be contiguous, close, or in contact; to come together; to unite; to mingle; to form a union; as, the hones of the skull join; two rivers join. Whose house joined hard to the synagogue. Acts xviii. 7. Should we again break thy commandments, and join in affinity with the people of these abominations Ezra ix. 14. Nature and fortune joined to make thee great. Shak. JOIN Join, n. (Geom.) Defn: The line joining two points; the point common to two intersecting lines. Henrici. JOINANT Join"ant, a. Etym: [OF. & F. joignant, p. pr. of joindre to join.] Defn: Adjoining. [Obs.] Chaucer. JOINDER Join"der, n. Etym: [F. joindre. See Join, v. t.] 1. The act of joining; a putting together; conjunction. Confirmed by mutual joinder of your hands. Shak. 2. (Law) (a) A joining of parties as plaintiffs or defendants in a suit. (b) Acceptance of an issue tendered in law or fact. (c) A joining of causes of action or defense in civil suits or criminal prosecutions. JOINER Join"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, joins. 2. One whose occupation is to construct articles by joining pieces of wood; a mechanic who does the woodwork (as doors, stairs, etc.) necessary for the finishing of buildings. "One Snug, the joiner." Shak. 3. A wood-working machine, for sawing, plaining, mortising, tenoning, grooving, etc. Syn. -- See Carpenter. JOINERY Join"er*y, n. Defn: The art, or trade, of a joiner; the work of a joiner. A piece of joinery . . . whimsically dovetailed. Burke. JOINHAND Join"hand`, n. Defn: Writing in which letters are joined in words; -- distinguished from writing in single letters. Addison. JOINT Joint, n. Etym: [F. joint, fr. joindre, p. p. joint. See Join.] 1. The place or part where two things or parts are joined or united; the union of two or more smooth or even surfaces admitting of a close-fitting or junction; junction as, a joint between two pieces of timber; a joint in a pipe. 2. A joining of two things or parts so as to admit of motion; an articulation, whether movable or not; a hinge; as, the knee joint; a node or joint of a stem; a ball and socket joint. See Articulation. A scaly gauntlet now, with joints of steel, Must glove this hand. Shak. To tear thee joint by joint. Milton. 3. The part or space included between two joints, knots, nodes, or articulations; as, a joint of cane or of a grass stem; a joint of the leg. 4. Any one of the large pieces of meat, as cut into portions by the butcher for roasting. 5. (Geol.) Defn: A plane of fracture, or divisional plane, of a rock transverse to the stratification. 6. (Arch.) Defn: The space between the adjacent surfaces of two bodies joined and held together, as by means of cement, mortar, etc.; as, a thin joint. 7. The means whereby the meeting surfaces of pieces in a structure are secured together. Coursing joint (Masonry), the mortar joint between two courses of bricks or stones. -- Fish joint, Miter joint, Universal joint, etc. See under Fish, Miter, etc. -- Joint bolt, a bolt for fastening two pieces, as of wood, one endwise to the other, having a nut embedded in one of the pieces. -- Joint chair (Railroad), the chair that supports the ends of abutting rails. -- Joint coupling, a universal joint for coupling shafting. See under Universal. -- Joint hinge, a hinge having long leaves; a strap hinge. -- Joint splice, a reënforce at a joint, to sustain the parts in their true relation. -- Joint stool. (a) A stool consisting of jointed parts; a folding stool. Shak. (b) A block for supporting the end of a piece at a joint; a joint chair. -- Out of joint, out of place; dislocated, as when the head of a bone slips from its socket; hence, not working well together; disordered. "The time is out of joint." Shak. JOINT Joint, a. Etym: [F., p. p. of joindre. See Join.] 1. Joined; united; combined; concerted; as joint action. 2. Involving the united activity of two or more; done or produced by two or more working together. I read this joint effusion twice over. T. Hook. 3. United, joined, or sharing with another or with others; not solitary in interest or action; holding in common with an associate, or with associates; acting together; as, joint heir; joint creditor; joint debtor, etc. "Joint tenants of the world." Donne. 4. Shared by, or affecting two or more; held in common; as, joint property; a joint bond. A joint burden laid upon us all. Shak. Joint committee (Parliamentary Practice), a committee composed of members of the two houses of a legislative body, for the appointment of which concurrent resolutions of the two houses are necessary. Cushing. -- Joint meeting, or Joint session, the meeting or session of two distinct bodies as one; as, a joint meeting of committees representing different corporations; a joint session of both branches of a State legislature to chose a United States senator. "Such joint meeting shall not be dissolved until the electoral votes are all counted and the result declared." Joint Rules of Congress, U. S. -- Joint resolution (Parliamentary Practice), a resolution adopted concurrently by the two branches of a legislative body. "By the constitution of the United States and the rules of the two houses, no absolute distinction is made between bills and joint resolutions." Barclay (Digest). -- Joint rule (Parliamentary Practice), a rule of proceeding adopted by the concurrent action of both branches of a legislative assembly. "Resolved, by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), that the sixteenth and seventeenth joint rules be suspended for the remainder of the session." Journal H. of R., U. S. -- Joint and several (Law), a phrase signifying that the debt, credit, obligation, etc., to which it is applied is held in such a way that the parties in interest are engaged both together and individually thus a joint and several debt is one for which all the debtors may be sued together or either of them individually. -- Joint stock, stock held in company. -- Joint-stock company (Law), a species of partnership, consisting generally of a large number of members, having a capital divided, or agreed to be divided, into shares, the shares owned by any member being usually transferable without the consent of the rest. -- Joint tenancy (Law), a tenure by two or more persons of estate by unity of interest, title, time, and possession, under which the survivor takes the whole. Blackstone. -- Joint tenant (Law), one who holds an estate by joint tenancy. JOINT Joint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jointing.] 1. To unite by a joint or joints; to fit together; to prepare so as to fit together; as, to joint boards. Pierced through the yielding planks of jointed wood. Pope. 2. To join; to connect; to unite; to combine. Jointing their force 'gainst Cæsar. Shak. 3. To provide with a joint or joints; to articulate. The fingers are jointed together for motion. Ray. 4. To separate the joints; of; to divide at the joint or joints; to disjoint; to cut up into joints, as meat. "He joints the neck. Dryden. Quartering, jointing, seething, and roasting. Holland. JOINT Joint, v. i. Defn: To fit as if by joints; to coalesce as joints do; as, the stones joint, neatly. JOINTED Joint"ed, a. Defn: Having joints; articulated; full of nodes; knotty; as, a jointed doll; jointed structure. "The jointed herbage." J. Philips. -- Joint"ed*ly, adv. JOINTER Joint"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, joints. 2. A plane for smoothing the surfaces of pieces which are to be accurately joined; especially: (a) The longest plane used by a joiner. (b) (Coopering) A long stationary plane, for plaining the edges of barrel staves. 3. (Masonry) (a) A bent piece of iron inserted to strengthen the joints of a wall. (b) A tool for pointing the joints in brickwork. JOINT-FIR Joint"-fir`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus (Ephedra) of leafless shrubs, with the stems conspicuously jointed; -- called also shrubby horsetail. There are about thirty species, of which two or three are found from Texas to California. JOINTING Joint"ing, n. Defn: The act or process of making a joint; also, the joints thus produced. Jointing machine, a planing machine for wood used in furniture and piano factories, etc. -- Jointing plane. See Jointer, 2. -- Jointing rule (Masonry), a long straight rule, used by bricklayers for securing straight joints and faces. JOINTLESS Joint"less, a. Defn: Without a joint; rigid; stiff. JOINTLY Joint"ly, adv. Defn: In a joint manner; together; unitedly; in concert; not separately. Then jointly to the ground their knees they bow. Shak. JOINTRESS Joint"ress, n. (Law) Defn: A woman who has a jointure. [Written also jointuress.] Blackstone. JOINTURE Join"ture, n. Etym: [F. jointure a joint, orig., a joining, L. junctura, fr. jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Juncture.] 1. A joining; a joint. [Obs.] 2. (Law) Defn: An estate settled on a wife, which she is to enjoy after husband's decease, for her own life at least, in satisfaction of dower. The jointure that your king must make, Which with her dowry shall be counterpoised. Shak. JOINTURE Join"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointured; p. pr. & vb. n. Jointuring.] Defn: To settle a jointure upon. JOINTURELESS Join"ture*less, a. Defn: Having no jointure. JOINTURESS Join"tur*ess, n. Defn: See Jointress. Bouvier. JOINTWEED Joint"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A slender, nearly leafless, American herb (Polygonum articulatum), with jointed spikes of small flowers. JOINTWORM Joint"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of a small, hymenopterous fly (Eurytoma hordei), which is found in gall-like swellings on the stalks of wheat, usually at or just above the first joint. In some parts of America it does great damage to the crop. JOIST Joist, n. Etym: [OE. giste, OF. giste, F. gîte, fr. gesir to lie, F. gésir. See Gist.] (Arch.) Defn: A piece of timber laid horizontally, or nearly so, to which the planks of the floor, or the laths or furring strips of a ceiling, are nailed; -- called, according to its position or use, binding joist, bridging joist, ceiling joist, trimming joist, etc. See Illust. of Double-framed floor, under Double, a. JOIST Joist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Joisting.] Defn: To fit or furnish with joists. Johnson. JOKE Joke, n. Etym: [L. jocus. Cf Jeopardy, Jocular, Juggler.] 1. Something said for the sake of exciting a laugh; something witty or sportive (commonly indicating more of hilarity or humor than jest); a jest; a witticism; as, to crack good-natured jokes. And gentle dullness ever loves a joke. Pope. Or witty joke our airy senses moves To pleasant laughter. Gay. 2. Something not said seriously, or not actually meant; something done in sport. Inclose whole downs in walls, 't is all a joke. Pope. In joke, in jest; sportively; not meant seriously. -- Practical joke. See under Practical. JOKE Joke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joked; p. pr. & vb. n. Joking.] Defn: To make merry with; to make jokes upon; to rally; to banter; as, to joke a comrade. JOKE Joke, v. i. Etym: [L. jocari.] Defn: To do something for sport, or as a joke; to be merry in words or actions; to jest. He laughed, shouted, joked, and swore. Macaulay. Syn. -- To jest; sport; rally; banter. See Jest. JOKER Jok"er, n. 1. One who makes jokes or jests. 2. (Card Playing) Defn: See Rest bower, under 2d Bower. JOKINGLY Jok"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a joking way; sportively. JOLE; JOLL Jole, Joll, v. t. & n. Defn: Same as Jowl. Shak. JOLIF Jol*if", a. Etym: [See Jolly.] Defn: Joyful; merry; pleasant; jolly. [Obs.] Chaucer. JOLLIFICATION Jol`li*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Jolly + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: A merrymaking; noisy festivity. [Colloq.] We have had a jollification or so together. Sir W. Scott. JOLLILY Jol"li*ly, adv. Defn: In a jolly manner. JOLLIMENT Jol"li*ment, n. Defn: Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser. JOLLINESS Jol"li*ness, n. Defn: Jollity; noisy mirth. Chaucer. JOLLITY Jol"li*ty, n. Etym: [From Jolly: cf. OF. jolieté, joliveté.] Defn: Noisy mirth; gayety; merriment; festivity; boisterous enjoyment. Chaucer. All now was turned to jollity and game. Milton. He with a proud jollity commanded him to leave that quarrel only for him, who was only worthy to enter into it. Sir P. Sidney. Syn. -- Merriment; mirth; gayety; festivity; hilarity. JOLLY Jol"ly, a. [Compar. Jollier; superl. Jolliest.] Etym: [OF. joli, jolif, joyful, merry, F. joli pretty; of Scand. origin, akin to E. yule; cf. Icel. j yule, Christmass feast. See Yule.] 1. Full of life and mirth; jovial; joyous; merry; mirthful. Like a jolly troop of huntsmen. Shak. "A jolly place," said he, "in times of old! But something ails it now: the spot is cursed." Wordsworth. 2. Expressing mirth, or inspiring it; exciting mirth and gayety. And with his jolly pipe delights the groves. Prior. Their jolly notes they chanted loud and clear. Fairfax. 3. Of fine appearance; handsome; excellent; lively; agreeable; pleasant. "A jolly cool wind." Sir T. North. [Now mostly colloq.] Full jolly knight he seemed, and fair did sit. Spenser. The coachman is swelled into jolly dimensions. W. Irving. JOLLY-BOAT Jol"ly-boat`, n. Etym: [A corruption of Dan. jolle yawl, or of D. jol yawl + E. boat. See Yawl the boat.] (Naut.) Defn: A boat of medium size belonging to a ship. JOLLYHEAD Jol"ly*head, n. Defn: Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser. JOLT Jolt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jolting.] Etym: [Prob. fr. jole, joll, jowl, and orig. meaning, to knock on the head. See Jowl.] Defn: To shake with short, abrupt risings and fallings, as a carriage moving on rough ground; as, the coach jolts. JOLT Jolt, v. t. Defn: To cause to shake with a sudden up and down motion, as in a carriage going over rough ground, or on a high-trotting horse; as, the horse jolts the rider; fast driving jolts the carriage and the passengers. JOLT Jolt, n. Defn: A sudden shock or jerk; a jolting motion, as in a carriage moving over rough ground. The first jolt had like to have shaken me out. Swift. JOLTER Jolt"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, jolts. JOLTERHEAD; JOLTHEAD Jolt"er*head`, Jolt"head`, n. Etym: [See Jolt, Jowl.] Defn: A dunce; a blockhead. Sir T. North. JOLTINGLY Jolt"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a jolting manner. JOLTY Jolt"y, a. Defn: That jolts; as, a jolty coach. [Colloq.] JONAH Jo"nah, n. Defn: The Hebrew prophet, who was cast overboard as one who endangered the ship; hence, any person whose presence is unpropitious. Jonah crab (Zoöl.), a large crab (Cancer borealis) of the eastern coast of the United States, sometimes found between tides, but usually in deep water. JONESIAN Jo*ne"sian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Jones. The Jonesian system, a system of transliterating Oriental words by English letters, invented by Sir William Jones. JONGLEUR; JONGLER Jon"gleur, Jon"gler, n. Etym: [F. jongleur. See Juggler.] 1. In the Middle Ages, a court attendant or other person who, for hire, recited or sang verses, usually of his own composition. See Troubadour. Vivacity and picturesquenees of the jongleur's verse. J R. Green. 2. A juggler; a conjuror. See Juggler. Milton. JONQUIL; JONQUILLE Jon"quil, Jon"quille, n. Etym: [F. jonquille, fr. L. juncus a rush, because it has rushlike leaves.] (Bot.) Defn: A bulbous plant of the genus Narcissus (N. Jonquilla), allied to the daffodil. It has long, rushlike leaves, and yellow or white fragrant flowers. The root has emetic properties. It is sometimes called the rush-leaved daffodil. See Illust. of Corona. JORAM Jo"ram, n. Defn: See Jorum. JORDAN; JORDEN Jor"dan, Jor"den, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. the river Jordan, and shortened fr. Jordan bottle a bottle of water from the Jordan, brought back by pilgrims.] 1. A pot or vessel with a large neck, formerly used by physicians and alchemists. [Obs.] Halliwell. 2. A chamber pot. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak. JORUM Jo"rum, n. Etym: [Perh. corrupted fr. jorden an earthen pot.] Defn: A large drinking vessel; also, its contents. [Colloq. Eng.] Forby. JOSEPH Jo"seph, n. Defn: An outer garment worn in the 18th century; esp., a woman's riding habit, buttoned down the front. Fairholt. JOSEPH'S FLOWER Jo"seph's flow"er. (Bot.) Defn: A composite herb (Tragopogon pratensis), of the same genus as the salsify. JOSO Jo"so, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small gudgeon. JOSS Joss, n. Etym: [Chinese, corrupt. fr. Pg. deos God, L. deus.] Defn: A Chinese household divinity; a Chinese idol. "Critic in jars and josses." Colman (1761). Joss house, a Chinese temple or house for the Chinese mode of worship. -- Joss stick, a reed covered with a paste made of the dust of odoriferous woods, or a cylinder made wholly of the paste; -- burned by the Chinese before an idol. JOSSA Jos"sa, interj. Defn: A command to a horse, probably meaning "stand still." [Obs.] Chaucer. JOSS PAPER Joss paper. Defn: Gold and silver paper burned by the Chinese, in the form of coins or ingots, in worship and at funerals. JOSTLE Jos"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jostled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jostling.] Etym: [A dim. of joust, just, v. See Joust, and cf. Justle.] [Written also justle.] Defn: To run against and shake; to push out of the way; to elbow; to hustle; to disturb by crowding; to crowd against. "Bullies jostled him." Macaulay. Systems of movement, physical, intellectual, and moral, which are perpetually jostling each other. I. Taylor. JOSTLE Jos"tle, v. i. Defn: To push; to crowd; to hustle. None jostle with him for the wall. Lamb. JOSTLE Jos"tle, n. Defn: A conflict by collisions; a crowding or bumping together; interference. The jostle of South African nationalities and civilization. The Nation. JOSTLEMENT Jos"tle*ment, n. Defn: Crowding; hustling. JOT Jot, n. Etym: [L. iota, Gr. i. Heb. y), the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet. Cf. Iota.] Defn: An iota; a point; a tittle; the smallest particle. Cf. Bit, n. Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. Matt. v. 18. Neither will they bate One jot of ceremony. Shak. JOT Jot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jotting.] Defn: To set down; to make a brief note of; -- usually followed by down. JOTTER Jot"ter, n. 1. One who jots down memoranda. 2. A memorandum book. JOUGS Jougs, n. Etym: [F. joug a yoke, L. jugum. See Yoke.] Defn: An iron collar fastened to a wall or post, formerly used in Scotland as a kind of pillory. [Written also juggs.] See Juke. Sir W. Scott. JOUISSANCE Jou"is*sance, n. Etym: [F., fr. jouir to enjoy, fr. L. gaudere to rejoice.] Defn: Jollity; merriment. [Obs.] Spenser. JOUK Jouk, v. i. Defn: See Juke. JOUL Joul, v. t. Defn: See Jowl. JOULE Joule, n. Etym: [From the distinguished English physicist, James P. Joule.] (Physics.) Defn: A unit of work which is equal to 107 units of work in the C. G. S. system of units (ergs), and is practically equivalent to the energy expended in one second by an electric current of one ampere in a resistance of one ohm. One joule is approximately equal to 0.738 foot pounds. Joule's equivalent. See under Equivalent, n. JOULEMETER Joule"me`ter, n. Defn: An integrating wattmeter for measuring the energy in joules expended in an electric circuit or developed by a machine. JOULE'S CYCLE Joule's cycle. (Thermodynamics) Defn: The cycle for the air engine proposed by Joule. In it air is taken by a pump from a cold chamber and compressed adiabatically until its pressure is eqal to that of the air in a hot chamber, into which it is then delivered, thereby displacing an equal amount of hot air into the engine cylinder. Here it expands adiabatically to the temperature of the cold chamber into which it is finally exhausted. This cycle, reversed, is used in refrigerating machines. JOULE'S LAW Joule's law. 1. (Elec.) Defn: The law that the rate at which heat is produced in any part of an electric circuit is measured by the product of the square of the current into the resistance of that part of the circuit. If the current (i) is constant for an interval of time (t), the energy (H) in heat units equals i2Rt, R being resistance. 2. (Thermodynamics) The law that there is no change of temperature when a gas expands without doing external work and without receiving or rejecting heat. JOUNCE Jounce, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jounced; p. pr. & vb. n. Jouncing.] Etym: [Cf. Jaunce.] Defn: To jolt; to shake, especially by rough riding or by driving over obstructions. JOUNCE Jounce, n. Defn: A jolt; a shake; a hard trot. JOURNAL Jour"nal, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. diurnalis diurnal, fr. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies day. See Diurnal.] Defn: Daily; diurnal. [Obs.] Whiles from their journal labors they did rest. Spenser. JOURNAL Jour"nal, n. Etym: [F. journal. See Journal, a.] 1. A diary; an account of daily transactions and events. Specifically: (a) (Bookkeeping) A book of accounts, in which is entered a condensed and grouped statement of the daily transactions. (b) (Naut.) A daily register of the ship's course and distance, the winds, weather, incidents of the voyage, etc. (c) (Legislature) The record of daily proceedings, kept by the clerk. (d) A newspaper published daily; by extension, a weekly newspaper or any periodical publication, giving an account of passing events, the proceedings and memoirs of societies, etc. ; a periodical; a magazine. 2. That which has occurred in a day; a day's work or travel; a day's journey. [Obs. & R.] B. Jonson. 3. (Mach.) Defn: That portion of a rotating piece, as a shaft, axle, spindle, etc., which turns in a bearing or box. See Illust. of Axle box. Journal box, or Journal bearing (Mach.) the carrier of a journal; the box in which the journal of a shaft, axle, or pin turns. JOURNALISM Jour"nal*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. journalisme.] 1. The keeping of a journal or diary. [Obs.] 2. The periodical collection and publication of current news; the business of managing, editing, or writing for, journals or newspapers; as, political journalism. Journalism is now truly an estate of the realm. Ed. Rev. JOURNALIST Jour"nal*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. journaliste.] 1. One who keeps a journal or diary. [Obs.] Mickle. 2. The conductor of a public journal, or one whose business it to write for a public journal; an editorial or other professional writer for a periodical. Addison. JOURNALISTIC Jour"nal*is"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to journals or to journalists; contained in, or characteristic of, the public journals; as journalistic literature or enterprise. JOURNALIZE Jour"nal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Journalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Journalizing.] Defn: To enter or record in a journal or diary. Johnson. JOURNALIZE Jour"nal*ize, v. i. Defn: to conduct or contribute to a public journal; to follow the profession of a journalist. JOURNEY Jour"ney, n.; pl. Journeys. Etym: [OE. jornee, journee, prop., a day's journey, OF. jornée, jurnée, a day, a day's work of journey, F. journée, fr. OF. jorn, jurn, jor a day, F. jour, fr. L. diurnus. See Journal.] 1. The travel or work of a day. [Obs.] Chaucer. We have yet large day, for scarce the sun Hath finished half his journey. Milton. 2. Travel or passage from one place to another; hence, figuratively, a passage through life. The good man . . . is gone a long journey. Prov. vii. 19. We must all have the same journey's end. Bp. Stillingfleet. Syn. -- Tour; excursion; trip; expedition; pilgrimage. -- Journey, Tour, Excursion, Pilgrimage. The word journey suggests the idea of a somewhat prolonged traveling for a specific object, leading a person to pass directly from one point to another. In a tour, we take a roundabout course from place to place, more commonly for pleasure, though sometimes on business. An excursion is usually a brief tour or trip for pleasure, health, etc. In a pilgrimage we travel to a place hallowed by our religions affections, or by some train of sacred or tender associations. A journey on important business; the tour of Europe; an excursion to the lakes; a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. JOURNEY Jour"ney, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Journeyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Journeying.] Defn: To travel from place to place; to go from home to a distance. Abram journeyed, going on still toward the south. Gen. xii. 9. JOURNEY Jour"ney, v. t. Defn: To traverse; to travel over or through. [R.] "I journeyed many a land." Sir W. Scott. JOURNEY-BATED Jour"ney-bat`ed, a. Defn: Worn out with journeying. [Obs.] Shak. JOURNEYER Jour"ney*er, n. Defn: One who journeys. JOURNEYMAN Jour"ney*man, n.; pl. Journeymen (. Defn: Formerly, a man hired to work by the day; now, commonly, one who has mastered a handicraft or trade; -- distinguished from apprentice and from master workman. I have thought some of nature's journeymen had made men, and not made them well. Shak. JOURNEYWORK Jour"ney*work`, n. Defn: Originally, work done by the day; work done by a journeyman at his trade. JOUST Joust, v. i. Etym: [OE. justen, jousten, OF. jouster, jouster, joster, F. jouter, fr. L. juxta near to, nigh, from the root of jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Jostle.] Defn: To engage in mock combat on horseback, as two knights in the lists; to tilt. [Written also just.] For the whole army to joust and tourney. Holland. JOUST Joust, n. Etym: [OE. juste, jouste, OF. juste, jouste, joste, F. joute. See Joust, v. i.] Defn: A tilting match; a mock combat on horseback between two knights in the lists or inclosed field. [Written also just.] Gorgeous knights at joust and tournament. Milton. JOUSTER Joust"er, n. Defn: One who jousts or tilts. JOVE Jove, n. Etym: [L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, OL. Jovis, nom. & gen. for Djovis; akin to E. Tuesday. See Tuesday, and cf. Jupiter.] 1. The chief divinity of the ancient Romans; Jupiter. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The planet Jupiter. [R.] Pope. 3. (Alchemy) Defn: The metal tin. Bird of Jove, the eagle. JOVIAL Jo"vi*al, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. Jovialis pertaining to Jove. The planet Jupiter was thought to make those born under it joyful or jovial. See Jove.] 1. Of or pertaining to the god, or the planet, Jupiter. [Obs.] Our jovial star reigned at his birth. Shak. The fixed stars astrologically differenced by the planets, and esteemed Martial or Jovial according to the colors whereby they answer these planets. Sir T. Browne. 2. Sunny; serene. [Obs.] "The heavens always joviall." Spenser. 3. Gay; merry; joyous; jolly; mirth-inspiring; hilarious; characterized by mirth or jollity; as, a jovial youth; a jovial company; a jovial poem. Be bright and jovial among your guests. Shak. His odes are some of them panegyrical, others moral; the rest are jovial or bacchanalian. Dryden. Note: This word is a relic of the belief in planetary influence. Other examples are saturnine, mercurial, martial, lunatic, etc. Syn. -- Merry; joyous; gay; festive; mirthful; gleeful; jolly; hilarious. JOVIALIST Jo"vi*al*ist, n. Defn: One who lives a jovial life. Bp. Hall. JOVIALITY Jo`vi*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. jovialité.] Defn: The quality or state of being jovial. Sir T. Herbert. JOVIALLY Jo"vi*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a jovial manner; merrily; gayly. B. Jonson. JOVIALNESS Jo"vi*al*ness, n. Defn: Noisy mirth; joviality. Hewyt. JOVIALTY Jo"vi*al*ty, n. Defn: Joviality. [R.] Barrow. JOVIAN Jo"vi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Jove, or Jupiter (either the deity or the planet). JOVICENTRIC Jo`vi*cen"tric, a. Etym: [See Jove, and Center.] (Astron.) Defn: Revolving around the planet Jupiter; appearing as viewed from Jupiter. [R.] J. R. Hind. JOVINIANIST Jo*vin"ian*ist, n. (Script. Hist.) Defn: An adherent to the doctrines of Jovinian, a monk of the fourth century, who denied the virginity of Mary, and opposed the asceticism of his time. JOWL Jowl, n. Etym: [For older chole, chaul, AS. ceaft jaw. Cf. Chaps.] Defn: The cheek; the jaw. [Written also jole, choule, chowle, and geoule.] Cheek by jowl, with the cheeks close together; side by side; in close proximity. "I will go with three cheek by jole." Shak. " Sits cheek by jowl." Dryden. JOWL Jowl, v. t. Defn: To throw, dash, or knock. [Obs.] How the knave jowls it to the ground. Shak. JOWLER Jowl"er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A dog with large jowls, as the beagle. JOWTER Jow"ter, n. Defn: A mounted peddler of fish; -- called also jouster. [Obs.] Carew. JOY Joy, n. Etym: [OE. joye, OF. joye, joie, goie, F. joie, L. gaudia, pl. of gaudium joy, fr. gaudere to rejoice, to be glad; cf. Gr. Gaud, Jewel.] 1. The passion or emotion excited by the acquisition or expectation of good; pleasurable feelings or emotions caused by success, good fortune, and the like, or by a rational prospect of possessing what we love or desire; gladness; exhilaration of spirits; delight. Her heavenly form beheld, all wished her joy. Dryden. Glides the smooth current of domestic joy. Johnson. Who, for the joy that was set before him, endured the cross, despising the shame. Heb. xii. 2. Tears of true joy for his return. Shak. Joy is a delight of the mind, from the consideration of the present or assured approaching possession of a good. Locke. 2. That which causes joy or happiness. For ye are our glory and joy. 1 Thess. ii. 20. A thing of beauty is a joy forever. Keats. 3. The sign or exhibition of joy; gayety; mirth; merriment; festivity. Such joy made Una, when her knight she found. Spenser. The roofs with joy resound. Dryden. Note: Joy is used in composition, esp. with participles, to from many self-explaining compounds; as, joy-hells, joy-ringing, joy-inspiring, joy-resounding, etc. Syn. -- Gladness; pleasure; delight; happiness; exultation; transport; felicity; ecstasy; rapture; bliss; gayety; mirth; merriment; festivity; hilarity. JOY Joy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Joyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Joying.] Etym: [OF. joir, F. jouir. See Joy, n.] Defn: To rejoice; to be glad; to delight; to exult. I will joy in the God of my salvation. Hab. iii. 18. In whose sight all things joy. Milton. JOY Joy, v. t. 1. To give joy to; to congratulate. [Obs.] "Joy us of our conquest." Dryden. To joy the friend, or grapple with the foe. Prior. 2. To gladden; to make joyful; to exhilarate. [Obs.] Neither pleasure's art can joy my spirits. Shak. 3. To enjoy. [Obs.] See Enjoy. Who might have lived and joyed immortal bliss. Milton. JOYANCE Joy"ance, n. Etym: [OF. joiance.] Defn: Enjoyment; gayety; festivity; joyfulness. Spenser. Some days of joyance are decreed to all. Byron. From what hid fountains doth thy joyance flow Trench. JOYANCY Joy"an*cy, n. Defn: Joyance. [R.] Carlyle. JOYFUL Joy"ful, a. Defn: Full of joy; having or causing joy; very glad; as, a joyful heart. "Joyful tidings." Shak. My soul shall be joyful in my God. Is. lxi. 10. Sad for their loss, but joyful of our life. Pope. -- Joy"ful*ly, adv. -- Joy"ful*ness, n. JOYLESS Joy"less, a. Defn: Not having joy; not causing joy; unenjoyable. -- Joy"less*ly, adv. -- Joy"less*ness, n. With downcast eyes the joyless victor sat. Dryden. Youth and health and war are joyless to him. Addison. [He] pining for the lass, Is joyless of the grove, and spurns the growing grass. Dryden. JOYOUS Joy"ous, a. Etym: [OE. joyous, joious, joios, F. joyeux.See Joy.] Defn: Glad; gay; merry; joyful; also, affording or inspiring joy; with of before the word or words expressing the cause of joy. Is this your joyous city Is. xxiii. 7. They all as glad as birds of joyous prime. Spenser. And joyous of our conquest early won. Dryden. Syn. -- Merry; lively; blithe; gleeful; gay; glad; mirthful; sportive; festive; joyful; happy; blissful; charming; delightful. -- Joy"ous*ly, adv. -- Joy"ous*ness, n. JOYSOME Joy"some (, a. Defn: Causing joyfulness. [R.] This all joysome grove. T. Browne. JUB Jub, n. Etym: [Perh. corrupted fr. jug.] Defn: A vessel for holding ale or wine; a jug. [Obs.] Chaucer. JUBA Ju"ba, n.; pl. Jubæ (-be). Etym: [L., a mane.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The mane of an animal. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A loose panicle, the axis of which falls to pieces, as in certain grasses. JUBATE Ju"bate, a. Etym: [L. jubatus having a mane.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Fringed with long, pendent hair. JUBBAH; JUBBEH; JOOBBEH Jub"bah, n. Also Jub"beh, Joob"beh. [Hind. jubba, fr. Ar. jubbah.] Defn: A long outer garment worn by both sexes of Mohammedans of the better class. JUBE Ju`bé", n. Etym: [F.] (Arch.) (a) chancel screen or rood screen. (b) gallery above such a screen, from which certain parts of the service were formerly read. See Rood loft, under Rood. JUBILANT Ju"bi*lant, a. Etym: [L. jubilans, -antis, p. pr. of jubilare to shout for joy: cf. F. jubila. See Jubilate.] Defn: Uttering songs of triumph; shouting with joy; triumphant; exulting. "The jubilant age." Coleridge. While the bright pomp ascended jubilant. Milton. JUBILANTLY Ju"bi*lant*ly, adv. Defn: In a jubilant manner. JUBILAR Ju"bi*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. jubilaire.] Defn: Pertaining to, or having the character of, a jubilee. [R.] Bp. Hall. JUBILATE Ju`bi*la"te, n. Etym: [L., imperat. of jubilare to shout for joy.] 1. The third Sunday after Easter; -- so called because the introit is the 66th Psalm, which, in the Latin version, begins with the words, "Jubilate Deo." 2. A name of the 100th Psalm; -- so called from its opening word in the Latin version. JUBILATE Ju"bi*late, v. i. Etym: [L. jubilatus, p. p. of jubilare.] Defn: To exult; to rejoice. [R.] De Quincey. JUBILATION Ju`bi*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. jubilatio: cf. F. jubilation.] Defn: A triumphant shouting; rejoicing; exultation. "Jubilations and hallelujahs." South. JUBILEE Ju"bi*lee, n. Etym: [F. jubilé, L. jubilaeus, Gr. y the blast of a trumpet, also the grand sabbatical year, which was announced by sound of trumpet.] 1. (Jewish Hist.) Defn: Every fiftieth year, being the year following the completion of each seventh sabbath of years, at which time all the slaves of Hebrew blood were liberated, and all lands which had been alienated during the whole period reverted to their former owners. [In this sense spelled also, in some English Bibles, jubile.] Lev. xxv. 8-17. 2. The joyful commemoration held on the fiftieth anniversary of any event; as, the jubilee of Queen Victoria's reign; the jubilee of the American Board of Missions. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A church solemnity or ceremony celebrated at Rome, at stated intervals, originally of one hundred years, but latterly of twenty- five; a plenary and extraordinary indulgence grated by the sovereign pontiff to the universal church. One invariable condition of granting this indulgence is the confession of sins and receiving of the eucharist. 4. A season of general joy. The town was all a jubilee of feasts. Dryden. 5. A state of joy or exultation. [R.] "In the jubilee of his spirits." Sir W. Scott. JUCUNDITY Ju*cun"di*ty, n. Etym: [L. jucunditas, from jucundus.] Defn: Pleasantness; agreeableness. See Jocundity. [R.] Sir T. Browne. JUDAHITE Ju"dah*ite, n. Defn: One of the tribe of Judah; a member of the kingdom of Judah; a Jew. Kitto. JUDAIC; JUDAICAL Ju*da"ic, Ju*da"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. Judaïcus, fr. Judaea, the country Judea: cf. F. Judaïque. See Jew.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Jews. "The natural or Judaical [religion]." South. JUDAICALLY Ju*da"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: After the Jewish manner. Milton. JUDAISM Ju"da*ism, n. Etym: [L. Judaïsmus: cf. F. judaïsme.] 1. The religious doctrines and rites of the Jews as enjoined in the laws of Moses. J. S. Mill. 2. Conformity to the Jewish rites and ceremonies. JUDAIST Ju"da*ist, n. Defn: One who believes and practices Judaism. JUDAISTIC Ju`da*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Judaism. JUDAIZATION Ju`da*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of Judaizing; a conforming to the Jewish religion or ritual. [R.] JUDAIZE Ju"da*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Judaized; p. pr. & vb. n. Judaizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. judaïser.] Defn: To conform to the doctrines, observances, or methods of the Jews; to inculcate or impose Judaism. They . . . prevailed on the Galatians to Judaize so far as to observe the rites of Moses in various instances. They were Judaizing doctors, who taught the observation of the Mosaic law. Bp. Bull. JUDAIZE Ju"da*ize, v. t. Defn: To impose Jewish observances or rites upon; to convert to Judaism. The heretical Theodotion, the Judaized Symmachus. Milton. JUDAIZER Ju"da*i`zer, n. Defn: One who conforms to or inculcates Judaism; specifically, pl. (Ch. Hist.), those Jews who accepted Christianity but still adhered to the law of Moses and worshiped in the temple at Jerusalem. JUDAIZERS Ju"da*iz`ers (ju"day*iz`erz), n. pl. Defn: See Raskolnik. JUDAS Ju"das, n. Defn: The disciple who betrayed Christ. Hence: A treacherous person; one who betrays under the semblance of friendship. -- a. Defn: Treacherous; betraying. Judas hole, a peephole or secret opening for spying. -- Judas kiss, a deceitful and treacherous kiss. -- Judas tree (Bot.), a leguminous tree of the genus Cercis, with pretty, rose-colored flowers in clusters along the branches. Judas is said to have hanged himself on a tree of this genus (C. Siliquastrum). C. Canadensis and C. occidentalis are the American species, and are called also redbud. JUDAS-COLORED Ju"das-col`ored, a. Defn: Red; -- from a tradition that Judas Iscariot had red hair and beard. There's treachery in that Judas-colored beard. Dryden. JUDDOCK Jud"dock, n. Etym: [For judcock; jud (equiv. to Prov. E. gid a jacksnipe, W. giach snipe) + cock.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Jacksnipe. JUDEAN Ju*de"an, a. Etym: [L. Judaeus. See Jew.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Judea. -- n. Defn: A native of Judea; a Jew. JUDGE Judge, n. Etym: [OE. juge, OF. & F. juge, fr. OF. jugier, F. juger, to judge. See Judge, v. i.] 1. (Law) Defn: A public officer who is invested with authority to hear and determine litigated causes, and to administer justice between parties in courts held for that purpose. The parts of a judge in hearing are four: to direct the evidence; to moderate length, repetition, or impertinency of speech; to recapitulate, select, and collate the material points of that which hath been said; and to give the rule or sentence. Bacon. 2. One who has skill, knowledge, or experience, sufficient to decide on the merits of a question, or on the quality or value of anything; one who discerns properties or relations with skill and readiness; a connoisseur; an expert; a critic. A man who is no judge of law may be a good judge of poetry, or eloquence, or of the merits of a painting. Dryden. 3. A person appointed to decide in aas, a judge in a horse race. 4. (Jewish Hist.) Defn: One of supreme magistrates, with both civil and military powers, who governed Israel for more than four hundred years. 5. pl. Defn: The title of the seventh book of the Old Testament; the Book of Judges. Judge Advocate (Mil. & Nav.), a person appointed to act as prosecutor at a court-martial; he acts as the representative of the government, as the responsible adviser of the court, and also, to a certain extent, as counsel for the accused, when he has no other counsel. -- Judge-Advocate General, in the United States, the title of two officers, one attached to the War Department and having the rank of brigadier general, the other attached to the Navy Department and having the rank of colonel of marines or captain in the navy. The first is chief of the Bureau of Military Justice of the army, the other performs a similar duty for the navy. In England, the designation of a member of the ministry who is the legal adviser of the secretary of state for war, and supreme judge of the proceedings of courts-martial. Syn. -- Judge, Umpire, Arbitrator, Referee. A judge, in the legal sense, is a magistrate appointed to determine questions of law. An umpire is a person selected to decide between two or more who contend for a prize. An arbitrator is one chosen to allot to two contestants their portion of a claim, usually on grounds of equity and common sense. A referee is one to whom a case is referred for final adjustment. Arbitrations and references are sometimes voluntary, sometimes appointed by a court. JUDGE Judge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Judged; p. pr. & vb. n. Judging.] Etym: [OE. jugen, OF. jugier, F. juger, L. judicare, fr. judex judge; jus law or right + dicare to proclaim, pronounce, akin to dicere to say. See Just, a., and Diction, and cf. Judicial.] 1. To hear and determine, as in causes on trial; to decide as a judge; to give judgment; to pass sentence. The Lord judge between thee and me. Gen. xvi. 5. Father, who art judge Of all things made, and judgest only right! Milton. 2. To assume the right to pass judgment on another; to sit in judgment or commendation; to criticise or pass adverse judgment upon others. See Judge, v. t., 3. Forbear to judge, for we are sinners all. Shak. 3. To compare facts or ideas, and perceive their relations and attributes, and thus distinguish truth from falsehood; to determine; to discern; to distinguish; to form an opinion about. Judge not according to the appearance. John vii. 24. She is wise if I can judge of her. Shak. JUDGE Judge, v. t. 1. To hear and determine by authority, as a case before a court, or a controversy between two parties. "Chaos [shall] judge the strife." Milton. 2. To examine and pass sentence on; to try; to doom. God shall judge the righteous and the wicked. Eccl. iii. 7. To bring my whole cause 'fore his holiness, And to be judged by him. Shak. 3. To arrogate judicial authority over; to sit in judgment upon; to be censorious toward. Judge not, that ye be not judged. Matt. vii. 1. 4. To determine upon or deliberation; to esteem; to think; to reckon. If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord. Acts xvi. 15. 5. To exercise the functions of a magistrate over; to govern. [Obs.] Make us a king to judge us. 1 Sam. viii. 5. JUDGE-MADE Judge"-made`, a. Defn: Created by judges or judicial decision; -- applied esp. to law applied or established by the judicial interpretation of statutes so as extend or restrict their scope, as to meet new cases, to provide new or better remedies, etc., and often used opprobriously of acts of judicial interpretation considered as doing this. The law of the 13th century was judge-made law in a fuller and more literal sense than the law of any succeeding century has been. Sir Frederick Pollock. JUDGER Judg"er, n. Defn: One who judges. Sir K. Digby. JUDGESHIP Judge"ship, n. Defn: The office of a judge. JUDGMENT Judg"ment, n. Etym: [OE. jugement, F. jugement, LL. judicamentum, fr. L. judicare. See Judge, v. i.] 1. The act of judging; the operation of the mind, involving comparison and discrimination, by which a knowledge of the values and relations of thins, whether of moral qualities, intellectual concepts, logical propositions, or material facts, is obtained; as, by careful judgment he avoided the peril; by a series of wrong judgments he forfeited confidence. I oughte deme, of skilful jugement, That in the salte sea my wife is deed. Chaucer. 2. The power or faculty of performing such operations (see 1); esp., when unqualified, the faculty of judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely; good sense; as, a man of judgment; a politician without judgment. He shall judge thy people with righteousness and thy poor with judgment. Ps. lxxii. 2. Hernia. I would my father look'd but with my eyes. Theseus. Rather your eyes must with his judgment look. Shak. 3. The conclusion or result of judging; an opinion; a decision. She in my judgment was as fair as you. Shak. Who first his judgment asked, and then a place. Pope. 4. The act of determining, as in courts of law, what is conformable to law and justice; also, the determination, decision, or sentence of a court, or of a judge; the mandate or sentence of God as the judge of all. In judgments between rich and poor, consider not what the poor man needs, but what is his own. Jer. Taylor. Most heartily I do beseech the court To give the judgment. Shak. 5. (Philos.) (a) That act of the mind by which two notions or ideas which are apprehended as distinct are compared for the purpose of ascertaining their agreement or disagreement. See 1. The comparison may be threefold: (1) Of individual objects forming a concept. (2) Of concepts giving what is technically called a judgment. (3) Of two judgments giving an inference. Judgments have been further classed as analytic, synthetic, and identical. (b) That power or faculty by which knowledge dependent upon comparison and discrimination is acquired. See 2. A judgment is the mental act by which one thing is affirmed or denied of another. Sir W. Hamilton. The power by which we are enabled to perceive what is true or false, probable or improbable, is called by logicians the faculty of judgment. Stewart. 6. A calamity regarded as sent by God, by way of recompense for wrong committed; a providential punishment. "Judgments are prepared for scorners." Prov. xix. 29. "This judgment of the heavens that makes us tremble." Shak. 7. (Theol.) Defn: The final award; the last sentence. Note: Judgment, abridgment, acknowledgment, and lodgment are in England sometimes written, judgement, abridgement, acknowledgement, and lodgement. Note: Judgment is used adjectively in many self-explaining combinations; as, judgment hour; judgment throne. Judgment day (Theol.), the last day, or period when final judgment will be pronounced on the subjects of God's moral government. -- Judgment debt (Law), a debt secured to the creditor by a judge's order. -- Judgment hall, a hall where courts are held. -- Judgment seat, the seat or bench on which judges sit in court; hence, a court; a tribunal. "We shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ." Rom. xiv. 10. -- Judgment summons (Law), a proceeding by a judgment creditor against a judgment debtor upon an unsatisfied judgment. Arrest of judgment. (Law) See under Arrest, n. -- Judgment of God, a term formerly applied to extraordinary trials of secret crimes, as by arms and single combat, by ordeal, etc.; it being imagined that God would work miracles to vindicate innocence. See under Ordeal. Syn. -- Discernment; decision; determination; award; estimate; criticism; taste; discrimination; penetration; sagacity; intelligence; understanding. See Taste. JUDICABLE Ju"di*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. judicabilis. See Judge, v. i.] Defn: Capable of being judged; capable of being tried or decided upon. Jer. Taylor. JUDICATIVE Ju"di*ca*tive, a. Defn: Having power to judge; judicial; as, the judicative faculty. Hammond. JUDICATORY Ju"di*ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. judicatorius.] Defn: Pertaining to the administration of justice; dispensing justice; judicial; as, judicatory tribunals. T. Wharton. Power to reject in an authoritative or judicatory way. Bp. Hall. JUDICATORY Ju"di*ca*to*ry (277), n. Etym: [L. judicatorium.] 1. A court of justice; a tribunal. Milton. 2. Administration of justice. The supreme court of judicatory. Clarendon. JUDICATURE Ju"di*ca*ture, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. judicatura.] 1. The state or profession of those employed in the administration of justice; also, the dispensing or administration of justice. The honor of the judges in their judicature is the king's honor. Bacon. 2. A court of justice; a judicatory. South. 3. The right of judicial action; jurisdiction; extent jurisdiction of a judge or court. Our Savior disputes not here the judicature, for that was not his office, but the morality, of divorce. Milton. JUDICIAL Ju*di"cial, a. Etym: [L. judicialis, fr. judicium judgment, fr. judex judge: cf. OF. judicial. See Judge.] 1. Pertaining or appropriate to courts of justice, or to a judge; practiced or conformed to in the administration of justice; sanctioned or ordered by a court; as, judicial power; judicial proceedings; a judicial sale. "Judicial massacres." Macaulay. Not a moral but a judicial law, and so was abrogated. Milton. 2. Fitted or apt for judging or deciding; as, a judicial mind. 3. Belonging to the judiciary, as distinguished from legislative, administrative, or executive. See Executive. 4. Judicious. [Obs.] B. Jonson. JUDICIALLY Ju*di"cial*ly, adv. Defn: In a judicial capacity or judicial manner. "The Lords . . . sitting judicially." Macaulay. JUDICIARY Ju*di"cia*ry, a. Etym: [L. judiciarius, fr. judicium judgment: cf. F. judiciare. See Judicial.] Defn: Of or pertaining to courts of judicature, or legal tribunals; judicial; as, a judiciary proceeding. Bp. Burnet. JUDICIARY Ju*di"cia*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. judiciaria, F. judiciaire.] Defn: That branch of government in which judicial power is vested; the system of courts of justice in a country; the judges, taken collectively; as, an independent judiciary; the senate committee on the judiciary. JUDICIOUS Ju*di"cious, a. Etym: [F. judicieux, fr. L. judicium judgment. See Judicial.] Defn: Of or relating to a court; judicial. [Obs.] His last offenses to us Shall have judicious hearing. Shak. 2. Directed or governed by sound judgment; having sound judgment; wise; prudent; sagacious; discreet. He is noble, wise, judicious, and best knows The fits o' the season. Shak. Syn. -- Prudent; discreet; rational; wise; skillful; discerning; sagacious; well-advised. JUDICIOUSLY Ju*di"cious*ly, adv. Defn: In a judicious manner; with good judgment; wisely. JUDICIOUSNESS Ju*di"cious*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being judicious; sagacity; s JUG Jug, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. Jug, a corruption of, or nickname for, Joanna; cf. 2d Jack, and Jill. See Johannes.] 1. A vessel, usually of coarse earthenware, with a swelling belly and narrow mouth, and having a handle on one side. 2. A pitcher; a ewer. [Eng.] 3. A prison; a jail; a lockup. [Slang] Gay. JUG Jug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jugged; p. pr. & vb. n. Jugging.] 1. To seethe or stew, as in a jug or jar placed in boiling water; as, to jug a hare. 2. To commit to jail; to imprison. [Slang] JUG Jug, v. i. (Zoöl.) 1. To utter a sound resembling this word, as certain birds do, especially the nightingale. 2. To nestle or collect together in a covey; -- said of quails and partridges. JUGAL Ju"gal, a. Etym: [L. jugalis, fr. jugum yoke.] 1. Relating to a yoke, or to marriage. [Obs.] 2. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or in the region of, the malar, or cheek bone. JUGATA Ju*ga"ta, n. pl. Etym: [Neut. pl. of L. jugatus, p. p. of jugare to join.] (Numis.) Defn: The figures of two heads on a medal or coin, either side by side or joined. JUGATED Ju"ga*ted, a. (Bot.) Defn: Coupled together. JUGE Juge, n. Defn: A judge. [Obs.] Chaucer. JUGEMENT Jug"e*ment, n. Defn: Judgment. [Obs.] Chaucer. JUGER Ju"ger, n. Etym: [L. jugerum.] Defn: A Roman measure of land, measuring 28,800 square feet, or 240 feet in length by 120 in breadth. JUGGER Jug"ger, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An East Indian falcon. See Lugger. JUGGERNAUT Jug"ger*naut`, n. Etym: [Skr. jagannatha lord of the world.] Defn: One of the names under which Vishnu, in his incarnation as Krishna, is worshiped by the Hindoos. [Written also Juggernnath, Jaganath, Jaganatha, etc.] Note: The principal seat of the worship of Juggernaut is at Pûri in Orissa. At certain times the idol is drawn from the temple by the multitude, on a high car with sixteen wheels. Formerly, fanatics sometimes threw themselves under the wheels to be crushed as a sacrifice to the god. JUGGLE Jug"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Juggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Juggling.] Etym: [OE. juglen; cf. OF. jogler, jugler, F. jongler. See Juggler.] 1. To play tricks by sleight of hand; to cause amusement and sport by tricks of skill; to conjure. 2. To practice artifice or imposture. Be these juggling fiends no more believed. Shak. JUGGLE Jug"gle, v. t. Defn: To deceive by trick or artifice. Is't possible the spells of France should juggle Men into such strange mysteries Shak. JUGGLE Jug"gle, n. 1. A trick by sleight of hand. 2. An imposture; a deception. Tennyson. A juggle of state to cozen the people. Tillotson. 3. A block of timber cut to a length, either in the round or split. Knight. JUGGLER Jug"gler, n. Etym: [OE. jogelour, juglur, OF. jogleor, jugleor, jongleor, F. jongleur, fr. L. joculator a jester, joker, fr. joculus a little jest or joke, dim. of jocus jest, joke. See Joke, and cf. Jongleur, Joculator.] 1. One who practices or exhibits tricks by sleight of hand; one skilled in legerdemain; a conjurer. As nimble jugglers that deceive the eye. Shak. Jugglers and impostors do daily delude them. Sir T. Browne. 2. A deceiver; a cheat. Shak. JUGGLERESS Jug"gler*ess, n. 1. A female juggler. T. Warton. JUGGLERY Jug"gler*y, n. Etym: [OE. & OF. joglerie, F. jonglerie.] 1. The art or act of a juggler; sleight of hand. 2. Trickery; imposture; as, political jugglery. JUGGLING Jug"gling, a. Defn: Cheating; tricky. -- Jug"gling*ly, adv. JUGGLING Jug"gling, n. Defn: Jugglery; underhand practice. JUGGS Juggs, n. pl. Defn: See Jougs. [Scot.] JUGLANDIN Jug"lan*din, n. Etym: [L. juglans, -andis, a walnut: cf. F. juglandine.] (Chem.) Defn: An extractive matter contained in the juice of the green shucks of the walnut (Juglans regia). It is used medicinally as an alterative, and also as a black hair dye. JUGLANDINE Jug"lan*dine, n. Defn: An alkaloid found in the leaves of the walnut (Juglans regia). JUGLANS Jug"lans, n. Etym: [L., walnut.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of valuable trees, including the true walnut of Europe, and the America black walnut, and butternut. JUGLONE Ju"glone, n. Etym: [L. juglans the walnut + -one.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline substance resembling quinone, extracted from green shucks of the walnut (Juglans regia); -- called also nucin. JUGULAR Ju"gu*lar, a. Etym: [L. jugulum the collar bone, which joins together the shoulders and the breast, the throat, akin to jungere to yoke, to join: cf. F. jugulaire. See Join.] 1. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the throat or neck; as, the jugular vein. (b) Of or pertaining to the jugular vein; as, the jugular foramen. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the ventral fins beneath the throat; -- said of certain fishes. JUGULAR Ju"gu*lar, n. Etym: [Cf. F. jugulaire. See Jugular, a.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the large veins which return the blood from the head to the heart through two chief trunks, an external and an internal, on each side of the neck; -- called also the jugular vein. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any fish which has the ventral fins situated forward of the pectoral fins, or beneath the throat; one of a division of fishes (Jugulares). JUGULATE Ju"gu*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jugulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Jugulating.] Etym: [L. jugulatus, p. p. of jugulare, fr. jugulatum. See Jugular.] Defn: To cut the throat of. [R.] Jacob Bigelow. JUGULUM Ju"gu*lum, n.; pl. Jugula. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The lower throat, or that part of the neck just above the breast. JUGUM Ju"gum, n.; pl. L. Juga, E. Jugums. Etym: [L., a yoke, ridge.] (Bot.) (a) One of the ridges commonly found on the fruit of umbelliferous plants. (b) A pair of the opposite leaflets of a pinnate plant. JUICE Juice, n. Etym: [OE. juse, F.jus broth, gravy, juice, L. jus; akin to Skr. y.] Defn: The characteristic fluid of any vegetable or animal substance; the sap or part which can be expressed from fruit, etc.; the fluid part which separates from meat in cooking. An animal whose juices are unsound. Arbuthnot. The juice of July flowers. B. Jonson. The juice of Egypt's grape. Shak. Letters which Edward Digby wrote in lemon juice. Macaulay. Cold water draws the juice of meat. Mrs. Whitney. JUICE Juice, v. t. Defn: To moisten; to wet. [Obs.] Fuller. JUICELESS Juice"less, a. Defn: Lacking juice; dry. Dr. H. More. JUICINESS Jui"ci*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being juicy; succulence plants. JUICY Jui"cy, a. [Compar. Juicier; superl. Juiciest.] Defn: A bounding with juice; succulent. Bacon. JUISE Ju*ise", n. Etym: [OF. juise. L. judicium. See Judicial.] Defn: Judgment; justice; sentence. [Obs.] Up [on] pain of hanging and high juise. Chaucer. JUJUBE Ju"jube, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. zizyphum, Gr. zizf, zizaf, zayzaf.] Defn: The sweet and edible drupes (fruits) of several Mediterranean and African species small trees, of the genus Zizyphus, especially the Z. jujuba, Z. vulgaris, Z. mucronata, and Z. Lotus. The last named is thought to have furnished the lotus of the ancient Libyan Lotophagi, or lotus eaters. Jujube paste, the dried or inspissated jelly of the jujube; also, a confection made of gum arabic sweetened. JUJUTSU; JUJITSU; JIUJUTSU; JIUJITSU Ju"jut`su, n. Also Ju"jit`su, Jiu"jut`su, Jiu"jit`su. [Jap. jujutsu; ju soft (prob. because no weapons are used) + jutsu art.] Defn: The Japanese art of self-defense without weapons, now widely used as a system of physical training. It depends for its efficiency largely upon the principle of making use of an opponent's strength and weight to disable or injure him, and by applying pressure so that his opposing movement will throw him out of balance, dislocate or break a joint, etc. It opposes knowledge and skill to brute strength, and demands an extensive practical knowledge of human anatomy. JUKE Juke, v. i. Etym: [from Scottish jouk to bow.] Defn: To bend the neck; to bow or duck the head. [Written also jook and jouk.] The money merchant was so proud of his trust that he went juking and tossing of his head. L' Estrange. JUKE Juke, n. Defn: The neck of a bird. [Prov. Eng.] JUKE Juke, v. i. Etym: [F. juc a roost, perch, jucher to roost, to perch.] Defn: To perch on anything, as birds do. [Obs.] JUKES, THE Jukes, The Defn: A pseudonym used to designate the descendants of two sisters, the "Jukes" sisters, whose husbands were sons of a backwoodsman of Dutch descent. They lived in the State of New York, and their history was investigated by R. L. Dugdale as an example of the inheritance of criminal and immoral tendencies, disease, and pauperism. Sixty per cent of those traced showed, degeneracy, and they are estimated to have cost society $1,308,000 in 75 years. JULACEOUS Ju*la"ceous, a. Etym: [See Julus.] (Bot.) Defn: Like an ament, or bearing aments; amentaceous. JULEP Ju"lep, n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. julepe, fr. Ar. & Per. julab, jullab, fr. Per. gulab rose water and julep; gul rose + ab water.] 1. A refreshing drink flavored with aromatic herbs; esp. (Med.), Defn: a sweet, demulcent, acidulous, or mucilaginous mixture, used as a vehicle. Milton. Honey in woods, juleps in brooks. H. Vaughan. 2. A beverage composed of brandy, whisky, or some other spirituous liquor, with sugar, pounded ice, and sprigs of mint; -- called also mint julep. [U.S.] JULIAN Jul"ian a. Etym: [L. Julianus, fr. Julius. Cf. July, Gillian.] Defn: Relating to, or derived from, Julius Cæsar. Julian calendar, the calendar as adjusted by Julius Cæsar, in which the year was made to consist of 365 days, each fourth year having 366 days. -- Julian epoch, the epoch of the commencement of the Julian calendar, or 46 b. c. -- Julian period, a chronological period of 7,980 years, combining the solar, lunar, and indiction cycles (28 x 19 x 15 = 7,980), being reckoned from the year 4713 B. C., when the first years of these several cycles would coincide, so that if any year of the period be divided by 28, 19, or 15, the remainder will be the year of the corresponding cycle. The Julian period was proposed by Scaliger, to remove or avoid ambiguities in chronological dates, and was so named because composed of Julian years. -- Julian year, the year of 365 days, 6 hours, adopted in the Julian calendar, and in use until superseded by the Gregorian year, as established in the reformed or Gregorian calendar. JULIENNE Ju`li*enne", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A kind of soup containing thin slices or shreds of carrots, onions, etc. JULIFORM Ju"li*form, a. Etym: [Julus + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the shape or appearance of a julus or catkin. JULUS Ju"lus, n.; pl.Juli. Etym: [Of the same origin as iulus.] (Bot.) Defn: A catkin or ament. See Ament. JULY Ju*ly", n.; pl. Julies. Etym: [L.Julius; -- named from Caius Julius Cæsar, who was born in this month: cf. F. Juillet.] Defn: The seventh month of the year, containing thirty-one days. Note: This month was called Quintilis, or the fifth month, according to the old Roman calendar, in which March was the first month of the year. JULY-FLOWER Ju*ly"-flow`er, n. Defn: See Gillyflower. JUMART Ju"mart, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The fabled offspring of a bull and a mare. Locke. JUMBLE Jum"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jumbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jumbling.] Etym: [Prob. fr. jump, i. e., to make to jump, or shake.] Defn: To mix in a confused mass; to put or throw together without order; -- often followed by together or up. Why dost thou blend and jumble such inconsistencies together Burton. Every clime and age Jumbled together. Tennyson. JUMBLE Jum"ble, v. i. Defn: To meet or unite in a confused way; to mix confusedly. Swift. JUMBLE Jum"ble, n. 1. A confused mixture; a mass or collection without order; as, a jumble of words. 2. A small, thin, sugared cake, usually ring-shaped. JUMBLEMENT Jum"ble*ment, n. Defn: Confused mixture. [Low] JUMBLER Jum"bler, n. Defn: One who confuses things. JUMBLINGLY Jum"bling*ly, adv. Defn: In a confused manner. JUMELLE Ju`melle", a. [F., fem. of jumeau, fr. L. gemellus. Cf. Gemel, a.] Defn: Twin; paired; -- said of various objects made or formed in pairs, as a binocular opera glass, a pair of gimmal rings, etc. JUMELLE Ju`melle", n. Defn: A jumelle opera glass, or the like. JUMENT Ju"ment, n. Etym: [L. jumentum a beast of burden: cf. F. jument a mare, OF., a beast of burden.] Defn: A beast; especially, a beast of burden. [Obs.] Fitter for juments than men to feed on. Burton. JUMP Jump, n. Etym: [Cf. F. jupe a long petticoat, a skirt. Cf. Juppon.] (a) A kind of loose jacket for men. (b) pl. Defn: A bodice worn instead of stays by women in the 18th century. JUMP Jump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jumped; p. pr. & vb. n. Jumping.] Etym: [Akin to OD. gumpen, dial. G. gumpen, jumpen.] 1. To spring free from the ground by the muscular action of the feet and legs; to project one's self through the air; to spring; to bound; to leap. Not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and a half by the square. Shak. 2. To move as if by jumping; to bounce; to jolt. "The jumping chariots." Nahum iii. 2. A flock of geese jump down together. Dryden. 3. To coincide; to agree; to accord; to tally; -- followed by with. "It jumps with my humor." Shak. To jump at, to spring to; hence, fig., to accept suddenly or eagerly; as, a fish jumps at a bait; to jump at a chance. JUMP Jump, v. t. 1. To pass by a spring or leap; to overleap; as, to jump a stream. 2. To cause to jump; as, he jumped his horse across the ditch. 3. To expose to danger; to risk; to hazard. [Obs.] To jump a body with a dangerous physic. Shak. 4. (Smithwork) (a) To join by a butt weld. (b) To thicken or enlarge by endwise blows; to upset. 5. (Quarrying) Defn: To bore with a jumper. To jump a claim, to enter upon and take possession of land to which another has acquired a claim by prior entry and occupation. [Western U. S. & Australia] See Claim, n., 3. -- To jump one's bail, to abscond while at liberty under bail bonds. [Slang, U. S.] JUMP Jump, n. 1. The act of jumping; a leap; a spring; a bound. "To advance by jumps." Locke. 2. An effort; an attempt; a venture. [Obs.] Our fortune lies Upon thisjump. Shak. 3. The space traversed by a leap. 4. (Mining) Defn: A dislocation in a stratum; a fault. 5. (Arch.) Defn: An abrupt interruption of level in a piece of brickwork or masonry. From the jump, from the start or beginning. [Colloq.] -- Jump joint. (a) A butt joint. (b) A flush joint, as of plank in carvel-built vessels. -- Jump seat. (a) A movable carriage seat. (b) A carriage constructed with a seat which may be shifted so as to make room for second or extra seat. Also used adjectively; as, a jump-seat wagon. JUMP Jump, a. Defn: Nice; exact; matched; fitting; precise. [Obs.] "Jump names." B. Jonson. JUMP Jump, adv. Defn: Exactly; pat.[Obs.] Shak. JUMPER Jump"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, jumps. 2. A long drilling tool used by masons and quarrymen. 3. A rude kind of sleigh; -- usually, a simple box on runners which are in one piece with the poles that form the thills. [U.S.] J. F. Cooper. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of the cheese fly. See Cheese fly, under Cheese. 5. (Eccl.) Defn: A name applied in the 18th century to certain Calvinistic Methodists in Wales whose worship was characterized by violent convulsions. 6. (Horology) Defn: spring to impel the star wheel, also a pawl to lock fast a wheel, in a repeating timepiece. Baby jumper. See in the Vocabulary. -- Bounty jumper. See under Bounty. JUMPER Jump"er, n. Etym: [See 1st Jump.] Defn: A loose upper garment; as: (a) A sort of blouse worn by workmen over their ordinary dress to protect it. (b) A fur garment worn in Arctic journeys. JUMPING Jump"ing, p. a. & vb. n. Defn: of Jump, to leap. Jumping bean, a seed of a Mexican Euphorbia, containing the larva of a moth (Carpocapsa saltitans). The larva by its sudden movements causes the seed to roll to roll and jump about. -- Jumping deer (Zoöl.), a South African rodent (Pedetes Caffer), allied to the jerboa. -- Jumping jack, a toy figure of a man, jointed and made to jump or dance by means of strings. -- Jumping louse (Zoöl.), any of the numerous species of plant lice belonging to the family Psyllidæ, several of which are injurious to fruit trees. -- Jumping mouse (Zoöl.), North American mouse (Zapus Hudsonius), having a long tail and large hind legs. It is noted for its jumping powers. Called also kangaroo mouse. -- Jumping mullet (Zoöl.), gray mullet. -- Jumping shrew (Zoöl.), any African insectivore of the genus Macroscelides. They are allied to the shrews, but have large hind legs adapted for jumping. -- Jumping spider (Zoöl.), spider of the genus Salticus and other related genera; one of the Saltigradæ; -- so called because it leaps upon its prey. JUMPING DISEASE Jump"ing dis*ease". Defn: A convulsive tic similar to or identical with miryachit, observed among the woodsmen of Maine. JUMP SPARK Jump spark. Defn: A spark produced by the jumping of electricity across a permanent gap. JUMPWELD Jump"weld`, v. t. Defn: See Buttweld, v. t. JUMPY Jump"y, a. [Compar. Jumpier; superl. Jumpiest.] Defn: Jumping, or inducing to jump; characterized by jumps; hence, extremely nervous. JUNCACEOUS Jun*ca"ceous, a. Etym: [See Juncate.] (Bot.) Defn: Of. pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Juncaceæ), of which the common rush (Juncus) is the type. JUNCATE Jun"cate, n. Defn: See Junket.[Obs.] Spenser. JUNCITE Jun"cite, n. Etym: [L. juncus a rush.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil rush. JUNCO Jun"co, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the genus Junco, which includes several species of North American finches; -- called also snowbird, or blue snowbird. JUNCOUS Jun"cous, a. Etym: [L. juncosus, fr. juncus a rush.] Defn: Full of rushes: resembling rushes; juncaceous. [R.] Johnson. JUNCTION Junc"tion, n. Etym: [L. junctio, fr. jungere, junctum, to join: cf. F. jonction. See Join.] 1. The act of joining, or the state of being joined; union; combination; coalition; as, the junction of two armies or detachments; the junction of paths. 2. The place or point of union, meeting, or junction; specifically, the place where two or more lines of railway meet or cross. Junction plate (Boilers), a covering or break-join plate riveted to and uniting the edges of sheets which make a butt joint. -- Junction rails (Railroads), the switch, or movable, rails, connecting one line of track with another. JUNCTION BOX Junc"tion box. (Elec.) Defn: A box through which the main conductors of a system of electric distribution pass, and where connection is made with branch circuits. JUNCTURE Junc"ture, n. Etym: [L.junctura, fr. jungere to join. See Jointure.] 1. A joining; a union; an alliance. [Obs.] "Devotional compliance and juncture of hearts." Eikon Basilike. 2. The line or point at which two bodies are joined; a joint; an articulation; a seam; as, the junctures of a vessel or of the bones. Boyle. 3. A point of time; esp., one made critical or important by a concurrence of circumstances; hence, a crisis; an exigency. "Extraordinary junctures." Addison. In such a juncture, what can the most plausible and refined philosophy offer Berkeley. JUNE June, n. Etym: [L. Junius: cf. F. Juin. So called either from Junius, the name of a Roman gens, or from Juno, the goddess.] Defn: The sixth month of the year, containing thirty days. And what is so rare as a day in June Then, if ever, come perfect days. Lowell. June beetle, June bug (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large brown beetles of the genus Lachnosterna and related genera; -- so called because they begin to fly, in the northern United States, about the first of June. The larvæ of the June beetles live under ground, and feed upon the roots of grasses and other plants. Called also May bug or May beetle. -- June grass (Bot.), a New England name for Kentucky blue grass. See Blue glass, and Illustration in Appendix. JUNEATING June"a*ting, n. Defn: A kind of early apple. [Written also jenneting.] JUNEBERRY June"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) (a) The small applelike berry of American trees of genus Amelanchier; -- also called service berry. (b) The shrub or tree which bears this fruit; -- also called shad bush, and had tree. JUNGERMANNIA Jun`ger*man"ni*a, n.; pl. Jungermanniæ. Etym: [NL. Named after Ludwig Jungermann, a German botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of hepatic mosses, now much circumscribed, but formerly comprising most plants of the order, which is sometimes therefore called Jungermanniaceæ. JUNGLE Jun"gle, n. Etym: [Hind. jangal desert, forest, jungle; Skr. ja desert.] Defn: A dense growth of brushwood, grasses, reeds, vines, etc.; an almost impenetrable thicket of trees, canes, and reedy vegetation, as in India, Africa, Australia, and Brazil. The jungles of India are of bamboos, canes, and other palms, very difficult to penetrate. Balfour (Cyc. of India). Jungle bear (Zoöl.), the aswail or sloth bear. -- Jungle cat (Zoöl.), the chaus. -- Jungle cock (Zoöl.), the male of a jungle fowl. -- Jungle fowl. (Zoöl.) (a) Any wild species of the genus Gallus, of which several species inhabit India and the adjacent islands; as, the fork-tailed jungle fowl (G. varius) of Java, G. Stanleyi of Ceylon, and G. Bankiva of India. Note: The latter, which resembles the domestic gamecock, is supposed to be one of the original species from which the domestic fowl was derived. (b) An Australian grallatorial bird (Megapodius tumulus) which is allied to the brush turkey, and, like the latter, lays its eggs in mounds of vegetable matter, where they are hatched by the heat produced by decomposition. JUNGLY Jun"gly, a. Defn: Consisting of jungles; abounding with jungles; of the nature of a jungle. JUNIOR Jun"ior, a. Etym: [L. contr. fr. juvenior, compar. of juvenis young. See Juvenile.] 1. Less advanced in age than another; younger. Note: Junior is applied to distinguish the younger of two persons bearing the same name in the same family, and is opposed to senior or elder. Commonly applied to a son who has the same Christian name as his father. 2. Lower in standing or in rank; later in office; as, a junior partner; junior counsel; junior captain. 3. Composed of juniors, whether younger or a lower standing; as, the junior class; of or pertaining to juniors or to a junior class. See Junior, n., 2. 4. Belonging to a younger person, or an earlier time of life. Our first studies and junior endeavors. Sir T. Browne. JUNIOR Jun"ior, n. 1. A younger person. His junior she, by thirty years. Byron. 2. Hence: One of a lower or later standing; specifically, in American colleges, one in the third year of his course, one in the fourth or final year being designated a senior; in some seminaries, one in the first year, in others, one in the second year, of a three years' course. JUNIORITY Jun*ior"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being junior. JUNIPER Ju"ni*per, n. Etym: [L. juniperus, prop., youth-producing, and so called from its evergreen appearance, from the roots of E. juvenile, and parent. Cf. Gin the liquor.] (Bot.) Defn: Any evergreen shrub or tree, of the genus Juniperus and order Coniferæ. Note: The common juniper (J. communis) is a shrub of a low, spreading form, having awl-shaped, rigid leaves in whorls of threes, and bearing small purplish blue berries (or galbuli), of a warm, pungent taste, used as diuretic and in flavoring gin. A resin exudes from the bark, which has erroneously been considered identical with sandarach, and is used as pounce. The oil of juniper is acrid, and used for various purposes, as in medicine, for making varnish, etc. The wood of several species is of a reddish color, hard and durable, and is used in cabinetwork under the names of red cedar, Bermuda cedar, etc. Juniper worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a geometrid moth (Drepanodes varus). It feeds upon the leaves of the juniper, and mimics the small twigs both in form and color, in a remarkable manner. JUNIPERIN Ju"ni*per*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow amorphous substance extracted from juniper berries. JUNIPERITE Ju"ni*per*ite, n. (Paleon.) Defn: One of the fossil Coniferæ, evidently allied to the juniper. JUNK Junk, n. Defn: A fragment of any solid substance; a thick piece. See Chunk. [Colloq.] Lowell. JUNK Junk, n. Etym: [Pg. junco junk, rush, L. juncus a bulrush, of which ropes were made in early ages. Cf. Junket.] 1. Pieces of old cable or old cordage, used for making gaskets, mats, swabs, etc., and when picked to pieces, forming oakum for filling the seams of ships. 2. Old iron, or other metal, glass, paper, etc., bought and sold by junk dealers. 3. (Naut.) Defn: Hard salted beef supplied to ships. Junk bottle , a stout bottle made of thick dark-colored glass. -- Junk dealer, a dealer in old cordage, old metal, glass, etc. -- Junk hook (Whaling), a hook for hauling heavy pieces of blubber on deck. -- Junk ring. (a) A packing of soft material round the piston of a steam engine. (b) A metallic ring for retaining a piston packing in place; (c) A follower. -- Junk shop, a shop where old cordage, and ship's tackle, old iron, old bottles, old paper, etc., are kept for sale. -- Junk vat (Leather Manuf.), a large vat into which spent tan liquor or ooze is pumped. -- Junk wad (Mil.), a wad used in proving cannon; also used in firing hot shot. JUNK Junk, n. Etym: [Pg. junco; cf. Jav. & Malay jong, ajong, Chin. chwan.] (Naut.) Defn: A large vessel, without keel or prominent stem, and with huge masts in one piece, used by the Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, Malays, etc., in navigating their waters. JUNKER Jun"ker, n. Etym: [G. Cf. Yonker.] Defn: A young German noble or squire; esp., a member of the aristocratic party in Prussia. JUNKERISM Jun"ker*ism, n. Defn: The principles of the aristocratic party in Prussia. JUNKET Jun"ket, n. Etym: [Formerly also juncate, fr. It. giuncata cream cheese, made in a wicker or rush basket, fr. L. juncus a rush. See 2d Junk, and cf. Juncate.] 1. A cheese cake; a sweetmeat; any delicate food. How Faery Mab the junkets eat. Milton. Victuals varied well in taste, And other junkets. Chapman. 2. A feast; an entertainment. A new jaunt or junket every night. Thackeray. JUNKET Jun"ket, v. i. Defn: To feast; to banquet; to make an entertainment; -- sometimes applied opprobriously to feasting by public officers at the public cost. Job's children junketed and feasted together often. South. JUNKET Jun"ket, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Junketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Junketing.] Defn: To give entertainment to; to feast. The good woman took my lodgings over my head, and was in such a hurry to junket her neighbors. Walpole. JUNKETING Jun"ket*ing, n. Defn: A feast or entertainment; a revel. All those snug junketings and public gormandizings for which the ancient magistrates were equally famous with their modern successors. W. Irving. The apostle would have no reveling or junketing upon the altar. South. JUNKETRIES Jun"ket*ries, n. pl. Defn: Sweetmeats. [Obs.] JUNO Ju"no, n.; pl. Junos. Etym: [L.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) Defn: The sister and wife of Jupiter, the queen of heaven, and the goddess who presided over marriage. She corresponds to the Greek Hera. Sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes. Shak. 2. (Astron.) Defn: One of the early discovered asteroids. Bird of June, the peacock. JUNO Ju"no (ju"no), n.; pl. Junos (-noz). [L.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) The sister and wife of Jupiter, the queen of heaven, and the goddess who presided over marriage. She corresponds to the Greek Hera. Sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes. Shak. 2. (Astron.) One of the early discovered asteroids. Bird of Juno, the peacock. JUNOLD Jun"old, a. [Obs.] Defn: See Gimmal. JUNTA Jun"ta, n.; pl. Juntas. Etym: [Sp., fr. L. junctus joined, p. p. of jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Junto.] Defn: A council; a convention; a tribunal; an assembly; esp., the grand council of state in Spain. JUNTO Jun"to, n.; pl. Juntos. Etym: [Sp. junto united. See Junta.] Defn: A secret council to deliberate on affairs of government or politics; a number of men combined for party intrigue; a faction; a cabal; as, a junto of ministers; a junto of politicians. The puzzling sons of party next appeared, In dark cabals and mighty juntos met. Thomson. JUPARTIE Jup"ar*tie, n. Defn: Jeopardy. [Obs.] Chaucer. JUPATI PALM Ju`pa*ti" palm`. (Bot.) Defn: A great Brazilian palm tree (Raphia tædigera), used by the natives for many purposes. JUPE Jupe, n. Defn: Same as Jupon. JUPITER Ju"pi*ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. Jovis pater. See Jove.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) Defn: The supreme deity, king of gods and men, and reputed to be the son of Saturn and Rhea; Jove. He corresponds to the Greek Zeus. 2. (Astron.) Defn: One of the planets, being the brightest except Venus, and the largest of them all, its mean diameter being about 85,000 miles. It revolves about the sun in 4,332.6 days, at a mean distance of 5.2028 from the sun, the earth's mean distance being taken as unity. Jupiter's beard. (Bot.) (a) A South European herb, with cymes of small red blossoms (Centranthus ruber). (b) The houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum); -- so called from its massive inflorescence, like the sculptured beard of Jove. Prior. (c) the cloverlike Anthyllis Barba-Jovis. -- Jupiter's staff (Bot.), the common mullein; -- so called from its long, rigid spike of yellow blossoms. JUPON; JUPPON Ju*pon", Jup*pon", n. Etym: [F. jupon, fr. jupe skirt, Sp. aljuba a Moorish garment, Ar. jubba.] [Written variously jupe, jump, juppo, etc.] 1. A sleeveless jacket worn over the armor in the 14th century. It fitted closely, and descended below the hips. Dryden. 2. A petticoat. Halliwell. JURA Ju"ra, n. Etym: [F. & L.] Defn: 1. A range of mountains between France and Switzerland. 2. (Geol.) Defn: The Jurassic period. See Jurassic. JURAL Ju"ral, a. Etym: [L.jus, juris, right.] 1. Pertaining to natural or positive right. [R.] By the adjective jural we shall denote that which has reference to the doctrine of rights and obligations; as by the adjective "moral" we denote that which has reference to the doctrine of duties. Whewell. 2. (Law) Defn: Of or pertaining to jurisprudence. JURAMENTUM Ju`ra*men"tum, n.; pl. Juramenta (. Etym: [L.] (Roman & Old Eng. Law) Defn: An oath. JURASSIC Ju*ras"sic, a. (Geol.) Defn: Of the age of the middle Mesozoic, including, as divided in England and Europe, the Lias, Oölite, and Wealden; -- named from certain rocks of the Jura mountains. -- n. Defn: The Jurassic period or formation; -- called also the Jura. JURAT Ju"rat, n. Etym: [Prov. F. jurat, fr. L. juratus sworn, p. p. of jurare to swear. See Jury, n.] 1. A person under oath; specifically, an officer of the nature of an alderman, in certain municipal corporations in England. Burrill. 2. (Law) Defn: The memorandum or certificate at the end of an asffidavit, or a bill or answer in chancery, showing when, before whom, and (in English practice), where, it was sworn or affirmed. Wharton. Bouvier. JURATORY Ju"ra*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. juratorius, fr. jurare to swear: cf. F. juratoire.] Defn: Relating to or comprising an oath; as, juratory caution. Ayliffe. JURA-TRIAS Ju`ra-tri"as, n. (Geol.) Defn: A term applied to many American Mesozoic strata, in which the characteristics of the Jurassic and Triassic periods appear to be blended. -- Ju`ra-tri*as"sic, a. JURDICCION Jur*dic"ci*on, n. Defn: Jurisdiction. [Obs.] JURDON Jur"don, n. Defn: Jordan. [Obs.] Chaucer. JUREL Ju"rel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A yellow carangoid fish of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts (Caranx chrysos), most abundant southward, where it is valued as a food fish; -- called also hardtail, horse crevallé, jack, buffalo jack, skipjack, yellow mackerel, and sometimes, improperly, horse mackerel. Other species of Caranx (as C. fallax) are also sometimes called jurel. JURIDIC; JURIDICAL Ju*rid"ic, Ju*rid"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. juridicus relating to the administration of justice; jus, juris, right, law + dicare to pronounce: cf. F. juridique. See Just, a., and Diction.] Defn: Pertaining to a judge or to jurisprudence; acting in the distribution of justice; used in courts of law; according to law; legal; as, juridical law. "This juridical sword." Milton. The body corporate of the kingdom, in juridical construction, never dies. Burke. Juridical days, days on which courts are open. JURIDICALLY Ju*rid*ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a juridical manner. JURISCONSULT Ju`ris*con"sult, n. Etym: [L. jurisconsultus; jus, juris, right + consulere, consultum, to consult: cf. F. jurisconsulte.] (Law) Defn: A man learned in the civil law; an expert in juridical science; a professor of jurisprudence; a jurist. JURISDICTION Ju`ris*dic"tion, n. Etym: [L. jurisdictio; jus, juris, right, law + dictio a saying, speaking: cf. OF. jurisdiction, F. juridiction. See Just, a., and Diction.] 1. (Law) Defn: The legal power, right, or authority of a particular court to hear and determine causes, to try criminals, or to execute justice; judicial authority over a cause or class of causes; as, certain suits or actions, or the cognizance of certain crimes, are within the jurisdiction of a particular court, that is, within the limits of its authority or commission. 2. The authority of a sovereign power to govern or legislate; the right of making or enforcing laws; the power or right of exercising authority. To live exempt From Heaven's high jurisdiction. Milton. You wrought to be a legate; by which power You maim'd the jurisdiction of all bishops. Shak. 3. Sphere of authority; the limits within which any particular power may be exercised, or within which a government or a court has authority. Note: Jurisdiction, in its most general sense, is the power to make, declare, or apply the law. When confined to the judiciary department, it is what we denominate the judicial power, the right of administering justice through the laws, by the means which the laws have provided for that purpose. Jurisdiction is limited to place or territory, to persons, or to particular subjects. Duponceau. JURISDICTIONAL Ju`ris*dic"tion*al, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. jurisdictionalis, F. juridictionnel.] Defn: Of or pertaining to jurisdiction; as jurisdictional rights. Barrow. JURISDICTIVE Ju`ris*dic"tive, a. Defn: Having jurisdiction. Milton. JURISPRUDENCE Ju`ris*pru"dence, n. Etym: [L. jurisprudentia; jus, juris, right, law + prudentia a foreseeing, knowledge of a matter, prudence: cf. F. jurisprudence. See Just, a., and Prudence.] Defn: The science of juridical law; the knowledge of the laws, customs, and rights of men in a state or community, necessary for the due administration of justice. The talents of Abelard were not confined to theology, jurisprudence, philosophy. J. Warton. Medical jurisprudence, that branch of juridical law which concerns questions of medicine. JURISPRUDENT Ju`ris*pru"dent, a.Etym: [See Jurisprudence.] Defn: Understanding law; skilled in jurisprudence. G. West. JURISPRUDENT Ju`ris*pru"dent, n. Etym: [Cf. F. jurisprudent.] Defn: One skilled in law or jurisprudence. [R.] De Quincey. JURISPRUDENTIAL Ju`ris*pru*den"tial, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to jurisprudence. Stewart. JURIST Ju`rist, n. Etym: [F. juriste, LL. jurista, fr. L. jus, juris, right, law. See Just, a.] Defn: One who professes the science of law; one versed in the law, especially in the civil law; a writer on civil and international law. It has ever been the method of public jurists to Burke. JURISTIC; JURISTICAL Ju*ris"tic, Ju*ris"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a jurist, to the legal profession, or to jurisprudence. [R.] "Juristic ancestry." Lowell. JUROR Ju"ror, n. Etym: [F. jureur one who takes oath, L. jurator a swearer, fr. jurare, jurari, to swear. See Jury, n.] 1. (Law) Defn: A member of a jury; a juryman. I shall both find your lordship judge and juror. Shak. 2. A member of any jury for awarding prizes, etc. JURY Ju"ry, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) Defn: For temporary use; -- applied to a temporary contrivance. Jury mast, a temporary mast, in place of one that has been carried away, or broken. -- Jury rudder, a rudder constructed for temporary use. JURY Ju"ry, n.; pl. Juries. Etym: [OF. jurée an assize, fr. jurer to swear, L. jurare, jurari; akin to jus, juris, right, law. See Just,a., and cf. Jurat, Abjure.] 1. (Law) Defn: A body of men, usually twelve, selected according to law, impaneled and sworn to inquire into and try any matter of fact, and to render their true verdict according to the evidence legally adduced. See Grand jury under Grand, and Inquest. The jury, passing on the prisoner's life. Shak. 2. A committee for determining relative merit or awarding prizes at an exhibition or competition; as, the art jury gave him the first prize. Jury of inquest, a coroner's jury. See Inquest. JURYMAN Ju"ry*man, n.; pl. Jurymen (. Defn: One who is impaneled on a jury, or who serves as a juror. JURY MAST Ju"ry mast. (a) A temporary mast, in place of one that has been carried away, or broken. (b) (Med.) An apparatus to support the trunk and head in spinal disease. JURY-RIGGED Ju"ry-rigged`, a. (Naut.) Defn: Rigged for temporary service. See Jury, a. JUSSI Jus"si, n. Defn: A delicate fiber, produced in the Philippine Islands from an unidentified plant, of which dresses, etc., are made. JUST Just, a. Etym: [F. juste, L. justus, fr. jus right, law, justice; orig., that which is fitting; akin to Skr. yu to join. Cf. Injury, Judge, Jury, Giusto.] 1. Conforming or conformable to rectitude or justice; not doing wrong to any; violating no right or obligation; upright; righteous; honest; true; -- said both of persons and things. "O just but severe law!" Shak. There is not a just man upon earth, that doeth good, and sinneth not. Eccl. vii. 20. Just balances, just weights, . . . shall ye have. Lev. xix. 36. How should man be just with God Job ix. 2. We know your grace to be a man. Just and upright. Shak. 2. Not transgressing the requirement of truth and propriety; conformed to the truth of things, to reason, or to a proper standard; exact; normal; reasonable; regular; due; as, a just statement; a just inference. Just of thy word, in every thought sincere. Pope. The prince is here at hand: pleaseth your lordship To meet his grace just distance 'tween our armies. Shak. He was a comely personage, a little above just stature. Bacon. Fire fitted with just materials casts a constant heat. Jer. Taylor. When all The war shall stand ranged in its just array. Addison. Their named alone would make a just volume. Burton. 3. Rendering or disposed to render to each one his due; equitable; fair; impartial; as, just judge. Men are commonly so just to virtue and goodness as to praise it in others, even when they do not practice it themselves. Tillotson. Just intonation. (Mus.) (a) The correct sounding of notes or intervals; true pitch. (b) The giving all chords and intervals in their purity or their exact mathematical ratio, or without temperament; a process in which the number of notes and intervals required in the various keys is much greater than the twelve to the octave used in systems of temperament. H. W. Poole. Syn. -- Equitable; upright; honest; true; fair; impartial; proper; exact; normal; orderly; regular. JUST Just, adv. 1. Precisely; exactly; -- in place, time, or degree; neither more nor less than is stated. And having just enough, not covet more. Dryden. The god Pan guided my hand just to the heart of the beast. Sir P. Sidney. To-night, at Herne's oak, just 'twixt twelve and one. Shak. 2. Closely; nearly; almost. Just at the point of death. Sir W. Temple. 3. Barely; merely; scarcely; only; by a very small space or time; as, he just missed the train; just too late. A soft Etesian gale But just inspired and gently swelled the sail. Dryden. Just now, the least possible time since; a moment ago. JUST Just, v. i. Etym: [See Joust.] Defn: To joust. Fairfax. JUST Just, n. Defn: A joust. Dryden. JUSTICE Jus"tice, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. justitia, fr. justus just. See Just, a.] 1. The quality of being just; conformity to the principles of righteousness and rectitude in all things; strict performance of moral obligations; practical conformity to human or divine law; integrity in the dealings of men with each other; rectitude; equity; uprightness. Justice and judgment are the haditation of thy throne. Ps. ixxxix. 11. The king-becoming graces, As justice, verity, temperance, stableness, . . . I have no relish of them. Shak. 2. Conformity to truth and reality in expressing opinions and in conduct; fair representation of facts respecting merit or demerit; honesty; fidelity; impartiality; as, the justice of a description or of a judgment; historical justice. 3. The rendering to every one his due or right; just treatment; requital of desert; merited reward or punishment; that which is due to one's conduct or motives. This even-handed justice Commends the ingredients of our poisoned chalice To our own lips. Shak. 4. Agreeableness to right; equity; justness; as, the justice of a claim. 5. A person duly commissioned to hold courts, or to try and decide controversies and administer justice. Note: This title is given to the judges of the common law courts in England and in the United States, and extends to judicial officers and magistrates of every grade. Bed of justice. See under Bed. -- Chief justice. See in the Vocabulary. -- Justice of the peace (Law), a judicial officer or subordinate magistrate appointed for the conservation of the peace in a specified district, with other incidental powers specified in his commission. In the United States a justice of the peace has jurisdiction to adjudicate certain minor cases, commit offenders, etc. Syn. -- Equity; law; right; rectitude; honesty; integrity; uprightness; fairness; impartiality. -- Justice, Equity, Law. Justice and equity are the same; but human laws, though designed to secure justice, are of necessity imperfect, and hence what is strictly legal is at times far from being equitable or just. Here a court of equity comes in to redress the grievances. It does so, as distinguished from courts of law; and as the latter are often styled courts of justice, some have fancied that there is in this case a conflict between justice and equity. The real conflict is against the working of the law; this a court of equity brings into accordance with the claims of justice. It would be an unfortunate use of language which should lead any one to imagine he might have justice on his side while practicing iniquity (inequity). Justice, Rectitude. Rectitude, in its widest sense, is one of the most comprehensive words in our language, denoting absolute conformity to the rule of right in principle and practice. Justice refers more especially to the carrying out of law, and has been considered by moralists as of three kinds: (1) Commutative justice, which gives every man his own property, including things pledged by promise. (2) Distributive justice, which gives every man his exact deserts. (3) General justice, which carries out all the ends of law, though not in every case through the precise channels of commutative or distributive justice; as we see often done by a parent or a ruler in his dealings with those who are subject to his control. JUSTICE Jus"tice, v. t. Defn: To administer justice to. [Obs.] Bacon. JUSTICEABLE Jus"tice*a*ble, a. Defn: Liable to trial in a court of justice. [Obs.] Hayward. JUSTICEHOOD Jus"tice*hood, n. Defn: Justiceship. B. Jonson. JUSTICEMENT Jus"tice*ment, n. Defn: Administration of justice; procedure in courts of justice. [Obs.] Johnson. JUSTICER Jus"ti*cer, n. Defn: One who administers justice; a judge. [Obs.] "Some upright justicer." Shak. JUSTICESHIP Jus"tice*ship, n. Defn: The office or dignity of a justice. Holland. JUSTICIABLE Jus*ti"ci*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. justitiabilis, F. justiciable.] Defn: Proper to be examined in a court of justice. Bailey. JUSTICIAR Jus*ti"ci*ar, n. Defn: Same as Justiciary. JUSTICIARY Jus*ti"ci*a*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. justitiarius, F. justicier. See Justice.] (Old Eng. Law) Defn: An old name for the judges of the higher English courts. Note: The chief justiciary, or justiciar, in early English history, was not only the chief justice of the kingdom, but also ex officio regent in the king's absence. Court of justiciary (Scots Law), the supreme criminal court, having jurisdiction over the whole of Scotland. JUSTICO; JUSTICOAT Jus"ti*co, Jus"ti*coat`, n. Etym: [F. justaucorps, lit., close to the body.] Defn: Formerly, a close coat or waistcoat with sleeves. JUSTIFIABLE Jus"ti*fi`a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. justifiable. See Justify.] Defn: Capable of being justified, or shown to be just. Just are the ways of God, An justifiable to men. Milton. Syn. -- Defensible; vindicable; warrantable; excusable; exculpable; authorizable. -- Jus"ti*fi`a*ble*ness, n. -- Jus"ti*fi`a*bly, adv. JUSTIFICATION Jus`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. justificatio: cf. F. justification. See Justify.] 1. The act of justifying or the state of being justified; a showing or proving to be just or conformable to law, justice, right, or duty; defense; vindication; support; as, arguments in justification of the prisoner's conduct; his disobedience admits justification. I hope, for my brother's justification, he wrote this but as an essay or taste of my virtue. Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: The showing in court of a sufficient lawful reason why a party charged or accused did that for which he is called to answer. 3. (Theol.) Defn: The act of justifying, or the state of being justified, in respect to God's requirements. Who was delivered for our offenses, and was raised again for our justification. Rom. iv. 25. In such righteousness To them by faith imputed, they may find Justification toward God, and peace Of conscience. Milton. 4. (Print.) Defn: Adjustment of type by spacing it so as to make it exactly fill a line, or of a cut so as to hold it in the right place; also, the leads, quads, etc., used for making such adjustment. JUSTIFICATIVE Jus*tif"i*ca*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. justificatif.] Defn: Having power to justify; justificatory. JUSTIFICATOR Jus"ti*fi*ca`tor, n. Etym: [LL. justificator: cf. F. justificateur.] Defn: One who justifies or vindicates; a justifier. Johnson. JUSTIFICATORY Jus*tif"i*ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Vindicatory; defensory; justificative. JUSTIFIER Jus"ti*fi`er, n. Defn: One who justifies; one who vindicates, supports, defends, or absolves. Justifiers of themselves and hypocrites. Strype. That he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus. Rom. iii. 26. JUSTIFY Jus"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justified; p. pr. & vb. n. Justifying.] Etym: [F. justifier, L. justificare; justus just + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See Just, a., and -fy.] 1. To prove or show to be just; to vindicate; to maintain or defend as conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty. That to the height of this great argument I may assert eternal providence, And justify the ways of God to men. Milton. Unless the oppression is so extreme as to justify revolution, it would not justify the evil of breaking up a government. E. Everett. 2. To pronounce free from guilt or blame; to declare or prove to have done that which is just, right, proper, etc.; to absolve; to exonerate; to clear. I can not justify whom the law condemns. Shak. 3. (Theol.) Defn: To treat as if righteous and just; to pardon; to exculpate; to absolve. By him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses. Acts xiii. 39. 4. To prove; to ratify; to confirm. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Print.) Defn: To make even or true, as lines of type, by proper spacing; to adjust, as type. See Justification, 4. Syn. -- To defend; maintain; vindicate; excuse; exculpate; absolve; exonerate. JUSTIFY Jus"ti*fy, v. i. 1. (Print.) Defn: To form an even surface or true line with something else; to fit exactly. 2. (Law) Defn: To take oath to the ownership of property sufficient to qualify one's self as bail or surety. JUSTINIAN Jus*tin"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Institutes or laws of the Roman Justinian. JUSTLE Jus"tle, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of joust, just, v. i. See Joust, v. i., and cf. Jostle.] Defn: To run or strike against each other; to encounter; to clash; to jostle. Shak. The chariots shall rage in the streets; they shall justle one against another in the broad ways. Nahum ii. 4. JUSTLE Jus"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justled; p. pr. & vb. n. Justling.] Defn: To push; to drive; to force by running against; to jostle. We justled one another out, and disputed the post for a great while. Addison. JUSTLE Jus"tle, n. Defn: An encounter or shock; a jostle. JUSTLY Just"ly, adv. Etym: [From Just, a.] Defn: In a just manner; in conformity to law, justice, or propriety; by right; honestly; fairly; accurately. "In equal balance justly weighed." Shak. Nothing can justly be despised that can not justly be blamed: where there is no choice there can be no blame. South. JUSTNESS Just"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being just; conformity to truth, propriety, accuracy, exactness, and the like; justice; reasonableness; fairness; equity; as, justness of proportions; the justness of a description or representation; the justness of a cause. In value the satisfaction I had in seeing it represented with all the justness and gracefulness of action. Dryden. Note: Justness is properly applied to things, and justice to persons; but the distinction is not always observed. Syn. -- Accuracy; exactness; correctness; propriety; fitness; reasonableness; equity; uprightness; justice. JUT Jut, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jutting.] Etym: [A corruption of jet.] 1. To shoot out or forward; to project beyond the main body; as, the jutting part of a building. "In jutting rock and curved shore." Wordsworth. It seems to jut out of the structure of the poem. Sir T. Browne. 2. To butt. [Obs.] "The jutting steer." Mason. JUT Jut, n. 1. That which projects or juts; a projection. 2. A shove; a push. [Obs.] Udall. JUTE Jute, n. Etym: [Hind. j, Skr. j matted hair; cf. ja matted hair, fibrous roots.] Defn: The coarse, strong fiber of the East Indian Corchorus olitorius, and C. capsularis; also, the plant itself. The fiber is much used for making mats, gunny cloth, cordage, hangings, paper, etc. JUTES Jutes, n. pl. sing. Jute. (Ethnol.) Defn: Jutlanders; one of the Low German tribes, a portion of which settled in Kent, England, in the 5th century. JUTLANDER Jut"land*er, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Jutland in Denmark. JUTLANDISH Jut"land*ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Jutland, or to the people of Jutland. JUTTING Jut"ting, a. Defn: Projecting, as corbels, cornices, etc. -- Jut"ting*ly, adv. JUTTY Jut"ty, n. Etym: [See Jetty, Jut, Jet.] Defn: A projection in a building; also, a pier or mole; a jetty. Shak. JUTTY Jut"ty, v. t. & i. Defn: To project beyond. [Obs.] Shak. JUVENAL Ju"ve*nal, n. Etym: [L. juvenalis youthful, juvenile, fr. juvenis young.] Defn: A youth. [Obs.] Shak. JUVENESCENCE Ju`ve*nes"cence, n. Defn: A growing young. JUVENESCENT Ju`ve*nes"cent, a. Etym: [L. juvenescens, p. pr. of juvenescere to grow young again, from juvenis young.] Defn: Growing or becoming young. JUVENILE Ju"ve*nile, a. Etym: [L. juvenilis, from juvenis young; akin to E. young: cf. F. juvénile, juvénil. See Young.] 1. Young; youthful; as, a juvenile appearance. "A juvenile exercitation." Glanvill. 2. Of or pertaining to youth; as, juvenile sports. Syn. -- Puerile; boyish; childish. See Youthful. JUVENILE Ju"ve*nile, n. Defn: A young person or youth; -- used sportively or familiarly. C. Bronté. JUVENILENESS Ju"ve*nile*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being juvenile; juvenility. JUVENILITY Ju`ve*nil"i*ty, n.; pl. Juvenilities. Etym: [L. juvenilitas: cf. F. juvénilité.] 1. Youthfulness; adolescence. Glanvill. 2. The manners or character of youth; immaturity. Glanvill. JUVIA Ju"vi*a, n. (Bot.) Defn: A Brazilian name for the lofty myrtaceous tree (Bertholetia excelsa) which produces the large seeds known as Brazil nuts. JUWANSA Ju*wan"sa, n. (Bot.) Defn: The camel's thorn. See under Camel. JUWISE Ju*wise", n. [Obs.] Defn: Same as Juise. Chaucer. JUXTAPOSE Jux`ta*pose", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Juxtaposit, Pose.] Defn: To place in juxtaposition. Huxley. JUXTAPOSIT Jux`ta*pos"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Juxtaposited; p. pr. & vb. n. Juxtapositing.] Etym: [L. juxta near + positus, p. p. of ponere to put.] Defn: To place in close connection or contiguity; to juxtapose. Derham. JUXTAPOSITION Jux`ta*po*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. juxta near + positio position: cf. F. juxtaposition. See Just, v. i., and Position.] Defn: A placing or being placed in nearness or contiguity, or side by side; as, a juxtaposition of words. Parts that are united by a a mere juxtaposition. Glanvill. Juxtaposition is a very unsafe criterion of continuity. Hare. JYMOLD Jym"old (jim"old), a. [Obs.] Defn: See Gimmal. K Defn: (K is from the Latin, which used the letter but little except in the early period of the language. It came into the Latin from the Greek, which received it from a Phoenician source, the ultimate origin probably being Egyptian,. Etymologically K is most nearly related to c, g, h (which see). Note: In many words of one syllable k is used after c, as in crack, check, deck, being necessary to exhibit a correct pronunciation in the derivatives, cracked, checked, decked, cracking; since without it, c, before the vowels e and i, would be sounded like s. Formerly, k was added to c in certain words of Latin origin, as in musick, publick, republick; but now it is omitted. Note: See Guide to Pronunciation , §§ 240, 178, 179, 185. KAAMA Kaa"ma, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hartbeest. KABALA Kab"a*la, n. Defn: See Cabala. KABASSOU Ka*bas"sou, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Cabassou. KABOB Ka*bob", n. & v. t. Defn: See Cabob, n. & v. t. KABOOK Ka*book", n. (min.) Defn: A clay ironstone found in Ceylon. KABYLE Ka*byle", n. Etym: [Ar. qabila.] (Ethnol.) Defn: A Berber, as in Algiers or Tunis. See Berber. KADDER Kad"der, n. Etym: [Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The jackdaw. KADI; KADIASTER Ka"di, Ka`di*as"ter, n. Defn: A Turkish judge. See Cadi. KAFAL Ka*fal", n. (Bot.) Defn: The Arabian name of two trees of the genus Balsamodendron, which yield a gum resin and a red aromatic wood. KAFFIR; KAFIR Kaf"fir, Ka"fir, n. Etym: [Ar. k infidel, pagan, fr. kafara to be skeptical in religious matters; -- a name given to certain infidel races by the Mohammedans. Cf. Giaour.] (Ethnol.) (a) One of a race which, with the Hottentots and Bushmen, inhabit South Africa. They inhabit the country north of Cape Colony, the name being now specifically applied to the tribes living between Cape Colony and Natal; but the Zulus of Natal are true Kaffirs. (b) One of a race inhabiting Kafiristan in Central Asia. [Spelt also Caffre.] Kaffir corn (Bot.), a Cape Colony name for Indian millet. KAFFLE Kaf"fle, n. Defn: See Coffle. KAFILAH Ka"fi*lah, n. Defn: See Cafila. KAFTAN Kaf"tan, n & v. Defn: See Caftan. KAGE Kage, n. Defn: A chantry chapel inclosed with lattice or screen work. KAGU Ka"gu, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A singular, crested, grallatorial bird (Rhinochetos jubatus), native of New Caledonia. It is gray above, paler beneath, and the feathers of the wings and tail are handsomely barred with brown, black, and gray. It is allied to the sun bittern. KAGUAN Ka`gu*an", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The colugo. KAHANI Ka"ha"ni, n. Defn: A kind of notary public, or attorney, in the Levant. KAHAU Ka*hau", n. Etym: [Native name, from its cry.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A long-nosed monkey (Semnopithecus nasalis), native of Borneo. The general color of the body is bright chestnut, with the under parts, shoulders, and sides of the head, golden yellow, and the top of the head and upper part of the back brown. Called also proboscis monkey. [Written also kaha.] KAIL Kail, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of headless cabbage. Same as Kale, 1. 2. Any cabbage, greens, or vegetables. [OE. or Scot.] 3. A broth made with kail or other vegetables; hence, any broth; also, a dinner. [Scot.] Kail yard, a kitchen garden. [Scot.] KAIMACAM Kai`ma*cam", n. Defn: Same as Caimacam. KAIN Kain, n. (Scots Law) Defn: Poultry, etc., required by the lease to be paid in kind by a tenant to his landlord. Wharton (Law Dict.). KAINIT Kai"nit, n. Etym: [Trade name, fr. kainite.] Defn: Salts of potassium used in the manufacture of fertilizers. KAINITE Kai"nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A compound salt consisting chiefly of potassium chloride and magnesium sulphate, occurring at the Stassfurt salt mines in Prussian Saxony. KAINOZOIC Kai`no*zo"ic, a. Defn: See Cenozoic. KAIQUE Ka*ique", n. (Naut.) Defn: See Caique. KAIRINE Kai"rine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A pale buff or white crystalline alkaloid derived from quinoline, and used as an antipyretic in medicine. KAIROLINE Kai`ro*line, n. (Chem.) Defn: An organic base obtained from quinoline. It is used as a febrifuge, and resembles kairine. KAISER Kai"ser, n. Etym: [Gr., fr. L. Caesar. Cf. Kesar, and Czar.] Defn: The ancient title of emperors of Germany assumed by King William of Prussia when crowned sovereign of the new German empire in 1871. KAKA Ka"ka, n. Etym: [Maori kaka a parrot; -- so named from its note.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A New Zealand parrot of the genus Nestor, especially the brown parrot (Nestor meridionalis). Note: The mountain kaka, or kea (N. notabilis), is remarkable for having recently acquired carnivorous habits. It attacks and kills lambs and pigs, sometimes doing great damage. Night kaka. (Zoöl.) The kakapo. KAKAPO Ka`ka*po", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A singular nocturnal parrot (Strigops habroptilus), native of New Zealand. It lives in holes during the day, but is active at night. It resembles an owl in its colors and general appearance. It has large wings, but can fly only a short distance. Called also owl parrot, night parrot, and night kaka. KAKARALLI Kak`a*ral"li, n. Defn: A kind of wood common in Demerara, durable in salt water, because not subject to the depredations of the sea worm and barnacle. KAKISTOCRACY Kak`is*toc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Government by the worst men. KAKOXENE Ka*kox"ene, n. Defn: See Cacoxene. KALAN Ka*lan", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sea otter. KALASIE Ka`la*sie", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A long-tailed monkey of Borneo (Semnopithecus rubicundus). It has a tuft of long hair on the head. KALE Kale, n. Etym: [Scot. kale, kail, cale, colewort, Gael. cael; akin to Ir. cal, W. cawl, Armor. kaol. See Cole.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A variety of cabbage in which the leaves do not form a head, being nearly the original or wild form of the species. [Written also kail, and cale.] 2. See Kail, 2. Sea kale (Bot.), a European cruciferous herb (Crambe maritima), often used as a pot herb; sea cabbage. KALEEGE Ka*leege", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of large, crested, Asiatic pheasants, belonging to the genus Euplocamus, and allied to the firebacks. KALEIDOPHON; KALEIDOPHONE Ka*lei"do*phon, Ka*lei"do*phone, Etym: [Gr. (Physics.) Defn: An instrument invented by Professor Wheatstone, consisting of a reflecting knob at the end of a vibrating rod or thin plate, for making visible, in the motion of a point of light reflected from the knob, the paths or curves corresponding with the musical notes produced by the vibrations. KALEIDOSCOPE Ka*lei"do*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] Defn: An instrument invented by Sir David Brewster, which contains loose fragments of colored glass, etc., and reflecting surfaces so arranged that changes of position exhibit its contents in an endless variety of beautiful colors and symmetrical forms. It has been much employed in arts of design. Shifting like the fragments of colored glass in the kaleidoscope. G. W. Cable. KALEIDOSCOPIC; KALEIDOSCOPICAL Ka*lei`do*scop"ic, Ka*lei`do*scop"ic*al, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or formed by, a kaleidoscope; variegated. KALENDAR Kal"en*dar, n. Defn: See Calendar. KALENDARIAL Kal`en*da"ri*al, a. Defn: See Calendarial. KALENDER Kal"en*der, n. Defn: See 3d Calender. KALENDS Kal"ends, n. Defn: Same as Calends. KALI Ka"li, n. Etym: [Skr. kali.] (Hind. Cosmog.) Defn: The last and worst of the four ages of the world; -- considered to have begun B. C. 3102, and to last 432,000 years. KALI Ka"li, n. Etym: [Skr. kali.] (Hind. Myth.) Defn: The black, destroying goddess; -- called also Doorga, Anna Purna. KALI Ka"li, n. Etym: [Ar. qali. See Alkali.] (Bot.) Defn: The glasswort (Salsola Kali). KALIF Ka"lif, n. Defn: See Caliph. KALIFORM Ka"li*form, a. Etym: [Kali + -form.] Defn: Formed like kali, or glasswort. KALIGENOUS Ka*lig"e*nous, a. Etym: [Kali + -genous. See Alkali.] Defn: Forming alkalies with oxygen, as some metals. KALIUM Ka"li*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Kali.] (Chem.) Defn: Potassium; -- so called by the German chemists. KALKI Kal"ki, n. Etym: [Skr.] Defn: The name of Vishnu in his tenth and last avatar. Whitworth. KALMIA Kal"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named in honor of Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of North American shrubs with poisonous evergreen foliage and corymbs of showy flowers. Called also mountain laurel, ivy bush, lamb kill, calico bush, etc. KALMUCK Kal"muck, n. 1. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: See Calmucks. 2. A kind of shaggy cloth, resembling bearskin. 3. A coarse, dyed, cotton cloth, made in Prussia. KALONG Ka*long", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fruit bat, esp. the Indian edible fruit bat (Pteropus edulis). KALOYER Ka*loy"er, n. Defn: See Caloyer. KALPA Kal"pa, n. Etym: [Skr.] (Hind. Myth.) Defn: One of the Brahmanic eons, a period of 4,320,000,000 years. At the end of each Kalpa the world is annihilated. KALSOMINE Kal"so*mine, n. & v. t. Defn: Same as Calcimine. KAM Kam, a. Etym: [From Celtic; cf. Gael., Ir., & W. cam. Cf. Jamb, n.] Defn: Crooked; awry. [Obs.] "This is clean kam." Shak. KAMA Ka"ma, n. Etym: [Skr. kama love, the god of love.] Defn: The Hindoo Cupid. He is represented as a beautiful youth, with a bow of sugar cane or flowers. KAMALA Ka*ma"la, n. (Bot.) Defn: The red dusty hairs of the capsules of an East Indian tree (Mallotus Philippinensis) used for dyeing silk. It is violently emetic, and is used in the treatment of tapeworm. [Written also kameela.] KAME Kame, n. Defn: A low ridge. [Scot.] See Eschar. KAMI Ka"mi, n. pl. Etym: [Japanese.] Defn: A title given to the celestial gods of the first mythical dynasty of Japan and extended to the demigods of the second dynasty, and then to the long line of spiritual princes still represented by the mikado. KAMICHI Ka"mi*chi, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A curious South American bird (Anhima, or Palamedea, cornuta), often domesticated by the natives and kept with poultry, which it defends against birds of prey. It has a long, slender, hornlike ornament on its head, and two sharp spurs on each wing. Although its beak, feet, and legs resemble those of gallinaceous birds, it is related in anatomical characters to the ducks and geese (Anseres). Called also horned screamer. The name is sometimes applied also to the chaja. See Chaja, and Screamer. KAMPTULICON Kamp*tu"li*con, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A kind of elastic floor cloth, made of India rubber, gutta- percha, linseed oil, and powdered cork. KAMPYLITE Kam"py*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A variety of mimetite or arseniate of lead in hexagonal prisms of a fine orange yellow. [Written also campylite.] KAMSIN; KHAMSIN Kam*sin", Kham*sin", n. Etym: [Ar. khamsin, fr. khamsun, oblique case khamsin, fifty; -- so called because it blows for about fifty days, from April till June.] Defn: A hot southwesterly wind in Egypt, coming from the Sahara. [Written also Khamseen.] KAMTSCHADALES Kam"tscha*dales, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: An aboriginal tribe inhabiting the southern part of Kamtschatka. KAN Kan, v. t. Defn: To know; to ken. [Obs.] See Ken. KAN Kan, n. Defn: See Khan. KANACKA; KANAKA Ka*nack"a, Ka*na"ka, n. Etym: [Native name, prop., a man.] Defn: A native of the Sandwich Islands. KANCHIL Kan"chil, n. Etym: [Malay canchil.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small chevrotain of the genus Tragulus, esp. T. pygmæus, or T. kanchil, inhabiting Java, Sumatra, and adjacent islands; a deerlet. It is noted for its agility and cunning. KAND Kand, n. (Mining) Defn: Fluor spar; -- so called by Cornish miners. KANGAROO Kan"ga*roo", n. Etym: [Said to be the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of jumping marsupials of the family Macropodidæ. They inhabit Australia, New Guinea, and adjacent islands, They have long and strong hind legs and a large tail, while the fore legs are comparatively short and feeble. The giant kangaroo (Macropus major) is the largest species, sometimes becoming twelve or fourteen feet in total length. The tree kangaroos, belonging to the genus Dendrolagus, live in trees; the rock kangaroos, of the genus Petrogale, inhabit rocky situations; and the brush kangaroos, of the genus Halmaturus, inhabit wooded districts. See Wallaby. Kangaroo apple (Bot.), the edible fruit of the Tasmanian plant Solanum aviculare. -- Kangaroo grass (Bot.), a perennial Australian forage grass (Anthistiria australis). -- Kangaroo hare (Zoöl.), the jerboa kangaroo. See under Jerboa. -- Kangaroo mouse. (Zoöl.) See Jumping mouse, under Jumping. -- Kangaroo rat (Zoöl.), the potoroo. KANSAS Kan"sas, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians allied to the Winnebagoes and Osages. They formerly inhabited the region which is now the State of Kansas, but were removed to the Indian Territory. KANTIAN Kant"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher; conformed or relating to any or all of the philosophical doctrines of Immanuel Kant. KANTIAN Kant"i*an, n. Defn: A follower of Kant; a Kantist. KANTIANISM; KANTISM Kant"i*an*ism, Kant"ism, n. Defn: The doctrine or theory of Kant; the Kantian philosophy. KANTIST Kant"ist n. Defn: A disciple or follower of Kant. KANTTRY Kant"try, n. Defn: Same as Cantred. KAOLIN; KAOLINE Ka"o*lin, Ka"o*line, n. Etym: [Chin. kao-ling.] (Min.) Defn: A very pure white clay, ordinarily in the form of an impalpable powder, and used to form the paste of porcelain; China clay; porcelain clay. It is chiefly derived from the decomposition of common feldspar. Note: The name is now applied to all porcelain clays which endure the fire without discoloration. KAOLINIZATION Ka`o*lin`i*za"tion, n. Defn: The process by which feldspar is changed into kaolin. KAOLINIZE Ka"o*lin*ize, v. t. Defn: To convert into kaolin. KAPELLE Ka*pel"le, n. Etym: [G.] (Mus.) Defn: A chapel; hence, the choir or orchestra of a prince's chapel; now, a musical establishment, usually orchestral. Grove. KAPELLMEISTER Ka*pell"meis`ter, n. Etym: [G.] (Mus.) Defn: See Capellmeister. KAPIA Ka"pi*a, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Min.) Defn: The fossil resin of the kauri tree of New Zealand. KAPNOMAR Kap"no*mar, n. Chem. Defn: ) See Capnomor. KAPOK Ka*pok", n. [Prob. fr. the native name.] (Bot.) Defn: A silky wool derived from the seeds of Ceiba pentandra (syn. Eriodendron anfractuosum), a bombaceous tree of the East and West Indies. KARAGANE Kar"a*gane, n. Etym: [Russ. karagan'] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of gray fox found in Russia. KARAISM Ka"ra*ism, n. Defn: Doctrines of the Karaites. KARAITE Ka"ra*ite, n. Etym: [Heb.qara to read.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A sect of Jews who adhere closely to the letter of the Scriptures, rejecting the oral law, and allowing the Talmud no binding authority; -- opposed to the Rabbinists. KARAKUL Ka`ra*kul", n. [Russ. karakul' curly fleece of Bokhara and Khiva sheep.] Defn: Astrakhan, esp. in fine grades. Cf. Caracul. KARATAS Ka*ra"tas, n. (Bot.) Defn: A West Indian plant of the Pineapple family (Nidularium Karatas). KARMA Kar"ma, n. Etym: [Skr.] (Buddhism) Defn: One's acts considered as fixing one's lot in the future existence. (Theos.) The doctrine of fate as the inflexible result of cause and effect; the theory of inevitable consequence. KARMATHIAN Kar*ma"thi*an, n. Defn: One of a Mohammedan sect founded in the ninth century by Karmat. KARN Karn, n. Etym: [Cornish. Cf. Cairn.] (Mining) Defn: A pile of rocks; sometimes, the solid rock. See Cairn. KAROB Ka"rob, n. Etym: [Cf. Carat.] Defn: The twenty-fourth part of a grain; -- a weight used by goldsmiths. Crabb. KAROSS Ka*ross", n. [Native name.] Defn: A native garment or rug of skin sewed together in the form of a square. [South Africa] The wants of a native . . . are confined to a kaross (skin cloak) or some pieces of cotton cloth. James Bryce. KARPHOLITE Kar"pho*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. carpholithe.] (Min.) Defn: A fibrous mineral occurring in tufts of a straw-yellow color. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and manganese. KARROO Kar*roo", n.; pl. Karroos (. Defn: One of the dry table-lands of South Africa, which often rise terracelike to considerable elevations. [Also karoo.] The Great Karroo, or The Karroo, a vast plateau, in Cape Colony, stretching through five degrees of longitude, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet. KARSTENITE Kar"sten*ite, n. Defn: Same as Anhydrite. KARVEL Kar"vel, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Carvel, and Caravel. KARYOKINESIS Kar"y*o*ki*ne`sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The indirect division of cells in which, prior to division of the cell protoplasm, complicated changes take place in the nucleus, attended with movement of the nuclear fibrils; -- opposed to karyostenosis. The nucleus becomes enlarged and convoluted, and finally the threads are separated into two groups which ultimately become disconnected and constitute the daughter nuclei. Called also mitosis. See Cell development, under Cell. KARYOKINETIC Kar`y*o*ki*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to karyokinesis; as, karyokinetic changes of cell division. KARYOMITON Kar`y*om"i*ton, n. Etym: [NL., Gr. ( (Biol.) Defn: The reticular network of fine fibers, of which the nucleus of a cell is in part composed; -- in opposition to kytomiton, or the network in the body of the cell. W. Flemming. KARYOPLASMA Kar`y*o*plas"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. a num + (Biol.) Defn: The protoplasmic substance of the nucleus of a cell: nucleoplasm; -- in opposition to kytoplasma, the protoplasm of the cell. KARYOSTENOSIS Kar`y*o*ste*no"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Direct cell division (in which there is first a simple division of the nucleus, without any changes in its structure, followed by division of the protoplasm of the karyostenotic mode of nuclear division. KARYOSTENOTIC Kar`y*o*ste*not"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or connected with, karyostenosis; as, the karyostenotic mode of nuclear division. KASACK Ka*sack", n. (Ethnol.) Defn: Same as Cossack. KAT Kat, n. (Bot.) Defn: An Arabian shrub Catha edulis) the leaves of which are used as tea by the Arabs. KATABOLIC Kat`a*bol"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to katabolism; as, katabolic processes, which give rise to substances (katastates) of decreasing complexity and increasing stability. KATABOLISM Ka*tab"o*lism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Destructive or downward metabolism; regressive metamorphism; -- opposed to anabolism. See Disassimilation. KATASTATE Kat"a*state, n. Etym: [Gr. ( Defn: (Physiol.) A substance formed by a katabolic process; -- opposed to anastate. See Katabolic. KATE Kate, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The brambling finch. KATHETAL Kath"e*tal, a. Etym: [Gr. Cathetus.] (Math.) Defn: Making a right angle; perpendicular, as two lines or two sides of a triangle, which include a right angle. KATHETOMETER Kath`e*tom"e*ter, n. Defn: Same as Cathetometer. KATTIMUNDOO Kat`ti*mun"doo, n. Defn: A caoutchouc like substance obtained from the milky juice of the East Indian Euphorbia Kattimundoo. It is used as a cement. KATYDID Ka"ty*did`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, green, arboreal, orthopterous insect (Cyrtophyllus concavus) of the family Locustidæ, common in the United States. The males have stridulating organs at the bases of the front wings. During the summer and autumn, in the evening, the males make a peculiar, loud, shrill sound, resembling the combination Katy-did, whence the name. KAURI Ka"u*ri, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Bot.) Defn: A lofty coniferous tree of New Zealand Agathis, or Dammara, australis), furnishing valuable timber and yielding one kind of dammar resin. [Written also kaudi, cowdie, and cowrie.] KAURI RESIN; KAURI GUM; KAURI COPAL Kauri resin, gum, or copal. Defn: A resinous product of the kauri, found in the form of yellow or brown lumps in the ground where the trees have grown. It is used for making varnish, and as a substitute for amber. KAVA Ka"va, n. Etym: [Polynesian.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of Macropiper (M. methysticum), the long pepper, from the root of which an intoxicating beverage is made by the Polynesians, by a process of mastication; also, the beverage itself. [Written also kawa, kava, and ava.] KAVASS Ka*vass", n.; pl. Kavasses Etym: [Turk. kavvas] Defn: An armed constable; also, a government servant or courier. [Turkey] KAW Kaw, v. i. & n. Defn: See Caw. KAWAKA Ka*wa"ka, n. (Bot.) Defn: a New Zealand tree, the Cypress cedar (Libocedrus Doniana), having a valuable, fine-grained, reddish wood. KAWN Kawn, n. Defn: A inn. [Turkey] See Khan. KAYAK Kay"ak, n. (Naut.) Defn: A light canoe, made of skins stretched over a frame, and usually capable of carrying but one person, who sits amidships and uses a double-bladed paddle. It is peculiar to the Eskimos and other Arctic tribes. KAYAKER Kay"ak*er, n. Defn: One who uses a kayak. KAYKO Kay"ko, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dog salmon. KAYLES Kayles, n. pl. Etym: [Akin to Dan. kegle, Sw. kegla, D. & G. kegel, OHG. kegil, whence F. quille.] Defn: A game; ninepins. [Prov Eng.] Carew. KAYNARD Kay"nard, n. Etym: [F. cagnard.] Defn: A lazy or cowardly person; a rascal. [Obs.] Chaucer. KAZOO Ka*zoo", n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A kind of toy or rude musical instrument, as a tube inside of which is a stretched string made to vibrate by singing or humming into the tube. KEA Ke"a (ka"a; colloq. ke"a), n. [Maori.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large New Zealand parrot (Nestor notabilis), notorious for having acquired the habit of killing sheep; -- called also mountain parrot. KECK Keck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kecked; p. pr. & vb. n. Kecking.] Etym: [Cf. dial. G. köcken, köken.] Defn: To heave or to retch, as in an effort to vomit. [R.] Swift. KECK Keck, n. Defn: An effort to vomit; queasiness. [R.] KECKLE Kec"kle, v. i. & n. Defn: See Keck, v. i. & n. KECKLE Kec"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Keckling.] (Naut.) Defn: To wind old rope around, as a cable, to preserve its surface from being fretted, or to wind iron chains around, to defend from the friction of a rocky bottom, or from the ice. Totten. KECKLING Kec"kling, n. Defn: Old rope or iron chains wound around a cable. See Keckle, v. t. KECKLISH Kec"klish, a. Etym: [From keck, keckle.] Defn: Inclined to vomit; squeamish. [R.] Holland. KECKSY Keck"sy, n.; pl. Kecksies (-sîz). Etym: [Properly pl. of kex. See Kex.] (Bot.) Defn: The hollow stalk of an umbelliferous plant, such as the cow parsnip or the hemlock. [Written also kex, and in pl., kecks, kaxes.] Nothing teems But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs. Shak. KECKY Keck"y, a. Defn: Resembling a kecksy. Grew. KEDDAH Ked"dah, n. [Malay kedah, fr. Ar. qadah hole.] Defn: An inclosure constructed to entrap wild elephants; an elephant trap. [India] KEDGE Kedge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kedged; p. pr. & vb. n. Kedging.] Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. keka to tug, to drag one's self slowly forward; or perh. fr. ked, and kedge, n., for ked anchor, named from the ked or cask fastened to the anchor to show where it lies.] (Naut.) Defn: To move (a vessel) by carrying out a kedge in a boat, dropping it overboard, and hauling the vessel up to it. KEDGE Kedge, n. Etym: [See Kedge, v. t.] (Naut.) Defn: A small anchor used whenever a large one can be dispensed witch. See Kedge, v. t., and Anchor, n. KEDGER Kedg"er n. (Naut.) Defn: A small anchor; a kedge. KEDLOCK Ked"lock, n. Etym: [Cf. dial. G.köddik, küdik, kettich, keek, Dan. kidike, E. charlock, and AS. cedelc the herb mercury.] (Bot.) Defn: See Charlock. KEE Kee, n. pl. of Cow. Etym: [AS. c, pl. of c cow. See Kine.] Defn: See Kie, Ky, and Kine. [Prov. Eng.] Gay. KEECH Keech, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. keech a cake.] Defn: A mass or lump of fat rolled up by the butcher. [Obs.] Shak. KEEL Keel, v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. c to cool, fr. c cool. See Cool.] Defn: To cool; to akin or stir [Obs.] While greasy Joan doth keel the pot. Shak. KEEL Keel, n. Defn: A brewer's cooling vat; a keelfat. KEEL Keel, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. ceól ship; akin to D. & G. kiel keel, OHG. chiol ship, Icel. kj, and perh. to Gr. gla ball, round water vessel. But the meaning of the English word seems to come from Icel. kjölr keel, akin to Sw. köl, Dan. kjöl.] 1. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A longitudinal timber, or series of timbers scarfed together, extending from stem to stern along the bottom of a vessel. It is the principal timber of the vessel, and, by means of the ribs attached on each side, supports the vessel's frame. In an iron vessel, a combination of plates supplies the place of the keel of a wooden ship. See Illust. of Keelson. 2. Fig.: The whole ship. 3. A barge or lighter, used on the Type for carrying coal from Newcastle; also, a barge load of coal, twentyone tons, four cwt. [Eng.] 4. (Bot.) Defn: The two lowest petals of the corolla of a papilionaceous flower, united and inclosing the stamens and pistil; a carina. See Carina. 5. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: A projecting ridge along the middle of a flat or curved surface. Bilge keel (Naut.), a keel peculiar to ironclad vessels, extending only a portion of the length of the vessel under the bilges. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- False keel. See under False. -- Keel boat. (a) A covered freight boat, with a keel, but no sails, used on Western rivers. [U. S.] (b) A low, flat-bottomed freight boat. See Keel, n., 3. -- Keel piece, one of the timbers or sections of which a keel is composed. On even keel, in a level or horizontal position, so that the draught of water at the stern and the bow is the same. Ham. Nav. Encyc. KEEL Keel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Keeled; p. pr. & vb. n. Keeling.] 1. To traverse with a keel; to navigate. 2. To turn up the keel; to show the bottom. To keel over, to upset; to capsize. [Colloq.] KEELAGE Keel"age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. guillage, fr. guille keel; of German or Scand origin. See 3d Keel.] Defn: The right of demanding a duty or toll for a ship entering a port; also, the duty or toll. Bouvier. Wharton. KEELED Keeled, a. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Keel-shaped; having a longitudinal prominence on the back; as, a keeled leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a median ridge; carinate; as, a keeled scale. KEELER Keel"er, n. Etym: [See 3d Keel.] 1. One employed in managing a Newcastle keel; -- called also keelman. 2. A small or shallow tub; esp., one used for holding materials for calking ships, or one used for washing dishes, etc. KEELFAT Keel"fat`, n. Etym: [Keel to cool + fat a large tub, a vat.] (Brewing) Defn: A cooler; a vat for cooling wort, etc. [Written also keelvat.] Johnson. KEELHAUL Keel"haul`, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Keelhauled; p. pr. & vb. n. Keelhauling.] Etym: [3d keel + haul: cf. LG. & D. kielhalen, G. kielholen. ] [Written also keelhale.] (Naut.) Defn: To haul under the keel of a ship, by ropes attached to the yardarms on each side. It was formerly practiced as a punishment in the Dutch and English navies. Totten. KEELING Kee"ling, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. keila, Sw. kolja, Dan. kulle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A cod. KEELIVINE Kee"li*vine, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. cil ruddle.] Defn: A pencil of black or red lead; -- called also keelyvine pen. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. KEELMAN Keel"man, n.; pl. -men (. Defn: See Keeler, 1. KEELRAKE Keel"rake`, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: Same as Keelhaul. KEELS Keels, n. pl. Defn: Ninepins. See Kayles. KEELSON Keel"son, n. Etym: [Akin to Sw. kölsvin, Dan. kjölsviin, G. kielschwein; apparently compounded of the words keel and swine; but cf. Norweg. kjölsvill, where svill is akin to E. sill, n. ] (Shipbuilding) Defn: A piece of timber in a ship laid on the middle of the floor timbers over the keel, and binding the floor timbers to the keel; in iron vessels, a structure of plates, situated like the keelson of a timber ship. Cross keelson, a similar structure lying athwart the main keelson, to support the engines and boilers. KEELVAT Keel"vat`, n. Defn: See Keelfat. KEEN Keen, a. [Compar. Keener; superl. Keenest.] Etym: [OE. kene sharp, bold, AS.c bold; akin to D. koen, OHG. kuoni, G. kühn, OSw. kyn, kön, Icel. kænn, for koenn wise; perh. akin to E. ken, can to be able. 1. Sharp; having a fine edge or point; as, a keen razor, or a razor with a keen edge. A bow he bare and arwes [arrows] bright and kene. Chaucer. That my keen knife see not the wound it makes. Shak. 2. Acute of mind; sharp; penetrating; having or expressing mental acuteness; as, a man of keen understanding; a keen look; keen features. To make our wits more keen. Shak. Before the keen inquiry of her thought. Cowper. 3. Bitter; piercing; acrimonious; cutting; stinging; severe; as, keen satire or sarcasm. Good father cardinal, cry thou amen To my keen curses. Shak. 4. Piercing; penetrating; cutting; sharp; -- applied to cold, wind, etc, ; as, a keen wind; the cold is very keen. Breasts the keen air, and carols as he goes. Goldsmith. 5. Eager; vehement; fierce; as, a keen appetite. "Of full kene will." Piers Plowman. So keen and greedy to confound a man. Shak. Note: Keen is often used in the composition of words, most of which are of obvious signification; as, keen-edged, keen-eyed, keen- sighted, keen-witted, etc. Syn. -- Prompt; eager; ardent; sharp; acute; cutting; penetrating; biting; severe; sarcastic; satirical; piercing; shrewd. KEEN Keen, v. t. Defn: To sharpen; to make cold. [R.] Cold winter keens the brightening flood. Thomson. KEEN Keen, n. Etym: [Ir. caoine.] Defn: A prolonged wail for a deceased person. Cf. Coranach. [Ireland] Froude. KEEN Keen, v. i. Defn: To wail as a keener does. [Ireland] KEENER Keen"er, n. Defn: A professional mourner who wails at a funeral. [Ireland] KEENLY Keen"ly, adv. Defn: In a keen manner. KEENNESS Keen"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being keen. KEEP Keep, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kept; p. pr. & vb. n. Keeping.] Etym: [OE. k, AS.c to keep, regard, desire, await, take, betake; cf. AS. copenere lover, OE. copnien to desire.] 1. To care; to desire. [Obs.] I kepe not of armes for to yelp [boast]. Chaucer. 2. To hold; to restrain from departure or removal; not to let go of; to retain in one's power or possession; not to lose; to retain; to detain. If we lose the field, We can not keep the town. Shak. That I may know what keeps me here with you. Dryden. If we would weigh and keep in our minds what we are considering, that would instruct us. Locke. 3. To cause to remain in a given situation or condition; to maintain unchanged; to hold or preserve in any state or tenor. His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal. Milton. Keep a stiff rein, and move but gently on. Addison. Note: In this sense it is often used with prepositions and adverbs, as to keep away, to keep down, to keep from, to keep in, out, or off, etc. "To keep off impertinence and solicitation from his superior." Addison. 4. To have in custody; to have in some place for preservation; to take charge of. The crown of Stephanus, first king of Hungary, was always kept in the castle of Vicegrade. Knolles. 5. To preserve from danger, harm, or loss; to guard. Behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee. Gen. xxviii. 15. 6. To preserve from discovery or publicity; not to communicate, reveal, or betray, as a secret. Great are thy virtues . . . though kept from man. Milton. 7. To attend upon; to have the care of; to tend. And the Lord God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden, to dress it and to keep it. Gen. ii. 15. In her girlish age, she kept sheep on the moor. Carew. 8. To record transactions, accounts, or events in; as, to keep books, a journal, etc. ; also, to enter (as accounts, records, etc. ) in a book. 9. To maintain, as an establishment, institution, or the like; to conduct; to manage; as, to keep store. Like a pedant that keeps a school. Shak. Every one of them kept house by himself. Hayward. 10. To supply with necessaries of life; to entertain; as, to keep boarders. 11. To have in one's service; to have and maintain, as an assistant, a servant, a mistress, a horse, etc. I keep but three men and a boy. Shak. 12. To have habitually in stock for sale. 13. To continue in, as a course or mode of action; not to intermit or fall from; to hold to; to maintain; as, to keep silence; to keep one's word; to keep possession. Both day and night did we keep company. Shak. Within this portal as I kept my watch. Smollett. 14. To observe; to adhere to; to fulfill; not to swerve from or violate; to practice or perform, as duty; not to neglect; to be faithful to. I have kept the faith. 2 Tim. iv. 7. Him whom to love is to obey, and keep His great command. Milton. 15. To confine one's self to; not to quit; to remain in; as, to keep one's house, room, bed, etc. ; hence, to haunt; to frequent. Shak. 'Tis hallowed ground; Fairies, and fawns, and satyrs do it keep. J. Fletcher. 16. To observe duty, as a festival, etc. ; to celebrate; to solemnize; as, to keep a feast. I went with them to the house of God . . . with a multitude that kept holyday. Ps. xlii. 4. To keep at arm's length. See under Arm, n. -- To keep back. (a) To reserve; to withhold. "I will keep nothing back from you." Jer. xlii. 4. (b) To restrain; to hold back. "Keep back thy servant also from presumptuous sins." Ps. xix. 13. -- To keep company with. (a) To frequent the society of; to associate with; as, let youth keep company with the wise and good. (b) To accompany; to go with; as, to keep company with one on a voyage; also, to pay court to, or accept attentions from, with a view to marriage. [Colloq.] -- To keep counsel. See under Counsel, n. -- To keep down. (a) To hold in subjection; to restrain; to hinder. (b) (Fine Arts) To subdue in tint or tone, as a portion of a picture, so that the spectator's attention may not be diverted from the more important parts of the work. -- To keep good (or bad) hours, to be customarily early (or late) in returning home or in retiring to rest. -- To keep house. (a) To occupy a separate house or establishment, as with one's family, as distinguished from boarding; to manage domestic affairs. (b) (Eng. Bankrupt Law) To seclude one's self in one's house in order to evade the demands of creditors. -- To keep one's hand in, to keep in practice. -- To keep open house, to be hospitable. -- To keep the peace (Law), to avoid or to prevent a breach of the peace. -- To keep school, to govern, manage and instruct or teach a school, as a preceptor. -- To keep a stiff upper lip, to keep up one's courage. [Slang] -- To keep term. (a) (Eng. Universities) To reside during a term. (b) (Inns of Court) To eat a sufficient number of dinners in hall to make the term count for the purpose of being called to the bar. [Eng.] Mozley & W. -- To keep touch. See under Touch, n. -- To keep under, to hold in subjection; hence, to oppress. -- To keep up. (a) To maintain; to prevent from falling or diminution; as, to keep up the price of goods; to keep up one's credit. (b) To maintain; to continue; to prevent from ceasing. "In joy, that which keeps up the action is the desire to continue it." Locke. Syn. -- To retain; detain; reserve; preserve; hold; restrain; maintain; sustain; support; withhold. -- To Keep. Retain, Preserve. Keep is the generic term, and is often used where retain or preserve would too much restrict the meaning; as, to keep silence, etc. Retain denotes that we keep or hold things, as against influences which might deprive us of them, or reasons which might lead us to give them up; as, to retain vivacity in old age; to retain counsel in a lawsuit; to retain one's servant after a reverse of fortune. Preserve denotes that we keep a thing against agencies which might lead to its being destroyed or broken in upon; as, to preserve one's health; to preserve appearances. KEEP Keep, v. i. 1. To remain in any position or state; to continue; to abide; to stay; as, to keep at a distance; to keep aloft; to keep near; to keep in the house; to keep before or behind; to keep in favor; to keep out of company, or out reach. 2. To last; to endure; to remain unimpaired. If the malt be not thoroughly dried, the ale it makes will not keep. Mortimer. 3. To reside for a time; to lodge; to dwell. [Now disused except locally or colloquially.] Knock at his study, where, they say, he keeps. Shak. 4. To take care; to be solicitous; to watch. [Obs.] Keep that the lusts choke not the word of God that is in us. Tyndale. 5. To be in session; as, school keeps to-day. [Colloq.] To keep from, to abstain or refrain from. -- To keep in with, to keep on good terms with; as, to keep in with an opponent. -- To keep on, to go forward; to proceed; to continue to advance. -- To keep to, to adhere strictly to; not to neglect or deviate from; as, to keep to old customs; to keep to a rule; to keep to one's word or promise. -- To keep up, to remain unsubdued; also, not to be confined to one's bed. KEEP Keep, n. 1. The act or office of keeping; custody; guard; care; heed; charge. Chaucer. Pan, thou god of shepherds all, Which of our tender lambkins takest keep. Spenser. 2. The state of being kept; hence, the resulting condition; case; as, to be in good keep. 3. The means or provisions by which one is kept; maintenance; support; as, the keep of a horse. Grass equal to the keep of seven cows. Carlyle. I performed some services to the college in return for my keep. T. Hughes. 4. That which keeps or protects; a stronghold; a fortress; a castle; specifically, the strongest and securest part of a castle, often used as a place of residence by the lord of the castle, especially during a siege; the donjon. See Illust. of Castle. The prison strong, Within whose keep the captive knights were laid. Dryden. The lower chambers of those gloomy keeps. Hallam. I think . . . the keep, or principal part of a castle, was so called because the lord and his domestic circle kept, abode, or lived there. M. A. Lower. 5. That which is kept in charge; a charge. [Obs.] Often he used of his keep A sacrifice to bring. Spenser. 6. (Mach.) Defn: A cap for retaining anything, as a journal box, in place. To take keep, to take care; to heed. [Obs.] Chaucer. KEEPER Keep"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, keeps; one who, or that which, holds or has possession of anything. 2. One who retains in custody; one who has the care of a prison and the charge of prisoners. 3. One who has the care, custody, or superintendence of anything; as, the keeper of a park, a pound, of sheep, of a gate, etc. ; the keeper of attached property; hence, one who saves from harm; a defender; a preserver. The Lord is thy keeper. Ps. cxxi. 6. 4. One who remains or keeps in a place or position. Discreet; chaste; keepers at home. Titus ii. 5. 5. A ring, strap, clamp, or any device for holding an object in place; as: (a) The box on a door jamb into which the bolt of a lock protrudes, when shot. (b) A ring serving to keep another ring on the finger. (c) A loop near the buckle of a strap to receive the end of the strap. 6. A fruit that keeps well; as, the Roxbury Russet is a good keeper. Downing. Keeper of the forest (O. Eng. Law), an officer who had the principal government of all things relating to the forest. -- Keeper of the great seal, a high officer of state, who has custody of the great seal. The office is now united with that of lord chancellor. [Eng.] -- Keeper of the King's conscience, the lord chancellor; -- a name given when the chancellor was an ecclesiastic. [Eng.] -- Keeper of the privy seal (styled also lord privy seal), a high officer of state, through whose hands pass all charters, pardons, etc., before they come to the great seal. He is a privy councillor, and was formerly called clerk of the privy seal. [Eng.] - - Keeper of a magnet, a piece of iron which connects the two poles, for the purpose of keeping the magnetic power undiminished; an armature. KEEPERSHIP Keep"er*ship, n. Defn: The office or position of a keeper. Carew. KEEPING Keep"ing, n. 1. A holding; restraint; custody; guard; charge; care; preservation. His happiness is in his own keeping. South. 2. Maintenance; support; provision; feed; as, the cattle have good keeping. The work of many hands, which earns my keeping. Milton. 3. Conformity; congruity; harmony; consistency; as, these subjects are in keeping with each other. 4. (Paint.) Defn: Harmony or correspondence between the different parts of a work of art; as, the foreground of this painting is not in keeping. Keeping room, a family sitting room. [New Eng. & Prov. Eng.] Syn. -- Care; guardianship; custody; possession. KEEPSAKE Keep"sake`, n. Defn: Anything kept, or given to be kept, for the sake of the giver; a token of friendship. KEESH Keesh, n. Defn: See Kish. KEEVE Keeve, n. Etym: [AS. c, fr. L. cupa a tub, cask; also, F. cuve. Cf. Kive, Coop.] 1. (Brewing) Defn: A vat or tub in which the mash is made; a mash tub. Ure. 2. (Bleaching) Defn: A bleaching vat; a kier. 3. (Mining) Defn: A large vat used in dressing ores. KEEVE Keeve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keeved; p. pr. & vb. n. Keeving.] 1. To set in a keeve, or tub, for fermentation. 2. To heave; to tilt, as a cart. [Prov. Eng.] KEEVER Keev"er, n. Defn: See Keeve, n. KEFFE-KIL Kef"fe-kil, n. (Min.) Defn: See Kiefekil. KEFIR Kef"ir, n. Defn: An effervescent liquor like kumiss, made from fermented milk, used as a food and as a medicine in the northern Caucasus. -- Ke*fir"ic (#), a. KEFIR GRAINS Kefir grains. Defn: Small hard yellowish aggregations found in the Caucasus region, and containing various yeasts and bacteria. They are used as a ferment in preparing kefir. KEG Keg, n. Etym: [Earlier cag, Icel. kaggi; akin to Sw. kagge.] Defn: A small cask or barrel. KEILHAUITE Keil"hauite, n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a brownish black color, related to titanite in form. It consists chiefly of silica, titanium dioxide, lime, and yttria. KEIR Keir, n. Defn: See Kier. KEITLOA Keit*lo"a, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A black, two-horned, African rhinoceros (Atelodus keitloa). It has the posterior horn about as long as the anterior one, or even longer. KELD Keld, a. Etym: [Cf. Cavl.] Defn: Having a kell or covering; webbed. [Obs.] Drayton. KELE Kele, v. t. Etym: [See Keel to cool.] Defn: To cool. [Obs.] Chaucer. KELL Kell, n. Defn: A kiln. [Obs.] KELL Kell, n. Etym: [A modification of kale.] Defn: A sort of pottage; kale. See Kale, 2. Ainsworth. KELL Kell, n. Etym: [Cf. Caul.] 1. The caul; that which covers or envelops as a caul; a net; a fold; a film. [Obs.] I'll have him cut to the kell. Beau. & Fl. 2. The cocoon or chrysalis of an insect. B. Jonson. KELOID Ke"loid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Med.) Defn: Applied to a variety of tumor forming hard, flat, irregular excrescences upon the skin. -- n. Defn: A keloid tumor. KELOTOMY Ke*lot"o*my, n. (Med.) Defn: See Celotomy. KELP Kelp, n. Etym: [Formerly kilpe; of unknown origin.] 1. The calcined ashes of seaweed, -- formerly much used in the manufacture of glass, now used in the manufacture of iodine. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Any large blackish seaweed. Note: Laminaria is the common kelp of Great Britain; Macrocystis pyrifera and Nereocystis Lutkeana are the great kelps of the Pacific Ocean. Kelp crab (Zoöl.), a California spider crab (Epialtus productus), found among seaweeds, which it resembles in color. -- Kelp salmon (Zoöl.), a serranoid food fish (Serranus clathratus) of California. See Cabrilla. KELPFISH Kelp"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small California food fish (Heterostichus rostratus), living among kelp. The name is also applied to species of the genus Platyglossus. KELPIE; KELPY Kel"pie, Kel"py, n.; pl. Kelpies. Etym: [Cf. Gael. cailpeach, calpach, colpach, a heifer, steer, colt, colpa a cow or horse.] (Scotch Myth.) Defn: An imaginary spirit of the waters, horselike in form, vulgarly believed to warn, by preternatural noises and lights, those who are to be drowned. Jamieson. KELPWARE Kelp"ware`, n. Defn: Same as Kelp, 2. KELSON Kel"son, n. Defn: See Keelson. Sir W. Raleigh. KELT Kelt, n. Defn: See Kilt, n. Jamieson. KELT Kelt, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kult quilt.] Defn: Cloth with the nap, generally of native black wool. [Scot.] Jamieson. KELT Kelt, n. Defn: A salmon after spawning. [Scot.] KELT Kelt, n. Defn: Same as Celt, one of Celtic race. KELTER Kel"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. & Ir. cealt clothes, Gael. cealltair spear, castle, cause, Prov. E. kilter tool, instrument. Cf. Kilt.] Defn: Regular order or proper condition. [Written also kilter.] [Colloq.] If the organs of prayer be out of kelter or out of tune, how can we pray Barrow. KELTIC Kelt"ic, a. & n. Defn: Same as Celtic, a. & n. KEMB Kemb, n. t. [imp. & p. p. Kembed or Kempt (p. pr. & vb. n. Kembing.] Etym: [OE.kemben, AS. cemban, fr. camb comb.] Defn: To comb. [Obs.] His longe hair was kembed behind his back. Chaucer. KEMELIN Kem"e*lin, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E.kemlin, kimlin, kimmel, a salting tub, any tub, kembing a brewing tub, G. kumme bowl, basin, W. cwmman a tub, brewing tub.] Defn: A tub; a brewer's vessel. [Obs.] Chaucer. KEMP; KEMPTY Kemp, Kemp"ty, n. Defn: Coarse, rough hair wool or fur, injuring its quality. KEMPE Kem"pe, a. Defn: Rough; shaggy. [Obs.] "Kempe hairs." Chaucer. KEMPS Kemps, n. pl. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) Defn: The long flower stems of the ribwort plantain (Plantago Lanceolata). Dr. Prior. KEMPT Kempt, Defn: p. p. of Kemb. B. Jonson. KEN Ken, n. Etym: [Perh. from kennel.] Defn: A house; esp., one which is a resort for thieves. [Slang, Eng.] KEN Ken, n. t. [imp. & p. p. Kenned; p. pr. & vb. n. Kenning.] Etym: [OE.kennen to teach, make known, know, AS. cennan to make known, proclaim, or rather from the related Icel. kenna to know; akin to D. & G. kennen to know, Goth. kannjan to make known; orig., a causative corresponding to AS. cunnan to know, Goth. kunnan. sq. root45. See Can to be able, Know.] 1. To know; to understand; to take cognizance of. [Archaic or Scot.] 2. To recognize; to descry; to discern. [Archaic or Scot.] "We ken them from afar." Addison 'T is he. I ken the manner of his gait. Shak. KEN Ken, v. i. Defn: To look around. [Obs.] Burton. KEN Ken, n. Defn: Cognizance; view; especially, reach of sight or knowledge. "Beyond his ken." Longfellow. Above the reach and ken of a mortal apprehension. South. It was relief to quit the ken And the inquiring looks of men. Trench. KENDAL GREEN; KENDAL Ken"dal green`, or; Ken"dal. Defn: A cloth colored green by dye obtained from the woad-waxen, formerly used by Flemish weavers at Kendal, in Westmoreland, England. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). How couldst thou know these men in Kendal green Shak. KENNEL Ken"nel, n. Etym: [See Channel, Canal.] Defn: The water course of a street; a little canal or channel; a gutter; also, a puddle. Bp. Hall. KENNEL Ken"nel, n. Etym: [OE.kenel, (assumed) OF. kenil, F. chenil, LL. canile, fr. L. canis a dog. Cf. Canine.] 1. A house for a dog or for dogs, or for a pack of hounds. A dog sure, if he could speak, had wit enough to describe his kennel. Sir P. Sidney. 2. A pack of hounds, or a collection of dogs. Shak. 3. The hole of a fox or other beast; a haunt. KENNEL Ken"nel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kenneled or Kennelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Kennelling.] Defn: To lie or lodge; to dwell, as a dog or a fox. The dog kenneled in a hollow tree. L'Estrange. KENNEL Ken"nel, v. t. Defn: To put or keep in a kennel. Thomson. KENNEL COAL Ken"nel coal` Defn: . See Cannel coal. KENNING Ken"ning, n. Etym: [See Ken, v. t.] 1. Range of sight. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. The limit of vision at sea, being a distance of about twenty miles. KENO Ke"no, n. Etym: [F. quine five winning numbers, fr. L. quini five each, quinque five. See Five.] Defn: A gambling game, a variety of the game of lotto, played with balls or knobs, numbered, and cards also numbered. [U. S.] KENOGENESIS Ken`o*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: Modified evolution, in which nonprimitive characters make their appearance in consequence of a secondary adaptation of the embryo to the peculiar conditions of its environment; -- distinguished from palingenesis. [Written also cænogenesis.] KENOGENETIC Ken`o*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to kenogenesis; as, kenogenetic processes. -- Ken`o*ge*net"ic*al*ly, adv. KENSPECKLE Ken"spec`kle, a. Defn: Having so marked an appearance as easily to be recognized. [Scot.] KENT BUGLE Kent" bu"gle. Etym: [Probably named after a Duke of Kent.] (Mus.) Defn: A curved bugle, having six finger keys or stops, by means of which the performer can play upon every key in the musical scale; -- called also keyed bugle, and key bugle. Moore. KENTLE Ken"tle, n. Etym: [From Quintal.] (Com.) Defn: A hundred weight; a quintal. KENTLEDGE Kent"ledge, n. Etym: [OF. cant edge, corner, D.kant. See Cant edge, angle.] (Naut.) Defn: Pigs of iron used for ballast. [Written also kintlidge.] KENTUCKY Ken*tuck"y, n. Defn: One of the United States. Kentucky blue grass (Bot.), a valuable pasture and meadow grass (Poa pratensis), found in both Europe and America. See under Blue grass. -- Kentucky coffee tree (Bot.), a tall North American tree (Gymnocladus Canadensis) with bipinnate leaves. It produces large woody pods containing a few seeds which have been used as a substitute for coffee. The timber is a very valuable. KEPHALIN Keph"a*lin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: One of a group of nitrogenous phosphorized principles, supposed by Thudichum to exist in brain tissue. KEPI Kep"i, n. [F. képi, of G. origin.] Defn: A military cap having a close-fitting band, a round flat top sloping toward the front, and a visor. As originally worn by the French in Algeria about 1830 it was tall and stiff with a straight visor. It is now lower, has a curved visor, and is frequently soft. KEPT Kept, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Keep. Kept mistress, a concubine; a woman supported by a man as his paramour. KEPVISELOHAZ Kép"vi*se*lö*ház`, n. [Hung., fr. képviselö representative + ház house.] (Hungary) Defn: See Legislature. KERAMIC Ke*ram"ic, a. Defn: Same as Ceramic. KERAMICS Ke*ram"ics, n. Defn: Same as Ceramics. KERAMOGRAPHIC Ker`a*mo*graph"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. graph + ic.] Defn: Suitable to be written upon; capable of being written upon, as a slate; -- said especially of a certain kind of globe. Scudamore. KERANA Ke*ra"na, n. (Mus.) Defn: A kind of long trumpet, used among the Persians. Moore (Encyc. of Music). KERARGYRITE Ke*rar"gy*rite, n. Defn: See Cerargyrite. KERASIN Ker"a*sin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous substance free from phosphorus, supposed to be present in the brain; a body closely related to cerebrin. KERASINE Ker"a*sine, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Resembling horn; horny; corneous. KERATIN Ker"a*tin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous substance, or mixture of substances, containing sulphur in a loose state of combination, and forming the chemical basis of epidermal tissues, such as horn, hair, feathers, and the like. It is an insoluble substance, and, unlike elastin, is not dissolved even by gastric or pancreatic juice. By decomposition with sulphuric acid it yields leucin and tyrosin, as does albumin. Called also epidermose. KERATITIS Ker`a*ti"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the cornea. KERATODE Ker"a*tode, n. Defn: See Keratose. KERATOGENOUS Ker`a*tog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. -genous.] Defn: Producing horn; as, the keratogenous membrane within the horny hoof of the horse. KERATOIDEA Ker`a*toi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Keratosa. KERATOME Ker"a*tome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for dividing the cornea in operations for cataract. KERATONYXIS Ker`a*to*nyx"is, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: The operation of removing a cataract by thrusting a needle through the cornea of the eye, and breaking up the opaque mass. KERATOPHYTE Ker"a*to*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A gorgonian coral having a horny axis. KERATOSA Ker`a*to"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of sponges having a skeleton composed of hornlike fibers. It includes the commercial sponges. KERATOSE Ker"a*tose`, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A tough, horny animal substance entering into the composition of the skeleton of sponges, and other invertebrates; -- called also keratode. KERATOSE Ker"a*tose`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Containing hornlike fibers or fibers of keratose; belonging to the Keratosa. KERAUNOGRAPH Ke*rau"no*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. graph.] Defn: A figure or picture impressed by lightning upon the human body or elsewhere. -- Ker`au-nog"ra-phy, n. KERB Kerb, n. Defn: See Curb. KERBSTONE Kerb"stone`, n. Defn: See Curbstone. KERCHER Ker"cher, n. Defn: A kerchief. [Obs.] He became . . . white as a kercher. Sir T. North. KERCHERED Ker"chered, a. Defn: Covered, or bound round, with a kercher. [Obs.] G. Fletcher. KERCHIEF Ker"chief, n.; pl. Kerchiefs. Etym: [OE. coverchef, OF. cuevrechief, couvrechef, F. couvrechef, a head covering, fr. couvrir to cover + OF. chief head, F. chef. See Cover, Chief, and cf. Curfew.] 1. A square of fine linen worn by women as a covering for the head; hence, anything similar in form or material, worn for ornament on other parts of the person; -- mostly used in compounds; as, neckerchief; breastkerchief; and later, handkerchief. He might put on a hat, a muffler, and a kerchief, and so escape. Shak. Her black hair strained away To a scarlet kerchief caught beneath her chin. Mrs. Browning. 2. A lady who wears a kerchief. Dryden. KERCHIEFED; KERCHIEFT Ker"chiefed, Ker"chieft, a. Defn: Dressed; hooded; covered; wearing a kerchief. Milton. KERF Kerf, n. Etym: [AS. cyrf a cutting off, fr. ceorfan to cut, carve. See Carve.] Defn: A notch, channel, or slit made in any material by cutting or sawing. KERITE Ke"rite, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A compound in which tar or asphaltum combined with animal or vegetable oils is vulcanized by sulphur, the product closely resembling rubber; -- used principally as an insulating material in telegraphy. Knight. KERL Kerl, n. Defn: See Carl. KERMES Ker"mes, n. Etym: [Ar. & Per. girmiz. See Crimson, and cf. Alkermes.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dried bodies of the females of a scale insect (Coccus ilicis), allied to the cochineal insect, and found on several species of oak near the Mediterranean. They are round, about the size of a pea, contain coloring matter analogous to carmine, and are used in dyeing. They were anciently thought to be of a vegetable nature, and were used in medicine. [Written also chermes.] 2. (Bot.) Defn: A small European evergreen oak (Quercus coccifera) on which the kermes insect (Coccus ilicis) feeds. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). Kermes mineral. (a) (Old Chem.) An artificial amorphous trisulphide of antimony; -- so called on account of its red color. (b) (Med. Chem.) A compound of the trioxide and trisulphide of antimony, used in medicine. This substance occurs in nature as the mineral kermesite. KERMESSE Ker"messe, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Kirmess. KERN Kern, n. Etym: [Ir.ceatharnach.Cf. Cateran. ] 1. A light-armed foot soldier of the ancient militia of Ireland and Scotland; -- distinguished from gallowglass, and often used as a term of contempt. Macaulay. Now for our Irish wars; We must supplant those rough, rug-headed kerns. Shak. 2. Any kind of boor or low-lived person. [Obs.] Blount. 3. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: An idler; a vagabond. Wharton. KERN Kern, n. (Type Founding) Defn: A part of the face of a type which projects beyond the body, or shank. KERN Kern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kerned; p. pr. & vb. n. Kerning. ] (Type Founding) Defn: To form with a kern. See 2d Kern. KERN Kern, n. Etym: [See Churn. ] Defn: A churn. [Prov. Eng.] KERN Kern, n. Etym: [AS. cweorn, cwyrn. See Quern. ] Defn: A hand mill. See Quern. Johnson. KERN Kern, v. i. Etym: [Cf. G. kern kernel, grain; akin to E. corn. See Corn, Kernel. ] 1. To harden, as corn in ripening. [Obs.] Carew. 2. To take the form of kernels; to granulate. [Obs.] It is observed that rain makes the salt kern. Dampier. KERN BABY Kern baby. Defn: A doll or image decorated with corn (grain) flowers, etc., carried in the festivals of a kern, or harvest-home. Called also harvest queen. KERNED Kerned, a. (Print.) Defn: Having part of the face projecting beyond the body or shank; -- said of type. "In Roman, f and j are the only kerned letters." MacKellar. KERNEL Ker"nel, n. Etym: [OE. kernel, kirnel, curnel, AS.cyrnel, fr. corn grain. See Corn, and cf. Kern to harden.] 1. The essential part of a seed; all that is within the seed walls; the edible substance contained in the shell of a nut; hence, anything included in a shell, husk, or integument; as, the kernel of a nut. See Illust. of Endocarp. ' A were as good crack a fusty nut with no kernel Shak. 2. A single seed or grain; as, a kernel of corn. 3. A small mass around which other matter is concreted; a nucleus; a concretion or hard lump in the flesh. 4. The central, substantial or essential part of anything; the gist; the core; as, the kernel of an argument. KERNEL Ker"nel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kerneled or Kernelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Kerneling or Kernelling.] Defn: To harden or ripen into kernels; to produce kernels. KERNELED; KERNELLED Ker"neled, Ker"nelled, a. Defn: Having a kernel. KERNELLY Ker"nel*ly, a. Defn: Full of kernels; resembling kernels; of the nature of kernels. Holland. KERNISH Kern"ish, a. Etym: [From Kern a boor.] Defn: Clownish; booorish. [Obs.] "A petty kernish prince." Milton. KEROLITE Ker"o*lite, n. (Min.) Defn: Same as Cerolite. KEROSENE Ker"o*sene`, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An oil used for illuminating purposes, formerly obtained from the distillation of mineral wax, bituminous shale, etc., and hence called also coal oil. It is now produced in immense quantities, chiefly by the distillation and purification of petroleum. It consists chiefly of several hydrocarbons of the methane series. KERS; KERSE Kers, Kerse, n. Defn: A cress. [Obs.] Chaucer. Not worth a kers. See under Cress. KERSEY Ker"sey, n.; pl. Kerseys. Etym: [Prob. from the town of Kersey in Suffolk, Eng.] Defn: A kind of coarse, woolen cloth, usually ribbed, woven from wool of long staple. KERSEYMERE Ker"sey*mere, n. Etym: [For cassimere, confounded with kersey.] Defn: See Cassimere. KERSEYNETTE Ker`sey*nette", n. Defn: See Cassinette. KERSEYS Ker"seys, n. pl. Defn: Varieties of kersey; also, trousers made of kersey. KERVE Kerve, v. t. Defn: To carve. [Obs.] Chaucer. KERVER Kerv"er, n. Defn: A carver. [Obs.] Chaucer. KESAR Ke"sar, n. Defn: See Kaiser [Obs.] Spenser. KESLOP Kes"lop, n. Etym: [AS.c, or c, milk curdled; cf. G. käselab, käselippe. See Cheese, and cf.Cheeselep.] Defn: The stomach of a calf, prepared for rennet. Halliwell. KESS Kess, v. t. Defn: To kiss. [Obs.] Chaucer KEST Kest, imp. Defn: of Cast. [Obs.] KESTREL Kes"trel, n. Etym: [See Castrel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, slender European hawk (Falco alaudarius), allied to the sparrow hawk. Its color is reddish fawn, streaked and spotted with white and black. Also called windhover and stannel. The name is also applied to other allied species. Note: This word is often used in contempt, as of a mean kind of hawk. "Kites and kestrels have a resemblance with hawks." Bacon. KET Ket, n. Etym: [Icel. kjöt flesh; akin to Sw. kött, Dan. kjöd.] Defn: Carrion; any filth. [Prob. Eng.] Halliwell. KETA Ke"ta, n. [Perh. of Amer. Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) of inferior value, which in the autumn runs up all the larger rivers between San Francisco and Kamchatka. KETCH Ketch, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupted fr. Turk. qaiq : cf. F. caiche. Cf. Caïque.] (Naut.) Defn: An almost obsolete form of vessel, with a mainmast and a mizzenmast, -- usually from one hundred to two hundred and fifty tons burden. Bomb ketch. See under Bomb. KETCH Ketch, n. Defn: A hangman. See Jack Ketch. KETCH Ketch, v. t. Etym: [See Catch.] Defn: To catch. [Now obs. in spelling, and colloq. in pronunciation.] To ketch him at a vantage in his snares. Spenser. KETCHUP Ketch"up, n. Defn: A sauce. See Catchup. KETINE Ke"tine, n. Etym: [See Ketone.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of organic bases obtained by the reduction of certain isonitroso compounds of the ketones. In general they are unstable oily substances having a pungent aromatic odor. KETMIE Ket`mie", n. (Bot.) Defn: The name of certain African species of Hibiscus, cultivated for the acid of their mucilage. [Written also ketmia.] KETOL Ke"tol, n. Etym: [Ketone + indol.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of series of complex nitrogenous substances, represented by methyl ketol and related to indol. Methyl ketol, a weak organic base, obtained as a white crystalline substance having the odor of fæces. KETONE Ke"tone, n. Etym: [Cf. Acetone.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a large class of organic substances resembling the aldehydes, obtained by the distillation of certain salts of organic acids and consisting of carbonyl (CO) united with two hydrocarbon radicals. In general the ketones are colorless volatile liquids having a pungent ethereal odor. Note: The ketones are named by adding the suffix-one to the stems of the organic acids from which they are respectively derived; thus, acetic acid gives acetone; butyric acid, butyrone, etc. KETONIC Ke*ton"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, a ketone; as, a ketonic acid. KETTLE Ket"tle, n. Etym: [OE. ketel; cf. AS. cetel, cetil, cytel; akin to D. kjedel, G. kessel, OHG. chezzil, Icel. ketill, SW. kittel, Dan. kjedel, Goth. katils; all perh. fr. L. catillus, dim. of catinus a deep vessel, bowl; but cf. also OHG. chezzi kettle, Icel. kati small ship.] Defn: A metallic vessel, with a wide mouth, often without a cover, used for heating and boiling water or other liguids. Kettle pins, ninepins; skittles. [Obs.] Shelton. -- Kettle stitch (Bookbinding), the stitch made in sewing at the head and tail of a book. Knight. KETTLEDRUM Ket"tle*drum`, n. 1. (Mus.) Defn: A drum made of thin copper in the form of a hemispherical kettle, with parchment stretched over the mouth of it. Note: Kettledrums, in pairs, were formerly used in martial music for cavalry, but are now chiefly confined to orchestras, where they are called tympani. 2. An informal social party at which a light collation is offered, held in the afternoon or early evening. Cf. Drum, n., 4 and 5. KETTLEDRUMMER Ket"tle*drum`mer, n. Defn: One who plays on a kettledrum. KEUPER Keu"per, n. Etym: [G.] (Geol.) Defn: The upper division of the European Triassic. See Chart of Geology. KEVEL Kev"el, n. Etym: [Prov. E. kevil, cavel, rod, pole, a large hammer, horse's bit; cf. Icel. kefli cylinder, a stick, mangle, and Dan. kievle a roller.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A strong cleat to which large ropes are belayed. 2. A stone mason's hammer. [Written also cavil.] Kevel head (Naut.), a projecting end of a timber, used as a kevel. KEVEL; KEVIN Kev"el, Kev"in, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The gazelle. KEVER Kev"er, v. t. & Defn: i. To cover. [Obs.] Chaucer. KEVERCHIEF Kev"er*chief, n. Defn: A kerchief. [Obs.] Chaucer. KEX Kex, n. Etym: [W. cecys, pl., hollow stalks.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A weed; a kecksy. Bp. Gauden. Though the rough kex break The starred mosaic. Tennyson. 2. A dry husk or covering. When the kex, or husk, is broken, he proveth a fair flying butterfly. Holland. KEY Key, n. Etym: [OE. keye, key, kay, AS. c 1. An instrument by means of which the bolt of a lock is shot or drawn; usually, a removable metal instrument fitted to the mechanism of a particular lock and operated by turning in its place. 2. An instrument which is turned like a key in fastening or adjusting any mechanism; as, a watch key; a bed key, etc. 3. That part of an instrument or machine which serves as the means of operating it; as, a telegraph key; the keys of a pianoforte, or of a typewriter. 4. A position or condition which affords entrance, control, pr possession, etc.; as, the key of a line of defense; the key of a country; the key of a political situation. Hence, that which serves to unlock, open, discover, or solve something unknown or difficult; as, the key to a riddle; the key to a problem. Those who are accustomed to reason have got the true key of books. Locke. Who keeps the keys of all the creeds. Tennyson. 5. That part of a mechanism which serves to lock up, make fast, or adjust to position. 6. (Arch.) (a) A piece of wood used as a wedge. (b) The last board of a floor when laid down. 7. (Masonry) (a) A keystone. (b) That part of the plastering which is forced through between the laths and holds the rest in place. 8. (Mach.) (a) A wedge to unite two or more pieces, or adjust their relative position; a cotter; a forelock. See Illusts. of Cotter, and Gib. (b) A bar, pin or wedge, to secure a crank, pulley, coupling, etc., upon a shaft, and prevent relative turning; sometimes holding by friction alone, but more frequently by its resistance to shearing, being usually embedded partly in the shaft and partly in the crank, pulley, etc. 9. (Bot.) Defn: An indehiscent, one-seeded fruit furnished with a wing, as the fruit of the ash and maple; a samara; -- called also key fruit. 10. (Mus.) (a) A family of tones whose regular members are called diatonic tones, and named key tone (or tonic) or one (or eight), mediant or three, dominant or five, subdominant or four, submediant or six, supertonic or two, and subtonic or seven. Chromatic tones are temporary members of a key, under such names as " sharp four," "flat seven," etc. Scales and tunes of every variety are made from the tones of a key. (b) The fundamental tone of a movement to which its modulations are referred, and with which it generally begins and ends; keynote. Both warbling of one song, both in one key. Shak. 11. Fig: The general pitch or tone of a sentence or utterance. You fall at once into a lower key. Cowper. Key bed. Same as Key seat. -- Key bolt, a bolt which has a mortise near the end, and is secured by a cotter or wedge instead of a nut. Key bugle. See Kent bugle. -- Key of a position or country. (Mil.) See Key, 4. -- Key seat (Mach.), a bed or groove to receive a key which prevents one part from turning on the other. -- Key way, a channel for a key, in the hole of a piece which is keyed to a shaft; an internal key seat; -- called also key seat. -- Key wrench (Mach.), an adjustable wrench in which the movable jaw is made fast by a key. -- Power of the keys (Eccl.), the authority claimed by the ministry in some Christian churches to administer the discipline of the church, and to grant or withhold its privileges; -- so called from the declaration of Christ, "I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven." Matt. xvi. 19. KEY Key, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keved; p. pr. & vb. n. Keying.] Defn: To fasten or secure firmly; to fasten or tighten with keys or wedges. Francis. To key up. (a) (Arch.) To raise (the whole ring of an arch) off its centering, by driving in the keystone forcibly. (b) (Mus.) To raise the pitch of. (c) Hence, fig., to produce nervous tension in. KEYAGE Key"age, n. Etym: [OF.caiage, F. guayage. See lst Key, Quay.] Defn: Wharfage; quayage. KEYBOARD Key"board`, n. Defn: The whole arrangement, or one range, of the keys of an organ, typewriter, etc. KEY-COLD Key"-cold`, a. Defn: Cold as a metallic key; lifeless. [Formerly, a proverbial expression.] Shak. Milton. KEYED Keyed (ked), a. Defn: Furnished with keys; as, a keyed instrument; also, set to a key, as a tune. Keyed bugle. See Kent bugle. KEY FRUIT Key fruit. (Bot.) Defn: A samara. KEYHOLE Key"hole`, n. 1. A hole or apertupe in a door or lock, for receiving a key. 2. (a) (Carp.) A hole or excavation in beams intended to be joined together, to receive the key which fastens them. (b) (Mach.) a mortise for a key or cotter. Keyhole limpet (Zoöl.), a marine gastropod of the genus Fissurella and allied genera. See Fissurella. -- Keyhole saw, a narrow, slender saw, used in cutting keyholes, etc., as in doors; a kind of compass saw or fret saw. -- Keyhole urchin (Zoöl.), any one of numerous clypeastroid sea urchins, of the genera Melitta, Rotula, and Encope; -- so called because they have one or more perforations resembling keyholes. KEYNOTE Key"note`, n. 1. (Mus.) Defn: The tonic or first tone of the scale in which a piece or passage is written; the fundamental tone of the chord, to which all the modulations of the piece are referred; -- called also key tone. 2. The fundamental fact or idea; that which gives the key; as, the keynote of a policy or a sermon. KEYSEAT Key"seat`, v. t. Defn: To form a key seat, as by cutting. See Key seat, under Key. KEYSTONE Key"stone`, n. (Arch.) Defn: The central or topmost stone of an arch. This in some styles is made different in size from the other voussoirs, or projects, or is decorated with carving. See Illust. of Arch. Keystone State, the State of Pennsylvania; -- so called from its having been the central State of the Union at the formation of the Constitution. KEYSTONE STATE Key"stone` State. Defn: Pennsylvania; -- a nickname alluding to its having been the central one of the 13 original United States. KEY TONE Key" tone`. (Mus.) Defn: See Keynote. KEYWAY Key"way`, n. Defn: See Key way, under Key. KHAKI Kha"ki (kä"ke), a. [Hind. khaki, lit., dusty, dust-colored, fr. Per. khak dust.] Defn: Of a dull brownish yellow, or drab color; -- applied to cloth, originally to a stout brownish cotton cloth, used in making uniforms in the Anglo-Indian army. In the United States service the summer uniform of cotton is officially designated khaki; the winter uniform of wool, olive drab. KHAKI Kha"ki, n. Defn: Any kind of khaki cloth; hence, a uniform of khaki or, rarely, a soldier clad in khaki. In the United States and British armies khaki or cloth of a very similar color is almost exclusively used for service in the field. KHALIFF Kha"liff, n. Defn: See Caliph. KHAMSIN Kham*sin`, n. Defn: Same as Kamsin. KHAN Khan, n. Etym: [Pers. & Tart. khan.] [Also kan, kaun.] Defn: A king; a prince; a chief; a governor; -- so called among the Tartars, Turks, and Persians, and in countries now or formerly governed by them. KHAN Khan, n. Etym: [Per. khan, khanah, house, tent, inn.] Defn: An Eastern inn or caravansary. [Written also kawn.] KHANATE Khan*ate (, n. Defn: Dominion or jurisdiction of a khan. KHAYA Kha"ya, n. (Bot.) Defn: A lofty West African tree (Khaya Senegalensis), related to the mahogany, which it resembles in the quality of the wood. The bark is used as a febrifuge. KHEDIVE Khe`dive", n. Etym: [F. khédive, Pers. khediw a prince.] Defn: A governor or viceroy; -- a title granted in 1867 by the sultan of Turkey to the ruler of Egypt. KHENNA Khen"na, n. Defn: See Henna. KHOLAH Kho"lah, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Indian jackal. KHOLSUN Khol"sun (, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dhole. KHOND Khond, n. Defn: A Dravidian of a group of tribes of Orissa, India, a section of whom were formerly noted for their cruel human sacrifices to the earth goddess, murder of female infants, and marriage by capture. KHUTBAH Khut"bah, n. Etym: [Ar.] Defn: An address or public prayer read from the steps of the pulpit in Mohammedan mosques, offering glory to God, praising Mohammed and his descendants, and the ruling princes. KIABOOCA WOOD Ki`a*boo"ca wood` Defn: . See Kyaboca wood. KIANG Ki*ang", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dziggetai. KIBBLE Kib"ble, v. t. Defn: To bruise; to grind coarsely; as, kibbled oats. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell. KIBBLE Kib"ble, n. Defn: A large iron bucket used in Cornwall and Wales for raising ore out of mines. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also kibbal.] KIBBLINGS Kib"blings, n. pl. Defn: Portions of small fish used for bait on the banks of Newfoundland. KIBE Kibe, n. Etym: [W. cib + gwst pain, sickness.] Defn: A chap or crack in the flesh occasioned by cold; an ulcerated chilblain. "He galls his kibe." Shak. KIBED Kibed, a. Defn: Chapped; cracked with cold; affected with chilblains; as kibed heels. Beau. & Fl. KIBITKA Ki*bit"ka, n.; pl. Kibitkas (. Etym: [Russ.] 1. A tent used by the Kirghiz Tartars. 2. A rude kind of Russian vehicle, on wheels or on runners, sometimes covered with cloth or leather, and often used as a movable habitation. KIBLAH Kib"lah (, n. Defn: See Keblah. KIBOSH Ki"bosh, n. 1. Nonsense; stuff; also, fashion; style. [Slang] 2. Portland cement when thrown or blown into the recesses of carved stonework to intensify the shadows. To put the kibosh on, to do for; to dispose of. [Slang] KIBY Kib"y, a. Defn: Affected with kibes. Skelton. KICHIL Kich"il Defn: ,. [Obs.] See Kechil. Chaucer. KICK Kick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kicred; p. pr. & vb. n. Kicking.] Etym: [W. cicio, fr. cic foot.] Defn: To strike, thrust, or hit violently with the foot; as, a horse kicks a groom; a man kicks a dog. He [Frederick the Great] kicked the shins of his judges. Macaulay. To kick the beam, to fit up and strike the beam; -- said of the lighter arm of a loaded balance; hence, to be found wanting in weight. Milton. -- To kick the bucket, to lose one's life; to die. [Colloq. & Low] KICK Kick, v. i. 1. To thrust out the foot or feet with violence; to strike out with the foot or feet, as in defense or in bad temper; esp., to strike backward, as a horse does, or to have a habit of doing so. Hence, figuratively: To show ugly resistance, opposition, or hostility; to spurn. I should kick, being kicked. Shak. 2. To recoil; -- said of a musket, cannon, etc. KICK Kick, n. 1. A blow with the foot or feet; a striking or thrust with the foot. A kick, that scarce would more a horse, May kill a sound divine. Cowper. 2. The projection on the tang of the blade of a pocket knife, which prevents the edge of the blade from striking the spring. See Illust. of Pocketknife. 3. (Brickmaking) Defn: A projection in a mold, to form a depression in the surface of the brick. 4. The recoil of a musket or other firearm, when discharged. KICKABLE Kick"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable or deserving of being kicked. "A kickable boy." G. Eliot. KICKAPOOS Kick`a*poos", n. pl.; sing. Kickapoo (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians which formerly occupied the region of Northern Illinois, allied in language to the Sacs and Foxes. KICKER Kick"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, kicks. KICKSHAW Kick"shaw`, n. Defn: See Kickshaws, the correct singular. KICKSHAWS Kick"shaws`, n.; pl. Kickshawses Etym: [Corrupt. fr. F. guelgue chose something, fr. L. gualis of what kind (akin to E. which) + suffix - guam + causa cause, in LL., a thing. See Which, and Cause.] 1. Something fantastical; any trifling, trumpery thing; a toy. Art thou good at these kickshawses! Shak. 2. A fancy dish; a titbit; a delicacy. Some pigeons, . . . a joint of mutton, and any pretty little tiny kickshaws. Shak. Cressy was lost by kickshaws and soup-maigre. Fenton. KICKSHOE Kick"shoe`, n. Defn: A kickshaws. Milton. KICKSY-WICKSY; KICKY-WISKY Kick"sy-wick`sy, Kick"y-wisk`y, n. Defn: That which is restless and uneasy. Note: Kicky-wicky, or, in some editions, Kicksy-wicksy, is applied contemptuously to a wife by Shakespeare, in "All's Well that Ends Well," ii. 3, 297. KICKSY-WICKSY Kick"sy-wick`sy, a. Defn: Fantastic; restless; as, kicksy-wicksy flames. Nares. KICKUP Kick"up, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The water thrush or accentor. [Local, West Indies] KID Kid, n. Etym: [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. ki, Dan. & Sw. kid; akin to OHG. kizzi, G. kitz, kitzchen, kitzlein.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young goat. The . . . leopard shall lie down with the kid. Is. xi. 6 . 2. A young child or infant; hence, a simple person, easily imposed on. [Slang] Charles Reade. 3. A kind of leather made of the skin of the young goat, or of the skin of rats, etc. 4. pl. Defn: Gloves made of kid. [Colloq. & Low] 5. A small wooden mess tub; -- a name given by sailors to one in which they receive their food. Cooper. KID Kid, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kidded; p. pr. & vb. n. Kidding.] Defn: To bring forth a young goat. KID Kid, n. Etym: [Cf. W. cidysen.] Defn: A fagot; a bundle of heath and furze. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. KID Kid, p. p. Defn: of Kythe. [Obs.] Gower. Chaucer. KID Kid, v. t. Defn: See Kiddy, v. t. [Slang] KIDDE Kid"de, imp. Defn: of Kythe. [Obs.] Chaucer. KIDDERMINSTER Kid"der*min`ster, n. Defn: A kind of ingrain carpeting, named from the English town where formerly most of it was manufactured. KIDDIER Kid"di*er, n. Etym: [Cf. OSw. kyta to truck.] Defn: A huckster; a cadger. [Obs.] Halliwell. KIDDLE Kid"dle, n. Etym: [Cf. LL.kidellus, Armor. kiael] Defn: A kind of basketwork wear in a river, for catching fish. [Improperly spelled kittle.] KIDDOW Kid"dow, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The guillemot. [Written also kiddaw.] [Prov. Eng.] KIDDY Kid"dy, v. t. Defn: To deceive; to outwit; to hoax. [Slang] Dickens. KIDDY Kid"dy, n. Defn: A young fellow; formerly, a low thief. [Slang, Eng.] KIDDYISH Kid"dy*ish, a. Defn: Frolicsome; sportive. [Slang] KIDFOX; KID-FOX Kid"fox`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young fox Shak. KIDLING Kid"ling, n. Etym: [Kid +-ling: cf. Sw. kidling.] Defn: A young kid. KIDNAP Kid"nap`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kidnaped or Kidnapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Kidnaping or Kidnapping.] Etym: [Kid a child + Prov. E. nap to seize, to grasp. Cf. Knab, Knap, Nab.] Defn: To take (any one) by force or fear, and against one's will, with intent to carry to another place. Abbott. You may reason or expostulate with the parents, but never attempt to kidnap their children, and to make proselytes of them. Whately. Note: Originally used only of stealing children, but now extended in application to any human being, involuntarily abducted. KIDNAPER; KIDNAPPER Kid"nap`er, or; Kid"nap`per, n. Defn: One who steals or forcibly carries away a human being; a manstealer. KIDNEY Kid"ney, n.; pl. Kidneys. Etym: [OE. kidnei, kidnere, from Icel. koi belly, womb (akin to Goth. gipus, AS. cwip womb) + OE. nere kidney; akin to D. nier, G. niere, OHG. nioro, Icel. n, Dan. nyre, Sw. njure, and probably to Gr. (Kite belly.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A glandular organ which excretes urea and other waste products from the animal body; a urinary gland. Note: In man and in other mammals there are two kidneys, one each side of vertebral column in the back part of the abdomen, each kidney being connected with the bladder by a long tube, the ureter, through which the urine is constantly excreted into the bladder to be periodically discharged. 2. Habit; disposition; sort; kind. Shak. There are in later other decrees, made by popes of another kidney. Barrow. Millions in the world of this man's kidney. L'Estrange. Your poets, spendthrifts, and other fools of that kidney, pretend, forsooth, to crack their jokes on prudence. Burns. Note: This use of the word perhaps arose from the fact that the kidneys and the fat about them are an easy test of the condition of an animal as to fatness. "Think of that, -- a man of my kidney; -- . . . as subject to heat as butter." Shak. 3. A waiter. [Old Cant] Tatler. Floating kidney. See Wandering kidney, under Wandering. -- Kidney bean (Bot.), a sort of bean; -- so named from its shape. It is of the genus Phaseolus (P. vulgaris). See under Bean. -- Kidney ore (Min.), a variety of hematite or iron sesquioxide, occurring in compact kidney-shaped masses. -- Kidney stone. (Min.) See Nephrite, and Jade. -- Kidney vetch (Bot.), a leguminous herb of Europe and Asia (Anthyllis vulneraria), with cloverlike heads of red or yellow flowers, once used as a remedy for renal disorders, and also to stop the flow of blood from wounds; lady's-fingers. KIDNEY-FORM; KIDNEY-SHAPED Kid"ney-form`, Kid"ney-shaped`, a. Defn: Having the form or shape of a kidney; reniform; as, a kidney- shaped leaf. Gray. KIDNEYWORT Kid"ney*wort`, n. (Bot.) (a) A kind of saxifrage (Saxifrage stellaris). (b) The navelwort. KIE Kie, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. Kee.] Defn: Kine; cows. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. KIEFEKIL Kie"fe*kil, n. Etym: [Per. keff foam, scum + gil clay, mud.] (Min.) Defn: A species of clay; meerschaum. [Also written keffekil.] KIER Kier, n. Etym: [Icel. ker a tub.] (Bleaching) Defn: A large tub or vat in which goods are subjected to the action of hot lye or bleaching liquor; -- also called keeve. KIESELGUHR Kie"sel*guhr`, n. Etym: [G., fr. kiesel flint + guhr an earthy deposit or sediment in water.] Defn: Siliceous earth; specifically, porous infusorial earth, used as an absorbent of nitroglycerin in the manufacture of dynamite. KIESERITE Kie"ser*ite. n. Etym: [Named after Prof. Kieser, of Jena.] (Min.) Defn: Hydrous sulphate of magnesia found at the salt mines of Stassfurt, Prussian Saxony. KIEVE Kieve, n. Defn: See Keeve, n. KIKE Kike, v. i. Etym: [Cf. D. kijken, Sw. kika.] Defn: To gaze; to stare. [Obs.] Chaucer. KIKE Kike, v. t. & i. Defn: To kick [Obs.] Chaucer. KILDERKIN Kil"der*kin, n. Etym: [OD. kindeken, kinneken, a small barrel, orig., a little child, fr. kind child; akin to G.kind, and to E. kin.] Defn: A small barrel; an old liquid measure containing eighteen English beer gallons, or nearly twenty-two gallons, United States measure. [Written also kinderkin.] KILERG Kil"erg`, n. [Kilo- + erg.] (Physics) Defn: A unit of work equal to one thousand ergs. KILKENNY CATS Kil*ken"ny cats. Defn: Two cats fabled, in an Irish story, to have fought till nothing was left but their tails. It is probably a parable of a local contest between Kilkenny and Irishtown, which impoverished both towns. KILL Kill, n. Defn: A kiln. [Obs.] Fuller. KILL Kill, n. Etym: [D. kil.] Defn: A channel or arm of the sea; a river; a stream; as, the channel between Staten Island and Bergen Neck is the Kill van Kull, or the Kills; -- used also in composition; as, Schuylkill, Catskill, etc. KILL Kill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Killed; p. pr. & vb. n. Killing.] Etym: [OE. killen, kellen, cullen, to kill, strike; perh. the same word as cwellen, quellen, to kill (cf. Quell), or perh. rather akin to Icel. kolla to hit in the head, harm, kollr top, summit, head, Sw. kulle, D. kollen to kill with the ax.] 1. To deprive of life, animal or vegetable, in any manner or by any means; to render inanimate; to put to death; to slay. Ah, kill me with thy weapon, not with words ! Shak. 2. To destroy; to ruin; as, to kill one's chances; to kill the sale of a book. "To kill thine honor." Shak. Her lively color kill'd with deadly cares. Shak. 3. To cause to cease; to quell; to calm; to still; as, in seamen's language, a shower of rain kills the wind. Be comforted, good madam; the great rage, You see, is killed in him. Shak. 4. To destroy the effect of; to counteract; to neutralize; as, alkali kills acid. To kill time, to busy one's self with something which occupies the attention, or makes the time pass without tediousness. Syn. -- To murder; assassinate; slay; butcher; destroy. -- To Kill, Murder, Assassinate. To kill does not necessarily mean any more than to deprive of life. A man may kill another by accident or in self-defense, without the imputation of guilt. To murder is to kill with malicious forethought and intention. To assassinate is tomurder suddenly and by stealth. The sheriff may kill without murdering; the duelist murders, but does not assassinate his antagonist; the assassin kills and murders. KILLDEE; KILLDEER Kill"dee`, Kill"deer`, n. Etym: [So named from its notes.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small American plover (Ægialitis vocifera). Note: It is dark grayish brown above; the rump and upper tail coverts are yellowish rufous; the belly, throat, and a line over the eyes, white; a ring round the neck and band across the breast, black. KILLER Kill"er, n. 1. One who deprives of life; one who, or that which, kills. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A voracious, toothed whale of the genus Orca, of which several species are known. Note: The killers have a high dorsal fin, and powerful jaws armed with large, sharp teeth. They capture, and swallow entire, large numbers of seals, porpoises, and dolphins, and are celebrated for their savage, combined attacks upon the right whales, which they are said to mutilate and kill. The common Atlantic species (Orca gladiator), is found both on the European and the American coast. Two species (Orca ater and O. rectipinna) occur on the Pacific coast. KILLESSE Kil*lesse", n. Etym: [Cf. Coulisse.] (Arch.) (a) A gutter, groove, or channel. (b) A hipped roof. [Prov. Eng.] Parker. KILLIFISH Kil"li*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several small American cyprinodont fishes of the genus Fundulus and allied genera. They live equally well in fresh and brackish water, or even in the sea. They are usually striped or barred with black. Called also minnow, and brook fish. See Minnow. KILLIGREW Kil"li*grew, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Cornish chough. See under Chough. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] KILLIKINICK Kil`li*ki*nick", n. Defn: See Kinnikinic. KILLING Kill"ing, a. Defn: Literally, that kills; having power to kill; fatal; in a colloquial sense, conquering; captivating; irresistible. -- Kill"ing*ly, adv. Those eyes are made so killing. Pope. Nothing could be more killingly spoken. Milton. KILL-JOY Kill"-joy`, n. Defn: One who causes gloom or grief; a dispiriting person. W. Black. KILLOCK Kil"lock, n. Etym: [Cf. Scot.killick "the flue [fluke] of an anchor." Jamieson.] Defn: A small anchor; also, a kind of anchor formed by a stone inclosed by pieces of wood fastened together. [Written also killick.] KILLOW Kil"low, n. Etym: [Prov. E. kollow the smut or grime on the backs of chimneys.] Defn: An earth of a blackish or deep blue color. Woodward. KILN Kiln, n. Etym: [OE.kilne, kulne, AS. cyln, cylen; akin to Icel. kylna; prob. from the same source as coal. See Coal.] 1. A large stove or oven; a furnace of brick or stone, or a heated chamber, for the purpose of hardening, burning, or drying anything; as, a kiln for baking or hardening earthen vessels; a kiln for drying grain, meal, lumber, etc.; a kiln for calcining limestone. 2. A furnace for burning bricks; a brickkiln. KILN-DRY Kiln"-dry`, v. t. Defn: To dry in a kiln; as, to kiln-dry meal or grain. Mortimer. KILNHOLE Kiln"hole`, n. Defn: The mouth or opening of an oven or kiln. Shak. KILO Ki"lo, n.; pl. Kilos. Etym: [F.] Defn: An abbreviation of Kilogram. KILO- Kil"o-. [F. kilo-. See Kilogram.] Defn: A combining form used to signify thousand in forming the names of units of measurement; as, kilogram, kilometer, kilowatt, etc. KILOGRAM; KILOGRAMME Kil"o*gram, Kil"o*gramme, n. Etym: [F. kilogramme; pref. kilo- (fr. Gr. chi`lioi a thousand ) + gramme. See 3d Gram.] Defn: A measure of weight, being a thousand grams, equal to 2.2046 pounds avoirdupois (15,432.34 grains). It is equal to the weight of a cubic decimeter of distilled water at the temperature of maximum density, or 39º Fahrenheit. KILOGRAMMETER; KILOGRAMMETRE Kil"o*gram*me`ter, Kil"o*gram*me`tre, n. (Mech.) Defn: A measure of energy or work done, being the amount expended in raising one kilogram through the height of one meter, in the latitude of Paris. KILOLITER; KILOLITRE Kil"o*li`ter, Kil"o*li`tre, n. Etym: [F. kilolitre. See Kilogram, and Liter.] Defn: A measure of capacity equal to a cubic meter, or a thousand liters. It is equivalent to 35.315 cubic feet, and to 220.04 imperial gallons, or 264.18 American gallons of 321 cubic inches. KILOMETER; KILOMETRE Kil"o*me`ter, Kil"o*me`tre, n. Etym: [F. kilometre. See Kilogram, and Meter.] Defn: A measure of length, being a thousand meters. It is equal to 3,280.8 feet, or 62137 of a mile. KILOSTERE Kil"o*stere`, n. Etym: [F.kilostere. See Kilogram, and Stere.] Defn: A cubic measure containing 1000 cubic meters, and equivalent to 35,315 cubic feet. KILOVOLT Kil"o*volt`, n. [Kilo- + volt.] (Elec.) Defn: A unit of electromotive force equal to one thousand volts. KILOWATT Kil"o*watt, n. Etym: [See Kilogram and Watt.] (Elec.) Defn: One thousand watts. KILOWATT HOUR Kil"o*watt` hour. (Elec.) Defn: A unit of work or energy equal to that done by one kilowatt acting for one hour; --approx. = 1.34 horse-power hour. KILT Kilt (, Defn: p. p. from Kill. [Obs.] Spenser. KILT Kilt, n. Etym: [OGael. cealt clothes, or rather perh. fr. Dan. kilte op to truss, tie up, tuck up.] Defn: A kind of short petticoat, reaching from the waist to the knees, worn in the Highlands of Scotland by men, and in the Lowlands by young boys; a filibeg. [Written also kelt.] KILT Kilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kilted; p. pr. & vb. n. Kilting.] Defn: To tuck up; to truss up, as the clothes. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. KILTED Kilt"ed, a. 1. Having on a kilt. 2. Plaited after the manner of kilting. 3. Tucked or fastened up; -- said of petticoats, etc. KILTER Kil"ter, n. Defn: See Kelter. KILTING Kilt"ing, n. (Dressmaking) Defn: A perpendicular arrangement of flat, single plaits, each plait being folded so as to cover half the breadth of the preceding one. KIMBO Kim"bo, a. Etym: [Cf. Akimbo.] Defn: Crooked; arched; bent. [Written also kimbow.] Dryden. KIMMERIAN Kim*me"ri*an, a. Defn: See Cimmerian. KIMNEL Kim"nel, n. Defn: A tub. See Kemelin. [Obs.] She knew not what a kimnel was Beau. & Fl. KIMONO Ki*mo"no, n.; pl. -nos (#). [Jap.] 1. A kind of loose robe or gown tied with a sash, worn as an outer garment by Japanese men and women. 2. A similar gown worn as a dressing gown by women of Western nations. KIMRY Kim"ry, n. Defn: See Cymry. KIN kin (. Etym: [Of Low German origin; cf. G. -chen, LG. -- ken.] Defn: A diminutive suffix; as, manikin; lambkin. KIN Kin, n. (Mus.) Defn: A primitive Chinese instrument of the cittern kind, with from five to twenty-five silken strings. Riemann. KIN Kin, n. Etym: [OE. kin, cun, AS. cynn kin, kind, race, people; akin to cennan to beget, D. kunne sex, OS. & OHG. kunni kin, race, Icel. kyn, Goth. kuni, G. & D. kind a child, L. genus kind, race, L. gignere to beget, Gr. jan to beget. Kind, King, Gender kind, Nation.] 1. Relationship, consanguinity, or affinity; connection by birth or marriage; kindred; near connection or alliance, as of those having common descent. 2. Relatives; persons of the same family or race. The father, mother, and the kinbeside. Dryden. You are of kin, and so a friend to their persons. Bacon. KIN Kin, a. Defn: Of the same nature or kind; kinder. "Kin to the king." Shak. -KIN -kin (-kin). [Of Low German origin; cf. G. -chen, LG. -- ken.] Defn: A diminutive suffix; as, manikin; lambkin. KINAESODIC Kin`æ*sod"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Kinesodic. KINAESTHESIS Kin`æs*the"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: The perception attendant upon the movements of the muscles. Bastian. KINAESTHETIC; KINESTHETIC Kin`æs*thet"ic, Kin`es*thet"ic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or involving, kinæsthesis. KINATE Ki"nate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. kinate. ] (Chem.) Defn: See Quinate. [Obsolescent] KINCOB Kin"cob, n. Defn: India silk brocaded with flowers in silver or gold. -- a. Defn: Of the nature of kincob; brocaded. Thackeray. KIND Kind, a. [Compar. Kinder; superl. Kindest.] Etym: [AS. cynde, gecynde, natural, innate, prop. an old p. p. from the root of E. kin. See Kin kindred.] 1. Characteristic of the species; belonging to one's nature; natural; native. [Obs.] Chaucer. It becometh sweeter than it should be, and loseth the kind taste. Holland. 2. Having feelings befitting our common nature; congenial; sympathetic; as, a kind man; a kind heart. Yet was he kind, or if severe in aught, The love he bore to learning was his fault. Goldsmith. 3. Showing tenderness or goodness; disposed to do good and confer happiness; averse to hurting or paining; benevolent; benignant; gracious. He is kind unto the unthankful and to evil. Luke vi 35. O cruel Death, to those you take more kind Than to the wretched mortals left behind. Waller. A fellow feeling makes one wondrous kind. Garrick. 4. Proceeding from, or characterized by, goodness, gentleness, or benevolence; as, a kind act. "Manners so kind, yet stately." Tennyson. 5. Gentle; tractable; easily governed; as, a horse kind in harness. Syn. -- Benevolent; benign; beneficent; bounteous; gracious; propitious; generous; forbearing; indulgent; tender; humane; compassionate; good; lenient; clement; mild; gentle; bland; obliging; friendly; amicable. See Obliging. KIND Kind, n. Etym: [OE. kinde, cunde, AS. cynd. See Kind, a.] 1. Nature; natural instinct or disposition. [Obs.] He knew by kind and by no other lore. Chaucer. Some of you, on pure instinct of nature, Are led by kind t'admire your fellow-creature. Dryden. 2. Race; genus; species; generic class; as, in mankind or humankind. "Come of so low a kind." Chaucer. Every kind of beasts, and of birds. James iii.7. She follows the law of her kind. Wordsworth. Here to sow the seed of bread, That man and all the kinds be fed. Emerson. 3. Nature; style; character; sort; fashion; manner; variety; description; class; as, there are several kinds of eloquence, of style, and of music; many kinds of government; various kinds of soil, etc. How diversely Love doth his pageants play, And snows his power in variable kinds ! Spenser. There is one kind of flesh of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, and another of birds. I Cor. xv. 39. Diogenes was asked in a kind of scorn: What was the matter that philosophers haunted rich men, and not rich men philosophers Bacon. A kind of, something belonging to the class of; something like to; -- said loosely or slightingly. In kind, in the produce or designated commodity itself, as distinguished from its value in money. Tax on tillage was often levied in kind upon corn. Arbuthnot. Syn. -- Sort; species; class; genus; nature; style; character; breed; set. KIND Kind, v. t. Etym: [See Kin.] Defn: To beget. [Obs.] Spenser. KINDERGARTEN Kin"der*gar`ten, n. Etym: [G., lit., children's garden; kinder (pl. of kind child, akin to E. kin kindred) + garten garden.] Defn: A school for young children, conducted on the theory that education should be begun by gratifying and cultivating the normal aptitude for exercise, play, observation, imitation, and construction; -- a name given by Friedrich Froebel, a German educator, who introduced this method of training, in rooms opening on a garden. KINDERGARTNER Kin"der*gart`ner, n. Defn: One who teaches in a kindergarten. KIND-HEARTED Kind"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Having kindness of nature; sympathetic; characterized by a humane disposition; as, a kind-hearted landlord. To thy self at least kind-hearted prove. Shak. KIND-HEARTEDNESS Kind"-heart`ed*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being kind-hearted; benevolence. KINDLE Kin"dle, v. t. & i. Etym: [OE. kindlen, cundlen. See Kind.] Defn: To bring forth young. [Obs.] Shak. The poor beast had but lately kindled. Holland. KINDLE Kin`dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kindled; p. pr. & vb. n. Kindling.] Etym: [Icel. kyndill candle, torch; prob. fr. L. candela; cf. also Icel. kynda to kindle. Cf. Candle.] 1. To set on fire; to cause to burn with flame; to ignite; to cause to begin burning; to start; to light; as, to kindle a match, or shavings. His breath kindleth coals. Job xii. 21. 2. Fig.: To inflame, as the passions; to rouse; to provoke; to excite to action; to heat; to fire; to animate; to incite; as, to kindle anger or wrath; to kindle the flame of love, or love into a flame. So is a contentious man to kindle strife. Prov. xxvi. 21. Nothing remains but that I kindle the boy thither. Shak. Kindling her undazzled eyes at the full midday beam. Milton. Could swell the soul to rage, or kindle soft desire. Dryden. Syn. -- Enkindle; light; ignite; inflame; provoke; excite; arouse; stir up. KINDLE Kin"dle, v. i. 1. To take fire; to begin to burn with flame; to start as a flame. When thou walkest through the fire, thou shalt not be burned; neither shall the flame kindle upon thee. Is. xliii. 2. 2. Fig.: To begin to be excited; to grow warm or animated; to be roused or exasperated. On all occasions where forbearance might be called for, the Briton kindles, and the Christian gives way. I. Taylor. KINDLER Kin"dler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, kindles, stirs up, or sets on fire."Kindlers of riot." Gay. KINDLESS Kind"less, a Defn: Destitute of kindness; unnatural.[Obs.] "Kindless villain." Shak. KINDLINESS Kind"li*ness, n. 1. Natural inclination; natural course. [Obs.] Milton. 2. The quality or state of being kindly; benignity; benevolence; gentleness; tenderness; as, kindliness of disposition, of treatment, or of words. In kind a father, but not in kindliness. Sackville. 3. Softness; mildness; propitiousness; as, kindliness of weather, or of a season. Fruits and corn are much advanced by temper of the air and kindliness of seasons. Whitlock. KINDLING Kind"ling, n. 1. The of causing to burn, or of exciting or inflaming the passions. 2. pl. Defn: Materials, easily lighted, for starting a fire. KINDLY Kind"ly, a. [Compar. Kindlier; superl. Kindliest.] Etym: [AS. cyndelic. See Kind, n. ] 1. According to the kind or nature; natural. [R.] The kindly fruits of the earth. Book of Com. Prayer. An herd of bulls whom kindly rage doth sting. Spenser. Whatsoever as the Son of God he may do, it is kindly for Him as the Son of Man to save the sons of men. L. Andrews. 2. Humane; congenial; sympathetic; hence, disposed to do good to; benevolent; gracious; kind; helpful; as, kindly affections, words, acts, etc. The shade by which my life was crossed, . . . Has made me kindly with my kind. Tennyson. 3. Favorable; mild; gentle; auspicious; beneficent. In soft silence shed the kindly shower. Pope. Should e'er a kindlier time ensue. Wordsworth. Note: "Nothing ethical was connoted in kindly once: it was simply the adjective of kind. But it is God's ordinance that kind should be kindly, in our modern sense of the word as well; and thus the word has attained this meaning." Trench. KINDLY Kind"ly, adv. 1. Naturally; fitly. [Obs.] Chaucer. Examine how kindly the Hebrew manners of speech mix and incorporate with the English language Addison. 2. In a kind manner; congenially; with good will; with a disposition to make others happy, or to oblige. Be kindly affectioned one to another, with brotherly love. Rom. xii. 10. KINDNESS Kind"ness, n. Etym: [From Kind. a.] 1. The state or quality of being kind, in any of its various senses; manifestation of kind feeling or disposition beneficence. I do fear thy nature; It is too full o' the milk of human kindness To catch the nearest way. Shak. Unremembered acts Of kindness and of love. Wordsworth. 2. A kind act; an act of good will; as, to do a great kindness. Syn. -- Good will; benignity; grace; tenderness; compassion; humanity; clemency; mildness; gentleness; goodness; generosity; beneficence; favor. KINDRED Kin"dred, n. Etym: [OE. kinrede, kynrede, kunreden (with excrescent d), fr. AS. cunn kin, race + the termination to advise, G. rathen. Cf. Hatred.] 1. Relationship by birth or marriage; consanguinity; affinity; kin. Like her, of equal kindred to the throne. Dryden. 2. Relatives by blood or marriage, more properly the former; relations; persons related to each other. I think there's no man is secure But the queen's kindred. Shak. Syn. -- Kin; kinsfolk; relatives; kinsmen; relations; relationship; affinity. KINDRED Kin"dred, a. Defn: Related; congenial; of the like nature or properties; as, kindred souls; kindred skies; kindred propositions. True to the kindred points of heaven and home. Wordsworth. KINE Kine, n. pl. Etym: [For older kyen, formed like oxen, fr. AS. c, itself pl. of c cow. See Cow, and cf. Kee, Kie.] Defn: Cows. "A herd of fifty or sixty kine." Milton. KINEMATIC; KINEMATICAL Kin`e*mat"ic, Kin`e*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to kinematics. Kinematic curves, curves produced by machinery, or a combination of motions, as distinguished from mathematical curves. KINEMATICS Kin`e*mat"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. ( (Physics) Defn: The science which treats of motions considered in themselves, or apart from their causes; the comparison and relation of motions. Note: Kinematics forms properly an introduction to mechanics, as involving the mathematical principles which are to be applied to its data of forces. Nichol. KINEPOX Kine"pox`, n. (Med.) Defn: See Cowpox. Kin"e*scope (, n. Defn: See Kinetoscope. KINESIATRICS Kin`e*si*at"rics, n. Etym: [Gr. ( (Med.) Defn: A mode of treating disease by appropriate muscular movements; - - also termed kinesitherapy, kinesipathy, lingism, and the movement cure. KINESIPATHY Kin`e*sip"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: See Kinesiatrics. KINESIPATHY Kin`e*sip"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: See Kinesiatrics. KINESITHERAPY Kin`e*si*ther"a*py, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: See Kinesiatrics. KINESODIC Kin`e*sod"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. kinésodigue.] (Physiol.) Defn: Conveying motion; as; kinesodic substance; -- applied esp. to the spinal cord, because it is capable of conveying doth voluntary and reflex motor impulses, without itself being affected by motor impulses applied to it directly. KINETIC Ki*net"ic, q. Etym: [Gr. (Physics) Defn: Moving or causing motion; motory; active, as opposed to latent. Kinetic energy. See Energy, n. 4. KINETICS Ki*net"ics, n. (Physics) Defn: See Dynamics. KINETOGENESIS Ki*ne`to*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] Defn: An instrument for producing curves by the combination of circular movements; -- called also kinescope. KINETOGRAPH Ki*ne"to*graph, n. [Gr. movable + -graph.] (Physics) (a) A camera for making chronophotographs. (b) A machine for the projection of chronophotographs upon a screen for the purpose of producing the effect of an animated picture. (c) A combined animated-picture machine and phonograph in which sounds appropriate to the scene are automatically uttered by the latter instrument. KINETOPHONE Ki*ne"to*phone, n. [See Kinetic, Phone.] Defn: A machine combining a kinetoscope and a phonograph synchronized so as to reproduce a scene and its accompanying sounds. KINETOSCOPE Ki*ne"to*scope, n. Defn: A machine, for the production of animated pictures, in which a film carrying successive instantaneous views of a moving scene travels uniformly through the field of a magnifying glass. The observer sees each picture, momentarily, through a slit in a revolving disk, and these glimpses, blended by persistence of vision, give the impression of continuous motion. KING King (, n. Defn: A Chinese musical instrument, consisting of resonant stones or metal plates, arranged according to their tones in a frame of wood, and struck with a hammer. KING King, n.Etym: [AS. cyng, cyning; akin to OS. kining, D. koning, OHG. kining, G. könig, Icel. konungr, Sw. koning, OHG. kuning, Dan. konge; formed with a patronymic ending, and fr. the root of E. kin; cf. Icel. konr a man of noble birth. Kin.] 1. A chief ruler; a sovereign; one invested with supreme authority over a nation, country, or tribe, usually by hereditary succession; a monarch; a prince. "Ay, every inch a king." Shak. Kings will be tyrants from policy, when subjects are rebels from principle. Burke. There was a State without king or nobles. R. Choate. But yonder comes the powerful King of Day, Rejoicing in the east Thomson. 2. One who, or that which, holds a supreme position or rank; a chief among competitors; as, a railroad king; a money king; the king of the lobby; the king of beasts. 3. A playing card having the picture of a king; as, the king of diamonds. 4. The chief piece in the game of chess. 5. A crowned man in the game of draughts. 6. pl. Defn: The title of two historical books in the Old Testament. Note: King is often used adjectively, or in combination, to denote preëminence or superiority in some particular; as, kingbird; king crow; king vulture. Apostolic king.See Apostolic. -- King-at-arms, or King-of-arms, the chief heraldic officer of a country. In England the king-at-arms was formerly of great authority. His business is to direct the heralds, preside at their chapters, and have the jurisdiction of armory. There are three principal kings-at- arms, viz., Garter, Clarencieux, and Norroy. The latter (literally north roy or north king) officiates north of the Trent. -- King auk (Zoöl.), the little auk or sea dove. -- King bird of paradise. (Zoöl.), See Bird of paradise. -- King card, in whist, the best unplayed card of each suit; thus, if the ace and king of a suit have been played, the queen is the king card of the suit. -- King Cole , a legendary king of Britain, who is said to have reigned in the third century. -- King conch (Zoöl.), a large and handsome univalve shell (Cassis cameo), found in the West Indies. It is used for making cameos. See Helmet shell, under Helmet. -- King Cotton, a popular personification of the great staple production of the southern United States. -- King crab. (Zoöl.) (a) The limulus or horseshoe crab. See Limulus. (b) The large European spider crab or thornback (Maia sguinado). -- King crow. (Zoöl.) (a) A black drongo shrike (Buchanga atra) of India; -- so called because, while breeding, they attack and drive away hawks, crows, and other large birds. (b) The Dicrurus macrocercus of India, a crested bird with a long, forked tail. Its color is black, with green and blue reflections. Called also devil bird. -- King duck (Zoöl.), a large and handsome eider duck (Somateria spectabilis), inhabiting the arctic regions of both continents. -- King eagle (Zoöl.), an eagle (Aquila heliaca) found in Asia and Southeastern Europe. It is about as large as the golden eagle. Some writers believe it to be the imperial eagle of Rome. -- King hake (Zoöl.), an American hake (Phycis regius), fond in deep water along the Atlantic coast. -- King monkey (Zoöl.), an African monkey(Colobus polycomus), inhabiting Sierra Leone. -- King mullet (Zoöl.), a West Indian red mullet (Upeneus maculatus); -- so called on account of its great beauty. Called also goldfish. -- King of terrors, death. -- King parrakeet (Zoöl.), a handsome Australian parrakeet (Platycercys scapulatus), often kept in a cage. Its prevailing color is bright red, with the back and wings bright green, the rump blue, and tail black. -- King penguin (Zoöl.), any large species of penguin of the genus Aptenodytes; esp., A. longirostris, of the Falkland Islands and Kerguelen Land, and A. Patagonica , of Patagonia. -- King rail (Zoöl.), a small American rail (Rallus elegans), living in fresh-water marshes. The upper parts are fulvous brown, striped with black; the breast is deep cinnamon color. -- King salmon (Zoöl.), the quinnat. See Quinnat. -- King's, or Queen's, counsel (Eng. Law), barristers learned in the law, who have been called within the bar, and selected to be the king's or gueen's counsel. They answer in some measure to the advocates of the revenue (advocati fisci) among the Romans. They can not be employed against the crown without special license. Wharton's Law Dict. -- King's cushion, a temporary seat made by two persons crossing their hands. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. -- The king's English, correct or current language of good speakers; pure English. Shak. -- King's or Queen's, evidence, testimony in favor of the Crown by a witness who confesses his guilt as an accomplice. See under Evidence. [Eng.] -- King's evil, scrofula; -- so called because formerly supposed to be healed by the touch of a king. -- King snake (Zoöl.), a large, nearly black, harmless snake (Ophiobolus getulus) of the Southern United States; -- so called because it kills and eats other kinds of snakes, including even the rattlesnake. -- King's spear (Bot.), the white asphodel (Asphodelus albus). -- King's yellow, a yellow pigment, consisting essentially of sulphide and oxide of arsenic; -- called also yellow orpiment. -- King tody (Zoöl.), a small fly-catching bird (Eurylaimus serilophus) of tropical America. The head is adorned with a large, spreading, fan-shaped crest, which is bright red, edged with black. -- King vulture (Zoöl.), a large species of vulture (Sarcorhamphus papa), ranging from Mexico to Paraguay, The general color is white. The wings and tail are black, and the naked carunculated head and the neck are briliantly colored with scarlet, yellow, orange, and blue. So called because it drives away other vultures while feeding. -- King wood, a wood from Brazil, called also violet wood, beautifully streaked in violet tints, used in turning and small cabinetwork. The tree is probably a species of Dalbergia. See Jacaranda. KING King, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kinged; p. pr. & vb. n. Kinging). ] Defn: To supply with a king; to make a king of; to raise to royalty. [R.] Shak. Those traitorous captains of Israel who kinged themselves by slaying their masters and reigning in their stead. South. KINGBIRD King"bird, n. (Zoöl.) 1. A small American bird (Tyrannus, or T. Carolinensis), noted for its courage in attacking larger birds, even hawks and eagles, especially when they approach its nest in the breeding season. It is a typical tyrant flycatcher, taking various insects upon the wing. It is dark ash above, and blackish on the bead and tail. The quills and wing coverts are whitish at the edges. It is white beneath, with a white terminal band on the tail. The feathers on the head of the adults show a bright orange basal spot when erected. Called also bee bird, and bee martin. Several Southern and Western species of Tyrannus are also called king birds. 2. The king tody. See under King. KINGBOLT King"bolt`, n. Defn: A vertical iron bolt, by which the forward axle and wheels of a vehicle or the trucks of a railroad car are connected with the other parts. KING CHARLES SPANIEL King Charles span"iel. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of small pet dogs, having, drooping ears, a high, dome-shaped forehead, pug nose, large, prominent eyes, and long, wavy hair. The color is usually black and tan. KINGCRAFT King"craft, n. Defn: The craft of kings; the art of governing as a sovereign; royal policy. Prescott. KINGCUP King"cup`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The common buttercup. KINGDOM King"dom, n. Etym: [AS. cyningd. See 2d King, and -dom.] 1. The rank, quality, state, or attributes of a king; royal authority; sovereign power; rule; dominion; monarchy. Thy kingdom is an everlasting kingdom. Ps. cxiv. 13. When Jehoram was risen up to the kingdom of his father, he strengthened himself. 2 Chron. xxi. 4. 2. The territory or country subject to a king or queen; the dominion of a monarch; the sphere in which one is king or has control. Unto the kingdom of perpetual night. Shak. You're welcome, Most learned reverend sir, into our kingdom. Shak. 3. An extensive scientific division distinguished by leading or ruling characteristics; a principal division; a department; as, the mineral kingdom. "The animal and vegetable kingdoms." Locke. Animal kingdom. See under Animal. -- Kingdom of God. (a) The universe. (b) That spiritual realm of which God is the acknowledged sovereign. (c) The authority or dominion of God. -- Mineral kingdom. See under Mineral. -- United Kingdom. See under United. -- Vegetable kingdom. See under Vegetable. Syn. -- Realm; empire; dominion; monarchy; sovereignty; domain. KINGDOMED King"domed, a. Defn: Having a kingdom or the dignity of a king; like a kingdom. [R.] "Twixt his mental and his active parts, Kingdom'd Achilles in commotion rages And batters down himself. Shak. KINGFISH King"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) An American marine food fish of the genus Menticirrus, especially M. saxatilis, or M. nebulosos, of the Atlantic coast; -- called also whiting, surf whiting, and barb. (b) The opah. (c) The common cero; also, the spotted cero. See Cero. (d) The queenfish. KINGFISHER King"fish`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of birds constituting the family Alcedinidæ. Most of them feed upon fishes which they capture by diving and seizing then with the beak; others feed only upon reptiles, insects, etc. About one hundred and fifty species are known. They are found in nearly all parts of the world, but are particularly abundant in the East Indies. Note: The belted king-fisher of the United States (Ceryle alcyon) feeds upon fishes. It is slate-blue above, with a white belly and breast, and a broad white ring around the neck. A dark band crosses the breast. The common European species (Alcedo ispida), which is much smaller and brighter colored, is also a fisher. See Alcedo. The wood kingfishers (Halcyones), which inhabit forests, especially in Africa, feed largely upon insects, but also eat reptiles, snails, and small Crustacea, as well as fishes. The giant kingfisher of Australia feeds largely upon lizards and insects. See Laughing jackass, under Laughing. KINGHOOD King"hood, n. Defn: The state of being a king; the attributes of a king; kingship. Gower. KINGLESS King"less, a. Defn: Having no king. F. Lieber. KINGLET King"let, n. 1. A little king; a weak or insignificant king. Carlyle. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small singing birds of the genus Regulus and family Sylviidæ. Note: The golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa), and the rubycrowned kinglet (R. calendula), are the most common American species. The common English kinglet (R. cristatus) is also called golden-crested wren, moonie, and marigold finch. The kinglets are often popularly called wrens, both in America and England. KINGLIHOOD King"li*hood, n. Defn: King-liness. Tennyson. KINGLINESS King"li*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being kingly. KINGLING King"ling, n. Defn: Same as Kinglet, 1. Churchill. KINGLY King"ly, a. [Compar. Kinglier; superl. Kingliest.] Defn: Belonging to, suitable to, or becoming, a king; characteristic of, resembling, a king; directed or administered by a king; monarchical; royal; sovereign; regal; august; noble; grand. "Kingly magnificence." Sir P. Sidney. "A kingly government." Swift. "The kingly couch." Shak. The kingliest kings are crowned with thorn. G. Massey. Leave kingly backs to cope with kingly cares. Cowper. Syn. -- Regal; royal; monarchical; imperial; august; sovereign; noble; splendid. -- Kingly, Regal. Kingly is Anglo-Saxon, and refers especially to the character of a king; regal is Latin, and now relates more to his office. The former is chiefly used of dispositions, feelings, and purposes which are kinglike; as, kingly sentiments; kingly condescension; " a kingly heart for enterprises." Sir P. Sidney. The latter is oftener applied to external state, pomp, etc.; as, regal state, regal title, etc. This distinction is not observed by our early writers, but is gaining ground. KINGLY King"ly, adv. Defn: In a kingly or kinglike manner. Shak. Low bowed the rest; he, kingly, did but nod. Pore. Note: Although this citation, one from Paradise Lost, and one from Shakespeare's ll4th Sonnet are given by lexicographers as examples of adverbial use, it is by no means clear that the word is not an adjective in each instance. KING-POST King"-post`, n. (Carp.) Defn: A member of a common form of truss, as a roof truss. It is strictly a tie, intended to prevent the sagging of the tiebeam in the middle. If there are struts, supporting the main rafters, they often bear upon the foot of the king-post. Called also crown-post. KING'S BENCH King's Bench. (Law) Defn: Formerly, the highest court of common law in England; -- so called because the king used to sit there in person. It consisted of a chief justice and four puisne, or junior, justices. During the reign of a queen it was called the Queen's Bench. Its jurisdiction was transferred by the judicature acts of 1873 and 1875 to the high court of justice created by that legislation. KINGSHIP King"ship, n. Defn: The state, office, or dignity of a king; royalty. Landor. KINGSTON; KINGSTONE King"ston, King"stone`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The black angel fish. See Angel fish, under Angel. KINGSTON METAL King"ston met"al Defn: . An alloy of tin, copper, and mercury, sometimes used for the bearings and packings of machinery. McElrath. KINGSTON VALVE King"ston valve. (Marine Steam Engin.) Defn: A conical valve, opening outward, to close the mouth of a pipe which passes through the side of a vessel below the water line. KINGTRUSS King"truss`. (Carp.) Defn: A truss, framed with a king-post; -- used in roofs, bridges, etc. KINIC Ki"nic, a. Etym: [Cf. F.kinique.] (Chem.) Defn: See Quinic. KINIT Kin"it, n. [Gr. to move.] (Physics) Defn: A unit of force equal to the force which, acting for one second, will give a pound a velocity of one foot per second; -- proposed by J.D.Everett, an English physicist. KINK Kink, n. Etym: [D. kink a bend or turn, or Sw. kink.] 1. A twist or loop in a rope or thread, caused by a spontaneous doubling or winding upon itself; a close loop or curl; a doubling in a cord. 2. An unreasonable notion; a crotchet; a whim; a caprice. [Colloq.] Cozzens. KINK Kink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kinked; p. pr. & vb. n. Kinking.] Defn: To wind into a kink; to knot or twist spontaneously upon itself, as a rope or thread. KINK Kink, n. Etym: [Cf. Chincough, Kink-haust.] Defn: A fit of coughing; also, a convulsive fit of laughter. [Scot.] KINKAJOU Kin"ka*jou`, n. Etym: [F. kinkajou, quincajou, from the native American name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A nocturnal carnivorous mammal (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus) of South America, about as large as a full-grown cat. It has a prehensile tail and lives in trees. It is the only representative of a distinct family (Cercoleptidæ) allied to the raccoons. Called also potto, and honey bear. KINKHAUST Kink"haust`, n. Etym: [Prov. E. kink to gasp (cf. Chin cough) + haust a cough (akin to E. wheeze).] Defn: Whooping cough. [Obs.or Prov. Eng.] KINKLE Kin"kle, n. Defn: Same as 3d Kink. KINKY Kink"y, a. 1. Full of kinks; liable to kink or curl; as, kinky hair. 2. Queer; eccentric; crotchety. [Colloq. U.S.] KINNIKINIC Kin`ni*ki*nic", n. Etym: [Indian, literally, a mixture.] Defn: Prepared leaves or bark of certain plants; -- used by the Indians of the Northwest for smoking, either mixed with tobacco or as a substitute for it. Also, a plant so used, as the osier cornel (Cornus stolonijra), and the bearberry (Arctostaphylus Uva-ursi). [Spelled also kinnickinnick and killikinick.] KINO Ki"no, n. Defn: The dark red dried juice of certain plants, used variously in tanning, in dyeing, and as an astringent in medicine. Note: The chief supply is from an East Indian leguminous tree, the Pterocarpus Marsupium. Other sources are the African Pterocarpus erinaceus, the tropical American sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera), and several Australian Eucalypti. See Botany bay kino, under Botany bay, Gum butea, under Gum, and Eucalyptus. KINOLOGY Ki*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: That branch of physics which treats of the laws of motion, or of moving bodies. KINONE Ki"none, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Quinone. KINOYL Ki"noyl, n. (Chem.) [Obs.] Defn: See Quinoyl. KINREDE Kin"rede, n. Defn: Kindred. [Obs.] Chaucer. KINSFOLK Kins"folk`, n. Defn: Relatives; kindred; kin; persons of the same family or closely or closely related families. They sought him among their kinsfolk and acquaintance. Luke ii. 44. KINSHIP Kin"ship, n. Defn: Family relationship. KINSMAN Kins"man, n.; pl. Kinsmen (. Defn: A man of the same race or family; one related by blood. KINSMANSHIP Kins"man*ship, n. Defn: Kinship. Thackeray. KINSWOMAN Kins"wom`an, n.; pl. Kinswomen (. Defn: A female relative. Shak. KINTLIDGE Kint"lidge, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Kentledge. KIOSK Ki*osk", n. Etym: [Turk. kiushk, kiöshk, Per. k.] Defn: A Turkish open summer house or pavilion, supported by pillars. KIOWAYS Ki"o*ways`, n. pl.; sing. Kioway (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians distantly related to the Shoshones. They formerly inhabited the region about the head waters of the North Platte. KIP Kip, n. Defn: The hide of a young or small beef creature, or leather made from it; kipskin. Kip leather. See Kipskin. KIPE Kipe, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. kipen to catch, Icel. kippa to pull, snatch. Cf. Kipper.] Defn: An osier basket used for catching fish. [Prov. Eng.] KIPPER Kip"per, n. Etym: [D. kippen to hatch, snatch, seize. Cf. Kipe.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A salmon after spawning. 2. A salmon split open, salted, and dried or smoked; -- so called because salmon after spawning were usually so cured, not being good when fresh. [Scot.] Kipper time, the season in which fishing for salmon is forbidden. [Eng. & Scot.] KIPPER Kip"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kippered; p. pr. & vb. n. Kippering.] Defn: To cure, by splitting, salting, and smoking. "Kippered salmon." Dickens. KIPPER Kip"per, a. Defn: Amorous; also, lively; light-footed; nimble; gay; sprightly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. KIPPERNUT Kip"per*nut`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to earthnuts of several kinds. KIPSKIN Kip"skin`, n. Etym: [Kip + skin.] Defn: Leather prepared from the skin of young or small cattle, intermediate in grade between calfskin and cowhide. KIRK Kirk, n. Etym: [Scot.; cf. Icel. kirkja, of Greek origin. See Church.] Defn: A church or the church, in the various senses of the word; esp., the Church of Scotland as distinguished from other reformed churches, or from the Roman Catholic Church. [Scot.] Jamieson. KIRKED Kirked, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Turned upward; bent. [Obs.] Rom. of R. KIRKMAN Kirk"man, n.; pl. Kirkmen (. 1. A clergyman or officer in a kirk. [Scot.] 2. A member of the Church of Scotland, as distinguished from a member of another communion. [Scot.] KIRKYARD Kirk"yard`, n. Defn: A churchyard. [Scot.] KIRMESS Kir"mess, n. Etym: [D. kermis; cf. G. kirmes; prop., church mass. See Church, and Mass a religious service.] Defn: In Europe, particularly in Belgium and Holland, and outdoor festival and fair; in the United States, generally an indoor entertainment and fair combined. KIRSCHWASSER Kirsch"was`ser, n. Etym: [G., fr. kirsche cherry + wasser water.] Defn: An alcoholic liquor, obtained by distilling the fermented juice of the small black cherry. KIRSOME Kir"some, a. Etym: [Corrupted from chrisom.] Defn: Christian; christened. [Obs.] I am a true kirsome woman. Beau. & Fl. KIRTLE Kir"tle, n. Etym: [OE. kirtel, curtel, AS. cyrtel; skin to Icel. kyrtill, Sw. kjortel, Dan. kiortel, kiole.] Defn: A garment varying in form and use at different times, and worn doth by men and women. Wearing her Norman car, and her kirtle of blue. Longfellow. Note: The term is still retained in the provinces, in the sense of " an outer petticoat." Halliwell. KIRTLED Kir"tled, a. Defn: Wearing a kirtle. Byron. KIRUMBO Ki*rum"bo, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of Madagascar (Leptosomus discolor), the only living type of a family allied to the rollers. It has a pair of loral plumes. The male is glossy green above, with metallic reflections; the female is spotted with brown and black. KISH Kish, n. Etym: [Cf. G. kies gravel, pyrites.] (Min.) Defn: A workman's name for the graphite which forms incidentally in iron smelting. KISMET Kis"met, n. Etym: [Per. qismat.] Defn: Destiny; fate. [Written also kismat.] [Oriental] KISS Kiss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kissed;p. pr. & vb. n. Kissing.] Etym: [OE. kissen, cussen, AS. cyssan, fr. coss a kiss; of uncertain origin; akin to D. kus, G. kuss, Icel. koss.] 1. To salute with the lips, as a mark of affection, reverence, submission, forgiveness, etc. He . . . kissed her lips with such a clamorous smack, That at the parting all the church echoed. Shak. 2. To touch gently, as if fondly or caressingly. When the sweet wind did gently kiss the trees. Shak. KISS Kiss, v. i. 1. To make or give salutation with the lips in token of love, respect, etc.; as, kiss and make friends. 2. To meet; to come in contact; to touch fondly. Like fire and powder, Which as they kiss consume. Shak. Rose, rose and clematis, Trail and twine and clasp and kiss. Tennyson. Kissing comfit, a perfumed sugarplum to sweeten the breath. [Obs or Prov. End.] Shak. KISS Kiss, n. Etym: [OE. kiss, derived under the influence of the verb from the older form coss, AS. coss. See Kiss, v.] 1. A salutation with the lips, as a token of affection, respect, etc.; as, a parting kiss; a kiss of reconciliation. Last with a kiss, she took a long farewell. Dryden. Dear as remembered kisses after death. Tennyson. 2. A small piece of confectionery. KISSER Kiss"er, n. Defn: One who kisses. Beau. & Fl. KISSING BUG Kiss"ing bug`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of blood-sucking, venomous Hemiptera that sometimes bite the lip or other parts of the human body, causing painful sores, as the cone-nose (Conorhinus sanguisuga). [U. S.] KISSINGCRUST Kiss"ing*crust`, n. (Cookery) Defn: The portion of the upper crust of a loaf which has touched another loaf in baking. Lamb. A massy fragment from the rich kissingcrust that hangs like a fretted cornice from the upper half of the loaf. W. Howitt. KISSING STRINGS Kiss"ing strings`. Defn: Cap or bonnet strings made long to tie under the chin. One of her ladyship's kissing strings, once pink and fluttering and now faded and soiled. Pall Mall Mag. KIST Kist, n. Etym: [See Chest.] Defn: A chest; hence, a coffin. [Scot. & Prov. End.] Jamieson. Halliwell. KIST Kist, n. Etym: [Ar. gist.] Defn: A stated payment, especially a payment of rent for land; hence, the time for such payment. [India] KISTVAEN Kist"vaen, n. Etym: [W. cist-faen.] (Archæol.) Defn: A Celtic monument, commonly known as a dolmen. KIT Kit, v. t. [imp. Kitte.] Defn: To cut. [Obs.] Chaucer. KIT Kit, n. Etym: [See Kitten.] Defn: A kitten. Kit fox (Zoöl.), a small burrowing fox (Vulpes velox), inhabiting the region of the Rocky Mountains. It is brownish gray, reddish on the breast and flanks, and white below. Called also swift fox. KIT Kit, n. Etym: [Gf. AS. cytere harp, L. cithara. Cf. Guitar.] Defn: A small violin. "A dancing master's kit." Grew. Prince Turveydrop then tinkled the strings of his kit with his fingers, and the young ladies stood up to dance. Dickens. KIT Kit, m. Etym: [Cf. D. kit a large bottle, OD. kitte beaker, decanter.] 1. A large bottle. 2. A wooden tub or pail, smaller at the top than at the bottom; as, a kit of butter, or of mackerel. Wright. 3. straw or rush basket for fish; also, any kind of basket. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 4. A box for working implements; hence, a working outfit, as of a workman, a soldier, and the like. 5. A group of separate parts, things, or individuals; -- used with whole, and generally contemptuously; as, the whole kit of them. KITCAT Kit"cat`, a. 1. Designating a club in London, to which Addison and Steele belonged; -- so called from Christopher Cat, a pastry cook, who served the club with mutton pies. 2. Designating a canvas used for portraits of a peculiar size, viz., twenty-right or twenty-nine inches by thirtysix; -- so called because that size was adopted by Sir Godfrey Kneller for the portraits he painted of the members of the Kitcal Club. Fairholt. KITCAT Kit"cat`, n. Defn: A game played by striking with a stick small piece of wood, called a cat, shaped like two coned united at their bases; tipcat. Cotton. Kitcat roll (Agric.), a roller somewhat in the form of two cones set base to base. [Prov. Eng.] KITCHEN Kitch"en, n. Etym: [OE. kichen, kichene, kuchene, AS. cycene, L. coquina, equiv. to culina a kitchen, fr. coquinus pertaining to cooking, fr. coquere to cook. See Cook to prepare food, and cf. Cuisine.] 1. A cookroom; the room of a house appropriated to cookery. Cool was his kitchen, though his brains were hot. Dryden. A fat kitchen makes a lean will. Franklin. 2. A utensil for roasting meat; as, a tin kitchen. Kitchen garden. See under Garden. -- Kitchen lee, dirty soapsuds. [Obs.] " A brazen tub of kitchen lee." Ford. -- Kitchen stuff, fat collected from pots and pans. Donne. KITCHEN Kitch"en, v. t. Defn: To furnish food to; to entertain with the fare of the kitchen. [Obs.] Shak. KITCHENER Kitch"en*er, n. Defn: A kitchen servant; a cook. Carlyle. KITCHENETTE Kitch`en*ette", n. [Kitchen + -ette.] Defn: A room combining a very small kitchen and a pantry, with the kitchen conveniences compactly arranged, sometimes so that they fold up out of sight and allow the kitchen to be made a part of the adjoining room by opening folding doors. KITCHENMAID Kitch"en*maid`, n. Defn: A woman employed in the kitchen. Shak. KITCHEN MIDDENS Kitch"en mid`dens. Etym: [Dan. kjök-kenmöddings kitchen leavings; cf. Scot. midden a dunghill.] Defn: Relics of neolithic man found on the coast of Denmark, consisting of shell mounds, some of which are ten feet high, one thousand feet long, and two hundred feet wide. The name is applied also to similar mounds found on the American coast from Canada to Florida, made by the North American Indians. KITCHEN-RY Kitch"en-ry, n. Defn: The body of servants employed in the kitchen. [Obs.] Holland. KITE Kite, n. Etym: [OE. kyte, AS.c; cf. W. cud, cut.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any raptorial bird of the subfamily Milvinæ, of which many species are known. They have long wings, adapted for soaring, and usually a forked tail. Note: The European species are Milvus ictinus and M. govinda; the sacred or Brahmany kite of India is Haliastur Indus; the American fork-tailed kite is the Nauclerus furcatus. 2. Fig. : One who is rapacious. Detested kite, thou liest. Shak. 3. A light frame of wood or other material covered with paper or cloth, for flying in the air at the end of a string. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A lofty sail, carried only when the wind is light. 5. (Geom.) Defn: A quadrilateral, one of whose diagonals is an axis of symmetry. Henrici. 6. Fictitious commercial paper used for raising money or to sustain credit, as a check which represents no deposit in bank, or a bill of exchange not sanctioned by sale of goods; an accommodation check or bill. [Cant] 7. (Zoöl.) Defn: The brill. [Prov. Eng. ] Flying kites. (Naut.) See under Flying. -- Kite falcon (Zoöl.), an African falcon of the genus Avicida, having some resemblance to a kite. KITE Kite, v. i. Defn: To raise money by "kites;" as, kiting transactions. See Kite, 6. [Cant] KITE Kite, n. Defn: The belly. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] KITEFLYING; KITEFLIER Kite"fly`ing, n. Defn: A mode of raising money, or sustaining one's credit, by the use of paper which is merely nominal; -- called also kiting. -- Kite"fli`er, n. Defn: See Kite, n., 6. [Cant] McElrath. Thackeray. KITH Kith, n. Etym: [OE. kith, cu, AS. cc known. Uncouth, Can, and cf. Kythe.] Defn: Acquaintance; kindred. And my near kith for sore me shend. W. Browne. The sage of his kith and the hamlet. Longfellow. Kith and kin, kindred more or less remote. KITHARA Kith"a*ra, n. Defn: See Cithara. KITHE Kithe, v. t. [Obs.] Defn: See Kythe. Chaucer. KITISH Kit"ish, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or relating to a kite. KITLING Kit"ling, n. Etym: [Kit a kitten + ling: cf. Icel. ketlingr.] Defn: A young kitten; a whelp. [Obs. or Scot.] B. Jonson. KITTE Kit"te, imp. Defn: of Kit to cut. [Obs.] Chaucer. KITTEL Kit"tel, v. t. Defn: See Kittle, v. t. KITTEN Kit"ten, n. Etym: [OE. kiton, a dim. of cat; cf. G.kitze a young cat, also a female cat, and F. chaton, dim. of chat cat, also E. kitling. See Cat.] Defn: A young cat. KITTEN Kit"ten, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Kittened; p. pr. & vb. n. Kittening.] Defn: To bring forth young, as a cat; to bring forth, as kittens. Shak. H. Spencer. KITTENISH Kit"ten*ish, a. Defn: Resembling a kitten; playful; as, a kittenish disposition. Richardson. KITTIWAKE Kit"ti*wake, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A northern gull (Rissa tridactyla), inhabiting the coasts of Europe and America. It is white, with black tips to the wings, and has but three toes. KITTLE Kit"tle, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Kit a kitten.] (Zoöl.) Defn: To bring forth young, as a cat; to kitten; to litter. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] KITTLE Kit"tle, v. t. Etym: [Cf. AS. citelian; akin to D. kittelen, G. kitzeln, Icel. kitla, Sw. kittla, kittsla, Dan. kildre. Cf. Tickle.] Defn: To tickle. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] [Written also kittel.] Halliwell. Jamieson. KITTLE Kit"tle, a. Defn: Ticklish; not easily managed; troublesome; difficult; variable. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. Sir W. Scott. KITTLISH Kit"tlish, a. Defn: Ticklish; kittle. Sir W. Scott. KITTY Kit"ty, n. 1. A kitten; also, a pet name or calling name for the cat. 2. [Etym. uncertain.] (Gaming) The percentage taken out of a pool to pay for refreshments, or for the expenses of the table. R. F. Foster. KITTYSOL Kit*ty*sol", n. Etym: [Sp. quitasol.] Defn: The Chinese paper parasol. KIVA Ki"va, n. [Hopi name, sacred chamber.] Defn: A large chamber built under, or in, the houses of a Pueblo village, used as an assembly room in religious rites or as a men's dormitory. It is commonly lighted and entered from an opening in the roof. KIVE Kive, n. Defn: A mash vat. See Keeve. [Obs.] KIVER Kiv"er, v. t. Defn: To cover. -- n. Defn: A cover. [Disused except in illiterate speech.] KIVIKIVI; KIWIKIWI Ki`vi*ki"vi, Ki`wi*ki"wi, n.; pl. Kivikivies (Kiwikiwies (. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Apteryx, esp. A. australis; -- so called in imitation of its notes. Called also kiwi. See Apteryx. KJOEKKEN MOEDDINGS Kjoek"ken moed`dings. Etym: [Dan.] Defn: See Kitchen middens. KLAMATHS Kla"maths, n. pl.; sing. Klamath (Ethnol.) Defn: A collective name for the Indians of several tribes formerly living along the Klamath river, in California and Oregon, but now restricted to a reservation at Klamath Lake; -- called also Clamets and Hamati. KLEENEBOC Kleene"boc` (klen"bôk`), n. Etym: [D. kleen little, small + bok buck.] Defn: (Zoöl.) An antelope (Cerphalopus pygmæus), found in South Africa. It is of very small size, being but one foot high at shoulder. It is remarkable for its activity, and for its mild and timid disposition. Called also guevi, and pygmy antelope. KLEPTOMANIA Klep`to*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Gr. mania.] Defn: A propensity to steal, claimed to be irresistible. This does not constitute legal irresponsibility. Wharton. KLEPTOMANIAC Klep`to*ma"ni*ac, n. Defn: A person affected with kleptomania. KLICK Klick, n. & v. Defn: See Click. KLICKET Klick"et, n. Etym: [Cf. Clicket.] (Mil.) Defn: A small postern or gate in a palisade, for the passage of sallying parties. [Written also klinket.] KLINKSTONE Klink"stone`, n. Defn: See Clinkstone. KLINOMETER Kli*nom"e*ter, n. Defn: See Clinometer. KLIPDAS; KLIPDACHS Klip"das, Klip"dachs`, n. Etym: [D. klip cliff + das badger, akin to G. dachs.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small mammal (Hyrax Capensis), found in South Africa. It is of about the size of a rabbit, and closely resembles the daman. Called also rock rabbit. KLIPFISH Klip"fish`, n. Defn: Dried cod, exported from Norway. [Written also clipfish.] KLIPSPRINGER Klip"spring`er, n. Etym: [D., lit., cliff springer.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, graceful South African antelope (Nanotragus oreotragus), which, like the chamois, springs from one crag to another with great agility; -- called also kainsi. [Written also klippspringer.] KLOOF Kloof, n. Etym: [D. See Clove a cleft.] Defn: A glen; a ravine closed at its upper end. [South Africa] KLOPEMANIA Klo`pe*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Gr. mania.] Defn: See Kleptomania. KNAB Knab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knabbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Knabbing.] Etym: [See Nab, v. t., and cf. Knap, v. t.] 1. To seize with the teeth; to gnaw. "Knabbing crusts." [Obs.] L'Estrange. 2. To nab. See Nab, v. t. [Colloq.] KNABBLE Knab"ble, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of knab.] Defn: To bite or nibble. [Obs.] Horses will knabble at walls, and rats gnaw iron. Sir T. Browne. KNACK Knack, v. i. Etym: [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. G. knacken to break, Dan. knage to crack, and E. knock.] 1. To crack; to make a sharp, abrupt noise to chink. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Bp. Hall. 2. To speak affectedly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. KNACK Knack, n. 1. A petty contrivance; a toy; a plaything; a knickknack. A knack, a toy, a trick, a baby's cap. Shak. 2. A readiness in performance; aptness at doing something; skill; facility; dexterity. The fellow . . . has not the knack with his shears. B. Jonson. The dean was famous in his time, And had a kind of knack at rhyme. Swift. 3. Something performed, or to be done, requiring aptness and dexterity; a trick; a device. "The knacks of japers." Chaucer. For how should equal colors do the knack ! Pope. KNACKER Knack"er, n. 1. One who makes knickknacks, toys, etc. Mortimer. 2. One of two or more pieces of bone or wood held loosely between the fingers, and struck together by moving the hand; -- called also clapper. Halliwell. KNACKER Knack"er, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel.hnakkr a saddle.] 1. a harness maker. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. One who slaughters worn-out horses and sells their flesh for dog's meat. [Eng.] KNACKISH Knack"ish, a. Defn: Trickish; artful. [Obs.] -- Knack"ish*ness, n. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. KNACK-KNEED Knack"-kneed`, a. Defn: See Knock-kneed. KNACKY Knack"y, a. Defn: Having a knack; cunning; crafty; trickish. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. KNAG Knag, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. G. knagge a knot in wood, Sw. knagg, Dan. knag a hook to hand clothes on, a bracket; Gael. & Ir. cnag peg, knob.] 1. A knot in wood; a protuberance. Wright. 2. A wooden peg for hanging things on. Wright. 3. The prong of an antler Holland. 4. The rugged top of a hill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. KNAGGED Knag"ged, a. Defn: Full of knots; knaggy. KNAGGY Knag"gy, a. Defn: Knotty; rough; figuratively, rough in temper. Fuller. -- Knag"gi*ness, n. KNAP Knap, n. Etym: [AS. cnæp, cnæpp, top, knob, button; cf. Icel. knappr knob, Sw. knapp, Dan. knap button, W., Gael., & Ir. cnap knob, button, and E. knop.] Defn: A protuberance; a swelling; a knob; a button; hence, rising ground; a summit. See Knob, and Knop. The highest part and knap of the same island. Holland. KNAP Knap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Knapping.] Etym: [D. knappen to chew, bite, crack, take hold of; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To bite; to bite off; to break short. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. ] He will knap the spears apieces with his teeth. Dr. H. More. He breaketh the bow, and knappeth the spear in sunder. Ps. xlvi. 9 (Book of Common Prayer.) 2. To strike smartly; to rap; to snap. Bacon. KNAP Knap, v. i. Defn: To make a sound of snapping. Wiseman. KNAP Knap, n. Defn: A sharp blow or slap. Halliwell. KNAPBOTTLE Knap"bot`tle, n. (Bot.) Defn: The bladder campion (Silene inflata). KNAPPISH Knap"pish, a. Etym: [See Knap to strike.] Defn: Snappish; peevish. [Obs.] Grafton. KNAPPLE Knap"ple, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of knap, v., cf. D. knabbelen to gnaw.] Defn: To break off with an abrupt, sharp noise; to bite; to nibble. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] KNAPPY Knap"py, a. Defn: Having knaps; full of protuberances or humps; knobby. [Obs.] Huloet. KNAPSACK Knap"sack`, n. Etym: [D. knapzak; knappen to eat + zak a bag. See Knap, v. t., and Sack.] Defn: A case of canvas or leather, for carrying on the back a soldier's necessaries, or the clothing, etc., of a traveler. And each one fills his knapsack or his scrip With some rare thing that on the field is found. Drayton. KNAPWEED Knap"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The black centaury (Centaurea nigra); -- so called from the knoblike heads of flowers. Called also bullweed. KNAR Knar, n. Defn: See Gnar. [Obs.] Chaucer. KNARL Knar"l, n. Defn: A knot in wood. See Gnarl. KNARLED Knarled, a. Defn: Knotted. See Gnarled. KNARRED Knarred, a. Defn: Knotty; gnarled. The knarred and crooked cedar knees. Longfellow. KNARRY Knar"ry, a. Defn: Knotty; gnarled. Chaucer. KNAVE Knave, n. Etym: [OE., boy, servant, knave, AS. cnafa boy, youth; cf. AS. cnapa boy, youth, D. kna, G. knabe boy, knappe esquire, Icel. knapi, Sw. knape esquire, knäfvel knave.] 1. A boy; especially, a boy servant. [Obs.] Wyclif. Chaucer. O murderous slumber, Lay'st thou thy leaden mace upon my boy That plays thee music Gentle knave, good night. Shak. 2. Any male servant; a menial. [Obs.] Chaucer. He's but Fortune's knave, A minister of her will. Shak. 3. A tricky, deceitful fellow; a dishonest person; a rogue; a villain. "A pair of crafty knaves." Shak. In defiance of demonstration, knaves will continue to proselyte fools. Ames. Note: "How many serving lads must have been unfaithful and dishonest before knave -which meant at first no more than boy -- acquired the meaning which it has now !" Trench. 4. A playing card marked with the figure of a servant or soldier; a jack. Knave child, a male child. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. -- Villain; cheat; rascal; rogue; scoundrel; miscreant. KNAVERY Knav"er*y, n.; pl. Knaveries (. 1. The practices of a knave; petty villainy; fraud; trickery; a knavish action. This is flat knavery, to take upon you another man's name. Shak. 2. pl. Defn: Roguish or mischievous tricks. Shak. KNAVESHIP Knave"ship, n. Defn: A small due, in meal, established by usage, which is paid to the under miller. [Scot.] KNAVESS Knav"ess, n. Defn: A knavish woman. Carlyle. KNAVISH Knav"ish, a. 1. Like or characteristic of a knave; given to knavery; trickish; fraudulent; dishonest; villainous; as, a knavish fellow, or a knavish trick. "Knavish politicians." Macaulay. 2. Mischievous; roguish; waggish. Cupid is knavish lad, Thus to make poor females mad. Shak. KNAVISHLY Knav"ish*ly, adv. 1. In a knavish manner; dishonestly; fraudulently. Holland. 2. Mischievously; waggishly; roguishly. "Knavishly witty." Gayton. KNAVISHNESS KNav"ish*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being knavish; knavery; dishonesty. KNAW Knaw, v. t. Defn: See Gnaw. [Obs.] Sir T. More. KNAWEL Knaw"el, n. Etym: [Akin to G. knauelk, knäuel,prop., a ball of thread, coil. Cf. Clew.] (Bot.) Defn: A low, spreading weed (Scleranthus annuus), common in sandy soil. KNEAD Knead, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kneaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Kneading.] Etym: [OE. kneden, As. cnedan; akin to D. kneden, G. kneten, Sw. kn, Icel. kno; cf. OSlav.gnesti.] 1. To work and press into a mass, usually with the hands; esp., to work, as by repeated pressure with the knuckles, into a well mixed mass, as the materials of bread, cake, etc.; as, to knead dough. The kneading, the making of the cake, the heating of the oven, and the baking. Shak. 2. Fig.: To treat or form as by kneading; to beat. I will knead him : I'll make him supple. Shak. Kneading trough, a trough or tray in which dough is kneaded. Ex. viii. 3. KNEADABLE Knead"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be kneaded; capable of being worked into a mass. KNEADER Knead"er, n. Defn: One who kneads. KNEADINGLY Knead"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of one kneading. KNEBELITE Kne"bel*ite, n. Etym: [From Major von Knebel.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a gray, red, brown, or green color, and glistening luster. It is a silicate of iron and manganese. KNECK Kneck, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) Defn: The twisting of a rope or cable, as it is running out. [Eng.] KNEE Knee, n. Etym: [OE. kne, cneo, As. cneó, cneów; akin to OS. knio, kneo, OFries. kni, G. & D. knie, OHG. chniu, chneo, Icel. kn, Sw. knä,Dan. knæ, Goth. kniu, L.genu, Gr. janu, Cf. Genuflection.] 1. In man, the joint in the middle part of the leg. 2. (Anat.) (a) The joint, or region of the joint, between the thigh and leg. (b) In the horse and allied animals, the carpal joint, corresponding to the wrist in man. 3. (Mech. & Shipbuilding) Defn: A piece of timber or metal formed with an angle somewhat in the shape of the human knee when bent. 4. A bending of the knee, as in respect or courtesy. Give them title, knee, and approbation. Shak. Knee breeches. See under Breeches. -- Knee holly, Knee holm (Bot.), butcher's broom. -- Knee jerk (Physiol.) a jerk or kick produced by a blow or sudden strain upon the patellar tendon of the knee, which causes a sudden contraction of the quadriceps muscle; one of the so-called tendon reflexes. -- Knee joint. See in the Vocabulary. -- Knee timber, timber with knees or angles in it. -- Knee tribute, or Knee worship, tribute paid by kneeling; worship by genuflection. [Obs.] "Knee tribute yet unpaid." Milton. KNEE Knee, v. t. Defn: To supplicate by kneeling. [Obs.] Fall down, and knee The way into his mercy. Shak KNEEBRUSH Knee"brush`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tuft or brush of hair on the knees of some species of antelopes and other animals; -- chiefly used in the plural. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A thick mass or collection of hairs on the legs of bees, by aid of which they carry the collected pollen to the hive or nest; -- usually in the plural. KNEECAP Knee"cap`, n. 1. (Anat.) Defn: The kneepan. 2. A cap or protection for the knee. KNEE-CROOKING Knee"-crook`ing, a. Defn: Obsequious; fawning; cringing. "Knee-crooking knave." Shak. KNEED Kneed, a. 1. Having knees;- used chiefly in composition; as, in-kneed; out- kneed; weak-kneed. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Geniculated; forming an obtuse angle at the joints, like the knee when a little bent; as, kneed grass. KNEE-DEEP Knee"-deep`, a. 1. Rising to the knees; knee-high; as, water or snow knee-deep. Grass knee-deep within a month. Milton. 2. Sunk to the knees; as, men knee-deep in water. Where knee-deep the trees were standing. Longfellow. KNEE-HIGH Knee"-high`, a. Defn: Rising or reaching upward to the knees; as, the water is knee- high. KNEE JERK Knee jerk. (Physiol.) Defn: A jerk or kick produced by a blow or sudden strain upon the patellar tendon of the knee, which causes a sudden contraction of the quadriceps muscle. KNEEJOINT Knee"joint`, n. 1. The joint of the knee. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A toggle joint; -- so called because consisting of two pieces jointed to each other end to end, making an angle like the knee when bent. KNEEJOINTED Knee"joint`ed, a. (Bot.) Defn: Geniculate; kneed. See Kneed, a., 2. KNEEL Kneel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knelt or Kneeled (p. pr. & vb. n. Kneeling.] Etym: [OE. knelen, cneolien; akin to D. knielen, Dan. knæle. See Knee.] Defn: To bend the knee; to fall or rest on the knees; -- sometimes with down. And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge. Acts vii. 60. As soon as you are dressed, kneel and say the Lord's Prayer. Jer. Taylor. KNEELER Kneel"er, n. 1. One who kneels or who worships by or while kneeling. Tennyson. 2. A cushion or stool to kneel on. 3. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A name given to certain catechumens and penitents who were permitted to join only in parts of church worship. KNEELINGLY Kneel"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a kneeling position. KNEEPAN Knee"pan`, n. (Anat.) Defn: A roundish, flattened, sesamoid bone in the tendon in front of the knee joint; the patella; the kneecap. KNEEPIECE Knee"piece`, n. Defn: A piece shaped like a knee; as, the kneepieces or ears of a boat. KNEIPPISM; KNEIPP'S CURE; KNEIPP CURE Kneipp"ism, n. Also Kneipp's, or Kneipp, cure. Defn: Treatment of disease by forms of hydrotherapy, as walking barefoot in the morning dew, baths, wet compresses, cold affusions, etc.; -- so called from its originator, Sebastian Kneipp (1821-97), a German priest. KNELL Knell, n. Etym: [OE. knel, cnul, AS. cnyll, fr. cnyllan to sound a bell; cf. D. & G. knallen to clap, crack, G. & Sw. knall a clap, crack, loud sound, Dan. knalde to clap, crack. Cf. Knoll, n. & v.] Defn: The stoke of a bell tolled at a funeral or at the death of a person; a death signal; a passing bell; hence, figuratively, a warning of, or a sound indicating, the passing away of anything. The dead man's knell Is there scarce asked for who. Shak. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day. Gray. KNELL Knell, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Knelling.] Etym: [OE. knellen, knillen, As. cnyllan. See Knell, n.] Defn: To sound as a knell; especially, to toll at a death or funeral; hence, to sound as a warning or evil omen. Not worth a blessing nor a bell to knell for thee. Beau. & Fl. Yet all that poets sing, and grief hath known, Of hopes laid waste, knells in that word, "alone". Ld. Lytton. KNELL Knell, v. t. Defn: To summon, as by a knell. Each matin bell, the baron saith, Knells us back to a world of death. Coleridge. KNELT Knelt, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Kneel. KNEW Knew, imp. Defn: of Know. KNICKER Knick"er, n. Etym: [D. knikker.] Defn: A small ball of clay, baked hard and oiled, used as a marble by boys in playing. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.] Halliwell. Bartlett. KNICKERBOCKER Knick"er*bock`er, n. Defn: A linsey-woolsey fabric having a rough knotted surface on the right side; used for women's dresses. KNICKERBOCKERS Knick"er*bock`ers, n. pl. Defn: The name for a style of short breeches; smallclothes. KNICKKNACK Knick"knack`, n. Etym: [See Knack.] Defn: A trifle or toy; a bawble; a gewgaw. KNICKKNACKATORY Knick"knack`a*to*ry, n. Defn: A collection of knickknacks. Richardson. KNICKKNACKERY Knick"knack`er*y, n. Defn: Knickknacks. KNIFE Knife, n.; pl. Knives. Etym: [OE. knif, AS. cnif; akin to D. knijf, Icel. knifr, Sw. knif, Dan. kniv.] 1. An instrument consisting of a thin blade, usually of steel and having a sharp edge for cutting, fastened to a handle, but of many different forms and names for different uses; as, table knife, drawing knife, putty knife, pallet knife, pocketknife, penknife, chopping knife, etc. 2. A sword or dagger. The coward conquest of a wretch's knife. Shak. Knife grass (Bot.) a tropical American sedge (Scleria latifolia), having leaves with a very sharp and hard edge, like a knife. -- War to the knife, mortal combat; a conflict carried to the last extremity. KNIFE Knife, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knifed; p. pr. & vb. n. Knifing.] 1. (Hort.) Defn: To prune with the knife. 2. To cut or stab with a knife. [Low] KNIFEBOARD Knife"board`, n. Defn: A board on which knives are cleaned or polished. KNIFEEDGE; KNIFE-EDGE Knife"*edge`, n. (Mech.) Defn: A piece of steel sharpened to an acute edge or angle, and resting on a smooth surface, serving as the axis of motion of a pendulum, scale beam, or other piece required to oscillate with the least possible friction. Knife-edge file. See Illust. of File. KNIFE SWITCH Knife switch. (Elec.) Defn: A switch consisting of one or more knifelike pieces hinged at one end and making contact near the other with flat gripping springs. KNIGHT Knight, n. Etym: [OE. knight, cniht, knight, soldier, As. cniht, cneoht, a boy, youth, attendant, military follower; akin to D. & G. knecht servant; perh. akin to E. kin.] 1. A young servant or follower; a military attendant. [Obs.] 2. (a) In feudal times, a man-at-arms serving on horseback and admitted to a certain military rank with special ceremonies, including an oath to protect the distressed, maintain the right, and live a stainless life. (b) One on whom knighthood, a dignity next below that of baronet, is conferred by the sovereign, entitling him to be addressed as Sir; as, Sir John. [Eng.] Hence: (c) A champion; a partisan; a lover. "Give this ring to my true knight." Shak "In all your quarrels will I be your knight." Tennyson. Knights, by their oaths, should right poor ladies' harms. Shak. Note: Formerly, when a knight's name was not known, it was customary to address him as Sir Knight. The rank of a knight is not hereditary. 3. A piece used in the game of chess, usually bearing a horse's head. 4. A playing card bearing the figure of a knight; the knave or jack. [Obs.] Carpet knight. See under Carpet. -- Knight of industry. See Chevalier d'industrie, under Chevalier. -- Knight of Malta, Knight of Rhodes, Knight of St. John of Jerusalem. See Hospitaler. -- Knight of the post, one who gained his living by giving false evidence on trials, or false bail; hence, a sharper in general. Nares. "A knight of the post, . . . quoth he, for so I am termed; a fellow that will swear you anything for twelve pence." -- Nash. -- Knight of the shire, in England, one of the representatives of a county in Parliament, in distinction from the representatives of cities and boroughs. -- Knights commanders, Knights grand cross, different classes of the Order of the Bath. See under Bath, and Companion. Knights of labor, a secret organization whose professed purpose is to secure and maintain the rights of workingmen as respects their relations to their employers. [U. S.] -- Knights of Pythias, a secret order, founded in Washington, d.C., in 1864, for social and charitable purposes. -- Knights of the Round Table, knights belonging to an order which, according to the legendary accounts, was instituted by the mythical King Arthur. They derived their common title from the table around which they sat on certain solemn days. Brande & C. KNIGHT Knight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Knighting.] Defn: To dub or create (one) a knight; -- done in England by the sovereign only, who taps the kneeling candidate with a sword, saying: Rise, Sir ---. A soldier, by the honor-giving hand Of Cknighted in the field. Shak. KNIGHTAGE Knight"age, n. Defn: To body of knights, taken collectively. KNIGHT BACHELOR Knight" bach"e*lor; pl. Knights bachelors (. Defn: A knight of the most ancient, but lowest, order of English knights, and not a member of any order of chivalry. See Bachelor, 4. KNIGHT BANNERET Knight" ban"ner*et; pl. Knights bannerets. Defn: A knight who carried a banner, who possessed fiefs to a greater amount than the knight bachelor, and who was obliged to serve in war with a greater number of attendants. The dignity was sometimes conferred by the sovereign in person on the field of battle. KNIGHT BARONET Knight" bar"o-net. Defn: See Baronet. KNIGHT-ERRANT Knight"-er`rant, n.; pl. Knight-errants, or Knights-errant. Defn: A wandering knight; a knight who traveled in search of adventures, for the purpose of exhibiting military skill, prowess, and generosity. KNIGHT-ERRANTRY Knight"-er`rant*ry, n.; pl. Knight-errantries (. Defn: The character or actions of wandering knights; the practice of wandering in quest of adventures; chivalry; a quixotic or romantic adventure or scheme. The rigid guardian [i. e., conscience] of a blameless heart Is weak with rank knight-erratries o'errun. Young. KNIGHT-ER-RATIC Knight"-er-rat"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to a knight-errant or to knight-errantry. [R.] Quart. Rev. KNIGHTHEAD Knight"head`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A bollard timber. See under Bollard. KNIGHTHOOD Knight"hood, n. Etym: [Knight + hood: cf. AS. chihthad youth.] 1. The character, dignity, or condition of a knight, or of knights as a class; hence, chivalry. "O shame to knighthood." Shak. If you needs must write, write Cæsar's praise; You 'll gain at least a knighthood, or the bays. Pope. 2. The whole body of knights. The knighthood nowadays are nothing like the knighthood of old time. Chapman. Note: "When the order of knighthood was conferred with full solemnity in the leisure of a court or court or city, imposing preliminary ceremonies were required of the candidate. He prepared himself by prayer and fasting, watched his arms at night in a chapel, and was then admitted with the performance of religious rites. Knighthood was conferred by the accolade, which, from the derivation of the name, would appear to have been originally an embrace; but afterward consisted, as it still does, in a blow of the flat of a sword on the back of the kneeling candidate." Brande & C. KNIGHTLESS Knight"less, a. Defn: Unbecoming a knight. [Obs.] "Knightless guile." Spenser. KNIGHTLINESS Knight"li*ness, n. Defn: The character or bearing suitable for a knight; chivalry. Spenser. KNIGHTLY Knight`ly, a. Etym: [AS. cnihtlic boyish.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a knight; becoming a knight; chivalrous; as, a knightly combat; a knightly spirit. For knightly jousts and fierce encounters fit. Spenser. [Excuses] full knightly without scorn. Tennyson. KNIGHTLY Knight"ly, adv. Defn: In a manner becoming a knight. And why thou comest thus knightly clad in arms. Shak. KNIGHT MARSHAL Knight" mar"shal. (Eng. Law) Defn: An officer in the household of the British sovereign, who has cognizance of transgressions within the royal household and verge, and of contracts made there, a member of the household being one of the parties. Wharton. KNIGHT SERVICE Knight" serv"ice. (Eng. Feud. Law) Defn: A tenure of lands held by knights on condition of performing military service. See Chivalry, n., 4. KNIGHT SERVICE; KNIGHT'S SERVICE Knight service. Also Knight's service. 1. (Feud. Law) The military service by rendering which a knight held his lands; also, the tenure of lands held on condition of performing military service. By far the greater part of England [in the 13th century] is held of the king by knight's service. . . . In order to understand this tenure we must form the conception of a unit of military service. That unit seems to be the service of one knight or fully armed horseman (servitium unius militis) to be done to the king in his army for forty days in the year, if it be called for. . . . The limit of forty days seems to have existed rather in theory than practice. Pollock & Mait. 2. Service such as a knight can or should render; hence, good or valuable service. KNIGHT'S FEE Knight's fee. (Feudal Law) Defn: The fee of a knight; specif., the amount of land the holding of which imposed the obligation of knight service, being sometimes a hide or less, sometimes six or more hides. KNIGHT TEMPLAR Knight" Tem"plar; pl. Knights Templars (. Defn: See Commandery, n., 3, and also Templar, n., 1 and 3. KNIT Knit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knit or Knitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Knitting.] Etym: [OE. knitten, knutten, As. cnyttan, fr. cnotta knot; akin to Icel. kn, Sw. knyta, Dan. knytte. See Knot.] 1. To form into a knot, or into knots; to tie together, as cord; to fasten by tying. A great sheet knit at the four corners. Acts x. 11. When your head did but ache, I knit my handkercher about your brows. Shak. 2. To form, as a textile fabric, by the interlacing of yarn or thread in a series of connected loops, by means of needles, either by hand or by machinery; as, to knit stockings. 3. To join; to cause to grow together. Nature can not knit the bones while the parts are under a discharge. Wiseman. 4. To unite closely; to connect; to engage; as, hearts knit together in love. Thy merit hath my duty strongly knit. Shak. Come , knit hands, and beat the ground, In a light fantastic round. Milton. A link among the days, toknit The generations each to each. Tennyson. 5. To draw together; to contract into wrinkles. knits his brow and shows an angry eye. Shak. KNIT Knit, v. i. 1. To form a fabric by interlacing yarn or thread; to weave by making knots or loops. 2. To be united closely; to grow together; as, broken bones will in time knit and become sound. To knit up, to wind up; to conclude; to come to a close. "It remaineth to knit up briefly with the nature and compass of the seas." [Obs.] Holland. KNIT Knit, n. Defn: Union knitting; texture. Shak. KNITBACK Knit"back`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The plant comfrey; -- so called from its use as a restorative. Dr. Prier. KNITCH; KNITCHET Knitch, Knitch"et, n. Etym: [Cf. Knit.] Defn: A number of things tied or knit together; a bundle; a fagot. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. When they [stems of asphodel] be dried, they ought to be made up into knitchets, or handfuls. Holland. KNITS Knits, n. pl. Etym: [Prob. same word as nit a louse's egg.] (Mining) Defn: Small particles of ore. Raymond. KNITSTER Knit"ster, n. Defn: A woman who knits. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. KNITTER Knit"ter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, knits, joins, or unites; a knitting machine. Shak. KNITTING Knit"ting, n. 1. The work of a knitter; the network formed by knitting. 2. Union formed by knitting, as of bones. Knitting machine, one of a number of contrivances for mechanically knitting stockings, jerseys, and the like. -- Knitting , a stiff rod, as of steel wire, with rounded ends for knitting yarn or threads into a fabric, as in stockings. -- Knitting sheath, a sheath to receive the end of a needle in knitting. KNITTLE Knit"tle, n. Etym: [From Knit.] 1. A string that draws together a purse or bag. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 2. pl. (Naut.) Defn: See Nettles. KNIVES Knives, n. pl. Defn: of Knife. See Knife. KNOB Knob, n. Etym: [A modification of knop. Cf. Nob.] 1. A hard protuberance; a hard swelling or rising; a bunch; a lump; as, a knob in the flesh, or on a bone. 2. A knoblike ornament or handle; as, the knob of a lock, door, or drawer. Chaucer. 3. A rounded hill or mountain; as, the Pilot Knob. [U. S.] Bartlett. 4. (Arch.) Defn: See Knop. Knob latch, a latch which can be operated by turning a knob, without using a key. KNOB Knob, v. i. Defn: To grow into knobs or bunches; to become knobbed. [Obs.] Drant. KNOBBED Knobbed, a. Defn: Containing knobs; full of knobs; ending in a nob. See Illust of Antenna. The horns of a roe deer of Greenland are pointed at the top, and knobbed or tuberous at the bottom. Grew. KNOBBER Knob"ber, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Knobbler. KNOBBING Knob"bing, n. (Stone Quarrying) Defn: Rough dressing by knocking off knobs or projections. KNOBBLER Knob"bler, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hart in its second year; a young deer. [Written also knobber.] Halliwell. He has hallooed the hounds upon a velvet-headed knobbler. Sir W. Scott. KNOBBLING FIRE Knob"bling fire Defn: . A bloomery fire. See Bloomery. KNOBBY Knob"by, a. Etym: [From Knob.] 1. Full of, or covered with, knobs or hard protuberances. Dr. H. More. 2. Irregular; stubborn in particulars. [Obs.] The informers continued in a knobby kind of obstinacy. Howell. 3. Abounding in rounded hills or mountains; hilly. [U.S.] Bartlett. KNOBKERRIE Knob"ker`rie, n. [Boer D. knopkirie, fr. D. knop-hout, knotty stick + Hottentot kïrri club.] Defn: A short club with a knobbed end used as a missile weapon by Kafir and other native tribes of South Africa. KNOBSTICK Knob"stick`, n. Defn: One who refuses to join, or withdraws from, a trades union. [Cant, Eng.] KNOCK Knock, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knocked; p. pr. & vb. n. Knocking.] Etym: [OE. knoken, AS. cnocian, cnucian; prob. of imitative origin; cf. Sw. knacka.Cf. Knack.] 1. To drive or be driven against something; to strike against something; to clash; as, one heavy body knocks against another. Bacon. 2. To strike or beat with something hard or heavy; to rap; as, to knock with a club; to knock on the door. For harbor at a thousand doors they knocked. Dryden. Seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you. Matt. vii. 7. To knock about, to go about, taking knocks or rough usage; to wander about; to saunter. [Colloq.] "Knocking about town." W. Irving. -- To knock up, to fail of strength; to become wearied or worn out, as with labor; to give out. "The horses were beginning to knock up under the fatigue of such severe service." De Quincey. -- To knock off, to cease, as from work; to desist. -- To knock under, to yield; to submit; to acknowledge one's self conquered; -- an expression probably borrowed from the practice of knocking under the table with the knuckles, when conquered. "Colonel Esmond knocked under to his fate." Thackeray. KNOCK Knock, v. t. 1. To strike with something hard or heavy; to move by striking; to drive (a thing) against something; as, to knock a ball with a bat; to knock the head against a post; to knock a lamp off the table. When heroes knock their knotty heads together. Rowe. 2. To strike for admittance; to rap upon, as a door. Master, knock the door hard. Shak. To knock down. (a) To strike down; to fell; to prostrate by a blow or by blows; as, to knock down an assailant. (b) To assign to a bidder at an auction, by a blow or knock; to knock off. -- To knock in the head, or on the head, to stun or kill by a blow upon the head; hence, to put am end to; to defeat, as a scheme or project; to frustrate; to quash. [Colloq.] -- To knock off. (a) To force off by a blow or by beating. (b) To assign to a bidder at an auction, by a blow on the counter. (c) To leave off (work, etc.). [Colloq.] -- To knock out, to force out by a blow or by blows; as, to knock out the brains. -- To knock up. (a) To arouse by knocking. (b) To beat or tire out; to fatigue till unable to do more; as, the men were entirely knocked up. [Colloq.] "The day being exceedingly hot, the want of food had knocked up my followers." Petherick. (c) (Bookbinding) To make even at the edges, or to shape into book form, as printed sheets. KNOCK Knock, n. 1. A blow; a stroke with something hard or heavy; a jar. 2. A stroke, as on a door for admittance; a rap. " A knock at the door." Longfellow. A loud cry or some great knock. Holland. Knock off, a device in a knitting machine to remove loops from the needles. KNOCKABOUT Knock"a*bout`, a. 1. Marked by knocking about or roughness. 2. Of noisy and violent character. [Theat. Slang] 3. Characterized by, or suitable for, knocking about, or traveling or wandering hither and thither. 4. That does odd jobs; -- said of a class of hands or laborers on a sheep station. [Collog., Australia] KNOCKABOUT Knock"a*bout`, n. 1. (Naut.) A small yacht, generally from fifteen to twenty-five feet in length, having a mainsail and a jib. All knockabouts have ballast and either a keel or centerboard. The original type was twenty-one feet in length. The next larger type is called a raceabout. 2. A knockabout performer or performance. [Theat. Slang] 3. A man hired on a sheep station to do odd jobs. [Colloq., Australia] KNOCKDOWN Knock"down`, n. Defn: A felling by a knock, as of a combatant, or of an animal. KNOCKDOWN Knock"down`, a. Defn: Of force sufficient to fell or completely overthrow; as, a knockdown blow; a knockdown argument. [Colloq.] KNOCKER Knock"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, knocks; specifically, an instrument, or kind of hammer, fastened to a door, to be used in seeking for admittance. Shut, shut the door, good John ! fatigued, knocker; say I'm sick, I'm dead. Pope. KNOCKING Knock"ing, n. Defn: A beating; a rap; a series of raps. The . . . repeated knockings of the head upon the ground by the Chinese worshiper. H. Spencer. KNOCKINGS Knock"ings, n. pl. (Mining) Defn: Large lumps picked out of the sieve, in dressing ore. KNOCK-KNEE Knock"-knee`, n. (Med.) Defn: A condition in which the knees are bent in so as to touch each other in walking; inknee. KNOCK-KNEED Knock"-kneed`, a. Defn: Having the legs bent inward so that the knees touch in walking. [Written also knack-kneed.] KNOCK-OFF Knock"-off`, a. Defn: That knocks off; of or pertaining to knocking off. KNOCK-OFF Knock"-off`, n. Defn: Act or place of knocking off; that which knocks off; specif. (Mach.), Defn: a cam or the like for disconnecting something, as a device in a knitting machine to remove loops from the needles. KNOCK-OUT Knock"-out`, n. Defn: Act of knocking out, or state of being knocked out. KNOCK-OUT Knock"-out`, a. Defn: That knocks out; characterized by knocking out; as, a knock-out blow; a knock-out key for knocking out a drill from a collet. KNOCK-OUT DROPS Knock-out drops. Defn: Drops of some drug put in one's drink to stupefy him for purpose of robbery, etc. [Slang, U. S.] KNOCKSTONE Knock"stone`, n. (Mining) Defn: A block upon which ore is broken up. KNOLL Knoll, n. Etym: [AS. cnoll; akin to G. knolle, knollen, clod, lump, knob, bunch, OD. knolle ball, bunch, Sw. knöl, Dan. knold.] Defn: A little round hill; a mound; a small elevation of earth; the top or crown of a hill. On knoll or hillock rears his crest, Lonely and huge, the giant oak. Sir W. Scott. KNOLL Knoll, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Knolling.] Etym: [OE. knollen, AS. cnyllan. See Knell.] Defn: To ring, as a bell; to strike a knell upon; to toll; to proclaim, or summon, by ringing. "Knolled to church." Shak. Heavy clocks knolling the drowsy hours. Tennyson. KNOLL Knoll, v. i. Defn: To sound, as a bell; to knell. Shak. For a departed being's soul The death hymn peals, and the hollow bells knoll. Byron. KNOLL Knoll, n. Defn: The tolling of a bell; a knell. [R.] Byron. KNOLLER Knoll"er, n. Defn: One who tolls a bell. [Obs.] Sherwood. KNOP Knop, n. Etym: [OE. knop, knoppe; cf. D.knop, knoop, G. knopf, Dan. knap, knop, Sw. knapp, knopp, button, bud, Icel. knappr, and E. knap, n. Cf. Knap, Knob.] 1. A knob; a bud; a bunch; a button. Four bowls made like unto almonds, with their knops and their flowers. Ex. xxv. 21. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Any boldly projecting sculptured ornament; esp., the ornamental termination of a pinnacle, and then synonymous with finial; -- called also knob, and knosp. Knop sedge (Bot.), the bur reed (Sparganium); - - so called from its globular clusters of seed vessels. Prior. KNOPPED Knopped, a. Defn: Having knops or knobs; fastened as with buttons. [Obs.] Rom. of R. KNOPPERN Knop"pern, n. Etym: [Cf. G. knopper. See Knop.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of gall produced by a gallfly on the cup of an acorn, -- used in tanning and dyeing. KNOPWEED Knop"weed`, n. Defn: Same as Knapweed. KNOR Knor, n. Defn: See Knur. [Obs.] KNOSP Knosp, n. Etym: [Cf. G. knospe bud, E. knop, knar.] (Arch.) Defn: Same as Knop,2. Milman. KNOT Knot, n. Etym: [OE. knot, knotte, AS. cnotta; akin to D. knot, OHG. chnodo, chnoto, G. knoten, Icel. kn, Sw. knut, Dan. knude, and perh. to L. nodus. Cf. Knout, Knit.] 1. (a) A fastening together of the pars or ends of one or more threads, cords, ropes, etc., by any one of various ways of tying or entangling. (b) A lump or loop formed in a thread, cord, rope. etc., as at the end, by tying or interweaving it upon itself. (c) An ornamental tie, as of a ribbon. Note: The names of knots vary according to the manner of their making, or the use for which they are intended; as, dowknot, reef knot, stopper knot, diamond knot, etc. 2. A bond of union; a connection; a tie. "With nuptial knot." Shak. Ere we knit the knot that can never be loosed. Bp. Hall. 3. Something not easily solved; an intricacy; a difficulty; a perplexity; a problem. Knots worthy of solution. Cowper. A man shall be perplexed with knots, and problems of business, and contrary affairs. South. 4. A figure the lines of which are interlaced or intricately interwoven, as in embroidery, gardening, etc. "Garden knots." Bacon. Flowers worthy of paradise, which, not nice art In beds and curious knots, but nature boon Poured forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain. Milton. 5. A cluster of persons or things; a collection; a group; a hand; a clique; as, a knot of politicians. "Knots of talk." Tennyson. His ancient knot of dangerous adversaries. Shak. Palms in cluster, knots of Paradise. Tennyson. As they sat together in small, separate knots, they discussed doctrinal and metaphysical points of belief. Sir W. Scott. 6. A portion of a branch of a tree that forms a mass of woody fiber running at an angle with the grain of the main stock and making a hard place in the timber. A loose knot is generally the remains of a dead branch of a tree covered by later woody growth. 7. A knob, lump, swelling, or protuberance. With lips serenely placid, felt the knot Climb in her throat. Tennyson. 8. A protuberant joint in a plant. 9. The point on which the action of a story depends; the gist of a matter. [Obs.] I shoulde to the knotte condescend, And maken of her walking soon an end. Chaucer. 10. (Mech.) Defn: See Node. 11. (Naut.) (a) A division of the log line, serving to measure the rate of the vessel's motion. Each knot on the line bears the same proportion to a mile that thirty seconds do to an hour. The number of knots which run off from the reel in half a minute, therefore, shows the number of miles the vessel sails in an hour. Hence: (b) A nautical mile, or 6080.27 feet; as, when a ship goes eight miles an hour, her speed is said to be eight knots. 12. A kind of epaulet. See Shoulder knot. 13. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sandpiper (Tringa canutus), found in the northern parts of all the continents, in summer. It is grayish or ashy above, with the rump and upper tail coverts white, barred with dusky. The lower parts are pale brown, with the flanks and under tail coverts white. When fat it is prized by epicures. Called also dunne. Note: The name is said to be derived from King Canute, this bird being a favorite article of food with him. The knot that called was Canutus' bird of old, Of that great king of Danes his name that still doth hold, His appetite to please that far and near was sought. Drayton. KNOT Knot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Knotting.] 1. To tie in or with, or form into, a knot or knots; to form a knot on, as a rope; to entangle. "Knotted curls." Drayton. As tight as I could knot the noose. Tennyson. 2. To unite closely; to knit together. Bacon. 3. To entangle or perplex; to puzzle. [Obs. or R.] KNOT Knot, v. i. 1. To form knots or joints, as in a cord, a plant, etc.; to become entangled. Cut hay when it begins to knot. Mortimer. 2. To knit knots for fringe or trimming. 3. To copulate; -- said of toads. [R.] Shak. KNOTBERRY Knot"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The cloudberry (Rudus Chamæmorus); -- so called from its knotted stems. KNOTGRASS Knot"grass`, n. (Bot.) (a) a common weed with jointed stems (Polygonum aviculare); knotweed. (b) The dog grass. See under Dog. Note: An infusion of Polygonum aviculare was once supposed to have the effect of stopping the growth of an animal, and hence it was called, as by Shakespeare, "hindering knotgrass." We want a boy extremely for this function, Kept under for a year with milk and knotgrass. Beau. & Fl. KNOTLESS Knot"less, a. Defn: Free from knots; without knots. "Silver firs with knotless trunks." Congreve. KNOTTED Knot"ted, a. 1. Full of knots; having knots knurled; as, a knotted cord; the knotted oak. Dryden. 2. Interwoven; matted; entangled. Make . . . thy knotted and combined locks to part. Shak. 3. Having intersecting lines or figures. The west corner of thy curious knotted garden. Shak. 4. (Geol.) Defn: Characterized by small, detached points, chiefly composed of mica, less decomposable than the mass of the rock, and forming knots in relief on the weathered surface; as, knotted rocks. Percival. 5. Entangled; puzzling; knotty. [R.] They're catched in knotted lawlike nets. Hudibras. KNOTTINESS Knot"ti*ness, n. Etym: [From Knotty.] 1. The quality or state of being knotty or full of knots. 2. Difficulty of solution; intricacy; complication. " Knottiness of his style." Hare. KNOTTY Knot"ty, a. [Compar. Knottier; superl. Knottiest.] 1. Full of knots; knotted; having many knots; as, knotty timber; a knotty rope. 2. Hard; rugged; as, a knotty head.[R.] Rewe. 3. Difficult; intricate; perplexed. A knotty point to which we now proceed Pope. KNOTWEED Knot"weed", n. (Bot.) Defn: See Knot. KNOTWORT Knot"wort, n. (Bot.) Defn: A small, herbaceous, trailing plant, of the genus Illecebrum (I. verticillatum.) KNOUT Knout (nout or nt), n. Etym: [Russ. knut'; prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. knut knot, knout, Icel. kn knot: cf. F. knout. See Knot.] Defn: A kind of whip for flogging criminals, formerly much used in Russia. The last is a tapering bundle of leather thongs twisted with wire and hardened, so that it mangles the flesh. KNOUT Knout, v. t. Defn: To punish with the knout Brougham. KNOW Know, n. Defn: Knee. [Obs.] Chaucer. KNOW Know, v. t. [imp. Knew; p. p. Known; p. pr. & vb. n. Knowing.] Etym: [OE. knowen, knawen, AS. cnäwan; akin to OHG. chnäan (in comp.), Icel. knä to be able, Russ, znate to know, L. gnoscere, noscere, Gr. jn; fr. the root of E. can, v. i., ken. (Ken, Can to be able, and cf. Acquaint, Cognition, Gnome, Ignore, Noble, Note.] 1. To perceive or apprehend clearly and certainly; to understand; to have full information of; as, to know one's duty. O, that a man might know The end of this day's business ere it come! Shak. There is a certainty in the proposition, and we know it. Dryden. Know how sublime a thing it is To suffer and be strong. Longfellow. 2. To be convinced of the truth of; to be fully assured of; as, to know things from information. 3. To be acquainted with; to be no stranger to; to be more or less familiar with the person, character, etc., of; to possess experience of; as, to know an author; to know the rules of an organization. He hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin. 2 Cor. v. 21. Not to know me argues yourselves unknown. Milton. 4. To recognize; to distinguish; to discern the character of; as, to know a person's face or figure. Ye shall know them by their fruits. Matt. vil. 16. And their eyes were opened, and they knew him. Luke xxiv. 31. To know Faithful friend from flattering foe. Shak. At nearer view he thought he knew the dead. Flatman. 5. To have sexual commerce with. And Adam knew Eve his wife. Gen. iv. 1. Note: Know is often followed by an objective and an infinitive (with or without to) or a participle, a dependent sentence, etc. And I knew that thou hearest me always. John xi. 42. The monk he instantly knew to be the prior. Sir W. Scott. In other hands I have known money do good. Dickens. To know how, to understand the manner, way, or means; to have requisite information, intelligence, or sagacity. How is sometimes omitted. " If we fear to die, or know not to be patient." Jer. Taylor. KNOW Know, v. i. 1. To have knowledge; to have a clear and certain perception; to possess wisdom, instruction, or information; -- often with of. Israel doth not know, my people doth not consider. Is. i. 3. If any man will do his will, he shall know of the doctrine, whether it be of God, or whether I speak of myself. John vii. 17. The peasant folklore of Europe still knows of willows that bleed and weep and speak when hewn. Tylor. 2. To be assured; to feel confident. To know of,to ask, to inquire. [Obs.] " Know of your youth, examine well your blood." Shak. KNOWABLE Know"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be known; capable of being discovered, understood, or ascertained. Thus mind and matter, as known or knowable, are only two different series of phenomena or qualities. Sir W. Hamilton. KNOWABLENESS Know"a* ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being knowable. Locke. KNOW-ALL Know"-all`, n. Defn: One who knows everything; hence, one who makes pretension to great knowledge; a wiseacre; -- usually ironical. [Colloq. or R.] KNOWER Know"er, n. Defn: One who knows. Shak. KNOWING Know"ing, a. 1. Skilful; well informed; intelligent; as, a knowing man; a knowing dog. The knowing and intelligent part of the world. South. 2. Artful; cunning; as, a knowing rascal. [Colloq.] KNOWING Know"ing, n. Defn: Knowledge; hence, experience. " In my knowing." Shak. This sore night Hath trifled former knowings. Shak. KNOWINGLY Know"ing*ly, adv. 1. With knowledge; in a knowing manner; intelligently; consciously; deliberately; as, he would not knowingly offend. Strype. 2. By experience. [Obs.] Shak. KNOWINGNESS Know"ing*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being knowing or intelligent; shrewdness; skillfulness. KNOWLECHE Knowl"eche, n. & v. [Obs.] Defn: See Knowl, edge. We consider and knowleche that we have offended. Chaucer. KNOWLECHING Knowl"ech*ing, n. Defn: Knowledge. [Obs.] Chaucer. KNOWLEDGE Knowl"edge, n. Etym: [OE. knowlage, knowlege, knowleche, knawleche. The last part is the Icel. suffix -leikr, forming abstract nouns, orig. the same as Icel. leikr game, play, sport, akin to AS. lac, Goth. laiks dance. See Know, and cf. Lake, v. i., Lark a frolic.] 1. The act or state of knowing; clear perception of fact, truth, or duty; certain apprehension; familiar cognizance; cognition. Knowledge, which is the highest degree of the speculative faculties, consists in the perception of the truth of affirmative or negative propositions. Locke. 2. That which is or may be known; the object of an act of knowing; a cognition; -- chiefly used in the plural. There is a great difference in the delivery of the mathematics, which are the most abstracted of knowledges. Bacon. Knowledges is a term in frequent use by Bacon, and, though now obsolete, should be revived, as without it we are compelled to borrow "cognitions" to express its import. Sir W. Hamilton. To use a word of Bacon's, now unfortunately obsolete, we must determine the relative value of knowledges. H. Spencer. 3. That which is gained and preserved by knowing; instruction; acquaintance; enlightenment; learning; scholarship; erudition. Knowledge puffeth up, but charity edifieth. 1 Cor. viii. 1. Ignorance is the curse of God; -Knowledge, the wing wherewith we fly to heaven. Shak. 4. That familiarity which is gained by actual experience; practical skill; as, a knowledge of life. Shipmen that had knowledge of the sea. 1 Kings ix. 27. 5. Scope of information; cognizance; notice; as, it has not come to my knowledge. Why have I found grace in thine eyes, that thou shouldst take knowledge of me Ruth ii. 10. 6. Sexual intercourse; -- usually preceded by carnal; as, carnal knowledge. Syn. -- See Wisdom. KNOWLEDGE Knowl"edge, v. t. Defn: To acknowledge. [Obs.] "Sinners which knowledge their sins." Tyndale. KNOWN Known, p. p. Defn: of Know. KNOW-NOTHING Know"-noth`ing, n. Defn: A member of a secret political organization in the United States, the chief objects of which were the proscription of foreigners by the repeal of the naturalization laws, and the exclusive choice of native Americans for office. Note: The party originated in 1853, and existed for about three years. The members of it were called Know-nothings, because they replied "I don't know," to any questions asked them in reference to the party. KNOW-NOTHINGISM Know"-noth`ing*ism, n. Defn: The doctrines, principles, or practices, of the Know-nothings. KNUBS Knubs, n. pl. Defn: Waste silk formed in winding off the threads from a cocoon. KNUCKLE Knuc"kle, n. Etym: [OE. knokel, knokil, AS. cuncel; akin to D. knokkel, OFries. knokele, knokle, G. knöchel, Sw. knoge, Dan. knokkel, G. knochen bone, and perh. to E. knock.] 1. The joint of a finger, particularly when made prominent by the closing of the fingers. Davenant. 2. The kneejoint, or middle joint, of either leg of a quadruped, especially of a calf; -- formerly used of the kneejoint of a human being. With weary knuckles on thy brim she kneeled sadly down. Golding. 3. The joint of a plant. [Obs.] Bacon. 4. (Mech.) Defn: The joining pars of a hinge through which the pin or rivet passes; a knuckle joint. 5. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A convex portion of a vessel's figure where a sudden change of shape occurs, as in a canal boat, where a nearly vertical side joins a nearly flat bottom. 6. A contrivance, usually of brass or iron, and furnished with points, worn to protect the hand, to add force to a blow, and to disfigure the person struck; as, brass knuckles; -- called also knuckle duster. [Slang.] Knuckle joint (Mach.), a hinge joint, in which a projection with an eye, on one piece, enters a jaw between two corresponding projections with eyes, on another piece, and is retained by a pin which passes through the eyes and forms the pivot. -- Knuckle of veal (Cookery), the lower part of a leg of veal, from the line of the body to the knuckle. KNUCKLE Knuc"kle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knuckled;; p. pr. & vb. n. Knuckling.] Defn: To yield; to submit; -- used with down, to, or under. To knuckle to. (a) To submit to in a contest; to yield to. [Colloq.] See To knock under, under Knock, v. i. (b) To apply one's self vigorously or earnestly to; as, to knuckle to work. [Colloq.] KNUCKLE Knuc"kle, v. t. Defn: To beat with the knuckles; to pommel. [R.] Horace Smith. KNUCKLED Knuc"kled, a. Defn: Jointed. [Obs.] Bacon. KNUFF Knuff, n. Etym: [Cf. Cnof a churl.] Defn: A lout; a clown. [Obs.] The country knuffs, Hob, Dick, and Hick, With clubs and clouted shoon. Hayward. KNUR Knur, n. Etym: [See Knurl.] Defn: A knurl. Woodward. KNURL Knurl, n. Etym: [See Knar, Gnar.] Defn: A contorted knot in wood; a crossgrained protuberance; a nodule; a boss or projection. 2. One who, or that which, is crossgrained. KNURL Knurl, v. t. Defn: To provide with ridges, to assist the grasp, as in the edge of a flat knob, or coin; to mill. KNURLED Knurled, a. 1. Full of knots; gnarled. 2. Milled, as the head of a screw, or the edge of a coin. KNURLY Knurl"y, [Compar. Knurlier (; superl. Knurliest.] Etym: [See Knur, and cf. Gnarly.] Defn: Full of knots; hard; tough; hence, capable of enduring or resisting much. KNURRY Knur"ry, a. Defn: Full of knots. [Obs.] Drayton. KOAITA Ko*ai"ta, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Coaita. KOALA Ko*a"la, n. Defn: A tailless marsupial (Phascolarctos cinereus), found in Australia. The female carries her young on the back of her neck. Called also Australian bear, native bear, and native sloth. KOB; KOBA Kob, Ko"ba, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of African antelopes of the genus Kobus, esp. the species Kobus sing-sing. KOBALT Ko"balt, n. Defn: See Cobalt. KOBELLITE Ko"bel*lite, n. Etym: [From Franz von Kobell, of Munich.] (Min.) Defn: A blackish gray mineral, a sulphide of antimony, bismuth, and lead. KOBOLD Ko"bold, n. Etym: [G., perh. orig., house god, hose protector. See Cobalt] Defn: A kind of domestic spirit in German mythology, corresponding to the Scottish brownie and the English Robin Goodfellow. KODAK Ko"dak, n. Defn: A kind of portable camera. KOEL Ko"el, n. Etym: [Native name in India.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of cuckoos of the genus Eudynamys, found in India, the East Indies, and Australia. They deposit their eggs in the nests of other birds. KOFF Koff, n. Etym: [D. kof.] Defn: A two-masted Dutch vessel. KOFTGARI Koft`ga*ri", a. [Hind. koft garï goldbeating. fr. Per. koft beating + garï trade.] Defn: Ornamental work produced by inlaying steel with gold, -- a variety of damascening much used in the arts of India. KOHINOOR; KOHNUR Koh`i*noor", Koh`*nur, n. Etym: [Per. koh-i-n, lit., mountain of light.] Defn: A famous diamond, surrendered to the British crown on the annexation of the Punjab. According to Hindoo legends, it was found in a Golconda mine, and has been the property of various Hindoo and Persian rulers. KOHL Kohl, n. Etym: [See Alcohol.] Defn: A mixture of soot and other ingredients, used by Egyptian and other Eastern women to darken the edges of the eyelids. KOHL-RABI Kohl"-ra`bi, n.; pl. Kohl-rabies. Etym: [G. Cf. Cole, Rape the plant.] (Bot.) Defn: A variety of cabbage, in which the edible part is a large, turnip-shaped swelling of the stem, above the surface of the ground. KOKAMA Ko*ka"ma, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The gemsbok. KOKLASS Ko"klass, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any pheasant of the genus Pucrasia. The birds of this genus inhabit India and China, and are distinguished by having a long central and two lateral crests on the head. Called also pucras. KOKOON Ko*koon", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The gnu. KOLA; KOLA NUT Ko"la, Kola nut . Defn: Same as Cola, Cola nut. KOLARIAN Ko*la"ri*an, n. (Ethnol.) Defn: An individual of one of the races of aboriginal inhabitants which survive in Hindostan. -- a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Kolarians. KOLINSKY Ko*lin"sky, n. [Russ. kolinski of Kola, a district in northeasten Russia where the finest minks abound.] Defn: Among furriers, any of several Asiatic minks; esp., Putorius sibiricus, the yellowish brown pelt of which is valued, esp. for the tail, used for making artists' brushes. Trade names for the fur are red sable and Tatar sable. KOLUSCHAN; KOLUSHAN Ko*lusch"an, Ko*lush"an, a. [From Russ. kalyushka piece of wood (worn in the nether lip).] Defn: Designating, or pert. to, a linguistic stock of North American Indians comprising the Tlinkit tribes of the Alexander Archipelago of southeastern Alaska and adjacent coast lands. Their language bears some affinity to Mexican tongues. KOMENIC Ko*me"nic, a. Etym: [Prob. G. mekonin (by transposition of letters) + -ic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to, or designating, an acid derived from meconic acid. [Written also comenic.] KOMTOK Kom"tok, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An African freshwater fish (Protopterus annectens), belonging to the Dipnoi. It can breathe air by means of its lungs, and when waters dry up, it encases itself in a nest of hard mud, where it remains till the rainy season. It is used as food. KON Kon, v. t. Defn: To know. See Can, and Con. [Obs.] Ye konnen thereon as much as any man. Chaucer. KONITE Ko"nite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Conite. KONSEAL Kon*seal", n. [Prob. formed from conceal.] (Med.) Defn: A form of capsule for inclosing a dose of medicine that is offensive, caustic, or the like. KONZE Konze, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large African antelope (Alcelaphus Lichtensteini), allied to the hartbeest, but having shorter and flatter horns, and lacking a black patch on the face. KOODOO Koo"doo, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large South African antelope (Strepsiceros kudu). The males have graceful spiral horns, sometimes four feet long. The general color is reddish or grayish brown, with eight or nine white bands on each side, and a pale dorsal stripe. The old males become dark bluish gray, due to the skin showing through the hair. The females are hornless. Called also nellut. [Written also kudu.] KOOKOOM Koo"koom, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The oryx or gemsbok. [Written also kookaam.] KOOLOKAMBA Koo`lo*kam"ba, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A west African anthropoid ape (Troglodytes koolokamba, or T. Aubryi), allied to the chimpanzee and gorilla, and, in some respects, intermediate between them. KOOLSLAA Kool"slaa`, n. Defn: See Coleslaw. KOORD Koord, n. Defn: See Kurd. KOORDISH Koord"ish, n. Defn: See Kurdish. KOORILIAN Koo*ril"i*an, a & n. Defn: Same as Kurilian. KOP Kop, n. [South Afr. D., fr. D. kop head, akin to G. kopf and prob. to E. cop top.] Defn: Hill; mountain. [South Africa] KOPECK Ko"peck, n. Etym: [Russ. kopeika.] Defn: A small Russian coin. One hundred kopecks make a rouble, worth about sixty cents. [Written also kopek, copec, and copeck.] KOPJE Kop"je, n. [South African D., dim. of kop. See Kop.] Defn: A hillock; a small kop. [South Africa] The colloqual Dutch pronunciation as here given is the usual one in South Africa. KORAN Ko"ran, n. Etym: [Ar. goran. See Alcoran.] Defn: The Scriptures of the Mohammedans, containing the professed revelations to Mohammed; -- called also Alcoran. [Written also Kuran or Quran.] KORIN Ko"rin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The gazelle. KORRIGUM Kor"ri*gum, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A West African antelope (Damalis Senegalensis), allied to the sassaby. It is reddish gray, with a black face, and a black stripe on the outside of the legs above the knees. KOSHER Ko"sher, a. [heb. koshër fit, proper.] Defn: Ceremonially clean, according to Jewish law; --applied to food, esp. to meat of animals slaughtered according to the requirements of Jewish law. Opposed to tref. Hence, designating a shop, store, house, etc., where such food is sold or used. KOSHER Ko"sher, n. Defn: Kosher food; also, a kosher shop. KOSHER Ko"sher, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Koshered; p. pr. & vb. n. Koshering.] Defn: To prepare in conformity with the requirements of the Jewish law, as meat. KOSMOS Kos"mos, n. Defn: See Cosmos. Gladstone. KOTOW Ko*tow", n. Etym: [Chinese, knock head.] Defn: The prostration made by mandarins and others to their superiors, either as homage or worship, by knocking the forehead on the ground. There are degrees in the rite, the highest being expressed by three knockings. [China]kowtow S. W. Williams. KOTOW Ko*tow", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kotowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Kotowing.] Defn: To perform the kotow.kowtow KOULAN Kou"lan, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A wild horse (Equus, or Asinus, onager) inhabiting the plants of Central Asia; -- called also gour, khur, and onager. [Written also kulan.] Note: It is sometimes confounded with the dziggetai, to which it is closely related. It is gray in winter, but fulvous in summer. It has a well defined, dark, dorsal stripe, and a short, erect mane. In size, it is intermediate between the horse and ass. KOUMISS Kou"miss, n. Etym: [Russ. kumys; of Mongolian origin.] Defn: An intoxicating fermented or distilled liquor originally made by the Tartars from mare's or camel's milk. It can be obtained from any kind of milk, and is now largely made in Europe. [Written also koumyss, kumiss, kumish, and kumys.] Koumiss has from time immemorial served the Tartar instead of wine or spirits. J. H. Newman. KOUSSO Kous"so, n. (Bot.) Defn: An Abyssinian rosaceous tree (Brayera anthelmintica), the flowers of which are used as a vermifuge. [Written also cusso and kosso.] KOWTOW Kow*tow", n. & v. i. Defn: The same as Kotow. I have salaamed and kowtowed to him. H. James. KRA Kra, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A long-tailed ape (Macacus cynomolgus) of India and Sumatra. It is reddish olive, spotted with black, and has a black tail. KRAAL Kraal, n. Etym: [D., a village, inclosure, park, prob. fr. Pg. curral a cattle pen; the same word as Sp. corral. See Corral.] 1. A collection of huts within a stockade; a village; sometimes, a single hut. [South Africa] 2. An inclosure into which are driven wild elephants which are to be tamed and educated. [Ceylon] KRAIT Krait, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A very venomous snake of India (Bungarus coeruleus), allied to the cobra. Its upper parts are bluish or brownish black, often with narrow white streaks; the belly is whitish. KRAKEN Kra"ken, n. Etym: [Prob. from OSw. krake, or ODan. krage the trunk of a tree, the branches of which are not entirely cut off, to which it was likened by the Norwegian mariners.] Defn: A fabulous Scandinavian sea monster, often represented as resembling an island, but sometimes as resembling an immense octopus. To believe all that has been said of the sea serpent or kraken, would be credulity; to reject the possibility of their existence, would be presumption. Goldsmith. Like a kraken huge and black. Longfellow. KRAKOWIAK Kra*ko"wi*ak, n. (Mus.) Defn: A lively Polish dance. See Cracovienne. KRAMERIA Kra*me"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. So called after the German botanists, J. G. H. & W. H. Kramer.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of spreading shrubs with many stems, from one species of which (K. triandra), found in Peru, rhatany root, used as a medicine, is obtained. KRAMERIC Kra*mer"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, Krameria (rhatany); as, krameric acid, usually called ratanhia-tannic acid. KRANG Krang, n. Etym: [Cf. D. kreng a carcass.] Defn: The carcass of a whale after the blubber has been removed. [Written also crang and kreng.] KRANGING HOOK Krang"ing hook`. (Whaling) Defn: A hook for holding the blubber while cutting it away. [Written also cranging hook.] KREATIC Kre*at"ic, a. Defn: See Creatic. KREATIN Kre"a*tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Creatin. KREATININ Kre*at"i*nin, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Creatinin. KREEL Kreel, n. Defn: See Creel. KREMLIN Krem"lin, n. Etym: [Russ. kremle.] Defn: The citadel of a town or city; especially, the citadel of Moscow, a large inclosure which contains imperial palaces, cathedrals, churches, an arsenal, etc. [Russia] KREMS Krems, n. Defn: A variety of white lead. See Krems lead, under Lead, n. KRENG Kreng, n. Defn: See Krang. KREOSOTE Kre"o*sote, n. Defn: See Creosote. KREUTZER Kreut"zer, n. Etym: [G. kreuzer.] Defn: A small copper coin formerly used in South Germany; also, a small Austrian copper coin. [Written also kreuzer.] KRIEGSSPIEL Kriegs"spiel` (, n. Etym: [G., fr. krieg war + spiel play.] Defn: A game of war, played for practice, on maps. Farrow. KRIS Kris, n. Defn: A Malay dagger. See Creese. KRISHNA Krish"na (, n. Etym: [Skr. (Hindoo Myth.) Defn: The most popular of the Hindoo divinities, usually held to be the eighth incarnation of the god Vishnu. KRITARCHY Kri"tarch*y, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The rule of the judges over Israel. Samson, Jephthah, Gideon, and other heroes of the kritarchy. Southey. KROKIDOLITE Kro*kid"o*lite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Crocidolite. KRONE Kro"ne, n.Etym: [Dan.] Defn: A coin of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, of the value of about twenty-eight cents. See Crown, n., 9. KROOMAN Kroo"man, n.; pl. Kroomen (. Defn: One of a negro tribe of Liberia and the adjacent coast, whose members are much employed on shipboard. KRULLER Krul"ler, n. Defn: See Cruller. KRUMMHORN; KRUMHORN Krumm"horn`, Krum"horn`, n. Etym: [G. krummhorn horn.] (Mus.) (a) A reed instrument of music of the cornet kind, now obsolete (see Cornet, 1, a.) (b) A reed stop in the organ; -- sometimes called cremona. KRUPP GUN Krupp" gun" Defn: . A breech-loading steel cannon manufactured at the works of Friedrich Krupp, at Essen in Prussia. Guns of over eight-inch bore are made up of several concentric cylinders; those of a smaller size are forged solid. Knight. KRUPPIZE Krupp"ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kruppized; p. pr. & vb. n. Kruppizing.] (Metal.) Defn: To treat by, or subject to, the Krupp process. KRUPP PROCESS Krupp process. (Iron Metal.) (a) A process practiced by Friedrich Krupp, Essen, Germany, for washing pig iron, differing from the Bell process in using manganese as well as iron oxide, and performed in a Pernot furnace. Called also the Bell-Krupp process. (b) A process for the manufacture of steel armor plates, invented or practiced by Krupp, the details of which are secret. It is understood to involve the addition of chromium as well as nickel to the metal, and to include a treatment like that of the Harvey process with unknown variations or additions. The product is mentioned by some authors, as improved Harvey, or Harvey-Krupp armor plate. KRYOLITE Kry"o*lite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Cryolite. KRYPTON Kryp"ton, n. [NL., fr. Gr. , neut. of hidden.] (Chem.) Defn: An inert gaseous element of the argon group, occurring in air to the extent of about one volume in a million. It was discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898. Liquefying point, -- 152º C.; symbol, Kr; atomic weight, 83.0. KSAR Ksar, n. Defn: See Czar. KSHATRIYA; KSHATRUYA Ksha"tri*ya, Ksha"tru*ya, n.Etym: [Skr. kshatriya one belonging to the military caste.] Defn: The military caste, the second of the four great Hindoo castes; also, a member of that caste. See Caste. [India] KUDA Ku"da, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The East Indian tapir. See Tapir. KUDOS Ku"dos, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ky^dos glory.] Defn: Glory; fame; renown; praise. W. H. Russel. KUDOS Ku"dos, v. t. Defn: To praise; to extol; to glorify. "Kudos'd egregiously." [R.] Southey. KUDU Ku"du, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Koodoo. KUFIC Ku"fic, a. Defn: See Cufic. KUKANG Ku*kang", n. (Zoöl.) Etym: [Native name.] Defn: The slow lemur. See Lemur. KUKLUX Ku`klux", n. Defn: The name adopted in the southern part of the United States by a secret political organization, active for several years after the close of the Civil War, and having for its aim the repression of the political power of the freedmen; -- called also Kuklux Klan. KULAN Ku"lan, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Koulan. KULTURKAMPF Kul*tur"kampf`, n. [G., fr. kultur, cultur, culture + kampf fight.] (Ger. Hist.) Defn: Lit., culture war; -- a name, originating with Virchow (1821 -- 1902), given to a struggle between the the Roman Catholic Church and the German government, chiefly over the latter's efforts to control educational and ecclesiastical appointments in the interest of the political policy of centralization. The struggle began with the passage by the Prussian Diet in May, 1873, of the so-called May laws, or Falk laws, aiming at the regulation of the clergy. Opposition eventually compelled the government to change its policy, and from 1880 to 1887 laws virtually nullifying the May laws were enacted. KUMISH; KUMISS Ku"mish, Ku"miss, n. Defn: See Koumiss. KUMMEL Kum"mel, n. Etym: [G. kümmel cumin, caraway seed, L. cuminum. Cf. Cumin.] Defn: A Russian and German liqueur, consisting of a sweetened spirit flavored with caraway seeds. KUMQUAT Kum"quat, n. Etym: [Chin. kin keu.] (Bot.) Defn: A small tree of the genus Citrus (C. Japonica) growing in China and Japan; also, its small acid, orange-colored fruit used for preserves. KUPFERNICKEL Kup"fer*nick"el, n. Etym: [G. See Copper, and Nickel.] (Min.) Defn: Copper-nickel; niccolite. See Niccolite. KURD Kurd, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of a mountainous region of Western Asia belonging to the Turkish and Persian monarchies. [Written also Koord.] KURDISH Kurd"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Kurds. [Written also Koordish.] KURILIAN Ku*ril"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Kurile Islands, a chain of islands in the Pacific ocean, extending from the southern extremity of Kamschatka to Yesso. -- n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of the Kurile Islands. [Written also Koorilian.] KURO-SIWO Ku"ro-Siwo, n. [Jap. kuroshio; kuro black + shio tide.] Defn: See Japan Current, above. KURSAAL Kur"saal`, n.Etym: [G.] Defn: A public hall or room, for the use of visitors at watering places and health resorts in Germany. KUSIMANSE Ku`si*man"se, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A carnivorous animal (Crossarchus obscurus) of tropical Africa. It its allied to the civets. Called also kusimansel, and mangue. KUSKUS Kus"kus, Etym: [Per. & Hind. khaskhas.] (Bot.) Defn: See Vetiver. KUSSIER Kus"si*er, n. Defn: (Mus.) A Turkish instrument of music, with a hollow body covered with skin, over which five strings are stretched. [Written also kussir.] KUTAUSS Ku*tauss", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The India civet (Viverra zibetha). KUTCH Kutch, n. (Goldbeating) Defn: The packet of vellum leaves in which the gold is first beaten into thin sheets. KUTCH Kutch, n. Defn: See Catechu. KY Ky, n. pl. Defn: Kine. [Scot.] See Kee, Kie, and Kine. KYABOCA WOOD Ky`a*bo"ca wood`. (Bot.) (a) Amboyna wood. (b) Sandalwood (Santalum album). KYACK Ky"ack, n. Defn: A pack sack to be swung on either side of a packsaddle. [Western U. S.] KYANITE Ky"an*ite, n. Defn: See Cyanite. KYANIZE Ky"an*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kyanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Kyanizing.] Etym: [From Mr. Kyan, the inventor of the process.] Defn: To render (wood) proof against decay by saturating with a solution of corrosive sublimate in open tanks, or under pressure. KYANOL Ky"a*nol, n. Etym: [See Cyanite.] (Chem.) (a) Aniline. [Obs.] (b) A base obtained from coal tar. Ure. KYANOPHYLL Ky*an"o*phyll, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Cyanophyll. KYAR Kyar, n. Defn: Cocoanut fiber, or the cordage made from it. See Coir. KYAW Kyaw, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A daw. [Scot.] KYD Kyd, Defn: p. p. of Kythe. KYDDE Kyd"de (, Defn: imp. of Kythe, to show. [Obs.] Chaucer. Note: Spenser erroneously uses kydst to mean "knowest." KYKE Kyke, v. i. Etym: [See 1st Kike.] Defn: To look steadfastly; to gaze. [Obs.] [Written also kike, keke.] This Nicholas sat ever gaping upright, As he had kyked on the newe moon. Chaucer. KYLEY Ky"ley, n. Defn: A variety of the boomerang. KYLOES Ky"loes, n. pl. Defn: The cattle of the Hebrides, or of the Highlands. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. KYMNEL Kym"nel, n. Defn: See Kimnel. [Obs.] Chapman. KYMOGRAPH Ky"mo*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for measuring, and recording graphically, the pressure of the blood in any of the blood vessels of a living animal; -- called also kymographion. KYMOGRAPHIC Ky`mo*graph"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a kymograph; as, a kymographic tracing. KYMRIC Kym"ric, a & n. Defn: See Cymric, a. & n. KYMRY Kym"ry, n. Defn: See Cymry. KYNREDE Kyn"rede, n. Defn: Kindred. [Obs.] Chaucer. KYNURENIC Ky`nu*ren"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from the urine of dogs. By decomposition the acid yields a nitrogenous base (called kynurin) and carbonic acid. [Written also cynurenic.] KYRIE Kyr"i*e, n. Defn: See Kyrie eleison. KYRIE ELEISON Kyr"i*e e*lei"son. Etym: [Gr. ky`rie 'elei^son .] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Greek words, meaning "Lord, have mercy upon us," used in the Mass, the breviary offices, the litany of the saints, etc. Addis & Arnold. 2. The name given to the response to the Commandments, in the service of the Church of England and of the Protestant Episcopal Church. KYRIELLE Kyr`i*elle, n. Etym: [Cf. F. kyrielle.] Defn: A litany beginning with the words. "Kyrie eleison." Shipley. KYRIOLEXY; KYRIOLOGY Kyr"i*o*lex`y, Kyr`i*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Curiologic.] Defn: The use of literal or simple expressions, as distinguished from the use of figurative or obscure ones. Krauth-Fleming. KYRIOLOGICAL Kyr`i*o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [See Curiologic.] Defn: Serving to denote objects by conventional signs or alphabetical characters; as, the original Greek alphabet of sixteen letters was called kyriologic, because it represented the pure elementary sounds. See Curiologic. [Written also curiologic and kuriologic.] Note: The term is also applied, as by Warburton, to those Egyptian hieroglyphics, in which a part is put conventionally for the whole, as in depicting a battle by two hands, one holding a shield and the other a bow. KYTHE; KITHE Kythe, Kithe, v. t. [imp. Kydde, Kidde (kîd"de); p. p. Kythed, Kid; p. pr. & vb. n. Kything.] Etym: [OE. kythen, kithen, cu, to make known, AS. c, fr. c known. Uncouth, Ca to be able, and cf. Kith.] Defn: To make known; to manifest; to show; to declare. [Obs: or Scot.] For gentle hearte kytheth gentilesse. Chaucer. KYTHE Kythe, v. t. Defn: To come into view; to appear. [Scot.] It kythes bright . . . because all is dark around it. Sir W. Scott. KYTOMITON Ky*tom"i*ton, n.Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Biol.) Defn: See Karyomiton. KYTOPLASMA Ky`to*plas"ma, n.Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: See Karyoplasma. L 1. L is the twelfth letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. It is usually called a semivowel or liquid. Its form and value are from the Greek, through the Latin, the form of the Greek letter being from the Phoenician, and the ultimate origin prob. Egyptian. Etymologically, it is most closely related to r and u; as in pilgrim, peregrine, couch (fr. collocare), aubura (fr. LL. alburnus). Note: At the end of monosyllables containing a single vowel, it is often doubled, as in fall, full, bell; but not after digraphs, as in foul, fool, prowl, growl, foal. In English words, the terminating syllable le is unaccented, the e is silent, and l is preceded by a voice glide, as in able, eagle, pronounced a''b'l, ''g'l. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 241. 2. As a numeral, L stands for fifty in the English, as in the Latin language. For 50 the Romans used the Chalcidian chi, I. Taylor (The Alphabet). L L, n. 1. An extension at right angles to the length of a main building, giving to the ground plan a form resembling the letter L; sometimes less properly applied to a narrower, or lower, extension in the direction of the length of the main building; a wing. [Written also ell.] 2. (Mech.) Defn: A short right-angled pipe fitting, used in connecting two pipes at right angles. [Written also ell.] LA La, n. (Mus.) (a) A syllable applied to the sixth tone of the scale in music in solmization. (b) The tone A; -- so called among the French and Italians. LA La, interj. Etym: [Cf. Lo.] 1. Look; see; behold; -- sometimes followed by you. [Obs.] Shak. 2. An exclamation of surprise; -- commonly followed by me; as, La me! [Low] LAAGER Laa"ger (lal"ger or lä"ger), n. [D., also leger. Cf. 2d Leaguer, Lair.] Defn: A camp, esp. one with an inclosure of travelers' wagons for temporary defense. [South Africa] Wagons . . . can be readily formed into a laager, a camp, by being drawn into a circle, with the oxen placed inside and so kept safe from the attacks of wild beasts. James Bryce. LAAGER Laa"ger, v. t. & i. [From Laager, n.] Defn: To form into, or camp in, a laager, or protected camp. LAAS Laas, n. Defn: A lace. See Lace. [Obs.] Chaucer. LAB Lab, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OD. labben to babble.] Defn: To prate; to gossip; to babble; to blab. [Obs.] Chaucer. LAB Lab, n. Defn: A telltale; a prater; a blabber. [Obs.] "I am no lab." Chaucer. LABADIST Lab"a*dist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Jean de Labadie, a religious teacher of the 17th century, who left the Roman Catholic Church and taught a kind of mysticism, and the obligation of community of property among Christians. LABARRAQUE'S SOLUTION La`bar`raque's" so*lu"tion. Etym: [From Labarraque, a Parisian apothecary.] (Med.) Defn: An aqueous solution of hypochlorite of sodium, extensively used as a disinfectant. LABARUM Lab"a*rum (, n.; pl. Labara. Etym: [L.] Defn: The standard adopted by the Emperor Constantine after his conversion to Christianity. It is described as a pike bearing a silk banner hanging from a crosspiece, and surmounted by a golden crown. It bore a monogram of the first two letters (CHR) of the name of Christ in its Greek form. Later, the name was given to various modifications of this standard. LABDANUM Lab"da*num, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Ladanum. LABEFACTION Lab`e*fac"tion, n. Etym: [See Labefy.] Defn: The act of labefying or making weak; the state of being weakened; decay; ruin. There is in it such a labefaction of all principles as may be injurious to morality. Johnson. LABEFY Lab"e*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. labefacere; labare to totter + facere to make.] Defn: To weaken or impair. [R.] LABEL La"bel, n. Etym: [OF. label sort of ribbon or fringe, label in heraldry, F. lambeau shred, strip, rag; of uncertain origin; cf. L.labellum, dim. of labrum lip, edge, margin, G. lappen flap, patch, rag, tatter (cf. Lap of a dress), W. llab, llabed, label, flap, Gael. leab, leob, slice, shred, hanging lip.] 1. A tassel. [Obs.] Huloet. Fuller. 2. A slip of silk, paper, parchment, etc., affixed to anything, usually by an inscription, the contents, ownership, destination, etc.; as, the label of a bottle or a package. 3. A slip of ribbon, parchment, etc., attached to a document to hold the appended seal; also, the seal. 4. A writing annexed by way of addition, as a codicil added to a will. 5. (Her.) Defn: A barrulet, or, rarely, a bendlet, with pendants, or points, usually three, especially used as a mark of cadency to distinguish an eldest or only son while his father is still living. 6. A brass rule with sights, formerly used, in connection with a circumferentor, to take altitudes. Knight. 7. (Gothic Arch.) Defn: The name now generally given to the projecting molding by the sides, and over the tops, of openings in mediæval architecture. It always has a Arch. Pub. Soc. 8. In mediæval art, the representation of a band or scroll containing an inscription. Fairholt. LABEL La"bel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Labeled or Labelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Labeling or Labelling.] 1. To affix a label to; to mark with a name, etc.; as, to label a bottle or a package. 2. To affix in or on a label. [R.] LABELER La"bel*er, n. Defn: One who labels. [Written also labeller.] LABELLUM La*bel"lum, n.; pl. L. Labella, E. Labellums. Etym: [L., dim. of labrum lip.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The lower or apparently anterior petal of an orchidaceous flower, often of a very curious shape. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small appendage beneath the upper lip or labrum of certain insects. LABENT La"bent, a. Etym: [L. labens, p. pr. of labi to slide, glide.] Defn: Slipping; sliding; gliding. [R.] LABIA La"bi*a, n. pl. Defn: See Labium. LABIAL La"bi*al, a. Etym: [LL. labialis, fr. L. labium lip: cf. F. labial. See Lip.] 1. Of or pertaining to the lips or labia; as, labial veins. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Furnished with lips; as, a labial organ pipe. 3. (Phonetics) (a) Articulated, as a consonant, mainly by the lips, as b, p, m, w. (b) Modified, as a vowel, by contraction of the lip opening, as oo (food), o (old), etc., and as eu and u in French, and ö, ü in German. See Guide to Pronunciation, 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the labium; as, the labial palpi of insects. See Labium. LABIAL La"bi*al, n. 1. (Phonetics) Defn: A letter or character representing an articulation or sound formed or uttered chiefly with the lips, as b, p, w. 2. (Mus.) Defn: An organ pipe that is furnished with lips; a flue pipe. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the scales which border the mouth of a fish or reptile. LABIALISM La"bi*al*ism, n. (Phonetics) Defn: The quality of being labial; as, the labialism of an articulation; conversion into a labial, as of a sound which is different in another language. J. Peile. LABIALIZATION La`bi*al*i*za"tion, n. (Phonetics) Defn: The modification of an articulation by contraction of the lip opening. LABIALIZE La"bi*al*ize, v. t. (Phonetics) Defn: To modify by contraction of the lip opening. LABIALLY La"bi*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a labial manner; with, or by means of, the lips. LABIATE La"bi*ate, v. t. Defn: To labialize. Brewer. LABIATE La"bi*ate, a. Etym: [NL. labiatus, fr. L. labium lip.] (Bot.) (a) Having the limb of a tubular corolla or calyx divided into two unequal parts, one projecting over the other like the lips of a mouth, as in the snapdragon, sage, and catnip. (b) Belonging to a natural order of plants (Labiatæ), of which the mint, sage, and catnip are examples. They are mostly aromatic herbs. LABIATE La"bi*ate, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the order Labiatæ. LABIATED La"bi*a`ted, a. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Labiate, a. (a). LABIATIFLORAL; LABIATIFLORAL La`bi*a`ti*flo"ral, La`bi*a`ti*flo"ral, a. Etym: [Labiate + L. flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Defn: Having labiate flowers, as the snapdragon. LABIDOMETER Lab`i*dom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr.meter: cf. F. labidometre.] (Med.) Defn: A forceps with a measuring attachment for ascertaining the size of the fetal head. LABILE La"bile, a. Etym: [L. labilis apt to slip, fr. labi to slip.] Defn: Liable to slip, err, fall, or apostatize. [Obs.] Cheyne. LABILITY La*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Liability to lapse, err, or apostatize. [Archaic] Coleridge. LABIMETER La*bim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Cf. F. labimetre.] (Med.) Defn: See Labidometer. LABIODENTAL La`bi*o*den"tal, a. Etym: [Labium + dental.] (Phonetics) Defn: Formed or pronounced by the cooperation of the lips and teeth, as f and v. -- n. Defn: A labiodental sound or letter. LABIONASAL La`bi*o*na"sal, a. Etym: [Labium + nasal.] (Phonetics) Defn: Formed by the lips and the nose. -- n. Defn: A labionasal sound or letter. LABIOPLASTY La"bi*o*plas`ty (la"bi*o*plas`ty), n. [Labium + -plasty.] (Surg.) Defn: A plastic operation for making a new lip, or for replacing a lost tissue of a lip. LABIOSE La"bi*ose`, a. Etym: [From Labium.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the appearance of being labiate; -- said of certain polypetalous corollas. LABIPALP La"bi*palp, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A labial palp. LABIPALPUS La`bi*pal"pus, n.; pl. Labipalpi (. Etym: [NL. See Labium, and Palpus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the labial palpi of an insect. See Illust. under Labium. LABIUM La"bi*um, n. ; pl. L. Labia, E. Labiums. Etym: [L.] 1. A lip, or liplike organ. 2. The lip of an organ pipe. 3. pl. (Anat.) Defn: The folds of integument at the opening of the vulva. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) The organ of insects which covers the mouth beneath, and serves as an under lip. It consists of the second pair of maxillæ, usually closely united in the middle line, but bearing a pair of palpi in most insects. It often consists of a thin anterior part (ligula or palpiger) and a firmer posterior plate (mentum). (b) Inner margin of the aperture of a shell. LABLAB Lab"lab, n. (Bot.) Defn: an East Indian name for several twining leguminous plants related to the bean, but commonly applied to the hyacinth bean (Delichos Lablab). LABOR La"bor, n. Etym: [OE. labour, OF. labour, laber, labur, F. labeur, L. labor; cf. Gr. labh to get, seize.] [Written also labour.] 1. Physical toil or bodily exertion, especially when fatiguing, irksome, or unavoidable, in distinction from sportive exercise; hard, muscular effort directed to some useful end, as agriculture, manufactures, and like; servile toil; exertion; work. God hath set Labor and rest, as day and night, to men Successive. Milton. 2. Intellectual exertion; mental effort; as, the labor of compiling a history. 3. That which requires hard work for its accomplishment; that which demands effort. Being a labor of so great a difficulty, the exact performance thereof we may rather wish than look for. Hooker. 4. Travail; the pangs and efforts of childbirth. The queen's in labor, They say, in great extremity; and feared She'll with the labor end. Shak. 5. Any pang or distress. Shak. 6. (Naut.) Defn: The pitching or tossing of a vessel which results in the straining of timbers and rigging. 7. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A measure of land in Mexico and Texas, equivalent to an area of 177 Bartlett. Syn. -- Work; toil; drudgery; task; exertion; effort; industry; painstaking. See Toll. LABOR La"bor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Labored; p. pr. & vb. n. Laboring.] Etym: [OE. labouren, F. labourer, L. laborare. See Labor, n.] [Written also labour.] 1. To exert muscular strength; to exert one's strength with painful effort, particularly in servile occupations; to work; to toil. Adam, well may we labor still to dress This garden. Milton. 2. To exert one's powers of mind in the prosecution of any design; to strive; to take pains. 3. To be oppressed with difficulties or disease; to do one's work under conditions which make it especially hard, wearisome; to move slowly, as against opposition, or under a burden; to be burdened; -- often with under, and formerly with of. The stone that labors up the hill. Granville. The line too labors,and the words move slow. Pope. To cure the disorder under which he labored. Sir W. Scott. Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Matt. xi. 28 4. To be in travail; to suffer the pangs of childbirth. 5. (Naut.) Defn: To pitch or roll heavily, as a ship in a turbulent sea. Totten. LABOR La"bor, v. t. Etym: [F. labourer, L. laborare.] 1. To work at; to work; to till; to cultivate by toil. The most excellent lands are lying fallow, or only labored by children. W. Tooke. 2. To form or fabricate with toil, exertion, or care. "To labor arms for Troy." Dryden. 3. To prosecute, or perfect, with effort; to urge streas, to labor a point or argument. 4. To belabor; to beat. [Obs.] Dryden. LABORANT Lab"o*rant, n. Etym: [L.laborans, p. pr. of laborare to labor.] Defn: A chemist. [Obs.] Boyle. LABORATORY Lab"o*ra*to*ry, n.; pl. Laboratories. Etym: [Shortened fr. elaboratory; cf. OF. elaboratoire, F. laboratoire. See Elaborate, Labor.] [Formerly written also elaboratory.] Defn: The workroom of a chemist; also, a place devoted to experiments in any branch of natural science; as, a chemical, physical, or biological laboratory. Hence, by extension, a place where something is prepared, or some operation is performed; as, the liver is the laboratory of the bile. LABOR DAY Labor Day. Defn: In most of the States and Territories of the United States, a day, usually the first Monday of September, set aside as a legal holiday, in honor of, or in the interest of, workingmen as a class. Also, a similar holiday in Canada, Australia, etc. LABORED La"bored, a. Defn: Bearing marks of labor and effort; elaborately wrought; not easy or natural; as, labored poetry; a labored style. LABOREDLY La"bored*ly, adv. Defn: In a labored manner; with labor. LABORER La"bor*er, n. Etym: [Written also labourer.] Defn: One who labors in a toilsome occupation; a person who does work that requires strength rather than skill, as distinguished from that of an artisan. LABORING La"bor*ing, a. 1. That labors; performing labor; esp., performing coarse, heavy work, not requiring skill also, set apart for labor; as, laboring days. The sleep of a laboring man is sweet. eccl. v. 12. 2. Suffering pain or grief. Pope. Laboring oar, the oar which requires most strength and exertion; often used figuratively; as, to have, or pull, the laboring oar in some difficult undertaking. LABORIOUS La*bo"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. laboriosus,fr. labor labor: cf. F. laborieux.] 1. Requiring labor, perseverance, or sacrifices; toilsome; tiresome. Dost thou love watchings, abstinence, or toil, Laborious virtues all Learn these from Cato. Addison. 2. Devoted to labor; diligent; industrious; as, a laborious mechanic. -- La*bo"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- La*bo"ri*ous*ness, n. LABORLESS La"bor*less, a. Defn: Not involving labor; not laborious; easy. LABOROUS La"bor*ous, a. Defn: Laborious. [Obs.] Wyatt. -- La"bor*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. LABOR-SAVING La"bor-sav`ing, a. Defn: Saving labor; adapted to supersede or diminish the labor of men; as, laborsaving machinery. LABORSOME La"bor*some, a. 1. Made with, or requiring, great labor, pains, or diligence. [Obs.] Shak. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Likely or inclined to roll or pitch, as a ship in a heavy sea; having a tendency to labor. LABRADOR Lab`ra*dor", n. Defn: A region of British America on the Atlantic coast, north of Newfoundland. Labrador duck (Zoöl.), a sea duck (Camtolaimus Labradorius) allied to the eider ducks. It was formerly common on the coast of New England, but is now supposed to be extinct, no specimens having been reported since 1878. -- Labrador feldspar. See Labradorite. -- Labrador tea (Bot.), a name of two low, evergreen shrubs of the genus Ledum (L. palustre and L. latifolium), found in Northern Europe and America. They are used as tea in British America, and in Scandinavia as a substitute for hops. LABRADORITE Lab"ra*dor`ite (, n. (Min.) Defn: A kind of feldspar commonly showing a beautiful play of colors, and hence much used for ornamental purposes. The finest specimens come from Labrador. See Feldspar. LABRAS La"bras, n. pl. Etym: [L.labrum; cf. It. labbro, pl. labbra.] Defn: Lips. [Obs. & R.] Shak. LABRET La"bret, n. [L. labrum lip.] (Anthropology) Defn: A piece of wood, shell, stone, or other substance, worn in a perforation of the lip or cheek by many savages. LABROID La"broid, a. Etym: [Labrus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like the genus Labrus; belonging to the family Labridæ, an extensive family of marine fishes, often brilliantly colored, which are very abundant in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The tautog and cunner are American examples. LABROSE La"brose`, a. Etym: [L. labrosus, fr. labrum lip.] Defn: Having thick lips. LABRUM La"brum, n.; pl. L. Labra, E. Labrums. Etym: [L.] 1. A lip or edge, as of a basin. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) An organ in insects and crustaceans covering the upper part of the mouth, and serving as an upper lip. See Illust. of Hymenoptera. (b) The external margin of the aperture of a shell. See Univalve. LABRUS La"brus, n.; pl. Labri (-bri). Etym: [L., a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine fishes, including the wrasses of Europe. See Wrasse. LABURNIC La*bur`nic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the laburnum. LABURNINE La*bur`nine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous alkaloid found in the unripe seeds of the laburnum. LABURNUM La*bur"num, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: A small leguminous tree (Cytisus Laburnum), native of the Alps. The plant is reputed to be poisonous, esp. the bark and seeds. It has handsome racemes of yellow blossoms. Note: Scotch laburnum (Cytisus alpinus) is similar, but has smooth leaves; purple laburnum is C. purpureus. LABYRINTH Lab"y*rinth, n. Etym: [L. labyrinthus, Gr. laby`rinthos: cf. F. labyrinthe.] 1. An edifice or place full of intricate passageways which render it difficult to find the way from the interior to the entrance; as, the Egyptian and Cretan labyrinths. 2. Any intricate or involved inclosure; especially, an ornamental maze or inclosure in a park or garden. 3. Any object or arrangement of an intricate or involved form, or having a very complicated nature. The serpent . . . fast sleeping soon he found, In labyrinth of many a round self-rolled. Milton. The labyrinth of the mind. Tennyson. 4. An inextricable or bewildering difficulty. I' the maze and winding labyrinths o' the world. Denham. 5. (Anat.) Defn: The internal ear. See Note under Ear. 6. (Metal.) Defn: A series of canals through which a stream of water is directed for suspending, carrying off, and depositing at different distances, the ground ore of a metal. Ure. 7. (Arch.) Defn: A pattern or design representing a maze, -- often inlaid in the tiled floor of a church, etc. Syn. -- Maze; confusion; intricacy; windings. -- Labyrinth, Maze. Labyrinth, originally; the name of an edifice or excavation, carries the idea of design, and construction in a permanent form, while maze is used of anything confused or confusing, whether fixed or shifting. Maze is less restricted in its figurative uses than labyrinth. We speak of the labyrinth of the ear, or of the mind, and of a labyrinth of difficulties; but of the mazes of the dance, the mazes of political intrigue, or of the mind being in a maze. LABYRINTHAL Lab`y*rin"thal, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a labyrinth; intricate; labyrinthian. LABYRINTHIAN Lab`y*rin"thi*an (, a. Defn: Intricately winding; like a labyrinth; perplexed; labyrinthal. LABYRINTHIBRANCH Lab`y*rin"thi*branch, a. Etym: [See Labyrinth, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Labyrinthici. -- n. Defn: One of the Labyrinthici. LABYRINTHIC; LABYRINTHICAL Lab`y*rin"thic, Lab`y*rin`thic*al, a. Etym: [L. labyrinthicus: cf. F. labyrinthique.] Defn: Like or pertaining to a labyrinth. LABYRINTHICI Lab`y*rin"thi*ci, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Labyrinth.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of teleostean fishes, including the Anabas, or climbing perch, and other allied fishes. Note: They have, connected with the gill chamber, a special cavity in which a labyrinthiform membrane is arranged so as to retain water to supply the gills while the fish leaves the water and travels about on land, or even climbs trees. LABYRINTHIFORM Lab`y*rin"thi*form, a. Etym: [Labyrinth + -form: cf. F. labyrinthiforme.] Defn: Having the form of a labyrinth; intricate. LABYRINTHINE Lab`y*rin"thine, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or like, a labyrinth; labyrinthal. LABYRINTHODON Lab`y*rin"tho*don, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of very large fossil amphibians, of the Triassic period, having bony plates on the under side of the body. It is the type of the order Labyrinthodonta. Called also Mastodonsaurus. LABYRINTHODONT Lab`y*rin"tho*dont, a. (Paleon.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Labyrinthodonta. -- n. Defn: One of the Labyrinthodonta. LABYRINTHODONTA Lab`y*rin`tho*don"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Labyrinthodon.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct order of Amphibia, including the typical genus Labyrinthodon, and many other allied forms, from the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic formations. By recent writers they are divided into two or more orders. See Stegocephala. LAC; LAKH Lac, Lakh (, n. Etym: [Hind. lak, lakh, laksh, Skr. laksha a mark, sign, lakh.] Defn: One hundred thousand; also, a vaguely great number; as, a lac of rupees. [Written also lack.] [East Indies] LAC Lac, n. Etym: [Per. lak; akin to Skr. laksha: cf. F. lague, It. & NL. lacca. Cf. Lake a color, Lacquer, Litmus.] Defn: A resinous substance produced mainly on the banyan tree, but to some extent on other trees, by the Coccus lacca, a scale-shaped insect, the female of which fixes herself on the bark, and exudes from the margin of her body this resinous substance. Note: Stick-lac is the substance in its natural state, incrusting small twigs. When broken off, and the coloring matter partly removed, the granular residuum is called seed-lac. When melted, and reduced to a thin crust, it is called shell-lac or shellac. Lac is an important ingredient in sealing wax, dyes, varnishes, and lacquers. Ceylon lac, a resinous exudation of the tree Croton lacciferum, resembling lac. -- Lac dye, a scarlet dye obtained from stick-lac. -- Lac lake, the coloring matter of lac dye when precipitated from its solutions by alum. -- Mexican lac, an exudation of the tree Croton Draco. LACCIC Lac"cic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. laccique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to lac, or produced from it; as, laccic acid. LACCIN Lac"cin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. laccine.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow amorphous substance obtained from lac. LACCOLITE; LACCOLITH Lac"co*lite, Lac"co*lith, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite, -lith.] (Geol.) Defn: A mass of igneous rock intruded between sedimentary beds and resulting in a mammiform bulging of the overlying strata. -- Lac`co*lit"ic, a. LACE Lace (las), n. Etym: [OE. las, OF. laz, F. lacs, dim. lacet, fr. L. laqueus noose, snare; prob. akin to lacere to entice. Cf. Delight, Elicit, Lasso, Latchet.] 1. That which binds or holds, especially by being interwoven; a string, cord, or band, usually one passing through eyelet or other holes, and used in drawing and holding together parts of a garment, of a shoe, of a machine belt, etc. His hat hung at his back down by a lace. Chaucer. For striving more, the more in laces strong Himself he tied. Spenser. 2. A snare or gin, especially one made of interwoven cords; a net. [Obs.] Fairfax. Vulcanus had caught thee [Venus] in his lace. Chaucer. 3. A fabric of fine threads of linen, silk, cotton, etc., often ornamented with figures; a delicate tissue of thread, much worn as an ornament of dress. Our English dames are much given to the wearing of costlylaces. Bacon. 4. Spirits added to coffee or some other beverage. [Old Slang] Addison. Alencon lace, a kind of point lace, entirely of needlework, first made at Alencon in France, in the 17th century. It is very durable and of great beauty and cost. -- Bone lace, Brussels lace, etc. See under Bone, Brussels, etc. -- Gold lace, or Silver lace, lace having warp threads of silk, or silk and cotton, and a weft of silk threads covered with gold (or silver), or with gilt. -- Lace leather, thin, oil-tanned leather suitable for cutting into lacings for machine belts. -- Lace lizard (Zoöl.), a large, aquatic, Australian lizard (Hydrosaurus giganteus), allied to the monitors. -- Lace paper, paper with an openwork design in imitation of lace. -- Lace piece (Shipbuilding), the main piece of timber which supports the beak or head projecting beyond the stem of a ship. -- Lace pillow, and Pillow lace. See under Pillow. LACE Lace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laced (ast); p. pr. & vb. n. Lacing.] 1. To fasten with a lace; to draw together with a lace passed through eyelet holes; to unite with a lace or laces, or, figuratively. with anything resembling laces. Shak. When Jenny's stays are newly laced. Prior. 2. To adorn with narrow strips or braids of some decorative material; as, cloth laced with silver. Shak. 3. To beat; to lash; to make stripes on. [Colloq.] I'll lace your coat for ye. L'Estrange. 4. To add spirits to (a beverage). [Old Slang] LACE Lace, v. i. Defn: To be fastened with a lace, or laces; as, these boots lace. LACE-BARK Lace"-bark`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A shrub in the West Indies (Lagetta Iintearia); -- so called from the lacelike layers of its inner bark. LACED Laced, a. 1. Fastened with a lace or laces; decorated with narrow strips or braid. See Lace, v. t. 2. Decorated with the fabric lace. A shirt with laced ruffles. Fielding. Laced mutton, a prostitute. [Old slang] -- Laced stocking, a strong stocking which can be tightly laced; -- used in cases of weak legs, varicose veins, etc. Dunglison. LACEDAEMONIAN Lac`e*dæ*mo"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Lacedamonius, Gr. Lakedaimo`nios, fr. Lakedai`mwn Lacedæmon.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Lacedæmon or Sparta, the chief city of Laconia in the Peloponnesus. -- n. Defn: A Spartan. [Written also Lacedemonian.] LACEMAN Lace"man, n.; pl. Lacemen (. Defn: A man who deals in lace. LACERABLE Lac"er*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. lacerabilis: cf. F. lacérable.]Etym: Defn: That can be lacerated or torn. LACERATE Lac"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lacerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Lacerating ().] Etym: [L. laceratus, p. p. of lacerare to lacerate, fr. lacer mangled, lacerated; cf. Gr. slay.] Defn: To tear; to rend; to separate by tearing; to mangle; as, to lacerate the flesh. Hence: To afflict; to torture; as, to lacerate the heart. LACERATE; LACERATED Lac"er*ate, Lac"er*a`ted, p. a. Etym: [L. laceratus, p. p.] 1. Rent; torn; mangled; as, a lacerated wound. By each other's fury lacerate Southey. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Jagged, or slashed irregularly, at the end, or along the edge. LACERATION Lac`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L.laceratio: cf. F. lacération.] 1. The act of lacerating. 2. A breach or wound made by lacerating. Arbuthnot. LACERATIVE Lac"er*a*tive, a. Defn: Lacerating, or having the power to lacerate; as, lacerative humors. Harvey. LACERT La"cert, n. Etym: [OE. lacerte. See Lacertus.] Defn: A muscle of the human body. [Obs.] Chaucer. LACERTA La*cer"ta, n. Etym: [L. lacertus the arm.] Defn: A fathom. [Obs.] Domesday Book. LACERTA La*cer"ta, n. Etym: [L. a lizard. See Lizard.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of lizards. See Lizard. Note: Formerly it included nearly all the known lizards. It is now restricted to certain diurnal Old World species, like the green lizard (Lacerta viridis) and the sand lizard (L. agilis), of Europe. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The Lizard, a northern constellation. LACERTIAN La*cer"tian, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lacertien.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like a lizard; of or pertaining to the Lacertilia. -- n. Defn: One of the Lacertilia. LACERTILIA Lac`er*til"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L.lacertus a lizard.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Reptilia, which includes the lizards. Note: They are closely related to the snakes, and life the latter, usually have the body covered with scales or granules. They usually have eyelids, and most of then have well-formed legs; but in some groups (amphisbæna, glass-snake, etc.) the legs are wanting and the body is serpentlike. None are venomous, unless Heloderma be an exception. The order includes the chameleons, the Cionocrania, or typical lizards, and the amphisbænas. See Amphisbæna, Gecko, Gila monster, and Lizard. LACERTILIAN Lac`er*til"i*an (-an), a. & n. Defn: Same as Lacertian. LACERTILOID La*cer"ti*loid, a. Etym: [Lacertilia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or belonging to the Lacertilia. LACERTINE La*cer"tine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Lacertian. LACERTUS La*cer"tus, n.; pl. Lacerti (-ti). Etym: [L., the upper arm.] (Anat.) Defn: A bundle or fascicle of muscular fibers. LACEWING Lace"wing`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of neuropterous insects of the genus Chrysopa and allied genera. They have delicate, lacelike wings and brilliant eyes. Their larvæ are useful in destroying aphids. Called also lace-winged fly, and goldeneyed fly. LACE-WINGED Lace"-winged`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having thin, transparent, reticulated wings; as, the lace- winged flies. LACHES; LACHE Lach"es, Lache, n. Etym: [OF. lachesse, fr. lache lax, indolent, F. lâche, ultimately fr. L. laxus loose, lax. See Lax.] (Law) Defn: Neglect; negligence; remissness; neglect to do a thing at the proper time; delay to assert a claim. It ill became him to take advantage of such a laches with the eagerness of a shrewd attorney. Macaulay. LACHRYMABLE Lach"ry*ma*ble, a. Etym: [L. lacrimabilis, fr. lacrima a tear.] Defn: Lamentable. Martin Parker. LACHRYMAE CHRISTI Lach"ry*mæ Chris"ti. Etym: [L., lit., Christ's tears.] Defn: A rich, sweet, red Neapolitan wine. LACHRYMAL Lach"ry*mal (, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lacrymal. See Lachrymose.] 1. Of or pertaining to tears; as, lachrymal effusions. 2. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to, or secreting, tears; as, the lachrymal gland. (b) Pertaining to the lachrymal organs; as, lachrymal bone; lachrymal duct. LACHRYMAL Lach"ry*mal, n. Defn: See Lachrymatory. LACHRYMALS Lach"ry*mals, n. pl. [See Lachrymal.] Defn: Tears; also, lachrymal feelings or organs. [Colloq.] People go to the theaters to have . . . their risibles and lachrymals set agoing. The Lutheran. LACHRYMARY Lach"ry*ma*ry, a. Defn: Containing, or intended to contain, tears; lachrymal. Addison. LACHRYMATE Lach"ry*mate (-mat), v. i. Defn: To weep. [R.] Blount. LACHRYMATION Lach`ry*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. lacrimatio, from lacrimare to shed tears, fr. lacrima tear.] Defn: The act of shedding tears; weeping. LACHRYMATORY Lach"ry*ma*to*ry, n.; pl. -ries. Etym: [Cf. F. lacrymatoire.] (Antiq.) Defn: A "tear-bottle;" a narrow-necked vessel found in sepulchers of the ancient Romans; -- so called from a former notion that the tears of the deceased person's friends were collected in it. Called also lachrymal or lacrymal. LACHRYMIFORM Lach"ry*mi*form, a, Etym: [L.lacrima tear + -form; cf. F. lacrymiforme.] Defn: Having the form of a tear; tear-shaped. LACHRYMOSE Lach"ry*mose`, a. Etym: [L. lacrymosus, better lacrimosus, fr. lacrima, lacruma (also badly spelt lachryma) a tear, for older dacrima, akin to E. tear. See Tear the secretion.] Defn: Generating or shedding tears; given to shedding tears; suffused with tears; tearful. You should have seen his lachrymose visnomy. Lamb. -- Lach"ry*mose`ly, adv. LACING La"cing, n. 1. The act of securing, fastening, or tightening, with a lace or laces. 2. A lace; specifically (Mach.), a thong of thin leather for uniting the ends of belts. 3. A rope or line passing through eyelet holes in the edge of a sail or an awning to attach it to a yard, gaff, etc. 4. (Bridge Building) Defn: A system of bracing bars, not crossing each other in the middle, connecting the channel bars of a compound strut. Waddell. LACINIA La*cin"i*a, n.; pl. L. Laciniæ. Etym: [L., the lappet or flap of a garment.] 1. (Bot.) (a) One of the narrow, jagged, irregular pieces or divisions which form a sort of fringe on the borders of the petals of some flowers. (b) A narrow, slender portion of the edge of a monophyllous calyx, or of any irregularly incised leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The posterior, inner process of the stipes on the maxillæ of insects. LACINIATE; LACINIATED La*cin"i*ate, La*cin"i*a"ted, a. Etym: [See Lacinia.] 1. Fringed; having a fringed border. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Cut into deep, narrow, irregular lobes; slashed. LACINIOLATE La*cin"i*o*late, a. Etym: [See Lacinia.] (Bot.) Defn: Consisting of, or abounding in, very minute laciniæ. LACINULA La*cin"u*la, n.; pl. Lacinulæ, E. Lacinulas. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A diminutive lacinia. LACK Lack, n. Etym: [OE. lak; cf. D. lak slander, laken to blame, OHG. lahan, AS. leán.] 1. Blame; cause of blame; fault; crime; offense. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Deficiency; want; need; destitution; failure; as, a lack of sufficient food. She swooneth now and now for lakke of blood. Chaucer. Let his lack of years be no impediment. Shak. LACK Lack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lacked; p. pr. & vb. n. Lacking.] 1. To blame; to find fault with. [Obs.] Love them and lakke them not. Piers Plowman. 2. To be without or destitute of; to want; to need. If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God. James i. 5. LACK Lack, v. i. 1. To be wanting; often, impersonally, with of, meaning, to be less than, short, not quite, etc. What hour now I think it lacks of twelve. Shak. Peradventure there shall lack five of the fifty. Gen. xvii. 28. 2. To be in want. The young lions do lack, and suffer hunger. Ps. xxxiv. 10. LACK Lack, interj. Etym: [Cf. Alack.] Defn: Exclamation of regret or surprise. [Prov. Eng.] Cowper. LACKADAISICAL Lack`a*dai"si*cal, a. Etym: [From Lackadaisy, interj.] Defn: Affectedly pensive; languidly sentimental. -- Lack`a*dai"si*cal*ly, adv. LACKADAISY Lack"a*dai`sy, interj. Etym: [From Lackaday, interj.] Defn: An expression of languor. LACKADAISY Lack"a*dai`sy, a. Defn: Lackadaisical. LACKADAY Lack"a*day`, interj. Etym: [Abbreviated from alackaday.] Defn: Alack the day; alas; -- an expression of sorrow, regret, dissatisfaction, or surprise. LACKBRAIN Lack"brain`, n. Defn: One who is deficient in understanding; a witless person. Shak. LACKER Lack"er, n. Defn: One who lacks or is in want. LACKER Lack"er, n. & v. Defn: See Lacquer. LACKEY Lack"ey, n.; pl. Lackeys. Etym: [F. laquais; cf. Sp. & Pg. lacayo; of uncertain origin; perh. of German origin, and akin to E.lick, v.] Defn: An attending male servant; a footman; a servile follower. Like a Christian footboy or a gentleman's lackey. Shak. Lackey caterpillar (Zoöl.), the caterpillar, or larva, of any bombycid moth of the genus Clisiocampa; -- so called from its party- colored markings. The common European species (C. neustria) is striped with blue, yellow, and red, with a white line on the back. The American species (C. Americana and C. sylvatica) are commonly called tent caterpillars. See Tent caterpillar,under Tent. -- Lackey moth (Zoöl.), the moth which produces the lackey caterpillar. LACKEY Lack"ey, v. t. Defn: To attend as a lackey; to wait upon. A thousand liveried angels lackey her. Milton. LACKEY Lack"ey, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lackeyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Lackeying.] Defn: To act or serve as lackey; to pay servile attendance. LACKLUSTER; LACKLUSTRE Lack"lus`ter, Lack"lus`tre, n. Defn: A want of luster. -- a. Defn: Wanting luster or brightness. "Lackluster eye." Shak. LACMUS Lac"mus, n. Defn: See Litmus. LACONIAN La*co"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Laconia, a division of ancient Greece; Spartan. -- n. Defn: An inhabitant of Laconia; esp., a Spartan. LACONIC; LACONICAL La*con"ic, La*con"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. Laconicus Laconian, Gr. laconique.] 1. Expressing much in few words, after the manner of the Laconians or Spartans; brief and pithy; brusque; epigrammatic. In this sense laconic is the usual form. I grow laconic even beyond laconicism; for sometimes I return only yes, or no, to questionary or petitionary epistles of half a yard long. Pope. His sense was strong and his style laconic. Welwood. 2. Laconian; characteristic of, or like, the Spartans; hence, stern or severe; cruel; unflinching. His head had now felt the razor, his back the rod; all that laconical discipline pleased him well. Bp. Hall. Syn. -- Short; brief; concise; succinct; sententious; pointed; pithy. -- Laconic, Concise. Concise means without irrelevant or superfluous matter; it is the opposite of diffuse. Laconic means concise with the additional quality of pithiness, sometimes of brusqueness. LACONIC La*con"ic, n. Defn: Laconism. [Obs.] Addison. LACONICAL La*con"ic*al, a. Defn: See Laconic, a. LACONICALLY La*con"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a laconic manner. LACONICISM La*con"I*cism, n. Defn: Same as Laconism. Pope. LACONISM Lac"o*nism, n. Etym: [Gr. laconisme.] 1. A vigorous, brief manner of expression; laconic style. 2. An instance of laconic style or expression. LACONIZE Lac"o*nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laconized; p. pr. & vb. n. Laconizing.] Etym: [Gr. Laconic.] Defn: To imitate the manner of the Laconians, especially in brief, pithy speech, or in frugality and austerity. LACQUER Lac"quer, n. Etym: [F. lacre a sort of sealing wax, Pg. lacte, fr. laca lac. See Lac the resin.] [Written also lacker.] Defn: A varnish, consisting of a solution of shell-lac in alcohol, often colored with gamboge, saffron, or the like; -- used for varnishing metals, papier-maché, and wood. The name is also given to varnishes made of other ingredients, esp. the tough, solid varnish of the Japanese, with which ornamental objects are made. LACQUER Lac"quer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lacquered; p. pr. & vb. n. Lacquering.] Defn: To cover with lacquer. "Lacquer'd chair." Pope. LACQUERER Lac"quer*er, n. Defn: One who lacquers, especially one who makes a business of lacquering. LACQUERING Lac"quer*ing, n. Defn: The act or business of putting on lacquer; also, the coat of lacquer put on. LACRIMOSO La`cri*mo"so, a. Etym: [It. See Lachrymose.] (Mus.) Defn: Plaintive; -- a term applied to a mournful or pathetic movement or style. Moore. LACROSSE La*crosse", n. Etym: [F. la crosse, lit., the crosier, hooked stick. Cf. Crosier.] Defn: A game of ball, originating among the North American Indians, now the popular field sport of Canada, and played also in England and the United States. Each player carries a long-handled racket, called a "crosse". The ball is not handled but caught with the crosse and carried on it, or tossed from it, the object being to carry it or throw it through one of the goals placed at opposite ends of the field. LACRYMAL Lac"ry*mal, n. & a. Defn: See Lachrymatory, n., and Lachrymal, a. LACRYMARY; LACRYTORY; LACRYMOSE Lac"ry*ma*ry, Lac"ry*to*ry, Lac"ry*mose. Defn: See Lachrymary, Lachrymatory, Lachrymose. LACTAGE Lac"tage, n. Etym: [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. laitage. See Lacteal.] Defn: The produce of animals yielding milk; milk and that which is made from it. LACTAM Lac"tam, n. Etym: [Lactone + amido.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of anhydrides of an amido type, analogous to the lactones, as oxindol. LACTAMIC Lac*tam"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an amido acid related to lactic acid, and called also amido-propionic acid. LACTAMIDE Lac*tam"ide, n. Etym: [Lactic + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: An acid amide derived from lactic acid, and obtained as a white crystalline substance having a neutral reaction. It is metameric with alanine. LACTANT Lac"tant, a. Etym: [L. lactans, p. pr. of lactare to suck, fr. lac, lactis, milk.] Defn: Suckling; giving suck. LACTARENE Lac"ta*rene, n. Etym: [L. lac, lactis, milk.] Defn: A preparation of casein from milk, used in printing calico. LACTARY Lac"ta*ry, a. Etym: [l. lactarius, fr. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactaire.] Defn: Milky; full of white juice like milk. [Obs.] "Lactary or milky plants." Sir T. Browne. LACTARY Lac"ta*ry, n. Defn: a dairyhouse. [R.] LACTATE Lac"tate, n. Etym: [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of lactic acid. LACTATION Lac*ta"tion, n. Defn: A giving suck; the secretion and yielding of milk by the mammary gland. LACTEAL Lac"te*al, a. Etym: [L. lacteus milky, fr. lac, lactis, milk. Cf. Galaxy, Lettuce.] 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, milk; milky; as, the lacteal fluid. 2. (Anat. & Physiol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, chyle; as, the lacteal vessels. LACTEAL Lac"te*al, n. (Anat.) Defn: One of the lymphatic vessels which convey chyle from the small intestine through the mesenteric glands to the thoracic duct; a chyliferous vessel. LACTEALLY Lac"te*al*ly, adv. Defn: Milkily; in the manner of milk. LACTEAN Lac"te*an, a. Etym: [See Lacteal.] 1. Milky; consisting of, or resembling, milk. "This lactean whiteness." Moxon. 2. (Anat. & Physiol.) Defn: Lacteal; conveying chyle. LACTEOUS Lac"te*ous, a. Etym: [See Lacteal.] 1. Milky; resembling milk. "The lacteous circle." Sir T. Browne. 2. Lacteal; conveying chyle; as, lacteous vessels. LACTEOUSLY Lac"te*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a lacteous manner; after the manner of milk. LACTESCENCE Lac*tes"cence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lactescence.] 1. The state or quality of producing milk, or milklike juice; resemblance to milk; a milky color. This lactescence does commonly ensue when . . . fair water is suddenly poured upon the solution. Boyle. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The latex of certain plants. See Latex. LACTESCENT Lac*tes"cent, a. Etym: [L. lactescens, p. pr. of lactescere to turn to milk, incho. fr. lactere to be milky, fr. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactescent.] 1. Having a milky look; becoming milky. [Obs.] 2. (Bot.) Defn: Producing milk or a milklike juice or fluid, as the milkweed. See Latex. LACTIC Lac"tic, a. Etym: [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactique. See Lacteal, and cf. Galactic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to milk; procured from sour milk or whey; as, lactic acid; lactic fermentation, etc. Lactic acid (Physiol. Chem.), a sirupy, colorless fluid, soluble in water, with an intensely sour taste and strong acid reaction. There are at least three isomeric modifications all having the formula C3H6O3. Sarcolactic or paralactic acid occurs chiefly in dead muscle tissue, while ordinary lactic acid results from fermentation. The two acids are alike in having the same constitution (expressed by the name ethylidene lactic acid), but the latter is optically inactive, while sarcolactic acid rotates the plane of polarization to the right. The third acid, ethylene lactic acid, accompanies sarcolactic acid in the juice of flesh, and is optically inactive. -- Lactic ferment, an organized ferment (Bacterium lacticum or lactis), which produces lactic fermentation, decomposing the sugar of milk into carbonic and lactic acids, the latter, of which renders the milk sour, and precipitates the casein, thus giving rise to the so- called spontaneous coagulation of milk. -- Lactic fermentation. See under Fermentation. LACTIDE Lac"tide, n. Etym: [Lactic + anhydride.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline substance, obtained from also, by extension, any similar substance. LACTIFEROUS Lac*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [l. lac, lactis, milk + -ferous: cf. F. lactifère.] Defn: Bearing or containing milk or a milky fluid; as, the lactiferous vessels, cells, or tissue of various vascular plants. LACTIFIC; LACTIFICAL Lac*tif"ic, Lac*tif"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. lac, lactis, milk + facere to make.] Defn: Producing or yielding milk. LACTIFUGE Lac"ti*fuge, n. Etym: [L. lac, lactis, milk + fugare to expel.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine to check the secretion of milk, or to dispel a supposed accumulation of milk in any part of the body. LACTIM Lac"tim, n. Etym: [Lactic + imido.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of anhydrides resembling the lactams, but of an imido type; as, isatine is a lactim. Cf. Lactam. LACTIMIDE Lac*tim"ide, n. Etym: [Lactic + imide.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline substance obtained as an anhydride of alanine, and regarded as an imido derivative of lactic acid. LACTIN Lac"tin, n. Etym: [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactine. Cf. Galactin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: See Lactose. LACTOABUMIN Lac`to*a*bu"min, n. Etym: [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The albumin present on milk, apparently identical with ordinary serum albumin. It is distinct from the casein of milk. LACTOBUTYROMETER Lac`to*bu`ty*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. butyrometer.] Defn: An instrument for determining the amount of butter fat contained in a given sample of milk. LACTODENSIMETER Lac`to*den*sim"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. densimeter.] Defn: A form of hydrometer, specially graduated, for finding the density of milk, and thus discovering whether it has been mixed with water or some of the cream has been removed. LACTOMETER Lac*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. lac, lactis, milk + meter: cf. F. lactomètre. Cf. Galactometer.] Defn: An instrument for estimating the purity or richness of milk, as a measuring glass, a specific gravity bulb, or other apparatus. LACTONE Lac"tone, n. (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of organic compounds, regarded as anhydrides of certain hydroxy acids. In general, they are colorless liquids, having a weak aromatic odor. They are so called because the typical lactone is derived from lactic acid. LACTONIC Lac*ton"ic, a. Etym: [From Lactone.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, lactone. LACTONIC Lac*ton"ic, a. Etym: [From Lactose.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the oxidation of milk sugar (lactose). LACTOPROTEIN Lac`to*pro"te*in, n. Etym: [L.lac, lactis,milk + E. protein.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A peculiar albuminous body considered a normal constituent of milk. LACTORY Lac"to*ry, a. Defn: Lactiferous. [Obs.] "Lactory or milky plants." Sir T. Browne. LACTOSCOPE Lac"to*scope, n. Etym: [L. lac, lactis + scope.] Defn: An instrument for estimating the amount of cream contained in milk by ascertaining its relative opacity. LACTOSE Lac"tose`, n. 1. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Sugar of milk or milk sugar; a crystalline sugar present in milk, and separable from the whey by evaporation and crystallization. It has a slightly sweet taste, is dextrorotary, and is much less soluble in water than either cane sugar or glucose. Formerly called lactin. 2. (Chem.) Defn: See Galactose. LACTUCA Lac*tu"ca, n. Etym: [L., lettuce. See Lettuce.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of composite herbs, several of which are cultivated foe salad; lettuce. LACTUCARIUM Lac`tu*ca"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. lactuca lettuce.] Defn: The inspissated juice of the common lettuce, sometimes used as a substitute for opium. LACTUCIC Lac*tu"cic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the juice of the Lactuca virosa; -- said of certain acids. LACTUCIN Lac*tu"cin, n. Etym: [From Lactuca: cf. F. lactucine.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline substance, having a bitter taste and a neutral reaction, and forming one of the essential ingredients of lactucarium. LACTUCONE Lac*tu"cone, n. Etym: [From Lactuca.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, tasteless substance, found in the milky sap of species of Lactuca, and constituting an essential ingredient of lactucarium. LACTURAMIC Lac`tu*ram"ic (, a. Etym: [Lactic + urea + amic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an organic amido acid, which is regarded as a derivative of lactic acid and urea. LACTYL Lac"tyl, n. Etym: [Lactic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: An organic residue or radical derived from lactic acid. LACUNA La*cu"na, n.; pl. L. Lacunæ; E. Lacunas. Etym: [L., ditch, pit, lake, orig., anything hollow. See Lagoon.] 1. A small opening; a small pit or depression; a small blank space; a gap or vacancy; a hiatus. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A small opening; a small depression or cavity; a space, as a vacant space between the cells of plants, or one of the spaces left among the tissues of the lower animals, which serve in place of vessels for the circulation of the body fluids, or the cavity or sac, usually of very small size, in a mucous membrane. LACUNAL; LACUNAR La*cu"nal, La*cu"nar, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or having, lacunæ; as, a lacunar circulation. LACUNAR La*cu"nar, n.; pl. E. Lacunars, L. Lacunaria. Etym: [L.] (Arch.) (a) The ceiling or under surface of any part, especially when it consists of compartments, sunk or hollowed without spaces or bands between the panels. Gwilt (b) One of the sunken panels in such a ceiling. LACUNE La*cune", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A lacuna. [R.] Landor. LACUNOSE; LACUNOUS Lac"u*nose`, La*cu"nous, a. Etym: [L. lacunosus full of holes or hollows; cf. F. lacuneux. See Lacuna.] (Biol.) Defn: Furrowed or pitted; having shallow cavities or lacunæ; as, a lacunose leaf. LACUSTRAL; LACUSTRINE La*cus"tral, La*cus"trine, a. Etym: [L. lacus lake: cf. F. lacustral, lacustre.] Defn: Found in, or pertaining to, lakes or ponds, or growing in them; as, lacustrine flowers. Lacustrine deposits (Geol.), the deposits which have been accumulated in fresh-water areas. -- Lacustrine dwellings. See Lake dwellings, under Lake. LACWORK Lac"work`, n. Defn: Ornamentation by means of lacquer painted or carved, or simply colored, sprinkled with gold or the like; -- said especially of Oriental work of this kind. LAD Lad, obs. p. p. Defn: of Lead, to guide Chaucer. LAD Lad, n. Etym: [OE. ladde, of Celtic origin; cf. W. , Ir. lath. (. Cf. Lass.] 1. A boy; a youth; a stripling. "Cupid is a knavish lad." Shak. There is a lad here, which hath fire barley loaves and two small fishes. John vi. 9. 2. A companion; a comrade; a mate. Lad's love. (Bot.) See Boy's love, under Boy. LADANUM Lad"a*num, n. Etym: [L. ladanum, ledanum, Fr. (ladan, laden. Cf. Laudanum.] Defn: A gum resin gathered from certain Oriental species of Cistus. It has a pungent odor and is chiefly used in making plasters, and for fumigation. [Written also labdanum.] LADDE Lad"de, obs. imp. Defn: of Lead, to guide. Chaucer. LADDER Lad"der, n. Etym: [OE. laddre, AS. hl, hl; akin to OFries. hladder, OHG.leitara, G. leiter, and from the root of E. lean, v. (Lean, v. i., and cf. Climax.] 1. A frame usually portable, of wood, metal, or rope, for ascent and descent, consisting of two side pieces to which are fastened cross strips or rounds forming steps. Some the engines play, And some, more bold, mount ladders to the fire. Dryden. 2. That which resembles a ladder in form or use; hence, that by means of which one attains to eminence. Lowliness is young ambition's ladder. Shak. Fish ladder. See under Fish. -- Ladder beetle (Zoöl.), an American leaf beetle (Chrysomela scalaris). The elytra are silvery white, striped and spotted with green; the under wings are rose-colored. It feeds upon the linden tree. -- Ladder handle, an iron rail at the side of a vertical fixed ladder, to grasp with the hand in climbing. -- Ladder shell (Zoöl.), a spiral marine shell of the genus Scalaria. See Scalaria. LADDIE Lad"die, n. Defn: A lad; a male sweetheart. [Scot.] LADE Lade, v. t. [imp. Laded; p. p. Laded, Laded (; p. pr. & vb. n. Lading.] Etym: [AS. hladan to heap, load, draw (water); akin to D. & G. laden to load, OHG. hladan, ladan, Icel. hla, Sw. ladda, Dan. lade, Goth. afhlapan. Cf. Load, Ladle, Lathe for turning, Last a load.] 1. To load; to put a burden or freight on or in; -- generally followed by that which receives the load, as the direct object. And they laded their asses with the corn. Gen. xlii. 26. 2. To throw in out. with a ladle or dipper; to dip; as, to lade water out of a tub, or into a cistern. And chides the sea that sunders him from thence, Saying, he'll lade it dry to have his way. Shak. 3. (Plate Glass Manuf.) Defn: To transfer (the molten glass) from the pot to the forming table. LADE Lade, v. i. Etym: [See Lade, v. t.] 1. To draw water. [Obs.] 2. (Naut.) Defn: To admit water by leakage, as a ship, etc. LADE Lade, n. Etym: [Prov. E., a ditch or drain. Cf. Lode, Lead to conduct.] 1. The mouth of a river. [Obs.] Bp. Gibson. 2. A passage for water; a ditch or drain. [Prov. Eng.] LADEMAN Lade"man, n. Defn: One who leads a pack horse; a miller's servant. [Obs. or Local] LADEN Lad"en, p. & a. Defn: Loaded; freighted; burdened; as, a laden vessel; a laden heart. Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity. Is. i. 4. A ship laden with gold. Shak. LADIED La"died, a. Defn: Ladylike; not rough; gentle. [Obs.] "Stroked with a ladied land." Feltham. LADIES' EARDROPS La"dies' ear`drops`. (Bot.) Defn: The small-flowered Fuchsia (F. coccinea), and other closely related species. LADIFY La"di*fy, v. t. Etym: [Lady + -fy.] Defn: To make a lady of; to make ladylike. [Obs.] Massinger. LADIN La*din", n. Etym: [From L. Latinus Latin. See Latin] Defn: A Romansch dialect spoken in some parts of Switzerland and the Tyrol. LADING Lad"ing, n. 1. The act of loading. 2. That which lades or constitutes a load or cargo; freight; burden; as, the lading of a ship. Bill of lading. See under Bill. LADINO La*di"no, n.; pl. Ladinos. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: One of the half-breed descendants of whites and Indians; a mestizo; -- so called throughout Central America. They are usually of a yellowish orange tinge. Am. Cyc. LADKIN Lad"kin, n. Defn: A little lad. [R.] Dr. H. More. LADLE La"dle, n. Etym: [AS.hlædel, fr. hladan to load, drain. See Lade, v. t.] 1. A cuplike spoon, often of large size, with a long handle, used in lading or dipping. When the materials of glass have been kept long in fusion, the mixture casts up the superfluous salt, which the workmen take off with ladles. Boyle. 2. (Founding) Defn: A vessel to carry liquid metal from the furnace to the mold. 3. The float of a mill wheel; -- called also ladle board. 4. (Gun.) (a) An instrument for drawing the charge of a cannon. (b) A ring, with a handle or handles fitted to it, for carrying shot. Ladle wood (Bot.), the wood of a South African tree (Cassine Colpoon), used for carving. LADLE La"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ladled; p. pr. & vb. n. Ladling.] Defn: To take up and convey in a ladle; to dip with, or as with, a ladle; as, to ladle out soup; to ladle oatmeal into a kettle. LADLEFUL La"dle*ful, n.; pl. Ladlefuls (. Defn: A quantity sufficient to fill a ladle. LADRONE La*drone", n. Etym: [Sp. ladron, L. latro servant, robber, Gr. ( Defn: A robber; a pirate; hence, loosely, a rogue or rascal. LADY La"dy, n.; pl. Ladies. Etym: [OE. ladi, læfdi, AS. hl, hl; AS. hlaf loaf + a root of uncertain origin, possibly akin to E. dairy. See Loaf, and cf. Lord.] 1. A woman who looks after the domestic affairs of a family; a mistress; the female head of a household. Agar, the handmaiden of Sara, whence comest thou, and whither goest thou The which answered, Fro the face of Sara my lady. Wyclif (Gen. xvi. 8.). 2. A woman having proprietary rights or authority; mistress; -- a feminine correlative of lord. "Lord or lady of high degree." Lowell. Of all these bounds, even from this line to this, . . . We make thee lady. Shak. 3. A woman to whom the particular homage of a knight was paid; a woman to whom one is devoted or bound; a sweetheart. The soldier here his wasted store supplies, And takes new valor from his lady's eyes. Waller. 4. A woman of social distinction or position. In England, a title prefixed to the name of any woman whose husband is not of lower rank than a baron, or whose father was a nobleman not lower than an earl. The wife of a baronet or knight has the title of Lady by courtesy, but not by right. 5. A woman of refined or gentle manners; a well-bred woman; -- the feminine correlative of gentleman. 6. A wife; -- not now in approved usage. Goldsmith. 7. (Zoöl.) Defn: The triturating apparatus in the stomach of a lobster; -- so called from a fancied resemblance to a seated female figure. It consists of calcareous plates. Ladies' man, a man who affects the society of ladies. -- Lady altar, an altar in a lady chapel. Shipley. -- Lady chapel, a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. -- Lady court, the court of a lady of the manor. -- Lady crab (Zoöl.), a handsomely spotted swimming crab (Platyonichus ocellatus) very common on the sandy shores of the Atlantic coast of the United States. -- Lady fern. (Bot.) See Female fern, under Female, and Illust. of Fern. -- Lady in waiting, a lady of the queen's household, appointed to wait upon or attend the queen. -- Lady Mass, a Mass said in honor of the Virgin Mary. Shipley. Lady of the manor, a lady having jurisdiction of a manor; also, the wife of a manor lord. Lady's maid, a maidservant who dresses and waits upon a lady. Thackeray. -- Our Lady, the Virgin Mary. LADY La"dy, a. Defn: Belonging or becoming to a lady; ladylike. "Some lady trifles." Shak. LADYBIRD La"dy*bird`, n. Etym: [Equiv. to, bird of Our Lady.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small beetles of the genus Coccinella and allied genera (family Coccinellidæ); -- called also ladybug, ladyclock, lady cow, lady fly, and lady beetle. Coccinella seplempunctata in one of the common European species. See Coccinella. Note: The ladybirds are usually more or less hemispherical in form, with a smooth, polished surface, and often colored red, brown, or black, with small spots of brighter colors. Both the larvæ and the adult beetles of most species feed on aphids, and for this reason they are very beneficial to agriculture and horticulture. LADYBUG La"dy*bug`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Ladybird. LADYCLOCK La"dy*clock`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Ladyrird. LADY DAY La"dy` day Defn: The day of the annunciation of the Virgin Mary, March 25. See Annunciation. LADY DAY La"dy` Day` (da). Defn: The day of the annunciation of the Virgin Mary, March 25. See Annunciation. LADYFISH La"dy*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large, handsome oceanic fish (Albula vulpes), found both in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans; -- called also bonefish, grubber, French mullet, and macabé. (b) A labroid fish (Harpe rufa) of Florida and the West Indies. LADYHOOD La"dy*hood, n. Defn: The state or quality of being a lady; the personality of a lady. LADY-KILLER La"dy-kill`er, n. Defn: A gallant who captivates the hearts of women. "A renowned dandy and lady-killer." Blackw. Mag. LADY-KILLING La"dy-kill`ing, n. Defn: The art or practice of captivating the hearts of women. Better for the sake of womankind that this dangerous dog should leave off lady-killing. Thackeray. LADYKIN La"dy*kin, n. Etym: [Lady + -kin.] Defn: A little lady; -- applied by the writers of Queen Elizabeth's time, in the abbreviated form Lakin, to the Virgin Mary. Note: The diminutive does not refer to size, but is equivalent to "dear." Brewer. LADYLIKE La"dy*like`, a. 1. Like a lady in appearance or manners; well-bred. She was ladylike, too, after the manner of the feminine gentility of those days. Hawthorne. 2. Becoming or suitable to a lady; as, ladylike manners. "With fingers ladylike." Warner. 3. Delicate; tender; feeble; effeminate. Too ladylike a long fatigue to bear. Dryden. LADYLIKENESS La"dy*like`ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being ladylike. LADYLOVE La"dy*love`, n. Defn: A sweetheart or mistress. LADY'S BEDSTRAW La"dy's bed"straw`, (Bot.) Defn: The common bedstraw (Galium verum); also, a slender-leaved East Indian shrub (Pharnaceum Mollugo), with white flowers in umbels. LADY'S BOWER La"dy's bow"er. (Bot.) Defn: A climbing plant with fragrant blossoms (Clematis vitalba). Note: This term is sometimes applied to other plants of the same genus. LADY'S CLOTH La"dy's cloth` Defn: A kind of broadcloth of light weight, used for women's dresses, cloaks, etc. LADY'S COMB La"dy's comb", (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous plant (Scandix Pecten-Veneris), its clusters of long slender fruits remotely resembling a comb. LADY'S CUSHION La"dy's cush"ion, (Bot.) Defn: An herb growing in dense tufts; the thrift (Armeria vulgaris). LADY'S FINGER La"dy's fin"ger, 1. pl. (Bot.) Defn: The kidney vetch. 2. (Cookery) Defn: A variety of small cake of about the dimensions of a finger. 3. A long, slender variety of the potato. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the branchiæ of the lobster. LADY'S GARTERS La"dy's gar"ters. (Bot.) Defn: Ribbon grass. LADY'S HAIR La"dy's hair". (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Briza (B. media); a variety of quaking grass. LADYSHIP La"dy*ship, n. Defn: The rank or position of a lady; -- given as a title (preceded by her or your.) Your ladyship shall observe their gravity. B. Jonson. LADY'S LACES La"dy's la"ces. (Bot.) Defn: A slender climbing plant; dodder. LADY'S LOOKING-GLASS La"dy's look"ing-glass`. (Bot.) Defn: See Venus's looking-glass, under Venus. LADY'S MANTLE La"dy's man"tle. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of rosaceous herbs (Alchemilla), esp. the European A. vulgaris, which has leaves with rounded and finely serrated lobes. LADY'S SEAL La"dy's seal".(Bot.) (a) The European Solomon's seal (Polygonatum verticillatum). (b) The black bryony (Tamus communis). LADY'S SLIPPER La"dy's slip"per. (Bot.) Defn: Any orchidaceous plant of the genus Cypripedium, the labellum of which resembles a slipper. Less commonly, in the United States, the garden balsam (Impatiens Balsamina). LADY'S SMOCK La"dy's smock". (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Cardamine (C. pratensis); cuckoo flower. LADY'S THIMBLE La"dy's thim"ble. (Bot.) Defn: The harebell. LADY'S THUMB La"dy's thumb". (Bot.) Defn: An annual weed (Polygonum Persicaria), having a lanceolate leaf with a dark spot in the middle. LADY'S TRACES; LADIES' TRESSES; LADIES TRESSES La"dy's tra"ces, La"dies' tress"es. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several species of the orchidaceous genus Spiranthes, in which the white flowers are set in spirals about a slender axis and remotely resemble braided hair. LAELAPS Læ"laps, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ( (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of huge, carnivorous, dinosaurian reptiles from the Cretaceous formation of the United States. They had very large hind legs and tail, and are supposed to have been bipedal. Some of the species were about eighteen feet high. LAEMMERGEYER Laem"mer*gey`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Lammergeir. LAEMODIPOD Læ*mod"i*pod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Læmodipoda. LAEMODIPODA Læ`mo*dip"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of amphipod Crustacea, in which the abdomen is small or rudimentary and the legs are often reduced to five pairs. The whale louse, or Cyamus, and Caprella are examples. LAEMODIPODOUS Læ`mo*dip"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Læmodipoda. LAETERE SUNDAY Læ*te"re Sun"day Defn: . The fourth Sunday of Lent; -- so named from the Latin word Lætare (rejoice), the first word in the antiphone of the introit sung that day in the Roman Catholic service. LAEVIGATE Læv"i*gate, a. Etym: [See Levigate.] (Biol.) Defn: Having a smooth surface, as if polished. LAEVO- Læ"vo- Defn: . A prefix. See Levo. LAEVOROTATORY Læ"vo*ro"ta*to*ry, a. Defn: Same as Levorotatory. Cf. Dextrorotatory. LAEVULOSE Læv"u*lose`, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Levulose. LAFAYETTE La`fa`yette", n. (Zoöl.) (a) The dollar fish. (b) A market fish, the goody, or spot (Liostomus xanthurus), of the southern coast of the United States. LAFT Laft, obs. p. p. Defn: of Leave. Chaucer. LAFTE Laf"te, obs. imp. Defn: of Leave. Chaucer. LAG Lag, a. Etym: [Of Celtic origin: cf. Gael. & Ir. lagweak, feeble, faint, W. llag, llac, slack, loose, remiss, sluggish; prob. akin to E. lax, languid.] 1. Coming tardily after or behind; slow; tardy. [Obs.] Came too lag to see him buried. Shak. 2. Last; long-delayed; -- obsolete, except in the phrase lag end. "The lag end of my life." Shak. 3. Last made; hence, made of refuse; inferior. [Obs.] "Lag souls." Dryden. LAG Lag, n. 1. One who lags; that which comes in last. [Obs.] "The lag of all the flock." Pope. 2. The fag-end; the rump; hence, the lowest class. The common lag of people. Shak. 3. The amount of retardation of anything, as of a valve in a steam engine, in opening or closing. 4. A stave of a cask, drum, etc.; especially (Mach.), one of the narrow boards or staves forming the covering of a cylindrical object, as a boiler, or the cylinder of a carding machine or a steam engine. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Graylag. Lag of the tide, the interval by which the time of high water falls behind the mean time, in the first and third quarters of the moon; -- opposed to priming of the tide, or the acceleration of the time of high water, in the second and fourth quarters; depending on the relative positions of the sun and moon. -- Lag screw, an iron bolt with a square head, a sharp-edged thread, and a sharp point, adapted for screwing into wood; a screw for fastening lags. LAG Lag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Lagging.] Defn: To walk or more slowly; to stay or fall behind; to linger or loiter. "I shall not lag behind." Milton. Syn. -- To loiter; linger; saunter; delay; be tardy. LAG Lag, v. t. 1. To cause to lag; to slacken. [Obs.] "To lag his flight." Heywood. 2. (Mach.) Defn: To cover, as the cylinder of a steam engine, with lags. See Lag, n., 4. LAG Lag, n. Defn: One transported for a crime. [Slang, Eng.] LAG Lag, v. t. Defn: To transport for crime. [Slang, Eng.] She lags us if we poach. De Quincey. LAGAN La"gan, n. & v. Defn: See Ligan. LAGARTO La*gar"to, n. Etym: [See Alligator.] Defn: An alligator. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. LAGENA La*ge"na, n.; pl. L. Lagenæ, E. Lagenas. Etym: [L., a flask; cf. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The terminal part of the cochlea in birds and most reptiles; an appendage of the sacculus, corresponding to the cochlea, in fishes and amphibians. LAGENIAN La*ge"ni*an, a. Etym: [See Lagena.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, Lagena, a genus of Foraminifera having a straight, chambered shell. LAGENIFORM La*ge"ni*form, a. Etym: [See Lagena, and -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Shaped like a bottle or flask; flag-shaped. LAGER La"ger, n. Defn: Lager beer. LAGER BEER La"ger beer`. Etym: [G. lager bed, storehouse + bier beer. See Lair, and Beer.] Defn: Originally a German beer, but now also made in immense quantities in the United States; -- so called from its being laid up or stored for some months before use. LAGER WINE La"ger wine` Defn: . Wine which has been kept for some time in the cellar. Simmonds. LAGGARD Lag"gard, a. Etym: [Lag + -ard.] Defn: Slow; sluggish; backward. LAGGARD Lag"gard, n. Defn: One who lags; a loiterer. LAGGER Lag"ger, n. Defn: A laggard. LAGGING Lag"ging, n. 1. (Mach.) Defn: The clothing (esp., an outer, wooden covering), as of a steam cylinder, applied to prevent the radiation of heat; a covering of lags; -- called also deading and cleading. 2. Lags, collectively; narrow planks extending from one rib to another in the centering of arches. LAGGINGLY Lag"ging*ly, adv. Defn: In a lagging manner; loiteringly. LAGLY Lag"ly, adv. Defn: Laggingly. [Prov. Eng.] LAGNIAPPE; LAGNAPPE La*gniappe, La*gnappe", n. [Etym. uncertain.] Defn: In Louisiana, a trifling present given to customers by tradesmen; a gratuity. Lagniappe . . .is something thrown in, gratis, for good measure. Mark Twain. LAGOMORPH Lag"o*morph, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Lagomorpha. LAGOMORPHA Lag`o*mor"pha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of rodents, including the hares. They have four incisors in the upper jaw. Called also Duplicidentata. LAGOON La*goon", n. Etym: [It. or Sp. laguna, L. lacuna ditch, pool, pond,lacus lake. See Lake, and cf. Lacuna.] [Written also lagune.] 1. A shallow sound, channel, pond, or lake, especially one into which the sea flows; as, the lagoons of Venice. 2. A lake in a coral island, often occupying a large portion of its area, and usually communicating with the sea. See Atoll. Lagoon island, a coral island consisting of a narrow reef encircling a lagoon. LAGOPHTHALMIA; LAGOPHTHALMOS Lag`oph*thal"mi*a, Lag`oph*thal"mos, n. Etym: [NL. lagophtalmia, fr. Gr. lagw`s hare + 'ofqalmo`s eye; -- so called from the notion that a hare sleeps with his eyes open.] (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition in which the eye stands wide open, giving a peculiar staring appearance. LAGOPOUS La*go"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having a dense covering of long hair, like the foot of a hare. LAGTHING Lag"thing, n. [Norw. lagting, lagthing; lag company, society (akin to E. law, lay) + ting, thing, parliament. See Thing.] Defn: See Legislatature, below. LAGUNE La*gune", n. Defn: See Lagoon. LAIC; LAICAL La"ic, La"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. laicus: cf. F. laïque. See Lay laic.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a layman or the laity. "Laical literature." Lowell. An unprincipled, unedified, and laic rabble. Milton. LAIC La"ic, n. Defn: A layman. Bp. Morton. LAICALITY La"ic*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being laic; the state or condition of a layman. LAICALLY La"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: As a layman; after the manner of a layman; as, to treat a matter laically. LAID Laid, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Lay. Laid paper, paper marked with parallel lines or water marks, as if ribbed, from parallel wires in the mold. It is called blue laid, cream laid, etc., according to its color. LAIDLY Laid"ly, a. Defn: Ugly; loathsome. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] This laidly and loathsome worm. W. Howitt. LAIN Lain, p. p. Defn: of Lie, v. i. LAINERE Lain"ere, n. Defn: See Lanier. [Obs.] Chaucer. LAIR Lair, n. Etym: [OE. leir, AS. leger; akin to D. leger, G. lager couch, lair, OHG. laga, Goth. ligrs, and to E. lie. See Lie to be prostrate, and cf. Layer, Leaguer.] 1. A place in which to lie or rest; especially, the bed or couch of a wild beast. 2. A burying place. [Scot.] Jamieson. 3. A pasture; sometimes, food. [Obs.] Spenser. LAIRD Laird, n. Etym: [See Lord.] Defn: A lord; a landholder, esp. one who holds land directly of the crown. [Scot.] LAIRDSHIP Laird"ship, n. Defn: The state of being a laird; an estate; landed property. [Scot.] Ramsay. LAISM La"ism, n. Defn: See Lamaism. [R.] LAISSEZ FAIRE Lais`sez" faire". Etym: [F., let alone.] Defn: Noninterference; -- an axiom of some political economists, deprecating interference of government by attempts to foster or regulate commerce, manufactures, etc., by bounty or by restriction; as, the doctrine of laissez faire; the laissez faire system government. LAITY La"i*ty, n. Etym: [See Lay, a.] 1. The people, as distinguished from the clergy; the body of the people not in orders. A rising up of the laity against the sacerdotal caste. Macaulay. 2. The state of a layman. [Obs.] Ayliffe. 3. Those who are not of a certain profession, as law or medicine, in distinction from those belonging to it. LAKAO La*ka"o, n. Defn: Sap green. [China] LAKE Lake, n. Etym: [F. laque, fr. Per. See Lac.] Defn: A pigment formed by combining some coloring matter, usually by precipitation, with a metallic oxide or earth, esp. with aluminium hydrate; as, madder lake; Florentine lake; yellow lake, etc. LAKE Lake, n. Etym: [Cf. G. laken.] Defn: A kind of fine white linen, formerly in use. [Obs.] Chaucer. LAKE Lake, v. i. Etym: [AS. lacan, læcan, to spring, jump, lac play, sport, or fr. Icel. leika to play, sport; both akin to Goth. laikan to dance. sq. root120. Cf. Knowledge.] Defn: To play; to sport. [Prov. Eng.] LAKE Lake, n. Etym: [AS. lac, L. lacus; akin to AS. lagu lake, sea, Icel. lögr; OIr. loch; cf. Gr. Loch, Lough.] Defn: A large body of water contained in a depression of the earth's surface, and supplied from the drainage of a more or less extended area. Note: Lakes are for the most part of fresh water; the salt lakes, like the Great Salt Lake of Utah, have usually no outlet to the ocean. Lake dwellers (Ethnol.), people of a prehistoric race, or races, which inhabited different parts of Europe. Their dwellings were built on piles in lakes, a short distance from the shore. Their relics are common in the lakes of Switzerland. -- Lake dwellings (Archæol.), dwellings built over a lake, sometimes on piles, and sometimes on rude foundations kept in place by piles; specifically, such dwellings of prehistoric times. Lake dwellings are still used by many savage tribes. Called also lacustrine dwellings. See Crannog. -- Lake fly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of dipterous flies of the genus Chironomus. In form they resemble mosquitoes, but they do not bite. The larvæ live in lakes. -- Lake herring (Zoöl.), the cisco (Coregonus Artedii). -- Lake poets, Lake school, a collective name originally applied in contempt, but now in honor, to Southey, Coleridge, and Wordsworth, who lived in the lake country of Cumberland, England, Lamb and a few others were classed with these by hostile critics. Called also lakers and lakists. -- Lake sturgeon (Zoöl.), a sturgeon (Acipenser rubicundus), of moderate size, found in the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. It is used as food. -- Lake trout (Zoöl.), any one of several species of trout and salmon; in Europe, esp. Salmo fario; in the United States, esp. Salvelinus namaycush of the Great Lakes, and of various lakes in New York, Eastern Maine, and Canada. A large variety of brook trout (S. fontinalis), inhabiting many lakes in New England, is also called lake trout. See Namaycush. -- Lake whitefish. (Zoöl.) See Whitefish. -- Lake whiting (Zoöl.), an American whitefish (Coregonus Labradoricus), found in many lakes in the Northern United States and Canada. It is more slender than the common whitefish. LAKE-DWELLER Lake"-dwell`er, n. Defn: See Lake dwellers, under Lake. LAKELET Lake"let, n. Defn: A little lake. Southey. LAKER Lak"er, n. One that is connected with a lake or lakes, as in habitation, toil, etc.: (a) One of the poets of the Lake school. See Lake poets, under Lake, n. (b) (Zoöl.) A fish living in, or taken from, a lake, esp. the namaycush. (c) A lake steamer or canal boat. The bridge tender . . . thought the Cowies "a little mite" longer than that laker. The Century. LAKEWEED Lake"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The water pepper (Polygonum Hydropiper), an aquatic plant of Europe and North America. LAKH Lakh, n. Defn: Same as Lac, one hundred thousand. LAKIN La"kin, n. Defn: See Ladykin. LAKKE Lak"ke, n. & v. Defn: See Lack. [Obs.] Chaucer. LAKY Lak"y, a. Defn: Pertaining to a lake. Sir W. Scott. LAKY Lak"y, a. Etym: [From Lake the pigment.] Defn: Transparent; -- said of blood rendered transparent by the action of some solvent agent on the red blood corpuscles. LALLATION Lal*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. lallare to sing lalla, or lullaby: cf. F. lallation.] Defn: An imperfect enunciation of the letter r, in which it sounds like l. LALO La"lo, n. Defn: The powdered leaves of the baobab tree, used by the Africans to mix in their soup, as the southern negroes use powdered sassafras. Cf. Couscous. LAM Lam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lammed; p. pr. & vb. n. Lamming.] Etym: [Icel. lemja to beat, or lama to bruise, both fr. lami, lama, lame. See Lame.] Defn: To beat soundly; to thrash. [Obs. or Low] Beau. & Fl. LAMA La"ma, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Llama. LAMA La"ma, n. Etym: [Thibet. blama (pronounced lä''ma) a chief, a high priest.] Defn: In Thibet, Mongolia, etc., a priest or monk of the belief called Lamaism. The Grand Lama, or Dalai Lama Etym: [lit., Ocean Lama], the supreme pontiff in the lamaistic hierarchy. See Lamaism. LAMAIC La"ma*ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Lamaism. LAMAISM La"ma*ism, n. Defn: A modified form of Buddhism which prevails in Thibet, Mongolia, and some adjacent parts of Asia; -- so called from the name of its priests. See 2d Lama. LAMAIST; LAMAITE La"ma*ist, La"ma*ite n. Defn: One who believes in Lamaism. LAMAISTIC La`ma*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Lamaism. LAMANTIN La*man"tin, n. Etym: [F. lamantin, lamentin, prob. from the name of the animal in the Antilles. Cf. Manater.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The manatee. [Written also lamentin, and lamantine.] LAMARCKIAN La*marck"i*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or involved in, the doctrines of Lamarckianism. LAMARCKIANISM La*marck"i*an*ism, n. (Biol.) Defn: Lamarckism. LAMARCKISM La"marck"ism, n. Etym: [From Lamarck, a distinguished French naturalist.] (Biol.) Defn: The theory that structural variations, characteristic of species and genera, are produced in animals and plants by the direct influence of physical environments, and esp., in the case of animals, by effort, or by use or disuse of certain organs. LAMASERY La"ma*ser*y, n. Etym: [See 2d Lama.] Defn: A mo LAMB Lamb, n. Etym: [AS. lamb; akin to D. & Dan. lam, G. & Sw. lamm, OS., Goth., & Icel. lamb.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The young of the sheep. 2. Any person who is as innocent or gentle as a lamb. 3. A simple, unsophisticated person; in the cant of the Stock Exchange, one who ignorantly speculates and is victimized. Lamb of God, The Lamb (Script.), the Jesus Christ, in allusion to the paschal lamb. The twelve apostles of the Lamb. Rev. xxi. 14. Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. John i. 29. -- Lamb's lettuce (Bot.), an annual plant with small obovate leaves (Valerianella olitoria), often used as a salad; corn salad. [Written also lamb lettuce.] -- Lamb's tongue, a carpenter's plane with a deep narrow bit, for making curved grooves. Knight. -- Lamb's wool. (a) The wool of a lamb. (b) Ale mixed with the pulp of roasted apples; -- probably from the resemblance of the pulp of roasted apples to lamb's wool. [Obs.] Goldsmith. LAMB Lamb, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lambed; p. pr. & vb. n. Lambing.] Defn: To bring forth a lamb or lambs, as sheep. LAMBALE Lamb"ale`, n. Defn: A feast at the time of shearing lambs. LAMBASTE Lam*baste", v. t. Etym: [Lam + baste to beat.] Defn: To beat severely. [Low] Nares. LAMBATIVE Lam"ba*tive, a. Etym: [L. lambere to lick. See Lambent.] Defn: Taken by licking with the tongue. "Sirups and lambative medicines." Sir T. Browne. LAMBATIVE Lam"ba*tive, n. Defn: A medicine taken by licking with the tongue; a lincture. Wiseman. LAMBDA Lamb"da, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. The name of the Greek letter 2. (Anat.) Defn: The point of junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures of the skull. Lambda moth (Zoöl.), a moth so called from a mark on its wings, resembling the Greek letter lambda ( LAMBDACISM Lamb"da*cism, n. Etym: [L. lambdacismus, Gr. la`mbda the letter lambda ( 1. A fault in speaking or in composition, which consists in too frequent use of the letter l, or in doubling it erroneously. 2. A defect in pronunciation of the letter l when doubled, which consists in giving it a sound as if followed by y, similar to that of the letters lli in billion. 3. The use of the sound of l for that of r in pronunciation; lallation; as, Amelican for American. LAMBDOID Lamb"doid, a. Etym: [Gr. la`mbda the letter lambda (e"i^dos shape.] Defn: Shaped like the Greek letter lambda (as, the lambdoid suture between the occipital and parietal bones of the skull. LAMBDOIDAL Lamb*doid"al, a. Defn: Same as Lambdoid. LAMBENT Lam"bent, a. Etym: [L. lambens, -enlis, p. pr. of lambere to lick; akin to lap. See Lap to drink by licking.] 1. Playing on the surface; touching lightly; gliding over. "A lambent flame." Dryden. "A lambent style." Beaconsfield. 2. Twinkling or gleaming; fickering. "The lambent purity of the stars." W. Irving. LAMBERT PINE Lam"bert pine`. Etym: [So called from Lambert, an English botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: The gigantic sugar pine of California and Oregon (Pinus Lambertiana). It has the leaves in fives, and cones a foot long. The timber is soft, and like that of the white pine of the Eastern States. LAMBKILL Lamb"kill`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A small American ericaceous shrub (Kalmia angustifolia); -- called also calfkill, sheepkill, sheep laurel, etc. It is supposed to poison sheep and other animals that eat it at times when the snow is deep and they cannot find other food. LAMBKIN Lamb"kin, n. Defn: A small lamb. LAMBLIKE Lamb"like, a. Defn: Like a lamb; gentle; meek; inoffensive. LAMBOYS Lam"boys, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. F. lambeau. Cf. Label.] (Anc. Armor) Defn: Same as Base, n., 19. LAMBREQUIN Lam"bre*quin, n. Etym: [F. Cf. Lamboys, Label.] 1. A kind of pendent scarf or covering attached to the helmet, to protect it from wet or heat. 2. A leather flap hanging from a cuirass. Wilhelm. 3. A piece of ornament drapery or short decorative hanging, pendent from a shelf or from the casing above a window, hiding the curtain fixtures, or the like. LAMBSKIN Lamb"skin`, n. 1. The skin of a lamb; especially, a skin dressed with the wool on, and used as a mat. Also used adjectively. 2. A kind of woolen. LAMBSKINNET Lamb"skin`net", n. Defn: See Lansquenet. LAMB'S-QUARTERS Lamb's-quar"ters, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several plants of the Goosefoot family, sometimes used as pot herbs, as Chenopodium album and Atriplex patulsa. LAMDOIDAL Lam*doid"al, a. Defn: Lambdoid. [R.] LAME Lame, a. [Compar. Lamer; superl. Lamest.] Etym: [OE. lame, AS. lama; akin to D. lam, G. lahm,OHG., Dan., & Sw. lam, Icel. lami, Russ. lomate to break, lomota rheumatism.] 1. (a) Moving with pain or difficulty on account of injury, defect, or temporary obstruction of a function; as, a lame leg, arm, or muscle. (b) To some degree disabled by reason of the imperfect action of a limb; crippled; as, a lame man. "Lame of one leg." Arbuthnot. "Lame in both his feet." 2 Sam. ix. 13. "He fell, and became lame." 2 Sam. iv. 4. 2. Hence, hobbling; limping; inefficient; imperfect. "A lame endeavor." Barrow. O, most lame and impotent conclusion! Shak. Lame duck (stock Exchange), a person who can not fulfill his contracts. [Cant] LAME Lame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Laming.] Defn: To make lame. If you happen to let child fall and lame it. Swift. LAMEL Lam"el, n. Defn: See Lamella. LAMELLA La*mel"la, n.; pl. L. Lamellæ, E. Lamellas. Etym: [L. lamella, dim. of lamina plate, leaf, layer: cf. F. lamelle. Cf. Lamina, Omelet.] Defn: a thin plate or scale of anything, as a thin scale growing from the petals of certain flowers; or one of the thin plates or scales of which certain shells are composed. LAMELLAR; LAMELLARLY Lam"el*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lamellaire.] Defn: Flat and thin; lamelliform; composed of lamellæ. -- Lam"el*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In thin plates or scales. LAMELLARY Lam"el*la*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to lamella or to lamellæ; lamellar. LAMELLATE; LAMELLATED Lam"el*late, Lam"el*la`ted, a. Etym: [See Lamella.] Defn: Composed of, or furnished with, thin plates or scales. See Illust. of Antennæ. LAMELLIBRANCH La*mel"li*branch, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Lamellibranchia. Also used adjectively. LAMELLIBRANCHIA; LAMELLIBRANCHIATA La*mel`li*bran"chi*a, La*mel`li*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See lamella, and Branchia, Branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of Mollusca including all those that have bivalve shells, as the clams, oysters, mussels, etc. Note: They usually have two (rarely but one) flat, lamelliform gills on each side of the body. They have an imperfectly developed head, concealed within the shell, whence they are called Acephala. Called also Conchifera, and Pelecypoda. See Bivalve. LAMELLIBRANCHIATE Lam`el*li*bran"chi*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having lamellar gills; belonging to the Lamellibranchia. -- n. Defn: One of the Lamellibranchia. LAMELLICORN La*mel"li*corn, a. Etym: [Lamella + L. cornu a horn: cf. F. lamellicorne. See Lamella.] (Zoöl.) (a) Having antennæ terminating in a group of flat lamellæ; -- said of certain coleopterous insects. (b) Terminating in a group of flat lamellæ; -- said of antennæ. -- n. Defn: A lamellicorn insect. LAMELLICORNIA La*mel`li*cor"ni*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Lamellicorn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of lamellicorn, plant-eating beetles; -- called also Lamellicornes. LAMELLIFEROUS Lam`el*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Lamella + -ferous: cf. F. lamellifère.] Defn: Bearing, or composed of, lamellæ, or thin layers, plates, or scales; foliated. LAMELLIFORM La*mel"li*form, a. Etym: [Lamella + -form : cf. F. lamelliforme.] Defn: Thin and flat; scalelike; lamellar. LAMELLIROSTRAL Lam`el*li*ros"tral, a. Etym: [Lamella + rostral : cf. F. lamellirostre.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a lamellate bill, as ducks and geese. LAMELLIROSTRES La*mel`li*ros"tres, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Lamella, and Rostrum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of birds embracing the Anseres and flamingoes, in which the bill is lamellate. LAMELLOSE Lam"el*lose`, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lamelleux.] Defn: Composed of, or having, lamellæ; lamelliform. LAMELY Lame"ly, adv. Etym: [See Lame.] Defn: An a lame, crippled, disabled, or imperfect manner; as, to walk lamely; a figure lamely drawn. LAMENESS Lame"ness, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being lame; as, the lameness of an excuse or an argument. LAMENT La*ment", v. i. Etym: [F. lamenter, L. lamentari, fr. lamentum a lament.] Defn: To express or feel sorrow; to weep or wail; to mourn. Jeremiah lamented for Josiah. 2 Chron. xxxv. 25. Ye shall weep and lament, but the world shall rejoice. John xvi. 20. LAMENT La*ment", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lamented; p. pr. & vb. n. Lamenting.] Defn: To mourn for; to bemoan; to bewail. One laughed at follies, one lamented crimes. Dryden. Syn. -- To deplore; mourn; bewail. See Deplore. LAMENT La*ment", n. Etym: [L. lamentum. Cf. Lament, v.] 1. Grief or sorrow expressed in complaints or cries; lamentation; a wailing; a moaning; a weeping. Torment, and loud lament, and furious rage. Milton. 2. An elegy or mournful ballad, or the like. LAMENTABLE Lam"en*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. lamentabilis : cf. F. lamentable.] 1. Mourning; sorrowful; expressing grief; as, a lamentable countenance. "Lamentable eye." Spenser. 2. Fitted to awaken lament; to be lamented; sorrowful; pitiable; as, a lamentable misfortune, or error. "Lamentable helplessness." Burke. 3. Miserable; pitiful; paltry; -- in a contemptuous or Bp. Stillingfleet. -- Lam"en*ta*ble*ness, n. -- Lam"en*ta*bly, adv. LAMENTATION Lam`en*ta"tion, n. Etym: [F. lamentation, L. lamentatio.] 1. The act of bewailing; audible expression of sorrow; wailing; moaning. In Rama was there a voice heard, lamentation and weeping Matt. ii. 18. 2. pl. (Script.) Defn: A book of the Old Testament attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and taking its name from the nature of its contents. LAMENTED La*ment"ed, a. Defn: Mourned for; bewailed. This humble praise,lamented shade ! receive. Pope. LAMENTER La*ment"er (, n. Defn: One who laments. LAMENTIN La*men"tin, n. Defn: See Lamantin. LAMENTING La*ment"ing, n. Defn: Lamentation. Lamentings heard i' the air. Shak. LAMENTINGLY La*ment"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a lamenting manner. LAMES Lames, n. pl. Etym: [F. lame a thin plate, L. lamina.] (Armor) Defn: Small steel plates combined together so as to slide one upon the form a piece of armor. LAMETTA La*met"ta, n. Etym: [Cf. It. lametta, dim of lama a thin plate.] Defn: Foil or wire made of gold, silver, or brass. De Colange. LAMIA La"mi*a, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A monster capable of assuming a woman's form, who was said to devour human beings or suck their blood; a vampire; a sorceress; a with. LAMINA Lam"i*na, n.; pl. L. Lamella. 1. A thin plate or scale; a laying over another; -- said of thin plates or platelike substances, as of bone or minerals. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The blade of a leaf; the broad, expanded portion of a petal or sepal of a flower. Gray. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A thin plate or scale; specif., one of the thin, flat processes composing the vane of a feather. LAMINABILITY Lam`i*na*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being laminable. LAMINABLE Lam"i*na*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being split into laminæ or thin plates, as mica; capable of being extended under pressure into a thin plate or strip. When a body can be readily extended in all directions under the hammer, it is said to be malleable; and when into fillets under the rolling press, it is said to be laminable. Ure. LAMINAR; LAMINAL Lam"i*nar, Lam"i*nal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. laminaire. See Lamina] Defn: In, or consisting of, thin plates or layers; having the form of a thin plate or lamina. LAMINARIA Lam`i*na"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Lamina.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of great seaweeds with long and broad fronds; kelp, or devil's apron. The fronds commonly grow in clusters, and are sometimes from thirty to fifty feet in length. See Illust. of Kelp. LAMINARIAN Lam`i*na"ri*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to seaweeds of the genus Laminaria, or to that zone of the sea (from two to ten fathoms in depth) where the seaweeds of this genus grow. LAMINARITE Lam"i*na*rite, n. Etym: [See Lamina.] (Paleon.) Defn: A broad-leafed fossil alga. LAMINARY Lam"i*na*ry, a. Defn: Laminar. LAMINATE Lam"i*nate, a. Etym: [See Lamina.] Defn: Consisting of, or covered with, laminæ, or thin plates, scales, or layers, one over another; laminated. LAMINATE Lam"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Laminating.] Etym: [See Lamina.] 1. To cause to separate into thin plates or layers; to divide into thin plates. 2. To form, as metal, into a thin plate, as by rolling. LAMINATE Lam"i*nate, v. i. Defn: To separate into laminæ. LAMINATED Lam"i*na`ted, a. Defn: Laminate. Laminated arch (Arch.), a timber arch made of layers of bent planks secured by treenails. LAMINATING Lam"i*na`ting, a. Defn: Forming, or separating into, scales or thin layers. LAMINATION Lam`i*na"tion, n. Defn: The process of laminating, or the state of being laminated. LAMINIFEROUS Lam`i*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Lamina + -ferous.] Defn: Having a structure consisting of laminæ, or thin layers. LAMINIPLANTAR Lam`i*ni*plan"tar, a. Etym: [Lamina + L. planta sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the tarsus covered behind with a horny sheath continuous on both sides, as in most singing birds, except the larks. LAMINITIS Lam`i*ni"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Lamina, and -itis.] (Far.) Defn: Inflammation of the laminæ or fleshy plates along the coffin bone of a horse; founder. Youatt. LAMISH Lam"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat lame. Wood. LAMM Lamm, v. t. Defn: See Lam. LAMMAS Lam"mas, n. Etym: [AS. hlammesse, hlafmæsse, loaf mass, bread feast, or feast of first fruits; hlaf loaf + mæsse mass. See Loaf, and Mass religious service.] Defn: The first day of August; -- called also Lammas day, and Lammastide. LAMMERGEIR; LAMMERGEIER Lam"mer*geir, Lam"mer*gei`er, n. Etym: [G. lämmergeier; lamm, pl. lämmer, lamb + geier vulture.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large vulture (Gypaëtus barbatus), which inhabits the mountains of Southern Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa. When full- grown it is nine or ten feet in extent of wings. It is brownish black above, with the under parts and neck rusty yellow; the forehead and crown white; the sides of the head and beard black. It feeds partly on carrion and partly on small animals, which it kills. It has the habit of carrying tortoises and marrow bones to a great height, and dropping them on stones to obtain the contents, and is therefore called bonebreaker and ossifrage. It is supposed to be the ossifrage of the Bible. Called also bearded vulture and bearded eagle. [Written also lammergeyer.] LAMNUNGUIA Lam*nun"gui*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. lamina a scale + unguis a nail.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Hyracoidea. LAMP Lamp, n.Etym: [OE. (with excrescent p), fr. F. lame, L. lamina. See Lamina.] Defn: A thin plate or lamina. [Obs.] Chaucer. LAMP Lamp, n. Etym: [F. lampe, L. lampas, -adis, fr. Gr. Lampad, Lantern.] 1. A light-producing vessel, instrument or apparatus; especially, a vessel with a wick used for the combustion of oil or other inflammable liquid, for the purpose of producing artificial light. 2. Figuratively, anything which enlightens intellectually or morally; anything regarded metaphorically a performing the uses of a lamp. Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path. Ps. cxix. 105. Ages elapsed ere Homer's lamp appeared. Cowper. 3. (Elec.) Defn: A device or mechanism for producing light by electricity. See Incandescent lamp, under Incandescent. Æolipile lamp, a hollow ball of copper containing alcohol which is converted into vapor by a lamp beneath, so as to make a powerful blowpipe flame when the vapor is ignited. Weale. -- Arc lamp (Elec.), a form of lamp in which the voltaic arc is used as the source of light. -- Dëbereiner's lamp, an apparatus for the instantaneous production of a flame by the spontaneous ignition of a jet of hydrogen on being led over platinum sponge; -- named after the German chemist Döbereiner, who invented it. Called also philosopher's lamp. -- Flameless lamp, an aphlogistic lamp. -- Lamp burner, the part of a lamp where the wick is exposed and ignited. Knight. -- Lamp fount, a reservoir for oil, in a lamp. -- Lamp jack. See 2d Jack, n., 4 (l) & (n). -- Lamp shade, a screen, as of paper, glass, or tin, for softening or obstructing the light of a lamp. -- Lamp shell (Zoöl.), any brachiopod shell of the genus Terebratula and allied genera. The name refers to the shape, which is like that of an antique lamp. See Terebratula. -- Safety lamp, a miner's lamp in which the flame is surrounded by fine wire gauze, preventing the kindling of dangerous explosive gases; -- called also, from Sir Humphry Davy the inventor, Davy lamp. -- To smell of the lamp, to bear marks of great study and labor, as a literary composition. LAMPAD Lam"pad, n. Etym: [Gr. Lamp.] Defn: A lamp or candlestick. [R.] By him who 'mid the golden lampads went. Trench. LAMPADIST Lam"pa*dist, n. Etym: [Gr. Lamp.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: One who gained the prize in the lampadrome. LAMPADROME Lam"pa*drome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A race run by young men with lighted torches in their hands. He who reached the goal first, with his torch unextinguished, gained the prize. LAMPAS Lam"pas, n. Etym: [F. lampas.] Defn: An inflammation and swelling of the soft parts of the roof of the mouth immediately behind the fore teeth in the horse; -- called also lampers. LAMPATE Lam"pate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lampate.] (Chem.) Defn: A supposed salt of lampic acid. [Obs.] LAMPBLACK Lamp"black`, n. Etym: [Lamp + black.] Defn: The fine impalpable soot obtained from the smoke of carbonaceous substances which have been only partly burnt, as in the flame of a smoking lamp. It consists of finely divided carbon, with sometimes a very small proportion of various impurities. It is used as an ingredient of printers' ink, and various black pigments and cements. LAMPER EEL Lam"per eel`. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Lamprey. LAMPERN Lam"pern, n. Etym: [See Lamprey.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The river lamprey (Ammocoetes, or Lampetra, fluviatilis). Note: The name is also applied to other river lampreys. LAMPERS Lam"pers, n. Defn: See Lampas. LAMPIC Lam"pic, a. Etym: [F. lampique, fr. lampe lamp. See Lamp.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or produced by, a lamp; -- formerly said of a supposed acid. LAMPING Lamp"ing, a. Defn: Shining; brilliant. [Obs.] "Lamping eyes." Spenser. LAMPLESS Lamp"less, a. Defn: Being without a lamp, or without light; hence, being without appreciation; dull. Your ladies' eyes are lampless to that virtue. Beau. & Fl. LAMPLIGHT Lamp"light`, n. Defn: Light from a lamp. This world's artificial lamplights. Owen Meredith. LAMPLIGHTER Lamp"light`er, n. 1. One who, or that which, lights a lamp; esp., a person who lights street lamps. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The calico bass. LAMPOON Lam*poon", n. Etym: [F. lampon a drinking song, fr. lampons let us drink, -- the burden of such a song, fr. lamper to guzzle, to drink much and greedily; of German origin, and akin to E. lap to drink. Prob. so called because drinking songs often contain personal slander or satire.] Defn: A personal satire in writing; usually, malicious and abusive censure written only to reproach and distress. Like her who missed her name in a lampoon, And grieved to find herself decayed so soon. Dryden. LAMPOON Lam*poon", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lampooned; p. pr. & vb. n. Lampooning.] Defn: To subject to abusive ridicule expressed in writing; to make the subject of a lampoon. Ribald poets had lampooned him. Macaulay. Syn. -- To libel; defame; satirize; lash. LAMPOONER Lam*poon"er, n. Defn: The writer of a lampoon. "Libelers, lampooners, and pamphleteers." Tatler. LAMPOONRY Lam*poon"ry, n. Defn: The act of lampooning; a lampoon, or lampoons. LAMP-POST Lamp"-post`, n. Defn: A post (generally a pillar of iron) supporting a lamp or lantern for lighting a street, park, etc. LAMPREL Lam"prel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Lamprey. LAMPREY Lam"prey, n. ; pl. Lampreys. Etym: [OE. lampreie, F. lamproie, LL. lampreda, lampetra, from L. lambere to lick + petra rock, stone. The lampreys are so called because they attach themselves with their circular mouths to rocks and stones, whence they are also called rocksuckers. See Lap to drink, Petrify.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An eel-like marsipobranch of the genus Petromyzon, and allied genera. The lampreys have a round, sucking mouth, without jaws, but set with numerous minute teeth, and one to three larger teeth on the palate (see Illust. of Cyclostomi). There are seven small branchial openings on each side. [Written also lamper eel, lamprel, and lampron.] Note: The common or sea lamprey of America and Europe (Petromyzon marinus), which in spring ascends rivers to spawn, is considered excellent food by many, and is sold as a market fish in some localities. The smaller river lampreys mostly belong to the genus Ammocoeles, or Lampetra, as A. fluviatilis, of Europe, and A. æpypterus of America. All lampreys attach themselves to other fishes, as parasites, by means of the suckerlike mouth. LAMPRON Lam"pron, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. lampreon. See Lamprey.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Lamprey. LAMPYRINE Lam*py"rine, n. Etym: [See Lampyris.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect of the genus Lampyris, or family Lampyridæ. See Lampyris. LAMPYRIS Lam*py"ris, n. Etym: [L., glowworm, Gr. ( (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of coleopterous insects, including the glowworms. LANARKITE Lan"ark*ite, n. Etym: [From Lanarkshire, a county in Scotland.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral consisting of sulphate of lead, occurring either massive or in long slender prisms, of a greenish white or gray color. LANARY La"na*ry, n. Etym: [L. lanaria, fr. lanarius belonging to wool, lana wool.] Defn: A place for storing wool. LANATE; LANATED La"nate, La"na*ted,Etym: [L. lanatus, fr. lana wool, down.] Defn: Wooly; covered with fine long hair, or hairlike filaments. LANCASHIRE BOILER La"ca*shire boil"er Defn: . A steam boiler having two flues which contain the furnaces and extend through the boiler from end to end. LANCASTERIAN Lan`cas*te"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the monitorial system of instruction followed by Joseph Lancaster, of England, in which advanced pupils in a school teach pupils below them. LANCE Lance, n. Etym: [OE. lance, F. lance, fr. L. lancea; cf. Gr. Launch.] 1. A weapon of war, consisting of a long shaft or handle and a steel blade or head; a spear carried by horsemen, and often decorated with a small flag; also, a spear or harpoon used by whalers and fishermen. A braver soldier never couched lance. Shak. 2. A soldier armed with a lance; a lancer. 3. (Founding) Defn: A small iron rod which suspends the core of the mold in casting a shell. 4. (Mil.) Defn: An instrument which conveys the charge of a piece of ordnance and forces it home. 5. (Pyrotech.) Defn: One of the small paper cases filled with combustible composition, which mark the outlines of a figure. Free lance, in the Middle Ages, and subsequently, a knight or roving soldier, who was free to engage for any state or commander that purchased his services; hence, a person who assails institutions or opinions on his own responsibility without regard to party lines or deference to authority. -- Lance bucket (Cavalry), a socket attached to a saddle or stirrup strap, in which to rest the but of a lance. -- Lance corporal, same as Lancepesade. -- Lance knight, a lansquenet. B. Jonson. -- Lance snake (Zoöl.), the fer-de-lance. -- Stink-fire lance (Mil.), a kind of fuse filled with a composition which burns with a suffocating odor; -- used in the counter operations of miners. To break a lance, to engage in a tilt or contest. LANCE Lance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lanced (; p. pr. & vb. n. Lancing.] 1. To pierce with a lance, or with any similar weapon. Seized the due victim, and with fury lanced Her back. Dryden. 2. To open with a lancet; to pierce; as, to lance a vein or an abscess. 3. To throw in the manner of a lance. See Lanch. LANCE FISH Lance" fish`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A slender marine fish of the genus Ammodytes, especially Ammodytes tobianus of the English coast; -- called also sand lance. LANCEGAY; LANCEGAYE Lance"gay`, Lance"gaye`, n. Etym: [OF. lancegaie, corrupted from the same source as E. assagai, under the influence of F. lance lance. See Assagai.] Defn: A kind of spear anciently used. Its use was prohibited by a statute of Richard II. Nares. In his hand a launcegay, A long sword by his side. Chaucer. LANCELET Lance"let, n. Etym: [Lance + -let.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small fishlike animal (Amphioxus lanceolatus), remarkable for the rudimentary condition of its organs. It is the type of the class Leptocardia. See Amphioxus, Leptocardia. LANCELY Lance"ly, a. Defn: Like a lance. [R.] Sir P. Sidney. LANCEOLAR Lan"ce*o*lar, a. Etym: [L. lanceola a little lance, dim. of lancea lance: cf. F. lancéolaire.] (Bot.) Defn: Lanceolate. LANCEOLATE; LANCEOLATED Lan"ce*o*late, Lan"ce*o*la`ted a. Etym: [L. lanceolatus: cf. F. lancéol. See Lanceolar.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Rather narrow, tapering to a point at the apex, and sometimes at the base also; as, a lanceolate leaf. LANCEPESADE Lance`pe*sade", n. Etym: [F. lancepessade, lanspessade, anspessade, It. lancia spezzata a broken lance or demilance, a demilance roan, a light horseman, bodyguard.] Defn: An assistant to a corporal; a private performing the duties of a corporal; -- called also lance corporal. LANCER Lan"cer, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lancier.] 1. One who lances; one who carries a lance; especially, a member of a mounted body of men armed with lances, attached to the cavalry service of some nations. Wilhelm. 2. A lancet. [Obs.] 3. pl. (Dancing) Defn: A set of quadrilles of a certain arrangement. [Written also lanciers.] LANCET Lan"cet, n. Etym: [F. lancette, dim. of lance lance. See Lance.] 1. A surgical instrument of various forms, commonly sharp-pointed and two-edged, used in venesection, and in opening abscesses, etc. 2. (Metal.) Defn: An iron bar used for tapping a melting furnace. Knight. Lancet arch (Arch.), a pointed arch, of which the width, or span, is narrow compared with the height. -- Lancet architecture, a name given to a style of architecture, in which lancet arches are common; -- peculiar to England and 13th century. -- Lancet fish. (Zoöl.) (a) A large, voracious, deep-sea fish (Alepidosaurus ferox), having long, sharp, lancetlike teeth. (b) The doctor, or surgeon fish. LANCEWOOD Lance"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tough, elastic wood, often used for the shafts of gigs, archery bows, fishing rods, and the like. Also, the tree which produces this wood, Duguetia Quitarensis (a native of Guiana and Cuba), and several other trees of the same family (Anonaseæ). Australian lancewood, a myrtaceous tree (Backhousia Australis). LANCH Lanch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lanched; p. pr. & vb. n. Lanching. See Lanching. See Launch, Lance.] Defn: To throw, as a lance; to let fly; to launch. See Whose arm can lanch the surer bolt. Dryden & Lee. LANCIFEROUS Lan*cif"er*ous, a Etym: [Lance + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing a lance. LANCIFORM Lan"ci*form, a Etym: [Lance + -form: cf. F. lanciforme.] Defn: Having the form of a lance. LANCINATE Lan"ci*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lancinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Lancinating.] Etym: [L. lancinatus, p. p. of lancinare to fear.] Defn: To tear; to lacerate; to pierce or stab. De Quincey. LANCINATING Lan"ci*na`ting, a. Defn: Piercing; seeming to pierce or stab; as, lancinating pains (i.e., severe, darting pains). LANCINATION Lan`ci*na"tion, n. Defn: A tearing; laceration. "Lancinations of the spirit." Jer. Taylor. LAND Land, n. Defn: Urine. See Lant. [Obs.] LAND Land, n. Etym: [AS. land, lond; akin to D., G., Icel., Sw., Dan., and Goth. land. ] 1. The solid part of the surface of the earth; -- opposed to water as constituting a part of such surface, especially to oceans and seas; as, to sight land after a long voyage. They turn their heads to sea, their sterns to land. Dryden. 2. Any portion, large or small, of the surface of the earth, considered by itself, or as belonging to an individual or a people, as a country, estate, farm, or tract. Go view the land, even Jericho. Josh. ii. 1. Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates and men decay. Goldsmith. Note: In the expressions "to be, or dwell, upon land," "to go, or fare, on land," as used by Chaucer, land denotes the country as distinguished from the town. A poor parson dwelling upon land [i.e., in the country]. Chaucer. 3. Ground, in respect to its nature or quality; soil; as, wet land; good or bad land. 4. The inhabitants of a nation or people. These answers, in the silent night received, The kind himself divulged, the land believed. Dryden. 5. The mainland, in distinction from islands. 6. The ground or floor. [Obs.] Herself upon the land she did prostrate. Spenser. 7. (Agric.) Defn: The ground left unplowed between furrows; any one of several portions into which a field is divided for convenience in plowing. 8. (Law) Defn: Any ground, soil, or earth whatsoever, as meadows, pastures, woods, etc., and everything annexed to it, whether by nature, as trees, water, etc., or by the hand of man, as buildings, fences, etc.; real estate. Kent. Bouvier. Burrill. 9. (Naut.) Defn: The lap of the strakes in a clinker-built boat; the lap of plates in an iron vessel; -- called also landing. Knight. 10. In any surface prepared with indentations, perforations, or grooves, that part of the surface which is not so treated, as the level part of a millstone between the furrows, or the surface of the bore of a rifled gun between the grooves. Land agent, a person employed to sell or let land, to collect rents, and to attend to other money matters connected with land. -- Land boat, a vehicle on wheels propelled by sails. -- Land blink, a peculiar atmospheric brightness seen from sea over distant snow-covered land in arctic regions. See Ice blink. -- Land breeze. See under Breeze. -- Land chain. See Gunter's chain. -- Land crab (Zoöl.), any one of various species of crabs which live much on the land, and resort to the water chiefly for the purpose of breeding. They are abundant in the West Indies and South America. Some of them grow to a large size. -- Land fish a fish on land; a person quite out of place.Shak. -- Land force, a military force serving on land, as distinguished from a naval force. -- Land, ho! (Naut.), a sailor's cry in announcing sight of land. -- Land ice, a field of ice adhering to the coast, in distinction from a floe. -- Land leech (Zoöl.), any one of several species of blood-sucking leeches, which, in moist, tropical regions, live on land, and are often troublesome to man and beast. -- Land measure, the system of measurement used in determining the area of land; also, a table of areas used in such measurement. -- Land, or House, of bondage, in Bible history, Egypt; by extension, a place or condition of special oppression. -- Land o' cakes, Scotland. -- Land of Nod, sleep. -- Land of promise, in Bible history, Canaan: by extension, a better country or condition of which one has expectation. -- Land of steady habits, a nickname sometimes given to the State of Connecticut. -- Land office, a government office in which the entries upon, and sales of, public land are registered, and other business respecting the public lands is transacted. [U.S.] -- Land pike. (Zoöl.) (a) The gray pike, or sauger. (b) The Menobranchus. -- Land service, military service as distinguished from naval service. -- Land rail. (Zoöl) (a) The crake or corncrake of Europe. See Crake. (b) An Australian rail (Hypotænidia Phillipensis); -- called also pectoral rail. -- Land scrip, a certificate that the purchase money for a certain portion of the public land has been paid to the officer entitled to receive it. [U.S.] -- Land shark, a swindler of sailors on shore. [Sailors' Cant] -- Land side (a) That side of anything in or on the sea, as of an island or ship, which is turned toward the land. (b) The side of a plow which is opposite to the moldboard and which presses against the unplowed land. -- Land snail (Zoöl.), any snail which lives on land, as distinguished from the aquatic snails are Pulmonifera, and belong to the Geophila; but the operculated land snails of warm countries are Dioecia, and belong to the Tænioglossa. See Geophila, and Helix. -- Land spout, a descent of cloud and water in a conical form during the occurrence of a tornado and heavy rainfall on land. -- Land steward, a person who acts for another in the management of land, collection of rents, etc. -- Land tortoise, Land turtle (Zoöl.), any tortoise that habitually lives on dry land, as the box tortoise. See Tortoise. -- Land warrant, a certificate from the Land Office, authorizing a person to assume ownership of a public land. [U.S.] -- Land wind. Same as Land breeze (above). -- To make land (Naut.), to sight land. To set the land, to see by the compass how the land bears from the ship. -- To shut in the land, to hide the land, as when fog, or an intervening island, obstructs the view. LAND Land, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Landed; p. pr. & vb. n. Landing.] 1. To set or put on shore from a ship or other water craft; to disembark; to debark. I 'll undertake top land them on our coast. Shak. 2. To catch and bring to shore; to capture; as, to land a fish. 3. To set down after conveying; to cause to fall, alight, or reach; to bring to the end of a course; as, he landed the quoit near the stake; to be thrown from a horse and landed in the mud; to land one in difficulties or mistakes. LAND Land, v. i. Defn: To go on shore from a ship or boat; to disembark; to come to the end of a course. LANDAMMAN Lan"dam*man, n. Etym: [G. Landamman; land land, country + amimann bailiff. See Land, and Ambassador.] 1. A chief magistrate in some of the Swiss cantons. 2. The president of the diet of the Helvetic republic. LANDAU Lan"dau, n. Etym: [From the town Ladau in Germany; cf. F. landau. See Land, Island.] Defn: A four-wheeled covered vehicle, the top of which is divided into two sections which can be let down, or thrown back, in such a manner as to make an open carriage. [Written also landaw.] LANDAULET Lan`dau*let", n. Etym: [Cf. F. landaulet, dim, of landau. See Landau.] Defn: A small landau. LANDDROST; LANDTROST Land"drost`, n.; pl. -drosten (#). Sometimes incorrectly Landtrost. [D., fr. land land + drost a kind of official; akin to G. truchsess.] In Cape Colony: (a) A chief magistrate in rural districts. He was replaced in 1827 by "resident magistrates." (b) The president of the Heemraad. LANDED Land"ed, a. 1. Having an estate in land. The House of Commons must consist, for the most part, of landed men. Addison. 2. Consisting in real estate or land; as, landed property; landed security. LANDER Land"er, n. 1. One who lands, or makes a landing. "The lander in a lonely isle." Tennyson. 2. (Mining) Defn: A person who waits at the mouth of the shaft to receive the kibble of ore. LANDFALL Land"fall, n. 1. A sudden transference of property in land by the death of its owner. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Sighting or making land when at sea. A good landfall (Naut.), the sighting of land in conformity with the navigator's reckoning and expectation. LANDFLOOD Land"flood`, n. Defn: An overflowing of land by river; an inundation; a freshet. Clarendon. LANDGRAVE Land"grave`, n. Etym: [G. landgraf; land land + graf earl, count; cf. D. landgraaf, F. landgrave.] Defn: A German nobleman of a rank corresponding to that of an earl in England and of a count in France. Note: The title was first adopted by some German counts in the twelfth century, to distinguish themselves from the inferior counts under their jurisdiction. Three of them were princes of the empire. LANDGRAVIATE Land*gra"vi*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. landgraviat.] 1. The territory held by a landgrave. 2. The office, jurisdiction, or authority of a landgrave. LANDGRAVINE Land"gra*vine, n. Etym: [G. landgräfin; cf. D. landgravin.] Defn: The wife of a landgrave. LANDHOLDER Land"hold`er, n. Defn: A holder, owner, or proprietor of land. -- Land"hold`ing, n. & a. LANDING Land"ing, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to or used for, setting, bringing, or going, on shore. Landing charges, charges or fees paid on goods unloaded from a vessel. -- Landing net, a small, bag-shaped net, used in fishing to take the fish from the water after being hooked. -- Landing stage, a floating platform attached at one end to a wharf in such a manner as to rise and fall with the tide, and thus facilitate passage between the wharf and a vessel lying beside the stage. -- Landing waiter, a customhouse officer who oversees the landing of goods, etc., from vessels; a landwaiter. LANDING Land"ing, n. 1. A going or bringing on shore. 2. A place for landing, as from a ship, a carriage. etc. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The level part of a staircase, at the top of a flight of stairs, or connecting one flight with another. Landing place. me as Landing, n., 2 and 3. LANDLADY Land"la`dy, n.; pl. Landladies. Etym: [Cf. Landlord.] 1. A woman having real estate which she leases to a tenant or tenants. 2. The mistress of an inn or lodging house. LAND LEAGUE Land League. Defn: In Ireland, a combination of tenant farmers and other, organized, with Charles Stewart Parnell as president, in 1879 with a view to the reduction of farm rents and a reconstruction of the land laws. -- Land"*lea`guer (#), n. -- Land"*lea`guism (#), n. The Land League, of which Machael Davitt was the founder, originated in Mayo in August, and at a Dublin in October the organization was extended to all Ireland, with Parnell as president. Encyc. Brit. LANDLEAPER Land"leap`er, n. Defn: See Landlouper. LANDLESS Land"less, a. Defn: Having no property in land. LANDLOCK Land"lock`, v. t. Defn: To inclose, or nearly inclose, as a harbor or a vessel, with land. LANDLOCKED Land"locked`, a. 1. Inclosed, or nearly inclosed, by land. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Confined to a fresh-water lake by reason of waterfalls or dams; -- said of fishes that would naturally seek the sea, after spawning; as, the landlocked salmon. LANDLOPER Land"lo`per, n. Defn: Same as Landlouper. LANDLORD Land"lord`, n. Etym: [See Land, and Lord.] 1. The lord of a manor, or of land; the owner of land or houses which he leases to a tenant or tenants. 2. The master of an inn or of a lodging house. Upon our arrival at the inn, my companion fetched out the jolly landlord. Addison. LANDLORDISM Land"lord`ism, n. Defn: The state of being a landlord; the characteristics of a landlord; specifically, in Great Britain, the relation of landlords to tenants, especially as regards leased agricultural lands. J. S. Mill. LANDLORDRY Land"lord`ry, n. Defn: The state of a landlord. [Obs.] LANDLOUPER Land"loup`er, n. Etym: [D. landlooper, lit., landrunner; land land + loopen to run. See Land, and Leap.] Defn: A vagabond; a vagrant. [Written also landleaper and landloper.] "Bands of landloupers." Moltey. LANDLOUPING Land"loup`ing, a. Defn: Vagrant; wandering about. LANDLUBBER Land"lub`ber, n. Etym: [Prop. fr. land + lubber, or possibly corrupted fr. laudlouper.] (Naut.) Defn: One who passes his life on land; -- so called among seamen in contempt or ridicule. LANDMAN Land"man, n.; pl. Landmen (. 1. A man who lives or serves on land; -- opposed to seaman. 2. (Eng.) Defn: An occupier of land. Cowell. LANDMARK Land"mark`, n. Etym: [AS. landmearc. See Land, and Mark a sign.] 1. A mark to designate the boundary of land; any , mark or fixed object (as a marked tree, a stone, a ditch, or a heap of stones) by which the limits of a farm, a town, or other portion of territory may be known and preserved. 2. Any conspicuous object on land that serves as a guide; some prominent object, as a hill or steeple. Landmarks of history, important events by which eras or conditions are determined. LAND OF STEADY HABITS Land of Steady Habits. Defn: Connecticut; -- a nickname alluding to the moral character of its inhabitants, implied by the rigid laws (see Blue laws) of the early period. LANDOWNER Land"own`er, n. Defn: An owner of land. LANDOWNING Land"own`ing, n. Defn: The owning of land. -- a. Defn: Having property in land; of or pertaining to landowners. LAND-POOR Land"-poor`, a. Defn: Pecuniarily embarrassed through owning much unprofitable land. [Colloq.] LANDREEVE Land"reeve`, n. Etym: [Land + reeve an officer.] Defn: A subordinate officer on an extensive estate, who acts as an assistant to the steward. LANDSCAPE Land"scape, n. [Formerly written also landskip.] Etym: [D. landschap; land land + -schap, equiv. to E. -schip; akin to G. landschaft, Sw. landskap, Dan. landskab. See Land, and -schip.] 1. A portion of land or territory which the eye can comprehend in a single view, including all the objects it contains. 2. A picture representing a scene by land or sea, actual or fancied, the chief subject being the general aspect of nature, as fields, hills, forests, water. etc. 3. The pictorial aspect of a country. The landscape of his native country had taken hold on his heart. Macaulay. Landscape gardening, The art of laying out grounds and arranging trees, shrubbery, etc., in such a manner as to produce a picturesque effect. LANDSCAPIST Land"scap`ist, n. Defn: A painter of landscapes. LANDSKIP Land"skip, n. Etym: [See Landscape.] Defn: A landscape. [Obs. except in poetry.] Straight my eye hath caught new pleasures, Whilst the landskip round it measures. Milton. LANDSLIP; LANDSLIDE Land"slip`, Land"slide`, n. 1. The slipping down of a mass of land from a mountain, hill, etc. 2. The land which slips down. LANDSMAN Lands"man, n.; pl. Landsmen. 1. One who lives on the land; -- opposed to seaman. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A sailor on his first voyage. LANDSTHING Lands"thing`, n. [Dan. landsthing, landsting, fr. land land + thing, ting, parliament. See Land; Thing.] (Denmark.) Defn: See Legislature, below. LANDSTORM Land"storm`, n. [Sw.] Defn: See Varnpligtige. LANDSTREIGHT Land"streight`, n. Etym: [See Strait.] Defn: A narrow strip of land. [Obs.] LANDSTURM Land"sturm`, n. Etym: [G. See Land, and Storm.] Defn: That part of the reserve force in Germany which is called out last. LANDTAG Land"tag`, n. Etym: [G. See Land, and Day.] Defn: The diet or legislative body; as, the Landtag of Prussia. LANDWAITER Land"wait`er, n. Defn: See Landing waiter, under Landing, a. LANDWARD Land"ward, adv. & a. Defn: Toward the land. LANDWEHR Land"wehr`, n. Etym: [G., fr. land land, country + wehr defense.] Defn: That part of the army, in Germany and Austria, which has completed the usual military service and is exempt from duty in time of peace, except that it is called out occasionally for drill. LANE Lane, a. Etym: [See Lone.] Defn: Alone [Scot.] His lane, by himself; himself alone. LANE Lane, n. Etym: [OE. lane, lone, AS. lone, lone; akin to D. laan, OFries. lana, lona.] Defn: A passageway between fences or hedges which is not traveled as a highroad; an alley between buildings; a narrow way among trees, ras, a lane between lines of men, or through a field of ice. It is become a turn-again lane unto them which they can not go through. Tyndale. LANG Lang, a. & adv. Defn: Long. [Obs. or Scot.] LANGAHA Lan"ga*ha, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A curious colubriform snake of the genus Xyphorhynchus, from Madagascar. It is brownish red, and its hose is prolonged in the form of a sharp blade. LANGAREY Lan`ga*rey", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of numerous species of long-winged, shrikelike birds of Australia and the East Indies, of the genus Artamus, and allied genera; called also wood swallow. LANGATE Lan"gate, n. (Surg.) Defn: A linen roller used in dressing wounds. LANGDAK Lang"dak`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A wolf (Canis pallipes), found in India, allied to the jackal. LANGRAGE; LANGREL Lan"grage, Lan"grel, n. Defn: A kind of shot formerly used at sea for tearing sails and rigging. It consisted of bolts, nails, and other pieces of iron fastened together or inclosed in a canister. LANGRET Lan"gret, n. Defn: A kind of loaded die. [Obs.] LANGRIDGE Lan"gridge, n. Defn: See Langrage. Note: [Sometimes compounded with shot.] LANGSYNE Lang`syne", adv. & n. Etym: [Scot. lang long + syne since.] Defn: Long since; long ago. [Scot.] LANGTERALOO Lang`ter*a*loo", n. Etym: [See Loo.] Defn: An old game at cards. See Loo (a) Tatler. LANGUAGE Lan"guage, n. Etym: [OE. langage, F. langage, fr. L. lingua the tongue, hence speech, language; akin to E. tongue. See Tongue, cf. Lingual.] 1. Any means of conveying or communicating ideas; specifically, human speech; the expression of ideas by the voice; sounds, expressive of thought, articulated by the organs of the throat and mouth. Note: Language consists in the oral utterance of sounds which usage has made the representatives of ideas. When two or more persons customarily annex the same sounds to the same ideas, the expression of these sounds by one person communicates his ideas to another. This is the primary sense of language, the use of which is to communicate the thoughts of one person to another through the organs of hearing. Articulate sounds are represented to the eye by letters, marks, or characters, which form words. 2. The expression of ideas by writing, or any other instrumentality. 3. The forms of speech, or the methods of expressing ideas, peculiar to a particular nation. 4. The characteristic mode of arranging words, peculiar to an individual speaker or writer; manner of expression; style. Others for language all their care express. Pope. 5. The inarticulate sounds by which animals inferior to man express their feelings or their wants. 6. The suggestion, by objects, actions, or conditions, of ideas associated therewith; as, the language of flowers. There was . . . language in their very gesture. Shak. 7. The vocabulary and phraseology belonging to an art or department of knowledge; as, medical language; the language of chemistry or theology. 8. A race, as distinguished by its speech. [R.] All the people, the nations, and the languages, fell down and worshiped the golden image. Dan. iii. 7. Language master, a teacher of languages.[Obs.] Syn. -- Speech; tongue; idiom; dialect; phraseology; diction; discourse; conversation; talk. -- Language, Speech, Tongue, Idiom, Dialect. Language is generic, denoting, in its most extended use, any mode of conveying ideas; speech is the language of articulate sounds; tongue is the Anglo- Saxon tern for language, esp. for spoken language; as, the English tongue. Idiom denotes the forms of construction peculiar to a particular language; dialects are varieties if expression which spring up in different parts of a country among people speaking substantially the same language. LANGUAGE Lan"guage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Languaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Languaging.] Defn: To communicate by language; to express in language. Others were languaged in such doubtful expressions that they have a double sense. Fuller. LANGUAGED Lan"guaged, a. Defn: Having a language; skilled in language; -- chiefly used in composition. " Manylanguaged nations." Pope. LANGUAGELESS Lan"guage*less, a. Defn: Lacking or wanting language; speechless; silent. Shak. LANGUED Langued, a. Etym: [F. langue tongue. See Language.] (Her.) Defn: Tongued; having the tongue visible. Lions . . . represented as armed and langued gules. Cussans. LANGUE D'OC Langue` d'oc". Etym: [F., language of oc yes.] Defn: The dialect, closely akin to French, formerly spoken south of the Loire (in which the word for "yes" was oc); Provencal. LANGUE D'OIL Langue` d'oïl". Etym: [F., language of oïl yes.] Defn: The dialect formerly spoken north of the Loire (in which the word for "yes" was oïl, F. oui). LANGUENTE Lan*guen"te, adv. Etym: [It., p. pr. of languire. See Languish.] (Mus.) Defn: In a languishing manner; pathetically. LANGUET Lan"guet, n. Etym: [F. languette, dim. of langue tongue, L. lingua.] 1. Anything resembling the tongue in form or office; specif., the slip of metal in an organ pipe which turns the current of air toward its mouth. 2. That part of the hilt, in certain kinds of swords, which overlaps the scabbard. LANGUID Lan"guid, a. Etym: [L. languidus, fr. languere to be faint or languid: cf. F. languide. See Languish.] 1. Drooping or flagging from exhaustion; indisposed to exertion; without animation; weak; weary; heavy; dull. " Languid, powerless limbs. " Armstrong. Fire their languid souls with Cato's virtue. Addison. 2. Slow in progress; tardy. " No motion so swift or languid." Bentley. 3. Promoting or indicating weakness or heaviness; as, a languid day. Feebly she laugheth in the languid moon. Keats. Their idleness, aimless and languid airs. W. Black. Syn. -- Feeble; weak; faint; sickly; pining; exhausted; weary; listless; heavy; dull; heartless. -- Lan"guid*ly, adv. -- Lan"guid*ness, n. LANGUISH Lan"guish, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Languished; p. pr. & vb. n. Languishing.] Etym: [OE. languishen, languissen, F. languir, L. languere; cf. Gr. lakra to lag behind; prob. akin to E. lag, lax, and perh. to E. slack.See -ish.] 1. To become languid or weak; to lose strength or animation; to be or become dull, feeble or spiritless; to pine away; to wither or fade. We . . . do languish of such diseases. 2 Esdras viii. 31. Cease, fond nature, cease thy strife, And let me landguish into life. Pope. For the fields of Heshbon languish. Is. xvi. 8. 2. To assume an expression of weariness or tender grief, appealing for sympathy. Tennyson. Syn. -- To pine; wither; fade; droop; faint. LANGUISH Lan"guish, v. i. Defn: To cause to dr [Obs.] Shak. Dryden. LANGUISH Lan"guish, n. Defn: See Languishiment. [Obs. or Poetic] What, of death, too, That rids our dogs of languish Shak. And the blue languish of soft Allia's eye. Pope. LANGUISHER Lan"guish*er, n. Defn: One who languishes. LANGUISHING Lan"guish*ing, a. 1. Becoming languid and weak; pining; losing health and strength. 2. Amorously pensive; as, languishing eyes, or look. LANGUISHINGLY Lan"guish*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a languishing manner. LANGUISHMENT Lan"guish*ment, n. 1. The state of languishing. " Lingering languishment." Shak. 2. Tenderness of look or mien; amorous pensiveness. LANGUISHNESS Lan"guish*ness, n. Defn: Languishment. [Obs.] LANGUOR Lan"guor, n. Etym: [OE. langour, OF. langour, F. langueur, L. languor. See Languish.] 1. A state of the body or mind which is caused by exhaustion of strength and characterized by a languid feeling; feebleness; lassitude; laxity. 2. Any enfeebling disease. [Obs.] Sick men with divers languors. Wyclif (Luke iv. 40). 3. Listless indolence; dreaminess. Pope. " German dreams, Italian languors." The Century. Syn. -- Feebleness; weakness; faintness; weariness; dullness; heaviness; lassitude; listlessness. LANGUOROUS Lan"guor*ous, a. Etym: [From Languor: cf. F. langoureux.] Defn: Producing, or tending to produce, languor; characterized by languor. [Obs. or Poetic] Whom late I left in languorous constraint. Spenser. To wile the length from languorous hours, and draw The sting from pain. Tennyson. LANGURE Lan"gure, v. i. Defn: To languish. [Obs.] Chaucer. LANGYA Lan"gya, n. (Zoöl.) Etym: [Native name Anglicized.] Defn: One of several species of East Indian and Asiatic fresh-water fishes of the genus Ophiocephalus, remarkable for their power of living out of water, and for their tenacity of life; -- called also walking fishes. LANIARD Lan"iard, n. Defn: See Lanyard. LANIARIFORM La`ni*ar"i*form, a. Etym: [Laniary + -form.] (Anat.) Defn: Shaped like a laniary, or canine, tooth. Owen. LANIARY La"ni*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. laniarius, fr. lanius butcher, laniare to tear in pieces: cf. F. laniaire.] (Anat.) Defn: Lacerating or tearing; as, the laniary canine teeth. LANIARY La"ni*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. Laniary, a.] 1. The shambles; a place of slaughter. [R.] 2. (Anat.) Defn: A laniary, or canine, tooth. LANIATE La"ni*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. laniatus, p. p. of laniare.] Defn: To tear in pieces. [R.] LANIATION La`ni*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. laniatio.] Defn: A tearing in pieces. [R.] LANIER Lan"ier, n. Etym: [F. lanière. See Lanyard.] [Written also lanner, lanyer.] 1. A thong of leather; a whip lash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. A strap used to fasten together parts of armor, to hold the shield by, and the like. Fairholt. LANIFEROUS La*nif"er*ous, n. Etym: [L. lanifer; lana wool + ferre to bear: cf. F. lanifère.] Defn: Bearing or producing wool. LANIFICAL La*nif"i*cal, a. Etym: [L. lanificus; lana wool + facere to make.] Defn: Working in wool. LANIFICE Lan"i*fice, n. Etym: [L. lanificium: cf. OF. lanifice.] Defn: Anything made of wool. [Obs.] Bacon. LANIGEROUS La*nig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. laniger; lano wool + gerere to hear.] Defn: Bearing or producing wool. LANIOID La"ni*oid, a. Etym: [NL. Lanius (fr. L. lanius a butcher), the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the shrikes (family Laniidæ). LANK Lank, a. [Compar. Lanker; superl. Lankest.] Etym: [AS. hlanc; cf. G. lenken to turn, gelenk joint, OHG. hlanca hip, side, flank, and E. link of a chain.] 1. Slender and thin; not well filled out; not plump; shrunken; lean. Meager and lank with fasting grown. Swift. Who would not choose . . . to have rather a lank purse than an empty brain Barrow. 2. Languid; drooping.[Obs.] Who, piteous of her woes, reared her lank head. Milton. Lank hair, long, thin hair. Macaulay. LANK Lank, v. i. & t. Defn: To become lank; to make lank. [Obs.] Shak. G. Fletcher. LANKINESS Lank"i*ness, n. Defn: The condition or quality or being lanky. LANKLY Lank"ly, adv. Defn: In a lank manner. LANKNESS Lank"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being lank. LANKY Lank"y, a. Defn: Somewhat lank. Thackeray. The lanky Dinka, nearly seven feet in height. The Century. LANNER; LANNERET Lan"ner, n. f. Lan"ner*et, n. m. Etym: [F. lanier, OF. also, lasnier. Cf. Lanyard.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A long-tailed falcon (Falco lanarius), of Southern Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa, resembling the American prairie falcon. LANOLIN Lan"o*lin, n. Etym: [L. lana wool + oleum oil.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A peculiar fatlike body, made up of cholesterin and certain fatty acids, found in feathers, hair, wool, and keratin tissues generally. Note: Under the same name, it is prepared from wool for commercial purposes, and forms an admirable basis for ointments, being readily absorbed by the skin. LANSEH Lan"seh, n. Defn: The small, whitish brown fruit of an East Indian tree (Lansium domesticum). It has a fleshy pulp, with an agreeable subacid taste. Balfour. LANSQUENET Lans"que*net, n. Etym: [F., fr. G. landsknecht a foot soldier, also a game of cards introduced by these foot soldiers; land country + knecht boy, servant. See Land, and Knight.] 1. A German foot soldier in foreign service in the 15th and 16th centuries; a soldier of fortune; -- a term used in France and Western Europe. 2. A game at cards, vulgarly called lambskinnet. [They play] their little game of lansquenet. Longfellow. LANT Lant, n. Defn: Urine. [Prov. Eng.] Nares. LANT Lant, n. Etym: [Cf. Lance.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small, slender, marine fishes of the genus Ammedytes. The common European species (A. tobianus) and the American species (A. Americanus) live on sandy shores, buried in the sand, and are caught in large quantities for bait. Called also launce, and sand eel. LANT Lant, n. Defn: See Lanterloo. [Obs.] Halliwell. LANTANIUM; LANTANUM Lan*ta"ni*um, Lan"ta*num, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Lanthanum. LANTANURIC Lan`ta*nu"ric, a. Etym: [Formed by transposition of the letters of allantoin and -uric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a nitrogenous organic acid of the uric acid group, obtained by the decomposition of allantoin, and usually called allanturic acid. LANTERLOO Lan"ter*loo`, n. Defn: An old name of loo (a). LANTERN Lan"tern, n. Etym: [F. lanterne, L. lanterna, laterna, from Gr. Lamp.] 1. Something inclosing a light, and protecting it from wind, rain, etc. ; -- sometimes portable, as a closed vessel or case of horn, perforated tin, glass, oiled paper, or other material, having a lamp or candle within; sometimes fixed, as the glazed inclosure of a street light, or of a lighthouse light. 2. (Arch.) (a) An open structure of light material set upon a roof, to give light and air to the interior. (b) A cage or open chamber of rich architecture, open below into the building or tower which it crowns. (c) A smaller and secondary cupola crowning a larger one, for ornament, or to admit light; such as the lantern of the cupola of the Capitol at Washington, or that of the Florence cathedral. 3. (Mach.) Defn: A lantern pinion or trundle wheel. See Lantern pinion (below). 4. (Steam Engine) Defn: A kind of cage inserted in a stuffing box and surrounding a piston rod, to separate the packing into two parts and form a chamber between for the reception of steam, etc. ; -- called also lantern brass. 5. (Founding) Defn: A perforated barrel to form a core upon. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Aristotle's lantern. Note: Fig. 1 represents a hand lantern; fig. 2, an arm lantern; fig. 3, a breast lantern; -- so named from the positions in which they are carried. Dark lantern, a lantern with a single opening, which may be closed so as to conceal the light; -- called also bull's-eye. -- Lantern fly, Lantern carrier (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large, handsome, hemipterous insects of the genera Laternaria, Fulgora, and allies, of the family Fulgoridæ. The largest species is Laternaria phosphorea of Brazil. The head of some species has been supposed to be phosphorescent. -- Lantern jaws, long, thin jaws; hence, a thin visage. -- Lantern pinion, Lantern wheel (Mach.), a kind of pinion or wheel having cylindrical bars or trundles, instead of teeth, inserted at their ends in two parallel disks or plates; -- so called as resembling a lantern in shape; -- called also wallower, or trundle. -- Lantern shell (Zoöl.), any translucent, marine, bivalve shell of the genus Anatina, and allied genera. -- Magic lantern, an optical instrument consisting of a case inclosing a light, and having suitable lenses in a lateral tube, for throwing upon a screen, in a darkened room or the like, greatly magnified pictures from slides placed in the focus of the outer lens. LANTERN Lan"tern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lanterned; p. pr. & vb. n. Lanterning.] Etym: [Cf. F. lanterner to hang at the lamp post, fr. lanterne. See Lantern.] Defn: To furnish with a lantern; as, to lantern a lighthouse. LANTERN-JAWED Lan"tern-jawed`, a. Defn: Having lantern jaws or long, thin jaws; as, a lantern-jawed person. LANTHANITE Lan"tha*nite, n. (Min.) Defn: Hydrous carbonate of lanthanum, found in tabular while crystals. LANTHANUM Lan"tha*num, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A rare element of the group of the earth metals, allied to aluminium. It occurs in certain rare minerals, as cerite, gadolinite, orthite, etc., and was so named from the difficulty of separating it from cerium, didymium, and other rare elements with which it is usually associated. Atomic weight 138.5. Symbol La. [Formerly written also lanthanium.] LANTHOPINE Lan"tho*pine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid found in opium in small quantities, and extracted as a white crystalline substance. LANTHORN Lan"thorn, n. Defn: See Lantern. [Obs.] LANUGINOSE; LANUGINOUS La*nu"gi*nose`, La*nu"gi*nous, a. Etym: [L. lanuginosus, fr. lanugo, -ginis, woolly substance, down, fr. lana wool: cf. F. lanugineux.] Defn: Covered with down, or fine soft hair; downy. LANUGO La*nu"go, n. Etym: [See Lanuginose.] (Anat.) Defn: The soft woolly hair which covers most parts of the mammal fetus, and in man is shed before or soon after birth. LANYARD Lan"yard, n. Etym: [F.lanière thong, strap, OF. lasniere, fr. lasne strap, thong, L. lacinia lappet. flap, edge of a garment. Cf. Lanier.] [Written also laniard.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A short piece of rope or line for fastening something in ships; as, the lanyards of the gun ports, of the buoy, and the like; esp., pieces passing through the dead-eyes, and used to extend shrouds, stays, etc. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A strong cord, about twelve feet long, with an iron hook at one end a handle at the other, used in firing cannon with a friction tube. LANYER Lan"yer, n. Defn: See Lanier. LAOCOON; LAOCOOEN La*oc"o*ön, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A priest of Apollo, during the Trojan war. (See 2.) 2. (Sculp.) Defn: A marble group in the Vatican at Rome, representing the priest Laocoön, with his sons, infolded in the coils of two serpents, as described by Virgil. LAODICEAN La*od`i*ce"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Laodicea, a city in Phrygia Major; like the Christians of Laodicea; lukewarm in religion. Rev. iii. 14-16. LAP Lap, n. Etym: [OE. lappe, AS. læppa; akin to D. lap patch, piece, G. lappen, OHG. lappa, Dan. lap, Sw. lapp.] 1. The loose part of a coat; the lower part of a garment that plays loosely; a skirt; an apron. Chaucer. 2. An edge; a border; a hem, as of cloth. Chaucer. If he cuts off but a lap of truth's garment, his heart smites him. Fuller. 3. The part of the clothing that lies on the knees or thighs when one sits down; that part of the person thus covered; figuratively, a place of rearing and fostering; as, to be reared in the lap of luxury. Men expect that happiness should drop into their laps. Tillotson. 4. That part of any substance or fixture which extends over, or lies upon, or by the side of, a part of another; as, the lap of a board; also, the measure of such extension over or upon another thing. Note: The lap of shingles or slates in roofing is the distance one course extends over the second course below, the distance over the course immediately below being called the cover. 5. (Steam Engine) Defn: The amount by which a slide valve at its half stroke overlaps a port in the seat, being equal to the distance the valve must move from its mid stroke position in order to begin to open the port. Used alone, lap refers to outside lap. See Outside lap (below). 6. The state or condition of being in part extended over or by the side of something else; or the extent of the overlapping; as, the second boat got a lap of half its length on the leader. 7. One circuit around a race track, esp. when the distance is a small fraction of a mile; as, to run twenty laps; to win by three laps. See Lap, to fold, 2. 8. In card playing and other games, the points won in excess of the number necessary to complete a game; -- so called when they are counted in the score of the following game. 9. (Cotton Manuf.) Defn: A sheet, layer, or bat, of cotton fiber prepared for the carding machine. 10. (Mach.) Defn: A piece of brass, lead, or other soft metal, used to hold a cutting or polishing powder in cutting glass, gems, and the like, or in polishing cutlery, etc. It is usually in the form of wheel or disk, which revolves on a vertical axis. Lap joint, a joint made by one layer, part, or piece, overlapping another, as in the scarfing of timbers. -- Lap weld, a lap joint made by welding together overlapping edges or ends. -- Inside lap (Steam Engine), lap of the valve with respect to the exhaust port. -- Outside lap, lap with respect to the admission, or steam, port. LAP Lap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lapped (; p. pr. & vb. n. Lapping.] 1. To rest or recline in a lap, or as in a lap. To lap his head on lady's breast. Praed. 2. To cut or polish with a lap, as glass, gems, cutlery, etc. See 1st Lap, 10. LAP Lap, v. t. Etym: [OE. lappen to fold (see Lap, n.); cf. also OE. wlappen, perh. another form of wrappen, E, wrap.] 1. To fold; to bend and lay over or on something; as, to lap a piece of cloth. 2. To wrap or wind around something. About the paper . . . I lapped several times a slender thread of very black silk. Sir I. Newton. 3. To infold; to hold as in one's lap; to cherish. Her garment spreads, and laps him in the folds. Dryden. 4. To lay or place over anything so as to partly or wholly cover it; as, to lap one shingle over another; to lay together one partly over another; as, to lap weather-boards; also, to be partly over, or by the side of (something); as, the hinder boat lapped the foremost one. 5. (Carding & Spinning) Defn: To lay together one over another, as fleeces or slivers for further working. To lap boards, shingles, etc., to lay one partly over another. -- To lap timbers, to unite them in such a way as to preserve the same breadth and depth throughout, as by scarfing. Weale. LAP Lap, v. i. Defn: To be turned or folded; to lie partly upon or by the side of something, or of one another; as, the cloth laps back; the boats lap; the edges lap. The upper wings are opacous; at their hinder ends, where they lap over, transparent, like the wing of a flay. Grew. LAP Lap, v. i. Etym: [OE. lappen, lapen, AS. lapian; akin to LG. lappen, OHG. laffan, Icel. lepja, Dan. lade, Sw. läppja, L. lambere; cf. Gr. llepio. Cf. Lambent.] 1. To take up drink or food with the tongue; to drink or feed by licking up something. The dogs by the River Nilus's side, being thirsty, lap hastily as they run along the shore. Sir K. Digby. 2. To make a sound like that produced by taking up drink with the tongue. I heard the ripple washing in the reeds, And the wild water lapping on the crag. Tennyson. LAP Lap, v. t. Defn: To take into the mouth with the tongue; to lick up with a quick motion of the tongue. They 'II take suggestion as a cat laps milk. Shak. LAP Lap, n. 1. The act of lapping with, or as with, the tongue; as, to take anything into the mouth with a lap. 2. The sound of lapping. LAPAROCELE Lap"a*ro*cele`, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A rupture or hernia in the lumbar regions. LAPAROTOMY Lap`a*rot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: A cutting through the walls of the abdomen, as in the Cæsarean section. LAPBOARD Lap"board`, n. Defn: A board used on the lap as a substitute for a table, as by tailors. LAPDOG Lap"dog`, n. Defn: A small dog fondled in the lap. LAPEL La*pel", n. Etym: [Dim. of lap a fold.] Defn: That part of a garment which is turned back; specifically, the lap, or fold, of the front of a coat in continuation of collar. [Written also lappel and lapelle.] LAPELLED La*pelled", a. Defn: Furnished with lapels. LAPFUL Lap"ful, n.; pl. Lapfuls (. Defn: As much as the lap can contain. LAPICIDE Lap"i*cide, n. Etym: [L. lapicida, fr. lapis stone + caedere to cut.] Defn: A stonecutter. [Obs.] LAPIDARIAN Lap`i*da"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to stone; inscribed on stone; as, a lapidarian record. LAPIDARIOUS Lap`i*da"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. lapidarius, fr. lapis, -idis, stone.] Defn: Consisting of stones. LAPIDARY Lap"i*da*ry, n. ; pl. Lapidaries. Etym: [L. lapidarius, fr. lapidarius pertaining to stone: cf. F. lapidaire.] 1. An artificer who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones; hence, a dealer in precious stones. 2. A virtuoso skilled in gems or precious stones; a connoisseur of lapidary work. Lapidary's lathe, mill, or wheel, a machine consisting essentially of a revolving lap on a vertical spindle, used by a lapidary for grinding and polishing. LAPIDARY Lap"i*da*ry, a. Etym: [L. lapidarius pertaining to stone: cf. F. lapidaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to the art of cutting stones, or engraving on stones, either gems or monuments; as, lapidary ornamentation. 2. Of or pertaining to monumental inscriptions; as, lapidary adulation. Lapidary style, that style which is proper for monumental and other inscriptions; terse; sententious. LAPIDATE Lap"i*date, v. t. Etym: [L.lapidatus, p. p. of lapidare, fr. lapis stone.] Defn: To stone. [Obs.] LAPIDATION Lap`i*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. lapidatio: cf. F. lapidation.] Defn: The act of stoning. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. LAPIDEOUS La*pid"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. lapideus, fr. lapis stone.] Defn: Of the nature of stone; [Obs.] Ray. LAPIDESCENCE Lap`i*des"cence, n. 1. The state or quality of being lapidescent. 2. A hardening into a stone substance. 3. A stony concretion. Sir T. Browne. LAPIDESCENT Lap`i*des"cent, a. Etym: [L. lapidescens, p. pr. of lapidescere to become stone, fr. lapis, -idis, stone: cf. F. lapidescent.] Defn: Undergoing the process of becoming stone; having the capacity of being converted into stone; having the quality of petrifying bodies. LAPIDESCENT Lap"i*des"cent, n. Defn: Any substance which has the quality of petrifying other bodies, or of converting or being converted into stone. LAPIDIFIC; LAPIDIFICAL Lap`i*dif"ic, Lap`i*dif"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. lapis, -idis, stone + facere to make: cf. F. lapidifique.] Defn: Forming or converting into stone. LAPIDIFICATION La*pid`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lapidification.] Defn: The act or process of lapidifying; fossilization; petrifaction. LAPIDIFY La*pid"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lapidified; p. pr. & vb. n. Lapidifying.] Etym: [Cf. f. lapidifier. See Lapidific, and -fy.] Defn: To convert into stone or stony material; to petrify. LAPIDIFY La*pid"i*fy, v. i. Defn: To become stone or stony LAPIDIST Lap"i*dist, n. Etym: [L. lapis, -idis, a stone.] Defn: A lapidary. Ray. LAPILLATION Lap"il*la"tion, n.Etym: [See Lapilli.] Defn: The state of being, or the act of making, stony. LAPILLI La*pil"li, n. pl. Etym: [L. lapillus a little stone, dim. of lapis stone.] (Min.) Defn: Volcanic ashes, consisting of small, angular, stony fragments or particles. LAPIS La"pis, n.; pl. Lapides. Etym: [L.] Defn: A stone. Lapis calaminaris (. Etym: [NL.] (Min.) Calamine. -- Lapis infernalis (. Etym: [L.] Fused nitrate of silver; lunar caustic. LAPIS LAZULI La"pis laz"u*li. (Min.) Defn: An albuminous mineral of a rich blue color. Same as Lazuli, which see. LAP-JOINTED Lap"-joint`ed, a. Defn: Having a lap joint, or lap joints, as many kinds of woodwork and metal work. LAPLANDER Lap"land*er, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Lapland; -- called also Lapp. LAPLANDISH Lap"land*ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Lapland. LAPLING Lap"ling, n. Etym: [Lap of a garment + ling.] Defn: One who has been fondled to excess; one fond of ease and sensual delights; -- a term of contempt. LAPP Lapp, n. Defn: Same as Laplander. Cf. Lapps. LAPPACEOUS Lap*pa"ceous, a. Etym: [L. lappaceus burlike, fr. lappa a bur.] (Bot.) Defn: Resembling the capitulum of burdock; covered with forked points. LAPPER Lap"per, n. Etym: [From Lap to drink.] Defn: One who takes up food or liquid with his tongue. LAPPET Lap"pet, n. Etym: [Dim. of lap a fold.] Defn: A small decorative fold or flap, esp, of lace or muslin, in a garment or headdress. Swift. Lappet moth (Zoöl.), one of several species of bombycid moths, which have stout, hairy caterpillars, flat beneath. Two common American species (Gastropacha Americana, and Tolype velleda) feed upon the apple tree. LAPPET Lap"pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lappeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lappeting.] Defn: To decorate with, or as with, a lappet. [R.] Landor. LAPPIC Lap"pic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Lapland, or the Lapps. -- n. Defn: The language of the Lapps. See Lappish. LAPPING Lap"ping, n. Defn: A kind of machine blanket or wrapping material used by calico printers. Ure. Lapping engine, Lapping machine (Textile Manuf.), A machine for forming fiber info a lap. See its Lap, 9. LAPPISH Lap"pish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Lapps; Laplandish. -- n. Defn: The language spoken by the Lapps in Lapland. It is related to the Finnish and Hungarian, and is not an Aryan language. LAPPONIAN; LAPPONIC Lap*po"ni*an, Lap*pon"ic, a. Defn: Laplandish; Lappish. LAPPS Lapps, n. pl.; sing. Lapp (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A branch of the Mongolian race, now living in the northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and the adjacent parts of Russia. LAPSABLE Laps"a*ble, a. Defn: Lapsible. Cudworth. LAPSE Lapse, n. Etym: [L. lapsus, fr. labi, p. p. lapsus, to slide, to fall: cf. F. laps. See Sleep.] 1. A gliding, slipping, or gradual falling; an unobserved or imperceptible progress or passing away,; -- restricted usually to immaterial things, or to figurative uses. The lapse to indolence is soft and imperceptible. Rambler. Bacon was content to wait the lapse of long centuries for his expected revenue of fame. I. Taylor. 2. A slip; an error; a fault; a failing in duty; a slight deviation from truth or rectitude. To guard against those lapses and failings to which our infirmities daily expose us. Rogers. 3. (Law) Defn: The termination of a right or privilege through neglect to exercise it within the limited time, or through failure of some contingency; hence, the devolution of a right or privilege. 4. (Theol.) Defn: A fall or apostasy. LAPSE Lapse, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lapsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Lapsing.] 1. To pass slowly and smoothly downward, backward, or away; to slip downward, backward, or away; to glide; -- mostly restricted to figurative uses. A tendency to lapse into the barbarity of those northern nations from whom we are descended. Swift. Homer, in his characters of Vulcan and Thersites, has lapsed into the burlesque character. Addison. 2. To slide or slip in moral conduct; to fail in duty; to fall from virtue; to deviate from rectitude; to commit a fault by inadvertence or mistake. To lapse in fullness Is sorer than to lie for need. Shak. 3. (Law) (a) To fall or pass from one proprietor to another, or from the original destination, by the omission, negligence, or failure of some one, as a patron, a legatee, etc. (b) To become ineffectual or void; to fall. If the archbishop shall not fill it up within six months ensuing, it lapses to the king. Ayliffe. LAPSE Lapse, v. t. 1. To let slip; to permit to devolve on another; to allow to pass. An appeal may be deserted by the appellant's lapsing the term of law. Ayliffe. 2. To surprise in a fault or error; hence, to surprise or catch, as an offender. [Obs.] For which, if be lapsed in this place, I shall pay dear. Shak. LAPSED Lapsed, a. 1. Having slipped downward, backward, or away; having lost position, privilege, etc., by neglect; -- restricted to figurative uses. Once more I will renew His lapsed powers, though forfeit. Milton. 2. Ineffectual, void, or forfeited; as, a lapsed policy of insurance; a lapsed legacy. Lapsed devise, Lapsed legacy (Law), a devise, or legacy, which fails to take effect in consequence of the death of the devisee, or legatee, before that of the testator, or for ether cause. Wharton (Law Dict.). LAPSIBLE Laps"i*ble, a. Defn: Liable to lapse. LAPSIDED Lap"sid`ed, a. Defn: See Lopsided. LAPSTONE Lap"stone`, n. Defn: A stone for the lap, on which shoemakers beat leather. LAPSTREAK; LAPSTRAKE Lap"streak`, Lap"strake`, a. Defn: Made with boards whose edges lap one over another; clinker- built; -- said of boats. LAPUTAN La*pu"tan, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Laputa, an imaginary flying island described in Gulliver's Travels as the home of chimerical philosophers. Hence, fanciful; preposterous; absurd in science or philosophy. "Laputan ideas." G. Eliot. LAP-WELDED Lap"-weld`ed, a Defn: Having edges or ends united by a lap weld; as, a lap-welded pipe. LAPWING Lap"wing`, n. Etym: [OE.lapwynke, leepwynke, AS. hleápewince; hleápan to leap, jump + (prob.) a word akin to AS. wincian to wink, E. wink, AS. wancol wavering; cf. G. wanken to stagger, waver. See Leap, and Wink.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European bird of the Plover family (Vanellus cristatus, or V. vanellus). It has long and broad wings, and is noted for its rapid, irregular fight, upwards, downwards, and in circles. Its back is coppery or greenish bronze. Its eggs are the "plover's eggs" of the London market, esteemed a delicacy. It is called also peewit, dastard plover, and wype. The gray lapwing is the Squatarola cinerea. LAPWORK Lap"work`, n. Defn: Work in which one part laps over another. Grew. LAQUAY Laq"uay, n. Defn: A lackey. [Obs.] Evelyn. LAQUEAR La"que*ar, n.; pl. Laquearia. Etym: [L.] (Arch.) Defn: A lacunar. LAQUEARY Laq"ue*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. laqueus a noose.] Defn: Using a noose, as a gladiator. [Obs. or R.] Retiary and laqueary combatants. Sir T. Browne. LAR Lar, n.; pl. Lares, sometimes Lars. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Myth.) Defn: A tutelary deity; a deceased ancestor regarded as a protector of the family. The domestic Lares were the tutelar deities of a house; household gods. Hence, Eng.: Hearth or dwelling house. Nor will she her dear Lar forget, Victorious by his benefit. Lovelace. The Lars and Lemures moan with midnight plaint. Milton. Looking backward in vain toward their Lares and lands. Longfellow. LAR Lar, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of gibbon (Hylobates lar), found in Burmah. Called also white-handed gibbon. LARAMIE GROUP Lar"a*mie group`. (Geol.) Defn: An extensive series of strata, principally developed in the Rocky Mountain region, as in the Laramie Mountains, and formerly supposed to be of the Tertiary age, but now generally regarded as Cretaceous, or of intermediate and transitional character. It contains beds of lignite, often valuable for coal, and is hence also called the lignitic group. See Chart of Geology. LARBOARD Lar"board`, n. Etym: [Lar- is of uncertain origin, possibly the same as lower, i. e., humbler in rank, because the starboard side is considered by mariners as higher in rank; cf. D. laag low, akin to E. low. See Board, n., 8.] (Naut.) Defn: The left-hand side of a ship to one on board facing toward the bow; port; -- opposed to Ant: starboard. Note: Larboard is a nearly obsolete term, having been superseded by port to avoid liability of confusion with starboard, owing to similarity of sound. LARBOARD Lar"board`, a. Defn: On or pertaining to the left-hand side of a vessel; port; as, the larboard quarter. LARCENER; LARCENIST Lar"ce*ner, Lar"ce*nist, n. Defn: One who commits larceny. LARCENOUS Lar"ce*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. OE. larrecinos. See Larceny.] Defn: Having the character of larceny; as, a larcenous act; committing larceny. "The larcenous and burglarious world." Sydney Smith. -- Lar"ce*nous*ly, adv. LARCENY Lar"ce*ny, n.; pl. Larcenies. Etym: [F. larcin, OE. larrecin, L. latrocinium, fr. latro robber, mercenary, hired servant; cf. Gr. (Latrociny.] (Law) Defn: The unlawful taking and carrying away of things personal with intent to deprive the right owner of the same; theft. Cf. Embezzlement. Grand larceny and Petit larceny are distinctions having reference to the nature or value of the property stolen. They are abolished in England. -- Mixed, or Compound, larceny, that which, under statute, includes in it the aggravation of a taking from a building or the person. -- Simple larceny, that which is not accompanied with any aggravating circumstances. LARCH Larch, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. larege (Cotgrave), It.larice, Sp. larice, alerce, G. lärche; all fr. L. larix, -icis, Gr. ( (Bot.) Defn: A genus of coniferous trees, having deciduous leaves, in fascicles (see Illust. of Fascicle). Note: The European larch is Larix Europæa. The American or black larch is L. Americana, the hackmatack or tamarack. The trees are generally of a drooping, graceful appearance. LARCHEN Larch"en, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the larch. Keats. LARD Lard, n. Etym: [F., bacon, pig's fat, L. lardum, laridum; cf. Gr. ( 1. Bacon; the flesh of swine. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. The fat of swine, esp. the internal fat of the abdomen; also, this fat melted and strained. Lard oil, an illuminating and lubricating oil expressed from lard. -- Leaf lard, the internal fat of the hog, separated in leaves or masses from the kidneys, etc.; also, the same melted. LARD Lard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Larded; p. pr. & vb. n. Larding.] Etym: [F. larder. See Lard, n.] 1. To stuff with bacon; to dress or enrich with lard; esp., to insert lardons of bacon or pork in the surface of, before roasting; as, to lard poultry. And larded thighs on loaded altars laid. Dryden. 2. To fatten; to enrich. [The oak] with his nuts larded many a swine. Spenser. Falstaff sweats to death. And lards the lean earth as he walks along. Shak. 3. To smear with lard or fat. In his buff doublet larded o'er with fat Of slaughtered brutes. Somerville. 4. To mix or garnish with something, as by way of improvement; to interlard. Shak. Let no alien Sedley interpose To lard with wit thy hungry Epsom prose. Dryden. LARD Lard, v. i. Defn: To grow fat. [Obs.] LARDACEIN Lar`da*ce"in, n. Etym: [See Lardaceous.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A peculiar amyloid substance, colored blue by iodine and sulphuric acid, occurring mainly as an abnormal infiltration into the spleen, liver, etc. LARDACEOUS Lar*da"ceous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lardacé.] Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, lard. Lardaceous degeneration (Med.), amyloid degeneration. LARDER Lard"er, n. Etym: [OF. lardier. See Lard, n.] Defn: A room or place where meat and other articles of food are kept before they are cooked. Shak. LARDERER Lard"er*er, n. Defn: One in charge of the larder. LARDERY Lard"er*y, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. larderie.] Defn: A larder. [Obs.] LARDON; LARDOON Lar"don, Lar*doon", n. Etym: [F. lardon, fr. lard lard.] Defn: A bit of fat pork or bacon used in larding. LARDRY Lard"ry, n. Etym: [See Lardery.] Defn: A larder. [Obs.] LARDY Lard"y, a. Defn: Containing, or resembling, lard; of the character or consistency of lard. LARE Lare, n. Etym: [See Lore.] Defn: Lore; learning. [Obs.] LARE Lare, n. Defn: Pasture; feed. See Lair. [Obs.] Spenser. LARE Lare, v. t. Defn: To feed; to fatten. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. LARES La"res, n. pl. Defn: See 1st Lar. LARGE Large, a. [Compar. Larger; superl. Largest.] Etym: [F., fr. L. largus. Cf. Largo.] 1. Exceeding most other things of like in bulk, capacity, quantity, superficial dimensions, or number of constituent units; big; great; capacious; extensive; -- opposed to small; as, a nlarge horse; a large house or room; a large lake or pool; a large jug or spoon; a large vineyard; a large army; a large city. Note: For linear dimensions, and mere extent, great, and not large, is used as a qualifying word; as, great length, breadth, depth; a great distance; a great height. 2. Abundant; ample; as, a large supply of provisions. We hare yet large day. Milton. 3. Full in statement; diffuse; full; profuse. I might be very large upon the importance and advantages of education. Felton. 4. Having more than usual power or capacity; having broad sympathies and generous impulses; comprehensive; -- said of the mind and heart. 5. Free; unembarrassed. [Obs.] Of burdens all he set the Paynims large. Fairfax. 6. Unrestrained by decorum; -- said of language. [Obs.] "Some large jests he will make." Shak. 7. Prodigal in expending; lavish. [Obs.] Chaucer. 8. (Naut.) Defn: Crossing the line of a ship's course in a favorable direction; -- said of the wind when it is abeam, or between the beam and the quarter. At large. (a) Without restraint or confinement; as, to go at large; to be left at large. (b) Diffusely; fully; in the full extent; as, to discourse on a subject at large. -- Common at large. See under Common, n. -- Electors at large, Representative at large, electors, or a representative, as in Congress, chosen to represent the whole of a State, in distinction from those chosen to represent particular districts in a State. [U. S.] -- To give, go, run, or sail large (Naut.), to have the wind crossing the direction of a vessel's course in such a way that the sails feel its full force, and the vessel gains its highest speed. See Large, a., 8. Syn. -- Big; bulky; huge; capacious; comprehensive; ample; abundant; plentiful; populous; copious; diffusive; liberal. LARGE Large, adv. Defn: Freely; licentiously. [Obs.] Chaucer. LARGE Large, n. (Mus.) Defn: A musical note, formerly in use, equal to two longs, four breves, or eight semibreves. LARGE-ACRED Large"-a`cred, a. Defn: Possessing much land. LARGE-HANDED Large"-hand`ed, a. Defn: Having large hands, Fig.: Taking, or giving, in large quantities; rapacious or bountiful. LARGE-HEARTED Large"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Having a large or generous heart or disposition; noble; liberal. -- Large"-heart`ed*ness, n. LARGELY Large"ly, adv. Defn: In a large manner. Dryden. Milton. LARGENESS Large"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being large. LARGESS; LARGESSE Lar"gess, Lar"gesse, n. Etym: [F. largesse, fr. large. See Large, a.] 1. Liberality; generosity; bounty. [Obs.] Fulfilled of largesse and of all grace. Chaucer. 2. A present; a gift; a bounty bestowed. The heralds finished their proclamation with their usual cry of "Largesse, largesse, gallant knights!" and gold and silver pieces were showered on them from the galleries. Sir W. Scott. LARGET Lar"get, n. Etym: [Cf. F. larget.] Defn: A sport piece of bar iron for rolling into a sheet; a small billet. LARGHETTO Lar*ghet"to, a. & adv. Etym: [It., dim. of largo largo.] (Mus.) Defn: Somewhat slow or slowly, but not so slowly as largo, and rather more so than andante. LARGIFICAL Lar*gif"i*cal, a. Etym: [L. largificus; largus large + facere.] Defn: Generous; ample; liberal. [Obs.] LARGIFLUOUS Lar*gif"lu*ous, a. Etym: [L. largifiuus; large abundantly + fluere to flow.] Defn: Flowing copiously. [Obs.] LARGILOQUENT Lar*gil"o*quent, a. Etym: [Cf. L. largiloquus.] Defn: Grandiloquent. [Obs.] LARGISH Lar"gish, a. Defn: Somewhat large. [Colloq.] LARGITION Lar*gi"tion, Etym: [L. largitio, fr. largiri, p. p. largitus, to give bountifully.] Defn: The bestowment of a largess or gift. [Obs.] LARGO Lar"go, a. & adv. Etym: [It., large, L. largus, See Large.] (Mus.) Defn: Slow or slowly; -- more so than adagio; next in slowness to grave, which is also weighty and solemn. -- n. Defn: A movement or piece in largo time. LARIAT Lar"i*at, n. Etym: [Sp. la reata the rope; la the + reata rope. Cf. Reata.] Defn: A long, slender rope made of hemp or strips of hide, esp. one with a noose; -- used as a lasso for catching cattle, horses, etc., and for picketing a horse so that he can graze without wandering. [Mexico & Western U.S.] LARIAT Lar"i*at, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lariated; p. pr. & vb. n. Lariating.] Defn: To secure with a lariat fastened to a stake, as a horse or mule for grazing; also, to lasso or catch with a lariat. [Western U.S.] LARINE La"rine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Gull family (Laridæ). LARIXINIC Lar`ix*in"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, or derived from, the larch (Larix); as, larixinic acid. LARK Lark, n. Etym: [Perh fr. AS. lac play, sport. Cf. Lake, v. i.] Defn: A frolic; a jolly time. [Colloq.] Dickens. LARK Lark, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Larked; p. pr. & vb. n. Larking.] Defn: To sport; to frolic. [Colloq.] LARK Lark, n. Etym: [OE. larke, laverock, AS. lawerce; akin to D. leeuwerik, LG. lewerke, OHG. l, G. lerche, Sw. lärka, Dan. lerke, Icel. lævirki.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one numerous species of singing birds of the genus Alauda and allied genera (family Alaudidæ). They mostly belong to Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa. In America they are represented by the shore larks, or horned by the shore larks, or horned larks, of the genus Otocoris. The true larks have holaspidean tarsi, very long hind claws, and usually, dull, sandy brown colors. Note: The European skylark, or lark of the poets (Alauda arvensis), is of a brown mottled color, and is noted for its clear and sweet song, uttered as it rises and descends almost perpendicularly in the air. It is considered a table delicacy, and immense numbers are killed for the markets. Other well-known European species are the crested, or tufted, lark (Alauda cristata), and the wood lark (A. arborea). The pipits, or titlarks, of the genus Anthus (family Motacillidæ) are often called larks. See Pipit. The American meadow larks, of the genus Sturnella, are allied to the starlings. See Meadow Lark. The Australian bush lark is Mirafra Horsfieldii. See Shore lark. Lark bunting (Zoöl.), a fringilline bird (Calamospiza melanocorys) found on the plains of the Western United States. -- Lark sparrow (Zoöl.), a sparrow (Chondestes grammacus), found in the Mississippi Valley and the Western United States. LARK Lark, v. i. Defn: To catch larks; as, to go larking. LARK-COLORED Lark"-col`ored, a. Defn: Having the sandy brown color of the European larks. LARKER Lark"er, n. Etym: [See 3d Lark, for sense 1, and 1st Lark, for sense 2.] 1. A catcher of larks. 2. One who indulges in a lark or frolic. [Colloq.] LARK'S-HEEL Lark's"-heel`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Indian cress. LARKSPUR Lark"spur, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of ranunculaceous plants (Delphinium), having showy flowers, and a spurred calyx. They are natives of the North Temperate zone. The commonest larkspur of the gardens is D. Consolida. The flower of the bee larkspur (D. elatum) has two petals bearded with yellow hairs, and looks not unlike a bee. LARMIER Lar"mi*er, n. Etym: [F., fr. larme tear, drop, L. lacrima. See Lachrymose.] (Anat.) Defn: See Tearpit. LAROID La"roid, a. Etym: [Larus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or belonging to the Gull family (Laridæ). LARRIKIN Lar"ri*kin, n. [Cf. E. dial. larrikin a mischievous or frolicsome youth, larrick lively, careless, larack to trolic, to romp.] Defn: A rowdy street loafer; a rowdyish or noisy ill-bred fellow; -- variously applied, as to a street blackguard, a street Arab, a youth given to horse-play, etc. [Australia & Eng.] -- a. Defn: Rowdy; rough; disorderly. [Australia & Eng.] Mobs of unruly larrikins. Sydney Daily Telegraph. Larrikin is often popularly explained by the following anecdote (which is without foundation): An Irish policeman at Melbourne, on bringing a notorious rough into court, was asked by the magistrate what the prisoner had been doing, and replied, "He was a-larrikin' [i. e., a-larking] about the streets." LARRUP Lar"rup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Larruped; p. pr. & vb. n. Larruping.] Etym: [Perh, a corrupt. of lee rope, used by sailors in beating the boys; but cf. D. larpen to thresh, larp a whip, blow.] Defn: To beat or flog soundly. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby. LARRY Lar"ry, n. Defn: Same as Lorry, or Lorrie. LARUM Lar"um Defn: , See Alarum, and Alarm. LARVA Lar"va, n.; pl. L. Larvæ, E. Larvas. Etym: [L. larva ghost, specter, mask.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any young insect from the time that it hatches from the egg until it becomes a pupa, or chrysalis. During this time it usually molts several times, and may change its form or color each time. The larvæ of many insects are much like the adults in form and habits, but have no trace of wings, the rudimentary wings appearing only in the pupa stage. In other groups of insects the larvæ are totally unlike the parents in structure and habits, and are called caterpillars, grubs, maggots, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The early, immature form of any animal when more or less of a metamorphosis takes place, before the assumption of the mature shape. LARVAL Lar"val, a. Etym: [L. larvalis ghostly. See Larva.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a larva. LARVALIA Lar*va"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Larval.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Tunicata, including Appendicularia, and allied genera; -- so called because certain larval features are retained by them through life. Called also Copelata. See Appendicularia. LARVATE Lar"vate, a. [L. larva mask.] Defn: Masked; hence, concealed; obscure; -- applied in medicine to doubtful cases of some diseases; as, larvate pneumonis; larvate epilepsy. LARVATED Lar"va*ted, a. Etym: [L.larvatus bewitched. See Larva.] Defn: Masked; clothed as with a mask. LARVE Larve, n.; pl.Larves. Etym: [F.] Defn: A larva. LARVIFORM Lar"vi*form, a. Etym: [Larva + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the form or structure of a larva. LARVIPAROUS Lar*vip"a*rous, a. Etym: [Larva + L. parete to bring forth.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Depositing living larvæ, instead of eggs; -- said of certain insects. LARY La"ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lare sea gull, L. larus a sort of sea bird, Gr. ( Defn: A guillemot; -- called also lavy. [Prov. Eng.] LARYNGEAL Lar`yn*ge"al, a. Etym: [From Larynx.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the larynx; adapted to operations on the larynx; as, laryngeal forceps. LARYNGEAN Lar`yn*ge"an, a. Defn: See Laryngeal. LARYNGECTOMY Lar`yn*gec"to*my, n. [Larynx + Gr. to cut out.] (Surg.) Defn: Excision of the larynx. LARYNGISMUS Lar`yn*gis"mus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Larynx.] (Med.) Defn: A spasmodic state of the glottis, giving rise to contraction or closure of the opening. LARYNGITIS Lar`yn*gi"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Larynx, and -tis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the larynx. LARYNGOGRAPH La*ryn"go*graph, n. [larynx + -graph.] Defn: An instrument for recording the larynx movements in speech. LARYNGOLOGICAL La*ryn`go*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to laryngology. LARYNGOLOGIST Lar`yn*gol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who applies himself to laryngology. LARYNGOLOGY Lar`yn*gol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Larynx + -logy.] Defn: Systematized knowledge of the action and functions of the larynx; in pathology, the department which treats of the diseases of the larynx. LARYNGOPHONY Lar`yn*goph"o*ny, n. Etym: [Larynx + Gr. ( Defn: The sound of the voice as heard through a stethoscope when the latter is placed upon the larynx. LARYNGOSCOPE La*ryn"go*scope, n. Etym: [Larynx + -scope.] (Surg.) Defn: An instrument, consisting of an arrangement of two mirrors, for reflecting light upon the larynx, and for examining its image. LARYNGOSCOPIC La*ryn`go*scop"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the inspection of the larynx. LARYNGOSCOPIST Lar`yn*gos"co*pist, n. Defn: One skilled in laryngoscopy. LARYNGOSCOPY Lar`yn*gos"co*py, n. Defn: The art of using the laryngoscope; investigations made with the laryngoscope. LARYNGOTOME La*ryn"go*tome, n. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for performing laryngotomy. LARYNGOTOMY Lar`yn*got"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (laryngotomie.] (Surg.) Defn: The operation of cutting into the larynx, from the outside of the neck, for assisting respiration when obstructed, or for removing foreign bodies. LARYNGOTRACHEAL La*ryn`go*tra"che*al, a. Etym: [Larynx + tracheal.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to both larynx and trachea; as, the laryngotracheal cartilage in the frog. LARYNGOTRACHEOTOMY La*ryn`go*tra`che*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [Larynx + tracheotomy.] (Surg.) Defn: The operation of cutting into the larynx and the upper part of the trachea, -- a frequent operation for obstruction to breathing. LARYNX Lar"ynx, n. [ (Anat.) Defn: The expanded upper end of the windpipe or trachea, connected with the hyoid bone or cartilage. It contains the vocal cords, which produce the voice by their vibrations, when they are stretched and a current of air passes between them. The larynx is connected with the pharynx by an opening, the glottis, which, in mammals, is protected by a lidlike epiglottis. Note: In the framework of the human larynx, the thyroid cartilage, attached to the hyoid bone, makes the protuberance on the front of the neck known as Adam's apple, and is articulated below to the ringlike cricoid cartilage. This is narrow in front and high behind, where, within the thyroid, it is surmounted by the two arytenoid cartilages, from which the vocal cords pass forward to be attached together to the front of the thyroid. See Syrinx. LAS Las, n. Defn: A lace. See Lace. [Obs.] Chaucer. LAS Las, a. & adv. Defn: Less. [Obs.] Chaucer. LASCAR Las"car, n. Etym: [Per. & Hind. lashkar an army, an inferior artillery man, a cooly, a native sailor.] Defn: A native sailor, employed in European vessels; also, a menial employed about arsenals, camps, camps, etc.; a camp follower. [East Indies] LASCIOUS Las"ci*ous, a. Defn: Loose; lascivious. [Obs.] "To depaint lascious wantonness." Holland. LASCIVIENCY Las*civ"i*en*cy, n. Etym: [See Lascivient.] Defn: Lasciviousness; wantonness. [Obs.] LASCIVIENT Las*civ"i*ent, a. Etym: [L. lasciviens, pr. of lascivire to be wanton, fr. lascivus. See Lascivious.] Defn: Lascivious. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. LASCIVIOUS Las*civ"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. lascivia wantonness, fr. lascivus wanton; cf. Gr. (lash to desire.] 1. Wanton; lewd; lustful; as, lascivious men; lascivious desires. Milton. 2. Tending to produce voluptuous or lewd emotions. He capers nimbly in a lady's chamber To the lascivious pleasing of a lute. Shak. -- Las*civ"i*ous*ly, adv. -- Las*civ"i*ous*ness, n. LASERWORT La"ser*wort`, n. Etym: [L.laser the juice of the laserwort.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the umbelliferous genus Laserpitium, of several species (as L. glabrum, and L. siler), the root of which yields a resinous substance of a bitter taste. The genus is mostly European. LASH Lash, n. Etym: [OE. lasche; cf. D. lasch piece set in, joint, seam, G. lashe latchet, a bit of leather, gusset, stripe, laschen to furnish with flaps, to lash or slap, Icel. laski gusset, flap, laska to break.] 1. The thong or braided cord of a whip, with which the blow is given. I observed that your whip wanted a lash to it. Addison. 2. A leash in which an animal is caught or held; hence, a snare. [Obs.] 3. A stroke with a whip, or anything pliant and tough; as, the culprit received thirty-nine lashes. 4. A stroke of satire or sarcasm; an expression or retort that cuts or gives pain; a cut. The moral is a lash at the vanity of arrogating that to ourselves which succeeds well. L'Estrange. 5. A hair growing from the edge of the eyelid; an eyelash. 6. In carpet weaving, a group of strings for lifting simultaneously certain yarns, to form the figure. LASH Lash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Lashng.] 1. To strike with a lash ; to whip or scourge with a lash, or with something like one. We lash the pupil, and defraud the ward. Dryden. 2. To strike forcibly and quickly, as with a lash; to beat, or beat upon, with a motion like that of a lash; as, a whale lashes the sea with his tail. And big waves lash the frighted shores. Dryden. 3. To throw out with a jerk or quickly. He falls, and lashing up his heels, his rider throws. Dryden. 4. To scold; to berate; to satirize; to censure with severity; as, to lash vice. LASH Lash Defn: ,. v. i. To ply the whip; to strike; to uttercensure or sarcastic language. To laugh at follies, or to lash at vice. Dryden. To lash out, to strike out wildly or furiously. LASH Lash, v. t. Etym: [Cf. D. lasschen to fasten together, lasch piece, joint, Sw. laska to stitch, Dan. laske stitch. See Lash, n. ] Defn: To bind with a rope, cord, thong, or chain, so as to fasten; as, to lash something to a spar; to lash a pack on a horse's back. LASHER Lash"er, n. Defn: One who whips or lashes. LASHER Lash"er, n. 1. A piece of rope for binding or making fast one thing to another; - - called also lashing. 2. A weir in a river. [Eng.] Halliwell. LASHING Lash"ing, n. Defn: The act of one who, or that which, lashes; castigation; chastisement. South. Lashing out, a striking out; also, extravagance. LASHING Lash"ing, n. Defn: See 2d Lasher. LASK Lask, n. Defn: A diarrhea or flux. [Obs.] Holland. LASKET Las"ket, n. Etym: [Cf. Lash, Latching.] (Naut.) Defn: latching. LASS Lass, n. Etym: [OE. lasse; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. llodes girl, fem. of llawd lad. (Lad a youth.] Defn: A youth woman; a girl; a sweetheart. LASSE Lasse, a. & adv. Defn: Less. [Obs.] Chaucer. LASSIE Las"sie, n. Defn: A young girl; a lass. [Scot.] LASSITUDE Las"si*tude, n. Etym: [L. lassitudo, fr. lassus faint, weary; akin to E. late: cf. F. lassitude. See Late.] Defn: A condition of the body, or mind, when its voluntary functions are performed with difficulty, and only by a strong exertion of the will; languor; debility; weariness. The corporeal instruments of action being strained to a high pitch . . . will soon feel a lassitude. Barrow. LASSLORN Lass"lorn`, a. Defn: Forsaken by a lass. Shak. LASSO Lass"o (lâs"so) n.; pl. Lassos (-soz). Etym: [Sp. lazo, L. laqueus. See Lace.] Defn: A rope or long thong of leather with, a running noose, used for catching horses, cattle, etc. Lasso cell (Zoöl.), one of a peculiar kind of defensive and offensive stinging cells, found in great numbers in all coelenterates, and in a few animals of other groups. They are most highly developed in the tentacles of jellyfishes, hydroids, and Actiniæ. Each of these cells is filled with, fluid, and contains a long, slender, often barbed, hollow thread coiled up within it. When the cell contracts the thread is quickly ejected, being at the same time turned inside out. The thread is able to penetrate the flesh of various small, soft-bodied animals, and carries a subtle poison by which they are speedily paralyzed and killed. The threads, at the same time, hold the prey in position, attached to the tentacles. Some of the jellyfishes, as the Portuguese man-of-war, and Cyanea, are able to penetrate the human skin, and inflict painful stings in the same way. Called also nettling cell, cnida, cnidocell. LASSO Las"so, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lassoed; p. pr. & vb. n. Lassoing.] Defn: To catch with a lasso. LAST Last, 3d pers. sing. pres. Defn: of Last, to endure, contracted from lasteth. [Obs.] Chaucer. LAST Last (, a. Etym: [OE. last, latst, contr. of latest, superl. of late; akin to OS. lezt, lazt, last, D. laatst, G. letzt. See Late, and cf. Latest.] 1. Being after all the others, similarly classed or considered, in time, place, or order of succession; following all the rest; final; hindmost; farthest; as, the last year of a century; the last man in a line of soldiers; the last page in a book; his last chance. Also day by day, from the first day unto the last day, he read in the book of the law of God. Neh. viii. 18. Fairest of stars, last in the train of night. Milton. 2. Next before the present; as, I saw him last week. 3. Supreme; highest in degree; utmost. Contending for principles of the last importance. R. Hall . 4. Lowest in rank or degree; as, the last prize. Pope. 5. Farthest of all from a given quality, character, or condition; most unlikely; having least fitness; as, he is the last person to be accused of theft. At last, at the end of a certain period; after delay. "The duke of Savoy felt that the time had at last arrived." Motley. -- At the last. Etym: [Prob. fr. AS. on laste behind, following behind, fr. last race, track, footstep. See Last mold of the foot.] At the end; in the conclusion. [Obs.] "Gad, a troop shall overcome him; but he shall overcome at the last." Gen. xlix. 19. -- Last heir, the person to whom lands escheat for want of an heir. [Eng.] Abbott. -- On one's last legs, at, or near, the end of one's resources; hence, on the verge of failure or ruin, especially in a financial sense. [Colloq.] -- To breathe one's last, to die. -- To the last, to the end; till the conclusion. And blunder on in business to the last. Pope. Syn. -- At Last, At Length. These phrases both denote that some delayed end or result has been reached. At length implies that a long period was spent in so doing; as, after a voyage of more than three months, we at Length arrived safe. At last commonly implies that something has occurred (as interruptions, disappointments, etc.) which leads us to emphasize the idea of having reached the end; as, in spite of every obstacle, we have at last arrived. LAST Last, adv. Etym: [See Last, a.] 1. At a time or on an occasion which is the latest of all those spoken of or which have occurred; the last time; as, I saw him last in New York. 2. In conclusion; finally.lastly Pleased with his idol, he commends, admires, Adores; and, last, the thing adored desires. Dryden. 3. At a time next preceding the present time. How long is't now since last yourself and I Were in a mask Shak. LAST Last, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lasting.] Etym: [OE. lasten, As. læstan to perform, execute, follow, last, continue, fr. last, l, trace, footstep, course; akin to G. leisten to perform, Goth. laistjan to follow. See Last mold of the foot.] 1. To continue in time; to endure; to remain in existence. [I] proffered me to be slave in all that she me would ordain while my life lasted. Testament of Love. 2. To endure use, or continue in existence, without impairment or exhaustion; as, this cloth lasts better than that; the fuel will last through the winter. LAST Last, n. Etym: [AS. lasttrace, track, footstep; akin to D. leest a last, G. leisten, Sw. läst, Dan. læst, Icel. leistr the foot below the ankle, Goth. laists track, way; from a root signifying, to go. Cf. Last, v. i., Learn, Delirium.] Defn: A wooden block shaped like the human foot, on which boots and shoes are formed. The cobbler is not to go beyond his last. L'Estrange. Darning last, a smooth, hard body, often egg-shaped, put into a stocking to preserve its shape in darning. LAST Last, v. t. Defn: To shape with a last; to fasten or fit to a last; to place smoothly on a last; as, to last a boot. LAST Last, n. Etym: [As. hlæst, fr. hladan to lade; akin to OHG. hlast, G., D., Dan., & Sw. last: cf. F. laste, last, a last, of German or Dutch origin. See Lade.] 1. A load; a heavy burden; hence, a certain weight or measure, generally estimated at 4,000 lbs., but varying for different articles and in different countries. In England, a last of codfish, white herrings, meal, or ashes, is twelve barrels; a last of corn, ten quarters, or eighty bushels, in some parts of England, twenty-one quarters; of gunpowder, twenty-four barrels, each containing 100 lbs; of red herrings, twenty cades, or 20,000; of hides, twelve dozen; of leather, twenty dickers; of pitch and tar, fourteen barrels; of wool, twelve sacks; of flax or feathers, 1,700 lbs. 2. The burden of a ship; a cargo. LASTAGE Last"age n. Etym: [E. lestage ballasting, fr. lest ballast, or LL. lastagium, lestagium. See Last a load.] 1. A duty exacted, in some fairs or markets, for the right to carry things where one will. [Obs.] 2. A tax on wares sold by the last. [Obs.] Cowell. 3. The lading of a ship; also, ballast. Spelman. 4. Room for stowing goods, as in a ship. LASTE Last"e, obs. imp. Defn: of Last, to endure. Chaucer. LASTER Last"er, n. Defn: A workman whose business it is to shape boots or shoes, or place leather smoothly, on lasts; a tool for stretching leather on a last. LASTERY Last"er*y, n. Defn: A red color.[Obs.] Spenser. LASTING Last"ing, a. Defn: Existing or continuing a long while; enduring; as, a lasting good or evil; a lasting color. Syn. -- Durable; permanent; undecaying; perpetual; unending. -- Lasting, Permanent, Durable. Lasting commonly means merely continuing in existence; permanent carries the idea of continuing in the same state, position, or course; durable means lasting in spite of agencies which tend to destroy. LASTING Last"ing, n. 1. Continuance; endurance. Locke. 2. A species of very durable woolen stuff, used for women's shoes; everlasting. 3. The act or process of shaping on a last. LASTING Last"ing, adv. Defn: In a lasting manner. LASTINGLY Last"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a lasting manner. LASTLY Last"ly, adv. 1. In the last place; in conclusion. 2. at last; finally. LAT Lat, v. t. Defn: To let; to allow. [Obs.] Chaucer. LATA; LATAH La"ta, La"tah, n. [Malay.] Defn: A convulsive tic or hysteric neurosis prevalent among Malays, similar to or identical with miryachit and jumping disease, the person affected performing various involuntary actions and making rapid inarticulate ejaculations in imitation of the actions and words of another person. LATAKIA Lat`a*ki"a, n. Etym: [Turk.] Defn: A superior quality of Turkish smoking tobacco, so called from the place where produced, the ancient Laodicea. LATCH Latch, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. lécher to lick (of German origin). Cf. Lick.] Defn: To smear; to anoint. [Obs.] Shak. LATCH Latch, n. Etym: [OE. lacche, fr. lacchen to seize, As. læccan.] 1. That which fastens or holds; a lace; a snare. [Obs.] Rom. of R. 2. A movable piece which holds anything in place by entering a notch or cavity; specifically, the catch which holds a door or gate when closed, though it be not bolted. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A latching. 4. A crossbow. [Obs.] Wright. LATCH Latch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Latched; p. pr. & vb. n. Latching.] Etym: [OE.lacchen. See Latch. n.] 1. To catch so as to hold. [Obs.] Those that remained threw darts at our men, and latching our darts, sent them again at us. Golding. 2. To catch or fasten by means of a latch. The door was only latched. Locke. LATCHET Latch"et, n. Etym: [OE. lachet, from an OF. dialect form of F. lacet plaited string, lace dim. of lacs. See Lace.] Defn: The string that fastens a shoe; a shoestring. LATCHING Latch"ing, n. (Naut.) Defn: A loop or eye formed on the head rope of a bonnet, by which it is attached to the foot of a sail; -- called also latch and lasket. [Usually in pl.] LATCHKEY Latch"key`, n. Defn: A key used to raise, or throw back, the latch of a door, esp. a night latch. LATCHSTRING Latch"string`, n. Defn: A string for raising the latch of a door by a person outside. It is fastened to the latch and passed through a hole above it in the door. To find the latchstring out, to meet with hospitality; to be welcome. (Intrusion is prevented by drawing in the latchstring.) [Colloq. U.S.] LATE Late, a. [Compar. Later, or latter (; superl. Latest.] Etym: [OE. lat slow, slack, As.læt; akin to Os. lat, D. laat late, G. lass weary, lazy, slack, Icel. latr, Sw. lat, Dan. lad, Goth. lats, and to E. let, v. See Let to permit, and cf. Alas, Lassitude.] 1. Coming after the time when due, or after the usual or proper time; not early; slow; tardy; long delayed; as, a late spring. 2. Far advanced toward the end or close; as, a late hour of the day; a late period of life. 3. Existing or holding some position not long ago, but not now; lately deceased, departed, or gone out of office; as, the late bishop of London; the late administration. 4. Not long past; happening not long ago; recent; as, the late rains; we have received late intelligence. 5. Continuing or doing until an advanced hour of the night; as, late revels; a late watcher. LATE Late, adv. Etym: [AS. late. See Late, a.] 1. After the usual or proper time, or the time appointed; after delay; as, he arrived late; -- opposed to early. 2. Not long ago; lately. 3. Far in the night, day, week, or other particular period; as, to lie abed late; to sit up late at night. Of late, in time not long past, or near the present; lately; as, the practice is of late uncommon. -- Too late, after the proper or available time; when the time or opportunity is past. LATED Lat"ed, a. Defn: Belated; too late. [Obs.] Shak. LATEEN La*teen", a. (Naut.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a peculiar rig used in the Mediterranean and adjacent waters, esp. on the northern coast of Africa. See below. Lateen sail. Etym: [F. voile latine a sail in the shape of a right- angled triangle; cf. It. & Sp. vela latina; properly Latin sail. See Latin.] (Naut.) A triangular sail, extended by a long yard, which is slung at about one fourth of its length from the lower end, to a low mast, this end being brought down at the tack, while the other end is elevated at an angle or about forty-five degrees; -- used in small boats, feluccas, xebecs, etc., especially in the Mediterranean and adjacent waters. Some lateen sails have also a boom on the lower side. LATELY Late"ly, adv. Defn: Not long ago; recently; as, he has lately arrived from Italy. LATENCE La"tence, n. Defn: Latency. Coleridge. LATENCY La"ten*cy, n. Etym: [See Latent.] Defn: The state or quality of being latent. To simplify the discussion, I shall distinguish three degrees of this latency. Sir W. Hamilton. LATENESS Late"ness, n. Defn: The state, condition, or quality, of being late; as, the lateness of his arrival; the lateness of the hour; the lateness of the season. LATENT La"tent, a. Etym: [L. latens, -entis, p. pr. of latere to lie hid or concealed; cf. Gr. lethargy: cf. F.latent.] Defn: Not visible or apparent; hidden; springs of action. The evils latent in the most promising contrivances are provided for as they arise. Burke. Latent buds (bot.), buds which remain undeveloped or dormant for a long time, but may at length grow. Latent heat (Physics), that quantity of heat which disappears or becomes concealed in a body while producing some change in it other than rise of temperature, as fusion, evaporation, or expansion, the quantity being constant for each particular body and for each species of change. -- Latent period. (a) (Med.) The regular time in which a disease is supposed to be existing without manifesting itself. (b) (Physiol.) One of the phases in a simple muscular contraction, in which invisible preparatory changes are taking place in the nerve and muscle. (c) (Biol.) One of those periods or resting stages in the development of the ovum, in which development is arrested prior to renewed activity. LATENTLY La"tent*ly, adv. Defn: In a secret or concealed manner; invisibly. LATER La"ter, n.; pl. Lateres. Etym: [L.] Defn: A brick or tile. Knight. LATER Lat"er, a. Defn: Compar. of Late, a. & adv. LATERAD Lat"er*ad, adv. Etym: [L. latus, lateris, side + ad to.] (Anat.) Defn: Toward the side; away from the mesial plane; -- opposed to mesiad. LATERAL Lat"er*al, a. Etym: [L. lateralis, fr. latus, lateris, side: cf. F.latéral.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sides; as, the lateral walls of a house; the lateral branches of a tree. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Lying at, or extending toward, the side; away from the mesial plane; external; -- opposed to mesial. 3. Directed to the side; as, a lateral view of a thing. Lateral cleavage (Crystallog.), cleavage parallel to the lateral planes. -- Lateral equation (Math.), an equation of the first degree. [Obs.] -- Lateral line (Anat.), in fishes, a line of sensory organs along either side of the body, often marked by a distinct line of color. -- Lateral pressure or stress (Mech.), a pressure or stress at right angles to the length, as of a beam or bridge; -- distinguished from longitudinal pressure or stress. -- Lateral strength (Mech.), strength which resists a tendency to fracture arising from lateral pressure. -- Lateral system (Bridge Building), the system of horizontal braces (as between two vertical trusses) by which lateral stiffness is secured. LATERALITY Lat`er*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or condition of being lateral. LATERALLY Lat"er*al*ly, adv. Defn: By the side; sidewise; toward, or from, the side. LATERAN Lat"er*an, n. Defn: The church and palace of St. John Lateran, the church being the cathedral church of Rome, and the highest in rank of all churches in the Catholic world. Note: The name is said to have been derived from that of the Laterani family, who possessed a palace on or near the spot where the church now stands. In this church several ecclesiastical councils, hence called Lateran councils, have been held. LATERED Lat"ered, a. Defn: Inclined to delay; dilatory. [Obs.] "When a man is too latered." Chaucer. LATERIFOLIOUS Lat`er*i*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. latus, lateris, side + folium leaf: cf. F. latérifolié.] (Bot.) Defn: Growing from the stem by the side of a leaf; as, a laterifolious flower. LATERITE Lat"er*ite, n. Etym: [L. later brick, tile: cf. F. latérite.] (Geol.) Defn: An argillaceous sandstone, of a red color, and much seamed; -- found in India. LATERITIC Lat`er*it"ic, a. Defn: consisting of, containing, or characterized by, laterite; as, lateritic formations. LATERITIC Lat`er*it"ic, a. Defn: Consisting of, containing, or characterized by, laterite; as, lateritic formations. LATERITIOUS Lat"er*i"tious, a. Etym: [L.lateritius, fr. later a brick.] Defn: Like bricks; of the color of red bricks. Lateritious sediment (Med.), a sediment in urine resembling brick dust, observed after the crises of fevers, and at the termination of gouty paroxysms. It usually consists of uric acid or urates with some coloring matter. LATES La"tes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large percoid fishes, of which one species (Lates Niloticus) inhabits the Nile, and another (L. calcarifer LATESCENCE La*tes"cence, n. Defn: A slight withdrawal from view or knowledge. Sir W. Hamilton. LATESCENT La*tes"cent, a. Etym: [L. latescens, -entis, p. pr. of latescere to be concealed, fr. latere to be hid.] Defn: Slightly withdrawn from view or knowledge; as, a latescent meaning. Sir W. Hamilton. LATEWAKE Late"wake`, n. Defn: See Lich wake, under Lich. LATEWARD Late"ward, a. & adv. Defn: Somewhat late; backward. [Obs.] "Lateward lands." Holland. LATEX La"tex, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: A milky or colored juice in certain plants in cavities (called latex cells or latex tubes). It contains the peculiar principles of the plants, whether aromatic, bitter, or acid, and in many instances yields caoutchouc upon coagulation. LATH Lath, n.; pl. Laths. Etym: [OE. laththe, latthe, latte, AS. lætta; akin to D. lat, G. latte, OHG. latta; cf. W. llath a rod, staff, yard. Cf. Lattice, Latten.] Defn: A thin, narrow strip of wood, nailed to the rafters, studs, or floor beams of a building, for the purpose of supporting the tiles, plastering, etc. A corrugated metallic strip or plate is sometimes used. Lath brick, a long, slender brick, used in making the floor on which malt is placed in the drying kiln. Lath nail a slender nail for fastening laths. LATH Lath, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lathed; p. pr. & vb. n. Lathing.] Defn: To cover or line with laths. LATHE Lathe, n. Etym: [AS.læedh. Of. uncertain origin.] Defn: Formerly, a part or division of a county among the Anglo- Saxons. At present it consists of four or five hundreds, and is confined to the county of Kent. [Written also lath.] Brande & C. LATHE Lathe, n. Etym: [OE. lathe a granary; akin to G. lade a chest, Icel. hlaedha a storehouse, barn; but cf. also Icel. löedh a smith's lathe. Senses 2 and 3 are perh. of the same origin as lathe a granary, the original meaning being, a frame to hold something. If so, the word is from an older form of E. lade to load. See Lade to load.] 1. A granary; a barn. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A machine for turning, that is, for shaping articles of wood, metal, or other material, by causing them to revolve while acted upon by a cutting tool. 3. The movable swing frame of a loom, carrying the reed for separating the warp threads and beating up the weft; -- called also lay and batten. Blanchard lathe, a lathe for turning irregular forms after a given pattern, as lasts, gunstocks, and the like. -- Drill lathe, or Speed lathe, a small lathe which, from its high speed, is adapted for drilling; a hand lathe. -- Engine lathe, a turning lathe in which the cutting tool has an automatic feed; -- used chiefly for turning and boring metals, cutting screws, etc. -- Foot lathe, a lathe which is driven by a treadle worked by the foot. -- Geometric lathe. See under Geometric -- Hand lathe, a lathe operated by hand; a power turning lathe without an automatic feed for the tool. -- Slide lathe, an engine lathe. -- Throw lathe, a small lathe worked by one hand, while the cutting tool is held in the other. LATHER Lath"er, n. Etym: [AS. leáedhor niter, in leáedhorwyrt soapwort; cf. Icel. lau; perh. akin to E. lye.] 1. Foam or froth made by soap moistened with water. 2. Foam from profuse sweating, as of a horse. LATHER Lath"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lathered; p. pr. & vb. n. Lathering.] Etym: [AS. leedhrian to lather, anoint. See Lather, n. ] Defn: To spread over with lather; as, to lather the face. LATHER Lath"er, v. i. Defn: To form lather, or a froth like lather; to accumulate foam from profuse sweating, as a horse. LATHER Lath"er, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Leather.] Defn: To beat severely with a thong, strap, or the like; to flog. [Low] LATHEREEVE; LATHREEVE Lathe"reeve`, Lath"reeve`, n. Defn: Formerly, the head officer of a lathe. See 1st Lathe. LATHING Lath"ing, n. Defn: The act or process of covering with laths; laths, collectively; a covering of laths. LATH-SHAPED Lath"-shaped`, a. Defn: Having a slender elongated form, like a lath; -- said of the feldspar of certain igneous rocks, as diabase, as seen in microscopic sections. LATHWORK Lath"work`, n. Defn: Same as Lathing. LATHY Lath"y, a. Defn: Like a lath; long and slender. A lathy horse, all legs and length. R. Browning. LATIAN La"tian, a. Defn: Belonging, or relating, to Latium, a country of ancient Italy. See Latin. LATIBULIZE La*tib"u*lize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Latibulized (; p. pr. & vb. n. Latibulizing.] Etym: [L. latibulum hiding place, fr. latere to lie hid.] Defn: To retire into a den, or hole, and lie dormant in winter; to retreat and lie hid. [R.] G. Shaw. LATIBULUM La*tib"u*lum, n; pl. Latibula. Etym: [L.] Defn: A concealed hiding place; a burrow; a lair; a hole. LATICIFEROUS Lat`i*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. latex, laticis, a liquid + -ferous.] (Bot.) Defn: Containing the latex; -- applied to the tissue or tubular vessels in which the latex of the plant is found. LATICLAVE Lat"i*clave, n. Etym: [L. laticlavus, laticlavium; latus broad + clavus nail, a purple stripe on the tunica: cf. F. laticlave.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A broad stripe of purple on the fore part of the tunic, worn by senators in ancient Rome as an emblem of office. LATICOSTATE Lat`i*cos"tate, a. Etym: [L. latus broad + E. costate.] Defn: Broad-ribbed. LATIDENTATE Lat`i*den"tate, a. Etym: [L. latus broad + E. dentate.] Defn: Broad-toothed. LATIFOLIATE; LATIFOLIOUS Lat`i*fo"li*ate, Lat`i*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. latifolius; latus broad + folium leaf: cf. F. latifolié.] (Bot.) Defn: Having broad leaves. LATIGO La"ti*go, n. [Sp. látigo.] Defn: A strap for tightening a saddle girth. [Western U. S. & Sp. Amer.] LATIGO HALTER La"ti*go hal"ter. Defn: A kind of halter usually made of raw hide. LATIMER Lat"i*mer, n. Etym: [OF. latinier, latimier, prop., one knowing Latin.] Defn: An interpreter. [Obs.] Coke. LATIN Lat"in, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. Latinus belonging to Latium, Latin, fr. Latium a country of Italy, in which Rome was situated. Cf. Ladin, Lateen sail, under Lateen.] 1. Of or pertaining to Latium, or to the Latins, a people of Latium; Roman; as, the Latin language. 2. Of, pertaining to, or composed in, the language used by the Romans or Latins; as, a Latin grammar; a Latin composition or idiom. Latin Church (Eccl. Hist.), the Western or Roman Catholic Church, as distinct from the Greek or Eastern Church. -- Latin cross. See Illust. 1 of Cross. -- Latin races, a designation sometimes loosely given to certain nations, esp. the French, Spanish, and Italians, who speak languages principally derived from Latin. Latin Union, an association of states, originally comprising France, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy, which, in 1865, entered into a monetary agreement, providing for an identity in the weight and fineness of the gold and silver coins of those countries, and for the amounts of each kind of coinage by each. Greece, Servia, Roumania, and Spain subsequently joined the Union. LATIN Lat"in, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Latium; a Roman. 2. The language of the ancient Romans. 3. An exercise in schools, consisting in turning English into Latin. [Obs.] Ascham. 4. (Eccl.) Defn: A member of the Roman Catholic Church. (Dog Latin, barbarous Latin; a jargon in imitation of Latin; as, the log Latin of schoolboys. -- Late Latin, Low Latin, terms used indifferently to designate the latest stages of the Latin language; low Latin (and, perhaps, late Latin also), including the barbarous coinages from the French, German, and other languages into a Latin form made after the Latin had become a dead language for the people. -- Law Latin, that kind of late, or low, Latin, used in statutes and legal instruments; -- often barbarous. LATIN Lat"in, v. t. Defn: To write or speak in Latin; to turn or render into Latin. [Obs.] Fuller. LATINISM Lat"in*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. latinisme.] Defn: A Latin idiom; a mode of speech peculiar to Latin; also, a mode of speech in another language, as English, formed on a Latin model. Note: The term is also sometimes used by Biblical scholars to designate a Latin word in Greek letters, or the Latin sense of a Greek word in the Greek Testament. LATINIST Lat"in*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. latiniste.] Defn: One skilled in Latin; a Latin scholar. Cowper. He left school a good Latinist. Macaulay. LATINISTIC Lat`in*is"tic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, Latin; in the Latin style or idiom. "Latinistic words." Fitzed. Hall. LATINITASTER La*tin"i*tas`ter, n. Etym: [Cf. Poetaster.] Defn: One who has but a smattering of Latin. Walker. LATINITY La*tin"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. latinitas: cf. F. latinité.] Defn: The Latin tongue, style, or idiom, or the use thereof; specifically, purity of Latin style or idiom. "His eleLatinity." Motley. LATINIZATION Lat`in*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of Latinizing, as a word, language, or country. The Germanization of Britain went far deeper than the Latinization of France. M. Arnold. LATINIZE Lat"in*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Latinized; p. pr. & vb. n. Latinizing.] Etym: [L. latinizare: cf. F.latiniser.] 1. To give Latin terminations or forms to, as to foreign words, in writing Latin. 2. To bring under the power or influence of the Romans or Latins; to affect with the usages of the Latins, especially in speech. "Latinized races." Lowell. 3. To make like the Roman Catholic Church or diffuse its ideas in; as, to Latinize the Church of England. LATINIZE Lat"in*ize, v. i. Defn: To use words or phrases borrowed from the Latin. Dryden. 2. To come under the influence of the Romans, or of the Roman Catholic Church. LATINLY Lat"in*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of the Latin language; in correct Latin. [Obs.] Heylin. LATION La"tion, n. Etym: [L. latio, fr. latus borne. See Tolerate.] Defn: Transportation; conveyance. [Obs.] LATIROSTRAL; LATIROSTROUS Lat`i*ros"tral, Lat`i*ros"trous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. latirostre. See Latirostres.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a broad beak. Sir T. Browne. LATIROSTRES Lat`i*ros"tres, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. latus broad + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The broad-billed singing birds, such as the swallows, and their allies. LATISH Lat"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat late. [Colloq.] LATISTERNAL Lat`i*ster"nal, a. Etym: [L. latus broad + E. sternal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a broad breastbone, or sternum; -- said of anthropoid apes. LATITANCY Lat"i*tan*cy, n. Etym: [See Latitant.] Defn: Act or state of lying hid, or lurking. [R.] Sir T. Browne. LATITANT Lat"i*tant, a. Etym: [L. latitans, pr. of latitare to lie hid, to lurk, v. intens. fr. latere to be hid: cf. F. latitant.] Defn: Lying hid; concealed; latent. [R.] LATITAT Lat"i*tat, n. Etym: [L., he lies hid.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A writ based upon the presumption that the person summoned was hiding. Blackstone. LATITATION Lat`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. latitatio.] Defn: A lying in concealment; hiding. [Obs.] LATITUDE Lat"i*tude, n. Etym: [F. latitude, L. latitudo, fr. latus broad, wide, for older stlatus; perh. akin to E. strew.] 1. Extent from side to side, or distance sidewise from a given point or line; breadth; width. Provided the length do not exceed the latitude above one third part. Sir H. Wotton. 2. Room; space; freedom from confinement or restraint; hence, looseness; laxity; independence. In human actions there are no degrees and precise natural limits described, but a latitude is indulged. Jer. Taylor. 3. Extent or breadth of signification, application, etc.; extent of deviation from a standard, as truth, style, etc. No discreet man will believe Augustine's miracles, in the latitude of monkish relations. Fuller. 4. Extent; size; amplitude; scope. I pretend not to treat of them in their full latitude. Locke. 5. (Geog.) Defn: Distance north or south of the equator, measured on a meridian. 6. (Astron.) Defn: The angular distance of a heavenly body from the ecliptic. Ascending latitude, Circle of latitude, Geographical latitude, etc. See under Ascending. Circle, etc. -- High latitude, that part of the earth's surface near either pole, esp. that part within either the arctic or the antarctic circle. -- Low latitude, that part of the earth's surface which is near the equator. LATITUDINAL Lat`i*tu"di*nal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to latitude; in the direction of latitude. LATITUDINARIAN Lat`i*tu`di*na"ri*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. latitudinaire.] 1. Not restrained; not confined by precise limits. 2. Indifferent to a strict application of any standard of belief or opinion; hence, deviating more or less widely from such standard; lax in doctrine; as, latitudinarian divines; latitudinarian theology. Latitudinarian sentiments upon religious subjects. Allibone. 3. Lax in moral or religious principles. LATITUDINARIAN Lat`i*tu`di*na"ri*an, n. 1. One who is moderate in his notions, or not restrained by precise settled limits in opinion; one who indulges freedom in thinking. 2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A member of the Church of England, in the time of Charles II., who adopted more liberal notions in respect to the authority, government, and doctrines of the church than generally prevailed. They were called "men of latitude;" and upon this, men of narrow thoughts fastened upon them the name of latitudinarians. Bp. Burnet. 3. (Theol.) Defn: One who departs in opinion from the strict principles of orthodoxy. LATITUDINARIANISM Lat`i*tu`di*na"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: A latitudinarian system or condition; freedom of opinion in matters pertaining to religious belief. Fierce sectarianism bred fierce latitudinarianism. De Quincey. He [Ammonius Saccas] plunged into the wildest latitudinarianism of opinion. J. S. Harford. LATITUDINOUS Lat`i*tu"di*nous, a. Defn: Having latitude, or wide extent. LATON; LATOUN Lat"on, Lat"oun, n. Defn: Latten, 1. [Obs.] Chaucer. LATRANT La"trant, a. Etym: [L. latrans, p. pr. of latrare. See Latrate.] Defn: Barking. [Obs.] Tickell. LATRATE La"trate, v. i. Etym: [L. latratus, p. p. of latrare to bark.] Defn: To bark as a dog. [Obs.] LATRATION La*tra"tion, n. Defn: A barking. [Obs.] LATREUTICAL La*treu"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Acting as a hired servant; serving; ministering; assisting. [Obs.] 2. Of or pertaining to latria. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. LATRIA La*tri"a, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: The highest kind of worship, or that paid to God; -- distinguished by the Roman Catholics from dulia, or the inferior worship paid to saints. LATRINE La*trine", n. Etym: [L. latrina: cf. F. latrines.] Defn: A privy, or water-closet, esp. in a camp, hospital, etc. LATROCINY Lat"ro*cin`y, n. Etym: [L. latrocinium. Cf. Larceny.] Defn: Theft; larceny. [Obs.] LATTEN Lat"ten, n. Etym: [OE. latoun, laton, OF. laton, F. laiton, prob. fr. OF. late lath, F. latte; -- because made in thin plates; cf. It. latta a sheet of tinned iron, tin plate. F. latte is of German origin. See Lath a thin board.] 1. A kind of brass hammered into thin sheets, formerly much used for making church utensils, as candlesticks, crosses, etc.; -- called also latten brass. He had a cross of latoun full of stones. Chaucer. 2. Sheet tin; iron plate, covered with tin; also, any metal in thin sheets; as, gold latten. Black latten, brass in milled sheets, composed of copper and zinc, used by braziers, and for drawing into wire. -- Roll latten, latten polished on both sides ready for use. -- Shaven latten, a thinner kind than black latten. -- White latten, a mixture of brass and tin. LATTER Lat"ter, a. Etym: [OE. later, lætter, compar. of lat late. See Late, and cf. Later.] 1. Later; more recent; coming or happening after something else; -- opposed to former; as, the former and latter rain. 2. Of two things, the one mentioned second. The difference between reason and revelation, and in what sense the latter is superior. I. Watts. 3. Recent; modern. Hath not navigation discovered in these latter ages, whole nations at the bay of Soldania Locke. 4. Last; latest; final. [R.] "My latter gasp." Shak. Latter harvest, the last part of the harvest. -- Latter spring, the last part of the spring of the year. Shak. LATTERDAY Lat"ter*day`, a. Defn: Belonging to present times or those recent by comparison. LATTER-DAY SAINT Lat"ter-day` saint". Defn: A Mormon; -- the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints being the name assumed by the whole body of Mormons. LATTERKIN Lat"ter*kin, n. Defn: A pointed wooden tool used in glazing leaden lattice. LATTERLY Lat"ter*ly, adv. Defn: Lately; of late; recently; at a later, as distinguished from a former, period. Latterly Milton was short and thick. Richardson. LATTERMATH Lat"ter*math, n. Etym: [Cf. Aftermath.] Defn: The latter, or second, mowing; the aftermath. LATTICE Lat"tice, n. Etym: [OE. latis, F. lattis lathwork, fr. latte lath. See Latten, 1st Lath.] 1. Any work of wood or metal, made by crossing laths, or thin strips, and forming a network; as, the lattice of a window; -- called also latticework. The mother of Sisera looked out at a window, and cried through the lattice. Judg. v. 28. 2. (Her.) Defn: The representation of a piece of latticework used as a bearing, the bands being vertical and horizontal. Lattice bridge, a bridge supported by lattice girders, or latticework trusses. -- Lattice girder (Arch.), a girder of which the wed consists of diagonal pieces crossing each other in the manner of latticework. -- Lattice plant (Bot.), an aquatic plant of Madagascar (Ouvirandra fenestralis), whose leaves have interstices between their ribs and cross veins, so as to resemble latticework. A second species is O. Berneriana. The genus is merged in Aponogeton by recent authors. LATTICE Lat"tice, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Latticed; p. pr. & vb. n. Latticing.] 1. To make a lattice of; as, to lattice timbers. 2. To close, as an opening, with latticework; to furnish with a lattice; as, to lattice a window. To lattice up, to cover or inclose with a lattice. Therein it seemeth he [Alexander] hath latticed up Cæsar. Sir T. North. LATTICEWORK Lat"tice*work`, n. Defn: Same as Lattice, n., 1. LATTICING Lat"ti*cing, n. 1. The act or process of making a lattice of, or of fitting a lattice to. 2. (Bridge Building) Defn: A system of bars crossing in the middle to form braces between principal longitudinal members, as of a strut. LATUS RECTUM La"tus rec"tum. Etym: [L., the right side.] (Conic Sections) Defn: The line drawn through a focus of a conic section parallel to the directrix and terminated both ways by the curve. It is the parameter of the principal axis. See Focus, and Parameter. LAUD Laud, n. Etym: [L. laus, laudis. See Laud, v. i.] 1. High commendation; praise; honor; exaltation; glory. "Laud be to God." Shak. So do well and thou shalt have laud of the same. Tyndals. 2. A part of divine worship, consisting chiefly of praise; -- usually in the pl. Note: In the Roman Catholic Church, the prayers used at daybreak, between those of matins and prime, are called lauds. 3. Music or singing in honor of any one. LAUD Laud, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Lauding.] Etym: [L.laudare, fr. laus, laudis, praise. Cf. Allow.] Defn: To praise in words alone, or with words and singing; to celebrate; to extol. With all the company of heaven, we laud and magnify thy glorious name. Book of Common Prayer. LAUDABILITY Laud`a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. laudabilitas.] Defn: Laudableness; praiseworthiness. LAUDABLE Laud"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. laudabilis: cf. OE. laudable. See Laud, v. i.] 1. Worthy of being lauded; praiseworthy; commendable; as, laudable motives; laudable actions; laudable ambition. 2. (Med.) Defn: Healthy; salubrious; normal; having a disposition to promote healing; not noxious; as, laudable juices of the body; laudable pus. Arbuthnot. LAUDABLENESS Laud"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being laudable; praiseworthiness; commendableness. LAUDABLY Laud"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a laudable manner. LAUDANINE Lau"da*nine, n. Etym: [From Laudanum.] (Chem.) Defn: A white organic base, resembling morphine, and obtained from certain varieties of opium. LAUDANUM Lau"da*num, n. Etym: [Orig. the same wort as ladanum, ladbdanum: cf. F. laudanum, It. laudano, ladano. See Ladanum.] Defn: Tincture of opium, used for various medical purposes. Note: A fluid ounce of American laudanum should contain the soluble matter of one tenth of an ounce avoirdupois of powdered opium with equal parts of alcohol and water. English laudanum should have ten grains less of opium in the fluid ounce. U. S. Disp. Dutchman's laudanum (Bot.) See under Dutchman. LAUDATION Lau*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. laudatio: cf. OE. taudation. See Land, v. t.] Defn: The act of lauding; praise; high commendation. LAUDATIVE Laud"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. laudativus laudatory: cf. F. laudatif.] Defn: Laudatory. LAUDATIVE Laud"a*tive, n. Defn: A panegyric; a eulogy. [Obs.] Bacon. LAUDATOR Lau*da"tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. One who lauds. 2. (Law) Defn: An arbitrator. [Obs.] Cowell. LAUDATORY Laud"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. laudatorius: cf. OF. laudatoire.] Defn: Of or pertaining praise, or to the expression of praise; as, laudatory verses; the laudatory powers of Dryden. Sir J. Stephen. LAUDER Laud"er, n. Defn: One who lauds. LAUGH Laugh, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laughed; p. pr. & vb. n. Laughing.] Etym: [OE. laughen, laghen, lauhen, AS. hlehhan, hlihhan, hlyhhan, hliehhan; akin to OS. hlahan, D. & G.lachen, OHG. hlahhan, lahhan, lahh, Icel. hlæja. Dan. lee, Sw. le, Goth. hlahjan; perh. of imitative origin.] 1. To show mirth, satisfaction, or derision, by peculiar movement of the muscles of the face, particularly of the mouth, causing a lighting up of the face and eyes, and usually accompanied by the emission of explosive or chuckling sounds from the chest and throat; to indulge in laughter. Queen Hecuba laughed that her eyes ran o'er. Shak. He laugheth that winneth. Heywood's Prov. 2. Fig.: To be or appear gay, cheerful, pleasant, mirthful, lively, or brilliant; to sparkle; to sport. Then laughs the childish year, with flowerets crowned. Dryden. In Folly's cup still laughs the bubble Joy. Pope. To laugh at, to make an object of laughter or ridicule; to make fun of; to deride. No wit to flatter left of all his store, No fool to laugh at, which he valued more. Pope. -- To laugh in the sleeve, to laugh secretly, or so as not to be observed, especially while apparently preserving a grave or serious demeanor toward the person or persons laughed at. -- To laugh out, to laugh in spite of some restraining influence; to laugh aloud. -- To laugh out of the other corner (or side) of the mouth, to weep or cry; to feel regret, vexation, or disappointment after hilarity or exaltation. [Slang] LAUGH Laugh, v. t. 1. To affect or influence by means of laughter or ridicule. Will you laugh me asleep, for I am very heavy Shak. I shall laugh myself to death. Shak. 2. To express by, or utter with, laughter; -- with out. From his deep chest laughs out a loud applause. Shak. To laugh away. (a) To drive away by laughter; as, to laugh away regret. (b) To waste in hilarity. "Pompey doth this day laugh away his fortune." Shak. -- To laugh down. (a) To cause to cease or desist by laughter; as, to laugh down a speaker. (b) To cause to be given up on account of ridicule; as, to laugh down a reform. -- To laugh one out of, to cause one by laughter or ridicule to abandon or give up; as, to laugh one out of a plan or purpose. -- To laugh to scorn, to deride; to treat with mockery, contempt, and scorn; to despise. LAUGH Laugh, n. Defn: An expression of mirth peculiar to the human species; the sound heard in laughing; laughter. See Laugh, v. i. And the loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind. Goldsmith. That man is a bad man who has not within him the power of a hearty laugh. F. W. Robertson. LAUGHABLE Laugh"a*ble, a. Defn: Fitted to excite laughter; as, a laughable story; a laughable scene. Syn. -- Droll; ludicrous; mirthful; comical. See Droll, and Ludicrous. -- Laugh"a*ble*ness, n. -- Laugh"a*bly, adv. LAUGHER Laugh"er, n. 1. One who laughs. 2. A variety of the domestic pigeon. LAUGHING Laugh"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Laugh, v. i. Laughing falcon (Zoöl.), a South American hawk (Herpetotheres cachinnans); -- so called from its notes, which resemble a shrill laughing. -- Laughing gas (Chem.), hyponitrous oxide, or protoxide of nitrogen; -- so called from the exhilaration and laughing which it sometimes produces when inhaled. It is much used as an anæsthetic agent. -- Laughing goose (Zoöl.), the European white-fronted goose. -- Laughing gull. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European gull (Xema ridibundus); -- called also pewit, black cap, red-legged gull, and sea crow. (b) An American gull (Larus atricilla). In summer the head is nearly black, the back slate color, and the five outer primaries black. -- Laughing hyena (Zoöl.), the spotted hyena. See Hyena. -- Laughing jackass (Zoöl.), the great brown kingfisher (Dacelo gigas), of Australia; -- called also giant kingfisher, and gogobera. -- Laughing owl (Zoöl.), a peculiar owl (Sceloglaux albifacies) of New Zealand, said to be on the verge of extinction. The name alludes to its notes. LAUGHINGLY Laugh"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With laughter or merriment. LAUGHINGSTOCK Laugh"ing*stock`, n. Defn: An object of ridicule; a butt of sport. Shak. When he talked, he talked nonsense, and made himself the laughingstock of his hearers. Macaulay. LAUGHSOME Laugh"some, a. Defn: Exciting laughter; also, addicted to laughter; merry. [R.] LAUGHTER Laugh"ter, n. Etym: [AS. hleahtor; akin to OHG. hlahtar, G. gelächter, Icel. hlatr, Dan. latter. See Laugh, v. i. ] Defn: A movement (usually involuntary) of the muscles of the face, particularly of the lips, with a peculiar expression of the eyes, indicating merriment, satisfaction, or derision, and usually attended by a sonorous and interrupted expulsion of air from the lungs. See Laugh, v. i. The act of laughter, which is a sweet contraction of the muscles of the face, and a pleasant agitation of the vocal organs, is not merely, or totally within the jurisdiction of ourselves. Sir T. Browne. Archly the maiden smiled, and with eyes overrunning with laughter. Longfellow. LAUGHTERLESS Laugh"ter*less, a. Defn: Not laughing; without laughter. LAUGHWORTHY Laugh"wor`thy, a. Defn: Deserving to be laughed at. [R.] B. Jonson. LAUMONTITE Lau"mont*ite, n. Etym: [From Dr. Laumont, the discoverer.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral, of a white color and vitreous luster. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Exposed to the air, it loses water, becomes opaque, and crumbles. [Written also laumonite.] LAUNCE Launce, n. Defn: A lance. [Obs.] LAUNCE Launce, n. Etym: [It. lance, L. lanx, lancis, plate, scale of a balance. Cf. Balance.] Defn: A balance. [Obs.] Fortune all in equal launce doth sway. Spenser. LAUNCE Launce, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Lant, the fish. LAUNCEGAYE Launce"gaye`, n. Defn: See Langegaye. [Obs.] LAUNCH Launch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Launched; p. pr. & vb. n. Launching.] Etym: [OE. launchen to throw as a lance, OF. lanchier, another form of lancier, F. lancer, fr. lance lance. See Lance.] [Written also lanch.] 1. To throw, as a lance or dart; to hurl; to let fly. 2. To strike with, or as with, a lance; to pierce. [Obs.] Launch your hearts with lamentable wounds. Spenser. 3. To cause to move or slide from the land into the water; to set afloat; as, to launch a ship. With stays and cordage last he rigged the ship, And rolled on levers, launched her in the deep. Pope. 4. To send out; to start (one) on a career; to set going; to give a start to (something); to put in operation; as, to launch a son in the world; to launch a business project or enterprise. All art is used to sink episcopacy, and launch presbytery in England. Eikon Basilike. LAUNCH Launch, v. i. Defn: To move with force and swiftness like a sliding from the stocks into the water; to plunge; to make a beginning; as, to launch into the current of a stream; to launch into an argument or discussion; to launch into lavish expenditures; -- often with out. Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught. Luke v. 4. He [Spenser] launches out into very flowery paths. Prior. LAUNCH Launch, n. 1. The act of launching. 2. The movement of a vessel from land into the water; especially, the sliding on ways from the stocks on which it is built. 3. Etym: [Cf. Sp. lancha.] (Naut.) Defn: The boat of the largest size belonging to a ship of war; also, an open boat of any size driven by steam, naphtha, electricity, or the like. Launching ways. (Naut.) See Way, n. (Naut.). LAUND Laund (lalnd), n. Etym: [See Lawn of grass.] Defn: A plain sprinkled with trees or underbrush; a glade. [Obs.] In a laund upon an hill of flowers. Chaucer. Through this laund anon the deer will come. Shak. LAUNDER Laun"der, n. Etym: [Contracted fr. OE. lavender, F. lavandière, LL. lavandena, from L. lavare to wash. See Lave.] 1. A washerwoman. [Obs.] 2. (Mining) Defn: A trough used by miners to receive the powdered ore from the box where it is beaten, or for carrying water to the stamps, or other apparatus, for comminuting, or sorting, the ore. LAUNDER Laun"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laundered; p. pr. & vb. n. Laundering.] 1. To wash, as clothes; to wash, and to smooth with a flatiron or mangle; to wash and iron; as, to launder shirts. 2. To lave; to wet. [Obs.] Shak. LAUNDERER Laun"der*er, n. Defn: One who follows the business of laundering. LAUNDERING Laun"der*ing, n. Defn: The act, or occupation, of one who launders; washing and ironing. LAUNDRESS Laun"dress, n. Defn: A woman whose employment is laundering. LAUNDRESS Laun"dress, v. i. Defn: To act as a laundress.[Obs.] LAUNDRY Laun"dry, n.; pl. Laundries. Etym: [OE. lavendrie, OF. lavanderie. See Launder.] 1. A laundering; a washing. 2. A place or room where laundering is done. LAUNDRYMAN Laun"dry*man, n.; pl. Laundrymen (. Defn: A man who follows the business of laundering. LAURA Lau"ra, n. Etym: [LL., fr. Gr. ( (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A number of hermitages or cells in the same neighborhood occupied by anchorites who were under the same superior. C. Kingsley. LAURACEOUS Lau*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [From Laurus.] (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, a natural order (Lauraceæ) of trees and shrubs having aromatic bark and foliage, and including the laurel, sassafras, cinnamon tree, true camphor tree, etc. LAURATE Lau"rate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of lauric acid. LAUREATE Lau"re*ate, a. Etym: [L. laureatus, fr. laurea laurel tree, fr. laureus of laurel, fr. laurus laurel: cf. F. lauréat. Cf. Laurel.] Defn: Crowned, or decked, with laurel. Chaucer. To strew the laureate hearse where Lycid lies. Milton. Soft on her lap her laureate son reclines. Pope. Poet laureate. (b) One who received an honorable degree in grammar, including poetry and rhetoric, at the English universities; -- so called as being presented with a wreath of laurel. [Obs.] (b) Formerly, an officer of the king's household, whose business was to compose an ode annually for the king's birthday, and other suitable occasions; now, a poet officially distinguished by such honorary title, the office being a sinecure. It is said this title was first given in the time of Edward IV. [Eng.] LAUREATE Lau"re*ate, n. Defn: One crowned with laurel; a poet laureate. "A learned laureate." Cleveland. LAUREATE Lau"re*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laureated; p. pr. & vb. n. Laureating.] Defn: To honor with a wreath of laurel, as formerly was done in bestowing a degree at the English universities. LAUREATESHIP Lau"re*ate*ship, n. Defn: State, or office, of a laureate. LAUREATION Lau`re*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lauréation.] Defn: The act of crowning with laurel; the act of conferring an academic degree, or honorary title. LAUREL Lau"rel, n. Etym: [OE. lorel, laurer, lorer, OF. lorier, laurier, F. laurier, (assumed) LL. Laurarius, fr. L. laurus.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An evergreen shrub, of the genus Laurus (L. nobilis), having aromatic leaves of a lanceolate shape, with clusters of small, yellowish white flowers in their axils; -- called also sweet bay. Note: The fruit is a purple berry. It is found about the Mediterranean, and was early used by the ancient Greeks to crown the victor in the games of Apollo. At a later period, academic honors were indicated by a crown of laurel, with the fruit. The leaves and tree yield an aromatic oil, used to flavor the bay water of commerce. Note: The name is extended to other plants which in some respect resemble the true laurel. See Phrases, below. 2. A crown of laurel; hence, honor; distinction; fame; -- especially in the plural; as, to win laurels. 3. An English gold coin made in 1619, and so called because the king's head on it was crowned with laurel. Laurel water, water distilled from the fresh leaves of the cherry laurel, and containing prussic acid and other products carried over in the process. American laurel, or Mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia. See under Mountain. -- California laurel, Umbellularia Californica. -- Cherry laurel (in England called laurel). See under Cherry. -- Great laurel, the rosebay (Rhododendron maximum). -- Ground laurel, trailing arbutus. -- New Zealand laurel, Laurelia Novæ Zelandiæ. -- Portugal laurel, the Prunus Lusitanica. -- Rose laurel, the oleander. See Oleander. -- Sheep laurel, a poisonous shrub, Kalmia angustifolia, smaller than the mountain laurel, and with smaller and redder flowers. -- Spurge laurel, Daphne Laureola. -- West Indian laurel, Prunus occidentalis. LAURELED Lau"reled, a. Defn: Crowned with laurel, or with a laurel wreath; laureate. [Written also laurelled.] LAURENTIAN Lau*ren"tian, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or near, the St. Lawrence River; as, the Laurentian hills. Laurentian period (Geol.), the lower of the two divisions of the Archæan age; -- called also the Laurentian. LAURER Lau"rer, n. Defn: Laurel. [Obs.] Chaucer. LAURESTINE Lau"res*tine, n. Etym: [NL. lautus tinus, fr. L. laurus the laurel + tinus laurestine. See Laurel.] (Bot.) Defn: The Viburnum Tinus, an evergreen shrub or tree of the south of Europe, which flowers during the winter mouths. [Written also laurustine and laurestina.] LAURIC Lau"ric, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the European bay or laurel (Laurus nobilis). Lauric acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline substance, C12H24O2, resembling palmitic acid, and obtained from the fruit of the bay tree, and other sources. LAURIFEROUS Lau*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. laurifer; laurus + ferre to bear.] Defn: Producing, or bringing, laurel. LAURIN Lau"rin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. laurine.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance extracted from the fruit of the bay (Laurus nobilis), and consisting of a complex mixture of glycerin ethers of several organic acids. LAURINOL Lau"ri*nol, n. Etym: [Laurin + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: Ordinary camphor; -- so called in allusion to the family name (Lauraceæ) of the camphor trees. See Camphor. LAURIOL Lau"ri*ol, n. Defn: Spurge laurel. [Obs.] Chaucer. LAURITE Lau"rite, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Min.) Defn: A rare sulphide of osmium and ruthenium found with platinum in Borneo and Oregon. LAURONE Lau"rone, n. Etym: [Lauric + -one.] (Chem.) Defn: The ketone of lauric acid. LAURUS Lau"rus, n. Etym: [L., laurel.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees including, according to modern authors, only the true laurel (Laurus nobilis), and the larger L. Canariensis of Madeira and the Canary Islands. Formerly the sassafras, the camphor tree, the cinnamon tree, and several other aromatic trees and shrubs, were also referred to the genus Laurus. LAUS Laus, a. Defn: Loose. [Obs.] Chaucer. LAUTVERSCHIEBUNG Laut"ver*schie`bung, n.; pl. -schiebungen. [G.; laut sound + verschiebung shifting.] (Philol.) (a) The regular changes which the primitive Indo-European stops, or mute consonants, underwent in the Teutonic languages, probably as early as the 3d century b. c. , often called the first Lautverschiebung, sound shifting, or consonant shifting. (b) A somewhat similar set of changes taking place in the High German dialects (less fully in modern literary German) from the 6th to the 8th century, known as the second Lautverschiebung, the result of which form the striking differences between High German and The Low German Languages. The statement of these changes is commonly regarded as forming part of Grimm's law, because included in it as originally framed. LAVA La"va, n. Etym: [It. lava lava, orig. in Naples, a torrent of rain overflowing the streets, fr. It. & L. lavare to wash. See Lave.] Defn: The melted rock ejected by a volcano from its top or fissured sides. It flows out in streams sometimes miles in length. It also issues from fissures in the earth's surface, and forms beds covering many square miles, as in the Northwestern United States. Note: Lavas are classed, according to their structure, as scoriaceous or cellular, glassy, stony, etc., and according to the material of which they consist, as doleritic, trachytic, etc. Lava millstone, a hard and coarse basaltic millstone from the neighborhood of the Rhine. -- Lava ware, a kind of cheap pottery made of iron slag cast into tiles, urns, table tops, etc., resembling lava in appearance. LA VALLIERE; LAVALLIERE La val`liere", or La`val`liere", n. Defn: A neck ornament consisting of a chain and single pendant, or drop. LAVARET Lav"a*ret, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European whitefish (Coregonus laveretus), found in the mountain lakes of Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland. LAVATIC La*vat"ic, a. Defn: Like lava, or composed of lava; lavic. LAVATION La*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. lavatio: cf. OF. lavation.] Defn: A washing or cleansing. [Obs. or R.] LAVATORY Lav"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Washing, or cleansing by washing. LAVATORY Lav"a*to*ry, n.; pl. Lavatories. Etym: [L. lavatorium: cf. lavatoire. See Lave to wash, and cf. Laver.] 1. A place for washing. 2. A basin or other vessel for washing in. 3. A wash or lotion for a diseased part. 4. A place where gold is obtained by washing. LAVATURE Lav"a*ture, n. Defn: A wash or lotion. [Obs.] LAVE Lave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laved; p. pr. & vb. n. Laving.] Etym: [F. laver, L. lavare, akin to luere to wash, Gr. Ablution, Deluge, Lavender, Lava, Lotion.] Defn: To wash; to bathe; as, to lave a bruise. His feet the foremost breakers lave. Byron. LAVE Lave, v. i. Defn: To bathe; to wash one's self. In her chaste current oft the goddess laves. Pope. LAVE Lave, v. t. Etym: [OE. laven. See Lavish.] Defn: To lade, dip, or pour out. [Obs.] Dryden. LAVE Lave, n. Etym: [AS. laf the remainder, what is left. Leave.] Defn: The remainder; others. [Scot.] Bp. Hall. LAVE-EARED Lave"-eared`, a. Etym: [Cf. W. llaf that extends round, llipa flaccid, flapping, G. lapp flabby, lappohr flap ear.] Defn: Having large, pendent ears. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. LAVEER La*veer", v. i. Etym: [D. laveren.] (Naut.) Defn: To beat against the wind; to tack. [Obs.] Dryden. LAVEMENT Lave"ment, n. Etym: [F. lavement, fr. laver to wash.] Defn: A washing or bathing; also, a clyster. LAVENDER Lav"en*der, n. Etym: [OE. lavendre, F. lavande, It. lavanda lavender, a washing, fr. L. lavare to wash; cf. It. lsavendola, LL. lavendula. So called because it was used in bathing and washing. See Lave. to wash, and cf. Lavender.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An aromatic plant of the genus Lavandula (L. vera), common in the south of Europe. It yields and oil used in medicine and perfumery. The Spike lavender (L. Spica) yields a coarser oil (oil of spike), used in the arts. 2. The pale, purplish color of lavender flowers, paler and more delicate than lilac. Lavender cotton (Bot.), a low, twiggy, aromatic shrub (Santolina Chamæcyparissus) of the Mediterranean region, formerly used as a vermifuge, etc., and still used to keep moths from wardrobes. Also called ground cypress. -- Lavender water, a perfume composed of alcohol, essential oil of lavender, essential oil of bergamot, and essence of ambergris. -- Sea lavender. (Bot.) See Marsh rosemary. -- To lay in lavender. (a) To lay away, as clothing, with sprigs of lavender. (b) To pawn. [Obs.] LAVER Lav"er, n. Etym: [OE. lavour, F. lavoir, L. lavatorium a washing place. See Lavatory.] 1. A vessel for washing; a large basin. 2. (Script. Hist.) (a) A large brazen vessel placed in the court of the Jewish tabernacle where the officiating priests washed their hands and feet. (b) One of several vessels in Solomon's Temple in which the offerings for burnt sacrifices were washed. 3. That which washes or cleanses. J. H. Newman. LAVER Lav"er, n. Etym: [From Lave to wash.] Defn: One who laves; a washer. [Obs.] LAVER La"ver, n. Defn: The fronds of certain marine algæ used as food, and for making a sauce called laver sauce. Green laver is the Ulva latissima; purlpe laver, Porphyra laciniata and P. vulgaris. It is prepared by stewing, either alone or with other vegetables, and with various condiments; - - called also sloke, or sloakan. Mountain laver (Bot.), a reddish gelatinous alga of the genus Palmella, found on the sides of mountains LAVEROCK La"ver*ock, n. Etym: [See Lark the bird.] Defn: The lark. [Old Eng. & Scot.] [Written also lavrock.] Gower. LAVIC La"vic, a. Defn: See Lavatic. LAVISH Lav"ish, a. Etym: [Akin to E. lave to lade out; cf. AS. gelafian to refresh, G. laben.] 1. Expending or bestowing profusely; profuse; prodigal; as, lavish of money; lavish of praise. 2. Superabundant; excessive; as, lavish spirits. Let her have needful, but not lavish, means. Shak. Syn. -- Profuse; prodigal; wasteful; extravagant; exuberant; immoderate. See Profuse. LAVISH Lav"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lavished; p. pr. & vb. n. Lavishing.] Defn: To expend or bestow with profusion; to use with prodigality; to squander; as, to lavish money or praise. LAVISHER Lav"ish*er, n. Defn: One who lavishes. LAVISHLY Lav"ish*ly, adv. Defn: In a lavish manner. LAVISHMENT Lav"ish*ment, n. Defn: The act of lavishing. LAVISHNESS Lav"ish*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being lavish. LAVOESIUM La*voe"si*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Lavoisier, the celebrated French chemist.] (Chem.) Defn: A supposed new metallic element. It is said to have been discovered in pyrites, and some other minerals, and to be of a silver-white color, and malleable. LAVOLT; LAVOLTA La*volt", La*vol"ta, n. Etym: [It.la volta the turn, turning, whirl. Cf. Volt of a horse, Volta.] Defn: An old dance, for two persons, being a kind of waltz, in which the woman made a high spring or bound. Shak. LAVOLTATEER La*vol`ta*teer", n. Defn: A dancer of the lavolta. LAVOUR Lav"our, n. Defn: A laver. [Obs.] Chaucer. LAVROCK La"vrock, n. Defn: Same as Laverock. LAW Law, n. Etym: [OE. lawe, laghe, AS. lagu, from the root of E. lie: akin to OS. lag, Icel. lög, Sw. lag, Dan. lov; cf. L. lex, E. legal. A law is that which is laid, set, or fixed; like statute, fr. L. statuere to make to stand. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. In general, a rule of being or of conduct, established by an authority able to enforce its will; a controlling regulation; the mode or order according to which an agent or a power acts. Note: A law may be universal or particular, written or unwritten, published or secret. From the nature of the highest laws a degree of permanency or stability is always implied; but the power which makes a law, or a superior power, may annul or change it. These are the statutes and judgments and law, which the Lord made. Lev. xxvi. 46. The law of thy God, and the law of the King. Ezra vii. 26. As if they would confine the Interminable . . . Who made our laws to bind us, not himself. Milton. His mind his kingdom, and his will his law. Cowper. 2. In morals: The will of God as the rule for the disposition and conduct of all responsible beings toward him and toward each other; a rule of living, conformable to righteousness; the rule of action as obligatory on the conscience or moral nature. 3. The Jewish or Mosaic code, and that part of Scripture where it is written, in distinction from the gospel; hence, also, the Old Testament. What things soever the law saith, it saith to them who are under the law . . . But now the righteousness of God without the law is manifested, being witnessed by the law and the prophets. Rom. iii. 19, 21. 4. In human government: (a) An organic rule, as a constitution or charter, establishing and defining the conditions of the existence of a state or other organized community. (b) Any edict, decree, order, ordinance, statute, resolution, judicial, decision, usage, etc., or recognized, and enforced, by the controlling authority. 5. In philosophy and physics: A rule of being, operation, or change, so certain and constant that it is conceived of as imposed by the will of God or by some controlling authority; as, the law of gravitation; the laws of motion; the law heredity; the laws of thought; the laws of cause and effect; law of self-preservation. 6. In matematics: The rule according to which anything, as the change of value of a variable, or the value of the terms of a series, proceeds; mode or order of sequence. 7. In arts, works, games, etc.: The rules of construction, or of procedure, conforming to the conditions of success; a principle, maxim; or usage; as, the laws of poetry, of architecture, of courtesy, or of whist. 8. Collectively, the whole body of rules relating to one subject, or emanating from one source; -- including usually the writings pertaining to them, and judicial proceedings under them; as, divine law; English law; Roman law; the law of real property; insurance law. 9. Legal science; jurisprudence; the principles of equity; applied justice. Reason is the life of the law; nay, the common law itself is nothing else but reason. Coke. Law is beneficence acting by rule. Burke. And sovereign Law, that state's collected will O'er thrones and globes elate, Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill. Sir W. Jones. 10. Trial by the laws of the land; judicial remedy; litigation; as, to go law. When every case in law is right. Shak. He found law dear and left it cheap. Brougham. 11. An oath, as in the presence of a court. [Obs.] See Wager of law, under Wager. Avogadro's law (Chem.), a fundamental conception, according to which, under similar conditions of temperature and pressure, all gases and vapors contain in the same volume the same number of ultimate molecules; -- so named after Avogadro, an Italian scientist. Sometimes called Ampère's law. -- Bode's law (Astron.), an approximative empirical expression of the distances of the planets from the sun, as follows: -- Mer. Ven. Earth. Mars. Aste. Jup. Sat. Uran. Nep. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 3 6 12 24 48 96 192 384 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- ---4 7 10 16 28 52 100 196 388 5.9 7.3 10 15.2 27.4 52 95.4 192 300 where each distance (line third) is the sum of 4 and a multiple of 3 by the series 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, etc., the true distances being given in the lower line. -- Boyle's law (Physics), an expression of the fact, that when an elastic fluid is subjected to compression, and kept at a constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume is a constant quantity, i. e., the volume is inversely proportioned to the pressure; -- known also as Mariotte's law, and the law of Boyle and Mariotte. -- Brehon laws. See under Brehon. -- Canon law, the body of ecclesiastical law adopted in the Christian Church, certain portions of which (for example, the law of marriage as existing before the Council of Tent) were brought to America by the English colonists as part of the common law of the land. Wharton. -- Civil law, a term used by writers to designate Roman law, with modifications thereof which have been made in the different countries into which that law has been introduced. The civil law, instead of the common law, prevails in the State of Louisiana. Wharton. -- Commercial law. See Law merchant (below). -- Common law. See under Common. -- Criminal law, that branch of jurisprudence which relates to crimes. -- Ecclesiastical law. See under Ecclesiastical. -- Grimm's law (Philol.), a statement (propounded by the German philologist Jacob Grimm) of certain regular changes which the primitive Indo-European mute consonants, so-called (most plainly seen in Sanskrit and, with some changes, in Greek and Latin), have undergone in the Teutonic languages. Examples: Skr. bhatr, L. frater, E. brother, G. bruder; L. tres, E. three, G. drei, Skr. go, E. cow, G. kuh; Skr. dha to put, Gr. ti-qe`-nai, E. do, OHG, tuon, G. thun. -- Kepler's laws (Astron.), three important laws or expressions of the order of the planetary motions, discovered by John Kepler. They are these: (1) The orbit of a planet with respect to the sun is an ellipse, the sun being in one of the foci. (2) The areas swept over by a vector drawn from the sun to a planet are proportioned to the times of describing them. (3) The squares of the times of revolution of two planets are in the ratio of the cubes of their mean distances. -- Law binding, a plain style of leather binding, used for law books; -- called also law calf. -- Law book, a book containing, or treating of, laws. -- Law calf. See Law binding (above). -- Law day. (a) Formerly, a day of holding court, esp. a court-leet. (b) The day named in a mortgage for the payment of the money to secure which it was given. [U. S.] -- Law French, the dialect of Norman, which was used in judicial proceedings and law books in England from the days of William the Conqueror to the thirty-sixth year of Edward III. -- Law language, the language used in legal writings and forms. -- Law Latin. See under Latin. -- Law lords, peers in the British Parliament who have held high judicial office, or have been noted in the legal profession. -- Law merchant, or Commercial law, a system of rules by which trade and commerce are regulated; -- deduced from the custom of merchants, and regulated by judicial decisions, as also by enactments of legislatures. -- Law of Charles (Physics), the law that the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases, by a definite fraction of its value for a given rise or fall of temperature; -- sometimes less correctly styled Gay Lussac's law, or Dalton's law. -- Law of nations. See International law, under International. -- Law of nature. (a) A broad generalization expressive of the constant action, or effect, of natural conditions; as, death is a law of nature; self-defense is a law of nature. See Law, 4. (b) A term denoting the standard, or system, of morality deducible from a study of the nature and natural relations of human beings independent of supernatural revelation or of municipal and social usages. -- Law of the land, due process of law; the general law of the land. -- Laws of honor. See under Honor. -- Laws of motion (Physics), three laws defined by Sir Isaac Newton: (1) Every body perseveres in its state of rest or of moving uniformly in a straight line, except so far as it is made to change that state by external force. (2) Change of motion is proportional to the impressed force, and takes place in the direction in which the force is impressed. (3) Reaction is always equal and opposite to action, that is to say, the actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal and in opposite directions. -- Marine law, or Maritime law, the law of the sea; a branch of the law merchant relating to the affairs of the sea, such as seamen, ships, shipping, navigation, and the like. Bouvier. -- Mariotte's law. See Boyle's law (above). -- Martial law.See under Martial. -- Military law, a branch of the general municipal law, consisting of rules ordained for the government of the military force of a state in peace and war, and administered in courts martial. Kent. Warren's Blackstone. -- Moral law,the law of duty as regards what is right and wrong in the sight of God; specifically, the ten commandments given by Moses. See Law, 2. -- Mosaic, or Ceremonial, law. (Script.) See Law, 3. -- Municipal, or Positive, law, a rule prescribed by the supreme power of a state, declaring some right, enforcing some duty, or prohibiting some act; -- distinguished from international and constitutional law. See Law, 1. -- Periodic law. (Chem.) See under Periodic. -- Roman law, the system of principles and laws found in the codes and treatises of the lawmakers and jurists of ancient Rome, and incorporated more or less into the laws of the several European countries and colonies founded by them. See Civil law (above). -- Statute law, the law as stated in statutes or positive enactments of the legislative body. -- Sumptuary law. See under Sumptuary. -- To go to law, to seek a settlement of any matter by bringing it before the courts of law; to sue or prosecute some one. -- To take, or have, the law of, to bring the law to bear upon; as, to take the law of one's neighbor. Addison. -- Wager of law. See under Wager. Syn. -- Justice; equity. -- Law, Statute, Common law, Regulation, Edict, Decree. Law is generic, and, when used with reference to, or in connection with, the other words here considered, denotes whatever is commanded by one who has a right to require obedience. A statute is a particular law drawn out in form, and distinctly enacted and proclaimed. Common law is a rule of action founded on long usage and the decisions of courts of justice. A regulation is a limited and often, temporary law, intended to secure some particular end or object. An edict is a command or law issued by a sovereign, and is peculiar to a despotic government. A decree is a permanent order either of a court or of the executive government. See Justice. LAW Law, v. t. Defn: Same as Lawe, v. t. [Obs.] LAW Law, interj. Etym: [Cf. La.] Defn: An exclamation of mild surprise. [Archaic or Low] LAW-ABIDING Law"-a*bid`ing, a. Defn: Abiding the law; waiting for the operation of law for the enforcement of rights; also, abiding by the law; obedient to the law; as, law-abiding people. LAWBREAKER Law"break`er, n. Defn: One who disobeys the law; a criminal. -- Law"break`ing, n. & a. LAWE Lawe, v. t. Etym: [See 2d Lawing.] Defn: To cut off the claws and balls of, as of a dog's fore feet. Wright. LAWER Law"er, n. Defn: A lawyer. [Obs.] Bale. LAWFUL Law"ful, a. 1. Conformable to law; allowed by law; legitimate; competent. 2. Constituted or authorized by law; rightful; as, the lawful owner of lands. Lawful age, the age when the law recognizes one's right of independent action; majority; -- generally the age of twenty-one years. Note: In some of the States, and for some purposes, a woman attains lawful age at eighteen. Abbott. Syn. -- Legal; constitutional; allowable; regular; rightful. -- Lawful, Legal. Lawful means conformable to the principle, spirit, or essence of the law, and is applicable to moral as well as juridical law. Legal means conformable to the letter or rules of the law as it is administered in the courts; conformable to juridical law. Legal is often used as antithetical to equitable, but lawful is seldom used in that sense. -- Law"ful*ly, adv. -- Law"ful*ness, n. LAWGIVER Law"giv`er, n. Defn: One who makes or enacts a law or system of laws; a legislator. LAWGIVING Law"giv`ing, a. Defn: Enacting laws; legislative. LAWING Law"ing, n. Defn: Going to law; litigation. Holinshed. LAWING Law"ing, n. Etym: [So called because done in compliance with an English forest law.] Defn: Expeditation. Blackstone. LAWLESS Law"less, a. 1. Contrary to, or unauthorized by, law; illegal; as, a lawless claim. He needs no indirect nor lawless course. Shak. 2. Not subject to, or restrained by, the law of morality or of society; as, lawless men or behavior. 3. Not subject to the laws of nature; uncontrolled. Or, meteorlike, flame lawless through the void. Pope. -- Law"less*ly, adv. -- Law"less*ness, n. LAWMAKER Law"mak`er, n. Defn: A legislator; a lawgiver. LAWMAKING Law"mak`ing, a. Defn: Enacting laws; legislative. -- n. Defn: The enacting of laws; legislation. LAWMONGER Law"mon`ger, n. Defn: A trader in law; one who practices law as if it were a trade. Milton. LAWN Lawn, n. Etym: [OE. laund, launde, F. lande heath, moor; of Celtic origin; cf. W. llan an open, clear place, llawnt a smooth rising hill, lawn, Armor. lann or lan territory, country, lann a prickly plant, pl. lannou heath, moor.] 1. An open space between woods. Milton. "Orchard lawns and bowery hollows." Tennyson. 2. Ground (generally in front of or around a house) covered with grass kept closely mown. Lawn mower, a machine for clipping the short grass of lawns. -- Lawn tennis, a variety of the game of tennis, played in the open air, sometimes upon a lawn, instead of in a tennis court. See Tennis. LAWN Lawn, n. Etym: [Earlier laune lynen, i. e., lawn linen; prob. from the town Laon in France.] Defn: A very fine linen (or sometimes cotton) fabric with a rather open texture. Lawn is used for the sleeves of a bishop's official dress in the English Church, and, figuratively, stands for the office itself. A saint in crape is twice in lawn. Pope. LAWND Lawnd, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Laund. LAWNY Lawn"y, a. Defn: Having a lawn; characterized by a lawn or by lawns; like a lawn. Musing through the lawny park. T. Warton. LAWNY Lawn"y, a. Defn: Made of lawn or fine linen. Bp. Hall. LAWSONIA Law*so"ni*a, n. (Bot.) Defn: An Asiatic and North African shrub (Lawsonia inermis), with smooth oval leaves, and fragrant white flowers. Henna is prepared from the leaves and twigs. In England the shrub is called Egyptian privet, and in the West Indies, Jamaica mignonette. LAWSUIT Law"suit`, n. Defn: An action at law; a suit in equity or admiralty; any legal proceeding before a court for the enforcement of a claim. LAWYER Law"yer, n. Etym: [From Law, like bowyer, fr.bow.] 1. One versed in the laws, or a practitioner of law; one whose profession is to conduct lawsuits for clients, or to advise as to prosecution or defence of lawsuits, or as to legal rights and obligations in other matters. It is a general term, comprehending attorneys, counselors, solicitors, barristers, sergeants, and advocates. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-necked stilt. See Stilt. (b) The bowfin (Amia calva). (c) The burbot (Lota maculosa). LAWYERLIKE; LAWYERLY Law"yer*like`, Law"yer*ly, a. Defn: Like, or becoming, a lawyer; as, lawyerlike sagacity. "Lawyerly mooting of this point." Milton. LAX Lax, a. [Compar. Laxer; superl. Laxest.] Etym: [L. laxus Cf. Laches, Languish, Lease, v. t., Leash.] 1. Not tense, firm, or rigid; loose; slack; as, a lax bandage; lax fiber. The flesh of that sort of fish being lax and spongy. Ray. 2. Not strict or stringent; not exact; loose; weak; vague; equivocal. The discipline was lax. Macaulay. Society at that epoch was lenient, if not lax, in matters of the passions. J. A. Symonds. The word "æternus" itself is sometimes of a lax signification. Jortin. 3. Having a looseness of the bowels; diarrheal. Syn. -- Loose; slack; vague; unconfined; unrestrained; dissolute; licentious. LAX Lax, n. Defn: A looseness; diarrhea. LAXATION Lax*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. laxatio, fr. laxare to loosen, fr. laxus loose, slack.] Defn: The act of loosening or slackening, or the state of being loosened or slackened. LAXATIVE Lax"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. laxativus mitigating, assuaging: cf. F. laxatif. See Lax, a.] 1. Having a tendency to loosen or relax. Milton. 2. (Med.) Defn: Having the effect of loosening or opening the intestines, and relieving from constipation; -- opposed to astringent. -- n. (Med.) Defn: A laxative medicine. See the Note under Cathartic. LAXATIVENESS Lax"a*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being laxative. LAXATOR Lax*a"tor, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. laxare, laxatum, to loosen.] (Anat.) Defn: That which loosens; -- esp., a muscle which by its contraction loosens some part. LAXIITY Lax"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. laxitas, fr. laxus loose, slack: cf. F. laxité, See Lax, a.] Defn: The state or quality of being lax; want of tenseness, strictness, or exactness. LAXITY Lax"i*ty (laks"i*ty), n. [L. laxitas, fr. laxus loose, slack: cf. F. laxité, See Lax, a.] Defn: The state or quality of being lax; want of tenseness, strictness, or exactness. LAXLY Lax"ly, adv. Defn: In a lax manner. LAXNESS Lax"ness, n. Defn: The state of being lax; laxity. LAY Lay, imp. Defn: of Lie, to recline. LAY Lay, a. Etym: [F. lai, L. laicus, Gr. Laic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the laity, as distinct from the clergy; as, a lay person; a lay preacher; a lay brother. 2. Not educated or cultivated; ignorant.[Obs.] 3. Not belonging to, or emanating from, a particular profession; unprofessional; as, a lay opinion regarding the nature of a disease. Lay baptism (Eccl.), baptism administered by a lay person. F. G. Lee. -- Lay brother (R. C. Ch.), one received into a convent of monks under the three vows, but not in holy orders. -- Lay clerk (Eccl.), a layman who leads the responses of the congregation, etc., in the church service. Hook. -- Lay days (Com.), time allowed in a charter party for taking in and discharging cargo. McElrath. -- Lay elder. See 2d Elder, 3, note. LAY Lay, n. Defn: The laity; the common people. [Obs.] The learned have no more privilege than the lay. B. Jonson. LAY Lay, n. Defn: A meadow. See Lea. [Obs.] Dryden. LAY Lay, n. Etym: [OF.lei faith, law, F. loi law. See Legal.] 1. Faith; creed; religious profession. [Obs.] Of the sect to which that he was born He kept his lay, to which that he was sworn. Chaucer. 2. A law. [Obs.] "Many goodly lays." Spenser. 3. An obligation; a vow. [Obs.] They bound themselves by a sacred lay and oath. Holland. LAY Lay, a. Etym: [OF. lai, lais, prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. laoi, laoidh, song, poem, OIr.laoidh poem, verse; but cf. also AS. lac play, sport, G. leich a sort of poem (cf. Lake to sport). 1. A song; a simple lyrical poem; a ballad. Spenser. Sir W. Scott. 2. A melody; any musical utterance. The throstle cock made eke his lay. Chaucer. LAY Lay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laid; p. pr. & vb. n. Laying.] Etym: [OE. leggen, AS. lecgan, causative, fr. licgan to lie; akin to D.leggen, G. legen, Icel. leggja, Goth. lagjan. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. To cause to lie down, to be prostrate, or to lie against something; to put or set down; to deposit; as, to lay a book on the table; to lay a body in the grave; a shower lays the dust. A stone was brought, and laid upon the mouth of the den. Dan. vi. 17. Soft on the flowery herb I found me laid. Milton. 2. To place in position; to establish firmly; to arrange with regularity; to dispose in ranks or tiers; as, to lay a corner stone; to lay bricks in a wall; to lay the covers on a table. 3. To prepare; to make ready; to contrive; to provide; as, to lay a snare, an ambush, or a plan. 4. To spread on a surface; as, to lay plaster or paint. 5. To cause to be still; to calm; to allay; to suppress; to exorcise, as an evil spirit. After a tempest when the winds are laid. Waller. 6. To cause to lie dead or dying. Brave Cæneus laid Ortygius on the plain, The victor Cæneus was by Turnus slain. Dryden. 7. To deposit, as a wager; to stake; to risk. I dare lay mine honor He will remain so. Shak. 8. To bring forth and deposit; as, to lay eggs. 9. To apply; to put. She layeth her hands to the spindle. Prov. xxxi. 19. 10. To impose, as a burden, suffering, or punishment; to assess, as a tax; as, to lay a tax on land. The Lord hath laid on him the iniquity of us all. Is. Iiii. 6. 11. To impute; to charge; to allege. God layeth not folly to them. Job xxiv. 12. Lay the fault on us. Shak. 12. To impose, as a command or a duty; as, to lay commands on one. 13. To present or offer; as, to lay an indictment in a particular county; to lay a scheme before one. 14. (Law) Defn: To state; to allege; as, to lay the venue. Bouvier. 15. (Mil.) Defn: To point; to aim; as, to lay a gun. 16. (Rope Making) Defn: To put the strands of (a rope, a cable, etc.) in their proper places and twist or unite them; as, to lay a cable or rope. 17. (Print.) (a) To place and arrange (pages) for a form upon the imposing stone. (b) To place (new type) properly in the cases. To lay asleep, to put sleep; to make unobservant or careless. Bacon. -- To lay bare, to make bare; to strip. And laid those proud roofs bare to summer's rain. Byron. -- To lay before, to present to; to submit for consideration; as, the papers are laid before Congress. -- To lay by. (a) To save. (b) To discard. Let brave spirits . . . not be laid by. Bacon. -- To lay by the heels, to put in the stocks. Shak. -- To lay down. (a) To stake as a wager. (b) To yield; to relinquish; to surrender; as, to lay down one's life; to lay down one's arms. (c) To assert or advance, as a proposition or principle. -- To lay forth. (a) To extend at length; (reflexively) to exert one's self; to expatiate. [Obs.] (b) To lay out (as a corpse). [Obs.] Shak. -- To lay hands on, to seize. -- To lay hands on one's self, or To lay violent hands on one's self, to injure one's self; specif., to commit suicide. -- To lay heads together, to consult. -- To lay hold of, or To lay hold on, to seize; to catch. -- To lay in, to store; to provide. -- To lay it on, to apply without stint. Shak. -- To lay on, to apply with force; to inflict; as, to lay on blows. -- To lay on load, to lay on blows; to strike violently. [Obs. or Archaic] -- To lay one's self out, to strive earnestly. No selfish man will be concerned to lay out himself for the good of his country. Smalridge. -- To lay one's self open to, to expose one's self to, as to an accusation. -- To lay open, to open; to uncover; to expose; to reveal. -- To lay over, to spread over; to cover. -- To lay out. (a) To expend. Macaulay. (b) To display; to discover. (c) To plan in detail; to arrange; as, to lay out a garden. (d) To prepare for burial; as, to lay out a corpse. (e) To exert; as, to lay out all one's strength. -- To lay siege to. (a) To besiege; to encompass with an army. (b) To beset pertinaciously. -- To lay the course (Naut.), to sail toward the port intended without jibing. -- To lay the land (Naut.), to cause it to disappear below the horizon, by sailing away from it. -- To lay to (a) To charge upon; to impute. (b) To apply with vigor. (c) To attack or harass. [Obs.] Knolles. (d) (Naut.) To check the motion of (a vessel) and cause it to be stationary. -- To lay to heart, to feel deeply; to consider earnestly. -- To lay under, to subject to; as, to lay under obligation or restraint. -- To lay unto. (a) Same as To lay to (above). (b) To put before. Hos. xi. 4. -- To lay up. (a) To store; to reposit for future use. (b) To confine; to disable. (c) To dismantle, and retire from active service, as a ship. -- To lay wait for, to lie in ambush for. -- To lay waste, to destroy; to make desolate; as, to lay waste the land. Syn. -- See Put, v. t., and the Note under 4th Lie. LAY Lay, v. i. 1. To produce and deposit eggs. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To take a position; to come or go; as, to lay forward; to lay aloft. 3. To lay a wager; to bet. To lay about, or To lay about one, to strike vigorously in all directions. J. H. Newman. -- To lay at, to strike or strike at. Spenser. -- To lay for, to prepare to capture or assault; to lay wait for. [Colloq.] Bp Hall. -- To lay in for, to make overtures for; to engage or secure the possession of. [Obs.] "I have laid in for these." Dryden. -- To lay on, to strike; to beat; to attack. Shak. -- To lay out, to purpose; to plan; as, he lays out to make a journey. LAY Lay, n. 1. That which lies or is laid or is conceived of as having been laid or placed in its position; a row; a stratum; a layer; as, a lay of stone or wood. Addison. A viol should have a lay of wire strings below. Bacon. Note: The lay of a rope is right-handed or left-handed according to the hemp or strands are laid up. See Lay, v. t., 16. The lay of land is its topographical situation, esp. its slope and its surface features. 2. A wager. "My fortunes against any lay worth naming." 3. (a) A job, price, or profit. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. (b) A share of the proceeds or profits of an enterprise; as, when a man ships for a whaling voyage, he agrees for a certain lay. [U. S.] 4. (Textile Manuf.) (a) A measure of yarn; a les. See 1st Lea (a). (b) The lathe of a loom. See Lathe, 8. 5. A plan; a scheme. [Slang] Dickens. Lay figure. (a) A jointed model of the human body that may be put in any attitude; -- used for showing the disposition of drapery, etc. (b) A mere puppet; one who serves the will of others without independent volition. -- Lay race, that part of a lay on which the shuttle travels in weaving; -- called also shuttle race. LAYER Lay"er, n. Etym: [See Lay to cause to lie flat.] 1. One who, or that which, lays. 2. Etym: [Prob. a corruption of lair.] Defn: That which is laid; a stratum; a bed; one thickness, course, or fold laid over another; as, a layer of clay or of sand in the earth; a layer of bricks, or of plaster; the layers of an onion. 3. A shoot or twig of a plant, not detached from the stock, laid under ground for growth or propagation. 4. An artificial oyster bed. LAYERING Lay"er*ing, n. Defn: A propagating by layers. Gardner. LAYETTE Lay*ette", n. [F.] (Med.) Defn: The outfit of clothing, blankets, etc., prepared for a newborn infant, and placed ready for used. LAYING Lay"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, lays. 2. The act or period of laying eggs; the eggs laid for one incubation; a clutch. 3. The first coat on laths of plasterer's two-coat work. LAYLAND Lay"land`, n. Etym: [Lay a meadow + land.] Defn: Land lying untilled; fallow ground. [Obs.] Blount. LAYMAN Lay"man n.; pl. Laymen (. Etym: [Lay, adj. + man.] 1. One of the people, in distinction from the clergy; one of the laity; sometimes, a man not belonging to some particular profession, in distinction from those who do. Being a layman, I ought not to have concerned myself with speculations which belong to the profession. Dryden. 2. A lay figure. See under Lay, n. (above). Dryden LAYNER Lay"ner, n.Etym: [See Lanier.] Defn: A whiplash. [Obs.] LAY READER Lay" read"er. (Eccl.) Defn: A layman authorized to read parts of the public service of the church. LAY SHAFT; LAYSHAFT Lay shaft, or Lay"shaft`, n. (Mach.) Defn: A secondary shaft, as in a sliding change gear for an automobile; a cam shaft operated by a two-to-one gear in an internal- combustion engine. It is generally a shaft moving more or less independently of the other parts of a machine, as, in some marine engines, a shaft, driven by a small auxiliary engine, for independently operating the valves of the main engine to insure uniform motion. LAYSHIP Lay"ship, n. Defn: The condition of being a layman. [Obs.] Milton. LAYSTALL Lay"stall`, n. 1. A place where rubbish, dung, etc., are laid or deposited.[Obs.] B. Jonson. Smithfield was a laystall of all ordure and filth. Bacon. 2. A place where milch cows are kept, or cattle on the way to market are lodged. [Obs.] LAZAR La"zar, n. Etym: [OF. lazare, fr. Lazarus the beggar. Luke xvi. 20.] Defn: A person infected with a filthy or pestilential disease; a leper. Chaucer. Like loathsome lazars, by the hedges lay. Spenser. Lazar house a lazaretto; also, a hospital for quarantine. LAZARET; LAZARETTO Laz`a*ret", Laz`a*ret"to, n. Etym: [F. lazaret, or It. lazzeretto, fr. Lazarus. See Lazar.] Defn: A public building, hospital, or pesthouse for the reception of diseased persons, particularly those affected with contagious diseases. LAZARET FEVER Lazaret fever. (Med.) Defn: Typhus fever. LAZARIST; LAZARITE Laz"a*rist, Laz"a*rite, n. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: One of the Congregation of the Priests of the Mission, a religious institute founded by Vincent de Paul in 1624, and popularly called Lazarists or Lazarites from the College of St. Lazare in Paris, which was occupied by them until 1792. LAZARLIKE; LAZARLY La"zar*like`, La"zar*ly, a. Defn: Full of sores; leprous. Shak. Bp. Hall. LAZARONI Laz`a*ro"ni, n. pl. Defn: See Lazzaroni. LAZARWORT La"zar*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Laserwort. LAZE Laze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lazed; p. pr. & vb. n. Lazing.] Etym: [See Lazy.] Defn: To be lazy or idle. [Colloq.] Middleton. LAZE Laze, v. t. Defn: To waste in sloth; to spend, as time, in idleness; as, to laze away whole days. [Colloq.] LAZILY La"zi*ly, adv. Defn: In a lazy manner. Locke. LAZINESS La"zi*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being lazy. Laziness travels so slowly, that Poverty soon overtakes him. Franklin. LAZULI Laz"u*li, n.Etym: [F. & NL. lapis lazuli, LL. lazulus, lazurius, lazur from the same Oriental source as E. azure. See Azure.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a fine azure-blue color, usually in small rounded masses. It is essentially a silicate of alumina, lime, and soda, with some sodium sulphide, is often marked by yellow spots or veins of sulphide of iron, and is much valued for ornamental work. Called also lapis lazuli, and Armenian stone. LAZULITE Laz"u*lite, n. Etym: [From lazuli : cf. F. lazulite, G. lazulith.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a light indigo-blue color, occurring in small masses, or in monoclinic crystals; blue spar. It is a hydrous phosphate of alumina and magnesia. LAZY La"zy, a. [Compar. Lazier; superl. Laziest.] Etym: [OE. lasie, laesic, of uncertain origin; cf. F. las tired, L. lassus, akin to E. late; or cf. LG. losig, lesig.] 1. Disinclined to action or exertion; averse to labor; idle; shirking work. Bacon. 2. Inactive; slothful; slow; sluggish; as, a lazy stream. "The night owl's lazy flight." Shak. 3. Wicked; vicious. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] B. Jonson. Lazy tongs, a system of jointed bars capable of great extension, originally made for picking up something at a distance, now variously applied in machinery. Syn. -- Idle; indolent; sluggish; slothful. See Idle. LAZYBACK La"zy*back`, n. Defn: A support for the back, attached to the seat of a carriage. [Colloq.] LAZYBONES La"zy*bones`, n. Defn: A lazy person. [Colloq.] LAZZARONI Laz`za*ro"ni (; It. , n. pl. Etym: [It. lazzarone, pl. lazzaroni.] Defn: The homeless idlers of Naples who live by chance work or begging; -- so called from the Hospital of St. Lazarus, which serves as their refuge. [Written also, but improperly, lazaroni.] LEA Lea, n. Etym: [Cf. Lay, n. (that which is laid), 4.] (Textile Manuf.) (a) A measure of yarn; for linen, 300 yards; for cotton, 120 yards; a lay. (b) A set of warp threads carried by a loop of the heddle. LEA Lea, n. Etym: [OE. ley, lay, As. leáh, leá; akin to Prov. G. lon bog, morass, grove, and perh. to L. lucus grove, E. light, n.] Defn: A meadow or sward land; a grassy field. "Plow-torn leas." Shak. The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea. Gray. LEACH Leach, n. (Naut.) Defn: See 3d Leech. LEACH Leach, n. [Written also letch.] Etym: [Cf. As. leáh lye, G. lauge. See Lye.] 1. A quantity of wood ashes, through which water passes, and thus imbibes the alkali. 2. A tub or vat for leaching ashes, bark, etc. Leach tub, a wooden tub in which ashes are leached. LEACH Leach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leached; p. pr. & vb. n. Leaching.] Etym: [Written also leech and letch.] 1. To remove the soluble constituents from by subjecting to the action of percolating water or other liquid; as, to leach ashes or coffee. 2. To dissolve out; -- often used with out; as, to leach out alkali from ashes. LEACH Leach, v. i. Defn: To part with soluble constituents by percolation. LEACH Leach, n. Defn: See Leech, a physician. [Obs.] LEACHY Leach"y, a. Defn: Permitting liquids to pass by percolation; not capable of retaining water; porous; pervious; -- said of gravelly or sandy soils, and the like. LEAD Lead (lêd), n. Etym: [OE. led, leed, lead, AS. leád; akin to D. lood, MHG. lot, G. loth plummet, sounding lead, small weight, Sw. & Dan. lod. sq. root123] 1. (Chem.) Defn: One of the elements, a heavy, pliable, inelastic metal, having a bright, bluish color, but easily tarnished. It is both malleable and ductile, though with little tenacity, and is used for tubes, sheets, bullets, etc. Its specific gravity is 11.37. It is easily fusible, forms alloys with other metals, and is an ingredient of solder and type metal. Atomic weight, 206.4. Symbol Pb (L. Plumbum). It is chiefly obtained from the mineral galena, lead sulphide. 2. An article made of lead or an alloy of lead; as: (a) A plummet or mass of lead, used in sounding at sea. (b) (Print.) A thin strip of type metal, used to separate lines of type in printing. (c) Sheets or plates of lead used as a covering for roofs; hence, pl., a roof covered with lead sheets or terne plates. I would have the tower two stories, and goodly leads upon the top. Bacon 3. A small cylinder of black lead or plumbago, used in pencils. Black lead, graphite or plumbago, ; -- so called from its leadlike appearance and streak. [Colloq.] -- Coasting lead, a sounding lead intermediate in weight between a hand lead and deep-sea lead. -- Deep-sea lead, the heaviest of sounding leads, used in water exceeding a hundred fathoms in depth. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Hand lead, a small lead use for sounding in shallow water. -- Krems lead, Kremnitz lead Etym: [so called from Krems or Kremnitz, in Austria], a pure variety of white lead, formed into tablets, and called also Krems, or Kremnitz, white, and Vienna white. -- Lead arming, tallow put in the hollow of a sounding lead. See To arm the lead (below). -- Lead colic. See under Colic. -- Lead color, a deep bluish gray color, like tarnished lead. -- Lead glance. (Min.) Same as Galena. -- Lead line (a) (Med.) A dark line along the gums produced by a deposit of metallic lead, due to lead poisoning. (b) (Naut.) A sounding line. -- Lead mill, a leaden polishing wheel, used by lapidaries. -- Lead ocher (Min.), a massive sulphur-yellow oxide of lead. Same as Massicot. -- Lead pencil, a pencil of which the marking material is graphite (black lead). -- Lead plant (Bot.), a low leguminous plant, genus Amorpha (A. canescens), found in the Northwestern United States, where its presence is supposed to indicate lead ore. Gray. -- Lead tree. (a) (Bot.) A West Indian name for the tropical, leguminous tree, Leucæna glauca; -- probably so called from the glaucous color of the foliage. (b) (Chem.) Lead crystallized in arborescent forms from a solution of some lead salt, as by suspending a strip of zinc in lead acetate. -- Mock lead, a miner's term for blende. -- Red lead, a scarlet, crystalline, granular powder, consisting of minium when pure, but commonly containing several of the oxides of lead. It is used as a paint or cement and also as an ingredient of flint glass. -- Red lead ore (Min.), crocoite. -- Sugar of lead, acetate of lead. -- To arm the lead, to fill the hollow in the bottom of a sounding lead with tallow in order to discover the nature of the bottom by the substances adhering. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- To cast, or heave, the lead, to cast the sounding lead for ascertaining the depth of water. -- White lead, hydrated carbonate of lead, obtained as a white, amorphous powder, and much used as an ingredient of white paint. LEAD Lead, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Leading.] 1. To cover, fill, or affect with lead; as, continuous firing leads the grooves of a rifle. 2. (Print.) Defn: To place leads between the lines of; as, to lead a page; leaded matter. LEAD Lead (led), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Led; p. pr. & vb. n. Leading.] Etym: [OE. leden, AS. l (akin to OS. l, D. leiden, G. leiten,Icel. le, Sw. leda, Dan.lede), properly a causative fr. AS. li to go; akin to OHG. l, Icel. l,Goth. leipan (in comp.). Cf. Lode, Loath.] 1. To guide or conduct with the hand, or by means of some physical contact connection; as, a father leads a child; a jockey leads a horse with a halter; a dog leads a blind man. If a blind man lead a blind man, both fall down in the ditch. Wyclif (Matt. xv. 14.) They thrust him out of the city, and led him unto the brow of the hill. Luke iv. 29. In thy right hand lead with thee The mountain nymph, sweet Liberty. Milton. 2. To guide or conduct in a certain course, or to a certain place or end, by making the way known; to show the way, esp. by going with or going in advance of. Hence, figuratively: To direct; to counsel; to instruct; as, to lead a traveler; to lead a pupil. The Lord went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the way. Ex. xiii. 21. He leadeth me beside the still waters. Ps. xxiii. 2. This thought might lead me through the world's vain mask. Content, though blind, had I no better guide. Milton. 3. To conduct or direct with authority; to have direction or charge of; as, to lead an army, an exploring party, or a search; to lead a political party. Christ took not upon him flesh and blood that he might conquer and rule nations, lead armies, or possess places. South. 4. To go or to be in advance of; to precede; hence, to be foremost or chief among; as, the big sloop led the fleet of yachts; the Guards led the attack; Demosthenes leads the orators of all ages. As Hesperus, that leads the sun his way. Fairfax. And lo ! Ben Adhem's name led all the rest. Leigh Hunt. 5. To draw or direct by influence, whether good or bad; to prevail on; to induce; to entice; to allure; as, to lead one to espouse a righteous cause. He was driven by the necessities of the times, more than led by his own disposition, to any rigor of actions. Eikon Basilike. Silly women, laden with sins,led away by divers lusts. 2 Tim. iii. 6 (Rev. Ver.). 6. To guide or conduct one's self in, through, or along (a certain course); hence, to proceed in the way of; to follow the path or course of; to pass; to spend. Also, to cause (one) to proceed or follow in (a certain course). That we may lead a quiet and peaceable life. 1 Tim. ii. 2. Nor thou with shadowed hint confuse A life that leads melodious days. Tennyson. You remember . . . the life he used to lead his wife and daughter. Dickens. 7. (Cards & Dominoes) Defn: To begin a game, round, or trick, with; as, to lead trumps; the double five was led. To lead astray, to guide in a wrong way, or into error; to seduce from truth or rectitude. -- To lead captive, to carry or bring into captivity. -- To lead the way, to show the way by going in front; to act as guide. Goldsmith. LEAD Lead, v. i. 1. To guide or conduct, as by accompanying, going before, showing, influencing, directing with authority, etc.; to have precedence or preëminence; to be first or chief; -- used in most of the senses of lead, v. t. 2. To tend or reach in a certain direction, or to a certain place; as, the path leads to the mill; gambling leads to other vices. The mountain foot that leads towards Mantua. Shak. To lead off or out, to go first; to begin. LEAD Lead, n. 1. The act of leading or conducting; guidance; direction; as, to take the lead; to be under the lead of another. At the time I speak of, and having a momentary lead, . . . I am sure I did my country important service. Burke. 2. precedence; advance position; also, the measure of precedence; as, the white horse had the lead; a lead of a boat's length, or of half a second. 3. (Cards & Dominoes) Defn: The act or right of playing first in a game or round; the card suit, or piece, so played; as, your partner has the lead. 4. An open way in an ice field. Kane. 5. (Mining) Defn: A lode. 6. (Naut.) Defn: The course of a rope from end to end. 7. (Steam Engine) Defn: The width of port opening which is uncovered by the valve, for the admission or release of steam, at the instant when the piston is at end of its stroke. Note: When used alone it means outside lead, or lead for the admission of steam. Inside lead refers to the release or exhaust. 8. (Civil Engineering) Defn: the distance of haul, as from a cutting to an embankment. 9. (Horology) Defn: The action of a tooth, as a tooth of a wheel, in impelling another tooth or a pallet. Saunier. Lead angle (Steam Engine), the angle which the crank maker with the line of centers, in approaching it, at the instant when the valve opens to admit steam. -- Lead screw (Mach.), the main longitudinal screw of a lathe, which gives the feed motion to the carriage. LEADED Lead"ed, a. 1. Fitted with lead; set in lead; as, leaded windows. 2. (Print.) Defn: Separated by leads, as the lines of a page. LEADEN Lead"en, a. 1. Made of lead; of the nature of lead; as, a leaden ball. 2. Like lead in color, etc. ; as, a leaden sky. 3. Heavy; dull; sluggish. "Leaden slumber." Shak. LEADER Lead"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, leads or conducts; a guide; a conductor. Especially: (a) One who goes first. (b) One having authority to direct; a chief; a commander. (c) (Mus.) A performer who leads a band or choir in music; also, in an orchestra, the principal violinist; the one who plays at the head of the first violins. (d) (Naut.) A block of hard wood pierced with suitable holes for leading ropes in their proper places. (e) (Mach.) The principal wheel in any kind of machinery. [Obs. or R.] G. Francis. (f) A horse placed in advance of others; one of the forward pair of horses. He forgot to pull in his leaders, and they gallop away with him at times. Hare. (g) A pipe for conducting rain water from a roof to a cistern or to the ground; a conductor. (h) (Fishing) Defn: A net for leading fish into a pound, weir, etc. ; also, a line of gut, to which the snell of a fly hook is attached. (i) (Mining) A branch or small vein, not important in itself, but indicating the proximity of a better one. 2. The first, or the principal, editorial article in a newspaper; a leading or main editorial article. 3. (Print.) (a) A type having a dot or short row of dots upon its face. (b) pl. Defn: a row of dots, periods, or hyphens, used in tables of contents, etc., to lead the eye across a space to the right word or number. Syn. -- chief; chieftain; commander. See Chief. LEADERSHIP Lead"er*ship, n. Defn: The office of a leader. LEADHILLITE Lead"hill*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a yellowish or greenish white color, consisting of the sulphate and carbonate of lead; -- so called from having been first found at Leadhills, Scotland. LEADING Lead"ing, a. Defn: Guiding; directing; controlling; foremost; as, a leading motive; a leading man; a leading example. -- Lead"ing*ly, adv. Leading case (Law), a reported decision which has come to be regarded as settling the law of the question involved. Abbott. -- Leading motive Etym: [a translation of G. leitmotif] (Mus.), a guiding theme; in the modern music drama of Wagner, a marked melodic phrase or short passage which always accompanies the reappearance of a certain person, situation, abstract idea, or allusion in the course of the play; a sort of musical label. -- Leading note (Mus.), the seventh note or tone in the ascending major scale; the sensible note. -- Leading question, a question so framed as to guide the person questioned in making his reply. -- Leading strings, strings by which children are supported when beginning to walk. -- To be in leading strings, to be in a state of infancy or dependence, or under the guidance of others. -- Leading wheel, a wheel situated before the driving wheels of a locomotive engine. LEADING Lead"ing, n. 1. The act of guiding, directing, governing, or enticing; guidance. Shak. 2. Suggestion; hint; example. [Archaic] Bacon. LEADING EDGE Lead"ing edge. (Aëronautics) Defn: same as Advancing edge, above. LEADMAN Lead"man, n.; pl. Leadmen (. Defn: One who leads a dance.[Obs.] B. Jonson. LEADSMAN Leads"man, n.; pl. Leadsmen (. (Naut.) Defn: The man who heaves the lead. Totten. LEADWORT Lead"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of maritime herbs (Plumbago). P. Europæa has lead- colored spots on the leaves, and nearly lead-colored flowers. LEADY Lead"y, a. Defn: Resembling lead. Sir T. Elyot. LEAF Leaf, n.; pl. Leaves. Etym: [OE. leef, lef, leaf, AS. leáf; akin to S. l, OFries. laf, D. loof foliage, G. laub,OHG. loub leaf, foliage, Icel. lauf, Sw. löf, Dan. löv, Goth. laufs; cf. Lith. lapas. Cf. Lodge.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A colored, usually green, expansion growing from the side of a stem or rootstock, in which the sap for the use of the plant is elaborated under the influence of light; one of the parts of a plant which collectively constitute its foliage. Note: Such leaves usually consist of a blade, or lamina , supported upon a leafstalk or petiole, which, continued through the blade as the midrib, gives off woody ribs and veins that support the cellular texture. The petiole has usually some sort of an appendage on each side of its base, which is called the stipule. The green parenchyma of the leaf is covered with a thin epiderm pierced with closable microscopic openings, known as stomata. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A special organ of vegetation in the form of a lateral outgrowth from the stem, whether appearing as a part of the foliage, or as a cotyledon, a scale, a bract, a spine, or a tendril. Note: In this view every part of a plant, except the root and the stem, is either a leaf, or is composed of leaves more or less modified and transformed. 3. Something which is like a leaf in being wide and thin and having a flat surface, or in being attached to a larger body by one edge or end; as : (a) A part of a book or folded sheet containing two pages upon its opposite sides. (b) A side, division, or part, that slides or is hinged, as of window shutters, folding doors, etc. (c) The movable side of a table. (d) A very thin plate; as, gold leaf. (e) A portion of fat lying in a separate fold or layer. (f) One of the teeth of a pinion, especially when small. Leaf beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle which feeds upon leaves; esp., any species of the family Chrysomelidæ, as the potato beetle and helmet beetle. -- Leaf bridge, a draw-bridge having a platform or leaf which swings vertically on hinges. -- Leaf bud (Bot.), a bud which develops into leaves or a leafy branch. -- Leaf butterfly (Zoöl.), any butterfly which, in the form and colors of its wings, resembles the leaves of plants upon which it rests; esp., butterflies of the genus Kallima, found in Southern Asia and the East Indies. -- Leaf crumpler (Zoöl.), a small moth (Phycis indigenella), the larva of which feeds upon leaves of the apple tree, and forms its nest by crumpling and fastening leaves together in clusters. -- Leaf cutter (Zoöl.) , any one of various species of wild bees of the genus Megachile, which cut rounded pieces from the edges of leaves, or the petals of flowers, to be used in the construction of their nests, which are made in holes and crevices, or in a leaf rolled up for the purpose. Among the common American species are M. brevis and M. centuncularis. Called also rose-cutting bee. -- Leaf fat, the fat which lies in leaves or layers within the body of an animal. -- Leaf flea (Zoöl.), a jumping plant louse of the family Psyllidæ. -- Leaf frog (Zoöl.), any tree frog of the genus Phyllomedusa. -- Leaf green.(Bot.) See Chlorophyll. -- Leaf hopper (Zoöl.), any small jumping hemipterous insect of the genus Tettigonia, and allied genera. They live upon the leaves and twigs of plants. See Live hopper. -- Leaf insect (Zoöl.), any one of several genera and species of orthopterous insects, esp. of the genus Phyllium, in which the wings, and sometimes the legs, resemble leaves in color and form. They are common in Southern Asia and the East Indies. -- Leaf lard, lard from leaf fat. See under Lard. -- Leaf louse (Zoöl.), an aphid. -- Leaf metal, metal in thin leaves, as gold, silver, or tin. -- Leaf miner (Zoöl.), any one of various small lepidopterous and dipterous insects, which, in the larval stages, burrow in and eat the parenchyma of leaves; as, the pear-tree leaf miner (Lithocolletis geminatella). -- Leaf notcher (Zoöl.), a pale bluish green beetle (Artipus Floridanus), which, in Florida, eats the edges of the leaves of orange trees. -- Leaf roller (Zoöl.), the larva of any tortricid moth which makes a nest by rolling up the leaves of plants. See Tortrix. -- Leaf scar (Bot.), the cicatrix on a stem whence a leaf has fallen. -- Leaf sewer (Zoöl.), a tortricid moth, whose caterpillar makes a nest by rolling up a leaf and fastening the edges together with silk, as if sewn; esp., Phoxopteris nubeculana, which feeds upon the apple tree. -- Leaf sight, a hinges sight on a firearm, which can be raised or folded down. -- Leaf trace (Bot.), one or more fibrovascular bundles, which may be traced down an endogenous stem from the base of a leaf. -- Leaf tier (Zoöl.), a tortricid moth whose larva makes a nest by fastening the edges of a leaf together with silk; esp., Teras cinderella, found on the apple tree. -- Leaf valve, a valve which moves on a hinge. -- Leaf wasp (Zoöl.), a sawfiy. -- To turn over a new leaf, to make a radical change for the better in one's way of living or doing. [Colloq.] They were both determined to turn over a new leaf. Richardson. LEAF Leaf, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leafed; p. pr. & vb. n. Leafing.] Defn: To shoot out leaves; to produce leaves; to leave; as, the trees leaf in May. Sir T. Browne. LEAFAGE Leaf"age, n. Defn: Leaves, collectively; foliage. LEAFCUP Leaf"cup`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A coarse American composite weed (Polymnia Uvedalia). LEAFED Leafed, a. Defn: Having (such) a leaf or (so many) leaves; -- used in composition; as, broad-leafed; four-leafed. LEAFET Leaf"et, n. (Bot.) Defn: A leaflet. LEAF-FOOTED Leaf"-foot`ed, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having leaflike expansions on the legs; -- said of certain insects; as, the leaf-footed bug (Leptoglossus phyllopus). LEAFINESS Leaf"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being leafy. LEAFLESS Leaf"less, a. Defn: Having no leaves or foliage; bearing no foliage. "Leafless groves." Cowper. -- Leaf"less*ness, n. Leafless plants, plants having no foliage, though leaves may be present in the form of scales and bracts. See Leaf, n., 1 and 2. LEAFLET Leaf"let, n. 1. A little leaf; also, a little printed leaf or a tract. 2. (Bot.) Defn: One of the divisions of a compound leaf; a foliole. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A leaflike organ or part; as, a leaflet of the gills of fishes. LEAF-NOSED Leaf"-nosed`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a leaflike membrane on the nose; -- said of certain bats, esp. of the genera Phyllostoma and Rhinonycteris. See Vampire. LEAFSTALK Leaf"stalk`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The stalk or petiole which supports a leaf. LEAFY Leaf"y, a. [Compar. Leafier; superl. Leafiest.] 1. Full of leaves; abounding in leaves; as, the leafy forest. "The leafy month of June." Coleridge. 2. Consisting of leaves. "A leafy bed." Byron. LEAGUE League, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. legue, lieue, a measure of length, F. lieue, Pr. lega, legua, It. & LL. lega, Sp. legua, Pg. legoa, legua; all fr. LL. leuca, of Celtic origin: cf. Arm. leo, lev (perh. from French), Ir.leige (perh. from English); also Ir. & Gael. leac a flag, a broad, flat stone, W. llech, -- such stones having perh. served as a sort of milestone (cf. Cromlech).] 1. A measure of length or distance, varying in different countries from about 2.4 to 4.6 English statute miles of 5.280 feet each, and used (as a land measure) chiefly on the continent of Europe, and in the Spanish parts of America. The marine league of England and the United States is equal to three marine, or geographical, miles of 6080 feet each. Note: The English land league is equal to three English statute miles. The Spanish and French leagues vary in each country according to usage and the kind of measurement to which they are applied. The Dutch and German leagues contain about four geographical miles, or about 4.6 English statute miles. 2. A stone erected near a public road to mark the distance of a league. [Obs.] LEAGUE League, n. Etym: [F.ligue, LL. liga, fr. L. ligare to bind; cf. Sp. liga. Cf. Ally a confederate, Ligature.] Defn: An alliance or combination of two or more nations, parties, or persons, for the accomplishment of a purpose which requires a continued course of action, as for mutual defense, or for furtherance of commercial, religious, or political interests, etc. And let there be 'Twixt us and them no league, nor amity. Denham. Note: A league may be offensive or defensive, or both; offensive, when the parties agree to unite in attacking a common enemy; defensive, when they agree to a mutual defense of each other against an enemy. The Holy League, an alliance of Roman Catholics formed in 1576 by influence of the Duke of Guise for the exclusion of Protestants from the throne of France. -- Solemn League and Covenant. See Covenant,2. -- The land league, an association, organized in Dublin in 1879, to promote the interests of the Irish tenantry, its avowed objects being to secure fixity of tenure fair rent, and free sale of the tenants' interest. It was declared illegal by Parliament, but vigorous prosecutions have failed to suppress it. Syn. -- Alliance; confederacy; confederation; coalition; combination; compact; coöperation. LEAGUE League, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leagued; p. pr. & vb. n. Leaguing.] Etym: [Cf. F. se liguer. See 2d League.] Defn: To unite in a league or confederacy; to combine for mutual support; to confederate South. LEAGUE League, v. t. Defn: To join in a league; to cause to combine for a joint purpose; to combine; to unite; as, common interests will league heterogeneous elements. LEAGUER Lea"guer, n. Etym: [D.leger camp, bed, couch, lair. See Lair, and cf.Beleaguer.] 1. The camp of a besieging army; a camp in general. b. Jonson. 2. A siege or beleaguering. [R.] Sir W. Scott. LEAGUER Lea"guer, v. t. Defn: To besiege; to beleaguer. [Obs.] LEAGUERER Lea"guer*er, n. Defn: A besieger. [R.] J. Webster. LEAK Leak, n. Etym: [Akin to D. lek leaky, a leak, G.leck, Icel. lekr leaky, Dan. læk leaky, a leak, Sw. läck; cf. AS. hlec full of cracks or leaky. Cf. Leak, v.] 1. A crack, crevice, fissure, or hole which admits water or other fluid, or lets it escape; as, a leak in a roof; a leak in a boat; a leak in a gas pipe. "One leak will sink a ship." Bunyan. 2. The entrance or escape of a fluid through a crack, fissure, or other aperture; as, the leak gained on the ship's pumps. To spring a leak, to open or crack so as to let in water; to begin to let in water; as, the ship sprung a leak. LEAK Leak, a. Defn: Leaky. [Obs.] Spenser. LEAK Leak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Leaking.] Etym: [Akin to D. lekken, G. lecken, lechen, Icel. leka, Dan. lække, Sw. läcka, AS. leccan to wet, moisten. See Leak, n.] 1. To let water or other fluid in or out through a hole, crevice, etc.; as, the cask leaks; the roof leaks; the boat leaks. 2. To enter or escape, as a fluid, through a hole, crevice, etc. ; to pass gradually into, or out of, something; -- usually with in or out. To leak out, to be divulged gradually or clandestinely; to become public; as, the facts leaked out. LEAKAGE Leak"age (, n. Etym: [Cf. D. lekkage, for sense 1.] 1. A leaking; also, the quantity that enters or issues by leaking. 2. (Com.) Defn: An allowance of a certain rate per cent for the leaking of casks, or waste of liquors by leaking. LEAKINESS Leak"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being leaky. LEAKY Leak"y, a. [Compar. Leakier; superl. Leakiest.] 1. Permitting water or other fluid to leak in or out; as, a leaky roof or cask. 2. Apt to disclose secrets; tattling; not close. [Colloq.] LEAL Leal, a. Etym: [OE. leial, another form of loial, F. loyal. See Loyal.] Defn: Faithful; loyal; true. All men true and leal, all women pure. Tennyson. Land of the leal, the place of the faithful; heaven. LEAM Leam, n. & v. i. Defn: See Leme. [Obs.] Holland. LEAM Leam, n. Etym: [See Leamer, Lien.] Defn: A cord or strap for leading a dog. Sir W. Scott. LEAMER Leam"er, n. Etym: [F. limier, OF. liemier, fr. L. ligamen band, bandage. See Lien.] Defn: A dog held by a leam. LEAN Lean, v. t. Etym: [Icel. leyna; akin to G. läugnen to deny, AS. l, also E. lie to speak falsely.] Defn: To conceal. [Obs.] Ray. LEAN Lean, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaned, sometimes Leant (p. pr. & vb. n. Leaning.] Etym: [OE. lenen, AS. hlinian, hleonian, v. i.; akin to OS. hlinon, D. leunen, OHG. hlinen, linen, G. lehnen, L. inclinare, Gr. clivus hill, slope. sq. root40. Cf. Declivity, Climax, Incline, Ladder.] 1. To incline, deviate, or bend, from a vertical position; to be in a position thus inclining or deviating; as, she leaned out at the window; a leaning column. "He leant forward." Dickens. 2. To incline in opinion or desire; to conform in conduct; -- with to, toward, etc. They delight rather to lean to their old customs. Spenser. 3. To rest or rely, for support, comfort, and the like; -- with on, upon, or against. He leaned not on his fathers but himself. Tennyson. LEAN Lean, v. t. Etym: [From Lean, v. i. ; AS. hl, v. t., fr. hleonian, hlinian, v. i.] Defn: To cause to lean; to incline; to support or rest. Mrs. Browning. His fainting limbs against an oak he leant. Dryden. LEAN Lean, a. [Compar. Leaner; superl. Leanest.] Etym: [OE. lene, AS. hl; prob. akin to E. lean to incline. See Lean, v. i. ] 1. Wanting flesh; destitute of or deficient in fat; not plump; meager; thin; lank; as, a lean body; a lean cattle. 2. Wanting fullness, richness, sufficiency, or productiveness; deficient in quality or contents; slender; scant; barren; bare; mean; -- used literally and figuratively; as, the lean harvest; a lean purse; a lean discourse; lean wages. "No lean wardrobe." Shak. Their lean and fiashy songs. Milton. What the land is, whether it be fat or lean. Num. xiii. 20. Out of my lean and low ability I'll lend you something. Shak. 3. (Typog.) Defn: Of a character which prevents the compositor from earning the usual wages; -- opposed to fat; as lean copy, matter, or type. Syn. -- slender; spare; thin; meager; lank; skinny; gaunt. LEAN Lean, n. 1. That part of flesh which consist principally of muscle without the fat. The fat was so white and the lean was so ruddy. Goldsmith. 2. (Typog.) Defn: Unremunerative copy or work. LEAN-FACED Lean"-faced`, a. 1. Having a thin face. 2. (Typog.) Defn: slender or narrow; -- said of type the letters of which have thin lines, or are unusually narrow in proportion to their height. W. Savage. LEANING Lean"ing, n. Defn: The act, or state, of inclining; inclination; tendency; as, a leaning towards Calvinism. LEANLY Lean"ly, adv. Defn: Meagerly; without fat or plumpness. LEANNESS Lean"ness, n. Etym: [AS. hlænnes.] Defn: The condition or quality of being lean. LEAN-TO Lean"-to`, a. (Arch.) Defn: Having only one slope or pitch; -- said of a roof. -- n. Defn: A shed or slight building placed against the wall of a larger structure and having a single-pitched roof; -- called also penthouse, and to-fall. The outer circuit was covered as a lean-to, all round this inner apartment. De Foe. LEAN-WITTED Lean"-wit`ted, a. Defn: Having but little sense or shrewdness. LEANY Lean"y, a. Defn: Lean. [Obs.] Spenser. LEAP Leap, n. Etym: [AS. leáp.] 1. A basket. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. A weel or wicker trap for fish. [Prov. Eng.] LEAP Leap, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaped, rarely Leapt; p. pr. & vb. n. Leaping.] Etym: [OE. lepen, leapen, AS. hleápan to leap, jump, run; akin to OS. ahl, OFries. hlapa, D. loopen, G. laufen, OHG. louffan, hlauffan, Icel. hlaupa, Sw. löpa, Dan. löbe, Goth. ushlaupan. Cf. Elope, Lope, Lapwing, Loaf to loiter.] 1. To spring clear of the ground, with the feet; to jump; to vault; as, a man leaps over a fence, or leaps upon a horse. Bacon. Leap in with me into this angry flood. Shak. 2. To spring or move suddenly, as by a jump or by jumps; to bound; to move swiftly. Also Fig. My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky. Wordsworth. LEAP Leap, v. t. 1. To pass over by a leap or jump; as, to leap a wall, or a ditch. 2. To copulate with (a female beast); to cover. 3. To cause to leap; as, to leap a horse across a ditch. LEAP Leap, n. 1. The act of leaping, or the space passed by leaping; a jump; a spring; a bound. Wickedness comes on by degrees, . . . and sudden leaps from one extreme to another are unnatural. L'Estrange. Changes of tone may proceed either by leaps or glides. H. Sweet. 2. Copulation with, or coverture of, a female beast. 3. (Mining) Defn: A fault. 4. (Mus.) Defn: A passing from one note to another by an interval, especially by a long one, or by one including several other and intermediate intervals. LEAPER Leap"er, n. Etym: [AS. hleápere.] Defn: One who, or that which, leaps. LEAPER Leap"er, n. Etym: [See 1st Leap.] Defn: A kind of hooked instrument for untwisting old cordage. LEAPFROG Leap"frog`, n. Defn: A play among boys, in which one stoops down and another leaps over him by placing his hands on the shoulders of the former. LEAPFUL Leap"ful, n. Etym: [See 1st Leap.] Defn: A basketful. [Obs.] LEAPING Leap"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Leap, to jump. Leaping house, a brothel. [Obs.] Shak. -- Leaping pole, a pole used in some games of leaping. -- Leaping spider (Zoöl.), a jumping spider; one of the Saltigradæ. LEAPINGLY Leap"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By leaps. LEAP YEAR Leap" year` Defn: . Bissextile; a year containing 366 days; every fourth year which leaps over a day more than a common year, giving to February twenty-nine days. See Bissextile. Note: Every year whose number is divisible by four without a remainder is a leap year, excepting the full centuries, which, to be leap years, must be divisible by 400 without a remainder. If not so divisible they are common years. 1900, therefore, is not a leap year. LEAR Lear, v. t. Defn: To learn. See Lere, to learn. [Obs.] LEAR Lear, n. Defn: Lore; lesson. [Obs.] Spenser. LEAR Lear, a. Defn: See Leer, a. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. LEAR Lear, n. Defn: An annealing oven. See Leer, n. LEARN Learn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Learned, or Learnt (p. pr. & vb. n. Learning.] Etym: [OE. lernen, leornen, AS. leornian; akin to OS. linon, for lirnon, OHG. lirnen, lernen, G. lernen, fr. the root of AS. l to teach, OS. lerian, OHG.leran, G. lehren, Goth. laisjan, also Goth lais I know, leis acquainted (in comp.); all prob. from a root meaning, to go, go over, and hence, to learn; cf. AS. leoran to go . Cf. Last a mold of the foot, lore.] 1. To gain knowledge or information of; to ascertain by inquiry, study, or investigation; to receive instruction concerning; to fix in the mind; to acquire understanding of, or skill; as, to learn the way; to learn a lesson; to learn dancing; to learn to skate; to learn the violin; to learn the truth about something. "Learn to do well." Is. i. 17. Now learn a parable of the fig tree. Matt. xxiv. 32. 2. To communicate knowledge to; to teach. [Obs.] Hast thou not learned me how To make perfumes Shak. Note: Learn formerly had also the sense of teach, in accordance with the analogy of the French and other languages, and hence we find it with this sense in Shakespeare, Spenser, and other old writers. This usage has now passed away. To learn is to receive instruction, and to teach is to give instruction. He who is taught learns, not he who teaches. LEARN Learn, v. i. Defn: To acquire knowledge or skill; to make progress in acquiring knowledge or skill; to receive information or instruction; as, this child learns quickly. Take my yoke upon you and learn of me. Matt. xi. 29. To learn by heart. See By heart, under Heart. -- To learn by rote, to memorize by repetition without exercise of the understanding. LEARNABLE Learn"a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be learned. LEARNED Learn"ed, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to learning; possessing, or characterized by, learning, esp. scholastic learning; erudite; well-informed; as, a learned scholar, writer, or lawyer; a learned book; a learned theory. The learnedlover lost no time. Spenser. Men of much reading are greatly learned, but may be little knowing. Locke. Words of learned length and thundering sound. Goldsmith. The learned, learned men; men of erudition; scholars. -- Learn"ed*ly, adv. Learn"ed*ness, n. Every coxcomb swears as learnedly as they. Swift. LEARNER Learn"er, n. Defn: One who learns; a scholar. LEARNING Learn"ing, n. Etym: [AS. leornung.] 1. The acquisition of knowledge or skill; as, the learning of languages; the learning of telegraphy. 2. The knowledge or skill received by instruction or study; acquired knowledge or ideas in any branch of science or literature; erudition; literature; science; as, he is a man of great learning. Book learning. See under Book. Syn. -- Literature; erudition; lore; scholarship; science; letters. See Literature. LEASABLE Leas"a*ble, a. Etym: [From 2d Lease.] Defn: Such as can be leased. LEASE Lease, v. i. Etym: [AS. lesan to gather; akin to D. lezen to gather, read, G. lesen, Goth. lisan to gather; cf. Lith lesti to peck.] Defn: To gather what harvesters have left behind; to glean. [Obs.] Dryden. LEASE Lease, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leased; p. pr. & vb. n. Leasing.] Etym: [F.laisser, OF. laissier, lessier, to leave, transmit, L. laxare to loose, slacken, from laxus loose, wide. See Lax, and cf. Lesser.] 1. To grant to another by lease the possession of, as of lands, tenements, and hereditaments; to let; to demise; as, a landowner leases a farm to a tenant; -- sometimes with out. There were some [houses] that were leased out for three lives. Addison. 2. To hold under a lease; to take lease of; as, a tenant leases his land from the owner. LEASE Lease, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. lais. See Lease, v. t.] 1. A demise or letting of lands, tenements, or hereditaments to another for life, for a term of years, or at will, or for any less interest than that which the lessor has in the property, usually for a specified rent or compensation. 2. The contract for such letting. 3. Any tenure by grant or permission; the time for which such a tenure holds good; allotted time. Our high-placed Macbeth Shall live the lease of nature. Shak. Lease and release a mode of conveyance of freehold estates, formerly common in England and in New York. its place is now supplied by a simple deed of grant. Burrill. Warren's Blackstone. LEASEHOLD Lease"hold`, a. Defn: Held by lease. LEASEHOLD Lease"hold`, n. Defn: A tenure by lease; specifically, land held as personalty under a lease for years. LEASEHOLDER Lease"hold`er, n. Defn: A tenant under a lease. -- Lease"hold`ing, a. & n. LEASER Leas"er, n. Etym: [From 1st Lease.] Defn: One who leases or gleans. [Obs.] Swift. LEASER Leas"er, n. Defn: A liar. [Obs.] See Leasing. LEASH Leash, n. Etym: [OE. lese, lees, leece, OF. lesse, F. laisse, LL.laxa, fr. L. laxus loose. See Lax.] 1. A thong of leather, or a long cord, by which a falconer holds his hawk, or a courser his dog. Even like a fawning greyhound in the leash. Shak. 2. (Sporting) Defn: A brace and a half; a tierce; three; three creatures of any kind, especially greyhounds, foxes, bucks, and hares; hence, the number three in general. [I] kept my chamber a leash of days. B. Jonson. Then were I wealthier than a leash of kings. Tennyson. 3. (Weaving) Defn: A string with a loop at the end for lifting warp threads, in a loom. LEASH Leash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Leashing.] Defn: To tie together, or hold, with a leash. LEASING Leas"ing, n. Etym: [AS. leásung, fr. leás loose, false, deceitful. See -less, Loose, a.] Defn: The act of lying; falsehood; a lie or lies. [Archaic] Spenser. Thou shalt destroy them that speak leasing. Ps. v. 6. Blessed be the lips that such a leasing told. Fairfax. Leasing making (Scots Law), the uttering of lies or libels upon the personal character of the sovereign, his court, or his family. Bp. Burnet. LEASOW Lea"sow, n. Etym: [AS. lesu, læsu.] Defn: A pasture. [Obs.] LEAST Least, a. Etym: [OE. last, lest, AS. l, l, superl. of l less. See Less, a.] [Used as the superlative of little.] Defn: Smallest, either in size or degree; shortest; lowest; most unimportant; as, the least insect; the least mercy; the least space. Note: Least is often used with the, as if a noun. I am the least of the apostles. 1 Cor. xv. 9. At least, or At the least, at the least estimate, consideration, chance, etc.; hence, at any rate; at all events; even. See However. He who tempts, though in vain, at least asperses The tempted with dishonor. Milton. Upon the mast they saw a young man, at least if he were a man, who sat as on horseback. Sir P. Sidney. -- In least, or In the least, in the least degree, manner, etc. "He that is unjust in the least is unjust also in much." Luke xvi. 10. -- Least squares (Math.), a method of deducing from a number of carefully made yet slightly discordant observations of a phenomenon the most probable values of the unknown quantities. Note: It takes as its fundamental principle that the most probable values are those which make the sum of the squares of the residual errors of the observation a minimum. LEAST Least, adv. Defn: In the smallest or lowest degree; in a degree below all others; as, to reward those who least deserve it. LEAST Least, conj. Defn: See Lest, conj. [Obs.] Spenser. LEASTWAYS; LEASTWISE Least"ways`, Least"wise`, adv. Defn: At least; at all events. [Colloq.] At leastways, or At leastwise, at least. [Obs.] Fuller. LEASY Lea"sy, a. Etym: [AS. leás void, loose, false. Cf. Leasing.] Defn: Flimsy; vague; deceptive. [Obs.] Ascham. LEAT Leat, n. Etym: [Cf. Lead to conduct.] Defn: An artificial water trench, esp. one to or from a mill. C. Kingsley. LEATHER Leath"er, n. Etym: [OE. lether, AS. le; akin to D. leder, leêr, G. leder, OHG. ledar, Icel. le, Sw. läder, Dan. læder.] 1. The skin of an animal, or some part of such skin, tanned, tawed, or otherwise dressed for use; also, dressed hides, collectively. 2. The skin. [Ironical or Sportive] Note: Leather is much used adjectively in the sense of made of, relating to, or like, leather. Leather board, an imitation of sole leather, made of leather scraps, rags, paper, etc. -- Leather carp (Zoöl.) , a variety of carp in which the scales are all, or nearly all, absent. See Illust. under Carp. -- Leather jacket. (Zoöl.) (a) A California carangoid fish (Oligoplites saurus). (b) A trigger fish (Balistes Carolinensis). -- Leather flower (Bot.), a climbing plant (Clematis Viorna) of the Middle and Southern States having thick, leathery sepals of a purplish color. -- Leather leaf (Bot.), a low shrub (Cassandra calyculata), growing in Northern swamps, and having evergreen, coriaceous, scurfy leaves. -- Leather plant (Bot.), one or more New Zealand plants of the composite genus Celmisia, which have white or buff tomentose leaves. -- Leather turtle. (Zoöl.) See Leatherback. -- Vegetable leather. (a) An imitation of leather made of cotton waste. (b) Linen cloth coated with India rubber. Ure. LEATHER Leath"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leathered; p. pr. & vb. n. Leathering.] Defn: To beat, as with a thong of leather. [Obs. or Colloq.] G. Eliot. LEATHERBACK Leath"er*back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large sea turtle (Sphargis coriacea), having no bony shell on its back. It is common in the warm and temperate parts of the Atlantic, and sometimes weighs over a thousand pounds; -- called also leather turtle, leathery turtle, leather-backed tortoise, etc. LEATHERET; LEATHERETTE Leath"er*et, Leath`er*ette", n. Etym: [Leather + et, F. -ette.] Defn: An imitation of leather, made of paper and cloth. LEATHERHEAD Leath"er*head`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The friar bird. LEATHERN Leath"ern, a. Defn: Made of leather; consisting of. leather; as, a leathern purse. "A leathern girdle about his loins." Matt. iii. 4. LEATHERNECK Leath"er*neck`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sordid friar bird of Australia (Tropidorhynchus sordidus). LEATHERWOOD Leath"er*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A small branching shrub (Dirca palustris), with a white, soft wood, and a tough, leathery bark, common in damp woods in the Northern United States; -- called also moosewood, and wicopy. Gray. LEATHERY Leath"er*y, a. Defn: Resembling leather in appearance or consistence; tough. "A leathery skin." Grew. LEAVE Leave, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaved; p. pr. & vb. n. Leaving] Defn: To send out leaves; to leaf; -- often with out. G. Fletcher. LEAVE Leave, v. t. Etym: [See Levy.] Defn: To raise; to levy. [Obs.] An army strong she leaved. Spenser. LEAVE Leave, n. Etym: [OE. leve, leave, AS. leáf; akin to leóf pleasing, dear, E. lief, D. oorlof leave, G. arlaub, and erlauben to permit, Icel. leyfi. Lief.] 1. Liberty granted by which restraint or illegality is removed; permission; allowance; license. David earnestly asked leave of me. 1 Sam. xx. 6. No friend has leave to bear away the dead. Dryden. 2. The act of leaving or departing; a formal parting; a leaving; farewell; adieu; -- used chiefly in the phrase, to take leave, i. e., literally, to take permission to go. A double blessing is a'double grace; Occasion smiles upon a second leave. Shak. And Paul after this tarried there yet a good while, and then took his leave of the brethren. Acts xviii. 18. French leave. See under French. Syn. -- See Liberty. LEAVE Leave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Left; p. pr. & vb. n. Leaving.] Etym: [OE. leven, AS. l, fr. laf remnant, heritage; akin to lifian, libban, to live, orig., to remain; cf. belifan to remain, G. bleiben, Goth. bileiban. Live, v.] 1. To withdraw one's self from; to go away from; to depart from; as, to leave the house. Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife. Gen. ii. 24. 2. To let remain unremoved or undone; to let stay or continue, in distinction from what is removed or changed. If grape gatherers come to thee, would they not leave some gleaning grapes Jer. xlix. 9. These ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone. Matt. xxiii. 23. Besides it leaveth a suspicion, as if more might be said than is expressed. Bacon. 3. To cease from; to desist from; to abstain from. Now leave complaining and begin your tea. Pope. 4. To desert; to abandon; to forsake; hence, to give up; to relinquish. Lo, we have left all, and have followed thee. Mark x. 28. The heresies that men do leave. Shak. 5. To let be or do without interference; as, I left him to his reflections; I leave my hearers to judge. I will leave you now to your gossiplike humor. Shak. 6. To put; to place; to deposit; to deliver; to commit; to submit -- with a sense of withdrawing one's self from; as, leave your hat in the hall; we left our cards; to leave the matter to arbitrators. Leave there thy gift before the altar and go thy way. Matt. v. 24. The foot That leaves the print of blood where'er it walks. Shak. 7. To have remaining at death; hence, to bequeath; as, he left a large estate; he left a good name; he left a legacy to his niece. To leave alone. (a) To leave in solitude. (b) To desist or refrain from having to do with; as, to leave dangerous chemicals alone. -- To leave off. (a) To desist from; to forbear; to stop; as, to leave off work at six o'clock. (b) To cease wearing or using; to omit to put in the usual position; as, to leave off a garment; to leave off the tablecloth. (c) To forsake; as, to leave off a bad habit. -- To leave out, to omit; as, to leave out a word or name in writing. -- To leave to one's self, to let (one) be alone; to cease caring for (one). Syn. - To quit; depart from; forsake; abandon; relinquish; deliver; bequeath; give up; forego; resign; surrender; forbear. See Quit. LEAVE Leave, v. i. 1. To depart; to set out. [Colloq.] By the time I left for Scotland. Carlyle. 2. To cease; to desist; to leave off. "He . . . began at the eldest, and left at the youngest." Gen. xliv. 12. To leave off, to cease; to desist; to stop. Leave off, and for another summons wait. Roscommon. LEAVED Leaved, a. Etym: [From Leaf.] Defn: Bearing, or having, a leaf or leaves; having folds; -- used in combination; as, a four-leaved clover; a two-leaved gate; long- leaved. LEAVELESS Leave"less, a. Defn: Leafless. [Obs.] Carew. LEAVEN Leav"en, n. Etym: [OE. levain, levein, F. levain, L. levamen alleviation, mitigation; but taken in the sense of, a raising, that which raises, fr. levare to raise. See Lever, n.] 1. Any substance that produces, or is designed to produce, fermentation, as in dough or liquids; esp., a portion of fermenting dough, which, mixed with a larger quantity of dough, produces a general change in the mass, and renders it light; yeast; barm. 2. Anything which makes a general assimilating (especially a corrupting) change in the mass. Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy. Luke xii. 1. LEAVEN Leav"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leavened; p. pr. & vb. n. Leavening.] 1. To make light by the action of leaven; to cause to ferment. A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump. 1 Cor. v. 6. 2. To imbue; to infect; to vitiate. With these and the like deceivable doctrines, he leavens also his prayer. Milton. LEAVENING Leav"en*ing, n. 1. The act of making light, or causing to ferment, by means of leaven. 2. That which leavens or makes light. Bacon. LEAVENOUS Leav"en*ous, a. Defn: Containing leaven. Milton. LEAVER Leav"er, n. Defn: One who leaves, or withdraws. LEAVES Leaves, n., Defn: pl. of Leaf. LEAVE-TAKING Leave"-tak`ing, n. Defn: Taking of leave; parting compliments. Shak. LEAVINESS Leav"i*ness, n. Etym: [Fr. Leaf.] Defn: Leafiness.[Obs.] LEAVINGS Leav"ings, n. pl. 1. Things left; remnants; relics. 2. Refuse; offal. LEAVY Leav"y, a. Defn: Leafy. [Obs.] Chapman. LEBAN; LEBBAN Leb"an, Leb"ban, n. Defn: Coagulated sour milk diluted with water; -- a common beverage among the Arabs. Also, a fermented liquor made of the same. LECAMA Le*ca"ma, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hartbeest. LECANOMANCY Le*can"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: divination practiced with water in a basin, by throwing three stones into it, and invoking the demon whose aid was sought. LECANORIC Lec`a*no"ric, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid which is obtained from several varieties of lichen (Lecanora, Roccella, etc.), as a white, crystalline substance, and is called also orsellic, or diorsellinic acid, lecanorin, etc. LECANORIN Lec`a*no"rin, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Lecanoric. LECH Lech, v. t. Etym: [F. lécher. See Lick.] Defn: To lick. [Obs.] LECHE Le*che", n. Defn: See water buck, under 3d Buck. LECHER Lech"er, n. Etym: [OE.lechur, lechour, OF.lecheor, lecheur, gormand, glutton, libertine, parasite, fr. lechier to lick, F. lécher; of Teutonic origin. See Lick.] Defn: A man given to lewdness; one addicted, in an excessive degree, to the indulgence of sexual desire, or to illicit commerce with women. LECHER Lech"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lechered; p. pr. & vb. n. Lechering.] Defn: To practice lewdness. LECHERER Lech"er*er, n. Defn: See Lecher, n. Marston. LECHEROUS Lech"er*ous, a. Defn: Like a lecher; addicted to lewdness; lustful; also, lust- provoking. "A lecherous thing is wine." Chaucer. -- Lech"er*ous*ly, adv. -- Lech"er*ous*ness, n. LECHERY Lech"er*y, n. Etym: [OE. lecherie, OF. lecherie. See Lecher.] 1. Free indulgence of lust; lewdness. 2. Selfish pleasure; delight. [Obs.] Massinger. LECITHIN Lec"i*thin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A complex, nitrogenous phosphorized substance widely distributed through the animal body, and especially conspicuous in the brain and nerve tissue, in yolk of eggs, and in the white blood corpuscles. LECTERN lec"tern, n. Defn: See Lecturn. LECTICA Lec*ti"ca, n.; pl. Lecticæ. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A kind of litter or portable couch. LECTION Lec"tion, n. Etym: [L. lectio, fr. legere, lectum, to read. See lesson, Legend.] 1. (Eccl.) Defn: A lesson or selection, esp. of Scripture, read in divine service. 2. A reading; a variation in the text. We ourselves are offended by the obtrusion of the new lections into the text. De Quincey. LECTIONARY Lec"tion*a*ry, n.; pl. -ries. Etym: [LL. lectionarium, lectionarius : cf. F. lectionnaire.] (Eccl.) Defn: A book, or a list, of lections, for reading in divine service. LECTOR Lec"tor, n. Etym: [L. See Lection.] (Eccl.) Defn: A reader of lections; formerly, a person designated to read lessons to the illiterate. LECTUAL Lec"tu*al, a. Etym: [LL. lectualis, fr. L. lectus bed.] (Med.) Defn: Confining to the bed; as, a lectual disease. LECTURE Lec"ture, n. Etym: [F. lecture, LL. lectura, fr. L. legere, lectum, to read. See Legend.] 1. The act of reading; as, the lecture of Holy Scripture. [Obs.] 2. A discourse on any subject; especially, a formal or methodical discourse, intended for instruction; sometimes, a familiar discourse, in contrast with a sermon. 3. A reprimand or formal reproof from one having authority. 4. (Eng. Universities) Defn: A rehearsal of a lesson. LECTURE Lec"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lectured; p. pr. & vb. n. Lecturing.] 1. To read or deliver a lecture to. 2. To reprove formally and with authority. LECTURE Lec"ture, v. i. Defn: To deliver a lecture or lectures. LECTURER Lec"tur*er, n. Defn: One who lectures; an assistant preacher. LECTURESHIP Lec"ture*ship, n. Defn: The office of a lecturer. LECTURN Lec"turn, n. Etym: [LL. lectrinum, fr. lectrum; cf. L. legere, lectum, to read.] Defn: A choir desk, or reading desk, in some churches, from which the lections, or Scripture lessons, are chanted or read; hence, a reading desk. [Written also lectern and lettern]. Fairholt. LECYTHIS Lec"y*this, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 3 an oil flask.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of gigantic trees, chiefly Brazilian, of the order Myrtaceæ, having woody capsules opening by an apical lid. Lecythis Zabucajo yields the delicious sapucaia nuts. L. Ollaria produces the monkey-pots, its capsules. Its bark separates into thin sheets, like paper, used by the natives for cigarette wrappers. LED Led, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Lead. Led captain. An obsequious follower or attendant. [Obs.] Swift. -- Led horse, a sumpter horse, or a spare horse, that is led along. LEDEN; LEDDEN Led"en, Led"den n. Etym: [AS. l, l, language, speech. Cf. Leod.] Defn: Language; speech; voice; cry. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. LEDGE Ledge, n. Etym: [Akin to AS. licgan to lie, Icel. liggja; cf. Icel. lögg the ledge or rim at the bottom of a cask. See Lie to be prostrate.] [Formerly written lidge.] 1. A shelf on which articles may be laid; also, that which resembles such a shelf in form or use, as a projecting ridge or part, or a molding or edge in joinery. 2. A shelf, ridge, or reef, of rocks. 3. A layer or stratum. The lowest ledge or row should be of stone. Sir H. Wotton. 4. (Mining) Defn: A lode; a limited mass of rock bearing valuable mineral. 5. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A piece of timber to support the deck, placed athwartship between beams. LEDGEMENT Ledge"ment, n. Defn: See Ledgment. LEDGER Ledg"er, n. Etym: [Akin to D. legger layer, daybook (fr. leggen to lay, liggen to lie), E. ledge, lie. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. A book in which a summary of accounts is laid up or preserved; the final book of record in business transactions, in which all debits and credits from the journal, etc., are placed under appropriate heads. [Written also leger.] 2. (Arch.) (a) A large flat stone, esp. one laid over a tomb. Oxf. Gloss. (b) A horizontal piece of timber secured to the uprights and supporting floor timbers, a staircase, scaffolding, or the like. It differs from an intertie in being intended to carry weight. [Written also ligger.] Ledger bait, fishing bait attached to a floating line fastened to the bank of a stream, pond, etc. Walton. J. H. Walsh. -- Ledger line. See Leger line, under 3d Leger, a. -- Ledger wall (Mining), the wall under a vein; the foot wall. Raymond. LEDGMENT Ledg"ment, n. (Arch.) (a) A string-course or horizontal suit of moldings, such as the base moldings of a building. Oxf. Gloss. (b) The development of the surface of a body on a plane, so that the dimensions of the different sides may be easily ascertained. Gwilt. [Written also ledgement, legement, and ligement.] LEDGY Ledg"y, a. Defn: Abounding in ledges; consisting of a ledge or reef; as, a ledgy island. LEE Lee, v Defn: , i, To lie; to speak falsely. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEE Lee, n.; pl. Lees. Etym: [F. lie, perh. fr. L. levare to lift up, raise. Cf. Lever.] Defn: That which settles at the bottom, as, of a cask of liquor (esp. wine); sediment; dregs; -- used now only in the plural. [Lees occurs also as a form of the singular.] "The lees of wine." Holland. A thousand demons lurk within the lee. Young. The wine of life is drawn, and the mere lees Is left this vault to brag of. Shak. LEE Lee, n. Etym: [OE. lee shelter, Icel. hl, akin to AS. hleó, hleów, shelter, protection, OS. hlèo, D. lij lee, Sw. lä, Dan. læ.] 1. A sheltered place; esp., a place; protected from the wind by some object; the side sheltered from the wind; shelter; protection; as, the lee of a mountain, an island, or a ship. We lurked under lee. Morte d'Arthure. Desiring me to take shelter in his lee. Tyndall. 2. (Naut.) Defn: That part of the hemisphere, as one stands on shipboard, toward which the wind blows. See Lee, a. By the lee, To bring by the lee. See under By, and Bring. -- Under the lee of, on that side which is sheltered from the wind; as, to be under the lee of a ship. LEE Lee, a. (Naut.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the part or side opposite to that against which the wind blows; -- opposed to weather; as, the lee side or lee rail of a vessel. Lee gauge. See Gauge, n. (Naut.) -- Lee shore, the shore on the lee side of a vessel. -- Lee tide, a tide running in the same direction that the wind blows. -- On the lee beam, directly to the leeward; in a line at right angles to the length of the vessel and to the leeward. LEEANGLE; LIANGLE Lee"an`gle, Li"an`gle, n. [From native name.] Defn: A heavy weapon of the Australian aborigines with a sharp- pointed end, about nine inches in length, projecting at right angles from the main part. LEEBOARD Lee"board`, n. Defn: A board, or frame of planks, lowered over the side of a vessel to lessen her leeway when closehauled, by giving her greater draught. LEECH Leech, n. Defn: See 2d Leach. LEECH Leech, v. t. Defn: See Leach, v. t. LEECH Leech, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. leik, Icel. lik, Sw. lik boltrope, stliken the leeches.] (Naut.) Defn: The border or edge at the side of a sail. [Written also leach.] Leech line, a line attached to the leech ropes of sails, passing up through blocks on the yards, to haul the leeches by. Totten. -- Leech rope, that part of the boltrope to which the side of a sail is sewed. LEECH Leech, n. Etym: [OE. leche, læche, physician, AS. l; akin to Fries. l, OHG. lahhi, Icel. læknari, Sw. läkare, Dan. læge, Goth. l, AS. lacnian to heal, Sw. läka, Dan.læge, Icel. lækna, Goth. l.] 1. physician or surgeon; a professor of the art of healing. [Written also leach.] [Archaic] Spenser. Leech, heal thyself. Wyclif (Luke iv. 23). 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous genera and species of annulose worms, belonging to the order Hirudinea, or Bdelloidea, esp. those species used in medicine, as Hirudo medicinalis of Europe, and allied species. Note: In the mouth of bloodsucking leeches are three convergent, serrated jaws, moved by strong muscles. By the motion of these jaws a stellate incision is made in the skin, through which the leech sucks blood till it is gorged, and then drops off. The stomach has large pouches on each side to hold the blood. The common large bloodsucking leech of America (Macrobdella decora) is dark olive above, and red below, with black spots. Many kinds of leeches are parasitic on fishes; others feed upon worms and mollusks, and have no jaws for drawing blood. See Bdelloidea. Hirudinea, and Clepsine. 3. (Surg.) Defn: A glass tube of peculiar construction, adapted for drawing blood from a scarified part by means of a vacuum. Horse leech, a less powerful European leech (Hæmopis vorax), commonly attacking the membrane that lines the inside of the mouth and nostrils of animals that drink at pools where it lives. LEECH Leech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leeched; p. pr. & vb. n. Leeching.] 1. To treat as a surgeon; to doctor; as, to leech wounds. [Archaic] 2. To bleed by the use of leeches. LEECHCRAFT Leech"craft`, n. Defn: The art of healing; skill of a physician. [Archaic] Chaucer. LEED; LEEDE Leed, Leede, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A caldron; a copper kettle. [Obs.] "A furnace of a leed." Chaucer. LEEF Leef, a. & adv. Defn: See Lief. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEEK Leek, n. Etym: [AS.leác; akin to D. look, G. lauch, OHG. louh, Icel. laukr, Sw. lök, Dan lög. Cf. Garlic.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Allium (A. Porrum), having broadly linear succulent leaves rising from a loose oblong cylindrical bulb. The flavor is stronger than that of the common onion. Wild leek , in America, a plant (Allium tricoccum) with a cluster of ovoid bulbs and large oblong elliptical leaves. LEEME Leeme, v. & n. Defn: See Leme. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEEP Leep, obs. strong imp. Defn: of Leap. leaped. LEER Leer, v. t. Defn: To learn. [Obs.] See Lere, to learn. LEER Leer, a. Etym: [OE. lere; akin to G. leer, OHG. & OS. lari.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Defn: Empty; destitute; wanting; as: (a) Empty of contents. "A leer stomach." Gifford. (b) Destitute of a rider; and hence, led, not ridden; as, a leer horse. B. Jonson. (c) Wanting sense or seriousness; trifling; trivolous; as, leer words. LEER Leer, n. Defn: An oven in which glassware is annealed. LEER Leer, n. Etym: [OE. lere cheek, face, look, AS. hleór cheek, face; akin to OS. hlear, hlior, OD. lier, Icel. hl.] 1. The cheek. [Obs.] Holinshed. 2. complexion; aspect; appearance. [Obs.] A Rosalind of a better leer than you. Shak. 3. A distorted expression of the face, or an indirect glance of the eye, conveying a sinister or immodest suggestion. With jealous leer malign Eyed them askance. Milton. She gives the leer of invitation. Shak. Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer. Pope. LEER Leer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leered; p. pr. & vb. n. Leering.] Defn: To look with a leer; to look askance with a suggestive expression, as of hatred, contempt, lust, etc. ; to cast a sidelong lustful or malign look. I will leer him as a'comes by. Shak. The priest, above his book, Leering at his neighbor's wife. Tennyson. LEER Leer, v. t. Defn: To entice with a leer, or leers; as, to leer a man to ruin. Dryden. LEERE Leere, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Tape or braid; an ornament. Halliwell. Leere side, the left side, as that on which a leere or ornament was worn. B. Jonson. LEERINGLY Leer"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a leering manner. LEES Lees, n. pl. Defn: Dregs. See 2d Lee. LEES Lees, n. Defn: A leash. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEESE Leese, v. t. Etym: [See Lose.] Defn: To lose. [Obs.] They would rather leese their friend than their jest. Lord Burleigh. LEESE Leese, v. t. Etym: [Cf. f. léser, L.laesus, p. p. of laedere.] Defn: To hurt. [Obs.] B. Jonson. LEET Leet, obs. imp. Defn: of Let, to allow. Chaucer. LEET Leet n. Etym: [Cf. AS. hl share, lot.] Defn: A portion; a list, esp. a list of candidates for an office. [Scot.] LEET Leet, n. Etym: [LL.leta. Cf. F. lit de justice a solemn sitting of the king in Parliament, L. lis, litis, a lawsuit, It., Sp., & Pg. lite.] (Eng. Hist.) Defn: A court-leet; the district within the jurisdiction of a court- leet; the day on which a court-leet is held. Shak. Note: The original intent of the court-leet was to view the frankpledges or freemen within the liberty; hence called the view of frankpledge. Latterly it has fallen into almost entire disuse. Burrill. Warren's Blackstone. Leet ale, a feast or merrymaking in time of leet. [Obs.] LEET Leet, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European pollock. LEETMAN Leet"man, n.; pl. Leetmen (. Defn: One subject to the jurisdiction of a court-leet. LEEWARD Lee"ward, a. (Naut.) Defn: Pertaining to, or in the direction of, the part or side toward which the wind blows; -- opposed to windward; as, a leeward berth; a leeward ship. -- n. Defn: The lee side; the lee. -- adv. Defn: Toward the lee. LEEWAY Lee"way`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The lateral movement of a ship to the leeward of her course; drift. LEFT Left, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Leave. LEFT Left, a. Etym: [OE. left, lift, luft; akin to Fries. leeft, OD.lucht, luft; cf. AS.left (equiv. to L. inanis), lyftadl palsy; or cf. AS.l weak.] Defn: Of or pertaining to that side of the body in man on which the muscular action of the limbs is usually weaker than on the other side; -- opposed to right, when used in reference to a part of the body; as, the left ear. Also said of the corresponding side of the lower animals. Left bank of a river, that which is on the left hand of a person whose face is turned downstream. -- Left bower. See under 2d Bower. -- Left center, the members whose sympathies are, in the main, with the members of the Left, but who do not favor extreme courses, and on occasions vote with the government. They sit between the Center and the extreme Left. -- Over the left shoulder, or Over the left, an old but still current colloquialism, or slang expression, used as an aside to indicate insincerity, negation, or disbelief; as, he said it, and it is true, -- over the left. LEFT Left, n. 1. that part of surrounding space toward which the left side of one's body is turned; as, the house is on the left when you face North. Put that rose a little more to the left. Ld. Lytton. 2. those members of a legislative assembly (as in France) who are in the opposition; the advanced republicans and extreme radicals. They have their seats at the left-hand side of the presiding officer. See Center, and Right. LEFT-HAND Left"-hand`, a. Defn: Situated on the left; nearer the left hand than the right; as, the left-hand side; the left-hand road. Left-hand rope, rope laid up and twisted over from right to left, or against the sun; -- called also water-laid rope. LEFT-HANDED Left"-hand`ed, a. 1. Having the left hand or arm stronger and more dexterous than the right; using the left hand and arm with more dexterity than the right. 2. Clumsy; awkward; unlucky; insincere; sinister; malicious; as, a left-handed compliment. The commendations of this people are not always left-handed and detractive. Landor. 3. Having a direction contrary to that of the hands of a watch when seen in front; -- said of a twist, a rotary motion, etc., looked at from a given direction. Left-handed marriage, a morganatic marriage. See Morganatic. -- Left-handed screw, a screw constructed to advance away from the observer, when turned, as in a nut, with a left-handed rotation. An ordinary wood screw is right-handed. LEFT-HANDEDNESS; LEFT-HANDINESS Left"-hand`ed*ness, Left"-hand`i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being left-handed; awkwardness. An awkward address, ungraceful attitudes and actions, and a certain left-handiness (if I may use the expression) proclaim low education. Chesterfield. LEFT-OFF Left"-off", a. Defn: Laid a side; cast-off. LEFTWARD Left"ward, adv. Defn: Toward or on the left side. Rightward and leftward rise the rocks. Southey. LEFUL Le"ful, a. Defn: See Leveful. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEG Leg, n. Etym: [Icel. leggr; akin to Dan. læg calf of the leg, Sw. lägg.] 1. A limb or member of an animal used for supporting the body, and in running, climbing, and swimming; esp., that part of the limb between the knee and foot. 2. That which resembles a leg in form or use; especially, any long and slender support on which any object rests; as, the leg of a table; the leg of pair of compasses or dividers. 3. The part of any article of clothing which covers the leg; as, the leg of a stocking or of a pair of trousers. 4. A bow, esp. in the phrase to make a leg; probably from drawing the leg backward in bowing. [Obs.] He that will give a cap and make a leg in thanks for a favor he never received. Fuller. 5. A disreputable sporting character; a blackleg. [Slang, Eng.] 6. (Naut.) Defn: The course and distance made by a vessel on one tack or between tacks. 7. (Steam Boiler) Defn: An extension of the boiler downward, in the form of a narrow space between vertical plates, sometimes nearly surrounding the furnace and ash pit, and serving to support the boiler; -- called also water leg. 8. (Grain Elevator) Defn: The case containing the lower part of the belt which carries the buckets. 9. (Cricket) Defn: A fielder whose position is on the outside, a little in rear of the batter. A good leg (Naut.), a course sailed on a tack which is near the desired course. -- Leg bail, escape from custody by flight. [Slang] -- Legs of an hyperbola (or other curve) (Geom.), the branches of the curve which extend outward indefinitely. -- Legs of a triangle, the sides of a triangle; -- a name seldom used unless one of the sides is first distinguished by some appropriate term; as, the hypothenuse and two legs of a right-angled triangle. On one's legs, standing to speak. -- One's last legs. See under Last. -- To have legs (Naut.), to have speed. -- To stand on one's own legs, to support one's self; to be independent. LEG Leg, v. t. Defn: To use as a leg, with it as object: (a) To bow. [Obs.] (b) To run [Low] LEGACY Leg"a*cy, n.; pl.Legacies. Etym: [L. (assumed) legatia, for legatum, from legare to appoint by last will, to bequeath as a legacy, to depute: cf. OF. legat legacy. See Legate.] 1. A gift of property by will, esp. of money or personal property; a bequest. Also Fig.; as, a legacy of dishonor or disease. 2. A business with which one is intrusted by another; a commission; - - obsolete, except in the phrases last legacy, dying legacy, and the like. My legacy and message wherefore I am sent into the world. Tyndale. He came and told his legacy. Chapman. Legacy duty, a tax paid to government on legacies. Wharton. -- Legacy hunter, one who flatters and courts any one for the sake of a legacy. LEGAL Le"gal, a. Etym: [L. legalis, fr. lex, legis, law; prob. orig., that which lies or is fixed (cf. L. lectus bed), and if so akin to E. lie, law: cf. F. légal. Cf. Lie to be prostrate, Loyal, Leal.] 1. Created by, permitted by, in conformity with, or relating to, law; as, a legal obligation; a legal standard or test; a legal procedure; a legal claim; a legal trade; anything is legal which the laws do not forbid. 2. (Theol.) (a) According to the law of works, as distinguished from free grace; or resting on works for salvation. (b) According to the old or Mosaic dispensation; in accordance with the law of Moses 3. (Law) Defn: Governed by the rules of law as distinguished from the rules of equity; as, legal estate; legal assets. Bouvier. Burrill. Legal cap. See under Cap. -- Legal tender. (a) The act of tendering in the performance of a contract or satisfaction of a claim that which the law prescribes or permits, and at such time and place as the law prescribes or permits. (b) That currency, or money, which the law authorizes a debtor to tender and requires a creditor to receive. It differs in different countries. Syn. -- Lawful; constitutional; legitimate; licit; authorized. See Lawful. LEGALISM Le"gal*ism, n. Defn: Strictness, or the doctrine of strictness, in conforming to law. LEGALIST Le"gal*ist, n. Defn: One who practices or advocates strict conformity to law; in theology, one who holds to the law of works. See Legal, 2 (a). LEGALITY Le*gal"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. legalitas, F. légalité. Cf. Loyalty.] 1. The state or quality of being letter of the law. LEGALIZATION Le`gal*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of making legal. LEGALIZE Le"gal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Legalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Legalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. légaliser.] 1. To make legal. 2. (Theol.) Defn: To interpret or apply in a legal spirit. LEGALLY Le"gal*ly, adv. Defn: In a legal manner. LEGANTINE Le*gan"tine, a. [Obs.] Defn: See Legatine. LEGATARY Leg"a*ta*ry, n. Etym: [L. legatarius, fr. legaturius enjoined by a last will: cf. F. légataire. See Legacy.] Defn: A legatee. [R.] Ayliffe. LEGATE Leg"ate, n. Etym: [OE. legal, L. legatus, fr. legare to sent with a commission or charge, to depute, fr. lex, legis, law: cf. F. légat, It. legato. See Legal.] 1. An ambassador or envoy. 2. An ecclesiastic representing the pope and invested with the authority of the Holy See. Note: Legates are of three kinds: (a) Legates a latere, now always cardinals. They are called ordinary or extraordinary legates, the former governing provinces, and the latter class being sent to foreign countries on extraordinary occasions. (b) Legati missi, who correspond to the ambassadors of temporal governments. (c) Legati nati, or legates by virtue of their office, as the archbishops of Salzburg and Prague. 3. (Rom. Hist.) (a) An official assistant given to a general or to the governor of a province. (b) Under the emperors, a governor sent to a province. LEGATEE Leg`a*tee", n. Etym: [See Legacy.] (Law) Defn: One to whom a legacy is bequeathed. LEGATESHIP Leg"ate*ship, n. Defn: The office of a legate. LEGATINE Leg"a*tine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a legate; as, legatine power. Holinshed. 2. Made by, proceeding from, or under the sanction of, a legate; as, a legatine constitution. Ayliffe. LEGATION Le*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. legatio: cf. F. légation, It. legazione. See Legate.] 1. The sending forth or commissioning one person to act for another. "The Divine legation of Moses." Bp. Warburton. 2. A legate, or envoy, and the persons associated with him in his mission; an embassy; or, in stricter usage, a diplomatic minister and his suite; a deputation. 3. The place of business or official residence of a diplomatic minister at a foreign court or seat of government. 4. A district under the jurisdiction of a legate. LEGATO Le*ga"to, a. Etym: [It., tied, joined, fr. legare to tie, bind, L. ligare.] (Mus.) Defn: Connected; tied; -- a term used when successive tones are to be produced in a closely connected, smoothly gliding manner. It is often indicated by a tie, thus staccato. LEGATOR Leg`a*tor", n. Etym: [L., fr. legare: cf. OF. legateur. See Legacy.] (Law) Defn: A testator; one who bequeaths a legacy. Dryden. LEGATURA Le`ga*tu"ra, n. Etym: [It. See Ligature.] (Mus.) Defn: A tie or brace; a syncopation. LEGATURE Leg"a*ture, n. Defn: Legateship. [Obs.] LEG BRIDGE Leg bridge. Defn: A type of bridge for small spans in which the floor girders are rigidly secured at their extremities to supporting steel legs, driven into the round as piling, or resting on mudsills. LEGE Lege, v. t. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. allege to assert.] Defn: To allege; to assert. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher. LEGEMENT Lege"ment, n. Defn: See Ledgment. LEGEND Leg"end, n. Etym: [OE. legende, OF. legende, F. légende, LL. legenda, fr. L. legendus to be read, fr. legere to read, gather; akin to Gr. Collect, Dialogue, Lesson, Logic.] 1. That which is appointed to be read; especially, a chronicle or register of the lives of saints, formerly read at matins, and in the refectories of religious houses. 2. A story respecting saints; especially, one of a marvelous nature. Addison. 3. Any wonderful story coming down from the past, but not verifiable by historical record; a myth; a fable. And in this legend all that glorious deed. Read, whilst you arm you. Fairfax. 4. An inscription, motto, or title, esp. one surrounding the field in a medal or coin, or placed upon an heraldic shield or beneath an engraving or illustration. Golden legend. See under Golden. LEGEND Leg"end, v. t. Defn: To tell or narrate, as a legend. Bp. Hall. LEGENDARY Leg"end*a*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a legend or to legends; consisting of legends; like a legend; fabulous. "Legendary writers." Bp. Lloyd. Legendary stories of nurses and old women. Bourne. LEGENDARY Leg"end*a*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. legendaire, LL. legendarius.] 1. A book of legends; a tale or parrative. Read the Countess of Pembroke's "Arcadia," a gallant legendary full of pleasurable accidents. James I. 2. One who relates legends. Bp. Lavington. LEGER Leg"er, n. Etym: [See Ledger.] 1. Anything that lies in a place; that which, or one who, remains in a place. [Obs.] 2. A minister or ambassador resident at a court or seat of government. [Written also lieger, leiger.] [Obs.] Sir Edward Carne, the queen's leger at Rome. Fuller. 3. A ledger. LEGER Leg"er, a. Defn: Lying or remaining in a place; hence, resident; as, leger ambassador. LEGER Leg"er, a. Etym: [F. léger, fr. LL. (assumed) leviarius, fr. L. levis light in weight. See Levity.] Defn: Light; slender; slim; trivial. [Obs. except in special phrases.] Bacon. Leger line (Mus.), a line added above or below the staff to extend its compass; -- called also added line. LEGERDEMAIN Leg`er*de*main", n. Etym: [F. léger light, nimble + de of + main hand, L. manus. See 3d Leger, and Manual.] Defn: Sleight of hand; a trick of sleight of hand; hence, any artful deception or trick. He of legierdemayne the mysteries did know. Spenser. The tricks and legerdemain by which men impose upon their own souls. South. LEGERDEMAINIST Leg`er*de*main"ist, n. Defn: One who practices sleight of hand; a prestidigitator. LEGERITY Le*ger"i*ty, n. Etym: [F. légèreté. See 3d Leger.] Defn: Lightness; nimbleness [Archaic] Shak. LEGGE Legge, v. t. Etym: [See Lay, v. t. ] Defn: To lay. [Obs.] LEGGE Legge, v. t. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. alegge.] Defn: To lighten; to allay. [Obs.] Rom. of R. LEGGED Legged, a. Etym: [From Leg.] Defn: Having (such or so many) legs; -- used in composition; as, a long-legged man; a two-legged animal. LEGGIADRO; LEGGIERO Leg`gi*a"dro, Leg`gi*e"ro, a. & adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Light or graceful; in a light, delicate, and brick style. LEGGING; LEGGIN Leg"ging, Leg"gin, n. Etym: [From Leg.] Defn: A cover for the leg, like a long gaiter. LEGGING Leg"ging, a. & vb. n. Defn: , from Leg, v. t. LEGGY Leg"gy (-gy), a. Defn: Having long legs. Thackeray. LEGHORN Leg"horn, n. Defn: A straw plaiting used for bonnets and hats, made from the straw of a particular kind of wheat, grown for the purpose in Tuscany, Italy; -- so called from Leghorn, the place of exportation. LEGIBILITY Leg`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being legible; legibleness. Sir. D. Brewster. LEGIBLE Leg"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. legibilis, fr. legere to read: cf. OF. legible. See Legend.] 1. Capable of being read or deciphered; distinct to the eye; plain; - - used of writing or printing; as, a fair, legible manuscript. The stone with moss and lichens so overspread, Nothing is legible but the name alone. Longfellow. 2. Capable of being discovered or understood by apparent marks or indications; as, the thoughts of men are often legible in their countenances. LEGIBLENESS Leg"i*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being legible. LEGIBLY Leg"i*bly, adv. Defn: In a legible manner. LEGIFIC Le*gif"ic, a. Etym: [L. lex, legis, law + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: Of or pertaining to making laws. Practically, in many cases, authority or legific competence has begun in bare power. J. Grote. LEGION Le"gion, n. Etym: [OE. legioun, OF. legion, F. légion, fr. L. legio, fr. legere to gather, collect. See Legend.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A body of foot soldiers and cavalry consisting of different numbers at different periods, -- from about four thousand to about six thousand men, -- the cavalry being about one tenth. 2. A military force; an army; military bands. 3. A great number; a multitude. Where one sin has entered,legions will force their way through the same breach. Rogers. 4. (Taxonomy) Defn: A group of orders inferior to a class. Legion of honor, an order instituted by the French government in 1802, when Bonaparte was First Consul, as a reward for merit, both civil and military. LEGIONARY Le"gion*a*ry, a. Etym: [L.legionarius: cf. F. légionnaire.] Defn: Belonging to a legion; consisting of a legion or legions, or of an indefinitely great number; as, legionary soldiers; a legionary force. "The legionary body of error." Sir T. Browne. LEGIONARY Le"gion*a*ry, n.; pl. Legionaries (. Defn: A member of a legion. Milton. LEGIONED Le"gioned, a. Defn: Formed into a legion or legions; legionary. Shelley. LEGIONRY Le"gion*ry, n. Defn: A body of legions; legions, collectively. [R.] Pollok. LEGISLATE Leg"is*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Legislated; p. pr. & vb. n. Legislating.] Etym: [See Legislator.] Defn: To make or enact a law or laws. Solon, in legislating for the Athenians, had an idea of a more perfect constitution than he gave them. Bp. Watson (1805). LEGISLATION Leg`is*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. législation, L. legis latio. See Legislator.] Defn: The act of legislating; preparation and enactment of laws; the laws enacted. Pythagoras joined legislation to his philosophy. Lyttelton. LEGISLATIVE Leg"is*la*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. législatij.] 1. Making, or having the power to make, a law or laws; lawmaking; -- distinguished from executive; as, a legislative act; a legislative body. The supreme legislative power of England was lodged in the king and great council, or what was afterwards called the Parliament. Hume. 2. Of or pertaining to the making of laws; suitable to legislation; as, the transaction of legislative business; the legislative style. LEGISLATIVELY Leg"is*la*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a legislative manner. LEGISLATOR Leg"is*la`tor, n. Etym: [L. legis lator, prop., a proposer of a law; lex, legis, law + lator a proposer, bearer, fr. latus, used as p. p. of ferre to bear: cf. F. législateur. See Legal, and Tolerate.] Defn: A lawgiver; one who makes laws for a state or community; a member of a legislative body. The legislators in ancient and heroical times. Bacon. Many of the legislators themselves had taken an oath of abjuration of his Majesty's person and family. E. Phillips. LEGISLATORIAL Leg`is*la*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a legislator or legislature. LEGISLATORSHIP Leg"is*la`tor*ship, n. Defn: The office of a legislator. Halifax. LEGISLATRESS; LEGISLATRIX Leg"is*la`tress, Leg"is*la`trix, n. Defn: A woman who makes laws. Shaftesbury. LEGISLATURE Leg"is*la`ture, n. Etym: [Cf. F. législature.] Defn: The body of persons in a state or kingdom invested with power to make and repeal laws; a legislative body. Without the concurrent consent of all three parts of the legislature, no law is, or can be, made. Sir M. Hale. Note: The legislature of Great Britain consists of the Lords and Commons, with the king or queen, whose sanction is necessary to every bill before it becomes a law. The legislatures of most of the United States consist of two houses or branches; but the sanction or consent of the governor is required to give their acts the force of law, or a concurrence of two thirds of the two houses after he has refused his sanction and assigned his objections. LEGIST Le"gist, n. Etym: [F. légiste, LL. legista, fr. L. lex, legis, law. See Legal.] Defn: One skilled in the laws; a writer on law. Milman. J. Morley. LEGITIM Le*git"im, n. Etym: [See Legitimate, a.] (Scots Law) Defn: The portion of movable estate to which the children are entitled upon the death of the father. LEGITIMACY Le*git"i*ma*cy, n. Etym: [See Legitimate, a.] Defn: The state, or quality, of being legitimate, or in conformity with law; hence, the condition of having been lawfully begotten, or born in wedlock. The doctrine of Divine Right, which has now come back to us, like a thief from transportation, under the alias of Legitimacy. Macaulay. LEGITIMATE Le*git"i*mate, a. Etym: [LL. legitimatus, p. p. of legitimare to legitimate, fr. L. legitimus legitimate. See Legal.] 1. Accordant with law or with established legal forms and requirements; lawful; as, legitimate government; legitimate rights; the legitimate succession to the throne; a legitimate proceeding of an officer; a legitimate heir. 2. Lawfully begotten; born in wedlock. 3. Authorized; real; genuine; not false, counterfeit, or spurious; as, legitimate poems of Chaucer; legitimate inscriptions. 4. Conforming to known principles, or accepted rules; as, legitimate reasoning; a legitimate standard, or method; a legitimate combination of colors. Tillotson still keeps his place as a legitimate English classic. Macaulay. 5. Following by logical sequence; reasonable; as, a legitimate result; a legitimate inference. LEGITIMATE Le*git"i*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Legitimated; p. pr. & vb. n. Legitimating.] Defn: To make legitimate, lawful, or valid; esp., to put in the position or state of a legitimate person before the law, by legal means; as, to legitimate a bastard child. To enact a statute of that which he dares not seem to approve, even to legitimate vice. Milton. LEGITIMATELY Le*git"i*mate*ly, adv. Defn: In a legitimate manner; lawfully; genuinely. LEGITIMATENESS Le*git"i*mate*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being legitimate; lawfulness; genuineness. LEGITIMATION Le*git`i*ma"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. légitimation.] 1. The act of making legitimate. The coining or legitimation of money. East. 2. Lawful birth. [R.] Shak. LEGITIMATIST Le*git"i*ma*tist, n. Defn: See Legitimist. LEGITIMATIZE Le*git"i*ma*tize, v. t. Defn: To legitimate. LEGITIMISM Le*git"i*mism, n. Defn: The principles or plans of legitimists. LEGITIMIST Le*git"i*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. légitimiste.] 1. One who supports legitimate authority; esp., one who believes in hereditary monarchy, as a divine right. 2. Specifically, a supporter of the claims of the elder branch of the Bourbon dynasty to the crown of France. LEGITIMIZE Le*git"i*mize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Legitimized; p. pr. & vb. n. Legitimizing.] Defn: To legitimate. LEGLESS Leg"less, a. Defn: Not having a leg. LEG-OF-MUTTON Leg"-of-mut"ton, a. Defn: Having the general shape or outline of a leg of mutton; as, a leg-of-mutton, or shoulder-of-mutton, sail. LEGO-LITERARY Le"go-lit"er*a*ry, a. Etym: [See Legal, and Literary.] Defn: Pertaining to the literature of law. LEGULEIAN Le`gu*le"ian, a. Etym: [L. leguleius pettifogger, fr. lex, legis, law.] Defn: Lawyerlike; legal. [R.] "Leguleian barbarism." De Quincey. -- n. Defn: A lawyer. LEGUME Leg"ume, n. Etym: [F. légume, L. legumen, fr. legere to gather. So called because they may be gathered without cutting. See Legend.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A pod dehiscent into two pieces or valves, and having the seed attached at one suture, as that of the pea. Note: In the latter circumstance, it differs from a siliqua, in which the seeds are attached to both sutures. In popular use, a legume is called a pod, or cod; as, pea pod, or peas cod. 2. pl. Defn: The fruit of leguminous plants, as peas, beans, lupines; pulse. LEGUMEN Le*gu"men, n.; pl. L. Legumina, E. Legumens. Etym: [L.] Defn: Same as Legume. LEGUMIN Le*gu"min, n. Etym: [Cf. F. légumine.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An albuminous substance resembling casein, found as a characteristic ingredient of the seeds of leguminous and grain- bearing plants. LEGUMINOUS Le*gu"mi*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. légumineux.] 1. Pertaining to pulse; consisting of pulse. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, a very large natural order of plants (Leguminosæ), which bear legumes, including peas, beans, clover, locust trees, acacias, and mimosas. LEIGER Lei"ger, n. Etym: [See Leger, and Ledger.] Defn: See Leger, n., 2. [Obs.] Shak. LEIOTRICHAN Lei*ot"ri*chan, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Leiotrichi. -- n. Defn: One of the Leiotrichi. LEIOTRICHI Lei*ot"ri*chi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anthropol.) Defn: The division of mankind which embraces the smooth-haired races. LEIOTRICHOUS Lei*ot"ri*chous, a. Etym: [See Leiotrichi.] (Anthropol.) Defn: Having smooth, or nearly smooth, hair. LEIPOA Lei*po"a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Australian gallinaceous birds including but a single species (Leipoa ocellata), about the size of a turkey. Its color is variegated, drown, black, white, and gray. Called also native pheasant. Note: It makes large mounds of sand and vegetable material, in which its eggs are laid to be hatched by the heat of the decomposing mass. LEIPOTHYMIC Lei`po*thym"ic, a. Defn: See Lipothymic. LEISTER; LISTER Leis"ter, Lis"ter, n. Defn: A spear armed with three or more prongs, for striking fish. [Scotland] LEISURABLE Lei"sur*a*ble, a. Etym: [See Leisure.] 1. Leisurely. [Obs.] Hooker. 2. Vacant of employment; not occupied; idle; leisure; as leisurable hours. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. LEISURABLY Lei"sur*a*bly, adv. Defn: At leisure. [Obs.] LEISURE Lei"sure n. Etym: [OE. leisere, leiser, OF.leisir, F. loisir, orig., permission, fr. L. licere to be permitted. See License.] 1. Freedom from occupation or business; vacant time; time free from employment. The desire of leisure is much more natural than of business and care. Sir W. Temple. 2. Time at one's command, free from engagement; convenient opportunity; hence, convenience; ease. He sighed, and had no leisure more to say. Dryden. At leisure. (a) Free from occupation; not busy. (b) In a leisurely manner; at a convenient time. LEISURE Lei"sure, a. Defn: Unemployed; as, leisure hours. LEISURED Lei"sured, a. Defn: Having leisure. "The leisured classes." Gladstone. LEISURELY Lei"sure*ly, a. Defn: Characterized by leisure; taking abundant tome; not hurried; as, a leisurely manner; a leisurely walk. LEISURELY Lei"sure*ly, adv. Defn: In a leisurely manner. Addison. LEITMOTIF Leit"mo*tif", n. Etym: [G.] (Mus.) Defn: See Leading motive, under Leading, a. LEMAN Le"man, n. Etym: [OE. lemman, legman; AS.leóf dear + mann man. See Lief, and Man.] Defn: A sweetheart, of either sex; a gallant, or a mistress; -- usually in a bad sense. [Archaic] Chaucer. Spenser. Shak. LEME Leme, n. Etym: [OE. leem, leme, leam, AS. leóma light, brightness; akin to E. light, n. sq. root122.] Defn: A ray or glimmer of light; a gleam. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEME Leme, v. i. Defn: To shine. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. LEMMA Lem"ma, n.; pl. L. Lemmata, E. Lemmas. Etym: [L. lemma, Gr. Syllable.] Defn: A preliminary or auxiliary proposition demonstrated or accepted for immediate use in the demonstration of some other proposition, as in mathematics or logic. LEMMAN Lem"man, n. Defn: A leman. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEMMING Lem"ming, n. Etym: [Nor. lemming, lemende; cf. Sw. lemel, Lapp. lummik.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small arctic rodents of the genera Myodes and Cuniculus, resembling the meadow mice in form. They are found in both hemispheres. Note: The common Northern European lemming (Myodes lemmus) is remarkable for making occasional devastating migrations in enormous numbers from the mountains into the lowlands. LEMNIAN Lem"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Lemnius, fr. Lemnus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the isle of Lemnos. Lemnian bole, Lemnian earth, an aluminous earth of a grayish yellow color; sphragide; -- formerly sold as medicine, having astringent properties. -- Lemnian reddle, a reddle of firm consistence and deep red color; -- used by artificers in coloring. LEMNISCATA; LEMNISCATE Lem`nis*ca"ta, Lem*nis"cate, n. Etym: [L. lemniscatus adorned with ribbons, fr. lemniscus a ribbon having down, Gr. (Geom.) Defn: A curve in the form of the figure 8, with both parts symmetrical, generated by the point in which a tangent to an equilateral hyperbola meets the perpendicular on it drawn from the center. LEMNISCUS Lem*nis"cus, n.; pl. Lemnisci () Etym: [L. See Lemniscata.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of two oval bodies hanging from the interior walls of the body in the Acanthocephala. LEMON Lem"on, n. Etym: [F. limon, Per. lim; cf. Ar.laim, Sp. limon, It. limone. Cf. Lime a fruit.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An oval or roundish fruit resembling the orange, and containing a pulp usually intensely acid. It is produced by a tropical tree of the genus Citrus,the common fruit known in commerce being that of the species C. Limonum or C. Medica (var. Limonum). There are many varieties of the fruit, some of which are sweet. 2. The tree which bears lemons; the lemon tree. Lemon grass (Bot.), a fragrant East Indian grass (Andropogon Shoenanthus, and perhaps other allied species), which yields the grass oil used in perfumery. -- Lemon sole (Zoöl.), a yellow European sole (Solea aurantiaca). -- Salts of lemon (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, inappropriately named, as it consists of an acid potassium oxalate and contains no citric acid, which is the characteristic acid of lemon; -- called also salis of sorrel. It is used in removing ink stains. See Oxalic acid, under Oxalic. [Colloq.] LEMONADE Lem`on*ade", n. Etym: [F. limonade; cf. Sp. limonada, It. limonata. See Lemon.] Defn: A beverage consisting of lemon juice mixed with water and sweetened. LEMUR Le"mur, n. Etym: [L., a ghost, specter. So called on account of its habit of going abroad by night.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a family (Lemuridæ) of nocturnal mammals allied to the monkeys, but of small size, and having a sharp and foxlike muzzle, and large eyes. They feed upon birds, insects, and fruit, and are mostly natives of Madagascar and the neighboring islands, one genus (Galago) occurring in Africa. The slow lemur or kukang of the East Indies is Nycticebus tardigradus. See Galago, Indris, and Colugo. LEMURES Lem"u*res, n. pl. Etym: [L. See Lemur.] Defn: Spirits or ghosts of the departed; specters. The Lars and Lemures moan with midnight plaint. Milton. LEMURIA Le*mu"ri*a, n. Etym: [So named from the supposition that it was the original home of the lemurs.] Defn: A hypothetical land, or continent, supposed by some to have existed formerly in the Indian Ocean, of which Madagascar is a remnant. Herschel. LEMURID Lem"u*rid, a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Lemuroid. LEMURIDOUS; LEMURINE Le*mu"ri*dous, Lem"u*rine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Lemuroid. LEMUROID Lem"u*roid, a. Etym: [Lemur + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the lemurs or the Lemuroidea. -- n. Defn: One of the Lemuroidea. LEMUROIDEA Lem`u*roi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Lemur, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of primates, including the lemurs, the aye-aye, and allied species. [Written also Lemuroida.] LENA Le"na, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A procuress. J. Webster. LENARD RAYS Le*nard" rays. (Physics.) Defn: Rays emanating from the outer surface of a plate composed of any material permeable by cathode rays, as aluminium, which forms a portion of a wall of a vacuum tube, or which is mounted within the tube and exposed to radiation from the cathode. Lenard rays are similar in all their known properties to cathode rays. So called from the German physicist Philipp Lenard (b. 1862), who first described them. LENARD TUBE Lenard tube. (Elec.) Defn: A tube for producing Lenard rays. LEND Lend, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lent ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lending.] Etym: [OE.lenen, AS. l, fr. l loan; akin to G. lehnen to lend. See Loan.] 1. To allow the custody and use of, on condition of the return of the same; to grant the temporary use of; as, to lend a book; -- opposed to borrow. Give me that ring. I'll lend it thee, my dear, but have no power To give it from me. Shak. 2. To allow the possession and use of, on condition of the return of an equivalent in kind; as, to lend money or some article of food. Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy victuals for increase. Levit. xxv. 37. 3. To afford; to grant or furnish in general; as, to lend assistance; to lend one's name or influence. Cato, lend me for a while thy patience. Addison. Mountain lines and distant horizons lend space and largeness to his compositions. J. A. Symonds. 4. To let for hire or compensation; as, to lend a horse or gig. Note: This use of the word is rare in the United States, except with reference to money. To lend a hand, to give assistance; to help. [Colloq.] -- To lend an ear or one's ears, to give attention. LENDABLE Lend"a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be lent. Sherwood. LENDER Lend"er, n. Defn: One who lends. The borrower is servant to the lender. Prov. xxii. 7. LENDES Lend"es, n. pl. Defn: See Lends. [Obs.] Chaucer. LENDING Lend"ing, n. 1. The act of one who lends. 2. That which is lent or furnished. LENDS Lends, n. pl. Etym: [AS. lend, lenden; akin to D. & G. lende, OHG. lenti, Icel. lend, and perh to E. loin.] Defn: Loins. [Obs.] Wyclif. LENE Lene, v. i. Etym: [See Lend.] Defn: To lend; to grant; to permit. [Obs.] Chaucer. LENE Le"ne, a. Etym: [L. lenis smooth.] (Phonetics) (a) Smooth; as, the lene breathing. (b) Applied to certain mute consonants, as p, k, and t. (or Gr. p, k, t.). W. E. Jelf. LENE Le"ne, n. (Phonetics) (a) The smooth breathing (spiritus lenis). (b) Any one of the lene consonants, as p, k, or i (or Gr. p, k, t.). W. E. Jelf. LENGER; LENGEST Leng"er, Leng"est, a. Defn: Longer; longest; -- obsolete compar. and superl. of long. Chaucer. LENGTH Length, n. Etym: [OE. lengthe, AS. leng, fr. land, long, long; akin to D. lengte, Dan. længde, Sw. längd, Icel. lengd. See Long, a. ] 1. The longest, or longer, dimension of any object, in distinction from breadth or width; extent of anything from end to end; the longest line which can be drawn through a body, parallel to its sides; as, the length of a church, or of a ship; the length of a rope or line. 2. A portion of space or of time considered as measured by its length; -- often in the plural. Large lengths of seas and shores. Shak. The future but a length behind the past. Dryden. 3. The quality or state of being long, in space or time; extent; duration; as, some sea birds are remarkable for the length of their wings; he was tired by the length of the sermon, and the length of his walk. 4. A single piece or subdivision of a series, or of a number of long pieces which may be connected together; as, a length of pipe; a length of fence. 5. Detail or amplification; unfolding; continuance as, to pursue a subject to a great length. May Heaven, great monarch, still augment your bliss. With length of days and every day like this. Dryden. 6. Distance.[Obs.] He had marched to the length of Exeter. Clarendon. At length. (a) At or in the full extent; without abbreviation; as, let the name be inserted at length. (b) At the end or conclusion; after a long period. See Syn. of At last, under Last. -- At arm's length. See under Arm. LENGTH Length, v. i. Defn: To lengthen. [Obs.] Shak. LENGTHEN Length"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lengthenel; p. pr. & vb. n. Lengthening.] Defn: To extent in length; to make longer in extent or duration; as, to lengthen a line or a road; to lengthen life; -- sometimes followed by out. What if I please to lengthen out his date. Dryden. LENGTHEN Length"en, v. i. Defn: To become longer. Locke. LENGTHFUL Length"ful, a. Defn: Long. [Obs.] Pope. LENGTHILY Length"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a lengthy manner; at great length or extent. LENGTHINESS Length"i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being lengthy; prolixity. LENGTHWAYS; LENGTHWISE Length"ways`, Length"wise`, adv. Defn: In the direction of the length; in a longitudinal direction. LENGTHY Length"y, a. [Compar. Lengthier; superl. Lengthiest.] Defn: Having length; rather long or too long; prolix; not brief; -- said chiefly of discourses, writings, and the like. "Lengthy periods." Washington. "Some lengthy additions." Byron. "These would be details too lengthy." Jefferson. "To cut short lengthy explanations." Trench. LENIENCE; LENIENCY Le"ni*ence, Le"ni*en*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being lenient; lenity; clemency. LENIENT Le"ni*ent, a. Etym: [L. leniens, -entis, p. pr. of lenire to soften, fr. lenis soft, mild. Cf. Lithe.] 1. Relaxing; emollient; softening; assuasive; -- some "Lenient of grief." Milton. Of relax the fibers, are lenient, balsamic. Arbuthnot. Time, that on all things lays his lenient hand. Pope. 2. Mild; clement; merciful; not rigorous or severe; as, a lenient disposition; a lenient judge or sentence. LENIENT Le"ni*ent, n. (Med.) Defn: A lenitive; an emollient. LENIENTLY Le"ni*ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a lenient manner. LENIFY Len"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. lenis soft, mild + -fy: cf. F.lénifier.] Defn: To assuage; to soften; to Bacon. Dryden. LENIMENT Len"i*ment, n. Etym: [L. lenimentum: cf. OF. leniment. See Lenient.] Defn: An assuasive. [Obs.] LENITIVE Len"i*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lénitif. See Lenient.] Defn: Having the quality of softening or mitigating, as pain or acrimony; assuasive; emollient. LENITIVE Len"i*tive, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lénitif.] 1. (Med.) (a) A medicine or application that has the quality of easing pain or protecting from the action of irritants. (b) A mild purgative; a laxative. 2. That which softens or mitigates; that which tends to allay passion, excitement, or pain; a palliative. There is one sweet Lenitive at least for evils, which Nature holds out; so I took it kindly at her hands, and fell asleep. Sterne. LENITIVENESS Len"i*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being lenitive. LENITUDE Len"i*tude, n. Etym: [L. lenitudo.] Defn: The quality or habit of being lenient; lenity. [Obs.] Blount. LENITY Len"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. lenitas, fr. lenis soft, mild: cf. OF. lenité. See Lenient.] Defn: The state or quality of being lenient; mildness of temper or disposition; gentleness of treatment; softness; tenderness; clemency; -- opposed to severity and rigor. His exceeding lenity disposes us to be somewhat too severe. Macaulay. Syn. -- Gentleness; kindness; tenderness; softness; humanity; clemency; mercy. LENNI-LENAPE Len`ni-Len*a"pe, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: A general name for a group of Algonquin tribes which formerly occupied the coast region of North America from Connecticut to Virginia. They included the Mohicans, Delawares, Shawnees, and several other tribes. LENO Le"no, n. Etym: [Cf. It. leno weak, flexible.] Defn: A light open cotton fabric used for window curtains. LENOCINANT Le*noc"i*nant, a. Etym: [L. lenocinans, p. pr. of lenocinari to pander, cajole; akin to leno pimp.] Defn: Given to lewdness. [Obs.] LENS Lens, n.; pl. Lenses (-êz). Etym: [L. lens a lentil. So named from the resemblance in shape of a double convex lens to the seed of a lentil. Cf. Lentil.] (Opt.) Defn: A piece of glass, or other transparent substance, ground with two opposite regular surfaces, either both curved, or one curved and the other plane, and commonly used, either singly or combined, in optical instruments, for changing the direction of rays of light, and thus magnifying objects, or otherwise modifying vision. In practice, the curved surfaces are usually spherical, though rarely cylindrical, or of some other figure. Lenses Note: Of spherical lenses, there are six varieties, as shown in section in the figures herewith given: viz., a plano-concave; b double-concave; c plano-convex; d double-convex; converging concavo- convex, or converging meniscus; f diverging concavo-convex, or diverging meniscus. Crossed lens (Opt.), a double-convex lens with one radius equal to six times the other. -- Crystalline lens. (Anat.) See Eye. -- Fresnel lens (Opt.), a compound lens formed by placing around a central convex lens rings of glass so curved as to have the same focus; used, especially in lighthouses, for concentrating light in a particular direction; -- so called from the inventor. -- Multiplying lens or glass (Opt.), a lens one side of which is plane and the other convex, but made up of a number of plane faces inclined to one another, each of which presents a separate image of the object viewed through it, so that the object is, as it were, multiplied. -- Polyzonal lens. See Polyzonal. LENT Lent, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Lend. LENT Lent, n. Etym: [OE. lente, lenten, leynte, AS. lengten, lencten, spring, lent, akin to D. lente, OHG. lenzin, langiz, G. lenz, and perh. fr. AS. lang long, E. long, because at this season of the year the days lengthen.] (Eccl.) Defn: A fast of forty days, beginning with Ash Wednesday and continuing till Easter, observed by some Christian churches as commemorative of the fast of our Savior. LENT Lent, a. Etym: [L. lentus; akin to lenis soft, mild: cf. F. lent. See Lenient.] 1. Slow; mild; gentle; as, lenter heats. [Obs.] B.Jonson. 2. (Mus.) Defn: See Lento. LENTAMENTE Len`ta*men"te; adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Slowly; in slow time. LENTANDO Len*tan"do, a. Etym: [It., p. pr. of lentare to make slow. See Lent, a.] (Mus.) Defn: Slackening; retarding. Same as Rallentando. LENTEN Lent"en, n. Defn: Lent. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. LENTEN Lent"en, a. Etym: [From OE. lenten lent. See Lent, n. ] 1. Of or pertaining to the fast called Lent; used in, or suitable to, Lent; as, the Lenten season. She quenched her fury at the flood. And with a Lenten salad cooled her blood. Dryden. 2. Spare, meager; plain; somber; unostentatious; not abundant or showy. "Lenten entertainment." " Lenten answer." Shak. " Lenten suit." Beau. & Fl. Lenten color, black or violet. F. G. Lee. LENTENTIDE Lent"en*tide`, n. Defn: The season of Lenten or Lent. LENTICEL Len"ti*cel, n. Etym: [F. lenticelle, dim. fr. L. lens, lentis, a lentil. Cf. Lentil.] (Bot.) (a) One of the small, oval, rounded spots upon the stem or branch of a plant, from which the underlying tissues may protrude or roots may issue, either in the air, or more commonly when the stem or branch is covered with water or earth. (b) A small, lens-shaped gland on the under side of some leaves. LENTICELLATE Len`ti*cel"late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Producing lenticels; dotted with lenticels. LENTICELLE Len`ti*celle", n. Etym: [F.] (Bot.) Defn: Lenticel. LENTICULA Len*tic"u*la, n.; pl. E. Lenticulas, L. Lenticulæ. Etym: [L. See Lenticel.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A kind of eruption upon the skin; lentigo; freckle. 2. (Opt.) Defn: A lens of small size. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A lenticel. LENTICULAR Len*tic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. lenticularis: cf. F. lenticulaire. See Lenticel.] Defn: Resembling a lentil in size or form; having the form of a double-convex lens. LENTICULARLY Len*tic"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a lens; with a curve. LENTIFORM Len"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. lens, lentis, lentil + -form: cf. F. lentifarme,] Defn: Lenticular. LENTIGINOSE Len*tig"i*nose`, a. Etym: [See Lentiginous.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing numerous dots resembling freckles. LENTIGINOUS Len*tig"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. lentiginosus. See Lentigo.] Defn: Of or pertaining to lentigo; freckly; scurfy; furfuraceous. LENTIGO Len*ti"go, n. Etym: [L., fr. lens, lentis, lentil.] (Med.) Defn: A freckly eruption on the skin; freckles. LENTIL Len"til, n. Etym: [F. lentille, fr. L. lenticula, dim. of lens, lentis, lentil. Cf. Lens.] (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous plant of the genus Ervum (Ervum Lens), of small size, common in the fields in Europe. Also, its seed, which is used for food on the continent. Note: The lentil of the Scriptures probably included several other vetchlike plants. Lentil shell (Zoöl.), a small bivalve shell of the genus Ervillia, family Tellinidæ. LENTISCUS; LENTISK Len*tis"cus, Len"tisk,, n. Etym: [L. lentiscus, lentiscum: cf. F. lentisque.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree; the mastic. See Mastic. LENTITUDE Len"ti*tude, n. Etym: [L. lentitudo, fr. lentus slow: cf. OF. lentitude. See Lent, a.] Defn: Slowness; sluggishness. [Obs.] LENT LILY Lent lily (Bot.), Defn: the daffodil; -- so named from its blossoming in spring. LENTO Len"to, a. & adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Slow; in slow time; slowly; -- rarely written lente. LENTOID Len"toid, a. Etym: [Lens + -oid.] Defn: Having the form of a lens; lens-shaped. LENTOR Len"tor, n. Etym: [L. fr. lentus pliant, tough, slow. See Lent, a.] 1. Tenacity; viscidity; viscidity, as of fluids. 2. Slowness; delay; sluggishness. Arbuthnot. LENTOUS Len"tous, a. Etym: [L. lentus. See Lentor.] Defn: Viscid; viscous; tenacious. Spawn of a lentous and transparent body. Sir T. Browne. L'ENVOI; L'ENVOY L'en`voi", or; L'en`voy" (, n. Etym: [F. le the + envei a sending. See Envoy.] 1. One or more detached verses at the end of a literary composition, serving to convey the moral, or to address the poem to a particular person; -- orig. employed in old French poetry. Shak. 2. A conclusion; a result. Massinger. LEO Le"o, n. Etym: [L. See Lion.] (Astron.) 1. The Lion, the fifth sign of the zodiac, marked thus 2. A northern constellation east of Cancer, containing the bright star Regulus at the end of the handle of the Sickle. Leo Minor, a small constellation between Leo and the Great Bear. LEOD Le"od, n. Etym: [AS.leód people, nation, man, chief; akin to OS. liud, OHG. liut, pl. liuti, G.leute, pl., fr. AS.leódan to grow, akin to Goth. liudan, OS. liodan, OHG. liotan to grow; cf. Skr. ruh. ] Defn: People; a nation; a man. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Bp. Gibson. LEON Le"on, n. Defn: A lion. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEONCED Le"onced, a. (Her.) Defn: See Lionced. LEONESE Le`o*nese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Leon, in Spain. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or natives of Leon. LEONID Le"o*nid, n. Etym: [From Leo: cf. F. léonides, pl.] (Astron.) Defn: One of the shooting stars which constitute the star shower that recurs near the fourteenth of November at intervals of about thirty- three years; so called because shooting stars appear on the heavens to move in lines directed from the constellation Leo. LEONINE Le"o*nine, a. Etym: [L. leoninus, fr. leo, leonis, lion: cf. F. léonin. See Lion.] Defn: Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the lion; as, a leonine look; leonine repacity. -- Le"o*nine*ly, adv. Leonine verse, a kind of verse, in which the end of the line rhymes with the middle; -- so named from Leo, or Leoninus, a Benedictine and canon of Paris in the twelfth century, who wrote largely in this measure, though he was not the inventor. The following line is an example: Gloria factorum temere conceditur horum. LEONTODON Le*on"to*don, n. Etym: [Gr. Lion's-tooth, Dandelion.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of liguliflorous composite plants, including the fall dandelion (L. autumnale), and formerly the true dandelion; -- called also lion's tooth. LEOPARD Leop"ard, n. Etym: [OE. leopart, leparde, lebarde, libbard, OF. leopard, liepart, F. léopard, L. leopardus, fr. Gr. Lion, and Pard.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, savage, carnivorous mammal (Felis leopardus). It is of a yellow or fawn color, with rings or roselike clusters of black spots along the back and sides. It is found in Southern Asia and Africa. By some the panther (Felis pardus) is regarded as a variety of leopard. Hunting leopard. See Cheetah. Leopard cat (Zoöl.) any one of several species or varieties of small, spotted cats found in Africa, Southern Asia, and the East Indies; esp., Felis Bengalensis. -- Leopard marmot. See Gopher, 2. LEOPARD'S BANE Leop"ard's bane`. (Bot.) Defn: A name of several harmless plants, as Arnica montana, Senecio Doronicum, and Paris quadrifolia. LEOPARDWOOD Leop"ard*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Letterwood. LEP Lep, obs. strong imp. Defn: of Leap. Leaped. Chaucer. LEPADITE Lep"a*dite, n. Etym: [L. lepas, lepadis, limpet, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Lepadoid. LEPADOID Lep"a*doid, n. Etym: [Lepas + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A stalked barnacle of the genus Lepas, or family Lepadidæ; a goose barnacle. Also used adjectively. LEPAL Lep"al, n. Etym: [Gr. lépale.] (Bot.) Defn: A sterile transformed stamen. LEPAS Le"pas, n. Etym: [L., a limpet, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of various species of Lepas, a genus of pedunculated barnacles found attached to floating timber, bottoms of ships, Gulf weed, etc.; -- called also goose barnacle. See Barnacle. LEPER Lep"er, n. Etym: [OE. lepre leprosy, F. lèpre, L. leprae, lepra, fr. Gr. Defn: A person affected with leprosy. LEPERED Lep"ered, a. Defn: Affected or tainted with leprosy. LEPERIZE Lep"er*ize, v. t. Defn: To affect with leprosy. LEPEROUS Lep"er*ous, a. Defn: Leprous; infectious; corrupting; poisonous. "The leperous distillment." Shak. LEPID Lep"id, a. Etym: [L. lepidus.] Defn: Pleasant; jocose. [R.] The joyous and lepid consul. Sydney Smith. LEPIDINE Lep"i*dine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An organic base, C9H6.N.CH3, metameric with quinaldine, and obtained by the distillation of cinchonine. LEPIDODENDRID Lep`i*do*den"drid, n. (Paleon.) Defn: One of an extinct family of trees allied to the modern club mosses, and including Lepidodendron and its allies. LEPIDODENDROID Lep`i*do*den"droid, a. (Paleon.) Defn: Allied to, or resembling, Lepidodendron. -- n. Defn: A lepidodendrid. LEPIDODENDRON Lep`i*do*den"dron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of fossil trees of the Devonian and Carboniferous ages, having the exterior marked with scars, mostly in quincunx order, produced by the separation of the leafstalks. LEPIDOGANOID Lep`i*do*ga"noid, n. Etym: [Gr. ganoid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of a division (Lepidoganoidei) of ganoid fishes, including those that have scales forming a coat of mail. Also used adjectively. LEPIDOLITE Le*pid"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. lépidolithe.] (Min.) Defn: A species of mica, of a lilac or rose-violet color, containing lithia. It usually occurs in masses consisting of small scales. See Mica. LEPIDOMELANE Lep`i*dom"e*lane, n. Etym: [Fr. (Min.) Defn: An iron-potash mica, of a raven-black color, usually found in granitic rocks in small six-sided tables, or as an aggregation of minute opaque scales. See Mica. LEPIDOPTER Lep`i*dop"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lépidoptère.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Lepidoptera. LEPIDOPTERA Lep`i*dop"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of insects, which includes the butterflies and moths. They have broad wings, covered with minute overlapping scales, usually brightly colored. Note: They have a tubular proboscis, or haustellum, formed by the two slender maxillæ. The labial palpi are usually large, and the proboscis, when not in use, can be coiled up spirally between them. The mandibles are rudimentary. The larvæ, called caterpillars, are often brightly colored, and they commonly feed on leaves. The adults feed chiefly on the honey of flowers. LEPIDOPTERAL; LEPIDOPTEROUS Lep`i*dop"ter*al, Lep`i*dop"ter*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Lepidoptera. LEPIDOPTERIST Lep`i*dop"ter*ist, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One who studies the Lepidoptera. LEPIDOSAURIA Lep`i*do*sau"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of reptiles, including the serpents and lizards; the Plagiotremata. LEPIDOSIREN Lep`i*do*si"ren, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An eel-shaped ganoid fish of the order Dipnoi, having both gills and lungs. It inhabits the rivers of South America. The name is also applied to a related African species (Protopterus annectens). The lepidosirens grow to a length of from four to six feet. Called also doko. LEPIDOTE; LEPIDOTED Lep"i*dote, Lep"i*do`ted, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having a coat of scurfy scales, as the leaves of the oleaster. LEPISMA Le*pis"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of wingless thysanurous insects having an elongated flattened body, covered with shining scales and terminated by seven unequal bristles. A common species (Lepisma saccharina) is found in houses, and often injures books and furniture. Called also shiner, silver witch, silver moth, and furniture bug. LEPISMOID Le*pis"moid, a. Etym: [Lepisma + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the Lepisma. LEPORINE Lep"o*rine, a. Etym: [L. leporinus, fr. lepus, leporis, hare. See Leveret.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a hare; like or characteristic of, a hare. LEPRA Le"pra, n. Etym: [L. See Leper.] (Med.) Defn: Leprosy. Note: The term lepra was formerly given to various skin diseases, the leprosy of modern authors being Lepra Arabum. See Leprosy. LEPRE Lep"re, n. Defn: Leprosy.[Obs.] Wyclif. LEPROSE Lep"rose`, a. Etym: [See Leprous.] (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Covered with thin, scurfy scales. LEPROSITY Le*pros"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being leprous or scaly; also, a scale. Bacon. LEPROSY Lep"ro*sy, n. Etym: [See Leprous.] (Med.) Defn: A cutaneous disease which first appears as blebs or as reddish, shining, slightly prominent spots, with spreading edges. These are often followed by an eruption of dark or yellowish prominent nodules, frequently producing great deformity. In one variety of the disease, anæsthesia of the skin is a prominent symptom. In addition there may be wasting of the muscles, falling out of the hair and nails, and distortion of the hands and feet with destruction of the bones and joints. It is incurable, and is probably contagious.Mycobacterium leprae, curable in most cases by therapy with a combination of antibiotics, but cases resistant to therapy are increasing. Note: The disease now called leprosy, also designated as Lepra or Lepra Arabum, and Elephantiasis Græcorum, is not the same as the leprosy of the ancients. The latter was, indeed, a generic name for many varieties of skin disease (including our modern leprosy, psoriasis, etc.), some of which, among the Hebrews, rendered a person ceremonially unclean. A variety of leprosy of the Hebrews (probably identical with modern leprosy) was characterized by the presence of smooth, shining, depressed white patches or scales, the hair on which participated in the whiteness while the skin and adjacent flesh became insensible. It was incurable disease. LEPROUS Lep"rous, a. Etym: [OF. leprous, lepros, F. lépreux, fr. L. leprosus, fr. lepra, leprae, leprosy. See Leper.] 1. Infected with leprosy; pertaining to or resembling leprosy. "His hand was leprous as snow." Ex. iv. 6. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Leprose. -- Lep"rous*ly, adv. -- Lep"rous*ness, n. LEPRY Lep"ry, n. Defn: Leprosy. [Obs.] Holland. LEPTIFORM Lep"ti*form, a. Etym: [Leptus + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a form somewhat like leptus; -- said of active insect larvæ having three pairs of legs. See Larva. LEPTOCARDIA Lep`to*car"di*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lowest class of Vertebrata, including only the Amphioxus. The heart is represented only by a simple pulsating vessel. The blood is colorless; the brain, renal organs, and limbs are wanting, and the backbone is represented only by a simple, unsegmented notochord. See Amphioxus. [Written also Leptocardii.] LEPTOCARDIAN Lep`to*car"di*an a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Leptocardia. -- n. Defn: One of the Leptocardia. LEPTODACTYL Lep`to*dac"tyl, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird or other animal having slender toes. [Written also lepodactyle.] LEPTODACTYLOUS Lep`to*dac"tyl*ous Defn: , Having slender toes. LEPTOLOGY Lep*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A minute and tedious discourse on trifling things. LEPTOMENINGITIS Lep`to*men`in*gi"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. meningitis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the pia mater or of the arachnoid membrane. LEPTORHINE Lep"to*rhine, a. Etym: [Gr. , , the nose.] (Anat.) Defn: Having the nose narrow; -- said esp. of the skull. Opposed to platyrhine. LEPTOSTRACA Lep*tos"tra*ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Crustacea, including Nebalia and allied forms. LEPTOTHRIX Lep"to*thrix, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A genus of bacteria, characterized by having their filaments very long, slender, and indistinctly articulated. LEPTOTHRIX Lep"to*thrix, a. Etym: [See Leptothrix, n. ] (Biol.) Defn: Having the form of a little chain; -- applied to bacteria when, as in multiplication by fission, they form chain of filiform individuals. LEPTUS Lep"tus, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The six-legged young, or larva, of certain mites; -- sometimes used as a generic name. See Harvest mite, under Harvest. LEPTYNITE Lep"ty*nite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Granulite. LERE Lere, n. Etym: [See Lore knowledge.] Defn: Learning; lesson; lore. [Obs.] Spenser. LERE Lere, v. t. & i. Etym: [OE. leeren, leren, AS. l. See Lore, Learn.] Defn: To learn; to teach. [Obs.] Chaucer. LERE Lere, a. Defn: Empty. [Obs.] See Lere, a. LERE Lere, n. Etym: [AS. lira flesh; cf. Icel lær thigh.] Defn: Flesh; skin. [Obs.] "His white leer." Chaucer. LERED Ler"ed, a. Etym: [From lere, v. t.] Defn: Learned. [Obs.] " Lewed man or lered." Chaucer. LERNAEA Ler*næ"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Lernaeus Lernæan, fr. Lerna, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A Linnæan genus of parasitic Entomostraca, -- the same as the family Lernæidæ. Note: The genus is restricted by modern zoölogists to a limited number of species similar to Lernæa branchialis found on the gills of the cod. LERNAEACEA Ler`næ*a"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Lernæa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of copepod Crustacea, including a large number of remarkable forms, mostly parasitic on fishes. The young, however, are active and swim freely. See Illustration in Appendix. LERNEAN Ler*ne"an, n. Etym: [See Lernæa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a family (Lernæidæ) of parasitic Crustacea found attached to fishes and other marine animals. Some species penetrate the skin and flesh with the elongated head, and feed on the viscera. See Illust. in Appendix. LEROT Lé`rot", n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European rodent (Eliomys nitela), allied to the dormouse. LES Les, n. Defn: A leash. [Obs.] Chaucer. LESBIAN Les"bi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the island anciently called Lesbos, now Mitylene, in the Grecian Archipelago. LESBIANISM Les"bi*an*ism, n. (Med.) Defn: Unnatural sexual relations between women. LESBIAN LOVE Lesbian love. Defn: See Lesbianism. LESE Lese, v. t. Defn: To lose. [Obs.] Chaucer. LESE-MAJESTY Lese`-maj"es*ty, n. Defn: See Leze majesty. LESION Le"sion, n. Etym: [F. lesion, L. laesio, fr. laedere, laesum, to hurt, injure.] Defn: A hurt; an injury. Specifically: (a) (Civil Law) Loss sustained from failure to fulfill a bargain or contract. Burrill. (b) (Med.) Any morbid change in the exercise of functions or the texture of organs. Dunglison. -LESS -less. Etym: [AS. leás loose, false; akin to OS. l loose, false, D. los loose, loos false, sly, G. los loose, Icel. lauss loose, vacant, Goth. laus empty, vain, and also to E. loose, lose. sq. root127. See Lose, and cf. Loose, Leasing.] Defn: A privative adjective suffix, denoting without, destitute of, not having; as witless, childless, fatherless. LESS Less (lês), conj. Defn: Unless. [Obs.] B. Jonson. LESS Less, a. Etym: [OE. lesse, AS. læssa; akin to OFries. lessa; a compar. from a lost positive form. Cf. Lesser, Lest, Least. Less has the sense of the comparative degree of little.] Defn: Smaller; not so large or great; not so much; shorter; inferior; as, a less quantity or number; a horse of less size or value; in less time than before. Note: The substantive which less qualifies is often omitted; as, the purse contained less (money) than ten dollars. See Less, n. Thus in less [time] than a hundred years from the coming of Augustine, all England became Christian. E. A. Freeman. LESS Less, adv. Etym: [AS. l. See Less, adj., and cf. Lest.] Defn: Not so much; in a smaller or lower degree; as, less bright or loud; less beautiful. LESS Less, n. 1. A smaller portion or quantity. The children of Israel did so, and gathered, some more, some less. Ex. xvi. 17. 2. The inferior, younger, or smaller. The less is blessed of the better. Heb. vii. 7. LESS Less, v. t. Defn: To make less; to lessen. [Obs.] Gower. LESSEE Les*see", n. Etym: [F. laissé, p. p. of laisser. See Lease, v. t.] (Law) Defn: The person to whom a lease is given, or who takes an estate by lease. Blackstone. LESSEN Less"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lessened; p. pr. & vb. n. Lessening.] Etym: [From Less, a. ] Defn: To make less; to reduce; to make smaller, or fewer; to diminish; to lower; to degrade; as, to lessen a kingdom, or a population; to lessen speed, rank, fortune. Charity . . . shall lessen his punishment. Calamy. St. Paul chose to magnify his office when ill men conspired to lessen it. Atterbury. Syn. -- To diminish; reduce; abate; decrease; lower; impair; weaken; degrade. LESSEN Less"en, v. i. Defn: To become less; to shrink; to contract; to decrease; to be diminished; as, the apparent magnitude of objects lessens as we recede from them; his care, or his wealth, lessened. The objection lessens much, and comes to no more than this: there was one witness of no good reputation. Atterbury. LESSENER Less"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, lessens. His wife . . . is the lessener of his pain, and the augmenter of his pleasure. J. Rogers (1839). LESSER Less"er, a. Etym: [This word is formed by adding anew the compar. suffix -er (in which r is from an original s) to less. See Less, a.] Defn: Less; smaller; inferior. God made . . . the lesser light to rule the night. Gen. i. 15. Note: Lesser is used for less, now the compar. of little, in certain special instances in which its employment has become established by custom; as, Lesser Asia (i. e., Asia Minor), the lesser light, and some others; also in poetry, for the sake of the meter, and in prose where its use renders the passage more euphonious. The more my prayer, the lesser is my grace. Shak. The larger here, and there the lesser lambs. Pope. By the same reason may a man, in the state of nature, punish the lesser breaches of the law. Locke. LESSER Less"er, adv. Defn: Less. [Obs.] Shak. LESSES Les"ses, n. pl. Etym: [F. laissées, from laisser to leave. See Lease, v. t.] Defn: The leavings or dung of beasts. LESSON Les"son, n. Etym: [OE. lessoun, F. le lesson, reading, fr. L. lectio a reading, fr. legere to read, collect. See Legend, and cf. Lection.] 1. Anything read or recited to a teacher by a pupil or learner; something, as a portion of a book, assigned to a pupil to be studied or learned at one time. 2. That which is learned or taught by an express effort; instruction derived from precept, experience, observation, or deduction; a precept; a doctrine; as, to take or give a lesson in drawing." A smooth and pleasing lesson." Milton. Emprinteth well this lesson in your mind. Chaucer. 3. A portion of Scripture read in divine service for instruction; as, here endeth the first lesson. 4. A severe lecture; reproof; rebuke; warning. She would give her a lesson for walking so late. Sir. P. Sidney. 5. (Mus.) An exercise; a composition serving an educational purpose; a study. LESSON Les"son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lessoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Lessoning.] Defn: To teach; to instruct. Shak. To rest the weary, and to soothe the sad, Doth lesson happier men, and shame at least the bad. Byron. LESSOR Les"sor, n. Etym: [See Lessee, Lease, v. t. ] (Law) Defn: One who leases; the person who lets to farm, or gives a lease. Blackstone. LEST Lest, v. i. Defn: To listen. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. LEST Lest, n. Etym: [See List to choose.] Defn: Lust; desire; pleasure. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEST Lest, a. Defn: Last; least. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEST Lest, conj. Etym: [OE.leste, fr. AS. l the less that, where that, who, which. See The, Less, a.] 1. For Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty. Prov. xx. 18. Wherefore let him that thinketh he standeth he standeth take heed lest he fall. I Cor. x. 12. 2. That (without the negative particle); -- after certain expressions denoting fear or apprehension. I feared Lest I might anger thee. Shak. LESTER Les"ter, n. [Pg., prob. fr. Fr. l'est the east.] (Meteor.) Defn: A dry sirocco in the Madeira Islands. -LET -let.Etym: [From two French dim. endings -el (L. -ellus) and -et, as in bracelet.] Defn: A noun suffix having a diminutive force; as in streamlet, armlet. LET Let, v. t. Etym: [OE.letten, AS. lettan to delay, to hinder, fr. læt slow; akin to D. letten to hinder, G. verletzen to hurt, Icel. letja to hold back, Goth. latjan. See Late.] Defn: To retard; to hinder; to impede; to oppose. [Archaic] He was so strong that no man might him let. Chaucer. He who now letteth will let, until he be taken out of the way. 2. Thess. ii. 7. Mine ancient wound is hardly whole, And lets me from the saddle. Tennyson. LET Let, n. 1. A retarding; hindrance; obstacle; impediment; delay; -- common in the phrase without let or hindrance, but elsewhere archaic. Keats. Consider whether your doings be to the let of your salvation or not. Latimer. 2. (Lawn Tennis) Defn: A stroke in which a ball touches the top of the net in passing over. LET Let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Let (Letted, [Obs].); p. pr. & vb. n. Letting.] Etym: [OE. leten, læten (past tense lat, let, p. p. laten, leten, lete), AS. lætan (past tense let, p. p. læten); akin to OFries. leta, OS. latan, D. laten, G. lessen, OHG. lazzan, Icel. lata, Sw. låta, Dan. lade, Goth. letan, and L. lassus weary. The original meaning seems to have been, to let loose, let go, let drop. Cf. Alas, Late, Lassitude, Let to hinder.] 1. To leave; to relinquish; to abandon. [Obs. or Archaic, except when followed by alone or be.] He . . . prayed him his voyage for to let Chaucer. Yet neither spins nor cards, ne cares nor frets, But to her mother Nature all her care she lets. Spenser. Let me alone in choosing of my wife. Chaucer. 2. To consider; to think; to esteem. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. To cause; to make; -- used with the infinitive in the active form but in the passive sense; as, let make, i. e., cause to be made; let bring, i. e., cause to be brought. [Obs.] This irous, cursed wretch Let this knight's son anon before him fetch. Chaucer. He . . . thus let do slay hem all three. Chaucer. Anon he let two coffers make. Gower. 4. To permit; to allow; to suffer; -- either affirmatively, by positive act, or negatively, by neglecting to restrain or prevent. Note: In this sense, when followed by an infinitive, the latter is commonly without the sign to; as to let us walk, i. e., to permit or suffer us to walk. Sometimes there is entire omission of the verb; as, to let [to be or to go] loose. Pharaoh said, I will let you go Ex. viii. 28. If your name be Horatio, as I am let to know it is. Shak. 5. To allow to be used or occupied for a compensation; to lease; to rent; to hire out; -- often with out; as, to let a farm; to let a house; to let out horses. 6. To give, grant, or assign, as a work, privilege, or contract; -- often with out; as, to let the building of a bridge; to let out the lathing and the plastering. Note: The active form of the infinitive of let, as of many other English verbs, is often used in a passive sense; as, a house to let (i. e., for letting, or to be let). This form of expression conforms to the use of the Anglo-Saxon gerund with to (dative infinitive) which was commonly so employed. See Gerund, 2. " Your elegant house in Harley Street is to let." Thackeray. In the imperative mood, before the first person plural, let has a hortative force. " Rise up, let us go." Mark xiv. 42. " Let us seek out some desolate shade." Shak. To let alone, to leave; to withdraw from; to refrain from interfering with. -- To let blood, to cause blood to flow; to bleed. -- To let down. (a) To lower. (b) To soften in tempering; as to let down tools, cutlery, and the like. -- To let drive or fly, to discharge with violence, as a blow, an arrow, or stone. See under Drive, and Fly. -- To let in or into. (a) To permit or suffer to enter; to admit. (b) To insert, or imbed, as a piece of wood, in a recess formed in a surface for the purpose. To let loose, to remove restraint from; to permit to wander at large. -- To let off (a) To discharge; to let fly, as an arrow; to fire the charge of, as a gun. (b) To release, as from an engagement or obligation. [Colloq.] To let out. (a) To allow to go forth; as, to let out a prisoner. (b) To extend or loosen, as the folds of a garment; to enlarge; to suffer to run out, as a cord. (c) To lease; to give out for performance by contract, as a job. (d) To divulge. -- To let slide, to let go; to cease to care for. [Colloq.] " Let the world slide." Shak. LET Let, v. i. 1. To forbear. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To be let or leased; as, the farm lets for $500 a year. See note under Left, v. i. To let on, to tell; to tattle; to divulge something. [Low] -- To let up, to become less severe; to diminish; to cease; as, when the storm lets up. [Colloq.] LET-ALONE Let"-a*lone", a. Defn: Letting alone. The let-alone principle, doctrine, or policy. (Polit. Econ.) See Laissez faire. LETCH Letch, v. & n. Defn: See Leach. LETCH Letch, n. Etym: [See Lech, Lecher.] Defn: Strong desire; passion. (Archaic.) Some people have a letch for unmasking impostors, or for avenging the wrongs of others. De Quincey. LETCHY Letch"y, a. Defn: See Leachy. LETE Lete, v. t. Defn: To let; to leave. [Obs.] LETEN Let"en, obs. p. p. Defn: of Lete. Chaucer. LETHAL Leth"al, n. Etym: [Lauric + ether + alcohol.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the higher alcohols of the paraffine series obtained from spermaceti as a white crystalline solid. It is so called because it occurs in the ethereal salt of lauric acid. LETHAL Le"thal, a. Etym: [L. lethalis, letalis, fr. lethum, letum, death: cf. F. léthal.] Defn: Deadly; mortal; fatal. "The lethal blow." W. Richardson. -- Le"thal*ly, adv. LETHALITY Le*thal"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. léthalité.] Defn: The quality of being lethal; mortality. LETHARGIC; LETHARGICAL Le*thar"gic, Le*thar"gic*al, a. Etym: [L. lethargicus, Gr. léthargique. See Lethargy.] Defn: Pertaining to, affected with, or resembling, lethargy; morbidly drowsy; dull; heavy. -- Le*thar"gic*al*ly, v. -- Le*thar"gic*al*ness, n. -- Le*thar"gic*ness, n. LETHARGIZE Leth"ar*gize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lethargized; p. pr. & vb. n. Lethargizing.] Defn: To make lethargic. All bitters are poison, and act by stilling, and depressing, and lethargizing the irritability. Coleridge. LETHARGY Leth"ar*gy, n.; pl. -gies. Etym: [F. léthargie, L. letgargia, Gr. Lethe.] 1. Morbid drowsiness; continued or profound sleep, from which a person can scarcely be awaked. 2. A state of inaction or indifference. Europe lay then under a deep lethargy. Atterbury. LETHARGY Leth"ar*gy, v. t. Defn: To lethargize. [Obs.] Shak. LETHE Le"the, n. Etym: [See Lethal.] Defn: Death.[Obs.] Shak. LETHE Le"the (le"the), n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A river of Hades whose waters when drunk caused forgetfulness of the past. 2. Oblivion; a draught of oblivion; forgetfulness. LETHEAN Le*the"an, a. Etym: [L. Letha, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Lethe; resembling in effect the water of Lethe. Milton. Barrow. LETHEED Le"theed, a. Defn: Caused by Lethe. " Letheed dullness." [Obs.] Shak. LETHEON Le"the*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Sulphuric ether used as an anæsthetic agent. [R.] LETHEONIZE Le"the*on*ize, v. t. Defn: To subject to the influence of letheon. [R. or Obs.] LETHIFEROUS Le*thif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. lethifer, letifer, fr. lethum, letum, death + ferre to bear, to bring: cf. F. léthifère.] Defn: Deadly; bringing death or destruction. LETHY Le"thy, a. Defn: Lethean. [Obs.] Marston. LET-OFF Let"-off`, n. (Mach.) Defn: A device for letting off, releasing, or giving forth, as the warp from the cylinder of a loom. LETTE Let"te, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Letted.] Defn: To let; to hinder. See Let, to hinder. [Obs.] Chaucer. LETTER Let"ter, n. Etym: [From Let to permit.] Defn: One who lets or permits; one who lets anything for hire. LETTER Let"ter, n. Etym: [From Let to hinder.] Defn: One who retards or hinders. [Archaic.] LETTER Let"ter, n. Etym: [OE. lettre, F. lettre, OF. letre, fr. L.littera, litera, a letter; pl., an epistle, a writing, literature, fr. linere, litum, to besmear, to spread or rub over; because one of the earliest modes of writing was by graving the characters upon tablets smeared over or covered with wax. Pliny, xiii. 11. See Leniment, and cf. Literal.] 1. A mark or character used as the representative of a sound, or of an articulation of the human organs of speech; a first element of written language. And a superscription also was written over him in letters of Greek, and Latin, and Hebrew. Luke xxiii. 38. 2. A written or printed communication; a message expressed in intelligible characters on something adapted to conveyance, as paper, parchment, etc.; an epistle. The style of letters ought to be free, easy, and natural. Walsh. 3. A writing; an inscription. [Obs.] None could expound what this letter meant. Chaucer. 4. Verbal expression; literal statement or meaning; exact signification or requirement. We must observe the letter of the law, without doing violence to the reason of the law and the intention of the lawgiver. Jer. Taylor. I broke the letter of it to keep the sense. Tennyson. 5. (Print.) Defn: A single type; type, collectively; a style of type. Under these buildings . . . was the king's printing house, and that famous letter so much esteemed. Evelyn. 6. pl. Defn: Learning; erudition; as, a man of letters. 7. pl. Defn: A letter; an epistle. [Obs.] Chaucer. Dead letter, Drop letter, etc. See under Dead, Drop, etc. -- Letter book, a book in which copies of letters are kept. -- Letter box, a box for the reception of letters to be mailed or delivered. -- Letter carrier, a person who carries letters; a postman; specif., an officer of the post office who carries letters to the persons to whom they are addressed, and collects letters to be mailed. -- Letter cutter, one who engraves letters or letter punches. -- Letter lock, a lock that can not be opened when fastened, unless certain movable lettered rings or disks forming a part of in are in such a position (indicated by a particular combination of the letters) as to permit the bolt to be withdrawn. A strange lock that opens with AMEN. Beau. & Fl. -- Letter paper, paper for writing letters on; especially, a size of paper intermediate between note paper and foolscap. See Paper. -- Letter punch, a steel punch with a letter engraved on the end, used in making the matrices for type. -- Letters of administration (Law), the instrument by which an administrator or administratrix is authorized to administer the goods and estate of a deceased person. -- Letter of attorney, Letter of credit, etc. See under Attorney, Credit, etc. -- Letter of license, a paper by which creditors extend a debtor's time for paying his debts. -- Letters close or clause (Eng. Law.), letters or writs directed to particular persons for particular purposes, and hence closed or sealed on the outside; -- distinguished from letters patent. Burrill. -- Letters of orders (Eccl.), a document duly signed and sealed, by which a bishop makes it known that he has regularly ordained a certain person as priest, deacon, etc. -- Letters patent, overt, or open (Eng. Law), a writing executed and sealed, by which power and authority are granted to a person to do some act, or enjoy some right; as, letters patent under the seal of England. -- Letter-sheet envelope, a stamped sheet of letter paper issued by the government, prepared to be folded and sealed for transmission by mail without an envelope. -- Letters testamentary (Law), an instrument granted by the proper officer to an executor after probate of a will, authorizing him to act as executor. -- Letter writer. (a) One who writes letters. (b) A machine for copying letters. (c) A book giving directions and forms for the writing of letters. LETTER Let"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lettered; p. pr. & vb. n. Lettering.] Defn: To impress with letters; to mark with letters or words; as, a book gilt and lettered. LETTERED Let"tered, a. 1. Literate; educated; versed in literature. " Are you not lettered" Shak. The unlettered barbarians willingly accepted the aid of the lettered clergy, still chiefly of Roman birth, to reduce to writing the institutes of their forefathers. Milman. 2. Of or pertaining to learning or literature; learned. " A lettered education." Collier. 3. Inscribed or stamped with letters. Addison. LETTERER Let"ter*er, n. Defn: One who makes, inscribes, or engraves, alphabetical letters. LETTERGRAM Let"ter*gram, n. Defn: See Letter, above. LETTERING Let"ter*ing, n. 1. The act or business of making, or marking with, letters, as by cutting or painting. 2. The letters made; as, the lettering of a sign. LETTERLESS Let"ter*less, a. 1. Not having a letter. 2. Illiterate. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse. LETTERN Let"tern, n. Defn: See Lecturn. LETTERPRESS Let"ter*press", n. Defn: Print; letters and words impressed on paper or other material by types; -- often used of the reading matter in distinction from the illustrations. Letterpress printing, printing directly from type, in distinction from printing from plates. LETTERURE Let"ter*ure, n. Defn: Letters; literature. [Obs.] "To teach him letterure and courtesy." Chaucer. LETTERWOOD Let"ter*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The beautiful and highly elastic wood of a tree of the genus Brosimum (B. Aubletii), found in Guiana; -- so called from black spots in it which bear some resemblance to hieroglyphics; also called snakewood, and leopardwood. It is much used for bows and for walking sticks. LETTIC Let"tic, a. (a) Of or pertaining to the Letts; Lettish. (b) Of or pertaining to a branch of the Slavic family, subdivided into Lettish, Lithuanian, and Old Prussian. -- n. (a) The language of the Letts; Lettish. (b) The language of the Lettic race, including Lettish, Lithuanian, and Old Prussian. LETTISH Let"tish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Letts. -- n. Defn: The language spoken by the Letts. See Lettic. LETTRURE Let"trure, n. Defn: See Letterure. [Obs.] Chaucer. LETTS Letts, n. pl.; sing. Lett (. (Ethnol.) Defn: An Indo-European people, allied to the Lithuanians and Old Prussians, and inhabiting a part of the Baltic provinces of Russia. LETTUCE Let"tuce, n. Etym: [OE. letuce, prob. through Old French from some Late Latin derivative of L. lactuca lettuce, which, according to Varro, is fr. lac, lactis, milk, on account of the milky white juice which flows from it when it is cut: cf. F. laitue. Cf. Lacteal, Lactucic.] (Bot.) Defn: A composite plant of the genus Lactuca (L. sativa), the leaves of which are used as salad. Plants of this genus yield a milky juice, from which lactucarium is obtained. The commonest wild lettuce of the United States is L. Canadensis. Hare's lettuce, Lamb's lettuce. See under Hare, and Lamb. -- Lettuce opium. See Lactucarium. -- Sea lettuce, certain papery green seaweeds of the genus Ulva. LETUARY Let"u*a*ry, n. Defn: Electuary. [Obs.] Chaucer. LET-UP Let"-*up`, n. Etym: [See Let to forbear.] Defn: Abatement; also, cessation; as, it blew a gale for three days without any let-up. [Colloq.] LEUC- Leuc- Defn: . Same as Leuco-. LEUCADENDRON Leu`ca*den"dron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of evergreen shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope, having handsome foliage. Leucadendron argenteum is the silverboom of the colonists. LEUCANILINE Leu*can"i*line, n. Etym: [Leuc- + aniline.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, crystalline, organic base, obtained from rosaniline by reduction, and also from other sources. It forms colorless salts. LEUCHAEMIA Leu*chæ"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: See Leucocythæmia. -- Leu*chæm"ic, a. [Written also leukæmia, leukæmic.] LEUCIC; LEUCINIC Leu"cic, Leu*cin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from leucin, and called also oxycaproic acid. LEUCIN Leu"cin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance formed in the decomposition of albuminous matter by pancreatic digestion, by the action of boiling dilute sulphuric acid, and by putrefaction. It is also found as a constituent of various tissues and organs, as the spleen, pancreas, etc., and likewise in the vegetable kingdom. Chemically it is to be considered as amido-caproic acid. (CH3)2CH.CH2.CH(NH2)-COOH. L-leucine, the natural form, is present in most proteins. LEUCITE Leu"cite, n. Etym: [Gr.leucite.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A mineral having a glassy fracture, occurring in translucent trapezohedral crystals. It is a silicate of alumina and potash. It is found in the volcanic rocks of Italy, especially at Vesuvius. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A leucoplast. LEUCITIC Leu*cit"ic, a. (Min.) Defn: Containing leucite; as, leucitic rocks. LEUCITOID Leu"ci*toid, n. Etym: [Leucite + -oid.] (Crystallog.) Defn: The trapezohedron or tetragonal trisoctahedron; -- so called as being the form of the mineral leucite. LEUCO-; LEUC- Leu"co-, Leuc-.Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form signifying white, colorless; specif. (Chem.), denoting an extensive series of colorless organic compounds, obtained by reduction from certain other colored compounds; as, leucaniline, leucaurin, etc. LEUCOCYTE Leu"co*cyte, n. Etym: [Leuco- + Cr. (Physiol.) Defn: A colorless corpuscle, as one of the white blood corpuscles, or those found in lymph, marrow of hone, connective tissue, etc. Note: They all consist of more or less spherical masses of protoplasm, without any surrounding membrane or wall, and are capable of motion. LEUCOCYTHAEMIA; LEUCOCYTHEMIA Leu`co*cy*thæ"mi*a, Leu`co*cy*the"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A disease in which the white corpuscles of the blood are largely increased in number, and there is enlargement of the spleen, or the lymphatic glands; leuchæmia. LEUCOCYTOGENESIS Leu`co*cy`to*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Leucocyte + genesis.] (Physiol.) Defn: The formation of leucocytes. LEUCOETHIOPIC Leu`co*e`thi*op"ic, a. Etym: [Leuco- + Ethiopic.] Defn: White and black; -- said of a white animal of a black species, or the albino of the negro race. LEUCOETHIOPS Leu`co*e"thi*ops, n. Etym: [Leuco- + Aethiops.] Defn: An albino. [Also written leucoethiops.] LEUCOLINE Leu"co*line, n. Etym: [Leuc- + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous organic base from coal tar, and identical with quinoline. Cf. Quinoline. LEUCOMA Leu*co"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A white opacity in the cornea of the eye; -- called also albugo. LEUCOMAINE Leu*co"ma*ine, n. Etym: [Leuco- + -maine, as in ptomaine.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An animal base or alkaloid, appearing in the tissue during life; hence, a vital alkaloid, as distinguished from a ptomaine or cadaveric poison. LEUCONIC Leu*con"ic, a. Etym: [Leuc- + croconic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a complex organic acid, obtained as a yellowish white gum by the oxidation of croconic acid. LEUCOPATHY Leu*cop"a*thy, n. Etym: [Leuco- + Gr. Defn: The state of an albino, or of a white child of black parents. LEUCOPHANE Leu"co*phane, n. Etym: [Gr. leukophan.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a greenish yellow color; it is a silicate of glucina, lime, and soda with fluorine. Called also leucophanite. LEUCOPHLEGMACY Leu`co*phleg"ma*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. leucophlegmasie.] (Med.) Defn: A dropsical habit of body, or the commencement of anasarca; paleness, with viscid juices and cold sweats. LEUCOPHLEGMATIC Leu`co*phleg*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. leucophlegmatique, Gr. Defn: Having a dropsical habit of body, with a white bloated skin. LEUCOPHYLL Leu"co*phyll, n. Etym: [Leuco- + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless substance isomeric with chlorophyll, contained in parts of plants capable of becoming green. Watts. LEUCOPHYLLOUS Leu*coph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having white or silvery foliage. LEUCOPLAST; LEUCOPLASTID Leu"co*plast, Leu`co*plas"tid, n. Etym: [Leuco- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: One of certain very minute whitish or colorless granules occurring in the protoplasm of plants and supposed to be the nuclei around which starch granules will form. LEUCOPYRITE Leu*cop"y*rite, n. Etym: [Leuco- + pyrites.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a color between white and steel-gray, with a metallic luster, and consisting chiefly of arsenic and iron. LEUCORRHOEA Leu`cor*rhoe"a, n. Etym: [Leuco- + Gr. "rei^n to flow.] (Med.) Defn: A discharge of a white, yellowish, or greenish, viscid mucus, resulting from inflammation or irritation of the membrane lining the genital organs of the female; the whites. Dunglison. LEUCORYX Leu"co*ryx, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large antelope of North Africa (Oryx leucoryx), allied to the gemsbok. LEUCOSCOPE Leu"co*scope, n. Etym: [Leuco- + -scope.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument, devised by Professor Helmholtz, for testing the color perception of the eye, or for comparing different lights, as to their constituent color or their relative whiteness. LEUCOSOID Leu"co*soid, a. Etym: [NL. Leucosia, the typical genus (fr. Gr. - oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the Leucosoidea, a tribe of marine crabs including the box crab or Calappa. LEUCOSPHERE Leu"co*sphere, n. Etym: [Leuco- + sphere.] (Astron.) Defn: The inner corona. [R.] LEUCOTURIC Leu`co*tu"ric, a. Etym: [Leuco- + allantoic + uric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a nitrogenous organic substance of the uric acid group, called leucoturic acid or oxalantin. See Oxalantin. LEUCOUS Leu"cous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: White; -- applied to albinos, from the whiteness of their skin and hair. LEUCOXENE Leu*cox"ene, n. Etym: [Leuco- + Gr. xe`nos stranger.] (Min.) Defn: A nearly opaque white mineral, in part identical with titanite, observed in some igneous rocks as the result of the alteration of titanic iron. LEUKAEMIA Leu*kæ"mi*a, n. Defn: Leucocythæmia. LEUKE; LEUKENESS Leuke, a., Leuke"ness, n. Defn: See Luke, etc. LEUKOPLAST Leu"ko*plast, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Leucoplast. LEUKOPLAST Leu"ko*plast (lu"ko*plast), n. (Bot.) Defn: See Leucoplast. LEVANA Le*va"na, n. Etym: [L., fr. levare to raise.] (Rom. Myth.) Defn: A goddess who protected newborn infants. LEVANT Le"vant, a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of lever to raise.] (Law) Defn: Rising or having risen from rest; -- said of cattle. See Couchant and levant, under Couchant. LEVANT Le*vant", n. Etym: [It. levante the point where the sum rises, the east, the Levant, fr.levare to raise, levarsi to rise: cf. F. levant. See Lever.] 1. The countries washed by the eastern part of the Mediterranean and its contiguous waters. 2. A levanter (the wind so called). LEVANT Le"vant, a. Defn: Eastern. [Obs.] Forth rush the levant and the ponent winds. Milton. LEVANT Le*vant", v. i. Etym: [Cf. Sp. levantar to raise, go from one place to another.] Defn: To run away from one's debts; to decamp. [Colloq. Eng.] Thackeray. LEVANTER Le*vant"er, n. Etym: [From Levant, v.] Defn: One who levants, or decamps. [Colloq. Eng.] LEVANTER Le*vant"er, n. Etym: [From Levant, n.] Defn: A strong easterly wind peculiar to the Mediterranean. W. H. Russell. LEVANTINE Le*vant"ine, a. Etym: [F. levantin, or It. levantino. See Levant, n.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Levant. J. Spencer. LEVANTINE Le*vant"ine, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of the Levant. 2. Etym: [F. levantine, or It. levantina.] Defn: A stout twilled silk fabric, formerly made in the Levant. LEVARI FACIAS Le*va`ri fa"ci*as. Etym: [Law L., cause to be levied.] Defn: A writ of execution at common law. LEVATION Le*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. levatio.] Defn: The act of raising; elevation; upward motion, as that produced by the action of a levator muscle. LEVATOR Le*va"tor, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. levare to raise. See Lever, n.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A muscle that serves to raise some part, as the lip or the eyelid. 2. (Surg.) Defn: A surgical instrument used to raise a depressed part of the skull. LEVE Leve, a. Defn: Dear. See Lief. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEVE Leve, n. & v. Defn: Same as 3d & 4th Leave. [Obs.] LEVE Leve, v. i. Defn: To live. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEVE Leve, v. t. Etym: [OE., fr. AS. l, abbrev. fr. gel. See Believe.] Defn: To believe. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEVE Leve, v. t. Etym: [OE. leven, AS. l, l. See Leave permission.] Defn: To grant; -- used esp. in exclamations or prayers followed by a dependent clause. [Obs.] God leve all be well. Chaucer. LEVECHE Le*ve"che, n. [Sp. Cf. Lebeccio.] (Meteor.) Defn: A dry sirocco of Spain. LEVEE Lev"ee, n. Etym: [F. lever, fr. lever to raise, se lever to rise. See Lever, n.] 1. The act of rising. " The sun's levee." Gray. 2. A morning assembly or reception of visitors, -- in distinction from a soirée, or evening assembly; a matinée; hence, also, any general or somewhat miscellaneous gathering of guests, whether in the daytime or evening; as, the president's levee. Note: In England a ceremonious day reception, when attended by both ladies and gentlemen, is called a drawing-room. LEVEE Lev"ee, v. t. Defn: To attend the levee or levees of. He levees all the great. Young. LEVEE Lev"ee, n. Etym: [F. levée, fr. lever to raise. See Lever, and cf. Levy.] Defn: An embankment to prevent inundation; as, the levees along the Mississippi; sometimes, the steep bank of a river. [U. S. ] LEVEE Lev"ee, v. t. Defn: To keep within a channel by means of levees; as, to levee a river. [U. S.] LEVEE EN MASSE Le*vée" en` masse". Etym: [F.] Defn: See Levy in mass, under Levy, n. LEVEFUL Leve"ful, a. Etym: [Leve, n. + -ful.] Defn: Allowable; permissible; lawful. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEVEL Lev"el, n. Etym: [OE. level, livel, OF. livel, F. niveau, fr. L. libella level, water level, a plumb level, dim. of libra pound, measure for liquids, balance, water poise, level. Cf. Librate, Libella.] 1. A line or surface to which, at every point, a vertical or plumb line is perpendicular; a line or surface which is everywhere parallel to the surface of still water; -- this is the true level, and is a curve or surface in which all points are equally distant from the center of the earth, or rather would be so if the earth were an exact sphere. 2. A horizontal line or plane; that is, a straight line or a plane which is tangent to a true level at a given point and hence parallel to the horizon at that point; -- this is the apparent level at the given point. 3. An approximately horizontal line or surface at a certain degree of altitude, or distance from the center of the earth; as, to climb from the level of the coast to the l of the plateau and then descent to the level of the valley or of the sea. After draining of the level in Northamptonshire. Sir M. Hale. Shot from the deadly level of a gun. Shak. 4. Hence, figuratively, a certain position, rank, standard, degree, quality, character, etc., conceived of as in one of several planes of different elevation. Providence, for the most part, sets us on a level. Addison. Somebody there of his own level. Swift. Be the fair level of thy actions laid As temperance wills and prudence may persuade. Prior. 5. A uniform or average height; a normal plane or altitude; a condition conformable to natural law or which will secure a level surface; as, moving fluids seek a level. When merit shall find its level. F. W. Robertson. 6. (Mech. & Surv.) (a) An instrument by which to find a horizontal line, or adjust something with reference to a horizontal line. (b) A measurement of the difference of altitude of two points, by means of a level; as, to take a level. 7. A horizontal passage, drift, or adit, in mine. Air level, a spirit level. See Spirit level (below). -- Box level, a spirit level in which a glass-covered box is used instead of a tube. -- Garpenter's level, Mason's level, either the plumb level or a straight bar of wood, in which is imbedded a small spirit level. -- Level of the sea, the imaginary level from which heights and depths are calculated, taken at a mean distance between high and low water. -- Line of levels, a connected series of measurements, by means of a level, along a given line, as of a railroad, to ascertain the profile of the ground. -- Plumb level, one in which a horizontal bar is placed in true position by means of a plumb line, to which it is at right angles. -- Spirit level, one in which the adjustment to the horizon is shown by the position of a bubble in alcohol or ether contained in a nearly horizontal glass tube, or a circular box with a glass cover. -- Surveyor's level, a telescope, with a spirit level attached, and with suitable screws, etc., for accurate adjustment, the whole mounted on a tripod, for use in leveling; -- called also leveling instrument. -- Water level, an instrument to show the level by means the surface of water in a trough, or in upright tubes connected by a pipe. LEVEL Lev"el, a. 1. Even; flat; having no part higher than another; having, or conforming to, the curvature which belongs to the undisturbed liquid parts of the earth's surface; as, a level field; level ground; the level surface of a pond or lake. Ample spaces o'er the smooth And level pavement. Milton. 2. Coinciding or parallel with the plane of the horizon; horizontal; as, the telescope is now level. 3. Even with anything else; of the same height; on the same line or plane; on the same footing; of equal importance; -- followed by with, sometimes by to. Young boys and girls Are level now with men; the odds is gone. Shak. Everything lies level to our wish. Shak. 4. Straightforward; direct; direct; clear; open. A very plain and level account. M. Arnold. 5. Well balanced; even; just; steady; impartial; as, a level head; a level understanding. [Colloq.] " A level consideration." Shak. 6. (Phonetics) Defn: Of even tone; without rising or falling inflection. H. Sweet. Level line (Shipbuilding), the outline of a section which is horizontal crosswise, and parallel with the rabbet of the keel lengthwise. Level surface (Physics), an equipotential surface at right angles at every point to the lines of force. LEVEL Lev"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leveled or Levelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Leveling or Levelling.] 1. To make level; to make horizontal; to bring to the condition of a level line or surface; hence, to make flat or even; as, to level a road, a walk, or a garden. 2. To bring to a lower level; to overthrow; to topple down; to reduce to a flat surface; to lower. And their proud structures level with the ground. Sandys. He levels mountains and he raises plains. Dryden. 3. To bring to a horizontal position, as a gun; hence, to point in taking aim; to aim; to direct. Bertram de Gordon, standing on the castle wall, leveled a quarrel out of a crossbow. Stow. 4. Figuratively, to bring to a common level or plane, in respect of rank, condition, character, privilege, etc.; as, to level all the ranks and conditions of men. 5. To adjust or adapt to a certain level; as, to level remarks to the capacity of children. For all his mind on honor fixed is, To which he levels all his purposes. Spenser. LEVEL Lev"el, v. i. 1. To be level; to be on a level with, or on an equality with, something; hence, to accord; to agree; to suit. [Obs.] With such accommodation and besort As levels with her breeding. Shak. 2. To aim a gun, spear, etc., horizontally; hence, to aim or point a weapon in direct line with the mark; fig., to direct the eye, mind, or effort, directly to an object. The foeman may with as great aim level at the edge of a penknife. Shak. The glory of God and the good of his church . . . ought to be the mark whereat we also level. Hooker. She leveled at our purposes. Shak. LEVELER Lev"el*er, n. Etym: [Written also leveller.] 1. One who, or that which, levels. 2. One who would remove social inequalities or distinctions; a socialist. LEVELING Lev"el*ing, n. Etym: [Written also levelling.] 1. The act or operation of making level. 2. (Surveying) Defn: The art or operation of using a leveling instrument for finding a horizontal line, for ascertaining the differences of level between different points of the earth's surface included in a survey, for establishing grades, etc., as in finding the descent of a river, or locating a line of railroad. Leveling instrument. See Surveyor's level, under Level, n. -- Leveling staff, a graduated rod or staff used in connection with a leveling instrument for measuring differences of level between points. LEVELISM Lev"el*ism, n. Defn: The disposition or endeavor to level all distinctions of rank in society. LEVELLY Lev"el*ly, adv. Defn: In an even or level manner. LEVELNESS Lev"el*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being level. LEVEN Lev"en, n. Etym: [See Levin.] Defn: Lightning. [Obs.] Wild thunder dint and fiery leven. Chaucer. LEVER Lev"er, a. Etym: [Old compar. of leve or lief.] Defn: More agreeable; more pleasing. [Obs.] Chaucer. To be lever than. See Had as lief, under Had. LEVER Lev"er, adv. Defn: Bather. [Obs.] Chaucer. For lever had I die than see his deadly face. Spenser. LEVER Le"ver, n. Etym: [OE. levour, OF. leveor, prop., a lifter, fr. F. lever to raise, L. levare; akin to levis light in weight, E. levity, and perh. to E. light not heavy: cf. F. levier. Cf. Alleviate, Elevate, Leaven, Legerdemain, Levy, n.] 1. (Mech.) Defn: A rigid piece which is capable of turning about one point, or axis (the fulcrum), and in which are two or more other points where forces are applied; -- used for transmitting and modifying force and motion. Specif., a bar of metal, wood, or other rigid substance, used to exert a pressure, or sustain a weight, at one point of its length, by receiving a force or power at a second, and turning at a third on a fixed point called a fulcrum. It is usually named as the first of the six mechanical powers, and is three kinds, according as either the fulcrum F, the weight W, or the power P. respectively, is situated between the other two, as in the figures. 2. (Mach.) (a) A bar, as a capstan bar, applied to a rotatory piece to turn it. (b) An arm on a rock shaft, to give motion to the shaft or to obtain motion from it. Compound lever, a machine consisting of two or more levers acting upon each other. -- Lever escapement. See Escapement. -- Lever jack. See Jack, n., 5. -- Lever watch, a watch having a vibrating lever to connect the action of the escape wheel with that of the balance. Universal lever, a machine formed by a combination of a lever with the wheel and axle, in such a manner as to convert the reciprocating motion of the lever into a continued rectilinear motion of some body to which the power is applied. LEVERAGE Lev"er*age, n. Defn: The action of a lever; mechanical advantage gained by the lever. Leverage of a couple (Mech.), the perpendicular distance between the lines of action of two forces which act in parallel and opposite directions. -- Leverage of a force, the perpendicular distance from the line in which a force acts upon a body to a point about which the body may be supposed to turn. LEVERET Lev"er*et, n. Etym: [F. levraut, dim. of lièvre hare, L. lepus. Cf. Leporine.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A hare in the first year of its age. LEVEROCK Lev"er*ock, n. Etym: [See Lark.] Defn: A lark. [Scot.] LEVERWOOD Lev"er*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The American hop hornbeam (Ostrya Virginica), a small tree with very tough wood. LEVESEL Lev"e*sel, n. Etym: [AS. leáf a leaf + sæl, sel, a room, a hall.] Defn: A leafy shelter; a place covered with foliage. [Obs.] Behind the mill, under a levesel. Chaucer. LEVET Lev"et, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lever to raise.] Defn: A trumpet call for rousing soldiers; a reveille. [Obs.] Hudibras. LEVIABLE Lev"i*a*ble, a. Etym: [From Levy to assess.] Defn: Fit to be levied; capable of being assessed and collected; as, sums leviable by course of law. Bacon. LEVIATHAN Le*vi"a*than, n. Etym: [Heb. livyathan.] 1. An aquatic animal, described in the book of Job, ch. xli., and mentioned on other passages of Scripture. Note: It is not certainly known what animal is intended, whether the crocodile, the whale, or some sort of serpent. 2. The whale, or a great whale. Milton. LEVIER Lev"i*er, n. Defn: One who levees. Cartwright. LEVIGABLE Lev"i*ga*ble a. Etym: [See Levigate, v. t.] Defn: Capable of being levigated. LEVIGATE Lev"i*gate, a. Etym: [L. levigatus, p. p. of levigare to lighten, fr. l light.] Defn: Made less harsh or burdensome; alleviated. [Obs.] Sir. T. Elyot. LEVIGATE Lev"i*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Levigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Levigating.] Etym: [L. levigatus, p. p. of levigare to make smooth, fr. l smooth; akin to Gr. Defn: To make smooth in various senses: (a) To free from grit; to reduce to an impalpable powder or paste. (b) To mix thoroughly, as liquids or semiliquids. (c) To polish. (d) To make smooth in action. " When use hath levigated the organs." Barrow. (e) Technically, to make smooth by rubbing in a moist condition between hard surfaces, as in grinding pigments. LEVIGATE Lev"i*gate, a. Etym: [L. levigatus, p. p.] Defn: Made smooth, as if polished. LEVIGATION Lev"i*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. levigatio a smoothing: cf. F. lévigation.] Defn: The act or operation of levigating. LEVIN Lev"in, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain. Cf. Leven.] Defn: Lightning. [Obs.] Spenser. Levin brand, a thunderbolt. [Obs.] Spenser. LEVINER Lev"in*er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A swift hound. LEVIR Le"vir, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A husband's brother; -- used in reference to levirate marriages. LEVIRATE; LEVIRATICAL Lev"i*rate, Lev`i*rat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. levir a husband's brother, brother-in-law; akin to Gr. lévirat leviration.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or in accordance with, a law of the ancient Israelites and other tribes and races, according to which a woman, whose husband died without issue, was married to the husband's brother. The firstborn son of a leviratical marriage was reckoned and registered as the son of the deceased brother. Alford. LEVIRATION Lev`i*ra"tion, n. Defn: Levirate marriage or marriages. Kitto. LEVIROSTRES Lev`i*ros"tres, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. levis light + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of birds, including the hornbills, kingfishers, and related forms. LEVITATE Lev"i*tate, v. i. Etym: [L. levitas, -atis, lightness. See Levity.] Defn: To rise, or tend to rise, as if lighter than the surrounding medium; to become buoyant; -- opposed to gravitate. Sir. J. Herschel. LEVITATE Lev"i*tate, v. i. (Spiritualism) Defn: To make buoyant; to cause to float in the air; as, to levitate a table. [Cant] LEVITATION Lev`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. levis light in weight.] 1. Lightness; buoyancy; act of making light. Paley. 2. The act or process of making buoyant. LEVITE Le"vite, n. Etym: [L. Levites, Gr. Levi, one of the sons of Jacob.] 1. (Bib. Hist.) Defn: One of the tribe or family of Levi; a descendant of Levi; esp., one subordinate to the priests (who were of the same tribe) and employed in various duties connected with the tabernacle first, and afterward the temple, such as the care of the building, bringing of wood and other necessaries for the sacrifices, the music of the services, etc. 2. A priest; so called in contempt or ridicule. LEVITICAL Le*vit"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. Leviticus, Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to a Levite or the Levites. 2. Priestly. " Levitical questions." Milton. 3. Of or pertaining to, or designating, the law contained in the book of Leviticus. Ayliffe. Levitical degrees, degrees of relationship named in Leviticus, within which marriage is forbidden. LEVITICALLY Le*vit"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: After the manner of the Levites; in accordance with the levitical law. LEVITICUS Le*vit"i*cus, n. Etym: [See Levitical.] Defn: The third canonical book of the Old Testament, containing the laws and regulations relating to the priests and Levites among the Hebrews, or the body of the ceremonial law. LEVITY Lev"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. levitas, fr. levis light in weight; akin to levare to raise. See Lever, n.] 1. The quality of weighing less than something else of equal bulk; relative lightness, especially as shown by rising through, or floating upon, a contiguous substance; buoyancy; -- opposed to gravity. He gave the form of levity to that which ascended; to that which descended, the form of gravity. Sir. W. Raleigh. This bubble by reason of its comparative levity to the fluidity that incloses it, would ascend to the top. Bentley. 2. Lack of gravity and earnestness in deportment or character; trifling gayety; frivolity; sportiveness; vanity. " A spirit of levity and libertinism." Atterbury. He never employed his omnipotence out of levity. Calamy. 3. Lack of steadiness or constancy; disposition to change; fickleness; volatility. The levity that is fatigued and disgusted with everything of which it is in possession. Burke. Syn. -- Inconstancy; thoughtlessness; unsteadiness; inconsideration; volatility; flightiness. -- Levity, Volatility, Flightiness. All these words relate to outward conduct. Levity springs from a lightness of mind which produces a disregard of the proprieties of time and place.Volatility is a degree of levity which causes the thoughts to fly from one object to another, without resting on any for a moment. Flightiness is volatility carried to an extreme which often betrays its subject into gross impropriety or weakness. Levity of deportment, of conduct, of remark; volatility of temper, of spirits; flightiness of mind or disposition. LEVO- Le"vo-. Defn: A prefix from L. laevus, meaning: (a) Pertaining to, or toward, the left; as, levorotatory. (b) (Chem. & Opt.) Turning the plane of polarized light to the left; as, levotartaric acid; levoracemic acid; levogyratory crystals, etc. [Written also lævo-.] LEVOGYRATE Le`vo*gy"rate, a. Etym: [Levo- + gyrate.] (Chem. & Physics) Defn: Turning or twisting the plane of polarization towards the left, as levulose, levotartaric acid, etc. [Written also lævogyrate.] LEVOROTATION Le`vo*ro*ta"tion, n. [Written also lævorotation.] [Levo- + rotation.] (Physics & Chem.) Defn: Rotation in the direction of an outgoing right-handed screw; counter-clockwise rotation; -- applied chiefly to the turning of the plane of polarization of light. LEVOROTATORY Le`vo*ro"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [Levo- + rotatory.] (Chem. & Physics) Defn: Turning or rotating the plane of polarization towards the left; levogyrate, as levulose, left handed quartz crystals, etc. [Written also lævorotatory.] LEVULIN Lev"u*lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance resembling dextrin, obtained from the bulbs of the dahlia, the artichoke, and other sources, as a colorless, spongy, amorphous material. It is so called because by decomposition it yields levulose. [Written also lævulin.] LEVULINIC Lev`u*lin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or denoting, an acid (called also acetyl- propionic acid), C5H8O3, obtained by the action of dilute acids on various sugars (as levulose). [Written also lævulinic.] LEVULOSAN Lev`u*lo"san, n. (Chem.) Defn: An unfermentable carbohydrate obtained by gently heating levulose. LEVULOSE Lev"u*lose`, n. Etym: [See Levo-.] (Chem.) Defn: A sirupy variety of sugar, rarely obtained crystallized, occurring widely in honey, ripe fruits, etc., and hence called also fruit sugar. It is called levulose, because it rotates the plane of polarization to the left. [Written also lævulose.]C6H12O6. Note: It is obtained, together with an equal quantity of dextrose, by the inversion of ordinary cane or beet sugar, and hence, as being an ingredient of invert sugar, is often so called. It is fermentable, nearly as sweet as cane sugar, and is metameric with dextrose. Cf. Dextrose. LEVY Lev"y, n.; pl. Levies. Etym: [A contr. of elevenpence or elevenpenny bit.] Defn: A name formerly given in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia to the Spanish real of one eight of a dollar (or 12 LEVY Lev"y, n. Etym: [F. levée, fr. lever to raise. See Lever, and cf. Lever.] 1. The act of levying or collecting by authority; as, the levy of troops, taxes, etc. A levy of all the men left under sixty. Thirlwall. 2. That which is levied, as an army, force, tribute, etc. " The Irish levies." Macaulay. 3. (Law) Defn: The taking or seizure of property on executions to satisfy judgments, or on warrants for the collection of taxes; a collecting by execution. Levy in mass Etym: [F. levée en masse], a requisition of all able-bodied men for military service. LEVY Lev"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Levied; p. pr. & vb. n. Levying.] 1. To raise, as a siege. [Obs.] Holland. 2. To raise; to collect; said of troops, to form into an army by enrollment, conscription. etc. Augustine . . . inflamed Ethelbert, king of Kent, to levy his power, and to war against them. Fuller. 3. To raise or collect by assessment; to exact by authority; as, to levy taxes, toll, tribute, or contributions. If they do this . . . my ransom, then, Will soon be levied. Shak. 4. (Law) (a) To gather or exact; as, to levy money. (b) To erect, build, or set up; to make or construct; to raise or cast up; as, to levy a mill, dike, ditch, a nuisance, etc. [Obs.] Cowell. Blackstone. (c) To take or seize on execution; to collect by execution. To levy a fine, to commence and carry on a suit for assuring the title to lands or tenements. Blackstone. -- To levy war, to make or begin war; to take arms for attack; to attack. LEVY Lev"y, v. i. Defn: To seize property, real or personal, or subject it to the operation of an execution; to make a levy; as, to levy on property; the usual mode of levying, in England, is by seizing the goods. To levy on goods and chattels, to take into custody or seize specific property in satisfaction of a writ. LEVYNE; LEVYNITE Lev"yne, Lev"yn*ite, n. Etym: [From Mr. Levy, an English mineralogist.] (Min.) Defn: A whitish, reddish, or yellowish, transparent or translucent mineral, allied to chabazite. LEW Lew, a. Etym: [Cf. lee a calm or sheltered place, lukewarm.] Defn: Lukewarm; tepid. [Obs.] Wyclif. LEWD Lewd, a. [Compar. Lewder; superl. Lewdest.] Etym: [OE.lewed, lewd, lay, ignorant, vile, AS. l laical, belonging to the laity.] 1. Not clerical; laic; laical; hence, unlearned; simple. [Obs.] For if priest be foul, on whom we trust, No wonder is a lewed man to rust. Chaucer. So these great clerks their little wisdom show To mock the lewd, as learn'd in this as they. Sit. J. Davies. 2. Belonging to the lower classes, or the rabble; idle and lawless; bad; vicious. [Archaic] Chaucer. But the Jews, which believed not, . . . took unto them certain lewd fellows of the baser sort, . . . and assaulted the house of Jason. Acts xvii. 5. Too lewd to work, and ready for any kind of mischief. Southey . 3. Given to the promiscuous indulgence of lust; dissolute; lustful; libidinous. Dryden. 4. Suiting, or proceeding from, lustfulness; involving unlawful sexual desire; as, lewd thoughts, conduct, or language. Syn. -- Lustful; libidinous; licentious; profligate; dissolute; sensual; unchaste; impure; lascivious; lecherous; rakish; debauched. -- Lewd"ly, adv. -- Lewd"ness, n. LEWDSTER Lewd"ster, n. Defn: A lewd person. [Obs.] Shak. LEWIS; LEWISSON Lew"is, Lew"is*son, n. 1. An iron dovetailed tenon, made in sections, which can be fitted into a dovetail mortise; -- used in hoisting large stones, etc. 2. A kind of shears used in cropping woolen cloth. Lewis hole, a hole wider at the bottom than at the mouth, into which a lewis is fitted. De Foe. LEX Lex, n.; pl. Leges. Etym: [L. See Legal.] Defn: Law; as, lex talionis, the law of retaliation; lex terræ, the law of the land; lex fori, the law of the forum or court; lex loci, the law of the place; lex mercatoria, the law or custom of merchants. LEXICAL Lex"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a lexicon, to lexicography, or words; according or conforming to a lexicon. -- Lex"ic*al*ly, adv. LEXICOGRAPHER Lex`i*cog"ra*pher, n. Etym: [Gr. lexicographe. See Lexicon.] Defn: The author or compiler of a lexicon or dictionary. Every other author may aspire to praise; the lexicographer can only hope to escape reproach; and even this negative recompense has been yet granted to very few. Johnson. LEXICOGRAPHIC; LEXICOGRAPHICAL Lex`i*co*graph"ic, Lex`i*co*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lexicographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to, or according to, lexicography. -- Lex`i*co*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. LEXICOGRAPHIST Lex`i*cog"ra*phist, n. Defn: A lexicographer. [R.] Southey. LEXICOGRAPHY Lex`i*cog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lexicographie.] Defn: The art, process, or occupation of making a lexicon or dictionary; the principles which are applied in making dictionaries. LEXICOLOGIST Lex`i*col"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in lexicology. LEXICOLOGY Lex`i*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. lexicologie.] Defn: The science of the derivation and signification of words; that branch of learning which treats of the signification and application of words. LEXICON Lex"i*con, n. Etym: [Gr. Legend.] Defn: A vocabulary, or book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language or of a considerable number of them, with the definition of each; a dictionary; especially, a dictionary of the Greek, Hebrew, or Latin language. LEXICONIST Lex"i*con*ist, n. Defn: A writer of a lexicon. [R.] LEXIGRAPHIC Lex`i*graph"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lexigraphique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to lexigraphy. LEXIGRAPHY Lex*ig"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. lexigraphie.] Defn: The art or practice of defining words; definition of words. LEXIPHANIC Lex`i*phan"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Using, or interlarded with, pretentious words; bombastic; as, a lexiphanic writer or speaker; lexiphanic writing. LEXIPHANICISM Lex`i*phan"i*cism, n. Defn: The use of pretentious words, language, or style. LEXIPHARMIC Lex`i*phar"mic, a. Defn: See Alexipharmic. LEY Ley, v. i. Defn: , & i. To lay; to wager. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEY Ley, n. Etym: [OF.] Defn: Law. Abbott. LEY Ley, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Lye. LEY Ley, n. Defn: Grass or meadow land; a lea. LEY Ley, a. Defn: Fallow; unseeded. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. LEYDEN JAR; LEYDEN PHIAL Ley"den jar", Ley"den phi"al, (Elec.) Defn: A glass jar or bottle used to accumulate electricity. It is coated with tin foil, within and without, nearly to its top, and is surmounted by a brass knob which communicates with the inner coating, for the purpose of charging it with electricity. It is so named from having been invented in Leyden, Holland. LEYSER Ley"ser, n. Defn: Leisure. [Obs.] Chaucer. LEZE MAJESTY Leze` maj"es*ty. Etym: [F. lese-majesté, fr. L. laesus, fem. laesa, injured (see Lesion) + majestas majesty; that is, crimen laesae majestatis.] [Written also lese majesty.] (Law) Defn: Any crime committed against the sovereign power. LHERZOLITE Lher"zo*lite, n. Etym: [From Lherz, a place in the Pyrenees + -lite.] (Min.) Defn: An igneous rock consisting largely of chrysolite, with pyroxene and picotite (a variety of spinel containing chromium). LI Li, n. 1. Chinese measure of distance, being a little more that one third of a mile. 2. A Chinese copper coin; a cash. See Cash. LIABILITY Li`a*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Liabilities (. 1. The state of being liable; as, the liability of an insurer; liability to accidents; liability to the law. 2. That which one is under obligation to pay, or for which one is liable. Specifically, in the pl., Defn: the sum of one's pecuniary obligations; -- opposed to assets. Limited liability. See Limited company, under Limited. LIABLE Li"a*ble, a. Etym: [From F. lier to bind, L. ligare. Cf. Ally, v. t., Ligature.] 1. Bound or obliged in law or equity; responsible; answerable; as, the surety is liable for the debt of his principal. 2. Exposed to a certain contingency or casualty, more or less probable; -- with to and an infinitive or noun; as, liable to slip; liable to accident. Syn. -- Accountable; responsible; answerable; bound; subject; obnoxious; exposed. -- Liable, Subject. Liable refers to a future possible or probable happening which may not actually occur; as, horses are liable to slip; even the sagacious are liable to make mistakes. Subject refers to any actual state or condition belonging to the nature or circumstances of the person or thing spoken of, or to that which often befalls one. One whose father was subject to attacks of the gout is himself liable to have that disease. Men are constantly subject to the law, but liable to suffer by its infraction. Proudly secure, yet liable to fall. Milton. All human things are subject to decay. Dryden. LIABLENESS Li"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being liable; liability. LIAGE Li"age, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. liage a bond. See Liable.] Defn: Union by league; alliance. [Obs.] LIAISON Li`ai`son", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. ligatio, fr. ligare to bind. See Ligature, and cf. Ligation.] Defn: A union, or bond of union; an intimacy; especially, an illicit intimacy between a man and a woman. LIANE; LIANA Li*ane", Li*a"na, n. Etym: [F. liane; prob. akin to lien a band, fr. L. ligamen, fr. ligare to bind. Cf. Lien, n. ] (Bot.) Defn: A luxuriant woody plant, climbing high trees and having ropelike stems. The grapevine often has the habit of a liane. Lianes are abundant in the forests of the Amazon region. LIAR Li"ar, n. Etym: [OE. liere. See Lie to falsify.] Defn: A person who knowingly utters falsehood; one who lies. LIARD Li"ard, a. Etym: [OF. liart, LL. liardus gray, dappie.] Defn: Gray. [Obs.] Chaucer. Note: Used by Chaucer as an epithet of a gray or dapple gray horse. Also used as a name for such a horse. LIARD Liard, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A French copper coin of one fourth the value of a sou. LIAS Li"as, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lias, fr. liais sort of limestone, OF. also liois; perh. of Celtic origin, cf. Armor. liach, leach, a stone, Gael. leac, W. llech. Cf. Cromlech.] (Geol.) Defn: The lowest of the three divisions of the Jurassic period; a name given in England and Europe to a series of marine limestones underlying the Oölite. See the Chart of Geology. LIASSIC Li*as"sic, a. (Geol.) Defn: Of the age of the Lias; pertaining to the Lias Formation. -- n. Defn: Same as Lias. LIB Lib, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Glib to geld.] Defn: To castrate. [Obs.] LIBAMENT Lib"a*ment, n. Etym: [L. libamentum.] Defn: Libation. [Obs.] Holland. LIBANT Li"bant, a. Etym: [L. libans, p. pr. of libare to taste, touch.] Defn: Sipping; touching lightly. [R.] Landor. LIBATION Li*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. libatio, fr. libare to take a little from anything, to taste, to pour out as an offering: cf. F. libation.] Defn: The act of pouring a liquid or liquor, usually wine, either on the ground or on a victim in sacrifice, in honor of some deity; also, the wine or liquid thus poured out. Dryden. A heathen sacrifice or libation to the earth. Bacon. LIBATORY Li"ba*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to libation. LIBBARD Lib"bard, n. Etym: [See Leopard.] Defn: A leopard. [Obs. or Poetic] Spenser. Keats. LIBBARD'S BANE Lib"bard's bane` Defn: . Leopard's bane. [Obs.] LIBEL Li"bel, n. Etym: [L. libellus a little book, pamphlet, libel, lampoon, dim. of liber the liber or inner bark of a tree; also (because the ancients wrote on this bark), paper, parchment, or a roll of any material used to write upon, and hence, a book or treatise: cf. F. libelle.] 1. A brief writing of any kind, esp. a declaration, bill, certificate, request, supplication, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer. A libel of forsaking [divorcement]. Wyclif (Matt. v. 31). 2. Any defamatory writing; a lampoon; a satire. 3. (Law) Defn: A malicious publication expressed either in print or in writing, or by pictures, effigies, or other signs, tending to expose another to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule. Such publication is indictable at common law. Note: The term, in a more extended sense, includes the publication of such writings, pictures, and the like, as are of a blasphemous, treasonable, seditious, or obscene character. These also are indictable at common law. 4. (Law) Defn: The crime of issuing a malicious defamatory publication. 5. (Civil Law & Courts of Admiralty) Defn: A written declaration or statement by the plaintiff of his cause of action, and of the relief he seeks. LIBEL Li"bel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liebeled or Libelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Libeling or Libelling.] 1. To defame, or expose to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule, by a writing, picture, sign, etc.; to lampoon. Some wicked wits have libeled all the fair. Pope. 2. (Law) Defn: To proceed against by filing a libel, particularly against a ship or goods. LIBEL Li"bel, v. i. Defn: To spread defamation, written or printed; -- with against. [Obs.] What's this but libeling against the senate Shak. [He] libels now 'gainst each great man. Donne. LIBELANT Li"bel*ant, n. Defn: One who libels; one who institutes a suit in an ecclesiastical or admiralty court. [Written also libellant.] Cranch. LIBELER Li"bel*er, n. Defn: One who libels. [Written also libeller.] " Libelers of others." Buckkminster. LIBELIST Li"bel*ist, n. Defn: A libeler. LI BELLA Li *bel"la, n. Etym: [L., dim. of libra balance. See Level, n.] 1. A small balance. 2. A level, or leveling instrument. LIBELLEE Li`bel*lee", n. (Law) (a) The party against whom a libel has been filed; -- corresponding to defendant in a common law action. (b) The defendant in an action of libel. LIBELLULID Li*bel"lu*lid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A dragon fly. LIBELLULOID Li*bel"lu*loid, a. Etym: [NL. Libellula, the name of the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the dragon fi LIBELOUS Li"bel*ous, a. Defn: Containing or involving a libel; defamatory; containing that which exposes some person to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule; as, a libelous pamphlet. [Written also libellous.] -- Li"bel*ous*ly, adv. LIBER Li"ber, n. Etym: [L. See Libel.] (Bot.) Defn: The inner bark of plants, lying next to the wood. It usually contains a large proportion of woody, fibrous cells, and is, therefore, the part from which the fiber of the plant is obtained, as that of hemp, etc. Liber cells, elongated woody cells found in the liber. LIBERAL Lib"er*al, a. Etym: [F. libéral, L. liberalis, from liber free; perh. akin to libet, lubet,it pleases, E. lief. Cf. Deliver.] 1. Free by birth; hence, befitting a freeman or gentleman; refined; noble; independent; free; not servile or mean; as, a liberal ancestry; a liberal spirit; liberal arts or studies. " Liberal education." Macaulay. " A liberal tongue." Shak. 2. Bestowing in a large and noble way, as a freeman; generous; bounteous; open-handed; as, a liberal giver. " Liberal of praise." Bacon. Infinitely good, and of his good As liberal and free as infinite. Milton. 3. Bestowed in a large way; hence, more than sufficient; abundant; bountiful; ample; profuse; as, a liberal gift; a liberal discharge of matter or of water. His wealth doth warrant a liberal dower. Shak. 4. Not strict or rigorous; not confined or restricted to the literal sense; free; as, a liberal translation of a classic, or a liberal construction of law or of language. 5. Not narrow or contracted in mind; not selfish; enlarged in spirit; catholic. 6. Free to excess; regardless of law or moral restraint; licentious. " Most like a liberal villain." Shak. 7. Not bound by orthodox tenets or established forms in political or religious philosophy; independent in opinion; not conservative; friendly to great freedom in the constitution or administration of government; having tendency toward democratic or republican, as distinguished from monarchical or aristocratic, forms; as, liberal thinkers; liberal Christians; the Liberal party. I confess I see nothing liberal in this " order of thoughts," as Hobbes elsewhere expresses it. Hazlitt. Note: Liberal has of, sometimes with, before the thing bestowed, in before a word signifying action, and to before a person or object on which anything is bestowed; as, to be liberal of praise or censure; liberal with money; liberal in giving; liberal to the poor. The liberal arts. See under Art. -- Liberal education, education that enlarges and disciplines the mind and makes it master of its own powers, irrespective of the particular business or profession one may follow. Syn. -- Generous; bountiful; munificent; beneficent; ample; large; profuse; free. -- Liberal, Generous. Liberal is freeborn, and generous is highborn. The former is opposed to the ordinary feelings of a servile state, and implies largeness of spirit in giving, judging, acting, etc. The latter expresses that nobleness of soul which is peculiarly appropriate to those of high rank, -- a spirit that goes out of self, and finds its enjoyment in consulting the feelings and happiness of others. Generosity is measured by the extent of the sacrifices it makes; liberality, by the warmth of feeling which it manifests. LIBERAL Lib"er*al, n. Defn: One who favors greater freedom in political or religious matters; an opponent of the established systems; a reformer; in English politics, a member of the Liberal party, so called. Cf. Whig. LIBERALISM Lib"er*al*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. libéralisme.] Defn: Liberal principles; the principles and methods of the liberals in politics or religion; specifically, the principles of the Liberal party. LIBERALIST Lib"er*al*ist, n. Defn: A liberal. LIBERALISTIC Lib`er*al*is"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, liberalism; as, liberalistic opinions. LIBERALITY Lib`er*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Liberalities. Etym: [L. liberalitas: cf. F. libéralité.] 1. The quality or state of being liberal; liberal disposition or practice; freedom from narrowness or prejudice; generosity; candor; charity. That liberality is but cast away Which makes us borrow what we can not pay. Denham. 2. A gift; a gratuity; -- sometimes in the plural; as, a prudent man is not impoverished by his liberalities. LIBERALIZATION Lib`er*al*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of liberalizing. LIBERALIZE Lib"er*al*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Liberalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Liberalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. libéraliser.] Defn: To make liberal; to free from narrow views or prejudices. To open and to liberalize the mind. Burke. LIBERALIZER Lib"er*al*i`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, liberalizes. Emerson. LIBERALLY Lib"er*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a liberal manner. LIBERATE Lib"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liberated; p. pr. & vb. n. Liberating.] Etym: [L. liberatus, p. p. of liberare to free, fr. liber free. See Liberal, a., and cf. Deliver.] Defn: To release from restraint or bondage; to set at liberty; to free; to manumit; to disengage; as, to liberate a slave or prisoner; to liberate the mind from prejudice; to liberate gases. Syn. -- To deliver; free; release. See Deliver. LIBERATION Lib`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. liberatio: cf. F. libération. Cf. Livraison.] Defn: The act of liberating or the state of being liberated. This mode of analysis requires perfect liberation from all prejudged system. Pownall. LIBERATOR Lib"er*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who, or that which, liberates; a deliverer. LIBERATORY Lib"er*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending, or serving, to liberate. [R.] LIBERTARIAN Lib`er*ta"ri*an, a. Etym: [See Liberty.] Defn: Pertaining to liberty, or to the doctrine of free will, as opposed to the doctrine of necessity. LIBERTARIAN Lib`er*ta"ri*an, n. Defn: One who holds to the doctrine of free will. LIBERTARIANISM Lib`er*ta"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: Libertarian principles or doctrines. LIBERTICIDE Lib"er*ti*cide, n. Etym: [L. libertas liberty + caedere to kill: cf. (for sense 2) F. liberticide.] 1. The destruction of civil liberty. 2. A destroyer of civil liberty. B. F. Wade. LIBERTINAGE Lib"er*tin*age n. Etym: [Cf. F. libertinage. See Libertine.] Defn: Libertinism; license. [R.] LIBERTINE Lib"er*tine, n. Etym: [L. libertinus freedman, from libertus one made free, fr. liber free: cf. F. libertin. See Liberal.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A manumitted slave; a freedman; also, the son of a freedman. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect of Anabaptists, in the fifteenth and early part of the sixteenth century, who rejected many of the customs and decencies of life, and advocated a community of goods and of women. 3. One free from restraint; one who acts according to his impulses and desires; now, specifically, one who gives rein to lust; a rake; a debauchee. Like a puffed and reckless libertine, Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads. Shak. 4. A defamatory name for a freethinker. [Obsoles.] LIBERTINE Lib"er*tine, a. Etym: [L. libertinus of a freedman: cf. F. libertin. See Libertine, n. ] 1. Free from restraint; uncontrolled. [Obs.] You are too much libertine. Beau. & Fl. 2. Dissolute; licentious; profligate; loose in morals; as, libertine principles or manners. Bacon. LIBERTINISM Lib"er*tin*ism, n. 1. The state of a libertine or freedman. [R.] Hammond. 2. Licentious conduct; debauchery; lewdness. 3. Licentiousness of principle or opinion. That spirit of religion and seriousness vanished all at once, and a spirit of liberty and libertinism, of infidelity and profaneness, started up in the room of it. Atterbury. LIBERTY Lib"er*ty, n.; pl. Liberties (. Etym: [OE. liberte, F. liberté, fr. L. libertas, fr. liber free. See Liberal.] 1. The state of a free person; exemption from subjection to the will of another claiming ownership of the person or services; freedom; -- opposed to slavery, serfdom, bondage, or subjection. But ye . . . caused every man his servant, and every man his handmaid whom he had set at liberty at their pleasure, to return, and brought them into subjection. Jer. xxxiv. 16. Delivered fro the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the sons of God. Bible, 1551. Rom. viii. 21. 2. Freedom from imprisonment, bonds, or other restraint upon locomotion. Being pent from liberty, as I am now. Shak. 3. A privilege conferred by a superior power; permission granted; leave; as, liberty given to a child to play, or to a witness to leave a court, and the like. 4. Privilege; exemption; franchise; immunity enjoyed by prescription or by grant; as, the liberties of the commercial cities of Europe. His majesty gave not an entire county to any; much less did he grant . . . any extraordinary liberties. Sir J. Davies. 5. The place within which certain immunities are enjoyed, or jurisdiction is exercised. [Eng.] Brought forth into some public or open place within the liberty of the city, and there . . . burned. Fuller. 6. A certain amount of freedom; permission to go freely within certain limits; also, the place or limits within which such freedom is exercised; as, the liberties of a prison. 7. A privilege or license in violation of the laws of etiquette or propriety; as, to permit, or take, a liberty. He was repeatedly provoked into striking those who had taken liberties with him. Macaulay. 8. The power of choice; freedom from necessity; freedom from compulsion or constraint in willing. The idea of liberty is the idea of a power in any agent to do or forbear any particular action, according to the determination or thought of the mind, whereby either of them is preferred to the other. Locke. This liberty of judgment did not of necessity lead to lawlessness. J. A. Symonds. 9. (Manege) Defn: A curve or arch in a bit to afford room for the tongue of the horse. 10. (Naut.) Defn: Leave of absence; permission to go on shore. At liberty. (a) Unconfined; free. (b) At leisure. -- Civil liberty, exemption from arbitrary interference with person, opinion, or property, on the part of the government under which one lives, and freedom to take part in modifying that government or its laws. -- Liberty bell. See under Bell. -- Liberty cap. (a) The Roman pileus which was given to a slave at his manumission. (b) A limp, close-fitting cap with which the head of representations of the goddess of liberty is often decked. It is sometimes represented on a spear or a liberty pole. -- Liberty of the press, freedom to print and publish without official supervision. Liberty party, the party, in the American Revolution, which favored independence of England; in more recent usage, a party which favored the emancipation of the slaves. -- Liberty pole, a tall flagstaff planted in the ground, often surmounted by a liberty cap. [U. S.] -- Moral liberty, that liberty of choice which is essential to moral responsibility. -- Religious liberty, freedom of religious opinion and worship. Syn. -- Leave; permission; license. -- Liberty, Freedom. These words, though often interchanged, are distinct in some of of their applications. Liberty has reference to previous restraint; freedom, to the simple, unrepressed exercise of our powers. A slave is set at liberty; his master had always been in a state of freedom. A prisoner under trial may ask liberty (exemption from restraint) to speak his sentiments with freedom (the spontaneous and bold utterance of his feelings), The liberty of the press is our great security for freedom of thought. LIBETHENITE Li*beth"en*ite, n. Etym: [From Libethen, in Hungary, where it was first found.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of an olive-green color, commonly in orthorhombic crystals. It is a hydrous phosphate of copper. LIBIDINIST Li*bid"i*nist, n. Etym: [See Libidinous.] Defn: One given to lewdness. LIBIDINOSITY Li*bid`i*nos"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being libidinous; libidinousness. Skelton. LIBIDINOUS Li*bid"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. libidinosus, fr. libido, libidinis, pleasure, desire, lust, fr. libet, lubet, it pleases: cf. F. libidineux. See Lief.] Defn: Having lustful desires; characterized by lewdness; sensual; lascivious. -- Li*bid"i*nous*ly, adv. -- Li*bid"i*nous*ness, n. Syn. -- Lewd; lustful; lascivious; unchaste; impure; sensual; licentious; lecherous; salacious. LIBKEN; LIBKIN Lib"ken, Lib"kin, n. Etym: [AS. libban, F. live, v. i. + -kin.] Defn: A house or lodging. [Old Slang] B. Jonson. LIBRA Li"bra, n.; pl. Libræ. Etym: [L., a balance.] (Astron.) (a) The Balance; the seventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the autumnal equinox in September, marked thus libra in almanacs, etc. (b ) A southern constellation between Virgo and Scorpio. LIBRAL Li"bral, a. Etym: [L. libralis, fr. libra the Roman pound.] Defn: Of a pound weight. [Obs.] Johnson. LIBRARIAN Li*bra"ri*an, n. Etym: [See Library.] 1. One who has the care or charge of a library. 2. One who copies manuscript books. [Obs.] Broome. LIBRARIANSHIP Li*bra"ri*an*ship, n. Defn: The office of a librarian. LIBRARY Li"bra*ry, n.; pl. Libraries. Etym: [OE. librairie, F. librairie bookseller's shop, book trade, formerly, a library, fr. libraire bookseller, L. librarius, from liber book; cf. libraria bookseller's shop, librarium bookcase, It. libreria. See Libel.] 1. A considerable collection of books kept for use, and not as merchandise; as, a private library; a public library. 2. A building or apartment appropriated for holding such a collection of books. Holland. LIBRATE Li"brate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Librated p. pr. & & vb. n. Librating.] Etym: [L. libratus, p. p. of librare to balance, to make even, fr. libra.Cf. Level, Deliberate, Equilibrium.] Defn: To vibrate as a balance does before resting in equilibrium; hence, to be poised. Their parts all liberate on too nice a beam. Clifton. LIBRATE Li"brate, v. i. Defn: To poise; to balance. LIBRATION Li*bra"tion, n. Etym: [L. libratio: cf. F. libration.] 1. The act or state of librating. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A real or apparent libratory motion, like that of a balance before coming to rest. Libration of the moon, any one of those small periodical changes in the position of the moon's surface relatively to the earth, in consequence of which narrow portions at opposite limbs become visible or invisible alternately. It receives different names according to the manner in which it takes place; as: (a) Libration in longitude, that which, depending on the place of the moon in its elliptic orbit, causes small portions near the eastern and western borders alternately to appear and disappear each month. (b) Libration in latitude, that which depends on the varying position of the moon's axis in respect to the spectator, causing the alternate appearance and disappearance of either pole. (c) Diurnal or parallactic libration, that which brings into view on the upper limb, at rising and setting, some parts not in the average visible hemisphere. LIBRATORY Li"bra*to*ry, a. Defn: Balancing; moving like a balance, as it tends to an equipoise or level. LIBRETTIST Li*bret"tist, n. Defn: One who makes a libretto. LIBRETTO Li*bret"to, n.; pl. E. Librettos, It. Libretti. Etym: [It., dim. of libro book, L. liber. See Libel.] (Mus.) (a) A book containing the words of an opera or extended piece of music. (b) The words themselves. LIBRIFORM Li"bri*form, a. Etym: [Liber + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of liber, or resembling liber. Libriform cells, peculiar wood cells which are very slender and relatively thick- walled, and occasionally are furnished with bordered pits. Goodale. LIBYAN Lib"y*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Libya, the ancient name of that part of Africa between Egypt and the Atlantic Ocean, or of Africa as a whole. LICE Lice, n.; Defn: pl. of Louse. LICENSABLE Li"cens*a*ble, a. Defn: That can be licensed. LICENSE Li"cense, n. [Written also licence.] Etym: [F. licence, L. licentia, fr. licere to be permitted, prob. orig., to be left free to one; akin to linquere to leave. See Loan, and cf. Illicit, Leisure.] 1. Authority or liberty given to do or forbear any act; especially, a formal permission from the proper authorities to perform certain acts or to carry on a certain business, which without such permission would be illegal; a grant of permission; as, a license to preach, to practice medicine, to sell gunpowder or intoxicating liquors. To have a license and a leave at London to dwell. P. Plowman. 2. The document granting such permission. Addison. 3. Excess of liberty; freedom abused, or used in contempt of law or decorum; disregard of law or propriety. License they mean when they cry liberty. Milton. 4. That deviation from strict fact, form, or rule, in which an artist or writer indulges, assuming that it will be permitted for the sake of the advantage or effect gained; as, poetic license; grammatical license, etc. Syn. -- Leave; liberty; permission. LICENSE Li"cense, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Licensed; p. pr. & vb. n. Licensing.] Defn: To permit or authorize by license; to give license to; as, to license a man to preach. Milton. Shak. LICENSED Li"censed, a. Defn: Having a license; permitted or authorized by license; as, a licensed victualer; a licensed traffic. Licensed victualer, one who has a license to keep an in or eating house; esp., a victualer who has a license to sell intoxicating liquors. LICENSEE Li`cen*see", n. (Law) Defn: The person to whom a license is given. LICENSER Li"cens*er, n. Defn: One who gives a license; as, a licenser of the press. LICENSURE Li"cen*sure, n. Defn: A licensing. [R.] LICENTIATE Li*cen"ti*ate, n. Etym: [LL. licentiatus, fr. licentiare to allow to do anything, fr. L. licentia license. See License, n.] 1. One who has a license to exercise a profession; as, a licentiate in medicine or theology. The college of physicians, in July, 1687, published an edict, requiring all the fellows, candidates, and licentiates, to give gratuitous advice to the neighboring poor. Johnson. 2. A friar authorized to receive confessions and grant absolution in all places, independently of the local clergy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. One who acts without restraint, or takes a liberty, as if having a license therefor. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 4. On the continent of Europe, a university degree intermediate between that of bachelor and that of doctor. LICENTIATE Li*cen"ti*ate, v. t. Defn: To give a license to. [Obs.] L'Estrange. LICENTIOUS Li*cen"tious, a. Etym: [L. licentiosus: cf. F. licencieux. See License.] 1. Characterized by license; passing due bounds; excessive; abusive of freedom; wantonly offensive; as, a licentious press. A wit that no licentious pertness knows. Savage. 2. Unrestrained by law or morality; lawless; immoral; dissolute; lewd; lascivious; as, a licentious man; a licentious life. "Licentious wickedness." Shak. Syn. -- Unrestrained; uncurbed; uncontrolled; unruly; riotous; ungovernable; wanton; profligate; dissolute; lax; loose; sensual; impure; unchaste; lascivious; immoral. -- Li*cen"tious*ly, adv. -- Li*cen"tious*ness, n. LICH Lich, a. Defn: Like. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. LICH Lich, n. Etym: [AS.lic body. See Like, a.] Defn: A dead body; a corpse. [Obs.] Lich fowl (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker; -- called also lich owl. -- Lich gate, a covered gate through which the corpse was carried to the church or burial place, and where the bier was placed to await clergyman; a corpse gate. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. -- Lich wake, the wake, or watching, held over a corpse before burial. [Prov Eng.] Chaucer. -- Lich wall, the wall of a churchyard or burying ground. -- Lich way, the path by which the dead are carried to the grave. [Prov. Eng.] LICHEN Li"chen, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: One of a class of cellular, flowerless plants, (technically called Lichenes), having no distinction of leaf and stem, usually of scaly, expanded, frond-like forms, but sometimes erect or pendulous and variously branched. They derive their nourishment from the air, and generate by means of spores. The species are very widely distributed, and form irregular spots or patches, usually of a greenish or yellowish color, upon rocks, trees, and various bodies, to which they adhere with great tenacity. They are often improperly called rock moss or tree moss. Note: A favorite modern theory of lichens (called after its inventor the Schwendener hypothesis), is that they are not autonomous plants, but that they consist of ascigerous fungi, parasitic on algæ. Each lichen is composed of white filaments and green, or greenish, rounded cells, and it is argued that the two are of different nature, the one living at the expense of the other. See Hyphæ, and Gonidia. 2. (Med.) Defn: A name given to several varieties of skin disease, esp. to one characterized by the eruption of small, conical or flat, reddish pimples, which, if unchecked, tend to spread and produce great and even fatal exhaustion. LICHENED Li"chened, a. Defn: Belonging to, or covered with, lichens. Tennyson. LICHENIC Li*chen"ic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, lichens. Lichenic acid. (a) An organic acid, C14H24O3 obtained from Iceland moss. (b) An old name of fumaric acid. LICHENIFORM Li*chen"i*form, a. Defn: Having the form of a lichen. LICHENIN Li"chen*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance isomeric with starch, extracted from several species of moss and lichen, esp. from Iceland moss. LICHENOGRAPHIC; LICHENOGRAPHICAL Li"chen*o*graph"ic, Li`chen*o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lichénographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to lichenography. LICHENOGRAPHIST Li`chen*og"ra*phist, n. Defn: One who describes lichens; one versed in lichenography. LICHENOGRAPHY Li`chen*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Lichen + -graphy: cf. F. lichénographie.] Defn: A description of lichens; the science which illustrates the natural history of lichens. LICHENOLOGIST Li`chen*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in lichenology. LICHENOLOGY Li`chen*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Lichen + -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of lichens. LICHENOUS Li"chen*ous, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, lichens; abounding in lichens; covered with lichens. G. Eliot. LICHI Li"chi`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Litchi. LICHWALE Lich"wale`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The gromwell. LICHWORT Lich"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An herb, the wall pellitory. See Pellitory. LICIT Lic"it, a. Etym: [L.licitus permitted, lawful, from licere: cf. F. licite. See License.] Defn: Lawful. "Licit establishments." Carlyle. -- Lic"it*ly, adv. -- Lic"it*ness, n. LICITATION Lic`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. licitatio, fr. licitari, liceri, to bid, offer a price.] Defn: The act of offering for sale to the highest bidder. [R.] LICK Lick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Licked; p. pr. & vb. n. Licking.] Etym: [AS. liccian; akin to OS. likk, D. likken, OHG. lecch, G. lecken, Goth. bi-laig, Russ. lizate, L. lingere, Gr. lih, rih. . Cf. Lecher, Relish.] 1. To draw or pass the tongue over; as, a dog licks his master's hand. Addison. 2. To lap; to take in with the tongue; as, a dog or cat licks milk. Shak. To lick the dust, to be slain; to fall in battle. "His enemies shall lick the dust." Ps. lxxii. 9. -- To lick into shape, to give proper form to; -- from a notion that the bear's cubs are born shapeless and subsequently formed by licking. Hudibras. -- To lick the spittle of, to fawn upon. South. -- To lick up, to take all of by licking; to devour; to consume entirely. Shak. Num. xxii. 4. LICK Lick, n. Etym: [See Lick, v.] 1. A stroke of the tongue in licking. "A lick at the honey pot." Dryden. 2. A quick and careless application of anything, as if by a stroke of the tongue, or of something which acts like a tongue; as, to put on colors with a lick of the brush. Also, a small quantity of any substance so applied. [Colloq.] A lick of court white wash. Gray. 3. A place where salt is found on the surface of the earth, to which wild animals resort to lick it up; -- often, but not always, near salt springs. [U. S.] LICK Lick, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OSw. lägga to place, strike, prick.] Defn: To strike with repeated blows for punishment; to flog; to whip or conquer, as in a pugilistic encounter. [Colloq. or Low] Carlyle. Thackeray. LICK Lick, n. Defn: A slap; a quick stroke.[Colloq.] "A lick across the face." Dryden. LICKER Lick"er, n. Etym: [Cf. Lecher.] Defn: One who, or that which, licks. Licker in (Carding Machine), the drum, or cylinder, by which the lap is taken from the feed rollers. LICKERISH Lick"er*ish, a. Etym: [Cf. Lecherous.] 1. Eager; craving; urged by desire; eager to taste or enjoy; greedy. "The lickerish palate of the glutton." Bp. Hall. 2. Tempting the appetite; dainty. "Lickerish baits, fit to insnare a brute." Milton. 3. lecherous; lustful. Robert of Brunne. -- Lick"er*ish*ly, adv. -- Lick"er*ish*ness, n. LICKEROUS Lick"er*ous, a. Defn: Lickerish; eager; lustful. [Obs.] -- Lick"er*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] Chaucer. LICKING Lick"ing, n. 1. A lapping with the tongue. 2. A flogging or castigation. [Colloq. or Low] LICKPENNY Lick"pen`ny, n. Defn: A devourer or absorber of money. "Law is a lickpenny." Sir W. Scott. LICK-SPIGOT Lick"-spig`ot, n. Defn: A tapster. [Obs.] LICK-SPITTLE Lick"-spit`tle, n. Defn: An abject flatterer or parasite. Theodore Hook. LICORICE Lic"o*rice, n. Etym: [OE. licoris, though old French, fr. L. liquiritia, corrupted fr. glycyrrhiza, Gr. Glycerin, Glycyrrhiza, Wort.] [Written also liquorice.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Glycyrrhiza (G. glabra), the root of which abounds with a juice, and is much used in demulcent compositions. 2. The inspissated juice of licorice root, used as a confection and medicinal purposes. Licorice fern (Bot.), a name of several kinds of polypody which have rootstocks of a sweetish flavor. -- Licorice sugar. (Chem.) See Glycyrrhizin. -- Licorice weed (Bot.), the tropical plant Scapania aulcis. -- Mountain licorice (Bot.), a kind of clover (Trifolium alpinum), found in the Alps. It has large purplish flowers and a sweetish perennial rootstock. -- Wild licorice. (Bot.) (a) The North American perennial herb Glycyrrhiza lepidota. (b) Certain broad-leaved cleavers (Galium circæzans and G. lanceolatum). (c) The leguminous climber Abrus precatorius, whose scarlet and black seeds are called black-eyed Susans. Its roots are used as a substitute for those of true licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). LICOROUS Lic"o*rous, a. Defn: See Lickerish. -- Lic"o*rous*ness, n. [Obs.] Herbert. LICOUR Lic"our, n. Defn: Liquor. [Obs.] Chaucer. LICTOR Lic"tor, n. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An officer who bore an ax and fasces or rods, as ensigns of his office. His duty was to attend the chief magistrates when they appeared in public, to clear the way, and cause due respect to be paid to them, also to apprehend and punish criminals. Lictors and rods, the ensigns of their power. Milton. LID Lid, n. Etym: [AS. hlid, fr. hlidan (in comp.) to cover, shut; akin to OS. hlidan (in comp.), D. lid, OHG. hlit, G. augenlid eyelid, Icel. hli gate, gateway. 1. That which covers the opening of a vessel or box, etc. ; a movable cover; as, the lid of a chest or trunk. 2. The cover of the eye; an eyelid. Shak. Tears, big tears, gushed from the rough soldier's lid. Byron. 3. (Bot.) (a) The cover of the spore cases of mosses. (b) A calyx which separates from the flower, and falls off in a single piece, as in the Australian Eucalypti. (c) The top of an ovary which opens transversely, as in the fruit of the purslane and the tree which yields Brazil nuts. LIDDED Lid"ded, a. Defn: Covered with a lid. Keats. LIDGE Lidge, n. Defn: Same Ledge.[Obs.] Spenser. LIDLESS Lid"less, a. Defn: Having no lid, or not covered with the lids, as the eyes; hence, sleepless; watchful. A lidless watcher of the public weal. Tennyson. LIE Lie, n. Defn: See Lye. LIE Lie, n. Etym: [AS. lyge; akin to D. leugen, OHG. lugi, G. lüge, lug, Icel. lygi, Dan. & Sw. lögn, Goth. liugn. See Lie to utter a falsehood.] 1. A falsehood uttered or acted for the purpose of deception; an intentional violation of truth; an untruth spoken with the intention to deceive. It is willful deceit that makes a lie. A man may act a lie, as by pointing his finger in a wrong direction when a traveler inquires of him his road. Paley. 2. A fiction; a fable; an untruth. Dryden. 3. Anything which misleads or disappoints. Wishing this lie of life was o'er. Trench. To give the lie to. (a) To charge with falsehood; as, the man gave him the lie. (b) To reveal to be false; as, a man's actions may give the lie to his words. -- White lie, a euphemism for such lies as one finds it convenient to tell, and excuses himself for telling. Syn. -- Untruth; falsehood; fiction; deception. -- lie, Untruth. A man may state what is untrue from ignorance or misconception; hence, to impute an untruth to one is not necessarily the same as charging him with a lie. Every lie is an untruth, but not every untruth is a lie. Cf. Falsity. LIE Lie, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lied; p. pr. & vb. n. Lying.] Etym: [OE. lien, li, le, leo, AS. leógan; akin to D. liegen, OS. & OHG. liogan, G. lügen, Icel. lj, Sw. ljuga, Dan.lyve, Goth. liugan, Russ. lgate.] Defn: To utter falsehood with an intention to deceive; to say or do that which is intended to deceive another, when he a right to know the truth, or when morality requires a just representation. LIE Lie, v. i. [imp. Lay; p. p. Lain, (Lien (, [Obs.]); p. pr. & vb. n. Lying.] Etym: [OE. lien, liggen, AS. licgan; akin to D. liggen, OHG. ligen, licken, G. liegen, Icel. liggja, Sw. ligga, Dan. ligge, Goth. ligan, Russ. lejate, L. lectus bed, Gr. Lair, Law, Lay, v. t., Litter, Low, adj.] 1. To rest extended on the ground, a bed, or any support; to be, or to put one's self, in an horizontal position, or nearly so; to be prostate; to be stretched out; -- often with down, when predicated of living creatures; as, the book lies on the table; the snow lies on the roof; he lies in his coffin. The watchful traveler . . . Lay down again, and closed his weary eyes. Dryden. 2. To be situated; to occupy a certain place; as, Ireland lies west of England; the meadows lie along the river; the ship lay in port. 3. To abide; to remain for a longer or shorter time; to be in a certain state or condition; as, to lie waste; to lie fallow; to lie open; to lie hid; to lie grieving; to lie under one's displeasure; to lie at the mercy of the waves; the paper does not lie smooth on the wall. 4. To be or exist; to belong or pertain; to have an abiding place; to consist; -- with in. Envy lies between beings equal in nature, though unequal in circumstances. Collier. He that thinks that diversion may not lie in hard labor, forgets the early rising and hard riding of huntsmen. Locke. 5. To lodge; to sleep. Whiles I was now trifling at home, I saw London, . . . where I lay one night only. Evelyn. Mr. Quinion lay at our house that night. Dickens. 6. To be still or quiet, like one lying down to rest. The wind is loud and will not lie. Shak. 7. (Law) Defn: To be sustainable; to be capable of being maintained. "An appeal lies in this case." Parsons. Note: Through ignorance or carelessness speakers and writers often confuse the forms of the two distinct verbs lay and lie. Lay is a transitive verb, and has for its preterit laid; as, he told me to lay it down, and I laid it down. Lie is intransitive, and has for its preterit lay; as, he told me to lie down, and I lay down. Some persons blunder by using laid for the preterit of lie; as, he told me to lie down, and I laid down. So persons often say incorrectly, the ship laid at anchor; they laid by during the storm; the book was laying on the shelf, etc. It is only necessary to remember, in all such cases, that laid is the preterit of lay, and not of lie. To lie along the shore (Naut.), to coast, keeping land in sight. -- To lie at the door of, to be imputable to; as, the sin, blame, etc., lies at your door. -- To lie at the heart, to be an object of affection, desire, or anxiety. Sir W. Temple. -- To lie at the mercy of, to be in the power of. -- To lie by. (a) To remain with; to be at hand; as, he has the manuscript lying by him. (b) To rest; to intermit labor; as, we lay by during the heat of the day. -- To lie hard or heavy, to press or weigh; to bear hard. -- To lie in, to be in childbed; to bring forth young. -- To lie in one, to be in the power of; to belong to. "As much as lieth in you, live peaceably with all men." Rom. xii. 18. -- To lie in the way, to be an obstacle or impediment. -- To lie in wait , to wait in concealment; to lie in ambush. -- To lie on or upon. (a) To depend on; as, his life lies on the result. (b) To bear, rest, press, or weigh on. -- To lie low, to remain in concealment or inactive. [Slang] -- To lie on hand, To lie on one's hands, to remain unsold or unused; as, the goods are still lying on his hands; they have too much time lying on their hands. -- To lie on the head of, to be imputed to. What he gets more of her than sharp words, let it lie on my head. Shak. -- To lie over. (a) To remain unpaid after the time when payment is due, as a note in bank. (b) To be deferred to some future occasion, as a resolution in a public deliberative body. -- To lie to (Naut.), to stop or delay; especially, to head as near the wind as possible as being the position of greatest safety in a gale; -- said of a ship. Cf. To bring to, under Bring. -- To lie under, to be subject to; to suffer; to be oppressed by. -- To lie with. (a) To lodge or sleep with. (b) To have sexual intercourse with. (c) To belong to; as, it lies with you to make amends. LIE Lie, n. Defn: The position or way in which anything lies; the lay, as of land or country. J. H. Newman. He surveyed with his own eyes . . . the lie of the country on the side towards Thrace. Jowett (Thucyd.). LIEBERKUHN; LIEBERKUEHN Lie"ber*kühn, n. Etym: [Named after a German physician and instrument maker, J. n. Lieberkühn.] (Optics) Defn: A concave metallic mirror attached to the object-glass end of a microscope, to throw down light on opaque objects; a reflector. LIEBERKUHN'S GLANDS; LIEBERKUEHN'S GLANDS Lie"ber*kühn's glands`. Etym: [See Lieberkühn.] (Anat.) Defn: The simple tubular glands of the small intestines; -- called also crypts of Lieberkühn. LIED Lied, n. ; pl. Lieder. Etym: [G.] (Mus.) Defn: A lay; a German song. It differs from the French chanson, and the Italian canzone, all three being national. The German Lied is perhaps the most faithful reflection of the national sentiment. Grove. LIEDERKRANZ Lie"der*kranz, n. [G. See Lied, and Grants.] (Mus.) Defn: Lit., wreath of songs; -- used as the title of a group of songs, and esp. as the common name for German vocal clubs of men. LIEDERTAFEL Lie"der*ta`fel, n. Etym: [G., lit., a song table.] (Mus.) Defn: A popular name for any society or club which meets for the practice of male part songs. LIEF Lief, n. Defn: Same as Lif. LIEF Lief, a. [Written also lieve.] Etym: [OE. leef, lef, leof, AS. leóf; akin to OS.liof, OFries. liaf, D. lief, G. lieb, OHG. liob, Icel. lj, Sw.ljuf, Goth. liubs, and E. love. sq. root124. See Love, and cf. Believe, Leave, n., Furlough, Libidinous.] 1. Dear; beloved. [Obs., except in poetry.] "My liefe mother." Chaucer. "My liefest liege." Shak. As thou art lief and dear. Tennyson. 2. Note: (Used with a form of the verb to be, and the dative of the personal pronoun.) Defn: Pleasing; agreeable; acceptable; preferable. [Obs.] See Lief, adv., and Had as lief, under Had. Full lief me were this counsel for to hide. Chaucer. Death me liefer were than such despite. Spenser. 3. Willing; disposed. [Obs.] I am not lief to gab. Chaucer. He up arose, however lief or loth. Spenser. LIEF Lief, n. Defn: A dear one; a sweetheart. [Obs.] Chaucer. LIEF Lief, adv. Defn: Gladly; willingly; freely; -- now used only in the phrases, had as lief, and would as lief; as, I had, or would, as lief go as not. All women liefest would Be sovereign of man's love. Gower. I had as lief the town crier spoke my lines. Shak. Far liefer by his dear hand had I die. Tennyson. Note: The comparative liefer with had or would, and followed by the infinitive, either with or without the sign to, signifies prefer, choose as preferable, would or had rather. In the 16th century rather was substituted for liefer in such constructions in literary English, and has continued to be generally so used. See Had as lief, Had rather, etc. , under Had. LIEFSOME Lief"some, a. Defn: Pleasing; delightful. [Obs.] LIEGANCE Lieg"ance, n. Defn: Same as Ligeance. LIEGE Liege, a. Etym: [OE. lige, lege, F. lige, LL. ligius, legius, liege, unlimited, complete, prob. of German origin; cf. G. ledig free from bonds and obstacles, MHG. ledec, ledic, lidic, freed, loosed, and Charta Ottonis de Benthem, ann. ligius homo quod Teutonicè dicitur ledigman," i. e., uni soli homagio obligatus, free from all obligations to others; influenced by L.ligare to bind. G. ledig perh. orig. meant, free to go where one pleases, and is perh. akin to E.lead to conduct. Cf. Lead to guide.] 1. Sovereign; independent; having authority or right to allegiance; as, a liege lord. Chaucer. She looked as grand as doomsday and as grave; And he, he reverenced his liege lady there. Tennyson. 2. serving an independent sovereign or master; bound by a feudal tenure; obliged to be faithful and loyal to a superior, as a vassal to his lord; faithful; loyal; as, a liege man; a liege subject. 3. (Old Law) Defn: Full; perfect; complete; pure. Burrill. Liege homage (Feudal Custom), that homage of one sovereign or prince to another which acknowledged an obligation of fealty and services. -- Liege poustie Etym: [L. legitima potestas] (Scots Law), perfect, i. e., legal, power; specif., having health requisite to do legal acts. -- Liege widowhood, perfect, i. e., pure, widowhood. [Obs.] LIEGE Liege, n. 1. A free and independent person; specif., a lord paramount; a sovereign. Mrs. Browning. The anointed sovereign of sighs and groans, Liege of all loiterers and malcontents. Shak. 2. The subject of a sovereign or lord; a liegeman. A liege lord seems to have been a lord of a free band; and his lieges, though serving under him, were privileged men, free from all other obligations, their name being due to their freedom, not to their service. Skeat. LIEGEMAN Liege"man, n.; pl. Liegemen (. Defn: Same as Liege, n., 2. Chaucer. Spenser. LIEGER Lie"ger, n. Etym: [See Leger, Ledger.] Defn: A resident ambassador. [Obs.] See Leger. Denham. LIEGIANCY Lie"gian*cy, n. Defn: See Ligeance. LIEN Li"en, obs. p. p. Defn: of Lie. See lain. Ps. lxviii. 13. LIEN Lien, n. Etym: [F. lien band, bond, tie, fr. L. ligamen, fr. ligare to bind. Cf. League a union, Leam a string, Leamer, Ligament.] (Law) Defn: A legal claim; a charge upon real or personal property for the satisfaction of some debt or duty; a right in one to control or hold and retain the property of another until some claim of the former is paid or satisfied. LIENAL Li*e"nal, a. Etym: [L. lien the spleen.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the spleen; splenic. LIENCULUS Li*en"cu*lus, n.; pl. Lienculi. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. lien the spleen.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the small nodules sometimes found in the neighborhood of the spleen; an accessory or supplementary spleen. LIENO-INTESTINAL Li*e`no-in*tes"ti*nal, a. Etym: [l. lien the spleen + E. intestinal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the spleen and intestine; as, the lieno- intestinal vein of the frog. LIENTERIC Li`en*ter"ic, a. Etym: [L. lientericus, Gr. lientérique. See Lientery.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, a lientery. -- n. (Med.) Defn: A lientery. Grew. LIENTERY Li"en*ter*y, n. Etym: [Gr. lientérie.] (Med.) Defn: A diarrhea, in which the food is discharged imperfectly digested, or with but little change. Dunglison. LIER Li"er, n. Etym: [From Lie. ] Defn: One who lies down; one who rests or remains, as in concealment. There were liers in a ambush against him. Josh. viii. 14. LIERNE RIB Lierne" rib`. Etym: [F. lierne.] (Arch.) Defn: In Gothic vaulting, any rib which does not spring from the impost and is not a ridge rib, but passes from one boss or intersection of the principal ribs to another. LIEU Lieu, n. Etym: [F., OF. also liu, leu, lou, fr. L. locus place. See Local, Locus.] Defn: Place; room; stead; -- used only in the phrase in lieu of, that is, instead of. The plan of extortion had been adopted in lieu of the scheme of confiscation. Burke. LIEUTENANCY Lieu*ten"an*cy, n. 1. The office, rank, or commission, of a lieutenant. 2. The body of lieutenants or subordinates. [Obs.] The list of the lieutenancy of our metropolis. Felton. LIEUTENANT Lieu*ten"ant, n. Etym: [F., fr. lieu place + tenant holding, p. pr. of tenir to hold, L. tenere. See Lieu, and Tenant, and cf. Locum tenens.] 1. An officer who supplies the place of a superior in his absence; a representative of, or substitute for, another in the performance of any duty. The lawful magistrate, who is the vicegerent or lieutenant of God. Abp. Bramhall. 2. (a) A commissioned officer in the army, next below a captain. (b) A commissioned officer in the British navy, in rank next below a commander. (c) A commissioned officer in the United States navy, in rank next below a lieutenant commander. Note: Lieutenant is often used, either adjectively or in hyphened compounds, to denote an officer, in rank next below another, especially when the duties of the higher officer may devolve upon the lower one; as, lieutenant general, or lieutenant-general; lieutenant colonel, or lieutenant-colonel; lieutenant governor, etc. Deputy lieutenant, the title of any one of the deputies or assistants of the lord lieutenant of a county. [Eng.] -- Lieutenant colonel, an army officer next in rank above major, and below colonel. -- Lieutenant commander, an officer in the United States navy, in rank next below a commander and next above a lieutenant. -- Lieutenant general. See in Vocabulary. -- Lieutenant governor. (a) An officer of a State, being next in rank to the governor, and in case of the death or resignation of the latter, himself acting as governor. [U. S.] (b) A deputy governor acting as the chief civil officer of one of several colonies under a governor general. [Eng.] LIEUTENANT GENERAL Lieu*ten"ant gen"er*al Defn: . An army officer in rank next below a general and next above a major general. Note: In the United States, before the civil war, this rank had been conferred only on George Washington and (in brevet) on Winfield Scott. In 1864 it was revived by Congress and conferred on Ulysses S. Grant, and subsequently, by promotion, on William T. Sherman and Philip H. Sheridan, each of whom was advanced to the rank of general of the army. When Sheridan was made general (in 1888) the rank of lieutenant general was suffered to lapse. See General. LIEUTENANTRY Lieu*ten"ant*ry, n. Defn: See Lieutenancy. [Obs.] LIEUTENANTSHIP Lieu*ten"ant*ship, n. Defn: Same as Lieutenancy, 1. LIEVE Lieve, a. Defn: Same as Lief. LIF Lif, n. Etym: [Written also lief.] Defn: The fiber by which the petioles of the date palm are bound together, from which various kinds of cordage are made. LIFE Life, n.; pl. Lives. Etym: [AS. l; akin to D. lijf body, G. leib body, MHG. l life, body, OHG. l life, Icel. l, life, body, Sw. lif, Dan. liv, and E. live, v. Live, and cf. Alive.] 1. The state of being which begins with generation, birth, or germination, and ends with death; also, the time during which this state continues; that state of an animal or plant in which all or any of its organs are capable of performing all or any of their functions; -- used of all animal and vegetable organisms. 2. Of human being: The union of the soul and body; also, the duration of their union; sometimes, the deathless quality or existence of the soul; as, man is a creature having an immortal life. She shows a body rather than a life. Shak. 3. (Philos) Defn: The potential principle, or force, by which the organs of animals and plants are started and continued in the performance of their several and coöperative functions; the vital force, whether regarded as physical or spiritual. 4. Figuratively: The potential or animating principle, also, the period of duration, of anything that is conceived of as resembling a natural organism in structure or functions; as, the life of a state, a machine, or a book; authority is the life of government. 5. A certain way or manner of living with respect to conditions, circumstances, character, conduct, occupation, etc.; hence, human affairs; also, lives, considered collectively, as a distinct class or type; as, low life; a good or evil life; the life of Indians, or of miners. That which before us lies in daily life. Milton. By experience of life abroad in the world. Ascham. Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime. Longfellow. 'T is from high life high characters are drawn. Pope 6. Animation; spirit; vivacity; vigor; energy. No notion of life and fire in fancy and in words. Felton. That gives thy gestures grace and life. Wordsworth. 7. That which imparts or excites spirit or vigor; that upon which enjoyment or success depends; as, he was the life of the company, or of the enterprise. 8. The living or actual form, person, thing, or state; as, a picture or a description from, the life. 9. A person; a living being, usually a human being; as, many lives were sacrificed. 10. The system of animal nature; animals in general, or considered collectively. Full nature swarms with life. Thomson. 11. An essential constituent of life, esp: the blood. The words that I speak unto you . . . they are life. John vi. 63. The warm life came issuing through the wound. Pope 12. A history of the acts and events of a life; a biography; as, Johnson wrote the life of Milton. 13. Enjoyment in the right use of the powers; especially, a spiritual existence; happiness in the favor of God; heavenly felicity. 14. Something dear to one as one's existence; a darling; -- used as a term of endearment. Note: Life forms the first part of many compounds, for the most part of obvious meaning; as, life-giving, life-sustaining, etc. Life annuity, an annuity payable during one's life. -- Life arrow, Life rocket, Life shot, an arrow, rocket, or shot, for carrying an attached line to a vessel in distress in order to save life. -- Life assurance. See Life insurance, below. -- Life buoy. See Buoy. -- Life car, a water-tight boat or box, traveling on a line from a wrecked vessel to the shore. In it person are hauled through the waves and surf. -- Life drop, a drop of vital blood. Byron. -- Life estate (Law), an estate which is held during the term of some certain person's life, but does not pass by inheritance. -- Life everlasting (Bot.), a plant with white or yellow persistent scales about the heads of the flowers, as Antennaria, and Gnaphalium; cudweed. -- Life of an execution (Law), the period when an execution is in force, or before it expires. -- Life guard. (Mil.) See under Guard. -- Life insurance, the act or system of insuring against death; a contract by which the insurer undertakes, in consideration of the payment of a premium (usually at stated periods), to pay a stipulated sum in the event of the death of the insured or of a third person in whose life the insured has an interest. -- Life interest, an estate or interest which lasts during one's life, or the life of another person, but does not pass by inheritance. -- Life land (Law), land held by lease for the term of a life or lives. -- Life line. (a) (Naut.) A line along any part of a vessel for the security of sailors. (b) A line attached to a life boat, or to any life saving apparatus, to be grasped by a person in the water. -- Life rate, rate of premium for insuring a life. -- Life rent, the rent of a life estate; rent or property to which one is entitled during one's life. -- Life school, a school for artists in which they model, paint, or draw from living models. -- Lifetable, a table showing the probability of life at different ages. -- To lose one's life, to die. -- To seek the life of, to seek to kill. -- To the life, so as closely to resemble the living person or the subject; as, the portrait was drawn to the life. LIFEBLOOD Life"blood`, n. 1. The blood necessary to life; vital blood. Dryden. 2. Fig.: That which gives strength and energy. Money [is] the lifeblood of the nation. Swift. LIFEBOAT Life"boat`, n. Defn: A strong, buoyant boat especially designed for saving the lives of shipwrecked people. LIFEFUL Life"ful, a. Defn: Full of vitality. Spenser. LIFE-GIVING Life"-giv`ing, a. Defn: Giving life or spirit; having power to give life; inspiriting; invigorating. LIFEHOLD Life"hold`, n. Defn: Land held by a life estate. LIFELESS Life"less, a. Defn: Destitute of life, or deprived of life; not containing, or inhabited by, living beings or vegetation; dead, or apparently dead; spiritless; powerless; dull; as, a lifeless carcass; lifeless matter; a lifeless desert; a lifeless wine; a lifeless story. -- Life"less*ly, adv. -- Life"less*ness, n. Syn. -- Dead; soulless; inanimate; torpid; inert; inactive; dull; heavy; unanimated; spiritless; frigid; pointless; vapid; flat; tasteless. -- Lifeless, Dull, Inanimate, Dead. In a moral sense, lifeless denotes a want of vital energy; inanimate, a want of expression as to any feeling that may be possessed; dull implies a torpor of soul which checks all mental activity; dead supposes a destitution of feeling. A person is said to be lifeless who has lost the spirits which he once had; he is said to be inanimate when he is naturally wanting in spirits; one is dull from an original deficiency of mental power; he who is dead to moral sentiment is wholly bereft of the highest attribute of his nature. LIFELIKE Life"like`, a. Etym: [Cf. Lively.] Defn: Like a living being; resembling life; giving an accurate representation; as, a lifelike portrait. -- Life"like`ness, n. Poe. LIFELONG Life"long, a. Etym: [Life + long. Cf. Livelong.] Defn: Lasting or continuing through life. Tennyson. LIFELY Life"ly, adv. Etym: [Cf. Lively, a.] Defn: In a lifelike manner. [Obs.] Chaucer. LIFEMATE Life"mate`, n. Defn: Companion for life. Hawthorne. LIFEN Lif"en, v. t. Defn: To enliven. [Obs.] Marston. LIFE-PRESERVER Life"-pre*serv`er, n. Defn: An apparatus, made in very various forms, and of various materials, for saving one from drowning by buoying up the body while in the water. -- Life"-pre*serv`ing, a. LIFE-SAVING Life"-sav`ing, a. Defn: That saves life, or is suited to save life, esp. from drowning; as, the life-saving service; a life-saving station. LIFE-SIZE Life"-size`, a. Defn: Of full size; of the natural size. LIFESOME Life"some, a. Defn: Animated; sprightly. [Poetic] Coleridge. -- Life"some*ness, n. LIFESPRING Life"spring`, n. Defn: Spring or source of life. LIFESTRING Life"string", n. Defn: A nerve, or string, that is imagined to be essential to life. Daniel. LIFETIME Life"time` (, n. Defn: The time that life continues. LIFE-WEARY Life"-wea`ry, a. Defn: Weary of living. Shak. LIFLODE Lif"lode, n. Defn: Livelihood. [Obs.] Chaucer. LIFT Lift, n.Etym: [AS.lyft air. See Loft.] Defn: The sky; the atmosphere; the firmament. [Obs. or Scot.] LIFT Lift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lifting.] Etym: [Icel. lypta, fr. lopt air; akin to Sw.lyfta to lift, Dan. löfte, G. lüften; -- prop., to raise into the air. See Loft, and cf. 1st Lift.] 1. To move in a direction opposite to that of gravitation; to raise; to elevate; to bring up from a lower place to a higher; to upheave; sometimes implying a continued support or holding in the higher place; -- said of material things; as, to lift the foot or the hand; to lift a chair or a burden. 2. To raise, elevate, exalt, improve, in rank, condition, estimation, character, etc.; -- often with up. The Roman virtues lift up mortal man. Addison. Lest, being lifted up with pride. I Tim. iii. 6. 3. To bear; to support. [Obs.] Spenser. 4. To collect, as moneys due; to raise. 5. Etym: [Perh. a different word, and akin to Goth. hliftus thief, hlifan to steal, L. clepere, Gr. Shoplifter.] Defn: To steal; to carry off by theft (esp. cattle); as, to lift a drove of cattle. Note: In old writers, lift is sometimes used for lifted. He ne'er lift up his hand but conquered. Shak. To lift up, to raise or elevate; in the Scriptures, specifically, to elevate upon the cross. John viii. 28. -- To lift up the eyes. To look up; to raise the eyes, as in prayer. Ps. cxxi. 1. -- To lift up the feet, to come speedily to one's relief. Ps. lxxiv. 3. -- To lift up the hand. (a) To take an oath. Gen. xiv. 22. (b) To pray. Ps. xxviii. 2. (c) To engage in duty. Heb. xii. 12. -- To lift up the hand against, to rebel against; to assault; to attack; to injure; to oppress. Job xxxi. 21. -- To lift up one's head, to cause one to be exalted or to rejoice. Gen. xl. 13. Luke xxi. 28. -- To lift up the heel against, to treat with insolence or unkindness. John xiii.18. -- To lift up the voice, to cry aloud; to call out. Gen. xxi. 16. LIFT Lift, v. i. 1. To try to raise something; to exert the strength for raising or bearing. Strained by lifting at a weight too heavy. Locke. 2. To rise; to become or appear raised or elevated; as, the fog lifts; the land lifts to a ship approaching it. 3. Etym: [See Lift, v. t., 5.] Defn: To live by theft. Spenser. LIFT Lift, n. 1. Act of lifting; also, that which is lifted. 2. The space or distance through which anything is lifted; as, a long lift. Bacon. 3. Help; assistance, as by lifting; as, to give one a lift in a wagon. [Colloq.] The goat gives the fox a lift. L'Estrange. 4. That by means of which a person or thing lifts or is lifted; as: (a) A hoisting machine; an elevator; a dumb waiter. (b) An exercising machine. 5. A rise; a degree of elevation; as, the lift of a lock in canals. 6. A lift gate. See Lift gate, below. [Prov. Eng.] 7. (Naut.) Defn: A rope leading from the masthead to the extremity of a yard below; -- used for raising or supporting the end of the yard. 8. (Mach.) Defn: One of the steps of a cone pulley. 9. (Shoemaking) Defn: A layer of leather in the heel. 10. (Horology) Defn: That portion of the vibration of a balance during which the impulse is given. Saunier. Dead lift. See under Dead. Swift. -- Lift bridge, a kind of drawbridge, the movable part of which is lifted, instead of being drawn aside. -- Lift gate, a gate that is opened by lifting. -- Lift hammer. See Tilt hammer. -- Lift lock, a canal lock. -- Lift pump, a lifting pump. -- Lift tenter (Windmills), a governor for regulating the speed by adjusting the sails, or for adjusting the action of grinding machinery according to the speed. -- Lift wall (Canal Lock), the cross wall at the head of the lock. LIFTABLE Lift"a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be lifted. LIFTER Lift"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, lifts. 2. (Founding) Defn: A tool for lifting loose sand from the mold; also, a contrivance attached to a cope, to hold the sand together when the cope is lifted. LIFTING Lift"ing, a. Defn: Used in, or for, or by, lifting. Lifting bridge, a lift bridge. -- Lifting jack. See 2d Jack, 5. -- Lifting machine. See Health lift, under Health. -- Lifting pump. (Mach.) (a) A kind of pump having a bucket, or valved piston, instead of a solid piston, for drawing water and lifting it to a high level. (b) A pump which lifts the water only to the top of the pump, or delivers it through a spout; a lift pump. -- Lifting rod, a vertical rod lifted by a rock shaft, and imparting motion to a puppet valve; -- used in the engines of river steamboats. -- Lifting sail (Naut.), one which tends to lift a vessel's bow out of water, as jibs and square foresails. LIG Lig, v. i. Etym: [See Lie to be prostrate.] Defn: To recline; to lie still. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer. Spenser. LIGAMENT Lig"a*ment, n. Etym: [L. ligamentum, fr. ligare to bind; cf. f. ligament. Cf. Lien, n., Ligature.] 1. Anything that ties or unites one thing or part to another; a bandage; a bond. Hawthorne. Interwoven is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts. Washington. 2. (Anat.) (a) A tough band or plate of dense, fibrous, connective tissue or fibrocartilage serving to unite bones or form joints. (b) A band of connective tissue, or a membranous fold, which supports or retains an organ in place; as, the gastrophrenic ligament, connecting the diaphragm and stomach. LIGAMENTAL; LIGAMENTOUS Lig`a*men"tal, Lig"a*men"tous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ligamenteux.] Defn: Composing a ligament; of the nature of a ligament; binding; as, a strong ligamentous membrane. LIGAN Li"gan, n.Etym: [Cf. L. ligare to bind, to tie, ligamen band, bandage, E. ligament, or ligsam.] (Law) Defn: Goods sunk in the sea, with a buoy attached in order that they may be found again. See Jetsam and Flotsam. [Written also lagan.] Blackstone. LIGATE Li"gate, v. t. Etym: [L. ligatus, p. p. of ligare.] Defn: To tie with a ligature; to bind around; to bandage. LIGATION Li*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. ligatio, fr. ligare to bind. Cf. Liaison.] 1. The act of binding, or the state of being bound. 2. That which binds; bond; connection. Tied with tape, and sealed at each fold and ligation. Sir W. Scott. LIGATOR Li*ga"tor n. Etym: [See Ligate.] (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for ligating, or for placing and fastening a ligature. LIGATURE Lig"a*ture, n. Etym: [L. ligatura, fr. ligare, ligatum, to bind: cf. f. ligature. Cf. Ally, League, Legatura, Liable, Legament.] 1. The act of binding. 2. Anything that binds; a band or bandage. 3. (Surg.) (a) A thread or string for tying the blood vessels, particularly the arteries, to prevent hemorrhage. (b) A thread or wire used to remove tumors, etc. 4. The state of being bound or stiffened; stiffness; as, the ligature of a joint. 5. Impotence caused by magic or charms. [Obs.] 6. (Mus.) Defn: A curve or line connecting notes; a slur. 7. (Print.) Defn: A double character, or a type consisting of two or more letters or characters united, as æ, fi, ffl. LIGATURE Lig"a*ture, v. t. (Surg.) Defn: To ligate; to tie. LIGE Lig"e, v. t. & i. Defn: To lie; to tell lies. [Obs.] LIGEANCE Li"geance, n. Etym: [OF. ligeance, ligance. See Liege.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The connection between sovereign and subject by which they were mutually bound, the former to protection and the securing of justice, the latter to faithful service; allegiance. [Written also ligeancy and liegance.] Chaucer. LIGEMENT Lige"ment, n. Defn: See Ledgment LIGGE Lig"ge, v. i. Defn: To lie or recline. [Obs.] Chaucer. LIGGER Lig"ger, n. 1. A baited line attached to a float, for night fishing. See Leger, a. 2. See Ledger, 2. LIGHT Light, n. Etym: [OE.light, liht, AS. leót; akin to OS. lioht, D. & G. licht, OHG. lioht, Goth. liuhap, Icel. lj, L. lux light, lucere to shine, Gr. ruc to shine. Lucid, Lunar, Luminous, Lynx.] 1. That agent, force, or action in nature by the operation of which upon the organs of sight, objects are rendered visible or luminous. Note: Light was regarded formerly as consisting of material particles, or corpuscules, sent off in all directions from luminous bodies, and traversing space, in right lines, with the known velocity of about 186,300 miles per second; but it is now generally understood to consist, not in any actual transmission of particles or substance, but in the propagation of vibrations or undulations in a subtile, elastic medium, or ether, assumed to pervade all space, and to be thus set in vibratory motion by the action of luminous bodies, as the atmosphere is by sonorous bodies. This view of the nature of light is known as the undulatory or wave theory; the other, advocated by Newton (but long since abandoned), as the corpuscular, emission, or Newtonian theory. A more recent theory makes light to consist in electrical oscillations, and is known as the electro-magnetic theory of light. 2. That which furnishes, or is a source of, light, as the sun, a star, a candle, a lighthouse, etc. Then he called for a light, and sprang in. Acts xvi. 29. And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. Gen. i. 16. 3. The time during which the light of the sun is visible; day; especially, the dawn of day. The murderer, rising with the light, killeth the poor and needy. Job xxiv. 14. 4. The brightness of the eye or eyes. He seemed to find his way without his eyes; For out o'door he went without their helps, And, to the last, bended their light on me. Shak. 5. The medium through which light is admitted, as a window, or window pane; a skylight; in architecture, one of the compartments of a window made by a mullion or mullions. There were windows in three rows, and light was against light in three ranks. I Kings vii.4. 6. Life; existence. O, spring to light, auspicious Babe, be born ! Pope. 7. Open view; a visible state or condition; public observation; publicity. The duke yet would have dark deeds darkly answered; he would never bring them to light. Shak. 8. The power of perception by vision. My strength faileth me; as for the light of my eyes, it also is gone from me. Ps. xxxviii. 10. 9. That which illumines or makes clear to the mind; mental or spiritual illumination; enlightenment; knowledge; information. He shall never know That I had any light of this from thee. Shak. 10. Prosperity; happiness; joy; felicity. Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thy health shall spring forth speedily. Is. lviii. 8. 11. (Paint.) Defn: The manner in which the light strikes upon a picture; that part of a picture which represents those objects upon which the light is supposed to fall; the more illuminated part of a landscape or other scene; -- opposed to shade. Cf. Chiaroscuro. 12. Appearance due to the particular facts and circumstances presented to view; point of view; as, to state things fairly and put them in the right light. Frequent consideration of a thing . . . shows it in its several lights and various ways of appearance. South. 13. One who is conspicuous or noteworthy; a model or example; as, the lights of the age or of antiquity. Joan of Are, A light of ancient France. Tennyson. 14. (Pyrotech.) Defn: A firework made by filling a case with a substance which burns brilliantly with a white or colored flame; as, a Bengal light. Note: Light is used figuratively to denote that which resembles physical light in any respect, as illuminating, benefiting, enlightening, or enlivening mankind. Ancient lights (Law), Calcium light, Flash light, etc. See under Ancient, Calcium, etc. -- Light ball (Mil.), a ball of combustible materials, used to afford light; -- sometimes made so as to fired from a cannon or mortar, or to be carried up by a rocket. -- Light barrel (Mil.), an empty power barrel pierced with holes and filled with shavings soaked in pitch, used to light up a ditch or a breach. --Light dues (Com.), tolls levied on ships navigating certain waters, for the maintenance of lighthouses. -- Light iron, a candlestick. [Obs.] -- Light keeper, a person appointed to take care of a lighthouse or light-ship. -- Light money, charges laid by government on shipping entering a port, for the maintenance of lighthouses and light-ships. -- The light of the countenance, favor; kindness; smiles. Lord, lift thou up the light of thy countenance upon us. Ps. iv. 6. -- Northern lights. See Aurora borealis, under Aurora. -- To bring to light, to cause to be disclosed. -- To come to light, to be disclosed. -- To see the light, to come into the light; hence, to come into the world or public notice; as, his book never saw the light. -- To stand in one's own light, to take a position which is injurious to one's own interest. LIGHT Light, a. Etym: [AS. leóht. See Light, n.] [Compar. Lighter; superl. Lightest.] 1. Having light; not dark or obscure; bright; clear; as, the apartment is light. 2. White or whitish; not intense or very marked; not of a deep shade; moderately colored; as, a light color; a light brown; a light complexion. LIGHT Light, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lighted or Lit (p. pr. & vb. n. Lighting.] Etym: [AS. l, lihtan, to shine. Light, n.] 1. To set fire to; to cause to burn; to set burning; to ignite; to kindle; as, to light a candle or lamp; to light the gas; -- sometimes with up. If a thousand candles be all lighted from one. Hakewill. And the largest lamp is lit. Macaulay. Absence might cure it, or a second mistress Light up another flame, and put out this. Addison. 2. To give light to; to illuminate; to fill with light; to spread over with light; -- often with up. Ah, hopeless, lasting flames I like those that burn To light the dead. Pope. One hundred years ago, to have lit this theater as brilliantly as it is now lighted would have cost, I suppose, fifty pounds. F. Harrison. The sun has set, and Vesper, to supply His absent beams, has lighted up the sky. Dryden. 3. To attend or conduct with a light; to show the way to by means of a light. His bishops lead him forth, and light him on. Landor. To light a fire, to kindle the material of a fire. LIGHT Light, v. i. 1. To become ignited; to take fire; as, the match will not light. 2. To be illuminated; to receive light; to brighten; -- with up; as, the room light up very well. LIGHT Light, a. [Compar. Lighted; superl. Lightest.] Etym: [OE. light, liht, AS. liht, leóht; akin to D. ligt, G. leicht, OHG.lihti, Icel. l, Dan. let, Sw. lätt, Goth. leihts, and perh. to L. levis (cf. Levity), Gr. laghu light. 1. Having little, or comparatively little, weight; not tending to be the center of gravity with force; not heavy. These weights did not exert their natural gravity . . . insomuch that I could not guess which was light or heavy whilst I held them in my hand. Addison. 2. Not burdensome; easy to be lifted, borne, or carried by physical strength; as, a light burden, or load. Ye shall find rest unto your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light. Matt. xi. 29. 30. 3. Easy to be endured or performed; not severe; not difficult; as, a light affliction or task. Chaucer. Light sufferings give us leisure to complain. Dryden. 4. Easy to be digested; not oppressive to the stomach; as, light food; also, containing little nutriment. 5. Not heavily armed; armed with light weapons; as, light troops; a troop of light horse. 6. Not encumbered; unembarrassed; clear of impediments; hence, active; nimble; swift. Unmarried men are best friends, best masters . . . but not always best subjects, for they are light to run away. Bacon. 7. Not heavily burdened; not deeply laden; not sufficiently ballasted; as, the ship returned light. 8. Slight; not important; as, a light error. Shak. 9. Well leavened; not heavy; as, light bread. 10. Not copious or heavy; not dense; not inconsiderable; as, a light rain; a light snow; light vapors. 11. Not strong or violent; moderate; as, a light wind. 12. Not pressing heavily or hard upon; hence, having an easy graceful manner; delicate; as, a light touch; a light style of execution. 13. Easy to admit influence; inconsiderate; easily influenced by trifling considerations; unsteady; unsettled; volatile; as, a light, vain person; a light mind. There is no greater argument of a light and inconsiderate person than profanely to scoff at religion. Tillotson. 14. Indulging in, or inclined to, levity; wanting dignity or solemnity; trifling; gay; frivolous; airy; unsubstantial. Seneca can not be too heavy, nor Plautus too light. Shak. Specimens of New England humor laboriously light and lamentably mirthful. Hawthorne. 15. Not quite sound or normal; somewhat impaired or deranged; dizzy; giddy. Are his wits safe Is he not light of brain Shak. 16. Easily bestowed; inconsiderately rendered. To a fair semblance doth light annex. Spenser. 17. Wanton; unchaste; as, a woman of light character. A light wife doth make a heavy husband. Shak. 18. Not of the legal, standard, or usual weight; clipped; diminished; as, light coin. 19. Loose; sandy; easily pulverized; as, a light soil. Light cavalry, Light horse (Mil.), light-armed soldiers mounted on strong and active horses. -- Light eater, one who eats but little. -- Light infantry, infantry soldiers selected and trained for rapid evolutions. -- Light of foot. (a) Having a light step. (b) Fleet. -- Light of heart, gay, cheerful. -- Light oil (Chem.), the oily product, lighter than water, forming the chief part of the first distillate of coal tar, and consisting largely of benzene and toluene. -- Light sails (Naut.), all the sails above the topsails, with, also, the studding sails and flying jib. Dana. -- Light sleeper, one easily wakened. -- Light weight, a prize fighter, boxer, wrestler, or jockey, who is below a standard medium weight. Cf. Feather weight, under Feather. [Cant] -- To make light of, to treat as of little consequence; to slight; to disregard. -- To set light by, to undervalue; to slight; to treat as of no importance; to despise. LIGHT Light, adv. Defn: Lightly; cheaply. Hooker. LIGHT Light, v. t. Etym: [See Light not heavy, and cf. Light to alight, and Lighten to make less heavy.] Defn: To lighten; to ease of a burden; to take off. [Obs.] From his head the heavy burgonet did light. Spenser. LIGHT Light, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lighted or Lit (p. pr. & vb. n. Lighting.] Etym: [AS. lihtan to alight orig., to relieve (a horse) of the rider's burden, to make less heavy, fr. liht light. See Light not heavy, and cf. Alight, Lighten to make light.] 1. To dismount; to descend, as from a horse or carriage; to alight; - - with from, off, on, upon, at, in. When she saw Isaac, she lighted off the camel. Gen. xxiv. 64. Slowly rode across a withered heath, And lighted at a ruined inn. Tennyson. 2. To feel light; to be made happy. [Obs.] It made all their hearts to light. Chaucer. 3. To descend from flight, and rest, perch, or settle, as a bird or insect. [The bee] lights on that, and this, and tasteth all. Sir. J. Davies. On the tree tops a crested peacock lit. Tennyson. 4. To come down suddenly and forcibly; to fall; -- with on or upon. On me, me only, as the source and spring Of all corruption, all the blame light due. Milton. 5. To come by chance; to happen; -- with on or upon; formerly with into. The several degrees of vision, which the assistance of glasses (casually at first lit on) has taught us to conceive. Locke. They shall light into atheistical company. South. And here we lit on Aunt Elizabeth, And Lilia with the rest. Tennyson. LIGHTABLE Light"a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be lighted. LIGHT-ARMED Light"-armed`, a. Defn: Armed with light weapons or accouterments. LIGHT-BOAT Light"-boat`, n. Defn: Light-ship. LIGHTE Light"e, obs. imp. Defn: of Light, to alight. Chaucer. LIGHTEN Light"en, v. i. Etym: [See Light to alight.] Defn: To descend; to light. O Lord, let thy mercy lighten upon us. Book of Common Prayer [Eng. Ed.] LIGHTEN Light"en, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lightened; p. pr. & vb. n. Lightening.] Etym: [OE. lightenen. See Light to kindle, illuminate.] 1. To burst forth or dart, as lightning; to shine with, or like, lightning; to display a flash or flashes of lightning; to flash. This dreadful night, That thunders, lightens, opens graves, and roars As doth the lion. Shak. 2. To grow lighter; to become less dark or lowering; to brighten; to clear, as the sky. LIGHTEN Light"en, v. t. Etym: [See Light to illuminate.] 1. To make light or clear; to light; to illuminate; as, to lighten an apartment with lamps or gas; to lighten the streets. [In this sense less common than light.] A key of fire ran all along the shore, And lightened all the river with a blaze. Dryden. 2. To illuminate with knowledge; to enlighten. [In this sense less common than enlighten.] Lighten my spirit with one clear heavenly ray. Sir J. Davies. 3. To emit or disclose in, or as in, lightning; to flash out, like lightning. His eye . . . lightens forth Controlling majesty. Shak. 4. To free from trouble and fill with joy. They looked unto him, were lightened. Ps. xxxiv. 5. LIGHTEN Light"en, v. t. Etym: [See Light not heavy.] 1. To make lighter, or less heavy; to reduce in weight; to relieve of part of a load or burden; as, to lighten a ship by unloading; to lighten a load or burden. 2. To make less burdensome or afflictive; to alleviate; as, to lighten the cares of life or the burden of grief. 3. To cheer; to exhilarate. Lighens my humor with his merry jests. Shak. LIGHTER Light"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, lights; as, a lighter of lamps. LIGHTER Light"er, n. Etym: [D. ligter, fr. ligt light. See Light not heavy.] (Naut.) Defn: A large boat or barge, mainly, used in unloading or loading vessels which can not reach the wharves at the place of shipment or delivery. Lighter screw (Mach.), a screw for adjusting the distance between the stones in a grinding mill by raising or lowering the bridgetree. LIGHTER Light"er, v. t. Defn: To convey by a lighter, as to or from the shore; as, to lighter the cargo of a ship. LIGHTERAGE Light"er*age, n. 1. The price paid for conveyance of goods on a lighter. 2. The act of unloading into a lighter, or of conveying by a lighter. LIGHTERMAN Light"er*man, n.; pl. Lightermen (. Defn: A person employed on, or who manages, a lighter. LIGHT-FINGERED Light"-fin`gered, a. Defn: Dexterous in taking and conveying away; thievish; pilfering; addicted to petty thefts. Fuller. LIGHT-FOOT; LIGHT-FOOTED Light"-foot`, Light"-foot`ed, a. Defn: Having a light, springy step; nimble in running or dancing; active; as, light-foot Iris. Tennyson. LIGHTFUL Light"ful, a. Defn: Full of light; bright. [R.] "Lightful presence." Marston. LIGHT-HANDED Light"-hand`ed, a. (Naut.) Defn: Not having a full complement of men; as, a vessel light-handed. LIGHT-HEADED Light"-head`ed, a. 1. Disordered in the head; dilirious. Walpole. 2. Thoughtless; heedless; volatile; unsteady; fickle; loose. "Light- headed, weak men." Clarendon. -- Light"-head`ed*ness, n. LIGHT-HEARTED Light"-heart"ed, a. Defn: Free from grief or anxiety; gay; cheerful; merry. -- Light"-heart`ed*ly, adv. -- Light"-heart"ed*ness, n. LIGHT-HEELED Light"-heeled`, a. Defn: Lively in walking or running; brisk; light-footed. LIGHT-HORSEMAN Light"-horse`man, n.; pl. -men (. 1. A soldier who serves in the light horse. See under 5th Light. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A West Indian fish of the genus Ephippus, remarkable for its high dorsal fin and brilliant colors. LIGHTHOUSE Light"house` n.; pl.Lighthouses (. Defn: A tower or other building with a powerful light at top, erected at the entrance of a port, or at some important point on a coast, to serve as a guide to mariners at night; a pharos. LIGHTING Light"ing, n. (Metal.) Defn: A name sometimes applied to the process of annealing metals. LIGHT-LEGGED Light"-legged`, a. Defn: Nimble; swift of foot. Sir P. Sidney. LIGHTLESS Light"less, a. Defn: Destitute of light; dark. Shak. LIGHTLY Light"ly, adv. 1. With little weight; with little force; as, to tread lightly; to press lightly. Yet shall thy grave with rising flowers be drest, And the green turf lie lightly on thy breast. Pope. Him thus intent Ithuriel with his spear Touched lightly. Milton. 2. Swiftly; nimbly; with agility. So mikle was that barge, it might not lightly sail. R. of Brunne. Watch what thou seest and lightly bring me word. Tennyson. 3. Without deep impression. The soft ideas of the cheerful note, Lightly received, were easily forgot. Prior. 4. In a small degree; slightly; not severely. At the first he lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun . . . and afterward did more grievously afflict her. Is. ix. 1. 5. With little effort or difficulty; easily; readily. That lightly come, shall lightly go. Old Proverb. They come lightly by the malt, and need not spare it. Sir W. Scott. 6. Without reason, or for reasons of little weight. Flatter not the rich, neither do thou willingly or lightly appear before great personages. Jer. Taylor. 7. Commonly; usually. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher. The great thieves of a state are lightly the officers of the crown. B. Jonson. 8. Without dejection; cheerfully. "Seeming to bear it lightly." Shak. 9. Without heed or care; with levity; gayly; airily. Matrimony . . . is not by any to be enterprised, nor taken in hand, unadvisedly, lightly, or wantonly. Book of Common Prayer [Eng. Ed.]. 10. Not chastely; wantonly. Swift. LIGHTMAN Light"man, n. ; pl. -men ( Defn: A man who carries or takes care of a light. T. Brown. LIGHT-MINDED Light"-mind`ed, a. Defn: Unsettled; unsteady; volatile; not considerate. -- Light"-mind`ed*ness, n. LIGHTNESS Light"ness, n. Etym: [From Light not heavy.] Defn: The state, condition, or quality, of being light or not heavy; buoyancy; levity; fickleness; delicacy; grace. Syn. -- Levity; volatility; instability; inconstancy; unsteadiness; giddiness; flightiness; airiness; gayety; liveliness; agility; nimbleness; sprightliness; briskness; swiftness; ease; facility. LIGHTNESS Light"ness, n. Etym: [From Light bright.] 1. Illumination, or degree of illumination; as, the lightness of a room. Chaucer. 2. Absence of depth or of duskiness in color; as, the lightness of a tint; lightness of complexion. LIGHTNING Light"ning, n. Etym: [For lightening, fr. lighten to flash.] 1. A discharge of atmospheric electricity, accompanied by a vivid flash of light, commonly from one cloud to another, sometimes from a cloud to the earth. The sound produced by the electricity in passing rapidly through the atmosphere constitutes thunder. 2. The act of making bright, or the state of being made bright; enlightenment; brightening, as of the mental powers. [R.] Ball lightning, a rare form of lightning sometimes seen as a globe of fire moving from the clouds to the earth. -- Chain lightning, lightning in angular, zigzag, or forked flashes. -- Heat lightning, more or less vivid and extensive flashes of electric light, without thunder, seen near the horizon, esp. at the close of a hot day. -- Lightning arrester (Telegraphy), a device, at the place where a wire enters a building, for preventing injury by lightning to an operator or instrument. It consists of a short circuit to the ground interrupted by a thin nonconductor over which lightning jumps. Called also lightning discharger. -- Lightning bug (Zoöl.), a luminous beetle. See Firefly. -- Lightning conductor, a lightning rod. -- Lightning glance, a quick, penetrating glance of a brilliant eye. -- Lightning rod, a metallic rod set up on a building, or on the mast of a vessel, and connected with the earth or water below, for the purpose of protecting the building or vessel from lightning. -- Sheet lightning, a diffused glow of electric light flashing out from the clouds, and illumining their outlines. The appearance is sometimes due to the reflection of light from distant flashes of lightning by the nearer clouds. LIGHTNING Light"ning, vb. n. Defn: Lightening. [R.] LIGHT-O'-LOVE Light"-o'-love`, n. 1. An old tune of a dance, the name of which made it a proverbial expression of levity, especially in love matters. Nares. "Best sing it to the tune of light-o'-love." Shak. 2. Hence: A light or wanton woman. Beau. & Fl. LIGHTROOM Light"room`, n. Defn: A small room from which the magazine of a naval vessel is lighted, being separated from the magazine by heavy glass windows. LIGHTS lights, n. pl. Etym: [So called from their lightness.] Defn: The lungs of an animal or bird; -- sometimes coarsely applied to the lungs of a human being. LIGHT-SHIP Light"-ship`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A vessel carrying at the masthead a brilliant light, and moored off a shoal or place of dangerous navigation as a guide for mariners. LIGHTSOME Light"some, a. 1. Having light; lighted; not dark or gloomy; bright. White walls make rooms more lightsome than black. Bacon. 2. Gay; airy; cheering; exhilarating. That lightsome affection of joy. Hooker. -- Light"some*ly, adv. -- Light"some*ness, n. Happiness may walk soberly in dark attire, as well as dance lightsomely in a gala dress. Hawthorne. LIGHTSTRUCK Light"*struck`, a. (Photog.) Defn: Damaged by accidental exposure to light; light-fogged; -- said of plates or films. LIGHTWEIGHT Light"weight`, n. One of less than average weight; specif.: (a) In boxing, wrestling, etc., one weighingnot more than 133 pounds (U. S. amateur rules 135 pounds, Eng. 140 pounds). (b) A person of small impotance or mental ability. [Colloq., Chiefly U. S.] LIGHTWEIGHT Light"weight`, a. Defn: Light in weight, as a coin; specif., applied to a man or animal who is a lightweight. LIGHT-WINGED Light"-winged`, a. Defn: Having light and active wings; volatile; fleeting. Shak. LIGHTWOOD Light"wood`, n. Defn: Pine wood abounding in pitch, used for torches in the Southern United States; pine knots, dry sticks, and the like, for kindling a fire quickly or making a blaze. LIGHTY Light"y, a. Defn: Illuminated. [Obs.] Wyclif. LIGHT YEAR Light year. (Astron.) Defn: The distance over which light can travel in a year's time; -- used as a unit in expressing stellar distances. It is more than 63,000 times as great as the distance from the earth to the sun. LIGN-ALOES Lign`-al"oes, n. Etym: [OE. ligne aloes, fr. L. lignum wood + aloe aloe.] 1. Aloes wood, or agallochum. See Agallochum. 2. A fragrant tree mentioned in the Bible. Num. xxiv. 6. LIGNEOUS Lig"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. ligneus, fr. lignum wood. Cf. Lignous.] Defn: Made of wood; consisting of wood; of the nature of, or resembling, wood; woody. It should be tried with shoots of vines and roots of red roses; for it may be they, being of a moreligneous nature, will incorporate with the tree itself. Bacon. Ligneous marble, wood coated or prepared so as to resemble marble. LIGNIFEROUS Lig*nif`er*ous, a. Etym: [L. lignifer; lignum wood + ferre to bear: cf. F. lignifère.] Defn: Yielding or producing wood. LIGNIFICATION Lig`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lignification. See Lignify.] (Bot.) Defn: A change in the character of a cell wall, by which it becomes harder. It is supposed to be due to an incrustation of lignin. LIGNIFORM Lig"ni*form, a. Etym: [L. lignum wood + -form: cf. F. ligniforme.] Defn: Like wood. LIGNIFY Lig"ni*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lignified; p. pr. & vb. n. Lignifying.] Etym: [L. lignum wood + -fy: cf. F. lignifier.] (Bot.) Defn: To convert into wood or into a ligneous substance. LIGNIFY Lig"ni*fy, v. i. (Bot.) Defn: To become wood. LIGNIN Lig"nin, n. Etym: [L. lignum wood: cf. F. lignine.] (Bot.) Defn: A substance characterizing wood cells and differing from cellulose in its conduct with certain chemical reagents. Note: Recent authors have distinguished four forms of this substance, naming them lignose, lignin, lignone, and lignireose. LIGNIPERDOUS Lig`ni*per"dous, a. Etym: [L. lignum wood + perdere to destroy: cf. F. ligniperde.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Wood-destroying; -- said of certain insects. LIGNIREOSE Lig*nir"e*ose`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Lignin. LIGNITE Lig"nite, n. Etym: [L. lignum wood: cf. F. lignite.] (Min.) Defn: Mineral coal retaining the texture of the wood from which it was formed, and burning with an empyreumatic odor. It is of more recent origin than the anthracite and bituminous coal of the proper coal series. Called also brown coal, wood coal. LIGNITIC Lig*nit"ic, a. Defn: Containing lignite; resembling, or of the nature of, lignite; as, lignitic clay. Lignitic group. See Laramie group. LIGNITIFEROUS Lig`ni*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Lignite + -ferous.] Defn: Producing or containing lignite; lignitic. LIGNOCERIC Lig`no*cer"ic, a. Etym: [L. lignum wood + cera wax.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the formic acid series, found in the tar, wax, or paraffine obtained by distilling certain kinds of wood, as the beech. LIGNONE Lig"none`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Lignin. LIGNOSE; LIGNOUS Lig*nose`, Lig"nous, a. Etym: [L. lignosus, fr. lignum wood: cf. F. ligneux. Cf. Ligneous.] Defn: Ligneous. [R.] Evelyn. LIGNOSE Lig"nose`, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: See Lignin. 2. (Chem.) Defn: An explosive compound of wood fiber and nitroglycerin. See Nitroglycerin. LIGNUM RHODIUM Lig"num rho"di*um. Etym: [NL., fr. L. lignum wood + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The fragrant wood of several shrubs and trees, especially of species of Rhodorhiza from the Canary Islands, and of the West Indian Amyris balsamifera. LIGNUM-VITAE Lig"num-vi"tae, n. Etym: [L., wood of life; lignum wood + vita, genitive vitæ, life.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree (Guaiacum officinale) found in the warm latitudes of America, from which the guaiacum of medicine is procured. Its wood is very hard and heavy, and is used for various mechanical purposes, as for the wheels of ships' blocks, cogs, bearings, and the like. See Guaiacum. Note: In New Zealand the Metrosideros buxifolia is called lignum- vitæ, and in Australia a species of Acacia. The bastard lignum-vitæ is a West Indian tree (Sarcomphalus laurinus). LIGROIN Lig"ro*in, n. Defn: A trade name applied somewhat indefinitely to some of the volatile products obtained in refining crude petroleum. It is a complex and variable mixture of several hydrocarbons, generally boils below 170º Fahr., and is more inflammable than safe kerosene. It is used as a solvent, as a carburetant for air gas, and for illumination in special lamps. LIGSAM Lig"sam, n. Etym: [Cf. D. liggen to lie, E. lie to be prostrate, and E. flotsam, jetsam, or ligan.] Defn: Same as Ligan. Brande & C. LIGULA Lig"u*la, n.; pl. L. Ligulæ, E. Ligulas. Etym: [L., a little tongue. See Ligule.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: See Ligule. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The central process, or front edge, of the labium of insects. It sometimes serves as a tongue or proboscis, as in bees. [See Illust. under Labium, and Hymenoptera.] (b) A tongue-shaped lobe of the parapodia of annelids. See Parapodium. LIGULATE; LIGULATED Lig"u*late, Lig"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ligulé. See Ligule, and cf. Lingulate.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Like a bandage, or strap; strap-shaped. 2. Composed of ligules. Ligulate flower, a species of compound flower, the florets of which have their corollets flat, spreading out toward the end, with the base only tubular. LIGULE Lig"ule, n. Etym: [L.ligula, little tongue, dim of lingua tongue : cf. F. ligule.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The thin and scarious projection from the upper end of the sheath of leaf of grass. (b) A strap-shaped corolla of flowers of Compositæ. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A band of white matter in the wall of fourth ventricle of the brain. LIGULIFLOROUS Lig`u*li*flo"rous, a. Etym: [Ligule + L. flos, floris, a flower.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing only ligulate flowers; -- said of a large suborder of composite plants, such as the dandelion, hawkweed, etc. LIGURE Lig"ure, n. Etym: [L. ligurius, Gr. leshem.] Defn: A kind of precious stone. The third row a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst. Ex. xxviii. 19. LIGUSTRIN Li*gus"trin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A bitter principle found in the bark of the privet (Ligustrum vulgare), and extracted as a white crystalline substance with a warm, bitter taste; -- called also ligustron. LIKABLE Lik"a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be liked; such as to attract liking; as, a likable person. Thackeray. LIKE Like, a. [Compar. Liker; superl. Likest.] Etym: [OE. lik, ilik, gelic, AS. gelic, fr. pref. ge- + lic body, and orig. meaning, having the same body, shape, or appearance, and hence, like; akin to OS. gilik, D. gelijk, G. gleich, OHG. gilih, Icel. likr, glikr, Dan. lig, Sw. lik, Goth. galeiks, OS. lik body, D. lijk, G. leiche, Icel. lik, Sw. lik, Goth. leik. The English adverbial ending-ly is from the same adjective. Cf. Each, Such, Which.] 1. Having the same, or nearly the same, appearance, qualities, or characteristics; resembling; similar to; similar; alike; -- often with in and the particulars of the resemblance; as, they are like each other in features, complexion, and many traits of character. 'The as like you As cherry is to cherry. Shak. Like master, like man. Old Prov. He giveth snow like wool; he scattereth the hoar-frost like ashes. Ps. cxlvii. 16. Note: To, which formerly often followed like, is now usually omitted. 2. Equal, or nearly equal; as, fields of like extent. More clergymen were impoverished by the late war than ever in the like space before. Sprat. 3. Having probability; affording probability; probable; likely. [Likely is more used now.] Shak. But it is like the jolly world about us will scoff at the paradox of these practices. South. Many were not easy to be governed, nor like to conform themselves to strict rules. Clarendon. 4. Inclined toward; disposed to; as, to feel like taking a walk. Had like (followed by the infinitive), had nearly; came little short of. Had like to have been my utter overthrow. Sir W. Raleigh Ramona had like to have said the literal truth, . . . but recollected herself in time. Mrs. H. H. Jackson. Like figures (Geom.), similar figures. Note: Like is used as a suffix, converting nouns into adjectives expressing resemblance to the noun; as, manlike, like a man; childlike, like a child; godlike, like a god, etc. Such compounds are readily formed whenever convenient, and several, as crescentlike, serpentlike, hairlike, etc., are used in this book, although, in some cases, not entered in the vocabulary. Such combinations as bell-like, ball-like, etc., are hyphened. LIKE Like, n. 1. That which is equal or similar to another; the counterpart; an exact resemblance; a copy. He was a man, take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again. Shak. 2. A liking; a preference; inclination; -- usually in pl.; as, we all have likes and dislikes. LIKE Like, adv. Etym: [AS. gelice. See Like, a.] 1. In a manner like that of; in a manner similar to; as, do not act like him. He maketh them to stagger like a drunken man. Job xii. 25. Note: Like, as here used, is regarded by some grammarians as a preposition. 2. In a like or similar manner. Shak. Like as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord pitieth them that fear him. Ps. ciii. 13. 3. Likely; probably. "Like enough it will." Shak. LIKE Like, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liked; p. pr. & vb. n. Liking.] Etym: [OE. liken to please, AS. lician, gelician, fr.gelic. See Like, a.] 1. To suit; to please; to be agreeable to. [Obs.] Cornwall him liked best, therefore he chose there. R. of Gloucester. I willingly confess that it likes me much better when I find virtue in a fair lodging than when I am bound to seek it in an ill-favored creature. Sir P. Sidney. 2. To be pleased with in a moderate degree; to approve; to take satisfaction in; to enjoy. He proceeded from looking to liking, and from liking to loving. Sir P. Sidney. 3. To liken; to compare.[Obs.] Like me to the peasant boys of France. Shak. LIKE Like, v. i. 1. To be pleased; to choose. He may either go or stay, as he best likes. Locke. 2. To have an appearance or expression; to look; to seem to be (in a specified condition). [Obs.] You like well, and bear your years very well. Shak. 3. To come near; to avoid with difficulty; to escape narrowly; as, he liked to have been too late. Cf. Had like, under Like, a. [Colloq.] He probably got his death, as he liked to have done two years ago, by viewing the troops for the expedition from the wall of Kensington Garden. Walpole. To like of, to be pleased with. [Obs.] Massinger. LIKEABLE Like"a*ble (lik"a*b'l), a. Defn: See Likable. LIKEHOOD Like"hood, n. Defn: Likelihood. [Obs.] South. LIKELIHOOD Like"li*hood, n. Etym: [Likely + -hood.] 1. Appearance; show; sign; expression. [Obs.] What of his heart perceive you in his face By any likelihood he showed to-day Shak. 2. Likeness; resemblance. [Obs.] There is no likelihood between pure light and black darkness, or between righteousness and reprobation. Sir W. Raleigh. 3. Appearance of truth or reality; probability; verisimilitude. Tennyson. LIKELINESS Like"li*ness, n. 1. Likelihood; probability. 2. Suitableness; agreeableness. [Obs.] LIKELY Like"ly, a. [Compar. Likelier; superl. Likeliest.] Etym: [That is, like-like. See Like, a.] 1. Worthy of belief; probable; credible; as, a likely story. It seems likely that he was in hope of being busy and conspicuous. Johnson. 2. Having probability; having or giving reason to expect; -- followed by the infinitive; as, it is likely to rain. 3. Similar; like; alike. [Obs.] Spenser. 4. Such as suits; good-looking; pleasing; agreeable; handsome. Shak. Milton. 5. Having such qualities as make success probable; well adapted to the place; promising; as, a likely young man; a likely servant. LIKELY Like"ly, adv. Defn: In all probability; probably. While man was innocent he was likely ignorant of nothing that imported him to know. Glanvill. LIKE-MINDED Like"-mind`ed, a. Defn: Having a like disposition or purpose; of the same mind. Tillotson. LIKEN Lik"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Likened; p. pr. & vb. n. Likening.] Etym: [OE. liknen. See Like, a.] 1. To allege, or think, to be like; to represent as like; to compare; as, to liken life to a pilgrimage. Whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man which built his house upon a rock. Matt. vii. 24. 2. To make or cause to be like. [R.] Brougham. LIKENESS Like"ness, n. Etym: [AS. gelicnes.] 1. The state or quality of being like; similitude; resemblance; similarity; as, the likeness of the one to the other is remarkable. 2. Appearance or form; guise. An enemy in the likeness of a friend. L'Estrange. 3. That which closely resembles; a portrait. [How he looked] the likenesses of him which still remain enable us to imagine. Macaulay. 4. A comparison; parable; proverb. [Obs.] He said to them, Soothly ye shall say to me this likeness, Leech, heal thyself. Wyclif (Luke iv. 23). Syn. -- Similarity; parallel; similitude; representation; portrait; effigy. LIKEROUS; LIKEROUSNESS Lik"er*ous, a., Lik"er*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Lickerish, Lickerishness. Chaucer. LIKEWISE Like"wise`, adv. & conj. Etym: [See Wise, n.] Defn: In like manner; also; moreover; too. See Also. Go, and do thou likewise. Luke x. 37. For he seeth that wise men die; likewise the fool and the brutish person perish. Ps. xlix. 10. LIKIN Li"kin`, n. [Written also lekin.] [ Chin. li kin; li the thousandth part of a tael + kin money.] Defn: A Chinese provincial tax levied at many inland stations upon imports or articles in transit. "Likin," which used to be regarded as illegal, as one of the many, "squeezes" imposed by the mandarins, is, in Jamieson's opinion, just as legal as any other form of taxation. A. R. Colquhoun. LIKING Lik"ing, p. a. Defn: Looking; appearing; as, better or worse liking. See Like, to look. [Obs.] Chaucer. Why should he see your faces worse liking than the children which are of your sort Dan. i. 10. LIKING Lik"ing, n. 1. The state of being pleasing; a suiting. See On liking, below. [Obs. or Prov. End.] 2. The state of being pleased with, or attracted toward, some thing or person; hence, inclination; desire; pleasure; preference; -- often with for, formerly with to; as, it is an amusement I have no liking for. If the human intellect hath once taken a liking to any doctrine, . . . it draws everything else into harmony with that doctrine, and to its support. Bacon. 3. Appearance; look; figure; state of body as to health or condition. [Archaic] I shall think the worse of fat men, as long as I have an eye to make difference of men's liking. Shak. Their young ones are in good liking. Job. xxxix. 4. On liking, on condition of being pleasing to or suiting; also, on condition of being pleased with; as, to hold a place of service on liking; to engage a servant on liking. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Would he be the degenerate scion of that royal line . . . to be a king on liking and on sufferance Hazlitt. LILAC Li"lac, n. [Also lilach.] Etym: [Sp. lilac, lila, Ar.lilak, fr. Per. lilaj, lilanj, lilang, nilaj, nil, the indigo plant, or from the kindred lilak bluish, the flowers being named from the color. Cf. Anil.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A shrub of the genus Syringa. There are six species, natives of Europe and Asia. Syringa vulgaris, the common lilac, and S. Persica, the Persian lilac, are frequently cultivated for the fragrance and beauty of their purplish or white flowers. In the British colonies various other shrubs have this name. 2. A light purplish color like that of the flower of the purplish lilac. California lilac (Bot.), a low shrub with dense clusters of purplish flowers (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus). LILACIN Lil"a*cin, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Syringin. LILIACEOUS Lil`i*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. liliaceus, fr. lilium lily. See Lily.] (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to a natural order of which the lily, tulip, and hyacinth are well-known examples. (b) Like the blossom of a lily in general form. LILIAL Lil"i*al, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a general resemblance to lilies or to liliaceous plants. LILIED Lil"ied, a. Defn: Covered with, or having many, lilies. By sandy Ladon's lilied banks. Milton. LILL Lill, v. i. Defn: To loll. [Obs. or Prov.] Spenser. LILLIPUTIAN Lil`li*pu"tian, n. 1. One belonging to a very diminutive race described in Swift's "Voyage to Lilliput." 2. Hence: Defn: A person or thing of very small size. LILLIPUTIAN Lil`li*pu"tian, a. 1. Of or having to the imaginary island of Lilliput described by Swift, or to its inhabitants. 2. Hence: Defn: Of very small size; diminutive; dwarfed. LILLY-PILLY Lil"ly-pil`ly, n. (Bot.) Defn: An Australian myrtaceous tree (Eugenia Smithii), having smooth ovate leaves, and panicles of small white flowers. The wood is hard and fine-grained. LILT Lilt, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Norw. lilla, lirla, to sing in a high tone.] 1. To do anything with animation and quickness, as to skip, fly, or hop. [Prov. Eng.] Wordsworth. 2. To sing cheerfully. [Scot.] LILT Lilt, v. t. Defn: To utter with spirit, animation, or gayety; to sing with spirit and liveliness. A classic lecture, rich in sentiment, With scraps of thundrous epic lilted out By violet-hooded doctors. Tennyson. LILT Lilt, n. 1. Animated, brisk motion; spirited rhythm; sprightliness. The movement, the lilt, and the subtle charm of the verse. F. Harrison. 2. A lively song or dance; a cheerful tune. The housewife went about her work, or spun at her wheel, with a lilt upon her lips. J. C. Shairp. LILY Lil"y, n.; pl. Lilies. Etym: [AS. lilie, L. lilium, Gr. Flower-de- luce.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant and flower of the genus Lilium, endogenous bulbous plants, having a regular perianth of six colored pieces, six stamens, and a superior three-celled ovary. Note: There are nearly fifty species, all found in the North Temperate zone. Lilium candidum and L. longiflorum are the common white lilies of gardens; L. Philadelphicum is the wild red lily of the Atlantic States. L. Chalcedonicum is supposed to be the "lily of the field" in our Lord's parable; L. auratum is the great gold-banded lily of Japan. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to handsome flowering plants of several genera, having some resemblance in color or form to a true lily, as Pancratium, Crinum, Amaryllis, Nerine, etc. 3. That end of a compass needle which should point to the north; -- so called as often ornamented with the figure of a lily or fleur-de- lis. But sailing further, it veers its lily to the west. Sir T. Browne. African lily (Bot.), the blue-flowered Agapanthus umbellatus. -- Atamasco lily (Bot.), a plant of the genus Zephyranthes (Z. Atamasco), having a white and pink funnelform perianth, with six petal-like divisions resembling those of a lily. Gray. -- Blackberry lily (Bot.), the Pardanthus Chinensis, the black seeds of which form a dense like a blackberry. -- Bourbon lily (Bot.), Lilium candidum. See Illust. -- Butterfly lily. (Bot.) Same as Mariposa lily, in the Vocabulary. -- Lily daffodil (Bot.), a plant of the genus Narcissus, and its flower. -- Lily encrinite (Paleon.), a fossil encrinite, esp. Encrinus liliiformis. See Encrinite. -- Lily hyacinth (Bot.), a plant of the genus Hyacinthus. -- Lily iron, a kind of harpoon with a detachable head of peculiar shape, used in capturing swordfish. -- Lily of the valley (Bot.), a low perennial herb (Convallaria majalis), having a raceme of nodding, fragrant, white flowers. -- Lily pad, the large floating leaf of the water lily. [U. S.] Lowell. -- Tiger lily (Bot.), Lilium tigrinum, the sepals of which are blotched with black. -- Turk's-cap lily (Bot.) Lilium Martagon, a red lily with recurved sepals; also, the similar American lily, L. superbum. -- Water lily (Bot.), the Nymphæa, a plant with floating roundish leaves, and large flowers having many petals, usually white, but sometimes pink, red, blue, or yellow. [See Illust. of Nymphæa.] LILY-HANDED Lil"y-hand`ed, a. Defn: Having white, delicate hands. LILY-LIVERED Lil"y-liv`ered, a. Defn: White-livered; cowardly. LILYWORT Lil"y*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the Lily family or order. Lindley. LIM Lim, n. Etym: [See Limb.] Defn: A limb. [Obs.] Chaucer. LIMA Li"ma, n. Defn: The capital city of Peru, in South America. Lima bean. (Bot.) (a) A variety of climbing or pole bean (Phaseolus lunatus), which has very large flattish seeds. (b) The seed of this plant, much used for food. -- Lima wood (Bot.), the beautiful dark wood of the South American tree Cæsalpinia echinata. LIMACEOUS Li*ma"ceous, a. Etym: [L. limax, limacis, slug, snail: cf. F. limacé.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or like, Limax, or the slugs. LIMACINA Lim`a*ci"na, n. Etym: [NL., From L. limax, limacis, a slug.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small spiral pteropods, common in the Arctic and Antarctic seas. It contributes to the food of the right whales. LIMACON Li`ma`con", n. Etym: [F. limacon, lit., a snail.] (Geom.) Defn: A curve of the fourth degree, invented by Pascal. Its polar equation is r = a cos + b. LIMAILLE Li"maille, n. Etym: [F., fr. limer to file. See Limation.] Defn: Filings of metal. [Obs.] "An ounce . . . of silver lymaille." Chaucer. LIMAN Li"man, n. Etym: [F. limon, fr. L. limus slime.] Defn: The deposit of slime at the mouth of a river; slime. LIMATION Li*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. limatus, p. p. of limare to file, fr. lima file : cf. F. limation.] Defn: The act of filing or polishing. LIMATURE Li"ma*ture, n. Etym: [L. limatura. See Limation.] 1. The act of filing. 2. That which is filed off; filings. Johnson. LIMAX Li"max, n. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of airbreathing mollusks, including the common garden slugs. They have a small rudimentary shell. The breathing pore is on the right side of the neck. Several species are troublesome in gardens. See Slug. LIMB Limb, n. Etym: [OE. lim, AS. lim; akin to Icel. limr limb, lim branch of a tree, Sw. & Dan. lem limb; cf. also AS. li, OHG. lid, gilid, G. glied, Goth. lipus. Cf. Lith, Limber.] 1. A part of a tree which extends from the trunk and separates into branches and twigs; a large branch. 2. An arm or a leg of a human being; a leg, arm, or wing of an animal. A second Hector for his grim aspect, And large proportion of his strong-knit limbs. Shak. 3. A thing or person regarded as a part or member of, or attachment to, something else. Shak. That little limb of the devil has cheated the gallows. Sir W. Scott. 4. An elementary piece of the mechanism of a lock. Limb of the law, a lawyer or an officer of the law. [Colloq.] Landor. LIMB Limb, v. t. 1. To supply with limbs. [R.] Milton. 2. To dismember; to tear off the limbs of. LIMB Limb, n. Etym: [L. limbus border. Cf. Limbo, Limbus.] Defn: A border or edge, in certain special uses. (a) (Bot.) The border or upper spreading part of a monopetalous corolla, or of a petal, or sepal; blade. (b) (Astron.) The border or edge of the disk of a heavenly body, especially of the sun and moon. (c) The graduated margin of an arc or circle, in an instrument for measuring angles. LIMBAT Lim"bat, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A cooling periodical wind in the Isle of Cyprus, blowing from the northwest from eight o'clock, A. M., to the middle of the day or later. LIMBATE Lim"bate, a. Etym: [L. limbatus, fr. limbus border, edge. See Limbus.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Bordered, as when one color is surrounded by an edging of another. LIMBEC Lim"bec, n. Etym: [Abbrev. of alembic.] Defn: An alembic; a still. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak. LIMBEC Lim"bec, v. t. Defn: To distill. [Obs.] Dryden. LIMBED Limbed, a. Defn: Having limbs; -- much used in composition; as, large-limbed; short-limbed. Innumerous living creatures, perfect forms, Limbed and full grown. Milton. LIMBER Lim"ber, n. Etym: [For limmer, Icel. limar branches, boughs, pl. of lim; akin to E. limb. See Limb a branch.] 1. pl. Defn: The shafts or thills of a wagon or carriage. [Prov. Eng.] 2. (Mil.) Defn: The detachable fore part of a gun carriage, consisting of two wheels, an axle, and a shaft to which the horses are attached. On top is an ammunition box upon which the cannoneers sit. 3. pl. (Naut.) Defn: Gutters or conduits on each side of the keelson to afford a passage for water to the pump well. Limber boards (Naut.), short pieces of plank forming part of the lining of a ship's floor immediately above the timbers, so as to prevent the limbers from becoming clogged. -- Limber box or chest (Mil.), a box on the limber for carrying ammunition. -- Limber rope, Limber chain or Limber clearer (Naut.), a rope or chain passing through the limbers of a ship, by which they may be cleared of dirt that chokes them. Totten. -- Limber strake (Shipbuilding), the first course of inside planking next the keelson. LIMBER Lim"ber v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Limbering.] (Mil.) Defn: To attach to the limber; as, to limber a gun. To limber up, to change a gun carriage into a four-wheeled vehicle by attaching the limber. LIMBER Lim"ber, a. Etym: [Akin to lim, a. Limp, a.] Defn: Easily bent; flexible; pliant; yielding. Milton. The bargeman that doth row with long and limber oar. Turbervile. LIMBER Lim"ber, v. t. Defn: To cause to become limber; to make flexible or pliant. Richardson. LIMBERNESS Lim"ber*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being limber; flexibleness. Boyle. LIMBLESS Limb"less, a. Defn: Destitute of limbs. LIMBMEAL Limb"meal`, adv. Etym: [See Limb, and Piecemeal.] Defn: Piecemeal. [Obs.] "To tear her limbmeal." Shak. LIMBO; LIMBUS Lim"bo, Lim"bus, n. Etym: [L. limbus border, edge in limbo on the border. Cf. Limb border.] 1. (Scholastic Theol.) Defn: An extramundane region where certain classes of souls were supposed to await the judgment. As far from help as Limbo is from bliss. Shak. A Limbo large and broad, since called The Paradise of fools. Milton. Note: The limbus patrum was considered as a place for the souls of good men who lived before the coming of our Savior. The limbus infantium was said to be a similar place for the souls of unbaptized infants. To these was added, in the popular belief, the limbus fatuorum, or fool's paradise, regarded as a receptacle of all vanity and nonsense. 2. Hence: Any real or imaginary place of restraint or confinement; a prison; as, to put a man in limbo. 3. (Anat.) Defn: A border or margin; as, the limbus of the cornea. Etym: Jamaican E limba to bend, fr. E. limber (1950)]. Often performed at celebrations, such as weddings. (1950-1996) LIMBOUS Lim"bous, a. Etym: [See Limbus.] (Anat.) Defn: With slightly overlapping borders; -- said of a suture. LIMBURG CHEESE; LIMBURGER; LIMBURGER CHEESE Lim"burg cheese, Lim"burg*er, n., Lim"burg*er cheese. Defn: A soft cheese made in the Belgian province of Limburg (Limbourg), and usually not eaten until the curing has developed a peculiar and, to most people, unpleasant odor. LIME Lime, n. Etym: [See Leam a string.] Defn: A thong by which a dog is led; a leash. Halliwell. LIME Lime, n. Etym: [Formerly line, for earlier lind. See Linden.] (Bot.) Defn: The linden tree. See Linden. LIME Lime, n. Etym: [F. lime; of Persian origin. See Lemon.] (Bot.) Defn: A fruit allied to the lemon, but much smaller; also, the tree which bears it. There are two kinds; Citrus Medica, var. acida which is intensely sour, and the sweet lime (C. Medica, var. Limetta) which is only slightly sour. LIME Lime, n. Etym: [AS. lim; akin to D. lijm, G. leim, OHG. lim, L. limus mud, linere to smear, and E. loam. . Cf. Loam, Liniment.] 1. Birdlime. Like the lime That foolish birds are caught with. Wordsworth. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Oxide of calcium; the white or gray, caustic substance, usually called quicklime, obtained by calcining limestone or shells, the heat driving off carbon dioxide and leaving lime. It develops great heat when treated with water, forming slacked lime, and is an essential ingredient of cement, plastering, mortar, etc.CaO Note: Lime is the principal constituent of limestone, marble, chalk, bones, shells, etc. Caustic lime, calcium hydrate or slacked lime; also, in a less technical sense, calcium oxide or quicklime. -- Lime burner, one who burns limestone, shells, etc., to make lime. -- Lime light. See Calcium light under Calcium. -- Lime pit, a limestone quarry. -- Lime rod, Lime twig, a twig smeared with birdlime; hence, that which catches; a snare. Chaucer. LIME Lime, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limed; p. pr. & vb. n. Liming.] Etym: [Cf. AS. geliman to glue or join together. See Lime a viscous substance.] 1. To smear with a viscous substance, as birdlime. These twigs, in time, will come to be limed. L'Estrange. 2. To entangle; to insnare. We had limed ourselves With open eyes, and we must take the chance. Tennyson. 3. To treat with lime, or oxide or hydrate of calcium; to manure with lime; as, to lime hides for removing the hair; to lime sails in order to whiten them. Land may be improved by draining, marling, and liming. Sir J. Child. 4. To cement. "Who gave his blood to lime the stones together." Shak. LIMEHOUND Lime"hound`, n. Etym: [Lime a leash + hound.] Defn: A dog used in hunting the wild boar; a leamer. Spenser. LIMEKILN Lime"kiln`, n. Defn: A kiln or furnace in which limestone or shells are burned and reduced to lime. LIMELIGHT Lime"light`, n. (Theat.) Defn: That part of the stage upon which the limelight as cast, usually where the most important action is progressing or where the leading player or players are placed and upon which the attention of the spectators is therefore concentrated. Hence, consspicuous position before the public; as, politicians who are never happy except in the limelight. LIMENEAN Li*men"e*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Lima, or to the inhabitants of Lima, in Peru. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Lima. LIMER Lim"er, n. Defn: A limehound; a limmer. Chaucer. LIMERICK Lim"er*ick, n. [Said to be from a song with the same verse construction, current in Ireland, the refrain of which contains the place name Limerick.] Defn: A nonsense poem of five anapestic lines, of which lines 1, 2, and 5 are of there feet, and rime, and lines 3 and 4 are of two feet, and rime; as -- There was a young lady, Amanda, Whose Ballades Lyriques were quite fin de Siècle, I deem But her Journal Intime Was what sent her papa to Uganda. LIMESTONE Lime"stone`, n. Defn: A rock consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime. It sometimes contains also magnesium carbonate, and is then called magnesian or dolomitic limestone. Crystalline limestone is called marble. LIME TWIG Lime twig Defn: . See under 4th Lime. LIME-TWIGGED Lime"-twigged`, a. Defn: Beset with snares; insnared, as with birdlime. L. Addison. LIMEWATER Lime"wa`ter, n. Defn: Water impregnated with lime; esp., an artificial solution of lime for medicinal purposes. LIMICOLAE Li*mic"o*læ, n. pl. Etym: [L. limicola a dweller in the mud; limus mud + colere to dwell.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of shore birds, embracing the plovers, sandpipers, snipe, curlew, etc. ; the Grallæ. LIMICOLINE Li*mic"o*line, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Shore-inhabiting; of or pertaining to the Limicolæ. LIMINESS Lim"i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being limy. LIMIT Lim"it, n. Etym: [From L. limes, limitis: cf. F.limite; -or from E. limit, v. See Limit, v. t.] 1. That which terminates, circumscribes, restrains, or confines; the bound, border, or edge; the utmost extent; as, the limit of a walk, of a town, of a country; the limits of human knowledge or endeavor. As eager of the chase, the maid Beyond the forest's verdant limits strayed. Pope. 2. The space or thing defined by limits. The archdeacon hath divided it Into three limits very equally. Shak. 3. That which terminates a period of time; hence, the period itself; the full time or extent. The dateless limit of thy dear exile. Shak. The limit of your lives is out. Shak. 4. A restriction; a check; a curb; a hindrance. I prithee, give no limits to my tongue. Shak. 5. (Logic & Metaph.) Defn: A determining feature; a distinguishing characteristic a differentia. 6. (Math.) Defn: A determinate quantity, to which a variable one continually approaches, and may differ from it by less than any given difference, but to which, under the law of variation, the variable can never become exactly equivalent. Elastic limit. See under Elastic. -- Prison limits, a definite, extent of space in or around a prison, within which a prisoner has liberty to go and come. Syn. -- Boundary; border; edge; termination; restriction; bound; confine. LIMIT Lim"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limited; p. pr. & vb. n. Limiting.] Etym: [F. limiter, L. limitare, fr. limes, limitis, limit; prob. akin to limen threshold, E. eliminate; cf. L. limus sidelong.] Defn: To apply a limit to, or set a limit for; to terminate, circumscribe, or restrict, by a limit or limits; as, to limit the acreage of a crop; to limit the issue of paper money; to limit one's ambitions or aspirations; to limit the meaning of a word. Limiting parallels (Astron.), those parallels of latitude between which only an occultation of a star or planet by the moon, in a given case, can occur. LIMIT Lim"it, v. i. Defn: To beg, or to exercise functions, within a certain limited region; as, a limiting friar. [Obs.] LIMITABLE Lim"it*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being limited. LIMITANEOUS Lim`i*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. limitancus. See Limit, v. t.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a limit. [Obs.] LIMITARIAN Lim`i*ta"ri*an, a. Defn: Tending to limit. LIMITARY Lim"i*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L.limitaris. See Limit , v. t.] 1. Placed at the limit, as a guard. "Proud limitary cherub." Milton. 2. Confined within limits; limited in extent, authority, power, etc. "The limitary ocean." Trench. The poor, limitary creature calling himself a man of the world. De Quincey. 3. Limiting, or tending to limit; restrictive. Doctrines limitary, if not subversive of the papal power. Milman. LIMITARY Lim"i*ta*ry, n.; pl. -ries (. 1. That which serves to limit; a boundary; border land. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. A limiter. See Limiter, 2. LIMITATE Lim"i*tate, a. Etym: [L. limitatus, p. p. of limitare to limit. See Limit, v. t. ] Defn: Bounded by a distinct line. LIMITATION Lim`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. limitatio: cf. F. Limitation. See Limit, v. t.] 1. The act of limiting; the state or condition of being limited; as, the limitation of his authority was approved by the council. They had no right to mistake the limitation . . . of their own faculties, for an inherent limitation of the possible modes of existence in the universe. J. S. Mill. 2. That which limits; a restriction; a qualification; a restraining condition, defining circumstance, or qualifying conception; as, limitations of thought. The cause of error is ignorance what restraints and limitations all principles have in regard of the matter whereunto they are applicable. Hooker. 3. A certain precinct within which friars were allowed to beg, or exercise their functions; also, the time during which they were permitted to exercise their functions in such a district. Chaucer. Latimer. 4. A limited time within or during which something is to be done. You have stood your limitation, and the tribunes Endue you with the people's voice. Shak. 5. (Law) (a) A certain period limited by statute after which the claimant shall not enforce his claims by suit. (b) A settling of an estate or property by specific rules. (c) A restriction of power; as, a constitutional limitation. Wharton. Bouvier. To know one's own limitations, to know the reach and limits of one's abilities. A. R. Wallace. LIMITED Lim"it*ed, a. Defn: Confined within limits; narrow; circumscribed; restricted; as, our views of nature are very limited. Limited company, a company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited by the number of shares he has taken, so that he can not be called on to contribute beyond the amount of his shares. [Eng.] Mozley & W. LIMITEDLY Lim"it*ed*ly, adv. Defn: With limitation. LIMITEDNESS lim"it*ed*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being limited. LIMITER Lim"it*er, n. 1. One who, or that which, limits. 2. A friar licensed to beg within certain bounds, or whose duty was limited to a certain district. [Formerly written also limitour.] Chaucer. A limitour of the Gray Friars, in the time of his limitation, preached many times, and had one sermon at all times. Latimer. LIMITIVE Lim"it*ive, a. Defn: Involving a limit; as, a limitive law, one designed to limit existing powers. [R.] LIMITLESS Lim"it*less, a. Defn: Having no limits; unbounded; boundless. Davies (Wit's Pilgr.). LIMITOUR Lim"it*our, n. Defn: See Limiter, 2. LIMMER Lim"mer, a. Defn: Limber. [Obs.] Holland. LIMMER Lim"mer, n. Etym: [F. limier. See Leamer.] 1. A limehound; a leamer. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A mongrel, as a cross between the mastiff and hound. 3. A low, base fellow; also, a prostitute. [Scot.] Thieves, limmers, and broken men of the Highlands. Sir W. Scott. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A man rope at the side of a ladder. LIMN Limn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limned; p. pr. & vb. n. Limning.] Etym: [OE. limnen, fr. luminen, for enluminen, F. enluminer to illuminate, to limn, LL. illuminare to paint. Illuminate, Luminous.] 1. To draw or paint; especially, to represent in an artistic way with pencil or brush. Let a painter carelessly limn out a million of faces, and you shall find them all different. Sir T. Browne. 2. To illumine, as books or parchments, with ornamental figures, letters, or borders. LIM NAEA Lim *næ"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fresh-water air-breathing mollusks, abundant in ponds and streams; -- called also pond snail. [Written also Lymnæa.] LIMNER Lim"ner, n. Etym: [F. enlumineur, LL. illuminator. See Limn, and cf. Alluminor.] Defn: A painter; an artist; esp.: (a) One who paints portraits. (b) One who illuminates books. [Archaic] LIMNIAD Lim"ni*ad, n. Etym: [Gr. (Myth.) Defn: See Limoniad. LIMNING Lim"ning, n. Defn: The act, process, or art of one who limns; the picture or decoration so produced. Adorned with illumination which we now call limning. Wood. LIMOGES Li*moges", n. Defn: A city of Southern France. Limoges enamel, a kind of enamel ware in which the enamel is applied to the whole surface of a metal plaque, vase, or the like, and painted in enamel colors. The art was brought to a high degree of perfection in Limoges in the 16th century. -- Limoges ware. (a) Articles decorated with Limoges enamel. (b) Articles of porcelain, etc., manufactured at Limoges. LIMONIAD Li*mo"ni*ad, n. Etym: [L. limoniades, pl., Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A nymph of the meadows; -- called also Limniad. LIMONIN Li*mo"nin, n. Etym: [From NL. Citrus Medica, var. Limonum, the scientific name of the lemon.] (Chem.) Defn: A bitter, white, crystalline substance found in orange and lemon seeds. LIMONITE Li"mon*ite, n. Etym: [Gr. limonite, G. limonit.] (Min.) Defn: Hydrous sesquixoide of iron, an important ore of iron, occurring in stalactitic, mammillary, or earthy forms, of a dark brown color, yellowish brown powder. It includes bog iron. Also called brown hematite. LIMOSIS Li*mo"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A ravenous appetite caused by disease; excessive and morbid hunger. LIMOUS Li"mous, a. Etym: [L. limosus, fr. limus slime, mud.] Defn: Muddy; slimy; thick. Sir T. Browne. LIMOUSINE Li`mou*sine", n. [Cf. F. limousine a kind of cloak, fr. Limousin, an old province in central France.] Defn: An automobile body with seats and permanent top like a coupé, and with the top projecting over the driver and a projecting front; also, an automobile with such a body. LIMP Limp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Limped; p. pr. & vb. n. Limping.] Etym: [Cf. AS. lemphealt lame, OHG. limphen to limp, be weak; perh. akin to E. lame, or to limp, a Defn: To halt; to walk lamely. Also used figuratively. Shak. LIMP Limp, n. Defn: A halt; the act of limping. LIMP Limp, n. (Ore Washing) Defn: A scraper for removing poor ore or refuse from the sieve. LIMP Limp, a. Etym: [Cf. Icel. limpa limpness, weakness, and E.lap, n., lop, v. t. Cf. Limber, a.] 1. Flaccid; flabby, as flesh. Walton. 2. Lacking stiffness; flimsy; as, a limp cravat. LIMPER Limp"er, n. Defn: One who limps. LIMPET Lim"pet, n. Etym: [Prob. through French fr. L. lepas, -adis, Gr. (Zoöl.) 1. In a general sense, any hatshaped, or conical, gastropod shell. 2. Any one of many species of marine shellfish of the order Docoglossa, mostly found adhering to rocks, between tides. Note: The common European limpets of the genus Patella (esp. P. vulgata) are extensively used as food. The common New England species is Acmæa testudinalis. Numerous species of limpets occur on the Pacific coast of America, some of them of large size. 3. Any species of Siphonaria, a genus of limpet-shaped Pulmonifera, living between tides, on rocks. 4. A keyhole limpet. See Fissurella. LIMPID Lim"pid, a. Etym: [L.limpidus; akin to Gr. limpide. Cf. Lamp.] Defn: Characterized by clearness or transparency; clear; as, a limpid stream. Springs which were clear, fresh, and limpid. Woodward. Syn. -- Clear; transparent; pellucid; lucid; pure; crystal; translucent; bright. LIMPIDITY Lim*pid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. limpiditas: cf. F. limpidité.] Defn: The quality or state of being limpid. LIMPIDNESS Lim"pid*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being limpid; limpidity. LIMPIN Lim"pin, n. Defn: A limpet. [Obs.] Holland. LIMPINGLY Limp"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a limping manner. LIMPITUDE Limp"i*tude, n. Defn: Limpidity. [Obs.] LIMPKIN Limp"kin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Either one of two species of wading birds of the genus Aramus, intermediate between the cranes and rails. The limpkins are remarkable for the great length of the toes. One species (A. giganteus) inhabits Florida and the West Indies; the other (A. scolopaceus) is found in South America. Called also courlan, and crying bird. LIMPNESS Limp"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being limp. LIMPSY; LIMSY Limp"sy, Lim"sy, a. Etym: [See Limp, a., and cf. W. llymsi having a fickle motion, weak. Cf. Flimsy.] Defn: Limp; flexible; flimsy. [Local, U. S.] LIMU Li"mu, n. (Bot.) Defn: The Hawaiian name for seaweeds. Over sixty kinds are used as food, and have species names, as Limu Lipoa, Limu palawai, etc. LIMULE Lim"ule, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A limulus. LIMULOIDEA Lim`u*loi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Limulus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Merostomata, including among living animals the genus Limulus, with various allied fossil genera, mostly of the Carboniferous period. Called also Xiphosura. Note: There are six pairs of leglike organs, surrounding the mouth, most of which terminate in claws; those of the first pair (probably mandibles) are the smallest; the others have the basal joints thickened and spinose, to serve as jaws, while the terminal joints serve as legs. This group is intermediate, in some characteristics, between crustaceans and certain arachnids (scorpions), but the respiration is by means of lamellate gills borne upon the five posterior abdominal appendages, which are flat and united in pairs by their inner edges, and are protected by the lidlike anterior pair, which also bear the genital orifices. LIMULUS Lim"u*lus, n.; pl. Limuli (-li). Etym: [L., dim. of limus sidelong, askance.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The only existing genus of Merostomata. It includes only a few species from the East Indies, and one (Limulus polyphemus) from the Atlantic coast of North America. Called also Molucca crab, king crab, horseshoe crab, and horsefoot. LIMY Lim"y, a. Etym: [See 4th Lime.] 1. Smeared with, or consisting of, lime; viscous. "Limy snares.' Spenser. 2. Containing lime; as, a limy soil. 3. Resembling lime; having the qualities of lime. LIN Lin, v. i. Etym: [AS. linnan. See Lithe.] Defn: To yield; to stop; to cease. [Obs. or Scot.] Marsion. LIN Lin, n. Etym: [Ir. linn, or Gael. linne; akin to W. llyn a pool, pond, lake, but in senses 2 and 3 prob. from AS.hlynn torrent. Cf. Dunlin.] 1. A pool or collection of water, particularly one above or below a fall of water. 2. A waterfall, or cataract; as, a roaring lin. 3. A steep ravine. Note: Written also linn and lyn. LINAGE Lin"age, n. Defn: See Lineage. [Obs.] Holland. LINAMENT Lin"a*ment, n. Etym: [L. linamentum, fr. linum flax.] (Surg.) Defn: Lint; esp., lint made into a tent for insertion into wounds or ulcers. LINARITE Li*nar`ite, n. Etym: [So called because formerly supposed to occur at Linares, in Spain.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous sulphate of lead and copper occurring in bright blue monoclinic crystals. LINCH Linch, n. Etym: [AS. hlinc a hill.] Defn: A ledge; a right-angled projection. LINCHI Lin"chi, n. Etym: [Native Chinese name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An esculent swallow. LINCHPIN Linch"pin`, n. Etym: [AS. lynis the axletree; akin to D. luns linchpin, OS. lunisa, LG. lunse, G. lünse, OHG. lun peg, bolt.] Defn: A pin used to prevent the wheel of a vehicle from sliding off the axletree. LINCOLN GREEN Lin"coln green" Defn: . A color of cloth formerly made in Lincoln, England; the cloth itself. LINCTURE; LINCTUS Linc"ture, Linc"tus, n. Etym: [L. lingere, linctum, to lick.] Defn: Medicine taken by licking with the tongue. LIND Lind, n. Defn: The linden. See Linden. Chaucer. LINDEN Lin"den, n. Etym: [Orig. an adj. from lind linden tree, AS. lind; akin to D. & G. linde, OHG. linta, Icel., Sw., & Dan. lind. Cf. Lime linden.] (Bot.) (a) A handsome tree (Tilia Europæa), having cymes of light yellow flowers, and large cordate leaves. The tree is common in Europe. (b) In America, the basswood, or Tilia Americana. LINDIA Lin"di*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar genus of rotifers, remarkable for the absence of ciliated disks. By some zoölogists it is thought to be like the ancestral form of the Arthropoda. LINDIFORM Lin"di*form, a. Etym: [Lindia + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling the genus Lindia; -- said of certain apodous insect larvæ. [See Illust. under Larva.] LINE Line, n. Etym: [OE. lin. See Linen.] 1. Flax; linen. [Obs.] "Garments made of line." Spenser. 2. The longer and fiber of flax. LINE Line, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lined; p. pr. & vb. n. Lining.] 1. To cover the inner surface of; as, to line a cloak with silk or fur; to line a box with paper or tin. The inside lined with rich carnation silk. W. Browne. 2. To put something in the inside of; to fill; to supply, as a purse with money. The charge amounteth very high for any one man's purse, except lined beyond ordinary, to reach unto. Carew. Till coffee has her stomach lined. Swift. 3. To place persons or things along the side of for security or defense; to strengthen by adding; to fortify; as, to line works with soldiers. Line and new repair our towns of war With men of courage and with means defendant. Shak. 4. To impregnate; -- applied to brute animals. Creech. Lined gold, gold foil having a lining of another metal. LINE Line, n. Etym: [OE. line, AS. line cable, hawser, prob. from L. linea a linen thread, string, line, fr. linum flax, thread, linen, cable; but the English word was influenced by F. ligne line, from the same L. word linea. See Linen.] 1. linen thread or string; a slender, strong cord; also, a cord of any thickness; a rope; a hawser; as, a fishing line; a line for snaring birds; a clothesline; a towline. Who so layeth lines for to latch fowls. Piers Plowman. 2. A more or less threadlike mark of pen, pencil, or graver; any long mark; as, a chalk line. 3. The course followed by anything in motion; hence, a road or route; as, the arrow descended in a curved line; the place is remote from lines of travel. 4. Direction; as, the line sight or vision. 5. A row of letters, words, etc., written or printed; esp., a row of words extending across a page or column. 6. A short letter; a note; as, a line from a friend. 7. (Poet.) Defn: A verse, or the words which form a certain number of feet, according to the measure. In the preceding line Ulysses speaks of Nausicaa. Broome. 8. Course of conduct, thought, occupation, or policy; method of argument; department of industry, trade, or intellectual activity. He is uncommonly powerful in his own line, but it is not the line of a first-rate man. Coleridge. 9. (Math.) Defn: That which has length, but not breadth or thickness. 10. The exterior limit of a figure, plat, or territory; boundary; contour; outline. Eden stretched her line From Auran eastward to the royal towers Of great Seleucia. Milton. 11. A threadlike crease marking the face or the hand; hence, characteristic mark. Though on his brow were graven lines austere. Byron. He tipples palmistry, and dines On all her fortune-telling lines. Cleveland. 12. Lineament; feature; figure. "The lines of my boy's face." Shak. 13. A straight row; a continued series or rank; as, a line of houses, or of soldiers; a line of barriers. Unite thy forces and attack their lines. Dryden. 14. A series or succession of ancestors or descand ants of a given person; a family or race; as, the ascending or descending line; the line of descent; the male line; a line of kings. Of his lineage am I, and his offspring By very line, as of the stock real. Chaucer. 15. A connected series of public conveyances, and hence, an established arrangement for forwarding merchandise, etc. ; as, a line of stages; an express line. 16. (Geog.) (a) A circle of latitude or of longitude, as represented on a map. (b) The equator; -- usually called the line, or equinoctial line; as, to cross the line. 17. A long tape, or a narrow ribbon of steel, etc., marked with subdivisions, as feet and inches, for measuring; a tapeline. 18. (Script.) (a) A measuring line or cord. He marketh it out with a line. Is. xliv. 13. (b) That which was measured by a line, as a field or any piece of land set apart; hence, allotted place of abode. The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant places; yes. I have a goodly heritage. Ps. xvi. 6. (c) Instruction; doctrine. Their line is gone out through all the earth. Ps. xix. 4. 19. (Mach.) Defn: The proper relative position or adjustment of parts, not as to design or proportion, but with reference to smooth working; as, the engine is in line or out of line or out of line. 20. The track and roadbed of a railway; railroad. 21. (Mil.) (a) A row of men who are abreast of one another, whether side by side or some distance apart; -- opposed to column. (b) The regular infantry of an army, as distinguished from militia, guards, volunteer corps, cavalry, artillery, etc. 22. (Fort.) (a) A trench or rampart. (b) pl. Defn: Dispositions made to cover extended positions, and presenting a front in but one direction to an enemy. 23. pl. (Shipbuilding) Defn: form of a vessel as shown by the outlines of vertical, horizontal, and obique sections. 24. (Mus.) Defn: One of the straight horizontal and parallel prolonged strokes on and between which the notes are placed. 25. (Stock Exchange) Defn: A number of shares taken by a jobber. 26. (Trade) Defn: A series of various qualities and values of the same general class of articles; as, a full line of hosiery; a line of merinos, etc. McElrath. 27. The wire connecting one telegraphic station with another, or the whole of a system of telegraph wires under one management and name. 28. pl. Defn: The reins with which a horse is guided by his driver. [U. S.] 29. A measure of length; one twelfth of an inch. Hard lines, hard lot. C. Kingsley. [See Def. 18.] -- Line breeding (Stockbreeding), breeding by a certain family line of descent, especially in the selection of the dam or mother. -- Line conch (Zoöl.), a spiral marine shell (Fasciolaria distans), of Florida and the West Indies. It is marked by narrow, dark, revolving lines. -- Line engraving. (a) Engraving in which the effects are produced by lines of different width and closeness, cut with the burin upon copper or similar material; also, a plate so engraved. (b) A picture produced by printing from such an engraving. -- Line of battle. (a) (Mil Tactics) The position of troops drawn up in their usual order without any determined maneuver. (b) (Naval) The line or arrangement formed by vessels of war in an engagement. -- Line of battle ship. See Ship of the line, below. -- Line of beauty (Fine Arts),an abstract line supposed to be beautiful in itself and absolutely; -- differently represented by different authors, often as a kind of elongated S (like the one drawn by Hogarth). -- Line of centers. (Mach.) (a) A line joining two centers, or fulcra, as of wheels or levers. (b) A line which determines a dead center. See Dead center, under Dead. -- Line of dip (Geol.), a line in the plane of a stratum, or part of a stratum, perpendicular to its intersection with a horizontal plane; the line of greatest inclination of a stratum to the horizon. -- Line of fire (Mil.), the direction of fire. -- Line of force (Physics), any line in a space in which forces are acting, so drawn that at every point of the line its tangent is the direction of the resultant of all the forces. It cuts at right angles every equipotential surface which it meets. Specifically (Magnetism), a line in proximity to a magnet so drawn that any point in it is tangential with the direction of a short compass needle held at that point. Faraday. -- Line of life (Palmistry), a line on the inside of the hand, curving about the base of the thumb, supposed to indicate, by its form or position, the length of a person's life. -- Line of lines. See Gunter's line. -- Line of march. (Mil.) (a) Arrangement of troops for marching. (b) Course or direction taken by an army or body of troops in marching. -- Line of operations, that portion of a theater of war which an army passes over in attaining its object. H. W. Halleck. -- Line of sight (Firearms), the line which passes through the front and rear sight, at any elevation, when they are sighted at an object. -- Line tub (Naut.), a tub in which the line carried by a whaleboat is coiled. -- Mason and Dixon's line, the boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland, as run before the Revolution (1764-1767) by two English astronomers named Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon. In an extended sense, the line between the free and the slave States. -- On the line, on a level with the eye of the spectator; -- said of a picture, as hung in an exhibition of pictures. -- Right line a picture, as hung in an exhibition of pictures. -- Right line, a straight line; the shortest line that can be drawn between two points. -- Ship of the line, formerly, a ship of war large enough to have a place in the line of battle; a vessel superior to a frigate; usually, a seventy-four, or three-decker; -- called also line of battle ship. Totten. -- To cross the line, to cross the equator, as a vessel at sea. -- To give a person line, to allow him more or less liberty until it is convenient to stop or check him, like a hooked fish that swims away with the line. -- Water line (Shipbuilding), the outline of a horizontal section of a vessel, as when floating in the water. LINE Line, v. t. 1. To mark with a line or lines; to cover with lines; as, to line a copy book. He had a healthy color in his cheeks, and his face, though lined, bore few traces of anxiety. Dickens. 2. To represent by lines; to delineate; to portray. [R.] "Pictures fairest lined." Shak. 3. To read or repeat line by line; as, to line out a hymn. This custom of reading or lining, or, as it was frequently called "deaconing' the hymn or psalm in the churches, was brought about partly from necessity. N. D. Gould. 4. To form into a line; to align; as, to line troops. To line bees, to track wild bees to their nest by following their line of flight. -- To line up (Mach.), to put in alignment; to put in correct adjustment for smooth running. See 3d Line, 19. LINEAGE Lin"e*age, n. Etym: [OE. linage, F. lignage, fr. L. linea line. See 3d Line.] Defn: Descent in a line from a common progenitor; progeny; race; descending line of offspring or ascending line of parentage. Both the lineage and the certain sire From which I sprung, from me are hidden yet. Spenser. LINEAL Lin"e*al, a. Etym: [L. linealis belonging to a line, fr. linea line: cf. F. linéal. See 3d Line.] 1. Descending in a direct line from an ancestor; hereditary; derived from ancestors; -- opposed to collateral; as, a lineal descent or a lineal descendant. The prime and ancient right of lineal succession. Locke. 2. Inheriting by direct descent; having the right by direct descent to succeed (to). For only you are lineal to the throne. Dryden. 3. Composed of lines; delineated; as, lineal designs. 4. In the direction of a line; of a line; of or pertaining to a line; measured on, or ascertained by, a line; linear; as, lineal magnitude. Lineal measure, the measure of length; -- usually written linear measure. LINEALITY Lin`e*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being linea LINEALLY Lin"e*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a lineal manner; as, the prince is lineally descended from the Conqueror. LINEAMENT Lin"e*a*ment, n. Etym: [L. lineamentum, fr. linea line: cf. F. linéament. See 3d Line.] Defn: One of the outlines, exterior features, or distinctive marks, of a body or figure, particularly of the face; feature; form; mark; - - usually in the plural. "The lineaments of the body." Locke. "Lineaments in the character." Swift. Man he seems In all his lineaments. Milton. LINEAR Lin"e*ar, a. Etym: [L. linearis, linearius , fr. linea line: cf. F. linéaire. See 3d Line.] 1. Of or pertaining to a line; consisting of lines; in a straight direction; lineal. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Like a line; narrow; of the same breadth throughout, except at the extremities; as, a linear leaf. Linear differential (Math.), an equation which is of the first degree, when the expression which is equated to zero is regarded as a function of the dependent variable and its differential coefficients. -- Linear equation (Math.), an equation of the first degree between two variables; -- so called because every such equation may be considered as representing a right line. -- Linear measure, the measurement of length. -- Linear numbers (Math.), such numbers as have relation to length only: such is a number which represents one side of a plane figure. If the plane figure is square, the linear figure is called a root. -- Linear problem (Geom.), a problem which may be solved geometrically by the use of right lines alone. -- Linear transformation (Alg.), a change of variables where each variable is replaced by a function of the first degree in the new variable. LINEARENSATE Lin`e*ar*en"sate, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of a sword, but very long and narrow. LINEARLY Lin"e*ar*ly, adv. Defn: In a linear manner; with lines. LINEAR-SHAPED Lin"e*ar-shaped`, a. Defn: Of a linear shape. LINEARY Lin"e*a*ry, a. Defn: Linear. Holland. LINEATE; LINEATED Lin"e*ate, Lin"e*a`ted, a. Etym: [L. lineatus, p. p. of lineare to reduce to a straight line, fr. linea line.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Marked with lines. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Marked longitudinally with depressed parallel lines; as, a lineate leaf. LINEATION Lin`e*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. lineatio the drawing of a line, fr. lineare.] Defn: Delineation; a line or lines. LINEATURE Lin"e*a*ture, n. Defn: Anything having outline. [R.] Holland. LINEMAN Line"man, n.; pl. Linemen (. 1. One who carried the line in surveying, etc. 2. A man employed to examine the rails of a railroad to see if they are in good condition; also, a man employed to repair telegraph lines. LINEN Lin"en, a. Etym: [OE., fr. lin linen. See Linen, n. 1.] Defn: Made of linen; as, linen cloth; a linen stocking. 2. Resembling linen cloth; white; pale. LINEN Lin"en, n. Etym: [Prop. an adj. from OE. lin. flax, AS. lin flax, whence linen made of flax; akin to OS., Icel., & MHG. lin flax and linen, G. lein, leinen, linen, Sw. lin flax, Goth. lein linen, L. linum flax, linen, Gr. Line, Linseed.] 1. Thread or cloth made of flax or (rarely) of hemp; -- used in a general sense to include cambric, shirting, sheeting, towels, tablecloths, etc. "In linen white as milk." Robert of Brunne. 2. Underclothing, esp. the shirt, as being, in former times, chiefly made of linen. Linen draper, a dealer in linen. -- Linen prover, a small microscope for counting the threads in a given space in linen fabrics. -- Linen scroll, Linen pattern (Arch.), an ornament for filling panels, copied from the folds of a piece of stuff symmetrically disposed. LINENER Lin"en*er, n. Defn: A dealer in linen; a linen draper. [Obs.] LINEOLATE Lin"e*o*late, a. Etym: [L. lineola, dim. of linea line.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Marked with little lines. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Marked longitudinally with fine lines. Gray. LINER Lin"er, n. 1. One who lines, as, a liner of shoes. 2. A vessel belonging to a regular line of packets; also, a line-of- battle ship; a ship of the line. 3. (Mach.) Defn: A thin piece placed between two parts to hold or adjust them, fill a space, etc., ; a shim. 4. (Steam Engine) Defn: A lining within the cylinder, in which the piston works and between which and the outer shell of the cylinder a space is left to form a steam jacket. 5. A slab on which small pieces of marble, tile, etc., are fastened for grinding. 6. (Baseball) Defn: A ball which, when struck, flies through the air in a nearly straight line not far from the ground. LINE-UP; LINEUP Line"-up`, Line"up`, n. Defn: The formation of football players before the start or a restart of play; hence (Colloq.), Defn: any arrangement of persons (rarely, of things), esp. when having a common purpose or sentiment; as, the line-up at a ticket- office window; the line-up of political factions. -LING -ling. Etym: [AS. -ling.] Defn: A noun suffix, commonly having a diminutive or a depreciatory force; as in duck-ling, dosling, hireling, fosterling, firstling, underling. -LING -ling Defn: . An adverbial suffix; as, darkling, flatling. LING Ling, n. Etym: [OE. lenge; akin to D. leng, G. länge, Dan. lange, Sw. l, Icel. langa. So named from its being long. See Long, a.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large, marine, gadoid fish (Molva vulgaris) of Northern Europe and Greenland. It is valued as a food fish and is largely salted and dried. Called also drizzle. (b) The burbot of Lake Ontario. (c) An American hake of the genus Phycis. [Canada] (d) A New Zealand food fish of the genus Genypterus. The name is also locally applied to other fishes, as the cultus cod, the mutton fish, and the cobia. LING Ling, n. Etym: [Icel. lyng; akin to Dan. lyng, Sw. ljung.] (Bot.) Defn: Heather (Calluna vulgaris). Ling honey, a sort of wild honey, made from the flowers of the heather. Holland. LINGA; LINGAM Lin"ga, Lin"gam, n. Etym: [Skr. linga.] Defn: The phallic symbol under which Siva is principally worshiped in his character of the creative and reproductive power. Whitworth. E. Arnold. LING-BIRD Ling"-bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European meadow pipit; -- called also titling. LINGEL Lin"gel, n. Etym: [F. ligneul, dim. of L. linea a linen thread.] 1. A shoemaker's thread. [Obs.] 2. A little tongue or thong of leather; a lacing for belts. Crabb. LINGENCE Lin"gence, n. Etym: [L. lingere to lick.] Defn: A linctus. [Obs.] Fuller. LINGER Lin"ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lingered; p. pr. & vb. n. Lingering.] Etym: [OE. lengen to tarry, AS. lengan to prolong, put off, fr. lang long. Long, a.] Defn: To delay; to loiter; to remain or wait long; to be slow or reluctant in parting or moving; to be slow in deciding; to be in suspense; to hesitate. Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind. Gray. Perhaps thou linger'st, in deep thoughts detained. Milton. Syn. -- To loiter; lag; saunter; delay; tarry; stop; hesitate. LINGER Lin"ger, v. t. 1. To protract; to draw out. [Obs.] She lingers my desires. Shak. 2. To spend or pass in lingering manner; -- with out; as, to linger out one's days on a sick bed. Dryden. LINGERER Lin"ger*er, n. Defn: One who lingers. Guardian. LINGERIE Lin`ge*rie, n. [F.] Defn: Linen goods collectively; linen underwear, esp. of women; the clothing of linen and cotton with its lace, etc., worn by a women. LINGERING Lin"ger*ing, a. 1. Delaying. 2. Drawn out in time; remaining long; protracted; as, a lingering disease. To die is the fate of man; but to die with lingering anguish is generally his folly. Rambler. LINGERINGLY Lin"ger*ing*ly, adv. Defn: With delay; slowly; tediously. LINGET Lin"get, n. Etym: [F. lingot, perh. fr. L. lingua tongue (see Tongue). Cf. Ingot.] Defn: An ingot. [Written also lingot.] LINGISM Ling"ism, n. Defn: A mode of treating certain diseases, as obesity, by gymnastics; -- proposed by Pehr Henrik Ling, a Swede. See Kinesiatrics. LINGLE Lin"gle, n. Defn: See Lingel. LINGO Lin"go, n. Etym: [L. lingua tongue, language. See Lingual.] Defn: Language; speech; dialect. [Slang] LINGOA WOOD Lin*go"a wood` Defn: . Amboyna wood. LINGOT Lin"got, n. Defn: A linget or ingot; also, a mold for casting metals. See Linget. LINGUA Lin"gua, n.; pl. Linguæ. Etym: [L., the tongue.] (Zoöl.) (a) A tongue. (b) A median process of the labium, at the under side of the mouth in insects, and serving as a tongue. LINGUACIOUS Lin*gua"cious, a. Etym: [L. linguax, -acis, loquacious, fr. lingua tongue.] Defn: Given to the use of the tongue; loquacious. [Obs.] LINGUADENTAL Lin`gua*den"tal, a. Etym: [L. lingua tongue + E. dental.] (Phonetics) Defn: Formed or uttered by the joint use of the tongue and teeth, or rather that part of the gum just above the front teeth; dentolingual, as the letters d and t. LINGUADENTAL Lin`gua*den"tal, n. (Phonetics) Defn: An articulation pronounced by the aid or use of the tongue and teeth. LINGUA FRANCA Lin"gua Fran"ca. Etym: [It., prop., language of the Franks.] Defn: The commercial language of the Levant, -- a mixture of the language of the people of the region and foreign traders. LINGUAL Lin"gual, a. Etym: [L. lingua tongue: cf. F. lingual. See Tongue, and cf. Language.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the tongue; uttered by the aid of the tongue; glossal; as, the lingual nerves; a lingual letter. Lingual ribbon. (Zoöl.) See Odontophore. LINGUAL Lin"gual, n. Defn: A consonant sound formed by the aid of the tongue; -- a term especially applied to certain articulations (as those of t, d, th, and n) and to the letters denoting them. Note: In Sanskrit grammar certain letters, as t, th, d, dh, n, are called linguals, cerebrals, or cacuminals. They are uttered with the tip of the tongue turned up and drawn back into the dome of the palate. LINGUALITY Lin*gual"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being lingual. LINGUATULIDA Lin`gua*tu"li*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. lingua tongue.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Linguatulina. LINGUATULINA Lin*guat`*u*li"na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. lingua tongue.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of wormlike, degraded, parasitic arachnids. They have two pairs of retractile hooks, near the mouth. Called also Pentastomida. Note: The adults of some species inhabit the nostrils and nasal sinuses of dogs and other carnivores. The young, after being swallowed by sheep, rabbits, etc., find their way to the lungs and liver and become encysted. These, when eaten by carnivores, develop into the adult forms. LINGUIDENTAL Lin`gui*den"tal, a. & n. Defn: Linguadental. LINGUIFORM Lin"gui*form, a. Etym: [L. lingua tongue + -form: cf. F. linguiforme.] Defn: Having the form of the tongue; tongue-shaped. LINGUIST Lin"guist, n. Etym: [L. lingua tongue, speech, language: cf. F. linguiste.] 1. A master of the use of language; a talker. [Obs.] I'll dispute with him; He's a rare linguist. J. Webster. 2. A person skilled in languages. There too were Gibbon, the greatest historian, and Jones, the greatest linguist, of the age. Macaulay. LINGUISTIC; LINGUISTICAL Lin*guis"tic, Lin*guis"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. linguistique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to language; relating to linguistics, or to the affinities of languages. LINGUISTICALLY Lin*guis"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a linguistic manner; from the point of view of a linguist. Tylor. LINGUISTICS Lin*guis"tics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. linguistique.] Defn: The science of languages, or of the origin, signification, and application of words; glossology. LINGULA Lin"gu*la, n.; pl. -læ. Etym: [L., a little tongue.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A tonguelike process or part. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of brachiopod shells belonging to the genus Lingula, and related genera. See Brachiopoda, and Illustration in Appendix. Lingula flags (Geol.), a group of strata in the lower Silurian or Cambrian system of Wales, in which some of the layers contain vast numbers of a species of Lingula. LINGULATE Lin"gu*late, a. Etym: [L. lingulatus, fr. lingula a little tongue. Cf. Ligulate.] Defn: Shaped like the tongue or a strap; ligulate. LINIGEROUS Li*nig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. linum flax + -gerous.] Defn: Bearing flax; producing linen. LINIMENT Lin"i*ment, n. Etym: [L. linimentum, fr. linire, linere, to besmear, anoint : cf. F. liniment. Cf. Letter, Lime a viscous substance.] Defn: A liquid or semiliquid preparation of a consistence thinner than an ointment, applied to the skin by friction, esp. one used as a sedative or a stimulant. LINING Lin"ing, n. Etym: [See Line to cover the in side.] 1. The act of one who lines; the act or process of making lines, or of inserting a lining. 2. That which covers the inner surface of anything, as of a garment or a box; also, the contents of anything. The lining of his coffers shall make coats To deck our soldiers. Shak. LINK Link, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupted from lint and this for lunt a torch, match, D. lont match; akin to G. lunte, cf. MHG. lünden to burn. Cf. Lunt, Linstock.] Defn: A torch made of tow and pitch, or the like. Shak. LINK Link, n. Etym: [OE. linke, AS. hlence; akin to Sw. länk ring of a chain, Dan. lænke chain, Icel. hlekkr; cf. G. gelenk joint, link, ring of a chain, lenken to bend.] 1. A single ring or division of a chain. 2. Hence: Anything, whether material or not, which binds together, or connects, separate things; a part of a connected series; a tie; a bond. "Links of iron." Shak. The link of brotherhood, by which One common Maker bound me to the kind. Cowper. And so by double links enchained themselves in lover's life. Gascoigne. 3. Anything doubled and closed like a link; as, a link of horsehair. Mortimer. 4. (Kinematics) Defn: Any one of the several elementary pieces of a mechanism, as the fixed frame, or a rod, wheel, mass of confined liquid, etc., by which relative motion of other parts is produced and constrained. 5. (Mach.) Defn: Any intermediate rod or piece for transmitting force or motion, especially a short connecting rod with a bearing at each end; specifically (Steam Engine), the slotted bar, or connecting piece, to the opposite ends of which the eccentric rods are jointed, and by means of which the movement of the valve is varied, in a link motion. 6. (Surveying) Defn: The length of one joint of Gunter's chain, being the hundredth part of it, or 7.92 inches, the chain being 66 feet in length. Cf. Chain, n., 4. 7. (Chem.) Defn: A bond of affinity, or a unit of valence between atoms; -- applied to a unit of chemical force or attraction. 8. pl. Defn: Sausages; -- because linked together. [Colloq.] LINK Link, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Linked; p. pr. & vb. n. Linking.] Defn: To connect or unite with a link or as with a link; to join; to attach; to unite; to couple. All the tribes and nations that composed it [the Roman Empire] were linked together, not only by the same laws and the same government, but by all the facilities of commodious intercourse, and of frequent communication. Eustace. LINK Link, v. i. Defn: To be connected. No one generation could link with the other. Burke. LINKAGE Link"age, n. 1. The act of linking; the state of being linked; also, a system of links. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Manner of linking or of being linked; -- said of the union of atoms or radicals in the molecule. 3. (Geom.) Defn: A system of straight lines or bars, fastened together by joins, and having certain of their points fixed in a plane. It is used to describe straight lines and curves in the plane. LINKBOY; LINKMAN Link"boy`, Link"man, n. Etym: [See 1st Link.] Defn: A boy or man that carried a link or torch to light passengers. LINK MOTION Link" mo"tion. (Steam Engine) Defn: A valve gear, consisting of two eccentrics with their rods, giving motion to a slide valve by an adjustable connecting bar, called the link, in such a way that the motion of the engine can be reversed, or the cut-off varied, at will; -- used very generally in locomotives and marine engines. Note: The illustration shows a link motion for a vertical engine, c representing the shaft carrying two eccentrics, a and b, for making the engine run forward and backward, respectively, their rods e and d being jointed to opposite ends of the slotted link f, in the opening of which is a pin g which is attached to the valve rod h. The valve will receive the motion of the forward eccentric when is in the position shown, and the motion of the backward eccentric when the link is shifted so far to the right as to bring e in line with h, or a compound motion derived from both eccentrics when the link is shifted to intermediate positions, the compound motion causing the valve to cut off the steam at a point determined by the position to which the link may have been shifted. LINKS Links, n. [The pl. form of Link, but often construed as a sing.] Defn: A tract of ground laid out for the game of golf; a golfing green. A second links has recently been opened at Prestwick, and another at Troon, on the same coast. P. P. Alexander. LINKWORK Link"work`, n. 1. A fabric consisting of links made of metal or other material fastened together; also, a chain. And thou shalt make hooks of gold, and two chains of fine gold; linkwork and wreathed. Udall. 2. Mechanism in which links, or intermediate connecting pieces, are employed to transmit motion from one part to another. LINNAEA BOREALIS Lin*næ"a bo`re*a"lis. Etym: [NL.Linnaeus Linnæan + L. borealis northern.] (Bot.) Defn: The twin flower which grows in cold northern climates. LINNAEAN; LINNEAN Lin*næ"an, Lin*ne"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Linnæus, the celebrated Swedish botanist. Linnaean system (Bot.), the system in which the classes are founded mainly upon the stamens, and the orders upon the pistils; the artificial or sexual system. LINNAEITE Lin*næ"ite, n. Etym: [See Linnæan.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of pale steel-gray color and metallic luster, occurring in isometric crystals, and also massive. It is a sulphide of cobalt containing some nickel or copper. LINNE Linne, n. Defn: Flax. See Linen. [Obs.] LINNET Lin"net, n. Etym: [F. linot, linotte, from L. linum flax; or perh. shortened from AS.linetwige, fr. AS. lin flax; -- so called because it feeds on the seeds of flax and hemp. See Linen.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of fringilline birds of the genera Linota, Acanthis, and allied genera, esp. the common European species (L. cannabina), which, in full summer plumage, is chestnut brown above, with the breast more or less crimson. The feathers of its head are grayish brown, tipped with crimson. Called also gray linnet, red linnet, rose linnet, brown linnet, lintie, lintwhite, gorse thatcher, linnet finch, and greater redpoll. The American redpoll linnet (Acanthis linaria) often has the crown and throat rosy. See Redpoll, and Twite. Green linnet (Zoöl.), the European green finch. LINOLEATE Li*no"le*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of linoleic acid. LINOLEIC Li*no"le*ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, linoleum, or linseed oil; specifically (Chem.), designating an organic acid, a thin yellow oil, found combined as a salt of glycerin in oils of linseed, poppy, hemp, and certain nuts. LINOLEUM Li*no"le*um, n. Etym: [L. linum flax + oleum oil.] 1. Linseed oil brought to various degrees of hardness by some oxidizing process, as by exposure to heated air, or by treatment with chloride of sulphur. In this condition it is used for many of the purposes to which India rubber has been applied. 2. A kind of floor cloth made by laying hardened linseed oil mixed with ground cork on a canvas backing. LINOTYPE Lin"o*type, n. [See Line ; Type.] (Print.) (a) A kind of typesetting machine which produces castings, each of which corresponds to a line of separate types. By pressing upon keys like those of a typewriter the matrices for one line are properly arranged; the stereotype, or slug, is then cast and planed, and the matrices are returned to their proper places, the whole process being automatic. (b) The slug produced by the machine, or matter composed in such lines. --Lin"o*typ`ist (#), n. LINOXIN Li*nox"in, n. Etym: [Linoleic + oxygen.] (Chem.) Defn: A resinous substance obtained as an oxidation product of linoleic acid. [Written also linoxyn.] LINSANG Lin*sang", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any viverrine mammal of the genus Prionodon, inhabiting the East Indies and Southern Asia. The common East Indian linsang (P. gracilis) is white, crossed by broad, black bands. The Guinea linsang (Porana Richardsonii) is brown with black spots. LINSEED Lin"seed`, n. Etym: [OE. lin flax + seed. See Linen.] (Bot.) Defn: The seeds of flax, from which linseed oil is obtained. [Written also lintseed.] Linseed cake, the solid mass or cake which remains when oil is expressed. -- Linseed meal, linseed cake reduced to powder. -- Linseed oil, oil obtained by pressure from flaxseed. LINSEY Lin"sey, n. Etym: [See Linen.] Defn: Linsey-woolsey. LINSEY-WOOLSEY Lin"sey-wool"sey, n. 1. Cloth made of linen and wool, mixed. 2. Jargon. [Obs.] Shak. LINSEY-WOOLSEY Lin"sey-wool"sey, a. Defn: Made of linen and wool; hence, of different and unsuitable parts; mean. Johnson. LINSTOCK Lin"stock, n. Etym: [Corrupt. fr. luntstock, D. lonistok; lont lunt + stok stock, stick. See Link a torch, Lunt, and Stock.] Defn: A pointed forked staff, shod with iron at the foot, to hold a lighted match for firing cannon. [Written also lintstock.] LINT Lint, n. Etym: [AS. linet flax, hemp, fr. lin flax; or, perh. borrowed fr. L. linteum a linen cloth, linen, from linteus linen, a., fr. lineum flax, lint. See Linen.] 1. Flax. 2. Linen scraped or otherwise made into a soft, downy or fleecy substance for dressing wounds and sores; also, fine ravelings, down, fluff, or loose short fibers from yarn or fabrics. Lint doctor (Calico-printing Mach.), a scraper to remove lint from a printing cylinder. LINTEL Lin"tel, n. Etym: [OE. lintel, F. linteau, LL. lintellus, for limitellus, a dim. fr. L. limes limit. See Limit.] (Arch.) Defn: A horizontal member spanning an opening, and carrying the superincumbent weight by means of its strength in resisting crosswise fracture. LINTIE; LINTWHITE Lin"tie, Lint"white`, n. Etym: [AS. linetwige. See Linnet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Linnet. Tennyson. LINTSEED Lint"seed`, n. Defn: See Linseed. LINUM Li"num, n. Etym: [L., flax.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbaceous plants including the flax (Linum usitatissimum). LION Li"on, n. Etym: [F. lion, L. leo, -onis, akin to Gr. Chameleon, Dandelion, Leopard.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large carnivorous feline mammal (Felis leo), found in Southern Asia and in most parts of Africa, distinct varieties occurring in the different countries. The adult male, in most varieties, has a thick mane of long shaggy hair that adds to his apparent size, which is less than that of the largest tigers. The length, however, is sometimes eleven feet to the base of the tail. The color is a tawny yellow or yellowish brown; the mane is darker, and the terminal tuft of the tail is black. In one variety, called the maneless lion, the male has only a slight mane. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A sign and a constellation; Leo. 3. An object of interest and curiosity, especially a person who is so regarded; as, he was quite a lion in London at that time. Such society was far more enjoyable than that of Edinburgh, for here he was not a lion, but a man. Prof. Wilson. American lion (Zoöl.), the puma or cougar. -- Lion ant (Zoöl.), the ant-lion. -- Lion dog (Zoöl.), a fancy dog with a flowing mane, usually clipped to resemble a lion's mane. -- Lion lizard (Zoöl.), the basilisk. -- Lion's share, all, or nearly all; the best or largest part; -- from Æsop's fable of the lion hunting in company with certain smaller beasts, and appropriating to himself all the prey. LIONCED Li"onced, a. (Her.) Defn: Adorned with lions heads; having arms terminating in lions' heads; -- said of a cross. [Written also leonced.] LIONCEL Li"on*cel, n. Etym: [OE., F. lionceau, dim. of lion.] (Her.) Defn: A small lion, especially one of several borne in the same coat of arms. LIONEL Li"on*el, n. Etym: [OF., dim. of lion.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The whelp of a lioness; a young lion. LIONESS Li"on*ess, n. Etym: [OF. lionesse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A female lion. LIONET Li"on*et, n. Etym: [OF., dim. of lion.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young or small lion. LION-HEART Li"on-heart`, n. Defn: A very brave person. LION-HEARTED Li"on-heart`ed, a. Defn: Very brave; brave and magnanimous. Sir W. Scott. LIONHOOD Li"on*hood, n. Defn: State of being a lion. Carlyle. LIONISM Li"on*ism, n. Defn: An attracting of attention, as a lion; also, the treating or regarding as a lion. LIONIZE Li"on*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lionized, p. pr. & vb. n. Lionizing (.] 1. To treat or regard as a lion or object of great interest. J. D. Forbes. 2. To show the lions or objects of interest to; to conduct about among objects of interest. Macaulay. LIONLIKE Li"on*like`, a. Defn: Like a lion; brave as a lion. LIONLY Li"on*ly, a. Defn: Like a lion; fierce. [Obs.] Milton. LION'S EAR Li"on's ear`. (Bot.) Defn: A name given in Western South America to certain plants with shaggy tomentose leaves, as species of Culcitium, and Espeletia. LION'S FOOT Li"on's foot`. (Bot.) (a) A composite plant of the genus Prenanthes, of which several species are found in the United States. (b) The edelweiss. LIONSHIP Li"on*ship, n. Defn: The state of being a lion. LION'S LEAF Li"on's leaf`. (Bot.) Defn: A South European plant of the genus Leontice (L. leontopetalum), the tuberous roots of which contain so much alkali that they are sometimes used as a substitute for soap. LION'S TAIL Li"on's tail`. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of labiate plants (Leonurus); -- so called from a fancied resemblance of its flower spikes to the tuft of a lion's tail. L. Cardiaca is the common motherwort. LION'S TOOTH Li"on's tooth`; pl. Lions' teeth (. (Bot.) Defn: See Leontodon. LIP Lip, n. Etym: [OE. lippe, AS. lippa; akin to D. lip, G. lippe, lefze, OHG. lefs, Dan. læbe, Sw. läpp, L. labium, labrum. Cf. Labial.] 1. One of the two fleshy folds which surround the orifice of the mouth in man and many other animals. In man the lips are organs of speech essential to certain articulations. Hence, by a figure they denote the mouth, or all the organs of speech, and sometimes speech itself. Thine own lips testify against thee. Jeb xv. 6. 2. An edge of an opening; a thin projecting part of anything; a kind of short open spout; as, the lip of a vessel. 3. The sharp cutting edge on the end of an auger. 4. (Bot.) (a) One of the two opposite divisions of a labiate corolla. (b) The odd and peculiar petal in the Orchis family. See Orchidaceous. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the edges of the aperture of a univalve shell. Lip bit, a pod auger. See Auger. -- Lip comfort, comfort that is given with words only. -- Lip comforter, one who comforts with words only. -- Lip labor, unfelt or insincere speech; hypocrisy. Bale. -- Lip reading, the catching of the words or meaning of one speaking by watching the motion of his lips without hearing his voice. Carpenter. -- Lip salve, a salve for sore lips. -- Lip service, expression by the lips of obedience and devotion without the performance of acts suitable to such sentiments. -- Lip wisdom, wise talk without practice, or unsupported by experience. -- Lip work. (a) Talk. (b) Kissing. [Humorous] B. Jonson. -- Lip make a lip, to drop the under lip in sullenness or contempt. Shak. -- To shoot out the lip (Script.), to show contempt by protruding the lip. LIP Lip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Lipping.] 1. To touch with the lips; to put the lips to; hence, to kiss. The bubble on the wine which breaks Before you lip the glass. Praed. A hand that kings Have lipped and trembled kissing. Shak. 2. To utter; to speak. [R.] Keats. LIP Lip, v. t. Defn: To clip; to trim. [Obs.] Holland. LIPAEMIA Li*pæ"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A condition in which fat occurs in the blood. LIPANS Li*pans", n. pl.; sing. Lipan (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of North American Inedians, inhabiting the northern part of Mexico. They belong to the Tinneh stock, and are closely related to the Apaches. LIPARIAN Li*pa"ri*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of a family (Liparidæ) of destructive bombycid moths, as the tussock moths. LIPARITE Lip"a*rite, n. Etym: [So called from Lipari, the island.] (Min.) Defn: A quartzose trachyte; rhyolite. LIPIC Lip"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, fat. The word was formerly used specifically to designate a supposed acid obtained by the oxidation of oleic acid, tallow, wax, etc. LIPINIC Li*pin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Lipic. LIPLESS Lip"less, a Defn: , Having no lips. LIPLET Lip"let, n. Defn: A little lip. LIPOCEPHALA Lip`o*ceph"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Lamellibranchia. LIPOCHRIN Lip"o*chrin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A yellow coloring matter, soluble in ether, contained in the small round fat drops in the retinal epithelium cells. It is best obtained from the eyes of frogs. LIPOGRAM Lip"o*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A writing composed of words not having a certain letters; -- as in the Odyssey of Tryphiodorus there was no A in the first book, no B in the second, and so on. LIPOGRAMMATIC Lip"o*gram*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. lipogrammatique.] Defn: Omitting a letter; composed of words not having a certain letter or letters; as, lipogrammatic writings. LIPOGRAMMATIST Lip`o*gram"ma*tist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lipogrammatiste.] Defn: One who makes a lipogram. LIPOMA Li*po"ma, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A tumor consisting of fat or adipose tissue. -- Li*pom"a*tous, a. LIPOTHYMIC Li`po*thym"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. , Defn: Tending to swoon; fainting. [Written also leipothymic.] LIPOTHYMOUS Li*poth"y*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining, or given, to swooning; fainting. LIPOTHYMY Li*poth"y*my, n. Etym: [Gr. lipothymie.] Defn: A fainting; a swoon. Jer. Taylor. LIPPED Lipped, a. 1. Having a lip or lips; having a raised or rounded edge resembling the lip; -- often used in composition; as, thick-lipped, thin-lipped, etc. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Labiate. LIPPITUDE Lip"pi*tude, n. Etym: [L. lippitudo, fr. lippus blear-eyed: cf. F. lippitude.] Defn: Soreness of eyes; the state of being blear-eyes; blearedness. LIPSE Lipse, v. i. Defn: To lisp. [Obs.] Chaucer. LIPYL Lip"yl, n. Etym: [Gr. -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical of glycerin. [Obs.] Berzelius. LIQUABLE Liq"ua*ble, a. Etym: [l. liquabilis. See Liquate, v. i.] Defn: Capable of being melted. LIQUATE Li"quate, v. i. Etym: [L. liquatus, p. p. of liquare to melt.] Defn: To melt; to become liquid. [Obs.] Woodward. LIQUATE Li"quate, v. t. (Metal.) Defn: To separate by fusion, as a more fusible from a less fusible material. LIQUATION Li*qua"tion, n. Etym: [L. liquatio: cf. F. liquation.] 1. The act or operation of making or becoming liquid; also, the capacity of becoming liquid. 2. (Metal.) Defn: The process of separating, by heat, an easily fusible metal from one less fusible; eliquation. LIQUEFACIENT Liq`ue*fa"cient, n. Etym: [L. liquefaciens, p. pr. of liquefacere. See Liquefy.] 1. That which serves to liquefy. 2. (Med.) Defn: An agent, as mercury, iodine, etc., which promotes the liquefying processes of the system, and increases the secretions. LIQUEFACTION Liq`ue*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. liquefactio: cf. F. liquéfaction. See Liquefy.] 1. The act or operation of making or becoming liquid; especially, the conversion of a solid into a liquid by the sole agency of heat. 2. The state of being liquid. 3. (Chem. Physics) Defn: The act, process, or method, of reducing a gas or vapor to a liquid by cold or pressure; as, the liquefaction of oxygen or hydrogen. LIQUEFIABLE Liq"ue*fi`a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. liquéfiable. See Liquefy.] Defn: Capable of being changed from a solid to a liquid state. LIQUEFIER Liq"ue*fi`er, n. Defn: That which liquefies. LIQUEFY Liq"ue*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquefied; p. pr. & vb. n. Liquefying.] Etym: [F. liquéfier, L. liquere to be liquid + facere, - ficare (in comp.), to make. See Liquid, and -fy.] Defn: To convert from a solid form to that of a liquid; to melt; to dissolve; and technically, to melt by the sole agency of heat. LIQUEFY Liq"ue*fy, v. i. Defn: To become liquid. LIQUESCENCY Li*ques"cen*cy, n. Etym: [See Liquescent.] Defn: The quality or state of being liquescent. Johnson. LIQUESCENT Li*ques"cent, a. Etym: [L. liquescens, p. pr. of liquescere to become liquid, incho. fr. liquere to be liquid.] Defn: Tending to become liquid; inclined to melt to melt; melting. LIQUEUR Li`queur", n. Etym: [F. See Liquor.] Defn: An aromatic alcoholic cordial. Note: Some liqueurs are prepared by infusing certain woods, fruits, or flowers, in either water or alcohol, and adding sugar, etc. Others are distilled from aromatic or flavoring agents. LIQUID Liq"uid, a. Etym: [L. liquidus, fr. liquere to be fluid or liquid; cf. Skr. ri to ooze, drop, li to melt.] 1. Flowing freely like water; fluid; not solid. Yes, though he go upon the plane and liquid water which will receive no step. Tyndale. 2. (Physics) Defn: Being in such a state that the component parts move among themselves, but do not tend to separate from each other as the particles of gases and vapors do; neither solid nor aëriform; as, liquid mercury, in distinction from mercury solidified or in a state of vapor. 3. Flowing or sounding smoothly or without abrupt transitions or harsh tones. "Liquid melody." Crashaw. 4. Pronounced without any jar or harshness; smooth; as, l and r are liquid letters. 5. Fluid and transparent; as, the liquid air. 6. Clear; definite in terms or amount.[Obs.] "Though the debt should be entirely liquid." Ayliffe. Liquid glass. See Soluble glass, under Glass. LIQUID Liq"uid, n. 1. A substance whose parts change their relative position on the slightest pressure, and therefore retain no definite form; any substance in the state of liquidity; a fluid that is not aëriform. Note: Liquid and fluid are terms often used synonymously, but fluid has the broader signification. All liquids are fluids, but many fluids, as air and the gases, are not liquids. 2. (Phon.) Defn: A letter which has a smooth, flowing sound, or which flows smoothly after a mute; as, l and r, in bla, bra. M and n also are called liquids. Liquid measure, a measure, or system of measuring, for liquids, by the gallon, quart, pint, gill, etc. LIQUID AIR Liq"uid air. (Physics) Defn: A transparent limpid liquid, slightly blue in color, consisting of a mixture of liquefied oxygen and nitrogen. It is prepared by subjecting air to great pressure and then cooling it by its own expansion to a temperature below the boiling point of its constituents (N -194º C; O -183º C.). LIQUIDAMBAR Liq"uid*am`bar, n. Etym: [Liquid + amber.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus consisting of two species of tall trees having star- shaped leaves, and woody burlike fruit. Liquidambar styraciflua is the North American sweet qum, and L. Orientalis is found in Asia Minor. 2. The balsamic juice which is obtained from these trees by incision. The liquid balsam of the Oriental tree is liquid storax. LIQUIDAMBER Liq"uid*am`ber, n. Defn: See Liquidambar. LIQUIDATE Liq"ui*date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquidated; p. pr. & vb. n. Liquidating.] Etym: [LL. liquidatus, p. p. of liquidate to liquidate, fr. L. liquidus liquid, clear. See Liquid.] 1. (Law) Defn: To determine by agreement or by litigation the precise amount of (indebtedness); or, where there is an indebtedness to more than one person, to determine the precise amount of (each indebtedness); to make the amount of (an indebtedness); clear and certain. A debt or demand is liquidated whenever the amount due is agreed on by the parties, or fixed by the operation of law. 15 Ga. Rep. 821. If our epistolary accounts were fairly liquidated, I believe you would be brought in considerable debtor. Chesterfield. 2. In an extended sense: To ascertain the amount, or the several amounts, of , and apply assets toward the discharge of (an indebtedness). Abbott. 3. To discharge; to pay off, as an indebtedness. Friburg was ceded to Zurich by Sigismund to liquidate a debt of a thousand florins. W. Coxe. 4. To make clear and intelligible. Time only can liquidate the meaning of all parts of a compound system. A. Hamilton. 5. To make liquid. [Obs.] Liquidated damages (Law), damages the amount of which is fixed or ascertained. Abbott. LIQUIDATION Liq`ui*da"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. liquidation.] Defn: The act or process of liquidating; the state of being liquidated. To go into liquidation (Law), to turn over to a trustee one's assets and accounts, in order that the several amounts of one's indebtedness be authoritatively ascertained, and that the assets may be applied toward their discharge. LIQUIDATOR Liq"ui*da`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. liquidateur.] 1. One who, or that which, liquidates. 2. An officer appointed to conduct the winding up of a company, to bring and defend actions and suits in its name, and to do all necessary acts on behalf of the company. [Eng.] Mozley & W. LIQUIDITY Li*quid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. liquiditas, fr. liquidus liquid: cf. F. liquidité.] Defn: The state or quality of being liquid. LIQUIDIZE Liq"uid*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquidized; p. pr. & vb. n. Liquidizing.] Defn: To render liquid. LIQUIDLY Liq"uid*ly, adv. Defn: In a liquid manner; flowingly. LIQUIDNESS Liq"uid*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being liquid; liquidity; fluency. LIQUOR Liq"uor, n. Etym: [OE. licour, licur, OF. licur, F. liqueur, fr. L. liquor, fr. liquere to be liquid. See Liquid, and cf. Liqueur.] 1. Any liquid substance, as water, milk, blood, sap, juice, or the like. 2. Specifically, alcoholic or spirituous fluid, either distilled or fermented, as brandy, wine, whisky, beer, etc. 3. (Pharm.) Defn: A solution of a medicinal substance in water; -- distinguished from tincture and aqua. Note: The U. S. Pharmacopoeia includes, in this class of preparations, all aqueous solutions without sugar, in which the substance acted on is wholly soluble in water, excluding those in which the dissolved matter is gaseous or very volatile, as in the aquæ or waters. U. S. Disp. Labarraque's liquor (Old Chem.), a solution of an alkaline hypochlorite, as sodium hypochlorite, used in bleaching and as a disinfectant. -- Liquor of flints, or Liquor silicum (Old Chem.), soluble glass; - - so called because formerly made from powdered flints. See Soluble glass, under Glass. -- Liquor of Libavius. (Old Chem.) See Fuming liquor of Libavius, under Fuming. -- Liquor sanguinis (, (Physiol.), the blood plasma. -- Liquor thief, a tube for taking samples of liquor from a cask through the bung hole. -- To be in liquor, to be intoxicated. LIQUOR Liq"uor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquored; p. pr. & vb. n. Liquoring.] 1. To supply with liquor. [R.] 2. To grease. [Obs.] Bacon. Liquor fishermen's boots. Shak. LIQUORICE Liq"uor*ice, n. Defn: See Licorice. LIQUORISH Liq"uor*ish, a. Defn: See Lickerish. [Obs.] Shak. LIQUOROUS Liq"uor*ous, a. Defn: Eagerly desirous. See Lickerish. [Obs.] Marston. LIRA Li"ra, n. ; pl. Lire. Etym: [It., fr. L. libra the Roman pound. Cf. Livre.] Defn: An Italian coin equivalent in value to the French franc. LIRELLA Li*rel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L.lira a furrow.] (Bot.) Defn: A linear apothecium furrowed along the middle; the fruit of certain lichens. LIRELLIFORM Li*rel"li*form, a. Etym: [Lirella + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Like a lirella. [Written also lirellæform.] LIRIODENDRON Lir`i*o*den"dron, n.; pl. Liriodendra. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of large and very beautiful trees of North America, having smooth, shining leaves, and handsome, tuliplike flowers; tulip tree; whitewood; -- called also canoewood. Liriodendron tulipifera is the only extant species, but there were several others in the Cretaceous epoch. LIRIPIPE Lir"i*pipe, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Liripoop. LIRIPOOP Lir"i*poop, n. Etym: [OF. liripipion, liripion, LL. liripipium. Said to be corrupted from L. cleri ephippium, lit., the clergy's caparison.] 1. A pendent part of the old clerical tippet; afterwards, a tippet; a scarf; -- worn also by doctors, learned men, etc. [Obs.] 2. Acuteness; smartness; also, a smart trick or stratagem.[Obs.] Stanihurst. 3. A silly person. [Obs.] A liripoop, vel lerripoop, a silly, empty creature; an old dotard. Milles. MS. Devon Gloss. LIROCONITE Li*roc"o*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A hydrated arseniate of copper, occurring in obtuse pyramidal crystals of a sky-blue or verdigris-green color. LISBON Lis"bon, n. Defn: A sweet, light-colored species of wine, produced in the province of Estremadura, and so called as being shipped from Lisbon, in Portugal. LISLE Lisle, n. Defn: A city of France celebrated for certain manufactures. Lisle glove, a fine summer glove, made of Lisle thread. -- Lisle lace, a fine handmade lace, made at Lisle. -- Lisle thread, a hard twisted cotton thread, originally produced at Lisle. LISNE Lisne, n. Etym: [Prov. E. lissen, lisne, a cleft in a rock.] Defn: A cavity or hollow.[Obs.] Sir M. Hale. LISP Lisp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lisped; p. pr. & vb. n. Lisping.] Etym: [OE. lispen, lipsen, AS. wlisp stammering, lisping; akin to D. & OHG. lispen to lisp, G. lispeln, Sw. läspa, Dan. lespe.] 1. To pronounce the sibilant letter s imperfectly; to give s and z the sound of th; -- a defect common among children. 2. To speak with imperfect articulation; to mispronounce, as a child learning to talk. As yet a child, nor yet a fool to fame, I lisped in numbers came. Pope. 3. To speak hesitatingly with a low voice, as if afraid. Lest when my lisping, guilty tongue should halt. Drayton. LISP Lisp, v. t. 1. To pronounce with a lisp. 2. To utter with imperfect articulation; to express with words pronounced imperfectly or indistinctly, as a child speaks; hence, to express by the use of simple, childlike language. To speak unto them after their own capacity, and to lispe words unto them according as the babes and children of that age might sound them again. Tyndale. 3. To speak with reserve or concealment; to utter timidly or confidentially; as, to lisp treason. LISP Lisp, n. Defn: The habit or act of lisping. See Lisp, v. i., 1. I overheard her answer, with a very pretty lisp, "O! Strephon, you are a dangerous creature." Tatler. LISPER Lisp"er, n. Defn: One who lisps. LISPINGLY Lisp"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With a lisp; in a lisping manner. LISS Liss, n. Etym: [AS. liss.] Defn: Release; remission; ease; relief. [Obs.] "Of penance had a lisse." Chaucer. LISS Liss, v. t. Etym: [AS. lissan.] Defn: To free, as from care or pain; to relieve. [Obs.] "Lissed of his care." Chaucer. LISSENCEPHALA Lis`sen*ceph"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A general name for all those placental mammals that have a brain with few or no cerebral convolutions, as Rodentia, Insectivora, etc. LISSOM; LISSOME Lis"som, Lis"some, a. Etym: [For lithesome.] 1. Limber; supple; flexible; lithe; lithesome. Straight, but as lissome as a hazel wand. Tennyson. 2. Light; nimble; active. Halliwell. -- Lis"some*ness, n. LIST List, n. Etym: [F. lice, LL. liciae, pl., from L. licium thread, girdle.] Defn: A line inclosing or forming the extremity of a piece of ground, or field of combat; hence, in the plural (lists), the ground or field inclosed for a race or combat. Chaucer. In measured lists to toss the weighty lance. Pope. To enter the lists, to accept a challenge, or engage in contest. LIST List, v. t. Defn: To inclose for combat; as, to list a field. LIST List, v. i. Etym: [See Listen.] Defn: To hearken; to attend; to listen. [Obs. except in poetry.] Stand close, and list to him. Shak. LIST List, v. t. Defn: To listen or hearken to. Then weigh what loss your honor may sustain, If with too credent ear you list his songs. Shak. LIST List, v. i. Etym: [OE. listen, lusten, AS. lystan, from lust pleasure. See Lust.] 1. To desire or choose; to please. The wind bloweth where it listeth. John iii. 8. Them that add to the Word of God what them listeth. Hooker. Let other men think of your devices as they list. Whitgift. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To lean; to incline; as, the ship lists to port. LIST List, n. 1. Inclination; desire. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Naut.) Defn: An inclination to one side; as, the ship has a list to starboard. LIST List, n. Etym: [AS. list a list of cloth; akin to D. lijst, G. leiste, OHG. lista,Icel. lista, listi, Sw. list, Dan. liste. In sense 5 from F. liste, of German origin, and thus ultimately the same word.] 1. A strip forming the woven border or selvedge of cloth, particularly of broadcloth, and serving to strengthen it; hence, a strip of cloth; a fillet. " Gartered with a red and blue list. " Shak. 2. A limit or boundary; a border. The very list, the very utmost bound, Of all our fortunes. Shak. 3. The lobe of the ear; the ear itself. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. A stripe. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 5. A roll or catalogue, that is row or line; a record of names; as, a list of names, books, articles; a list of ratable estate. He was the ablest emperor of all the list. Bacon. 6. (Arch.) Defn: A little square molding; a fillet; -- called also listel. 7. (Carp.) Defn: A narrow strip of wood, esp. sapwood, cut from the edge of a plank or board. 8. (Rope Making) Defn: A piece of woolen cloth with which the yarns are grasped by a workman. 9. (Tin-plate Manuf.) (a) The first thin coat of tin. (b) A wirelike rim of tin left on an edge of the plate after it is coated. Civil list (Great Britain & U.S.), the civil officers of government, as judges, ambassadors, secretaries, etc. Hence, the revenues or appropriations of public money for the support of the civil officers. More recently, the civil list, in England, embraces only the expenses of the reigning monarch's household. Free list. (a) A list of articles admitted to a country free of duty. (b) A list of persons admitted to any entertainment, as a theater or opera, without payment, or to whom a periodical, or the like, is furnished without cost. Syn. -- Roll; catalogue; register; inventory; schedule. -- List, Boll, Catalogue, Register, Inventory, Schedule. Alist is properly a simple series of names, etc., in a brief form, such as might naturally be entered in a narrow strip of paper. A roll was originally a list containing the names of persons belonging to a public body (as Parliament, etc.), which was rolled up and laid aside among its archives. A catalogue is a list of persons or things arranged in order, and usually containing some description of the same, more or less extended. A register is designed for record or preservation. An inventory is a list of articles, found on hand in a store of goods, or in the estate of a deceased person, or under similar circumstances. A schedule is a formal list or inventory prepared for legal or business purposes. LIST List, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Listed; p. pr. & vb. n. Listing.] Etym: [From list a roll.] 1. To sew together, as strips of cloth, so as to make a show of colors, or form a border. Sir H. Wotton. 2. To cover with list, or with strips of cloth; to put list on; as, to list a door; to stripe as if with list. The tree that stood white-listed through the gloom. Tennyson. 3. To enroll; to place or register in a list. Listed among the upper serving men. Milton. 4. To engage, as a soldier; to enlist. I will list you for my soldier. Sir W. Scott. 5. (Carp.) Defn: To cut away a narrow strip, as of sapwood, from the edge of; as, to list a board. To list a stock (Stock Exchange), to put it in the list of stocks called at the meeting of the board. LIST List, v. i. Defn: To engage in public service by enrolling one's name; to enlist. LISTEL List"el, n. Etym: [F. listel, dim. of liste fillet, list. See List the edge.] (Arch.) Defn: Same as List, n., 6. LISTEN Lis"ten, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Listened; p. pr. & vb. n. Listening.] Etym: [OE. listnen, listen, lustnen, lusten, AS. hlystan; akin to hlyst hearing, OS. hlust, Icel. hlusta to listen, hlust ear, AS. hlosnian to wait in suspense, OHG. hlosen to listen, Gr. loud. sq. root41. See Loud, and cf. List to listen.] 1. To give close attention with the purpose of hearing; to give ear; to hearken; to attend. When we have occasion to listen, and give a more particular attention to same sound, the tympanum is drawn to a more than ordinary tension. Holder. 2. To give heed; to yield to advice; to follow admonition; to obey. Listen to me, and by me be ruled. Tennyson. To listen after, to take an interest in. [Obs.] Soldiers note forts, armories, and magazines; scholars listen after libraries, disputations, and professors. Fuller. Syn. -- To attend; hearken. See Attend. LISTEN Lis"ten, v. t. Defn: To attend to. [Obs.] Shak. LISTENER Lis"ten*er, n. Defn: One who listens; a hearkener. LISTER List"er, n. Defn: One who makes a list or roll. LISTER Lis"ter, n. Defn: Same as Leister. LISTERIAN Lis*te"ri*an, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to listerism. LISTERISM Lis"ter*ism, n. (Med.) Defn: The systematic use of antiseptics in the performance of operations and the treatment of wounds; -- so called from Joseph Lister, an English surgeon. LISTERIZE Lis"ter*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. -ized; p. pr. & vb. n. -izing.] (Med.) Defn: To make antiseptic. LISTFUL List"ful, a. Defn: Attentive [Obs.] Spenser. LISTING List"ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who lists (in any sense of the verb); as, the listing of a door; the listing of a stock at the Stock Exchange. 2. The selvedge of cloth; list. 3. (Carp.) Defn: The sapwood cut from the edge of a board. 4. (Agric.) Defn: The throwing up of the soil into ridges, -- a method adopted in the culture of beets and some garden crops. [Local, U. S.] LISTLESS List"less, a. Etym: [OE. listles, lustles. See Lust.] Defn: Having no desire or inclination; indifferent; heedless; spiritless. " A listless unconcern." Thomson. Benumbed with cold, and listless of their gain. Dryden. I was listless, and desponding. Swift. Syn. -- Heedless; careless; indifferent; vacant; uninterested; languid; spiritless; supine; indolent. -- List"less*ly, adv. -- List"less*ness, n. LIT Lit Defn: , a form of the imp. & p. p. of Light. LITANY Lit"a*ny, n.; pl. Litanies. Etym: [OE. letanie, OF. letanie, F. litanie, L. litania, Gr. Defn: A solemn form of supplication in the public worship of various churches, in which the clergy and congregation join, the former leading and the latter responding in alternate sentences. It is usually of a penitential character. Supplications . . . for the appeasing of God's wrath were of the Greek church termed litanies, and rogations of the Latin. Hooker. LITARGE Lit"arge, n. Defn: Litharge. [Obs.] Chaucer. LITCHI Li"tchi`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of a tree native to China (Nephelium Litchi). It is nutlike, having a rough but tender shell, containing an aromatic pulp, and a single large seed. In the dried fruit which is exported the pulp somewhat resembles a raisin in color and form. [Written also lichi, and lychee.] -- lite. See -lith. LITE Lite, a., adv., & n. Defn: Little. [Obs.] Chaucer. LITER; LITRE Li"ter, Li"tre, n. Etym: [F. litre, Gr. Defn: A measure of capacity in the metric system, being a cubic decimeter, equal to 61.022 cubic inches, or 2.113 American pints, or 1.76 English pints. LITERACY Lit"er*a*cy, n. Defn: State of being literate. LITERAL Lit"er*al, a. Etym: [F. litéral, littéral, L. litteralis, literalis, fr. littera, litera, a letter. See Letter.] 1. According to the letter or verbal expression; real; not figurative or metaphorical; as, the literal meaning of a phrase. It hath but one simple literal sense whose light the owls can not abide. Tyndale . 2. Following the letter or exact words; not free. A middle course between the rigor of literal translations and the liberty of paraphrasts. Hooker. 3. Consisting of, or expressed by, letters. The literal notation of numbers was known to Europeans before the ciphers. Johnson. 4. Giving a strict or literal construction; unimaginative; matter-of fast; -- applied to persons. Literal contract (Law), contract of which the whole evidence is given in writing. Bouvier. -- Literal equation (Math.), an equation in which known quantities are expressed either wholly or in part by means of letters; -- distinguished from a numerical equation. LITERAL Lit"er*al, n. Defn: Literal meaning. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. LITERALISM Lit"er*al*ism, n. 1. That which accords with the letter; a mode of interpreting literally; adherence to the letter. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: The tendency or disposition to represent objects faithfully, without abstraction, conventionalities, or idealization. LITERALIST Lit"er*al*ist, n. Defn: One who adheres to the letter or exact word; an interpreter according to the letter. LITERALITY Lit`er*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. littéralité.] Defn: The state or quality of being literal. Sir T. Browne. LITERALIZATION Lit`er*al*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of literalizing; reduction to a literal meaning. LITERALIZE Lit"er*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Literalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Literalizing.] Defn: To make literal; to interpret or put in practice according to the strict meaning of the words; -- opposed to spiritualize; as, to literalize Scripture. LITERALIZER Lit"er*al*i`zer, n. Defn: A literalist. LITERALLY Lit"er*al*ly, adv. 1. According to the primary and natural import of words; not figuratively; as, a man and his wife can not be literally one flesh. 2. With close adherence to words; word by word. So wild and ungovernable a poet can not be translated literally. Dryden. LITERALNESS Lit"er*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being literal; literal import. LITERARY Lit"er*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. litterarius, literarius,fr. littera, litera, a letter: cf. F. littéraire. See Letter.] 1. Of or pertaining to letters or literature; pertaining to learning or learned men; as, literary fame; a literary history; literary conversation. He has long outlived his century, the term commonly fixed as the test of literary merit. Johnson. 2. Versed in, or acquainted with, literature; occupied with literature as a profession; connected with literature or with men of letters; as, a literary man. In the literary as well as fashionable world. Mason. Literary property. (a) Property which consists in written or printed compositions. (b) The exclusive right of publication as recognized and limited by law. LITERATE Lit"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. litteratus, literatus. See Letter.] Defn: Instructed in learning, science, or literature; learned; lettered. The literate now chose their emperor, as the military chose theirs. Landor. LITERATE Lit"er*ate, n. 1. One educated, but not having taken a university degree; especially, such a person who is prepared to take holy orders. [Eng.] 2. A literary man. LITERATI Lit`e*ra"ti, n. pl. Etym: [See Literatus.] Defn: Learned or literary men. See Literatus. Shakespearean commentators, and other literati. Craik. LITERATIM Lit`e*ra"tim, adv. Etym: [LL., fr. L.litera, litera, letter.] Defn: Letter for letter. LITERATION Lit`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. littera, litera, letter.] Defn: The act or process of representing by letters. LITERATOR Lit"er*a`tor, n. Etym: [L. litterator, literator. See Letter.] 1. One who teaches the letters or elements of knowledge; a petty schoolmaster. Burke. 2. A person devoted to the study of literary trifles, esp. trifles belonging to the literature of a former age. That class of subjects which are interesting to the regular literator or black-letter " bibliomane," simply because they have once been interesting. De Quincey. 3. A learned person; a literatus. Sir W. Hamilton. LITERATURE Lit"er*a*ture, n. Etym: [F. littérature, L. litteratura, literatura, learning, grammar, writing, fr.littera, litera, letter. See Letter.] 1. Learning; acquaintance with letters or books. 2. The collective body of literary productions, embracing the entire results of knowledge and fancy preserved in writing; also, the whole body of literary productions or writings upon a given subject, or in reference to a particular science or branch of knowledge, or of a given country or period; as, the literature of Biblical criticism; the literature of chemistry. 3. The class of writings distinguished for beauty of style or expression, as poetry, essays, or history, in distinction from scientific treatises and works which contain positive knowledge; belles-lettres. 4. The occupation, profession, or business of doing literary work. Lamp. Syn. -- Science; learning; erudition; belles-lettres. See Science. -- Literature, Learning, Erudition. Literature, in its widest sense, embraces all compositions in writing or print which preserve the results of observation, thought, or fancy; but those upon the positive sciences (mathematics, etc.) are usually excluded. It is often confined, however, to belles-lettres, or works of taste and sentiment, as poetry, eloquence, history, etc., excluding abstract discussions and mere erudition. A man of literature (in this narrowest sense) is one who is versed in belles-lettres; a man of learning excels in what is taught in the schools, and has a wide extent of knowledge, especially, in respect to the past; a man of erudition is one who is skilled in the more recondite branches of learned inquiry. The origin of all positive science and philosophy, as well as of all literature and art, in the forms in which they exist in civilized Europe, must be traced to the Greeks. Sir G. Lewis. Learning thy talent is, but mine is sense. Prior. Some gentlemen, abounding in their university erudition, fill their sermons with philosophical terms. Swift. LITERATUS Lit`e*ra"tus, n.; pl. Literati. Etym: [L. litteratus, literatus.] Defn: A learned man; a man acquainted with literature; -- chiefly used in the plural. Now we are to consider that our bright ideal of a literatus may chance to be maimed. De Quincey. -LITH; -LITE -lith, -lite. Defn: Combining forms fr. Gr. li`qos a stone; -- used chiefly in naming minerals and rocks. LITH Lith, obs. Defn: 3d pers. sing. pres. of Lie, to recline, for lieth. Chaucer. LITH Lith, n. Etym: [AS. li.] Defn: A joint or limb; a division; a member; a part formed by growth, and articulated to, or symmetrical with, other parts. Chaucer. LITHAEMIA Li*thæ"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A condition in which uric (lithic) acid is present in the blood. LITHAGOGUE Lith"a*gogue, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A medicine having, or supposed to have, the power of expelling calculous matter with the urine. Hooper. LITHARGE Lith"arge, n. Etym: [OE. litarge, F. litharge, L. lithargyrus, Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Lead monoxide; a yellowish red substance, obtained as an amorphous powder, or crystallized in fine scales, by heating lead moderately in a current of air or by calcining lead nitrate or carbonate. It is used in making flint glass, in glazing earthenware, in making red lead minium, etc. Called also massicot. LITHARGYRUM Li*thar"gy*rum, n. Etym: [NL. See Litharge.] (Old Chem.) Defn: Crystallized litharge, obtained by fusion in the form of fine yellow scales. LITHATE Lith"ate, n. (Old Med. Chem.) Defn: A salt of lithic or uric acid; a urate. [Obs.] [Written also lithiate.] LITHE Lithe, v. i. & i. Etym: [Icel Listen.] Defn: To listen or listen to; to hearken to. [Obs.] P. Plowman. LITHE Lithe, a. Etym: [AS. lind, gelind, OHG. lindi, Icel. linr, L. lenis soft, mild, lentus flexible, and AS. linnan to yield. Cf. Lenient.] 1. Mild; calm; as, lithe weather. [Obs.] 2. Capable of being easily bent; pliant; flexible; limber; as, the elephant's lithe proboscis. Milton. LITHE Lithe, v. t. Etym: [AS. Lithe, a.] Defn: To smooth; to soften; to palliate. [Obs.] LITHELY Lithe"ly, adv. Defn: In a lithe, pliant, or flexible manner. LITHENESS Lithe"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being lithe; flexibility; limberness. LITHER Li"ther, a. Etym: [AS. Defn: Bad; wicked; false; worthless; slothful. [Obs.] Chaucer. Not lither in business, fervent in spirit. Bp. Woolton. Note: Professor Skeat thinks " the lither sky" as found in Shakespeare's Henry VI. ((Part I. IY. YII., 21) means the stagnant or pestilential sky. -- Li"ther*ly, adv. [Obs.]. -- Li"ther*ness, n. [Obs.] LITHERLY Li"ther*ly, a. Defn: Crafty; cunning; mischievous; wicked; treacherous; lazy.[Archaic] He [the dwarf] was waspish, arch, and litherly. Sir W. Scott. LITHESOME Lithe"some, a. Etym: [See Lithe, a., and cf. Lissom.] Defn: Pliant; limber; flexible; supple; nimble; lissom. -- Lithe"some*ness, n. LITHIA Lith"i*a, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Chem.) Defn: The oxide of lithium; a strong alkaline caustic similar to potash and soda, but weaker. See Lithium. Lithia emerald. See Hiddenite. LITHIASIS Li*thi"a*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The formation of stony concretions or calculi in any part of the body, especially in the bladder and urinary passages. Dunglison. LITHIC Lith"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. lithique.] 1. Of or pertaining to stone; as, lithic architecture. 2. (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to the formation of uric-acid concretions (stone) in the bladder and other parts of the body; as, lithic diathesis. LIthic acid (Old Med. Chem.), uric acid. See Uric acid, under Uric. LITHIC Lith"ic, n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine which tends to prevent stone in the bladder. LITHIC Lith"ic, a. Etym: [From Lithium.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to or denoting lithium or some of its compounds. Frankland. LITHIOPHILITE Lith`i*oph"i*lite, n. Etym: [Lithium + Gr. (Min.) Defn: A phosphate of manganese and lithium; a variety of triphylite. LITHIUM Lith"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A metallic element of the alkaline group, occurring in several minerals, as petalite, spodumene, lepidolite, triphylite, etc., and otherwise widely disseminated, though in small quantities. Note: When isolated it is a soft, silver white metal, tarnishing and oxidizing very rapidly in the air. It is the lightest solid element known, specific gravity being 0.59. Symbol Li. Atomic weight 7.0 So called from having been discovered in a mineral. LITHO Lith"o Defn: A combining form from Gr. stone. LITHOBILIC Lith`o*bil"ic, a. Etym: [Litho + bile.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to or designating an organic acid of the tartaric acid series, distinct from lithofellic acid, but, like it, obtained from certain bile products, as bezoar stones. LITHOCARP Lith"o*carp, n. Etym: [Litho- + Gr. lithocarpe.] (Paleon.) Defn: Fossil fruit; a fruit petrified; a carpolite. LITHOCHROMATICS Lith`o*chro*mat"ics, n. Defn: See Lithochromics. LITHOCHROMICS Lith`o*chro"mics, n. Etym: [Litho- + Gr. Defn: The art of printing colored pictures on canvas from oil paintings on stone. LITHOCLAST Lith"o*clast, n. Etym: [Litho- + Gr. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for crushing stones in the bladder. LITHOCYST Lith"o*cyst, n. Etym: [Litho- + cyst.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A sac containing small, calcareous concretions (otoliths). They are found in many Medusæ, and other invertebrates, and are supposed to be auditory organs. LITHODOME Lith"o*dome, n. Etym: [Litho- + Gr. lithodome.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of bivalves, which form holes in limestone, in which they live; esp., any species of the genus Lithodomus. LITHODOMOUS Li*thod"o*mous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, Lithodomus; lithophagous. LITHODOMUS Li*thod"o*mus, n. Etym: [NL. See Lithodome.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of elongated bivalve shells, allied to the mussels, and remarkable for their ability to bore holes for shelter, in solid limestone, shells, etc. Called also Lithophagus. Note: These holes are at first very small and shallow, but are enlarged with the growth of the shell, sometimes becoming two or three inches deep and nearly an inch diameter. LITHOFELLIC Lith"o*fel"lic, a. Etym: [Litho- + L. fel, fellis, gall.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a crystalline, organic acid, resembling cholic acid, found in the biliary intestinal concretions (bezoar stones) common in certain species of antelope. LITHOFRACTEUR Lith`o*frac"teur, n. Etym: [F., fr. frangere, fractum, to break.] Defn: An explosive compound of nitroglycerin. See Nitroglycerin. LITHOGENESY Lith`o*gen"e*sy, n. Etym: [Litho- Gr. lithogénésie. See Genesis.] Defn: The doctrine or science of the origin of the minerals composing the globe. LITHOGENOUS Li*thog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Litho- + -genous.] Defn: Stone-producing; -- said of polyps which form coral. LITHOGLYPH Lith"o*glyph, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An engraving on a gem. LITHOGLYPHER Li*thog"ly*pher, n. Defn: One who curs or engraves precious stones. LITHOGLYPHIC Lith`o*glyph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the art of cutting and engraving precious stones. LITHOGLYPTICS Lith`o*glyp"tics, n. Defn: The art of cutting and engraving gems. LITHOGRAPH Lith"o*graph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lithographed; p. pr. & vb. n. Lithographing.] Etym: [Litho- + -graph: cf. F. lithographier.] Defn: To trace on stone by the process of lithography so as to transfer the design to paper by printing; as, to lithograph a design; to lithograph a painting. See Lithography. LITHOGRAPH Lith"o*graph, n. Defn: A print made by lithography. LITHOGRAPHER Li*thog"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who lithographs; one who practices lithography. LITHOGRAPHIC; LITHOGRAPHICAL Lith`o*graph"ic, Lith`o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lithographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to lithography; made by lithography; as, the lithographic art; a lithographic picture. Lithographic limestone (Min.), a compact, fine-grained limestone, obtained largely from the Lias and Oölite, esp. of Bavaria, and extensively used in lithography. -- Lith`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. LITHOGRAPHY Li*thog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lithographie.] Defn: The art or process of putting designs or writing, with a greasy material, on stone, and of producing printed impressions therefrom. The process depends, in the main, upon the antipathy between grease and water, which prevents a printing ink containing oil from adhering to wetted parts of the stone not covered by the design. See Lithographic limestone, under Lithographic. LITHOID; LITHOIDAL Lith"oid Li*thoid"al, a. Etym: [Litho- + -oid: cf. F. lithoïde.] Defn: Like a stone; having a stony structure. LITHOLATRY Li*thol"a*try, n. Etym: [Litho- + Gr. Defn: The worship of a stone or stones. LITHOLOGIC; LITHOLOGICAL Lith`o*log"ic, Lith`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lithologique.] 1. (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the character of a rock, as derived from the nature and mode of aggregation of its mineral contents. 2. Of or pertaining to lithology. LITHOLOGICALLY Lith`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: From a lithological point of view; as, to consider a stratum lithologically. LITHOLOGIST Li*thol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who is skilled in lithology. LITHOLOGY Li*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Litho- + -logy: cf. F. lithologie.] 1. The science which treats of rocks, as regards their mineral constitution and classification, and their mode of occurrence in nature. 2. (Med.) Defn: A treatise on stones found in the body. LITHOMANCY Lith"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Litho- + -mancy: cf. F. lithomancie.] Defn: Divination by means of stones. LITHOMARGE Lith"o*marge, n. Etym: [Litho- + L. marga marl.] Defn: A clay of a fine smooth texture, and very sectile. LITHONTHRIPTIC; LITHONTHRYPTIC Lith`on*thrip"tic, Lith`on*thryp"tic, a. & n. Etym: [Litho- + Gr. Defn: Same as Lithontriptic. LITHONTRIPTIC Lith`on*trip"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. lithontriptique.] (Med.) Defn: Having the quality of, or used for, dissolving or destroying stone in the bladder or kidneys; as, lithontriptic forcéps. -- n. Defn: A lithontriptic remedy or agent, as distilled water. LITHONTRIPTIST Lith"on*trip"tist, n. Defn: Same as Lithotriptist. LITHONTRIPTOR Lith"on*trip`tor, n. (Surg.) Defn: See Lithotriptor. LITHOPHAGOUS Li*thoph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Litho- + Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) Eating or swallowing stones or gravel, as the ostrich. (b) Eating or destroying stone; -- applied to various animals which make burrows in stone, as many bivalve mollusks, certain sponges, annelids, and sea urchins. See Lithodomus. LITHOPHANE Lith`o*phane, n. Etym: [Litho- + Gr. Defn: Porcelain impressed with figures which are made distinct by transmitted light, -- as when hung in a window, or used as a lamp shade. LITHOPHOSPHOR Lith"o*phos`phor, n. Etym: [Litho- + phosphor.] Defn: A stone that becomes phosphoric by heat. LITHOPHOSPHORIC Lith`o*phos*phor"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to lithophosphor; becoming phosphoric by heat. LITHOPHOTOGRAPHY Lith`o*pho*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Litho- + photography.] Defn: Same as Photolithography. LITHOPHYLL Lith"o*phyll, n. Etym: [Gr. lithophylle.] Defn: A fossil leaf or impression of a leaf. LITHOPHYSE Lith"o*physe, n. Etym: [Litho- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: A spherulitic cavity often with concentric chambers, observed in some volcanic rocks, as in rhyolitic lavas. It is supposed to be produced by expanding gas, whence the name. LITHOPHYTE Lith"o*phyte, n. Etym: [Litho- + Gr. lithophyte.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A hard, or stony, plantlike organism, as the gorgonians, corals, and corallines, esp. those gorgonians having a calcareous axis. All the lithophytes except the corallines are animals. LITHOPHYTIC Lith`o*phyt"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to lithophytes. LITHOPHYTOUS Li*thoph"y*tous, a. Defn: Lithophytic. LITHOSIAN Li*tho"sian, n. Etym: [From NL. Lithosia, the typical genus, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of various species of moths belonging to the family Lithosidæ. Many of them are beautifully colored. LITHOSPHERE Lith"o*sphere, n. [Litho- + sphere.] (Phys. Geog.) (a) The solid earth as distinguished from its fluid envelopes, the hydrosphere and atmosphere. (b) The outer part of the solid earth, the portion undergoing change through the gradual transfer of material by volcanic eruption, the circulation of underground water, and the process of erosion and deposition. It is, therefore, regarded as a third mobile envelope comparable with the hydrosphere and atmosphere. LITHOTINT Lith"o*tint, n. Etym: [Litho- + tint.] 1. A kind of lithography by which the effect of a tinted drawing is produced, as if made with India ink. 2. A picture produced by this process. LITHOTOME Lith"o*tome, n. Etym: [Gr. lithotome.] 1. A stone so formed by nature as to appear as if cut by art. 2. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument used for cutting the bladder in operations for the stone. LITHOTOMIC; LITHOTOMICAL Lith`o*tom"ic, Lith`o*tom"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. lithotomique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or performed by, lithotomy. LITHOTOMIST Li*thot"o*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lithotomiste.] Defn: One who performs the operation of cutting for stone in the bladder, or one who is skilled in the operation. LITHOTOMY Li*thot"o*my, n. Etym: [L. lithotomia, Gr. lithotomie.] (Surg.) Defn: The operation, art, or practice of cutting for stone in the bladder. LITHOTRIPSY Lith"o*trip`sy, n. Etym: [Litho- + Gr. lithotripsie.] (Surg.) Defn: The operation of crushing a stone in the bladder with an instrument called lithotriptor or lithotrite; lithotrity. LITHOTRIPTIC Lith`o*trip"tic, a. & n. Defn: Same as Lithontriptic. LITHOTRIPTIST Lith"o*trip`tist, n. Defn: One skilled in breaking and extracting stone in the bladder. LITHOTRIPTOR Lith"o*trip`tor, n. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for triturating the stone in the bladder; a lithotrite. LITHOTRITE; LITHOTRITOR Lith"o*trite, Lith"o*tri"tor,Etym: [See Lithotrity.] (Surg.) Defn: A lithotriptor. LITHOTRITIST Li*thot"ri*tist, n. Defn: A lithotriptist. LITHOTRITY Li*thot"ri*ty, n. Etym: [Litho- + L. terere, tritum, to rub, grind.] (Surg.) Defn: The operation of breaking a stone in the bladder into small pieces capable of being voided. LITHOTYPE Lith"o*type, n. Defn: A kind of stereotype plate made by lithotypy; also, that which in printed from it. See Lithotypy. LITHOTYPE Lith"o*type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lithotyped; p. pr. & vb. n. Lithotyping.] Defn: To prepare for printing with plates made by the process of lithotypy. See Lithotypy. LITHOTYPIC Lith`o*typ"ic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or produced by, lithotypy. LITHOTYPY Li*thot"y*py, n. Etym: [Litho- + -typy.] Defn: The art or process of making a kind of hard, stereotypeplate, by pressing into a mold, taken from a page of type or other matter, a composition of gum shell-lac and sand of a fine quality, together with a little tar and linseed oil, all in a heated state. LITHOXYL Li*thox`yl, n. Etym: [Written also lithoxyle.] Etym: [Litho- + Gr. lithoxyle.] Defn: Petrified wood. [Obs.] LITHUANIAN Lith`u*a"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Lithuania (formerly a principality united with Poland, but now Russian and Prussian territory). LITHUANIAN Lith`u*a"ni*an, n. Defn: A native, or one of the people, of Lithuania; also, the language of the Lithuanian people. LITHY Lith"y a. Etym: [See Lithe.] Defn: Easily bent; pliable. Lithy tree (Bot.), a European shrub (Viburnum Lantana); -- so named from its tough and flexible stem. LITIGABLE Lit"i*ga*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be litigated. LITIGANT Lit"i*gant, a. Etym: [L. litigans, -antis, p. pr. of litigare: cf. F. litigant. See Litigate.] Defn: Disposed to litigate; contending in law; engaged in a lawsuit; as, the parties litigant. Ayliffe. LITIGANT Lit"i*gant, n. Defn: A person engaged in a lawsuit. LITIGATE Lit"i*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Litigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Litigating.] Etym: [See Litigation.] Defn: To make the subject of a lawsuit; to contest in law; to prosecute or defend by pleadings, exhibition of evidence, and judicial debate in a court; as, to litigate a cause. LITIGATE Lit"i*gate, v. i. Defn: To carry on a suit by judicial process. LITIGATION Lit`i*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. litigatio, fr. litigare to dispute, litigate; lis, litis, dispute, lawsuit (OL. stlis) + agere to carry on. See Agent.] Defn: The act or process of litigating; a suit at law; a judicial contest. LITIGATOR Lit"i*ga`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who litigates. LITIGIOUS Li*ti"gious, a. Etym: [L. litigiosus, fr. litigium dispute, quarrel, fr. litigare: cf. F. litigieux. See Litigation.] 1. Inclined to judicial contest; given to the practice of contending in law; guarrelsome; contentious; fond of litigation. " A pettifogging attorney or a litigious client." Macaulay. Soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still Litigious men, who guarrels move. Donne. 2. Subject to contention; disputable; controvertible; debatable; doubtful; precarious. Shak. No fences, parted fields, nor marks, nor bounds, Distinguished acres of litigious grounds. Dryden. 3. Of or pertaining to legal disputes. Nor brothers cite to the litigious bar. Young. LITIGIOUSLY Li*ti"gious*ly, adv. Defn: In a litigious manner. LITIGIOUSNESS Li*ti"gious*ness, n. Defn: The state of being litigious; disposition to engage in or carry on lawsuits. LITMUS Lit"mus, n. Etym: [D. lakmoes; lak lacker + moes a thick preparation of fruit, pap, prob. akin to E. meat: cf. G. lackmus. See Lac a resinous substance.] (Chem.) Defn: A dyestuff extracted from certain lichens (Roccella tinctoria, Lecanora tartarea, etc.), as a blue amorphous mass which consists of a compound of the alkaline carbonates with certain coloring matters related to orcin and orcein. Note: Litmus is used as a dye, and being turned red by acids and restored to its blue color by alkalies, is a common indicator or test for acidity and alkalinity. Litmus paper (Chem.), unsized paper saturated with blue or red litmus, -- used in testing for acids or alkalies. LITOTES Li"to*tes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A diminution or softening of statement for the sake of avoiding censure or increasing the effect by contrast with the moderation shown in the form of expression; as, " a citizen of no mean city," that is, of an illustrious city. LITRANETER Li*tran"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. li`tra + -meter. See Liter] Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity of liquids. LITRE Li"tre, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Same as Liter. LITTER Lit"ter, n. Etym: [F. litière, LL. lectaria, fr. L. lectus couch, bed. See Lie to be prostrated, and cf. Coverlet.] 1. A bed or stretcher so arranged that a person, esp. a sick or wounded person, may be easily carried in or upon it. There is a litter ready; lay him in 't. Shak. 2. Straw, hay, etc., scattered on a floor, as bedding for animals to rest on; also, a covering of straw for plants. To crouch in litter of your stable planks. Shak. Take off the litter from your kernel beds. Evelyn. 3. Things lying scattered about in a manner indicating slovenliness; scattered rubbish. Strephon, who found the room was void. Stole in, and took a strict survey Of all the litter as it lay. Swift. 4. Disorder or untidiness resulting from scattered rubbish, or from thongs lying about uncared for; as, a room in a state of litter. 5. The young brought forth at one time, by a sow or other multiparous animal, taken collectively. Also Fig. A wolf came to a sow, and very kindly offered to take care of her litter. D. Estrange. Reflect upon numerous litter of strange, senseless opinions that crawl about the world. South. LITTER Lit"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Littered; p. pr. & vb. n. Littering.] 1. To supply with litter, as cattle; to cover with litter, as the floor of a stall. Tell them how they litter their jades. Bp. Hacke For his ease, well littered was the floor. Dryden. 2. To put into a confused or disordered condition; to strew with scattered articles; as, to litter a room. The room with volumes littered round. Swift. 3. To give birth to; to bear; -- said of brutes, esp. those which produce more than one at a birth, and also of human beings, in abhorrence or contempt. We might conceive that dogs were created blind, because we observe they were littered so with us. Sir T. Browne. The son that she did litter here, A freckled whelp hagborn. Shak. LITTER Lit"ter, v. i. 1. To be supplied with litter as bedding; to sleep or make one's bed in litter. [R.] The inn Where he and his horse littered. Habington. 2. To produce a litter. A desert . . . where the she-wolf still littered. Macaulay. LITTERATEUR Lit`te`ra`teur", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: One who occupies himself with literature; a literary man; a literatus. " Befriended by one kind-hearted littérateur after another." C. Kingsley. LITTERY Lit"ter*y, a. Defn: Covered or encumbered with litter; consisting of or constituting litter. LITTLE Lit"tle, a. [The regular comparative of this word is wanting, its place being supplied by less, or, rarely, lesser. See Lesser. For the superlative least is used, the regular form, littlest, occurring very rarely, except in some of the English provinces, and occasionally in colloquial language. " Where love is great, the littlest doubts are fear." Shak.] Etym: [OE. litel, lutel, AS. l, litel, l; akin to OS. littil, D. luttel, LG. lütt, OHG. luzzil, MHG. lützel; and perh. to AS. lytig deceitful, lot deceit, Goth. liuts deceitful, lut to deceive; cf. also Icel. litill little, Sw. liten, Dan. liden, lille, Goth. leitils, which appear to have a different root vowel.] 1. Small in size or extent; not big; diminutive; -- opposed to big or large; as, a little body; a little animal; a little piece of ground; a little hill; a little distance; a little child. He sought to see Jesus who he was; and could not for the press, because he was little of stature. Luke xix. 3. 2. Short in duration; brief; as, a little sleep. Best him enough: after a little time, I'll beat him too. Shak. 3. Small in quantity or amount; not much; as, a little food; a little air or water. Conceited of their little wisdoms, and doting upon their own fancies. Barrow. 4. Small in dignity, power, or importance; not great; insignificant; contemptible. When thou wast little in thine own sight, wast thou not made the head of the tribes I Sam. xv. 17. 5. Small in force or efficiency; not strong; weak; slight; inconsiderable; as, little attention or exertion;little effort; little care or diligence. By sad experiment I know How little weight my words with thee can find. Milton. 6. Small in extent of views or sympathies; narrow; shallow; contracted; mean; illiberal; ungenerous. The long-necked geese of the world that are ever hissing dispraise, Because their natures are little. Tennyson. Little chief. (Zoöl.) See Chief hare. -- Little finger, the fourth and smallest finger of the hand. -- Little go (Eng. Universities), a public examination about the middle of the course, which as less strict and important than the final one; -- called also smalls. Cf. Great go, under Great. Thackeray. -- Little hours (R. C. Ch.), the offices of prime, tierce, sext, and nones. Vespers and compline are sometimes included. -- Little ones, young children. The men, and the women, and the little ones. Deut. ii. 34. LITTLE Lit"tle, n. 1. That which is little; a small quantity, amount, space, or the like. Much was in little writ. Dryden. There are many expressions, which carrying with them no clear ideas, are like to remove but little of my ignorance. Locke. 2. A small degree or scale; miniature. " His picture in little." Shak. A little, to or in a small degree; to a limited extent; somewhat; for a short time. " Stay a little." Shak. The painter flattered her a little. Shak. -- By little and little, or Little by little, by slow degrees; piecemeal; gradually. LITTLE Lit"tle, adv. Defn: In a small quantity or degree; not much; slightly; somewhat; -- often with a preceding it. " The poor sleep little." Otway. LITTLE-EASE Lit"tle-ease`, n. Defn: An old slang name for the pillory, stocks, etc., of a prison.[Eng.] Latimer. LITTLENESS Lit"tle*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being little; as, littleness of size, thought, duration, power, etc. Syn. -- Smallness; slightness; inconsiderableness; narrowness; insignificance; meanness; penuriousness. LITTORAL Lit"to*ral, a. Etym: [L. littoralis, litoralis, from littus, litus, the seashore: cf. F. littoral.] 1. Of or pertaining to a shore, as of the sea. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Inhabiting the seashore, esp. the zone between high-water and low-water mark. LITTORINA Lit"to*ri"na, n. Etym: [NL. See Littoral.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small pectinibranch mollusks, having thick spiral shells, abundant between tides on nearly all rocky seacoasts. They feed on seaweeds. The common periwinkle is a well-known example. See Periwinkle. LITTRESS Lit"tress, n. Defn: A smooth kind of cartridge paper used for making cards. Knight. LITUATE Lit"u*ate, a. Etym: [See Lituus.] (Bot.) Defn: Forked, with the points slightly curved outward. LITUIFORM Lit"u*i*form, a. Etym: [Lituus + -form.] Defn: Having the form of a lituus; like a lituite. LITUITE Lit"u*ite, n. Etym: [See Lituus.] (Paleon.) Defn: Any species of ammonites of the genus Lituites. They are found in the Cretaceous formation. LITURATE Lit"u*rate, a. Etym: [L. lituratus, p. p. of liturare to erase, fr. litura a blur.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having indistinct spots, paler at their margins. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Spotted, as if from abrasions of the surface. LITURGIC; LITURGICAL Li*tur"gic, Li*tur"gic*al,Etym: [Gr. liturgique.] Defn: Pertaining to, of or the nature of, a liturgy; of or pertaining to public prayer and worship. T. Warton. LITURGICALLY Li*tur"gic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a liturgy. LITURGICS Li*tur"gics, n. Defn: The science of worship; history, doctrine, and interpretation of liturgies. LITURGIOLOGIST Li*tur`gi*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in liturgiology. LITURGIOLOGY Li*tur`gi*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Liturgy + -logy.] Defn: The science treating of liturgical matters; a treatise on, or description of, liturgies. Shipley. LITURGIST Lit"ur*gist, n. Defn: One who favors or adheres strictly to a liturgy. Milton. LITURGY Lit"ur*gy, n.; pl. Liturgies. Etym: [F. liturgie, LL. liturgia, Gr. Lay, a., and Work.] Defn: An established formula for public worship, or the entire ritual for public worship in a church which uses prescribed forms; a formulary for public prayer or devotion. In the Roman Catholic Church it includes all forms and services in any language, in any part of the world, for the celebration of Mass. LITUUS Lit"u*us, n.; pl. Litui. Etym: [L.] 1. (Rom. Antig.) (a) A curved staff used by the augurs in quartering the heavens. (b) An instrument of martial music; a kind of trumpet of a somewhat curved form and shrill note. 2. (Math.) Defn: A spiral whose polar equation is r2th = a; that is, a curve the square of whose radius vector varies inversely as the angle which the radius vector makes with a given line. LIVABLE Liv"a*ble, a. 1. Such as can be lived. 2. Such as in pleasant to live in; fit or suitable to live in. [Colloq.] A more delightful or livable region is not easily to be found. T. Arnold. LIVE Live, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lived; p. pr. & vb. n. Living.] Etym: [OE. liven, livien, AS. libban, lifian; akin to OS. libbian, D. leven, G. leben, OHG. lebn, Dan. leve, Sw. lefva, Icel. lifa to live, to be left, to remain, Goth. liban to live; akin to E. leave to forsake, and life, Gr. lip to anoint, smear; -- the first sense prob. was, to cleave to, stick to; hence, to remain, stay; and hence, to live.] 1. To be alive; to have life; to have, as an animal or a plant, the capacity of assimilating matter as food, and to be dependent on such assimilation for a continuance of existence; as, animals and plants that live to a great age are long in reaching maturity. Thus saith the Lord God unto these bones; Behold, I will . . . lay sinews upon you, and will bring up flesh upon you, and cover you with skin, and put breath in you, and ye shall live. Ezek. xxxvii. 5, 6. 2. To pass one's time; to pass life or time in a certain manner, as to habits, conduct, or circumstances; as, to live in ease or affluence; to live happily or usefully. O death, how bitter is the remembrance of thee to a man that liveth at rest in his possessions! Ecclus. xli. 1. 3. To make one's abiding place or home; to abide; to dwell; to reside. Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years. Gen. xlvii. 28. 4. To be or continue in existence; to exist; to remain; to be permanent; to last; -- said of inanimate objects, ideas, etc. Men's evil manners live in brass; their virtues We write in water. Shak. 5. To enjoy or make the most of life; to be in a state of happiness. What greater curse could envious fortune give Than just to die when I began to live Dryden. 6. To feed; to subsist; to be nourished or supported; -- with on; as, horses live on grass and grain. 7. To have a spiritual existence; to be quickened, nourished, and actuated by divine influence or faith. The just shall live by faith. Gal. iii. ll. 8. To be maintained in life; to acquire a livelihood; to subsist; -- with on or by; as, to live on spoils. Those who live by labor. Sir W. Temple. 9. To outlast danger; to float; -- said of a ship, boat, etc.; as, no ship could live in such a storm. A strong mast that lived upon the sea. Shak. To live out, to be at service; to live away from home as a servant. [U. S.] -- To live with. (a) To dwell or to be a lodger with. (b) To cohabit with; to have intercourse with, as male with female. LIVE Live, v. t. 1. To spend, as one's life; to pass; to maintain; to continue in, constantly or habitually; as, to live an idle or a useful life. 2. To act habitually in conformity with; to practice. To live the Gospel. Foxe. To live down, to live so as to subdue or refute; as, to live down slander. LIVE Live, a. Etym: [Abbreviated from alive. See Alive, Life.] 1. Having life; alive; living; not dead. If one man's ox hurt another's, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it. Ex. xxi. 35. 2. Being in a state of ignition; burning; having active properties; as, a live coal; live embers. " The live ether." Thomson. 3. Full of earnestness; active; wide awake; glowing; as, a live man, or orator. 4. Vivid; bright. " The live carnation." Thomson. 5. (Engin.) Defn: Imparting power; having motion; as, the live spindle of a lathe. Live birth, the condition of being born in such a state that acts of life are manifested after the extrusion of the whole body. Dunglison. -- Live box, a cell for holding living objects under microscopical examination. P. H. Gosse. -- Live feathers, feathers which have been plucked from the living bird, and are therefore stronger and more elastic. -- Live gang. (Sawing) See under Gang. -- Live grass (Bot.), a grass of the genus Eragrostis. -- Live load (Engin.), a suddenly applied load; a varying load; a moving load; as a moving train of cars on a bridge, or wind pressure on a roof. Live oak (Bot.), a species of oak (Quercus virens), growing in the Southern States, of great durability, and highly esteemed for ship timber. In California the Q. chrysolepis and some other species are also called live oaks. -- Live ring (Engin.), a circular train of rollers upon which a swing bridge, or turntable, rests, and which travels around a circular track when the bridge or table turns. -- Live steam , steam direct from the boiler, used for any purpose, in distinction from exhaust steam. -- Live stock, horses, cattle, and other domestic animals kept on a farm. whole body. LIVE Live, n. Defn: Life. [Obs.] Chaucer. On live, in life; alive. [Obs.] See Alive. Chaucer. LIVED Lived, a. Defn: Having life; -- used only in composition; as, long-lived; short-lived. LIVE-FOREVER Live"-for*ev`er, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Sedum Telephium) with fleshy leaves, which has extreme powers of resisting drought; garden ox-pine. LIVELIHED Live"li*hed, n. Defn: See Livelihood. [Obs.] LIVELIHOOD Live"li*hood, n. Etym: [OE. livelode, liflode, prop., course of life, life's support, maintenance, fr. AS. lif life + lad road, way, maintenance. Confused with livelihood liveliness. See Life, and Lode.] Defn: Subsistence or living, as dependent on some means of support; support of life; maintenance. The opportunities of gaining an honest livelihood. Addison. It is their profession and livelihood to get their living by practices for which they deserve to forfeit their lives. South. LIVELIHOOD Live"li*hood, n. Etym: [Lively + -hood.] Defn: Liveliness; appearance of life. [Obs.] Shak. LIVELILY Live"li*ly, adv. Defn: In a lively manner. [Obs.] Lamb. LIVELINESS Live"li*ness, n. Etym: [From Lively.] 1. The quality or state of being lively or animated; sprightliness; vivacity; animation; spirit; as, the liveliness of youth, contrasted with the gravity of age. B. Jonson. 2. An appearance of life, animation, or spirit; as, the liveliness of the eye or the countenance in a portrait. 3. Briskness; activity; effervescence, as of liquors. Syn. -- Sprightliness; gayety; animation; vivacity; smartness; briskness; activity. -- Liveliness, Gayety, Animation, Vivacity. Liveliness is an habitual feeling of life and interest; gayety refers more to a temporary excitement of the animal spirits; animation implies a warmth of emotion and a corresponding vividness of expressing it, awakened by the presence of something which strongly affects the mind; vivacity is a feeling between liveliness and animation, having the permanency of the one, and, to some extent, the warmth of the other. Liveliness of imagination; gayety of heart; animation of countenance; vivacity of gesture or conversation. LIVELODE Live"lode`, n. Etym: [See 1st Livelihood.] Defn: Course of life; means of support; livelihood. [Obs.] LIVELONG Live"long`, a. Etym: [For lifelong. Cf. Lifelong.] 1. Whole; entire; long in passing; -- used of time, as day or night, in adverbial phrases, and usually with a sense of tediousness. The obscure bird Clamored the livelong night. Shak. How could she sit the livelong day, Yet never ask us once to play Swift. 2. Lasting; durable. [Obs.] Thou hast built thyself a livelong monument. Milton. LIVELY Live"ly, a. [Compar. Livelier; superl. Liveliest.] Etym: [For lifely. Cf. Lifelike.] 1. Endowed with or manifesting life; living. Chaplets of gold and silver resembling lively flowers and leaves. Holland. 2. Brisk; vivacious; active; as, a lively youth. But wherefore comes old Manoa in such haste, With youthful steps Much livelier than erewhile He seems. Milton. 3. Gay; airy; animated; spirited. From grave to gay, from lively to severe. Pope. 4. Representing life; lifelike. [Obs.] I spied the lively picture of my father. Massinger. 5. Bright; vivid; glowing; strong; vigorous. The colors of the prism are manifestly more full, intense, and lively that those of natural bodies. Sir I. Newton. His faith must be not only living, but lively too. South. Lively stones (Script.), saints, as being quickened by the Spirit, and active in holiness. Syn. -- Brisk; vigorous; quick; nimble; smart; active; alert; sprightly; animated; spirited; prompt; earnest; strong; energetic; vivid; vivacious; blithe; gleeful; airy; gay; jocund. LIVELY Live"ly, adv. 1. In a brisk, active, or animated manner; briskly; vigorously. Hayward. 2. With strong resemblance of life. [Obs.] Thou counterfeitest most lively. Shak. LIVER Liv"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, lives. And try if life be worth the liver's care. Prior. 2. A resident; a dweller; as, a liver in Brooklyn. 3. One whose course of life has some marked characteristic (expressed by an adjective); as, a free liver. Fast liver, one who lives in an extravagant and dissipated way. -- Free liver, Good liver, one given to the pleasures of the table. -- Loose liver, a person who lives a somewhat dissolute life. LIVER Liv"er, n. Etym: [AS. lifer; akin to D. liver, G. leber, OHG. lebara, Icel. lifr, Sw. lefver, and perh. to Gr. live, v.] (Anat.) Defn: A very large glandular and vascular organ in the visceral cavity of all vertebrates. Note: Most of the venous blood from the alimentary canal passes through it on its way back to the heart; and it secretes the bile, produces glycogen, and in other ways changes the blood which passes through it. In man it is situated immediately beneath the diaphragm and mainly on the right side. See Bile, Digestive, and Glycogen. The liver of invertebrate animals is usually made up of cæcal tubes, and differs materially, in form and function, from that of vertebrates. Floating liver. See Wandering liver, under Wandering. -- Liver of antimony, Liver of sulphur. (Old Chem.) See Hepar. -- Liver brown, Liver color, the color of liver, a dark, reddish brown. -- Liver shark (Zoöl.), a very large shark (Cetorhinus maximus), inhabiting the northern coasts both of Europe and North America. It sometimes becomes forty feet in length, being one of the largest sharks known; but it has small simple teeth, and is not dangerous. It is captured for the sake of its liver, which often yields several barrels of oil. It has gill rakers, resembling whalebone, by means of which it separates small animals from the sea water. Called also basking shark, bone shark, hoemother, homer, and sailfish. -- Liver spots, yellowish brown patches or spots of chloasma. LIVER Liv"er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The glossy ibis (Ibis falcinellus); -- said to have given its name to the city of Liverpool. LIVER-COLORED Liv"er-col`ored, a. Defn: Having a color like liver; dark reddish brown. LIVERED Liv"ered, a. Defn: Having (such) a liver; used in composition; as, white-livered. LIVER-GROWN Liv"er-grown`, a. Defn: Having an enlarged liver. Dunglison. LIVERIED Liv"er*ied, a. Defn: Wearing a livery. See Livery, 3. The liveried servants wait. Parnell. LIVERING Liv"er*ing, n. Defn: A kind of pudding or sausage made of liver or pork. [Obs.] Chapman. LIVERLEAF Liv"er*leaf`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Liverwort. LIVERWORT Liv"er*wort`, n. (Bot.) 1. A ranunculaceous plant (Anemone Hepatica) with pretty white or bluish flowers and a three-lobed leaf; -- called also squirrel cups. 2. A flowerless plant (Marchantia polymorpha), having an irregularly lobed, spreading, and forking frond. Note: From this plant many others of the same order (Hepaticæ) have been vaguely called liverworts, esp. those of the tribe Marchantiaceæ. See Illust. of Hepatica. LIVERY Liv"er*y, n.; pl. Liveries. Etym: [OE. livere, F. livrée, formerly, a gift of clothes made by the master to his servants, prop., a thing delivered, fr. livrer to deliver, L. liberare to set free, in LL., to deliver up. See Liberate.] 1. (Eng. Law) (a) The act of delivering possession of lands or tenements. (b) The writ by which possession is obtained. Note: It is usual to say, livery of seizin, which is a feudal investiture, made by the delivery of a turf, of a rod, or twig, from the feoffor to the feoffee. In the United States, and now in Great Britain, no such ceremony is necessary, the delivery of a deed being sufficient. 2. Release from wardship; deliverance. It concerned them first to sue out their livery from the unjust wardship of his encroaching prerogative. Milton. 3. That which is delivered out statedly or formally, as clothing, food, etc.; especially: (a) The uniform clothing issued by feudal superiors to their retainers and serving as a badge when in military service. (b) The peculiar dress by which the servants of a nobleman or gentleman are distinguished; as, a claret-colored livery. (c) Hence, also, the peculiar dress or garb appropriated by any association or body of persons to their own use; as, the livery of the London tradesmen, of a priest, of a charity school, etc.; also, the whole body or company of persons wearing such a garb, and entitled to the privileges of the association; as, the whole livery of London. A Haberdasher and a Carpenter, A Webbe, a Dyer, and a Tapicer, And they were clothed all in one livery Of a solempne and a gret fraternite. Chaucer. From the periodical deliveries of these characteristic articles of servile costume (blue coats) came our word livery. De Quincey. (d) Hence, any characteristic dress or outward appearance. " April's livery." Sir P. Sidney. Now came still evening on, and twilight gray Had in her sober livery all things clad. Milton. (e) An allowance of food statedly given out; a ration, as to a family, to servants, to horses, etc. The emperor's officers every night went through the town from house to house whereat any English gentleman did repast or lodge, and served their liveries for all night: first, the officers brought into the house a cast of fine manchet [white bread], and of silver two great post, and white wine, and sugar. Cavendish. (f) The feeding, stabling, and care of horses for compensation; boarding; as, to keep one's horses at livery. What livery is, we by common use in England know well enough, namely, that is, allowance of horse meat, as to keep horses at livery, the which word, I guess, is derived of livering or delivering forth their nightly food. Spenser. It need hardly be observed that the explanation of livery which Spenser offers is perfectly correct, but . . . it is no longer applied to the ration or stated portion of food delivered at stated periods. Trench. (g) The keeping of horses in readiness to be hired temporarily for riding or driving; the state of being so kept. Pegasus does not stand at livery even at the largest establishment in Moorfields. Lowell. 4. A low grade of wool. Livery gown, the gown worn by a liveryman in London. LIVERY Liv"er*y, v. t. Defn: To clothe in, or as in, livery. Shak. LIVERYMAN Liv"er*y*man, n.; pl. Liverymen (. 1. One who wears a livery, as a servant. 2. A freeman of the city, in London, who, having paid certain fees, is entitled to wear the distinguishing dress or livery of the company to which he belongs, and also to enjoy certain other privileges, as the right of voting in an election for the lord mayor, sheriffs, chamberlain, etc. 3. One who keeps a livery stable. LIVERY STABLE Liv"er*y sta`ble Defn: . A stable where horses are kept for hire, and where stabling is provided. See Livery, n., 3 (e) (f) & (g). LIVES Lives, n.; Defn: pl. of Life. LIVES Lives, a. & adv. Etym: [Orig. a genitive sing. of life.] Defn: Alive; living; with life. [Obs.] " Any lives creature." Chaucer. LIVID Liv"id, a. Etym: [L. lividus, from livere to be of a blush color, to be black and blue: cf. F. livide.] Defn: Black and blue; grayish blue; of a lead color; discolored, as flesh by contusion. Cowper. There followed no carbuncles, no purple or livid spots, the mass of the blood not being tainted. Bacon. LIVIDITY Li*vid"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lividité.] Defn: The state or quality of being livid. LIVIDNESS Liv"id*ness, n. Defn: Lividity. Walpole. LIVING Liv"ing, a. Etym: [From Live, v. i.] 1. Being alive; having life; as, a living creature. 2. Active; lively; vigorous; -- said esp. of states of the mind , and sometimes of abstract things; as, a living faith; a living principle. " Living hope. " Wyclif. 3. Issuing continually from the earth; running; flowing; as, a living spring; -- opposed to stagnant. 4. Producing life, action, animation, or vigor; quickening. " Living light." Shak. 5. Ignited; glowing with heat; burning; live. Then on the living coals wine they pour. Dryden. Living force. See Vis viva, under Vis. -- Living gale (Naut.), a heavy gale. Living rock or stone, rock in its native or original state or location; rock not quarried. " I now found myself on a rude and narrow stairway, the steps of which were cut of the living rock." Moore. -- The living, those who are alive, or one who is alive. LIVING Liv"ing, n. 1. The state of one who, or that which, lives; lives; life; existence. "Health and living." Shak. 2. Manner of life; as, riotous living; penurious living; earnest living. " A vicious living." Chaucer. 3. Means of subsistence; sustenance; estate. She can spin for her living. Shak. He divided unto them his living. Luke xv. 12. 4. Power of continuing life; the act of living, or living comfortably. There is no living without trusting somebody or other in some cases. L' Estrange. 5. The benefice of a clergyman; an ecclesiastical charge which a minister receives. [Eng.] He could not get a deanery, a prebend, or even a living Macaulay. Livng room, the room most used by the family. LIVINGLY Liv"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a living state. Sir T. Browne. LIVINGNESS Liv"ing*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being alive; possession of energy or vigor; animation; quickening. LIVING PICTURE Liv"ing pic"ture. Defn: A tableau in which persons take part; also, specif., such a tableau as imitating a work of art. LIVONIAN Li*vo"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Livonia, a district of Russia near the Baltic Sea. LIVONIAN Li*vo"ni*an, n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Livonia; the language (allied to the Finnish) of the Livonians. LIVOR Li"vor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Malignity. [P.] Burton. LIVRAISON Li`vrai`son", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. liberatio a setting free, in LL., a delivering up. See Liberation.] Defn: A part of a book or literary composition printed and delivered by itself; a number; a part. LIVRE Li"vre, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. libra a pound of twelve ounces. Cf. Lira.] Defn: A French money of account, afterward a silver coin equal to 20 sous. It is not now in use, having been superseded by the franc. LIXIVIAL Lix*iv"i*al, a. Etym: [L. lixivius, fr. lix ashes, lye ashes, lye: cf. F. lixiviel.] 1. Impregnated with, or consisting of, alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes; impregnated with a salt or salts like a lixivium. Boyle. 2. Of the color of lye; resembling lye. 3. Having the qualities of alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes. Lixivial salts (Old Chem.), salts which are obtained by passing water through ashes, or by pouring it on them. LIXIVIATE; LIXIVITED Lix*iv"i*ate, Lix*iv"i*`ted, a. Etym: [From Lixivium.] 1. Of or pertaining to lye or lixivium; of the quality of alkaline salts. 2. Impregnated with salts from wood ashes. Boyle. LIXIVIATE Lix*iv"i*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lixiviated; p. pr. & vb. n. Lixiviating.] Defn: To subject to a washing process for the purpose of separating soluble material from that which is insoluble; to leach, as ashes, for the purpose of extracting the alkaline substances. LIXIVIATION Lix*iv`i*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lixiviation.] Defn: Lixiviating; the process of separating a soluble substance form one that is insoluble, by washing with some solvent, as water; leaching. LIXIVIOUS Lix*iv"i*ous, a. Defn: See Lixivial. LIXIVIUM Lix*iv"i*um, n. Etym: [L. lixivium, lixivia. See Lixivial.] Defn: A solution of alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes; hence, any solution obtained by lixiviation. LIXT Lixt, obs. Defn: 2d pers. sing. pres. of Lige, to lie, to tell lies, -- contracted for ligest. Chaucer. LIZA Li"za, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American white mullet (Mugil curema). LIZARD Liz"ard, n. Etym: [OE. lesarde, OF. lesarde, F. lézard, L. lacerta, lacertus. Cf. Alligator, Lacerta.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of the numerous species of reptiles belonging to the order Lacertilia; sometimes, also applied to reptiles of other orders, as the Hatteria. Note: Most lizards have an elongated body, with four legs, and a long tail; but there are some without legs, and some with a short, thick tail. Most have scales, but some are naked; most have eyelids, but some do not. The tongue is varied in form and structure. In some it is forked, in others, as the chameleons, club-shaped, and very extensible. See Amphisbæna, Chameleon, Gecko, Gila monster, Horned toad, Iguana, and Dragon, 6. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A piece of rope with thimble or block spliced into one or both of the ends. R. H. Dana, Ir. 3. A piece of timber with a forked end, used in dragging a heavy stone, a log, or the like, from a field. Lizard fish (Zoöl.), a marine scopeloid fish of the genus Synodus, or Saurus, esp. S. foetens of the Southern United States and West Indies; -- called also sand pike. -- Lizard snake (Zoöl.), the garter snake (Eutænia sirtalis). -- Lizard stone (Min.), a kind of serpentine from near Lizard Point, Cornwall, England, -- used for ornamental purposes. LIZARD'S TAIL Liz"ard's tail`. (Bot.) Defn: A perennial plant of the genus Saururus (S. cernuus), growing in marshes, and having white flowers crowded in a slender terminal spike, somewhat resembling in form a lizard's tail; whence the name. Gray. LLAMA Lla"ma, n. Etym: [Peruv.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American ruminant (Auchenia llama), allied to the camels, but much smaller and without a hump. It is supposed to be a domesticated variety of the guanaco. It was formerly much used as a beast of burden in the Andes. LLANDEILO GROUP Llan*dei"lo group`. (Geol.) Defn: A series of strata in the lower Silurian formations of Great Britain; -- so named from Llandeilo in Southern Wales. See Chart of Geology. LLANERO Lla*ne"ro, n. Etym: [Sp. Amer.] Defn: One of the inhabitants of the llanos of South America. LLANO Lla"no, n.; pl. Llanos. Etym: [Sp., plain even, level. See Plain.] Defn: An extensive plain with or without vegetation. [Spanish America] LLOYD'S Lloyd's, n. 1. An association of underwriters and others in London, for the collection and diffusion of marine intelligence, the insurance, classification, registration, and certifying of vessels, and the transaction of business of various kinds connected with shipping. 2. A part of the Royal Exchange, in London, appropriated to the use of underwriters and insurance brokers; -- called also Lloyd's Rooms. Note: The name is derived from Lloyd's Coffee House, in Lombard Street, where there were formerly rooms for the same purpose. The name Lloyd or Lloyd's has been taken by several associations, in different parts of Europe, established for purposes similar to those of the original association. Lloyd's agents, persons employed in various parts of the world, by the association called Lloyd's, to serve its interests. -- Lloyd's list, a publication of the latest news respecting shipping matters, with lists of vessels, etc., made under the direction of Lloyd's. Brande & C. -- Lloyd's register, a register of vessels rated according to their quality, published yearly. LO Lo, interj. Etym: [OE. lo, low; perh. akin to E. look, v.] Defn: Look; see; behold; observe. " Lo, here is Christ." Matt. xxiv. 23. " Lo, we turn to the Gentiles." Acts xiii. 46. LOACH Loach, n. Etym: [OE. loche, F. loche.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several small, fresh-water, cyprinoid fishes of the genera Cobitis, Nemachilus, and allied genera, having six or more barbules around the mouth. They are found in Europe and Asia. The common European species (N. barbatulus) is used as a food fish. LOAD Load, n. Etym: [OE. lode load, way; properly the same word as lode, but confused with lade, load, v. See Lade, Lead, v., Lode.] 1. A burden; that which is laid on or put in anything for conveyance; that which is borne or sustained; a weight; as, a heavy load. He might such a load To town with his ass carry. Gower. 2. The quantity which can be carried or drawn in some specified way; the contents of a cart, barrow, or vessel; that which will constitute a cargo; lading. 3. That which burdens, oppresses, or grieves the mind or spirits; as, a load of care. " A . . . load of guilt." Ray. " Our life's a load." Dryden. 4. A particular measure for certain articles, being as much as may be carried at one time by the conveyance commonly used for the article measured; as, a load of wood; a load of hay; specifically, five quarters. 5. The charge of a firearm; as, a load of powder. 6. Weight or violence of blows. [Obs.] Milton. 7. (Mach.) Defn: The work done by a steam engine or other prime mover when working. Load line, or Load water line (Naut.), the line on the outside of a vessel indicating the depth to which it sinks in the water when loaded. Syn. -- Burden; lading; weight; cargo. See Burden. LOAD Load, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Loading. Loaden is obsolete, and laden belongs to lade.] 1. To lay a load or burden on or in, as on a horse or in a cart; to charge with a load, as a gun; to furnish with a lading or cargo, as a ship; hence, to add weight to, so as to oppress or embarrass; to heap upon. I strive all in vain to load the cart. Gascoigne. I have loaden me with many spoils. Shak. Those honors deep and broad, wherewith Your majesty loads our house. Shak. 2. To adulterate or drug; as, to load wine. [Cant] 3. To magnetize.[Obs.] Prior. Loaded dice, dice with one side made heavier than the others, so that the number on the opposite side will come up oftenest. LOADER Load"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, loads; a mechanical contrivance for loading, as a gun. LOADING Load"ing, n. 1. The act of putting a load on or into. 2. A load; cargo; burden. Shak. LOADMANAGE; LODEMANAGE Load"man*age, Lode"man*age, n. Defn: Pilotage; skill of a pilot or loadsman. [Obs.] Chaucer. LOADSMAN; LODESMAN Loads"man, Lodes"man, n. Etym: [Load, lode + man. See Lode.] Defn: A pilot. [Obs.] Chaucer. LOADSTAR; LODESTAR Load"star`, Lode"star`, n. Etym: [Load, lode + star. See Lode.] Defn: A star that leads; a guiding star; esp., the polestar; the cynosure. Chaucer. " Your eyes are lodestars." Shak. The pilot can no loadstar see. Spenser. LOADSTONE; LODESTONE Load"stone`, Lode"stone, n. Etym: [Load, lode + stone.] (Min.) Defn: A piece of magnetic iron ore possessing polarity like a magnetic needle. See Magnetite. LOAF Loaf, n.; pl. Loaves. Etym: [OE. lof, laf, AS. hlaf; akin to G. laib, OHG. hleip, Icel. hleifr, Goth. hlaifs, Russ. khlieb', Lith. klëpas. Cf. Lady, Lammas, Lord.] Defn: Any thick lump, mass, or cake; especially, a large regularly shaped or molded mass, as of bread, sugar, or cake. Bacon. Loaf sugar, refined sugar that has been formed into a conical loaf in a mold. LOAF Loaf, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loafed; p. pr. & vb. n. Loafing.] Etym: [G. laufen to run, Prov. G. loofen. See Leap.] Defn: To spend time in idleness; to lounge or loiter about. " Loafing vagabonds." W. Black. LOAF Loaf, v. t. Defn: To spend in idleness; -- with away; as, to loaf time away. LOAFER Loaf"er, n. Etym: [G. läufer a runner, Prov. G. laufer, lofer, fr. laufen to run. See Leap.] Defn: One who loafs; a lazy lounger. Lowell. LOAM Loam, n. Etym: [AS. lam; akin to D. leem, G. lehm, and E. lime. See 4th Lime.] 1. A kind of soil; an earthy mixture of clay and sand, with organic matter to which its fertility is chiefly due. We wash a wall of loam; we labor in vain. Hooker. 2. (Founding) Defn: A mixture of sand, clay, and other materials, used in making molds for large castings, often without a pattern. Loam mold (Founding), a mold made with loam. See Loam, n., 2. -- Loam molding, the process or business of making loam molds. Loam plate, an iron plate upon which a section of a loam mold rests, or from which it is suspended. -- Loam work, loam molding or loam molds. LOAM Loam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Loaming.] Defn: To cover, smear, or fill with loam. LOAMY Loam"y, a. Defn: Consisting of loam; partaking of the nature of loam; resembling loam. Bacon. LOAN Loan, n. Etym: [See Lawn.] Defn: A loanin. [Scot.] LOAN Loan, n. Etym: [OE. lone, lane, AS. lan, læn, fr. león to lend; akin to D. leen loan, fief, G. lehen fief, Icel. lan, G. leihen to lend, OHG. lihan, Icel. lji, Goth. leihwan, L. linquere to leave, Gr. ric. Delinquent, Eclipse, Eleven, Ellipse, Lend, License, Relic.] 1. The act of lending; a lending; permission to use; as, the loan of a book, money, services. 2. That which one lends or borrows, esp. a sum of money lent at interest; as, he repaid the loan. Loan office. (a) An office at which loans are negotiated, or at which the accounts of loans are kept, and the interest paid to the lender. (b) A pawnbroker's shop. LOAN Loan, n. t. [imp. & p. p. Loaned; p. pr. & vb. n. Loaning.] Defn: To lend; -- sometimes with out. Kent. By way of location or loaning them out. J. Langley (1644). LOANABLE Loan"a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be lent; available for lending; as, loanable funds; -- used mostly in financial business and writings. LOANIN; LOANING Loan"in, Loan"ing, n. Etym: [From Scotch loan, E. lawn.] Defn: An open space between cultivated fields through which cattle are driven, and where the cows are sometimes milked; also, a lane. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. LOANMONGER Loan"mon`ger, n. Defn: A dealer in, or negotiator of, loans. The millions of the loanmonger. Beaconsfield. LOATH Loath, a. Etym: [OE. looth, loth, AS. la hostile, odious; akin to OS. l, G. leid, Icel. lei, Sw. led, G. leiden to suffer, OHG. lidan to suffer, go, cf. AS. li to go, Goth. leipan, and E. lead to guide.] 1. Hateful; odious; disliked. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Filled with disgust or aversion; averse; unwilling; reluctant; as, loath to part. Full loth were him to curse for his tithes. Chaucer . Why, then, though loath, yet must I be content. Shak. LOATHE Loathe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loathed; p. pr. & vb. n. Loathing.] Etym: [AS. la to hate. See Loath.] 1. To feel extreme disgust at, or aversion for. Loathing the honeyed cakes, I Ionged for bread. Cowley. 2. To dislike greatly; to abhor; to hate. The secret which I loathe. Waller. She loathes the vital sir. Dryden. Syn. -- To hate; abhor; detest; abominate. See Hate. LOATHE Loathe, v. i. Defn: To feel disgust or nausea. [Obs.] LOATHER Loath"er, n. Defn: One who loathes. LOATHFUL Loath"ful, a. 1. Full of loathing; hating; abhorring. "Loathful eyes." Spenser. 2. Causing a feeling of loathing; disgusting. Above the reach of loathful, sinful lust. Spenser. LOATHING Loath"ing, n. Defn: Extreme disgust; a feeling of aversion, nausea, abhorrence, or detestation. The mutual fear and loathing of the hostile races. Macaulay. LOATHINGLY Loath"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With loathing. LOATHLINESS Loath"li*ness, n. Defn: Loathsomeness. [Obs.] LOATHLY Loath"ly, a. Etym: [AS. la.] Defn: Loathsome. [Obs.] " Loathly mouth." Spenser. LOATHLY Loath"ly, adv. 1. Unwillingly; reluctantly. This shows that you from nature loathly stray. Donne. 2. ( [Obs.] With dust and blood his locks were loathly dight. Fairfax. LOATHNESS Loath"ness, n. Defn: Unwillingness; reluctance. A general silence and loathness to speak. Bacon. LOATHSOME Loath"some, a. Defn: Fitted to cause loathing; exciting disgust; disgusting. The most loathsome and deadly forms of infection. Macaulay. -- Loath"some*ly. adv. -- Loath"some*ness, n. LOATHY Loath"y, a. Defn: Loathsome. [Obs.] Spenser. LOAVES Loaves, n.; Defn: pl. of Loaf. LOB Lob, n. Etym: [W. llob an unwieldy lump, a dull fellow, a blockhead. Cf. Looby, Lubber.] 1. A dull, heavy person. " Country lobs." Gauden. 2. Something thick and heavy. LOB Lob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lobbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Lobbing.] Defn: To let fall heavily or lazily. And their poor jades Lob down their heads. Shak. To lob a ball (Lawn Tennis), to strike a ball so as to send it up into the air. LOB Lob, v. t. (Mining) Defn: See Cob, v. t. LOB Lob, n. Etym: [Dan. lubbe.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European pollock. LOBAR Lo"bar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a lobe; characterized by, or like, a lobe or lobes. LOBATE; LOBATED Lo"bate, Lo"ba*ted, a. Etym: [See Lobe.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Consisting of, or having, lobes; lobed; as, a lobate leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having lobes; -- said of the tails of certain fishes having the integument continued to the bases of the fin rays. (b) Furnished with membranous flaps, as the toes of a coot. See Illust. (m) under Aves. LOBATELY Lo"bate*ly, adv. Defn: As a lobe; so as to make a lobe; in a lobate manner. LOBBISH Lob"bish, a. Defn: Like a lob; consisting of lobs. Sir. P. Sidney. LOBBY Lob"by, n.; pl. Lobbies. Etym: [LL. lobium, lobia, laubia, a covered portico fit for walking, fr. OHG.louba, G. laube, arbor. See Lodge.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A passage or hall of communication, especially when large enough to serve also as a waiting room. It differs from an antechamber in that a lobby communicates between several rooms, an antechamber to one only; but this distinction is not carefully preserved. 2. That part of a hall of legislation not appropriated to the official use of the assembly; hence, the persons, collectively, who frequent such a place to transact business with the legislators; any persons, not members of a legislative body, who strive to influence its proceedings by personal agency. [U.S.] 3. (Naut.) Defn: An apartment or passageway in the fore part of an old-fashioned cabin under the quarter-deck. 4. (Agric.) Defn: A confined place for cattle, formed by hedges. trees, or other fencing, near the farmyard. Lobby member, a lobbyist. [Humorous cant, U. S.] LOBBY Lob"by, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lobbied; p. pr. & vb. n. Lobbying.] Defn: To address or solicit members of a legislative body in the lobby or elsewhere, with the purpose to influence their votes.[U.S.] Bartlett. LOBBY Lob"by, v. t. Defn: To urge the adoption or passage of by soliciting members of a legislative body; as, to lobby a bill. [U.S.] LOBBYIST Lob"by*ist, n. Defn: A member of the lobby; a person who solicits members of a legislature for the purpose of influencing legislation. [U.S.] LOBCOCK Lob"cock`, n. Defn: A dull, sluggish person; a lubber; a lob. [Low] LOBE Lobe, n. Etym: [F. lobe, Gr. Defn: Any projection or division, especially one of a somewhat rounded form; as: (a) (Bot.) A rounded projection or division of a leaf. Gray. (b)(Zoöl.) Defn: A membranous flap on the sides of the toes of certain birds, as the coot. (c) (Anat.) A round projecting part of an organ, as of the liver, lungs, brain, etc. See Illust. of Brain. (b) (Mach.) The projecting part of a cam wheel or of a non-circular gear wheel. Lobe of the ear, the soft, fleshy prominence in which the human ear terminates below. See. Illust. of Ear. LOBED Lobed, a. Defn: Having lobes; lobate. LOBEFOOT Lobe"foot`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird having lobate toes; esp., a phalarope. LOBE-FOOTED Lobe"-foot`ed, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Lobiped. LOBELET Lobe"let, n. (Bot.) Defn: A small lobe; a lobule. LOBELIA Lo*be"li*a, n. Etym: [NL. So called from Lobel, botanist to King James I.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants, including a great number of species. Lobelia inflata, or Indian tobacco, is an annual plant of North America, whose leaves contain a poisonous white viscid juice, of an acrid taste. It has often been used in medicine as an emetic, expectorant, etc. L. cardinalis is the cardinal flower, remarkable for the deep and vivid red color of its flowers. LOBELIACEOUS Lo*be`li*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants of which the genus Lobelia is the type. LOBELIN Lo*be"lin, n. (Med.) Defn: A yellowish green resin from Lobelia, used as an emetic and diaphoretic. LOBELINE Lo*be"line, n. (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous narcotic alkaloid extracted from the leaves of Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata) as a yellow oil, having a tobaccolike taste and odor. LOBIPED Lo"bi*ped, a. Etym: [Lobe + L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having lobate toes, as a coot. LOBLOLLY Lob"lol`ly, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Gruel; porridge; -- so called among seamen. Loblolly bay (Bot.), an elegant white-flowered evergreen shrub or small tree, of the genus Gordonia (G. Lasianthus), growing in the maritime parts of the Southern United States. Its bark is sometimes used in tanning. Also, a similar West Indian tree (Laplacea hæmatoxylon). -- Loblolly boy, a surgeon's attendant on shipboard. Smollett. -- Loblolly pine (Bot.), a kind of pitch pine found from Delaware southward along the coast; old field pine (Pinus Tæda). Also, P. Bahamensis, of the West Indies. -- Loblolly tree (Bot.), a name of several West Indian trees, having more or less leathery foliage, but alike in no other respect; as Pisonia subcordata, Cordia alba, and Cupania glabra. LOBOSA Lo*bo"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Lobe.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Rhizopoda, in which the pseudopodia are thick and irregular in form, as in the Amoeba. LOBSCOUSE Lob"scouse`, n. Etym: [Written also lobscourse from which lobscouse is corrupted.] Etym: [Lob + course.] (Naut.) Defn: A combination of meat with vegetables, bread, etc., usually stewed, sometimes baked; an olio. LOBSIDED Lob"sid`ed, a. Defn: See Lopsided. LOBSPOUND Lobs"pound`, n. Etym: [Lob + pound a prison.] Defn: A prison. [Obs.] Hudibras. LOBSTER Lob"ster, n. Etym: [AS. loppestre, lopystre prob., corrupted fr. L. locusta a marine shellfish, a kind of lobster, a locust. Cf. Locust.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any large macrurous crustacean used as food, esp. those of the genus Homarus; as the American lobster (H. Americanus), and the European lobster (H. vulgaris). The Norwegian lobster (Nephrops Norvegicus) is similar in form. All these have a pair of large unequal claws. The spiny lobsters of more southern waters, belonging to Palinurus, Panulirus, and allied genera, have no large claws. The fresh-water crayfishes are sometimes called lobsters. Lobster caterpillar (Zoöl.), the caterpillar of a European bombycid moth (Stauropus fagi); -- so called from its form. Lobster louse (Zoöl.), a copepod crustacean (Nicothoë astaci) parasitic on the gills of the European lobster. LOBULAR Lob"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lobulaire.] Defn: Like a lobule; pertaining to a lobule or lobules. LOBULATE; LOBULATED Lob"u*late, Lob"u*la`ted, a. Defn: Made up of, or divided into, lobules; as, a lobulated gland. LOBULE Lob"ule, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lobule, dim. of lobe. See Lobe.] Defn: A small lobe; a subdivision of a lobe. Lobule of the ear. (Anat.) Same as Lobe of the ear. LOBULETTE Lob`u*lette", n. Etym: [Dim. of lobule.] (Anat.) Defn: A little lobule, or subdivision of a lobule. LOBWORM Lob"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lugworm. LOCAL Lo"cal, a. Etym: [L. localis, fr. locus place: cf. F. local. See Lieu, Locus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a particular place, or to a definite region or portion of space; restricted to one place or region; as, a local custom. Gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name. Shak. Local actions (Law), actions such as must be brought in a particular county, where the cause arises; -- distinguished from transitory actions. -- Local affection (Med.), a disease or ailment confined to a particular part or organ, and not directly affecting the system. -- Local attraction (Magnetism), an attraction near a compass, causing its needle to deviate from its proper direction, especially on shipboard. -- Local battery (Teleg.), the battery which actuates the recording instruments of a telegraphic station, as distinguished from the battery furnishing a current for the line. -- Local circuit (Teleg.), the circuit of the local battery. -- Local color. (a) (Paint.) The color which belongs to an object, and is not caused by accidental influences, as of reflection, shadow, etc. (b) (Literature) Peculiarities of the place and its inhabitants where the scene of an action or story is laid. -- Local option, the right or obligation of determining by popular vote within certain districts, as in each county, city, or town, whether the sale of alcoholic beverages within the district shall be allowed. LOCAL Lo"cal, n. 1. (Railroad) Defn: A train which receives and deposits passengers or freight along the line of the road; a train for the accommodation of a certain district. [U.S.] 2. On newspaper cant, an item of news relating to the place where the paper is published. [U.S.] LOCALE Lo`cale", n. Etym: [F. local.] 1. A place, spot, or location. 2. A principle, practice, form of speech, or other thing of local use, or limited to a locality. LOCALISM Lo"cal*ism, n. 1. The state or quality of being local; affection for a particular place. 2. A method of speaking or acting peculiar to a certain district; a local idiom or phrase. LOCALITY Lo*cal"i*ty, n.; pl. Localitiees (. Etym: [L. localitas: cf. F. localité.] 1. The state, or condition, of belonging to a definite place, or of being contained within definite limits. It is thought that the soul and angels are devoid of quantity and dimension, and that they have nothing to do with grosser locality. Glanvill. 2. Position; situation; a place; a spot; esp., a geographical place or situation, as of a mineral or plant. 3. Limitation to a county, district, or place; as, locality of trial. Blackstone. 4. (Phren.) Defn: The perceptive faculty concerned with the ability to remember the relative positions of places. LOCALIZATION Lo`cal*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. localisation.] Defn: Act of localizing, or state of being localized. Cerebral localization (Physiol.), the localization of the control of special functions, as of sight or of the various movements of the body, in special regions of the brain. LOCALIZE Lo"cal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Localized; p. pr. & vb. n. Localizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. localiser. See Local.] Defn: To make local; to fix in, or assign to, a definite place. H. Spencer. Wordsworth. LOCALLY Lo"cal*ly, adv. Defn: With respect to place; in place; as, to be locally separated or distant. LOCATE Lo"cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Located; p. pr. & vb. n. Locating.] Etym: [L. locatus, p. p. of locare to place, fr. locus place. See Local.] 1. To place; to set in a particular spot or position. The captives and emigrants whom he brought with him were located in the trans-Tiberine quarter. B. F. Westcott. 2. To designate the site or place of; to define the limits of; as, to locate a public building; to locate a mining claim; to locate (the land granted by) a land warrant. That part of the body in which the sense of touch is located. H. Spencer. LOCATE Lo"cate, v. i. Defn: To place one's self; to take up one's residence; to settle. [Colloq.] LOCATION Lo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. locatio, fr. locare.] 1. The act or process of locating. 2. Situation; place; locality. Locke. 3. That which is located; a tract of land designated in place. [U.S.] 4. (Law) (a) (Civil Law) A leasing on rent. (b) (Scots Law) A contract for the use of a thing, or service of a person, for hire. Wharton. (c) (Amer. Law) Defn: The marking out of the boundaries, or identifying the place or site of, a piece of land, according to the description given in an entry, plan, map, etc. Burrill. Bouvier. LOCATIVE Loc"a*tive, a. (Gram.) Defn: Indicating place, or the place where, or wherein; as, a locative adjective; locative case of a noun. -- n. Defn: The locative case. LOCATOR Lo"ca*tor, n. Defn: One who locates, or is entitled to locate, land or a mining claim. [U.S.] LOCELLATE Lo*cel"late, a. Etym: [L. locellus a compartment, dim. of locus a place.] (Bot.) Defn: Divided into secondary compartments or cells, as where one cavity is separated into several smaller ones. LOCH Loch, n. Etym: [Gael. & Olr. loch. See Lake of water.] Defn: A lake; a bay or arm of the sea. [Scot.] LOCH Loch, n. Etym: [F. looch, Ar. la', an electuary, or any medicine which may be licked or sucked, fr. la' to lick.] (Med.) Defn: A kind of medicine to be taken by licking with the tongue; a lambative; a lincture. LOCHABER AX; LOCHABER AXE Loch*a"ber ax", Loch*a"ber axe". Etym: [So called from Lochaber, in Scotland.] Defn: A weapon of war, consisting of a pole armed with an axhead at its end, formerly used by the Scotch Highlanders. LOCHAGE Loch"age, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: An officer who commanded a company; a captain. Mitford. LOCHAN Loch"an, n. Etym: [Gael. See 1st Loch.] Defn: A small lake; a pond. [Scot.] A pond or lochan rather than a lake. H. Miller. LOCHE Loche, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Loach. LOCHIA Lo*chi"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Med.) Defn: The discharge from the womb and vagina which follows childbirth. LOCHIAL Lo"chi*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lochial.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the lochia. LOCK Lock, n. Etym: [AS. locc; akin to D. lok, G. locke, OHG. loc, Icel. lokkr, and perh. to Gr. Defn: A tuft of hair; a flock or small quantity of wool, hay, or other like substance; a tress or ringlet of hair. These gray locks, the pursuivants of death. Shak. LOCK Lock, n. Etym: [AS. loc inclosure, an inclosed place, the fastening of a door, fr. lucan to lock, fasten; akin to OS. lukan (in comp.), D. luiken, OHG. luhhan, Icel. l, Goth. lukan (in comp.); cf. Skr. ruj to break. Cf. Locket.] 1. Anything that fastens; specifically, a fastening, as for a door, a lid, a trunk, a drawer, and the like, in which a bolt is moved by a key so as to hold or to release the thing fastened. 2. A fastening together or interlacing; a closing of one thing upon another; a state of being fixed or immovable. Albemarle Street closed by a lock of carriages. De Quincey. 3. A place from which egress is prevented, as by a lock. Dryden. 4. The barrier or works which confine the water of a stream or canal. 5. An inclosure in a canal with gates at each end, used in raising or lowering boats as they pass from one level to another; -- called also lift lock. 6. That part or apparatus of a firearm by which the charge is exploded; as, a matchlock, flintlock, percussion lock, etc. 7. A device for keeping a wheel from turning. 8. A grapple in wrestling. Milton. Detector lock, a lock containing a contrivance for showing whether it as has been tampered with. -- Lock bay (Canals), the body of water in a lock chamber. -- Lock chamber, the inclosed space between the gates of a canal lock. -- Lock nut. See Check nut, under Check. -- Lock plate, a plate to which the mechanism of a gunlock is attached. -- Lock rail (Arch.), in ordinary paneled doors, the rail nearest the lock. Lock rand (Masonry), a range of bond stone. Knight. -- Mortise lock, a door lock inserted in a mortise. -- Rim lock, a lock fastened to the face of a door, thus differing from a mortise lock. LOCK Lock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Locked; p. pr. & vb. n. Locking.] 1. To fasten with a lock, or as with a lock; to make fast; to prevent free movement of; as, to lock a door, a carriage wheel, a river, etc. 2. To prevent ingress or access to, or exit from, by fastening the lock or locks of; -- often with up; as, to lock or lock up, a house, jail, room, trunk. etc. 3. To fasten in or out, or to make secure by means of, or as with, locks; to confine, or to shut in or out -- often with up; as, to lock one's self in a room; to lock up the prisoners; to lock up one's silver; to lock intruders out of the house; to lock money into a vault; to lock a child in one's arms; to lock a secret in one's breast. 4. To link together; to clasp closely; as, to lock arms. " Lock hand in hand." Shak. 5. (Canals) Defn: To furnish with locks; also, to raise or lower (a boat) in a lock. 6. (Fencing) Defn: To seize, as the sword arm of an antagonist, by turning the left arm around it, to disarm him. LOCK Lock, v. i. Defn: To become fast, as by means of a lock or by interlacing; as, the door locks close. When it locked none might through it pass. Spenser. To lock into, to fit or slide into; as, they lock into each other. Boyle. LOCKAGE Lock"age, n. 1. Materials for locks in a canal, or the works forming a lock or locks. 2. Toll paid for passing the locks of a canal. 3. Amount of elevation and descent made by the locks of a canal. The entire lock will be about fifty feet. De Witt Clinton. LOCK-DOWN Lock"-down`, n. Defn: A contrivance to fasten logs together in rafting; -- used by lumbermen. [U.S.] LOCKED-JAW Locked"-jaw`, n. Defn: See Lockjaw. LOCKEN Lock"en, obs. p. p. Defn: of Lock. Chaucer. LOCKEN Lock"en, n. (Bot.) Defn: The globeflower (Trollius). LOCKER Lock"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, locks. 2. A drawer, cupboard, compartment, or chest, esp. one in a ship, that may be closed with a lock. Chain locker (Naut.), a compartment in the hold of a vessel, for holding the chain cables. -- Davy Jones's locker, or Davy's locker. See Davy Jones. -- Shot locker, a compartment where shot are deposited. Totten. LOCKET Lock"et, n. Etym: [F. loquet latch, dim. of OF. loc latch, lock; of German origin. See Lock a fastening.] 1. A small lock; a catch or spring to fasten a necklace or other ornament. 2. A little case for holding a miniature or lock of hair, usually suspended from a necklace or watch chain. LOCK HOSPITAL Lock" hos"pi*tal Defn: . A hospital for the treatment of venereal diseases. [Eng.] LOCKJAW Lock"jaw`, n. (Med.) Defn: A contraction of the muscles of the jaw by which its motion is suspended; a variety of tetanus. LOCKLESS Lock"less, a. Defn: Destitute of a lock. LOCKMAN Lock"man, n. Defn: A public executioner. [Scot.] LOCKOUT Lock"out`, n. Defn: The closing of a factory or workshop by an employer, usually in order to bring the workmen to satisfactory terms by a suspension of wages. LOCKRAM Lock"ram, n. Etym: [F. locrenan, locronan; from Locronan, in Brittany, where it is said to have been made.] Defn: A kind of linen cloth anciently used in England, originally imported from Brittany. Shak. LOCKSMITH Lock"smith`, n. Defn: An artificer whose occupation is to make or mend locks. LOCK STEP Lock" step` Defn: . A mode of marching by a body of men going one after another as closely as possible, in which the leg of each moves at the same time with the corresponding leg of the person before him. LOCK STITCH Lock" stitch` Defn: . A peculiar sort of stitch formed by the locking of two threads together, as in the work done by some sewing machines. See Stitch. LOCKUP Lock"up`, n. Defn: A place where persons under arrest are temporarily locked up; a watchhouse. LOCK-WEIR Lock"-weir`, n. Defn: A waste weir for a canal, discharging into a lock chamber. LOCKY Lock"y, a. Defn: Having locks or tufts. [R.] Sherwood. LOCO Lo"co, adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A direction in written or printed music to return to the proper pitch after having played an octave higher. LOCO Lo"co, n. Etym: [Sp. loco insane.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Astragalus Hornii) growing in the Southwestern United States, which is said to poison horses and cattle, first making them insane. The name is also given vaguely to several other species of the same genus. Called also loco weed. LOCO DISEASE Loco disease. (Veter.) Defn: A chronic nervous affection of cattle, horses, and sheep, caused by eating the loco weed and characterized by a slow, measured gait, high step, glassy eyes with defective vision, delirium, and gradual emaciation. LOCOFOCO Lo`co*fo"co, n. Etym: [Of uncertain etymol.; perh. for L. loco foci instead of fire; or, according to Bartlett, it was called so from a self-lighting cigar, with a match composition at the end, invented in 1834 by John Marck of New York, and called by him locofoco cigar, in imitation of the word locomotive, which by the uneducated was supposed to mean, self-moving.] 1. A friction match. [U.S.] 2. A nickname formerly given to a member of the Democratic party. [U.S.] Note: The name was first applied, in 1834, to a portion of the Democratic party, because, at a meeting in Tammany Hall, New York, in which there was great diversity of sentiment, the chairman left his seat, and the lights were extinguished, for the purpose of dissolving the meeting; when those who were opposed to an adjournment produced locofoco matches, rekindled the lights, continued the meeting, and accomplished their object. LOCOMOTION Lo`co*mo"tion, n. Etym: [L. locus place + motio motion: cf. F. locomotion. See Local, and Motion.] 1. The act of moving from place to place. " Animal locomotion." Milton. 2. The power of moving from place to place, characteristic of the higher animals and some of the lower forms of plant life. LOCOMOTIVE Lo"co*mo`tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. locomotif. See Locomotion.] 1. Moving from place to place; changing place, or able to change place; as, a locomotive animal. 2. Used in producing motion; as, the locomotive organs of an animal. LOCOMOTIVE Lo"co*mo`tive, n. Defn: A locomotive engine; a self-propelling wheel carriage, especially one which bears a steam boiler and one or more steam engines which communicate motion to the wheels and thus propel the carriage, -- used to convey goods or passengers, or to draw wagons, railroad cars, etc. See Illustration in Appendix. Consolidation locomotive, a locomotive having four pairs of connected drivers. -- Locomotive car, a locomotive and a car combined in one vehicle; a dummy engine. [U.S.] -- Locomotive engine. Same as Locomotive, above. -- Mogul locomotive. See Mogul. LOCOMOTIVENESS; LOCOMOTIVITY Lo"co*mo`tive*ness, Lo`co*mo*tiv"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. locomotivité.] Defn: The power of changing place. LOCOMOTOR Lo`co*mo"tor, a. Etym: [See Locomotion.] Defn: Of or pertaining to movement or locomotion. Locomotor ataxia, or Progressive locomotor ataxy (Med.), a disease of the spinal cord characterized by peculiar disturbances of gait, and difficulty in coördinating voluntary movements. LOCULAMENT Loc"u*la*ment, n. Etym: [L. loculamentum case, box, fr. loculus a compartment, dim. of locus place.] (Bot.) Defn: The cell of a pericarp in which the seed is lodged. LOCULAR Loc"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. locularis.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or relating to the cell or compartment of an ovary, etc.; in composition, having cells; as trilocular. Gray. LOCULATE Loc"u*late, a. Etym: [L. loculatus.] (Bot.) Defn: Divided into compartments. LOCULE Loc"ule, n. Etym: [Cf. F. locule. See Loculus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A little hollow; a loculus. LOCULICIDAL Loc"u*li*ci`dal, a. Etym: [L. loculus cell + caedere to cut: cf. F. loculicide.] (Bot.) Defn: Dehiscent through the middle of the back of each cell; -- said of capsules. LOCULOSE; LOCULOUS Loc"u*lose`, Loc"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. loculosus. See Loculament.] (Bot.) Defn: Divided by internal partitions into cells, as the pith of the pokeweed. LOCULUS Loc"u*lus, n.; pl. Loculi. Etym: [L., little place, a compartment.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the spaces between the septa in the Anthozoa. 2. (Bot.) Defn: One of the compartments of a several-celled ovary; loculament. LOCUM TENENS Lo"cum te"nens. Etym: [L., holding the place; locus place + tenens, p. pr. of tenere to hold. Cf. Lieutenant.] Defn: A substitute or deputy; one filling an office for a time. LOCUS Lo"cus, n.; pl. Loci, & Loca. Etym: [L., place. Cf. Allow, Couch, Lieu, Local.] 1. A place; a locality. 2. (Math.) Defn: The line traced by a point which varies its position according to some determinate law; the surface described by a point or line that moves according to a given law. Plane locus, a locus that is a straight line, or a circle. -- Solid locus, a locus that is one of the conic sections. LOCUST Lo"cust, n. Etym: [L. locusta locust, grasshopper. Cf. Lobster.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of long-winged, migratory, orthopterous insects, of the family Acrididæ, allied to the grasshoppers; esp., (Edipoda, or Pachytylus, migratoria, and Acridium perigrinum, of Southern Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the United States the related species with similar habits are usually called grasshoppers. See Grasshopper. Note: These insects are at times so numerous in Africa and the south of Asia as to devour every green thing; and when they migrate, they fly in an immense cloud. In the United States the harvest flies are improperly called locusts. See Cicada. Locust beetle (Zoöl.), a longicorn beetle (Cyllene robiniæ), which, in the larval state, bores holes in the wood of the locust tree. Its color is brownish black, barred with yellow. Called also locust borer. -- Locust bird (Zoöl.) the rose-colored starling or pastor of India. See Pastor. -- Locust hunter (Zoöl.), an African bird; the beefeater. 2. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) Defn: The locust tree. See Locust Tree (definition, note, and phrases). Locust bean (Bot.), a commercial name for the sweet pod of the carob tree. LOCUSTA Lo*cus"ta, n. Etym: [NL.: cf. locuste.] (Bot.) Defn: The spikelet or flower cluster of grasses. Gray. LOCUSTELLA Lo`cus*tel"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. locusta a locust.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European cricket warbler. LOCUSTIC Lo*cus"tic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the locust; -- formerly used to designate a supposed acid. LOCUSTING Lo"cust*ing, p. a. Defn: Swarming and devastating like locusts. [R.] Tennyson. LOCUST TREE Lo"cust tree`. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) Defn: A large North American tree of the genus Robinia (R. Pseudacacia), producing large slender racemes of white, fragrant, papilionaceous flowers, and often cultivated as an ornamental tree. In England it is called acacia. Note: The name is also applied to other trees of different genera, especially to those of the genus Hymenæa, of which H. Courbaril is a lofty, spreading tree of South America; also to the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua), a tree growing in the Mediterranean region. Honey locust tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Gleditschia ) G. triacanthus), having pinnate leaves and strong branching thorns; -- so called from a sweet pulp found between the seeds in the pods. Called also simply honey locust. -- Water locust tree (Bot.), a small swamp tree (Gleditschia monosperma), of the Southern United States. LOCUTION Lo*cu"tion, n. Etym: [L. locutio, fr. loqui to speak: cf. F. locution. ] Defn: Speech or discourse; a phrase; a form or mode of expression. " Stumbling locutions." G. Eliot. I hate these figures in locution, These about phrases forced by ceremony. Marston. LOCUTORY Loc"u*to*ry, n. Defn: A room for conversation; especially, a room in monasteries, where the monks were allowed to converse. LODDE Lod"de, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The capelin. LODE Lode, n. Etym: [AS. lad way, journey, fr. li\'eban to go. See Lead to guide, and cf. Load a burden.] 1. A water course or way; a reach of water. Down that long, dark lode . . . he and his brother skated home in triumph. C. Kingsley. 2. (Mining) Defn: A metallic vein; any regular vein or course, whether metallic or not. LODEMANAGE Lode"man*age, n. Etym: [OE. lodemenage. Chaucer.] Defn: Pilotage. [Obs.] LODE-SHIP Lode"-*ship`, n. Defn: An old name for a pilot boat. LODESMAN Lodes"man, n. Defn: Same as Loadsman. [Obs.] LODESTAR Lode"star`, n. Defn: Same as Loadstar. LODESTONE Lode"stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: Same as Loadstone. LODGE Lodge, n. Etym: [OE. loge, logge, F. loge, LL. laubia porch, gallery, fr. OHG. louba, G. laube, arbor, bower, fr. lab foliage. See Leaf, and cf. Lobby, Loggia.] 1. A shelter in which one may rest; as: (a) A shed; a rude cabin; a hut; as, an Indian's lodge. Chaucer. Their lodges and their tentis up they gan bigge [to build]. Robert of Brunne. O for a lodge in some vast wilderness! Cowper. (b) A small dwelling house, as for a gamekeeper or gatekeeper of an estate. Shak. (c) A den or cave. (d) The meeting room of an association; hence, the regularly constituted body of members which meets there; as, a masonic lodge. (c) The chamber of an abbot, prior, or head of a college. 2. (Mining) Defn: The space at the mouth of a level next the shaft, widened to permit wagons to pass, or ore to be deposited for hoisting; -- called also platt. Raymond. 3. A collection of objects lodged together. The Maldives, a famous lodge of islands. De Foe. 4. A family of North American Indians, or the persons who usually occupy an Indian lodge, -- as a unit of enumeration, reckoned from four to six persons; as, the tribe consists of about two hundred lodges, that is, of about a thousand individuals. Lodge gate, a park gate, or entrance gate, near the lodge. See Lodge, n., 1 (b). LODGE Lodge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lodged; p. pr. & vb. n. Lodging.] 1. To rest or remain a lodge house, or other shelter; to rest; to stay; to abide; esp., to sleep at night; as, to lodge in York Street. Chaucer. Stay and lodge by me this night. Shak. Something holy lodges in that breast. Milton . 2. To fall or lie down, as grass or grain, when overgrown or beaten down by the wind. Mortimer. 3. To come to a rest; to stop and remain; as, the bullet lodged in the bark of a tree. LODGE Lodge, v. t. Etym: [OE. loggen, OF. logier, F. loger. See Lodge, n. ] 1. To give shelter or rest to; especially, to furnish a sleeping place for; to harbor; to shelter; hence, to receive; to hold. Every house was proud to lodge a knight. Dryden. The memory can lodge a greater stone of images that all the senses can present at one time. Cheyne. 2. To drive to shelter; to track to covert. The deer is lodged; I have tracked her to her covert. Addison. 3. To deposit for keeping or preservation; as, the men lodged their arms in the arsenal. 4. To cause to stop or rest in; to implant. He lodged an arrow in a tender breast. Addison. 5. To lay down; to prostrate. Though bladed corn be lodged, and trees blown down. Shak. To lodge an information, to enter a formal complaint. LODGEABLE Lodge"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. logeable.] 1. That may be or can be lodged; as, so many persons are not lodgeable in this village. 2. Capable of affording lodging; fit for lodging in. [R.] " The lodgeable area of the earth." Jeffrey. LODGED Lodged, a. (Her.) Defn: Lying down; -- used of beasts of the chase, as couchant is of beasts of prey. LODGEMENT Lodge"ment, n. Defn: See Lodgment. LODGER Lodg"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, lodges; one who occupies a hired room in another's house. LODGING Lodg"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, lodges. 2. A place of rest, or of temporary habitation; esp., a sleeping apartment; -- often in the plural with a singular meaning. Gower. Wits take lodgings in the sound of Bow. Pope. 3. Abiding place; harbor; cover. Fair bosom . . . the lodging of delight. Spenser. Lodging house, a house where lodgings are provided and let. -- Lodging room, a room in which a person lodges, esp. a hired room. LODGMENT Lodg"ment, n. [Written also lodgement.] Etym: [Cf. F. logement. See Lodge, v.] 1. The act of lodging, or the state of being lodged. Any particle which is of size enough to make a lodgment afterwards in the small arteries. Paley. 2. A lodging place; a room. [Obs.] 3. An accumulation or collection of something deposited in a place or remaining at rest. 4. (Mil.) Defn: The occupation and holding of a position, as by a besieging party; an instrument thrown up in a captured position; as, to effect a lodgment. LODICULE Lod"i*cule, n. Etym: [L. lodicula. dim, of lodix, lodicis, a coverlet: cf. F. lodicule.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the two or three delicate membranous scales which are next to the stamens in grasses. LOELLINGITE Loel"ling*ite, n. Etym: [So called from Lölling, in Austria.] (Min.) Defn: A tin-white arsenide of iron, isomorphous with arsenopyrite. LOESS Loess, n. Etym: [G. löss.] (Geol.) Defn: A quaternary deposit, usually consisting of a fine yellowish earth, on the banks of the Rhine and other large rivers. LOEVEN'S LARVA Loev"en's lar"va. Etym: [Named after the Swedish zoölogist, S. F. Löven, who discovered it.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The peculiar larva of Polygordius. See Polygordius. LOFFE Loffe, v. i. Defn: To laugh. [Obs.] Shak. LOFT Loft, n. Etym: [Icel. lopt air, heaven, loft, upper room; akin to AS. lyft air, G. luft, Dan. loft loft, Goth. luftus air. Cf. Lift, v. & n. ] Defn: That which is lifted up; an elevation. Hence, especially: (a) The room or space under a roof and above the ceiling of the uppermost story. (b) A gallery or raised apartment in a church, hall, etc.; as, an organ loft. (c) A floor or room placed above another; a story. Eutychus . . . fell down from the third loft. Acts xx. 9. On loft, aloft; on high. Cf. Onloft. [Obs.] Chaucer. LOFT Loft, a. Defn: Lofty; proud. [R. & Obs.] Surrey. LOFTER Loft"er, n. (Golf) Defn: An iron club used in lofting the ball; -- called also lofting iron. LOFTILY Loft"i*ly, adv. Etym: [From Lofty.] Defn: In a lofty manner or position; haughtily. LOFTINESS Loft"i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being lofty. LOFTING IRON Loft"ing iron. (Golf) Defn: Same as Lofter. LOFTY Loft"y, a. [Compar. Loftier; superl. Loftiest.] Etym: [From Loft.] 1. Lifted high up; having great height; towering; high. See lofty Lebanon his head advance. Pope. 2. Fig.: Elevated in character, rank, dignity, spirit, bearing, language, etc.; exalted; noble; stately; characterized by pride; haughty. The high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity. Is. lvii. 15. Lofty and sour to them that loved him not. Shak. Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme. Milton. Syn. -- Tall; high; exalted; dignified; stately; majestic; sublime; proud; haughty. See Tall. LOG Log, n. Etym: [Heb. log.] Defn: A Hebrew measure of liquids, containing 2.37 gills. W. H. Ward. LOG Log, n. Etym: [Icel. lag a felled tree, log; akin to E. lie. See Lie to lie prostrate.] 1. A bulky piece of wood which has not been shaped by hewing or sawing. 2. Etym: [Prob. the same word as in sense 1; cf. LG. log, lock, Dan. log, Sw. logg.] (Naut.) Defn: An apparatus for measuring the rate of a ship's motion through the water. Note: The common log consists of the log-chip, or logship, often exclusively called the log, and the log line, the former being commonly a thin wooden quadrant of five or six inches radius, loaded with lead on the arc to make it float with the point up. It is attached to the log line by cords from each corner. This line is divided into equal spaces, called knots, each bearing the same proportion to a mile that half a minute does to an hour. The line is wound on a reel which is so held as to let it run off freely. When the log is thrown, the log-chip is kept by the water from being drawn forward, and the speed of the ship is shown by the number of knots run out in half a minute. There are improved logs, consisting of a piece of mechanism which, being towed astern, shows the distance actually gone through by the ship, by means of the revolutions of a fly, which are registered on a dial plate. 3. Hence: The record of the rate of ship's speed or of her daily progress; also, the full nautical record of a ship's cruise or voyage; a log slate; a log book. 4. A record and tabulated statement of the work done by an engine, as of a steamship, of the coal consumed, and of other items relating to the performance of machinery during a given time. 5. (Mining) Defn: A weight or block near the free end of a hoisting rope to prevent it from being drawn through the sheave. Log board (Naut.), a board consisting of two parts shutting together like a book, with columns in which are entered the direction of the wind, course of the ship, etc., during each hour of the day and night. These entries are transferred to the log book. A folding slate is now used instead. -- Log book, or Logbook (Naut.), a book in which is entered the daily progress of a ship at sea, as indicated by the log, with notes on the weather and incidents of the voyage; the contents of the log board. Log cabin, Log house, a cabin or house made of logs. -- Log canoe, a canoe made by shaping and hollowing out a single log. -- Log glass (Naut.), a small sandglass used to time the running out of the log line. -- Log line (Naut.), a line or cord about a hundred and fifty fathoms long, fastened to the log-chip. See Note under 2d Log, n., 2. -- Log perch (Zoöl.), an ethiostomoid fish, or darter (Percina caprodes); -- called also hogfish and rockfish. -- Log reel (Naut.), the reel on which the log line is wound. -- Log slate. (Naut.) See Log board (above). -- Rough log (Naut.), a first draught of a record of the cruise or voyage. -- Smooth log (Naut.), a clean copy of the rough log. In the case of naval vessels this copy is forwarded to the proper officer of the government. -- To heave the log (Naut.), to cast the log-chip into the water; also, the whole process of ascertaining a vessel's speed by the log. LOG Log, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Logged; p. pr. & vb. n. Logging.] (Naut.) Defn: , To enter in a ship's log book; as, to log the miles run. J. F. Cooper. LOG Log, v. i. 1. To engage in the business of cutting or transporting logs for timber; to get out logs. [U.S.] 2. To move to and fro; to rock. [Obs.] LOGAN Log"an, n. Defn: A rocking or balanced stone. Gwill. LOGAOEDIC Log`a*oed"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Pros.) Defn: Composed of dactyls and trochees so arranged as to produce a movement like that of ordinary speech. LOGARITHM Log"a*rithm, n. Etym: [Gr. logarithme.] (Math.) Defn: One of a class of auxiliary numbers, devised by John Napier, of Merchiston, Scotland (1550-1617), to abridge arithmetical calculations, by the use of addition and subtraction in place of multiplication and division. Note: The relation of logarithms to common numbers is that of numbers in an arithmetical series to corresponding numbers in a geometrical series, so that sums and differences of the former indicate respectively products and quotients of the latter; thus 0 1 2 3 4 Indices or logarithms 1 10 100 1000 10,000 Numbers in geometrical progression Hence, the logarithm of any given number is the exponent of a power to which another given invariable number, called the base, must be raised in order to produce that given number. Thus, let 10 be the base, then 2 is the logarithm of 100, because 102 = 100, and 3 is the logarithm of 1,000, because 103 = 1,000. Arithmetical complement of a logarithm, the difference between a logarithm and the number ten. -- Binary logarithms. See under Binary. -- Common logarithms, or Brigg's logarithms, logarithms of which the base is 10; -- so called from Henry Briggs, who invented them. -- Gauss's logarithms, tables of logarithms constructed for facilitating the operation of finding the logarithm of the sum of difference of two quantities from the logarithms of the quantities, one entry of those tables and two additions or subtractions answering the purpose of three entries of the common tables and one addition or subtraction. They were suggested by the celebrated German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss (died in 1855), and are of great service in many astronomical computations. -- Hyperbolic, or Napierian, logarithms, those logarithms (devised by John Speidell, 1619) of which the base is 2.7182818; -- so called from Napier, the inventor of logarithms. -- Logistic or Proportionallogarithms., See under Logistic. LOGARITHMETIC; LOGARITHMETICAL Log`a*rith*met"ic, Log"a*rith*met"ic*al, a. Defn: See Logarithmic. LOGARITHMETICALLY Log`a*rith*met"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Logarithmically. LOGARITHMIC; LOGARITHMICAL Log`a*rith"mic, Log`a*rith"mic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. logarithmique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to logarithms; consisting of logarithms. Logarithmic curve (Math.), a curve which, referred to a system of rectangular coördinate axes, is such that the ordinate of any point will be the logarithm of its abscissa. -- Logarithmic spiral, a spiral curve such that radii drawn from its pole or eye at equal angles with each other are in continual proportion. See Spiral. LOGARITHMICALLY Log`a*rith"mic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By the use of logarithms. LOG-CHIP Log"-chip`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A thin, flat piece of board in the form of a quadrant of a circle attached to the log line; -- called also log-ship. See 2d Log, n., 2. LOGCOCK Log"cock`, n. Defn: The pileated woodpecker. LOGE Loge, n. Etym: [F. See Lodge.] Defn: A lodge; a habitation. [Obs.] Chaucer. LOGGAN Log"gan, n. Defn: See Logan. LOGGAT Log"gat, n. Etym: [Also written logget.] 1. A small log or piece of wood. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. pl. Defn: An old game in England, played by throwing pieces of wood at a stake set in the ground. [Obs.] Shak. LOGGE Logge, n. & v. Defn: See Lodge. [Obs.] Chaucer. LOGGED Logged, a. Defn: Made slow and heavy in movement; water-logged. Beaconsfield. LOGGER Log"ger, n. Defn: One engaged in logging. See Log, v. i. [U.S.] Lowell. LOGGERHEAD Log"ger*head`, n. Etym: [Log + head.] 1. A blockhead; a dunce; a numskull. Shak. Milton. 2. A spherical mass of iron, with a long handle, used to heat tar. 3. (Naut.) Defn: An upright piece of round timber, in a whaleboat, over which a turn of the line is taken when it is running out too fast. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large marine turtle (Thalassochelys caretta, or caouana), common in the warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean, from Brazil to Cape Cod; -- called also logger-headed turtle. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American shrike (Lanius Ludovicianus), similar to the butcher bird, but smaller. See Shrike. To be at loggerheads, To fall to loggerheads, or To go to loggerheads, to quarrel; to be at strife. L' Estrange. LOGGERHEADED Log"ger*head`ed, a. Defn: Dull; stupid. Shak. A rabble of loggerheaded physicians. Urquhart. LOGGERHEADS Log"ger*heads`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The knapweed. LOGGIA Log"gia, n. Etym: [It. See Lodge.] (Arch.) Defn: A roofed open gallery. It differs from a veranda in being more architectural, and in forming more decidedly a part of the main edifice to which it is attached; from a porch, in being intended not for entrance but for an out-of-door sitting-room. LOGGING Log"ging, n. Defn: The business of felling trees, cutting them into logs, and transporting the logs to sawmills or to market. LOGIC Log"ic, n. Etym: [OE. logike, F. logique, L. logica, logice, Gr. Legend.] 1. The science or art of exact reasoning, or of pure and formal thought, or of the laws according to which the processes of pure thinking should be conducted; the science of the formation and application of general notions; the science of generalization, judgment, classification, reasoning, and systematic arrangement; correct reasoning. Logic is science of the laws of thought, as that is, of the necessary conditions to which thought, considered in itself, is subject. Sir W. Hamilton. Note: Logic is distinguished as pure and applied. " Pure logic is a science of the form, or of the formal laws, of thinking, and not of the matter. Applied logic teaches the application of the forms of thinking to those objects about which men do think. " Abp. Thomson. 2. A treatise on logic; as, Mill's Logic. LOGICAL Log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. logique, L. logicus, Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to logic; used in logic; as, logical subtilties. Bacon. 2. According to the rules of logic; as, a logical argument or inference; the reasoning is logical. Prior. 3. Skilled in logic; versed in the art of thinking and reasoning; as, he is a logical thinker. Addison. LOGICALITY Log`i*cal"i*ty, n. Defn: Logicalness. LOGICALLY Log"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a logical manner; as, to argue logically. LOGICALNESS Log"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being logical. LOGICIAN Lo*gi"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. logicien.] Defn: A person skilled in logic. Bacon. Each fierce logician still expelling Locke. Pope. LOGICS Log"ics, n. Defn: See Logic. LOGISTIC; LOGISTICAL Lo*gis"tic, Lo*gis"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. logistique.] 1. Logical. [Obs.] Berkeley. 2. (Math.) Defn: Sexagesimal, or made on the scale of 60; as, logistic, or sexagesimal, arithmetic. Logistic, or Proportional, logarithms, certain logarithmic numbers used to shorten the calculation of the fourth term of a proportion of which one of the terms is a given constant quantity, commonly one hour, while the other terms are expressed in minutes and seconds; -- not now used. LOGISTICS Lo*gis"tics, n. 1. (Mil.) Defn: That branch of the military art which embraces the details of moving and supplying armies. The meaning of the word is by some writers extended to include strategy. H. L. Scott. 2. (Math.) Defn: A system of arithmetic, in which numbers are expressed in a scale of 60; logistic arithmetic. LOGMAN Log"man, n.; pl. Logmen (. Defn: A man who carries logs. Shak. LOGODAEDALY Log`o*dæd"a*ly, n. Etym: [Gr. Logos, and Dædal.] Defn: Verbal legerdemain; a playing with words. [R.] Coleridge. LOGOGRAM Log"o*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. -gram.] Defn: A word letter; a phonogram, that, for the sake of brevity, represents a word; as, |, i. e., t, for it. Cf. Grammalogue. LOGOGRAPHER Lo*gog"ra*pher, n. 1. A chronicler; one who writes history in a condensed manner with short simple sentences. 2. One skilled in logography. LOGOGRAPHIC; LOGOGRAPHICAL Log`o*graph"ic, Log`o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. logographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to logography. LOGOGRAPHY Lo*gog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. logographie.] 1. A method of printing in which whole words or syllables, cast as single types, are used. 2. A mode of reporting speeches without using shorthand, -- a number of reporters, each in succession, taking down three or four words. Brande & C. LOGOGRIPH Log"o*griph, n. Etym: [Gr. logogriphe.] Defn: A sort of riddle in which it is required to discover a chosen word from various combinations of its letters, or of some of its letters, which form other words; -- thus, to discover the chosen word chatter form cat, hat, rat, hate, rate, etc. B. Jonson. LOGOMACHIST Lo*gom"a*chist, n. Etym: [See Logomachy.] Defn: One who contends about words. LOGOMACHY Lo*gom"a*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. logomachie.] 1. Contention in words merely, or a contention about words; a war of words. The discussion concerning the meaning of the word " justification" . . . has largely been a mere logomachy. L. Abbott. 2. A game of word making. LOGOMETRIC Log`o*met"ric, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Serving to measure or ascertain chemical equivalents; stoichiometric. [R.] LOGOS Log"os, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. A word; reason; speech. H. Bushell. 2. The divine Word; Christ. LOGOTHETE Log"o*thete, Etym: [LL. logotheta, fr. Gr. Defn: An accountant; under Constantine, an officer of the empire; a receiver of revenue; an administrator of a department. LOGOTYPE Log"o*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.] (Print.) Defn: A single type, containing two or more letters; as, æ, Æ, fi, fl, ffl, etc. ; -- called also ligature. LOGROLL Log"roll`, v. i. & t. Defn: To engage in logrolling; to accomplish by logrolling. [Political cant, U. S.] LOGROLLER Log"roll`er, n. Defn: One who engages in logrolling. [Political cant, U. S.] The jobbers and logrollers will all be against it. The. Nation. LOGROLLING Log"roll`ing, n. 1. (Logging) Defn: The act or process of rolling logs from the place where they were felled to the stream which floats them to the sawmill or to market. In this labor neighboring camps of loggers combine to assist each other in turn. Longfellow. [U.S.] 2. Hence: A combining to assist another in consideration of receiving assistance in return; -- sometimes used of a disreputable mode of accomplishing political schemes or ends. [Cant, U.S.] LOG-SHIP Log"-ship, n. (Naut.) Defn: A part of the log. See Log-chip, and 2d Log, n., 2. LOGWOOD Log"wood` n. Etym: [So called from being imported in logs.] Defn: The heartwood of a tree (Hæmatoxylon Campechianum), a native of South America, It is a red, heavy wood, containing a crystalline substance called hæmatoxylin, and is used largely in dyeing. An extract from this wood is used in medicine as an astringent. Also called Campeachy wood, and bloodwood. -LOGY -lo*gy. Etym: [Gr. Logic.] Defn: A combining form denoting a discourse, treatise, doctrine, theory, science; as, theology, geology, biology, mineralogy. LOGY Lo"gy, a. Etym: [From D. log.] Defn: Heavy or dull in respect to motion or thought; as, a logy horse. [U.S.] Porcupines are . . . logy, sluggish creatures. C. H. Merriam. LOHOCK Lo"hock, n. (Med.) Defn: See Loch, a medicine. LOIMIC Loi"mic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the plague or contagious disorders. LOIN Loin, n. Etym: [OE. loine, OF. logne, F. longe, from (assumed) LL. lumbea, L. lumbus join. Cf. Lends, Lumbar, Nombles.] Defn: That part of a human being or quadruped, which extends on either side of the spinal column between the hip bone and the false ribs. In human beings the loins are also called the reins. See Illust. of Beef. LOIR Loir, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. glis, gliris.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large European dormouse (Myoxus glis). LOITER Loi"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loitered; p. pr. & vb. n. Loitering.] Etym: [D. leuteren to delay, loiter; cf; Prov. G. lottern to be louse, lotter louse, slack, unsettled, vagrant, OHG. lotar.] 1. To be slow in moving; to delay; to linger; to be dilatory; to spend time idly; to saunter; to lag behind. Sir John, you loiter here too long. Shak. If we have loitered, let us quicken our pace. Rogers. 2. To wander as an idle vagrant. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. -- To linger; delay; lag; saunter; tarry. LOITERER Loi"ter*er, n. 1. One who loiters; an idler. 2. An idle vagrant; a tramp. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. LOITERINGLY Loi"ter*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a loitering manner. LOK; LOKI Lok, Lo"ki, n. Etym: [Icel. Loki, perh. akin to lokka, locka to allure, entice.] (Scandinavian Myth.) Defn: The evil deity, the author of all calamities and mischief, answering to the African of the Persians. LOKAO Lo*ka"o, n. Defn: A green vegetable dye imported from China. LOKE Loke, n. Etym: [See Lock a fastening.] Defn: A private path or road; also, the wicket or hatch of a door. [Prov. Eng.] LOKORYS Lok"o*rys, n. Defn: Liquorice. [Obs.] Chaucer. LOLIGO Lo*li"go, n. Etym: [L., cuttle fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of cephalopods, including numerous species of squids, common on the coasts of America and Europe. They are much used for fish bait. LOLL Loll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Lolling.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. lolla to act lazily, loll, lolla, laziness, OD. lollen to sit over the fire, and E. lull. Cf. Lill, Lull.] 1. To act lazily or indolently; to recline; to lean; to throw one's self down; to lie at ease. Void of care, he lolls supine in state. Dryden. 2. To hand extended from the mouth, as the tongue of an ox or a log when heated with labor or exertion. The triple porter of the Stygian seat, With lolling tongue, lay fawning at thy feet. Dryden . 3. To let the tongue hang from the mouth, as an ox, dog, or other animal, when heated by labor; as, the ox stood lolling in the furrow. LOLL Loll, v. t. Defn: To let hang from the mouth, as the tongue. Fierce tigers couched around and lolled their fawning tongues. Dryden. LOLLARD Lol"lard, n. Etym: [LL. Lollardi, Lullardi, from Walter Lolhardus, a German; cf. LG. & D. lollen to mumble, to hum, sing in a murmuring strain; hence, OD. lollaerd a mumbler, i. e., of prayers or psalms, which was prob. the origin of the name. See Loll, Lull.] (Eccl. Hist.) (a) One of a sect of early reformers in Germany. (b) One of the followers of Wyclif in England. [Called also Loller.] By Lollards all know the Wyclifities are meant, so called from Walter Lollardus, one of their teachers in Germany. Fuller. LOLLARDISM; LOLLARDY Lol"lard*ism, Lol"lard*y, n. Defn: The doctrines or principles of the Lollards. LOLLER Loll"er, n. Etym: [See Loll.] 1. One who lolls. 2. An idle vagabond. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 3. A Lollard. LOLLINGLY Loll"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a lolling manner. Buckle. LOLLIPOP Lol"li*pop, n. Etym: [Perhaps fr. Prov. E. loll to soothe + pope a mixed liquor.] Defn: A kind of sugar confection which dissolves easily in the mouth. Thackeray. LOLLOP Lol"lop, v. i. Etym: [From Loll.] Defn: To move heavily; to lounge or idle; to loll. [Law.] Charles Reade. LOMA Lo"ma, n.; pl. Lomata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A lobe; a membranous fringe or flap. LOMATINOUS Lo*mat"i*nous, a. Etym: [See Loma.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Furnished with lobes or flaps. LOMBARD Lom"bard, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Lombardy, or the inhabitants of Lombardy. LOMBARD Lom"bard, n. Etym: [F. lombard, fr. the Longobardi or Langobardi, i. e., Longbeards, a people of Northern Germany, west of the Elbe, and afterward in Northern Italy. See Long, and Beard, and cf. Lumber.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Lombardy. 2. A money lender or banker; -- so called because the business of banking was first carried on in London by Lombards. 3. Same as Lombard-house. A Lombard unto this day signifying a bank for usury or pawns. Fuller. 4. (Mil.) Defn: A form of cannon formerly in use. Prescott. Lombard Street, the principal street in London for banks and the offices of note brokers; hence, the money market and interest of London. LOMBARDEER Lom`bard*eer", n. Defn: A pawnbroker. [Obs.] Howell. LOMBARD-HOUSE; LOMBAR-HOUSE Lom"bard-house, Lom"bar-house`,Etym: [F. or D. lombard. See Lombard, n.] 1. A bank or a pawnbroker's shop. 2. A public institution for lending money to the poor at a moderate interest, upon articles deposited and pledged; -- called also mont de piété. LOMBARDIC Lom*bar"dic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Lombardy of the Lombards. Lombardic alphabet, the ancient alphabet derived from the Roman, and employed in the manuscript of Italy. -- Lombardic architecture, the debased Roman style of architecture as found in parts of Northern Italy. F. G. Lee. Lombardy poplar. (Bot.) See Poplar. LOMENT Lo"ment, n. Etym: [L. lomentum a mixture of bean meal and rice, used as a cosmetic wash, bean meal, fr. lavare, lotum, to wash.] (Bot.) Defn: An elongated pod, consisting, like the legume, of two valves, but divided transversely into small cells, each containing a single seed. LOMENTACEOUS Lo`men*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [From Loment.] (Bot.) Defn: Of the nature of a loment; having fruits like loments. LOMONITE Lom"o*nite, n. Defn: Same as Laumontite. LOMPISH Lomp"ish, a. Defn: Lumpish. [Obs.] Spenser. LOND Lond, n. Defn: Land. [Obs.] Chaucer. LONDON Lon"don, n. Defn: The capital city of England. London paste (Med.), a paste made of caustic soda and unslacked lime; -- used as a caustic to destroy tumors and other morbid enlargements. -- London pride. (Bot.) (a) A garden name for Saxifraga umbrosa, a hardy perennial herbaceous plant, a native of high lands in Great Britain. (b) A name anciently given to the Sweet William. Dr. Prior. -- London rocket (Bot.), a cruciferous plant (Sisymbrium Irio) which sprung up in London abundantly on the ruins of the great fire of 1667. LONDONER Lon"don*er (-er), n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of London. Shak. LONDONISM Lon"don*ism, n. Defn: A characteristic of Londoners; a mode of speaking peculiar to London. LONDONIZE Lon"don*ize, v. i. Defn: To impart to (one) a manner or character like that which distinguishes Londoners. LONDONIZE Lon"don*ize, v. i. Defn: To imitate the manner of the people of London. LONDON SMOKE Lon"don smoke. Defn: A neutral tint given to spectacles, shade glasses for optical instruments, etc., which reduces the intensity without materially changing the color of the transmitted light. LONDON TUFT London tuft. (Bot.) Defn: The Sweet William (Dianthus barbatus). LONE Lone, n. Defn: A lane. See Loanin. [Prov. Eng.] LONE Lone, a. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. alone.] 1. Being without a companion; being by one's self; also, sad from lack of companionship; lonely; as, a lone traveler or watcher. When I have on those pathless wilds a appeared, And the lone wanderer with my presence cheered. Shenstone. 2. Single; unmarried, or in widowhood. [Archaic] Queen Elizabeth being a lone woman. Collection of Records (1642). A hundred mark is a long one for a poor lone woman to bear. Shak. 3. Being apart from other things of the kind; being by itself; also, apart from human dwellings and resort; as, a lone house. " A lone isle." Pope. By a lone well a lonelier column rears. Byron. 4. Unfrequented by human beings; solitary. Thus vanish scepters, coronets, and balls, And leave you on lone woods, or empty walls. Pope. LONELINESS Lone"li*ness, n. 1. The condition of being lonely; solitude; seclusion. 2. The state of being unfrequented by human beings; as, the loneliness of a road. 3. Love of retirement; disposition to solitude. I see The mystery of your loneliness. Shak. 4. A feeling of depression resulting from being alone. Syn. -- Solitude; seclusion. See Solitude. LONELY Lone"ly, a. [Compar. Lonelier; superl. Loneliest.] Etym: [Shortened fr. alonely.] 1. Sequestered from company or neighbors; solitary; retired; as, a lonely situation; a lonely cell. 2. Alone, or in want of company; forsaken. To the misled and lonely traveler. Milton. 3. Not frequented by human beings; as, a lonely wood. 4. Having a feeling of depression or sadness resulting from the consciousness of being alone; lonesome. I am very often alone. I don't mean I am lonely. H. James. Syn. -- Solitary; lone; lonesome; retired; unfrequented; sequestered; secluded. LONENESS Lone"ness, n. Defn: Solitude; seclusion. [Obs.] Donne. LONESOME Lone"some, a. [Compar. Lonesomer; superl. Lonesomest.] 1. Secluded from society; not frequented by human beings; solitary. Like one that on a lonesome road Doth walk in fear and dread. Coleridge . 2. Conscious of, and somewhat depressed by, solitude; as, to feel lonesome. -- Lone"some*ly, adv. -- Lone"some*ness, n. LONE-STAR STATE Lone-Star State. Defn: Texas; -- a nickname alluding to the single star on its coat of arms, being the device used on its flag and seal when it was a republic. LONG Long, a. [Compar. Longer; superl. Longest.] Etym: [AS. long, lang; akin to OS, OFries., D., & G. lang, Icel. langr, Sw. lång, Dan. lang, Goth. laggs, L.longus. sq. root125. Cf. Length, Ling a fish, Linger, Lunge, Purloin.] 1. Drawn out in a line, or in the direction of length; protracted; extended; as, a long line; -- opposed to short, and distinguished from broad or wide. 2. Drawn out or extended in time; continued through a considerable tine, or to a great length; as, a long series of events; a long debate; a long drama; a long history; a long book. 3. Slow in passing; causing weariness by length or duration; lingering; as, long hours of watching. 4. Occurring or coming after an extended interval; distant in time; far away. The we may us reserve both fresh and strong Against the tournament, which is not long. Spenser. 5. Extended to any specified measure; of a specified length; as, a span long; a yard long; a mile long, that is, extended to the measure of a mile, etc. 6. Far-reaching; extensive. " Long views." Burke. 7. (Phonetics) Defn: Prolonged, or relatively more prolonged, in utterance; -- said of vowels and syllables. See Short, a., 13, and Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 22, 30. Note: Long is used as a prefix in a large number of compound adjectives which are mostly of obvious meaning; as, long-armed, long- beaked, long-haired, long-horned, long-necked, long-sleeved, long- tailed, long- worded, etc. In the long run, in the whole course of things taken together; in the ultimate result; eventually. -- Long clam (Zoöl.), the common clam (Mya arenaria) of the Northern United States and Canada; -- called also soft-shell clam and long- neck clam. See Mya. -- Long cloth, a kind of cotton cloth of superior quality. -- Long clothes, clothes worn by a young infant, extending below the feet. -- Long division. (Math.) See Division. -- Long dozen, one more than a dozen; thirteen. -- Long home, the grave. -- Long measure, Long mater. See under Measure, Meter. -- Long Parliament (Eng. Hist.), the Parliament which assembled Nov. 3, 1640, and was dissolved by Cromwell, April 20, 1653. -- Long price, the full retail price. -- Long purple (Bot.), a plant with purple flowers, supposed to be the Orchis mascula. Dr. Prior. -- Long suit (Whist), a suit of which one holds originally more than three cards. R. A. Proctor. -- Long tom. (a) A pivot gun of great length and range, on the dock of a vessel. (b) A long trough for washing auriferous earth. [Western U.S.] (c) (Zoöl.) The long-tailed titmouse. -- Long wall (Coal Mining), a working in which the whole seam is removed and the roof allowed to fall in, as the work progresses, except where passages are needed. -- Of long, a long time. [Obs.] Fairfax. -- To be, or go, long of the market, To be on the long side of the market, etc. (Stock Exchange), to hold stock for a rise in price, or to have a contract under which one can demand stock on or before a certain day at a stipulated price; -- opposed to short in such phrases as, to be short of stock, to sell short, etc. [Cant] See Short. -- To have a long head, to have a farseeing or sagacious mind. LONG Long, n. 1. (Mus.) Defn: A note formerly used in music, one half the length of a large, twice that of a breve. 2. (Phonetics) Defn: A long sound, syllable, or vowel. 3. The longest dimension; the greatest extent; -- in the phrase, the long and the short of it, that is, the sum and substance of it. Addison. LONG Long, adv. Etym: [AS. lance.] 1. To a great extent in apace; as, a long drawn out line. 2. To a great extent in time; during a long time. They that tarry long at the wine. Prov. xxiii. 30. When the trumpet soundeth long. Ex. xix. 13. 3. At a point of duration far distant, either prior or posterior; as, not long before; not long after; long before the foundation of Rome; long after the Conquest. 4. Through the whole extent or duration. The bird of dawning singeth all night long. Shak. 5. Through an extent of time, more or less; -- only in question; as, how long will you be gone LONG Long, prep. Etym: [Abbreviated fr. along. See 3d Along.] Defn: By means of; by the fault of; because of. [Obs.] See Along of, under 3d Along. LONG Long, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Longed; p. pr. & vb. n. Longing.] Etym: [AS. langian to increase, to lengthen, to stretch out the mind after, to long, to crave, to belong to, fr. lang long. See Long, a.] 1. To feel a strong or morbid desire or craving; to wish for something with eagerness; -- followed by an infinitive, or by after or for. I long to see you. Rom. i. 11. I have longed after thy precepts. Ps. cxix. 40. I have longed for thy salvation. Ps. cxix. 174. Nicomedes, longing for herrings, was supplied with fresh ones . . . at a great distance from the sea. Arbuthnot. 2. To belong; -- used with to, unto, or for. [Obs.] The labor which that longeth unto me. Chaucer. LONGAN Lon"gan, n. (Bot.) Defn: A pulpy fruit related to the litchi, and produced by an evergreen East Indian tree (Nephelium Longan). LONGANIMITY Lon`ga*nim"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. longanimitas; longus long + animus mind: cf. F. longanimité.] Defn: Disposition to bear injuries patiently; forbearance; patience. Jer. Taylor. LONG-ARMED Long"-armed`, a. Defn: Having long arms; as, the long-armed ape or gibbon. LONGBEAK Long"beak`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American redbellied snipe (Macrorhamphus scolopaceus); -- called also long-billed dowitcher. LONGBOAT Long"boat`, n. (Naut.) Defn: Formerly, the largest boat carried by a merchant vessel, corresponding to the launch of a naval vessel. LONGBOW Long"bow`, n. Defn: The ordinary bow, not mounted on a stock; -- so called in distinction from the crossbow when both were used as weapons of war. Also, sometimes, such a bow of about the height of a man, as distinguished from a much shorter one. To draw the longbow, to tell large stories. LONG-BREATHED Long"-breathed`, a. Defn: Having the power of retaining the breath for a long time; long- winded. LONG-DRAWN Long"-drawn`, a. Defn: Extended to a great length. The cicadæ hushed their long-drawn, ear-splitting strains. G. W. Cable. LONGE Longe, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. allonge. See Lunge.] 1. A thrust. See Lunge. Smollett. 2. The training ground for a horse. Farrow. LONGE Longe, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as 4th Lunge. LONGER Long"er, n. Defn: One who longs for anything. LONGEVAL Lon*ge"val, a. Defn: Long-loved; longevous.[R.] Pope. LONGEVITY Lon*gev"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. longaevitas. See Longevous.] Defn: Long duration of life; length of life. The instances of longevity are chiefly amongst the abstemious. Arbuthnot. LONGEVOUS Lon*ge"vous, a. Etym: [L. longaevus; longus long + aevum lifetime, age. See Long, and Age.] Defn: Living a long time; of great age. Sir T. Browne. LONGHAND Long"hand`, n. Defn: The written characters used in the common method of writing; -- opposed to shorthand. LONGHEADED Long"head"ed, a. Defn: Having unusual foresight or sagacity. -- Long"-head`ed*ness, n. LONGHORN Long"horn`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A long-horned animal, as a cow, goat, or beetle. See Long- horned. LONG-HORNED Long"-horned`, a. (Zoöl.) [Obs.] Defn: Having a long horn or horns; as, a long-horned goat, or cow; having long antennæ, as certain beetles (Longicornia). LONGICORN Lon"gi*corn, a. Etym: [L. longus long + cornu horn: cf. F. longicorne.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Long-horned; pertaining to the Longicornia. -- n. Defn: One of the Longicornia. LONGICORNIA Lon`gi*cor"ni*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. longus long + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of beetles, including a large number of species, in which the antennæ are very long. Most of them, while in the larval state, bore into the wood or beneath the bark of trees, and some species are very destructive to fruit and shade trees. See Apple borer, under Apple, and Locust beetle, under Locust. LONGILATERAL Lon`gi*lat"er*al, a. Etym: [L. longus long + lateralis lateral, fr. latus side.] Defn: Having long sides especially, having the form of a long parallelogram. Nineveh . . . was of a longilateral figure, ninety-five furlongs broad, and a hundred and fifty long. Sir T. Browne. LONGILOQUENCE Lon*gil"o*quence, n. Etym: [L. langus long + loquentia a talking.] Defn: Long-windedness. American longiloquence in oratory. Fitzed. Hall. LONGIMANOUS Lon*gim"a*nous, a. Etym: [L. longus long + manus hand.] Defn: Having long hands. Sir T. Browne. LONGIMETRY Lon*gim"e*try, n. Etym: [L. longus long + -metry: cf. F. longimétrie.] Defn: The art or practice of measuring distances or lengths. Cheyne. LONGING Long"ing, n. Defn: An eager desire; a craving; a morbid appetite; an earnest wish; an aspiration. Put on my crown; I have immortal longings in me. Shak. LONGINGLY Long"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With longing. Dryden. LONGINQUITY Lon*gin"qui*ty, n. Etym: [L. longinquitas, fr. longinquus extensive, remote, fr. longus long.] Defn: Greatness of distance; remoteness. [R.] Barrow. LONGIPALP Lon"gi*palp, n. Etym: [F. longipalpe, fr. L. longus long + F. palpe a feeler, a palp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a tribe of beetles, having long maxillary palpi. LONGIPENNATE Lon"gi*pen"nate, a. Etym: [L. longus long + E. pennate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having long wings, or quills. LONGIPENNES Lon`gi*pen"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. longus long + penna wing.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of longwinged sea birds, including the gulls, petrels, etc. LONGIPENNINE Lon`gi*pen"nine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Longipennes; longipennate. LONGIROSTER Lon`gi*ros"ter, n.; pl. L. Longirostres, E. Longirosters. Etym: [L. longus long + rostrum beak: cf. F. longirostre.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Longirostres. LONGIROSTRAL Lon`gi*ros"tral, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a long bill; of or pertaining to the Longirostres. LONGIROSTRES Lon`gi*ros"tres, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. longus long + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of birds characterized by having long slender bills, as the sandpipers, curlews, and ibises. It is now regarded as an artificial division. LONGISH Long"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat long; moderately long. LONGITUDE Lon"gi*tude, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. longitudo, fr. longus long.] 1. Length; measure or distance along the longest line; -- distinguished from breadth or thickness; as, the longitude of a room; rare now, except in a humorous sense. Sir H. Wotton. The longitude of their cloaks. Sir. W. Scott. Mine [shadow] spindling into longitude immense. Cowper. 2. (Geog.) Defn: The arc or portion of the equator intersected between the meridian of a given place and the meridian of some other place from which longitude is reckoned, as from Greenwich, England, or sometimes from the capital of a country, as from Washington or Paris. The longitude of a place is expressed either in degrees or in time; as, that of New York is 74º or 4 h. 56 min. west of Greenwich. 3. (Astron.) Defn: The distance in degrees, reckoned from the vernal equinox, on the ecliptic, to a circle at right angles to the ecliptic passing through the heavenly body whose longitude is designated; as, the longitude of Capella is 79º. Geocentric longitude (Astron.), the longitude of a heavenly body as seen from the earth. -- Heliocentric longitude, the longitude of a heavenly body, as seen from the sun's center. -- Longitude stars, certain stars whose position is known, and the data in regard to which are used in observations for finding the longitude, as by lunar distances. LONGITUDINAL Lon`gi*tu"di*nal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. longitudinal.] 1. Of or pertaining to longitude or length; as, longitudinal distance. 2. Extending in length; in the direction of the length; running lengthwise, as distinguished from transverse; as, the longitudinal diameter of a body. Cheyne. LONGITUDINAL Lon`gi*tu"di*nal, n. Defn: A railway sleeper lying parallel with the rail. LONGITUDINALLY Lon`gi*tu"di*nal*ly, adv. Defn: In the direction of length. LONGLEGS Long"legs`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A daddy longlegs. LONG-LIVED Long"-lived`, a. Defn: Having a long life; having constitutional peculiarities which make long life probable; lasting long; as, a long-lived tree; they are a longlived family; long-lived prejudices. LONGLY Long"ly, adv. 1. With longing desire. [Obs.] Shak. 2. For a long time; hence, wearisomely. LONGMYND ROCKS Long"mynd rocks". (Geol.) Defn: The sparingly fossiliferous conglomerates, grits, schists, and states of Great Britain, which lie at the base of the Cambrian system; -- so called, because typically developed in the Longmynd Hills, Shropshire. LONGNESS Long"ness, n. Defn: Length. LONGNOSE Long"nose`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European garfish. LONG PRIMER Long" prim"er. (Print.) Defn: A kind of type, in size between small pica and bourgeois. Note: long primer. LONGSHANKS Long"shanks`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The stilt. LONGSHORE Long"shore`, a. Etym: [Abbrev. from alongshore.] Defn: Belonging to the seashore or a seaport; along and on the shore. "Longshore thieves." R. Browning. LONGSHOREMAN Long"shore`man, n.; pl. Longshoremen. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. alongshoreman.] Defn: One of a class of laborers employed about the wharves of a seaport, especially in loading and unloading vessels. LONG-SIGHT Long"-sight, n. Defn: Long-sightedness Good. LONG-SIGHTED Long"-sight`ed, a. 1. Able to see objects at a great distance; hence, having great foresight; sagacious; farseeing. 2. Able to see objects distinctly at a distance, but not close at hand; hypermetropic. LONG-SIGHTEDNESS Long"-sight`ed*ness, n. 1. The state or condition of being long-sighted; hence, sagacity; shrewdness. 2. (Med.) Defn: See Hypermetropia. LONGSOME Long"some a. Etym: [AS. langsum.] Defn: Extended in length; tiresome. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Prior. -- Long"some*ness, n. [Obs.] Fuller. LONGSPUN Long"spun`, a. Defn: Spun out, or extended, to great length; hence, long-winded; tedious. The longspun allegories fulsome grow, While the dull moral lies too plain below. Addison. LONGSPUR Long"spur`, n. Etym: [So called from the length of the hind claw.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of fringilline birds of the genus Calcarius (or Plectrophanes), and allied genera. The Lapland longspur (C. Lapponicus), the chestnut-colored longspur (C. ornatus), and other species, inhabit the United States. LONG-STOP Long"-stop`, n. (Cricket) Defn: One who is set to stop balls which pass the wicket keeper. LONG-SUFFERANCE Long"-suf`fer*ance, n. Defn: Forbearance to punish or resent. LONG-SUFFERING Long"-suf`fer*ing, n. Defn: Bearing injuries or provocation for a long time; patient; not easily provoked. The Lord God, merciful and gracious, long-suffering, and abundant in goodness and truth. Ex. xxxiv. 6. LONG-SUFFERING Long"-suf`fer*ing, n. Defn: Long patience of offense. Despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and long- suffering Rom. ii. 4. LONGTAIL Long"tail`, n. Defn: An animal, particularly a log, having an uncut tail. Cf. Curtail. Dog. Note: A longtail was a gentleman's dog, or the dog of one qualified to bunt, other dogs being required to have their tails cut. Cut and longtail, all, gentlefolks and others, as they might come. Shak. LONG-TONGUE Long"-tongue`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wryneck. LONG-TONGUED Long"-tongued`, a. 1. Having a long tongue. 2. Talkative; babbling; loquacious. Shak. LONGULITE Lon"gu*lite, n. Etym: [L. longus long + -lie.] (Min.) Defn: A kind of crystallite having a (slender) acicular form. LONG-WAISTED Long"-waist`ed, a. 1. Having a long waist; long from the armpits to the armpits to the bottom of the waist; -- said of persons. 2. Long from the part about the neck or shoulder, or from the armpits, to the bottom of the weist, or to the skirt; -- said of garments; as, a long-waisted coat. LONGWAYS Long"ways`, adv. Defn: Lengthwise. Addison. LONG-WINDED Long"-wind"ed, a. Defn: Long-breathed; hence, tediously long in speaking; consuming much time; as, a long-winded talker. -- Long"-wind"ed*ness, n. A tedious, long-winded harangue. South. LONGWISE Long"wise`, adv. Defn: Lengthwise. LOO Loo, n. Etym: [For older lanterloo, F. lanturelu, lanturlu, name of the game; orig., the refrain of a vaudeville.] (a) An old game played with five, or three, cards dealt to each player from a full pack. When five cards are used the highest card is the knave of clubs or (if so agreed upon) the knave of trumps; -- formerly called lanterloo. (b) A modification of the game of "all fours" in which the players replenish their hands after each round by drawing each a card from the pack. Loo table, a round table adapted for a circle of persons playing loo. LOO Loo, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Looed; p. pr. & vb. n. Looing.] Defn: To beat in the game of loo by winning every trick. [Written also lu.] Goldsmith. LOOB Loob, n. Etym: [Corn., slime, sludge.] (Mining) Defn: The clay or slimes washed from tin ore in dressing. LOOBILY Loo"bi*ly, a. Etym: [From Looby.] Defn: Loobylike; awkward. Fuller. LOOBILY Loo"bi*ly, adv. Defn: Awkwardly. L'Estrange. LOOBY Loo"by, n.; pl. Loobies. Etym: [Cf. Lob.] Defn: An awkward, clumsy fellow; a lubber. Swift. LOOCH Looch, n. Defn: See 2d Loch. LOOF Loof, n. (Bot.) Defn: The spongelike fibers of the fruit of a cucurbitaceous plant (Luffa Ægyptiaca); called also vegetable sponge. LOOF Loof, n. Etym: [See Luff.] [Also written luff.] (Naut.) (a) Formerly, some appurtenance of a vessel which was used in changing her course; -- probably a large paddle put over the lee bow to help bring her head nearer to the wind. (b) The part of a ship's side where the planking begins to curve toward bow and stern. LOOF Loof, v. i. (Naut.) Defn: See Luff. LOOK Look, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Looked; p. pr. & vb. n. Looking.] Etym: [OE. loken, AS. locian; akin to G. lugen, OHG. luogen.] 1. To direct the eyes for the purpose of seeing something; to direct the eyes toward an object; to observe with the eyes while keeping them directed; -- with various prepositions, often in a special or figurative sense. See Phrases below. 2. To direct the attention (to something); to consider; to examine; as, to look at an action. 3. To seem; to appear; to have a particular appearance; as, the patient looks better; the clouds look rainy. It would look more like vanity than gratitude. Addison. Observe how such a practice looks in another person. I. Watts. 4. To have a particular direction or situation; to face; to front. The inner gate that looketh to north. Ezek. viii. 3. The east gate . . . which looketh eastward. Ezek. xi. 1. 5. In the imperative: see; behold; take notice; take care; observe; - - used to call attention. Look, how much we thus expel of sin, so much we expel of virtue. Milton. Note: Look, in the imperative, may be followed by a dependent sentence, but see is oftener so used. Look that ye bind them fast. Shak. Look if it be my daughter. Talfourd. 6. To show one's self in looking, as by leaning out of a window; as, look out of the window while I speak to you. Sometimes used figuratively. My toes look through the overleather. Shak. 7. To await the appearance of anything; to expect; to anticipate. Looking each hour into death's mouth to fall. Spenser. To look about, to look on all sides, or in different directions. -- To look about one, to be on the watch; to be vigilant; to be circumspect or guarded. -- To look after. (a) To attend to; to take care of; as, to look after children. (b) To expect; to be in a state of expectation. Men's hearts failing them for fear, and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth. Luke xxi. 26. (c) To seek; to search. My subject does not oblige me to look after the water, or point forth the place where to it is now retreated. Woodward. -- To look at, to direct the eyes toward so that one sees, or as if to see; as, to look at a star; hence, to observe, examine, consider; as, to look at a matter without prejudice. -- To look black, to frown; to scowl; to have a threatening appearance. The bishops thereat repined, and looked black. Holinshed. -- To look down on or upon, to treat with indifference or contempt; to regard as an inferior; to despise. -- To look for. (a) To expect; as, to look for news by the arrival of a ship. "Look now for no enchanting voice." Milton. (b) To seek for; to search for; as, to look for lost money, or lost cattle. -- To look forth. (a) To look out of something, as from a window. (b) To threaten to come out. Jer. vi. 1. (Rev. Ver.). -- To look into, to inspect closely; to observe narrowly; to examine; as, to look into the works of nature; to look into one's conduct or affairs. -- To look on. (a) To regard; to esteem. Her friends would look on her the worse. Prior. (b) To consider; to view; to conceive of; to think of. I looked on Virgil as a succinct, majestic writer. Dryden. (c) To be a mere spectator. I'll be a candleholder, and look on. Shak. -- To look out, to be on the watch; to be careful; as, the seaman looks out for breakers. -- To look through. (a) To see through. (b) To search; to examine with the eyes. -- To look to or unto. (a) To watch; to take care of. "Look well to thy herds." Prov. xxvii. 23. (b) To resort to with expectation of receiving something; to expect to receive from; as, the creditor may look to surety for payment. "Look unto me, and be ye saved." Is. xlv. 22. -- To look up, to search for or find out by looking; as, to look up the items of an account. -- To look up to, to respect; to regard with deference. LOOK Look, v. t. 1. To look at; to turn the eyes toward. 2. To seek; to search for. [Obs.] Looking my love, I go from place to place. Spenser. 3. To expect. [Obs.] Shak. 4. To influence, overawe, or subdue by looks or presence as, to look down opposition. A spirit fit to start into an empire, And look the world to law. Dryden. 5. To express or manifest by a look. Soft eyes looked love to eyes which spake again. Byron. To look daggers. See under Dagger. -- To look in the face, to face or meet with boldness or confidence; hence, sometimes, to meet for combat. -- To look out, to seek for; as, prudent persons look out associates good reputation. LOOK Look, n. 1. The act of looking; a glance; a sight; a view; -- often in certain phrases; as, to have, get, take, throw, or cast, a look. Threw many a northward look to see his father Bring up his powers; but he did long in vain. Shak. 2. Expression of the eyes and face; manner; as, a proud or defiant look. "Gentle looks." Shak. Up ! up! my friends, and clear your looks. Wordsworth. 3. Hence; Appearance; aspect; as, the house has a gloomy look; the affair has a bad look. Pain, disgrace, and poverty have frighted looks. Locke. There was something that reminded me of Dante's Hell in the look of this. Carlyle. LOOKDOWN Look"down`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Moonfish (b). LOOKER Look"er, n. Defn: One who looks. Looker-on, a spectator; one that looks on, but has no agency or part in an affair. Did not this fatal war affront thy coast, Yet sattest thou an idle looker-on Fairfax. LOOKING Look"ing, a. Defn: Having a certain look or appearance; -- often compounded with adjectives; as, good-looking, grand-looking, etc. LOOKING Look"ing, n. 1. The act of one who looks; a glance. 2. The manner in which one looks; appearance; countenance; face. [Obs.] All dreary was his cheer and his looking. Chaucer. Looking for, anticipation; expectation. "A certain fearful looking for of judgment." Heb. x. 27. LOOKING-GLASS Look"ing-glass`, n. Defn: A mirror made of glass on which has been placed a backing of some reflecting substance, as quicksilver. There is none so homely but loves a looking-glass. South. LOOKOUT Look"out`, n. 1. A careful looking or watching for any object or event. 2. The place from which such observation is made. 3. A person engaged in watching. 4. Object or duty of forethought and care; responsibility. [Colloq.] LOOL Lool, n. (Metal.) Defn: A vessel used to receive the washings of ores of metals. LOOM Loom, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Loon, the bird. LOOM Loom, n. Etym: [OE. lome, AS. gel utensil, implement.] 1. A frame or machine of wood or other material, in which a weaver forms cloth out of thread; a machine for interweaving yarn or threads into a fabric, as in knitting or lace making. Hector, when he sees Andromache overwhelmed with terror, sends her for consolation to the loom and the distaff. Rambler. 2. (Naut.) Defn: That part of an oar which is near the grip or handle and inboard from the rowlock. Totten. LOOM Loom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Looming.] Etym: [OE. lumen to shine, Icel. ljoma; akin to AS. leóma light, and E. light; or cf. OF. lumer to shine, L. luminare to illumine, lumen light; akin to E. light. Light not dark.] 1. To appear above the surface either of sea or land, or to appear enlarged, or distorted and indistinct, as a distant object, a ship at sea, or a mountain, esp. from atmospheric influences; as, the ship looms large; the land looms high. Awful she looms, the terror of the main. H. J. Pye. 2. To rise and to be eminent; to be elevated or ennobled, in a moral sense. On no occasion does he [Paul] loom so high, and shine so gloriously, as in the context. J. M. Mason. LOOM Loom, n. Defn: The state of looming; esp., an unnatural and indistinct appearance of elevation or enlargement of anything, as of land or of a ship, seen by one at sea. LOOM-GALE Loom"-gale`, n. Defn: A gentle gale of wind. LOOMING Loom"ing, n. Defn: The indistinct and magnified appearance of objects seen in particular states of the atmosphere. See Mirage. LOON Loon, n. Etym: [Scot. loun, lown, loon; akin to OD. loen a stupid man; prob. for an older lown, and akin to E. lame.] Defn: A sorry fellow; a worthless person; a rogue. LOON Loon, n. Etym: [For older loom, Icel. l; akin to Dan. & Sw. lom.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several aquatic, wed-footed, northern birds of the genus Urinator (formerly Colymbus), noted for their expertness in diving and swimming under water. The common loon, or great northern diver (Urinator imber, or Colymbus torquatus), and the red-throated loon or diver (U. septentrionalis), are the best known species. See Diver. LOONY Loon"y, a. Defn: See Luny. LOOP Loop, n. Etym: [G. luppe an iron lump. Cf. Looping.] (Iron Works) Defn: A mass of iron in a pasty condition gathered into a ball for the tilt hammer or rolls. [Written also loup.] LOOP Loop, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. & Gael. lub loop, noose, fold, thong, bend, lub to bend, incline.] 1. A fold or doubling of a thread, cord, rope, etc., through which another thread, cord, etc., can be passed, or which a hook can be hooked into; an eye, as of metal; a staple; a noose; a bight. That the probation bear no hinge, nor loop To hang a doubt on. Shak. 2. A small, narrow opening; a loophole. And stop all sight-holes, every loop from whence The eye of Reason may pry in upon us. Shak. 3. A curve of any kind in the form of a loop. 4. (Telegraphy) Defn: A wire forming part of a main circuit and returning to the point from which it starts. 5. (Acoustics) Defn: The portion of a vibrating string, air column, etc., between two nodes; -- called also ventral segment. Loop knot, a single knot tied in a doubled cord, etc. so as to leave a loop beyond the knot. See Illust. of Knot. LOOP Loop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Looped; p. pr. & vb. n. Looping.] Defn: To make a loop of or in; to fasten with a loop or loops; -- often with up; as, to loop a string; to loop up a curtain. LOOPED Looped, a. 1. Bent, folded, or tied, so as to make a loop; as, a looped wire or string. 2. Full of holes. [Obs.] Shak. LOOPER Loop"er, n. 1. An instrument, as a bodkin, for forming a loop in yarn, a cord, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of any species of geometrid moths. See Geometrid. LOOPHOLE Loop"hole`, n. 1. (Mil.) Defn: A small opening, as in the walls of fortification, or in the bulkhead of a ship, through which small arms or other weapons may be discharged at an enemy. 2. A hole or aperture that gives a passage, or the means of escape or evasion. LOOPHOLED Loop"holed`, a. Defn: Provided with loopholes. LOOPIE Loop"ie, a. Defn: Deceitful; cunning; sly. [Scot.] LOOPING Loop"ing, n. Etym: [Cf. D. loopen to run. Cf. Loop a mass of iron, Leap.] (Metal.) Defn: The running together of the matter of an ore into a mass, when the ore is only heated for calcination. LOOPING Loop"ing, p. pr. & vb. n. Defn: of Loop. Looping snail (Zoöl.), any species of land snail of the genus Truncatella; -- so called because it creeps like the measuring worms. LOOPLIGHT Loop"light`, n. Defn: A small narrow opening or window in a tower or fortified wall; a loophole. LOORD Loord, n. Etym: [F. lourd heavy, dull.] Defn: A dull, stupid fellow; a drone. [Obs.] Spenser. LOOS Loos, n. Etym: [OE. los, fr. OF. los, laus.] Defn: Praise; fame; reputation. [Obs.] Spenser. Good conscience and good loos. Chaucer. LOOSE Loose, a. [Compar. Looser; superl. Loosest.] Etym: [OE. loos, lous, laus, Icel. lauss; akin to OD. loos, D. los, AS. leás false, deceitful, G. los, loose, Dan. & Sw. lös, Goth. laus, and E. lose. Lose, and cf. Leasing falsehood.] 1. Unbound; untied; unsewed; not attached, fastened, fixed, or confined; as, the loose sheets of a book. Her hair, nor loose, nor tied in formal plat. Shak. 2. Free from constraint or obligation; not bound by duty, habit, etc. ; -- with from or of. Now I stand Loose of my vow; but who knows Cato's thoughts Addison. 3. Not tight or close; as, a loose garment. 4. Not dense, close, compact, or crowded; as, a cloth of loose texture. With horse and chariots ranked in loose array. Milton. 5. Not precise or exact; vague; indeterminate; as, a loose style, or way of reasoning. The comparison employed . . . must be considered rather as a loose analogy than as an exact scientific explanation. Whewel. 6. Not strict in matters of morality; not rigid according to some standard of right. The loose morality which he had learned. Sir W. Scott. 7. Unconnected; rambling. Vario spends whole mornings in running over loose and unconnected pages. I. Watts. 8. Lax; not costive; having lax bowels. Locke. 9. Dissolute; unchaste; as, a loose man or woman. Loose ladies in delight. Spenser. 10. Containing or consisting of obscene or unchaste language; as, a loose epistle. Dryden. At loose ends, not in order; in confusion; carelessly managed. -- Fast and loose. See under Fast. -- To break loose. See under Break. -- Loose pulley. (Mach.) See Fast and loose pulleys, under Fast. -- To let loose, to free from restraint or confinement; to set at liberty. LOOSE Loose, n. 1. Freedom from restraint. [Obs.] Prior. 2. A letting go; discharge. B. Jonson. To give a loose, to give freedom. Vent all its griefs, and give a loose to sorrow. Addison. LOOSE Loose, v. n. [imp. & p. p. Loosed; p. pr. & vb. n. Loosing.] Etym: [From Loose, a.] 1. To untie or unbind; to free from any fastening; to remove the shackles or fastenings of; to set free; to relieve. Canst thou . . . loose the bands of Orion Job. xxxviii. 31. Ye shall find an ass tied, and a colt with her; loose them, and bring them unto me. Matt. xxi. 2. 2. To release from anything obligatory or burdensome; to disengage; hence, to absolve; to remit. Art thou loosed from a wife seek not a wife. 1 Cor. vii. 27. Whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. Matt. xvi. 19. 3. To relax; to loosen; to make less strict. The joints of his loins were loosed. Dan. v. 6. 4. To solve; to interpret. [Obs.] Spenser. LOOSE Loose, v. i. Defn: To set sail. [Obs.] Acts xiii. 13. LOOSELY Loose"ly, adv. Defn: In a loose manner. LOOSEN Loos"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loosened; p. pr. & vb. n. Loosening.] Etym: [See Loose, v. t.] 1. To make loose; to free from tightness, tension, firmness, or fixedness; to make less dense or compact; as, to loosen a string, or a knot; to loosen a rock in the earth. After a year's rooting, then shaking doth the tree good by loosening of the earth. Bacon. 2. To free from restraint; to set at liberty.. It loosens his hands, and assists his understanding. Dryden. 3. To remove costiveness from; to facilitate or increase the alvine discharges of. Bacon. LOOSEN Loos"en, v. i. Defn: To become loose; to become less tight, firm, or compact. S. Sharp. LOOSENER Loos"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, loosens. LOOSENESS Loose"ness, n. Defn: The state, condition, or quality, of being loose; as, the looseness of a cord; looseness of style; looseness of morals or of principles. LOOSESTRIFE Loose"strife`, n. (Bot.) (a) The name of several species of plants of the genus Lysimachia, having small star-shaped flowers, usually of a yellow color. (b) Any species of the genus Lythrum, having purple, or, in some species, crimson flowers. Gray. False loosestrife, a plant of the genus Ludwigia, which includes several species, most of which are found in the United States. -- Tufted loosestrife, the plant Lysimachia thyrsiflora, found in the northern parts of the United States and in Europe. Gray. LOOSISH Loos"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat loose. LOOT Loot, n. Etym: [Hind. l, Skr. l, l, booty, lup to break, spoil; prob. akin to E. rob.] 1. The act of plundering. 2. Plunder; booty; especially, the boot taken in a conquered or sacked city. LOOT Loot, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Looted; p. pr. & vb. n. Looting.] Defn: To plunder; to carry off as plunder or a prize lawfully obtained by war. Looting parties . . . ransacking the houses. L.O LOOTER Loot"er, n. Defn: A plunderer. LOOVER Loo"ver, n. Defn: See Louver. LOP Lop, n. Etym: [AS. loppe.] Defn: A flea.[Obs.] Cleveland. LOP Lop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lopped; p. pr. & vb. n. Lopping.] Etym: [Prov. G. luppen, lubben,to cut, geld, or OD. luppen, D. lubben.] 1. To cut off as the top or extreme part of anything; to shoas, to lop a tree or its branches. "With branches lopped, in wood or mountain felled." Milton. Expunge the whole, or lop the excrescent parts. Pope. 2. To cut partly off and bend down; as, to lop bushes in a hedge. LOP Lop, n. Defn: That which is lopped from anything, as branches from a tree. Shak. Mortimer. LOP Lop, v. i. Defn: To hang downward; to be pendent; to lean to one side. LOP Lop, v. t. Defn: To let hang down; as, to lop the head. LOP Lop, a. Defn: Hanging down; as, lop ears; -- used also in compound adjectives; as, lopeared; lopsided. LOPE Lope, imp. Defn: of Leap. [Obs.] And, laughing, lope into a tree. Spenser. LOPE Lope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loped; p. pr. & vb. n. Loping.] Etym: [See Leap.] 1. To leap; to dance. [Prov. Eng.] "He that lopes on the ropes." Middleton. 2. To move with a lope, as a horse. [U.S.] LOPE Lope, n. 1. A leap; a long step. [Prov. Eng.] 2. An easy gait, consisting of long running strides or leaps. [U.S.] The mustang goes rollicking ahead, with the eternal lope, . . . a mixture of two or three gaits, as easy as the motions of a crade. T. B. Thorpe. LOPEARED Lop"eared`, a. Defn: Having ears which lop or hang down. LOPEMAN Lope"man, n. Defn: Leaper; ropedancer. [Obs.] LOPER Lop"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, lopes; esp., a horse that lopes. [U.S.] 2. (Rope Making) Defn: A swivel at one end of a ropewalk, used in laying the strands. LOPHINE Loph"ine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous organic base obtained by the oxidation of amarine, and regarded as a derivative of benzoic aldehyde. It is obtained in long white crystalline tufts, -- whence its name. LOPHIOMYS Lo*phi"o*mys, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. lofia` a mane, bristly ridge + my^s a mouse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A very singular rodent (Lophiomys Imhausi) of Northeastern Africa. It is the only known representative of a special family (Lophiomyidæ), remarkable for the structure of the skull. It has handlike feet, and the hair is peculiar in structure and arrangement. LOPHOBRANCH Loph"o*branch, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Lophobranchii. -- n. Defn: One of the Lophobranchii. LOPHOBRANCHIATE Loph`o*bran"chi*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Lophobranchii. LOPHOBRANCHII Loph`o*bran"chi*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of teleostean fishes, having the gills arranged in tufts on the branchial arches, as the Hippocampus and pipefishes. LOPHOPHORE Loph"o*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A disk which surrounds the mouth and bears the tentacles of the Bryozoa. See Phylactolemata. LOPHOPODA Lo*phop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Phylactolemata. LOPHOSTEON Lo*phos"te*on, n. ; pl. L. Lophostea, E. Lophosteons. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The central keel-bearing part of the sternum in birds. LOPPARD Lop"pard, n. Etym: [Lop + -ard.] Defn: A tree, the top of which has been lopped off. [Eng.] LOPPER Lop"per, n. Defn: One who lops or cuts off. LOPPER Lop"per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loppered; p. pr. & vb. n. Loppering.] Etym: [Cf. Prov. G. lübbern, levern, OHG. giliber, G. luppe, lab, rennet.] Defn: To turn sour and coagulate from too long standing, as milk. LOPPING Lop"ping, n. Defn: A cutting off, as of branches; that which is cut off; leavings. The loppings made from that stock whilst it stood. Burke. LOPPY Lop"py, a. Defn: Somewhat lop; inclined to lop. LOPSEED Lop"seed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A perennial herb (Phryma Leptostachya), having slender seedlike fruits. LOPSIDED Lop"sid`ed, a. Etym: [Lop + side. Cf. Lobsided.] 1. Leaning to one side because of some defect of structure; as, a lopsided ship. Marryat. 2. Unbalanced; poorly proportioned; full of idiosyncrasies. J. S. Mill. LOQUACIOUS Lo*qua"cious, a. Etym: [L. loquax, -acis, talkative, fr. loqui to speak; cf. Gr. 1. Given to continual talking; talkative; garrulous. Loquacious, brawling, ever in the wrong. Dryden. 2. Speaking; expressive. [R.] J. Philips. 3. Apt to blab and disclose secrets. Syn. -- Garrulous; talkative. See Garrulous. LOQUACIOUSLY Lo*qua"cious*ly, adv. Defn: In a loquacious manner. LOQUACIOUSNESS Lo*qua"cious*ness, n. Defn: Loquacity. LOQUACITY Lo*quac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. loquacitas: cf. F. loquacité.] Defn: The habit or practice of talking continually or excessively; inclination to talk too much; talkativeness; garrulity. Too great loquacity and too great taciturnity by fits. Arbuthnot. LOQUAT Lo"quat, n. Etym: [Chinese name.] (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of the Japanese medlar (Photinia Japonica). It is as large as a small plum, but grows in clusters, and contains four or five large seeds. Also, the tree itself. LORAL Lo"ral, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the lores. LORATE Lo"rate, a. Etym: [L. loratus, fr. lorum thong.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of a thong or strap; ligulate. LORCHA Lor"cha, n. Etym: [Pg.] (Naut.) Defn: A kind of light vessel used on the coast of China, having the hull built on a European model, and the rigging like that of a Chinese junk. Admiral Foote. LORD Lord, n. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: A hump-backed person; -- so called sportively. [Eng.] Richardson (Dict.). LORD Lord, n. Etym: [OE. lord, laverd, loverd, AS. hlaford, for hlafweard, i. e., bread keeper; hlaf bread, loaf + weardian to look after, to take care of, to ward. See Loaf, and Ward to guard, and cf. Laird, Lady.] 1. One who has power and authority; a master; a ruler; a governor; a prince; a proprietor, as of a manor. But now I was the lord Of this fair mansion. Shak. Man over men He made not lord. Milton. 2. A titled nobleman., whether a peer of the realm or not; a bishop, as a member of the House of Lords; by courtesy; the son of a duke or marquis, or the eldest son of an earl; in a restricted sense, a boron, as opposed to noblemen of higher rank. [Eng.] 3. A title bestowed on the persons above named; and also, for honor, on certain official persons; as, lord advocate, lord chamberlain, lord chancellor, lord chief justice, etc. [Eng.] 4. A husband. "My lord being old also." Gen. xviii. 12. Thou worthy lord Of that unworthy wife that greeteth thee. Shak. 5. (Feudal Law) Defn: One of whom a fee or estate is held; the male owner of feudal land; as, the lord of the soil; the lord of the manor. 6. The Supreme Being; Jehovah. Note: When Lord, in the Old Testament, is printed in small capitals, it is usually equivalent to Jehovah, and might, with more propriety, be so rendered. 7. The Savior; Jesus Christ. House of Lords, one of the constituent parts of the British Parliament, consisting of the lords spiritual and temporal. -- Lord high chancellor, Lord high constable, etc. See Chancellor, Constable, etc. -- Lord justice clerk, the second in rank of the two highest judges of the Supreme Court of Scotland. -- Lord justice general, or Lord president, the highest in rank of the judges of the Supreme Court of Scotland. -- Lord keeper, an ancient officer of the English crown, who had the custody of the king's great seal, with authority to affix it to public documents. The office is now merged in that of the chancellor. -- Lord lieutenant, a representative of British royalty: the lord lieutenant of Ireland being the representative of royalty there, and exercising supreme administrative authority; the lord lieutenant of a county being a deputy to manage its military concerns, and also to nominate to the chancellor the justices of the peace for that county. -- Lord of misrule, the master of the revels at Christmas in a nobleman's or other great house. Eng. Cyc. -- Lords spiritual, the archbishops and bishops who have seats in the House of Lords. -- Lords temporal, the peers of England; also, sixteen representative peers of Scotland, and twenty-eight representatives of the Irish peerage. -- Our lord, Jesus Christ; the Savior. -- The Lord's Day, Sunday; the Christian Sabbath, on which the Lord Jesus rose from the dead. -- The Lord's Prayer, the prayer which Jesus taught his disciples. Matt. vi. 9-13. -- The Lord's Supper. (a) The paschal supper partaken of by Jesus the night before his crucifixion. (b) The sacrament of the eucharist; the holy communion. -- The Lord's Table. (a) The altar or table from which the sacrament is dispensed. (b) The sacrament itself. LORD Lord, v. t. 1. To invest with the dignity, power, and privileges of a lord. [R.] Shak. 2. To rule or preside over as a lord. [R.] LORD Lord, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lorded; p. pr. & vb. n. Lording.] Defn: To play the lord; to domineer; to rule with arbitrary or despotic sway; -- sometimes with over; and sometimes with it in the manner of a transitive verb. The whiles she lordeth in licentious bliss. Spenser. I see them lording it in London streets. Shak. And lorded over them whom now they serve. Milton. LORDING Lord"ing, n. Etym: [Lord + -ing, 3.] 1. The son of a lord; a person of noble lineage. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A little lord; a lordling; a lord, in contempt or ridicule. [Obs.] Swift. Note: In the plural, a common ancient mode of address equivalent to "Sirs" or "My masters." Therefore, lordings all, I you beseech. Chaucer. LORDKIN Lord"kin, n. Defn: A little lord. Thackeray. LORDLIKE Lord"like`, a. Etym: [2d lord + like. Cf. Lordly.] 1. Befitting or like a lord; lordly. 2. Haughty; proud; insolent; arrogant. LORDLINESS Lord"li*ness, n. Etym: [From Lordly.] Defn: The state or quality of being lordly. Shak. LORDLING Lord"ling, n. Etym: [Lord + -ling.] Defn: A little or insignificant lord. Goldsmith. LORDLY Lord"ly, a. [Compar. Lordlier; superl. Lordliest.] Etym: [Lord + -ly. Cf. Lordlike.] 1. Suitable for a lord; of or pertaining to a lord; resembling a lord; hence, grand; noble; dignified; honorable. She brought forth butter in a lordly dish. Judges v. 25. Lordly sins require lordly estates to support them. South. The maidens gathered strength and grace And presence, lordlier than before. Tennyson. 2. Proud; haughty; imperious; insolent. Lords are lordliest in their wine. Milton. Syn. -- Imperious; haughty; overbearing; tyrannical; despotic; domineering; arrogant. See Imperious. LORDLY Lord"ly, adv. Defn: In a lordly manner. LORDOLATRY Lord*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Lord + -olatry, as in idolatry.] Defn: Worship of, or reverence for, a lord as such. [Jocose] But how should it be otherwise in a country where lordolatry is part of our creed Thackeray. LORDOSIS Lor*do"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) A curvature of the spine forwards, usually in the lumbar region. (b) Any abnormal curvature of the bones. LORDS AND LADIES Lords" and La"dies. (Bot.) Defn: The European wake-robin (Arum maculatum), -- those with purplish spadix the lords, and those with pale spadix the ladies. Dr. Prior. LORDSHIP Lord"ship, n. 1. The state or condition of being a lord; hence (with his or your), a title applied to a lord (except an archbishop or duke, who is called Grace) or a judge (in Great Britain), etc. 2. Seigniory; domain; the territory over which a lord holds jurisdiction; a manor. What lands and lordships for their owner know My quondam barber. Dryden. 3. Dominion; power; authority. They which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them. Mark x. 42. LORE Lore, n. Etym: [F. lore, L. lorum thong.] (Zoöl.) (a) The space between the eye and bill, in birds, and the corresponding region in reptiles and fishes. (b) The anterior portion of the cheeks of insects. LORE Lore, obs. imp. & p. p. of Lose. Etym: [See Lose.] Defn: Lost. Neither of them she found where she them lore. Spenser. LORE Lore, n. Etym: [OE. lore, lare, AS. lar, fr. l to teach; akin to D. leer teaching, doctrine, G. lehre, Dan. lære, Sw. lära. See Learn, and cf. Lere, v. t.] 1. That which is or may be learned or known; the knowledge gained from tradition, books, or experience; often, the whole body of knowledge possessed by a people or class of people, or pertaining to a particular subject; as, the lore of the Egyptians; priestly lore; legal lore; folklore. "The lore of war." Fairfax. His fair offspring, nursed in princely lore. Milton. 2. That which is taught; hence, instruction; wisdom; advice; counsel. Chaucer. If please ye, listen to my lore. Spenser. 3. Workmanship. [Obs.] Spenser. LOREAL; LORAL Lor"e*al, Lor"al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the lore; -- said of certain feathers of birds, scales of reptiles, etc. LOREL Lor"el, n. [Losel.] Defn: A good for nothing fellow; a vagabond. [Obs.] Chaucer. LOREN Lor"en, obs. strong p. p. Defn: of Lose. Chaucer. LORESMAN Lores"man, n. Etym: [Lorelearning + man.] Defn: An instructor. [Obs.] Gower. LORETO NUNS; LORETTO NUNS Lo*ret"o, or Lo*ret"to, nuns. [From Loreto, a city in Italy famous for its Holy House, said to be that in which Jesus lived, brought by angels from Nazareth.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Members of a congregation of nuns founded by Mrs. Mary Teresa Ball, near Dublin, Ireland, in 1822, and now spread over Ireland, India, Canada, and the United States. The nuns are called also Ladies of Loreto. They are engaged in teaching girls. LORETTE Lo`rette", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: In France, a name for a woman who is supported by her lovers, and devotes herself to idleness, show, and pleasure; -- so called from the church of Notre Dame de Lorette, in Paris, near which many of them resided. LORETTINE Lo`ret*tine", n. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: One of a order of nuns founded in 1812 at Loretto, in Kentucky. The members of the order (called also Sisters of Loretto, or Friends of Mary at the Foot of the Cross) devote themselves to the cause of education and the care of destitute orphans, their labors being chiefly confined to the Western United States. LORGNETTE Lor`gnette" n. Etym: [F.] Defn: An opera glass; pl. Defn: elaborate double eyeglasses. LORI Lo"ri, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Lory. LORICA Lo*ri"ca, n.; pl. Loricæ. Etym: [L., lit., a corselet of thongs, fr. lorum thong.] 1. (Anc. Armor) Defn: A cuirass, originally of leather, afterward of plates of metal or horn sewed on linen or the like. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Lute for protecting vessels from the fire. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The protective case or shell of an infusorian or rotifer. LORICATA Lor`i*ca"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Loricata.] (Zoöl.) (a) A suborder of edentates, covered with bony plates, including the armadillos. (b) The crocodilia. LORICATE Lor"i*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loricated; p. pr. & vb. n. Loricating.] Etym: [L. loricatus, p. p. of loricare to clothe in mail, to cover with plastering, fr. lorica a leather cuirass, a plastering, fr. lorum thong.] Defn: To cover with some protecting substance, as with lute, a crust, coating, or plates. LORICATE Lor"i*cate, a. Etym: [See Loricate, v.] Defn: Covered with a shell or exterior made of plates somewhat like a coat of mail, as in the armadillo. LORICATE Lor"i*cate, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal covered with bony scales, as crocodiles among reptiles, and the pangolins among mammals. LORICATION Lor`i*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. loricatio.] Defn: The act of loricating; the protecting substance put on; a covering of scales or plates. LORIKEET Lor"i*keet, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one numerous species of small brush-tongued parrots or lories, found mostly in Australia, New Guinea and the adjacent islands, with some forms in the East Indies. They are arboreal in their habits and feed largely upon the honey of flowers. They belong to Trichoglossus, Loriculus, and several allied genera. LORIMER; LORINER Lor"i*mer, Lor"i*ner, n. Etym: [OF. lormier, loremier, fr. LL. loranum bridle, L. lorum thong, the rein of a bridle.] Defn: A maker of bits, spurs, and metal mounting for bridles and saddles; hence, a saddler. [Obs.] Holinshed. LORING Lor"ing, n. Etym: [See 3d Lore.] Defn: Instructive discourse. [Obs.] Spenser. LORIOT Lo"ri*ot, n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. loriou, for l'oriol, , l' being the article. The same word as oriole. See Oriole.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The golden oriole of Europe. See Oriole. LORIS Lo"ris, n. Etym: [Loris, or lori, the indigenous East Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small lemurs of the genus Stenops. They have long, slender limbs and large eyes, and are arboreal in their habits. The slender loris (S. gracilis), of Ceylon, in one of the best known species. [Written also lori.] LORN Lorn, a. Etym: [Strong p. p. of Lose. See Lose, Forlorn.] 1. Lost; undone; ruined. [Archaic] If thou readest, thou art lorn. Sir W. Scott. 2. Forsaken; abandoned; solitary; bereft; as, a lone, lorn woman. LORRIE; LORRY Lor"rie, Lor"ry, n.; pl. Lorries. Etym: [Prob. from lurry to pull or lug.] Defn: A small cart or wagon, as those used on the tramways in mines to carry coal or rubbish; also, a barrow or truck for shifting baggage, as at railway stations. LORY Lo"ry, n.; pl. Lories. Etym: [Hind. & Malay. luri, nuri.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of many species of small parrots of the family Trichoglossidæ, generally having the tongue papillose at the tip, and the mandibles straighter and less toothed than in common parrots. They are found in the East Indies, Australia, New Guinea, and the adjacent islands. They feed mostly on soft fruits and on the honey of flowers. Note: The lory, or louri, of South Africa is the white-crested plantain eater or turacou. See Turacou. LOS Los, n. Defn: Praise. See Loos. [Obs.] Chaucer. LOSABLE Los"a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be lost. LOSANGE Los"ange, n. Defn: See Lozenge. LOSE Lose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Losing.] Etym: [OE. losien to loose, be lost, lose, AS. losian to become loose; akin to OE. leosen to lose, p. p. loren, lorn, AS. leósan, p. p. loren (in comp.), D. verliezen, G. verlieren, Dan. forlise, Sw. förlisa, förlora, Goth. fraliusan, also to E. loose, a & v., L. luere to loose, Gr. l to cut. sq. root127. Cf. Analysis, Palsy, Solve, Forlorn, Leasing, Loose, Loss.] 1. To part with unintentionally or unwillingly, as by accident, misfortune, negligence, penalty, forfeit, etc.; to be deprived of; as, to lose money from one's purse or pocket, or in business or gaming; to lose an arm or a leg by amputation; to lose men in battle. Fair Venus wept the sad disaster Of having lost her favorite dove. Prior. 2. To cease to have; to possess no longer; to suffer diminution of; as, to lose one's relish for anything; to lose one's health. If the salt hath lost his savor, wherewith shall it be salted Matt. v. 13. 3. Not to employ; to employ ineffectually; to throw away; to waste; to squander; as, to lose a day; to lose the benefits of instruction. The unhappy have but hours, and these they lose. Dryden. 4. To wander from; to miss, so as not to be able to and; to go astray from; as, to lose one's way. He hath lost his fellows. Shak 5. To ruin; to destroy; as destroy; as, the ship was lost on the ledge. The woman that deliberates is lost. Addison. 6. To be deprived of the view of; to cease to see or know the whereabouts of; as, he lost his companion in the crowd. Like following life thro' creatures you dissect, You lose it in the moment you detect. Pope . 7. To fail to obtain or enjoy; to fail to gain or win; hence, to fail to catch with the mind or senses; to miss; as, I lost a part of what he said. He shall in no wise lose his reward. Matt. x. 42. I fought the battle bravely which I lost, And lost it but to Macedonians. Dryden. 8. To cause to part with; to deprive of. [R.] How should you go about to lose him a wife he loves with so much passion Sir W. Temple. 9. To prevent from gaining or obtaining. O false heart ! thou hadst almost betrayed me to eternal flames, and lost me this glory. Baxter. To lose ground, to fall behind; to suffer gradual loss or disadvantage. -- To lose heart, to lose courage; to become timid. "The mutineers lost heart." Macaulay. -- To lose one's head, to be thrown off one's balance; to lose the use of one's good sense or judgment. In the excitement of such a discovery, many scholars lost their heads. Whitney. -- To lose one's self. (a) To forget or mistake the bearing of surrounding objects; as, to lose one's self in a great city. (b) To have the perceptive and rational power temporarily suspended; as, we lose ourselves in sleep. -- To lose sight of. (a) To cease to see; as, to lose sight of the land. (b) To overlook; to forget; to fail to perceive; as, he lost sight of the issue. LOSE Lose, v. i. Defn: To suffer loss, disadvantage, or defeat; to be worse off, esp. as the result of any kind of contest. We 'll . . . hear poor rogues Talk of court news; and we'll talk with them too, Who loses and who wins; who's in, who's out. Shak. LOSEL Los"el, n. Etym: [From the root of lose, loss. Lorel.] Defn: One who loses by sloth or neglect; a worthless person; a lorel. [Archaic] Spenser. One sad losel soils a name for aye. Byron. LOSEL Los"el, a. Defn: Wasteful; slothful. LOSENGER Los"en*ger, n. Etym: [OF. losengier, losengeor, fr. losengier to deceive, flatter, losenge, flattery, Pr. lauzenga, fr. L. laus praise. Cf. Lozenge.] Defn: A flatterer; a deceiver; a cozener. [Obs.] Chaucer. To a fair pair of gallows, there to end their lives with shame, as a number of such other losengers had done. Holinshed. LOSENGERIE Los"en*ger*ie, n. Etym: [OF.] Defn: Flattery; deceit; trickery. [Obs.] Chaucer. LOSER Los"er, n. Defn: One who loses. South. LOSING Lo"sing, a. Etym: [See Losenger.] Defn: Given to flattery or deceit; flattering; cozening. [Obs.] Amongst the many simoniacal that swarmed in the land, Herbert, Bishop of Thetford, must not be forgotten; nick-named Losing, that is, the Fratterer. Fuller. LOSING Los"ing, a. Etym: [See Lose, v. t.] Defn: Causing or incurring loss; as, a losing game or business. Who strive sit out losing hands are lost. Herbert. LOSINGLY Los"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner to incur loss. LOSS Loss, n. Etym: [AS. los loss, losing, fr. leósan to lose. Lose, v. t.] 1. The act of losing; failure; destruction; privation; as, the loss of property; loss of money by gaming; loss of health or reputation. Assured loss before the match be played. Shak. 2. The state of losing or having lost; the privation, defect, misfortune, harm, etc., which ensues from losing. Though thou repent, yet I have still the loss. Shak 3. That which is lost or from which one has parted; waste; -- opposed to gain or increase; as, the loss of liquor by leakage was considerable. 4. The state of being lost or destroyed; especially, the wreck or foundering of a ship or other vessel. 5. Failure to gain or win; as, loss of a race or battle. 6. Failure to use advantageously; as, loss of time. 7. (Mil.) Defn: Killed, wounded, and captured persons, or captured property. 8. (Insurance) Defn: Destruction or diminution of value, if brought about in a manner provided for in the insurance contract (as destruction by fire or wreck, damage by water or smoke), or the death or injury of an insured person; also, the sum paid or payable therefor; as, the losses of the company this year amount to a million of dollars. To bear a loss, to make a loss good; also, to sustain a loss without sinking under it. -- To be at a loss, to be in a state of uncertainty. Syn. -- Privation; detriment; injury; damage. LOSSFUL Loss"ful, a. Defn: Detrimental. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. LOSSLESS Loss"less, a. Defn: Free from loss. [Obs.] Milton. LOST Lost, a. Etym: [Prop. p. p. of OE. losien. See Lose, v. t.] 1. Parted with unwillingly or unintentionally; not to be found; missing; as, a lost book or sheep. 2. Parted with; no longer held or possessed; as, a lost limb; lost honor. 3. Not employed or enjoyed; thrown away; employed ineffectually; wasted; squandered; as, a lost day; a lost opportunity or benefit. 5. Having wandered from, or unable to find, the way; bewildered; perplexed; as, a child lost in the woods; a stranger lost in London. 6. Ruined or destroyed, either physically or morally; past help or hope; as, a ship lost at sea; a woman lost to virtue; a lost soul. 7. Hardened beyond sensibility or recovery; alienated; insensible; as, lost to shame; lost to all sense of honor. 8. Not perceptible to the senses; no longer visible; as, an island lost in a fog; a person lost in a crowd. 9. Occupied with, or under the influence of, something, so as to be insensible of external things; as, to be lost in thought. Lost motion (Mach.), the difference between the motion of a driver and that of a follower, due to the yielding of parts or looseness of joints. LOT Lot, n. Etym: [AS. hlot; akin to hleótan to cast lots, OS. hl lot, D. lot, G. loos, OHG. l, Icel. hlutr, Sw. lott, Dan. lod, Goth. hlauts. Cf. Allot, Lotto, Lottery.] 1. That which happens without human design or forethought; chance; accident; hazard; fortune; fate. But save my life, which lot before your foot doth lay. Spenser. 2. Anything (as a die, pebble, ball, or slip of paper) used in determining a question by chance, or without man's choice or will; as, to cast or draw lots. The lot is cast into the lap, but the whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Prov. xvi. 33. If we draw lots, he speeds. Shak. 3. The part, or fate, which falls to one, as it were, by chance, or without his planning. O visions ill foreseen! Each day's lot's Enough to bear. Milton. He was but born to try The lot of man -- to suffer and to die. Pope. 4. A separate portion; a number of things taken collectively; as, a lot of stationery; -- colloquially, sometimes of people; as, a sorry lot; a bad lot. I, this winter, met with a very large lot of English heads, chiefly of the reign of James I. Walpole. 5. A distinct portion or plot of land, usually smaller than a field; as, a building lot in a city. The defendants leased a house and lot in the city of New York. Kent. 6. A large quantity or number; a great deal; as, to spend a lot of money; lots of people think so. [Colloq.] He wrote to her . . . he might be detained in London by a lot of business. W. Black. 7. A prize in a lottery. [Obs.] Evelyn. To cast in one's lot with, to share the fortunes of. -- To cast lots, to use or throw a die, or some other instrument, by the unforeseen turn or position of which, an event is by previous agreement determined. -- To draw lots, to determine an event, or make a decision, by drawing one thing from a number whose marks are concealed from the drawer. -- To pay scot and lot, to pay taxes according to one's ability. See Scot. LOT Lot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lotting.] Defn: To allot; to sort; to portion. [R.] To lot on or upon, to count or reckon upon; to expect with pleasure. [Colloq. U. S.] LOTE Lote, n. Etym: [L. lotus, Gr. Lotus.] (Bot.) Defn: A large tree (Celtis australis), found in the south of Europe. It has a hard wood, and bears a cherrylike fruit. Called also nettle tree. Eng. Cyc. LOTE Lote, n. Etym: [F. lotte.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European burbot. LOTE Lote, v. i. Etym: [AS. lutian.] Defn: To lurk; to lie hid. [Obs.] Chaucer. LOTH; LOTHLY; LOTHSOME Loth, a., Loth"ly, a. & adv., Loth"some (, a., Defn: See Loath, Loathly, etc. LOTHARIO Lo*tha"ri*o, n. Etym: [Name of a character in Rowe's drama, "The Fair Penitent."] Defn: A gay seducer of women; a libertine. LOTION Lo"tion, n. Etym: [L. lotio, fr. lavare, lotum, to wash: cf. F. lotion. See Lave to wash.] 1. A washing, especially of the skin for the purpose of rendering it fair. 2. A liquid preparation for bathing the skin, or an injured or diseased part, either for a medicinal purpose, or for improving its appearance. LOTO Lo"to, n. Defn: See Lotto. LOTONG Lo*tong", n. Etym: [Malay l.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An East Indian monkey (Semnopithecus femoralis). LOTOPHAGI Lo*toph"a*gi, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A people visited by Ulysses in his wanderings. They subsisted on the lotus. See Lotus (b), and Lotus-eater. LOTOS Lo"tos, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: See Lotus. LOTTERY Lot"ter*y, n.; pl. Lotteries. Etym: [Lot + -ery, as in brewery, bindery.] 1. A scheme for the distribution of prizes by lot or chance; esp., a gaming scheme in which one or more tickets bearing particular numbers draw prizes, and the rest of tickets are blanks. Fig. : An affair of chance. Note: The laws of the United States and of most of the States make lotteries illegal. 2. Allotment; thing allotted. [Obs.] Shak. LOTTO Lot"to, n. Etym: [F. loto or It. lotto, prop., a lot; of German origin. See Lot.] Defn: A game of chance, played with cards, on which are inscribed numbers, and any contrivance (as a wheel containing numbered balls) for determining a set of numbers by chance. The player holding a card having on it the set of numbers drawn from the wheel takes the stakes after a certain percentage of them has been deducted for the dealer. A variety of lotto is called keno. [Often written loto.] LOTURE Lo"ture, n. Etym: [L. lotura. See Lotion.] Defn: See Lotion. [Obs.] Holland. LOTUS Lo"tus, n. Etym: [L. lotus, Gr. Lote.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A name of several kinds of water lilies; as Nelumbium speciosum, used in religious ceremonies, anciently in Egypt, and to this day in Asia; Nelumbium luteum, the American lotus; and Nymphæa Lotus and N. cærulea, the respectively white-flowered and blue-flowered lotus of modern Egypt, which, with Nelumbium speciosum, are figured on its ancient monuments. (b) The lotus of the lotuseaters, probably a tree found in Northern Africa, Sicily, Portugal, and Spain (Zizyphus Lotus), the fruit of which is mildly sweet. It was fabled by the ancients to make strangers who ate of it forget their native country, or lose all desire to return to it. (c) The lote, or nettle tree. See Lote. (d) A genus (Lotus) of leguminous plants much resembling clover. [Written also lotos.] European lotus, a small tree (Diospyros Lotus) of Southern Europe and Asia; also, its rather large bluish black berry, which is called also the date plum. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An ornament much used in Egyptian architecture, generally asserted to have been suggested by the Egyptian water lily. LOTUS-EATER; LOTOS-EATER Lo"tus-eat`er, Lo"tos-eat`er, n. (Class. Myth.) Defn: One who ate the fruit or leaf of the lotus, and, as a consequence, gave himself up to indolence and daydreams; one of the Lotophagi. The mild-eyed melancholy Lotos-eaters. Tennyson. LOUCHETTES Lou*chettes", n. pl. Etym: [F.] Defn: Goggles intended to rectify strabismus by permitting vision only directly in front. Knight. LOUD Loud, a. [Compar. Louder; superl. Loudest.] Etym: [OE. loud, lud, AS. hl; akin to OS. hl, D. luid, OHG. l, G. laut, L. -clutus, in inclutus, inclitus, celebrated, renowned, cluere to be called, Gr. . Client, Listen, Slave a serf.] 1. Having, making, or being a strong or great sound; noisy; striking the ear with great force; as, a loud cry; loud thunder. They were instant with loud voices, requiring that he might be crucified. Luke xxiii. 23. 2. Clamorous; boisterous. She is loud and stubborn. Prov. vii. 11. 3. Emphatic; impressive; urgent; as, a loud call for united effort. [Colloq.] 4. Ostentatious; likely to attract attention; gaudy; as, a loud style of dress; loud colors. [Slang] Syn. -- Noisy; boisterous; vociferous; clamorous; obstreperous; turbulent; blustering; vehement. LOUD Loud, adv. Etym: [AS. hlude.] Defn: With loudness; loudly. To speak loud in public assemblies. Addison. LOUDFUL Loud"ful, a. Defn: Noisy. [Obs.] Marsion. LOUDLY Loud"ly, adv. Defn: In a loud manner. Denham. LOUD-MOUTHED Loud"-mouthed`, a. Defn: Having a loud voice; talking or sounding noisily; noisily impudent. LOUDNESS Loud"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being loud. LOUD-VOICED Loud"-voiced`, a. Defn: Having a loud voice; noisy; clamorous. Byron. LOUGH Lough, n. Etym: [See 1st Loch.] Defn: A loch or lake; -- so spelt in Ireland. LOUGH Lough, obs. strong imp. Defn: of Laugh. Chaucer. LOUIS D'OR Lou"is d'or`. Etym: [F., gold louis.] Defn: Formerly, a gold coin of France nominally worth twenty shillings sterling, but of varying value; -- first struck in 1640. LOUIS QUATORZE Lon"is qua*torze". Etym: [F., Louis fourteenth.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the art or style of the times of Louis XIV. of France; as, Louis quatorze architecture. LOUK Louk, n. Defn: An accomplice; a "pal." [Obs.] There is no thief without a louk. Chaucer. LOUNGE Lounge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lounged; p. pr. & vb. n. Lounging.] Etym: [OE. lungis a tall, slow, awkward fellow, OF. longis, longin, said to be fr. Longinus, the name of the centurion who pierced the body of Christ, but with reference also to L. longus long. Cf. Long, a.] Defn: To spend time lazily, whether lolling or idly sauntering; to pass time indolently; to stand, sit, or recline, in an indolent manner. We lounge over the sciences, dawdle through literature, yawn over politics. J. Hannay. LOUNGE Lounge, n. 1. An idle gait or stroll; the state of reclining indolently; a place of lounging. She went with Lady Stock to a bookseller's whose shop lounge. Miss Edgeworth. 2. A piece of furniture resembling a sofa, upon which one may lie or recline. LOUNGER Loun"ger, n. Defn: One who lounges; ar idler. LOUP Loup, n. (Iron Works) Defn: See 1st Loop. LOUP-CERVIER Loup"-cer`vier", n. Etym: [F. Cf. Lusern.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Canada lynx. See Lynx. LOUP-GAROU Loup`-ga`rou", n.; pl. Loups-garous (#). [F., fr. loup wolf + a Teutonic word akin to E. werewolf.] Defn: A werewolf; a lycanthrope. The superstition of the loup-garou, or werewolf, belongs to the folklore of most modern nations, and has its reflex in the story of "Little Red Riding-hood" and others. Brinton. LOUPING Loup"ing. [From Loup to leap.] (Veter.) Defn: An enzoötic, often fatal, disease of sheep and other domestic animals, of unknown cause. It is characterized by muscular tremors and spasms, followed by more or less complete paralysis. The principal lesion is an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. LOUP-LOUP Loup`-loup", n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Pomeranian or Spitz dog. LOUPS Loups, n. pl.; sing. Loup. Etym: [F., prop., a wolf.] (Ethnol.) Defn: The Pawnees, a tribe of North American Indians whose principal totem was the wolf. LOUR Lour, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An Asiatic sardine (Clupea Neohowii), valued for its oil. LOURI Lou"ri, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Lory. LOUSE Louse, n.; pl. Lice. Etym: [OE. lous, AS. l, pl. l; akin to D. luis, G. laus, OHG. l, Icel. l, Sw. lus, Dan. luus; perh. so named because it is destructive, and akin to E. lose, loose.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of numerous species of small, wingless, suctorial, parasitic insects belonging to a tribe (Pediculina), now usually regarded as degraded Hemiptera. To this group belong of the lice of man and other mammals; as, the head louse of man (Pediculus capitis), the body louse (P. vestimenti), and the crab louse (Phthirius pubis), and many others. See Crab louse, Dog louse, Cattle louse, etc., under Crab, Dog, etc. 2. Any one of numerous small mandibulate insects, mostly parasitic on birds, and feeding on the feathers. They are known as Mallophaga, or bird lice, though some occur on the hair of mammals. They are usually regarded as degraded Pseudoneuroptera. See Mallophaga. 3. Any one of the numerous species of aphids, or plant lice. See Aphid. 4. Any small crustacean parasitic on fishes. See Branchiura, and Ichthvophthira. Note: The term is also applied to various other parasites; as, the whale louse, beelouse, horse louse. Louse fly (Zoöl.), a parasitic dipterous insect of the group Pupipara. Some of them are wingless, as the bee louse. -- Louse mite (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of mites which infest mammals and birds, clinging to the hair and feathers like lice. They belong to Myobia, Dermaleichus, Mycoptes, and several other genera. LOUSE Louse, v. t. Defn: To clean from lice. "You sat and loused him." Swift. LOUSEWORT Louse"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any species of Pedicularis, a genus of perennial herbs. It was said to make sheep that fed on it lousy. Yellow lousewort , a plant of the genus Rhinanthus. LOUSILY Lous"i*ly, adv. Etym: [From Lousy.] Defn: In a lousy manner; in a mean, paltry manner; scurvily. [Vulgar] LOUSINESS Lous"i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being lousy. LOUSY Lous"y, a. 1. Infested with lice. 2. Mean; contemptible; as, lousy knave. [Vulgar] Such lousy learning as this is. Bale. LOUT Lout, v. i. Etym: [OE. louten, luten, AS. l; akin to Icel. l, Dan. lude, OHG. l to lie hid.] Defn: To bend; to box; to stoop. [Archaic] Chaucer. Longfellow. He fair the knight saluted, louting low. Spenser. LOUT Lout, n. Etym: [Formerly also written lowt.] Defn: A clownish, awkward fellow; a bumpkin. Sir P. Sidney. LOUT Lout, v. t. Defn: To treat as a lout or fool; to neglect; to disappoint. [Obs.] Shak. LOUTISH Lout"ish, a. Defn: Clownish; rude; awkward. "Loutish clown." Sir P. Sidney. -- Lout"ish*ly, adv. -- Lout"*ish*ness, n. LOUTOU Lou*tou", n. Etym: [Native names.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A crested black monkey (Semnopithecus maurus) of Java. LOUVER; LOUVRE Lou"ver, Lou"vre, n. Etym: [OE. lover, OF. lover, lovier; or l'ouvert the opening, fr. overt, ouvert, p. p. of ovrir, ouvrir, to open, F. ouvrir. Cf. Overt.] (Arch.) Defn: A small lantern. See Lantern, 2 (a) [Written also lover, loover, lovery, and luffer.] Louver boards or boarding, the sloping boards set to shed rainwater outward in openings which are to be left otherwise unfilled; as belfry windows, the openings of a louver, etc. -- Louver work, slatted work. LOVABLE Lov"a*ble, a. Defn: Having qualities that excite, or are fitted to excite, love; worthy of love. Elaine the fair, Elaine the lovable, Elaine, the lily maid of Astolat. Tennyson. LOVAGE Lov"age, n. Etym: [F. livèche, fr. L. levisticum, ligusticum, a plant indigenous to Liguria, lovage, from Ligusticus Ligustine, Ligurian, Liguria a country of Cisalpine Gaul.] (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous plant (Levisticum officinale), sometimes used in medicine as an aromatic stimulant. LOVE Love, n. Etym: [OE. love, luve, AS. lufe, lufu; akin to E.lief, believe, L. lubet, libet,it pleases, Skr. lubh to be lustful. See Lief.] 1. A feeling of strong attachment induced by that which delights or commands admiration; preëminent kindness or devotion to another; affection; tenderness; as, the love of brothers and sisters. Of all the dearest bonds we prove Thou countest sons' and mothers' love Most sacred, most Thine own. Keble. 2. Especially, devoted attachment to, or tender or passionate affection for, one of the opposite sex. He on his side Leaning half-raised, with looks of cordial love Hung over her enamored. Milton. 3. Courtship; -- chiefly in the phrase to make love, i. e., to court, to woo, to solicit union in marriage. Demetrius . . . Made love to Nedar's daughter, Helena, And won her soul. Shak. 4. Affection; kind feeling; friendship; strong liking or desire; fondness; good will; -- opposed to hate; often with of and an object. Love, and health to all. Shak. Smit with the love of sacred song. Milton. The love of science faintly warmed his breast. Fenton. 5. Due gratitude and reverence to God. Keep yourselves in the love of God. Jude 21. 6. The object of affection; -- often employed in endearing address. "Trust me, love." Dryden. Open the temple gates unto my love. Spenser. 7. Cupid, the god of love; sometimes, Venus. Such was his form as painters, when they show Their utmost art, on naked Lores bestow. Dryden. Therefore do nimble-pinioned doves draw Love. Shak. 8. A thin silk stuff. [Obs.] Boyle. 9. (Bot.) Defn: A climbing species of Clematis (C. Vitalba). 10. Nothing; no points scored on one side; -- used in counting score at tennis, etc. He won the match by three sets to love. The Field. Note: Love is often used in the formation of compounds, in most of which the meaning is very obvious; as, love-cracked, love-darting, love-killing, love-linked, love-taught, etc. A labor of love, a labor undertaken on account of regard for some person, or through pleasure in the work itself, without expectation of reward. -- Free love, the doctrine or practice of consorting with one of the opposite sex, at pleasure, without marriage. See Free love. -- Free lover, one who avows or practices free love. -- In love, in the act of loving; -- said esp. of the love of the sexes; as, to be in love; to fall in love. -- Love apple (Bot.), the tomato. -- Love bird (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small, short- tailed parrots, or parrakeets, of the genus Agapornis, and allied genera. They are mostly from Africa. Some species are often kept as cage birds, and are celebrated for the affection which they show for their mates. -- Love broker, a person who for pay acts as agent between lovers, or as a go-between in a sexual intrigue. Shak. -- Love charm, a charm for exciting love. Ld. Lytton. -- Love child. an illegitimate child. Jane Austen. -- Love day, a day formerly appointed for an amicable adjustment of differences. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Chaucer. -- Love drink, a love potion; a philter. Chaucer. -- Love favor, something given to be worn in token of love. -- Love feast, a religious festival, held quarterly by some religious denominations, as the Moravians and Methodists, in imitation of the agapæ of the early Christians. -- Love feat, the gallant act of a lover. Shak. -- Love game, a game, as in tennis, in which the vanquished person or party does not score a point. -- Love grass. Etym: [G. liebesgras.] (Bot.) Any grass of the genus Eragrostis. -- Love-in-a-mist. (Bot.) (a) An herb of the Buttercup family (Nigella Damascena) having the flowers hidden in a maze of finely cut bracts. (b) The West Indian Passiflora foetida, which has similar bracts. -- Love-in-idleness (Bot.), a kind of violet; the small pansy. A little western flower, Before milk-white, now purple with love's wound; And maidens call it love-in-idleness. Shak. -- Love juice, juice of a plant supposed to produce love. Shak. -- Love knot, a knot or bow, as of ribbon; -- so called from being used as a token of love, or as a pledge of mutual affection. Milman. -- Love lass, a sweetheart. -- Love letter, a letter of courtship. Shak. -- Love-lies-bleeding (Bot.), a species of amaranth (Amarantus melancholicus). -- Love match, a marriage brought about by love alone. -- Love potion, a compounded draught intended to excite love, or venereal desire. -- Love rites, sexual intercourse. Pope -- Love scene, an exhibition of love, as between lovers on the stage. -- Love suit, courtship. Shak. -- Of all loves, for the sake of all love; by all means. [Obs.] "Mrs. Arden desired him of all loves to come back again." Holinshed. -- The god of love, or Love god, Cupid. -- To make love to, to express affection for; to woo. "If you will marry, make your loves to me." Shak. -- To play for love, to play a game, as at cards, without stakes. "A game at piquet for love." Lamb. Syn. -- Affection; friendship; kindness; tenderness; fondness; delight. LOVE Love, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loved; p. pr. & vb. n. Loving.] Etym: [AS. lufian. Love, n.] 1. To have a feeling of love for; to regard with affection or good will; as, to love one's children and friends; to love one's country; to love one's God. Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. Matt. xxii. 37. Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thy self. Matt. xxii. 39. 2. To regard with passionate and devoted affection, as that of one sex for the other. 3. To take delight or pleasure in; to have a strong liking or desire for, or interest in; to be pleased with; to like; as, to love books; to love adventures. Wit, eloquence, and poetry. Arts which I loved. Cowley. LOVE Love, v. i. Defn: To have the feeling of love; to be in love. LOVEABLE Love"a*ble, a. Defn: See Lovable. LOVE-DRURY Love"-*dru`ry, n. Etym: [Love + OF. druerie. Cf. Druery.] Defn: Affection. [Obs.] Chaucer. LOVEE Lov*ee", n. Defn: One who is loved. [Humorous] "The lover and lovee." Richardson. LOVEFUL Love"ful, a. Defn: Full of love. [Obs.] Sylvester. LOVELESS Love"less, a. 1. Void of love; void of tenderness or kindness. Milton. Shelton. 2. Not attracting love; unattractive. These are ill-favored to see to; and yet, asloveless as they be, they are not without some medicinable virtues. Holland. LOVELILY Love"li*ly, adv. Etym: [From Lovely.] Defn: In manner to excite love; amiably. [R.] Otway. LOVELINESS Love"li*ness, n. Etym: [From Lovely.] Defn: The state or quality of being lovely. If there is such a native loveliness in the sex as to make them victorious when in the wrong, how resistless their power when they are on the side of truth! Spectator. LOVELOCK Love"lock`, n. Defn: A long lock of hair hanging prominently by itself; an earlock; -- worn by men of fashion in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. Burton. A long lovelock and long hair he wore. Sir W. Scott. LOVELORN Love"lorn`, a. Defn: Forsaken by one's love. The lovelorn nightingale. Milton. LOVELY Love"ly, a. [Compar. Lovelier; superl. Loveliest.] Etym: [AS. luflic.] 1. Having such an appearance as excites, or is fitted to excite, love; beautiful; charming; very pleasing in form, looks, tone, or manner. "Lovely to look on." Piers Plowman. Not one so fair of face, of speech so lovely. Robert of Brunne. If I had such a tire, this face of mine Were full as lovely as is this of hers. Shak. 2. Lovable; amiable; having qualities of any kind which excite, or are fitted to excite, love or friendship. A most lovely gentlemanlike man. Shak. 3. Loving; tender. [Obs.] "A lovely kiss." Shak. Many a lovely look on them he cast. Chaucer. 4. Very pleasing; -- applied loosely to almost anything which is not grand or merely pretty; as, a lovely view; a lovely valley; a lovely melody. Indeed these fields Are lovely, lovelier not the Elysian lawns. Tennyson. Syn. -- Beautiful; charming; delightful; delectable; enchanting; lovable; amiable. LOVELY Love"ly, adv. Defn: In a manner to please, or to excite love. [Obs. or R.] Tyndale. LOVE-MAKING Love"-mak`ing, n. Defn: Courtship. Bacon. LOVEMONGER Love"mon`ger, n. Defn: One who deals in affairs of love.[Obs.] Shak. LOVER Lov"er, n. 1. One who loves; one who is in love; -- usually limited, in the singular, to a person of the male sex. Gower. Love is blind, and lovers can not see The pretty follies that themselves commit. Shak. 2. A friend; one strongly attached to another; one who greatly desires the welfare of any person or thing; as, a lover of his country. I slew my best lover for the good of Rome. Shak. 3. One who has a strong liking for anything, as books, science, or music. "A lover of knowledge." T. Burnet. LOVER; LOVERY Lo"ver, Lo"ver*y, n. Defn: See Louver. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. LOVERWISE Lo"ver*wise`, adv. Defn: As lovers do. As they sat down here loverwise. W. D. Howells. LOVE-SICK Love"-sick`, a. 1. Languishing with love or amorous desire; as, a love-sick maid. To the dear mistress of my love-sick mind. Dryden. 2. Originating in, or expressive of, languishing love. Where nightingales their love-sick ditty sing. Dryden. LOVE-SICKNESS Love"-sick`ness, n. Defn: The state of being love-sick. LOVESOME Love"some, a. Etym: [AS. lufsum.] Defn: Lovely. [Obs.] LOVING Lov"ing, a. 1. Affectionate. The fairest and most loving wife in Greece. Tennyson. 2. Expressing love or kindness; as, loving words. LOVING CUP Lov"ing cup`. Defn: A large ornamental drinking vessel having two or more handles, intended to pass from hand to hand, as at a banquet. LOVING-KINDNESS Lov"ing-kind"ness, n. Defn: Tender regard; mercy; favor. Ps. lxxxix. 33. LOVINGLY Lov"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With love; affectionately. LOVINGNESS Lov"ing*ness, n. Defn: Affection; kind regard. The only two bands of good will, loveliness and lovingness. Sir. P. Sidney. LOVYER Lov"yer, n. Defn: A lover. [Obs.] Chaucer. LOW Low, obs Defn: , strong imp. of Laugh. Chaucer. LOW Low, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Lowing.] Etym: [OE. lowen, AS. hl; akin to D. loeijen, OHG. hl, hluojan.] Defn: To make the calling sound of cows and other bovine animals; to moo. The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea. Gray. LOW Low, n. Defn: The calling sound ordinarily made by cows and other bovine animals. Talking voices and the law of herds. Wordsworth. LOW Low, n. Etym: [AS. hlaw; akin to Goth. hlaiw a grave, hlains a hill, and to E. lean to incline.] Defn: A hill; a mound; a grave. [Obs. except in place names.] Skeat. LOW Low, n. Etym: [Icel. log, logi; akin to E. light, n.] Defn: Fire; a flame; a light. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] LOW Low, v. i. Defn: To burn; to blaze. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns. LOW Low, a. [Compar. Lower; superl. Lowest.] Etym: [OE. low, louh, lah, Icel. lagr; akin to Sw. låg, Dan. lav, D. laag, and E. lie. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. Occupying an inferior position or place; not high or elevated; depressed in comparison with something else; as, low ground; a low flight. 2. Not rising to the usual height; as, a man of low stature; a low fence. 3. Near the horizon; as, the sun is low at four o'clock in winter, and six in summer. 4. Sunk to the farthest ebb of the tide; as, low tide. 5. Beneath the usual or remunerative rate or amount, or the ordinary value; moderate; cheap; as, the low price of corn; low wages. 6. Not loud; as, a low voice; a low sound. 7. (Mus.) Defn: Depressed in the scale of sounds; grave; as, a low pitch; a low note. 8. (Phon.) Defn: Made, as a vowel, with a low position of part of the tongue in relation to the palate; as, . See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 5, 10, 11. 9. Near, or not very distant from, the equator; as, in the low northern latitudes. 10. Numerically small; as, a low number. 11. Wanting strength or animation; depressed; dejected; as, low spirits; low in spirits. 12. Depressed in condition; humble in rank; as, men of low condition; the lower classes. Why but to keep ye low and ignorant Milton. 13. Mean; vulgar; base; dishonorable; as, a person of low mind; a low trick or stratagem. 14. Not elevated or sublime; not exalted or diction; as, a low comparison. In comparison of these divine writers, the noblest wits of the heathen world are low and dull. Felton. 15. Submissive; humble. "Low reverence." Milton. 16. Deficient in vital energy; feeble; weak; as, a low pulse; made low by sickness. 17. Moderate; not intense; not inflammatory; as, low heat; a low temperature; a low fever. 18. Smaller than is reasonable or probable; as, a low estimate. 19. Not rich, high seasoned, or nourishing; plain; simple; as, a low diet. Note: Low is often used in the formation of compounds which require no special explanation; as, low-arched, low- browed, low-crowned, low-heeled, low-lying, low-priced, low-roofed, low-toned, low-voiced, and the like. Low Church. See High Church, under High. -- Low Countries, the Netherlands. -- Low German, Low Latin, etc. See under German, Latin, etc. -- Low life, humble life. -- Low milling, a process of making flour from grain by a single grinding and by siftings. -- Low relief. See Bas-relief. -- Low side window (Arch.), a peculiar form of window common in mediæval churches, and of uncertain use. Windows of this sort are narrow, near the ground, and out of the line of the windows, and in many different situations in the building. -- Low spirits, despondency. -- Low steam, steam having a low pressure. -- Low steel, steel which contains only a small proportion of carbon, and can not be hardened greatly by sudden cooling. -- Low Sunday, the Sunday next after Easter; -- popularly so called. -- Low tide, the farthest ebb of the tide; the tide at its lowest point; low water. -- Low water. (a) The lowest point of the ebb tide; a low stage of the in a river, lake, etc. (b) (Steam Boiler) The condition of an insufficient quantity of water in the boiler. -- Low water alarm or indicator (Steam Boiler), a contrivance of various forms attached to a boiler for giving warning when the water is low. -- Low water mark, that part of the shore to which the waters recede when the tide is the lowest. Bouvier. -- Low wine, a liquor containing about 20 percent of alcohol, produced by the first distillation of wash; the first run of the still; -- often in the plural. LOW Low, n. (Card Playing) Defn: The lowest trump, usually the deuce; the lowest trump dealt or drawn. LOW Low, adv. 1. In a low position or manner; not aloft; not on high; near the ground. 2. Under the usual price; at a moderate price; cheaply; as, he sold his wheat low. 3. In a low mean condition; humbly; meanly. 4. In time approaching our own. In that part of the world which was first inhabited, even as low down as Abraham's time, they wandered with their flocks and herds. Locke. 5. With a low voice or sound; not loudly; gently; as, to speak low. Addison. The . . . odorous wind Breathes low between the sunset and the moon. Tennyson. 6. With a low musical pitch or tone. Can sing both high and low. Shak. 7. In subjection, poverty, or disgrace; as, to be brought low by oppression, by want, or by vice. Spenser. 8. (Astron.) Defn: In a path near the equator, so that the declination is small, or near the horizon, so that the altitude is small; -- said of the heavenly bodies with reference to the diurnal revolution; as, the moon runs low, that is, is comparatively near the horizon when on or near the meridian. LOW Low, v. t. Defn: To depress; to lower. [Obs.] Swift. LOWBELL Low"bell`, n. Etym: [Low a flame + bell.] 1. A bell used in fowling at night, to frighten birds, and, with a sudden light, to make them fly into a net. The fowler's lowbell robs the lark of sleep. King. 2. A bell to be hung on the neck of a sheep. A lowbell hung about a sheep's . . . neck. Howell. LOWBELL Low"bell`, v. t. Defn: To frighten, as with a lowbell. LOWBORN Low"born`, a. Defn: Born in a low condition or rank; -- opposed to highborn. LOWBOY Low"boy`, n. Defn: A chest of drawers not more than four feet high; -- applied commonly to the lower half of a tallboy from which the upper half has been removed. [U. S.] LOWBRED Low"bred`, a. Defn: Bred, or like one bred, in a low condition of life; characteristic or indicative of such breeding; rude; impolite; vulgar; as, a lowbred fellow; a lowbred remark. LOW-CHURCH Low"-church`, a. Defn: Not placing a high estimate on ecclesiastical organizations or forms; -- applied especially to Episcopalians, and opposed to high- church. See High Church, under High. LOW-CHURCHISM Low"-church`ism, n. Defn: The principles of the low-church party. LOW-CHURCHMAN Low"-church`man, n.; pl. -men (. Defn: One who holds low-church principles. LOW-CHURCHMANSHIP Low"-church`man*ship, n. Defn: The state of being a low-churchman. LOWER Low"er, a. Defn: Compar. of Low, a. LOWER Low"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lowered; p. pr. & vb. n. Lowering.] Etym: [From Low, a.] 1. To let descend by its own weight, as something suspended; to let down; as, to lower a bucket into a well; to lower a sail or a boat; sometimes, to pull down; as, to lower a flag. Lowered softly with a threefold cord of love Down to a silent grave. Tennyson. 2. To reduce the height of; as, to lower a fence or wall; to lower a chimney or turret. 3. To depress as to direction; as, to lower the aim of a gun; to make less elevated as to object; as, to lower one's ambition, aspirations, or hopes. 4. To reduce the degree, intensity, strength, etc., of; as, to lower the temperature of anything; to lower one's vitality; to lower distilled liquors. 5. To bring down; to humble; as, to lower one's pride. 6. To reduce in value, amount, etc. ; as, to lower the price of goods, the rate of interest, etc. LOWER Low"er, v. i. Defn: To fall; to sink; to grow less; to diminish; to decrease; as, the river lowered as rapidly as it rose. LOWER Low"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lowered; p. pr. & vb. n. Lowering.] Etym: [OE. lowren, luren; cf. D. loeren, LG. luren. G. lauern to lurk, to be on the watch, and E. leer, lurk.] 1. To be dark, gloomy, and threatening, as clouds; to be covered with dark and threatening clouds, as the sky; to show threatening signs of approach, as a tempest. All the clouds that lowered upon our house. Shak. 2. To frown; to look sullen. But sullen discontent sat lowering on her face. Dryden. LOWER Low"er, n. [Obs.] 1. Cloudiness; gloominess. 2. A frowning; sullenness. LOWER-CASE Low"er-case`, a. (Print.) Defn: Pertaining to, or kept in, the lower case; -- used to denote the small letters, in distinction from capitals and small capitals. See the Note under 1st Case, n., 3. LOWERING Low"er*ing, a. Defn: Dark and threatening; gloomy; sullen; as, lowering clouds or sky. LOWERINGLY Low"er*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a lowering manner; with cloudiness or threatening gloom. LOWERMOST Low"er*most`, a. [Irreg. superl. of Low. Cf. Uppermost, Foremost, etc.] Defn: Lowest. LOWERY Low"er*y, a. Defn: Cloudy; gloomy; lowering; as, a lowery sky; lowery weather. LOWGH; LOWH Lowgh, Lowh, obs. Defn: strong imp. of Laugh. Etym: [Cf. 1st Low and 2d Lough.] Chaucer. LOWING Low"ing, n. Defn: The calling sound made by cows and other bovine animals. LOWISH Low"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat low. [Colloq.] Richardson. LOWK Lowk, n. Defn: See Louk. [Obs.] Chaucer. LOWLAND Low"land, n. Defn: Land which is low with respect to the neighboring country; a low or level country; -- opposed to highland. The Lowlands, Belgium and Holland; the Netherlands; also, the southern part of Scotland. LOWLANDER Low"land*er, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of the Lowlands, especially of the Lowlands of Scotland, as distinguished from Highlander. LOWLIHOOD; LOWLIHEAD Low"li*hood, Low"li*head, n. Defn: A lowly state. [R.] Tennyson. LOWLILY Low"li*ly, adv. Defn: In a lowly place or manner; humbly. [Obs. or R.] Thinking lowlily of himself and highly of those better than himself. J. C. Shairp. LOWLINESS Low"li*ness, n. Etym: [From Lowly.] 1. The state or quality of being lowly; humility; humbleness of mind. Walk . . . with all lowliness and meekness. Eph. iv. 1, 2. 2. Low condition, especially as to manner of life. The lowliness of my fortune has not brought me to flatter vice. Dryden. LOW-LIVED Low"-lived`, a. Defn: Characteristic of, or like, one bred in a low and vulgar condition of life; mean dishonorable; contemptible; as, low-lived dishonesty. LOWLY Low"ly, a. [Compar. Lowlier; superl. Lowliest.] Etym: [Low, a. + - ly.] 1. Not high; not elevated in place; low. "Lowly lands." Dryden. 2. Low in rank or social importance. One common right the great and lowly claims. Pope. 3. Not lofty or sublime; humble. These rural poems, and their lowly strain. Dryden. 4. Having a low esteem of one's own worth; humble; meek; free from pride. Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me, for I am meek and lowly in heart. Matt. xi. 29. LOWLY Low"ly, adv. 1. In a low manner; humbly; meekly; modestly. "Be lowly wise." Milton. 2. In a low condition; meanly. I will show myself highly fed, and lowly taught. Shak. LOW-MINDED Low"-mind`ed, a. Defn: Inclined in mind to low or unworthy things; showing a base mind. Low-minded and immoral. Macaulay. All old religious jealousies were condemned as low-minded infirmities. Bancroft. LOW-MINDEDNESS Low"-mind`ed*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being lowminded; meanness; baseness. LOWN Lown, n. Etym: [See Loon.] Defn: A low fellow. [Obs.] LOW-NECKED Low"-necked`, a. Defn: Cut low in the neck; decollete; -- said of a woman's dress. LOWNESS Low"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being low. LOW-PRESSURE Low"-pres`sure, a. Defn: Having, employing, or exerting, a low degree of pressure. Low- pressure steam engine, a steam engine in which low steam is used; often applied to a condensing engine even when steam at high pressure is used. See Steam engine. LOWRY Low"ry, n. Defn: An open box car used on railroads. Compare Lorry. LOW-SPIRITED Low"-spir`it*ed, a. Defn: Deficient in animation and courage; dejected; depressed; not sprightly. -- Low"-spir`it*ed*ness, n. LOW STEEL Low steel. Defn: See under Low. LOW-STUDDED Low"-stud`ded, a. Defn: Furnished or built with short studs; as, a low-studded house or room. LOW-THOUGHTED Low"-thought`ed, a. Defn: Having one's thoughts directed toward mean or insignificant subjects. LOXODROMIC Lox`o*drom"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. loxodromique.] Defn: Pertaining to sailing on rhumb lines; as, loxodromic tables. Loxodromic curve or line (Geom.), a line on the surface of a sphere, which always makes an equal angle with every meridian; the rhumb line. It is the line on which a ship sails when her course is always in the direction of one and the same point of the compass. LOXODROMICS Lox`o*drom"ics, n. Defn: The art or method of sailing on the loxodromic or rhumb line. LOXODROMISM Lox*od"ro*mism, n. Defn: The act or process of tracing a loxodromic curve; the act of moving as if in a loxodromic curve. LOXODROMY Lox*od"ro*my, n. Etym: [Cf. F. loxodromic.] Defn: The science of loxodromics. [R.] LOY Loy, n. Defn: A long, narrow spade for stony lands. LOYAL Loy"al, a. Etym: [F. loyal, OF. loial, leial, L. legalis, fr. lex, legis, law. See Legal, and cf. Leal.] 1. Faithful to law; upholding the lawful authority; faithful and true to the lawful government; faithful to the prince or sovereign to whom one is subject; unswerving in allegiance. Welcome, sir John ! But why come you in arms -To help King Edward in his time of storm, As every loyal subject ought to do. Shak. 2. True to any person or persons to whom one owes fidelity, especially as a wife to her husband, lovers to each other, and friend to friend; constant; faithful to a cause or a principle. Your true and loyal wife. Shak. Unhappy both, but loyaltheir loves. Dryden. LOYALIST Loy"al*ist, n. Defn: A person who adheres to his sovereign or to the lawful authority; especially, one who maintains his allegiance to his prince or government, and defends his cause in times of revolt or revolution. LOYALLY Loy"al*ly, adv. Defn: In a loyal manner; faithfully. LOYALNESS Loy"al*ness, n. Defn: Loyalty. [R.] Stow. LOYALTY Loy"al*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. loyaute. See Loyal, and cf. Legality.] Defn: The state or quality of being loyal; fidelity to a superior, or to duty, love, etc. He had such loyalty to the king as the law required. Clarendon. Not withstanding all the subtle bait With which those Amazons his love still craved, To his one love his loyalty he saved. Spenser. Note: "Loyalty . . . expresses, properly, that fidelity which one owes according to law, and does not necessarily include that attachment to the royal person, which, happily, we in England have been able further to throw into the word." Trench. Syn. -- Allegiance; fealty. See Allegiance. LOZENGE Loz"enge, n. Etym: [F. lozange, losange; perh. the same as OF. losengef flattery, praise, the heraldic sense being the oldest (cf. E. hatchment, blazon). Cf. Losenger, Laudable.] 1. (Her.) (a) A diamond-shaped figure usually with the upper and lower angles slightly acute, borne upon a shield or escutcheon. Cf. Fusil. (b) A form of the escutcheon used by women instead of the shield which is used by men. 2. A figure with four equal sides, having two acute and two obtuse angles; a rhomb. 3. Anything in the form of lozenge. 4. A small cake of sugar and starch, flavored, and often medicated. -- originally in the form of a lozenge. Lozenge coach, the coach of a dowager, having her coat of arms painted on a lozenge. [Obs.] Walpole. -- Lozenge-molding (Arch.), a kind of molding, used in Norman architecture, characterized by lozenge-shaped ornaments. LOZENGED; LOZENGE-SHAPED Loz"enged, Loz"enge-shaped`, a. Defn: Having the form of a lozenge or rhomb. The lozenged panes of a very small latticed window. C. Bronté. LOZENGY Loz"en*gy, a. Etym: [F. losangé. See Lozenge.] (Her.) Defn: Divided into lozenge-shaped compartments, as the field or a bearing, by lines drawn in the direction of the bend sinister. LU Lu, n. & v. t. Defn: See Loo. LUBBARD Lub"bard, n. Etym: [See Lubber.] Defn: A lubber. [Obs.] Swift. LUBBARD Lub"bard, a. Defn: Lubberly. LUBBER Lub"ber, n. Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. lubber. See Looby, Lob.] Defn: A heavy, clumsy, or awkward fellow; a sturdy drone; a clown. Lingering lubbers lose many a penny. Tusser. Land lubber, a name given in contempt by sailors to a person who lives on land. -- Lubber grasshopper (Zoöl.), a large, stout, clumsy grasshopper; esp., Brachystola magna, from the Rocky Mountain plains, and Romalea microptera, which is injurious to orange trees in Florida. -- Lubber's hole (Naut.), a hole in the floor of the "top," next the mast, through which sailors may go aloft without going over the rim by the futtock shrouds. It is considered by seamen as only fit to be used by lubbers. Totten. -- Lubber's line, point, or mark, a line or point in the compass case indicating the head of the ship, and consequently the course which the ship is steering. LUBBERLY Lub"ber*ly, a. Defn: Like a lubber; clumsy. A great lubberly boy. Shak. LUBBERLY Lub"ber*ly, adv. Defn: Clumsily; awkwardly. Dryden. LUBRIC; LUBRICAL Lu"bric, Lu"bric*al, a. Etym: [L. lubricus: cf. F. lubrique.] 1. Having a smooth surface; slippery. [R.] 2. Lascivious; wanton; lewd. [R.] This lubric and adulterate age. Dryden. LUBRICANT Lu"bri*cant, a. Etym: [L. lubricans, p. pr. of lubricare, See Lubricate.] Defn: Lubricating. LUBRICANT Lu"bri*cant, n. Defn: That which lubricates; specifically, a substance, as oil, grease, plumbago, etc., used for reducing the friction of the working parts of machinery. LUBRICATE Lu"bri*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. lubricatus, p. p. of lubricare to lubricate. See Lubric.] 1. To make smooth or slippery; as, mucilaginous and saponaceous remedies lubricate the parts to which they are applied. S. Sharp. Supples, lubricates, and keeps in play, The various movements of this nice machine. Young. 2. To apply a lubricant to, as oil or tallow. LUBRICATION Lu`bri*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of lubricating; the act of making slippery. LUBRICATOR Lu"bri*ca`tor, n. 1. One who, or that which, lubricates. " Lubricator of the fibers." Burke. 2. A contrivance, as an oil cup, for supplying a lubricant to machinery. LUBRICITATE Lu*bric"i*tate, v. i. Defn: See Lubricate. LUBRICITY Lu*bric"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. lubricitas: cf. F. lubricité.] 1. Smoothness; freedom from friction; also, property, which diminishes friction; as, the lubricity of oil. Ray. 2. Slipperiness; instability; as, the lubricity of fortune. L'Estrange. 3. Lasciviousness; propensity to lewdness; lewdness; lechery; incontinency. Sir T. Herbert. As if wantonness and lubricity were essential to that poem. Dryden. LUBRICOUS Lu"bri*cous, a. Etym: [L. lubricus.] Defn: Lubric. LUBRIFICATION; LUBRIFACTION Lu`bri*fi*ca"tion, Lu`bri*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. lubricus lubric + facere to make.] Defn: The act of lubricating, or making smooth. Ray. Bacon. LUCARNE Lu`carne", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. lucerna a lamp. See Luthern.] (Arch.) Defn: A dormer window. LUCCHESE Luc*chese", n. sing. & pl. Etym: [It. Lucchese.] Defn: A native or inhabitant of Lucca, in Tuscany; in the plural, the people of Lucca. LUCE Luce, n. Etym: [OF. lus, L. lucius a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A pike when full grown. Halliwell. LUCENCY Lu"cen*cy, n. Defn: The quality of being lucent. LUCENT Lu"cent, a. Etym: [L. lucens, p. pr. of lucere to shine, fr. lux, lucis, light.] Defn: Shining; bright; resplendent. " The sun's lucent orb." Milton. LUCERN Lu"cern, n. Etym: [Etymology uncertain.] [Obs.] 1. A sort of hunting dog; -- perhaps from Lucerne, in Switzerland. My lucerns, too, or dogs inured to hunt Beasts of most rapine. Chapman. 2. An animal whose fur was formerly much in req [Written also lusern and luzern.] The polecat, mastern, and the richskinned lucern I know to chase. Beau. & Fl. LUCERN Lu"cern, n. Etym: [F. luzerne.] (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous plant (Medicago sativa), having bluish purple cloverlike flowers, cultivated for fodder; -- called also alfalfa. [Written also lucerne.] LUCERN Lu"cern, n. Etym: [L. lucerna.] Defn: A lamp. [Obs.] Lydgate. LUCERNAL Lu*cer"nal, a. Etym: [L. lucerna a lamp.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a lamp. Lucernal microscope, a form of the microscope in which the object is illuminated by means of a lamp, and its image is thrown upon a plate of ground glass connected with the instrument, or on a screen independent of it. LUCERNARIA Lu`cer*na"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. lucerna a lamp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of acalephs, having a bell-shaped body with eight groups of short tentacles around the margin. It attaches itself by a sucker at the base of the pedicel. LUCERNARIAN Lu`cer*na"ri*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Lucernarida. -- n. Defn: One of the Lucernarida. LUCERNARIDA lu`cer*nar"i*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Lucernaria.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of acalephs, including Lucernaria and allied genera; - - called also Calycozoa. (b) A more extensive group of acalephs, including both the true lucernarida and the Discophora. LUCERNE Lu"cerne, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Lucern, the plant. LUCID Lu"cid, a. Etym: [L. lucidus, fr. lux, lucis, light. See Light, n.] 1. Shining; bright; resplendent; as, the lucid orbs of heaven. Lucid, like a glowworm. Sir I. Newton. A court compact of lucid marbles. Tennyson. 2. Clear; transparent. " Lucid streams." Milton. 3. Presenting a clear view; easily understood; clear. A lucid and interesting abstract of the debate. Macaulay. 4. Bright with the radiance of intellect; not darkened or confused by delirium or madness; marked by the regular operations of reason; as, a lucid interval. Syn. -- Luminous; bright; clear; transparent; sane; reasonable. See Luminous. LUCIDITY Lu*cid"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lucidité. See Lucid.] Defn: The quality or state of being lucid. LUCIDLY Lu"cid*ly, adv. Defn: In a lucid manner. LUCIDNESS Lu"cid*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being lucid; lucidity. LUCIFER Lu"ci*fer, n. Etym: [L., bringing light, n., the morning star, fr. lux, lucis, light + ferre to bring.] 1. The planet Venus, when appearing as the morning star; -- applied in Isaiah by a metaphor to a king of Babylon. How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning ! how art thou cut down to the ground which didst weaken the nations ! Is. xiv. 12. Tertullian and Gregory the Great understood this passage of Isaiah in reference to the fall of Satan; in consequence of which the name Lucifer has since been applied to, Satan. Kitto. 2. Hence, Satan. How wretched Is that poor man that hangs on princes' favors! . . . When he falls, he falls like Lucifer, Never to hope again. Shak. 3. A match made of a sliver of wood tipped with a combustible substance, and ignited by friction; -- called also lucifer match, and locofoco. See Locofoco. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of free-swimming macruran Crustacea, having a slender body and long appendages. LUCIFERIAN Lu`ci*fe"ri*an, a. 1. Of or pertaining to Lucifer; having the pride of Lucifer; satanic; devilish. 2. Of or pertaining to the Luciferians or their leader. LUCIFERIAN Lu`ci*fe"ri*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of the followers of Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, in the fourth century, who separated from the orthodox churches because they would not go as far as he did in opposing the Arians. LUCIFEROUS Lu*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [See Lucifer.] Defn: Giving light; affording light or means of discovery. Boyle. LUCIFEROUSLY Lu*cif"er*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a luciferous manner. LUCIFIC Lu*cif"ic, a. Etym: [L. lucificus; lux, lucis, light + facere to make.] Defn: Producing light. Grew. LUCIFORM Lu"ci*form, a. Etym: [L. lux, lucis, light = -form.] Defn: Having, in some respects, the nature of light; resembling light. Berkeley. LUCIFRIAN Lu*cif"ri*an, a. Defn: Luciferian; satanic. [Obs.] Marston. LUCIMETER Lu*cim"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. lux, lucis, light + -meter.] Defn: an instrument for measuring the intensity of light; a photometer. LUCK Luck, n. Etym: [Akin to D. luk, geluk, G. glück, Icel. lukka, Sw. lycka, Dan. lykke, and perh. to G. locken to entice. Cf. 3d Gleck.] Defn: That which happens to a person; an event, good or ill, affecting one's interests or happiness, and which is deemed casual; a course or series of such events regarded as occurring by chance; chance; hap; fate; fortune; often, one's habitual or characteristic fortune; as, good, bad, ill, or hard luck. Luck is often used for good luck; as, luck is better than skill. If thou dost play with him at any game, Thou art sure to lose; and of that natural luck, He beats thee 'gainst the odds. Shak. Luck penny, a small sum given back for luck to one who pays money. [Prov. Eng.] -- To be is luck, to receive some good, or to meet with some success, in an unexpected manner, or as the result of circumstances beyond one's control; to be fortunate. LUCKILY Luck"i*ly, adv. Etym: [From Lucky.] Defn: In a lucky manner; by good fortune; fortunately; -- used in a good sense; as, they luckily escaped injury. LUCKINESS Luck"i*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being lucky; as, the luckiness of a man or of an event. 2. Good fortune; favorable issue or event. Locke. LUCKLESS Luck"less, a. Defn: Being without luck; unpropitious; unfortunate; unlucky; meeting with ill success or bad fortune; as, a luckless gamester; a luckless maid. Prayers made and granted in a luckless hour. Dryden. -- Luck"less*ly, adv. -- Lock"less*ness, n. LUCKY Luck"y, a. [Compar. Luckier; superl. Luckiest.] 1. Favored by luck; fortunate; meeting with good success or good fortune; -- said of persons; as, a lucky adventurer. " Lucky wight." Spenser. 2. Producing, or resulting in, good by chance, or unexpectedly; favorable; auspicious; fortunate; as, a lucky mistake; a lucky cast; a lucky hour. We doubt not of a fair and lucky war. Shak. Syn. -- Successful; fortunate; prosperous; auspicious. LUCKY PROACH Luck`y proach". (Zoöl.) Defn: See Fatherlasher. LUCRATIVE Lu"cra*tive, a. Etym: [L. lucrativus, fr. lucrari to gain, fr. lucrum gain: cf. F. lucratif. See Lucre.] 1. Yielding lucre; gainful; profitable; making increase of money or goods; as, a lucrative business or office. The trade of merchandise being the most lucrative, may bear usury at a good rate. Bacon. 2. Greedy of gain [Obs.] Such diligence as the most part of our lucrative lawyers do use, in deferring and prolonging of matters and actions from term to term. Latimer. LUCRATIVELY Lu"cra*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a lucrative manner. LUCRE Lu"cre, n. Etym: [F. lucre, L. lucrum.] Defn: Gain in money or goods; profit; riches; -- often in an ill sense. The lust of lucre and the dread of death. Pope. LUCRIFEROUS Lu*crif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. lucrum gain +-ferous.] Defn: Gainful; profitable. [Obs.] Boyle. LUCRIFIC Lu*crif"ic, a. Etym: [L. lucrificus; lucrum gain + facere to make.] Defn: Producing profit; gainful. [Obs.] LUCTATION Luc*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. luctatio, fr. luctari to wrestle, strive.] Defn: Effort to overcome in contest; struggle; endeavor. [R.] Farindon. LUCTUAL Luc"tu*al, a. Etym: [L. luctus mourning, sorrow, fr. lugere, fr. luctum, to mourn.] Defn: Producing grief; saddening. [Obs.] Sir G. Buck. LUCUBRATE Lu"cu*brate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lucubrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Lucubrated.] Etym: [L. lucubratus, p. p. of lucubrare to work by lamplight, fr. lux light. See Light, n.] Defn: To study by candlelight or a lamp; to study by night. LUCUBRATE Lu"cu*brate, v. t. Defn: To elaborate, perfect, or compose, by night study or by laborious endeavor. LUCUBRATION Lu`cu*bra"tion, n. Etym: [l. lucubratio;cf. F. lucubration.] 1. The act of lucubrating, or studying by candlelight; nocturnal study; meditation. After long lucubration I have hit upon such an expedient. Goldsmith. 2. That which is composed by night; that which is produced by meditation in retirement; hence (loosely) any literary composition. Thy lucubrations have been perused by several of our friends. Tatler. LUCUBRATOR Lu"cu*bra`tor, n. Defn: One who studies by night; also, one who produces lucubrations. LUCUBRATORY Lu"cu*bra*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. lucubratorius.] Defn: Composed by candlelight, or by night; of or pertaining to night studies; laborious or painstaking. Pope. LUCULE Lu"cule, n. Etym: [Dim. fr. L. lux, lucis, light.] (Astron.) Defn: A spot or fleck on the sun brighter than the surrounding surface. LUCULENT Lu"cu*lent, a. Etym: [L. luculentus, from lux, lucis, light.] 1. Lucid; clear; transparent. Thomson. 2. Clear; evident; luminous. " Most luculent testimonies." Hooker. 3. Bright; shining in beauty. [Obs.] Most debonair and luculent lady. B. Jonson. LUCULENTLY Lu"cu*lent*ly, adv. Defn: In a luculent manner; clearly. LUCULLITE Lu*cul"lite, n. Etym: [From Lucullus, a Roman consul, famous for his great wealth and luxury: cf. F. lucullite.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of black limestone, often polished for ornamental purposes. LUCUMA Lu*cu"ma, n. (Bot.) Defn: An American genus of sapotaceous trees bearing sweet and edible fruits. Note: Lucuma mammosum is called natural marmalade in the West Indies; L. Caimito, of Peru, furnishes a delicious fruit called lucuma and caimito. LUDDITE Lud"dite, n. Defn: One of a number of riotous persons in England, who for six years (1811-17) tried to prevent the use of labor-saving machinery by breaking it, burning factories, etc.; -- so called from Ned Lud, a half-witted man who some years previously had broken stocking frames. J. & H. Smith. H. Martineau. LUDIBRIOUS Lu*dib"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. ludibrium mockery, derision, from ludere to play, sport.] Defn: Sportive; ridiculous; wanton. [Obs.] Tooker. LUDIBUND Lu"di*bund, a. Etym: [L. ludibundus.] Defn: Sportive. [Obs.] -- Lu"di*bund*ness, n. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. LUDICROUS Lu"di*crous, a. Etym: [L. ludicrus, or ludicer, from ludus play, sport, fr. ludere to play.] Defn: Adapted to excite laughter, without scorn or contempt; sportive. Broome. A chapter upon German rhetoric would be in the same ludicrous predicament as Van Troil's chapter on the snakes of Iceland, which delivers its business in one summary sentence, announcing, that snakes in Iceland -- there are none. De Quincey. Syn. -- Laughable; sportive; burlesque; comic; droll; ridiculous. -- Ludicrous, Laughable, Ridiculous. We speak of a thing as ludicrous when it tends to produce laughter; as laughable when the impression is somewhat stronger; as ridiculous when more or less contempt is mingled with the merriment created. -- Lu"di*crous*ly, adv. -- Lu"di*crous*ness, n. LUDIFICATION Lu`di*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. ludificatio, fr. ludificare to make sport of; ludus sport + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: The act of deriding. LUDIFICATORY Lu*dif"i*ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. ludificatorius.] Defn: Making sport; tending to excite derision. [Obs.] LUDLAMITE Lud"lam*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Mr. Ludlam, of London.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in small, green, transparent, monoclinic crystals. It is a hydrous phosphate of iron. LUDLOW GROUP Lud"low group`. (Geol.) Defn: A subdivision of the British Upper Silurian lying below the Old Red Sandstone; -- so named from the Ludlow, in Western England. See the Chart of Geology. LUDWIGITE Lud"wig*ite, n. Etym: [Named after the chemist Ludwig.] (Min.) Defn: A borate of iron and magnesia, occurring in fibrous masses of a blackish green color. LUES Lu"es, n. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: Disease, especially of a contagious kind. Lues venerea, syphilis; -- called also simply lues. LUFF Luff, n. Etym: [OE. lof, prob. a sort of timber by which the course of a ship was directed, perh. a sort of paddle; cf. D. loef luff, loeven to luff. The word is perh. akin to E. glove. Cf. Aloof.] (Naut.) (a) The side of a ship toward the wind. (b) The act of sailing a ship close to the wind. (c) The roundest part of a ship's bow. (d) The forward or weather leech of a sail, especially of the jib, spanker, and other fore-and-aft sails. Luff tackle, a purchase composed of a double and single block and fall, used for various purposes. Totten. -- Luff upon luff, a luff tackle attached to the fall of another luff tackle. R. H. Dana, Jr. LUFF Luff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Luffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Luffing.] (Naut.) Defn: To turn the head of a vessel toward the wind; to sail nearer the wind; to turn the tiller so as to make the vessel sail nearer the wind. To luff round, or To luff alee, to make the extreme of this movement, for the purpose of throwing the ship's head into the wind. LUFFA Luf"fa, n. [NL., fr. Ar. lufah.] (Bot.) (a) A small genus of tropical cucurbitaceous plants having white flowers, the staminate borne in racemes, and large fruits with a dry fibrous pericarp. The fruit of several species and the species themselves, esp. L. Ægyptiaca, are called dishcloth gourds. (b) Any plant of this genus, or its fruit. (c) The fibrous skeleton of the fruit, used as a sponge and in the manufacture of caps and women's hats; -- written also loofah. LUFFER Luf"fer, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Louver. LUG Lug, n. Etym: [Sw. lugg the forelock.] 1. The ear, or its lobe. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 2. That which projects like an ear, esp. that by which anything is supported, carried, or grasped, or to which a support is fastened; an ear; as, the lugs of a kettle; the lugs of a founder's flask; the lug (handle) of a jug. 3. (Mach.) Defn: A projecting piece to which anything, as a rod, is attached, or against which anything, as a wedge or key, bears, or through which a bolt passes, etc. 4. (Harness) Defn: The leather loop or ear by which a shaft is held up. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lugworm. Lug bolt (Mach.), a bolt terminating in a long, flat extension which takes the place of a head; a strap bolt. LUG Lug, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lugged; p. pr. & vb. n. Lugging.] Etym: [OE. luggen, Sw. lugga to pull by the hair, fr. lugg the forelock.] Defn: To pull with force; to haul; to drag along; to carry with difficulty, as something heavy or cumbersome. Dryden. They must divide the image among them, and so lug off every one his share. Collier. LUG Lug, v. i. Defn: To move slowly and heavily. LUG Lug, n. 1. The act of lugging; as, a hard lug; that which is lugged; as, the pack is a heavy lug.[Colloq.] 2. Anything which moves slowly. [Obs.] Ascham. LUG Lug, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. A rod or pole. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 2. A measure of length, being 16 [Obs.] " Eight lugs of ground." Spenser. Chimney lug, or Lug pole, a pole on which a kettle is hung over the fire, either in a chimney or in the open air. [Local, U.S.] Whittier. LUGGAGE Lug"gage, n. Etym: [From 4th Lug.] Defn: That which is lugged; anything cumbrous and heavy to be carried; especially, a traveler's trunks, baggage, etc., or their contents. I am gathering up my luggage, and preparing for my journey. Swift. What do you mean, To dote thus on such luggage! Shak. Syn. -- Plunder; baggage. Luggage van, a vehicle for carrying luggage; a railway car, or compartment of a car, for carrying luggage. [Eng.] LUGGER Lug"ger, n. (Naut.) Defn: A small vessel having two or three masts, and a running bowsprit, and carrying lugsails. See Illustration in Appendix. Totten. LUGGER Lug"ger, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Indian falcon (Falco jugger), similar to the European lanner and the American prairie falcon. LUGMARK Lug"mark`, n. Etym: [From Lug an ear.] Defn: A mark cut into the ear of an animal to identify it; an earmark. LUGSAIL Lug"sail`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A square sail bent upon a yard that hangs obliquely to the mast and is raised or lowered with the sail. Totten. LUGUBRIOUS Lu*gu"bri*ous, a. Etym: [L. lugubris, fr. lugere to mourn; cf. Gr. ruj to break.] Defn: Mournful; indicating sorrow, often ridiculously or feignedly; doleful; woful; pitiable; as, a whining tone and a lugubrious look. Crossbones, scythes, hourglasses, and other lugubrious emblems of mortality. Hawthorne. -- Lu*gu"bri*ous*ly, adv. -- Lu*gu"bri*ous*ness, n. LUGWORM Lug"worm`, n. Etym: [1st lug + worm.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large marine annelid (Arenicola marina) having a row of tufted gills along each side of the back. It is found burrowing in sandy beaches, both in America and Europe, and is used for bait by European fishermen. Called also lobworm, and baitworm. LUKE Luke, a. Etym: [Prob. fr. lew, perh. influenced by AS. wlæc warm, lukewarm, remiss. Cf. Lew.] Defn: Moderately warm; not hot; tepid. -- Luke"ness, n. [Obs.] Nine penn'orth o'brandy and water luke. Dickens. LUKEWARM Luke"warm`, a. Etym: [See Luke.] Defn: Moderately warm; neither cold nor hot; tepid; not ardent; not zealous; cool; indifferent. " Lukewarm blood." Spenser. " Lukewarm patriots." Addison. An obedience so lukewarm and languishing that it merits not the name of passion. Dryden. -- Luce"warm`ly, adv. -- Luce"warm`ness, n. LULL Lull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lulled; p. pr. & vb. n. Lulling.] Etym: [Akin to OD. lullen to sing to sleep, G. lullen, Dan. lulle, Sw. lulla; all of imitative origin. Cf. Loll, Lollard.] Defn: To cause to rest by soothing influences; to compose; to calm; to soothe; to quiet. " To lull him soft asleep." Spenser. Such sweet compulsion doth in music lie, To lull the daughters of necessity. Milton. LULL Lull, v. i. Defn: To become gradually calm; to subside; to cease or abate for a time; as, the storm lulls. LULL Lull, n. 1. The power or quality of soothing; that which soothes; a lullaby. [R.] Young. 2. A temporary cessation of storm or confusion. LULLABY lull"a*by, n. Etym: [From Lull, v. t. ] 1. A song to quiet babes or lull them to sleep; that which quiets. Shak. 2. Hence: Good night; good-by. [Obs.] Shak. LULLER Lull"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, lulls. LULLINGLY Lull"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a lulling manner; soothingly. LUM Lum, n. Etym: [W. llumon chimney, llum that shoots up or ends in a point.] 1. A chimney. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns. 2. A ventilating chimney over the shaft of a mine. 3. A woody valley; also, a deep pool. [Prov. Eng.] LUMACHEL; LUMACHELLA Lu"ma*chel, Lu`ma*chel"la, n. Etym: [F. lumachelle, It. lumachella, fr. lamachella a little snail, dim. of lumaca a snail, fr. L. limax, -acis.] (Min.) Defn: A grayish brown limestone, containing fossil shells, which reflect a beautiful play of colors. It is also called fire marble, from its fiery reflections. LUMBAGINOUS Lum*bag"i*nous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to lumbago. LUMBAGO Lum*ba"go, n. Etym: [L., fr. lumbus loin. See Lumbar.] (Med.) Defn: A rheumatic pain in the loins and the small of the back. LUMBAR; LUMBAL Lum"bar, Lum"bal, a. Etym: [L. lumbus loin. See Loin.] (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or near, the loins; as, the lumbar arteries. Lumbar region (Anat.), the region of the loin; specifically, a region between the hypochondriac and ilias regions, and outside of the umbilical region. LUMBER Lum"ber, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. Lombard, the Lombards being the money lenders and pawnbrokers of the Middle Ages. A lumber room was, according to Trench, originally a Lombard room, or room where the Lombard pawnbroker stored his pledges. See Lombard.] 1. A pawnbroker's shop, or room for storing articles put in pawn; hence, a pledge, or pawn. [Obs.] They put all the little plate they had in the lumber, which is pawning it, till the ships came. Lady Murray. 2. Old or refuse household stuff; things cumbrous, or bulky and useless, or of small value. 3. Timber sawed or split into the form of beams, joists, boards, planks, staves, hoops, etc.; esp., that which is smaller than heavy timber. [U.S.] Lumber kiln, a room in which timber or lumber is dried by artificial heat. [U.S.] -- Lumber room, a room in which unused furniture or other lumber is kept. [U.S.] -- Lumber wagon, a heavy rough wagon, without springs, used for general farmwork, etc. LUMBER Lum"ber, b. t. [imp. & p. p. Lumbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Lumbering.] 1. To heap together in disorder. " Stuff lumbered together." Rymer. 2. To fill or encumber with lumber; as, to lumber up a room. LUMBER Lum"ber, v. i. 1. To move heavily, as if burdened. 2. Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. lomra to resound.] Defn: To make a sound as if moving heavily or clumsily; to rumble. Cowper. 3. To cut logs in the forest, or prepare timber for market. [U.S.] LUMBERER Lum"ber*er, n. Defn: One employed in lumbering, cutting, and getting logs from the forest for lumber; a lumberman. [U.S.] Lumberers have a notion that he (the woodpecker) is harmful to timber. Lowell. LUMBERING Lum"ber*ing, n. Defn: The business of cutting or getting timber or logs from the forest for lumber. [U.S.] LUMBERMAN Lum"ber*man, n.; pl. Lumbermen (. Defn: One who is engaged in lumbering as a business or employment. [U.S.] LUMBER STATE Lum"ber State. Defn: Maine; -- a nickname. LUMBOSACRAL Lum`bo*sa"cral, n. Etym: [L. lumbus loin + E. sacral.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the loins and sacrum; as, the lumbosacral nerve, a branch of one of the lumber nerves which passes over the sacrum. LUMBRIC Lum"bric, n. Etym: [L. lumbricus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An earthworm, or a worm resembling an earthworm. LUMBRICAL Lum"bric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lombrical. See Lumbric.] (Anat.) Defn: Resembling a worm; as, the lumbrical muscles of the hands of the hands and feet. -- n. Defn: A lumbrical muscle. LUMBRICIFORM Lum*bric"i*form, a. Etym: [L. lumbricus worm + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling an earthworm; vermiform. LUMBRICOID Lum"bri*coid, a. Etym: [Lumbricus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like an earthworm; belonging to the genus Lumbricus, or family Lumbricidæ. LUMBRICUS Lum"bri*cus, n. Etym: [L. See Lumbric.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of annelids, belonging to the Oligochæta, and including the common earthworms. See Earthworm. LUMEN Lu"men, n.; pl. L. Lumina (#), E. Lumens (#). [L., light, an opening for light.] 1. (Photom.) (a) A unit of illumination, being the amount of illumination of a unit area of spherical surface, due to a light of unit intensity placed at the center of the sphere. (b) A unit of light flux, being the flux through one square meter of surface the illumination of which is uniform and of unit brightness. 2. (Biol.) An opening, space, or cavity, esp. a tubular cavity; a vacuole. LUMINANT Lu"mi*nant, a. Defn: Luminous. [R.] LUMINARY Lu"mi*na*ry, n.; pl. Luminaries, Etym: [F. luminaire, L. luminare a light or lamp, which was lighted in the churches, a luminary, fr. lumen, luminis, light, fr. lucere to be light, to shine, lux, lucis, light. See Light.] 1. Any body that gives light, especially one of the heavenly bodies. " Radiant luminary." Skelton. Where the great luminary . . . Dispenses light from far. Milton. 2. One who illustrates any subject, or enlightens mankind; as, Newton was a distinguished luminary. LUMINATE Lu"mi*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. luminatus, p. p. of luminare to illumine, fr. lumen light. See Limn.] Defn: To illuminate. [Obs.] LUMINATION Lu`mi*na"tion, n. Defn: Illumination. [Obs.] LUMINE Lu"mine, v. i. Defn: To illumine. [Obs.] Spenser. LUMINESCENCE Lu`mi*nes"cence, n. [See Luminescent.] 1. (Physics) Any emission of light not ascribable directly to incandescence, and therefore occurring at low temperatures, as in phosphorescence and fluorescence or other luminous radiation resulting from vital processes, chemical action, friction, solution, or the influence of light or of ultraviolet or cathode rays, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The faculty or power of voluntarily producing light, as in the firefly and glowworm. (b) The light thus produced; luminosity; phosphorescence. LUMINESCENT Lu`mi*nes"cent, a. [L. luminare to illuminate + -escent.] (Physics) Defn: Shining with a light due to any of the various causes which produce luminescence. LUMINIFEROUS Lu`mi*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. lumen light + -ferous.] Defn: Producing light; yielding light; transmitting light; as, the luminiferous ether. LUMINOSITY Lu`mi*nos"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being luminous; luminousness. LUMINOUS Lu"mi*nous, a. Etym: [L. luminosus, fr. lumen light: cf. F. lumineux. See Luminary, Illuminate.] 1. Shining; emitting or reflecting light; brilliant; bright; as, the is a luminous body; a luminous color. Fire burneth wood, making it . . . luminous. Bacon. The mountains lift . . . their lofty and luminous heads. Longfellow. 2. Illuminated; full of light; bright; as, many candles made the room luminous. Up the staircase moved a luminous space in the darkness. Longfellow. 3. Enlightened; intelligent; also, clear; intelligible; as, a luminous mind. " Luminous eloquence." Macaulay. " A luminous statement." Brougham. Luminous paint, a paint made up with some phosphorescent substance, as sulphide of calcium, which after exposure to a strong light is luminous in the dark for a time. Syn. -- Lucid; clear; shining; perspicuous. -- Lu"mi*nous*ly, adv. -- Lu"mi*nous*ness, n. LUMMOX Lum"mox, n. Defn: A fat, ungainly, stupid person; an awkward bungler. [Law.] LUMP Lump, n. Etym: [Cf. OD. lompe piece, mass. Cf. Lunch.] 1. A small mass of matter of irregular shape; an irregular or shapeless mass; as, a lump of coal; a lump of iron ore. " A lump of cheese." Piers Plowman. " This lump of clay." Shak. 2. A mass or aggregation of things. 3. (Firearms) Defn: A projection beneath the breech end of a gun barrel. In the lump, In a lump, the whole together; in gross. They may buy them in the lump. Addison. -- Lump coal, coal in large lumps; -- the largest size brought from the mine. -- Lump sum, a gross sum without a specification of items; as, to award a lump sum in satisfaction of all claims and damages. LUMP Lump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lumped; p. pr. & vb. n. Lumping.] 1. To throw into a mass; to unite in a body or sum without distinction of particulars. The expenses ought to be lumped together. Ayliffe. 2. To take in the gross; to speak of collectively. Not forgetting all others, . . . whom for brevity, but out of no resentment you, I lump all together. Sterne. 3. To get along with as one can, although displeased; as, if he does n't like it, he can lump it. [Law] LUMPER Lump"er, n. Etym: [Cf. Lamper eel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European eelpout; -- called also lumpen. LUMPER Lump"er, n. 1. One who lumps. 2. A laborer who is employed to load or unload vessels when in harbor. LUMPFISH Lump"fish`, n. Etym: [From Lump, on account of its bulkiness: cf. G. & D. lump, F. lompe.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, thick, clumsy, marine fish (Cyclopterus lumpus) of Europe and America. The color is usually translucent sea green, sometimes purplish. It has a dorsal row of spiny tubercles, and three rows on each side, but has no scales. The ventral fins unite and form a ventral sucker for adhesion to stones and seaweeds. Called also lumpsucker, cock-paddle, sea owl. LUMPING Lump"ing, a. Defn: Bulky; heavy. Arbuthnot. LUMPISH Lump"ish, a. Defn: Like a lump; inert; gross; heavy; dull; spiritless. " Lumpish, heavy, melancholy." Shak. -- Lump"ish*ly, adv. -- Lump"ish*ness, n. LUMPSUCKER Lump"suck`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lumprish. LUMPY Lump"y, a. [Compar. Lumpier; superl. Lumpiest.] Defn: Full of lumps, or small compact masses. LUMPY-JAW Lump"y-jaw`. (Med.) Defn: Actinomycosis. [Colloq.] LUNA Lu"na, n. Etym: [L.; akin to lucere to shine. See Light, n., and cf. Lune.] 1. The moon. 2. (Alchemy) Defn: Silver. Luna cornea (Old Chem.), horn silver, or fused silver chloride, a tough, brown, translucent mass; -- so called from its resemblance to horn. Luna moth (Zoöl.), a very large and beautiful American moth (Actias luna). Its wings are delicate light green, with a stripe of purple along the front edge of the anterior wings, the other margins being edged with pale yellow. Each wing has a lunate spot surrounded by rings of light yellow, blue, and black. The caterpillar commonly feeds on the hickory, sassafras, and maple. LUNACY Lu"na*cy, n.; pl. Lunacies. Etym: [See Lunatic.] 1. Insanity or madness; properly, the kind of insanity which is broken by intervals of reason, -- formerly supposed to be influenced by the changes of the moon; any form of unsoundness of mind, except idiocy; mental derangement or alienation. Brande. Burrill. Your kindred shuns your house As beaten hence by your strange lunacy. Shak. 2. A morbid suspension of good sense or judgment, as through fanaticism. Dr. H. More. Syn. -- Derangement; craziness; mania. See Insanity. LUNAR Lu"nar, a. Etym: [L. lunaris, fr. luna the moon. See Luna, and cf. Lunary.] 1. Of or pertaining to the moon; as, lunar observations. 2. Resembling the moon; orbed. Dryden. 3. Measured by the revolutions of the moon; as, a lunar month. 4. Influenced by the moon, as in growth, character, or properties; as, lunar herbs. Bacon. Lunar caustic (Med. Chem.), silver nitrate prepared to be used as a cautery; -- so named because silver was called luna by the ancient alchemists. -- Lunar cycle. Same as Metonic cycle. See under Cycle. -- Lunar distance, the angular distance of the moon from the sun, a star, or a planet, employed for determining longitude by the lunar method. -- Lunar method, the method of finding a ship's longitude by comparing the local time of taking (by means of a sextant or circle) a given lunar distance, with the Greenwich time corresponding to the same distance as ascertained from a nautical almanac, the difference of these times being the longitude. -- Lunar month. See Month. -- Lunar observation, an observation of a lunar distance by means of a sextant or circle, with the altitudes of the bodies, and the time, for the purpose of computing the longitude. -- Lunar tables. (a) (Astron.) Tables of the moon's motions, arranged for computing the moon's true place at any time past or future. (b) (Navigation) Tables for correcting an observed lunar distance on account of refraction and parallax. -- Lunar year, the period of twelve lunar months, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, and 34.38 seconds. LUNAR Lu"nar, n. 1. (Astron.) Defn: A lunar distance. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The middle bone of the proximal series of the carpus; -- called also semilunar, and intermedium. LUNARIAN Lu*na"ri*an, n. Etym: [See Lunar, Luna.] Defn: An inhabitant of the moon. LUNARY Lu"na*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lunaire. See Lunar.] Defn: Lunar. [Obs.] Fuller. LUNARY Lu"na*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lunaire.] (Bot.) (a) The herb moonwort or "honesty". (b) A low fleshy fern (Botrychium Lunaria) with lunate segments of the leaf or frond. LUNATE; LUNATED Lu"nate, Lu"na*ted, a. Etym: [L. lunatus crescent-shaped, p. p. of lunare to bend like a crescent, fr. luna the moon.] Defn: Crescent-shaped; as, a lunate leaf; a lunate beak; a lunated cross. Gray. LUNATIC Lu"na*tic, a. Etym: [F. lunatique, L. lunaticus, fr. luna the moon. See Lunar.] 1. Affected by lunacy; insane; mad. Lord, have mercy on my son; for he is lunatic. Wyclif (Matt. xvii. 15). 2. Of or pertaining to, or suitable for, an insane person; evincing lunacy; as, lunatic gibberish; a lunatic asylum. LUNATIC Lu"na*tic, n. Defn: A person affected by lunacy; an insane person, esp. one who has lucid intervals; a madman; a person of unsound mind. The lunatic, the lover, and the poet, Are of imagination all compact. Shak. LUNATION Lu*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. Lunated.] Defn: The period of a synodic revolution of the moon, or the time from one new moon to the next; varying in length, at different times, from about 29 LUNCH Lunch, n. Etym: [Of uncertain etymol. Cf. Prov. Eng. nunc a lump.] Defn: A luncheon; specifically, a light repast between breakfast and dinner. LUNCH Lunch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lunched; p. pr. & vb. n. Lunching.] Defn: To take luncheon. Smart. LUNCHEON Lunch"eon, n. Etym: [Prov. E. luncheon, lunchion, lunshin, a large lump of food, fr. lunch. See Lunch.] 1. A lump of food. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A portion of food taken at any time except at a regular meal; an informal or light repast, as between breakfast and dinner. LUNCHEON Lunch"eon, v. i. Defn: To take luncheon. Beaconsfield. LUNE Lune, n. Etym: [L. luna moon: cf. F. lune. See Luna.] 1. Anything in the shape of a half moon. [R.] 2. (Geom.) Defn: A figure in the form of a crescent, bounded by two intersecting arcs of circles. 3. A fit of lunacy or madness; a period of frenzy; a crazy or unreasonable freak. [Obs.] These dangerous, unsafe lunes i' the king. Shak. LUNET Lu"net, n. Etym: [See Lunette.] Defn: A little moon or satellite. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. LUNETTE Lu*nette", n. Etym: [F., dim. of lune moon, L.luna. See Lune a crescent.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A fieldwork consisting of two faces, forming a salient angle, and two parallel flanks. See Bastion. 2. (Far.) Defn: A half horseshoe, which wants the sponge. 3. A kind of watch crystal which is more than ordinarily flattened in the center; also, a species of convexoconcave lens for spectacles. 4. A piece of felt to cover the eye of a vicious horse. 5. (Arch.) Defn: Any surface of semicircular or segmental form; especially, the piece of wall between the curves of a vault and its springing line. 6. An iron shoe at the end of the stock of a gun carriage. Lunette window (Arch.), a window which fills or partly fills a lunette. LUNG Lung, n. Etym: [OE. lunge, AS. lunge, pl. lungen; akin to D. long, G. lunge, Icel. & Sw. lunga, Dan. lunge, all prob. from the root of E. light. See Light not heavy.] (Anat.) Defn: An organ for aërial respiration; -- commonly in the plural. My lungs began to crow like chanticleer. Shak. Note: In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the esophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive saclike character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. See Respiration. Lung fever (Med.), pneumonia. -- Lung flower (Bot.), a species of gentian (G. Pneumonanthe). -- Lung lichen (Bot.), tree lungwort. See under Lungwort. Lung sac (Zoöl.), one of the breathing organs of spiders and snails. LUNGE Lunge, n. Etym: [Also spelt longe, fr. allonge. See Allonge, Long.] Defn: A sudden thrust or pass, as with a sword. LUNGE Lunge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lunged; p. pr. & vb. n. Lunging.] Defn: To make a lunge. LUNGE Lunge, v. t. Defn: To cause to go round in a ring, as a horse, while holding his halter. Thackeray. LUNGE Lunge, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Namaycush. LUNGED Lunged, a. Defn: Having lungs, or breathing organs similar to lungs. LUNGFISH Lung"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any fish belonging to the Dipnoi; -- so called because they have both lungs and gills. LUNG-GROWN Lung"-grown`, a. (Med.) Defn: Having lungs that adhere to the pleura. LUNGIE Lun"gie, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A guillemot. [Written also longie.] [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott. LUNGIS Lun"gis, n. Etym: [OF. longis. See Lounge.] Defn: A lingerer; a dull, drowsy fellow. [Obs.] LUNGLESS Lung"less, a. Defn: Being without lungs. LUNGOOR Lun"goor, n. Etym: [Hind. langur.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A long-tailed monkey (Semnopithecus schislaceus), from the mountainous districts of India. LUNGWORM Lung"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of parasitic nematoid worms which infest the lungs and air passages of cattle, sheep, and other animals, often proving fatal. The lungworm of cattle (Strongylus micrurus) and that of sheep (S. filaria) are the best known. LUNGWORT Lung"wort`, n. (Bot.) (a) An herb of the genus Pulmonaria (P. officinalis), of Europe; -- so called because the spotted appearance of the leaves resembles that of a diseased lung. (b) Any plant of the genus Mertensia (esp. M. Virginica and M. Sibirica) plants nearly related to Pulmonaria. The American lungwort is Mertensia Virginica, Virginia cowslip. Gray. Cow's lungwort mullein. -- Sea lungwort, Mertensia maritima, found on the seacoast of Northern Europe and America. -- Tree lungwort, a lichen (Sticta pulmonacea) growing on trees and rocks. The thallus is lacunose, and in appearance somewhat resembles the lungs, for diseases of which it was once thought a remedy. LUNICURRENT Lu"ni*cur"rent, a. Etym: [L. luna moon + E. current.] Defn: Having relation to changes in currents that depend on the moon's phases. Bache. LUNIFORM Lu"ni*form, a. Etym: [L. luna moon + -form: cf. F. luniforme.] Defn: Resembling the moon in shape. LUNISOLAR Lu"ni*so"lar, a. Etym: [L. luna moon + E. solar: cf. F. lunisolaire.] Defn: Resulting from the united action, or pertaining to the mutual relations, of the sun and moon. Lunisolar precession (Astron.), that portion of the annual precession of the equinoxes which depends on the joint action of the sun and moon. -- Lunisolar year, a period of time, at the end of which, in the Julian calendar, the new and full moons and the eclipses recur on the same days of the week and month and year as in the previous period. It consists of 532 common years, being the least common multiple of the numbers of years in the cycle of the sun and the cycle of the moon. LUNISTICE Lu"ni*stice, n. Etym: [L. luna. moon + sistere to cause to stand. Cf. Solstice.] (Astron.) Defn: The farthest point of the moon's northing and southing, in its monthly revolution. [Obs.] LUNITIDAL Lu"ni*tid`al, a. Defn: Pertaining to tidal movements dependent on the moon. Bache. Lunitidal interval. See Retard, n. LUNT Lunt, n. Etym: [D. lont; akin to Dan. & G. lunte, Sw. lunta. Cf. Link a torch.] 1. The match cord formerly used in firing cannon. 2. A puff of smoke. [Scotch.] Burns. LUNULA Lu"nu*la, n.; pl. Lunulæ. Etym: [L., prop., a little moon. See Lunule.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Lunule. LUNULAR Lu"nu*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lunulaire. See Lunula.] (Bot.) Defn: Having a form like that of the new moon; shaped like a crescent. LUNULATE; LUNULATED Lu"nu*late, Lu"nu*la`ted, a. Etym: [See Lunula.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling a small crescent. Gray. LUNULE Lu"nule, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. lunula, dim. of luna moon.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Anything crescent-shaped; a crescent-shaped part or mark; a lunula, a lune. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A lune. See Lune. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A small or narrow crescent. (b) A special area in front of the beak of many bivalve shells. It sometimes has the shape of a double crescent, but is oftener heart- shaped. See Illust. of Bivalve. LUNULET Lu"nu*let, n. Etym: [Dim. of lunule.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small spot, shaped like a half-moon or crescent; as, the lunulet on the wings of many insects. LUNULITE Lu"nu*lite, n. Etym: [Lunule + -life: cf. F. lunulithe. See Lunula.] (Paleon.) Defn: Any bryozoan of the genus Lunulites, having a more or less circular form. LUNY Lu"ny, a. Etym: [Shortened fr. lunatic.] Defn: Crazy; mentally unsound. [Written also loony.] [Law, U.S.] LUPERCAL Lu*per"cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Lupercalia. LUPERCAL Lu*per"cal, n. Defn: A grotto on the Palatine Hill sacred to Lupercus, the Lycean Pan. LUPERCALIA Lu`per*ca"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [L. luperealis, fr. Lupercus the Lycean Pan, so called fr. lupus a wolf, because he kept off the wolves.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A feast of the Romans in honor of Lupercus, or Pan. LUPINE Lu"pine, n. Etym: [L. lupinus, lupinum, apparently fr. lupinus belonging to a wolf, fr. lupus a wolf; perh. so called because it was supposed to exhaust the soil: cf. F. lupin. Cf. Wolf.] (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous plant of the genus Lupinus, especially L. albus, the seeds of which have been used for food from ancient times. The common species of the Eastern United States is L. perennis. There are many species in California. LUPINE Lu"pine, a. Etym: [See Lupine, n.] Defn: Wolfish; ravenous. Gauden. LUPININ Lu"pin*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside found in the seeds of several species of lupine, and extracted as a yellowish white crystalline substance. LUPININE Lu"pin*ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid found in several species of lupine (Lupinus luteus, L. albus, etc.), and extracted as a bitter crystalline substance. LUPULIN Lu"pu*lin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lupulin. See Lupuline.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A bitter principle extracted from hops. 2. The fine yellow resinous powder found upon the strobiles or fruit of hops, and containing this bitter principle. [Written also lupuline.] LUPULINE Lu"pu*line, n. Etym: [NL. lupulus the hop, fr. L. lupus the hop: cf. F. lupuline.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid extracted from hops as a colorless volatile liquid. LUPULINIC Lu`pu*lin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, hops; specifically, designating an acid obtained by the decomposition of lupulin. LUPUS Lu"pus, n. Etym: [L., a wolf. See Wolf.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A cutaneous disease occurring under two distinct forms. Note: Lupus erythematosus is characterized by an eruption of red patches, which become incrusted, leaving superficial scars. L. vulgaris is marked by the development of nodules which often ulcerate deeply and produce great deformity. Formerly the latter was often confounded with cancer, and some varieties of cancer were included under Lupus. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The Wolf, a constellation situated south of Scorpio. LURCATION Lur*ca"tion, n. Etym: [See its Lurch.] Defn: Gluttony; gormandizing. [Obs.] LURCH Lurch, v. i. Etym: [L. lurcare, lurcari.] Defn: To swallow or eat greedily; to devour; hence, to swallow up. [Obs.] Too far off from great cities, which may hinder business; too near them, which lurcheth all provisions, and maketh everything dear. Bacon. LURCH Lurch, n. Etym: [OF. lourche name of a game; as adj., deceived, embarrassed.] 1. An old game played with dice and counters; a variety of the game of tables. 2. A double score in cribbage for the winner when his adversary has been left in the lurch. Lady --- has cried her eyes out on losing a lurch. Walpole. To leave one in the lurch. (a) In the game of cribbage, to leave one's adversary so far behind that the game is won before he has scored thirty-one. (b) To leave one behind; hence, to abandon, or fail to stand by, a person in a difficulty. Denham. But though thou'rt of a different church, I will not leave thee in the lurch. Hudibras. LURCH Lurch, v. t. 1. To leave in the lurch; to cheat. [Obs.] Never deceive or lurch the sincere communicant. South. 2. To steal; to rob. [Obs.] And in the brunt of seventeen battles since He lurched all swords of the garland. Shak. LURCH Lurch, n. Etym: [Cf. W. llerch, llerc, a frisk, a frisking backward or forward, a loitering, a lurking, a lurking, llercian, llerciaw, to be idle, to frisk; or perh. fr. E. lurch to lurk.] Defn: A sudden roll of a ship to one side, as in heavy weather; hence, a swaying or staggering movement to one side, as that by a drunken man. Fig.: A sudden and capricious inclination of the mind. LURCH Lurch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lurched; p. pr. & vb. n. Lurching.] Defn: To roll or sway suddenly to one side, as a ship or a drunken man. LURCH Lurch, v. i. Etym: [A variant of lurk.] 1. To withdraw to one side, or to a private place; to lurk. L'Estrange. 2. To dodge; to shift; to play tricks. I . . . am fain to shuffle, to hedge, and to lurch. Shak. LURCHER Lurch"er, n. Etym: [See Lurch to lurk.] 1. One that lurches or lies in wait; one who watches to pilfer, or to betray or entrap; a poacher. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a mongrel breed of dogs said to have been a cross between the sheep dog, greyhound, and spaniel. It hunts game silently, by scent, and is often used by poachers. LURCHER Lurch"er, n. Etym: [L. lurco, lurcho, a glutton. See 1st Lurch.] Defn: A glutton; a gormandizer. [Obs.] LURCHLINE Lurch"line`, n. Defn: The line by which a fowling net was pulled over so as to inclose the birds. LURDAN Lur"dan, a. Defn: Stupid; blockish. [Obs.] LURDAN Lur"dan, n. Etym: [OF. lourdin, fr. lourd heavy, dull, thick-headed. See Lord.] Defn: A blockhead. [Obs.] LURE Lure, n. Etym: [OF. loire, loirre, loerre, F. leurre lure, decoy; of German origin; cf. MHG. luoder, G. luder lure, carrion.] 1. A contrivance somewhat resembling a bird, and often baited with raw meat; -- used by falconers in recalling hawks. Shak. 2. Any enticement; that which invites by the prospect of advantage or pleasure; a decoy. Milton. 3. (Hat Making) Defn: A velvet smoothing brush. Knight. LURE Lure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lured; p. pr. & vb. n. Luring.] Etym: [OF. loirer, loirier, F. leurrer. See Lure, n.] Defn: To draw to the lure; hence, to allure or invite by means of anything that promises pleasure or advantage; to entice; to attract. I am not lured with love. Piers Plowman. And various science lures the learned eye. Gay. LURE Lure, v. i. Defn: To recall a hawk or other animal. LURG Lurg, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large marine annelid (Nephthys cæca), inhabiting the sandy shores of Europe and America. It is whitish, with a pearly luster, and grows to the length of eight or ten inches. LURID Lu"rid, a. Etym: [L. luridus.] 1. Pale yellow; ghastly pale; wan; gloomy; dismal. Fierce o'er their beauty blazed the lurid flame. Thomson. Wrapped in drifts of lurid smoke On the misty river tide. Tennyson. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having a brown color tonged with red, as of flame seen through smoke. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of a color tinged with purple, yellow, and gray. LURK Lurk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lurked; p. pr. & vb. n. Lurking.] Etym: [OE. lurken, lorken, prob. a dim. from the source of E. lower to frown. See Lower, and cf. Lurch, a sudden roll, Lurch to lurk.] 1. To lie hid; to lie in wait. Like wild beasts, lurking in loathsome den. Spenser. Let us . . . lurk privily for the innocent. Prov. i. 11. 2. To keep out of sight. The defendant lurks and wanders about in Berks. Blackstone. LURKER Lurk"er, n. 1. One who lurks. 2. A small fishing boat. [Prov. Eng.] LURRY Lur"ry, n. Etym: [W. llwry precipitant, a provision.] Defn: A confused heap; a throng, as of persons; a jumble, as of sounds. [Obs.] To turn prayer into a kind of lurry. Milton. LUSCIOUS Lus"cious, a. Etym: [Prob. for lustious, fr. lusty, or perh. a corruption of luxurious. Cf. Lush, Lusty.] 1. Sweet; delicious; very grateful to the taste; toothsome; excessively sweet or rich. And raisins keep their luscious, native taste. Dryden. 2. Cloying; fulsome. He had a tedious, luscious way of talking. Jeffrey. 3. Gratifying a depraved sense; obscene. [R.] Steele. -- Lus"cious*ly, adv. -- Lus"cious*ness, n. LUSERN Lu"sern, n. Etym: [F. loup-cervier, L. lupus cervarius.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A lynx. See 1st Lucern and Loup-cervier. LUSH Lush, a. Etym: [Prob. an abbrev. of lushious, fr. luscious.] Defn: Full of juice or succulence. Tennyson. How lush and lusty the grass looks! how green! Shak. LUSHBURG Lush"burg, n. Defn: See Lussheburgh. [Obs.] LUSITANIAN Lu`si*ta"ni*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to Lusitania, the ancient name of the region almost coinciding with Portugal. -- n. Defn: One of the people of Lusitania. LUSK Lusk, a. Defn: Lazy; slothful. [Obs.] LUSK Lusk, n. Defn: A lazy fellow; a lubber. [Obs.] T. Kendall. LUSK Lusk, v. i. Defn: To be idle or unemployed. [Obs.] LUSKISH Lusk"ish, a. Defn: Inclined to be lazy. Marston. -- Lusk"*ish*ly, adv. -Lusk"ish*ness, n. [Obs.] Spenser. LUSORIOUS; LUSORY Lu*so"ri*ous, Lu"so*ry, a. Etym: [L. lusorius. See Illusory.] Defn: Used in play; sportive; playful. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. LUSSHEBURGH Lus"she*burgh, n. Defn: A spurious coin of light weight imported into England from Luxemburg, or Lussheburgh, as it was formerly called. [Obs.] God wot, no Lussheburghes payen ye. Chaucer. LUST Lust, n. Etym: [AS. lust, lust, pleasure, longing; akin to OS., D., G., & Sw. lust, Dan. & Icel. lyst, Goth lustus, and perh. tom Skr. lush to desire, or to E. loose. Cf. List to please, Listless.] 1. Pleasure [Obs.] " Lust and jollity." Chaucer. 2. Inclination; desire. [Obs.] For little lust had she to talk of aught. Spenser. My lust to devotion is little. Bp. Hall. 3. Longing desire; eagerness to possess or enjoy; -- in a had sense; as, the lust of gain. The lust of reigning. Milton. 4. Licentious craving; sexual appetite. Milton. 5. Hence: Virility; vigor; active power. [Obs.] Bacon. LUST Lust, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lusting.] Etym: [AS. lystan. See Lust, n., and cf. List to choose.] 1. To list; to like. [Obs.] Chaucer. " Do so if thou lust. " Latimer. Note: In earlier usage lust was impersonal. In the water vessel he it cast When that him luste. Chaucer. 2. To have an eager, passionate, and especially an inordinate or sinful desire, as for the gratification of the sexual appetite or of covetousness; -- often with after. Whatsoever thy soul lusteth after. Deut. xii. 15. Whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her, hath committed adultery with her already in his heart. Matt. v. 28. The spirit that dwelleth in us lusteth to envy. James iv. 5. LUSTER Lust"er, n. Defn: One who lusts. LUSTER; LUSTRE Lus"ter Lus"tre, n. Etym: [L. lustrum: cf. F. lustre.] Defn: A period of five years; a lustrum. Both of us have closed the tenth luster. Bolingbroke. LUSTER; LUSTRE Lus"ter, Lus"tre, n. Etym: [F. lustre; cf. It. lustro; both fr. L. lustrare to purify, go about (like the priests at the lustral sacrifice), traverse, survey, illuminate, fr. lustrum a purificatory sacrifice; perh. akin to E. loose. But lustrare to illuminate is perh. a different word, and akin to L. lucere to be light or clear, to shine. See Lucid, and cf. Illustrious, Lustrum.] 1. Brilliancy; splendor; brightness; glitter. The right mark and very true luster of the diamond. Sir T. More. The scorching sun was mounted high, In all its luster, to the noonday sky. Addison. Note: There is a tendency to limit the use of luster, in this sense, to the brightness of things which do not shine with their own light, or at least do not blaze or glow with heat. One speaks of the luster of a diamond, or of silk, or even of the stars, but not often now of the luster of the sun, a coal of fire, or the like. 2. Renown; splendor; distinction; glory. His ancestors continued about four hundred years, rather without obscurity than with any great luster. Sir H. Wotton. 3. A candlestick, chandelier, girandole, or the like, generally of an ornamental character. Pope. 4. (Min.) Defn: The appearance of the surface of a mineral as affected by, or dependent upon, peculiarities of its reflecting qualities. Note: The principal kinds of luster recognized are: metallic, adamantine, vitreous, resinous, greasy, pearly, and silky. With respect to intensity, luster is characterized as splendent, shining, glistening, glimmering, and dull. 5. A substance which imparts luster to a surface, as plumbago and some of the glazes. 6. A fabric of wool and cotton with a lustrous surface, -- used for women's dresses. Luster ware, earthenware decorated by applying to the glazing metallic oxides, which acquire brilliancy in the process of baking. LUSTER; LUSTRE Lus"ter, Lus"tre, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lustred; p. pr. & vb. n. Lustering, or Lustring.] Defn: To make lustrous. [R. & Poetic] Flooded and lustered with her loosened gold. Lowell. LUSTERING Lus"ter*ing, n. 1. The act or process of imparting a luster, as to pottery. 2. The brightening of a metal in the crucible when it becomes pure, as in certain refining processes. LUSTERLESS; LUSTRELESS Lus"ter*less, Lus"tre*less, a. Defn: Destitute of luster; dim; dull. LUSTFUL Lust"ful, a. 1. Full of lust; excited by lust Spenser. Tillotson. 2. Exciting lust; characterized by lust or sensuality. " Lustful orgies." Milton. 3. Strong; lusty. [Obs.] " Lustful health." Sackville. Syn. -- sensual; fleshly; carnal; inordinate; licentious; lewd; unchaste; impure; libidinous; lecherous. -- Lust"ful*ly, adv. -- Lust"ful*ness, n. LUSTIC Lus"tic, a. Defn: Lusty; vigorous. [Obs.] LUSTIHEAD Lus"ti*head, n. Etym: [Lusty + -head.] Defn: See Lustihood. [Obs.] Chaucer. LUSTIHOOD Lus"ti*hood, n. Etym: [Lusty + -hood.] Defn: State of being lusty; vigor of body. " Full of lustihood." Tennyson. LUSTILY Lus"ti*ly, adv. Defn: In a lusty or vigorous manner. LUSTINESS Lus"ti*ness, n. Defn: State of being lusty; vigor; strength. LUSTLESS Lust"less, a. Etym: [CF. Listless.] 1. Lacking vigor; weak; spiritless. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Free from sexual lust. LUSTRAL Lus"tral, a. Etym: [L. lustralis, fr. lustrum: cf. F. lustral. See Lustrum.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or used for, purification; as, lustral days; lustral water. 2. Of or pertaining to a lustrum. LUSTRATE Lus"trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lustrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Lustrating.] Etym: [L. lustratus, p. p. of lustrare to lustrate, fr. lustrum. See Lustrum.] Defn: To make clear or pure by means of a propitiatory offering; to purify. We must purge, and cleanse, and lustrate the whole city. Hammond. LUSTRATION Lus*tra"tion, n. Etym: [L. lustratio: cf. F. lustration.] 1. The act of lustrating or purifying. And holy water for lustration bring. Dryden. 2. (Antiq.) Defn: A sacrifice, or ceremony, by which cities, fields, armies, or people, defiled by crimes, pestilence, or other cause of uncleanness, were purified. LUSTRE Lus"tre, n. Defn: Same as Luster. LUSTRICAL Lus"tri*cal, a. Etym: [L. lustricus, fr. lustrum. See Lustrum.] Defn: Pertaining to, or used for, purification. LUSTRING Lus"tring, n. Etym: [F. lustrine, It. lustrino, fr. lustrare to polish, L. lustrare. See 3d Luster, and cf. Lutestring.] Defn: A kind of glossy silk fabric. See Lutestring. LUSTROUS Lus"trous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. lustreux. See 3d Luster.] Defn: Bright; shining; luminous. " Good sparks and lustrous." Shak. -- Lus"trous*ly, adv. LUSTRUM Lus"trum, n.; pl. E. Lustrums, L. Lustra. Etym: [L. Cf. 2d & 3d Luster.] Defn: A lustration or purification, especially the purification of the whole Roman people, which was made by the censors once in five years. Hence: A period of five years. LUSTWORT Lust"wort` n. (Bot.) Defn: See Sundew. LUSTY Lust"y, a. [Compar. Lustier; superl. Lustiest.] Etym: [From Lust. See Lust, and cf. Luscious.] 1. Exhibiting lust or vigor; stout; strong; vigorous; robust; healthful; able of body. Neither would their old men, so many as were yet vigorous and lusty, be left at home. Milton. 2. Beautiful; handsome; pleasant. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. Of large size; big. [Obs.] " Three lusty vessels." Evelyn. Hence, sometimes, pregnant. [Obs. or Prov.] 4. Lustful; lascivious. [Obs.] Milton. LUSUS NATURAE Lu"sus na*tu"ræ. Etym: [L., fr. lusus sport + naturae, gen. of natura nature.] Defn: Sport or freak of nature; a deformed or unnatural production. LUTANIST Lut"a*nist, n. Etym: [LL.lutanista, fr. lutana lute. See Lute the instrument.] Defn: A person that plays on the lute. Johnson. LUTARIOUS Lu*ta"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. lutarius fr. lutum mud.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, mud; living in mud. [Obs.] Grew. LUTATION Lu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. lutare, lutatum, to bedaub with mud, fr. lutum mud: cf. F. lutation.] Defn: The act or method of luting vessels. LUTE Lute, n. Etym: [L. lutum mud, clay: cf. OF. lut.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A cement of clay or other tenacious infusible substance for sealing joints in apparatus, or the mouths of vessels or tubes, or for coating the bodies of retorts, etc., when exposed to heat; -- called also luting. 2. A packing ring, as of rubber, for fruit jars, etc. 3. (Brick Making) Defn: A straight-edged piece of wood for striking off superfluous clay from mold. LUTE Lute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Luted; p. pr. & vb. n. Luting.] Defn: To close or seal with lute; as, to lute on the cover of a crucible; to lute a joint. LUTE Lute, n. Etym: [OF. leut, F. luth; skin to Pr. laút, It. liúto, leúto, Sp. laúd, Pg. alaude; all fr. Ar. al'; al the + ' wood, timber, trunk or branch of a tree, staff, stick, wood of aloes, lute or harp.] (Mus.) Defn: A stringed instrument formerly much in use. It consists of four parts, namely, the table or front, the body, having nine or ten ribs or "sides," arranged like the divisions of a melon, the neck, which has nine or ten frets or divisions, and the head, or cross, in which the screws for tuning are inserted. The strings are struck with the right hand, and with the left the stops are pressed. LUTE Lute, v. i. Defn: To sound, as a lute. Piers Plowman. Keats. LUTE Lute, v. t. Defn: To play on a lute, or as on a lute. Knaves are men That lute and flute fantastic tenderness. Tennyson. LUTE-BACKED Lute"-backed`, a. Defn: Having a curved spine. LUTECIUM Lu*te"ci*um, n. (Chem.) Defn: A metallic element separated from ytterbium in 1907, by Urbain in Paris and by von Welsbach in Vienna. Symbol, Lu; at. wt. 174.0. LUTEIC Lu*te"ic, a. (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or derived from, weld (Reseda luteola). (b) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid resembling luteolin, but obtained from the flowers of Euphorbia cyparissias. LUTEIN Lu"te*in, n. Etym: [From corpus luteum.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A substance of a strongly marked yellow color, extracted from the yelk of eggs, and from the tissue of the corpus luteum. LUTENIST Lut"e*nist, n. Defn: Same as Lutanist. LUTEO- Lu"te*o-. Etym: [L. luteus.] (Chem.) Defn: A combining form signifying orange yellow or brownish yellow. LUTEOCOBALTIC Lu"te*o*co*balt"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, certain compounds of cobalt having a yellow color. Cf. Cobaltic. Luteocobaltic chloride (Chem.), a brilliant reddish yellow crystalline compound, Co2Cl6(NH3)12, obtained by the action of ammonium chloride on an ammoniacal solution of cobaltic chloride. LUTEOLIN Lu"te*o*lin, n. Etym: [From NL. Reseda luteola, fr. L. luteolus yellowish, fr. luteus: cf. F. lutéoline. See Luteous.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow dyestuff obtained from the foliage of the dyer's broom (Reseda luteola). LUTEOUS Lu"te*ous, a. Etym: [L. luteus, fr. lutum dyer's broom, weld, which is used as a yellow dye.] Defn: Yellowish; more or less like buff. LUTER Lut"er, n. Etym: [From 3d Lute.] Defn: One who plays on a lute. LUTER Lut"er, n. Etym: [From Ist Lute.] Defn: One who applies lute. LUTESCENT Lu*tes"cent, a. Etym: [L. luteus yellow.] Defn: Of a yellowish color. LUTESTRING Lute"string`, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. lustring.] Defn: A plain, stout, lustrous silk, used for ladies' dresses and for ribbon. Goldsmith. LUTH Luth, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The leatherback. LUTHERAN Lu"ther*an, a. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Luther; adhering to the doctrines of Luther or the Lutheran Church. LUTHERAN Lu"ther*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One who accepts or adheres to the doctrines of Luther or the Lutheran Church. LUTHERANISM; LUTHERISM Lu"ther*an*ism, Lu"ther*ism, n. Defn: The doctrines taught by Luther or held by the Lutheran Church. LUTHERN Lu"thern, n. Etym: [F. lucarne a dormer, dormer window, garret window, L. lucerna lamp, fr. lucere to be light or clear, fr. lux light. See Light, n., and cf. Lucarne.] (Arch.) Defn: A dormer window. See Dormer. LUTIDINE Lu"ti*dine, n. Etym: [From toluidine, by transposition.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of several metameric alkaloids, C5H3N.(CH3)2, of the pyridine series, obtained from bone oil as liquids, and having peculiar pungent odors. These alkaloids are also called respectively dimethyl pyridine, ethyl pyridine, etc. LUTING Lut"ing, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Lute, a cement. LUTIST Lut"ist, n. Defn: One who plays on a lute. LUTOSE Lu*tose", a. Etym: [L. lutosus, fr. lutum mud.] Defn: Covered with clay; miry. LUTULENCE Lu"tu*lence, n. Defn: The state or quality of being lutulent. LUTULENT Lu"tu*lent, a. Etym: [L. lutulentus, fr. lutum mud.] Defn: Muddy; turbid; thick. [Obs.] LUWACK Lu*wack", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Paradoxure. LUX Lux, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. luxer. See Luxate.] Defn: To put out of joint; to luxate. [Obs.] LUXATE Lux"ate, a. Etym: [L. luxatus, p. p. of luxare to dislocate.] Defn: Luxated. [Obs.] LUXATE Lux"ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Luxated; p. pr. & vb. n. Luxating.] Defn: To displace, or remove from its proper place, as a joint; to put out of joint; to dislocate. LUXATION Lux*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. luxatio: cf. F. luxation.] Defn: The act of luxating, or the state of being luxated; a dislocation. LUXE Luxe, n. Etym: [L. luxus: cf. F. luxe.] Defn: Luxury. [Obs.] Shenstone. Édition de luxe (. Etym: [F.] (Printing) A sumptuous edition as regards paper, illustrations, binding, etc. LUXIVE Lux"ive, a. Defn: Given to luxury; voluptuous. [Obs.] LUXULLIANITE Lux*ul"li*an*ite, n. Etym: [So called from Luxullian, in Cornwall.] (Min.) Defn: A kind of granite from Luxullian, Cornwall, characterized by the presence of radiating groups of minute tourmaline crystals. LUXURIANCE Lux*u"ri*ance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. luxuriance.] Defn: The state or quality of being luxuriant; rank, vigorous growth; excessive abundance produced by rank growth. "Tropical luxuriance." B. Taylor. LUXURIANCY Lux*u"ri*an*cy, n. Defn: The state or quality of being luxuriant; luxuriance. Flowers grow up in the garden in the greatest luxuriancy and profusion. Spectator. LUXURIANT Lux*u"ri*ant, a. Etym: [L. luxurians, p. pr. of luxuriare: cf. F. luxuriant. See Luxuriate.] Defn: Exuberant in growth; rank; excessive; very abundant; as, a luxuriant growth of grass; luxuriant foliage. Prune the luxuriant, the uncouth refine. Pope. Luxuriant flower (Bot.), one in which the floral envelopes are overdeveloped at the expense of the essential organs. LUXURIANTLY Lux*u"ri*ant*ly, adv. Defn: In a luxuriant manner. LUXURIATE Lux*u"ri*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Luxuriated; p. pr. & vb. n. Luxuriating.] Etym: [L. luxuriatus, p. p. of luxuriari, -are, to luxuriate. See Luxury.] 1. To grow exuberantly; to grow to superfluous abundance. " Corn luxuriates in a better mold." Burton. 2. To feed or live luxuriously; as, the herds luxuriate in the pastures. 3. To indulge with unrestrained delight and freedom; as, to luxuriate in description. LUXURIATION Lux*u`ri*a"tion, n. Defn: The act or process luxuriating. LUXURIETY Lux`u*ri"e*ty, n. Defn: Luxuriance. [Obs.] LUXURIOUS Lux*u"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. luxuriosus: cf. F. luxurieux. See Luxury.] Defn: Of or pertaining to luxury; ministering to luxury; supplied with the conditions of luxury; as, a luxurious life; a luxurious table; luxurious ease. " Luxurious cities. " Milton. -- Lux*u"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Lux*u"ri*ous*ness, n. LUXURIST Lux"u*rist, n. Defn: One given to luxury. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple. LUXURY Lux"u*ry, n.; pl. Luxuries. Etym: [L. luxuria, fr. luxus: cf. F. luxure.] 1. A free indulgence in costly food, dress, furniture, or anything expensive which gratifies the appetites or tastes. Riches expose a man to pride and luxury. Spectator. 2. Anything which pleases the senses, and is also costly, or difficult to obtain; an expensive rarity; as, silks, jewels, and rare fruits are luxuries; in some countries ice is a great luxury. He cut the side of a rock for a garden, and, by laying on it earth, furnished out a kind of luxury for a hermit. Addison. 3. Lechery; lust. [Obs.] Shak. Luxury is in wine and drunkenness. Chaucer. 4. Luxuriance; exuberance. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. -- Voluptuousness; epicurism; effeminacy; sensuality; lasciviousness; dainty; delicacy; gratification. LUZ Luz, n. Defn: A bone of the human body which was supposed by certain Rabbinical writers to be indestructible. Its location was a matter of dispute. Brande & C. -LY -ly. Etym: [OE. -lich, AS. -lic, orig. the same word as E. li, a. See Like, a.] Defn: A suffix forming adjectives and adverbs, and denoting likeness or resemblance. LYAM Ly"am, n. Etym: [See Leam.] Defn: A leash. [Obs.] LYCANTHROPE Ly"can*thrope, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A human being fabled to have been changed into a wolf; a werewolf. 2. One affected with lycanthropy. LYCANTHROPIA Ly`can*thro"pi*a, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Lycanthropy, 2. LYCANTHROPIC Ly`can*throp"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to lycanthropy. LYCANTHROPIST Ly*can"thro*pist, n. Defn: One affected by the disease lycanthropy. LYCANTHROPOUS Ly*can"thro*pous, a. Defn: Lycanthropic. LYCANTHROPY Ly*can"thro*py, n. Etym: [Gr. lycanthropie.] 1. The supposed act of turning one's self or another person into a wolf. Lowell. 2. (Med.) Defn: A kind of erratic melancholy, in which the patient imagines himself a wolf, and imitates the actions of that animal. LYCEE Ly`cée", n. [F. Cf. Lyceum.] Defn: A French lyceum, or secondary school supported by the French government, for preparing students for the university. LYCEUM Ly*ce"um, n.; pl. E. Lyceums, L. Lycea. Etym: [L. lyceum, Gr. Wolf.] 1. A place of exercise with covered walks, in the suburbs of Athens, where Aristotle taught philosophy. 2. A house or apartment appropriated to instruction by lectures or disquisitions. 3. A higher school, in Europe, which prepares youths for the university. 4. An association for debate and literary improvement. LYCHE Lyche, a. Defn: Like. [Obs.] Chaucer. LYCHEE Ly"chee`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Litchi. LYCH GATE Lych" gate` Defn: . See under Lich. LYCHNIS Lych"nis, n. Etym: [L., a kind of red flower, Gr. lychni`s; cf. ly`chnos a lamp.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of Old World plants belonging to the Pink family (Caryophyllaceæ). Most of the species have brilliantly colored flowers and cottony leaves, which may have anciently answered as wicks for lamps. The botanical name is in common use for the garden species. The corn cockle (Lychnis Githago) is a common weed in wheat fields. LYCHNOBITE Lych"no*bite, n. Etym: [Gr. ly`chnos a lamp + bi`os life.] Defn: One who labors at night and sleeps in the day. LYCHNOSCOPE Lych"no*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Arch.) Defn: Same as Low side window, under Low, a. LYCINE Lyc"ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A weak base identical with betaine; -- so called because found in the boxthorn (Lycium barbarum). See Betaine. LYCOPERDON Ly`co*per"don, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of fungi, remarkable for the great quantity of spores, forming a fine dust, which is thrown out like smoke when the plant is compressed or burst; puffball. LYCOPOD Ly"co*pod, n. Etym: [Cf. F. lycopode.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Lycopodium. LYCOPODE Ly"co*pode, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Same as Lycopodium powder. See under Lycopodium. LYCOPODIACEOUS Ly`co*po`di*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging, or relating, to the Lycopodiaceæ, an order of cryptogamous plants (called also club mosses) with branching stems, and small, crowded, one-nerved, and usually pointed leaves. LYCOPODITE Ly*cop"o*dite, n. (Paleon.) Defn: An old name for a fossil club moss. LYCOPODIUM Ly`co*po"di*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of mosslike plants, the type of the order Lycopodiaceæ; club moss. Lycopodium powder, a fine powder or dust composed of the spores of Lycopodium, and other plants of the order Lycopodiaceæ. It is highly inflammable, and is sometimes used in the manufacture of fireworks, and the artificial representation of lightning. LYCOTROPOUS Ly*cot"ro*pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Campylotropous. LYDDITE Lydd"ite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A high explosive consisting principally of picric acid, used as a shell explosive in the British service; -- so named from the proving grounds at Lydd, England. LYDEN Lyd"en, n. Defn: See Leden. [Obs.] Chaucer. LYDIAN Lyd"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Lydius, fr. Lydia, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Lydia, a country of Asia Minor, or to its inhabitants; hence, soft; effeminate; -- said especially of one of the ancient Greek modes or keys, the music in which was of a soft, pathetic, or voluptuous character. Softly sweet in Lydian measures, Soon he soothed his soul to pleasures. Dryden. Lydian stone, a flint slate used by the ancients to try gold and silver; a touchstone. See Basanite. LYDINE Lyd"ine, n. (Dyeing) Defn: A violet dye derived from aniline. LYE Lye, n. [Written also lie and ley.] Etym: [AS. leáh; akin to D. loog, OHG. louga, G. lauge; cf. Icel. laug a bath, a hot spring.] Defn: A strong caustic alkaline solution of potassium salts, obtained by leaching wood ashes. It is much used in making soap, etc. LYE Lye, n. (Railroad) Defn: A short side line, connected with the main line; a turn-out; a siding. [Eng.] LYE Lye, n. Defn: A falsehood. [Obs.] See Lie. LYENCEPHALA Ly`en*ceph"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Mammalia, including the marsupials and monotremes; - - so called because the corpus callosum is rudimentary. LYENCEPHALOUS Ly`en*ceph"a*lous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Lyencephala. LYERMAN Ly"er*man, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The cicada. LYGODIUM Ly*go"di*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of ferns with twining or climbing fronds, bearing stalked and variously-lobed divisions in pairs. Note: Lygodium palmatum, much prized for indoor ornament, inhabits shaded and moist grassy places, from Massachusetts to Virginia and Kentucky, and sparingly southwards. LYING Ly"ing, p. pr. & vb. n. Defn: of Lie, to tell a falsehood. LYING Ly"ing, p. pr. & vb. n. Defn: of Lie, to be supported horizontally. Lying panel (Arch.), a panel in which the grain of the wood is horizontal. [R.] -- Lying to (Naut.), having the sails so disposed as to counteract each other. LYING-IN Ly"ing-in", n. 1. The state attending, and consequent to, childbirth; confinement. 2. The act of bearing a child. LYINGLY Ly"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a lying manner; falsely. LYKEN Ly"ken, v. t. Etym: [See Like, v. t. ] Defn: To please; -- chiefly used impersonally. [Obs.] " Sith it lyketh you." Chaucer. LYM; LYMHOUND Lym, or; Lym"hound`, n. Defn: A dog held in a leam; a bloodhound; a limehound. [Obs.] Shak. LYMAIL Ly*mail", n. Defn: See Limaille. [Obs.] Chaucer. LYME GRASS Lyme" grass`. (Bot.) Defn: A coarse perennial grass of several species of Elymus, esp. E. Canadensis, and the European E. arenarius. LYMPH Lymph, n. Etym: [L. lympha: cf. F. lymphe.] 1. A spring of water; hence, water, or a pure, transparent liquid like water. A fountain bubbled up, whose lymph serene Nothing of earthly mixture might distain. Trench. 2. (Anat.) Defn: An alkaline colorless fluid, contained in the lymphatic vessels, coagulable like blood, but free from red blood corpuscles. It is absorbed from the various tissues and organs of the body, and is finally discharged by the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts into the great veins near the heart. 3. (Med.) Defn: A fibrinous material exuded from the blood vessels in inflammation. In the process of healing it is either absorbed, or is converted into connective tissue binding the inflamed surfaces together. Lymph corpuscles (Anat.), finely granular nucleated cells, identical with the colorless blood corpuscles, present in the lymph and chyle. -- Lymph duct (Anat.), a lymphatic. -- Lymph heart. See Note under Heart, n., 1. LYMPHADENITIS Lym`pha*de*ni"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Lymph, and Adenitis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the lymphatic glands; -- called also lymphitis. LYMPHADENOMA Lym`pha*de*no"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Lymph, Aden-, and -oma.] (Med.) Defn: See Lymphoma. LYMPHANGEITIS Lym*phan`ge*i"tis, n. Etym: [NL., from L. lympha lymph + Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels. [Written also lymphangitis.] LYMPHANGIAL Lym*phan"gi*al, a. Etym: [See Lymphangeitis.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the lymphatics, or lymphoid tissue; lymphatic. LYMPHATE; LYMPHATED Lymph"ate, Lymph"a*ted, a. Etym: [L. lymphatus, p. p. of lymphare to water, dilute with water, to drive out of one's senses, to make mad.] Defn: Frightened into madness; raving. [Obs.] LYMPHATIC Lym*phat"ic, a. Etym: [L. lymphaticus distracted, frantic: cf. F. lymphatique] Defn: pertaining to, containing, or conveying lymph. 2. Madly enthusiastic; frantic. [Obs.] " Lymphatic rapture. " Sir T. Herbert. Etym: [See Lymphate.] Lymphatic gland (Anat.), one of the solid glandlike bodies connected with the lymphatics or the lacteals; -- called also lymphatic ganglion, and conglobate gland. -- Lymphatic temperament (Old Physiol.), a temperament in which the lymphatic system seems to predominate, that is, a system in which the complexion lacks color and the tissues seem to be of loose texture; hence, a temperament lacking energy, inactive, indisposed to exertion or excitement. See Temperament. LYMPHATIC Lym*phat"ic, n. 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the lymphatic or absorbent vessels, which carry lymph and discharge it into the veins; lymph duct; lymphatic duct. 2. A mad enthusiast; a lunatic. [Obs.] LYMPHITIS Lym*phi"tis, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: See Lymphadenitis. LYMPH NODE Lymph node. (Anat.) Defn: A lymphatic gland. M. LYMPHOGENIC Lym`pho*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Lymph + root of L. gignere to produce.] (Physiol.) Defn: Connected with, or formed in, the lymphatic glands. LYMPHOGRAPHY Lym*phog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Lymph + -graphy.] Defn: A description of the lymphatic vessels, their origin and uses. LYMPHOID Lymph"oid, a. Etym: [Lymph + -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Resembling lymph; also, resembling a lymphatic gland; adenoid; as, lymphoid tissue. LYMPHOMA Lym*pho"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Lymph, and -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A tumor having a structure resembling that of a lymphatic gland; -- called also lymphadenoma. Malignant lymphoma, a fatal disease characterized by the formation in various parts of the body of new growths resembling lymphatic glands in structure. LYMPHY Lymph"y, a. Defn: Containing, or like, lymph. LYN Lyn, n. Defn: A waterfall. See Lin. [Scot.] LYNCEAN Lyn*ce"an, a. Etym: [See Lynx.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the lynx. LYNCH Lynch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lynched; p. pr. & vb. n. Lynching.] Etym: [See Note under Lynch law.] Defn: To inflict punishment upon, especially death, without the forms of law, as when a mob captures and hangs a suspected person. See Lynch law. LYNCHER Lynch"er, n. Defn: One who assists in lynching. LYNCH LAW Lynch" law` Defn: . The act or practice by private persons of inflicting punishment for crimes or offenses, without due process of law. Note: The term Lynch law is said to be derived from a Virginian named Lynch, who took the law into his own hands. But the origin of the term is very doubtful. LYNDE; LYNDEN Lynde, Lyn"den, n. Defn: See Linden. LYNE Lyne, n. Defn: Linen. [Obs.] Spenser. LYNX Lynx, n. Etym: [L. lynx, lyncis, Gr. lox, G. luchs, prob. named from its sharp sight, and akin to E. light. See Light, n., and cf. Ounce an animal.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of feline animals of the genus Felis, and subgenus Lynx. They have a short tail, and usually a pencil of hair on the tip of the ears. Note: Among the well-known species are the European lynx (Felis borealis); the Canada lynx or loup-cervier (F. Canadensis); the bay lynx of America (F. rufa), and its western spotted variety (var. maculata); and the pardine lynx (F. pardina) of Southern Europe. 2. (Astron.) Defn: One of the northern constellations. LYNX-EYED Lynx"-eyed`, a. Defn: Having acute sight. LYONNAISE Ly`on`naise", a. Etym: [F. lyonnaise, fem. of lyonnais of Lyons.] (Cookery) Defn: Applied to boiled potatoes cut into small pieces and heated in oil or butter. They are usually flavored with onion and parsley. LYOPOMATA Ly`o*po"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of brachiopods, in which the valves of shell are not articulated by a hinge. It includes the Lingula, Discina, and allied forms. [Written also Lyopoma.] LYRA Ly"ra, n. Etym: [L. lyra, Gr. Lyre.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: A northern constellation, the Harp, containing a white star of the first magnitude, called Alpha Lyræ, or Vega. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The middle portion of the ventral surface of the fornix of the brain; -- so called from the arrangement of the lines with which it is marked in the human brain. LYRAID Ly"ra*id, n. (Astron.) Defn: Same as Lyrid. LYRATE; LYRATED Ly"rate, Ly"ra*ted, a. Etym: [NL. lyratus. See Lyre.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Lyre-shaped, or spatulate and oblong, with small lobes toward the base; as, a lyrate leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Shaped like a lyre, as the tail of the blackcock, or that of the lyre bird. LYRE Lyre, n. Etym: [OE. lire, OF. lyre, L. lyra, Gr. Lyra.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A stringed instrument of music; a kind of harp much used by the ancients, as an accompaniment to poetry. Note: The lyre was the peculiar instrument of Apollo, the tutelary god of music and poetry. It gave name to the species of verse called lyric, to which it originally furnished an accompaniment 2. (Astron.) Defn: One of the constellations; Lyra. See Lyra. Lyre bat (Zoöl.), a small bat (Megaderma lyra), inhabiting India and Ceylon. It is remarkable for the enormous size and curious shape of the nose membrane and ears. -- Lyre turtle (Zoöl.), the leatherback. LYRE BIRD Lyre" bird`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of two or three species of Australian birds of the genus Menura. The male is remarkable for having the sixteen tail feathers very long and, when spread, arranged in the form of a lyre. The common lyre bird (Menura superba), inhabiting New South Wales, is about the size of a grouse. Its general color is brown, with rufous color on the throat, wings, tail coverts and tail. Called also lyre pheasant and lyre-tail. LYRIC; LYRICAL Lyr"ic, Lyr"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. lyricus, Gr. lyrique. See Lyre.] 1. Of or pertaining to a lyre or harp. 2. Fitted to be sung to the lyre; hence, also, appropriate for song; -- said especially of poetry which expresses the individual emotions of the poet. "Sweet lyric song." Milton. LYRIC Lyr"ic, n. 1. A lyric poem; a lyrical composition. 2. A composer of lyric poems. [R.] Addison. 3. A verse of the kind usually employed in lyric poetry; -- used chiefly in the plural. 4. pl. Defn: The words of a song. LYRICALLY Lyr"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a lyrical manner. LYRICISM Lyr"i*cism, n. Defn: A lyric composition. Gray. LYRID Ly"rid, n. (Astron.) Defn: One of the group of shooting stars which come into the air in certain years on or about the 19th of April; -- so called because the apparent path among the stars the stars if produced back wards crosses the constellation Lyra. LYRIE Ly"rie, n. Etym: [Icel. hl a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European fish (Peristethus cataphractum), having the body covered with bony plates, and having three spines projecting in front of the nose; -- called also noble, pluck, pogge, sea poacher, and armed bullhead. LYRIFEROUS Ly*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Lyre + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a lyre-shaped shoulder girdle, as certain fishes. LYRISM Lyr"ism, n. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: The act of playing on a lyre or harp. G. Eliot. LYRIST Lyr"ist, n. Etym: [L. lyristes, Gr. lyriste.] Defn: A musician who plays on the harp or lyre; a composer of lyrical poetry. Shelley. LYSIMETER Ly*sim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the water that percolates through a certain depth of soil. Knight. LYSIS Ly"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The resolution or favorable termination of a disease, coming on gradually and not marked by abrupt change. Note: It is usually contrasted with crisis, in which the improvement is sudden and marked; as, pneumonia ends by crisis, typhoid fever by lysis. LYSSA Lys"sa, n. Etym: [NL. See Lytta.] (Med.) Defn: Hydrophobia. Note: The plural (Lyssæ) has been used to signify the pustules supposed to be developed under the tongue in hydrophobia. LYTERIAN Ly*te"ri*an, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Termination a disease; indicating the end of a disease. LYTHE Lythe, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European pollack; -- called also laith, and leet. [Scot.] LYTHE Lythe, a. Etym: [See Lithe, a.] Defn: Soft; flexible. [Obs.] Spenser. LYTHONTHRIPTIC; LYTHONTRIPTIC Lyth`on*thrip"tic, Lyth`on*trip"*tic, a. (Med.) Defn: See Lithontriptic. LYTTA Lyt"ta, n.; pl. Lyttæ. Etym: [L., a worm said to grow under the tongue of dogs, and to cause canine madness, fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A fibrous and muscular band lying within the longitudinal axis of the tongue in many mammals, as the dog. M M (em). 1. M, the thirteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a vocal consonant, and from the manner of its formation, is called the labio- nasal consonant. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 178-180, 242. The letter M came into English from the Greek, through the Latin, the form of the Greek letter being further derived from the Phonician, and ultimately, it is believed, from the Egyptian. Etymologically M is related to n, in lime, linden; emmet, ant; also to b. M is readily followed by b and p. the position of the lips in the formation of both letters being the same. The relation of b and m is the same as that of d and t to n. and that of g and k to ng. 2. As a numeral, M stands for one thousand, both in English and Latin. M M, n. 1. (Print.) A quadrat, the face or top of which is a perfect square; also, the size of such a square in any given size of type, used as the unit of measurement for that type: 500 m's of pica would be a piece of matter whose length and breadth in pica m's multiplied together produce that number. [Written also em.] 2. (law) A brand or stigma, having the shape of an M, formerly impressed on one convicted of manslaughter and admitted to the benefit of clergy. M roof (Arch.), a kind of roof formed by the junction of two common roofs with a valley between them, so that the section resembles the letter M. MA Ma (mä), n. [Cf. Mamma.] 1. A child's word for mother. 2. [Hind.] In Oriental countries, a respectful form of address given to a woman; mother. Balfour (Cyc. of India). MA Ma, conj. [It.] (Mus.) Defn: But; -- used in cautionary phrases; as, "Vivace, ma non troppo presto" (i. e., lively, but not too quick). Moore (Encyc. of Music). MAA Maa, n. [See New a gull.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The common European gull (Larus canus); -- called also mar. See New, a gull. MAAD Maad, obs. p. p. of Make. Defn: Made. Chaucer. MAALIN Maa"lin, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The sparrow hawk. (b) The kestrel. MA'AM Ma'am, n. Defn: Madam; my lady; -- a colloquial contraction of madam often used in direct address, and sometimes as an appellation. MAARA SHELL Ma"a*ra shell`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, pearly, spiral, marine shell (Turbo margaritaceus), from the Pacific Islands. It is used as an ornament. MAASHA Ma*ash"a, n. Defn: An East Indian coin, of about one tenth of the weight of a rupee. MAAT Maat, a. [See Mate, a.] Defn: Dejected; sorrowful; downcast. [Obs.] "So piteous and so maat." Chaucer. MAB Mab (mab), n. [Cf. W. mad a male child, a boy.] 1. A slattern. [Prov. Eng.] 2. The name of a female fairy, esp. the queen of the fairies; and hence, sometimes, any fairy. Shak. MABBLE Mab"ble, v. t. Defn: To wrap up. [Obs.] MABBY Mab"by, n. Defn: A spirituous liquor or drink distilled from potatoes; -- used in the Barbadoes. MABOLO Ma*bo"lo, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of persimmon tree (Diospyros discolor) from the Philippine Islands, now introduced into the East and West Indies. It bears an edible fruit as large as a quince. MAC Mac. [Gael., son.] Defn: A prefix, in names of Scotch origin, signifying son. MACACO Ma*ca"co, n. [Cf. Pg. macaco.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of lemurs, as the ruffed lemur (Lemur macaco), and the ring-tailed lemur (L. catta). MACACUS Ma*ca"cus, n. [NL., a word of African origin. Cf. Macaco, Macaque.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of monkeys, found in Asia and the East Indies. They have short tails and prominent eyebrows. MACADAMIZATION Mac*ad`am*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The process or act of macadamizing. MACADAMIZE Mac*ad"am*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Macadamized; p. pr. & vb. n. Macadamizing.] [From John Loudon McAdam, who introduced the process into Great Britain in 1816.] Defn: To cover, as a road, or street, with small, broken stones, so as to form a smooth, hard, convex surface. MACADAM ROAD Mac*ad"am road`. [See Macadamize.] Defn: A macadamized road. MACAO Ma*ca"o, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A macaw. MACAQUE Ma`caque", n. [F. See Macacus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of short-tailed monkeys of the genus Macacus; as, M. maurus, the moor macaque of the East Indies. MACARANGA GUM Mac`a*ran"ga gum`. Defn: A gum of a crimson color, obtained from a tree (Macaranga Indica) that grows in the East Indies. It is used in taking impressions of coins, medallions, etc., and sometimes as a medicine. Balfour (Cyc. of India). MACARIZE Mac"a*rize, v. t. [Gr. to bless.] Defn: To congratulate. [Oxford Univ. Cant] Whately. MACARONI Mac`a*ro"ni, n.; pl. Macaronis (#), or Macaronies. [Prov. It. macaroni, It. maccheroni, fr. Gr. happiness, later, a funeral feast, fr. blessed, happy. Prob. so called because eaten at such feasts in honor of the dead; cf. Gr. blessed, i. e., dead. Cf. Macaroon.] 1. Long slender tubes made of a paste chiefly of wheat flour, and used as an article of food; Italian or Genoese paste. A paste similarly prepared is largely used as food in Persia, India, and China, but is not commonly made tubular like the Italian macaroni. Balfour (Cyc. of India). 2. A medley; something droll or extravagant. 3. A sort of droll or fool. [Obs.] Addison. 4. A finical person; a fop; -- applied especially to English fops of about 1775. Goldsmith. 5. pl. (U. S. Hist.) The designation of a body of Maryland soldiers in the Revolutionary War, distinguished by a rich uniform. W. Irving. MACARONIAN; MACARONIC Mac`a*ro"ni*an, Mac`a*ron"ic, a. [Cf. It. maccheronico, F. macaronique.] 1. Pertaining to, or like, macaroni (originally a dish of mixed food); hence, mixed; confused; jumbled. 2. Of or pertaining to the burlesque composition called macaronic; as, macaronic poetry. MACARONIC Mac`a*ron"ic, n. 1. A heap of thing confusedly mixed together; a jumble. 2. A kind of burlesque composition, in which the vernacular words of one or more modern languages are intermixed with genuine Latin words, and with hybrid formed by adding Latin terminations to other roots. MACAROON Mac`a*roon", n. [F. macaron, It. maccherone. See Macaroni.] 1. A small cake, composed chiefly of the white of eggs, almonds, and sugar. 2. A finical fellow, or macaroni. [Obs.] MACARTNEY Ma*cart"ney, n. [From Lord Macartney.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fire-backed pheasant. See Fireback. MACASSAR OIL Ma*cas`sar oil". Defn: A kind of oil formerly used in dressing the hair; -- so called because originally obtained from Macassar, a district of the Island of Celebes. Also, an imitation of the same, of perfumed castor oil and olive oil. MACAUCO Ma*cau"co, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small lemurs, as Lemur murinus, which resembles a rat in size. MACAVAHU Ma`ca*va"hu, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small Brazilian monkey (Callithrix torquatus), -- called also collared teetee. MACAW Ma*caw", n. [From the native name in the Antilles.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any parrot of the genus Sittace, or Macrocercus. About eighteen species are known, all of them American. They are large and have a very long tail, a strong hooked bill, and a naked space around the eyes. The voice is harsh, and the colors are brilliant and strongly contrasted. Macaw bush (Bot.), a West Indian name for a prickly kind of nightshade (Solanum mammosum). --Macaw palm, Macaw tree (Bot.), a tropical American palm (Acrocomia fusiformis and other species) having a prickly stem and pinnately divided leaves. Its nut yields a yellow butter, with the perfume of violets, which is used in making violet soap. Called also grugru palm. MACCABEAN Mac`ca*be"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Judas Maccabeus or to the Maccabees; as, the Maccabean princes; Maccabean times. MACCABEES Mac"ca*bees, n. pl. 1. The name given in later times to the Asmonæans, a family of Jewish patriots, who headed a religious revolt in the reign of Antiochus IV., 168-161 B. C., which led to a period of freedom for Israel. Schaff-Herzog. 2. The name of two ancient historical books, which give accounts of Jewish affairs in or about the time of the Maccabean princes, and which are received as canonical books in the Roman Catholic Church, but are included in the Apocrypha by Protestants. Also applied to three books, two of which are found in some MSS. of the Septuagint. MACCABOY; MACCOBOY Mac"ca*boy, Mac"co*boy, n. Etym: [From a district in the Island of Martinique where it is made: cf. F. macouba.] Defn: A kind of snuff. MACCO Mac"co, n. Defn: A gambling game in vogue in the eighteenth century. Thackeray. MACE Mace, n. Etym: [Jav. & Malay. mas, fr. Skr. masha a bean.] Defn: A money of account in China equal to one tenth of a tael; also, a weight of 57.98 grains. S. W. Williams. MACE Mace, n. Etym: [F. macis, L. macis, macir, Gr. makaranda the nectar or honey of a flower, a fragrant mango.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of spice; the aril which partly covers nutmegs. See Nutmeg. Note: Red mace is the aril of Myristica tingens, and white mace that of M. Otoba, -- East Indian trees of the same genus with the nutmeg tree. MACE Mace, n. Etym: [OF. mace, F. masse, from (assumed) L. matea, of which the dim. mateola a kind of mallet or beetle, is found.] 1. A heavy staff or club of metal; a spiked club; -- used as weapon in war before the general use of firearms, especially in the Middle Ages, for breaking metal armor. Chaucer. Death with his mace petrific . . . smote. Milton. 2. Hence: A staff borne by, or carried before, a magistrate as an ensign of his authority. "Swayed the royal mace." Wordsworth. 3. An officer who carries a mace as an emblem of authority. Macaulay. 4. A knobbed mallet used by curriers in dressing leather to make it supple. 5. (Billiards) Defn: A rod for playing billiards, having one end suited to resting on the table and pushed with one hand. Mace bearer, an officer who carries a mace before person in authority. MACEDOINE Ma`cé`doine", n. [F., apparently the same word as Macédoine Macedonia.] Defn: A kind of mixed dish, as of cooked vegetables with white sauce, sweet jelly with whole fruit, etc. Also, fig., a medley. MACEDONIAN Mac`e*do"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Macedonius, Gr. (Geog.) Defn: Belonging, or relating, to Macedonia. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Macedonia. MACEDONIAN Mac`e*do"ni*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a certain religious sect, followers of Macedonius, Bishop of Constantinople, in the fourth century, who held that the Holy Ghost was a creature, like the angels, and a servant of the Father and the Son. MACEDONIANISM Mac`e*do"ni*an*ism, n. Defn: The doctrines of Macedonius. MACER Ma"cer, n. Etym: [F. massier. See Mace staff.] Defn: A mace bearer; an officer of a court. P. Plowman. MACERATE Mac"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Macerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Macerating.] Etym: [L. maceratus, p. p. of macerare to make soft, weaken, enervate; cf. Gr. 1. To make lean; to cause to waste away. [Obs. or R.] Harvey. 2. To subdue the appetites of by poor and scanty diet; to mortify. Baker. 3. To soften by steeping in a liquid, with or without heat; to wear away or separate the parts of by steeping; as, to macerate animal or vegetable fiber. MACERATER Mac"er*a`ter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, macerates; an apparatus for converting paper or fibrous matter into pulp. MACERATION Mac`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. maceratio: cf. F. macération.] Defn: The act or process of macerating. MACHAERODUS; MACHAIRODUS Ma*chæ"ro*dus, Ma*chai"ro*dus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of extinct mammals allied to the cats, and having in the upper jaw canine teeth of remarkable size and strength; -- hence called saber-toothed tigers. MACHETE Ma*che"te, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A large heavy knife resembling a broadsword, often two or three feet in length, -- used by the inhabitants of Spanish America as a hatchet to cut their way through thickets, and for various other purposes. J. Stevens. MACHIAVELIAN Mach`i*a*vel"ian, a. Etym: [From Machiavel, an Italian writer, secretary and historiographer to the republic of Florence.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Machiavel, or to his supposed principles; politically cunning; characterized by duplicity or bad faith; crafty. MACHIAVELIAN Mach`i*a*vel"ian, n. Defn: One who adopts the principles of Machiavel; a cunning and unprincipled politician. MACHIAVELISM; MACHIAVELIANISM Mach"i*a*vel*ism, Mach`i*a*vel"ian*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. machiavélisme; It. machiavellismo.] Defn: The supposed principles of Machiavel, or practice in conformity to them; political artifice, intended to favor arbitrary power. MACHICOLATED Ma*chic"o*la`ted, a. Etym: [LL. machicolatus, p. p. of machicolare, machicollare. See Machicolation.] Defn: Having machicolations. "Machicolated turrets." C. Kingsley. MACHICOLATION Mach`i*co*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. machicolamentum, machacolladura, F. mâchicolis, mâchecoulis; perh. fr. F. mèche match, combustible matter + OF. coulis, couleis, flowing, fr. OF. & F. couler to flow. Cf. Match for making fire, and Cullis.] 1. (Mil. Arh.) Defn: An opening between the corbels which support a projecting parapet, or in the floor of a gallery or the roof of a portal, shooting or dropping missiles upen assailants attacking the base of the walls. Also, the construction of such defenses, in general, when of this character. See Illusts. of Battlement and Castle. 2. The act of discharging missiles or pouring burning or melted substances upon assailants through such apertures. MACHICOULIS Ma`chi`cou`lis", n. Etym: [F. mâchicoulis.] (Mil. Arch.) Defn: Same as Machicolation. MACHINAL Ma*chin"al, a. Etym: [L. machinalis: cf. F. machinal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to machines. MACHINATE Mach"i*nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Machinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Machinating.] Etym: [L. machinatus, p. p. of machinari to devise, plot. See Machine.] Defn: To plan; to contrive; esp., to form a scheme with the purpose of doing harm; to contrive artfully; to plot. "How long will you machinate!" Sandys. MACHINATE Mach"i*nate, v. t. Defn: To contrive, as a plot; to plot; as, to machinate evil. MACHINATION Mach`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. machinatio: cf. F. machination.] 1. The act of machinating. Shak. 2. That which is devised; a device; a hostile or treacherous scheme; an artful design or plot. Devilish machinations come to naught. Milton. His ingenious machinations had failed. Macaulay. MACHINATOR Mach"i*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who machinates, or forms a scheme with evil designs; a plotter or artful schemer. Glanvill. Sir W. Scott. MACHINE Ma*chine", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. machina machine, engine, device, trick, Gr. Mechanic.] 1. In general, any combination of bodies so connected that their relative motions are constrained, and by means of which force and motion may be transmitted and modified, as a screw and its nut, or a lever arranged to turn about a fulcrum or a pulley about its pivot, etc.; especially, a construction, more or less complex, consisting of a combination of moving parts, or simple mechanical elements, as wheels, levers, cams, etc., with their supports and connecting framework, calculated to constitute a prime mover, or to receive force and motion from a prime mover or from another machine, and transmit, modify, and apply them to the production of some desired mechanical effect or work, as weaving by a loom, or the excitation of electricity by an electrical machine. Note: The term machine is most commonly applied to such pieces of mechanism as are used in the industrial arts, for mechanically shaping, dressing, and combining materials for various purposes, as in the manufacture of cloth, etc. Where the effect is chemical, or other than mechanical, the contrivance is usually denominated an apparatus, not a machine; as, a bleaching apparatus. Many large, powerful, or specially important pieces of mechanism are called engines; as, a steam engine, fire engine, graduating engine, etc. Although there is no well-settled distinction between the terms engine and machine among practical men, there is a tendency to restrict the application of the former to contrivances in which the operating part is not distinct from the motor. 2. Any mechanical contrivance, as the wooden horse with which the Greeks entered Troy; a coach; a bicycle. Dryden. Southey. Thackeray. 3. A person who acts mechanically or at will of another. 4. A combination of persons acting together for a common purpose, with the agencies which they use; as, the social machine. The whole machine of government ought not to bear upon the people with a weight so heavy and oppressive. Landor. 5. A political organization arranged and controlled by one or more leaders for selfish, private or partisan ends. [Political Cant] 6. Supernatural agency in a poem, or a superhuman being introduced to perform some exploit. Addison. Elementary machine, a name sometimes given to one of the simple mechanical powers. See under Mechanical. -- Infernal machine. See under Infernal. -- Machine gun.See under Gun. -- Machine screw, a screw or bolt adapted for screwing into metal, in distinction from one which is designed especially to be screwed into wood. -- Machine shop, a workshop where machines are made, or where metal is shaped by cutting, filing, turning, etc. -- Machine tool, a machine for cutting or shaping wood, metal, etc., by means of a tool; especially, a machine, as a lathe, planer, drilling machine, etc., designed for a more or less general use in a machine shop, in distinction from a machine for producing a special article as in manufacturing. -- Machine twist, silken thread especially adapted for use in a sewing machine. -- Machine work, work done by a machine, in contradistinction to that done by hand labor. MACHINE Ma*chine", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Machined; p. pr. & vb. n. Machining.] Defn: To subject to the action of machinery; to effect by aid of machinery; to print with a printing machine. MACHINER Ma*chin"er, n. Defn: One who or operates a machine; a machinist. [R.] MACHINERY Ma*chin"er*y, n. Etym: [From Machine: cf. F. machinerie.] 1. Machines, in general, or collectively. 2. The working parts of a machine, engine, or instrument; as, the machinery of a watch. 3. The supernatural means by which the action of a poetic or fictitious work is carried on and brought to a catastrophe; in an extended sense, the contrivances by which the crises and conclusion of a fictitious narrative, in prose or verse, are effected. The machinery, madam, is a term invented by the critics, to signify that part which the deities, angels, or demons, are made to act in a poem. Pope. 4. The means and appliances by which anything is kept in action or a desired result is obtained; a complex system of parts adapted to a purpose. An indispensable part of the machinery of state. Macaulay. The delicate inflexional machinery of the Aryan languages. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). MACHINING Ma*chin"ing, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the machinery of a poem; acting or used as a machine.[Obs.] Dryden. MACHINIST Ma*chin"ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. machiniste.] 1. A constrictor of machines and engines; one versed in the principles of machines. 2. One skilled in the use of machine tools. 3. A person employed to shift scenery in a theater. MACHO Ma"cho, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The striped mullet of California (Mugil cephalus, or Mexicanus). MACILENCY Mac"i*len*cy, n. Etym: [See Macilent.] Defn: Leanness.[Obs.] Sandys. MACILENT Mac"i*lent, a. Etym: [L. macilentus, fr. macies leanness, macere to be lean.] Defn: Lean; thin. [Obs.] Bailey. MACINTOSH Mac"in*tosh, n. Defn: Same as Mackintosh. MACKEREL Mack"er*el, n. Etym: [OF. maquerel, F. maquereau, fr. D. makelaar mediator, agent, fr. makelen to act as agent.] Defn: A pimp; also, a bawd. [Obs.] Halliwell. MACKEREL Mack`er*el, n. Etym: [OF. maquerel, F. maquereau (LL. macarellus), prob. for maclereau, fr. L. macula a spot, in allusion to the markings on the fish. See Mail armor.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of the genus Scomber, and of several related genera. They are finely formed and very active oceanic fishes. Most of them are highly prized for food. Note: The common mackerel (Scomber scombrus), which inhabits both sides of the North Atlantic, is one of the most important food fishes. It is mottled with green and blue. The Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus), of the American coast, is covered with bright yellow circular spots. Bull mackerel, Chub mackerel. (Zoöl.) See under Chub. -- Frigate mackerel. See under Frigate. -- Horse mackerel . See under Horse. -- Mackerel bird (Zoöl.), the wryneck; -- so called because it arrives in England at the time when mackerel are in season. -- Mackerel cock (Zoöl.), the Manx shearwater; -- so called because it precedes the appearance of the mackerel on the east coast of Ireland. -- Mackerel guide. (Zoöl.) See Garfish (a). -- Mackerel gull (Zoöl.) any one of several species of gull which feed upon or follow mackerel, as the kittiwake. -- Mackerel midge (Zoöl.), a very small oceanic gadoid fish of the North Atlantic. It is about an inch and a half long and has four barbels on the upper jaw. It is now considered the young of the genus Onos, or Motella. -- Mackerel plow, an instrument for creasing the sides of lean mackerel to improve their appearance. Knight. -- Mackerel shark (Zoöl.), the porbeagle. -- Mackerel sky, or Mackerel-back sky, a sky flecked with small white clouds; a cirro-cumulus. See Cloud. Mackerel sky and mare's-tails Make tall ships carry low sails. Old Rhyme. MACKINAW BLANKET; MACKINAW Mack"i*naw blan"ket, Mack"i*naw.Etym: [From Mackinac,the State of Michigan, where blankets and other stores were distributed to the Indians.] Defn: A thick blanket formerly in common use in the western part of the United States. MACKINAW BOAT Mack"i*naw boat. Defn: A flat-bottomed boat with a pointed prow and square stern, using oars or sails or both, used esp. on the upper Great Lakes and their tributaries. MACKINAW COAT Mackinaw coat. Defn: A short, heavy, double-breasted plaid coat, the design of which is large and striking. [Local, U. S.] MACKINAW TROUT Mackinaw trout. Defn: The namaycush. MACKINTOSH Mack"in*tosh, n. Defn: A waterproof outer garment; -- so called from the name of the inventor. MACKLE Mac`kle, n. Etym: [See Macle.] Defn: Same Macule. MACKLE Mac"kle, v. t. & i. Defn: To blur, or be blurred, in printing, as if there were a double impression. MACLE Ma"cle, n. Etym: [L. macula a spot: cf. F. macle. Cf. Mackle, Mascle.] (Min.) (a) Chiastolite; -- so called from the tessellated appearance of a cross section. See Chiastolite. (b) A crystal having a similar tessellated appearance. (c) A twin crystal. MACLED Ma"cled, a. 1. (Min.) (a) Marked like macle (chiastolite). (b) Having a twin structure. See Twin, a. 2. See Mascled. MACLUREA Ma*clu"re*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named from William Maclure, the geologist.] (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of spiral gastropod shells, often of large size, characteristic of the lower Silurian rocks. MACLURIN Ma*clu"rin, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Morintannic. MACRAME LACE Mac"ra*me lace". Defn: A coarse lace made of twine, used especially in decorating furniture. MACRENCEPHALIC; MACRENCEPHALOUS Mac`ren*ce*phal"ic, Mac`ren*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Macro + encephalic, encephalous.] Defn: Having a large brain. MACRO- Mac"ro-. Etym: [Gr. makro`s, adj.] Defn: A combining form signifying long, large, great; as macrodiagonal, macrospore. MACROBIOTIC Mac`ro*bi*ot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. macrobiotique.] Defn: Long-lived. Dunglison. MACROBIOTICS Mac`ro*bi*ot"ics, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The art of prolonging life. MACROCEPHALOUS Mac`ro*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Macro + Gr. kefalh` the head.] 1. Having a large head. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having the cotyledons of a dicotyledonous embryo confluent, and forming a large mass compared with the rest of the body. Henslow. MACRO-CHEMISTRY Mac`ro-chem"is*try, n. Etym: [Macro- + chemistry.] (Chem.) Defn: The science which treats of the chemical properties, actions or relations of substances in quantity; -- distinguished from micro- chemistry. MACROCHIRES Mac`ro*chi"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of birds including the swifts and humming birds. So called from the length of the distal part of the wing. MACROCOSM Mac"ro*cosm, n. Etym: [Macro- + Gr. macrocosme.] Defn: The great world; that part of the universe which is exterior to man; -- contrasted with microcosm, or man. See Microcosm. MACROCOSMIC Mac`ro*cos"mic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the macrocosm. Tylor. MACROCYSTIS Mac`ro*cys"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Macro-, and Cyst.] (Bot.) Defn: An immensely long blackish seaweed of the Pacific (Macrocystis pyrifera), having numerous almond-shaped air vessels. MACRODACTYL Mac`ro*dac"tyl, n. Etym: [Gr. macrodactyle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group of wading birds (Macrodactyli) having very long toes. [Written also macrodactyle.] MACRODACTYLIC; MACRODACTYLOUS Mac`ro*dac*tyl"ic, Mac`ro*dac"tyl*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having long toes. MACRODIAGONAL Mac`ro*di*ag"o*nal, n. Etym: [Macro- + diagonal.] (Crystallog.) Defn: The longer of two diagonals, as of a rhombic prism. See Crystallization. MACRODOME Mac"ro*dome, n. Etym: [Macro- + dome.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A dome parallel to the longer lateral axis of an orthorhombic crystal. See Dome, n., 4. MACRODONT Mac"ro*dont, a. Etym: [Macro- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having large teeth. -- n. Defn: A macrodont animal. MACROFARAD Mac"ro*far`ad, n. Etym: [Macro- + farad.] (Elec.) Defn: See Megafarad. [R.] MACROGLOSSIA Mac`ro*glos"si*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Macro-, and Glossa.] (Med.) Defn: Enlargement or hypertrophy of the tongue. MACROGNATHIC Mac`rog*nath"ic, a. Etym: [Macro- + gnathic.] (Anthropol.) Defn: Long-jawed. Huxley. MACROGRAPH Mac"ro*graph, n. [Macro- + -graph.] Defn: A picture of an object as seen by the naked eye (that is, unmagnified); as, a macrograph of a metallic fracture. MACROGRAPHY Ma*crog"ra*phy, n. Defn: Examination or study with the naked eye, as distinguished from micrography. MACROLOGY Ma*crol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. macrologia, Gr. macrologie.] Defn: Long and tedious talk without much substance; superfluity of words. MACROMETER Ma*crom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Macro- + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for determining the size or distance of inaccessible objects by means of two reflectors on a common sextant. MACRON Ma"cron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Pron.) Defn: A short, straight, horizontal mark [-], placed over vowels to denote that they are to be pronounced with a long sound; as, a, in dame; e, in seam, etc. MACROPETALOUS Mac`ro*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Macro- + petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having long or large petals. MACROPHYLLOUS Ma*croph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Macro- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having long or large leaves. MACROPINACOID Mac`ro*pin"a*coid, n. Etym: [Macro- + pinacoid.] (Crystallog.) Defn: One of the two planes of an orthorhombic crystal which are parallel to the vertical and longer lateral (macrodiagonal) axes. MACROPOD Mac"ro*pod, n. Etym: [Macro- + -pod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of a group of maioid crabs remarkable for the length of their legs; -- called also spider crab. MACROPODAL Ma*crop"o*dal, a. Defn: Having long or large feet, or a long stem. MACROPODIAN Mac`ro*po"di*an, n. Defn: A macropod. MACROPODOUS Ma*crop"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having long legs or feet. MACROPRISM Mac"ro*prism, n. Etym: [Macro- + prism.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A prism of an orthorhombic crystal between the macropinacoid and the unit prism; the corresponding pyramids are called macropyramids. MACROPTERES Ma*crop"te*res, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of birds; the Longipennes. MACROPTEROUS Ma*crop"ter*ous, a. Etym: [See Macropteres.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having long wings. MACROPUS Mac"ro*pus, n. Etym: [NL. See Macropod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: genus of marsupials including the common kangaroo. MACROPYRAMID Mac`ro*pyr"a*mid, n. Etym: [Macro- + pyramid.] (Crystallog.) Defn: See Macroprism. MACROSCOPIC; MACROSCOPICAL Mac`ro*scop"ic, Mac`ro*scop"ic*al, a. Etym: [Macro- + Gr. Defn: Visible to the unassisted eye; -- as opposed to microscopic. -- Mac`ro*scop"ic*al*ly, adv. MACROSPORANGIUM Mac`ro*spo*ran"gi*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Macro-, and Sporangium.] (Bot.) Defn: A sporangium or conceptacle containing only large spores; -- opposed to microsporangium. Both are found in the genera Selaginella, Isoctes, and Marsilia, plants remotely allied to ferns. MACROSPORE Mac"ro*spore, n. Etym: [Macro- + spore.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the specially large spores of certain flowerless plants, as Selaginella, etc. MACROSPORIC Mac`ro*spor"ic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to macrospores. MACROTONE Mac"ro*tone, n. Etym: [Gr. Macro-, and Tone.] (Pron.) Defn: Same as Macron. MACROTOUS Ma*cro"tous, a. Etym: [Macro- + Gr. o"y^s, gen. 'wto`s, the ear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Large-eared. MACROURA; MACROURAL Ma*crou"ra, n. pl., Ma*crou"ral (, a., etc. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Macrura, Macrural, etc. MACROZOOSPORE; MACROZOOESPORE Mac`ro*zo"ö*spore, n. Etym: [Macro- + zoöspore.] (Bot.) Defn: A large motile spore having four vibratile cilia; -- found in certain green algæ. MACRURA Ma*cru"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A subdivision of decapod Crustacea, having the abdomen largely developed. It includes the lobster, prawn, shrimp, and many similar forms. Cf. Decapoda. MACRURAL Ma*cru"ral, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Macrurous. MACRURAN Ma*cru"ran, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Macrura. MACRUROID Ma*cru"roid, a. Etym: [Macrura + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the Macrura. MACRUROUS Ma*cru"rous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Macrura; having a long tail. MACTATION Mac*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. mactatio, fr. macture to slay, sacrifice.] Defn: The act of killing a victim for sacrifice. [Obs.] MACTRA Mac"tra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any marine bivalve shell of the genus Mactra, and allied genera. Many species are known. Some of them are used as food, as Mactra stultorum, of Europe. See Surf clam, under Surf. MACULA Mac"u*la, n.; pl. Maculæ. Etym: [L., spot, stain, blot. See Mail armor, and cf. Mackle, Macule.] 1. A spot, as on the skin, or on the surface of the sun or of some other luminous orb. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A rather large spot or blotch of color. MACULATE Mac"u*late, v. t. Etym: [L. maculatus, p. p. of maculare to spot. See Macula, and cf. Macule, v.] Defn: To spot; to stain; to blur. Maculate the honor of their people. Sir T. Elyot. MACULATE Mac"u*late, a. Etym: [L. maculatus, p. p.] Defn: Marked with spots or maculæ; blotched; hence, defiled; impure; as, most maculate thoughts. Shak. MACULATED Mac"u*la`ted, a. Defn: Having spots or blotches; maculate. MACULATION Mac"u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. maculatio.] Defn: The act of spotting; a spot; a blemish. Shak. MACULATORY Mac"u*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Causing a spot or stain. T. Adams. MACULATURE Mac"u*la*ture, n Defn: , Blotting paper. [Obs.] MACULE Mac"ule, n. Etym: [F. macule. See Macula.] 1. A spot. [Obs.] 2. (Print.) Defn: A blur, or an appearance of a double impression, as when the paper slips a little; a mackle. MACULE Mac"ule, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. maculer. See Maculate,v.] Defn: To blur; especially (Print.), to blur or double an impression from type. See Mackle. MACULOSE Mac"u*lose`, a. Etym: [L. maculosus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to spots upon a surface; spotted; maculate. MAD Mad, obs. p. p. Defn: of Made. Chaucer. MAD Mad, a. [Compar. Madder; superl. Maddest.] Etym: [AS. gem, gemad, mad; akin to OS. gem foolish, OHG. gameit, Icel. mei to hurt, Goth. gamáids weak, broken. 1. Disordered in intellect; crazy; insane. I have heard my grandsire say full oft, Extremity of griefs would make men mad. Shak. 2. Excited beyond self-control or the restraint of reason; inflamed by violent or uncontrollable desire, passion, or appetite; as, to be mad with terror, lust, or hatred; mad against political reform. It is the land of graven images, and they are mad upon their idols. Jer. 1. 88. And being exceedingly mad against them, I persecuted them even unto strange cities. Acts xxvi. 11. 3. Proceeding from, or indicating, madness; expressing distraction; prompted by infatuation, fury, or extreme rashness. "Mad demeanor." Milton. Mad wars destroy in one year the works of many years of peace. Franklin. The mad promise of Cleon was fulfilled. Jowett (Thucyd.). 4. Extravagant; immoderate. "Be mad and merry." Shak. "Fetching mad bounds." Shak. 5. Furious with rage, terror, or disease; -- said of the lower animals; as, a mad bull; esp., having hydrophobia; rabid; as, a mad dog. 6. Angry; out of patience; vexed; as, to get mad at a person. [Colloq.] 7. Having impaired polarity; -- applied to a compass needle. [Colloq.] Like mad, like a mad person; in a furious manner; as, to run like mad. L'Estrange. -- To run mad. (a) To become wild with excitement. (b) To run wildly about under the influence of hydrophobia; to become affected with hydrophobia. -- To run mad after, to pursue under the influence of infatuation or immoderate desire. "The world is running mad after farce." Dryden. MAD Mad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Madded; p. pr. & vb. n. Madding.] Defn: To make mad or furious; to madden. Had I but seen thy picture in this plight, It would have madded me. Shak. MAD Mad, v. i. Defn: To be mad; to go mad; to rave. See Madding. [Archaic] Chaucer. Festus said with great voice, Paul thou maddest. Wyclif (Acts). MAD Mad, n. Etym: [AS. ma; akin to D. & G. made, Goth. mapa, and prob. to E. moth.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An earthworm. [Written also made.] MADAM Mad"am, n.; pl. Madams, or Mesdames. Etym: [See Madame.] Defn: A gentlewoman; -- an appellation or courteous form of address given to a lady, especially an elderly or a married lady; -- much used in the address, at the beginning of a letter, to a woman. The corresponding word in addressing a man is Sir. MADAME Ma`dame", n.; pl. Mesdames. Etym: [F., fr. ma my (L. mea) + dame dame. See Dame, and cf. Madonna.] Defn: My lady; -- a French title formerly given to ladies of quality; now, in France, given to all married women. Chaucer. MAD-APPLE Mad"-ap`ple, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Eggplant. MADBRAIN Mad"brain`, a. Defn: Hot-headed; rash. Shak. -- n. Defn: A rash or hot-headed person. MADBRAINED Mad"brained`, a. Defn: Disordered in mind; hot-headed. Shak. MADCAP Mad"cap`, a. 1. Inclined to wild sports; delighting in rash, absurd, or dangerous amusements. "The merry madcap Defn: lord." Shak. 2. Wild; reckless. "Madcap follies" Beau. & Fl. MADCAP Mad"cap`, n. Defn: A person of wild behavior; an excitable, rash, violent person. Shak. MADDEN Mad"den, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maddened; p. pr. & vb. n. Maddening.] Defn: To make mad; to drive to madness; to craze; to excite violently with passion; to make very angry; to enrage. MADDEN Mad"den, v. i. Defn: To become mad; to act as if mad. They rave, recite, and madden round the land. Pope. MADDER Mad"der, n. Etym: [OE. mader, AS. mædere; akin to Icel. ma.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the Rubia (R. tinctorum). The root is much used in dyeing red, and formerly was used in medicine. It is cultivated in France and Holland. See Rubiaceous. Note: Madder is sometimes used in forming pigments, as lakes, etc., which receive their names from their colors; as. madder yellow. Field madder, an annual European weed (Sherardia arvensis) resembling madder. -- Indian madder , the East Indian Rubia cordifolia, used in the East for dyeing; -- called also munjeet. -- Wild madder, Rubia peregrina of Europe; also the Galium Mollugo, a kind of bedstraw. MADDERWORT Mad"der*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name proposed for any plant of the same natural order (Rubiaceæ) as the madder. MADDING Mad"ding, a. Defn: Affected with madness; raging; furious. -- Mad"ding*ly, adv. [Archaic] Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife. Gray. The madding wheels Of brazen chariots raged. Milton. MADDISH Mad"dish, a. Defn: Somewhat mad. Beau. & Fl. MADE Made, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Mad, n. MADE Made, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Make. MADE Made, a. Defn: Artificially produced; pieced together; formed by filling in; as, made ground; a made mast, in distinction from one consisting of a single spar. Made up. (a) Complete; perfect. "A made up villain." Shak. (b) Falsely devised; fabricated; as, a made up story. (c) Artificial; as, a made up figure or complexion. MADECASS; MADECASSEE Mad"e*cass, Mad`e*cas"see, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Madagascar, or Madecassee; the language of the natives of Madagascar. See Malagasy. MADECASSEE Mad`e*cas"see, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Madagascar or its inhabitants. MADEFACTION; MADEFICATION Mad`e*fac"tion, Mad`e*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. madefacere to make wet; madere to be wet + facere to make: cf. F. madéfaction.] Defn: The act of madefying, or making wet; the state of that which is made wet. [R.] Bacon. MADEFY Mad"e*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Madefied; p. pr. & vb. n. Madefying.] Etym: [Cf. F. madéfier, L. madefacere. See Madefaction.] Defn: To make wet or moist. [R.] MADEGASSY Mad`e*gas"sy, n. & a. Defn: See Madecassee. MADEIRA Ma*dei"ra, n. Etym: [Pg., the Island Madeira, properly, wood, fr. L. materia stuff, wood. The island was so called because well wooded. See Matter.] Defn: A rich wine made on the Island of Madeira. A cup of Madeira, and a cold capon's leg. Shak. Madeira nut (Bot.), the European walnut; the nut of the Juglans regia. MADEIRA VINE Ma*dei"ra vine. (Bot.) Defn: A herbaceous climbing vine (Boussingaultia baselloides) very popular in cultivation, having shining entire leaves and racemes of small fragrant white flowers. MADEIRA WOOD Madeira wood. (Bot.) (a) The mahogany tree (Swietenia Mahogoni). (b) A West Indian leguminous tree (Lysiloma Latisiliqua) the wood of which is used for boat trimming. MADEMOISELLE Ma`de*moi`selle", n.; pl. Mesdemoiselles. Etym: [F., fr. ma my, f. of mon + demoiselle young lady. See Damsel.] 1. A French title of courtesy given to a girl or an unmarried lady, equivalent to the English Miss. Goldsmith. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine food fish (Sciæna chrysura), of the Southern United States; -- called also yellowtail, and silver perch. MADGE Madge, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. & Prov. F. machette.] (Zoöl.) (a) The barn owl. (b) The magpie. MAD-HEADED Mad"-head`ed, a. Defn: Wild; crack-brained. MADHOUSE Mad"house`, n. Defn: A house where insane persons are confined; an insane asylum; a bedlam. MADIA Ma"di*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Sp. madi, fr. Chilian madi, the native name.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of composite plants, of which one species (Madia sativa) is cultivated for the oil yielded from its seeds by pressure. This oil is sometimes used instead of olive oil for the table. MADID Mad"id, a. Etym: [L. madidus, fr. madere to be wet.] Defn: Wet; moist; as, a madid eye. [R.] Beaconsfield. MADISTERIUM Mad`is*te"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument to extract hairs. MADJOUN Mad"joun, n. Etym: [Hind., fr. Ar. ma'j.] Defn: An intoxicating confection from the hemp plant; -- used by the Turks and Hindoos. [Written also majoun.] MADLY Mad"ly, adv. Etym: [From Mad, a.] Defn: In a mad manner; without reason or understanding; wildly. MADMAN Mad"man, n.; pl. Madmen (. Defn: A man who is mad; lunatic; a crazy person. When a man mistakes his thoughts for person and things, he is mad. A madman is properly so defined. Coleridge. MADNEP Mad"nep, n. (Bot.) Defn: The masterwort (Peucedanum Ostruthium). MADNESS Mad"ness, n. Etym: [From Mad, a.] 1. The condition of being mad; insanity; lunacy. 2. Frenzy; ungovernable rage; extreme folly. Syn. -- Insanity; distraction; derangement; craziness; lunacy; mania; frenzy; franticness; rage; aberration; alienation; monomania. See Insanity. MADONNA Ma*don"na, n. Etym: [It. madonna my lady. See Dame, Donna, and cf. Madame, Monkey.] 1. My lady; -- a term of address in Italian formerly used as the equivalent of Madame, but for which Signora is now substituted. Sometimes introduced into English. Shak. 2. [pl. Madonnas (naz).] Defn: A picture of the Virgin Mary (usually with the babe). The Italian painters are noted for drawing the Madonnas by their own wives or mistresses. Rymer. MADOQUA Ma"do*qua, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small Abyssinian antelope (Neotragus Saltiana), about the size of a hare. MADRAGUE Ma`drague", n. Etym: [R.] Defn: A large fish pound used for the capture of the tunny in the Mediterranean; also applied to the seines used for the same purpose. MADRAS Ma*dras", n. [So named after Madras, a city and presidency of India.] Defn: A large silk-and-cotton kerchief, usually of bright colors, such as those often used by negroes for turbans. A black woman in blue cotton gown, red-and-yellow madras turban . . . crouched against the wall. G. W. Cable. MADREPERL Ma"dre*perl, n. Etym: [It. madreperla.] Defn: Mother-of-pearl. MADREPORA Mad`re*po"ra, n. Etym: [NL. See Madre.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of reef corals abundant in tropical seas. It includes than one hundred and fifty species, most of which are elegantly branched. -- Mad`re*po"ral, a. MADREPORARIA Mad`re*po*ra"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Madrepore.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of Anthozoa, including most of the species that produce stony corals. See Illust. of Anthozoa. -- Mad`re*po*ra"ri*an, a. & n. MADREPORE Mad"re*pore, n. Etym: [F. madrepore, perh. fr. madré spotted, fr. OF. madre, mazre, a kind of knotty wood with brown spots, fr. OHG. masar a knot, grain, or vein in wood, a speck, G. maser + pore (see Pore); or perh. F. madrépore is rather from It. madrepora, and this perh. fr. It. madre mother (see Mother) + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any coral of the genus Madrepora; formerly, often applied to any stony coral. MADREPORIAN; MADREPORIC Mad`re*po"ri*an, Mad`re*po"ric, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling, or pertaining to, the genus Madrepora. Madreporic plate (Zoöl.), a perforated plate in echinoderms, through which water is admitted to the ambulacral tubes; -- called also madreporic tubercule. MADREPORIFORM Mad`re*po"ri*form, a. Etym: [Madrepore + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling a madreporian coral in form or structure. MADREPORITE Mad"re*po*rite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. madréporite] 1. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil coral. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The madreporic plate of echinoderms. MADRIER Ma*drier", n. Etym: [F., from Sp. madero, or Pg. madeiro, fr. Sp. madera wood for building, timber, Pg. madeira, L. materia stuff, materials, lumber. See Matter.] Defn: A thick plank, used for several mechanical purposes; especially: (a) A plank to receive the mouth of a petard, with which it is applied to anything intended to be broken down. (b) A plank or beam used for supporting the earth in mines or fortifications. MADRIGAL Mad"ri*gal, n. Etym: [It. madrigale, OIt. madriale, mandriale (cf. LL. matriale); of uncertain origin, possibly fr. It mandra flock, L. mandra stall, herd of cattle, Gr. madrigal, originally, a pastoral song.] 1. A little amorous poem, sometimes called a pastoral poem, containing some tender and delicate, though simple, thought. Whose artful strains have oft delayed The huddling brook to hear his madrigal. Milton. 2. (Mus.) Defn: An unaccompanied polyphonic song, in four, five, or more parts, set to secular words, but full of counterpoint and imitation, and adhering to the old church modes. Unlike the freer glee, it is best sung with several voices on a part. See Glee. MADRIGALER Mad"ri*gal*er, n. Defn: A madrigalist. MADRIGALIST Mad"ri*gal*ist, n. Defn: A composer of madrigals. MADRILENIAN Mad`ri*le"ni*an, a. Etym: [Sp. Madrileno.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Madrid in Spain, or to its inhabitants. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Madrid. MADRINA Ma*dri"na, n. Etym: [Sp., prop., a godmother.] Defn: An animal (usually an old mare), wearing a bell and acting as the leader of a troop of pack mules. [S. America] MADRO Ma*dro"ña, n. [Sp. madroño.] (Bot.) Defn: A small evergreen tree or shrub (Arbutus Menziesii), of California, having a smooth bark, thick shining leaves, and edible red berries, which are often called madroña apples. [Written also madroño.] MADRONA; MADRONYA Ma*dro"ña, n. Etym: [Sp. madroño.] (Bot.) Defn: A small evergreen tree or shrub (Arbutus Menziesii), of California, having a smooth bark, thick shining leaves, and edible red berries, which are often called madroña apples. [Written also madroño.] MADWORT Mad"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of cruciferous plants (Alyssum) with white or yellow flowers and rounded pods. A. maritimum is the commonly cultivated sweet alyssum, a fragrant white-flowered annual. MAEGBOTE; MAGBOTE Mæg"bote`, Mag"bote`, n. Etym: [AS. mæg kinsman + bot compensation.] (Anglo-Saxon Law) Defn: Compensation for the injury done by slaying a kinsman. Spelman. MAELSTROM Mael"strom, n. Etym: [Norw., a whirlpool.] 1. A celebrated whirlpool on the coast of Norway. 2. Also Fig. ; as, a maelstrom of vice. MAENAD Mæ"nad, n. Etym: [L. Maenas, -adis, Gr. 1. A Bacchante; a priestess or votary of Bacchus. 2. A frantic or frenzied woman. MAESTOSO Ma`es*to"so, a. & adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Majestic or majestically; -- a direction to perform a passage or piece of music in a dignified manner. MAESTRICHT MONITOR Maes"tricht mon"i*tor. Etym: [So called from Maestricht, a town in Holland.] (Paleon.) Defn: The Mosasaurus Hofmanni. See Mosasaurus. MAESTRO Ma*es"tro, n. Etym: [It., fr. L. magister. See Master.] Defn: A master in any art, especially in music; a composer. MAFFIA; MAFIA Maf"fi*a, Ma"fi*a, n. [It. maffia.] Defn: A secret society which organized in Sicily as a political organization, but is now widespread among Italians, and is used to further or protect private interests, reputedly by illegal methods. MAFFIOSO; MAFIOSO Maf`fi*o"so, Ma`fi*o"so, n.; pl. -si (#). [It. maffioso.] Defn: A member of the maffia. MAFFLE Maf"fle, v. i. Etym: [Akin to OD. maffelen to stammer. Cf. Muffle to mumble.] Defn: To stammer. [Obs.] MAFFLER Maf"fler, n. Defn: A stammerer. [Obs.] MAGAZINE Mag`a*zine", n. Etym: [F. magasin, It. magazzino, or Sp. magacen, almagacen; all fr. Ar. makhzan, almakhzan, a storehouse, granary, or cellar.] 1. A receptacle in which anything is stored, especially military stores, as ammunition, arms, provisions, etc. "Armories and magazines." Milton. 2. The building or room in which the supply of powder is kept in a fortification or a ship. 3. A chamber in a gun for holding a number of cartridges to be fed automatically to the piece. 4. A pamphlet published periodically containing miscellaneous papers or compositions. Magazine dress, clothing made chiefly of woolen, without anything metallic about it, to be worn in a powder magazine. -- Magazine gun, a portable firearm, as a rifle, with a chamber carrying cartridges which are brought automatically into position for firing. -- Magazine stove, a stove having a chamber for holding fuel which is supplied to the fire by some self-feeding process, as in the common base-burner. MAGAZINE Mag`a*zine", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Magazined; p. pr. & vb. n. Magazining.] Defn: To store in, or as in, a magazine; to store up for use. MAGAZINE CAMERA Magazine camera. (Photog.) Defn: A camera in which a number of plates can be exposed without reloading. MAGAZINER Mag`a*zin"er, n. Defn: One who edits or writes for a magazine. [R.] Goldsmith. MAGAZINING Mag`a*zin"ing, n. Defn: The act of editing, or writing for, a magazine. [Colloq.] Byron. MAGAZINIST Mag`a*zin"ist, n. Defn: One who edits or writes for a magazine. [R.] MAGBOTE Mag"bote`, n. Defn: See Mægbote. MAGDALA Mag"da*la, a. Defn: Designating an orange-red dyestuff obtained from naphthylamine, and called magdala red, naphthalene red, etc. MAGDALEN Mag"da*len, n. Etym: [From Mary Magdalene, traditionally reported to have been the repentant sinner forgiven by Christ. See Luke vii. 36.] Defn: A reformed prostitute. MAGDALEON Mag*da"le*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A medicine in the form of a roll, a esp. a roll of plaster. MAGDEBURG Mag"de*burg, n. Defn: A city of Saxony. Magdeburg centuries, Magdeburg hemispheres. See under Century, and Hemisphere. MAGE Mage, n. Etym: [F. mage. See Magi.] Defn: A magician. [Archaic] Spenser. Tennyson. MAGELLANIC Mag`el*lan"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or named from, Magellan, the navigator. Magellenic clouds (Astron.), three conspicuous nebulæ near the south pole, resembling thin white clouds. MAGENTA Ma*gen"ta, n. (Chem.) Defn: An aniline dye obtained as an amorphous substance having a green bronze surface color, which dissolves to a shade of red; also, the color; -- so called from Magenta, in Italy, in allusion to the battle fought there about the time the dye was discovered. Called also fuchsine, roseïne, etc. MAGGED Magged, a. (Naut.) Defn: Worn; fretted; as, a magged brace. Ham. Nav. Encyc. MAGGIORE Mag`gio"re, a. Etym: [It., from L. major, compar. of magnus great. See Major.] (Mus.) Defn: Greater, in respect to scales, intervals, etc., when used in opposition to minor; major. Moore (Encyc. of Music). MAGGOT Mag"got, n. Etym: [W. macai, pl. maceiod, magiod, a worn or grub; cf. magu to bread.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The footless larva of any fly. See Larval. 2. A whim; an odd fancy. Hudibras. Tennyson. MAGGOTINESS Mag"got*i*ness, n. Defn: State of being maggoty. MAGGOTISH Mag"got*ish, a. Defn: Full of whims or fancies; maggoty. MAGGOT-PIE Mag"got-pie`, n. Defn: A magpie. [Obs.] Shak. MAGGOTY Mag"got*y, a. 1. Infested with maggots. 2. Full of whims; capricious. Norris. MAGHET Ma"ghet, n. Etym: [Cf. Fl. maghet maid.] (Bot.) Defn: A name for daisies and camomiles of several kinds. MAGI Ma"gi, n. pl. Etym: [L., pl. of Magus, Gr. Mage, Magic.] Defn: A caste of priests, philosophers, and magicians, among the ancient Persians; hence, any holy men or sages of the East. The inspired Magi from the Orient came. Sandys. MAGIAN Ma"gi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Magi. MAGIAN Ma"gi*an, n. Defn: One of the Magi, or priests of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia; an adherent of the Zoroastrian religion. -- Ma"gi*an*ism, n. MAGIC Mag"ic, n. Etym: [OE. magique, L. magice, Gr. Magic, a., and Magi.] Defn: A comprehensive name for all of the pretended arts which claim to produce effects by the assistance of supernatural beings, or departed spirits, or by a mastery of secret forces in nature attained by a study of occult science, including enchantment, conjuration, witchcraft, sorcery, necromancy, incantation, etc. An appearance made by some magic. Chaucer. Celestial magic, a supposed supernatural power which gave to spirits a kind of dominion over the planets, and to the planets an influence over men. -- Natural magic, the art of employing the powers of nature to produce effects apparently supernatural. -- Superstitious, or Geotic, magic, the invocation of devils or demons, involving the supposition of some tacit or express agreement between them and human beings. Syn. -- Sorcery; witchcraft; necromancy; conjuration; enchantment. MAGIC; MAGICAL Mag"ic, Mag"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. magicus, Gr. magique. See Magi.] 1. Pertaining to the hidden wisdom supposed to be possessed by the Magi; relating to the occult powers of nature, and the producing of effects by their agency. 2. Performed by, or proceeding from, occult and superhuman agencies; done by, or seemingly done by, enchantment or sorcery. Hence: Seemingly requiring more than human power; imposing or startling in performance; producing effects which seem supernatural or very extraordinary; having extraordinary properties; as, a magic lantern; a magic square or circle. The painter's magic skill. Cowper. Note: Although with certain words magic is used more than magical, -- as, magic circle, magic square, magic wand, -- we may in general say magic or magical; as, a magic or magical effect; a magic or magical influence, etc. But when the adjective is predicative, magical, and not magic, is used; as, the effect was magical. Magic circle, a series of concentric circles containing the numbers 12 to 75 in eight radii, and having somewhat similar properties to the magic square. -- Magic humming bird (Zoöl.), a Mexican humming bird (Iache magica) , having white downy thing tufts. -- Magic lantern. See Lantern. -- Magic square, numbers so disposed in parallel and equal rows in the form of a square, that each row, taken vertically, horizontally, or diagonally, shall give the same sum, the same product, or an harmonical series, according as the numbers taken are in arithmetical, geometrical, or harmonical progression. -- Magic wand, a wand used by a magician in performing feats of magic. MAGICALLY Mag"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a magical manner; by magic, or as if by magic. MAGICIAN Ma*gi"cian, n. Etym: [F. magicien. See Magic, n.] Defn: One skilled in magic; one who practices the black art; an enchanter; a necromancer; a sorcerer or sorceress; a conjurer. MAGILP; MAGILPH Ma*gilp", Ma*gilph", n. (Paint.) Defn: See Megilp. MAGISTER Ma*gis"ter, n. Etym: [L. See Master.] Defn: Master; sir; -- a title of the Middle Ages, given to a person in authority, or to one having a license from a university to teach philosophy and the liberal arts. MAGISTERIAL Mag`is*te"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. magisterius magisterial. See Master.] 1. Of or pertaining to a master or magistrate, or one in authority; having the manner of a magister; official; commanding; authoritative. Hence: Overbearing; dictatorial; dogmatic. When magisterial duties from his home Her father called. Glover. We are not magisterial in opinions, nor, dictator-like, obtrude our notions on any man. Sir T. Browne. Pretenses go a great way with men that take fair words and magisterial looks for current payment. L'Estrange. 2. (Alchem. & Old Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, produced by, or of the nature of, magistery. See Magistery, 2. Syn. -- Authoritative; stately; august; pompous; dignified; lofty; commanding; imperious; lordly; proud; haughty; domineering; despotic; dogmatical; arrogant. -- Magisterial, Dogmatical, Arrogant. One who is magisterial assumes the air of a master toward his pupils; one who is dogmatical lays down his positions in a tone of authority or dictation; one who is arrogant in sults others by an undue assumption of superiority. Those who have long been teachers sometimes acquire, unconsciously, a manner which borders too much on the magisterial, and may be unjustly construed as dogmatical, or even arrogant. MAGISTERIALITY Mag`is*te`ri*al"i*ty, n. Defn: Magisterialness; authoritativeness. [R.] Fuller. MAGISTERIALLY Mag`is*te"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a magisterial manner. MAGISTERIALNESS Mag`is*te"ri*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being magisterial. MAGISTERY Mag"is*ter*y, n. Etym: [L. magisterium the office of a chief, president, director, tutor. See Magistrate.] 1. Mastery; powerful medical influence; renowned efficacy; a sovereign remedy. [Obs.] Holland. 2. A magisterial injunction. [R.] Brougham. 3. (Chem.) Defn: A precipitate; a fine substance deposited by precipitation; -- applied in old chemistry to certain white precipitates from metallic solutions; as, magistery of bismuth. Ure. MAGISTRACY Mag"is*tra*cy, n.; pl. Magistracies. Etym: [From Magistrate.] 1. The office or dignity of a magistrate. Blackstone. 2. The collective body of magistrates. MAGISTRAL Mag"is*tral, a. Etym: [L. magistralis: cf. F. magistral. See Magistrate.] 1. Pertaining to a master; magisterial; authoritative; dogmatic. 2. Commanded or prescribed by a magister, esp. by a doctor; hence, effectual; sovereign; as, a magistral sirup. "Some magistral opiate." Bacon. 3. (Pharmacy) Defn: Formulated extemporaneously, or for a special case; -- opposed to officinal, and said of prescriptions and medicines. Dunglison. Magistral line (Fort.), the guiding line, or outline, or outline, by which the form of the work is determined. It is usually the crest line of the parapet in fieldworks, or the top line of the escarp in permanent fortifications. MAGISTRAL Mag"is*tral, n. 1. (Med.) Defn: A sovereign medicine or remedy. [Obs.] Burton. 2. (Fort.) Defn: A magistral line. 3. (Metal.) Defn: Powdered copper pyrites used in the amalgamation of ores of silver, as at the Spanish mines of Mexico and South America. MAGISTRALITY Mag`is*tral"i*ty, n.; pl. -ties (. Defn: Magisterialness; arbitrary dogmatism. Bacon. MAGISTRALLY Mag"is*tral*ly, adv. Defn: In a magistral manner. Abp. Bramhall. MAGISTRATE Mag"is*trate, n. Etym: [L. magistratus, fr. magister master: cf. F. magistrat. See Master.] Defn: A person clothed with power as a public civil officer; a public civil officer invested with the executive government, or some branch of it. "All Christian rulers and magistrates." Book of Com. Prayer. Of magistrates some also are supreme, in whom the sovereign power of the state resides; others are subordinate. Blackstone. MAGISTRATIC; MAGISTRATICAL Mag`is*trat"ic, Mag`is*trat"ic*al, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or proceeding from, a magistrate; having the authority of a magistrate. Jer. Taylor. MAGISTRATURE Mag"is*tra`ture, n. Etym: [Cf. F. magistrature.] Defn: Magistracy. [Obs.] MAGMA Mag"ma, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. Any crude mixture of mineral or organic matters in the state of a thin paste. Ure. 2. (Med.) (a) A thick residuum obtained from certain substances after the fluid parts are expressed from them; the grounds which remain after treating a substance with any menstruum, as water or alcohol. (b) A salve or confection of thick consistency. Dunglison. 3. (Geol.) (a) The molten matter within the earth, the source of the material of lava flows, dikes of eruptive rocks, etc. (b) The glassy base of an eruptive rock. 4. (Chem.) Defn: The amorphous or homogenous matrix or ground mass, as distinguished from well-defined crystals; as, the magma of porphyry. MAGNA CHARTA Mag"na Char"ta. Etym: [L., great charter.] 1. The great Charter, so called, obtained by the English barons from King John, A. D. 1215. This name is also given to the charter granted to the people of England in the ninth year of Henry III., and confirmed by Edward I. 2. Hence, a fundamental constitution which guaranties rights and privileges. MAGNALITY Mag*nal"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. magnalis mighty, fr. magnus great.] Defn: A great act or event; a great attainment. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. MAGNANIMITY Mag`na*nim"i*ty, n. Etym: [F. magnanimité, L. magnanimitas.] Defn: The quality of being magnanimous; greatness of mind; elevation or dignity of soul; that quality or combination of qualities, in character, which enables one to encounter danger and trouble with tranquility and firmness, to disdain injustice, meanness and revenge, and to act and sacrifice for noble objects. MAGNANIMOUS Mag*nan"i*mous, a.Etym: [L. magnanimus; magnus great + animus mind. See Magnate, and Animus.] 1. Great of mind; elevated in soul or in sentiment; raised above what is low, mean, or ungenerous; of lofty and courageous spirit; as, a magnanimous character; a magnanimous conqueror. Be magnanimous in the enterprise. Shak. To give a kingdom hath been thought Greater and nobler done, and to law down Far more magnanimousan to assume. Milton. 2. Dictated by or exhibiting nobleness of soul; honorable; noble; not selfish. Both strived for death; magnanimous debate. Stirling. There is an indissoluble union between a magnanimous policy and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity. Washington. MAGNANIMOUSLY Mag*nan"i*mous*ly, adv. Defn: In a magnanimous manner; with greatness of mind. MAGNASE BLACK Mag"nase black`. (Paint.) Defn: A black pigment which dries rapidly when mixed with oil, and is of intense body. Fairholt. MAGNATE Mag"nate, Etym: [F. magnat, L. (pl.) magnates, magnati, fr. magnus great. See Master.] 1. A person of rank; a noble or grandee; a person of influence or distinction in any sphere. Macaulay. 2. One of the nobility, or certain high officers of state belonging to the noble estate in the national representation of Hungary, and formerly of Poland. MAGNES Mag"nes, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Magnet. [Obs.] Spenser. MAGNESIA Mag*ne"si*a, n. Etym: [L. Magnesia, fem. of Magnesius of the country Magnesia, Gr. Magnet.] (Chem.) Defn: A light earthy white substance, consisting of magnesium oxide, and obtained by heating magnesium hydrate or carbonate, or by burning magnesium. It has a slightly alkaline reaction, and is used in medicine as a mild antacid laxative. See Magnesium. Magnesia alba Etym: [L.] (Med. Chem.), a bulky white amorphous substance, consisting of a hydrous basic carbonate of magnesium, and used as a mild cathartic. MAGNESIAN Mag*ne"sian, a. Defn: Pertaining to, characterized by, or containing, magnesia or magnesium. Magnesian limestone. (Min.) See Dolomite. MAGNESIC Mag*ne"sic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, magnesium; as, magnesic oxide. MAGNESITE Mag"ne*site, n. Etym: [Cf. F. magnésite.] (Min.) Defn: Native magnesium carbonate occurring in white compact or granular masses, and also in rhombohedral crystals. MAGNESIUM Mag*ne"si*um, n. Etym: [NL. & F. See Magnesia.] (Chem.) Defn: A light silver-white metallic element, malleable and ductile, quite permanent in dry air but tarnishing in moist air. It burns, forming (the oxide) magnesia, with the production of a blinding light (the so-called magnesium light) which is used in signaling, in pyrotechny, or in photography where a strong actinic illuminant is required. Its compounds occur abundantly, as in dolomite, talc, meerschaum, etc. Symbol Mg. Atomic weight, 24.4. Specific gravity, 1.75. Magnesium sulphate. (Chem.) Same as Epsom salts. MAGNET Mag"net, n. Etym: [OE. magnete, OF. magnete, L. magnes, -etis, Gr. Magnesia, Manganese.] 1. The loadstone; a species of iron ore (the ferrosoferric or magnetic ore, Fe3O4) which has the property of attracting iron and some of its ores, and, when freely suspended, of pointing to the poles; -- called also natural magnet. Dinocrates began to make the arched roof of the temple of Arsinoë all of magnet, or this loadstone. Holland. Two magnets, heaven and earth, allure to bliss, The larger loadstone that, the nearer this. Dryden. 2. (Physics) Defn: A bar or mass of steel or iron to which the peculiar properties of the loadstone have been imparted; -- called, in distinction from the loadstone, an artificial magnet. Note: An artificial magnet, produced by the action of a voltaic or electrical battery, is called an electro-magnet. Field magnet (Physics & Elec.), a magnet used for producing and maintaining a magnetic field; -- used especially of the stationary or exciting magnet of a dynamo or electromotor in distinction from that of the moving portion or armature. MAGNETIC; MAGNETICAL Mag*net"ic, Mag*net"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. magneticus: cf. F. magnétique.] 1. Pertaining to the magnet; possessing the properties of the magnet, or corresponding properties; as, a magnetic bar of iron; a magnetic needle. 2. Of or pertaining to, or characterized by,, the earth's magnetism; as, the magnetic north; the magnetic meridian. 3. Capable of becoming a magnet; susceptible to magnetism; as, the magnetic metals. 4. Endowed with extraordinary personal power to excite the feelings and to win the affections; attractive; inducing attachment. She that had all magnetic force alone. Donne. 5. Having, susceptible to, or induced by, animal magnetism, so called; as, a magnetic sleep. See Magnetism. Magnetic amplitude, attraction, dip, induction, etc. See under Amplitude, Attraction, etc. -- Magnetic battery, a combination of bar or horseshoe magnets with the like poles adjacent, so as to act together with great power. -- Magnetic compensator, a contrivance connected with a ship's compass for compensating or neutralizing the effect of the iron of the ship upon the needle. -- Magnetic curves, curves indicating lines of magnetic force, as in the arrangement of iron filings between the poles of a powerful magnet. -- Magnetic elements. (a) (Chem. Physics) Those elements, as iron, nickel, cobalt, chromium, manganese, etc., which are capable or becoming magnetic. (b) (Physics) In respect to terrestrial magnetism, the declination, inclination, and intensity. (c) See under Element. -- Magnetic equator, the line around the equatorial parts of the earth at which there is no dip, the dipping needle being horizontal. -- Magnetic field, or Field of magnetic force, any space through which magnet exerts its influence. -- Magnetic fluid, the hypothetical fluid whose existence was formerly assumed in the explanations of the phenomena of magnetism. -- Magnetic iron, or Magnetic iron ore. (Min.) Same as Magnetite. -- Magnetic needle, a slender bar of steel, magnetized and suspended at its center on a sharp-pointed pivot, or by a delicate fiber, so that it may take freely the direction of the magnetic meridian. It constitutes the essential part of a compass, such as the mariner's and the surveyor's. -- Magnetic poles, the two points in the opposite polar regions of the earth at which the direction of the dipping needle is vertical. -- Magnetic pyrites. See Pyrrhotite. -- Magnetic storm (Terrestrial Physics), a disturbance of the earth's magnetic force characterized by great and sudden changes. -- Magnetic telegraph, a telegraph acting by means of a magnet. See Telegraph. MAGNETIC Mag*net"ic, n. 1. A magnet. [Obs.] As the magnetic hardest iron draws. Milton. 2. Any metal, as iron, nickel, cobalt, etc., which may receive, by any means, the properties of the loadstone, and which then, when suspended, fixes itself in the direction of a magnetic meridian. MAGNETICALLY Mag*net"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By or as by, magnetism. MAGNETICALNESS Mag*net"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being magnetic. MAGNETICIAN Mag`ne*ti"cian, n. Defn: One versed in the science of magnetism; a magnetist. MAGNETICNESS Mag*net"ic*ness, n. Defn: Magneticalness. [Obs.] MAGNETICS Mag*net"ics, n. Defn: The science of magnetism. MAGNETIFEROUS Mag`net*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. magnes, -etis + -ferous.] Defn: Producing or conducting magnetism. MAGNETISM Mag"net*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. magnétisme.] Defn: The property, quality, or state, of being magnetic; the manifestation of the force in nature which is seen in a magnet. 2. The science which treats of magnetic phenomena. 3. Power of attraction; power to excite the feelings and to gain the affections. "By the magnetism of interest our affections are irresistibly attracted." Glanvill. Animal magnetism, a force, more or less analogous to magnetism, which, it has been alleged, is produced in animal tissues, and passes from one body to another with or without actual contact. The existence of such a force, and its potentiality for the cure of disease, were asserted by Mesmer in 1775. His theories and methods were afterwards called mesmerism, a name which has been popularly applied to theories and claims not put forward by Mesmer himself. See Mesmerism, Biology, Od, Hypnotism. -- Terrestrial magnetism, the magnetic force exerted by the earth, and recognized by its effect upon magnetized needles and bars. MAGNETIST Mag"net*ist, n. Defn: One versed in magnetism. MAGNETITE Mag"net*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: An oxide of iron (Fe3O4) occurring in isometric crystals, also massive, of a black color and metallic luster. It is readily attracted by a magnet and sometimes possesses polarity, being then called loadstone. It is an important iron ore. Called also magnetic iron. MAGNETIZABLE Mag"net*i`za*ble, a. Defn: Capable of magnetized. MAGNETIZATION Mag`net*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of magnetizing, or the state of being magnetized. MAGNETIZE Mag"net*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Magnetized; prep. & adv. Magnetizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. magnétiser.] 1. To communicate magnetic properties to; as, to magnetize a needle. 2. To attract as a magnet attracts, or like a magnet; to move; to influence. Fascinated, magnetized, as it were, by his character. Motley. 3. To bring under the influence of animal magnetism. MAGNETIZEE Mag`net*i*zee", n. Defn: A person subjected to the influence of animal magnetism. [R.] MAGNETIZER Mag"net*i`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, imparts magnetism. MAGNETO- Mag"net*o-. Etym: [See Magnet.] Defn: A prefix meaning pertaining to, produced by, or in some way connected with, magnetism. MAGNETO-ELECTRIC; MAGNETO-ELECTRICAL Mag`net*o-e*lec"tric, Mag`net*o-e*lec"tric*al, a. (Physics) Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, electricity by the action of magnets; as, magneto-electric induction. Magneto-electric machine, a form of dynamo-electric machine in which the field is maintained by permanent steel magnets instead of electro-magnets. MAGNETO-ELECTRICITY Mag`net*o-e`lec*tric"i*ty, n. 1. Electricity evolved by the action of magnets. 2. (Physics) Defn: That branch of science which treats of the development of electricity by the action of magnets; -- the counterpart of electro- magnetism. MAGNETOGRAPH Mag*net"o*graph, n. Etym: [Magneto- + -graph.] (Physics) Defn: An automatic instrument for registering, by photography or otherwise, the states and variations of any of the terrestrial magnetic elements. MAGNETOMETER Mag`net*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Magneto- + -meter: cf. F. magnétomètre.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the intensity of magnetic forces; also, less frequently, an instrument for determining any of the terrestrial magnetic elements, as the dip and declination. MAGNETOMETRIC Mag`net*o*met"ric, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or employed in, the measurement of magnetic forces; obtained by means of a magnetometer; as, magnetometric instruments; magnetometric measurements. MAGNETOMOTIVE Mag`net*o*mo"tive, a. [Magneto-+ motive, a.] (Elec.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a force producing magnetic flux, analogous to electromotive force, and equal to the magnetic flux multiplied by the magnetic reluctance. MAGNETOMOTOR Mag`net*o*mo"tor, n. Defn: A voltaic series of two or more large plates, producing a great quantity of electricity of low tension, and hence adapted to the exhibition of electro-magnetic phenomena. [R.] MAGNETOTHERAPY Mag`net*o*ther"a*py, n. (Med.) Defn: The treatment of disease by the application of magnets to the surface of the body. MAGNIFIABLE Mag"ni*fi`a*ble, a. Etym: [From Magnify.] Defn: Such as can be magnified, or extolled. MAGNIFIC; MAGNIFICAL Mag*nif"ic, Mag*nif"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. magnificus; magnus great + facere to make: cf. F. magnifique. See Magnitude, Fact. and cf. Magnificent.] Defn: Grand; splendid; illustrious; magnificent. [Obs.] 1 Chron. xxii. 5. "Thy magnific deeds." Milton. -- Mag*nif"ic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] MAGNIFICAT Mag*nif"i*cat, n. Etym: [L., it magnifies.] Defn: The song of the Virgin Mary, Luke i. 46; -- so called because it commences with this word in the Vulgate. MAGNIFICATE Mag*nif"i*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. magnificatus, p. p. of magnificare.] Defn: To magnify or extol. [Obs.] Marston. MAGNIFICATION Mag`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of magnifying; enlargement; exaggeration. [R.] MAGNIFICENCE Mag*nif"i*cence, n. Etym: [F. magnificence, L. magnificentia. See Magnific.] Defn: The act of doing what magnificent; the state or quality of being magnificent. Acts xix. 27. "Then cometh magnificence." Chaucer. And, for the heaven's wide circuit, let it speak The Maker's high magnificence, who built so spacious. Milton. The noblest monuments of Roman magnificence. Eustace. MAGNIFICENT Mag*nif"i*cent, a. Etym: [See Magnificence.] 1. Doing grand things; admirable in action; displaying great power or opulence, especially in building, way of living, and munificence. A prince is never so magnificent As when he's sparing to enrich a few With the injuries of many. Massinger. 2. Grand in appearance; exhibiting grandeur or splendor; splendid' pompous. When Rome's exalted beauties I descry Magnificent in piles of ruin lie. Addison. Syn. -- Glorious; majestic; sublime. See Grand. MAGNIFICENTLY Mag*nif"i*cent*ly, adv. Defn: In a Magnificent manner. MAGNIFICO Mag*nif"i*co, n.; pl. Magnificoes. Etym: [It. See Magnific.] 1. A grandee or nobleman of Venice; -- so called in courtesy. Shak. 2. A rector of a German university. MAGNIFIER Mag"ni*fi`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, magnifies. MAGNIFY Mag"ni*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Magnified; p. pr. & vb. n. Magnifying.] Etym: [OE. magnifien, F. magnifier, L. magnificare. See Magnific.] 1. To make great, or greater; to increase the dimensions of; to amplify; to enlarge, either in fact or in appearance; as, the microscope magnifies the object by a thousand diameters. The least error in a small quantity . . . will in a great one . . . be proportionately magnified. Grew. 2. To increase the importance of; to augment the esteem or respect in which one is held. On that day the Lord magnified Joshua in the sight of all Israel. Joshua iv. 14. 3. To praise highly; to land; to extol. [Archaic] O, magnify the Lord with me, and let us exalt his name together. Ps. xxxiv. 3. 4. To exaggerate; as, to magnify a loss or a difficulty. To magnify one's self (Script.), to exhibit pride and haughtiness; to boast. -- To magnify one's self against (Script.), to oppose with pride. MAGNIFY Mag"ni*fy, v. i. 1. To have the power of causing objects to appear larger than they really are; to increase the apparent dimensions of objects; as, some lenses magnify but little. 2. To have effect; to be of importance or significance. [Cant & Obs.] Spectator. Magnifying glass, a lens which magnifies the apparent dimensions of objects seen through it. MAGNILOQUENCE Mag*nil"o*quence, n. Etym: [L. magniloquentia.] Defn: The quality of being magniloquent; pompous discourse; grandiloquence. MAGNILOQUENT Mag*nil"o*quent, a. Etym: [L. magnus great + loquens, -entis, p. pr. of loqui to speak. See Magnitude, Loquacious.] Defn: Speaking pompously; using swelling discourse; bombastic; tumid in style; grandiloquent. -- Mag*nil"o*quent*ly, adv. MAGNILOQUOUS Mag*nil"o*quous, a. Etym: [L. magniloquus.] Defn: Magniloquent. [Obs.] MAGNITUDE Mag"ni*tude, n. Etym: [L. magnitudo, from magnus great. See Master, and cf. Maxim.] 1. Extent of dimensions; size; -- applied to things that have length, breath, and thickness. Conceive those particles of bodies to be so disposed amongst themselves, that the intervals of empty spaces between them may be equal in magnitude to them all. Sir I. Newton. 2. (Geom.) Defn: That which has one or more of the three dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness. 3. Anything of which greater or less can be predicated, as time, weight, force, and the like. 4. Greatness; grandeur. "With plain, heroic magnitude of mind." Milton. 5. Greatness, in reference to influence or effect; importance; as, an affair of magnitude. The magnitude of his designs. Bp. Horsley. Apparent magnitude (Opt.), the angular breadth of an object viewed as measured by the angle which it subtends at the eye of the observer; - - called also apparent diameter. -- Magnitude of a star (Astron.), the rank of a star with respect to brightness. About twenty very bright stars are said to be of first magnitude, the stars of the sixth magnitude being just visible to the naked eye. Telescopic stars are classified down to the twelfth magnitude or lower. The scale of the magnitudes is quite arbitrary, but by means of photometers, the classification has been made to tenths of a magnitude. MAGNOLIA Mag*no"li*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named after Pierre Magnol, professor of botany at Montpellier, France, in the 17th century.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of American and Asiatic trees, with aromatic bark and large sweet-scented whitish or reddish flowers. Note: Magnolia grandiflora has coriaceous shining leaves and very fragrant blossoms. It is common from North Carolina to Florida and Texas, and is one of the most magnificent trees of the American forest. The sweet bay (M. glauca)is a small tree found sparingly as far north as Cape Ann. Other American species are M. Umbrella, M. macrophylla, M. Fraseri, M. acuminata, and M. cordata. M. conspicua and M. purpurea are cultivated shrubs or trees from Eastern Asia. M. Campbellii, of India, has rose-colored or crimson flowers. Magnolia warbler (Zoöl.), a beautiful North American wood warbler (Dendroica maculosa). The rump and under parts are bright yellow; the breast and belly are spotted with black; the under tail coverts are white; the crown is ash. MAGNOLIACEOUS Mag*no`li*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to a natural order (Magnoliaceæ) of trees of which the magnolia, the tulip tree, and the star anise are examples. MAGNUM Mag"num, n. Etym: [Neut. sing. of L. magnus great.] 1. A large wine bottle. They passed the magnum to one another freely. Sir W. Scott . 2. (Anat.) Defn: A bone of the carpus at the base of the third metacarpal bone. MAGOT Mag"ot, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Barbary ape. MAGOT-PIE Mag"ot-pie`, n. Defn: A magpie. [Obs.] Shak. MAGPIE Mag"pie, n. Etym: [OE. & Prov. E. magot pie, maggoty pie, fr. Mag, Maggot, equiv. to Margaret, and fr. F. Marquerite, and common name of the magpie. Marguerite is fr. L. margarita pearl, Gr. Pie magpie, and cf. the analogous names Tomtit, and Jackdaw.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of the genus Pica and related genera, allied to the jays, but having a long graduated tail. Note: The common European magpie (Pica pica, or P. caudata) is a black and white noisy and mischievous bird. It can be taught to speak. The American magpie (P. Hudsonica) is very similar. The yellow-belled magpie (P. Nuttalli) inhabits California. The blue magpie (Cyanopolius Cooki) inhabits Spain. Other allied species are found in Asia. The Tasmanian and Australian magpies are crow shrikes, as the white magpie (Gymnorhina organicum), the black magpie (Strepera fuliginosa), and the Australian magpie (Cracticus picatus). Magpie lark (Zoöl.), a common Australian bird (Grallina picata), conspicuously marked with black and white; -- called also little magpie. -- Magpie moth (Zoöl.), a black and white European geometrid moth (Abraxas grossulariata); the harlequin moth. Its larva feeds on currant and gooseberry bushes. MAGUARI Ma`gua*ri", n. Etym: [From native name: cf. Pg. magoari.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American stork (Euxenara maguari), having a forked tail. MAGUEY Mag"uey, n. Etym: [Sp. maguey, Mexican maguei and metl.] (Bot.) Defn: The century plant, a species of Agave (A. Americana). See Agave. MAGYAR Mag"yar, n. Etym: [Hung.] 1. (Ethnol.) Defn: One of the dominant people of Hungary, allied to the Finns; a Hungarian. 2. The language of the Magyars. MAHA Ma"ha, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of baboon; the wanderoo. MAHABARATA; MAHABHARATAM Ma*ha*ba"ra*ta, Ma*ha*bha"ra*tam, n. Etym: [Skr. mahabharata.] Defn: A celebrated epic poem of the Hindoos. It is of great length, and is chiefly devoted to the history of a civil war between two dynasties of ancient India. MAHALED Ma*ha"led, n.Etym: [Ar. mahled.] Defn: (Bot.) A cherry tree (Prunus Mahaleb) of Southern Europe. The wood is prized by cabinetmakers, the twigs are used for pipe stems, the flowers and leaves yield a perfume, and from the fruit a violet dye and a fermented liquor (like kirschwasser) are prepared. MAHARAJAH Ma*ha*ra"jah, n. Etym: [Skr. maharaja; mahat great + raja king.] Defn: A sovereign prince in India; -- a title given also to other persons of high rank. MAHARIF Ma`ha*rif", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An African antelope (Hippotragus Bakeri). Its face is striped with black and white. MAHARMAH Ma*har"mah, n. Defn: A muslin wrapper for the head and the lower part of the face, worn by Turkish and Armenian women when they go abroad. MAHATMA Ma*hat"ma, n. [Skr. mahatman, lit., great-souled, wise.] (Theosophy) Defn: One of a class of sages, or "adepts," reputed to have knowledge and powers of a higher order than those of ordinary men. -- Ma*hat"ma*ism (#), n. MAHDI Mah"di, n. Etym: [Ar., guide, leader.] Defn: Among Mohammedans, the last imam or leader of the faithful. The Sunni, the largest sect of the Mohammedans, believe that he is yet to appear. Note: The title has been taken by several persons in countries where Mohammedanism prevails, -- notably by Mohammad Ahmed, who overran the Egyptian Sudan, and in 1885 captured Khartum, his soldiers killing General Gordon, an Englishman, who was then the Egyptian governor of the region. MAHDIISM Mah"di*ism, n. Defn: See Mahdism. MAHDISM Mah"dism, n. Defn: Belief in the coming of the Mahdi; fanatical devotion to the cause of the Mahdi or a pretender to that title. -- Mah"dist (#), n. Mahdism has proved the most shameful and terrible instrument of bloodshed and oppression which the modern world has ever witnessed. E. N. Bennett. MAHL-STICK Mahl"-stick`, n. Defn: See Maul-stick. MAHOE Ma"hoe, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several malvaceous trees (species of Hibiscus, Ochroma, etc.), and to their strong fibrous inner bark, which is used for strings and cordage. MAHOGANY Ma*hog"a*ny, n. Etym: [From the South American name.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A large tree of the genus Swietenia (S. Mahogoni), found in tropical America. Note: Several other trees, with wood more or less like mahogany, are called by this name; as, African mahogany (Khaya Senegalensis), Australian mahogany (Eucalyptus marginatus), Bastard mahogany (Batonia apetala of the West Indies), Indian mahogany (Cedrela Toona of Bengal, and trees of the genera Soymida and Chukrassia), Madeira mahogany (Persea Indica), Mountain mahogany, the black or cherry birch (Betula lenta), also the several species of Cercocarpus of California and the Rocky Mountains. 2. The wood of the Swietenia Mahogoni. It is of a reddish brown color, beautifully veined, very hard, and susceptible of a fine polish. It is used in the manufacture of furniture. 3. A table made of mahogany wood. [Colloq.] To be under the mahogany, to be so drunk as to have fallen under the table. [Eng.] -- To put one's legs under some one's mahogany, to dine with him. [Slang] MAHOLI Ma*ho"li, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South African lemur (Galago maholi), having very large ears. [Written also moholi.] MAHOMEDAN; MAHOMETAN Ma*hom"ed*an, Ma*hom"et*an, n. Defn: See Mohammedan. MAHOMETANISM Ma*hom"et*an*ism, n. Defn: See Mohammedanism. MAHOMETANIZE Ma*hom"et*an*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mahometanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Mahometanizing.] Defn: To convert to the religion of Mohammed; to Mohammedanize. MAHOMETISM Ma*hom"et*ism, n. Defn: See Mohammedanism. MAHOMETIST Ma*hom"et*ist, n. Defn: A Mohammedan. [R.] MAHOMETRY Ma*hom"et*ry, n. Defn: Mohammedanism. [Obs.] MAHONE Ma*hone", n. Defn: A large Turkish ship. Crabb. MAHONIA Ma*ho"ni*a, n. Etym: [Named after Bernard McMahon.] (Bot.) Defn: The Oregon grape, a species of barberry (Berberis Aquifolium), often cultivated for its hollylike foliage. MAHON STOCK Ma*hon" stock`. (Bot.) Defn: An annual cruciferous plant with reddish purple or white flowers (Malcolmia maritima). It is called in England Virginia stock, but the plant comes from the Mediterranean. MAHOOHOO Ma*hoo"hoo, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The African white two-horned rhinoceros (Atelodus simus). MAHORI Ma"ho*ri, n. Etym: [Native name. Cf. Maori.] (Ethnol.) Defn: One of the dark race inhabiting principally the islands of Eastern Polynesia. Also used adjectively. MAHOUND Ma`hound, n. Defn: A contemptuous name for Mohammed; hence, an evil spirit; a devil. [Obs.] Who's this, my mahound cousin Beau. & Fl. MAHOUT Ma*hout", n. Etym: [Hind. mahawat, Skr. mahamatra; mahat great + matra measure.] Defn: The keeper and driver of an elephant. [East Indies] MAHOVO Ma*ho"vo, n. (Mach.) Defn: A device for saving power in stopping and starting a railroad car, by means of a heavy fly wheel. MAHRATI Mah*rat"i, n. Defn: The language of the Mahrattas; the language spoken in the Deccan and Concan. [Written also Marathi.] MAHRATTA Mah*rat"ta, n. Etym: [Hind. Marhata, Marhatta, the name of a famous Hindoo race, from the old Skr. name Maha-rashtra.] Defn: One of a numerous people inhabiting the southwestern part of India. Also, the language of the Mahrattas; Mahrati. It is closely allied to Sanskrit. -- a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Mahrattas. [Written also Maratha.] MAHUMETAN; MAHUMETANISM Ma*hu"met*an, Ma*hu"met*an*ism, n. Defn: See Mohammedan, Mohammedanism. MAHWA TREE Mah"wa tree`. (Bot.) Defn: An East Indian sapotaceous tree (Bassia latifolia, and also B. butyracea), whose timber is used for wagon wheels, and the flowers for food and in preparing an intoxicating drink. It is one of the butter trees. The oil, known as mahwa and yallah, is obtained from the kernels of the fruit. MAIA Ma"i*a, n. Etym: [From L. Maia, a goddess.] (Zoöl.) (a) A genus of spider crabs, including the common European species (Maia squinado). (b) A beautiful American bombycid moth (Eucronia maia). MAIAN Ma"ian, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any spider crab of the genus Maia, or family Maiadæ. MAID Maid, n. Etym: [Shortened from maiden. . See Maiden.] 1. An unmarried woman; usually, a young unmarried woman; esp., a girl; a virgin; a maiden. Would I had died a maid, And never seen thee, never borne thee son. Shak. Can a maid forget her ornaments, or a bride her attire Yet my people have forgotten me. Jer. ii. 32. 2. A man who has not had sexual intercourse. [Obs.] Christ was a maid and shapen as a man. Chaucer. 3. A female servant. Spinning amongst her maids. Shak. Note: Maid is used either adjectively or in composition, signifying female, as in maid child, maidservant. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The female of a ray or skate, esp. of the gray skate (Raia batis), and of the thornback (R. clavata). [Prov. Eng.] Fair maid. (Zoöl.) See under Fair, a. -- Maid of honor, a female attendant of a queen or royal princess; - - usually of noble family, and having to perform only nominal or honorary duties. -- Old maid. See under Old. MAIDAN Mai*dan", n. [Written also midan, meidan, mydan, etc.] [Hind. & Per. maidan, fr. Ar. maidan.] Defn: In various parts of Asia, an open space, as for military exercises, or for a market place; an open grassy tract; an esplanade. A gallop on the green maidan. M. Crawford. MAIDEN Maid"en, n. Etym: [OE. maiden, meiden, AS. mægden, dim. of AS. mæg, fr. mago son, servant; akin to G. magd, mädchen, maid, OHG. magad, Icel. mögr son, Goth. magus boy, child, magaps virgin, and perh. to Zend. magu youth. Cf. Maid a virgin.] 1. An unmarried woman; a girl or woman who has not experienced sexual intercourse; a virgin; a maid. She employed the residue of her life to repairing of highways, building of bridges, and endowing of maidens. Carew. A maiden of our century, yet most meek. Tennyson. 2. A female servant. [Obs.] 3. An instrument resembling the guillotine, formerly used in Scotland for beheading criminals. Wharton. 4. A machine for washing linen. MAIDEN Maid"en, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a maiden, or to maidens; suitable to, or characteristic of, a virgin; as, maiden innocence. "Amid the maiden throng." Addison. Have you no modesty, no maiden shame Shak. 2. Never having been married; not having had sexual intercourse; virgin; -- said usually of the woman, but sometimes of the man; as, a maiden aunt. "A surprising old maiden lady." Thackeray. 3. Fresh; innocent; unpolluted; pure; hitherto unused. "Maiden flowers.' Shak. Full bravely hast thou fleshed Thy maiden sword. Shak. 4. Used of a fortress, signifying that it has never been captured, or violated. T. Warton. Macaulay. Maiden assize (Eng. Law), an assize which there is no criminal prosecution; an assize which is unpolluted with blood. It was usual, at such an assize, for the sheriff to present the judge with a pair of white gloves. Smart. -- Maiden name, the surname of a woman before her marriage. -- Maiden pink. (Bot.) See under Pink. -- Maiden plum (Bot.), a West Indian tree (Comocladia integrifolia) with purplish drupes. The sap of the tree is glutinous, and gives a persistent black stain. -- Maiden speech, the first speech made by a person, esp. by a new member in a public body. -- Maiden tower, the tower most capable of resisting an enemy. MAIDEN Maid"en, v. t. Defn: To act coyly like a maiden; -- with it as an indefinite object. For had I maiden'd it, as many use. Loath for to grant, but loather to refuse. Bp. Hall. MAIDENHAIR Maid"en*hair`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A fern of the genus Adiantum (A. pedatum), having very slender graceful stalks. It is common in the United States, and is sometimes used in medicine. The name is also applied to other species of the same genus, as to the Venus-hair. Maiden grass, the smaller quaking grass. -- Maiden tree. See Ginkgo. MAIDENHEAD Maid"en*head, n. Etym: [See Maidenhood.] 1. The state of being a maiden; maidenhood; virginity. Shak. 2. The state of being unused or uncontaminated; freshness; purity. [Obs.] The maidenhead of their credit. Sir H. Wotton. 3. The hymen, or virginal membrane. MAIDENHOOD Maid"en*hood, n. Etym: [AS. mægdenhad. See Maid, and -hood.] 1. The state of being a maid or a virgin; virginity. Shak. 2. Newness; freshness; uncontaminated state. The maidenhood Of thy fight. Shak. MAIDENLIKE Maid"en*like`, a. Defn: Like a maiden; modest; coy. MAIDENLINESS Maid"en*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being maidenly; the behavior that becomes a maid; modesty; gentleness. MAIDENLY Maid"en*ly, a. Defn: Like a maid; suiting a maid; maiden-like; gentle, modest, reserved. Must you be blushing . . . What a maidenly man-at-arms are you become ! Shak. MAIDENLY Maid"en*ly, adv. Defn: In a maidenlike manner. "Maidenly demure." Skelton. MAIDENSHIP Maid"en*ship, n. Defn: Maidenhood. [Obs.] Fuller. MAIDHOOD Maid"hood, n. Etym: [AS. mæg. See Maid, and -hood.] Defn: Maidenhood. Shak. MAIDMARIAN Maid`ma"ri*an, n. Etym: [Maid + Marian, relating to Mary, or the Virgin Mary.] 1. The lady of the May games; one of the characters in a morris dance; a May queen. Afterward, a grotesque character personated in sports and buffoonery by a man in woman's clothes. 2. A kind of dance. Sir W. Temple. MAIDPALE Maid"pale`, a. Defn: Pale, like a sick girl. Shak. MAIDSERVANT Maid"serv`ant, n. Defn: A female servant. MAID'S HAIR Maid's" hair`. (Bot.) Defn: The yellow bedstraw (Galium verum). MAIEUTIC; MAIEUTICAL Ma*ieu"tic, Ma*ieu"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Serving to assist childbirth. Cudworth. 2. Fig. : Aiding, or tending to, the definition and interpretation of thoughts or language. Payne. MAIEUTICS Ma*ieu"tics, n. Defn: The art of giving birth (i. e., clearness and conviction) to ideas, which are conceived as struggling for birth. Payne. MAIGER Mai"ger, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The meagre. MAIGRE Mai"gre, a. Etym: [F. See Meager.] Defn: Belonging to a fast day or fast; as, a maigre day. Walpole. Maigre food (R. C. Ch.), food allowed to be eaten on fast days. MAIHEM Mai"hem, n. Defn: See Maim, and Mayhem. MAIKEL Mai*kel", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American carnivore of the genus Conepatus, allied to the skunk, but larger, and having a longer snout. The tail is not bushy. MAIKONG Mai*kong", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American wild dog (Canis cancrivorus); the crab-eating dog. MAIL Mail, n. Defn: A spot. [Obs.] MAIL Mail, n. Etym: [F. maille, OF. also maaille, LL. medalia. See Medal.] 1. A small piece of money; especially, an English silver half-penny of the time of Henry V. [Obs.] [Written also maile, and maille.] 2. Rent; tribute. [Obs., except in certain compounds and phrases, as blackmail, mails and duties, etc.] Mail and duties (Scots Law), the rents of an estate, in whatever form paid. MAIL Mail, n. Etym: [OE. maile, maille, F. maille a ring of mail, mesh, network, a coat of mail, fr. L. macula spot, a mesh of a net. Cf. Macle, Macula, Mascle.] 1. A flexible fabric made of metal rings interlinked. It was used especially for defensive armor. Chaucer. Chain mail, Coat of mail. See under Chain, and Coat. 2. Hence generally, armor, or any defensive covering. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A contrivance of interlinked rings, for rubbing off the loose hemp on lines and white cordage. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any hard protective covering of an animal, as the scales and plates of reptiles, shell of a lobster, etc. We . . . strip the lobster of his scarlet mail. Gay. MAIL Mail, v. t. 1. To arm with mail. 2. To pinion. [Obs.] MAIL Mail, n. Etym: [OE. male bag, OF. male, F. malle bag, trunk, mail, OHG. malaha, malha, wallet; akin to D. maal, male; cf. Gael. & Ir. mala, Gr. 1. A bag; a wallet. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The bag or bags with the letters, papers, papers, or other matter contained therein, conveyed under public authority from one post office to another; the whole system of appliances used by government in the conveyance and delivery of mail matter. There is a mail come in to-day, with letters dated Hague. Tatler. 3. That which comes in the mail; letters, etc., received through the post office. 4. A trunk, box, or bag, in which clothing, etc., may be carried. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott. Mail bag, a bag in which mailed matter is conveyed under public authority. -- Mail boat, a boat that carries the mail. -- Mail catcher, an iron rod, or other contrivance, attached to a railroad car for catching a mail bag while the train is in motion. -- Mail guard, an officer whose duty it is to guard the public mails. [Eng.] -- Mail train, a railroad train carrying the mail. MAIL Mail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mailing.] Defn: To deliver into the custody of the postoffice officials, or place in a government letter box, for transmission by mail; to post; as, to mail a letter. [U. S.] Note: In the United States to mail and to post are both in common use; as, to mail or post a letter. In England post is the commoner usage. MAILABLE Mail"a*ble, a. Defn: Admissible lawfully into the mail. [U.S.] MAILCLAD Mail"clad`, a. Defn: Protected by a coat of mail; clad in armor. Sir W. Scott. MAILED Mailed, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Protected by an external coat, or covering, of scales or plates. MAILED Mailed, a. Etym: [See 1st Mail.] Defn: Spotted; speckled. MAILING Mail"ing, n. Etym: [Scot., fr. mail tribute, rent. See 2d Mail.] Defn: A farm. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. MAIL-SHELL Mail"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A chiton. MAIM Maim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maimed;p. pr. & vb. n. Maiming.] Etym: [OE. maimen, OF. mahaignier, mehaignier, meshaignier, cf. It. magagnare, LL. mahemiare, mahennare; perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. mac'ha to mutilate, mac'ha to crowd, press; or cf. OHG. mang to lack, perh. akin to E. mangle to lacerate. Cf. Mayhem.] 1. To deprive of the use of a limb, so as to render a person on fighting less able either to defend himself or to annoy his adversary. By the ancient law of England he that maimed any man whereby he lost any part of his body, was sentenced to lose the like part. Blackstone. 2. To mutilate; to cripple; to injure; to disable; to impair. My late maimed limbs lack wonted might. Spenser. You maimed the jurisdiction of all bishops. Shak. Syn. -- To mutilate; mangle; cripple. MAIM Maim, n. [Written in law language maihem, and mayhem.] Etym: [OF. mehaing. See Maim, v.] 1. The privation of the use of a limb or member of the body, by which one is rendered less able to defend himself or to annoy his adversary. 2. The privation of any necessary part; a crippling; mutilation; injury; deprivation of something essential. See Mayhem. Surely there is more cause to fear lest the want there of be a maim than the use of it a blemish. Hooker. A noble author esteems it to be a maim in history that the acts of Parliament should not be recited. Hayward. MAIMEDLY Maim"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a maimed manner. MAIMEDNESS Maim"ed*ness, n. Defn: State of being maimed. Bolton. MAIN Main, n. Etym: [F. main hand, L. manus. See Manual.] 1. A hand or match at dice. Prior. Thackeray. 2. A stake played for at dice. [Obs.] Shak. 3. The largest throw in a match at dice; a throw at dice within given limits, as in the game of hazard. 4. A match at cockfighting. "My lord would ride twenty miles . . . to see a main fought." Thackeray. 5. A main-hamper. [Obs.] Ainsworth. MAIN Main, n. Etym: [AS. mægen strength, power, force; akin to OHG. magan, Icel. megin, and to E. may, v. May, v.] 1. Strength; force; might; violent effort. [Obs., except in certain phrases.] There were in this battle of most might and main. R. of Gl. He 'gan advance, With huge force, and with importable main. Spenser. 2. The chief or principal part; the main or most important thing. [Obs., except in special uses.] Resolved to rest upon the title of Lancaster as the main, and to use the other two . . . but as supporters. Bacon. 3. Specifically: (a) The great sea, as distinguished from an arm, bay, etc. ; the high sea; the ocean. "Struggling in the main." Dryden. (b) The continent, as distinguished from an island; the mainland. "Invaded the main of Spain." Bacon. (c) principal duct or pipe, as distinguished from lesser ones; esp. (Engin.), a principal pipe leading to or from a reservoir; as, a fire main. Forcing main, the delivery pipe of a pump. -- For the main, or In the main, for the most part; in the greatest part. -- With might and main, or With all one's might and main, with all one's strength; with violent effort. With might and main they chased the murderous fox. Dryden. MAIN Main, a. Etym: [From Main strength, possibly influenced by OF. maine, magne, great, L. magnus. Cf. Magnate.] 1. Very or extremely strong. [Obs.] That current with main fury ran. Daniel. 2. Vast; huge. [Obs.] "The main abyss." Milton. 3. Unqualified; absolute; entire; sheer. [Obs.] "It's a man untruth." Sir W. Scott. 4. Principal; chief; first in size, rank, importance, etc. Our main interest is to be happy as we can. Tillotson. 5. Important; necessary. [Obs.] That which thou aright Believest so main to our success, I bring. Milton. By main force, by mere force or sheer force; by violent effort; as, to subdue insurrection by main force. That Maine which by main force Warwick did win. Shak. -- By main strength, by sheer strength; as, to lift a heavy weight by main strength. -- Main beam (Steam Engine), working beam. -- Main boom (Naut.), the boom which extends the foot of the mainsail in a fore and aft vessel. -- Main brace. (a) (Mech.) The brace which resists the chief strain. Cf. Counter brace. (b) (Naut.) The brace attached to the main yard. -- Main center (Steam Engine), a shaft upon which a working beam or side lever swings. -- Main chance. See under Chance. -- Main couple (Arch.), the principal truss in a roof. -- Main deck (Naut.), the deck next below the spar deck; the principal deck. -- Main keel (Naut.), the principal or true keel of a vessel, as distinguished from the false keel. Syn. -- Principal; chief; leading; cardinal; capital. MAIN Main, adv. Etym: [See Main, a.] Defn: Very extremely; as, main heavy. "I'm main dry." Foote. [Obs. or Low] MAINE Maine, n. Defn: One of the New England States. Maine law, any law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating beverages, esp. one resembling that enacted in the State of Maine. MAIN-GAUCHE Main`-gauche" (mâN`gosh"), n. Etym: [F., the left hand.] (Ancient Armor) Defn: The dagger held in the left hand, while the rapier is held in the right; -- used to parry thrusts of the adversary's rapier. MAIN-HAMPER Main"-ham`per, n. Etym: [F. main hand (see Main a hand at dice) + E. hamper.] Defn: A hamper to be carried in the hand; a hand basket used in carrying grapes to the press. MAINLAND Main"land`, n. Defn: The continent; the principal land; -- opposed to island, or peninsula. Dryden. After the two wayfarers had crossed from the peninsula to the mainland. Hawthorne. MAINLY Main"ly, adv. Etym: [From main strong. See Main strength.] Defn: Very strongly; mightily; to a great degree. [Obs.] Bacon. Shak. MAINLY Main"ly, adv. Etym: [From main principal, chief.] Defn: Principally; chiefly. MAINMAST Main"mast`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The principal mast in a ship or other vessel. MAINOR Main"or, n. Etym: [Anglo-Norm. meinoure, OF. manuevre. See Maneuver.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A thing stolen found on the person of the thief. Note: A thief was said to be "taken with the mainor," when he was taken with the thing stolen upon him, that is, in his hands. Wharton. Bouvier. MAINPERNABLE Main"per*na*ble, a. Etym: [OF. main hand + pernable, for prenable, that may be taken, pregnable. See Mainpernor.] (Law) Defn: Capable of being admitted to give surety by mainpernors; able to be mainprised. MAINPERNOR Main"per*nor, n. Etym: [OF. main hand + pernor, for preneor, a taker, F. preneur, fr. prendre to take.] (Law) Defn: A surety, under the old writ of mainprise, for a prisoner's appearance in court at a day. Note: Mainpernors differ from bail in that a man's bail may imprison or surrender him before the stipulated day of appearance; mainpernors can do neither; they are bound to produce him to answer all charges whatsoever. Blackstone. MAINPIN Main"pin, n. (Vehicles) Defn: A kingbolt. MAINPRISE Main"prise, n. Etym: [F. main hand + prise a taking, fr. prendre, p. p. pris to take, fr. L. prehendere, prehensum.] (Law) (a) A writ directed to the sheriff, commanding him to take sureties, called mainpernors, for the prisoner's appearance, and to let him go at large. This writ is now obsolete. Wharton. (b) Deliverance of a prisoner on security for his appearance at a day. MAINPRISE Main"prise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mainprised; p. pr. & vb. n. Mainprising.] (Law) Defn: To suffer to go at large, on his finding sureties, or mainpernors, for his appearance at a day; -- said of a prisoner. MAINS Mains, n. Etym: [Scot. See Manse.] Defn: The farm attached to a mansion house. [Scot.] MAINSAIL Main"sail`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The principal sail in a ship or other vessel. [They] hoised up the mainsail to the wind. Acts xxvii. 40. Note: The mainsail of a ship is extended upon a yard attached to the mainmast, and that of a sloop or schooner upon the boom. MAINSHEET Main"sheet`, n. (Naut.) Defn: One of the ropes by which the mainsail is hauled aft and trimmed. MAINSPRING Main"spring`, n. Defn: The principal or most important spring in a piece of mechanism, especially the moving spring of a watch or clock or the spring in a gunlock which impels the hammer. Hence: The chief or most powerful motive; the efficient cause of action. MAINSTAY Main"stay`, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: The stay extending from the foot of the foremast to the maintop. 2. Main support; principal dependence. The great mainstay of the Church. Buckle. MAINSWEAR Main"swear`, v. i. Etym: [AS. manswerian to forswear; man sin, crime + swerian to swear.] Defn: To swear falsely. [Obs.] Blount. MAINTAIN Main*tain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maintained; p. pr. & vb. n. Maintaining.] Etym: [OE. maintenen, F. maintenir, properly, to hold by the hand; main hand (L. manus) + F. tenir to hold (L.tenere). See Manual, and Tenable.] 1. To hold or keep in any particular state or condition; to support; to sustain; to uphold; to keep up; not to suffer to fail or decline; as, to maintain a certain degree of heat in a furnace; to maintain a fence or a railroad; to maintain the digestive process or powers of the stomach; to maintain the fertility of soil; to maintain present reputation. 2. To keep possession of; to hold and defend; not to surrender or relinquish. God values . . . every one as he maintains his post. Grew. 3. To continue; not to suffer to cease or fail. Maintain talk with the duke. Shak. 4. To bear the expense of; to support; to keep up; to supply with what is needed. Glad, by his labor, to maintain his life. Stirling. What maintains one vice would bring up two children. Franklin. 5. To affirm; to support or defend by argument. It is hard to maintain the truth, but much harder to be maintained by it. South. Syn. -- To assert; vindicate; allege. See Assert. MAINTAINABLE Main*tain"a*ble, a. Defn: That maybe maintained. MAINTAINER Main*tain"er, n. Defn: One who maintains. MAINTAINOR Main*tain"or, n. Etym: [OF. mainteneor, F. mainteneur.] (Crim. Law) Defn: One who, not being interested, maintains a cause depending between others, by furnishing money, etc., to either party. Bouvier. Wharton. MAINTENANCE Main"te*nance, n. Etym: [OF. maintenance. See Maintain.] 1. The act of maintaining; sustenance; support; defense; vindication. Whatsoever is granted to the church for God's honor and the maintenance of his service, is granted to God. South. 2. That which maintains or supports; means of sustenance; supply of necessaries and conveniences. Those of better fortune not making learning their maintenance. Swift. 3. (Crim. Law) Defn: An officious or unlawful intermeddling in a cause depending between others, by assisting either party with money or means to carry it on. See Champerty. Wharton. Cap of maintenance. See under Cap. MAINTOP Main"top`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The platform about the head of the mainmast in square-rigged vessels. MAIN YARD Main" yard`. (Naut.) Defn: The yard on which the mainsail is extended, supported by the mainmast. MAIOID Mai"oid, a. Etym: [Maia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the genus Maia, or family Maiadeæ. MAISTER Mais"ter, n. Defn: Master. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. MAISTER Mais"ter, a. Defn: Principal; chief. [Obs.] Chaucer. MAISTRE; MAISTRIE; MAISTRY Mais"tre, Mais"trie, Mais"try, n. Defn: Mastery; superiority; art. See Mastery. [Obs.] Chaucer. MAISTRESS Mais"tress, n. Defn: Mistress. [Obs.] Chaucer. MAITHES Mai"thes, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Maghet. MAIZE Maize, n. Etym: [Sp. maiz. fr. mahiz or mahis, i (Bot.) Defn: A large species of American grass of the genus Zea (Z. Mays), widely cultivated as a forage and food plant; Indian corn. Also, its seed, growing on cobs, and used as food for men animals. Maize eater (Zoöl.), a South American bird of the genus Pseudoleistes, allied to the troupials. -- Maize yellow, a delicate pale yellow. MAJESTATIC; MAJESTATAL Maj`es*tat"ic, Maj`es*tat"*al, a. Defn: Majestic. [Obs.] E. Pocock. Dr. J. Scott. MAJESTIC Ma*jes"tic, a. Etym: [From Majesty.] Defn: Possessing or exhibiting majesty; of august dignity, stateliness, or imposing grandeur; lofty; noble; grand. "The majestic world." Shak. "Tethys'grave majestic pace." Milton. The least portions must be of the epic kind; all must be grave, majestic, and sublime. Dryden . Syn. -- August; splendid; grand; sublime; magnificent; imperial; regal; pompous; stately; lofty; dignified; elevated. MAJESTICAL Ma*jes"tic*al, a. Defn: Majestic. Cowley. An older architecture, greater, cunninger, more majestical. M. Arnold. -- Ma*jes"tic*al*ly, adv. -- Ma*jes"tic*al*ness, n. MAJESTICNESS Ma*jes"tic*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being majestic. Oldenburg. MAJESTY Maj"es*ty, n.; pl. Majesties. Etym: [OE. magestee, F. majesté, L. majestas, fr. an old compar. of magnus great. See Major, Master.] Defn: The dignity and authority of sovereign power; quality or state which inspires awe or reverence; grandeur; exalted dignity, whether proceeding from rank, character, or bearing; imposing loftiness; stateliness; -- usually applied to the rank and dignity of sovereigns. The Lord reigneth; he is clothed with majesty. Ps. xciii. 1. No sovereign has ever represented the majesty of great state with more dignity and grace. Macaulay. 2. Hence, used with the possessive pronoun, the title of an emperor, king or queen; -- in this sense taking a plural; as, their majesties attended the concert. In all the public writs which he [Emperor Charles V.] now issued as King of Spain, he assumed the title of Majesty, and required it from his subjects as a mark of respect. Before that time all the monarchs of Europe were satisfied with the appellation of Highness or Grace. Robertson. 3. Dignity; elevation of manner or style. Dryden. MAJOLICA Ma*jol"i*ca, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A kind of pottery, with opaque glazing and showy, which reached its greatest perfection in Italy in the 16th century. Note: The term is said to be derived from Majorca, which was an early seat of this manufacture. Heyse. MAJOR Ma"jor, Etym: [L. major, compar. of magnus great: cf. F. majeur. Cf. Master, Mayor, Magnitude, More, a.] 1. Greater in number, quantity, or extent; as, the major part of the assembly; the major part of the revenue; the major part of the territory. 2. Of greater dignity; more important. Shak. 3. Of full legal age. [Obs.] 4. (Mus.) Defn: Greater by a semitone, either in interval or in difference of pitch from another tone. Major axis (Geom.), the greater axis. See Focus, n., 2. -- Major key (Mus.), a key in which one and two, two and three, four and five, five and six and seven, make major seconds, and three and four, and seven and eight, make minor seconds. -- Major offense (Law), an offense of a greater degree which contains a lesser offense, as murder and robbery include assault. -- Major premise (Logic), that premise of a syllogism which contains the major term. -- Major scale (Mus.), the natural diatonic scale, which has semitones between the third and fourth, and seventh and fourth, and seventh and eighth degrees; the scale of the major mode, of which the third is major. See Scale, and Diatonic. -- Major second (Mus.), a second between whose tones is a difference in pitch of a step. -- Major sixth (Mus.), a sixth of four steps and a half step. In major keys the third and sixth from the key tone are major. Major keys and intervals, as distinguished from minors, are more cheerful. -- Major term (Logic), that term of a syllogism which forms the predicate of the conclusion. -- Major third (Mus.), a third of two steps. MAJOR Ma"jor, n. Etym: [F. major. See Major, a.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: An officer next in rank above a captain and next below a lieutenant colonel; the lowest field officer. 2. (Law) Defn: A person of full age. 3. (Logic) Defn: That premise which contains the major term. It its the first proposition of a regular syllogism; as: No unholy person is qualified for happiness in heaven [the major]. Every man in his natural state is unholy [minor]. Therefore, no man in his natural state is qualified for happiness in heaven [conclusion or inference]. Note: In hypothetical syllogisms, the hypothetical premise is called the major. 4. Etym: [LL. See Major.] Defn: A mayor. [Obs.] Bacon. MAJORAT Ma`jo`rat", n. Etym: [F. majorat, LL. majoratus. See Major, a., and cf. Majorate.] 1. The right of succession to property according to age; -- so termed in some of the countries of continental Europe. 2. (French Law) Defn: Property, landed or funded, so attached to a title of honor as to descend with it. MAJORATE Ma"jor*ate, n. Defn: The office or rank of a major. MAJORATE Ma"jor*ate, v. t. Etym: [LL. majorare to augment. See Major, a.] Defn: To augment; to increase. [Obs.] Howell. MAJORATION Ma`jor*a"tion, n. Defn: Increase; enlargement. [Obs.] Bacon. MAJORCAN Ma*jor"can, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Majorca. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Majorca. MAJOR-DOMO Ma`jor-do"mo, n. Etym: [Sp. mayordomo, or It. maggiordomo; both fr. LL. majordomus; L. major greater + domus house.] Defn: A man who has authority to act, within certain limits, as master of the house; a steward; also, a chief minister or officer. MAJOR GENERAL Ma"jor gen"er*al Defn: . An officer of the army holding a rank next above that of brigadier general and next below that of lieutenant general, and who usually commands a division or a corps. MAJORITY Ma*jor"i*ty, n.; pl. Majorities. Etym: [F. majorité. See Major.] 1. The quality or condition of being major or greater; superiority. Specifically: (a) The military rank of a major. (b) The condition of being of full age, or authorized by law to manage one's own affairs. 2. The greater number; more than half; as, a majority of mankind; a majority of the votes cast. 3. Etym: [Cf. L. majores.] Defn: Ancestors; ancestry. [Obs.] 4. The amount or number by which one aggregate exceeds all other aggregates with which it is contrasted; especially, the number by which the votes for a successful candidate exceed those for all other candidates; as, he is elected by a majority of five hundred votes. See Plurality. To go over to, or To join, the majority, to die. MAJORSHIP Ma"jor*ship, n. Defn: The office of major. MAJOUN Maj"oun, n. Defn: See Madjoun. MAJUSCULAE Ma*jus"cu*læ, n. pl. Etym: [L., fem. pl. fr. majusculus somewhat greater or great, dim. of major, majus. See Major.] (Palæography) Defn: Capital letters, as found in manuscripts of the sixth century and earlier. MAJUSCULE Ma*jus"cule, n. Etym: [Cf. F. majuscule. See Majusculæ.] Defn: A capital letter; especially, one used in ancient manuscripts. See Majusculæ. Majuscule writing, writing composed wholly of capital letters, especially the style which prevailed in Europe from the third to the sixth century. MAKABLE Mak"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being made. MAKARON Mak"a*ron, n. Defn: See Macaroon, 2. [Obs.] MAKE Make, n. Etym: [AS. maca, gemaca. See Match.] Defn: A companion; a mate; often, a husband or a wife. [Obs.] For in this world no woman is Worthy to be my make. Chaucer. MAKE Make, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Made; p. pr. & vb. n. Making.] Etym: [OE. maken, makien, AS. macian; akin to OS. mak, OFries. makia, D. maken, G. machen, OHG. mahh to join, fit, prepare, make, Dan. mage. Cf. Match an equal.] 1. To cause to exist; to bring into being; to form; to produce; to frame; to fashion; to create. Hence, in various specific uses or applications: (a) To form of materials; to cause to exist in a certain form; to construct; to fabricate. He . . . fashioned it with a graving tool, after he had made it a molten calf. Ex. xxxii. 4. (b) To produce, as something artificial, unnatural, or false; -- often with up; as, to make up a story. And Art, with her contending, doth aspire To excel the natural with made delights. Spenser. (c) To bring about; to bring forward; to be the cause or agent of; to effect, do, perform, or execute; -- often used with a noun to form a phrase equivalent to the simple verb that corresponds to such noun; as, to make complaint, for to complain; to make record of, for to record; to make abode, for to abide, etc. Call for Samson, that he may make us sport. Judg. xvi. 25. Wealth maketh many friends. Prov. xix. 4. I will neither plead my age nor sickness in excuse of the faults which I have made. Dryden. (d) To execute with the requisite formalities; as, to make a bill, note, will, deed, etc. (e) To gain, as the result of one's efforts; to get, as profit; to make acquisition of; to have accrue or happen to one; as, to make a large profit; to make an error; to make a loss; to make money. He accuseth Neptune unjustly who makes shipwreck a second time. Bacon. (f) To find, as the result of calculation or computation; to ascertain by enumeration; to find the number or amount of, by reckoning, weighing, measurement, and the like; as, he made the distance of; to travel over; as, the ship makes ten knots an hour; he made the distance in one day. (h) To put a desired or desirable condition; to cause to thrive. Who makes or ruins with a smile or frown. Dryden. 2. To cause to be or become; to put into a given state verb, or adjective; to constitute; as, to make known; to make public; to make fast. Who made thee a prince and a judge over us Ex. ii. 14. See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh. Ex. vii. 1. Note: When used reflexively with an adjective, the reflexive pronoun is often omitted; as, to make merry; to make bold; to make free, etc. 3. To cause to appear to be; to constitute subjectively; to esteem, suppose, or represent. He is not that goose and ass that Valla would make him. Baker. 4. To require; to constrain; to compel; to force; to cause; to occasion; -- followed by a noun or pronoun and infinitive. Note: In the active voice the to of the infinitive is usually omitted. I will make them hear my words. Deut. iv. 10. They should be made to rise at their early hour. Locke. 5. To become; to be, or to be capable of being, changed or fashioned into; to do the part or office of; to furnish the material for; as, he will make a good musician; sweet cider makes sour vinegar; wool makes warm clothing. And old cloak makes a new jerkin. Shak. 6. To compose, as parts, ingredients, or materials; to constitute; to form; to amount to. The heaven, the air, the earth, and boundless sea, Make but one temple for the Deity. Waller. 7. To be engaged or concerned in. [Obs.] Gomez, what makest thou here, with a whole brotherhood of city bailiffs Dryden. 8. To reach; to attain; to arrive at or in sight of. "And make the Libyan shores." Dryden. They that sail in the middle can make no land of either side. Sir T. Browne. To make a bed, to prepare a bed for being slept on, or to put it in order. -- To make a card (Card Playing), to take a trick with it. -- To make account. See under Account, n. -- To make account of, to esteem; to regard. -- To make away. (a) To put out of the way; to kill; to destroy. [Obs.] If a child were crooked or deformed in body or mind, they made him away. Burton. (b) To alienate; to transfer; to make over. [Obs.] Waller. -- To make believe, to pretend; to feign; to simulate. -- To make bold, to take the liberty; to venture. -- To make the cards (Card Playing), to shuffle the pack. -- To make choice of, to take by way of preference; to choose. -- To make danger, to make experiment. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. -- To make default (Law), to fail to appear or answer. -- To make the doors, to shut the door. [Obs.] Make the doors upon a woman's wit, and it will out at the casement. Shak. - To make free with. See under Free, a. -- To make good. See under Good. -- To make head, to make headway. -- To make light of. See under Light, a. -- To make little of. (a) To belittle. (b) To accomplish easily. -- To make love to. See under Love, n. -- To make meat, to cure meat in the open air. [Colloq. Western U. S.] -- To make merry, to feast; to be joyful or jovial. -- To make much of, to treat with much consideration,, attention, or fondness; to value highly. -- To make no bones. See under Bone, n. -- To make no difference, to have no weight or influence; to be a matter of indifference. -- To make no doubt, to have no doubt. -- To make no matter, to have no weight or importance; to make no difference. -- To make oath (Law), to swear, as to the truth of something, in a prescribed form of law. -- To make of. (a) To understand or think concerning; as, not to know what to make of the news. (b) To pay attention to; to cherish; to esteem; to account. "Makes she no more of me than of a slave." Dryden. -- To make one's law (Old Law), to adduce proof to clear one's self of a charge. -- To make out. (a) To find out; to discover; to decipher; as, to make out the meaning of a letter. (b) To prove; to establish; as, the plaintiff was unable to make out his case. (c) To make complete or exact; as, he was not able to make out the money. -- To make over, to transfer the title of; to convey; to alienate; as, he made over his estate in trust or in fee. -- To make sail. (Naut.) (a) To increase the quantity of sail already extended. (b) To set sail. -- To make shift, to manage by expedients; as, they made shift to do without it. [Colloq.]. -- To make sternway, to move with the stern foremost; to go or drift backward. -- To make strange, to act in an unfriendly manner or as if surprised; to treat as strange; as, to make strange of a request or suggestion. -- To make suit to, to endeavor to gain the favor of; to court. -- To make sure. See under Sure. -- To make up. (a) To collect into a sum or mass; as, to make up the amount of rent; to make up a bundle or package. (b) To reconcile; to compose; as, to make up a difference or quarrel. (c) To supply what is wanting in; to complete; as, a dollar is wanted to make up the stipulated sum. (d) To compose, as from ingredients or parts; to shape, prepare, or fabricate; as, to make up a mass into pills; to make up a story. He was all made up of love and charms! Addison. (e) To compensate; to make good; as, to make up a loss. (f) To adjust, or to arrange for settlement; as, to make up accounts. (g) To dress and paint for a part, as an actor; as, he was well made up. -- To make up a face, to distort the face as an expression of pain or derision. -- To make up one's mind, to reach a mental determination; to resolve. -- To make water. (a) (Naut.) To leak. (b) To urinate. -- To make way, or To make one's way. (a) To make progress; to advance. (b) To open a passage; to clear the way. -- To make words, to multiply words. MAKE Make, v. i. 1. To act in a certain manner; to have to do; to manage; to interfere; to be active; -- often in the phrase to meddle or make. [Obs.] A scurvy, jack-a-nape priest to meddle or make. Shak. 2. To proceed; to tend; to move; to go; as, he made toward home; the tiger made at the sportsmen. Note: Formerly, authors used to make on, to make forth, to make about; but these phrases are obsolete. We now say, to make at, to make away, to make for, to make off, to make toward, etc. 3. To tend; to contribute; to have effect; -- with for or against; as, it makes for his advantage. M. Arnold. Follow after the things which make for peace. Rom. xiv. 19. Considerations infinite Do make against it. Shak. 4. To increase; to augment; to accrue. 5. To compose verses; to write poetry; to versify. [Archaic] Chaucer. Tennyson. To solace him some time, as I do when I make. P. Plowman. To make as if, or To make as though, to pretend that; to make show that; to make believe (see under Make, v. t.). Joshua and all Israel made as if they were beaten before them, and fled. Josh. viii. 15. My lord of London maketh as though he were greatly displeased with me. Latimer. -- To make at, to go toward hastily, or in a hostile manner; to attack. -- To make away with. (a) To carry off. (b) To transfer or alienate; hence, to spend; to dissipate. (c) To kill; to destroy. -- To make off, to go away suddenly. -- To make out, to succeed; to be able at last; to make shift; as, he made out to reconcile the contending parties. -- To make up, to become reconciled or friendly. -- To make up for, to compensate for; to supply an equivalent for. -- To make up to. (a) To approach; as, a suspicious boat made up to us. (b) To pay addresses to; to make love to. -- To make up with, to become reconciled to. [Colloq.] -- To make with, to concur or agree with. Hooker. MAKE Make, n. Defn: Structure, texture, constitution of parts; construction; shape; form. It our perfection of so frail a make As every plot can undermine and shake Dryden. On the make,bent upon making great profits; greedy of gain. [Low, U. S.] MAKE AND BREAK Make and break. (Elec.) Defn: Any apparatus for making and breaking an electric circuit; a circuit breaker. MAKEBATE Make"bate`, n. Etym: [Make, v. + bate a quarrel.] Defn: One who excites contentions and quarrels. [Obs.] MAKE-BELIEF Make"-be*lief`, n. Defn: A feigning to believe; make believe. J. H. Newman. MAKE-BELIEVE Make"-be*lieve`, n. Defn: A feigning to believe, as in the play of children; a mere pretense; a fiction; an invention. "Childlike make-believe." Tylor. To forswear self-delusion and make-believe. M. Arnold. MAKE-BELIEVE Make"-be*lieve`, a. Defn: Feigned; insincere. "Make-believe reverence." G. Eliot. MAKED Mak"ed, obs. p. p. of Make. Defn: Made. Chaucer. MAKE-GAME Make"-game`, n. Defn: An object of ridicule; a butt. Godwin. MAKELESS Make"less, a. Etym: [See 1st Make, and cf. Matchless, Mateless.] 1. Matchless. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Without a mate. Shak. MAKE-PEACE Make"-peace` (-pes`) n. Defn: A peacemaker. [R.] Shak. MAKER Mak"er (mak"er) n., 1. One who makes, forms, or molds; a manufacturer; specifically, the Creator. The universal Maker we may praise. Milton. 2. (Law) Defn: The person who makes a promissory note. 3. One who writes verses; a poet. [Obs.] Note: "The Greeks named the poet poihth`s, which name, as the most excellent, hath gone through other languages. It cometh of this word poiei^n, make; wherein, I know not whether by luck or wisdom, we Englishmen have met well the Greeks in calling him a maker." Sir P. Sidney. MAKESHIFT Make"shift`, n. Defn: That with which one makes shift; a temporary expedient. James Mill. I am not a model clergyman, only a decent makeshift. G. Eliot. MAKE-UP Make"-up`, n. Defn: The way in which the parts of anything are put together; often, the way in which an actor is dressed, painted, etc., in personating a character. The unthinking masses are necessarily teleological in their mental make-up. L. F. Ward. MAKEWEIGHT Make"weight` (, n. Defn: That which is thrown into a scale to make weight; something of little account added to supply a deficiency or fill a gap. MAKI Ma"ki, n. Etym: [F., from native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A lemur. See Lemur. MAKING Mak"ing, n. 1. The act of one who makes; workmanship; fabrication; construction; as, this is cloth of your own making; the making of peace or war was in his power. 2. Composition, or structure. 3. a poem.[Obs.] Sir J. Davies. 4. That which establishes or places in a desirable state or condition; the material of which something may be made; as, early misfortune was the making of him. 5. External appearance; from. [Obs.] Shak. MAKING-IRON Mak"ing-i`ron, n. Defn: A tool somewhat like a chisel with a groove in it, used by calkers of ships to finish the seams after the oakum has been driven in. MAKING-UP Mak"ing-up`, n. 1. The act of bringing spirits to a certain degree of strength, called proof. 2. The act of becoming reconciled or friendly. MAL- Mal- Defn: . A prefix in composition denoting ill,or evil, F. male, adv., fr. malus, bad, ill. In some words it has the form male-, as in malediction, malevolent. See Malice. Note: The formmale- is chiefly used in cases where the c, either alone or with other letters, is pronounced as a separate syllable, as in malediction, malefactor, maleficent, etc. Where this is not the case, as in malfeasance or male-feasance, malformation or male- formation, etc., as also where the word to which it is prefixed commences with a vowel, as in maladministration, etc., the form malis to be preferred, and is the one commonly employed. MALA Ma"la, n.; pl. of Malum. Etym: [L.] Defn: Evils; wrongs; offenses against right and law. Mala in se Etym: [L.] (Law), offenses which are such from their own nature, at common law, irrespective of statute. -- Mala prohibita Etym: [L.] (Law), offenses prohibited by statute, as distinguished from mala in se, which are offenses at common law. MALABAR Mal"a*bar`, n. Defn: A region in the western part of the Peninsula of India, between the mountains and the sea. Malabar nut (Bot.), the seed of an East Indian acanthaceous shrub, the Adhatoda Vasica, sometimes used medicinally. MALACATUNE Mal`a*ca*tune", n. Defn: See Melocoton. MALACCA Ma*lac"ca, n. Defn: A town and district upon the seacoast of the Malay Peninsula. Malacca cane (Bot.), a cane obtained from a species of palm of the genus Calamus (C. Scipionum), and of a brown color, often mottled. The plant is a native of Cochin China, Sumatra, and Malays. MALACHITE Mal"a*chite, n. Etym: [Fr. Gr. malachite. Cf. Mallow.] (Min.) Defn: Native hydrous carbonate of copper, usually occurring in green mammillary masses with concentric fibrous structure. Note: Green malachite, or malachite proper, admits of a high polish, and is sometimes used for ornamental work. Blue malachite, or azurite, is a related species of a deep blue color. Malachite green. See Emerald green, under Green, n. MALACISSANT Mal`a*cis"sant, a. Etym: [See Malacissation.] Defn: Softening; relaxing. [Obs.] MALACISSATION Mal`a*cis*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. malacissare to make soft, Gr. Defn: The act of making soft or supple. [Obs.] Bacon. MALACOBDELLA Mal`a*cob*del"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of nemertean worms, parasitic in the gill cavity of clams and other bivalves. They have a large posterior sucker, like that of a leech. See Illust. of Bdellomorpha. MALACODERM Mal"a*co*derm, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a tribe of beetles (Malacodermata), with a soft and flexible body, as the fireflies. MALACOLITE Mal"a*co*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of pyroxene. MALACOLOGIST Mal`a*col"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in the science of malacology. MALACOLOGY Mal`a*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. malacologie.] Defn: The science which relates to the structure and habits of mollusks. MALACOPODA Mal`a*cop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of air-breathing Arthropoda; -- called also Protracheata, and Onychophora. Note: They somewhat resemble myriapods, and have from seventeen to thirty-three pairs of short, imperfectly jointed legs, two pairs of simple jaws, and a pair of antennæ. The trancheæ are connected with numerous spiracles scattered over the surface of the body. Peripatus is the only known genus. See Peripatus. MALACOPTERYGIAN Mal`a*cop`ter*yg"i*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. malacoptérygien.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Malacopterygii. MALACOPTERYGII Mal`a*cop`te*ryg"i*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes in which the fin rays, except the anterior ray of the pectoral and dorsal fins, are closely jointed, and not spiny. It includes the carp, pike, salmon, shad, etc. Called also Malacopteri. MALACOPTERYGIOUS Mal`a*cop`ter*yg"i*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Malacopterygii. MALACOSTEON Mal`a*cos"te*on, n. Etym: [NL., Gr. fr. (Med.) Defn: A peculiar disease of the bones, in consequence of which they become softened and capable of being bent without breaking. MALACOSTOMOUS Mal`a*cos"to*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having soft jaws without teeth, as certain fishes. MALACOSTRACA Mal`a*cos"tra*ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A subclass of Crustacea, including Arthrostraca and Thoracostraca, or all those higher than the Entomostraca. MALACOSTRACAN Mal`a*cos"tra*can, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Malacostraca. MALACOSTRACOLOGY Mal`a*cos`tra*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Malacostracan + -logy.] Defn: That branch of zoölogical science which relates to the crustaceans; -- called also carcinology. MALACOSTRACOUS Mal`a*cos"tra*cous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Malacostraca. MALACOTOON Mal`a*co*toon", n. (Bot.) Defn: See Melocoton. MALACOZOA Mal`a*co*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive group of Invertebrata, including the Mollusca, Brachiopoda, and Bryozoa. Called also Malacozoaria. MALACOZOIC Mal`a*co*zo"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Malacozoa. MALADDRESS Mal`ad*dress", n. Etym: [Mal- + address.] Defn: Bad address; an awkward, tactless, or offensive way of accosting one or talking with one. W. D. Howells. MALADJUSTMENT Mal`ad*just"ment, n. Etym: [Mal- + adjustment.] Defn: A bad adjustment. MALADMINISTRATION Mal`ad*min`is*tra"tion, n. Etym: [Mal- + administration.] Defn: Bad administration; bad management of any business, especially of public affairs. [Written also maleadministration.] MALADROIT Mal`a*droit", a. Etym: [F. See Malice, and Adroit.] Defn: Of a quality opposed to adroitness; clumsy; awkward; unskillful. -- Mal"a*droit`ly, adv. -- Mal`a*droit"ness, n. MALADY Mal"a*dy, n.; pl. Maladies. Etym: [F. maladie, fr. malade ill, sick, OF. also, malabde, fr. L. male habitus, i. e., ill-kept, not in good condition. See Malice, and Habit.] 1. Any disease of the human body; a distemper, disorder, or indisposition, proceeding from impaired, defective, or morbid organic functions; especially, a lingering or deep-seated disorder. The maladies of the body may prove medicines to the mind. Buckminster. 2. A moral or mental defect or disorder. Love's a malady without a cure. Dryden. Syn. -- Disorder; distemper; sickness; ailment; disease; illness. See Disease. MALAGA Mal"a*ga, n. Defn: A city and a province of Spain, on the Mediterranean. Hence, Malaga grapes, Malaga raisins, Malaga wines. MALAGASH Mal`a*gash", n. Defn: Same as Malagasy. MALAGASY Mal`a*gas"y, n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or natives of Madagascar; also (sing.), the language. MALAISE Ma`laise", n. Etym: [F., fr. mal ill + aise ease.] (Med.) Defn: An indefinite feeling of uneasiness, or of being sick or ill at ease. MALAMATE Ma*lam"ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of malamic acid. MALAMBO Ma*lam"bo, n. Etym: [Pg.] Defn: A yellowish aromatic bark, used in medicine and perfumery, said to be from the South American shrub Croton Malambo. MALAMETHANE Mal`am*eth"ane, n. Etym: [Malamic + ethane.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance forming the ethyl salt of malamic acid. MALAMIC Ma*lam"ic, a. Etym: [Malic + amic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining an acid intermediate between malic acid and malamide, and known only by its salts. MALAMIDE Ma*lam"ide, n. Etym: [Malic + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: The acid amide derived from malic acid, as a white crystalline substance metameric with asparagine. MALANDERS Mal"an*ders, n. pl. Etym: [F. malandres, fr. L. malandria blisters or pustules on the neck, especially in horses.] (Far.) Defn: A scurfy eruption in the bend of the knee of the fore leg of a horse. See Sallenders. [Written also mallenders.] MALAPERT Mal"a*pert, a. Etym: [OF. malapert unskillful, ill-taught, ill-bred; mal ill + apert open, adroit, intelligent, L. apertus, p. p. of aperire to open. See Malice, and Aperient.] Defn: Bold; forward; impudent; saucy; pert. Shak. -- n. Defn: A malapert person. Are you growing malapert! Will you force me to make use of my authority Dryden. -- Mal"a*pert`ly, adv. -- Mal"a*pert`ness, n. MALAPROPISM Mal"a*prop*ism, n. Etym: [From Mrs. Malaprop, a character in Sheridan's drama, " The Rivals," who makes amusing blunders in her use of words. See Malapropos.] Defn: A grotesque misuse of a word; a word so used. MALAPROPOS Mal*ap"ro*pos`, a. & adv. Etym: [F. mal à propos; mal evil + à propos to the purpose.] Defn: Unseasonable or unseasonably; unsuitable or unsuitably. MALAPTERURUS Mal*ap`te*ru"rus, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of African siluroid fishes, including the electric catfishes. See Electric cat, under Electric. MALAR Ma"lar, a. Etym: [L. mala the cheek: cf. F. malaire.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the region of the cheek bone, or to the malar bone; jugal. MALAR Ma"lar, n. (Anat.) Defn: The cheek bone, which forms a part of the lower edge of the orbit. MALARIA Ma*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [It., contr. fr. malaaria bad air. See Malice, and Air.] 1. Air infected with some noxious substance capable of engendering disease; esp., an unhealthy exhalation from certain soils, as marshy or wet lands, producing fevers; miasma. Note: The morbific agent in malaria is supposed by some to be a vegetable microbe or its spores, and by others to be a very minute animal blood parasite (an infusorian). 2. (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition produced by exhalations from decaying vegetable matter in contact with moisture, giving rise to fever and ague and many other symptoms characterized by their tendency to recur at definite and usually uniform intervals. MALARIAL; MALARIAN; MALARIOUS Ma*la"ri*al, Ma*la"ri*an, Ma*la"ri*ous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining, to or infected by, malaria. Malarial fever (Med.), a fever produced by malaria, and characterized by the occurrence of chills, fever, and sweating in distinct paroxysms, At intervals of definite and often uniform duration, in which these symptoms are wholly absent (intermittent fever), or only partially so (remittent fever); fever and ague; chills and fever. MALARIA PARASITE Malaria parasite. Defn: Any of several minute protozoans of the genus Plasmodium (syn. Hæmatozoön) which in their adult condition live in the tissues of mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles (which see) and when transferred to the blood of man, by the bite of the mosquito, produce malaria. The young parasites, or sporozoites, enter the red blood corpuscles, growing at their expense, undergoing sporulation, and finally destroying the corpuscles, thus liberating in the blood plasma an immense number of small spores called merozoites. An indefinite but not ultimated number of such generations may follow, but if meanwhile the host is bitten by a mosquito, the parasites develop into gametes in the stomach of the insect. These conjugate, the zygote thus produced divides, forming spores, and eventually sporozoites, which, penetrating to the salivary glands of the mosquito, may be introduced into a new host. The attacks of the disease coincide with the dissolution of the corpuscles and liberation of the spores and products of growth of the parasites into the blood plasma. Several species of the parasite are distinguished, as P. vivax, producing tertian malaria; P. malariæ, quartan malaria; and P. (subgenus Laverania) falciferum, the malarial fever of summer and autumn common in the tropics. MALASHAGANAY Ma`la*sha"ga*nay, n. Etym: [Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The fresh-water drumfish (Haploidonotus grunniens). MALASSIMILATION Mal`as*sim`i*la"tion, n. Etym: [Mal- + assimilation.] (Physiol.) (a) Imperfect digestion of the several leading constituents of the food. (b) An imperfect elaboration by the tissues of the materials brought to them by the blood. MALATE Ma"late, n. Etym: [L. malum apple: cf. F. malate. See Malic.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of malic acid. MALAX; MALAXATE Ma"lax, Ma*lax"ate, v. t. Etym: [L. malaxare, malaxatum, cf. Gr. malaxer.] Defn: To soften by kneading or stirring with some thinner substance. [R.] MALAXATION Mal`ax*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. malaxatio: cf. F. malaxation.] Defn: The act of softening by mixing with a thinner substance; the formation of ingredients into a mass for pills or plasters. [R.] MALAXATOR Mal"ax*a`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, malaxates; esp., a machine for grinding, kneading, or stirring into a pasty or doughy mass. [R.] MALAY Ma*lay", n. Defn: One of a race of a brown or copper complexion in the Malay Peninsula and the western islands of the Indian Archipelago. MALAY; MALAYAN Ma*lay", Ma*lay"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Malays or their country. -- n. Defn: The Malay language. Malay apple (Bot.), a myrtaceous tree (Eugenia Malaccensis) common in India; also, its applelike fruit. MALAYALAM Ma"la*ya"lam, n. Defn: The name given to one the cultivated Dravidian languages, closely related to the Tamil. Yule. MALBROUCK Mal"brouck, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A West African arboreal monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus). MALCONFORMATION Mal*con`for*ma"tion, n. Etym: [Mal- + conformation.] Defn: Imperfect, disproportionate, or abnormal formation; ill form; disproportion of parts. MALCONTENT Mal"con*tent`, a. Etym: [F., fr. mal ill + content. See Malice, Content.] Defn: discontented; uneasy; dissatisfied; especially, dissatisfied with the government. [Written also malecontent.] The famous malcontent earl of Leicester. Milner. MALCONTENT Mal"con*tent`, n. Etym: [F. malcontent.] Defn: One who discontented; especially, a discontented subject of a government; one who express his discontent by words or overt acts. Spenser. Berkeley. MALCONTENTED Mal`con*tent"ed, a. Defn: Malcontent. -- Mal`con*tent"ed*ly, adv. -- Mal`con*tent"ed*ness, n. MALDANIAN Mal*da"ni*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of marine annelids of the genus Maldane, or family Maldanidæ. They have a slender, round body, and make tubes in the sand or mud. MALE- Male- Defn: . See Mal-. MALE Male, a. Etym: [L. malus. See Malice.] Defn: Evil; wicked; bad. [Obs.] Marston. MALE Male, n. Defn: Same as Mail, a bag. [Obs.] Chaucer. MALE Male, a. Etym: [F. mâle, OF. masle, mascle, fr. L. masculus male, masculine, dim. of mas a male; possibly akin to E. man. Cf. Masculine, Marry, v. t.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sex that begets or procreates young, or (in a wider sense) to the sex that produces spermatozoa, by which the ova are fertilized; not female; as, male organs. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Capable of producing fertilization, but not of bearing fruit; - - said of stamens and antheridia, and of the plants, or parts of plants, which bear them. 3. Suitable to the male sex; characteristic or suggestive of a male; masculine; as, male courage. 4. Consisting of males; as, a male choir. 5. (Mech.) Defn: Adapted for entering another corresponding piece (the female piece) which is hollow and which it fits; as, a male gauge, for gauging the size or shape of a hole; a male screw, etc. Male berry (Bot.), a kind of coffee. See Pea berry. -- Male fern (Bot.), a fern of the genus Aspidium (A. Filixmas), used in medicine as an anthelmintic, esp. against the tapeworm. Aspidium marginale in America, and A. athamanticum in South Africa, are used as good substitutes for the male fern in medical practice. See Female fern, under Female. -- Male rhyme, a rhyme in which only the last syllables agree, as laid, afraid, dismayed. See Female rhyme, under Female. -- Male screw (Mech.), a screw having threads upon its exterior which enter the grooves upon the inside of a corresponding nut or female screw. -- Male thread, the thread of a male screw. MALE Male, n. 1. An animal of the male sex. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant bearing only staminate flowers. MALEADMINISTRATION Male`ad*min`is*tra"tion, n. Defn: Maladministration. MALEATE Ma*le"ate, n. Defn: A salt of maleic acid. MALEBRANCHISM Male*branch"ism, n. Defn: The philosophical system of Malebranche, an eminent French metaphysician. The fundamental doctrine of his system is that the mind can not have knowledge of anything external to itself except in its relation to God. MALECONFORMATION Male*con`for*ma"tion, n. Defn: Malconformation. MALECONTENT Male"con*tent`, a. Defn: Malcontent. MALEDICENCY Mal`e*di"cen*cy, n. Etym: [L. maledicentia. See Maledicent.] Defn: Evil speaking. [Obs.] Atterbury. MALEDICENT Mal`e*di"cent, a. Etym: [L. maledicens, p. pr. of maledicere to speak ill; male ill + dicere to say, speak. See Malice, and Diction.] Defn: Speaking reproachfully; slanderous. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys. MALEDICT Mal"e*dict, a. Etym: [L. maledictus, p. p. of maledicere.] Defn: Accursed; abominable. [R.] MALEDICTION Mal`e*dic"tion, n. Etym: [L. maledictio: cf. F. malédiction. See Maledicent.] Defn: A proclaiming of evil against some one; a cursing; imprecation; a curse or execration; -- opposed to benediction. No malediction falls from his tongue. Longfellow. Syn. -- Cursing; curse; execration; imprecation; denunciation; anathema. -- Malediction, Curse, Imprecation, Execration. Malediction is the most general term, denoting bitter reproach, or wishes and predictions of evil. Curse implies the desire or threat of evil, declared upon oath or in the most solemn manner. Imprecation is literally the praying down of evil upon a person. Execration is literally a putting under the ban of excommunication, a curse which excludes from the kingdom of God. In ordinary usage, the last three words describe profane swearing, execration being the strongest. MALEFACTION Mal`e*fac"tion, n. Etym: [See Malefactor.] Defn: A crime; an offense; an evil deed. [R.] Shak. MALEFACTOR Mal`e*fac"tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. malefacere to do evil; male ill, evil + facere to do. See Malice, and Fact.] 1. An evil doer; one who commits a crime; one subject to public prosecution and punishment; a criminal. 2. One who does wrong by injuring another, although not a criminal. [Obs.] H. Brooke. Fuller. Syn. -- Evil doer; criminal; culprit; felon; convict. MALEFACTRESS Mal`e*fac"tress, n. Defn: A female malefactor. Hawthorne. MALEFEASANCE Male*fea"sance, n. Defn: See Malfeasance. MALEFIC Ma*lef"ic, a. Etym: [L. maleficus: cf. F. maléfique. See Malefaction.] Defn: Doing mischief; causing harm or evil; nefarious; hurtful. [R.] Chaucer. MALEFICE Mal"e*fice, n. Etym: [L. maleficium: cf. F. maléfice. See Malefactor.] Defn: An evil deed; artifice; enchantment. [Obs.] MALEFICENCE Ma*lef"i*cence, n. Etym: [L. maleficentia. Cf. Malfeasance.] Defn: Evil doing, esp. to others. MALEFICENT Ma*lef"i*cent, a. Etym: [See Malefic.] Defn: Doing evil to others; harmful; mischievous. MALEFICIAL Mal`e*fi"cial, a. Defn: Injurious. Fuller. MALEFICIATE Mal`e*fi"ci*ate, v. t. Etym: [LL. maleficiatus, p. p. of maleficiare to bewitch, fr. L. maleficium. See Malefice.] Defn: To bewitch; to harm. [Obs.] Burton. MALEFICIATION Mal`e*fi`ci*a"tion, n. Defn: A bewitching. [Obs.] MALEFICIENCE Mal`e*fi"cience, n. Etym: [See Maleficence.] Defn: The doing of evil, harm, or mischief. MALEFICIENT Mal`e*fi"cient, a. Etym: [See Maleficent.] Defn: Doing evil, harm, or mischief. MALEFORMATION Male`for*ma"tion, n. Defn: See Malformation. MALEIC Ma*le"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. maléique. See Malic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the ethylene series, metameric with fumaric acid and obtained by heating malic acid. MALENGINE Ma*len"gine, n. Etym: [OF. malengin; L. malus bad, evil + ingenium natural capacity. See Engine.] Defn: Evil machination; guile; deceit. [Obs.] Gower. MALEO Ma"le*o, n. Etym: [From its native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of Celebes (megacephalon maleo), allied to the brush turkey. It makes mounds in which to lay its eggs. MALE-ODOR Male-o"dor, n. Defn: See Malodor. MALEPRACTICE Male*prac"tice, n. Defn: See Malpractice. MALE-SPIRITED Male"-spir`it*ed, a. Defn: Having the spirit of a male; vigorous; courageous. [R.] B. Jonson. MALET Mal"et, n. Etym: [F. mallette, dim. of malle. See Mail a bag.] Defn: A little bag or budget. [Obs.] Shelton. MALETREAT Male*treat", v. t. Defn: See Maltreat. MALEVOLENCE Ma*lev"o*lence, n. Etym: [L. malevolentia. See Malevolent.] Defn: The quality or state of being malevolent; evil disposition toward another; inclination to injure others; ill will. See Synonym of Malice. MALEVOLENT Ma*lev"o*lent, a. Etym: [L. malevolens, -entis; male ill + volens, p. pr. of velle to be willing or disposed, to wish. See Malice, and Voluntary.] Defn: Wishing evil; disposed to injure others; rejoicing in another's misfortune. Syn. -- Ill-disposed; envious; mischievous; evil-minded; spiteful; malicious; malignant; rancorous. MALEVOLENTLY Ma*lev"o*lent*ly, adv. Defn: In a malevolent manner. MALEVOLOUS Ma*lev"o*lous, a. Etym: [L. malevolus; fr. male ill + velle to be disposed.] Defn: Malevolent. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton. MALEXECUTION Mal*ex`e*cu"tion, n. Etym: [Mal- + execution.] Defn: Bad execution. D. Webster. MALEYL Ma*le"yl, n. Etym: [Maleic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical derived from maleic acid. MALFEASANCE Mal*fea"sance, n. Etym: [F. malfaisance, fr. malfaisant injurious, doing ill; mal ill, evil + faisant doing, p. pr. of faire to do. See Malice, Feasible, and cf. Maleficence.] (Law) Defn: The doing of an act which a person ought not to do; evil conduct; an illegal deed. [Written also malefeasance.] MALFORMATION Mal`for*ma"tion, n. Etym: [Mal- + forniation.] Defn: Ill formation; irregular or anomalous formation; abnormal or wrong conformation or structure. MALGRACIOUS Mal*gra"cious, a. Etym: [F. malgracieux.] Defn: Not graceful; displeasing. [Obs.] Gower. MALGRE Mal"gre, prep. Defn: See Mauger. MALIC Ma"lic, a. Etym: [L. malum an apple: cf. F. malique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, apples; as, malic acid. Malic acid, a hydroxy acid obtained as a substance which is sirupy or crystallized with difficulty, and has a strong but pleasant sour taste. It occurs in many fruits, as in green apples, currants, etc. It is levorotatory or dextrorotatory according to the temperature and concentration. An artificial variety is a derivative of succinic acid, but has no action on polarized light, and thus malic acid is a remarkable case of physical isomerism. MALICE Mal"ice, n. Etym: [F. malice, fr. L. malitia, from malus bad, ill, evil, prob. orig., dirty, black; cf. Gr. mala dirt. Cf. Mauger.] 1. Enmity of heart; malevolence; ill will; a spirit delighting in harm or misfortune to another; a disposition to injure another; a malignant design of evil. "Nor set down aught in malice." Shak. Envy, hatred, and malice are three distinct passions of the mind. Ld. Holt. 2. (Law) Defn: Any wicked or mischievous intention of the mind; a depraved inclination to mischief; an intention to vex, annoy, or injure another person, or to do a wrongful act without just cause or cause or excuse; a wanton disregard of the rights or safety of others; willfulness. Malice aforethought or prepense, malice previously and deliberately entertained. Syn. -- Spite; ill will; malevolence; grudge; pique; bitterness; animosity; malignity; maliciousness; rancor; virulence. See Spite. -- Malevolence, Malignity, Malignancy. Malice is a stronger word than malevolence, which may imply only a desire that evil may befall another, while malice desires, and perhaps intends, to bring it about. Malignity is intense and deepseated malice. It implies a natural delight in hating and wronging others. One who is malignant must be both malevolent and malicious; but a man may be malicious without being malignant. Proud tyrants who maliciously destroy And ride o'er ruins with malignant joy. Somerville. in some connections, malignity seems rather more pertinently applied to a radical depravity of nature, and malignancy to indications of this depravity, in temper and conduct in particular instances. Cogan. MALICE Mal"ice, v. t. Defn: To regard with extreme ill will. [Obs.] MALICHO Mal"i*cho, n. Etym: [Sp. malhecho; mal bad + hecho deed, L. factum. See Fact.] Defn: Mischief. [Obs.] Shak. MALICIOUS Ma*li"cious, a. Etym: [Of. malicius, F. malicieux, fr. L. malitiosus. See Malice.] 1. Indulging or exercising malice; harboring ill will or enmity. I grant him bloody, . . . Sudden, malicious, smacking of every sin That has a name. Shak. 2. Proceeding from hatred or ill will; dictated by malice; as, a malicious report; malicious mischief. 3. (Law) Defn: With wicked or mischievous intentions or motives; wrongful and done intentionally without just cause or excuse; as, a malicious act. Malicious abandonment, the desertion of a wife or husband without just cause. Burrill. -- Malicious mischief (Law), malicious injury to the property of another; -- an offense at common law. Wharton. -- Malicious prosecution or arrest (Law), a wanton prosecution or arrest, by regular process in a civil or criminal proceeding, without probable cause. Bouvier. Syn. -- Ill-disposed; evil-minded; mischievous; envious; malevolent; invidious; spiteful; bitter; malignant; rancorous; malign. -- Ma*li"cious*ly, adv. -- Ma*li"cious*ness, n. MALIGN Ma*lign", a. Etym: [L. malignus, for maligenus, i. e., of a bad kind or nature; malus bad + the root of genus birth, race, kind: cf. F. malin, masc., maligne, fem. See Malice, Gender, and cf. Benign, Malignant.] 1. Having an evil disposition toward others; harboring violent enmity; malevolent; malicious; spiteful; -- opposed to benign. Witchcraft may be by operation of malign spirits. Bacon. 2. Unfavorable; unpropitious; pernicious; tending to injure; as, a malign aspect of planets. 3. Malignant; as, a malign ulcer. [R.] Bacon. MALIGN Ma*lign", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maligned; p. pr. & vb. n. Maligning.] Etym: [Cf. L. malignare. See Malign, a.] Defn: To treat with malice; to show hatred toward; to abuse; to wrong; to injure. [Obs.] The people practice what mischiefs and villainies they will against private men, whom they malign by stealing their goods, or murdering them. Spenser. 2. To speak great evil of; to traduce; to defame; to slander; to vilify; to asperse. To be envied and shot at; to be maligned standing, and to be despised falling. South. MALIGN Ma*lign", v. i. Defn: To entertain malice. [Obs.] MALIGNANCE; MALIGNANCY Ma*lig"nance, Ma*lig"nan*cy , n. Etym: [See Malignant.] 1. The state or quality of being malignant; extreme malevolence; bitter enmity; malice; as, malignancy of heart. 2. Unfavorableness; evil nature. The malignancy of my fate might perhaps distemner yours. Shak. 3. (Med.) Defn: Virulence; tendency to a fatal issue; as, the malignancy of an ulcer or of a fever. 4. The state of being a malignant. Syn. -- Malice; malevolence; malignity. See Malice. MALIGNANT Ma*lig"nant, a. Etym: [L. malignans, -antis, p. pr. of malignare, malignari, to do or make maliciously. See Malign, and cf. Benignant.] 1. Disposed to do harm, inflict suffering, or cause distress; actuated by extreme malevolence or enmity; virulently inimical; bent on evil; malicious. A malignant and a turbaned Turk. Shak. 2. Characterized or caused by evil intentions; pernicious. "Malignant care." Macaulay. Some malignant power upon my life. Shak. Something deleterious and malignant as his touch. Hawthorne. 3. (Med.) Defn: Tending to produce death; threatening a fatal issue; virulent; as, malignant diphtheria. Malignant pustule (Med.), a very contagious disease, transmitted to man from animals, characterized by the formation, at the point of reception of the virus, of a vesicle or pustule which first enlarges and then breaks down into an unhealthy ulcer. It is marked by profound exhaustion and usually fatal. Called also charbon, and sometimes, improperly, anthrax. MALIGNANT Ma*lig"nant, n. 1. A man of extrems enmity or evil intentions. Hooker. 2. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: One of the adherents of Charles L. or Charles LL.; -- so called by the opposite party. MALIGNANTLY Ma*lig"nant*ly, adv. Defn: In a malignant manner. MALIGNER Ma*lign"er, n. Defn: One who maligns. MALIGNIFY Ma*lig"ni*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Malignified; p. pr. & vb. n. Malignifying.] Etym: [L. malignus malign + -fy.] Defn: To make malign or malignant. [R.] "A strong faith malignified." Southey. MALIGNITY Ma*lig"ni*ty, n. Etym: [F. malignité, L. malignitas.] 1. The state or quality of being malignant; disposition to do evil; virulent enmity; malignancy; malice; spite. 2. Virulence; deadly quality. His physicians discerned an invincible malignity in his disease. Hayward. 3. Extreme evilness of nature or influence; perniciousness; heinousness; as, the malignity of fraud. [R.] Syn. -- See Malice. MALIGNLY Ma*lign"ly, adv. Defn: In a malign manner; with malignity. MALINGER Ma*lin"ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. MAlingered; p. pr. & vb. n. Malingering.] Defn: To act the part of a malingerer; to feign illness or inability. MALINGERER Ma*lin"ger*er, n. Etym: [F. malingre sickly, weakly, prob. from mal ill + OF. heingre, haingre, thin, lean, infirm, fr. L. aeger.] Defn: In the army, a soldier who feigns himself sick, or who induces or protracts an illness, in order to avoid doing his duty; hence, in general, one who shirks his duty by pretending illness or inability. MALINGERY Ma*lin"ger*y, n. Defn: The spirit or practices of a malingerer; malingering. MALISON Mal"i*son, n. Etym: [OF. maleicon, L. maledictio. See Malediction, and cf. Benison.] Defn: Malediction; curse; execration. [Poetic] God's malison on his head who this gainsays. Sir W. Scott. MALKIN Mal"kin, n. Etym: [Dim. of Maud, the proper name. Cf. Grimalkin.] [Written also maukin.] 1. Originally, a kitchenmaid; a slattern. Chaucer. 2. A mop made of clouts, used by the kitchen servant. 3. A scarecrow.[Prov. Eng.] 4. (Mil.) Defn: A mop or sponge attached to a jointed staff for swabbing out a cannon. MALL Mall, n. [Written also maul.] Etym: [OE. malle, F. mail, L. malleus. Cf. Malleus.] 1. A large heavy wooden beetle; a mallet for driving anything with force; a maul. Addison. 2. A heavy blow. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. An old game played with malls or mallets and balls. See Pall-mall. Cotton. 4. A place where the game of mall was played. Hence: A public walk; a level shaded walk. Part of the area was laid out in gravel walks, and planted with elms; and these convenient and frequented walks obtained the name of the City Mall. Southey. MALL Mall, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Malled; p. pr. & vb. n. Malling.] Etym: [Cf. OF. mailler. See Mall beetle, and cf. Malleate.] Defn: To beat with a mall; to beat with something heavy; to bruise; to maul. MALL Mall, n. Etym: [LL. mallum a public assembly; cf. OHG. mahal assembly, transaction; akin to AS. mæ, me, assembly, m to speak, Goth. mapl market place.] Defn: Formerly, among Teutonic nations, a meeting of the notables of a state for the transaction of public business, such meeting being a modification of the ancient popular assembly. Hence: (a) A court of justice. (b) A place where justice is administered. (c) A place where public meetings are held. Councils, which had been as frequent as diets or malls, ceased. Milman. MALLARD Mal"lard, n. Etym: [F. malari,fr. mâle male + -art =-ard. See Male, a., and -ard.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A drake; the male of Anas boschas. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large wild duck (Anas boschas) inhabiting both America and Europe. The domestic duck has descended from this species. Called also greenhead. MALLEABILITY Mal"le*a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [CF. F. malléabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being malleable; -- opposed to friability and brittleness. Locke. MALLEABLE Mal"le*a*ble, a. Etym: [F. malléable, fr. LL. malleare to hammer. See Malleate.] Defn: Capable of being extended or shaped by beating with a hammer, or by the pressure of rollers; -- applied to metals. Malleable iron, iron that is capable of extension or of being shaped under the hammer; decarbonized cast iron. See under Iron. -- Malleable iron castings, articles cast from pig iron and made malleable by heating then for several days in the presence of some substance, as hematite, which deprives the cast iron of some of its carbon. MALLEABLEIZE Mal"le*a*ble*ize, v. t. Defn: To make malleable. MALLEABLENESS Mal"le*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being malleable. MALLEAL Mal"le*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the malleus. MALLEATE Mal"le*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Malleated; p. pr. & vb. n. Malleating.] Etym: [L. malleatus hammered, fr. malleus a hammer. See Mall, v. t.] Defn: To hammer; to beat into a plate or leaf. MALLEATION Mal`le*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. malleatio: cf. OF. malléation.] Defn: The act or process of beating into a plate, sheet, or leaf, as a metal; extension by beating. MALLECHO Mal"le*cho, n. Defn: Same as Malicho. MALLEE BIRD Mal*lee" bird`. (Zoöl.) Etym: [From native name.] Defn: The leipoa. See Leipoa. MALLEMOCK; MALLEMOKE Mal"le*mock, Mal"le*moke, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Mollemoke. MALLENDERS Mal"len*ders, n. pl. (Far.) Defn: Same as Malanders. MALLEOLAR Mal*le"o*lar, a. Etym: [See Malleolus.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the malleolus; in the region of the malleoli of the ankle joint. MALLEOLUS Mal*le"*o*lus, n.; pl. Malleoli. Etym: [L., dim. of malleus hammer.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A projection at the distal end of each bone of the leg at the ankle joint. The malleolus of the tibia is the internal projection, that of the fibula the external. 2. " A layer, " a shoot partly buried in the ground, and there cut halfway through. MALLET Mal"let, n. Etym: [F. maillet, dim. of mail. See Mall a beetle.] Defn: A small maul with a short handle, -- used esp. for driving a tool, as a chisel or the like; also, a light beetle with a long handle, -- used in playing croquet. MALLEUS Mal"le*us, n.; pl. Mallei. Etym: [L., hammer. See Mall a beetle.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The outermost of the three small auditory bones, ossicles; the hammer. It is attached to the tympanic membrane by a long process, the handle or manubrium. See Illust. of Far. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the hard lateral pieces of the mastax of Rotifera. See Mastax. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of bivalve shells; the hammer shell. MALLOPHAGA Mal*loph"a*ga, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive group of insects which are parasitic on birds and mammals, and feed on the feathers and hair; -- called also bird lice. See Bird louse, under Bird. MALLOTUS Mal*lo"tus, n. Etym: [NL., fr Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small Arctic fishes. One American species, the capelin (Mallotus villosus), is extensively used as bait for cod. MALLOW; MALLOWS Mal"low, Mal"lows, n. Etym: [OE. malwe, AS. mealwe, fr. L. malva, akin to Gr. mala`chh; cf. mala`ssein to soften, malako`s soft. Named either from its softening or relaxing properties, or from its soft downy leaves. Cf. Mauve, Malachite.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants (Malva) having mucilaginous qualities. See Malvaceous. Note: The flowers of the common mallow (M. sylvestris) are used in medicine. The dwarf mallow (M. rotundifolia) is a common weed, and its flattened, dick-shaped fruits are called cheeses by children. Tree mallow (M. Mauritiana and Lavatera arborea), musk mallow (M. moschata), rose mallow or hollyhock, and curled mallow (M. crispa), are less commonly seen. Indian mallow. See Abutilon. -- Jew's mallow, a plant (Corchorus olitorius) used as a pot herb by the Jews of Egypt and Syria. -- Marsh mallow. See under Marsh. MALLOWWORT Mal"low*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the order Malvaceæ. MALM; MALMBRICK Malm, Malm"brick`, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. mealm sand.] Defn: A kind of brick of a light brown or yellowish color, made of sand, clay, and chalk. MALMA Mal"ma, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A spotted trout (Salvelinus malma), inhabiting Northern America, west of the Rocky Mountains; -- called also Dolly Varden trout, bull trout, red-spotted trout, and golet. MALMAG Mal"mag, n. Etym: [F., from native name in Madagascar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The tarsius, or spectral lemur. MALMSEY Malm"sey, n. Etym: [OE. malvesie, F. malvoisie, It. malvasia, malavagia, fr. Malvasia, or Napoli di Malvasia, in the Morea.] Defn: A kind of sweet wine from Crete, the Canary Islands, etc. Shak. MALNUTRITION Mal`nu*tri"tion, n. Etym: [Mal- + nutrition.] (Physiol.) Defn: Faulty or imperfect nutrition. MALOBSERVATION Mal*ob`ser*va"tion, n. Etym: [Mal- + observation.] Defn: Erroneous observation. J. S Mill. MALODOR Mal*o"dor, n. Defn: An Offensive to the sense of smell; ill-smelling. -- Mal*o"dor*ous*ness. n. Carlyle. MALODOROUS Mal*o"dor*ous, a. Defn: Offensive to the sense of smell; ill-smelling. -- Mal*o"dor*ous*ness. n. Carlyle. [1913 Webster] MALONATE Mal"o*nate, a. (Chem.) Defn: At salt of malonic acid. MALONIC Ma*lon"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid produced artifically as a white crystalline substance, CH2.(CO2H)2, and so called because obtained by the oxidation of malic acid. MALONYL Mal"o*nyl, n. Etym: [Malonic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon radical, CH2.(CO)2, from malonic acid. MALPAIS Mal"pais`, n. [Cf. Sp. mal, malo, bad, and país country.] (Geol.) Defn: The rough surface of a congealed lava stream. [Southwestern U. S.] MALPIGHIA Mal*pi"ghi*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Malpighian.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of tropical American shrubs with opposite leaves and small white or reddish flowers. The drupes of Malpighia urens are eaten under the name of Barbadoes cherries. MALPIGHIACEOUS Mal*pi`ghi*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of tropical trees and shrubs (Malpighiaceæ), some of them climbing plants, and their stems forming many of the curious lianes of South American forests. MALPIGHIAN Mal*pi"ghi*an, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or discovered by, Marcello Malpighi, an Italian anatomist of the 17th century. Malhighian capsules or corpuscles, the globular dilatations, containing the glomeruli or Malpighian tufts, at the extremities of the urinary tubules of the kidney. Malpighian corpuscles of the spleen, masses of adenoid tissue connected with branches of the splenic artery. MALPOSITION Mal`po*si"tion, n. Etym: [Mal- + position.] Defn: A wrong position. MALPRACTICE Mal*prac"tice, n. Etym: [Mal- + practice.] Defn: Evil practice; illegal or immoral conduct; practice contrary to established rules; specifically, the treatment of a case by a surgeon or physician in a manner which is contrary to accepted rules and productive of unfavorable results. [Written also malepractice.] MALT Malt, n. Etym: [AS. mealt; akin to D. mout, G. malz, Icel., Sw., & Dan. malt, and E. melt. sq. root108. See Melt.] Defn: Barley or other grain, steeped in water and dried in a kiln, thus forcing germination until the saccharine principle has been evolved. It is used in brewing and in the distillation of whisky. MALT Malt, a. Defn: Relating to, containing, or made with, malt. Malt liquor, an alcoholic liquor, as beer, ale, porter, etc., prepared by fermenting an infusion of malt. -- Malt dust, fine particles of malt, or of the grain used in making malt; -used as a fertilizer. " Malt dust consists chiefly of the infant radicle separated from the grain." Sir H. Davy. -- Malt floor, a floor for drying malt. -- Malt house, or Malthouse, a house in which malt is made. -- Malt kiln, a heated chamber for drying malt. MALT Malt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Malted: p. pr. & vb. n. Malting.] Defn: To make into malt; as, to malt barley. MALT Malt, v. i. Defn: To become malt; also, to make grain into malt. Mortimer. MALTALENT Mal"ta*lent, n. Etym: [F. See Malice, and Talent.] Defn: Ill will; malice. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Spenser. MALTESE Mal*tese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Malta or to its inhabitants. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Malta; the people of Malta. Maltese cat (Zoöl.), a mouse-colored variety of the domestic cat. -- Maltese cross. See Illust. 5, of Cross. -- Maltese dog (Zoöl.), a breed of small terriers, having long silky white hair. The breed originated in Malta. MALTHA Mal"tha, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. A variety of bitumen, viscid and tenacious, like pitch, unctuous to the touch, and exhaling a bituminous odor. 2. Mortar. [Obs.] Holland. MALTHUSIAN Mal*thu"sian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the political economist, the Rev. T. R. Malthus, or conforming to his views; as, Malthusian theories. Note: Malthus held that population tends to increase faster than its means of subsistence can be made to do, and hence that the lower classes must necessarily suffer more or less from lack of food, unless an increase of population be checked by prudential restraint or otherwise. MALTHUSIAN Mal*thu"sian, n. Defn: A follower of Malthus. MALTHUSIANISM Mal*thu"sian*ism, n. Defn: The system of Malthusian doctrines relating to population. MALTIN; MALTINE Malt"in, Malt"ine, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The fermentative principle of malt; malt diastase; also, a name given to various medicinal preparations made from or containing malt. MALTING Malt"ing, n. Defn: The process of making, or of becoming malt. MALTMAN Malt"man, n.; pl. Maltmen (. Defn: A man whose occupation is to make malt. MALTONIC Mal*ton"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, maltose; specif., designating an acid called also gluconic or dextronic acid. See Gluconic. MALTOSE Malt"ose`, n. Etym: [From Malt.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A crystalline sugar formed from starch by the action of distance of malt, and the amylolytic ferment of saliva and pancreatic juice. It resembles dextrose, but rotates the plane of polarized light further to the right and possesses a lower cupric oxide reducing power. MALTREAT Mal*treat", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maltreated; p. pr. & vb. n. Maltreating.] Etym: [Mal- + treat: cf. F. maltraiter.] Defn: To treat ill; to abuse; to treat roughly. MALTREATMENT Mal*treat"ment, n.; Etym: [Cf. F. maltraitement.] Defn: Ill treatment; ill usage; abuse. MALTSTER Malt"ster, n. Defn: A maltman. Swift. MALTWORM Malt"worm`, n. Defn: A tippler. [R.] Shak. MALTY Malt"y, a. Defn: Consisting, or like, malt. Dickens. MALUM Ma"lum, n.; pl. Mala. Etym: [L.] Defn: An evil. See Mala. MALVACEOUS Mal*va"ceous, a. Etym: [L. malvaceus, from malva mallows. See Mallow.] (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Malvaceæ), of which the mallow is the type. The cotton plant, hollyhock, and abutilon are of this order, and the baobab and the silk-cotton trees are now referred to it. MALVERSATION Mal`ver*sa"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. malverser to be corrupt in office, fr. L. male ill + versari to move about, to occupy one's self, vertere to turn. See Malice, and Verse.] Defn: Evil conduct; fraudulent practices; misbehavior, corruption, or extortion in office. MALVESIE Mal"ve*sie, n. Defn: Malmsey wine. See Malmsey. " A jub of malvesye." Chaucer. MAM Mam, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. mamma.] Defn: Mamma. MAM Mam (mam), n. [Abbrev. fr. mamma.] Defn: Mamma. MAMA Ma*ma", n. Defn: See Mamma. MAMALUKE Mam"a*luke, n. Defn: Same as Mameluke. MAMELON Mam"e*lon, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A rounded hillock; a rounded elevation or protuberance. Westmin. Rev. MAMELUCO Mam`e*lu"co, n. Etym: [Pg.] Defn: A child born of a white father and Indian mother. [S. Amer.] MAMELUKE Mam"e*luke, n. Etym: [F. mamelouk, cf. Sp. mameluco, It. mammalucco; all fr. Ar. maml a purchased slave or captive; lit., possessed or in one's power, p. p. of malaka to possesses.] Defn: One of a body of mounted soldiers recruited from slaves converted to Mohammedanism, who, during several centuries, had more or less control of the government of Egypt, until exterminated or dispersed by Mehemet Ali in 1811. MAMILLATED Mam"il*la`ted, a. Defn: See Mammillated. MAMMA Mam*ma", n. Etym: [Reduplicated from the infantine word ma, influenced in spelling by L. mamma.] Defn: Mother; -- word of tenderness and familiarity. [Written also mama.] Tell tales papa and mamma. Swift. MAMMA Mam"ma, n.; pl. Mammæ. Etym: [L. mamma breast.] (Anat.) Defn: A glandular organ for secreting milk, characteristic of all mammals, but usually rudimentary in the male; a mammary gland; a breast; under; bag. MAMMAL Mam"mal, n.; pl. Mammals. Etym: [L. mammalis belonging to the breast, fr. mamma the breast or pap: cf. F. mammal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Mammalia. Age of mammals. See under Age, n., 8. MAMMALIA Mam*ma"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. mammalis. See Mammal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The highest class of Vertebrata. The young are nourished for a time by milk, or an analogous fluid, secreted by the mammary glands of the mother. Note: Mammalia are divided into threes subclasses; --I. Placentalia. This subclass embraces all the higher orders, including man. In these the fetus is attached to the uterus by a placenta. II. Marsupialia. In these no placenta is formed, and the young, which are born at an early state of development, are carried for a time attached to the teats, and usually protected by a marsupial pouch. The opossum, kangaroo, wombat, and koala are examples. III. Monotremata. In this group, which includes the genera Echidna and Ornithorhynchus, the female lays large eggs resembling those of a bird or lizard, and the young, which are hatched like those of birds, are nourished by a watery secretion from the imperfectly developed mammæ. MAMMALIAN Mam*ma"li*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Mammalia or mammals. MAMMALIFEROUS Mam`ma*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Mammal + -ferous.] (Geol.) Defn: Containing mammalian remains; -- said of certain strata. MAMMALOGICAL Mam`ma*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to mammalogy. MAMMALOGIST Mam*mal"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mammalogiste.] Defn: One versed in mammalogy. MAMMALOGY Mam*mal"o*gy, n. Etym: [Mamma breast + -logy: cf. f. mammalogie.] Defn: The science which relates to mammals or the Mammalia. See Mammalia. MAMMARY Mam"ma*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. mammaire.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the mammæ or breasts; as, the mammary arteries and veins. MAMMEE Mam*mee", n. Etym: [Haytian mamey.] (Bot.) Defn: A fruit tree of tropical America, belonging to the genus Mammea (M. Americana); also, its fruit. The latter is large, covered with a thick, tough ring, and contains a bright yellow pulp of a pleasant taste and fragrant scent. It is often called mammee apple. MAMMER Mam"mer, v. i. Etym: [Cf. G. memme coward, poltroon.] Defn: To hesitate; to mutter doubtfully. [Obs.] MAMMET Mam"met, n. Etym: [See Mawmet.] Defn: An idol; a puppet; a doll. [Obs.] Selden. Shak. MAMMETRY Mam"met*ry, n. Defn: See Mawmetry. [Obs.] MAMMIFER Mam"mi*fer, n. Etym: [NL. See Mammiferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A mammal. See Mammalia. MAMMIFEROUS Mam*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Mamma breast + -ferous: cf. F. mammifère.] Defn: Having breasts; of, pertaining to, or derived from, the Mammalia. MAMMIFORM Mam"mi*form, a. Etym: [Mamma breast + -form: cf. F. mammiforme.] Defn: Having the form of a mamma (breast) or mammæ. MAMMILLA Mam*mil"la, n.; pl. Mammilæ. Etym: [L., dim. of mamma a breast.] (Anat.) Defn: The nipple. MAMMILLARY Mam"mil*la*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. mammilaire. See Mammilla.] 1. Of or pertaining to the mammilla, or nipple, or to the breast; resembling a mammilla; mammilloid. 2. (Min.) Defn: Composed of convex convex concretions, somewhat resembling the breasts in form; studded with small mammiform protuberances. MAMMILLATE; MAMMILLATED Mam"mil*late, Mam"mil*la`ted, a. Etym: [See Mammilla.] 1. Having small nipples, or small protuberances like nipples or mammæ. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Bounded like a nipple; -- said of the apex of some shells. MAMMILLIFORM Mam*mil"li*form, a. Etym: [Mammil + -form.] Defn: Having the form of a mammilla. MAMMILLOID Mam"mil*loid, a. Etym: [Mammilla + -oid.] Defn: Like a mammilla or nipple; mammilliform. MAMMOCK Mam"mock, n. Etym: [Ir. & Gael. mam a round hill + -ock.] Defn: A shapeless piece; a fragment. [Obs.] MAMMOCK Mam"mock, v. t. Defn: To tear to pieces. [Obs.] Milton. MAMMODIS Mam"mo*dis, n. Etym: [F. mamoudis, fr. Hind. mahmudi a muslin.] Defn: Coarse plain India muslins. MAMMOLOGY Mam*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Mamma + -logy.] Defn: Mastology. See Mammalogy. MAMMON Mam"mon, n. Etym: [L. mammona, Gr. mam; cf. Heb. matm a hiding place, subterranean storehouse, treasury, fr. taman to hide.] Defn: Riches; wealth; the god of riches; riches, personified. Ye can not serve God and Mammon. Matt. vi. 24. MAMMONISH Mam"mon*ish, a. Defn: Actuated or prompted by a devotion to money getting or the service of Mammon. Carlyle. MAMMONISM Mam"mon*ism, n. Defn: Devotion to the pursuit of wealth; worldliness. Carlyle. MAMMONIST Mam"mon*ist, n. Defn: A mammonite. MAMMONITE Mam"mon*ite, n. Defn: One devoted to the acquisition of wealth or the service of Mammon. C. Kingsley. MAMMONIZATION Mam`mon*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The process of making mammonish; the state of being under the influence of mammonism. MAMMONIZE Mam"mon*ize, v. t. Defn: To make mammonish. MAMMOSE Mam*mose", a. Etym: [L. mammosus having large breasts, mamma breast.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of the breast; breast-shaped. MAMMOTH Mam"moth, n. Etym: [Russ. mâmont, mámant, fr. Tartar mamma the earth. Certain Tartar races, the Tungooses and Yakoots, believed that the mammoth worked its way in the earth like a mole.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extinct, hairy, maned elephant (Elephas primigenius), of enormous size, remains of which are found in the northern parts of both continents. The last of the race, in Europe, were coeval with prehistoric man. Note: Several specimens have been found in Siberia preserved entire, with the flesh and hair remaining. They were imbedded in the ice cliffs at a remote period, and became exposed by the melting of the ice. MAMMOTH Mam"moth, a. Defn: Resembling the mammoth in size; very large; gigantic; as, a mammoth ox. MAMMOTHREPT Mam"mo*thrept, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A child brought up by its grandmother; a spoiled child. [R.] O, you are a more mammothrept in judgment. B. Jonson. MAMMY Mam"my, n.; pl. Mammies (. Defn: A child's name for mamma, mother. MAMZER Mam"zer, n. Etym: [Heb. mámz.] Defn: A person born of relations between whom marriage was forbidden by the Mosaic law; a bastard. Deut. xxiii. 2 (Douay version). MAN Man, n.; pl. Men. Etym: [AS. mann, man, monn, mon; akin to OS., D., & OHG. man, G. mann, Icel. maedhr, for mannr, Dan. Mand, Sw. man, Goth. manna, Skr. manu, manus, and perh. to Skr. man to think, and E. mind. sq. root104. Cf. Minx a pert girl.] 1. A human being; -- opposed tobeast. These men went about wide, and man found they none, But fair country, and wild beast many [a] one. R. of Glouc. The king is but a man, as I am; the violet smells to him as it doth to me. Shak. 2. Especially: An adult male person; a grown-up male person, as distinguished from a woman or a child. When I became a man, I put away childish things. I Cor. xiii. 11. Ceneus, a woman once, and once a man. Dryden. 3. The human race; mankind. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness, and let them have dominion. Gen. i. 26. The proper study of mankind is man. Pope. 4. The male portion of the human race. Woman has, in general, much stronger propensity than man to the discharge of parental duties. Cowper. 5. One possessing in a high degree the distinctive qualities of manhood; one having manly excellence of any kind. Shak. This was the noblest Roman of them all . . . the elements So mixed in him that Nature might stand up And say to all the world "This was a man! Shak. 6. An adult male servant; also, a vassal; a subject. Like master, like man. Old Proverb. The vassal, or tenant, kneeling, ungirt, uncovered, and holding up his hands between those of his lord, professed that he did become his man from that day forth, of life, limb, and earthly honor. Blackstone. 7. A term of familiar address often implying on the part of the speaker some degree of authority, impatience, or haste; as, Come, man, we 've no time to lose ! 8. A married man; a husband; -- correlative to wife. I pronounce that they are man and wife. Book of Com. Prayer. every wife ought to answer for her man. Addison. 9. One, or any one, indefinitely; -- a modified survival of the Saxon use of man, or mon, as an indefinite pronoun. A man can not make him laugh. Shak. A man would expect to find some antiquities; but all they have to show of this nature is an old rostrum of a Roman ship. Addison. 10. One of the piece with which certain games, as chess or draughts, are played. Note: Man is often used as a prefix in composition, or as a separate adjective, its sense being usually self-explaining; as, man child, man eater or maneater, man-eating, man hater or manhater, man-hating, manhunter, man-hunting, mankiller, man-killing, man midwife, man pleaser, man servant, man-shaped, manslayer, manstealer, man- stealing, manthief, man worship, etc. Man is also used as a suffix to denote a person of the male sex having a business which pertains to the thing spoken of in the qualifying part of the compound; ashman, butterman, laundryman, lumberman, milkman, fireman, showman, waterman, woodman. Where the combination is not familiar, or where some specific meaning of the compound is to be avoided, man is used as a separate substantive in the foregoing sense; as, apple man, cloth man, coal man, hardware man, wood man (as distinguished from woodman). Man ape (Zoöl.), a anthropoid ape, as the gorilla. -- Man at arms, a designation of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries for a soldier fully armed. -- Man engine, a mechanical lift for raising or lowering people through considerable distances; specifically (Mining), a contrivance by which miners ascend or descend in a shaft. It consists of a series of landings in the shaft and an equal number of shelves on a vertical rod which has an up and down motion equal to the distance between the successive landings. A man steps from a landing to a shelf and is lifted or lowered to the next landing, upon which he them steps, and so on, traveling by successive stages. -- Man Friday, a person wholly subservient to the will of another, like Robinson Crusoe's servant Friday. -- Man of straw, a puppet; one who is controlled by others; also, one who is not responsible pecuniarily. -- Man-of-the earth (Bot.), a twining plant (Ipomoea pandurata) with leaves and flowers much like those of the morning-glory, but having an immense tuberous farinaceous root. -- Man of war. (a) A warrior; a soldier. Shak. (b) (Naut.) See in the Vocabulary. -- To be one's own man, to have command of one's self; not to be subject to another. MAN Man, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manned; p. pr. & vb. n. Manning.] 1. To supply with men; to furnish with a sufficient force or complement of men, as for management, service, defense, or the like; to guard; as, to man a ship, boat, or fort. See how the surly Warwick mans the wall ! Shak. They man their boats, and all their young men arm. Waller. 2. To furnish with strength for action; to prepare for efficiency; to fortify. "Theodosius having manned his soul with proper reflections." Addison. 3. To tame, as a hawk. [R.] Shak. 4. To furnish with a servants. [Obs.] Shak. 5. To wait on as a manservant. [Obs.] Shak. Note: In "Othello," V. ii. 270, the meaning is uncertain, being, perhaps: To point, to aim, or to manage. To man a yard (Naut.), to send men upon a yard, as for furling or reefing a sail. -- To man the yards (Naut.), to station men on the yards as a salute or mark of respect. MANABLE Man"a*ble, a. Defn: Marriageable.[Obs.] MANACE Man"ace, n. & v. Defn: Same as Menace. [Obs.] MANACLE Man"a*cle, n. Etym: [OE. manicle, OF. manicle, F. manicle sort glove, manacle, L. manicula a little hand, dim. of manus hand; cf. L. manica sleeve, manacle, fr.manus. See Manual.] Defn: A handcuff; a shackle for the hand or wrist; -- usually in the plural. Doctrine unto fools is as fetters on the feet, and like manacles on the right hand. Ecclus. xxi. 19. MANACLE Man"a*cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manacled; p. pr. & vb. n. Manacling.] Defn: To put handcuffs or other fastening upon, for confining the hands; to shackle; to confine; to restrain from the use of the limbs or natural powers. Is it thus you use this monarch, to manacle and shackle him hand and foot Arbuthnot. MANAGE Man"age, n. Etym: [F. manège, It. maneggio, fr. maneggiare to manage, fr. L.manushand. Perhaps somewhat influenced by F. ménage housekeeping, OF. mesnage, akin to E. mansion. See Manual, and cf. Manege.] Defn: The handling or government of anything, but esp. of a horse; management; administration. See Manege. [Obs.] Young men, in the conduct and manage of actions, embrace more than they can hold. Bacon. Down, down I come; like glistering Phaëthon Wanting the manage of unruly jades. Shak. The unlucky manage of this fatal brawl. Shak. Note: This word, in its limited sense of management of a horse, has been displaced by manege; in its more general meaning, by management. MANAGE Man"age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Managed; p. pr. & vb. n. Managing.] Etym: [From Manage, n.] 1. To have under control and direction; to conduct; to guide; to administer; to treat; to handle. Long tubes are cumbersome, and scarce to be easily managed. Sir I. Newton. What wars Imanage, and what wreaths I gain. Prior. 2. Hence: Esp., to guide by careful or delicate treatment; to wield with address; to make subservient by artful conduct; to bring around cunningly to one's plans. It was so much his interest to manage his Protestant subjects. Addison . It was not her humor to manage those over whom she had gained an ascendant. Bp. Hurd. 3. To train in the manege, as a horse; to exercise in graceful or artful action. 4. To treat with care; to husband. Dryden. 5. To bring about; to contrive. Shak. Syn. -- To direct; govern; control; wield; order; contrive; concert; conduct; transact. MANAGE Man"age, v. i. Defn: To direct affairs; to carry on business or affairs; to administer. Leave them to manage for thee. Dryden . MANAGEABILITY Man`age*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being manageable; manageableness. MANAGEABLE Man"age*a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be managed or used; suffering control; governable; tractable; subservient; as, a manageable horse. Syn. -- Governable; tractable; controllable; docile. -- Man"age*a*ble*ness, n. -- Man"age*a*bly, adv. MANAGELESS Man"age*less, a. Defn: Unmanageable.[R.] MANAGEMENT Man"age*ment, n. Etym: [From Manage, v.] 1. The act or art of managing; the manner of treating, directing, carrying on, or using, for a purpose; conduct; administration; guidance; control; as, the management of a family or of a farm; the management of state affairs. "The management of the voice." E. Porter. 2. Business dealing; negotiation; arrangement. He had great managements with ecclesiastics. Addison . 3. Judicious use of means to accomplish an end; conduct directed by art or address; skillful treatment; cunning practice; -- often in a bad sense. Mark with what management their tribes divide Some stick to you, and some to t'other side. Dryden. 4. The collective body of those who manage or direct any enterprise or interest; the board of managers. Syn. -- Conduct; administration; government; direction; guidance; care; charge; contrivance; intrigue. MANAGER Man"a*ger, n. 1. One who manages; a conductor or director; as, the manager of a theater. A skillful manager of the rabble. South. 2. A person who conducts business or household affairs with economy and frugality; a good economist. A prince of great aspiring thoughts; in the main, a manager of his treasure. Sir W. Temple. 3. A contriver; an intriguer. Shak. MANAGERIAL Man`a*ge"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to management or a manager; as, managerial qualities. "Managerial responsibility." C. Bronté. MANAGERSHIP Man"a*ger*ship, n. Defn: The office or position of a manager. MANAGERY Man"age*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. menagerie, mesnagerie. See Manage, n., and cf. Menagerie.] 1. Management; manner of using; conduct; direction. 2. Husbandry; economy; frugality. Bp. Burnet. MANAKIN Man"a*kin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. & G. manakin; prob. the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous small birds belonging to Pipra, Manacus, and other genera of the family Pipridæ. They are mostly natives of Central and South America. some are bright-colored, and others have the wings and tail curiously ornamented. The name is sometimes applied to related birds of other families. MANAKIN Man"a*kin, n. Defn: A dwarf. See Manikin. Shak. MANATEE Man`a*tee", n. Etym: [Sp. manatí, from the native name in Hayti. Cf. Lamantin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Trichechus, a genus of sirenians; -- called alsosea cow. [Written also manaty, manati.] Note: One species (Trichechus Senegalensis) inhabits the west coast of Africa; another (T. Americanus) inhabits the east coast of South America, and the West-Indies. The Florida manatee (T. latirostris) is by some considered a distinct species, by others it is thought to be a variety of T. Americanus. It sometimes becomes fifteen feet or more in length, and lives both in fresh and salt water. It is hunted for its oil and flesh. MANATION Ma*na"tion, n.Etym: [L.manatio, fr. manare to flow.] Defn: The act of issuing or flowing out. [Obs.] MANBIRD Man"bird`, n. Defn: An aviator. [Colloq.] MANBOTE Man"bote`, n. Etym: [AS. man man, vassal + bot recompense.] (Anglo- Saxon Law) Defn: A sum paid to a lord as a pecuniary compensation for killing his man (that is, his vassal, servant, or tenant). Spelman. MANCA Man"ca, n. Etym: [LL.] Defn: See Mancus. MANCHE Manche, n. [Also maunch.] Etym: [F. manche, fr. L. manica. See Manacle.] Defn: A sleeve. [Obs.] MANCHET Man"chet, n. Defn: Fine white bread; a loaf of fine bread. [Archaic] Bacon. Tennyson. MANCHINEEL Man`chi*neel", n. Etym: [Sp. manzanillo, fr. manzana an apple, fr. L. malum Matianum a kind of apple. So called from its apple-like fruit.] (Bot.) Defn: A euphorbiaceous tree (Hippomane Mancinella) of tropical America, having a poisonous and blistering milky juice, and poisonous acrid fruit somewhat resembling an apple. Bastard manchineel, a tree (Cameraria latifolia) of the East Indies, having similar poisonous properties. Lindley. MANCHU Man*chu", a. Etym: [Written also Manchoo, Mantchoo, etc.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Manchuria or its inhabitants. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Manchuria; also, the language spoken by the Manchus. MANCIPATE Man"ci*pate, v. t. Etym: [L. mancipatus, p. p. of mancipare to sell. Cf. Emancipate.] Defn: To enslave; to bind; to restrict. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. MANCIPATION Man`ci*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. mancipatio a transfer.] Defn: Slavery; involuntary servitude. [Obs.] Johnson. MANCIPLE Man"ci*ple, n. Etym: [From OF. mancipe slave, servant (with l inserted, as in participle), fr. L. mancipium. See Mancipate.] Defn: A steward; a purveyor, particularly of a college or Inn of Court. Chaucer. MANCONA BARK Man*co"na bark` Defn: . See Sassy bark. MANCUS Man"cus, n. Etym: [AS.] Defn: An old Anglo Saxon coin both of gold and silver, and of variously estimated values. The silver mancus was equal to about one shilling of modern English money. -MANCY -man`cy. Etym: [Gr. -mancie.] Defn: A combining form denoting divination; as, aleuromancy, chiromancy, necromancy, etc. MAND Mand, n. Defn: A demand. [Obs.] See Demand. MANDAMUS Man*da"mus, n. Etym: [L., we command, fr. mandare to command.] (Law) Defn: A writ issued by a superior court and directed to some inferior tribunal, or to some corporation or person exercising authority, commanding the performance of some specified duty. MANDARIN Man`da*rin", n. Etym: [Pg. mandarim, from Malay mantri minister of state, prop. a Hind. word, fr. Skr. mantrin a counselor, manira a counsel, man to think.] 1. A Chinese public officer or nobleman; a civil or military official in China and Annam. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A small orange, with easily separable rind. It is thought to be of Chinese origin, and is counted a distinct species (Citrus nobilis)mandarin orange; tangerine. Mandarin duck (Zoöl.), a beautiful Asiatic duck (Dendronessa galericulata), often domesticated, and regarded by the Chinese as an emblem of conjugal affection. -- Mandarin language, the spoken or colloquial language of educated people in China. -- Mandarin yellow (Chem.), an artificial aniline dyestuff used for coloring silk and wool, and regarded as a complex derivative of quinoline. MANDARINATE Man`da*rin"ate, n. Defn: The collective body of officials or persons of rank in China. S. W. Williams. MANDARINIC Man`da*rin"ic, a. Defn: Appropriate or peculiar to a mandarin. MANDARINING Man`da*rin"ing, n. (Dyeing) Defn: The process of giving an orange color to goods formed of animal tissue, as silk or wool, not by coloring matter, but by producing a certain change in the fiber by the action of dilute nitric acid. Tomlinson. MANDARINISM Man`da*rin"ism, n. Defn: A government mandarins; character or spirit of the mandarins. F. Lieder. MANDATARY Man"da*ta*ry, n. Etym: [L. mandatarius, fr. mandatum a charge, commission, order: cf. F. mandataire. See Mandate.] 1. One to whom a command or charge is given; hence, specifically, a person to whom the pope has, by his prerogative, given a mandate or order for his benefice. Ayliffe. 2. (Law) Defn: One who undertakes to discharge a specific business commission; a mandatory. Wharton. MANDATE Man"date, n. Etym: [L. mandatum, fr. mandare to commit to one's charge, order, orig., to put into one's hand; manus hand + dare to give: cf. F. mandat. See Manual, Date a time, and cf. Commend, Maundy Thursday.] 1. An official or authoritative command; an order or injunction; a commission; a judicial precept. This dream all-powerful Juno; I bear Her mighty mandates, and her words you hear. Dryden. 2. (Canon Law) Defn: A rescript of the pope, commanding an ordinary collator to put the person therein named in possession of the first vacant benefice in his collation. 3. (Scots Law) Defn: A contract by which one employs another to manage any business for him. By the Roman law, it must have been gratuitous. Erskine. MANDATOR Man*da"tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. A director; one who gives a mandate or order. Ayliffe. 2. (Rom. Law) Defn: The person who employs another to perform a mandate. Bouvier. MANDATORY Man"da*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. mandatorius.] Defn: Containing a command; preceptive; directory. MANDATORY Man"da*to*ry, n. Defn: Same as Mandatary. MANDELATE Man"del*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of mandelic acid. MANDELIC Man*del"ic, a. Etym: [G. mandel almond.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to an acid first obtained from benzoic aldehyde (oil of better almonds), as a white crystalline substance; -- called also phenyl glycolic acid. MANDER Man"der, v. t. & i. Defn: See Maunder. MANDERIL Man"der*il, n. Defn: A mandrel. MANDIBLE Man"di*ble, n. Etym: [L. mandibula, mandibulum, fr. mandere to chew. Cf. Manger.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The bone, or principal bone, of the lower jaw; the inferior maxilla; -- also applied to either the upper or the lower jaw in the beak of birds. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The anterior pair of mouth organs of insects, crustaceaus, and related animals, whether adapted for biting or not. See Illust. of Diptera. MANDIBULAR Man*dib"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. mandibulaire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a mandible; like a mandible. -- n. Defn: The principal mandibular bone; the mandible. Mandibular arch (Anat.), the most anterior visceral arch, -- that in which the mandible is developed. MANDIBULATE; MANDIBULATED Man*dib"u*late, Man*dib"u*la`ted, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Provided with mandibles adapted for biting, as many insects. MANDIBULATE Man*dib"u*late, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect having mandibles. MANDIBULIFORM Man`di*bu"li*form, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the form of a mandible; -- said especially of the maxillæ of an insect when hard and adapted for biting. MANDIBULOHYOID Man*dib`u*lo*hy"oid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining both to the mandibular and the hyoid arch, or situated between them. MANDIL Man"dil, n. Etym: [OF. mandil; cf. Sp. & Pg. mandil a coarse apron, a haircloth; all from Ar. mandil tablecloth, handkerchief, mantle, fr. LGr. mantile, mantele. See Mantle.] Defn: A loose outer garment worn the 16th and 17th centuries. MANDILION Man*dil"ion, n. Defn: See Mandil. Chapman. MANDINGOS Man*din"gos, n. pl. Defn: ; sing. Mandingo. (Ethnol.) An extensive and powerful tribe of West African negroes. MANDIOC; MANDIOCA Man"di*oc, Man`di*o"ca, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Manioc. MANDLESTONE Man"dle*stone`, n. Etym: [G. mandelstein almond stone.] (Min.) Defn: Amygdaloid. MANDMENT Mand"ment, n. Defn: Commandment. [Obs.] MANDOLA Man*do"la, n. [It. See Mandolin.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument closely resembling the mandolin, but of larger size and tuned lower. MANDOLIN; MANDOLINE Man"do*lin, Man"do*line, n. Etym: [F. mandoline, It. mandolino, dim. of mandola, fr. L. pandura. See Bandore.] (Mus.) Defn: A small and beautifully shaped instrument resembling the lute. MANDORE Man"dore, n. Etym: [See Mandolin, and Bandore.] (Mus.) Defn: A kind of four-stringed lute. MANDRAGORA Man*drag"o*ra, n. Etym: [L., mandragoras the mandrake.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants; the mandrake. See Mandrake, 1. MANDRAGORITE Man*drag"o*rite, n. Defn: One who habitually intoxicates himself with a narcotic obtained from mandrake. MANDRAKE Man"drake, n. Etym: [AS. mandragora, L. mandragoras, fr. Gr. mandragore.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A low plant (Mandragora officinarum) of the Nightshade family, having a fleshy root, often forked, and supposed to resemble a man. It was therefore supposed to have animal life, and to cry out when pulled up. All parts of the plant are strongly narcotic. It is found in the Mediterranean region. And shrieks like mandrakes, torn out of the earth, That living mortals, hearing them, run mad. Shak. Note: The mandrake of Scripture was perhaps the same plant, but proof is wanting. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The May apple (Podophyllum peltatum). See May apple under May, and Podophyllum. [U.S.] MANDREL Man"drel, n. Etym: [F. mandrin, prob. through (assumed) LL. mamphurinum, fr. L. mamphur a bow drill.] (Mach.) (a) A bar of metal inserted in the work to shape it, or to hold it, as in a lathe, during the process of manufacture; an arbor. (b) The live spindle of a turning lathe; the revolving arbor of a circular saw. It is usually driven by a pulley. [Written also manderil.] Mandrel lathe, a lathe with a stout spindle, adapted esp. for chucking, as for forming hollow articles by turning or spinning. MANDRILL Man"drill, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mandrille, Sp. mandril, It. mandrillo; prob. the native name in Africa. Cf. Drill an ape.] (Zoöl.) Defn: a large West African baboon (Cynocephalus, or Papio, mormon). The adult male has, on the sides of the nose, large, naked, grooved swellings, conspicuously striped with blue and red. MANDUCABLE Man"du*ca*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. manducable. See Manducate.] Defn: Such as can be chewed; fit to be eaten. [R.] Any manducable creature. Sir T. Herbert. MANDUCATE Man"du*cate v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manducated; p. pr. & vb. n. Manducating.] Etym: [L. manducatus, p. p. of manducare to chew. See Manger.] Defn: To masticate; to chew; to eat. [R.] Jer. Taylor. MANDUCATION Man`du*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. manducatio: cf. F. manducation.] Defn: The act of chewing. [R.] Jer. Taylor. MANDUCATORY Man"du*ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or employed in, chewing. MANDUCUS Man*du"cus, n. Etym: [L., fr. manducare to chew.] (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A grotesque mask, representing a person chewing or grimacing, worn in processions and by comic actors on the stage. MANE Mane, n. Etym: [AS. manu; akin to OD. mane, D. maan, G. mähne, OHG. mana, Icel. mön, Dan. & Sw. man, AS. mene necklace, Icel. men, L. monile, Gr. manya neck muscles. sq. root275.] Defn: The long and heavy hair growing on the upper side of, or about, the neck of some quadrupedal animals, as the horse, the lion, etc. See Illust. of Horse. MAN-EATER Man"-eat`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One who, or that which, has an appetite for human flesh; specifically, one of certain large sharks (esp. Carcharodon Rondeleti); also, a lion or a tiger which has acquired the habit of feeding upon human flesh. MANED Maned, a. Defn: Having a mane. Maned seal (Zoöl.), the sea lion. -- Maned sheep (Zoöl.), the aoudad. MANEGE Ma*nege", n. Etym: [F. manège. See Manage, n.] 1. Art of horsemanship, or of training horses 2. A school for teaching horsemanship, and for training horses. Chesterfield. MANEH Ma"neh, n. Etym: [Heb. maneh.] Defn: A Hebrew weight for gold or silver, being one hundred shekels of gold and sixty shekels of silver. Ezek. xlv. 12. MANELESS Mane"less, a. Defn: Having no mane. Maneless lion (Zoöl.), a variety of the lion having a short, inconspicuous mane. It inhabits Arabia and adjacent countries. MANEQUIN Man"e*quin, n. Etym: [See Manikin.] Defn: An artist's model of wood or other material. MANERIAL Ma*ne"ri*al, a. Defn: See Manorial. MANES Ma"nes, n. pl. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: The benevolent spirits of the dead, especially of dead ancestors, regarded as family deities and protectors. Hail, O ye holy manes! Dryden. MANESHEET Mane"sheet`, n. Defn: A covering placed over the upper part of a horse's head. MANEUVER; MANOEUVRE Ma*neu"ver, Ma*noeu"vre, n. Etym: [F. manoeuvre, OF. manuevre, LL. manopera, lit., hand work, manual labor; L.manus hand + opera, fr. opus work. See Manual, Operate, and cf. Mainor, Manure.] 1. Management; dexterous movement; specif., a military or naval evolution, movement, or change of position. 2. Management with address or artful design; adroit proceeding; stratagem. MANEUVER; MANOEUVRE Ma*neu"ver, Ma*noeu"vre, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Maneuvered or Manoeuvred; p. pr. & vb. n. Maneuvering (, or Manoeuvring (.] Etym: [Cf. F. manoeuvrer. See Maneuver, n.] 1. To perform a movement or movements in military or naval tactics; to make changes in position with reference to getting advantage in attack or defense. 2. To manage with address or art; to scheme. MANEUVER; MANOEUVRE Ma*neu"ver, Ma*noeu"vre, v. t. Defn: To change the positions of, as of troops of ships. MANEUVERER; MANOEUVRER Ma*neu"ver*er, Ma*noeu"vrer, n. Defn: One who maneuvers. This charming widow Beaumont is a nanoeuvrer. We can't well make an English word of it. Miss Edgeworth. MANFUL Man"ful, a. Defn: Showing manliness, or manly spirit; hence, brave, courageous, resolute, noble. " Manful hardiness." Chaucer. -- Man"ful*ly, adv. -- Man"ful*ness, n. MANGABEY Man"ga*bey, n. Etym: [So called by Buffon from Mangaby, in Madagascar, where he erroneously supposed them be native.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several African monkeys of the genus Cercocebus, as the sooty mangabey (C. fuliginosus), which is sooty black. [Also written mangaby.] MANGAN Man"gan, n. Defn: See Mangonel. MANGANATE Man"ga*nate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. manganate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of manganic acid. Note: The manganates are usually green, and are wellknown compounds, though derived from a hypothetical acid. MANGANESATE Man`ga*ne"sate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A manganate. [Obs.] MANGANESE Man`ga*nese", n. Etym: [F. manganèse, It. mamaganese, sasso magnesio; prob. corrupted from L. magnes, because of its resemblance to the magnet. See Magnet, and cf. Magnesia.] (Chem.) Defn: An element obtained by reduction of its oxide, as a hard, grayish white metal, fusible with difficulty, but easily oxidized. Its ores occur abundantly in nature as the minerals pyrolusite, manganite, etc. Symbol Mn. Atomic weight 54.8. Note: An alloy of manganese with iron (called ferromanganese) is used to increase the density and hardness of steel. Black oxide of manganese, Manganese dioxide or peroxide, or Black manganese (Chem.), a heavy black powder MnO2, occurring native as the mineral pyrolusite, and valuable as a strong oxidizer; -- called also familiarly manganese. It colors glass violet, and is used as a decolorizer to remove the green tint of impure glass. Manganese bronze, an alloy made by adding from one to two per cent of manganese to the copper and zinc used in brass. MANGANESE STEEL Man`ga*nese" steel. Defn: Cast steel containing a considerable percentage of manganese, which makes it very hard and tough. See Alloy steel, above. MANGANESIAN Man`ga*ne"sian, a. Etym: [Cf. F. manganésien.] (Chem.) Defn: Manganic. [R.] MANGANESIC Man`ga*ne"sic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. manganésique.] (Chem.) Defn: Manganic. [Obs.] MANGANESIOUS Man`ga*ne"sious, a. (Chem.) Defn: Manganous. MANGANESIUM Man`ga*ne"si*um, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Manganese. MANGANESOUS Man`ga*ne"sous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Manganous. MANGANIC Man`gan"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. manganique.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to resembling, or containing, manganese; specif., designating compounds in which manganese has a higher valence as contrasted with manganous compounds. Cf. Manganous. Manganic acid, an acid, H2MnO4, formed from manganese, analogous to sulphuric acid. MANGANIFEROUS Man`ga*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Manganese + -ferous.] Defn: Containing manganese. MANGANITE Man"ga*nite, n. 1. (Min.) Defn: One of the oxides of manganese; -- called also gray manganese ore. It occurs in brilliant steel-gray or iron-black crystals, also massive. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of manganese dioxide with a metallic oxide; so called as though derived from the hypothetical manganous acid. MANGANIUM Man*ga"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Manganese. MANGANOUS Man"ga*nous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, designating, those compounds of manganese in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with manganic compounds; as, manganous oxide. Manganous acid, a hypothetical compound analogous to sulphurous acid, and forming the so-called manganites. MANGCORN Mang"corn`, n. Etym: [OE. mengen to mix. See Mingle, and Corn.] Defn: A mixture of wheat and rye, or other species of grain. [Prov Eng.] MANGE Mange, n. Etym: [See Mangy.] (Vet.) Defn: The scab or itch in cattle, dogs, and other beasts. Mange insect (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small parasitic mites, which burrow in the skin of cattle. horses, dogs, and other animals, causing the mange. The mange insect of the horse (Psoroptes, or Dermatodectes, equi), and that of cattle (Symbiotes, or Dermatophagys, bovis) are the most important species. See Acarina. MANGEL-WURZEL Man"gel-wur`zel, n. Etym: [G., corrupted fr. mangoldwurzel; mangold beet + wurzel root.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of large field beet (B. macrorhiza), used as food for cattle, -- by some considered a mere variety of the ordinary beet. See Beet. [Written also mangold-wurzel.] MANGER Man"ger, n. Etym: [F. mangeoire, fr. manger to eat, fr. L. manducare, fr. mandere to chew. Cf. Mandible, Manducate.] 1. A trough or open box in which fodder is placed for horses or cattle to eat. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The fore part of the deck, having a bulkhead athwart ships high enough to prevent water which enters the hawse holes from running over it. MANGILY Man"gi*ly, adv. Defn: In a mangy manner; scabbily. MANGINESS Man"gi*ness, n. Etym: [From Mangy.] Defn: The condition or quality of being mangy. MANGLE Man"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Mangling.] Etym: [A frequentative fr. OE. manken to main, AS. mancian, in bemancian to mutilate, fr. L. mancus maimed; perh. akin to G. mangeln to be wanting.] 1. To cut or bruise with repeated blows or strokes, making a ragged or torn wound, or covering with wounds; to tear in cutting; to cut in a bungling manner; to lacerate; to mutilate. Mangled with ghastly wounds through plate and mail. Milton. 2. To mutilate or injure, in making, doing, or pertaining; as, to mangle a piece of music or a recitation. To mangle a play or a novel. Swift. MANGLE Man"gle, n. Etym: [D. mangel, fr. OE. mangonel a machine for throwing stones, LL. manganum, Gr. Mangonel.] Defn: A machine for smoothing linen or cotton cloth, as sheets, tablecloths, napkins, and clothing, by roller pressure. Mangle rack (Mach.), a contrivance for converting continuous circular motion into reciprocating rectilinear motion, by means of a rack and pinion, as in the mangle. The pinion is held to the rack by a groove in such a manner that it passes alternately from one side of the rack to the other, and thus gives motion to it in opposite directions, according to the side in which its teeth are engaged. -- Mangle wheel, a wheel in which the teeth, or pins, on its face, are interrupted on one side, and the pinion, working in them, passes from inside to outside of the teeth alternately, thus converting the continuous circular motion of the pinion into a reciprocating circular motion of the wheel. MANGLE Man"gle, v. t. Etym: [Cf. D. mangelen. See Mangle, n.] Defn: To smooth with a mangle, as damp linen or cloth. MANGLER Man"gler, n. Etym: [See 1st Mangle.] Defn: One who mangles or tears in cutting; one who mutilates any work in doing it. MANGLER Man"gler, n. Etym: [See 3d Mangle.] Defn: One who smooths with a mangle. MANGO Man"go, n.; pl. Mangoes. Etym: [Pg. manga, fr. Tamil mankay.] 1. The fruit of the mango tree. It is rather larger than an apple, and of an ovoid shape. Some varieties are fleshy and luscious, and others tough and tasting of turpentine. The green fruit is pickled for market. 2. A green muskmelon stuffed and pickled. Mango bird (Zoöl.), an oriole (Oriolus kundoo), native of India. -- Mango fish (Zoöl.), a fish of the Ganges (Polynemus risua), highly esteemed for food. It has several long, slender filaments below the pectoral fins. It appears about the same time with the mango fruit, in April and May, whence the name. -- Mango tree (Bot.), an East Indian tree of the genus Mangifera (M. Indica), related to the cashew and the sumac. It grows to a large size, and produces the mango of commerce. It is now cultivated in tropical America. MANGOLDWURZEL Man"gold*wur`zel, n. Etym: [G.] (Bot.) Defn: See Mangel-wurzel. MANGONEL Man"go*nel, n. Etym: [OF. mangonel, LL. manganellus, manganum, fr. Gr. Mangle, n.] Defn: A military engine formerly used for throwing stones and javelins. MANGONISM Man"go*nism, n. Defn: The art of mangonizing, or setting off to advantage. [Obs.] MANGONIST Man"go*nist, n. 1. One who mangonizes. (Zoöl.) 2. A slave dealer; also, a strumpet. [Obs.] MANGONIZE Man"go*nize, v. t. Etym: [L. mangonizare, fr. mango a dealer in slaves or wares, to which he tries to give an appearance of greater value by decking them out or furbishing them up.] Defn: To furbish up for sale; to set off to advantage. [Obs. or R.] B. Jonson. MANGOSTEEN; MANGOSTAN Man"go*steen, Man"go*stan, n. Etym: [Malay mangusta, mangis.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree of the East Indies of the genus Garcinia (G. Mangostana). The tree grows to the height of eighteen feet, and bears fruit also called mangosteen, of the size of a small apple, the pulp of which is very delicious food. MANGROVE Man"grove, n. Etym: [Malay manggi-manggi.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The name of one or two trees of the genus Rhizophora (R. Mangle, and R. mucronata, the last doubtfully distinct) inhabiting muddy shores of tropical regions, where they spread by emitting aërial roots, which fasten in the saline mire and eventually become new stems. The seeds also send down a strong root while yet attached to the parent plant. Note: The fruit has a ruddy brown shell, and a delicate white pulp which is sweet and eatable. The bark is astringent, and is used for tanning leather. The black and the white mangrove (Avicennia nitida and A. tomentosa) have much the same habit. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The mango fish. MANGUE Mangue, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The kusimanse. MANGY Man"gy, a. [Compar. Mangier; superl. Mangiest.] Etym: [F. mangé, p. p. of manger to eat. See Manger.] Defn: Infected with the mange; scabby. MANHADEN Man*ha"den, n. Defn: See Menhaden. MANHANDLE Man*han"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. -handled; p. pr. & vb. n. - handling.] 1. To move, or manage, by human force without mechanical aid; as, to manhandle a cannon. 2. To handle roughly; as, the captive was manhandled. MANHEAD Man"head, n. Defn: Manhood. [Obs.] Chaucer. MANHES PROCESS Man`hès" proc"ess. (Copper Metal.) Defn: A process by which copper matte is treated by passing through it a blast of air, to oxidize and remove sulphur. It is analogous in apparatus to the Bessemer process for decarbonizing cast iron. So called from Pierre Manhès, a French metallurgist, who invented it. MANHOLE Man"hole`, n. Defn: A hole through which a man may descend or creep into a drain, sewer, steam boiler, parts of machinery, etc., for cleaning or repairing. MANHOOD Man"hood, n. Etym: [Man- + -hood.] 1. The state of being man as a human being, or man as distinguished from a child or a woman. 2. Manly quality; courage; bravery; resolution. I am ashamed That thou hast power to shake my manhood thus. Shak. MANIA Ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [L. mania, Gr. manie, F. manie. Cf. Mind, n., Necromancy.] 1. Violent derangement of mind; madness; insanity. Cf. Delirium. 2. Excessive or unreasonable desire; insane passion affecting one or many people; as, the tulip mania. Mania a potu Etym: [L.], madness from drinking; delirium tremens. Syn. -- Insanity; derangement; madness; lunacy; alienation; aberration; delirium; frenzy. See Insanity. MANIABLE Man"i*a*ble, a. Etym: [F., fr. manier to manage, fr. L. manus hand.] Defn: Manageable. [Obs.] Bacon. MANIAC Ma"ni*ac, a. Etym: [F. maniaque. See Mania.] Defn: Raving with madness; raging with disordered intellect; affected with mania; mad. MANIAC Ma"ni*ac, n. Defn: A raving lunatic; a madman. MANIACAL Ma*ni"a*cal, a. Defn: Affected with, or characterized by, madness; maniac. -- Ma*ni"a*cal*ly, adv. MANIC Man"ic, a. [Gr. mad, frenzied.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pert. to, or characterized by, mania, or excitement. MANICATE Man"i*cate, a. Etym: [L. manicatus sleeved, fr. manica a sleeve.] (Bot.) Defn: Covered with hairs or pubescence so platted together and interwoven as to form a mass easily removed. MANICHAEAN; MANICHEAN; MANICHEE Man`i*chæ"an, Man`i*che"an, Man"i*chee, n. Etym: [LL. Manichaeus: cf. F. manichéen.] Defn: A believer in the doctrines of Manes, a Persian of the third century A. D., who taught a dualism in which Light is regarded as the source of Good, and Darkness as the source of Evil. The Manichæans stand as representatives of dualism pushed to its utmost development. Tylor. MANICHAEAN; MANICHEAN Man`i*chæ"an, Man`i*che"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Manichæans. MANICHAEISM; MANICHEISM Man"i*chæ*ism, Man"i*che*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. manichéisme.] Defn: The doctrines taught, or system of principles maintained, by the Manichæans. MANICHEIST Man"i*che*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. manichéiste.] Defn: Manichæan. MANICHORD; MANICHORDON Man"i*chord, Man`i*chor"don, Etym: [L. monochordon, Gr. Monochord.] (Mus.) Defn: The clavichord or clarichord; -- called also dumb spinet. MANICURE Man"i*cure, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. manus hand + curare to cure.] Defn: A person who makes a business of taking care of people's hands, especially their nails. [Men] who had taken good care of their hands by wearing gloves and availing themselves of the services of a manicure. Pop. Sci. Monthly. MANID Ma"nid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of the genus Manis, or family Manidæ. MANIE Ma`nie", n. Etym: [F. See Mania.] Defn: Mania; insanity. [Obs.] Chaucer. MANIFEST Man"i*fest, a. Etym: [F. manifeste, L. manifestus, lit., struck by the hand, hence, palpable; manus hand + fendere (in comp.) to strike. See Manual, and Defend.] 1. Evident to the senses, esp. to the sight; apparent; distinctly perceived; hence, obvious to the understanding; apparent to the mind; easily apprehensible; plain; not obscure or hidden. Neither is there any creature that is not manifest in his sight. Heb. iv. 13. That which may be known of God is manifest in them. Rom. i. 19. Thus manifest to sight the god appeared. Dryden. 2. Detected; convicted; -- with of. [R.] Calistho there stood manifest of shame. Dryden. Syn. -- Open; clear; apparent; evident; visible; conspicuous; plain; obvious. -- Manifest, Clear, Plain, Obvious, Evident. What is clear can be seen readily; what is obvious lies directly in our way, and necessarily arrests our attention; what isevident is seen so clearly as to remove doubt; what is manifest is very distinctly evident. So clear, so shining, and so evident, That it will glimmer through a blind man's eye. Shak. Entertained with solitude, Where obvious duty erMilton. I saw, I saw him manifest in view, His voice, his figure, and his gesture knew. Dryden. MANIFEST Man"i*fest, n.; pl. Manifests. Etym: [Cf. F. manifeste. See Manifest, a., and cf. Manifesto.] 1. A public declaration; an open statement; a manifesto. See Manifesto. [Obs.] 2. A list or invoice of a ship's cargo, containing a description by marks, numbers, etc., of each package of goods, to be exhibited at the customhouse. Bouvier. MANIFEST Man"i*fest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manifested; p. pr. & vb. n. Manifesting.] 1. To show plainly; to make to appear distinctly, -- usually to the mind; to put beyond question or doubt; to display; to exhibit. There is nothing hid which shall not be manifested. Mark iv. 22. Thy life did manifest thou lovedst me not. Shak. 2. To exhibit the manifests or prepared invoices of; to declare at the customhouse. Syn. -- To reveal; declare; evince; make known; disclose; discover; display. MANIFESTABLE Man"i*fest`a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be manifested. MANIFESTATION Man`i*fes*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. manifestatio: cf. F. manifestation.] Defn: The act of manifesting or disclosing, or the state of being manifested; discovery to the eye or to the understanding; also, that which manifests; exhibition; display; revelation; as, the manifestation of God's power in creation. The secret manner in which acts of mercy ought to be performed, requires this public manifestation of them at the great day. Atterbury. MANIFESTIBLE Man"i*fest`i*ble, a. Defn: Manifestable. MANIFESTLY Man"i*fest*ly, adv. Defn: In a manifest manner. MANIFESTNESS Man"i*fest*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being manifest; obviousness. MANIFESTO Man`i*fes"to, n.; pl. Manifestoes. Etym: [It. manifesto. See Manifest, n. & a.] Defn: A public declaration, usually of a prince, sovereign, or other person claiming large powers, showing his intentions, or proclaiming his opinions and motives in reference to some act done or contemplated by him; as, a manifesto declaring the purpose of a prince to begin war, and explaining his motives. Bouvier. it was proposed to draw up a manifesto, setting forth the grounds and motives of our taking arms. Addison . Frederick, in a public manifesto, appealed to the Empire against the insolent pretensions of the pope. Milman. MANIFOLD Man"i*fold, a. Etym: [AS. manigfeald. See Many, and Fold.] 1. Various in kind or quality; many in number; numerous; multiplied; complicated. O Lord, how manifold are thy works! Ps. civ. 24. I know your manifold transgressions. Amos v. 12. 2. Exhibited at divers times or in various ways; -- used to qualify nouns in the singular number. "The manifold wisdom of God." Eph. iii. 10. "The manifold grace of God." 1 Pet. iv. 10. Manifold writing, a process or method by which several copies, as of a letter, are simultaneously made, sheets of coloring paper being infolded with thin sheets of plain paper upon which the marks made by a stylus or a type-writer are transferred. MANIFOLD Man"i*fold, n. 1. A copy of a writing made by the manifold process. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A cylindrical pipe fitting, having a number of lateral outlets, for connecting one pipe with several others. 3. pl. Defn: The third stomach of a ruminant animal. [Local, U.S.] MANIFOLD Man"i*fold, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manifolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Manifolding.] Defn: To take copies of by the process of manifold writing; as, to manifold a letter. MANIFOLDED Man"i*fold`ed, a. Defn: Having many folds, layers, or plates; as, a manifolded shield. [Obs.] MANIFOLDLY Man"i*fold`ly, adv. Defn: In a manifold manner. MANIFOLDNESS Man"i*fold`ness, n. 1. Multiplicity. Sherwood. 2. (Math.) Defn: A generalized concept of magnitude. MANIFORM Man"i*form, a. Etym: [L. manus hand + -form.] Defn: Shaped like the hand. MANIGLION Ma*ni"glion, n. Etym: [It. maniglio, maniglia, bracelet, handle. Cf. Manilio.] (Gun.) Defn: Either one of two handles on the back of a piece of ordnance. MANIHOC; MANIHOT Man"i*hoc, Man"i*hot, n. Defn: See Manioc. MANIKIN Man"i*kin, n. Etym: [OD. manneken, dim. of man man. See Man, and - kin.] 1. A little man; a dwarf; a pygmy; a manakin. 2. A model of the human body, made of papier-mache or other material, commonly in detachable pieces, for exhibiting the different parts and organs, their relative position, etc. MANILA; MANILLA Ma*nil"a, Ma*nil"la, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Manila or Manilla, the capital of the Philippine Islands; made in, or exported from, that city. Manila cheroot or cigar, a cheroot or cigar made of tobacco grown in the Philippine Islands. -- Manila hemp, a fibrous material obtained from the Musa textilis, a plant allied to the banana, growing in the Philippine and other East India islands; -- called also by the native name abaca. From it matting, canvas, ropes, and cables are made. -- Manila paper, a durable brown or buff paper made of Manila hemp, used as a wrapping paper, and as a cheap printing and writing paper. The name is also given to inferior papers, made of other fiber. MANILIO Ma*nil"io, n. Defn: See Manilla, 1. Sir T. Herbert. MANILLA Ma*nil"la, n. Etym: [Sp. manilla; cf. It. maniglio, maniglia; F. manille; Pg. manilha; all fr. L. manus hand, and formed after the analogy of L. monile, pl. monilia, necklace: cf. F. manille.] 1. A ring worn upon the arm or leg as an ornament, especially among the tribes of Africa. 2. A piece of copper of the shape of a horseshoe, used as money by certain tribes of the west coast of Africa. Simmonds. MANILLA Ma*nil"la, a. Defn: Same as Manila. MANILLE Ma*nille", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See 1st Manilla, 1. MANIOC Ma"ni*oc, n. Etym: [Pg. mandioca, fr. Braz.] (Bot.) Defn: The tropical plants (Manihot utilissima, and M. Aipi), from which cassava and tapioca are prepared; also, cassava.[Written also mandioc, manihoc, manihot.] MANIPLE Man"i*ple, n. Etym: [L. manipulus, maniplus, a handful, a certain number of soldiers; manus hand + root of plere to fill, plenus full: cf. F.maniple. See Manual, and Full, a.] 1. A handful. [R.] B. Jonson. 2. A division of the Roman army numbering sixty men exclusive of officers, any small body of soldiers; a company. Milton. 3. Originally, a napkin; later, an ornamental band or scarf worn upon the left arm as a part of the vestments of a priest in the Roman Catholic Church. It is sometimes worn in the English Church service. MANIPULAR Ma*nip"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. manipularis: cf. F. manipulaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to the maniple, or company. 2. Manipulatory; as, manipular operations. MANIPULATE Ma*nip"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manipulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Manipulating.] Etym: [LL. manipulatus, p. p. of manipulare to lead by the hand, fr. L. manipulus. See Maniple.] 1. To treat, work, or operate with the hands, especially when knowledge and dexterity are required; to manage in hand work; to handle; as, to manipulate scientific apparatus. 2. To control the action of, by management; as, to manipulate a convention of delegates; to manipulate the stock market; also, to manage artfully or fraudulently; as, to manipulate accounts, or election returns. MANIPULATE Ma*nip"u*late, v. i. Defn: To use the hands in dexterous operations; to do hand work; specifically, to manage the apparatus or instruments used in scientific work, or in artistic or mechanical processes; also, specifically, to use the hand in mesmeric operations. MANIPULATION Ma*nip`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. manipulation.] 1. The act or process of manipulating, or the state of being manipulated; the act of handling work by hand; use of the hands, in an artistic or skillful manner, in science or art. Manipulation is to the chemist like the external senses to the mind. Whewell. 2. The use of the hands in mesmeric operations. 3. Artful management; as, the manipulation of political bodies; sometimes, a management or treatment for purposes of deception or fraud. MANIPULATIVE Ma*nip"u*la*tive, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to manipulation; performed by manipulation. MANIPULATOR Ma*nip"u*la`tor, n. Defn: One who manipulates MANIPULATORY Ma*nip"u*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to manipulation. MANIS Ma"nis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. manes the ghosts or shades of the dead. So called from its dismal appearance, and because it seeks for its food by night.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of edentates, covered with large, hard, triangular scales, with sharp edges that overlap each other like tiles on a roof. They inhabit the warmest parts of Asia and Africa, and feed on ants. Called also Scaly anteater. See Pangolin. MANITO; MANITOU; MANITU Man"i*to, Man"i*tou, Man"i*tu, n. Defn: A name given by tribes of American Indians to a great spirit, whether good or evil, or to any object of worship. Tylor. Gitche Manito the mighty, The Great Spirit, the creator, Smiled upon his helpless children! Longfellow. Mitche Manito the mighty, He the dreadful Spirit of Evil, As a serpent was depicted. Longfellow. MANITRUNK Man"i*trunk, n. Etym: [L. manus hand + E. trunk.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The anterior segment of the thorax in insects. See Insect. MANKIND Man`kind", n. Etym: [AS. mancynn. See Kin kindred, Kind, n.] 1. The human race; man, taken collectively. The proper study of mankind is man. Pore. 2. Men, as distinguished from women; the male portion of human race. Lev. xviii. 22. 3. Human feelings; humanity. [Obs] B. Jonson. MANKIND Man"kind`, a. Defn: Manlike; not womanly; masculine; bold; cruel. [Obs] Are women grown so mankind Must they be wooing Beau. & Fl. Be not too mankind against your wife. Chapman. MANKS Manks, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the language or people of the of Man. -- n. Defn: The language spoken in the Isle of Man. See Manx. MANLESS Man"less, a. 1. Destitute of men. Bakon. 2. Unmanly; inhuman. [Obs.] Chapman. MANLESSLY Man"less*ly, adv. Defn: Inhumanly. [Obs.] MANLIKE Man"like`, a. Etym: [Man + like. Cf. Manly.] Defn: Like man, or like a man, in form or nature; having the qualities of a man, esp. the nobler qualities; manly. " Gentle, manlike speech." Testament of Love. " A right manlike man." Sir P. Sidney. In glaring Chloe's manlike taste and mien. Shenstone. MANLINESS Man"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being manly. MANLING Man"ling, n. Defn: A little man. [Obs.] B. Jonson. MANLY Man"ly, a. [Compar. Manlier; superl. Manliest.] Etym: [Man + -ly. Cf. Manlike.] Defn: Having qualities becoming to a man; not childish or womanish; manlike, esp. brave, courageous, resolute, noble. Let's briefly put on manly readiness. Shak. Serene and manly, hardened to sustain The load of life. Dryden. Syn. -- Bold; daring; brave; courageous; firm; undaunted; hardy; dignified; stately. MANLY Man"ly, adv. Defn: In a manly manner; with the courage and fortitude of a manly man; as, to act manly. MANNA Man"na, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. man; cf. Ar. mann, properly, gift (of heaven).] 1. (Script.) Defn: The food supplied to the Israelites in their journey through the wilderness of Arabia; hence, divinely supplied food. Ex. xvi. 15. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to lichens of the genus Lecanora, sometimes blown into heaps in the deserts of Arabia and Africa, and gathered and used as food. 3. (Bot. & Med.) Defn: A sweetish exudation in the form of pale yellow friable flakes, coming from several trees and shrubs and used in medicine as a gentle laxative, as the secretion of Fraxinus Ornus, and F. rotundifolia, the manna ashes of Southern Europe. Note: Persian manna is the secretion of the camel's thorn (see Camel's thorn, under Camel); Tamarisk manna, that of the Tamarisk mannifera, a shrub of Western Asia; Australian, manna, that of certain species of eucalyptus; Briançon manna, that of the European larch. Manna grass (Bot.), a name of several tall slender grasses of the genus Glyceria. they have long loose panicles, and grow in moist places. Nerved manna grass is Glyceria nervata, and Floating manna grass is G. flu. -- Manna insect (Zoöl), a scale insect (Gossyparia mannipara), which causes the exudation of manna from the Tamarisk tree in Arabia. MANNA CROUP Man"na croup`. Etym: [Manna + Russ. & Pol. krupa groats, grits.] 1. The portions of hard wheat kernels not ground into flour by the millstones: a kind of semolina prepared in Russia and used for puddings, soups, etc. -- called also manna groats. 2. The husked grains of manna grass. MANNER Man"ner, n. Etym: [OE. manere, F. manière, from OF. manier, adj., manual, skillful, handy, fr. (assumed) LL. manarius, for L. manuarius belonging to the hand, fr. manus the hand. See Manual.] 1. Mode of action; way of performing or effecting anything; method; style; form; fashion. The nations which thou hast removed, and placed in the cities of Samaria, know not the manner of the God of the land. 2 Kings xvii. 26. The temptations of prosperity insinuate themselves after a gentle, but very powerful,manner. Atterbury. 2. Characteristic mode of acting, conducting, carrying one's self, or the like; bearing; habitual style. Specifically: (a) Customary method of acting; habit. Paul, as his manner was, went in unto them. Acts xvii. 2. Air and manner are more expressive than words. Richardson. (b) pl. Defn: Carriage; behavior; deportment; also, becoming behavior; well- bred carriage and address. Good manners are made up of petty sacrifices. Emerson. (c) The style of writing or thought of an author; characteristic peculiarity of an artist. 3. Certain degree or measure; as, it is in a manner done already. The bread is in a manner common. 1 Sam. xxi.5. 4. Sort; kind; style; -- in this application sometimes having the sense of a plural, sorts or kinds. Ye tithe mint, and rue, and all manner of herbs. Luke xi. 42. I bid thee say, What manner of man art thou Coleridge. Note: In old usage, of was often omitted after manner, when employed in this sense. "A manner Latin corrupt was her speech." Chaucer. By any manner of means, in any way possible; by any sort of means. -- To be taken in, or with the manner. Etym: [A corruption of to be taken in the mainor. See Mainor.] To be taken in the very act. [Obs.] See Mainor. -- To make one's manners, to make a bow or courtesy; to offer salutation. -- Manners bit, a portion left in a dish for the sake of good manners. Hallwell. Syn. -- Method; mode; custom; habit; fashion; air; look; mien; aspect; appearance. See Method. MANNERCHOR Män"ner*chor`, n.; G. pl. -chöre (#). [G.; männer, pl. of mann man + chor chorus.] Defn: A German men's chorus or singing club. MANNERED Man"nered, a. 1. Having a certain way, esp a. polite way, of carrying and conducting one's self. Give her princely training, that she may be Mannered as she is born. Shak. 2. Affected with mannerism; marked by excess of some characteristic peculiarity. His style is in some degree mannered and confined. Hazlitt. MANNERISM Man"ner*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. maniérisme.] Defn: Adherence to a peculiar style or manner; a characteristic mode of action, bearing, or treatment, carried to excess, especially in literature or art. Mannerism is pardonable,and is sometimes even agreeable, when the manner, though vicious, is natural . . . . But a mannerism which does not sit easy on the mannerist, which has been adopted on principle, and which can be sustained only by constant effort, is always offensive. Macaulay. MANNERIST Man"ner*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. maniériste.] Defn: One addicted to mannerism; a person who, in action, bearing, or treatment, carries characteristic peculiarities to excess. See citation under Mannerism. MANNERLINESS Man"ner*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being mannerly; civility; complaisance. Sir M. Hale. MANNERLY Man"ner*ly, a. Defn: Showing good manners; civil; respectful; complaisant. What thou thinkest meet, and is most mannerly. Shak. MANNERLY Man"ner*ly, adv. Defn: With good manners. Shak. MANNHEIM GOLD Mann"heim gold". Etym: [From Mannheim in Germany, where much of it was made.] Defn: A kind of brass made in imitation of gold. It contains eighty per cent of copper and twenty of zinc. Ure. MANNIDE Man"nide, n. Etym: [Mannite + anhydride.] (Chem.) Defn: A white amorphous or crystalline substance, obtained by dehydration of mannite, and distinct from, but convertible into, mannitan. MANNISH Man"nish, a. Etym: [Man + -ish: cf. AS. mennisc, menisc.] 1. Resembling a human being in form or nature; human. Chaucer. But yet it was a figure Most like to mannish creature. Gower. 2. Resembling, suitable to, or characteristic of, a man, manlike, masculine. Chaucer. A woman impudent and mannish grown. Shak. 3. Fond of men; -- said of a woman. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Man"nish*ly,adv. -- Man"nish*ness, n. MANNITAN Man"ni*tan, n. Etym: [Mannite + anhydrite.] (Chem.) Defn: A white amorphous or crystalline substance obtained by the partial dehydration of mannite. MANNITATE Man"ni*tate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of mannitic acid. MANNITE Man"nite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mannite.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance of a sweet taste obtained from a so-called manna, the dried sap of the flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus); -- called also mannitol, and hydroxy hexane. Cf. Dulcite. HO.CH2.(CHOH)4.CH2.OH = D-mannitol; manna sugar; cordycepic acid; Diosmol; Mannicol; Mannidex; Osmiktrol; Osmosal. -- used in pharmacy as excipient and diluent for solids and liquids. Used as a food additive for anti-caking properties, or as a sweetener. Also used to "cut" (dilute) illegal drugs such as cocaine or heroin. ("excipient" use) 2. (Bot.) Defn: A sweet white efflorescence from dried fronds of kelp, especially from those of the Laminaria saccharina, or devil's apron. MANNITIC Man*nit"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, resembling, or derived from, mannite. Mannitic acid (Chem.), a white amorphous substance, intermediate between saccharic acid and mannite, and obtained by the partial oxidation of the latter. MANNITOL Man"ni*tol, n. Etym: [Mannite + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: The technical name of mannite. See Mannite. MANNITOSE Man"ni*tose`, n. (Chem.) Defn: A variety of sugar obtained by the partial oxidation of mannite, and closely resembling levulose. MANO Ma"no, n. [Sp., lit., hand.] Defn: The muller, or crushing and grinding stone, used in grinding corn on a metate. [Mexico & Local U. S.] MANOEUVRE Ma*noeu"vre, n. & v. Defn: See Maneuver. MAN-OF-WAR Man`-*of`-*war", n; pl. Men-of-war. Defn: A government vessel employed for the purposes of war, esp. one of large size; a ship of war. Man-of-war bird (Zoöl.), The frigate bird; also applied to the skua gulls, and to the wandering albatross. -- Man-of-war hawk (Zoöl.), the frigate bird. -- Man-of-war's man, a sailor serving in a ship of war. -- Portuguese man-of-war (Zoöl.), any species of the genus Physalia. See Physalia. MANOGRAPH Man"o*graph, n. [Gr. thin, rare + -graph: cf. F. manographe.] (Engin.) Defn: An optical device for making an indicator diagram for high- speed engines. It consists of a light-tight box or camera having at one end a small convex mirror which reflects a beam of light on to the ground glass or photographic plate at the other end. The mirror is pivoted so that it can be moved in one direction by a small plunger operated by an elastic metal diaphragm which closes a tube connected with the engine cylinder. It is also moved at right angles to this direction by a reducing motion, called a reproducer, so as to copy accurately on a smaller scale the motion of the engine piston. The resultant of these two movements imparts to the reflected beam of light a motion similar to that of the pencil of the ordinary indicator, and this can be traced on the sheet of ground glass, or photographed. MANOMETER Ma*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. manomètre.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the tension or elastic force of gases, steam, etc., constructed usually on the principle of allowing the gas to exert its elastic force in raising a column of mercury in an open tube, or in compressing a portion of air or other gas in a closed tube with mercury or other liquid intervening, or in bending a metallic or other spring so as to set in motion an index; a pressure gauge. See Pressure, and Illust. of Air pump. MANOMETRIC; MANOMETRICAL Man`o*met"ric, Man`o*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. manométrique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the manometer; made by the manometer. MANOR Man"or, n. Etym: [OE. maner, OF. maneir habitation, village, F. manoir manor, prop. the OF. inf. maneir to stay, remain, dwell, L. manere, and so called because it was the permanent residence of the lord and of his tenants. See Mansion, and cf. Remain.] 1. (Eng. Law) Defn: The land belonging to a lord or nobleman, or so much land as a lord or great personage kept in his own hands, for the use and subsistence of his family. My manors, rents, revenues, l forego. Shak. Note: In these days, a manor rather signifies the jurisdiction and royalty incorporeal, than the land or site, for a man may have a manor in gross, as the law terms it, that is, the right and interest of a court-baron, with the perquisites thereto belonging. 2. (American Law) Defn: A tract of land occupied by tenants who pay a free-farm rent to the proprietor, sometimes in kind, and sometimes by performing certain stipulated services. Burrill. Manor house, or Manor seat, the house belonging to a manor. MANORIAL Ma*no"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a manor. " Manorial claims." Paley. MANOSCOPE Man"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] Defn: Same as Manometer. MANOSCOPY Ma*nos"co*py, n. Defn: The science of the determination of the density of vapors and gases. MANOVERY Ma*no"ver*y, n. Etym: [See Maneuver.] (Eng. Law) Defn: A contrivance or maneuvering to catch game illegally. MANQUELLER Man"quell`er, n. Defn: A killer of men; a manslayer. [Obs.] Carew. MANRED; MANRENT Man"red, Man"rent`, n. Defn: Homage or service rendered to a superior, as to a lord; vassalage. [Obs. or Scots Law] Jamieson. MANROPE Man"rope`, n. (Naut.) Defn: One of the side ropes to the gangway of a ship. Totten. MANSARD ROOF Man"sard roof". Etym: [So called from its inventor, François Mansard, or Mansart, a distinguished French architect, who died in 1666.] (Arch.) Defn: A hipped curb roof; that is, a roof having on all sides two slopes, the lower one being steeper than the upper one. MANSE Manse, n. Etym: [LL. mansa, mansus, mansum, a farm, fr. L. manere, mansum, to stay, dwell. See Mansion, Manor.] 1. A dwelling house, generally with land attached. 2. The parsonage; a clergyman's house. [Scot.] Capital manse, the manor house, or lord's court. MANSERVANT Man"serv`ant, n. Defn: A male servant. MANSION Man"sion, n. Etym: [OF. mansion, F. maison, fr. L. mansio a staying, remaining, a dwelling, habitation, fr. manere, mansum, to stay, dwell; akin to Gr. Manse, Manor, Menagerie, Menial, Permanent.] 1. A dwelling place, -- whether a part or whole of a house or other shelter. [Obs.] In my Father's house are many mansions. John xiv. 2. These poets near our princes sleep, And in one grave their mansions keep. Den 2. The house of the lord of a manor; a manor house; hence: Any house of considerable size or pretension. 3. (Astrol.) Defn: A twelfth part of the heavens; a house. See 1st House, 8. Chaucer. 4. The place in the heavens occupied each day by the moon in its monthly revolution. [Obs.] The eight and twenty mansions That longen to the moon. Chaucer. Mansion house, the house in which one resides; specifically, in London and some other cities, the official residence of the Lord Mayor. Blackstone. MANSION Man"sion, v. i. Defn: To dwell; to reside. [Obs.] Mede. MANSIONARY Man"sion*a*ry, a. Defn: Resident; residentiary; as, mansionary canons. MANSIONRY Man"sion*ry, n. Defn: The state of dwelling or residing; occupancy as a dwelling place. [Obs.] Shak. MANSLAUGHTER Man"slaugh`ter, n. 1. The slaying of a human being; destruction of men. Milton. 2. (Law) Defn: The unlawful killing of a man, either in negligenc MANSLAYER Man"slay`er, n. Defn: One who kills a human being; one who commits manslaughter. MANSTEALER Man"steal`er, n. Defn: A person who steals or kidnaps a human being or beings. MANSTEALING Man"steal`ing, n. Defn: The act or business of stealing or kidnaping human beings, especially with a view to e MANSUETE Man"suete, a. Etym: [L. mansuetus, p. p. of mansuescere to tame; manus hand + suescere to accustom: cf. F. mansuet.] Defn: Tame; gentle; kind. [Obs.] Ray. MANSUETUDE Man"sue*tude, n. Etym: [L. mansuetudo: cf. F.mansuétude.] Defn: Tameness; gentleness; mildness. [Archaic] MANSWEAR Man"swear`, v. i. Defn: To swear falsely. Same as Mainswear. MANTA Man"ta, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Coleoptera and Sea devil. MANTCHOO Mant*choo", a. & n. Defn: Same as Manchu. MANTEAU Man`teau", n.; pl. F. Manteaux, E. Manteaus. Etym: [F. See Mantle, n.] 1. A woman's cloak or mantle. 2. A gown worn by women. [Obs.] MANTEL Man"tel, n. Etym: [The same word as mantle a garment; cf. F. manteau de cheminée. See Mantle.] (Arch.) Defn: The finish around a fireplace, covering the chimney-breast in front and sometimes on both sides; especially, a shelf above the fireplace, and its supports. [Written also mantle.] MANTELET Man"tel*et, n. Etym: [F., dim. of manteau, OF. mantel. See Mantle.] 1. (a) A short cloak formerly worn by knights. (b) A short cloak or mantle worn by women. A mantelet upon his shoulders hanging. Chaucer. 2. (Fort.) Defn: A musket-proof shield of rope, wood, or metal, which is sometimes used for the protection of sappers or riflemen while attacking a fortress, or of gunners at embrasures; -- now commonly written mantlet. MANTELLETTA Man`tel*let"ta, n. [It. mantelletta. See Mantelet.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A silk or woolen vestment without sleeves worn by cardinals, bishops, abbots, and the prelates of the Roman court. It has a low collar, is fastened in front, and reaches almost to the knees. MANTELPIECE Man"tel*piece`, n. Defn: Same as Mantel. MANTELSHELF Man"tel*shelf`, n. Defn: The shelf of a mantel. MANTELTREE Man"tel*tree`, n. (Arch.) Defn: The lintel of a fireplace when of wood, as frequently in early houses. MANTIC Man"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to divination, or to the condition of one inspired, or supposed to be inspired, by a deity; prophetic. [R.] "Mantic fury." Trench. MANTILLA Man*til"la, n. Etym: [Sp. See Mantle.] 1. A lady's light cloak of cape of silk, velvet, lace, or the like. 2. A kind of veil, covering the head and falling down upon the shoulders; -- worn in Spain, Mexico, etc. MANTIS Man"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of voracious orthopterous insects of the genus Mantis, and allied genera. They are remarkable for their slender grotesque forms, and for holding their stout anterior legs in a manner suggesting hands folded in prayer. The common American species is M. Carolina. Mantis shrimp. (Zoöl.) See Sguilla. MANTISPID Man*tis"pid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any neuropterous insect of the genus Mantispa, and allied genera. The larvæ feed on plant lice. Also used adjectively. See Illust. under Neuroptera. MANTISSA Man*tis*sa, n. Etym: [L., an addition, makeweight; of Tuscan origin.] (Math.) Defn: The decimal part of a logarithm, as distinguished from the integral part, or characteristic. MANTLE Man"tle, n. Etym: [OE. mantel, OF. mantel, F. manteau, fr. L. mantellum, mantelum, a cloth, napkin, cloak, mantle (cf. mantele, mantile, towel, napkin); prob. from manus hand + the root of tela cloth. See Manual, Textile, and cf. Mandil, Mantel, Mantilla.] 1. A loose garment to be worn over other garments; an enveloping robe; a cloak. Hence, figuratively, a covering or concealing envelope. [The] children are clothed with mantles of satin. Bacon. The green mantle of the standing pool. Shak. Now Nature hangs her mantle green On every blooming tree. Burns. 2. (Her.) Defn: Same as Mantling. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The external fold, or folds, of the soft, exterior membrane of the body of a mollusk. It usually forms a cavity inclosing the gills. See Illusts. of Buccinum, and Byssus. (b) Any free, outer membrane. (c) The back of a bird together with the folded wings. 4. (Arch.) Defn: A mantel. See Mantel. 5. The outer wall and casing of a blast furnace, above the hearth. Raymond. 6. (Hydraulic Engin.) Defn: A penstock for a water wheel. MANTLE Man"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mantled; p. pr. & vb. n. Mantling.] Defn: To cover or envelop, as with a mantle; to cloak; to hide; to disguise. Shak. MANTLE Man"tle, v. i. 1. To unfold and spread out the wings, like a mantle; -- said of hawks. Also used figuratively. Ne is there hawk which mantleth on her perch. Spenser. Or tend his sparhawk mantling in her mew. Bp. Hall. My frail fancy fed with full delight. Doth bathe in bliss, and mantleth most at ease. Spenser. 2. To spread out; -- said of wings. The swan, with arched neck Between her white wings mantling proudly, rows. Milton. 3. To spread over the surface as a covering; to overspread; as, the scum mantled on the pool. Though mantled in her cheek the blood. Sir W. Scott. 4. To gather, assume, or take on, a covering, as froth, scum, etc. There is a sort of men whose visages Do cream and mantle like a standing pond. Shak. Nor bowl of wassail mantle warm. Tennyson. MANTLET Man"tlet, n. Defn: See Mantelet. MANTLING Man"tling, n. (Her.) Defn: The representation of a mantle, or the drapery behind and around a coat of arms: -- called also lambrequin. MANTO Man"to, n. Etym: [It. or Sp. manto, abbrev., from L. mantelum. See Mantle.] Defn: See Manteau. [Obs.] Bailey. MANTOLOGIST Man*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who is skilled in mantology; a diviner. [R.] MANTOLOGY Man*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The act or art of divination. [R.] MANTRA Man"tra, n. Etym: [Skr.] Defn: A prayer; an invocation; a religious formula; a charm. [India] Note: Among the Hindoos each caste and tribe has a mantra peculiar to itself; as, the mantra of the Brahmans. Balfour (Cyc. of India). MANTRAP Man"trap`, n. 1. A trap for catching trespassers. [Eng.] 2. A dangerous place, as an open hatch, into which one may fall. MANTUA Man"tu*a, n. 1. A superior kind of rich silk formerly exported from Mantua in Italy. [Obs.] Beck (Draper's Dict.). 2. A woman's cloak or mantle; also, a woman's gown. [Obs.] MANTUAMAKER Man"tu*a*mak`er, n. Defn: One who makes dresses, cloaks, etc., for women; a dressmaker. MANTUAN Man"tu*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Mantua. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Mantua. MANU Ma"nu, n. Etym: [Skr.] (Hind. Myth.) Defn: One of a series of progenitors of human beings, and authors of human wisdom. MANUAL Man"u*al, a. Etym: [OE. manuel, F. manuel, L. manualis, fr. manus hand; prob. akin to AS. mund hand, protection, OHG. munt, G. mündel a ward, vormund guardian, Icel. mund hand. Cf. Emancipate, Legerdemain, Maintain, Manage, Manner, Manur, Mound a hill.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the hand; done or made by the hand; as, manual labor; the king's sign manual. "Manual and ocular examination." Tatham. Manual alphabet. See Dactylology. -- Manual exercise (Mil.) the exercise by which soldiers are taught the use of their muskets and other arms. -- Seal manual, the impression of a seal worn on the hand as a ring. -- Sign manual. See under Sign. MANUAL Man"u*al, n. Etym: [Cf. F. manuel, LL. manuale. See Manual, a.] 1. A small book, such as may be carried in the hand, or conveniently handled; a handbook; specifically, the service book of the Roman Catholic Church. This manual of laws, styled the Confessor's Laws. Sir M. Hale. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A keyboard of an organ or harmonium for the fingers, as distinguished from the pedals; a clavier, or set of keys. Moore (Encyc. of Music). 3. (Mil.) Defn: A prescribed exercise in the systematic handing of a weapon; as, the manual of arms; the manual of the sword; the manual of the piece (cannon, mortar, etc.). MANUALIST Man"u*al*ist, n. Defn: One who works wi MANUALLY Man"u*al*ly, adv. Defn: By hand. MANUARY Man"u*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. manuarius, fr. manus hand.] Defn: Manual. -- n. Defn: An artificer. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. MANUBIAL Ma*nu"bi*al, a. Etym: [L. manubialis, fr. manubiae money obtained from the sale of booty, booty.] Defn: Belonging to spoils; taken in war. [Obs.] Bailey. MANUBRIAL Ma*nu"bri*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a manubrium; shaped like a manubrium; handlelike. MANUBRIUM Ma*nu"bri*um, n.; pl. L. Manubria, E. Manubriums. Etym: [L., handle, fr. manus hand.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A handlelike process or part; esp., the anterior segment of the sternum, or presternum, and the handlelike process of the malleus. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The proboscis of a jellyfish; -- called also hypostoma. See Illust. of Hydromedusa. MANUCODE Man"u*code, n. Etym: [Javanese manukdewata the bird of the gods: cf. F. manucode.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the genus Manucodia, of Australia and New Guinea. They are related to the bird of paradise. MANUDUCENT Man`u*du"cent, n. Defn: One who leads by the hand; a manuductor. [Obs.] MANUDUCTION Man`u*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. manus hand + ductio a leading, ducere to lead: cf. F. manuduction.] Defn: Guidance by the hand. [Obs.] Glanvill. South. MANUDUCTOR Man`u*duc"tor, n. Etym: [L. manus the hand + ductor a leader, ducere to lead: cf. F. manuducteur.] (Mus.) Defn: A conductor; an officer in the ancient church who gave the signal for the choir to sing, and who beat time with the hand, and regulated the music. Moore (Encyc. of Music.) MANUFACTORY Man`u*fac"to*ry, n.; pl. -ries. Etym: [Cf. L. factorium an oil press, prop., place where something is made. See Manufacture.] 1. Manufacture. [Obs.] 2. A building or place where anything is manufactured; a factory. MANUFACTORY Man`u*fac"to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to manufacturing. MANUFACTURAL Man`u*fac"tur*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to manufactures. [R.] MANUFACTURE Man`u*fac"ture, n. Etym: [L. manus the hand + factura a making, fr. facere to make: cf. F. manufacture. See Manual, and Fact.] 1. The operation of making wares or any products by hand, by machinery, or by other agency. 2. Anything made from raw materials by the hand, by machinery, or by art, as cloths, iron utensils, shoes, machinery, saddlery, etc. MANUFACTURE Man`u*fac"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manufactured; p. pr. & vb. n. Manufacturing.] Etym: [Cf. F. manufacturer.] 1. To make (wares or other products) by hand, by machinery, or by other agency; as, to manufacture cloth, nails, glass, etc. 2. To work, as raw or partly wrought materials, into suitable forms for use; as, to manufacture wool, cotton, silk, or iron. MANUFACTURE Man`u*fac"ture, v. i. Defn: To be employed in manufacturing something. MANUFACTURER Man`u*fac"tur*er, n. Defn: One who manufactures. MANUFACTURING Man`u*fac"tur*ing, a. 1. Employed, or chiefly employed, in manufacture; as, a manufacturing community; a manufacturing town. 2. Pertaining to manufacture; as, manufacturing projects. MANUL Ma"nul, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A wild cat (Felis manul), having long, soft, light-colored fur. It is found in the mountains of Central Asia, and dwells among rocks. MANUMISE Man"u*mise`, v. t. Etym: [See Manumit.] Defn: To manumit. [Obs.] Dryden. MANUMISSION Man`u*mis"sion, n. Etym: [L. manumissio: cf. F. manumission. See Manumit.] Defn: The act of manumitting, or of liberating a slave from bondage. "Given to slaves at their manumission." Arbuthnot. MANUMIT Man`u*mit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manumitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Manumitting.] Etym: [L. manumittere, manumissum; manus the hand + mittere to send, to send off. See Manual, and Missile.] Defn: To release from slavery; to liberate from personal bondage or servitude; to free, as a slave. "Manumitted slaves." Hume. MANUMOTIVE Man"u*mo`tive, a. Etym: [L. manus the hand + E. motive.] Defn: Movable by hand. [R.] MANUMOTOR Man"u*mo`tor, n. Etym: [L. manus the hand + E. motor.] Defn: A small wheel carriage, so constructed that a person sitting in it may move it. MANURABLE Ma*nur"a*ble (, a. 1. Capable of cultivation. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 2. Capable of receiving a fertilizing substance. MANURAGE Ma*nur"age, n. Defn: Cultivation. [Obs.] Warner. MANURANCE Ma*nur"ance, n. Defn: Cultivation. [Obs.] Spenser. MANURE Ma*nure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Manured; p. pr. & vb. n. Manuring.] Etym: [Contr, from OF. manuvrer, manovrer, to work with the hand, to cultivate by manual labor, F. man. See Manual, Ure, Opera, and cf. Inure.] 1. To cultivate by manual labor; to till; hence, to develop by culture. [Obs.] To whom we gave the strand for to manure. Surrey. Manure thyself then; to thyself be improved; And with vain, outward things be no more moved. Donne. 2. To apply manure to; to enrich, as land, by the application of a fertilizing substance. The blood of English shall manure the ground. Shak. MANURE Ma*nure", n. Defn: Any matter which makes land productive; a fertilizing substance, as the contents of stables and barnyards, dung, decaying animal or vegetable substances, etc. Dryden. MANUREMENT Ma*nure"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. manouvrement.] Defn: Cultivation. [Obs.] W. Wotton. MANURER Ma*nur"er, n. Defn: One who manures land. MANURIAL Ma*nu"ri*al, a. Defn: Relating to manures. MANURING Ma*nur"ing, n. Defn: The act of process of applying manure; also, the manure applied. MANUS Ma"nus, n.; pl. Manus. Etym: [L., the hand.] (Anat.) Defn: The distal segment of the fore limb, including the carpus and fore foot or hand. MANUSCRIPT Man"u*script, a. Etym: [L. manu scriptus. See Manual, and Scribe.] Defn: Written with or by the hand; not printed; as, a manuscript volume. MANUSCRIPT Man"u*script, n. Etym: [LL. manuscriptum, lit., something written with the hand. See Manuscript, a.] 1. A literary or musical composition written with the hand, as distinguished from a printed copy. 2. Writing, as opposed to print; as, the book exists only in manuscript. Craik. Note: The word is often abbreviated to MS., plural MSS. MANUSCRIPTAL Man"u*script`al, a. Defn: Manuscript. [Obs.] MANUTENENCY Man`u*ten"en*cy, n. Etym: [L. manus hand + tenere to hold.] Defn: Maintenance. [Obs.] Abp. Sancroft. MANWAY Man"way`, n. Defn: A small passageway, as in a mine, that a man may pass through. Raymond. MANX Manx, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Isle of Man, or its inhabitants; as, the Manx language. Manx cat (Zoöl.), a breed of domestic cats having a rudimentary tail, containing only about three vertebrae. -- Manx shearwater (Zoöl.), an oceanic bird (Puffinus anglorum, or P. puffinus), called also Manx petrel, Manx puffin. It was formerly abundant in the Isle of Man. MANX Manx, n. Defn: The language of the inhabitants of the Isle of Man, a dialect of the Celtic. MANY Ma"ny, n. Etym: [See Meine, Mansion.] Defn: A retinue of servants; a household. [Obs.] Chaucer. MANY Ma"ny, a. or pron. Note: [It has no variation to express degrees of comparison; more and most, which are used for the comparative and superlative degrees, are from a different root.] Etym: [OE. mani, moni, AS. manig, mænig, monig; akin to D. menig, OS. & OHG. manag, G. manch, Dan. mange, Sw. månge, Goth. manags, OSlav. mnog', Russ. mnogii; cf. Icel. margr, Prov. E. mort. sq. root103.] Defn: Consisting of a great number; numerous; not few. Thou shalt be a father of many nations. Gen. xvii. 4. Not many wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are called. 1 Cor. i. 26. Note: Many is freely prefixed to participles, forming compounds which need no special explanation; as, many-angled, many-celled, many-eyed, many-footed, many-handed, many-leaved, many-lettered, many-named, many-peopled, many-petaled, many-seeded, many-syllabled (polysyllabic), many-tongued, many-voiced, many-wived, and the like. Comparison is often expressed by many with as or so. "As many as were willing hearted . . . brought bracelets." Exod. xxxv. 22. "So many laws argue so many sins." Milton. Many stands with a singular substantive with a or an. Many a, a large number taken distributively; each one of many. "For thy sake have I shed many a tear." Shak. "Full many a gem of purest ray serene." Gray. -- Many one, many a one; many persons. BK. of Com. Prayer. -- The many, the majority; -- opposed to the few. See Many, n. -- Too many, too numerous; hence, too powerful; as, they are too many for us. L'Estrange. Syn. -- Numerous; multiplied; frequent; manifold; various; divers; sundry. MANY Ma"ny, n. Etym: [AS. menigeo, menigo, menio, multitude; akin to G. menge, OHG. managi, menigi, Goth. managei. See Many, a.] 1. The populace; the common people; the majority of people, or of a community. After him the rascal many ran. Spenser. 2. A large or considerable number. A many of our bodies shall no doubt Find native graves. Shak. Seeing a great many in rich gowns. Addison. It will be concluded by manythat he lived like an honest man. Fielding. Note: In this sense, many is connected immediately with another substantive (without of) to show of what the many consists; as, a good many [of] people think so. He is liable to a great many inconveniences. Tillotson. MANY-MINDED Ma"ny-mind`ed, a. Defn: Having many faculties; versatile; many-sided. MANYPLIES Ma"ny*plies, n. Etym: [Many, adj. + plies, pl. of ply a fold.] (Anat.) Defn: The third division, or that between the reticulum, or honeycomb stomach, and the abomasum, or rennet stomach, in the stomach of ruminants; the omasum; the psalterium. So called from the numerous folds in its mucous membrane. See Illust of Ruminant. MANY-SIDED Ma"ny-sid`ed, a. 1. Having many sides; -- said of figures. Hence, presenting many questions or subjects for consideration; as, a many-sided topic. 2. Interested in, and having an aptitude for, many unlike pursuits or objects of attention; versatile. -- Ma"ny-sid`ed*ness, n. MANYWAYS; MANYWISE Ma"ny*ways`, Ma"ny*wise`, adv. Defn: In many different ways; variously. MANZANILLA Man`za*nil"la, n. (Olive Trade) Defn: A kind of small roundish olive with a small freestone pit, a fine skin, and a peculiar bitterish flavor. Manzanillas are commonly pitted and stuffed with Spanish pimientos. MANZANITA Man`za*ni"ta, n. Etym: [Sp., dim. of munzana an apple.] (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several species of Arctostaphylos, but mostly to A. glauca and A. pungens, shrubs of California, Oregon, etc., with reddish smooth bark, ovate or oval coriaceous evergreen leaves, and bearing clusters of red berries, which are said to be a favorite food of the grizzly bear. MAORI Ma"o*ri, n.; pl. Maoris (. (Ethnol.) Defn: One of the aboriginal inhabitants of New Zealand; also, the original language of New Zealand. -- a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Maoris or to their language. MAP Map, n. Etym: [From F. mappe, in mappemonde map of the world, fr. L. mappa napkin, signal cloth; -- a Punic word. Cf. Apron, Napkin, Nappe.] 1. A representation of the surface of the earth, or of some portion of it, showing the relative position of the parts represented; -- usually on a flat surface. Also, such a representation of the celestial sphere, or of some part of it. Note: There are five principal kinds of projection used in making maps: the orthographic, the stereographic, the globuar, the conical, and the cylindrical, or Mercator's projection. See Projection. 2. Anything which represents graphically a succession of events, states, or acts; as, an historical map. Thus is his cheek the map of days outworn. Shak. Map lichen (Bot.), a lichen (Lecidea geographica.) growing on stones in curious maplike figures. Dr. Prior. MAP Map, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Mapping.] Defn: To represent by a map; -- often with out; as, to survey and map, or map out, a county. Hence, figuratively: To represent or indicate systematically and clearly; to sketch; to plan; as, to map, or map out, a journey; to map out business. I am near to the place where they should meet, if Pisanio have mapped it truly. Shak. MAPACH Ma*pach", n. Etym: [Mexican.] Defn: The raccoon. MAPLE Ma"ple, n. Etym: [AS. mapolder, mapulder, mapol; akin to Icel. möpurr; cf. OHG. mazzaltra, mazzoltra, G. massholder.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree of the genus Acer, including about fifty species. A. saccharinum is the rock maple, or sugar maple, from the sap of which sugar is made, in the United States, in great quantities, by evaporation; the red or swamp maple is A. rubrum; the silver maple, A. dasycarpum, having fruit wooly when young; the striped maple, A. Pennsylvanium, called also moosewood. The common maple of Europe is A. campestre, the sycamore maple is A. Pseudo-platanus, and the Norway maple is A. platanoides. Note: Maple is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as, maple tree, maple leaf, etc. Bird's-eye maple, Curled maple, varieties of the wood of the rock maple, in which a beautiful lustrous grain is produced by the sinuous course of the fibers. -- Maple honey, Maple molasses, or Maple sirup, maple sap boiled to the consistency of molasses. -- Maple sugar, sugar obtained from the sap of the sugar maple by evaporation. MAPLIKE Map"like`, a. Defn: Having or consisting of lines resembling a map; as, the maplike figures in which certain lichens grow. MAPPERY Map"per*y, n. Etym: [From Map.] Defn: The making, or study, of maps. [Obs.] Shak. MAQUI Ma"qui, n. (Bot.) Defn: A Chilian shrub (Aristotelia Maqui). Its bark furnishes strings for musical instruments, and a medicinal wine is made from its berries. MAR Mar, n. Defn: A small lake. See Mere. [Prov. Eng.] MAR Mar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marred (märd); p. pr. & vb. n. Marring.] Etym: [OE. marren, merren, AS. merran, myrran (in comp.), to obstruct, impede, dissipate; akin to OS. merrian, OHG. marrjan, merran; cf. D. marren, meeren, to moor a ship, Icel. merja to bruise, crush, and Goth. marzjan to offend. Cf. Moor, v.] 1. To make defective; to do injury to, esp. by cutting off or defacing a part; to impair; to disfigure; to deface. I pray you mar no more trees with wiring love songs in their barks. Shak. But mirth is marred, and the good cheer is lost. Dryden. Ire, envy, and despair Which marred all his borrowed visage. Milton. 2. To spoil; to ruin. "It makes us, or it mars us." "Striving to mend, to mar the subject." Shak. MAR Mar, n. Defn: A mark or blemish made by bruising, scratching, or the like; a disfigurement. MARA Ma"ra, n. Etym: [Skr. mara.] (Hind. Myth.) Defn: The principal or ruling evil spirit. E. Arnold. MARA Ma"ra, n. Etym: [Icel. mara nightmare, an ogress. See Nightmare.] (Norse Myth.) Defn: A female demon who torments people in sleep by crouching on their chests or stomachs, or by causing terrifying visions. MARA Ma"ra, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis Patagonicus.) MARABOU Mar`a*bou", n. Etym: [F.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large stork of the genus Leptoptilos (formerly Ciconia), esp. the African species (L. crumenifer), which furnishes plumes worn as ornaments. The Asiatic species (L. dubius, or L. argala) is the adjutant. See Adjutant. [Written also marabu.] 2. One having five eighths negro blood; the offspring of a mulatto and a griffe. [Louisiana] Bartlett. MARABOUT Marabout", n. Etym: [F., from Pg. marabuto, Ar. morabit. Cf. Maravedi.] Defn: A Mohammedan saint; especially, one who claims to work cures supernaturally. MARACAN Mar"a*can, n. Etym: [Braz. maracaná.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A macaw. MARAI Ma*rai", n. Defn: A sacred inclosure or temple; -- so called by the islanders of the Pacific Ocean. MARANATHA Mar`a*nath"a, n. Etym: [Aramaic maran atha.] Defn: "Our Lord cometh;" -- an expression used by St. Paul at the conclusion of his first Epistle to the Corinthians (xvi. 22). This word has been used in anathematizing persons for great crimes; as much as to say, "May the Lord come quickly to take vengeance of thy crimes." See Anathema maranatha, under Anathema. MARANTA Ma*ran"ta, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of endogenous plants found in tropical America, and some species also in India. They have tuberous roots containing a large amount of starch, and from one species (Maranta arundinacea) arrowroot is obtained. Many kinds are cultivated for ornament. MARASCHINO Ma`ra*schi"no, n. Etym: [It., fr. marasca, amarasca, a sour cherry, L. amarus bitter.] Defn: A liqueur distilled from fermented cherry juice, and flavored with the pit of a variety of cherry which grows in Dalmatia. MARASMUS Ma*ras"mus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A wasting of flesh without fever or apparent disease; a kind of consumption; atrophy; phthisis. Pining atrophy, Marasmus, and wide-wasting pestilence. Milton. Marasmus senilis Etym: [L.], progressive atrophy of the aged. MARATHI; MAHRATTA Ma*ra"thi, Mah*rat"ta, n. Defn: A Sanskritic language of western India, prob. descended from the Maharastri Prakrit, spoken by the Marathas and neighboring peoples. It has an abundant literature dating from the 13th century. It has a book alphabet nearly the same as Devanagari and a cursive script translation between the Devanagari and the Gujarati. MARAUD Ma*raud", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Marauding.] Etym: [F. marauder, fr. maraud vagabond, OF. marault; of uncertain origin, perh. for malault, fr. (assumed) LL. malaldus; fr. L. malus bad, ill + a suffix of German origin (cf. Herald). Cf. Malice.] Defn: To rove in quest of plunder; to make an excursion for booty; to plunder. "Marauding hosts." Milman. MARAUD Ma*raud", n. Defn: An excursion for plundering. MARAUDER Ma*raud`er, n. Etym: [From Maraud, v.: cf. F. maraudeur.] Defn: A rover in quest of booty or plunder; a plunderer; one who pillages. De Quincey. MARAVEDI Mar`a*ve"di, n. Etym: [Sp. maravedí; -- so called from the Morabitin (lit., the steadfast), an Arabian dynasty which reigned in Africa and Spain. Cf. Marabout.] (Numis.) Defn: A small copper coin of Spain, equal to three mils American money, less than a farthing sterling. Also, an ancient Spanish gold coin. MARBLE Mar"ble, n. Etym: [OE. marbel, marbre, F. marbre, L. marmor, fr. Gr. Marmoreal.] 1. A massive, compact limestone; a variety of calcite, capable of being polished and used for architectural and ornamental purposes. The color varies from white to black, being sometimes yellow, red, and green, and frequently beautifully veined or clouded. The name is also given to other rocks of like use and appearance, as serpentine or verd antique marble, and less properly to polished porphyry, granite, etc. Note: Breccia marble consists of limestone fragments cemented together. -- Ruin marble, when polished, shows forms resembling ruins, due to disseminated iron oxide. -- Shell marble contains fossil shells. -- Statuary marble is a pure, white, fine-grained kind, including Parian (from Paros) and Carrara marble. If coarsely granular it is called saccharoidal. 2. A thing made of, or resembling, marble, as a work of art, or record, in marble; or, in the plural, a collection of such works; as, the Arundel or Arundelian marbles; the Elgin marbles. 3. A little ball of marble, or of some other hard substance, used as a plaything by children; or, in the plural, a child's game played with marbles. Note: Marble is also much used in self-explaining compounds; when used figuratively in compounds it commonly means, hard, cold, destitute of compassion or feeling; as, marble-breasted, marble- faced, marble-hearted. MARBLE Mar"ble, a. 1. Made of, or resembling, marble; as, a marble mantel; marble paper. 2. Cold; hard; unfeeling; as, a marble breast or heart. MARBLE Mar"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Marbling.] Etym: [Cf. F. marbrer. See Marble, n.] Defn: To stain or vein like marble; to variegate in color; as, to marble the edges of a book, or the surface of paper. MARBLED Mar"bled, a. 1. Made of, or faced with, marble. [Obs.] "The marbled mansion." Shak. 2. Made to resemble marble; veined or spotted like marble. "Marbled paper." Boyle. 3. (zoöl.) Defn: Varied with irregular markings, or witch a confused blending of irregular spots and streaks. MARBLE-EDGED Mar"ble-edged`, a. Defn: Having the edge veined or spotted with different colors like marble, as a book. MARBLEIZE Mar"ble*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marbleized; p. pr. & vb. n. Marbleizing.] Defn: To stain or grain in imitation of marble; to cover with a surface resembling marble; as, to marbleize slate, wood, or iron. MARBLER Mar"bler (, n. 1. One who works upon marble or other stone. [R.] Fuller. 2. One who colors or stains in imitation of marble. MARBLING Mar"bling, n. 1. The art or practice of variegating in color, in imitation of marble. 2. An intermixture of fat and lean in meat, giving it a marbled appearance. 3. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: Distinct markings resembling the variegations of marble, as on birds and insects. MARBLY Mar"bly, a. Defn: Containing, or resembling, marble. MARBRINUS Mar*bri"nus, n. Etym: [LL., fr. OF. & F. marble marble. See Marble.] Defn: A cloth woven so as to imitate the appearance of marble; -- much used in the 15th and 16th centuries. Beck (Draper's Dict.). MARC Marc, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The refuse matter which remains after the pressure of fruit, particularly of grapes. MARC Marc, n. Etym: [AS. marc; akin to G. mark, Icel. mörk, perh. akin to E. mark a sign. 106, 273.] [Written also mark.] 1. A weight of various commodities, esp. of gold and silver, used in different European countries. In France and Holland it was equal to eight ounces. 2. A coin formerly current in England and Scotland, equal to thirteen shillings and four pence. 3. A German coin and money of account. See Mark. MARCANTANT Mar"can*tant, n. Etym: [It. mercatante. See Merchant.] Defn: A merchant. [Obs.] Shak. MARCASITE Mar"ca*site, n. Etym: [F. marcassite; cf. It. marcassita, Sp. marquesita, Pg. marquezita; all fr. Ar. marqashitha.] (Min.) Defn: A sulphide of iron resembling pyrite or common iron pyrites in composition, but differing in form; white iron pyrites. Golden marcasite, tin. [Obs.] MARCASITIC; MARCASITICAL Mar`ca*sit"ic, Mar`ca*sit"ic*al, a. Defn: Containing, or having the nature of, marcasite. MARCASSIN Mar*cas"sin, n. Etym: [F.] (Her.) Defn: A young wild boar. MARCATO Mar*ca"to, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: In a marked emphatic manner; -- used adverbially as a direction. MARCELINE Mar"cel*ine, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. marcidus withered, fr. marcere to wither, shrivel.] Defn: A thin silk fabric used for linings, etc., in ladies' dresses. MARCESCENT Mar*ces"cent, a. Etym: [L. marcescens, p. pr. of marcescere to wither, decay, fr. marcere to wither, droop: cf. F. marcescent.] (Bot.) Defn: Withering without MARCESCIBLE Mar*ces"ci*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. marcescible.] Defn: Li MARCH March, n. Etym: [L. Martius mensis Mars'month fr. Martius belonging to Mars, the god of war: cf. F. mars. Cf. Martial.] Defn: The third month of the year, containing thirty-one days. The stormy March is come at last, With wind, and cloud, and changing skies. Bryant. As mad as a March Hare, an old English Saying derived from the fact that March is the rutting time of hares, when they are excitable and violent. Wright. MARCH March, n. Etym: [OE. marche, F. marche; of German origin; cf. OHG. marcha, G. mark, akin to OS. marka, AS. mearc, Goth. marka, L. margo edge, border, margin, and possibly to E. mark a sign. Margin, Margrave, Marque, Marquis.] Defn: A territorial border or frontier; a region adjacent to a boundary line; a confine; -- used chiefly in the plural, and in English history applied especially to the border land on the frontiers between England and Scotland, and England and Wales. Geneva is situated in the marches of several dominions -- France, Savoy, and Switzerland. Fuller. Lords of waste marches, kings of desolate isles. Tennyson. MARCH March, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OF. marchir. See 2d March.] Defn: To border; to be contiguous; to lie side by side. [Obs.] That was in a strange land Which marcheth upon Chimerie. Gower. To march with, to have the same boundary for a greater or less distance; -- said of an estate. MARCH March, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marched; p. pr. & vb. n. Marching.] Etym: [F. marcher, in OF. also, to tread, prob. fr. L. marcus hammer. Cf. Mortar.] 1. To move with regular steps, as a soldier; to walk in a grave, deliberate, or stately manner; to advance steadily. Shak. 2. To proceed by walking in a body or in military order; as, the German army marched into France. MARCH March, v. t. Defn: TO cause to move with regular steps in the manner of a soldier; to cause to move in military array, or in a body, as troops; to cause to advance in a steady, regular, or stately manner; to cause to go by peremptory command, or by force. March them again in fair array. Prior. MARCH March, n. Etym: [F. marche.] 1. The act of marching; a movement of soldiers from one stopping place to another; military progress; advance of troops. These troops came to the army harassed with a long and wearisome march. Bacon. 2. Hence: Measured and regular advance or movement, like that of soldiers moving in order; stately or deliberate walk; steady onward movement. With solemn march Goes slow and stately by them. Shak. This happens merely because men will not bide their time, but will insist on precipitating the march of affairs. Buckle. 3. The distance passed over in marching; as, an hour's march; a march of twenty miles. 4. A piece of music designed or fitted to accompany and guide the movement of troops; a piece of music in the march form. The drums presently striking up a march. Knolles. To make a march, (Card Playing), to take all the tricks of a hand, in the game of euchre. MARCHER March"er, n. Defn: One who marches. MARCHER March"er, n. Etym: [See 2d March.] Defn: The lord or officer who defended the marches or borders of a territory. MARCHET; MERCHET Mar"chet, Mer"chet, n. Etym: [LL. marcheta; of uncertain origin.] Defn: In old English and in Scots law, a fine paid to the lord of the soil by a tenant upon the marriage of one the tenant's daughters. MARCHING March"ing, a. & n. Defn: ,fr. March, v. Marching money (Mil.), the additional pay of officer or soldier when his regiment is marching. -- In marching order (Mil.), equipped for a march. -- Marching regiment. (Mil.) (a) A regiment in active service. (b) In England, a regiment liable to be ordered into other quarters, at home or abroad; a regiment of the line. MARCHIONESS Mar"chio*ness, n. Etym: [LL. marchionissa, fr. marchio a marquis. See Marquis.] Defn: The wife or the widow of a marquis; a woman who has the rank and dignity of a marquis. Spelman. MARCH-MAD March"-mad`, a. Defn: Extremely rash; foolhardy. See under March, the month. Sir W. Scott. MARCHMAN March"man, n. Defn: A person living in the marches between England and Scotland or Wales. MARCHPANE March"pane`, n. Etym: [Cf. It. marzapane,Sp. pan,. massepain, prob. fr. L. maza frumenty (Gr. ma^za) + L. panis bread; but perh. the first part of the word is from the name of the inventor.] Defn: A kind of sweet bread or biscuit; a cake of pounded almonds and sugar. [Obs.]marzipan Shak. MARCH-WARD March"-ward`, n. Defn: A warden of the marches; a marcher. MARCIAN Mar"cian, a. Defn: Under the influence of Mars; courageous; bold. [Obs.] Chaucer. MARCID Mar"cid, a. Etym: [L. marcidus, fr. marcere to wither, pine.] 1. Pining; lean; withered. Dryden. 2. Characterized by emaciation, as a fever. Harvey. MARCIDITY Mar"cid"ity, n. Etym: [LL. marciditas.] Defn: The state or quality of being withered or lean. [R.] MARCIONITE Mar"cion*ite, n. (Eccl. Hist) Defn: A follower of Marcion, a Gnostic of the second century, who adopted the Oriental notion of the two conflicting principles, and imagined that between them there existed a third power, neither wholly good nor evil, the Creator of the world and of man, and the God of the Jewish dispensation. Brande & C. MARCOBRUNNER Mar`co*brun"ner, n. Etym: [G. Marcobrunner.] Defn: A celebrated Rhine wine. MARCONI Mar*co"ni, a. [After Guglielmo Marconi (b. 1874), Italian inventor.] Defn: Designating, or pert. to, Marconi's system of wireless telegraphy; as, Marconi aërial, coherer, station, system, etc. MARCONIGRAM Mar*co"ni*gram, n. [Marconi + -gram.] Defn: A Marconi wireless message. MARCONIGRAPH Mar*co"ni*graph, n. [Marconi + -graph.] Defn: The apparatus used in Marconi wireless telegraphy. MARCONI'S LAW Mar*co"ni's law. (Wireless Teleg.) Defn: The law that the maximum good signaling distance varies directly as the square of the height of the transmitting antenna. MARCONISM Mar*co"nism, n. Defn: The theory or practice of Marconi's wireless telegraph system. MARCONI SYSTEM Mar*co"ni system. (Elec.) Defn: A system or wireless telegraphy developed by G. Marconi, an Italian physicist, in which Hertzian waves are used in transmission and a coherer is used as the receiving instrument. MARCOR Mar"cor, n. Etym: [L., fr. marcere to wither.] Defn: A wasting away of flesh; decay. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. MARCOSIAN Mar*co"sian, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a Gnostic sect of the second century, so called from Marcus, an Egyptian, who was reputed to be a margician. MARDI GRAS Mar"di` gras", n. Etym: [F., literally, fat Tuesday.] Defn: The last day of Carnival; Shrove Tuesday; -- in some cities a great day of carnival and merrymaking. MARE Mare, n. Etym: [OE. mere, AS. mere, myre, fem of AS. mearh horse, akin to D. merrie mare, G. mähre, OHG. marah horse, meriha mare, Icel. marr horse, OCelt. marka (Pausan. 19, 19,4), Ir. marc, W. march. Cf. Marshal.] Defn: The female of the horse and other equine quadrupeds. MARE Mare, n. Etym: [AS. mara incubus; akin to OHG. & Icel. mara; cf. Pol. mora, Bohem. m.] (Med.) Defn: Sighing, suffocative panting, intercepted utterance, with a sense of pressure across the chest, occurring during sleep; the incubus; -- obsolete, except in the compound nightmare. I will ride thee o' nights like the mare. Shak. MARECHAL NIEL Mare"chal Niel". Etym: [F.] Defn: A kind of large yellow rose. [Written also Marshal Niel.] MARE CLAUSUM Ma"re clau"sum. [L.] (Internat. Law) Defn: Lit., closed sea; hence, a body of water within the separate jurisdiction of the nation; -- opposed to open sea, the water open to all nations and over which no single nation has special control. MAREIS Mar"eis, n. Defn: A Marsh. [Obs.] Chaucer. MARENA Ma*re"na, n. Etym: [NL. Salmo maraena, G. maräne, moräne; -- so called from Lake Morin, in the March of Brandenburg, in Prussia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European whitefish of the genus Coregonus. MARESCHAL Mare"schal, n. Etym: [OF. mareschal, F. maréchal. See Marshal.] Defn: A military officer of high rank; a marshal. [Obs.] MARE'S-NEST Mare's"-nest`, n. Defn: A supposed discovery which turns out to be a hoax; something grossly absurd. MARE'S-TAIL Mare's"-tail`, n. 1. A long streaky cloud, spreading out like a horse's tail, and believed to indicate rain; a cirrus cloud. See Cloud. Mackerel sky and mare's-tails Make tall ships carry low sails. Old Rhyme. 2. (Bot.) Defn: An aquatic plant of the genus Hippuris (H.vulgaris), having narrow leaves in whorls. MARGARATE Mar"ga*rate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. margarate.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A compound of the so-called margaric acid with a base. MARGARIC Mar*gar"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. margarique. See Margarite.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, pearl; pearly. Margaric acid. (a) (Physiol. Chem.) A fatty body, crystallizing in pearly scales, and obtained by digesting saponified fats (soaps) with an acid. It was formerly supposed to be an individual fatty acid, but is now known to be simply an intimate mixture of stearic and palmitic acids. (b) (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, C17H34O2 of the fatty acid series, intermediate between palmitic and stearic acids, and obtained from the wax of certain lichens, from cetyl cyanide, and other sources. MARGARIN Mar"ga*rin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. margarine. See Margarite.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A fatty substance, extracted from animal fats and certain vegetable oils, formerly supposed to be a definite compound of glycerin and margaric acid, but now known to be simply a mixture or combination of tristearin and teipalmitin. MARGARINE Mar"ga*rine, n. [F.] 1. Artificial butter; oleomargarine. The word margarine shall mean all substances, whether compounds or otherwise, prepared in imitation of butter, and whether mixed with butter or not. Margarine Act, 1887 (50 & 51 Vict. c. 29). 2. Margarin. MARGARITACEOUS Mar`ga*ri*ta"ceous, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, pearl; pearly. MARGARITE Mar"ga*rite, n. Etym: [L. margarita, Gr. marguerite.] 1. A pearl. [Obs.] Peacham. 2. (Min.) Defn: A mineral related to the micas, but low in silica and yielding brittle folia with pearly luster. MARGARITIC Mar`ga*rit"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. margaritique.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Margaric. MARGARITIFEROUS Mar`ga*ri*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. margaritifer; margarita pearl + ferre to bear: cf. F. margaritifère.] Defn: Producing pearls. MARGARODITE Mar*gar"o*dite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A hidrous potash mica related to muscovite. MARGARONE Mar"ga*rone, n. Etym: [Margaric + -one.] (Chem.) Defn: The ketone of margaric acid. MARGAROUS Mar"ga*rous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Margaric; -- formerly designating a supposed acid. [Obs.] MARGARYIZE; MARGARY'S FLUID Mar"ga*ry*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. -ized; p. pr. & vb. n. -izing.] [(J. J. Lloyd) Margary, inventor of the process + -ize.] Defn: To impregnate (wood) with a preservative solution of copper sulphate (often called Mar"ga*ry's flu"id [-riz]). MARGATE FISH Mar"gate fish". (Zoöl.) Defn: A sparoid fish (Diabasis aurolineatus) of the Gulf of Mexico, esteemed as a food fish; -- called also red-mouth grunt. MARGAY Mar"gay, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American wild cat (Felis tigrina), ranging from Mexico to Brazil. It is spotted with black. Called also long-tailed cat. MARGE Marge, n. Etym: [F. marge. See Margin.] Defn: Border; margin; edge; verge. [Poetic] Tennyson. Along the river's stony marge. Wordsworth. MARGENT Mar"gent, n. Etym: [OE. See Margin.] Defn: A margin; border; brink; edge. [Obs.] The beached margent of the sea. Shak. MARGENT Mar"gent, v. t. Defn: To enter or note down upon the margin of a page; to margin. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag. MARGIN Mar"gin, n. Etym: [OE. margine, margent, L. margo, ginis. Cf. March a border, Marge.] 1. A border; edge; brink; verge; as, the margin of a river or lake. 2. Specifically: The part of a page at the edge left uncovered in writing or printing. 3. (Com.) Defn: The difference between the cost and the selling price of an article. 4. Something allowed, or reserved, for that which can not be foreseen or known with certainty. 5. (Brokerage) Defn: Collateral security deposited with a broker to secure him from loss on contracts entered into by him on behalf of his principial, as in the speculative buying and selling of stocks, wheat, etc. N. Biddle. Margin draft (Masonry), a smooth cut margin on the face of hammer-dressed ashlar, adjacent to the joints. -- Margin of a course (Arch.), that part of a course, as of slates or shingles, which is not covered by the course immediately above it. See 2d Gauge. Syn. -- Border; brink; verge; brim; rim. MARGIN Mar"gin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Margined; p. pr. & vb. n. Marginging.] 1. To furnish with a margin. 2. To enter in the margin of a page. MARGINAL Mar"gin*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. marginal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a margin. 2. Written or printed in the margin; as, a marginal note or gloss. MARGINALIA Mar`gi*na"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Marginal notes. MARGINALLY Mar"gin*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the margin of a book. MARGINATE Mar"gin*ate, a. Etym: [L. marginatus, p. p. of marginare to margin. See Margin, n.] Defn: Having a margin distinct in appearance or structure. MARGINATE Mar"gin*ate, v. t. Defn: To furnish with a distinct margin; to margin. [R.] Cockeram. MARGINATED Mar"gin*a`ted, a. Defn: Same as Marginate, a. MARGINED Mar"gined, a. 1. Having a margin. Hawthorne. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Bordered with a distinct line of color. MARGINELLA Mar`gi*nel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. margo, marginis, a margin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small, polished, marine univalve shells, native of all warm seas. MARGINICIDAL Mar"gin*i*ci`dal, a. Etym: [L. margo, -ginis, margin + caedere to cut.] (Bot.) Defn: Dehiscent by the separation of united carpels; -- said of fruits. MARGOSA Mar*go"sa, n. Etym: [Pg. amargoso bitter.] (Bot.) Defn: A large tree of genus Melia (M. Azadirachta) found in India. Its bark is bitter, and used as a tonic. A valuable oil is expressed from its seeds, and a tenacious gum exudes from its trunk. The M. Azedarach is a much more showy tree, and is cultivated in the Southern United States, where it is known as Pride of India, Pride of China, or bead tree. Various parts of the tree are considered anthelmintic. The margosa oil . . . is a most valuable balsam for wounds, having a peculiar smell which prevents the attacks of flies. Sir S. Baker. MARGRAVATE; MARGRAVIATE Mar"gra*vate, Mar*gra"vi*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. margraviat.] Defn: The territory or jurisdiction of a margrave. MARGRAVE Mar"grave, n. Etym: [G. markgraf, prop., lord chief justice of the march; mark bound, border, march + graf earl, count, lord chief justice; cf. Goth. gagrëfts decree: cf. D. markgraaf, F. margrave. See March border, and cf. Landgrave, Graff.] 1. Originally, a lord or keeper of the borders or marches in Germany. 2. The English equivalent of the German title of nobility, markgraf; a marquis. MARGRAVINE Mar"gra*vine, n. Etym: [G. markgräfin: cf. F. margrafine.] Defn: The wife of a margrave. MARGUERITE Mar"gue*rite, n. Etym: [F., a pearl, a daisy. See Margarite.] (Bot.) Defn: The daisy (Bellis perennis). The name is often applied also to the ox-eye daisy and to the China aster. Longfellow. MARIAN Ma"ri*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to the Virgin Mary, or sometimes to Mary, Queen of England, daughter of Henry VIII. Of all the Marian martyrs, Mr. Philpot was the best-born gentleman. Fuller. Maid Marian. See Maidmarian in the Vocabulary. MARIE Mar"ie, interj. Defn: Marry. [Obs.] Chaucer. MARIET Mar"i*et, n. Etym: [F. mariette, prop. dim. of Marie Mary.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of bellflower, Companula Trachelium, once called Viola Mariana; but it is not a violet. MARIGENOUS Ma*rig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. mare the sea + -genous.] Defn: Produced in or by the sea. MARIGOLD Mar"i*gold, n. Etym: [Mary + gold.] (Bot.) Defn: A name for several plants with golden yellow blossoms, especially the Calendula officinalis (see Calendula), and the cultivated species of Tagetes. Note: There are several yellow-flowered plants of different genera bearing this name; as, the African or French marigold of the genus Tagetes, of which several species and many varieties are found in gardens. They are mostly strong-smelling herbs from South America and Mexico: bur marigold, of the genus Bidens; corn marigold, of the genus Chrysanthemum (C. segetum, a pest in the cornfields of Italy); fig marigold, of the genus Mesembryanthemum; marsh marigold, of the genus Caltha (C. palustris), commonly known in America as the cowslip. See Marsh Marigold. Marigold window. (Arch.) See Rose window, under Rose. MARIKINA Mar`i*ki"na, n. Etym: [From the native name: cf. Pg. mariquinha.] (Zoöl) Defn: A small marmoset (Midas rosalia); the silky tamarin. MARIMBA Ma*rim"ba, n. Etym: [Pg.] Defn: A musical istrument of percussion, consisting of bars yielding musical tones when struck. Knight. MARIMONDA Mar`i*mon"da, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth) of Central and South America. MARINADE Mar`i*nade", n. Etym: [F.: cf. It. marinato marinade, F. mariner to preserve food for use at sea. See Marinate.] (Cookery) Defn: A brine or pickle containing wine and spices, for enriching the flavor of meat and fish. MARINATE Mar"i*nate, v. t. Etym: [See Marine, and cf. Marinade.] Defn: To salt or pickle, as fish, and then preserve in oil or vinegar; to prepare by the use of marinade. MARINE Ma*rine", a. Etym: [L. marinus, fr. mare the sea: cf. F. marin. See Mere a pool.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sea; having to do with the ocean, or with navigation or naval affairs; nautical; as, marine productions or bodies; marine shells; a marine engine. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Formed by the action of the currents or waves of the sea; as, marine deposits. Marine acid (Chem.), hydrochloric acid. [Obs.] -- Marine barometer. See under Barometer. -- Marine corps, a corps formed of the officers, noncommissioned officers, privates, and musicants of marines. -- Marine engine (Mech.), a steam engine for propelling a vessel. -- Marine glue. See under Glue. -- Marine insurance, insurance against the perils of the sea, including also risks of fire, piracy, and barratry. -- Marine interest, interest at any rate agreed on for money lent upon respondentia and bottomry bonds. -- Marine law. See under Law. -- Marine league, three geographical miles. -- Marine metal, an alloy of lead, antimony, and mercury, made for sheathing ships. Mc Elrath. -- Marine soap, cocoanut oil soap; -- so called because, being quite soluble in salt water, it is much used on shipboard. -- Marine store, a store where old canvas, ropes, etc., are bought and sold; a junk shop. [Eng.] MARINE Ma*rine", n. Etym: [F. marin a sea solider, marine naval economy, a marine picture, fr. L. marinus. See Marine, a.] 1. A solider serving on shipboard; a sea soldier; one of a body of troops trained to do duty in the navy. 2. The sum of naval affairs; naval economy; the department of navigation and sea forces; the collective shipping of a country; as, the mercantile marine. 3. A picture representing some marine subject. Tell that to the marines, an expression of disbelief, the marines being regarded by sailors as credulous. [Colloq.] MARINED Ma*rined", a. Etym: [Cf. F. mariné.] (Her.) Defn: Having the lower part of the body like a fish. Crabb. MARINER Mar"i*ner, n. Etym: [F. marinier, LL. marinarius. See Marine.] Defn: One whose occupation is to assist in navigating ships; a seaman or sailor. Chaucer. Mariner's compass. See under Compass. MARINERSHIP Mar"i*ner*ship, n. Defn: Seamanship. [Obs.] Udalt. MARINISM Ma*ri"nism, n. Defn: A bombastic literary style marked by the use of metaphors and antitheses characteristic of the Italian poet Giambattista Marini (1569-1625). -- Ma*ri"nist (#), n. MARINORAMA Mar`i*no*ra"ma, n. Etym: [NL., from L. marinus marine + Gr. Defn: A representation of a sea view. MARIOLATER Ma`ri*ol"a*ter, n. Etym: [See Mariolatry.] Defn: One who worships the Virgin Mary. MARIOLATRY Ma`ri*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The worship of the Virgin Mary. MARIONETTE Mar`i*o*nette", n. Etym: [F. marionette, prop. a dim. of Marie Mary.] 1. A puppet moved by strings, as in a puppet show. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The buffel duck. MARIOTTE'S LAW Ma`ri*otte's law`. (Physics.) Defn: See Boyle's law, under Law. MARIPOSA LILY Ma`ri*po"sa lil`y. Etym: [Sp. mariposa a butterfly + E. lily. So called from the gay apperance of the blossoms.] (Bot.) Defn: One of a genus (Calochortus) of tuliplike bulbous herbs with large, and often gaycolored, blossoms. Called also butterfly lily. Most of them are natives of California. MARIPUT Mar"i*put, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of civet; the zoril. MARISH Mar"ish, n. Etym: [Cf. F. marais, LL. marascus. See Marsh.] Defn: Low, wet ground; a marsh; a fen; a bog; a moor. [Archaic] Milton. Tennyson. MARISH Mar"ish, a. 1. Moory; fenny; boggy. [Archaic] 2. Growing in marshes. "Marish flowers." Tennyson. MARITAL Mar"i*tal, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. maritalis, fr. maritus belonging to marriage, n., a husband. See Marry, v.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a husband; as, marital rights, duties, authority. "Marital affection." Ayliffe. MARITATED Mar"i*ta`ted, a. Etym: [L. maritatus married.] Defn: Having a husband; married. [Obs.] MARITIMAL; MARITIMALE Ma*rit"i*mal, Ma*rit"i*male, a. Defn: See Maritime. [Obs.] MARITIME Mar"i*time, a. Etym: [L. maritimus, fr. mare the sea: cf. F. maritime. See Mere a pool.] 1. Bordering on, or situated near, the ocean; connected with the sea by site, interest, or power; having shipping and commerce or a navy; as, maritime states. "A maritime town." Addison. 2. Of or pertaining to the ocean; marine; pertaining to navigation and naval affairs, or to shipping and commerce by sea. "Maritime service." Sir H. Wotton. Maritime law. See Law. -- Maritime loan, a loan secured by bottomry or respodentia bonds. -- Martime nations, nations having seaports, and using the sea more or less for war or commerce. MARJORAM Mar"jo*ram, n. Etym: [OE. majoran, F. marjolaine, LL. marjoraca, fr. L. amaracus, amaracum, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of mintlike plants (Origanum) comprising about twenty- five species. The sweet marjoram (O. Majorana) is pecularly aromatic and fragrant, and much used in cookery. The wild marjoram of Europe and America is O. vulgare, far less fragrant than the other. MARK Mark, n. Defn: A license of reprisals. See Marque. MARK Mark, n. Etym: [See 2d Marc.] 1. An old weight and coin. See Marc. "Lend me a mark." Chaucer. 2. The unit of monetary account of the German Empire, equal to 23.8 cents of United States money; the equivalent of one hundred pfennigs. Also, a silver coin of this value. MARK Mark, n. Etym: [OE. marke, merke, AS. mearc; akin to D. merk, MHG. marc, G. marke, Icel. mark, Dan. mærke; cf. Lith. margas party- colored. sq. root106, 273. Cf. Remark.] 1. A visible sign or impression made or left upon anything; esp., a line, point, stamp, figure, or the like, drawn or impressed, so as to attract the attention and convey some information or intimation; a token; a trace. The Lord set a mark upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill him. Gen. iv. 15. 2. Specifically: (a) A character or device put on an article of merchandise by the maker to show by whom it was made; a trade-mark. (b) A character (usually a cross) made as a substitute for a signature by one who can not write. The mark of the artisan is found upon the most ancient fabrics that have come to light. Knight. 3. A fixed object serving for guidance, as of a ship, a traveler, a surveyor, etc.; as, a seamark, a landmark. 4. A trace, dot, line, imprint, or discoloration, although not regarded as a token or sign; a scratch, scar, stain, etc.; as, this pencil makes a fine mark. I have some marks of yours upon my pate. Shak. 5. An evidence of presence, agency, or influence; a significative token; a symptom; a trace; specifically, a permanent impression of one's activity or character. The confusion of tongues was a mark of separation. Bacon. 6. That toward which a missile is directed; a thing aimed at; what one seeks to hit or reach. France was a fairer mark to shoot at than Ireland. Davies. Whate'er the motive, pleasure is the mark. Young. 7. Attention, regard, or respect. As much in mock as mark. Shak. 8. Limit or standard of action or fact; as, to be within the mark; to come up to the mark. 9. Badge or sign of honor, rank, or official station. In the official marks invested, you Anon do meet the Senate. Shak. 10. Preëminence; high position; as, particians of mark; a fellow of no mark. 11. (Logic) Defn: A characteristic or essential attribute; a differential. 12. A number or other character used in registring; as, examination marks; a mark for tardiness. 13. Image; likeness; hence, those formed in one's image; children; descendants. [Obs.] "All the mark of Adam." Chaucer. 14. (Naut.) Defn: One of the bits of leather or colored bunting which are placed upon a sounding line at intervals of from two to five fathoms. The unmarked fathoms are called "deeps." A man of mark, a conspicuous or eminent man. -- To make one's mark. (a) To sign, as a letter or other writing, by making a cross or other mark. (b) To make a distinct or lasting impression on the public mind, or on affairs; to gain distinction. Syn. -- Impress; impression; stamp; print; trace; vestige; track; characteristic; evidence; proof; token; badge; indication; symptom. MARK Mark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marked; p. pr. & vb. n. Marking.] Etym: [OE. marken, merken, AS. mearcian, from mearc. See Mark the sign.] 1. To put a mark upon; to affix a significant mark to; to make recognizable by a mark; as, to mark a box or bale of merchandise; to mark clothing. 2. To be a mark upon; to designate; to indicate; -- used literally and figuratively; as, this monument marks the spot where Wolfe died; his courage and energy marked him for a leader. 3. To leave a trace, scratch, scar, or other mark, upon, or any evidence of action; as, a pencil marks paper; his hobnails marked the floor. 4. To keep account of; to enumerate and register; as, to mark the points in a game of billiards or cards. 5. To notice or observe; to give attention to; to take note of; to remark; to heed; to regard. "Mark the perfect man." Ps. xxxvii. 37. To mark out. (a) To designate, as by a mark; to select; as, the ringleaders were marked out for punishment. (b) To obliterate or cancel with a mark; as, to mark out an item in an account. -- To mark time (Mil.), to keep the time of a marching step by moving the legs alternately without advancing. Syn. -- To note; remark; notice; observe; regard; heed; show; evince; indicate; point out; betoken; denote; characterize; stamp; imprint; impress; brand. MARK Mark, v. i. Defn: To take particular notice; to observe critically; to note; to remark. Mark, I pray you, and see how this man seeketh maschief. 1 Kings xx. 7. MARKABLE Mark"a*ble, a. Defn: Remarkable. [Obs.] Sandys. MARKED Marked, a. Defn: Designated or distinguished by, or as by, a mark; hence; noticeable; conspicuous; as, a marked card; a marked coin; a marked instance. -- Mark"ed*ly, adv. J. S. Mill. A marked man, a man who is noted by a community, or by a part of it, as, for excellence or depravity; -- usually with an unfavorable suggestion. MARKEE Mar*kee", n. Defn: See Marquee. MARKER Mark"er, n. Defn: One who or that which marks. Specifically: (a) One who keeps account of a game played, as of billiards. (b) A counter used in card playing and other games. (c) (Mil.) The soldier who forms the pilot of a wheeling column, or marks the direction of an alignment. (d) An attachment to a sewing machine for marking a line on the fabric by creasing it. MARKET Mar"ket, n. Etym: [Akin to D. markt, OHG. markat, merkat, G. markt; all fr.L. mercatus trade, market place, fr. mercari, p. p. mercatus, to trade, traffic, merx, mercis, ware, merchandise, prob. akin to merere to deserve, gain, acquire: cf. F. marché. See Merit, and cf. Merchant, Mart.] 1. A meeting together of people, at a stated time and place, for the purpose of traffic (as in cattle, provisions, wares, etc.) by private purchase and sale, and not by auction; as, a market is held in the town every week. He is wit's peddler; and retails his wares At wakes, and wassails, meetings, markets, fairs. Shak. Three women and a goose make a market. Old Saying. 2. A public place (as an open space in a town) or a large building, where a market is held; a market place or market house; esp., a place where provisions are sold. There is at Jerusalem by the sheep market a pool. John v. 2. 3. An opportunity for selling anything; demand, as shown by price offered or obtainable; a town, region, or country, where the demand exists; as, to find a market for one's wares; there is no market for woolen cloths in that region; India is a market for English goods. There is a third thing to be considered: how a market can be created for produce, or how production can be limited to the capacities of the market. J. S. Mill. 4. Exchange, or purchase and sale; traffic; as, a dull market; a slow market. 5. The price for which a thing is sold in a market; market price. Hence: Value; worth. What is a man If his chief good and market of his time Be but to sleep and feed Shak. 6. (Eng. Law) Defn: The privelege granted to a town of having a public market. Note: Market is often used adjectively, or in forming compounds of obvious meaning; as, market basket, market day, market folk, market house, marketman, market place, market price, market rate, market wagon, market woman, and the like. Market beater, a swaggering bully; a noisy braggart. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Market bell, a bell rung to give notice that buying and selling in a market may begin. [Eng.] Shak. -- Market cross, a cross set up where a market is held. Shak. -- Market garden, a garden in which vegetables are raised for market. -- Market gardening, the raising of vegetables for market. -- Market place, an open square or place in a town where markets or public sales are held. -- Market town, a town that has the privilege of a stated public market. MARKET Mar"ket, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Marketing.] Defn: To deal in a market; to buy or sell; to make bargains for provisions or goods. MARKET Mar"ket, v. t. Defn: To expose for sale in a market; to traffic in; to sell in a market, and in an extended sense, to sell in any manner; as, most of the farmes have marketed their crops. Industrious merchants meet, and market there The world's collected wealth. Southey. MARKETABLE Mar"ket*a*ble, a. 1. Fit to be offered for sale in a market; such as may be justly and lawfully sold; as, dacayemarketable. 2. Current in market; as, marketable value. 3. Wanted by purchasers; salable; as, furs are not marketable in that country. MARKETABLENESS Mar"ket*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being marketable. MARKETER Mar"ket*er, n. Defn: One who attends a market to buy or sell; one who carries goods to market. MARKETING Mar"ket*ing, n. 1. The act of selling or of purchasing in, or as in, a market. 2. Articles in, or from, a market; supplies. MARKETSTEAD Mar"ket*stead, n. Etym: [Market + stead a place.] Defn: A market place. [Obs.] Drayton. MARKHOOR Mark"hoor`, n. Etym: [Per. mar-kh snake eater.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large wild goat (Capra megaceros), having huge flattened spiral horns. It inhabits the mountains of Northern India and Cashmere. MARKING Mark"ing, n. Defn: The act of one who, or that which, marks; the mark or marks made; arrangement or disposition of marks or coloring; as, the marking of a bird's plumage. Marking ink, indelible ink, because used in marking linen. -- Marking nut (Bot.), the nut of the Semecarpus Anacardium, an East Indian tree. The shell of the nut yields a blackish resinous juice used for marking cotton cloth, and an oil prepared from it is used for rheumatism. MARKIS Mar"kis, n. Defn: A marquis. [Obs.] Chaucer. MARKISESSE Mar"kis*esse, n. Defn: A marchioness. [Obs.] Chaucer. MARKMAN Mark"man, n. Defn: A marksman. [Obs.] Shak. MARKSMAN Marks"man, n.; pl. Marksmen. Etym: [Earlier markman; mark + man.] 1. One skillful to hit a mark with a missile; one who shoots well. 2. (Law) Defn: One who makes his mark, instead of writing his name, in signing documents. Burrill. MARKSMANSHIP Marks"man*ship, n. Defn: Skill of a marksman. MARL Marl, v. t. Etym: [See Marline.] (Naut.) Defn: To cover, as part of a rope, with marline, marking a pecular hitch at each turn to prevent unwinding. Marling spike. (Naut.) See under Marline. MARL Marl, n. Etym: [OF. marle, F. marne, LL. margila, dim. of L. marga marl. Originally a Celtic word, according to Pliny, xvii. 7: "Quod genus terræ Galli et Britanni margam vocant." sq. root274.] Defn: A mixed earthy substance, consisting of carbonate of lime, clay, and sand, in very varivble proportions, and accordingly designated as calcareous, clayey, or sandy. See Greensand. MARL Marl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marled; p. pr. & vb. n. Marling.] Etym: [Cf. F. marner. See Marl, n.] Defn: To overspread or manure with marl; as, to marl a field. MARLACEOUS Mar*la"ceous, a. Defn: Resembling marl; partaking of the qualities of marl. MARLIN Mar"lin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American great marbled godwit (Limosa fedoa). Applied also to the red-breasted godwit (Limosa hæmatica). Hook-billed marlin, a curlew. MARLINE Mar"line, n. Etym: [LG. marlien, marling, or D. marling, marlijn, fr. D. marren to tie, prob. akin to E. moor, v., and lijn line: cf.F. merlin. See Moor, v., Line.] (Naut.) Defn: A small line composed of two strands a little twisted, used for winding around ropes and cables, to prevent their being weakened by fretting. Marline spike, Marling spike (Naut.), an iron tool tapering to a point, used to separate the strands of a rope in splicing and in marling. It has an eye in the thick end to which a lanyard is attached. See Fid. [Written also marlin spike] -- Marline-spike bird. Etym: [The name alludes to the long middle tail feathers.] (Zoöl.) (a) A tropic bird. (b) A jager, or skua gull. MARLINE Mar"line, v. t. Etym: [F. merliner.] (Naut.) Defn: To wind marline around; as, to marline a rope. MARLITE Marl"ite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. marlite. See Marl, n.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of marl. MARLITIC Mar*lit"ic, a. Defn: Partaking of the qualites of marlite. MARLPIT Marl"pit`, n. Defn: Apit where marl is dug. MARLSTONE Marl"stone`, n. (Geol.) Defn: A sandy calcareous straum, containing, or impregnated with, iron, and lying between the upper and lower Lias of England. MARLY Marl"y, a. [Compar. Marlier; superl. Marliest.] Defn: Consisting or partaking of marl; resembling marl; abounding with marl. MARMALADE Mar"ma*lade, n. Etym: [F. marmelade, Pg. marmelada, fr. marmélo a quince, fr. L. melimelum honey apple, Gr. Mellifluous, Melon.] Defn: A preserve or confection made of the pulp of fruit, as the quince, pear, apple, orange, etc., boiled with sugar, and brought to a jamlike consistence. Marmalade tree (Bot.), a sapotaceous tree (Lucuma mammosa) of the West Indies and Tropical America. It has large obovate leaves and an egg-shaped fruit from three to five inches long, containing a pleasant-flavored pulp and a single large seed. The fruit is called marmalade, or natural marmalade, from its consistency and flavor. MARMALET Mar"ma*let`, n. Defn: See Marmalade. [Obs.] MARMATITE Mar"ma*tite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. marmatite.] (Min.) Defn: A ferruginous variety of shalerite or zinc blende, nearly black in color. MARMOLITE Mar"mo*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A thin, laminated variety of serpentine, usually of a pale green color. MARMORACEOUS Mar`mo*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [L. marmor marble. See Marble.] Defn: Pertaining to, or like, marble. MARMORATE; MARMORATED Mar"mo*rate, Mar"mo*ra`ted, a. Etym: [L. marmoratus, p. p. of marmorate to overlay with marble, fr. marmor marble.] Defn: Variegated like marble; covered or overlaid with marble. [R.] MARMORATION Mar`mo*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. marmoratio.] Defn: A covering or incrusting with marble; a casing of marble; a variegating so as to resemble marble. [R.] MARMORATUM OPUS Mar`mo*ra`tum o"pus. Etym: [L. See Marmorate, and Opus.] (Arch.) Defn: A kind of hard finish for plasterwork, made of plaster of Paris and marble dust, and capable of taking a high polish. MARMOREAL; MARMOREAN Mar*mo"re*al, Mar*mo"re*an, a. Etym: [L. marmoreus, fr. marmor marble: cf. F. marmoréen. See Marble.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, marble; made of marble. MARMOROSIS Mar`mo*ro"sis, n. Etym: [NL.] (Geol.) Defn: The metamorphism of limestone, that is, its conversion into marble. Geikie. MARMOSE Mar"mose`, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of small opossum (Didelphus murina) ranging from Mexico to Brazil. MARMOSET Mar"mo*set`, n. Etym: [F. marmouset a grotesque figure, an ugly little boy, prob. fr. LL. marmoretum, fr. L. marmor marble. Perhaps confused with marmot. See Marble.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small South American monkeys of the genera Hapale and Midas, family Hapalidæ. They have long soft fur, and a hairy, nonprehensile tail. They are often kept as pets. Called also squirrel monkey. MARMOT Mar"mot, n. Etym: [It. marmotta, marmotto, prob. fr. L. mus montanus, or mus montis, lit., mountain mouse or rat. See Mountain, and Mouse.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any rodent of the genus Arctomys. The common European marmot (A. marmotta) is about the size of a rabbit, and inhabits the higher regions of the Alps and Pyrenees. The bobac is another European species. The common American species (A. monax) is the woodchuck. 2. Any one of several species of ground squirrels or gophers of the genus Spermophilus; also, the prairie dog. Marmot squirrel (Zoöl.), a ground squirrel or spermophile. -- Prairie marmot. See Prairie dog. MARMOTTES OIL Mar"mottes oil` Defn: . A fine oil obtained from the kernel of Prunus brigantiaca. It is used instead of olive or almond oil. De Colange. MARMOZET Mar"mo*zet`, n. Defn: See Marmoset. MARONE Ma*rone", n. Defn: See Maroon, the color. MARONITE Mar"o*nite, n.; pl. Maronites (. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a body of nominal Christians, who speak the Arabic language, and reside on Mount Lebanon and in different parts of Syria. They take their name from one Maron of the 6th century. MAROON Ma*roon", n. [Written also marroon.] Etym: [F. marron, abbrev. fr. Sp. cimarron wild, unruly, from cima the summit of a mountain; hence, negro cimarron a runaway negro that lives in the mountains.] Defn: In the West Indies and Guiana, a fugitive slave, or a free negro, living in the mountains. MAROON Ma*roon", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marooned; p. pr. & vb. n. Marooning.] Etym: [See Maroon a fugitive slave.] Defn: To put (a person) ashore on a desolate island or coast and leave him to his fate. Marooning party, a social excursion party that sojourns several days on the shore or in some retired place; a prolonged picnic. [Southern U. S.] Bartlett. MAROON Ma*roon", a. Etym: [F. marron chestnut-colored, fr. marron a large French chestnut, It. marrone; cf. LGr. Marron.] Defn: Having the color called maroon. See 4th Maroon. Maroon lake, lake prepared from madder, and distinguished for its transparency and the depth and durability of its color. MAROON Ma*roon", n. 1. A brownish or dull red of any description, esp. of a scarlet cast rather than approaching crimson or purple. 2. An explosive shell. See Marron, 3. MARPLOT Mar"plot`, n. Defn: One who, by his officious MARQUE Marque, n. Etym: [F. marque, in lettre de marque letter of marque, a commission with which the commandant of every armed vessel was obliged to be provided, under penalty of being considered a pirate or corsair; marque here prob. meaning, border, boundary (the letter of marque being a permission to go beyond the border), and of German origin. See March border.] (Law) Defn: A license to pass the limits of a jurisdiction, or boundary of a country, for the purpose of making reprisals. Letters of marque, Letters of marque and reprisal, a license or extraordinary commission granted by a government to a private person to fit out a privateer or armed ship to cruise at sea and make prize of the enemy's ships and merchandise. The ship so commissioned is sometimes called a letter of marque. MARQUEE Mar*quee", n. Etym: [F. marquise, misunderstood as a plural; prob. orig., tent of the marchioness. See Marquis.] Defn: A large field tent; esp., one adapted to the use of an officer of high rank. [Written also markee.] MARQUESS Mar"quess, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. marques. See Marquis.] Defn: A marquis. Lady marquess, a marchioness. [Obs.] Shak. MARQUETRY Mar"quet*ry, n. Etym: [F. marqueterie, from marqueter to checker, inlay, fr. marque mark, sign; of German origin. See Mark a sign.] Defn: Inlaid work; work inlaid with pieces of wood, shells, ivory, and the like, of several colors. MARQUIS Mar"quis, n. Etym: [F. marquis, OF. markis, marchis, LL. marchensis; of German origin; cf. G. mark bound, border, march, OHG. marcha. See March border, and cf. Marchioness, Marquee, Marquess.] Defn: A nobleman in England, France, and Germany, of a rank next below that of duke. Originally, the marquis was an officer whose duty was to guard the marches or frontiers of the kingdom. The office has ceased, and the name is now a mere title conferred by patent. MARQUISATE Mar"quis*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. marquisat.] Defn: The seigniory, dignity, or lordship of a marquis; the territory governed by a marquis. MARQUISDOM Mar"quis*dom, n. Defn: A marquisate. [Obs.] "Nobles of the marquisdom of Saluce." Holinshed. MARQUISE Mar`quise", n. Etym: [F. See Marquis, and cf. Marquee.] Defn: The wife of a marquis; a marchioness. MARQUISSHIP Mar"quis*ship, n. Defn: A marquisate. MARRAM Mar"ram, n. (Bot.) Defn: A coarse grass found on sandy beaches (Ammophila arundinacea). See Beach grass, under Beach. MARRER Mar"rer, n. Defn: One who mars or injures. MARRIABLE Mar"ri*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. mariable.] Defn: Marriageable. [R.] Coleridge. MARRIAGE Mar"riage, n. Etym: [OE. mariage, F. mariage. See Marry, v. t.] 1. The act of marrying, or the state of being married; legal union of a man and a woman for life, as husband and wife; wedlock; matrimony. Marriage is honorable in all. Heb. xiii. 4. 2. The marriage vow or contract. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A feast made on the occasion of a marriage. The kingdom of heaven is like unto a certain king which made a marriage for his son. Matt. xxii. 2. 4. Any intimate or close union. Marriage brokage. (a) The business of bringing about marriages. (b) The payment made or demanded for the procurement of a marriage. -- Marriage favors, knots of white ribbons, or bunches of white flowers, worn at weddings. -- Marriage settlement (Law), a settlement of property in view, and in consideration, of marriage. Syn. -- Matrimony; wedlock; wedding; nuptials. -- Marriage, Matrimony, Wedlock. Marriage is properly the act which unites the two parties, and matrimony the state into which they enter. Marriage is, however, often used for the state as well as the act. Wedlock is the old Anglo-Saxon term for matrimony. MARRIAGEABILITY Mar`riage*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being marriageable. MARRIAGEABLE Mar"riage*a*ble, a. Defn: Fit for, or capable of, marriage; of an age at which marriage is allowable. -- Mar"riage*a*ble*ness, n. MARRIED Mar"ried, a. 1. Being in the state of matrimony; wedded; as, a married man or woman. 2. Of or pertaining to marriage; connubial; as, the married state. MARRIER Mar"ri*er, n. Defn: One who marries. MARRON Mar*ron", n. Etym: [See Maroon, a.] 1. A large chestnut. [Obs.] Holland. 2. A chestnut color; maroon. 3. (Pyrotechny & Mil.) Defn: A paper or pasteboard box or shell, wound about with strong twine, filled with an explosive, and ignited with a fuse, -- used to make a noise like a cannon. [Written also maroon.] MARROON Mar*roon", n. & a. Defn: Same as 1st Maroon. MARROT Mar"rot, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The razor-billed auk. See Auk. (b) The common guillemot. (c) The puffin. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also marrott, and morrot.] MARROW Mar"row, n. Etym: [OE. marou, mary, maruh, AS. mearg, mearh; akin to OS. marg, D. merg, G. Mark, OHG. marg, marag, Icel. mergr, Sw. merg, Dan. marv, Skr. majjan; cf. Skr. majj to sink, L. mergere. sq. root274 Cf. Merge.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The tissue which fills the cavities of most bones; the medulla. In the larger cavities it is commonly very fatty, but in the smaller cavities it is much less fatty, and red or reddish in color. 2. The essence; the best part. It takes from our achievements . . . The pith and marrow of our attribute. Shak. 3. Etym: [OE. maru, maro; -- perh. a different word; cf. Gael. maraon together.] Defn: One of a pair; a match; a companion; an intimate associate. [Scot.] Chopping and changing I can not commend, With thief or his marrow, for fear of ill end. Tusser. Marrow squash (Bot.), a name given to several varieties of squash, esp. to the Boston marrow, an ovoid fruit, pointed at both ends, and with reddish yellow flesh, and to the vegetable marrow, a variety of an ovoid form, and having a soft texture and fine grain resembling marrow. -- Spinal marrow. (Anat.) See Spinal cord, under Spinal. MARROW Mar"row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marrowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Marrowing.] Defn: To fill with, or as with, marrow of fat; to glut. MARROWBONE Mar"row*bone`, n. Defn: A bone containing marrow; pl. ludicrously, knee bones or knees; as, to get down on one's marrowbones, i. e., to kneel. MARROWFAT Mar"row*fat, n. Defn: A rich but late variety of pea. MARROWISH Mar"row*ish, a. Defn: Of the nature of, or like, marrow. MARROWLESS Mar"row*less, a. Defn: Destitute of marrow. MARROWY Mar"row*y, a. Defn: Full of marrow; pithy. MARRUBIUM Mar*ru"bi*um, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of bitter aromatic plants, sometimes used in medicine; hoarhound. MARRY Mar"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Married; p. pr. & vb. n. Marrying.] Etym: [OE. marien, F. marier, L. maritare, fr. maritus husband, fr. mas, maris, a male. See Male, and cf. Maritral.] 1. To unite in wedlock or matrimony; to perform the ceremony of joining, as a man and a woman, for life; to constitute (a man and a woman) husband and wife according to the laws or customs of the place. Tell him that he shall marry the couple himself. Gay. 2. To join according to law, (a man) to a woman as his wife, or (a woman) to a man as her husband. See the Note to def. 4. A woman who had been married to her twenty-fifth husband, and being now a widow, was prohibited to marry. Evelyn. 3. To dispose of in wedlock; to give away as wife. Mæcenas took the liberty to tell him [Augustus] that he must either marry his daughter [Julia] to Agrippa, or take away his life. Bacon. 4. To take for husband or wife. See the Note below. Note: We say, a man is married to or marries a woman; or, a woman is married to or marries a man. Both of these uses are equally well authorized; but given in marriage is said only of the woman. They got him [the Duke of Monmouth] . . . to declare in writing, that the last king [Charles II.] told him he was never married to his mother. Bp. Lloyd. 5. Figuratively, to unite in the closest and most endearing relation. Turn, O backsliding children, saith the Lord; for I am married unto you. Jer. iii. 14. To marry ropes. (Naut.) (a) To place two ropes along side of each other so that they may be grasped and hauled on at the same time. (b) To join two ropes end to end so that both will pass through a block. Ham. Nav. Encyc. MARRY Mar"ry, v. i. Defn: To enter into the conjugal or connubial state; to take a husband or a wife. I will, therefore, that the younger women marry. 1 Tim. v. 14. Marrrying man, a man disposed to marry. [Colloq.] MARRY Mar"ry, interj. Defn: Indeed ! in truth ! -- a term of asseveration said to have been derived from the practice of swearing by the Virgin Mary. [Obs.] Shak. MARS Mars, n. Etym: [L. Mars, gen. Martis, archaic Mavors, gen. Mavortis.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) Defn: The god of war and husbandry. 2. (Astron.) Defn: One of the planets of the solar system, the fourth in order from the sun, or the next beyond the earth, having a diameter of about 4,200 miles, a period of 687 days, and a mean distance of 141,000,000 miles. It is conspicuous for the redness of its light. 3. (Alchemy) Defn: The metallic element iron, the symbol of which was the same as that of the planet Mars. [Archaic] Chaucer. Mars brown, a bright, somewhat yellowish, brown. MARSALA Mar*sa"la, n. Etym: [It., fr. Marsala, in Sicyly.] Defn: A kind of wine exported from Marsala in Sicily. MARSDENIA Mars*de"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. From W. Marsden, an English author.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants of the Milkweed family, mostly woody climbers with fragrant flowers, several species of which furnish valuable fiber, and one species (Marsdenia tinctoria) affords indigo. MARSEILLAIS; MARSEILLAISE Mar`sei`llais", a. m. Mar`sei`llaise", a. f.Etym: [F.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Marseilles, in France, or to its inhabitants. Marseillaise hymn, or The Marseillaise, the national anthem of France, popularly so called. It was composed in 1792, by Rouget de l'Isle, an officer then stationed at Strasburg. In Paris it was sung for the first time by the band of men who came from Marseilles to aid in the revolution of August 10, 1792; whence the name. MARSEILLAIS; MARSEILLAISE Mar`sei`llais", n. m. Mar`sei`llaise", n. f.Etym: [F.] Defn: A native or inhabitant of Marseilles. MARSEILLES Mar*seilles", n. Defn: A general term for certain kinds of fabrics, which are formed of two series of threads interlacing each other, thus forming double cloth, quilted in the loom; -- so named because first made in Marseilles, France. MARSH Marsh, n. Etym: [OE. mersch, AS. mersc, fr. mere lake. See Mere pool, and cf. Marish, Morass.] Defn: A tract of soft wet land, commonly covered partially or wholly with water; a fen; a swamp; a morass. [Written also marish.] Marsh asphodel (Bot.), a plant (Nartheeium ossifragum) with linear equitant leaves, and a raceme of small white flowers; -- called also bog asphodel. -- Marsh cinquefoil (Bot.), a plant (Potentilla palustris) having purple flowers, and found growing in marshy places; marsh five- finger. -- Marsh elder. (Bot.) (a) The guelder-rose or cranberry tree (Viburnum Opulus). (b) In the United States, a composite shrub growing in salt marshes (Iva frutescens). -- Marsh five-finger. (Bot.) See Marsh cinquefoil (above). -- Marsh gas. (Chem.) See under Gas. -- Marsh grass (Bot.), a genus (Spartina) of coarse grasses growing in marshes; -- called also cord grass. The tall S. cynosuroides is not good for hay unless cut very young. The low S. juncea is a common component of salt hay. -- Marsh harrier (Zoöl.), a European hawk or harrier (Circus æruginosus); -- called also marsh hawk, moor hawk, moor buzzard, puttock. -- Marsh hawk. (Zoöl.) (a) A hawk or harrier (Circus cyaneus), native of both America and Europe. The adults are bluish slate above, with a white rump. Called also hen harrier, and mouse hawk. (b) The marsh harrier. -- Marsh hen (Zoöl.), a rail; esp., Rallus elegans of fresh-water marshes, and R. longirostris of salt-water marshes. -- Marsh mallow (Bot.), a plant of the genus Althæa ( A. officinalis) common in marshes near the seashore, and whose root is much used in medicine as a demulcent. -- Marsh marigold. (Bot.) See in the Vocabulary. -- Marsh pennywort (Bot.), any plant of the umbelliferous genus Hydrocotyle; low herbs with roundish leaves, growing in wet places; - - called also water pennywort. -- Marsh quail (Zoöl.), the meadow lark. -- Marsh rosemary (Bot.), a plant of the genus Statice (S. Limonium), common in salt marshes. Its root is powerfully astringent, and is sometimes used in medicine. Called also sea lavender. -- Marsh samphire (Bot.), a plant (Salicornia herbacea) found along seacoasts. See Glasswort. -- Marsh St. John's-wort (Bot.), an American herb (Elodes Virginica) with small opposite leaves and flesh-colored flowers. -- Marsh tea. (Bot.). Same as Labrador tea. -- Marsh trefoil. (Bot.) Same as Buckbean. -- Marsh wren (Zoöl.), any species of small American wrens of the genus Cistothorus, and allied genera. They chiefly inhabit salt marshes. MARSHAL Mar"shal, n. Etym: [OE. mareschal, OF. mareschal, F. maréchal, LL. mariscalcus, from OHG. marah-scalc (G. marschall); marah horse + scalc servant (akin to AS. scealc, Goth. skalks). F. maréchal signifies, a marshal, and a farrier. See Mare horse, and cf. Seneschal.] 1. Originally, an officer who had the care of horses; a groom. [Obs.] 2. An officer of high rank, charged with the arrangement of ceremonies, the conduct of operations, or the like; as, specifically: (a) One who goes before a prince to declare his coming and provide entertainment; a harbinger; a pursuivant. (b) One who regulates rank and order at a feast or any other assembly, directs the order of procession, and the like. (c) The chief officer of arms, whose duty it was, in ancient times, to regulate combats in the lists. Johnson. (d) (France) The highest military officer. In other countries of Europe a marshal is a military officer of high rank, and called field marshal. (e) (Am. Law) A ministerial officer, appointed for each judicial district of the United States, to execute the process of the courts of the United States, and perform various duties, similar to those of a sheriff. The name is also sometimes applied to certain police officers of a city. Earl marshal of England, the eighth officer of state; an honorary title, and personal, until made hereditary in the family of the Duke of Norfolk. During a vacancy in the office of high constable, the earl marshal has jurisdiction in the court of chivalry. Brande & C. -- Earl marshal of Scotland, an officer who had command of the cavalry under the constable. This office was held by the family of Keith, but forfeited by rebellion in 1715. -- Knight marshal, or Marshal of the King's house, formerly, in England, the marshal of the king's house, who was authorized to hear and determine all pleas of the Crown, to punish faults committed within the verge, etc. His court was called the Court of Marshalsea. -- Marshal of the Queen's Bench, formerly the title of the officer who had the custody of the Queen's bench prison in Southwark. Mozley & W. MARSHAL Mar"shal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Marshaled or Marshalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Marshaling or Marshalling.] 1. To dispose in order; to arrange in a suitable manner; as, to marshal troops or an army. And marshaling the heroes of his name As, in their order, next to light they came. Dryden. 2. To direct, guide, or lead. Thou marshalest me the way that I was going. Shak. 3. (Her.) Defn: To dispose in due order, as the different quarterings on an escutcheon, or the different crests when several belong to an achievement. MARSHALER Mar"shal*er, n. Etym: [Written also marshaller.] Defn: One who marshals. MARSHALING Mar"shal*ing, n. Etym: [Written also marshalling.] 1. The act of arranging in due order. 2. (Her.) Defn: The arrangement of an escutcheon to exhibit the alliances of the owner. Marshaling of assets (Law), the arranging or ranking of assets in due order of administration. MARSHALSEA Mar"shal*sea, n. Etym: [Marshal + OE. se a seat. See See a seat.] Defn: The court or seat of a marshal; hence, the prison in Southwark, belonging to the marshal of the king's household. [Eng.] Court of Marshalsea, a court formerly held before the steward and marshal of the king's house to administer justice between the king's domestic servants. Blackstone. MARSHALSHIP Mar"shal*ship, n. Defn: The office of a marshal. MARSHBANKER; MARSEBANKER Marsh"bank`er, Marse"bank`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The menhaden. MARSHINESS Marsh"i*ness, n. Defn: The state or condition of being marshy. MARSH MARIGOLD Marsh mar"i*gold Defn: . (Bot.) A perennial plant of the genus Caltha (C. palustris), growing in wet places and bearing bright yellow flowers. In the United States it is used as a pot herb under the name of cowslip. See Cowslip. MARSHY Marsh"y, a. Etym: [E. Marsh.] 1. Resembling a marsh; wet; boggy; fenny. 2. Pertaining to, or produced in, marshes; as, a marshy weed. Dryden. MARSIPOBRANCH Mar"si*po*branch`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Marsipobranchia. MARSIPOBRANCHIA Mar"si*po*bran"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of Vertebrata, lower than fishes, characterized by their purselike gill cavities, cartilaginous skeletons, absence of limbs, and a suckerlike mouth destitute of jaws. It includes the lampreys and hagfishes. See Cyclostoma, and Lamprey. Called also Marsipobranchiata, and Marsipobranchii. MARSUPIAL Mar*su"pi*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. marsupial.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a pouch for carrying the immature young; of or pertaining to the Marsupialia. 2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a marsupium; as, the marsupial bones. Marsupial frog. (Zoöl.) See Nototrema. MARSUPIAL Mar*su"pi*al, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Marsupialia. MARSUPIALIA Mar*su`pi*a"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. marsupium a pouch, bag, purse, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A subclass of Mammalia, including nearly all the mammals of Australia and the adjacent islands, together with the opossums of America. They differ from ordinary mammals in having the corpus callosum very small, in being implacental, and in having their young born while very immature. The female generally carries the young for some time after birth in an external pouch, or marsupium. Called also Marsupiata. MARSUPIALIAN; MARSUPIAN Mar*su`pi*a"li*an, Mar*su"pi*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Marsupialia. MARSUPIATE Mar*su"pi*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Related to or resembling the marsupials; furnished with a pouch for the young, as the marsupials, and also some fishes and Crustacea. MARSUPION Mar*su"pi*on, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Same as Marsupium. MARSUPITE Mar"su*pite, n. Etym: [See Marsupial.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil crinoid of the genus Marsupites, resembling a purse in form. MARSUPIUM Mar*su"pi*um, n.; pl. Marsupia. Etym: [L., a pouch], (Anat. & Zoöl.) (a) The pouch, formed by a fold of the skin of the abdomen, in which marsupials carry their young; also, a pouch for similar use in other animals, as certain Crustacea. (b) The pecten in the eye of birds and reptiles. See Pecten. MART Mart, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. market.] 1. A market. Where has commerce such a mart . . . as London Cowper. 2. A bargain. [Obs.] Shak. MART Mart, v. t. Defn: To buy or sell in, or as in, a mart. [Obs.] To sell and mart your officer for gold To undeservers. Shak. MART Mart, v. t. Defn: To traffic. [Obs.] Shak. MART Mart, n. Etym: [See Mars.] 1. The god Mars. [Obs.] 2. Battle; contest. [Obs.] Fairfax. MARTAGON Mar"ta*gon, n. Etym: [Cf. F. & Sp. martagon, It. martagone.] (Bot.) Defn: A lily (Lilium Martagon) with purplish red flowers, found in Europe and Asia. MARTEL Mar"tel, v. i. Etym: [F. marteler, fr. martel, marteau, hammer, a dim. fr. L. martulus, marculus, dim. of marcus hammer. Cf. March to step.] Defn: To make a blow with, or as with, a hammer. [Obs.] Spenser. MARTEL DE FER Mar`tel` de fer". Etym: [OF., hammer of iron.] Defn: A weapon resembling a hammer, often having one side of the head pointed; -- used by horsemen in the Middle Ages to break armor. Fairholt. MARTELINE Mar"te*line, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A small hammer used by marble workers and sculptors. MARTELLO TOWER Mar*tel"lo tow`er. Etym: [It. martello hammer. The name was orig. given to towers erected on the coasts of Sicily and Sardinia for protection against the pirates in the time of Charles the Fifth, which prob. orig. contained an alarm bell to be struck with a hammer. See Martel.] (Fort.) Defn: A building of masonry, generally circular, usually erected on the seacoast, with a gun on the summit mounted on a traversing platform, so as to be fired in any direction. Note: The English borrowed the name of the tower from Corsica in 1794. MARTEN Mar"ten, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird. See Martin. MARTEN Mar"ten, n. Etym: [From older martern, marter, martre, F. martre, marte, LL. martures (pl.), fr. L. martes; akin to AS. mear, meard, G. marder, OHG. mardar, Icel. mör. Cf. Foumart.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several fur-bearing carnivores of the genus Mustela, closely allied to the sable. Among the more important species are the European beech, or stone, marten (Mustela foina); the pine marten (M. martes); and the American marten, or sable (M. Americana), which some zoölogists consider only a variety of the Russian sable. 2. The fur of the marten, used for hats, muffs, etc. MARTERN Mar"tern, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Marten. [Obs.] MAR-TEXT Mar"-text`, n. Defn: A blundering preacher. MARTIAL Mar"tial, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. martialis of or belonging to Mars, the god of war. Cf. March the month.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or suited for, war; military; as, martial music; a martial appearance. "Martial equipage." Milton. 2. Practiced in, or inclined to, war; warlike; brave. But peaceful kings, o'er martial people set, Each other's poise and counterbalance are. Dryden. 3. Belonging to war, or to an army and navy; -- opposed to civil; as, martial law; a court-martial. 4. Pertaining to, or resembling, the god, or the planet, Mars. Sir T. Browne. 5. (Old Chem. & Old Med.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, iron; chalybeate; as, martial preparations. [Archaic] Martial flowers (Med.), a reddish crystalline salt of iron; the ammonio-chloride of iron. [Obs.] -- Martial law, the law administered by the military power of a government when it has superseded the civil authority in time of war, or when the civil authorities are unable to enforce the laws. It is distinguished from military law, the latter being the code of rules for the regulation of the army and navy alone, either in peace or in war. Syn. -- Martial, Warlike. Martial refers more to war in action, its array, its attendants, etc.; as, martial music, a martial appearance, a martial array, courts-martial, etc. Warlike describes the feeling or temper which leads to war, and the adjuncts of war; as, a warlike nation, warlike indication, etc. The two words are often used without discrimination. MARTIALISM Mar"tial*ism, n. Defn: The quality of being warlike; exercises suitable for war. [Obs.] MARTIALIST Mar"tial*ist, n. Defn: A warrior. [Obs.] Fuller. MARTIALIZE Mar"tial*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Martialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Martializing.] Defn: To render warlike; as, to martialize a people. MARTIALLY Mar"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In a martial manner. MARTIALNESS Mar"tial*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being martial. MARTIAN Mar"tian, a. [L. Martius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Mars, the Roman god of war, or to the planet bearing his name; martial. MARTIAN Mar"tian, n. Defn: An inhabitant of the planet Mars. Du Maurier. MARTIN Mar"tin, n. (Stone Working) Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A perforated stone-faced runner for grinding. MARTIN Mar"tin, n. Etym: [F. martin, from the proper name Martin. Cf. Martlet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of swallows, usually having the tail less deeply forked than the tail of the common swallows. [Written also marten.] Note: The American purple martin, or bee martin (Progne subis, or purpurea), and the European house, or window, martin (Hirundo, or Chelidon, urbica), are the best known species. Bank martin. (a) The bank swallow. See under Bank. (b) The fairy martin. See under Fairy. -- Bee martin. (a) The purple martin. (b) The kingbird. -- Sand martin, the bank swallow. MARTINET Mar"ti*net`, n. Etym: [So called from an officer of that name in the French army under Louis XIV. Cf. Martin the bird, Martlet.] Defn: In military language, a strict disciplinarian; in general, one who lays stress on a rigid adherence to the details of discipline, or to forms and fixed methods. [Hence, the word is commonly employed in a depreciatory sense.] MARTINET Mar"ti*net`, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The martin. MARTINETA Mar`ti*ne"ta, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. martinete.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of tinamou (Calopezus elegans), having a long slender crest. MARTINETISM Mar"ti*net`ism, n. Defn: The principles or practices of a martinet; rigid adherence to discipline, etc. MARTINGALE; MARTINGAL Mar"tin*gale, Mar"tin*gal, n. Etym: [F. martingale; cf. It. martingala a sort of hose, martingale, Sp. martingala a greave, cuish, martingale, Sp. almártaga a kind of bridle.] 1. A strap fastened to a horse's girth, passing between his fore legs, and fastened to the bit, or now more commonly ending in two rings, through which the reins pass. It is intended to hold down the head of the horse, and prevent him from rearing. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A lower stay of rope or chain for the jib boom or flying jib boom, fastened to, or reeved through, the dolphin striker. Also, the dolphin striker itself. 3. (Gambling) Defn: The act of doubling, at each stake, that which has been lost on the preceding stake; also, the sum so risked; -- metaphorically derived from the bifurcation of the martingale of a harness. [Cant] Thackeray. MARTINMAS Mar"tin*mas, n. Etym: [St. Martin + mass religious service.] (Eccl.) Defn: The feast of St. Martin, the eleventh of November; -- often called martlemans. Martinmas summer, a period of calm, warm weather often experienced about the time of Martinmas; Indian summer. Percy Smith. MARTITE Mar"tite, n. Etym: [L. Mars, Martis, the god Mars, the alchemical name of iron.] (Min.) Defn: Iron sesquioxide in isometric form, probably a pseudomorph after magnetite. MARTLEMAS Mar"tle*mas, n. Defn: See Martinmas. [Obs.] MARTLET Mart"let, n. Etym: [F. martinet. See Martin the bird, and cf. Martinet a disciplinarian.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European house martin. 2. Etym: [Cf. F. merlette.] (Her.) Defn: A bird without beak or feet; -- generally assumed to represent a martin. As a mark of cadency it denotes the fourth son. MARTYR Mar"tyr, n. Etym: [AS., from L. martyr, Gr. ma`rtyr, ma`rtys, prop., a witness; cf. Skr. smrs to remember, E. memory.] 1. One who, by his death, bears witness to the truth of the gospel; one who is put to death for his religion; as, Stephen was the first Christian martyr. Chaucer. To be a martyr, signifies only to witness the truth of Christ; but the witnessing of the truth was then so generally attended with persecution, that martyrdom now signifies not only to witness, but to witness by death South. 2. Hence, one who sacrifices his life, his station, or what is of great value to him, for the sake of principle, or to sustain a cause. Then if thou fall'st, O Cromwell, Thou fall'st a blessed martyr ! Shak. MARTYR Mar"tyr, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Martyred; p. pr. & vb. n. Martyring.] 1. To put to death for adhering to some belief, esp. Christianity; to sacrifice on account of faith or profession. Bp. Pearson. 2. To persecute; to torment; to torture. Chaucer. The lovely Amoret, whose gentle heart Thou martyrest with sorrow and with smart. Spenser. Racked with sciatics, martyred with the stone. Pope. MARTYRDOM Mar"tyr*dom, n. Etym: [Martyr + -dom.] 1. The condition of a martyr; the death of a martyr; the suffering of death on account of adherence to the Christian faith, or to any cause. Bacon. I came from martyrdom unto this peace. Longfellow. 2. Affliction; torment; torture. Chaucer. MARTYRIZATION Mar`tyr*i*za"tion, n. Defn: Act of martyrizing, or state of being martyrized; torture. B. Jonson. MARTYRIZE Mar"tyr*ize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. martyriser, LL. martyrizare.] Defn: To make a martyr of. Spenser. MARTYRLY Mar"tyr*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a martyr. MARTYROLOGE Mar"tyr*o*loge, n. Etym: [LL. martyrologium: cf. F. martyrologe.] Defn: A martyrology. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. MARTYROLOGIC; MARTYROLOGICAL Mar`tyr*o*log"ic, Mar`tyr*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to martyrology or martyrs; registering, or registered in, a catalogue of martyrs. MARTYROLOGIST Mar`tyr*ol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. martyrologiste.] Defn: A writer of martyrology; an historian of martyrs. T. Warton. MARTYROLOGY Mar`tyr*ol"o*gy, n.; pl. -gies. Etym: [Martyr + -logy.] Defn: A history or account of martyrs; a register of martyrs. Bp. Stillingfleet. MARTYRSHIP Mar"tyr*ship, n. Defn: Martyrdom. [R.] Fuller. MARVEL Mar"vel, n. Etym: [OE. mervaile, F. merveille, fr. L. mirabilia wonderful things, pl., fr. mirabilis wonderful, fr. mirari to wonder or marvel at. See Admire, Smile, and cf. Miracle.] 1. That which causes wonder; a prodigy; a miracle. I will do marvels such as have not been done. Ex. xxxiv. 10. Nature's sweet marvel undefiled. Emerson. 2. Wonder. [R.] "Use lessens marvel." Sir W. Scott. Marvel of Peru. (Bot.) See Four-o'clock. MARVEL Mar"vel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Marveled or Marvelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Marveling or Marvelling.] Etym: [OE. merveilen, OF. merveillier.] Defn: To be struck with surprise, astonishment, or wonder; to wonder. Marvel not, my brethren, if the world hate you. 1 john iii. 13. MARVEL Mar"vel, v. t. 1. To marvel at. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. To cause to marvel, or be surprised; -- used impersonally. [Obs.] But much now me marveleth. Rich. the Redeless. MARVELOUS Mar"vel*ous, a. Etym: [OE. merveillous, OF. merveillos, F. Merveilleux. See Marvel, n.] [Written also marvellous.] 1. Exciting wonder or surprise; astonishing; wonderful. This is the Lord's doing; it is marvelous in our eyes. Ps. cxiii. 23. 2. Partaking of the character of miracle, or superna The marvelous fable includes whatever is supernatural, and especially the machines of the gods. Pope. The marvelous, that which exceeds natural power, or is preternatural; that which is wonderful; -- opposed to the probable. Syn. -- Wonderful; astonishing; surprising; strange; improbable; incredible. -- Marvelous, Wonderful. We speak of a thing as wonderful when it awakens our surprise and admiration; as marvelous when it is so much out of the ordinary course of things as to seem nearly or quite incredible. MARVELOUSLY Mar"vel*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a marvelous manner; wonderfully; strangely. MARVELOUSNESS Mar"vel*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being marvelous; wonderfulness; strangeness. MARVER Mar"ver, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupt. fr. OE. or F. marbre marble.] (Glass Marking) Defn: A stone, or cast-iron plate, or former, on which hot glass is rolled to give it shape. MARY Mar"y, n. Defn: Marrow. [Obs.] Chaucer. MARY Ma"ry, interj. Defn: See Marry. [Obs.] Chaucer. MARY-BUD Ma"ry-bud`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The marigold; a blossom of the marigold. Shak. MARYOLATRY Ma`ry*ol"a*try, n. Defn: Mariolatry. MARYSOLE Ma"ry*sole, n. Etym: [Mary, the proper name + sole the fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large British fluke, or flounder (Rhombus megastoma); -- called also carter, and whiff. marchpane. MASCAGNIN; MASCAGNITE Mas*ca"gnin, Mas*ca"gnite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mascagnin.] (Min.) Defn: Native sulphate of ammonia, found in volcanic districts; -- so named from Mascagni, who discovered it. MASCLE Mas"cle, n. Etym: [OF. mascle, F. macle, L. macula spot, mesh of a net, LL. macula, macla, mascla a scale of a coat of mail. See Mail armor.] (Her.) Defn: A lozenge voided. MASCLED Mas"cled, a. Defn: Composed of, or covered with, lozenge-shaped scales; having lozenge-shaped divisions. Mascled armor, armor composed of small lozenge-shaped scales of metal fastened on a foundation of leather or quilted cloth. MASCOT; MASCOTTE Mas"cot, Mas"cotte, n. Etym: [Through French fr. Pr. mascot a little sorcerer or magician, mascotto witchcraft, sorcery.] Defn: A person who is supposed to bring good luck to the household to which he or she belongs; anything that brings good luck. MASCULATE Mas"cu*late, v. t. Etym: [L. masculus male, masculine.] Defn: To make strong. [Obs.] Cockeram. MASCULINE Mas"cu*line, a. Etym: [L. masculinus, fr. masculus male, manly, dim. of mas a male: cf. F. masculin. See Male masculine.] 1. Of the male sex; not female. Thy masculine children, that is to say, thy sons. Chaucer. 2. Having the qualities of a man; suitable to, or characteristic of, a man; virile; not feminine or effeminate; strong; robust. That lady, after her husband's death, held the reins with a masculine energy. Hallam. 3. Belonging to males; appropriated to, or used by, males. [R.] "A masculine church." Fuller. 4. (Gram.) Defn: Having the inflections of, or construed with, words pertaining especially to male beings, as distinguished from feminine and neuter. See Gender. -- Mas"cu*line*ly, adv. -- Mas"cu*line*ness, n. MASCULINITY Mas`cu*lin"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being masculine; masculineness. MASE Mase, n. & v. Defn: See Maze. [Obs.] Chaucer. MASELYN Mas"e*lyn, n. Defn: A drinking cup. See 1st Maslin, 2. [Obs.] Chaucer. MASER Ma"ser, n. Defn: Same as Mazer. MASH Mash, n. Defn: A mesh. [Obs.] MASH Mash, n. Etym: [Akin to G. meisch, maisch, meische, maische, mash, wash, and prob. to AS. miscian to mix. See Mix.] 1. A mass of mixed ingredients reduced to a soft pulpy state by beating or pressure; a mass of anything in a soft pulpy state. Specifically (Brewing), ground or bruised malt, or meal of rye, wheat, corn, or other grain (or a mixture of malt and meal) steeped and stirred in hot water for making the wort. 2. A mixture of meal or bran and water fed to animals. 3. A mess; trouble. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Mash tun, a large tub used in making mash and wort. MASH Mash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mashing.] Etym: [Akin to G. meischen, maischen, to mash, mix, and prob. to mischen, E. mix. See 2d Mash.] Defn: To convert into a mash; to reduce to a soft pulpy state by beating or pressure; to bruise; to crush; as, to mash apples in a mill, or potatoes with a pestle. Specifically (Brewing), to convert, as malt, or malt and meal, into the mash which makes wort. Mashing tub, a tub for making the mash in breweries and distilleries; -- called also mash tun, and mash vat. MASHER Mash"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, mashes; also (Brewing), a machine for making mash. 2. A charmer of women. [Slang] London Punch. MASHIE; MASHY Mash"ie, Mash"y, n.; pl. Mashies (#). [Etym. uncert.] Defn: A golf club like the iron, but with a shorter head, slightly more lofted, used chiefly for short approaches. MASHLIN Mash"lin, n. Defn: See Maslin. MASHY Mash"y, a. Defn: Produced by crushing or bruising; resembling, or consisting of, a mash. MASK Mask, n. Etym: [F. masque, LL. masca, mascha, mascus; cf. Sp. & Pg. máscara, It. maschera; all fr. Ar. maskharat buffoon, fool, pleasantry, anything ridiculous or mirthful, fr. sakhira to ridicule, to laugh at. Cf. Masque, Masquerade.] 1. A cover, or partial cover, for the face, used for disguise or protection; as, a dancer's mask; a fencer's mask; a ball player's mask. 2. That which disguises; a pretext or subterfuge. 3. A festive entertainment of dancing or other diversions, where all wear masks; a masquerade; hence, a revel; a frolic; a delusive show. Bacon. This thought might lead me through the world's vain mask. Milton. 4. A dramatic performance, formerly in vogue, in which the actors wore masks and represented mythical or allegorical characters. 5. (Arch.) Defn: A grotesque head or face, used to adorn keystones and other prominent parts, to spout water in fountains, and the like; -- called also mascaron. 6. (Fort.) (a) In a permanent fortification, a redoubt which protects the caponiere. (b) A screen for a battery. 7. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lower lip of the larva of a dragon fly, modified so as to form a prehensile organ. Mask house, a house for masquerades. [Obs.] MASK Mask, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Masked; p. pr. & vb. n. Masking.] 1. To cover, as the face, by way of concealment or defense against injury; to conceal with a mask or visor. They must all be masked and vizarded. Shak. 2. To disguise; to cover; to hide. Masking the business from the common eye. Shak. 3. (Mil.) (a) To conceal; also, to intervene in the line of. (b) To cover or keep in check; as, to mask a body of troops or a fortess by a superior force, while some hostile evolution is being carried out. MASK Mask, v. i. 1. To take part as a masker in a masquerade. Cavendish. 2. To wear a mask; to be disguised in any way. Shak. MASKED Masked, a. 1. Wearing a mask or masks; characterized by masks; cincealed; hidden. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Personate. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the anterior part of the head differing decidedly in color from the rest of the plumage; -- said of birds. Masked ball, a ball in which the dancers wear masks. -- Masked battery (Mil.), a battery so placed as not to be seen by an enemy until it opens fire. H. L. Scott. -- Masked crab (Zoöl.), a European crab (Corystes cassivelaunus) with markings on the carapace somewhat resembling a human face. -- Masked pig (Zoöl.), a Japanese domestic hog (Sus pliciceps). Its face is deeply furrowed. MASKER Mask"er, n. Defn: One who wears a mask; one who appears in disguise at a masquerade. MASKER Mask"er, v. t. Defn: To confuse; to stupefy. [Obs.] Holland. MASKERY Mask"er*y, n. Defn: The dress or disguise of a maske [Obs.] Marston. MASKINONGE Mas"ki*nonge, n. Defn: The muskellunge. MASK SHELL Mask" shell`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any spiral marine shell of the genus Persona, having a curiously twisted aperture. MASLACH Mas"lach, n. Etym: [Ar. maslaq: cf. F. masloc.] (Med.) Defn: An excitant containing opium, much used by the Turks. Dunglison. MASLIN Mas"lin, n. Etym: [OE. missellane, misceline, miscelin, meslin, fr. miscellane. See Miscellane.] 1. A mixture composed of different materials; especially: (a) A mixture of metals resembling brass. (b) A mixture of different sorts of grain, as wheat and rye. [Written also meslin, mislin, maselyn, mastlin.] 2. A vessel made of maslin, 1 (a). [Obs.] Mead eke in a maselyn. Chaucer. MASLIN Mas"lin, a. Defn: Composed of different sorts; as, maslin bread, which is made of rye mixed with a little wheat. [Written also meslin, mislin, etc.] MASON Ma"son, n. Etym: [F. ma, LL. macio, machio, mattio, mactio, marcio, macerio; of uncertain origin.] 1. One whose occupation is to build with stone or brick; also, one who prepares stone for building purposes. 2. A member of the fraternity of Freemasons. See Freemason. Mason bee (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of solitary bees of the genus Osmia. They construct curious nests of hardened mud and sand. -- Mason moth (Zoöl.), any moth whose larva constructs an earthen cocoon under the soil. -- Mason shell (Zoöl.), a marine univalve shell of the genus Phorus; -- so called because it cements other shells and pebbles upon its own shell; a carrier shell. -- Mason wasp (Zoöl.), any wasp that constructs its nest, or brood cells, of hardened mud. The female fills the cells with insects or spiders, paralyzed by a sting, and thus provides food for its larvæ MASON Ma"son, v. t. Defn: To build stonework or brickwork about, under, in, over, etc.; to construct by masons; -- with a prepositional suffix; as, to mason up a well or terrace; to mason in a kettle or boiler. MASONIC Ma*son"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Freemasons or to their craft or mysteries. MASONRY Ma"son*ry, n. Etym: [F. maçonnerie.] 1. The art or occupation of a mason. 2. The work or performance of a mason; as, good or bad masonry; skillful masonry. 3. That which is built by a mason; anything constructed of the materials used by masons, such as stone, brick, tiles, or the like. Dry masonry is applied to structures made without mortar. 4. The craft, institution, or mysteries of Freemasons; freemasonry. MASOOLA BOAT Ma*soo"la boat` Defn: . A kind of boat used on the coast of Madras, India. The planks are sewed together with strands of coir which cross over a wadding of the same material, so that the shock on taking the beach through surf is much reduced. [Written also masula, masulah, etc.] MASORA Ma*so"ra, n. Etym: [NHeb. mas tradition.] Defn: A Jewish critical work on the text of the Hebrew Scriptures, composed by several learned rabbis of the school of Tiberias, in the eighth and ninth centuries. [Written also Masorah, Massora, and Massorah.] MASORET Mas"o*ret, n. Defn: A Masorite. [Written also Masorete, and Massorete.] MASORETIC; MASORETICAL Mas`o*ret"ic, Mas`o*ret"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. massorétique.] Defn: Of or relating to the Masora, or to its authors. Masoretic points and accents, the vowel points and accents of the Hebrew text of the Bible, of which the first mention is in the Masora. MASORITE Mas"o*rite, n. Defn: One of the writers of the Masora. MASQUE Masque, n. Defn: A mask; a masquerade. MASQUERADE Mas`quer*ade", n. Etym: [F. mascarade, fr. Sp. mascarada, or It. mascherata. See Mask.] 1. An assembly of persons wearing masks, and amusing themselves with dancing, conversation, or other diversions. In courtly balls and midnight masquerades. Pope. 2. A dramatic performance by actors in masks; a mask. See 1st Mask, 4. [Obs.] 3. Acting or living under false pretenses; concealment of something by a false or unreal show; pretentious show; disguise. That masquerade of misrepresentation which invariably accompanied the political eloquence of Rome. De Quincey. 4. A Spanish diversion on horseback. MASQUERADE Mas`quer*ade", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Masqueraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Masquerading.] 1. To assemble in masks; to take part in a masquerade. 2. To frolic or disport in disquise; to make a pretentious show of being what one is not. A freak took an ass in the head, and he goes into the woods, masquerading up and down in a lion's skin. L'Estrange. MASQUERADE Mas`quer*ade", v. t. Defn: To conceal with masks; to disguise. "To masquerade vice." Killingbeck. MASQUERADER Mas`quer*ad"er, n. Defn: One who masquerades; a person wearing a mask; one disguised. MASS Mass, n. Etym: [OE. masse, messe, AS. mæsse. LL. missa, from L. mittere, missum, to send, dismiss: cf. F. messe. In the ancient churches, the public services at which the catechumens were permitted to be present were called missa catechumenorum, ending with the reading of the Gospel. Then they were dismissed with these words : "Ite, missa est" [sc. ecclesia], the congregation is dismissed. After that the sacrifice proper began. At its close the same words were said to those who remained. So the word gave the name of Mass to the sacrifice in the Catholic Church. See Missile, and cf. Christmas, Lammas, Mess a dish, Missal.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The sacrifice in the sacrament of the Eucharist, or the consecration and oblation of the host. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The portions of the Mass usually set to music, considered as a musical composition; -- namely, the Kyrie, the Gloria, the Credo, the Sanctus, and the Agnus Dei, besides sometimes an Offertory and the Benedictus. Canon of the Mass. See Canon. -- High Mass, Mass with incense, music, the assistance of a deacon, subdeacon, etc. -- Low Mass, Mass which is said by the priest through-out, without music. -- Mass bell, the sanctus bell. See Sanctus. -- Mass book, the missal or Roman Catholic service book. MASS Mass, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Massed; p. pr. & vb. n. Massing.] Defn: To celebrate Mass. [Obs.] Hooker. MASS Mass, n. Etym: [OE. masse, F. masse, L. massa; akin to Gr. Macerate.] 1. A quantity of matter cohering together so as to make one body, or an aggregation of particles or things which collectively make one body or quantity, usually of considerable size; as, a mass of ore, metal, sand, or water. If it were not for these principles, the bodies of the earth, planets, comets, sun, and all things in them, would grow cold and freeze, and become inactive masses. Sir I. Newton. A deep mass of continual sea is slower stirred To rage. Savile. 2. (Phar.) Defn: A medicinal substance made into a cohesive, homogeneous lump, of consistency suitable for making pills; as, blue mass. 3. A large quantity; a sum. All the mass of gold that comes into Spain. Sir W. Raleigh. He had spent a huge mass of treasure. Sir J. Davies. 4. Bulk; magnitude; body; size. This army of such mass and charge. Shak. 5. The principal part; the main body. Night closed upon the pursuit, and aided the mass of the fugitives in their escape. Jowett (Thucyd.). 6. (Physics) Defn: The quantity of matter which a body contains, irrespective of its bulk or volume. Note: Mass and weight are often used, in a general way, as interchangeable terms, since the weight of a body is proportional to its mass (under the same or equal gravitative forces), and the mass is usually ascertained from the weight. Yet the two ideas, mass and weight, are quite distinct. Mass is the quantity of matter in a body; weight is the comparative force with which it tends towards the center of the earth. A mass of sugar and a mass of lead are assumed to be equal when they show an equal weight by balancing each other in the scales. Blue mass. See under Blue. -- Mass center (Geom.), the center of gravity of a triangle. -- Mass copper, native copper in a large mass. -- Mass meeting, a large or general assembly of people, usually a meeting having some relation to politics. -- The masses, the great body of the people, as contrasted with the higher classes; the populace. MASS Mass, v. t. Defn: To form or collect into a mass; to form into a collective body; to bring together into masses; to assemble. But mass them together and they are terrible indeed. Coleridge. MASSACRE Mas"sa*cre, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. mazacrium; cf. Prov. G. metzgern, metzgen, to kill cattle, G. metzger a butcher, and LG. matsken to cut, hew, OHG. meizan to cut, Goth. máitan.] 1. The killing of a considerable number of human beings under circumstances of atrocity or cruelty, or contrary to the usages of civilized people; as, the massacre on St. Bartholomew's Day. 2. Murder. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Massacre, Butchery, Carnage. Massacre denotes the promiscuous slaughter of many who can not make resistance, or much resistance. Butchery refers to cold-blooded cruelty in the killing of men as if they were brute beasts. Carnage points to slaughter as producing the heaped-up bodies of the slain. I'll find a day to massacre them all, And raze their faction and their family. Shak. If thou delight to view thy heinous deeds, Brhold this pattern of thy butcheries. Shak. Such a scent I draw Of carnage, prey innumerable ! Milton. MASSACRE Mas"sa*cre, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Massacred; p. pr. & vb. n. Massacring.] Etym: [Cf. F. massacrer. See Massacre, n.] Defn: To kill in considerable numbers where much resistance can not be made; to kill with indiscriminate violence, without necessity, and contrary to the usages of nations; to butcher; to slaughter; -- limited to the killing of human beings. If James should be pleased to massacre them all, as Maximian had massacred the Theban legion. Macaulay. MASSACRER Mas"sa*crer, n. Defn: One who massacres. [R.] MASSAGE Mas"sage, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A rubbing or kneading of the body, especially when performed as a hygienic or remedial measure. MASSAGIST Mas"sag*ist, n. Defn: One who practices massage; a masseur or masseuse. MASSASAUGA Mas`sa*sau"ga, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The black rattlesnake (Crotalus, or Caudisona, tergemina), found in the Mississippi Valley. MASSE; MASSE SHOT Massé, or Masse shot, n. (Billiards) Defn: A stroke made with the cue held vertically. MASSER Mass"er, n. Defn: A priest who celebrates Mass. [R.] Bale. MASSETER Mas"se*ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. masséter.] (Anat.) Defn: The large muscle which raises the under jaw, and assists in mastication. MASSETERIC Mas`se*ter"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the masseter. MASSETERINE Mas"se*ter`ine, a. (Anat.) Defn: Masseteric. MASSEUR; MASSEUSE Mas`seur", n. m., Mas`seuse", n. f.,} Etym: [F., or formed in imitation of French. See Massage.] (Med.) Defn: One who performs massage. MASSICOT Mas"si*cot, n. Etym: [F. massicot; E. masticot is a corruption.] (Chem.) Defn: Lead protoxide, PbO, obtained as a yellow amorphous powder, the fused and crystalline form of which is called litharge; lead ocher. It is used as a pigment. Note: Massicot is sometimes used by painters, and also as a drier in the composition of ointments and plasters. MASSINESS Mass"i*ness, n. Etym: [From Massy.] Defn: The state or quality of being massy; ponderousness. MASSIVE Mass"ive, a. Etym: [F. massif.] 1. Forming, or consisting of, a large mass; compacted; weighty; heavy; massy. "Massive armor." Dr. H. More. 2. (Min.) Defn: In mass; not necessarily without a crystalline structure, but having no regular form; as, a mineral occurs massive. Massive rock (Geol.), a compact crystalline rock not distinctly schistone, as granite; also, with some authors, an eruptive rock. MASSIVELY Mass"ive*ly, adv. Defn: In a heavy mass. MASSIVENESS Mass"ive*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being massive; massiness. MASSOOLA BOAT Mas*soo"la boat`. Defn: See Masoola boat. MASSORA Mas*so"ra, n. Defn: Same as Masora. MASSORET Mas"so*ret, n. Defn: Same as Masorite. MASSY Mass"y, a. [Compar. Massier; superl. Massiest.] Defn: Compacted into, or consisting of, a mass; having bulk and weight ot substance; ponderous; bulky and heavy; weight; heavy; as, a massy shield; a massy rock. Your swords are now too massy for your strengths, And will not be uplifted. Shak. Yawning rocks in massy fragments fly. Pope. MAST Mast, n. Etym: [AS. mæst, fem. ; akin to G. mast, and E. meat. See Meat.] Defn: The fruit of the oak and beech, or other forest trees; nuts; acorns. Oak mast, and beech, . . . they eat. Chapman. Swine under an oak filling themselves with the mast. South. MAST Mast, n. Etym: [AS. mæst, masc.; akin to D., G., Dan., & Sw. mast, Icel. mastr, and perh. to L. malus.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A pole, or long, strong, round piece of timber, or spar, set upright in a boat or vessel, to sustain the sails, yards, rigging, etc. A mast may also consist of several pieces of timber united by iron bands, or of a hollow pillar of iron or steel. The tallest pine Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast Of some great ammiral. Milton. Note: The most common general names of masts are foremast, mainmast, and mizzenmast, each of which may be made of separate spars. 2. (Mach.) Defn: The vertical post of a derrick or crane. Afore the mast, Before the mast. See under Afore, and Before. -- Mast coat. See under Coat. -- Mast hoop, one of a number of hoops attached to the fore edge of a boom sail, which slip on the mast as the sail is raised or lowered; also, one of the iron hoops used in making a made mast. See Made. MAST Mast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Masted; p. pr. & vb. n. Masting.] Defn: To furnish with a mast or masts; to put the masts of in position; as, to mast a ship. MASTABA; MASTABAH Mas"ta*ba, n. Also Mas"ta*bah . [Ar. maçtabah a large stone bench.] 1. In Mohammedan countries, a fixed seat, common in dwellings and in public places. 2. (Egyptology) A type of tomb, of the time of the Memphite dynasties, comprising an oblong structure with sloping sides (sometimes containing a decorated chamber, sometimes of solid masonry), and connected with a mummy chamber in the rock beneath. MASTAX Mas"tax, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) The pharynx of a rotifer. It usually contains four horny pieces. The two central ones form the incus, against which the mallei, or lateral ones, work so as to crush the food. (b) The lore of a bird. MASTED Mast"ed, a. Defn: Furnished with a mast or masts; -- chiefly in composition; as, a three-masted schooner. MASTER Mast"er, n. (Naut.) Defn: A vessel having (so many) masts; -- used only in compounds; as, a two-master. MASTER Mas"ter, n. Etym: [OE. maistre, maister, OF. maistre, mestre, F. maître, fr. L. magister, orig. a double comparative from the root of magnus great, akin to Gr. Maestro, Magister, Magistrate, Magnitude, Major, Mister, Mistress, Mickle.] 1. A male person having another living being so far subject to his will, that he can, in the main, control his or its actions; -- formerly used with much more extensive application than now. (a) The employer of a servant. (b) The owner of a slave. (c) The person to whom an apprentice is articled. (d) A sovereign, prince, or feudal noble; a chief, or one exercising similar authority. (e) The head of a household. (f) The male head of a school or college. (g) A male teacher. (h) The director of a number of persons performing a ceremony or sharing a feast. (i) The owner of a docile brute, -- especially a dog or horse. (j) The controller of a familiar spirit or other supernatural being. 2. One who uses, or controls at will, anything inanimate; as, to be master of one's time. Shak. Master of a hundred thousand drachms. Addison. We are masters of the sea. Jowett (Thucyd. ). 3. One who has attained great skill in the use or application of anything; as, a master of oratorical art. Great masters of ridicule. Maccaulay. No care is taken to improve young men in their own language, that they may thoroughly understand and be masters of it. Locke. 4. A title given by courtesy, now commonly pronounced mìster, except when given to boys; -- sometimes written Mister, but usually abbreviated to Mr. 5. A young gentleman; a lad, or small boy. Where there are little masters and misses in a house, they are impediments to the diversions of the servants. Swift. 6. (Naut.) Defn: The commander of a merchant vessel; -- usually called captain. Also, a commissioned officer in the navy ranking next above ensign and below lieutenant; formerly, an officer on a man-of-war who had immediate charge, under the commander, of sailing the vessel. 7. A person holding an office of authority among the Freemasons, esp. the presiding officer; also, a person holding a similar office in other civic societies. Little masters, certain German engravers of the 16th century, so called from the extreme smallness of their prints. -- Master in chancery, an officer of courts of equity, who acts as an assistant to the chancellor or judge, by inquiring into various matters referred to him, and reporting thereon to the court. -- Master of arts, one who takes the second degree at a university; also, the degree or title itself, indicated by the abbreviation M. A., or A. M. -- Master of the horse, the third great officer in the British court, having the management of the royal stables, etc. In ceremonial cavalcades he rides next to the sovereign. -- Master of the rolls, in England, an officer who has charge of the rolls and patents that pass the great seal, and of the records of the chancery, and acts as assistant judge of the court. Bouvier. Wharton. -- Past master, one who has held the office of master in a lodge of Freemasons or in a society similarly organized. -- The old masters, distinguished painters who preceded modern painters; especially, the celebrated painters of the 16th and 17th centuries. -- To be master of one's self, to have entire self-control; not to be governed by passion. -- To be one's own master, to be at liberty to act as one chooses without dictation from anybody. Note: Master, signifying chief, principal, masterly, superior, thoroughly skilled, etc., is often used adjiectively or in compounds; as, master builder or master-builder, master chord or master-chord, master mason or master-mason, master workman or master-workman, master mechanic, master mind, master spirit, master passion, etc. Throughout the city by the master gate. Chaucer. Master joint (Geol.), a quarryman's term for the more prominent and extended joints traversing a rock mass. -- Master key, a key adapted to open several locks differing somewhat from each other; figuratively, a rule or principle of general application in solving difficulties. -- Master lode (Mining), the principal vein of ore. -- Master mariner, an experienced and skilled seaman who is certified to be competent to command a merchant vessel. -- Master sinew (Far.), a large sinew that surrounds the hough of a horse, and divides it from the bone by a hollow place, where the windgalls are usually seated. -- Master singer. See Mastersinger. -- Master stroke, a capital performance; a masterly achievement; a consummate action; as, a master stroke of policy. -- Master tap (Mech.), a tap for forming the thread in a screw cutting die. -- Master touch. (a) The touch or skill of a master. Pope. (b) Some part of a performance which exhibits very skillful work or treatment. "Some master touches of this admirable piece." Tatler. -- Master work, the most important work accomplished by a skilled person, as in architecture, literature, etc.; also, a work which shows the skill of a master; a masterpiece. -- Master workman, a man specially skilled in any art, handicraft, or trade, or who is an overseer, foreman, or employer. MASTER Mas"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mastered; p. pr. vb. n. Mastering.] 1. To become the master of; to subject to one's will, control, or authority; to conquer; to overpower; to subdue. Obstinacy and willful neglects must be mastered, even though it cost blows. Locke. 2. To gain the command of, so as to understand or apply; to become an adept in; as, to master a science. 3. To own; to posses. [Obs.] The wealth That the world masters. Shak. MASTER Mas"ter, v. i. Defn: To be skillful; to excel. [Obs.] MASTERDOM Mas"ter*dom, n. Etym: [Master + -dom.] Defn: Dominion; rule; command. [R.] Shak. MASTERFUL Mas"ter*ful, a. 1. Inclined to play the master; domineering; imperious; arbitrary. Dryden. 2. Having the skill or power of a master; indicating or expressing power or mastery. His masterful, pale face. Mrs. Browning. MASTERFULLY Mas"ter*ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a masterful manner; imperiously. A lawless and rebellious man who held lands masterfully and in high contempt of the royal authority. Macaulay. MASTERHOOD Mas"ter*hood, n. Defn: The state of being a master; hence, disposition to command or hector. C. Bronté. MASTERLESS Mas"ter*less, a. Defn: Destitute of a master or owner; ungoverned or ungovernable. -- Mas"ter*less*ness, n. MASTERLINESS Mas"ter*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being masterly; ability to control wisely or skillfully. MASTERLY Mas"ter*ly, a. 1. Suitable to, or characteristic of, a master; indicating thorough knowledge or superior skill and power; showing a master's hand; as, a masterly design; a masterly performance; a masterly policy. "A wise and masterly inactivity." Sir J. Mackintosh. 2. Imperious; domineering; arbitrary. MASTERLY Mas"ter*ly, adv. Defn: With the skill of a master. Thou dost speak masterly. Shak. MASTEROUS Mas"ter*ous, a. Defn: Masterly. [Obs.] Milton. MASTERPIECE Mas"ter*piece`, n. Defn: Anything done or made with extraordinary skill; a capital performance; a chef-d'oeuvre; a supreme achievement. The top and masterpiece of art. South. Dissimulation was his masterpiece. Claredon. MASTERSHIP Mas"ter*ship, n. 1. The state or office of a master. 2. Mastery; dominion; superior skill; superiority. Where noble youths for mastership should strive. Driden. 3. Chief work; masterpiece. [Obs.] Dryden. 4. An ironical title of respect. How now, seignior Launce ! what news with your mastership Shak. MASTERSINGER Mas"ter*sing`er, n. Etym: [A translation of G. meistersänger.] Defn: One of a class of poets which flourished in Nuremberg and some other cities of Germany in the 15th and 16th centuries. They bound themselves to observe certain arbitrary laws of rhythm. MASTER VIBRATOR Mas"ter vi"bra*tor. Defn: In an internal-combustion engine with two or more cylinders, an induction coil and vibrator placed in the circuit between the battery or magneto and the coils for the different cylinders, which are used without vibrators of their own. MASTERWORT Mas"ter*wort`, n. (Bot.) (a) A tall and coarse European umbelliferous plant (Peucedanum Ostruthium, formerly Imperatoria). (b) The Astrantia major, a European umbelliferous plant with a showy colored involucre. (c) Improperly, the cow parsnip (Heracleum lanatum). MASTERY Mas"ter*y, n.; pl. Masteries. Etym: [OF. maistrie.] 1. The position or authority of a master; dominion; command; supremacy; superiority. If divided by mountains, they will fight for the mastery of the passages of the tops. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Superiority in war or competition; victory; triumph; preëminence. The voice of them that shout for mastery. Ex. xxxii. 18. Every man that striveth for the mastery is temperate in all things. 1 Cor. ix. 25. O, but to have gulled him Had been a mastery. B. Jonson. 3. Contest for superiority. [Obs.] Holland. 4. A masterly operation; a feat. [Obs.] I will do a maistrie ere I go. Chaucer. 5. Specifically, the philosopher's stone. [Obs.] 6. The act process of mastering; the state of having mastered. He could attain to a mastery in all languages. Tillotson. The learning and mastery of a tongue, being unpleasant in itself, should not be cumbered with other difficulties. Locke. MASTFUL Mast"ful, a. Etym: [See lst Mast.] Defn: Abounding in mast; producing mast in abundance; as, the mastful forest; a mastful chestnut. Dryden. MASTHEAD Mast"head`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The top or head of a mast; the part of a mast above the hounds. MASTHEAD Mast"head", v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To cause to go to the masthead as a punishment. Marryat. MASTHOUSE Mast"house`, n. Defn: A building in which vessels' masts are shaped, fitted, etc. MASTIC Mas"tic, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. mastiche, mastichum, Gr. [Written also mastich.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A low shrubby tree of the genus Pistacia (P. Lentiscus), growing upon the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean, and producing a valuable resin; -- called also, mastic tree. 2. A resin exuding from the mastic tree, and obtained by incision. The best is in yellowish white, semitransparent tears, of a faint smell, and is used as an astringent and an aromatic, also as an ingredient in varnishes. 3. A kind of cement composed of burnt clay, litharge, and linseed oil, used for plastering walls, etc. Barbary mastic (Bot.), the Pistachia Atlantica. -- Peruvian mastic tree (Bot.), a small tree (Schinus Molle) with peppery red berries; -- called also pepper tree. -- West Indian mastic (Bot.), a lofty tree (Bursera gummifera) full of gum resin in every part. MASTICABLE Mas"ti*ca*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being masticated. MASTICADOR Mas`ti*ca"dor, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. mastigador. See Masticate.] (Man.) Defn: A part of a bridle, the slavering bit. [Written also mastigador.] MASTICATE Mas"ti*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Masticated; p. pr. & vb. n. Masticating.] Etym: [L. masticatus, p. p. of masticare to chew, prob. fr. mastiche mastic. See Mastic.] Defn: To grind or crush with, or as with, the teeth and prepare for swallowing and digestion; to chew; as, to masticate food. MASTICATER Mas"ti*ca`ter, n. Defn: One who masticates. MASTICATION Mas`ti*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. masticatio: cf. F. mastication.] Defn: The act or operation of masticating; chewing, as of food. Mastication is a necessary preparation of solid aliment, without which there can be no good digestion. Arbuthnot. MASTICATOR Mas"ti*ca`tor, n. 1. One who masticates. 2. A machine for cutting meat into fine pieces for toothless people; also, a machine for cutting leather, India rubber, or similar tough substances, into fine pieces, in some processes of manufacture. MASTICATORY Mas"ti*ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. masticatoire.] Defn: Chewing; adapted to perform the office o MASTICATORY Mas"ti*ca*to*ry, n.; pl. -ries (. (Med.) Defn: A substance to be chewed to increase the saliva. Bacon. MASTICH Mas"tich, n. Defn: See Mastic. MASTICIN Mas"ti*cin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white, amorphous, tenacious substance resembling caoutchouc, and obtained as an insoluble residue of mastic. MASTICOT Mas"ti*cot, n. (Chem.) Defn: Massicot. [Obs.] MASTIFF Mas"tiff, n.; pl. Mastiffs (. [Mastives is irregular and unusual.] Etym: [Prob. fr. Prov. E. masty, adj., large, n., a great dog, prob. fr. mast fruit, and hence, lit., fattened with mast. There is perh. confusion with OF. mestif mongrel; cf. also F. mâtin mastiff, OF. mastin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A breed of large dogs noted for strength and courage. There are various strains, differing in form and color, and characteristic of different countries. Mastiff bat (Zoöl.) , any bat of the genus Molossus; so called because the face somewhat resembles that of a mastiff. MASTIGOPOD Mas"ti*go*pod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Mastigopoda. MASTIGOPODA Mas`ti*gop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Infusoria. MASTIGURE Mas"ti*gure, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several large spiny-tailed lizards of the genus Uromastix. They inhabit Southern Asia and North Africa. MASTING Mast"ing, n. (Naut.) Defn: The act or process of putting a mast or masts into a vessel; also, the scientific principles which determine the position of masts, and the mechanical methods of placing them. Masting house (Naut.), a large building, with suitable mechanism overhanging the water, used for stepping and unstepping the masts of vessels. MASTITIS Mas*ti"tis, n. Etym: [Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the breast. MASTLESS Mast"less, a. Etym: [See lst Mast.] Defn: Bearing no mast; as, a mastless oak or beech. Dryden. MASTLESS Mast"less, a. Etym: [See 2d Mast.] Defn: Having no mast; as, a mastless vessel. MASTLIN Mast"lin, n. Defn: See Maslin. MASTODON Mas"to*don, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of mammals closely allied to the elephant, but having less complex molar teeth, and often a pair of lower, as well as upper, tusks, which are incisor teeth. The species were mostly larger than elephants, and their romains occur in nearly all parts of the world in deposits ranging from Miocene to late Quaternary time. MASTODONSAURUS Mas`to*don*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. E. Mastodon + Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A large extinct genus of labyrinthodonts, found in the European Triassic rocks. MASTODONTIC Mas`to*don"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a mastodon; as, mastodontic dimensions. Everett. MASTODYNIA; MASTODYNY Mas`to*dyn"i*a, Mas*tod"y*ny (, n. Etym: [NL. mastodynia, fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Pain occuring in the mamma or female breast, -- a form of neuralgia. MASTOID Mas"toid, a. Etym: [Gr. mastoïde.] (Anat.) (a) Resembling the nipple or the breast; -- applied specifically to a process of the temporal bone behind the ear. (b) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the mastoid process; mastoidal. MASTOIDAL Mas*toid"al, a. Defn: Same as Mastoid. MASTOIDITIS Mas`toid*i*tis, n. [NL. See Mastoid, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation in the mastoid process of the temporal bone. MASTOLOGY Mas*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. mastologie.] Defn: The natural history of Mammalia. MASTRESS Mas"tress, n. Defn: Mistress. [Obs.] Chaucer. MASTURBATION Mas`tur*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. masturbatus, p. p. of masturbari to practice onanism: cf. F. masturbation.] Defn: Onanism; self-pollution. MASTY Mast"y, a. Etym: [See lst Mast.] Defn: Full of mast; abounding in acorns, etc. MASULA BOAT Ma*su"la boat`. Defn: Same as Masoola boat. MAT Mat, n. Etym: [Cf. Matte.] Defn: A name given by coppersmiths to an alloy of copper, tin, iron, etc., usually called white metal. [Written also matt.] MAT Mat, a. Etym: [OF. See 4th Mate.] Defn: Cast down; dejected; overthrown; slain. [Obs.] When he saw them so piteous and so maat. Chaucer. MAT Mat, n. Etym: [AS. matt, meatt, fr. L. matta a mat made of rushes.] 1. A fabric of sedge, rushes, flags, husks, straw, hemp, or similar material, used for wiping and cleaning shoes at the door, for covering the floor of a hall or room, and for other purposes. 2. Any similar fabric for various uses, as for covering plant houses, putting beneath dishes or lamps on a table, securing rigging from friction, and the like. 3. Anything growing thickly, or closely interwoven, so as to resemble a mat in form or texture; as, a mat of weeds; a mat of hair. 4. An ornamental border made of paper, pasterboard, metal, etc., put under the glass which covers a framed picture; as, the mat of a daguerreotype. Mat grass. (Bot.) (a) A low, tufted, European grass (Nardus stricta). (b) Same as Matweed. -- Mat rush (Bot.), a kind of rush (Scirpus lacustris) used in England for making mats. MAT Mat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matted; p. pr. & vb. n. Matting.] 1. To cover or lay with mats. Evelyn. 2. To twist, twine, or felt together; to interweave into, or like, a mat; to entangle. And o'er his eyebrows hung his matted hair. Dryden. MAT Mat, v. i. Defn: To grow thick together; to become interwoven or felted together like a mat. MATABELE; MATABELES Mat`a*be"le, or Mat`a*be"les, n. pl., sing. Matabele. [Written also Matabili.] (Ethnol.) Defn: A warlike South African Kaffir tribe. MATACHIN Ma`ta*chin", n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: An old dance with swords and bucklers; a sword dance. MATACO Mat"a*co, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutis tricinctus). See Illust. under Loricata. MATADORE; MATADOR Mat"a*dore, Mat"a*dor, n. Etym: [Sp. matador, prop., a killer, fr. matar to kill, L. mactare to sacrifice, kill.] 1. The killer; the man appointed to kill the bull in bullfights. 2. (Card Playing) Defn: In the game of quadrille or omber, the three principal trumps, the ace of spades being the first, the ace of clubs the third, and the second being the deuce of a black trump or the seven of a red one. When Lady Tricksey played a four, You took it with a matadore. Swift. MATAGASSE Mat`a*gasse", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A shrike or butcher bird; -- called also mattages. [Prov. Eng.] MATAJUELO Ma`ta*jue"lo (mä`ta*hwa"lo; 239), n. [Cf. Sp. matajudío a kind of fish.] Defn: A large squirrel fish (Holocentrus ascensionis) of Florida and the West Indies. MATAJUELO BLANCO Ma`ta*jue"lo blan"co. [Sp. blanco white.] Defn: A West Indian food fish (Malacanthus plumieri) related to the tilefish. MATAMATA Ma`ta*ma"ta, n. Etym: [Pg.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The bearded tortoise (Chelys fimbriata) of South American rivers. MATANZA Ma*tan"za, n. Etym: [Sp., slaughter, fr. matar to kill.] Defn: A place where animals are slaughtered for their hides and tallow. [Western U. S.] MATCH Match, n. Etym: [OE. macche, F. mèche, F. mèche, fr. L. myxa a lamp nozzle, Gr. Mucus.] Defn: Anything used for catching and retaining or communicating fire, made of some substance which takes fire readily, or remains burning some time; esp., a small strip or splint of wood dipped at one end in a substance which can be easily ignited by friction, as a preparation of phosphorus or chlorate of potassium. Match box, a box for holding matches. -- Match tub, a tub with a perforated cover for holding slow matches for firing cannon, esp. on board ship. The tub contains a little water in the bottom, for extinguishing sparks from the lighted matches. -- Quick match, threads of cotton or cotton wick soaked in a solution of gunpowder mixed with gum arabic and boiling water and afterwards strewed over with mealed powder. It burns at the rate of one yard in thirteen seconds, and is used as priming for heavy mortars, fireworks, etc. -- Slow match, slightly twisted hempen rope soaked in a solution of limewater and saltpeter or washed in a lye of water and wood ashes. It burns at the rate of four or five inches an hour, and is used for firing cannon, fireworks, etc. MATCH Match, n. Etym: [OE. macche, AS. gemæcca; akin to gemaca, and to OS. gimako, OHG. gimah fitting, suitable, convenient, Icel. mark suitable, maki mate, Sw. make, Dan. mage; all from the root of E. make, v. See Make mate, and Make, v., and cf. Mate an associate.] 1. A person or thing equal or similar to another; one able to mate or cope with another; an equal; a mate. Government . . . makes an innocent man, though of the lowest rank, a match for the mightiest of his fellow subjects. Addison. 2. A bringing together of two parties suited to one another, as for a union, a trial of skill or force, a contest, or the like; as, specifically: (a) A contest to try strength or skill, or to determine superiority; an emulous struggle. "Many a warlike match." Drayton. A solemn match was made; he lost the prize. Dryden. (b) A matrimonial union; a marriage. 3. An agreement, compact, etc. "Thy hand upon that match." Shak. Love doth seldom suffer itself to be confined by other matches than those of its own making. Boyle. 4. A candidate for matrimony; one to be gained in marriage. "She . . . was looked upon as the richest match of the West." Clarendon. 5. Equality of conditions in contest or competition. It were no match, your nail against his horn. Shak. 6. Suitable combination or bringing together; that which corresponds or harmonizes with something else; as, the carpet and curtains are a match. 7. (Founding) Defn: A perforated board, block of plaster, hardened sand, etc., in which a pattern is partly imbedded when a mold is made, for giving shape to the surfaces of separation between the parts of the mold. Match boarding (Carp.), boards fitted together with tongue and groove, or prepared to be so fitted. -- Match game, a game arranged as a test of superiority. -- Match plane (Carp.), either of the two planes used to shape the edges of boards which are joined by grooving and tonguing. -- Match plate (Founding), a board or plate on the opposite sides of which the halves of a pattern are fastened, to facilitate molding. Knight. -- Match wheel (Mach.), a cogwheel of suitable pitch to work with another wheel; specifically, one of a pair of cogwheels of equal size. MATCH Match, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matched; p. pr. & vb. n. Matching.] 1. To be a mate or match for; to be able to complete with; to rival successfully; to equal. No settled senses of the world can match The pleasure of that madness. Shak. 2. To furnish with its match; to bring a match, or equal, against; to show an equal competitor to; to set something in competition with, or in opposition to, as equal. No history or antiquity can matchis policies and his conduct. South. 3. To oppose as equal; to contend successfully against. Eternal might To match with their inventions they presumed So easy, and of his thunder made a scorn. Milton. 4. To make or procure the equal of, or that which is exactly similar to, or corresponds with; as, to match a vase or a horse; to match cloth. "Matching of patterns and colors." Swift. 5. To make equal, proportionate, or suitable; to adapt, fit, or suit (one thing to another). Let poets match their subject to their strength. Roscommon. 6. To marry; to give in marriage. A senator of Rome survived, Would not have matched his daughter with a king. Addison. 7. To fit together, or make suitable for fitting together; specifically, to furnish with a tongue and a groove, at the edges; as, to match boards. Matching machine, a planing machine for forming a tongue or a groove on the edge of a board. MATCH Match, v. i. 1. To be united in marriage; to mate. I hold it a sin to match in my kindred. Shak. Let tigers match with hinds, and wolves with sheep. Dryden. 2. To be of equal, or similar, size, figure, color, or quality; to tally; to suit; to correspond; as, these vases match. MATCHABLE Match"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being matched; comparable on equal conditions; adapted to being joined together; correspondent. -- Match"a*ble*ness, n. Sir Walter Raleigh . . . is matchable with the best of the ancients. Hakewill. MATCH-CLOTH Match"-cloth`, n. Defn: A coarse cloth. MATCH-COAT Match"-coat`, n. Defn: A coat made of match-cloth. MATCHER Match"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, matches; a matching machine. See under 3d Match. MATCH GAME Match game. Defn: A game arranged as a test of superiority; also, one of a series of such games. MATCHLESS Match"less, a. Etym: [Cf. Mateless.] 1. Having no equal; unequaled. "A matchless queen." Waller. 2. Unlike each other; unequal; unsuited. [Obs.] "Matchless ears." Spenser. -- Match"less*ly, adv. -- Match"less*ness, n. MATCHLOCK Match"lock`, n. Defn: An old form of gunlock containing a match for firing the priming; hence, a musket fired by means of a match. MATCHMAKER Match"mak`er, n. 1. One who makes matches for burning or kinding. 2. One who tries to bring about marriages. MATCHMAKING Match"mak`ing, n. 1. The act or process of making matches for kindling or burning. 2. The act or process of trying to bring about a marriage for others. MATCHMAKING Match"mak`ing, a. Defn: Busy in making or contriving marriages; as, a matchmaking woman. MATCH PLAY Match play. (Golf) Defn: Play in which the score is reckoned by counting the holes won or lost by each side; -- disting. from medal play. MATE Ma"te, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: The Paraguay tea, being the dried leaf of the Brazilian holly (Ilex Paraguensis). The infusion has a pleasant odor, with an agreeable bitter taste, and is much used for tea in South America. MATE Mate, n. Etym: [F. mat, abbrev. fr. échec et mat. See Checkmate.] (Chess) Defn: Same as Checkmate. MATE Mate, a. Defn: See 2d Mat. [Obs.] Chaucer. MATE Mate, v. t. Etym: [F. mater to fatigue, enfeeble, humiliate, checkmate. See Mate checkmate.] 1. To confuse; to confound. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To checkmate. MATE Mate, n. Etym: [Perhaps for older make a companion; cf. also OD. maet companion, mate, D. maat. Cf. Make a companion, Match a mate.] 1. One who customarily associates with another; a companion; an associate; any object which is associated or combined with a similar object. 2. Hence, specifically, a husband or wife; and among the lower animals, one of a pair associated for propagation and the care of their young. 3. A suitable companion; a match; an equal. Ye knew me once no mate For you; there sitting where you durst not soar. Milton. 4. (Naut.) Defn: An officer in a merchant vessel ranking next below the captain. If there are more than one bearing the title, they are called, respectively, first mate, second mate, third mate, etc. In the navy, a subordinate officer or assistant; as, master's mate; surgeon's mate. MATE Mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mated; p. pr. & vb. n. Mating.] 1. To match; to marry. If she be mated with an equal husband. Shak. 2. To match one's self against; to oppose as equal; to compete with. There is no passion in the mind of man so weak but it mates and masters the fear of death. Bacon. I, . . . in the way of loyalty and truth, . . . Dare mate a sounder man than Surrey can be. Shak. MATE Mate, v. i. Defn: To be or become a mate or mates, especially in sexual companionship; as, some birds mate for life; this bird will not mate with that one. MATELASSE Mate`las`sé", a. [F., p.p. of matelasser to cushion, to cover as with a mattress, fr. matelas mattress. See Mattress.] Defn: Ornamented by means of an imitation or suggestion of quilting, the surface being marked by depressed lines which form squares or lozenges in relief; as, matelassé silks. MATELASSE Mate`las`sé", n. Defn: A quilted ornamented dress fabric of silk or silk and wool. MATELESS Mate"less, a. Etym: [Cf. Matchless.] Defn: Having no mate. MATELOTE Mat"e*lote, n. Etym: [F., fr. matelot a sailor; properly, a dish such as sailors prepare.] Defn: A dish of food composed of many kings of fish. MATELOTE; MATELOTTE Mat"e*lote, Mat"e*lotte, n. [F. matelote, fr. matelot a sailor; properly, a dish such as a sailors prepare.] 1. A stew, commonly of fish, flavored with wine, and served with a wine sauce containing onions, mushrooms, etc. 2. An old dance of sailors, in double time, and somewhat like a hornpipe. MATEOLOGY Ma`te*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. matéologie.] Defn: A vain, unprofitable discourse or inquiry. [R.] MATEOTECHNY Ma`te*o*tech"ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Any unprofitable science. [Obs.] MATER Ma"ter, n. Etym: [L., mother. See Mother.] Defn: See Alma mater, Dura mater, and Pia mater. MATERIAL Ma*te"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. materialis, fr. materia stuff, matter: cf. F. matériel. See Matter, and cf. MatÉriel.] 1. Consisting of matter; not spiritual; corporeal; physical; as, material substance or bodies. The material elements of the universe. Whewell. 2. Hence: Pertaining to, or affecting, the physical nature of man, as distinguished from the mental or moral nature; relating to the bodily wants, interests, and comforts. 3. Of solid or weighty character; not insubstantial; of cinsequence; not be dispensed with; important. Discourse, which was always material, never trifling. Evelyn. I shall, in the account of simple ideas, set down only such as are most material to our present purpose. Locke. 4. (Logic.) Defn: Pertaining to the matter, as opposed to the form, of a thing. See Matter. Material cause. See under Cause. -- Material evidence (Law), evidence which conduces to the proof or disproof of a relevant hypothesis. Wharton. Syn. -- Corporeal; bodily; important; weighty; momentous; essential. MATERIAL Ma*te"ri*al, n. Defn: The substance or matter of which anything is made or may be made. Raw material, any crude, unfinished, or elementary materials that are adapted to use only by processes of skilled labor. Cotton, wool, ore, logs, etc., are raw material. MATERIAL Ma*te"ri*al, v. t. Defn: To form from matter; to materialize. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. MATERIALISM Ma*te"ri*al*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. matérialisme.] 1. The doctrine of materialists; materialistic views and tenets. The irregular fears of a future state had been supplanted by the materialism of Epicurus. Buckminster. 2. The tendency to give undue importance to material interests; devotion to the material nature and its wants. 3. Material substances in the aggregate; matter. [R. & Obs.] A. Chalmers. MATERIALIST Ma*te"ri*al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. matérialiste.] 1. One who denies the existence of spiritual substances or agents, and maintains that spiritual phenomena, so called, are the result of some peculiar organization of matter. 2. One who holds to the existence of matter, as distinguished from the idealist, who denies it. Berkeley. MATERIALISTIC; MATERIALISTICAL Ma*te`ri*al*is"tic, Ma*te`ri*al*is"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to materialism or materialists; of the nature of materialism. But to me his very spiritualism seemed more materialistic than his physics. C. Kingsley. MATERIALITY Ma*te`ri*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. matérialité.] 1. The quality or state of being material; material existence; corporeity. 2. Importance; as, the materiality of facts. MATERIALIZATION Ma*te`ri*al*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of materializing, or the state of being materialized. MATERIALIZE Ma*te"ri*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Materialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Materializing.] Etym: [Cf. F. matérialiser.] 1. To invest wich material characteristics; to make perceptible to the senses; hence, to present to the mind through the medium of material objects. Having wich wonderful art and beauty materialized, if I may so call it, a scheme of abstracted notions, and clothed the most nice, refined conceptions of philosophy in sensible images. Tatler. 2. To regard as matter; to consider or explain by the laws or principles which are appropriate to matter. 3. To cause to assume a character appropriate to material things; to occupy with material interests; as, to materialize thought. 4. (Spiritualism) Defn: To make visable in, or as in, a material form; -- said of spirits. A female spirit form temporarily materialized, and not distinguishable from a human being. Epes Sargent. MATERIALIZE Ma*te"ri*al*ize, v. i. Defn: To appear as a material form; to take substantial shape. [Colloq.] MATERIALLY Ma*te"ri*al*ly, adv. 1. In the state of matter. I do not mean that anything is separable from a body by fire that was not materially preëxistent in it. Boyle. 2. In its essence; substantially. An ill intention is certainly sufficient to spoil . . . an act in itself materially good. South. 3. In an important manner or degree; essentaily; as, it materially concern us to know the real motives of our actions. MATERIALNESS Ma*te"ri*al*ness, n. Defn: The state of being material. MATERIA MEDICA Ma*te"ri*a med"i*ca. Etym: [L. See Matter, and Medical.] 1. Material or substance used in the composition of remedies; -- a general term for all substances used as curative agents in medicine. 2. That branch of medical science which treats of the nature and properties of all the substances that are employed for the cure of diseases. MATERIARIAN Ma*te`ri*a"ri*an, n. Etym: [L. materiarius.] Defn: See Materialist. [Obs.] MATERIATE; MATERIATED Ma*te"ri*ate, Ma*te"ri*a`ted, a. Etym: [L. materiatus, p. p. of materiare to build of wood.] Defn: Consisting of matter. [Obs.] Bacon. MATERIATION Ma*te`ri*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. materiatio woodwork.] Defn: Act of forming matter. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. MATERIEL Ma`té`ri`el", n. Etym: [F. See Material.] Defn: That in a complex system which constitutes the materials, or instruments employed, in distinction from the personnel, or men; as, the baggage, munitions, provisions, etc., of an army; or the buildings, libraries, and apparatus of a college, in distinction from its officers. MATERIOUS Ma*te"ri*ous, a. Defn: See Material. [Obs.] MATERNAL Ma*ter"nal, a. Etym: [F. maternel, L. maternus, fr. mater mother. See Mother.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a mother; becoming to a mother; motherly; as, maternal love; maternal tenderness. Syn. -- See Motherly. MATERNALLY Ma*ter"nal*ly, adv. Defn: In a motherly manner. MATERNITY Ma*ter"ni*ty, n. Etym: [F. maternité, LL. maternitas.] Defn: The state of being a mother; the character or relation of a mother. MATFELON Mat"fel*on, n. Etym: [W. madfelen.] (Bot.) Defn: The knapweed (Centaurea nigra). MATH Math, n. Etym: [AS. mmawan to mow, G. mahd math. See Mow to cut (grass).] Defn: A mowing, or that which is gathered by mowing; -- chiefly used in composition; as, an aftermath. [Obs.] The first mowing thereof, for the king's use, is wont to be sooner than the common math. Bp. Hall. MATHEMATIC Math`e*mat"ic, a. Etym: [F. mathématique, L. mathematicus, Gr. mind. See Mind.] Defn: See Mathematical. MATHEMATICAL Math`e*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [See Mathematic.] Defn: Of or pertaining to mathematics; according to mathematics; hence, theoretically precise; accurate; as, mathematical geography; mathematical instruments; mathematical exactness. -- Math`e*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. MATHEMATICIAN Math`e*ma*ti"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mathématicien.] Defn: One versed in mathematics. MATHEMATICS Math`e*mat"ics, n. Etym: [F. mathématiques, pl., L. mathematica, sing., Gr. Mathematic, and -ics.] Defn: That science, or class of sciences, which treats of the exact relations existing between quantities or magnitudes, and of the methods by which, in accordance with these relations, quantities sought are deducible from other quantities known or supposed; the science of spatial and quantitative relations. Note: Mathematics embraces three departments, namely: 1. Arithmetic. 2. Geometry, including Trigonometry and Conic Sections. 3. Analysis, in which letters are used, including Algebra, Analytical Geometry, and Calculus. Each of these divisions is divided into pure or abstract, which considers magnitude or quantity abstractly, without relation to matter; and mixed or applied, which treats of magnitude as subsisting in material bodies, and is consequently interwoven with physical considerations. MATHER Math"er, n. Defn: See Madder. MATHES Math"es, n. Etym: [Perh. corrupted fr. L. anthemis camomile, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The mayweed. Cf. Maghet. MATHESIS Ma*the"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: Learning; especially, mathematics. [R.] Pope. MATHURIN Math"u*rin, n. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: See Trinitarian. MATICO Ma*ti"co, n. (Bot.) Defn: A Peruvian plant (Piper, or Artanthe, elongatum), allied to the pepper, the leaves of which are used as a styptic and astringent. MATIE Mat"ie, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fat herring with undeveloped roe. [Written also matty.] [Eng. & Scot.] MATIN Ma`tin", n. Etym: [F. matin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A French mastiff. MATIN Mat"in, n. Etym: [F. fr. L. matutinum the morning, matutinus of the morning, Matuta the goddess of the morning. See Matutinal.] 1. Morning. [Obs.] Shak. 2. pl. Etym: [F. matines. See Etymol. above.] Defn: Morning worship or service; morning prayers or songs. The winged choristers began To chirp their matins. Cleveland. 3. Time of morning service; the first canonical hour in the Roman Catholic Church. MATIN Mat"in, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the morning, or to matins; used in the morning; matutinal. MATINAL Mat"in*al, a. Defn: Relating to the morning, or to matins; matutinal. MATINEE Mat`i*née", n. Etym: [F., from matin. See Matin.] Defn: A reception, or a musical or dramatic entertainment, held in the daytime. See SoirÉe. MATRASS Ma*trass", n. Etym: [F. matras; perh. so called from its long narrow neck; cf. OF. matras large arrow, L. materis, mataris, matara, a Celtic javelin, pike; of Celtic origin.] (Chem.) Defn: A round-bottomed glass flask having a long neck; a bolthead. MATRESS Mat"ress, n. Defn: See Matress. MATRIARCH Ma"tri*arch, n. Etym: [L. mater mother + -arch.] Defn: The mother and ruler of a family or of her descendants; a ruler by maternal right. MATRIARCHAL Ma`tri*ar"chal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a matriarch; governed by a matriarch. MATRIARCHATE Ma"tri*ar"chate, n. Defn: The office or jurisdiction of a matriarch; a matriarchal form of government. MATRICE Ma"trice, n. Etym: [Cf. F. matrice. See Matrix.] Defn: See Matrix. MATRICIDAL Mat"ri*ci`dal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to matricide. MATRICIDE Mat"ri*cide, n. Etym: [L. matricidium; mater mother + coedere to kill, slay: cf. F. matricide. See Mother, and cf. Homicide.] 1. The murder of a mother by her son or daughter. 2. Etym: [L. matricida: cf. F. matricide.] Defn: One who murders one's own mother. MATRICULATE Ma*tric"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matriculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Matriculating.] Etym: [L. matricula a public roll or register, dim. of matrix a mother, in respect to propagation, also, a public register. See Matrix.] Defn: To enroll; to enter in a register; specifically, to enter or admit to membership in a body or society, particularly in a college or university, by enrolling the name in a register. In discovering and matriculating the arms of commissaries from North America. Sir W. Scott. MATRICULATE Ma*tric"u*late, v. i. Defn: To go though the process of admission to membership, as by examination and enrollment, in a society or college. MATRICULATE Ma*tric"u*late, a. Defn: Matriculated. Skelton. -- n. Defn: One who is matriculated. Arbuthnot. MATRICULATION Ma*tric`u*la"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of matriculating; the state of being matriculated. MATRIMOINE Mat"ri*moine, n. Defn: Matrimony. [Obs.] MATRIMONIAL Mat`ri*mo"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. matrimonialis: cf. F. matrimonial. See Matrimony.] Defn: Of or pertaining to marriage; derived from marriage; connubial; nuptial; hymeneal; as, matrimonial rights or duties. If he relied upon that title, he could be but a king at courtesy, and have rather a matrimonial than a regal power. Bacon. Syn. -- Connubial; conjugal; sponsal; spousal; nuptial; hymeneal. MATRIMONIALLY Mat`ri*mo"ni*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a matrimonial manner. MATRIMONIOUS Mat`ri*mo"ni*ous, a. Defn: Matrimonial. [R.] Milton. MATRIMONY Mat"ri*mo*ny, n. Etym: [OE. matrimoine, through Old French, fr. L. matrimonium, fr. mater mother. See Mother.] 1. The union of man and woman as husband and wife; the nuptial state; marriage; wedlock. If either of you know any impediment, why ye may not be lawfully joined together in matrimony, ye do now confessit. Book of Com. Prayer (Eng. Ed. ) 2. A kind of game at cards played by several persons. Matrimony vine (Bot.), a climbing thorny vine (Lycium barbarum) of the Potato family. Gray. Syn. -- Marriage; wedlock. See Marriage. MATRIX Ma"trix, n.; pl. Matrices. Etym: [L., fr. mater mother. See Mother, and cf. Matrice.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The womb. All that openeth the matrix is mine. Ex. xxxiv. 19. 2. Hence, that which gives form or origin to anything; as: (a) (Mech.) The cavity in which anything is formed, and which gives it shape; a die; a mold, as for the face of a type. (b) (Min.) The earthy or stony substance in which metallic ores or crystallized minerals are found; the gangue. (c) pl. (Dyeing) Defn: The five simple colors, black, white, blue, red, and yellow, of which all the rest are composed. 3. (Biol.) Defn: The lifeless portion of tissue, either animal or vegetable, situated between the cells; the intercellular substance. 4. (Math.) Defn: A rectangular arrangement of symbols in rows and columns. The symbols may express quantities or operations. MATRON Ma"tron, n. Etym: [F. matrone, L. matrona, fr. mater mother. See Mother.] 1. A wife or a widow, especially, one who has borne children; a woman of staid or motherly manners. Your wives, your daughters, Your matrons, and your maids. Shak. Grave from her cradle, insomuch that she was a matron before she was a mother. Fuller. 2. A housekeeper; esp., a woman who manages the domestic economy of a public instution; a head nurse in a hospital; as, the matron of a school or hospital. Jury of matrons (Law), a jury of experienced women called to determine the question of pregnancy when set up in bar of execution, and for other cognate purposes. MATRONAGE Mat"ron*age, n. 1. The state of a matron. 2. The collective body of matrons. Burke. Can a politician slight the feelings and convictions of the whole matronage of his country Hare. MATRONAL Mat"ron*al, a. Etym: [L. matronalis.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a matron; suitable to an elderly lady or to a married woman; grave; motherly. MATRONHOOD Ma"tron*hood, n. Defn: The state of being a matron. MATRONIZE Mat"ron*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matronized; p. pr. & vb. n. Matronizing.] 1. To make a matron of; to make matronlike. Childbed matronizes the giddiest spirits. Richardson. 2. To act the part of a marton toward; to superintend; to chaperone; as, to matronize an assembly. MATRONLIKE Ma"tron*like`, a. Defn: Like a matron; sedate; grave; matronly. MATRONLY Ma"tron*ly, a. 1. Advanced in years; elderly. 2. Like, or befitting, a matron; grave; sedate. MATRONYMIC Mat`ro*nym"ic, n. Etym: [L. mater mother + -nymic, as in patronimic.] Defn: See Metronymic. MATROSS Ma*tross", n. Etym: [D. matroos, fr. F. matelot.] (Mil.) Defn: Formerly, in the British service, a gunner or a gunner's mate; one of the soldiers in a train of artillery, who assisted the gunners in loading, firing, and sponging the guns. [Obs.] MATT Matt, n. Defn: See Matte. Knight. MATTAGES Mat`ta*ges", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A shrike or butcher bird; -- written also matagasse. [Prov. Eng.] MATTAMORE Mat"ta*more`, n. Etym: [F. matamore, from Ar. matm.] Defn: A subterranean repository for wheat. MATTE Matte, n. Etym: [F. matte; cf. F. mat, masc., matte, fem., faint, dull, dim; -- said of metals. See Mate checkmate.] 1. (Metallurgy) Defn: A partly reduced copper sulphide, obtained by alternately roasting and melting copper ore in separating the metal from associated iron ores, and called coarse metal, fine metal, etc., according to the grade of fineness. On the exterior it is dark brown or black, but on a fresh surface is yellow or bronzy in color. 2. A dead or dull finish, as in gilding where the gold leaf is not burnished, or in painting where the surface is purposely deprived of gloss. MATTED Mat"ted, a. Etym: [See Matte.] Defn: Having a dull surface; unburnished; as, matted gold leaf or gilding. Matted glass, glass ornamented with figures on a dull ground. MATTED Mat"ted, a. Etym: [See 3d Mat.] 1. Covered with a mat or mats; as, a matted floor. 2. Tangled closely together; having its parts adhering closely together; as, matted hair. MATTER Mat"ter, n. Etym: [OE. matere, F. matière, fr. L. materia; perh. akin to L. mater mother. Cf. Mother, Madeira, Material.] 1. That of which anything is composed; constituent substance; material; the material or substantial part of anything; the constituent elements of conception; that into which a notion may be analyzed; the essence; the pith; the embodiment. He is the matter of virtue. B. Jonson. 2. That of which the sensible universe and all existent bodies are composed; anything which has extension, occupies space, or is perceptible by the senses; body; substance. Note: Matter is usually divided by philosophical writers into three kinds or classes: solid, liquid, and aëriform. Solid substances are those whose parts firmly cohere and resist impression, as wood or stone. Liquids have free motion among their parts, and easily yield to impression, as water and wine. Aëriform substances are elastic fluids, called vapors and gases, as air and oxygen gas. 3. That with regard to, or about which, anything takes place or is done; the thing aimed at, treated of, or treated; subject of action, discussion, consideration, feeling, complaint, legal action, or the like; theme. "If the matter should be tried by duel." Bacon. Son of God, Savior of men ! Thy name Shall be the copious matter of my song. Milton. Every great matter they shall bring unto thee, but every small matter they shall judge. Ex. xviii. 22. 4. That which one has to treat, or with which one has to do; concern; affair; business. To help the matter, the alchemists call in many vanities out of astrology. Bacon. Some young female seems to have carried matters so far, that she is ripe for asking advice. Spectator. 5. Affair worthy of account; thing of consequence; importance; significance; moment; -- chiefly in the phrases what matter no matter, and the like. A prophet some, and some a poet, cry; No matter which, so neither of them lie. Dryden. 6. Inducing cause or occasion, especially of anything disagreeable or distressing; difficulty; trouble. And this is the matter why interpreters upon that passage in Hosea will not consent it to be a true story, that the prophet took a harlot to wife. Milton. 7. Amount; quantity; portion; space; -- often indefinite. Away he goes, . . . a matter of seven miles. L' Estrange. I have thoughts to tarry a small matter. Congreve. No small matter of British forces were commanded over sea the year before. Mi lton. 8. Substance excreted from living animal bodies; that which is thrown out or discharged in a tumor, boil, or abscess; pus; purulent substance. 9. (Metaph.) Defn: That which is permanent, or is supposed to be given, and in or upon which changes are effected by psychological or physical processes and relations; -- opposed to form. Mansel. 10. (Print.) Defn: Written manuscript, or anything to be set in type; copy; also, type set up and ready to be used, or which has been used, in printing. Dead matter (Print.), type which has been used, or which is not to be used, in printing, and is ready for distribution. -- Live matter (Print.), type set up, but not yet printed from. -- Matter in bar, Matter of fact. See under Bar, and Fact. -- Matter of record, anything recorded. -- Upon the matter, or Upon the whole matter, considering the whole; taking all things into view. Waller, with Sir William Balfour, exceeded in horse, but were, upon the whole matter, equal in foot. Clarendon. MATTER Mat"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mattered; p. pr. & vb. n. Mattering.] 1. To be of importance; to import; to signify. It matters not how they were called. Locke. 2. To form pus or matter, as an abscess; to maturate. [R.] "Each slight sore mattereth." Sir P. Sidney. MATTER Mat"ter, v. t. Defn: To regard as important; to take account of; to care for. [Obs.] He did not matter cold nor hunger. H. Brooke. MATTERLESS Mat"ter*less, a. 1. Not being, or having, matter; as, matterless spirits. Davies (Wit's Pilgr. ). 2. Unimportant; immaterial. [Obs.] MATTER-OF-FACT Mat"ter-of-fact", a. Defn: Adhering to facts; not turning aside from absolute realities; not fanciful or imaginative; commonplace; dry. MATTERY Mat"ter*y, a. 1. Generating or containing pus; purulent. 2. Full of substance or matter; important. B. Jonson. MATTING Mat"ting, n. Etym: [From Mat, v. t. & i.] 1. The act of interweaving or tangling together so as to make a mat; the process of becoming matted. 2. Mats, in general, or collectively; mat work; a matlike fabric, for use in covering floors, packing articles, and the like; a kind of carpeting made of straw, etc. 3. Materials for mats. 4. An ornamental border. See 3d Mat, 4. MATTING Mat"ting, n. Etym: [See Matte.] Defn: A dull, lusterless surface in certain of the arts, as gilding, metal work, glassmaking, etc. MATTOCK Mat"tock, n. Etym: [AS. mattuc; cf. W. matog.] Defn: An implement for digging and grubbing. The head has two long steel blades, one like an adz and the other like a narrow ax or the point of a pickax. 'T is you must dig with mattock and with spade. Shak. MATTOID Mat"toid, n. [It. matto mad (cf. L. mattus, matus, drunk) + -oid.] Defn: A person of congenitally abnormal mind bordering on insanity or degeneracy. MATTOIR Mat*toir", n. [F. matoir.] (Engraving) Defn: A kind of coarse punch with a rasplike face, used for making a rough surface on etching ground, or on the naked copper, the effect after biting being very similar to stippled lines. MATTOWACCA Mat`to*wac"ca, n. Etym: [Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An American clupeoid fish (Clupea mediocris), similar to the shad in habits and appearance, but smaller and less esteemed for food; -- called also hickory shad, tailor shad, fall herring, and shad herring. MATTRESS Mat"tress, n. Etym: [OF. materas, F. matelas, LL. matratium; cf. Sp. & Pg. almadraque, Pr. almatrac; all from Ar. matsrah a place where anything is thrown, what is thrown under something, fr. tsaraha to throw.] 1. A quilted bed; a bed stuffed with hair, moss, or other suitable material, and quilted or otherwise fastened. [Written also matress.] 2. (Hydraulic Engin.) Defn: A mass of interwoven brush, poles, etc., to protect a bank from being worn away by currents or waves. MATURANT Mat"u*rant, n. Etym: [L. maturans, p. pr. See Maturate.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine, or application, which promotes suppuration. MATURATE Mat"u*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Maturated; p. pr. & vb. n. Maturating.] Etym: [L. maturatus, p. p. of maturare to make ripe, fr. maturus ripe, mature. See Mature, v. & a.] 1. To bring to ripeness or maturity; to ripen. A tree may be maturated artificially. Fuller. 2. To promote the perfect suppuration of (an abscess). MATURATE Mat"u*rate, v. i. Defn: To ripen; to become mature; specif MATURATION Mat`u*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. maturatio a hastening: cf. F. maturation.] Defn: The process of bringing, or of coming, to maturity; hence, specifically, the process of suppurating perfectly; the formation of pus or matter. MATURATIVE Mat"u*ra*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. maturatif.] Defn: Conducing to ripeness or maturity; hence, conducing to suppuration. MATURATIVE Mat"u*ra*tive, n. (Med.) Defn: A remedy promoting maturation; a maturant. MATURE Ma*ture", a. [Compar. Maturer; superl. Maturest.] Etym: [L. maturus; prob. akin to E. matin.] 1. Brought by natural process to completeness of growth and development; fitted by growth and development for any function, action, or state, appropriate to its kind; full-grown; ripe. Now is love mature in ear. Tennison. How shall I meet, or how accost, the sage, Unskilled in speech, nor yet mature of age Pope. 2. Completely worked out; fully digested or prepared; ready for action; made ready for destined application or use; perfected; as, a mature plan. This lies glowing, . . . and is almost mature for the violent breaking out. Shak. 3. Of or pertaining to a condition of full development; as, a man of mature years. 4. Come to, or in a state of, completed suppuration. Syn. -- Ripe; perfect; completed; prepared; digested; ready. -- Mature, Ripe. Both words describe fullness of growth. Mature brings to view the progressiveness of the process; ripe indicates the result. We speak of a thing as mature when thinking of the successive stayes through which it has passed; as ripe, when our attention is directed merely to its state. A mature judgment; mature consideration; ripe fruit; a ripe scholar. MATURE Ma*ture", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Matured; p. pr. & vb. n. Maturing.] Etym: [See Maturate, Mature.] Defn: To bring or hasten to maturity; to promote ripeness in; to ripen; to complete; as, to mature one's plans. Bacon. MATURE Ma*ture", v. i. 1. To advance toward maturity; to become ripe; as, wine matures by age; the judgment matures by age and experience. 2. Hence, to become due, as a note. MATURELY Ma*ture"ly, adv. 1. In a mature manner; with ripeness; completely. 2. With caution; deliberately. Dryden. 3. Early; soon. [A Latinism, little used] Bentley. MATURENESS Ma*ture"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being mature; maturity. MATURER Ma*tur"er, n. Defn: One who brings to maturity. MATURESCENT Mat`u*res"cent, a. Etym: [L. maturescens, p. pr. of maturescere to become ripe, v. incho. from maturus. See Mature, a.] Defn: Approaching maturity. MATURING Ma*tur"ing, a. Defn: Approaching maturity; as, maturing fruits; maturing notes of hand. MATURITY Ma*tu"ri*ty, n. Etym: [L. maturitas: cf. F. maturité.] 1. The state or quality of being mature; ripeness; full development; as, the maturity of corn or of grass; maturity of judgment; the maturity of a plan. 2. Arrival of the time fixed for payment; a becoming due; termination of the period a note, etc., has to run. MATUTINAL Mat`u*ti"nal, a. Etym: [L. matutinalis, matutinus: cf. F. matutinal. See Matin.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the morning; early. MATUTINARY Ma*tu"ti*na*ry, a. Defn: Matutinal. [R.] MATUTINE Mat"u*tine, a. Defn: Matutinal. [R.] MATWEED Mat"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name of several maritime grasses, as the sea sand-reed (Ammophila arundinacea) which is used in Holland to bind the sand of the seacoast dikes (see Beach grass, under Beach); also, the Lygeum Spartum, a Mediterranean grass of similar habit. MATY Mat"y, n. Etym: [Etymology uncertain.] Defn: A native house servant in India. Balfour (Cyc. of India). MATZOTH Matz"oth, n. Etym: [Heb. matstsoth, pl. of matstsah unleavened.] Defn: A cake of unleavened bread eaten by the Jews at the feast of the Passover. MAUCACO Mau*ca"co, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A lemur; -- applied to several species, as the White-fronted, the ruffed, and the ring-tailed lemurs. MAUD Maud, n. Defn: A gray plaid; -- used by shepherds in Scotland. MAUDLE Mau"dle, v. t. Defn: To throw onto confusion or disorder; to render maudlin. [Obs.] MAUDLIN Maud"lin, a. Etym: [From Maudlin, a contr. of Magdalen, OE. Maudeleyne, who is drawn by painters with eyes swelled and red with weeping.] 1. Tearful; easily moved to tears; exciting to tears; excessively sentimental; weak and silly. "Maudlin eyes." Dryden. "Maudlin eloquence." Roscommon. "A maudlin poetess." Pope. "Maudlin crowd." Southey. 2. Drunk, or somewhat drunk; fuddled; given to drunkenness. Maudlin Clarence in his malmsey butt. Byron. MAUDLIN; MAUDELINE Maud"lin, Maude"line, n. (Bot.) Defn: An aromatic composite herb, the costmary; also, the South European Achillea Ageratum, a kind of yarrow. MAUDLINISM Maud"lin*ism, n. Defn: A maudlin state. Dickens. MAUDLINWORT Maud"lin*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The oxeye daisy. MAUGER; MAUGRE Mau"ger, Mau"gre, prep. Etym: [OF. maugré, malgré, F. malgré. See Mal-, Malice, and Agree.] Defn: In spite of; in opposition to; notwithstanding. A man must needs love maugre his heed. Chaucer. This mauger all the world will I keep safe. Shak. MAUGRE Mau"gre, v. t. Defn: To defy. [Obs.] J. Webster. MAUKIN Mau"kin, n. 1. See Malkin. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A hare. [Scot.] MAUL Maul, n. Etym: [See Mall a hammer.] Defn: A heavy wooden hammer or beetle. [Written also mall.] MAUL Maul, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mauled; p. pr. & vb. n. Mauling.] 1. To beat and bruise with a heavy stick or cudgel; to wound in a coarse manner. Meek modern faith to murder, hack, and maul. Pope. 2. To injure greatly; to do much harm to. It mauls not only the person misrepreseted, but him also to whom he is misrepresented. South. MAULE Maule, n. (Bot.) Defn: The common mallow. MAULING Maul"ing, n. Defn: A severe beating with a stick, cudgel, or the fist. MAUL-STICK Maul"-stick`, n. Etym: [G. malerstock; maler a painter + stock stick.] Defn: A stick used by painters as a rest for the hand while working. [Written also mahl-stick.] MAUMET Mau"met, n. Defn: See Mawmet. [Obs.] Chaucer. MAUNCH Maunch, v. t. Defn: To munch. [Obs.] MAUNCH Maunch, n. Defn: See Manche. MAUND Maund, n. Etym: [AS. mand, mond.] Defn: A hand basket. [Obs.] Herrick. MAUND Maund, n. Etym: [Hind, & Per. man.] Defn: An East Indian weight, varying in different localities from 25 to about 82 pounds avoirdupois. MAUND; MAUNDER Maund, Maund"er, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. mendier to beg, E. mendicant.] 1. To beg. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Beau. & Fl. 2. To mutter; to mumble; to grumble; to speak indistinctly or disconnectedly; to talk incoherently. He was ever maundering by the how that he met a party of scarlet devils. Sir W. Scott. MAUNDER Maund"er, v. t. Defn: To utter in a grumbling manner; to mutter. MAUNDER Maund"er, n. Defn: A beggar. [Obs.] MAUNDERER Maund"er*er, n. Defn: One who maunders. MAUNDRIL Maun"dril, n. Etym: [Cf. Mandrel.] (Coa Defn: A pick with two prongs, to pry with. MAUNDY COINS; MAUNDY MONEY Maundy coins or money. Defn: Silver coins or money of the nominal value of 1d., 2d., 3d., and 4d., struck annually for the Maundy alms. MAUNDY THURSDAY Maun"dy Thurs"day. Etym: [OE. maunde a command, OF. mandé, L. mandatum, from mandare to command. See called from the ancient custom of washing the feet of the poor on this day, which was taken to be the fulfillment of the "new commandment," John xiii. 5, 34.] (Eccl.) Defn: The Thursday in Passion week, or next before Good Friday. MAUNGY Maun"gy, a. Defn: Mangy. [Obs.] Skelton. MAURESQUE Mau*resque", a. & n. Defn: See Moresque. MAURIST Maur"ist, n. Etym: [From Maurus, the favorite disciple of St. Benedict.] Defn: A member of the Congregation of Saint Maur, an offshoot of the Benedictines, originating in France in the early part of the seventeenth century. The Maurists have been distinguished for their interest in literature. MAUSOLEAN Mau`so*le"an, a. Etym: [L. Mausoleus. See Mausoleum.] Defn: Pertaining to a mausoleum; monumental. MAUSOLEUM Mau`so*le"um, n.; pl. E. Mausoleums, L. -lea. Etym: [L. mausoleum, Gr. Defn: A magnificent tomb, or stately sepulchral monument. MAUTHER Mau"ther, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. mæg a maid.] [Also spelled mawther, mother.] Defn: A girl; esp., a great, awkward girl; a wench. [Prov. Eng.] MAUVANILINE Mauv`an"i*line, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Mauve aniline, under Mauve. MAUVE Mauve, n. Etym: [F., mallow, L. malva. So named from the similarity of the color to that of the petals of common mallow, Malva sylvestris. See Mallow.] Defn: A color of a delicate purple, violet, or lilac. Mauve aniline (Chem.), a dyestuff produced artificially by the oxidation of commercial aniline, and the first discovered of the so-called coal- tar, or aniline, dyes. It consists of the sulphate of mauveïne, and is a dark brown or bronze amorphous powder, which dissolves to a beatiful purple color. Called also aniline purple, violine, etc. MAUVEINE Mauve"ïne, n. (Chem.) Defn: An artificial organic base, obtained by oxidizing a mixture of aniline and toluidine, and valuable for the dyestuffs it forms. [Written also mauvine.] MAUVINE Mauv"ine, a. Defn: Mauve-colored. MAVERICK Mav"er*ick, n. Defn: In the southwestern part of the united States, a bullock or heifer that has not been branded, and is unclaimed or wild; -- said to be from Maverick, the name of a cattle owner in Texas who naglected to brand his cattle. MAVERICK BRAND Maverick brand. Defn: A brand originated by a dishonest cattleman, who, without owning any stock, gradually accumulates a herd by finding mavericks. [Western U. S.] MAVIS Ma"vis (ma"vîs), n. Etym: [F. mauvis, Arm. milvid, milfid, milc'hhouid, Corn. melhuez.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European throstle or song thrush (Turdus musicus). MAVOURNIN; MAVOURNEEN Ma*vour"nin, Ma*vour"neen (ma*voor"nen), n. [Ir. mo mhuirnin my darling; mo my + mhuirnin darling.] Defn: My darling; -- an Irish term of endearment for a girl or woman. "Erin mavournin." Campbell. MAW Maw, n. Etym: [See Mew a gull.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A gull. MAW Maw, n. Etym: [OE. mawe, AS. maga stomach; akin to D. maag, OHG. mago, G. magen, Icel. magi, Sw. mage, Dan. mave. 1. A stomach; the receptacle into which food is taken by swallowing; in birds, the craw; -- now used only of the lower animals, exept humorously or in contempt. Chaucer. Bellies and maws of living creatures. Bacon. 2. Appetite; inclination. [Obs.] Unless you had more maw to do me good. Beau. & Fl. Fish maw. (Zoöl.) See under Fish. MAW Maw, n. Defn: An old game at cards. Sir A. Weldon. MAWK Mawk, n. Etym: [OE. mauk, ma, Icel. ma; akin to Dan. maddik, and E. mad an earthworm. See Mad, n.] 1. A maggot. [Scot.] 2. A slattern; a mawks. [Prov. Eng.] MAWKIN Maw"kin, n. Defn: See Malkin, and Maukin. MAWKINGLY Mawk"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Slatternly. [Obs.] MAWKISH Mawk"ish, a. Etym: [Orig., maggoty. See Mawk.] 1. Apt to cause satiety or loathing; nauseous; disgusting. So sweetly mawkish', and so smoothly dull. Pope. 2. Easily disgusted; squeamish; sentimentally fastidious. J. H. Newman. MAWKISHLY Mawk"ish*ly, adv. Defn: In a mawkish way. MAWKISHNESS Mawk"ish*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being mawkish. J. H. Newman. MAWKS Mawks, n. Defn: A slattern; a mawk. [Prov. Eng.] MAWKY Mawk"y, a. Defn: Maggoty. [Prov. Eng.] MAWMET Maw"met, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. Mahomet.] Defn: A puppet; a doll; originally, an idol, because in the Middle Ages it was generally believed that the Mohammedans worshiped images representing Mohammed. [Obs.] Wyclif. Beau. & Fl. MAWMETRY Maw"met*ry, n. Defn: The religion of Mohammed; also, idolatry. See Mawmet. [Obs.] Chaucer. MAWMISH Maw"mish, a. Etym: [Prov. E. maum soft, mellow, rotten; cf. OD. molm rotten wood, G. mulm.] Defn: Nauseous. [Obs.] L' Estrange. MAWSEED Maw"seed`, n. Etym: [Cf. G. magsamen.] (Bot.) Defn: The seed of the opium poppy. MAWWORM Maw"worm`, n. Etym: [Maw the belly + worm.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any intestinal worm found in the stomach, esp. the common round worm (Ascaris lumbricoides), and allied species. (b) One of the larvæ of botflies of horses; a bot. MAXILLA Max*il"la, n.; pl. Maxillæ. Etym: [L., dim. of mala jaw, jawbone.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The bone of either the upper or the under jaw. (b) The bone, or principal bone, of the upper jaw, the bone of the lower jaw being the mandible. [Now commonly used in this restricted sense.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the lower or outer jaws of arthropods. Note: There are usually two pairs in Crustacea and one pair in insects. In certain insects they are not used as jaws, but may form suctorial organs. See Illust. under Lepidoptera, and Diptera. MAXILLAR; MAXILLARY Max"il*lar, Max"il*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. maxillaris, fr. maxilla jawbone, jaw: cf. F. maxillaire.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to either the upper or the lower jaw, but now usually applied to the upper jaw only. -- n. Defn: The principal maxillary bone; the maxilla. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a maxilla. MAXILLIFORM Max*il"li*form, a. Etym: [Maxilla + -form: cf. F. maxilliforme.] Defn: Having the form, or structure, of a maxilla. MAXILLIPED Max*il"li*ped, n. Etym: [Maxilla + L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the mouth appendages of Crustacea, situated next behind the maxillæ. Crabs have three pairs, but many of the lower Crustacea have but one pair of them. Called also jawfoot, and foot jaw. MAXILLO-MANDIBULAR Max*il`lo-man*dib"u*lar, a. Etym: [Maxilla + mandibular.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the maxilla and mandible; as, the maxillo- mandibular nerve. MAXILLO-PALATINE Max*il`lo-pal"a*tine, a. Etym: [Maxilla + palatine.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the maxillary and palatine regions of the skull; as, the maxillo-palatine process of the maxilla. Also used as n. MAXILLOTURBINAL Max*il`lo*tur`bi*nal, a. Etym: [Maxilla + turbinal.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the maxillary and turbinal regions of the skull. -- n. Defn: The maxillo-turbinal, or inferior turbinate, bone. MAXIM Max"im, n. Etym: [F. maxime, L. maxima (sc. sententia), the greatest sentence, proposition, or axiom, i. e., of the greatest weight or authority, fem. fr. maximus greatest, superl. of magnus great. See Magnitude, and cf. Maximum.] 1. An established principle or proposition; a condensed proposition of important practical truth; an axiom of practical wisdom; an adage; a proverb; an aphorism. 'T is their maxim, Love is love's reward. Dryden. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The longest note formerly used, equal to two longs, or four breves; a large. Syn. -- Axiom; aphorism; apothegm; adage; proverb; saying. See Axiom. MAXIM GUN Max"im gun`. Defn: A kind of machine gun; -- named after its inventor, Hiram S. Maxim. MAXIMILIAN Max`i*mil"ian, n. Etym: [From the proper name.] Defn: A gold coin of Bavaria, of the value of about 13s. 6d. sterling, or about three dollars and a quarter. MAXIMIZATION Max`i*mi*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of increasing to the highest degree. Bentham. MAXIMIZE Max"i*mize, v. t. Etym: [L. maximus greatest.] Defn: To increase to the highest degree. Bentham. MAXIMUM Max"i*mum, n.; pl. Maxima. Etym: [L., neut. from maximus the greatest. See Maxim.] Defn: The greatest quantity or value attainable in a given case; or, the greatest value attained by a quantity which first increases and then begins to decrease; the highest point or degree; -- opposed to Ant: minimum. Good legislation is the art of conducting a nation to the maximum of happiness, and the minimum of misery. P. Colquhoun. Maximum thermometer, a thermometer that registers the highest degree of temperature attained in a given time, or since its last adjustment. MAXIMUM Max"i*mum, a. Defn: Greatest in quantity or highest in degree attainable or attained; as, a maximum consumption of fuel; maximum pressure; maximum heat. MAY May, v. [imp. Might] Etym: [AS. pres. mæg I am able, pret. meahte, mihte; akin to D. mogen, G. mögen, OHG. mugan, magan, Icel. mega, Goth. magan, Russ. moche. Dismay, Main strength, Might. The old imp. mought is obsolete, except as a provincial word.] Defn: An auxiliary verb qualifyng the meaning of another verb, by expressing: (a) Ability, competency, or possibility; -- now oftener expressed by can. How may a man, said he, with idle speech, Be won to spoil the castle of his health ! Spenser. For what he [the king] may do is of two kinds; what he may do as just, and what he may do as possible. Bacon. For of all sad words of tongue or pen The saddest are these: "It might have been." Whittier. (b) Liberty; permission; allowance. Thou mayst be no longer steward. Luke xvi. 2. (c) Contingency or liability; possibility or probability. Though what he learns he speaks, and may advance Some general maxims, or be right by chance. Pope. (d) Modesty, courtesy, or concession, or a desire to soften a question or remark. How old may Phillis be, you ask. Prior. (e) Desire or wish, as in prayer, imprecation, benediction, and the like. "May you live happily." Dryden. May be, and It may be, are used as equivalent to possibly, perhaps, by chance, peradventure. See 1st Maybe. MAY May, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. mær, Goth. mawi; akin to E. maiden. Defn: A maiden. [Obs.] Chaucer. MAY May, n. Etym: [F. Mai, L. Maius; so named in honor of the goddess Maia (Gr. 1. The fifth month of the year, containing thirty-one days. Chaucer. 2. The early part or springtime of life. His May of youth, and bloom of lustihood. Shak. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The flowers of the hawthorn; -- so called from their time of blossoming; also, the hawthorn. The palm and may make country houses gay. Nash. Plumes that micked the may. Tennyson. 4. The merrymaking of May Day. Tennyson. Italian may (Bot.), a shrubby species of Spiræa (S. hypericifolia) with many clusters of small white flowers along the slender branches. -- May apple (Bot.), the fruit of an American plant (Podophyllum peltatum). Also, the plant itself (popularly called mandrake), which has two lobed leaves, and bears a single egg-shaped fruit at the forking. The root and leaves, used in medicine, are powerfully drastic. -- May beetle, May bug (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of large lamellicorn beetles that appear in the winged state in May. They belong to Melolontha, and allied genera. Called also June beetle. -- May Day, the first day of May; -- celebrated in the rustic parts of England by the crowning of a May queen with a garland, and by dancing about a May pole. -- May dew, the morning dew of the first day of May, to which magical properties were attributed. -- May flower (Bot.), a plant that flowers in May; also, its blossom. See Mayflower, in the vocabulary. -- May fly (Zoöl.), any species of Ephemera, and allied genera; -- so called because the mature flies of many species appear in May. See Ephemeral fly, under Ephemeral. -- May game, any May-day sport. -- May lady, the queen or lady of May, in old May games. -- May lily (Bot.), the lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis). -- May pole. See Maypole in the Vocabulary. -- May queen, a girl or young woman crowned queen in the sports of May Day. -- May thorn, the hawthorn. MAYA Ma"ya, n. (Hindoo Philos.) Defn: The name for the doctrine of the unreality of matter, called, in English, idealism; hence, nothingness; vanity; illusion. MAYAN Ma"yan, a. 1. Designating, or pertaining to, an American Indian linguistic stock occupying the Mexican States of Veracruz, Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, and Yucatan, together with a part of Guatemala and a part of Salvador. The Mayan peoples are dark, short, and brachycephallic, and at the time of the discovery had attained a higher grade of culture than any other American people. They cultivated a variety of crops, were expert in the manufacture and dyeing of cotton fabrics, used cacao as a medium of exchange, and were workers of gold, silver, and copper. Their architecture comprised elaborately carved temples and places, and they possessed a superior calendar, and a developed system of hieroglyphic writing, with records said to go back to about 700 a. d. 2. Of or pertaining to the Mayas. MAYAN ARCH; MAYA ARCH Mayan arch, or Maya arch . Defn: A form of corbel arch employing regular small corbels. MAYBE May"be, adv. Etym: [For it may be.] Defn: Perhaps; possibly; peradventure. Maybe the amorous count solicits her. Shak. In a liberal and, maybe, somewhat reckless way. Tylor. MAYBE May"be, a. Defn: Possible; probable, but not sure. [R.] Then add those maybe years thou hast to live. Driden. MAYBE May"be, n. Defn: Possibility; uncertainty. [R.] What they offer is mere maybe and shift. Creech. MAYBIRD May"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The whimbrel; -- called also May fowl, May curlew, and May whaap. (b) The knot. [Southern U. S.] (c) The bobolink. MAYBLOOM May"bloom`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The hawthorn. MAYBUSH May"bush`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The hawthorn. MAYDUKE May"duke`, n. Etym: [Corrupt. of Médoc, a province in France, where it is supposed to have originated.] Defn: A large dark-red cherry of excellent quality. MAYFISH May"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A common American minnow (Fundulus majalis). See Minnow. MAYFLOWER May"flow`er, n. (Bot.) Defn: In England, the hawthorn; in New England, the trailing arbutus (see Arbutus); also, the blossom of these plants. MAYHAP May"hap, adv. Defn: Perhaps; peradventure. [Prov. or Dialectic] MAYHEM May"hem, n. Etym: [The same as maim. See Maim.] (Law) Defn: The maiming of a person by depriving him of the use of any of his members which are necessary for defense or protection. See Maim. MAYING May"ing, n. Defn: The celebrating of May Day. "He met her once a-Maying." Milton. MAY LAWS May laws. 1. See Kulturkampf, above. 2. In Russia, severe oppressive laws against Jews, which have given occasion for great persecution; -- so called because they received the assent of the czar in May, 1882, and because likened to the Prussian May laws (see Kulturkampf). MAYONNAISE Ma`yon`naise", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A sauce compounded of raw yolks of eggs beaten up with olive oil to the consistency of a sirup, and seasoned with vinegar, pepper, salt, etc.; -- used in dressing salads, fish, etc. Also, a dish dressed with this sauce. MAYOR May"or, n. Etym: [OE. maire, F. maire, fr. L. major greater, higher, nobler, compar. of magnus great; cf. Sp. mayor. See Major, and cf. Merino.] Defn: The chief magistrate of a city or borough; the chief officer of a municipal corporation. In some American cities there is a city court of which the major is chief judge. MAYORAL May"or*al, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. mayor greater, L. major.] Defn: The conductir of a mule team; also, a head shepherd. MAYORALTY May"or*al*ty, n. Defn: The office, or the term of office, of a mayor. MAYORESS May"or*ess, n. Defn: The wife of a mayor. MAYORSHIP May"or*ship, n. Defn: The office of a mayor. MAYPOLE May"pole`, n. Defn: A tall pole erected in an open place and wreathed with flowers, about which the rustic May-day sports were had. MAYPOP May"pop, n. Etym: [Perh. corrupt. fr. maracock.] (Bot.) Defn: The edible fruit of a passion flower, especially that of the North American Passiflora incarnata, an oval yellowish berry as large as a small apple. MAYWEED May"weed`, n. (Bot.) (a) A composite plant (Anthemis Cotula), having a strong odor; dog's fennel. It is a native of Europe, now common by the roadsides in the United States. (b) The feverfew. MAZAMA; MAZAME Ma*za"ma, Ma*za"me, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A goatlike antelope (Haplocerus montanus) which inhabits the Rocky Mountains, frequenting the highest parts; -- called also mountain goat. MAZARD Maz"ard, n. Etym: [Cf. F. merise a wild cherry.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of small black cherry. MAZARD Maz"ard, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. mazer, the head being compared to a large goblet.] Defn: The jaw; the head or skull. [Obs.] Shak. MAZARD Maz"ard, v. t., Defn: To knock on the head. [Obs.] MAZARINE Maz`a*rine", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Cardinal Mazarin, prime minister of France, 1643-1661. Mazarine Bible, the first Bible, and perhaps the first complete book, printed with movable metal types; -- printed by Gutenberg at Mentz, 1450-55; -- so called because a copy was found in the Mazarine Library, at Paris, about 1760. -- Mazarine blue, a deep blue color, named in honor of Cardinal Mazarin. MAZARINE Maz`a*rine", n. Defn: Mazarine blue. MAZDEAN Maz"de*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Ahura-Mazda, or Ormuzd, the beneficent deity in the Zoroastrian dualistic system; hence, Zoroastrian. MAZDEISM Maz"de*ism, n. Defn: The Zoroastrian religion. MAZE Maze, n. Etym: [OE. mase; cf. OE. masen to confuse, puzzle, Norweg. masast to fall into a slumber, masa to be continually busy, prate, chatter, Icel. masa to chatter, dial. Sw. masa to bask, be slow, work slowly and lazily, mas slow, lazy.] 1. A wild fancy; a confused notion. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Confusion of thought; perplexity; uncertainty; state of bewilderment. 3. A confusing and baffling network, as of paths or passages; an intricacy; a labyrinth. "Quaint mazes on the wanton green." Shak. Or down the tempting maze of Shawford brook. Wordaworth. The ways of Heaven are dark and intricate, Puzzled with mazes, and perplexed with error. Addison. Syn. -- Labyrinth; intricacy. See Labyrinth. MAZE Maze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mazed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mazing.] Defn: To perplex greatly; to bewilder; to astonish and confuse; to amaze. South. MAZE Maze, v. i. Defn: To be bewildered. [Obs.] Chaucer. MAZEDNESS Maz"ed*ness, n. Defn: The condition of being mazed; confusion; astonishment. [Obs.] Chaucer. MAZEFUL Maze"ful, a. Defn: Mazy. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. MAZER Maz"er, n. Etym: [OE. maser, akin to OD. maser an excrescence on a maple tree, OHG. masar, G. maser spot, Icel. mösurr maple.] Defn: A large drinking bowl; -- originally made of maple. [Obs.] Their brimful mazers to the feasting bring. Drayton. MAZILY Ma"zi*ly, adv. Defn: In a mazy manner. MAZINESS Ma"zi*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being mazy. MAZOLOGICAL Maz`o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to mazology. MAZOLOGIST Ma*zol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in mazology or mastology. MAZOLOGY Ma*zol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: Same as Mastology. MAZOURKA; MAZURKA Ma*zour"ka, Ma*zur"ka, n. Defn: A Polish dance, or the music which accompanies it, usually in 3-4 or 3-8 measure, with a strong accent on the second beat. MAZY Ma"zy, a. Etym: [From Maze.] Defn: Perplexed with turns and windings; winding; intricate; confusing; perplexing; embarrassing; as, mazy error. Milton. To range amid the mazy thicket. Spenser. To run the ring, and trace the mazy round. Dryden. ME Me, pron. Defn: One. See Men, pron. [Obs.] Chaucer. ME Me, pers. pron. Etym: [AS. m, dat. & acc., mec, acc. only ; akin to D. mij, G. mich, Icel. & Goth. mik, L. me, Gr. ma, mam. Mine.] Defn: The person speaking, regarded as an object; myself; a pronoun of the first person used as the objective and dative case of the pronoum I; as, he struck me; he gave me the money, or he gave the money to me; he got me a hat, or he got a hat for me. Note: In methinks, me is properly in the dative case, and the verb is impersonal, the construction being, it appears to me. In early use me was often placed before forms of the verb to be with an adjective; as, me were lief. Me rather had my heart might frrl your love Than my unpleased eye see your courtesy. Shak. MEACH Meach, v. i. Defn: To skulk; to cower. See Mich. MEACOCK Mea"cock, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. meek + cock.] Defn: An uxorious, effeminate, or spiritless man. [Obs.] Johnson. MEAD Mead, n. Etym: [OE. mede, AS. meodo; akin to D. mede, G. met, meth, OHG. metu, mitu, Icel. mjö, Dan. miöd, Sw. mjöd, Russ. med', Lith. midus, W. medd, Gr. madhu honey, a sweet drink, as adj., sweet. Metheglin.] 1. A fermented drink made of water and honey with malt, yeast, etc.; metheglin; hydromel. Chaucer. 2. A drink composed of sirup of sarsaparilla or other flavoring extract, and water. It is sometimes charged with carbonic acid gas. [U. S.] MEAD Mead, n. Etym: [AS. m. See Meadow.] Defn: A meadow. A mede All full of freshe flowers, white and reede. Chaucer. To fertile vales and dewy meads My weary, wandering steps he leads. Addison. MEADOW Mead"ow, n. Etym: [AS. meady; akin to m, and to G. matte; prob. also to E. mow. See Mow to cut (grass), and cf. 2d Mead.] 1. A tract of low or level land producing grass which is mown for hay; any field on which grass is grown for hay. 2. Low land covered with coarse grass or rank herbage near rives and in marshy places by the sea; as, the salt meadows near Newark Bay. MEADOW Mead"ow, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a meadow; of the nature of a meadow; produced, growing, or living in, a meadow. "Fat meadow ground." Milton. Note: For many names of plants compounded with meadow, see the particular word in the Vocabulary. Meadow beauty. (Bot.) Same as Deergrass. -- Meadow foxtail (Bot.), a valuable pasture grass (Alopecurus pratensis) resembling timothy, but with softer spikes. -- Meadow grass (Bot.), a name given to several grasses of the genus Poa, common in meadows, and of great value for nay and for pasture. See Grass. -- Meadow hay, a coarse grass, or true sedge, growing in uncultivated swamp or river meadow; -- used as fodder or bedding for cattle, packing for ice, etc. [Local, U. S.] -- Meadow hen. (Zoöl.) (a) The American bittern. See Stake-driver. (b) The American coot (Fulica). (c) The clapper rail. -- Meadow lark (Zoöl.), any species of Sturnella, a genus of American birds allied to the starlings. The common species (S. magna) has a yellow breast with a black crescent. -- Meadow mouse (Zoöl.), any mouse of the genus Arvicola, as the common American species A. riparia; -- called also field mouse, and field vole. -- Meadow mussel (Zoöl.), an American ribbed mussel (Modiola plicatula), very abundant in salt marshes. -- Meadow ore (Min.), bog-iron ore , a kind of limonite. -- Meadow parsnip. (Bot.) See under Parsnip. -- Meadow pink. (Bot.) See under Pink. -- Meadow pipit (Zoöl.), a small singing bird of the genus Anthus, as A. pratensis, of Europe. -- Meadow rue (Bot.), a delicate early plant, of the genus Thalictrum, having compound leaves and numerous white flowers. There are many species. -- Meadow saffron. (Bot.) See under Saffron. -- Meadow sage. (Bot.) See under Sage. -- Meadow saxifrage (Bot.), an umbelliferous plant of Europe (Silaus pratensis), somewhat resembling fennel. -- Meadow snipe (Zoöl.), the common or jack snipe. MEADOWSWEET; MEADOWWORT Mead"ow*sweet`, Mead"ow*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The name of several plants of the genus Spiræa, especially the white- or pink-flowered S. salicifolia, a low European and American shrub, and the herbaceous S. Ulmaria, which has fragrant white flowers in compound cymes. MEADOWY Mead"ow*y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to meadows; resembling, or consisting of, meadow. MEAGER; MEAGRE Mea"ger, Mea"gre, a. Etym: [OE. merge, F. maigre, L. macer; akin to D. & G. mager, Icel. magr, and prob. to Gr. Emaciate, Maigre.] 1. Destitue of, or having little, flesh; lean. Meager were his looks; Sharp misery had worn him to the bones. Shak. 2. Destitute of richness, fertility, strength, or the like; defective in quantity, or poor in quality; poor; barren; scanty in ideas; wanting strength of diction or affluence of imagery. "Meager soil." Dryden. Of secular habits and meager religious belief. I. Taylor. His education had been but meager. Motley. 3. (Min.) Defn: Dry and harsh to the touch, as chalk. Syn. -- Thin; lean; lank; gaunt; starved; hungry; poor; emaciated; scanty; barren. MEAGER; MEAGRE Mea"ger, Mea"gre, v. t. Defn: To make lean. [Obs.] MEAGERLY; MEAGRELY Mea"ger*ly, Mea"gre*ly, adv. Defn: Poorly; thinly. MEAGERNESS; MEAGRENESS Mea"ger*ness, Mea"gre*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being meager; leanness; scantiness; barrenness. MEAGRE Mea"gre, n. Etym: [F. maigre.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large European sciænoid fish (Sciæna umbra or S. aquila), having white bloodless flesh. It is valued as a food fish. [Written also maigre.] MEAK Meak, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. m sword, OS. maki, Icel. mækir.] Defn: A hook with a long handle. [Obs.] Tusser. MEAKING Meak"ing, n. Etym: [See Meak.] (Naut.) Defn: The process of picking out the oakum from the seams of a vessel which is to be recalked. Meaking iron (Naut.), the tool with which old oakum is picked out of a vessel's seams. MEAL Meal, n. Etym: [OE. mele, AS. m part, portion, portion of time; akin to E. meal a repast. Cf. Piecemeal.] Defn: A part; a fragment; a portion. [Obs.] MEAL Meal, n. Etym: [OE. mel; akin to E. meal a part, and to D. maal time, meal, G. mal time, mahl meal, Icel. mal measure, time, meal, Goth. m time, and to E. measure. See Measure.] Defn: The portion of food taken at a particular time for the satisfaction of appetite; the quantity usually taken at one time with the purpose of satisfying hunger; a repast; the acas, the traveler has not eaten a good meal for a week; there was silence during the meal. What strange fish Hath made his meal on thee Shak. MEAL Meal, n. Etym: [OE. mele, AS. melu, melo; akin to D. meel, G. mehl, OHG. melo, Icel. mjöl, SW. mjöl, Dan. meel, also to D. malen to grind, G. mahlen, OHG., OS., & Goth. malan, Icel. mala, W. malu, L. molere, Gr. mill. Mill, Mold soil, Mole an animal, Immolate, Molar.] 1. Grain (esp. maize, rye, or oats) that is coarsely ground and unbolted; also, a kind of flour made from beans, pease, etc.; sometimes, any flour, esp. if coarse. 2. Any substance that is coarsely pulverized like meal, but not granulated. Meal beetle (Zoöl.), the adult of the meal worm. See Meal worm, below. -- Meal moth (Zoöl.), a lepidopterous insect (Asopia farinalis), the larvæ of which feed upon meal, flour, etc. -- Meal worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a beetle (Tenebrio molitor) which infests granaries, bakehouses, etc., and is very injurious to flour and meal. MEAL Meal, v. t. 1. To sprinkle with, or as with, meal. Shak. 2. To pulverize; as, mealed powder. MEALIES Meal"ies, n. pl. Etym: [From Mealy.] (Bot.) Defn: Maize or Indian corn; -- the common name in South Africa. MEALINESS Meal"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being mealy. MEAL-MOUTHED Meal"-mouthed`, a. Defn: See Mealy-mouthed. MEALTIME Meal"time`, n. Defn: The usual time of eating a meal. MEALY Meal"y, a. [Compar. Mealier; superl. Mealiest.] 1. Having the qualities of meal; resembling meal; soft, dry, and friable; easily reduced to a condition resembling meal; as, a mealy potato. 2. Overspread with something that resembles meal; as, the mealy wings of an insect. Shak. Mealy bug (Zoöl.), a scale insect (Coccus adonidum, and related species), covered with a white powderlike substance. It is a common pest in hothouses. MEALY-MOUTHED Meal"y-mouthed`, a. Defn: Using soft words; plausible; affectedly or timidly delicate of speech; unwilling to tell the truth in plain language. "Mealy-mouthed philanthropies." Tennyson. She was a fool to be mealy-mouthed where nature speaks so plain. L'Estrange. -- Meal"y-mouth`ness, n. MEAN Mean, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Meant; p. pr. & vb. n. Meaning.] Etym: [OE. menen, AS. mænan to recite, tell, intend, wish; akin to OS. menian to have in mind, mean, D. meenen, G. meinen, OHG. meinan, Icel. meina, Sw. mena, Dan. mene, and to E. mind. Mind, and cf. Moan.] 1. To have in the mind, as a purpose, intention, etc.; to intend; to purpose; to design; as, what do you mean to do What mean ye by this service Ex. xii. 26. Ye thought evil against me; but God meant it unto good. Gen. 1. 20. I am not a Spaniard To say that it is yours and not to mean it. Longfellow. 2. To signify; to indicate; to import; to denote. What mean these seven ewe lambs Gen. xxi. 29. Go ye, and learn what that me. Matt. ix. 13. MEAN Mean, v. i. Defn: To have a purpose or intention. [Rare, except in the phrase to mean well, or ill.] Shak. MEAN Mean, a. [Compar. Meaner; superl. Meanest.] Etym: [OE. mene, AS. m wicked; akin to man, a., wicked, n., wickedness, OS. m wickedness, OHG. mein, G. meineid perjury, Icel. mein harm, hurt, and perh. to AS. gem common, general, D. gemeen, G. gemein, Goth. gamáins, and L. communis. The AS. gem prob. influenced the meaning.] 1. Destitute of distinction or eminence; common; low; vulgar; humble. "Of mean parentage." Sir P. Sidney. The mean man boweth down, and the great man humbleth himself. Is. ii. 9. 2. Wanting dignity of mind; low-minded; base; destitute of honor; spiritless; as, a mean motive. Can you imagine I so mean could prove, To save my life by changing of my love Dryden. 3. Of little value or account; worthy of little or no regard; contemptible; despicable. The Roman legions and great Cæsar found Our fathers no mean foes. J. Philips. 4. Of poor quality; as, mean fare. 5. Penurious; stingy; close-fisted; illiberal; as, mean hospitality. Note: Mean is sometimes used in the formation of compounds, the sense of which is obvious without explanation; as, meanborn, mean-looking, etc. Syn. -- Base; ignoble; abject; beggarly; wretched; degraded; degenerate; vulgar; vile; servile; menial; spiritless; groveling; slavish; dishonorable; disgraceful; shameful; despicable; contemptible; paltry; sordid. See Base. MEAN Mean, a. Etym: [OE. mene, OF. meiien, F. moyen, fr. L. medianus that is in the middle, fr. medius; akin to E. mid. See Mid.] 1. Occupying a middle position; middle; being about midway between extremes. Being of middle age and a mean stature. Sir. P. Sidney. 2. Intermediate in excellence of any kind. According to the fittest style of lofty, mean, or lowly. Milton. 3. (Math.) Defn: Average; having an intermediate value between two extremes, or between the several successive values of a variable quantity during one cycle of variation; as, mean distance; mean motion; mean solar day. Mean distance (of a planet from the sun) (Astron.), the average of the distances throughout one revolution of the planet, equivalent to the semi-major axis of the orbit. -- Mean error (Math. Phys.), the average error of a number of observations found by taking the mean value of the positive and negative errors without regard to sign. -- Mean-square error, or Error of the mean square (Math. Phys.), the error the square of which is the mean of the squares of all the errors; -- called also, especially by European writers, mean error. -- Mean line. (Crystallog.) Same as Bisectrix. -- Mean noon, noon as determined by mean time. -- Mean proportional (between two numbers) (Math.), the square root of their product. -- Mean sun, a fictitious sun supposed to move uniformly in the equator so as to be on the meridian each day at mean noon. -- Mean time, time as measured by an equable motion, as of a perfect clock, or as reckoned on the supposition that all the days of the year are of a mean or uniform length, in contradistinction from apparent time, or that actually indicated by the sun, and from sidereal time, or that measured by the stars. MEAN Mean, n. 1. That which is mean, or intermediate, between two extremes of place, time, or number; the middle point or place; middle rate or degree; mediocrity; medium; absence of extremes or excess; moderation; measure. But to speak in a mean, the virtue of prosperity is temperance; the virtue of adversity is fortitude. Bacon. There is a mean in all things. Dryden. The extremes we have mentioned, between which the wellinstracted Christian holds the mean, are correlatives. I. Taylor. 2. (Math.) Defn: A quantity having an intermediate value between several others, from which it is derived, and of which it expresses the resultant value; usually, unless otherwise specified, it is the simple average, formed by adding the quantities together and dividing by their number, which is called an arithmetical mean. A geometrical mean is the square root of the product of the quantities. 3. That through which, or by the help of which, an end is attained; something tending to an object desired; intermediate agency or measure; necessary condition or coagent; instrument. Their virtuous conversation was a mean to work the conversion of the heathen to Christ. Hooker. You may be able, by this mean, to review your own scientific acquirements. Coleridge. Philosophical doubt is not an end, but a mean. Sir W. Hamilton. Note: In this sense the word is usually employed in the plural form means, and often with a singular attribute or predicate, as if a singular noun. By this means he had them more at vantage. Bacon. What other means is left unto us. Shak. 4. pl. Defn: Hence: Resources; property, revenue, or the like, considered as the condition of easy livelihood, or an instrumentality at command for effecting any purpose; disposable force or substance. Your means are very slender, and your waste is great. Shak. 5. (Mus.) Defn: A part, whether alto or tenor, intermediate between the soprano and base; a middle part. [Obs.] The mean is drowned with your unruly base. Shak. 6. Meantime; meanwhile. [Obs.] Spenser. 7. A mediator; a go-between. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. He wooeth her by means and by brokage. Chaucer. By all means, certainly; without fail; as, go, by all means. -- By any means, in any way; possibly; at all. If by any means I might attain to the resurrection of the dead. Phil. iii. ll. -- By no means, or By no manner of means, not at all; certainly not; not in any degree. The wine on this side of the lake is by no means so good as that on the other. Addison. MEANDER Me*an"der, n. Etym: [L. Maeander, orig., a river in Phrygia, proverbial for its many windings, Gr. méandre.] 1. A winding, crooked, or involved course; as, the meanders of the veins and arteries. Sir M. Hale. While lingering rivers in meanders glide. Sir R. Blackmore. 2. A tortuous or intricate movement. 3. (Arch.) Defn: Fretwork. See Fret. MEANDER Me*an"der, v. t. Defn: To wind, turn, or twist; to make flexuous. Dryton. MEANDER Me*an"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Meandered; p. pr. & vb. n. Meandering.] Defn: To wind or turn in a course or passage; to be intricate. Five miles meandering with a mazy motion Through wood and dale the sacred river ran. Coleridge. MEANDRIAN Me*an"dri*an, a. Etym: [L. Maeandrius: cf. F. méandrien.] Defn: Winding; having many turns. MEANDRINA Me`an*dri"na, n. Etym: [NL.: cf. F. méandrine.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of corals with meandering grooves and ridges, including the brain corals. MEANDROUS; MEANDRY Me*an"drous, Me*an"dry, a. Defn: Winding; flexuous. MEANING Mean"ing, n. 1. That which is meant or intended; intent; purpose; aim; object; as, a mischievous meaning was apparent. If there be any good meaning towards you. Shak. 2. That which is signified, whether by act lanquage; signification; sence; import; as, the meaning of a hint. 3. Sense; power of thinking. [R.] -- Mean"ing*less, a. -- Mean"ing*ly, adv. MEANLY Mean"ly, adv. Etym: [Mean middle.] Defn: Moderately. [Obs.] A man meanly learned himself, but not meanly affectioned to set forward learning in others. Ascham. MEANLY Mean"ly, adv. Etym: [From Mean low.] Defn: In a mean manner; unworthily; basely; poorly; ungenerously. While the heaven-born child All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies. Milton. Would you meanly thus rely On power you know I must obey Prior. We can not bear to have others think meanly of them [our kindred]. I. Watts. MEANNESS Mean"ness, n. 1. The condition, or quality, of being mean; want of excellence; poorness; lowness; baseness; sordidness; stinginess. This figure is of a later date, by the meanness of the workmanship. Addison. 2. A mean act; as, to be guilty of meanness. Goldsmith. MEAN-SPIRITED Mean"-spir`it*ed, a. Defn: Of a mean spirit; base; groveling. -- Mean"-spir`it*ed*ness, n. MEANT Meant, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Mean. MEANTIME; MEANWHILE Mean"time`, Mean"while`, n. Defn: The intervening time; as, in the meantime (or mean time). MEANTIME; MEANWHILE Mean"time`, Mean"while`, adv. Defn: In the intervening time; during the interval. MEAR Mear, n. Defn: A boundary. See Mere. [Obs.] MEASE Mease, n. Etym: [Cf. G. mass measure.] Defn: Five hundred; as, a mease of herrings. [Prov. Eng.] MEASELRY Mea"sel*ry, n. Etym: [OE. meselrie, OF. mesellerie. See lst Measle.] Defn: Leprosy. [Obs.] R. of Brunne. MEASLE Mea"sle, n. Etym: [OE. mesel, OF. mesel, LL. misellus, L. misellus unfortunate, dim. of miser. See Miser.] Defn: A leper. [Obs.] [Written also meazel, and mesel.] Wyclif (Matt. x. 8. ). MEASLE Mea"sle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tapeworm larva. See 2d Measles, 4. MEASLED Mea"sled, a. Etym: [See 2d Measles.] Defn: Infected or spotted with measles, as pork. -- Mea"sled*ness, n. MEASLES Mea"sles, n. Etym: [From lst Measle.] Defn: Leprosy; also, a leper. [Obs.] MEASLES Mea"sles, n.; pl. in form, but used as singular in senses 1, 2, & 3. Etym: [D. mazelen; akin to G. masern, pl., and E. mazer, and orig. meaning, little spots. See Mazer.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A contagious febrile disorder commencing with catarrhal symptoms, and marked by the appearance on the third day of an eruption of distinct red circular spots, which coalesce in a crescentic form, are slightly raised above the surface, and after the fourth day of the eruption gradually decline; rubeola. Measles commences with the ordinary symptoms of fever. Am. Cyc. 2. (Veter. Med.) Defn: A disease of cattle and swine in which the flesh is filled with the embryos of different varieties of the tapeworm. 3. A disease of trees. [Obs.] 4. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larvæ of any tapeworm (Tænia) in the cysticerus stage, when contained in meat. Called also bladder worms. MEASLY Mea"sly, a. 1. Infected with measles. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Containing larval tapeworms; -- said of pork and beef. MEASURABLE Meas"ur*a*ble, a. Etym: [F. mesurable, L. mensurabilis. See Measure, and cf. Mensurable.] 1. Capable of being measured; susceptible of mensuration or computation. 2. Moderate; temperate; not excessive. Of his diet measurable was he. Chaucer. -- Meas"ur*a*ble*ness, n. -- Meas"ur*a*bly, adv. Yet do it measurably, as it becometh Christians. Latimer. MEASURE Meas"ure, n. Etym: [OE. mesure, F. mesure, L. mensura, fr. metiri, mensus, to measure; akin to metrum poetical measure, Gr. meter. Cf. Immense, Mensuration, Mete to measure.] 1. A standard of dimension; a fixed unit of quantity or extent; an extent or quantity in the fractions or multiples of which anything is estimated and stated; hence, a rule by which anything is adjusted or judged. 2. An instrument by means of which size or quantity is measured, as a graduated line, rod, vessel, or the like. False ells and measures be brought all clean adown. R. of Gloucester. 3. The dimensions or capacity of anything, reckoned according to some standard; size or extent, determined and stated; estimated extent; as, to take one's measure for a coat. The measure thereof is longer than the earth, and broader than the sea. Job xi. 9. 4. The contents of a vessel by which quantity is measured; a quantity determined by a standard; a stated or limited quantity or amount. It is like leaven which a woman took and hid in three measures of meal. Luke xiii. 21. 5. Extent or degree not excessive or beyong bounds; moderation; due restraint; esp. in the phrases, in measure; with measure; without or beyond measure. Hell hath enlarged herself, and opened her mouth without measure. Is. v. 14. 6. Determined extent, not to be exceeded; limit; allotted share, as of action, influence, ability, or the like; due proportion. Lord, make me to know mine end, and the measure of my days. Ps. xxxix. 4. 7. The quantity determined by measuring, especially in buying and selling; as, to give good or full measure. 8. Undefined quantity; extent; degree. There is a great measure of discretion to be used in the performance of confession. Jer. Taylor. 9. Regulated division of movement: (a) (Dancing) A regulated movement corresponding to the time in which the accompanying music is performed; but, especially, a slow and stately dane, like the minuet. (b) (Mus.) (1) The group or grouping of beats, caused by the regular recurrence of accented beats. (2) Defn: The space between two bars. See Beat, Triple, Quadruple, Sextuple, Compound time, under Compound, a., and Figure. (c) (Poetry) The manner of ordering and combining the quantities, or long and short syllables; meter; rhythm; hence, a foot; as, a poem in iambic measure. 10. (Arith.) Defn: A number which is contained in a given number a number of times without a remainder; as in the phrases, the common measure, the greatest common measure, etc., of two or more numbers. 11. A step or definite part of a progressive course or policy; a means to an end; an act designed for the accomplishment of an object; as, political measures; prudent measures; an inefficient measure. His majesty found what wrong measures he had taken in the conferring that trust, and lamented his error. Clarendon. 12. The act of measuring; measurement. Shak. 13. pl. (Geol.) Defn: Beds or strata; as, coal measures; lead measures. Lineal, or Long, measure, measure of length; the measure of lines or distances. -- Liquid measure, the measure of liquids. -- Square measure, the measure of superficial area of surfaces in square units, as inches, feet, miles, etc. -- To have hard measure, to have harsh treatment meted out to one; to be harshly or oppressively dealt with. -- To take measures, to make preparations; to provide means. -- To take one's measure, to measure one, as for a garment; hence, to form an opinion of one's disposition, character, ability, etc. -- To tread a measure, to dance in the style so called. See 9 (a). Say to her, we have measured many miles To tread a measure with her on this grass. Shak. MEASURE Meas"ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Measured; p. pr. & vb. n. Measuring.] Etym: [F. mesurer, L. mensurare. See Measure, n.] 1. To ascertain by use of a measuring instrument; to compute or ascertain the extent, quantity, dimensions, or capacity of, by a certain rule or standard; to take the dimensions of; hence, to estimate; to judge of; to value; to appraise. Great are thy works, Jehovah, infinite Thy power! what thought can measure thee Milton. 2. To serve as the measure of; as, the thermometer measures changes of temperature. 3. To pass throught or over in journeying, as if laying off and determining the distance. A true devoted pilgrim is not weary To measure kingdoms with his feeble steps. Shak. 4. To adjust by a rule or standard. To secure a contented spirit, measure your desires by your fortunes, not your fortunes by your desires. Jer. Taylor. 5. To allot or distribute by measure; to set off or apart by measure; -- often with out or off. With what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again. Matt. vii. 2. That portion of eternity which is called time, measured out by the sun. Addison. To measure swords with one, to try another's skill in the use of the sword; hence, figuratively, to match one's abilities against an antagonist's. MEASURE Meas"ure, v. i. 1. To make a measurement or measurements. 2. To result, or turn out, on measuring; as, the grain measures well; the pieces measure unequally. 3. To be of a certain size or quantity, or to have a certain length, breadth, or thickness, or a certain capacity according to a standard measure; as, cloth measures three fourths of a yard; a tree measures three feet in diameter. MEASURED Meas"ured, a. Defn: Regulated or determined by a standard; hence, equal; uniform; graduated; limited; moderated; as, he walked with measured steps; he expressed himself in no measured terms. -- Meas"ured*ly, adv. MEASURELESS Meas"ure*less, a. Defn: Without measure; unlimited; immeasurable. -- Meas"ure*less*ness, n. Syn. -- Boundless; limitless; endless; unbounded; unlimited; vast; immense; infinite; immeasurable. Where Alf, the sacred river ran, Through canyons measureless to man, Down to a hidden sea. Coleridge MEASUREMENT Meas"ure*ment, n. 1. The act or result of measuring; mensuration; as, measurement is required. 2. The extent, size, capacity, amount. or quantity ascertained by measuring; as, its measurement is five acres. MEASURER Meas"ur*er, n. Defn: One who measures; one whose occupation or duty is to measure commondities in market. MEASURING Meas"ur*ing, a. Defn: Used in, or adapted for, ascertaining measurements, or dividing by measure. Measuring faucet, a faucet which permits only a given quantity of liquid to pass each time it is opened, or one by means of which the liquid which passes can be measured. -- Measuring worm (Zoöl.), the larva of any geometrid moth. See Geometrid. MEAT Meat, n. Etym: [OE. mete, AS. mete; akin to OS. mat, meti, D. met hashed meat, G. mettwurst sausage, OHG. maz food, Icel. matr, Sw. mat, Dan. mad, Goth. mats. Cf. Mast fruit, Mush.] 1. Food, in general; anything eaten for nourishment, either by man or beast. Hence, the edible part of anything; as, the meat of a lobster, a nut, or an egg. Chaucer. And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, . . . to you it shall be for meat. Gen. i. 29. Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you. Gen. ix. 3. 2. The flesh of animals used as food; esp., animal muscle; as, a breakfast of bread and fruit without meat. 3. Specifically, dinner; the chief meal. [Obs.] Chaucer. Meat biscuit. See under Biscuit. -- Meat earth (Mining), vegetable mold. Raymond. -- Meat fly. (Zoöl.) See Flesh fly, under Flesh. -- Meat offering (Script.), an offering of food, esp. of a cake made of flour with salt and oil. -- To go to meat, to go to a meal. [Obs.] -- To sit at meat, to sit at the table in taking food. MEAT Meat, v. t. Defn: To supply with food. [Obs.] Tusser. His shield well lined, his horses meated well. Chapman. MEATAL Me*a"tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a meatus; resembling a meatus. Owen. MEATED Meat"ed, a. 1. Fed; fattened. [Obs.] Tusser. 2. Having (such) meat; -- used chiefly in composition; as, thick- meated. MEATH; MEATHE Meath, Meathe, n. Etym: [See Mead.] Defn: A sweet liquor; mead. [Obs.] Chaucer. Milton. MEATINESS Meat"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being meaty. MEATLESS Meat"less, a. Defn: Having no meat; without food. "Leave these beggars meatless." Sir T. More. MEATOSCOPE Me*at"o*scope, n. Etym: [Meatus + -scope.] (Med.) Defn: A speculum for examining a natural passage, as the urethra. MEATOTOME Me*at"o*tome, n. Etym: [Meatus + Gr. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for cutting into the urethra so as to enlarge its orifice. MEATUS Me*a"tus, n. sing. & pl.; E. pl. Meatuses (. Etym: [L., a going, passage, fr. meare to go.] (Anat.) Defn: A natural passage or canal; as, the external auditory meatus. See Illust. of Ear. MEATY Meat"y, a. Defn: Abounding in meat. MEAW Meaw, n. Defn: The sea mew. [Obs.] Spenser. MEAW Meaw, v. i. Defn: See Mew, to cry as a cat. MEAWL Meawl, v. i. Defn: See Mewl, and Miaul. MEAZEL Mea"zel, n. Defn: See 1st Measle. [Obs.] MEAZLING Meaz"ling, a. Defn: Falling in small drops; mistling; mizzing. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. MEBLES Me"bles, n. pl. Defn: See Moebles. [Obs.] MECATE Me*ca"te, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A rope of hair or of maguey fiber, for tying horses, etc. [Southwestern U. S.] MECCAWEE Mec`ca*wee", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Mecca, in Arabia. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Mecca. MECHANIC Me*chan"ic, n. Etym: [F. mécanique mechanics. See Mechanic, a.] 1. The art of the application of the laws of motion or force to construction. [Obs.] 2. A mechanician; an artisan; an artificer; one who practices any mechanic art; one skilled or employed in shaping and uniting materials, as wood, metal, etc., into any kind of structure, machine, or other object, requiring the use of tools, or instruments. An art quite lost with our mechanics. Sir T. Browne. MECHANIC Me*chan"ic, a. Etym: [F. mécanique, L. mechanicus, Gr. Machine.] 1. Having to do woth the application of the laws of motion in the art of constructing or making things; of or pertaining to mechanics; mechanical; as, the mechanic arts. "These mechanic philosophers." Ray. Mechanic slaves, With greasy aprons, rules, and hammers. Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to a mechanic or artificer, or to the class of artisans; hence, rude; common; vulgar. To make a god, a hero, or a king Descend to a mechanic dialect. Roscommon. Sometimes he ply'd the strong, mechanic tool. Thomson. 3. Base. [Obs.] Whitlock. MECHANICAL Me*chan"ic*al, a. Etym: [From Mechanic, a.] 1. Pertaining to, governed by, or in accordance with, mechanics, or the laws of motion; pertaining to the quantitative relations of force and matter, as distinguished from mental, vital, chemical, etc.; as, mechanical principles; a mechanical theory; mechanical deposits. 2. Of or pertaining to a machine or to machinery or tools; made or formed by a machine or with tools; as, mechanical precision; mechanical products. We have also divers mechanical arts. Bacon. 3. Done as if by a machine; uninfluenced by will or emotion; proceeding automatically, or by habit, without special intention or reflection; as, mechanical singing; mechanical verses; mechanical service. 4. Made and operated by interaction of forces without a directing intelligence; as, a mechanical universe. 5. Obtained by trial, by measurements, etc.; approximate; empirical. See the 2d Note under Geometric. Mechanical effect, effective power; useful work exerted, as by a machine, in a definite time. -- Mechanical engineering. See the Note under Engineering. -- Mechanical maneuvers (Mil.), the application of mechanical appliances to the mounting, dismounting, and moving of artillery. Farrow. -- Mechanical philosophy, the principles of mechanics applied to the inverstigation of physical phenomena. -- Mechanical powers, certain simple instruments, such as the lever and its modifications (the wheel and axle and the pulley), the inclined plane with its modifications (the screw and the wedge), which convert a small force acting throught a great space into a great force acting through a small space, or vice versa, and are used separately or in combination. -- Mechanical solution (Math.), a solution of a problem by any art or contrivance not strictly geometrical, as by means of the ruler and compasses, or other instruments. MECHANICAL Me*chan"ic*al, n. Defn: A mechanic. [Obs.] Shak. MECHANICALIZE Me*chan"ic*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To cause to become mechanical. MECHANICALLY Me*chan"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a mechanical manner. MECHANICALNESS Me*chan"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being mechanical. MECHANICIAN Mech`a*ni"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mécanicien. See Mechanic.] Defn: One skilled in the theory or construction of machines; a machinist. Boyle. MECHANICO-CHEMICAL Me*chan`i*co-chem"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, connected with, or dependent upon, both mechanics and chemistry; -- said especially of those sciences which treat of such phenomena as seem to depend on the laws both of mechanics and chemistry, as electricity and magnetism. MECHANICS Me*chan"ics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mécanique.] Defn: That science, or branch of applied mathematics, which treats of the action of forces on bodies. Note: That part of mechanics which considers the action of forces in producing rest or equilibrium is called statics; that which relates to such action in producing motion is called dynamics. The term mechanics includes the action of forces on all bodies, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous. It is sometimes, however, and formerly was often, used distinctively of solid bodies only: The mechanics of liquid bodies is called also hydrostatics, or hydrodynamics, according as the laws of rest or of motion are considered. The mechanics of gaseous bodies is called also pneumatics. The mechanics of fluids in motion, with special reference to the methods of obtaining from them useful results, constitutes hydraulics. Animal mechanics (Physiol.), that portion of physiology which has for its object the investigation of the laws of equilibrium and motion in the animal body. The most important mechanical principle is that of the lever, the bones forming the arms of the levers, the contractile muscles the power, the joints the fulcra or points of support, while the weight of the body or of the individual limbs constitutes the weight or resistance. -- Applied mechanics, the principles of abstract mechanics applied to human art; also, the practical application of the laws of matter and motion to the construction of machines and structures of all kinds. MECHANISM Mech"an*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mécanisme, L. mechanisma. See Mechanic.] 1. The arrangement or relation of the parts of a machine; the parts of a machine, taken collectively; the arrangement or relation of the parts of anything as adapted to produce an effect; as, the mechanism of a watch; the mechanism of a sewing machine; the mechanism of a seed pod. 2. Mechanical operation or action. He acknowledges nothing besides matter and motion; so that all must be performed either by mechanism or accident. Bentley. 3. (Kinematics) Defn: An ideal machine; a combination of movable bodies constituting a machine, but considered only with regard to relative movements. MECHANIST Mech"an*ist, n. 1. A maker of machines; one skilled in mechanics. 2. One who regards the phenomena of nature as the effects of forces merely mechanical. MECHANIZE Mech"an*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mechanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Mechanizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. méchaniser.] Defn: To cause to be mechanical. Shelley. MECHANOGRAPH Mech"an*o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: One of a number of copies of anything multiplied mechanically. MECHANOGRAPHIC Mech`an*o*graph`ic, a. 1. Treating of mechanics. [R.] 2. Written, copied, or recorded by machinery; produced by mechanography; as, a mechanographic record of changes of temperature; mechanographic prints. MECHANOGRAPHIST Mech`an*og"ra*phist, n. Defn: An artist who, by mechanical means, multiplies copies of works of art. MECHANOGRAPHY Mech`an*og"ra*phy, n. Defn: The art of mechanically multiplying copies of a writing, or any work of art. MECHANURGY Mech"an*ur`gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: That branch of science which treats of moving machines. MECHITARIST Mech"i*tar*ist, n. Etym: [From Mechitar, an Armenian., who founded the congregation in the early part of the eighteenth century.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a religious congregation of the Roman Catholic Church devoted to the improvement of Armenians. MECHLIN Mech"lin, n. Defn: A kind of lace made at, or originating in, Mechlin, in Belgium. MECHOACAN Me*cho"a*can, n. Defn: A species of jalap, of very feeble properties, said to be obtained from the root of a species of Convolvulus (C. Mechoacan); -- so called from Michoacan, in Mexico, whence it is obtained. MECKELIAN Meck*e"li*an, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or discovered by, J. F. Meckel, a German anatomist. Meckelian cartilage, the cartilaginous rod which forms the axis of the mandible; -- called also Meckel's cartilage. MECONATE Mec"o*nate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. méconate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of meconic acid. MECONIC Me*con"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. méconique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, the poppy or opium; specif. (Chem.), designating an acid related to aconitic acid, found in opium and extracted as a white crystalline substance. MECONIDINE Me*con"i*dine, n. (Chem) Defn: An alkaloid found in opium, and extracted as a yellow amorphous substance which is easily decomposed. MECONIDIUM Mec`o*nid"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of gonophore produced by hydroids of the genus Gonothyræa. It has tentacles, and otherwise resembles a free medusa, but remains attached by a pedicel. MECONIN Mec"o*nin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. méconine.] (Chem.) Defn: A substance regarded as an anhydride of meconinic acid, existing in opium and extracted as a white crystalline substance. Also erroneously called meconina, meconia, etc., as though it were an alkaloid. MECONINIC Mec`o*nin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid which occurs in opium, and which may be obtained by oxidizing narcotine. MECONIUM Me*co"ni*um, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) Opium. [Obs.] (b) The contents of the fetal intestine; hence, first excrement. MEDAL Med"al, n. Etym: [F. médaille, It. medaglia, fr. L. metallum metal, through (assumed) LL. metalleus made of metal. See Metal, and cf. Mail a piece of money.] Defn: A piece of metal in the form of a coin, struck with a device, and intended to preserve the remembrance of a notable event or an illustrious person, or to serve as a reward. MEDAL Med"al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Medaled, or Medalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Medaling or Medalling.] Defn: To honor or reward with a medal. "Medaled by the king." Thackeray. MEDALET Med"al*et, n. Defn: A small medal. MEDALIST Med"al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. médailliste, It. medaglista.] [Written also medallist.] 1. A person that is skilled or curious in medals; a collector of medals. Addison. 2. A designer of medals. Macaulay. 3. One who has gained a medal as the reward of merit. MEDALLIC Me*dal"lic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a medal, or to medals. "Our medallic history." Walpole. MEDALLION Me*dal"lion, n. Etym: [F. médaillion, It. medaglione, augm. of medaglia. See Medal.] 1. A large medal or memorial coin. 2. A circular or oval (or, sometimes, square) tablet bearing a figure or figures represented in relief. MEDAL PLAY Med"al play`. (Golf) Defn: Play in which the score is reckoned by counting the number of strokes. MEDALURGY Med"al*ur`gy, n. Etym: [Medal + the root of Gr. Defn: The art of making and striking medals and coins. [Written also medallurgy.] MEDDLE Med"dle`, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Meddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Meddling.] Etym: [OE. medlen to mix, OF. medler, mesler, F. mêler, LL. misculare, a dim. fr. L. miscere to mix. Mix, and cf. Medley, Mellay.] 1. To mix; to mingle. [Obs.] More to know Did never meddle with my thoughts. Shak. 2. To interest or engage one's self; to have to do; -- [Obs.] Barrow. Study to be quiet, and to meddle with your own business. Tyndale. 3. To interest or engage one's self unnecessarily or impertinently, to interfere or busy one's self improperly with another's affairs; specifically, to handle or distrub another's property without permission; -- often followed by with or in. Why shouldst thou meddle to thy hurt 2 Kings xiv. 10. The civil lawyers . . . have meddled in a matter that belongs not to them. Locke. To meddle and make, to intrude one's self into another person's concerns. [Archaic] Shak. Syn. -- To interpose; interfere; intermeddle. MEDDLE Med"dle, v. t. Defn: To mix; to mingle. [Obs.] Chaucer. "Wine meddled with gall." Wyclif (Matt. xxvii. 34). MEDDLER Med"dler, n. Defn: One who meddles; one who interferes or busies himself with things in which he has no concern; an officious person; a busybody. MEDDLESOME Med"dle*some, a. Defn: Given to meddling; apt to interpose in the affairs of others; officiously intrusive. -- Med"dle*some*ness, n. MEDDLING Med"dling, a. Defn: Meddlesome. Macaulay. MEDDLINGLY Med"dling*ly, adv. Defn: In a meddling manner. MEDE Mede, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Media in Asia. MEDE Mede, n. Defn: See lst & 2d Mead, and Meed. [Obs.] MEDIA Me"di*a, n., Defn: pl. of Medium. MEDIA Me"di*a, n.; pl. Mediæ (-e). Etym: [NL., fr. L. medius middle.] (Phonetics) Defn: One of the sonant mutes b, d, g (b, d, g), in Greek, or of their equivalents in other languages, so named as intermediate between the tenues, p, t, k (p, t, k), and the aspiratæ (aspirates) f, th, x (ph or f, th, ch). Also called middle mute, or medial, and sometimes soft mute. MEDIACY Me"di*a*cy, n. Defn: The state or quality of being mediate. Sir W. Hamilton. MEDIAEVAL Me`di*æ"val, a. Etym: [L. medius middle + aevum age. See Middle, and Age.] Defn: Of or relating to the Middle Ages; as, mediæval architecture. [Written also medieval.] MEDIAEVALISM Me`di*æ"val*ism, n. Defn: The method or spirit of the Middle Ages; devotion to the institutions and practices of the Middle Ages; a survival from the Middle Ages. [Written also medievalism.] MEDIAEVALIST Me`di*æ"val*ist, n. Defn: One who has a taste for, or is versed in, the history of the Middle Ages; one in sympathy with the spirit or forms of the Middle Ages. [Written also medievalist.] MEDIAEVALLY Me`di*æ"val*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of the Middle Ages; in accordance with mediævalism. MEDIAEVALS Me`di*æ"vals, n. pl. Defn: The people who lived in the Middle Ages. Ruskin. MEDIAL Me"di*al, a. Etym: [L. medialis, fr. medius middle: cf. F. médial. See Middle.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a mean or average; mean; as, medial alligation. MEDIAL Me"di*al, n. (Phonetics) Defn: See 2d Media. MEDIALUNA Me"di*a*lu"na, n. Etym: [Sp. media luna half-moon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Half-moon. MEDIAN Me"di*an, a. Etym: [L. medianus, fr. medius middle. See Medial.] 1. Being in the middle; running through the middle; as, a median groove. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Situated in the middle; lying in a plane dividing a bilateral animal into right and left halves; -- said of unpaired organs and parts; as, median coverts. Median line. (a) (Anat.) Any line in the mesial plane; specif., either of the lines in which the mesial plane meets the surface of the body. (b) (Geom.) The line drawn from an angle of a triangle to the middle of the opposite side; any line having the nature of a diameter. -- Median plane (Anat.), the mesial plane. -- Median point (Geom.), the point where the three median lines of a triangle mutually intersect. MEDIAN Me"di*an, n. (Geom.) Defn: A median line or point. MEDIANT Me"di*ant, n. Etym: [L. medians, p. p. of mediare to halve: cf. It. mediante, F. médiante.] (Mus.) Defn: The third above the keynote; -- so called because it divides the interval between the tonic and dominant into two thirds. MEDIASTINAL Me`di*as*ti"nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a mediastinum. MEDIASTINE; MEDIASTINUM Me`di*as"tine, Me`di*as*ti"num, n. Etym: [NL. mediastinum, fr. L. medius middle; cf. mediastinus helper, a menial servant, LL. mediastinus equiv. to medius: cf F. médiastin.] (Anat.) Defn: A partition; a septum; specifically, the folds of the pleura (and the space included between them) which divide the thorax into a right and left cavity. The space included between these folds of the pleura, called the mediastinal space, contains the heart and gives passage to the esophagus and great blood vessels. MEDIATE Me"di*ate, a. Etym: [L. mediatus, p. p. of mediare, v. t., to halve, v. i., to be in the middle. See Mid, and cf. Moiety.] 1. Being between the two extremes; middle; interposed; intervening; intermediate. Prior. 2. Acting by means, or by an intervening cause or instrument; not direct or immediate; acting or suffering through an intervening agent or condition. 3. Gained or effected by a medium or condition. Bacon. An act of mediate knowledge is complex. Sir W. Hamilton. MEDIATE Me"di*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mediated; p. pr. & vb. n. Mediating.] Etym: [LL. mediatus, p. p. of mediare to mediate. See Mediate, a.] 1. To be in the middle, or between two; to intervene. [R.] 2. To interpose between parties, as the equal friend of each, esp. for the purpose of effecting a reconciliation or agreement; as, to mediate between nations. MEDIATE Me"di*ate, v. t. 1. To effect by mediation or interposition; to bring about as a mediator, instrument, or means; as, to mediate a peace. 2. To divide into two equal parts. [R.] Holder. MEDIATELY Me"di*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In a mediate manner; by a secondary cause or agent; not directly or primarily; by means; -- opposed to immediately. God worketh all things amongst us mediately. Sir W. Raleigh. The king grants a manor to A, and A grants a portion of it to B. In this case. B holds his lands immediately of A, but mediately of the king. Blakstone. MEDIATENESS Me"di*ate*ness, n. Defn: The state of being mediate. MEDIATION Me`di*a"tion, n. Etym: [OE. mediacioun, F. médiation. See Mediate, a.] 1. The act of mediating; action or relation of anything interposed; action as a necessary condition, means, or instrument; interposition; intervention. The soul [acts] by the mediation of these passions. South. 2. Hence, specifically, agency between parties at variance, with a view to reconcile them; entreaty for another; intercession. Bacon. MEDIATIVE Me"di*a*tive, a. Defn: Pertaining to mediation; used in mediation; as, mediative efforts. Beaconsfield. MEDIATIZATION Me`di*at`i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. médiatisation.] Defn: The act of mediatizing. MEDIATIZE Me"di*a*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mediatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Mediatizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. médiatiser.] Defn: To cause to act through an agent or to hold a subordinate position; to annex; -- specifically applied to the annexation during the former German empire of a smaller German state to a larger, while allowing it a nominal sovereignty, and its prince his rank. The misfortune of being a mediatized prince. Beaconsfield. MEDIATOR Me"di*a`tor, n. Etym: [L. mediator: cf. E. médiateur.] Defn: One who mediates; especially, one who interposes between parties at variance for the purpose of reconciling them; hence, an intercessor. For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus. 1 Tim. ii. 5. MEDIATORIAL Me`di*a*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a mediator, or to mediation; mediatory; as, a mediatorial office. -- Me`di*a*to"ri*al*ly, adv. My measures were . . . healing and mediatorial. Burke. MEDIATORSHIP Me"di*a`tor*ship, n. Defn: The office or character of a mediator. MEDIATORY Me"di*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Mediatorial. MEDIATRESS; MEDIATRIX Me`di*a"tress, Me`di*a*"trix, n. Etym: [L. mediatrix, f. of mediator: cf. F. médiatrice.] Defn: A female mediator. MEDIC Med"ic, n. Etym: [L. medica, Gr. Media, from (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous plant of the genus Medicago. The black medic is the Medicago lupulina; the purple medic, or lucern, is M. sativa. MEDIC Med"ic, a. Etym: [L. medicus.] Defn: Medical. [R.] MEDICABLE Med"i*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. medicabilis, from medicare, medicari, to heal, fr. medicus physician. See Medical.] Defn: Capable of being medicated; admitting of being cured or healed. MEDICAL Med"ic*al, a. Etym: [LL. medicalis, L. medicus belonging to healing, fr. mederi to heal; cf. Zend madha medical science, wisdom, gr. mind: cf. F. médical.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or having to do with, the art of healing disease, or the science of medicine; as, the medical profession; medical services; a medical dictionary; medical jurisprudence. 2. Containing medicine; used in medicine; medicinal; as, the medical properties of a plant. MEDICALLY Med"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a medical manner; with reference to healing, or to the principles of the healing art. MEDICAMENT Med"i*ca*ment, n. Etym: [L. medicamentum, fr. medicare, medicari, to heal: cf. F. médicament. See Medicable.] Defn: Anything used for healing diseases or wounds; a medicine; a healing application. MEDICAMENTAL Med`ica*men"tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to medicaments or healing applications; having the qualities of medicaments. -- Med`ica*men"tal*ly, adv. MEDICASTER Med"i*cas`ter, n. Etym: [Cf. F. médicastre. See Medical.] Defn: A quack. [R.] Whitlock. MEDICATE Med"i*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Medicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Medicating.] Etym: [L. medicatus, p. p. of medicare, medicari. See Medicable.] 1. To tincture or impregnate with anything medicinal; to drug. "Medicated waters." Arbuthnot. 2. To treat with medicine. MEDICATION Med`i*ca"tion, Etym: [L. medicatio: cf. F. médication.] Defn: The act or process of medicating. MEDICATIVE Med"i*ca*tive, a. Defn: Medicinal; acting like a medicine. MEDICEAN Med`i*ce"an, a. Defn: Of or relating to the Medici, a noted Italian family; as, the Medicean Venus. Medicean planets (Astron.), a name given by Galileo to the satellites of Jupiter. MEDICINABLE Me*dic"i*na*ble, a. Defn: Medicinal; having the power of healing. [Obs.] Shak. MEDICINAL Me*dic"i*nal, a. Etym: [L. medicinalis: cf. F. médicinal. See Medicine.] 1. Having curative or palliative properties; used for the cure or alleviation of bodily disorders; as, medicinal tinctures, plants, or springs. Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees Their medicinal gum. Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to medicine; medical. MEDICINALLY Me*dic"i*nal*ly, adv. Defn: In a medicinal manner. MEDICINE Med"i*cine, n. Etym: [L. medicina (sc. ars), fr. medicinus medical, fr. medicus: cf. F. médecine. See Medical.] 1. The science which relates to the prevention, cure, or alleviation of disease. 2. Any substance administered in the treatment of disease; a remedial agent; a remedy; physic. By medicine, life may be prolonged. Shak. 3. A philter or love potion. [Obs.] Shak. 4. Etym: [F. médecin.] Defn: A physician. [Obs.] Shak. Medicine bag, a charm; -- so called among the North American Indians, or in works relating to them. -- Medicine man (among the North American Indians), a person who professes to cure sickness, drive away evil spirits, and regulate the weather by the arts of magic. -- Medicine seal, a small gem or paste engraved with reversed characters, to serve as a seal. Such seals were used by Roman physicians to stamp the names of their medicines. MEDICINE Med"i*cine, v. t. Defn: To give medicine to; to affect as a medicine does; to remedy; to cure. "Medicine thee to that sweet sleep." Shak. MEDICO-LEGAL Med`i*co-le"gal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to law as affected by medical facts. MEDICOMMISSURE Med`i*com"mis*sure, n. Etym: [L. medius middle + E. commissure.] (Anat.) Defn: A large transverse commissure in the third ventricle of the brain; the middle or soft commissure. B. G. Wildex. MEDICORNU Med`i*cor"nu, n.; pl. Medicornua. Etym: [NL., fr. L. medius middle + cornu horn.] (Anat.) Defn: The middle or inferior horn of each lateral ventricle of the brain. B. G. Wilder. MEDICS Med"ics, n. Defn: Science of medicine. [Obs.] MEDIETY Me*di"e*ty, n. Etym: [L. medietas.] Defn: The middle part; half; moiety. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. MEDIEVAL; MEDIEVALISM; MEDIEVALIST Me`di*e"val, Me`di*e"val*ism, Me`di*e"val*ist. Defn: Same as Medi, Medi, etc. MEDINA EPOCH Me*di"na ep"och. Etym: [From Medina in New York.] (Geol.) Defn: A subdivision of the Niagara period in the American upper Silurian, characterized by the formations known as the Oneida conglomerate, and the Medina sandstone. See the Chart of Geology. MEDINO Me*di"no, n. Defn: Same as Para. MEDIOCRAL Me"di*o`cral, a. Defn: Mediocre. [R.] MEDIOCRE Me"di*o`cre, a. Etym: [F. médiocre, L. mediocris, fr. medius middle. See Mid.] Defn: Of a middle quality; of but a moderate or low degree of excellence; indifferent; ordinary. " A very mediocre poet." Pope. MEDIOCRE Me"di*o`cre, n. 1. A mediocre person. [R.] 2. A young monk who was excused from performing a portion of a monk's duties. Shipley. MEDIOCRIST Me"di*o`crist, n. Defn: A mediocre person. [R.] MEDIOCRITY Me`di*oc"ri*ty, n. Etym: [F. médiocrité, L. mediocritas.] 1. The quality of being mediocre; a middle state or degree; a moderate degree or rate. "A mediocrity of success." Bacon. 2. Moderation; temperance. [Obs.] Hooker. MEDIOSTAPEDIAL Me`di*o*sta*pe"di*al, a. Etym: [L. medius middle + E. stapedial.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to that part of the columella of the ear which, in some animals, connects the stapes with the other parts of the columella. -- n. Defn: The mediostapedial part of the columella. MEDIOXUMOUS Me`di*ox"u*mous, a. Etym: [L. medioxumus middlemost.] Defn: Intermediate. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. MEDITANCE Med"i*tance, n. Defn: Meditation. [Obs.] MEDITATE Med"i*tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Meditated; p. pr. & vb. n. Meditating.] Etym: [L. meditatus, p. p. of meditari to meditate; cf. Gr. mind.] Defn: To keep the mind in a state of contemplation; to dwell on anything in thought; to think seriously; to muse; to cogitate; to reflect. Jer. Taylor. In his law doth he meditate day and night. Ps. i. 2. MEDITATE Med"i*tate, v. t. 1. To contemplate; to keep the mind fixed upon; to study. "Blessed is the man that doth meditate good things." Ecclus. xiv. 20. 2. To purpose; to intend; to design; to plan by revolving in the mind; as, to meditate a war. I meditate to pass the remainder of life in a state of undisturbed repose. Washington. Syn. -- To consider; ponder; weigh; revolve; study. -- To Meditate, Contemplate, Intend. We meditate a design when we are looking out or waiting for the means of its accomplishment; we contemplate it when the means are at hand, and our decision is nearly or quite made. To intend is stronger, implying that we have decided to act when an opportunity may offer. A general meditates an attack upon the enemy; he contemplates or intends undertaking it at the earliest convenient season. MEDITATION Med`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [OE. meditacioun, F. méditation, fr. L. meditatio.] 1. The act of meditating; close or continued thought; the turning or revolving of a subject in the mind; serious contemplation; reflection; musing. Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be acceptable in thy sight. Ps. xix. 14. 2. Thought; -- without regard to kind. [Obs.] With wings as swift As meditation or the thoughts of love. Shak. MEDITATIST Med"i*ta`tist, n. Defn: One who is given to meditation. MEDITATIVE Med"i*ta*tive, a. Etym: [L. meditativus: cf. F. méditatif.] Defn: Disposed to meditate, or to meditation; as, a meditative man; a meditative mood. -- Med"i*ta*tive*ly, adv. -- Med"i*ta*tive*ness, n. MEDITERRANEAN Med`i*ter*ra"ne*an, a. Etym: [L. mediterraneus; medius middle + terra land. See Mid, and Terrace.] 1. Inclosed, or nearly inclosed, with land; as, the Mediterranean Sea, between Europe and Africa. 2. Inland; remote from the ocean. [Obs.] Cities, as well mediterranean as maritime. Holland. 3. Of or pertaining to the Mediterranean Sea; as, Mediterranean trade; a Mediterranean voyage. MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY Mediterranean fruit fly. Defn: A two-winged fly (Ceratitis capitata) with black and white markings, native of the Mediterranean countries, but now widely distributed. Its larva lives in ripening oranges, peaches, and other fruits, causing them to decay and fall. MEDITERRANEOUS Med`i*ter*ra"ne*ous, a. Defn: Inland. Sir T. Browne. MEDIUM Me"di*um, n.; pl. L. Media, E. Mediums. Etym: [L. medium the middle, fr. medius middle. See Mid, and cf. Medius.] 1. That which lies in the middle, or between other things; intervening body or quantity. Hence, specifically: (a) Middle place or degree; mean. The just medium . . . lies between pride and abjection. L'Estrange. (b) (Math.) Defn: See Mean. (c) (Logic) The mean or middle term of a syllogism; that by which the extremes are brought into connection. 2. A substance through which an effect is transmitted from one thing to another; as, air is the common medium of sound. Hence: The condition upon which any event or action occurs; necessary means of motion or action; that through or by which anything is accomplished, conveyed, or carried on; specifically, in animal magnetism, spiritualism, etc., a person through whom the action of another being is said to be manifested and transmitted. Whether any other liquors, being made mediums, cause a diversity of sound from water, it may be tried. Bacon. I must bring together All these extremes; and must remove all mediums. Denham. 3. An average. [R.] A medium of six years of war, and six years of peace. Burke. 4. A trade name for printing and writing paper of certain sizes. See Paper. 5. (Paint.) Defn: The liquid vehicle with which dry colors are ground and prepared for application. Circulating medium, a current medium of exchange, whether coin, bank notes, or government notes. -- Ethereal medium (Physics), the ether. -- Medium of exchange, that which is used for effecting an exchange of commodities -- money or current representatives of money. MEDIUM Me"di*um, a. Defn: Having a middle position or degree; mean; intermediate; medial; as, a horse of medium size; a decoction of medium strength. MEDIUM-SIZED Me"di*um-sized`, a. Defn: Having a medium size; as, a medium-sized man. MEDIUS Me"di*us, n.; pl. Medii. Etym: [NL., fr. L. medius middle. See Medium.] (Anat.) Defn: The third or middle finger; the third digit, or that which corresponds to it. MEDJIDIE; MEDJIDIEH Me*dji"di*e, Me*dji"di*eh, n. [Turk. majidieh (prop. fem. a., fr. Ar. mejid glorious); -- so called after the sultan Abdul Mejid, lit., "servant of the Glorious One," i.e., of God.] 1. (a) A silver coin of Turkey formerly rated at twenty, but since 1880 at nineteen, piasters (about 83 cents). (b) A gold coin of Turkey equal to one hundred piastres ($4.396 or 18s. ¾d.); a lira, or Turkish pound. 2. A Turkish honorary order established in 1851 by Abdul-Mejid, having as its badge a medallion surrounded by seven silver rays and crescents. It is often conferred on foreigners. MEDLAR Med"lar, n. Etym: [OE. medler medlar tree, OF. meslier, F. néflier, L. mespilum, mespilus, Gr. Naseberry.] Defn: A tree of the genus Mespilus (M. Germanica); also, the fruit of the tree. The fruit is something like a small apple, but has a bony endocarp. When first gathered the flesh is hard and austere, and it is not eaten until it has begun to decay. Japan medlar (Bot.), the loquat. See Loquat. -- Neapolitan medlar (Bot.), a kind of thorn tree (Cratægus Azarolus); also, its fruit. MEDLE Med"le, v. t. Etym: [See Meddle.] Defn: To mix; to mingle; to meddle. [Written also medly.] [Obs.] Chaucer. MEDLEY Med"ley, n.; pl. Medleys. Etym: [OE. medlee, OF. meslée, medlée, mellée, F. mêlée. See Meddle, and cf. MelÉe, Mellay.] 1. A mixture; a mingled and confused mass of ingredients, usually inharmonious; a jumble; a hodgepodge; -- often used contemptuously. This medley of philosophy and war. Addison. Love is a medley of endearments, jars, Suspicions, reconcilements, wars. W. Walsh. 2. The confusion of a hand to hand battle; a brisk, hand to hand engagement; a mêlée. [Obs.] Holland. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A composition of passages detached from several different compositions; a potpourri. Note: Medley is usually applied to vocal, potpourri to instrumental, compositions. 4. A cloth of mixed colors. Fuller. MEDLEY Med"ley, a. 1. Mixed; of mixed material or color. [Obs.] "A medlè coat." Chaucer. 2. Mingled; confused. Dryden. MEDLY Med"ly, v. t. Defn: See Medle. Johnson. MEDOC Mé`doc", n. Etym: [Cf. Mayduke.] Defn: A class of claret wines, including several varieties, from the district of Médoc in the department of Gironde. MEDREGAL Med"re*gal, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Bonito, 3. MEDRICK Med"rick, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of gull or tern. [Prov.] Lowell. MEDULLA Me*dul"la, n. Etym: [L.] 1. Marrow; pith; hence, essence. [Obs.] Milton. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The marrow of bones; the deep or inner portion of an organ or part; as, the medulla, or medullary substance, of the kidney; specifically, the medula oblongata. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A soft tissue, occupying the center of the stem or branch of a plant; pith. Medulla oblongata. Etym: [L., oblong medulla] (Anat.), the posterior part of the brain connected with the spinal cord. It includes all the hindbrain except the cerebellum and pons, and from it a large part of the cranial nerves arise. It controls very largely respiration, circulation, swallowing, and other functions, and is the most vital part of the brain; -- called also bulb of the spinal cord. See Brain. MEDULLAR Me*dul"lar, a. Defn: See Medullary. MEDULLARY Med"ul*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. medullaris, fr. medulla marrow: cf. F. médullaire.] 1. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, marrow or medulla. (b) Pertaining to the medula oblongata. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Filled with spongy pith; pithy. Medullary groove (Anat.), a groove, in the epiblast of the vertebrate blastoderm, the edges of which unite, making a tube (the medullary canal) from which the brain and spinal cord are developed. -- Medullary rays (Bot.), the rays of cellular tissue seen in a transverse section of exogenous wood, which pass from the pith to the bark. -- Medullary sheath (Anat.), the layer of white semifluid substance (myelin), between the primitive sheath and axis cylinder of a medullated nerve fiber. MEDULLATED Me*dul"la*ted, a. (Anat.) Defn: Furnished with a medulla or marrow, or with a medullary sheath; as, a medullated nerve fiber. MEDULLIN Me*dul"lin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. médulline.] (Bot. Chem.) Defn: A variety of lignin or cellulose found in the medulla, or pith, of certain plants. Cf. Lignin, and Cellulose. MEDUSA Me*du"sa, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The Gorgon; or one of the Gorgons whose hair was changed into serpents, after which all who looked upon her were turned into stone. 2. [pl. Medusae (.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any free swimming acaleph; a jellyfish. Note: The larger medusæ belong to the Discophora, and are sometimes called covered-eyed medusæ; others, known as naked-eyed medusæ, belong to the Hydroidea, and are usually developed by budding from hidroids. See Discophora, Hydroidea, and Hydromedusa. Medusa bud (Zoöl.), one of the buds of a hydroid, destined to develop into a gonophore or medusa. See Athecata, and Gonotheca. -- Medusa's head. (a) (Zoöl.) An astrophyton. (b) (Astron.) A cluster of stars in the constellation Perseus. It contains the bright star Algol. MEDUSIAN Me*du"si*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A medusa. MEDUSIFORM Me*du"si*form, a. Etym: [Medusa + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling a medusa in shape or structure. MEDUSOID Me*du"soid, a. Etym: [Medusa + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like a medusa; having the fundamental structure of a medusa, but without a locomotive disk; -- said of the sessile gonophores of hydroids. -- n. Defn: A sessile gonophore. See Illust. under Gonosome. MEECH Meech, v. i. Defn: See Mich. [Obs. or Colloq.] MEED Meed, n. Etym: [OE. mede, AS. med, meord; akin to OS. m, OHG. miata, mieta, G. miethe hire, Goth. mizdo reward, Bohem. & Russ. mzda, Gr. mistho`s, Skr. midha. sq. root276.] 1. That which is bestowed or rendered in consideration of merit; reward; recompense. A rosy garland was the victor's meed. Spenser. 2. Merit or desert; worth. My meed hath got me fame. Shak. 3. A gift; also, a bride. [Obs.] Chaucer. MEED Meed, v. t. 1. To reward; to repay. [Obs.] Waytt. 2. To deserve; to merit. [Obs.] Heywood. MEEDFUL Meed"ful, a. Defn: Worthy of meed, reward, or recompense; meritorious. "Meedful works." Wiclif. MEEDFULLY Meed"ful*ly, adv. Defn: According to merit; suitably. MEEK Meek, a. [Compar. Meeker; superl. Meekest.] Etym: [OE. mek, meoc; akin to Icel. mj mild, soft, Sw. mjuk, Dan. myg, D. muik, Goth. mukam 1. Mild of temper; not easily provoked or orritated; patient under injuries; not vain, or haughty, or resentful; forbearing; submissive. Not the man Moses was very meek. Num. xii. 3. 2. Evincing mildness of temper, or patience; characterized by mildness or patience; as, a meek answer; a meek face. "Her meek prayer." Chaucer. Syn. -- Gentle; mild; soft; yielding; pacific; unassuming; humble. See Gentle. MEEK; MEEKEN Meek, Meek"en (-'n), v. t. Defn: To make meek; to nurture in gentleness and humility. [Obs.] Chaucer. MEEKLY Meek"ly, adv. Defn: In a meek manner. Spenser. MEEKNESS Meek"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being meek. MEER Meer, a. Defn: Simple; unmixed. See Mere, a. [Obs.] MEER Meer, n. Defn: See Mere, a lake. MEER Meer, n. Defn: A boundary. See Mere. MEERKAT Meer"kat, n. Etym: [D.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South African carnivore (Cynictis penicillata), allied to the ichneumons. MEERSCHAUM Meer"schaum, n. Etym: [G., lit., sea foam; meer sea + schaum foam; but it perh. is a corruption of the Tartaric name myrsen. Cf. Mere a lake, and Scum.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A fine white claylike mineral, soft, and light enough when in dry masses to float in water. It is a hydrous silicate of magnesia, and is obtained chiefly in Asia Minor. It is manufacturd into tobacco pipes, cigar holders, etc. Also called sepiolite. 2. A tobacco pipe made of this mineral. MEET Meet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Met; p. pr. & vb. n. Meeting.] Etym: [OE. meten, AS. m, fr. m, gem, a meeting; akin to OS. m to meet, Icel. mæta, Goth. gam. See Moot, v. t.] 1. To join, or come in contact with; esp., to come in contact with by approach from an opposite direction; to come upon or against, front to front, as distinguished from contact by following and overtaking. 2. To come in collision with; to confront in conflict; to encounter hostilely; as, they met the enemy and defeated them; the ship met opposing winds and currents. 3. To come into the presence of without contact; to come close to; to intercept; to come within the perception, influence, or recognition of; as, to meet a train at a junction; to meet carriages or persons in the street; to meet friends at a party; sweet sounds met the ear. His daughter came out to meet him. Judg. xi. 34. 4. To perceive; to come to a knowledge of; to have personal acquaintance with; to experience; to suffer; as, the eye met a horrid sight; he met his fate. Of vice or virtue, whether blest or curst, Which meets contempt, or which compassion first. Pope. 5. To come up to; to be even with; to equal; to match; to satisfy; to ansver; as, to meet one's expectations; the supply meets the demand. To meet half way, literally, to go half the distance between in order to meet (one); hence, figuratively, to yield or concede half of the difference in order to effect a compromise or reconciliation with. MEET Meet, v. t. 1. To come together by mutual approach; esp., to come in contact, or into proximity, by approach from opposite directions; to join; to come face to face; to come in close relationship; as, we met in the street; two lines meet so as to form an angle. O, when meet now Such pairs in love and mutual honor joined ! Milton. 2. To come together with hostile purpose; to have an encounter or conflict. Weapons more violent, when next we meet, May serve to better us and worse our foes. Milton. 3. To assemble together; to congregate; as, Congress meets on the first Monday of December. They . . . appointed a day to meet together. 2. Macc. xiv. 21. 4. To come together by mutual concessions; hence, to agree; to harmonize; to unite. To meet with. (a) To light upon; to find; to come to; -- often with the sense of unexpectedness. We met with many things worthy of observation. Bacon. (b) To join; to unite in company. Shak. (c) To suffer unexpectedly; as, to meet with a fall; to meet with a loss. (d) To encounter; to be subjected to. Prepare to meet with more than brutal fury From the fierce prince. Rowe. (e) To obviate. [Obs.] Bacon. MEET Meet, n. Defn: An assembling together; esp., the assembling of huntsmen for the hunt; also, the persons who so assemble, and the place of meeting. MEET Meet, a. Etym: [OE. mete fitting, moderate, scanty, AS. m moderate; akin to gemet fit, meet, metan to mete, and G. mässig moderate, gemäss fitting. See Mete.] Defn: Suitable; fit; proper; appropriate; qualified; convenient. It was meet that we should make merry. Luke xv. 32. To be meet with, to be even with; to be equal to. [Obs.] MEET Meet, adv. Defn: Meetly. [Obs.] Shak. MEETEN Meet"en, v. t. Defn: To render fit. [R.] MEETER Meet"er, n. Defn: One who meets. MEETH Meeth Defn: , Mead. See Meathe. [Obs.] Chaucer. MEETING Meet"ing, n. 1. A coming together; an assembling; as, the meeting of Congress. 2. A junction, crossing, or union; as, the meeting of the roads or of two rivers. 3. A congregation; a collection of people; a convention; as, a large meeting; an harmonius meeting. 4. An assembly for worship; as, to attend meeting on Sunday; -- in England, applied distinctively and disparagingly to the worshiping assemblies of Dissenters. Syn. -- Conference; assembly; company; convention; congregation; junction; confluence; union. MEETINGHOUSE Meet"ing*house`, n. Defn: A house used as a place of worship; a church; -- in England, applied only to a house so used by Dissenters. MEETLY Meet"ly, adv. Defn: Fitly; suitably; properly. MEETNESS Meet"ness, n. Defn: Fitness; suitableness; propriety. MEG-; MEGA; MEGALO- Meg-, Meg"a, Meg"a*lo-. Etym: [Gr. me`gas, gen. mega`loy, great.] Defn: Combining forms signifying: (a) Great, extended, powerful; as, megascope, megacosm. (b) (Metric System, Elec., Mech., etc.) Defn: A million times, a million of; as, megameter, a million meters; megafarad, a million farads; megohm, a million ohms. MEGACEPHALIC; MEGACEPHALOUS Meg`a*ce*phal"ic, Meg`a*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Mega- Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Large headed; -- applied to animals, and to plants when they have large flower heads. MEGACEROS Me*gac"e*ros, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. me`gas great + horn.] (Paleon.) Defn: The Irish elk. MEGACHILE Meg"a*chile, n. Etym: [Mega- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A leaf-cutting bee of the genus Megachilus. See Leaf cutter, under Leaf. MEGACOSM Meg"a*cosm, n. Etym: [Mega- + Gr. Defn: See Macrocosm. Croft. MEGACOULOMB Meg`a*cou`lomb", n. Etym: [Mega- + coulomb.] (Elec.) Defn: A million coulombs. MEGADERM Meg"a*derm, n. Etym: [Mega- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of Old World blood-sucking bats of the genus Megaderma. MEGADYNE Meg"a*dyne, n. Etym: [Mega- + dyne.] (Physics) Defn: One of the larger measures of force, amounting to one million dynes. MEGAFARAD Meg"a*far`ad, n. Etym: [Mega- + farad.] (Elec.) Defn: One of the larger measures of electrical capacity, amounting to one million farads; a macrofarad. MEGALERG Meg"a*lerg, n. Etym: [Megalo- + erg.] (Physics) Defn: A million ergs; a megerg. MEGALESIAN Meg`a*le"sian, a. Etym: [L. Megalesius, fr. Gr. Mega`lh the Great, a surname of Cybele, the Magna Mater.] Defn: Pertaining to, or in honor of, Cybele; as, the Megalesian games at Rome. MEGALETHOSCOPE Meg`a*leth"o*scope, n. Etym: [Mega- + alethoscope.] Defn: An optical apparatus in which pictures are viewed through a large lens with stereoptical effects. It is often combined with the stereoscope. MEGALITH Meg"a*lith, n. Etym: [Mega- + -lith; cf. F. mégalithe.] Defn: A large stone; especially, a large stone used in ancient building. -- Meg`a*lith"ic, a. MEGALO- Meg"a*lo-. Defn: See Meg-. MEGALOCEPHALIA; MEGALOCEPHALY Meg`a*lo*ce*pha"li*a, Meg`a*lo*ceph"a*ly, n. [NL. megalocephalia, fr. Gr. having a large head.] (Med.) Defn: The condition of having an abnormally large head. -- Meg`a*lo*ce*phal"ic (#), a. MEGALOCYTE Meg"a*lo*cyte, n. Etym: [Megalo- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A large, flattened corpuscle, twice the diameter of the ordinary red corpuscle, found in considerable numbers in the blood in profound anæmia. MEGALOMANIA Meg`a*lo*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. megalo- + mania.] (Pathol.) Defn: A form of mental alienation in which the patient has grandiose delusions. MEGALONYX Meg`a*lon"yx, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. me`gas, mega`lh, great + 'o`nyx claw.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct quaternary mammal, of great size, allied to the sloth. MEGALOPHONOUS Meg`a*loph"o*nous, a. Etym: [Megalo- + Gr. fwnh` voice.] Defn: Having a loud voice. MEGALOPOLIS Meg`a*lop"o*lis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. megalo`polis; me`gas, mega`lh, great + po`lis city.] Defn: A chief city; a metropolis. [R.] MEGALOPS Meg"a*lops, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. me`gas, -a`loy, large + 'w`ps eye.] (Zoöl.) 1. A larva, in a stage following the zoëa, in the development of most crabs. In this stage the legs and abdominal appendages have appeared, the abdomen is relatively long, and the eyes are large. Also used adjectively. 2. A large fish; the tarpum. MEGALOPSYCHY Meg`a*lop"sy*chy, n. Etym: [Megalo- + Gr. Defn: Greatness of soul. [Obs. & R.] MEGALOSAUR; MEGALOSAURUS Meg"a*lo*saur`, Meg`a*lo*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL. megalosaurus, fr. Gr. mégalosaure.] (Paleon.) Defn: A gigantic carnivorous dinosaur, whose fossil remains have been found in England and elsewhere. MEGAMETER Me*gam"e*ter, n. Etym: [Mega- + -meter: cf. F. mégamètre.] (Physics) 1. An instrument for determining longitude by observation of the stars. 2. A micrometer. [R.] Knight. MEGAMETER; MEGAMETRE Meg"a*me`ter, Meg"a*me`tre, n. Etym: [Mega- + meter, metre, n., 2.] Defn: In the metric system, one million meters, or one thousand kilometers. MEGAMPERE Meg`am`père", n. Etym: [Mega- + ampère.] (Elec.) Defn: A million ampères. MEGAPHONE Meg"a*phone, n. Etym: [Mega- + Gr. Defn: A device to magnify sound, or direct it in a given direction in a greater volume, as a very large funnel used as an ear trumpet or as a speaking trumpet. MEGAPHYTON Me*gaph"y*ton, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. me`gas great + fyto`n plant.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of tree ferns with large, two-ranked leaves, or fronds. MEGAPODE Meg"a*pode, n. Etym: [Mega- + Gr. poy`s, podo`s, foot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of large-footed, gallinaceous birds of the genera Megapodius and Leipoa, inhabiting Australia and other Pacific islands. See Jungle fowl (b) under Jungle, and Leipoa. MEGAPOLIS Me*gap"o*lis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. me`gas great + po`lis city.] Defn: A metropolis. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. MEGARIAN; MEGARIC Me*ga"ri*an, Me*gar"ic, a. Defn: Belonging, or pertaining, to Megara, a city of ancient Greece. Megarian, or Megaric, school, a school of philosophy established at Megara, after the death of Socrates, by his disciples, and remarkable for its logical subtlety. MEGASCOPE Meg"a*scope, n. Etym: [Mega- + -scope: cf. F. mégascope.] Defn: A modification of the magic lantern, used esp. for throwing a magnified image of an opaque object on a screen, solar or artificial light being used. MEGASCOPIC; MEGASCOPICAL Meg`a*scop"ic, Meg`a*scop"ic*al, a. 1. (Physics) Of or pertaining to the megascope or the projection upon a screen of images of opaque objects. (b) Enlarged or magnified; -- said of images or of photographic pictures, etc. 2. (Geol.) Large enough to be seen; --said of the larger structural features and components of rocks which do not require the use of the microscope to be perceived. Opposed to microscopic. MEGASEME Meg"a*seme, a. Etym: [Mega- + Gr. mégasème.] (Anat.) Defn: Having the orbital index relatively large; having the orbits narrow transversely; -- opposed to microseme. MEGASS; MEGASSE Me"gass", Me*gasse", n. Defn: See Bagasse. MEGASTHENE Meg"as*thene, n. Etym: [Gr. me`gas great + sthe`nos strength.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group which includes the higher orders of mammals, having a large size as a typical characteristic. MEGASTHENIC Meg`as*then"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a typically large size; belonging to the megasthenes. MEGASTOME Meg"a*stome, n. Etym: [Gr. me`gas great + sto`ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group of univalve shells, having a large aperture or mouth. MEGATHERE; MEGATHERIUM Meg"a*there, Meg`a*the"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL. megatherium, fr. Gr. me`gas great + thyri`on beast.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct gigantic quaternary mammal, allied to the ant-eaters and sloths. Its remains are found in South America. MEGATHEROID Meg`a*the"roid, n. Etym: [Megatherium + -oid.] (Paleon.) Defn: One of a family of extinct edentates found in America. The family includes the megatherium, the megalonyx, etc. MEGAVOLT Meg`a*volt", n. Etym: [Mega- + volt.] (Elec.) Defn: One of the larger measures of electro-motive force, amounting to one million volts. MEGAWEBER Meg`a*we"ber, n. Etym: [Mega- + weber.] (Elec.) Defn: A million webers. MEGERG Meg"erg`, n. Etym: [Mega- + erg.] (Physics) Defn: One of the larger measures of work, amounting to one million ergs; -- called also megalerg. MEGILP; MEGILPH Me*gilp", Me*gilph", n. (Paint.) Defn: A gelatinous compound of linseed oil and mastic varnish, used by artists as a vehicle for colors. [Written also magilp, and magilph.] MEGOHM Meg"ohm", n. Etym: [Mega- + ohm.] (Elec.) Defn: One of the larger measures of electrical resistance, amounting to one million ohms. MEGRIM Me"grim, n. Etym: [OE. migrim, migrene, F. migraine, LL. hemigrania, L. hemicrania, hemicranium, Gr. Hemi- and Cranium, and cf. Hemicrania, Migraine.] 1. A kind of sick or nevrous headache, usually periodical and confined to one side of the head. 2. A fancy; a whim; a freak; a humor; esp., in the plural, lowness of spirits. These are his megrims, firks, and melancholies. Ford. 3. pl. (Far.) Defn: A sudden vertigo in a horse, succeeded sometimes by unconsciousness, produced by an excess of blood in the brain; a mild form of apoplexy. Youatt. MEGRIM Me"grim, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The British smooth sole, or scaldfish (Psetta arnoglossa). MEIBOMIAN Mei*bo"mi*an, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or discovered by, Meibomius. Meibomian glands, the slender sebaceous glands of the eyelids, which discharge, through minute orifices in the edges of the lids, a fatty secretion serving to lubricate the adjacent parts. MEINE Meine, v. t. Defn: See Menge. MEINE; MEINY Mein"e, Mein"y, (, n. Etym: [OF. maisniée, maisnie. See Menial.] 1. A family, including servants, etc.; household; retinue; train. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak. 2. Company; band; army. [Obs.] Chaucer. MEIOCENE Mei"o*cene, a. (Geol.) Defn: See Miocene. MEIONITE Mei"o*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A member of the scapolite, group, occuring in glassy crystals on Monte Somma, near Naples. MEIOSIS Mei*o"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Meionite.] (Rhet.) Defn: Diminution; a species of hyperbole, representing a thing as being less than it really is. MEIOSTEMONOUS Mei`o*stem"o*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having fever stamens than the parts of the corolla. MEISTERSINGER Meis"ter*sing`er, n. Etym: [G.] Defn: See Mastersinger. MEKHITARIST Mekh"i*tar*ist, n. (Ecc. Hist.) Defn: See Mechitarist. MELACONITE Me*lac"o*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: An earthy black oxide of copper, arising from the decomposition of other ores. MELADA; MELADO Me*la"da, Me*la"do, n. Etym: [Sp., prop. p. p. of melar to sugar, candy, fr. L. mel honey. See Molasses.] Defn: A mixture of sugar and molasses; crude sugar as it comes from the pans without being drained. MELAENA Me*læ"na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A discharge from the bowels of black matter, consisting of altered blood. MELAIN Mel"ain, n. Etym: [See Melna.] Defn: The dark coloring matter of the liquid of the cuttlefish. MELAINOTYPE Me*lai"no*type, n. Defn: See Melanotype. MELAM Me"lam, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mélam.] (Chem.) Defn: A white or buff-colored granular powder, MELAMINE Me*lam"ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A strong nitrogenous base, C3H6N6, produced from several cyanogen compounds, and obtained as a white crystalline substance, -- formerly supposed to be produced by the decomposition of melam. Called also cyanuramide. MELAMPODE Mel"am*pode, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The black hellebore. [Obs.] Spenser. MELAMPYRIN; MELAMPYRITE Mel`am*py"rin, Mel`am*py"rite, n. Etym: [NL. Melampyrum cowwheat; Gr. (Chem.) Defn: The saccharine substance dulcite; -- so called because found in the leaves of cowwheat (Melampyrum). See Dulcite. MELANAEMIA Mel`a*næ"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition in which the blood contains black pigment either floating freely or imbedded in the white blood corpuscles. MELANAGOGUE Me*lan"a*gogue, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A medicine supposed to expel black bile or choler. [Obs.] MELANCHOLIA Mel`an*cho"li*a, n. Etym: [L. See Melancholy.] (Med.) Defn: A kind of mental unsoundness characterized by extreme depression of spirits, ill-grounded fears, delusions, and brooding over one particular subject or train of ideas. MELANCHOLIAN Mel`an*cho"li*an, n. Defn: A person affected with melancholy; a melancholic. [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott. MELANCHOLIC Mel"an*chol`ic, a. Etym: [L. melancholicus, Gr. mélancholique.] Defn: Given to melancholy; depressed; melancholy; dejected; unhappy. Just as the melancholic eye Sees fleets and armies in the sky. Prior. MELANCHOLIC Mel"an*chol`ic, n. [Obs.] 1. One affected with a gloomy state of mind. J. Spenser. 2. A gloomy state of mind; melancholy. Clarendon. MELANCHOLILY Mel"an*chol`i*ly, adv. Defn: In a melancholy manner. MELANCHOLINESS Mel"an*chol`i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being melancholy. Hallywell. MELANCHOLIOUS Mel`an*cho"li*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. melancholieux.] Defn: Melancholy. [R.] Milton. MELANCHOLIST Mel"an*chol*ist, n. Defn: One affected with melancholy or dejection. [Obs.] Glanvill. MELANCHOLIZE Mel"an*cho*lize, v. i. Defn: To become gloomy or dejected in mind. Barrow. MELANCHOLIZE Mel"an*cho*lize, v. t. Defn: To make melancholy. MELANCHOLY Mel"an*chol*y, n. Etym: [OE. melancolie, F. mélancolie, L. melancholia, fr. Gr. Malice, and 1st Gall.] 1. Depression of spirits; a gloomy state continuing a considerable time; deep dejection; gloominess. Shak. 2. Great and continued depression of spirits, amounting to mental unsoundness; melancholia. 3. Pensive maditation; serious thoughtfulness. [Obs.] "Hail, divinest Melancholy !" Milton. 4. Ill nature. [Obs.] Chaucer. MELANCHOLY Mel"an*chol*y, a. 1. Depressed in spirits; dejected; gloomy dismal. Shak. 2. Producing great evil and grief; causing dejection; calamitous; afflictive; as, a melancholy event. 3. Somewhat deranged in mind; having the jugment impaired. [Obs.] Bp. Reynolds. 4. Favorable to meditation; somber. A pretty, melancholy seat, well wooded and watered. Evelin. Syn. -- Gloomy; sad; dispirited; low-spirited; downhearted; unhappy; hypochondriac; disconsolate; heavy, doleful; dismal; calamitous; afflictive. MELANCONIACEAE Mel`an*co`ni*a"ce*æ, n. pl. [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A family of fungi constituting the order Melanconiales. -- Mel`an*co`ni*a"ceous (#), a. MELANCONIALES Mel`an*co`ni*a"les, n. pl. [NL., fr. Melanconium, name of the typical genus, fr. Gr. black + dust, in allusion to the dark spores.] (Bot.) Defn: The smallest of the three orders of Fungi Imperfecti, including those with no asci nor pycnidia, but as a rule having the spores in cavities without special walls. They cause many of the plant diseases known as anthracnose. MELANESIAN Mel`a*ne"sian, a. Etym: [Gr. Melanesia was so called from the dark complexion of the natives.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Melanesia. MELANGE Mé`lange", n. Etym: [F. See Mell, Meddle.] Defn: A mixture; a medley. MELANIAN Me*la"ni*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a family of fresh-water pectinibranchiate mollusks, having a turret-shaped shell. MELANIC Me*lan"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Melanotic. 2. (Ethnol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the black-haired races. Prichard. MELANILINE Me*lan"i*line, n. (Chem.) Defn: A complex nitrogenous hydrocarbon obtained artificially (as by the action of cyanogen chloride on aniline) as a white, crystalline substance; -- called also diphenyl guanidin. MELANIN Mel"a*nin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A black pigment found in the pigment-bearing cells of the skin (particularly in the skin of the negro), in the epithelial cells of the external layer of the retina (then called fuscin), in the outer layer of the choroid, and elsewhere. It is supposed to be derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin. MELANISM Mel"a*nism, n. Etym: [Gr. , , black.] 1. An indue development of dark-colored pigment in the skin or its appendages; -- the opposite of albinism. 2. (Med.) Defn: A disease; black jaundice. See Mel. MELANISTIC Mel`a*nis"tic, a. Defn: Affected with melanism; of the nature of melanism. MELANITE Mel"a*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. mélanite.] (Min.) Defn: A black variety of garnet. MELANOCHROI Mel`a*noch"ro*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Melanochroic.] (Ethnol.) Defn: A group of the human race, including the dark whites. MELANOCHROIC Mel`a*no*chro"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having a dark complexion; of or pertaining to the Melanochroi. MELANOCHROITE Mel`a*no*chro"ite, n. Etym: [See Melanochroic.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a red, or brownish or yellowish red color. It is a chromate of lead; -- called also phoenicocroite. MELANOCOMOUS Mel`a*noc"o*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having very dark or black hair; black-haired. Prichard. MELANOMA Mel`a*no"ma, n.; L. pl. -nomata (#). [NL.; Gr. , , black + -oma.] (Med.) (a) A tumor containing dark pigment. (b) Development of dark-pigmented tumors. MELANORRHOEA Mel`a*nor*rhoe"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: An East Indian genus of large trees. Melanorrhoea usitatissima is the lignum-vitæ of Peru, and yelds a valuable black varnish. MELANOSCOPE Me*lan"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Opt.) Defn: An instrument containing a combination of colored glasses such that they transmit only red light, so that objects of other colors, as green leaves, appear black when seen through it. It is used for viewing colored flames, to detect the presence of potassium, lithium, etc., by the red light which they emit. MELANOSIS Mel`a*no"sis, Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The morbid deposition of black matter, often of a malignant character, causing pigmented tumors. MELANOSPERM Me*lan"o*sperm, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: An alga of any kind that produces blackish spores, or seed dust. The melanosperms include the rockweeds and all kinds of kelp. -- Mel`a*no*sper"mous, a. MELANOTIC Mel`a*not"ic Defn: , Melanistic. MELANOTYPE Me*lan"o*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.] (Photog.) Defn: A positive picture produced with sensitized collodion on a smooth surface of black varnish, coating a thin plate of iron; also, the process of making such a picture. [Written also melainotype.] MELANTERITE Me*lan"ter*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A hydrous sulphate of iron of a green color and vitreous luster; iron vitriol. MELANURE Mel"a*nure, n. Etym: [NL. melanurus, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small fish of the Mediterranean; a gilthead. See Gilthead (a). MELANURIC Mel`a*nu"ric, a. Etym: [Melam + urea.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid obtained by decomposition of melam, or of urea, as a white crystalline powder; -- called also melanurenic acid. MELAPHYRE Mel"a*phyre, n. Etym: [F., fr. Gr. phyre porphyry.] (Min.) Defn: Any one of several dark-colored augitic, eruptive rocks allied to basalt. MELASMA Me*las"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A dark discoloration of the skin, usually local; as, Addison's melasma, or Addison's disease. -- Me*las"mic, a. MELASSES Me*las"ses, n. Defn: See Molasses. MELASSIC Me*las"sic, a. Etym: [See Molasses.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from molasses or glucose, and probably identical with saccharic acid. See Saccharic. MELASTOMA Me*las"to*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of evergreen tropical shrubs; -- so called from the black berries of some species, which stain the mouth. MELASTOMACEOUS Mel`a*sto*ma"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to the order of which Melastoma is the type. MELCHITE Mel"chite, n. Etym: [Heb. melek king.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect, chiefly in Syria and Egypt, which acknowledges the authority of the pope, but adheres to the liturgy and ceremonies of the Eastern Church. MELD Meld, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Melded; p. pr. & vb. n. Melding.] [G. melden to announce.] (Card Playing) Defn: In the game of pinochle, to declare or announce for a score; as, to meld a sequence. MELD Meld, n. (Card Playing) Defn: Any combination or score which may be declared, or melded, in pinochle. MELEAGRINE Mel`e*a"grine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the genus Meleagris. MELEAGRIS Mel`e*a"gris, n. Etym: [L., the Guinea fowl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of American gallinaceous birds, including the common and the wild turkeys. MELEE Mê`lée", n. Etym: [F., fr. mêler to mix. See Meddle, Mell, and cf. Mellay.] Defn: A fight in which the combatants are mingled MELENA Me*le"na, n. (Med.) Defn: See Mel. MELENE Mel"ene, n. Etym: [Melissic + ethylene.] (Chem.) Defn: An unsaturated hydrocarbon, C30H60, of the ethylene series, obtained from beeswax as a white, scaly, crystalline wax; -- called also melissene, and melissylene. MELENITE Mel"e*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. me`li honey.] Defn: An explosive of great destructive power; -- so called from its color, which resembles honey. MELETIN Mel"e*tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Quercitin. MELEZITOSE Me*lez"i*tose`, n. Etym: [F. mélèze the larch + melitose.] (Chem.) Defn: A variety of sugar, isomeric with sucrose, extracted from the manna of the larch (Larix). [Written also melicitose.] MELIACEOUS Me`li*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to a natural order (Meliacæ) of plants of which the genus Melia is the type. It includes the mahogany and the Spanish cedar. MELIBEAN; MELIBOEAN Mel`i*be"an, Mel`i*boe"an, a. Etym: [From L. Meliboeus, one of the interlocutors in Virgil's first Eclogue.] (Rhet.) Defn: Alternately responsive, as verses. MELIC Mel"ic, Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to song; lyric; tuneful. MELICEROUS Me*lic"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. meliceris a kind of tumor, fr. Gr. me`li honey + (Med.) Defn: Consisting of or containing matter like honey; -- said of certain encysted tumors. MELIC GRASS Mel"ic grass`. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of grasses (Melica) of little agricultural importance. MELICOTOON Mel`i*co*toon", n. (Bot.) Defn: See Melocoton. MELICRATORY Me*lic"ra*to*ry, n. Etym: [Gr. meli`kraton.] Defn: A meadlike drink. [Obs.] MELILITE Mel"i*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. me`li honey + -lite; cf. F. mélilithe.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in small yellow crystals, found in the lavas (melilite basalt) of Vesuvius, and elsewhere. [Written also mellilite.] MELILOT Mel"i*lot, n. Etym: [F. mélilot, L. melilotus, fr. Gr. me`li honey + (Bot.) Defn: Any species of Melilotus, a genus of leguminous herbs having a vanillalike odor; sweet clover; hart's clover. The blue melilot (Melilotus cærulea) is used in Switzerland to give color and flavor to sapsago cheese. MELILOTIC Mel`i*lot"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, sweet clover or meliot; specifically, designating an acid of the aromatic series, obtained from melilot as a white crystalline substance. MELINITE Mé"lin*ite, n. [F.] (Chem.) Defn: A high explosive similar to lyddite, consisting principally of picric acid, used in the French military service. MELIORATE Mel"io*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Meliorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Meliorating.] Etym: [L. melioratus, p. p. of meliorare to meliorate, fr. melior better; akin to Gr. Ameliorate.] Defn: To make better; to improve; to ameliorate; to soften; to make more tolerable. Nature by art we nobly meliorate. Denham. The pure and bening light of revelation has had a meliorating influence on mankind. Washington. MELIORATE Mel"io*rate, v. i. Defn: To grow better. MELIORATER Mel"io*ra`ter, n. Defn: Same as Meliorator. MELIORATION Mel`io*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. melioratio.] Defn: The act or operation of meliorating, or the state of being meliorated; improvement. Bacon. MELIORATOR Mel"io*ra`tor, n. Defn: One who meliorates. MELIORISM Mel"io*rism, n. Etym: [From L. melior better.] Defn: The doctrine that there is a tendency throughout nature toward improvement. J. Sully. MELIORITY Mel*ior"i*ty, n. Etym: [LL. melioritas, fr. L. melior. See Meliorate.] Defn: The state or quality of being better; melioration. [Obs.] Bacon. MELIPHAGAN Me*liph"a*gan, a. Etym: [Gr. me`li honey + (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the genus Meliphaga. MELIPHAGAN Me*liph"a*gan, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the genus Meliphaga and allied genera; a honey eater; -- called also meliphagidan. MELIPHAGOUS Me*liph"a*gous, a. Etym: [See Meliphagan.] (Zool.) Defn: Eating, or feeding upon, honey. MELISMA Me*lis"ma, n.; pl. Melismata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Mus.) (a) A piece of melody; a song or tune, -- as opposed to recitative or musical declamation. (b) A grace or embellishment. MELISSA Me*lis"sa, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. me`lissa a bee, honey.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of labiate herbs, including the balm, or bee balm (Melissa officinalis). MELISSIC Me*lis"sic, a. Etym: [Gr. me`lissa a bee, honey.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, beeswax; specif., denoting an acid obtained by oxidation of myricin. MELISSYL Me*lis"syl, n. Etym: [Melissic +yl.] (Chem.) Defn: See Myricyl. MELISSYLENE Me*lis"sy*lene, n. Etym: [Melissic + -yl + -ene.] (Chem.) Defn: See Melene. MELITOSE Mel"i*tose`, n. Etym: [Gr. me`li honey.] (Chem.) Defn: A variety of sugar isomeric with sucrose, extracted from cotton seeds and from the so-called Australian manna (a secretion of certain species of Eucalyptus). MELL Mell, v. i. & t. Etym: [F. mêler, OF. meller, mester. See Meddle.] Defn: To mix; to meddle. [Obs.] Chaucer. MELL Mell, n. Etym: [See Mellifluous.] Defn: Honey. [Obs.] Warner. MELL Mell, n. Defn: A mill. [Obs.] Chaucer. MELLATE Mel"late, n. Etym: [L. mel, mellis, honey. Cf. Mellitate.] (Chem.) Defn: A mellitate. [R.] MELLAY Mel"lay, n. Defn: A mêlée; a conflict. Tennyson. MELLIC Mel"lic, a. (Chem.) Defn: See Mellitic. [R.] MELLIFEROUS Mel*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. mellifer; mel, mellis, honey + ferre to bear.] Defn: Producing honey. MELLIFIC Mel*lif"ic, a. Etym: [L. mel, mellis, honey + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: Producing honey. MELLIFICATION Mel`li*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. mellificare to make honey: cf. F. mellification. See Mellific.] Defn: The making or production of honey. MELLIFLUENCE Mel*lif"lu*ence, n. Defn: A flow of sweetness, or a sweet, smooth flow. MELLIFLUENT Mel*lif"lu*ent, a. Etym: [L. mellifluens. See Mellifluous.] Defn: Flowing as with honey; smooth; mellifluous. MELLIFLUENTLY Mel*lif"lu*ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a mellifluent manner. MELLIFLUOUS Mel*lif"lu*ous, a. Etym: [L. mellifluus; mel, mellis, honey (akin to Gr. milip) + fluere to flow. See Mildew, Fluent, and cf. Marmalade.] Defn: Flowing as with honey; smooth; flowing sweetly or smoothly; as, a mellifluous voice. -- Mel*lif"lu*ous*ly, adv. MELLIGENOUS Mel*lig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. mel, mellis + -genous.] Defn: Having the qualities of honey. [R.] MELLIGO Mel*li"go, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Honeydew. MELLILOQUENT Mel*lil"o*quent, a. Etym: [L. mel, mellis honey + loquens speaking, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Defn: Speaking sweetly or harmoniously. MELLIPHAGAN Mel*liph"a*gan, n. Defn: See Meliphagan. MELLIPHAGOUS Mel*liph"a*gous, a. Defn: See Meliphagous. MELLITATE Mel"li*tate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mellitate. See Mellitic.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of mellitic acid. MELLITE Mel"lite, n. Etym: [L. mel, mellis, honey: cf. F. mellite.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a honey color, found in brown coal, and partly the result of vegetable decomposition; honeystone. It is a mellitate of alumina. MELLITIC Mel*lit"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. mellitique. See Mellite.] (Chem.) (a) Containing saccharine matter; marked by saccharine secretions; as, mellitic diabetes. (b) Pertaining to, or derived from, the mineral mellite. Mellitic acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, organic substance, C6(CO2H)6, occurring naturally in combination with aluminium in the mineral mellite, and produced artificially by the oxidation of coal, graphite, etc., and hence called also graphitic acid. MELLONE Mel"lone, n. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow powder, C6H3N9, obtained from certain sulphocyanates. It has acid properties and forms compounds called mellonides. MELLONIDE Mel"lon*ide, n. Defn: See Mellone. MELLOW Mel"low, a. [Compar. Mellower; superl. Mellowest.] Etym: [OE. melwe; cf. AS. mearu soft, D. murw, Prov. G. mollig soft, D. malsch, and E. meal flour.] 1. Soft or tender by reason of ripeness; having a tender pulp; as, a mellow apple. 2. Hence: (a) Easily worked or penetrated; not hard or rigid; as, a mellow soil. "Mellow glebe." Drayton (b) Not coarse, rough, or harsh; subdued; soft; rich; delicate; -- said of sound, color, flavor, style, etc. "The mellow horn." Wordsworth. "The mellow-tasted Burgundy." Thomson. The tender flush whose mellow stain imbues Heaven with all freaks of light. Percival. 3. Well matured; softened by years; genial; jovial. May health return to mellow age. Wordsworth. As merry and mellow an old bachelor as ever followed a hound. W. Irving. 4. Warmed by liquor; slightly intoxicated. Addison. MELLOW Mel"low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mellowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mellowing.] Defn: To make mellow. Shak. If the Weather prove frosty to mellow it [the ground], they do not plow it again till April. Mortimer. The fervor of early feeling is tempered and mellowed by the ripeness of age. J. C. Shairp. MELLOW Mel"low, v. i. Defn: To become mellow; as, ripe fruit soon mellows. "Prosperity begins to mellow." Shak. MELLOWLY Mel"low*ly, adv. Defn: In a mellow manner. MELLOWNESS Mel"low*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being mellow. MELLOWY Mel"low*y, a. Defn: Soft; unctuous. Drayton. MELLUCO Mel*lu"co, n. (Bot.) Defn: A climbing plant (Ullucus officinalis) of the Andes, having tuberous roots which are used as a substitute for potatoes. MELNE Mel"ne, n. Defn: A mill. [Obs.] Chaucer. MELOCOTON; MELOCOTOON Mel`o*co*ton", Mel`o*co*toon", n. Etym: [Sp. melocoton a kind of peach tree and its fruit, L. malum cotonium, or cotonea, or Cydonia, a quince, or quince tree, lit., apple of Cydonia, Gr. Quince.] (Bot.) (a) A quince. (b) A kind of peach having one side deep red, and the flesh yellow. [Written also malacatoon, malacotune.] MELODEON Me*lo"de*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Melody, and cf. Odeon.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A kind of small reed organ; -- a portable form of the seraphine. 2. A music hall. MELODIC Me*lod"ic, a. Etym: [L. melodicus, Gr. mélodique.] Defn: Of the nature of melody; relating to, containing, or made up of, melody; melodious. MELODICS Me*lod"ics, n. Defn: The department of musical science which treats of the pitch of tones, and of the laws of melody. MELODIOGRAPH Me*lo"di*o*graph, n. Etym: [Melody + -graph.] Defn: A contrivance for preserving a record of music, by recording the action of the keys of a musical instrument when played upon. MELODIOUS Me*lo"di*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. mélodieux. See Melody.] Defn: Containing, or producing, melody; musical; agreeable to the ear by a sweet succession of sounds; as, a melodious voice. "A melodious voice." "A melodious undertone." Longfellow. -- Me*lo"di*ous*ly, adv. -- Me*lo"di*ous*ness, n. MELODIST Mel"o*dist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mélodiste.] Defn: A composer or singer of melodies. MELODIZE Mel"o*dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Melodized; p. pr. & vb. n. Melodizing.] Defn: To make melodious; to form into, or set to, melody. MELODIZE Mel"o*dize, v. i. Defn: To make melody; to compose melodies; to harmonize. MELODRAMA Mel`o*dra"ma, n. Etym: [F. mélodrame, fr. Gr. Defn: Formerly, a kind of drama having a musical accompaniment to intensify the effect of certain scenes. Now, a drama abounding in romantic sentiment and agonizing situations, with a musical accompaniment only in parts which are especially thrilling or pathetic. In opera, a passage in which the orchestra plays a somewhat descriptive accompaniment, while the actor speaks; as, the melodrama in the gravedigging scene of Beethoven's "Fidelio". MELODRAMATIC Mel`o*dra*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. mélodramatique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to melodrama; like or suitable to a melodrama; unnatural in situation or action. -- Mel`o*dra*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. MELODRAMATIST Mel`o*dram"a*tist, n. Defn: One who acts in, or writes, melodramas. MELODRAME Mel"o*drame, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Melodrama. MELODY Mel"o*dy, n.; pl. Melodies. Etym: [OE. melodie, F. mélodie, L. melodia, fr. Gr. Ode.] 1. A sweet or agreeable succession of sounds. Lulled with sound of sweetest melody. Shak. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A rhythmical succession of single tones, ranging for the most part within a given key, and so related together as to form a musical whole, having the unity of what is technically called a musical thought, at once pleasing to the ear and characteristic in expression. Note: Melody consists in a succession of single tones; harmony is a consonance or agreement of tones, also a succession of consonant musical combinations or chords. 3. The air or tune of a musical piece. Syn. -- See Harmony. MELOE Mel"o*e, Etym: [ NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of beetles without wings, but having short oval elytra; the oil beetles. These beetles are sometimes used instead of cantharides for raising blisters. See Oil beetle, under Oil. MELOGRAPH Mel"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph : cf. F. mélographe.] Defn: Same as Melodiograph. MELOLONTHIDIAN Mel`o*lon*thid"i*an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A beetle of the genus Melolontha, and allied genera. See May beetle, under May. MELON Mel"on, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. melo, for melopepo an apple-shaped melon, Gr. malum apple. Cf. Marmalade.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The juicy fruit of certain cucurbitaceous plants, as the muskmelon, watermelon, and citron melon; also, the plant that produces the fruit. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, ornamental, marine, univalve shell of the genus Melo. Melon beetle (Zoöl.), a small leaf beetle (Diabrotiea vittata), which damages the leaves of melon vines. -- Melon cactus, Melon thistle. (a) (Bot.) A genus of cactaceous plants (Melocactus) having a fleshy and usually globose stem with the surface divided into spiny longitudinal ridges, and bearing at the top a prickly and woolly crown in which the small pink flowers are half concealed. M. communis, from the West Indies, is often cultivated, and sometimes called Turk's cap. (b) The related genus Mamillaria, in which the stem is tubercled rather than ribbed, and the flowers sometimes large. See Illust. under Cactus. MELOPIANO Mel`o*pi*a"no, n. Etym: [Gr. piano.] Defn: A piano having a mechanical attachment which enables the player to prolong the notes at will. MELOPLASTIC Mel`o*plas"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to meloplasty, or the artificial formation of a new cheek. MELOPLASTY Mel"o*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Gr. -plasty: cf. F. méloplastie.] (Surg.) Defn: The process of restoring a cheek which has been destroyed wholly or in part. MELOPOEIA Mel`o*poe"ia, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Mus.) Defn: The art of forming melody; melody; -- now often used for a melodic passage, rather than a complete melody. MELOTYPE Mel"o*type, n. (Photog.) Defn: A picture produced by a process in which development after exposure may be deferred indefinitely, so as to permit transportation of exposed plates; also, the process itself. MELPOMENE Mel*pom"e*ne, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The Muse of tragedy. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The eighteenth asteroid. MELROSE Mel"rose, n. Defn: Honey of roses. MELT Melt, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See 2d Milt. MELT Melt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Melted (obs.) p. p. Molten; p. pr. & vb. n. Melting.] Etym: [AS. meltan; akin to Gr. malt, and prob. to E. smelt, v. Smelt, v., Malt, Milt the spleen.] 1. To reduce from a solid to a liquid state, as by heat; to liquefy; as, to mell wax, tallow, or lead; to melt ice or snow. 2. Hence: To soften, as by a warming or kindly influence; to relax; to render gentle or susceptible to mild influences; sometimes, in a bad sense, to take away the firmness of; to weaken. Thou would'st have . . . melted down thy youth. Shak. For pity melts the mind to love. Dryden. Syn. -- To liquefy; fuse; thaw; mollify; soften. MELT Melt, v. i. 1. To be changed from a solid to a liquid state under the influence of heat; as, butter and wax melt at moderate temperatures. 2. To dissolve; as, sugar melts in the mouth. 3. Hence: To be softened; to become tender, mild, or gentle; also, to be weakened or subdued, as by fear. My soul melteth for heaviness. Ps. cxix. 28. Melting with tenderness and kind compassion. Shak. 4. To lose distinct form or outline; to blend. The soft, green, rounded hills, with their flowing outlines, overlapping and melting into each other. J. C. Shairp. 5. To disappear by being dispersed or dissipated; as, the fog melts away. Shak. MELTABLE Melt"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being melted. MELTER Melt"er Defn: , One who, or that which, melts. MELTING Melt"ing, n. Defn: Liquefaction; the act of causing (something) to melt, or the process of becoming melted. Melting point (Chem.), the degree of temperature at which a solid substance melts or fuses; as, the melting point of ice is 0º Centigrade or 32º Fahr., that of urea is 132º Centigrade. -- Melting pot, a vessel in which anything is melted; a crucible. MELTING Melt"ing a. Defn: Causing to melt; becoming melted; -- used literally or figuratively; as, a melting heat; a melting appeal; a melting mood. -- Melt"ing*ly, adv. MELTON Mel"ton, Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A kind of stout woolen cloth with unfinished face and without raised nap. A commoner variety has a cotton warp. MELUNGEON Me*lun"geon, n. [Cf. F. mélanger to mix, mélange a mixture.] Defn: One of a mixed white and Indian people living in parts of Tennessee and the Carolinas. They are descendants of early intermixtures of white settlers with natives. In North Carolina the Croatan Indians, regarded as descended from Raleigh's lost colony of Croatan, formerly classed with negroes, are now legally recognized as distinct. MEMBER Mem"ber, v. t. Etym: [See Remember.] Defn: To remember; to cause to remember; to mention. [Obs.] MEMBER Mem"ber, n. Etym: [OE. membre, F. membre, fr. L. membrum; cf. Goth. mimz flesh, Skr. mamsa.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A part of an animal capable of performing a distinct office; an organ; a limb. We have many members in one body, and all members have not the same office. Rom. xii. 4. 2. Hence, a part of a whole; an independent constituent of a body; as: (a) A part of a discourse or of a period or sentence; a clause; a part of a verse. (b) (Math.) Either of the two parts of an algebraic equation, connected by the sign of equality. (c) (Engin.) Defn: Any essential part, as a post, tie rod, strut, etc., of a framed structure, as a bridge truss. (d) (Arch.) Any part of a building, whether constructional, as a pier, column, lintel, or the like, or decorative, as a molding, or group of moldings. (e) One of the persons composing a society, community, or the like; an individual forming part of an association; as, a member of the society of Friends. Compression member, Tension member (Engin.), a member, as a rod, brace, etc., which is subjected to compression or tension, respectively. MEMBERED Mem"bered, a. 1. Having limbs; -- chiefly used in composition. 2. (Her.) Defn: Having legs of a different tincture from that of the body; -- said of a bird in heraldic representations. MEMBERSHIP Mem"ber*ship, n. 1. The state of being a member. 2. The collective body of members, as of a society. MEMBRAL Mem"bral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Relating to a member. MEMBRANACEOUS Mem`bra*na"ceous, a. Etym: [L. membranaceus.] 1. Same as Membranous. Arbuthnot. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Thin and rather soft or pliable, as the leaves of the rose, peach tree, and aspen poplar. MEMBRANE Mem"brane, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. membrana the skin that covers the separate members of the body, fr. L. membrum. See Member.] (Anat.) Defn: A thin layer or fold of tissue, usually supported by a fibrous network, serving to cover or line some part or organ, and often secreting or absorbing certain fluids. Note: The term is also often applied to the thin, expanded parts, of various texture, both in animals and vegetables. Adventitious membrane, a membrane connecting parts not usually connected, or of a different texture from the ordinary connection; as, the membrane of a cicatrix. -- Jacob's membrane. See under Retina. -- Mucous membranes (Anat.), the membranes lining passages and cavities which communicate with the exterior, as well as ducts and receptacles of secretion, and habitually secreting mucus. -- Schneiderian membrane. (Anat.) See Schneiderian. -- Serous membranes (Anat.) , the membranes, like the peritoneum and pleura, which line, or lie in, cavities having no obvious outlet, and secrete a serous fluid. MEMBRANEOUS Mem*bra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. membraneus of parchment.] Defn: See Membranous. MEMBRANIFEROUS Mem`bra*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Membrane + -ferous.] Defn: Having or producing membranes. MEMBRANIFORM Mem*bra"ni*form, a. Etym: [Membrane + -form: cf. F. membraniforme.] Defn: Having the form of a membrane or of parchment. MEMBRANOLOGY Mem`bra*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Membrane + -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of membranes. MEMBRANOUS Mem"bra*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. membraneux.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, membrane; as, a membranous covering or lining. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Membranaceous. Membranous croup (Med.), true croup. See Croup. MEMENTO Me*men"to, n.; pl. Mementos. Etym: [L., remember, be mindful, imper. of meminisse to remember. See Mention.] Defn: A hint, suggestion, token, or memorial, to awaken memory; that which reminds or recalls to memory; a souvenir. Seasonable mementos may be useful. Bacon. MEMENTO MORI Me*men"to mo"ri. [L.] Defn: Lit., remember to die, i.e., that you must die; a warning to be prepared for death; an object, as a death's-head or a personal ornament, usually emblematic, used as a reminder of death. MEMINNA Me*min"na, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small deerlet, or chevrotain, of India. MEMNON Mem"non, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. (Antiq.) Defn: A celebrated Egyptian statue near Thebes, said to have the property of emitting a harplike sound at sunrise. MEMOIR; MEMOIRS Mem"oir, or pl. Mem"oirs, n. Etym: [F. mémoire, m., memorandum, fr. mémoire, f., memory, L. memoria. See Memory.] 1. A memorial account; a history composed from personal experience and memory; an account of transactions or events (usually written in familiar style) as they are remembered by the writer. See History, 2. 2. A memorial of any individual; a biography; often, a biography written without special regard to method and completeness. 3. An account of something deemed noteworthy; an essay; a record of investigations of any subject; the journals and proceedings of a society. MEMOIRIST Mem"oir*ist, n. Defn: A writer of memoirs. MEMORABILIA Mem`o*ra*bil"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. memorabilis memorable. See Memorable.] Defn: Things remarkable and worthy of remembrance or record; also, the record of them. MEMORABILITY Mem`o*ra*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being memorable. MEMORABLE Mem"o*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. memorabilis, fr. memorare to bring to remembrance, fr. memor mindful, remembering. See Memory, and cf. Memorabilia.] Defn: Worthy to be remembered; very important or remarkable. -- Mem"o*ra*ble*ness, n. -- Mem"o*ra*bly, adv. Surviving fame to gain, Buy tombs, by books, by memorable deeds. Sir J. Davies. MEMORANDUM Mem`o*ran"dum, n.; pl. E. Memorandums, L. Memoranda. Etym: [L., something to be remembered, neut. of memorandus, fut. pass. p. of memorare. See Memorable.] 1. A record of something which it is desired to remember; a note to help the memory. I . . . entered a memorandum in my pocketbook. Guardian. I wish you would, as opportunity offers, make memorandums of the regulations of the academies. Sir J. Reynolds. 2. (Law) Defn: A brief or informal note in writing of some transaction, or an outline of an intended instrument; an instrument drawn up in a brief and compendious form. Memorandum check, a check given as an acknowledgment of indebtedness, but with the understanding that it will not be presented at bank unless the maker fails to take it up on the day the debt becomes due. It usually has Mem. written on its face. MEMORATE Mem"o*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. memoratus, p. p. of memorare. See Memorable.] Defn: To commemorate. [Obs.] MEMORATIVE Mem"o*ra*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. mémoratif.] Defn: Commemorative. [Obs.] Hammond. MEMORIA Me*mo"ri*a, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Memory. Memoria technica, technical memory; a contrivance for aiding the memory. MEMORIAL Me*mo"ri*al, a. Etym: [F. mémorial, L. memorialis, fr. memoria. See Memory.] 1. Serving to preserve remembrance; commemorative; as, a memorial building. There high in air, memorial of my name, Fix the smooth oar, and bid me live to fame. Pope. 2. Contained in memory; as, a memorial possession. 3. Mnemonic; assisting the memory. This succession of Aspirate, Soft, and Hard, may be expressed by the memorial word ASH. Skeat. Memorial Day. Same as Decoration Day. [U.S.] MEMORIAL Me*mo"ri*al, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mémorial.] 1. Anything intended to preserve the memory of a person or event; something which serves to keep something else in remembrance; a monument. Macaulay. Churches have names; some as memorials of peace, some of wisdom, some in memory of the Trinity itself. Hooker. 2. A memorandum; a record. [Obs. or R.] Hayward. 3. A written representation of facts, addressed to the government, or to some branch of it, or to a society, etc., -- often accompanied with a petition. 4. Memory; remembrance. [Obs.] Precious is the memorial of the just. Evelyn. 5. (Diplomacy) Defn: A species of informal state paper, much used in negotiation. MEMORIAL DAY Me*mo"ri*al Day. Defn: A day, May 30, appointed for commemorating, by decorating their graves with flowers, by patriotic exercises, etc., the dead soldiers and sailors who served the Civil War (1861-65) in the United States; Decoration Day. It is a legal holiday in most of the States. In the Southern States, the Confederate Memorial Day is: May 30 in Virginia; April 26 in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi; May 10 in North Carolina and South Carolina; the second Friday in May in Tennessee; June 3 in Louisiana. [U. S.] MEMORIALIST Me*mo"ri*al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mémorialiste.] Defn: One who writes or signs a memorial. MEMORIALIZE Me*mo"ri*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Memorialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Memorializing.] Defn: To address or petition by a memorial; to present a memorial to; as, to memorialize the legislature. T. Hook. MEMORIALIZER Me*mo"ri*al*i`zer, n. Defn: One who petitions by a memorial. T. Hook. MEMORIAL ROSE Memorial rose. Defn: A Japanese evergreen rose (Rosa wichuraiana) with creeping branches, shining leaves, and single white flowers. It is often planted in cemeteries. MEMORIST Mem"o*rist, n. Etym: [See Memorize.] Defn: One who, or that which, causes to be remembered. [Obs.] MEMORITER Me*mor"i*ter, adv. Etym: [L., fr. memor mindful. See Memorable.] Defn: By, or from, memory. MEMORIZE Mem"o*rize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Memorized; p. pr. & vb. n. Memorizing.] Etym: [See Memory.] 1. To cause to be remembered ; hence, to record. [Obs.] They neglect to memorize their conquest. Spenser. They meant to . . . memorize another Golgotha. Shak. 2. To commit to memory; to learn by heart. MEMORY Mem"o*ry, n.; pl. Memories. Etym: [OE. memorie, OF. memoire, memorie, F. mémoire, L. memoria, fr. memor mindful; cf. mora delay. Cf. Demur, Martyr, Memoir, Remember.] 1. The faculty of the mind by which it retains the knowledge of previous thoughts, impressions, or events. Memory is the purveyor of reason. Rambler. 2. The reach and positiveness with which a person can remember; the strength and trustworthiness of one's power to reach and represent or to recall the past; as, his memory was never wrong. 3. The actual and distinct retention and recognition of past ideas in the mind; remembrance; as, in memory of youth; memories of foreign lands. 4. The time within which past events can be or are remembered; as, within the memory of man. And what, before thy memory, was done From the begining. Milton. 5. Something, or an aggregate of things, remembered; hence, character, conduct, etc., as preserved in remembrance, history, or tradition; posthumous fame; as, the war became only a memory. The memory of the just is blessed. Prov. x. 7. That ever-living man of memory, Henry the Fifth. Shak. The Nonconformists . . . have, as a body, always venerated her [Elizabeth's] memory. Macaulay. 6. A memorial. [Obs.] These weeds are memories of those worser hours. Shak. Syn. -- Memory, Remembrance, Recollection, Reminiscence. Memory is the generic term, denoting the power by which we reproduce past impressions. Remembrance is an exercise of that power when things occur spontaneously to our thoughts. In recollection we make a distinct effort to collect again, or call back, what we know has been formerly in the mind. Reminiscence is intermediate between remembrance and recollection, being a conscious process of recalling past occurrences, but without that full and varied reference to particular things which characterizes recollection. "When an idea again recurs without the operation of the like object on the external sensory, it is remembrance; if it be sought after by the mind, and with pain and endeavor found, and brought again into view, it is recollection." Locke. To draw to memory, to put on record; to record. [Obs.] Chaucer. Gower. MEMPHIAN Mem"phi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the ancient city of Memphis in Egypt; hence, Egyptian; as, Memphian darkness. MEM-SAHIB Mem"-sa`hib, n. [Hind. mem-sahib; mem (fr. E. ma'am) + Ar. çahib master. See Sahib.] Defn: Lady; mistress; -- used by Hindustani-speaking natives in India in addressing European women. MEN Men, n., Defn: pl. of Man. MEN Men, pron. Etym: [OE. me, men. "Not the plural of man, but a weakened form of the word man itself." Skeat.] Defn: A man; one; -- used with a verb in the singular, and corresponding to the present indefinite one or they. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Men moot give silver to the poure triars. Chaucer. A privy thief, men clepeth death. Chaucer. MENACCANITE Me*nac"can*ite, n. Etym: [From Menaccan, in Cornwall, where it was first found.] (Min.) Defn: An iron-black or steel-gray mineral, consisting chiefly of the oxides of iron and titanium. It is commonly massive, but occurs also in rhombohedral crystals. Called also titanic iron ore, and ilmenite. MENACE Men"ace, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. minaciae threats, menaces, fr. minax, - acis, projecting, threatening, minae projecting points or pinnacles, threats. Cf. Amenable, Demean, Imminent, Minatory.] Defn: The show of an intention to inflict evil; a threat or threatening; indication of a probable evil or catastrophe to come. His (the pope's) commands, his rebukes, his menaces. Milman. The dark menace of the distant war. Dryden. MENACE Men"ace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Menaced (ast); p. pr. & vb. n. Menacing.] Etym: [OF. menacier, F. menacer. See Menace, n.] 1. To express or show an intention to inflict, or to hold out a prospect of inflicting, evil or injury upon; to threaten; -- usually followed by with before the harm threatened; as, to menace a country with war. My master . . . did menace me with death. Shak. 2. To threaten, as an evil to be inflicted. By oath he menaced Revenge upon the cardinal. Shak. MENACE Men"ace, v. i. Defn: To act in threatening manner; to wear a threatening aspect. Who ever knew the heavens menace so Shak. MENACER Men"a*cer, n. Defn: One who menaces. MENACINGLY Men"a*cing*ly, adv. Defn: In a threatening manner. MENAGE Mé`nage", n. Defn: See Manage. MENAGE Mé`nage", n. Etym: [See Menagerie.] Defn: A collection of animals; a menagerie. [Obs.] Addison. MENAGERIE Men*ag"er*ie, n. Etym: [F. ménagerie, fr. ménager to keep house, ménage household. See Menial, Mansion.] 1. A piace where animals are kept and trained. 2. A collection of wild or exotic animals, kept for exhibition. MENAGOGUE Men"a*gogue, n. Etym: [F. ménagogue, fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Emmenagogue. MENAION Me*na"ion, n.; pl. Menaia (-yå). Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Eccl.) Defn: A work of twelve volumes, each containing the offices in the Greek Church for a month; also, each volume of the same. Shipley. MENALD; MENILD Men"ald, Men"ild, a. Defn: Covered with spots; speckled; variegated. [Obs.] MEND Mend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mended; p. pr. & vb. n. Mending.] Etym: [Abbrev. fr. amend. See Amend.] 1. To repair, as anything that is torn, broken, defaced, decayed, or the like; to restore from partial decay, injury, or defacement; to patch up; to put in shape or order again; to re-create; as, to mend a garment or a machine. 2. To alter for the better; to set right; to reform; hence, to quicken; as, to mend one's manners or pace. The best service they could do the state was to mend the lives of the persons who composed it. Sir W. Temple. 3. To help, to advance, to further; to add to. Though in some lands the grass is but short, yet it mends garden herbs and fruit. Mortimer. You mend the jewel by the wearing it. Shak. Syn. -- To improve; help; better; emend; amend; correct; rectify; reform. MEND Mend, v. i. Defn: To grow better; to advance to a better state; to become improved. Shak. MENDABLE Mend"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being mended. MENDACIOUS Men*da"cious, a. Etym: [L. mendax, -acis, lying, cf. mentiri to lie.] 1. Given to deception or falsehood; lying; as, a mendacious person. 2. False; counterfeit; containing falsehood; as, a mendacious statement. -- Men*da"cious*ly, adv. -- Men*da"cious*ness, n. MENDACITY Men*dac"i*ty, n.; pl. Mendacities. Etym: [L. mendacitas.] 1. The quality or state of being mendacious; a habit of lying. Macaulay. 2. A falsehood; a lie. Sir T. Browne. Syn. -- Lying; deceit; untruth; falsehood. MENDELIAN Men*de"li*an, a. [See Mendel's law.] (Biol.) Defn: Pert. to Mendel, or to Mendel's law. -- Men*de"li*an*ism (#), Men*del"ism (#), n. MENDELIAN CHARACTER Mendelian character. (Biol.) Defn: A character which obeys Mendel's law in regard to its hereditary transmission. MENDEL'S LAW Men"del's law. Defn: A principle governing the inheritance of many characters in animals and plants, discovered by Gregor J. Mendel (Austrian Augustinian abbot, 1822-84) in breeding experiments with peas. He showed that the height, color, and other characters depend on the presence of determinating factors behaving as units. In any given germ cell each of these is either present or absent. The following example (using letters as symbols of the determining factors and hence also of the individuals possessing them) shows the operation of the law: Tallness being due to a factor T, a tall plant, arising by the union in fertilization of two germ cells both bearing this factor, is TT; a dwarf, being without T, is tt. Crossing these, crossbreeds, Tt, result (called generation F1). In the formation of the germ cells of these crossbreeds a process of segregation occurs such that germ cells, whether male or female, are produced of two kinds, T and t, in equal numbers. The T cells bear the factor "tallness," the t cells are devoid of it. The offspring, generation F2, which arise from the chance union of these germ cells in pairs, according to the law of probability, are therefore on an average in the following proportions: 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt; and thus plants pure in tallness (TT) and dwarfness (tt), as well as crossbreeds (Tt), are formed by the interbreeding of crossbreeds. Frequently, as in this example, owning to what is called the dominance of a factor, the operation of Mendel's law may be complicated by the fact that when a dominant factor (as T) occurs with its allelomorph (as t), called recessive, in the crossbreed Tt, the individual Tt is itself indistinguishable from the pure form TT. Generation F1, containing only the Tt form, consists entirely of dominants (tall plants) and generation F2 consists of three dominants (2 Tt, 1 TT) to one dwarf (tt), which, displaying the feature suppressed in F1, is called recessive. Such qualitative and numerical regularity has been proved to exist in regard to very diverse qualities or characters which compose living things, both wild and domesticated, such as colors of flowers, of hair or eyes, patterns, structure, chemical composition, and power of resisting certain diseases. The diversity of forms produced in crossbreeding by horticulturists and fanciers generally results from a process of analytical variation or recombination of the factors composing the parental types. Purity of type consequently acquires a specific meaning. An individual is pure in respect of a given character when it results from the union of two sexual cells both bearing that character, or both without it. MENDER Mend"er, n. Defn: One who mends or repairs. MENDIANT Men"di*ant, n. Defn: See Mendinant. [Obs.] MENDICANCY Men"di*can*cy, n. Defn: The condition of being mendicant; beggary; begging. Burke. MENDICANT Men"di*cant, a. Etym: [L. mendicans, -antis, p. pr. of mendicare to beg, fr. mendicus beggar, indigent.] Defn: Practicing beggary; begging; living on alms; as, mendicant friars. Mendicant orders (R. C. Ch.), certain monastic orders which are forbidden to acquire landed property and are required to be supported by alms, esp. the Franciscans, the Dominicans, the Carmelites, and the Augustinians. MENDICANT Men"di*cant, n. Defn: A beggar; esp., one who makes a business of begging; specifically, a begging friar. MENDICATE Men"di*cate, v. t.& i. Etym: [L. mendicatus, p. p. of mendicare to beg.] Defn: To beg. [R.] Johnson. MENDICATION Men`di*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act or practice of begging; beggary; mendicancy. Sir T. Browne. MENDICITY Men*dic"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. mendicitas: cf. F. mendicité. See Mendicant.] Defn: The practice of begging; the life of a beggar; mendicancy. Rom. of R. MENDINANT Men"di*nant, n. Defn: A mendicant or begging friar. [Obs.] Chaucer. MENDMENT Mend"ment, n. Defn: Amendment. [Obs.] MENDOLE Men"dole, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mendol, mendole.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The cackerel. MENDREGAL Men"dre*gal, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Medregal. MENDS Mends, n. Defn: See Amends. [Obs.] Shak. MENGE Menge, v. i. [imp. Mente, Meinte; p. p. Ment, Meint.] Etym: [See Mingle.] Defn: To mix. [Obs.] Spenser. MENHADEN Men*ha"den, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American marine fish of the Herring familt (Brevoortia tyrannus), chiefly valuable for its oil and as a component of fertilizers; -- called also mossbunker, bony fish, chebog, pogy, hardhead, whitefish, etc. MENHIR Men"hir, n. Etym: [F. Armor. men stone + hir high.] Defn: A large stone set upright in olden times as a memorial or monument. Many, of unknown date, are found in Brittany and throughout Northern Europe. MENIAL Men"ial, a. Etym: [OE. meneal, fr. meine, maine, household, OF. maisniée, maisnie, LL. mansionaticum. See Mansion, and cf. Meine, n., Meiny.] 1. Belonging to a retinue or train of servants; performing servile office; serving. Two menial dogs before their master pressed. Dryden. 2. Pertaining to servants, esp. domestic servants; servile; low; mean. " Menial offices." Swift. MENIAL Men"ial, n. 1. A domestic servant or retainer, esp. one of humble rank; one employed in low or servile offices. 2. A person of a servile character or disposition. MENIERE'S DISEASE Mé`nière's" dis*ease". (Med.) Defn: A disease characterized by deafness and vertigo, resulting in incoördination of movement. It is supposed to depend upon a morbid condition of the semicircular canals of the internal ear. Named after Ménière, a French physician. MENILITE Men"i*lite, n. Etym: [F. ménilite; -- so called because it is found at Ménilmontant, near Paris.] (Min.) Defn: See Opal. MENINGEAL Me*nin"ge*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the meninges. MENINGES Me*nin"ges, n. pl.; sing. Meninx (. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord; the pia mater, dura mater, and arachnoid membrane. MENINGITIS Men`in*gi"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Meninges, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord. Cerebro-spinal meningitis. See under Cerebro-spinal. MENISCAL Me*nis"cal, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or having the form of, a meniscus. MENISCOID Me*nis"coid, a. Etym: [Meniscus + -oid.] Defn: Concavo-convex, like a meniscus. MENISCUS Me*nis"cus, n.; pl. L. Menisci (-si), E. Meniscuses. Etym: [NL., from Gr. mh`nh the moon.] 1. A crescent. 2. (Opt.) Defn: A lens convex on one side and concave on the other. 3. (Anat.) Defn: An interarticular synovial cartilage or membrane; esp., one of the intervertebral synovial disks in some parts of the vertebral column of birds. Converging meniscus, Diverging meniscus. See Lens. MENISPERMACEOUS Men`i*sper*ma"ceous, a. Etym: [Gr. mh`nh the moon + spe`rma seed.] (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to a natural order (Menispermaceæ) of climbing plants of which moonseed (Menispermum) is the type. MENISPERMIC Men`i*sper"mic (, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, moonseed (Menispermum), or other plants of the same family, as the Anamirta Cocculus. MENISPERMINE Men`i*sper"mine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ménispermine.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid distinct from picrotoxin and obtained from the cocculus indicus (the fruit of Anamirta Cocculus, formerly Menispermum Cocculus) as a white, crystalline, tasteless powder; -- called also menispermina. MENIVER Men"i*ver, n. Etym: [OF. menuver, menuveir, menuvair, a grayish fur; menu small + vair a kind of fur. See Minute, a., and Vair.] Defn: Same as Miniver. MENNONIST; MENNONITE Men"non*ist, Men"non*ite, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a small denomination of Christians, so called from Menno Simons of Friesland, their founder. They believe that the New Testament is the only rule of faith, that there is no original sin, that infants should not be baptized, and that Christians ought not to take oath, hold office, or render military service. MENOBRANCH; MENOBRANCHUS Men"o*branch, Men`o*bran"chus, n. Etym: [NL. menobranchus, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large aquatic American salamander of the genus Necturus, having permanent external gills. MENOLOGIUM; MENOLOGY Men`o*lo"gi*um, Me*nol"o*gy, n.; pl. L. Menologia, E. Menologies. Etym: [NL. menologium, fr. Gr. ménologe.] 1. A register of months. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. (Gr. Church) Defn: A brief calendar of the lives of the saints for each day in the year, or a simple remembrance of those whose lives are not written. MENOPAUSE Men"o*pause, n. Etym: [Gr. Menses.] (Med.) Defn: The period of natural cessation of menstruation. See Change of life, under Change. MENOPOMA; MENOPOME Men`o*po"ma, Men"o*pome, n. Etym: [NL. menopoma, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hellbender. MENORRHAGIA Men`or*rha"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) Profuse menstruation. (b) Any profuse bleeding from the uterus; Metrorrhagia. MENOSTASIS Me*nos"ta*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. mh`n month + 'istan`nai to stop.] (Med.) Defn: Stoppage of the mences. MENOSTATION Men`os*ta"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: Same as Menostasis. MENOW Men"ow, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A minnow. MEN-PLEASER Men"-pleas`er, n. Defn: One whose motive is to please men or the world, rather than God. Eph. vi. 6. MENSAL Men"sal, a. Etym: [L. mensalis, fr. mensa table.] Defn: Belonging to the table; transacted at table; as, mensa conversation. MENSAL Men"sal, a. Etym: [L. mensis month.] Defn: Occurring once in a month; monthly. MENSE Mense, n. Etym: [OE. menske, AS. mennisc human, man. See Man.] Defn: Manliness; dignity; comeliness; civility. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] -- Mense"ful, a. -- Mense"less, a. MENSE Mense, v. t. Defn: To grace. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] MENSES Men"ses, n. pl. Etym: [L. mensis month, pl. menses months, and the monthly courses of women. Cf. Month.] (Med.) Defn: The catamenial or menstrual discharge, a periodic flow of blood or bloody fluid from the uterus or female generative organs. MENSTRUAL Men"stru*al, a. Etym: [L. menstrualis: cf. F. menstruel. See Menstruous.] 1. Recurring once a month; monthly; gone through in a month; as, the menstrual revolution of the moon; pertaining to monthly changes; as, the menstrual equation of the sun's place. 2. Of or pertaining to the menses; as, menstrual discharges; the menstrual period. 3. Of or pertaining to a menstruum. Bacon. MENSTRUANT Men"stru*ant, a. Etym: [L. menstruans, p. pr. of menstruare to have a monthly term, fr. menstruus. See Menstruous.] Defn: Subject to monthly flowing or menses. MENSTRUATE Men"stru*ate, a. Defn: Menstruous. [Obs.] MENSTRUATE Men"stru*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Menstruated; p. pr. & vb. n. Menstruating.] Defn: To discharge the menses; to have the catamenial flow. MENSTRUATION Men`stru*a"tion, n. Defn: The discharge of the menses; also, the state or the period of menstruating. MENSTRUE Men"strue, n. Etym: [Cf. F. menstrues. See Menstruous.] Defn: The menstrual flux; menses. [Obs.] MENSTRUOUS Men"stru*ous, a. Etym: [L. menstruus, fr. mensis month. Cf. Menstruum.] 1. Having the monthly flow or discharge; menstruating. 2. Of or pertaining tj the monthly flow; catamenial. MENSTRUUM Men"stru*um, n.; pl. E. Menstruums, L. Menstrua. Etym: [L. menstruus. See Menstruous.] Defn: Any substance which dissolves a solid body; a solvent. The proper menstruum to dissolve metal. Bacon. All liquors are called menstruums which are used as dissolvents, or to extract the virtues of ingredients by infusion or decoction. Quincy. Note: The use is supposed to have originated in some notion of the old chemists about the influence of the moon in the preparation of dissolvents. Johnson. MENSURABILITY Men`su*ra*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mensurabilité.] Defn: The quality of being mensurable. MENSURABLE Men"su*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. mensurabilis, fr. mensurare to measure, fr. mensura measure: cf. F. mensurable. See Measurable, Measure.] Defn: Capable of being measured; measurable. MENSURABLENESS Men"su*ra*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being mensurable; measurableness. MENSURAL Men"su*ral, a. Etym: [L. mensuralis.] Defn: Of or pertaining to measure. MENSURATE Men"su*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. mensuratus, p. p. of mensurare. See Measure, v.] Defn: To measure. [Obs.] MENSURATION Men`su*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. mensuratio : cf. F. mensuration.] 1. The act, process, or art, of measuring. 2. That branch of applied geometry which gives rules for finding the length of lines, the areas of surfaces, or the volumes of solids, from certain simple data of lines and angles. -MENT -ment, Etym: [F. -ment, L. -mentum.] Defn: A suffix denoting that which does a thing; an act or process; the result of an act or process; state or condition; as, aliment, that which nourishes, ornament, increment; fragment, piece broken, segment; abridgment, act of abridging, imprisonment, movement, adjournment; amazement, state of being amazed, astonishment. MENT Ment, p. p. Defn: of Menge. MENTAGRA Men"ta*gra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. mentum chin + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Sycosis. MENTAL Men"tal, a. Etym: [L. mentum the chin.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the chin; genian; as, the mental nerve; the mental region. MENTAL Men"tal, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A plate or scale covering the mentum or chin of a fish or reptile. MENTAL Men"tal, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. mentalis, fr. mens, mentis, the mind; akin to E. mind. See Mind.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the mind; intellectual; as, mental faculties; mental operations, conditions, or exercise. What a mental power This eye shoots forth! Shak. Mental alienation, insanity. -- Mental arithmetic, the art or practice of solving arithmetical problems by mental processes, unassisted by written figures. MENTALITY Men*tal"i*ty, n. Defn: Quality or state of mind. "The same hard mentality." Emerson. MENTALLY Men"tal*ly, adv. Defn: In the mind; in thought or meditation; intellectually; in idea. MENTHA Men"tha, n. Etym: [L. See Mint the plant.] (Bot.) Defn: A widely distributed genus of fragrant herbs, including the peppermint, spearmint, etc. The plants have small flowers, usually arranged in dense axillary clusters. MENTHENE Men"thene, n. Etym: [Menthol + terpene.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless liquid hydrocarbon resembling oil of turpentine, obtained by dehydrating menthol. It has an agreeable odor and a cooling taste. MENTHOL Men"thol, n. Etym: [Mentha + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, crystalline, aromatic substance resembling camphor, extracted from oil of peppermint (Mentha); -- called also mint camphor or peppermint camphor. MENTHYL Men"thyl, n. Etym: [Mentha + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound radical forming the base of menthol. MENTICULTURAL Men`ti*cul"tur*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to mental culture; serving to improve or strengthen the mind. [R.] MENTION Men"tion, n. Etym: [OE. mencioun, F. mention, L. mentio, from the root of meminisse to remember. See Mind.] Defn: A speaking or notice of anything, -- usually in a brief or cursory manner. Used especially in the phrase to make mention of. I will make mention of thy righteousness. Ps. lxxi. 16. And sleep in dull, cold marble, where no mention Of me more must be heard of. Shak. MENTION Men"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mentioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Mentioning.] Etym: [Cf. F. mentionner.] Defn: To make mention of; to speak briefly of; to name. I will mention the loving-kindnesses of the Lord. Is. lxiii. 7. MENTIONABLE Men"tion*a*ble, a. Defn: Fit to be mentioned. MENTOMECKELIAN Men`to*meck*e"li*an, a. Etym: [1st mental + Meckelian.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the chin and lower jaw. -- n. Defn: The bone or cartilage forming the anterior extremity of the lower jaw in some adult animals and the young of others. MENTOR Men"tor, n. Etym: [From Mentor, the counselor of Telemachus, Gr. Monitor.] Defn: A wise and faithful counselor or monitor. MENTORIAL Men*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [From Mentor.] Defn: Containing advice or admonition. MENTUM Men"tum, n. Etym: [L., chin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The front median plate of the labium in insects. See Labium. MENU Me*nu", n. Etym: [F., slender, thin, minute. See 4th Minute.] Defn: The details of a banquet; a bill of fare. MENUSE Me"nuse, v. i. Defn: See Amenuse. [Obs.] MEOW Me*ow", v. i. & n. Defn: See 6th and 7th Mew. MEPHISTOPHELIAN Meph`is*to*phe"li*an ( or ), a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the devil Mephistopheles, "a crafty, scoffing, relentless fiend;" devilish; crafty. MEPHITIC; MEPHITICAL Me*phit"ic, Me*phit"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. mephiticus, fr. mephitis mephitis: cf. F. méphitique.] 1. Tending to destroy life; poisonous; noxious; as, mephitic exhalations; mephitic regions. 2. Offensive to the smell; as, mephitic odors. Mephitic air (Chem.), carbon dioxide; -- so called because of its deadly suffocating power. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic. MEPHITIS Me*phi"tis, n. Etym: [L. mephitis : cf. F. méphitis.] 1. Noxious, pestilential, or foul exhalations from decomposing substances, filth, or other source. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of mammals, including the skunks. MEPHITISM Meph"i*tism, n. Defn: Same as Mephitis, 1. MERACIOUS Me*ra"cious, a. Etym: [L. meracus, fr. merus pure, inmixed.] Defn: Being without mixture or adulteration; hence, strong; racy. [Obs.] MERCABLE Mer"ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. mercabilis, fr. mercari to trade, traffic, buy. See Merchant.] Defn: Capable of being bought or sold. [Obs.] MERCANTILE Mer"can*tile, a. Etym: [F. mercantile, It. mercantile, fr. L. mercans, -antis, p. pr. of mercari to traffic. See Merchant.] Defn: Of or pertaining to merchants, or the business of merchants; having to do with trade, or the buying and selling of commodities; commercial. The expedition of the Argonauts was partly mercantile, partly military. Arbuthnot. Mercantile agency, an agency for procuring information of the standing and credit of merchants in different parts of the country, for the use of dealers who sell to them. -- Mercantile marine, the persons and vessels employed in commerce, taken collectively. -- Mercantile paper, the notes or acceptances given by merchants for goods bought, or received on consignment; drafts on merchants for goods sold or consigned. McElrath. Syn. -- Mercantile, Commercial. Commercial is the wider term, being sometimes used to embrace mercantile. In their stricter use, commercial relates to the shipping, freighting, forwarding, and other business connected with the commerce of a country (whether external or internal), that is, the exchange of commodities; while mercantile applies to the sale of merchandise and goods when brought to market. As the two employments are to some extent intermingled, the two words are often interchanged. MERCAPTAL Mer*cap"tal, n. Etym: [Mercaptan + aldehyde.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of compounds of mercaptans with aldehydes. MERCAPTAN Mer*cap"tan, n. Etym: [F., fr. NL. mercurius mercury + L. captans, p. pr. of captare to seize, v. intens. fr. capere.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of series of compounds, hydrosulphides of alcohol radicals, in composition resembling the alcohols, but containing sulphur in place of oxygen, and hence called also the sulphur alcohols. In general, they are colorless liquids having a strong, repulsive, garlic odor. The name is specifically applied to ethyl mercaptan, C2H5SH. So called from its avidity for mercury, and other metals. MERCAPTIDE Mer*cap"tide ( or ), n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of mercaptan formed by replacing its sulphur hydrogen by a metal; as, potassium mercaptide, C2H5SK. MERCAT Mer"cat, n. Etym: [L. mercatus : cf. It. mercato. See Market.] Defn: Market; trade. [Obs.] Bp. Sprat. MERCATANTE Mer`ca*tan"te (; It. ), n. Etym: [It. See Merchant.] Defn: A foreign trader. [Obs.] Shak. MERCATOR'S CHART Mer*ca"tor's chart". Defn: See under Chart, and see Mercator's projection, under Projection. MERCATURE Mer"ca*ture, n. Etym: [L. mercatura commerce.] Defn: Commerce; traffic; trade. [Obs.] MERCE Merce, v. t. Etym: [See Amerce.] Defn: To subject to fine or amercement; to mulct; to amerce. [Obs.] MERCENARIA Mer`ce*na"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Mercenary.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The quahog. MERCENARIAN Mer`ce*na"ri*an (-an), n. Defn: A mercenary. [Obs.] MERCENARILY Mer"ce*na`ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a mercenary manner. MERCENARINESS Mer"ce*na*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being mercenary; venality. Boyle. MERCENARY Mer"ce*na*ry, a. Etym: [OE. mercenarie, F. mercenaire, fr. L. mercenarius, fr. merces wages, reward. See Mercy.] 1. Acting for reward; serving for pay; paid; hired; hireling; venal; as, mercenary soldiers. 2. Hence: Moved by considerations of pay or profit; greedy of gain; sordid; selfish. Shak. For God forbid I should my papers blot With mercenary lines, with servile pen. Daniel. Syn. -- See Venal. MERCENARY Mer"ce*na*ry, n.; pl. Mercenaries (. Defn: One who is hired; a hireling; especially, a soldier hired into foreign service. Milman. MERCER Mer"cer, n. Etym: [F. mercier, fr. L. merx, mercis, wares, merchandise. See Merchant.] Defn: Originally, a dealer in any kind of goods or wares; now restricted to a dealer in textile fabrics, as silks or woolens. [Eng.] MERCERIZE Mer"cer*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. -ized; p. pr. & vb. n. -izing.] [From (John) Mercer (1791-1866), an English calico printer who introduced the process + -ize.] Defn: To treat (cotton fiber or fabrics) with a solution of caustic alkali. Such treatment causes the fiber to shrink in length and become stronger and more receptive of dyes. If the yarn or cloth is kept under tension during the process, it assumes a silky luster. -- Mer`cer*i*za"tion (#), n. MERCERSHIP Mer"cer*ship, n. Defn: The business of a mercer. MERCERY Mer"cer*y, n. Etym: [F. mercerie.] Defn: The trade of mercers; the goods in which a mercer deals. MERCHAND Mer"chand, v. i. Etym: [F. marchander. See Merchant.] Defn: To traffic. [Obs.] Bacon. MERCHANDISABLE Mer"chan*di`sa*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be used or transferred as merchandise. MERCHANDISE Mer"chan*dise, n. Etym: [F. marchandise, OF. marcheandise.] 1. The objects of commerce; whatever is usually bought or sold in trade, or market, or by merchants; wares; goods; commodities. Spenser. 2. The act or business of trading; trade; traffic. MERCHANDISE Mer"chan*dise, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Merchandised; p. pr. & vb. n. Merchandising.] Defn: To trade; to carry on commerce. Bacon. MERCHANDISE Mer"chan*dise, v. t. Defn: To make merchandise of; to buy and sell. "Love is merchandised." Shak. MERCHANDISER Mer"chan*di`ser, n. Defn: A trader. Bunyan. MERCHANDRY Mer"chand*ry, n. Etym: [See Merchant.] Defn: Trade; commerce. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. MERCHANT Mer"chant, n. Etym: [OE. marchant, OF. marcheant, F. marchand, fr. LL. mercatans, -antis, p. pr. of mercatare to negotiate, L. mercari to traffic, fr. merx, mercis, wares. See Market, Merit, and cf. Commerce.] 1. One who traffics on a large scale, especially with foreign countries; a trafficker; a trader. Others, like merchants, venture trade abroad. Shak. 2. A trading vessel; a merchantman. [Obs.] Shak. 3. One who keeps a store or shop for the sale of goods; a shopkeeper. [U. S. & Scot.] MERCHANT Mer"chant, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or employed in, trade or merchandise; as, the merchant service. Merchant bar, Merchant iron or steel, certain common sizes of wrought iron and steel bars. -- Merchant service, the mercantile marine of a country. Am. Cyc. -- Merchant ship, a ship employed in commerce. -- Merchant tailor, a tailor who keeps and sells materials for the garments which he makes. MERCHANT Mer"chant, v. i. Defn: To be a merchant; to trade. [Obs.] MERCHANTABLE Mer"chant*a*ble, a. Defn: Fit for market; such as is usually sold in market, or such as will bring the ordinary price; as, merchantable wheat; sometimes, a technical designation for a particular kind or class. MERCHANTLY Mer"chant*ly, a. Defn: Merchantlike; suitable to the character or business of a merchant. [Obs.] Gauden. MERCHANTMAN Mer"chant*man, n.; pl. Merchantmen (. 1. A merchant. [Obs.] Matt. xiii. 45. 2. A trading vessel; a ship employed in the transportation of goods, as, distinguished from a man-of-war. MERCHANTRY Mer"chant*ry, n. 1. The body of merchants taken collectively; as, the merchantry of a country. 2. The business of a merchant; merchandise. Walpole. MERCIABLE Mer"ci*a*ble, a. Etym: [OF.] Defn: Merciful. [Obs.] MERCIFUL Mer"ci*ful, a. Etym: [Mercy + -ful.] 1. Full of mercy; having or exercising mercy; disposed to pity and spare offenders; unwilling to punish. The Lord, the Lord God, merciful and gracious. Ex. xxxiv. 6. Be merciful, great duke, to men of mold. Shak. 2. Unwilling to give pain; compassionate. A merciful man will be merciful to his beast. Old Proverb. Syn. -- Compassionate; tender; humane; gracious; kind; mild; clement; benignant. -- Mer"ci*ful*ly, adv. -- Mer"ci*ful*ness, n. MERCIFY Mer"ci*fy, v. t. Defn: To pity. [Obs.] Spenser. MERCILESS Mer"ci*less, a. Defn: Destitute of mercy; cruel; unsparing; -- said of animate beings, and also, figuratively, of things; as, a merciless tyrant; merciless waves. The foe is merciless, and will not pity. Shak. Syn. -- Cruel; unmerciful; remorseless; ruthless; pitiless; barbarous; savage. -- Mer"ci*less*ly, adv. -- Mer"ci*less*ness, n. MERCURAMMONIUM Mer`cur*am*mo"ni*um, n. Etym: [Mercuric + ammonium.] (Chem.) Defn: A radical regarded as derived from ammonium by the substitution of mercury for a portion of the hydrogen. MERCURIAL Mer*cu"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. mercurialis, fr. Mercurius Mercury: cf. F. mercuriel.] 1. Having the qualities fabled to belong to the god Mercury; swift; active; sprightly; fickle; volatile; changeable; as, a mercurial youth; a mercurial temperament. A mercurial man Who fluttered over all things like a fan. Byron. 2. Having the form or image of Mercury; -- applied to ancient guideposts. [Obs.] Chillingworth. 3. Of or pertaining to Mercury as the god of trade; hence, money- making; crafty. The mercurial wand of commerce. J. Q. Adams. 4. Of or pertaining to, or containing, mercury; as, mercurial preparations, barometer. See Mercury, 2. 5. (Med.) Defn: Caused by the use of mercury; as, mercurial sore mouth. MERCURIAL Mer*cu"ri*al, n. 1. A person having mercurial qualities. Bacon. 2. (Med.) Defn: A preparation containing mercury. MERCURIALISM Mer*cu"ri*al*ism, n. [Mercurial + -ism.] (Med.) Defn: The morbid condition produced by the excessive use of mercury, or by exposure to its fumes, as in mining or smelting. MERCURIALIST Mer*cu"ri*al*ist, n. 1. One under the influence of Mercury; one resembling Mercury in character. 2. (Med.) Defn: A physician who uses much mercury, in any of its forms, in his practice. MERCURIALIZE Mer*cu"ri*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mercurialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Mercurializing.] 1. (Med.) Defn: To affect with mercury. 2. (Photography) Defn: To treat with mercury; to expose to the vapor of mercury. MERCURIALIZE Mer*cu"ri*al*ize, v. i. Defn: To be sprightly, fantastic, or capricious. [Obs.] MERCURIALLY Mer*cu"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a mercurial manner. MERCURIC Mer*cu"ric, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, mercury; containing mercury; -- said of those compounds of mercury into which this element enters in its lowest proportion. Mercuric chloride, corrosive sublimate. See Corrosive. MERCURIFICATION Mer*cu`ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mercurification. See Mercurify.] 1. (Metal.) Defn: The process or operation of obtaining the mercury, in its fluid form, from mercuric minerals. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of compounding, or the state of being compounded, with mercury. [R.] MERCURIFY Mer*cu"ri*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mercurified; p. pr. & vb. n. Mercurifying.] Etym: [Mercury + -fy.] 1. To obtain mercury from, as mercuric minerals, which may be done by any application of intense heat that expels the mercury in fumes, which are afterward condensed. [R.] 2. To combine or mingle mercury with; to impregnate with mercury; to mercurialize. [R.] MERCURISM Mer"cu*rism, n. Defn: A communication of news; an announcement. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. MERCUROUS Mer*cu"rous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, mercury; containing mercury; -- said of those compounds of mercury in which it is present in its highest proportion. Mercurous chloride. (Chem.) See Calomel. MERCURY Mer"cu*ry, n. Etym: [L. Mercurius; akin to merx wares.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) Defn: A Latin god of commerce and gain; -- treated by the poets as identical with the Greek Hermes, messenger of the gods, conductor of souls to the lower world, and god of eloquence. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A metallic element mostly obtained by reduction from cinnabar, one of its ores. It is a heavy, opaque, glistening liquid (commonly called quicksilver), and is used in barometers, thermometers, ect. Specific gravity 13.6. Symbol Hg (Hydrargyrum). Atomic weight 199.8. Mercury has a molecule which consists of only one atom. It was named by the alchemists after the god Mercury, and designated by his symbol, mercury. Note: Mercury forms alloys, called amalgams, with many metals, and is thus used in applying tin foil to the backs of mirrors, and in extracting gold and silver from their ores. It is poisonous, and is used in medicine in the free state as in blue pill, and in its compounds as calomel, corrosive sublimate, etc. It is the only metal which is liquid at ordinary temperatures, and it solidifies at about -39º Centigrade to a soft, malleable, ductile metal. 3. (Astron.) Defn: One of the planets of the solar system, being the one nearest the sun, from which its mean distance is about 36,000,000 miles. Its period is 88 days, and its diameter 3,000 miles. 4. A carrier of tidings; a newsboy; a messenger; hence, also, a newspaper. Sir J. Stephen. "The monthly Mercuries." Macaulay. 5. Sprightly or mercurial quality; spirit; mutability; fickleness. [Obs.] He was so full of mercury that he could not fix long in any friendship, or to any design. Bp. Burnet. 6. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Mercurialis annua), of the Spurge family, the leaves of which are sometimes used for spinach, in Europe. Note: The name is also applied, in the United States, to certain climbing plants, some of which are poisonous to the skin, esp. to the Rhus Toxicodendron, or poison ivy. Dog's mercury (Bot.), Mercurialis perennis, a perennial plant differing from M. annua by having the leaves sessile. -- English mercury (Bot.), a kind of goosefoot formerly used as a pot herb; -- called Good King Henry. -- Horn mercury (Min.), a mineral chloride of mercury, having a semitranslucent, hornlike appearance. MERCURY Mer"cu*ry, v. t. Defn: To wash with a preparation of mercury. [Obs.] B. Jonson. MERCY Mer"cy, n.; pl. Mercies. Etym: [OE. merci, F. merci, L. merces, mercedis, hire, pay, reward, LL., equiv. to misericordia pity, mercy. L. merces is probmerere to deserve, acquire. See Merit, and cf. Amerce.] 1. Forbearance to inflict harm under circumstances of provocation, when one has the power to inflict it; compassionate treatment of an offender or adversary; clemency. Examples of justice must be made for terror to some; examples of mercy for comfort to others. Bacon. 2. Compassionate treatment of the unfortunate and helpless; sometimes, favor, beneficence. Luke x. 37. 3. Disposition to exercise compassion or favor; pity; compassion; willingness to spare or to help. In whom mercy lacketh and is not founden. Sir T. Elyot. 4. A blessing regarded as a manifestation of compassion or favor. The Father of mercies and the God of all comfort. 2 Cor. i. 3. Mercy seat (Bib.), the golden cover or lid of the Ark of the Covenant. See Ark, 2. -- Sisters of Mercy (R. C. Ch.),a religious order founded in Dublin in the year 1827. Communities of the same name have since been established in various American cities. The duties of those belonging to the order are, to attend lying-in hospitals, to superintend the education of girls, and protect decent women out of employment, to visit prisoners and the sick, and to attend persons condemned to death. -- To be at the mercy of, to be wholly in the power of. Syn. -- See Grace. MERD Merd, n. Etym: [F. merde, L. merda.] Defn: Ordure; dung. [Obs.] Burton. -MERE -mere. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form meaning part, portion; as, blastomere, epimere. MERE Mere, n. Etym: [Written also mar.] Etym: [OE. mere, AS. mere mere, sea; akin to D. meer lake, OS. meri sea, OHG. meri, mari, G. meer, Icel. marr, Goth. marei, Russ. more, W. mor, Ir. & Gael. muir, L. mare, and perh. to L. mori to die, and meaning originally, that which is dead, a waste. Cf. Mortal, Marine, Marsh, Mermaid, Moor.] Defn: A pool or lake. Drayton. Tennyson. MERE Mere, n. Etym: [Written also meer and mear.] Etym: [AS. gemære. sq. root269.] Defn: A boundary. Bacon. MERE Mere, v. t. Defn: To divide, limit, or bound. [Obs.] Which meared her rule with Africa. Spenser. MERE Mere, n. Defn: A mare. [Obs.] Chaucer. MERE Mere, a. [Superl. Merest. The comparative is rarely or never used.] Etym: [L. merus.] 1. Unmixed; pure; entire; absolute; unqualified. Then entered they the mere, main sea. Chapman. The sorrows of this world would be mere and unmixed. Jer. Taylor. 2. Only this, and nothing else; such, and no more; simple; bare; as, a mere boy; a mere form. From mere success nothing can be concluded in favor of any nation. Atterbury. MERELY Mere"ly, adv. 1. Purely; unmixedly; absolutely. Ulysses was to force forth his access, Though merely naked. Chapman. 2. Not otherwise than; simply; barely; only. Prize not your life for other ends Than merely to obige your friends. Swift. Syn. -- Solely; simply; purely; barely; scarcely. MERENCHYMA Me*ren"chy*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -enchyma, as in parenchyma.] (Bot.) Defn: Tissue composed of spheroidal cells. MERESMAN Meres"man, n. Defn: An officer who ascertains meres or boundaries. [Eng.] MERESTEAD Mere"stead, n. Etym: [Mere boundary + stead place.] Defn: The land within the boundaries of a farm; a farmstead or farm. [Archaic.] Longfellow. MERESTONE Mere"stone`, n. Defn: A stone designating a limit or boundary; a landmark. Bacon. MERETRICIOUS Mer`e*tri"cious, a. Etym: [L. meretricius, from meretrix, -icis, a prostitute, lit., one who earns money, i. e., by prostitution, fr. merere to earn, gain. See Merit.] 1. Of or pertaining to prostitutes; having to do with harlots; lustful; as, meretricious traffic. 2. Resembling the arts of a harlot; alluring by false show; gaudily and deceitfully ornamental; tawdry; as, meretricious dress or ornaments. -- Mer`e*tri"cious*ly, adv. -- Mer`e*tri"cious*ness, n. MERGANSER Mer*gan"ser, n. Etym: [Sp. mergánsar, fr. mergo a diver (L. mergus, fr. mergere to dip, dive) + ánsar goose, L. anser.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the genus Merganser, and allied genera. They are allied to the ducks, but have a sharply serrated bill. Note: The red-breasted merganser (Merganser serrator) inhabits both hemispheres. It is called also sawbill, harle, and sheldrake. The American merganser (M. Americanus.) and the hooded merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus) are well-known species. -- White merganser, the smew or white nun. MERGE Merge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Merged; p. pr. & vb. n. Merging.] Etym: [L. mergere, mersum. Cf. Emerge, Immerse, Marrow.] Defn: To cause to be swallowed up; to immerse; to sink; to absorb. To merge all natural ... sentiment in inordinate vanity. Burke. Whig and Tory were merged and swallowed up in the transcendent duties of patriots. De Quincey. MERGE Merge, v. i. Defn: To be sunk, swallowed up, or lost. Native irresolution had merged in stronger motives. I. Taylor. MERGER Mer"ger, n. 1. One who, or that which, merges. 2. (Law) Defn: An absorption of one estate, or one contract, in another, or of a minor offense in a greater. MERICARP Mer"i*carp, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: One carpel of an umbelliferous fruit. See Cremocarp. MERIDE Mer"ide ( or ), n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A permanent colony of cells or plastids which may remain isolated, like Rotifer, or may multiply by gemmation to form higher aggregates, termed zoides. Perrier. MERIDIAN Me*rid"i*an, a. Etym: [F. méridien, L. meridianus pertaining to noon, fr. meridies noon, midday, for older medidies; medius mid, middle + dies day. See Mid, and Diurnal.] 1. Being at, or pertaining to, midday; belonging to, or passing through, the highest point attained by the sun in his diurnal course. "Meridian hour." Milton. Tables ... to find the altitude meridian. Chaucer. 2. Pertaining to the highest point or culmination; as, meridian splendor. MERIDIAN Me*rid"i*an, n. Etym: [F. méridien. See Meridian, a.] 1. Midday; noon. 2. Hence: The highest point, as of success, prosperity, or the like; culmination. I have touched the highest point of all my greatness, And from that full meridian of my glory I haste now to my setting. Shak. 3. (Astron.) Defn: A great circle of the sphere passing through the poles of the heavens and the zenith of a given place. It is crossed by the sun at midday. 4. (Geog.) Defn: A great circle on the surface of the earth, passing through the poles and any given place; also, the half of such a circle included between the poles. Note: The planes of the geographical and astronomical meridians coincide. Meridians, on a map or globe, are lines drawn at certain intervals due north and south, or in the direction of the poles. Calculated for, or fitted to, or adapted to, the meridian of, suited to the local circumstances, capabilities, or special requirements of. All other knowledge merely serves the concerns of this life, and is fitted to the meridian thereof. Sir M. Hale. -- First meridian, the meridian from which longitudes are reckoned. The meridian of Greenwich is the one commonly employed in calculations of longitude by geographers, and in actual practice, although in various countries other and different meridians, chiefly those which pass through the capitals of the countries, are occasionally used; as, in France, the meridian of Paris; in the United States, the meridian of Washington, etc. -- Guide meridian (Public Land Survey), a line, marked by monuments, running North and South through a section of country between other more carefully established meridians called principal meridians, used for reference in surveying. [U.S.] -- Magnetic meridian, a great circle, passing through the zenith and coinciding in direction with the magnetic needle, or a line on the earth's surface having the same direction. -- Meridian circle (Astron.), an instrument consisting of a telescope attached to a large graduated circle and so mounted that the telescope revolves like the transit instrument in a meridian plane. By it the right ascension and the declination of a star may be measured in a single observation. -- Meridian instrument (Astron.), any astronomical instrument having a telescope that rotates in a meridian plane. -- Meridian of a globe, or Brass meridian, a graduated circular ring of brass, in which the artificial globe is suspended and revolves. MERIDIONAL Me*rid"i*o*nal, a. Etym: [F. méridional, L. meridionalis, fr. meridies midday. See Meridian.] 1. Of or pertaining to the meridian. 2. Having a southern aspect; southern; southerly. Offices that require heat ... should be meridional. Sir H. Wotton. Meridional distance, the distance or departure from the meridian; the easting or westing. -- Meridional parts, parts of the meridian in Mercator's projection, corresponding to each minute of latitude from the equator up to 70 or 80 degrees; tabulated numbers representing these parts used in projecting charts, and in solving cases in Mercator's sailing. MERIDIONALITY Me*rid`i*o*nal"i*ty, n. 1. The state of being in the meridian. 2. Position in the south; aspect toward the south. MERIDIONALLY Me*rid"i*o*nal*ly, adv. Defn: In the direction of the meridian. MERILS Mer"ils, n. Etym: [F. mérelle, marelle, marelles, LL. marella, marrella. Cf. Morris the game.] Defn: A boy's play, called also fivepenny morris. See Morris. MERINGUE Me`ringue" (F. ; E. ), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A delicate pastry made of powdered sugar and the whites of eggs whipped up, -- with jam or cream added. MERINO Me*ri"no, a. Etym: [Sp. merino moving from pasture to pasture, fr. merino a royal judge and superintendent or inspector of sheep walks, LL. merinus, fr. majorinus, i. e., major villmajor greater. See Major. Merino sheep are driven at certain seasons from one part of Spain to another, in large flocks, for pasturage.] 1. Of or pertaining to a variety of sheep with very fine wool, originally bred in Spain. 2. Made of the wool of the merino sheep. MERINO Me*ri"no, n.; pl. Merinos. Etym: [Sp.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A breed of sheep originally from Spain, noted for the fineness of its wool. 2. A fine fabric of merino wool. MERISMATIC Mer`is*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Dividing into cells or segments; characterized by separation into two or more parts or sections by the formation of internal partitions; as, merismatic growth, where one cell divides into many. MERISTEM Mer"i*stem, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A tissue of growing cells, or cells capable of further division. MERIT Mer"it, n. Etym: [F. mérite, L. meritum, fr. merere, mereri, to deserve, merit; prob. originally, to get a share; akin to Gr. Market, Merchant, Mercer, Mercy.] 1. The quality or state of deserving well or ill; desert. Here may men see how sin hath his merit. Chaucer. Be it known, that we, the greatest, are misthought For things that others do; and when we fall, We answer other's merits in our name. Shak. 2. Esp. in a good sense: The quality or state of deserving well; worth; excellence. Reputation is ... oft got without merit, and lost without deserving. Shak. To him the wit of Greece and Rome was known, And every author's merit, but his own. Pope. 3. Reward deserved; any mark or token of excellence or approbation; as, his teacher gave him ten merits. Those laurel groves, the merits of thy youth. Prior. MERIT Mer"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Merited; p. pr. & vb. n. Meriting.] Etym: [F. mériter, L. meritare, v. intens. fr. merere. See Merit, n.] 1. To earn by service or performance; to have a right to claim as reward; to deserve; sometimes, to deserve in a bad sense; as, to merit punishment. "This kindness merits thanks." Shak. 2. To reward. [R. & Obs.] Chapman. MERIT Mer"it, v. i. Defn: To acquire desert; to gain value; to receive benefit; to profit. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. MERITABLE Mer"it*a*ble, a. Defn: Deserving of reward. [R.] MERITEDLY Mer"it*ed*ly, adv. Defn: By merit; deservedly. MERITHAL; MERITHALLUS Mer"i*thal, Mer`i*thal"lus, n. Etym: [NL. merithallus, fr. Gr. or (Bot.) Defn: Same as Internode. MERITMONGER Mer"it*mon`ger, n. Defn: One who depends on merit for salvation. [Obs.] Milner. MERITORIOUS Mer`i*to"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. meritorius that brings in money.] Defn: Possessing merit; deserving of reward or honor; worthy of recompense; valuable. And meritorious shall that hand be called, Canonized, and worshiped as a saint. Shak. -- Mer`i*to"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Mer`i*to"ri*ous*ness, n. MERITORY Mer"i*to*ry, a. Defn: Meritorious. [Obs.] MERITOT Mer"i*tot, n. Defn: A play of children, in swinging on ropes, or the like, till they are dizzy. MERK Merk, n. Etym: [See Marc.] Defn: An old Scotch silver coin; a mark or marc. [Scot.] MERK Merk, n. Defn: A mark; a sign. [Obs.] Chaucer. MERKE Merke, a. Defn: Murky. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. MERKIN Mer"kin, n. Defn: Originally, a wig; afterwards, a mop for cleaning cannon. MERL; MERLE Merl, Merle, n. Etym: [F. merle, L. merula, merulus. Cf. Ousel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European blackbird. See Blackbird. Drayton. MERLIN Mer"lin, n. Etym: [OE. merlion, F. émerillon ; cf. OHG. smirl, G. schmerl ; prob. fr. L. merula blackbird. Cf. Merle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European falcon (Falco lithofalco, or F. æsalon). MERLING Mer"ling, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European whiting. MERLON Mer"lon, n. Etym: [F., perh. fr. L. moerus, for murus a wall, through (assumed) dim. moerulus.] (Fort.) Defn: One of the solid parts of a battlemented parapet; a battlement. See Illust. of Battlement. MERLUCE Mer"luce, n. Etym: [F. merluche, merlus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European hake; -- called also herring hake and sea pike. MERMAID Mer"maid, n. Etym: [AS. mere lake, sea. See Mere lake, and maid.] Defn: A fabled marine creature, typically represented as having the upper part like that of a woman, and the lower like a fish; a sea nymph, sea woman, or woman fish. Note: Chaucer uses this word as equivalent to the siren of the ancients. Mermaid fish (Zoöl.) the angel fish (Squatina). -- Mermaid's glove (Zoöl.), a British branched sponge somewhat resembling a glove. -- Mermaid's head (Zoöl.), a European spatangoid sea urchin (Echinocardium cordatum) having some resemblance to a skull. -- Mermaid weed (Bot.), an aquatic herb with dentate or pectinate leaves (Proserpinaca palustris and P. pectinacea). MERMAN Mer"man, n.; pl. Mermen (. Defn: The male corresponding to mermaid; a sea man, or man fish. MERO; MERO DE LOALTO; MERO CABROLLA Me"ro, n. [Sp.; cf. Pg. mero.] Defn: Any of several large groupers of warm seas, esp. the guasa (Epinephelus guaza), the red grouper (E. morio), the black grouper (E. nigritas), distinguished as Me"ro de lo al"to, and a species called also rock hind, distinguished as Me"ro ca*brol"la. MEROBLAST Mer"o*blast, n. Etym: [Gr. -blast.] (Biol.) Defn: An ovum, as that of a mammal, only partially composed of germinal matter, that is, consisting of both a germinal portion and an albuminous or nutritive one; -- opposed to holoblast. MEROBLASTIC Mer`o*blas"tic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Consisting only in part of germinal matter; characterized by partial segmentation only; as, meroblastic ova, in which a portion of the yolk only undergoes fission; meroblastic segmentation; -- opposed to holoblastic. MEROCELE Me"ro*cele, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Hernia in the thigh; femoral hernia . MEROISTIC Mer`o*is"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Applied to the ovaries of insects when they secrete vitelligenous cells, as well as ova. MEROPIDAN Me*rop"i*dan, n. Etym: [L. merops a bee-eating bird, Gr. me`rops.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a family of birds (Meropidæ), including the bee-eaters. MEROPODITE Me*rop"o*dite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The fourth joint of a typical appendage of Crustacea. MERORGANIZATION Mer*or`gan*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Gr. organization.] Defn: Organization in part. [R.] MEROS Me"ros, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Arch.) Defn: The plain surface between the channels of a triglyph. [Written also merus.] Weale. MEROS Me"ros, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The proximal segment of the hind limb; the thigh. MEROSOME Mer"o*some, n. Etym: [Gr. -some body.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the serial segments, or metameres, of which the bodies of vertebrate and articulate animals are composed. MEROSTOMATA Mer`o*stom"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of Arthropoda, allied to the Crustacea. It includes the trilobites, Eurypteroidea, and Limuloidea. All are extinct except the horseshoe crabs of the last group. See Limulus. MEROU Mé`rou", n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Jack, 8 (c). MEROVINGIAN Mer`o*vin"gi*an, a. Etym: [From Merovaeus, the Latin name of a king of the Franks.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the first Frankish dynasty in Gaul or France. -- n. Defn: One of the kings of this dynasty. MEROZOITE Mer`o*zo"ite, n. [Gr. part + Sporozoa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A form of spore, usually elongate or falciform, and somewhat amoboid, produced by segmentation of the schizonts of certain Sporozoa, as the malaria parasite. MERRILY Mer"ri*ly, adv. Etym: [From Merry.] Defn: In a merry manner; with mirth; with gayety and laughter; jovially. See Mirth, and Merry. Merrily sing, and sport, and play. Granville. MERRIMAKE Mer"ri*make`, n. Defn: See Merrymake, n. MERRIMAKE Mer"ri*make`, v. i. Defn: See Merrymake, v. Gay. MERRIMENT Mer"ri*ment, n. Defn: Gayety, with laughter; mirth; frolic. "Follies and light merriment." Spenser. Methought it was the sound Of riot and ill-managed merriment. Milton. MERRINESS Mer"ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being merry; merriment; mirth; gayety, with laughter. MERRY Mer"ry, a. [Compar. Merrier; superl. Merriest.] Etym: [OE. merie, mirie, murie, merry, pleasant, AS. merge, myrige, pleasant; cf. murge, adv.; prob. akin to OHG. murg, short, Goth. gamaúrgjan to shorten; cf. L. murcus a coward, who cuts off his thumb to escape military service; the Anglo-Saxon and English meanings coming from the idea of making the time seem short. Cf. Mirth.] 1. Laughingly gay; overflowing with good humor and good spirits; jovial; inclined to laughter or play ; sportive. They drank, and were merry with him. Gen. xliii. 34. I am never merry when I hear sweet music. Shak. 2. Cheerful; joyous; not sad; happy. Is any merry Jas. v. 13. 3. Causing laughter, mirth, gladness, or delight; as, merry jest. "Merry wind and weather." Spenser. Merry dancers. See under Dancer. -- Merry men, followers; retainers. [Obs.] His merie men commanded he To make him bothe game and glee. Chaucer. -- To make merry, to be jovial; to indulge in hilarity; to feast with mirth. Judg. ix. 27. Syn. -- Cheerful; blithe; lively; sprightly; vivacious; gleeful; joyous; mirthful; jocund; sportive; hilarious. MERRY Mer"ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of wild red cherry. MERRY-ANDREW Mer"ry-an"drew, n. Defn: One whose business is to make sport for others; a buffoon; a zany; especially, one who attends a mountebank or quack doctor. Note: This term is said to have originated from one Andrew Borde, an English physician of the 16th century, who gained patients by facetious speeches to the multitude. MERRY-GO-ROUND Mer"ry-go`-round", n. Defn: Any revolving contrivance for affording amusement; esp., a ring of flying hobbyhorses. MERRYMAKE Mer"ry*make`, n. Defn: Mirth; frolic; a meeting for mirth; a festival. [Written also merrimake.] MERRYMAKE Mer"ry*make`, v. i. Defn: To make merry; to be jolly; to feast. [Written also merrimake.] MERRYMAKER Mer"ry*mak`er, n. Defn: One who makes merriment or indulges in conviviality; a jovial comrade. MERRYMAKING Mer"ry*mak`ing, a. Defn: Making or producing mirth; convivial; jolly. MERRYMAKING Mer"ry*mak`ing, n. Defn: The act of making merry; conviviality; merriment; jollity. Wordsworth. MERRYMEETING Mer"ry*meet`ing, n. Defn: A meeting for mirth. MERRYTHOUGHT Mer"ry*thought`, n. Defn: The forked bone of a fowl's breast; -- called also wishbone. See Furculum. Note: It is a sportive custom for two persons to break this bone by pulling the ends apart to see who will get the longer piece, the securing of which is regarded as a lucky omen, signifying that the person holding it will obtain the gratification of some secret wish. MERSION Mer"sion, n. Etym: [L. mersio. See Merge.] Defn: Immersion [R.] Barrow. MERULIDAN Me*ru"li*dan, n. Etym: [L. merula, merulus, blackbird. See Merle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of the Thrush family. MERUS Me"rus, n. Etym: [NL.] (Arch.) Defn: See Meros. MERVAILLE Mer"vaille`, n. Defn: Marvel. [Obs.] Chaucer. MES- Mes-. Defn: See Meso-. MESA Me"sa, Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A high tableland; a plateau on a hill. [Southwestern U.S.] Bartlett. MESACONATE Mes*ac"o*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of mesaconic acid. MESACONIC Mes`a*con"ic, a. Etym: [Mes- + -aconic, as in citraconic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, one of several isomeric acids obtained from citric acid. MESAD Mes"ad, adv. Defn: Same as Mesiad. MESAL Mes"al, a. Defn: Same as Mesial. MESALLIANCE Mé`sal`li`ance", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A marriage with a person of inferior social position; a misalliance. MESALLY Mes"al*ly, adv. Defn: Same as Mesially. MESAMEBOID; MESAMOEBOID Mes`a*me"boid, Mes`a*moe"boid, n. Etym: [Mes- + amoeboid.] (Biol.) Defn: One of a class of independent, isolated cells found in the mesoderm, while the germ layers are undergoing differentiation. MESARAIC Mes`a*ra"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Mesenteric. MESATICEPHALIC Mes`a*ti*ce*phal"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. midmost + E. cephalic.] (Anat.) Defn: Having the ratio of the length to the breadth of the cranium a medium one; neither brachycephalic nor dolichocephalic. MESATICEPHALOUS Mes`a*ti*ceph"a*lous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Mesaticephalic. MESCAL Mes*cal", n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A distilled liquor prepared in Mexico from a species of agave. See Agave. MESDAMES Mes`dames" (F. , E. ), n., Defn: pl. of Madame and Madam. MESEEMS Me*seems", v. impers. [imp. Meseemed.] Defn: It seems to me. [Poetic] MESEL Me"sel, n. Etym: [See Measle.] Defn: A leper. [Obs.] MESELRY Me"sel*ry, n. Defn: Leprosy. [Obs.] Chaucer. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM Me*sem`bry*an"the*mum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbaceous or suffruticose plants, chiefly natives of South Africa. The leaves are opposite, thick, and f MESENCEPHALIC Mes`en*ce*phal"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the mesencephalon or midbrain. MESENCEPHALON Mes`en*ceph"a*lon, n. Etym: [NL. See Meso- and Encephalon.] (Anat.) Defn: The middle segment of the brain; the midbrain. Sometimes abbreviated to mesen. See Brain. MESENCHYMA Mes*en"chy*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -enchyma, as in E. parenchyma.] (Biol.) Defn: The part of the mesoblast which gives rise to the connective tissues and blood. MESENTERIC Mes`en*ter"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. mésentérique.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to a mesentery; mesaraic. MESENTERON Mes*en"te*ron, n. Etym: [NL. See Meso-, and Enteron.] (Anat.) Defn: All that part of the alimentary canal which is developed from the primitive enteron and is lined with hypoblast. It is distinguished from the stomod, a part at the anterior end of the canal, including the cavity of the mouth, and the proctod, a part at the posterior end, which are formed by invagination and are lined with epiblast. MESENTERY Mes"en*ter*y, n. Etym: [Gr. mésentère.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The membranes, or one of the membranes (consisting of a fold of the peritoneum and inclosed tissues), which connect the intestines and their appendages with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity. The mesentery proper is connected with the jejunum and ilium, the other mesenteries being called mesoc, mesocolon, mesorectum, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the vertical muscular radiating partitions which divide the body cavity of Anthozoa into chambers. MESERAIC Mes`e*ra"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Mesaraic. MESETHMOID Mes*eth"moid, a. Etym: [Mes- + ethmoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the middle of the ethmoid region or ethmoid bone. -- n. (Anat.) Defn: The median vertical plate, or median element, of the ethmoid bone. MESH Mesh, n. Etym: [AS. masc, max, m; akin to D. maas, masche, OHG. masca, Icel. möskvi; cf. Lith. mazgas a knot, megsti to weave nets, to knot.] 1. The opening or space inclosed by the threads of a net between knot and knot, or the threads inclosing such a space; network; a net. A golden mesh to entrap the hearts of men. Shak. 2. (Gearing) Defn: The engagement of the teeth of wheels, or of a wheel and rack. Mesh stick, a stick on which the mesh is formed in netting. MESH Mesh, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Meshed; p. pr. & vb. n. Meshing.] Defn: To catch in a mesh. Surrey. MESH Mesh, v. i. (Gearing) Defn: To engage with each other, as the teeth of wheels. MESHED Meshed, a. Defn: Mashed; brewed. [Obs.] Shak. MESHY Mesh"y, a. Defn: Formed with meshes; netted. MESIAD Mes"i*ad, adv. Etym: [Gr. ad to.] (Anat.) Defn: Toward, or on the side toward, the mesial plane; mesially; -- opposed to laterad. MESIAL Me"sial, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Middle; median; in, or in the region of, the mesial plane; internal; -- opposed to lateral. Mesial plane. (Anat.) See Meson. MESIALLY Me"sial*ly, adv. (Anat.) Defn: In, near, or toward, the mesial plane; mesiad. MESITYL Mes"i*tyl, n. (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical formerly supposed to exist in mesityl oxide. Mesityl oxide (Chem.), a volatile liquid having the odor of peppermint, obtained by certain dehydrating agents from acetone; -- formerly called also dumasin. MESITYLENATE Me*sit"y*le*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of mesitylenic acid. MESITYLENE Me*sit"y*lene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, fragrant liquid, C6H3(CH3)3, of the benzene series of hydrocarbons, obtained by distilling acetone with sulphuric acid. -- Me*sit`y*len"ic, a. MESITYLOL Me*sit"y*lol, n. Etym: [Mesitylene + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A crystalline substance obtained from mesitylene. MESLIN Mes"lin ( or ), n. Defn: See Maslin. MESMEREE Mes`mer*ee", n. Defn: A person subjected to mesmeric influence; one who is mesmerized. [R.] MESMERIC; MESMERICAL Mes*mer"ic, Mes*mer"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. mesmérique.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or induced by, mesmerism; as, mesmeric sleep. MESMERISM Mes"mer*ism, n. Etym: [From Mesmer, who first brought it into notice at Vienna, about 1775: cf. F. mesmérisme.] Defn: The art of inducing an extraordinary or abnormal state of the nervous system, in which the actor claims to control the actions, and communicate directly with the mind, of the recipient. See Animal magnetism, under Magnetism. MESMERIST Mes"mer*ist, n. Defn: One who practices, or believes in, mesmerism. MESMERIZATION Mes`mer*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of mesmerizing; the state of being mesmerized. MESMERIZE Mes"mer*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mesmerized; p. pr. & vb. n. Mesmerizing.] Defn: To bring into a state of mesmeric sleep. MESMERIZER Mes"mer*i`zer, n. Defn: One who mesmerizes. MESNE Mesne, a. Etym: [Cf. Mean intermediate.] (Law) Defn: Middle; intervening; as, a mesne lord, that is, a lord who holds land of a superior, but grants a part of it to another person, in which case he is a tenant to the superior, but lord or superior to the second grantee, and hence is called the mesne lord. Mesne process, intermediate process; process intervening between the beginning and end of a suit, sometimes understood to be the whole process preceding the execution. Blackstone. Burrill. -- Mesne profits, profits of premises during the time the owner has been wrongfully kept out of the possession of his estate. Burrill. MESO-; MES- Mes"o-, Mes-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form denoting in the middle, intermediate; specif. (Chem.), denoting a type of hydrocarbons which are regarded as methenyl derivatives. Also used adjectively. MESOARIUM Mes`o*a"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The fold of peritoneum which suspends the ovary from the dorsal wall of the body cavity. MESOBLAST Mes"o*blast, n. Etym: [Meso- + -blast.] (Biol.) (a) The mesoderm. (b) The cell nucleus; mesoplast. MESOBLASTIC Mes`o*blas"tic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to the mesoblast; as, the mesoblastic layer. MESOBRANCHIAL Mes`o*bran"chi*al, a. Etym: [Meso- + branchial.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a region of the carapace of a crab covering the middle branchial region. MESOBRONCHIUM Mes`o*bron"chi*um, n.; pl. Mesobronchia. Etym: [NL. See Meso-, and Bronchia.] (Anat.) Defn: The main bronchus of each lung. MESOCAECUM Mes`o*cæ"cum, n. (Anat.) Etym: [NL. See Meso-, and Cæcum.] Defn: The fold of peritoneum attached to the cæcum. -- Mes`o*cæ"cal, a. MESOCARP Mes"o*carp, n. Etym: [Meso- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The middle layer of a pericarp which consists of three distinct or dissimilar layers. Gray. MESOCEPHALIC Mes`o*ce*phal"ic, a. Etym: [Meso- + cephalic.] (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to, or in the region of, the middle of the head; as, the mesocephalic flexure. (b) Having the cranial cavity of medium capacity; neither megacephalic nor microcephalic. (c) Having the ratio of the length to the breadth of the cranium a medium one; mesaticephalic. MESOCEPHALON Mes`o*ceph"a*lon, n. Etym: [NL. See Meso-, and Cephalon.] (Anat.) Defn: The pons Varolii. MESOCEPHALOUS Mes`o*ceph"a*lous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Mesocephalic. MESOCOELE; MESOCOELIA Mes`o*coe"le, Mes`o*coe"li*a, n. Etym: [NL. mesocoelia. See Meso-, and Coelia.] (Anat.) Defn: The cavity of the mesencephalon; the iter. MESOCOLON Mes`o*co"lon, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. mésocôlon.] (Anat.) Defn: The fold of peritoneum, or mesentery, attached to the colon. -- Mes`o*col"ic, a. MESOCORACOID Mes`o*cor"a*coid, n. Etym: [Meso- + coracoid.] (Anat.) Defn: A process from the middle of the coracoid in some animals. MESOCUNEIFORM; MESOCUNIFORM Mes`o*cu*ne"i*form, Mes`o*cu"ni*form, n. Etym: [Meso- + cuneiform, cuniform.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the bones of the tarsus. See 2d Cuneiform. MESODERM Mes"o*derm, n. Etym: [Meso- + Gr. (Biol.) (a) The layer of the blastoderm, between the ectoderm and endoderm; mesoblast. See Illust. of Blastoderm and Ectoderm. (b) The middle body layer in some invertebrates. (c) The middle layer of tissue in some vegetable structures. MESODERMAL Mes`o*der"mal, a. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the mesoderm; as, mesodermal tissues. MESODERMIC Mes`o*der"mic, a. Defn: Same as Mesodermal. MESODONT Mes"o*dont, a. Etym: [Meso- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having teeth of moderate size. MESOGASTER Mes`o*gas"ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity; the mesogastrium. MESOGASTRIC Mes`o*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Meso- + gastric.] 1. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the middle region of the abdomen, or of the stomach. (b) Of or pertaining to the mesogaster. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the middle gastric lobe of the carapace of a crab. MESOGASTRIUM Mes`o*gas"tri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Mesogaster.] (Anat.) (a) The umbilical region. (b) The mesogaster. MESOGLEA; MESOGLOEA Mes`o*gloe"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A thin gelatinous tissue separating the ectoderm and endoderm in certain coelenterates. -- Mes`o*gloeal, a. MESOGNATHOUS Me*sog"na*thous, a. Etym: [Meso- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the jaws slightly projecting; between prognathous and orthognathous. See Gnathic index, under Gnathic. MESOHEPAR Mes`o*he"par, n. Etym: [NL. See Meso-, and Hepar.] (Anat.) Defn: A fold of the peritoneum connecting the liver with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity. MESOHIPPUS Mes`o*hip"pus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct mammal of the Horse family, but not larger than a sheep, and having three toes on each foot. MESOLABE Mes"o*labe, n. Etym: [L. mesolabium, Gr. Defn: An instrument of the ancients for finding two mean proportionals between two given lines, required in solving the problem of the duplication of the cube. Brande & C. MESOLE Mes"ole, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Same as Thomsonite. MESOLITE Mes"o*lite, n. Etym: [Meso- + -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A zeolitic mineral, grayish white or yellowish, occuring in delicate groups of crystals, also fibrous massive. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina, lime, and soda. MESOLOGARITHM Mes`o*log"a*rithm, n. Etym: [Meso- + logarithm : cf. F. mésologarithme.] (Math.) Defn: A logarithm of the cosine or cotangent. [Obs.] Kepler. Hutton. MESOMETRIUM Mes`o*me"tri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Meso-, and Metrium.] (Anat.) Defn: The fold of the peritoneum supporting the oviduct. MESOMYCETES Mes`o*my*ce"tes, n. pl. [NL.; meso- + mycetes.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the three classes into which the fungi are divided in Brefeld's classification. -- Mes`o*my*ce"tous (#), a. MESOMYODIAN Mes`o*my*o"di*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird having a mesomyodous larynx. MESOMYODOUS Mes`o*my"o*dous, a. Etym: [Meso- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the intrinsic muscles of the larynx attached to the middle of the semirings. MESON Mes"on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The mesial plane dividing the body of an animal into similar right and left halves. The line in which it meets the dorsal surface has been called the dorsimeson, and the corresponding ventral edge the ventrimeson. B. G. Wilder. MESONASAL Mes`o*na"sal, a. Etym: [Meso- + nasal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the middle portion of the nasal region. MESONEPHRIC Mes`o*neph"ric, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the mesonephros; as, the mesonephric, or Wolffian, duct. MESONEPHROS Mes`o*neph"ros, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The middle one of the three pairs of embryonic renal organs developed in most vertebrates; the Wolffian body. MESONOTUM Mes`o*no"tum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dorsal portion of the mesothorax of insects. MESOPHLOEUM Mes`o*phloe"um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The middle bark of a tree; the green layer of bark, usually soon covered by the outer or corky layer, and obliterated. MESOPHRYON Me*soph"ry*on, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Anat.) Defn: See Glabella. MESOPHYLLUM Mes`o*phyl"lum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The parenchyma of a leaf between the skin of the two surfaces. Gray. MESOPLAST Mes"o*plast, n. Etym: [Meso- + -plast.] (Biol.) Defn: The nucleus of a cell; mesoblast. Agassix. MESOPODIAL Mes`o*po"di*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the mesopodialia or to the parts of the limbs to which they belong. MESOPODIALE Mes`o*po`di*a"le, n.; pl. Mesopodialia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: One of the bones of either the carpus or tarsus. MESOPODIUM Mes`o*po"di*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Mesopodiale.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The middle portion of the foot in the Gastropoda and Pteropoda. MESOPTERYGIUM Me*sop`te*ryg"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The middle one of the three principal basal cartilages in the fins of fishes. -- Me*sop`ter*yg"i*al, a. MESORCHIUM Me*sor"chi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The fold of peritoneum which attaches the testis to the dorsal wall of the body cavity or scrotal sac. MESORECTUM Mes`o*rec"tum, n. Etym: [Meso- + rectum.] (Anat.) Defn: The fold of peritoneum, or mesentery, attached to the rectum. -- Mes`o*rec"tal, a. MESORHINE Mes"o*rhine, a. Etym: [Meso- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the nose of medium width; between leptorhine and platyrhine. MESOSAURIA Mes`o*sau"ri*a, n. Defn: Same as Mosasauria. MESOSCAPULA Mes`o*scap"u*la, n. Etym: [Meso- + scapula.] (Anat.) Defn: A process from the middle of the scapula in some animals; the spine of the scapula. MESOSCAPULAR Mes`o*scap"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the mesoscapula. MESOSCUTUM Mes`o*scu"tum, n. Etym: [Meso- + scutum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The scutum or dorsal plate of the middle thoracic segment of an insect. See Illust. of Butterfly. MESOSEME Mes"o*seme, a. Etym: [Meso- + Gr. mésosème.] (Anat.) Defn: Having a medium orbital index; having orbits neither broad nor narrow; between megaseme and microseme. MESOSIDERITE Mes`o*sid"er*ite, n. Etym: [Meso- + siderite.] (Min.) Defn: See the Note under Meteorite. MESOSPERM Mes"o*sperm, n. Etym: [Meso- + Gr. mésosperme.] (Bot.) Defn: A membrane of a seed. See Secundine. MESOSTATE Mes"o*state, n. Etym: [Meso- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A product of metabolic action. Note: Every mesostate is either an anastate or katastate, according as it is formed by an anabolic or katabolic process. See Metabolism. MESOSTERNAL Mes`o*ster"nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the mesosternum. MESOSTERNUM Mes`o*ster"num, n. Etym: [Meso- + sternum.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The middle portion, or body, of the sternum. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ventral piece of the middle segment of the thorax in insects. MESOTARTARIC Mes`o*tar*tar"ic, a. Etym: [Meso- + tartaric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid called also inactive tartaric acid. MESOTHECA Mes`o*the"ca, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The middle layer of the gonophore in the Hydrozoa. MESOTHELIUM Mes`o*the"li*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. thelium.] (Biol.) Defn: Epithelial mesoderm; a layer of cuboidal epithelium cells, formed from a portion of the mesoderm during the differetiation of the germ layers. It constitutes the boundary of the coelum. MESOTHORACIC Mes`o*tho*rac"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the mesothorax. MESOTHORAX Mes`o*tho"rax, n. Etym: [Meso- + thorax: cf. F. mésothorax.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The middle segment of the thorax in insects. See Illust. of Coleoptera. MESOTHORIUM Mes`o*tho"ri*um, n. [NL.; meso-+ thorium.] (Chem.) Defn: A radioactive product intermediate between thorium and radiothorium, with a period of 5.5 years. MESOTROCHAL Mes"o*tro`chal, a. Etym: [Meso- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the middle of the body surrounded by bands of cilia; -- said of the larvæ of certain marine annelids. MESOTYPE Mes"o*type, n. Etym: [Meso- + -type: cf. F. mésotype.] (Min.) Defn: An old term covering natrolite or soda mesolite, scolecite or lime mesotype, and mesolite or lime-soda mesotype. MESOVARIUM Mes`o*va"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Meso-, and Ovary.] (Anat.) Defn: The fold of peritoneum connecting the ovary with the wall of the abdominal cavity. MESOXALATE Mes*ox"a*late, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of mesoxalic acid. MESOXALIC Mes`ox*al"ic, a. Etym: [Mes- + oxalic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, CH2O2(CO2H)2, obtained from amido malonic acid. MESOZOA Mes`o*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Mesozoic.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of very lowly organized, wormlike parasites, including the Dicyemata. They are found in cephalopods. See Dicyemata. MESOZOIC Mes`o*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Meso- + Gr. (Geol.) Defn: Belonging, or relating, to the secondary or reptilian age, or the era between the Paleozoic and Cenozoic. See Chart of Geology. MESOZOIC Mes`o*zo"ic, n. Defn: The Mesozoic age or formation. MESPRISE Mes*prise", n. Etym: [OF. mespris, F. mépris. See Misprize.] 1. Contempt; scorn. [Obs.] 2. Etym: [Perh. for F. méprise mistake. Cf. Misprision.] Defn: Misadventure; ill-success. [Obs.] Spenser. MESQUITE; MESQUIT Mes*qui"te, Mes*quit", n. Etym: [Sp. mezquite; said to be a Mexican Indian word.] (Bot.) Defn: A name for two trees of the southwestern part of North America, the honey mesquite, and screw-pod mesquite. Honey mesquite. See Algaroba (b). -- Screw-pod mesquite, a smaller tree (Prosopis pubescens), having spiral pods used as fodder and sometimes as food by the Indians. -- Mesquite grass, a rich native grass in Western Texas (Bouteloua oligostachya, and other species); -- so called from its growing in company with the mesquite tree; -- called also muskit grass, grama grass. MESQUITE BEAN Mes*qui"te bean. Defn: The pod or seed of the mesquite. MESS Mess, n. Defn: Mass; church service. [Obs.] Chaucer. MESS Mess, n. Etym: [OE. mes, OF. mets, LL. missum, p. p. of mittere to put, place (e. g., on the table), L. mittere to send. See Mission, and cf. Mass religious service.] 1. A quantity of food set on a table at one time; provision of food for a person or party for one meal; as, a mess of pottage; also, the food given to a beast at one time. At their savory dinner set Of herbs and other country messes. Milton. 2. A number of persons who eat together, and for whom food is prepared in common; especially, persons in the military or naval service who eat at the same table; as, the wardroom mess. Shak. 3. A set of four; -- from the old practice of dividing companies into sets of four at dinner. [Obs.] Latimer. 4. The milk given by a cow at one milking. [U.S.] 5. Etym: [Perh. corrupt. fr. OE. mesh for mash: cf. muss.] Defn: A disagreeable mixture or confusion of things; hence, a situation resulting from blundering or from misunderstanding; as, he made a mess of it. [Colloq.] MESS Mess, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Messed; p. pr. & vb. n. Messing.] Defn: To take meals with a mess; to belong to a mess; to eat (with others); as, I mess with the wardroom officers. Marryat. MESS Mess, v. t. Defn: To supply with a mess. MESSAGE Mes"sage (; 48), n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. missaticum, fr. L. mittere, missum, to send. See Mission, and cf. Messenger.] 1. Any notice, word, or communication, written or verbal, sent from one person to another. Ehud said, I have a message from God unto thee. Judg. iii. 20. 2. Hence, specifically, an official communication, not made in person, but delivered by a messenger; as, the President's message. Message shell. See Shell. MESSAGE Mes"sage, v. t. Defn: To bear as a message. [Obs.] MESSAGE Mes"sage, n. Etym: [OE., fr. OF. message, fr. LL. missaticus. See 1st Message.] Defn: A messenger. [Obs.] Chaucer. MESSAGER Mes"sa*ger, n. Etym: [OE.] Defn: A messenger. [Obs.] MESSAGE STICK Mes"sage stick. Defn: A stick, carved with lines and dots, used, esp. by Australian aborigines, to convey information. MESS BEEF Mess beef. Defn: Barreled salt beef, packed with about 80 pounds chuck and rump, two flanks, and the rest plates. MESSENGER Mes"sen*ger, n. Etym: [OE. messager, OF. messagier, F. messager. See Message.] 1. One who bears a message; the bearer of a verbal or written communication, notice, or invitation, from one person to another, or to a public body; specifically, an office servant who bears messages. 2. One who, or that which, foreshows, or foretells. Yon gray lines That fret the clouds are messengers of day. Shak. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A hawser passed round the capstan, and having its two ends lashed together to form an endless rope or chain; -- formerly used for heaving in the cable. 4. (Law) Defn: A person appointed to perform certain ministerial duties under bankrupt and insolvent laws, such as to take charge og the estate of the bankrupt or insolvent. Bouvier. Tomlins. Syn. -- Carrier; intelligencer; courier; harbinger; forerunner; precursor; herald. Messenger bird, the secretary bird, from its swiftness. MESSET Mes"set, n. Defn: A dog. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] MESSIAD Mes*si"ad, n. Defn: A German epic poem on the Messiah, by Klopstock. MESSIAH Mes*si"ah, n. Etym: [Heb. mashiakh anointed, fr. mashakh to anoint. Cf. Messias.] Defn: The expected king and deliverer of the Hebrews; the Savior; Christ. And told them the Messiah now was born. Milton. MESSIAHSHIP Mes*si"ah*ship, n. Defn: The state or office of the Messiah. MESSIANIC Mes`si*an"ic, a. Defn: Of or relating to the Messiah; as, the Messianic office or character. MESSIAS Mes*si"as, n. Etym: [LL., fr. Gr. Messiah.] Defn: The Messiah. I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ. John iv. 25. MESSIDOR Mes`si`dor" (F. ; E. ), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. messis harvest.] Defn: The tenth month of the French republican calendar dating from September 22, 1792. It began June 19, and ended July 18. See VendÉmiaire. MESSIEURS Mes"sieurs (; F. ; 277), n. pl. Etym: [F.; pl. of monsieur.] Defn: Sirs; gentlemen; -- abbreviated to Messrs., which is used as the plural of Mr. MESSINESE Mes`si*nese" ( or ), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Messina, or its inhabitans. MESSMATE Mess"mate`, n. Defn: An associate in a mess. MESSUAGE Mes"suage (; 48), n. Etym: [Cf. OF. mesuage, masnage, LL. messuagium, mansionaticum, fr. L. mansio, -onis, a staying, remaining, dwelling, fr. manere, mansum, to stay, remain, E. mansion, manse.] (Law) Defn: A dwelling house, with the adjacent buildings and curtilage, and the adjoining lands appropriated to the use of the household. Cowell. Bouvier. They wedded her to sixty thousand pounds, To lands in Kent, and messuages in York. Tennyson. MEST Mest, a. Defn: Most. [Obs.] Chaucer. MESTEE Mes*tee", n. Etym: [See Mestizo.] Defn: The offspring of a white person and a quadroon; -- so called in the West Indies. [Written also mustee.] MESTER Mes"ter, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Mister, a trade. MESTINO Mes*ti"no, n.; pl. Mestinos (. Defn: See Mestizo. MESTIZO Mes*ti"zo, n.; pl. Mestizos. Etym: [Sp. mestizo; akin to OF. mestis, F. métis; all fr. (assumed) LL. mixtitius, fr. L. mixtus mixed, p. p. of miscere to mix. See Mix, and cf. Mestee, MÉtif, MÉtis, Mustee.] Defn: The offspring of an Indian or a negro and a European or person of European stock. [Spanish America] Mestizo wool, wool imported from South America, and produced by mixed breeds of sheep. MESTLING Mest"ling, n. Defn: A kind of brass. See Maslin. [Obs.] MESYMNICUM Me*sym"ni*cum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Hymn.] (Anc. Poetry) Defn: A repetition at the end of a stanza. MET Met, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Meet. MET Met, obs. imp. & p. p. Defn: of Mete, to measure. Chapman. MET Met, obs. p. p. Defn: of Mete, to dream. Chaucer. META-; MET- Met"a-, Met-. Etym: [Gr. mid with, G. mit, Goth. miÞ, E. mid, in midwife.] 1. A prefix meaning between, with, after, behind, over, about, reversely; as, metachronism, the error of placing after the correct time; metaphor, lit., a carrying over; metathesis, a placing reversely. 2. (Chem.) A prefix denoting: (a) Other; duplicate, corresponding to; resembling; hence, metameric; as, meta-arabinic, metaldehyde. (b) (Organic Chem.) That two replacing radicals, in the benzene nucleus, occupy the relative positions of 1 and 3, 2 and 4, 3 and 5, 4 and 6, 5 and 1, or 6 and 2; as, metacresol, etc. See Ortho-, and Para-. (c) (Inorganic Chem.) Having less than the highest number of hydroxyl groups; -- said of acids; as, metaphosphoric acid. Also used adjectively. at a level above, as metaphysics, metalanguage. METABASIS Me*tab"a*sis, n.; pl. Metabases. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Rhet.) Defn: A transition from one subject to another. 2. (Med.) Defn: Same as Metabola. METABOLA; METABOLE Me*tab"o*la, Me*tab"o*le, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Med.) Defn: A change or mutation; a change of disease, symptoms, or treatment. METABOLA; METABOLIA Me*tab"o*la, Met`a*bo"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See 1st Metabola.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A comprehensive group of insects, including those that undegro a metamorphosis. METABOLIAN Met`a*bo"li*an, n. Etym: [See Metabola.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect which undergoes a metamorphosis. METABOLIC Met`a*bol"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Metabola.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to metamorphosis; pertaining to, or involving, change. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to metabolism; as, metabolic activity; metabolic force. METABOLISIS Met`a*bol"i*sis, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Metabolism. [R.] METABOLISM Me*tab"o*lism, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The act or process, by which living tissues or cells take up and convert into their own proper substance the nutritive material brought to them by the blood, or by which they transform their cell protoplasm into simpler substances, which are fitted either for excretion or for some special purpose, as in the manufacture of the digestive ferments. Hence, metabolism may be either constructive (anabolism), or destructive (katabolism). METABOLITE Me*tab"o*lite, n. (Physiol Chem.) Defn: A product of metabolism; a substance produced by metabolic action, as urea. METABOLIZE Me*tab"o*lize, v. t. & i. (Physiol.) Defn: To change by a metabolic process. See Metabolism. METABRANCHIAL Met`a*bran"chi*al, a. Etym: [Meta- + branchial.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the lobe of the carapace of crabs covering the posterior branchiæ. METACARPAL Met`a*car"pal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the metacarpus. -- n. Defn: A metacarpal bone. METACARPUS Met`a*car"pus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: That part of the skeleton of the hand or forefoot between the carpus and phalanges. In man it consists of five bones. See Illust. of Artiodactyla. METACENTER; METACENTRE Met`a*cen"ter or; Metacentre, n. Etym: [Pref. meta- + center.] (Hydrostatics) Defn: The point of intersection of a vertical line through the center of gravity of the fluid displaced by a floating body which is tipped through a small angle from its position of equilibrium, and the inclined line which was vertical through the center of gravity of the body when in equilibrium. Note: When the metacenter is above the center of gravity, the position of the body is stable; when below it, unstable. METACETONE Me*tac"e*tone, n. Etym: [Pref. met- + acetone.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless liquid of an agreeable odor, C6H10O, obtained by distilling a mixture of sugar and lime; -- so called because formerly regarded as a polymeric modification of acetone. METACHLORAL Met`a*chlo"ral, n. Etym: [Pref. meta- + chloral.] (Chem.) Defn: A white, amorphous, insoluble substance regarded as a polymeric variety of chloral. METACHRONISM Me*tach"ro*nism, n. Etym: [Gr. métachronisme.] Defn: An error committed in chronology by placing an event after its real time. METACHROSIS Met`a*chro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The power og changing color at will by the expansion of special pigment cells, under nerve influence, as seen in many reptiles, fishes, etc. Cope. METACINNABARITE Met`a*cin"na*bar*ite, n. Etym: [Pref. meta- + cinnabar.] (Min.) Defn: Sulphide of mercury in isometric form and black in color. METACISM Met"a*cism, n. Etym: [L. metacismus, Gr. Defn: A defect in pronouncing the letter m, or a too frequent use of it. METACROLEIN Met`a*cro"le*in, n. Etym: [Pref. met- + acrolein.] (Chem.) Defn: A polymeric modification of acrolein obtained by heating it with caustic potash. It is a crystalline substance having an aromatic odor. METACROMION Met`a*cro"mi*on, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: A process projecting backward and downward from the acromion of the scapula of some mammals. METADISCOIDAL Met`a*dis*coid"al, a. Etym: [Meta- + discoidal.] (Anat.) Defn: Discoidal by derivation; -- applied especially to the placenta of man and apes, because it is supposed to have been derived from a diffused placenta. METAGASTRIC Met`a*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Pref. meta- + gastric.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the two posterior gastric lobes of the carapace of crabs. METAGE Met"age (; 48), n. Etym: [From Mete, v.] 1. Measurement, especially of coal. De Foe. 2. Charge for, or price of, measuring. Simmonds. METAGENESIS Met`a*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Pref. meta- + genesis.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: The change of form which one animal species undergoes in a series of successively produced individuals, extending from the one developed from the ovum to the final perfected individual. Hence, metagenesis involves the production of sexual individuals by nonsexual means, either directly or through intervening sexless generations. Opposed to monogenesis. See Alternate generation, under Generation. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Alternation of sexual and asexual or gemmiparous generations; - - in distinction from heterogamy. METAGENETIC Met`a*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to metagenesis. METAGENIC Met`a*gen"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Metagenetic. METAGNATHOUS Me*tag"na*thous, a. Etym: [Pref. meta- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Cross-billed; -- said of certain birds, as the crossbill. METAGRAMMATISM Met`a*gram"ma*tism, n. Defn: Anagrammatism. METAGRAPHIC Met`a*graph"ic, a. Defn: By or pertaining to metagraphy. METAGRAPHY Me*tag"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Pref. meta- + -graphy.] Defn: The art or act of rendering the letters of the alphabet of one language into the possible equivalents of another; transliteration. Stormonth. METAL Met"al ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [F. métal, L. metallum metal, mine, Gr. Mettle, Medal.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: An elementary substance, as sodium, calcium, or copper, whose oxide or hydroxide has basic rather than acid properties, as contrasted with the nonmetals, or metalloids. No sharp line can be drawn between the metals and nonmetals, and certain elements partake of both acid and basic qualities, as chromium, manganese, bismuth, etc. Note: Popularly, the name is applied to certain hard, fusible metals, as gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, zinc, nickel, etc., and also to the mixed metals, or metallic alloys, as brass, bronze, steel, bell metal, etc. 2. Ore from which a metal is derived; -- so called by miners. Raymond. 3. A mine from which ores are taken. [Obs.] Slaves . . . and persons condemned to metals. Jer. Taylor. 4. The substance of which anything is made; material; hence, constitutional disposition; character; temper. Not till God make men of some other metal than earth. Shak. 5. Courage; spirit; mettle. See Mettle. Shak. Note: The allusion is to the temper of the metal of a sword blade. Skeat. 6. The broken stone used in macadamizing roads and ballasting railroads. 7. The effective power or caliber of guns carried by a vessel of war. 8. Glass in a state of fusion. Knight. 9. pl. Defn: The rails of a railroad. [Eng.] Base metal (Chem.), any one of the metals, as iron, lead, etc., which are readily tarnished or oxidized, in contrast with the noble metals. In general, a metal of small value, as compared with gold or silver. -- Fusible metal (Metal.), a very fusible alloy, usually consisting of bismuth with lead, tin, or cadmium. -- Heavy metals (Chem.), the metallic elements not included in the groups of the alkalies, alkaline earths, or the earths; specifically, the heavy metals, as gold, mercury, platinum, lead, silver, etc. -- Light metals (Chem.), the metallic elements of the alkali and alkaline earth groups, as sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, etc.; also, sometimes, the metals of the earths, as aluminium. -- Muntz metal, an alloy for sheathing and other purposes, consisting of about sixty per cent of copper, and forty of zinc. Sometimes a little lead is added. It is named from the inventor. -- Prince's metal (Old Chem.), an alloy resembling brass, consisting of three parts of copper to one of zinc; -- also called Prince Rupert's metal. METAL Met"al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Metaled ( or ) or Metalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Metaling or Metalling.] Defn: To cover with metal; as, to metal a ship's bottom; to metal a road. METALAMMONIUM Met`al*am*mo"ni*um, n. Etym: [Metal + ammonium.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical derived from ammonium by the substitution of metallic atoms in place of hydrogen. METALBUMIN Met`al*bu"min, n. Etym: [Pref. met- + albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A form of albumin found in ascitic and certain serous fluids. It is sometimes regarded as a mixture of albumin and mucin. METALDEHYDE Me*tal"de*hyde, n. Etym: [Pref. met- + aldehyde.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance isomeric with, and obtained from, acetic aldehyde by polymerization, and reconvertible into the same. METALEPSIS Met`a*lep"sis, n.; pl. Metalepses. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: The continuation of a trope in one word through a succession of significations, or the union of two or more tropes of a different kind in one word. METALEPSY Met"a*lep`sy, n. (Chem.) Defn: Exchange; replacement; substitution; metathesis. [R.] METALEPTIC Met`a*lep"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to a metalepsis. 2. Transverse; as, the metaleptic motion of a muscle. 3. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, concerned in, or occurring by, metalepsy. METALEPTICAL Met`a*lep"tic*al, a. Defn: Metaleptic. -- Met`a*lep"tic*al*ly, adv. METALLIC Me*tal"lic, a. Etym: [L. metallicus, fr. metallum: cf. F. métallique. See Metal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a metal; of the nature of metal; resembling metal; as, a metallic appearance; a metallic alloy. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or characterized by, the essential and implied properties of a metal, as contrasted with a nonmetal or metalloid; basic; antacid; positive. Metallic iron, iron in the state of the metal, as distinquished from its ores, as magnetic iron. -- Metallic paper, paper covered with a thin solution of lime, whiting, and size. When written upon with a pewter or brass pencil, the lines can hardly be effaced. -- Metallic tinking (Med.), a sound heard in the chest, when a cavity communicating with the air passages contains both air and liquid. METALLICAL Me*tal"lic*al, a. Defn: See Metallic. [Obs.] METALLICLY Me*tal"lic*ly, adv. Defn: In a metallic manner; by metallic means. METALLIFACTURE Me*tal`li*fac"ture, n. Etym: [L. metallum metal + facere, factum, to make.] Defn: The production and working or manufacture of metals. [R.] R. Park. METALLIFEROUS Met`al*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. metallifer; metallum metal + ferre to bear: cf. F. métallifère.] Defn: Producing metals; yielding metals. METALLIFORM Me*tal"li*form, a. Etym: [L. metallum metal + -form: cf. F. métalliforme.] Defn: Having the form or structure of a metal. METALLINE Met"al*line, a. Etym: [Cf. F. métallin.] (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or resembling, a metal; metallic; as, metalline properties. (b) Impregnated with metallic salts; chalybeate; as, metalline water. [R.] METALLINE Met"al*line ( or ), n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance of variable composition, but resembling a soft, dark-colored metal, used in the bearings of machines for obviating friction, and as a substitute for lubricants. METALLIST Met"al*list, n. Defn: A worker in metals, or one skilled in metals. METALLIZATION Met`al*li*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. métallisation.] Defn: The act or process of metallizing. [R.] METALLIZE Met"al*lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Metallized; p. pr. & vb. n. Metallizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. métalliser.] Defn: To impart metallic properties to; to impregnate with a metal. [R.] METALLOCHROME Me*tal"lo*chrome, n. Etym: [See Metallochromy.] Defn: A coloring produced by the deposition of some metallic compound; specifically, the prismatic tints produced by depositing a film of peroxide of lead on polished steel by electricity. METALLOCHROMY Me*tal"lo*chro`my, n. Etym: [L. metallum metal + Gr. Defn: The art or process of coloring metals. METALLOGRAPH Me*tal"lo*graph, n. Etym: [L. metallum metal + -graph.] Defn: A print made by metallography. METALLOGRAPHIC Me*tal`lo*graph"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or by means of, metallography. METALLOGRAPHIST Met`al*log"ra*phist, n. Defn: One who writes on the subject of metals. METALLOGRAPHY Met`al*log"ra*phy, n. Etym: [L. metallum metal + -graphy: cf. F. métallographie.] 1. The science or art of metals and metal working; also, a treatise on metals. 2. A method of transferring impressions of the grain of wood to metallic surfaces by chemical action. Knight. 3. A substitute for lithography, in which metallic plates are used instead of stone. Knight. METALLOID Met"al*loid, n. Etym: [L. metallum metal + -oid: cf. F. métalloïde.] (a) Formerly, the metallic base of a fixed alkali, or alkaline earth; -- applied by Sir H. Davy to sodium, potassium, and some other metallic substances whose metallic character was supposed to be not well defined. (b) Now, one of several elementary substances which in the free state are unlike metals, and whose compounds possess or produce acid, rather than basic, properties; a nonmetal; as, boron, carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, chlorine, bromine, etc., are metalloids. METALLOID Met"al*loid, a. 1. Having the appearance of a metal. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Having the properties of a nonmetal; nonmetallic; acid; negative. METALLOIDAL Met`al*loid"al, a. Defn: Metalloid. METALLOPHONE Me*tal"lo*phone, n. [L. metallum metal + Gr. sound.] (Music) (a) An instrument like a pianoforte, but having metal bars instead of strings. (b) An instrument like the xylophone, but having metallic instead of wooden bars. METALLORGANIC Met`al*lor*gan"ic, a. Defn: Metalorganic. METALLOTHERAPY Me*tal`lo*ther"a*py, n. Etym: [L. metallum metal + E. therapy.] (Med.) Defn: Treatment of disease by applying metallic plates to the surface of the body. METALLURGIC; METALLURGICAL Met`al*lur"gic, Met`al*lur"gic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. métallurgique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to metallurgy. METALLURGIST Met"al*lur`gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. métallurgiste.] Defn: One who works in metals, or prepares them for use; one who is skilled in metallurgy. METALLURGY Met"al*lur`gy, n. Etym: [F. métallurgie, fr. L. metallum metal, Gr. Metal, and Work.] Defn: The art of working metals, comprehending the whole process of separating them from other matters in the ore, smelting, refining, and parting them; sometimes, in a narrower sense, only the process of extracting metals from their ores. METALMAN Met"al*man, n.; pl. Metalmen (. Defn: A worker in metals. METALOGICAL Met`a*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Beyond the scope or province of logic. METALORGANIC Met`al*or*gan"ic, a. Etym: [Metal, L. metallum + E. organic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or denoting, any one of a series of compounds of certain metallic elements with organic radicals; as, zinc methyl, sodium ethyl, etc. [Written also metallorganic.] METAMER Met"a*mer, n. Etym: [See Metamere.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of several metameric forms of the same substance, or of different substances having the same composition; as, xylene has three metamers, viz., orthoxylene, metaxylene, and paraxylene. METAMERE Met"a*mere, n. Etym: [Pref. meta- + -mere.] (Biol.) Defn: One of successive or homodynamous parts in animals and plants; one of a series of similar parts that follow one another in a vertebrate or articulate animal, as in an earthworm; a segment; a somite. See Illust. of Loeven's larva. METAMERIC Met`a*mer"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. meta- + Gr. 1. (Chem.) Defn: Having the same elements united in the same proportion by weight, and with the same molecular weight, but possessing a different structure and different properties; as, methyl ether and ethyl alcohol are metameric compounds. See Isomeric. Note: The existence of metameric compounds is due to the different arrangement of the same constituents in the molecule. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a metamere or its formation; as, metameric segmentation. METAMERICALLY Met`a*mer"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a metameric manner. METAMERISM Me*tam"er*ism, n. 1. (Biol.) Defn: The symmetry of a metameric structure; serial symmetry; the state of being made up of metameres. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The state or quality of being metameric; also, the relation or condition of metameric compounds. METAMORPHIC Met`a*mor"phic, a. Etym: [See Metamorphosis.] 1. Subject to change; changeable; variable. 2. Causing a change of structure. 3. (Geol.) Defn: Pertaining to, produced by, or exhibiting, certain changes which minerals or rocks may have undergone since their original deposition; -- especially applied to the recrystallization which sedimentary rocks have undergone through the influence of heat and pressure, after which they are called metamorphic rocks. METAMORPHISM Met`a*mor"phism, n. (Geol.) Defn: The state or quality of being metamorphic; the process by which the material of rock masses has been more or less recrystallized by heat, pressure, etc., as in the change of sedimentary limestone to marble. Murchison. METAMORPHIST Met`a*mor"phist, n. (Eccl.) Defn: One who believes that the body of Christ was merged into the Deity when he ascended. METAMORPHIZE Met`a*mor"phize, v. t. Defn: To metamorphose. METAMORPHOSE Met`a*mor"phose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Metamorphosed; p. pr. & vb. n. Metamorphosing.] Etym: [Cf. F. métamorphoser.] Defn: To change into a different form; to transform; to transmute. And earth was metamorphosed into man. Dryden. METAMORPHOSE Met`a*mor"phose, n. Etym: [Cf. F. métamorphose. See Metamorphosis.] Defn: Same as Metamorphosis. METAMORPHOSER Met`a*mor"pho*ser, n. Defn: One who metamorphoses. [R.] Gascoigne. METAMORPHOSIC Met`a*mor"pho*sic, a. Defn: Changing the form; transforming. [R.] Pownall. METAMORPHOSIS Met`a*mor"pho*sis, n.; pl. Metamorphoses. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. Change of form, or structure; transformation. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A change in the form or function of a living organism, by a natural process of growth or development; as, the metamorphosis of the yolk into the embryo, of a tadpole into a frog, or of a bud into a blossom. Especially, that form of sexual reproduction in which an embryo undergoes a series of marked changes of external form, as the chrysalis stage, pupa stage, etc., in insects. In these intermediate stages sexual reproduction is usually impossible, but they ultimately pass into final and sexually developed forms, from the union of which organisms are produced which pass through the same cycle of changes. See Transformation. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: The change of material of one kind into another through the agency of the living organism; metabolism. Vegetable metamorphosis (Bot.), the doctrine that flowers are homologous with leaf buds, and that the floral organs are transformed leaves. METANAUPLIUS Met`a*nau"pli*us, n. Etym: [NL. See Meta-, and Nauplius.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A larval crustacean in a stage following the nauplius, and having about seven pairs of appendages. METANEPHRITIC Met`a*ne*phrit"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the metanephros. METANEPHROS Met`a*neph"ros, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The most posterior of the three pairs of embryonic renal organs developed in many vertebrates. METANOTUM Met`a*no"tum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dorsal portion of the metaphorax of insects. METANTIMONATE Met`an*ti*mo"nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of metantimonic acid. METANTIMONIC Met`an*ti*mon"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. met- + antimonic.] (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (formerly called antimonic acid) analogous to metaphosphoric acid, and obtained as a white amorphous insoluble substance, (HSbO3). (b) Formerly, designating an acid, which is now properly called pyroantimonic acid, and analogous to pyrophosphoric acid. METAPECTIC Met`a*pec"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. meta- + pectic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a supposed acid obtained from pectin. METAPECTIN Met`a*pec"tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance obtained from, and resembling, pectin, and occurring in overripe fruits. METAPEPTONE Met`a*pep"tone, n. Etym: [Pref. meta- + peptone.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An intermediate product formed in the gastric digestion of albuminous matter. METAPHOR Met"a*phor, n. Etym: [F. métaphore, L. metaphora, fr. Gr. meta` beyond, over + fe`rein to bring, bear.] (Rhet.) Defn: The transference of the relation between one set of objects to another set for the purpose of brief explanation; a compressed simile; e. g., the ship plows the sea. Abbott & Seeley. "All the world's a stage." Shak. Note: The statement, "that man is a fox," is a metaphor; but "that man is like a fox," is a simile, similitude, or comparison. METAPHORIC; METAPHORICAL Met`a*phor"ic, Met`a*phor"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. métaphorique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to metaphor; comprising a metaphor; not literal; figurative; tropical; as, a metaphorical expression; a metaphorical sense. -- Met`a*phor"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Met`a*phor"ic*al*ness, n. METAPHORIST Met"a*phor*ist, n. Defn: One who makes metaphors. METAPHOSPHATE Met`a*phos"phate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of metaphosphoric acid. METAPHOSPHORIC Met`a*phos*phor"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. meta- + phosphoric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a monobasic acid, HPO3, analogous to nitric acid, and, by heating phosphoric acid, obtained as a crystalline substance, commonly called glacial phosphoric acid. METAPHRASE Met"a*phrase, n. Etym: [Gr. meta`frasis, from metafrazein to paraphrase; meta` beyond, over + fra`zein to speak: cf. F. métaphrase.] 1. A verbal translation; a version or translation from one language into another, word for word; -- opposed to paraphrase. Dryden. 2. An answering phrase; repartee. Mrs. Browning. METAPHRASED Met"a*phrased, a. Defn: Translated literally. METAPHRASIS Me*taph"ra*sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Metaphrase.] Defn: Metaphrase. METAPHRAST Met"a*phrast, n. Etym: [Gr. métaphraste.] Defn: A literal translator. METAPHRASTIC; METAPHRASTICAL Met`a*phras"tic, Met`a*phras"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Close, or literal. METAPHYSIC Met`a*phys"ic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. métaphysique.] Defn: See Metaphysics. METAPHYSIC Met`a*phys"ic, a. Defn: Metaphysical. METAPHYSICAL Met`a*phys"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. métaphysique. See Metaphysics.] 1. Of or pertaining to metaphysics. 2. According to rules or principles of metaphysics; as, metaphysical reasoning. 3. Preternatural or supernatural. [Obs.] The golden round *Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem To have thee crowned withal. Shak. METAPHYSICALLY Met`a*phys"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of metaphysical science, or of a metaphysician. South. METAPHYSICIAN Met`a*phy*si"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. métaphysicien.] Defn: One who is versed in metaphysics. METAPHYSICS Met`a*phys"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. métaphysique. See Physics. The term was first used by the followers of Aristotle as a name for that part of his writings which came after, or followed, the part which treated of physics.] 1. The science of real as distinguished from phenomenal being; ontology; also, the science of being, with reference to its abstract and universal conditions, as distinguished from the science of determined or concrete being; the science of the conceptions and relations which are necessarily implied as true of every kind of being; phylosophy in general; first principles, or the science of first principles. Note: Metaphysics is distinguished as general and special. General metaphysics is the science of all being as being. Special metaphysics is the science of one kind of being; as, the metaphysics of chemistry, of morals, or of politics. According to Kant, a systematic exposition of those notions and truths, the knowledge of which is altogether independent of experience, would constitute the science of metaphysics. Commonly, in the schools, called metaphysics, as being part of the philosophy of Aristotle, which hath that for title; but it is in another sense: for there it signifieth as much as "books written or placed after his natural philosophy." But the schools take them for "books of supernatural philosophy;" for the word metaphysic will bear both these senses. Hobbes. Now the science conversant about all such inferences of unknown being from its known manifestations, is called ontology, or metaphysics proper. Sir W. Hamilton. Metaphysics are [is] the science which determines what can and what can not be known of being, and the laws of being, a priori. Coleridge. 2. Hence: The scientific knowledge of mental phenomena; mental philosophy; psychology. Metaphysics, in whatever latitude the term be taken, is a science or complement of sciences exclusively occupied with mind. Sir W. Hamilton. Whether, after all, A larger metaphysics might not help Our physics. Mrs. Browning. METAPHYSIS Me*taph"y*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: Change of form; transformation. METAPLASM Met"a*plasm, n. Etym: [L. metaplasmus, Gr. métaplasme.] (Gram.) Defn: A change in the letters or syllables of a word. METAPLAST Met"a*plast, n. Etym: [See Metaplasm.] (Gram.) Defn: A word having more than one form of the root. METAPODE Met"a*pode, n. Etym: [NL. metapodium, from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The posterior division of the foot in the Gastropoda and Pteropoda. METAPODIAL Met`a*po"di*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the metapodialia, or to the parts of the limbs to which they belong. METAPODIALE Met`a*po`di*a"le, n.; pl. Metapodialia. Etym: [NL. See Metapode.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the bones of either the metacarpus or metatarsus. METAPODIUM Met`a*po"di*um, n.; pl. Metapodia. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Metapode. METAPOPHYSIS Met`a*poph"y*sis, n.; pl. Metapophyses. Etym: [NL. See Meta-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) Defn: A tubercle projecting from the anterior articular processes of some vertebræ; a mammillary process. METAPTERYGIUM Me*tap`te*ryg"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The posterior of the three principal basal cartilages in the fins of fishes. -- Me*tap`ter*yg"i*al, a. METASILICATE Met`a*sil"i*cate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of metasilicic acid. METASILICIC Met`a*si*lic"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. meta- + silicic.] (Chem.) Defn: Designating an acid derived from silicic acid by the removal of water; of or pertaining to such an acid. Note: The salts of metasilicic acid are often called bisilicates, in mineralogy, as Wollastonite (CaSiO3). Metasilicic acid (Chem.), a gelatinous substance, or white amorphous powder, analogous to carbonic acid, and forming many stable salts. METASOMATISM Met`a*so"ma*tism, n. Etym: [Pref. meta- + Gr. (Geol.) Defn: An alteration in a mineral or rock mass when involving a chemical change of the substance, as of chrysolite to serpentine; -- opposed to ordinary metamorphism, as implying simply a recrystallization. -- Met`a*so*mat"ic, a. METASOME Met"a*some, n. Etym: [Pref. meta- + -some body.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the component segments of the body of an animal. METASTANNATE Met`a*stan"nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of metastannic acid. METASTANNIC Met`a*stan"nic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a compound of tin (metastannic acid), obtained, as an isomeric modification of stannic acid, in the form of a white amorphous substance. METASTASIS Me*tas"ta*sis, n.; pl. Metastases. Etym: [L., transition, fr. Gr. 1. (Theol.) Defn: A spiritual change, as during baptism. 2. (Med.) Defn: A change in the location of a disease, as from one part to another. Dunglison. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: The act or process by which matter is taken up by cells or tissues and is transformed into other matter; in plants, the act or process by which are produced all of those chemical changes in the constituents of the plant which are not accompanied by a production of organic matter; metabolism. METASTATIC Met`a*stat"ic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or caused by, metastasis; as, a metastatic abscess; the metastatic processes of growth. METASTERNAL Met`a*ster"nal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the metasternum. METASTERNUM Met`a*ster"num, n. Etym: [Pref. meta- + sternum.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The most posterior element of the sternum; the ensiform process; xiphisternum. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ventral plate of the third or last segment of the thorax of insects. METASTOMA; METASTOME Me*tas"to*ma, Met"a*stome, n. Etym: [NL. metastoma, from Gr. meta` behind + sto`ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A median elevation behind the mouth in the arthropods. METATARSAL Met`a*tar"sal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the metatarsus. -- n. Defn: A metatarsal bone. METATARSE Met"a*tarse, n. (Anat.) Defn: Metatarsus. METATARSUS Met`a*tar"sus, n.; pl. Metatarsi. Etym: [NL. See Meta-, and Tarsus.] (Anat.) Defn: That part of the skeleton of the hind or lower limb between the tarsus and phalanges; metatarse. It consists, in the human foot, of five bones. See Illustration in Appendix. METATE Me*ta"te, n. [Sp., fr. Mex. metlatl.] Defn: A flat or somewhat hollowed stone upon which grain or other food is ground, by means of a smaller stone or pestle. [Southwestern U. S. & Sp. Amer.] METATHESIS Me*tath"e*sis, n.; pl. Metatheses (. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. meta`thesis, fr. metatithe`nai to place differently, to transpose; meta` beyond, over + tithe`nai to place, set. See Thesis.] 1. (Gram.) Defn: Transposition, as of the letters or syllables of a word; as, pistris for pristis; meagre for meager. 2. (Med.) Defn: A mere change in place of a morbid substance, without removal from the body. 3. (Chem.) Defn: The act, process, or result of exchange, substitution, or replacement of atoms and radicals; thus, by metathesis an acid gives up all or part of its hydrogen, takes on an equivalent amount of a metal or base, and forms a salt. METATHETIC; METATHETICAL Met`a*thet"ic, Met`a*thet"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to metathesis. METATHORACIC Met`a*tho*rac"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the metathorax. METATHORAX Met`a*tho"rax, n. Etym: [NL.: cf. F. métathorax. See Meta-, and Thorax.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The last or posterior segment of the thorax in insects. See Illust. of Coleoptera. METATITANIC Met`a*ti*tan"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. meta- + titanic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid of titanium analogous to metasilicic acid. METATUNGSTATE Met`a*tung"state, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of metatungstic acid. METATUNGSTIC Met`a*tung"stic, a. Etym: [Pref. meta- + tungstic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid known only in its salts (the metatungstates) and properly called polytungstic, or pyrotungstic, acid. METAVANADATE Met`a*van"a*date, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of metavanadic acid. METAVANADIC Met`a*va*nad"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. meta- + vanadic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a vanadic acid analogous to metaphosphoric acid. METAXYLENE Met`a*xy"lene, n. Etym: [Pref. meta- + xylene.] (Chem.) Defn: That variety of xylene, or dimethyl benzene, in which the two methyl groups occupy the meta position with reference to each other. It is a colorless inf METAYAGE Mé`ta`yage", n. Etym: [F. See Métayer.] Defn: A system of farming on halves. [France & Italy] METAYER Mé`ta`yer" (F. ; E. ), n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. medietarius, fr. L. medius middle, half. See Mid, a.] Defn: One who cultivates land for a share (usually one half) of its yield, receiving stock, tools, and seed from the landlord. [France & Italy] Milman. METAZOA Met`a*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Those animals in which the protoplasmic mass, constituting the egg, is converted into a multitude of cells, which are metamorphosed into the tissues of the body. A central cavity is commonly developed, and the cells around it are at first arranged in two layers, -- the ectoderm and endoderm. The group comprises nearly all animals except the Protozoa. METAZOAN Met`a*zo"an, n.; pl. Metazoans (. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Metazoa. METAZOIC Met`a*zo"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Metazoa. METAZOON; METAZOOEN Met`a*zo"ön, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Metazoa. METE Mete, n. Defn: Meat. [Obs.] Chaucer. METE Mete, v. t. & i. Defn: To meet. [Obs.] Chaucer. METE Mete, v. i. & t. [imp. Mette; p. p. Met.] Etym: [AS. m.] Defn: To dream; also impersonally; as, me mette, I dreamed. [Obs.] "I mette of him all night." Chaucer. METE Mete, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Meted; p. pr. & vb. n. Meting.] Etym: [AS. metan; akin to D. meten, G. messen, OHG. mezzan, Icel. meta, Sw. mäta, Goth. mitan, L. modus measure, moderation, modius a corn measure, Gr. measure, L. metiri to measure; cf. Skr. ma to measure. sq. root99. Cf. Measure, Meet, a., Mode.] Defn: To find the quantity, dimensions, or capacity of, by any rule or standard; to measure. METE Mete, v. i. Defn: To measure. [Obs.] Mark iv. 24. METE Mete, n. Etym: [AS. met. See Mete to measure.] Defn: Measure; limit; boundary; -- used chiefly in the plural, and in the phrase metes and bounds. METECORN Mete"corn`, n. Defn: A quantity of corn formerly given by the lord to his customary tenants, as an encouragement to, or reward for, labor and faithful service. METELY Mete"ly, a. Defn: According to measure or proportion; proportionable; proportionate. [Obs.] METEMPIRIC; METEMPIRICAL Met`em*pir"ic, Met`em*pir"ic*al, a. Etym: [Pref. met- + empiric, - ical.] (Metaph.) Defn: Related, or belonging, to the objects of knowledge within the province of metempirics. If then the empirical designates the province we include within the range of science, the province we exclude may be fitly styled the metempirical. G. H. Lewes. METEMPIRICISM Met*em*pir"i*cism, n. Defn: The science that is concerned with metempirics. METEMPIRICS Met`em*pir"ics, n. Defn: The concepts and relations which are conceived as beyond, and yet as related to, the knowledge gained by experience. METEMPSYCHOSE Me*temp"sy*chose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Metempsychosed; p. pr. & vb. n. Metempsychosing.] Etym: [See Metempsychosis.] Defn: To translate or transfer, as the soul, from one body to another. [R.] Peacham. METEMPSYCHOSIS Me*temp`sy*cho"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Psychology.] Defn: The passage of the soul, as an immortal essence, at the death of the animal body it had inhabited, into another living body, whether of a brute or a human being; transmigration of souls. Sir T. Browne. METEMPTOSIS Met`emp*to"sis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Chron.) Defn: The suppression of a day in the calendar to prevent the date of the new moon being set a day too late, or the suppression of the bissextile day once in 134 years. The opposite to this is the proemptosis, or the addition of a day every 330 years, and another every 2,400 years. METENCEPHALON Met`en*ceph"a*lon, n. Etym: [Met- + encephalon.] (Anat.) Defn: The posterior part of the brain, including the medulla; the afterbrain. Sometimes abbreviated to meten. METENSOMATOSIS Met`en*so`ma*to"sis, n. Etym: [L., a change of body (by the soul), fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The assimilation by one body or organism of the elements of another. METEOR Me"te*or, n. Etym: [F. météore, Gr. 1. Any phenomenon or appearance in the atmosphere, as clouds, rain, hail, snow, etc. Hail, an ordinary meteor. Bp. Hall. 2. Specif.: A transient luminous body or appearance seen in the atmosphere, or in a more elevated region. The vaulty top of heaven Figured quite o'er with burning meteors. Shak. Note: The term is especially applied to fireballs, and the masses of stone or other substances which sometimes fall to the earth; also to shooting stars and to ignes fatui. Meteors are often classed as: aerial meteors, winds, tornadoes, etc.; aqueous meteors, rain, hail, snow, dew, etc.; luminous meteors, rainbows, halos, etc.; and igneous meteors, lightning, shooting stars, and the like. METEORIC Me`te*or"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. météorique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a meteor, or to meteors; atmospheric, as, meteoric phenomena; meteoric stones. 2. Influenced by the weather; as, meteoric conditions. 3. Flashing; brilliant; transient; like a meteor; as, meteoric fame. "Meteoric politician." Craik. Meteoric iron, Meteoric stone. (Min.) See Meteorite. -- Meteoric paper, a substance of confervoid origin found floating in the air, and resembling bits of coarse paper; -- so called because formerly supposed to fall from meteors. -- Meteoric showers, periodical exhibitions of shooting stars, occuring about the 9th or 10th of August and 13th of November, more rarely in April and December, and also at some other periods. METEORICAL Me`te*or"ic*al, a. Defn: Meteoric. METEORISM Me"te*or*ism, n. (Med.) Defn: Flatulent distention of the abdomen; tympanites. METEORITE Me"te*or*ite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. météorite.] (Min.) Defn: A mass of stone or iron which has fallen to the earth from space; an aërolite. Note: Meteorites usually show a pitted surface with a fused crust, caused by the heat developed in their rapid passage through the earth's atmosphere. A meteorite may consist: 1. Of metallic iron, alloyed with a small percentage of nickel (meteoric iron, holosiderite). When etched this usually exhibits peculiar crystalline figures, called Widmanstätten figures. 2. Of a cellular mass of iron with imbedded silicates (mesosiderite or siderolite). 3. Of a stony mass of silicates with little iron (meteoric stone, sporadosiderite). 4. Of a mass without iron (asiderite). METEORIZE Me"te*or*ize, v. i. Etym: [Gr. Defn: To ascend in vapors; to take the form of a meteor. Evelyn. METEOROGRAPH Me`te*or"o*graph, n. Etym: [Meteor + -graph.] Defn: An instrument which registers meteorologic phases or conditions. METEOROGRAPHIC Me`te*or`o*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to meteorography. METEOROGRAPHY Me`te*or*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Meteor + -graphy.] Defn: The registration of meteorological phenomena. METEOROID Me"te*or*oid, n. Etym: [Meteor + -oid.] (Astron.) Defn: A small body moving through space, or revolving about the sun, which on entering the earth's atmosphere would be deflagrated and appear as a meteor. These bodies [small, solid bodies] before they come into the air, I call meteoroids. H. A. Newton. METEOROIDAL Me`te*or*oid"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a meteoroid or to meteoroids. METEOROLITE Me`te*or"o*lite, n. Etym: [Meteor + -lite : cf. F. météorolithe.] Defn: A meteoric stone; an aërolite; a meteorite. METEOROLOGIC; METEOROLOGICAL Me`te*or`o*log"ic, Me`te*or`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. météorologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the atmosphere and its phenomena, or to meteorology. Meteorological table, Meteorological register, a table or register exhibiting the state of the air and its temperature, weight, dryness, moisture, motion, etc. METEOROLOGIST Me`te*or*ol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. météorologiste.] Defn: A person skilled in meteorology. METEOROLOGY Me`te*or*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. météorologie. See Meteor.] Defn: The science which treats of the atmosphere and its phenomena, particularly of its variations of heat and moisture, of its winds, storms, etc. METEOROMANCY Me`te*or"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Meteor + -mancy : cf. F. météoromancie.] Defn: A species of divination by meteors, chiefly by thunder and lightning, which was held in high estimation by the Romans. METEOROMETER Me`te*or*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Meteor + -meter.] Defn: An apparatus which transmits automatically to a central station atmospheric changes as marked by the anemometer, barometer, thermometer, etc. METEOROSCOPE Me`te*or"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. météoroscope. See Meteor.] (Astron.) (a) An astrolabe; a planisphere. [Obs.] (b) An instrument for measuring the position, length, and direction, of the apparent path of a shooting star. METEOROUS Me*te"o*rous ( or ), a. Etym: [See Meteor.] Defn: Of the nature or appearance of a meteor. -METER -me"ter. Etym: [L. metrum measure, or the allied Gr. Meter rhythm.] Defn: A suffix denoting that by which anything is measured; as, barometer, chronometer, dynamometer. METER Me"ter, n. Etym: [From Mete to measure.] 1. One who, or that which, metes or measures. See Coal-meter. 2. An instrument for measuring, and usually for recording automatically, the quantity measured. Dry meter, a gas meter having measuring chambers, with flexible walls, which expand and contract like bellows and measure the gas by filling and emptying. -- W, a gas meter in which the revolution of a chambered drum in water measures the gas passing through it. METER Me"ter, n. Defn: A line above or below a hanging net, to which the net is attached in order to strengthen it. METER; METRE Me"ter, Me"tre, n. Etym: [OE. metre, F. mètre, L. metrum, fr. Gr. ma to measure. See Mete to measure.] 1. Rhythmical arrangement of syllables or words into verses, stanzas, strophes, etc.; poetical measure, depending on number, quantity, and accent of syllables; rhythm; measure; verse; also, any specific rhythmical arrangements; as, the Horatian meters; a dactylic meter. The only strict antithesis to prose is meter. Wordsworth. 2. A poem. [Obs.] Robynson (More's Utopia). 3. A measure of length, equal to 39.37 English inches, the standard of linear measure in the metric system of weights and measures. It was intended to be, and is very nearly, the ten millionth part of the distance from the equator to the north pole, as ascertained by actual measurement of an arc of a meridian. See Metric system, under Metric. Common meter (Hymnol.), four iambic verses, or lines, making a stanza, the first and third having each four feet, and the second and fourth each three feet; -- usually indicated by the initials C.M. -- Long meter (Hymnol.), iambic verses or lines of four feet each, four verses usually making a stanza; -- commonly indicated by the initials L.M. -- Short meter (Hymnol.), iambic verses or lines, the first, second, and fourth having each three feet, and the third four feet. The stanza usually consists of four lines, but is sometimes doubled. Short meter is indicated by the initials S.M. METERAGE Me"ter*age, n. Etym: [See 1st Meter.] Defn: The act of measuring, or the cost of measuring. METERGRAM Me"ter*gram`, n. (Mech.) Defn: A measure of energy or work done; the power exerted in raising one gram through the distance of one meter against gravitation. METEWAND Mete"wand`, n. Etym: [Mete to measure + wand.] Defn: A measuring rod. Ascham. METEYARD Mete"yard`, n. Etym: [AS. metgeard. See Mete to measure, and Yard stick.] Defn: A yard, staff, or rod, used as a measure. [Obs.] Shak. METH Meth, n. Defn: See Meathe. [Obs.] Chaucer. METHAEMOGLOBIN Met`hæm*o*glo"bin ( or ), n. Etym: [Pref. met- + h.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A stable crystalline compound obtained by the decomposition of hemoglobin. It is found in old blood stains. METHAL Meth"al, n. Etym: [Myristic + ether + alcohol.] (Chem.) Defn: A white waxy substance, found in small quantities in spermaceti as an ethereal salt of several fatty acids, and regarded as an alcohol of the methane series. METHANE Meth"ane, n. Etym: [See Methal.] (Chem.) Defn: A light, colorless, gaseous, inflammable hydrocarbon, CH4; marsh gas. See Marsh gas, under Gas. Methane series (Chem.), a series of saturated hydrocarbons, of which methane is the first member and type, and (because of their general chemical inertness and indifference) called also the paraffin (little affinity) series. The lightest members are gases, as methane, ethane; intermediate members are liquids, as hexane, heptane, etc. (found in benzine, kerosene, etc.); while the highest members are white, waxy, or fatty solids, as paraffin proper. METHANOMETER Meth`a*nom"e*ter, n. [Methane + -meter.] Defn: An instrument, resembling a eudiometer, to detect the presence and amount of methane, as in coal mines. METHEGLIN Me*theg"lin, n. Etym: [W. meddyglyn; medd mead + llyn liquor, juice. See Mead a drink.] Defn: A fermented beverage made of honey and water; mead. Gay. METHENE Meth"ene, n. Etym: [Methyl + ethylene.] (Chem.) Defn: See Methylene. METHENYL Meth"e*nyl, n. Etym: [Methene + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical hydrocarbon radical CH, regarded as an essential residue of certain organic compounds. METHIDE Meth"ide ( or ), n. Etym: [See Methyl.] (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of methyl with some element; as, aluminium methide, Al2(CH3)6. METHINKS Me*thinks", v. impers. [imp. Methought.] Etym: [AS. þyncan to seem, me þynceedh, me þuhte, OE. me thinketh, me thoughte; akin to G. dünken to seem, denken to think, and E. think. See Me, and Think.] Defn: It seems to me; I think. See Me. [R., except in poetry.] In all ages poets have been had in special reputation, and, methinks, not without great cause. Spenser. METHIONATE Me*thi"on*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of methionic acid. METHIONIC Meth`i*on"ic, a. Etym: [Methyl + thionic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphonic (thionic) acid derivative of methane, obtained as a stable white crystalline substance, CH2.(SO3H)2, which forms well defined salts. METHOD Meth"od, n. Etym: [F. méthode, L. methodus, fr. Gr. meqodos method, investigation following after; meta` after + "odo`s way.] 1. An orderly procedure or process; regular manner of doing anything; hence, manner; way; mode; as, a method of teaching languages; a method of improving the mind. Addison. 2. Orderly arrangement, elucidation, development, or classification; clear and lucid exhibition; systematic arrangement peculiar to an individual. Though this be madness, yet there's method in it. Shak. All method is a rational progress, a progress toward an end. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Classification; a mode or system of classifying natural objects according to certain common characteristics; as, the method of Theophrastus; the method of Ray; the Linnæan method. Syn. -- Order; system; rule; regularity; way; manner; mode; course; process; means. -- Method, Mode, Manner. Method implies arrangement; mode, mere action or existence. Method is a way of reaching a given end by a series of acts which tend to secmode relates to a single action, or to the form which a series of acts, viewed as a whole, exhibits. Manner is literally the handling of a thing, and has a wider sense, embracing both method and mode. An instructor may adopt a good method of teaching to write; the scholar may acquire a bad mode of holding his pen; the manner in which he is corrected will greatly affect his success or failure. METHODIC; METHODICAL Me*thod"ic, Me*thod"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. methodicus, Gr. méthodique.] 1. Arranged with regard to method; disposed in a suitable manner, or in a manner to illustrate a subject, or to facilitate practical observation; as, the methodical arrangement of arguments; a methodical treatise. "Methodical regularity." Addison. 2. Proceeding with regard to method; systematic. "Aristotle, strict, methodic, and orderly." Harris. 3. Of or pertaining to the ancient school of physicians called methodists. Johnson. -- Me*thod"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Me*thod"ic*al*ness, n. METHODIOS Me*thod"ios, n. Defn: The art and principles of method. METHODISM Meth"o*dism, n. (Eccl.) Defn: The system of doctrines, polity, and worship, of the sect called Methodists. Bp. Warburton. METHODIST Meth"o*dist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. méthodiste. See Method.] 1. One who observes method. [Obs.] 2. One of an ancient school of physicians who rejected observation and founded their practice on reasoning and theory. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. (Theol.) Defn: One of a sect of Christians, the outgrowth of a small association called the "Holy Club," formed at Oxford University, A.D. 1729, of which the most conspicuous members were John Wesley and his brother Charles; -- originally so called from the methodical strictness of members of the club in all religious duties. 4. A person of strict piety; one who lives in the exact observance of religious duties; -- sometimes so called in contempt or ridicule. METHODIST Meth"o*dist, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the sect of Methodists; as, Methodist hymns; a Methodist elder. METHODISTIC; METHODISTICAL Meth`o*dis"tic, Meth`o*dis"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to methodists, or to the Methodists. -- Meth`o*dis"tic*al*ly, adv. METHODIZATION Meth`od*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of methodizing, or the state of being methodized. METHODIZE Meth"od*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Methodized; p. pr. & vb. n. Methodizing.] Defn: To reduce to method; to dispose in due order; to arrange in a convenient manner; as, to methodize one's work or thoughts. Spectator. METHODIZER Meth"od*i`zer, n. Defn: One who methodizes. METHODOLOGICAL Meth`od*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to methodology. METHODOLOGY Meth`od*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of method or arrangement; a treatise on method. Coleridge. METHOL Meth"ol, n. Etym: [Gr. -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: The technical name of methyl alcohol or wood spirit; also, by extension, the class name of any of the series of alcohols of the methane series of which methol proper is the type. See Methyl alcohol, under Methyl. METHOUGHT Me*thought", imp. Defn: of Methinks. METHOXYL Meth*ox"yl, n. Etym: [Methyl + hydroxyl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical, CH3O, analogous to hydroxyl. METHYL Meth"yl, n. Etym: [See Methylene.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon radical, CH3, not existing alone but regarded as an essential residue of methane, and appearing as a component part of many derivatives; as, methyl alcohol, methyl ether, methyl amine, etc. [Formerly written also methule, methyle, etc.] Methyl alcohol (Chem.), a light, volatile, inflammable liquid, CH3.OH, obtained by the distillation of wood, and hence called wood spirit; -- called also methol, carbinol, etc. -- Methyl amine (Chem.), a colorless, inflammable, alkaline gas, CH3.NH2, having an ammoniacal, fishy odor. It is produced artificially, and also occurs naturally in herring brine and other fishy products. It is regarded as ammonia in which a third of its hydrogen is replaced by methyl, and is a type of the class of substituted ammonias. -- Methyl ether (Chem.), a light, volatile ether CH3.O.CH3, obtained by the etherification of methyl alcohol; -- called also methyl oxide. -- Methyl green. (Chem.) See under Green, n. -- Methyl orange. (Chem.) See Helianthin. -- Methyl violet (Chem.), an artificial dye, consisting of certain methyl halogen derivatives of rosaniline. METHYLAL Meth"yl*al, n. Etym: [Methylene + alcohol.] (Chem.) Defn: A light, volatile liquid, H2C(OCH3)2, regarded as a complex ether, and having a pleasant ethereal odor. It is obtained by the partial oxidation of methyl alcohol. Called also formal. METHYLAMINE Meth`yl*am"ine ( or ), n. (Chem.) Defn: See Methyl amine, under Methyl. METHYLATE Meth"yl*ate, n. Etym: [Methyl + alcoholate.] (Chem.) Defn: An alcoholate of methyl alcohol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a metal, after the analogy of a hydrate; as, sodium methylate, CH3ONa. METHYLATE Meth"yl*ate, v. t. Defn: To impregnate or mix with methyl or methyl alcohol. METHYLATED Meth"yl*a`ted, a. (Chem.) Defn: Impregnated with, or containing, methyl alcohol or wood spirit; as, methylated spirits. METHYLENE Meth"yl*ene, n. Etym: [F. méthylène, from Gr. wood spirit.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon radical, CH2, not known in the free state, but regarded as an essential residue and component of certain derivatives of methane; as, methylene bromide, CH2Br2; -- formerly called also methene. Methylene blue (Chem.), an artificial dyestuff consisting of a complex sulphur derivative of diphenyl amine; -- called also pure blue. METHYLIC Me*thyl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, methyl; specifically, designating methyl alcohol. See under Methyl. METHYSTICIN Me*thys"ti*cin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white, silky, crystalline substance extracted from the thick rootstock of a species of pepper (Piper methysticum) of the South Sea Islands; -- called also kanakin. METIC Met"ic ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [Gr. metoecus, F. métèque.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A sojourner; an immigrant; an alien resident in a Grecian city, but not a citizen. Mitford. The whole force of Athens, metics as well as citizens, and all the strangers who were then in the city. Jowett (Thucyd. ). METICULOUS Me*tic"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. meticulosus, fr. metus fear: cf. F. méticuleux.] Defn: Timid; fearful. -- Me*tic"u*lous*ly, adv. METIER Mé`tier", n. [F.] Defn: Calling; vocation; business; trade. Not only is it the business of no one to preach the truth but it is the métier of many to conceal it. A. R. Colquhoun. METIF; METIVE Mé`tif", n. m. Mé`tive", n. f.Etym: [F.] Defn: See Métis. METIS; METISSE Mé`tis", n. m. Mé`tisse", n. f.Etym: [F.; akin to Sp. mestizo. See Mestizo.] 1. The offspring of a white person and an American Indian. 2. The offspring of a white person and a quadroon; an octoroon. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. METOCHE Met"o*che, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Arch.) (a) The space between two dentils. (b) The space between two triglyphs. METOL Me"tol, n. [G.; trade name, fr. meta- + kresol cresol.] Defn: A whitish soluble powder used as a developer in photography. Chemically, it is the sulphate of methyl-p-amino-m-cresol. METONIC Me*ton"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. métonique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or discovered by, Meton, the Athenian. Metonic cycle or year. (Astron.) See under Cycle. METONYMIC; METONYMICAL Met`o*nym"ic, Met`o*nym"ic*al, a. Etym: [See Metonymy.] Defn: Used by way of metonymy. -- Met`o*nym"ic*al*ly, adv. METONYMY Me*ton"y*my, n. Etym: [L. metonymia, Gr. métonymie. See Name.] (Rhet.) Defn: A trope in which one word is put for another that suggests it; as, we say, a man keeps a good table instead of good provisions; we read Virgil, that is, his poems; a man has a warm heart, that is, warm affections. METOPE Met"o*pe, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Arch.) Defn: The space between two triglyphs of the Doric frieze, which, among the ancients, was often adorned with carved work. See Illust. of Entablature. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The face of a crab. Note: In the Parthenon, groups of centaurs and heroes in high relief occupy the metopes. METOPIC Me*top"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the forehead or frontal bones; frontal; as, the metopic suture. METOPOMANCY Met"o*po*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Fortune telling by physiognomy. [R.] Urquhart. METOPOSCOPIC; METOPOSCOPICAL Met`o*po*scop"ic, Met`o*po*scop"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or relating to metoposcopy. METOPOSCOPIST Met`o*pos"co*pist, n. Defn: One versed in metoposcopy. METOPOSCOPY Met`o*pos"co*py, n. Etym: [Gr. métoposcopie.] Defn: The study of physiognomy; the art of discovering the character of persons by their features, or the lines of the face. METOSTEON Me*tos"te*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The postero-lateral ossification in the sternum of birds; also, the part resulting from such ossification. METRE Me"tre, n. Defn: See Meter. METRIC Met"ric, a. Etym: [L. metricus, Gr. métrique. See Meter rhythm.] 1. Relating to measurement; involving, or proceeding by, measurement. 2. Of or pertaining to the meter as a standard of measurement; of or pertaining to the decimal system of measurement of which a meter is the unit; as, the metric system; a metric measurement. Metric analysis (Chem.), analysis by volume; volumetric analysis. -- Metric system, a system of weights and measures originating in France, the use of which is required by law in many countries, and permitted in many others, including the United States and England. The principal unit is the meter (see Meter). From this are formed the are, the liter, the stere, the gram, etc. These units, and others derived from them, are divided decimally, and larger units are formed from multiples by 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000. The successive multiplies are designated by the prefixes, deca-, hecto-, kilo-, and myria-; successive parts by deci-, centi-, and milli-. The prefixes mega- and micro- are sometimes used to denote a multiple by one million, and the millionth part, respectively. See the words formed with these prefixes in the Vocabulary. For metric tables, see p. 1682. METRICAL Met"ric*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the meter; arranged in meter; consisting of verses; as, metrical compositions. 2. Of or pertaining to measurement; as, the inch, foot, yard, etc., are metrical terms; esp., of or pertaining to the metric system. METRICALLY Met"ric*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a metrical manner. METRICIAN Me*tri"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. métricien. See Meter rhythm.] Defn: A composer of verses. [Obs.] METRIC SYSTEM Met"ric sys"tem. Defn: See Metric, a. METRIC TON Met"ric ton. Defn: A weight of 1,000 kilograms, or 2,204.6 pounds avoirdupois. METRIFICATION Met`ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: Composition in metrical form; versification. [R.] Tennyson. METRIFY Met"ri*fy, v. i. Etym: [L. metrum meter + -fy: cf. F. métrifier.] Defn: To make verse. [R.] Skelton. METRIST Me"trist, n. Defn: A maker of verses. Bale. Spenser was no mere metrist, but a great composer. Lowell. METRITIS Me*tri"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -tis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the womb. METROCHROME Met"ro*chrome, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An instrument for measuring colors. METROGRAPH Met"ro*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: An instrument attached to a locomotive for recording its speed and the number and duration of its stops. METROLOGICAL Met`ro*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. métrologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to metrology. METROLOGY Me*trol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -métrologie.] Defn: The science of, or a system of, weights and measures; also, a treatise on the subject. METROMANIA Met`ro*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Gr. mania.] Defn: A mania for writing verses. METROMANIAC Met`ro*ma"ni*ac, n. Defn: One who has metromania. METROMETER Me*trom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Med.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the size of the womb. Knight. METRONOME Met"ro*nome, n. Etym: [Gr. métronome, It. metronomo.] Defn: An instrument consisting of a short pendulum with a sliding weight. It is set in motion by clockwork, and serves to measure time in music. METRONOMY Me*tron"o*my, n. Etym: [See Metronome.] Defn: Measurement of time by an instrument. METRONYMIC Met`ro*nym"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Derived from the name of one's mother, or other female ancestor; as, a metronymic name or appellation. -- A metronymic appellation. METROPOLE Met"ro*pole, n. Etym: [Cf. F. métropole. See Metropolis.] Defn: A metropolis. [Obs.] Holinshed. METROPOLIS Me*trop"o*lis, n. Etym: [L. metropolis, Gr. Mother, and Police.] 1. The mother city; the chief city of a kingdom, state, or country. [Edinburgh] gray metropolis of the North. Tennyson. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: The seat, or see, of the metropolitan, or highest church dignitary. The great metropolis and see of Rome. Shak. METROPOLITAN Met`ro*pol"i*tan, a. Etym: [L. metropolitanus: cf. F. métropolitain.] 1. Of or pertaining to the capital or principal city of a country; as, metropolitan luxury. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a metropolitan or the presiding bishop of a country or province, his office, or his dignity; as, metropolitan authority. "Bishops metropolitan." Sir T. More. METROPOLITAN Met`ro*pol"i*tan, n. Etym: [LL. metropolitanus.] 1. The superior or presiding bishop of a country or province. 2. (Lat. Church.) Defn: An archbishop. 3. (Gr. Church) Defn: A bishop whose see is civil metropolis. His rank is intermediate between that of an archbishop and a patriarch. Hook. METROPOLITANATE Met`ro*pol"i*tan*ate, n. Defn: The see of a metropolitan bishop. Milman. METROPOLITE Me*trop"o*lite, n. Etym: [L. metropolita, Gr. Defn: A metropolitan. Barrow. METROPOLITICAL Met`ro*po*lit"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a metropolis; being a metropolis; metropolitan; as, the metropolitical chair. Bp. Hall. METRORRHAGIA Met`ror*rha"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Profuse bleeding from the womb, esp. such as does not occur at the menstrual period. METROSCOPE Met"ro*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] Defn: A modification of the stethoscope, for directly auscultating the uterus from the vagina. METROSIDEROS Met`ro*si*de"ros, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A myrtaceous genus of trees or shrubs, found in Australia and the South Sea Islands, and having very hard wood. Metrosideros vera is the true ironwood. METROTOME Met"ro*tome, n. Etym: [See Metrotomy.] (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for cutting or scarifying the uterus or the neck of the uterus. METROTOMY Me*trot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. métrotomie.] (Surg.) Defn: The operation of cutting into the uterus; hysterotomy; the Cæsarean section. -METRY -me*try. Etym: [See -meter.] Defn: A suffix denoting the art, process, or science, of measuring; as, acidmetry, chlorometry, chronometry. METTE Mette, obs. imp. Defn: of Mete, to dream. Chaucer. METTLE Met"tle, n. Etym: [E. metal, used in a tropical sense in allusion to the temper of the metal of a sword blade. See Metal.] Defn: Substance or quality of temperament; spirit, esp. as regards honor, courage, fortitude, ardor, etc.; disposition; -- usually in a good sense. A certain critical hour which shall... try what mettle his heart is made of. South. Gentlemen of brave mettle. Shak. The winged courser, like a generous horse, Shows most true mettle when you check his course. Pope. To put one one's mettle, to cause or incite one to use one's best efforts. METTLED Met"tled, a. Defn: Having mettle; high-spirited; ardent; full of fire. Addison. METTLESOME Met"tle*some, a. Defn: Full of spirit; possessing constitutional ardor; fiery; as, a mettlesome horse. -- Met"tle*some*ly, adv. -- Met"tle*some*ness, n. MEUM Me"um, n. [L., neut. of meus mine.] Defn: Lit., mine; that which is mine; -- used in the phrase meum et tuum, or meum and tuum; as, to confound meum and tuum, to fail to distinguish one's own property from that of others; to be dishonest. Ancestors . . . generally esteemed more renowned for ancient family and high courage than for accurately regarding the trifling distinction of meum and tuum. Sir W. Scott. MEUTE Meute, n. Defn: A cage for hawks; a mew. See 4th Mew, 1. Milman. MEVE Meve, v. t. & i. Defn: To move. [Obs.] Chaucer. MEW Mew, n. Etym: [AS. m, akin to D. meeuw, G. möwe, OHG. m, Icel. mar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A gull, esp. the common British species (Larus canus); called also sea mew, maa, mar, mow, and cobb. MEW Mew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mewing.] Etym: [OE. muen, F. muer, fr. L. mutare to change, fr. movere to move. See Move, and cf. Mew a cage, Molt.] Defn: To shed or cast; to change; to molt; as, the hawk mewed his feathers. Nine times the moon had mewed her horns. Dryden. MEW Mew, v. i. Defn: To cast the feathers; to molt; hence, to change; to put on a new appearance. Now everything doth mew, And shifts his rustic winter robe. Turbervile. MEW Mew, n. Etym: [OE. mue, F. mue change of feathers, scales, skin, the time or place when the change occurs, fr. muer to molt, mew, L. mutare to change. See 2d Mew.] 1. A cage for hawks while mewing; a coop for fattening fowls; hence, any inclosure; a place of confinement or shelter; -- in the latter sense usually in the plural. Full many a fat partrich had he in mewe. Chaucer. Forthcoming from her darksome mew. Spenser. Violets in their secret mews. Wordsworth. 2. A stable or range of stables for horses; -- compound used in the plural, and so called from the royal stables in London, built on the site of the king's mews for hawks. MEW Mew, v. t. Etym: [From Mew a cage.] Defn: To shut up; to inclose; to confine, as in a cage or other inclosure. More pity that the eagle should be mewed. Shak. Close mewed in their sedans, for fear of air. Dryden. MEW Mew, v. i. Etym: [Of imitative origin; cf. G. miauen.] Defn: To cry as a cat. [Written also meaw, meow.] Shak. MEW Mew, n. Defn: The common cry of a cat. Shak. MEWL Mewl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mewled; p. pr. & vb. n. Mewling.] Etym: [Cf. F. miauler to mew, E. mew to cry as a cat. Cf. Miaul.] Defn: To cry, as a young child; to squall. [Written also meawl.] Shak. MEWLER Mewl"er, n. Defn: One that mewls. MEWS Mews, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [Prop. pl. of mew. See Mew a cage.] Defn: An alley where there are stables; a narrow passage; a confined place. [Eng.] Mr. Turveydrop's great room... was built out into a mews at the back. Dickens. MEXAL; MEXICAL Mex*al", Mex"i*cal, n. Etym: [Sp. mexcal.] Defn: See Mescal. MEXICAN Mex"i*can, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Mexico or its people. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Mexico. Mexican poppy (Bot.), a tropical American herb of the Poppy family (Argemone Mexicana) with much the look of a thistle, but having large yellow or white blossoms. -- Mexican tea (Bot.), an aromatic kind of pigweed from tropical America (Chenopodium ambrosioides). MEXICANIZE Mex"i*can*ize, v. t. Defn: To cause to be like the Mexicans, or their country, esp. in respect of frequent revolutions of government. MEXICANIZE Mex"i*can*ize, v. i. Defn: To become like the Mexicans, or their country or government. MEYNE Meyn"e, n. [Obs.] Defn: Same as Meine. MEZCAL Mez*cal", n. Defn: Same as Mescal. MEZEREON Me*ze"re*on, n. Etym: [F. mézéréon, Per. mazriyun.] (Bot.) Defn: A small European shrub (Daphne Mezereum), whose acrid bark is used in medicine. MEZQUITA Mez*qui"ta, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A mosque. MEZUZOTH Mez"u*zoth, n. Etym: [Heb. mêzuzoth, pl. of mêzuzah doorpost.] Defn: A piece of parchment bearing the Decalogue and attached to the doorpost; -- in use among orthodox Hebrews. MEZZA MAJOLICA Mez"za ma*jol"i*ca. [It. See Mezzo; Majolica.] (Ceramics) Defn: Italian pottery of the epoch and general character of majolica, but less brilliantly decorated, esp. such pottery without tin enamel, but painted and glazed. MEZZANINE Mez"za*nine, n. Etym: [F. mezzanine, It. mezzanino, fr. mezzano middle, fr. mezzo middle, half. See Mezzo.] (Arch.) (a) Same as Entresol. (b) A partial story which is not on the same level with the story of the main part of the edifice, as of a back building, where the floors are on a level with landings of the staircase of the main house. MEZZA VOCE Mez"za vo"ce. Etym: [It., fr. mezzo, fem. mezza middle, half + voce voice, L. vox.] (Mus.) Defn: With a medium fullness of sound. MEZZO Mez"zo, a. Etym: [It., from L. medius middle, half. See Mid, a.] (Mus.) Defn: Mean; not extreme. MEZZO-RELIEVO Mez"zo-re*lie"vo, n. Defn: Mezzo-rilievo. MEZZO-RILIEVO Mez"zo-ri*lie"vo, n. Etym: [It.] (a) A middle degree of relief in figures, between high and low relief. (b) Sculpture in this kind of relief. See under Alto-rilievo. MEZZO-SOPRANO Mez"zo-so*pra"no, a. (Mus.) Defn: Having a medium compass between the soprano and contralto; -- said of the voice of a female singer. -- n. (a) A mezzo-soprano voice. (b) A person having such a voice. MEZZOTINT Mez"zo*tint, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mezzo-tinto.] Defn: A manner of engraving on copper or steel by drawing upon a surface previously roughened, and then removing the roughness in places by scraping, burnishing, etc., so as to produce the requisite light and shade. Also, an engraving so produced. MEZZOTINT Mez"zo*tint, v. t. Defn: To engrave in mezzotint. MEZZOTINTER Mez"zo*tint`er, n. Defn: One who engraves in mezzotint. MEZZOTINTO Mez`zo*tin"to, n. Etym: [It. mezzo half + tinto tinted, p. p. of tingere to dye, color, tinge, L. tingere. See Mezzo.] Defn: Mezzotint. MEZZOTINTO Mez`zo*tin"to, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mezzotintoed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mezzotintoing.] Defn: To engrave in mezzotint; to represent by mezzotint. MHO Mho, n. [Anagram of ohm.] (Elec.) Defn: A unit of conductivity, being the reciprocal of the ohm. MHOMETER Mhom"e*ter, n. [Mho + -meter.] (Elec.) Defn: An instrument for measuring conductivity. MHORR Mhorr, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Mohr. MI Mi, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A syllable applied to the third tone of the scale of C, i. e., to E, in European solmization, but to the third tone of any scale in the American system. MIAMIS Mi*a"mis, n. pl.; sing. Miami (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians that formerly occupied the country between the Wabash and Maumee rivers. MIARGYRITE Mi*ar"gy*rite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of an iron-black color, and very sectile, consisting principally of sulphur, antimony, and silver. MIAS Mi"as, n. Etym: [Malayan.] Defn: The orang-outang. MIASCITE Mi*asc"ite, n. Etym: [Named from Miask, in the Ural Mountains.] (Min.) Defn: A granitoid rock containing feldspar, biotite, elæolite, and sodalite. MIASM Mi"asm, n. Etym: [Cf. F. miasme.] Defn: Miasma. MIASMA Mi*as"ma, n.; pl. Miasmata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: Infectious particles or germs floating in the air; air made noxious by the presence of such particles or germs; noxious effluvia; malaria. MIASMAL Mi*as"mal, a. Defn: Containing miasma; miasmatic. MIASMATIC; MIASMATICAL Mi`as*mat"ic, Mi`as*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. miasmatique.] Defn: Containing, or relating to, miasma; caused by miasma; as, miasmatic diseases. MIASMATIST Mi*as"ma*tist, n. Defn: One who has made a special study of miasma. MIASMOLOGY Mi`as*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Miasma + -logy.] Defn: That department of medical science which treats of miasma. MIAUL Mi*aul", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Miauled; p. pr. & vb. n. Miauling.] Etym: [Cf. F. miauler, of imitative origin, and E. mew. Cf. Mewl.] Defn: To cry as a cat; to mew; to caterwaul. Sir W. Scott. MIAUL Mi*aul", n. Defn: The crying of a cat. MICA Mi"ca, n. Etym: [L. mica crumb, grain, particle; cf. F. mica.] (Min.) Defn: The name of a group of minerals characterized by highly perfect cleavage, so that they readily separate into very thin leaves, more or less elastic. They differ widely in composition, and vary in color from pale brown or yellow to green or black. The transparent forms are used in lanterns, the doors of stoves, etc., being popularly called isinglass. Formerly called also cat-silver, and glimmer. Note: The important species of the mica group are: muscovite, common or potash mica, pale brown or green, often silvery, including damourite (also called hydromica); biotite, iron-magnesia mica, dark brown, green, or black; lepidomelane, iron, mica, black; phlogopite, magnesia mica, colorless, yellow, brown; lepidolite, lithia mica, rose-red, lilac. Mica (usually muscovite, also biotite) is an essential constituent of granite, gneiss, and mica slate; biotite is common in many eruptive rocks; phlogopite in crystalline limestone and serpentine. Mica diorite (Min.), an eruptive rock allied to diorite but containing mica (biotite) instead of hornblende. -- Mica powder, a kind of dynamite containing fine scales of mica. -- Mica schist, Mica slate (Geol.), a schistose rock, consisting of mica and quartz with, usually, some feldspar. MICACEO-CALCAREOUS Mi*ca`ce*o-cal*ca"re*ous, a. (Geol.) Defn: Partaking of the nature of, or consisting of, mica and lime; -- applied to a mica schist containing carbonate of lime. MICACEOUS Mi*ca"ceous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. micacé.] Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, mica; splitting into laminæ or leaves like mica. MICE Mice, n., Defn: pl of Mouse. MICELLA Mi*cel"la, n.; pl. Micellæ. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. mica a morsel, grain.] (Biol.) Defn: A theoretical aggregation of molecules constituting a structural particle of protoplasm, capable of increase or diminution without change in chemical nature. MICH; MICHE Mich, Miche, v. i. Etym: [OE. michen; cf. OE. muchier, mucier, to conceal, F. musser, and OHG. muhhen to waylay. Cf. Micher, Curmudgeon, Muset.] Defn: To lie hid; to skulk; to act, or carry one's self, sneakingly. [Obs. or Colloq.] [Written also meach and meech.] Spenser. MICHAELMAS Mich"ael*mas, n. Etym: [Michael + mass religious service; OE. Mighelmesse.] Defn: The feat of the archangel Michael, a church festival, celebrated on the 29th of September. Hence, colloquially, autumn. Michaelmas daisy. (Bot.) See under Daisy. MICHER Mich"er, n. Etym: [OE. michare, muchare. See Mich.] Defn: One who skulks, or keeps out of sight; hence, a truant; an idler; a thief, etc. [Obs.] Shak. MICHERY Mich"er*y, n. Defn: Theft; cheating. [Obs.] Gower. MICHING Mich"ing, a. Defn: Hiding; skulking; cowardly. [Colloq.] [Written also meaching and meeching.] MICKLE Mic"kle, a. Etym: [OE. mikel, muchel, mochel, mukel, AS. micel, mycel; akin to OS. mikil, OHG. mihil, mihhil, Icel. mikill, mykill, Goth. mikils, L. magnus, Gr. mahat. sq. root103. Cf. Much, Muckle, Magnitude.] Defn: Much; great. [Written also muckle and mockle.] [Old Eng. & Scot.] "A man of mickle might." Spenser. MICMACS Mic"macs, n. pl.; sing. Micmac (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians inhabiting Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. [Written also Mikmaks.] MICO Mi"co, n. Etym: [Sp. or Pg. mico.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small South American monkey (Mico melanurus), allied to the marmoset. The name was originally applied to an albino variety. MICRACOUSTIC Mi`cra*cous"tic, a. Defn: Same as Microustic. MICRASTER Mi*cras"ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of sea urchins, similar to Spatangus, abounding in the chalk formation; -- from the starlike disposal of the ambulacral furrows. MICRENCEPHALOUS Mi`cren*ceph"a*lous, Etym: [Micr- + Gr. Defn: Having a small brain. MICRO-; MICR- Mi"cro-, Mi"cr-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form signifying: (a) Small, little, trivial, slight; as, microcosm, microscope. (b) (Metric System, Elec., Mech., etc.) A millionth part of; as, microfarad, microohm, micrometer. MICROAMPERE Mi`cro*am`père", n. Etym: [Micr- + ampère.] (Elec.) Defn: One of the smaller measures of electrical currents; the millionth part of one ampère. MICROANALYSIS Mi`cro*a*nal"y*sis, n. [Micro-+ analysis.] Defn: Analysis of the structure of materials from careful observation of photomicrographs. MICROBACTERIA Mi`cro*bac*te"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Micro-, and Bacterium.] (Biol.) Defn: In the classification of Cohn, one of the four tribes of Bacteria. Note: In this classification bacteria are divided into four tribes: 1. Spherobacteria, or spherical bacteria, as the genus Micrococcus. 2. Microbacteria, or bacteria in the form of short rods, including the genus Bacterium. 3. Desmobacteria, or bacteria in straight filaments, of which the genus Bacillus is a type. 4. Spirobacteria, or bacteria in spiral filaments, as the genus Vibrio. MICROBAROGRAPH Mi`cro*bar"o*graph, n. [Micro-+ barograph.] Defn: An instrument for recording minor fluctuations of atmospheric pressure, as opposed to general barometric surges. MICROBE; MICROBION Mi"crobe, Mi*cro"bi*on, n. Etym: [NL. microbion, fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A microscopic organism; -- particularly applied to bacteria and especially to pathogenic forms; as, the microbe of fowl cholera. MICROBIAN Mi*cro"bi*an, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or caused by, microbes; as, the microbian theory; a microbian disease. MICROBIC Mi*crob"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a microbe. MICROBICIDE Mi*crob"i*cide, n. Etym: [Microbe + L. caedere to kill.] (Biol.) Defn: Any agent detrimental to, or destructive of, the life of microbes or bacterial organisms. MICROBIOLOGY Mi`cro*bi*ol"o*gy, n. [See Microbe; -logy.] Defn: The study of minute organisms, or microbes, as the bacteria. -- Mi`cro*bi`o*log"ic*al (#), a. -- Mi`cro*bi*ol"o*gist (#), n. MICROCEPHALIC; MICROCEPHALOUS Mi`cro*ce*phal"ic, Mi`cro*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Micro- + cephalic, cephalous.] (Anat.) Defn: Having a small head; having the cranial cavity small; -- opposed to Ant: megacephalic. MICRO-CHEMICAL Mi`cro-chem"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to micro-chemistry; as, a micro-chemical test. MICRO-CHEMISTRY Mi`cro-chem"is*try, n. Etym: [Micro- + chemistry.] Defn: The application of chemical tests to minute objects or portions of matter, magnified by the use of the microscopy; -- distinguished from macro-chemistry. MICROCHRONOMETER Mi`cro*chro*nom"e*ter, n. Defn: A chronoscope. MICROCLINE Mi"cro*cline, n. Etym: [Micro- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of the feldspar group, like orthoclase or common feldspar in composition, but triclinic in form. MICROCOCCAL Mi`cro*coc"cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to micrococci; caused by micrococci. Nature. MICROCOCCUS Mi`cro*coc"cus, n.; pl. Micrococci. Etym: [NL. See Micro-, and Coccus.] (Biol.) Defn: A genus of Spherobacteria, in the form of very small globular or oval cells, forming, by transverse division, filaments, or chains of cells, or in some cases single organisms shaped like dumb-bells (Diplococcus), all without the power of motion. See Illust. of Ascoccus. Note: Physiologically, micrococci are divided into three groups; chromogenic, characterized by their power of forming pigment; zymogenic, including those associated with definite chemical processes; and pathogenic, those connected with disease. MICROCOSM Mi"cro*cosm, n. Etym: [F. microcosme, L. microcosmus, fr. Gr. Defn: A little world; a miniature universe. Hence (so called by Paracelsus), a man, as a supposed epitome of the exterior universe or great world. Opposed to macrocosm. Shak. MICROCOSMIC; MICROCOSMICAL Mi`cro*cos"mic, Mi`cro*cos"mic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. microcosmique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the microcosm. Microcosmic salt (Chem.), a white crystalline substance obtained by mixing solutions of sodium phosphate and ammonium phosphate, and also called hydric-sodic- ammonic-phosphate. It is a powerful flux, and is used as a substitute for borax as a blowpipe reagent in testing for the metallic oxides. Originally obtained by the alchemists from human urine, and called sal microcosmicum. MICROCOSMOGRAPHY Mi`cro*cos*mog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Microcosm + -graphy.] Defn: Description of man as a microcosm. MICROCOULOMB Mi`cro*cou`lomb", n. Etym: [Micro- + coulomb.] (Elec.) Defn: A measure of electrical quantity; the millionth part of one coulomb. MICROCOUSTIC Mi`cro*cous"tic, a. Etym: [Micro- + acoustic: cf. F. microcoustique, micracoustique.] Defn: Pertaining, or suited, to the audition of small sounds; fitted to assist hearing. MICROCOUSTIC Mi`cro*cous"tic, n. Defn: An instrument for making faint sounds audible, as to a partially deaf person. MICROCRITH Mi`cro*crith", n. Etym: [Micro- + crith.] (Chem.) Defn: The weight of the half hydrogen molecule, or of the hydrogen atom, taken as the standard in comparing the atomic weights of the elements; thus, an atom of oxygen weighs sixteen microcriths. See Crith. J. P. Cooke. MICROCRYSTALLINE Mi`cro*crys"tal*line, a. Etym: [Micro- + crystalline.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Crystalline on a fine, or microscopic, scale; consisting of fine crystals; as, the ground mass of certain porphyrics is microcrystalline. MICROCYTE Mi"cro*cyte, n. Etym: [Micro- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: One of the elementary granules found in blood. They are much smaller than an ordinary corpuscle, and are particularly noticeable in disease, as in anæmia. MICRODONT Mic"ro*dont, a. Etym: [Micr- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having small teeth. MICROFARAD Mi`cro*far"ad, n. Etym: [Micro- + farad.] (Elec.) Defn: The millionth part of a farad. MICROFORM Mi"cro*form, n. Etym: [Micro- + form, n.] (Biol.) Defn: A microscopic form of life; an animal or vegetable organism microscopic size. MICRO-GEOLOGICAL Mi`cro-ge`o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to micro-geology. MICRO-GEOLOGY Mi`cro-ge*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Micro- + geology.] Defn: The part of geology relating to structure and organisms which require to be studied with a microscope. MICROGRAPH Mi"cro*graph, n. Etym: [See Micrography.] Defn: An instrument for executing minute writing or engraving. MICROGRAPHIC Mi`cro*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to micrography. MICROGRAPHY Mi*crog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Micro- + -graphy: cf. F. micrographie.] Defn: The description of microscopic objects. MICROHM Mi*crohm", n. Etym: [Micr- + ohm.] (Elec.) Defn: The millionth part of an ohm. MICROLEPIDOPTERA Mi`cro*lep`i*dop"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Micro-, and Lepidoptera.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of Lepidoptera, including a vast number of minute species, as the plume moth, clothes moth, etc. MICROLESTES Mi`cro*les"tes, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of small Triassic mammals, the oldest yet found in European strata. MICROLITE Mi"cro*lite, n. Etym: [Micro- + -lite.] (Min.) 1. A rare mineral of resinous luster and high specific gravity. It is a tantalate of calcium, and occurs in octahedral crystals usually very minute. 2. (Min.) Defn: A minute inclosed crystal, often observed when minerals or rocks are examined in thin sections under the microscope. MICROLITH Mi"cro*lith, n. Etym: [Micro- + lith.] (Min.) Defn: Same as Microlite, 2. MICROLITHIC Mi`cro*lith"ic, a. Defn: Formed of small stones. MICROLOGIC; MICROLOGICAL Mi`cro*log"ic, Mi`cro*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to micrology; very minute; as, micrologic examination. -- Mi`cro*log"ic*al*ly, adv. MICROLOGY Mi*crol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Micro- + -logy.] 1. That part of science which treats of microscopic objects, or depends on microscopic observation. 2. Attention to petty items or differences. W. Taylor. MICROMERE Mi"cro*mere, n. Etym: [Micro- + -mere.] (Biol.) Defn: One of the smaller cells, or blastomeres, resulting from the complete segmentation of a telolecithal ovum. MICROMETER Mi*crom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Micro- + -meter: cf. F. micromètre.] Defn: An instrument, used with a telescope or microscope, for measuring minute distances, or the apparent diameters of objects which subtend minute angles. The measurement given directly is that of the image of the object formed at the focus of the object glass. Circular, or Ring, micrometer, a metallic ring fixed in the focus of the object glass of a telescope, and used to determine differences of right ascension and declination between stars by observations of the times at which the stars cross the inner or outer periphery of the ring. -- Double image micrometer, a micrometer in which two images of an object are formed in the field, usually by the two halves of a bisected lens which are movable along their line of section by a screw, and distances are determined by the number of screw revolutions necessary to bring the points to be measured into optical coincidence. When the two images are formed by a bisected objects glass, it is called a divided-object-glass micrometer, and when the instrument is large and equatorially mounted, it is known as a heliometer. -- Double refraction micrometer, a species of double image micrometer, in which the two images are formed by the double refraction of rock crystal. -- Filar, or Bifilar, micrometer. See under Bifilar. -- Micrometer caliper or gauge (Mech.), a caliper or gauge with a micrometer screw, for measuring dimensions with great accuracy. -- Micrometer head, the head of a micrometer screw. -- Micrometer microscope, a compound microscope combined with a filar micrometer, used chiefly for reading and subdividing the divisions of large astronomical and geodetical instruments. -- Micrometer screw, a screw with a graduated head used in some forms of micrometers. -- Position micrometer. See under Position. -- Scale, or Linear, micrometer, a minute and very delicately graduated scale of equal parts used in the field of a telescope or microscope, for measuring distances by direct comparison. MICROMETRIC; MICROMETRICAL Mi`cro*met"ric, Mi`cro*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. micrométrique.] Defn: Belonging to micrometry; made by the micrometer. -- Mi`cro*met"ric*al*ly, adv. MICROMETRY Mi*crom"e*try, n. Defn: The art of measuring with a micrometer. MICROMILLIMETER Mi`cro*mil"li*me`ter, n. Etym: [Micro- + millimeter.] Defn: The millionth part of a meter. MICRON Mic"ron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Physics) Defn: A measure of length; the thousandth part of one millimeter; the millionth part of a meter. MICRONESIAN Mi"cro*ne"sian, a. Etym: [From Micronesia, fr. Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Micronesia, a collective designation of the islands in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, embracing the Marshall and Gilbert groups, the Ladrones, the Carolines, etc. MICRONESIANS Mi`cro*ne"sians, n. pl.; sing. Micronesian. (Ethnol.) Defn: A dark race inhabiting the Micronesian Islands. They are supposed to be a mixed race, derived from Polynesians and Papuans. MICRONOMETER Mi`cro*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Micro- + chronometer.] Defn: An instrument for noting minute portions of time. MICROORGANISM; MICRO-ORGANISM Mi`cro*ör"gan*ism, n. Etym: [Micro- + organism.] (Biol.) Defn: Any microscopic form of life; -- particularly applied to bacteria and similar organisms, esp. such are supposed to cause infectious diseases. MICROPANTOGRAPH Mi`cro*pan"to*graph, n. Etym: [Micro- + pantograph.] Defn: A kind of pantograph which produces copies microscopically minute. MICROPARASITE Mi`cro*par"a*site, n. Defn: A parasitic microörganism. -- Mi`cro*par`a*sit"ic (#), a. MICROPEGMATITE Mi`cro*peg"ma*tite, n. Etym: [Micro- + pegmatite.] (Min.) Defn: A rock showing under the microscope the structure of a graphic granite (pegmatite). -- Mi`cro*peg`ma*tit"ic, a. MICROPHONE Mi"cro*phone, n. Etym: [Micro- + Gr. microphone.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for intensifying and making audible very feeble sounds. It produces its effects by the changes of intensity in an electric current, occasioned by the variations in the contact resistance of conducting bodies, especially of imperfect conductors, under the action of acoustic vibrations. MICROPHONIC Mi`cro*phon"ic, a. Defn: Of or pert. to a microphone; serving to intensify weak sounds. MICROPHONICS Mi`cro*phon"ics, n. Etym: [See Microphone.] Defn: The science which treats of the means of increasing the intensity of low or weak sounds, or of the microphone. MICROPHONOUS Mi*croph"o*nous, a. Defn: Serving to augment the intensity of weak sounds; microcoustic. MICROPHOTOGRAPH Mi`cro*pho"to*graph, n. Etym: [Micro- + photograph.] 1. A microscopically small photograph of a picture, writing, printed page, etc. 2. An enlarged representation of a microscopic object, produced by throwing upon a sensitive plate the magnified image of an object formed by a microscope or other suitable combination of lenses. Note: A picture of this kind is preferably called a photomicrograph. MICROPHOTOGRAPHY Mi`cro*pho*tog"ra*phy, n. Defn: The art of making microphotographs. MICROPHTHALMIA; MICROPHTHALMY Mi`croph*thal"mi*a, Mi`croph*thal"my, n. Etym: [Micro- + Gr. Defn: An unnatural smallness of the eyes, occurring as the result of disease or of imperfect development. MICROPHYLLOUS Mi*croph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Micro- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Small-leaved. MICROPHYTAL Mi*croph"y*tal, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, microphytes. MICROPHYTE Mi"cro*phyte, n. Etym: [Micro- + Gr. microphyte.] (Bot.) Defn: A very minute plant, one of certain unicellular algæ, such as the germs of various infectious diseases are believed to be. MICROPYLE Mi"cro*pyle, n. Etym: [Micro- + Gr. micropyle.] (Biol.) (a) An opening in the membranes surrounding the ovum, by which nutrition is assisted and the entrance of the spermatozoa permitted. (b) An opening in the outer coat of a seed, through which the fecundating pollen enters the ovule. -- Mi*crop"y*lar, a. MICROSCOPAL Mi*cros"co*pal, a. Defn: Pertaining to microscopy, or to the use of the microscope. Huxley. MICROSCOPE Mi"cro*scope, n. Etym: [Micro- + -scope.] Defn: An optical instrument, consisting of a lens, or combination of lenses, for making an enlarged image of an object which is too minute to be viewed by the naked eye. Compound microscope, an instrument consisting of a combination of lenses such that the image formed by the lens or set of lenses nearest the object (called the objective) is magnified by another lens called the ocular or eyepiece. -- Oxyhydrogen microscope, and Solar microscope. See under Oxyhydrogen, and Solar. -- Simple, or Single, microscope, a single convex lens used to magnify objects placed in its focus. MICROSCOPIAL Mi`cro*sco"pi*al, a. Defn: Microscopic. [R.] Berkeley. MICROSCOPIC; MICROSCOPICAL Mi`cro*scop"ic, Mi`cro*scop"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. microscopique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the microscope or to microscopy; made with a microscope; as, microscopic observation. 2. Able to see extremely minute objects. Why has not man a microscopic eye Pope. 3. Very small; visible only by the aid of a microscope; as, a microscopic insect. MICROSCOPICALLY Mi`cro*scop"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By the microscope; with minute inspection; in a microscopic manner. MICROSCOPIST Mi*cros"co*pist, n. Defn: One skilled in, or given to, microscopy. MICROSCOPY Mi*cros"co*py, n. Defn: The use of the microscope; investigation with the microscope. MICROSEISM Mi"cro*seism, n. [Micro- + Gr. an earthquake, fr. to shake.] Defn: A feeble earth tremor not directly perceptible, but detected only by means of specially constructed apparatus. -- Mi`cro*seis"mic (#), *seis"mic*al (#), a. MICROSEISMOGRAPH Mi`cro*seis"mo*graph, n. [Microseiem + -graph.] Defn: A microseismometer; specif., a microseismometer producing a graphic record. MICROSEISMOLOGY Mi`cro*seis*mol"o*gy, n. [Microseiem + -logy.] Defn: Science or study of microseisms. MICROSEISMOMETER Mi`cro*seis*mom"e*ter, n. [Microseism + -meter.] Defn: A seismometer for measuring amplitudes or periods, or both, of microseisms. --Mi`cro*seis*mom"e*try (#), n. MICROSEME Mi"cro*seme, a. Etym: [Micro- + Gr. microsème.] (Anat.) Defn: Having the orbital index relatively small; having the orbits broad transversely; -- opposed to Ant: megaseme. MICROSPECTROSCOPE Mi`cro*spec"tro*scope, n. Etym: [Micro- + spectroscope.] (Physics) Defn: A spectroscope arranged for attachment to a microscope, for observation of the spectrum of light from minute portions of any substance. MICROSPORANGIUM Mi`cro*spo*ran"gi*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Micro-, and Sporangium.] (Bot.) Defn: A sporangium or conceptacle containing only very minute spores. Cf. Macrosporangium. MICROSPORE Mi"cro*spore, n. Etym: [Micro- + spore.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the exceedingly minute spores found in certain flowerless plants, as Selaginella and Isoetes, which bear two kinds of spores, one very much smaller than the other. Cf. Macrospore. MICROSPORIC Mi`cro*spor"ic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to microspores. MICROSTHENE Mi"cro*sthene, n. Etym: [Micro- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group of mammals having a small size as a typical characteristic. It includes the lower orders, as the Insectivora, Cheiroptera, Rodentia, and Edentata. MICROSTHENIC Mi`cro*sthen"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a typically small size; of or pertaining to the microsthenes. MICROTASIMETER Mi`cro*ta*sim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Micro- + ta.] (Physics) Defn: A tasimeter, especially when arranged for measuring very small extensions. See Tasimeter. MICROTOME Mi"cro*tome, n. Etym: [Micro- + Gr. Defn: An instrument for making very thin sections for microscopical examination. MICROTOMIC; MICROTOMICAL Mi`cro*tom"ic, Mi`cro*tom"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pert. to the microtome or microtomy; cutting thin slices. MICROTOMIST Mi*crot"o*mist, n. Defn: One who is skilled in or practices microtomy. MICROTOMY Mi*crot"o*my, n. Defn: The art of using the microtome; investigation carried on with the microtome. MICROVOLT Mi`cro*volt", n. Etym: [Micro- + volt.] (Elec.) Defn: A measure of electro-motive force; the millionth part of one volt. MICROWEBER Mi`cro*we"ber, n. Etym: [Micro- + weber.] (Elec.) Defn: The millionth part of one weber. MICROZOA Mi`cro*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Infusoria. MICROZOOSPORE; MICROZOOESPORE Mi`cro*zo"ö*spore, n. Etym: [Micro- + zoöspore.] (Bot.) Defn: A small motile spore furnished with two vibratile cilia, found in certain green algæ. MICROZYME Mi"cro*zyme, n. Etym: [Micro- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A microörganism which is supposed to act like a ferment in causing or propagating certain infectious or contagious diseases; a pathogenic bacterial organism. MICTURITION Mic`tu*ri"tion, n. Etym: [L. micturire to desire to make water, v. desid. fr. mingere, mictum, to make water.] Defn: The act of voiding urine; also, a morbidly frequent passing of the urine, in consequence of disease. MID Mid, a. [Compar. wanting; superl. Midmost.] Etym: [AS. midd; akin to OS. middi, D. mid (in comp.), OHG. mitti, Icel. mi, Goth. midjis, L. medius, Gr. madhya. Amid, Middle, Midst, Mean, Mediate, Meridian, Mizzen, Moiety.] 1. Denoting the middle part; as, in mid ocean. No more the mounting larks, while Daphne sings, Shall list'ning in mid air suspend their wings. Pope. 2. Occupying a middle position; middle; as, the mid finger; the mid hour of night. 3. (Phon.) Defn: Made with a somewhat elevated position of some certain part of the tongue, in relation to the palate; midway between the high and the low; -- said of certain vowel sounds; as, a (ale), ê (êll), o (old). See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 10, 11. Note: Mid is much used as a prefix, or combining form, denoting the middle or middle part of a thing; as, mid-air, mid-channel, mid-age, midday, midland, etc. Also, specifically, in geometry, to denote a circle inscribed in a triangle (a midcircle), or relation to such a circle; as, mid-center, midradius. MID Mid, n. Defn: Middle. [Obs.] About the mid of night come to my tent. Shak. MID Mid, prep. Defn: See Amid. MIDA Mi"da, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of the bean fly. MIDAS Mi"das, n. Etym: [So called from L. Midas, a man fabled to have had ass's ears.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of longeared South American monkeys, including numerous species of marmosets. See Marmoset. MIDAS'S EAR Mi"das's ear". Etym: [See Midas.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A pulmonate mollusk (Auricula, or Ellobium, aurismidæ); -- so called from resemblance to a human ear. MIDBRAIN Mid"brain`, n. Etym: [Mid, a. + brain.] (Anat.) Defn: The middle segment of the brain; the mesencephalon. See Brain. MIDDAY Mid"day`, n. Etym: [AS. middæg. See Mid, a., and Day.] Defn: The middle part of the day; noon. MIDDAY Mid"day`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to noon; meridional; as, the midday sun. MIDDEN Mid"den, n. [Also midding.] Etym: [Cf. Dan. mögdynge, E. muck, and dung.] 1. A dunghill. [Prov. Eng.] 2. An accumulation of refuse about a dwelling place; especially, an accumulation of shells or of cinders, bones, and other refuse on the supposed site of the dwelling places of prehistoric tribes, -- as on the shores of the Baltic Sea and in many other places. See Kitchen middens. MIDDEN CROW Mid"den crow". (Zoöl.) Defn: The common European crow. [Prov. Eng.] MIDDEST Mid"dest, a.; superl. of Mid. Etym: [See Midst.] Defn: Situated most nearly in the middle; middlemost; midmost. [Obs.] " 'Mongst the middest crowd." Spenser. MIDDEST Mid"dest, n. Defn: Midst; middle. [Obs.] Fuller. MIDDING Mid"ding, n. Defn: Same as Midden. MIDDLE Mid"dle, a. Etym: [OE. middel, AS. middel; akin to D. middel, OHG. muttil, G. mittel. Mid, a.] 1. Equally distant from the extreme either of a number of things or of one thing; mean; medial; as, the middle house in a row; a middle rank or station in life; flowers of middle summer; men of middle age. 2. Intermediate; intervening. Will, seeking good, finds many middle ends. Sir J. Davies. Note: Middle is sometimes used in the formation of selfexplaining compounds; as, middle-sized, middle-witted. Middle Ages, the period of time intervening between the decline of the Roman Empire and the revival of letters. Hallam regards it as beginning with the sixth and ending with the fifteenth century. -- Middle class, in England, people who have an intermediate position between the aristocracy and the artisan class. It includes professional men, bankers, merchants, and small landed proprietors The middle-class electorate of Great Britain. M. Arnold. -- Middle distance. (Paint.) See Middle-ground. -- Middle English. See English, n., 2. -- Middle Kingdom, China. -- Middle oil (Chem.), that part of the distillate obtained from coal tar which passes over between 170º and 230º Centigrade; -- distinguished from the light, and the heavy or dead, oil. -- Middle passage, in the slave trade, that part of the Atlantic Ocean between Africa and the West Indies. -- Middle post. (Arch.) Same as King-post. -- Middle States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware; which, at the time of the formation of the Union, occupied a middle position between the Eastern States (or New England) and the Southern States. [U.S.] -- Middle term (Logic), that term of a syllogism with which the two extremes are separately compared, and by means of which they are brought together in the conclusion. Brande. -- Middle tint (Paint.), a subdued or neutral tint. Fairholt. -- Middle voice. (Gram.) See under Voice. -- Middle watch, the period from midnight to four A. M.; also, the men on watch during that time. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Middle weight, a pugilist, boxer, or wrestler classed as of medium weight, i. e., over 140 and not over 160 lbs., in distinction from those classed as light weights, heavy weights, etc. MIDDLE Mid"dle, n. Etym: [AS. middel. See Middle, a.] Defn: The point or part equally distant from the extremities or exterior limits, as of a line, a surface, or a solid; an intervening point or part in space, time, or order of series; the midst; central portion; specif., the waist. Chaucer. "The middle of the land." Judg. ix. 37. In this, as in most questions of state, there is a middle. Burke. Syn. -- See Midst. MIDDLE-AGE Mid"dle-age`, Etym: [Middle + age. Cf. Mediæval.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Middle Ages; mediæval. MIDDLE-AGED Mid"dle-aged`, a. Defn: Being about the middle of the ordinary age of man; between 30 and 50 years old. MIDDLE-EARTH Mid"dle-earth`, n. Defn: The world, considered as lying between heaven and hell. [Obs.] Shak. MIDDLE-GROUND Mid"dle-ground`, n. (Paint.) Defn: That part of a picture between the foreground and the background. MIDDLEMAN Mid"dle*man, n.; pl. Middlemen (. 1. An agent between two parties; a broker; a go-between; any dealer between the producer and the consumer; in Ireland, one who takes land of the proprietors in large tracts, and then rents it out in small portions to the peasantry. 2. A person of intermediate rank; a commoner. 3. (Mil.) Defn: The man who occupies a central position in a file of soldiers. MIDDLEMOST Mid"dle*most`, a. Etym: [Cf. Midmost.] Defn: Being in the middle, or nearest the middle; midmost. MIDDLER Mid"dler, n. Defn: One of a middle or intermediate class in some schools and seminaries. MIDDLING Mid"dling, a. Defn: Of middle rank, state, size, or quality; about equally distant from the extremes; medium; moderate; mediocre; ordinary. "A town of but middling size." Hallam. Plainly furnished, as beseemed the middling circumstances of its inhabitants. Hawthorne. -- Mid"dling*ly, adv. -- Mid"dling*ness, n. MIDDLINGS Mid"dlings, n. pl. 1. A combination of the coarser parts of ground wheat the finest bran, separated from the fine flour and coarse bran in bolting; -- formerly regarded as valuable only for feed; but now, after separation of the bran, used for making the best quality of flour. Middlings contain a large proportion of gluten. 2. In the southern and western parts of the United States, the portion of the hog between the ham and the shoulder; bacon; -- called also middles. Bartlett. MIDDY Mid"dy, n.; pl. Middies (. Defn: A colloquial abbreviation of midshipman. MIDFEATHER Mid"feath`er, n. 1. (Steam Boilers) Defn: A vertical water space in a fire box or combustion chamber. 2. (Mining) Defn: A support for the center of a tunnel. MIDGARD Mid"gard`, n. Etym: [Icel. miedhgaredhr.] (Scand. Myth.) Defn: The middle space or region between heaven and hell; the abode of human beings; the earth. MIDGARD; MIDGARTH; MITHGARTHR Mid"gard (mid"gärd), n. Also Mid"garth (-gärth), Mith"garthr (Icel. meth"gärthr'). [Icel. miðgarðr.] (Teut. Myth.) Defn: The middle space or region between heaven and hell, the abode of human beings; the earth. MIDGE Midge, n. Etym: [OE. migge, AS. mycge; akin to OS. muggia, D. mug, G. mücke, OHG. mucca, Icel. m, Sw. mygga, mygg, Dan. myg; perh. named from its buzzing; cf. Gr. (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of many small, delicate, long-legged flies of the Chironomus, and allied genera, which do not bite. Their larvæ are usually aquatic. 2. A very small fly, abundant in many parts of the United States and Canada, noted for the irritating quality of its bite. Note: The name is also applied to various other small flies. See Wheat midge, under Wheat. MIDGET Midg"et, n. Etym: [Dim. of midge.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A minute bloodsucking fly. [Local, U. S.] 2. A very diminutive person. MIDGUT Mid"gut`, n. Etym: [Mid, a. + gut.] (Anat.) Defn: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine. MIDHEAVEN Mid"heav`en, n. 1. The midst or middle of heaven or the sky. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The meridian, or middle line of the heavens; the point of the ecliptic on the meridian. MIDLAND Mid"land, a. 1. Being in the interior country; distant from the coast or seashore; as, midland towns or inhabitants. Howell. 2. Surrounded by the land; mediterranean. And on the midland sea the French had awed. Dryden. MIDLAND Mid"land, n. Defn: The interior or central region of a country; -- usually in the plural. Drayton. MIDMAIN Mid"main`, n. Defn: The middle part of the main or sea. [Poetic] Chapman. MIDMOST Mid"most`, a. Etym: [OE. middemiste. Cf. Foremost.] Defn: Middle; middlemost. Ere night's midmost, stillest hour was past. Byron. MIDNIGHT Mid"night`, n. Etym: [AS. midniht.] Defn: The middle of the night; twelve o'clock at night. The iron tongue of midnight hath told twelve. Shak. MIDNIGHT Mid"night`, a. Defn: Being in, or characteristic of, the middle of the night; as, midnight studies; midnight gloom. "Midnight shout and revelry." Milton. MIDNIGHT SUN Mid"night` sun. Defn: The sun shining at midnight in the arctic or antarctic summer. MIDRASH Mid*rash", n.; pl. Midrashim, Midrashoth. Etym: [Heb., explanation.] Defn: A talmudic exposition of the Hebrew law, or of some part of it. MIDRIB Mid"rib`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A continuation of the petiole, extending from the base to the apex of the lamina of a leaf. MIDRIFF Mid"riff, n. Etym: [AS. midhrif; midd mid, middle + hrif bowels, womb; akin to OFries. midref midriff, rif, ref, belly, OHG. href body, and to L. corpus body. See Corpse.] (Anat.) Defn: See Diaphragm, n., 2. Smote him into the midriff with a stone. Milton. MID SEA; MID-SEA Mid" sea", or; Mid"-sea". Defn: The middle part of the sea or ocean. Milton. The Mid-sea, the Mediterranean Sea. [Obs.] MIDSHIP Mid"ship`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or being in, the middle of a ship. Midship beam (Naut.), the beam or timber upon which the broadest part of a vessel is formed. -- Midship bend, the broadest frame in a vessel. Weale. MIDSHIPMAN Mid"ship`man, n.; pl. Midshipmen (. 1. (a) Formerly, a kind of naval cadet, in a ship of war, whose business was to carry orders, messages, reports, etc., between the officers of the quarter-deck and those of the forecastle, and render other services as required. (b) In the English naval service, the second rank attained by a combatant officer after a term of service as naval cadet. Having served three and a half years in this rank, and passed an examination, he is eligible to promotion to the rank of lieutenant. (c) In the United States navy, the lowest grade of officers in line of promotion, being graduates of the Naval Academy awaiting promotion to the rank of ensign. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American marine fish of the genus Porichthys, allied to the toadfish. Cadet midshipman, formerly a title distinguishing a cadet line officer from a cadet engineer at the U. S. Naval Academy. See under Cadet. -- Cadet midshipman, formerly, a naval cadet who had served his time, passed his examinations, and was awaiting promotion; -- now called, in the United States, midshipman; in England, sublieutenant. MIDSHIPS Mid"ships`, adv. Etym: [For amidships.] (Naut.) Defn: In the middle of a ship; -- properly amidships. MIDSHIPS Mid"ships`, n. pl. (Naut.) Defn: The timbers at the broadest part of the vessel. R. H. Dana, Jr. MIDST Midst, n. Etym: [From middest, in the middest, for older in middes, where -s is adverbial (orig. forming a genitive), or still older a midde, a midden, on midden. See Mid, and cf. Amidst.] 1. The interior or central part or place; the middle; -- used chiefly in the objective case after in; as, in the midst of the forest. And when the devil had thrown him in the midst, he came out of him. Luke iv. 35. There is nothing... in the midst [of the play] which might not have been placed in the beginning. Dryden. 2. Hence, figuratively, the condition of being surrounded or beset; the press; the burden; as, in the midst of official duties; in the midst of secular affairs. Note: The expressions in our midst, in their midst, etc., are avoided by some good writers, the forms in the midst of us, in the midst of them, etc., being preferred. Syn. -- Midst, Middle. Midst in present usage commonly denotes a part or place surrounded on enveloped by or among other parts or objects (see Amidst); while middle is used of the center of length, or surface, or of a solid, etc. We say in the midst of a thicket; in the middle of a line, or the middle of a room; in the midst of darkness; in the middle of the night. MIDST Midst, prep. Defn: In the midst of; amidst. Shak. MIDST Midst, adv. Defn: In the middle. [R.] Milton. MIDSUMMER Mid"sum`mer, n. Etym: [AS. midsumor.] Defn: The middle of summer. Shak. Midsummer daisy (Bot.), the oxeye daisy. MIDWARD Mid"ward, a. Defn: Situated in the middle. MIDWARD Mid"ward, adv. Defn: In or toward the midst. MIDWAY Mid"way`, n. Defn: The middle of the way or distance; a middle way or course. Shak. Paths indirect, or in the midway faint. Milton. MIDWAY Mid"way`, a. Defn: Being in the middle of the way or distance; as, the midway air. Shak. MIDWAY Mid"way`, adv. Defn: In the middle of the way or distance; half way. "She met his glance midway." Dryden. MIDWEEK Mid"week`, n. Defn: The middle of the week. Also used adjectively. MIDWIFE Mid"wife`, n.; pl. Midwives. Etym: [OE. midwif, fr. AS. mid with (akin to Gr. Meta-, and Wife.] Defn: A woman who assists other women in childbirth; a female practitioner of the obstetric art. MIDWIFE Mid"wife`, v. t. Defn: To assist in childbirth. MIDWIFE Mid"wife`, v. i. Defn: To perform the office of midwife. MIDWIFERY Mid"wife`ry, n. 1. The art or practice of assisting women in childbirth; obstetrics. 2. Assistance at childbirth; help or coöperation in production. MIDWINTER Mid"win`ter, n. Etym: [AS. midwinter.] Defn: The middle of winter. Dryden. MIDWIVE Mid"wive`, v. t. Defn: To midwife. [Obs.] MIEN Mien, n. Etym: [F. mine; perh. from sane source as mener to lead; cf. E. demean, menace, mine, n.] Defn: Aspect; air; manner; demeanor; carriage; bearing. Vice is a monster of so frightful mien, As, to be hated, needs but to be seen. Pope. MIFF Miff, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. G. muff sullenness, sulkiness, muffen to be silky, muffïg sullen, pouting.] Defn: A petty falling out; a tiff; a quarrel; offense. Fielding. MIFF Miff, v. t. Defn: To offend slightly. [Colloq.] MIGHT Might, Defn: imp. of May. Etym: [AS. meahte, mihte.] MIGHT Might, n. Etym: [AS. meaht, miht, from the root of magan to be able, E. may; akin to D. magt, OS. maht, G. macht, Icel. mattr, Goth. mahts. May, v.] Defn: Force or power of any kind, whether of body or mind; energy or intensity of purpose, feeling, or action; means or resources to effect an object; strength; force; power; ability; capacity. What so strong, But wanting rest, will also want of might Spenser. Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might. Deut. vi. 5. With might and main. See under 2d Main. MIGHTFUL Might"ful, a. Defn: Mighty. [Obs.] Shak. MIGHTILY Might"i*ly, adv. Etym: [From Mighty.] 1. In a mighty manner; with might; with great earnestness; vigorously; powerfully. Whereunto I also labor, striving according to his working, which worketh in me mightily. Col. i. 29. 2. To a great degree; very much. Practical jokes amused us mightily. Hawthorne. MIGHTINESS Might"i*ness, n. 1. The quality of being mighty; possession of might; power; greatness; high dignity. How soon this mightiness meets misery. Shak. 2. Highness; excellency; -- with a possessive pronoun, a title of dignity; as, their high mightinesses. MIGHTLESS Might"less, a. Defn: Without; weak. [Obs.] MIGHTY Might"y, a. [Compar. Mightier; superl. Mightiest.] Etym: [AS. meahtig, mihtig; akin to G. mächtig, Goth. mahteigs. See Might, n.] 1. Possessing might; having great power or authority. Wise in heart, and mighty in strength. Job ix. 4. 2. Accomplished by might; hence, extraordinary; wonderful. "His mighty works." Matt. xi. 20. 3. Denoting and extraordinary degree or quality in respect of size, character, importance, consequences, etc. "A mighty famine." Luke xv. 14. "Giants of mighty bone." Milton. Mighty was their fuss about little matters. Hawthorne. MIGHTY Might"y, n.; pl. Mighties. Defn: A warrior of great force and courage. [R. & Obs.] 1 Chron. xi. 12. MIGHTY Might"y, adv. Defn: In a great degree; very. [Colloq.] "He was mighty methodical." Jeffrey. We have a mighty pleasant garden. Doddridge. MIGNIARD Mign"iard, a. Etym: [F. mignard, akin to mignon. See Minion.] Defn: Soft; dainty. [Obs.] B. Jonson. MIGNIARDISE Mign"iard*ise, n. Etym: [F. mignardise.] Defn: Delicate fondling. [Obs.] B. Jonson. MIGNON Mi"gnon, a. Etym: [F.] Defn: See 3d Minion. MIGNON Mi"gnon, v. t. Defn: To flatter. [R. & Obs.] Danie MIGNONETTE Mi`gnon*ette", n. Etym: [F. mignonnette, dim. of mignon darling. See 2d Minion.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Reseda odorata) having greenish flowers with orange- colored stamens, and exhaling a delicious fragrance. In Africa it is a low shrub, but further north it is usually an annual herb. Mignonette pepper, coarse pepper. MIGRAINE Mi*graine", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Same as Megrim. -- Mi*grain"ous, a. MIGRANT Mi"grant, a. Etym: [L. migrans, p. pr. of migrare. See Migrate.] Defn: Migratory. Sir T. Browne. -- n. Defn: A migratory bird or other animal. MIGRATE Mi"grate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Migrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Migrating.] Etym: [L. migratus, p. p. of migrare to migrate, transfer.] 1. To remove from one country or region to another, with a view to residence; to change one's place of residence; to remove; as, the Moors who migrated from Africa into Spain; to migrate to the West. 2. To pass periodically from one region or climate to another for feeding or breeding; -- said of certain birds, fishes, and quadrupeds. MIGRATION Mi*gra"tion, n. Etym: [L. migratio: cf. F. migration.] Defn: The act of migrating. MIGRATORY Mi"gra*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. migratoire.] 1. Removing regularly or occasionally from one region or climate to another; as, migratory birds. 2. Hence, roving; wandering; nomad; as, migratory habits; a migratory life. Migratory locust (Zoöl.) See Locust. -- Migratory thrush (Zoöl.), the American robin. See Robin. MIKADO Mi*ka"do, n. Etym: [Jap.] Defn: The popular designation of the hereditary sovereign of Japan. MIKMAKS Mik"maks, n. Defn: Same as Micmacs. MILADY Mi*la"dy, n. [F., fr. English.] Defn: Lit., my lady; hence (as used on the Continent), an English noblewoman or gentlewoman. MILAGE Mil"age (; 48), n. Defn: Same as Mileage. MILANESE Mil`an*ese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Milan in Italy, or to its inhabitants. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Milan; people of Milan. MILCH Milch, a. Etym: [OE. milche; akin to G. melk, Icel. milkr, mj, and to E. milk. See Milk.] 1. Giving milk; -- now applied only to beasts. "Milch camels." Gen. xxxii. "Milch kine." Shak. 2. Tender; pitiful; weeping. [Obs.] Shak. MILD Mild, a. [Compar. Milder; superl. Mildest.] Etym: [AS. milde; akin to OS. mildi, D. & G. mild, OHG. milti, Icel. mildr, Sw. & Dan. mild, Goth. milds; cf. Lith. melas dear, Gr. Defn: Gentle; pleasant; kind; soft; bland; clement; hence, moderate in degree or quality; -- the opposite of harsh, severe, irritating, violent, disagreeable, etc.; -- applied to persons and things; as, a mild disposition; a mild eye; a mild air; a mild medicine; a mild insanity. The rosy morn resigns her light And milder glory to the noon. Waller. Adore him as a mild and merciful Being. Rogers. Mild, or Low, steel, steel that has but little carbon in it and is not readily hardened. Syn. -- Soft; gentle; bland; calm; tranquil; soothing; pleasant; placid; meek; kind; tender; indulgent; clement; mollifying; lenitive; assuasive. See Gentle. MILDEN Mild"en, v. t. Defn: To make mild, or milder. Lowell. MILDEW Mil"dew, n. Etym: [AS. meledeáw; akin to OHG. militou, G. mehlthau, mehltau; prob. orig. meaning, honeydew; cf. Goth. milip honey. See Mellifluous, and Dew.] (Bot.) Defn: A growth of minute powdery or webby fungi, whitish or of different colors, found on various diseased or decaying substances. MILDEW Mil"dew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mildewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mildewing.] Defn: To taint with mildew. He... mildews the white wheat. Shak. MILDEW Mil"dew, v. i. Defn: To become tainted with mildew. MILDLY Mild"ly, adv. Defn: In a mild manner. MILDNESS Mild"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being mild; as, mildness of temper; the mildness of the winter. MILE Mile, n. Etym: [AS. mil, fr. L. millia, milia; pl. of mille a thousand, i. e., milia passuum a thousand paces. Cf. Mill the tenth of a cent, Million.] Defn: A certain measure of distance, being equivalent in England and the United States to 320 poles or rods, or 5,280 feet. Note: The distance called a mile varies greatly in different countries. Its length in yards is, in Norway, 12,182; in Brunswick, 11,816; in Sweden, 11,660; in Hungary, 9,139; in Switzerland, 8,548; in Austria, 8,297; in Prussia, 8,238; in Poland, 8,100; in Italy, 2,025; in England and the United States, 1,760; in Spain, 1,552; in the Netherlands, 1,094. Geographical, or Nautical mile, one sixtieth of a degree of a great circle of the earth, or 6080.27 feet. -- Mile run. Same as Train mile. See under Train. -- Roman mile, a thousand paces, equal to 1,614 yards English measure. -- Statute mile, a mile conforming to statute, that is, in England and the United States, a mile of 5,280 feet, as distinguished from any other mile. MILEAGE Mile"age (; 48), n. 1. An allowance for traveling expenses at a certain rate per mile. 2. Aggregate length or distance in miles; esp., the sum of lengths of tracks or wires of a railroad company, telegraph company, etc. [Written also milage.] Constructive mileage, a mileage allowed for journeys supposed to be made, but not actually made. Bartlett. MILEPOST Mile"post`, n. Defn: A post, or one of a series of posts, set up to indicate spaces of a mile each or the distance in miles from a given place. MILESIAN Mi*le"sian, a. Etym: [L. Milesius, Gr. 1. (Anc. Geog.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Miletus, a city of Asia Minor, or to its inhabitants. 2. (Irish Legendary Hist.) Defn: Descended from King Milesius of Spain, whose two sons are said to have conquered Ireland about 1300 b. c.; or pertaining to the descendants of King Milesius; hence, Irish. MILESIAN Mi*le"sian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Miletus. 2. A native or inhabitant of Ireland. MILESTONE Mile"stone`, n. Defn: A stone serving the same purpose as a milepost. MILFOIL Mil"foil, n. Etym: [F. mille-feuille, L. millefolium; mille thousand + folium leaf. See Foil a leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: A common composite herb (Achillea Millefolium) with white flowers and finely dissected leaves; yarrow. Water milfoil (Bot.), an aquatic herb with dissected leaves (Myriophyllum). MILIARIA Mil`i*a"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Miliary.] (Med.) Defn: A fever accompanied by an eruption of small, isolated, red pimples, resembling a millet seed in form or size; miliary fever. MILIARY Mil"ia*ry, a. Etym: [L. miliarius, fr. milium millet: cf. F. miliaire.] 1. Like millet seeds; as, a miliary eruption. 2. (Med.) Defn: Accompanied with an eruption like millet seeds; as, a miliary fever. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Small and numerous; as, the miliary tubercles of Echini. MILIARY Mil"ia*ry, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the small tubercles of Echini. MILICE Mi`lice", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Militia. [Obs.] MILIEU Mi`lieu", n. [F., fr. mi middle (L. medius) + lieu place. See Demi-, Lieu.] Defn: Environment. The intellectual and moral milieu created by multitudes of self- centered, cultivated personalities. J. A. Symonds. It is one of the great outstanding facts of his progressive relation to the elements of his social milieu. J. M. Baldwin. MILIOLA Mil"i*o`la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. milium millet. So named from its resemblance to millet seed.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Foraminifera, having a porcelanous shell with several longitudinal chambers. MILIOLITE Mil"i*o*lite, n. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil shell of, or similar to, the genus Miliola. MILIOLITE Mil"i*o*lite, a. Defn: The same Milliolitic. Miliolite limestone (Geol.), a building stone, one of the group of the Paris basin, almost entirely made up of many-chambered microscopic shells. MILIOLITIC Mil`i*o*lit"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the genus Miliola; containing miliolites. MILITANCY Mil"i*tan*cy, n. Etym: [See Militant.] 1. The state of being militant; warfare. 2. A military spirit or system; militarism. H. Spencer. MILITANT Mil"i*tant, a. Etym: [L. militans, -antis, p. pr. of militare to be soldier: cf. F. militant. See Militate.] Defn: Engaged in warfare; fighting; combating; serving as a soldier. -- Mil"i*tant*ly, adv. At which command the powers militant... Moved on in silence. Milton. Church militant, the Christian church on earth, which is supposed to be engaged in a constant warfare against its enemies, and is thus distinguished from the church triumphant, in heaven. MILITAR Mil"i*tar, a. Defn: Military. [Obs.] Bacon. MILITARILY Mil"i*ta*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a military manner. MILITARISM Mil"i*ta*rism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. militarisme.] 1. A military state or condition; reliance on military force in administering government; a military system. 2. The spirit and traditions of military life. H. Spencer. MILITARIST Mil"i*ta*rist, n. Defn: A military man. [Obs.] Shak. MILITARY Mil"i*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. militaris, militarius, from miles, militis, soldier: cf. F. militaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to soldiers, to arms, or to war; belonging to, engaged in, or appropriate to, the affairs of war; as, a military parade; military discipline; military bravery; military conduct; military renown. Nor do I, as an enemy to peace, Troop in the throngs of military men. Shak. 2. Performed or made by soldiers; as, a military election; a military expedition. Bacon. Military law. See Martial law, under Martial. -- Military order. (a) A command proceeding from a military superior. (b) An association of military persons under a bond of certain peculiar rules; especially, such an association of knights in the Middle Ages, or a body in modern times taking a similar form, membership of which confers some distinction. -- Military tenure, tenure of land, on condition of performing military service. MILITARY Mil"i*ta*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. militaire.] Defn: The whole body of soldiers; soldiery; militia; troops; the army. MILITATE Mil"i*tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Militated; p. pr. & vb. n. Militating.] Etym: [L. militare, militatum, to be a soldier, fr. miles, militis, soldier.] Defn: To make war; to fight; to contend; -- usually followed by against and with. These are great questions, where great names militate against each other. Burke. The invisible powers of heaven seemed to militate on the side of the pious emperor. Gibbon. MILITIA Mi*li"tia, n. Etym: [L., military service, soldiery, fr. miles, militis, soldier: cf. F. milice.] 1. In the widest sense, the whole military force of a nation, including both those engaged in military service as a business, and those competent and available for such service; specifically, the body of citizens enrolled for military instruction and discipline, but not subject to be called into actual service except in emergencies. The king's captains and soldiers fight his battles, and yet... the power of the militia is he. Jer. Taylor. 2. Military service; warfare. [Obs.] Baxter. MILITIAMAN Mi*li"tia*man, n.; pl. Militiamen (. Defn: One who belongs to the militia. MILITIATE Mi*li"ti*ate, v. i. Defn: To carry on, or prepare for, war. [Obs.] Walpole. MILK Milk, n. Etym: [AS. meoluc, meoloc, meolc, milc; akin to OFries. meloc, D. melk, G. milch, OHG. miluh, Icel. mj, Sw. mjölk, Dan. melk, Goth. miluks, G. melken to milk, OHG. melchan, Lith. milszti, L. mulgere, Gr. Milch, Emulsion, Milt soft roe of fishes.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: A white fluid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young, consisting of minute globules of fat suspended in a solution of casein, albumin, milk sugar, and inorganic salts. "White as morne milk." Chaucer. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of juice or sap, usually white in color, found in certain plants; latex. See Latex. 3. An emulsion made by bruising seeds; as, the milk of almonds, produced by pounding almonds with sugar and water. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ripe, undischarged spat of an oyster. Condensed milk. See under Condense, v. t. -- Milk crust (Med.), vesicular eczema occurring on the face and scalp of nursing infants. See Eczema. -- Milk fever. (a) (Med.) A fever which accompanies or precedes the first lactation. It is usually transitory. (b) (Vet. Surg.) A form puerperal peritonitis in cattle; also, a variety of meningitis occurring in cows after calving. -- Milk glass, glass having a milky appearance. -- Milk knot (Med.), a hard lump forming in the breast of a nursing woman, due to obstruction to the flow of milk and congestion of the mammary glands. -- Milk leg (Med.), a swollen condition of the leg, usually in puerperal women, caused by an inflammation of veins, and characterized by a white appearance occasioned by an accumulation of serum and sometimes of pus in the cellular tissue. -- Milk meats, food made from milk, as butter and cheese. [Obs.] Bailey. -- Milk mirror. Same as Escutcheon, 2. -- Milk molar (Anat.), one of the deciduous molar teeth which are shed and replaced by the premolars. -- Milk of lime (Chem.), a watery emulsion of calcium hydrate, produced by macerating quicklime in water. -- Milk parsley (Bot.), an umbelliferous plant (Peucedanum palustre) of Europe and Asia, having a milky juice. -- Milk pea (Bot.), a genus (Galactia) of leguminous and, usually, twining plants. -- Milk sickness (Med.), a peculiar malignant disease, occurring in some parts of the Western United States, and affecting certain kinds of farm stock (esp. cows), and persons who make use of the meat or dairy products of infected cattle. Its chief symptoms in man are uncontrollable vomiting, obstinate constipation, pain, and muscular tremors. Its origin in cattle has been variously ascribed to the presence of certain plants in their food, and to polluted drinking water. -- Milk snake (Zoöl.), a harmless American snake (Ophibolus triangulus, or O. eximius). It is variously marked with white, gray, and red. Called also milk adder, chicken snake, house snake, etc. -- Milk sugar. (Physiol. Chem.) See Lactose, and Sugar of milk (below). -- Milk thistle (Bot.), an esculent European thistle (Silybum marianum), having the veins of its leaves of a milky whiteness. -- Milk thrush. (Med.) See Thrush. -- Milk tooth (Anat.), one of the temporary first set of teeth in young mammals; in man there are twenty. -- Milk tree (Bot.), a tree yielding a milky juice, as the cow tree of South America (Brosimum Galactodendron), and the Euphorbia balsamifera of the Canaries, the milk of both of which is wholesome food. -- Milk vessel (Bot.), a special cell in the inner bark of a plant, or a series of cells, in which the milky juice is contained. See Latex. -- Rock milk. See Agaric mineral, under Agaric. -- Sugar of milk. The sugar characteristic of milk; a hard white crystalline slightly sweet substance obtained by evaporation of the whey of milk. It is used in pellets and powder as a vehicle for homeopathic medicines, and as an article of diet. See Lactose. MILK Milk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Milked; p. pr. & vb. n. Milking.] 1. To draw or press milk from the breasts or udder of, by the hand or mouth; to withdraw the milk of. "Milking the kine." Gay. I have given suck, and know How tender 't is to love the babe that milks me. Shak. 2. To draw from the breasts or udder; to extract, as milk; as, to milk wholesome milk from healthy cows. 3. To draw anything from, as if by milking; to compel to yield profit or advantage; to plunder. Tyndale. They [the lawyers] milk an unfortunate estate as regularly as a dairyman does his stock. London Spectator. To milk the street, to squeeze the smaller operators in stocks and extract a profit from them, by alternately raising and depressing prices within a short range; -- said of the large dealers. [Cant] -- To milk a telegram, to use for one's own advantage the contents of a telegram belonging to another person. [Cant] MILK Milk, v. i. Defn: To draw or to yield milk. MILKEN Milk"en, a. Defn: Consisting of milk. [Obs.] MILKER Milk"er, n. 1. One who milks; also, a mechanical apparatus for milking cows. 2. A cow or other animal that gives milk. MILKFUL Milk"ful, a. Defn: Full of milk; abounding with food. [R.] "Milkful vales." Sylvester. MILKILY Milk"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a milky manner. MILKINESS Milk"i*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being milky. MILK-LIVERED Milk"-liv`ered, a. Defn: White-livered; cowardly; timorous. MILKMAID Milk"maid`, n. Defn: A woman who milks cows or is employed in the dairy. MILKMAN Milk"man, n.; pl. Milkmen (. Defn: A man who sells milk or delivers is to customers. MILK SICKNESS Milk sickness. (Veter.) Defn: A peculiar malignant disease, occurring in parts of the western United States, and affecting certain kinds of farm stock (esp. cows), and persons using the meat or dairy products of infected cattle. Its chief symptoms in man are uncontrollable vomiting, obstinate constipation, pain, and muscular tremors. Its origin in cattle has been variously ascribed to the presence of certain plants in their food, and to polluted water. MILKSOP Milk"sop`, n. Defn: A piece of bread sopped in milk; figuratively, an effeminate or weak-minded person. Shak. To wed a milksop or a coward ape. Chaucer. MILK VETCH Milk" vetch`. (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous herb (Astragalus glycyphyllos) of Europe and Asia, supposed to increase the secretion of milk in goats. Note: The name is sometimes taken for the whole genus Astragalus, of which there are about two hundred species in North America, and even more elsewhere. MILKWEED Milk"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genera Asclepias and Acerates, abounding in a milky juice, and having its seed attached to a long silky down; silkweed. The name is also applied to several other plants with a milky juice, as to several kinds of spurge. MILKWORT Milk"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants (Polygala) of many species. The common European P. vulgaris was supposed to have the power of producing a flow of milk in nurses. Note: The species of Campanula, or bellflower, are sometimes called milkwort, from their juice. MILKY Milk"y, a. 1. Consisting of, or containing, milk. Pails high foaming with a milky flood. Pope. 2. Like, or somewhat like, milk; whitish and turbid; as, the water is milky. "Milky juice." Arbuthnot. 3. Yielding milk. "Milky mothers." Roscommon. 4. Mild; tame; spiritless. Has friendship such a faint and milky heart Shak. Milky Way. (Astron.) See Galaxy, 1. MILL Mill, n. Etym: [L. mille a thousand. Cf. Mile.] Defn: A money of account of the United States, having the value of the tenth of a cent, or the thousandth of a dollar. MILL Mill, n. Etym: [OE. mille, melle, mulle, milne, AS. myln, mylen; akin to D. molen, G. mühle, OHG. muli, mulin, Icel. mylna; all prob. from L. molina, fr. mola millstone; prop., that which grinds, akin to molere to grind, Goth. malan, G. mahlen, and to E. meal. Meal flour, and cf. Moline.] 1. A machine for grinding or commuting any substance, as grain, by rubbing and crushing it between two hard, rough, or intented surfaces; as, a gristmill, a coffee mill; a bone mill. 2. A machine used for expelling the juice, sap, etc., from vegetable tissues by pressure, or by pressure in combination with a grinding, or cutting process; as, a cider mill; a cane mill. 3. A machine for grinding and polishing; as, a lapidary mill. 4. A common name for various machines which produce a manufactured product, or change the form of a raw material by the continuous repetition of some simple action; as, a sawmill; a stamping mill, etc. 5. A building or collection of buildings with machinery by which the processes of manufacturing are carried on; as, a cotton mill; a powder mill; a rolling mill. 6. (Die Sinking) Defn: A hardened steel roller having a design in relief, used for imprinting a reversed copy of the design in a softer metal, as copper. 7. (Mining) (a) An excavation in rock, transverse to the workings, from which material for filling is obtained. (b) A passage underground through which ore is shot. 8. A milling cutter. See Illust. under Milling. 9. A pugilistic. [Cant] R. D. Blackmore. Edge mill, Flint mill, etc. See under Edge, Flint, etc. -- Mill bar (Iron Works), a rough bar rolled or drawn directly from a bloom or puddle bar for conversion into merchant iron in the mill. -- Mill cinder, slag from a puddling furnace. -- Mill head, the head of water employed to turn the wheel of a mill. -- Mill pick, a pick for dressing millstones. -- Mill pond, a pond that supplies the water for a mill. -- Mill race, the canal in which water is conveyed to a mill wheel, or the current of water which drives the wheel. -- Mill tail, the water which flows from a mill wheel after turning it, or the channel in which the water flows. -- Mill tooth, a grinder or molar tooth. -- Mill wheel, the water wheel that drives the machinery of a mill. -- Roller mill, a mill in which flour or meal is made by crushing grain between rollers. -- Stamp mill (Mining), a mill in which ore is crushed by stamps. -- To go through the mill, to experience the suffering or discipline necessary to bring one to a certain degree of knowledge or skill, or to a certain mental state. MILL Mill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Milled; p. pr. & vb. n. Milling.] Etym: [See Mill, n., and cf. Muller.] 1. To reduce to fine particles, or to small pieces, in a mill; to grind; to comminute. 2. To shape, finish, or transform by passing through a machine; specifically, to shape or dress, as metal, by means of a rotary cutter. 3. To make a raised border around the edges of, or to cut fine grooves or indentations across the edges of, as of a coin, or a screw head; also, to stamp in a coining press; to coin. 4. To pass through a fulling mill; to full, as cloth. 5. To beat with the fists. [Cant] Thackeray. 6. To roll into bars, as steel. To mill chocolate, to make it frothy, as by churning. MILL Mill, v. i. (Zoöl.) Defn: To swim under water; -- said of air-breathing creatures. MILLBOARD Mill"board`, n. Defn: A kind of stout pasteboard. MILL-CAKE Mill"-cake`, n. Defn: The incorporated materials for gunpowder, in the form of a dense mass or cake, ready to be subjected to the process of granulation. MILLDAM Mill"dam`, n. Defn: A dam or mound to obstruct a water course, and raise the water to a height sufficient to turn a mill wheel. MILLED Milled, a. Defn: Having been subjected to some process of milling. Milled cloth, cloth that has been beaten in a fulling mill. -- Milled lead, lead rolled into sheets. MILLEFIORE GLASS Mil`le*fi*o"re glass`. Etym: [It. mille thousand + flore flower.] Defn: Slender rods or tubes of colored glass fused together and embedded in clear glass; -- used for paperweights and other small articles. MILLENARIAN Mil`le*na"ri*an, a. Etym: [See Millenary.] Defn: Consisting of a thousand years; of or pertaining to the millennium, or to the Millenarians. MILLENARIAN Mil`le*na"ri*an, n. Defn: One who believes that Christ will personally reign on earth a thousand years; a Chiliast. MILLENARIANISM; MILLENARISM Mil`le*na"ri*an*ism, Mil"le*na*rism, n. Defn: The doctrine of Millenarians. MILLENARY Mil"le*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. millenarius, fr. milleni a thousand each, fr. mille a thousand: cf. F. millénaire. See Mile.] Defn: Consisting of a thousand; millennial. MILLENARY Mil"le*na*ry, n. Defn: The space of a thousand years; a millennium; also, a Millenarian."During that millenary." Hare. MILLENNIAL Mil*len"ni*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the millennium, or to a thousand years; as, a millennial period; millennial happiness. MILLENNIALISM; MILLENNIARISM Mil*len"ni*al*ism, Mil*len"ni*a*rism, n. Defn: Belief in, or expectation of, the millennium; millenarianism. MILLENNIALIST Mil*len"ni*al*ist, n. Defn: One who believes that Christ will reign personally on earth a thousand years; a Chiliast; also, a believer in the universal prevalence of Christianity for a long period. MILLENNIST Mil"len*nist, n. Defn: One who believes in the millennium. [Obs.] Johnson. MILLENNIUM Mil*len"ni*um, n. Etym: [LL., fr. L. mille a thousand + annus a year. See Mile, and Annual.] Defn: A thousand years; especially, thousand years mentioned in the twentieth chapter in the twentieth chapter of Revelation, during which holiness is to be triumphant throughout the world. Some believe that, during this period, Christ will reign on earth in person with his saints. MILLEPED Mil"le*ped, n. Etym: [L. millepeda; mille a thousand + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. mille-pieds.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A myriapod with many legs, esp. a chilognath, as the galleyworm. [Written also millipede and milliped.] MILLEPORA Mil*le*po"ra, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Hydrocorallia, which includes the millipores. MILLEPORE Mil"le*pore, n. Etym: [L. mille thousand + porus pore: cf. F. millépore.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any coral of the genus Millepora, having the surface nearly smooth, and perforated with very minute unequal pores, or cells. The animals are hydroids, not Anthozoa. See Hydrocorallia. MILLEPORITE Mil"le*po*rite, n. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil millepore. MILLER Mill"er, n. 1. One who keeps or attends a flour mill or gristmill. 2. A milling machine. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A moth or lepidopterous insect; -- so called because the wings appear as if covered with white dust or powder, like a miller's clothes. Called also moth miller. (b) The eagle ray. (c) The hen harrier. [Prov. Eng.] Miller's thumb. (Zoöl.) (a) A small fresh-water fish of the genus Uranidea (formerly Cottus), as the European species (U. gobio), and the American (U. gracilis); -- called also bullhead. (b) A small bird, as the gold-crest, chiff- chaff, and long-tailed tit. [Prov. Eng.] MILLERITE Mil"ler*ite, n. Defn: A believer in the doctrine of William Miller (d. 1849), who taught that the end of the world and the second coming of Christ were at hand. MILLERITE Mil"ler*ite, n. Etym: [From W. H. Miller, of Cambridge, Eng.] (Min.) Defn: A sulphide of nickel, commonly occurring in delicate capillary crystals, also in incrustations of a bronze yellow; -- sometimes called hair pyrites. MILLESIMAL Mil*les"i*mal, a. Etym: [L. millesimus, fr. mille a thousand.] Defn: Thousandth; consisting of thousandth parts; as, millesimal fractions. MILLET Mil"let, n. Etym: [F., dim. of mil, L. milium; akin to Gr. mil.] (Bot.) Defn: The name of several cereal and forage grasses which bear an abundance of small roundish grains. The common millets of Germany and Southern Europe are Panicum miliaceum, and Setaria Italica. Note: Arabian millet is Sorghum Halepense. -- Egyptian or East Indian, millet is Penicillaria spicata. -- Indian millet is Sorghum vulgare. (See under Indian.) -- Italian millet is Setaria Italica, a coarse, rank-growing annual grass, valuable for fodder when cut young, and bearing nutritive seeds; -- called also Hungarian grass. -- Texas millet is Panicum Texanum. -- Wild millet, or Millet grass, is Milium effusum, a tail grass growing in woods. MILLI- Mil"li-. Etym: [From L. mille a thousand.] (Metric System, Elec., Mech., etc.) Defn: A prefix denoting a thousandth part of; as, millimeter, milligram, milliampère. MILLIAMPERE Mil`li*am`père", n. Etym: [Milli- + ampère.] (Elec.) Defn: The thousandth part of one ampère. MILLIARD Mil`liard", n. Etym: [F., from mille, mil, thousand, L. mille.] Defn: A thousand millions; -- called also billion. See Billion. MILLIARY Mil"li*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. milliarius containing a thousand, fr. mille thousand: cf. F. milliaire milliary. See Mile.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a mile, or to distance by miles; denoting a mile or miles. A milliary column, from which they used to compute the distance of all the cities and places of note. Evelyn. MILLIARY Mil"li*a*ry, n.; pl. Milliaries. Etym: [L. milliarium. See Milliary, a.] Defn: A milestone. MILLIER Mil`lier", n. Etym: [F., fr. mille thousand.] Defn: A weight of the metric system, being one million grams; a metric ton. MILLIFOLD Mil"li*fold`, a. Etym: [L. mille thousand + E. fold times.] Defn: Thousandfold. [R.] Davies (Holy Roode). MILLIGRAM; MILLIGRAMME Mil"li*gram, Mil"li*gramme, n. Etym: [F. milligramme; milli- milli- + gramme. See 3d Gram.] Defn: A measure of weight, in the metric system, being the thousandth part of a gram, equal to the weight of a cubic millimeter of water, or .01543 of a grain avoirdupois. MILLILITER; MILLILITRE Mil"li*li`ter, Mil"li*li`tre, n. Etym: [F. millilitre; milli- milli- + litre. See Liter.] Defn: A measure of capacity in the metric system, containing the thousandth part of a liter. It is a cubic centimeter, and is equal to .061 of an English cubic inch, or to .0338 of an American fluid ounce. MILLIMETER; MILLIMETRE Mil"li*me`ter, Mil"li*me`tre, n. Etym: [F. millimètre; milli- milli- + mètre. See 3d Meter.] Defn: A lineal measure in the metric system, containing the thousandth part of a meter; equal to .03937 of an inch. See 3d Meter. MILLIMICRON Mil"li*mi`cron, n. [Milli- + micron.] Defn: The thousandish part of a micron or the millionth part of a millimeter; -- a unit of length used in measuring light waves, etc. MILLINER Mil"li*ner, n. Etym: [From Milaner an inhabitant of Milan, in Italy; hence, a man from Milan who imported women's finery.] 1. Formerly, a man who imported and dealt in small articles of a miscellaneous kind, especially such as please the fancy of women. [Obs.] No milliner can so fit his customers with gloves. Shak. 2. A person, usually a woman, who makes, trims, or deals in hats, bonnets, headdresses, etc., for women. Man milliner, a man who makes or deals in millinery; hence, contemptuously, a man who is busied with trifling occupations or embellishments. MILLINERY Mil"li*ner*y, n. 1. The articles made or sold by milliners, as headdresses, hats or bonnets, laces, ribbons, and the like. 2. The business of work of a milliner. MILLINET Mil`li*net", n. Defn: A stiff cotton fabric used by milliners for lining bonnets. MILLING Mill"ing, n. Defn: The act or employment of grinding or passing through a mill; the process of fulling; the process of making a raised or intented edge upon coin, etc.; the process of dressing surfaces of various shapes with rotary cutters. See Mill. High milling, milling in which grain is reduced to flour by a succession of crackings, or of slight and partial crushings, alternately with sifting and sorting the product. -- Low milling, milling in which the reduction is effected in a single crushing or grinding. -- Milling cutter, a fluted, sharp-edged rotary cutter for dressing surfaces, as of metal, of various shapes. -- Milling machine, a machine tool for dressing surfaces by rotary cutters. -- Milling tool, a roller with indented edge or surface, for producing like indentations in metal by rolling pressure, as in turning; a knurling tool; a milling cutter. MILLION Mil"lion, n. Etym: [F., from LL. millio, fr. L. mille a thousand. See Mile.] 1. The number of ten hundred thousand, or a thousand thousand, -- written 1,000, 000. See the Note under Hundred 2. A very great number; an indefinitely large number. Millions of truths that a man is not concerned to know. Locke. 3. The mass of common people; -- with the article the. For the play, I remember, pleased not the million. Shak. MILLIONAIRE Mil`lion*aire", n. Etym: [F. millionnaire.] Defn: One whose wealth is counted by millions of francs, dollars, or pounds; a very rich person; a person worth a million or more. [Written also millionnaire.] MILLIONAIRESS Mil`lion*air"ess, n. Defn: A woman who is a millionaire, or the wife of a millionaire. [Humorous] Holmes. MILLIONARY Mil"lion*a*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to millions; consisting of millions; as, the millionary chronology of the pundits. Pinker MILLIONED Mil"lioned, a. Defn: Multiplied by millions; innumerable. [Obs.] Shak. MILLIONNAIRE Mil`lion`naire", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Millionaire. MILLIONTH Mil"lionth, a. Defn: Being the last one of a million of units or objects counted in regular order from the first of a series or succession; being one of a million. MILLIONTH Mil"lionth, n. Defn: The quotient of a unit divided by one million; one of a million equal parts. MILLIPED Mil"li*ped, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The same Milleped. MILLISTERE Mil"li*stere, n. Etym: [F. millistère, from milli- milli- + stère.] Defn: A liter, or cubic decimeter. MILLIWEBER Mil`li*we"ber, n. Etym: [Milli- + weber.] (Physics) Defn: The thousandth part of one weber. MILLREA; MILLREE; MILLREIS Mill"rea`, Mill"ree`, Mill"reis`, n. Defn: See Milreis. MILLRIND; MILLRYND Mill"rind`, Mill"rynd`, n. Etym: [Mill + rynd.] (Her.) Defn: A figure supposed to represent the iron which holds a millstone by being set into its center. MILL-SIXPENCE Mill"-sixpence, n. Defn: A milled sixpence; -- the sixpence being one of the first English coins milled (1561). MILLSTONE Mill"stone`, n. Defn: One of two circular stones used for grinding grain or other substance. No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge. Deut. xxiv. 6. Note: The cellular siliceous rock called buhrstone is usually employed for millstones; also, some kinds of lava, as that Niedermendig, or other firm rock with rough texture. The surface of a millstone has usually a series of radial grooves in which the powdered material collects. Millstone girt (Geol.), a hard and coarse, gritty sandstone, dividing the Carboniferous from the Subcarboniferous strata. See Farewell rock, under Farewell, a., and Chart of Geology. -- To see into, or through, a millstone, to see into or through a difficult matter. (Colloq.) MILLWORK Mill"work`, n. 1. The shafting, gearing, and other driving machinery of mils. 2. The business of setting up or of operating mill machinery. MILLWRIGHT Mill"wright`, n. Defn: A mechanic whose occupation is to build mills, or to set up their machinery. MILORD Mi*lord", n. [F. (also It., Sp., Russ.), fr. E. my lord.] Defn: Lit., my lord; hence (as used on the Continent), an English nobleman or gentleman. MILREIS Mil"reis`, n. Etym: [Pg. mil reis, i. e., one thousand reis; mil a thousand + reis, pl. of real a rei.] Defn: A Portuguese money of account rated in the treasury department of the United States at one dollar and eight cents; also, a Brazilian money of account rated at fifty-four cents and six mills. MILT Milt, n. Etym: [AS. milte; akin to D. milt, G. milz, OHG. milzi, Icel. milti, Dan. milt, Sw. mjälte, and prob. to E. malt, melt. sq. root108. See Malt the grain.] (Anat.) Defn: The spleen. MILT Milt, n. Etym: [Akin to Dan. melk, Sw. mjölke, G. milch, and E. milk. See Milk.] (Zoöl.) (a) The spermatic fluid of fishes. (b) The testes, or spermaries, of fishes when filled with spermatozoa. MILT Milt, v. t. Defn: To impregnate (the roe of a fish) with milt. MILTER Milt"er, n. Etym: [Cf. D. milter, G. milcher, milchner. See 2d Milt.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A male fish. MILTONIAN Mil*to"ni*an, a. Defn: Miltonic. Lowell. MILTONIC Mil*ton"ic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Milton, or his writings; as, Miltonic prose. MILTWASTE Milt"waste`, Etym: [1st milt + waste.] (Bot.) Defn: A small European fern (Asplenium Ceterach) formerly used in medicine. MILVINE Mil"vine, a. Etym: [L. milvus kite.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or resembling birds of the kite kind. MILVINE Mil"vine, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird related to the kite. MILVUS Mil"vus, n. Etym: [L., a kite.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of raptorial birds, including the European kite. MIME Mime, n. Etym: [L. mimus, Gr. mime. Cf. Mimosa.] 1. A kind of drama in which real persons and events were generally represented in a ridiculous manner. 2. An actor in such representations. MIME Mime, v. i. Defn: To mimic. [Obs.] -- Mim"er, n. MIMEOGRAPH Mim"e*o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: An autographic stencil copying device invented by Edison. MIMESIS Mi*me"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet. & Biol.) Defn: Imitation; mimicry. MIMETENE Mim"e*tene, n. (Min.) Defn: See Mimetite. MIMETIC; MIMETICAL Mi*met"ic, Mi*met"ic*al,Etym: [Gr. 1. Apt to imitate; given to mimicry; imitative. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Characterized by mimicry; -- applied to animals and plants; as, mimetic species; mimetic organisms. See Mimicry. MIMETISM Mim"e*tism, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Mimicry. MIMETITE Mim"e*tite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in pale yellow or brownish hexagonal crystals. It is an arseniate of lead. MIMIC; MIMICAL Mim"ic, Mim"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. mimicus, Gr. mimique. See Mime.] 1. Imitative; mimetic. Oft, in her absence, mimic fancy wakes To imitate her. Milton. Man is, of all creatures, the most mimical. W. Wotton. 2. Consisting of, or formed by, imitation; imitated; as, mimic gestures. "Mimic hootings." Wordsworth. 3. (Min.) Defn: Imitative; characterized by resemblance to other forms; -- applied to crystals which by twinning resemble simple forms of a higher grade of symmetry. Note: Mimic often implies something droll or ludicrous, and is less dignified than imitative. Mimic beetle (Zoöl.), a beetle that feigns death when disturbed, esp. the species of Hister and allied genera. MIMIC Mim"ic, n. Defn: One who imitates or mimics, especially one who does so for sport; a copyist; a buffoon. Burke. MIMIC Mim"ic, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mimicked; p. pr. & vb. n. Mimicking.] 1. To imitate or ape for sport; to ridicule by imitation. The walk, the words, the gesture, could supply, The habit mimic, and the mien belie. Dryden. 2. (Biol.) Defn: To assume a resemblance to (some other organism of a totally different nature, or some surrounding object), as a means of protection or advantage. Syn. -- To ape; imitate; counterfeit; mock. MIMICALLY Mim"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an imitative manner. MIMICKER Mim"ick*er, n. 1. One who mimics; a mimic. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal which imitates something else, in form or habits. MIMICRY Mim"ic*ry, n. 1. The act or practice of one who mimics; ludicrous imitation for sport or ridicule. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Protective resemblance; the resemblance which certain animals and plants exhibit to other animals and plants or to the natural objects among which they live, -- a characteristic which serves as their chief means of protection against enemies; imitation; mimesis; mimetism. MIMOGRAPHER Mi*mog"ra*pher, n. Etym: [L. mimographus, Gr. mimographe.] Defn: A writer of mimes. Sir T. Herbert. MIMOSA Mi*mo"sa, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Mime.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of leguminous plants, containing many species, and including the sensitive plants (Mimosa sensitiva, and M. pudica). Note: The term mimosa is also applied in commerce to several kinds bark imported from Australia, and used in tanning; -- called also wattle bark. Tomlinson. MIMOTANNIC Mi`mo*tan"nic, a. Etym: [Mimosa + tannic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a variety of tannin or tannic acid found in Acacia, Mimosa, etc. MINA Mi"na, n.; pl. L. Minæ, E. Minas. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: An ancient weight or denomination of money, of varying value. The Attic mina was valued at a hundred drachmas. MINA Mi"na, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Myna. MINABLE Min"a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be mined; as, minable earth. Sir T. North. MINACIOUS Mi*na"cious, a. Etym: [L. minax, -acis. See Menace.] Defn: Threatening; menacing. [R.] MINACITY Mi*nac"i*ty, n. Defn: Disposition to threaten. [R.] MINARET Min"a*ret, n. Etym: [Sp. minarete, Ar. manarat lamp, lantern, lighthouse, turret, fr. nar to shine.] (Arch.) Defn: A slender, lofty tower attached to a mosque and surrounded by one or more projecting balconies, from which the summon to prayer is cried by the muezzin. MINARGENT Min*ar"gent, n. Etym: [Prob. contr. from aluminium + L. argentum silver.] Defn: An alloy consisting of copper, nickel, tungsten, and aluminium; -- used by jewelers. MINATORIALLY; MINATORILY Min`a*to"ri*al*ly, Min"a*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a minatory manner; with threats. MINATORY Min"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. minatorius, fr. minari to threaten. See Menace.] Defn: Threatening; menacing. Bacon. MINAUL Mi*naul", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Manul. MINCE Mince, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minced; p. pr. & vb. n. Minging.] Etym: [AS. minsian to grow less, dwindle, fr. min small; akin to G. minder less, Goth. minniza less, mins less, adv., L. minor, adj. (cf. Minor); or more likely fr. F. mincer to mince, prob. from (assumed) LL. minutiare. Minish.] 1. To cut into very small pieces; to chop fine; to hash; as, to mince meat. Bacon. 2. To suppress or weaken the force of; to extenuate; to palliate; to tell by degrees, instead of directly and frankly; to clip, as words or expressions; to utter half and keep back half of. I know no ways to mince it in love, but directly to say -- "I love you." Shak. Siren, now mince the sin, And mollify damnation with a phrase. Dryden. If, to mince his meaning, I had either omitted some part of what he said, or taken from the strength of his expression, I certainly had wronged him. Dryden. 3. To affect; to make a parade of. [R.] Shak. MINCE Mince, v. i. 1. To walk with short steps; to walk in a prim, affected manner. The daughters of Zion are haughty, and walk with stretched forth necks and wanton eyes,... mincing as they go. Is. iii. 16. I 'll... turn two mincing steps Into a manly stride. Shak. 2. To act or talk with affected nicety; to affect delicacy in manner. MINCE Mince, n. Defn: A short, precise step; an affected manner. MINCE-MEAT Mince"-meat`, n. Defn: Minced meat; meat chopped very fine; a mixture of boiled meat, suet, apples, etc., chopped very fine, to which spices and raisins are added; -- used in making mince pie. MINCE PIE Mince" pie`. Defn: A pie made of mince-meat. MINCER Min"cer, n. Defn: One who minces. MINCING Min"cing, a. Defn: That minces; characterized by primness or affected nicety. MINCINGLY Min"cing*ly, adv. Defn: In a mincing manner; not fully; with affected nicety. MIND Mind, n. Etym: [AS. mynd, gemynd; akin to OHG. minna memory, love, G. minne love, Dan. minde mind, memory, remembrance, consent, vote, Sw. minne memory, Icel. minni, Goth. gamunds, L. mens, mentis, mind, Gr. manas mind, man to think. Comment, Man, Mean, v., 3d Mental, Mignonette, Minion, Mnemonic, Money.] 1. The intellectual or rational faculty in man; the understanding; the intellect; the power that conceives, judges, or reasons; also, the entire spiritual nature; the soul; -- often in distinction from the body. By the mind of man we understand that in him which thinks, remembers, reasons, wills. Reid. What we mean by mind is simply that which perceives, thinks, feels, wills, and desires. Sir W. Hamilton. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind. Rom. xiv. 5. The mind shall banquet, though the body pine. Shak. 2. The state, at any given time, of the faculties of thinking, willing, choosing, and the like; psychical activity or state; as: (a) Opinion; judgment; belief. A fool uttereth all his mind. Prov. xxix. 11. Being so hard to me that brought your mind, I fear she'll prove as hard to you in telling her mind. Shak. (b) Choice; inclination; liking; intent; will. If it be your minds, then let none go forth. 2 Kings ix. 15. (c) Courage; spirit. Chapman. 3. Memory; remembrance; recollection; as, to have or keep in mind, to call to mind, to put in mind, etc. To have a mind or great mind, to be inclined or strongly inclined in purpose; -- used with an infinitive. "Sir Roger de Coverly... told me that he had a great mind to see the new tragedy with me." Addison. -- To lose one's mind, to become insane, or imbecile. -- To make up one's mind, to come to an opinion or decision; to determine. -- To put in mind, to remind. "Regard us simply as putting you in mind of what you already know to be good policy." Jowett (Thucyd. ). MIND Mind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minded; p. pr. & vb. n. Minding.] Etym: [AS. myndian, gemyndian to remember. See Mind, n.] 1. To fix the mind or thoughts on; to regard with attention; to treat as of consequence; to consider; to heed; to mark; to note. "Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate." Rom. xii. 16. My lord, you nod: you do not mind the play. Shak. 2. To occupy one's self with; to employ one's self about; to attend to; as, to mind one's business. Bidding him be a good child, and mind his book. Addison. 3. To obey; as, to mind parents; the dog minds his master. 4. To have in mind; to purpose. Beaconsfield. I mind to tell him plainly what I think. Shak. 5. To put in mind; to remind. [Archaic] M. Arnold. He minded them of the mutability of all earthly things. Fuller. I do thee wrong to mind thee of it. Shak. Never mind, do not regard it; it is of no consequence; no matter. Syn. -- To notice; mark; regard; obey. See Attend. MIND Mind, v. i. Defn: To give attention or heed; to obey; as, the dog minds well. MINDED Mind"ed, a. Defn: Disposed; inclined; having a mind. Joseph... was minded to put her away privily. Matt. i. 19. If men were minded to live virtuously. Tillotson. Note: Minded is much used in composition; as, high-minded, feeble- minded, sober-minded, double-minded. MINDER Mind"er, n. 1. One who minds, tends, or watches something, as a child, a machine, or cattle; as, a minder of a loom. 2. One to be attended; specif., a pauper child intrusted to the care of a private person. [Eng.] Dickens. MINDFUL Mind"ful, a. Defn: Bearing in mind; regardful; attentive; heedful; observant. What is man, that thou art mindful of him Ps. viii. 4. I promise you to be mindful of your admonitions. Hammond. -- Mind"ful*ly, adv. -- Mind"ful*ness, n. MINDING Mind"ing, n. Defn: Regard; mindfulness. MINDLESS Mind"less, a. 1. Not indued with mind or intellectual powers; stupid; unthinking. 2. Unmindful; inattentive; heedless; careless. Cursed Athens, mindless of thy worth. Shak. MINE Mine, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Mien. [Obs.] MINE Mine, pron. & a. Etym: [OE. min, fr. AS. min; akin to D. mijn, OS., OFries., & OHG. min, G. mein, Sw. & Dan. min, Icel. minn, Goth. meins my, mine, meina of me, and E. me. Me, and cf. My.] Defn: Belonging to me; my. Used as a pronominal to me; my. Used as a pronominal adjective in the predicate; as, "Vengeance is mine; I will repay." Rom. xii. 19. Also, in the old style, used attributively, instead of my, before a noun beginning with a vowel. I kept myself from mine iniquity. Ps. xviii. 23. Note: Mine is often used absolutely, the thing possessed being understood; as, his son is in the army, mine in the navy. When a man deceives me once, says the Italian proverb, it is his fault; when twice, it is mine. Bp. Horne. This title honors me and mine. Shak. She shall have me and mine. Shak. MINE Mine, v. i. Etym: [F. miner, L. minare to drive animals, in LL. also, to lead, conduct, dig a mine (cf. E. lode, and lead to conduct), akin to L. minari to threaten; cf. Sp. mina mine, conduit, subterraneous canal, a spring or source of water, It. mina. See Menace, and cf. Mien.] 1. To dig a mine or pit in the earth; to get ore, metals, coal, or precious stones, out of the earth; to dig in the earth for minerals; to dig a passage or cavity under anything in order to overthrow it by explosives or otherwise. 2. To form subterraneous tunnel or hole; to form a burrow or lodge in the earth; as, the mining cony. MINE Mine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mined; p. pr. & vb. n. Mining.] 1. To dig away, or otherwise remove, the substratum or foundation of; to lay a mine under; to sap; to undermine; hence, to ruin or destroy by slow degrees or secret means. They mined the walls. Hayward. Too lazy to cut down these immense trees, the spoilers... had mined them, and placed a quantity of gunpowder in the cavity. Sir W. Scott. 2. To dig into, for ore or metal. Lead veins have been traced... but they have not been mined. Ure. 3. To get, as metals, out of the earth by digging. The principal ore mined there is the bituminous cinnabar. Ure. MINE Mine, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. mina. See Mine, v. i.] 1. A subterranean cavity or passage; especially: (a) A pit or excavation in the earth, from which metallic ores, precious stones, coal, or other mineral substances are taken by digging; -- distinguished from the pits from which stones for architectural purposes are taken, and which are called quarries. (b) (Mil.) A cavity or tunnel made under a fortification or other work, for the purpose of blowing up the superstructure with some explosive agent. 2. Any place where ore, metals, or precious stones are got by digging or washing the soil; as, a placer mine.gold mine 3. Fig.: A rich source of wealth or other good. Shak. Mine dial, a form of magnetic compass used by miners. -- Mine pig, pig iron made wholly from ore; in distinction from cinder pig, which is made from ore mixed with forge or mill cinder. Raymond. MINER Min"er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mineur.] 1. One who mines; a digger for metals, etc.; one engaged in the business of getting ore, coal, or precious stones, out of the earth; one who digs military mines; as, armies have sappers and miners. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Any of numerous insects which, in the larval state, excavate galleries in the parenchyma of leaves. They are mostly minute moths and dipterous flies. (b) The chattering, or garrulous, honey eater of Australia (Myzantha garrula). Miner's elbow (Med.), a swelling on the black of the elbow due to inflammation of the bursa over the olecranon; -- so called because of frequent occurrence in miners. -- Miner's inch, in hydraulic mining, the amount of water flowing under a given pressure in a given time through a hole one inch in diameter. It is a unit for measuring the quantity of water supplied. MINERAL Min"er*al, n. Etym: [F. minéral, LL. minerale, fr. minera mine. See Mine, v. i.] 1. An inorganic species or substance occurring in nature, having a definite chemical composition and usually a distinct crystalline form. Rocks, except certain glassy igneous forms, are either simple minerals or aggregates of minerals. 2. A mine. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Anything which is neither animal nor vegetable, as in the most general classification of things into three kingdoms (animal, vegetable, and mineral). MINERAL Min"er*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to minerals; consisting of a mineral or of minerals; as, a mineral substance. 2. Impregnated with minerals; as, mineral waters. Mineral acids (Chem.), inorganic acids, as sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric, hydrochloric, acids, etc., as distinguished from the organic acids. -- Mineral blue, the name usually given to azurite, when reduced to an impalpable powder for coloring purposes. -- Mineral candle, a candle made of paraffine. -- Mineral caoutchouc, an elastic mineral pitch, a variety of bitumen, resembling caoutchouc in elasticity and softness. See Caoutchouc, and Elaterite. -- Mineral chameleon (Chem.) See Chameleon mineral, under Chameleon. -- Mineral charcoal. See under Charcoal. -- Mineral cotton. See Mineral wool (below). -- Mineral green, a green carbonate of copper; malachite. -- Mineral kingdom (Nat. Sci.), that one of the three grand divisions of nature which embraces all inorganic objects, as distinguished from plants or animals. -- Mineral oil. See Naphtha, and Petroleum. -- Mineral paint, a pigment made chiefly of some natural mineral substance, as red or yellow iron ocher. -- Mineral patch. See Bitumen, and Asphalt. -- Mineral right, the right of taking minerals from land. -- Mineral salt (Chem.), a salt of a mineral acid. -- Mineral tallow, a familiar name for hatchettite, from its fatty or spermaceti-like appearance. -- Mineral water. See under Water. -- Mineral wax. See Ozocerite. -- Mineral wool, a fibrous wool-like material, made by blowing a powerful jet of air or steam through melted slag. It is a poor conductor of heat. MINERALIST Min"er*al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. minéraliste.] Defn: One versed in minerals; mineralogist. [R.] MINERALIZATION Min`er*al*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. minéralisation.] 1. The process of mineralizing, or forming a mineral by combination of a metal with another element; also, the process of converting into a mineral, as a bone or a plant. 2. The act of impregnating with a mineral, as water. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The conversion of a cell wall into a material of a stony nature. MINERALIZE Min"er*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mineralized; p. pr. & vb. n. Mineralizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. minéraliser.] 1. To transform into a mineral. In these caverns the bones are not mineralized. Buckland. 2. To impregnate with a mineral; as, mineralized water. MINERALIZE Min"er*al*ize, v. i. Defn: To go on an excursion for observing and collecting minerals; to mineralogize. MINERALIZER Min"er*al*i`zer, n. Defn: An element which is combined with a metal, thus forming an ore. Thus, in galena, or lead ore, sulphur is a mineralizer; in hematite, oxygen is a mineralizer. MINERALOGICAL Min`er*al*og"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. minéralogique. See Mineralogy.] Defn: Of or pertaining to mineralogy; as, a mineralogical table. MINERALOGICALLY Min`er*al*og"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: According to the principles of, or with reference to, mineralogy. MINERALOGIST Min`er*al"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. minéralogiste.] 1. One versed in mineralogy; one devoted to the study of minerals. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A carrier shell (Phorus). MINERALOGIZE Min`er*al"o*gize, v. i. Defn: To study mineralogy by collecting and examining minerals. Miss Edgeworth. MINERALOGY Min`er*al"o*gy, n.; pl. Mineralogies. Etym: [Mineral + -logy: cf. F. minéralogie.] 1. The science which treats of minerals, and teaches how to describe, distinguish, and classify them. 2. A treatise or book on this science. MINERVA Mi*ner"va, n. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Myth.) Defn: The goddess of wisdom, of war, of the arts and sciences, of poetry, and of spinning and weaving; -- identified with the Grecian Pallas Athene. MINETTE Mi*nette", n. Defn: The smallest of regular sizes of portrait photographs. MINEVER Min"e*ver, n. Defn: Same as Miniver. MINGE Minge, v. t. Etym: [AS. myngian; akin to E. mind.] Defn: To mingle; to mix. [Obs.] MINGE Minge, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupt. fr. midge.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small biting fly; a midge. [Local, U. S.] MINGLE Min"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mingled; p. pr. & vb. n. Mingling.] Etym: [From OE. mengen, AS. mengan; akin to D. & G. mengen, Icel. menga, also to E. among, and possibly to mix. Cf. Among, Mongrel.] 1. To mix; intermix; to combine or join, as an individual or part, with other parts, but commonly so as to be distinguishable in the product; to confuse; to confound. There was... fire mingled with the hail. Ex. ix. 24. 2. To associate or unite in society or by ties of relationship; to cause or allow to intermarry; to intermarry. The holy seed have mingled themselves with the people of those lands. Ezra ix. 2. 3. To deprive of purity by mixture; to contaminate. A mingled, imperfect virtue. Rogers. 4. To put together; to join. [Obs.] Shak. 5. To make or prepare by mixing the ingredients of. [He] proceeded to mingle another draught. Hawthorne. MINGLE Min"gle, v. i. Defn: To become mixed or blended. MINGLE Min"gle, n. Defn: A mixture. [Obs.] Dryden. MINGLEABLE Min"gle*a*ble, a. Defn: That can be mingled. Boyle. MINGLEDLY Min"gled*ly, adv. Defn: Confusedly. MINGLE-MANGLE Min"gle-man`gle, v. t. Etym: [Reduplicated fr. mingle.] Defn: To mix in a disorderly way; to make a mess of. [Obs.] Udall. MINGLE-MANGLE Min"gle-man`gle, n. Defn: A hotchpotch. [Obs.] Latimer. MINGLEMENT Min"gle*ment, n. Defn: The act of mingling, or the state of being mixed. MINGLER Min"gler, n. Defn: One who mingles. MINGLINGLY Min"gling*ly, adv. Defn: In a mingling manner. MINIACEOUS; MINACEOUS Min`i*a"ceous, a. Defn: Of the color of minium or red lead; miniate. MINIARD Min"iard, a. Defn: Migniard. [Obs.] MINIARDIZE Min"iard*ize, v. t. Defn: To render delicate or dainty. [Obs.] Howell. MINIATE Min"i*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Miniated; p. pr. & vb. n. Miniating.] Etym: [L. miniatus, p. p. of miniare. See Minium.] Defn: To paint or tinge with red lead or vermilion; also, to decorate with letters, or the like, painted red, as the page of a manuscript. T. Wharton. MINIATE Min"i*ate, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the color of red lead or vermilion; painted with vermilion. MINIATURE Min"i*a*ture, n. Etym: [It. miniatura, fr. L. miniare. See Miniate, v.,Minium.] 1. Originally, a painting in colors such as those in mediæval manuscripts; in modern times, any very small painting, especially a portrait. 2. Greatly diminished size or form; reduced scale. 3. Lettering in red; rubric distinction. [Obs.] 4. A particular feature or trait. [Obs.] Massinger. MINIATURE Min"i*a*ture, a. Defn: Being on a small; much reduced from the reality; as, a miniature copy. MINIATURE Min"i*a*ture, v. t. Defn: To represent or depict in a small compass, or on a small scale. MINIATURIST Min"i*a*tur`ist, n. Defn: A painter of miniatures. MINIBUS Min"i*bus, n. Etym: [L. minor less + -bus, as in omnibus.] Defn: A kind of light passenger vehicle, carrying four persons. MINIE BALL Min"ie ball`. Etym: [From the inventor, Captain Minié, of France.] Defn: A conical rifle bullet, with a cavity in its base plugged with a piece of iron, which, by the explosion of the charge, is driven farther in, expanding the sides to fit closely the grooves of the barrel. MINIE RIFLE Min"ie ri"fle. Defn: A rifle adapted to minie balls. MINIFY Min"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minified; p. pr. & vb. n. Minifying.] Etym: [L. minor less + -fly.] 1. To make small, or smaller; to diminish the apparent dimensions of; to lessen. 2. To degrade by speech or action. MINIKIN Min"i*kin, n. Etym: [OD. minneken a darling, dim. of minne love; akin to G. minne, and to E. mind.] 1. A little darling; a favorite; a minion. [Obs.] Florio. 2. A little pin. [Obs.] MINIKIN Min"i*kin, a. Defn: Small; diminutive. Shak. MINIM Min"im, n. Etym: [F. minime, L. minimus the least, smallest, a superl. of minor: cf. It. minima a note in music. See Minor, and cf. Minimum.] 1. Anything very minute; as, the minims of existence; -- applied to animalcula; and the like. 2. The smallest liquid measure, equal to about one drop; the sixtieth part of a fluid drachm. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small fish; a minnow. [Prov. Eng.] 4. A little man or being; a dwarf. [Obs.] Milton. 5. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of an austere order of mendicant hermits of friars founded in the 15th century by St. Francis of Paola. 6. (Mus.) Defn: A time note, formerly the shortest in use; a half note, equal to half a semibreve, or two quarter notes or crotchets. 7. A short poetical encomium. [Obs.] Spenser. MINIM Min"im, a. Defn: Minute. "Minim forms." J. R. Drake. MINIMAL Min"i*mal, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or having a character of, a minim or minimum; least; smallest; as, a minimal amount or value. MINIMENT Min"i*ment, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupt. of moniment.] Defn: A trifle; a trinket; a token. [Obs.] Spenser. MINIMIZATION Min`i*mi*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of minimizing. Bentham. MINIMIZE Min"i*mize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minimized; p. pr. & vb. n. Minimizimg.] Defn: To reduce to the smallest part or proportion possible; to reduce to a minimum. Bentham. MINIMUM Min"i*mum, n.; pl. Minima. Etym: [L., fr. minimus. See Minim.] Defn: The least quantity assignable, admissible, or possible, in a given case; hence, a thing of small consequence; -- opposed to Ant: maximum. MINIMUM THERMOMETER Minimum thermometer Defn: , a thermometer for recording the lowest temperature since its last adjustment. MINIMUS Min"i*mus, n.; pl. Minimi. Etym: [L. See Minim.] 1. A being of the smallest size. [Obs.] Shak. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The little finger; the fifth digit, or that corresponding to it, in either the manus or pes. MINING Min"ing, n. Etym: [See Mine, v. i.] Defn: The act or business of making mines or of working them. MINING Min"ing, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to mines; as, mining engineer; mining machinery; a mining region. Mining engineering. See the Note under Engineering. MINION Min"ion, n. Defn: Minimum. [Obs.] Burton. MINION Min"ion, n. Etym: [F. mignon, fr. OHG. minni love, G. minne; akin to E. mind. See Mind, and cf. Mignonette.] 1. A loved one; one highly esteemed and favored; -- in a good sense. [Obs.] God's disciple and his dearest minion. Sylvester. Is this the Athenian minion whom the world Voiced so regardfully Shak. 2. An obsequious or servile dependent or agent of another; a fawning favorite. Sir J. Davies. Go, rate thy minions, proud, insulting boy! Shak. 3. (Print.) Defn: A small kind of type, in size between brevier and nonpareil. This line is printed in minion type. 4. An ancient form of ordnance, the caliber of which was about three inches. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. MINION Min"ion, a. Etym: [See 2d Minion.] Defn: Fine; trim; dainty. [Obs.] "Their... minion dancing." Fryth. MINIONETTE Min`ion*ette", a. Defn: Small; delicate. [Obs.] "His minionette face." Walpole. MINIONETTE Min"ion*ette, n. (Print.) Defn: A size of type between nonpareil and minion; -- used in ornamental borders, etc. MINIONING Min"ion*ing, n. Defn: Kind treatment. [Obs.] MINIONIZE Min"ion*ize, v. t. Defn: To flavor. [Obs.] MINIONLIKE; MINIONLY Min"ion*like`, Min"ion*ly, a. & adv. Defn: Like a minion; daintily. Camden. MINIONSHIP Min"ion*ship, n. Defn: State of being a minion. [R.] MINIOUS Min"ious, a. Etym: [L. minium red lead.] Defn: Of the color of red or vermilion. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. MINISH Min"ish, v. t. Etym: [OE. menusen, F. menuiser to make small, cut small, fr. (assumed) LL. minutiare, for minutare, fr. L. minutus small. See Minute, a., and cf. Diminish, Minge.] Defn: To diminish; to lessen. The living of poor men thereby minished. Latimer. MINISHMENT Min"ish*ment, n. Defn: The act of diminishing, or the state of being diminished; diminution. [Obs.] MINISTER Min"is*ter, n. Etym: [OE. ministre, F. ministre, fr. L. minister, orig. a double comparative from the root of minor less, and hence meaning, an inferior, a servant. See 1st Minor, and cf. Master, Minstrel.] 1. A servant; a subordinate; an officer or assistant of inferior rank; hence, an agent, an instrument. Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua. Ex. xxiv. 13. I chose Camillo for the minister, to poison My friend Polixenes. Shak. 2. An officer of justice. [Obs.] I cry out the on the ministres, quod he, That shoulde keep and rule this cité. Chaucer. 3. One to whom the sovereign or executive head of a government intrusts the management of affairs of state, or some department of such affairs. Ministers to kings, whose eyes, ears, and hands they are, must be answerable to God and man. Bacon. 4. A representative of a government, sent to the court, or seat of government, of a foreign nation to transact diplomatic business. Note: Ambassadors are classed (in the diplomatic sense) in the first rank of public ministers, ministers plenipotentiary in the second. "The United States diplomatic service employs two classes of ministers, -- ministers plenipotentiary and ministers resident." Abbott. 5. One who serves at the altar; one who performs sacerdotal duties; the pastor of a church duly authorized or licensed to preach the gospel and administer the sacraments. Addison. Syn. -- Delegate; official; ambassador; clergyman; parson; priest. MINISTER Min"is*ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ministered; p. pr. & vb. n. Ministering.] Etym: [OE. ministren, OF. ministrer, fr. L. ministrare. See Minister, n.] Defn: To furnish or apply; to afford; to supply; to administer. He that ministereth seed to the sower. 2 Cor. ix. 10. We minister to God reason to suspect us. Jer. Taylor. MINISTER Min"is*ter, v. i. 1. To act as a servant, attendant, or agent; to attend and serve; to perform service in any office, sacred or secular. The Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister. Matt. xx. 28. 2. To supply or to things needful; esp., to supply consolation or remedies. Matt. xxv. 44. Canst thou not minister to a mind diseased Shak. MINISTERIAL Min`is*te"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. ministerialis: cf. F. ministériel. See Minister, and cf. Minstrel.] 1. Of or pertaining to ministry or service; serving; attendant. Enlightening spirits and ministerial flames. Prior. 2. Of or pertaining to the office of a minister or to the ministry as a body, whether civil or sacerdotal. "Ministerial offices." Bacon. "A ministerial measure." Junius. "Ministerial garments." Hooker. 3. Tending to advance or promote; contributive. "Ministerial to intellectual culture." De Quincey. The ministerial benches, the benches in the House of Commons occupied by members of the cabinet and their supporters; -- also, the persons occupying them. "Very solid and very brilliant talents distinguish the ministerial benches." Burke. Syn. -- Official; priestly; sacerdotal; ecclesiastical. MINISTERIALIST Min`is*te"ri*al*ist, n. Defn: A supporter of the ministers, or the party in power. MINISTERIALLY Min`is*te"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a ministerial manner; in the character or capacity of a minister. MINISTERY Min"is*ter*y, n. Defn: See Ministry. Milton. MINISTRACY Min"is*tra*cy, n. Defn: Ministration. [Obs.] MINISTRAL Min"is*tral, a. Defn: Ministerial. [Obs.] Johnson. MINISTRANT Min"is*trant, a. Etym: [L. ministrans, -antis, of ministrare to minister.] Defn: Performing service as a minister; attendant on service; acting under command; subordinate. "Princedoms and dominations ministrant." Milton. -- n. Defn: One who ministers. MINISTRATION Min`is*tra"tion, n. Etym: [L. ministratio, fr. ministrare.] Defn: The act of ministering; service; ministry. "The days of his ministration." Luke i. 23. MINISTRATIVE Min"is*tra*tive, a. Defn: Serving to aid; ministering. MINISTRESS Min"is*tress, n. Etym: [Cf. L. ministrix.] Defn: A woman who ministers. Akenside. MINISTRY Min"is*try, n.; pl. Ministries. Etym: [L. ministerium. See Minister, n., and cf. Mystery a trade.] 1. The act of ministering; ministration; service. "With tender ministry." Thomson. 2. Hence: Agency; instrumentality. The ordinary ministry of second causes. Atterbury. The wicked ministry of arms. Dryden. 3. The office, duties, or functions of a minister, servant, or agent; ecclesiastical, executive, or ambassadorial function or profession. 4. The body of ministers of state; also, the clergy, as a body. 5. Administration; rule; term in power; as, the ministry of Pitt. MINISTRYSHIP Min"is*try*ship, n. Defn: The office of a minister. Swift. MINIUM Min"i*um, n. Etym: [L. minium, an Iberian word, the Romans getting all their cinnabar from Spain; cf. Basque armineá.] (Chem.) Defn: A heavy, brilliant red pigment, consisting of an oxide of lead, Pb3O4, obtained by exposing lead or massicot to a gentle and continued heat in the air. It is used as a cement, as a paint, and in the manufacture of flint glass. Called also red lead. MINIVER Min"i*ver, n. Etym: [See Meniver.] Defn: A fur esteemed in the Middle Ages as a part of costume. It is uncertain whether it was the fur of one animal only or of different animals. MINIVET Min"i*vet, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A singing bird of India of the family Campephagidæ. MINK Mink, n. Etym: [Cf. 2d Minx.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A carnivorous mammal of the genus Putorius, allied to the weasel. The European mink is Putorius lutreola. The common American mink (P. vison) varies from yellowish brown to black. Its fur is highly valued. Called also minx, nurik, and vison. MINNESINGER Min"ne*sing`er, n. Etym: [G., fr. minne love + singen to sing.] Defn: A love-singer; specifically, one of a class of German poets and musicians who flourished from about the middle of the twelfth to the middle of the fourteenth century. They were chiefly of noble birth, and made love and beauty the subjects of their verses. MINNOW Min"now, n. Etym: [OE. menow, cf. AS. myne; also OE. menuse, OF. menuise small fish; akin to E. minish, minute.] [Written also minow.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European fresh-water cyprinoid fish (Phoxinus lævis, formerly Leuciscus phoxinus); sometimes applied also to the young of larger kinds; -- called also minim and minny. The name is also applied to several allied American species, of the genera Phoxinus, Notropis, or Minnilus, and Rhinichthys. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any of numerous small American cyprinodont fishes of the genus Fundulus, and related genera. They live both in fresh and in salt water. Called also killifish, minny, and mummichog.mummichog MINNY Min"ny, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A minnow. MINO BIRD Mi"no bird". Etym: [Hind. maina.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An Asiatic bird (Gracula musica), allied to the starlings. It is black, with a white spot on the wings, and a pair of flat yellow wattles on the head. It is often tamed and taught to pronounce words. MINOR Mi"nor, a. Etym: [L., a comparative with no positive; akin to AS. min small, G. minder less, OHG. minniro, a., min, adv., Icel. minni, a., minnr, adv., Goth. minniza, a., mins, adv., Ir. & Gael. min small, tender, L. minuere to lessen, Gr. mi to damage. Cf. Minish, Minister, Minus, Minute.] 1. Inferior in bulk, degree, importance, etc.; less; smaller; of little account; as, minor divisions of a body. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Less by a semitone in interval or difference of pitch; as, a minor third. Asia Minor (Geog.), the Lesser Asia; that part of Asia which lies between the Euxine, or Black Sea, on the north, and the Mediterranean on the south. -- Minor mode (Mus.), that mode, or scale, in which the third and sixth are minor, -- much used for mournful and solemn subjects. -- Minor orders (Eccl.), the rank of persons employed in ecclesiastical offices who are not in holy orders, as doorkeepers, acolytes, etc. -- Minor scale (Mus.) The form of the minor scale is various. The strictly correct form has the third and sixth minor, with a semitone between the seventh and eighth, which involves an augmented second interval, or three semitones, between the sixth and seventh, as, 6/F, 7/G#, 8/A. But, for melodic purposes, both the sixth and the seventh are sometimes made major in the ascending, and minor in the descending, scale, thus: --See Major. -- Minor term of syllogism (Logic), the subject of the conclusion. MINOR Mi"nor, n. 1. A person of either sex who has not attained the age at which full civil rights are accorded; an infant; in England and the United States, one under twenty-one years of age. Note: In hereditary monarchies, the minority of a sovereign ends at an earlier age than of a subject. The minority of a sovereign of Great Britain ends upon the completion of the eighteenth year of his age. 2. (Logic) Defn: The minor term, that is, the subject of the conclusion; also, the minor premise, that is, that premise which contains the minor term; in hypothetical syllogisms, the categorical premise. It is the second proposition of a regular syllogism, as in the following: Every act of injustice partakes of meanness; to take money from another by gaming is an act of injustice; therefore, the taking of money from another by gaming partakes of meanness. 3. A Minorite; a Franciscan friar. MINORAT Mi`no*rat", n. [G. Cf. Minor, a.] (Law) Defn: A custom or right, analogous to borough-English in England, formerly existing in various parts of Europe, and surviving in parts of Germany and Austria, by which certain entailed estates, as a homestead and adjacent land, descend to the youngest male heir. MINORATE Mi"nor*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. minoratus; p. p. of minorare to diminish, fr. minor, a. See 1st Minor.] Defn: To diminish. [R.] Sir T. Browne. MINORATION Mi`nor*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. minoratio: cf. F. minoration.] Defn: A diminution. [R.] Sir T. Browne. MINORESS Mi"nor*ess, n. Defn: See Franciscan Nuns, under Franciscan, a. MINORITE Mi"nor*ite, n. Etym: [L. minor less. Cf. 2d Minor, 3.] Defn: A Franciscan friar. MINORITY Mi*nor"i*ty, n.; pl. Minorities. Etym: [Cf. F. minorité. See Minor, a. & n.] 1. The state of being a minor, or under age. 2. State of being less or small. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 3. The smaller number; -- opposed to Ant: majority; as, the minority must be ruled by the majority. MINOS Mi"nos, n. Etym: [Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A king and lawgiver of Crete, fabled to be the son of Jupiter and Europa. After death he was made a judge in the Lower Regions. MINOTAUR Min"o*taur, n. Etym: [L. Minotaurus, Gr. Mi`nos, the husband of Pasiphaë + tay^ros a bull, the Minotaur being the offspring of Pasiphaë and a bull: cf. F. minotaure.] (Class. Myth.) Defn: A fabled monster, half man and half bull, confined in the labyrinth constructed by Dædalus in Crete. MINOW Min"ow, n. Defn: See Minnow. MINSTER Min"ster, n. Etym: [AS. mynster, fr. L. monasterium. See Monastery.] (Arch.) Defn: A church of a monastery. The name is often retained and applied to the church after the monastery has ceased to exist (as Beverly Minster, Southwell Minster, etc.), and is also improperly used for any large church. Minster house, the official house in which the canons of a cathedral live in common or in rotation. Shipley. MINSTREL Min"strel, n. Etym: [OE. minstrel, menestral, OF. menestrel, fr. LL. ministerialis servant, workman (cf. ministrellus harpist), fr. L. ministerium service. See Ministry, and cf. Ministerial.] Defn: In the Middle Ages, one of an order of men who subsisted by the arts of poetry and music, and sang verses to the accompaniment of a harp or other instrument; in modern times, a poet; a bard; a singer and harper; a musician. Chaucer. MINSTRELSY Min"strel*sy, n. 1. The arts and occupation of minstrels; the singing and playing of a minstrel. 2. Musical instruments. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A collective body of minstrels, or musicians; also, a collective body of minstrels' songs. Chaucer. "The minstrelsy of heaven." Milton. MINT Mint, n. Etym: [AS. minte, fr. L. mentha, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The name of several aromatic labiate plants, mostly of the genus Mentha, yielding odoriferous essential oils by distillation. See Mentha. Note: Corn mint is Mentha arvensis. -- Horsemint is M. sylvestris, and in the United States Monarda punctata, which differs from the true mints in several respects. -- Mountain mint is any species of the related genus Pycnanthemum, common in North America. -- Peppermint is M. piperita. -- Spearmint is M. viridis. -- Water mint is M. aquatica. Mint camphor. (Chem.) See Menthol. -- Mint julep. See Julep. -- Mint sauce, a sauce flavored with spearmint, for meats. MINT Mint, n. Etym: [AS. mynet money, coin, fr. L. moneta the mint, coined money, fr. Moneta, a surname of Juno, in whose at Rome money was coined; akin to monere to warn, admonish, AS. manian, and to E. mind. See Mind, and cf. Money, Monition.] 1. A place where money is coined by public authority. 2. Hence: Any place regarded as a source of unlimited supply; the supply itself. A mint of phrases in his brain. Shak. MINT Mint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Minted; p. pr. & vb. n. Minting.] Etym: [AS. mynetian.] 1. To make by stamping, as money; to coin; to make and stamp into money. 2. To invent; to forge; to fabricate; to fashion. Titles... of such natures as may be easily minted. Bacon. Minting mill, a coining press. MINTAGE Mint"age, n. 1. The coin, or other production, made in a mint. Stamped in clay, a heavenly mintage. Sterling. 2. The duty paid to the mint for coining. MINTER Mint"er, n. Defn: One who mints. MINTMAN Mint"man, n.; pl. Mintmen (. Defn: One skilled in coining, or in coins; a coiner. MINT-MASTER Mint"-mas`ter, n. Defn: The master or superintendent of a mint. Also used figuratively. MINT SAUCE Mint sauce. 1. A sauce of vinegar and sugar flavored with spearmint leaves. 2. Money. [Slang, Eng.] MINUEND Min"u*end, n. Etym: [L. minuendus to be diminished, fr. minuere to lessen, diminish. See Minish.] (Arith.) Defn: The number from which another number is to be subtracted. MINUET Min"u*et, n. Etym: [F., fr. menu small, L. minutus small. So called on account of the short steps of the dance. See 4th Minute.] 1. A slow graceful dance consisting of a coupee, a high step, and a balance. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A tune or air to regulate the movements of the dance so called; a movement in suites, sonatas, symphonies, etc., having the dance form, and commonly in 3-4, sometimes 3-8, measure. MINUM Min"um, n. Etym: [See 2d Minion, Minum, 6.] [Obs.] 1. A small kind of printing type; minion. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A minim. MINUS Mi"nus, a. Etym: [L. See Minor, and cf. Mis- pref. from the French.] (Math.) Defn: Less; requiring to be subtracted; negative; as, a minus quantity. Minus sign (Math.), the sign [-] denoting minus, or less, prefixed to negative quantities, or quantities to be subtracted. See Negative sign, under Negative. MINUSCULE Mi*nus"cule, n. Etym: [L. minusculus rather small, fr. minus less: cf. F. minuscule.] 1. Any very small, minute object. 2. A small Roman letter which is neither capital nor uncial; a manuscript written in such letters. -- a. Defn: Of the size and style of minuscules; written in minuscules. These minuscule letters are cursive forms of the earlier uncials. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). MINUTARY Min"u*ta*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, minutes. [Obs.] Fuller. MINUTE Min"ute, n. Etym: [LL. minuta a small portion, small coin, fr. L. minutus small: cf. F. minute. See 4th Minute.] 1. The sixtieth part of an hour; sixty seconds. (Abbrev. m.; as, 4 h. 30 m.) Four minutes, that is to say, minutes of an hour. Chaucer. 2. The sixtieth part of a degree; sixty seconds (Marked thus (`); as, 10º 20`.) 3. A nautical or a geographic mile. 4. A coin; a half farthing. [Obs.] Wyclif (Mark xii. 42) 5. A very small part of anything, or anything very small; a jot; a tittle. [Obs.] Minutes and circumstances of his passion. Jer. Taylor. 6. A point of time; a moment. I go this minute to attend the king. Dryden. 7. The memorandum; a record; a note to preserve the memory of anything; as, to take minutes of a contract; to take minutes of a conversation or debate. 8. (Arch.) Defn: A fixed part of a module. See Module. Note: Different writers take as the minute one twelfth, one eighteenth, one thirtieth, or one sixtieth part of the module. MINUTE Min"ute, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a minute or minutes; occurring at or marking successive minutes. Minute bell, a bell tolled at intervals of a minute, as to give notice of a death or a funeral. -- Minute book, a book in which written minutes are entered. -- Minute glass, a glass measuring a minute or minutes by the running of sand. -- Minute gun, a discharge of a cannon repeated every minute as a sign of distress or mourning. -- Minute hand, the long hand of a watch or clock, which makes the circuit of the dial in an hour, and marks the minutes. MINUTE Min"ute, v. t. Etym: [imp. & p. p. Minuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Minuting.] Defn: To set down a short sketch or note of; to jot down; to make a minute or a brief summary of. The Empress of Russia, with her own hand, minuted an edict for universal tolerance. Bancroft. MINUTE Mi*nute", a. Etym: [L. minutus, p. p. of minuere to lessen. See Minish, Minor, and cf. Menu, Minuet.] 1. Very small; little; tiny; fine; slight; slender; inconsiderable. "Minute drops." Milton. 2. Attentive to small things; paying attention to details; critical; particular; precise; as, a minute observer; minute observation. Syn. -- Little; diminutive; fine; critical; exact; circumstantial; particular; detailed. -- Minute, Circumstantial, Particular. A circumstantial account embraces all the leading events; a particular account includes each event and movement, though of but little importance; a minute account goes further still, and omits nothing as to person, time, place, adjuncts, etc. MINUTE-JACK Mi*nute"-jack`, n. 1. A figure which strikes the hour on the bell of some fanciful clocks; -- called also jack of the clock house. 2. A timeserver; an inconstant person. Shak. MINUTELY Mi*nute"ly, adv. Etym: [From 4th Minute.] Defn: In a minute manner; with minuteness; exactly; nicely. MINUTELY Min"ute*ly, a. Etym: [From 1st Minute.] Defn: Happening every minute; continuing; unceasing. [Obs.] Throwing themselves absolutely upon God's minutely providence. Hammond. MINUTELY Min"ute*ly, adv. Defn: At intervals of a minute; very often and regularly. J. Philips. Minutely proclaimed in thunder from heaven. Hammond. MINUTEMAN Min"ute*man, n.; pl. Minutemen (. Defn: A militiaman who was to be ready to march at a moment's notice; -- a term used in the American Revolution. MINUTENESS Mi*nute"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being minute. MINUTIA Mi*nu"ti*a, n.; pl. Minutiæ (-e). Etym: [L., fr. minutus small, minute. See 4th Minute.] Defn: A minute particular; a small or minor detail; -- used chiefly in the plural. MINX Minx, n. Etym: [Prob. of Low German origin; cf. LG. minsk wench, jade, hussy, D. mensch; prop. the same word as D. & G. mensch man, human being, OHG. mennisco, AS. mennisc, fr. man. See Man.] 1. A pert or a wanton girl. Shak. 2. A she puppy; a pet dog. [Obs.] Udall. MINX Minx, n. Etym: [See Mink.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The mink; -- called also minx otter. [Obs.] MINY Min"y, a. Defn: Abounding with mines; like a mine. "Miny caverns." Thomson. MINYAN Min*yan", n. (Jewish Relig.) Defn: A quorum, or number necessary, for conducting public worship. MIOCENE Mi"o*cene, a. Etym: [Gr. (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the middle division of the Tertiary. -- n. Defn: The Miocene period. See Chart of Geology. MIOHIPPUS Mi`o*hip"pus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct Miocene mammal of the Horse family, closely related to the genus Anhithecrium, and having three usable hoofs on each foot. MIQUELET Miq"ue*let, n. Etym: [Sp. miquelete.] (Mil.) Defn: An irregular or partisan soldier; a bandit. MIR Mir, n. Defn: A Russian village community. D. M. Wallace. MIR Mir, n. Etym: [Per. mir.] Defn: Same as Emir. MIRA Mi"ra, n. Etym: [NL., from L. mirus wonderful.] (Astron.) Defn: A remarkable variable star in the constellation Cetus (o Ceti). MIRABILARY Mi*rab"i*la*ry, n.; pl. Mirabilaries (. Defn: One who, or a work which, narrates wonderful things; one who writes of wonders. [Obs.] Bacon. MIRABILIS Mi*rab"i*lis, n. Etym: [L., wonderful.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants. See Four-o'clock. MIRABILITE Mi*rab"i*lite, n. (Min.) Defn: Native sodium sulphate; Glauber's salt. MIRABLE Mi"ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. mirabilis, fr. mirari to wonder: cf. OF. mirable. See Marvel.] Defn: Wonderful; admirable. [Obs.] Shak. MIRACLE Mir"a*cle, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. miraculum, fr. mirari to wonder. See Marvel, and cf. Mirror.] 1. A wonder or wonderful thing. That miracle and queen of genus. Shak. 2. Specifically: An event or effect contrary to the established constitution and course of things, or a deviation from the known laws of nature; a supernatural event, or one transcending the ordinary laws by which the universe is governed. They considered not the miracle of the loaves. Mark vi. 52. 3. A miracle play. 4. A story or legend abounding in miracles. [Obs.] When said was all this miracle. Chaucer. Miracle monger, an impostor who pretends to work miracles. -- Miracle play, one of the old dramatic entertainments founded on legends of saints and martyrs or (see 2d Mystery, 2) on events related in the Bible. MIRACLE Mir"a*cle, v. t. Defn: To make wonderful. [Obs.] Shak. MIRACULIZE Mi*rac"u*lize, v. t. Defn: To cause to seem to be a miracle. [R.] Shaftesbury. MIRACULOUS Mi*rac"u*lous, a. Etym: [F. miraculeux. See Miracle.] 1. Of the nature of a miracle; performed by supernatural power; effected by the direct agency of almighty power, and not by natural causes. 2. Supernatural; wonderful. 3. Wonder-working. "The miraculous harp." Shak. -- Mi*rac"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Mi*rac"u*lous*ness, n. MIRADOR Mir`a*dor", n. Etym: [Sp., fr. mirar to behold, view. See Mirror.] (Arch.) Defn: Same as Belvedere. MIRAGE Mi`rage", n. Etym: [F., fr. mirer to look at carefully, to aim, se mirer to look at one's self in a glass, to reflect, to be reflected, LL. mirare to look at. See Mirror.] Defn: An optical effect, sometimes seen on the ocean, but more frequently in deserts, due to total reflection of light at the surface common to two strata of air differently heated. The reflected image is seen, commonly in an inverted position, while the real object may or may not be in sight. When the surface is horizontal, and below the eye, the appearance is that of a sheet of water in which the object is seen reflected; when the reflecting surface is above the eye, the image is seen projected against the sky. The fata Morgana and looming are species of mirage. By the mirage uplifted the land floats vague in the ether, Ships and the shadows of ships hang in the motionless air. Longfellow. MIRBANE Mir"bane, n. Defn: See Nitrobenzene. MIRE Mire, n. Etym: [AS. mire, m; akin to D. mier, Icel. maurr, Dan. myre, Sw. myra; cf. also Ir. moirbh, Gr. Defn: An ant. [Obs.] See Pismire. MIRE Mire, n. Etym: [OE. mire, myre; akin to Icel. m swamp, Sw. myra marshy ground, and perh. to E. moss.] Defn: Deep mud; wet, spongy earth. Chaucer. He his rider from the lofty steed Would have cast down and trod in dirty mire. Spenser. Mire crow (Zoöl.), the pewit, or laughing gull. [Prov. Eng.] -- Mire drum, the European bittern. [Prov. Eng.] MIRE Mire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mired; p. pr. & vb. n. Miring.] 1. To cause or permit to stick fast in mire; to plunge or fix in mud; as, to mire a horse or wagon. 2. To soil with mud or foul matter. Smirched thus and mired with infamy. Shak. MIRE Mire, v. i. Defn: To stick in mire. Shak. MIRIFIC; MIRIFICAL Mi*rif"ic, Mi*rif"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. mirificus; mirus wonderful + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: Working wonders; wonderful. MIRIFICENT Mi*rif"i*cent, a. Defn: Wonderful. [Obs.] MIRINESS Mir"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being miry. MIRK Mirk, a. Etym: [See Murky.] Defn: Dark; gloomy; murky. Spenser. Mrs. Browning. MIRK Mirk, n. Defn: Darkness; gloom; murk. "In mirk and mire." Longfellow. MIRKSOME Mirk"some, a. Defn: Dark; gloomy; murky. [Archaic] Spenser. -- Mirk"some*ness, n. [Archaic] MIRKY Mirk"y, a. Defn: Dark; gloomy. See Murky. MIRLITON Mir"li*ton, n. [F.] Defn: A kind of musical toy into which one sings, hums, or speaks, producing a coarse, reedy sound. Trilby singing "Ben Bolt" into a mirliton was a thing to be remembered, whether one would or no! Du Maurier. MIRROR Mir"ror, n. Etym: [OE. mirour, F. miroir, OF. also mireor, fr. (assumed) LL. miratorium, fr. mirare to look at, L. mirari to wonder. See Marvel, and cf. Miracle, Mirador.] 1. A looking-glass or a speculum; any glass or polished substance that forms images by the reflection of rays of light. And in her hand she held a mirror bright, Wherein her face she often viewèd fair. Spenser. 2. That which gives a true representation, or in which a true image may be seen; hence, a pattern; an exemplar. She is mirour of all courtesy. Chaucer. O goddess, heavenly bright, Mirror of grace and majesty divine. Spenser. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Speculum. Mirror carp (Zoöl.), a domesticated variety of the carp, having only three or fur rows of very large scales side. -- Mirror plate. (a) A flat glass mirror without a frame. (b) Flat glass used for making mirrors. -- Mirror writing, a manner or form of backward writing, making manuscript resembling in slant and order of letters the reflection of ordinary writing in a mirror. The substitution of this manner of writing for the common manner is a symptom of some kinds of nervous disease. MIRROR Mir"ror, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mirrored; p. pr. & vb. n. Mirroring.] Defn: To reflect, as in a mirror. MIRRORSCOPE Mir"ror*scope, n. [Mirror + -scope.] Defn: See Projector, below. MIRTH Mirth, n. Etym: [OE. mirthe, murthe, merthe, AS. myredh, myrgedh, merhedh, mirhedh. See Merry.] 1. Merriment; gayety accompanied with laughter; jollity. Then will I cause to cease ... from the streets of Jerusalem, the voice of mirth. Jer. vii. 34. 2. That which causes merriment. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Merriment; joyousness; gladness; fun; frolic; glee; hilarity; festivity; jollity. See Gladness. MIRTHFUL Mirth"ful, a. 1. Full of mirth or merriment; merry; as, mirthful children. 2. Indicating or inspiring mirth; as, a mirthful face. Mirthful, comic shows. Shak. -- Mirth"ful*ly, adv. -- Mirth"ful*ness, n. MIRTHLESS Mirth"less, a. Defn: Without mirth. -- Mirth"less*ness, n. MIRY Mir"y, a. Etym: [From 2d Mire.] Defn: Abounding with deep mud; full of mire; muddy; as, a miry road. MIRYACHIT Mir"ya*chit`, n. [Written also myriachit.] [Yakoot merjäk epileptic, fr. imerek jerk, rage.] (Med.) Defn: A nervous disease in which the patient involuntarily imitates the words or action of another. MIRZA Mir"za, n. Etym: [Per. mirza, abbrev. fr. mirzadeh son of the prince; mir prince (Ar. amir, emir) + zadeh son.] Defn: The common title of honor in Persia, prefixed to the surname of an individual. When appended to the surname, it signifies Prince. MIS- Mis-. Etym: [In words of Teutonic origin, fr. AS. mis-; akin to D. mis-, G. miss-, OHG. missa-, missi-, Icel. & Dan. mis-, Sw. miss-, Goth. missa-; orig., a p. p. from the root of G. meiden to shun, OHG. midan, AS. mi (Miss to fail of). In words from the French, fr. OF. mes-, F. mé-, mes-, fr. L. minus less (see Minus). In present usage these two prefixes are commonly confounded.] Defn: A prefix used adjectively and adverbially in the sense of amiss, wrong, ill, wrongly, unsuitably; as, misdeed, mislead, mischief, miscreant. MIS Mis, a. & adv. Etym: [See Amiss.] Defn: Wrong; amiss. [Obs.] "To correcten that [which] is mis." Chaucer. MISACCEPTATION Mis*ac`cep*ta"tion, n. Defn: Wrong acceptation; understanding in a wrong sense. MISACCOMPT Mis`ac*compt", v. t. Defn: To account or reckon wrongly. [Obs.] Chaucer. MISADJUST Mis`ad*just", v. t. Defn: To adjust wrongly of unsuitably; to throw of adjustment. I. Taylor. MISADJUSTMENT Mis`ad*just"ment, n. Defn: Wrong adjustment; unsuitable arrangement. MISADVENTURE Mis`ad*ven"ture, n. Etym: [OE. mesaventure, F. mésaventure.] Defn: Mischance; misfortune; ill lick; unlucky accident; ill adventure. Chaucer. Homicide by misadventure (Law), homicide which occurs when a man, doing a lawful act, without any intention of injury, unfortunately kills another; -- called also excusable homicide. See Homicide. Blackstone. Syn. -- Mischance; mishap; misfortune; disaster; calamity. MISADVENTURED Mis`ad*ven"tured, a. Defn: Unfortunate. [Obs.] MISADVENTUROUS Mis`ad*ven"tur*ous, a. Defn: Unfortunate. MISADVERTENCE Mis`ad*vert"ence, n. Defn: Inadvertence. MISADVICE Mis`ad*vice", n. Defn: Bad advice. MISADVISE Mis`ad*vise", v. t. Defn: To give bad counsel to. MISADVISED Mis`ad*vised", a. Defn: Ill advised. -- Mis`ad*vis"ed*ly, adv. MISAFFECT Mis`af*fect", v. t. Defn: To dislike. [Obs.] MISAFFECTED Mis`af*fect"ed, a. Defn: Ill disposed. [Obs.] MISAFFECTION Mis`af*fec"tion, n. Defn: An evil or wrong affection; the state of being ill affected. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. MISAFFIRM Mis`af*firm", v. t. Defn: To affirm incorrectly. MISAIMED Mis*aimed", a. Defn: Not rightly aimed. Spenser. MISALLEGATION Mis*al`le*ga"tion, n. Defn: A erroneous statement or allegation. Bp. Hall. MISALLEGE Mis`al*lege", v. t. Defn: To state erroneously. MISALLIANCE Mis`al*li"ance, n. Etym: [F. mésalliance.] Defn: A marriage with a person of inferior rank or social station; an improper alliance; a mesalliance. A Leigh had made a misalliance, and blushed A Howard should know it. Mrs. Browning. MISALLIED Mis`al*lied", a. Defn: Wrongly allied or associated. MISALLOTMENT Mis`al*lot"ment, n. Defn: A wrong allotment. MISALTER Mis*al"ter, v. t. Defn: To alter wrongly; esp., to alter for the worse. Bp. Hall. MISANTHROPE Mis"an*thrope, n. Etym: [Gr. misanthrope. Cf. Miser.] Defn: A hater of mankind; a misanthropist. MISANTHROPIC; MISANTHROPICAL Mis`an*throp"ic, Mis`an*throp"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. misanthropique.] Defn: Hating or disliking mankind. MISANTHROPIST Mis*an"thro*pist, n. Defn: A misanthrope. MISANTHROPOS Mis*an"thro*pos, n. Etym: [NL. See Misanthrope.] Defn: A misanthrope. [Obs.] Shak. MISANTHROPY Mis*an"thro*py, n. Etym: [Gr. misanthropie.] Defn: Hatred of, or dislike to, mankind; -- opposed to philanthropy. Orrery. MISAPPLICATION Mis*ap`pli*ca"tion, n. Defn: A wrong application. Sir T. Browne. MISAPPLY Mis`ap*ply", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misapplied; p. pr. & vb. n. Misapplying.] Defn: To apply wrongly; to use for a wrong purpose; as, to misapply a name or title; to misapply public money. MISAPPRECIATED Mis`ap*pre"ci*a`ted, a. Defn: Improperly appreciated. MISAPPREHEND Mis*ap`pre*hend", v. t. Defn: To take in a wrong sense; to misunderstand. Locke. MISAPPREHENSION Mis*ap`pre*hen"sion, n. Defn: A mistaking or mistake; wrong apprehension of one's meaning of a fact; misconception; misunderstanding. MISAPPREHENSIVELY Mis*ap`pre*hen"sive*ly, adv. Defn: By, or with, misapprehension. MISAPPROPRIATE Mis`ap*pro"pri*ate, v. t. Defn: To appropriate wrongly; to use for a wrong purpose. MISAPPROPRIATION Mis`ap*pro`pri*a"tion, n. Defn: Wrong appropriation; wrongful use. MISARRANGE Mis`ar*range", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misarranged; p. pr. & vb. n. Misarranging.] Defn: To place in a wrong order, or improper manner. MISARRANGEMENT Mis`ar*range"ment, n. Defn: Wrong arrangement. MISASCRIBE Mis`as*cribe", v. t. Defn: To ascribe wrongly. MISASSAY Mis`as*say", v. t. Defn: To assay, or attempt, improperly or unsuccessfully. [Obs.] W. Browne. MISASSIGN Mis`as*sign", v. t. Defn: To assign wrongly. MISATTEND Mis`at*tend", v. t. Defn: To misunderstand; to disregard. [Obs.] Milton. MISAVENTURE Mis`a*ven"ture, n. Defn: Misadventure. [Obs.] MISAVIZE Mis`a*vize", v. t. Defn: To misadvise. [Obs.] MISBEAR Mis*bear", v. t. Defn: To carry improperly; to carry (one's self) wrongly; to misbehave. [Obs.] Chaucer. MISBECOME Mis`be*come", v. t. Defn: Not to become; to suit ill; not to befit or be adapted to. Macaulay. Thy father will not act what misbecomes him. Addison. MISBECOMING Mis`be*com"ing, a. Defn: Unbecoming. Milton. -- Mis`be*com"ing*ly, adv. -- Mis`be*com"ing*ness, n. Boyle. MISBEDE Mis*bede", v. t. [imp. Misbode; p. p. Misboden.] Etym: [AS. mis- beôdan.] Defn: To wrong; to do injury to. [Obs.] Who hath you misboden or offended Chaucer. MISBEFITTING Mis`be*fit"ting, a. Defn: No befitting. MISBEGOT; MISBEGOTTEN Mis`be*got", Mis`be*got"ten (, p. a. Defn: Unlawfully or irregularly begotten; of bad origin; pernicious. "Valor misbegot." Shak. MISBEHAVE Mis`be*have", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Misbehaved; p. pr. & vb. n. Misbehaving.] Defn: To behave ill; to conduct one's self improperly; -- often used with a reciprocal pronoun. MISBEHAVED Mis`be*haved", a. Defn: Guilty of ill behavior; illbred; rude. "A misbehaved and sullen wench." Shak. MISBEHAVIOR Mis`be*hav"ior, n. Defn: Improper, rude, or uncivil behavior; ill conduct. Addison. MISBELIEF Mis`be*lief", n. Defn: Erroneous or false belief. MISBELIEVE Mis`be*lieve" (, v. i. Defn: To believe erroneously, or in a false religion. "That misbelieving Moor." Shak. MISBELIEVER Mis`be*liev"er, n. Defn: One who believes wrongly; one who holds a false religion. Shak. MISBESEEM Mis`be*seem", v. t. Defn: To suit ill. MISBESTOW Mis`be*stow", v. t. Defn: To bestow improperly. MISBESTOWAL Mis`be*stow"al, n. Defn: The act of misbestowing. MISBILEVE Mis`bi*leve", n. Defn: Misbelief; unbelief; suspicion. [Obs.] Chaucer. MISBODE Mis*bode", imp. Defn: of Misbede. MISBODEN Mis*bo"den, p. p. Defn: of Misbede. MISBORN Mis"born`, a. Defn: Born to misfortune. Spenser. MISCALCULATE Mis*cal"cu*late, v. t. & i. Defn: To calculate erroneously; to judge wrongly. -- Mis*cal`cu*la"tion, n. MISCALL Mis*call", v. t. 1. To call by a wrong name; to name improperly. 2. To call by a bad name; to abuse. [Obs.] Fuller. MISCARRIAGE Mis*car"riage, n. 1. Unfortunate event or issue of an undertaking; failure to attain a desired result or reach a destination. When a counselor, to save himself, Would lay miscarriages upon his prince. Dryden. 2. Ill conduct; evil or improper behavior; as, the failings and miscarriages of the righteous. Rogers. 3. The act of bringing forth before the time; premature birth. MISCARRIAGEABLE Mis*car"riage*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of miscarrying; liable to fail. [R.] Bp. Hall. MISCARRY Mis*car"ry, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Miscarried; p. pr. & vb. n. Miscarrying.] 1. To carry, or go, wrong; to fail of reaching a destination, or fail of the intended effect; to be unsuccessful; to suffer defeat. My ships have all miscarried. Shak. The cardinal's letters to the pope miscarried. Shak. 2. To bring forth young before the proper time. MISCAST Mis*cast", v. t. Defn: To cast or reckon wrongly. MISCAST Mis*cast", n. Defn: An erroneous cast or reckoning. MISCEGENATION Mis`ce*ge*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. miscere to mix + the root of genus race.] Defn: A mixing of races; amalgamation, as by intermarriage of black and white. MISCELLANARIAN Mis`cel*la*na"ri*an, a. Etym: [See Miscellany.] Defn: Of or pertaining to miscellanies. Shaftesbury. -- n. Defn: A writer of miscellanies. MISCELLANE Mis"cel*lane, n. Etym: [See Miscellaneous, and cf. Maslin.] Defn: A mixture of two or more sorts of grain; -- now called maslin and meslin. Bacon. MISCELLANEA Mis"cel*la"ne*a, n. pl. Etym: [L. See Miscellany.] Defn: A collection of miscellaneous matters; matters of various kinds. MISCELLANEOUS Mis`cel*la"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. miscellaneus mixed, miscellaneous, fr. miscellus mixed, fr. miscere to mix. See Mix, and cf. Miscellany.] Defn: Mixed; mingled; consisting of several things; of diverse sorts; promiscuous; heterogeneous; as, a miscellaneous collection. "A miscellaneous rabble." Milton. -- Mis`cel*la"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Mis`cel*la"ne*ous*ness, n. MISCELLANIST Mis"cel*la*nist, n. Defn: A writer of miscellanies; miscellanarian. MISCELLANY Mis"cel*la*ny, n.; pl. Miscellanies. Etym: [L. miscellanea, neut. pl. of. miscellaneus: cf. F. miscellanée, pl. miscellanées. See Miscellaneous.] Defn: A mass or mixture of various things; a medley; esp., a collection of compositions on various subjects. 'T is but a bundle or miscellany of sin; sins original, and sins actual. Hewyt. Miscellany madam, a woman who dealt in various fineries; a milliner. [Obs.] B. Jonson. MISCELLANY Mis"cel*la*ny, a. Defn: Miscellaneous; heterogeneous. [Obs.] Bacon. MISCENSURE Mis*cen"sure, v. t. Defn: To misjudge. [Obs.] Daniel. -- n. Defn: Erroneous judgment. [Obs.] Sylvester. MISCHANCE Mis*chance", n. Etym: [OE. meschance, OF. mescheance.] Defn: Ill luck; ill fortune; mishap. Chaucer. Never come mischance between us twain. Shak. Syn. -- Calamity; misfortune; misadventure; mishap; infelicity; disaster. See Calamity. MISCHANCE Mis*chance", v. i. Defn: To happen by mischance. Spenser. MISCHANCEFUL Mis*chance"ful, a. Defn: Unlucky. R. Browning. MISCHARACTERIZE Mis*char"ac*ter*ize, v. t. Defn: To characterize falsely or erroneously; to give a wrong character to. They totally mischaracterize the action. Eton. MISCHARGE Mis*charge", v. t. Defn: To charge erroneously, as in account. -- n. Defn: A mistake in charging. MISCHIEF Mis"chief, n. Etym: [OE. meschef bad result, OF. meschief; pref. mes- (L. minus less) + chief end, head, F. chef chief. See Minus, and Chief.] 1. Harm; damage; esp., disarrangement of order; trouble or vexation caused by human agency or by some living being, intentionally or not; often, calamity, mishap; trivial evil caused by thoughtlessness, or in sport. Chaucer. Thy tongue deviseth mischiefs. Ps. lii. 2. The practice whereof shall, I hope, secure me from many mischiefs. Fuller. 2. Cause of trouble or vexation; trouble. Milton. The mischief was, these allies would never allow that the common enemy was subdued. Swift. To be in mischief, to be doing harm or causing annoyance. -- To make mischief, to do mischief, especially by exciting quarrels. -- To play the mischief, to cause great harm; to throw into confusion. [Colloq.] Syn. -- Damage; harm; hurt; injury; detriment; evil; ill. -- Mischief, Damage, Harm. Damage is an injury which diminishes the value of a thing; harm is an injury which causes trouble or inconvenience; mischief is an injury which disturbs the order and consistency of things. We often suffer damage or harm from accident, but mischief always springs from perversity or folly. MISCHIEF Mis"chief, v. t. Defn: To do harm to. [Obs.] Milton. MISCHIEFABLE Mis"chief*a*ble, a. Defn: Mischievous. [R.] Lydgate. MISCHIEFFUL Mis"chief*ful, a. Defn: Mischievous. [Obs.] Foote. MISCHIEF-MAKER Mis"chief-mak`er, n. Defn: One who makes mischief; one who excites or instigates quarrels or enmity. MISCHIEF-MAKING Mis"chief-mak`ing, a. Defn: Causing harm; exciting enmity or quarrels. Rowe. -- n. Defn: The act or practice of making mischief, inciting quarrels, etc. MISCHIEVOUS Mis"chie*vous, a. Defn: Causing mischief; harmful; hurtful; -- now often applied where the evil is done carelessly or in sport; as, a mischievous child. "Most mischievous foul sin." Shak. This false, wily, doubling disposition is intolerably mischievous to society. South. Syn. -- Harmful; hurtful; detrimental; noxious; pernicious; destructive. -- Mis"chie*vous*ly, adv. -- Mis"chie*vous*ness, n. MISCHNA Misch"na, n. Defn: See Mishna. MISCHNIC Misch"nic, a. Defn: See Mishnic. MISCHOOSE Mis*choose", v. t. [imp. Mischose; p. p. Mischosen; p. pr. & vb. n. Mischoosing.] Defn: To choose wrongly. Milton. MISCHOOSE Mis*choose", v. i. Defn: To make a wrong choice. MISCHRISTEN Mis*chris"ten, v. t. Defn: To christen wrongly. MISCIBILITY Mis`ci*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. miscibilité.] Defn: Capability of being mixed. MISCIBLE Mis"ci*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. miscible, fr. L. miscere to mix.] Defn: Capable of being mixed; mixable; as, water and alcohol are miscible in all proportions. Burke. MISCITATION Mis`ci*ta"tion, n. Defn: Erroneous citation. MISCITE Mis*cite", v. t. Defn: To cite erroneously. MISCLAIM Mis*claim", n. Defn: A mistaken claim. MISCOGNIZANT Mis*cog"ni*zant, a. (Law) Defn: Not cognizant; ignorant; not knowing. MISCOGNIZE Mis*cog"nize, v. t. Defn: To fail to apprehend; to misunderstand. [Obs.] Holland. MISCOLLOCATION Mis*col`lo*ca"tion, n. Defn: Wrong collocation. De Quincey. MISCOLOR Mis*col"or, v. t. Defn: To give a wrong color to; figuratively, to set forth erroneously or unfairly; as, to miscolor facts. C. Kingsley. MISCOMFORT Mis*com"fort, n. Defn: Discomfort. [Obs.] MISCOMPREHEND Mis*com`pre*hend", v. t. Defn: To get a wrong idea of or about; to misunderstand. MISCOMPUTATION Mis*com`pu*ta"tion, n. Defn: Erroneous computation; false reckoning. MISCOMPUTE Mis`com*pute", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Miscount.] Defn: To compute erroneously. Sir T. Browne. MISCONCEIT Mis`con*ceit", n. Defn: Misconception. [Obs.] MISCONCEIVE Mis`con*ceive", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Misconceived; p. pr. & vb. n. Misconceiving.] Defn: To conceive wrongly; to interpret incorrectly; to receive a false notion of; to misjudge; to misapprehend. Those things which, for want of due consideration heretofore, they have misconceived. Hooker. Syn. -- To misapprehend; misunderstand; mistake. MISCONCEIVER Mis`con*ceiv"er, n. Defn: One who misconceives. MISCONCEPTION Mis`con*cep"tion, n. Defn: Erroneous conception; false opinion; wrong understanding. Harvey. MISCONCLUSION Mis`con*clu"sion, n. Defn: An erroneous inference or conclusion. Bp. Hall. MISCONDUCT Mis*con"duct, n. Defn: Wrong conduct; bad behavior; mismanagement. Addison. Syn. -- Misbehavior; misdemeanor; mismanagement; misdeed; delinquency; offense. MISCONDUCT Mis`con*duct", v. t. Defn: To conduct amiss; to mismanage. Johnson. To misconduct one's self, to behave improperly. MISCONDUCT Mis`con*duct", v. i. Defn: To behave amiss. MISCONFIDENT Mis*con"fi*dent, a. Defn: Having a mistaken confidence; wrongly trusting. [R.] Bp. Hall. MISCONJECTURE Mis`con*jec"ture, n. Defn: A wrong conjecture or guess. Sir T. Browne. MISCONJECTURE Mis`con*jec"ture, v. t. & i. Defn: To conjecture wrongly. MISCONSECRATE Mis*con"se*crate, v. t. Defn: To consecrate amiss. "Misconsecrated flags." Bp. Hall. MISCONSECRATION Mis*con`se*cra"tion, n. Defn: Wrong consecration. MISCONSEQUENCE Mis*con"se*quence, n. Defn: A wrong consequence; a false deduction. MISCONSTRUABLE Mis*con"stru*a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be misconstrued, as language or conduct. R. North. MISCONSTRUCT Mis`con*struct", v. t. Defn: To construct wrongly; to construe or interpret erroneously. MISCONSTRUCTION Mis`con*struc"tion, n. Defn: Erroneous construction; wrong interpretation. Bp. Stillingfleet. MISCONSTRUE Mis*con"strue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misconstrued; p. pr. & vb. n. Misconstruing.] Defn: To construe wrongly; to interpret erroneously. Do not, great sir, misconstrue his intent. Dryden. Much afflicted to find his actions misconstrued. Addison. MISCONSTRUER Mis*con"stru*er, n. Defn: One who misconstrues. MISCONTENT Mis`con*tent", a. Defn: Discontent. [Obs.] MISCONTINUANCE Mis`con*tin"u*ance, n. (Law) Defn: Discontinuance; also, continuance by undue process. MISCOPY Mis*copy", v. t. Defn: To copy amiss. MISCOPY Mis*copy", n. Defn: A mistake in copying. North Am. Rev. MISCORRECT Mis`cor*rect", v. t. Defn: To fail or err in attempting to correct. "Scaliger miscorrects his author." Dryden. MISCOUNSEL Mis*coun"sel, v. t. Defn: To counsel or advise wrongly. MISCOUNT Mis*count", v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. OF. mesconter, F. mécompter. Cf. Miscompute.] Defn: To count erroneously. MISCOUNT Mis*count", n. Etym: [Cf. F. mécompte error, OF. mesconte.] Defn: An erroneous counting. MISCOVET Mis*cov"et, v. t. Defn: To covet wrongfully. [Obs.] MISCREANCE; MISCREANCY Mis"cre*ance, Mis"cre*an*cy, n. Etym: [OF. mescreance, F. mécréance incredulity.] Defn: The quality of being miscreant; adherence to a false religion; false faith. [Obs.] Ayliffe. MISCREANT Mis"cre*ant, n. Etym: [OF. mescreant, F. mécréant; pref. mes- (L. minus less) + p. pr. fr. L. credere to believe. See Creed.] 1. One who holds a false religious faith; a misbeliever. [Obs.] Spenser. De Quincey. Thou oughtest not to be slothful to the destruction of the miscreants, but to constrain them to obey our Lord God. Rivers. 2. One not restrained by Christian principles; an unscrupulous villain; a while wretch. Addison. MISCREANT Mis"cre*ant, a. 1. Holding a false religious faith. 2. Destitute of conscience; unscrupulous. Pope. MISCREATE Mis`cre*ate", a. Defn: Miscreated; illegitimate; forged; as, miscreate titles. [Obs. or Poet.] Shak. MISCREATE Mis`cre*ate", v. t. Defn: To create badly or amiss. MISCREATED Mis`cre*at"ed, a. Defn: Formed unnaturally or illegitimately; deformed. Spenser. Milton. MISCREATIVE Mis`cre*a"tive, a. Defn: Creating amiss. [R.] MISCREDENT Mis*cre"dent, n. Etym: [Pref. mis- + credent. Cf. Miscreant.] Defn: A miscreant, or believer in a false religious doctrine. [Obs.] Holinshed. MISCREDULITY Mis`cre*du"li*ty, n. Defn: Wrong credulity or belief; misbelief. Bp. Hall. MISCUE Mis*cue", n. (Billiards) Defn: A false stroke with a billiard cue, the cue slipping from the ball struck without impelling it as desired. MISDATE Mis*date", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misdated; p. pr. & vb. n. Misdating.] Defn: To date erroneously. Young. MISDEAL Mis*deal", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Misdealt; p. pr. & vb. n. Misdealing.] Defn: To deal or distribute wrongly, as cards; to make a wrong distribution. MISDEAL Mis*deal", n. Defn: The act of misdealing; a wrong distribution of cards to the players. MISDEED Mis*deed", n. Etym: [AS. misd. See Deed, n.] Defn: An evil deed; a wicked action. Evils which our own misdeeds have wrought. Milton. Syn. -- Misconduct; misdemeanor; fault; offense; trespass; transgression; crime. MISDEEM Mis*deem", v. t. Defn: To misjudge. [Obs.] Milton. MISDEMEAN Mis`de*mean", v. t. Defn: To behave ill; -- with a reflexive pronoun; as, to misdemean one's self. MISDEMEANANT Mis`de*mean"ant, n. Defn: One guilty of a misdemeanor. Sydney Smith. MISDEMEANOR Mis`de*mean"or, n. 1. Ill behavior; evil conduct; fault. Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: A crime less than a felony. Wharton. Note: As a rule, in the old English law, offenses capitally punishable were felonies; all other indictable offenses were misdemeanors. In common usage, the word crime is employed to denote the offenses of a deeper and more atrocious dye, while small faults and omissions of less consequence are comprised under the gentler name of misdemeanors. Blackstone. The distinction, however, between felonies and misdemeanors is purely arbitrary, and is in most jurisdictions either abrogated or so far reduced as to be without practical value. Cf. Felony. Wharton. Syn. -- Misdeed; misconduct; misbehavior; fault; trespass; transgression. MISDEMPT Mis*dempt", obs. p. p. Defn: of Misdeem. Spenser. MISDEPART Mis`de*part", v. t. Defn: To distribute wrongly. [Obs.] He misdeparteth riches temporal. Chaucer. MISDERIVE Mis`de*rive", v. t. 1. To turn or divert improperly; to misdirect. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. To derive erroneously. MISDESCRIBE Mis`de*scribe", v. t. Defn: To describe wrongly. MISDESERT Mis`de*sert", n. Defn: Ill desert. [Obs.] Spenser. MISDEVOTION Mis`de*vo"tion, n. Defn: Mistaken devotion. MISDIET Mis*di"et, n. Defn: Improper. [Obs.] Spenser. MISDIET Mis*di"et, v. t. Defn: To diet improperly. MISDIGHT Mis*dight", a. Defn: Arrayed, prepared, or furnished, unsuitably. [Archaic] Bp. Hall. MISDIRECT Mis`di*rect", v. t. Defn: To give a wrong direction to; as, to misdirect a passenger, or a letter; to misdirect one's energies. Shenstone. MISDIRECTION Mis`di*rec"tion, n. 1. The act of directing wrongly, or the state of being so directed. 2. (Law) Defn: An error of a judge in charging the jury on a matter of law. Mozley & W. MISDISPOSITION Mis*dis`po*si"tion, n. Defn: Erroneous disposal or application. Bp. Hall. MISDISTINGUISH Mis`dis*tin"guish, v. t. Defn: To make wrong distinctions in or concerning. Hooker. MISDIVIDE Mis`di*vide", v. t. Defn: To divide wrongly. MISDIVISION Mis`di*vi"sion, n. Defn: Wrong division. MISDO Mis*do", v. t. [imp. Misdid; p. p. Misdone; p. pr. & vb. n. Misdoing.] Etym: [AS. misd. See Do, v.] 1. To do wrongly. Afford me place to show what recompense To wards thee I intend for what I have misdone. Milton. 2. To do wrong to; to illtreat. [Obs.] Chaucer. MISDO Mis*do", v. i. Defn: To do wrong; to commit a fault. I have misdone, and I endure the smart. Dryden. MISDOER Mis*do"er, n. Defn: A wrongdoer. Spenser. MISDOING Mis*do"ing, n. Defn: A wrong done; a fault or crime; an offense; as, it was my misdoing. MISDOUBT Mis*doubt", v. t. & i. Defn: To be suspicious of; to have suspicion. [Obs.] I do not misdoubt my wife. Shak. MISDOUBT Mis*doubt", n. 1. Suspicion. [Obs.] 2. Irresolution; hesitation. [Obs.] Shak. MISDOUBTFUL Mis*doubt"ful, a Defn: Misgiving; hesitating. [Obs.] "Her misdoubtful mind." Spenser. MISDREAD Mis*dread", n. Defn: Dread of evil. [Obs.] MISE Mise, n. Etym: [F. mise a putting, setting, expense, fr. mis, mise, p. p. of mettre to put, lay, fr. LL. mittere to send.] 1. (Law) Defn: The issue in a writ of right. 2. Expense; cost; disbursement. [Obs.] 3. A tax or tallage; in Wales, an honorary gift of the people to a new king or prince of Wales; also, a tribute paid, in the country palatine of Chester, England, at the change of the owner of the earldom. [Obs.] MISEASE Mis*ease", n. Etym: [OE. mesaise, OF. mesaise.] Defn: Want of ease; discomfort; misery. [Obs.] Chaucer. MISEASED Mis*eased", a. Defn: Having discomfort or misery; troubled. [Obs.] Chaucer. MISEASY Mis*eas"y, a. Defn: Not easy; painful. [Obs.] MISEDITION Mis`e*di"tion, n. Defn: An incorrect or spurious edition. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. MISEDUCATE Mis*ed"u*cate, v. t. Defn: To educate in a wrong manner. MISEMPLOY Mis`em*ploy", v. t. Defn: To employ amiss; as, to misemploy time, advantages, talents, etc. Their frugal father's gains they misemploy. Dryden. MISEMPLOYMENT Mis`em*ploy"ment, n. Defn: Wrong or mistaken employment. Johnson. MISENTER Mis*en"ter, v. t. Defn: To enter or insert wrongly, as a charge in an account. MISENTREAT Mis`en*treat", v. t. Defn: To treat wrongfully. [Obs.] Grafton. MISENTRY Mis*en"try, n. Defn: An erroneous entry or charge, as of an account. MISER Mi"ser, n. Etym: [L. miser wretched, miserable; cf. Gr. misero wretched, avaricious.] 1. A wretched person; a person afflicted by any great misfortune. [Obs.] Spenser. The woeful words of a miser now despairing. Sir P. Sidney. 2. A despicable person; a wretch. [Obs.] Shak. 3. A covetous, grasping, mean person; esp., one having wealth, who lives miserably for the sake of saving and increasing his hoard. As some lone miser, visiting his store, Bends at his treasure, counts, recounts it o'er. Goldsmith. 4. A kind of large earth auger. Knight. MISERABLE Mis"er*a*ble, a. Etym: [F. misérable, L. miserabilis, fr. miserari to lament, pity, fr. miser wretched. See Miser.] 1. Very unhappy; wretched. What hopes delude thee, miserable man Dryden. 2. Causing unhappiness or misery. What 's more miserable than discontent Shak. 3. Worthless; mean; despicable; as, a miserable fellow; a miserable dinner. Miserable comforters are ye all. Job xvi. 2. 4. Avaricious; niggardly; miserly. [Obs.] Hooker. Syn. -- Abject; forlorn; pitiable; wretched. MISERABLE Mis"er*a*ble, n. Defn: A miserable person. [Obs.] Sterne. MISERABLENESS Mis"er*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being miserable. MISERABLY Mis"er*a*bly, adv. Defn: In a miserable; unhappily; calamitously; wretchedly; meanly. They were miserably entertained. Sir P. Sidney. The fifth was miserably stabbed to death. South. MISERATION Mis`er*a"tion, n. Defn: Commiseration. [Obs.] MISERERE Mis`e*re"re, n. Etym: [L., have mercy, fr. misereri to have mercy, fr. miser. See Miser.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The psalm usually appointed for penitential acts, being the 50th psalm in the Latin version. It commences with the word miserere. 2. A musical composition adapted to the 50th psalm. Where only the wind signs miserere. Lowell. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A small projecting boss or bracket, on the under side of the hinged seat of a church stall (see Stall). It was intended, the seat being turned up, to give some support to a worshiper when standing. Called also misericordia. 4. (Med.) Defn: Same as Ileus. MISERICORDE Mis"er*i*corde", n. Etym: [F. miséricorde. See Misericordia.] 1. Compassion; pity; mercy. [Obs.] 2. (Anc. Armor.) Defn: Same as Misericordia, 2. MISERICORDIA Mis`e*ri*cor"di*a, n. Etym: [L., mercy, compassion; miser wretched + cor, cordis, heart.] 1. (O. Law) Defn: An amercement. Burrill. 2. (Anc. Armor.) Defn: A thin-bladed dagger; so called, in the Middle Ages, because used to give the death wound or "mercy" stroke to a fallen adversary. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: An indulgence as to food or dress granted to a member of a religious order. Shipley. MISERLY Mi"ser*ly, a. Etym: [From Miser.] Defn: Like a miser; very covetous; sordid; niggardly. Syn. -- Avaricious; niggardly; sordid; parsimonious; penurious; covetous; stingy; mean. See Avaricious. MISERY Mi"ser*y, n.; pl. Miseries. Etym: [OE. miserie, L. miseria, fr. miser wretched: cf. F. misère, OF. also, miserie.] 1. Great unhappiness; extreme pain of body or mind; wretchedness; distress; woe. Chaucer. Destruction and misery are in their ways. Rom. iii. 16. 2. Cause of misery; calamity; misfortune. When we our betters see bearing our woes, We scarcely think our miseries our foes. Shak. 3. Covetousness; niggardliness; avarice. [Obs.] Syn. -- Wretchedness; torture; agony; torment; anguish; distress; calamity; misfortune. MISESTEEM Mis`es*teem", n. Etym: [Cf. F. mésestime.] Defn: Want of esteem; disrespect. Johnson. MISESTIMATE Mis*es"ti*mate, v. t. Defn: To estimate erroneously. J. S. Mill. MISEXPLANATION Mis*ex`pla*na"tion, n. Defn: An erroneous explanation. MISEXPLICATION Mis*ex`pli*ca"tion, n. Defn: Wrong explication. MISEXPOSITION Mis*ex`po*si"tion, n. Defn: Wrong exposition. MISEXPOUND Mis`ex*pound", v. t. Defn: To expound erroneously. MISEXPRESSION Mis`ex*pres"sion, n. Defn: Wrong expression. MISFAITH Mis*faith", n. Defn: Want of faith; distrust. "[Anger] born of your misfaith." Tennyson. MISFALL Mis*fall", v. t. [imp. Misfell; p. p. Misfallen (; p. pr. & vb. n. Misfalling.] Defn: To befall, as ill luck; to happen to unluckily. [Obs.] Chaucer. MISFARE Mis*fare", v. i. Etym: [AS. misfaran.] Defn: To fare ill. [Obs.] -- n. Defn: Misfortune. [Obs.] Spenser. MISFASHION Mis*fash"ion, v. t. Defn: To form wrongly. MISFEASANCE Mis*fea"sance, n. Etym: [OF. pref. mes- wrong (L. minus less) + faisance doing, fr. faire to do, L. facere. Cf. Malfeasance.] (Law) Defn: A trespass; a wrong done; the improper doing of an act which a person might lawfully do. Bouvier. Wharton. MISFEATURE Mis*fea"ture, n. Defn: Ill feature. [R.] Keats. MISFEELING Mis*feel"ing, a. Defn: Insensate. [Obs.] Wyclif. MISFEIGN Mis*feign", v. i. Defn: To feign with an evil design. [Obs.] Spenser. MISFIT Mis*fit", n. 1. The act or the state of fitting badly; as, a misfit in making a coat; a ludicrous misfit. 2. Something that fits badly, as a garment. I saw an uneasy change in Mr. Micawber, which sat tightly on him, as if his new duties were a misfit. Dickens. MISFORM Mis*form", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misformed; p. pr. & vb. n. Misforming.] Defn: To make in an ill form. Spenser. MISFORMATION Mis`for*ma"tion, n. Defn: Malformation. MISFORTUNATE Mis*for"tu*nate, a. Defn: Producing misfortune. [Obs.] MISFORTUNE Mis*for"tune, n. Defn: Bad fortune or luck; calamity; an evil accident; disaster; mishap; mischance. Consider why the change was wrought, You 'll find his misfortune, not his fault. Addison. Syn. -- Calamity; mishap; mischance; misadventure; ill; harm; disaster. See Calamity. MISFORTUNE Mis*for"tune, v. i. Defn: To happen unluckily or unfortunately; to miscarry; to fail. [Obs.] Stow. MISFORTUNED Mis*for"tuned, a. Defn: Unfortunate. [Obs.] MISFRAME Mis*frame", v. t. Defn: To frame wrongly. MISGET Mis*get", v. t. Defn: To get wrongfully. [Obs.] MISGIE Mis*gie", v. t. Defn: See Misgye. [Obs.] MISGIVE Mis*give", v. t. [imp. Misgave; p. p. Misgiven; p. pr. & vb. n. Misgiving.] 1. To give or grant amiss. [Obs.] Laud. 2. Specifically: To give doubt and apprehension to, instead of confidence and courage; to impart fear to; to make irresolute; -- usually said of the mind or heart, and followed by the objective personal pronoun. So doth my heart misgive me in these conflicts What may befall him, to his harm and ours. Shak. Such whose consciences misgave them, how ill they had deserved. Milton. 3. To suspect; to dread. [Obs.] Shak. MISGIVE Mis*give", v. i. Defn: To give out doubt and apprehension; to be fearful or irresolute. "My mind misgives." Shak. MISGIVING Mis*giv"ing, n. Defn: Evil premonition; doubt; distrust. "Suspicious and misgivings." South. MISGO Mis*go", v. i. Defn: To go astray. Spenser. MISGOTTEN Mis*got"ten, a. Defn: Unjustly gotten. Spenser. MISGOVERN Mis*gov"ern, v. t. Defn: To govern ill; as, to misgovern a country. Knolles. MISGOVERNANCE Mis*gov"ern*ance, n. Defn: Misgovernment; misconduct; misbehavior. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. MISGOVERNED Mis*gov"erned, a. Defn: Ill governed, as a people; ill directed. "Rude, misgoverned hands." Shak. MISGOVERNMENT Mis*gov"ern*ment, n. Defn: Bad government; want of government. Shak. MISGRACIOUS Mis*gra"cious, a. Defn: Not gracious. [Obs.] MISGRAFF Mis*graff", v. t. Defn: To misgraft. [Obs.] Shak. MISGRAFT Mis*graft", v. t. Defn: To graft wrongly. MISGROUND Mis*ground", v. t. Defn: To found erroneously. "Misgrounded conceit." Bp. Hall. MISGROWTH Mis*growth", n. Defn: Bad growth; an unnatural or abnormal growth. MISGUESS Mis*guess", v. t. & i. Defn: To guess wrongly. MISGUIDANCE Mis*guid"ance, n. Defn: Wrong guidance. MISGUIDE Mis*guide", v. t. Defn: To guide wrongly; to lead astray; as, to misguide the understanding. MISGUIDE Mis*guide", n. Defn: Misguidance; error. [Obs.] Spenser. MISGUIDING Mis*guid"ing, a. Defn: Misleading. -- Mis*guid"ing*ly, adv. MISGYE Mis*gye", v. t. Defn: To misguide. [Obs.] MISHANDLE Mis*han"dle, v. t. Defn: To handle ill or wrongly; to maltreat. MISHAP Mis*hap", n. Defn: Evil accident; ill luck; misfortune; mischance. Chaucer. Secure from worldly chances and mishaps. Shak. MISHAP Mis*hap", v. i. Defn: To happen unluckily; -- used impersonally. [Obs.] "If that me mishap." Chaucer. MISHAPPEN Mis*hap"pen, v. i. Defn: To happen ill or unluckily. Spenser. MISHAPPY Mis*hap"py, a. Defn: Unhappy. [Obs.] MISHCUP Mish*cup", n. Etym: [See Scup.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The scup. [Local, U. S.] MISHEAR Mis*hear", v. t. & i. Defn: To hear incorrectly. MISHMASH Mish"mash`, n. Etym: [Cf. G. mish-mash, fr. mischen to mix.] Defn: A hotchpotch. Sir T. Herbert. MISHNA Mish"na, n. Etym: [NHeb. mishnah, i. e., repetition, doubling, explanation (of the divine law), fr. Heb. shanah to change, to repeat.] Defn: A collection or digest of Jewish traditions and explanations of Scripture, forming the text of the Talmud. [Written also Mischna.] MISHNIC Mish"nic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Mishna. MISIMAGINATION Mis`im*ag`i*na"tion, n. Defn: Wrong imagination; delusion. Bp. Hall. MISIMPROVE Mis`im*prove", v. t. Defn: To use for a bad purpose; to abuse; to misuse; as, to misimprove time, talents, advantages, etc. South. MISIMPROVEMENT Mis`im*prove"ment, n. Defn: Ill use or employment; use for a bad purpose. MISINCLINE Mis"in*cline", v. t. Defn: To cause to have a wrong inclination or tendency; to affect wrongly. MISINFER Mis`in*fer", v. t. Defn: To infer incorrectly. MISINFORM Mis`in*form", v. t. Defn: To give untrue information to; to inform wrongly. MISINFORM Mis`in*form", v. i. Defn: To give untrue information; (with against) to calumniate. [R.] Bp. Montagu. MISINFORMANT Mis`in*form"ant, n. Defn: A misinformer. MISINFORMATION Mis*in`for*ma"tion, n. Defn: Untrue or incorrect information. Bacon. MISINFORMER Mis`in*form"er, n. Defn: One who gives or incorrect information. MISINSTRUCT Mis`in*struct", v. t. Defn: To instruct amiss. MISINSTRUCTION Mis`in*struc"tion, n. Defn: Wrong or improper instruction. MISINTELLIGENCE Mis`in*tel"li*gence, n. 1. Wrong information; misinformation. 2. Disagreement; misunderstanding. [Obs.] MISINTEND Mis`in*tend", v. t. Defn: To aim amiss. [Obs.] MISINTERPRET Mis`in*ter"pret, v. t. Defn: To interpret erroneously; to understand or to explain in a wrong sense. MISINTERPRETABLE Mis`in*ter"pret*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being misinterpreted; liable to be misunderstood. MISINTERPRETATION Mis`in*ter"pre*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of interpreting erroneously; a mistaken interpretation. MISINTERPRETER Mis`in*ter"pret*er, n. Defn: One who interprets erroneously. MISJOIN Mis*join", v. t. Defn: To join unfitly or improperly. MISJOINDER Mis*join"der, n. (Law) Defn: An incorrect union of parties or of causes of action in a procedure, criminal or civil. Wharton. MISJUDGE Mis*judge", v. t. & i. Defn: To judge erroneously or unjustly; to err in judgment; to misconstrue. MISJUDGMENT Mis*judg"ment, n. Etym: [Written also misjudgement.] Defn: A wrong or unjust judgment. MISKEEP Mis*keep", v. t. Defn: To keep wrongly. Chaucer. MISKEN Mis*ken", v. t. Defn: Not to know. [Obs.] MISKIN Mis"kin, n. Etym: [Prob. for music + -kin.] (Mus.) Defn: A little bagpipe. [Obs.] Drayton. MISKINDLE Mis*kin"dle, v. t. Defn: To kindle amiss; to inflame to a bad purpose; to excite wrongly. MISKNOW Mis*know", v. t. Defn: To have a mistaken notion of or about. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. MISLACTATION Mis`lac*ta"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: Defective flow or vitiated condition of the milk. MISLAY Mis*lay", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mislaid; p. pr. & vb. n. Mislaying.] 1. To lay in a wrong place; to ascribe to a wrong source. The fault is generally mislaid upon nature. Locke. 2. To lay in a place not recollected; to lose. The... charter, indeed, was unfortunately mislaid: and the prayer of their petition was to obtain one of like import in its stead. Hallam. MISLAYER Mis*lay"er, n. Defn: One who mislays. MISLE Mi"sle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Misled; p. pr. & vb. n. Misling.] Etym: [Prop. mistle, fr. mist. Cf. Mistle, Mizzle.] Defn: To rain in very fine drops, like a thick mist; to mizzle. MISLE Mi"sle, n. Defn: A fine rain; a thick mist; mizzle. MISLEAD Mis*lead", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misled; p. pr. & vb. n. Misleading.] Etym: [AS. misl. See Mis-, and Lead to conduct.] Defn: To lead into a wrong way or path; to lead astray; to guide into error; to cause to mistake; to deceive. Trust not servants who mislead or misinform you. Bacon. To give due light To the mislead and lonely traveler. Milton. Syn. -- To delude; deceive. See Deceive. MISLEADER Mis*lead"er, n. Defn: One who leads into error. MISLEADING Mis*lead"ing, a. Defn: Leading astray; delusive. MISLEARN Mis*learn", v. t. Defn: To learn wrongly. MISLED Mis*led", imp. & p. p. Defn: of Mislead. MISLEN Mis"len, n. Defn: See Maslin. MISLETOE Mis"le*toe, n. Defn: See Mistletoe. MISLIGHT Mis*light", v. t. Defn: To deceive or lead astray with a false light. Herrick. MISLIKE Mis*like", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Misliked; p. pr. & vb. n. Misliking.] Etym: [AS. mislician to displease. See Like, v.] Defn: To dislike; to disapprove of; to have aversion to; as, to mislike a man. Who may like or mislike what he says. I. Taylor. MISLIKE Mis*like", n. Defn: Dislike; disapprobation; aversion. MISLIKER Mis*lik"er, n. Defn: One who dislikes. MISLIKING Mis*lik"ing, n. Defn: Dislike; aversion. MISLIN Mis"lin, n. & a. Defn: See Maslin. MISLIVE Mis*live", v. i. Defn: To live amiss. MISLODGE Mis*lodge", v. t. Defn: To lodge amiss. [Obs.] MISLUCK Mis*luck", n. Defn: Ill luck; misfortune. MISLY Mis"ly, a. Defn: Raining in very small drops. MISMAKE Mis*make", v. t. Defn: To make or form amiss; to spoil in making. "Limping possibilities of mismade human nature." Mrs. Browning. MISMAKE Mis*make" (mis*mak"), v. t. Defn: To make or form amiss; to spoil in making. "Limping possibilities of mismade human nature." Mrs. Browning. MISMANAGE Mis*man"age, v. t. & i. Defn: To manage ill or improperly; as, to mismanage public affairs. MISMANAGEMENT Mis*man"age*ment, n. Defn: Wrong or bad management; as, he failed through mismagement. MISMANAGER Mis*man"a*ger, n. Defn: One who manages ill. MISMARK Mis*mark", v. t. Defn: To mark wrongly. MISMATCH Mis*match", v. t. Defn: To match unsuitably. MISMATE Mis*mate", v. t. Defn: To mate wrongly or unsuitably; as, to mismate gloves or shoes; a mismated couple. MISMEASURE Mis*meas"ure, v. t. Defn: To measure or estimate incorrectly. MISMEASUREMENT Mis*meas"ure*ment, n. Defn: Wrong measurement. MISMETER Mis*me"ter, v. t. Defn: To give the wrong meter to, as to a line of verse. [R.] Chaucer. MISNAME Mis*name", v. t. Defn: To call by the wrong name; to give a wrong or inappropriate name to. MISNOMER Mis*no"mer, n. Etym: [OF. pref. mes- amiss, wrong (L. minus less) + F. nommer to name, L. nominare, fr. nomen name. See Name.] Defn: The misnaming of a person in a legal instrument, as in a complaint or indictment; any misnaming of a person or thing; a wrong or inapplicable name or title. Many of the changes, by a great misnomer, called parliamentary "reforms". Burke. The word "synonym" is fact a misnomer. Whatel MISNOMER Mis*no"mer, v. t. Defn: To misname. [R.] MISNUMBER Mis*num"ber, v. t. Defn: To number wrongly. MISNURTURE Mis*nur"ture, v. t. Defn: To nurture or train wrongly; as, to misnurture children. Bp. Hall. MISOBEDIENCE Mis`o*be"di*ence, n. Defn: Mistaken obedience; disobedience. [Obs.] Milton. MISOBSERVE Mis`ob*serve", v. t. Defn: To observe inaccurately; to mistake in observing. Locke. MISOBSERVER Mis`ob*serv"er, n. Defn: One who misobserves; one who fails to observe properly. MISOGAMIST Mi*sog"a*mist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A hater of marriage. MISOGAMY Mi*sog"a*my, n. Etym: [Cf. F. misogamie.] Defn: Hatre MISOGYNIST Mi*sog"y*nist, n. Etym: [Gr. misogyne.] Defn: A woman hater. Fuller. MISOGYNOUS Mi*sog"y*nous, a. Defn: Hating women. MISOGYNY Mi*sog"y*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. misogynie.] Defn: Hatred of women. Johnson. MISOLOGY Mi*sol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Hatred of argument or discussion; hatred of enlightenment. G. H. Lewes. MISOPINION Mis`o*pin"ion, n. Defn: Wrong opinion. [Obs.] MISORDER Mis*or"der, v. t. Defn: To order ill; to manage erroneously; to conduct badly. [Obs.] Shak. MISORDER Mis*or"der, n. Defn: Irregularity; disorder. [Obs.] Camden. MISORDERLY Mis*or"der*ly, a. Defn: Irregular; disorderly. [Obs.] MISORDINATION Mis*or`di*na"tion, n. Defn: Wrong ordination. MISOTHEISM Mis"o*the`ism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Hatred of God. De Quincey. MISPAINT Mis*paint", v. t. Defn: To paint ill, or wrongly. MISPASSION Mis*pas"sion, n. Defn: Wrong passion or feeling. [Obs.] MISPAY Mis*pay", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Appay.] Defn: To dissatisfy. [Obs.] MISPELL; MISPEND Mis*pell", v. t., Mis*pend" (, v. t., etc. Defn: See Misspell, Misspend, etc. MISPENSE Mis*pense", n. Defn: See Misspense. Bp. Hall. MISPERCEPTION Mis`per*cep"tion, n. Defn: Erroneous perception. MISPERSUADE Mis`per*suade", v. t. Defn: To persuade amiss. MISPERSUASION Mis`per*sua"sion, n. Defn: A false persuasion; wrong notion or opinion. Dr. H. More. MISPICKEL Mis*pick"el, n. Etym: [G.] (Min.) Defn: Arsenical iron pyrites; arsenopyrite. MISPLACE Mis*place", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misplaced; p. pr. & vb. n. Misplacing.] Defn: To put in a wrong place; to set or place on an improper or unworthy object; as, he misplaced his confidence. MISPLACEMENT Mis*place"ment, n. Defn: The act of misplacing, or the state of being misplaced. MISPLEAD Mis*plead", v. i. Defn: To err in pleading. MISPLEADING Mis*plead"ing, n. (Law) Defn: An error in pleading. MISPOINT Mis*point", v. t. Defn: To point improperly; to punctuate wrongly. MISPOLICY Mis*pol"i*cy, n. Defn: Wrong policy; impolicy. MISPRACTICE Mis*prac"tice, n. Defn: Wrong practice. MISPRAISE Mis*praise", v. t. Defn: To praise amiss. MISPRINT Mis*print", v. t. Defn: To print wrong. MISPRINT Mis*print", n. Defn: A mistake in printing; a deviation from the copy; as, a book full of misprints. MISPRISE Mis*prise", v. t. Defn: See Misprize. [Obs.] Shak. MISPRISE Mis*prise", v. t. Etym: [OF. mesprise mistake, F. méprise, fr. mespris, masc., mesprise, fem., p. p. of mesprendre to mistake; F. méprendre; pref. mes- amiss + prendre to take, L. prehendere.] Defn: To mistake. [Obs.] Shak. MISPRISION Mis*pri"sion, n. Etym: [LL. misprisio, or OF. mesprison, prop., a mistaking, but confused with OF. mespris contempt, F. mépris. See 2d Misprise, Misprize, Prison.] 1. The act of misprising; misapprehension; misconception; mistake. [Archaic] Fuller. The misprision of this passage has aided in fostering the delusive notion. Hare. 2. Neglect; undervaluing; contempt. [Obs.] Shak. 3. (Law) Defn: A neglect, negligence, or contempt. Note: In its larger and older sense it was used to signify "every considerable misdemeanor which has not a certain name given to it in the law." Russell. In a more modern sense it is applied exclusively to two offenses: --1. Misprision of treason, which is omission to notify the authorities of an act of treason by a person cognizant thereof. Stephen. 2. Misprision of felony, which is a concealment of a felony by a person cognizant thereof. Stephen. MISPRIZE Mis*prize", v. t. Etym: [OF. mesprisier to deprise, F. mépriser; pref. amiss, wrong (L. minus less + LL. pretium price. See price, Prize, v.] Defn: To slight or undervalue. O, for those vanished hours, so much misprized! Hillhouse. I do not blame them, madam, nor misprize. Mrs. Browning. MISPROCEEDING Mis`pro*ceed"ing, n. Defn: Wrong or irregular proceding. MISPROFESS Mis`pro*fess", v. i. Defn: To make a false profession; to make pretensions to skill which is not possessed. MISPROFESS Mis`pro*fess", v. t. Defn: To make a false profession of. MISPRONOUNCE Mis`pro*nounce", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Mispronounced; p. pr. & vb. n. Mispronouncing.] Defn: To pronounce incorrectly. MISPRONUNCIATION Mis`pro*nun`ci*a"tion ( or ), n. Defn: Wrong or improper pronunciation. MISPROPORTION Mis`pro*por"tion, v. t. Defn: To give wrong proportions to; to join without due proportion. MISPROUD Mis*proud", a. Defn: Viciously proud. [Obs.] Shak. MISPUNCTUATE Mis*punc"tu*ate, v. t. Defn: To punctuate wrongly or incorrectly. MISQUOTATION Mis`quo*ta"tion, n. Defn: Erroneous or inaccurate quotation. MISQUOTE Mis*quote", v. t. & i. Defn: To quote erroneously or incorrectly. Shak. MISRAISE Mis*raise", v. t. Defn: To raise or exite unreasonable. "Misraised fury." Bp. Hall. MISRATE Mis*rate", v. t. Defn: To rate erroneously. MISREAD Mis*read", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misread; p. pr. & vb. n. Misreading.] Defn: To read amiss; to misunderstand in reading. MISRECEIVE Mis`re*ceive", v. t. Defn: To receive wrongly. MISRECITAL Mis`re*cit"al, n. Defn: An inaccurate recital. MISRECITE Mis`re*cite", v. t. & i. Defn: To recite erroneously. MISRECKON Mis*reck"on, v. t. & i. Defn: To reckon wrongly; to miscalculate. Swift. MISRECKONING Mis*reck"on*ing, n. Defn: An erroneous computation. MISRECOLLECT Mis*rec`ol*lect", v. t. & i. Defn: To have an erroneous remembrance of; to suppose erroneously that one recollects. Hitchcock. MISRECOLLECTION Mis*rec`ol*lec"tion, n. Defn: Erroneous or inaccurate recollection. MISREFORM Mis`re*form", v. t. Defn: To reform wrongly or imperfectly. MISREGARD Mis`re*gard", n. Defn: Wrong understanding; misconstruction. [Obs.] Spenser. MISREGULATE Mis*reg"u*late, v. t. Defn: To regulate wrongly or imperfectly; to fail to regulate. MISREHEARSE Mis`re*hearse", v. t. Defn: To rehearse or quote incorrectly. Sir T. More. MISRELATE Mis`re*late", v. t. Defn: To relate inaccurately. MISRELATION Mis`re*la"tion, n. Defn: Erroneous relation or narration. Abp. Bramhall. MISRELIGION Mis`re*li"gion, n. Defn: False religion. [R.] MISREMEMBER Mis`re*mem"ber, v. t. & i. Defn: To mistake in remembering; not to remember correctly. Sir T. More. MISRENDER Mis*ren"der, v. t. Defn: To render wrongly; to translate or recite wrongly. Boyle. MISREPEAT Mis`re*peat", v. t. Defn: To repeat wrongly; to give a wrong version of. Gov. Winthrop. MISREPORT Mis`re*port", v. t. & i. Defn: To report erroneously; to give an incorrect account of. Locke. MISREPORT Mis`re*port", n. Defn: An erroneous report; a false or incorrect account given. Denham. South. MISREPRESENT Mis*rep`re*sent", v. t. Defn: To represent incorrectly (almost always, unfacorably); to give a false erroneous representation of, either maliciously, ignirantly, or carelessly. Swift. MISREPRESENT Mis*rep`re*sent", v. i. Defn: To make an incorrect or untrue representation. Milton. MISREPRESENTATION Mis*rep`re*sen*ta"tion, n. Defn: Untrue representation; false or incorrect statement or account; -- usually unfavorable to the thing represented; as, a misrepresentation of a person's motives. Sydney Smith. Note: In popular use, this word often conveys the idea of intentional untruth. MISREPRESENTATIVE Mis*rep`re*sent"a*tive, a. Defn: Tending to convey a wrong impression; misrepresenting. MISREPRESENTER Mis*rep`re*sent"er, n. Defn: One who misrepresents. MISREPUTE Mis`re*pute", v. t. Defn: To have in wrong estimation; to repute or estimate erroneously. MISRULE Mis*rule", v. t. & i. Defn: To rule badly; to misgovern. MISRULE Mis*rule", n. 1. The act, or the result, of misruling. 2. Disorder; confusion; tumult from insubordination. Enormous riot and misrule surveyed. Pope. Abbot, or Lord, of Misrule. See under Abbot, and Lord. MISRULY Mis*rul"y, a. Defn: Unruly. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. MISS Miss, n.; pl. Misses. Etym: [Contr. fr. mistress.] 1. A title of courtesy prefixed to the name of a girl or a woman who has not been married. See Mistress, 5. Note: There is diversity of usage in the application of this title to two or more persons of the same name. We may write either the Miss Browns or the Misses Brown. 2. A young unmarried woman or a girl; as, she is a miss of sixteen. Gay vanity, with smiles and kisses, Was busy 'mongst the maids and misses. Cawthorn. 3. A kept mistress. See Mistress, 4. [Obs.] Evelyn. 4. (Card Playing) Defn: In the game of three-card loo, an extra hand, dealt on the table, which may be substituted for the hand dealt to a player. MISS Miss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Missed; p.pr. & vb.n. Missing.] Etym: [AS. missan; akin to D. & G. missen, OHG. missan, Icel. missa, Sw. mista, Dan. miste. *100. See Mis-, pref.] 1. To fail of hitting, reaching, getting, finding, seeing, hearing, etc.; as, to miss the mark one shoots at; to miss the train by being late; to miss opportunites of getting knowledge; to miss the point or meaning of something said. When a man misses his great end, happiness, he will acknowledge he judged not right. Locke. 2. To omit; to fail to have or to do; to get without; to dispense with; -- now seldom applied to persons. She would never miss, one day, A walk so fine, a sight so gay. Prior. We cannot miss him; he does make our fire, Fetch in our wood. Shak. 3. To discover the absence or omission of; to feel the want of; to mourn the loss of; to want. Shak. Neither missed we anything ... Nothing was missed of all that pertained unto him. 1 Sam. xxv. 15, 21. What by me thou hast lost, thou least shalt miss. Milton. To miss stays. (Naut.) See under Stay. MISS Miss, v. i. 1. To fail to hit; to fly wide; to deviate from the true direction. Men observe when things hit, and not when they miss. Bacon. Flying bullets now, To execute his rage, appear too slow; They miss, or sweep but common souls away. Waller. 2. To fail to obtain, learn, or find; -- with of. Upon the least reflection, we can not miss of them. Atterbury. 3. To go wrong; to err. [Obs.] Amongst the angels, a whole legion Of wicked sprites did fall from happy bliss; What wonder then if one, of women all, did miss Spenser. 4. To be absent, deficient, or wanting. [Obs.] See Missing, a. What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend. Shak. MISS Miss, n. 1. The act of missing; failure to hit, reach, find, obtain, etc. 2. Loss; want; felt absence. [Obs.] There will be no great miss of those which are lost. Locke. 3. Mistake; error; fault. Shak. He did without any great miss in the hardest points of grammar. Ascham. 4. Harm from mistake. [Obs.] Spenser. MISSA Mis"sa, n.; pl. Missæ. Etym: [LL. See 1st Mass.] (R.C.Ch.) Defn: The service or sacrifice of the Mass. MISSAL Mis"sal, n. Etym: [LL. missale, liber missalis, from missa mass: cf. F. missel. See 1st Mass.] Defn: The book containing the service of the Mass for the entire year; a Mass book. MISSAL Mis"sal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Mass, or to a missal or Mass book. Bp. Hall. MISSAY Mis*say", v. t. 1. To say wrongly. 2. To speak evil of; to slander. [Obs.] MISSAY Mis*say", v. i. Defn: To speak ill. [Obs.] Spenser. MISSEEK Mis*seek", v. t. Defn: To seek for wrongly. [Obs.] MISSEEM Mis*seem", v. i. 1. To make a false appearance. [Obs.] 2. To misbecome; to be misbecoming. [Obs.] Spenser. MISSEL Mis"sel, n. Defn: Mistletoe. [Obs.] Missel bird, Missel thrush (Zoöl.), a large European thrush (Turdus viscivorus) which feeds on the berries of the mistletoe; -- called also mistletoe thrush and missel. MISSELDINE Mis"sel*dine, n. Etym: [See Mistletoe.] [Written also misselden.] Defn: The mistletoe. [Obs.] Baret. MISSELTOE Mis"sel*toe, n. Defn: See Mistletoe. MISSEMBLANCE Mis*sem"blance, n. Defn: False resemblance or semblance. [Obs.] MISSEND Mis*send", v. t. Defn: To send amiss or incorrectly. MISSERVE Mis*serve", v. t. & i. Defn: To serve unfaithfully. MISSET Mis*set", v. t. Defn: To set pr place wrongly. MISSHAPE Mis*shape", v. t. Defn: To shape ill; to give an ill or unnatural from to; to deform. "Figures monstrous and misshaped." Pope. MISSHAPEN Mis*shap"en, a. Defn: Having a bad or ugly form. "The mountains are misshapen." Bentley. -- Mis*shap"en*ly, adv. -- Mis*shap"en*ness, n. MISSHEATHED Mis*sheathed", a. Defn: Sheathed by mistake; wrongly sheathed; sheathed in a wrong place. Shak. MISSIFICATE Mis*sif"i*cate, v. i. Etym: [LL. missa Mass + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See fy-.] Defn: To perform Mass. [Obs.] Milton. MISSILE Mis"sile, a. Etym: [L. missils, fr. mittere, missum, to cause to go, to send, to throw; cf. Lith. mesti to throw: cf. F. missile. Cf. Admit, Dismiss, Mass the religious service, Message, Mission.] Defn: Capable of being thrown; adapted for hurling or to be projected from the hand, or from any instrument or rngine, so as to strike an object at a distance. We bend the bow, or wing the missile dart. Pope. MISSILE Mis"sile, n. Etym: [L. missile.] Defn: A weapon thrown or projected or intended to be projcted, as a lance, an arrow, or a bullet. MISSING Miss"ing, a. Etym: [From Miss, v. i.] Defn: Absent from the place where it was expected to be found; lost; wanting; not present when called or looked for. Neither was there aught missing unto them. 1 Sam. xxv. 7. For a time caught up to God, as once Moses was in the mount, and missing long. Milton. MISSINGLY Miss"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With a sense of loss. [Obs.] Shak. MISSION Mis"sion, n. Etym: [L. missio, fr. mittere, missum, to send: cf. F. mission. See Missile.] 1. The act of sending, or the state of being sent; a being sent or delegated by authority, with certain powers for transacting business; comission. Whose glorious deeds, but in these fields of late, Made emulous missions' mongst the gods themselves. Shak. 2. That with which a messenger or agent is charged; an errand; business or duty on which one is sent; a commission. How to begin, how to accomplish best His end of being on earth, and mission high. Milton. 3. Persons sent; any number of persons appointed to perform any service; a delegation; an embassy. In these ships there should be a mission of three of the fellows or brethren of Solomon's house. Bacon. 4. An assotiation or organization of missionaries; a station or residence of missionaries. 5. An organization for worship and work, dependent on one or more churches. 6. A course of extraordinary sermons and services at a particular place and time for the special purpose of quickening the faith and zeal participants, and of converting unbelievers. Addis & Arnold. 7. Dismission; discharge from service. [Obs.] Mission school. (a) A school connected with a mission and conducted by missionaries. (b) A school for the religious instruction of children not having regular church privileges. Syn. -- Message; errand; commission; deputation. MISSION Mis"sion, v. t. Defn: To send on a mission. [Mostly used in the form of the past participle.] Keats. MISSIONARY Mis"sion*ary, n.; pl. Missionaries. Etym: [Cf. F. missionnaire. See Mission, n.] Defn: One who is sent on a mission; especially, one sent to propagate religion. Swift. Missionary apostolic, a Roman Catholic missionary sent by commission from the pope. MISSIONARY Mis"sion*a*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to missions; as, a missionary meeting; a missionary fund. MISSIONER Mis"sion*er, n. Defn: A missionary; an envoy; one who conducts a mission. See Mission, n., 6. "Like mighty missioner you come." Dryden. MISSIS Mis"sis, n. Defn: A mistress; a wife; -- so used by the illiterate. G. Eliot. MISSISH Miss"ish, a. Defn: Like a miss; prim; affected; sentimental. -- Miss"ish*ness, n. MISSIT Mis*sit", v. t. Defn: To sit badly or imperfectly upon; to misbecome. [Obs.] Chaucer. MISSIVE Mis"sive, a. Etym: [See Missive, n.] 1. Specially sent; intended or prepared to be sent; as, a letter missive. Ayliffe. 2. Missile. "The missive weapons fly." Dryden. Letters missive, letters conveying the permission, comand, or advice of a superior authority, as a sovereign. They are addressed and sent to some certain person or persons, and are distinguished from letters patent, which are addressed to the public. MISSIVE Mis"sive, n. Etym: [F. lettre missive. See Mission, n.] 1. That which is sent; a writing containing a message. 2. One who is sent; a messenger. [Obs.] Shak. MISSOUND Mis*sound", v. t. Defn: To sound wrongly; to utter or pronounce incorrectly. E,Hall. MISSPEAK Mis*speak", v. i. Defn: To err in speaking. MISSPEAK Mis*speak", v. t. Defn: To utter wrongly. MISSPEECH Mis*speech", n. Defn: Wrong speech. [Obs.] MISSPELL Mis*spell", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misspelled, or Misspelt (; p. pr. & vb. n. Misspelling.] Defn: To spell incorrectly. MISSPELLING Mis*spell"ing, n. Defn: A wrong spelling. MISSPEND Mis*spend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misspent; p. pr. & vb. n. Misspending.] Defn: To spend amiss or for wrong purposes; to aquander; to waste; as, to misspend time or money. J. Philips. MISSPENDER Mis*spend"er, n. Defn: One who misspends. MISSPENSE mis*spense", n. Defn: A spending improperly; a wasting. [Obs.] Barrow. MISSPENT Mis*spent", imp. & p. p. Defn: of Misspend. MISSTATE Mis*state", v. t. Defn: To state wrongly; as, to misstate a question in debate. Bp. Sanderson. MISSTATEMENT Mis*state"ment, n. Defn: An incorrect statement. MISSTAYED Mis*stayed", a. (Naut.) Defn: Having missed stays; -- said of a ship. MISSTEP Mis*step", n. Defn: A wrong step; an error of conduct. MISSTEP Mis*step", v. i. Defn: To take a wrong step; to go astray. MISSUCCESS Mis`suc*cess", n. Defn: Failure. [Obs.] MISSUGGESTION Mis`sug*ges"tion ( or ), n. Defn: Wrong or evil suggestion. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. MISSUMMATION Mis`sum*ma"tion, n. Defn: Wrong summation. MISSWEAR Mis*swear", v. i. Defn: To swear falsely. MISSY Mis"sy, n. (Min.) Defn: See Misy. MISSY Mis"sy, n. Defn: An affectionate, or contemptuous, form of miss; a young girl; a miss. -- a. Defn: Like a miss, or girl. MIST Mist, n. Etym: [AS. mist; akin to D. & Sw. mist, Icel. mistr, G. mist dung, Goth. maíhstus, AS. migan to make water, Icel. miga, Lith. migla mist, Russ. mgla, L. mingere, meiere, to make water, gr. mih to make water, n., a mist m*gha cloud. *102. Cf. Misle, Mizzle, Mixen.] 1. Visible watery vapor suspended in the atmosphere, at or near the surface of the earth; fog. 2. Coarse, watery vapor, floating or falling in visible particles, approaching the form of rain; as, Scotch mist. 3. Hence, anything which dims or darkens, and obscures or intercepts vision. His passion cast a mist before his sense. Dryden. Mist flower (Bot.), a composite plant (Eupatorium coelestinum), having heart-shaped leaves, and corymbs of lavender-blue flowers. It is found in the Western and Southern United States. MIST Mist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misted; p. pr. & vb. n. Misting.] Defn: To cloud; to cover with mist; to dim. Shak. MIST Mist, v. i. Defn: To rain in very fine drops; as, it mists. MISTAKABLE Mis*tak"a*ble, a. Defn: Liable to be mistaken; capable of being misconceived. Sir T. Browne. MISTAKE Mis*take", v. t. [imp. & obs. p. p. Mistook; p. p. Mistaken; p. pr. & vb. n. Mistaking.] Etym: [Pref. mis- + take: cf. Icel. mistaka.] 1. To take or choose wrongly. [Obs. or R.] Shak. 2. To take in a wrong sense; to misunderstand misapprehend, or misconceive; as, to mistake a remark; to mistake one's meaning. Locke. My father's purposes have been mistook. Shak. 3. To substitute in thought or perception; as, to mistake one person for another. A man may mistake the love of virtue for the practice of it. Johnson. 4. To have a wrong idea of in respect of character, qualities, etc.; to misjudge. Mistake me not so much, To think my poverty is treacherous. Shak. MISTAKE Mis*take", v. i. Defn: To err in knowledge, perception, opinion, or judgment; to commit an unintentional error. Servants mistake, and sometimes occasion misunderstanding among friends. Swift. MISTAKE Mis*take", n. 1. An apprehending wrongly; a misconception; a misunderstanding; a fault in opinion or judgment; an unintentional error of conduct. Infallibility is an absolute security of the understanding from all possibility of mistake. Tillotson. 2. (Law) Defn: Misconception, error, which when non-negligent may be ground for rescinding a contract, or for refusing to perform it. No mistake, surely; without fail; as, it will happen at the appointed time, and no mistake. [Low] Syn. -- Blunder; error; bull. See Blunder. MISTAKEN Mis*tak"en, p.a. 1. Being in error; judging wrongly; having a wrong opinion or a misconception; as, a mistaken man; he is mistaken. 2. Erroneous; wrong; as, a mistaken notion. MISTAKENLY Mis*tak"en*ly, adv. Defn: By mistake. Goldsmith. MISTAKENNESS Mis*tak"en*ness, n. Defn: Erroneousness. MISTAKER Mis*tak"er, n. Defn: One who mistakes. Well meaning ignorance of some mistakers. Bp. Hall. MISTAKING Mis*tak"ing, n. Defn: An error; a mistake. Shak. MISTAKINGLY Mis*tak"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Erroneously. MISTAUGHT Mis*taught", a. Etym: [See Misteach.] Defn: Wrongly taught; as, a mistaught youth. L'Estrange. MISTEACH Mis*teach", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mistaught; p. pr. & vb. n. Misteaching.] Etym: [AS. mist.] Defn: To teach wrongly; to instruct erroneously. MISTELL Mis*tell", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mistold; p. pr. & vb. n. Mistelling.] Defn: To tell erroneously. MISTEMPER Mis*tem"per, v. t. Defn: To temper ill; to disorder; as, to mistemper one's head. Warner. This inundation of mistempered humor. Shak. MISTER Mis"ter, n. Etym: [See Master, and cf. Mistress.] Defn: A title of courtesy prefixed to the name of a man or youth. It is usually written in the abbreviated form Mr. To call your name, inquire your where, Or whet you think of Mister Some-one's book, Or Mister Other's marriage or decease. Mrs. Browning. MISTER Mis"ter, v. t. Defn: To address or mention by the title Mr.; as, he mistered me in a formal way. [Colloq.] MISTER Mis"ter, n. Etym: [OF. mistier trade, office, ministry, need, F. métier trade, fr. L. ministerium service, office, ministry. See Ministry, Mystery trade.] [Written also mester.] 1. A trade, art, or occupation. [Obs.] In youth he learned had a good mester. Chaucer. 2. Manner; kind; sort. [Obs.] Spenser. But telleth me what mester men ye be. Chaucer. 3. Need; necessity. [Obs.] Rom. of R. MISTER Mis"ter, v. i. Defn: To be needful or of use. [Obs.] As for my name, it mistereth not to tell. Spenser. MISTERM Mis*term", v. t. Defn: To call by a wrong name; to miscall. MISTERY Mis"ter*y, n. Defn: See Mystery, a trade. MISTFUL Mist"ful, a. Defn: Clouded with, or as with, mist. MISTHINK Mis*think", v. i. Etym: [See Think.] Defn: To think wrongly. [Obs.] "Adam misthought of her." Milton. MISTHINK Mis*think", v. t. Defn: To have erroneous thoughts or judgment of; to think ill of. [Obs.] Shak. MISTHOUGHT Mis*thought", n. Defn: Erroneous thought; mistaken opinion; error. [Obs.] Spenser. MISTHRIVE Mis*thrive", v. i. Defn: To thrive poorly; to be not thrifty or prosperous. [Obs.] MISTHROW Mis*throw", v. t. Defn: To throw wrongly. MISTIC; MISTICO Mis"tic, Mis"ti*co, n. Etym: [Sp. místico.] Defn: A kind of small sailing vessel used in the Mediterranean. It is rigged partly like a xebec, and partly like a felucca. MISTIDE Mis*tide", v. i. Etym: [AS. mistidan. See Tide.] Defn: To happen or come to pass unfortunately; also, to suffer evil fortune. [Obs.] MISTIGRIS; MISTIGRI Mis`ti`gris", Mis`ti`gri", n. Etym: [F. mistigri.] Defn: A variety of the game of poker in which the joker is used, and called mistigris or mistigri. MISTIHEAD Mist"i*head, n. Defn: Mistiness. [Obs.] MISTILY Mist"i*ly, adv. Defn: With mist; darkly; obscurely. MISTIME Mis*time", v. t. Etym: [AS. mistimain to turn out ill.] Defn: To time wrongly; not to adapt to the time. MISTINESS Mist"i*ness, n. Defn: State of being misty. MISTION Mis"tion, n. Etym: [L. mistio, mixtio. See Mix, and cf. Mixtion.] Defn: Mixture. [Obs.] MISTITLE Mis*ti"tle, v. t. Defn: To call by a wrong title. MISTLE Mis"tle, v. i. Etym: [Eng. mist. See Misle, and Mizzle.] Defn: To fall in very fine drops, as rain. MISTLETOE Mis"tle*toe, n. Etym: [AS. misteltan; mistel mistletoe + tan twig. AS. mistel is akin of D., G., Dan. & Sw. mistel, OHG. mistil, Icel. mistilteinn; and AS. tan to D. teen, OHG. zein, Icel. teinn, Goth. tains. Cf. Missel.] (Bot.) Defn: A parasitic evergreen plant of Europe (Viscum album), bearing a glutinous fruit. When found upon the oak, where it is rare, it was an object of superstitious regard among the Druids. A bird lime is prepared from its fruit. [Written also misletoe, misseltoe, and mistleto.] Lindley. Loudon. Note: The mistletoe of the United States is Phoradendron flavescens, having broader leaves than the European kind. In different regions various similar plants are called by this name. MISTONUSK Mis"to*nusk, n. Etym: [From the Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The American badger. MISTOOK Mis*took", imp. & obs. p. p. Defn: of Mistake. MISTRADITION Mis`tra*di"tion, n. Defn: A wrong tradition. "Monsters of mistradition." Tennyson. MISTRAIN Mis*train", v. t. Defn: To train amiss. MISTRAL Mis"tral, n. Etym: [F., fr. Provençal.] Defn: A violent and cold northwest wind experienced in the Mediterranean provinces of France, etc. MISTRANSLATE Mis`trans*late", v. t. Defn: To translate erroneously. MISTRANSLATION Mis`trans*la"tion, n. Defn: Wrong translation. MISTRANSPORT Mis`trans*port", v. t. Defn: To carry away or mislead wrongfully, as by passion. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. MISTREADING Mis*tread"ing, n. Defn: Misstep; misbehavior. "To punish my mistreadings." Shak. MISTREAT Mis*treat", v. t. Defn: To treat amiss; to abuse. MISTREATMENT Mis*treat"ment, n. Defn: Wrong treatment. MISTRESS Mis"tress, n. Etym: [OE. maistress, OF. maistresse, F. maîtresse, LL. magistrissa, for L. magistra, fem. of magister. See Master, Mister, and cf. Miss a young woman.] 1. A woman having power, authority, or ownership; a woman who exercises authority, is chief, etc.; the female head of a family, a school, etc. The late queen's gentlewoman! a knight's daughter! To be her mistress' mistress! Shak. 2. A woman well skilled in anything, or having the mastery over it. A letter desires all young wives to make themselves mistresses of Wingate's Arithmetic. Addison. 3. A woman regarded with love and devotion; she who has command over one's heart; a beloved object; a sweetheart. [Poetic] Clarendon. 4. A woman filling the place, but without the rights, of a wife; a concubine; a loose woman with whom one consorts habitually. Spectator. 5. A title of courtesy formerly prefixed to the name of a woman, married or unmarried, but now superseded by the contracted forms, Mrs., for a married, and Miss, for an unmarried, woman. Now Mistress Gilpin (careful soul). Cowper. 6. A married woman; a wife. [Scot.] Several of the neighboring mistresses had assembled to witness the event of this memorable evening. Sir W. Scott. 7. The old name of the jack at bowls. Beau. & Fl. To be one's own mistress, to be exempt from control by another person. MISTRESS Mis"tress, v. i. Defn: To wait upon a mistress; to be courting. [Obs.] Donne. MISTRESSSHIP Mis"tress*ship, n. 1. Female rule or dominion. 2. Ladyship, a style of address; -- with the personal pronoun. [Obs.] Massinger. MISTRIAL Mis*tri"al, n. (Law) Defn: A false or erroneous trial; a trial which has no result. MISTRIST Mis*trist", v. t. Defn: To mistrust. [Obs.] Chaucer. MISTROW Mis*trow", v. i. Defn: To think wrongly. [Obs.] MISTRUST Mis*trust", n. Defn: Want of confidence or trust; suspicion; distrust. Milton. MISTRUST Mis*trust", v. t. 1. To regard with jealousy or suspicion; to suspect; to doubt the integrity of; to distrust. I will never mistrust my wife again. Shak. 2. To forebode as near, or likely to occur; to surmise. By a divine instinct, men's minds mistrust Ensuing dangers. Shak. MISTRUSTER Mis*trust"er, n. Defn: One who mistrusts. MISTRUSTFUL Mis*trust"ful, a. Defn: Having or causing mistrust, suspicions, or forebodings. Their light blown out in some mistrustful wood. Shak. -- Mis*trust"ful*ly, adv. -- Mis*trust"ful*ness, n. MISTRUSTINGLY Mis*trust"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With distrust or suspicion. MISTRUSTLESS Mis*trust"less, a. Defn: Having no mistrust or suspicion. The swain mistrustless of his smutted face. Goldsmith. MISTUNE Mis*tune", v. t. Defn: To tune wrongly. MISTURA Mis*tu"ra, n. Etym: [L. See Mixture.] (Med.) (a) A mingled compound in which different ingredients are contained in a liquid state; a mixture. See Mixture, n., 4. (b) Sometimes, a liquid medicine containing very active substances, and which can only be administered by drops. Dunglison. MISTURN Mis*turn", v. t. Defn: To turn amiss; to pervert. MISTUTOR Mis*tu"tor, v. t. Defn: To instruct amiss. MISTY Mist"y, a. [Compar. Mistier; superl. Mistiest.] Etym: [AS. mistig. See Mist. In some senses misty has been confused with mystic.] 1. Accompained with mist; characterized by the presence of mist; obscured by, or overspread with, mist; as, misty weather; misty mountains; a misty atmosphere. 2. Obscured as if by mist; dim; obscure; clouded; as, misty sight. The more I muse therein [theology], The mistier it seemeth. Piers Plowman. MISUNDERSTAND Mis*un`der*stand", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Misunderstood; p. pr. & vb. n. Misunderstanding.] Defn: To misconceive; to mistake; to miscomprehend; to take in a wrong sense. MISUNDERSTANDER Mis*un`der*stand"er, n. Defn: One who misunderstands. Sir T. More. MISUNDERSTANDING Mis*un`der*stand"ing, n. 1. Mistake of the meaning; error; misconception. Bacon. 2. Disagreement; difference of opinion; dissension; quarrel. "Misunderstandings among friends." Swift. MISURATO Mi`su*ra"to, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Measured; -- a direction to perform a passage in strict or measured time. MISUSAGE Mis*us"age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mésusage.] Defn: Bad treatment; abuse. Spenser. MISUSE Mis*use", v. t. Etym: [F. mésuser. See Mis-, prefix from French, and Use.] 1. To treat or use improperly; to use to a bad purpose; to misapply; as, to misuse one's talents. South. The sweet poison of misused wine. Milton. 2. To abuse; to treat ill. O, she misused me past the endurance of a block. Shak. Syn. -- To maltreat; abuse; misemploy; misapply. MISUSE Mis*use", n. 1. Wrong use; misapplication; erroneous or improper use. Words little suspected for any such misuse. Locke. 2. Violence, or its effects. [Obs.] Shak. MISUSEMENT Mis*use"ment, n. Defn: Misuse. [Obs.] MISUSER Mis*us"er, n. 1. One who misuses. "Wretched misusers of language." Coleridge. 2. (Law) Defn: Unlawful use of a right; use in excess of, or varying from, one's right. Bouvier. MISVALUE Mis*val"ue, v. t. Defn: To value wrongly or too little; to undervalue. But for I am so young, I dread my work Wot be misvalued both of old and young. W. Browne. MISVOUCH Mis*vouch", v. t. Defn: To vouch falsely. MISWANDER Mis*wan"der, v. i. Defn: To wander in a wrong path; to stray; to go astray. [Obs.] Chaucer. MISWAY Mis*way", n. Defn: A wrong way. [Obs.] Chaucer. MISWEAR Mis*wear", v. t. Defn: To wear ill. [Obs.] Bacon. MISWED Mis*wed", v. t. Defn: To wed improperly. MISWEEN Mis*ween", v. i. Defn: To ween amiss; to misjudge; to distrust; to be mistaken. [Obs.] Spenser. MISWEND Mis*wend", v. i. Defn: To go wrong; to go astray. [Obs.] "The world is miswent." Gower. MISWORD Mis*word", v. t. Defn: To word wrongly; as, to misword a message, or a sentence. MISWORD Mis*word", n. Defn: A word wrongly spoken; a cross word. [Obs.] Sylvester. Breton. MISWORSHIP Mis*wor"ship, n. Defn: Wrong or false worship; mistaken practices in religion. Bp. Hall. Such hideous jungle of misworships. Carlyle. MISWORSHIP Mis*wor"ship, v. t. Defn: To worship wrongly. Bp. Hall. MISWORSHIPER Mis*wor"ship*er, n. Defn: One who worships wrongly. MISWRITE Mis*write", v. t. Defn: To write incorrectly. MISWROUGHT Mis*wrought", a. Defn: Badly wrought. Bacon. MISY Mi"sy, n. Etym: [Cf. L. misy a mineral, perh. copperas, Gr. (Min.) Defn: An impure yellow sulphate of iron; yellow copperas or copiapite. MISYOKE Mis*yoke", v. t. Defn: To yoke improperly. MISZEALOUS Mis*zeal"ous, a. Defn: Mistakenly zealous. [Obs.] MITE Mite, n. Etym: [AS. mite mite (in sense 1); akin to LG. mite, D. mijt, G. miete, OHG. miza; cf. Goth. maitan to cut.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A minute arachnid, of the order Acarina, of which there are many species; as, the cheese mite, sugar mite, harvest mite, etc. See Acarina. 2. Etym: [D. mijt; prob. the same word.] Defn: A small coin formerly circulated in England, rated at about a third of a farthing. The name is also applied to a small coin used in Palestine in the time of Christ. Two mites, which make a farthing. Mark xii. 49. 3. A small weight; one twentieth of a grain. 4. Anything very small; a minute object; a very little quantity or particle. For in effect they be not worth a myte. Chaucer. MITER; MITRE Mi"ter, Mi"tre, n. Etym: [F. mitre, fr. L. mitra headband, turban, Gr. 1. A covering for the head, worn on solemn occasions by church dignitaries. It has been made in many forms, the present form being a lofty cap with two points or peaks. Fairholt. 2. The surface forming the beveled end or edge of a piece where a miter joint is made; also, a joint formed or a junction effected by two beveled ends or edges; a miter joint. 3. (Numis.) Defn: A sort of base money or coin. Miter box (Carp. & Print.), an apparatus for guiding a handsaw at the proper angle in making a miter joint; esp., a wooden or metal trough with vertical kerfs in its upright sides, for guides. -- Miter dovetail (Carp.), a kind of dovetail for a miter joint in which there is only one joint line visible, and that at the angle. -- Miter gauge (Carp.), a gauge for determining the angle of a miter. -- Miter joint, a joint formed by pieces matched and united upon a line bisecting the angle of junction, as by the beveled ends of two pieces of molding or brass rule, etc. The term is used especially when the pieces form a right angle. See Miter, 2. -- Miter shell (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of marine univalve shells of the genus Mitra. -- Miter square (Carp.), a bevel with an immovable arm at an angle of 45º, for striking lines on stuff to be mitered; also, a square with an arm adjustable to any angle. -- Miter wheels, a pair of bevel gears, of equal diameter, adapted for working together, usually with their axes at right angles. MITER; MITRE Mi"ter, Mi"tre, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mitered or Mitred; p. pr. & vb. n. Mitering or Mitring.] 1. To place a miter upon; to adorn with a miter. "Mitered locks." Milton. 2. To match together, as two pieces of molding or brass rule on a line bisecting the angle of junction; to bevel the ends or edges of, for the purpose of matching together at an angle. MITER; MITRE Mi"ter, Mi"tre, v. i. Defn: To meet and match together, as two pieces of molding, on a line bisecting the angle of junction. MITERWORT Mi"ter*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Mitella, -- slender, perennial herbs with a pod slightly resembling a bishop's miter; bishop's cap. False miterwort, a white-flowered perennial herb of the United States (Tiarella cardifolia). MITHIC Mith"ic, a. Defn: See Mythic. MITHRAS Mi"thras, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. Defn: The sun god of the Persians. MITHRIDATE Mith"ri*date, n. (Med.) Defn: An antidote against poison, or a composition in form of an electuary, supposed to serve either as a remedy or a preservative against poison; an alexipharmic; -- so called from King Mithridates, its reputed inventor. [Love is] a drop of the true elixir; no mithridate so effectual against the infection of vice. Southey. MITHRIDATIC Mith`ri*dat"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to King Mithridates, or to a mithridate. MITIGABLE Mit"i*ga*ble, a. Defn: Admitting of mitigation; that may be mitigated. MITIGANT Mit"i*gant, a. Etym: [L. mitigans, p.pr. of mitigare. See Mitigate.] Defn: Tending to mitigate; mitigating; lentitive. Johnson. MITIGATE Mit"i*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mitigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Mitigating.] Etym: [L. mitigatus, p.p. of mitigare to soften, mitigate; mitis mild, soft + the root of agere to do, drive.] 1. To make less severe, intense, harsh, rigorous, painful, etc.; to soften; to meliorate; to alleviate; to diminish; to lessen; as, to mitigate heat or cold; to mitigate grief. 2. To make mild and accessible; to mollify; -- applied to persons. [Obs.] This opinion ... mitigated kings into companions. Burke. Syn. -- To alleviate; assuage; allay. See Alleviate. MITIGATION Mit`i*ga"tion, n. Etym: [OE. mitigacioun, F. mitigation, fr. L. mitigatio.] Defn: The act of mitigating, or the state of being mitigated; abatement or diminution of anything painful, harsh, severe, afflictive, or calamitous; as, the mitigation of pain, grief, rigor, severity, punishment, or penalty. Syn. -- Alleviation; abatement; relief. MITIGATIVE Mit"i*ga*tive, a. Etym: [L. mitigativus: cf. F. mitigatif.] Defn: Tending to mitigate; alleviating. MITIGATOR Mit"i*ga`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, mitigates. MITIGATORY Mit"i*ga*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to mitigate or alleviate; mitigative. MITING Mit"ing, n. Etym: [From Mite.] Defn: A little one; -- used as a term of endearment. [Obs.] Skelton. MITIS CASTING Mi"tis cast`ing. [Perh. fr. L. mitis mild.] Defn: A process, invented by P. Ostberg, for producing malleable iron castings by melting wrought iron, to which from 0.05 to 0.1 per cent of aluminium is added to lower the melting point, usually in a petroleum furnace, keeping the molten metal at the bubbling point until it becomes quiet, and then pouring the molten metal into a mold lined with a special mixture consisting essentially of molasses and ground burnt fire clay; also, a casting made by this process; -- called also wrought-iron casting. MITIS METAL Mitis metal. Defn: The malleable iron produced by mitis casting; -- called also simply mitis. MITOME Mi"tome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The denser part of the protoplasm of a cell. MITOSIS Mi*to"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: See Karyokinesis. MITOTIC Mi*tot"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to mitosis; karyokinetic; as, mitotic cell division; -- opposed to amitotic. --Mi*tot"ic*al*ly (#), adv. MITRAILLE Mi`traille", n. Etym: [F. See Mitrailleur.] Defn: Shot or bits of iron used sometimes in loading cannon. MITRAILLEUR Mi`tra`illeur", n. Etym: [F.] (Mil.) Defn: One who serves a mitrailleuse. MITRAILLEUSE Mi`tra`illeuse", n. Etym: [F., fr. mitrailler to fire grapeshot, fr. mitraille old iron, grapeshot, dim. of OF. mite a mite.] (Mil.) Defn: A breech-loading machine gun consisting of a number of barrels fitted together, so arranged that the barrels can be fired simultaneously, or successively, and rapidly. MITRAL Mi"tral, a. Etym: [Cf. F. mitral. See Miter.] Defn: Pertaining to a miter; resembling a miter; as, the mitral valve between the left auricle and left ventricle of the heart. MITRE Mi"tre, n. & v. Defn: See Miter. MITRIFORM Mit"ri*form, a. Etym: [Miter + -form: cf. F. mitriforme.] Defn: Having the form of a miter, or a peaked cap; as, a mitriform calyptra. Gray. MITT Mitt, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. mitten.] Defn: A mitten; also, a covering for the wrist and hand and not for the fingers. MITTEN Mit"ten, n. Etym: [OE. mitaine, meteyn, F. mitaine, perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. miotog, Gael. miotag, Ir. & Gael. mutan a muff, a thick glove. Cf. Mitt.] 1. A covering for the hand, worn to defend it from cold or injury. It differs from a glove in not having a separate sheath for each finger. Chaucer. 2. A cover for the wrist and forearm. To give the mitten to, to dismiss as a lover; to reject the suit of. [Colloq.] -- To handle without mittens, to treat roughly; to handle without gloves. [Colloq.] MITTENED Mit"tened, a. Defn: Covered with a mitten or mittens. "Mittened hands." Whittier. MITTENT Mit"tent, a. Etym: [L. mittens, p.pr. of mittere to send.] Defn: Sending forth; emitting. [Obs.] Wiseman. MITTIMUS Mit"ti*mus, n. Etym: [L., we send, fr. mittere to send.] (Law) (a) A precept or warrant granted by a justice for committing to prison a party charged with crime; a warrant of commitment to prison. Burrill. (b) A writ for removing records from one court to another. Brande & C. MITTLER'S GREEN Mitt"ler's green`. (Chem.) Defn: A pigment of a green color, the chief constituent of which is oxide of chromium. MITTY Mit"ty, n. Defn: The stormy petrel. [Prov. Eng.] MITU Mi"tu, n. Etym: [Braz. mitu poranga.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American curassow of the genus Mitua. MITY Mit"y, a. Etym: [From Mite.] Defn: Having, or abounding with, mites. MIX Mix, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mixed (less properly Mixt); p. pr. & vb. n. Mixing.] Etym: [AS. miscan; akin to OHG. misken, G. mischen, Russ. mieshate, W. mysgu, Gael. measg, L. miscere, mixtum, Gr. miçra mixed. The English word has been influenced by L. miscere, mixtum (cf. Mixture), and even the AS. miscan may have been borrowed fr. L. miscere. Cf. Admix, Mash to bruise, Meddle.] 1. To cause a promiscuous interpenetration of the parts of, as of two or more substances with each other, or of one substance with others; to unite or blend into one mass or compound, as by stirring together; to mingle; to blend; as, to mix flour and salt; to mix wines. Fair persuasions mixed with sugared words. Shak. 2. To unite with in company; to join; to associate. Ephraim, he hath mixed himself among the people. Hos. vii. 8. 3. To form by mingling; to produce by the stirring together of ingredients; to compound of different parts. Hast thou no poison mixed Shak. I have chosen an argument mixed of religious and civil considerations. Bacon. MIX Mix, v. i. 1. To become united into a compound; to be blended promiscuously together. 2. To associate; to mingle. He had mixed Again in fancied safety with his kind. Byron. MIXABLE Mix"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being mixed. MIXED Mixed, a. Defn: Formed by mixing; united; mingled; blended. See Mix, v. t. & i. Mixed action (Law), a suit combining the properties of a real and a personal action. -- Mixed angle, a mixtilineal angle. -- Mixed fabric, a textile fabric composed of two or more kinds of fiber, as a poplin. -- Mixed marriage, a marriage between persons of different races or religions; specifically, one between a Roman Catholic and a Protestant. -- Mixed number, a whole number and a fraction taken together. -- Mixed train, a railway train containing both passenger and freight cars. -- Mixed voices (Mus.), voices of both males and females united in the same performance. MIXEDLY Mix"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a mixed or mingled manner. MIXEN Mix"en, n. Etym: [AS. mixen, myxen, fr. meohx, meox, dung, filth; akin to E. mist. See Mist.] Defn: A compost heap; a dunghill. Chaucer. Tennyson. MIXER Mix"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, mixes. MIXOGAMOUS Mix*og"a*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pairing with several males; -- said of certain fishes of which several males accompany each female during spawning. MIXOLYDIAN MODE Mix`o*lyd"i*an mode`. Etym: [Gr. Lydian.] (Mus.) Defn: The seventh ecclesiastical mode, whose scale commences on G. MIXTILINEAL; MIXTILINEAR Mix`ti*lin"e*al, Mix`ti*lin"e*ar, a. Etym: [L. mixtus mixed (p.p. of miscere to mix) + E. lineal, linear.] Defn: Containing, or consisting of, lines of different kinds, as straight, curved, and the like; as, a mixtilinear angle, that is, an angle contained by a straight line and a curve. [R.] MIXTION Mix"tion, n. Etym: [L. mixtio, mistio: cf. F. mixtion. See Mistion, Mix.] 1. Mixture. [Obs.] 2. A kind of cement made of mastic, amber, etc., used as a mordant for gold leaf. MIXTLY Mixt"ly, adv. Defn: With mixture; in a mixed manner; mixedly. Bacon. MIXTURE Mix"ture, n. Etym: [L. mixtura, fr. miscere, mixtum, to mix: cf. F. mixture. See Mix.] 1. The act of mixing, or the state of being mixed; as, made by a mixture of ingredients. Hooker. 2. That which results from mixing different ingredients together; a compound; as, to drink a mixture of molasses and water; -- also, a medley. There is also a mixture of good and evil wisely distributed by God, to serve the ends of his providence. Atterbury. 3. An ingredient entering into a mixed mass; an additional ingredient. Cicero doubts whether it were possible for a community to exist that had not a prevailing mixture of piety in its constitution. Addison. 4. (Med.) Defn: A kind of liquid medicine made up of many ingredients; esp., as opposed to solution, a liquid preparation in which the solid ingredients are not completely dissolved. 5. (Physics & Chem.) Defn: A mass of two or more ingredients, the particles of which are separable, independent, and uncompounded with each other, no matter how thoroughly and finely commingled; -- contrasted with a compound; thus, gunpowder is a mechanical mixture of carbon, sulphur, and niter. 6. (Mus.) Defn: An organ stop, comprising from two to five ranges of pipes, used only in combination with the foundation and compound stops; -- called also furniture stop. It consists of high harmonics, or overtones, of the ground tone. Syn. -- Union; admixture; intermixture; medley. MIZMAZE Miz"maze`, n. Defn: A maze or labyrinth. [Obs.] MIZZEN Miz"zen, a. Etym: [It. mezzana, fr. mezzano middle, fr. mezzo middle, half: cf. F. misaine foresail. See Mezzo.] (Naut.) Defn: Hindmost; nearest the stern; as, the mizzen shrouds, sails, etc. MIZZEN Miz"zen, n. (Naut.) Defn: The hindmost of the fore and aft sails of a three-masted vessel; also, the spanker. MIZZENMAST Miz"zen*mast, n. (Naut.) Defn: The hindmost mast of a three-masted vessel, or of a yawl-rigged vessel. MIZZLE Miz"zle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mizzled; p. pr. & vb. n. Mizzling.] Etym: [See Misle, and cf. Mistle.] 1. To rain in very fine drops. Spenser. 2. To take one's self off; to go. [Slang] As long as George the Fourth could reign, he reigned, And then he mizzled. Epigram, quoted by Wright. MIZZLE Miz"zle, n. Defn: Mist; fine rain. MIZZY Miz"zy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. moisi moldy, musty, p.p. of moisir to mold, fr. L. mucere to be moldy.] Defn: A bog or quagmire. [Obs.] Ainsworth. M'-NAUGHT M'-Naught" (mak*nalt"), v. t. (Steam Engines) Defn: To increase the power of (a single-cylinder beam engine) by adding a small high-pressure cylinder with a piston acting on the beam between the center and the flywheel end, using high-pressure steam and working as a compound engine, -- a plan introduced by M'Naught, a Scottish engineer, in 1845. MNEMONIC; MNEMONICAL Mne*mon"ic, Mne*mon"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. mind.] Defn: Assisting in memory. MNEMONICIAN Mne`mo*ni"cian, n. Defn: One who instructs in the art of improving or using the memory. MNEMONICS Mne*mon"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. mnémonique.] Defn: The art of memory; a system of precepts and rules intended to assist the memory; artificial memory. MNEMOSYNE Mne*mos"y*ne, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Mnemonic.] (Class Myth.) Defn: The goddess of memory and the mother of the Muses. MNEMOTECHNY Mne"mo*tech`ny, n. Etym: [Gr. mnémotechnie.] Defn: Mnemonics. MO Mo, a., adv., & n. [Written also moe.] Etym: [AS. ma. See More.] Defn: More; -- usually, more in number. [Obs.] An hundred thousand mo. Chaucer. Likely to find mo to commend than to imitate it. Fuller. -MO -mo. Defn: A suffix added to the names of certain numerals or to the numerals themselves, to indicate the number of leaves made by folding a sheet of paper; as, sixteenmo or 16mo; eighteenmo or 18mo. It is taken from the Latin forms similarly used; as, duodecimo, sextodecimo, etc. A small circle, placed after the number and near its top, is often used for -mo; as, 16°, 18°, etc. MOA Mo"a, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several very large extinct species of wingless birds belonging to Dinornis, and other related genera, of the suborder Dinornithes, found in New Zealand. They are allied to the apteryx and the ostrich. They were probably exterminated by the natives before New Zealand was discovered by Europeans. Some species were much larger than the ostrich. MOABITE Mo"ab*ite, n. Defn: One of the posterity of Moab, the son of Lot. (Gen. xix. 37.) Also used adjectively. MOABITESS Mo"ab*i`tess, n. Defn: A female Moabite. Ruth i. 22. MOABITE STONE Mo"ab*ite stone. (Archæol.) Defn: A block of black basalt, found at Dibon in Moab by Rev. F. A. Klein, Aug. 19, 1868, which bears an inscription of thirty-four lines, dating from the 9th century b. c., and written in the Moabite alphabet, the oldest Phonician type of the Semitic alphabet. It records the victories of Mesha, king of Moab, esp. those over Israel (2 Kings iii. 4, 5, 27). MOABITISH Mo"ab*i`tish, a. Defn: Moabite. Ruth ii. 6. MOAN Moan, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Moaned; p. pr. & vb. n. Moaning.] Etym: [AS. m to moan, also, to mean; but in the latter sense perh. a different word. Cf. Mean to intend.] 1. To make a low prolonged sound of grief or pain, whether articulate or not; to groan softly and continuously. Unpitied and unheard, where misery moans. Thomson. Let there bechance him pitiful mischances, To make him moan. Shak. 2. To emit a sound like moan; -- said of things inanimate; as, the wind moans. MOAN Moan, v. t. 1. To bewail audibly; to lament. Ye floods, ye woods, ye echoes, moan My dear Columbo, dead and gone. Prior. 2. To afflict; to distress. [Obs.] Which infinitely moans me. Beau. & Fl. MOAN Moan, n. Etym: [OE. mone. See Moan, v. i.] 1. A low prolonged sound, articulate or not, indicative of pain or of grief; a low groan. Sullen moans, hollow groans. Pope. 2. A low mournful or murmuring sound; -- of things. Rippling waters made a pleasant moan. Byron. MOANFUL Moan"ful, a. Defn: Full of moaning; expressing sorrow. -- Moan"ful*ly, adv. MOAT Moat, n. Etym: [OF. mote hill, dike, bank, F. motte clod, turf: cf. Sp. & Pg. mota bank or mound of earth, It. motta clod, LL. mota, motta, a hill on which a fort is built, an eminence, a dike, Prov. G. mott bog earth heaped up; or perh. F. motte, and OF. mote, are from a LL. p.p. of L. movere to move (see Move). The name of moat, properly meaning, bank or mound, was transferred to the ditch adjoining: cf. F. dike and ditch.] (Fort.) Defn: A deep trench around the rampart of a castle or other fortified place, sometimes filled with water; a ditch. MOAT Moat, v. t. Defn: To surround with a moat. Dryden. MOATE Moate, v. i. Etym: [See Mute to molt.] Defn: To void the excrement, as a bird; to mute. [Obs.] MOB Mob, n. Etym: [See Mobcap.] Defn: A mobcap. Goldsmith. MOB Mob, v. t. Defn: To wrap up in, or cover with, a cowl. [R.] MOB Mob, n. Etym: [L. mobile vulgus, the movable common people. See Mobile, n.] 1. The lower classes of a community; the populace, or the lowest part of it. A cluster of mob were making themselves merry with their betters. Addison. 2. Hence: A throgn; a rabble; esp., an unlawful or riotous assembly; a disorderly crowd. The mob of gentlemen who wrote with ease. Pope. Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every Athenian assembly would still have been a mob. Madison. Confused by brainless mobs. Tennyson. Mob law, law administered by the mob; lynch law. -- Swell mob, well dressed thieves and swindlers, regarded collectively. [Slang] Dickens. MOB Mob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mobbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mobbing.] Defn: To crowd about, as a mob, and attack or annoy; as, to mob a house or a person. MOBBISH Mob"bish, a. Defn: Like a mob; tumultuous; lawless; as, a mobbish act. Bp. Kent. MOBCAP Mob"cap`, n. Etym: [D. mop-muts; OD. mop a woman's coif + D. muts cap.] Defn: A plain cap or headdress for women or girls; especially, one tying under the chin by a very broad band, generally of the same material as the cap itself. Thackeray. MOBILE Mo"bile, a. Etym: [L. mobilis, for movibilis, fr. movere to move: cf. F. mobile. See Move.] 1. Capable of being moved; not fixed in place or condition; movable. "Fixed or else mobile." Skelton. 2. Characterized by an extreme degree of fluidity; moving or flowing with great freedom; as, benzine and mercury are mobile liquids; -- opposed to viscous, viscoidal, or oily. 3. Easily moved in feeling, purpose, or direction; excitable; changeable; fickle. Testament of Love. The quick and mobile curiosity of her disposition. Hawthorne. 4. Changing in appearance and expression under the influence of the mind; as, mobile features. 5. (Physiol.) Defn: Capable of being moved, aroused, or excited; capable of spontaneous movement. MOBILE Mo"bile, n. Etym: [L. mobile vulgus. See Mobile, a., and cf. 3d Mob.] Defn: The mob; the populace. [Obs.] "The unthinking mobile." South. MOBILITY Mo*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. mobilitas: cf. F. mobilité.] 1. The quality or state of being mobile; as, the mobility of a liquid, of an army, of the populace, of features, of a muscle. Sir T. Browne. 2. The mob; the lower classes. [Humorous] Dryden. MOBILIZATION Mob`i*li*za"tion, n. Etym: [F. mobilization.] Defn: The act of mobilizing. MOBILIZE Mob"i*lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mobilized; p. pr. & vb. n. Mobilizing.] Etym: [F. mobiliser.] Defn: To put in a state of readiness for active service in war, as an army corps. MOBLE Mo"ble, v. t. Etym: [From Mob to wrap up.] Defn: To wrap the head of in a hood. [Obs.] Shak. MOBLES Mo"bles, n. pl. Defn: See Moebles. [Obs.] MOBOCRACY Mob*oc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Mob rabble + -cracy, as in democracy.] Defn: A condition in which the lower classes of a nation control public affairs without respect to law, precedents, or vested rights. It is good name that Dr. Stevens has given to our present situation (for one can not call it a government), a mobocracy. Walpole. MOBOCRAT Mob"o*crat, n. Defn: One who favors a form of government in which the unintelligent populace rules without restraint. Bayne. MOBOCRATIC Mob`o*crat"ic, a. Defn: Of, or relating to, a mobocracy. MOCCASIN Moc"ca*sin, n. Etym: [An Indian word. Algonquin makisin.] [Sometimes written moccason.] 1. A shoe made of deerskin, or other soft leather, the sole and upper part being one piece. It is the customary shoe worn by the American Indians. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A poisonous snake of the Southern United States. The water moccasin (Ancistrodon piscivorus) is usually found in or near water. Above, it is olive brown, barred with black; beneath, it is brownish yellow, mottled with darker. The upland moccasin is Ancistrodon atrofuscus. They resemble rattlesnakes, but are without rattles. Moccasin flower (Bot.), a species of lady's slipper (Cypripedium acaule) found in North America. The lower petal is two inches long, and forms a rose-colored moccasin-shaped pouch. It grows in rich woods under coniferous trees. MOCCASINED Moc"ca*sined, a. Defn: Covered with, or wearing, a moccasin or moccasins. "Moccasined feet." Harper's Mag. MOCHA Mo"cha, n. 1. A seaport town of Arabia, on the Red Sea. 2. A variety of coffee brought from Mocha. 3. An Abyssinian weight, equivalent to a Troy grain. Mocha stone (Min.), moss agate. MOCHE Moche, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A bale of raw silk. MOCHE Moche, a. Defn: Much. [Obs.] Chaucer. MOCHEL Moch"el, a. & adv. Defn: Much. [Obs.] Chaucer. MOCHILA Mo*chi"la, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A large leather flap which covers the saddletree. [Western U.S.] MOCK Mock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mocked; p. pr. & vb. n. Mocking.] Etym: [F. moquer, of uncertain origin; cf. OD. mocken to mumble, G. mucken, OSw. mucka.] 1. To imitate; to mimic; esp., to mimic in sport, contempt, or derision; to deride by mimicry. To see the life as lively mocked as ever Still sleep mocked death. Shak. Mocking marriage with a dame of France. Shak. 2. To treat with scorn or contempt; to deride. Elijah mocked them, and said, Cry aloud. 1 Kings xviii. 27. Let not ambition mock their useful toil. Gray. 3. To disappoint the hopes of; to deceive; to tantalize; as, to mock expectation. Thou hast mocked me, and told me lies. Judg. xvi. 13. He will not ... Mock us with his blest sight, then snatch him hence. Milton. Syn. -- To deride; ridicule; taunt; jeer; tantalize; disappoint. See Deride. MOCK Mock, v. i. Defn: To make sport contempt or in jest; to speak in a scornful or jeering manner. When thou mockest, shall no man make thee ashamed Job xi. 3. She had mocked at his proposal. Froude. MOCK Mock, n. 1. An act of ridicule or derision; a scornful or contemptuous act or speech; a sneer; a jibe; a jeer. Fools make a mock at sin. Prov. xiv. 9. 2. Imitation; mimicry. [R.] Crashaw. MOCK Mock, a. Defn: Imitating reality, but not real; false; counterfeit; assumed; sham. That superior greatness and mock majesty. Spectator. Mock bishop's weed (Bot.), a genus of slender umbelliferous herbs (Discopleura) growing in wet places. -- Mock heroic, burlesquing the heroic; as, a mock heroic poem. -- Mock lead. See Blende (a). -- Mock nightingale (Zoöl.), the European blackcap. -- Mock orange (Bot.), a genus of American and Asiatic shrubs (Philadelphus), with showy white flowers in panicled cymes. P. coronarius, from Asia, has fragrant flowers; the American kinds are nearly scentless. -- Mock sun. See Parhelion. -- Mock turtle soup, a soup made of calf's head, veal, or other meat, and condiments, in imitation of green turtle soup. -- Mock velvet, a fabric made in imitation of velvet. See Mockado. MOCKABLE Mock"a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be mocked. Shak. MOCKADO Mock"a*do, n. Defn: A stuff made in imitation of velvet; -- probably the same as mock velvet. [Obs.] Our rich mockado doublet. Ford. MOCKADOUR Mock"a*dour, n. Defn: See Mokadour. [Obs.] MOCKAGE Mock"age, n. Defn: Mockery. [Obs.] Fuller. MOCKBIRD Mock"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European sedge warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitis). MOCKER Mock"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, mocks; a scorner; a scoffer; a derider. 2. A deceiver; an impostor. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A mocking bird. Mocker nut (Bot.), a kind of hickory (Carya tomentosa) and its fruit, which is far inferior to the true shagbark hickory nut. MOCKERY Mock"er*y, n.; pl. Mockeries. Etym: [F. moquerie.] 1. The act of mocking, deriding, and exposing to contempt, by mimicry, by insincere imitation, or by a false show of earnestness; a counterfeit appearance. It is, as the air, invulnerable, And our vain blows malicious mockery. Shak. Grace at meals is now generally so performed as to look more like a mockery upon devotion than any solemn application of the mind to God. Law. And bear about the mockery of woe. Pope. 2. Insulting or contemptuous action or speech; contemptuous merriment; derision; ridicule. The laughingstock of fortune's mockeries. Spenser. 3. Subject of laughter, derision, or sport. The cruel handling of the city whereof they made a mockery. 2 Macc. viii. 17. MOCKING Mock"ing, a. Defn: Imitating, esp. in derision, or so as to cause derision; mimicking; derisive. Mocking bird (Zoöl.), a North American singing bird (Mimus polyglottos), remarkable for its exact imitations of the notes of other birds. Its back is gray; the tail and wings are blackish, with a white patch on each wing; the outer tail feathers are partly white. The name is also applied to other species of the same genus, found in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. -- Mocking thrush (Zoöl.), any species of the genus Harporhynchus, as the brown thrush (H. rufus). -- Mocking wren (Zoöl.), any American wren of the genus Thryothorus, esp. T. Ludovicianus. MOCKINGLY Mock"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By way of derision; in a contemptuous or mocking manner. MOCKINGSTOCK Mock"ing*stock`, n. Defn: A butt of sport; an object of derision. [R.] MOCKISH Mock"ish, a. Defn: Mock; counterfeit; sham. [Obs.] MOCKLE Moc"kle, a. Defn: See Mickle. MOCO Mo"co, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American rodent (Cavia rupestris), allied to the Guinea pig, but larger; -- called also rock cavy. MODAL Mo"dal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. modal. See Mode.] 1. Of or pertaining to a mode or mood; consisting in mode or form only; relating to form; having the form without the essence or reality. Glanvill. 2. (Logic & Metaph.) Defn: Indicating, or pertaining to, some mode of conceiving existence, or of expressing thought. MODALIST Mo"dal*ist, n. (Theol.) Defn: One who regards Father, Son, and Spirit as modes of being, and not as persons, thus denying personal distinction in the Trinity. Eadie. MODALITY Mo*dal"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. modalité.] 1. The quality or state of being modal. 2. (Logic & Metaph.) Defn: A modal relation or quality; a mode or point of view under which an object presents itself to the mind. According to Kant, the quality of propositions, as assertory, problematical, or apodeictic. MODALLY Mo"dal*ly, adv. Defn: In a modal manner. A compound proposition, the parts of which are united modally ... by the particles "as" and "so." Gibbs. MODE Mode, n. Etym: [L. modus a measure, due or proper measure, bound, manner, form; akin to E. mete: cf. F. mode. See Mete, and cf. Commodious, Mood in grammar, Modus.] 1. Manner of doing or being; method; form; fashion; custom; way; style; as, the mode of speaking; the mode of dressing. The duty of itself being resolved on, the mode of doing it may easily be found. Jer. Taylor. A table richly spread in regal mode. Milton. 2. Prevailing popular custom; fashion, especially in the phrase the mode. The easy, apathetic graces of a man of the mode. Macaulay. 3. Variety; gradation; degree. Pope. 4. (Metaph.) Defn: Any combination of qualities or relations, considered apart from the substance to which they belong, and treated as entities; more generally, condition, or state of being; manner or form of arrangement or manifestation; form, as opposed to matter. Modes I call such complex ideas, which, however compounded, contain not in them the supposition of subsisting by themselves, but are considered as dependencies on, or affections of, substances. Locke. 5. (Logic) Defn: The form in which the proposition connects the predicate and subject, whether by simple, contingent, or necessary assertion; the form of the syllogism, as determined by the quantity and quality of the constituent proposition; mood. 6. (Gram.) Defn: Same as Mood. 7. (Mus.) Defn: The scale as affected by the various positions in it of the minor intervals; as, the Dorian mode, the Ionic mode, etc., of ancient Greek music. Note: In modern music, only the major and the minor mode, of whatever key, are recognized. 8. A kind of silk. See Alamode, n. Syn. -- Method; manner. See Method. MODEL Mod"el, n. Etym: [F. modèle, It. modello, fr. (assumed) L. modellus, fr. modulus a small measure, dim. of modus. See Mode, and cf. Module.] 1. A miniature representation of a thing, with the several parts in due proportion; sometimes, a facsimile of the same size. In charts, in maps, and eke in models made. Gascoigne. I had my father's signet in my purse, Which was the model of that Danish seal. Shak. You have the models of several ancient temples, though the temples and the gods are perished. Addison. 2. Something intended to serve, or that may serve, as a pattern of something to be made; a material representation or embodiment of an ideal; sometimes, a drawing; a plan; as, the clay model of a sculpture; the inventor's model of a machine. [The application for a patent] must be accompanied by a full description of the invention, with drawings and a model where the case admits of it. Am. Cyc. When we mean to build We first survey the plot, then draw the model. Shak. 3. Anything which serves, or may serve, as an example for imitation; as, a government formed on the model of the American constitution; a model of eloquence, virtue, or behavior. 4. That by which a thing is to be measured; standard. He that despairs measures Providence by his own little, contracted model. South. 5. Any copy, or resemblance, more or less exact. Thou seest thy wretched brother die, Who was the model of thy father's life. Shak. 6. A person who poses as a pattern to an artist. A professional model. H. James. Working model, a model of a machine which can do on a small scale the work which the machine itself does, or expected to do. MODEL Mod"el, a. Defn: Suitable to be taken as a model or pattern; as, a model house; a model husband. MODEL Mod"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modeled or Modelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Modeling or Modelling.] Etym: [Cf. F. modeler, It. modellare.] Defn: To plan or form after a pattern; to form in model; to form a model or pattern for; to shape; to mold; to fashion; as, to model a house or a government; to model an edifice according to the plan delineated. MODEL Mod"el, v. i. (Fine Arts) Defn: To make a copy or a pattern; to design or imitate forms; as, to model in wax. MODELER Mod"el*er, n. Defn: One who models; hence, a worker in plastic art. [Written also modeller.] MODELING Mod"el*ing, n. (Fine Arts) Defn: The act or art of making a model from which a work of art is to be executed; the formation of a work of art from some plastic material. Also, in painting, drawing, etc., the expression or indication of solid form. [Written also modelling.] Modeling plane, a small plane for planing rounded objects. -- Modeling wax, beeswax melted with a little Venice turpentine, or other resinous material, and tinted with coloring matter, usually red, -- used in modeling. MODELIZE Mod"el*ize, v. t. Defn: To model. [Obs.] B. Jonson. MODENA Mod"e*na, n. Etym: [From Modena, in Italy.] Defn: A certain crimsonlike color. Good. MODENESE Mod`e*nese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Modena or its inhabitants. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Modena; the people of Modena. MODER Mo"der, n. Etym: [OE. See Mother female parent.] 1. A mother. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The principal piece of an astrolabe, into which the others are fixed. [Obs.] MODER Mod"er, v. t. Defn: To moderate. [Obs.] MODERABLE Mod"er*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. moderabilis.] Defn: Modeate; temperate. [Obs.] MODERANCE Mod"er*ance, n. Defn: Moderation. [Obs.] Caxton. MODERATE Mod"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. moderatus, p.p. of moderate, moderati, to moderate, regulate, control, fr. modus measure. See Mode.] Defn: Kept within due bounds; observing reasonable limits; not excessive, extreme, violent, or rigorous; limited; restrained; as: (a) Limited in quantity; sparing; temperate; frugal; as, moderate in eating or drinking; a moderate table. (b) Limited in degree of activity, energy, or excitement; reasonable; calm; slow; as, moderate language; moderate endeavors. (c) Not extreme in opinion, in partisanship, and the like; as, a moderate Calvinist. A number of moderate members managed ... to obtain a majority in a thin house. Swift. (d) Not violent or rigorous; temperate; mild; gentle; as, a moderate winter. "Moderate showers." Walter. (e) Limited as to degree of progress; as, to travel at moderate speed. (f) Limited as to the degree in which a quality, principle, or faculty appears; as, an infusion of moderate strength; a man of moderate abilities. (g) Limited in scope or effects; as, a reformation of a moderate kind. Hooker. MODERATE Mod"er*ate, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a party in the Church of Scotland in the 18th century, and part of the 19th, professing moderation in matters of church government, in discipline, and in doctrine. MODERATE Mod"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moderated; p. pr. & vb. n. Moderating.] 1. To restrain from excess of any kind; to reduce from a state of violence, intensity, or excess; to keep within bounds; to make temperate; to lessen; to allay; to repress; to temper; to qualify; as, to moderate rage, action, desires, etc.; to moderate heat or wind. By its astringent quality, it moderates the relaxing quality of warm water. Arbuthnot. To moderate stiff minds disposed to strive. Spenser. 2. To preside over, direct, or regulate, as a public meeting; as, to moderate a synod. MODERATE Mod"er*ate, v. i. 1. To become less violent, severe, rigorous, or intense; as, the wind has moderated. 2. To preside as a moderator. Dr. Barlow [was] engaged ... to moderate for him in the divinity disputation. Bp. Barlow's Remains (1693). MODERATELY Mod"er*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In a moderate manner or degree; to a moderate extent. Each nymph but moderately fair. Waller. MODERATENESS Mod"er*ate*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being moderate; temperateness; moderation. MODERATION Mod`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. moderatio: cf. F. modération.] 1. The act of moderating, or of imposing due restraint. 2. The state or quality of being mmoderate. In moderation placing all my glory, While Tories call me Whig, and Whigs a Tory. Pope. 3. Calmness of mind; equanimity; as, to bear adversity with moderation. The calm and judicious moderation of Orange. Motley. 4. pl. Defn: The first public examinations for degrees at the University of Oxford; -- usually contracted to mods. MODERATISM Mod"er*a*tism, n. Defn: Moderation in doctrines or opinion, especially in politics or religion. MODERATO Mod`e*ra"to, a. & adv. Etym: [It. See Moderate.] (Mus.) Defn: With a moderate degree of quickness; moderately. Allegro moderato, a little slower than allegro. -- Andante moderato, a little faster than andante. MODERATOR Mod"er*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. modérateur.] 1. One who, or that which, moderates, restrains, or pacifies. Sir W. Raleigh. Angling was ... a moderator of passions. Walton. 2. The officer who presides over an assembly to preserve order, propose questions, regulate the proceedings, and declare the votes. 3. In the University of Oxford, an examiner for moderations; at Cambridge, the superintendant of examinations for degrees; at Dublin, either the first (senior) or second (junior) in rank in an examination for the degree of Bachelor of Arts. 4. A mechamical arrangement for regulating motion in a machine, or producing equality of effect. MODERATORSHIP Mod"er*a`tor*ship, n. Defn: The office of a moderator. MODERATRESS Mod"er*a`tress, n. Defn: A female moderator. Fuller. MODERATRIX Mod"er*a`trix, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A female moderator. MODERN Mod"ern, a. Etym: [F. moderne, L. modernus; akin to modo just now, orig. abl. of modus measure; hence, by measure, just now. See Mode.] 1. Of or pertaining to the present time, or time not long past; late; not ancient or remote in past time; of recent period; as, modern days, ages, or time; modern authors; modern fashions; modern taste; modern practice. Bacon. 2. New and common; trite; commonplace. [Obs.] We have our philosophical persons, to make modern and familiar, things supernatural and causeless. Shak. Modern English. See the Note under English. MODERN Mod"ern, n. Defn: A person of modern times; -- opposed to ancient. Pope. MODERNISM Mod"ern*ism, n. Defn: Modern practice; a thing of recent date; esp., a modern usage or mode of expression. MODERNIST Mod"ern*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. moderniste.] Defn: One who admires the moderns, or their ways and fashions. MODERNITY Mo*der"ni*ty, n. Defn: Modernness; something modern. Walpole. MODERNIZATION Mod`ern*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of rendering modern in style; the act or process of causing to conform to modern of thinking or acting. MODERNIZE Mod"ern*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modernized; p. pr. & vb. n. Modernizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. moderniser.] Defn: To render modern; to adapt to modern person or things; to cause to conform to recent or present usage or taste. Percy. MODERNIZER Mod"ern*i`zer, n. Defn: One who modernizes. MODERNLY Mod"ern*ly, adv. Defn: In modern times. Milton. MODERNNESS Mod"ern*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being modern; recentness; novelty. M. Arnold. MODEST Mod"est, a. Etym: [F. modeste, L. modestus, fr. modus measure. See Mode.] 1. Restraining within due limits of propriety; not forward, bold, boastful, or presumptious; rather retiring than pushing one's self forward; not obstructive; as, a modest youth; a modest man. 2. Observing the proprieties of the sex; not unwomanly in act or bearing; free from undue familiarity, indecency, or lewdness; decent in speech and demeanor; -- said of a woman. Mrs. Ford, the honest woman, the modest wife. Shak. The blushing beauties of a modest maid. Dryden. 3. Evincing modestly in the actor, author, or speaker; not showing presumption; not excessive or extreme; moderate; as, a modest request; modest joy. Syn. -- Reserved; unobtrusive; diffident; bashful; coy; shy; decent; becoming; chaste; virtuous. MODESTLY Mod"est*ly, adv. Defn: In a modest manner. MODESTY Mod"es*ty, n. Etym: [L. modestia: cf. F. modestie. See Modest.] 1. The quality or state of being modest; that lowly temper which accompanies a moderate estimate of one's own worth and importance; absence of self-assertion, arrogance, and presumption; humility respecting one's own merit. 2. Natural delicacy or shame regarding personal charms and the sexual relation; purity of thought and manners; due regard for propriety in speech or action. Her blush is guiltiness, not modesty. Shak. Modesty piece, a narrow piece of lace worn by women over the bosom. [Obs.] Addison. Syn. -- Bashfulness; humility; diffidence; shyness. See Bashfulness, and Humility. MODICITY Mo*dic"i*ty, n. Etym: [LL. modicitas; cf. F. modicité.] Defn: Moderateness; smallness; meanness. [Obs.] MODICUM Mod"i*cum, n. Etym: [L., fr. modicus moderate, fr. modus. See Mode.] Defn: A little; a small quantity; a measured simply. "Modicums of wit." Shak. Her usual modicum of beer and punch. Thackeray. MODIFIABILITY Mod`i*fi`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability of being modified; state or quality of being modifiable. MODIFIABLE Mod"i*fi`a*ble, a. Etym: [From Modify.] Defn: Capable of being modified; liable to modification. MODIFICABLE Mo*dif"i*ca*ble, a. Defn: Modifiable. [Obs.] MODIFICATE Mod"i*fi*cate, v. t. Etym: [See Modify.] Defn: To qualify. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. MODIFICATION Mod`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. modificatio a measuring: cf. F. modification. See Modify.] Defn: The act of modifying, or the state of being modified; a modified form or condition; state as modified; a change; as, the modification of an opinion, or of a machine; the various modifications of light. Bentley. MODIFICATIVE Mod"i*fi*ca*tive, n. Defn: That which modifies or qualifies, as a word or clause. MODIFICATORY Mod"i*fi*ca`to*ry, a. Defn: Tending or serving to modify; modifying. Max Müller. MODIFIER Mod"i*fi`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, modifies. Hume. MODIFY Mod"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modified; p. pr. & vb. n. Modifying.] Etym: [F. modifier, L. modificare, modificari; modus limit + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Mode, and -fy.] 1. To change somewhat the form or qualities of; to alter somewhat; as, to modify a contrivance adapted to some mechanical purpose; to modify the terms of a contract. 2. To limit or reduce in extent or degree; to moderate; to qualify; to lower. Of his grace He modifies his first severe decree. Dryden. MODILLION Mo*dil"lion, n. Etym: [F. modillon, It. modiglione. Cf. Module, n.] (Arch.) Defn: The enriched block or horizontal bracket generally found under the cornice of the Corinthian and Composite entablature, and sometimes, less ornamented, in the Ionic and other orders; -- so called because of its arrangement at regulated distances. MODIOLAR Mo*di"o*lar, a. Etym: [L. modiolus, dim. of modius the Roman corn measure.] Defn: Shaped like a bushel measure. MODIOLUS Mo*di"o*lus, n.; pl. Modioli. Etym: [L., a small measure.] (Anat.) Defn: The central column in the osseous cochlea of the ear. MODISH Mod"ish, a. Defn: According to the mode, or customary manner; conformed to the fashion; fashionable; hence, conventional; as, a modish dress; a modish feast. Dryden. "Modish forms of address." Barrow. -- Mod"ish*ly, adv. -- Mod"ish*ness, n. MODIST Mod"ist, n. Defn: One who follows the fashion. MODISTE Mo`diste", n. Etym: [F. See Mode, and cf. Modist.] Defn: A female maker of, or dealer in, articles of fashion, especially of the fashionable dress of ladies; a woman who gives direction to the style or mode of dress. MODIUS Mo"di*us, n.; pl. Modii. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A dry measure, containing about a peck. MODOCS Mo"docs, n. pl.; sing. Modoc (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of warlike Indians formerly inhabiting Northern California. They are nearly extinct. MODULAR Mod"u*lar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to mode, modulation, module, or modius; as, modular arrangement; modular accent; modular measure. MODULATE Mod"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Modulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Modulating.] Etym: [L. modulatus, p.p. of modulari to measure, to modulate, fr. modulus a small measure, meter, melody, dim. of modus. See Mode.] 1. To form, as sound, to a certain key, or to a certain portion. 2. To vary or inflect in a natural, customary, or musical manner; as, the organs of speech modulate the voice in reading or speaking. Could any person so modulate her voice as to deceive so many Broome. MODULATE Mod"u*late, v. i. (Mus.) Defn: To pass from one key into another. MODULATION Mod`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. modulatio: cf. F. modulation.] 1. The act of modulating, or the state of being modulated; as, the modulation of the voice. 2. Sound modulated; melody. [R.] Thomson. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A change of key, whether transient, or until the music becomes established in the new key; a shifting of the tonality of a piece, so that the harmonies all center upon a new keynote or tonic; the art of transition out of the original key into one nearly related, and so on, it may be, by successive changes, into a key quite remote. There are also sudden and unprepared modulations. MODULATOR Mod"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who, or that which, modulates. Denham. MODULE Mod"ule, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. modulus a small measure, dim. of modus. See Mode, and cf. Model, Modulus, Mold a matrix.] 1. A model or measure. 2. (Arch.) Defn: The size of some one part, as the diameter of semi-diameter of the base of a shaft, taken as a unit of measure by which the proportions of the other parts of the composition are regulated. Generally, for columns, the semi-diameter is taken, and divided into a certain number of parts, called minutes (see Minute), though often the diameter is taken, and any dimension is said to be so many modules and minutes in height, breadth, or projection. MODULE Mod"ule, v. t. Etym: [See module, n., Modulate.] Defn: To model; also, to modulate. [Obs.] Sandys. Drayton. MODULUS Mod"u*lus, n.; pl. Moduli. Etym: [L., a small measure. See Module, n.] (Math., Mech., & Physics) Defn: A quantity or coefficient, or constant, which expresses the measure of some specified force, property, or quality, as of elasticity, strength, efficiency, etc.; a parameter. Modulus of a machine, a formula expressing the work which a given machine can perform under the conditions involved in its construction; the relation between the work done upon a machine by the moving power, and that yielded at the working points, either constantly, if its motion be uniform, or in the interval of time which it occupies in passing from any given velocity to the same velocity again, if its motion be variable; -- called also the efficiency of the machine. Mosley. Rankine. -- Modulus of a system of logarithms (Math.), a number by which all the Napierian logarithms must be multiplied to obtain the logarithms in another system. -- Modulus of elasticity. (a) The measure of the elastic force of any substance, expressed by the ratio of a stress on a given unit of the substance to the accompanying distortion, or strain. (b) An expression of the force (usually in terms of the height in feet or weight in pounds of a column of the same body) which would be necessary to elongate a prismatic body of a transverse section equal to a given unit, as a square inch or foot, to double, or to compress it to half, its original length, were that degree of elongation or compression possible, or within the limits of elasticity; -- called also Young's modulus. -- Modulus of rupture, the measure of the force necessary to break a given substance across, as a beam, expressed by eighteen times the load which is required to break a bar of one inch square, supported flatwise at two points one foot apart, and loaded in the middle between the points of support. Rankine. MODUS Mo"dus, n.; pl. Modi. Etym: [L. See Mode.] (Old Law) 1. The arrangement of, or mode of expressing, the terms of a contract or conveyance. 2. (Law) Defn: A qualification involving the idea of variation or departure from some general rule or form, in the way of either restriction or enlargement, according to the circumstances of the case, as in the will of a donor, an agreement between parties, and the like. Bracton. 3. (Law) Defn: A fixed compensation or equivalent given instead of payment of tithes in kind, expressed in full by the phrase modus decimandi. Blackstone. They, from time immemorial, had paid a modus, or composition. Landor. Modus operandi ( Etym: [L.], manner of operating. MODUS VIVENDI Mo"dus vi*ven"di. [L.] Defn: Mode, or manner, of living; hence, a temporary arrangement of affairs until disputed matters can be settled. MODY Mod"y, a. Etym: [From Mode.] Defn: Fashionable. [R.] MOE Moe, n. Defn: A wry face or mouth; a mow. [Obs.] MOE Moe, v. i. Defn: To make faces; to mow. [Obs.] MOE Moe, a., adv., & n. Etym: [AS. ma See More.] Defn: More. See Mo. [Obs.] "Sing no more ditties, sing no moe." Shak. MOEBLES Moe"bles, n. pl. Etym: [OE., fr. OF. moeble, mueble, movable, from L. mobilis.] Defn: Movables; furniture; -- also used in the singular (moeble). [Obs.] Chaucer. MOELLINE Mo"el*line, n. Etym: [F. moelle, fr. L. medulla marrow.] Defn: An unguent for the hair. MOELLON Mo"el*lon, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Rubble masonry. MOESOGOTHIC Moe`so*goth"ic, a. Defn: Belonging to the Moesogoths, a branch of the Goths who settled in Moesia. MOESOGOTHIC Moe`so*goth"ic, n. Defn: The language of the Moesogoths; -- also called Gothic. MOEVE Moeve, v. t. & i. Defn: To move. [Obs.] Chaucer. MOFF Moff, n. Defn: A thin silk stuff made in Caucasia. MOG Mog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Mogging.] [Etym. unknown.] Defn: To move away; to go off. [Prov. Eng. or Local, U. S.] MOGGAN Mog"gan, n. Defn: A closely fitting knit sleeve; also, a legging of knitted material. [Scot.] MOGUL Mo*gul", n. Etym: [From the Mongolian.] 1. A person of the Mongolian race. 2. (Railroad) Defn: A heavy locomotive for freight traffic, having three pairs of connected driving wheels and a two-wheeled truck. Great, or Grand, Mogul, the sovereign of the empire founded in Hindostan by the Mongols under Baber in the sixteenth century. Hence, a very important personage; a lord; -- sometimes only mogul. Dryden. MOHA Mo"ha, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of millet (Setaria Italica); German millet. MOHAIR Mo"hair`, n. Etym: [F. moire, perh. from Ar. mukhayyar a kind of coarse camelot or haircloth; but prob. fr. L. marmoreus of marble, resembling marble. Cf. Moire, Marble.] Defn: The long silky hair or wool of the Angora goat of Asia Minor; also, a fabric made from this material, or an imitation of such fabric. MOHAMMEDAN Mo*ham"med*an, a. Etym: [From Mohammed, fr. Ar. muhámmad praiseworthy, highly praised.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Mohammed, or the religion and institutions founded by Mohammed. [Written also Mahometan, Mahomedan, Muhammadan, etc.] MOHAMMEDAN Mo*ham"med*an, n. Defn: A follower of Mohammed, the founder of Islamism; one who professes Mohammedanism or Islamism. MOHAMMEDAN CALENDAR Mo*ham"med*an cal"en*dar. Defn: A lunar calendar reckoning from the year of the hegira, 622 a. d. Thirty of its years constitute a cycle, of which the 2d, 5th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 16th, 18th, 21st, 24th, 26th, and 29th are leap years, having 355 days; the others are common, having 354 days. By the following tables any Mohammedan date may be changed into the Christian date, or vice versa, for the years 1900-1935 a. d. Months of the Mohammedan year. 1 Muharram . . . .. 30 2 Safar . . . . . . .. 29 3 Rabia I . . . . . . 30 4 Rabia II . . . .. 29 5 Jumada I . . . .. 30 6 Jumada II . . . . 29 7 Rajab . . . . . . .. 30 8 Shaban . . . . . . . 29 9 Ramadan . . . . . . 30 10 Shawwal . . . . . . 29 11 Zu'lkadah . . . . 30 12 Zu'lhijjah . . . 29* * in leap year, 30 days a. h. a. d. a. h. a. d. 1317 begins May 12, 1899 1336* begins Oct.17, 1917 1318 May 1, 1900 1337 Oct. 7, 1918 1319* Apr.20, 1901 1338* Sept.26,1919 1320 Apr.10, 1902 1339 Sept.15,1920 1321+ Mar.30, 1903 1340 Sept.4, 1921 1322* Mar.18, 1904 1341* Aug.24, 1922 1323 Mar. 8, 1905 1342 Aug.14, 1923 1324 Feb.25, 1906 1343 Aug. 2, 1924 1325* Feb.14, 1907 1344* July 22,1925 1326 Feb. 4, 1908 1345 July 12,1926 1327* Jan.23, 1909 1346* July 1, 1927 1328 Jan.13, 1910 1347 June 20,1928 1329 Jan. 2, 1911 1348 June 9, 1929 1330* Dec.22, 1911 1349* May 29, 1930 1331 Dec.11, 1912 1350 May 19, 1931 1332 Nov.30, 1913 1351++ May 7, 1932 1333* Nov.19, 1914 1352* Apr.26, 1933 1334 Nov. 9, 1915 1353 Apr.16, 1934 1335 Oct.28, 1916 1354 Apr. 5, 1935 * Leap year + First year of the 45th cycle ++ First year of the 46th cycle The following general rule for finding the date of commencement of any Mohammedan year has a maximum error of a day: Multiply 970,224 by the Mohammedan year, point off six decimal places, and add 621.5774. The whole number will be the year a. d., and the decimal multiplied by 365 will give the day of the year. MOHAMMEDAN ERA Mohammedan Era. Defn: The era in use in Mohammedan countries. See Mohammedan year, below. MOHAMMEDANISM; MOHAMMEDISM Mo*ham"med*an*ism, Mo*ham"med*ism, n. Defn: The religion, or doctrines and precepts, of Mohammed, contained in the Koran; Islamism. MOHAMMEDANIZE; MOHAMMEDIZE Mo*ham"med*an*ize, Mo*ham"med*ize, v. t. Defn: To make conformable to the principles, or customs and rites, of Mohammedanism. [Written also Mahometanize.] MOHAMMEDAN YEAR Mohammedan year. Defn: The year used by Mohammedans, consisting of twelve lunar months without intercalation, so that they retrograde through all the seasons in about 32½ years. The Mohammedan era begins with the year 622 a.d., the first day of the Mohammedan year 1332 begin Nov. 30, 1913, acording to the Gregorian calendar. MOHAWK Mo"hawk, n. 1. (Ethnol.) Defn: One of a tribe of Indians who formed part of the Five Nations. They formerly inhabited the valley of the Mohawk River. 2. One of certain ruffians who infested the streets of London in the time of Addison, and took the name from the Mohawk Indians. [Slang] Spectator. Macaulay. MOHICANS Mo*hi"cans, n. pl.; sing. Mohican (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Lenni-Lenape Indians who formerly inhabited Western Connecticut and Eastern New York. [Written also Mohegans.] MOHO Mo"ho, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A gallinule (Notornis Mantelli) formerly inhabiting New Zealand, but now supposed to be extinct. It was incapable of flight. See Notornis. MOHOCK Mo"hock, n. Defn: See Mohawk. MOHOLI Mo*ho"li, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Maholi. MOHR Mohr, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A West African gazelle (Gazella mohr), having horns on which are eleven or twelve very prominent rings. It is one of the species which produce bezoar. [Written also mhorr.] MOHUR Mo"hur, n. Etym: [Hind., fr. Per. muhur, muhr, a gold coin, a seal, seal ring.] Defn: A British Indian gold coin, of the value of fifteen silver rupees, or $7.21. Malcom. MOHURRUM; MUHARRAM Mo*hur"rum, Mu*har"ram, n. Etym: [Ar. muharram, prop., sacred, forbidden, n., the first month of the Mohammedan lunar year.] 1. The first month of the Mohammedan year. Whitworth. 2. A festival of the Shiah sect of the Mohammedans held during the first ten days of the month Mohurrum. MOIDER Moi"der, v. i. Defn: To toil. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] MOIDORE Moi"dore, n. Etym: [Pg. moeda d'ouro, lit., coin of gold. Cf. Money, and Aureate.] Defn: A gold coin of Portugal, valued at about 27s. sterling. MOIETY Moi"e*ty, n.; pl. Moieties. Etym: [F. moitié, L. medietas, fr. medius middle, half. See Mid, a., and cf. Mediate, Mediety.] 1. One of two equal parts; a half; as, a moiety of an estate, of goods, or of profits; the moiety of a jury, or of a nation. Shak. The more beautiful moiety of his majesty's subject. Addison. 2. An indefinite part; a small part. Shak. MOIL Moil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Moiling.] Etym: [OE. moillen to wet, OF. moillier, muillier, F. mouller, fr. (assumed) LL. molliare, fr. L. mollis soft. See Mollify.] Defn: To daub; to make dirty; to soil; to defile. Thou ... doest thy mind in dirty pleasures moil. Spenser. MOIL Moil, v. i. Etym: [From Moil to daub; prob. from the idea of struggling through the wet.] Defn: To soil one's self with severe labor; to work with painful effort; to labor; to toil; to drudge. Moil not too much under ground. Bacon. Now he must moil and drudge for one he loathes. Dryden. MOIL Moil, n. Defn: A spot; a defilement. The moil of death upon them. Mrs. Browning. MOILE Moile, n. Etym: [F. mule a slipper.] Defn: A kind of high shoe anciently worn. [Written also moyle.] MOINEAU Moi"neau, n. Etym: [F.] (Fort.) Defn: A small flat bastion, raised in the middle of an overlong curtain. MOIRA Moi"ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Greek Myth.) Defn: The deity who assigns to every man his lot. MOIRE Moire, n. Etym: [F. Cf. Mohair.] 1. Originally, a fine textile fabric made of the hair of an Asiatic goat; afterwards, any textile fabric to which a watered appearance is given in the process of calendering. 2. A watered, clouded, or frosted appearance produced upon either textile fabrics or metallic surfaces. Moire antique, a superior kind of thick moire. MOIRE METALLIQUE Moi`ré" mé`tal`lique". Etym: [F.] Defn: A crystalline or frosted appearance produced by some acids on tin plate; also, the tin plate thus treated. MOIST Moist, a. Etym: [OE. moiste, OF. moiste, F. moite, fr. L. muccidus, for mucidus, moldy, musty. Cf. Mucus, Mucid.] 1. Moderately wet; damp; humid; not dry; as, a moist atmosphere or air. "Moist eyes." Shak. 2. Fresh, or new. [Obs.] "Shoes full moist and new." "A draught of moist and corny ale." Chaucer. MOIST Moist, v. t. Defn: To moisten. [Obs.] Shak. MOISTEN Mois"ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moistened; p. pr. & vb. n. Moistening.] 1. To make damp; to wet in a small degree. A pipe a little moistened on the inside. Bacon. 2. To soften by making moist; to make tender. It moistened not his executioner's heart with any pity. Fuller. MOISTENER Mois"ten*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, moistens. Johnson. MOISTFUL Moist"ful, a. Defn: Full of moisture. [R.] MOISTLESS Moist"less, a. Defn: Without moisture; dry. [R.] MOISTNESS Moist"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being moist. MOISTURE Mois"ture, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. moistour, F. moiteur.] 1. A moderate degree of wetness. Bacon. 2. That which moistens or makes damp or wet; exuding fluid; liquid in small quantity. All my body's moisture Scarce serves to quench my furnace-burning heat. Shak. MOISTURELESS Mois"ture*less, a. Defn: Without moisture. MOISTY Moist"y, a. Defn: Moist. [Obs.] MOITHER Moi"ther, v. t. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: To perplex; to confuse. [Prov. Eng.] Lamb. MOITHER Moi"ther, v. i. Defn: To toil; to labor. [Prov. Eng.] MOJARRA Mo*jar"ra, n. [Sp.] Defn: Any of certain basslike marine fishes (mostly of tropical seas, and having a deep, compressed body, protracile mouth, and large silvery scales) constituting the family Gerridæ, as Gerres plumieri, found from Florida to Brazil and used as food. Also, any of numerous other fishes of similar appearance but belonging to other families. MOKADOUR Mok"a*dour, n. Etym: [Sp. mocador handkerchief.] Defn: A handkerchief. [Obs.] MOKE Moke, n. Defn: A donkey. [Cant] Thackeray. MOKE Moke, n. Defn: A mesh of a net, or of anything resembling a net. Halliwell. MOKY Mo"ky, a. Etym: [Cf. Icel. mökkvi cloud, mist, mökkr a dense cloud, W. mwg smoke, and E. muggy, muck.] Defn: Misty; dark; murky; muggy. [Obs.] MOLA Mo"la, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Sunfish, 1. MOLAR Mo"lar, a. Etym: [L. moles mass.] (Mech.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a mass of matter; -- said of the properties or motions of masses, as distinguished from those of molecules or atoms. Carpenter. MOLAR Mo"lar, a. Etym: [L. molaris, fr. mola mill, fr. molere to grind in a mill. See Mill the machine.] Defn: Having power to grind; grinding; as, the molar teeth; also, of or pertaining to the molar teeth. Bacon. MOLAR Mo"lar, n. (Anat.) Defn: Any one of the teeth back of the incisors and canines. The molar which replace the deciduous or milk teeth are designated as premolars, and those which are not preceded by deciduous teeth are sometimes called true molars. See Tooth. MOLARY Mo"la*ry, a. Defn: Same as 2d Molar. MOLASSE Mo*lasse", n. Etym: [F. molasse, prob. fr. mollasse flabby, flimsy, fr. L. mollis soft.] (Geol.) Defn: A soft Tertiary sandstone; -- applied to a rock occurring in Switzerland. See Chart of Geology. MOLASSES Mo*las"ses, n. Etym: [F. mélasse, cf. Sp. melaza, Pg. melaço, fr. L. mellaceus honeylike, honey-sweet, mel, mellis, honey. See Mellifluous, and cf. Melasses.] Defn: The thick, brown or dark colored, viscid, uncrystallizable sirup which drains from sugar, in the process of manufacture; any thick, viscid, sweet sirup made from vegetable juice or sap, as of the sorghum or maple. See Treacle. MOLD Mold, n. Etym: [See Mo a spot.] Defn: A spot; a blemish; a mole. [Obs.] Spenser. MOLD; MOULD Mold, Mould, n. Etym: [OE. molde, AS. molde; akin to D. mul, G. mull, mulm, OHG. molt, molta, Icel. mold, Dan. muld, Sw. mull, Goth. mulda, and E. meal flour. See Meal, and cf. Mole an animal, Mull, v.] [The prevalent spelling is, perhaps, mould; but as the u has not been inserted in the other words of this class, as bold, gold, old, cold, etc., it seems desirable to complete the analogy by dropping it from this word, thus spelling it as Spenser, South, and many others did. The omission of the u is now very common in America.] 1. Crumbling, soft, friable earth; esp., earth containing the remains or constituents of organic matter, and suited to the growth of plants; soil. 2. Earthy material; the matter of which anything is formed; composing substance; material. The etherial mold, Incapable of stain. Milton. Nature formed me of her softest mold. Addison. MOLD; MOULD Mold, Mould, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Molded or Moulded; p. pr. & vb. n. Molding or Moulding.] Defn: To cover with mold or soil. [R.] MOLD; MOULD Mold, Mould, n. Etym: [From the p.p. of OE. moulen to become moldy, to rot, prob. fr. Icel. mygla to grow musty, mugga mugginess; cf. Sw. mögla to grow moldy. See Muggy, and cf. Moldy.] (Bot.) Defn: A growth of minute fungi of various kinds, esp. those of the great groups Hyphomycetes, and Physomycetes, forming on damp or decaying organic matter. Note: The common blue mold of cheese, the brick-red cheese mold, and the scarlet or orange strata which grow on tubers or roots stored up for use, when commencing to decay, are familiar examples. M. J. Berkley. MOLD; MOULD Mold, Mould, v. t. Defn: To cause to become moldy; to cause mold to grow upon. MOLD; MOULD Mold, Mould, v. i. Defn: To become moldy; to be covered or filled, in whole or in part, with a mold. MOLD; MOULD Mold, Mould, n. Etym: [OE. molde, OF. mole, F. moule, fr. L. modulus. See Model.] [For spelling, see 2d Mold, above.] 1. The matrix, or cavity, in which anything is shaped, and from which it takes its form; also, the body or mass containing the cavity; as, a sand mold; a jelly mold. Milton. 2. That on which, or in accordance with which, anything is modeled or formed; anything which serves to regulate the size, form, etc., as the pattern or templet used by a shipbuilder, carpenter, or mason. The glass of fashion and the mold of form. Shak. 3. Cast; form; shape; character. Crowned with an architrave of antique mold. Pope. 4. (Arch.) Defn: A group of moldings; as, the arch mold of a porch or doorway; the pier mold of a Gothic pier, meaning the whole profile, section, or combination of parts. 5. (Anat.) Defn: A fontanel. 6. (Paper Making) Defn: A frame with a wire cloth bottom, on which the pump is drained to form a sheet, in making paper by hand. MOLD; MOULD Mold, Mould, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. mouler, OF. moler, moller. See Mold the matrix.] 1. To form into a particular shape; to shape; to model; to fashion. He forgeth and moldeth metals. Sir M. Hale. Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay To mold me man Milton. 2. To ornament by molding or carving the material of; as, a molded window jamb. 3. To knead; as, to mold dough or bread. 4. (Founding) Defn: To form a mold of, as in sand, in which a casting may be made. MOLDABLE; MOULDABLE Mold"a*ble, Mould"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being molded or formed. MOLDBOARD; MOULDBOARD Mold"board`, Mould"board`, n. 1. A curved plate of iron (originally of wood) back of the share of a plow, which turns over the earth in plowing. 2. (Founding) Defn: A follow board. MOLDER; MOULDER Mold"er, Mould"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, molds or forms into shape; specifically (Founding), one skilled in the art of making molds for castings. MOLDER; MOULDER Mold"er, Mould"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Moldered or Mouldered; p. pr. & vb. n. Moldering or Mouldering.] Etym: [From Mold fine soft earth: cf. Prov. G. multern.] Defn: To crumble into small particles; to turn to dust by natural decay; to lose form, or waste away, by a gradual separation of the component particles, without the presence of water; to crumble away. The moldering of earth in frosts and sun. Bacon. When statues molder, and when arches fall. Prior. If he had sat still, the enemy's army would have moldered to nothing. Clarendon. MOLDER; MOULDER Mold"er, Mould"er, v. t. Defn: To turn to dust; to cause to crumble; to cause to waste away. [Time's] gradual touch Has moldered into beauty many a tower. Mason. MOLDERY; MOULDERY Mold"er*y, Mould"er*y, a. Defn: Covered or filled with mold; consisting of, or resembling, mold. MOLDINESS; MOULDINESS Mold"i*ness, Mould"i*ness, n. Etym: [From Moldy.] Defn: The state of being moldy. MOLDING; MOULDING Mold"ing, Mould"ing, n. 1. The act or process of shaping in or on a mold, or of making molds; the art or occupation of a molder. 2. Anything cast in a mold, or which appears to be so, as grooved or ornamental bars of wood or metal. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A plane, or curved, narrow surface, either sunk or projecting, used for decoration by means of the lights and shades upon its surface. Moldings vary greatly in pattern, and are generally used in groups, the different members of each group projecting or retreating, one beyond another. See Cable, n., 3, and Crenelated molding, under Crenelate, v. t. MOLDING; MOULDING Mold"ing, Mould"ing, p.a. Defn: Used in making a mold or moldings; used in shaping anything according to a pattern. Molding, or Moulding, board. (a) See Follow board, under Follow, v. t. (b) A board on which bread or pastry is kneaded and shaped. -- Molding, or Moulding, machine. (a) (Woodworking) A planing machine for making moldings. (b) (Founding) A machine to assist in making molds for castings. -- Molding, or Moulding, mill, a mill for shaping timber. -- Molding, or Moulding, sand (Founding), a kind of sand containing clay, used in making molds. MOLDWARP; MOULDWARP Mold"warp, Mould"warp, n. Etym: [OE. moldwerp: AS. molde soil + weorpan to throw up; cf. OD. molworp, G. maulwurf, Icel. moldvarpa, Dan. muldvarp. See Mold soil, Warp, and cf. Mole the animal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Mole the animal. Spenser. MOLDY; MOULDY Mold"y, Mould"y, a. [Compar. Moldier or Mouldier; superl. Moldiest or Mouldiest.] Etym: [From Mold the growth of fungi.] Defn: Overgrown with, or containing, mold; as, moldy cheese or bread. MOLE Mole, n. Etym: [AS. mal; akin to OHG. meil, Goth. mail Cf. Mail a spot.] 1. A spot; a stain; a mark which discolors or disfigures. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. A spot, mark, or small permanent protuberance on the human body; esp., a spot which is dark-colored, from which commonly issue one or more hairs. MOLE Mole, n. Etym: [L. mola.] Defn: A mass of fleshy or other more or less solid matter generated in the uterus. MOLE Mole, n. Etym: [F. môle, L. moles. Cf. Demolish, Emolument, Molest.] Defn: A mound or massive work formed of masonry or large stones, etc., laid in the sea, often extended either in a right line or an arc of a circle before a port which it serves to defend from the violence of the waves, thus protecting ships in a harbor; also, sometimes, the harbor itself. Brande & C. MOLE Mole, n. Etym: [OE. molle, either shortened fr. moldwerp, or from the root of E. mold soil: cf. D. mol, OD. molworp. See Moldwarp.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any insectivore of the family Talpidæ. They have minute eyes and ears, soft fur, and very large and strong fore feet. Note: The common European mole, or moldwarp (Talpa Europæa), is noted for its extensive burrows. The common American mole, or shrew mole (Scalops aquaticus), and star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) have similar habits. Note: In the Scriptures, the name is applied to two unindentified animals, perhaps the chameleon and mole rat. 2. A plow of peculiar construction, for forming underground drains. [U.S.] Duck mole. See under Duck. -- Golden mole. See Chrysochlore. -- Mole cricket (Zoöl.), an orthopterous insect of the genus Gryllotalpa, which excavates subterranean galleries, and throws up mounds of earth resembling those of the mole. It is said to do damage by injuring the roots of plants. The common European species (Gryllotalpa vulgaris), and the American (G. borealis), are the best known. -- Mole rat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World rodents of the genera Spalax, Georychus, and several allied genera. They are molelike in appearance and habits, and their eyes are small or rudimentary. -- Mole shrew (Zoöl.), any one of several species of short-tailed American shrews of the genus Blarina, esp. B. brevicauda. -- Water mole, the duck mole. MOLE Mole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moled; p. pr. & vb. n. Moling.] 1. To form holes in, as a mole; to burrow; to excavate; as, to mole the earth. 2. To clear of molehills. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge. MOLEBUT Mole"but, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sunfish (Orthagoriscus, or Mola). [Written also molebat.] MOLECAST Mole"cast`, n. Defn: A little elevation of earth made by a mole; a molehill. Mortimer. MOLECH Mo"lech, n. Etym: [Heb. molek king.] (Script.) Defn: The fire god of the Ammonites, to whom human sacrifices were offered; Moloch. Lev. xviii. 21. MOLECULAR Mo*lec"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. moléculare. See Molecule.] (Phys. & Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, connected with, produced by, or consisting of, molecules; as, molecular forces; molecular groups of atoms, etc. Molecular attraction (Phys.), attraction acting between the molecules of bodies, and at insensible distances. -- Molecular weight (Chem.), the weight of a molecule of any gas or vapor as compared with the hydrogen atom as a standard; the sum of the atomic weights of the constituents of a molecule; thus, the molecular weight of water (H2O) is 18. MOLECULARITY Mo*lec`u*lar"i*ty, n. (Phys. & Chem.) Defn: The state of consisting of molecules; the state or quality of being molecular. MOLECULARLY Mo*lec"u*lar*ly, adv. (Phys. & Chem.) Defn: With molecules; in the manner of molecules. W. R. Grove. MOLECULE Mol"e*cule, n. Etym: [Dim. fr. L. moles a mass: cf. F. molécule. See 3d Mole.] 1. One of the very small invisible particles of which all matter is supposed to consist. 2. (Physics) Defn: The smallest part of any substance which possesses the characteristic properties and qualities of that substance, and which can exist alone in a free state. 3. (Chem.) Defn: A group of atoms so united and combined by chemical affinity that they form a complete, integrated whole, being the smallest portion of any particular compound that can exist in a free state; as, a molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. Cf. Atom. MOLE-EYED Mole"-eyed`, a. Defn: Having eyes like those of the mole; having imperfect sight. MOLEHILL Mole"hill`, n. Defn: A little hillock of earth thrown up by moles working under ground; hence, a very small hill, or an insignificant obstacle or difficulty. Having leapt over such mountains, lie down before a molehill. South. MOLENDINACEOUS; MOLENDINARIOUS Mo*len`di*na"ceous, Mo*len`di*na"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. molendinarius, fr. molendinum a mill, fr. molere to grind.] (Bot.) Defn: Resembling the sails of a windmill. MOLESKIN Mole"skin`, n. Defn: Any fabric having a thick soft shag, like the fur of a mole; esp., a kind of strong twilled fustian. MOLEST Mo*lest", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Molested; p. pr. & vb. n. Molesting.] Etym: [F. molester, L. molestare, fr. molestus troublesome, fr. moles a heavy mass, load, burden. See 3d Mole.] Defn: To trouble; to disturb; to render uneasy; to interfere with; to vex. They have molested the church with needless opposition. Hooker. Syn. -- To trouble; disturb; incommode; inconvenience; annoy; vex; tease. MOLEST Mo*lest", n. Defn: Molestation. [Obs.] Chaucer. MOLESTATION Mol`es*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. molestation.] Defn: The act of molesting, or the state of being molested; disturbance; annoyance. MOLESTER Mo*lest"er, n. Defn: One who molests. MOLESTFUL Mo*lest"ful, a. Defn: Troublesome; vexatious. [R.] MOLESTIE; MOLESTY Mo*les"tie, Mo*les"ty, n. Etym: [L. molestia.] Defn: Molestation. [Obs.] Chaucer. MOLEWARP Mole"warp`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Moldwarp. MOLIMINOUS Mo*lim"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. molimen a great exertion; moles a heavy mass.] Defn: Of great bulk or consequence; very important. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. MOLINE Mo"line, n. Etym: [L. molina mill, fr. molere to grind. See Mill.] Defn: The crossed iron that supports the upper millstone by resting on the spindle; a millrind. Cross moline (Her.), a cross each arm of which is divided at the end into two rounded branches or divisions. MOLINISM Mo"lin*ism, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The doctrines of the Molinists, somewhat resembling the tenets of the Arminians. MOLINIST Mo"lin*ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of the opinions of Molina, a Spanish Jesuit (in respect to grace); an opposer of the Jansenists. MOLL Moll, a. Etym: [G., fr. L. mollis soft, tender, elegiac. Cf. Molle.] (Mus.) Defn: Minor; in the minor mode; as, A moll, that is, A minor. MOLLAH Mol"lah, n. Etym: [Ar. maula, commonly mollain Turkey.] Defn: One of the higher order of Turkish judges; also, a Turkish title of respect for a religious and learned man. [Written also moolah.] MOLLE Mol"le, a. Etym: [See Moll.] (Mus.) Defn: Lower by a semitone; flat; as, E molle, that is, E flat. MOLLEBART Mol"le*bart, n. Defn: An agricultural implement used in Flanders, consisting of a kind of large shovel drawn by a horse and guided by a man. [Written also mollebært and mouldebært.] Simmonds. MOLLEMOKE Mol"le*moke`, n. Etym: [Sw. mallemucke the stormy petrel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of large pelagic petrels and fulmars, as Fulmarus glacialis, of the North Atlantic, and several species of Æstrelata, of the Southern Ocean. See Fulmar. [Written also mollymawk, malmock, mollemock, mallemocke, etc.] MOLLIENT Mol"lient, a. Etym: [L. molliens, p.p. of mollire to soften, fr. mollis soft.] Defn: Serving to soften; assuaging; emollient. MOLLIENTLY Mol"lient*ly, adv. Defn: Assuagingly. MOLLIFIABLE Mol"li*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being mollified. MOLLIFICATION Mol`li*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [LL. mollificatio; cf. F. mollification.] Defn: The act of mollifying, or the state of being mollified; a softening. Chaucer. MOLLIFIER Mol"li*fi`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, mollifies. Bacon. MOLLIFY Mol"li*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mollified; p. pr. & vb. n. Mollifying.] Etym: [F. mollifier, L. mollificare; mollis soft + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See Enmollient, Moil, v. t., and -fy.] 1. To soften; to make tender; to reduce the hardness, harshness, or asperity of; to qualify; as, to mollify the ground. With sweet science mollified their stubborn hearts. Spenser. 2. To assuage, as pain or irritation, to appease, as excited feeling or passion; to pacify; to calm. MOLLINET Mol"li*net, n. Etym: [Cf. Moline.] Defn: A little mill. MOLLIPILOSE Mol`li*pi*lose", a. Etym: [L. mollis soft + pilosus hairy.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having soft hairs; downy. MOLLITIES Mol*li"ti*es, n. Etym: [L., softness.] (Med.) Defn: Unnatural softness of any organ or part. Dunglison. MOLLITUDE Mol"li*tude, n. Etym: [L. mollitudo, fr. mollis soft.] Defn: Softness; effeminacy; weakness. [R.] MOLLUSC Mol"lusc, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Mollusk. MOLLUSCA Mol*lus"ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Mollusk.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom, including the classes Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, PteropodaScaphopoda, and Lamellibranchiata, or Conchifera. These animals have an unsegmented bilateral body, with most of the organs and parts paired, but not repeated longitudinally. Most of them develop a mantle, which incloses either a branchial or a pulmonary cavity. They are generally more or less covered and protected by a calcareous shell, which may be univalve, bivalve, or multivalve. Note: Formerly the Brachiopoda, Bryzoa, and Tunicata were united with the Lamellibranchiata in an artificial group called Acephala, which was also included under Mollusca. See Molluscoudea. MOLLUSCAN Mol*lus"can, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to mollusks. -- n. Defn: A mollusk; one of the Mollusca. MOLLUSCOID Mol*lus"coid, a. Etym: [Mollusca + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling the true mollusks; belonging to the Molluscoidea. -- n. Defn: One of the Molluscoidea. MOLLUSCOIDAL Mol`lus*coid"al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Molluscoid. MOLLUSCOIDEA Mol`lus*coi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Mollusk, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Invertebrata which includes the classes Brachiopoda and Bryozoa; -- called also Anthoid Mollusca. Note: Originally the Tunicata were included under Molluscoidea, from which they are known to differ widely in structure and embryology. Molluscoidea were formerly considered a subdivision of Mollusca, but they are now known to have more relationship with Annelida than with Mollusca. MOLLUSCOUS Mol*lus"cous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Molluscan. MOLLUSCUM Mol*lus"cum, n. Etym: [NL. See Mollusk.] (Med.) Defn: A cutaneous disease characterized by numerous tumors, of various forms, filled with a thick matter; -- so called from the resemblance of the tumors to some molluscous animals. Dunglison. MOLLUSK Mol"lusk, n. Etym: [F. mollusque, L. mollusca a kind of soft nut with a thin shell, fr. molluscus soft, mollis soft. See Mollify.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Mollusca. [Written also mollusc.] MOLLY Mol"ly, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Mollemoke. MOLLY Mol"ly, n. Defn: A pet or colloquial name for Mary. Molly cottontail. (Zoöl.) See Cottontail. -- Molly Maguire (ma*gwir"); pl. Molly Maguires (-gwirz). (a) A member of a secret association formed among the tenantry in Ireland about 1843, principally for the purpose of intimidating law officers and preventing the service of legal writs. Its members disguised themselves in the dress of women. (b) A member of a similar association of Irishmen organized in the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania, about 1854, for the purpose of intimidating employers and officers of the law, and for avenging themselves by murder on persons obnoxious to them. The society was broken up by criminal prosecutions in 1876. MOLLY-MAWK Mol"ly-mawk`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Mollemoke. MOLOCH Mo"loch, n. Etym: [Heb. molek king.] 1. (Script.) Defn: The fire god of the Ammonites in Canaan, to whom human sacrifices were offered; Molech. Also applied figuratively. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A spiny Australian lizard (Moloch horridus). The horns on the head and numerous spines on the body give it a most formidable appearance. MOLOKANE; MOLOKANY Mol`o*ka"ne, Mol`o*ka"ny, n. pl. [Russ. molokane.] Defn: See Raskolnik. MOLOSSE Mo*losse", n. Defn: See Molossus. MOLOSSES Mo*los"ses, n. Defn: Molasses. [Obs.] MOLOSSINE Mo*los"sine, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bat of the genus Molossus, as the monk bat. MOLOSSUS Mo*los"sus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. & Lat. Pros.) Defn: A foot of three long syllables. [Written also molosse.] MOLT Molt, obs.imp. Defn: of Melt. Chaucer. Spenser. MOLT; MOULT Molt, Moult, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Molted or Moulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Molting or Moulting.] Etym: [OE. mouten, L. mutare. See Mew to molt, and cf. Mute, v. t.] [The prevalent spelling is, perhaps, moult; but as the u has not been inserted in the otherwords of this class, as, bolt, colt, dolt, etc., it is desirable to complete the analogy by the spelling molt.] Defn: To shed or cast the hair, feathers, skin, horns, or the like, as an animal or a bird. Bacon. MOLT; MOULT Molt, Moult, v. t. Defn: To cast, as the hair, skin, feathers, or the like; to shed. MOLT; MOULT Molt, Moult, n. Defn: The act or process of changing the feathers, hair, skin, etc.; molting. MOLTABLE Molt"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of assuming a molten state; meltable; fusible. [Obs.] MOLTEN Mol"ten, a. Etym: [See Melt.] 1. Melted; being in a state of fusion, esp. when the liquid state is produced by a high degree of heat; as, molten iron. 2. Made by melting and casting the substance or metal of which the thing is formed; as, a molten image. MOLTO Mol"to, adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Much; very; as, molto adagio, very slow. MOLY Mo"ly, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. A fabulous herb of occult power, having a black root and white blossoms, said by Homer to have been given by Hermes to Ulysses to counteract the spells of Circe. Milton. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of garlic (Allium Moly) with large yellow flowers; -- called also golden garlic. MOLYBDATE Mo*lyb"date, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of molybdic acid. MOLYBDENA Mol`yb*de"na, n. Etym: [L. molybdaena galena, Gr. (Min.) Defn: See Molybdenite. MOLYBDENITE Mo*lyb"de*nite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. molybdénite. See Molybdena.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in soft, lead-gray, foliated masses or scales, resembling graphite; sulphide of molybdenum. MOLYBDENOUS Mo*lyb"de*nous, a. (Chem.) Defn: See Molybdous. MOLYBDENUM Mol`yb*de"num, n. Etym: [NL.: cf. F. molybdène. See Molybdena.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare element of the chromium group, occurring in nature in the minerals molybdenite and wulfenite, and when reduced obtained as a hard, silver-white, difficulty fusible metal. Symbol Mo. Atomic weight 95.9. MOLYBDIC Mo*lyb"dic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. molybdique. See molybdena.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, molybdenum; specif., designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence, as contrasted with molybdous compounds; as, molybdic oxide. MOLYBDITE Mo*lyb"dite, n. (Min.) Defn: Molybdic ocher. MOLYBDOUS Mo*lyb"dous, a. Etym: [See Molybdena.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, molybdenum; specif., designating those compounds in which molybdenum has a lower valence as contrasted with molybdic compounds. MOME Mome, n. Etym: [Cf. Mumm, Momus.] Defn: A dull, silent person; a blockhead. [Obs.] Spenser. MOMENT Mo"ment, n. Etym: [F. moment, L. momentum, for movimentum movement, motion, moment, fr. movere to move. See Move, and cf. Momentum, Movement.] 1. A minute portion of time; a point of time; an instant; as, at thet very moment. In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye. 1 Cor. xv. 52. 2. Impulsive power; force; momentum. The moments or quantities of motion in bodies. Berkley. Touch, with lightest moment of impulse, His free will. Milton. 3. Importance, as in influence or effect; consequence; weight or value; consideration. Matters of great moment. Shak. It is an abstruse speculation, but also of far less moment and consequence of us than the others. Bentley. 4. An essential element; a deciding point, fact, or consideration; an essential or influential circumstance. 5. (Math.) Defn: An infinitesimal change in a varying quantity; an increment or decrement. [Obs.] 6. (Mech.) Defn: Tendency, or measure of tendency, to produce motion, esp. motion about a fixed point or axis. Moment of a couple (Mech.), the product of either of its forces into the perpendicular distance between them. -- Moment of a force. (Mech.) (a) With respect to a point, the product of the intensity of the force into the perpendicular distance from the point to the line of direction of the force. (b) With respect to a line, the product of that component of the force which is perpendicular to the plane passing through the line and the point of application of the force, into the shortest distance between the line and this point. (c) With respect to a plane that is parallel to the force, the product of the force into the perpendicular distance of its point of application from the plane. -- Moment of inertia, of a rotating body, the sum of the mass of each particle of matter of the body into the square of its distance from the axis of rotation; -- called also moment of rotation and moment of the mass. -- Statical moment, the product of a force into its leverage; the same as moment of a force with respect to a point, line, etc. -- Virtual moment. See under Virtual. Syn. -- Instant; twinkling; consequence; weight; force; value; consideration; signification; avail. MOMENTAL Mo*men"tal, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. momental.] [Obs.] 1. Lasting but a moment; brief. Not one momental minute doth she swerve. Breton. 2. Important; momentous. 3. (Mech.) Defn: Of or pertaining to moment or momentum. MOMENTALLY Mo*men"tal*ly, adv. Defn: For a moment. [Obs.] MOMENTANEOUS; MOMENTANY Mo`men*ta"ne*ous, Mo"men*ta*ny, a. Etym: [L. momentaneus: cf. F. momentané.] Defn: Momentary. [Obs.] Hooker. "Momentany as a sound." Shak. MOMENTARILY Mo"men*ta*ri*ly, adv. Defn: Every moment; from moment to moment. Shenstone. MOMENTARINESS Mo"men*ta*ri*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being momentary; shortness of duration. MOMENTARY Mo"men*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. momentarius. See Moment.] Defn: Done in a moment; continuing only a moment; lasting a very short time; as, a momentary pang. This momentary joy breeds months of pain. Shak. MOMENTLY Mo"ment*ly, adv. 1. For a moment. 2. In a moment; every moment; momentarily. MOMENTOUS Mo*men"tous, a. Etym: [Cf. L. momentosus rapid, momentary.] Defn: Of moment or consequence; very important; weighty; as, a momentous decision; momentous affairs. -- Mo*men"tous*ly, adv. -- Mo*men"tous*ness, n. MOMENTUM Mo*men"tum, n.; pl. L. Momenta, F. Momentums. Etym: [L. See Moment.] 1. (Mech.) Defn: The quantity of motion in a moving body, being always proportioned to the quantity of matter multiplied into the velocity; impetus. 2. Essential element, or constituent element. I shall state the several momenta of the distinction in separate propositions. Sir W. Hamilton. MOMIER Mom"i*er, n. Etym: [F. mômier, fr. OF. momer, mommer, to mumm, to mask one's self.] Defn: A name given in contempt to strict Calvinists in Switzerland, France, and some parts of Germany, in the early part of the 19th century. MOMMERY Mom"mer*y, n. Defn: See Mummery. Rowe. MOMOT Mo"mot, n. Etym: [Momot and motmot, the native American name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Motmot. MOMUS Mo"mus, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: The god of mockery and censure. MON- Mon-. Defn: Same as Mono-. MONA Mo"na, n. Etym: [CF. Sp. & Pg. mona, fem. of mono a monkey, ape.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, handsome, long-tailed West American monkey (Cercopithecus mona). The body is dark olive, with a spot of white on the haunches. MONACHAL Mon"a*chal, a. Etym: [L. monachus a monk: cf. F. monacal. See Monk.] Defn: Of or pertaining to monks or a monastic life; monastic. MONACHISM Mon"a*chism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. monachisme.] Defn: The system and influences of a monastic life; monasticism. MONACID Mon*ac"id, a. Etym: [Mon- + acid.] (Chem.) Defn: Having one hydrogen atom replaceable by a negative or acid atom or radical; capable of neutralizing a monobasic acid; -- said of bases, and of certain metals. MONAD Mon"ad, n. Etym: [L. monas, -adis, a unit, Gr. 1. An ultimate atom, or simple, unextended point; something ultimate and indivisible. 2. (Philos. of Leibnitz) Defn: The elementary and indestructible units which were conceived of as endowed with the power to produce all the changes they undergo, and thus determine all physical and spiritual phenomena. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the smallest flangellate Infusoria; esp., the species of the genus Monas, and allied genera. 4. (Biol.) Defn: A simple, minute organism; a primary cell, germ, or plastid. 5. (Chem.) Defn: An atom or radical whose valence is one, or which can combine with, be replaced by, or exchanged for, one atom of hydrogen. Monad deme (Biol.), in tectology, a unit of the first order of individuality. MONADARIA Mon`a*da"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Monad.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Infusoria. MONADELPHIA Mon`a*del"phi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants having the stamens united into a tube, or ring, by the filaments, as in the Mallow family. MONADELPHIAN; MONADELPHOUS Mon`a*del"phi*an, Mon`a*del"phous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. monadelphie.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Monadelphia; having the stamens united in one body by the filaments. MONADIC; MONADICAL Mo*nad"ic, Mo*nad"ic*al, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, a monad, in any of its senses. See Monad, n. Dr. H. More. MONADIFORM Mo*nad"i*form, a. Etym: [Monad + -form.] (Biol.) Defn: Having the form of a monad; resembling a monad in having one or more filaments of vibratile protoplasm; as, monadiform young. MONADOLOGY Mon`ad*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Monad + -logy.] (Philos.) Defn: The doctrine or theory of monads. MONAL Mo*nal", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any Asiatic pheasant of the genus Lophophorus, as the Impeyan pheasant. MONAMIDE Mon*am"ide, n. Etym: [Mon- + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: An amido compound with only one amido group. MONAMINE Mon*am"ine, n. Etym: [Mon- + amine.] (Chem.) Defn: A basic compound containing one amido group; as, methyl amine is a monamine. MONANDER Mo*nan"der, n. (Bot.) Defn: One of the Monandria. MONANDRIA Mo*nan"dri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants embracing those having but a single stamen. MONANDRIAN Mo*nan"dri*an, a.; (Bot.) Defn: Same as Monandrous. MONANDRIC Mo*nan"dric, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to monandry; practicing monandry as a system of marriage. MONANDROUS Mo*nan"drous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the monandria; having but one stamen. MONANDRY Mo*nan"dry, n. Etym: [See Monandria.] Defn: The possession by a woman of only one husband at the same time; -- contrasted with polyandry. MONANTHOUS Mo*nan"thous, a. Etym: [Mon- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having but one flower; one-flowered. Gray. MONARCH Mon"arch, n. Etym: [F. monarque, L. monarcha, fr. Gr. Archi-.] 1. A sole or supreme ruler; a sovereign; the highest ruler; an emperor, king, queen, prince, or chief. He who reigns Monarch in heaven, ... upheld by old repute. Milton. 2. One superior to all others of the same kind; as, an oak is called the monarch of the forest. 3. A patron deity or presiding genius. Come, thou, monarch of the vine, Plumpy Bacchus. Shak. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large red and black butterfly (Danais Plexippus); -- called also milkweed butterfly. MONARCH Mon"arch, a. Defn: Superior to others; preëminent; supreme; ruling. "Monarch savage." Pope. MONARCHAL Mo*nar"chal, a. Defn: Pertaining to a monarch; suiting a monarch; sovoreign; regal; imperial. Satan, whom now transcendent glory raised Above his fellows, with monarchal pride. Milton. MONARCHESS Mon"arch*ess, n. Defn: A female monarch. [Obs.] MONARCHIAL Mo*nar"chi*al, a. Defn: Monarchic. Burke. MONARCHIAN Mo*nar"chi*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect in the early Christian church which rejected the doctrine of the Trinity; -- called also patripassian. MONARCHIC; MONARCHICAL Mo*nar"chic, Mo*nar"chic*al, a. Etym: [F. monarchique, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a monarch, or to monarchy. Burke. -- Mo*nar"chic*al*ly, adv. MONARCHISM Mon"arch*ism, n. Defn: The principles of, or preference for, monarchy. MONARCHIST Mon"arch*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. monarchiste.] Defn: An advocate of, or believer in, monarchy. MONARCHIZE Mon"arch*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Monarchized; p. pr. & vb. n. Monarchizing.] Defn: To play the sovereign; to act the monarch. [R.] Shak. MONARCHIZE Mon"arch*ize, v. t. Defn: To rule; to govern. [R.] MONARCHIZER Mon"arch*i`zer, n. Defn: One who monarchizes; also, a monarchist. MONARCHO Mo*nar"cho, n. Defn: The nickname of a crackbrained Italian who fancied himself an emperor. [Obs.] Shak. MONARCHY Mon"arch*y, n.; pl. Monarchies. Etym: [F. monarchie, L. monarchia, Gr. Monarch.] 1. A state or government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch. 2. A system of government in which the chief ruler is a monarch. In those days he had affected zeal for monarchy. Macaulay. 3. The territory ruled over by a monarch; a kingdom. What scourage for perjury Can this dark monarchy afford false Clarence. Shak. Fifth monarchy, a universal monarchy, supposed to be the subject of prophecy in Daniel ii.; the four preceding monarchies being Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and Roman. See Fifth Monarchy men, under Fifth. MONAS Mo"nas, n. Etym: [NL. See Monad.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of minute flagellate Infusoria of which there are many species, both free and attached. See Illust. under Monad. MONASTERIAL Mon`as*te"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. monasterials, fr. monasterium.] Defn: Of or pertaining to monastery, or to monastic life. -- Mon`as*te"ri*al*ly, adv. MONASTERY Mon"as*te*ry, n.; pl. Monasteries. Etym: [L. monasterium, Gr. Minister.] Defn: A house of religious retirement, or of secusion from ordinary temporal concerns, especially for monks; -- more rarely applied to such a house for females. Syn. -- Convent; abbey; priory. See Cloister. MONASTIC Mo*nas"tic, n. Defn: A monk. MONASTIC; MONASTICAL Mo*nas"tic, Mo*nas"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. monastique. See Monastery.] 1. Of or pertaining to monasteries, or to their occupants, rules, etc., as, monastic institutions or rules. 2. Secluded from temporal concerns and devoted to religion; recluse. "A life monastic." Denham. MONASTICALLY Mo*nas"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a monastic manner. MONASTICISM Mo*nas"ti*cism, n. Defn: The monastic life, system, or condition. Milman. MONASTICON Mo*nas"ti*con, n. Etym: [NL. See Monastic.] Defn: A book giving an account of monasteries. MONATOMIC Mon`a*tom"ic, adv. Etym: [Mon- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Consisting of, or containing, one atom; as, the molecule of mercury is monatomic. (b) Having the equivalence or replacing power of an atom of hydrogen; univalent; as, the methyl radical is monatomic. MONAXIAL Mo*nax"i*al, a. Etym: [Mon- + axial.] (Biol.) Defn: Having only one axis; developing along a single line or plane; as, monaxial development. MONAZITE Mon"a*zite, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring usually in small isolated crystals, -- phosphate of the cerium metals. MONDAY Mon"day, n. Etym: [OE. moneday, monenday, AS. monandæg, i.e., day of the moon, day sacred to the moon; akin to D. maandag, G. montag, OHG. manatag, Icel. manadagr, Dan. mandag, Sw. måndag. See Moon, and Day.] Defn: The second day of the week; the day following Sunday. MONDE Monde, n. Etym: [F. See Mundane.] Defn: The world; a globe as an ensign of royalty. [R.] A. Drummond. Le beau monde Etym: [F.], fashionable society. See Beau monde. -- Demi monde. See Demimonde. MONE Mone, n. Defn: The moon. [Obs.] Chaucer. MONE Mone, n. Defn: A moan. [Obs.] Chaucer. MONECIAN; MONECIOUS Mo*ne"cian, Mo*ne"cious, a. (Bot.) Defn: See Monoecian, and Monoecious. MONEMBRYONY Mon*em"bry*o*ny, n. Etym: [See Mono-, and Embryo.] (Bot.) Defn: The condition of an ovule having but a single embryo. -- Mon*em`bry*on"ic, a. MONER Mo"ner, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Monera. MONERA Mo*ne"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lowest division of rhizopods, including those which resemble the amoebas, but are destitute of a nucleus. MONERAL Mo*ne"ral, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Monera. MONERAN Mo*ne"ran, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Monera. -- n. Defn: One of the Monera. MONERON Mo*ne"ron, n.; pl. L. Monera; E. Monerons. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Monera. MONERULA Mo*ner"u*la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of moner. See Monera.] (Biol.) Defn: A germ in that stage of development in which its form is simply that of a non-nucleated mass of protoplasm. It precedes the one- celled germ. So called from its likeness to a moner. Haeckel. MONESIA Mo*ne"sia, n. (Pharm.) Defn: The bark, or a vegetable extract brought in solid cakes from South America and believed to be derived from the bark, of the tree Chrysophyllum glycyphloeum. It is used as an alterative and astringent. MONESIN Mo*ne"sin, n. Defn: The acrid principle of Monesia, sometimes used as a medicine. MONEST Mo*nest", v. t. Etym: [See Admonish.] Defn: To warn; to admonish; to advise. [Obs.] Wyclif (2 Cor. v. 20). MONETARY Mon"e*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. monetarius belonging to a mint. See Money.] Defn: Of or pertaining to money, or consisting of money; pecuniary. "The monetary relations of Europe." E. Everett. Monetary unit, the standard of a national currency, as the dollar in the United States, the pound in England, the franc in France, the mark in Germany. MONETH Mon"eth, n. Defn: A month. [Obs.] Chaucer. MONETIZATION Mon`e*ti*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of converting into money, or of adopting as money; as, the monetization of silver. MONETIZE Mon"e*tize, v. t. Defn: To convert into money; to adopt as current money; as, to monetize silver. MONEY Mon"ey, n.; pl. Moneys. Etym: [OE. moneie, OF. moneie, F. monnaie, fr. L. moneta. See Mint place where coin is made, Mind, and cf. Moidore, Monetary.] 1. A piece of metal, as gold, silver, copper, etc., coined, or stamped, and issued by the sovereign authority as a medium of exchange in financial transactions between citizens and with government; also, any number of such pieces; coin. To prevent such abuses, ... it has been found necessary ... to affix a public stamp upon certain quantities of such particular metals, as were in those countries commonly made use of to purchase goods. Hence the origin of coined money, and of those public offices called mints. A. Smith. 2. Any written or stamped promise, certificate, or order, as a government note, a bank note, a certificate of deposit, etc., which is payable in standard coined money and is lawfully current in lieu of it; in a comprehensive sense, any currency usually and lawfully employed in buying and selling. Note: Whatever, among barbarous nations, is used as a medium of effecting exchanges of property, and in the terms of which values are reckoned, as sheep, wampum, copper rings, quills of salt or of gold dust, shovel blades, etc., is, in common language, called their money. 3. In general, wealth; property; as, he has much money in land, or in stocks; to make, or lose, money. The love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. 1 Tim vi. 10 (Rev. Ver. ). Money bill (Legislation), a bill for raising revenue. -- Money broker, a broker who deals in different kinds of money; one who buys and sells bills of exchange; -- called also money changer. -- Money cowrie (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Cypræa (esp. C. moneta) formerly much used as money by savage tribes. See Cowrie. -- Money of account, a denomination of value used in keeping accounts, for which there may, or may not, be an equivalent coin; e.g., the mill is a money of account in the United States, but not a coin. -- Money order, an order for the payment of money; specifically, a government order for the payment of money, issued at one post office as payable at another; -- called also postal money order. -- Money scrivener, a person who produces the loan of money to others. [Eng.] -- Money spider, Money spinner (Zoöl.), a small spider; -- so called as being popularly supposed to indicate that the person upon whom it crawls will be fortunate in money matters. -- Money's worth, a fair or full equivalent for the money which is paid. -- A piece of money, a single coin. -- Ready money, money held ready for payment, or actually paid, at the time of a transaction; cash. -- To make money, to gain or acquire money or property; to make a profit in dealings. MONEY Mon"ey, v. t. Defn: To supply with money. [Obs.] MONEYAGE Mon"ey*age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. monnayage coinage.] 1. A tax paid to the first two Norman kings of England to prevent them from debashing the coin. Hume. 2. Mintage; coinage. [Obs.] MONEYED Mon"eyed, adv. 1. Supplied with money; having money; wealthy; as, moneyey men. Bacon. 2. Converted into money; coined. If exportation will not balance importation, away must your silver go again, whether moneyed or not moneyed. Locke. 3. Consisting in, or composed of, money. A. Hamilton. MONEYER Mon"ey*er, n. Etym: [From Money; cf. OF. monoier, F. monnoayeur, L. monetarius a master of the mint. Cf. Monetary.] 1. A person who deals in money; banker or broker. [Obs. or R.] 2. An authorized coiner of money. Sir M. Hale. The Company of Moneyers, the officials who formerly coined the money of Great Britain, and who claimed certain prescriptive rights and privileges. MONEYLESS Mon"ey*less, a. Defn: Destitute of money; penniless; impecunious. Swift. MONEY-MAKER Mon"ey-mak`er, n. 1. One who coins or prints money; also, a counterfeiter of money. [R.] 2. One who accumulates money or wealth; specifically, one who makes money-getting his governing motive. MONEY-MAKING Mon"ey-mak`ing, n. Defn: The act or process of making money; the acquisition and accumulation of wealth. Obstinacy in money-making. Milman. MONEY-MAKING Mon"ey-mak`ing, a. 1. Affording profitable returns; lucrative; as, a money-making business. 2. Sussessful in gaining money, and devoted to that aim; as, a money- making man. MONEYWORT Mon"ey*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A trailing plant (Lysimachia Nummularia), with rounded opposite leaves and solitary yellow flowers in their axils. MONGCORN Mong"corn`, n. Defn: See Mangcorn. MONGER Mon"ger, n. Etym: [AS. mangere, fr. mangian to trade; akin to Icel. manga to trade, mangari a trader, OHG. mangari, mengari; cf. L. mango a dealer in slaves.] 1. A trader; a dealer; -- now used chiefly in composition; as, fishmonger, ironmonger, newsmonger. 2. A small merchant vessel. [Obs.] Blount. MONGER Mon"ger, v. t. Defn: To deal in; to make merchandise of; to traffic in; -- used chiefly of discreditable traffic. MONGOL Mon"gol, n. Defn: One of the Mongols. -- a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Mongolia or the Mongols. MONGOLIAN Mon*go"li*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Mongolia or the Mongols. -- n. Defn: One of the Mongols. MONGOLIC Mon*gol"ic, a. Defn: See Mongolian. MONGOLOID Mon"go*loid, a. Etym: [Mongol + -oid.] Defn: Resembling a Mongol or the Mongols; having race characteristics, such as color, hair, and features, like those of the Mongols. Huxley. MONGOLS; MONGOLIANS Mon"gols, Mon*go"li*ans, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: One of the great races of man, including the greater part of the inhabitants of China, Japan, and the interior of Asia, with branches in Northern Europe and other parts of the world. By some American Indians are considered a branch of the Mongols. In a more restricted sense, the inhabitants of Mongolia and adjacent countries, including the Burats and the Kalmuks. MONGOOSE; MONGOOS Mon"goose, Mon"goos, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of ichneumon (Herpestes griseus), native of India. Applied also to other allied species, as the African banded mongoose (Crossarchus fasciatus). [Written also mungoose, mungoos, mungous.] MONGREL Mon"grel, n. Etym: [Prob. shortened fr. mongrel, and akin to AS. mengan to mix, and E. mingle. See Mingle.] Defn: The progeny resulting from a cross between two breeds, as of domestic animals; anything of mixed breed. Drayton. MONGREL Mon"grel, a. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Not of a pure breed. 2. Of mixed kinds; as, mongrel language. MONGRELIZE Mon"grel*ize, v. t. & i. Defn: To cause to be mongrel; to cross breeds, so as to produce mongrels. 'MONGST 'Mongst, prep. Defn: See Amongst. MONIED Mon"ied, a. Defn: See Moneyed. MONIFIER Mo*nif"i*er, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. monile necklace + ferre to bear.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil fish. MONILIALES Mo*nil`i*a"les, n. pl. [NL., fr. L. monile necklace, -- because the conidia are produced in chains.] (Bot.) Defn: The largest of the three orders into which the Fungi Imperfecti are divided, including various forms. MONILIFORM Mo*nil"i*form, a. Etym: [L. monile necklace + -form: cf. F. moniliforme.] (Biol.) Defn: Joined or constricted, at regular intervals, so as to resemble a string of beads; as, a moniliform root; a moniliform antenna. See Illust. of Antenna. MONIMENT Mon"i*ment, n. Etym: [L. monimentum, monumentum. See Monument.] Defn: Something to preserve memory; a reminder; a monument; hence, a mark; an image; a superscription; a record. [Obs.] Spenser. MONISH Mon"ish, v. t. Etym: [OE. monesten. See Admonish, Monition.] Defn: To admonish; to warn. See Admonish. [Archaic] Ascham. MONISHER Mon"ish*er, n. Defn: One who monishes; an admonisher. [Archaic] MONISHMENT Mon"ish*ment, n. Defn: Admonition. [Archaic] MONISM Mon"ism, n. Etym: [From Gr. 1. (Metaph.) Defn: That doctrine which refers all phenomena to a single ultimate constituent or agent; -- the opposite of dualism. Note: The doctrine has been held in three generic forms: matter and its phenomena have been explained as a modification of mind, involving an idealistic monism; or mind has been explained by and resolved into matter, giving a materialistic monism; or, thirdly, matter, mind, and their phenomena have been held to be manifestations or modifications of some one substance, like the substance of Spinoza, or a supposed unknown something of some evolutionists, which is capable of an objective and subjective aspect. 2. (Biol.) Defn: See Monogenesis, 1. MONIST Mon"ist, n. Defn: A believer in monism. MONISTIC Mo*nis"tic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or involving, monism. MONITION Mo*ni"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. monitio, from monere to warn, bring to mind; akin to E. mind. See Mind, and cf. Admonish, Money, Monster.] 1. Instruction or advice given by way of caution; an admonition; a warning; a caution. Sage monitions from his friends. Swift. 2. Information; indication; notice; advice. We have no visible monition of ... other periods, such as we have of the day by successive light and darkness. Holder. 3. (Admiralty Practice) Defn: A process in the nature of a summons to appear and answer. 4. (Eccl. Law) Defn: An order monishing a party complained against to obey under pain of the law. Shipley. MONITIVE Mon"i*tive, a. Defn: Conveying admonition; admonitory. Barrow. MONITOR Mon"i*tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. monere. See Monition, and cf. Mentor.] 1. One who admonishes; one who warns of faults, informs of duty, or gives advice and instruction by way of reproof or caution. You need not be a monitor to the king. Bacon. 2. Hence, specifically, a pupil selected to look to the school in the absence of the instructor, to notice the absence or faults of the scholars, or to instruct a division or class. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any large Old World lizard of the genus Varanus; esp., the Egyptian species (V. Niloticus), which is useful because it devours the eggs and young of the crocodile. It is sometimes five or six feet long. 4. Etym: [So called from the name given by Captain Ericson, its designer, to the first ship of the kind.] Defn: An ironclad war vessel, very low in the water, and having one or more heavily-armored revolving turrets, carrying heavy guns. 5. (Mach.) Defn: A tool holder, as for a lathe, shaped like a low turret, and capable of being revolved on a vertical pivot so as to bring successively the several tools in holds into proper position for cutting. Monitor top, the raised central portion, or clearstory, of a car roof, having low windows along its sides. MONITORIAL Mon`i*to"ri*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a monitor or monitors. 2. Done or performed by a monitor; as, monitorial work; conducted or taught by monitors; as, a monitorial school; monitorial instruction. MONITORIALLY Mon`i*to"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a monitorial manner. MONITOR NOZZLE Monitor nozzle. Defn: A nozzle capable of turning completely round in a horizontal plane and having a limited play in a vertical plane, used in hydraulic mining, fire-extinguishing apparatus, etc. MONITORSHIP Mon"i*tor*ship, n. Defn: The post or office of a monitor. MONITORY Mon"i*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. monitorius.] Defn: Giving admonition; instructing by way of caution; warning. Losses, miscarriages, and disappointments, are monitory and instructive. L'Estrange. MONITORY Mon"i*to*ry, n. Defn: Admonition; warning; especially, a monition proceeding from an ecclesiastical court, but not addressed to any one person. MONITRESS; MONITRIX Mon"i*tress, Mon"i*trix, n. Defn: A female monitor. MONK Monk, n. Etym: [AS. munuc, munec, munc, L. monachus, Gr. Monachism.] 1. A man who retires from the ordinary temporal concerns of the world, and devotes himself to religion; one of a religious community of men inhabiting a monastery, and bound by vows to a life of chastity, obedience, and poverty. "A monk out of his cloister." Chaucer. Monks in some respects agree with regulars, as in the substantial vows of religion; but in other respects monks and regulars differ; for that regulars, vows excepted, are not tied up to so strict a rule of life as monks are. Ayliffe. 2. (Print.) Defn: A blotch or spot of ink on a printed page, caused by the ink not being properly distributed. It is distinguished from a friar, or white spot caused by a deficiency of ink. 3. A piece of tinder made of agaric, used in firing the powder hose or train of a mine. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) A South American monkey (Pithecia monachus); also applied to other species, as Cebus xanthocephalus. (b) The European bullfinch. Monk bat (Zoöl.), a South American and West Indian bat (Molossus nasutus); -- so called because the males live in communities by themselves. -- Monk bird(Zoöl.), the friar bird. -- Monk seal (Zoöl.), a species of seal (Monachus albiventer) inhabiting the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the adjacent parts of the Atlantic. -- Monk's rhubarb (Bot.), a kind of dock; -- also called patience (Rumex Patientia). MONKERY Monk"er*y, n.; pl. Monkeries (. 1. The life of monks; monastic life; monastic usage or customs; -- now usually applied by way of reproach. Miters, and wretched dead mediæval monkeries. Carlyle. 2. A collective body of monks. [Obs.] Though he have a whole monkery to sing for him. Latimer. MONKEY Mon"key, n.; pl. Monkeys. Etym: [Cf. OIt. monicchio, It. monnino, dim. of monna an ape, also dame, mistress, contr. fr. madonna. See Madonna.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) In the most general sense, any one of the Quadrumana, including apes, baboons, and lemurs. (b) Any species of Quadrumana, except the lemurs. (c) Any one of numerous species of Quadrumana (esp. such as have a long tail and prehensile feet) exclusive of apes and baboons. Note: The monkeys are often divided into three groups: (a) Catarrhines, or Simidæ. These have an oblong head, with the oblique flat nostrils near together. Some have no tail, as the apes. All these are natives of the Old World. (b) Platyrhines, or Cebidæ. These have a round head, with a broad nasal septum, so that the nostrils are wide apart and directed downward. The tail is often prehensile, and the thumb is short and not opposable. These are natives of the New World. (c) Strepsorhines, or Lemuroidea. These have a pointed head with curved nostrils. They are natives of Southern Asia, Africa, and Madagascar. 2. A term of disapproval, ridicule, or contempt, as for mischievous child. This is the monkey's own giving out; she is persuaded I will marry her. Shak. 3. The weight or hammer of a pile driver, that is, a very heavy mass of iron, which, being raised on high, falls on the head of the pile, and drives it into the earth; the falling weight of a drop hammer used in forging. 4. A small trading vessel of the sixteenth century. Monkey boat. (Naut.) (a) A small boat used in docks. (b) A half-decked boat used on the River Thames. -- Monkey block (Naut.), a small single block strapped with a swivel. R. H. Dana, Jr. -- Monkey flower (Bot.), a plant of the genus Mimulus; -- so called from the appearance of its gaping corolla. Gray. -- Monkey gaff (Naut.), a light gaff attached to the topmast for the better display of signals at sea. -- Monkey jacket, a short closely fitting jacket, worn by sailors. -- Monkey rail (Naut.), a second and lighter rail raised about six inches above the quarter rail of a ship. -- Monkey shine, monkey trick. [Slang, U.S.] -- Monkey trick, a mischievous prank. Saintsbury. -- Monkey wheel. See Gin block, under 5th Gin. -- Monkey wrench, a wrench or spanner having a movable jaw. MONKEY Mon"key, v. t. & i. Defn: To act or treat as a monkey does; to ape; to act in a grotesque or meddlesome manner. To monkey with, to handle in a meddlesome manner. [Colloq.] MONKEY-BREAD Mon"key-bread`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of the Adansonia digitata; also, the tree. See Adansonia. MONKEY-CUP Mon"key-cup`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Nepenthes. MONKEY-POT Mon"key-pot`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The fruit of two South American trees (Lecythis Ollaria, and L. Zabucajo), which have for their fruit large, pot-shaped, woody capsules containing delicious nuts, and opening almost explosively by a circular lid at the top. Vases and pots are made of this capsule. MONKEY'S PUZZLE Mon"key's puz"zle. (Bot.) Defn: A lofty coniferous Chilian tree (Araucaria imbricata), the branches of which are so crowded and intertwisted "as to puzzle a monkey to climb." The edible nuts are over an inch long, and are called piñon by the Chilians. MONKEYTAIL Mon"key*tail`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A short, round iron bar or lever used in naval gunnery. Totten. MONKFISH Monk"fish, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The angel fish (Squatina). (b) The angler (Lophius). MONKFLOWER Monk"flow`er, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name of certain curious orchids which bear three kinds of flowers formerly referred to three genera, but now ascertained to be sexually different forms of the same genus (Catasetum tridentatum, etc.). MONKHOOD Monk"hood, n. Etym: [Monk + -hood.] 1. The character or condition of a monk. Atterbury. 2. Monks, regarded collectively. Longfellow. MONKING Monk"ing, a. Defn: Monkish. [R.] Coleridge. MONKISH Monk"ish, a. Defn: Like a monk, or pertaining to monks; monastic; as, monkish manners; monkish dress; monkish solitude. -- Monk"ish*ness, n. MONKLY Monk"ly, a. Defn: Like, or suitable to, a monk. [R.] MONKSHOOD Monks"hood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Aconitum; aconite. See Aconite. MONK'S SEAM Monk's" seam`. (Naut.) Defn: An extra middle seam made at the junction of two breadths of canvas, ordinarily joined by only two rows of stitches. MONO-; MON- Mon"o-, Mon-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A prefix signifying one, single, alone; as, monocarp, monopoly; (Chem.) indicating that a compound contains one atom, radical, or group of that to the name of which it is united; as, monoxide, monosulphide, monatomic, etc. MONO Mo"no, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The black howler of Central America (Mycetes villosus). MONOBASIC Mon`o*ba"sic, a. Etym: [Mono- + basic.] (Chem.) Defn: Capable of being neutralized by a univalent base or basic radical; having but one acid hydrogen atom to be replaced; -- said of acids; as, acetic, nitric, and hydrochloric acids are monobasic. MONOCARBONIC Mon`o*car*bon"ic, a. Etym: [Mono- + carbonic.] (Chem.) Defn: Containing one carboxyl group; as, acetic acid is a monocarbonic acid. MONOCARDIAN Mon`o*car"di*an, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a single heart, as fishes and amphibians. -- n. Defn: An animal having a single heart. MONOCARP Mon"o*carp, n. (Bot.) Defn: A monocarpic plant. MONOCARPELLARY Mon`o*car"pel*la*ry, a. Etym: [Mono- + carpellary.] (Bot.) Defn: Consisting of a single carpel, as the fruit of the pea, cherry, and almond. MONOCARPIC; MONOCARPOUS Mon`o*car"pic, Mon`o*car"pous, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. monocarpe.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing fruit but once, and dying after fructification, as beans, maize, mustard, etc. Note: Annual and biennual herbs are monocarpic, so also some plants of longer duration, as the century plant. MONOCEPHALOUS Mon`o*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having a solitary head; -- said of unbranched composite plants. MONOCEROS Mo*noc"e*ros, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. A one-horned creature; a unicorn; a sea monster with one horn. Mighty monoceroses with immeasured tails. Spenser. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The Unicorn, a constellation situated to the east Orion. MONOCHLAMYDEOUS Mon`o*chla*myd"e*ous, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. monochlamydé.] (Bot.) Defn: Having a single floral envelope, that is, a calyx without a corolla, or, possibly, in rare cases, a corolla without a calyx. MONOCHORD Mon"o*chord, n. Etym: [L. monochordon, Gr. monocorde. See Chord, and cf. Mainchord.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument for experimenting upon the mathematical relations of musical sounds. It consists of a single string stretched between two bridges, one or both of which are movable, and which stand upon a graduated rule for the purpose of readily changing and measuring the length of the part of the string between them. MONOCHROMATIC Mon`o*chro*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. monochromatique. See Monochrome.] Defn: Consisting of one color, or presenting rays of light of one color only. Monochromatic lamp (Opt.),a lamp whose flame yields rays of some one homogenous light. It is of great importance in optical experiments. MONOCHROME Mon"o*chrome, n. Etym: [Gr. monochrome.] Defn: A painting or drawing in a single color; a picture made with a single color. MONOCHROMIC Mon`o*chro"mic, a. Defn: Made, or done, with a single color; as, a monochromic picture. MONOCHROMY Mon"o*chro`my, n. Defn: The art of painting or drawing in monochrome. MONOCHRONIC Mon`o*chron"ic, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. Defn: Existing at the same time; contemporaneous. MONOCILIATED Mon`o*cil"i*a`ted, a. Etym: [Mono- + ciliated.] (Biol.) Defn: Having but one cilium. MONOCLE Mon"o*cle, n. Etym: [F. See Monocular.] Defn: An eyeglass for one eye. Simmonds. MONOCLINAL Mon`o*cli"nal, a. Etym: [See Monoclinic.] (Geol.) Defn: Having one oblique inclination; -- applied to strata that dip in only one direction from the axis of elevation. MONOCLINE Mon"o*cline, n. (Geol.) Defn: A monoclinal fold. MONOCLINIC Mon`o*clin"ic, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: Having one oblique intersection; -- said of that system of crystallization in which the vertical axis is inclined to one, but at right angles to the other, lateral axis. See Crystallization. MONOCLINOUS Mo*noc"li*nous, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. monocline.] (Bot.) Defn: Hermaphrodite, or having both stamens and pistils in every flower. MONOCONDYLA Mon`o*con"dy*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Mono-, and Condyle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of vertebrates, including the birds and reptiles, or those that have only one occipital condyle; the Sauropsida. MONOCOTYL Mon"o*co*tyl, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any monocotyledonous plant. MONOCOTYLE Mon"o*co*tyle, a. Etym: [Cf. F. monocotyle.] (Bot.) Defn: Monocotyledonous. MONOCOTYLEDON Mon`o*cot`y*le"don, n. Etym: [Mono- + cotyledon: cf. F. monocotylédone.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant with only one cotyledon, or seed lobe. Note: The plural, monocotyledons, is used as the name of a large class of plants, and is generally understood to be equivalent to the term endogens. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS Mon`o*cot`y*le"don*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. monocotylédoné.] (Bot.) Defn: Having only one cotyledon, seed lobe, or seminal leaf. Lindley. MONOCRACY Mo*noc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Mono- + -cracy, as in democracy.] Defn: Government by a single person; undivided rule. Sydney Smith. MONOCRAT Mon"o*crat, n. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: One who governs alone. MONOCROTIC Mon`o*crot"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or showing, monocrotism; as, a monocrotic pulse; a pulse of the monocrotic type. MONOCROTISM Mo*noc"ro*tism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: That condition of the pulse in which the pulse curve or sphygmogram shows but a single crest, the dicrotic elevation entirely disappearing. MONOCULAR Mo*noc"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. monoculus; Gr. oculus eye: cf. F. monoculaire.] 1. Having only one eye; with one eye only; as, monocular vision. 2. Adapted to be used with only one eye at a time; as, a monocular microscope. MONOCULE Mon"o*cule, n. Etym: [See Monocular.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small crustacean with one median eye. MONOCULOUS Mo*noc"u*lous, a. Defn: Monocular. Glanvill. MONOCYSTIC Mon`o*cys"tic, a. Etym: [See Mono-, and Cyst.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a division (Monocystidea) of Gregarinida, in which the body consists of one sac. MONODACTYLOUS Mon`o*dac"tyl*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. monodactyle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having but one finger or claw. MONODELPH; MONODELPHIAN Mon"o*delph, Mon`o*del"phi*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Monodelphia. MONODELPHIA Mon`o*del"phi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The group that includes all ordinary or placental mammals; the Placentalia. See Mammalia. MONODELPHIC; MONODELPHOUS Mon`o*del"phic, Mon`o*del"phous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Monodelphia. MONODIC; MONODICAL Mo*nod"ic, Mo*nod"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Belonging to a monody. 2. (Mus.) (a) For one voice; monophonic. (b) Homophonic; -- applied to music in which the melody is confined to one part, instead of being shared by all the parts as in the style called polyphonic. MONODIMETRIC Mon`o*di*met"ric, a. Etym: [Mono- + dimetric.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Dimetric. MONODIST Mon"o*dist, n. Defn: A writer of a monody. MONODRAMA; MONODRAME Mon"o*dra`ma, Mon"o*drame, n. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. Defn: A drama acted, or intended to be acted, by a single person. MONODRAMATIC Mon`o*dra*mat"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to a monodrama. MONODY Mon"o*dy, n.; pl. Monodies. Etym: [L. monodia, Gr. monodie. See Ode.] Defn: A species of poem of a mournful character, in which a single mourner expresses lamentation; a song for one voice. MONODYNAMIC Mon`o*dy*nam"ic, a. Etym: [Mono- + dynamic.] Defn: Possessing but one capacity or power. "Monodynamic men." De Quincey. MONODYNAMISM Mon`o*dy"na*mism, n. Defn: The theory that the various forms of activity in nature are manifestations of the same force. G. H. Lewes. MONOECIA Mo*noe"ci*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants, whose stamens and pistils are in distinct flowers in the same plant. MONOECIAN Mo*noe"cian, a. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Monoecia; monoecious. -- n. Defn: One of the Monoecia. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A monoecious animal, as certain mollusks. MONOECIOUS Mo*noe"cious, a. (Biol.) Defn: Having the sexes united in one individual, as when male and female flowers grow upon the same individual plant; hermaphrodite; -- opposed to Ant: dioecious. MONOECISM Mo*noe"cism, n. (Biol.) Defn: The state or condition of being monoecious. MONOGAM Mon"o*gam, n. (Bot.) Defn: One of the Monogamia. MONOGAMIA Mon`o*ga"mi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Monogamous.] (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan order of plants, having solitary flowers with united anthers, as in the genus Lobelia. MONOGAMIAN; MONOGAMIC Mon`o*ga"mi*an, Mon`o*gam"ic, a. Etym: [See Monogamous.] 1. Pertaining to, or involving, monogamy. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Monogamia; having a simple flower with united anthers. MONOGAMIST Mo*nog"a*mist, n. Defn: One who practices or upholds monogamy. Goldsmith. MONOGAMOUS Mo*nog"a*mous, a. Etym: [L. monogamus having but one wife, Gr. 1. Upholding, or practicing, monogamy. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Monogamian. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Mating with but one of the opposite sex; -- said of birds and mammals. MONOGAMY Mo*nog"a*my, n. Etym: [L. monogamia, Gr. monogamie.] 1. Single marriage; marriage with but one person, husband or wife, at the same time; -- opposed to polygamy. Also, one marriage only during life; -- opposed to deuterogamy. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: State of being paired with a single mate. MONOGASTRIC Mon`o*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. Defn: Having but a single stomach. MONOGENESIS Mon`o*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Mono- + genesis.] 1. Oneness of origin; esp. (Biol.), development of all beings in the universe from a single cell; -- opposed to polygenesis. Called also monism. Dana. Haeckel. 2. (Biol.) Defn: That form of reproduction which requires but one parent, as in reproduction by fission or in the formation of buds, etc., which drop off and form new individuals; asexual reproduction. Haeckel. 3. (Biol.) Defn: The direct development of an embryo, without metamorphosis, into an organism similar to the parent organism; -- opposed to metagenesis. E. van Beneden. MONOGENETIC Mon`o*ge*net"ic, a. Etym: [See Monogenesis.] 1. (Geol.) Defn: One in genesis; resulting from one process of formation; -- used of a mountain range. Dana. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to, or involving, monogenesis; as, the monogenetic school of physiologists, who admit but one cell as the source of all beings. MONOGENIC Mon`o*gen"ic, a. 1. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to monogenesis. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing only one kind of germs, or young; developing only in one way. MONOGENISM Mo*nog"e*nism, n. (Anthropol.) Defn: The theory or doctrine that the human races have a common origin, or constitute a single species. MONOGENIST Mo*nog"e*nist, n. (Anthropol.) Defn: One who maintains that the human races are all of one species; -- opposed to polygenist. MONOGENISTIC Mon`o*ge*nis"tic, a. Defn: Monogenic. MONOGENOUS Mo*nog"e*nous, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to monogenesis; as, monogenous, or asexual, reproduction. MONOGENY Mo*nog"e*ny, n. 1. Monogenesis. 2. (Anthropol.) Defn: The doctrine that the members of the human race have all a common origin. MONOGONEUTIC Mon`o*go*neu"tic, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having but one brood in a season. MONOGRAM Mon"o*gram, n. Etym: [L. monogramma; Gr. monogramme. See Graphic.] 1. A character or cipher composed of two or more letters interwoven or combined so as to represent a name, or a part of it (usually the initials). Monograms are often used on seals, ornamental pins, rings, buttons, and by painters, engravers, etc., to distinguish their works. Monogram. Note: The monogram above, combining the letters of the name Karolvs, was used by Charlemagne. 2. A picture in lines; a sketch. [R.] 3. An arbitrary sign for a word. [R.] MONOGRAMMAL Mon"o*gram`mal, a. Defn: See Monogrammic. MONOGRAMMATIC Mon`o*gram*mat"ic, a. Defn: Monogrammic. MONOGRAMMIC Mon`o*gram"mic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a monogram. MONOGRAMMOUS Mon"o*gram`mous, a. Defn: Monogrammic. MONOGRAPH Mon"o*graph, n. Etym: [Mono- + -graph.] Defn: A written account or description of a single thing, or class of things; a special treatise on a particular subject of limited range. MONOGRAPHER Mo*nog"ra*pher, n. Defn: A writer of a monograph. MONOGRAPHIC; MONOGRAPHICAL Mon`o*graph"ic, Mon`o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. monographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a monograph, or to a monography; as, a monographic writing; a monographic picture. -- Mon`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. MONOGRAPHIST Mo*nog"ra*phist, n. Defn: One who writes a monograph. MONOGRAPHOUS Mo*nog"ra*phous, a. Defn: Monographic. [Obs.] MONOGRAPHY Mo*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Mono- + -graphy: cf. F. monographie.] 1. Representation by lines without color; an outline drawing. 2. A monograph. [Obs.] MONOGYN Mon"o*gyn, n. (Bot.) Defn: One of the Monogynia. MONOGYNIA Mon`o*gyn"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan order of plants, including those which have only one style or stigma. MONOGYNIAN Mon`o*gyn"i*an, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to the Monogynia; monogynous. -- n. Defn: One of the Monogynia. MONOGYNOUS Mo*nog"y*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. monogyne.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Monogynia; having only one style or stigma. MONOGYNY Mo*nog"y*ny, n. Etym: [See Monogynia.] 1. Marriage with the one woman only. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The state or condition of being monogynous. MONOHEMEROUS Mon`o*hem"er*ous, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Lasting but one day. MONOICOUS Mo*noi"cous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Monoecious. MONOLATRY Mo*nol"a*try, n. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. Defn: Worship of a single deity. MONOLITH Mon"o*lith, n. Etym: [F. monolithe, L. monolithus consisting of a single stone, Gr. Defn: A single stone, especially one of large size, shaped into a pillar, statue, or monument. MONOLITHAL Mon"o*lith`al, a. Defn: Monolithic. MONOLITHIC Mon`o*lith"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a monolith; consisting of a single stone. MONOLOGIST Mo*nol"o*gist, n. Etym: [See Monologue.] Defn: One who soliloquizes; esp., one who monopolizes conversation in company. De Quincey. MONOLOGUE Mon"o*logue, n. Etym: [F. monologue, Gr. Legend.] 1. A speech uttered by a person alone; soliloquy; also, talk or discourse in company, in the strain of a soliloquy; as, an account in monologue. Dryden. 2. A dramatic composition for a single performer. MONOLOGY Mo*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The habit of soliloquizing, or of monopolizing conversation. It was not by an insolent usurpation that Coleridge persisted in monology through his whole life. De Quincey. MONOMACHIA; MONOMACHY Mon`o*ma"chi*a, Mo*nom"a*chy, n. Etym: [L. monomachia, Gr. Defn: A duel; single combat. "The duello or monomachia." Sir W. Scott. MONOMACHIST Mo*nom"a*chist, n. Defn: One who fights in single combat; a duelist. MONOMANE Mon"o*mane, n. Defn: A monomaniac. [R.] MONOMANIA Mon`o*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Mono- + mania.] Defn: Derangement of the mind in regard of a single subject only; also, such a concentration of interest upon one particular subject or train of ideas to show mental derangement. Syn. -- Insanity; madness; alienation; aberration; derangement; mania. See Insanity. MONOMANIAC Mon`oma"ni*ac, n. Defn: A person affected by monomania. MONOMANIAC; MONOMANIACAL Mon`oma"ni*ac, Mon`oma"ni*a*cal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. monomaniaque.] Defn: Affected with monomania, or partial derangement of intellect; caused by, or resulting from, monomania; as, a monomaniacal delusion. MONOME Mon"ome, n. Etym: [F., fr. Gr. -nome as in binome. See Binomial.] (Math.) Defn: A monomial. MONOMEROUS Mo*nom"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Composed of solitary parts, as a flower with one sepal, one petal, one stamen, and one pistil. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having but one joint; -- said of the foot of certain insects. MONOMETALLIC Mon`o*me*tal"lic, a. Defn: Consisting of one metal; of or pertaining to monometallism. MONOMETALLISM Mon`o*met"al*lism, n. Etym: [Mono- + metal.] Defn: The legalized use of one metal only, as gold, or silver, in the standard currency of a country, or as a standard of money values. See Bimetallism. MONOMETALLIST Mon`o*met"al*list, n. Defn: One who believes in monometallism as opposed to bimetallism, etc. MONOMETER Mo*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A rhythmic series, consisting of a single meter. MONOMETRIC Mon`o*met"ric, a. Etym: [Cf. F. monométrique.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Same as Isometric. MONOMIAL Mo*no"mi*al, n. Etym: [See Monome, Binomial.] (Alg.) Defn: A single algebraic expression; that is, an expression unconnected with any other by the sign of addition, substraction, equality, or inequality. MONOMIAL Mo*no"mi*al, a. (Alg.) Defn: Consisting of but a single term or expression. MONOMORPHIC; MONOMORPHOUS Mon`o*mor"phic, Mon`o*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Having but a single form; retaining the same form throughout the various stages of development; of the same or of an essentially similar type of structure; -- opposed to dimorphic, trimorphic, and polymorphic. MONOMPHALUS Mo*nom"pha*lus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A form of double monster, in which two individuals are united by a common umbilicus. MONOMYA; MONOMYARIA Mo*no"my*a, Mon`o*my*a"ri*a, n.pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of lamellibranchs having but one muscle for closing the shell, as the oyster. MONOMYARIAN; MONOMYARY Mon`o*my"a*ri*an, Mon`o*my"a*ry, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Monomya. -- n. Defn: One of the Monomya. MONONOMIAL Mon`o*no"mi*al, n. & a. Defn: Monomyal. MONOOUSIAN; MONOOUSIOUS Mon`o*ou"si*an, Mon`o*ou"si*ous, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. (Theil.) Defn: Having but one and the same nature or essence. MONOPATHY Mo*nop"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Suffering or sensibility in a single organ or function. -- Mon`o*path"ic, a. MONOPERSONAL Mon`o*per"son*al, a. Etym: [Mono- + personal.] Defn: Having but one person, or form of existence. MONOPETALOUS Mon`o*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Mono- + petal: cf. F. monopétale.] (Bot.) Defn: Having only one petal, or the corolla in one piece, or composed of petals cohering so as to form a tube or bowl; gamopetalous. Note: The most recent authors restrict this form to flowers having a solitary petal, as in species of Amorpha, and use gamopetalous for a corolla of several petals combined into one piece. See Illust. of Gamopetalous. MONOPHANOUS Mo*noph"a*nous, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. Defn: Having one the same appearance; having a mutual resemblance. MONOPHONIC Mon`o*phon"ic, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. (Mus.) Defn: Single-voiced; having but one part; as, a monophonic composition; -- opposed to Ant: polyphonic. MONOPHTHONG Mon"oph*thong, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A single uncompounded vowel sound. 2. A combination of two written vowels pronounced as one; a digraph. MONOPHTHONGAL Mon`oph*thon"gal, a. Defn: Consisting of, or pertaining to, a monophthong. MONOPHYLETIC Mon`o*phy*let"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a single family or stock, or to development from a single common parent form; -- opposed to polyphyletic; as, monophyletic origin. MONOPHYLLOUS Mo*noph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. monophylle.] (Bot.) Defn: One-leaved; composed of a single leaf; as, a monophyllous involucre or calyx. MONOPHYODONT Mon`o*phy"o*dont, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having but one set of teeth; -- opposed to diphyodont. MONOPHYSITE Mo*noph"y*site, n. Etym: [Gr. monophysite.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect, in the ancient church, who maintained that the human and divine in Jesus Christ constituted but one composite nature. Also used adjectively. MONOPHYSITICAL Mon`o*phy*sit"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Monophysites, or their doctrines. MONOPLAST Mon"o*plast, n. Etym: [Mono- + -plast.] (Biol.) Defn: A monoplastic element. MONOPLASTIC Mon`o*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Mono- + -plastic.] (Biol.) Defn: That has one form, or retains its primary form, as, a monoplastic element. MONOPLEGIA Mon`ople"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Paralysis affecting a single limb. MONOPNEUMONA Mon`op*neu"mo*na, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Mono-, and Pneumonia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Dipnoi, including the Ceratodus. [Written also monopneumonia.] MONOPODE Mon"o*pode, n. 1. One of a fabulous tribe or race of Ethiopians having but one leg and foot. Sir J. Mandeville. Lowell. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A monopodium. MONOPODIAL Mon`o*po"di*al, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a monopodium or a single and continuous axis, as a birchen twig or a cornstalk. MONOPODIUM Mon`o*po"di*um, n.; pl. L. Monopodia, E. -ums. Etym: [L. See Monopody.] (Bot.) Defn: A single and continuous vegetable axis; -- opposed to sympodium. MONOPODY Mo*nop"o*dy, n. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. (Pros.) Defn: A measure of but a single foot. MONOPOLER Mo*nop"o*ler, n. Defn: A monopolist. [Obs.] MONOPOLIST Mo*nop"o*list, n. Defn: One who monopolizes; one who has a monopoly; one who favors monopoly. MONOPOLISTIC Mo*nop`o*lis"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a monopolist. North Am. Rev. MONOPOLITE Mo*nop"o*lite, n. Defn: A monopolist. Sylvester. MONOPOLIZE Mo*nop"o*lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Monopolized; p. pr. & vb. n. Monopolizing.] Etym: [From Monopoly.] Defn: To acquire a monopoly of; to have or get the exclusive privilege or means of dealing in, or the exclusive possession of; to engross the whole of; as, to monopolize the coffee trade; to monopolize land. MONOPOLIZER Mo*nop"o*li`zer, n. Defn: One who monopolizes. MONOPOLY Mo*nop"o*ly, n.; pl. Monopolies. Etym: [L. monopolium, Gr. 1. The exclusive power, or privilege of selling a commodity; the exclusive power, right, or privilege of dealing in some article, or of trading in some market; sole command of the traffic in anything, however obtained; as, the proprietor of a patented article is given a monopoly of its sale for a limited time; chartered trading companies have sometimes had a monopoly of trade with remote regions; a combination of traders may get a monopoly of a particular product. Raleigh held a monopoly of cards, Essex a monopoly of sweet wines. Macaulay. 2. Exclusive possession; as, a monopoly of land. If I had a monopoly out, they would have part on 't. Shak. 3. The commodity or other material thing to which the monopoly relates; as, tobacco is a monopoly in France. [Colloq.] MONOPOLYLOGUE Mon`o*pol"y*logue, n. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. poly`s many + lo`gos speech.] Defn: An exhibition in which an actor sustains many characters. MONOPSYCHISM Mon`o*psy"chism, n. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. Defn: The doctrine that there is but one immortal soul or intellect with which all men are endowed. MONOPTERAL Mo*nop"ter*al, a. Etym: [Gr. monoptère.] (Arch.) Defn: Round and without a cella; consisting of a single ring of columns supporting a roof; -- said esp. of a temple. MONOPTERON Mo*nop"ter*on, n.; pl. Monoptera. Etym: [NL. See Monopteral.] (Arch.) Defn: A circular temple consisting of a roof supported on columns, without a cella. MONOPTOTE Mon"op*tote, n. Etym: [L. monoptotum, Gr. mo`nos single + (Gram.) 1. A noun having only one case. Andrews. 2. A noun having only one ending for the oblique cases. MONOPYRENOUS Mon`o*py*re"nous, a. Etym: [Mono- + pyrene.] (Bot.) Defn: Having but a single stone or kernel. MONORGANIC Mon`or*gan"ic, a. Etym: [Mon- + organic.] (Biol. & Med.) Defn: Belonging to, or affecting, a single organ, or set of organs. MONORHINA Mon`o*rhi"na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Marsipobranchiata. MONORHYME Mon"o*rhyme, n. Etym: [Mono- + rhyme: cf. F. monorime.] Defn: A composition in verse, in which all the lines end with the same rhyme. MONOSACCHARIDE; MONOSACCHARID Mon`o*sac"cha*ride, n. Also -rid . [Mono- + saccharide.] (Chem.) Defn: A simple sugar; any of a number of sugars (including the trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, etc.), not decomposable into simpler sugars by hydrolysis. Specif., as used by some, a hexose. The monosaccharides are all open-chain compounds containing hydroxyl groups and either an aldehyde group or a ketone group. MONOSEPALOUS Mon`o*sep"al*ous, a. Etym: [Mono- + sepal: cf. F. monosépale.] (Bot.) Defn: Having only one sepal, or the calyx in one piece or composed of the sepals united into one piece; gamosepalous. Note: The most recent writers restrict this term to flowers having a solarity sepal, and use gamosepalous for a calyx formed by several sepals combined into one piece. Cf. Monopetalous. MONOSPERM Mon"o*sperm, n. (Bot.) Defn: A monospermous plant. MONOSPERMAL; MONOSPERMOUS Mon`o*sper"mal, Mon`o*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. monosperme.] (Bot.) Defn: Having only one seed. MONOSPHERICAL Mon`o*spher"ic*al, a. Etym: [Mono- + spherical.] Defn: Consisting of one sphere only. MONOSTICH Mon"o*stich, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A composition consisting of one verse only. MONOSTICHOUS Mo*nos"ti*chous, a. Etym: [See Monostich.] (Bot.) Defn: Arranged in a single row on one side of an axis, as the flowers in grasses of the tribe Chloridæ. MONOSTROPHE Mo*nos"tro*phe, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A metrical composition consisting of a single strophe. MONOSTROPHIC Mon`o*stroph"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Pros.) Defn: Having one strophe only; not varied in measure; written in unvaried measure. Milton. MONOSULPHIDE Mon`o*sul"phide, n. Etym: [Mono- + sulphide.] (Chem.) Defn: A sulphide containing one atom of sulphur, and analogous to a monoxide; -- contrasted with a Ant: polysulphide; as, galena is a monosulphide. MONOSULPHURET Mon`o*sul"phu*ret, n. Etym: [Mono- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) Defn: See Monosulphide. MONOSYLLABIC Mon`o*syl*lab"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. monosyllabique.] Defn: Being a monosyllable, or composed of monosyllables; as, a monosyllabic word; a monosyllabic language. -- Mon`o*syl*lab"ic*al*ly, adv. MONOSYLLABISM Mon`o*syl"la*bism, n. Defn: The state of consisting of monosyllables, or having a monosyllabic form; frequent occurrence of monosyllables. MONOSYLLABLE Mon"o*syl`la*ble, n. Etym: [L. monosyllabus of one syllable, Gr. monosyllabe. See Mono-, Syllable.] Defn: A word of one syllable. MONOSYLLABLED Mon"o*syl`la*bled, a. Defn: Formed into, or consisting of, monosyllables. Cleveland. MONOSYMMETRIC; MONOSYMMETRICAL Mon`o*sym*met"ric, Mon`o*sym*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Mono- + symmetric, -ical.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Same as Monoclinic. MONOTESSARON Mon`o*tes"sa*ron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A single narrative framed from the statements of the four evangelists; a gospel harmony. [R.] MONOTHALAMA Mon`o*thal"a*ma, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Foraminifera including those that have only one chamber. MONOTHALAMAN Mon`o*thal"a*man, n. Etym: [See Monothalamous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A foraminifer having but one chamber. MONOTHALAMOUS Mon`o*thal"a*mous, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. monothalame.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One-chambered. MONOTHALMIC Mon`o*thal"mic, a. Etym: [See Monothalamous.] (Bot.) Defn: Formed from one pistil; -- said of fruits. R. Brown. MONOTHECAL Mon`o*the"cal, a. Etym: [Mono- + Br. (Bot.) Defn: Having a single loculament. MONOTHEISM Mon"o*the*ism, n. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. monothéisme.] Defn: The doctrine or belief that there is but one God. MONOTHEIST Mon"o*the*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. monothéiste.] Defn: One who believes that there is but one God. MONOTHEISTIC Mon`o*the*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to monotheism. MONOTHELISM; MONOTHELITISM Mo*noth"e*lism, Mo*noth"e*li*tism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. monothélisme, monothélitisme.] Defn: The doctrine of the Monothelites. MONOTHELITE Mo*noth"e*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. monothélite.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of an ancient sect who held that Christ had but one will as he had but one nature. Cf. Monophysite. Gibbon. MONOTHELITIC Mon`o*the*lit"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Monothelites, or their doctrine. MONOTOCOUS Mo*not"o*cous, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Bearing fruit but once; monocarpic. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Uniparous; laying a single egg. MONOTOMOUS Mo*not"o*mous, a. Etym: [Mono- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: Having a distinct cleavage in a single direction only. MONOTONE Mon"o*tone, n. Etym: [See Monotonous, Monotony.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A single unvaried tone or sound. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: The utterance of successive syllables, words, or sentences, on one unvaried key or line of pitch. MONOTONIC; MONOTONICAL Mon`o*ton"ic, Mon`o*ton"ic*al, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or uttered in, a monotone; monotonous. "Monotonical declamation." Chesterfield. MONOTONIST Mo*not"o*nist, n. Defn: One who talks in the same strain or on the same subject until weariness is produced. Richardson. MONOTONOUS Mo*not"o*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. Tone.] Defn: Uttered in one unvarying tone; continued with dull uniformity; characterized by monotony; without change or variety; wearisome. -- Mo*not"o*nous*ly, adv. -- Mo*not"o*nous*ness, n. MONOTONY Mo*not"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. monotonie. See Monotonius.] 1. A frequent recurrence of the same tone or sound, producing a dull uniformity; absence of variety, as in speaking or singing. 2. Any irksome sameness, or want of variety. At sea, everything that breaks the monotony of the surrounding expanse attracts attention. W. Irving. MONOTREMATA Mon`o*trem"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A subclass of Mammalia, having a cloaca in which the ducts of the urinary, genital, and alimentary systems terminate, as in birds. The female lays eggs like a bird. See Duck mole, under Duck, and Echidna. MONOTREMATOUS Mon`o*trem"a*tous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Monotremata. MONOTREME Mon"o*treme, n. Etym: [Cf. F. monotrème.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Monotremata. MONOTRIGLYPH Mon`o*tri"glyph, n. Etym: [Mono- + triglyph: cf. F. monotriglyphe.] (Arch.) Defn: A kind of intercolumniation in an entablature, in which only one triglyph and two metopes are introduced. MONOTROPA Mo*not"ro*pa, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of parasitic or saprophytic plants including the Indian pipe and pine sap. The name alludes to the dropping end of the stem. MONOTYPE; MONOTYPIC Mon"o*type, Mon`o*typ"ic, a. Etym: [Mono- + -type: cf. F. monotype.] (Biol.) Defn: Having but one type; containing but one representative; as, a monotypic genus, which contains but one species. MONOVALENT Mo*nov"a*lent, a. Etym: [Mono- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Defn: Having a valence of one; univalent. See Univalent. MONOXIDE Mo*nox"ide, n. Etym: [Mon- + oxide.] (Chem.) Defn: An oxide containing one atom of oxygen in each molecule; as, barium monoxide. MONOXYLON Mo*nox"y*lon, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Defn: A canoe or boat made from one piece of timber. MONOXYLOUS Mo*nox"y*lous, a. Etym: [See Monoxylon.] Defn: Made of one piece of wood. MONOZOA Mon`o*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Radiolaria; -- called also Monocyttaria. -- Mon`o*zo"ic, a. MONROE DOCTRINE Mon*roe" doc"trine. Defn: See under Doctrine. MONSEIGNEUR Mon`sei`gneur", n.; pl. Messeigneurs. Etym: [F., fr. mon my + seigneur lord, L. senior older. See Senior, and cf. Monsieur.] Defn: My lord; -- a title in France of a person of high birth or rank; as, Monseigneur the Prince, or Monseigneur the Archibishop. It was given, specifically, to the dauphin, before the Revolution of 1789. (Abbrev. Mgr.) MONSEL'S SALT Mon"sel's salt`. (Med.) Defn: A basic sulphate of iron; -- so named from Monsel, a Frenchman. MONSEL'S SOLUTION Mon"sel's so*lu"tion. Etym: [See Monsel's salt.] (Med.) Defn: An aqueous solution of Monsel's salt, having valuable styptic properties. MONSIEUR Mon*sieur", n.; pl. Messieurs. Etym: [F., fr. mon my + Sieur, abbrev. of seigneur lord. See Monseigneur.] 1. The common title of civility in France in speaking to, or of, a man; Mr. or Sir. [Represented by the abbreviation M. or Mons. in the singular, and by MM. or Messrs. in the plural.] 2. The oldest brother of the king of France. 3. A Frenchman. [Contemptuous] Shak. MONSIGNORE Mon`si*gno"re, n.; pl. Monsignors. Etym: [It., my lord. Cf. Monseigneur.] Defn: My lord; -- an ecclesiastical dignity bestowed by the pope, entitling the bearer to social and domestic rank at the papal court. (Abbrev. Mgr.) MONSOON Mon*soon", n. Etym: [Malay musim, fr. Ar. mausim a time, season: cf. F. monson, mousson, Sr. monzon, Pg. monç\'eeo, It. monsone.] Defn: A wind blowing part of the year from one direction, alternating with a wind from the opposite direction; -- a term applied particularly to periodical winds of the Indian Ocean, which blow from the southwest from the latter part of May to the middle of September, and from the northeast from about the middle of October to the middle of December. MONSTER Mon"ster, n. Etym: [OE. monstre, F. monstre, fr. L. monstrum, orig., a divine omen, indicating misfortune; akin of monstrare to show, point out, indicate, and monere to warn. See Monition, and cf. Demonstrate, Muster.] 1. Something of unnatural size, shape, or quality; a prodigy; an enormity; a marvel. A monster or marvel. Chaucer. 2. Specifically , an animal or plant departing greatly from the usual type, as by having too many limbs. 3. Any thing or person of unnatural or excessive ugliness, deformity, wickedness, or cruelty. MONSTER Mon"ster, a. Defn: Monstrous in size. Pope. MONSTER Mon"ster, v. t. Defn: To make monstrous. [Obs.] Shak. MONSTRANCE Mon"strance, n. Etym: [LL. monstrantia, fr. L. monstrare to show: cf. OF. monstrance. See Monster.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A transparent pyx, in which the consecrated host is exposed to view. MONSTRATION Mon*stra"tion, n. Etym: [L. monstratio.] Defn: The act of demonstrating; proof. [Obs.] A certain monstration. Grafton. MONSTROSITY Mon*stros"i*ty, n.; pl. Monstrosities. Etym: [Cf. F. monstruosité. See Monstrous.] Defn: The state of being monstrous, or out of the common order of nature; that which is monstrous; a monster. South. A monstrosity never changes the name or affects the immutability of a species. Adanson (Trans. ). MONSTROUS Mon"strous, a. Etym: [OE. monstruous, F. monstrueux, fr. L. monstruosus, fr. monstrum. See Monster.] 1. Marvelous; strange. [Obs.] 2. Having the qualities of a monster; deviating greatly from the natural form or character; abnormal; as, a monstrous birth. Locke. He, therefore, that refuses to do good to them whom he is bound to love ... is unnatural and monstrous in his affections. Jer. Taylor. 3. Extraordinary in a way to excite wonder, dislike, apprehension, etc.; -- said of size, appearance, color, sound, etc.; as, a monstrous height; a monstrous ox; a monstrous story. 4. Extraordinary on account of ugliness, viciousness, or wickedness; hateful; horrible; dreadful. So bad a death argues a monstrous life. Shak. 5. Abounding in monsters. [R.] Where thou, perhaps, under the whelming tide Visitest the bottom of the monstrous world. Milton. MONSTROUS Mon"strous, adv. Defn: Exceedingly; very; very much. "A monstrous thick oil on the top." Bacon. And will be monstrous witty on the poor. Dryden. MONSTROUSLY Mon"strous*ly, adv. Defn: In a monstrous manner; unnaturally; extraordinarily; as, monstrously wicked. "Who with his wife is monstrously in love." Dryden. MONSTROUSNESS Mon"strous*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being monstrous, unusual, extraordinary. Shak. MONSTRUOSITY Mon`stru*os"i*ty, n. Defn: Monstrosity. [Obs.] Shak. MONSTRUOUS Mon"stru*ous, a. Defn: Monstrous. [Obs.] MONT Mont, n. Etym: [F. See Mount, n.] Defn: Mountain. MONTAIGNE Mon"taigne, n. Defn: A mountain. [Obs.] MONTANIC Mon*tan"ic, a. Etym: [L. montanus, fr. mons, montis, mountain. See Mount, n.] Defn: Of or pertaining to mountains; consisting of mountains. MONTANIST Mon"ta*nist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Mintanus, a Phrygian enthusiast of the second century, who claimed that the Holy Spirit, the Paraclete, dwelt in him, and employed him as an instrument for purifying and guiding men in the Christian life. -- Mon`ta*nis"tic, Mon`ta*nis"tic*al, a. MONTANT Mon"tant, n. Etym: [F.,prop., mounting, fr. monter to mount, fr. L. mons, montis, mountain. See Mount.] 1. (Fencing) Defn: An upward thrust or blow. Shak. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An upright piece in any framework; a mullion or muntin; a stile. [R.] See Stile. MONT DE PIETE Mont" de pi`é`té". Etym: [F., fr. It. monte di pietà mount of piety.] Defn: One of certain public pawnbroking establishments which originated in Italy in the 15th century, the object of which was to lend money at a low rate of interest to poor people in need; -- called also mount of piety. The institution has been adopted in other countries, as in Spain and France. See Lombard-house. MONTE Mon"te, n. Etym: [Sp., lit., mountain, hence, the stock of cards remaining after laying out a certain number, fr. L. mons, montis, mountain.] Defn: A favorite gambling game among Spaniards, played with dice or cards. MONTE-ACID Monte`-ac"id, n. Etym: [F. monter to raise + acide acid.] (Chem.) Defn: An acid elevator, as a tube through which acid is forced to some height in a sulphuric acid manufactory. MONTEITH Mon*teith", n. Defn: See Monteth. MONTE-JUS Monte"-jus", n. [F., fr. monter to bring up + jus juice.] Defn: An apparatus for raising a liquid by pressure of air or steam in a reservoir containing the liquid. MONTEM Mon"tem, n. Etym: [L. ad montem to the hillock. See Mount, n.] Defn: A custom, formerly practiced by the scholars at Eton school, England, of giing every third year, on Whittuesday, to a hillock near the Bath road, and exacting money from all passers-by, to support at the university the senior scholar of the school. MONTERO Mon*te"ro, n. Etym: [Sp. montera a hunting cap, fr. montero a huntsman, monte a mountain, forest, L. mons, montis, mountain. See Mount, n.] Defn: An ancient kind of cap worn by horsemen or huntsmen. Bacon. MONTESSORI METHOD Mon`tes*so"ri Meth"od. (Pedagogy) Defn: A system of training and instruction, primarily for use with normal children aged from three to six years, devised by Dr. Maria Montessori while teaching in the "Houses of Childhood" (schools in the poorest tenement districts of Rome, Italy), and first fully described by her in 1909. Leading features are freedom for physical activity (no stationary desks and chairs), informal and individual instruction, the very early development of writing, and an extended sensory and motor training (with special emphasis on vision, touch, perception of movement, and their interconnections), mediated by a patented, standardized system of "didactic apparatus," which is declared to be "auto-regulative." Most of the chief features of the method are borrowed from current methods used in many institutions for training feeble-minded children, and dating back especially to the work of the French-American physician Edouard O. Seguin (1812- 80). MONTETH; MONTEITH Mon*teth", Mon*teith", n. Defn: A vessel in which glasses are washed; -- so called from the name of the inventor. New things produce new words, and thus Monteth Has by one vessel saved his name from death. King. MONTGOLFIER Mont`gol"fier, n. Defn: A balloon which ascends by the buoyancy of air heated by a fire; a fire balloon; -- so called from two brothers, Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier, of France, who first constructed and sent up a fire balloon. MONTH Month, n. Etym: [OE. month, moneth, AS. mon, mona; akin to mona moon, and to D. maand month, G. monat, OHG. manod, Icel. manu, mana, Goth. meno. *272. See Moon.] Defn: One of the twelve portions into which the year is divided; the twelfth part of a year, corresponding nearly to the length of a synodic revolution of the moon, -- whence the name. In popular use, a period of four weeks is often called a month. Note: In the common law, a month is a lunar month, or twenty-eight days, unless otherwise expressed. Blackstone. In the United States the rule of the common law is generally cahanged, and a month is declared to mean a calendar month. Cooley's Blackstone. A month mind. (a) A strong or abnormal desire. [Obs.] Shak. (b) A celebration made in remembrance of a deceased person a month after death. Strype. -- Calendar months, the months as adjusted in the common or Gregorian calendar; April, June, September, and November, containing 30 days, and the rest 31, except February, which, in common years, has 28, and in leap years 29. -- Lunar month, the period of one revolution of the moon, particularly a synodical revolution; but several kinds are distinguished, as the synodical month, or period from one new moon to the next, in mean length 29 d. 12 h. 44 m. 2.87 s.; the nodical month, or time of revolution from one node to the same again, in length 27 d. 5 h. 5 m. 36 s.; the sidereal, or time of revolution from a star to the same again, equal to 27 d. 7 h. 43 m. 11.5 s.; the anomalistic, or time of revolution from perigee to perigee again, in length 27 d. 13 h. 18 m. 37.4 s.; and the tropical, or time of passing from any point of the ecliptic to the same again, equal to 27 d. 7 h. 43 m. 4.7 s. -- Solar month, the time in which the sun passes through one sign of the zodiac, in mean length 30 d. 10 h. 29 m. 4.1 s. MONTHLING Month"ling, n. Defn: That which is a month old, or which lives for a month. [R.] Wordsworth. MONTHLY Month"ly, a. 1. Continued a month, or a performed in a month; as, the monthly revolution of the moon. 2. Done, happening, payable, published, etc., once a month, or every month; as, a monthly visit; monthly charges; a monthly installment; a monthly magazine. Monthly nurse, a nurse who serves for a month or some short time, esp. one which attends women after childbirth. MONTHLY Month"ly, n.; pl. Monthlies (. Defn: A publication which appears regularly once a month. MONTHLY Month"ly, adv. 1. Once a month; in every month; as, the moon changes monthly. Shak. 2. As if under the influence of the moon; in the manner of a lunatic. [Obs.] Middleton. MONTICLE Mon"ti*cle, n. Etym: [L. monticulus, dim. of mons, montis, mountain: cf. F. monticule. See Mount, n.] Defn: A little mount; a hillock; a small elevation or prominence. [Written also monticule.] MONTICULATE Mon*tic"u*late, a. Defn: Furnished with monticles or little elevations. MONTICULE Mon"ti*cule, n. Defn: See Monticle. MONTICULOUS Mon*tic"u*lous, a. Defn: Monticulate. MONTIFORM Mon"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. mons, montis, mountain + -form.] Defn: Resembling a mountain in form. MONTIGENOUS Mon*tig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. montigena; mons, montis, mountain + the root of gignere to beget.] Defn: Produced on a mountain. MONTOIR Mon`toir", n. Etym: [F., fr. monter to mount. See Montant.] Defn: A stone used in mounting a horse; a horse block. MONTON Mon"ton, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Mining) Defn: A heap of ore; a mass undergoing the process of amalgamation. MONTRE Mon"tre, n. [F., show, show case, organ case.] 1. (Organ Building) A stop, usually the open diapason, having its pipes "shown" as part of the organ case, or otherwise specially mounted. 2. A hole in the wall of a pottery kiln, by which the state of the pieces within can be judged. MONTROSS Mon*tross", n. Defn: See Matross. [Obs.] MONTRUE Mon"true, n. Etym: [F., fr. monter to mount. See Montoir.] Defn: That on which anything is mounted; a setting; hence, a saddle horse. [Obs.] Spenser. MONUMENT Mon"u*ment, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. monumentum, fr. monere to remind, admonish. See Monition, and cf. Moniment.] 1. Something which stands, or remains, to keep in remembrance what is past; a memorial. Of ancient British art A pleasing monument. Philips. Our bruised arms hung up for monuments. Shak. 2. A building, pillar, stone, or the like, erected to preserve the remembrance of a person, event, action, etc.; as, the Washington monument; the Bunker Hill monument. Also, a tomb, with memorial inscriptions. On your family's old monument Hang mournful epitaphs, and do all rites That appertain unto a burial. Shak. 3. A stone or other permanent object, serving to indicate a limit or to mark a boundary. 4. A saying, deed, or example, worthy of record. Acts and Monuments of these latter and perilous days. Foxe. Syn. -- Memorial; remembrance; tomb; cenotaph. MONUMENTAL Mon`u*men"tal, a. Etym: [L. monumentalis: cf. F. monumental.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or suitable for, a monument; as, a monumental inscription. 2. Serving as a monument; memorial; preserving memory. "Of pine, or monumental oak." Milton. A work outlasting monumental brass. Pope. MONUMENTALLY Mon`u*men"tal*ly, adv. 1. By way of memorial. 2. By means of monuments. MONUREID Mon*u"re*id, n. Etym: [Mon- + ureid.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of complex nitrogenous substances regarded as derived from one molecule of urea; as, alloxan is a monureid. [Written also monureide.] MOO Moo, a., adv., & n. Defn: See Mo. [Obs.] Chaucer. MOO Moo, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mooed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mooing.] Etym: [Of imitative origin.] Defn: To make the noise of a cow; to low; -- child's word. MOO Moo, n. Defn: The lowing of a cow. MOOD Mood, n. Etym: [The same word as mode, perh. influenced by mood temper. See Mode.] 1. Manner; style; mode; logical form; musical style; manner of action or being. See Mode which is the preferable form). 2. (Gram.) Defn: Manner of conceiving and expressing action or being, as positive, possible, hypothetical, etc., without regard to other accidents, such as time, person, number, etc.; as, the indicative mood; the infinitive mood; the subjunctive mood. Same as Mode. MOOD Mood, n. Etym: [OE. mood, mod, AS. modmind, feeling, heart, courage; akin to OS. & OFries. mod, D. moed, OHG. muot, G. muth, mut, courage, Dan. & Sw. mod, Icel. mo wrath, Goth. mods.] Defn: Temper of mind; temporary state of the mind in regard to passion or feeling; humor; as, a melancholy mood; a suppliant mood. Till at the last aslaked was mood. Chaucer. Fortune is merry, And in this mood will give us anything. Shak. The desperate recklessness of her mood. Hawthorne. MOODER Moo"der, n. Defn: Mother. [Obs.] Chaucer. MOODILY Mood"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a moody manner. MOODINESS Mood"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being moody; specifically, liability to strange or violent moods. MOODIR Moo"dir, n. Etym: [Ar. mudir.] Defn: The governor of a province in Egypt, etc. [Written also mudir.] MOODISH Mood"ish, a. Defn: Moody. [Obs.] MOODISHLY Mood"ish*ly, adv. Defn: Moodily. [Obs.] MOODY Mood"y, a. [Compar. Moodier; superl. Moodiest.] Etym: [AS. modig courageous.] 1. Subject to varying moods, especially to states of mind which are unamiable or depressed. 2. Hence: Out of humor; peevish; angry; fretful; also, abstracted and pensive; sad; gloomy; melancholy. "Every peevish, moody malcontent." Rowe. Arouse thee from thy moody dream! Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- Gloomy; pensive; sad; fretful; capricious. MOOLAH; MOOLLAH Moo"lah, Mool"lah, n. Defn: See Mollah. MOOLLEY Mool"ley, n. Defn: Same as Mulley. MOON Moon, n. Etym: [OE. mone, AS. mona; akin to D. maan, OS. & OHG. mano, G. mond, Icel. mani, Dan. maane, Sw. måne, Goth. mena, Lith. men, L. mensis month, Gr. mas moon, month; prob. from a root meaning to measure (cf. Skr. ma to measure), from its serving to measure the time. *271. Cf. Mete to measure, Menses, Monday, Month.] 1. The celestial orb which revolves round the earth; the satellite of the earth; a secondary planet, whose light, borrowed from the sun, is reflected to the earth, and serves to dispel the darkness of night. The diameter of the moon is 2,160 miles, its mean distance from the earth is 240,000 miles, and its mass is one eightieth that of the earth. See Lunar month, under Month. The crescent moon, the diadem of night. Cowper. 2. A secondary planet, or satellite, revolving about any member of the solar system; as, the moons of Jupiter or Saturn. 3. The time occupied by the moon in making one revolution in her orbit; a month. Shak. 4. (Fort.) Defn: A crescentlike outwork. See Half-moon. Moon blindness. (a) (Far.) A kind of ophthalmia liable to recur at intervals of three or four weeks. (b) (Med.) Hemeralopia. -- Moon dial, a dial used to indicate time by moonlight. -- Moon face, a round face like a full moon. -- Moon madness, lunacy. [Poetic] -- Moon month, a lunar month. -- Moon trefoil (Bot.), a shrubby species of medic (Medicago arborea). See Medic. -- Moon year, a lunar year, consisting of lunar months, being sometimes twelve and sometimes thirteen. MOON Moon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mooned; p. pr. & vb. n. Mooning.] Defn: To expose to the rays of the moon. If they have it to be exceeding white indeed, they seethe it yet once more, after it hath been thus sunned and mooned. Holland. MOON Moon, v. i. Defn: To act if moonstruck; to wander or gaze about in an abstracted manner. Elsley was mooning down the river by himself. C. Kingsley. MOONBEAM Moon"beam`, n. Defn: A ray of light from the moon. MOONBLIND Moon"blind`, a. Defn: Dim-sighted; purblind. MOONBLINK Moon"blink`, n. Defn: A temporary blindness, or impairment of sight, said to be caused by sleeping in the moonlight; -- sometimes called nyctalopia. MOONCALF Moon"calf`, n. 1. A monster; a false conception; a mass of fleshy matter, generated in the uterus. 2. A dolt; a stupid fellow. Dryden. MOON-CULMINATING Moon"-cul"mi*na`ting, a. Defn: Culminating, or coming to the meredian, at or about the same time with the moon; -- said of a star or stars, esp. of certain stars selected beforehand, and named in an ephemeris (as the Nautical Almanac), as suitable to be observed in connection with the moon at culmination, for determining terrestrial longitude. MOONED Mooned, a. Defn: Of or resembling the moon; symbolized by the moon. "Sharpening in mooned horns." "Mooned Ashtaroth." Milton. MOONER Moon"er, n. Defn: One who abstractedly wanders or gazes about, as if moonstruck. [R.] Dickens. MOONERY Moon"er*y, n. Defn: Conduct of one who moons. [R.] MOONET Moon"et, n. Defn: A little moon. [R.] Bp. Hall. MOON-EYE Moon"-eye`, n. 1. A eye affected by the moon; also, a disease in the eye of a horse. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of American fresh-water fishes of the genus Hyodon, esp. H. tergisus of the Great Lakes and adjacent waters. (b) The cisco. MOON-EYED Moon"-eyed`, a. Defn: Having eyes affected by the moon; moonblind; dim-eyed; purblind. MOON-FACED Moon"-faced`, a. Defn: Having a round, full face. MOONFISH Moon"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) An American marine fish (Vomer setipennis); -- called also bluntnosed shiner, horsefish, and sunfish. (b) A broad, thin, silvery marine fish (Selene vomer); -- called also lookdown, and silver moonfish. (c) The mola. See Sunfish, 1. MOONFLOWER Moon"flow`er, n. (Bot.) (a) The oxeye daisy; -- called also moon daisy. (b) A kind of morning glory (Ipomoea Bona-nox) with large white flowers opening at night. MOONG Moong, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Mung. MOONGLADE Moon"glade`, n. Defn: The bright reflection of the moon's light on an expanse of water. [Poetic] MOONIE Moo"nie, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European goldcrest. MOONISH Moon"ish, a. Defn: Like the moon; variable. Being but a moonish youth. Shak. MOONLESS Moon"less, a. Defn: Being without a moon or moonlight. MOONLIGHT Moon`light`, n. Defn: The light of the moon. -- a. Defn: Occurring during or by moonlight; characterized by moonlight. MOONLIGHTER Moon"light`er, n. One who follows an occupation or pastime by moonlight; as: (a) A moonshiner. (b) In Ireland, one of a band that engaged in agrarian outrages by night. (c) A serenader by moonlight. [Local, U. S.] MOONLING Moon"ling, n. Defn: A simpleton; a lunatic. [Obs.] MOONLIT Moon"lit`, a. Defn: Illumined by the moon. "The moonlit sea." Moore. "Moonlit dells." Lowell. MOONRAKER Moon"rak`er, n. (Naut.) Defn: Same as Moonsail. MOONRISE Moon"rise`, n. Defn: The rising of the moon above the horizon; also, the time of its rising. MOONSAIL Moon"sail`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A sail sometimes carried in light winds, above a skysail. R. H. Dana, Jr. MOONSEED Moon"seed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A climbing plant of the genus Menispermum; -- so called from the crescentlike form of the seeds. MOONSET Moon"set`, n. Defn: The descent of the moon below the horizon; also, the time when the moon sets. MOONSHEE Moon"shee, n. Etym: [Hind. munishi, fr. Ar. munishi a writer, author, secretary, tutor.] Defn: A Mohammedan professor or teacher of language. [India] MOONSHINE Moon"shine`, n. 1. The light of the moon. 2. Hence, show without substance or reality. 3. A month. [R.] Shak. 4. A preparation of eggs for food. [Obs.] MOONSHINE Moon"shine`, a. Defn: Moonlight. [R.] Clarendon. MOONSHINER Moon"shin`er, n. Defn: A person engaged in illicit distilling; -- so called because the work is largely done at night. [Cant, U.S.] MOONSHINING Moon"shin`ing, n. Defn: Illicit distilling. [Slang or Colloq., U. S.] MOONSHINY Moon"shin`y, a. Defn: Moonlight. [Colloq.] I went to see them in a moonshiny night. Addison. MOONSTONE Moon"stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: A nearly pellucid variety of feldspar, showing pearly or opaline reflections from within. It is used as a gem. The best specimens come from Ceylon. MOONSTRICKEN Moon"strick`en, a. Defn: See Moonstruck. MOONSTRUCK Moon"struck`, a. 1. Mentally affected or deranged by the supposed influence of the moon; lunatic. 2. Produced by the supposed influence of the moon. "Moonstruck madness." Milton. 3. Made sick by the supposed influence of the moon, as a human being; made unsuitable for food, as fishes, by such supposed influence. MOONWORT Moon"wort`, n. (Bot.) (a) The herb lunary or honesty. See Honesty. (b) Any fern of the genus Botrychium, esp. B. Lunaria; -- so named from the crescent-shaped segments of its frond. MOONY Moon"y, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the moon. Soft and pale as the moony beam. J. R. Drake. 2. Furnished with a moon; bearing a crescent. But soon the miscreant moony host Before the victor cross shall fly. Fenton. 3. Silly; weakly sentimental. [Colloq.] G. Eliot. MOOR Moor, n. Etym: [F. More, Maure, L. Maurus a Moor, a Mauritanian, an inhabitant of Mauritania, Gr. Morris a dance, Morocco.] 1. One of a mixed race inhabiting Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli, chiefly along the coast and in towns. 2. (Hist.) Defn: Any individual of the swarthy races of Africa or Asia which have adopted the Mohammedan religion. "In Spanish history the terms Moors, Saracens, and Arabs are synonymous." Internat. Cyc. MOOR Moor, n. Etym: [OE. mor, AS. mor moor, morass; akin to D. moer moor, G. moor, and prob. to Goth. marei sea, E. mere. See Mere a lake.] 1. An extensive waste covered with patches of heath, and having a poor, light soil, but sometimes marshy, and abounding in peat; a heath. In her girlish age she kept sheep on the moor. Carew. 2. A game preserve consisting of moorland. Moor buzzard (Zoöl.), the marsh harrier. [Prov. Eng.] -- Moor coal (Geol.), a friable variety of lignite. -- Moor cock (Zoöl.), the male of the moor fowl or red grouse of Europe. -- Moor coot. (Zoöl.) See Gallinule. -- Moor fowl. (Zoöl.) (a) The European ptarmigan, or red grouse (Lagopus Scoticus). (b) The European heath grouse. See under Heath. -- Moor game. (Zoöl.) Same as Moor fowl (above). -- Moor grass (Bot.), a tufted perennial grass (Sesleria cærulea), found in mountain pastures of Europe. -- Moor hawk (Zoöl.), the marsh harrier. -- Moor hen. (Zoöl.) (a) The female of the moor fowl. (b) A gallinule, esp. the European species. See Gallinule. (c) An Australian rail (Tribonyx ventralis). -- Moor monkey (Zoöl.), the black macaque of Borneo (Macacus maurus). -- Moor titling (Zoöl.), the European stonechat (Pratinocola rubicola). MOOR Moor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moored; p. pr. & vb. n. Mooring.] Etym: [Prob. fr. D. marren to tie, fasten, or moor a ship. See Mar.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: To fix or secure, as a vessel, in a particular place by casting anchor, or by fastening with cables or chains; as, the vessel was moored in the stream; they moored the boat to the wharf. 2. Fig.: To secure, or fix firmly. Brougham. MOOR Moor, v. i. Defn: To cast anchor; to become fast. On oozy ground his galleys moor. Dryden. MOORAGE Moor"age, n. Defn: A place for mooring. MOORBALL Moor"ball`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A fresh-water alga (Cladophora Ægagropila) which forms a globular mass. MOORBAND Moor"band`, n. Defn: See Moorpan. MOORESS Moor"ess, n. Defn: A female Moor; a Moorish woman. MOORING Moor"ing, n. 1. The act of confining a ship to a particular place, by means of anchors or fastenings. 2. That which serves to confine a ship to a place, as anchors, cables, bridles, etc. 3. pl. Defn: The place or condition of a ship thus confined. And the tossed bark in moorings swings. Moore. Mooring block (Naut.), a heavy block of cast iron sometimes used as an anchor for mooring vessels. MOORISH Moor"ish, a. Etym: [From 2d Moor.] Defn: Having the characteristics of a moor or heath. "Moorish fens." Thomson. MOORISH Moor"ish, a. Etym: [See 1st Moor, and cf. Morris, Moresque.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Morocco or the Moors; in the style of the Moors. Moorish architecture, the style developed by the Moors in the later Middle Ages, esp. in Spain, in which the arch had the form of a horseshoe, and the ornamentation admitted no representation of animal life. It has many points of resemblance to the Arabian and Persian styles, but should be distinguished from them. See Illust. under Moresque. MOORLAND Moor"land, n. Etym: [AS. morland.] Defn: Land consisting of a moor or moors. MOORPAN Moor"pan`, n. Etym: [Cf. Hard pan, under Hard.] Defn: A clayey layer or pan underlying some moors, etc. MOORSTONE Moor"stone`, n. Defn: A species of English granite, used as a building stone. MOORUK Moo"ruk, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of cassowary (Casuarius Bennetti) found in New Britain, and noted for its agility in running and leaping. It is smaller and has stouter legs than the common cassowary. Its crest is biloted; the neck and breast are black; the back, rufous mixed with black; and the naked skin of the neck, blue. MOORY Moor"y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to moors; marshy; fenny; boggy; moorish. Mortimer. As when thick mists arise from moory vales. Fairfax. MOORY Moor"y, n. Defn: A kind of blue cloth made in India. Balfour (Cyc of India). MOOSE Moose, n. Etym: [A native name; Knisteneaux mouswah; Algonquin monse. Mackenzie.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large cervine mammal (Alces machlis, or A. Americanus), native of the Northern United States and Canada. The adult male is about as large as a horse, and has very large, palmate antlers. It closely resembles the European elk, and by many zoölogists is considered the same species. See Elk. Moose bird (Zoöl.), the Canada jayor whisky jack. See Whisky jack. -- Moose deer. Same as Moose. -- Moose yard (Zoöl.), a locality where moose, in winter, herd together in a forest to feed and for mutual protection. MOOSEWOOD Moose"wood`, n. (Bot.) (a) The striped maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum). (b) Leatherwood. MOOT Moot, v. Defn: See 1st Mot. [Obs.] Chaucer. MOOT Moot, n. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A ring for gauging wooden pins. MOOT Moot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Mooting.] Etym: [OE. moten, motien, AS. motan to meet or assemble for conversation, to discuss, dispute, fr. mot, gemot, a meeting, an assembly; akin to Icel. mot, MHG. muoz. Cf. Meet to come together.] 1. To argue for and against; to debate; to discuss; to propose for discussion. A problem which hardly has been mentioned, much less mooted, in this country. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. Specifically: To discuss by way of exercise; to argue for practice; to propound and discuss in a mock court. First a case is appointed to be mooted by certain young men, containing some doubtful controversy. Sir T. Elyot. MOOT Moot, v. i. Defn: To argue or plead in a supposed case. There is a difference between mooting and pleading; between fencing and fighting. B. Jonson. MOOT Moot, n. Etym: [AS. mot, gemot, a meeting; -- usually in comp.] [Written also mote.] 1. A meeting for discussion and deliberation; esp., a meeting of the people of a village or district, in Anglo-Saxon times, for the discussion and settlement of matters of common interest; -- usually in composition; as, folk-moot. J. R. Green. 2. Etym: [From Moot, v.] Defn: A discussion or debate; especially, a discussion of fictitious causes by way of practice. The pleading used in courts and chancery called moots. Sir T. Elyot. Moot case, a case or question to be mooted; a disputable case; an unsettled question. Dryden. -- Moot court, a mock court, such as is held by students of law for practicing the conduct of law cases. -- Moot point, a point or question to be debated; a doubtful question. MOOT Moot, a. Defn: Subject, or open, to argument or discussion; undecided; debatable; mooted. MOOTABLE Moot"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being mooted. MOOTER Moot"er, n. Defn: A disputer of a mooted case. MOOT-HALL; MOOT-HOUSE Moot"-hall`, Moot"-house`, n. Etym: [AS. moth.] Defn: A hall for public meetings; a hall of judgment. [Obs.] "The moot-hall of Herod." Wyclif. MOOT-HILL Moot"-hill`, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A hill of meeting or council; an elevated place in the open air where public assemblies or courts were held by the Saxons; -- called, in Scotland, mute-hill. J. R. Green. MOOTMAN Moot"man, n.; pl. Mootmen (. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: One who argued moot cases in the inns of court. MOP Mop, n. Etym: [See Mope.] Defn: A made-up face; a grimace. "What mops and mowes it makes!" Beau. & Fl. MOP Mop, v. i. Defn: To make a wry mouth. [Obs.] Shak. MOP Mop, n. Etym: [CF. W. mop, mopa, Ir. moipal, Gael. moibeal, moibean; or OF. mappe a napkin (see Map, Napkin).] 1. An implement for washing floors, or the like, made of a piece of cloth, or a collection of thrums, or coarse yarn, fastened to a handle. 2. A fair where servants are hired. [Prov. Eng.] 3. The young of any animal; also, a young girl; a moppet. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Mop head. (a) The end of a mop, to which the thrums or rags are fastened. (b) A clamp for holding the thrums or rags of a mop. [U.S.] MOP Mop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mopped; p. pr. & vb. n. Mopping.] Defn: To rub or wipe with a mop, or as with a mop; as, to mop a floor; to mop one's face with a handkerchief. MOPBOARD Mop"board`, n. (Carp.) Defn: A narrow board nailed against the wall of a room next to the floor; skirting board; baseboard. See Baseboard. MOPE Mope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Moped; p. pr. & vb. n. Moping.] Etym: [Cf. D. moppen to pout, Prov. G. muffen to sulk.] Defn: To be dull and spiritless. "Moping melancholy." Milton. A sickly part of one true sense Could not so mope. Shak. MOPE Mope, v. t. Defn: To make spiritless and stupid. [Obs.] MOPE Mope, n. Defn: A dull, spiritless person. Burton. MOPE-EYED Mope"-eyed`, a. Defn: Shortsighted; purblind. MOPEFUL Mope"ful, a. Defn: Mopish. [R.] MOPISH Mop"ish, a. Defn: Dull; spiritless; dejected. -- Mop"ish*ly, adv. -- Mop"ish*ness, n. MOPLAH Mop"lah, n. Etym: [Malayalam mapplia.] Defn: One of a class of Mohammedans in Malabar. MOPPET Mop"pet, n. Etym: [From 3d Mop.] 1. A rag baby; a puppet made of cloth; hence, also, in fondness, a little girl, or a woman. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A long-haired pet dog. MOPSEY; MOPSY Mop"sey, Mop"sy, n. 1. A moppet. 2. A slatternly, untidy woman. Halliwell. MOPSICAL Mop"si*cal, a. Defn: Shortsighted; mope-eyed. MOPSTICK Mop"stick`, n. Defn: The long handle of a mop. MOPUS Mo"pus, n. Defn: A mope; a drone. [Obs.] Swift. MOQUETTE Mo*quette", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A kind of carpet having a short velvety pile. MORA Mor"a, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A game of guessing the number of fingers extended in a quick movement of the hand, -- much played by Italians of the lower classes. MORA Mo"ra, n. (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous tree of Guiana and Trinidad (Dimorphandra excelsa); also, its timber, used in shipbuilding and making furniture. MORA Mo"ra, n. Etym: [L.] (Rom. & Civil Law) Defn: Delay; esp., culpable delay; postponement. MORAINE Mo*raine", n. Etym: [F. Cf. Prov. G. mur stones broken off, It. mora a heap of stones, hillock, G. mürbe soft, broken up, OHG. muruwi, AS. mearu tender, Gr. mla to relax.] (Geol.) Defn: An accumulation of earth and stones carried forward and deposited by a glacier. Lyell. Note: If the moranie is at the extremity of the glacier it is a terminal moranie; if at the side, a lateral moranie; if parallel to the side on the central portion of the glacier, a medial moranie. See Illust. of Glacier. In the last case it is formed by the union of the lateral moranies of the branches of the glacier. A ground moranie is one beneath the mass of ice. MORAINIC Mo*rain"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a moranie. MORAL Mor"al, a. Etym: [F., fr. It. moralis, fr. mos, moris, manner, custom, habit, way of life, conduct.] 1. Relating to duty or obligation; pertaining to those intentions and actions of which right and wrong, virtue and vice, are predicated, or to the rules by which such intentions and actions ought to be directed; relating to the practice, manners, or conduct of men as social beings in relation to each other, as respects right and wrong, so far as they are properly subject to rules. Keep at the least within the compass of moral actions, which have in them vice or virtue. Hooker. Mankind is broken loose from moral bands. Dryden. She had wandered without rule or guidance in a moral wilderness. Hawthorne. 2. Conformed to accepted rules of right; acting in conformity with such rules; virtuous; just; as, a moral man. Used sometimes in distinction from religious; as, a moral rather than a religious life. The wiser and more moral part of mankind. Sir M. Hale. 3. Capable of right and wrong action or of being governed by a sense of right; subject to the law of duty. A moral agent is a being capable of those actions that have a moral quality, and which can properly be denominated good or evil in a moral sense. J. Edwards. 4. Acting upon or through one's moral nature or sense of right, or suited to act in such a manner; as, a moral arguments; moral considerations. Sometimes opposed to material and physical; as, moral pressure or support. 5. Supported by reason or probability; practically sufficient; -- opposed to legal or demonstrable; as, a moral evidence; a moral certainty. 6. Serving to teach or convey a moral; as, a moral lesson; moral tales. Moral agent, a being who is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong. -- Moral certainty, a very high degree or probability, although not demonstrable as a certainty; a probability of so high a degree that it can be confidently acted upon in the affairs of life; as, there is a moral certainty of his guilt. -- Moral insanity, insanity, so called, of the moral system; badness alleged to be irresponsible. -- Moral philosophy, the science of duty; the science which treats of the nature and condition of man as a moral being, of the duties which result from his moral relations, and the reasons on which they are founded. -- Moral play, an allegorical play; a morality. [Obs.] -- Moral sense, the power of moral judgment and feeling; the capacity to perceive what is right or wrong in moral conduct, and to approve or disapprove, independently of education or the knowledge of any positive rule or law. -- Moral theology, theology applied to morals; practical theology; casuistry. MORAL Mor"al, n. 1. The doctrine or practice of the duties of life; manner of living as regards right and wrong; conduct; behavior; -- usually in the plural. Corrupt in their morals as vice could make them. South. 2. The inner meaning or significance of a fable, a narrative, an occurrence, an experience, etc.; the practical lesson which anything is designed or fitted to teach; the doctrine meant to be inculcated by a fiction; a maxim. Thus may we gather honey from the weed, And make a moral of the devil himself. Shak. To point a moral, or adorn a tale. Johnson. We protest against the principle that the world of pure comedy is one into which no moral enters. Macaulay. 3. A morality play. See Morality, 5. MORAL Mor"al, v. i. Defn: To moralize. [Obs.] Shak. MORALE Mo`rale", n. Etym: [F. See Moral, a.] Defn: The moral condition, or the condition in other respects, so far as it is affected by, or dependent upon, moral considerations, such as zeal, spirit, hope, and confidence; mental state, as of a body of men, an army, and the like. MORALER Mor"al*er, n. Defn: A moralizer. [Obs.] Shak. MORALISM Mor"al*ism, n. Defn: A maxim or saying embodying a moral truth. Farrar. MORALIST Mor"al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. moraliste.] 1. One who moralizes; one who teaches or animadverts upon the duties of life; a writer of essays intended to correct vice and inculcate moral duties. Addison. 2. One who practices moral duties; a person who lives in conformity with moral rules; one of correct deportment and dealings with his fellow-creatures; -- sometimes used in contradistinction to one whose life is controlled by religious motives. The love (in the moralist of virtue, but in the Christian) of God himself. Hammond. MORALITY Mo*ral"i*ty, n.; pl. Moralities. Etym: [L. moralitas: cf. F. moralité.] 1. The relation of conformity or nonconformity to the moral standard or rule; quality of an intention, a character, an action, a principle, or a sentiment, when tried by the standard of right. The morality of an action is founded in the freedom of that principle, by virtue of which it is in the agent's power, having all things ready and requisite to the performance of an action, either to perform or not perform it. South. 2. The quality of an action which renders it good; the conformity of an act to the accepted standard of right. Of moralitee he was the flower. Chaucer. I am bold to think that morality is capable of demonstration. Locke. 3. The doctrines or rules of moral duties, or the duties of men in their social character; ethics. The end of morality is to procure the affections to obey reason, and not to invade it. Bacon. The system of morality to be gathered out of ... ancient sages falls very short of that delivered in the gospel. Swift. 4. The practice of the moral duties; rectitude of life; conformity to the standard of right; virtue; as, we often admire the politeness of men whose morality we question. 5. A kind of allegorical play, so termed because it consisted of discourses in praise of morality between actors representing such characters as Charity, Faith, Death, Vice, etc. Such plays were occasionally exhibited as late as the reign of Henry VIII. Strutt. 6. Intent; meaning; moral. [Obs.] Taketh the morality thereof, good men. Chaucer. MORALIZATION Mor`al*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. moralisation.] 1. The act of moralizing; moral reflections or discourse. 2. Explanation in a moral sense. T. Warton. MORALIZE Mor"al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moralized; p. pr. & vb. n. Moralizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. moraliser.] 1. To apply to a moral purpose; to explain in a moral sense; to draw a moral from. This fable is moralized in a common proverb. L'Estrange. Did he not moralize this spectacle Shak. 2. To furnish with moral lessons, teachings, or examples; to lend a moral to. While chastening thoughts of sweetest use, bestowed By Wisdom, moralize his pensive road. Wordsworth. 3. To render moral; to correct the morals of. It had a large share in moralizing the poor white people of the country. D. Ramsay. 4. To give a moral quality to; to affect the moral quality of, either for better or worse. Good and bad stars moralize not our actions. Sir T. Browne. MORALIZE Mor"al*ize, v. i. Defn: To make moral reflections; to regard acts and events as involving a moral. MORALIZER Mor"al*i`zer, n. Defn: One who moralizes. MORALLY Mor"al*ly, adv. 1. In a moral or ethical sense; according to the rules of morality. By good, good morally so called, "bonum honestum" ought chiefly to be understood. South. 2. According to moral rules; virtuously. "To live morally." Dryden. 3. In moral qualities; in disposition and character; as, one who physically and morally endures hardships. 4. In a manner calculated to serve as the basis of action; according to the usual course of things and human judgment; according to reason and probability. It is morally impossible for an hypocrite to keep himself long upon his guard. L'Estrange. MORASS Mo*rass", n. Etym: [OE. marras, mareis (perh. through D. moeras), fr. F. marais, prob. from L. mare sea, in LL., any body of water; but perh. influenced by some German word. See Mere a lake, and cf. Marsh.] Defn: A tract of soft, wet ground; a marsh; a fen. Morass ore. (Min.) See Bog ore, under Bog. MORASSY mo*rass"y, a. Defn: Marshy; fenny. [R.] Pennant. MORATE Mo"rate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of moric acid. MORATION Mo*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. moratio.] Defn: A delaying tarrying; delay. [R.] Sir T. Browne. MORATORIUM Mor`a*to"ri*um, n. [NL. See Moratory.] (Law) Defn: A period during which an obligor has a legal right to delay meeting an obligation, esp. such a period granted, as to a bank, by a moratory law. MORATORY Mor"a*to*ry, a. [L. moratorius delaying, fr. morari to delay.] Defn: Of or pertaining to delay; esp., designating a law passed, as in a time of financial panic, to postpone or delay for a period the time at which notes, bills of exchange, and other obligations, shall mature or become due. MORAVIAN Mo*ra"vi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Moravia, or to the United Brethren. See Moravian, n. MORAVIAN Mo*ra"vi*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a religious sect called the United Brethern (an offshoot of the Hussites in Bohemia), which formed a separate church of Moravia, a northern district of Austria, about the middle of the 15th century. After being nearly extirpated by persecution, the society, under the name of The Renewed Church of the United Brethren, was reëstablished in 1722-35 on the estates of Count Zinzendorf in Saxony. Called also Herrnhuter. MORAVIANISM Mo*ra"vi*an*ism, n. Defn: The religious system of the Moravians. MORAY Mor"ay, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A muræna. MORBID Mor"bid, a. Etym: [L. morbidus, fr. morbus disease; prob. akin to mori to die: cf. F. morbide, It. morbido. See Mortal.] 1. Not sound and healthful; induced by a diseased or abnormal condition; diseased; sickly; as, morbid humors; a morbid constitution; a morbid state of the juices of a plant. "Her sick and morbid heart." Hawthorne. 2. Of or pertaining to disease or diseased parts; as, morbid anatomy. Syn. -- Diseased; sickly; sick. -- Morbid, Diseased. Morbid is sometimes used interchangeably with diseased, but is commonly applied, in a somewhat technical sense, to cases of a prolonged nature; as, a morbid condition of the nervous system; a morbid sensibility, etc. MORBIDEZZA Mor`bi*dez"za, n. Etym: [It., softness, delicacy. See Morbid.] 1. (Fine Arts) Defn: Delicacy or softness in the representation of flesh. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A term used as a direction in execution, signifying, with extreme delicacy. Ludden. MORBIDITY Mor*bid"i*ty, n. 1. The quality or state of being morbid. 2. Morbid quality; disease; sickness. C. Kingsley. 3. Amount of disease; sick rate. MORBIDLY Mor"bid*ly, adv. Defn: In a morbid manner. MORBIDNESS Mor"bid*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being morbid; morbidity. MORBIFIC; MORBIFICAL Mor*bif"ic, Mor*bif"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. morbus disease + -ficare (in comp.) to make: cf. F. morbifique. See -fy.] Defn: Causing disease; generating a sickly state; as, a morbific matter. MORBILLOUS Mor*bil"lous, a. Etym: [LL. morbilli measles, dim. of L. morbus disease: cf. F. morbilleux.] Defn: Pertaining to the measles; partaking of the nature of measels, or resembling the eruptions of that disease; measly. MORBOSE Mor*bose", a. Etym: [L. morbosus, fr. morbus disease.] Defn: Proceeding from disease; morbid; unhealthy. Morbose tumors and excrescences of plants. Ray. MORBOSITY Mor*bos"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. morbositas.] Defn: A diseased state; unhealthiness. [R.] Sir T. Browne. MORCEAU Mor`ceau", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A bit; a morsel. MORDACIOUS Mor*da"cious, a. Etym: [L. mordax, -acis, fr. mordere, morsum, to bite. See Morsel.] Defn: Biting; given to biting; hence, figuratively, sarcastic; severe; scathing. -- Mor*da"cious*ly, adv. MORDACITY Mor*dac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. mordacitas: cf. F. mordacité. See Mordacious.] Defn: The quality of being mordacious; biting severity, or sarcastic quality. Bacon. MORDANT Mor"dant, a. Etym: [F., p.pr. of mordere to bite; L. mordere. See Morsel.] 1. Biting; caustic; sarcastic; keen; severe. 2. (Dyeing & Calico Printing) Defn: Serving to fix colors. MORDANT Mor"dant, n. Etym: [F., originally, biting.] 1. Any corroding substance used in etching. 2. (Dyeing & Calico Printing) Defn: Any substance, as alum or copperas, which, having a twofold attraction for organic fibers and coloring matter, serves as a bond of union, and thus gives fixity to, or bites in, the dyes. 3. (Gilding) Defn: Any sticky matter by which the gold leaf is made to adhere. MORDANT Mor"dant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mordanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Mordanting.] Defn: To subject to the action of, or imbue with, a mordant; as, to mordant goods for dyeing. MORDANTLY Mor"dant*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a mordant. MORDENTE Mor*den"te, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: An embellishment resembling a trill. MORDICANCY Mor"di*can*cy, n. Defn: A biting quality; corrosiveness. [R.] Evelyn. MORDICANT Mor"di*cant, a. Etym: [L. mordicans, p.pr. of mordicare to bite, fr. mordere: cf. F. mordicant.] Defn: Biting; acrid; as, the mordicant quality of a body. [R.] Boyle. MORDICATION Mor`di*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. mordicatio.] Defn: The act of biting or corroding; corrosion. [R.] Bacon. MORDICATIVE Mor"di*ca*tive, a. Etym: [L. mordicativus.] Defn: Biting; corrosive. [R.] Holland. MORE More, n. Etym: [AS. mor. See Moor a waste.] Defn: A hill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. MORE More, n. Etym: [AS. more, moru; akin to G. möhre carrot, OHG. moraha, morha.] Defn: A root. [Obs.] Chaucer. MORE More, a., compar. [Positive wanting; superl. Most (.] Etym: [OE. more, mare, and (orig. neut. and adv.) mo, ma, AS. mara, and (as neut. and adv.) ma; akin to D. meer, OS. mer, G. mehr, OHG. mero, mer, Icel. meiri, meirr, Dan. meere, meer, Sw. mera, mer, Goth. maiza, a., mais, adv., and perh. to L. major greater, compar. of magnus great, and magis, adv., more. sq. root103. Cf. Most, uch, Major.] 1. Greater; superior; increased; as: (a) Greater in quality, amount, degree, quality, and the like; with the singular. He gat more money. Chaucer. If we procure not to ourselves more woe. Milton. Note: More, in this sense, was formerly used in connection with some other qualifying word, -- a, the, this, their, etc., -- which now requires the substitution of greater, further, or the like, for more. Whilst sisters nine, which dwell on Parnasse height, Do make them music for their more delight. Spenser. The more part knew not wherefore they were come together. Acts xix. 32. Wrong not that wrong with a more contempt. Shak. (b) Greater in number; exceeding in numbers; -- with the plural. The people of the children of Israel are more and mighter than we. Ex. i. 9. 2. Additional; other; as, he wept because there were no more words to conquer. With open arms received one poet more. Pope. MORE More, n. 1. A greater quantity, amount, or number; that which exceeds or surpasses in any way what it is compared with. And the children of Israel did so, and gathered, some more, some less. Ex. xvi. 17. 2. That which is in addition; something other and further; an additional or greater amount. They that would have more and more can never have enough. L'Estrange. O! That pang where more than madness lies. Byron. Any more. (a) Anything or something additional or further; as, I do not need any more. (b) Adverbially: Further; beyond a certain time; as, do not think any more about it. -- No more, not anything more; nothing in addition. -- The more and less, the high and low. [Obs.] Shak. "All cried, both less and more." Chaucer. MORE More, adv. 1. In a greater quantity; in or to a greater extent or degree. (a) With a verb or participle. Admiring more The riches of Heaven's pavement. Milton. (b) With an adjective or adverb (instead of the suffix -er) to form the comparative degree; as, more durable; more active; more sweetly. Happy here, and more happy hereafter. Bacon. Note: Double comparatives were common among writers of the Elizabeth period, and for some time later; as, more brighter; more dearer. The duke of Milan And his more braver daughter. Shak. 2. In addition; further; besides; again. Yet once more, Oye laurels, and once more, Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere, I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude. Milton. More and more, with continual increase. "Amon trespassed more and more." 2 Chron. xxxiii. 23. -- The more, to a greater degree; by an added quantity; for a reason already specified. -- The more -- the more, by how much more -- by so much more. "The more he praised in himself, the more he seems to suspect that in very deed it was not in him." Milton. -- To be no more, to have ceased to be; as, Cassius is no more; Troy is no more. Those oracles which set the world in flames, Nor ceased to burn till kingdoms were no more. Byron. MORE More, v. t. Defn: To make more; to increase. [Obs.] Gower. MOREEN Mo*reen", n. Etym: [Cf. Mohair.] Defn: A thick woolen fabric, watered or with embossed figures; -- used in upholstery, for curtains, etc. MOREL Mor"el, n. Etym: [See Moril.] (Bot.) Defn: An edible fungus (Morchella esculenta), the upper part of which is covered with a reticulated and pitted hymenium. It is used as food, and for flavoring sauces. [Written also moril.] MOREL Mor"el, n. Etym: [See Morelle.] (Bot.) 1. Nightshade; -- so called from its blackish purple berries. [Written also morelle.] 2. A kind of cherry. See Morello. Great morel, the deadly nightshade. -- Petty morel, the black nightshade. See Nightshade. MORELAND More"land, n. Defn: Moorland. MORELLE Mo*relle", n. Etym: [F., orig. fem. of moreau black, OF. morel, fr. LL. morellus. Cf. Morello, Murrey.] (Bot.) Defn: Nightshade. See 2d Morel. MORELLO Mo*rel"lo, n. Etym: [Cf. It. morello blackish, OF. morel. Cf. Morelle.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of nearly black cherry with dark red flesh and juice, -- used chiefly for preserving. MORENDO Mo*ren"do, a. & n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Dying; a gradual decrescendo at the end of a strain or cadence. MORENESS More"ness, n. Defn: Greatness. [Obs.] Wyclif. MOREOVER More*o"ver, adv. Etym: [More + over.] Defn: Beyond what has been said; further; besides; in addition; furthermore; also; likewise. Moreover, he hath left you all his walks. Shak. Syn. -- Besides, Moreover. Of the two words, moreover is the stronger and is properly used in solemn discourse, or when what is added is important to be considered. See Besides. MOREPORK More"pork`, n. Etym: [So named from its cry.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Australian crested goatsucker (Ægotheles Novæ-Hollandiæ). Also applied to other allied birds, as Podargus Cuveiri. MORES Mo"res (mo"rez), n. pl.; sing. Mos (mos). [L.] Defn: Customs; habits; esp., customs conformity to which is more or less obligatory; customary law. MORESK Mo*resk", a. & n. Defn: Moresque. [Obs.] MORESQUE Mo*resque", a. Etym: [F., fr. It. moresco, or Sp. morisco. See Morris.] Defn: Of or pertaining to, or in the manner or style of, the Moors; Moorish. -- n. Defn: The Moresque style of architecture or decoration. See Moorish architecture, under Moorish. [Written also mauresque.] MORGAN Mor"gan, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a celebrated breed of American trotting horses; -- so called from the name of the stud from which the breed originated in Vermont. MORGANATIC Mor`ga*nat"ic, a. Etym: [LL. matrimonium ad morganaticam, fr. morganatica a morning gift, a kind of dowry paid on the morning before or after the marriage, fr. OHG. morgan morning, in morgangeba morning gift, G. morgengabe. See Morn.] Defn: Pertaining to, in the manner of, or designating, a kind of marriage, called also left-handed marriage, between a man of superior rank and a woman of inferior, in which it is stipulated that neither the latter nor her children shall enjoy the rank or inherit the possessions of her husband. Brande & C. -- Mor`ga*nat"ic*al*ly, adv. MORGAY Mor"gay, n. Etym: [W. morgi dogfish, shark; mor sea + ci dog.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European small-spotted dogfish, or houndfish. See the Note under Houndfish. MORGLAY Mor"glay, n. Etym: [Cf. Claymore.] Defn: A sword. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. MORGUE Morgue, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A place where the bodies of persons found dead are exposed, that they may be identified, or claimed by their friends; a deadhouse. MORIA Mo"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: Idiocy; imbecility; fatuity; foolishness. MORIAN Mo"ri*an, n. (Ethnol.) Defn: A Moor. [Obs.] In vain the Turks and Morians armed be. Fairfax. MORIBUND Mor"i*bund, a. Etym: [L. moribundus, from moriri to die. See Mortal.] Defn: In a dying state; dying; at the point of death. The patient was comatose and moribund. Copland. MORIBUND Mor"i*bund, n. Defn: A dying person. [R.] MORIC Mo"ric, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, fustic (see Morin); as, moric acid. MORICE Mor"ice, n. Defn: See Morisco. MORIGERATE Mo*rig"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. morigeratus, p.p. of morigerari to comply with. See Morigerous.] Defn: Obedient. [Obs.] MORIGERATION Mo*rig`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. morigeratio.] Defn: Obsequiousness; obedience. [Obs.] Evelyn. MORIGEROUS Mo*rig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. morigerus; oss, moris, custom, manner + gerere to bear, conduct.] Defn: Obedient; obsequious. [Obs.] Brathwait. MORIL Mor"il, n. Etym: [F. morille; cf. OHG. morhila, G. morchel, OHG. morha carrot. See More a root.] (Bot.) Defn: An edible fungus. Same as 1st Morel. MORIN Mo"rin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline substance of acid properties extracted from fustic (Maclura tinctoria, formerly called Morus tinctoria); -- called also moric acid. MORINDA Mo*rin"da, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of rubiaceous trees and shrubs, mostly East Indian, many species of which yield valuable red and yellow dyes. The wood is hard and beautiful, and used for gunstocks. MORINDIN Mo*rin"din, n. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow dyestuff extracted from the root bark of an East Indian plant (Morinda citrifolia). MORINEL Mor"i*nel`, n. Etym: [Cf. F. morinelle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The dotterel. MORINGA Mo*rin"ga, n. Etym: [Malayam murunggi.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees of Southern India and Northern Africa. One species (Moringa pterygosperma) is the horse-radish tree, and its seeds, as well as those of M. aptera, are known in commerce as ben or ben nuts, and yield the oil called oil of ben. MORINGIC Mo*rin"gic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Designating an organic acid obtained from oil of ben. See Moringa. MORINTANNIC Mo`rin*tan"nic, a. Etym: [NL. Morus fustic + E. tannic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a variety of tannic acid extracted from fustic (Maclura, formerly Morus, tinctoria) as a yellow crystalline substance; -- called also maclurin. MORION Mo"ri*on, n. Etym: [F. morion, Sp. morrion; cf. Sp. morra the upper part of the head, morro anything that is round.] Defn: A kind of open helmet, without visor or beaver, and somewhat resembling a hat. A battered morion on his brow. Sir W. Scott. MORION Mo"ri*on, n. Etym: [G.] (Min.) Defn: A dark variety of smoky quartz. MORIOPLASTY Mo"ri*o*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Gr. -plasty.] (Surg.) Defn: The restoration of lost parts of the body. MORISCO Mo*ris"co, a. Etym: [Sp. See Morris the dance.] Defn: Moresque. MORISCO Mo*ris"co, n. Etym: [Sp. morisco Moorish.] Defn: A thing of Moorish origin; as: (a) The Moorish language. (b) A Moorish dance, now called morris dance. Marston. (c) One who dances the Moorish dance. Shak. (d) Moresque decoration or architecture. MORISK Mo"risk, n. Defn: Same as Morisco. MORKIN Mor"kin, n. Etym: [Akin to Sw. murken putrefied, Icel. morkinn putrid.] Defn: A beast that has died of disease or by mischance. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. MORLAND Mor"land, n. Defn: Moorland. [Obs.] MORLING Mor"ling, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mort dead, L. mortuus, fr. moriri to die.] Defn: Mortling. [Eng.] Ainsworth. MORMAL Mor"mal, n. Etym: [F. mort-mai a deadly evil. Nares.] Defn: A bad sore; a gangrene; a cancer. [Obs.] [Written also morrimal and mortmal.] Chaucer. MORMO Mor"mo, n. Etym: [Gr. mormw` a hideous she-monster, a bugbear.] Defn: A bugbear; false terror. [Obs.] Jonhson. MORMON Mor"mon, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) A genus of sea birds, having a large, thick bill; the puffin. (b) The mandrill. MORMON Mor"mon, n. (Eccl.) Defn: One of a sect in the United States, followers of Joseph Smith, who professed to have found an addition to the Bible, engraved on golden plates, called the Book of Mormon, first published in 1830. The Mormons believe in polygamy, and their hierarchy of apostles, etc., has control of civil and religious matters. Note: The Mormons call their religious organization The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Its head claims to receive revelations of God's will, and to have certain supernatural powers. MORMON Mor"mon, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Mormons; as, the Mormon religion; Mormon practices. MORMONDOM Mor"mon*dom, n. Defn: The country inhabited by the Mormons; the Mormon people. MORMONISM Mor"mon*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine, system, and practices of the Mormons. MORMONITE Mor"mon*ite, n. Defn: A Mormon. -- a. Defn: Mormon. "Mormonite religion." F. W. Newman. MORN Morn, n. Etym: [OE. morwen, morgen, AS. morgen; akin to D. morgen, OS. morgan, G. morgen, Icel. morginn, morgunn, Sw. morgon, Dan. morgen, Goth. maúrgins. Cf. Morrow, Morning.] Defn: The first part of the day; the morning; -- used chiefly in poetry. From morn To noun he fell, from noon to dewy eve. Milton. MORNE Mor"ne, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the morn; morning. [Obs.] "White as morne milk." Chaucer. MORNE Morne, n. Etym: [F., fr. morne sad, sorrowful. See Mourn.] Defn: A ring fitted upon the head of a lance to prevent wounding an adversary in titling. MORNE Mor`né", a. Etym: [F., fr. morne a morne.] (Her.) Defn: Without teeth, tongue, or claws; -- said of a lion represented heraldically. MORNE Morne, n. Etym: [OE. morning, morwening. See Morn.] 1. The first or early part of the day, variously understood as the earliest hours of light, the time near sunrise; the time from midnight to noon, from rising to noon, etc. 2. The first or early part; as, the morning of life. 3. The goddess Aurora. [Poetic] Shak. MORNING Morn"ing, a. Defn: Pertaining to the first part or early part of the day; being in the early part of the day; as, morning dew; morning light; morning service. She looks as clear As morning roses newly washed with dew. Shak. Morning gown, a gown worn in the morning before one is dressed for the day. -- Morning gun, a gun fired at the first stroke of reveille at military posts. -- Morning sickness (Med.), nausea and vomiting, usually occurring in the morning; -- a common sign of pregnancy. -- Morning star. (a) Any one of the planets (Venus, Jupiter, Mars, or Saturn) when it precedes the sun in rising, esp. Venus. Cf. Evening star, Evening. (b) Satan. See Lucifer. Since he miscalled the morning star, Nor man nor fiend hath fallen so far. Byron. (c) A weapon consisting of a heavy ball set with spikes, either attached to a staff or suspended from one by a chain. -- Morning watch (Naut.), the watch between four A. M. and eight A. M.. MORNING-GLORY Morn"ing-glo`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: A climbing plant (Ipomoea purpurea) having handsome, funnel- shaped flowers, usually red, pink, purple, white, or variegated, sometimes pale blue. See Dextrorsal. MORNINGTIDE Morn"ing*tide`, n. Defn: Morning time. [Poetic] MORNWARD Morn"ward, adv. Defn: Towards the morn. [Poetic] And mornward now the starry hands move on. Lowell. MORO Mo"ro, n. Etym: [Cf. It. mora mulberry, L. morum.] (Med.) Defn: A small abscess or tumor having a resemblance to a mulberry. Dunglison. MOROCCAN Mo*roc"can, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Morocco, or its inhabitants. MOROCCO Mo*roc"co, n. Etym: [Named from Morocco, the country. Cf. Morris the dance.] Defn: A fine kind of leather, prepared commonly from goatskin (though an inferior kind is made of sheepskin), and tanned with sumac and dyed of various colors; -- said to have been first made by the Moors. MOROLOGY Mo*rol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Foolish talk; nonsense; folly. [Obs.] MORON Mo"ron, n. (Pedagogy) Defn: A person whose intellectual development proceeds normally up to about the eighth year of age and is then arrested so that there is little or no further development. MORON Mo*ron", n.; Sp. pl. Morones (#). [Sp.] Defn: An inferior olive size having a woody pulp and a large clingstone pit, growing in the mountainous and high-valley districts around the city of Moron, in Spain. MORONE Mo*rone", n. Defn: Maroon; the color of an unripe black mulberry. MOROS Mo"ros, n. pl.; sing. Moro. [Sp., pl. of Moro Moor.] (Ethnol.) Defn: The Mohammedan tribes of the southern Philippine Islands, said to have formerly migrated from Borneo. Some of them are warlike and addicted to piracy. MOROSAURUS Mo`ro*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of large herbivorous dinosaurs, found in Jurassic strata in America. MOROSE Mo*rose", a. Etym: [L. morosus, prop., excessively addicted to any particular way or habit, fr. mos, moris, manner, habit, way of life: cf. F. morose.] 1. Of a sour temper; sullen and austere; ill-humored; severe. "A morose and affected taciturnity." I. Watts. 2. Lascivious; brooding over evil thoughts. [Obs.] Syn. -- Sullen; gruff; severe; austere; gloomy; crabbed; crusty; churlish; surly; ill-humored. MOROSELY Mo*rose"ly, adv. Defn: Sourly; with sullen austerity. MOROSENESS Mo*rose"ness, n. Defn: Sourness of temper; sulenness. Learn good humor, never to oppose without just reason; abate some degrees of pride and moroseness. I. Watts. Note: Moroseness is not precisely peevishness or fretfulness, though often accompained with it. It denotes more of silence and severity, or ill-humor, than the irritability or irritation which characterizes peevishness. MOROSIS Mo*ro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Idiocy; fatuity; stupidity. MOROSITY Mo*ros"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. morositas: cf. F. morosité.] Defn: Moroseness. [R.] Jer. Taylor. MOROSOPH Mo"ro*soph, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A philosophical or learned fool. [Obs.] MOROSOUS Mo*ro"sous, a. Defn: Morose. [Obs.] Sheldon. MOROXITE Mo*rox"ite, n. Etym: [Cf. Gr. (Min.) Defn: A variety of apatite of a greenish blue color. MOROXYLATE Mo*rox"y*late, n. (Chem.) Defn: A morate. MOROXYLIC Mor`ox*yl"ic, a. Etym: [L. morus a mulberry tree + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the mulberry; moric. MORPHEAN Mor"phe*an, a. Defn: Of or relating to Morpheus, to dreams, or to sleep. Keats. MORPHEUS Mor"pheus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The god of dreams. MORPHEW Mor"phew, n. Etym: [F. morpheé, LL. morphea; cf. It. morfea.] Defn: A scurfy eruption. [Obs.] Drayton. MORPHEW Mor"phew, v. t. Defn: To cover with a morphew. [Obs.] MORPHIA Mor"phi*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: Morphine. MORPHINE Mor"phine, n. Etym: [From Morpheus: cf. F. morphine.] (Chem.) Defn: A bitter white crystalline alkaloid found in opium, possessing strong narcotic properties, and much used as an anodyne; -- called also morphia, and morphina. MORPHINISM Mor"phin*ism, n. (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition produced by the excessive or prolonged use of morphine. MORPHO Mor"pho, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of large, handsome, tropical American butterflies, of the genus Morpho. They are noted for the very brilliant metallic luster and bright colors (often blue) of the upper surface of the wings. The lower surface is usually brown or gray, with eyelike spots. MORPHOGENY Mor*phog"e*ny, n. Etym: [form + root of (Biol.) Defn: History of the evolution of forms; that part of ontogeny that deals with the germ history of forms; -- distinguished from physiogeny. Haeckel. MORPHOLOGIC; MORPHOLOGICAL Mor`pho*log"ic, Mor`pho*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. morphologique.] (Biol.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or according to, the principles of morphology. -- Mor`pho*log"ic*al*ly, adv. MORPHOLOGIST Mor*phol"o*gist, n. (Biol.) Defn: One who is versed in the science of morphology. MORPHOLOGY Mor*phol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. morphologie.] (Biol.) Defn: That branch of biology which deals with the structure of animals and plants, treating of the forms of organs and describing their varieties, homologies, and metamorphoses. See Tectology, and Promorphology. MORPHON Mor"phon, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A morphological individual, characterized by definiteness of form bion, a physiological individual. See Tectology. Haeckel. Note: Of morphons there are six orders or categories: 1. Plastids or elementary organisms. 2. Organs, homoplastic or heteroplastic. 3. Antimeres (opposite or symmetrical or homotypic parts). 4. Metameres (successive or homodynamous parts). 5. Personæ (shoots or buds of plants, individuals in the narrowest sense among the higher animals). 6. Corms (stocks or colonies). For orders 2, 3, and 4 the term idorgan has been recently substituted. See Idorgan. MORPHONOMY Mor*phon"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The laws of organic formation. MORPHOPHYLY Mor"pho*phy`ly, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The tribal history of forms; that part of phylogeny which treats of the tribal history of forms, in distinction from the tribal history of functions. Haeckel. MORPHOSIS Mor*pho"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The order or mode of development of an organ or part. MORPHOTIC Mor*phot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Connected with, or becoming an integral part of, a living unit or of the morphological framework; as, morphotic, or tissue, proteids. Foster. -MORPHOUS -mor"phous. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form denoting form, shape; as, isomorphous. MORPION Mor"pi*on, n. Etym: [F., fr. mordre to bite + L. pedis louse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A louse. Hudibras. MORRICE Mor"rice, n. Defn: Same as 1st Morris. MORRICE Mor"rice, a. Defn: Dancing the morrice; dancing. In shoals and bands, a morrice train. Wordsworth. MORRICER Mor"ri*cer, n. Defn: A morris dancer. [Obs.] MORRIMAL Mor"ri*mal, n. & a. Defn: See Mormal. MORRIS Mor"ris, n. Etym: [Sp. morisco Moorish, fr. Moro a Moor: cf. F. moresque, It. moresca.] 1. A Moorish dance, usually performed by a single dancer, who accompanies the dance with castanets. 2. A dance formerly common in England, often performed in pagenats, processions, and May games. The dancers, grotesquely dressed and ornamented, took the parts of Robin Hood, Maidmarian, and other fictious characters. 3. An old game played with counters, or men, which are placed angles of a figure drawn on a board or on the ground; also, the board or ground on which the game is played. The nine-men's morris is filled up with mud. Shak. Note: The figure consists of three concentric squares, with lines from the angles of the outer one to those of the inner, and from the middle of each side of the outer square to that of the inner. The game is played by two persons with nine or twelve pieces each (hence called nine-men's morris or twelve-men's morris). The pieces are placed alternately, and each player endeavors to prevent his opponent from making a straight row of three. Should either succeed in making a row, he may take up one of his opponent's pieces, and he who takes off all of his opponent's pieces wins the game. MORRIS Mor"ris, n. Etym: [So called from its discoverer.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine fish having a very slender, flat, transparent body. It is now generally believed to be the young of the conger eel or some allied fish. MORRIS-CHAIR Mor"ris-chair`, n. [Prob. fr. the proper name Morris.] Defn: A kind of easy-chair with a back which may be lowered or raised. MORRIS-PIKE Mor"ris-pike`, n. Defn: A Moorish pike. [Obs.] MORRO Mor"ro, n. [Sp., any spherical object.] Defn: A round hill or point of land; hence, Morro castle, a castle on a hill. MORROT Mor"rot, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Marrot. MORROW Mor"row, n. Etym: [OE. morwe, morwen, AS. morgen. See Morn.] 1. Morning. [Obs.] "White as morrow's milk." Bp. Hall. We loved he by the morwe a sop in wine. Chaucer. 2. The next following day; the day subsequent to any day specified or understood. Lev. vii. 16. Till this stormy night is gone, And the eternal morrow dawn. Crashaw. 3. The day following the present; to-morrow. Good morrow, good morning; -- a form of salutation. -- To morrow. See To-morrow in the Vocabulary. MORSE Morse, n. Etym: [F. morse, Russ. morj'; perh. akin to E. mere lake; cf. Russ. more sea.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The walrus. See Walrus. MORSE Morse, n. Etym: [L. morsus a biting, a clasp, fr. mordere to bite.] Defn: A clasp for fastening garments in front. Fairholt. MORSE ALPHABET Morse" al"pha*bet. Defn: A telegraphic alphabet in very general use, inventing by Samuel F.B.Morse, the inventor of Morse's telegraph. The letters are represented by dots and dashes impressed or printed on paper, as, .- (A), -... (B), -.. (D), . (E), .. (O), ... (R), -- (T), etc., or by sounds, flashes of light, etc., with greater or less intervals between them. MORSE CODE Morse" code". (Teleg.) Defn: The telegraphic code, consisting of dots, dashes, and spaces, invented by Samuel B. Morse. The Alphabetic code which is in use in North America is given below. In length, or duration, one dash is theoretically equal to three dots; the space between the elements of a letter is equal to one dot; the interval in spaced letters, as O . ., is equal to three dots. There are no spaces in any letter composed wholly or in part of dashes. Alphabet A .- H .... O . . V ...- B - . . . I .. P ..... W .-- C .. . J -.-. Q ..-. X .-.. D -.. K -.- R . .. Y .. .. E . L --- S ... Z ... . F .-. M -- T -- & . ... G --. N -. U ..- Numerals 1 .--. 4 . . . .- 7 --.. 2 ..-.. 5 --- 8 - . . . . 3 . . . -. 6 . . . . . . 9 -..- 0 ---- Period ..--.. Comma .-.- The International (Morse) code used elsewhere is the same as the above with the following exceptions. C -.-. L .-.. Q --.- Y -.-- F ..-. O --- R .-. Z --.. J .--- P .--. X -..- The Morse code is used chiefly with the electric telegraph, but is also employed in signalling with flags, lights, etc. MORSEL Mor"sel, n. Etym: [OF. morsel, F. morceau, LL. morsellus, a dim. fr. L. morsus a biting, bite, fr. mordere to bite; prob. akin to E. smart. See Smart, and cf. Morceau, Mordant, Muse, v., Muzzle, n.] 1. A little bite or bit of food. Chaucer. Every morsel to a satisfied hunger is only a new labor to a tired digestion. South. 2. A small quantity; a little piece; a fragment. MORSING HORN Mor"sing horn`. Defn: A horn or flask for holding powder, as for priming. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. MORSITATION Mor`si*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of biting or gnawing. [Obs.] MORSURE Mor"sure, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. mordere, morsum, to bite.] Defn: The act of biting. Swift. MORT Mort, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. margt, neut. of margr many.] Defn: A great quantity or number. [Prov. Eng.] There was a mort of merrymaking. Dickens. MORT Mort, n. Etym: [Etym. uncert.] Defn: A woman; a female. [Cant] Male gypsies all, not a mort among them. B. Jonson. MORT Mort, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A salmon in its third year. [Prov. Eng.] MORT Mort, n. Etym: [F., death, fr. L. mors, mortis.] 1. Death; esp., the death of game in the chase. 2. A note or series of notes sounded on a horn at the death of game. The sportsman then sounded a treble mort. Sir W. Scott. 3. The skin of a sheep or lamb that has died of disease. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Mort cloth, the pall spread over a coffin; black cloth indicative or mourning; funeral hangings. Carlyle. -- Mort stone, a large stone by the wayside on which the bearers rest a coffin. [Eng.] H. Taylor. MORTAL Mor"tal, a. Etym: [F. mortel, L. mortalis, from mors, mortis, death, fr. moriri 8die; akin to E. murder. See Murder, and cf. Filemot, Mere a lake, Mortgage.] 1. Subject to death; destined to die; as, man is mortal. 2. Destructive to life; causing or occasioning death; terminating life; exposing to or deserving death; deadly; as, a mortal wound; a mortal sin. 3. Fatally vulnerable; vital. Last of all, against himself he turns his sword, but missing the mortal place, with his poniard finishes the work. Milton. 4. Of or pertaining to the time of death. Safe in the hand of one disposing Power, Or in the natal or the mortal hour. Pope. 5. Affecting as if with power to kill; deathly. The nymph grew pale, and in a mortal fright. Dryden. 6. Human; belonging to man, who is mortal; as, mortal wit or knowledge; mortal power. The voice of God To mortal ear is dreadful. Milton. 7. Very painful or tedious; wearisome; as, a sermon lasting two mortal hours. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott. Mortal foe, Mortal enemy, an inveterate, desperate, or implacable enemy; a foe bent on one's destruction. MORTAL Mor"tal, n. Defn: A being subject to death; a human being; man. "Warn poor mortals left behind." Tickell. MORTALITY Mor*tal"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. mortalitas: cf. F. mortalité.] 1. The condition or quality of being mortal; subjection to death or to the necessity of dying. When I saw her die, I then did think on your mortality. Carew. 2. Human life; the life of a mortal being. From this instant There 's nothing serious in mortality. Shak. 3. Those who are, or that which is, mortal; the human cace; humanity; human nature. Take these tears, mortality's relief. Pope. 4. Death; destruction. Shak. 5. The whole sum or number of deaths in a given time or a given community; also, the proportion of deaths to population, or to a specific number of the population; death rate; as, a time of great, or low, mortality; the mortality among the settlers was alarming. Bill of mortality. See under Bill. -- Law of mortality, a mathematical relation between the numbers living at different ages, so that from a given large number of persons alive at one age, it can be computed what number are likely to survive a given number of years. -- Table of mortality, a table exhibiting the average relative number of persons who survive, or who have died, at the end of each year of life, out of a given number supposed to have been born at the same time. MORTALIZE Mor"tal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mortalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Mortalizing.] Defn: To make mortal. [R.] MORTALLY Mor"tal*ly, adv. 1. In a mortal manner; so as to cause death; as, mortally wounded. 2. In the manner of a mortal or of mortal beings. I was mortally brought forth. Shak. 3. In an extreme degree; to the point of dying or causing death; desperately; as, mortally jealous. Adrian mortally envied poets, painters, and artificers, in works wherein he had a vein to excel. Bacon. MORTALNESS Mor"tal*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being mortal; mortality. MORTAR Mor"tar, n. Etym: [OE. morter, AS. mortere, L. mortarium: cf. F. mortier mortar. Cf. sense 2 (below), also 2d Mortar, Martel, Morter.] 1. A strong vessel, commonly in form of an inverted bell, in which substances are pounded or rubbed with a pestle. 2. Etym: [F. mortier, fr. L. mortarium mortar (for trituarating).] (Mil.) Defn: A short piece of ordnance, used for throwing bombs, carcasses, shells, etc., at high angles of elevation, as 45º, and even higher; - - so named from its resemblance in shape to the utensil above described. Mortar bed (Mil.), a framework of wood and iron, suitably hollowed out to receive the breech and trunnions of a mortar. -- Mortar boat or vessel (Naut.), a boat strongly built and adapted to carrying a mortar or mortars for bombarding; a bomb ketch. -- Mortar piece, a mortar. [Obs.] Shak. MORTAR Mor"tar, n. Etym: [OE. mortier, F. mortier, L. mortarium mortar, a large basin or trough in which mortar is made, a mortar (in sense 1, above). See 1st Mortar.] (Arch.) Defn: A building material made by mixing lime, cement, or plaster of Paris, with sand, water, and sometimes other materials; -- used in masonry for joining stones, bricks, etc., also for plastering, and in other ways. Mortar bed, a shallow box or receptacle in which mortar is mixed. -- Mortar board. (a) A small square board with a handle beneath, for holding mortar; a hawk. (b) A cap with a broad, projecting, square top; -- worn by students in some colleges. [Slang] MORTAR Mor"tar, v. t. Defn: To plaster or make fast with mortar. MORTAR Mor"tar, n. Etym: [F. mortier. See Mortar a vessel.] Defn: A chamber lamp or light. [Obs.] Chaucer. MORTGAGE Mort"gage, n. Etym: [F. mort-gage; mort dead (L. mortuus) + gage pledge. See Mortal, and Gage.] 1. (Law) Defn: A conveyance of property, upon condition, as security for the payment of a debt or the preformance of a duty, and to become void upon payment or performance according to the stipulated terms; also, the written instrument by which the conveyance is made. Note: It was called a mortgage (or dead pledge) because, whatever profit it might yield, it did not thereby redeem itself, but became lost or dead to the mortgager upon breach of the condition. But in equity a right of redemption is an inseparable incident of a mortgage until the mortgager is debarred by his own laches, or by judicial decree. Cowell. Kent. 2. State of being pledged; as, lands given in mortgage. Chattel mortgage. See under Chattel. -- To foreclose a mortgage. See under Foreclose. -- Mortgage deed (Law), a deed given by way of mortgage. MORTGAGE Mort"gage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mortgaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Mortgaging.] 1. (Law) Defn: To grant or convey, as property, for the security of a debt, or other engagement, upon a condition that if the debt or engagement shall be discharged according to the contract, the conveyance shall be void, otherwise to become absolute, subject, however, to the right of redemption. 2. Hence: To pledge, either literally or figuratively; to make subject to a claim or obligation. Mortgaging their lives to covetise. Spenser. I myself an mortgaged to thy will. Shak. MORTGAGEE Mort`ga*gee", n. (Law) Defn: The person to whom property is mortgaged, or to whom a mortgage is made or given. MORTGAGEOR; MORTGAGOR Mort"gage*or, Mort"ga*gor, n. (Law) Defn: One who gives a mortgage. Note: The letter e is required analogically after the second g in order to soften it; but the spelling mortgagor is in fact the prevailing form. When the word is contradistinguished from mortgagee it is accented on the last syllable ( MORTGAGER Mort"ga*ger, n. (Law) Defn: gives a mortgage. MORTIFEROUS Mor"tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. mortifier; mors, mortis, death + ferre to bring: cf. F. mortifère.] Defn: Bringing or producing death; deadly; destructive; as, a mortiferous herb. Gov. of Tongue. MORTIFICATION Mor`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. mortificatio a killing. See Mortify.] 1. The act of mortifying, or the condition of being mortified; especially: (a) (Med.) The death of one part of an animal body, while the rest continues to live; loss of vitality in some part of a living animal; gangrene. Dunglison. (b) (Alchem. & Old Chem.) Destruction of active qualities; neutralization. [Obs.] Bacon. (c) Subjection of the passions and appetites, by penance, absistence, or painful severities inflicted on the body. The mortification of our lusts has something in it that is troublesome, yet nothing that is unreasonable. Tillotson. (d) Hence: Deprivation or depression of self-approval; abatement or pride; humiliation; chagrin; vexation. We had the mortification to lose sight of Munich, Augsburg, and Ratisbon. Addison. 2. That which mortifies; the cause of humiliation, chagrin, or vexation. It is one of the vexatious mortifications of a studious man to have his thoughts discovered by a tedious visit. L'Estrange. 3. (Scots Law) Defn: A gift to some charitable or religious institution; -- nearly synonymous with mortmain. Syn. -- Chagrin; vexation; shame. See Chagrin. MORTIFIED Mor"ti*fied, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Mortify. MORTIFIEDNESS Mor"ti*fied*ness, n. Defn: The state of being mortified; humiliation; subjection of the passions. [R.] MORTIFIER Mor"ti*fi`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, mortifies. MORTIFY Mor"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mortified; p. pr. & vb. n. Mortifying.] Etym: [OE. mortifien, F. mortifier, fr. L. mortificare; L. mors, mortis, death + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Mortal, and -fy.] 1. To destroy the organic texture and vital functions of; to produce gangrene in. 2. To destroy the active powers or essential qualities of; to change by chemical action. [Obs.] Chaucer. Quicksilver is mortified with turpentine. Bacon. He mortified pearls in vinegar. Hakewill. 3. To deaden by religious or other discipline, as the carnal affections, bodily appetites, or worldly desires; to bring into subjection; to abase; to humble. With fasting mortified, worn out with tears. Harte. Mortify thy learned lust. Prior. Mortify, rherefore, your members which are upon the earth. Col. iii. 5. 4. To affect with vexation, chagrin, or humiliation; to humble; to depress. The news of the fatal battle of Worcester, which exceedingly mortified our expectations. Evelyn. How often is the ambitious man mortified with the very praises he receives, if they do not rise so high as he thinks they ought! Addison. MORTIFY Mor"ti*fy, v. i. 1. To lose vitality and organic structure, as flesh of a living body; to gangrene. 2. To practice penance from religious motives; to deaden desires by religious discipline. This makes him ... give alms of all that he hath, watch, fast, and mortify. Law. 3. To be subdued; to decay, as appetites, desires, etc. MORTIFYING Mor"ti*fy`ing, a. 1. Tending to mortify; affected by, or having symptoms of, mortification; as, a mortifying wound; mortifying flesh. 2. Subduing the appetites, desires, etc.; as, mortifying penances. 3. Tending to humble or abase; humiliating; as, a mortifying repulse. MORTIFYINGLY Mor"ti*fy`ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a mortifying manner. MORTISE Mor"tise, n. Etym: [F. mortaise; cf. Sp. mortaja, Ar. murtazz fixed, or W. mortais, Ir. mortis, moirtis, Gael. moirteis.] Defn: A cavity cut into a piece of timber, or other material, to receive something (as the end of another piece) made to fit it, and called a tenon. Mortise and tenon (Carp.), made with a mortise and tenon; joined or united by means of a mortise and tenon; -- used adjectively. -- Mortise joint, a joint made by a mortise and tenon. -- Mortise lock. See under Lock. -- Mortise wheel, a cast-iron wheel, with wooden clogs inserted in mortises on its face or edge; -- also called mortise gear, and core gear. MORTISE Mor"tise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mortised; p. pr. & vb. n. Mortising.] 1. To cut or make a mortisein. 2. To join or fasten by a tenon and mortise; as, to mortise a beam into a post, or a joist into a girder. MORTLING Mort"ling, n. Etym: [See Morling.] 1. An animal, as a sheep, dead of disease or privation; a mortling. [Eng.] 2. Wool plucked from a dead sheep; morling. MORTMAIN Mort"main`, n. Etym: [F. mort, morte, dead + main hand; F. main- morte. See Mortal, and Manual.] (Law) Defn: Possession of lands or tenements in, or conveyance to, dead hands, or hands that cannot alienate. Note: The term was originally applied to conveyance of land made to ecclesiastical bodies; afterward to conveyance made to any corporate body. Burrill. MORTMAL Mort"mal, n. Defn: See Mormal. [Obs.] B. Jonson. MORTPAY Mort"pay`, n. Etym: [F. mort dead + E. pay.] Defn: Dead pay; the crime of taking pay for the service of dead soldiers, or for services not actually rendered by soldiers. [Obs.] Bacon. MORTRESS; MORTREW Mor"tress, Mor"trew, n. Etym: [See Mortar.] Defn: A dish of meats and other ingredients, cooked together; an ollapodrida. Chaucer. Bacon. MORTUARY Mor"tu*a*ry, n.; pl. Mortuaries. Etym: [LL. mortuarium. See Mortuary, a.] 1. A sort of ecclesiastical heriot, a customary gift claimed by, and due to, the minister of a parish on the death of a parishioner. It seems to have been originally a voluntary bequest or donation, intended to make amends for any failure in the payment of tithes of which the deceased had been guilty. 2. A burial place; a place for the dead. 3. A place for the reception of the dead before burial; a deadhouse; a morgue. MORTUARY Mor"tu*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. mortuarius, fr. mortuus dead: cf. F. mortuaire. See Mortal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the dead; as, mortuary monuments. Mortuary urn, an urn for holding the ashes of the dead. MORULA Mor"u*la, n.; pl. Morulæ. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. morum a mulberry.] (Biol.) Defn: The sphere or globular mass of cells (blastomeres), formed by the clevage of the ovum or egg in the first stages of its development; -- called also mulberry mass, segmentation sphere, and blastosphere. See Segmentation. MORULATION Mor`u*la"tion, n. (Biol.) Defn: The process of cleavage, or segmentation, of the ovum, by which a morula is formed. MORUS Mo"rus, n. Etym: [L., mulberry tree. See Mulberry.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees, some species of which produce edible fruit; the mulberry. See Mulberry. Note: Morus alba is the white mulberry, a native of India or China, the leaves of which are extensively used for feeding silkworms, for which it furnishes the chief food. -- Morus multicaulis, the many-stemmed or Chinese mulberry, is only a form of white mulberry, preferred on account of its more abundant leaves. -- Morus nigra, the black mulberry, produces a dark-colored fruit, of an agreeable flavor. MORWE Mor"we, n. Defn: See Morrow. [Obs.] Chaucer. MORWENING Mor"wen*ing, n. Defn: Morning. [Obs.] MOS Mos, n., Defn: sing. of Mores. MOSAIC Mo*sa"ic, n. Etym: [F. mosaïque; cf. Pr. mozaic, musec, Sp. & Pg. mosaico, It. mosaico, musaico, LGr. musivum; all fr. Gr. Muse the goddess.] 1. (Fine Arts) Defn: A surface decoration made by inlaying in patterns small pieces of variously colored glass, stone, or other material; -- called also mosaic work. 2. A picture or design made in mosaic; an article decorated in mosaic. MOSAIC Mo*sa"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the style of work called mosaic; formed by uniting pieces of different colors; variegated; tessellated; also, composed of various materials or ingredients. A very beautiful mosaic pavement. Addison. Florentine mosaic. See under Florentine. -- Mosaic gold. (a) See Ormolu. -- (b) Stannic sulphide, SnS2, obtained as a yellow scaly crystalline powder, and used as a pigment in bronzing and gilding wood and metal work. It was called by the alchemists aurum musivum, or aurum mosaicum. Called also bronze powder. -- Mosaic work. See Mosaic, n. MOSAIC Mo*sa"ic, a. Etym: [From Moses.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Moses, the leader of the Israelites, or established through his agency; as, the Mosaic law, rites, or institutions. MOSAICAL Mo*sa"ic*al, a. Defn: Mosaic (in either sense). "A mosaical floor." Sir P. Sidney. MOSAICALLY Mo*sa"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a mosaic. MOSAISM Mo"sa*ism, n. Defn: Attachment to the system or doctrines of Moses; that which is peculiar to the Mosaic system or doctrines. MOSASAUR; MOSASAURIAN Mos"a*saur, Mos`a*sau"ri*an, n. (Paleon.) Defn: One of an extinct order of reptiles, including Mosasaurus and allied genera. See Mosasauria. MOSASAURIA Mos`a*sau"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Mosasaurus.] (Paleon.) Defn: An order of large, extinct, marine reptiles, found in the Cretaceous rocks, especially in America. They were serpentlike in form and in having loosely articulated and dilatable jaws, with large recurved tteth, but they had paddlelike feet. Some of them were over fifty feet long. They are, essentially, fossil sea serpents with paddles. Called also Pythonomarpha, and Mosasauria. MOSASAURUS Mos`a*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Mosa the River Meuse (on which Meastricht is situated) + Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of extinct marine reptiles allied to the lizards, but having the body much elongated, and the limbs in the form of paddles. The first known species, nearly fifty feet in length, was discovered in Cretaceous beds near Maestricht, in the Netherlands. [Written also Mososaurus.] MOSCHATEL Mos"cha*tel`, n. Etym: [Gr. moscatelline. See Muscadel, Musk.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Adoxa (A. moschatellina), the flowers of which are pale green, and have a faint musky smell. It is found in woods in all parts of Europe, and is called also hollow root and musk crowfoot. Loudon. MOSCHINE Mos"chine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Moschus, a genus including the musk deer. MOSEL Mos"el, n. & v. Defn: See Muzzle. [Obs.] Chaucer. MOSELLE Mo*selle", n. Defn: A light wine, usually white, produced in the vicinity of the river Moselle. MOSES Mo"ses, n. Defn: A large flatboat, used in the West Indies for taking freight from shore to ship. MOSEY Mo"sey, v. i. [Perh. fr. Vamose.] Defn: To go, or move (in a certain manner); -- usually with out, off, along, etc. [Colloq.] E. N. Wescott. MOSK Mosk, n. Defn: See Mosque. MOSLEM Mos"lem, n.; pl. Moslems, or collectively Moslem. Etym: [Ar. muslim a true believer in the Mohammedan faith, fr. salama to submit to God, to resign one's self to the divine will. Cf. Islam, Mussulman.] Defn: A Mussulman; an orthodox Mohammedan. [Written also muslim.] "Heaps of slaughtered Moslem." Macaulay. They piled the ground with Moslem slain. Halleck. MOSLEM Mos"lem, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Mohammedans; Mohammedan; as, Moslem lands; the Moslem faith. MOSLINGS Mos"lings, n. pl. Defn: Thin shreds of leather shaved off in dressing skins. Simmonds. MOSOSAURUS Mos`o*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: Same as Mosasaurus. MOSQUE Mosque, n. Etym: [F. mosquée, Sp. mezquita, Ar. masjid, from sajada to bend, adore.] Defn: A Mohammedan church or place of religious worship. [Written also mosk.] MOSQUITO Mos*qui"to, n.; pl. Mosquitoes. Etym: [Sp. mosquito, fr. moscafly, L. musca. Cf. Musket.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of various species of gnats of the genus Culex and allied genera. The females have a proboscis containing, within the sheathlike labium, six fine, sharp, needlelike organs with which they puncture the skin of man and animals to suck the blood. These bites, when numerous, cause, in many persons, considerable irritation and swelling, with some pain. The larvæ and pupæ, called wigglers, are aquatic. [Written also musquito.] Mosquito bar, Mosquito net, a net or curtain for excluding mosquitoes, -- used for beds and windows. -- Mosquito fleet, a fleet of small vessels. -- Mosquito hawk (Zoöl.), a dragon fly; -- so called because it captures and feeds upon mosquitoes. -- Mosquito netting, a loosely-woven gauzelike fabric for making mosquito bars. MOSS Moss, n. Etym: [OE. mos; akin to AS. meós, D. mos, G. moos, OHG. mos, mios, Icel. mosi, Dan. mos, Sw. mossa, Russ. mokh', L. muscus. Cf. Muscoid.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A cryptogamous plant of a cellular structure, with distinct stem and simple leaves. The fruit is a small capsule usually opening by an apical lid, and so discharging the spores. There are many species, collectively termed Musci, growing on the earth, on rocks, and trunks of trees, etc., and a few in running water. Note: The term moss is also popularly applied to many other small cryptogamic plants, particularly lichens, species of which are called tree moss, rock moss, coral moss, etc. Fir moss and club moss are of the genus Lycopodium. See Club moss, under Club, and Lycopodium. 2. A bog; a morass; a place containing peat; as, the mosses of the Scottish border. Note: Moss is used with participles in the composition of words which need no special explanation; as, moss-capped, moss-clad, moss- covered, moss-grown, etc. Black moss. See under Black, and Tillandsia. -- Bog moss. See Sphagnum. -- Feather moss, any moss branched in a feathery manner, esp. several species of the genus Hypnum. -- Florida moss, Long moss, or Spanish moss. See Tillandsia. -- Iceland moss, a lichen. See Iceland Moss. -- Irish moss, a seaweed. See Carrageen. -- Moss agate (Min.), a variety of agate, containing brown, black, or green mosslike or dendritic markings, due in part to oxide of manganese. Called also Mocha stone. -- Moss animal (Zoöl.), a bryozoan. -- Moss berry (Bot.), the small cranberry (Vaccinium Oxycoccus). -- Moss campion (Bot.), a kind of mosslike catchfly (Silene acaulis), with mostly purplish flowers, found on the highest mountains of Europe and America, and within the Arctic circle. -- Moss land, land produced accumulation of aquatic plants, forming peat bogs of more or less consistency, as the water is grained off or retained in its pores. -- Moss pink (Bot.), a plant of the genus Phlox (P. subulata), growing in patches on dry rocky hills in the Middle United States, and often cultivated for its handsome flowers. Gray. -- Moss rose (Bot.), a variety of rose having a mosslike growth on the stalk and calyx. It is said to be derived from the Provence rose. -- Moss rush (Bot.), a rush of the genus Juncus (J. squarrosus). -- Scale moss. See Hepatica. MOSS Moss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mossed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mossing.] Defn: To cover or overgrow with moss. An oak whose boughs were mossed with age. Shak. MOSSBACK Moss"back`, n. Defn: A veteran partisan; one who is so conservative in opinion that he may be likened to a stone or old tree covered with moss. [Political Slang, U.S.] MOSSBANKER; MOSSBUNKER Moss"bank`er, Moss"bunk`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The menhaded. MOSS-GROWN Moss"-grown`, a. Defn: Overgrown with moss. MOSSINESS Moss"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being mossy. MOSSTROOPER Moss"troop`er, n. Etym: [Moss + trooper.] Defn: One of a class of marauders or bandits that formerly infested the border country between England and Scotland; -- so called in allusion to the mossy or boggy character of much of the border country. MOSSY Moss"y, a. [Compar. Mossier; superl. Mossiest.] 1. Overgrown with moss; abounding with or edged with moss; as, mossy trees; mossy streams. Old trees are more mossy far than young. Bacon. 2. Resembling moss; as, mossy green. MOST Most, a., superl. of More. Etym: [OE. most, mast, mest, AS. m; akin to D. meest, OS. mest, G. meist, Icel. mestr, Goth. maists; a superl. corresponding to E. more. *103. See More, a.] 1. Consisting of the greatest number or quantity; greater in number or quantity than all the rest; nearly all. "Most men will proclaim every one his own goodness." Prov. xx. 6. The cities wherein most of his mighty works were done. Matt. xi. 20. 2. Greatest in degree; as, he has the most need of it. "In the moste pride." Chaucer. 3. Highest in rank; greatest. [Obs.] Chaucer. Note: Most is used as a noun, the words part, portion, quantity, etc., being omitted, and has the following meanings: 1. The greatest value, number, or part; preponderating portion; highest or chief part. 2. The utmost; greatest possible amount, degree, or result; especially in the phrases to make the most of, at the most, at most. A quarter of a year or some months at the most. Bacon. A covetous man makes the most of what he has. L'Estrange. For the most part, in reference to the larger part of a thing, or to the majority of the persons, instances, or things referred to; as, human beings, for the most part, are superstitious; the view, for the most part, was pleasing. -- Most an end, generally. See An end, under End, n. [Obs.] "She sleeps most an end." Massinger. MOST Most, adv. Etym: [AS. mæst. See Most, a.] Defn: In the greatest or highest degree. Those nearest to this king, and most his favorites, were courtiers and prelates. Milton. Note: Placed before an adjective or adverb, most is used to form the superlative degree, being equivalent to the termination -est; as, most vile, most wicked; most illustrious; most rapidly. Formerly, and until after the Elizabethan period of our literature, the use of the double superlative was common. See More, adv. The most unkindest cut of all. Shak. The most straitest sect of our religion. Acts xxvi. 5. MOSTAHIBA Mos`ta*hi"ba, n. Defn: See Mustaiba. MOSTE Mos"te, obs.imp. Defn: of Mote. Chaucer. MOSTIC; MOSTICK Mos"tic, Mos"tick, n. Etym: [See Maul-stick.] Defn: A painter's maul-stick. MOSTLY Most"ly, adv. Defn: For the greatest part; for the most part; chiefly; in the main. MOSTRA Mos"tra, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: See Direct, n. MOSTWHAT Most"what`, adv. Defn: For the most part. [Obs.] "All the rest do mostwhat far amiss." Spenser. MOT Mot, v. [Sing. pres. ind. Mot, Mote, Moot (, pl. Mot, Mote, Moote, pres. subj. Mote; imp. Moste.] Etym: [See Must, v.] [Obs.] Defn: May; must; might. He moot as well say one word as another Chaucer. The wordes mote be cousin to the deed. Chaucer. Men moot [i.e., one only] give silver to the poore freres. Chaucer. So mote it be, so be it; amen; -- a phrase in some rituals, as that of the Freemasons. MOT Mot, n. Etym: [F. See Motto.] 1. A word; hence, a motto; a device. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Tarquin's eye may read the mot afar. Shak. 2. A pithy or witty saying; a witticism. [A Gallicism] Here and there turns up a ... savage mot. N. Brit. Rev. 3. A note or brief strain on a bugle. Sir W. Scott. MOTACIL Mot"a*cil, n. Etym: [Cf. F. motacille.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any singing bird of the genus Motacilla; a wagtail. MOTATION Mo*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. motare, motatum, to keep moving.] Defn: The act of moving; motion. [Obs.] MOTE Mote, v. Defn: See 1st Mot. [Obs.] Chaucer. MOTE Mote, n. Etym: [See Moot, a meeting.] [Obs., except in a few combinations or phrases.] 1. A meeting of persons for discussion; as, a wardmote in the city of London. 2. A body of persons who meet for discussion, esp. about the management of affairs; as, a folkmote. 3. A place of meeting for discussion. Mote bell, the bell rung to summon to a mote. [Obs.] MOTE Mote, n. Defn: The flourish sounded on a horn by a huntsman. See Mot, n., 3, and Mort. Chaucer. MOTE Mote, n. Etym: [OE. mot, AS. mot.] Defn: A small particle, as of floating dust; anything proverbially small; a speck. The little motes in the sun do ever stir, though there be no wind. Bacon. We are motes in the midst of generations. Landor. MOTED Mot"ed, a. Defn: Filled with motes, or fine floating dust; as, the air. "Moted sunbeams." Tennyson. MOTET Mo*tet", n. Etym: [F., a dim. of mot word; cf. It. mottetto, dim. of motto word, device. See Mot, Motto.] (Mus.) Defn: A composition adapted to sacred words in the elaborate polyphonic church style; an anthem. MOTH Moth (môth), n. Defn: A mote. [Obs.] Shak. MOTH Moth, n.; pl. Moths (môthz). Etym: [OE. mothe, AS. moedhedhe; akin to D. mot, G. motte, Icel. motti, and prob. to E. mad an earthworm. Cf. Mad, n., Mawk.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any nocturnal lepidopterous insect, or any not included among the butterflies; as, the luna moth; Io moth; hawk moth. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any lepidopterous insect that feeds upon garments, grain, etc.; as, the clothes moth; grain moth; bee moth. See these terms under Clothes, Grain, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of various other insects that destroy woolen and fur goods, etc., esp. the larvæ of several species of beetles of the genera Dermestes and Anthrenus. Carpet moths are often the larvæ of Anthrenus. See Carpet beetle, under Carpet, Dermestes, Anthrenus. 4. Anything which gradually and silently eats, consumes, or wastes any other thing. Moth blight (Zoöl.), any plant louse of the genus Aleurodes, and related genera. They are injurious to various plants. -- Moth gnat (Zoöl.), a dipterous insect of the genus Bychoda, having fringed wings. -- Moth hunter (Zoöl.), the goatsucker. -- Moth miller (Zoöl.), a clothes moth. See Miller, 3, (a). -- Moth mullein (Bot.), a common herb of the genus Verbascum (V. Blattaria), having large wheel-shaped yellow or whitish flowers. MOTH-EAT Moth"-eat`, v. t. Defn: To eat or prey upon, as a moth eats a garment. [Rarely used except in the form moth-eaten, p.p. or a.] Ruin and neglect have so moth-eaten her. Sir T. Herbert. MOTHEN Moth"en, a. Defn: Full of moths. [Obs.] Fulke. MOTHER Moth"er, n. Etym: [OE. moder, AS. modor; akin to D. moeder, OS. modar, G. mutter, OHG. muotar, Icel. moedhir, Dan. & Sw. moder, OSlav. mati, Russ. mate, Ir. & Gael. mathair, L. mater, Gr. mh`thr, Skr. matrs; cf. Skr. ma to measure. *268. Cf. Material, Matrix, Metropolis, Father.] 1. A female parent; especially, one of the human race; a woman who has borne a child. 2. That which has produced or nurtured anything; source of birth or origin; generatrix. Alas! poor country! ... it can not Be called our mother, but our grave. Shak. I behold ... the solitary majesty of Crete, mother of a religion, it is said, that lived two thousand years. Landor. 3. An old woman or matron. [Familiar] 4. The female superior or head of a religious house, as an abbess, etc. 5. Hysterical passion; hysteria. [Obs.] Shak. Mother Carey's chicken (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small petrels, as the stormy petrel (Procellaria pelagica), and Leach's petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), both of the Atlantic, and O. furcata of the North Pacific. -- Mother Carey's goose (Zoöl.), the giant fulmar of the Pacific. See Fulmar. -- Mother's mark (Med.), a congenital mark upon the body; a nævus. MOTHER Moth"er, a. Defn: Received by birth or from ancestors; native, natural; as, mother language; also acting the part, or having the place of a mother; producing others; originating. It is the mother falsehood from which all idolatry is derived. T. Arnold. Mother cell (Biol.), a cell which, by endogenous divisions, gives rise to other cells (daughter cells); a parent cell. -- Mother church, the original church; a church from which other churches have sprung; as, the mother church of a diocese. -- Mother country, the country of one's parents or ancestors; the country from which the people of a colony derive their origin. -- Mother liquor (Chem.), the impure or complex residual solution which remains after the salts readily or regularly crystallizing have been removed. -- Mother queen, the mother of a reigning sovereign; a queen mother. -- Mother tongue. (a) A language from which another language has had its origin. (b) The language of one's native land; native tongue. -- Mother water. See Mother liquor (above). -- Mother wit, natural or native wit or intelligence. MOTHER Moth"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mothered; p. pr. & vb. n. Mothering.] Defn: To adopt as a son or daughter; to perform the duties of a mother to. The queen, to have put lady Elizabeth besides the crown, would have mothered another body's child. Howell. MOTHER Moth"er, n. Etym: [Akin to D. modder mud, G. moder mold, mud, Dan. mudder mud, and to E. mud. See Mud.] Defn: A film or membrane which is developed on the surface of fermented alcoholic liquids, such as vinegar, wine, etc., and acts as a means of conveying the oxygen of the air to the alcohol and other combustible principles of the liquid, thus leading to their oxidation. Note: The film is composed of a mass of rapidly developing microörganisms of the genus Mycoderma, and in the mother of vinegar the microörganisms (Mycoderma aceti) composing the film are the active agents in the Conversion of the alcohol into vinegar. When thickened by growth, the film may settle to the bottom of the fluid. See Acetous fermentation, under Fermentation. MOTHER Moth"er, v. i. Defn: To become like, or full of, mother, or thick matter, as vinegar. MOTHERED Moth"ered, a. Defn: Thick, like mother; viscid. They oint their naked limbs with mothered oil. Dryden. MOTHERHOOD Moth"er*hood, n. Defn: The state of being a mother; the character or office of a mother. MOTHERING Moth"er*ing, n. Defn: A rural custom in England, of visiting one's parents on Midlent Sunday, -- supposed to have been originally visiting the mother church to make offerings at the high altar. MOTHER-IN-LAW Moth"er-in-law`, n. Defn: The mother of one's husband or wife. MOTHERLAND Moth"er*land`, n. Defn: The country of one's ancestors; -- same as fatherland. MOTHERLESS Moth"er*less, a. Etym: [AS. modorleás.] Defn: Destitute of a mother; having lost a mother; as, motherless children. MOTHERLINESS Moth"er*li*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being motherly. MOTHERLY Moth"er*ly, a. Etym: [AS. modorlic.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a mother; like, or suitable for, a mother; tender; maternal; as, motherly authority, love, or care. Hooker. Syn. -- Maternal; paternal. -- Motherly, Maternal. Motherly, being Anglo-Saxon, is the most familiar word of the two when both have the same meaning. Besides this, maternal is confined to the feelings of a mother toward her own children, whereas motherly has a secondary sense, denoting a care like that of a mother for her offspring. There is, perhaps, a growing tendency thus to separate the two, confining motherly to the latter signification. "They termed her the great mother, for her motherly care in cherishing her brethren whilst young." Sir W. Raleigh. MOTHERLY Moth"er*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner of a mother. MOTHER-NAKED Moth"er-na`ked, a. Defn: Naked as when born. MOTHER-OF-PEARL Moth"er-of-pearl`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hard pearly internal layer of several kinds of shells, esp. of pearl oysters, river mussels, and the abalone shells; nacre. See Pearl. MOTHER-OF-THYME Moth"er-of-thyme`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An aromatic plant (Thymus Serphyllum); -- called also wild thyme. MOTHER'S DAY Moth"er's Day. Defn: A day appointed for the honor and uplift of motherhood by the loving remembrance of each person of his mother through the performance of some act of kindness, visit, tribute, or letter. The founder of the day is Anna Jarvis, of Philadelphia, who designated the second Sunday in May, or for schools the second Friday, as the time, and a white carnation as the badge. MOTHERWORT Moth"er*wort`, n. (Bot.) (a) A labiate herb (Leonurus Cardiaca), of a bitter taste, used popularly in medicine; lion's tail. (b) The mugwort. See Mugwort. MOTHERY Moth"er*y, a. Defn: Consisting of, containing, or resembling, mother (in vinegar). MOTHY Moth"y, a. Defn: Infested with moths; moth-eaten. "An old mothy saddle." Shak. MOTIF Mo"tif, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Motive. MOTIFIC Mo*tif"ic, a. Etym: [L. motus motion (fr. movere to move) + facere to make.] Defn: Producing motion. [R.] MOTILE Mo"tile, a. Etym: [See Motive.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Having powers of self-motion, though unconscious; as, the motile spores of certain seaweeds. 2. Producing motion; as, motile powers. MOTILITY Mo*til"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. motilité.] (Physiol.) Defn: Capability of motion; contractility. MOTION Mo"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. motio, fr. movere, motum, to move. See Move.] 1. The act, process, or state of changing place or position; movement; the passing of a body from one place or position to another, whether voluntary or involuntary; -- opposed to rest. Speaking or mute, all comeliness and grace attends thee, and each word, each motion, forms. Milton. 2. Power of, or capacity for, motion. Devoid of sense and motion. Milton. 3. Direction of movement; course; tendency; as, the motion of the planets is from west to east. In our proper motion we ascend. Milton. 4. Change in the relative position of the parts of anything; action of a machine with respect to the relative movement of its parts. This is the great wheel to which the clock owes its motion. Dr. H. More. 5. Movement of the mind, desires, or passions; mental act, or impulse to any action; internal activity. Let a good man obey every good motion rising in his heart, knowing that every such motion proceeds from God. South. 6. A proposal or suggestion looking to action or progress; esp., a formal proposal made in a deliberative assembly; as, a motion to adjourn. Yes, I agree, and thank you for your motion. Shak. 7. (Law) Defn: An application made to a court or judge orally in open court. Its object is to obtain an order or rule directing some act to be done in favor of the applicant. Mozley & W. 8. (Mus.) Defn: Change of pitch in successive sounds, whether in the same part or in groups of parts. The independent motions of different parts sounding together constitute counterpoint. Grove. Note: Conjunct motion is that by single degrees of the scale. Contrary motion is that when parts move in opposite directions. Disjunct motion is motion by skips. Oblique motion is that when one part is stationary while another moves. Similar or direct motion is that when parts move in the same direction. 9. A puppet show or puppet. [Obs.] What motion's this the model of Nineveh Beau. & Fl. Note: Motion, in mechanics, may be simple or compound. Simple motions are: (a) straight translation, which, if of indefinite duration, must be reciprocating. (b) Simple rotation, which may be either continuous or reciprocating, and when reciprocating is called oscillating. (c) Helical, which, if of indefinite duration, must be reciprocating. Compound motion consists of combinations of any of the simple motions. Center of motion, Harmonic motion, etc. See under Center, Harmonic, etc. -- Motion block (Steam Engine), a crosshead. -- Perpetual motion (Mech.), an incessant motion conceived to be attainable by a machine supplying its own motive forces independently of any action from without. Syn. -- See Movement. MOTION Mo"tion, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Motioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Motioning.] 1. To make a significant movement or gesture, as with the hand; as, to motion to one to take a seat. 2. To make proposal; to offer plans. [Obs.] Shak. MOTION Mo"tion, v. t. 1. To direct or invite by a motion, as of the hand or head; as, to motion one to a seat. 2. To propose; to move. [Obs.] I want friends to motion such a matter. Burton. MOTIONER Mo"tion*er, n. Defn: One who makes a motion; a mover. Udall. MOTIONIST Mo"tion*ist, n. Defn: A mover. [Obs.] MOTIONLESS Mo"tion*less, a. Defn: Without motion; being at rest. MOTION PICTURE Mo"tion pic"ture. Defn: A moving picture. MOTIVATE Mo"ti*vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. -vated; p. pr. & vb. n. -vating.] [From Motive, n.] Defn: To provide with a motive; to move; impel; induce; incite. -- Mo`ti*va"tion (#), n. William James. MOTIVE Mo"tive, n. Etym: [F. motif, LL. motivum, from motivus moving, fr. L. movere, motum, to move. See Move.] 1. That which moves; a mover. [Obs.] Shak. 2. That which incites to action; anything prompting or exciting to choise, or moving the will; cause; reason; inducement; object. By motive, I mean the whole of that which moves, excites, or invites the mind to volition, whether that be one thing singly, or many things conjunctively. J. Edwards. 3. (Mus.) Defn: The theme or subject; a leading phrase or passage which is reproduced and varied through the course of a comor a movement; a short figure, or melodic germ, out of which a whole movement is develpoed. See also Leading motive, under Leading. [Written also motivo.] 4. (Fine Arts) Defn: That which produces conception, invention, or creation in the mind of the artist in undertaking his subject; the guiding or controlling idea manifested in a work of art, or any part of one. Syn. -- Incentive; incitement; inducement; reason; spur; stimulus; cause. -- Motive, Inducement, Reason. Motive is the word originally used in speaking of that which determines the choice. We call it an inducement when it is attractive in its nature. We call it a reason when it is more immediately addressed to the intellect in the form of argument. MOTIVE Mo"tive, a. Defn: Causing motion; having power to move, or tending to move; as, a motive argument; motive power. "Motive faculty." Bp. Wilkins. Motive power (Mach.), a natural agent, as water, steam, wind, electricity, etc., used to impart motion to machinery; a motor; a mover. MOTIVE Mo"tive, v. t. Defn: To prompt or incite by a motive or motives; to move. MOTIVELESS Mo"tive*less, a. Defn: Destitute of a motive; not incited by a motive. -- Mo"tive*less*ness, n. G. Eliot. MOTIVITY Mo*tiv"i*ty, n. Etym: [See Motive, n.] 1. The power of moving or producing motion. 2. The quality of being influenced by motives. [R.] MOTIVO Mo*ti"vo, n. Etym: [It. See Motive, n.] Defn: See Motive, n., 3, 4. MOTLEY Mot"ley, a. Etym: [OE. mottelee, motle; cf. OF. mattelé clotted, curdled, OF, ciel mattonné a mottled sky, mate, maton, curdled milk, Prov. G. matte curd. Cf. Mottle.] 1. Variegated in color; consisting of different colors; dappled; party-colored; as, a motley coat. 2. Wearing motley or party-colored clothing. See Motley, n., 1. "A motley fool." Shak. 3. Composed of different or various parts; heterogeneously made or mixed up; discordantly composite; as, motley style. Byron. MOTLEY Mot"ley, n. 1. A combination of distinct colors; esp., the party-colored cloth, or clothing, worn by the professional fool. Chaucer. "Motley 's the only wear." Shak. 2. Hence, a jester, a fool. [Obs.] Shak. Man of motley, a fool. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. MOTLEY-MINDED Mot"ley-mind`ed, a. Defn: Having a mind of a jester; foolish. Shak. MOTMOT Mot"mot, n. Etym: [Cf. Momot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of long-tailed, passerine birds of the genus Momotus, having a strong serrated beak. In most of the species the two long middle tail feathers are racket-shaped at the tip, when mature. The bird itself is said by some writers to trim them into this shape. They feed on insects, reptiles, and fruit, and are found from Mexico to Brazil. The name is derived from its note. [Written also momot.] MOTO Mo"to, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Movement; manner of movement; particularly, movement with increased rapidity; -- used especially in the phrase con moto, directing to a somewhat quicker movement; as, andante con moto, a little more rapidly than andante, etc. MOTOGRAPH Mo"to*graph, n. [L. movere, motum, to move + -graph.] (Elec.) Defn: A device utilized in the making of a loud-speaking telephone, depending on the fact that the friction between a metallic point and a moving cylinder of moistened chalk, or a moving slip of paper, on which it rests is diminished by the passage of a current between the point and the moving surface. -- Mo`to*graph"ic (#), a. MOTON Mo"ton, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Anc. Armor) Defn: A small plate covering the armpit in armor of the 14th century and later. MOTOR Mo"tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. movere, motum, to move.] 1. One who, or that which, imparts motion; a source of mechanical power. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A prime mover; a machine by means of which a source of power, as steam, moving water, electricity, etc., is made available for doing mechanical work. MOTOR; MOTORY; MOTORIAL Mo"tor, Mo"to*ry, Mo*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. motorius that has motion. See Motor, n.] Defn: Causing or setting up motion; pertaining to organs of motion; - - applied especially in physiology to those nerves or nerve fibers which only convey impressions from a nerve center to muscles, thereby causing motion. MOTOR CAR; MOTORCAR Motor car, or Mo"tor*car`, n. 1. An automobile, locomobile, or locomotive designed to run and be steered on a street or roadway; esp., an automobile specially designed for passengers. 2. (Elec. Railroads) Any car containing motors for propulsion. [U. S.] MOTOR CYCLE; MOTORCYCLE Motor cycle, or Mo"tor*cy`cle, n. Defn: A bicycle having a motor attached so as to be self-propelled. In Great Britain the term motor cycle is treated by statute (3 Ed VII. c. 36) as limited to motor cars (self-propelled vehicles) designed to travel on not more than three wheels, and weighing unladen (that is, without water, fuel, or accumulators necessary for propulsion) not more than three hundred weight (336 lbs.). MOTOR-DRIVEN Mo`tor-driv`en, a. (Mach.) Defn: Driven or actuated by a motor, esp. by an individual electric motor. An electric motor forms an integral part of many machine tools in numerous modern machine shops. MOTOR GENERATOR Motor generator. Defn: The combination consisting of a generator and a driving motor mechanically connected, usually on a common bedplate and with the two shafts directly coupled or combined into a single shaft. MOTORING Mo"tor*ing, n. Defn: Act or recreation of riding in or driving a motor car or automobile. MOTORING Mo"tor*ing, a. Defn: Pertaining to motor cars or automobiles, or to the technology of such; addicted to riding in or driving automobiles; as, motoring parlance; my motoring friend. MOTORIZE Mo"tor*ize (mo"ter*iz), v. t. [Motor + -ize.] Defn: To substitute motor-driven vehicles, or automobiles, for the horses and horse-drawn vehicles of (a fire department, city, etc.). - -Mo`tor*i*za"tion (#), n. MOTORMAN Mo"tor*man, n. Defn: A man who controls a motor. MOTORPATHIC Mo`tor*path"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to motorpathy. MOTORPATHY Mo*tor"pa*thy, n. Etym: [L. motor a mover + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Kinesiatrics. MOTTE Motte, n. Etym: [Cf. F. motte a clod, clump, or hillock.] Defn: A clump of trees in a prairie. [Local, U.S.] MOTTLE Mot"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mottled; p. pr. & vb. n. Mottling.] Etym: [From Mottled.] Defn: To mark with spots of different color, or shades of color, as if stained; to spot; to maculate. MOTTLE Mot"tle, n. Defn: A mottled appearance. MOTTLED Mot"tled, a. Etym: [From Motley.] Defn: Marked with spots of different colors; variegated; spotted; as, mottled wood. "The mottled meadows." Drayton. MOTTO Mot"to, n.; pl. Mottoes. Etym: [It. motto a word, a saying, L. muttum a mutter, a grunt, cf. muttire, mutire, to mutter, mumble; prob. of imitative origin. Cf. Mot a word.] 1. (Her.) Defn: A sentence, phrase, or word, forming part of an heraldic achievment. 2. A sentence, phrase, or word, prefixed to an essay, discourse, chapter, canto, or the like, suggestive of its subject matter; a short, suggestive expression of a guiding principle; a maxim. It was the motto of a bishop eminent for his piety and good works, ... "Serve God, and be cheerful." Addison. MOTTOED Mot"toed, a. Defn: Bearing or having a motto; as, a mottoed coat or device. MOTTY Mot"ty, a. Defn: Full of, or consisting of, motes. [Written also mottie.] [Scot.] The motty dust reek raised by the workmen. H. Miller. MOUCHOIR Mou`choir", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A handkerchief. MOUEZZIN Mou*ez"zin, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Muezzin. MOUFLON Mouf"lon, n. Etym: [F. mouflon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A wild sheep (Ovis musimon), inhabiting the mountains of Sardinia, Corsica, etc. Its horns are very large, with a triangular base and rounded angles. It is supposed by some to be the original of the domestic sheep. Called also musimon or musmon. [Written also moufflon.] MOUGHT Mought, obs.imp. Defn: of May. Might. MOUILLATION Mouil*la"tion, n. Etym: [See Mouillé.] (Phon.) Defn: The act of uttering the sound of a mouillé letter. MOUILLE Mouil`lé", a. Etym: [F., lit., wet.] (Phon.) Defn: Applied to certain consonants having a "liquid" or softened sound; e.g., in French, l or ll and gn (like the lli in million and ni in minion); in Italian, gl and gn; in Spanish, ll and ñ; in Portuguese, lh and nh. MOULD; MOULDER; MOULDY Mould, Mould"er, Mould"y, etc. Defn: See Mold, Molder, Moldy, etc. MOULE Moule, v. i. Etym: [OE. moulen. See Mold.] Defn: To contract mold; to grow moldy; to mold. [Obs.] Let us not moulen thus in idleness. Chaucer. MOULINE; MOULINET Mou*line", Mou"li*net, n. Etym: [F. moulinet, orig., a little mill, dim. of moulin mill. See Mill.] 1. The drum upon which the rope is wound in a capstan, crane, or the like. 2. A machine formerly used for bending a crossbow by winding it up. 3. In sword and saber exercises, a circular swing of the weawon. MOULT Moult, v. & n. Defn: See Molt. MOULTEN Moult"en, a. Defn: Having molted. [Obs.] "A moulten raven." Shak. MOUN Moun, v., Defn: pl. of Mow, may. [Obs.] Wyclif. MOUNCH Mounch, v. t. Defn: To munch. [Obs.] MOUND Mound, n. Etym: [F. monde the world, L. mundus. See Mundane.] Defn: A ball or globe forming part of the regalia of an emperor or other sovereign. It is encircled with bands, enriched with precious stones, and surmounted with a cross; -- called also globe. MOUND Mound, n. Etym: [OE. mound, mund, protection, AS. mund protection, hand; akin to OHG. munt, Icel. mund hand, and prob. to L. manus. See Manual.] Defn: An artificial hill or elevation of earth; a raised bank; an embarkment thrown up for defense; a bulwark; a rampart; also, a natural elevation appearing as if thrown up artificially; a regular and isolated hill, hillock, or knoll. To thrid the thickets or to leap the mounds. Dryden. Mound bird. (Zoöl.) Same as Mound maker (below). -- Mound builders (Ethnol.), the tribe, or tribes, of North American aborigines who built, in former times, extensive mounds of earth, esp. in the valleys of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. Formerly they were supposed to have preceded the Indians, but later investigations go to show that they were, in general, identical with the tribes that occupied the country when discovered by Europeans. -- Mound maker (Zoöl.), any one of the megapodes. -- Shell mound, a mound of refuse shells, collected by aborigines who subsisted largely on shellfish. See Midden, and Kitchen middens. MOUND Mound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Mounding.] Defn: To fortify or inclose with a mound. MOUNT Mount, n. Etym: [OE. munt, mont, mount, AS. munt, fr. L. mons, montis; cf. L. minae protections, E. eminent, menace: cf. F. mont. Cf. Mount, v., Mountain, Mont, Monte, Montem.] 1. A mass of earth, or earth and rock, rising considerably above the common surface of the surrounding land; a mountain; a high hill; -- used always instead of mountain, when put before a proper name; as, Mount Washington; otherwise, chiefly in poetry. 2. A bulwark for offense or defense; a mound. [Obs.] Hew ye down trees, and cast a mount against Jerusalem. Jer. vi. 6. 3. Etym: [See Mont de piété.] Defn: A bank; a fund. Mount of piety. See Mont de piété. MOUNT Mount, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Mounting.] Etym: [OE. mounten, monten, F. monter, fr. L. mons, montis, mountain. See Mount, n. (above).] 1. To rise on high; to go up; to be upraised or uplifted; to tower aloft; to ascend; -- often with up. Though Babylon should mount up to heaven. Jer. li. 53. The fire of trees and houses mounts on high. Cowley. 2. To get up on anything, as a platform or scaffold; especially, to seat one's self on a horse for riding. 3. To attain in value; to amount. Bring then these blessings to a strict account, Make fair deductions, see to what they mount. Pope. MOUNT Mount, v. t. 1. To get upon; to ascend; to climb. Shall we mount again the rural throne Dryden. 2. To place one's self on, as a horse or other animal, or anything that one sits upon; to bestride. 3. To cause to mount; to put on horseback; to furnish with animals for riding; to furnish with horses. "To mount the Trojan troop." Dryden. 4. Hence: To put upon anything that sustains and fits for use, as a gun on a carriage, a map or picture on cloth or paper; to prepare for being worn or otherwise used, as a diamond by setting, or a sword blade by adding the hilt, scabbard, etc. 5. To raise aloft; to lift on high. What power is it which mounts my love so high Shak. Note: A fort or ship is said to mount cannon, when it has them arranged for use in or about it. To mount guard (Mil.), to go on guard; to march on guard; to do duty as a guard. -- To mount a play, to prepare and arrange the scenery, furniture, etc., used in the play. MOUNT Mount, n. Etym: [From Mount, v.] Defn: That upon which a person or thing is mounted, as: (a) A horse. She had so good a seat and hand, she might be trusted with any mount. G. Eliot. (b) The cardboard or cloth on which a drawing, photograph, or the like is mounted; a mounting. MOUNTABLE Mount"a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be mounted. MOUNTAIN Moun"tain, n. Etym: [OE. mountaine, montaine, F. montagne, LL. montanea, montania, fr. L. mons, montis, a mountain; cf. montanus belonging to a mountain. See 1st Mount.] 1. A large mass of earth and rock, rising above the common level of the earth or adjacent land; earth and rock forming an isolated peak or a ridge; an eminence higher than a hill; a mount. 2. pl. Defn: A range, chain, or group of such elevations; as, the White Mountains. 3. A mountainlike mass; something of great bulk. I should have been a mountain of mummy. Shak. The Mountain (La montagne) (French Hist.), a popular name given in 1793 to a party of extreme Jacobins in the National Convention, who occupied the highest rows of seats. MOUNTAIN Moun"tain, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a mountain or mountains; growing or living on a mountain; found on or peculiar to mountains; among mountains; as, a mountain torrent; mountain pines; mountain goats; mountain air; mountain howitzer. 2. Like a mountain; mountainous; vast; very great. The high, the mountain majesty of worth. Byron. Mountain anthelope (Zoöl.), the goral. -- Mountain ash (Bot.), an ornamental tree, the Pyrus (Sorbus) Americana, producing beautiful bunches of red berries. Its leaves are pinnate, and its flowers white, growing in fragrant clusters. The European species is the P. aucuparia, or rowan tree. -- Mountain barometer, a portable barometer, adapted for safe transportation, used in measuring the heights of mountains. -- Mountain beaver (Zoöl.), the sewellel. -- Mountain blue (Min.), blue carbonate of copper; azurite. -- Mountain cat (Zoöl.), the catamount. See Catamount. -- Mountain chain, a series of contiguous mountain ranges, generally in parallel or consecutive lines or curves. -- Mountain cock (Zoöl.), capercailzie. See Capercailzie. -- Mountain cork (Min.), a variety of asbestus, resembling cork in its texture. -- Mountain crystal. See under Crystal. -- Mountain damson (Bot.), a large tree of the genus Simaruba (S. amarga) growing in the West Indies, which affords a bitter tonic and astringent, sometimes used in medicine. -- Mountain dew, Scotch whisky, so called because often illicitly distilled among the mountains. [Humorous] -- Mountain ebony (Bot.), a small leguminous tree (Bauhinia variegata) of the East and West Indies; -- so called because of its dark wood. The bark is used medicinally and in tanning. -- Mountain flax (Min.), a variety of asbestus, having very fine fibers; amianthus. See Amianthus. -- Mountain fringe (Bot.), climbing fumitory. See under Fumitory. -- Mountain goat. (Zoöl.) See Mazama. -- Mountain green. (Min.) (a) Green malachite, or carbonate of copper. (b) See Green earth, under Green, a. -- Mountain holly (Bot.), a branching shrub (Nemopanthes Canadensis), having smooth oblong leaves and red berries. It is found in the Northern United States. -- Mountain laurel (Bot.), an American shrub (Kalmia latifolia) with glossy evergreen leaves and showy clusters of rose-colored or white flowers. The foliage is poisonous. Called also American laurel, ivy bush, and calico bush. See Kalmia. -- Mountain leather (Min.), a variety of asbestus, resembling leather in its texture. -- Mountain licorice (Bot.), a plant of the genus Trifolium (T. Alpinum). -- Mountain limestone (Geol.), a series of marine limestone strata below the coal measures, and above the old red standstone of Great Britain. See Chart of Geology. -- Mountain linnet (Zoöl.), the twite. -- Mountain magpie. (Zoöl.) (a) The yaffle, or green woodpecker. (b) The European gray shrike. -- Mountain mahogany (Bot.) See under Mahogany. -- Mountain meal (Min.), a light powdery variety of calcite, occurring as an efflorescence. -- Mountain milk (Min.), a soft spongy variety of carbonate of lime. -- Mountain mint. (Bot.) See Mint. -- Mountain ousel (Zoöl.), the ring ousel; -- called also mountain thrush and mountain colley. See Ousel. -- Mountain pride, or Mountain green (Bot.), a tree of Jamaica (Spathelia simplex), which has an unbranched palmlike stem, and a terminal cluster of large, pinnate leaves. -- Mountain quail (Zoöl.), the plumed partridge (Oreortyx pictus) of California. It has two long, slender, plumelike feathers on the head. The throat and sides are chestnut; the belly is brown with transverse bars of black and white; the neck and breast are dark gray. -- Mountain range, a series of mountains closely related in position and direction. -- Mountain rice. (Bot.) (a) An upland variety of rice, grown without irrigation, in some parts of Asia, Europe, and the United States. (b) An American genus of grasses (Oryzopsis). -- Mountain rose (Bot.), a species of rose with solitary flowers, growing in the mountains of Europe (Rosa alpina). -- Mountain soap (Min.), a soft earthy mineral, of a brownish color, used in crayon painting; saxonite. -- Mountain sorrel (Bot.), a low perennial plant (Oxyria digyna with rounded kidney-form leaves, and small greenish flowers, found in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and in high northern latitudes. Gray. -- Mountain sparrow (Zoöl.), the European tree sparrow. -- Mountain spinach. (Bot.) See Orach. -- Mountain tobacco (Bot.), a composite plant (Arnica montana) of Europe; called also leopard's bane. -- Mountain witch (Zoöl.), a ground pigeon of Jamaica, of the genus Geotrygon. MOUNTAINEER Moun`tain*eer", n. Etym: [OF. montanier, LL. montanarius. See Mountain.] 1. An inhabitant of a mountain; one who lives among mountains. 2. A rude, fierce person. [Obs.] No savage fierce, bandit, or mountaineer. Milton. MOUNTAINEER Moun`tain*eer", v. i. Defn: To lie or act as a mountaineer; to climb mountains. You can't go mountaineering in a flat country. H. James. MOUNTAINER Moun"tain*er, n. Defn: A mountaineer. [Obs.] MOUNTAINET Moun"tain*et, n. Defn: A small mountain. [R.] MOUNTAINOUS Moun"tain*ous, a. Etym: [F. montagneux, L. montaniosus.] 1. Full of, or containing, mountains; as, the mountainous country of the Swiss. 2. Inhabiting mountains. [Obs.] Bacon. 3. Large as, or resembling, a mountain; huge; of great bulk; as, a mountainous heap. Prior. MOUNTAINOUSNESS Moun"tain*ous*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being mountainous. MOUNTAIN SPECTER Moun"tain spec"ter. Defn: An optical phenomenon sometimes seen on the summit of mountains (as on the Brocken) when the observer is between the sun and a mass of cloud. The figures of the observer and surrounding objects are seen projected on the cloud, greatly enlarged and often encircled by rainbow colors. MOUNTAIN STATE Moun"tain State. Defn: Montana; -- a nickname. MOUNTANCE Mount"ance, n. Etym: [OF. montance.] Defn: Amount; sum; quantity; extent. [Obs.] Chaucer. MOUNTANT Mount"ant, a. Etym: [F. montant, p.pr. of monter. See Mount, and cf. Montant.] Defn: Raised; high. [Obs.] MOUNTEBANK Mount"e*bank, n. Etym: [It. montimbanco, montambanco; montare to mount + in in, upon + banco bench. See Mount, and 4th Bank.] 1. One who mounts a bench or stage in the market or other public place, boasts of his skill in curing diseases, and vends medicines which he pretends are infalliable remedies; a quack doctor. Such is the weakness and easy credulity of men, that a mountebank ... is preferred before an able physician. Whitlock. 2. Any boastful or false pretender; a charlatan; a quack. Nothing so impossible in nature but mountebanks will undertake. Arbuthnot. MOUNTEBANK Mount"e*bank, v. t. Defn: To cheat by boasting and false pretenses; to gull. [R.] Shak. MOUNTEBANK Mount"e*bank, v. i. Defn: To play the mountebank. MOUNTEBANKERY Mount"e*bank`er*y, n. Defn: The practices of a mountebank; quackery; boastful and vain pretenses. MOUNTEBANKISH Mount"e*bank`ish, a. Defn: Like a mountebank or his quackery. Howell. MOUNTEBANKISM Mount"e*bank*ism, n. Defn: The practices of a mountebank; mountebankery. MOUNTED Mount"ed, a. 1. Seated or serving on horseback or similarly; as, mounted police; mounted infantry. 2. Placed on a suitable support, or fixed in a setting; as, a mounted gun; a mounted map; a mounted gem. MOUNTENAUNCE Mount"e*naunce, n. Defn: Mountance. [Obs.] MOUNTER Mount"er, n. 1. One who mounts. 2. An animal mounted; a monture. [Obs.] MOUNTING Mount"ing, n. 1. The act of one that mounts. 2. That by which anything is prepared for use, or set off to advantage; equipment; embellishment; setting; as, the mounting of a sword or diamond. MOUNTINGLY Mount"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In an ascending manner. MOUNTLET Mount"let, n. Defn: A small or low mountain. [R.] MOUNTY Mount"y, n. Etym: [F. montée, fr. monter. See Mount, v.] Defn: The rise of a hawk after prey. Sir P. Sidney. MOURN Mourn, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mourned; p. pr. & vb. n. Mourning.] Etym: [AS. murnan; akin to OS. mornian, OHG. mornen, Goth. maúrnan.] 1. To express or to feel grief or sorrow; to grieve; to be sorrowful; to lament; to be in a state of grief or sadness. Abraham came to mourn for Sarah, and to weep for her. Gen. xxiii. 2. 2. To wear the customary garb of a mourner. We mourn in black; why mourn we not in blood Shak. Grieve for an hour, perhaps, then mourn a year. Pope. MOURN Mourn, v. t. 1. To grieve for; to lament; to deplore; to bemoan; to bewail. As if he mourned his rival's ill success. Addison. And looking over the hills, I mourn The darling who shall not return. Emerson. 2. To utter in a mournful manner or voice. The lovelorn nightingale Nightly to thee her sad song mourneth well. Milton. Syn. -- See Deplore. MOURNE Mourne, n. Etym: [See 2d Morne.] Defn: The armed or feruled end of a staff; in a sheephook, the end of the staff to which the hook is attached. Sir P. Sidney. MOURNER Mourn"er, n. 1. One who mourns or is grieved at any misfortune, as the death of a friend. His mourners were two hosts, his friends and foes. Byron. 2. One who attends a funeral as a hired mourner. Mourners were provided to attend the funeral. L'Estrange. MOURNFUL Mourn"ful, a. Defn: Full of sorrow; expressing, or intended to express, sorrow; mourning; grieving; sad; also, causing sorrow; saddening; grievous; as, a mournful person; mournful looks, tones, loss. -- Mourn"ful*ly, adv. -- Mourn"ful*ness, n. Syn. -- Sorrowful; lugubrious; sad; doleful; heavy; afflictive; grievous; calamitous. MOURNING Mourn"ing, n. Etym: [AS. murnung.] 1. The act of sorrowing or expressing grief; lamentation; sorrow. 2. Garb, drapery, or emblems indicative of grief, esp. clothing or a badge of somber black. The houses to their tops with black were spread, And ev'n the pavements were with mourning hid. Dryden. Deep mourning. See under Deep. MOURNING Mourn"ing, a. 1. Grieving; sorrowing; lamenting. 2. Employed to express sorrow or grief; worn or used as appropriate to the condition of one bereaved or sorrowing; as, mourning garments; a mourning ring; a mourning pin, and the like. Mourning bride (Bot.), a garden flower (Scabiosa atropurpurea) with dark purple or crimson flowers in flattened heads. -- Mourning dove (Zoöl.), a wild dove (Zenaidura macroura) found throughout the United States; -- so named from its plaintive note. Called also Carolina dove. See Illust. under Dove. -- Mourning warbler (Zoöl.), an American ground warbler (Geothlypis Philadelphia). The male has the head, neck, and chest, deep ash-gray, mixed with black on the throat and chest; other lower parts are pure yellow. MOURNINGLY Mourn"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a mourning manner. MOURNIVAL Mour"ni*val, n. Defn: See Murnival. MOUSE Mouse (mous), n.; pl. Mice (mis). Etym: [OE. mous, mus, AS. mus, pl. mys; akin to D. muis, G. maus, OHG. & Icel. mus, Dan. muus, Sw. mus, Russ. muishe, L. mus, Gr. my^s, Skr. mush mouse, mush to steal. *277. Cf. Muscle, Musk.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small rodents belonging to the genus Mus and various related genera of the family Muridæ. The common house mouse (Mus musculus) is found in nearly all countries. The American white-footed, or deer, mouse (Hesperomys leucopus) sometimes lives in houses. See Dormouse, Meadow mouse, under Meadow, and Harvest mouse, under Harvest. 2. (Naut.) (a) A knob made on a rope with spun yarn or parceling to prevent a running eye from slipping. (b) Same as 2d Mousing, 2. 3. A familiar term of endearment. Shak. 4. A dark-colored swelling caused by a blow. [Slang] 5. A match used in firing guns or blasting. Field mouse, Flying mouse, etc. See under Field, Flying, etc. -- Mouse bird (Zoöl.), a coly. -- Mouse deer (Zoöl.), a chevrotain, as the kanchil. -- Mouse galago (Zoöl.), a very small West American galago (Galago murinus). In color and size it resembles a mouse. It has a bushy tail like that of a squirrel. -- Mouse hawk. (Zoöl.) (a) A hawk that devours mice. (b) The hawk owl; -- called also mouse owl. -- Mouse lemur (Zoöl.), any one of several species of very small lemurs of the genus Chirogaleus, found in Madagascar. -- Mouse piece (Cookery), the piece of beef cut from the part next below the round or from the lower part of the latter; -- called also mouse buttock. MOUSE Mouse, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Moused; p. pr. & vb. n. Mousing.] 1. To watch for and catch mice. 2. To watch for or pursue anything in a sly manner; to pry about, on the lookout for something. MOUSE Mouse, v. t. 1. To tear, as a cat devours a mouse. [Obs.] "[Death] mousing the flesh of men." Shak. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To furnish with a mouse; to secure by means of a mousing. See Mouse, n., 2. MOUSE-EAR Mouse"-ear`, n. (Bot.) (a) The forget-me-not (Myosotis palustris) and other species of the same genus. (b) A European species of hawkweed (Hieracium Pilosella). Mouse-ear chickweed, a name of two common species of chickweed (Cerastium vulgarium, and C. viscosum). -- Mouse-ear cress, a low cruciferous herb (Sisymbrium Thaliana). All these are low herbs with soft, oval, or obovate leaves, whence the name. MOUSEFISH Mouse"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Frogfish. MOUSEHOLE Mouse"hole`, n. Defn: A hole made by a mouse, for passage or abode, as in a wall; hence, a very small hole like that gnawed by a mouse. MOUSEKIN Mouse"kin, n. Defn: A little mouse. Thackeray. MOUSER Mous"er, n. 1. A cat that catches mice. 2. One who pries about on the lookout for something. MOUSETAIL Mouse"tail`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of ranunculaceous plants (Myosurus), in which the prolonged receptacle is covered with imbricating achenes, and so resembles the tail of a mouse. MOUSIE Mous"ie, n. Defn: Diminutive for Mouse. Burns. MOUSING Mous"ing, a. Defn: Impertinently inquisitive; prying; meddlesome. "Mousing saints." L'Estrange. MOUSING Mous"ing, n. 1. The act of hunting mice. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A turn or lashing of spun yarn or small stuff, or a metallic clasp or fastening, uniting the point and shank of a hook to prevent its unhooking or straighening out. 3. A ratchet movement in a loom. Mousing hook, a hook with an attachment which prevents its unhooking. MOUSLE Mou"sle, v. t. Defn: To sport with roughly; to rumple. [Written also mouzle.] [Obs.] Wycherley. MOUSQUETAIRE Mous`que*taire", n. [F.] 1. A musketeer, esp. one of the French royal musketeers of the 17th and 18th centuries, conspicuous both for their daring and their fine dress. 2. A mosquetaire cuff or glove, or other article of dress fancied to resemble those worn by the French mosquetaires. MOUSQUETAIRE CUFF Mousquetaire cuff. Defn: A deep flaring cuff. MOUSQUETAIRE GLOVE Mousquetaire glove. Defn: A woman's glove with a long, loosely fitting wrist. MOUSSE Mousse (moos), n. [F.] (Cookery) Defn: A frozen dessert of a frothy texture, made of sweetened and flavored whipped cream, sometimes with the addition of egg yolks and gelatin. Mousse differs from ice cream in being beaten before -- not during -- the freezing process. MOUSSELINE Mousse`line", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Muslin. Mousseline de laine (. Etym: [F., muslin of wool.] Muslin delaine. See under Muslin. -- Mousseline glass, a kind of thin blown glassware, such as wineglasses, etc. MOUSSELINE DE SOIE Mousse`line de soie". [F.] Defn: A soft thin silk fabric with a weave like that of muslin. MOUSTACHE Mous`tache", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Mustache. MOUSY Mous"y, a. Defn: Infested with mice; smelling of mice. MOUTAN Mou"tan, n. (Bot.) Defn: The Chinese tree peony (Pæonia Mountan), a shrub with large flowers of various colors. MOUTH Mouth, n.; pl. Mouths. Etym: [OE. mouth, mu, AS. m; akin to D. mond, OS. m, G. mund, Icel. mu, munnr, Sw. mun, Dan. mund, Goth. mun, and possibly L. mentum chin; or cf. D. muil mouth, muzzle, G. maul, OHG. m, Icel. m, and Skr. mukha mouth.] 1. The opening through which an animal receives food; the aperture between the jaws or between the lips; also, the cavity, containing the tongue and teeth, between the lips and the pharynx; the buccal cavity. 2. Hence: Defn: An opening affording entrance or exit; orifice; aperture; as: (a) The opening of a vessel by which it is filled or emptied, charged or discharged; as, the mouth of a jar or pitcher; the mouth of the lacteal vessels, etc. (b) The opening or entrance of any cavity, as a cave, pit, well, or den. (c) The opening of a piece of ordnance, through which it is discharged. (d) The opening through which the waters of a river or any stream are discharged. (e) The entrance into a harbor. 3. (Saddlery) Defn: The crosspiece of a bridle bit, which enters the mouth of an animal. 4. A principal speaker; one who utters the common opinion; a mouthpiece. Every coffeehouse has some particular statesman belonging to it, who is the mouth of the street where he lives. Addison. 5. Cry; voice. [Obs.] Dryden. 6. Speech; language; testimony. That in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established. Matt. xviii. 16. 7. A wry face; a grimace; a mow. Counterfeit sad looks, Make mouths upon me when I turn my back. Shak. Down in the mouth, chapfallen; of dejected countenance; depressed; discouraged. [Obs. or Colloq.] -- Mouth friend, one who professes friendship insincerely. Shak. -- Mouth glass, a small mirror for inspecting the mouth or teeth. -- Mouth honor, honor given in words, but not felt. Shak. -- Mouth organ. (Mus.) (a) Pan's pipes. See Pandean. (b) An harmonicon. -- Mouth pipe, an organ pipe with a lip or plate to cut the escaping air and make a sound. -- To stop the mouth, to silence or be silent; to put to shame; to confound. The mouth of them that speak lies shall be stopped. Ps. lxiii. 11. Whose mouths must be stopped. Titus i. 11. MOUTH Mouth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mouthed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mouthing.] 1. To take into the mouth; to seize or grind with the mouth or teeth; to chew; to devour. Dryden. 2. To utter with a voice affectedly big or swelling; to speak in a strained or unnaturally sonorous manner. "Mouthing big phrases." Hare. Mouthing out his hollow oes and aes. Tennyson. 3. To form or cleanse with the mouth; to lick, as a bear her cub. Sir T. Browne. 4. To make mouths at. [R.] R. Blair. MOUTH Mouth, v. i. 1. To speak with a full, round, or loud, affected voice; to vociferate; to rant. I'll bellow out for Rome, and for my country, And mouth at Cæsar, till I shake the senate. Addison. 2. To put mouth to mouth; to kiss. [R.] Shak. 3. To make grimaces, esp. in ridicule or contempt. Well I know, when I am gone, How she mouths behind my back. Tennyson. MOUTHED Mouthed, a. 1. Furnished with a mouth. 2. Having a mouth of a particular kind; using the mouth, speech, or voice in a particular way; -- used only in composition; as, wide- mouthed; hard-mouthed; foul-mouthed; mealy-mouthed. MOUTHER Mouth"er, n. Defn: One who mouths; an affected speaker. MOUTH-FOOTED Mouth"-foot`ed, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the basal joints of the legs converted into jaws. MOUTHFUL Mouth"ful, n.; pl. Mouthfuls (. 1. As much as is usually put into the mouth at one time. 2. Hence, a small quantity. MOUTHLESS Mouth"less, a. Etym: [AS. muedhleás.] Defn: Destitute of a mouth. MOUTH-MADE Mouth"-made`, a. Defn: Spoken without sincerity; not heartfelt. "Mouth-made vows." Shak. MOUTHPIECE Mouth"piece`, n. 1. The part of a musical or other instrument to which the mouth is applied in using it; as, the mouthpiece of a bugle, or of a tobacco pipe. 2. An appendage to an inlet or outlet opening of a pipe or vessel, to direct or facilitate the inflow or outflow of a fluid. 3. One who delivers the opinion of others or of another; a spokesman; as, the mouthpiece of his party. Egmont was imprudent enough to make himself the mouthpiece of their remonstrance. Motley. MOVABILITY Mov`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Movableness. MOVABLE Mov"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. movable. See Move.] 1. Capable of being moved, lifted, carried, drawn, turned, or conveyed, or in any way made to change place or posture; susceptible of motion; not fixed or stationary; as, a movable steam engine. 2. Changing from one time to another; as, movable feasts, i. e., church festivals, the date of which varies from year to year. Movable letter (Heb. Gram.), a letter that is pronounced, as opposed to one that is quiescent. MOVABLE Mov"a*ble, n.; pl. Movables (. 1. An article of wares or goods; a commodity; a piece of property not fixed, or not a part of real estate; generally, in the plural, goods; wares; furniture. Furnished with the most rich and princely movables. Evelyn. 2. (Rom. Law) Defn: Property not attached to the soil. Note: The word is not convertible with personal property, since rents and similar incidents of the soil which are personal property by our law are immovables by the Roman law. Wharton. MOVABLENESS Mov"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being movable; mobility; susceptibility of motion. MOVABLY Mov"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a movable manner or condition. MOVE Move, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Moved; p. pr. & vb. n. Moving.] Etym: [OE. moven, OF. moveir, F. mouvoir, L. movere; cf. Gr. miv, p.p. muta, to move, push. Cf. Emotion, Mew to molt, Mob, Mutable, Mutiny.] 1. To cause to change place or posture in any manner; to set in motion; to carry, convey, draw, or push from one place to another; to impel; to stir; as, the wind moves a vessel; the horse moves a carriage. 2. (Chess, Checkers, etc.) Defn: To transfer (a piece or man) from one space or position to another, according to the rules of the game; as, to move a king. 3. To excite to action by the presentation of motives; to rouse by representation, persuasion, or appeal; to influence. Minds desirous of revenge were not moved with gold. Knolles. No female arts his mind could move. Dryden. 4. To arouse the feelings or passions of; especially, to excite to tenderness or compassion; to touch pathetically; to excite, as an emotion. Shak. When he saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion on them. Matt. ix. 36. [The use of images] in orations and poetry is to move pity or terror. Felton. 5. To propose; to recommend; specifically, to propose formally for consideration and determination, in a deliberative assembly; to submit, as a resolution to be adopted; as, to move to adjourn. Let me but move one question to your daughter. Shak. They are to be blamed alike who move and who decline war upon particular respects. Hayward. 6. To apply to, as for aid. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- To stir; agitate; trouble; affect; persuade; influence; actuate; impel; rouse; prompt; instigate; incite; induce; incline; propose; offer. MOVE Move, v. i. 1. To change place or posture; to stir; to go, in any manner, from one place or position to another; as, a ship moves rapidly. The foundations also of the hills moved and were shaken, because he was wroth. Ps. xviii. 7. On the green bank I sat and listened long, ... Nor till her lay was ended could I move. Dryden. 2. To act; to take action; to stir; to begin to act; as, to move in a matter. 3. To change residence; to remove, as from one house, town, or state, to another. 4. (Chess, Checkers, etc.) Defn: To change the place of a piece in accordance with the rules of the game. MOVE Move, n. 1. The act of moving; a movement. 2. (Chess, Checkers, etc.) Defn: The act of moving one of the pieces, from one position to another, in the progress of the game. 3. An act for the attainment of an object; a step in the execution of a plan or purpose. To make a move. (a) To take some action. (b) To move a piece, as in a game. -- To be on the move, to bustle or stir about. [Colloq.] MOVELESS Move`less, a. Defn: Motionless; fixed. "Moveless as a tower." Pope. MOVEMENT Move"ment, n. Etym: [F. mouvement. See Move, and cf. Moment.] 1. The act of moving; change of place or posture; transference, by any means, from one situation to another; natural or appropriate motion; progress; advancement; as, the movement of an army in marching or maneuvering; the movement of a wheel or a machine; the party of movement. 2. Motion of the mind or feelings; emotion. 3. Manner or style of moving; as, a slow, or quick, or sudden, movement. 4. (Mus.) (a) The rhythmical progression, pace, and tempo of a piece. "Any change of time is a change of movement." Busby. (b) One of the several strains or pieces, each complete in itself, with its own time and rhythm, which make up a larger work; as, the several movements of a suite or a symphony. 5. (Mech.) Defn: A system of mechanism for transmitting motion of a definite character, or for transforming motion; as, the wheelwork of a watch. Febrille movement (Med.), an elevation of the body temperature; a fever. -- Movement cure. (Med.) See Kinesiatrics. -- Movement of the bowels, an evacuation or stool; a passage or discharge. Syn. -- Motion. -- Movement, Motion. Motion expresses a general idea of not being at rest; movement is oftener used to express a definite, regulated motion, esp. a progress. MOVENT Mo"vent, a. Etym: [L. movens, p.pr. of movere. See Move.] Defn: Moving. [R.] Grew. MOVENT Mo"vent, n. Defn: That which moves anything. [R.] MOVER Mov"er, n. 1. A person or thing that moves, stirs, or changes place. 2. A person or thing that imparts motion, or causes change of place; a motor. 3. One who, or that which, excites, instigates, or causes movement, change, etc.; as, movers of sedition. These most poisonous compounds, Which are the movers of a languishing death. Shak. 4. A proposer; one who offers a proposition, or recommends anything for consideration or adoption; as, the mover of a resolution in a legislative body. MOVIE Mov"ie, n. Defn: A moving picture or a moving picture show; -- commonly used in pl. [Slang or Colloq.] MOVING Mov"ing, a. 1. Changing place or posture; causing motion or action; as, a moving car, or power. 2. Exciting movement of the mind; adapted to move the sympathies, passions, or affections; touching; pathetic; as, a moving appeal. I sang an old moving story. Coleridge. Moving force (Mech.), a force that accelerates, retards, or deflects the motion of a body. -- Moving plant (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Desmodium gyrans); -- so called because its leaflets have a distinct automatic motion. MOVING Mov"ing, n. Defn: The act of changing place or posture; esp., the act of changing one's dwelling place or place of business. Moving day, a day when one moves; esp., a day when a large number of tenants change their dwelling place. MOVINGLY Mov"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a moving manner. Addison. MOVINGNESS Mov"ing*ness, n. Defn: The power of moving. MOVING PICTURE Moving picture. Defn: A series of pictures, usually photographs taken with a special machine, presented to the eye in very rapid succession, with some or all of the objects in the picture represented in slightly changed positions, producing, by persistence of vision, the optical effect of a continuous picture in which the objects move in some manner, as that of some original scene. The usual form of moving pictures is that produced by the cinematograph. MOW Mow, n. [Written also moe and mowe.] Etym: [F. moue pouting, a wry face; cf. OD. mouwe the protruded lip.] Defn: A wry face. "Make mows at him." Shak. MOW Mow, v. i. Defn: To make mouths. Nodding, becking, and mowing. Tyndale. MOW Mow, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Mew, a gull. MOW Mow, v. [pres. sing. Mow, pl. Mowe, Mowen, Moun.] Etym: [AS. magan. See May, v.] Defn: May; can. "Thou mow now escapen." [Obs.] Chaucer. Our walles mowe not make hem resistence. Chaucer. MOW Mow, v. t. [imp. Mowed; p. p. Mowed or Mown (; p. pr. & vb. n. Mowing.] Etym: [OE. mowen, mawen, AS. mawan; akin to D. maaijen, G. mähen, OHG. majan, Dan. meie, L. metere to reap, mow, Gr. Math, Mead a meadow, Meadow.] 1. To cut down, as grass, with a scythe or machine. 2. To cut the grass from; as, to mow a meadow. 3. To cut down; to cause to fall in rows or masses, as in mowing grass; -- with down; as, a discharge of grapeshot mows down whole ranks of men. MOW Mow, v. i. Defn: To cut grass, etc., with a scythe, or with a machine; to cut grass for hay. MOW Mow, n. Etym: [OE. mowe, AS. m.] 1. A heap or mass of hay or of sheaves of grain stowed in a barn. 2. The place in a barn where hay or grain in the sheaf is stowed. MOW Mow, v. t. Defn: To lay, as hay or sheaves of grain, in a heap or mass in a barn; to pile and stow away. MOWBURN Mow"burn`, v. i. Defn: To heat and ferment in the mow, as hay when housed too green. MOWE Mowe, v. Defn: See 4th Mow. [Obs.] Chaucer. MOWE Mowe, n. & v. Defn: See 1st & 2d Mow. [Obs.] MOWER Mow"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, mows; a mowing machine; as, a lawn mower. MOWING Mow"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or the operation of that which, mows. 2. Land from which grass is cut; meadow land. Mowing machine, an agricultural machine armed with knives or blades for cutting standing grass, etc. It is drawn by a horse or horses, or propelled by steam. MOWN Mown, p. p. & a. Defn: Cut down by mowing, as grass; deprived of grass by mowing; as, a mown field. MOWYER Mow"yer, n. Defn: A mower. [Obs.] MOXA Mox"a, n. Etym: [A corruption of Japan. mogusa (pronounced mongsa), an escharotic made from the plant yomigi: cf. F. moxa.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A soft woolly mass prepared from the young leaves of Artemisia Chinensis, and used as a cautery by burning it on the skin; hence, any substance used in a like manner, as cotton impregnated with niter, amadou. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant from which this substance is obtained, esp. Artemisia Chinensis, and A. moxa. MOXIE Mox"ie, n. Etym: [fr. Moxie, a trade name for a beverage.] 1. energy; pep. 2. courage, determination. 3. Know-how, expertise. MW10. MOYA Moy"a, n. Defn: Mud poured out from volcanoes during eruptions; -- so called in South America. MOYLE Moyle, n. & v. Defn: See Moil, and Moile. MOZARAB; MOZARABIC Moz"a*rab, Moz`a*rab"ic. Defn: Same as Muzarab, Muzarabic. MOZETTA; MOZZETTA Mo*zet"ta, Moz*zet"ta, n. Etym: [It. mozzetta: cf. F. mosette. Cf. Amice a hood or cape.] (Eccl.) Defn: A cape, with a small hood; -- worn by the pope and other dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church. MR. Mr.. (. Defn: The customary abbreviation of Mister in writing and printing. See Master, 4. MRS. Mrs. (. Defn: The customary abbreviation of Mistress when used as a title of courtesy, in writing and printing. MUCAMIDE Mu*cam"ide, n. Etym: [Mucic + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: The acid amide of mucic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance. MUCATE Mu"cate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of mucic acid. MUCE Muce, n. Defn: See Muse, and Muset. MUCEDIN Mu*ce"din, n. Etym: [From Mucus.] (Bot. Chem.) Defn: A yellowish white, amorphous, nitrogenous substance found in wheat, rye, etc., and resembling gluten; -- formerly called also mucin. MUCH Much, a. [Compar. & superl. wanting, but supplied by More, and Most (, from another root.] Etym: [OE. moche, muche, miche, prob. the same as mochel, muchel, michel, mikel, fr. AS. micel, mycel; cf. Gr. mjök, adv., much. *103. See Mickle.] 1. Great in quantity; long in duration; as, much rain has fallen; much time. Thou shalt carry much seed out into the field, and shalt gather but little in. Deut. xxviii. 38. 2. Many in number. [Archaic] Edom came out against him with much people. Num. xx. 20. 3. High in rank or position. [Obs.] Chaucer. MUCH Much, n. 1. A great quantity; a great deal; also, an indefinite quantity; as, you have as much as I. He that gathered much had nothing over. Ex. xvi. 18. Note: Muchin this sense can be regarded as an adjective qualifying a word unexpressed, and may, therefore, be modified by as, so, too, very. 2. A thing uncommon, wonderful, or noticeable; something considerable. And [he] thought not much to clothe his enemies. Milton. To make much of, to treat as something of especial value or worth. MUCH Much, adv. Etym: [Cf. Icel. mjök. See Much, a.] Defn: To a great degree or extent; greatly; abundantly; far; nearly. "Much suffering heroes." Pope. Thou art much mightier than we. Gen. xxvi. 16. Excellent speech becometh not a fool, much less do lying lips a prince. Prov. xvii. 7. Henceforth I fly not death, nor would prolong Life much. Milton. All left the world much as they found it. Sir W. Temple. MUCHEL Much"el, a. Etym: [*103. See Mickle.] Defn: Much. [Obs.] MUCHNESS Much"ness, n. Defn: Greatness; extent. [Obs. or Colloq.] The quantity and muchness of time which it filcheth. W. Whately. Much of a muchness, much the same. [Colloq.] "Men's men; gentle or simple, they 're much of muchness." G. Eliot. MUCHWHAT Much"what`, adv. Defn: Nearly; almost; much. [Obs.] "Muchwhat after the same manner." Glanvill. MUCIC Mu"cic, a. Etym: [L. mucus mucus: cf. F. mucique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, gums and micilaginous substances; specif., denoting an acid obtained by the oxidation of gums, dulcite, etc., as a white crystalline substance isomeric with saccharic acid. MUCID Mu"cid, a. Etym: [L. mucidus, fr. L. mucus mucus. See Mucus, and cf. Moist.] Defn: Musty; moldy; slimy; mucous. -- Mu"cid*ness, n. MUCIFIC Mu*cif"ic, a. Etym: [Mucus + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Inducing or stimulating the secretion of mucus; blennogenous. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Secreting mucus. MUCIFORM Mu"ci*form, a. Etym: [Mucus + -form.] (Physiol.) Defn: Resembling mucus; having the character or appearance of mucus. MUCIGEN Mu"ci*gen, n. Etym: [Mucin + -gen.] (Physiol.) Defn: A substance which is formed in mucous epithelial cells, and gives rise to mucin. MUCIGENOUS Mu*cig"e*nous, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Connected with the formation of mucin; resembling mucin. The mucigenous basis is manufactured at the expense of the ordinary protoplasm of the cell. Foster. MUCILAGE Mu"ci*lage, n. Etym: [F., from L. mucilago a musty juice, fr. mucus mucus, slime. See Mucus.] 1. (Bot. Chem.) Defn: A gummy or gelatinous substance produced in certain plants by the action of water on the cell wall, as in the seeds of quinces, of flax, etc. 2. An aqueous solution of gum, or of substances allied to it; as, medicinal mucilage; mucilage for fastening envelopes. MUCILAGINOUS Mu`ci*lag"i*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. mucilagineux. See Mucilage.] 1. Partaking of the nature of, or resembling, mucilage; moist, soft, and viscid; slimy; ropy; as, a mucilaginous liquid. 2. Of, pertaining to, or secreting, mucilage; as, the mucilaginous glands. 3. Soluble in water, but not in alcohol; yielding mucilage; as, mucilaginous gums or plants. -- Mu`ci*lag"i*nous*ness, n. MUCIN Mu"cin, n. Etym: [From Mucus.] 1. (Bot. Chem.) Defn: See Mucedin. [Obs.] 2. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An albuminoid substance which is contained in mucus, and gives to the latter secretion its peculiar ropy character. It is found in all the secretions from mucous glands, and also between the fibers of connective tissue, as in tendons. See Illust. of Demilune. MUCINOGEN Mu*cin"o*gen, n. Etym: [Mucin + -gen.] (Physiol.) Defn: Same as Mucigen. MUCIPAROUS Mu*cip"a*rous, a. Etym: [Mucus + L. parere to produce.] (Physiol.) Defn: Secreting, or producing, mucus or mucin. MUCIVORE Mu"ci*vore, n. Etym: [L. mucus slime, mucus + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An unsect which feeds on mucus, or the sap of plants, as certain Diptera, of the tribe Mucivora. MUCK Muck Defn: , abbreviation of Amuck. To run a muck. See Amuck. MUCK Muck, n. Etym: [Icel. myki; akin to D. mög. Cf. Midden.] 1. Dung in a moist state; manure. Bacon. 2. Vegetable mold mixed with earth, as found in low, damp places and swamps. 3. Anything filthy or vile. Spenser. 4. Money; -- in contempt. The fatal muck we quarreled for. Beau. & Fl. Muck bar, bar iron which has been through the rolls only once. -- Muck iron, crude puddled iron ready for the squeezer or rollers. Knight. MUCK Muck, a. Defn: Like muck; mucky; also, used in collecting or distributing muck; as, a muck fork. MUCK Muck, v. t. Defn: To manure with muck. MUCKENDER Muck"en*der, n. Etym: [Sp. mocador. Cf. Mokadour.] Defn: A handkerchief. [Obs.] [Written also muckinder, muckiter, mockadour.] MUCKER Muck"er, n. Defn: A term of reproach for a low or vulgar labor person. [Slang] MUCKER Muck"er, v. t. Defn: To scrape together, as money, by mean labor or shifts. [Obs.] Udall. MUCKERER Muck"er*er, n. Defn: A miser; a niggard. [Obs.] MUCKINESS Muck"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being mucky. MUCKLE Muc"kle, a. Etym: [See Mickle.] Defn: Much. [Obs.] MUCKMIDDEN Muck"mid`den, n. Defn: A dunghill. [Scot.] MUCK RAKE Muck rake. Defn: A rake for scraping up muck or dung. See Muckrake, v. i., below. MUCK-RAKE; MUCKRAKE; MUCKRAKER Muck"rake`, v. i. [imp. & p. p. -raked; p. pr. & vb. n. -raking.] Defn: To seek for, expose, or charge, esp. habitually, corruption, real or alleged, on the part of public men and corporations. On April 14, 1906, President Roosevelt delivered a speech on "The Man with the Muck Rake," in which he deprecated sweeping and unjust charges of corruption against public men and corporations. The phrase was taken up by the press, and the verb to muck"rake`, in the above sense, and the noun muck"rak`er, to designate one so engaged, were speedily coined and obtained wide currency. The original allusion was to a character in Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress" so intent on raking up muck that he could not see a celestial crown held above him. MUCKSY Muck"sy, a. Defn: Somewhat mucky; soft, sticky, and dirty; muxy. [Prov. Eng.] R. D. Blackmore. MUCKWORM Muck"worm`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A larva or grub that lives in muck or manure; -- applied to the larvæ of the tumbledung and allied beetles. 2. One who scrapes together money by mean labor and devices; a miser. "Misers are muckworms." Pope. MUCKY Muck"y, a. 1. Filthy with muck; miry; as, a mucky road. "Mucky filth." Spenser. 2. Vile, in a moral sense; sordid. [Obs.] Spenser. Mucky money and false felicity. Latimer. MUCOCELE Mu"co*cele, n. Etym: [Mucus + Gr. (Med.) Defn: An enlargement or protrusion of the mucous membrane of the lachrymal passages, or dropsy of the lachrymal sac, dependent upon catarrhal inflammation of the latter. Dunglison. MUCOID Mu"coid, a. Etym: [Mucus + -oid.] Defn: Resembling mucus. Dunglison. Mucoid degeneration, a form of degeneration in which the tissues are transformed into a semisolid substance resembling mucus. Quain. MUCONATE Mu"co*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of muconic acid. MUCONIC Mu*con"ic, a. Etym: [Mucic + itaconic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid, obtained indirectly from mucic acid, and somewhat resembling itaconic acid. MUCOPURULENT Mu`co*pu"ru*lent, a. Etym: [Mucus + purulent.] (Med.) Defn: Having the character or appearance of both mucus and pus. Dunglison. MUCOR Mu"cor, n. Etym: [L., fr. mucere to be moldy or musty.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of minute fungi. The plants consist of slender threads with terminal globular sporangia; mold. MUCOSITY Mu*cos"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being mucous or slimy; mucousness. MUCOUS Mu"cous, a. Etym: [L. mucosus, fr. mucus mucus.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, mucus; slimy, ropy, or stringy, and lubricous; as, a mucous substance. 2. Secreting a slimy or mucigenous substance; as, the mucous membrane. Mucous membrane. (Anat.) See under Membrane. -- Mucous patches (Med.), elevated patches found in the mucous membranes of the mouth and anus, usually due to syphilis. -- Mucous tissue (Anat.), a form of connective tissue in an early stage of development, found in the umbilical cord and in the embryo, and also in certain tumors called myxomata. MUCOUSNESS Mu"cous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being mucous; sliminess. MUCRO Mu"cro, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: A minute abrupt point, as of a leaf; any small, sharp point or process, terminating a larger part or organ. MUCRONATE; MUCRONATED Mu"cro*nate, Mu"cro*na`ted, a. Etym: [L. mucronatus, fr. mucro a sharp point: cf. F. mucroné.] Defn: Ending abruptly in a sharp point; abruptly tipped with a short and sharp point; as, a mucronate leaf. -- Mu"cro*nate*ly, adv. MUCRONULATE Mu*cron"u*late, a. Defn: Having, or tipped with, a small point or points. MUCULENT Mu"cu*lent, a. Etym: [L. muculentus, fr. mucus.] Defn: Slimy; moist, and moderately viscous. MUCUS Mu"cus, n. Etym: [L. mucus, muccus; cf. mucere 8be moldy or musty, Gr. muc to release. Cf. Match for striking fire, Moist, Mucilage.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: A viscid fluid secreted by mucous membranes, which it serves to moisten and protect. It covers the lining membranes of all the cavities which open externally, such as those of the mouth, nose, lungs, intestinal canal, urinary passages, etc. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Any other animal fluid of a viscid quality, as the synovial fluid, which lubricates the cavities of the joints; -- improperly so used. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A gelatinous or slimy substance found in certain algæ and other plants. MUCUSIN Mu"cus*in, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Mucin. [R.] MUD Mud, n. Etym: [Akin to LG. mudde, D. modder, G. moder mold, OSw. modd mud, Sw. modder mother, Dan. mudder mud. Cf. Mother a scum on liquors.] Defn: Earth and water mixed so as to be soft and adhesive. Mud bass (Zoöl.), a fresh-water fish (Acantharchum pomotis) of the Eastern United States. It produces a deep grunting note. -- Mud bath, an immersion of the body, or some part of it, in mud charged with medicinal agents, as a remedy for disease. -- Mud boat, a large flatboat used in deredging. -- Mud cat. See Catfish. -- Mud crab (Zoöl.), any one of several American marine crabs of the genus Panopeus. -- Mud dab (Zoöl.), the winter flounder. See Flounder, and Dab. -- Mud dauber (Zoöl.), a mud wasp. -- Mud devil (Zoöl.), the fellbender. -- Mud drum (Steam Boilers), a drum beneath a boiler, into which sediment and mud in the water can settle for removal. -- Mud eel (Zoöl.), a long, slender, aquatic amphibian (Siren lacertina), found in the Southern United States. It has persistent external gills and only the anterior pair of legs. See Siren. -- Mud frog (Zoöl.), a European frog (Pelobates fuscus). -- Mud hen. (Zoöl.) (a) The American coot (Fulica Americana). (b) The clapper rail. -- Mud lark, a person who cleans sewers, or delves in mud. [Slang] - - Mud minnow (Zoöl.), any small American fresh-water fish of the genus Umbra, as U. limi. The genus is allied to the pickerels. -- Mud plug, a plug for stopping the mudhole of a boiler. -- Mud puppy (Zoöl.), the menobranchus. -- Mud scow, a heavy scow, used in dredging; a mud boat. [U.S.] -- Mud turtle, Mud tortoise (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of fresh-water tortoises of the United States. -- Mud wasp (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of hymenopterous insects belonging to Pepæus, and allied genera, which construct groups of mud cells, attached, side by side, to stones or to the woodwork of buildings, etc. The female places an egg in each cell, together with spiders or other insects, paralyzed by a sting, to serve as food for the larva. Called also mud dauber. MUD Mud, v. t. 1. To bury in mud. [R.] Shak. 2. To make muddy or turbid. Shak. MUDAR Mu"dar, n. Etym: [Hind. madar.] (Bot.) Defn: Either one of two asclepiadaceous shrubs (Calotropis gigantea, and C. procera), which furnish a strong and valuable fiber. The acrid milky juice is used medicinally. MUDARIN Mu"da*rin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A brown, amorphous, bitter substance having a strong emetic action, extracted from the root of the mudar. MUDDILY Mud"di*ly Defn: , In a muddy manner; turbidly; without mixture; cloudily; obscurely; confusedly. MUDDINESS Mud"di*ness, n. 1. The condition or quality of being muddy; turbidness; foulness casued by mud, dirt, or sediment; as, the muddiness of a stream. 2. Obscurity or confusion, as in treatment of a subject; intellectual dullness. MUDDLE Mud"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Muddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Muddling.] Etym: [From Mud.] 1. To make turbid, or muddy, as water. [Obs.] He did ill to muddle the water. L'Estrange. 2. To cloud or stupefy; to render stupid with liquor; to intoxicate partially. Epicurus seems to have had brains so muddled and confounded, that he scarce ever kept in the right way. Bentley. Often drunk, always muddled. Arbuthnot. 3. To waste or misuse, as one does who is stupid or intoxicated. [R.] They muddle it [money] away without method or object, and without having anything to show for it. Hazlitt. 4. To mix confusedly; to confuse; to make a mess of; as, to muddle matters; also, to perplex; to mystify. F. W. Newman. MUDDLE Mud"dle, v. i. 1. To dabble in mud. [Obs.] Swift. 2. To think and act in a confused, aimless way. MUDDLE Mud"dle, n. Defn: A state of being turbid or confused; hence, intellectual cloudiness or dullness. We both grub on in a muddle. Dickens. MUDDLEHEAD Mud"dle*head`, n. Defn: A stupid person. [Colloq.] C. Reade. -- Mud"dle-head`ed, a. [Colloq.] Dickens. MUDDLER Mud"dler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, muddles. MUDDY Mud"dy, a. [Compar. Muddier; superl. Muddiest.] 1. Abounding in mud; besmeared or dashed with mud; as, a muddy road or path; muddy boots. 2. Turbid with mud; as, muddy water. 3. Consisting of mud or earth; gross; impure. This muddy vesture of decay. Shak. 4. Confused, as if turbid with mud; cloudy in mind; dull; stupid; also, immethodical; incoherent; vague. Cold hearts and muddy understandings. Burke. Dost think I am so muddy, so unsettled. Shak. 5. Not clear or bright. Swift. MUDDY Mud"dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Muddied; p. pr. & vb. n. Muddying.] 1. To soil with mud; to dirty; to render turbid. 2. Fig.: To cloud; to make dull or heavy. Grew. MUDDY-HEADED Mud"dy-head`ed, a. Defn: Dull; stupid. MUDDY-METTLED Mud"dy-met`tled, a. Defn: Dull-spirited. Shak. MUDFISH Mud"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The European loach. (b) The bowfin. (c) The South American lipedosiren, and the allied African species (Protopterus annectens). See Lipedosiren. (d) The mud minnow. MUDHOLE Mud"hole`, n. 1. A hole, or hollow place, containing mud, as in a road. 2. (Steam Boilers) Defn: A hole near the bottom, through which the sediment is withdrawn. MUDIR Mu"dir, n. Defn: Same as Moodir. MUDSILL Mud"sill`, n. Defn: The lowest sill of a structure, usually embedded in the soil; the lowest timber of a house; also, that sill or timber of a bridge which is laid at the bottom of the water. See Sill. MUDSUCKER Mud"suck`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A woodcock. MUDWALL Mud"wall`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European bee-eater. See Bee-eater. [Written also modwall.] MUDWORT Mud"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A small herbaceous plant growing on muddy shores (Limosella aquatica). MUE Mue, v. i. Defn: To mew; to molt. [Obs.] Quarles. MUEZZIN Mu*ez"zin, n. Etym: [Ar.] Defn: A Mohammedan crier of the hour of prayer. [Written also mouezzin, mueddin, and muwazzin.] MUFF Muff, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. muff, D. mof, G., Dan., & Sw. muff, F. moufle mitten, LL. muffula, MHG. mouwe sleeve, D. mouw, and E. muffle, v.] 1. A soft cover of cylindrical form, usually of fur, worn by women to shield the hands from cold. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A short hollow cylinder surrounding an object, as a pipe. 3. (Glass Manuf.) Defn: A blown cylinder of glass which is afterward flattened out to make a sheet. 4. Etym: [Perhaps a different word; cf. Prov. E. maffle to slammer.] Defn: A stupid fellow; a poor-spirited person. [Colloq.] "A muff of a curate." Thackeray. 5. Etym: [See 4.] (Baseball) Defn: A failure to hold a ball when once in the hands. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: The whitethroat. [Prov. Eng.] MUFF Muff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Muffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Muffing.] Defn: To handle awkwardly; to fumble; to fail to hold, as a ball, in catching it. MUFFETEE Muf`fe*tee", n. Defn: A small muff worn over the wrist. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. MUFFIN Muf"fin, n. Etym: [From Muff.] Defn: A light, spongy, cylindrical cake, used for breakfast and tea. MUFFINEER Muf`fin*eer", n. Defn: A dish for keeping muffins hot. MUFFISH Muff"ish, a. Etym: [See Muff, 4 & 5.] Defn: Stupid; awkward. [Colloq.] MUFFLE Muf"fle, n. Defn: The bare end of the nose between the nostrils; -- used esp. of ruminants. MUFFLE Muf"fle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Muffled; p. pr. & vb. n. Muffling.] Etym: [Cf. F. moufle a mitten, LL. muffula, OD. moffel a muff. See Muff.] 1. To wrap up in something that conceals or protects; to wrap, as the face and neck, in thick and disguishing folds; hence, to conceal or cover the face of; to envelop; to inclose; -- often with up. South. The face lies muffled up within the garment. Addison. He muffled with a cloud his mournful eyes. Dryden. Muffled up in darkness and superstition. Arbuthnot. 2. To prevent seeing, or hearing, or speaking, by wraps bound about the head; to blindfold; to deafen. 3. To wrap with something that dulls or deadens the sound of; as, to muffle the strings of a drum, or that part of an oar which rests in the rowlock. MUFFLE Muf"fle, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. maffle, mumble, D. moffelen.] Defn: To speak indistinctly, or without clear articulation. MUFFLE Muf"fle, n. Etym: [F. moufle, prop., a mitten, from the resemblance in shape. See Muffle, v. t., Muff.] 1. Anything with which another thing, as an oar or drum, is muffled; also, a boxing glove; a muff. 2. (Metal.) Defn: An earthenware compartment or oven, often shaped like a half cylinder, used in furnaces to protect objects heated from the direct action of the fire, as in scorification of ores, cupellation of ore buttons, etc. 3. (Ceramics) Defn: A small oven for baking and fixing the colors of painted or printed pottery, without exposing the pottery to the flames of the furnace or kiln. 4. A pulley block containing several sheaves. Knight. MUFFLER Muf"fler, n. 1. Anything used in muffling; esp., a scarf for protecting the head and neck in cold weather; a tippet. Fortune is painted blind, with a muffler above her eyes. Shak. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A cushion for terminating or softening a note made by a stringed instrument with a keyboard. 3. A kind of mitten or boxing glove, esp. when stuffed. 4. One who muffles. MUFLON Muf"lon, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Mouflon. MUFTI Muf"ti, n.; pl. Muftis. Etym: [Ar. mufti.] Defn: An official expounder of Mohammedan law. MUFTI Muf"ti, n. Defn: Citizen's dress when worn by a naval or military officer; -- a term derived from the British service in India. [Colloq. Eng.] MUG Mug, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. mugam a mug, mucog a cup.] 1. A kind of earthen or metal drinking cup, with a handle, -- usually cylindrical and without a lip. 2. The face or mouth. [Slang] Thackeray. MUGGARD Mug"gard, a. Etym: [Cf. G. mucker a sulky person, muckish sullen, peevish, mucken to mutter, grumble.] Defn: Sullen; displeased. [Obs.] MUGGER; MUGGAR; MUGGUR Mug"ger, n. Also Mug"gar, Mug"gur. [Hind. magar, fr. Skr. makara sea monster.] Defn: The common crocodile (Crocodilus palustris) of India, the East Indies, etc. It becomes twelve feet or more long. MUGGET Mug"get, n. Defn: The small entrails of a calf or a hog. MUGGINESS Mug"gi*ness, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being muggy. MUGGINS Mug"gins, n. [Etym. unknown.] 1. A game of dominoes in which the object is to make the sum of the two ends of the line some multiple of five. 2. A game at cards which depends upon building in suits or matching exposed cards, the object being to get rid of one's cards. MUGGINS Mug"gins, v. t. Defn: In certain games, to score against, or take an advantage over (an opponent), as for an error, announcing the act by saying "muggins." MUGGISH Mug"gish, a. Defn: See Muggy. MUGGLETONIAN Mug`gle*to"ni*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of an extinct sect, named after Ludovic Muggleton, an English journeyman tailor, who (about 1657) claimed to be inspired. Eadie. MUGGY Mug"gy, a. [Compar. Muggier; superl. Muggiest.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. mugga mist, mugginess. Cf. 4th Mold.] 1. Moist; damp; moldy; as, muggy straw. 2. Warm, damp, and close; as, muggy air, weather. MUGHOUSE Mug"house`, n. Defn: An alehouse; a pothouse. Tickel. MUGIENCY Mu"gi*en*cy, n. Defn: A bellowing. [Obs.] MUGIENT Mu"gi*ent, a. Etym: [L. mugiens, p.pr. of mugire to bellow.] Defn: Lowing; bellowing. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. MUGIL Mu"gil, n. Etym: [L., a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fishes including the gray mullets. See Mullet. MUGILOID Mu"gi*loid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the genus Mugil, or family Mugilidæ. MUGWEED Mug"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A slender European weed (Galium Cruciata); -- called also crossweed. MUGWORT Mug"wort`, n. Etym: [AS. mucgwyrt. Cf. Midge.] (Bot.) Defn: A somewhat aromatic composite weed (Artemisia vulgaris), at one time used medicinally; -- called also motherwort. MUGWUMP Mug"wump`, n. Etym: [Cf. Algonquin mugquomp a chief.] Defn: A bolter from the Republican party in the national election of 1884; an Independent. [Political Cant, U.S.] MUGWUMPERY; MUGWUMPISM Mug"wump`er*y, Mug"wump*ism, n. Defn: The acts and views of the mugwumps. [Political Cant, U.S.] MUHAMMADAN; MUHAMMEDAN Mu*ham"mad*an, Mu*ham"med*an, a. & n. Defn: Mohammedan. MUHAMMADANISM Mu*ham"mad*an*ism, n. Defn: Mohammedanism. MULADA Mu*la"da, n. Defn: A moor. [Scot.] Lockhart. MULADA Mu*la"da, n. Etym: [Sp. Amer., fr. Sp. mulo, mula, a mule.] Defn: A drove of mules. [Southwest. U.S.] MULATTO Mu*lat"to, n.; pl. Mulattoes. Etym: [Sp. & Pg. mulato, masc., mulata, fem., of a mixed breed, fr. mulo mule, L. mulus. See Mule.] Defn: The offspring of a negress by a white man, or of a white woman by a negro, -- usually of a brownish yellow complexion. MULATTRESS Mu*lat"tress, n. Defn: A female mulatto. G. W. Gable. MULBERRY Mul"ber*ry, n.; pl. Mulberries. Etym: [OE. moolbery, murberie, AS. murberie, where the first part is fr. L. morum mulberry; cf. Gr. Murrey, Sycamore.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The berry or fruit of any tree of the genus Morus; also, the tree itself. See Morus. 2. A dark pure color, like the hue of a black mulberry. Mulberry mass. (Biol.) See Morula. -- Paper mulberry, a tree (Broussonetia papyrifera), related to the true mulberry, used in Polynesia for making tapa cloth by macerating and pounding the inner bark, and in China and Japan for the manufacture of paper. It is seen as a shade tree in America. MULBERRY-FACED Mul"ber*ry-faced` (-fast`), a. Defn: Having a face of a mulberry color, or blotched as if with mulberry stains. MULCH Mulch, n. Etym: [Cf. mull dirt, also Prov. G. mulsch, molsch, rotten, soft, mellow, as fruit.] Defn: Half-rotten straw, or any like substance strewn on the ground, as over the roots of plants, to protect from heat, drought, etc., and to preserve moisture. MULCH Mulch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mulched; p. pr. & vb. n. Mulching.] Defn: To cover or dress with mulch. MULCT Mulct, n. Etym: [L. mulcta, multa.] 1. A fine or penalty, esp. a pecuniary punishment or penalty. 2. A blemish or defect. [Obs.] Syn. -- Amercement; forfeit; forfeiture; penalty. MULCT Mulct, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mulcted; p. pr. & vb. n. Mulcting.] Etym: [L. mulctare, multare.] 1. To punish for an offense or misdemeanor by imposing a fine or forfeiture, esp. a pecuniary fine; to fine. 2. Hence, to deprive of; to withhold by way of punishment or discipline. [Obs.] MULCTARY; MULCTUARY Mulc"ta*ry, Mulc"tu*a*ry, a. Defn: Imposing a pecuniary penalty; consisting of, or paid as, a fine. Fines, or some known mulctuary punishments. Sir W. Temple. MULE Mule, n. Etym: [F., a she-mule, L. mula, fem. of mulus; cf. Gr. m, fr. L. mulus. Cf. Mulatto.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A hybrid animal; specifically, one generated between an ass and a mare, sometimes a horse and a she-ass. See Hinny. Note: Mules are much used as draught animals. They are hardy, and proverbial for stubbornness. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant or vegetable produced by impregnating the pistil of one species with the pollen or fecundating dust of another; -- called also hybrid. 3. A very stubborn person. 4. A machine, used in factories, for spinning cotton, wool, etc., into yarn or thread and winding it into cops; -- called also jenny and mule-jenny. Mule armadillo (Zoöl.), a long-eared armadillo (Tatusia hybrida), native of Buenos Ayres; -- called also mulita. See Illust. under Armadillo. -- Mule deer (Zoöl.), a large deer (Cervus, or Cariacus, macrotis) of the Western United States. The name refers to its long ears. -- Mule pulley (Mach.), an idle pulley for guiding a belt which transmits motion between shafts that are not parallel. -- Mule twist, cotton yarn in cops, as spun on a mule; -- in distinction from yarn spun on a throstle frame. MULE-JENNY Mule"-jen`ny, n. Defn: See Mule, 4. MULE KILLER Mule killer. Defn: Any of several arthropods erroneously supposed to kill live stock, in the southern United States, by stinging or by being swallowed; as: (a) A whip scorpion. [Florida] (b) A walking-stick insect. [Texas] (c) A mantis. (d) A wheel bug. MULETEER Mu`le*teer", n. Etym: [F. muletier, fr. mulet a mule, dim. fr. L. mulus.] Defn: One who drives mules. MULEWORT Mule"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A fern of the genus Hemionitis. MULEY Mu"ley, n. (Sawmills) Defn: A stiff, long saw, guided at the ends but not stretched in a gate. Muley axle (Railroad), a car axle without collars at the outer ends of the journals. Forney. MULEY Mul"ey, n. Defn: See Mulley. MULIEBRITY Mu`li*eb"ri*ty, n. Etym: [L. muliebritas, fr. muliebris belonging to a woman, fr. mulier a woman.] 1. The state of being a woman or of possessing full womanly powers; womanhood; -- correlate of virility. 2. Hence: Effeminancy; softness. MULIER Mu"li*er, n. Etym: [L., a woman.] 1. A woman. 2. (Law) (a) Lawful issue born in wedlock, in distinction from an elder brother born of the same parents before their marriage; a lawful son. (b) (Civ. Law) A woman; a wife; a mother. Blount. Cowell. MULIERLY Mu"li*er*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner or condition of a mulier; in wedlock; legitimately. [Obs.] MULIEROSE Mu"li*er*ose`, a. Etym: [L. mulierosus.] Defn: Fond of woman. [R.] Charles Reade. MULIEROSITY Mu`li*er*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. mulierositas.] Defn: A fondness for women. [R.] Dr. H. More. MULIERTY Mu"li*er*ty, n. (Law) Defn: Condition of being a mulier; position of one born in lawful wedlock. MULISH Mul"ish, a. Defn: Like a mule; sullen; stubborn. -- Mul"ish*ly, adv. -- Mul"ish*ness, n. MULL Mull, n. Etym: [Perh. contr. fr. mossul. See Muslin.] Defn: A thin, soft kind of muslin. MULL Mull, n. Etym: [Icel. m a snout, muzzle, projecting crag; or cf. Ir. & Gael. meall a heap of earth, a mound, a hill or eminence, W. moel. Cf. Mouth.] 1. A promontory; as, the Mull of Cantyre. [Scot.] 2. A snuffbox made of the small end of a horn. MULL Mull, n. Etym: [Prob. akin to mold. *108. See Mold.] Defn: Dirt; rubbish. [Obs.] Gower. MULL Mull, v. t. Etym: [OE. mullen. See 2d Muller.] Defn: To powder; to pulverize. [Prov. Eng.] MULL Mull, v. i. Defn: To work (over) mentally; to cogitate; to ruminate; -- usually with over; as, to mull over a thought or a problem. [Colloq. U.S.] MULL Mull, n. Defn: An inferior kind of madder prepared from the smaller roots or the peelings and refuse of the larger. MULL Mull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mulled; p. pr. & vb. n. Mulling.] Etym: [From mulled, for mold, taken as a p.p.; OE. mold-ale funeral ale or banquet. See Mold soil.] 1. To heat, sweeten, and enrich with spices; as, to mull wine. New cider, mulled with ginger warm. Gay. 2. To dispirit or deaden; to dull or blunt. Shak. MULLA Mul"la, n. Defn: Same as Mollah. MULLAGATAWNY Mul`la*ga*taw"ny, n. Etym: [Tamil milagu-tannir pepper water.] Defn: An East Indian curry soup. MULLAH Mul"lah, n. Defn: See Mollah. MULLAR Mul"lar, n. Defn: A die, cut in intaglio, for stamping an ornament in relief, as upon metal. MULLEIN Mul"lein, n. Etym: [OE. moleyn, AS. molegn.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Verbascum. They are tall herbs having coarse leaves, and large flowers in dense spikes. The common species, with densely woolly leaves, is Verbascum Thapsus. Moth mullein. See under Moth. -- Mullein foxglove, an American herb (Seymeria macrophylla) with coarse leaves and yellow tubular flowers with a spreading border. -- Petty mullein, the cowslip. Dr. Prior. MULLEN Mul"len, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Mullein. MULLER Mull"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, mulls. 2. A vessel in which wine, etc., is mulled over a fire. MULLER Mull"er, n. Etym: [OE. mullen to pulverize, bruise; cf. Icel. mylja; prob. akin to E. mold soil. See Mold soil, and cf. Mull dirt.] Defn: A stone or thick lump of glass, or kind of pestle, flat at the bottom, used for grinding pigments or drugs, etc., upon a slab of similar material. MULLERIAN; MUELLERIAN Mül*le"ri*an, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or discovered by, Johannes Müller. Müllerian ducts (Anat.), a pair of embryonic ducts which give rise to the genital passages in the female, but disappear in the male. -- Müllerian fibers (Anat.), the sustentacular or connective-tissue fibers which form the framework of the retina. MULLET Mul"let, n. Etym: [OE. molet, mulet, F. mulet, fr. L. mullus.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous fishes of the genus Mugil; -- called also gray mullets. They are found on the coasts of both continents, and are highly esteemed as food. Among the most valuable species are Mugil capito of Europe, and M. cephalus which occurs both on the European and American coasts. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of the genus Mullus, or family Mullidæ; called also red mullet, and surmullet, esp. the plain surmullet (Mullus barbatus), and the striped surmullet (M. surmulletus) of Southern Europe. The former is the mullet of the Romans. It is noted for the brilliancy of its colors. See Surmullet. French mullet. See Ladyfish (a). MULLET Mul"let, n. Etym: [F. molette.] (Her.) Defn: A star, usually five pointed and pierced; -- when used as a difference it indicates the third son. MULLET Mul"let, n. Etym: [Cf. F. molet a sort of pinchers.] Defn: Small pinchers for curling the hair. [Obs.] B. Jonson. MULLEY; MOOLLEY Mul"ley, Mool"ley, n. Etym: [CF. Gael. maolag a hornless cow, maol bald, hornless, blunt.] 1. A mulley or polled animal. [U. S.] 2. A cow. [Prov. Eng.; U.S., a child's word.] Leave milking and dry up old mulley, thy cow. Tusser. MULLEY; MOOLLEY Mul"ley, Mool"ley, a. Defn: Destitute of horns, although belonging to a species of animals most of which have horns; hornless; polled; as, mulley cattle; a mulley (or moolley) cow. [U. S.] [Written also muley.] MULLIGATAWNY Mul`li*ga*taw"ny, n. Defn: See Mullagatawny. MULLIGRUBS Mul"li*grubs, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. mull to squeeze, pull about, mulling numb or dull.] 1. A griping of the intestines; colic. [Slang] Whose dog lies sick of the mulligrubs Beau. & Fl. 2. Hence, sullenness; the sulks. [Slang] MULLINGONG Mul"lin*gong, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Duck mole, under Duck. [Written also mollingong.] MULLION Mul"lion, n. Etym: [A corruption of munnion, F. moignon stump of an amputated limb, stump, OF. moing mutilated; cf. Armor. moñ, mouñ, mank, monk, and also L. mancus maimed.] (Arch.) (a) A slender bar or pier which forms the division between the lights of windows, screens, etc. (b) An upright member of a framing. See Stile. MULLION Mul"lion, v. t. Defn: To furnish with mullions; to divide by mullions. MULLOCK Mul"lock, n. Etym: [From Mull dirt: cf. Scot. mulloch, mulock, crumb. *108.] Defn: Rubbish; refuse; dirt. [Obs.] All this mullok [was] in a sieve ythrowe. Chaucer. MULLOID Mul"loid, a. Etym: [NL. Mullus, generic name (fr. L. mullus surmullet) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the genus Mullus, which includes the surmullet, or red mullet. MULMUL Mul"mul, n. Defn: A fine, soft muslin; mull. MULSE Mulse, n. Etym: [L. mulsum (sc. vinum), fr. mulsus mixed with honey, honey-sweet, p.p. of mulcere to sweeten, soften.] Defn: Wine boiled and mingled with honey. MULT- Mult-. Defn: See Multi-. MULTANGULAR Mul*tan"gu*lar, a. Etym: [L. multangulus; multus much, many + angulus angle: cf. F. multangulaire.] Defn: Having many angles. -- Mul*tan"gu*lar*ly, adv. -- Mul*tan"gu*lar*ness, n. MULTANIMOUS Mul*tan"i*mous, a. Etym: [Mult- + L. animus mind.] Defn: Many-minded; many-sided. The multanimous nature of the poet. J. R. Lowell. MULTARTICULATE Mul`tar*tic"u*late, a. Etym: [Mult- + articulate.] Defn: Having many articulations or joints. MULTEITY Mul*te"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. multus much, many.] Defn: Multiplicity. [R.] Coleridge. MULTI-; MULT- Mul"ti-, Mult-. Etym: [L. multus much.] Defn: A prefix signifying much or many; several; more than one; as, multiaxial, multocular. MULTIAXIAL Mul`ti*ax"i*al, a. Etym: [Multi- + axial.] (Biol.) Defn: Having more than one axis; developing in more than a single line or plain; -- opposed to Ant: monoaxial. MULTICAPSULAR Mul`ti*cap"su*lar, a. Etym: [Multi- + capsular: cf. F. multicapsulaire.] (Bot.) Defn: Having many, or several, capsules. MULTICARINATE Mul`ti*car"i*nate, a. Etym: [Multi- + carinate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Many-keeled. MULTICAVOUS Mul`ti*ca"vous, a. Etym: [L. multicavus; multus much, many + cavum, cavus, a cavity, hole, fr. cavus hollow.] Defn: Having many cavities. MULTICELLULAR Mul`ti*cel"lu*lar, a. Defn: Consisting of, or having, many cells or more than one cell. MULTICENTRAL Mul`ti*cen"tral, a. Etym: [Multi- + central.] Defn: Having many, or several, centers; as, a multicentral cell. Multicental development (Biol.), growth, or development, from several centers. According as the insubordination to a single center is more or less pronounced, the resultant organism will be more or less irregular in form and may even discontinuous. MULTICIPITAL Mul`ti*cip"i*tal, a. Etym: [Multi- + L. caput head.] (Bot.) Defn: Having many heads or many stems from one crown or root. Gray. MULTICOLOR Mul"ti*col`or, a. Etym: [See Multi-, and Color.] Defn: Having many, or several, colors. MULTICOSTATE Mul`ti*cos"tate, a. Etym: [Multi- + costate.] Defn: Having numerous ribs, or costæ, as the leaf of a plant, or as certain shells and corals. MULTICUSPID Mul`ti*cus"pid, a. Etym: [See Multi-, and Cuspid.] Defn: Multicuspidate; -- said of teeth. MULTICUSPIDATE Mul`ti*cus"pi*date, a. Etym: [Multi- + cuspidate.] Defn: Having many cusps or points. MULTIDENTATE Mul`ti*den"tate, a. Etym: [Multi- + dentate.] Defn: Having many teeth, or toothlike processes. MULTIDIGITATE Mul`ti*dig"i*tate, a. Etym: [Multi- + digitate.] Defn: Having many fingers, or fingerlike processes. MULTIFACED Mul"ti*faced`, a. Etym: [Multi- + face.] Defn: Having many faces. MULTIFARIOUS Mul`ti*fa"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. multifarius; multus much, many. Cf. Bifarious.] 1. Having multiplicity; having great diversity or variety; of various kinds; diversified; made up of many differing parts; manifold. There is a multifarious artifice in the structure of the meanest animal. Dr. H. More. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having parts, as leaves, arranged in many vertical rows. MULTIFARIOUSLY Mul`ti*fa"ri*ous*ly, adv. Defn: With great multiplicity and diversity; with variety of modes and relations. MULTIFARIOUSNESS Mul`ti*fa"ri*ous*ness, n. 1. Multiplied diversity. 2. (Law) Defn: The fault of improperly uniting in one bill distinct and independent matters, and thereby confounding them. Burrill. MULTIFEROUS Mul*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. multifer; multus much, many + ferre to bear.] Defn: Bearing or producing much or many. [R.] MULTIFID Mul"ti*fid, a. Etym: [L. multifidus; multus much, many + findere to split: cf. F. multifide.] (Bot.) Defn: Having many segments; cleft into several parts by linear sinuses; as, a multifid leaf or corolla. MULTIFLOROUS Mul`ti*flo"rous, a. Etym: [L. multiflorus; multus much, many + flos, floris, flower: cf. F. multiflore.] (Bot.) Defn: Having many flowers. MULTIFLUE Mul"ti*flue, a. Etym: [Multi- + flue.] Defn: Having many flues; as, a multiflue boiler. See Boiler. MULTIFOIL Mul"ti*foil, n. Etym: [Multi- + foil.] (Arch.) Defn: An ornamental foliation consisting of more than five divisions or foils. [R.] See Foil. MULTIFOIL Mul"ti*foil, a. Defn: Having more than five divisions or foils. MULTIFOLD Mul"ti*fold, a. Etym: [Multi- + fold.] Defn: Many times doubled; manifold; numerous. MULTIFORM Mul"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. multiformis; multus much, many + forma shape: cf. F. multiforme.] Defn: Having many forms, shapes, or appearances. A plastic and multiform unit. Hare. MULTIFORMITY Mul`ti*form"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. multiformitas.] Defn: The quality of being multiform; diversity of forms; variety of appearances in the same thing. Purchas. MULTIFORMOUS Mul`ti*form"ous, a. Defn: Multiform. [Obs.] MULTIGENEROUS Mul`ti*gen"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. multigenerus; multus + genus, generis, kind.] Defn: Having many kinds. MULTIGRANULATE Mul`ti*gran"u*late, a. Etym: [Multi- + granulate.] Defn: Having, or consisting of, many grains. MULTIGRAPH Mul"ti*graph, n. [Multi- + -graph.] Defn: A combined rotary type-setting and printing machine for office use. The type is transferred semi-automatically by means of keys from a type-supply drum to a printing drum. The printing may be done by means of an inked ribbon to print "typewritten" letters, or directly from inked type or a stereotype plate, as in a printing press. MULTIJUGATE Mul*tij"u*gate, a. Defn: Having many pairs of leaflets. MULTIJUGOUS Mul*tij"u*gous, a. Etym: [L. multijugus; multus + jugum yoke.] 1. Consisting of many parts. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Multijugate. MULTILATERAL Mul`ti*lat"er*al, a. Etym: [Multi- + lateral.] Defn: Having many sides; many-sided. MULTILINEAL Mul`ti*lin"e*al, a. Etym: [Multi- + lineal.] Defn: Having many lines. Steevens. MULTILOBAR Mul`ti*lo"bar, a. Etym: [Multi- + lobar.] Defn: Consisting of, or having, many lobes. MULTILOCULAR Mul`ti*loc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Multi- + locular: cf. F. multiloculaire.] Defn: Having many or several cells or compartments; as, a multilocular shell or capsule. MULTILOQUENCE Mul*til"o*quence, n. Defn: Quality of being multiloquent; use of many words; talkativeness. MULTILOQUENT; MULTILOQUOUS Mul*til"o*quent, Mul*til"o*quous, a. Etym: [L. multiloquus; multus much, many + loqui to speak.] Defn: Speaking much; very talkative; loquacious. MULTILOQUY Mul*til"o*quy, n. Etym: [L. multiloquium.] Defn: Excess of words or talk. [R.] MULTINODATE Mul`ti*no"date, a. Etym: [Multi- + nodate.] Defn: Having many knots or nodes. MULTINODOUS Mul`ti*no"dous, a. Etym: [L. multinodus.] Defn: Same as Multinodate. MULTINOMIAL Mul`ti*no"mi*al, n. & a. Etym: [Multi- + -nomial, as in binomial. See Binomial.] (Alg.) Defn: Same as Polynomial. MULTINOMINAL; MULTINOMINOUS Mul`ti*nom"i*nal, Mul`ti*nom"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. multinominis; multus many + nomen nominis name.] Defn: Having many names or terms. MULTINUCLEAR Mul`ti*nu"cle*ar, a. Etym: [Multi- + nuclear.] (Biol.) Defn: Containing many nuclei; as, multinuclear cells. MULTINUCLEATE; MULTINUCLEATED Mul`ti*nu"cle*ate, Mul`ti*nu"cle*a`ted, a. (Biol.) Defn: Multinuclear. MULTIPAROUS Mul*tip"a*rous, a. Etym: [Multi- + L. parere to produce: cf. F. multipare.] Defn: Producing many, or more than one, at a birth. MULTIPARTITE Mul*tip"ar*tite, a. Etym: [L. multipartitus multus much, many partitus divided, p.p.: cf. F. multipartite. See Partite.] Defn: Divided into many parts; having several parts. MULTIPED Mul"ti*ped, n. Etym: [L. multipes, multipeda; multus much, many + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. multipède.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect having many feet, as a myriapod. MULTIPED Mul"ti*ped, a. Defn: Having many feet. MULTIPHASE Mul"ti*phase, a. [Multi- + phase.] Defn: Having many phases; specif. (Elec.), Defn: pertaining to, or designating, a generator producing, or any system conveying or utilizing, two or more waves of pressure, or electromotive force, not in phase with each other; polyphase. MULTIPLANE Mul"ti*plane, a. Defn: Having several or many planes or plane surfaces; as, a multiplane kite. MULTIPLANE Mul"ti*plane, n. [Multi- + plane.] (Aëronautics) Defn: An aëroplane with three or more superposed main planes. MULTIPLE Mul"ti*ple, a. Etym: [Cf. F. multiple, and E. quadruple, and multiply.] Defn: Containing more than once, or more than one; consisting of more than one; manifold; repeated many times; having several, or many, parts. Law of multiple proportion (Chem.), the generalization that when the same elements unite in more than one proportion, forming two or more different compounds, the higher proportions of the elements in such compounds are simple multiplies of the lowest proportion, or the proportions are connected by some simple common factor; thus, iron and oxygen unite in the proportions FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, in which compounds, considering the oxygen, 3 and 4 are simple multiplies of 1. Called also the Law of Dalton, from its discoverer. -- Multiple algebra, a branch of advanced mathematics that treats of operations upon units compounded of two or more unlike units. -- Multiple conjugation (Biol.), a coalescence of many cells (as where an indefinite number of amoeboid cells flow together into a single mass) from which conjugation proper and even fertilization may have been evolved. -- Multiple fruits. (Bot.) See Collective fruit, under Collective. -- Multiple star (Astron.), several stars in close proximity, which appear to form a single system. MULTIPLE Mul"ti*ple, n. (Math.) Defn: A quantity containing another quantity a number of times without a remainder. Note: A common multiple of two or more numbers contains each of them a number of times exactly; thus, 24 is a common multiple of 3 and 4. The least common multiple is the least number that will do this; thus, 12 is the least common multiple of 3 and 4. MULTIPLEX Mul"ti*plex, a. Etym: [L. multiplex, -plicis. See Multiply.] Defn: Manifold; multiple. MULTIPLIABLE Mul"ti*pli`a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. multipliable.] Defn: Capable of being multiplied. -- Mul"ti*pli`a*ble*ness, n. MULTIPLICABLE Mul"ti*pli*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. multiplicabilis.] Defn: Capable of being multiplied; multipliable. MULTIPLICAND Mul"ti*pli*cand`, n. Etym: [L. multiplicandus to be multiplied: cf. F. multiplicande.] (Math.) Defn: The number which is to be multiplied by another number called the multiplier. See Note under Multiplication. MULTIPLICATE Mul"ti*pli*cate, a. Etym: [L. multiplicatus, p.p. of multiplicare. See Multiply.] Defn: Consisting of many, or of more than one; multiple; multifold. Multiplicate flower (Bot.), a flower that is double, or has an unusual number of petals in consequence of the abnormal multiplication of the parts of the floral whorls. MULTIPLICATION Mul`ti*pli*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. multiplicatio: cf. F. multiplication. See Multiply.] 1. The act or process of multiplying, or of increasing in number; the state of being multiplied; as, the multiplication of the human species by natural generation. The increase and multiplication of the world. Thackeray. 2. (Math.) Defn: The process of repeating, or adding to itself, any given number or quantity a certain number of times; commonly, the process of ascertaining by a briefer computation the result of such repeated additions; also, the rule by which the operation is performed; -- the reverse of division. Note: The word multiplication is sometimes used in mathematics, particularly in multiple algebra, to denote any distributive operation expressed by one symbol upon any quantity or any thing expressed by another symbol. Corresponding extensions of meaning are given to the words multiply, multiplier, multiplicand, and product. Thus, since f(x + y) = fx + fy (see under Distributive), where f(x + y), fx, and fy indicate the results of any distributive operation represented by the symbol f upon x + y, x, and y, severally, then because of many very useful analogies f(x + y) is called the product of f and x + y, and the operation indicated by f is called multiplication. Cf. Facient, n., 2. 3. (Bot.) Defn: An increase above the normal number of parts, especially of petals; augmentation. 4. The art of increasing gold or silver by magic, -- attributed formerly to the alchemists. [Obs.] Chaucer. Multiplication table, a table giving the product of a set of numbers multiplied in some regular way; commonly, a table giving the products of the first ten or twelve numbers multiplied successively by 1, 2, 3, etc., up to 10 or 12. MULTIPLICATIVE Mul"ti*pli*ca*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. multiplicatif.] Defn: Tending to multiply; having the power to multiply, or incease numbers. MULTIPLICATIVELY Mul"ti*pli*ca*tive*ly, adv. Defn: So as to multiply. MULTIPLICATOR Mul"ti*pli*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. multiplicateur. Cf. Multiplier.] Defn: The number by which another number is multiplied; a multiplier. MULTIPLICIOUS Mul`ti*pli"cious, a. Etym: [See Multiplex.] Defn: Manifold. [Obs.] MULTIPLICITY Mul`ti*plic"ity, n. Etym: [Cf. F. multiplicité.] Defn: The quality of being multiple, manifold, or various; a state of being many; a multitude; as, a multiplicity of thoughts or objects. "A multiplicity of goods." South. MULTIPLIER Mul"ti*pli`er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. multiplier. Cf. Multiplicator.] 1. One who, or that which, multiplies or increases number. 2. (Math.) Defn: The number by which another number is multiplied. See the Note under Multiplication. 3. (Physics) Defn: An instrument for multiplying or increasing by repetition or accumulation the intensity of a force or action, as heat or electricity. It is particularly used to render such a force or action appreciable or measurable when feeble. See Thermomultiplier. MULTIPLY Mul"ti*ply, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Multiplied; p. pr. & vb. n. Multiplying.] Etym: [F. multiplier, L. multiplicare, fr. multiplex manifold. See Multitude, Complex.] 1. To increase in number; to make more numerous; to add quantity to. Impunity will multiply motives to disobedience. Ames. 2. (Math.) Defn: To add (any given number or quantity) to itself a certain number of times; to find the product of by multiplication; thus 7 multiplied by 8 produces the number 56; to multiply two numbers. See the Note under Multiplication. 3. To increase (the amount of gold or silver) by the arts of alchemy. [Obs.] Multiplying gear (Mach.), gear for increasing speed. -- Multiplying lens. (Opt.) See under Lens. MULTIPLY Mul"ti*ply, v. i. 1. To become greater in number; to become numerous. When men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them. Gen. vi. 1. 2. To increase in extent and influence; to spread. The word of God grew and multiplied. Acts xii. 24. 3. To increase amount of gold or silver by the arts of alchemy. [Obs.] Chaucer. MULTIPOLAR Mul`ti*po"lar, a. Etym: [Multi- + polar.] (Biol.) Defn: Having many poles; -- applied especially to those ganglionic nerve cells which have several radiating processes. MULTIPOTENT Mul*tip"o*tent, a. Etym: [L. multipotens; multus much + potens powerful. See Potent.] Defn: Having manifold power, or power to do many things. "Jove multipotent." Shak. MULTIPRESENCE Mul`ti*pres"ence, n. Defn: The state or power of being multipresent. The multipresence of Christ's body. Bp. Hall. MULTIPRESENT Mul`ti*pres"ent, a. Etym: [Multi- + present, a.] Defn: Being, or having the power to be, present in two or more places at once. MULTIRADIATE Mul`ti*ra"di*ate, a. Etym: [Multi- + radiate.] Defn: Having many rays. MULTIRAMIFIED Mul`ti*ram"i*fied, a. Etym: [Multi- + p.p. of ramify.] Defn: Divided into many branches. MULTIRAMOSE Mul`ti*ra*mose", a. Etym: [Multi- + ramose.] Defn: Having many branches. MULTISCIOUS Mul*tis"cious, a. Etym: [L. multiscius; multus much + scius knowing, fr. scire to know.] Defn: Having much or varied knowledge. [Obs.] MULTISECT Mul"ti*sect, a. Etym: [Multi- + L. sectus, p.p. of secare to cut.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Divided into many similar segments; -- said of an insect or myriapod. MULTISEPTATE Mul`ti*sep"tate, a. Etym: [Multi- + septate.] (Bot.) Defn: Divided into many chambers by partitions, as the pith of the pokeweed. MULTISERIAL Mul`ti*se"ri*al, a. Etym: [Multi- + serial.] (Bot.) Defn: Arranged in many rows, or series, as the scales of a pine cone, or the leaves of the houseleek. MULTISILIQUOUS Mul`ti*sil"i*quous, a. Etym: [Multi- + siliquious.] (Bot.) Defn: Having many pods or seed vessels. MULTISONOUS Mul*tis"o*nous, a. Etym: [L. multisonus; multus much, many + sonus sound.] Defn: Having many sounds, or sounding much. MULTISPIRAL Mul`ti*spi"ral, a. Etym: [Multi- + spiral.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having numerous spiral coils round a center or nucleus; -- said of the opercula of certain shells. MULTISTRIATE Mul`ti*stri"ate, a. Etym: [Multi- + striate.] Defn: Having many streaks. MULTISULCATE Mul`ti*sul"cate, a. Etym: [Multi- + sulcate.] Defn: Having many furrows. MULTISYLLABLE Mul"ti*syl`la*ble, n. Etym: [Multi- + syllable.] Defn: A word of many syllables; a polysyllable. [R.] -- Mul`ti*syl*lab"ic, a. MULTITITULAR Mul`ti*tit"u*lar, a. Etym: [Multi- + titular.] Defn: Having many titles. MULTITUBULAR Mul`ti*tu"bu*lar, a. Etym: [Multi- + tubular.] Defn: Having many tubes; as, a multitubular boiler. MULTITUDE Mul"ti*tude, n. Etym: [F. multitude, L. multitudo, multitudinis, fr. multus much, many; of unknown origin.] 1. A great number of persons collected together; a numerous collection of persons; a crowd; an assembly. But when he saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion on them. Matt. ix. 36. 2. A great number of persons or things, regarded collectively; as, the book will be read by a multitude of people; the multitude of stars; a multitude of cares. It is a fault in a multitude of preachers, that they uttery neglect method in their harangues. I. Watts. A multitude of flowers As countless as the stars on high. Longfellow. 3. The state of being many; numerousness. They came as grasshoppers for multitude. Judg. vi. 5. The multitude, the populace; the mass of men. Syn. -- Throng; crowd; assembly; assemblage; commonalty; swarm; populace; vulgar. See Throng. MULTITUDINARY Mul`ti*tu"di*na*ry, a. Defn: Multitudinous. MULTITUDINOUS Mul`ti*tu"di*nous, a. 1. Consisting of a multitude; manifold in number or condition; as, multitudinous waves. "The multitudinous seas." Shak. A renewed jingling of multitudinous chains. G. Kennan. 2. Of or pertaining to a multitude. "The multitudinous tongue." Shak. -- Mul`ti*tu"di*nous*ly, adv. -- Mul`ti*tu"di*nous*ness, n. MULTIVAGANT; MULTIVAGOUS Mul*tiv"a*gant, Mul*tiv"a*gous, a. Etym: [L. multivagus; multus much + vagus wandering; cf. vagans, p.pr. of vagari. See Vagary.] Defn: Wandering much. [Obs.] MULTIVALENCE Mul*tiv"a*lence, n. (Chem.) Defn: Quality, state, or degree, of a multivalent element, atom, or radical. MULTIVALENT Mul*tiv"a*lent, a. Etym: [Multi- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) (a) Having a valence greater than one, as silicon. (b) Having more than one degree of valence, as sulphur. MULTIVALVE Mul"ti*valve, n. Etym: [Cf. F. multivalve.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any mollusk which has a shell composed of more than two pieces. MULTIVALVE; MULTIVALVULAR Mul"ti*valve, Mul`ti*val"vu*lar, a. Etym: [Multi- + valve, valvular: cf. F. multivalve.] 1. Having many valves. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Many-valved; having more than two valves; -- said of certain shells, as the chitons. MULTIVERSANT Mul*tiv"er*sant, a. Etym: [Multi- + L. versans, p. pr. See Versant.] Defn: Turning into many shapes; assuming many forms; protean. MULTIVIOUS Mul*tiv"i*ous, a. & adv. Etym: [L. multivius; multus many + via way.] Defn: Having many ways or roads; by many ways. [Obs.] MULTIVOCAL Mul*tiv"o*cal, a. Etym: [Multi- + vocal.] Defn: Signifying many different things; of manifold meaning; equivocal. "An ambiguous multivocal word." Coleridge. -- n. Defn: A multivocal word. [R.] Fitzed. Hall. MULTOCULAR Mul*toc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Multi- + L. oculus eye.] Defn: Having many eyes, or more than two. MULTUM Mul"tum, n. Defn: An extract of quassia licorice, fraudulently used by brewers in order to economize malt and hops. Craig. Hard multum, a preparation made from Cocculus Indicus, etc., used to impart an intoxicating quality to beer. MULTUNGULATE Mul*tun"gu*late, a. Etym: [Multi- + ungulate.] Defn: Having many hoofs. MULTURE Mul"ture, n. Etym: [OF. multure, moulture, F. mouture, fr. L. molitura a grinding, molere to grind. See Mill the machine.] 1. (Scots Law) Defn: The toll for grinding grain. Erskine. 2. A grist or grinding; the grain ground. MUM Mum, a. Etym: [Of imitative origin. Cf. Mumble.] Defn: Silent; not speaking. Thackeray. The citizens are mum, and speak not a word. Shak. MUM Mum, interj. Defn: Be silent! Hush! Mum, then, and no more. Shak. MUM Mum, n. Defn: Silence. [R.] Hudibras. MUM Mum, n. Etym: [G. mummere, fr. Christian Mumme, who first brewed it in 1492.] Defn: A sort of strong beer, originally made in Brunswick, Germany. Addison. The clamorous crowd is hushed with mugs of mum. Pope. MUMBLE Mum"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mumbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Mumbling.] Etym: [OE. momelen; cf. D. mompelen, mommelen, G. mummelen, Sw. mumla, Dan. mumle. Cf. Mum, a., Mumm, Mump, v.] 1. To speak with the lips partly closed, so as to render the sounds inarticulate and imperfect; to utter words in a grumbling indistinct manner, indicating discontent or displeasure; to mutter. Peace, you mumbling fool. Shak. A wrinkled hag, with age grown double, Picking dry sticks, and mumbling to herself. Otway. 2. To chew something gently with closed lips. MUMBLE Mum"ble, v. t. 1. To utter with a low, inarticulate voice. Bp. Hall. 2. To chew or bite gently, as one without teeth. Gums unarmed, to mumble meat in vain. Dryden. 3. To suppress, or utter imperfectly. MUMBLENEWS Mum"ble*news`, n. Defn: A talebearer. [Obs.] MUMBLER Mum"bler, n. Defn: One who mumbles. MUMBLING Mum"bling, a. Defn: Low; indistinct; inarticulate. -- Mum"bling*ly, adv. MUMBO JUMBO Mum"bo Jum`bo. Defn: An object of superstitious homage and fear. Carlyle. The miserable Mumbo Jumbo they paraded. Dickens. MUM-CHANCE Mum"-chance`, n. 1. A game of hazard played with cards in silence. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Decker. 2. A silent, stupid person. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. MUM-CHANCE Mum"-chance`, a. Defn: Silent and idle. [Colloq.] Boys can't sit mum-chance always. J. H. Ewing. MUMM Mumm, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mummed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mumming.] Etym: [D. mimmen to mask, mom a mask; akin to G. mumme disguise; prob. of imitative origin, and akin to E. mum, mumble, in allusion to the indistinctness of speech occasioned by talking from behind a mask. Cf. Mumble, Mummery.] Defn: To sport or make diversion in a mask or disguise; to mask. With mumming and with masking all around. Spenser. MUMMER Mumm"er, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. mommeur. See Mumm, and cf. Momier.] Defn: One who mumms, or makes diversion in disguise; a masker; a buffon. Jugglers and dancers, antics, mummers. Milton. MUMMERY Mum"mer*y, n.; pl. Mummeries. Etym: [F. momerie, of Dutch or German origin. See Mumm.] 1. Masking; frolic in disguise; buffoonery. The mummery of foreign strollers. Fenton. 2. Farcical show; hypocritical disguise and parade or ceremonies. Bacon. MUMMICHOG Mum"mi*chog, n. Etym: [Amer. Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small American cyprinodont fishes of the genus Fundulus, and of allied genera; the killifishes; -- called also minnow. [Written also mummychog, mummachog.] MUMMIFICATION Mum`mi*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [See Mummify.] Defn: The act of making a mummy. MUMMIFIED Mum"mi*fied, a. Defn: Converted into a mummy or a mummylike substance; having the appearance of a mummy; withered. MUMMIFORM Mum"mi*form, a. Etym: [Mummy + -form.] Defn: Having some resemblance to a mummy; -- in zoölogy, said of the pupæ of certain insects. MUMMIFY Mum"mi*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mummified; p. pr. & vb. n. Mummifying.] Etym: [Mummy + -fy: cf. F. momifier.] Defn: To embalm and dry as a mummy; to make into, or like, a mummy. Hall (1646). MUMMY Mum"my, n.; pl. Mummies. Etym: [F. momie; cf. Sp. & Pg. momia, It. mummia; all fr. Per. m, fr. m wax.] 1. A dead body embalmed and dried after the manner of the ancient Egyptians; also, a body preserved, by any means, in a dry state, from the process of putrefaction. Bacon. 2. Dried flesh of a mummy. [Obs.] Sir. J. Hill. 3. A gummy liquor that exudes from embalmed flesh when heated; -- formerly supposed to have magical and medicinal properties. [Obs.] Shak. Sir T. Herbert. 4. A brown color obtained from bitumen. See Mummy brown (below). 5. (Gardening) Defn: A sort of wax used in grafting, etc. 6. One whose affections and energies are withered. Mummy brown, a brown color, nearly intermediate in tint between burnt umber and raw umber. A pigment of this color is prepared from bitumen, etc., obtained from Egyptian tombs. -- Mummy wheat (Bot.), wheat found in the ancient mummy cases of Egypt. No botanist now believes that genuine mummy wheat has been made to germinate in modern times. -- To beat to a mummy, to beat to a senseless mass; to beat soundly. MUMMY Mum"my, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mummied; p. pr. & vb. n. Mummying.] Defn: To embalm; to mummify. MUMMYCHOG Mum"my*chog, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Mummichog. MUMP Mump, v. i. Etym: [Akin to mumble; cf. D. mompen to cheat; perh. orig., to whine like a beggar, D. mompelen to mumble. See Mumble, Mum, and cf. Mumps.] 1. To move the lips with the mouth closed; to mumble, as in sulkiness. He mumps, and lovers, and hangs the lip. Taylor, 1630. 2. To talk imperfectly, brokenly, or feebly; to chatter unintelligibly. 3. To cheat; to deceive; to play the beggar. And then when mumping with a sore leg, ... canting and whining. Burke. 4. To be sullen or sulky. [Prov. Eng.] MUMP Mump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mumped; p. pr. & vb. n. Mumping.] 1. To utter imperfectly, brokenly, or feebly. Old men who mump their passion. Goldsmith. 2. To work over with the mouth; to mumble; as, to mump food. 3. To deprive of (something) by cheating; to impose upon. MUMPER Mump"er, n. Defn: A beggar; a begging impostor. Deceived by the tales of a Lincoln's Inn mumper. Macaulay. MUMPISH Mump"ish, a. Defn: Sullen, sulky. -- Mump"ish*ly, adv. -- Mump"ish*ness, n. MUMPS Mumps, n. Etym: [Prov. E. mump to be sulky. Cf. Mump, Mumble, and Mum.] 1. pl. Defn: Sullenness; silent displeasure; the sulks. Skinner. 2. Etym: [Prob. so called from the patient's appearance.] (Med.) Defn: A specific infectious febrile disorder characterized by a nonsuppurative inflammation of the parotid glands; epidemic or infectious parotitis. MUN Mun, n. Etym: [See Mouth.] Defn: The mouth. [Obs.] One a penny, two a penny, hot cross buns, Butter them and sugar them and put them in your muns. Old Rhyme. Halliwell. MUNCH Munch, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Munched; p. pr. & vb. n. Munching.] Etym: [Prob. akin to mumble: cf. also F. manger to eat (cf. Mange), and mâcher to cher (cf. Masticate). See Mumble.] Defn: To chew with a grinding, crunching sound, as a beast chews provender; to chew deliberately or in large mouthfuls. [Formerly written also maunch and mounch.] I could munch your good dry oats. Shak. MUNCHAUSENISM Mun*chau"sen*ism, n. Etym: [So called in allusion to Baron Munchausen's extravagant tales of travel.] Defn: An extravagant fiction embodying an account of some marvelous exploit or adventure. MUNCHER Munch"er, n. Defn: One who munches. MUND Mund, n. Defn: See Mun. MUNDANE Mun"dane, a. Etym: [L. mundanus, fr. mundus the world, an implement, toilet adornments, or dress; cf. mundus, a., clean, neat, Skr. mansds to adorn, dress, mansdsa adornment. Cf. Monde, Mound in heraldry.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the world; worldly; earthly; terrestrial; as, the mundane sphere. -- Mun"dane*ly, adv. The defilement of mundane passions. I. Taylor. MUNDANITY Mun*dan"i*ty, n. Defn: Worldliness. [Obs.] MUNDATION Mun*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. mundatio, fr. mundare to make clean.] Defn: The act of cleansing. [Obs.] MUNDATORY Mun"da*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. mundatorius.] Defn: Cleansing; having power to cleanse. [Obs.] MUNDIC Mun"dic, n. Defn: Iron pyrites, or arsenical pyrites; -- so called by the Cornish miners. MUNDIFICANT Mun*dif"i*cant, a. Etym: [L. mundificans, p.pr. of mundificare to make clean, fr. mundus clean + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: Serving to cleanse and heal. -- n. Defn: A mundificant ointment or plaster. MUNDIFICATION Mun`di*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act or operation of cleansing. MUNDIFICATIVE Mun*dif"i*ca*tive, a. Defn: Cleansing. -- n. Defn: A detergent medicine or preparation. MUNDIFY Mun"di*fy, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. mondifier, L. mundificare. See Mundificant.] Defn: To cleanse. [Obs.] MUNDIL Mun"dil, n. Defn: A turban ornamented with an imitation of gold or silver embroidery. MUNDIVAGANT Mun*div"a*gant, a. Etym: [L. mundus the world + vagans wandering, p.pr. of vagari. See Vagary.] Defn: Wandering over the world. [R.] MUNDUNGUS Mun*dun"gus, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. mondongo paunch, tripe, black pudding.] Defn: A stinking tobacco. MUNERARY Mu"ner*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. munerarius, from munus a gift.] Defn: Having the nature of a gift. [Obs.] MUNERATE Mu"ner*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. muneratus, p.p. of munerare to give, bestow, fr. munus a gift.] Defn: To remunerate. MUNERATION Mu`ner*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. muneratio.] Defn: Remuneration. [Obs.] MUNG Mung, n. Etym: [Hind. m.] (Bot.) Defn: Green gram, a kind of pulse (Phaseolus Mungo), grown for food in British India. Balfour (Cyc. of India). MUNGA Mun"ga, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Bonnet monkey, under Bonnet. MUNGCORN Mung"corn`, n. Defn: Same as Mangcorn. MUNGO Mun"go, n. Defn: A fibrous material obtained by deviling rags or the remnants of woolen goods. Note: Mungo properly signifies the disintegrated rags of woolen cloth, as distinguished from those of worsted, which form shoddy. The distinction is very commonly disregarded. Beck (Draper's Dict. ). MUNGOOSE; MUNGOOS Mun"goose, Mun"goos, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Mongoose. MUNGREL Mun"grel, n. & a. Defn: See Mongrel. MUNICIPAL Mu*nic"i*pal, a. Etym: [L. municipalis, fr. municipium a town, particularly in Italy, which possessed the right of Roman citizenship, but was governed by its own laws, a free town, fr. municeps an inhabitant of a free town, a free citizen; munia official duties, functions + capere to take: cf. F. municipal. Cf. Immunity, and Capacoius.] 1. Of or pertaining to a city or a corporation having the right of administering local government; as, municipal rights; municipal officers. 2. Of or pertaining to a state, kingdom, or nation. Municipal law is properly defined to be a rule of civil conduct prescribed by the supreme power in a state. Blackstone. MUNICIPALISM Mu*nic"i*pal*ism, n. Defn: Municipal condition. MUNICIPALITY Mu*nic`i*pal"i*ty, n.; pl. Municipalities. Etym: [Cf. F. municipalité.] Defn: A municipal district; a borough, city, or incorporated town or village. MUNICIPALIZE Mu*nic"i*pal*ize, v. t. [Municipal + -ize.] Defn: To bring under municipal oversight or control; as, a municipalized industry. London people are now determined to centralize and to municipalize such services. The Century. MUNICIPALLY Mu*nic"i*pal*ly, adv. Defn: In a municipal relation or condition. MUNIFIC Mu*nif"ic, a. Etym: [See Munificent.] Defn: Munificent; liberal. [Obs. or R.] MUNIFICATE Mu*nif"i*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. munificatus, p.p. of munificare to present with a thing, fr. munificus. See Munificent.] Defn: To enrich. [Obs.] MUNIFICENCE Mu*nif"i*cence, n. Etym: [Cf. L. munire to fortify.] Defn: Means of defense; fortification. [Obs.] Spenser. MUNIFICENCE Mu*nif"i*cence, n. Etym: [L. munificentia: cf. F. munificence.] Defn: The quality or state of being munificent; a giving or bestowing with extraordinary liberality; generous bounty; lavish generosity. The virtues of liberality and munificence. Addison. Syn. -- Benevolence; beneficence; liberality; generosity; bounty; bounteousness. See Benevolence. MUNIFICENT Mu*nif"i*cent, a. Etym: [L. munificus; munus service, gift + -ficare (in comp.) to make. Cf. Immunity, -fy.] Defn: Very liberal in giving or bestowing; lavish; as, a munificent benefactor. -- Mu*nif"i*cent*ly, adv. Syn. -- Bounteous; bountiful; liberal; generous. MUNIFY Mu"ni*fy, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Munificate.] Defn: To prepare for defense; to fortify. [Obs.] MUNIMENT Mu"ni*ment, n. Etym: [L. munimentum, fr. munire to fortify. See Munition.] 1. The act of supporting or defending. [Obs.] 2. That which supports or defends; stronghold; place or means of defense; munition; assistance. "Other muniments and petty helps." Shak. 3. (Law) Defn: A record; the evidences or writings whereby a man is enabled to defend the title to his estate; title deeds and papers. Blount. Muniment house or room, that room in a cathedral, castle, or other public building, which is used for keeping the records, charters, seals, deeds, and the like. Gwilt. MUNITE Mu*nite", v. t. Etym: [L. munitus, p.p. of munire to wall, fortify.] Defn: To fortify; to strengthen. [Obs.] MUNITION Mu*ni"tion, n. Etym: [F., munition of war, L. munitio a fortifying, fortification, fr. munire to fortify, defend with a wall; cf. moenia walls, murus (for moirus) a wall, and Skr. mi to fix, make firm. Cf. Ammunition.] 1. Fortification; stronghold. [Obs.] His place of defense shall be the munitions of rocks. Is. xxxiii. 16. 2. Whatever materials are used in war for drfense or for annoying an enemy; ammunition; also, stores and provisions; military stores of all kinds. The bodies of men, munition, and money, may justly be called the sinews of war. Sir W. Raleigh. MUNITY Mu"ni*ty, n. Etym: [See Immunity.] Defn: Freedom; security; immunity. [Obs.] W. Montagu. MUNJEET Mun*jeet", n. Etym: [Hind. majitsh a drug used for dyeing red.] Defn: See Indian madder, under Madder. MUNJISTIN Mun"jis*tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: An orangered coloring substance resembling alizarin, found in the root of an East Indian species of madder (Rubia munjista). MUNNION Mun"nion, n. Defn: See Mullion. MUNTIN; MUNTING Mun"tin, Mun"ting, n. Etym: [CF. Montant.] (Arch.) Defn: Same as Mullion; -- especially used in joiner's work. MUNTJAC Munt"jac, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small Asiatic deer of the genus Cervulus, esp. C. muntjac, which occurs both in India and on the East Indian Islands. [Written also muntjak.] MUNTZ METAL Muntz" met`al. Defn: See under Metal. MURAENA Mu*ræ"na, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large eels of the family Mirænidæ. They differ from the common eel in lacking pectoral fins and in having the dorsal and anal fins continuous. The murry (Muræna Helenæ) of Southern Europe was the muræna of the Romans. It is highly valued as a food fish. MURAENOID; MURENOID Mu*ræ"noid, Mu*re"noid, a. Etym: [NL. Muræna, the generic name + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the genus Muræna, or family Murænidæ. MURAGE Mu"rage, n. Etym: [F., fr. murer to wall, fr. mur wall, L. murus. See Mure a wall.] Defn: A tax or toll paid for building or repairing the walls of a fortified town. MURAL Mu"ral, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. muralis, fr. murus wall. See Mure a wall.] 1. Of or pertaining to a wall; being on, or in, a wall; growing on, or against, a wall; as, a mural quadrant. "Mural breach." Milton. "Mural fruit." Evelyn. 2. Resembling a wall; perpendicular or steep; as, a mural precipice. Mural circle (Astron.), a graduated circle, in the plane of the meridian, attached permanently to a perpendicular wall; -- used for measuring arcs of the meridian. See Circle, n., 3. -- Mural crown (Rom. Antiq.), a golden crown, or circle of gold indented so as to resemble a battlement, bestowed on him who first mounted the wall of a besieged place, and there lodged a standard. MURDER Mur"der, n. Etym: [OE. morder, morther, AS. moredhor, fr. moredh murder; akin to D. moord, OS. moredh, G., Dan., & Sw. mord, Icel. moredh, Goth. maúrþr, OSlav. mreti to die, Lith. mirti, W. marw dead, L. mors, mortis, death, mori, moriri, to die, Gr. broto`s (for mroto`s) mortal, 'a`mbrotos immortal, Skr. mrs to die, mrsta death. *105. Cf. Amaranth, Ambrosia, Mortal.] Defn: The offense of killing a human being with malice prepense or aforethought, express or implied; intentional and unlawful homicide. "Mordre will out." Chaucer. The killing of their children had, in the account of God, the guilt of murder, as the offering them to idols had the guilt of idolatry. Locke. Slaughter grows murder when it goes too far. Dryden. Note: Murder in the second degree, in most jurisdictions, is a malicious homicide committed without a specific intention to take life. Wharton. MURDER Mur"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Murdered; p. pr. & vb. n. Murdering.] Etym: [OE. mortheren, murtheren, AS. myr; akin to OHG. murdiren, Goth. maúr. See Murder, n.] 1. To kill with premediated malice; to kill (a human being) willfully, deliberately, and unlawfully. See Murder, n. 2. To destroy; to put an end to. [Canst thou] murder thy breath in middle of a word Shak. 3. To mutilate, spoil, or deform, as if with malice or cruelty; to mangle; as, to murder the king's English. Syn. -- To kill; assassinate; slay. See Kill. MURDERER Mur"der*er, n. 1. One guilty of murder; a person who, in possession of his reason, unlawfully kills a human being with premeditated malice. 2. A small cannon, formerly used for clearing a ship's decks of boarders; -- called also murdering piece. [Obs.] MURDERESS Mur"der*ess, n. Defn: A woman who commits murder. MURDERMENT Mur"der*ment, n. Defn: Murder. [Obs.] Farfax. MURDEROUS Mur"der*ous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to murder; characterized by, or causing, murder or bloodshed; having the purpose or quality of murder; bloody; sanguinary; as, the murderous king; murderous rapine; murderous intent; a murderous assault. "Murderous coward." Shak. -- Mur"der*ous*ly, adv. Syn. -- Bloody; sanguinary; bloodguilty; bloodthirsty; fell; savage; cruel. MURDRESS Mur"dress, n. Defn: A battlement in ancient fortifications with interstices for firing through. MURE Mure, n. Etym: [L. murus; or F. mur, fr. L. murus. Cf. Munition.] Defn: A wall. [Obs.] Shak. MURE Mure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mured.] Etym: [F. murer, L. murare. See Mure, n.] Defn: To inclose in walls; to wall; to immure; to shut up. Spenser. The five kings are mured in a cave. John. x. (Heading). MURENGER Mu"ren*ger, n. Defn: One who had charge of the wall of a town, or its repairs. MUREX Mu"rex, n.; pl. Murices. Etym: [L., the purple fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine gastropods, having rough, and frequently spinose, shells, which are often highly colored inside; the rock shells. They abound in tropical seas. MUREXAN Mu*rex"an, n. Etym: [From Murexide.] (Chem.) Defn: A complex nitrogenous substance obtained from murexide, alloxantin, and other ureids, as a white, or yellowish, crystalline which turns red on exposure to the air; -- called also uramil, dialuramide, and formerly purpuric acid. MUREXIDE Mu*rex"ide, n. Etym: [L. murex the purple fish, purple.] (Chem.) Defn: A crystalline nitrogenous substance having a splendid dichroism, being green by reflected light and garnet-red by transmitted light. It was formerly used in dyeing calico, and was obtained in a large quantities from guano. Formerly called also ammonium purpurate. MUREXOIN Mu*rex"o*ïn, n. (Chem.) Defn: A complex nitrogenous compound obtained as a scarlet crystalline substance, and regarded as related to murexide. MURIATE Mu"ri*ate, n. Etym: [See Muriatic.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of muriatic hydrochloric acid; a chloride; as, muriate of ammonia. Note: This term, as also the word muriatic, was formerly applied to the chlorides before their true composition was understood, and while they were erroneously supposed to be compounds of an acid with an oxide. Muriate and muriatic are still occasionally used as commercial terms, but are obsolete in scientific language. MURIATED Mu"ri*a`ted, a. 1. Put in brine. Evelyn. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Combined or impregnated with muriatic or hydrochloric acid. 3. (Photog.) Defn: Prepared with chloride of silver through the agency of common salt. MURIATIC Mu`ri*at"ic, a. Etym: [L. muriaticus pickled, from muria brine: cf. F. muriatique.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, sea salt, or from chlorine, one of the constituents of sea salt; hydrochloric. Muriatic acid, hydrochloric acid, HCl; -- formerly called also marine acid, and spirit of salt. See hydrochloric, and the Note under Muriate. MURIATIFEROUS Mu`ri*a*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Muriatic + -ferous.] (Old Chem.) Defn: Producing muriatic substances or salt. [Obs.] MURICATE; MURICATED Mu"ri*cate, Mu"ri*ca`ted, a. Etym: [L. muricatus, fr. murex a pointed rock or stone.] Defn: Formed with sharp points; full of sharp points or of pickles; covered, or roughened, as a surface, with sharp points or excrescences. MURICOID Mu"ri*coid, a. Etym: [Murex + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the genus Murex, or family Muricidæ. MURICULATE Mu*ric"u*late, a. Defn: Minutely muricate. MURIDE Mu"ride, n. Etym: [L. muria brine.] (Old Chem.) Defn: Bromine; -- formerly so called from its being obtained from sea water. MURIFORM Mu"ri*form, a. Etym: [L. murus a wall + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Resembling courses of bricks or stones in squareness and regular arrangement; as, a muriform variety of cellular tissue. MURINE Mu"rine, a. Etym: [L. murinus, from mus, muris, mouse: cf. F. murin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to a family of rodents (Muridæ), of which the mouse is the type. MURINE Mu"rine, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a tribe of rodents, of which the mouse is the type. MURINGER Mu"rin*ger, n. Defn: See Murenger. Jacob. MURK Murk, a. Etym: [See Murky.] Defn: Dark; murky. He can not see through the mantle murk. J. R. Drake. MURK Murk, n. Defn: Darkness; mirk. [Archaic] Shak. MURK Murk, n. Defn: The refuse of fruit, after the juice has been expressed; marc. MURKILY Murk"i*ly, adv. Defn: Darkly; gloomily. MURKINESS Murk"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being murky. MURKY Murk"y, a. [Compar. Murkier; superl. Murkiest.] Etym: [OE. mirke, merke, AS. myrce, mirce; akin to Icel. myrkr, Dan. & Sw. mörk.] Defn: Dark; obscure; gloomy. "The murkiest den." Shak. A murky deep lowering o'er our heads. Addison. MURLINS Mur"lins, n. (Bot.) Defn: A seaweed. See Baddrelocks. MURMUR Mur"mur, n. Etym: [F. murmure: cf. L. murmur. CF. Murmur, v. i.] 1. A low, confused, and indistinct sound, like that of running water. 2. A complaint half suppressed, or uttered in a low, muttering voice. Chaucer. Some discontents there are, some idle murmurs. Dryden. MURMUR Mur"mur, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Murmured; p. pr. & vb. n. Murmuring.] Etym: [F. murmurer, L. murmurare, murmurari, fr. murmur murmur; cf. Gr.marmara a rustling sound; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To make a low continued noise, like the hum of bees, a stream of water, distant waves, or the wind in a forest. They murmured as doth a swarm of bees. Chaucer. 2. To utter complaints in a low, half-articulated voice; to feel or express dissatisfaction or discontent; to grumble; -- often with at or against. "His disciples murmured at it." John vi. 61. And all the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron. Num. xiv. 2. Neither murmur ye, as some of them also murmured. 1 Cor. x. 10. MURMUR Mur"mur, v. t. Defn: To utter or give forth in low or indistinct words or sounds; as, to murmur tales. Shak. The people murmured such things concerning him. John vii. 32. MURMURATION Mur`mur*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. murmuratio.] Defn: The act of murmuring; a murmur. [Obs.] Skelton. MURMURER Mur"mur*er, n. Defn: One who murmurs. MURMURING Mur"mur*ing, a. & n. Defn: Uttering murmurs; making low sounds; complaining. -- Mur"mur*ing*ly, adv. MURMUROUS Mur"mur*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. L. murmuriosus, OF. murmuros.] Defn: Attended with murmurs; exciting murmurs or complaint; murmuring. [Archaic or Poetic] The lime, a summer home of murmurous wings. Tennyson. MURNIVAL Mur"ni*val, n. Etym: [Perh. fr. F. mornifle a game at cards.] Defn: In the game of gleek, four cards of the same value, as four aces or four kings; hence, four of anything. [Obs.] [Written also mournival.] MURPHY Mur"phy, n. Defn: A potato. [Humorous] Thackeray. MURR Murr, n. Etym: [Prob. abbrev. from murrain.] Defn: A catarrh. [Obs.] Gascoigne. MURRAIN Mur"rain, n. Etym: [OE. moreine, OF. morine, fr. OF. morir, murir, 8die, L. mori, moriri.] (Far.) Defn: An infectious and fatal disease among cattle. Bacon. A murrain on you, may you be afflicted with a pestilent disease. Shak. MURRAIN Mur"rain, a. Defn: Having, or afflicted with, murrain. MURRAYIN Mur"ray*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside found in the flowers of a plant (Murraya exotica) of South Asia, and extracted as a white amorphous slightly bitter substance. MURRE Murre, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of sea birds of the genus Uria, or Catarractes; a guillemot. Note: The murres are allied to the auks, and are abundant on the northern coasts of Europe and America. They often breed in large communities on the projecting ledges of precipituous cliffs, laying one or two large eggs on the bare rocks. MURRELET Murre"let, n. Etym: [Murre + -let.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of sea birds of the genera Synthliboramphus and Brachyramphus, inhabiting the North Pacific. They are closely related to the murres. MURREY Mur"rey, n. Etym: [OF. morée a dark red color, mor blackish brown, fr. L. morum mulberry, blackberry, or fr. Maurus a Moor. Cf. Mulberry, Moor, Morelle.] Defn: A dark red color. -- a. Defn: Of a dark red color. Bacon. MURRHINE Mur"rhine, a. Etym: [L. murrhinus, fr. murrha: cf. F. murrhin.] Defn: Made of the stone or material called by the Romans murrha; -- applied to certain costly vases of great beauty and delicacy used by the luxurious in Rome as wine cups; as, murrhine vases, cups, vessels. Murrhine glass, glassware made in imitation of murrhine vases and cups. MURRION Mur"ri*on, a. Etym: [See Murrain.] Defn: Infected with or killed by murrain. [Obs.] Shak. MURRION Mur"ri*on, n. Defn: A morion. See Morion. MURRY Mur"ry, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Muræna. MURTH Murth, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Plenty; abundance. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] MURTHER Mur"ther, n. & v. Defn: Murder, n. & v. [Obs. or Prov.] "The treason of the murthering." Chaucer. MURTHERER Mur"ther*er, n. Defn: A murderer. [Obs. or Prov.] MURZA Mur"za, n. Defn: One of the hereditary nobility among the Tatars, esp. one of the second class. Note: This word must not be confounded with the Persian Mirza, though perhaps of the same origin. MUS Mus, n.; pl. Mures. Etym: [L., a mouse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small rodents, including the common mouse and rat. MUSA Mu"sa, n.; pl. Musæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Ar. mauz, mauza, banana.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of perennial, herbaceous, endogenous plants of great size, including the banana (Musa sapientum), the plantain (M. paradisiaca of Linnæus, but probably not a distinct species), the Abyssinian (M. Ensete), the Philippine Island (M. textilis, which yields Manila hemp), and about eighteen other species. See Illust. of Banana and Plantain. MUSACEOUS Mu*sa"ceous, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of the genus Musa. MUSAL Mus"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Muses, or to Poetry. [R.] MUSANG Mu*sang", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small animal of Java (Paradoxirus fasciatus), allied to the civets. It swallows, but does not digest, large quantities of ripe coffee berries, thus serving to disseminate the coffee plant; hence it is called also coffee rat. MUSAR Mu"sar, n. Defn: An itinerant player on the musette, an instrument formerly common in Europe. MUSARD Mu"sard, n. Etym: [F., fr. muser to loiter, trifle. See Muse, v. i.] Defn: A dreamer; an absent-minded person. [Obs.] Rom. of R. MUSCA Mus"ca, n.; pl. Muscæ. Etym: [L., a fly.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of dipterous insects, including the common house fly, and numerous allied species. Note: Formerly, a large part of the Diptera were included under the genus Musca. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A small constellation situated between the Southern Cross and the Pole. Muscæ volitantes (. Etym: [L., flying flies.] (Med.) Specks or filaments apparently seen moving or glinding about in the field of vision. Their appearance is often a symptom of disease of the eye, or of disorder of the nervous system. MUSCADEL Mus"ca*del`, n. Etym: [It. moscadello, moscatello, LL. muscatellum or muscadellum (sc. vinum), fr. muscatellus nutmeglike, dim. of muscatus smelling like musk, muscatum and muscata (sc. nux) nutmeg: cf. F. muscadelle, fr. Italian. See Musk and cf. Moschatel, Muscardin, Muscat, Nutmeg.] Defn: See Muscatel, n. Quaffed off the muscadel. Shak. MUSCADINE Mus"ca*dine, n. Etym: [See Muscadel.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several very different kinds of grapes, but in America used chiefly for the scuppernong, or southern fox grape, which is said to be the parent stock of the Catawba. See Grapevine. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A fragrant and delicious pear. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Muscardin. Northern muscadine (Bot.), a derivative of the northern fox grape, and scarcely an improvement upon it. -- Royal muscadine (Bot.), a European grape of great value. Its berries are large, round, and of a pale amber color. Called also golden chasselas. MUSCALES Mus*ca"les, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. muscus moss.] (Bot.) Defn: An old name for mosses in the widest sense, including the true mosses and also hepaticæ and sphagna. MUSCALLONGE Mus"cal*longe, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Muskellunge. MUSCARDIN Mus"car*din, n. Etym: [F., fr. muscadin a musk-scented lozenge, fr. muscade nutmeg, fr. L. muscus musk. See Muscadel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The common European dormouse; -- so named from its odor. [Written also muscadine.] MUSCARDINE Mus`car*dine", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A disease which is very destructive to silkworms, and which sometimes extends to other insects. It is attended by the development of a fungus (provisionally called Botrytis bassiana). Also, the fungus itself. MUSCARIFORM Mus*car"i*form, a. Etym: [L. muscarium fly brush + -form.] Defn: Having the form of a brush. MUSCARIN Mus*ca"rin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A solid crystalline substance, C5H13NO2, found in the toadstool (Agaricus muscarius), and in putrid fish. It is a typical ptomaine, and a violent poison. MUSCAT Mus"cat, n. Etym: [F. See Muscadel.] (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several varieties of Old World grapes, differing in color, size, etc., but all having a somewhat musky flavor. The muscat of Alexandria is a large oval grape of a pale amber color. [Written also muskat.] MUSCATEL Mus"ca*tel`, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, or derived from, a muscat grapes or similar grapes; a muscatel grapes; muscatel wine, etc. MUSCATEL Mus"ca*tel`, n. 1. A common name for several varieties of rich sweet wine, made in Italy, Spain, and France. 2. pl. Defn: Finest raisins, dried on the vine; "sun raisins." [Variously written moscatel, muscadel, etc.] MUSCHELKALK Musch"el*kalk`, n. Etym: [G., from muschel shell + kalk limestone.] (Geol.) Defn: A kind of shell limestone, whose strata form the middle one of the three divisions of the Triassic formation in Germany. See Chart, under Geology. MUSCI Mus"ci, n. pl. Etym: [L. muscus moss.] (Bot.) Defn: An order or subclass of cryptogamous plants; the mosses. See Moss, and Cryptogamia. MUSCICAPINE Mus*cic"a*pine, a. Etym: [L. musca a fly + capere to catch.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Muscicapidæ, a family of birds that includes the true flycatchers. MUSCID Mus"cid, n. Defn: Any fly of the genus Musca, or family Muscidæ. MUSCIFORM Mus"ci*form, a. Etym: [Musca + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the form or structure of flies of the genus Musca, or family Muscidæ. MUSCIFORM Mus"ci*form, a. Etym: [Muscus + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the appearance or form of a moss. MUSCLE Mus"cle, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. musculus a muscle, a little mouse, dim. of mus a mouse. See Mouse, and cf. sense 3 (below).] 1. (Anat.) (a) An organ which, by its contraction, produces motion. See Illust. of Muscles of the Human Body, in Appendix. (b) The contractile tissue of which muscles are largely made up. Note: Muscles are of two kinds, striated and nonstriated. The striated muscles, which, in most of the higher animals, constitute the principal part of the flesh, exclusive of the fat, are mostly under the control of the will, or voluntary, and are made up of great numbers of elongated fibres bound together into bundles and inclosed in a sheath of connective tissue, the perimysium. Each fiber is inclosed in a delicate membrane (the sarcolemma), is made up of alternate segments of lighter and darker material which give it a transversely striated appearance, and contains, scattered through its substance, protoplasmic nuclei, the so-called muscle corpuscles. The nonstriated muscles are involuntary. They constitute a large part of the walls of the alimentary canal, blood vessels, uterus, and bladder, and are found also in the iris, skin, etc. They are made up of greatly elongated cells, usually grouped in bundles or sheets. 2. Muscular strength or development; as, to show one's muscle by lifting a heavy weight. [Colloq.] 3. Etym: [AS. muscle, L. musculus a muscle, mussel. See above.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Mussel. Muscle curve (Physiol.), contraction curve of a muscle; a myogram; the curve inscribed, upon a prepared surface, by means of a myograph when acted upon by a contracting muscle. The character of the curve represents the extent of the contraction. MUSCLED Mus"cled, a. Defn: Furnished with muscles; having muscles; as, things well muscled. MUSCLE READING Mus"cle read`ing. Defn: The art of making discriminations between objects of choice, of discovering the whereabouts of hidden objects, etc., by inference from the involuntary movements of one whose hand the reader holds or with whom he is otherwise in muscular contact. MUSCLING Mus"cling, n. (Fine Arts) Defn: Exhibition or representation of the muscles. [R.] A good piece, the painters say, must have good muscling, as well as coloring and drapery. Shaftesbury. MUSCOGEES Mus*co"gees, n. pl. Defn: See Muskogees. MUSCOID Mus"coid, a. Etym: [Muscus + -oid: cf. F. muscoide.] (Bot.) Defn: Mosslike; resembling moss. MUSCOID Mus"coid, n. (Bot.) Defn: A term formerly applied to any mosslike flowerless plant, with a distinct stem, and often with leaves, but without any vascular system. MUSCOLOGY Mus*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Muscus + -logy.] Defn: Bryology. MUSCOSITY Mus*cos"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. muscosus mossy, fr. muscus moss.] Defn: Mossiness. Jonhson. MUSCOVADO Mus`co*va"do, a. Etym: [Corrupted fr. Sp. mascabado; cf. Pg. mascavado, F. moscouade, n., formerly also mascovade, It. mascavato.] Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, unrefined or raw sugar, obtained from the juice of the sugar cane by evaporating and draining off the molasses. Muscovado sugar contains impurities which render it dark colored and moist. MUSCOVADO Mus`co*va"do, n. Defn: Unrefined or raw sugar. MUSCOVITE Mus"co*vite, n. Etym: [See Muscovy glass.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Muscovy or ancient Russia; hence, a Russian. 2. (Min.) Defn: Common potash mica. See Mica. MUSCOVY DUCK Mus"co*vy duck`. Etym: [A corruption of musk duck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A duck (Cairina moschata), larger than the common duck, often raised in poultry yards. Called also musk duck. It is native of tropical America, from Mexico to Southern Brazil. MUSCOVY GLASS Mus"co*vy glass`. Etym: [From Muscovy, the old name of Russia: cf. F. verre de Moscovie.] Defn: Mica; muscovite. See Mica. MUSCULAR Mus"cu*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. musculaire. See Muscle.] 1. Of or pertaining to a muscle, or to a system of muscles; consisting of, or constituting, a muscle or muscles; as, muscular fiber. Great muscular strength, accompanied by much awkwardness. Macaulay. 2. Performed by, or dependent on, a muscle or the muscles. "The muscular motion." Arbuthnot. 3. Well furnished with muscles; having well-developed muscles; brawny; hence, strong; powerful; vigorous; as, a muscular body or arm. Muscular Christian, one who believes in a part of religious duty to maintain a healthful and vigorous physical state. T. Hughes. -- Muscular CHristianity. (a) The practice and opinion of those Christians who believe that it is a part of religious duty to maintain a vigorous condition of the body, and who therefore approve of athletic sports and exercises as conductive to good health, good morals, and right feelings in religious matters. T. Hughes. (b) An active, robust, and cheerful Christian life, as opposed to a meditative and gloomy one. C. Kingsley. -- Muscular excitability (Physiol.), that property in virtue of which a muscle shortens, when it is stimulated; irritability. -- Muscular sense (Physiol.), muscular sensibility; the sense by which we obtain knowledge of the condition of our muscles and to what extent they are contracted, also of the position of the various parts of our bodies and the resistance offering by external objects. MUSCULARITY Mus`cu*lar"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being muscular. Grew. MUSCULARIZE Mus"cu*lar*ize, v. t. Defn: To make muscular. Lowell. MUSCULARLY Mus"cu*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a muscular manner. MUSCULATION Mus`cu*la"tion, n. (Anat.) Defn: The muscular system of an animal, or of any of its parts. MUSCULATURE Mus"cu*la*ture, n. Etym: [Cf. F. musculature.] (Anat.) Defn: Musculation. MUSCULE Mus"cule, n. Etym: [L. musculus: cf. F. muscule.] (Mil.) Defn: A long movable shed used by besiegers in ancient times in attacking the walls of a fortified town. MUSCULIN Mus"cu*lin, n. Etym: [L. musculus a muscle.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: See Syntonin. MUSCULOCUTANEOUS Mus`cu*lo*cu*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. musculus + E. cutaneous.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining both to muscles and skin; as, the musculocutaneous nerve. MUSCULOPHRENIC Mus`cu*lo*phren"ic, a. Etym: [L. musculus muscle + E. phrenic.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the muscles and the diaphragm; as, the musculophrenic artery. MUSCULOSITY Mus`cu*los"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being musculous; muscularity. [Obs.] MUSCULOSPIRAL Mus`cu*lo*spi"ral, a. Etym: [L. musculus muscle + E. spiral.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the muscles, and taking a spiral course; -- applied esp. to a large nerve of the arm. MUSCULOUS Mus"cu*lous, a. Etym: [L. musculosus: cf. F. musculeux.] Defn: Muscular. [Obs.] Jonhson. MUSE Muse, n. Etym: [From F. musse. See Muset.] Defn: A gap or hole in a hedge, hence, wall, or the like, through which a wild animal is accustomed to pass; a muset. Find a hare without a muse. Old Prov. MUSE Muse, n. Etym: [F. Muse, L. Musa, Gr. Mosaic, n., Music.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: One of the nine goddesses who presided over song and the different kinds of poetry, and also the arts and sciences; -- often used in the plural. Granville commands; your aid, O Muses, bring: What Muse for Granville can refuse to sing Pope. Note: The names of the Muses were Calliope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polymnia or Polyhymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, and Urania. 2. A particular power and practice of poetry. Shak. 3. A poet; a bard. [R.] Milton. MUSE Muse, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mused; p. pr. & vb. n. Musing.] Etym: [F. muser to loiter or trifle, orig., to stand with open mouth, fr. LL. musus, morsus, muzzle, snout, fr. L. morsus a biting, bite, fr. mordere to bite. See Morsel, and cf. Amuse, Muzzle, n.] 1. To think closely; to study in silence; to meditate. "Thereon mused he." Chaucer. He mused upon some dangerous plot. Sir P. Sidney. 2. To be absent in mind; to be so occupied in study or contemplation as not to observe passing scenes or things present; to be in a brown study. Daniel. 3. To wonder. [Obs.] Spenser. B. Jonson. Syn. -- To consider; meditate; ruminate. See Ponder. MUSE Muse, v. t. 1. To think on; to meditate on. Come, then, expressive Silence, muse his praise. Thomson. 2. To wonder at. [Obs.] Shak. MUSE Muse, n. 1. Contemplation which abstracts the mind from passing scenes; absorbing thought; hence, absence of mind; a brown study. Milton. 2. Wonder, or admiration. [Obs.] Spenser. MUSEFUL Muse"ful, a. Defn: Meditative; thoughtfully silent. "Museful mopings." Dryden. -- Muse"ful*ly, adv. MUSELESS Muse"less, a. Defn: Unregardful of the Muses; disregarding the power of poetry; unpoetical. Milton. MUSER Mus"er, n. Defn: One who muses. MUSET Mu"set, n. Etym: [OF. mussette, dim. of musse, muce, a hiding place, fr. F. musser, OF. mucier, muchier, to conceal, hide. Cf. Micher.] Defn: A small hole or gap through which a wild animal passes; a muse. Shak. MUSETTE Mu*sette", n. Etym: [F., dim. of OF. muse.] 1. A small bagpipe formerly in use, having a soft and sweet tone. 2. An air adapted to this instrument; also, a kind of rustic dance. MUSEUM Mu*se"um, n. Etym: [L., a temple of the Muses, hence, a place of study, fr. Gr. Defn: A repository or a collection of natural, scientific, or literary curiosities, or of works of art. Museum beetle, Museum pest. (Zoöl.) See Anthrenus. MUSH Mush, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. mus, muss, pap, porridge, any thick preparation of fruit, OHG. muos; akin to AS. & OS. mos food, and prob, to E. meat. See Meat.] Defn: Meal (esp. Indian meal) boiled in water; hasty pudding; supawn. [U.S.] MUSH Mush, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. moucheter to cut with small cuts.] Defn: To notch, cut, or indent, as cloth, with a stamp. MUSHROOM Mush"room, n. Etym: [OE. muscheron, OF. mouscheron, F. mousseron; perhaps fr. mousse moss, of German origin. See Moss.] 1. (Bot.) (a) An edible fungus (Agaricus campestris), having a white stalk which bears a convex or oven flattish expanded portion called the pileus. This is whitish and silky or somewhat scaly above, and bears on the under side radiating gills which are at first flesh-colored, but gradually become brown. The plant grows in rich pastures and is proverbial for rapidity of growth and shortness of duration. It has a pleasant smell, and is largely used as food. It is also cultivated from spawn. (b) Any large fungus, especially one of the genus Agaricus; a toadstool. Several species are edible; but many are very poisonous. 2. One who rises suddenly from a low condition in life; an upstart. Bacon. MUSHROOM Mush"room, a. 1. Of or pertaining to mushrooms; as, mushroom catchup. 2. Resembling mushrooms in rapidity of growth and shortness of duration; short-lived; ephemerial; as, mushroom cities. Mushroom anchor, an anchor shaped like a mushroom, capable of grasping the ground in whatever way it falls. -- Mushroom coral (Zoöl.), any coral of the genus Fungia. See Fungia. -- Mushroom spawn (Bot.), the mycelium, or primary filamentous growth, of the mushroom; also, cakes of earth and manure containing this growth, which are used for propagation of the mushroom. MUSHROOM-HEADED Mush"room-head`ed, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a cylindrical body with a convex head of larger diameter; having a head like that of a mushroom. MUSHY Mush"y, a. Defn: Soft like mush; figuratively, good-naturedly weak and effusive; weakly sentimental. She 's not mushy, but her heart is tender. G. Eliot. MUSIC Mu"sic, n. Etym: [F. musique, fr. L. musica, Gr. 1. The science and the art of tones, or musical sounds, i.e., sounds of higher or lower pitch, begotten of uniform and synchronous vibrations, as of a string at various degrees of tension; the science of harmonical tones which treats of the principles of harmony, or the properties, dependences, and relations of tones to each other; the art of combining tones in a manner to please the ear. Note: Not all sounds are tones. Sounds may be unmusical and yet please the ear. Music deals with tones, and with no other sounds. See Tone. 2. (a) Melody; a rhythmical and otherwise agreeable succession of tones. (b) Harmony; an accordant combination of simultaneous tones. 3. The written and printed notation of a musical composition; the score. 4. Love of music; capacity of enjoying music. The man that hath ni music in himself Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils. Shak. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A more or less musical sound made by many of the lower animals. See Stridulation. Magic music, a game in which a person is guided in finding a hidden article, or in doing a specific art required, by music which is made more loud or rapid as he approaches success, and slower as he recedes. Tennyson. -- Music box. See Musical box, under Musical. -- Music hall, a place for public musical entertainments. -- Music loft, a gallery for musicians, as in a dancing room or a church. -- Music of the spheres, the harmony supposed to be produced by the accordant movement of the celestial spheres. -- Music paper, paper ruled with the musical staff, for the use of composers and copyists. -- Music pen, a pen for ruling at one time the five lines of the musical staff. -- Music shell (Zoöl.), a handsomely colored marine gastropod shell (Voluta musica) found in the East Indies; -- so called because the color markings often resemble printed music. Sometimes applied to other shells similarly marked. -- To face the music, to meet any disagreeable necessity without flinching. [Colloq. or Slang] MUSICAL Mu"sic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. musical.] Defn: Of or pertaining to music; having the qualities of music; or the power of producing music; devoted to music; melodious; harmonious; as, musical proportion; a musical voice; musical instruments; a musical sentence; musical persons. Musical, or Music, box, a box or case containing apparatus moved by clockwork so as to play certain tunes automatically. -- Musical fish (Zoöl.), any fish which utters sounds under water, as the drumfish, grunt, gizzard shad, etc. -- Musical glasses, glass goblets or bowls so tuned and arranged that when struck, or rubbed, they produce musical notes. CF. Harmonica, 1. MUSICAL Mu"sic*al, n. 1. Music. [Obs.] To fetch home May with their musical. Spenser. 2. A social entertainment of which music is the leading feature; a musical party. [Colloq.] MUSICALE Mu`si`cale", n. Etym: [F. Cf. Soirée musicale.] Defn: A social musical party. [Colloq.] MUSICALLY Mu"sic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a musical manner. MUSICALNESS Mu"sic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being musical. MUSIC DRAMA Mu"sic dra`ma. Defn: An opera in which the text and action are not interrupted by set arias, duets, etc., the music being determined throughout by dramatic appropriateness; musical drama of this character, in general. It involves the use of a kind of melodious declamation, the development of leitmotif, great orchestral elaboration, and a fusion of poetry, music, action, and scene into an organic whole. The term is applied esp. to the later works of Wagner: "Tristan und Isolde," "Die Meistersinger," "Rheingold," "Walküre," "Siegfried," "Götterdämmerung," and "Parsifal." MUSIC HALL Music hall. Defn: A place for public musical entertainments; specif. (Eng.), esp. a public hall for vaudeville performances, in which smoking and drinking are usually allowed in the auditorium. MUSICIAN Mu*si"cian, n. Etym: [F. musicien.] Defn: One skilled in the art or science of music; esp., a skilled singer, or performer on a musical instrument. MUSICOMANIA Mu`si*co*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Music + mania: cf. F. musicomanie.] (Med.) Defn: A kind of monomania in which the passion for music becomes so strong as to derange the intellectual faculties. Dunglison. MUSIMON Mus"i*mon, n. Etym: [See Musmon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Mouflon. MUSINGLY Mus"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a musing manner. MUSIT Mu"sit, n. Defn: See Muset. MUSK Musk, n. Etym: [F. musc, L. muscus, Per. musk, fr. Skr. mushka testicle, orig., a little mouse. See Mouse, and cd. Abelmosk, Muscadel, Muscovy duck, Nutmeg.] 1. A substance of a reddish brown color, and when fresh of the consistence of honey, obtained from a bag being behind the navel of the male musk deer. It has a slightly bitter taste, but is specially remarkable for its powerful and enduring odor. It is used in medicine as a stimulant antispasmodic. The term is also applied to secretions of various other animals, having a similar odor. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The musk deer. See Musk deer (below). 3. The perfume emitted by musk, or any perfume somewhat similar. 4. (Bot.) (a) The musk plant (Mimulus moschatus). (b) A plant of the genus Erodium (E. moschatum); -- called also musky heron's-bill. (c) A plant of the genus Muscari; grape hyacinth. Musk beaver (Zoöl.), muskrat (1). -- Musk beetle (Zoöl.), a European longicorn beetle (Aromia moschata), having an agreeable odor resembling that of attar of roses. -- Musk cat. See Bondar. -- Musk cattle (Zoöl.), musk oxen. See Musk ox (below). -- Musk deer (Zoöl.), a small hornless deer (Moschus moschiferus), which inhabits the elevated parts of Central Asia. The upper canine teeth of the male are developed into sharp tusks, curved downward. The male has scent bags on the belly, from which the musk of commerce is derived. The deer is yellow or red-brown above, whitish below. The pygmy musk deer are chevrotains, as the kanchil and napu. -- Musk duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The Muscovy duck. (b) An Australian duck (Biziura lobata). -- Musk lorikeet (Zoöl.), the Pacific lorikeet (Glossopsitta australis) of Australia. -- Musk mallow (Bot.), a name of two malvaceous plants: (a) A species of mallow (Malva moschata), the foliage of which has a faint musky smell. (b) An Asiatic shrub. See Abelmosk. -- Musk orchis (Bot.), a European plant of the Orchis family (Herminium Minorchis); -- so called from its peculiar scent. -- Musk ox (Zoöl.), an Arctic hollow-horned ruminant (Ovibos moschatus), now existing only in America, but found fossil in Europe and Asia. It is covered with a thick coat of fine yellowish wool, and with long dark hair, which is abundant and shaggy on the neck and shoulders. The full-grown male weighs over four hundred pounds. -- Musk parakeet. (Zoöl.) Same as Musk lorikeet (above). -- Musk pear (Bot.), a fragrant kind of pear much resembling the Seckel pear. -- Musk plant (Bot.), the Mimulus moschatus, a plant found in Western North America, often cultivated, and having a strong musky odor. -- Musk root (Bot.), the name of several roots with a strong odor, as that of the nard (Nardostachys Jatamansi) and of a species of Angelica. -- Musk rose (Bot.), a species of rose (Rosa moschata), having peculiarly fragrant white blossoms. -- Musk seed (Bot.), the seed of a plant of the Mallow family (Hibiscus moschatus), used in perfumery and in flavoring. See Abelmosk. -- Musk sheep (Zoöl.), the musk ox. -- Musk shrew (Zoöl.), a shrew (Sorex murinus), found in India. It has a powerful odor of musk. Called also sondeli, and mondjourou. -- Musk thistle (Bot.), a species of thistle (Carduus nutans), having fine large flowers, and leaves smelling strongly of musk. -- Musk tortoise, Musk turtle (Zoöl.), a small American fresh-water tortoise (Armochelys, or Ozotheca, odorata), which has a distinct odor of musk; -- called also stinkpot. MUSK Musk, v. t. Defn: To perfume with musk. MUSKADEL Mus"ka*del`, n. Defn: See Muscadel. MUSKAT Mus"kat, n. Defn: See Muscat. MUSKELLUNGE Mus"kel*lunge, n. Etym: [From the Amer. Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large American pike (Esox nobilitor) found in the Great Lakes, and other Northern lakes, and in the St. Lawrence River. It is valued as a food fish. [Written also maskallonge, maskinonge, muskallonge, muskellonge, and muskelunjeh.] MUSKET Mus"ket, n. Etym: [F. mousquet, It. moschetto, formerly, a kind of hawk; cf. OF. mousket, moschet, a kind of hawk falcon, F. mouchet, prop., a little fly (the hawk prob. being named from its size), fr. L. musca a fly. Cf. Mosquito.] [Sometimes written also musquet.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The male of the sparrow hawk. 2. A species of firearm formerly carried by the infantry of an army. It was originally fired by means of a match, or matchlock, for which several mechanical appliances (including the flintlock, and finally the percussion lock) were successively substituted. This arm has been generally superseded by the rifle. MUSKETEER Mus`ket*eer", n. Etym: [F. mousquetaire; cf. It. moschettiere.] Defn: A soldier armed with a musket. MUSKETO Mus*ke"to, n. Defn: See Mosquito. MUSKETOON Mus`ket*oon", n. Etym: [F. mousqueton; cf. It. moschettone.] 1. A short musket. 2. One who is armed with such a musket. MUSKETRY Mus"ket*ry, n. Etym: [F. mousqueterie; cf. It. moschetteria.] 1. Muskets, collectively. 2. The fire of muskets. Motley. MUSKINESS Musk"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being musky; the scent of musk. MUSKMELON Musk"mel`on, n. Etym: [Musk + melon.] (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of a cucubritaceous plant (Cicumis Melo), having a peculiar aromatic flavor, and cultivated in many varieties, the principal sorts being the cantaloupe, of oval form and yellowish flesh, and the smaller nutmeg melon with greenish flesh. See Illust. of Melon. MUSKOGEES Mus*ko"gees, n. pl.; sing. Muskogee (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A powerful tribe of North American Indians that formerly occupied the region of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. They constituted a large part of the Creek confederacy. [Written also Muscogees.] MUSKRAT Musk"rat`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A North American aquatic fur-bearing rodent (Fiber zibethicus). It resembles a rat in color and having a long scaly tail, but the tail is compressed, the bind feet are webbed, and the ears are concealed in the fur. It has scent glands which secrete a substance having a strong odor of musk. Called also musquash, musk beaver, and ondatra. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The musk shrew. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The desman. MUSKWOOD Musk"wood`, n. Etym: [So called from its fragrance.] (Bot.) (a) The wood of a West Indian tree of the Mahogany family (Moschoxylum Swartzii). (b) The wood of an Australian tree (Eurybia argophylla). MUSKY Musk"y, a. Defn: Having an odor of musk, or somewhat the like. Milton. MUSLIM Mus"lim, n. Defn: See Moslem. MUSLIN Mus"lin, n. Etym: [F. mousseline; cf. It. mussolino, mussolo, Sp. muselina; all from Mussoul a city of Mesopotamia, Ar. Mausil, Syr. Mauzol, Muzol, Mosul, where it was first manufactured. Cf. Mull a kind of cloth.] Defn: A thin cotton, white, dyed, or printed. The name is also applied to coarser and heavier cotton goods; as, shirting and sheeting muslins. Muslin cambric. See Cambric. -- Muslin delaine, a light woolen fabric for women's dresses. See Delaine. [Written also mousseline de laine.] MUSLINET Mus`lin*et", n. Etym: [F. mousselinette.] Defn: A sort of coarse or light cotton cloth. MUSMON Mus"mon, n. Etym: [L. musmo, musimo, a Sardinian animal; cf. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Mouflon. MUSOMANIA Mu`so*ma"ni*a, n. Defn: See Musicomania. MUSQUASH Mus"quash, n. Etym: [American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Muskrat. Musquash root (Bot.), an umbelliferous plant (Cicuta maculata), having a poisonous root. See Water hemlock. MUSQUAW Mus"quaw, n. Etym: [American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The American black bear. See Bear. MUSQUET Mus"quet, n. Defn: See Musket. MUSQUITO Mus*qui"to, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Mosquito. MUSROLE; MUSROL Mus"role, Mus"rol, n. Etym: [F. muserolle, fr. muserau a muzzle, OF. musel. See Muzzle.] Defn: The nose band of a horse's bridle. MUSS Muss, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. mousche a fly, also, the play called muss, fr. L. musca a fly.] Defn: A scramble, as when small objects are thrown down, to be taken by those who can seize them; a confused struggle. Shak. MUSS Muss, n. Defn: A state of confusion or disorder; -- prob. variant of mess, but influenced by muss, a scramble. [Colloq. U.S.] MUSS Muss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mussed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mussing.] Defn: To disarrange, as clothing; to rumple. [Colloq. U.S.] MUSS Muss, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. mus a mouse. See Mouse.] Defn: A term of endearment. [Obs.] See Mouse. B. Jonson. MUSSEL Mus"sel, n. Etym: [See Muscle, 3.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of many species of marine bivalve shells of the genus Mytilus, and related genera, of the family Mytidæ. The common mussel (Mytilus edulis; see Illust. under Byssus), and the larger, or horse, mussel (Modiola modiolus), inhabiting the shores both of Europe and America, are edible. The former is extensively used as food in Europe. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of Unio, and related fresh-water genera; -- called also river mussel. See Naiad, and Unio. Mussel digger (Zoöl.), the grayback whale. See Gray whale, under Gray. MUSSITATION Mus`si*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. mussitatio suppression of the voice, fr. mussitare to be silent, to murmur.] Defn: A speaking in a low tone; mumbling. [Obs.] MUSSITE Mus"site, n. (Min.) Defn: A variety of pyroxene, from the Mussa Alp in Piedmont; diopside. MUSSULMAN Mus"sul*man, n.; pl. Mussulmans. Etym: [Ar. muslimin, pl. of muslim: cf. F. & Sp. musulman. See Moslem.] Defn: A Mohammedan; a Moslem. MUSSULMANIC Mus`sul*man"ic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, the Mussulmans, or their customs: Mohammedan. MUSSULMANISH Mus"sul*man*ish, a. Defn: Mohammedan. MUSSULMANISM Mus"sul*man*ism, n. Defn: Mohammedanism. MUSSULMANLY Mus"sul*man*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of Moslems. MUSSY Muss"y, a. Etym: [From 2d Muss.] Defn: Disarranged; rumpled. [Colloq. U.S.] MUST Must, v. i. or auxiliary. Etym: [OE. moste, a pret. generally meaning, could, was free to, pres. mot, moot, AS. moste, pret. mot, pres.; akin to D. moetan to be obliged, OS. motan to be free, to be obliged, OHG. muozan, G. müssen to be obliged, Sw. måste must, Goth. gamotan to have place, have room, to able; of unknown origin.] 1. To be obliged; to be necessitated; -- expressing either physical or moral necessity; as, a man must eat for nourishment; we must submit to the laws. 2. To be morally required; to be necessary or essential to a certain quality, character, end, or result; as, he must reconsider the matter; he must have been insane. Likewise must the deacons be grave. 1 Tim. iii. 8. Morover, he [a bishop] must have a good report of them which are without. 1 Tim. iii. 7. Note: The principal verb, if easy supplied by the mind, was formerly often omitted when must was used; as, I must away. "I must to Coventry." Shak. MUST Must, n. Etym: [AS. must, fr. L. mustum (sc. vinum), from mustus young, new, fresh. Cf. Mustard.] 1. The expressed juice of the grape, or other fruit, before fermentation. "These men ben full of must." Wyclif (Acts ii. 13. ). No fermenting must fills ... the deep vats. Longfellow. 2. Etym: [Cf. Musty.] Defn: Mustiness. MUST Must, v. t. & i. Defn: To make musty; to become musty. MUSTAC Mus"tac, n. Etym: [F. moustac.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small tufted monkey. MUSTACHE Mus*tache", n.; pl. Mustaches (. [Written also moustache.] Etym: [F. moustache, It. mostaccio visage, mostacchio mustache, fr. Gr. mostacho.] 1. That part of the beard which grows on the upper lip; hair left growing above the mouth. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A West African monkey (Cercopithecus cephus). It has yellow whiskers, and a triangular blue mark on the nose. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any conspicuous stripe of color on the side of the head, beneath the eye of a bird. MUSTACHO Mus*ta"cho, n.; pl. Mustachios (. Defn: A mustache. Longfellow. MUSTACHOED Mus*ta"choed, a. Defn: Having mustachios. MUSTAHFIZ Mus`tah"fiz`, n. [Turk. & Ar. mustahsfizs who trusts to another's keeping, a soldier of a garrison.] Defn: See Army organization, above. MUSTAIBA Mus`ta*i"ba, n. Defn: A close-grained, neavy wood of a brownish color, brought from Brazil, and used in turning, for making the handles of tools, and the like. [Written also mostahiba.] MaElrath. MUSTANG Mus"tang, n. Etym: [Sp. musteño belonging to the graziers, strayed, wild.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The half-wild horse of the plains in Mexico, California, etc. It is small, hardy, and easily sustained. Mustard grape (Bot.), a species of grape (Vitis candicans), native in Arkansas and Texas. The berries are small, light-colored, with an acid skin and a sweet pulp. MUSTARD Mus"tard, n. Etym: [OF. moustarde, F. moutarde, fr. L. mustum must, - - mustard was prepared for use by being mixed with must. See Must, n.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The name of several cruciferous plants of the genus Brassica (formerly Sinapis), as white mustard (B. alba), black mustard (B. Nigra), wild mustard or charlock (B. Sinapistrum). Note: There are also many herbs of the same family which are called mustard, and have more or less of the flavor of the true mustard; as, bowyer's mustard (Lepidium ruderale); hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale); Mithridate mustard (Thlaspi arvense); tower mustard (Arabis perfoliata); treacle mustard (Erysimum cheiranthoides). 2. A powder or a paste made from the seeds of black or white mustard, used as a condiment and a rubefacient. Taken internally it is stimulant and diuretic, and in large doses is emetic. Mustard oil (Chem.), a substance obtained from mustard, as a transparent, volatile and intensely pungent oil. The name is also extended to a number of analogous compounds produced either naturally or artificially. MUSTEE Mus*tee", n. Defn: See Mestee. MUSTELINE Mus"te*line, a. Etym: [L. mustelinus, fr. mustela weasel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the family Mustelidæ, or the weasels and martens. MUSTER Mus"ter, n. Etym: [OE. moustre, OF. mostre, moustre, F. montre, LL. monstra. See Muster, v. t.] 1. Something shown for imitation; a pattern. [Obs.] 2. A show; a display. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 3. An assembling or review of troops, as for parade, verification of numbers, inspection, exercise, or introduction into service. The hurried muster of the soldiers of liberty. Hawthorne. See how in warlike muster they appear, In rhombs, and wedges, and half-moons, and wings. Milton. 4. The sum total of an army when assembled for review and inspection; the whole number of effective men in an army. And the muster was thirty thousands of men. Wyclif. Ye publish the musters of your own bands, and proclaim them to amount of thousands. Hooker. 5. Any assemblage or display; a gathering. Of the temporal grandees of the realm, mentof their wives and daughters, the muster was great and splendid. Macaulay. Muster book, a book in which military forces are registred. -- Muster file, a muster roll. -- Muster master (Mil.), one who takes an account of troops, and of their equipment; a mustering officer; an inspector. [Eng.] -- Muster roll (Mil.), a list or register of all the men in a company, troop, or regiment, present or accounted for on the day of muster. -- To pass muster, to pass through a muster or inspection without censure. Such excuses will not pass muster with God. South. MUSTER Mus"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mustered; p. pr. & vb. n. Mustering.] Etym: [OE. mustren, prop., to show, OF. mostrer, mustrer, moustrer, monstrer, F. montrer, fr. L. monstrare to show. See Monster.] 1. To collect and display; to assemble, as troops for parade, inspection, exercise, or the like. Spenser. 2. Hence: To summon together; to enroll in service; to get together. "Mustering all its force." Cowper. All the gay feathers he could muster. L'Estrange. To muster troops into service (Mil.), to inspect and enter troops on the muster roll of the army. -- To muster troops out of service (Mil.), to register them for final payment and discharge. -- To muster up, to gather up; to succeed in obtaining; to obtain with some effort or difficulty. One of those who can muster up sufficient sprightliness to engage in a game of forfeits. Hazlitt. MUSTER Mus"ter, v. i. Defn: To be gathered together for parade, inspection, exercise, or the like; to come together as parts of a force or body; as, his supporters mustered in force. "The mustering squadron." Byron. MUSTILY Mus"ti*ly, a. Defn: In a musty state. MUSTINESS Mus"ti*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being musty. MUSTY Mus"ty, a. [Compar. Mustier; superl. Mustiest.] Etym: [From L. mustum must; or perh. fr. E. moist. Cf. Must, n., Moist.] 1. Having the rank, pungent, offencive odor and taste which substances of organic origin acquire during warm, moist weather; foul or sour and fetid; moldy; as, musty corn; musty books. Harvey. 2. Spoiled by age; rank; stale. The proverb is somewhat musty. Shak. 3. Dull; heavy; spiritless. "That he may not grow musty and unfit for conversation." Addison. MUTABILITY Mu`ta*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. mutabilitas: cf. F. mutabilité.] Defn: The quality of being mutable, or subject to change or alteration, either in form, state, or essential character; susceptibility of change; changeableness; inconstancy; variation. Plato confessed that the heavens and the frame of the world are corporeal, and therefore subject to mutability. Stillingfleet. MUTABLE Mu"ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. mutabilis, fr. mutare to change. See Move.] 1. Capable of alteration; subject to change; changeable in form, qualities, or nature. Things of the most accidental and mutable nature. South. 2. Changeable; inconstant; unsettled; unstable; fickle. "Most mutable wishes." Byron. Syn. -- Changeable; alterable; unstable; unsteady; unsettled; wavering; inconstant; variable; fickle. MUTABLENESS Mu"ta*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being mutable. MUTABLY Mu"ta*bly, adv. Defn: Changeably. MUTACISM Mu"ta*cism, n. Defn: See Mytacism. MUTAGE Mu"tage, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A process for checking the fermentation of the must of grapes. MUTANDUM Mu*tan"dum, n.; pl. Mutanda. Etym: [L., fr. mutare to change.] Defn: A thing which is to be changed; something which must be altered; -- used chiefly in the plural. MUTATION Mu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. mutatio, fr. mutare to change: cf. F. mutation. See Mutable.] Defn: Change; alteration, either in form or qualities. The vicissitude or mutations in the superior globe are no fit matter for this present argument. Bacon. MUTCH Mutch, n. Etym: [Cf. D. mutse a cap, G. mütze. Cf. Amice a cape.] Defn: The close linen or muslin cap of an old woman. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] MUTCHKIN Mutch"kin, n. Defn: A liquid measure equal to four gills, or an imperial pint. [Scot.] MUTE Mute, v. t. Etym: [L. mutare to change. See Molt.] Defn: To cast off; to molt. Have I muted all my feathers Beau. & Fl. MUTE Mute, v. t. & i. Etym: [F. mutir, émeutir, OF. esmeltir, fr. OD. smelten, prop., to melt. See Smelt.] Defn: To eject the contents of the bowels; -- said of birds. B. Jonson. MUTE Mute, n. Defn: The dung of birds. Hudibras. MUTE Mute, a. Etym: [L. mutus; cf. Gr. m bound, m dumb: cf. OE. muet, fr. F. muet, a dim. of OF. mu, L. mutus.] 1. Not speaking; uttering no sound; silent. All the heavenly choir stood mute, And silence was in heaven. Milton. Note: In law a prisoner is said to stand mute, when, upon being arranged, he makes no answer, or does not plead directly, or will not put himself on trial. 2. Incapable of speaking; dumb. Dryden. 3. Not uttered; unpronounced; silent; also, produced by complete closure of the mouth organs which interrupt the passage of breath; -- said of certain letters. See 5th Mute, 2. 4. Not giving a ringing sound when struck; -- said of a metal. Mute swan (Zoöl.), a European wild white swan (Cygnus gibbus), which produces no loud notes. Syn. -- Silent; dumb; speechless. -- Mute, Silent, Dumb. One is silent who does not speak; one is dumb who can not, for want of the proper organs; as, a dumb beast, etc.; and hence, figuratively, we speak of a person as struck dumb with astonishment, etc. One is mute who is held back from speaking by some special cause; as, he was mute through fear; mute astonishment, etc. Such is the case with most of those who never speak from childhood; they are not ordinarily dumb, but mute because they are deaf, and therefore never learn to talk; and hence their more appropriate name is deaf-mutes. They spake not a word; But, like dumb statues, or breathing stones, Gazed each on other. Shak. All sat mute, Pondering the danger with deep thoughts. Milton. MUTE Mute, n. 1. One who does not speak, whether from physical inability, unwillingness, or other cause. Specifically: (a) One who, from deafness, either congenital or from early life, is unable to use articulate language; a deaf-mute. (b) A person employed by undertakers at a funeral. (c) A person whose part in a play does not require him to speak. (d) Among the Turks, an officer or attendant who is selected for his place because he can not speak. 2. (Phon.) Defn: A letter which represents no sound; a silent letter; also, a close articulation; an element of speech formed by a position of the mouth organs which stops the passage of the breath; as, p, b, d, k, t. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A little utensil made of brass, ivory, or other material, so formed that it can be fixed in an erect position on the bridge of a violin, or similar instrument, in order to deaden or soften the tone. MUTE-HILL Mute"-hill`, n. Defn: See Moot-hill. [Scot.] MUTELY Mute"ly, adv. Defn: Without uttering words or sounds; in a mute manner; silently. MUTENESS Mute"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being mute; speechlessness. MUTESSARIF Mu*tes`sa*rif", n. [Turk. & Ar. muteçarif freely disposing of anything, master.] Defn: In Turkey, an administrative authority of any of certain sanjaks. They are appointed directly by the Sultan. MUTESSARIFAT Mu*tes`sa*ri*fat", n. [Turk. & Ar. muteçarifah office of a mutessarif.] Defn: In Turkey, a sanjak whose head is a mutessarif. MUTIC; MUTICOUS Mu"tic, Mu"ti*cous, a. Etym: [L. muticus, for mutilus. See Mutilate.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Without a point or pointed process; blunt. MUTILATE Mu"ti*late, a. Etym: [L. mutilatus, p.p. of mutilare to mutilate, fr. mutilus maimed; cf. Gr. Mutton.] 1. Deprived of, or having lost, an important part; mutilated. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having finlike appendages or flukes instead of legs, as a cetacean. MUTILATE Mu"ti*late, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A cetacean, or a sirenian. MUTILATE Mu"ti*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mutilated; p. pr. & vb. n. Mutilating.] 1. To cut off or remove a limb or essential part of; to maim; to cripple; to hack; as, to mutilate the body, a statue, etc. 2. To destroy or remove a material part of, so as to render imperfect; as, to mutilate the orations of Cicero. Among the mutilated poets of antiquity, there is none whose fragments are so beautiful as those of Sappho. Addison. Mutilated gear, Mutilated wheel (Mach.), a gear wheel from a portion of whose periphery the cogs are omitted. It is used for giving intermittent movements. MUTILATION Mu`ti*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. mutilatio: cf. F. mutilation.] Defn: The act of mutilating, or the state of being mutilated; deprivation of a limb or of an essential part. MUTILATOR Mu"ti*la"tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mutilateur.] Defn: One who mutilates. MUTILOUS Mu"ti*lous, a. Etym: [L. mutilus. See Mutilate.] Defn: Mutilated; defective; imperfect. [Obs.] MUTINE Mu"tine, n. Etym: [F. mutin.] Defn: A mutineer. [Obs.] MUTINE Mu"tine, v. i. Etym: [F. mutiner.] Defn: To mutiny. [Obs.] MUTINEER Mu"ti*neer`, n. Etym: [See Mutiny.] Defn: One guilty of mutiny. MUTING Mut"ing, n. Defn: Dung of birds. MUTINOUS Mu"ti*nous, a. Etym: [See Mutiny.] Defn: Disposed to mutiny; in a state of mutiny; characterized by mutiny; seditious; insubordinate. The city was becoming mutinous. Macaulay. -- Mu"ti*nous*ly, adv. -- Mu"ti*nous*ness, n. MUTINY Mu"ti*ny, n.; pl. Mutinies. Etym: [From mutine to mutiny, fr. F. se mutiner, fr. F. mutin stubborn, mutinous, fr. OF. meute riot, LL. movita, fr. movitus, for L. motus, p.p. of movere to move. See Move.] 1. Insurrection against constituted authority, particularly military or naval authority; concerted revolt against the rules of discipline or the lawful commands of a superior officer; hence, generally, forcible resistance to rightful authority; insubordination. In every mutiny against the discipline of the college, he was the ringleader. Macaulay. 2. Violent commotion; tumult; strife. [Obs.] o raise a mutiny betwixt yourselves. Shak. Mutiny act (Law), an English statute reënacted annually to punish mutiny and desertion. Wharton. Syn. -- See Insurrection. MUTINY Mu"ti*ny, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mutinied; p. pr. & vb. n. Mutinying.] 1. To rise against, or refuse to obey, lawful authority in military or naval service; to excite, or to be guilty of, mutiny or mutinous conduct; to revolt against one's superior officer, or any rightful authority. 2. To fall into strifle; to quarrel. [Obs.] Shak. MUTISM Mut"ism, n. Defn: The condition, state, or habit of being mute, or without speech. Max Müller. MUTOSCOPE Mu"to*scope, n. [L. mutare to change + -scope.] Defn: A simple form of moving-picture machine in which the series of views, exhibiting the successive phases of a scene, are printed on paper and mounted around the periphery of a wheel. The rotation of the wheel brings them rapidly into sight, one after another, and the blended effect gives a semblance of motion. MUTTER Mut"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Muttered; p. pr. & vb. n. Muttering.] Etym: [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. L. muttire, mutire.] 1. To utter words indistinctly or with a low voice and lips partly closed; esp., to utter indistinct complains or angry expressions; to grumble; to growl. Wizards that peep, and that mutter. Is. viii. 19. Meantime your filthy foreigner will stare, And mutter to himself. Dryden. 2. To sound with a low, rumbling noise. Thick lightings flash, the muttering thunder rolls. Pope. MUTTER Mut"ter, v. t. Defn: To utter with imperfect articulations, or with a low voice; as, to mutter threats. Shak. MUTTER Mut"ter, n. Defn: Repressing or obscure utterance. MUTTERER Mut"ter*er, n. Defn: One who mutters. MUTTERINGLY Mut"ter*ing*ly, adv. Defn: With a low voice and indistinct articulation; in a muttering manner. MUTTON Mut"ton, n. Etym: [OE. motoun, OF. moton, molton, a sheep, wether, F. mouton, LL. multo, by transposition of l fr. L. mutilus mutilated. See Mutilate.] 1. A sheep. [Obs.] Chapman. Not so much ground as will feed a mutton. Sir H. Sidney. Muttons, beeves, and porkers are good old words for the living quadrupeds. Hallam. 2. The flesh of a sheep. The fat of roasted mutton or beef. Swift. 3. A loose woman; a prostitute. [Obs.] Mutton bird (Zoöl.), the Australian short-tailed petrel (Nectris brevicaudus). -- Mutton chop, a rib of mutton for broiling, with the end of the bone at the smaller part chopped off. -- Mutton fish (Zoöl.), the American eelpout. See Eelpout. -- Mutton fist, a big brawny fist or hand. [Colloq.] Dryden. -- Mutton monger, a pimp [Low & Obs.] Chapman. -- To return to one's muttons. Etym: [A translation of a phrase from a farce by De Brueys, revenons à nos moutons let us return to our sheep.] To return to one's topic, subject of discussion, etc. [Humorous] I willingly return to my muttons. H. R. Haweis. MUTTONY Mut"ton*y, a. Defn: Like mutton; having a flavor of mutton. MUTUAL Mu"tu*al, a. Etym: [F. mutuel, L. mutuus, orig., exchanged, borrowed, lent; akin to mutare to change. See Mutable.] 1. Reciprocally acting or related; reciprocally receiving and giving; reciprocally given and received; reciprocal; interchanged; as, a mutual love, advantage, assistance, aversion, etc. Conspiracy and mutual promise. Sir T. More. Happy in our mutual help, And mutual love. Milton. A certain shyness on such subjects, which was mutual between the sisters. G. Eliot. 2. Possessed, experienced, or done by two or more persons or things at the same time; common; joint; as, mutual happiness; a mutual effort. Burke. A vast accession of misery and woe from the mutual weeping, and wailing, and gnashing of teeth. Bentley. Note: This use of mutual as synonymous with common is inconsistent with the idea of interchange, or reciprocal relation, which properly belongs to it; but the word has been so used by many writers of high authority. The present tendency is toward a careful discrimination. Mutual, as Johnson will tell us, means something reciprocal, a giving and taking. How could people have mutual ancestors P. Harrison. Mutual insurance, agreement among a number of persons to insure each other against loss, as by fire, death, or accident. -- Mutual insurance company, one which does a business of insurance on the mutual principle, the policy holders sharing losses and profits pro rata. Syn. -- Reciprocal; interchanged; common. MUTUALISM Mu"tu*al*ism, n. (Ethics) Defn: The doctrine of mutual dependence as the condition of individual and social welfare. F. Harrison. H. Spencer. Mallock. MUTUALITY Mu`tu*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mutualité.] 1. The quality of correlation; reciprocation; interchange; interaction; interdependence. 2. (Law) Defn: Reciprocity of consideration. Wharton. MUTUALLY Mu"tu*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a mutual manner. MUTUARY Mu"tu*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. mutuarius mutual.See Mutuation.] (Law) Defn: One who borrows personal chattels which are to be consumed by him, and which he is to return or repay in kind. Bouvier. MUTUATION Mu`tu*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. mutuatio, fr. mutuare, mutuari, to borrow, fr. mutuus. See Mutual.] Defn: The act of borrowing or exchanging. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. MUTULE Mu"tule, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. mutulus.] (Arch.) Defn: A projecting block worked under the corona of the Doric corice, in the same situation as the modillion of the Corinthian and Composite orders. See Illust. of Gutta. Oxf. Gloss. MUX Mux, n. Etym: [Cf. Mixen.] Defn: Dirt; filth; muck. [Prov. Eng.] ose. MUX Mux, v. t. Defn: To mix in an unitidy and offensive way; to make a mess of. [Prov. Eng.; Colloq. U.S.] MUXY Mux"y, a. Defn: Soft; sticky, and dirty. [Prov. Eng.] See Mucky. MUZARAB Muz"a*rab, n. Etym: [Sp. mozarabe, fr. Ar. mosta'rib, a name applied to strange tribes living among the Arabs.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a denomination of Christians formerly living under the government of the Moors in Spain, and having a liturgy and ritual of their own. [Written also Mozarab, Mostarab.] Brande & C. MUZARABIC Muz`a*rab"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Muzarabs; as, the Muzarabic liturgy. [Written also Mozarabic.] MUZZINESS Muz"zi*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being muzzy. MUZZLE Muz"zle, n. Etym: [OE. mosel, OF. musel, F. museau muzzle or snout, LL. musellus, fr. musus, morsus. See Muse, v. i., and cf. Morsel.] 1. The projecting mouth and nose of a quadruped, as of a horse; a snout. 2. The mouth of a thing; the end for entrance or discharge; as, the muzzle of a gun. 3. A fastening or covering (as a band or cage) for the mouth of an animal, to prevent eating or vicious biting. With golden muzzles all their mouths were bound Dryden. Muzzle sight. (Gun.) See Dispart, n., 2. MUZZLE Muz"zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Muzzled; p. pr. & vb. n. Muzzling.] Etym: [F. museler.] 1. To bind the mouth of; to fasten the mouth of, so as to prevent biting or eating; hence, figuratively, to bind; to sheathe; to restrain from speech or action. "My dagger muzzled." Shak. Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn. Deut. xxv. 4. 2. To fondle with the closed mouth. [Obs.] L'Estrange. MUZZLE Muz"zle, v. i. Defn: To bring the mouth or muzzle near. The bear muzzles and smels to him. L'Estrange. MUZZLE-LOADER Muz"zle-load`er, n. Defn: A firearm which receives its charge through the muzzle, as distinguished from one which is loaded at the breech. MUZZLE-LOADING Muz"zle-load`ing, a. Defn: Receiving its charge through the muzzle; as, a muzzle-loading rifle. MUZZY Muz"zy, a. Etym: [Cf. F. muse.] Defn: Absent-minded; dazed; muddled; stupid. The whole company stared at me with a whimsical, muzzy look, like men whose senses were a little obfuscated by beer rather then wine. W. Irving. MY My, a. & poss. pron. Etym: [OE. mi, fr. min. See Mine, and cf., for loss of n, A, a., An, a.] Defn: Of or belonging to me; -- used always attributively; as, my body; my book; -- mine is used in the predicate; as, the book is mine. See Mine. MYA My"a, n. Etym: [L. mya a kind of mussel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of bivalve mollusks, including the common long, or soft-shelled, clam. MYALGIA My*al"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Pain in the muscles; muscular rheumatism or neuralgia. MYALL WOOD My*all" wood`. (Bot.) Defn: A durable, fragrant, and dark-colored Australian wood, used by the natives for spears. It is obtained from the small tree Acacia homolophylla. MYARIA My*a"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of bivalve mollusks of which the common clam (Mya) is the type. MYCELIUM My*ce"li*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. my`khs a mushroom.] (Bot.) Defn: The white threads or filamentous growth from which a mushroom or fungus is developed; the so-called mushroom spawn. -- My*ce"li*al, a. MYCELOID Myc"e*loid, a. Etym: [Mycelium + -oid.] (Bot.) Defn: Resembling mycelium. MYCETES My*ce"tes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. mykhth`s a bellower, fr. myka^sqai to bellow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of South American monkeys, including the howlers. See Howler, 2, and Illust. MYCETOID Myc"e*toid, Etym: [Gr. my`khs, -htos, a fungus + -oid.] (Bot.) Defn: Resembling a fungus. MYCETOZOA My*ce`to*zo"a, n. pl. [NL.; Gr. , , fungus + pl. of an animal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Myxomycetes; -- so called by those who regard them as a class of animals. -- My*ce`to*zo"an (#), a. MYCODERMA My`co*der"ma, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. my`khs a fungus + de`rma skin.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: One of the forms in which bacteria group themselves; a more or less thick layer of motionless but living bacteria, formed by the bacteria uniting on the surface of the fluid in which they are developed. This production differs from the zoöloea stage of bacteria by not having the intermediary mucous substance. 2. A genus of microörganisms of which the acetic ferment (Mycoderma aceti), which converts alcoholic fluids into vinegar, is a representative. Cf. Mother. MYCOLOGIC; MYCOLOGICAL My`co*log"ic, My`co*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or relating to mycology, or the fungi. MYCOLOGIST My*col"o*gist, n. Defn: One who is versed in, or who studies, mycology. MYCOLOGY My*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. my`khs fungus + -logy.] Defn: That branch of botanical science which relates to the musgrooms and other fungi. MYCOMELIC My`co*mel"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (spirious) mucus) + (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid of the alloxan group, obtained as a honey-yellow powder. Its solutions have a gelatinous consistency. MYCOPROTEIN My`co*pro"te*in, n. Etym: [Gr. (spirious) mucus) + E. protein.] (Biol.) Defn: The protoplasmic matter of which bacteria are composed. MYCOSE My"cose, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A variety of sugar, isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi. Called also trehalose. [Written also mykose.] MYCOTHRIX Myc"o*thrix, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (spurious) mucus) + (Biol.) Defn: The chain of micrococci formed by the division of the micrococci in multiplication. MYDALEINE My*da"le*ine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A toxic alkaloid (ptomaine) obtained from putrid flesh and from herring brines. As a poison it is said to execute profuse diarrhoea, vomiting, and intestinal inflammation. Brieger. MYDATOXIN Myd`a*tox"in, n. Etym: [Gr. toxic + in.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A poisonous amido acid, C6H13NO2, separated by Brieger from decaying horseflesh. In physiological action, it is similar to curare. MYDAUS Myd"a*us, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The teledu. MYDRIASIS My*dri"a*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Physiol. & Med.) Defn: A long-continued or excessive dilatation of the pupil of the eye. MYDRIATIC Myd`ri*at"ic, a. Defn: Causing dilatation of the pupil. -- n. Defn: A mydriatic medicine or agent, as belladonna. MYELENCEPHALA My`e*len*ceph"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Myelencephalon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Vertebrata. MYELENCEPHALIC My`e*len`ce*phal"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the myelencephalon; cerebro-spinal. MYELENCEPHALON My`e*len*ceph"a*lon, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. encephalon.] (Anat.) (a) The brain and spinal cord; the cerebro-spinal axis; the neuron. Sometimes abbreviated to myelencephal. (b) The metencephalon. Huxley. MYELENCEPHALOUS My`e*len*ceph"a*lous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Myelencephala. MYELIN My"e*lin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) (a) A soft white substance constituting the medullary sheats of nerve fibers, and composed mainly of cholesterin, lecithin, cerebrin, albumin, and some fat. (b) One of a group of phosphorized principles occurring in nerve tissue, both in the brain and nerve fibers. MYELITIS My`e*li"tis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the spinal marrow or its membranes. MYELOCOELE My"e*lo*coele`, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The central canal of the spinal cord. MYELOGENIC My`e*lo*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Derived from, or pertaining to, the bone marrow. MYELOID My"e*loid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Resembling marrow in appearance or consistency; as, a myeloid tumor. MYELOIDIN My`e*loid"in, n. Etym: [Myelin + -oid + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A substance, present in the protoplasm of the retinal epithelium cells, and resembling, if not identical with, the substance (myelin) forming the medullary sheaths of nerve fibers. MYELON My"e*lon, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The spinal cord. (Sometimes abbrev. to myel.) MYELONAL My"e*lo`nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the myelon; as, the myelonal, or spinal, nerves. MYELONEURA My`e*lo*neu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Vertebrata. MYELOPLAX My*el"o*plax, n.; pl. E. Myeloplaxes, L. Myeloplaces. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: One of the huge multinucleated cells found in the marrow of bone and occasionally in other parts; a giant cell. See Osteoclast. MYGALE Myg"a*le, n. Etym: [L., a field mouse, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of very large hairy spiders having four lungs and only four spinnerets. They do not spin webs, but usually construct tubes in the earth, which are often furnished with a trapdoor. The South American bird spider (Mygale avicularia), and the crab spider, or matoutou (M. cancerides) are among the largest species. Some of the species are erroneously called tarantulas, as the Texas tarantula (M. Hentzii). MYKISS My"kiss, n. [Russ. muikize, prob. fr. a native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A salmon (Salmo mykiss, syn. S. purpuratus) marked with black spots and a red throat, found in most of the rivers from Alaska to the Colorado River, and in Siberia; -- called also black-spotted trout, cutthroat trout, and redthroat trout. MYLODON Myl"o*don, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of large slothlike American edentates, allied to Megatherium. MYLOHYOID My`lo*hy"oid, a. Etym: [Gr. hyoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or in the region of, the lower jaw and the hyoid apparatus; as, the mylohyoid nerve. MYNA My"na, n. Etym: [See Mino bird.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of Asiatic starlings of the genera Acridotheres, Sturnopastor, Sturnia, Gracula, and allied genera. In habits they resemble the European starlings, and like them are often caged and taught to talk. See Hill myna, under Hill, and Mino bird. [Spelt also mynah.] MYNCHEN Myn"chen, n. Etym: [AS. mynecen, fr. munec monk. See Monk.] Defn: A nun. [Obs.] MYNCHERY Myn"cher*y, n. Defn: A nunnery; -- a term still applied to the ruins of certain nunneries in England. MYNHEER Myn*heer", n. Etym: [D. mijnheer.] Defn: The Dutch equivalent of Mr. or Sir; hence, a Dutchman. MYO- My"o-. Defn: A combining form of Gr. muscle; as, myograph, myochrome. MYOCARDITIS My`o*car*di"tis, n. Etym: [NL. see Myocardium.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the myocardium. MYOCARDIUM My`o*car"di*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The main substance of the muscular wall of the heart inclosed between the epicardium and endocardium. MYOCHROME My"o*chrome, n. Etym: [Myo- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A colored albuminous substance in the serum from red-colored muscles. It is identical with hemoglobin. MYOCOMMA My`o*com"ma, n.; pl. L. Myocommata, E. Myocommas. Etym: [NL. See Myo- , and Comma.] (Anat.) Defn: A myotome. MYODYNAMICS My`o*dy*nam"ics, n. Etym: [Myo- + dynamics.] (Physiol.) Defn: The department of physiology which deals with the principles of muscular contraction; the exercise of muscular force or contraction. MYODYNAMIOMETER My`o*dy*na`mi*om"e*ter, n. Defn: A myodynamometer. MYODYNAMOMETER My`o*dy`na*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Myo- + E. dynamometer.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the muscular strength of man or of other animals; a dynamometer. Dunglison. MYOEPITHELIAL My`o*ep`i*the"li*al, a. Etym: [Myo- + epithelial.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Derived from epithelial cells and destined to become a part of the muscular system; -- applied to structural elements in certain embryonic forms. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the characteristics of both muscle and epithelium; as, the myoepithelial cells of the hydra. MYOGALID My*og"a*lid, n. Etym: [Myo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Myogalodæ, a family of Insectivora, including the desman, and allied species. MYOGRAM My"o*gram, n. Etym: [Myo- + -gram.] (Physiol.) Defn: See Muscle curve, under Muscle. MYOGRAPH My"o*graph, n. Etym: [Myo- + -graph.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for determining and recording the different phases, as the intensity, velocity, etc., of a muscular contraction. MYOGRAPHIC; MYOGRAPHICAL My`o*graph"ic, My`o*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to myography. MYOGRAPHY My*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. myographie.] Defn: The description of muscles, including the study of muscular contraction by the aid of registering apparatus, as by some form of myograph; myology. MYOHAEMATIN My`o*hæm"a*tin, n. Etym: [Myo- + hæmatin.] (Physiol.) Defn: A red-colored respiratory pigment found associated with hemoglobin in the muscle tissue of a large number of animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate. MYOID My"oid, a. Etym: [Myo- + -oid.] Defn: Composed of, or resembling, muscular fiber. MYOLEMMA My`o*lem"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Sarcolemma. MYOLIN My"o*lin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: The essential material of muscle fibers. MYOLOGIC; MYOLOGICAL My`o*log"ic, My`o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to myology. MYOLOGIST My*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One skilled in myology. MYOLOGY My*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Myo- + -logy: cf. F. myologie.] Defn: That part of anatomy which treats of muscles. MYOMA My*o"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Myo-, and -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A tumor consisting of muscular tissue. MYOMANCY My"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by the movements of mice. MYOMORPH My"o*morph, n. Defn: One of the Myomorpha. MYOMORPHA My`o*mor"pha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive group of rodents which includes the rats, mice, jerboas, and many allied forms. MYOPATHIA My`o*pa*thi"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Any affection of the muscles or muscular system. MYOPATHIC My`o*path"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to myopathia. MYOPATHY My*op"a*thy, n. Defn: Same as Myopathia. MYOPE My"ope, n. Etym: [F., fr. Gr. Defn: A person having myopy; a myops. MYOPHAN My"o*phan, n. Etym: [Myo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A contractile striated layer found in the bodies and stems of certain Infusoria. MYOPIA My*o"pi*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Myope.] (Med.) Defn: Nearsightedness; shortsightedness; a condition of the eye in which the rays from distant object are brought to a focus before they reach the retina, and hence form an indistinct image; while the rays from very near objects are normally converged so as to produce a distinct image. It is corrected by the use of a concave lens. MYOPIC My*op"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or affected with, or characterized by, myopia; nearsighted. Myopic astigmatism, a condition in which the eye is affected with myopia in one meridian only. MYOPS My"ops, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Myope. MYOPSIS My*op"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The appearance of muscæ volitantes. See Muscæ volitantes, under Musca. MYOPY My"o*py, n. Etym: [F. myopie.] (Med.) Defn: Myopia. MYOSIN My"o*sin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An albuminous body present in dead muscle, being formed in the process of coagulation which takes place in rigor mortis; the clot formed in the coagulation of muscle plasma. See Muscle plasma, under Plasma. Note: Myosin belongs to the group of globulins. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute solution of salt, and is especially characterized by being completely precipitated by saturation of its solutions with salt. MYOSIS My*o"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Long-continued contraction of the pupil of the eye. MYOSITIC My`o*sit"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Myotic. MYOSITIS My`o*si"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the muscles. MYOSOTIS My`o*so"tis, n. Etym: [NL.; Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants. See Mouse-ear. MYOTIC My*ot"ic, a. Etym: [See Myosis.] (Med.) Defn: Producing myosis, or contraction of the pupil of the eye, as opium, calabar bean, etc. -- n. Defn: A myotic agent. MYOTOME My"o*tome, n. Etym: [See Myotomy.] (Anat.) (a) A muscular segment; one of the zones into which the muscles of the trunk, especially in fishes, are divided; a myocomma. (b) One of the embryonic muscular segments arising from the protovertebræ; also, one of the protovertebræ themselves. (c) The muscular system of one metamere of an articulate. MYOTOMIC My`o*tom"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a myotome or myotomes. MYOTOMY My*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [Myo- + Gr. myotomie.] Defn: The dissection, or that part of anatomy which treats of the dissection, of muscles. MYRCIA Myr"ci*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A large genus of tropical American trees and shrubs, nearly related to the true myrtles (Myrtus), from which they differ in having very few seeds in each berry. MYRIA- Myr"i*a-. Etym: [Gr. Myriad.] Defn: A prefix, esp. in the metric system, indicating ten thousand, ten thousand times; as, myriameter. MYRIACANTHOUS Myr`i*a*can"thous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having numerous spines, as certain fishes. MYRIAD Myr"i*ad, n. Etym: [Gr. myriade.] 1. The number of ten thousand; ten thousand persons or things. 2. An immense number; a very great many; an indefinitely large number. MYRIAD Myr"i*ad, a. Defn: Consisting of a very great, but indefinite, number; as, myriad stars. MYRIAGRAM; MYRIAGRAMME Myr"i*a*gram, Myr"i*a*gramme, n. Etym: [F. myriagramme. See Myria-, and 3d Gram.] Defn: A metric weight, consisting of ten thousand grams or ten kilograms. It is equal to 22.046 lbs. avoirdupois. MYRIALITER; MYRIALITRE Myr"i*a*li`ter, Myr"i*a*li`tre, n. Etym: [F. myrialitre. See Myria-, and Liter.] Defn: A metric measure of capacity, containing ten thousand liters. It is equal to 2641.7 wine gallons. MYRIAMETER; MYRIAMETRE Myr"i*a*me`ter, Myr"i*a*me`tre, n. Etym: [F. myriamètre. See Myria-, and Meter.] Defn: A metric measure of length, containing ten thousand meters. It is equal to 6.2137 miles. MYRIAPOD Myr"i*a*pod, n. Etym: [Cf. F. myriapode.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Myriapoda. MYRIAPODA Myr`i*ap"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A class, or subclass, of arthropods, related to the hexapod insects, from which they differ in having the body made up of numerous similar segments, nearly all of which bear true jointed legs. They have one pair of antennæ, three pairs of mouth organs, and numerous trachaæ, similar to those of true insects. The larvæ, when first hatched, often have but three pairs of legs. See Centiped, Galleyworm, Milliped. Note: The existing Myriapoda are divided into three orders: Chilopoda, Chilognatha or Diplopoda, and Pauropoda (see these words in the Vocabulary). Large fossil species (very different from any living forms) are found in the Carboniferous formation. MYRIARCH Myr"i*arch, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A captain or commander of ten thousand men. MYRIARE Myr"i*are, n. Etym: [F. See Myria-, and 2d Are.] Defn: A measure of surface in the metric system containing ten thousand ares, or one million square meters. It is equal to about 247.1 acres. MYRICA My*ri"ca, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A widely dispersed genus of shrubs and trees, usually with aromatic foliage. It includes the bayberry or wax myrtle, the sweet gale, and the North American sweet fern, so called. MYRICIN Myr"i*cin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. myricine. Prob. so called from a fancied resemblance to the wax of the bayberry (Myrica).] (Chem.) Defn: A silky, crystalline, waxy substance, forming the less soluble part of beeswax, and regarded as a palmitate of a higher alcohol of the paraffin series; -- called also myricyl alcohol. MYRICYL Myr"i*cyl, n. Etym: [Myricin + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical regarded as the essential residue of myricin; -- called also melissyl. MYRIOLOGICAL Myr`i*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or relating to a myriologue. MYRIOLOGIST Myr`i*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who composes or sings a myriologue. MYRIOLOGUE Myr"i*o*logue, n. Etym: [F. myriologue, myriologie, NGr. Defn: An extemporaneous funeral song, composed and sung by a woman on the death of a friend. [Modern Greece] MYRIOPHYLLOUS Myr`i*oph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having an indefinitely great or countless number of leaves. MYRIOPODA Myr`i*op"o*da, n. pl. Defn: See Myriapoda. MYRIORAMA Myr`i*o*ra"ma, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A picture made up of several smaller pictures, drawn upon separate pieces in such a manner as to admit of combination in many different ways, thus producing a great variety of scenes or landscapes. MYRIOSCOPE Myr"i*o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] Defn: A form of kaleidoscope. MYRISTATE My*ris"tate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of myristic acid. MYRISTIC My*ris"tic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the nutmeg (Myristica). Specifically, designating an acid found in nutmeg oil and otoba fat, and extracted as a white crystalline waxy substance. MYRISTIN My*ris"tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: The myristate of glycerin, -- found as a vegetable fat in nutmeg butter, etc. MYRISTONE My*ris"tone, n. Etym: [Myristc + -one.] (Chem.) Defn: The ketone of myristic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance. MYRMECOPHYTE Myr"me*co*phyte`, n. [Gr. my`rmhx, my`rmhkos, ant + fyto`n plant.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant that affords shelter and food to certain species of ants which live in symbiotic relations with it. Special adaptations for this purpose exist; thus, Acacia spadicigera has large hollows thorns, and species of Cecropia have stem cavities. -- Myr`me*co*phyt"ic (#), a. MYRMICINE Myr"mi*cine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Myrmica, a genus of ants including the small house ant (M. molesta), and many others. MYRMIDON Myr"mi*don, n. Etym: [L. Myrmidones, Gr. 1. One of a fierce tribe or troop who accompained Achilles, their king, to the Trojan war. 2. A soldier or a subordinate civil officer who executes cruel orders of a superior without protest or pity; -- sometimes applied to bailiffs, constables, etc. Thackeray. With unabated ardor the vindictive man of law and his myrmidons pressed forward. W. H. Ainsworth. MYRMIDONIAN Myr`mi*do"ni*an, a. Defn: Consisting of, or like, myrmidons. Pope. MYRMOTHERINE Myr`mo*the"rine, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Feeding upon ants; -- said of certain birds. MYROBALAN; MYROBOLAN My*rob"a*lan, My*rob"o*lan, n. Etym: [L. myrobalanum the fruit of a palm tree from which a balsam was made, Gr. myrobolan.] Defn: A dried astringent fruit much resembling a prune. It contains tannin, and was formerly used in medicine, but is now chiefly used in tanning and dyeing. Myrobolans are produced by various species of Terminalia of the East Indies, and of Spondias of South America. MYRONIC My*ron"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, mustard; -- used specifically to designate a glucoside called myronic acid, found in mustard seed. MYROPOLIST My*rop"o*list, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who sells unguents or perfumery. [Obs.] Jonhson. MYROSIN Myr"o*sin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A ferment, resembling diastase, found in mustard seeds. MYROXYLON My*rox"y*lon, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of leguminous trees of tropical America, the different species of which yield balsamic products, among which are balsam of Peru, and balsam of Tolu. The species were formerly referred to Myrospermum. MYRRH Myrrh, n. Etym: [OE. mirre, OF. mirre, F. myrrhe, L. myrrha, murra, Gr. murr bitter, also myrrh, Heb. mar bitter.] Defn: A gum resin, usually of a yellowish brown or amber color, of an aromatic odor, and a bitter, slightly pungent taste. It is valued for its odor and for its medicinal properties. It exuds from the bark of a shrub of Abyssinia and Arabia, the Balsamodendron Myrrha. The myrrh of the Bible is supposed to have been partly the gum above named, and partly the exudation of species of Cistus, or rockrose. False myrrh. See the Note under Bdellium. MYRRHIC Myr"rhic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, myrrh. MYRRHINE Myr"rhine, a. Defn: Murrhine. MYRTACEOUS Myr*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [L. myrtaceus.] (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a large and important natural order of trees and shrubs (Myrtaceæ), of which the myrtle is the type. It includes the genera Eucalyptus, Pimenta, Lechythis, and about seventy more. MYRTIFORM Myr"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. myrtus myrtle + -form: cf. F. myrtiforme.] Defn: Resembling myrtle or myrtle berries; having the form of a myrtle leaf. MYRTLE Myr"tle, n. Etym: [F. myrtil bilberry, prop., a little myrtle, from myrte myrtle, L. myrtus, murtus, Gr. m.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of the genus Myrtus, especially Myrtus communis. The common myrtle has a shrubby, upright stem, eight or ten feet high. Its branches form a close, full head, thickly covered with ovate or lanceolate evergreen leaves. It has solitary axillary white or rosy flowers, followed by black several-seeded berries. The ancients considered it sacred to Venus. The flowers, leaves, and berries are used variously in perfumery and as a condiment, and the beautifully mottled wood is used in turning. Note: The name is also popularly but wrongly applied in America to two creeping plants, the blue-flowered periwinkle and the yellow- flowered moneywort. In the West Indies several myrtaceous shrubs are called myrtle. Bog myrtle, the sweet gale. -- Crape myrtle. See under Crape. -- Myrtle warbler (Zoöl.), a North American wood warbler (Dendroica coronata); -- called also myrtle bird, yellow-rumped warbler, and yellow-crowned warbler. -- Myrtle wax. (Bot.) See Bayberry tallow, under Bayberry. -- Sand myrtle, a low, branching evergreen shrub (Leiophyllum buxifolium), growing in New Jersey and southward. -- Wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera). See Bayberry. MYSELF My*self", pron.; pl. Ourselves (. Defn: I or me in person; -- used for emphasis, my own self or person; as I myself will do it; I have done it myself; -- used also instead of me, as the object of the first person of a reflexive verb, without emphasis; as, I will defend myself. MYSELVEN My*selv"en, pron. Defn: Myself. [Obs.] MYSIS My"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small schizopod shrimps found both in fresh and salt water; the opossum shrimps. One species inhabits the Great Lakes of North America, and is largely eaten by the whitefish. The marine species form part of the food of right whales. MYSTACAL Mys"ta*cal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the upper lip, or mustache. MYSTAGOGIC; MYSTAGOGICAL Mys`ta*gog"ic, Mys`ta*gog"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to interpretation of mysteries or to mystagogue; of the nature of mystagogy. MYSTAGOGUE Mys"ta*gogue, n. Etym: [L. mystagogus, Gr. mystagogue. See 1st Mystery.] 1. interprets mysteries, especially of a religious kind. 2. One who keeps and shows church relics. MYSTAGOGY Mys"ta*go`gy, n. Defn: The doctrines, principles, or practice of a mystagogue; interpretation of mysteries. MYSTERIAL Mys*te"ri*al, a. Defn: Mysterious. [Obs.] MYSTERIARCH Mys*te"ri*arch, n. Etym: [L. mysteriarches, Gr. Defn: One presiding over mysteries. [Obs.] MYSTERIOUS Mys*te"ri*ous, a. Etym: [F. mystèrieux. See 1st Mystery.] Defn: Of or pertaining to mystery; containing a mystery; difficult or impossible to understand; obscure not revealed or explained; enigmatical; incomprehensible. God at last To Satan, first in sin, his doom applied, Thought in mysterious terms. Milton. Syn. -- Obscure; secret; occult; dark; mystic; cabalistic; enigmatical; unintelligible; incomprehensible. MYSTERIOUSLY Mys*te"ri*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a mysterious manner. MYSTERIOUSNESS Mys*te"ri*ous*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being mysterious. 2. Something mysterious; a mystery. [R.] Jer. Taylor. MYSTERIZE Mys"ter*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mysterized; p. pr. & vb. n. Mysterizing.] Defn: To make mysterious; to make a mystery of. MYSTERY Mys"ter*y, n.; pl. Mysteries. Etym: [L. mysterium, Gr. Mute, a.] 1. A profound secret; something wholly unknown, or something kept cautiously concealed, and therefore exciting curiosity or wonder; something which has not been or can not be explained; hence, specifically, that which is beyond human comprehension. We speak the wisdom of God in a mystery. 1 Cor. ii. 7. If God should please to reveal unto us this great mystery of the Trinity, or some other mysteries in our holy religion, we should not be able to understand them, unless he would bestow on us some new faculties of the mind. Swift. 2. A kind of secret religious celebration, to which none were admitted except those who had been initiated by certain preparatory ceremonies; -- usually plural; as, the Eleusinian mysteries. 3. pl. Defn: The consecrated elements in the eucharist. 4. Anything artfully made difficult; an enigma. MYSTERY Mys"ter*y, n.; pl. Mysteries. Etym: [OE. mistere, OF. mestier, F. métier, L. ministerium. See Ministry.] 1. A trade; a handicraft; hence, any business with which one is usually occupied. Fie upon him, he will discredit our mystery. Shak. And that which is the noblest mystery Brings to reproach and common infamy. Spenser. 2. A dramatic representation of a Scriptural subject, often some event in the life of Christ; a dramatic composition of this character; as, the Chester Mysteries, consisting of dramas acted by various craft associations in that city in the early part of the 14th century. "Mystery plays," so called because acted by craftsmen. Skeat. MYSTIC; MYSTICAL Mys"tic, Mys"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. mysticus, Gr. mystique. See 1st Mystery, Misty.] 1. Remote from or beyond human comprehension; baffling human understanding; unknowable; obscure; mysterious. Heaven's numerous hierarchy span The mystic gulf from God to man. Emerson. God hath revealed a way mystical and supernatural. Hooker. 2. Importing or implying mysticism; involving some secret meaning; allegorical; emblematical; as, a mystic dance; mystic Babylon. Thus, then, did the spirit of unity and meekness inspire every joint and sinew of the mystical body. Milton. -- Mys"tic*al*ly, adv. -- Mys"tic*al*ness, n. MYSTIC Mys"tic, n. Defn: One given to mysticism; one who holds mystical views, interpretations, etc.; especially, in ecclesiastical history, one who professed mysticism. See Mysticism. MYSTICETE Mys"ti*cete, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any right whale, or whalebone whale. See Cetacea. MYSTICISM Mys"ti*cism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mysticisme.] 1. Obscurity of doctrine. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The doctrine of the Mystics, who professed a pure, sublime, and wholly disinterested devotion, and maintained that they had direct intercourse with the divine Spirit, and aquired a knowledge of God and of spiritual things unattainable by the natural intellect, and such as can not be analyzed or explained. 3. (Philos.) Defn: The doctrine that the ultimate elements or principles of knowledge or belief are gained by an act or process akin to feeling or faith. MYSTIFICATION Mys`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mystification.] Defn: The act of mystifying, or the state of being mystied; also, something designed to, or that does, mystify. The reply of Pope seems very much as though he had been playing off a mystification on his Grace. De Quincey. MYSTIFICATOR Mys"ti*fi*ca`tor, n. Defn: One who mystifies. MYSTIFY Mys"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Mystified; p. pr. & vb. n. Mystifying.] Etym: [F. mystifier, fr. Gr. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See 1st Mystery, and -fy.] 1. To involve in mystery; to make obscure or difficult to understand; as, to mystify a passage of Scripture. 2. To perplex the mind of; to puzzle; to impose upon the credulity of ; as, to mystify an opponent. He took undue advantage of his credulity and mystified him exceedingly. Ld. Campbell. MYTACISM My"ta*cism, n. Etym: [Gr. Metacism.] Defn: Too frequent use of the letter m, or of the sound represented by it. MYTH Myth, n. [Written also mythe.] Etym: [Gr. mythe.] 1. A story of great but unknown age which originally embodied a belief regarding some fact or phenomenon of experience, and in which often the forces of nature and of the soul are personified; an ancient legend of a god, a hero, the origin of a race, etc.; a wonder story of prehistoric origin; a popular fable which is, or has been, received as historical. 2. A person or thing existing only in imagination, or whose actual existence is not verifiable. As for Mrs. Primmins's bones, they had been myths these twenty years. Ld. Lytton. Myth history, history made of, or mixed with, myths. MYTHE Mythe, n. Defn: See Myth. Grote. MYTHIC; MYTHICAL Myth"ic, Myth"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. mythicus, Gr. Myth.] Defn: Of or relating to myths; described in a myth; of the nature of a myth; fabulous; imaginary; fanciful. -- Myth"ic*al*ly, adv. The mythic turf where danced the nymphs. Mrs. Browning. Hengist and Horsa, Vortigern and Rowena, Arthur and Mordred, are mythical persons, whose very existence may be questioned. Macaulay. MYTHOGRAPHER My*thog"ra*pher, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A composer of fables. MYTHOLOGER My*thol"o*ger, n. Defn: A mythologist. MYTHOLOGIAN Myth`o*lo"gi*an, n. Defn: A mythologist. MYTHOLOGIC; MYTHOLOGICAL Myth`o*log"ic, Myth`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. mythologicus: cf. F. mytholigique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to mythology or to myths; mythical; fabulous. -- Myth`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. MYTHOLOGIST My*thol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. mythologiste.] Defn: One versed in, or who writes on, mythology or myths. MYTHOLOGIZE My*thol"o*gize, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. mythologiser.] 1. To relate, classify, and explain, or attempt to explain, myths; to write upon myths. 2. To construct and propagate myths. MYTHOLOGIZER My*thol"o*gi`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, mythologizes. Imagination has always been, and still is, in a narrower sense, the great mythologizer. Lowell. MYTHOLOGUE Myth"o*logue, n. Etym: [See Mythology.] Defn: A fabulous narrative; a myth. [R.] May we not ... consider his history of the fall as an excellent mythologue, to account for the origin of human evil Geddes. MYTHOLOGY My*thol"o*gy, n.; pl. Mythologies. Etym: [F. mythologie, L. mythologia, Gr. 1. The science which treats of myths; a treatise on myths. 2. A body of myths; esp., the collective myths which describe the gods of a heathen people; as, the mythology of the Greeks. MYTHOPLASM Myth"o*plasm, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A narration of mere fable. MYTHOPOEIC Myth`o*poe"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Making or producing myths; giving rise to mythical narratives. The mythopoeic fertility of the Greeks. Grote. MYTHOPOETIC Myth`o*po*et"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Making or producing myths or mythical tales. MYTILOID Myt"i*loid, a. Etym: [Mytilus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the genus Mytilus, or family Mytilidæ. MYTILOTOXINE Myt`i*lo*tox"ine, n. Etym: [Mytilus + toxic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A poisonous base (leucomaine) found in the common mussel. It either causes paralysis of the muscles, or gives rise to convulsions, including death by an accumulation of carbonic acid in the blood. MYTILUS Myt"i*lus, n. Etym: [L., a sea mussel, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine bivalve shells, including the common mussel. See Illust. under Byssus. MYXA Myx"a, n. Etym: [L., a lamp nozzle, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The distal end of the mandibles of a bird. MYXINE Myx"ine, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marsipobranchs, including the hagfish. See Hag, 4. MYXINOID Myx"i*noid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the genus Myxine. -- n. Defn: A hagfish. MYXOCYSTODEA Myx`o*cys*to"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Infusoria including the Noctiluca. See Noctiluca. MYXOEDEMA Myx`o*de"ma, n. [NL. fr. Gr. mucus + odema.] (Med.) Defn: A disease producing a peculiar cretinoid appearance of the face, slow speech, and dullness of intellect, and due to failure of the functions of the thyroid gland. -- Myx`o*dem"a*tous (#), a., Myx`o*dem"ic (#), a. MYXOMA Myx*o"ma, n.; pl. Myxomata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A tumor made up of a gelatinous tissue resembling that found in the umbilical cord. MYXOMYCETES Myx`o*my*ce"tes, n. pl. [NL.; Gr. mucus, slime + myceles.] (Bot.) Defn: A class of peculiar organisms, the slime molds, formerly regarded as animals (Mycetozoa), but now generally thought to be plants and often separated as a distinct phylum (Myxophyta). They are found on damp earth and decaying vegetable matter, and consist of naked masses of protoplasm, often of considerable size, which creep very slowly over the surface and ingest solid food. -- Myx`o*my*ce"tous (#), a. MYXOPHYTA Myx*oph"y*ta, n. pl. [NL.; Gr. mucus, slime + plant.] (Bot.) Defn: A phylum of the vegetable kingdom consisting of the class Myxomycetes. By some botanists it is not separated from the Thallophyta. MYXOPOD Myx"o*pod, n. Etym: [Gr. -pod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A rhizopod or moneran. Also used adjectively; as, a myxopod state. MYZONTES My*zon"tes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Marsipobranchiata. MYZOSTOMATA My`zo*stom"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. my`zein to suck + sto`ma, -atos, mouth.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of curious parasitic worms found on crinoids. The body is short and disklike, with four pairs of suckers and five pairs of hook-bearing parapodia on the under side. N Defn: N, the fourteenth letter of English alphabet, is a vocal consonent, and, in allusion to its mode of formation, is called the dentinasal or linguanasal consonent. Its commoner sound is that heard in ran, done; but when immediately followed in the same word by the sound of g hard or k (as in single, sink, conquer), it usually represents the same sound as the digraph ng in sing, bring, etc. This is a simple but related sound, and is called the gutturo-nasal consonent. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 243-246. The letter N came into English through the Latin and Greek from the Phoenician, which probably derived it from the Egyptian as the ultimate origin. It is etymologically most closely related to M. See M. N N, n. (Print.) Defn: A measure of space equal to half an M (or em); an en. NA Na, a. & adv. Defn: No, not. See No. [Obs.] Chaucer. NAB Nab, n. Etym: [Cf. Knap, Knop, Knob.] 1. The summit of an eminence. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. (Firearms) Defn: The cock of a gunlock. Knight. 3. (Locksmithing) Defn: The keeper, or box into which the lock is shot. Knight. NAB Nab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nabbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Nabbing.] Etym: [Dan nappe, or Sw. nappa.] Defn: To catch or seize suddenly or unexpectedly. [Colloq.] Smollett. NABIT Na"bit, n. Defn: Pulverized sugar candy. Crabb. NABK Nabk, n. Etym: [Ar. nabiqa,nibqa.] (Bot.) Defn: The edible berries of the Zizyphys Lotus, a tree of Northern Africa, and Southwestern Europe. [Written also nubk.] See Lotus (b), and Sadr. NABOB Na"bob, n. Etym: [Hind. nawab, from Ar. nawab, pl. of na\'8bb a vicegerent, governor. Cf Nawab.] 1. A deputy or viceroy in India; a governor of a province of the ancient Mogul empire. 2. One who returns to Europe from the East with immense riches: hence, any man of great wealth. " A bilious old nabob." Macaulay. NACARAT Nac"a*rat, n. Etym: [F. nacarat, fr. Sp. or Pg. nacarado, fr. nácar mother-of-pearl. See Nacre.] 1. A pale red color, with a cast of orange. Ure. 2. Fine linen or crape dyed of this color. Ure. NACELLE Na*celle", n. [F.] 1. A small boat. [Obs.] 2. The basket suspended from a balloon; hence, the framework forming the body of a dirigible balloon, and containing the machinery, passengers, etc. 3. A boatlike, inclosed body of an aëroplane. NACKER Nack"er, n. Defn: See Nacre. Johnson. NACRE Na"cre, n. Etym: [F., cf. Sp. nácara, nácar, It. nacchera, naccaro, LL. nacara, nacrum; of Oriental origin, cf. Ar. nakir hollowed.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A pearly substance which lines the interior of many shells, and is most perfect in the mother-of-pearl. [Written also nacker and naker.] See Pearl, and Mother-of-pearl. NACREOUS Na"cre*ous, a. Etym: [See Nacre.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, nacre; pearly. NAD; NADDE Nad, Nad"de. Etym: [Contr. fr. ne hadde.] Defn: Had not. [Obs.] Chaucer. NADDER Nad"der, n. Etym: [AS.nædre. See Adder.] Defn: An adder. [Obs.] Chaucer. NADIR Na"dir, n. Etym: [F., Sp., & It. nadir; all fr. Ar. nasiru's samt nadir, prop., the point opposite the zenith (as samt), in which nasir means alike, corresponding to. Cf. Azimuth, Zenith.] 1. That point of the heavens, or lower hemisphere, directly opposite the zenith; the inferior pole of the horizon; the point of the celestial sphere directly under the place where we stand. 2. The lowest point; the time of greatest depression. The seventh century is the nadir of the human mind in Europe. Hallam. Nadir of the sun (Astron.), the axis of the conical shadow projected by the earth. Crabb. NAENIA Næ"ni*a, n. Defn: See Nenia. NAEVE Næve, n. Etym: [L. naevus.] Defn: A nævus. [Obs.] Dryden. NAEVOID Næ"void, a. Etym: [Nævus + -oid.] Defn: Resembling a nævus or nævi; as, nævoid elephantiasis. Dunglison. NAEVOSE Næ"vose`, a. Defn: Spotted; frecled. NAEVUS Næ"vus, n.; pl.Nævi (-vi). Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: A spot or mark on the skin of children when born; a birthmark; -- usually applied to vascular tumors, i. e., those consisting mainly of blood vessels, as dilated arteries, veins, or capillaries. NAG Nag, n. Etym: [OE. nagge, D. negge; akin to E. neigh.] 1. A small horse; a pony; hence, any horse. 2. A paramour; -- in contempt. [Obs.] Shak. NAG Nag, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Nagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Nagging.] Etym: [Cf. Sw. nagga to nibble, peck, Dan. nage to gnaw, Icel. naga, gnaga, G. nagen, & E. gnaw.] Defn: To tease in a petty way; to scold habitually; to annoy; to fret pertinaciously. [Colloq.] "She never nagged." J. Ingelow. NAGANA Na*ga"na, n. [Prob. native name.] (Med.) Defn: The disease caused by the tsetse fly. [South Africa] NAGGING Nag"ging, a. Defn: Fault-finding; teasing; persistently annoying; as, a nagging toothache. [Colloq.] NAGGY Nag"gy a. Defn: Irritable; touchy. [Colloq.] NAGOR Na"gor, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A West African gazelle (Gazella redunca). NAGYAGITE Nag"yag*ite, n. Etym: [So called from Nagyag, in Transylvania.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of blackish lead-gray color and metallic luster, generally of a foliated massive structure; foliated tellurium. It is a telluride of lead and gold. NAIAD Na"iad, n. Etym: [L. naias, -adis, naïs, -idis, a water nymph, Gr naïade. Cf. Naid.] 1. (Myth.) Defn: A water nymph; one of the lower female divinities, fabled to preside over some body of fresh water, as a lake, river, brook, or fountain. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of a tribe (Naiades) of freshwater bivalves, including Unio, Anodonta, and numerous allied genera; a river mussel. 3. (Zoöl) Defn: One of a group of butterflies. See Nymph. 4. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the order Naiadaceæ, such as eelgrass, pondweed, etc. NAIANT Na"iant, a. Defn: (Her.) See Natant. Crabb. NAID Na"id, n. Etym: [See Naiad.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small, fresh-water, chætopod annelids of the tribe Naidina. They belong to the Oligochæta. NAIF Na"ïf` (formerly , a. Etym: [F. naïf. See Naïve.] 1. Having a true natural luster without being cut; -- applied by jewelers to a precious stone. 2. Naïve; as, a naïf remark. London Spectator. NAIK Na"ik, n. Etym: [Hind. nayak.] Defn: A chief; a leader; a Sepoy corporal. Balfour (Cyc. of India). NAIL Nail, n. Etym: [AS. nægel, akin to D. nagel, OS nagal, G. nagel, Icel. nagl, nail (in sense 1), nagli nail (in sense 3), Sw. nagel nail (in senses 1 and 3), Dan. nagle, Goth. ganagljan to nail, Lith. nagas nail (in sense 1), Russ. nogote, L. unguis, Gr. nakha. 1. (Anat.) Defn: the horny scale of plate of epidermis at the end of the fingers and toes of man and many apes. His nayles like a briddes claws were. Chaucer. Note: The nails are strictly homologous with hoofs and claws. When compressed, curved, and pointed, they are called talons or claws, and the animal bearing them is said to be unguiculate; when they incase the extremities of the digits they are called hoofs, and the animal is ungulate. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The basal thickened portion of the anterior wings of certain hemiptera. (b) The terminal horny plate on the beak of ducks, and other allied birds. 3. A slender, pointed piece of metal, usually with a head, used for fastening pieces of wood or other material together, by being driven into or through them. Note: The different sorts of nails are named either from the use to which they are applied, from their shape, from their size, or from some other characteristic, as shingle, floor, ship-carpenters', and horseshoe nails, roseheads, diamonds, fourpenny, tenpenny (see Penny), chiselpointed, cut, wrought, or wire nails, etc. 4. A measure of length, being two inches and a quarter, or the sixteenth of a yard. Nail ball (Ordnance), a round projectile with an iron bolt protruding to prevent it from turning in the gun. -- Nail plate, iron in plates from which cut nails are made. -- On the nail, in hand; on the spot; immediately; without delay or time of credit; as, to pay money on the nail. "You shall have ten thousand pounds on the nail." Beaconsfield. -- To hit the nail on the head, to hit most effectively; to do or say a thing in the right way. NAIL Nail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Nailing.] Etym: [AS. næglian. See Nail, n.] 1. To fasten with a nail or nails; to close up or secure by means of nails; as, to nail boards to the beams. He is now dead, and nailed in his chest. Chaucer. 2. To stud or boss with nails, or as with nails. The rivets of your arms were nailed with gold. Dryden. 3. To fasten, as with a nail; to bind or hold, as to a bargain or to acquiescence in an argument or assertion; hence, to catch; to trap. When they came to talk of places in town, you saw at once how I nailed them. Goldsmith. 4. To spike, as a cannon. [Obs.] Crabb. To nail a lie or an assertion, etc., to detect and expose it, so as to put a stop to its currency; -- an expression probably derived from the former practice of shopkeepers, who were accustomed to nail bad or counterfeit pieces of money to the counter. NAILBRUSH Nail"brush`, n. Defn: A brush for cleaning the nails. NAILER Nail"er, n. 1. One whose occupation is to make nails; a nail maker. 2. One who fastens with, or drives, nails. NAILERESS Nail"er*ess, n. Defn: A women who makes nailes. NAILERY Nail"er*y, n.; pl. Naileries (. Defn: A manufactory where nails are made. NAIL-HEADED Nail"-head`ed, a. Defn: Having a head like that of a nail; formed so as to resemble the head of a nail. Nail-headed characters, arrowheaded or cuneiform characters. See under Arrowheaded. -- Nail-headed molding (Arch.), an ornament consisting of a series of low four-sided pyramids resembling the heads of large nails; -- called also nail-head molding, or nail-head. It is the same as the simplest form of dogtooth. See Dogtooth. NAILLESS Nail"less, a. Defn: Without nails; having no nails. NAINSOOK Nain`sook", n. Etym: [Nainsukh, a valley in Kaghan.] Defn: A thick sort of jaconet muslin, plain or striped, formerly made in India. NAIS Na"is, n. Etym: [L., a naiad.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Naiad. NAISSANT Nais`sant", a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of naître to be born, L. nasci.] (Her.) Defn: Same as Jessant. NAIVE Na"ïve`, a. Etym: [F. naïf, fem. naïve, fr. L. nativus innate, natural, native. See Native, and cf. Naïf.] Defn: Having native or unaffected simplicity; ingenuous; artless; frank; as, naïve manners; a naïve person; naïve and unsophisticated remarks. NAIVELY Na"ïve`ly, adv. Defn: In a naïve manner. NAIVETE Na`ïve`té", n. Etym: [F. See Naïve, and cf. Nativity.] Defn: Native simplicity; unaffected plainness or ingenuousness; artlessness. A story which pleases me by its naïveté -- that is, by its unconscious ingenuousness. De Quincey. NAIVETY Na"ïve`ty Defn: , n. Naïveté. Carlyle. NAKE Nake Defn: ,v.t. To make naked. [Obs.] Chaucer. Come, be ready, nake your swords. Old Play. NAKED Na"ked, a. Etym: [AS. nacod; akin to D. naakt, G. nackt, OHG. nacchot, nahhot, Icel. nökvi, nakinn, Sw. naken, Dan. nögen, Goth. naqa, Lith. n, Russ. nagii, L. nudus, Skr. nagna. sq. root266. Cf. Nude.] 1. Having no clothes on; uncovered; nude; bare; as, a naked body; a naked limb; a naked sword. 2. Having no means of defense or protection; open; unarmed; defenseless. Thy power is full naked. Chaucer. Behold my bosom naked to your swords. Addison. 3. Unprovided with needful or desirable accessories, means of sustenance, etc.; destitute; unaided; bare. Patriots who had exposed themselves for the public, and whom they say now left naked. Milton. 4. Without addition, exaggeration, or excuses; not concealed or disguised; open to view; manifest; plain. The truth appears so naked on my side, That any purblind eye may find it out. Shak. All things are naked and opened unto the eyes of him with whom we to do. Heb. iv. 13. 5. Mere; simple; plain. The very naked name of love. Shak. 6. (Bot.) Defn: Without pubescence; as, a naked leaf or stem; bare, or not covered by the customary parts, as a flower without a perianth, a stem without leaves, seeds without a pericarp, buds without bud scales. 7. (Mus.) Defn: Not having the full complement of tones; -- said of a chord of only two tones, which requires a third tone to be sounded with them to make the combination pleasing to the ear; as, a naked fourth or fifth. Naked bed, a bed the occupant of which is naked, no night linen being worn in ancient times. Shak. -- Naked eye, the eye alone, unaided by glasses, or by telescope, microscope, or the like. -- Naked-eyed medusa. (Zoöl.) See Hydromedusa. -- Naked flooring (Carp.), the timberwork which supports a floor. Gwilt. -- Naked mollusk (Zoöl.), a nudibranch. -- Naked wood (Bot.), a large rhamnaceous tree (Colibrina reclinata) of Southern Florida and the West Indies, having a hard and heavy heartwood, which takes a fine polish. C. S. Sargent. Syn. -- Nude; bare; denuded; uncovered; unclothed; exposed; unarmed; plain; defenseless. NAKEDLY Na"ked*ly, adv. Defn: In a naked manner; without covering or disguise; manifestly; simply; barely. NAKEDNESS Na"ked*ness, n. 1. The condition of being naked. 2. (Script.) Defn: The privy parts; the genitals. Ham ... saw the nakedness of his father. Gen. ix. 22. NAKER Na"ker, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Nacre. NAKER Na"ker, n. Etym: [OE. nakere, F. nakaire, LL. nacara, Per. naqaret.] Defn: A kind of kettledrum. [Obs.] Chaucer. NAKOO Na"koo, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The gavial. [Written also nako.] NALE Nale, n. Etym: [A corrupt form arising from the older "at þen ale" at the nale.] Defn: Ale; also, an alehouse. [Obs.] Great feasts at the nale. Chaucer. NALL Nall, n. Etym: [Either fr. Icel. nal (see Needle); or fr. awl, like newt fr. ewt.] Defn: An awl. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Tusser. NAM Nam. Etym: [Contr. fr. ne am.] Defn: Am not. [Obs.] NAM Nam, obs. imp. Defn: of Nim. Chaucer. NAMABLE Nam"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being named. NAMATION Na*ma"tion, n. Etym: [LL. namare to take; cf. AS. niman to take.] (O. Eng. & Scots Law) Defn: A distraining or levying of a distress; an impounding. Burrill. NAMAYCUSH Nam"ay*cush, n. Etym: [Indian name.] (Zool.) Defn: A large North American lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). It is usually spotted with red, and sometimes weighs over forty pounds. Called also Mackinaw trout, lake trout, lake salmon, salmon trout, togue, and tuladi. NAMBY-PAMBY Nam"by-pam`by, n. Etym: [From Ambrose Phillips, in ridicule of the extreme simplicity of some of his verses.] Defn: Talk or writing which is weakly sentimental or affectedly pretty. Macaulay. NAMBY-PAMBY Nam"by-pam`by, a. Defn: Affectedly pretty; weakly sentimental; finical; insipid. Thackeray. Namby-pamby madrigals of love. W. Gifford. NAME Name, n. Etym: [AS. nama; akin to D. naam, OS. & OHG. namo, G. name, Icel. nafn, for namn, Dan. navn, Sw. namn, Goth. namo, L. nomen (perh. influenced by noscere, gnoscere, to learn to know), Gr. 'o`mona, Scr. naman. sq. root267. Cf. Anonymous, Ignominy, Misnomer, Nominal, Noun.] 1. The title by which any person or thing is known or designated; a distinctive specific appellation, whether of an individual or a class. Whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. Gen. ii. 19. What's in a name That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. Shak. 2. A descriptive or qualifying appellation given to a person or thing, on account of a character or acts. His name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace. Is. ix. 6. 3. Reputed character; reputation, good or bad; estimation; fame; especially, illustrious character or fame; honorable estimation; distinction. What men of name resort to him Shak. Far above ... every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come. Eph. i. 21. I will get me a name and honor in the kingdom. 1 Macc. iii. 14. He hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin. Deut. xxii. 19. The king's army ...had left no good name behind. Clarendon. 4. Those of a certain name; a race; a family. The ministers of the republic, mortal enemies of his name, came every day to pay their feigned civilities. Motley. 5. A person, an individual. [Poetic] They list with women each degenerate name. Dryden. Christian name. (a) The name a person receives at baptism, as distinguished from surname; baptismal name. (b) A given name, whether received at baptism or not. -- Given name. See under Given. -- In name, in profession, or by title only; not in reality; as, a friend in name. -- In the name of. (a) In behalf of; by the authority of. " I charge you in the duke's name to obey me." Shak. (b) In the represented or assumed character of. " I'll to him again in name of Brook." Shak. -- Name plate, a plate as of metal, glass, etc., having a name upon it, as a sign; a doorplate. -- Pen name, a name assumed by an author; a pseudonym or nom de plume. Bayard Taylor. -- Proper name (Gram.), a name applied to a particular person, place, or thing. -- To call names, to apply opprobrious epithets to; to call by reproachful appellations. -- To take a name in vain, to use a name lightly or profanely; to use a name in making flippant or dishonest oaths. Ex. xx. 7. Syn. -- Appellation; title; designation; cognomen; denomination; epithet. -- Name, Appellation, Title, Denomination. Name is generic, denoting that combination of sounds or letters by which a person or thing is known and distinguished. Appellation, although sometimes put for name simply, denotes, more properly, a descriptive term, used by way of marking some individual peculiarity or characteristic; as, Charles the Bold, Philip the Stammerer. A title is a term employed to point out one's rank, office, etc.; as, the Duke of Bedford, Paul the Apostle, etc. Denomination is to particular bodies what appellation is to individuals; thus, the church of Christ is divided into different denominations, as Congregationalists, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, etc. NAME Name, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Named; p. pr. & vb. n. Naming.] Etym: [AS. namian. See Name, n.] 1. To give a distinctive name or appellation to; to entitle; to denominate; to style; to call. She named the child Ichabod. 1 Sam. iv. 21. Thus was the building left Ridiculous, and the work Confusion named. Milton. 2. To mention by name; to utter or publish the name of; to refer to by distinctive title; to mention. None named thee but to praise. Halleck. Old Yew, which graspest at the stones That name the underlying dead. Tennyson. 3. To designate by name or specifically for any purpose; to nominate; to specify; to appoint; as, to name a day for the wedding. Whom late you have named for consul. Shak. 4. (House of Commons) Defn: To designate (a member) by name, as the Speaker does by way of reprimand. Syn. -- To denominate; style; term; call; mention; specify; designate; nominate. NAMELESS Name"less, a. 1. Without a name; not having been given a name; as, a nameless star. Waller. 2. Undistinguished; not noted or famous. A nameless dwelling and an unknown name. Harte. 3. Not known or mentioned by name; anonymous; as, a nameless writer."Nameless pens." Atterbury. 4. Unnamable; indescribable; inexpressible. But what it is, that is not yet known; what I can not name; nameless woe,I wot. Shak. I have a nameless horror of the man. Hawthorne. NAMELESSLY Name"less*ly, adv. Defn: In a nameless manner. NAMELY Name"ly, adv. 1. By name; by particular mention; specifically; especially; expressly. [Obs.] Chaucer. The solitariness of man ...God hath namely and principally ordered to prevent by marriage. Milton. 2. That is to say; to wit; videlicet; -- introducing a particular or specific designation. For the excellency of the soul, namely, its power of divining dreams; that several such divinations have been made, none Addison. NAMER Nam"er, n. Defn: One who names, or calls by name. NAMESAKE Name"sake`, n. Etym: [For name's sake; i. e., one named for the sake of another's name.] Defn: One that has the same name as another; especially, one called after, or named out of regard to, another. NAMO Na*mo", adv. Defn: No more. [Obs.] Chaucer. NAN Nan, inerj. Etym: [For anan.] Defn: Anan. [Prov. Eng.] NANDINE Nan"dine, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An African carnivore (Nandinia binotata), allied to the civets. It is spotted with black. NANDOU; NANDU Nan"dou, Nan"du, n. Etym: [Braz. nhandu or yandu.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of three species of South American ostriches of the genera Rhea and Pterocnemia. See Rhea. [Written also nandow.] NANISM Na"nism, n. [Gr. + -ism: cf. F. nanisme.] Defn: The condition of being abnormally small in stature; dwarfishness; -- opposed to gigantism. NANKEEN Nan*keen", n. Etym: [So called from its being originally manufactured at Nankin, in China.] [Written also nankin.] 1. A species of cloth, of a firm texture, originally brought from China, made of a species of cotton (Gossypium religiosum) that is naturally of a brownish yellow color quite indestructible and permanent. 2. An imitation of this cloth by artificial coloring. 3. pl. Defn: Trousers made of nankeen. Ld. Lytton. Nankeen bird (Zoöl.), the Australian night heron (Nycticorax Caledonicus); -- called also quaker. NANNY Nan"ny, n. Defn: A diminutive of Ann or Anne, the proper name. Nanny goat, a female goat. [Colloq.] NANNYBERRY Nan"ny*ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Sheepberry. NANPIE Nan"pie, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The magpie. NAOS Na"os, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Arch.) Defn: A term used by modern archæologists instead of cella. See Cella. NAP Nap, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Napped; p. pr. & vb. n. Napping.] Etym: [OE. nappen, AS. hn&ppian to take a nap, to slumber; cf. AS. hnipian to bend one's self, Icel. hnipna, hnipa, to droop.] 1. To have a short sleep; to be drowsy; to doze. Chaucer. 2. To be in a careless, secure state. Wyclif. I took thee napping, unprepared. Hudibras. NAP Nap, n. Defn: A short sleep; a doze; a siesta. Cowper. NAP Nap, n. Etym: [OE. noppe, AS. hnoppa; akin to D. nop, Dan. noppe, LG. nobbe.] 1. Woolly or villous surface of felt, cloth, plants, etc.; an external covering of down, of short fine hairs or fibers forming part of the substance of anything, and lying smoothly in one direction; the pile; -- as, the nap of cotton flannel or of broadcloth. 2. pl. Defn: The loops which are cut to make the pile, in velvet. Knight. NAP Nap, v. t. Defn: To raise, or put, a nap on. NAPE Nape, n. Etym: [Perh. akin to knap a knop.] Defn: The back part of the neck. Spenser. NAPE-CREST Nape"-crest`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An African bird of the genus Schizorhis, related to the plantain eaters. NAPERY Na"per*y, n.; pl. Naperies. Etym: [OF. naperie, fr. nape a tablecloth, F. nappe, LL. napa, fr. L. mappa. See Map, and cf. Apron, Napkin.] Defn: Table linen; also, linen clothing, or linen in general. [Obs.] Gayton. NAPHA WATER Na"pha wa`ter. Etym: [Sp. nafa, from Ar. napha odor.] Defn: A perfume distilled from orange flowers. NAPHEW Na"phew, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Navew. NAPHTHA Naph"tha, n. Etym: [L. naphtha, Gr. nafth, nifth.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: The complex mixture of volatile, liquid, inflammable hydrocarbons, occurring naturally, and usually called crude petroleum, mineral oil, or rock oil. Specifically: That portion of the distillate obtained in the refinement of petroleum which is intermediate between the lighter gasoline and the heavier benzine, and has a specific gravity of about 0.7, -- used as a solvent for varnishes, as a carburetant, illuminant, etc. 2. (Chem.) Defn: One of several volatile inflammable liquids obtained by the distillation of certain carbonaceous materials and resembling the naphtha from petroleum; as, Boghead naphtha, from Boghead coal (obtained at Boghead, Scotland); crude naphtha, or light oil, from coal tar; wood naphtha, from wood, etc. Note: This term was applied by the earlier chemical writers to a number of volatile, strong smelling, inflammable liquids, chiefly belonging to the ethers, as the sulphate, nitrate, or acetate of ethyl. Watts. Naphtha vitrioli Etym: [NL., naphtha of vitriol] (Old Chem.), common ethyl ether; -- formerly called sulphuric ether. See Ether. NAPHTHALATE Naph"tha*late, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of naphthalic acid; a phthalate. [Obs.] NAPHTHALENE Naph"tha*lene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline aromatic hydrocarbon, C10H8, analogous to benzene, and obtained by the distillation of certain bituminous materials, such as the heavy oil of coal tar. It is the type and basis of a large number of derivatives among organic compounds. Formerly called also naphthaline. Naphthalene red (Chem.), a dyestuff obtained from certain diazo derivatives of naphthylamine, and called also magdala red. -- Naphthalene yellow (Chem.), a yellow dyestuff obtained from certain nitro derivatives of naphthol. NAPHTHALENIC Naph`tha*len"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to , or derived from, naphthalene; -- used specifically to designate a yellow crystalline substance, called naphthalenic acid and also hydroxy quinone, and obtained from certain derivatives of naphthol. NAPHTHALIC Naph*tha"lic, a. (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, derived from, or related to, naphthalene; -- used specifically to denote any one of a series of acids derived from naphthalene, and called naphthalene acids. (b) Formerly, designating an acid probably identical with phthalic acid. NAPHTHALIDINE Naph*thal"i*dine, n. Etym: [Naphthalene + toluidine.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Naphthylamine. NAPHTHALIN; NAPHTHALINE Naph"tha*lin, Naph"tha*line, n. Etym: [F. naphthaline.] (Chem.) Defn: See Naphthalene. NAPHTHALIZE Naph"tha*lize, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To mingle, saturate, or impregnate, with naphtha. NAPHTHAZARIN Naph*thaz"a*rin, n. Etym: [Naphthalene + alizarin.] (Chem.) Defn: A dyestuff, resembling alizarin, obtained from naphthoquinone as a red crystalline substance with a bright green, metallic luster; -- called also naphthalizarin. NAPHTHENE Naph"thene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A peculiar hydrocarbon occuring as an ingredient of Caucasian petroleum. NAPHTHIDE Naph"thide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of naphthalene or its radical with a metallic element; as, mercuric naphthide. NAPHTHOIC Naph*tho"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or related to, naphthalene; -- used specifically to designate any one of a series of carboxyl derivatives, called naphthoic acids. NAPHTHOL Naph"thol, n. Etym: [Naphthalene + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of hydroxyl derivatives of naphthalene, analogous to phenol. In general they are crystalline substances with a phenol (carbolic) odor. Naphthol blue, Naphthol orange, Naphthol yellow (Chem.), brilliant dyestuffs produced from certain complex nitrogenous derivatives of naphthol or naphthoquinone. NAPHTHOQUINONE Naph`tho*qui"none, n. Etym: [Naphthalene + quinone.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline substance, C10H6O2, analogous to quinone, obtained by oxidizing naphthalene with chromic acid. NAPHTHYL Naph"thyl, n. Etym: [Naphthalene + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon radical regarded as the essential residue of naphthalene. NAPHTHYLAMINE Naph`thyl*am"ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: One of two basic amido derivatives of naphthalene, C10H7.NH2, forming crystalline solids. NAPIERIAN; NAPERIAN Na*pie"ri*an, Na*pe"ri*an ,, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or discovered by, Napier, or Naper. Naperian logarithms. See under Logarithms. NAPIER'S BONES; NAPIER'S RODS Na"pi*er's bones`, Na"pi*er's rods`. Defn: A set of rods, made of bone or other material, each divided into nine spaces, and containing the numbers of a column of the multiplication table; -- a contrivance of Baron Napier, the inventor of logarithms, for facilitating the operations of multiplication and division. NAPIFORM Na"pi*form, a. Etym: [L. napus turnip + -form: cf. F. napiforme. Cf. Navew.] (Bot.) Defn: Turnip-shaped; large and round in the upper part, and very slender below. NAPKIN Nap"kin, n. Etym: [Dim. of OF. nape a tablecloth, cloth, F. nappe, L. mappa. See Napery.] 1. A little towel, or small cloth, esp. one for wiping the fingers and mouth at table. 2. A handkerchief. [Obs.] Shak. Napkin pattern. See Linen scroll, under Linen. -- Napkin ring, a ring of metal, ivory, or other material, used to inclose a table napkin. NAPLESS Nap"less, a. Defn: Without nap; threadbare. Shak. NAPLES YELLOW Na"ples yel"low. Defn: See under Yellow. NAPOLEON Na*po"le*on, n. Etym: [From the Emperor Napoleon 1.] Defn: A French gold coin of twenty francs, or about $3.86. NAPOLEONIC Na*po`le*on"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Napoleon I., or his family; resembling, or having the qualities of, Napoleon I. Lowell. NAPOLEONIST Na*po"le*on*ist, n. Defn: A supporter of the dynasty of the Napoleons. NAPPE Nappe, n. Etym: [F. nappe cloth, sheet. See Napery.] (Geom.) Defn: Sheet; surface; all that portion of a surface that is continuous in such a way that it is possible to pass from any one point of the portion to any other point of the portion without leaving the surface. Thus, some hyperboloids have one nappe, and some have two. NAPPINESS Nap"pi*ness, n. Etym: [From 2d Nappy.] Defn: The quality of having a nap; abundance of nap, as on cloth. NAPPING Nap"ping, n. 1. The act or process of raising a nap, as on cloth. 2. (Hat Making) Defn: A sheet of partially felted fur before it is united to the hat body. Knight. NAPPY Nap"py, a. Etym: [From 1st Nap.] 1. Inclined to sleep; sleepy; as, to feel nappy. 2. Tending to cause sleepiness; serving to make sleepy; strong; heady; as, nappy ale. [Obs.] Wyatt. NAPPY Nap"py, a. Etym: [From 3d Nap.] Defn: Having a nap or pile; downy; shaggy. Holland. NAPPY Nap"py, n.; pl. Nappies. Etym: [OE. nap, AS. hnæp cup, bowl. See Hanaper.] Defn: A round earthen dish, with a flat bottom and sloping sides. [Written also nappie.] NAP-TAKING Nap"-tak`ing, n. Defn: A taking by surprise; an unexpected onset or attack. Carew. NAPU Na*pu", n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A very small chevrotain (Tragulus Javanicus), native of Java. It is about the size of a hare, and is noted for its agility in leaping. Called also Java musk deer, pygmy musk deer, and deerlet. NAPUS Na"pus, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of turnip. See Navew. NARCEINE Nar"ce*ine, n. Etym: [L. narce numbness, torpor, Gr. narcé\'8bne.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid found in small quantities in opium, and extracted as a white crystalline substance of a bitter astringent taste. It is a narcotic. Called also narceia. NARCISSINE Nar*cis"sine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Narcissus. NARCISSUS Nar*cis"sus, n.; pl. Narcissuses. Etym: [L. narcissus, and (personified) Narcissus, Gr. na`rkissos, Na`rkissos, fr. na`rkh torpor, in allusion to the narcotic properties of the flower. Cf. Narcotic.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of endogenous bulbous plants with handsome flowers, having a cup-shaped crown within the six-lobed perianth, and comprising the daffodils and jonquils of several kinds. 2. (Classical Myth.) Defn: A beautiful youth fabled to have been enamored of his own image as seen in a fountain, and to have been changed into the flower called Narcissus. NARCOSIS Nar*co"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. na`rkwsis. See Narcotic.] (Med.) Defn: Privation of sense or consciousness, due to a narcotic. NARCOTIC Nar*cot"ic, a. Etym: [F. narcotique, Gr. na`rkh numbness, torpor.] (Med.) Defn: Having the properties of a narcotic; operating as a narcotic. -- Nar*cot"ic*ness, n. NARCOTIC Nar*cot"ic, n. (Med.) Defn: A drug which, in medicinal doses, generally allays morbid susceptibility, relieves pain, and produces sleep; but which, in poisonous doses, produces stupor, coma, or convulsions, and, when given in sufficient quantity, causes death. The best examples are opium (with morphine), belladonna (with atropine), and conium. Nercotykes and opye (opium) of Thebes. Chaucer. NARCOTICAL Nar*cot"ic*al, a. Defn: Narcotic. -- Nar*cot"ic*al*ly, adv. NARCOTINE Nar"co*tine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. narcotine. Cf. Cotarnine.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid found in opium, and extracted as a white crystalline substance, tasteless and less poisonous than morphine; -- called also narcotia. NARCOTINIC Nar`co*tin"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to narcotine. NARCOTISM Nar"co*tism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. narcotisme.] Defn: Narcosis; the state of being narcotized. G. Eliot. NARCOTIZE Nar"co*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Narcotized; p. pr. & vb. n. Narcotizing.] Defn: To imbue with, or subject to the influence of, a narcotic; to put into a state of narcosis. NARD Nard, n. Etym: [AS., fr. L. nardus, Gr. nêrd, Per. nard, Scr. nalada.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An East Indian plant (Nardostachys Jatamansi) of the Valerian family, used from remote ages in Oriental perfumery. 2. An ointment prepared partly from this plant. See Spikenard. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of grass (Nardus stricta) of little value, found in Europe and Asia. NARDINE Nard"ine, a. Etym: [L. nardinus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to nard; having the qualities of nard. NARDOO Nar*doo", n. (Bot.) Defn: An Australian name for Marsilea Drummondii, a four-leaved cryptogamous plant, sometimes used for food. NARE Nare, n. Etym: [L. naris.] Defn: A nostril. [R.] B. Jonson. NARES Na"res, n. pl. Etym: [L., pl. of naris nostril.] (Anat.) Defn: The nostrils or nasal openings, -- the anterior nares being the external or proper nostrils, and the posterior nares, the openings of the nasal cavities into the mouth or pharynx. NARGILE; NARGILEH Nar"gile, Nar"gi*leh, n. Etym: [Per. narghil, prop., a cocoanut; prob. so called because first made of a cocoanut.] Defn: An apparatus for smoking tobacco. It has a long flexible tube, and the smoke is drawn through water. NARICA Nar"i*ca, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The brown coati. See Coati. NARIFORM Nar"i*form, a. Etym: [L. naris nostril + -form. See Nose.] Defn: Formed like the nose. NARINE Nar"ine, a. Defn: Of or belonging to the nostrils. NARRABLE Nar"ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. narrabilis, fr. narrare to narrate.] Defn: Capable of being narrated or told. [Obs.] NARRAGANSETTS Nar`ra*gan"setts, n. pl.; sing. Narragansett (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited the shores of Narragansett Bay. NARRATE Nar*rate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Narrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Narrating.] Etym: [L. narratus, p. p. of narrare to narrate, prob. for gnarigare, fr. gnarus knowing. See Ignore, Know.] Defn: To tell, rehearse, or recite, as a story; to relate the particulars of; to go through with in detail, as an incident or transaction; to give an account of. Syn. -- To relate; recount; detail; describe. NARRATION Nar*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. narratio: cf. F. narration.] 1. The act of telling or relating the particulars of an event; rehearsal; recital. 2. That which is related; the relation in words or writing of the particulars of any transaction or event, or of any series of transactions or events; story; history. 3. (Rhet.) Defn: That part of a discourse which recites the time, manner, or consequences of an action, or simply states the facts connected with the subject. Syn. -- Account; recital; rehearsal; relation; description; explanation; detail; narrative; story; tale; history. See Account. NARRATIVE Nar"ra*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. narratif.] 1. Of or pertaining to narration; relating to the particulars of an event or transaction. 2. Apt or inclined to relate stories, or to tell particulars of events; story-telling; garrulous. But wise through time, and narrative with age. Pope. NARRATIVE Nar"ra*tive, n. Defn: That which is narrated; the recital of a story; a continuous account of the particulars of an event or transaction; a story. Cyntio was much taken with my narrative. Tatler. Syn. -- Account; recital; rehearsal; relation; narration; story; tale. See Account. NARRATIVELY Nar"ra*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In the style of narration. NARRATOR Nar*ra"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who narrates; one who relates a series of events or transactions. NARRATORY Nar"ra*to*ry, a. Defn: Giving an account of events; narrative; as, narratory letters. Howell. NARRE Narre, a. Defn: Nearer. [Obs.] Spenser. NARROW Nar"row, a. [Compar. Narrower; superl. Narrowest.] Etym: [OE. narwe, naru, AS. nearu; akin to OS. naru, naro.] 1. Of little breadth; not wide or broad; having little distance from side to side; as, a narrow board; a narrow street; a narrow hem. Hath passed in safety through the narrow seas. Shak. 2. Of little extent; very limited; circumscribed. The Jews were but a small nation, and confined to a narrow compass in the world. Bp. Wilkins. 3. Having but a little margin; having barely sufficient space, time, or number, etc.; close; near; -- with special reference to some peril or misfortune; as, a narrow shot; a narrow escape; a narrow majority. Dryden. 4. Limited as to means; straitened; pinching; as, narrow circumstances. 5. Contracted; of limited scope; illiberal; bigoted; as, a narrow mind; narrow views. "A narrow understanding." Macaulay. 6. Parsimonious; niggardly; covetous; selfish. A very narrow and stinted charity. Smalridge. 7. Scrutinizing in detail; close; accurate; exact. But first with narrow search I must walk round This garden, and no corner leave unspied. Milton. 8. (Phon.) Defn: Formed (as a vowel) by a close position of some part of the tongue in relation to the palate; or (according to Bell) by a tense condition of the pharynx; -- distinguished from wide; as e (eve) and oo (food), etc., from ì (ìll) and oo (foot), etc. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 13. Note: Narrow is not unfrequently prefixed to words, especially to participles and adjectives, forming compounds of obvious signification; as, narrow-bordered, narrow-brimmed, narrow-breasted, narrow-edged, narrow-faced, narrow-headed, narrow-leaved, narrow- pointed, narrow-souled, narrow-sphered, etc. Narrow gauge. (Railroad) See Note under Gauge, n., 6. NARROW Nar"row, n.; pl. Narrows (. Defn: A narrow passage; esp., a contracted part of a stream, lake, or sea; a strait connecting two bodies of water; -- usually in the plural; as, The Narrows of New York harbor. Near the island lay on one side the jaws of a dangerous narrow. Gladstone. NARROW Nar"row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Narrowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Narrowing.] Etym: [AS. nearwian.] 1. To lessen the breadth of; to contract; to draw into a smaller compass; to reduce the width or extent of. Sir W. Temple. 2. To contract the reach or sphere of; to make less liberal or more selfish; to limit; to confine; to restrict; as, to narrow one's views or knowledge; to narrow a question in discussion. Our knowledge is much more narrowed if we confine ourselves to our own solitary reasonings. I. Watts. 3. (Knitting) Defn: To contract the size of, as a stocking, by taking two stitches into one. NARROW Nar"row, v. i. 1. To become less broad; to contract; to become narrower; as, the sea narrows into a strait. 2. (Man.) Defn: Not to step out enough to the one hand or the other; as, a horse narrows. Farrier's Dict. 3. (Knitting) Defn: To contract the size of a stocking or other knit article, by taking two stitches into one. NARROWER Nar"row*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, narrows or contracts. Hannah More. NARROWING Nar"row*ing, n. 1. The act of contracting, or of making or becoming less in breadth or extent. 2. The part of a stocking which is narrowed. NARROWLY Nar"row*ly, adv. Etym: [AS. nearulice.] 1. With little breadth; in a narrow manner. 2. Without much extent; contractedly. 3. With minute scrutiny; closely; as, to look or watch narrowly; to search narrowly. 4. With a little margin or space; by a small distance; hence, closely; hardly; barely; only just; -- often with reference to an avoided danger or misfortune; as, he narrowly escaped. 5. Sparingly; parsimoniously. NARROW-MINDED Nar"row-mind`ed, a. Defn: Of narrow mental scope; illiberal; mean. -- Nar"row-mind`ed*ness, n. NARROWNESS Nar"row*ness, n. Etym: [AS. nearunes.] Defn: The condition or quality of being narrow. NART Nart. Etym: [For ne art.] Defn: Art not. [Obs.] Chaucer. NARTHEX Nar"thex, n. Etym: [L., giant fennel, Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A tall umbelliferous plant (Ferula communis). See Giant fennel, under Fennel. 2. (Arch.) Defn: The portico in front of ancient churches; sometimes, the atrium or outer court surrounded by ambulatories; -- used, generally, for any vestibule, lobby, or outer porch, leading to the nave of a church. NARWAL Nar"wal, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Narwhal. NARWE Nar"we, a. Defn: Narrow. [Obs.] Chaucer. NARWHAL Nar"whal, n. Etym: [Sw. or Dan. narvhal; akin to Icel. nahvalr, and E. whale. the first syllable is perh. from Icel. nar corpse, dead body, in allusion to the whitish color its skin. See Whale.] [Written also narwhale.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An arctic cetacean (Monodon monocerous), about twenty feet long. The male usually has one long, twisted, pointed canine tooth, or tusk projecting forward from the upper jaw like a horn, whence it is called also sea unicorn, unicorn fish, and unicorn whale. Sometimes two horns are developed, side by side. NAS Nas. Etym: [For ne was.] Defn: Was not. [Obs.] Chaucer. NAS Nas. Etym: [Contr. fr. ne has.] Defn: Has not. [Obs.] Spenser. NASAL Na"sal, a. Etym: [F., from L. nasus the nose. See Nose.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the nose. 2. (Phon.) Defn: Having a quality imparted by means of the nose; and specifically, made by lowering the soft palate, in some cases with closure of the oral passage, the voice thus issuing (wholly or partially) through the nose, as in the consonants m, n, ng (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 20, 208); characterized by resonance in the nasal passage; as, a nasal vowel; a nasal utterance. Nasal bones (Anat.), two bones of the skull, in front of the frontals. -- Nasal index (Anat.), in the skull, the ratio of the transverse the base of the aperture to the nasion, which latter distance is taken as the standard, equal to 100. NASAL Na"sal, n. 1. An elementary sound which is uttered through the nose, or through both the nose and the mouth simultaneously. 2. (Med.) Defn: A medicine that operates through the nose; an errhine. [Archaic] 3. (Anc. Armor) Defn: Part of a helmet projecting to protect the nose; a nose guard. 4. (Anat.) Defn: One of the nasal bones. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A plate, or scale, on the nose of a fish, etc. NASALITY Na*sal"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nasalité.] Defn: The quality or state of being nasal. NASALIZATION Na`sal*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of nasalizing, or the state of being nasalized. NASALIZE Na"sal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nasalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Nasalizing.] Defn: To render nasal, as sound; to insert a nasal or sound in. NASALIZE Na"sal*ize, v. t. Defn: To utter words or letters with a nasal sound; to speak through the nose. NASALLY Na"sal*ly, adv. Defn: In a nasal manner; by the nose. NASCAL Nas"cal, n. Etym: [F. nascale.] (Med.) Defn: A kind of pessary of medicated wool or cotton, formerly used. NASCENCY Nas"cen*cy, n. Etym: [L. nascentia. See Nascent.] Defn: State of being nascent; birth; beginning; origin. NASCENT Nas"cent, a. Etym: [L. nascens, -entis, p.pr. nasci to be born. See Nation, and cf. Naissant.] 1. Commencing, or in process of development; beginning to exist or to grow; coming into being; as, a nascent germ. Nascent passions and anxieties. Berkley. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Evolving; being evolved or produced. Nascent state (Chem.), the supposed instantaneous or momentary state of an uncombined atom or radical just separated from one compound acid, and not yet united with another, -- a hypothetical condition implying peculiarly active chemical properties; as, hydrogen in the nascent state is a strong reducer. NASEBERRY Nase"ber`ry, n. Etym: [Sp. nispero medlar and naseberry tree, fr. L. mespilus. See Medlar.] (Bot.) Defn: A tropical fruit. See Sapodilla. [Written also nisberry.] NASH Nash, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Firm; stiff; hard; also, chilly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. NASICORNOUS Nas`i*cor"nous, a. Etym: [L. nasus nose + cornu horn: cf. F. nasicorne.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Bearing a horn, or horns, on the nose, as the rhinoceros. NASIFORM Nas"i*form, a. Etym: [L. nasus nose + -form. See Nose, and cf. Nariform.] Defn: Having the shape of a nose. NASION Na*si*on, n. Etym: [Nl., fr. L. nasus nose.] (Anat.) Defn: The middle point of the nasofrontal suture. NASO- Na"so- (. Etym: [L. nasus nose.] (Anat.) Defn: A combining form denoting pertaining to, or connected with, the nose; as, nasofrontal. NASOBUCCAL Na"so*buc"cal, a. Etym: [Naso + buccal.] (Anat.) Defn: Connected with both the nose and the mouth; as, the nasobuccal groove in the skate. NASOFRONTAL Na`so*fron"tal, a. Etym: [Naso- + frontal.] (Anat.) Defn: of or pertaining to the nose and the front of the head; as, the embryonic nasofrontal process which forms the anterior boundary of the mouth. NASOLACHRYMAL Na`so*lach"ry*mal, a. Etym: [Naso- + lachrymal.] (Anat.) Defn: Connected with the lachrymal apparatus and the nose; as, the nasolachrymal, or lachrymal duct. NASOPALATAL; NASOPALATINE Na`so*pal"a*tal, Na`so*pal"a*tine, a. Etym: [Naso- + palatal.] (Anat.) Defn: Connected with both the nose and the palate; as, the nasopalatine or incisor, canal connecting the mouth and the nasal chamber in some animals; the nasopalatine nerve. NASOPHARYNGEAL Na`so*phar`yn*ge"al ( or , a. Etym: [Naso- + pharyngeal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both throat and nose; as, a nasopharyngeal polypus. NASOSEPTAL Na`so*sep"tal, a. Etym: [Naso- + septal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the internasal septum. NASOTURBINAL Na`so*tur"bi*nal, a. Etym: [Naso- + turbinal.] (Anat.) Defn: Connected with, or near, both the turbinal and the nasal bones; as, the nasalturbinal bone, made up of the uppermost lammelæ of the ethmoturbinal, and sometimes united with the nasal. -- n. Defn: The nasoturbinal bone. NASSA Nas"sa, n.; pl. E. Nassas, L. NassÆ. Etym: [From L. nassa a kind of basket, in allusion to the reticulation of some species.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of marine gastropods, of the genera Nassa, Tritia, and other allied genera of the family Nassidæ; a dog whelk. See Illust. under Gastropoda. -- nas"soid, a. NASTILY Nas"ti*ly, adv. Defn: In a nasty manner. NASTINESS Nas"ti*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being nasty; extreme filthness; dirtiness; also, indecency; obscenity. The nastiness of Plautus and Aristophanes. Dryden. NASTURTION Nas*tur"tion, n. Etym: [See Nasturtium.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Nasturtium. NASTURTIUM Nas*tur"tium, n. Etym: [L. nasturtium, for nasitortium, fr. nasus nose + torquere, tortum, to twist, torture, in allusion to the causing one to make a wry face by its pungent taste. See Nose of the face, and Torture.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of cruciferous plants, having white or yellowish flowers, including several species of cress. They are found chiefly in wet or damp grounds, and have a pungent biting taste. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Tropæolum, geraniaceous herbs, having mostly climbing stems, peltate leaves, and spurred flowers, and including the common Indian cress (Tropæolum majus), the canary-bird flower (T. peregrinum), and about thirty more species, all natives of South America. The whole plant has a warm pungent flavor, and the fleshy fruits are used as a substitute for capers, while the leaves and flowers are sometimes used in salads. NASTY Nas"ty, a. [Compar. Nastier (; superl. Nastiest.] Etym: [For older nasky; cf. dial. Sw. naskug, nasket.] 1. Offensively filthy; very dirty, foul, or defiled; disgusting; nauseous. 2. Hence, loosely: Offensive; disagreeable; unpropitious; wet; drizzling; as, a nasty rain, day, sky. 3. Characterized by obcenity; indecent; indelicate; gross; filthy. Syn. -- Nasty, Filthy, Foul, Dirty. Anything nasty is usually wet or damp as well as filthy or dirty, and disgusts by its stickness or odor; but filthy and foul imply that a thing is filled or covered with offensive matter, while dirty describes it as defiled or sullied with dirt of any kind; as, filthy clothing, foul vapors, etc. NASUTE Na"sute, a. Etym: [L. nasutus, fr. nasus the nose.] 1. Having a nice sense of smell. [Obs.] Evelyn. 2. Critically nice; captious. [Obs.] auden. NASUTNESS Na"sut*ness, n. Defn: Quickness of scent; hence, nice discernment; acuteness. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. NAT Nat, adv. Defn: Not. [Obs.] Chaucer. NAT Nat Etym: [For ne at.] Defn: Not at; nor at. [Obs.] haucer. NATAL Na"tal, a. Etym: [L. natalis, fr. natus, p.p. of nasci to be born: cf. F. natal. See Nation, and cf. Noel.] 1. Of or pertaining to one's birth; accompying or dating from one's birth; native. Princes' children took names from their natal places. Camden. Propitious star, whose sacred power Presided o'er the monarch's natal hour. Prior. 2. (Actrol.) Defn: Presiding over nativity; as, natal Jove. Syn. -- Native, natural. See Native. NATAL BOIL Na*tal" boil. (Med.) Defn: = Aleppo boil. NATALITIAL; NATALITIOUS Na`ta*li"tial, Na`ta*li"tious, a. Etym: [L. natalitius, from natalis. See Natal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to one's birth or birthday, or one's nativity. [Obs.] "Natalitial poplar." Evelyn. "Natalitious fire." W. Cartwright. NATALOIN Na*tal"o*in, n. Etym: [From Natal aloes.] (Chem.) Defn: A bitter crystalline substance constituting the essential principle of Natal aloes. Cf. Aloon. NATAL PLUM Na*tal" plum`. (Bot.) Defn: The drupaceous fruit of two South African shrubs of the genus Arduina (A. bispinosa and A. grandiflora). NATALS Na"tals, n. pl. Defn: One's birth, or the circumstances attending it. [Obs.] Fitz- Geffry. NATANT Na"tant, a. Etym: [L. natans, -antis, from swim, v. intens. fr. nare to swim: cf. F. natant.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Floating in water, as the leaves of water lilies, or submersed, as those of many aquatic plants. 2. (Her.) Defn: Placed horizontally across the field, as if swimmimg toward the dexter side; said of all sorts of fishes except the flying fish. NATANTLY Na"tant*ly, adv. Defn: In a floating manner; swimmingly. NATATION Na*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. natatio, fr. natare to swim: cf. F. natation. See Natant.] Defn: The act of floating on the water; swimming. Sir T. Browne. NATATORES Na`ta*to"res, n. pl. Etym: [L. natator a swimmer.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The swimming birds. Note: They were formerly united into one order, which is now considered an artifical group. NATATORIAL Na`ta*to"rial, a. Defn: Inclined or adapted to swim; swimming; as, natatorial birds. NATATORIOUS Na`ta*to"ri*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Adapted for swimming; -- said of the legs of certain insects. NATATORIUM Na`ta*to"rium, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A swimming bath. NATATORY Na"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. natatorius.] Defn: Adapted for swimming or floating; as, natatory organs. NATCH Natch, n. Etym: [OF. nache fesse, LL. natica, from L. natis the rump, buttocks. Cf. Aitchbone.] Defn: The rump of beef; esp., the lower and back part of the rump. Natch bone, the edgebone, or aitchbone, in beef. NATCHEZ Natch"ez, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians who formerly lived near the site of the city of Natchez, Mississippi. In 1729 they were subdued by the French; the survivors joined the Creek Confederacy. NATCHNEE Natch"nee, n. (Bot.) Defn: An annual grass (Eleusine coracona), cultivated in India as a food plant. NATES Na"tes, n. pl. Etym: [L., the buttocks.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The buttocks. (b) The two anterior of the four lobes on the dorsal side of the midbrain of most mammals; the anterior optic lobes. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The umbones of a bivalve shell. NATH Nath. Etym: [Contr. fr. ne hath,] Defn: hath not. [Obs.] NATHLESS Nath"less, adv. Etym: [OE. natheles, na the les, not the less, AS. na never. See Na, The, conj., and cf. Nevertheless.] Defn: Nevertheless. [Archaic] Chaucer. Milton. E. Arnold. NATHMORE Nath"more`, adv. Etym: [OE. na the more.] Defn: Not the more; never the more. [Obs.] penser. NATICA Nat"i*ca, n.; pl. Naticas (, L. NaticÆ (. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of marine gastropods belonging to Natica, Lunatia, Neverita, and other allied genera (family Naticidæ.) They burrow beneath the sand, or mud, and drill other shells. NATICOID Nat"i*coid, a. Etym: [Natica + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or belonging to Natica, or the family Naticæ. NATION Na"tion, n. Etym: [F. nation, L. natio nation, race, orig., a being born, fr. natus, p.p. of nasci, to be born, for gnatus, gnaci, from the same root as E. kin. *44. See Kin kindred, and cf. Cognate, Natal, Native.] 1. (Ethnol.) Defn: A part, or division, of the people of the earth, distinguished from the rest by common descent, language, or institutions; a race; a stock. All nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues. Rev. vii. 9. 2. The body of inhabitants of a country, united under an independent government of their own. A nation is the unity of a people. Coleridge. Praise the power that hath made and preserved us a nation. F. S. Key. 3. Family; lineage. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. (a) One of the divisions of university students in a classification according to nativity, formerly common in Europe. (b) (Scotch Universities) One of the four divisions (named from the parts of Scotland) in which students were classified according to their nativity. 5. A great number; a great deal; -- by way of emphasis; as, a nation of herbs. Sterne. Five nations. See under Five. -- Law of nations. See International law, under International, and Law. Syn. -- people; race. See People. NATIONAL Na"tion*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. national.] 1. Of or pertaining to a nation; common to a whole people or race; public; general; as, a national government, language, dress, custom, calamity, etc. 2. Attached to one's own country or nation. National anthem, a popular song or hymn which has become by general acceptance the recognized musical expression of the patriotic sentiment of a nation; as, "God save the King" is called the national anthem of England. -- National bank, the official common name of a class of banking corporations established under the laws of the United States. -- National flag. See under Flag. -- National guard, a body of militia, or a local military organization, as in Paris during the French Revolution, or as certain bodies of militia in other European countries and in the United States. -- National salute, a salute consisting of as many guns as there are States in the Union. [U.S.] NATIONALISM Na"tion*al*ism, n. 1. The state of being national; national attachment; nationality. 2. An idiom, trait, or character peculiar to any nation. 3. National independence; the principles of the Nationalists. NATIONALIST Na"tion*al*ist, n. Defn: One who advocates national unity and independence; one of a party favoring Irish independence. NATIONALITY Na`tion*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Nationalities. Etym: [Cf. F. nationalité.] 1. The quality of being national, or strongly attached to one's own nation; patriotism. 2. The sum of the qualities which distinguish a nation; national character. 3. A race or people, as determined by common language and character, and not by political bias or divisions; a nation. the fulfillment of his mission is to be looked for in the condition of nationalities and the character of peoples. H. W. Beecher. 4. Existence as a distinct or individual nation; national unity and integrity. 5. The state or quality of belonging to or being connected with a nation or government by nativity, character, ownership, allegiance, etc. NATIONALIZATION Na`tion*al*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of nationalizing, or the state of being nationalized. NATIONALIZE Na"tion*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nationalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Nationalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. nationaliser.] Defn: To make national; to make a nation of; to endow with the character and habits of a nation, or the peculiar sentiments and attachment of citizens of a nation. NATIONALLY Na"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a national manner or way; as a nation. "The jews ... being nationally espoused to God by covenant." South. NATIONALNESS Na"tion*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being national; nationality. Johnson. NATIONALRATH Na`ti*o*nal"rath`, n. [G.] (Switzerland) Defn: See Legislature. NATIVE Na"tive, a. Etym: [F. natif, L. nativus, fr. nasci, p.p. natus. See Nation, and cf. Naïve, Nelf a serf.] 1. Arising by birth; having an origin; born. [Obs.] Anaximander's opinion is, that the gods are native, rising and vanishing again in long periods of times. Cudworth. 2. Of or pertaining to one's birth; natal; belonging to the place or the circumstances in which one is born; -- opposed to foreign; as, native land, language, color, etc. 3. Born in the region in which one lives; as, a native inhabitant, race; grown or originating in the region where used or sold; not foreign or imported; as, native oysters, or strawberries. 4. Original; constituting the original substance of anything; as, native dust. Milton. 5. Conferred by birth; derived from origin; born with one; inherent; inborn; not acquired; as, native genius, cheerfulness, simplicity, rights, etc. Courage is native to you. Jowett (Thucyd. ). 6. Naturally related; cognate; connected (with). [R.] the head is not more native to the heart, ... Than is the throne of Denmark to thy father. Shak. 7. (Min.) (a) Found in nature uncombined with other elements; as, native silver. (b) Found in nature; not artificial; as native sodium chloride. Native American party. See under American, a. -- Native bear (Zoöl.), the koala. -- Native bread (Bot.), a large underground fungus, of Australia (Mylitta australis), somewhat resembling a truffle, but much larger. -- Native devil. (Zoöl.) Same as Tasmanian devil, under Devil. -- Native hen (Zoöl.), an Australian rail (Tribonyx Mortierii). -- Native pheasant. (Zoöl.) See Leipoa. -- Native rabbit (Zoöl.), an Australian marsupial (Perameles lagotis) resembling a rabbit in size and form. -- Native sloth (Zoöl.), the koala. -- Native thrush (Zoöl.), an Australian singing bird (Pachycephala olivacea); -- called also thickhead. -- Native turkey (Zoöl.), the Australian bustard (Choriotis australis); -- called also bebilya. Syn. -- Natural; natal; original; congential. -- Native, Natural, Natal. natural refers to the nature of a thing, or that which springs therefrom; native, to one's birth or origin; as, a native country, language, etc.; natal, to the circumstances of one's birth; as, a natal day, or star. Native talent is that which is inborn; natural talent is that which springs from the structure of the mind. Native eloquence is the result of strong innate emotion; natural eloquence is opposed to that which is studied or artifical. NATIVE Na"tive, n. 1. One who, or that which, is born in a place or country referred to; a denizen by birth; an animal, a fruit, or vegetable, produced in a certain region; as, a native of France. 2. (Stock Breeding) Defn: Any of the live stock found in a region, as distinguished from such as belong to pure and distinct imported breeds. [U.S.] NATIVELY Na"tive*ly, adv. Defn: By natural or original condition; naturally; originally. NATIVENESS Na"tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being native. NATIVE STEEL Na"tive steel. Defn: A sort of steel which has been found where a burning coal seam had reduced and carbonized adjacent iron ore. NATIVISM Na"tiv*ism, n. 1. The disposition to favor the native inhabitants of a country, in preference to immigrants from foreign countries. 2. (Philos.) Defn: The doctrine of innate ideas, or that the mind possesses forms of thought independent of sensation. NATIVIST Na"tiv*ist, n. Defn: An advocate of nativism. NATIVISTIC Na`tiv*is"tic, a. Defn: Relating to nativism. NATIVITY Na*tiv"i*ty, n.; pl. Nativies. Etym: [F. nativité, L. nativitas. See Native, and cf. NaïvetÉ.] 1. The coming into life or into the world; birth; also, the circumstances attending birth, as time, place, manner, etc. Chaucer. I have served him from the hour of my nativity. Shak. Thou hast left ... the land of thy nativity. Ruth ii. 11. These in their dark nativity the deep Shall yield us, pregnant with infernal flame. Milton. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: A picture representing or symbolizing the early infancy of Christ. The simplest form is the babe in a rude cradle, and the heads of an ox and an ass to express the stable in which he was born. 3. (Astrol.) Defn: A representation of the positions of the heavenly bodies as the moment of one's birth, supposed to indicate his future destinies; a horoscope. The Nativity, the birth or birthday of Christ; Christmas day. -- To cast, or calculate, one's nativity (Astrol.), to find out and represent the position of the heavenly bodies at the time of one's birth. NATKA Nat"ka, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of shrike. NATRIUM Na"tri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Natron.] (Chem.) Defn: The technical name for sodium. NATROLITE Na"tro*lite, n. Etym: [Natron + -lite: cf. F. natrolithe.] (Min.) Defn: A zeolite occuring in groups of glassy acicular crystals, and in masses which often have a radiated structure. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and soda. NATRON Na"tron, n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. natron, Ar. natrun, nitrun. Cf. Niter, Anatron.] (Min.) Defn: Native sodium carbonate. [Written also anatron.] NATTER Nat"ter, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Icel. knetta to grumble.] Defn: To find fault; to be peevish. [Prov. Eng. or Scot.] NATTERJACK Nat"ter*jack`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European toad (Bufo calamita), having a yellow line along its back. NATTY Nat"ty, a. Etym: [Cf. Neat clean.] Defn: Neat; tidy; spruce. [Colloq.] -- Nat"ti*ly, adv. -- Nat"ti*ness, n. NATURAL Nat"u*ral, a. Etym: [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr. L. naturalis, fr. natura. See Nature.] 1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential; characteristic; not artifical, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as, the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color. With strong natural sense, and rare force of will. Macaulay. 2. Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature; consonant to the methods of nature; according to the stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as, the natural consequence of crime; a natural death. What can be more natural than the circumstances in the behavior of those women who had lost their husbands on this fatal day Addison. 3. Having to do with existing system to things; dealing with, or derived from, the creation, or the world of matter and mind, as known by man; within the scope of human reason or experience; not supernatural; as, a natural law; natural science; history, theology. I call that natural religion which men might know ... by the mere principles of reason, improved by consideration and experience, without the help of revelation. Bp. Wilkins. 4. Conformed to truth or reality; as: (a) Springing from true sentiment; not artifical or exaggerated; -- said of action, delivery, etc.; as, a natural gesture, tone, etc. (b) Resembling the object imitated; true to nature; according to the life; -- said of anything copied or imitated; as, a portrait is natural. 5. Having the character or sentiments properly belonging to one's position; not unnatural in feelings. To leave his wife, to leave his babes, ... He wants the natural touch. Shak. 6. Connected by the ties of consanguinity. "Natural friends." J. H. Newman. 7. Begotten without the sanction of law; born out of wedlock; illegitimate; bastard; as, a natural child. 8. Of or pertaining to the lower or animal nature, as contrasted with the higher or moral powers, or that which is spiritual; being in a state of nature; unregenerate. The natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God. 1 Cor. ii. 14. 9. (Math.) Defn: Belonging to, to be taken in, or referred to, some system, in which the base is 1; -- said or certain functions or numbers; as, natural numbers, those commencing at 1; natural sines, cosines, etc., those taken in arcs whose radii are 1. 10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. Moore (Encyc. of Music). Natural day, the space of twenty-four hours. Chaucer. -- Natural fats, Natural gas, etc. See under Fat, Gas. etc. -- Natural Harmony (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. -- Natural history, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of botany, zoölogy, geology, mineralogy, paleontology, chemistry, and physics. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zoölogy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. -- Natural law, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. -- Natural modulation (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. -- Natural order. (Nat. Hist.) See under order. -- Natural person. (Law) See under person, n. -- Natural philosophy, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called physics, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. -- Natural scale (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale -- Natural science, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. -- Natural selection (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See Darwinism. -- Natural system (Bot. & Zoöl.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. Gray. -- Natural theology, or Natural religion, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under Natural, a., 3. -- Natural vowel, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See Neutral vowel, under Neutral and Guide to Pronunciation, § 17. Syn. -- See Native. NATURAL Nat"u*ral, n. 1. A native; an aboriginal. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 2. pl. Defn: Natural gifts, impulses, etc. [Obs.] Fuller. 3. One born without the usual powers of reason or understanding; an idiot. "The minds of naturals." Locke. 4. (Mus.) Defn: A character [] used to contradict, or to remove the effect of, a sharp or flat which has preceded it, and to restore the unaltered note. NATURALISM Nat"u*ral*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. naturalisme.] 1. A state of nature; conformity to nature. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: The doctrine of those who deny a supernatural agency in the miracles and revelations recorded in the Bible, and in spiritual influences; also, any system of philosophy which refers the phenomena of nature to a blind force or forces acting necessarily or according to fixed laws, excluding origination or direction by one intelligent will. NATURALIST Nat"u*ral*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. naturaliste.] 1. One versed in natural science; a student of natural history, esp. of the natural history of animals. 2. One who holds or maintains the doctrine of naturalism in religion. H. Bushnell. NATURALISTIC Nat`u*ral*is"tic, a. 1. Belonging to the doctrines of naturalism. 2. Closely resembling nature; realistic. "Naturalistic bit of pantomime." W. D. Howells. NATURALITY Nat`u*ral"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. naturalitas: cf. F. naturalité.] Defn: Nature; naturalness. [R.] NATURALIZATION Nat`u*ral*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. naturalisation.] Defn: The act or process of naturalizing, esp. of investing an alien with the rights and privileges of a native or citizen; also, the state of being naturalized. NATURALIZE Nat"u*ral*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Naturalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Naturalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. naturaliser. See Natural.] 1. To make natural; as, custom naturalizes labor or study. 2. To confer the rights and privileges of a native subject or citizen on; to make as if native; to adopt, as a foreigner into a nation or state, and place in the condition of a native subject. 3. To receive or adopt as native, natural, or vernacular; to make one's own; as, to naturalize foreign words. 4. To adapt; to accustom; to habituate; to acclimate; to cause to grow as under natural conditions. Its wearer suggested that pears and peaches might yet be naturalized in the New England climate. Hawthorne. NATURALIZE Nat"u*ral*ize, v. i. 1. To become as if native. 2. To explain phenomena by natural agencies or laws, to the exclusion of the supernatural. Infected by this naturalizing tendency. H. Bushnell. NATURALLY Nat"u*ral*ly, adv. Defn: In a natural manner or way; according to the usual course of things; spontaneously. NATURALNESS Nat"u*ral*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being natural; conformity to nature. NATURAL STEEL Nat"u*ral steel. Defn: Steel made by the direct refining of cast iron in a finery, or, as wootz, by a direct process from the ore. NATURE Na"ture, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. natura, fr. natus born, produced, p.p. of nasci to be born. See Nation.] 1. The existing system of things; the world of matter, or of matter and mind; the creation; the universe. But looks through nature up to nature's God. Pope. Nature has caprices which art can not imitate. Macaulay. 2. The personified sum and order of causes and effects; the powers which produce existing phenomena, whether in the total or in detail; the agencies which carry on the processes of creation or of being; -- often conceived of as a single and separate entity, embodying the total of all finite agencies and forces as disconnected from a creating or ordering intelligence. I oft admire How Nature, wise and frugal, could commit Such disproportions. Milton. 3. The established or regular course of things; usual order of events; connection of cause and effect. 4. Conformity to that which is natural, as distinguished from that which is artifical, or forced, or remote from actual experience. One touch of nature makes the whole world kin. Shak. 5. The sum of qualities and attributes which make a person or thing what it is, as distinct from others; native character; inherent or essential qualities or attributes; peculiar constitution or quality of being. Thou, therefore, whom thou only canst redeem, Their nature also to thy nature join, And be thyself man among men on earth. Milton. 6. Hence: Kind, sort; character; quality. A dispute of this nature caused mischief. Dryden. 7. Physical constitution or existence; the vital powers; the natural life. "My days of nature." Shak. Oppressed nature sleeps. Shak. 8. Natural affection or reverence. Have we not seen The murdering son ascend his parent's bed, Through violated nature foce his way Pope. 9. Constitution or quality of mind or character. A born devil, on whose nature Nurture can never stick. Shak. That reverence which is due to a superior nature. Addison. Good nature, Ill nature. see under Good and Ill. -- In a state of nature. (a) Naked as when born; nude. (b) In a condition of sin; unregenerate. (c) Untamed; uncvilized. -- Nature printng, a process of printing from metallic or other plates which have received an impression, as by heavy pressure, of an object such as a leaf, lace, or the like. -- Nature worship, the worship of the personified powers of nature. -- To pay the debt of nature, to die. NATURE Na"ture, v. t. Defn: To endow with natural qualities. [Obs.] He [God] which natureth every kind. Gower. NATURED Na"tured, a. Defn: Having (such) a nature, temper, or disposition; disposed; -- used in composition; as, good-natured, ill-natured, etc. NATURELESS Na"ture*less, a. Defn: Not in accordance with nature; unnatural. [Obs.] Milton. NATURISM Na"tur*ism, n. (Med.) Defn: The belief or doctrine that attributes everything to nature as a sanative agent. NATURIST Na"tur*ist, n. Defn: One who believes in, or conforms to, the theory of naturism. Boyle. NATURITY Na*tu"ri*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being produced by nature. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. NATURIZE Na"tur*ize, v. t. Defn: To endow with a nature or qualities; to refer to nature. [Obs.] B. Jonson. NAUFRAGE Nau"frage (; 48), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. naufragium; navis + frangere.] Defn: Shipwreck; ruin. [Obs.] acon. NAUFRAGOUS Nau"fra*gous, a. Etym: [L. naufragus. See Naufrage.] Defn: causing shipwreck. [Obs.] r. Taylor. NAUGHT Naught, n. Etym: [OE. naught, nought, naht, nawiht, AS. n, n, n; ne not + wiht thing, whit; hence, not ever a whit. See No, adv. Whit, and cf. Aught, Not.] 1. Nothing. [Written also nought.] Doth Job fear God for naught Job i. 9. 2. The arithmetical character 0; a cipher. See Cipher. To set at naught, to treat as of no account; to disregard; to despise; to defy; to treat with ignominy. "Ye have set at naught all my counsel." Prov. i. 25. NAUGHT Naught, adv. Defn: In no degree; not at all. Chaucer. To wealth or sovereign power he naught applied. Fairfax. NAUGHT Naught, a. 1. Of no value or account; worthless; bad; useless. It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer. Prov. xx. 14. Go, get you to your house; begone, away! All will be naught else. Shak. Things naught and things indifferent. Hooker. 2. Hence, vile; base; naughty. [Obs.] No man can be stark naught at once. Fuller. NAUGHTILY Naugh"ti*ly, adv. Defn: In a naughty manner; wickedly; perversely. Shak. NAUGHTINESS Naugh"ti*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being naughty; perverseness; badness; wickedness. I know thy pride, and the naughtiness of thine heart. 1 Sam. xvii. 28. NAUGHTLY Naught"ly, adv. Defn: Naughtily; wrongly. [Obs.] because my parents naughtly brought me up. Mir. for Mag. NAUGHTY Naugh"ty, a. [Compar. Naughtier; superl. Naughtiest.] 1. Having little or nothing. [Obs.] [Men] that needy be and naughty, help them with thy goods. Piers Plowman. 2. Worthless; bad; good for nothing. [Obs.] The other basket had very naughty figs. Jer. xxiv. 2. 3. hence, corrupt; wicked. [Archaic] So shines a good deed in a naughty world. Shak. 4. Mischievous; perverse; froward; guilty of disobedient or improper conduct; as, a naughty child. Note: This word is now seldom used except in the latter sense, as applied to children, or in sportive censure. NAUHEIM TREATMENT; NAUHEIM BATH Nau"heim treat`ment. (Med.) Defn: Orig., a method of therapeutic treatment administered, esp. for chronic diseases of the curculatory system, at Bad Nauheim, Germany, by G. Schott, consisting in baths in the natural mineral waters of that place, which are charged with carbonic acid, and the use of a graduated course of rest, physical exercises, massage, etc.; hence, any similar treatment using waters artificially charged with the essential ingredients of the natural mineral waters of Bad Nauheim. Hence, Nauheim bath, etc. NAUMACHY Nau"ma*chy, n. Etym: [L. naumachia, Gr. 1. A naval battle; esp., a mock sea fight. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A show or spectacle representing a sea fight; also, a place for such exhibitions. NAUPLIUS Nau"pli*us, n.; pl. Nauplii. Etym: [L., a kind of shellfish, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A crustacean larva having three pairs of locomotive organs (corresponding to the antennules, antennæ, and mandibles), a median eye, and little or no segmentation of the body. NAUROPOMETER Nau`ro*pom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Naut.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the amount which a ship heels at sea. NAUSCOPY Naus"co*py, n. Etym: [Gr. -scopy: cf. F. nauscopie.] (Naut.) Defn: The power or act of discovering ships or land at considerable distances. NAUSEA Nau"se*a ( or , n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Nave of a church, and cf. Noise.] Defn: Seasickness; hence, any similar sickness of the stomach accompanied with a propensity to vomit; qualm; squeamishness of the stomach; loathing. NAUSEANT Nau"se*ant, n. Etym: [L. nauseans, p.pr. Of nauseare.] (Med.) Defn: A substance which produces nausea. NAUSEATE Nau"se*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nauseated; p. pr. & vb. n. Nauseating.] Etym: [L. nauseare, nauseatum, fr. nausea. See Nausea.] Defn: To become squeamish; to feel nausea; to turn away with disgust. NAUSEATE Nau"se*ate, v. t. 1. To affect with nausea; to sicken; to cause to feel loathing or disgust. 2. To sicken at; to reject with disgust; to loathe. The patient nauseates and loathes wholesome foods. Blackmore. NAUSEATION Nau`se*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of nauseating, or the state of being nauseated. NAUSEATIVE Nau"se*a*tive ( or , a. Defn: Causing nausea; nauseous. NAUSEOUS Nau"seous, a. Etym: [L. nauseosus.] Defn: Causing, or fitted to cause, nausea; sickening; loathsome; disgusting; exciting abhorrence; as, a nauseous drug or medicine. -- Nau"seous*ly, adv. -- Nau"seous*ness, n. The nauseousness of such company disgusts a reasonable man. Dryden. NAUTCH Nautch, n. Etym: [Hind. nach, fr. Skr. n dance.] Defn: An entertainment consisting chiefly of dancing by professional dancing (or Nautch) girls. [India] NAUTIC Nau"tic, a. Etym: [See Nautical.] Defn: Nautical. NAUTICAL Nau"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. nauticus, Gr. nautique. See Nave of a church.] Defn: Of or pertaining to seamen, to the art of navigation, or to ships; as, nautical skill. Syn. -- Naval; marine; maritime. See Naval. Nautical almanac. See under Almanac. -- Nautical distance, the length in nautical miles of the rhumb line joining any two places on the earth's surface. -- nautical mile. see under Mile. NAUTICALLY Nau"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a nautical manner; with reference to nautical affais. NAUTIFORM Nau"ti*form, a. Etym: [Gr. -form.] Defn: Shaped like the hull of a ship. NAUTILITE Nau"ti*lite, n. (paleon.) Defn: A fossil nautilus. NAUTILOID Nau"ti*loid, a. Etym: [Nautilus + -oid: cf. F. nautiloïde.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the nautilus; shaped like a nautilus shell. -- n. Defn: A mollusk, or shell, of the genus Nautilus or family Nautilidæ. NAUTILUS Nau"ti*lus, n.; pl. E. Nautiluses, L. Nautili. Etym: [L., fr. gr. Nave of a church.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The only existing genus of tetrabranchiate cephalopods. About four species are found living in the tropical Pacific, but many other species are found fossil. The shell is spiral, symmetrical, and chambered, or divided into several cavities by simple curved partitions, which are traversed and connected together by a continuous and nearly central tube or siphuncle. See Tetrabranchiata. Note: The head of the animal bears numerous simple tapered arms, or tentacles, arranged in groups, but not furnished with suckers. The siphon, unlike, that of ordinary cephalopods, is not a closed tube, and is not used as a locomotive organ, but merely serves to conduct water to and from the gill cavity, which contains two pairs of gills. The animal occupies only the outer chamber of the shell; the others are filled with gas. It creeps over the bottom of the sea, not coming to the surface to swim or sail, as was formerly imagined. 2. The argonaut; -- also called paper nautilus. See Argonauta, and Paper nautilus, under Paper. 3. A variety of diving bell, the lateral as well as vertical motions of which are controlled, by the occupants. NAVAJOES Na"va*joes, n. pl.; sing. Navajo (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians inhabiting New Mexico and Arizona, allied to the Apaches. They are now largely engaged in agriculture. NAVAL Na"val, a. Etym: [L. navalis, fr. navis ship: cf. F. naval. See Nave of a church.] Defn: Having to do with shipping; of or pertaining to ships or a navy; consisting of ships; as, naval forces, successes, stores, etc. Naval brigade, a body of seamen or marines organized for military service on land. -- Naval officer. (a) An officer in the navy. (b) A high officer in some United States customhouses. -- Naval tactics, the science of managing or maneuvering vessels sailing in squadrons or fleets. Syn. -- Nautical; marine; maritime. -- Naval, Nautical. Naval is applied to vessels, or a navy, or the things which pertain to them or in which they participate; nautical, to seamen and the art of navigation. Hence we speak of a naval, as opposed to a military, engagement; naval equipments or stores, a naval triumph, a naval officer, etc., and of nautical pursuits or instruction, nautical calculations, a nautical almanac, etc. NAVALS Na"vals, n.pl. Defn: Naval affairs. [Obs.] NAVARCH Na"varch, n. Etym: [L. navarchus, gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: The commander of a fleet. Mitford. NAVARCHY Na"varch*y, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Nautical skill or experience. [Obs.] ir W. Petty. NAVARRESE Na`var*rese" ( or , a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Navarre. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Navarre; the people of Navarre. NAVE Nave, n. Etym: [AS. nafu; akin to D. naaf, G. nabe, OHG. naba, Icel. nöf, Dan. nav, Sw. naf, Skr. nabhi nave and navel: cf. L. umbo boss of a shield. *260. Cf. Navel.] 1. The block in the center of a wheel, from which the spokes radiate, and through which the axle passes; -- called also hub or hob. 2. The navel. [Obs.] hak. NAVE Nave, n. Etym: [F. nef, fr. L. navis ship, to which the church was often likened; akin to Gr. naca boat, G. nachen, Icel. nökkvi; cf. L. nare to swim, float. Cf. Nausea, Nautical, Naval.] (Arch.) Defn: The middle or body of a church, extending from the transepts to the principal entrances, or, if there are no transepts, from the choir to the principal entrance, but not including the aisles. NAVEL Na"vel, n. Etym: [AS. nafela, fr. nafu nave; akin to D. navel, G. nabel, OHG. nabolo, Icel. nafli, Dan. navle, Sw. nafle, L. umbilicus, Gr. n. *260. See Nave hub, and cf. Omphalic, Nombril, Umbilical.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A mark or depression in the middle of the abdomen; the umbilicus. See Umbilicus, belly button in humans 2. The central part or point of anything; the middle. Within the navel of this hideous wood, Immured in cypress shades, a sorcerer dwells. Milton. 3. (Gun.) Defn: An eye on the under side of a carronade for securing it to a carriage. Navel gall, a bruise on the top of the chine of the back of a horse, behind the saddle. Johnson. -- Navel point. (Her.) Same as Nombril. NAVEL ORANGE Na"vel or"ange. Defn: A type of orange in which the fruit incloses a small secondary fruit, the rind showing on the exterior a navel-like pit or depression at the apex. There are several varieties; they are usually seedless, or nearly so, and are much grown in California. NAVEL-STRING Na"vel-string`, n. Defn: The umbilical cord. NAVELWORT Na"vel*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A European perennial succulent herb (Cotyledon umbilicus), having round, peltate leaves with a central depression; -- also called pennywort, and kidneywort. NAVEW Na"vew, n. Etym: [OE. navel, naveau, a dim. fr. L. napus navew. Cf. Napiform.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of small turnip, a variety of Brassica campestris. See Brassica. [Writen also naphew.] NAVICULAR Na*vic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. navicularius, fr. navicula, dim. of navis ship: cf. F. naviculaire.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a boat or ship. 2. Shaped like a boat; cymbiform; scaphoid; as, the navicular glumes of most grasses; the navicular bone. Navicular bone. (Anat.) (a) One of the middle bones of the tarsus, corresponding to the centrale; -- called also scaphoid. (b) A proximal bone on the radial side of the carpus; the scaphoid. -- Navicular disease (Far.), a disease affecting the navicular bone, or the adjacent parts, in a horse's foot. NAVICULAR Na*vic"u*lar, n. (Anat.) Defn: The navicular bone. NAVIGABILITY Nav`i*ga*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. navigabilité.] Defn: The quality or condition of being navigable; navigableness. NAVIGABLE Nav"i*ga*ble, a. Etym: [L. navigabilis: cf. F. navigable. See Navigate.] Defn: Capable of being navigated; deep enough and wide enough to afford passage to vessels; as, a navigable river. Note: By the comon law, a river is considered as navigable only so far as the tide ebbs and flows in it. This is also the doctrine in several of the United tates. In other States, the doctrine of thje civil law prevails, which is, that a navigable river is a river capable of being navigated, in the common sense of the term. Kent. Burrill. -- Nav"i*ga*ble*ness, n. -- Nav"i*ga*bly, adv. NAVIGATE Nav"i*gate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Navigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Navigating.] Etym: [L. navigatus, p.p. of navigare, v.t. & i.; navis ship + agere to move, direct. See Nave, and Agent.] Defn: To joirney by water; to go in a vessel or ship; to perform the duties of a navigator; to use the waters as a highway or channel for commerce or communication; to sail. The Phenicians navigated to the extremities of the Western Ocean. Arbuthnot. NAVIGATE Nav"i*gate, v. t. 1. To pass over in ships; to sail over or on; as, to navigate the Atlantic. 2. To steer, direct, or manage in sailing; to conduct (ships) upon the water by the art or skill of seamen; as, to navigate a ship. NAVIGATION Nav`i*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. navigatio: cf. F. navigation.] 1. The act of navigating; the act of passing on water in ships or other vessels; the state of being navigable. 2. (a) the science or art of conducting ships or vessels from one place to another, including, more especially, the method of determining a ship's position, course, distance passed over, etc., on the surface of the globe, by the principles of geometry and astronomy. (b) The management of sails, rudder, etc.; the mechanics of traveling by water; seamanship. 3. Ships in general. [Poetic] Shak. Aërial navigation, the act or art of sailing or floating in the air, as by means of ballons; aëronautic. -- Inland navigation, Internal navigation, navigation on rivers, inland lakes, etc. NAVIGATOR Nav"i*ga`tor, n. Defn: One who navigates or sails; esp., one who direct the course of a ship, or one who is skillful in the art of navigation; also, a book which teaches the art of navigation; as, Bowditch's Navigator. NAVIGEROUS Na*vig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. naviger; navis ship + gerere to bear.] Defn: Bearing ships; capable of floating vessels. [R.] Blount. NAVVY Nav"vy, n.; pl. Navies. Etym: [Abbreviated fr. navigator.] Defn: Originally, a laborer on canals for internal navigation; hence, a laborer on other public works, as in building railroads, embankments, etc. [Eng.] NAVY Na"vy; n.; pl. Navies. Etym: [ OF. navie, fr. L. navis ship. See Nave of a church.] 1. A fleet of ships; an assemblage of merchantmen, or so many as sail in company. "The navy also of Hiram, that brought gold from Ophir." 1 kings x. 11. 2. The whole of the war vessels belonging to a nation or ruler, considered collectively; as, the navy of Italy. 3. The officers and men attached to the war vessels of a nation; as, he belongs to the navy. Navy bean. see Bean. -- Navy yard, a place set apart as a shore station for the use of the navy. It often contains all the mechanical and other appliences for building and equipping war vessels and training their crews. NAVY BLUE Na"vy blue`. Defn: Prussian blue. NAWAB Na*wab", n. Etym: [See Nabob.] Defn: A deputy ruler or viceroy in India; also, a title given by courtesy to other persons of high rank in the East. NAWL Nawl, n. Etym: [See Nall.] Defn: An awl. [Obs.] usser. NAY Nay, adv. Etym: [Icel. nei; akin to E. no. See No, adv.] 1. No; -- a negative answer to a question asked, or a request made, now superseded by no. See Yes. And eke when I say "ye," ne say not "nay." Chaucer. I tell you nay; but except ye repent, ye shall all likewisr perish. Luke xiii. 3. And now do they thrust us out privily nay, verily; but let them come themselves and fetch us out. Acts xvi. 37. He that will not when he may, When he would he shall have nay. Old Prov. Note: Before the time of Henry VIII. nay was used to answer simple questions, and no was used when the form of the question involved a negative expression; nay was the simple form, no the emphatic. Skeat. 2. Not this merely, but also; not only so, but; -- used to mark the addition or substitution of a more explicit or more emphatic phrase. Note: Nay in this sense may be interchanged with yea. "Were he my brother, nay, my kingdom's heir." Shak. NAY Nay, n.; pl. Nays (. 1. Denial; refusal. 2. a negative vote; one who votes in the negative. It is no nay, there is no denying it. [Obs.] haucer. NAY Nay, v. t. & i. Defn: To refuse. [Obs.] Holinshed. NAYAUR Na*yaur", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A specied of wild sheep (Ovis Hodgsonii), native of Nepaul and Thibet. It has a dorsal mane and a white ruff beneath the neck. NAYT Nayt, v. t. Etym: [Icel. neita.] Defn: To refuse; to deny. [Obs.] "He shall not nayt ne deny his sin." Chaucer. NAYWARD Nay"ward, n. Defn: The negative side. [R.] Howe'er you lean to the nayward. Shak. NAYWORD Nay"word`, n. Defn: A byword; a proverb; also, a watchword. [Obs.] hak. NAZARENE Naz`a*rene", n. Etym: [L. Nazarenus, Gr. 1. A native or inhabitant of Nazareth; -- a term of contempt applied to Christ and the early Christians. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect of Judaizing Christians in the first and second centuries, who observed the laws of Moses, and held to certain heresies. NAZARITE Naz"a*rite, n. Defn: A Jew bound by a vow to lave the hair uncut, to abstain from wine and strong drink, and to practice extraordinary purity of life and devotion, the obligation being for life, or for a certain time. The word is also used adjectively. NAZARITESHIP Naz"a*rite*ship, n. Defn: The state of a Nazarite. NAZARITIC Naz`a*rit"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a Nazarite, or to Nazarites. NAZARITISM Naz"a*ri*tism, n. Defn: The vow and practice of a Nazarite. NAZE Naze, n. Etym: [See Ness.] Defn: A promotory or headland. NAZIRITE Naz"i*rite, n. Defn: A Nazarite. NE Ne, adv. Etym: [AS. ne. See No.] Defn: Not; never. [Obs.] He never yet no villany ne said. Chaucer. Note: Ne was formerly used as the universal adverb of negation, and survives in certain compounds, as never (= ne ever) and none (= ne one). Other combinations, now obsolete, will be found in the Vocabulary, as nad, nam, nil. See Negative, 2. NE Ne, conj. Etym: [See Ne, adv.] Defn: Nor. [Obs.] Shak. No niggard ne no fool. Chaucer. Ne . . . ne, neither . . . nor. [Obs.] Chaucer. NEAF Neaf, n. Defn: See 2d Neif. Shak. NEAL Neal, v. t. Defn: To anneal. [R.] Chaucer. NEAL Neal, v. i. Defn: To be tempered by heat. [R.] Bacon. NEANDERTHAL; NEANDERTHAL RACE; NEANDERTHAL MAN Ne*an"der*thal`, a. (Anthropol.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or named from, the Neanderthal, a valley in the Rhine Province, in which were found parts of a skeleton of an early type of man. The skull is characterized by extreme dolichocephaly, flat, retreating forehead, with closed frontal sutures, and enormous superciliary ridges. The cranial capacity is estimated at about 1,220 cubic centimeters, being about midway between that of the Pithecanthropus and modern man. Hence, designating the Neanderthal race, or man, a species supposed to have been widespread in paleolithic Europe. NEANDERTHALOID Ne*an`der*thal"oid, a. [Neanderthal + -oid.] (Anthropol.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the Neanderthal skull, or the type of man it represents. NEAP Neap, n. Etym: [Cf. Neb, Nape.] Defn: The tongue or pole of a cart or other vehicle drawn by two animals. [U.S.] NEAP Neap, a. Etym: [As. nepflod neap flood; cf. hnipian to bend, incline.] Defn: Low. Neap tides, the lowest tides of the lunar month, which occur in the second and fourth quarters of the moon; -- opposed to spring tides. NEAP Neap, n. Defn: A neap tide. High springs and dead neaps. Harkwill. NEAPED Neaped, a. (Naut.) Defn: Left aground on the height of a spring tide, so that it will not float till the next spring tide; -- called also beneaped. NEAPOLITAN Ne`a*pol"i*tan, a. Etym: [L. Neapolitanus, fr. Neapolis Naples, Gr. Defn: Of of pertaining to Maples in Italy. -- n. Defn: A native or citizen of Naples. NEAPOLITAN ICE; NEAPOLITAN ICE CREAM Ne`a*pol"i*tan ice, Neapolitan ice cream. (a) An ice or ice cream containing eggs as well as cream. (b) An ice or ice cream prepared in layers, as vanilla, strawberry, and chocolate ice cream, and orange or lemon water ice. NEAR Near, adv. Etym: [AS. neár, compar. of neáh nigh. See Nigh.] 1. At a little distance, in place, time, manner, or degree; not remote; nigh. My wife! my traitress! let her not come near me. Milton. 2. Nearly; almost; well-nigh. "Near twenty years ago." Shak. "Near a fortnight ago." Addison. Near about the yearly value of the land. Locke. 3. Closely; intimately. Shak. Far and near, at a distance and close by; throughout a whole region. -- To come near to, to want but little of; to approximate to. "Such a sum he found would go near to ruin him." Addison. -- Near the wind (Naut.), close to the wind; closehauled. NEAR Near, a. [Compar. Nearer; superl. Nearest.] Etym: [See Near, adv.] 1. Not far distant in time, place, or degree; not remote; close at hand; adjacent; neighboring; nigh. "As one near death." Shak. He served great Hector, and was ever near, Not with his trumpet only, but his spear. Dryden. 2. Closely connected or related. She is thy father's near kinswoman. Lev. xviii. 12. 3. Close to one's interests, affection, etc.; touching, or affecting intimately; intimate; dear; as, a near friend. 4. Close to anything followed or imitated; not free, loose, or rambling; as, a version near to the original. 5. So as barely to avoid or pass injury or loss; close; narrow; as, a near escape. 6. Next to the driver, when he is on foot; in the Unted States, on the left of an animal or a team; as, the near ox; the near leg. See Off side, under Off, a. 7. Immediate; direct; close; short. "The nearest way." Milton. 8. Close-fisted; parsimonious. [Obs. or Low, Eng.] Note: Near may properly be followed by to before the thing approached'; but more frequently to is omitted, and the adjective or the adverb is regarded as a preposition. The same is also true of the word nigh. Syn. -- Nigh; close; adjacent; proximate; contiguous; present; ready; intimate; dear. NEAR Near, prep. Defn: Adjacent to; close by; not far from; nigh; as, the ship sailed near the land. See the Note under near, a. NEAR Near, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Neared; p. pr. & vb. n Nearing.] Etym: [See Near, adv.] Defn: To approach; to come nearer; as, the ship neared the land. NEAR Near, v. i. Defn: To draw near; to approach. A speck, a mist, a shape, I wist! And still it neared, and neared. Coleridge. NEAR BEER Near beer. Defn: Any of various malt liquors (see Citation). Near beer is a term of common currency used to designate all that class of malt liquors which contain so little alcohol that they will not produce intoxication, though drunk to excess, and includes in its meaning all malt liquors which are not within the purview of the general prohibition law. Cambell v. City of Thomasville, Georgia Appeal Records, 6 212. NEARCTIC Ne*arc"tic, a. Etym: [Neo + arctic.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a region of the earth's surface including all of temperate and arctic North America and Greenland. In the geographical distribution of animals, this region is marked off as the habitat certain species. NEARHAND Near"hand`, a. & adv. Defn: Near; near at hand; closely. [Obs. or Scot.] Bacon. NEAR-LEGGED Near"-legged`, a. Defn: Having the feet so near together that they interfere in traveling. Shak. NEARLY Near"ly, adv. Defn: In a near manner; not remotely; closely; intimately; almost. NEARNESS Near"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being near; -- used in the various senses of the adjective. NEARSIGHTED; NEARSIGHTEDNESS Near"sight`ed, a. Defn: Seeing distinctly at short distances only; shortsighted. -- Near"sight`ed*ness, n. Defn: See Myopic, and Myopia. NEAT Neat, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [AS. neát; akin to OHG. n, Icel. naut, Sw. nöt, Dan. nöd, and to AS. neótan to make use of, G. geniessen, Goth. niutan to have a share in, have joy of, Lith. nauda use, profit.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Cattle of the genus Bos, as distinguished from horses, sheep, and goats; an animal of the genus Bos; as, a neat's tongue; a neat's foot. Chaucer. Wherein the herds[men] were keeping of their neat. Spenser. The steer, the heifer, and the calf Are all called neat. Shak. A neat and a sheep of his own. Tusser. Neat's-foot, an oil obtained by boiling the feet of neat cattle. It is used to render leather soft and pliable. NEAT Neat, a. Etym: [See neat, n.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the genus Bos, or to cattle of that genus; as, neat cattle. NEAT Neat, a. [Compar. Neater; superl. Neatest.] Etym: [OE. nett, F. nett, fr. L. nitidus, fr. nitere to shine. Cf. Nitid, Net, a., Natty.] 1. Free from that which soils, defiles, or disorders; clean; cleanly; tidy. If you were to see her, you would wonder what poor body it was that was so surprisingly neat and clean. Law. 2. Free from what is unbecoming, inappropriate, or tawdry; simple and becoming; pleasing with simplicity; tasteful; chaste; as, a neat style; a neat dress. 3. Free from admixture or adulteration; good of its kind; as, neat brandy. "Our old wine neat." Chapman. 4. Excellent in character, skill, or performance, etc.; nice; finished; adroit; as, a neat design; a neat thief. 5. With all deductions or allowances made; net. Note: [In this sense usually written net. See Net, a., 3.] neat line (Civil Engin.), a line to which work is to be built or formed. -- Neat work, work built or formed to neat lines. Syn. -- Nice; pure; cleanly; tidy; trim; spruce. 'NEATH 'Neath ( or , prep. & adv. Defn: An abbreviation of Beneath. [Poetic] NEATHERD Neat"herd`, n. Defn: A person who has the care of neat cattle; a cowherd. Dryden. NEATHOUSE Neat"house`, n. Defn: A building for the shelter of neat cattle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Massinger. NEATIFY Neat"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Neat, a. + -fy.] Defn: To make neat. [Obs.] olland. NEATLY Neat"ly, adv. Defn: In a neat manner; tidily; tastefully. NEATNESS neat"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being neat. NEATRESS Neat"ress, n. Etym: [From neat cattle.] Defn: A woman who takes care of cattle. [R.] Warner. NEB Neb, n. Etym: [AS. nebb head, face; akin to D. neb, Icel. nef, beak of a bird, nose, Dan. næb beak, bill, Sw. näbb, näf, and prob. also to D. sneb, snavel, bill, beak, G. schnabel, Dan. & Sw. snabel, and E. snap. Cf. Nib, Snap, Snaffle.] Defn: The nose; the snout; the mouth; the beak of a bird; a nib, as of a pen. [Also written nib.] Shak. NEBALIA Ne*ba"li*a, n. Etym: [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small marine Crustacea, considered the type of a distinct order (Nebaloidea, or Phyllocarida.) NEB-NEB Neb"-neb`, n. Defn: Same as Bablh. NEBULA Neb"u*la, n.; pl. Nebulæ. Etym: [L., mist, cloud; akin to Gr. nebel mist, OHG. nebul, D. nevel, Skr. nabhas cloud, mist. Cf. Nebule.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: A faint, cloudlike, self-luminous mass of matter situated beyond the solar system among the stars. True nebulæ are gaseous; but very distant star clusters often appear like them in the telescope. 2. (Med.) (a) A white spot or a slight opacity of the cornea. (b) A cloudy appearance in the urine. [Obs.] NEBULAR Neb"u*lar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to nebulæ; of the nature of, or resembling, a nebula. Nebular hypothesis, an hypothesis to explain the process of formation of the stars and planets, presented in various forms by Kant, Herschel, Laplace, and others. As formed by Laplace, it supposed the matter of the solar system to have existed originally in the form of a vast, diffused, revolving nebula, which, gradually cooling and contracting, threw off, in obedience to mechanical and physical laws, succesive rings of matter, from which subsequently, by the same laws, were produced the several planets, satellites, and other bodies of the system. The phrase may indicate any hypothesis according to which the stars or the bodies of the solar system have been evolved from a widely diffused nebulous form of matter. NEBULATED Neb"u*la`ted, a. Defn: Clouded with indistinct color markings, as an animal. NEBULATION neb`u*la"tion, n. Defn: The condition of being nebulated; also, a clouded, or ill- defined, color mark. NEBULE Neb"ule, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nébule. See nebula.] Defn: A little cloud; a cloud. [Obs.] O light without nebule. Old Ballad. NEBULE; NEBULY Né`bu`lé", Neb"u*ly, a. Etym: [F. nébulé.] (Her.) Defn: Composed of successive short curves supposed to resemble a cloud; -- said of a heraldic line by which an ordinary or subordinary may be bounded. NEBULIZATION Neb`u*li*za"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: The act or process of nebulizing; atomization. NEBULIZE Neb"u*lize, v. t. Etym: [See Nebula.] Defn: To reduce (as a liquid) to a fine spray or vapor; to atomize. NEBULIZER Neb"u*li`zer, n. Defn: An atomizer. NEBULOSE Neb"u*lose`, a. Defn: Nebulous; cloudy. Derham. NEBULOSITY Neb`u*los"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. nebulositas: cf. F. nébulosité] 1. The state or quality of being nebulous; cloudiness; hazeness; mistiness; nebulousness. The nebulosity ... of the mother idiom. I. Disraeli. 2. (Astron.) (a) The stuff of which a nebula is formed. (b) A nebula. NEBULOUS Neb"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. nebulosus: cf. F. nébuleux. See Nebula.] 1. Cloudy; hazy; misty. 2. (Astron.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or having the appearance of, a nebula; nebular; cloudlike. -- Neb"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Neb"u*lous*ness, n. NEBULY Neb"u*ly, n. (Her. & Arch.) Defn: A line or a direction composed of successive short curves or waves supposed to resembe a cloud. See NÉbulÉ NECESSARIAN Nec`es*sa"ri*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nécessarien. See Mecessary.] Defn: An advocate of the doctrine of philosophical necessity; a nacessitarian. NECESSARIAN Nec`es*sa"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to necessarianism. NECESSARIANISM Nec`es*sa"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine of philosophical necessity; necessitarianism. Hixley. NECESSARILY Nec"es*sa*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a necessary manner; by necessity; unavoidably; indispensably. NECESSARINESS Nec"es*sa*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being necessary. NECESSARY Nec"es*sa*ry, a. Etym: [L. necessarius, from necesse unavoidable, necessary; of uncertain origin: cf. F. nécessaire.] 1. Such as must be; impossible to be otherwise; not to be avoided; inevitable. Death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come. Shak. 2. Impossible to be otherwise, or to be dispensed with, without preventing the attainment of a desired result; indispensable; requiste; essential. "'T is necessary he should die." Shak. A certain kind of temper is necessary to the pleasure and quiet of our minds. Tillotson. 3. Acting from necessity or compulsion; involuntary; -- opposed to free; as, whether man is a necessary or a free agent is a question much discussed. NECESSARY Nec"es*sa*ry, n.; pl. Necessaries (. 1. A thing that is necessary or indispensable to some purpose; something that one can not do without; a requisite; an essential; -- used chiefly in the plural; as, the necessaries of life. 2. A privy; a water-closet. 3. pl. (Law) Defn: Such things, in respect to infants, lunatics, and married women, as are requisite for support suitable to station. NECESSITARIAN Ne*ces`si*ta"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the doctrine of philosophical necessity in regard to the origin and existence of things, especially as applied to the actings or choices of the will; -- opposed to libertarian. NECESSITARIAN Ne*ces`si*ta"ri*an, n. Defn: One who holds to the doctrine of necessitarianism. NECESSITARIANISM Ne*ces`si*ta"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine of philosophical necessity; the doctrine that results follow by invariable sequence from causes, and esp. that the will is not free, but that human actions and choices result inevitably from motives; deteminism. M. Arnold. NECESSITATE Ne*ces"si*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Necessitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Necessitating.] Etym: [Cf. L. necessitatus, p.p. of necessitare, and F. nécessiter. See Necessity.] 1. To make necessary or indispensable; to render unaviolable. Sickness [might] necessitate his removal from the court. South. This fact necessitates a second line. J. Peile. 2. To reduce to the necessity of; to force; to compel. The Marquis of Newcastle, being pressed on both sides, was necessitated to draw all his army into York. Clarendon. NECESSITATTION Ne*ces`si*tat"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nécessitation.] Defn: The act of making necessary, or the state of being made necessary; compulsion. [R.] bp. Bramhall. NECESSITIED Ne*ces"si*tied, a. Defn: In a state of want; necessitous. [Obs.] Shak. NECESSITOUS Ne*ces"si*tous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. nécessiteux.] 1. Very needy or indigent; pressed with poverty. Necessitous heirs and penurious parents. Arbuthnot. 2. Narrow; destitute; pinching; pinched; as, necessitous circumstances. -- Ne*ces"si*tous*ly, adv. -- Ne*ces"si*tous*ness, n. NECESSITUDE Ne*ces"si*tude, n. Etym: [L. necessitudo, fr. necesse. See Necessray.] 1. Necessitousness; want. Sir M. Hale. 2. Necessary connection or relation. Between kings and their people, parents and their children, there is so great a necessitude, propriety, and intercourse of nature. Jer. Taylor. NECESSITY Ne*ces"si*ty, n.; pl. Necessities. Etym: [OE. necessite, F. nécessité, L. necessitas, fr. necesse. See Necessary.] 1. The quality or state of being necessary, unavoidable, or absolutely requisite; inevitableness; indispensableness. 2. The condition of being needy or necessitous; pressing need; indigence; want. Urge the necessity and state of times. Shak. The extreme poverty and necessity his majesty was in. Clarendon. 3. That which is necessary; a necessary; a requisite; something indispensable; -- often in the plural. These should be hours for necessities, Not for delights. Shak. What was once to me Mere matter of the fancy, now has grown The vast necessity of heart and life. Tennyson. 4. That which makes an act or an event unavoidable; irresistible force; overruling power; compulsion, physical or moral; fate; fatality. So spake the fiend, and with necessity, The tyrant's plea, excused his devilish deeds. Milton. 5. (Metaph.) Defn: The negation of freedom in voluntary action; the subjection of all phenomena, whether material or spiritual, to inevitable causation; necessitarianism. Of necessity, by necessary consequence; by compulsion, or irresistible power; perforce. Syn. -- See Need. NECK Neck, n. Etym: [OE. necke, AS. hnecca; akin to D. nek the nape of the neck, G. nacken, OHG. nacch, hnacch, Icel. hnakki, Sw. nacke, Dan. nakke.] 1. The part of an animal which connects the head and the trunk, and which, in man and many other animals, is more slender than the trunk. 2. Any part of an inanimate object corresponding to or resembling the neck of an animal; as: (a) The long slender part of a vessel, as a retort, or of a fruit, as a gourd. (b) A long narrow tract of land projecting from the main body, or a narrow tract connecting two larger tracts. (c) (Mus.) That part of a violin, guitar, or similar instrument, which extends from the head to the body, and on which is the finger board or fret board. 3. (Mech.) Defn: A reduction in size near the end of an object, formed by a groove around it; as, a neck forming the journal of a shaft. 4. (Bot.) Defn: the point where the base of the stem of a plant arises from the root. Neck and crop, completely; wholly; altogether; roughly and at once. [Colloq.] -- Neck and neck (Racing), so nearly equal that one cannot be said to be before the other; very close; even; side by side. -- Neck of a capital. (Arch.) See Gorgerin. -- Neck of a cascabel (Gun.), the part joining the knob to the base of the breech. -- Neck of a gun, the small part of the piece between the chase and the swell of the muzzle. -- Neck of a tooth (Anat.), the constriction between the root and the crown. -- Neck or nothing (Fig.), at all risks. -- Neck verse. (a) The verse formerly read to entitle a party to the benefit of clergy, said to be the first verse of the fifty-first Psalm, "Miserere mei," etc. Sir W. Scott. (b) Hence, a verse or saying, the utterance of which decides one's fate; a shibboleth. These words, "bread and cheese," were their neck verse or shibboleth to distinguish them; all pronouncing "broad and cause," being presently put to death. Fuller. -- Neck yoke. (a) A bar by which the end of the tongue of a wagon or carriage is suspended from the collars of the harnesses. (b) A device with projecting arms for carrying things (as buckets of water or sap) suspended from one's shoulders. -- On the neck of, immediately after; following closely. "Commiting one sin on the neck of another." W. Perkins. -- Stiff neck, obstinacy in evil or wrong; inflexible obstinacy; contumacy. "I know thy rebellion, and thy stiff neck." Deut. xxxi. 27. -- To break the neck of, to destroy the main force of. "What they presume to borrow from her sage and virtuous rules... breaks the neck of their own cause." Milton. -- To harden the neck, to grow obstinate; to be more and more perverse and rebellious. Neh. ix. 17. -- To tread on the neck of, to oppress; to tyrannize over. NECK Neck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Necked; p. pr. & vb. n. Necking.] (Mech.) Defn: To reduce the diameter of (an object) near its end, by making a groove around it; -- used with down; as, to neck down a shaft. v. t. & i. To kiss and caress amorously. n. necking NECKAR NUT Neck"ar nut`. (Bot.) Defn: See Nicker nut. NECKBAND Neck"band`, n. Defn: A band which goes around the neck; often, the part at the top of a garment. NECKCLOTH Neck"cloth`, n. Defn: A piece of any fabric worn around the neck. NECKED Necked, a. 1. Having (such) a neck; -- chiefly used in composition; as, stiff- necked. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Cracked; -- said of a treenail. NECKERCHIEF Neck"er*chief, n. Etym: [For neck kerchief.] Defn: A kerchief for the neck; -- called also neck handkerchief. NECKING Neck"ing, n. Defn: Same as Neckmold. NECKLACE Neck"lace (; 48), n. 1. A string of beads, etc., or any continuous band or chain, worn around the neck as an ornament. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A rope or chain fitted around the masthead to hold hanging blocks for jibs and stays. NECKLACED neck"laced, a. Defn: Wearing a necklace; marked as with a necklace. The hooded and the necklaced snake. Sir W. Jones. NECKLAND neck"land, n. Defn: A neck of land. [Obs.] NECKLET neck"let, n. Defn: A necklace. E. Anold. NECKMOLD; NECKMOULD Neck"mold`, Neck"mould`, n. (Arch.) Defn: A small convex molding surrounding a column at the jinction of the shaft and capital. Weale. NECKPLATE Neck"plate`, n. Defn: See Gorget, 1 and 2. NECKTIE Neck"tie`, n. Defn: A scarf, band, or kerchief of silk, etc., passing around the neck or collar and tied in front; a bow of silk, etc., fastened in front of the neck. NECKWEAR Neck"wear`, n. Defn: A collective term for cravats, collars, etc. [Colloq. or trade name] NECKWEED Neck"weed`, n. (Bot.) (a) An American annual weed (veronica peregrina), with small white flowers and a roundish pod. (b) The hemp; -- so called as furnishing ropes for hanging criminals. Dr. prior. NECROBIOSIS Nec`ro*bi*o"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol. & Med.) Defn: The death of a part by molecular disintegration and without loss of continuity, as in the processes of degeneration and atrophy. Virchow. NECROBIOTIC Nec`ro*bi*ot"ic, a. (Biol. & Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to necrobiosis; as, a necrobiotic metamorphosis. NECROLATRY Ne*crol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The worship of the dead; manes worship. H. Spenser. NECROLITE Nec"ro*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.) Defn: Same as Necronite. NECROLOGIC; NECROLOGICAL Nec`ro*log"ic, Nec`ro*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. nécrologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to necrology; of the nature of necrology; relating to, or giving, an account of the dead, or of deaths. NECROLOGIST Ne*crol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who gives an account of deaths. NECROLOGY Ne*crol"o*gy, n.; pl. Necrologies. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. nécrologie. See Necromancy.] Defn: An account of deaths, or of the dead; a register of deaths; a collection of obituary notices. NECROMANCER Nec"ro*man`cer, n. Defn: One who practices necromancy; a sorcerer; a wizard. NECROMANCY Nec"ro*man`cy, n. Etym: [OE. nigromaunce, nigromancie, OF. nigromance, F. nécromance, nécromancie, from L. necromantia, Gr. necare to kill, Skr. na() to perish, vanish) + mania. See Mania, and cf. Internecine, Noxious. The old spelling is due to confusion with L. niger black. Hence the name black art.] Defn: The art of revealing future events by means of a pretended communication with the dead; the black art; hence, magic in general; conjuration; enchantment. See Black art. This palace standeth in the air, By necromancy placèd there. Drayton. NECROMANTIC Nec`ro*man"tic, n. Defn: Conjuration. [R.] With all the necromantics of their art. Young. NECROMANTIC; NECROMANTICAL Nec`ro*man"tic, Nec`ro*man"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to necromancy; performed by necromancy. -- Nec`ro*man"tic*al*ly, adv. NECRONITE Nec"ro*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Fetid feldspar, a mineral which, when struck, exhales a fetid odor. NECROPHAGAN Ne*croph"a*gan, a. Etym: [See Necrophagous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Eating carrion. -- n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of a tribe (Necrophaga) of beetles which, in the larval state, feed on carrion; a burying beetle. NECROPHAGOUS Ne*croph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. nécrophage.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Necrophaga; eating carrion. See Necrophagan. NECROPHOBIA Nec`ro*pho"bi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: An exaggerated fear of death or horror of dead bodies. NECROPHORE Nec"ro*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of beetles of the genus Necrophorus and allied genera; -- called also burying beetle, carrion beetle, sexton beetle. NECROPOLIS Ne*crop"o*lis, n.; pl. Necropolises. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A city of the dead; a name given by the ancients to their cemeteries, and sometimes applied to modern burial places; a graveyard. NECROPSY Nec"rop*sy, n. Etym: [Gr. nécropsie.] (Med.) Defn: A post-mortem examination or inspection; an autopsy. See Autopsy. NECROSCOPIC; NECROSCOPICAL Nec`ro*scop"ic, Nec`ro*scop"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] Defn: Or or relating to post-mortem examinations. NECROSE Ne*crose", v. t. & i. (Med.) Defn: To affect with necrosis; to unergo necrosis. Quain. NECROSED Ne*crosed", a. (Med.) Defn: Affected by necrosis; dead; as, a necrosed bone. Dunglison. NECROSIS Ne*cro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. 1. (med.) Defn: Mortification or gangrene of bone, or the death of a bone or portion of a bone in mass, as opposed to its death by molecular disintegration. See Caries. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A disease of trees, in which the branches gradually dry up from the bark to the center. NECROTIC Ne*crot"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Affected with necrosis; as, necrotic tissue; characterized by, or producing, necrosis; as, a necrotic process. NECROTOMY Nec*rot"o*my, n. [Gr. dead person + to cut.] (Med.) Defn: The dissection of dead bodies; also, excision of necrosed bone. --Nec`ro*tom"ic (#), a. --Nec*rot"o*mist (#), n. NECTAR Nec"tar, n. Etym: [L., fr. gr. 1. (Myth. & Poetic) Defn: The drink of the gods (as ambrosia was their food); hence, any delicious or inspiring beverage. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A sweetish secretion of blossoms from which bees make honey. NECTAREAL Nec*ta"re*al, a. 1. Nectareous. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a nectary. NECTAREAN Nec*ta"re*an, a. Etym: [L. nectareus: cf. F. nectaréen.] Defn: Resembling nectar; very sweet and pleasant. "nectarean juice." Talfourd. NECTARED Nec"tared, a. Defn: Imbued with nectar; mingled with nectar; abounding with nectar. Milton. NECTAREOUS Nec*ta"re"ous, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, containing, or resembling nectar; delicious; nectarean. Pope. -- Nec*ta"re*ous*ly, adv. -- Nec*ta"re*ous*ness, n. NECTARIAL Nec*ta"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the nectary of a plant. NECTARIED Nec"ta*ried, a. Defn: Having a nectary. NECTARIFEROUS Nec`tar*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. nectar nectar + -ferous: cf. F. nectarifère.] (Bot.) Defn: Secreting nectar; -- said of blossoms or their parts. NECTARINE Nec"tar*ine, a. Defn: Nectareous. [R.] Milton. NECTARINE Nec"tar*ine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nectarine. See Nectar.] (Bot.) Defn: A smooth-skinned variety of peach. Spanish nectarine, the plumlike fruit of the West Indian tree Chrysobalanus Icaco; -- also called cocoa plum. it is made into a sweet conserve which a largely exported from Cuba. NECTARIZE Nec"tar*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nectarized; p. pr. & vb. n. Nectarizing.] Defn: To mingle or infuse with nectar; to sweeten. [Obs.] Cockeram. NECTAROUS Nec"tar*ous, a. Defn: Nectareous. Milton. NECTARY Nec"ta*ry, n.; pl. Nectaries. Etym: [From Nectar: cf. F. nectaire.] (Bot.) Defn: That part of a blossom which secretes nectar, usually the base of the corolla or petals; also, the spur of such flowers as the larkspur and columbine, whether nectariferous or not. See the Illustration of Nasturtium. NECTOCALYX Nec`to*ca"lyx, n.; pl. Nectocalyces. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. (Zoöl.) (a) The swimming bell or umbrella of a jellyfish of medusa. (b) One of the zooids of certain Siphonophora, having somewhat the form, and the essential structure, of the bell of a jellyfish, and acting as a swimming organ. NECTOSAC; NECTOSACK Nec"to*sac, Nec"to*sack, n. Etym: [Gr. sac, sack.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The cavity of a nectocalyx. NECTOSTEM Nec"to*stem, n. Etym: [Gr. stem.] (Zoöl.) Defn: That portion of the axis which bears the nectocalyces in the Siphonophora. NEDDER Ned"der, n. Etym: [See Adder.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An adder. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. NEDDY Ned"dy, n.; pl. Neddies (. (Zoöl.) Defn: A pet name for a donkey. NEE Nee, p. p., fem. Etym: [F., fr. L. nata, fem. of natus, p.p. of nasci to be born. See Nation.] Defn: Born; -- a term sometimes used in introducing the name of the family to which a married woman belongs by birth; as, Madame de Staël, née Necker. NEED Need, n. Etym: [OE. need, neod, nede, AS. neád, nyd; akin to D. nood, G. not, noth, Icel. nauedhr, Sw. & Dan. nöd, Goth. naups.] 1. A state that requires supply or relief; pressing occasion for something; necessity; urgent want. And the city had no need of the sun. Rev. xxi. 23. I have no need to beg. Shak. Be governed by your needs, not by your fancy. Jer. Taylor. 2. Want of the means of subsistence; poverty; indigence; destitution. Chaucer. Famine is in thy cheeks; Need and oppression starveth in thine eyes. Shak. 3. That which is needful; anything necessary to be done; (pl.) necessary things; business. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. Situation of need; peril; danger. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. -- Exigency; emergency; strait; extremity; necessity; distress; destitution; poverty; indigence; want; penury. -- Need, Necessity. Necessity is stronger than need; it places us under positive compulsion. We are frequently under the necessity of going without that of which we stand very greatly in need. It is also with the corresponding adjectives; necessitous circumstances imply the direct pressure of suffering; needy circumstances, the want of aid or relief. NEED Need, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Needed; p. pr. & vb. n. Needing.] Etym: [See Need, n. Cf. AS. n to force, Goth. nau.] Defn: To be in want of; to have cause or occasion for; to lack; to require, as supply or relief. Other creatures all day long Rove idle, unemployed, and less need rest. Milton. Note: With another verb, need is used like an auxiliary, generally in a negative sentence expressing requirement or obligation, and in this use it undergoes no change of termination in the third person singular of the present tense. "And the lender need not fear he shall be injured." Anacharsis (Trans. ). NEED Need, v. i. Defn: To be wanted; to be necessary. Chaucer. When we have done it, we have done all that is in our power, and all that needs. Locke. NEED Need, adv. Defn: Of necessity. See Needs. [Obs.] Chaucer. NEEDER Need"er, n. Defn: One who needs anything. Shak. NEEDFUL Need"ful, a. 1. Full of need; in need or want; needy; distressing. [Archaic] Chaucer. The needful time of trouble. Bk. of Com. Prayer. 2. Necessary for supply or relief; requisite. All things needful for defense abound. Dryden. -- Need"ful*ly, adv. -- Need"ful*ness, n. NEEDILY Need"i*ly, adv. Etym: [From Needy.] Defn: In a needy condition or manner; necessarily. Chaucer. NEEDINESS Need"i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being needy; want; poverty; indigence. NEEDLE Nee"dle, n. Etym: [OE. nedle, AS. n; akin to D. neald, OS. nadla, G. nadel, OHG. nadal, nadala, Icel. nal, Sw. nål, Dan. naal, and also to G. nähen to sew, OHG. najan, L. nere to spin, Gr. snare: cf. Gael. & Ir. snathad needle, Gael. snath thread, G. schnur string, cord.] 1. A small instrument of steel, sharply pointed at one end, with an eye to receive a thread, -- used in sewing. Chaucer. Note: In some needles(as for sewing machines) the eye is at the pointed end, but in ordinary needles it is at the blunt end. 2. See Magnetic needle, under Magnetic. 3. A slender rod or wire used in knitting; a knitting needle; also, a hooked instrument which carries the thread or twine, and by means of which knots or loops are formed in the process of netting, knitting, or crocheting. 4. (Bot.) Defn: One of the needle-shaped secondary leaves of pine trees. See Pinus. 5. Any slender, pointed object, like a needle, as a pointed crystal, a sharp pinnacle of rock, an obelisk, etc. Dipping needle. See under Dipping. -- Needle bar, the reciprocating bar to which the needle of a sewing machine is attached. -- Needle beam (Arch.), to shoring, the horizontal cross timber which goes through the wall or a pier, and upon which the weight of the wall rests, when a building is shored up to allow of alterations in the lower part. -- Needle furze (Bot.), a prickly leguminous plant of Western Europe; the petty whin (Genista Anglica). -- Needle gun, a firearm loaded at the breech with a cartridge carrying its own fulminate, which is exploded by driving a slender needle, or pin, into it. -- Needle loom (Weaving), a loom in which the weft thread is carried through the shed by a long eye-pointed needle instead of by a shuttle. -- Needle ore (Min.), acicular bismuth; a sulphide of bismuth, lead, and copper occuring in acicular crystals; -- called also aikinite. -- Needle shell (Zoöl.), a sea urchin. -- Needle spar (Min.), aragonite. -- Needle telegraph, a telegraph in which the signals are given by the deflections of a magnetic needle to the right or to the left of a certain position. -- Sea needle (Zoöl.), the garfish. NEEDLE Nee"dle, v. t. Defn: To form in the shape of a needle; as, to needle crystals. NEEDLE Nee"dle, v. i. Defn: To form needles; to crystallize in the form of needles. NEEDLEBOOK Nee"dle*book`, n. Defn: A book-shaped needlecase, having leaves of cloth into which the needles are stuck. NEEDLECASE Nee"dle*case`, n. Defn: A case to keep needles. NEEDLEFISH Nee"dle*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The European great pipefich (Siphostoma, or Syngnathus, acus); -- called also earl, and tanglefish. (b) The garfish. NEEDLEFUL nee"dle*ful, n.; pl. needlefuls (. Defn: As much thread as is used in a needle at one time. NEEDLE-POINTED Nee"dle-pointed`, a. Defn: Pointed as needles. NEEDLER Nee"dler, n. Defn: One who makes or uses needles; also, a dealer in needles. Piers Plowman. NEEDLESS Nee"dless, a. 1. Having no need. [Obs.] Weeping into the needless stream. Shak. 2. Not wanted; unnecessary; not requiste; as, needless labor; needless expenses. 3. Without sufficient cause; groundless; cuseless. "Needless jealousy." Shak. -- Need"less*ly, adv. -- Need"less*ness, n. NEEDLESTONE Nee"dle*stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: Natrolite; -- called also needle zeolite. NEEDLEWOMAN Nee"dle*wom`an, n.; pl. Needlewomen (. Defn: A woman who does needlework; a seamstress. NEEDLEWORK Nee"dle*work`, n. 1. Work executed with a needle; sewed work; sewing; embroidery; also, the business of a seamstress. 2. The combination of timber and plaster making the outside framework of some houses. NEEDLY Nee"dly, a. Defn: Like a needle or needles; as, a needly horn; a needly beard. R. D. Blackmore. NEEDLY Need"ly, adv. Etym: [AS. n. See Need.] Defn: Necessarily; of necessity. [Obs.] hak. NEEDMENT Need"ment, n. Defn: Something needed or wanted. pl. Defn: Outfit; necessary luggage. [Archaic] Spenser. Carrying each his needments. Wordsworth. NEEDS Needs, adv. Etym: [Orig. gen. of need, used as an adverb. Cf. - wards.] Defn: Of necessity; necessarily; indispensably; -- often with must, and equivalent to of need. A man must needs love mauger his head. Chaucer. And he must needs go through Samaria. John iv. 4. He would needs know the cause of his reulse. Sir J. Davies. NEEDSCOST Needs"cost`, adv. Defn: Of necessity. [Obs.] Chaucer. NEEDSLY Needs"ly, adv. Defn: Of necessity. [Obs.] Drayton. NEEDY Need"y, a. [Compar. Needer; superl. Neediest.] 1. Distressed by want of the means of living; very por; indigent; necessitous. Thou shalt open thy hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy in thy land. Deut. xv. 11. Spare the bluches of needly merit. Dr. T. Dwight. 2. Necessary; requiste. [Obs.] Corn to make your needy bread. Shak. NEELD; NEELE Neeld, Neele, n. Etym: [See Needle.] Defn: A needle. [Obs.] Shak. NEELGHAU Neel"ghau, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Nylghau. NEEM TREE Neem" tree`. Etym: [Hind. nim.] (Bot.) Defn: An Asiatic name for Melia Azadirachta, and M. Azedarach. See Margosa. NEER Neer, adv. & a. Defn: Nearer. [Obs.] Chaucer. NE'ER Ne'er ( or ), adv. Defn: a contraction of Never. NE'ER-DO-WELL Ne'er"-do-well`, n. Defn: A person who never does, or fares, well; a good for nothing. The idle and dissolute ne'er-do-wells of their communities. Harper's Mag. NEESE Neese, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Neesed; p. pr. & vb. n. Neesing.] Etym: [OE. nesen; akin to D. niezen, G. niesen, Icel. hnjosa.] Defn: To sneeze. [Obs.] [Written also neeze.] NEESING Nees"ing, n. Defn: Sneezing. [Obs.] "By his neesings a light doth shine." Job xli. 18. NE EXEAT Ne` ex"e*at. Etym: [L. ne exeat regno let him not go out of the kingdom.] (Law) Defn: A writ to restrain a person from leaving the country, or the jurisdiction of the court. The writ was originally applicable to purposes of state, but is now an ordinary process of courts of equity, resorted to for the purpose of obtaining bail, or security to abide a decree. Kent. NEF Nef (; F. , n. Etym: [F. See Nave.] Defn: The nave of a church. Addison. NEFAND; NEFANDOUS Ne"fand, Ne*fan"dous, a. Etym: [L. nefandus not to be spoken; ne not + fari to speak.] Defn: Unfit to speak of; unmentionable; impious; execrable. [Obs.] "Nefand adominations." Sheldon. "Nefandous high treason." Cotton Mather. NEFARIOUS Ne*fa"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. nefarius, fr. nefas crime, wrong; ne not + fas divine law; akin to fari to speak. See No, adv., and Fate.] Defn: Wicked in the extreme; abominable; iniquitous; atrociously villainous; execrable; detestably vile. Syn. -- Iniquitous; detestable; horrible; heinious; atrocious; infamous; impious. See Iniquitous. -- Ne*fa"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Ne*fa"ri*ous*ness, n. NEFASCH Ne"fasch, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any fish of the genus Distichodus. Several large species inhabit the Nile. NEFAST Ne"fast, a. Etym: [L. nefastus.] Defn: Wicked. [R.] NEGATION Ne*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. negatio, fr. negare to say no, to deny; ne not + the root of aio I say; cf. Gr. ah to say; cf. F. négation. See No, adv., and cf. Adage, Deny, Renegade.] 1. The act of denying; assertion of the nonreality or untruthfulness of anything; declaration that something is not, or has not been, or will not be; denial; -- the opposite of Ant: affirmation. Our assertions and negations should be yea and nay. Rogers. 2. (Logic) Defn: Description or definition by denial, exclusion, or exception; statement of what a thing is not, or has not, from which may be inferred what it is or has. NEGATIVE Neg"a*tive, a. Etym: [F. négatif, L. negativus, fr. negare to deny. See Negation.] 1. Denying; implying, containing, or asserting denial, negation or refusal; returning the answer no to an inquiry or request; refusing assent; as, a negative answer; a negative opinion; -- opposed to Ant: affirmative. If thou wilt confess, Or else be impudently negative. Shak. Denying me any power of a negative voice. Eikon Basilike. Something between an affirmative bow and a negative shake. Dickens. 2. Not positive; without affirmative statement or demonstration; indirect; consisting in the absence of something; privative; as, a negative argument; a negative morality; negative criticism. There in another way of denying Christ, ... which is negative, when we do not acknowledge and confess him. South. 3. (Logic) Defn: Asserting absence of connection between a subject and a predicate; as, a negative proposition. 4. (Photog.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a picture upon glass or other material, in which the lights and shades of the original, and the relations of right and left, are reversed. 5. (Chem.) Defn: Metalloidal; nonmetallic; -- contracted with positive or basic; as, the nitro group is negative. Note: This word, derived from electro-negative, is now commonly used in a more general sense, when acidiferous is the intended signification. Negative crystal. (a) A cavity in a mineral mass, having the form of a crystal. (b) A crystal which has the power of negative double refraction. See refraction. -- negative electricity (Elec.), the kind of electricity which is developed upon resin or ebonite when rubbed, or which appears at that pole of a voltaic battery which is connected with the plate most attacked by the exciting liquid; -- formerly called resinous electricity. Opposed to Ant: positive electricity. Formerly, according to Franklin's theory of a single electric fluid, negative electricity was supposed to be electricity in a degree below saturation, or the natural amount for a given body. see Electricity. -- Negative eyepiece. (Opt.) see under Eyepiece. -- Negative quantity (Alg.), a quantity preceded by the negative sign, or which stands in the relation indicated by this sign to some other quantity. See Negative sign (below). -- Negative rotation, right-handed rotation. See Right-handed, 3. -- Negative sign, the sign -, or minus (opposed in signification to +, or Ant: plus), indicating that the quantity to which it is prefixed is to be subtracted from the preceding quantity, or is to be reckoned from zero or cipher in the opposite direction to that of quanties having the sign plus either expressed or understood; thus, in a - b, b is to be substracted from a, or regarded as opposite to it in value; and -10° on a thermometer means 10° below the zero of the scale. NEGATIVE Neg"a*tive, n. Etym: [Cf. F. négative.] 1. A proposition by which something is denied or forbidden; a conception or term formed by prefixing the negative particle to one which is positive; an opposite or contradictory term or conception. This is a known rule in divinity, that there is no command that runs in negatives but couches under it a positive duty. South. 2. A word used in denial or refusal; as, not, no. Note: In Old England two or more negatives were often joined together for the sake of emphasis, whereas now such expressions are considered ungrammatical, being chiefly heard in iliterate speech. A double negative is now sometimes used as nearly or quite equivalent to an affirmative. No wine ne drank she, neither white nor red. Chaucer. These eyes that never did nor never shall So much as frown on you. Shak. 3. The refusal or withholding of assents; veto. If a kind without his kingdom be, in a civil sense, nothing, then ... his negative is as good as nothing. Milton. 4. That side of a question which denies or refuses, or which is taken by an opposing or denying party; the relation or position of denial or opposition; as, the question was decided in the negative. 5. (Photog.) Defn: A picture upon glass or other material, in which the light portions of the original are represented in some opaque material (usually reduced silver), and the dark portions by the uncovered and transparent or semitransparent ground of the picture. Note: A negative is chiefly used for producing photographs by means of the sun's light passing through it and acting upon sensitized paper, thus producing on the paper a positive picture. 6. (Elect.) Defn: The negative plate of a voltaic or electrolytic cell. Negative pregnant (Law), a negation which implies an affirmation. NEGATIVE Neg"a*tive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Negatived; p. pr. & vb. n. Negativing.] 1. To prove unreal or intrue; to disprove. The omission or infrequency of such recitals does not negative the existence of miracles. Paley. 2. To reject by vote; to refuse to enact or sanction; as, the Senate negatived the bill. 3. To neutralize the force of; to counteract. NEGATIVELY Neg"a*tive*ly, adv. 1. In a negative manner; with or by denial. "He answered negatively." Boyle. 2. In the form of speech implying the absence of something; -- opposed to positively. negatively, by showing wherein it does not consist, and positively, by showing wherein it does consist. South. Negatively charged or electrified (Elec.), having a charge of the kind of electricity called negative. NEGATIVENESS; NEGATIVITY Neg"a*tive*ness, Neg`a*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being negative. NEGATORY Neg"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. negatorius: cf. F. négatorie.] Defn: Expressing denial; belonging to negation; negative. Carlyle. NEGINOTH Neg"i*noth, n. pl. Etym: [Heb. nêginoth.] (Script.) Defn: Stringed instruments. Dr. W. Smith. To the chief musician on Neginoth. Ps. iv. 9heading). NEGLECT Neg*lect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Neglected; p. pr. & vb. n. Neglecting.] Etym: [L. neglectus, p.p. of neglegere (negligere) to disregard, neglect, the literal sense prob. neing, not to pick up; nec not, nor (fr. ne not + -que, a particle akin to Goth. -h, -uh, and prob. to E. who; cf. Goth. nih nor) + L. legere to pick up, gather. See No, adv., Legend, Who.] 1. Not to attend to with due care or attention; to forbear one's duty in regard to; to suffer to pass unimproved, unheeded, undone, etc.; to omit; to disregard; to slight; as, to neglect duty or business; to neglect to pay debts. I hope My absence doth neglect no great designs. Shak. This, my long suffering and my day of grace, Those who neglect and scorn shall never taste. Milton. 2. To omit to notice; to forbear to treat with attention or respect; to slight; as, to neglect strangers. Syn. -- To slight; overlook; disregard; disesteem; contemn. See Slight. NEGLECT Neg*lect", n. Etym: [L. neglectus. See Neglect, v.] 1. Omission of proper attention; avoidance or disregard of duty, from heedlessness, indifference, or willfulness; failure to do, use, or heed anything; culpable disregard; as, neglect of business, of health, of economy. To tell thee sadly, shepherd, without blame, Or our neglect, we lost her as we came. Milton. 2. Omission if attention or civilities; slight; as, neglect of strangers. 3. Habitual carelessness; negligence. Age breeds neglect in all. Denham. 4. The state of being disregarded, slighted, or neglected. Rescue my poor remains from vile neglect. Prior. Syn. -- Negligence; inattention; disregard; disesteem; remissness; indifference. See Negligence. NEGLECTEDNESS Neg*lect"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being neglected. NEGLECTER Neg*lect"er, n. Defn: One who neglects. South. NEGLECTFUL Neg*lect"ful, a. Defn: Full of neglect; heedless; careless; negligent; inattentive; indifferent. Pope. A cold and neglectful countenance. Locke. Though the Romans had no great genius for trade, yet they were not entirely neglectful of it. Arbuthnot. -- Neg*lect"ful*ly, adv. -- Neg*lect"ful*ness, n. NEGLECTINGLY Neg*lect"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Carelessly; heedlessly. Shak. NEGLECTION Neg*lec"tion, n. Etym: [L. neglectio.] Defn: The state of being negligent; negligence. [Obs.] Shak. NEGLECTIVE Neg*lect"ive, a. Defn: Neglectful. [R.] "Neglective of their own children." Fuller. NEGLIGEE Neg`li*gee", n. Etym: [F. négligé, fr. négliger to neglect, L. negligere. See Neglect.] Defn: An easy, unceremonious attire; undress; also, a kind of easy robe or dressing gown worn by women. NEGLIGENCE Neg"li*gence, n. Etym: [F. négligence, L. negligentia.] Defn: The quality or state of being negligent; lack of due diligence or care; omission of duty; habitual neglect; heedlessness. 2. An act or instance of negligence or carelessness. remarking his beauties, ... I must also point out his negligences and defects. Blair. 3. (Law) Defn: The omission of the care usual under the circumstances, being convertible with the Roman culpa. A specialist is bound to higher skill and diligence in his specialty than one who is not a specialist, and liability for negligence varies acordingly. Contributory negligence. See under Contributory. Syn. -- Neglect; inattention; heedlessness; disregard; slight. -- Negligence, Neglect. These two words are freely interchanged in our older writers; but a distinction has gradually sprung up between them. As now generally used, negligence is the habit, and neglect the act, of leaving things undone or unattended to. We are negligent as a general trait of character; we are guilty of neglect in particular cases, or in reference to individuals who had a right to our attentions. NEGLIGENT Neg"li*gent, a. Etym: [F. négligent, L. negligens,p.pr. of negligere. See Neglect.] Defn: Apt to neglect; customarily neglectful; characterized by negligence; careless; heedless; culpably careless; showing lack of attention; as, disposed in negligent order. "Be thou negligent of fame." Swift. He that thinks he can afford to be negligent is not far from being poor. Rambler. Syn. -- Careles; heedless; neglectful; regardless; thoughtless; indifferent; inattentive; remiss. NEGLIGENTLY Neg"li*gent*ly, adv. Defn: In a negligent manner. NEGLIGIBLE Neg"li*gi*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. négligible, négligeable.] Defn: That may neglicted, disregarded, or left out of consideration. Within very negligible limits of error. Sir J. Herschel. NEGOCE Ne*goce", n. Etym: [F. négoce. See Negotiate.] Defn: Business; occupation. [Obs.] Bentley. NEGOTIABILITY Ne*go`ti*a*bil"i*ty ( or ), n. Etym: [Cf. F. négociabilité.] Defn: The quality of being negotiable or transferable by indorsement. NEGOTIABLE Ne*go"ti*a*ble ( or ), a. Etym: [Cf. F. négotiable. See Negotiate.] Defn: Capable of being negotiated; transferable by assigment or indorsement to another person; as, a negotiable note or bill of exchange. Negotiable paper, any commercial paper transferable by sale or delivery and indorsement, as bills of exchange, drafts, checks, and promissory notes. NEGOTIANT Ne*go"ti*ant, n. Etym: [L. negotians, prop. p.pr. of negotiari: cf. F. négociant.] Defn: A negotiator. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh. NEGOTIATE Ne*go"ti*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. negotiatus, p.p. of negotiari, fr. negotium business; nec not + otium leisure. Cf. Neglect.] 1. To transact business; to carry on trade. [Obs.] Hammond. 2. To treat with another respecting purchase and sale or some business affair; to bargain or trade; as, to negotiate with a man for the purchase of goods or a farm. 3. To hold intercourse respecting a treaty, league, or convention; to treat with, respecting peace or commerce; to conduct communications or conferences. He that negotiates between God and man Is God's ambassador. Cowper. 4. To intrigue; to scheme. [Obs.] Bacon. NEGOTIATE Ne*go"ti*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Negotiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Negotiating.] 1. To carry on negotiations concerning; to procure or arrange for by negotiation; as, to negotiate peace, or an exchange. Constantinople had negotiated in the isles of the Archipelago ... the most indispensable supplies. Gibbon. 2. To transfer for a valuable consideration under rules of commercial law; to sell; to pass. The notes were not negotiated to them in the usual course of business or trade. Kent. NEGOTIATION Ne*go`ti*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. negotiatio: cf. F. négociation.] 1. The act or process of negotiating; a treating with another respecting sale or purchase. etc. 2. Hence, mercantile business; trading. [Obs.] Who had lost, with these prizes, forty thousand pounds, after twenty years' negotiation in the East Indies. Evelyn. 3. The transaction of business between nations; the mutual intercourse of governments by diplomatic agents, in making treaties, composing difference, etc.; as, the negotiations at Ghent. An important negotiation with foreign powers. Macaulay. NEGOTIATOR Ne*go"ti*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. négociateur.] Defn: One who negotiates; a person who treats with others, either as principal or agent, in respect to purchase and sale, or public compacts. NEGOTIATORY Ne*go"ti*a*to*ry ( or ), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to negotiation. NEGOTIATRIX Ne*go`ti*a"trix, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A woman who negotiates. Miss Edgeworth. NEGOTIOSITY Ne*go`ti*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. negotiositas.] Defn: The state of being busy; multitude of business. [Obs.] NEGOTIOUS Ne*go"tious, a. Etym: [L. negotiosus.] Defn: Very busy; attentive to business; active. [R.] D. Rogers. NEGOTIOUSNESS Ne*go"tious*ness, n. Defn: The state of being busily occupied; activity. [R.] D. Rogers. NEGRESS Ne"gress, n.; pl. Negresses (. Etym: [Cf. F. négrese, fem. of négre a negro. See Negro.] Defn: A black woman; a female negro. NEGRITA Ne*gri"ta, n. Etym: [Sp., blackish, fem. of negrito, dim. of negro black.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A blackish fish (Hypoplectrus nigricans), of the Sea-bass family. It is a native of the West Indies and Florida. NEGRITIC Ne*grit"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to negroes; composed of negroes. Keary. NEGRITOS Ne*gri"tos, n. pl.; sing Negrito (. Etym: [Sp., dim. of negro black.] (Ethnol.) Defn: A degraded Papuan race, inhabiting Luzon and some of the other east Indian Islands. They resemble negroes, but are smaller in size. They are mostly nomads. NEGRO Ne"gro, n.; pl. Negroes (. Etym: [Sp. or Pg. negro, fr. negro black, L. niger; perh. akin to E. night.] Defn: A black man; especially, one of a race of black or very dark persons who inhabit the greater part of tropical Africa, and are distinguished by crisped or curly hair, flat noses, and thick protruding lips; also, any black person of unmixed African blood, wherever found. NEGRO Ne"gro, a. Defn: of or pertaining to negroes; black. Negro bug (Zoöl.), a minute black bug common on the raspberry and blackberry. It produced a very disagreeable flavor. -- negro corn, the Indian millet or durra; -- so called in the West Indies. see Durra. McElrath. -- Negro fly (Zoöl.), a black dipterous fly (Psila rosæ) which, in the larval state, is injurious to carrots; -- called also carrot fly. -- Negro head (Com.), Cavendish tobacco. [Cant] McElrath. -- Negro monkey (Zoöl.), the moor monkey. NEGROHEAD Ne"gro*head`, n. Defn: An inferior commercial variety of India rubber made up into round masses. NEGROID Ne"groid, a. Etym: [Negro + -oid.] 1. Characteristic of the negro. 2. Resembling the negro or negroes; of or pertaining to those who resemble the negro. NEGROLOID Ne"gro*loid, a. Defn: See Negroid. NEGUS Ne"gus, n. Defn: A beverage made of wine, water, sugar, nutmeg, and lemon juice; -- so called, it is said, from its first maker, Colonel Negus. NEHILOTH Ne"hi*loth, n. pl. Etym: [Heb.] (Script.) Defn: A term supposed to mean, perforated wind instruments of music, as pipes or flutes. Ps. v. (heading). NEHUSHTAN Ne*hush"tan, n. Etym: [Heb.] Defn: A thing of brass; -- the name under which the Israelites worshiped the brazen serpent made by Moses. 2 Kings xviii. 4. NEIF; NEIFE Neif, Neife, n. Etym: [OF. neïf, naïf, a born serf, fr. L. nativus born, imparted by birth. See Native.] Defn: A woman born in the state of villeinage; a female serf. Blackstone. NEIF; NEAF Neif, Neaf, n. Etym: [Icel. hnefi; akin to Dan. næve, Sw. näfve.] Defn: The first. [Obs.] "I kiss thy neif." "Give me your neaf." Shak. NEIGH Neigh, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Neighed; p. pr. & vb. n. Neighing.] Etym: [OE. neien, AS. hn, prob. of imitative origin; cf. MHG. n, Icel. hneggja, gneggja, Sw. gnägga. Cf. Nag a horse.] 1. To utter the cry of the horse; to whinny. 2. To scoff or sneer; to jeer. [Obs.] Neighed at his nakedness. Beau. & Fl. NEIGH Neigh, n. Defn: The cry of a horse; a whinny. NEIGHBOR Neigh"bor, n. Etym: [OE. neighebour, AS. neáhgeb; neáh nigh + gebr a dweller, farmer; akin to D. nabuur, G. nachbar, OHG. nahgib. See Nigh, and Boor.] [Spelt also neighbour.] 1. A person who lives near another; one whose abode is not far off. Chaucer. Masters, my good friends, mine honest neighbors. Shak. 2. One who is near in sympathy or confidence. Buckingham No more shall be the neighbor to my counsel. Shak. 3. One entitled to, or exhibiting, neighborly kindness; hence, one of the human race; a fellow being. Which now of these three, thinkest thou, was neighbor unto him that fell among the thieves Luke x. 36. The gospel allows no such term as "stranger;" makes every man my neighbor. South. NEIGHBOR Neigh"bor, a. Defn: Near to another; adjoining; adjacent; next; neighboring. "The neighbor cities." Jer. l. 40. "The neighbor room." Shak. NEIGHBOR neigh"bor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Neighbored; p. pr. & vb. n Neighboring.] 1. To adjoin; to border on; tobe near to. Leisurely ascending hills that neighbor the shore. Sandys. 2. To associate intimately with. [Obs.] Shak. NEIGHBOR Neigh"bor, v. i. Defn: To dwell in the vicinity; to be a neighbor, or in the neighborhood; to be near. [Obs.] A copse that neighbors by. Shak. NEIGHBORHOOD Neigh"bor*hood, n. Etym: [Written also neighbourhood.] 1. The quality or condition of being a neighbor; the state of being or dwelling near; proximity. Then the prison and the palace were in awful neighborhood. Ld. Lytton. 2. A place near; vicinity; adjoining district; a region the inhabitants of which may be counted as neighbors; as, he lives in my neighborhood. 3. The inhabitants who live in the vicinity of each other; as, the fire alarmed all the neiborhood. 4. The disposition becoming a neighbor; neighborly kindness or good will. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- Vicinity; vicinaty; proximity. -- Neighborhood, Vicinity. Neigborhood is Anglo-Saxon, and vicinity is Latin. Vicinity does not commonly denote so close a connection as neighborhood. A neigborhood is a more immediately vicinity. The houses immediately adjoining a square are in the neighborhood of that square; those which are somewhat further removed are also in the vicinity of the square. NEIGHBORING Neigh"bor*ing, a. Defn: Living or being near; adjacent; as, the neighboring nations or countries. NEIGHBORLINESS Neigh"bor*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being neighborly. NEIGHBORLY Neigh"bor*ly, a. Etym: [Also written neighbourly.] Defn: Apropriate to the relation of neighbors; having frequent or familiar intercourse; kind; civil; social; friendly. -- adv. Defn: In a neigborly manner. Judge if this be neighborly dealing. Arbuthnot. NEIGHBORSHIP Neigh"bor*ship, n. Defn: The state of being neighbors. [R.] J. Bailie. NEISHOUT Neis"hout, n. Etym: [From D. niezen to sneeze + hout wood.] (Bot.) Defn: The mahogany-like wood of the South African tree Pteroxylon utile, the sawdust of which causes violent sneezing (whence the name). Also called sneezewood. NEITHER Nei"ther ( or ; 277), a. Etym: [OE. neiter, nother, nouther, AS. naw, nahwæ; na never, not + hwæ whether. The word has followed the form of either. See No, and Whether, and cf. Neuter, Nor.] Defn: Not either; not the one or the other. Which of them shall I take Both one or neither Neither can be enjoyed, If both remain alive. Shak. He neither loves, Nor either cares for him. Shak. NEITHER Nei"ther, conj. Defn: not either; generally used to introduce the first of two or more coördinate clauses of which those that follow begin with nor. Fight neither with small nor great, save only with the king. 1 Kings xxii. 31. Hadst thou been firm and fixed in thy dissent, Neither had I transgressed, nor thou with me. Milton. When she put it on, she made me vow That I should neither sell, nor give, nor lose it. Shak. Note: Neither was formerly often used where we now use nor. "For neither circumcision, neither uncircumcision is anything at all." Tyndale. "Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it." Gen. iii. 3. Neither is sometimes used colloquially at the end of a clause to enforce a foregoing negative (nor, not, no). "He is very tall, but not too tall neither." Addison. " `I care not for his thrust' `No, nor I neither.'" Shak. Not so neither, by no means. [Obs.] Shak. NELUMBO Ne*lum"bo, n. Etym: [Ceylonese word.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of great water lilies. The North American species is Nelumbo lutea, the Asiatic is the sacred lotus, N. speciosa. [Written also Nelumbium.] NEMALINE Nem"a*line, a. Etym: [L. nema thread, gr. (Min.) Defn: Having the form of threads; fibrous. NEMALITE Nem"a*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. némalite.] (Min.) Defn: A fibrous variety of brucite. NEMATELMIA Nem`a*tel"mi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Nemathelminthes. NEMATHECIUM Nem`a*the"ci*um ( or , n.; pl. Nemathecia. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. (Bot.) Defn: A peculiar kind of fructification on certain red algæ, consisting of an external mass of filaments at length separating into tetraspores. NEMATHELMINTHES; NEMATELMINTHES Nem`a*thel*min"thes, Nem`a*tel*min"thes, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Nemato-, and Helminthes.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of helminths, including the Nematoidea and Gordiacea; the roundworms. [Written also Nematelminthea.] NEMATO- Nem"a*to- Defn: . A combining from Gr. nhema, nhematos, a thread. NEMATOBLAST Nem"a*to*blast, n. Etym: [Nemato- + -blast.] (Biol.) Defn: A spermatocyte or spermoblast. NEMATOCALYX Nem`a*to*ca"lyx, n.; pl. Nematocalyces, E. -calyxes. Etym: [NL. See Nemato-, and Calyx.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a peculiar kind of cups, or calicles, found upon hydroids of the family Plumularidæ. They contain nematocysts. See Plumularia. NEMATOCERA Nem`a*toc"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of dipterous insects, having long antennæ, as the mosquito, gnat, and crane fly; -- called also Nemocera. NEMATOCYST Nem"a*to*cyst, n. Etym: [Nemato- + cyst.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A lasso cell, or thread cell. See Lasso cell, under Lasso. NEMATODE Nem"a*tode, a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Nematoid. NEMATOGENE Nem"a*to*gene, n. Etym: [Nemato- + root of Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the dimorphic forms of the species of Dicyemata, which produced vermiform embryos; -- opposed to Ant: rhombogene. NEMATOGNATH Nem`a*tog"nath, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: one of the Nematognathi. NEMATOGNATHI Nem`a*tog"na*thi, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See nemato-, and Gnathic.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes having barbels on the jaws. It includes the catfishes, or siluroids. See Siluroid. NEMATOID Nem"a*toid, a. Etym: [Nemato- + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: of or pertaining to the Nematoidea. -- n. Defn: One of the Nematoidea. see Illustration in Appendix. NEMATOIDEA Nem`a*toi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of worms, having a long, round, and generally smooth body; the roundworms. they are mostly parasites. Called also Nematodea, and Nematoda. Note: The trichina, stomach worm, and pinworm of man belong to this group. See also Vinegar eel, under Vinegar, and Gapeworm. NEMATOIDEAN Nem`a*toid"e*an, a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Nematoid. NEMATOPHORA Nem`a*toph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Cælenterata. NEMEAN Ne"me*an, a. Etym: [L. Nemeus, fr. Nemea, Ge. Defn: Of or pertaining to Nemea, in Argolis, where the ancient Greeks celebrated games, and Hercules killed a lion. NEMERTEAN Ne*mer"te*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Nemertina. -- n. Defn: One of the Nemertina. NEMERTES Ne*mer"tes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of nemertina. NEMERTIAN Ne*mer"ti*an, a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Nemertean. NEMERTID Ne*mer"tid, a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Nemertean. NEMERTIDA Ne*mer"ti*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Nemertina. NEMERTINA Nem`er*ti"na, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Nemrtes.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of helminths usually having a long, slender, smooth, often bright-colored body, covered with minute vibrating cilia; -- called also Nemertea, Nemertida, and Rhynchocæla. Note: The mouth is beneath the head, and the straight intestine at the posterior and. They have a very singular long tubular proboscis, which can be everted from a pore in the front of the head. Their nervous system and blood vessels are well developed. Some of the species become over one hundred feet long. They are mostly marine and seldom parasitic; a few inhabit fresh water. the two principal divisions are Anopla and Enopla. NEMESIS Nem"e*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. gr. Nomad.] (Class. Myth.) Defn: The goddess of retribution or vengeance; hence, retributive justice personified; divine vengeance. This is that ancient doctrine of nemesis who keeps watch in the universe, and lets no offense go unchastised. Emerson. NEMOPHILIST Ne*moph"i*list, n. Etym: [See Nemophily.] Defn: One who is fond of forest or forest scenery; a haunter of the woods. [R.] NEMOPHILY Ne*moph"i*ly, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Fondness for forest scenery; love of the woods. [R.] NEMORAL Nem"o*ral, a. Etym: [L. nemoralis, fr. nemus, nemoris, a wood or grove: cf. F. némoral.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a wood or grove. [R.] NEMOROUS Nem"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. nemorosus.] Defn: Woody. [R.] Paradise itself was but a kind of nemorous temple. Evelyn. NEMPNE Nemp"ne, v. t. Etym: [AS. nemnan to name or call. See Name, v.] Defn: To name or call. [Obs.] Chaucer. NEMPT Nempt, p. p. Defn: of Nempne. Called; named. [Obs.] NEMS Nems, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ichneumon. NENIA Ne"ni*a, n. Etym: [L. nenia, naenia.] Defn: A funeral song; an elegy. NENUPHAR Nen"u*phar, n. Etym: [F. nénufar: cf. Sp. nenúfar, It. nenufár; all fr. Per. nil.] (Bot.) Defn: The great white water lily of Europe; the Nymphæa alba. NEO- Ne"o- (. Etym: [Gr. New.] Defn: A prefix meaning new, recent, late; and in chemistry designating specifically that variety of metameric hydrocarbons which, when the name was applied, had been recently classified, and in which at least one carbon atom in connected directly with four other carbon atoms; -- contrasted with normal and iso-; as, neopentane; the neoparaffins. Also used adjectively. NEOCARIDA Ne`o*car"i*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The modern, or true, Crustacea, as distinguished from the Merostomata. NEOCENE Ne"o*cene, a. Etym: [Neo- + Gr. (Geol.) Defn: More recent than the Eocene, that is, including both the Miocene and Pliocene divisions of the Tertiary. NEO-CHRISTIANITY Ne`o-Chris*tian"i*ty ( or ), n. Etym: [Neo- + Christianity.] Defn: Rationalism. NEOCLASSIC Ne`o*clas"sic, a. [Neo- + classic.] Defn: Belonging to, or designating, the modern revival of classical, esp. Greco-Roman, taste and manner of work in architecture, etc. NEOCLASSIC ARCHITECTURE Neoclassic architecture. Defn: All that architecture which, since the beginning of the Italian Renaissance, about 1420, has been designed with deliberate imitation of Greco-Roman buildings. NEOCOMIAN Ne`o*co"mi*an, n. Etym: [From Neocomium, the Latin name of Neuchatel, in Switzerland, where these rocks occur.] (Geol.) Defn: A term applied to the lowest deposits of the Cretaceous or chalk formation of Europe, being the lower greensand. NEOCOMIAN Ne`o*co"mi*an, a. (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the lower greensand. NEOCOSMIC Ne`o*cos"mic, a. Etym: [Neo- + cosmic.] Defn: of or pertaining to the universe in its present state; specifically, pertaining to the races of men known to history. NEOCRACY Ne*oc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Neo-+ -cracy, as in aristocracy.] Defn: Government by new or inexperienced hands; upstart rule; raw or untried officials. NEOCRITICISM Ne`o*crit"i*cism, n. [Neo- + classicism.] Defn: The form of Neo-Kantianism developed by French idealists, following C. Renouvier. It rejects the noumena of Kant, restricting knowledge to phenomena as constituted by a priori categories. NEODAMODE Ne*od"a*mode, n. Etym: [Gr. dh`mos, the people + Defn: In ancient Sparta, one of those Helots who were freed by the state in reward for military service. Milford. NEO-DARWINISM Ne`o-Dar"win*ism, n. Defn: The theory which holds natural selection, as explained by Darwin, to be the chief factor in the evolution of plants and animals, and denies the inheritance of acquired characters; -- esp. opposed to Neo-Lamarckism. Weismannism is an example of extreme Neo- Darwinism. -- Ne`o-Dar*win"i*an, a. & n. NEODYMIUM Ne`o*dym"i*um, n. Etym: [NL. Dee Neo-, and Didymium.] (Chem.) Defn: An elementary substance which forms one of the constituents of didymium. Symbol Nd. Atomic weight 140.8. NEOGAEAN Ne`o*gæ"an, a. Etym: [Neo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the New World, or Western Hemisphere. NEOGAMIST Ne*og"a*mist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A person recently married. NEOGEN Ne"o*gen, n. Etym: [Neo- + -gen.] (Chem.) Defn: An alloy resembling silver, and consisting chiefly of copper, zinc, and nickel, with small proportions of tin, aluminium, and bismuth. Ure. NEOGRAMMARIAN Ne`o*gram*ma"ri*an, n. [Neo-+ grammarian; a translation of G. junggrammatiker.] Defn: One of a group of philologists who apply phonetic laws more widely and strictly than was formerly done, and who maintain that these laws admit of no real exceptions. --Ne`o*gram*mat"ic*al (#), a. NEOGRAPHY Ne*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Neo- + -graphy.] Defn: A new method or system of writing. NEO-GREEK Ne`o-Greek", n. Defn: A member of a body of French painters (F. les néo-Grecs) of the middle 19th century. The term is rather one applied by outsiders to certain artists of grave and refined style, such as Hamon and Aubert, than a name adopted by the artists themselves. NEO-HEBRAIC Neo-Hebraic, n. Defn: The modern Hebrew language. NEO-HEBRAIC Ne`o-He*bra"ic, a. Defn: Of, pert. to, or designating, modern Hebrew, or Hebrew of later date than the Biblical. NEO-HEGELIAN Neo-Hegelian, n. Defn: An adherent of Neo-Hegelianism. NEO-HEGELIAN Ne`o-He*ge"li*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Neo-Hegelianism. NEO-HEGELIANISM Ne`o-He*ge"li*an*ism, n. Defn: The philosophy of a school of British and American idealists who follow Hegel in dialectical or logical method and in the general outcome of their doctrine. The founders and leaders of Neo- Hegelianism include: in England, T. H. Green (1836-1882); in Scotland, J. (1820-98) and E. (1835-1908) Caird; in the United States, W. T. Harris (1835-1909) and Josiah Royce (1855- -). NEO-HELLENIC Ne`o-Hel*len"ic, n. Defn: Same as Romaic. NEO-HELLENISM Ne`o-Hel"len*ism, n. Defn: Hellenism as surviving or revival in modern times; the practice or pursuit of ancient Greek ideals in modern life, art, or literature, as in the Renaissance. NEOIMPRESSIONISM; POINTILLISM Ne`o*im*pres"sion*ism, n. (Painting) Defn: A theory or practice which is a further development, on more rigorously scientific lines, of the theory and practice of Impressionism, originated by George Seurat (1859-91), and carried on by Paul Signac (1863- -) and others. Its method is marked by the laying of pure primary colors in minute dots upon a white ground, any given line being produced by a variation in the proportionate quantity of the primary colors employed. This method is also known as Pointillism (stippling). NEO-KANTIAN Neo-Kantian, n. Defn: An adherent of Neo-Kantianism. NEO-KANTIAN Ne`o-Kant"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Neo-Kantianism. NEO-KANTIANISM Ne`o-Kant"i*an*ism, n. Defn: The philosophy of modern thinkers who follow Kant in his general theory of knowledge, esp. of a group of German philosophers including F. A. Lange, H. Cohen, Paul Natorp, and others. NEO-LAMARCKISM Ne`o-La*marck"ism, n. (Biol.) Defn: Lamarckism as revived, modified, and expounded by recent biologists, esp. as maintaining that the offspring inherits characters acquired by the parent from change of environment, use or disuse of parts, etc.; -- opposed of Neo-Darwinism (which see, above). -- Ne`o-La*marck"i*an, a. & n. NEO-LATIN Ne`o-Lat"in, a. Etym: [Neo- + Latin.] Defn: Applied to the Romance languages, as being mostly of Latin origin. NEOLITHIC Ne`o*lith"ic, a. Etym: [Neo- + -lith + -ic.] (Archæol. & Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to, or designating, an era characterized by late remains in stone. The Neolithic era includes the latter half of the "Stone age;" the human relics which belong to it are associated with the remains of animals not yet extinct. The kitchen middens of Denmark, the lake dwellings of Switzerland, and the stockaded islands, or "crannogs," of the British Isles, belong to this era. Lubbock. NEOLOGIAN Ne`o*lo*gi*an, a. Defn: Neologic; neological. NEOLOGIAN Ne`o*lo"gi*an, n. Defn: A neologist. NEOLOGIANISM Ne`o*lo"gi*an*ism, n. Defn: Neologism. NEOLOGIC; NEOLOGICAL Ne`o*log"ic, Ne`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. néologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to neology; employing new words; of the nature of, or containing, new words or new doctrines. A genteel neological dictionary. Chesterfield. NEOLOGICALLY Ne`o*log"ic*al*ly Defn: , adv. In a neological manner. NEOLOGISM Ne*ol"o*gism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. néologisme.] 1. The introduction of new words, or the use of old words in a new sense. Mrs. Browning. 2. A new word, phrase, or expression. 3. A new doctrine; specifically, rationalism. NEOLOGIST Ne*ol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. néologiste.] 1. One who introduces new word or new senses of old words into a language. 2. An innovator in any doctrine or system of belif, especially in theology; one who introduces or holds doctrines subversie of supernatural or revealed religion; a rationalist, so-called. NEOLOGISTIC; NEOLOGISTICAL Ne*ol`o*gis"tic, Ne*ol`o*gis"tic*al, a. Defn: of or pertaining to neology; neological. NEOLOGIZATION Ne*ol`o*gi*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of neologizing. NEOLOGIZE Ne*ol"o*gize, v. i. 1. To introduce or use new words or terms or new uses of old words. 2. To introduce innovations in doctrine, esp. in theological doctrine. NEOLOGY Ne*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Neo- + -logy: cf. F. néologie.] 1. The introduction of a new word, or of words or significations, into a language; as, the present nomenclature of chemistry is a remarkable instance of neology. 2. A new doctrine; esp. (Theol.), a doctrine at variance with the received interpretation of revealed truth; a new method of theological interpretation; rationalism. NEO-MALTHUSIAN Ne`o-Mal*thu"sian, a. Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, a group of modern economists who hold to the Malthusianism doctrine that permanent betterment of the general standard of living is impossible without decrease of competition by limitation of the number of births. -- Ne`o- Mal*thu"sian, Ne`o-Mal*thu"sian*ism, n. NEOMENIA Ne`o*me"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: The time of the new moon; the beginning of the month in the lunar calendar. NEOMENOIDEA Ne`o*me*noi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Neomenia, a representative genus (See Neomenia) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of vermiform gastropod mollusks, without a shell, belonging to the Isopleura. NEOMORPH Ne"o*morph, n. Etym: [Neo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A structure, part, or organ developed independently, that is, not derived from a similar structure, part, or organ, in a pre existing form. NEONISM Ne"o*nism, n. Defn: Neologism. NEONOMIAN Ne`o*no"mi*an, n. Etym: [Neo- + gr. Defn: One who advocates adheres to new laws; esp. one who holds or believes that the gospel is a new law. NEONOMIAN Ne`o*no"mi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Neonomians, or in accordance with their doctrines. NEONOMIANISM Ne`o*no"mi*an*ism, n. Defn: The doctrines or belief of the neonomians. NEOPAGANISM Ne`o*pa"gan*ism, n. [Neo- + paganism.] Defn: Revived or new paganism. NEOPHYTE Ne"o*phyte, n. Etym: [L. neophytis, Gr. néophyte. See New, and Be.] 1. A new convert or proselyte; -- a name given by the early Christians, and still given by the Roman Catholics, to such as have recently embraced the Christian faith, and been admitted to baptism, esp. to converts from heathenism or Judaism. 2. A novice; a tyro; a beginner in anything. NEOPLASIA Ne`o*pla"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. (Physiol. & Med.) Defn: Growth or development of new material; neoplasty. NEOPLASM Ne"o*plasm, n. Etym: [See Neoplasia.] (Physiol. & Med.) Defn: A new formation or tissue, the product of morbid action. NEOPLASTIC Ne`o*plas"tic, a. (Physiol. & Med.) Defn: of or pertaining to neoplasty, or neoplasia. NEOPLASTY Ne"o*plas`ty, n. Etym: [See Neoplasia.] (Physiol. & Med.) Defn: Restoration of a part by granulation, adhesive inflammation, or autoplasty. NEOPLATONIC Ne`o*pla"ton"ic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Neoplatonism or the Neoplatonists. NEOPLATONICIAN Ne`o*pla`to*ni"cian, n. Defn: A neoplatonist. NEOPLATONISM Ne`o*pla"to*nism, n. Etym: [Neo- + Platonism.] Defn: A pantheistic eclectic school of philosophy, of which Plotinus was the chief (A. D. 205-270), and which sought to reconcile the Platonic and Aristotelian systems with Oriental theosophy. It tended to mysticism and theurgy, and was the last product of Greek philosophy. NEOPLATONIST Ne`o*pla"to*nist, n. Defn: One who held to Neoplatonism; a member of the Neoplatonic school. NEORAMA Ne`o*ra"ma ( or ), n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A panorama of the interior of a building, seen from within. NEO-SCHOLASTIC Ne`o-Scho*las"tic, a. Defn: Of or pert. to Neo-Scholasticism. NEO-SCHOLASTICISM Ne`o-Scho*las"ti*cism, n. Defn: The modern revival of the Scholastic philosophy, esp. of that of Thomas Aquinas, with critical revision to suit the exigencies of the general advance in learning. The Neo-Scholastic movement received a great impetus from Leo XIII.'s interest in it. NEOSSINE Ne*os"sine, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The substance constituting the edible bird's nest. NEOSSOLOGY Ne`os*sol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The study of young birds. NEOTERIC; NEOTERICAL Ne`o*ter"ic, Ne`o*ter"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. neotericus, gr. Defn: Recent in origin; modern; new. "Our neoteric verbs." Fitzed. Hall. Some being ancient, others neoterical. Bacon. NEOTERIC Ne`o*ter"ic, n. Defn: One of modern times; a modern. NEOTERICALLY Neo`ter"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Recently; newly. NEOTERISM Ne*ot"er*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An innovation or novelty; a neoteric word or phrase. NEOTERIST Ne*ot"er*ist, n. Defn: One ho introduces new word Fitzed Hall. NEOTERIZE Ne*ot"er*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Neoterized; p. pr. & vb. n. Neoterized.] Etym: [Gr. Defn: To innovate; to coin or introduce new words. Freely as we of the nineteenth century neoterize. fized. Hall. NEOTROPICAL Ne`o*trop"ic*al, a. Etym: [Neo- + tropical.] (Geog. & Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to, or designating, a region of the earth's surface which comprises most of South America, the Antilles, and tropical North America. NEOZOIC Ne`o*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Neo- + Gr. (Geol.) Defn: More recent than the Paleozoic, -- that is, including the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. NEP Nep, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. Nepeta.] (Bot.) Defn: Catnip. NEPA Ne"pa, n. Etym: [L. nepa scorpion.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of aquatic hemipterus insects. The species feed upon other insects and are noted for their voracity; -- called also scorpion bug and water scorpion. NEPAULESE Nep`au*lese" ( or ), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Nepaul, a kingdom in Northern Hindostan. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or natives of Nepaul. NEPENTHE Ne*pen"the, n. Etym: [Fr. Gr. Defn: A drug used by the ancients to give relief from pain and sorrow; -- by some supposed to have been opium or hasheesh. Hence, anything soothing and comforting. Lulled with the sweet nepenthe of a court. Pope. Quaff, O quaff this kind nepenthe. Poe. NEPENTHES Ne*pen"thes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Nepenthe.] 1. Same as Nepenthe. Milton. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of climbing plants found in India, Malaya, etc., which have the leaves prolonged into a kind of stout tendril terminating in a pitcherlike appendage, whence the plants are often called pitcher plants and monkey-cups. There are about thirty species, of which the best known is Nepenthes distillatoria. See Pitcher plant. NEPETA Nep"e*ta, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of labiate plants, including the catnip and ground ivy. NEPHALISM Neph"a*lism, n. Etym: [Gr. néphalisme.] Defn: Total abstinence from spirituous liquor. NEPHALIST Neph"a*list, n. Etym: [Cf. F. néphaliste.] Defn: One who advocates or practices nephalism. NEPHELINE; NEPHELITE Neph"e*line, Neph"e*lite, n. Etym: [gr. néphéline. Cf. Nebula.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occuring at Vesuvius, in glassy agonal crystals; also elsewhere, in grayish or greenish masses having a greasy luster, as the variety elæolite. It is a silicate of aluminia, soda, and potash. NEPHELODOMETER Neph`e*lo*dom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Meteorol.) Defn: An instrument for reckoning the distances or velocities of clouds. NEPHELOMETER Neph`e*lom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring or registering the amount of cloudiness. NEPHEW Neph"ew (; in England , n. Etym: [OE. neveu, nevou, nevu, fr. F. neveu, OF. also, nevou, L. nepos; akin to AS. nefa, D. neef, G. neffe, OHG. nevo, Icel. nefi a kinsman, gr. nepat grandson, descendant. sq. root262. Cf. Niece, Nepotism.] 1. A grandson or grandchild, or remoter lineal descendant. [Obs.] But if any widow have children or nephews [Rev. Ver. grandchildren,]. 1 Tim. v. 4. If naturalists say true that nephews are often liker to their grandfathers than to their fathers. Jer. Taylor. 2. A cousin. [Obs.] Shak. 3. The son of a brother or a sister, or of a brother-in-law or sister-in-law. Chaucer. NEPHILIM Neph"i*lim, n. pl. Etym: [Heb. n.] Defn: Giants. Gen. vi. 4. Num. xiii. 33. NEPHOSCOPE Neph"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Meteorol.) Defn: An instrument for observing the clouds and their velocity. NEPHRALGIA; NEPHRALGY Ne*phral"gi*a, Ne*phral"gy, n. Etym: [NL. nephralgia, fr. Gr. néphralgie.] (Med.) Defn: Neuralgia of the kidneys; a disease characterized by pain in the region of the kidneys without any structural lesion of the latter. Quain. NEPHRIDIAL Ne*phrid"i*al, a. (Zoöl. & Anat.) Defn: of or pertaining to a nephridium. NEPHRIDIUM Ne*phrid"i*um, n.; pl. Nephridia. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. kidneys.] (Zoöl. & Anat.) Defn: A segmental tubule; one of the tubules of the primitive urinogenital organs; a segmental organ. See Illust. under Loeven's larva. NEPHRITE Neph"rite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. néphrite. See Nephritis.] (Min.) Defn: A hard compact mineral, of a dark green color, formerly worn as a remedy for diseases of the kidneys, whence its name; kidney stone; a kind of jade. See Jade. NEPHRITIC; NEPHRITICAL Ne*phrit"ic, Ne*phrit"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. nephriticus, gr. néphrétique. See Nephritis.] 1. Of or pertaining to the kidneys or urinary organs; renal; as, a nephritic disease. 2. (Med.) (a) Affected with a disease of the kidneys; as, a nephritic patient. (b) Relieving disorders of the kidneys; affecting the kidneys; as, a nephritic medicine. Nephritic stone (Min.), nephrite; jade. See Nephrite. NEPHRITIC Ne*phrit"ic, n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine adapted to relieve or cure disease of the kidneys. NEPHRITIS Ne*phri"tis, n. Etym: [L., fr. gr. (Med.) Defn: An inflammation of the kidneys. NEPHROLITHIC neph`ro*lith"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. -lith + ic.] (Med.) Defn: of or pertaining to gravel, or renal calculi. Dunglison. NEPHROLOGY Ne*phrol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: A treatise on, or the science which treats of, the kidneys, and their structure and functions. NEPHROSTOME Neph"ro*stome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl. & Anat.) Defn: The funnelshaped opening of a nephridium into the body cavity. NEPHROTOMY Ne*phrot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. néphrotomie.] (Surg.) Defn: Extraction of stone from the kidney by cutting. NE PLUS ULTRA Ne plus ul"tra. [L., no further; ne no, not + plus more + ultra beyond.] 1. The uttermost point to which one can go or attain; hence, the summit of achievement; the highest point or degree; the acme. 2. A prohibition against proceeding further; an insuperable obstacle or limiting condition. [Obs. or R.] NEPOTAL Nep"o*tal, a. Defn: Of or relating to a nephew. NEPOTIC Ne*pot"ic, a. Etym: [See nepotism.] Defn: Of or pertaining to npotism. The nepotic ambition of the ruling pontiff. Milman. NEPOTISM Nep"o*tism, n. Etym: [L. nepus, nepotus, nephew: cf. F. népotisme. See Nephew.] Defn: Undue attachment to relations; favoritism shown to members of one's family; bestowal of patronage in consideration of relationship, rather than of merit or of legal claim. From nepotism Alexander V. was safe; for he was without kindred or relatives. But there was another perhaps more fatal nepotism, which turned the tide of popularity against him -- the nepotism of his order. Milman. NEPOTIST Nep"o*tist, n. Defn: One who practices nepotism. NEPTUNE Nep"tune, n. Etym: [L. Neptunus.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) Defn: The son of Saturn and Ops, the god of the waters, especially of the sea. He is represented as bearing a trident for a scepter. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The remotest known planet of our system, discovered -- as a result of the computations of Leverrier, of Paris -- by Galle, of Berlin, September 23, 1846. Its mean distance from the sun is about 2,775,000,000 miles, and its period of revolution is about 164,78 years. Neptune powder, an explosive containing nitroglycerin, -- used in blasting. -- Neptune's cup (Zoöl.), a very large, cup-shaped, marine sponge (Thalassema Neptuni). NEPTUNIAN Nep*tu"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Neptunius belonging to Neptune: cf. F. neptunien.] 1. Of or pertaining to the ocean or sea. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Formed by water or aqueous solution; as, Neptunian rocks. Neptunian races (Ethnol.), the Malay and Polynesian races. -- Neptunian theory (Geol.), the theory of Werner, which referred the formation of all rocks and strata to the agency of water; -- opposed to the Plutonic theory. NEPTUNIAN; NEPTUNIST Nep*tu"ni*an, Nep"tu*nist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. neptinien, neptuniste.] (Geol.) Defn: One who adopts the neptunian theory. NEPTUNICENTRIC Nep*tu`ni*cen"tric, a. Etym: [Neptune + centric.] (Astron.) Defn: As seen from Neptune, or having Neptune as a center; as, Neptunicentric longitude or force. NEPTUNIUM Nep*tu"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A new metallic element, of doubtful genuineness and uncertain indentification, said to exist in certain minerals, as columbite. Hermann. NER Ner, adv. & a. Defn: nearer. [Obs.] See Nerre. NERE Nere. Etym: [Contr. fr. ne were.] Defn: Were not. [Obs.] Chaucer. NEREID Ne"re*id, n.; pl. E. Nereids, L. Nereides. Etym: [L. Nereis, -idis, gr. nara water, cf. Gr. 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A sea nymph, one of the daughters of Nereus, who were attendants upon Neptune, and were represented as riding on sea horses, sometimes with the human form entire, and sometimes with the tail of a fish. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Nereis. The word is sometimes used for similar annelids of other families. NEREIDIAN Ne`re*id"i*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any annelid resembling Nereis, or of the family Lycoridæ or allied families. NEREIS Ne"re*is ( or ), n.; pl. Nereides. Etym: [L.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A Nereid. See Nereid. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus, including numerous species, of marine chætopod annelids, having a well-formed head, with two pairs of eyes, antennæ, four pairs of tentacles, and a protrusile pharynx, armed with a pair of hooked jaws. NEREITES Ne"re*ites, n. pl. (Paleon.) Defn: Fossil tracks of annelids. NEREOCYSTIS Ne`re*o*cys"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Nereid, and Cyst.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of gigantic seaweeds. Note: Nereocystis Lutkeana, of the North Pacific, has a stem many fathoms long, terminating in a great vesicle, which is crowned with a tuft of long leaves. The stem is used by the Alaskans for fishing lines. NERFLING Nerf"ling, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The id. NERITA Ne*ri"ta, n. Etym: [L., a sort of sea mussel, gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine gastropods, mostly natives of warm climates. NERITE Ner"ite ( or ; 277), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any mollusk of the genus Nerita. NERITINA Ner`i*ti"na, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus including numerous species of shells resembling Nerita in form. They mostly inhabit brackish water, and are often delicately tinted. NERKA Ner"ka, n. [Russ. niarka, prob. fr. native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The most important salmon of Alaska (Oncorhinchus nerka), ascending in spring most rivers and lakes from Alaska to Oregon, Washington, and Idaho; --called also red salmon, redfish, blueback, and sawqui. NERO Ne"ro, n. Defn: A Roman emperor notorius for debauchery and barbarous cruelty; hence, any profligate and cruel ruler or merciless tyrant. -- Ne*ro"ni*an, a. NERO-ANTICO Ne`ro-an*ti"co, n. [It.; nero black + antico ancient.] (Art) Defn: A beautiful black marble found in fragments among Roman ruins, and usually thought to have come from ancient Laconia. NEROLI Ner"o*li, n. Etym: [F. néroli, said to be from the name of an Italian princess.] (Chem.) Defn: An essential oil obtained by distillation from the flowers of the orange. It has a strong odor, and is used in perfumery, etc. Neroli camphor (Chem.), a white crystalline waxy substance, tasteless and odorless, obtained from beroli oil; -- called also auradin. NERRE Ner"re, adv. & a. Etym: [See Near.] Defn: Nearer. [Obs.] [Written also neer, ner.] Chaucer. Never the neer, never the nearer; no nearer. [Obs.] NERVATE Nerv"ate, a. (Bot.) Defn: Nerved. NERVATION Ner*va"tion, n. Defn: The arrangement of nerves and veins, especially those of leaves; neuration. The outlines of the fronds of ferns, and their nervation, are frail characters if employed alone for the determination of existing genera. J. D. Hooker. NERVE Nerve, n. Etym: [OE. nerfe, F. nerf, L. nervus, akin to Gr. needle. Cf. Neuralgia.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the whitish and elastic bundles of fibers, with the accompanying tissues, which transmit nervous impulses between nerve centers and various parts of the animal body. Note: An ordinary nerve is made up of several bundles of nerve fibers, each bundle inclosed in a special sheath (the perineurium) and all bound together in a connective tissue sheath and framework (the epineurium) containing blood vessels and lymphatics. 2. A sinew or a tendon. Pope. 3. Physical force or steadiness; muscular power and control; constitutional vigor. he led me on to mightiest deeds, Above the nerve of mortal arm. Milton. 4. Steadiness and firmness of mind; self-command in personal danger, or under suffering; unshaken courage and endurance; coolness; pluck; resolution. 5. Audacity; assurance. [Slang] 6. (Bot.) Defn: One of the principal fibrovascular bundles or ribs of a leaf, especially when these extend straight from the base or the midrib of the leaf. 7. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the nervures, or veins, in the wings of insects. Nerve cell (Anat.), one of the nucleated cells with which nerve fibers are connected; a ganglion cell. -- Nerve fiber (Anat.), one of the fibers of which nerves are made up. These fibers are either medullated or nonmedullated. in both kinds the essential part is the translucent threadlike axis cylinder which is continuous the whole length of the fiber. -- Nerve stretching (Med.), the operation of stretching a nerve in order to remedy diseases such as tetanus, which are supposed to be influenced by the condition of the nerve or its connections. NERVE Nerve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nerved; p. pr. & vb. n. Nerving.] Defn: To give strength or vigor to; to supply with force; as, fear nerved his arm. NERVED Nerved, a. 1. Having nerves of a special character; as, weak-nerved. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins. Gray. NERVELESS Nerve"less, a. 1. Destitute of nerves. 2. Destitute of strength or of courage; wanting vigor; weak; powerless. A kingless people for a nerveless state. Byron. Awaking, all nerveless, from an ugly dream. Hawthorne. NERVELESSNESS Nerve"less*ness, n. Defn: The state of being nerveless. NERVE-SHAKEN Nerve"-shak`en, a. Defn: Affected by a tremor, or by a nervous disease; weakened; overcome by some violent influence or sensation; shoked. NERVIMOTION Ner`vi*mo"tion, n. Etym: [Nerve + motion.] (Physiol.) Defn: The movement caused in the sensory organs by external agents and transmitted to the muscles by the nerves. Dunglison. NERVIMOTOR Ner`vi*mo"tor, n. Etym: [Nerve + motor.] (Physiol.) Defn: Any agent capable of causing nervimotion. Dunglison. NERVINE Nerv"ine a. Etym: [L. nervinus made of sinews: cf.F. nervin. See Nerve.] (Med.) Defn: Having the quality of acting upon or affecting the nerves; quieting nervous excitement. -- n. Defn: A nervine agent. NERVOMUSCULAR Ner`vo*mus"cu*lar, a. Etym: [Nerve + muscular.] (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both nerves and muscles; of the nature of nerves and muscles; as, nervomuscular energy. NERVOSE Ner*vose", a. Etym: [See Nervous.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Nerved. NERVOSITY Ner*vos"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. nervositas strength.] Defn: Nervousness. [R.] NERVOUS Nerv"ous, a. Etym: [L. nervosus sinewy, vigorous: cf. F. nerveux. See Nerve.] 1. possessing nerve; sinewy; strong; vigorous. "Nervous arms." Pope. 2. Possessing or manifesting vigor of mind; characterized by strength in sentiment or style; forcible; spirited; as, a nervous writer. 3. Of or pertaining to the nerves; seated in the nerves; as, nervous excitement; a nervous fever. 4. Having the nerves weak, diseased, or easily excited; subject to, or suffering from, undue excitement of the nerves; easily agitated or annoyed. Poor, weak, nervous creatures. Cheyne. 5. Sensitive; excitable; timid. Our aristocratic class does not firmly protest against the unfair treatment of Irish Catholics, because it is nervous about the land. M. Arnold. Nervous fever (Med.), a low form of fever characterized by great disturbance of the nervous system, as evinced by delirium, or stupor, disordered sensibility, etc. -- Nervous system (Anat.), the specialized coördinating apparatus which endows animals with sensation and volition. In vertebrates it is often divided into three systems: the central, brain and spinal cord; the peripheral, cranial and spinal nerves; and the sympathetic. See Brain, Nerve, Spinal cord, under Spinal, and Sympathetic system, under Sympathetic, and Illust. in Appendix. -- Nervous temperament, a condition of body characterized by a general predominance of mental manifestations. Mayne. NERVOUSLY Nerv"ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a nervous manner. NERVOUSNESS Nerv"ous*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being nervous. NERVURE Nerv"ure, n. Etym: [F. See Nerve.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: One of the nerves of leaves. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the chitinous supports, or veins, in the wings of incests. NERVY Nerv"y, a. [Compar. Nervier; superl. - iest.] Defn: Strong; sinewy. "His nervy knees." Keats. NESCIENCE Nes"cience, n. Etym: [L. nescientia, fr. nesciens, p.pr. of nescire not to know; ne not + scire to know.] Defn: Want of knowledge; ignorance; agnosticism. God fetched it about for me, in that absence and nescience of mine. Bp. Hall. NESE Nese, n. Defn: Nose. [Obs.] Piers plowman. NESH Nesh, a. Etym: [AS. hnesc, hnæsc, akin to Goth. hnasqus.] Defn: Soft; tender; delicate. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] NESS Ness, n. Etym: [AS. næs, ns; akin to Icel. nes, Sw. näs, Dan. næs, and E. nose. sq. root 261. See Nose.] Defn: A promontory; a cape; a headland. Hakluyt. Note: Ness is frequently used as a suffix in the names of places and promontories; as, Sheerness. -NESS -ness (. Etym: [AS. -ness, -nyss, -nys; akin to OS. -nissi, nussi, D. -nis, OHG. -nissa, -nassi, -nussi, G. -nis, -niss, Goth. -inasus.] Defn: A suffix used to form abstract nouns expressive of quality or state; as, goodness, greatness. NESSLERIZE Ness"ler*ize, v. t. Etym: [From Nessler, the chemist.] (Chem.) Defn: To treat or test, as a liquid, with a solution of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide and potassium hydroxide, which is called Nessler's solution or Nessler's test, and is used to detect the presence of ammonia. NEST Nest, n. Etym: [AS. nest; akin to D. & G. nest, Sw. näste, L. nidus, for nisdus, Skr. ni resting place, nest; cf. Lith. lizdas, Arm. neiz, Gael. & Ir. nead. Prob. from the particle ni down, Skr. ni + the root of E. sit, and thus orig., a place to sit down in. sq. root 264. See Nether, and Sit, and cf. Eyas, Nidification, Nye.] 1. The bed or receptacle prepared by a fowl for holding her eggs and for hatching and rearing her young. The birds of the air have nests. Matt. viii. 20. 2. Hence: the place in which the eggs of other animals, as insects, turtles, etc., are laid and hatched; a snug place in which young animals are reared. Bentley. 3. A snug, comfortable, or cozy residence or situation; a retreat, or place of habitual resort; hence, those who occupy a nest, frequent a haunt, or are associated in the same pursuit; as, a nest of traitors; a nest of bugs. A little cottage, like some poor man's nest. Spenser. 4. (Geol.) Defn: An aggregated mass of any ore or mineral, in an isolated state, within a rock. 5. A collection of boxes, cases, or the like, of graduated size, each put within the one next larger. 6. (Mech.) Defn: A compact group of pulleys, gears, springs, etc., working together or collectively. Nest egg, an egg left in the nest to prevent the hen from forsaking it, and to induce her to lay more in the same place; hence, figuratively, something laid up as the beginning of a fund or collection. Hudibras. NEST Nest, v. i. Defn: To build and occupy a nest. The king of birds nested within his leaves. Howell. NEST Nest, v. t. Defn: To put into a nest; to form a nest for. From him who nested himself into the chief power. South. NESTFUL Nest"ful, n.; pl. Nestfuls (. Defn: As much or many as will fill a nest. NESTLE Nes"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nestled; p. pr. & vb. n. Nestling.] Etym: [AS. nestlian.] 1. To make and occupy a nest; to nest. [Obs.] The kingfisher ... nestles in hollow banks. L'Estrange. 2. To lie close and snug, as a bird in her nest; to cuddle up; to settle, as in a nest; to harbor; to take shelter. Their purpose was to fortify in some strong place of the wild country, and there nestle till succors came. Bacon. 3. To move about in one's place, like a bird when shaping the interior of her nest or a young bird getting close to the parent; as, a child nestles. NESTLE Nes"tle, v. t. Defn: To house, as in a nest. 2. To cherish, as a bird her young. NESTLING Nes"tling. n. 1. A young bird which has not abandoned the nest. Piers Plowman. 2. A nest; a receptacle. [Obs.] Bacon. NESTLING Nes"tling, a. Defn: Newly hatched; being yet in the nest. NESTOR Nes"tor, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of parrots with gray heads. of New Zeland and papua, allied to the cockatoos. See Kaka. NESTORIAN Nes*to"ri*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: An adherent of Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople to the fifth century, who has condemned as a heretic for maintaining that the divine and the human natures were not merged into one nature in Christ (who was God in man), and, hence, that it was improper to call Mary the mother of Christ; also, one of the sect established by the followers of Nestorius in Persia, india, and other Oriental countries, and still in existence. opposed to Ant: Eutychian. NESTORIAN Nes*to"ri*an, a. 1. Of or relating to the Nestorians. 2. relating to, or resembling, Nestor, the aged warior and counselor mentioned by Homer; hence, wise; experienced; aged; as, Nestorian caution. NESTORIANISM Nes*to"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: The doctrines of the nestorian Christians, or of Nestorius. NET Net, n. Etym: [AS. net; akin to D. net, OS. net, netti, OHG. nezzi, G. netz, Icel. & Dan. net, Sw. nät, Goth. nati; of uncertain origin.] 1. A fabric of twine, thread, or the like, wrought or woven into meshes, and used for catching fish, birds, butterflies, etc. 2. Anything designed or fitted to entrap or catch; a snare; any device for catching and holding. A man that flattereth his neighbor spreadeth a net for his feet. Prov. xxix. 5. In the church's net there are fishes good or bad. Jer. Taylor. 3. Anything wrought or woven in meshes; as, a net for the hair; a mosquito net; a tennis net. 4. (Geom.) Defn: A figure made up of a large number of straight lines or curves, which are connected at certain points and related to each other by some specified law. NET Net, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Netted; p. pr. & vb. n. Netting.] 1. To make into a net; to make n the style of network; as, to net silk. 2. To take in a net; to capture by stratagem or wile. And now I am here, netted and in the toils. Sir W. Scott. 3. To inclose or cover with a net; as, to net a tree. NET Net, v. i. Defn: To form network or netting; to knit. NET Net, a. Etym: [F. See Neat clean.] 1. Without spot; pure; shining. [Obs.] Her breast all naked as net ivory. Spenser. 2. Free from extraneous substances; pure; unadulterated; neat; as, net wine, etc. [R.] 3. Not including superfluous, incidental, or foreign matter, as boxes, coverings, wraps, etc.; free from charges, deductions, etc; as, net profit; net income; net weight, etc. [Less properly written nett.] Net tonnage (Naut.), the tonnage of a vessel after a deduction from the gross tonnage has been made, to allow space for crew, machinery, etc. NET Net, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Netted; p. pr. & vb. n. Netting.] Defn: To produce or gain as clear profit; as, he netted a thousand dollars by the operation. NE TEMERE Ne Te"me*re. [So named from L. ne not + temere rashly, the first two words in the decree.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A decree of the Congregation of the Council declaring invalid [so far as the laws of the Roman Catholic Church are concerned] any marriage of a Roman Catholic, or of a person who has ever been a Roman Catholic, if not contracted before a duty qualified priest (or the bishop of the diocese) and at least two witnesses. The decree was issued Aug. 2, 1907, and took effect on Easter Apr. 19, 1908. The decree by its terms does not affect mixed marriages (those between Roman Catholics and persons of another faith) in Germany. NETFISH Net"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An astrophyton. NETHER Neth"er, a. Etym: [OE. nethere, neithere, AS. ni, fr. the adv. ni downward; akin to neo below, beneath, D. neder down, G. nieder, Sw. nedre below, nether, a. & adv., and also to Skr. ni down. sq. root201. Cf. Beneath.] Defn: Situated down or below; lying beneath, or in the lower part; having a lower position; belonging to the region below; lower; under; -- opposed to upper. 'Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding fires. Milton. This darksome nether world her light Doth dim with horror and deformity. Spenser. All my nether shape thus grew transformed. Milton. NETHERMORE Neth"er*more`, a. Defn: Lower, nether. [Obs.] Holland. NETHERMOST Neth"er*most`, a. Etym: [AS. ni(Nether, and cf. Aftermost.] Defn: Lowest; as, the nethermost abyss. Milton. NETHINIM Neth"i*nim, n. pl. Etym: [Heb., pl. of nathin given, granted, a slave of the temple, fr. nathan to give.] (jewish Antiq.) Defn: Servants of the priests and Levites in the menial services about the tabernacle and temple. NETIFY Net"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Net, a. + -fy.] Defn: To render neat; to clean; to put in order. [R.] Chapman. NETSUKE Net"su*ke, n. [Jap.] Defn: In Japanese costume and decorative art, a small object carved in wood, ivory, bone, or horn, or wrought in metal, and pierced with holes for cords by which it is connected, for convenience, with the inro, the smoking pouch (tabako-ire), and similar objects carried in the girdle. It is now much used on purses sold in Europe and America. NETTING Net"ting, n. Etym: [From Net, n.] 1. The act or process of making nets or network, or of forming meshes, as for fancywork, fishing nets, etc. 2. A piece of network; any fabric, made of cords, threads, wires, or the like, crossing one another with open spaces between. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A network of ropes used for various purposes, as for holding the hammocks when not in use, also for stowing sails, and for hoisting from the gunwale to the rigging to hinder an enemy from boarding. Totten. Netting needle, a kind of slender shuttle used in netting. See Needle, n., 3. NETTING Net"ting, n. Defn: Urine. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. NETTLE Net"tle, n. Etym: [AS. netele; akin to D. netel, G. nessel, OHG. nezzïla, nazza, Dan. nelde, nälde, Sw. nässla; cf, Lith. notere.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Urtica, covered with minute sharp hairs containing a poison that produces a stinging sensation. Urtica gracitis is common in the Northern, and U. chamædryoides in the Southern, United States. the common European species, U. urens and U. dioica, are also found in the Eastern united States. U. pilulifera is the Roman nettle of England. Note: The term nettle has been given to many plants related to, or to some way resembling, the true nettle; as: Australian nettle, a stinging tree or shrub of the genus Laportea (as L. gigas and L. moroides); -- also called nettle tree. -- Bee nettle, Hemp nettle, a species of Galeopsis. See under Hemp. -- Blind nettle, Dead nettle, a harmless species of Lamium. -- False nettle (Bæhmeria cylindrica), a plant common in the United States, and related to the true nettles. -- Hedge nettle, a species of Stachys. See under Hedge. -- Horse nettle (Solanum Carolinense). See under Horse. -- nettle tree. (a) Same as Hackberry. (b) See Australian nettle (above). -- Spurge nettle, a stinging American herb of the Spurge family (Jatropha urens). -- Wood nettle, a plant (Laportea Canadensis) which stings severely, and is related to the true nettles. Nettle cloth, a kind of thick cotton stuff, japanned, and used as a substitute for leather for various purposes. -- Nettle rash (Med.), an eruptive disease resembling the effects of whipping with nettles. -- Sea nettle (Zoöl.), a medusa. NETTLE Net"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nettled; p. pr. & vb. n. Nettling.] Defn: To fret or sting; to irritate or vex; to cause to experience sensations of displeasure or uneasiness not amounting to violent anger. The princes were so nettled at the scandal of this affront, that every man took it to himself. L'Estrange. NETTLEBIRD Net"tle*bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: the European whitethroat. [Prov. Eng.] NETTLER Net"tler, n. Defn: One who nettles. [R.] Milton. NETTLES Net"tles, n. pl. Etym: [See Knittle.] (Naut.) (a) The halves of yarns in the unlaid end of a rope twisted for pointing or grafting. (b) Small lines used to sling hammocks under the deck beams. (c) Reef points. NETTLING Net"tling, n. (Rope Making) (a) A process (resembling splicing) by which two ropes are jointed end so as to form one rope. (b) The process of tying together the ends of yarns in pairs, to prevent tangling. NETTLING Net"tling, p. pr. & a. Defn: Stinging; irritating. Nettling cell (Zoöl.), a lasso cell. See under Lasso. NETTY Net"ty, a. Defn: Like a net, or network; netted. [R.] NET-VEINED Net"-veined`, a. Defn: Having veins, or nerves, reticulated or netted; as, a net- veined wing or leaf. NETWORK Net"work`, n. 1. A fabric of threads, cords, or wires crossing each other at certain intervals, and knotted or secured at the crossings, thus leaving spaces or meshes between them. 2. Any system of lines or channels interlacing or crossing like the fabric of a net; as, a network of veins; a network of railroads. NEUFCHATEL Neuf`châ`tel", n. Defn: A kind of soft sweet-milk cheese; -- so called from Neufchâtel- en-Bray in France. NEURAD Neu"rad, adv. Etym: [Gr. ad to.] (Anat.) Defn: Toward the neural side; -- opposed to hæmad. NEURAL Neu"ral, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Defn: relating to the nerves or nervous system; taining to, situated in the region of, or on the side with, the neural, or cerebro-spinal, axis; -- opposed to hemal. As applied to vertebrates, neural is the same as dorsal; as applied to invertebrates it is usually the same as ventral. Cf. Hemal. Neural arch (Anat.), the cartilaginous or bony arch on the dorsal side of the centrum of the vertebra in a segment of the spinal skeleton, usually inclosing a segment of the spinal cord. NEURALGIA Neu*ral"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., from gr. nerve.] (Med.) Defn: A disease, the chief symptom of which is a very acute pain, exacerbating or intermitting, which follows the course of a nervous branch, extends to its ramifications, and seems therefore to be seated in the nerve. It seems to be independent of any structural lesion. Dunglison. NEURALGIC Neu*ral"gic, a. Defn: of or pertaining to, or having the character of, neuralgia; as, a neuralgic headache. NEURALGY Neu*ral"gy, n. Defn: Neuralgia. NEURAPOPHYSIAL Neu*rap`o*phys"i*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: of or pertaining to a neurapophysis. NEURAPOPHYSIS Neu`ra*poph"y*sis, n.; pl. Neurapophyses. Etym: [NL. See Neuro-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) (a) One of the two lateral processes or elements which form the neural arch. (b) The dorsal process of the neural arch; neural spine; spinous process. NEURASTHENIA Neu*ras`the*ni"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A condition of nervous debility supposed to be dependent upon impairment in the functions of the spinal cord. NEURATION Neu*ra"tion, n. (Biol.) Defn: The arrangement or distribution of nerves, as in the leaves of a plant or the wings of an insect; nervation. NEURAXIS Neu*rax"is, n. Etym: [Neuro- + axis.] (Anat.) Defn: See Axis cylinder, under Axis. NEURENTERIC Neu`ren*ter"ic, a. Etym: [Neuro- + enteric.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both the neuron and the enteron; as, the neurenteric canal, which, in embroys of many vertebrates, connects the medullary tube and the primitive intestine. See Illust. of Ectoderm. NEURIDIN Neu"ri*din, n. Etym: [From Neurine.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: a nontoxic base, C5H14N2, found in the putrescent matters of flesh, fish, decaying cheese, etc. NEURILEMMA Neu`ri*lem"ma, n. Etym: [NL., from gr. (Anat.) (a) The delicate outer sheath of a nerve fiber; the primitive sheath. (b) The perineurium. NEURILITY Neu*ril"i*ty, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: The special properties and functions of the nerves; that capacity for transmitting a stimulus which belongs to nerves. G. H. Lewes. NEURINE Neu"rine ( or ), n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A poisonous organic base (a ptomaine) formed in the decomposition of protagon with boiling baryta water, and in the putrefraction of proteid matter. It was for a long time considered identical with choline, a crystalline body originally obtained from bile. Chemically, however, choline is oxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium hydroxide, while neurine is vinyl-trimethyl-ammonium hydroxide. [Written also neurin.] NEURISM Neu"rism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Nerve force. See Vital force, under Vital. NEURITIS Neu*ri"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of a nerve. NEURO- Neu"ro- (. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A combining denoting a nerve, of or pertaining to a nerve or the nervous system. NEURO-CENTRAL Neu`ro-cen"tral, a. Etym: [Neuro- + central.] (Anat.) Defn: Between the neural arch and the centrum of a vertebra; as, the neurocentral suture. Huxley. NEUROCHORD; NEUROCHORDAL Neu"ro*chord, n., Neu`ro*chor"dal (, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Neurocord. NEUROCITY Neu*roc"i*ty, n. (Physiol.) Defn: Nerve force. NEUROCOELE; NEUROCELE Neu"ro*coele, Neu"ro*cele, n. Etym: [Neuro- + Ge. (Anat.) Defn: The central canal and ventricles of the spinal cord and brain; the myelencephalic cavity. NEUROCORD Neu"ro*cord, n. Etym: [Neuro- + cord.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A cordlike organ composed of elastic fibers situated above the ventral nervous cord of annelids, like the earthworm. -- Neu`ro*cor"dal, a. NEURO-EPIDERMAL Neu`ro-ep`i*der"mal, a. Etym: [Neuro- + epidermal.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or giving rise to, the central nervous system and epiderms; as, the neuroepidermal, or epiblastic, layer of the blastoderm. NEUROGLIA Neu*rog"li*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. (Anat.) Defn: The delicate connective tissue framework which supports the nervous matter and blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord. NEUROGRAPHY Neu*rog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Neuro- + -graphy.] (Anat.) Defn: A description of the nerves. Dunglison. NEUROKERATIN Neu`ro*ker"a*tin, n. Etym: [Neuro- + keratin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A substance, resembling keratin, present in nerve tissue, as in the sheath of the axis cylinder of medullated nerve fibers. Like keratin it resists the action of most chemical agents, and by decomposition with sulphuric acid yields leucin and tyrosin. NEUROLOGICAL Neu`ro*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to neurolgy. NEUROLOGIST Neu*rol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who is versed in neurology; also, one skilled in the treatment of nervous diseases. NEUROLOGY Neu*rol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Neuro- + -logy.] Defn: The branch of science which treats of the nervous system. NEUROMA Neu*ro"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Neuro-, and -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A tumor developed on, or connected with, a nerve, esp. one consisting of new-formed nerve fibers. NEUROMERE Neu"ro*mere, n. Etym: [Neuro- + -mere.] (Anat.) Defn: A metameric segment of the cerebro-spinal nervous system. NEUROMUSCULAR Neu`ro*mus"cu*lar, a. Etym: [Neuro- + muscular.] (Physiol.) Defn: Nervomuscular. NEURON Neu"ron, n.; pl. Neura. Etym: [NL., from Gr. ney^ron nerve.] (Anat.) Defn: The brain and spinal cord; the cerebro-spinal axis; myelencephalon. B. G. Wilder. NEUROPATHIC Neu`ro*path"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to neuropathy; of the nature of, or suffering from, nervous disease. NEUROPATHY Neu*rop"a*thy, n. Etym: [Neuro- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: An affection of the nervous system or of a nerve. NEUROPOD Neu"ro*pod, n. Etym: [Neuro- + -pod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A neuropodous animal. G. Rolleston. NEUROPODIUM Neu`ro*po"di*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ventral lobe or branch of a parapodium. NEUROPODOUS Neu*rop"o*dous, a. Etym: [Neuro- + -pod + -ous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the limbs on, or directed toward, the neural side, as in most invertebrates; -- opposed to Ant: hæmapodous. G. Rolleston. NEUROPORE Neu"ro*pore, n. Etym: [Neuro- + pore.] (Anat.) Defn: An opening at either end of the embryonic neural canal. NEUROPTER Neu*rop"ter, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Neuroptera. NEUROPTERA Neu*rop"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [Nl., fr. gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of hexapod insects having two pairs of large, membranous, net-veined wings. The mouth organs are adapted for chewing. They feed upon other insects, and undergo a complete metamorphosis. The ant-lion, hellgamite, and lacewing fly are examples. Formerly, the name was given to a much more extensive group, including the true Neuroptera and the Pseudoneuroptera. NEUROPTERAL Neurop"ter*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Neuroptera. NEUROPTERAN Neu*rop"ter*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A neuropter. NEUROPTERIS Neu*rop"te*ris, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extensive genus of fossil ferns, of which species have been found from the Devonian to the Triassic formation. NEUROPTEROUS Neu*rop"ter*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Neuropteral. NEUROSENSIFEROUS Neu`ro*sen*sif"er*ous, a. Etym: [neuro- + sensiferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or forming, both nerves and sense organs. NEUROSIS Neu*ro"sis, n.; pl. Neuroses. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. (Med.) Defn: A functional nervous affection or disease, that is, a disease of the nerves without any appreciable change of nerve structure. NEUROSKELETAL Neu`ro*skel"e*tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the neuroskeleton. [R.] Owen. NEUROSKELETON Neu`ro*skel"e*ton, n. Etym: [Neuro- + skeleton.] (Anat.) Defn: The deep-seated parts of the vertebrate skeleton which are relation with the nervous axis and locomation. Owen. NEUROSPAST Neu"ro*spast, n. Etym: [L. neurospaston, Gr. Defn: A puppet. [R.] Dr. H. More. NEUROTIC Neu*rot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to the nerves; seated in the nerves; nervous; as, a neurotic disease. 2. Uself in disorders of, or affecting, the nerves. NEUROTIC Neu*rot"ic, n. 1. A disease seated in the nerves. 2. (Med.) Defn: Any toxic agent whose action is mainly directed to the great nerve centers. Note: Neurotic as a class include all those poisons whose mains action is upon the brain and spinal cord. They may be divided three orders: (a) Cerebral neurotics, or those which affect the brain only. (b) Spinal neurotics, or tetanics, those which affect the spinal cord. (c) Cerebro-spinal neurotics, or those which affect both brain and spinal cord. NEUROTOME Neu"ro*tome, n. Etym: [See Neurotomy.] 1. An instrument for cutting or dissecting nerves. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A neuromere. NEUROTOMICAL Neu`ro*tom"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to neurotomy. NEUROTOMIST Neu*rot"o*mist, n. Defn: One who skilled in or practices neurotomy. NEUROTOMY Neu*rot"o*my, n. Etym: [Neuro- + Gr. 1. The dissection, or anatomy, of the nervous system. 2. (Med.) Defn: The division of a nerve, for the relief of neuralgia, or for other purposes. Dunglison. NEURULA Neu"ru*la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An embryo or certain invertebrates in the stage when the primitive band is first developed. NEUTER Neu"ter, a. Etym: [L., fr. ne not + uter whether; akin to E. whether. See No, and Whether, and cf. Neither.] 1. Neither the one thing nor the other; on neither side; impartial; neutral. [Archaic] In all our undertakings God will be either our friend or our enemy; for Providence never stands neuter. South. 2. (Gram.) (a) Having a form belonging more especially to words which are not appellations of males or females; expressing or designating that which is of neither sex; as, a neuter noun; a neuter termination; the neuter gender. (b) Intransitive; as, a neuter verb. 3. (Biol.) Defn: Having no generative organs, or imperfectly developed ones; sexless. See Neuter, n., 3. NEUTER Neu"ter, n. 1. A person who takes no part in a contest; one who is either indifferent to a cause or forbears to interfere; a neutral. The world's no neuter; it will wound or save. Young. 2. (Gram.) (a) A noun of the neuter gender; any one of those words which have the terminations usually found in neuter words. (b) An intransitive verb. 3. (Biol.) Defn: An organism, either vegetable or animal, which at its maturity has no generative organs, or but imperfectly developed ones, as a plant without stamens or pistils, as the garden Hydrangea; esp., one of the imperfectly developed females of certain social insects, as of the ant and the common honeybee, which perform the labors of the community, and are called workers. NEUTRAL Neu"tral, a. Etym: [L. neutralis, fr. neuter. See Neuter.] 1. Not engaged on either side; not taking part with or assisting either of two or more contending parties; neuter; indifferent. The heart can not possibly remain neutral, but constantly takes part one way or the other. Shaftesbury. 2. Neither good nor bad; of medium quality; middling; not decided or pronounced. Some things good, and some things ill, do seem, And neutral some, in her fantastic eye. Sir J. Davies. 3. (Biol.) Defn: Neuter. See Neuter, a., 3. 4. (Chem.) Defn: Having neither acid nor basic properties; unable to turn red litmus blue or blue litmus red; -- said of certain salts or other compounds. Contrasted with Ant: acid, and Ant: alkaline. Neutral axis, Neutral surface (Mech.), that line or plane, in a beam under transverse pressure, at which the fibers are neither stretched nor compressed, or where the longitudinal stress is zero. See Axis. -- Neutral equilibrium (Mech.), the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that when moved slighty it neither tends to return to its former position not depart more widely from it, as a perfect sphere or cylinder on a horizontal plane. -- Neutral salt (Chem.), a salt formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen in an acid or base; in the former case by a positive or basic, in the latter by a negative or acid, element or radical. -- Neutral tint, a bluish gray pigment, used in water colors, made by mixing indigo or other blue some warm color. the shades vary greatly. -- Neutral vowel, the vowel element having an obscure and indefinite quality, such as is commonly taken by the vowel in many unaccented syllables. It is regarded by some as identical with the û in up, and is called also the natural vowel, as unformed by art and effort. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 17. NEUTRAL Neu"tral, n. Defn: A person or a nation that takes no part in a contest between others; one who is neutral. The neutral, as far as commerce extends, becomes a party in the war. R. G. Harper. NEUTRALIST Neu"tral*ist, n. Defn: A neutral; one who professes or practices neutrality. Milman. NEUTRALITY Neu*tral"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. neutralité.] 1. The state or quality of being neutral; the condition of being unengaged in contests between others; state of taking no part on either side; indifference. Men who possess a state of neutrality in times of public danger, desert the interest of their fellow subjects. Addison. 2. Indifference in quality; a state neither very good nor bad. [Obs.] Donne. 3. (Chem.) Defn: The quality or state of being neutral. See Neutral, a., 4. 4. (International Law) Defn: The condition of a nation or government which refrains from taking part, directly or indirectly, in a war between other powers. 5. Those who are neutral; a combination of neutral powers or states. Armed neutrality, the condition of a neutral power, in time of war, which holds itself ready to resist by force any aggression of either belligerent. NEUTRALIZATION Neu`tral*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. neutralisation.] 1. The act or process of neutralizing, or the state of being neutralized. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process by which an acid and a base are combined in such proportions that the resulting compound is neutral. See Neutral, a., 4. NEUTRALIZE Neu"tral*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Neutralized; p. pr. & vb. n. Neutralizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. neutraliser.] 1. To render neutral; to reduce to a state of neutrality. So here I am neutralized again. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Chem.) Defn: To render inert or imperceptible the peculiar affinities of, as a chemical substance; to destroy the effect of; as, to neutralize an acid with a base. 3. To destroy the peculiar or opposite dispositions of; to reduce to a state of indifference inefficience; to counteract; as, to neutralize parties in government; to neutralize efforts, opposition, etc. Counter citations that neutralize each other. E. Everett. NEUTRALIZER Neu"tral*i`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, neutralizes; that which destroys, disguises, or renders inert the peculiar properties of a body. NEUTRALLY Neu"tral*ly, adv. Defn: In a neutral manner; without taking part with either side; indifferently. NEUTROPHILE; NEUTROPHIL Neu"tro*phile, Neu"tro*phil, n. [L. neuter + Gr. loving.] (Physiol.) Defn: One of a group of leucocytes whose granules stain only with neutral dyes. -- Neu"tro*phil"ic (#), a., Neu*troph"i*lous (#), a. NEUVAINES Neu`vaines", n. pl. Etym: [F. neuvaine, fr. LL. novena, fr. L. novem. See Noon.] (R.C.Ch.) Defn: Prayers offered up for nine successive days. NEVADITE Ne*va"dite, n. (Min.) Defn: A grantitoid variety of rhyolite, common in Nevada. NEVE Né`vé", n. Etym: [F., fr. nix, nivis, snow.] (Geol.) Defn: The upper part of a glacier, above the limit or perpetual snow. See Galcier. NEVEN Nev"en, v. t. Etym: [Icel. nefna. Defn: To name; to mention; to utter. [Obs.] As oft I heard my lord them neven. Chaucer. NEVER Nev"er, adv. Etym: [AS. n; ne not, no + ever.] 1. Not ever; not at any time; at no time, whether past, present, or future. Shak. Death still draws nearer, never seeming near. Pope. 2. In no degree; not in the least; not. Whosoever has a friend to guide him, may carry his eyes in another man's head, and yet see never the worse. South. And he answered him to never a word. Matt. xxvii. 14. Note: Never is much used in composition with present participles to form adjectives, as in never-ceasing, never-dying, never-ending, never-fading, never-failing, etc., retaining its usual signification. Never a deal, not a bit. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Never so, as never before; more than at any other time, or in any other circumstances; especially; particularly; -- now often expressed or replaced by ever so. Ask me never so much dower and gift. Gen. xxxiv. 12. A fear of battery, ... though never so well grounded, is no duress. Blackstone. NEVERMORE Nev"er*more`, adv. Defn: Never again; at no time hereafter. Testament of Love. Tyndale. Where springtime of the Hesperides Begins, but endeth nevermore. Longfellow. NEVERTHELATER Nev`er*the*lat"er, adv. or conj. Defn: Nevertheless. [Obs.] NEVERTHELESS Nev`er*the*less", adv. or conj. Etym: [Never + the (see The by that) + less.] Defn: Not the less; notwithstanding; in spite of that; yet. No chastening for the present seemeth to be joyous, but grievous; nevertheless, afterward it yieldeth the peaceable fruit of righteousness. Heb. xii. 11. Syn. -- However; at least; yet; still. See However. NEVEW Nev"ew, n. Defn: Nephew. [Obs.] haucer. NEW New, a. [Compar. Newer; superl. Newest.] Etym: [OE. OE. newe, AS. niwe, neowe; akin to D. nieuw, OS. niwi, OHG. niuwi, G. neu, Icel. n, Dan. & Sw. ny, Goth. niujis, Lith. naujas, Russ. novuii, Ir. nua, nuadh, Gael. nuadh, W. newydd, Armor. nevez, L. novus, gr. nava, and prob. to E. now. Now, and cf. Announce, Innovate, Neophyte, Novel.] 1. Having existed, or having been made, but a short time; having originated or occured lately; having recently come into existence, or into one's possession; not early or long in being; of late origin; recent; fresh; modern; -- opposed to old, as, a new coat; a new house; a new book; a new fashion. "Your new wife." Chaucer. 2. Not before seen or known, although existing before; lately manifested; recently discovered; as, a new metal; a new planet; new scenes. 3. Newly beginning or recurring; starting anew; now commencing; different from has been; as, a new year; a new course or direction. 4. As if lately begun or made; having the state or quality of original freshness; also, changed for the better; renovated; unworn; untried; unspent; as, rest and travel made him a new man. Steadfasty purposing to lead a new life. Bk. of Com. Prayer. Men after long emaciating diets, fat, and almost new. Bacon. 5. Not of ancient extraction, or of a family of ancient descent; not previously kniwn or famous. Addison. 6. Not habituated; not familiar; unaccustomed. New to the plow, unpracticed in the trace. Pope. 7. Fresh from anything; newly come. New from her sickness to that northern air. Dryden. New birth. See under Birth. -- New Church, or New Jerusalem Church, the church holding the doctrines taught by Emanuel Swedenborg. See Swedenborgian. -- New heart (Theol.), a heart or character changed by the power of God, so as to be governed by new and holy motives. -- New land, land ckeared and cultivated for the first time. -- New light. (Zoöl.) See Crappie. -- New moon. (a) The moon in its first quarter, or when it first appears after being invisible. (b) The day when the new moon is first seen; the first day of the lunar month, which was a holy day among the Jews. 2 Kings iv. 23. -- New Red Sandstone (Geol.), an old name for the formation immediately above the coal measures or strata, now divided into the Permian and Trias. See Sandstone. -- New style. See Style. -- New testament. See under Testament. -- New world, the land of the Western Hemisphere; -- so called because not known to the inhabitants of the Eastern Hemisphere until recent times. Syn. -- Novel; recent; fresh; modern. See Novel. NEW New, adv. Defn: Newly; recently. Chaucer. Note: New is much used in composition, adverbially, in the sense of newly, recently, to quality other words, as in new-born, new-formed, new-found, new-mown. Of new, anew. [Obs.] Chaucer. NEW New, v. t. & i. Defn: To make new; to renew. [Obs.] NEWBORN New"born`, a. Defn: Recently born. Shak. NEWCOME New"come`, a. Defn: Recently come. NEWCOMER New"com`er, n. Defn: One who has lately come. NEWEL New"el, n. Etym: [From New. Cf. Novel.] Defn: A novelty; a new thing. [Obs.] Spenser. NEWEL New"el, n. Etym: [OF. nual, F. noyau sone, of fruit, noyau d'escaler newel, fr. L. nucalis like a nut, fr. nux, nucis, nut. Cf Nowel the inner wall of a mold, Nucleus..] (Arch.) Defn: The upright post about which the steps of a circular staircase wind; hence, in stairs having straight flights, the principal post at the foot of a staircase, or the secondary ones at the landings. See Hollow newel, under Hollow. NEWFANGLE New"fan`gle, a. Etym: [New + fangle.] Defn: Eager for novelties; desirous of changing. [Obs.] So newfangel be they of their meat. Chaucer. NEWFANGLE New"fan`gle, v. t. Defn: To change by introducing novelties. [Obs.] NEWFANGLED New"fan`gled, a. 1. Newmade; formed with the affectation of novelty. "A newfangled nomenclature." Sir W. Hamilton. 2. Disposed to change; inclined to novelties; given to new theories or fashions. "Newfangled teachers." 1 Tim. vi. (heading). "Newfangled men." Latimer. NEWFANGLEDNESS New"fan`gled*ness, n. Defn: Affectation of, or fondness for, novelty; vain or affected fashion or form. NEWFANGLENESS New"fan`gle*ness, n. Etym: [OE. newefanglenes. See Fangle.] Defn: Newfangledness. [Obs.] Chaucer. Proud newfangleness in their apparel. Robynson (More's Utopia). NEWFANGLIST New"fan`glist, n. Defn: One who is eager for novelties or desirous of change. [Obs.] Tooker. NEWFANGLY New"fan`gly, adv. Defn: In a newfangled manner; with eagerness for novelty. [Obs.] Sir T. More. NEWFASHIONED New`fash"ioned, a. Defn: Made in a new form, or lately come into fashion. NEWFOUNDLAND New"found*land` (, often , n. 1. An island on the coast of British North America, famed for the fishing grounds in its vicinity. 2. A Newfoundland dog. Tennyson. Newfoundland dog (Zoöl.), a breed of large dogs, with shaggy hair, which originated in Newfoundland, noted for intelligence, docility, and swimming powers. NEWING New"ing, n. Etym: [From New, v. t.] Defn: Yeast; barm. [prov. Eng.] NEWISH New"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat new; nearly new. Bacon. NEWLY New"ly, adv. 1. Lately; recently. He rubbed it o'er with newly gathered mint. Dryden. 2. Anew; afresh; freshly. And the refined mind doth newly fashion Into a fairer form. Spenser. NEWMARKET New"mar`ket, n. Etym: [From Newmarket, England.] Defn: A long, closely fitting cloak. NEW-MODEL New`-mod"el, v. t. Defn: To remodel. NEWNESS New"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being new; as, the newness of a system; the newness of a scene; newness of life. NEWS News, n Etym: [From New; cf. F. nounelles. News 1. A report of recent occurences; information of something that has lately taken place, or of something before unknown; fresh tindings; recent intelligence. Evil news rides post, while good news baits. Milton. 2. Something strange or newly happened. It is no news for the weak and poor to be a prey to the strong and rich. L'Estrange. 3. A bearer of news; a courier; a newspaper. [Obs.] There cometh a news thither with his horse. Pepys. NEWS-BOOK News"-book`, n. Defn: A newspaper. [Obs.] NEWSBOY news"boy`, n. Defn: A boy who distributes or sells newspaper. NEWS-LETTER News"-let`ter, n. Defn: A circular letter, written or printed for the purpose of disseminating news. This was the name given to the earliest English newspapers. NEWSMAN News"man, n.; pl. Newsmen (. 1. One who brings news. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A man who distributes or sells newspapers. NEWSMONGER News"mon`ger, n. Defn: One who deals in news; one who is active in hearing and telling news. NEWSPAPER News"pa`per, n. Defn: A sheet of paper printed and distributed, at stated intervals, for conveying intelligence of passing events, advocating opinions, etc.; a public print that circulates news, advertisements, proceedings of legislative bodies, public announcements, etc. NEWSROOM News"room`, n. Defn: A room where news is collected and disseminated, or periodicals sold; a reading room supplied with newspapers, magazines, etc. NEWS-VNDER News"-vnd`er, n. Defn: A seller of newspapers. NEWS-WRITER News"-writ`er, n. Defn: One who gathered news for, and wrote, news-letters. Macaulay. NEWSY News"y, a. Defn: Full of news; abounding in information as to current events. [Colloq.] NEWT Newt, n. Etym: [OE. ewt, evete, AS. efete, with n prefixed, an ewt being understood as a newt. Cf. Eft.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small aquatic salamanders. The common British species are the crested newt (Triton cristatus) and the smooth newt (Lophinus punctatus). In America, Diemictylus viridescens is one of the most abundant species. NEW THOUGHT New Thought. Defn: Any form of belief in mental healing other than (1) Christian Science and (2) hypnotism or psychotherapy. Its central principle is affirmative thought, or suggestion, employed with the conviction that man produces changes in his health, his finances, and his life by the adoption of a favorable mental attitude. AS a therapeutic doctrine it stands for silent and absent mental treatment, and the theory that all diseases are mental in origin. As a cult it has its unifying idea the inculcation of workable optimism in contrast with the "old thought" of sin, evil, predestination, and pessimistic resignation. The term is essentially synonymous with the term High Thought, used in England. NEWTONIAN New*to"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Sir Isaac Newton, or his discoveries. Newtonian philosophy, the philosophy of Sir Isaac Newton; -- applied to the doctrine of the universe as expounded in Newton's "Principia," to the modern or experimental philosophy (as opposed to the theories of Descartes and others), and, most frequently, to the mathematical theory of universal gravitation. -- Newtonian telescope (Astron.), a reflecting telescope, in which rays from the large speculum are received by a plane mirror placed diagonally in the axis, and near the open end of the tube, and thrown at right angles toward one side of the tube, where the image is formed and viewed through the eyeplace. -- Newtonian theory of light. See Note under Light. NEWTONIAN New*to"ni*an, n. Defn: A follower of Newton. NEW-YEAR New"-year`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or suitable for, the commencement of the year; as, New-year gifts or odes. NEW YEAR'S DAY New" Year's` Day". Defn: the first day of a calendar year; the first day of January. Often colloquially abbreviated to New year's or new year. NEW ZEALAND New` Zea"land. Defn: A group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean. New Zealand flax. (a) (Bot.) A tall, liliaceous herb (Phormium tenax), having very long, sword-shaped, distichous leaves which furnish a fine, strong fiber very valuable for cordage and the like. (b) The fiber itself. -- New Zealand tea (Bot.), a myrtaceous shrub (Leptospermum scoparium) of New Zealand and Australia, the leaves of which are used as a substitute for tea. NEXIBLE Nex"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. nexibilis, from nectere, nexum, to bind.] Defn: That may be knit together. [R.] NEXT Next, a., superl. of Nigh. Etym: [AS. n, niéhst, n, superl. of neáh nigh. See Nigh.] 1. Nearest in place; having no similar object intervening. Chaucer. Her princely guest Was next her side; in order sat the rest. Dryden. Fear followed me so hard, that I fled the next way. Bunyan. 2. Nearest in time; as, the next day or hour. 3. Adjoining in a series; immediately preceding or following in order. None could tell whose turn should be the next. Gay. 4. Nearest in degree, quality, rank, right, or relation; as, the next heir was an infant. The man is near of kin unto us, one of our next kinsmen. Ruth ii. 20. Note: Next is usually followed by to before an object, but to is sometimes omitted. In such cases next in considered by many grammarians as a preposition. Next friend (Law), one who represents an infant, a married woman, or any person who can not appear sui juris, in a suit at law. NEXT Next, adv. Defn: In the time, place, or order nearest or immediately suceeding; as, this man follows next. NEXUS Nex"us, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Connection; tie. Man is doubtless one by some subtile nexus ... extending from the new-born infant to the superannuated dotard. De Quincey. NEZ PERCES Nez" Per`cés", pl.; sing. Nez PercÉ (. Etym: [F., pierced noses.] (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians, mostly inhabiting Idaho. NGINA Ngi"na, n. Etym: [Native name.] Defn: The gorilla. NIAGARA PERIOD Ni*ag"a*ra pe"ri*od. (Geol.) Defn: A subdivision or the American Upper Silurian system, embracing the Medina, Clinton, and Niagara epoch. The rocks of the Niagara epoch, mostly limestones, are extensively distributed, and at Niagara Falls consist of about eighty feet of shale supporting a greater thickness of limestone, which is gradually undermined by the removal of the shale. See Chart of Geology. NIAS Ni"as, n. Etym: [F. niais. See Eyas.] Defn: A young hawk; an eyas; hence, an unsophisticated person. [Obs.] NIB Nib, n. Etym: [A variabt of neb.] 1. A small and pointed thing or part; a point; a prong. "The little nib or fructifying principle." Sir T. Browne. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The bill or beak of a bird; the neb. 3. The points of a pen; also, the pointed part of a pen; a short pen adapted for insertion in a holder. 4. One of the handles which project from a scythe snath; also, [Prov. Eng.], the shaft of a wagon. NIB Nib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nebbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Nibbing.] Defn: To furnish with a nib; to point; to mend the point of; as, to nib a pen. NIBBED Nibbed, a. Defn: Having a nib or point. NIBBLE Nib"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nibbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Nibbling.] Etym: [Cf. Nip.] Defn: To bite by little at a time; to seize gently with the mouth; to eat slowly or in small bits. Thy turfy mountains, where live nibbling sheep. Shak. NIBBLE Nib"ble, v. t. Defn: To bite upon something gently or cautiously; to eat a little of a thing, as by taking small bits cautiously; as, fishes nibble at the bait. Instead of returning a full answer to my book, he manifestly falls a- nibbling at one single passage. Tillotson. NIBBLE Nib"ble, n. Defn: A small or cautious bite. NIBBLER Nib"bler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, nibbles. NIBBLINGLY Nib"bling*ly, adv. Defn: In a nibbling manner; cautiously. NIBELUNGENLIED Ni"be*lung`en*lied`, n. [G. See Nibelungs; Lied.] Defn: A great medieval German epic of unknown authorship containing traditions which refer to the Burgundians at the time of Attila (called Etzel in the poem) and mythological elements pointing to heathen times. NIBELUNGS Ni"be*lungs, n. pl.; sing. Nibelung . Defn: In German mythology, the children of the mist, a race of dwarfs or demonic beings, the original possessors of the famous hoard and ring won by Siegfrid; also, the Burgundian kings in the Nibelungenlied. NIBLICK Nib"lick, n. Defn: A kind of golf stick used to lift the ball out of holes, ruts, etc. NICAGUA Ni*ca"gua, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The laughing falcon. See under laughing. NICARAGUA WOOD Nic`a*ra"gua wood`. Defn: Brazil wood. NICCOLITE Nic"co*lite, n. Etym: [from NL. niccolum nickel.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a copper-red color and metallic luster; an arsenide of nickel; -- called also coppernickel, kupfernickel. NICE Nice, a. [Compar. Nicer; superl. Nicest.] Etym: [OE., foolish, fr. OF. nice ignorant, fool, fr. L. nescius ignorant; ne not + scius knowing, scire to know. perhaps influenced by E. nesh delicate, soft. See No, and Science.] 1. Foolish; silly; simple; ignorant; also, weak; effeminate. [Obs.] Gower. But say that we ben wise and nothing nice. Chaucer. 2. Of trifling moment; nimportant; trivial. [Obs.] The letter was not nice, but full of charge Of dear import. Shak. 3. Overscrupulous or exacting; hard to please or satisfy; fastidious in small matters. Curious not knowing, not exact but nice. Pope. And to taste Think not I shall be nice. Milton. 4. Delicate; refined; dainty; pure. Dear love, continue nice and chaste. Donne. A nice and subtile happiness. Milton. 5. Apprehending slight diffferences or delicate distinctions; distinguishing accurately or minutely; carefully discriminating; as, a nice taste or judgment. "Our author happy in a judge so nice." Pope. "Nice verbal criticism." Coleridge. 6. Done or made with careful labor; suited to excite admiration on account of exactness; evidencing great skill; exact; fine; finished; as, nice proportions, nice workmanship, a nice application; exactly or fastidiously discriminated; requiring close discrimination; as, a nice point of law, a nice distinction in philosophy. The difference is too nice Where ends the virtue, or begins the vice. Pope. 7. Pleasing; agreeable; gratifying; delightful; good; as, a nice party; a nice excursion; a nice person; a nice day; a nice sauce, etc. [Loosely & Colloquially] To make nice of, to be scrupulous about. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Dainty; delicate; exquisite; fine; accurate; exact; correct; precise; particular; scrupulous; punctilious; fastidious; squeamish; finical; effeminate; silly. NICELY Nice"ly adv. Defn: In a nice manner. NICENE Ni"cene, a. Etym: [L. Nicaenus, fr. Nicaea Nice, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Nice, a town of Asia Minor, or to the ecumenial council held there A. D. 325. Nicene Creed (, a summary of Christian faith, composed and adopted by the Council of Nice, against Arianism, A. D. 325, altered and confirmed by the Council of Constantinople, A. D. 381, and by subsequent councils. NICENESS Nice"ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being nice. NICERY Ni"cer*y, n. Defn: Nicety. [Colloq.] Chapman. NICETY Ni"ce*ty, n.; pl. Niceties. Etym: [OE. niceté foolishness.] 1. The quality or state of being nice (in any of the senses of that word.). The miller smiled of her nicety. Chaucer. 2. Delicacy or exactness of perception; minuteness of observation or of discrimination; precision. 3. A delicate expression, act, mode of treatment, distinction, or the like; a minute distinction. The fineness and niceties of words. Locke. To a nicety, with great exactness or accuracy. NICHE Niche, n. Etym: [F., fr. It. nicchia, prop., a shell-like recess in a wall, fr. nicchio a shellfish, mussel, fr. L. mytilus.] Defn: A cavity, hollow, or recess, generally within the thickness of a wall, for a statue, bust, or other erect ornament. hence, any similar position, literal or figurative. Images defended from the injuries of the weather by niches of stone wherein they are placed. Evelun. NICHED Niched. (, a. Defn: Placed in a niche. "Those niched shapes of noble mold." Tennyson. NICK Nick (, n. Etym: [AS. nicor a marine monster; akin to D. nikker a water spite, Icel. nykr, ONG. nihhus a crocodile, G. nix a water sprite; cf. Gr. nij. Cf. Nix.] (Northern Myth.) Defn: An evil spirit of the waters. Old Nick, the evil one; the devil. [Colloq.] NICK Nick, n. Etym: [Akin to Nock.] 1. A notch cut into something; as: (a) A score for keeping an account; a reckoning. [Obs.] (b) (Print.) A notch cut crosswise in the shank of a type, to assist a compositor in placing it properly in the stick, and in distribution. W. Savage. (c) A broken or indented place in any edge or surface; nicks in china. 2. A particular point or place considered as marked by a nick; the exact point or critical moment. To cut it off in the very nick. Howell. This nick of time is the critical occasion for the gainger of a point. L'Estrange. NICK Nick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nicked; p. pr. & vb. n. Nicking.] 1. To make a nick or nicks in; to notch; to keep count of or upon by nicks; as, to nick a stick, tally, etc. 2. To mar; to deface; to make ragged, as by cutting nicks or notches in. And thence proceed to nicking sashes. Prior. The itch of his affection should not then Have nicked his captainship. Shak. 3. To suit or fit into, as by a correspondence of nicks; to tally with. Words nicking and resembling one another are applicable to different significations. Camden. 4. To hit at, or in, the nick; to touch rightly; to strike at the precise point or time. The just season of doing things must be nicked, and all accidents improved. L'Estrange. 5. To make a cross cut or cuts on the under side of (the tail of a horse, in order to make him carry ir higher). NICK Nick, v. t. Defn: To nickname; to style. [Obs.] For Warbeck, as you nick him, came to me. Ford. NICKAR NUT; NICKAR TREE Nick"ar nut`, Nick"ar tree`. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Nicker nut, Nicker tree. NICKEL Nick"el, n. Etym: [G., fr. Sw. nickel, abbrev. from Sw. kopparnickel copper-nickel, a name given in derision, as it was thought to be a base ore of copper. The origin of the second part of the word is uncertain. Cf. Kupfer-nickel, Copper-nickel.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A bright silver-white metallic element. It is of the iron group, and is hard, malleable, and ductile. It occurs combined with sulphur in millerite, with arsenic in the mineral niccolite, and with arsenic and sulphur in nickel glance. Symbol Ni. Atomic weight 58.6. Note: On account of its permanence in air and inertness to oxidation, it is used in the smaller coins, for plating iron, brass, etc., for chemical apparatus, and in certain alloys, as german silver. It is magnetic, and is very frequently accompanied by cobalt, both being found in meteoric iron. 2. A small coin made of or containing nickel; esp., a five-cent piece. [Colloq. U.S.] Nickel silver, an alloy of nickel, copper, and zinc; -- usually called german silver; called also argentan. NICKELIC Nick*el"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, nickel; specifically, designating compounds in which, as contrasted with the nickelous compounds, the metal has a higher valence; as nickelic oxide. NICKELIFEROUS Nick`el*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Nickel + -ferous.] Defn: Containing nickel; as, nickelferous iron. NICKELINE Nick"el*ine ( or ), n. 1. (Chem.) Defn: An alloy of nickel, a variety of German silver. 2. (Min.) Defn: Niccolite. NICKELODEON Nick`el*o"de*on, n. [Nickel + odeon.] Defn: A place of entertainment, as for moving picture exhibition, charging a fee or admission price of five cents. [U. S.] NICKELOUS Nick"el*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, those compounds of nickel in which, as contrasted with the nickelic compounds, the metal has a lower valence; as, nickelous oxide. Frankland. NICKEL STEEL Nickel steel. Defn: A kind of cast steel containing nickel, which greatly increases its strength. It is used for armor plate, bicycle tubing, propeller shafts, etc. NICKER Nick"er, n. Etym: [From Nick, v.t.] 1. One of the night brawlers of London formerly noted for breaking windows with half-pence. [Cant] Arbuthnot. 2. The cutting lip which projects downward at the edge of a boring bit and cuts a circular groove in the wood to limit the size of the hole that is bored. NICKER NUT Nick"er nut`. Defn: A rounded seed, rather smaller than a nutmeg, having a hard smooth shell, and a yellowish or bluish color. The seeds grow in the prickly pods of tropical, woody climbers of the genus Cæsalpinia. C. Bonduc has yellowish seeds; C.Bonducella, bluish gray. [Spelt also neckar nut, nickar nut.] NICKER TREE Nick"er tree`. (Bot.) Defn: The plant producing nicker nuts. [Written also neckar tree and nickar tree.] NICKING Nick"ing, n. Etym: [From Nick, v. t.] (Coal Mining) (a) The cutting made by the hewer at the side of the face. (b) pl. Defn: Small coal produced in making the nicking. NICKLE Nic"kle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European woodpecker, or yaffle; -- called also nicker pecker. NICKNACK Nick"nack`, n. Defn: See Knickknack. NICKNACKERY Nick"nack`er*y, n. Defn: See Knickknackery. NICKNAME Nick"name`, n. Etym: [OE. ekename surname, hence, a nickname, an ekename being understood as a nekename, influenced also by E. nick, v. See Eke, and Name.] Defn: A name given in contempt, derision, or sportive familiarity; a familiar or an opprobrious appellation. NICKNAME Nick"name`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nicknamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Nicknaming.] Defn: To give a nickname to; to call by a nickname. You nickname virtue; vice you should have spoke. Shak. I altogether disclaim what has been nicknamed the doctrine of finality. Macaulay. NICOLAITAN Ni`co*la"i*tan, n. Etym: [So called from Nicolas of Antioch, mentioned in Acts vi. 5.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of certain corrupt persons in the early church at Ephesus, who are censured in rev. ii. 6, 15. NICOTIAN Ni*co"tian, n. Etym: [F. nicotiane; -- so called from Nicot, who introduced it into France, a.d. 15 Defn: Tobacco. [R.] B. Jonson. NICOTIAN Ni*co"tian, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, tobacco. [R.] Bp. Hall. NICOTIANA Ni*co"ti*an*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Nicotian.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of American and Asiatic solanaceous herbs, with viscid foliage and funnel-shaped blossoms. Several species yield tobacco. See Tobacco. NICOTIANINE Ni*co"ti*a*nine ( or ), n. Etym: [F. nicotianine. See Nicotian.] (Chem.) Defn: A white waxy substance having a hot, bitter taste, extracted from tobacco leaves and called also tobacco camphor. NICOTIC Ni*cot"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Nicotinic. NICOTIDINE Ni*cot"i*dine ( or ), n. Etym: [Nicotine + pyridine.] (Chem.) Defn: A complex, oily, nitrogenous base, isomeric with nicotine, and obtained by the reduction of certain derivatives of the pyridine group. NICOTINE Nic"o*tine ( or ), n. Etym: [F. nicotine. See Nicotian.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid which is the active principle of tobacco. It is a colorless, transparent, oily liquid, having an acrid odor, and an acrid burning taste. It is intensely poisonous. Ure. NICOTINIC Nic`o*tin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, nicotine; nicotic; -- used specifically to designate an acid related to pyridine, obtained by the oxidation of nicotine, and called nicotinic acid. NICOTINISM Nic"o*tin*ism, n. [Nicotine + -ism.] (Med.) Defn: The morbid condition produced by the excessive use of tobacco. NICTATE Nic"tate, v. i. Etym: [L. nictare, nictatum, from nicere to beckon.] Defn: To wink; to nictitate. NICTATION Nic*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. nictatio nictation.] Defn: the act of winking; nictitation. NICTITATE Nic"ti*tate, v. i. Etym: [See Nictate.] Defn: To wink; to nictate. Nictitating membrance (Anat.), a thin membrance, found in many animals at the inner angle, or beneath the lower lid, of the eye, and capable of being drawn across the eyeball; the third eyelid; the haw. NICTITATION Nic`ti*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of winking. NIDAMENTAL Nid`a*men"tal, a. Etym: [L. nidamentum materials for a nest, fr. nidus nest. See Nest.] (Zoöl.) Defn: of, pertaining to, or baring, eggs or egg capsules; as, the nidament capsules of certain gastropods; nidamental glands. See Illust. of Dibranchiata. NIDARY Ni"da*ry, n. Etym: [L. nidus a nest.] Defn: A collection of nests. [R.] velyn. NIDE Nide, n. Etym: [L. nidus a nest: cf. F. nid.] Defn: A nestful; a brood; as, a nide of pheasants. [Obs.] NIDERING Ni"der*ing, a. Etym: [See Niding.] Defn: Infamous; dastardly. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott. NIDGERY Nidg"er*y, n. Etym: [See Nidget.] Defn: A trifle; a piece of foolery. [Obs.] Skinner. NIDGET Nidg"et, n. [Written also nigget, nigeot.] Etym: [Cf. F. nigaud a boody, fool, OF. niger to play the fool.] Defn: A fool; an idiot, a coward. [Obs.] Camden. NIDIFICATE Nid"i*fi*cate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nidificated; p. pr. & vb. n. Nidificating.] Etym: [L. nidificare, nidificatum; nidus nest + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy, and cf. nest.] Defn: To make a nest. Where are the fishes which nidificated in trees Lowell. NIDIFICATION Nid`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nidification.] Defn: The act or process of building a nest. NIDING Ni"ding (ni"dîng), n. [Written also nithing.] Etym: [AS. niedhing, fr. niedh wickness, malice, hatred.] Defn: A coward; a dastard; -- a term of utmost opprobrium. [Obs.] He is worthy to be called a niding. Howell. NIDOR Ni"dor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Scent or savor of meat or food, cooked or cooking. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. NIDOROSE Ni"dor*ose`, a. Defn: Nidorous. [R.] Arbuthnot. NIDOROUS Ni"dor*ous, a. Etym: [L. nidorosus steaming, reeking: cf. F. nidoreux. See Nidor.] Defn: Resembling the smell or taste of roast meat, or of corrupt animal matter. [R.] NIDULANT Nid"u*lant, a. Etym: [L. nidulans, p.pr.: cf. F. Nidulant.] 1. Nestling, as a bird in itss nest. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Lying loose in pulp or cotton within a berry or pericarp, as in a nest. NIDULATE Nid"u*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nidulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Nidulating.] Etym: [L. nidulari, fr. nidulus, dim. of nidus a nest.] Defn: To make a nest, as a bird. [R.] Cockeram. NIDULATION Nid`u*la"tion, n. Defn: The time of remaining in the nest. [R.] Sir T. Browne. NIDULITE Nid"u*lite, n. Etym: [L. nidulus a little nest.] (Paleon.) Defn: A Silurian fossil, formerly supposed to consist of eggs. NIDUS Ni"dus, n.; pl. nidi. Etym: [L. See Nidi, Nest.] Defn: A nest: a repository for the eggs of birds, insects, etc.; a breeding place; esp., the place or substance where parasites or the germs of a disease effect lodgment or are developed. NIECE Niece, n. Etym: [OE. nece, F. nièce, LL. neptia, for L. neptis a granddaughter, niece, akin to nepos. See Nephew.] 1. A relative, in general; especially, a descendant, whether male or female; a granddaughter or a grandson. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Wyclif. Shak. 2. A daughter of one's brother or sister, or of one's brother-in-law or sister-in-law. NIEF Nief, n. Defn: See Neif, the fist. NIELLIST Ni*el"list, n. Defn: One who practices the style of ornamentation called niello. NIELLO Ni*el"lo, n. Etym: [It. niello, LL. nigellum a black of blackish enamel, fr. L. nigellus, dim. of niger black. See Negro, and cf. Anneal.] 1. A metallic alloy of a deep black color. 2. The art, process, or method of decorating metal with incised designs filled with the black alloy. 3. A piece of metal, or any other object, so decorated. 4. An impression on paper taken from an ancient incised decoration or metal plate. NIEPCE'S PROCESS Niep"ce's proc"ess. (Photog.) Defn: A process, now no longer used, invented by J. N. Niepce, a French chemist, in 1829. It depends upon the action of light in rendering a thin layer of bitumen, with which the plate is coated, insoluble. NIFLE Ni"fle, n. Etym: [OF.] Defn: A trifle. [Obs.] Chaucer. NIGGARD Nig"gard, n. Etym: [Icel. hnöggr niggardly, stingy + -ard; cf. Sw. njugg, AS. hneáw.] Defn: A person meanly close and covetous; one who spends grudgingly; a stingy, parsimonous fellow; a miser. Chaucer. A penurious niggard of his wealth. Milton. Be niggards of advice on no pretense. Pope. NIGGARD Nig"gard, a. Defn: Like a niggard; meanly covetous or parsimonious; niggardly; miserly; stingy. NIGGARD Nig"gard, v. t. & i. Defn: To act the niggard toward; to be niggardly. [R.] Shak. NIGGARDISE Nig"gard*ise, n. Defn: Niggardliness. [Obs.] Spenser. NIGGARDISH Nig"gard*ish, a. Defn: Somewhat niggard. NIGGARDLINESS Nig"gard*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being niggard; meanness in giving or spending; parsimony; stinginess. Niggardliness is not good husbandry. Addison. NIGGARDLY Nig"gard*ly, a. Defn: Meanly covetous or avarcious in dealing with others; stingy; niggard. Where the owner of the house will be bountiful, it is not for the steward to be niggardly. Bp. Hall. Syn. -- Avarcious; covetous; parsimonious; sparing; miserly; penurios; sordid; stingy. See Avaricious. NIGGARDLY Nig"gard*ly, adv. Defn: In a niggard manner. NIGGARDNESS Nig"gard*ness, n. Defn: Niggardliness. Sir P. Sidney. NIGGARDOUS Nig"gard*ous, a. Defn: Niggardly. [Obs.] Covetous gathering and niggardous keeping. Sir T. More. NIGGARDSHIP Nig"gard*ship, n. Defn: Niggardliness. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. NIGGARDY Nig"gard*y, n. Defn: Niggardliness. [Obs.] Chaucer. NIGGED nigged, n. Etym: [Prov. E. nig to clip money.] (Masonry) Defn: Hammer-dressed; -- said of building stone. NIGGER Nig"ger, n. Defn: A negro; -- in vulgar derision or depreciation. NIGGERHEAD Nig"ger*head`, n. Defn: A strong black chewing tobacco, usually in twisted plug form; negro head. NIGGISH Nig"gish, a. Etym: [See Niggard.] Defn: Niggardly. [Obs.] NIGGLE Nig"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Niggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Niggling.] Etym: [Dim. of Prov. E. nig to clip money; cf. also Prov. E. nig a small piece.] Defn: To trifle with; to deceive; to mock. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. NIGGLE Nig"gle, v. t. 1. To trifle or play. Take heed, daughter, You niggle not with your conscience and religion. Massinger. 2. To act or walk mincingly. [Prov. Eng.] 3. To fret and snarl about trifles. [Prov. Eng.] NIGGLER Nig"gler, n. Defn: One who niggles. NIGGLING Nig"gling, n. Defn: Finicky or pottering work; specif. (Fine Arts), Defn: minute and very careful workmanship in drawing, painting, or the like, esp. when bestowed on unimportant detail. NIGH Nigh, a. [Compar. Nigher; superl. Nighest, or Next (.] Etym: [OE. nigh, neigh, neih, AS. neáh, n; akin to D. na, adv., OS. nah, a., OHG. nah, G. nah, a., nach to, after, Icel. na (in comp.) nigh, Goth. n, n, adv., nigh. Cf. Near, Neighbor, Next.] 1. Not distant or remote in place or time; near. The loud tumult shows the battle nigh. Prior. 2. Not remote in degree, kindred, circumstances, etc.; closely allied; intimate. "Nigh kinsmen." Knolles. Ye ... are made nigh by the blood of Christ. Eph. ii. 13. Syn. -- Near; close; adjacent; contiguous; present; neighboring. NIGH Nigh, adv. Etym: [AS. neáh, n. See Nigh, a.] 1. In a situation near in place or time, or in the course of events; near. He was sick, nigh unto death. Phil. ii. 27. He drew not nigh unheard; the angel bright, Ere he drew nigh, his radiant visage turned. Milton. 2. Almost; nearly; as, he was nigh dead. NIGH Nigh, v. t. & i. Defn: To draw nigh (to); to approach; to come near. [Obs.] Wyclif (Matt. iii. 2). NIGH Nigh, prep. Defn: Near to; not remote or distant from. "was not this nigh shore" Shak. NIGHLY Nigh"ly, adv. Defn: In a near relation in place, time, degree, etc.; within a little; almost. [Obs.] A cube and a sphere ... nighly of the same bigness. Locke. NIGHNESS Nigh"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being nigh. [R.] "Nighness of blood." Holished. NIGHT Night, n. Etym: [OE. night, niht, AS. neaht, niht; akin to D. nacht, OS. & OHG. naht, G. nacht, Icel. n, Sw. natt, Dan. nat, Goth. nachts, Lith. naktis, Russ. noche, W. nos, Ir. nochd, L. nox, noctis, gr. nakta, nakti. sq. root 265. Cf. Equinox, Nocturnal.] 1. That part of the natural day when the sun is beneath the horizon, or the time from sunset to sunrise; esp., the time between dusk and dawn, when there is no light of the sun, but only moonlight, starlight, or artificial light. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. Gen. i. 5. 2. Hence: (a) Darkness; obscurity; concealment. Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night. Pope. (b) Intellectual and moral darkness; ignorance. (c) A state of affliction; adversity; as, a dreary night of sorrow. (d) The period after the close of life; death. She closed her eyes in everlasting night. Dryden. (e) A lifeless or unenlivened period, as when nature seems to sleep. "Sad winter's night". Spenser. Note: Night is sometimes used, esp. with participles, in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, night-blooming, night- born, night-warbling, etc. Night by night, Night after night, nightly; many nights. So help me God, as I have watched the night, Ay, night by night, in studying good for England. Shak. -- Night bird. (Zoöl.) (a) The moor hen (Gallinula chloropus). (b) The Manx shearwater (Puffinus Anglorum). -- Night blindness. (Med.) See Hemeralopia. -- Night cart, a cart used to remove the contents of privies by night. -- Night churr, (Zoöl.), the nightjar. -- Night crow, a bird that cries in the night. -- Night dog, a dog that hunts in the night, -- used by poachers. -- Night fire. (a) Fire burning in the night. (b) Ignis fatuus; Will-o'-the-wisp; Jask-with-a-lantern. -- Night flyer (Zoöl.), any creature that flies in the night, as some birds and insects. -- night glass, a spyglass constructed to concentrate a large amount of light, so as see objects distinctly at night. Totten. -- Night green, iodine green. -- Night hag, a witch supposed to wander in the night. -- Night hawk (Zoöl.), an American bird (Chordeiles Virginianus), allied to the goatsucker. It hunts the insects on which it feeds toward evening, on the wing, and often, diving down perpendicularly, produces a loud whirring sound, like that of a spinning wheel. Also sometimes applied to the European goatsuckers. It is called also bull bat. -- Night heron (Zoöl.), any one of several species of herons of the genus Nycticorax, found in various parts of the world. The best known species is Nycticorax griseus, or N. nycticorax, of Europe, and the American variety (var. nævius). The yellow-crowned night heron (Nycticorax violaceus) inhabits the Southern States. Called also qua- bird, and squawk. -- Night house, a public house, or inn, which is open at night. -- Night key, a key for unfastening a night latch. -- Night latch, a kind of latch for a door, which is operated from the outside by a key. -- Night monkey (Zoöl.), an owl monkey. -- night moth (Zoöl.), any one of the noctuids. -- Night parrot (Zoöl.), the kakapo. -- Night piece, a painting representing some night scene, as a moonlight effect, or the like. -- Night rail, a loose robe, or garment, worn either as a nightgown, or over the dress at night, or in sickness. [Obs.] -- Night raven (Zoöl.), a bird of ill omen that cries in the night; esp., the bittern. -- Night rule. (a) A tumult, or frolic, in the night; -- as if a corruption, of night revel. [Obs.] (b) Such conduct as generally rules, or prevails, at night. What night rule now about this haunted grove Shak. -- Night sight. (Med.) See Nyctolopia. -- Night snap, a night thief. [Cant] Beau. & Fl. -- Night soil, human excrement; -- so called because in cities it is collected by night and carried away for manure. -- Night spell, a charm against accidents at night. -- Night swallow (Zoöl.), the nightjar. -- Night walk, a walk in the evening or night. -- Night walker. (a) One who walks in his sleep; a somnambulist; a noctambulist. (b) One who roves about in the night for evil purposes; specifically, a prostitute who walks the streets. -- Night walking. (a) Walking in one's sleep; somnambulism; noctambulism. (b) Walking the streets at night with evil designs. -- Night warbler (Zoöl.), the sedge warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitis); -- called also night singer. [prov. Eng.] -- Night watch. (a) A period in the night, as distinguished by the change of watch. (b) A watch, or guard, to aford protection in the night. -- Night watcher, one who watches in the night; especially, one who watches with evil designs. -- Night witch. Same as Night hag, above. NIGHT-BLOOMING Night"-bloom`ing, a. Defn: Blooming in the night. Night-blooming cereus. (Bot.) See Note under Cereus. NIGHTCAP Night"cap`, n. 1. A cap worn in bed to protect the head, or in undress. 2. A potion of spirit drank at bedtime. [Cant] Wright. NIGHTDRESS Night"dress`, n. Defn: A nightgown. NIGHTED Night"ed, a. 1. Darkness; clouded. [R.] Shak. 2. Overtaken by night; belated. Beau. & Fl. NIGHTERTALE Night"er*tale, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. nattarpel.] Defn: period of night; nighttime. [Obs.] Chaucer. NIGHT-EYED Night"-eyed`, a. Defn: Capable of seeing at night; sharp-eyed. "Your night-eyed Tiberius." B. Jonson. NIGHTFALL Night"fall`, n. Defn: The close of the day. Swift. NIGHT-FARING Night"-far`ing, a. Defn: Going or traveling in the night. Gay. NIGHTGOWN Night"gown`, n. Defn: A loose gown used for undress; also, a gown used for a sleeping garnment. NIGHTINGALE Night"in*gale, n. Etym: [OE. nihtegale,nightingale, AS. nihtegale; niht night + galan to sing, akin to E. yell; cf. D. nachtegaal, OS. nahtigala, OHG. nahtigala, G. nachtigall, Sw. näktergal, Dan. nattergal. See Night, and Yell.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, plain, brown and gray European song bird (Luscinia luscinia). It sings at night, and is celebrated for the sweetness of its song. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A larger species (Lucinia philomela), of Eastern Europe, having similar habits; the thrush nightingale. The name is also applied to other allied species. Mock nightingale. (Zoöl.) See Blackcap, n., 1 (a). NIGHTISH Night"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to night. NIGHTJAR Night"jar`, n. Defn: A goatsucker, esp. the European species. See Illust. of Goatsucker. NIGHTLESS Night"less, a. Defn: Having no night. NIGHT LETTER; NIGHT LETTERGRAM Night letter, Night lettergram. Defn: See Letter, above. NIGHTLONG Night"long`, a. Defn: Lasting all night. NIGHTLY Night"ly, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the night, or to every night; happening or done by night, or every night; as, nightly shades; he kept nightly vigils. NIGHTLY Night"ly, adv. Defn: At night; every night. NIGHTMAN Night"man, n.; pl. Nightmen (. Defn: One whose business is emptying privies by night. NIGHTMARE Night"mare`, n. Etym: [Night + mare incubus. See Mare incubus.] 1. A fiend or incubus formerly supposed to cause trouble in sleep. 2. A condition in sleep usually caused by improper eating or by digestive or nervous troubles, and characterized by a sense of extreme uneasiness or discomfort (as of weight on the chest or stomach, impossibility of motion or speech, etc.), or by frightful or oppressive dreams, from which one wakes after extreme anxiety, in a troubled state of mind; incubus. Dunglison. 3. Hence, any overwhelming, oppressive, or stupefying influence. NIGHTSHADE Night"shade`, n. Etym: [AS. nichtscadu.] (Bot.) Defn: A common name of many species of the genus Solanum, given esp. to the Solanum nigrum, or black nightshade, a low, branching weed with small white flowers and black berries reputed to be poisonous. Deadly nightshade. Same as Belladonna (a). -- Enchanter's nightshade. See under Enchanter. -- Stinking nightshade. See Henbane. -- Three-leaved nightshade. See Trillium. NIGHTSHIRT Night"shirt`, n. Defn: A kind of nightgown for men. NIGHT TERRORS Night terrors. (Med.) Defn: A sudden awkening associated with a sensation of terror, occurring in children, esp. those of unstable nervous constitution. NIGHTTIME Night"time`, n. Defn: The time from dusk to dawn; -- opposed to Ant: daytime. NIGHTWARD Night"ward, a. Defn: Approaching toward night. NIGRANILINE Ni*gran"i*line ( or ), n. Etym: [L. niger black + E. aniline.] (Chem.) Defn: The complex, nitrogenous, organic base and dyestuff called also aniline black. NIGRESCENT Ni*gres"cent, a. Etym: [L. nigrescens, p.pr. of nigrescere to grow black, fr. niger black. See Negro.] Defn: Growing black; changing to a black color; approaching to blackness. Johnson. NIGRIFICATION Nig`ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. nigrificare to blacken; niger black + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: The act or process of making black. [R.] Johnson. NIGRINE Ni"grine, n. Etym: [L. niger black: cf. F. nigrine.] (Min.) Defn: A ferruginous variety of rutile. NIGRITIC Ni*grit"ic, a. (Ethnol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or having the characteristics of, negroes, or of the Negritos, Papuans, and the Melanesian races; negritic. NIGRITUDE Nig"ri*tude, n. Etym: [L. nigritudo, fr. niger black.] Defn: Blackness; the state of being black. Lamb. NIGROMANCIE Nig"ro*man`cie, n. Defn: Necromancy. [Obs.] NIGROMANCIEN Nig"ro*man`cien, n. Defn: A necromancer. [Obs.] These false enchanters or nigromanciens. Chaucer. NIGROSINE Ni"gro*sine ( or ), n. Etym: [From L. niger black.] (Chem.) Defn: A dark blue dyestuff, of the induline group; -- called also azodiphenyl blue. NIGUA Ni"gua, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The chigoe. NIHIL Ni"hil, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Nothing. Nihil album Etym: [L., white nothing] (Chem.), oxide of zinc. See under Zinc. -- Nihil debet Etym: [L., he owes nothing] (Law), the general issue in certain actions of debt. -- Nihil dicit Etym: [L., he says nothing] (Law), a declinature by the defendant to plead or answer. Tomlins. NIHILISM Ni"hil*ism, n. Etym: [L. nihil nothing: cf. F. nihilisme. See Annihilate.] 1. Nothingness; nihility. 2. The doctrine that nothing can be known; scepticism as to all knowledge and all reality. 3. (Politics) Defn: The theories and practices of the Nihilists. NIHILIST Ni"hil*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nihiliste. See Nihilism.] 1. One who advocates the doctrine of nihilism; one who believes or teaches that nothing can be known, or asserted to exist. 2. (Politics) Defn: A member of a secret association (esp. in Russia), which is devoted to the destruction of the present political, religious, and social institutions. NIHILISTIC Ni`hil*is"tic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or characterized by, nihilism. NIHILITY Ni*hil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nihilité. See Nihilism.] Defn: Nothingness; a state of being nothing. NIL Nil. Etym: [See Nill, v. t.] Defn: Will not. [Obs.] Chaucer. NIL Nil, n. & a. Etym: [L., a contr. of nihil.] Defn: Nothing; of no account; worthless; -- a term often used for canceling, in accounts or bookkeeping. A. J. Ellis. NILE Nile, n. Etym: [L. Nilus, gr. Defn: The great river of Egypt. Nile bird. (Zoöl.) (a) The wryneck. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The crocodile bird. -- Nile goose (Zoöl.), the Egyptian goose. See Note under Goose, 2. NILGAU Nil"gau, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: see Nylghau. NILL Nill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Nilling.] Etym: [AS. nilan, nyllan; ne not + willan to will. See No, and Will.] Defn: Not to will; to refuse; to reject. [Obs.] Certes, said he, I nill thine offered grace. Spenser. NILL Nill, v. i. Defn: To be unwilling; to refuse to act. The actions of the will are "velle" and "nolle," to will and nill. Burton. Will he, nill he, whether he wills it or not. NILL Nill, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. & Gael. neul star, light. Cf. Nebula.] 1. Shining sparks thrown off from melted brass. 2. Scales of hot iron from the forge. Knight. NILOMETER Ni*lom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. nilomètre.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the rise of water in the Nile during its periodical flood. NILOSCOPE Ni"lo*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A Nilometer. NILOTIC Ni*lot"ic, a. Etym: [L. Niloticus, fr. Nilus th Nile, Gr. nilotique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the river Nile; as, the Nilotic crocodile. NILT Nilt. Etym: [Contr. fr. ne wilt.] Defn: Wilt not. [Obs.] NIM Nim, v. t. [imp. Nam or Nimmed (; p. p. Nomen or Nome (.] Etym: [AS. niman. sq. root 7. Cf. Nimble.] Defn: To take; to steal; to filch. [Obs.] This canon it in his hand nam. Chaucer. NIMBIFEROUS Nim*bif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. nimbifer; nimbus a cloud + ferre to bear.] Defn: Serving to bring clouds or stormy weather. NIMBLE Nim"ble, a. [Compar. Nimbler; superl. Nimblest.] Etym: [OE. nimel, prob. orig., quick at seizing, fr. nimen to take, AS. niman; akin to D. nemen, G. nehmen, OHG. neman, Icel. nema, Goth. nima, and prob. to Gr. Nomand, Numb.] Defn: Light and quick in motion; moving with ease and celerity; lively; swift. Through the mid seas the nimble pinnace sails. Pope. Note: Nimble is sometimes used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, nimble-footed, nimble-pinioned, nimble-winged, etc. Nimble Will (Bot.), a slender, branching, American grass (Muhlenbergia diffusa), of some repute for grazing purposes in the Mississippi valley. Syn. -- Agile; quick; active; brisk; lively; prompt. NIMBLENESS Nim"ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being nimble; lightness and quickness in motion; agility; swiftness. NIMBLESS Nim"bless, n. Defn: Nimbleness. [Obs.] Spenser. NIMBLY Nim"bly, adv. Defn: In a nimble manner; with agility; with light, quick motion. NIMBOSE Nim*bose", a. Etym: [L. nimbosus, fr. nimbus cloud.] Defn: Cloudy; stormy; tempestuous. NIMBUS Nim"bus, n.; pl. L. Nimbi, E. Nimbuses. Etym: [L., a rain storm, a rain cloud, the cloudshaped which enveloped the gods when they appeared on earth.] 1. (Fine Arts) Defn: A circle, or disk, or any indication of radiant light around the heads of divinities, saints, and sovereigns, upon medals, pictures, etc.; a halo. See Aureola, and Glory, n., 5. Note: "The nimbus is of pagan origin." "As an atribute of power, the nimbus is often seen attached to the heads of evil spirits." Fairholl. 2. (Meteor.) Defn: A rain cloud; one of the four principal varieties of clouds. See Cloud. NIMIETY Ni*mi"e*ty, n. Etym: [L. nimietas, fr. nimius, a., nimis, adv., too much.] Defn: State of being in excess. [R.] There is a nimiety, a too-muchess, in all Germans. Coleridge. NIMIOUS Nim"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. nimius.] Defn: Excessive; extravagant; inordinate. [Obs.] NIMMER Nim"mer, n. Etym: [From Nim.] Defn: A thief. [Obs.] NIN Nin. Etym: [Fr. ne in.] Defn: Not in. [Obs.] Chaucer. NINCOMPOOP Nin"com*poop, n. Etym: [A corruption of non compos.] Defn: A fool; a silly or stupid person. [Law] An old ninnyhammer, a dotard, a nincompoop, is the best language she can afford me. Addison. NINE Nine, a. Etym: [OE. nine, nihen, AS. nigon, nigan; akin to D. & LG. negen, OS. & OFries. nigun, OHG. niun, G. neun, Icel. niu, sw. nio, Dan. ni, Goth. niun, Ir. & Gael. naoi, W. naw, L. novem, gr. navan; of unknown origin. Novembeer.] Defn: Eight and one more; one less than ten; as, nine miles. Nine men's morris. See Morris. -- Nine points circle (Geom.), a circle so related to any given triangle as to pass through the three points in which the perpendiculars from the angles of the triangle upon the opposite sides (or the sides produced) meet the sides. It also passes through the three middle points of the sides of the triangle and through the three middle points of those parts of the perpendiculars that are between their common point of meeting and the angles of the triangle. The circle is hence called the nine points or six points circle. NINE Nine, n. 1. The number greater than eight by a unit; nine units or objects. 2. A symbol representing nine units, as 9 or ix. The Nine, the nine Muses. NINE-BARK Nine"-bark`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A white-flowered rosaceous shrub (Neillia, or Spiræa, opulifolia), common in the Northern United States. The bark separates into many thin layers, whence the name. NINE-EYES Nine"-eyes`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lamprey. NINEFOLD Nine"fold`, a. Defn: Nine times repeated. NINEHOLES Nine"holes`, n. pl. Defn: A game in which nine holes are made in the ground, into which a ball is bowled. NINE-KILLER Nine"-kill`er, n. Etym: [So called because it is believed to kill and impale on thorns nine birds, etc., in succession.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The northern butcher bird. NINEPENCE Nine"pence, n.; pl. Ninepences (. 1. An old English silver coin, worth nine pence. 2. A New England name for the Spanish real, a coin formerly current in the United States, as valued at twelve and a half cents. NINEPINS Nine"pins, n. pl. Defn: A game played with nine pins, or pieces of wood, set on end, at which a wooden ball is bowled to knock them down; bowling. Note: In the United States, ten pins are used for this game, which is therefore often called tenpins. NINESCORE Nine"score`, a. Defn: Nine times twenty, or one hundred and eighty. -- n. Defn: The product of nine times twenty; ninescore units or objects. NINETEEN Nine"teen`, a. Etym: [AS. nigont, nigont. See Nine, and Ten.] Defn: Nine and ten; eighteen and one more; one less than twenty; as, nineteen months. NINETEEN Nine"teen`, n. 1. The number greater than eighteen by a unit; the sum of ten and nine; nineteen units or objects. 2. A symbol for nineteen units, as 19 or xix. NINETEENTH Nine"teenth`, a. Etym: [Cf. AS. nigonteó.] 1. Following the eighteenth and preceding the twentieth; coming after eighteen others. 2. Constituting or being one of nineteen equal parts into which anything is divided. NINETEENTH Nine"teenth`, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by nineteen; one of nineteen equal parts of anything. 2. The next in order after the eighteenth. 3. (Mus.) Defn: An interval of two octaves and a fifth. NINETIETH Nine"ti*eth, a. 1. Next in order after the eighty-ninth. 2. Constituting or being one of ninety equal parts. NINETIETH Nine"ti*eth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by ninety; one of ninety equal parts of anything. 2. The next in order after the eighty-ninth. NINETY Nine"ty, a. Etym: [See Nine, and cf. Forty.] Defn: Nine times ten; eighty-nine and one more; as, ninety men. NINETY Nine"ty, n.; pl. Nineties (. 1. The sum of nine times ten; the number greater by a unit than eighty-nine; ninety units or objects. 2. A symbol representing ninety units, as 90 or xc. NINNY Nin"ny, n.; pl. Ninnies. Etym: [Cf. It. ninno, ninna, a baby, Sp. niño, niña, child, infant, It. ninna, ninna nanna, lullably, prob. fr. ni, na, as used in singing a child to sleep.] Defn: A fool; a simpleton. Shak. NINNYHAMMER Nin"ny*ham`mer, n. Defn: A simpleton; a silly person. [Colloq.] Addison. NINTH Ninth, a. Etym: [From Nine; cf. AS. nigoedha.] 1. Following the eight and preceding the tenth; coming after eight others. 2. Constituting or being one of nine equal parts into which anything is divided. NINTH Ninth, n. 1. The quotient of one divided by nine; one of nine equal parts of a thing; the next after the eighth. 2. (Mus.) (a) An interval containing an octave and a second. (b) A chord of the dominant seventh with the ninth added. NINTHLY Ninth"ly, adv. Defn: In the ninth place. NINUT Nin"ut, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The magpie. [Prov. Eng.] NIOBATE Ni"o*bate, n. Etym: [See Niobium.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Columbate. NIOBE Ni"o*be, n. Etym: [L. Nioba, Niobe, gr. (Class, Myth.) Defn: The daughter of Tantalus, and wife of Amphion, king of Thebes. Her pride in her children provoked Apollo and Diana, who slew them all. Niobe herself was changed by the gods into stone. NIOBIC Ni*ob"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Columbic. NIOBITE Ni"o*bite, n. (Min.) Defn: Same as Columbite. NIOBIUM Ni*o"bi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. & E. Niobe.] (Chem.) Defn: A later name of columbium. See Columbium. NIOPO Ni*o"po, n. Defn: A kind of snuff prepared by the natives of Venezuela from the roasted seeds of a leguminous tree (Piptadenia peregrina), thence called niopo tree. NIP Nip, n. Etym: [LG. & D. nippen to sip; akin to Dan. nippe, G. nippen.] Defn: A sip or small draught; esp., a draught of intoxicating liquor; a dram. NIP Nip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nipped, less properly Nipt; p. pr. & vb. n. Nipping.] Etym: [OE. nipen; cf. D. niipen to pinch, also knippen to nip, clip, pinch, snap, knijpen to pinch, LG. knipen, G. kneipen, kneifen, to pinch, cut off, nip, Lith. knebti.] 1. To catch and inclose or compress tightly between two surfaces, or points which are brought together or closed; to pinch; to close in upon. May this hard earth cleave to the Nadir hell, Down, down, and close again, and nip me flat, If I be such a traitress. Tennyson. 2. To remove by pinching, biting, or cutting with two meeting edges of anything; to clip. The small shoots ... must be nipped off. Mortimer. 3. Hence: To blast, as by frost; to check the growth or vigor of; to destroy. 4. To vex or pain, as by nipping; hence, to taunt. And sharp remorse his heart did prick and nip. Spenser. To nip in the bud, to cut off at the verycommencement of growth; to kill in the incipient stage. NIP Nip, n. 1. A seizing or closing in upon; a pinching; as, in the northern seas, the nip of masses of ice. 2. A pinch with the nails or teeth. 3. A small cut, or a cutting off the end. 4. A blast; a killing of the ends of plants by frost. 5. A biting sarcasm; a taunt. Latimer. 6. (Naut.) Defn: A short turn in a rope. Nip and tuck, a phrase signifying equality in a contest. [Low, U.S.] NIPPER Nip"per, n. 1. One who, or that which, nips. 2. A fore tooth of a horse. The nippers are four in number. 3. A satirist. [Obs.] Ascham. 4. A pickpocket; a young or petty thief. [Old Cant] 5. (Zoöl.) (a) The cunner. (b) A European crab (Polybius Henslowii). NIPPERKIN Nip"per*kin, n. Etym: [See 1st Nip.] Defn: A small cup. [Obs.] NIPPERS Nip"pers, n. pl. Etym: [From 2d Nip.] 1. Small pinchers for holding, breaking, or cutting. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A device with fingers or jaws for seizing an object and holding or conveying it; as, in a printing press, a clasp for catching a sheet and conveying it to the form. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A number of rope-yarns wound together, used to secure a cable to the messenger. NIPPING Nip"ping, a. Defn: Biting; pinching; painful; destructive; as, a nipping frost; a nipping wind. NIPPINGLY Nip"ping*ly, adv. Defn: In a nipping manner. NIPPITATE Nip"pi*tate, a. Etym: [Cf. 1st Nip.] Defn: Peculiary strong and good; -- said of ale or liquor. [Old Cant] 'T will make a cup of wine taste nippitate. Chapman. NIPPITATO Nip`pi*ta"to, n. Defn: Strong liquor. [Old Cant] Beau. & Fl. NIPPLE Nip"ple, n. Etym: [Formerly neble, a dim. of neb. See Neb, Nib.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The protuberance through which milk is drawn from the breast or mamma; the mammilla; a teat; a pap. 2. The orifice at which any animal liquid, as the oil from an oil bag, is discharged. [R.] Derham. 3. Any small projection or article in which there is an orifice for discharging a fluid, or for other purposes; as, the nipple of a nursing bottle; the nipple of a percussion lock, or that part on which the cap is put and through which the fire passes to the charge. 4. (Mech.) Defn: A pipe fitting, consisting of a short piece of pipe, usually provided with a screw thread at each end, for connecting two other fittings. Solder nipple, a short pipe, usually of brass, one end of which is tapered and adapted for attachment to the end of a lead pipe by soldering. NIPPLEWORT Nip"ple*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A yellow-flowered composite herb (Lampsana communis), formerly used as an external application to the nipples of women; -- called also dock-cress. NIRVANA Nir*va"na, n. Etym: [Skr. nirvansa.] Defn: In the Buddhist system of religion, the final emancipation of the soul from transmigration, and consequently a beatific enfrachisement from the evils of wordly existence, as by annihilation or absorption into the divine. See Buddhism. NIS Nis. Etym: [From ne is.] Defn: Is not. [Obs.] Chaucer. NISAN Ni"san, n. Etym: [Heb. nisan.] Defn: The first month of the jewish ecclesiastical year, formerly answering nearly to the month of April, now to March, of the Christian calendar. See Abib. NISEY Ni"sey, n.; pl. Nyseys. Defn: A simpleton. [Obs.] NISI Ni"si, conj. Etym: [L.] Defn: Unless; if not. Note: In legal proceedings, this word is used to indicate that any order, etc., shall take effect at a given time, unless before that time the order, etc., in modified, or something else is done to prevent its taking effect. Continuance nisi is a conditional continuance of the case till the next term of the court, unless otherwise disposed of in the mean time. Nisi prius (Law), unless before; -- a phrase applied to terms of court, held generally by a single judge, with a jury, for the trial of civil causes. The term originated in a legal fiction. An issue of fact being made up, it is, according to the English practice, appointed by the entry on the record, or written proceedings, to be tried by a jury from the county of which the proceedings are dated, at Westminster, unless before the day appointed (nisi prius) the judges shall have come to the county in question (which they always do) and there try the cause. See In banc, under Banc. NISTE Nis"te. Etym: [Contr. from ne wiste.] Defn: Wist not; knew not. [Obs.] Chaucer. NISUS Ni"sus, n. Etym: [L., fr. niti, p.p. nisus, to strive.] Defn: A striving; an effort; a conatus. A nisus or energizing towards a presented object. Hickok. NIT Nit, n. Etym: [AS. hnitu; akin to D. neet, G. niss, OHG. niz; cf. gr. gnit, Sw. gnet, Dan. gnid, Russ. & Pol. gnida, Bohem. hnida, W. nedd.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The egg of a louse or other small insect. Nit grass (Bot.), a pretty annual European grass (Gastridium lendigerum), with small spikelets somewhat resembling a nit. It is also found in California and Chili. NITENCY Ni"ten*cy, n. Etym: [L. nitens, p.pr. of nitere to shine.] Defn: Brightness; luster. [R.] NITENCY Ni"ten*cy, n. Etym: [From :. nitens, p.pr. pf niti to strive.] Defn: Endeavor; rffort; tendency. [R.] Boyle. NITER; NITRE Ni"ter, Ni"tre, n. Etym: [F. nitre, L. nitrum native soda, natron, Gr. nit, natr natron. Cf. Natron.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline semitransparent salt; potassium nitrate; saltpeter. See Saltpeter. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Native sodium carbonate; natron. [Obs.] For though thou wash thee with niter, and take thee much soap, yet thine iniquity is marked before me. Jer. ii. 22. Cubic niter, a deliquescent salt, sodium nitrate, found as a native incrustation, like niter, in Peru and Chili, whence it is known also as Chili saltpeter. -- Niter bush (Bot.), a genus (Nitraria) of thorny shrubs bearing edible berries, and growing in the saline plains of Asia and Northern Africa. NITHING Nith"ing, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Niding. NITID Nit"id, a. Etym: [L. nitidus, fr. nitere. See 3d Neat.] 1. Bright; lustrous; shining. [R.] Boyle. 2. Gay; spruce; fine; -- said of persons. [R.] T. Reeve. NITRANILIC Ni`tra*nil"ic, a. Etym: [Nitro- + chloranil + -ic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a complex organic acid produced as a white crystalline substance by the action of nitrous acid on hydroquinone. NITRANILINE Ni*tran"i*line ( or ), n. Etym: [Nitro- + aniline.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of nitro derivatives of aniline. In general they are yellow crystalline substances. NITRATE Ni"trate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nitrate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of nitric acid. Nitrate of silver, a white crystalline salt (AgNO3), used in photography and as a cauterizing agent; -- called also lunar caustic. NITRATED Ni"tra*ted, a. 1. (Chem.) Defn: Combined, or impregnated, with nitric acid, or some of its compounds. 2. (Photog.) Defn: Prepared with nitrate of silver. NITRATINE Ni"tra*tine, n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in transparent crystals, usually of a white, sometimes of a reddish gray, or lemon-yellow, color; native sodium nitrate. It is used in making nitric acid and for manure. Called also soda niter. NITRE Ni"tre, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Niter. NITRIARY Ni"tri*a*ry, n. Etym: [See Niter.] Defn: An artificial bed of animal matter for the manufacture of niter by nitrification. See Nitrification, 2. NITRIC Ni"tric, a. Etym: [Cf. F. nitrique. See Niter.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, nitrogen; specifically, designating any one of those compounds in which, as contrasted with nitrous compounds, the element has a higher valence; as, nitric oxide; nitric acid. Nitric acid, a colorless or yellowish liquid obtained by distilling a nitrate with sulphuric acid. It is powerfully corrosive, being a strong acid, and in decomposition a strong oxidizer. -- Nitric anhydride, a white crystalline oxide of nitrogen (N2O5), called nitric pentoxide, and regarded as the anhydride of nitric acid. -- Nitric oxide, a colorless poisous gas (NO) obtained by treating nitric acid with copper. On contact with the air or with oxygen, it becomes reddish brown from the formation of nitric dioxide or peroxide. NITRIDE Ni"tride ( or ), n. Etym: [fromNitrogen.] (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of nitrogen with a more metallic element or radical; as, boric nitride. NITRIFEROUS Ni*trif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Niter + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing niter; yielding, or containing, niter. NITRIFICATION Ni`tri*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nitrification. see Nitrify.] 1. (Chem.) (a) The act, process, or result of combining with nitrogen or some of its compounds. (b) The act or process of oxidizing nitrogen or its compounds so as to form nitrous or nitric acid. 2. A process of oxidation, in which nitrogenous vegetable and animal matter in the presence of air, moisture, and some basic substances, as lime or alkali carbonate, is converted into nitrates. Note: The process is going on at all times in porous soils and in water contaminated with nitrogenous matter, and is supposed to be due to the presence of an organized ferment or ferments, called nitrification ferments. In former times the process was extensively made use of in the production of saltpeter. NITRIFIER Ni"tri*fi`er, n. (Chem.) Defn: An agent employed in nitrification. NITRIFY Ni"tri*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nitrified; p. pr. & vb. n. Nitrifying.] Etym: [Niter + -fy: cf. F. nitrifer. See Niter.] (Chem.) Defn: To combine or impregnate with nitrogen; to convert, by oxidation, into nitrous or nitric acid; to subject to, or produce by, nitrification. NITRILE Ni"trile ( or ), n. Etym: [See Nitro-.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of cyanogen compounds; particularly, one of those cyanides of alcohol radicals which, by boiling with acids or alkalies, produce a carboxyl acid, with the elimination of the nitrogen as ammonia. Note: The nitriles are named with reference to the acids produced by their decomposition, thus, hydrocyanic acid is formic nitrile, and methyl cyanide is acetic nitrile. NITRITE Ni"trite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nitrite. See Niter.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of nitrous acid. Amyl nitrite, a yellow oily volatile liquid, used in medicine as a depressant and a vaso-dilator. Its inhalation produces an instantaneous flushing of the face. NITRO- Ni"tro- (. 1. A combining form or an adjective denoting the presence of niter. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (used also adjectively) designating certain compounds of nitrogen or of its acids, as nitrohydrochloric, nitrocalcite; also, designating the group or radical NO2, or its compounds, as nitrobenzene. Nitro group, the radical NO2; -- called also nitroxyl. NITROBENZENE Ni`tro*ben"zene ( or ), n. Etym: [Nitro- + benzene.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow aromatic liquid (C6H5.NO2), produced by the action of nitric acid on benzene, and called from its odor imitation oil of bitter almonds, or essence of mirbane. It is used in perfumery, and is manufactured in large quantities in the preparation of aniline. Fornerly called also nitrobenzol. NITROBENZOL; NITROBENZOLE Ni`tro*ben"zol, Ni`tro*ben"zole, (, n. Defn: See Nitrobenzene. NITROCALCITE Ni`tro*cal"cite, n. Etym: [Nitro- + calcite.] (Min.) Defn: Nitrate of calcium, a substance having a grayish white color, occuring in efforescences on old walls, and in limestone caves, especially where there exists decaying animal matter. NITROCARBOL Ni`tro*car"bol, n. Etym: [Nitro- + carbon + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: See Nitromethane. NITROCELLULOSE Ni`tro*cel"lu*lose`, n. Etym: [Nitro- + cellulose.] (Chem.) Defn: See Gun cotton, under Gun. NITRO-CHLOROFORM Ni`tro-chlo"ro*form, n. Etym: [Nitro- + chloroform.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Chlorpicrin. NITROFORM Ni"tro*form, n. Etym: [Nitro- + formyl.] (Chem.) Defn: A nitro derivative of methane, analogous to chloroform, obtained as a colorless oily or crystalline substance, CH.(NO2)3, quite explosive, and having well-defined acid properties. NITROGELATIN Ni`tro*gel"a*tin, n. Etym: [Nitro- + gelatin.] Defn: An explosive consisting of gun cotton and camphor dissolved in nitroglycerin. [Written also nitrogelatine.] NITROGEN Ni`tro*gen, n. Etym: [L. nitrum natron + -gen: cf. F. nitrogène. See Niter.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless nonmetallic element, tasteless and odorless, comprising four fifths of the atmosphere by volume. It is chemically very inert in the free state, and as such is incapable of supporting life (hence the name azote still used by French chemists); but it forms many important compounds, as ammonia, nitric acid, the cyanides, etc, and is a constituent of all organized living tissues, animal or vegetable. Symbol N. Atomic weight 14. It was formerly regarded as a permanent noncondensible gas, but was liquefied in 1877 by Cailletet of Paris, and Pictet of Geneva. NITROGENIZE Ni"tro*gen*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nitrogenized; p. pr. & vb. n. Nitrogenizing.] (Chem.) Defn: To combine, or impregnate, with nitrogen or its compounds. NITROGENOUS Ni*trog"e*nous, a. (Chem.) Defn: of, pertaining to, or resembling, nitrogen; as, a nitrogenous principle; nitrogenous compounds. Nitrogenous foods. See 2d Note under Food, n., 1. NITROGLYCERIN Ni`tro*glyc"er*in, n. Etym: [Nitro- + glycerinn.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid appearing like a heavy oil, colorless or yellowish, and consisting of a mixture of several glycerin salts of nitric acid, and hence more properly called glycerin nitrate. It is made by the action of nitric acid on glycerin in the presence of sulphuric acid. It is extremely unstable and terribly explosive. A very dilute solution is used in medicine as a neurotic under the name of glonion. [Written also nitroglycerine.] Note: A great number of explosive compounds have been produced by mixing nitroglycerin with different substances; as, dynamite, or giant powder, nitroglycerin mixed with siliceous earth; lithofracteur, nitroglycerin with gunpowder, or with sawdust and nitrate of sodium or barium; Colonia powder, gunpowder with nitroglycerin; dualin, nitroglycerin with sawdust, or with sawdust and nitrate of potassium and some other substances; lignose, wood fiber and nitroglycerin. NITROHYDROCHLORIC Ni`tro*hy`dro*chlo"ric, a. Etym: [Nitro- + hydrochloric.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, nitric and hydrochloric acids. Nitrohydrochloric acid, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, usually in the proportion of one part of the former to three of the latter, and remarkable for its solvent action on gold and platinum; -- called also nitromuriatic acid, and aqua regia. NITROL Ni"trol, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of hydrocarbons containing the nitro and the nitroso or isonitroso group united to the same carbon atom. NITROLEUM Ni*tro"le*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. nitrum natron + oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: Nitroglycerin. NITROLIC Ni*trol"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: of, derived from, or designating, a nitrol; as, a nitrolic acid. NITROMAGNESITE Ni`tro*mag"ne*site, n. Etym: [Nitro- + magnesite.] (Chem.) Defn: Nitrate of magnesium, a saline efflorescence closely resembling nitrate of calcium. NITROMETER Ni*trom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Nitro- + -meter: cf. F. nitromètre.] (Chem.) Defn: An apparatus for determining the amount of nitrogen or some of its compounds in any substance subjected to analysis; an azotometer. NITROMETHANE Ni`tro*meth"ane, n. Etym: [Nitro- + methane.] (Chem.) Defn: A nitro derivative of methane obtained as a mobile liquid; -- called also nitrocarbol. NITROMURIATIC Ni`tro*mu`ri*at"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. nitromuriatique. See Nitro-, and Muriatic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or composed of, nitric acid and muriatic acid; nitrohydrochloric. See Nitrohydrochloric. NITROPHNOL Ni`tro*ph"nol, n. Etym: [Nitro- + phenol.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of nitro derivatives of phenol. They are yellow oily or crystalline substances and have well-defined acid properties, as picric acid. NITROPRUSSIC Ni`tro*prus"sic ( or , a. Etym: [Nitro- + prussic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, a complex acid called nitroprussic acid, obtained indirectly by the action of nitric acid on potassium ferrocyanide (yellow prussiate), as a red crystalline unstable substance. It forms salts called nitroprussides, which give a rich purple color with alkaline subphides. NITROPRUSSIDE Ni`tro*prus"side, n. Defn: See Nitroprussic. NITROQUINOL Ni`tro*qui"nol, n. Etym: [Nitro- + quine + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical nitro derivative of quinol or hydroquinone, not known in the free state, but forming a well defined series of derivatives. NITROSACCHARIN Ni`tro*sac"cha*rin, n. Etym: [Nitro- + saccharin.] (Chem.) Defn: An explosive nitro derivative of certain sugars, analogous to nitroglycerin, gun cotton, etc. NITROSALICYLIC Ni`tro*sal`i*cyl"ic, a. Etym: [Nitro- + salicylic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a nitro derivative of salicylic acid, called also anilic acid. NITROSE Ni*trose", a. (Chem.) Defn: See Nitrous. NITROSO- Ni*tro"so- Defn: (. (Chem.) A prefix (also used adjectively) designating the group or radical NO, called the nitroso group, or its compounds. NITROSYL Ni*tro"syl, n. Etym: [Nitroso- + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: the radical NO, called also the nitroso group. The term is sometimes loosely used to designate certain nitro compounds; as, nitrosyl sulphuric acid. Used also adjectively. NITROSYLIC Ni`tro*syl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, nitrosyl; as, nitrosylic acid. NITROUS Ni"trous, a. Etym: [L. nitrosus full of natron: cf. F. nitreux. See Niter.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or containing, niter; of the quality of niter, or resembling it. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, any one of those compounds in which nitrogen has a relatively lower valence as contrasted with nitric compounds. Nitrous acid (Chem.), a hypothetical acid of nitrogen HNO2, not known in the free state, but forming a well known series of salts, viz., the nitrites. -- Nitrous oxide. See Laughing gas. NITROXYL Ni*trox"yl, n. Etym: [Nitro- + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The group NO2, usually called the nitro group. NITRUM Ni"trum, n. Etym: [L., natron. See Niter.] (Old Chem.) Defn: Niter. Nitrum flammans Etym: [L., flaming niter] (Old Chem.), ammonium nitrate; -- probably so called because it deflagerates when suddenly heated. NITRY Ni"try, a. (Chem.) Defn: Nitrous. [Obs.] NITRYL Ni"tryl, n. Etym: [Nitro- + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A name sometimes given to the nitro group or radical. NITTER Nit"ter, n. Etym: [From Nit.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The horselouse; an insect that deposits nits on horses. NITTILY Nit"ti*ly, adv. Defn: Lousily. [Obs.] Haywar NITTINGS Nit"tings, n. pl. Etym: [Prob. from Nit.] (Mining) Defn: The refuse of good ore. Raymond. NITTY Nit"ty, a. Defn: Full of nits. B. Jonson. NITTY Nit"ty, a. Etym: [L. nitidus. See Nitid.] Defn: Shining; elegant; spruce. [Obs.] "O sweet, nitty youth." Marston. NIVAL Ni"val, a. Etym: [L. nivalis, fr. nix, nivis, snow.] Defn: Abounding with snow; snowy. [Obs.] Johnson. NIVEOUS Niv"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. niveus, fr. nix, nivis, snow.] Defn: Snowy; resembling snow; partaking of the qualities of snow. Sir T. Browne. NIVOSE Ni`vose", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. nix. nivis, snow.] Defn: The fourth month of the French republican calendar [1792-1806]. It commenced December 21, and ended January 19. See VendÉmiaire. NIX Nix, n.; fem. Nixe (. Etym: [G. Cf. 1st Nick.] (Teut. Myth.) Defn: One of a class of water spirits, commonly described as of a mischievous disposition. The treacherous nixes who entice men to a watery death. Tylor. NIXIE Nix"ie, n. Defn: See Nix. NIXIE CLERK Nixie clerk. Defn: A post-office clerk in charge of the nixies. NIZAM Ni*zam", n. Etym: [Hind. & Ar. nizam order, a ruler, fr. Ar. nazama arrange, govern.] Defn: The title of the native sovereigns of Hyderabad, in India, since 1719. NO No, a. Etym: [OE. no, non, the same word as E. none; cf. E. a, an. See None.] Defn: Not any; not one; none. Let there be no strife ... between me and thee. Gen. xiii. 8. That goodness is no name, and happiness no dream. Byron. Note: In Old England before a vowel the form non or noon was used. "No man." "Noon apothercary." Chaucer. NO No, adv. Etym: [OE. no, na, AS. na; ne not + a ever. AS. ne is akin to OHG. ni, Goth. ni, Russ. ne, Ir., Gael. & W. ni, L. ne, gr. nh (in comp.), Skr. na, and also to E. prefix un-. sq. root 193. See Aye, and cf. Nay, Not, Nice, Nefarious.] Defn: Nay; not; not at all; not in any respect or degree; -- a word expressing negation, denial, or refusal. Before or after another negative, no is emphatic. We do no otherwise than we are willed. Shak. I am perplx'd and doubtful whether or no I dare accept this your congratulation. Coleridge. There is none righteous, no, not one. Rom. iii. 10. No! Nay, Heaven forbid. Coleridge. NO No, n.; pl. Noes (. 1. A refusal by use of the wordd no; a denial. 2. A negative vote; one who votes in the negative; as, to call for the ayes and noes; the noes have it. NOACHIAN No*a"chi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the patriarch Noah, or to his time. NOAH No"ah, n. Etym: [Heb. Noakh rest.] Defn: A patriarch of Biblical history, in the time of the Deluge. Noah's ark. (a) (Zoöl.) A marine bivalve shell (Arca Noæ), which somewhat resembles an ark, or ship, in form. (b) A child's toy, consisting of an ark-shaped box containing many different wooden animals. NOB Nob, n. Etym: [Cf. Knob.] Defn: The head. [Low] NOB Nob, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. noble.] Defn: A person in a superior position in life; a nobleman. [Slang] NOBBILY Nob"bi*ly, adv. Defn: In a nobby manner. [Slang] NOBBLER Nob"bler, n. Defn: A dram of spirits. [Australia] NOBBY Nob"by, a. Etym: [From 2d Nob.] Defn: Stylish; modish; elegant; showy; aristocratic; fashionable. [Slang] NOBEL PRIZES No*bel" prizes. Defn: Prizes for the encouragement of men and women who work for the interests of humanity, established by the will of A. B. Nobel (1833- 96), the Swedish inventor of dynamite, who left his entire estate for this purpose. They are awarded yearly for what is regarded as the most important work during the year in physics, chemistry, medicine or physiology, idealistic literature, and service in the interest of peace. The prizes, averaging $40,000 each, were first awarded in 1901. NOBERT'S LINES No"bert's lines. [After F. A. Nobert, German manufacturer in Pomerania.] Defn: Fine lines ruled on glass in a series of groups of different closeness of line, and used to test the power of a microscope. NOBILIARY No*bil"ia*ry, a. Etym: [F. nobiliare. See Noble.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the nobility. Fitzed. Hall. NOBILIARY No*bil"ia*ry, n. Defn: A history of noble families. NOBILIFY No*bil"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. nobilis noble + -fy.] Defn: To make noble; to nobiliate. [Obs.] NOBILI'S RINGS No"bi*li's rings. [After Leopoldo Nobili, an Italian physicist who first described them in 1826.] (Physics) Defn: Colored rings formed upon a metal plate by the electrolytic disposition of copper, lead peroxide, etc. They may be produced by touching with a pointed zinc rod a silver plate on which is a solution of copper sulphate. NOBILITATE No*bil"i*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. nobilitatus, p.p. of nobilitare.] Defn: To make noble; to ennoble; to exalt. [Obs.] NOBILITATION No*bil`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. nobilitation.] Defn: The act of making noble. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. NOBILITY No*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. nobilitas: cf. OF. nobilité. See Noble.] 1. The quality or state of being noble; superiority of mind or of character; commanding excellence; eminence. Though she hated Amphialus, yet the nobility of her courage prevailed over it. Sir P. Sidney. They thought it great their sovereign to control, And named their pride nobility of soul. Dryden. 2. The state of being of high rank or noble birth; patrician dignity; antiquity of family; distinction by rank, station, or title, whether inherited or conferred. I fell on the same argument of preferring virtue to nobility of blood and titles, in the story of Sigismunda. Dryden. 3. Those who are noble; the collictive body of nobles or titled persons in a stste; the aristocratic and patrician class; the peerage; as, the English nobility. NOBLE No"ble, a. [Compar. Nobler; superl. Noblest.] Etym: [F. noble, fr. L. nobilis that can be or is known, well known, famous, highborn, noble, fr.noscere to know. See know.] 1. Possessing eminence, elevation, dignity, etc.; above whatever is low, mean, degrading, or dishonorable; magnanimous; as, a noble nature or action; a noble heart. Statues, with winding ivy crowned, belong To nobler poets for a nobler song. Dryden. 2. Grand; stately; magnificent; splendid; as, a noble edifice. 3. Of exalted rank; of or pertaining to the nobility; distinguished from the masses by birth, station, or title; highborn; as, noble blood; a noble personage. Note: Noble is used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, noble-born, noble-hearted, noble-minded. Noble metals (Chem.), silver, gold, and platinum; -- so called from their freedom from oxidation and permanence in air. Copper, mercury, aluminium, palladium, rhodium, iridium, and osmium are sometimes included. Syn. -- Honorable; worthy; dignified; elevated; exalted; superior; sublime; great; eminent; illustrious; renowned; stately; splendid; magnificent; grand; magnanimous; generous; liberal; free. NOBLE No"ble, n. 1. A person of rank above a commoner; a nobleman; a peer. 2. An English money of account, and, formerly, a gold coin, of the value of 6 s. 8 d. sterling, or about $1.61. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European fish; the lyrie. NOBLE No"ble, v. t. Defn: To make noble; to ennoble. [Obs.] Thou nobledest so far forth our nature. Chaucer. NOBLEMAN No"ble*man, n.; pl. Noblemen (. Defn: One of the nobility; a noble; a peer; one who enjoys rank above a commoner, either by virtue of birth, by office, or by patent. NOBLE-MINDED No"ble-mind`ed, a. Defn: Having a noble mind; honorable; magnanimous. -- No"ble-mind`ed*ness, n. NOBLENESS No"ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being noble; greatness; dignity; magnanimity; elevation of mind, character, or station; nobility; grandeur; stateliness. His purposes are full honesty, nobleness, and integrity. Jer. Taylor. NOBLESS; NOBLESSE No*bless", No*blesse", n. Etym: [F. noblesse. See Noble.] 1. Dignity; greatness; noble birth or condition. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. B. Jonson. 2. The nobility; persons of noble rank collectively, including males and females. Dryden. NOBLEWOMAN No"ble*wom`an, n.; pl. Noblewomen (. Defn: A female of noble rank; a peeress. NOBLEY No"bley, n. Etym: [OF. nobleie.] 1. The body of nobles; the nobility. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Noble birth; nobility; dignity. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOBLY No"bly, adv. 1. Of noble extraction; as, nobly born or descended. 2. In a noble manner; with greatness of soul; heroically; with magnanimity; as, a deed nobly done. 3. Splendidly; magnificently. Syn. -- Illustriously; honorably; magnanimously; heroically; worthly; eminently; grandly. NOBODY No"bod*y, n.; pl. Nobodies. Etym: [No, a. + body.] 1. No person; no one; not anybody. 2. Hence: A person of no influence or importance; an insignificant or contemptible person. [Colloq.] NOCAKE No"cake, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. Indian nookhik meal. Palfrey.] Defn: Indian corn parched, and beaten to powder, -- used for food by the Northern American Indians. NOCENT No"cent, a. Etym: [L. nocens, p.pr. of nocere to hurt. See Nuisance, Noxious.] 1. Doing hurt, or having a tendency to hurt; hurtful; mischievous; noxious; as, nocent qualities. I. Watts. 2. Guilty; -- the opposite of innocent. [Obs.] Foxe. NOCENT No"cent, n. Defn: A criminal. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. NOCENTLY No"cent*ly, adv. Defn: Hurtfully; injuriosly. [R.] NOCIVE No"cive, a. Etym: [L. nocivus, fr. nocere to hurt.] Defn: Hurtful; injurious. [R.] Hooker. NOCK Nock, n. Etym: [See Notch.] 1. A notch. He took his arrow by the nock. Chapman. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The upper fore corner of a boom sail or of a trysail. NOCK Nock, v. t. Defn: To notch; to fit to the string, as an arrow; to string, as a bow. Chapman. NOCTAMBULATION Noc*tam`bu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. nox, noctis, night + ambulare to walk: cf. F. noctambulation.] Defn: Somnambulism; walking in sleep. Quain. NOCTAMBULISM Noc*tam"bu*lism, n. Defn: Somnambulism. NOCTAMBULIST Noc*tam"bu*list, n. Defn: A somnambulist. NOCTAMBULO Noc*tam"bu*lo, n. Defn: A noctambulist. [Obs.] NOCTIDIAL Noc*tid"i*al, a. Etym: [L. nox, noctos, night + dies day.] Defn: Comprising a night and a day; a noctidial day. [R.] Holder. NOCTIFEROUS Noc*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. noctifer; nox, noctis + ferre to bring.] Defn: Bringing night. [Obs.] Johnson. NOCTILIONID Noc*til"i*o*nid, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American bat of the genus Noctilio, having cheek pouches and large incisor teeth. NOCTILUCA Noc`ti*lu"ca, n.; pl. NoctilucÆ. Etym: [L. noctiluca something that shines by night, fr. nox, noctis, night + lucere to shine, lux light.] 1. (Old Chem.) Defn: That which shines at night; -- a fanciful name for phosphorus. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine flagellate Infusoria, remarkable for their unusually large size and complex structure, as well as for their phosphorescence. The brilliant diffuse phosphorescence of the sea is often due to myriads of Noctilucæ. NOCTILUCIN Noc*ti*lu"cin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fatlike substance in certain marine animals, to which they owe their phosphorescent properties. NOCTILUCINE Noc`ti*lu"cine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Noctiluca. NOCTILUCOUS Noc`ti*lu"cous, a. Defn: Shining in the night. NOCTIVAGANT Noc*tiv"a*gant, a. Etym: [L. nox, noctis, night + vagans, p.pr. of vagari to wander about.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Going about in the night; night-wandering. NOCTIVAGATION Noc*tiv`a*ga"tion, n. Defn: A roving or going about in the night. Gayton. NOCTIVAGOUS Noc*tiv"a*gous, a. Etym: [L. noctivagus; nox, noctis + vagus wandering.] Defn: Noctivagant. NOCTOGRAPH Noc"to*graph, n. Etym: [L. nox, noctis, night + -graph.] 1. A kind of writing frame for the blind. 2. An instrument or register which records the presence of watchmen on their beats. Knight. NOCTUARY Noc"tu*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. noctu by night.] Defn: A record of what passes in the night; a nightly journal; -- distinguished from diary. [R.] Addison. NOCTUID Noc"tu*id, n. Etym: [From L. nox, noctis, night.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous moths of the family Noctuidæ, or Noctuælitæ, as the cutworm moths, and armyworm moths; -- so called because they fly at night. -- a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the noctuids, or family Noctuidæ. NOCTULE Noc"tule, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. noctua a night owl, fr. nox, noctis, night.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large European bat (Vespertilio, or Noctulina, altivolans). NOCTURN Noc"turn, n. Etym: [F. nocturne, fr. L. nocturnus. See Nocturnal, and cf. Nocturne.] 1. An office of devotion, or act of religious service, by night. 2. One of the portions into which the Psalter was divided, each consisting of nine psalms, designed to be used at a night service. Hook. NOCTURNAL Noc*tur"nal, a. Etym: [L. nocturnalis, nocturnus, fr. nox, noctis, night. See Night, and cf. Nocturn.] 1. Of, pertaining to, done or occuring in, the night; as, nocturnal darkness, cries, expedition, etc.; -- opposed to Ant: diurnal. Dryden. 2. Having a habit of seeking food or moving about at night; as, nocturnal birds and insects. NOCTURNAL Noc*tur"nal, n. Defn: An instrument formerly used for taking the altitude of the stars, etc., at sea. I. Watts. NOCTURNALLY Noc*tur"nal*ly, adv. Defn: By night; nightly. NOCTURNE Noc*turne", n. Etym: [F. See Nocturn.] (Mus.) Defn: A night piece, or serenade. The name is now used for a certain graceful and expressive form of instrumental composition, as the nocturne for orchestra in Mendelsohn's "Midsummer-Night's Dream" music. NOCUMENT Noc"u*ment, n. Etym: [LL. nocumentum, fr. L. nocere to hurt.] Defn: Harm; injury; detriment. [Obs.] NOCUOUS Noc"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. nocuus, fr. nocere to hurt.] Defn: Hurtful; noxious. [R.] -- Noc"u*ous*ly, adv. [R.] NOD Nod, v. i. Etym: [OE. nodden; cf. OHG. kn, genuot, to shake, and E. nudge.] 1. To bend or incline the upper part, with a quick motion; as, nodding plumes. 2. To incline the head with a quick motion; to make a slight bow; to make a motion of assent, of salutation, or of drowsiness, with the head; as, to nod at one. 3. To be drowsy or dull; to be careless. Nor is it Homer nods, but we that dream. Pope. NOD Nod, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nodded; p. pr. & vb. n. Nodding.] 1. To incline or bend, as the head or top; to make a motion of assent, of salutation, or of drowsiness with; as, to nod the head. 2. To signify by a nod; as, to nod approbation. 3. To cause to bend. [Poetic] By every wind that nods the mountain pine. Keats. NOD Nod, n. 1. A dropping or bending forward of the upper oart or top of anything. Like a drunken sailor on a mast, Ready with every nod to tumble down. Shak. 2. A quick or slight downward or forward motion of the head, in assent, in familiar salutation, in drowsiness, or in giving a signal, or a command. A look or a nod only ought to correct them [the children] when they do amiss. Locke. Nations obey my word and wait my nod. Prior. The land of Nod, sleep. NODAL Nod"al, a. Defn: Of the nature of, or relating to, a node; as, a nodal point. Nodal line, Nodal point, in a vibrating plate or cord, that line or point which remains at rest while the other parts of the body are in a state of vibration. NODATED No"da*ted, a. Etym: [L. nodatus, p.p. of nodare to make knotty, fr. nodus knot. See Node.] Defn: Knotted. Nodated hyperbola (Geom.), a certain curve of the third order having two branches which cross each other, forming a node. NODATION No*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. nodatio knottiness.] Defn: Act of making a knot, or state of being knotted. [R.] NODDER Nod"der, n. Defn: One who nods; a drowsy person. NODDING Nod"ding, a. Defn: Curved so that the apex hangs down; having the top bent downward. NODDLE Nod"dle, n. Etym: [OE. nodil, nodle; perh. fr. nod, because the head is the nodding part of the body, or perh. akin to E. knot; cf. Prov. E. nod the nape of the neck.] 1. The head; -- used jocosely or contemptuously. Come, master, I have a project in my noddle. L'Estrange. 2. The back part of the head or neck. [Obs.] For occasion ... turneth a bald noddle, after she hath presented her locks in front, and no hold taken. Bacon. NODDY Nod"dy, n.; pl. Noddies. Etym: [Prob. fr. nod to incline the head, either as in assent, or from drowsiness.] 1. A simpleton; a fool. L'Estrange. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Any tern of the genus Anous, as A. stolidus. (b) The arctic fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). Sometimes also applied to other sea birds. 3. An old game at cards. Halliwell. 4. A small two-wheeled one-horse vehicle. 5. An inverted pendulum consisting of a short vertical flat spring which supports a rod having a bob at the top; -- used for detecting and measuring slight horizontal vibrations of a body to which it is attached. NODE Node, n. Etym: [L. nodus; perh. akin to E. knot. Cf. Noose, Nowed.] 1. A knot, a knob; a protuberance; a swelling. 2. Specifically: (a) (Astron.) One of the two points where the orbit of a planet, or comet, intersects the ecliptic, or the orbit of a satellite intersects the plane of the orbit of its primary. (b) (Bot.) The joint of a stem, or the part where a leaf or several leaves are inserted. (c) (Dialing) A hole in the gnomon of a dial, through which passes the ray of light which marks the hour of the day, the parallels of the sun's declination, his place in the ecliptic, etc. (d) (Geom.) The point at which a curve crosses itself, being a double point of the curve. See Crunode, and Acnode. (e) (Mech.) The point at which the lines of a funicular machine meet from different angular directions; -- called also knot. W. R. Johnson. (f) (poet.) The knot, intrigue, or plot of a piece. (g) (Med.) A hard concretion or incrustation which forms upon bones attacked with rheumatism, gout, or syphilis; sometimes also, a swelling in the neighborhood of a joint. Dunglison. (h) (Mus) One of the fixed points of a sonorous string, when it vibrates by aliquot parts, and produces the harmonic tones; nodal line or point. (i) (Zoöl.) A swelling. Ascending node (Astron.), the node at which the body is passing northerly, marked with the symbol &astascending;, called the Dragon's head. Called also northern node. -- Descending node, the node at which the body is moving southwardly, marked thus &astdescending;, called Dragon's tail. -- Line of nodes, a straight line joining the two nodes of an orbit. NODICAL Nod"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the nodes; from a node to the same node again; as, the nodical revolutions of the moon. Nodical month. See Lunar month, under Month. NODOSARINE No`do*sa"rine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling in form or structure a foraminiferous shell of the genus Nodosaria. -- n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A foraminifer of the genus Nodosaria or of an allied genus. NODOSE No*dose", a. Etym: [L. nodosus, fr. nodus knot.] 1. Knotty; having numerous or conspicuous nodes. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having nodes or prominences; having the alternate joints enlarged, as the antennæ of certain insects. NODOSITY No*dos"i*ty (, n. Etym: [L. nodositas.] 1. The quality of being knotty or nodose; resemblance to a node or swelling; knottiness. Holland. 2. A knot; a node. NODOSOUS; NODOUS No*do"sous, No"dous, a. Defn: Nodose; knotty; knotted. [Obs.] NODULAR Nod"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. nodulaire.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or in the form of, a nodule or knot. NODULE Nod"ule, n. Etym: [L. nodulus, dim. of nodus knot: cf. F. nodule.] Defn: A rounded mass or irregular shape; a little knot or lump. NODULED Nod"uled, a. Defn: Having little knots or lumps. NODULOSE; NODULOUS Nod"u*lose`, Nod"u*lous, a. (Biol.) Defn: Having small nodes or knots; diminutively nodose. NOEL No"el, n. Etym: [F. noël, L. natalis birthday, fr. natalis natal. See Natal.] Defn: Same as Nowel. NOEMATACHOGRAPH No*e`ma*tach"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: An instrument for determining and registering the duration of more or less complex operations of the mind. Dunglison. NOEMATIC; NOEMATICAL No`e*mat"ic, No`e*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Noetic.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the understanding. [Obs.] Cudworth. NOEMICS No*e"mics, n. Etym: [Gr. Noetic.] Defn: The science of the understanding; intellectual science. NOETIAN No*e"tian, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of the followers of Noetus, who lived in the third century. He denied the distinct personality of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. NOETIC; NOETICAL No*et"ic, No*et"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the intellect; intellectual. I would employ the word noetic to express all those cognitions which originate in the mind itself. Sir W. Hamilton. NOF Nof. Etym: [Contr. fr. ne of.] Defn: Not of; nor of. [Obs.] NOG Nog, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. noggin.] 1. A noggin. 2. A kind of strong ale. Halliwell. NOG Nog, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. A wooden block, of the size of a brick, built into a wall, as a hold for the nails of woodwork. 2. One of the square logs of wood used in a pile to support the roof of a mine. 3. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A treenail to fasten the shores. NOG Nog, v. t. Etym: [From 2d Nog.] 1. To fill in, as between scantling, with brickwork. 2. (Shipbuilding) Defn: To fasten, as shores, with treenails. NOGGEN Nog"gen, a. Etym: [Prop., made of hemp, fr. Prov. E. nogs hemp.] Defn: Made of hemp; hence, hard; rough; harsh. [Obs.] Johnson. NOGGIN Nog"gin, n. Etym: [Ir. noigin, or Gael. noigean. Cf. lst Nog.] 1. A small mug or cup. 2. A measure equivalent to a gill. [Prov. Eng.] NOGGING Nog"ging, n. Etym: [From Nog, v. t.] Defn: Rough brick masonry used to fill in the interstices of a wooden frame, in building. NOGHT Noght, adv. Defn: Not. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOIANCE Noi"ance, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. OE. anoiance.] [Written also noyance.] Defn: Annoyance. [Obs.] Tusser. NOIE Noie, v. t. Defn: To annoy. See Noy. [Obs.] NOIER Noi"er, n. Defn: An annoyer. [Obs.] Tusser. NOIL Noil, n. [Prob. fr. Prov. E. oil, ile, ail, a beard of grain (OE. eil, AS. egl) combined with the indef. article, an oil becoming a noil.] Defn: A short or waste piece or knot of wool separated from the longer staple by combing; also, a similar piece or shred of waste silk. NOILS Noils, n. pl. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Waste and knots of wool removed by the comb; combings. NOINT Noint, v. t. Defn: To anoint. [Obs.] Sir T. North. NOIOUS Noi"ous, a. Defn: Annoying; troublesome. [Obs.] NOISE Noise, n. Etym: [F. noise noisy strife, quarrel, brawl, fr. L. nausea seasickness, sickness, disgust. See Nausea.] 1. Sound of any kind. The heavens turn about in a most rapid motion without noise to us perceived. Bacon. Note: Noise is either a sound of too short a duration to be determined, like the report of a cannon; or else it is a confused mixture of many discordant sounds, like the rolling of thunder or the noise of the waves. Nevertheless, the difference between sound and noise is by no means precise. Ganot. 2. Especially, loud, confused, or senseless sound; clamor; din. 3. Loud or continuous talk; general talk or discussion; rumor; report. "The noise goes." Shak. What noise have we had about transplantation of diseases and transfusion of blood! T. Baker. Soerates lived in Athens during the great plague which has made so much noise in all ages. Spectator. 4. Music, in general; a concert; also, a company of musicians; a band. [Obs.] Milton. The king has his noise of gypsies. B. Jonson. Syn. -- Cry; outcry; clamor; din; clatter; uproar. NOISE Noise, v. i. Defn: To sound; to make a noise. Milton. NOISE Noise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Noised; p pr. & vb. n. Noising.] 1. To spread by rumor or report. All these sayings were noised abroad. Luke i. 65. 2. To disturb with noise. [Obs.] Dryden. NOISEFUL Noise"ful, a. Defn: Loud; clamorous. [Obs.] Dryden. NOISELESS Noise"less, a. Defn: Making, or causing, no noise or bustle; without noise; silent; as, the noiseless foot of time. So noiseless would I live. Dryden. -- Noise"less*ly, adv. -- Noise"less*ness, n. NOISETTE Noi*sette", n. (Bot.) Defn: A hybrid rose produced in 1817, by a French gardener, Noisette, of Charleston, South Carolina, from the China rose and the musk rose. It has given rise to many fine varieties, as the Lamarque, the Marechal (or Marshal) Niel, and the Cloth of gold. Most roses of this class have clustered flowers and are of vigorous growth. P. Henderson. NOISILY Nois"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a noisy manner. NOISINESS Nois"i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being noisy. NOISOME Noi"some, a. Etym: [For noysome, fr. noy for annoy. See Annoy.] 1. Noxious to health; hurtful; mischievous; unwholesome; insalubrious; destructive; as, noisome effluvia. "Noisome pestilence." Ps. xci. 3. 2. Offensive to the smell or other senses; disgusting; fetid. "Foul breath is noisome." Shak. -- Noi"some*ly, adv. -- Noi"some*ness, n. Syn. -- Noxious; unwholesome; insalubrious; mischievous; destructive. -- Noisome, Noxious. These words have to a great extent been interchanged; but there is a tendency to make a distinction between them, applying noxious to things that inflict evil directly; as, a noxious plant, noxious practices, etc., and noisome to things that operate with a remoter influence; as, noisome vapors, a noisome pestilence, etc. Noisome has the additional sense of disqusting. A garden may be free from noxious weeds or animals; but, if recently covered with manure, it may be filled with a noisome smell. NOISY Nois"y, a. [Compar. Noisier; superl. Noisiest.] Etym: [From Noise.] 1. Making a noise, esp. a loud sound; clamorous; vociferous; turbulent; boisterous; as, the noisy crowd. 2. Full of noise. "The noisy town." Dryden. NOLDE Nol"de. Etym: [Contr. fr. ne wolde.] Defn: Would not. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOLE Nole, n. Etym: [See Noll.] Defn: The head. [Obs.] Shak. NOLI-ME-TANGERE No"li-me-tan"ge*re, n. Etym: [L., touch me not.] 1. (Bot.) (a) Any plant of a genus of herbs (Impatiens) having capsules which, if touched when ripe, discharge their seeds. -- See Impatiens. (b) The squirting cucumber. See under Cucumber. 2. (Med.) Defn: A name formerly applied to several varieties of ulcerous cutaneous diseases, but now restricted to Lupus exedens, an ulcerative affection of the nose. NOLITION No*li"tion, n. Etym: [L. nolle not to will, to be unwilling; ne + velle to will, to be willing.] Defn: Adverse action of will; unwillingness; -- opposed to Ant: volition. A nolition and a direct enmity against the lust. Jer. Taylor. NOLL Noll, n. Etym: [OE. nol, AS. hnoll top; akin to OHG. hnol top, head.] Defn: The head; the noddle. [Obs.] NOLLEITY Nol*le"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. nolle to be unwilling.] Defn: The state of being unwilling; nolition. [R.] NOLLE PROSEQUI Nol"le pros"e*qui. Etym: [L., to be unwilling to prosecute.] (Law) Defn: Will not prosecute; -- an entry on the record, denoting that a plaintiff discontinues his suit, or the attorney for the public a prosecution; either wholly, or as to some count, or as to some of several defendants. NOLO CONTENDERE No"lo con*ten"de*re. Etym: [L., I do not wish to contend.] (Law) Defn: A plea, by the defendant, in a criminal prosecution, which, without admitting guilt, subjects him to all the consequences of a plea of quilty. NOL. PROS.; NOL PROS Nol. pros. Defn: An abbrev. of Nolle prosequi. NOL-PROS Nol`-pros", v. t. [imp. & p. p. -prossed; p. pr. & vb. n. -prossing.] Defn: To discontinue by entering a nolle prosequi; to decline to prosecute. NOLT Nolt, n. sing. & pl. Defn: Neat cattle. [Prov. Eng.] NOM Nom, n. Etym: [F. See Noun.] Defn: Name. Nom de guerre (, literally, war name; hence, a fictitious name, or one assumed for a time. -- Nom de plume (, literally, pen name; hence, a name assumed by an author as his or her signature. NOMA No"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Name.] (Med.) Defn: See Canker, n., 1. NOMAD Nom"ad, n. Etym: [L. nomas, -adis, Gr. niman to take, and E. nimble: cf. F. nomade. Cf. Astronomy, Economy, Nimble, Nemesis, Numb, Number.] Defn: One of a race or tribe that has no fixed location, but wanders from place to place in search of pasture or game. NOMAD Nom"ad, a. Defn: Roving; nomadic. NOMADE Nom"ade, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Nomad, n. NOMADIAN No*ma"di*an, n. Defn: A nomad. [R.] NOMADIC No*mad"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Nomad.] Defn: Of or pertaining to nomads, or their way of life; wandering; moving from place to place for subsistence; as, a nomadic tribe. -- No*mad"ic*al*ly, adv. NOMADISM Nom"ad*ism, n. Defn: The state of being a nomad. NOMADIZE Nom"ad*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nomadized; p. pr. & vb. n. Nomadizing.] Defn: To lead the life of a nomad; to wander with flocks and herds for the sake of finding pasturage. The Vogules nomadize chiefly about the Rivers Irtish, Obi, Kama, and Volga. W. Tooke. NOMANCY No"man*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nomancie, nomance, abbrev. fr. onomancie. See Onomancy.] Defn: The art or practice of divining the destiny of persons by the letters which form their names. NO-MAN'S LAND No"-man's` land`. 1. (Naut.) Defn: A space amidships used to keep blocks, ropes, etc.; a space on a ship belonging to no one in particular to care for. 2. Fig.: An unclaimed space or time. That no-man's land of twilight. W. Black. NOMARCH Nom"arch, n. Etym: [Gr. -arch.] Defn: The chief magistrate of a nome or nomarchy. NOMARCHY Nom"arch*y, n.; pl. Nomarchies (. Defn: A province or territorial division of a kingdom, under the rule of a nomarch, as in modern Greece; a nome. NOMBLES Nom"bles, n. pl. Etym: [F. nombles, fr. L. lumbulus, dim. of lumbus a loin. Cf. Numbles, Umbles, Humbles.] Defn: The entrails of a deer; the umbles. [Written also numbles.] Johnson. NOMBRIL Nom"bril, n. Etym: [F. nombril, for OF. lombril, i. e., ombril, with the article, a dim. fr. L. umbilicus the navel. See Navel.] (Her.) Defn: A point halfway between the fess point and the middle base point of an escutcheon; -- called also navel point. See Escutcheon. NOME Nome, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A province or political division, as of modern Greece or ancient Egypt; a nomarchy. 2. Any melody determined by inviolable rules. [Obs.] NOME Nome, n. Etym: [Cf. Binomial.] (Alg.) [Obs.] Defn: See Term. NOME; NOMEN Nome, No"men, obs. p. p. Defn: of Nim. Chaucer. NOMENCLATOR No"men*cla`tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. nomen name + calare to call. See Name, and Calendar.] 1. One who calls persons or things by their names. Note: In Rome, candidates for office were attended each by a nomenclator, who informed the candidate of the names of the persons whom they met and whose votes it was desirable to solicit. 2. One who gives names to things, or who settles and adjusts the nomenclature of any art or science; also, a list or vocabulary of technical names. NOMENCLATRESS No"men*cla`tress, n. Defn: A female nomenclator. NOMENCLATURAL No`men*cla"tur*al, a. Defn: Pertaining or according to a nomenclature. NOMENCLATURE No"men*cla`ture, n. Etym: [L. nomenclatura: cf. F. nomenclature. See Nomenclator.] 1. A name. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A vocabulary, dictionary, or glossary. [R.] 3. The technical names used in any particular branch of science or art, or by any school or individual; as, the nomenclature of botany or of chemistry; the nomenclature of Lavoisier and his associates. NOMIAL No"mi*al, n. Etym: [Cf. Binomial.] (Alg.) Defn: A name or term. NOMIC Nom"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Customary; ordinary; -- applied to the usual English spelling, in distinction from strictly phonetic methods. H Sweet. -- n. Defn: Nomic spelling. A. J. Ellis. NOMINAL Nom"i*nal, a. Etym: [L. nominalis, fr. nomen, nominis, name. See Name.] 1. Of or pertaining to a name or names; having to do with the literal meaning of a word; verbal; as, a nominal definition. Bp. Pearson. 2. Existing in name only; not real; as, a nominal difference. "Nominal attendance on lectures." Macaulay. NOMINAL Nom"i*nal, n. 1. A nominalist. [Obs.] Camden. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A verb formed from a noun. 3. A name; an appellation. A is the nominal of the sixth note in the natural diatonic scale. Moore (Encyc. of Music. ) NOMINALISM Nom"i*nal*ism, n. Defn: The principles or philosophy of the Nominalists. NOMINALIST Nom"i*nal*ist, n. (Metaph.) Defn: One of a sect of philosophers in the Middle Ages, who adopted the opinion of Roscelin, that general conceptions, or universals, exist in name only. Reid. NOMINALISTIC Nom`i*nal*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Nominalists. NOMINALIZE Nom"i*nal*ize, v. t. Defn: To convert into a noun. [Obs.] NOMINALLY Nom"i*nal*ly, adv. Defn: In a nominal manner; by name; in name only; not in reality. Burke. NOMINATE Nom"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nominated; p. pr. & vb. n. Nominating.] Etym: [L. nominatus, p. p. of nominare to nominate, fr. nomen name. See Name.] 1. To mention by name; to name. [Obs.] To nominate them all, it is impossible. Shak. 2. To call; to entitle; to denominate. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To set down in express terms; to state. [Obs.] Is it so noiminated in the bond Shak. 4. To name, or designate by name, for an office or place; to appoint; esp., to name as a candidate for an election, choice, or appointment; to propose by name, or offer the name of, as a candidate for an office or place. NOMINATELY Nom"i*nate*ly, adv. Defn: By name; particularly; namely. [Obs.] Spelman. NOMINATION Nom`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. nominatio: cf. F. nomination.] 1. The act of naming or nominating; designation of a person as a candidate for office; the power of nominating; the state of being nominated. The nomination of persons to places being . . . a flower of his crown, he would reserve to himself. Clarendon. 2. The denomination, or name. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. NOMINATIVAL Nom`i*na*ti"val, a. (Gram.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the nominative case. NOMINATIVE Nom"i*na*tive, a. Etym: [L. nominativus belonging to a name, nominative.] (Gram.) Defn: Giving a name; naming; designating; -- said of that case or form of a noun which stands as the subject of a finite verb. -- n. Defn: The nominative case. NOMINATIVELY Nom"i*na*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a nominative; as a nominative. NOMINATOR Nom"i*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who nominates. NOMINEE Nom`i*nee", n. Etym: [See Nominate, and -ee.] Defn: A person named, or designated, by another, to any office, duty, or position; one nominated, or proposed, by others for office or for election to office. NOMINOR Nom"i*nor`, n. Etym: [See Nominate, and -or.] Defn: A nominator. [Obs.] Bentham. NOMOCRACY No*moc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -cracy, as in democracy.] Defn: Government in accordance with a system of law. Milman. NOMOGRAPHY No*mog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A treatise on laws; an exposition of the form proper for laws. NOMOLOGY No*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] 1. The science of law; legislation. 2. The science of the laws of the mind; rational psychology. Sir W. Hamilton. NOMOPELMOUS Nom`o*pel"mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a separate and simple tendon to flex the first toe, or hallux, as do passerine birds. NOMOTHETE Nom"o*thete, n. Etym: [Gr. nomothète.] Defn: A lawgiver. [R.] NOMOTHETIC; NOMOTHETICAL Nom`o*thet"ic, Nom`o*thet"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Legislative; enacting laws; as, a nomothetical power. [R.] Bp. Barlow. NON Non, a. Defn: No; not. See No, a. Chaucer. NON- Non-. Etym: [L. non, OL. noenu, noenum, fr. neoenum, lit., not one. See None.] Defn: A prefix used in the sense of not; un-; in-; as in nonattention, or non-attention, nonconformity, nonmetallic, nonsuit. Note: The prefix non- may be joined to the leading word by means of a hyphen, or, in most cases, the hyphen may be dispensed with. The list of words having the prefix non- could easily be lengthened. NONABILITY Non`a*bil"i*ty, n. 1. Want of ability. 2. (Law) Defn: An exception taken against a plaintiff in a cause, when he is unable legally to commence a suit. NONACCEPTANCE Non`ac*cept"ance, n. Defn: A neglect or refusal to accept. NONACID Non*ac"id, a. (Chem.) Defn: Destitute of acid properties; hence, basic; metallic; positive; -- said of certain atoms and radicals. NONACQUAINTANCE Non`ac*quaint"ance, n. Defn: Want of acquaintance; the state of being unacquainted. NONACQUIESCENCE Non*ac`qui*es"cence, n. Defn: Refusal of acquiescence; failure to yield or comply. NONADMISSION Non`ad*mis"sion, n. Defn: Failure to be admitted. NONADULT Non`a*dult", a. Defn: Not adult; immature. NONAEROBIOTIC Non*a`ër*o*bi*ot"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Capable of living without atmospheric oxygen; anaërobiotic. NONAGE Non"age, n. Etym: [LL. nonagium, from L. nonus ninth, novem nine.] (Eccl.) Defn: The ninth part of movable goods, formerly payable to the clergy on the death of persons in their parishes. Mozley & W. NONAGE Non"age, n. Etym: [Pref. non- + age.] Defn: Time of life before a person becomes of age; legal immaturity; minority. The human mind . . . was still in its nonage. Coleridge. NONAGED Non"aged, a. Defn: Having the quality of nonage; being a minor; immature. W. Browne. NONAGENARIAN Non`a*ge*na"ri*an, n. Etym: [L. nonagenarius containing, or consisting of, ninety, fr. nonageni ninety each; akin to novem nine.] Defn: A person ninety years old. NONAGESIMAL Non`a*ges"i*mal, a. Etym: [L. nonagesimus the ninetieth. See Nonagenarian.] (Astron.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the ninetieth degree or to a nonagesimal. NONAGESIMAL Non`a*ges"i*mal, n. (Astron.) Defn: The middle or highest point of the part of the ecliptic which is at any given moment above the horizon. It is the ninetieth degree of the ecliptic, reckoned from the points in which it is intersected by the horizon. NONAGON Non"a*gon, n. Etym: [L. nonus ninth + Gr. (Math.) Defn: A figure or polygon having nine sides and nine angles. NONAGRIAN Non*a"gri*an, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any moth of the genus Nonagria and allied genera, as the spindleworm and stalk borer. NONALIENATION Non*al`ien*a"tion, n. Defn: Failure to alienate; also, the state of not being alienated. NONANE Non"ane, n. Etym: [L. nonus ninth.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a group of metameric hydrocarbons C9H20 of the paraffin series; -- so called because of the nine carbon atoms in the molecule. Normal nonane is a colorless volatile liquid, an ingredient of ordinary kerosene. NONAPPEARANCE Non`ap*pear"ance, n. Defn: Default of apperance, as in court, to prosecute or defend; failure to appear. NONAPPOINTMENT Non`ap*point"ment, n. Defn: Neglect of making appointment; failure to receive an appointment. NONARRIVAL Non`ar*riv"al, n. Defn: Failure to arrive. NON ASSUMPSIT Non` as*sump"sit. Etym: [L., he did not undertake.] (Law) Defn: The general plea or denial in an action of assumpsit. NONATTENDANCE Non`at*tend"ance, n. Defn: A failure to attend; omission of attendance; nonappearance. NONATTENTION Non`at*ten"tion, n. Defn: Inattention. NONBITUMINOUS Non`bi*tu"mi*nous, a. Defn: Containing no bitumen; not bituminous. NONCE Nonce, n. Etym: [For the nonce, OE. for the nones, a corruption of for then ones, where n. in then is a relic of AS. m in , dat. of the article and demonstrative pronoun, E. the. See For, Once, and The.] Defn: The one or single occasion; the present call or purpose; -- chiefly used in the phrase for the nonce. The miller was a stout carl for the nones. Chaucer. And that he calls for drink, I 'll have prepared him A chalice for the nonce. Shak. Nonce word, "a word apparently employed only for the nonce". Murray (New English Dict. ). NONCHALANCE Non`cha`lance", n. Etym: [F. See Nonchalant.] Defn: Indifference; carelessness; coolness. NONCHALANT Non`cha`lant", a. Etym: [F., fr. non not (L. non) + chaloir to concern one's self for, fr. L. calere to be warm, to be inflamed with desire, to be troubled. See Non-, and Caldron.] Defn: Indifferent; careless; cool. NONCHALANTLY Non"cha*lant`ly, adv. Defn: In a nonchalant, indifferent, or careless manner; coolly. NONCLAIM Non"claim`, n. Defn: A failure to make claim within the time limited by law; omission of claim. NONCOHESION Non`co*he"sion, n. Defn: Want of cohesion. NONCOINCIDENCE Non`co*in"ci*dence, n. Defn: Lack of coincidence. NONCOINCIDENT Non`co*in"ci*dent, a. Defn: Not coincident. NONCOMBATANT Non*com"bat*ant, n. (Mil.) Defn: Any person connected with an army, or within the lines of an army, who does not make it his business to fight, as any one of the medical officers and their assistants, chaplains, and others; also, any of the citizens of a place occupied by an army; also, any one holding a similar position with respect to the navy. NONCOMMISSIONED Non`com*mis"sioned, a. Defn: Not having a commission. Noncommissioned officer (Mil.), a subordinate officer not appointed by a commission from the chief executive or supreme authority of the State; but by the Secretary of War or by the commanding officer of the regiment. NONCOMMITTAL Non`com*mit"tal, n. Defn: A state of not being committed or pledged; forbearance or refusal to commit one's self. Also used adjectively. NONCOMMUNION Non`com*mun"ion, n. Defn: Neglect or failure of communion. NONCOMPLETION Non`com*ple"tion, n. Defn: Lack of completion; failure to complete. NONCOMPLIANCE Non`com*pli"ance, n. Defn: Neglect of compliance; failure to comply. NONCOMPLYING Non`com*ply"ing, a. Defn: Neglecting or refusing to comply. NON COMPOS; NON COMPOS MENTIS Non com"pos. Non com"pos men"tis.Etym: [L.] Defn: Not of sound mind; not having the regular use of reason; hence, also, as a noun, an idiot; a lunati NONCON. Non"con. (, n. Defn: See Noncontent. NONCONCLUDING Non`con*clud"ing, a. Defn: Not concluding. NONCONCUR Non`con*cur", v. i. Defn: To dissent or refuse to concur. NONCONCURRENCE Non`con*cur"rence, n. Defn: Refusal to concur. NONCONDENSIBLE Non`con*den"si*ble, a. Defn: Not condensible; incapable of being liquefied; -- said of gases. NONCONDENSING Non`con*dens"ing, a. (Steam Engine) Defn: Not condensing; discharging the steam from the cylinder at a pressure nearly equal to or above that of the atmosphere and not into a condenser. NONCONDUCTING Non`con*duct"ing, a. Defn: Not conducting; not transmitting a fluid or force; thus, in electricity, wax is a nonconducting substance. NONCONDUCTION Non`con*duc"tion, n. Defn: The quality of not being able to conduct or transmit; failure to conduct. NONCONDUCTOR Non`con*duct"or, n. (Physics) Defn: A substance which does not conduct, that is, convey or transmit, heat, electricity, sound, vibration, or the like, or which transmits them with difficulty; an insulator; as, wool is a nonconductor of heat; glass and dry wood are nonconductors of electricity. NONCONFORMING Non`con*form"ing, a. Defn: Not conforming; declining conformity; especially, not conforming to the established church of a country. NONCONFORMIST Non`con*form"ist, n. Defn: One who does not conform to an established church; especially, one who does not conform to the established church of England; a dissenter. NONCONFORMITY Non*con*form"i*ty, n. Defn: Neglect or failure of conformity; especially, in England, the neglect or refusal to unite with the established church in its rites and modes of worship. NONCONSTAT Non`con"stat, n. Etym: [Law L.] Defn: It does not appear; it is not plain or clear; it does not follow. NONCONTAGIOUS Non`con*ta"gious, a. Defn: Not contagious; not catching; not communicable by contact. -- Non`con*ta"gious*ness, n. NONCONTENT Non`con*tent", n. (British House of Lords) Defn: One who gives a negative vote; -- sometimes abridged into noncon. or non con. NONCONTRIBUTING; NONCONTRIBUTORY Non`con*trib"u*ting, Non`con*trib"u*to*ry, a. Defn: Not contributing. NONDA Non"da, n. (Bot.) Defn: The edible plumlike fruit of the Australian tree, Parinarium Nonda. NONDECANE Non*dec"ane, n. Etym: [L. nonus ninth + decem ten.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon of the paraffin series, a white waxy substance, C19H40; -- so called from the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. NONDECIDUATE Non`de*cid"u*ate, a. (Anat.) Defn: Characterized by the absence of a decidua; indeciduate. NONDELIVERY Non`de*liv"er*y, n. Defn: A neglect or failure of delivery; omission of delivery. NONDEPOSITION Non*dep`o*si"tion, n. Defn: A failure to deposit or throw down. NONDESCRIPT Non"de*script, a. Etym: [Pref. non- + L. descriptus described.] Defn: Not hitherto described; novel; hence, odd; abnormal; unclassifiable. NONDESCRIPT Non"de*script, n. Defn: A thing not yet described; that of which no account or explanation has been given; something abnormal, or hardly classifiable. NONDEVELOPMENT Non`de*vel"op*ment, n. Defn: Failure or lack of development. NONDISCOVERY Non`dis*cov"er*y, n. Defn: Want or failure of discovery. NONDO Non"do, n. (Bot.) Defn: A coarse umbelliferous plant (Ligusticum actæifolium) with a large aromatic root. It is found chiefly in the Alleghany region. Also called Angelico. NONE None, a. & pron. Etym: [OE. none, non, nan, no, na, AS. nan, fr. ne not + an one. No, a. & adv., One, and cf. Non-, Null, a.] 1. No one; not one; not anything; -- frequently used also partitively, or as a plural, not any. There is none that doeth good; no, not one. Ps. xiv. 3. Six days ye shall gather it, but on the seventh day, which is the Sabbath, in it there shall be none. Ex. xvi. 26. Terms of peace yet none Vouchsafed or sought. Milton. None of their productions are extant. Blair. 2. No; not any; -- used adjectively before a vowel, in old style; as, thou shalt have none assurance of thy life. None of, not at all; not; nothing of; -- used emphatically. "They knew that I was none of the register that entered their admissions in the universities." Fuller. -- None-so-pretty (Bot.), the Saxifraga umbrosa. See London pride (a), under London. NONE None, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Same as Nones, 2. NONEFFECTIVE Non`ef*fect"ive, a. 1. Not effective. 2. (Mil.) Defn: Not fit or available for duty. NON-EGO Non-e"go, n. Etym: [L., not I.] (Metaph.) Defn: The union of being and relation as distinguished from, and contrasted with, the ego. See Ego. NONELASTIC Non`e*las"tic, a. Defn: Not having elasticity. NONELECT Non`e*lect", n. sing. & pl. (Theol.) Defn: A person or persons not elected, or chosen, to salvation. NONELECTION Non`e*lec"tion, n. Defn: Failure of election. NONELECTRIC; NONELECTRICAL Non`e*lec"tric, Non`e*lec"tric*al, a. Defn: Not electric; conducting electricity. NONELECTRIC Non`e*lec"tric, n. (Physics) Defn: A substance that is not an electric; that which transmits electricity, as a metal. NONEMPHATIC; NONEMPHATICAL Non`em*phat"ic, Non`em*phat"ic*al, a. Defn: Having no emphasis; unemphatic. NONENTITY Non*en"ti*ty, n.; pl. Nonentities (. 1. Nonexistence; the negation of being. 2. A thing not existing. South. 3. A person or thing of little or no account. [Colloq.] NON-EPISCOPAL Non`-E*pis"co*pal, a. Defn: Not Episcopal; not pertaining to the Episcopal church or system. NONES Nones, n. pl. Etym: [L. nonae, so called because it was the ninth day before the ides, fr. nonus ninth, from novem nine. See Nine, Nones, 2, Noon .] 1. (Roman Cal.) Defn: The fifth day of the months January, February, April, June, August, September, November, and December, and the seventh day of March, May, July, and October. The nones were nine days before the ides, reckoning inclusively, according to the Roman method. 2. Etym: [F. none, fr. L. See Noon.] Defn: The canonical office, being a part of the Breviary, recited at noon (formerly at the ninth hour, 3 P. M.) in the Roman Catholic Church. 3. The hour of dinner; the noonday meal. [Obs.] At my supper and sometimes at nones. P. Plowman. NONESSENTIAL Non`es*sen"tial, a. Defn: Not essential. NONESSENTIAL Non`es*sen"tial, n. Defn: A thing not essential. NON EST FACTUM Non` est` fac"tum. Etym: [Law L. it is not (his) deed.] (Law) Defn: The plea of the general issue in an action of debt on bond. NON EST INVENTUS Non` est` in*ven"tus. Etym: [L., he is not found.] (Law) Defn: The return of a sheriff on a writ, when the defendant is not found in his county. Bouvier. NONESUCH None"such`, n. Defn: A person or thing of a sort that there is no other such; something extraordinary; a thing that has not its equal. It is given as a name to various objects, as to a choice variety of apple, a species of medic (Medicago lupulina), a variety of pottery clay, etc. NONET; NONETTO No*net", No*net"to, n. Etym: [From L. nonus ninth, like E. duet, fr. L. duo.] (Mus.) Defn: A composition for nine instruments, rarely for nine voices. NONETT Non"ett, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The titmouse. [Obs.] NONEXECUTION Non*ex`e*cu"tion, n. Defn: Neglect or failure of execution; nonperformance. NONEXISTENCE Non`ex*ist"ence, n. 1. Absence of existence; the negation of being; nonentity. A. Baxter. 2. A thing that has no existence. Sir T. Browne. NONEXISTENT Non`ex*ist"ent, a. Defn: Not having existence. NONEXPORTATION Non*ex`por*ta"tion, n. Defn: A failure of exportation; a not exporting of commodities. NONEXTENSILE Non`ex*ten"sile, a. Defn: Not extensile; incapable of being stretched. NON-FEASANCE Non-fea"sance, n. Etym: [Pref. non- + OF. faisance a doing, fr. faire to do.] (Law) Defn: An omission or neglect to do something, esp. that which ought to have been done. Cf. Malfeasance. NONFULFILLMENT Non`ful*fill"ment, n. Defn: Neglect or failure to fulfill. NONILLION No*nil"lion, n. Etym: [L. nonus ninth + -illion, as in E. million.] Defn: According to the French and American notation, a thousand octillions, or a unit with thirty ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, a million octillions, or a unit with fifty-four ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration. NONIMPORTATION Non*im`por*ta"tion, n. Defn: Want or failure of importation; a not importing of commodities. NONIMPORTING Non`im*port"ing, a. Defn: Not importing; not bringing from foreign countries. NONINFLECTIONAL Non`in*flec"tion*al, a. Defn: Not admitting of, or characterized by, inflection. NONINHABITANT Non`in*hab"it*ant, n. Defn: One who is not an inhabitant; a stranger; a foreigner; a nonresident. NONINTERVENTION Non*in`ter*ven"tion, n. Defn: The state or habit of not intervening or interfering; as, the nonintervention of one state in the affairs of another. NONIUS No"ni*us, n. Etym: [Latinized form of Nunez, the name of a Portuguese mathematician.] Defn: A vernier. NONJOINDER Non*join"der, n. (Law) Defn: The omission of some person who ought to have been made a plaintiff or defendant in a suit, or of some cause of action which ought to be joined. NONJURANT Non*ju"rant, a. Defn: Nonjuring. NONJURING Non*ju"ring, a. Etym: [F. jurer to swear, or L. jurare, jurari, to swear, fr. L. jus, juris, right, law, justice. See Jury.] Defn: Not swearing allegiance; -- applied to the party in Great Britain that would not swear allegiance to William and Mary, or their successors. NONJUROR Non*ju"ror, n. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: One of those adherents of James II. who refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary, or to their successors, after the revolution of 1688; a Jacobite. NONJURORISM Non*ju"ror*ism, n. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: The doctrines, or action, of the Nonjurors. NONLIMITATION Non*lim`i*ta"tion, n. Defn: Want of limitation; failure to limit. NON LIQUET Non` li"quet. Etym: [L.] Defn: It is not clear; -- a verdict given by a jury when a matter is to be deferred to another day of trial. NONMALIGNANT Non`ma*lig"nant, a. Defn: Not malignant, as a disease. NONMANUFACTURING Non*man`u*fac"tur*ing, a. Defn: Not carrying on manufactures. NONMEDULLATED Non*med"ul*la`ted, a. Defn: Not medullated; (Anat.) without a medulla or marrow, or without a medullary sheath; as, a nonmedullated nerve fiber. NONMEMBER Non*mem"ber, n. Defn: One who is not a member. NONMEMBERSHIP Non*mem"ber*ship, n. Defn: State of not being a member. NONMETAL Non"met`al, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of the set of elements which, as contrasted with the metals, possess, produce, or receive, acid rather than basic properties; a metalloid; as, oxygen, sulphur, and chlorine are nonmetals. NONMETALLIC Non`me*tal"lic, a. 1. Not metallic. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Resembling, or possessing the properties of, a nonmetal or metalloid; as, sulphur is a nonmetallic element. NONMORAL Non*mor"al, a. Defn: Not moral nor immoral; having no connection with morals; not in the sphere of morals or ethics; not ethical. NONNATURAL Non*nat"u*ral, a. Defn: Not natural; unnatural. NONNE Nonne, n. Defn: A nun. [Obs.] Chaucer. NONNECESSITY Non`ne*ces"si*ty, n. Defn: Absence of necessity; the quality or state of being unnecessary. NONNITROGNOUS Non`ni*trog"nous, a. Defn: Devoid of nitrogen; as, a nonnitrogenous principle; a nonnitrogenous food. See the Note under Food, n., 1. NONNUCLEATED Non*nu"cle*a`ted, a. Defn: Without a nucleus. NONNY Non"ny, n. Defn: A silly fellow; a ninny. NONOBEDIENCE Non`o*be"di*ence, n. Defn: Neglect of obedience; failure to obey. NONOBSERVANCE Non`ob*serv"ance, n. Defn: Neglect or failure to observe or fulfill. NON OBSTANTE Non` ob*stan"te. Etym: [L.] 1. Notwithstanding; in opposition to, or in spite of, what has been stated, or is to be stated or admitted. 2. (Law) Defn: A clause in old English statutes and letters patent, importing a license from the crown to do a thing notwithstanding any statute to the contrary. This dispensing power was abolished by the Bill of Rights. In this very reign [Henry III.] the practice of dispensing with statutes by a non obstante was introduced. Hallam. Non obstante veredicto Etym: [LL.] (Law), a judgment sometimes entered by order of the court, for the plaintiff, notwithstanding a verdict for the defendant. Stephen. NONOIC No*no"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, nonane; as, nonoic acid, which is also called pelargonic acid. Cf. Pelargonic. NONONE Non"one, n. Etym: [Nonane + -one, suffix denoting the third degree of unsaturation.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of several metameric unsaturated hydrocarbons (C9H14) of the valylene series. NONOXYGENOUS Non`ox*yg"e*nous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Without oxygen; characterized by the absence of oxygen; as, a nonoxygenous alkaloid. NONPAREIL Non`pa*reil", n. Etym: [See Nonpareil, a. ] 1. Something of unequaled excellence; a peerless thing or person; a nonesuch; -- often used as a name. 2. Etym: [F. nonpareille.] (Print.) Defn: A size of type next smaller than minion and next larger than agate (or ruby). Note: This line is printed in the type called nonpareil. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A beautifully colored finch (Passerina ciris), native of the Southern United States. The male has the head and neck deep blue, rump and under parts bright red, back and wings golden green, and the tail bluish purple. Called also painted finch. (b) Any other similar bird of the same genus. NONPAREIL Non`pa*reil", a. Etym: [F., from non not + pareil equal, fr. LL. pariculus, dim. of L. par equal. See Non, and Pair, Peer.] Defn: Having no equal; peerless. NONPAYMENT Non*pay"ment, n. Defn: Neglect or failure to pay. NONPERFORMANCE Non`per*form"ance, n. Defn: Neglect or failure to perform. NONPHOTOBIOTIC Non*pho`to*bi*ot"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Capable of living without light; as, nonphotobiotic plant cells, or cells which habitually live in darkness. NONPLANE Non`plane", a. (Math.) Defn: Not lying in one plane; -- said of certain curves. NONPLUS Non"plus, n. Etym: [L. non not + plus more, further. See Plural.] Defn: A state or condition which daffles reason or confounds judgment; insuperable difficalty; inability to proceed or decide; puzzle; quandary. Both of them are a perfect nonplus and baffle to all human understanding. South. NONPLUS Non"plus`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nonplused or Nonplussed; p. pr. & vb. n. Nonplusing or Nonplussing.] Defn: To puzzle; to confound; to perplex; to cause to stop by embarrassment. He has been nonplused by Mr. Dry's desiring him to tell what it was that he endeavored to prove. Spectator. NONPREPARATION Non*prep`a*ra"tion, n. Defn: Neglect or failure to prepare; want of preparation. NONPRESENTATION Non*pres`en*ta"tion, n. Defn: Neglect or failure to present; state of not being presented. NONPRODUCTION Non`pro*duc"tion, n. Defn: A failure to produce or exhibit. NONPROFESSIONAL Non`pro*fes"sion*al, a. Defn: Not belonging to a profession; not done by, or proceeding from, professional men; contrary to professional usage. NONPROFICIENCY Non`pro*fi"cien*cy, n. Defn: Want of proficiency; failure to make progress. NONPROFICIENT Non`pro*fi"cient, n. Defn: One who has failed to become proficient. NON PROS. Non" pros.` (. Defn: An abbreviation of Non prosequitur. NON-PROS Non`-pros", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nonprossed; p. pr. & vb. n. Non- prossing.] Defn: To decline or fail to prosecute; to allow to be dropped (said of a suit); to enter judgment against (a plaintiff who fails to prosecute); as, the plaintiff was non-prossed. NON PROSEQUITUR Non" pro*seq"ui*tur. Etym: [L. he does not prosecute.] (Law) Defn: A judgment entered against the plaintiff in a suit where he does not appear to prosecute. See Nolle prosequi. NONRECURRENT Non`re*cur"rent, a. Defn: Not recurring. NONRECURRING Non`re*cur"ring, a. Defn: Nonrecurrent. NONREGARDANCE Non`re*gard"ance, n. Defn: Want of due regard; disregard; slight. [Obs.] Shak. NONREGENT Non`re"gent, n. (Eng. Universities) Defn: A master of arts whose regency has ceased. See Regent. NONRENDITION Non`ren*di"tion, n. Defn: Neglect of rendition; the not rendering what is due. The nonrendition of a service which is due. S. E. Dwight. NONRESEMBLANCE Non`re*sem"blance, n. Defn: Want of resemblance; unlikeness; dissimilarity. NONRESIDENCE Non*res"i*dence, n. Defn: The state or condition of being nonresident, Swift. NONRESIDENT Non*res"i*dent, a. Defn: Not residing in a particular place, on one's own estate, or in one's proper place; as, a nonresident clergyman or proprietor of lands. NONRESIDENT Non*res"i*dent, n. Defn: A nonresident person; one who does not reside in the State or jurisdiction. NONRESISTANCE Non`re*sist"ance, n. Defn: The principles or practice of a nonresistant; passive obedience; submission to authority, power, oppression, or violence without opposition. NONRESISTANT Non`re*sist"ant, a. Defn: Making no resistance. NONRESISTANT Non`re*sist"ant, n. Defn: One who maintains that no resistance should be made to constituted authority, even when unjustly or oppressively exercised; one who advocates or practices absolute submission; also, one who holds that violence should never be resisted by force. NONRESISTING Non`re*sist"ing, a. Defn: Not making resistance. NONRUMINANT Non*ru"mi*nant, a. Defn: Not ruminating; as, a nonruminant animal. NONSANE Non`sane", a. Defn: Unsound; not perfect; as, a person of nonsane memory. Blackstone. NONSENSE Non"sense, n. Etym: [Pref. non- + sense: cf. F. nonsens.] 1. That which is not sense, or has no sense; words, or language, which have no meaning, or which convey no intelligible ideas; absurdity. 2. Trifles; things of no importance. Nonsense verses, lines made by taking any words which occur, but especially certain words which it is desired to recollect, and arranging them without reference to anything but the measure, so that the rhythm of the lines may aid in recalling the remembrance of the words. Syn. -- Folly; silliness; absurdity; trash; balderdash. NONSENSICAL Non*sen"si*cal, a. Defn: Without sense; unmeaning; absurb; foolish; irrational; preposterous. -- Non*sen"si*cal*ly, adv. -- Non*sen"si*cal*ness, n. NONSENSITIVE Non*sen"si*tive, a. Defn: Not sensitive; wanting sense or perception; not easily affected. NON SEQUITUR Non seq"ui*tur. Etym: [L., it does not follow.] (Logic) Defn: An inference which does not follow from the premises. NONSEXUAL Non*sex"u*al, a. Defn: Having no distinction of sex; sexless; neuter. NONSLAVEHOLDING Non*slave"hold`ing, a. Defn: Not possessing or holding slaves; as, a nonslaveholding State. NONSOLUTION Non`so*lu"tion, n. Defn: Failure of solution or explanation. NONSOLVENCY Non*sol"ven*cy, n. Defn: Inability to pay debts; insolvency. NONSOLVENT Non*sol"vent, a. Defn: Not solvent; insolvent. NONSOLVENT Non*sol"vent, n. Defn: An insolvent. NONSONANT Non*so"nant, a. Defn: Not sonant. -- n. Defn: A nonsonant or nonvocal consonant. NONSPARING Non*spar"ing, a. Defn: Sparing none. NONSTRIATED Non*stri"a*ted, a. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Without striations; unstriped; as, nonstriated muscle fibers. NONSUBMISSION Non`sub*mis"sion, n. Defn: Want of submission; failure or refusal to submit. NONSUBMISSIVE Non`sub*mis"sive, a. Defn: Not submissive. NONSUCH Non"such, n. Defn: See Nonesuch. NONSUIT Non"suit`, n. (Law) Defn: A neglect or failure by the plaintiff to follow up his suit; a stopping of the suit; a renunciation or withdrawal of the cause by the plaintiff, either because he is satisfied that he can not support it, or upon the judge's expressing his opinion. A compulsory nonsuit is a nonsuit ordered by the court on the ground that the plaintiff on his own showing has not made out his case. NONSUIT Non"suit`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nonsuited; p. pr. & vb. n. Nonsuiting.] (Law) Defn: To determine, adjudge, or record (a plaintiff) as having dropped his suit, upon his withdrawal or failure to follow it up. "When two are joined in a writ, and one is nonsuited." Z. Swift. NONSUIT Non"suit`, a. Defn: Nonsuited. D. A. Tyng. NONSURETY Non*sure"ty, n. Defn: Insecurity. [Obs.] NONTENURE Non*ten"ure, n. (Law) Defn: A plea of a defendant that he did not hold the land, as affirmed. NONTERM Non"term`, n. (Law) Defn: A vacation between two terms of a court. NONTOXIC Non*tox"ic, a. Defn: Not toxic. NONTRONITE Non"tro*nite, n. Etym: [So called because found in the arrondissement of Notron, France.] (Min.) Defn: A greenish yellow or green mineral, consisting chiefly of the hydrous silicate of iron. NONUNIFORMIST Non*u"ni*form`ist, n. Defn: One who believes that past changes in the structure of the earth have proceeded from cataclysms or causes more violent than are now operating; -- called also nonuniformitarian. NONUNION Non*un"ion, a. 1. Not belonging to, or affiliated with, a trades union; as, a nonunoin carpenter. 2. Not recognizing or favoring trades unions or trades-unionists; as, a nonunion contractor. --Non*un"ion*ism (#), n. NONUNIONIST Non*un"ion*ist, n. Defn: One who does not belong, or refuses to belong, to a trades union. NONUSANCE Non*us"ance, n. Defn: Neglect of using; failure to use. [R.] Sir T. Browne. NONUSER Non*us"er, 1. A not using; failure to use. An office may be forfeited by misuser or nonuser. Blackstone. 2. (Law) Defn: Neglect or omission to use an easement or franchise or to assert a right. Kent. NONVASCULAR Non*vas"cu*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Destitute of vessels; extravascular. NONVERNACULAR Non`ver*nac"u*lar, a. Defn: Not vernacular. A nonvernacular expression. Sir W. Hamilton. NONVOCAL Non*vo"cal, a. Defn: Not vocal; destitute of tone. -- n. Defn: A nonvocal consonant. NONYL Non"yl, n. Etym: [Nonane + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hydrocarbon radical, C9H19, derived from nonane and forming many compounds. Used also adjectively; as, nonyl alcohol. NONYLENE Non"y*lene, n. Etym: [Nonane + ethylene.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of metameric, unsaturated hydrocarbons C9H18 of the ethylene series. NONYLENIC Non`y*len"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, related to, or designating, nonylene or its compounds; as, nonylenic acid. NONYLIC No*nyl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, nonyl or its compounds; as, nonylic acid. NOODLE Noo"dle, n. Etym: [Cf. Noddle, Noddy.] Defn: A simpleton; a blockhead; a stupid person; a ninny. [Low] The chuckling grin of noodles. Sydney Smith. NOODLE Noo"dle, n. Etym: [G. nudel vermicelli.] Defn: A thin strip of dough, made with eggs, rolled up, cut into small pieces, and used in soup. NOOK Nook, n. Etym: [OE. nok; cf. Gael. & Ir. niuc.] Defn: A narrow place formed by an angle in bodies or between bodies; a corner; a recess; a secluded retreat. How couldst thou find this dark, sequestered nook Milton. NOOK-SHOTTEN Nook"-shot`ten, a. Defn: Full of nooks, angles, or corners. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] That nook-shotten isle of Albion. Shak. NOOLOGICAL; NOOELOGICAL No`ö*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to noölogy. NOOLOGIST; NOOELOGIST No*öl"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in noölogy. NOOLOGY; NOOELOGY No*öl"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of intellectual phenomena. NOON Noon, a. Defn: No. See the Note under No. [Obs.] NOON Noon, n. Etym: [AS. n, orig., the ninth hour, fr. L.nona (sc. hora) the ninth hour, then applied to the church services (called nones) at that hour, the time of which was afterwards changed to noon. See Nine, and cf. Nones, Nunchion.] 1. The middle of the day; midday; the time when the sun is in the meridian; twelve o'clock in the daytime. 2. Hence, the highest point; culmination. In the very noon of that brilliant life which was destined to be so soon, and so fatally, overshadowed. Motley. High noon, the exact meridian; midday. -- Noon of night, midnight. [Poetic] Dryden. NOON Noon, a. Defn: Belonging to midday; occurring at midday; meridional. Young. NOON Noon, v. i. Defn: To take rest and refreshment at noon. NOONDAY Noon"day`, n. Defn: Midday; twelve o'clock in the day; noon. NOONDAY Noon"day`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to midday; meridional; as, the noonday heat. "Noonday walks." Addison. NOON-FLOWER Noon"-flow`er, n. (Bot.) Defn: The goat's beard, whose flowers close at midday. NOONING Noon"ing, n. Defn: A rest at noon; a repast at noon. NOONSHUN Noon"shun, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Nunchion. Nares. NOONSTEAD Noon"stead, n. Defn: The position of the sun at noon. [Obs.] Drayton. NOONTIDE Noon"tide`, n. Etym: [From noon + tide time; cf. AS. n the ninth hour.] Defn: The time of noon; midday. NOOSE Noose, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. OF. nous, nom. sing. or acc. pl. of nou knot, F. n, L. nodus. Cf. Node.] Defn: A running knot, or loop, which binds the closer the more it is drawn. NOOSE Noose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Noosed; p. pr. & vb. n. Noosing.] Defn: To tie in a noose; to catch in a noose; to entrap; to insnare. NOOT Noot. Defn: See lst Not. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOPAL No"pal, n. Etym: [Mexican nopalli.] (Bot.) Defn: A cactaceous plant (Nopalea cochinellifera), originally Mexican, on which the cochineal insect feeds, and from which it is collected. The name is sometimes given to other species of Cactaceæ. NOPALRY No"pal*ry, n.; pl. Nopalries (. Defn: A plantation of the nopal for raising the cochineal insect. NOPE Nope, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bullfinch. [Prov. Eng.] NOR Nor, conj. Etym: [OE. nor, contr. from nother. See Neither.] Defn: A negative connective or particle, introducing the second member or clause of a negative proposition, following neither, or not, in the first member or clause (as or in affirmative propositions follows either). Nor is also used sometimes in the first member for neither, and sometimes the neither is omitted and implied by the use of nor. Provide neither gold nor silver, nor brass, in your purses, nor scrip for your journey. Matt. x. 9, 10. Where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt. Matt. vi. 20. I love him not, nor fear him. Shak. Where neither party is nor true, nor kind. Shak. Simois nor Xanthus shall be wanting there. Dryden. NORBERTINE Nor"bert*ine, n. Defn: See Premonstrant. NORFOLK Nor"folk, n. Defn: Short for Norfolk Jacket. NORFOLK DUMPLING Norfolk dumpling. (Eng.) (a) A kind of boiled dumpling made in Norfolk. (b) A native or inhabitant of Norfolk. NORFOLK JACKET Norfolk jacket. Defn: A kind of loose-fitting plaited jacket, having a loose belt. NORFOLK PLOVER Norfolk plover. Defn: The stone curlew. NORFOLK SPANIEL Norfolk spaniel. Defn: One of a breed of field spaniels similar to the clumbers, but shorter in body and of a liver-and-white or black-and-white color. NORIA No"ri*a, n. Etym: [Sp., from Ar. na'.] Defn: A large water wheel, turned by the action of a stream against its floats, and carrying at its circumference buckets, by which water is raised and discharged into a trough; used in Arabia, China, and elsewhere for irrigating land; a Persian wheel. NORIAN No"ri*an, a. Etym: [From norite.] (Geol.) Defn: Pertaining to the upper portion of the Laurentian rocks. T. S. Hunt. NORICE Nor"ice, n. Defn: Nurse. [Obs.] Chaucer. NORIE No"rie, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The cormorant. [Prov. Eng.] NORIMON Nor"i*mon, n.; pl. Norimons (. Defn: A Japanese covered litter, carried by men. B. Taylor. NORITE No"rite, n. Etym: [F., fr. Norvège Norway .] (Min.) Defn: A granular crystalline rock consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar (as labradorite) and hypersthene. NORIUM No"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: A supposed metal alleged to have been discovered in zircon. NORLAND Nor"land, n. [For Northland.] 1. The land in the north; north country. [Chiefly Poetic] 2. = Norlander. [Scot. & Eng.] NORLANDER Nor"land*er, n. Defn: A northener; a person from the north country. NORM Norm, n. Etym: [L. norma a rule. See Normal, a.] 1. A rule or authoritative standard; a model; a type. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A typical, structural unit; a type. Agassiz. NORMA Nor"ma, n. Etym: [L.] 1. A norm; a principle or rule; a model; a standard. J. S. Mill. 2. A mason's or a carpenter's square or rule. 3. A templet or gauge. NORMAL Nor"mal, a. Etym: [L. normalis, fr. norma rule, pattern, carpenter's square; prob. akin to noscere to know; cf. Gr. normal. See Known, and cf. Abnormal, Enormous.] 1. According to an established norm, rule, or principle; conformed to a type, standard, or regular form; performing the proper functions; not abnormal; regular; natural; analogical. Deviations from the normal type. Hallam. 2. (Geom.) Defn: According to a square or rule; perpendicular; forming a right angle. Specifically: Of or pertaining to a normal. 3. (Chem.) Defn: Standard; original; exact; typical. Specifically: (a) (Quantitative Analysis) Denoting a solution of such strength that every cubic centimeter contains the same number of milligrams of the element in question as the number of its molecular weight. (b) (Chem.) Defn: Denoting certain hypothetical compounds, as acids from which the real acids are obtained by dehydration; thus, normal sulphuric acid and normal nitric acid are respectively S(OH)6, and N(OH)5. (c) (Organ. Chem.) Denoting that series of hydrocarbons in which no carbon atom is united with more than two other carbon atoms; as, normal pentane, hexane, etc. Cf. Iso-. Normal equations (Method of Least Squares), a set of equations of the first degree equal in number to the number of unknown quantities, and derived from the observations by a specified process. The solution of the normal equations gives the most probable values of the unknown quantities. -- Normal group (Geol.), a group of rocks taken as a standard. Lyell. -- Normal place (of a planet or comet) (Astron.), the apparent place in the heavens of a planet or comet at a specified time, the place having been determined by a considerable number of observations, extending perhaps over many days, and so combined that the accidental errors of observation have largely balanced each other. -- Normal school, a school whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model for imitation; an institution for the training of teachers. Syn. -- Normal, Regular, Ordinary. Regular and ordinary are popular terms of well-known signification; normal has now a more specific sense, arising out of its use in science. A thing is normal, or in its normal state, when strictly conformed to those principles of its constitution which mark its species or to the standard of a healthy and natural condition. It is abnormal when it departs from those principles. NORMAL Nor"mal, n. Etym: [Cf. F. normale, ligne normale. See Normal, a.] 1. (Geom.) Any perpendicular. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A straight line or plane drawn from any point of a curve or surface so as to be perpendicular to the curve or surface at that point. Note: The term normal is also used to denote the distance along the normal line from the curve to the axis of abscissas or to the center of curvature. NORMALCY Nor"mal*cy, n. Defn: The quality, state, or fact of being normal; as, the point of normalcy. [R.] NORMALIZATION Nor`mal*i*za"tion, n. Defn: Reduction to a standard or normal state. NORMALLY Nor"mal*ly, adv. Defn: In a normal manner. Darwin. NORMAN Nor"man, n. Etym: [F. normand.] (Naut.) Defn: A wooden bar, or iron pin. W. C. Russell. NORMAN Nor"man, a. Etym: [F. normand, of Scand. origin. See Northman, and cf. Norse.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Normandy or to the Normans; as, the Norman language; the Norman conquest. Norman style (Arch.), a style of architecture which arose in the tenth century, characterized by great massiveness, simplicity, and strength, with the use of the semicircular arch, heavy round columns, and a great variety of ornaments, among which the zigzag and spiral or cable-formed ornaments were prominent. NORMAN Nor"man, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Normandy; originally, one of the Northmen or Scandinavians who conquered Normandy in the 10th century; afterwards, one of the mixed (Norman-French) race which conquered England, under William the Conqueror. NORMANISM Nor"man*ism, n. Defn: A Norman idiom; a custom or expression peculiar to the Normans. M. Arnold. NORN; NORNA Norn, Nor"na, n. Etym: [Icel. norn, pl. nornir.] 1. (Scandinavian Myth.) Defn: One of the three Fates, Past, Present, and Future. Their names were Urd, Verdandi, and Skuld. 2. A tutelary deity; a genius. NOROPIANIC No*ro`pi*an"ic, a. Etym: [Etymology uncertain.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the aromatic series obtained from opianic acid. NORROY Nor"roy, n. Etym: [Lit., north king, fr. F. nord north + roi king.] (Her.) Defn: The most northern of the English Kings-at-arms. See King-at- arms, under King. NORSE Norse, a. Etym: [Dan. Norsk, fr. nord north. See North.] Defn: Of or pertaining to ancient Scandinavia, or to the language spoken by its inhabitants. NORSE Norse, n. Defn: The Norse language. NORSEMAN Norse"man, n.; pl. Norsemen (. Defn: One of the ancient Scandinavians; a Northman. NORTELRY Nor"tel*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. Nurture.] Defn: Nurture; education; culture; bringing up. [Obs.] Nortelry . . . learned at the nunnery. Chaucer. NORTH North, n. Etym: [AS. noredh; akin to D. noord, G., Sw., & Dan. nord, Icel. noredhr. Cf. Norman, Norse.] 1. That one of the four cardinal points of the compass, at any place, which lies in the direction of the true meridian, and to the left hand of a person facing the east; the direction opposite to the south. 2. Any country or region situated farther to the north than another; the northern section of a country. 3. Specifically: That part of the United States lying north of Mason and Dixon's line. See under Line. NORTH North, a. Defn: Lying toward the north; situated at the north, or in a northern direction from the point of observation or reckoning; proceeding toward the north, or coming from the north. North following. See Following, a., 2. -- North pole, that point in the heavens, or on the earth, ninety degrees from the equator toward the north. -- North preceding. See Following, a., 2. -- North star, the star toward which the north pole of the earth very nearly points, and which accordingly seems fixed and immovable in the sky. The star a (alpha) of the Little Bear, is our present north star, being distant from the pole about 1º 25', and from year to year approaching slowly nearer to it. It is called also Cynosura, polestar, and by astronomers, Polaris. NORTH North, v. i. Defn: To turn or move toward the north; to veer from the east or west toward the north. NORTH North, adv. Defn: Northward. NORTHEAST North`east", n. Defn: The point between the north and east, at an equal distance from each; the northeast part or region. NORTHEAST North`east", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the northeast; proceeding toward the northeast, or coming from that point; as, a northeast course; a northeast wind. Northeast passage, a passage or communication by sea between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans along the north coast of Asia. NORTHEAST North`east", adv. Defn: Toward the northeast. NORTHEASTER North`east"er, n. Defn: A storm, strong wind, or gale, coming from the northeast. NORTHEASTERLY North`east"er*ly, a. Defn: Pertaining to the northeast; toward the northeast, or coming from the northeast. NORTHEASTERLY North`east"er*ly, adv. Defn: Toward the northeast. NORTHEASTERN North`east"ern, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the northeast; northeasterly. NORTHEASTWARD; NORTHEASTWARDLY North`east"ward, North`east"ward*ly, adv. Defn: Toward the northeast. NORTHER North"er, n. Defn: A wind from the north; esp., a strong and cold north wind in Texas and the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico. NORTHERLINESS North"er*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being northerly; direction toward the north. NORTHERLY North"er*ly, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the north; toward the north, or from the north; northern. NORTHERLY North"er*ly, adv. Defn: Toward the north. NORTHERN North"ern, a. Etym: [AS. noredherne.] 1. Of or pertaining to the north; being in the north, or nearer to that point than to the east or west. 2. In a direction toward the north; as, to steer a northern course; coming from the north; as, a northern wind. Northern diver. (Zoöl.) See Loon. -- Northern lights. See Aurora borealis, under Aurora. -- Northern spy (Bot.), an excellent American apple, of a yellowish color, marked with red. NORTHERNER North"ern*er, n. 1. One born or living in the north. 2. A native or inhabitant of the Northern States; -- contradistinguished from Ant: Southerner. [U. S.] NORTHERNLY North"ern*ly, adv. Defn: Northerly. [Obs.] Hakewill. NORTHERNMOST North"ern*most`, a. Etym: [Cf. Northmost.] Defn: Farthest north. NORTHING North"ing, n. 1. (Surv. & Navigation) Defn: Distance northward from any point of departure or of reckoning, measured on a meridian; -- opposed to Ant: southing. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The distance of any heavenly body from the equator northward; north declination. NORTHMAN North"man, n.; pl. Northmen. Etym: [AS. noredhman. See North, and Man, and cf. Norman.] Defn: One of the inhabitants of the north of Europe; esp., one of the ancient Scandinavians; a Norseman. NORTHMOST North"most`, a. Etym: [AS. nor. Cf.Aftermost.] Defn: Lying farthest north; northernmost. Northmost part of the coast of Mozambique. De Foe. NORTHNESS North"ness, n. Defn: A tendency in the end of a magnetic needle to point to the north. Faraday. NORTH STAR STATE North Star State. Defn: Minnesota; -- a nickname. NORTHUMBRIAN North*um"bri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Northumberland in England. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Northumberland. NORTHWARD North"ward, a. Etym: [AS. noredhweard.] Defn: Toward the north; nearer to the north than to the east or west point. NORTHWARD; NORTHWARDS North"ward, North"wards, adv. Defn: Toward the north, or toward a point nearer to the north than to the east or west point. NORTHWARDLY North"ward*ly, a. Defn: Having a northern direction. NORTHWARDLY North"ward*ly, adv. Defn: In a northern direction. NORTHWEST North`west", n. Etym: [AS. noredhwest.] Defn: The point in the horizon between the north and west, and equally distant from each; the northwest part or region. NORTHWEST North`west", a. 1. Pertaining to, or in the direction of, the point between the north and west; being in the northwest; toward the northwest, or coming from the northwest; as, the northwest coast. 2. Coming from the northwest; as, a northwest wind. Northwest passage, a passage or communication by sea between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans along the north coast of America, long sought for by navigators. NORTHWEST North`west", adv. Defn: Toward the northwest. NORTHWESTER North`west"er, n. Defn: A storm or gale from the northwest; a strong northwest wind. NORTHWESTERLY North`west"er*ly, a. Defn: Toward the northwest, or from the northwest. NORTHWESTERN North`west"ern, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or being in, the northwest; in a direction toward the northwest; coming from the northwest; northwesterly; as, a northwestern course. NORTHWESTWARD; NORTHWESTWARDLY North`west"ward, North`west"ward*ly, adv. Defn: Toward the northwest. NORWEGIAN Nor*we"gi*an, a. Etym: [Cf. Icel. Noregr, Norvegr, Norway. See North, and Way.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Norway, its inhabitants, or its language. NORWEGIAN Nor*we"gi*an, n. 1. A native of Norway. 2. That branch of the Scandinavian language spoken in Norway. NORWEGIUM Nor*we"gi*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Norwegian.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element, of doubtful identification, said to occur in the copper-nickel of Norway. NORWEYAN Nor*we"yan, a. Defn: Norwegian. [Obs.] Shak. NOSE Nose, n. Etym: [AS. nosu; akin to D. neus, G. nase, OHG. nasa, Icel. nös, Sw. näsa, Dan. näse, Lith. nosis, Russ. nos', L. nasus, nares, Skr. nasa, nas. Nasal, Nasturtium, Naze, Nostril, Nozzle.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The prominent part of the face or anterior extremity of the head containing the nostrils and olfactory cavities; the olfactory organ. See Nostril, and Olfactory organ under Olfactory. 2. The power of smelling; hence, scent. We are not offended with a dog for a better nose than his master. Collier. 3. A projecting end or beak at the front of an object; a snout; a nozzle; a spout; as, the nose of a bellows; the nose of a teakettle. Nose bit (Carp.), a bit similar to a gouge bit, but having a cutting edge on one side of its boring end. -- Nose hammer (Mach.), a frontal hammer. -- Nose hole (Glass Making), a small opening in a furnace, before which a globe of crown glass is held and kept soft at the beginning of the flattening process. -- Nose key (Carp.), a fox wedge. -- Nose leaf (Zoöl.), a thin, broad, membranous fold of skin on the nose of many species of bats. It varies greatly in size and form. -- Nose of wax, fig., a person who is pliant and easily influenced. "A nose of wax to be turned every way." Massinger -- Nose piece, the nozzle of a pipe, hose, bellows, etc.; the end piece of a microscope body, to which an objective is attached. -- To hold, put, or bring one's nose to the grindstone. See under Grindstone. -- To lead by the nose, to lead at pleasure, or to cause to follow submissively; to lead blindly, as a person leads a beast. Shak. -- To put one's nose out of joint, to humiliate one's pride, esp. by supplanting one in the affections of another. [Slang] -- To thrust one's nose into, to meddle officiously in. -- To wipe one's nose of, to deprive of; to rob. [Slang] NOSE Nose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nosed; p. pr. & vb. n. Nosing.] 1. To smell; to scent; hence, to track, or trace out. 2. To touch with the nose; to push the nose into or against; hence, to interfere with; to treat insolently. Lambs . . . nosing the mother's udder. Tennyson. A sort of national convention, dubious in its nature . . . nosed Parliament in the very seat of its authority. Burke. 3. To utter in a nasal manner; to pronounce with a nasal twang; as, to nose a prayer. [R.] Cowley. NOSE Nose (noz), v. i. 1. To smell; to sniff; to scent. Audubon. 2. To pry officiously into what does not concern one. NOSEBAG Nose"bag`, n. Defn: A bag in which feed for a horse, ox, or the like, may be fastened under the nose by a string passing over the head. NOSEBAND Nose"band`, n. Defn: That part of the headstall of a bridle which passes over a horse's nose. NOSEBLEED Nose"bleed`, n. 1. A bleeding at the nose. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The yarrow. See Yarrow. NOSED Nosed, a. Defn: Having a nose, or such a nose; -- chieflay used in composition; as, pug-nosed. NOSEGAY Nose"gay`, n. Etym: [Nose + gay in the sense of a gay or showy thing.] Defn: A bunch of odorous and showy flowers; a bouquet; a posy. Pope. NOSEL Nos"el, v. t. Etym: [See Noursle.] Defn: To nurse; to lead or teach; to foster; to nuzzle. [Obs.] If any man use the Scripture . . . to nosel thee in anything save in Christ, he is a false prophet. Tyndale. NOSELESS Nose"less, a. Defn: Destitute of a nose. NOSESMART Nose"smart`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of cress, a pungent cruciferous plant, including several species of the genus Nasturtium. NOSETHIRL; NOSETHRIL Nose"thirl, Nose"thril, n. Defn: Nostril. [Obs.] [Written also nosethurl, nosthrill.] Chaucer. NOSING Nos"ing, n. (Arch.) Defn: That part of the treadboard of a stair which projects over the riser; hence, any like projection, as the projecting edge of a molding. NOSLE No"sle, n. Etym: [See Nozzle, Nose.] Defn: Nozzle. [Obs.] NOSOCOMIAL Nos`o*co"mi*al, a. Etym: [L. nosocomium a hospital, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a hospital; as, nosocomial atmosphere. Dunglison. NOSOGRAPHY No*sog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. nosographie.] Defn: A description or classification of diseases. NOSOLOGICAL Nos`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. nosologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to nosology. NOSOLOGIST No*sol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nosologiste.] Defn: One versed in nosology. NOSOLOGY No*sol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. nosologie.] 1. A systematic arrangement, or classification, of diseases. 2. That branch of medical science which treats of diseases, or of the classification of diseases. NOSOPHEN Nos"o*phen, n. [Nose + phenol; orig. used for affections of the nose.] (Pharm.) Defn: An iodine compound obtained as a yellowish gray, odorless, tasteless powder by the action of iodine on phenolphthalein. NOSOPHOBIA Nos`o*pho"bi*a, n. [NL.; disease + fear.] (Med.) Defn: Morbid dread of disease. NOSOPOETIC Nos`o*po*et"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Producing diseases. [R.] Arbuthnot. NOST Nost. Etym: [Contr. from ne wost.] Defn: Wottest not; knowest not. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOSTALGIA Nos*tal"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Homesickness; esp., a severe and sometimes fatal form of melancholia, due to homesickness. NOSTALGIC Nos*tal"gic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. nostalgique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to nostalgia; affected with nostalgia. NOSTALGY Nos*tal"gy, n. Defn: Same as Nostalgia. NOSTOC Nos"toc, n. Etym: [F.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of algæ. The plants are composed of moniliform cells imbedded in a gelatinous substance. Note: Nostoc commune is found on the ground, and is ordinarily not seen; but after a rain it swells up into a conspicuous jellylike mass, whish was formerly supposed to have fallen from the sky, whence the popular names, fallen star and star jelly. Also called witches' butter. NOSTRIL Nos"tril, n. Etym: [OE. nosethril, nosethirl, AS. nospyrl; nos for nosu nose + pyrel opening, hole, from pyrel pierced, for pyrhel, fr. purh through. Nose, and Through, and cf. Thrill.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the external openings of the nose, which give passage to the air breathed and to secretions from the nose and eyes; one of the anterior nares. Note: In sperm whales, porpoises, and allied animals, there is only one nostril, which is situated on the top of the head and called a spiracle. 2. Perception; insight; acuteness. [Obs.] Methinks a man Of your sagacity and clear nostril should Have made another choice. B. Jonson. NOSTRUM Nos"trum n.; pl. Nostrums. Etym: [Neut. sing. of L. noster ours, fr. nos we. See Us.] 1. A medicine, the ingredients of which are kept secret for the purpose of restricting the profits of sale to the inventor or proprietor; a quack medicine. 2. Any scheme or device proposed by a quack. The incentives of agitators, the arts of impostors and the nostrums of quacks. Brougham. NOT Not. Etym: [Contr. from ne wot. See 2d Note.] Defn: Wot not; know not; knows not. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOT Not, a. Defn: Shorn; shaven. [Obs.] See Nott. NOT Not, adv. Etym: [OE. not, noht, nought, naught, the same word as E. naught. See Naught.] Defn: A word used to express negation, prohibition, denial, or refusal. Not one word spake he more than was need. Chaucer. Thou shalt not steal. Ex. xx. 15. Thine eyes are upon me, and I am not. Job vii. 8. The question is, may I do it, or may I not do it Bp. Sanderson. Not . . . but, or Not but, only. [Obs. or Colloq.] Chaucer. NOTABILIA No`ta*bil"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [Neut. pl. of L. notabilis notable.] Defn: Things worthy of notice. NOTABILITY Not`a*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Notabilities. Etym: [Cf. F. notabilité .] 1. Quality of being notable. 2. A notable, or remarkable, person or thing; a person of note. "Parisian notabilities" Carlyle. 3. A notable saying. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOTABLE Not"a*ble, a. Etym: [F. notable, L. notabilis, fr. notare to mark, nota mark, note. See 5th Note.] 1. Capable of being noted; noticeable; plan; evident. 2. Worthy of notice; remarkable; memorable; noted or distinguished; as, a notable event, person. Note: Notable in the sense of careful, thrifty, characterized by thrift and capacity (as, a notable housekeeper) is pronounced by many good orthoëpists, nôt"a*b'l, the derivatives notableness, and notably, being also similarly pronounced with short o in the first syllable. 3. Well-known; notorious. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOTABLE Not"a*ble, n. 1. A person, or thing, of distinction. 2. (French Hist.) Defn: One of a number of persons, before the revolution of 1789, chiefly of the higher orders, appointed by the king to constitute a representative body. NOTABLENESS Not"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being notable. NOTABLY Not"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a notable manner. NOTAEUM No*tæ"um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The back or upper surface, as of a bird. NOTAL No"tal, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the back; dorsal. NOTANDUM No*tan"dum, n.; pl. Notanda. Etym: [L., fr. notare to observe.] Defn: A thing to be noted or observed; a notable fact; -- chiefly used in the plural. NOTARIAL No*ta"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. notarial.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a notary; done or taken by a notary; as, a notarial seal; notarial evidence or attestation. NOTARIALLY No*ta"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a notarial manner. NOTARY No"ta*ry, n.; pl. Notaries. Etym: [F. notaire, L. notarius notary (in sense 1), fr. nota mark. See 5th Note.] 1. One who records in shorthand what is said or done; as, the notary of an ecclesiastical body. 2. (Eng. & Am. Law) Defn: A public officer who attests or certifies deeds and other writings, or copies of them, usually under his official seal, to make them authentic, especially in foreign countries. His duties chiefly relate to instruments used in commercial transactions, such as protests of negotiable paper, ship's papers in cases of loss, damage, etc. He is generally called a notary public. NOTATE No"tate, a. Etym: [L. notatus marked, p. p. of notare to mark. See 5th Note.] (Bot.) Defn: Marked with spots or lines, which are often colored. Henslow. NOTATION No*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. notatio a marking, observing, etymology, fr. notare to mark, nota a mark: cf. F. notation. See 5th Note.] 1. The act or practice of recording anything by marks, figures, or characters. 2. Any particular system of characters, symbols, or abbreviated expressions used in art or science, to express briefly technical facts, quantities, etc. Esp., the system of figures, letters, and signs used in arithmetic and algebra to express number, quantity, or operations. 3. Literal or etymological signification. [Obs.] "Conscience" is a Latin word, and, according to the very notation of it, imports a double or joint knowledge. South. NOTCH Notch, n. Etym: [Akin to nock; cf. OD. nock, OSw. nocka. Cf. Nick a notch.] 1. A hollow cut in anything; a nick; an indentation. And on the stick ten equal notches makes. Swift. 2. A narrow passage between two elevation; a deep, close pass; a defile; as, the notch of a mountain. NOTCH Notch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Notched; p. pr. & vb. n. Notching.] 1. To cut or make notches in ; to indent; also, to score by notches; as, to notch a stick. 2. To fit the notch of (an arrow) to the string. God is all sufferance; here he doth show No arrow notched, only a stringless bow. Herrick. NOTCHBOARD Notch"board`, n. (Carp.) Defn: The board which receives the ends of the steps in a staircase. NOTCHING Notch"ing, n. 1. The act of making notches; the act of cutting into small hollows. 2. The small hollow, or hollows, cut; a notch or notches. 3. (Carp.) Defn: A method of joining timbers, scantling, etc., by notching them, as at the ends, and overlapping or interlocking the notched portions. 4. (Engin.) Defn: A method of excavating, as in a bank, by a series of cuttings side by side. See also Gulleting. NOTCHWEED Notch"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A foul-smelling weed, the stinking goosefoot (Chenopodium Vulvaria). NOTE Note, v. t. Etym: [AS. hnitan to strike against, imp. hnat.] Defn: To butt; to push with the horns. [Prov. Eng.] NOTE Note. Etym: [AS. nat; ne not + wat wot. See Not, and Wot.] Defn: Know not; knows not. [Obs.] NOTE Note, n. Defn: Nut. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOTE Note, n. Etym: [AS. notu use, profit.] Defn: Need; needful business. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOTE Note, n. Etym: [F. note, L. nota; akin to noscere, notum, to know. See Know.] 1. A mark or token by which a thing may be known; a visible sign; a character; a distinctive mark or feature; a characteristic quality. Whosoever appertain to the visible body of the church, they have also the notes of external profession. Hooker. She [the Anglican church] has the note of possession, the note of freedom from party titles,the note of life -- a tough life and a vigorous. J. H. Newman. What a note of youth, of imagination, of impulsive eagerness, there was through it all ! Mrs. Humphry Ward. 2. A mark, or sign, made to call attention, to point out something to notice, or the like; a sign, or token, proving or giving evidence. 3. A brief remark; a marginal comment or explanation; hence, an annotation on a text or author; a comment; a critical, explanatory, or illustrative observation. The best writers have been perplexed with notes, and obscured with illustrations. Felton. 4. A brief writing intended to assist the memory; a memorandum; a minute. 5. pl. Defn: Hence, a writing intended to be used in speaking; memoranda to assist a speaker, being either a synopsis, or the full text of what is to be said; as, to preach from notes; also, a reporter's memoranda; the original report of a speech or of proceedings. 6. A short informal letter; a billet. 7. A diplomatic missive or written communication. 8. A written or printed paper acknowledging a debt, and promising payment; as, a promissory note; a note of hand; a negotiable note. 9. A list of items or of charges; an account. [Obs.] Here is now the smith's note for shoeing. Shak. 10. (Mus.) (a) A character, variously formed, to indicate the length of a tone, and variously placed upon the staff to indicate its pitch. Hence: (b) A musical sound; a tone; an utterance; a tune. (c) A key of the piano or organ. The wakeful bird . . . tunes her nocturnal note. Milton. That note of revolt against the eighteenth century, which we detect in Goethe, was struck by Winckelmann. W. Pater. 11. Observation; notice; heed. Give orders to my servants that they take No note at all of our being absent hence. Shak. 12. Notification; information; intelligence. [Obs.] The king . . . shall have note of this. Shak. 13. State of being under observation. [Obs.] Small matters . . . continually in use and in note. Bacon. 14. Reputation; distinction; as, a poet of note. There was scarce a family of note which had not poured out its blood on the field or the scaffold. Prescott. 15. Stigma; brand; reproach. [Obs.] Shak. Note of hand, a promissory note. NOTE Note, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Noted; p. pr. & vb. n. Noting.] Etym: [F. noter, L. notare, fr. nota. See Note, n.] 1. To notice with care; to observe; to remark; to heed; to attend to. Pope. No more of that; I have noted it well. Shak. 2. To record in writing; to make a memorandum of. Every unguarded word . . . was noted down. Maccaulay. 3. To charge, as with crime (with of or for before the thing charged); to brand. [Obs.] They were both noted of incontinency. Dryden. 4. To denote; to designate. Johnson. 5. To annotate. [R.] W. H. Dixon. 6. To set down in musical characters. To note a bill or draft, to record on the back of it a refusal of acceptance, as the ground of a protest, which is done officially by a notary. NOTEBOOK Note"book`, n. 1. A book in which notes or memorandums are written. 2. A book in which notes of hand are registered. NOTED Not"ed, a. Defn: Well known by reputation or report; eminent; celebrated; as, a noted author, or traveler. -- Not"ed*ly, adv. -- Not"ed*ness, n. NOTEFUL Note"ful, a. Defn: Useful. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOTELESS Note"less, a. Defn: Not attracting notice; not conspicuous. Noteless as the race from which he sprung. Sir W. Scott. NOTELESSNESS Note"less*ness, n. Defn: A state of being noteless. NOTELET Note"let, n. Defn: A little or short note; a billet. NOTE PAPER Note" pa`per. Defn: Writing paper, not exceeding in size, when folded once, five by eight inches. NOTER Not"er, n. 1. One who takes notice. 2. An annotator. [Obs.] NOTEWORTHY Note"wor`thy, a. Defn: Worthy of observation or notice; remarkable. NOTHER Noth"er, conj. Defn: Neither; nor. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOTHING Noth"ing, n. Etym: [From no, a. + thing.] 1. Not anything; no thing (in the widest sense of the word thing); -- opposed to Ant: anything and Ant: something. Yet had his aspect nothing of severe. Dryden. 2. Nonexistence; nonentity; absence of being; nihility; nothingness. Shak. 3. A thing of no account, value, or note; something irrelevant and impertinent; something of comparative unimportance; utter insignificance; a trifle. Behold, ye are of nothing, and your work of nought. Is. xli. 24. 'T is nothing, says the fool; but, says the friend, This nothing, sir, will bring you to your end. Dryden. 4. (Arith.) Defn: A cipher; naught. Nothing but, only; no more than. Chaucer. -- To make nothing of. (a) To make no difficulty of; to consider as trifling or important. "We are industrious to preserve our bodies from slavery, but we make nothing of suffering our souls to be slaves to our lusts." Ray. (b) Not to understand; as, I could make nothing of what he said. NOTHING Noth"ing, adv. Defn: In no degree; not at all; in no wise. Adam, with such counsel nothing swayed. Milton. The influence of reason in producing our passions is nothing near so extensive as is commonly believed. Burke. Nothing off (Naut.), an order to the steersman to keep the vessel close to the wind. NOTHINGARIAN Noth`ing*a"ri*an, n. Defn: One of no certain belief; one belonging to no particular sect. NOTHINGISM Noth"ing*ism, n. Defn: Nihility; nothingness. [R.] NOTHINGNESS Noth"ing*ness, n. 1. Nihility; nonexistence. 2. The state of being of no value; a thing of no value. NOTICE No"tice, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. notitia a being known, knowledge, fr. noscere, notum, to know. See Know.] 1. The act of noting, remarking, or observing; observation by the senses or intellect; cognizance; note. How ready is envy to mingle with the notices we take of other persons ! I. Watts. 2. Intelligence, by whatever means communicated; knowledge given or received; means of knowledge; express notification; announcement; warning. I . . . have given him notice that the Duke of Cornwall and Regan his duchess will be here. Shak. 3. An announcement, often accompanied by comments or remarks; as, book notices; theatrical notices. 4. A writing communicating information or warning. 5. Attention; respectful treatment; civility. To take notice of, to perceive especially; to observe or treat with particular attention. Syn. -- Attention; regard; remark; note; heed; consideration; respect; civility; intelligence; advice; news. NOTICE No"tice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Noticed; p. pr. & vb. n. Noticing.] 1. To observe; to see to mark; to take note of; to heed; to pay attention to. 2. To show that one has observed; to take public note of; remark upon; to make comments on; to refer to; as, to notice a book. This plant deserves to be noticed in this place. Tooke. Another circumstance was noticed in connection with the suggestion last discussed. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. To treat with attention and civility; as, to notice strangers. Syn. -- To remark; observe; perceive; see; mark; note; mind; regard; heed; mention. See Remark. NOTICEABLE No"tice*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being observed; worthy of notice; likely to attract observation; conspicous. A noticeable man, with large gray eyes. Wordsworth. NOTICEABLY No"tice*a*bly, adv. Defn: In a noticeable manner. NOTICER No"ti*cer, n. Defn: One who notices. NOTIDANIAN No`ti*da"ni*an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of sharks of the family Notidanidæ, or Hexanchidæ. Called also cow sharks. See Shark. NOTIFICATION No`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. notification. See Notify.] 1. The act of notifying, or giving notice; the act of making known; especially, the act of giving official notice or information to the public or to individuals, corporations, companies, or societies, by words, by writing, or by other means. 2. Notice given in words or writing, or by signs. 3. The writing which communicates information; an advertisement, or citation, etc. NOTIFY No"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Notified; p. pr. & vb. n. Notifying.] Etym: [F. notifier, L. notificare; notus known (p. p. of noscere to known) + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Know, and -fy.] 1. To make known; to declare; to publish; as, to notify a fact to a person. No law can bind till it be notified or promulged. Sowth. 2. To give notice to; to inform by notice; to apprise; as, the constable has notified the citizens to meet at the city hall; the bell notifies us of the time of meeting. The President of the United States has notified the House of Representatives that he has approved and signed the act. Journal of the Senate, U. S. Note: This application of notify has been condemned; but it is in constant good use in the United States, and in perfect accordance with the use of certify. NOTION No"tion, Etym: [L. notio, fr. noscere to know: cf. F. notion. See Know.] 1. Mental apprehension of whatever may be known or imagined; an idea; a conception; more properly, a general or universal conception, as distinguishable or definable by marks or notæ. What hath been generally agreed on, I content myself to assume under the notion of principles. Sir I. Newton. Few agree in their notions about these words. Cheyne. That notion of hunger, cold, sound, color, thought, wish, or fear which is in the mind, is called the "idea" of hunger, cold, etc. I. Watts. Notion, again, signifies either the act of apprehending, signalizing, that is, the remarking or taking note of, the various notes, marks, or characters of an object which its qualities afford, or the result of that act. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. A sentiment; an opinion. The extravagant notion they entertain of themselves. Addison. A perverse will easily collects together a system of notions to justify itself in its obliquity. J. H. Newman. 3. Sense; mind. [Obs.] Shak. 4. An invention; an ingenious device; a knickknack; as, Yankee notions. [Colloq.] 5. Inclination; intention; disposition; as, I have a notion to do it. [Colloq.] NOTIONAL No"tion*al, a. 1. Consisting of, or conveying, notions or ideas; expressing abstract conceptions. 2. Existing in idea only; visionary; whimsical. Discourses of speculative and notional things. Evelyn. 3. Given to foolish or visionary expectations; whimsical; fanciful; as, a notional man. NOTIONALITY No`tion*al"i*ty, n. Defn: A notional or groundless opinion. [R.] Glanvill. NOTIONALLY No"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In mental apprehension; in conception; not in reality. Two faculties . . . notionally or really distinct. Norris. NOTIONATE No"tion*ate, a. Defn: Notional. [R.] NOTIONIST No"tion*ist, n. Defn: One whose opinions are ungrounded notions. [R.] Bp. Hopkins. NOTIST No"tist, n. Defn: An annotator. [Obs.] NOTOBRANCHIATA No`to*bran`chi*a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Notum, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of nudibranchiate mollusks having gills upon the back. (b) The Dorsibranchiata. NOTOBRANCHIATE No`to*bran"chi*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Notobranchiata. NOTOCHORD No"to*chord, n. Etym: [Gr. chord.] (Anat.) Defn: An elastic cartilagelike rod which is developed beneath the medullary groove in the vertebrate embryo, and constitutes the primitive axial skeleton around which the centra of the vertebræ and the posterior part of the base of the skull are developed; the chorda dorsalis. See Illust. of Ectoderm. NOTOCHORDAL No`to*chor"dal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the notochord; having a notochord. NOTODONTIAN No`to*don"tian, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of bombycid moths belonging to Notodonta, Nerice, and allied genera. The caterpillar of these moths has a hump, or spine, on its back. NOTOPODIUM No`to*po"di*um, n.; pl. L. Notopodia, E. Notopodiums. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dorsal lobe or branch of a parapodium. See Parapodium. NOTORHIZAL No`to*rhi"zal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having the radicle of the embryo lying against the back of one of the cotyledons; incumbent. NOTORIETY No`to*ri"e*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. notoriété. See Notorious.] Defn: The quality or condition of being notorious; the state of being generally or publicly known; -- commonly used in an unfavorable sense; as, the notoriety of a crime. They were not subjects in their own nature so exposed to public notoriety. Addison. NOTORIOUS No*to"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. notorius pointing out, making known, fr. noscere, notum, to known: cf. F. notoire. See Know.] Defn: Generally known and talked of by the public; universally believed to be true; manifest to the world; evident; -- usually in an unfavorable sense; as, a notorious thief; a notorious crime or vice. Your goodness, Since you provoke me, shall be most notorious. Shak. Syn. -- Distinguished; remarkable; conspicuous; celebrated; noted; famous; renowned. -- No*to"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- No*to"ri*ous*ness, n. NOTORNIS No*tor"nis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of birds allied to the gallinules, but having rudimentary wings and incapable of flight. Notornis Mantelli was first known as a fossil bird of New Zealand, but subsequently a few individuals were found living on the southern island. It is supposed to be now nearly or quite extinct. NOTOTHERIUM No`to*the"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extinct genus of gigantic herbivorous marsupials, found in the Pliocene formation of Australia. NOTOTREMA No`to*tre"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pouched, or marsupial, frog of South America. NOT-PATED; NOTT-PATED Not"-pat`ed, Nott"-pat`ed, a. Defn: Same as Nott-headed. [Obs.] Shak. NOTSELF Not"self`, n. (Metaph.) Defn: The negative of self. "A cognizance of notself." Sir. W. Hamilton. NOTT Nott, a. Etym: [AS. hnot shorn.] Defn: Shorn. [Obs.] NOTT Nott, v. t. Defn: To shear. [Obs.] Stow. NOTT-HEADED Nott"-head`ed, a. Defn: Having the hair cut close. [Obs.] Chapman. NOTTURNO Not*tur"no, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Same as Nocturne. NOTUM No"tum, n.; pl. Nota. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The back. NOTUS No"tus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: The south wind. NOTWHEAT Not"wheat`, n. Etym: [Nott + wheat.] Defn: Wheat not bearded. Carew. NOTWITHSTANDING Not`with*stand"ing, prep. Defn: Without prevention, or obstruction from or by; in spite of. We gentil women bee Loth to displease any wight, Notwithstanding our great right. Chaucer's Dream. Those on whom Christ bestowed miraculous cures were so transported that their gratitude made them, notwithstanding his prohibition, proclaim the wonders he had done. Dr. H. More. Note: Notwithstanding was, by Johnson and Webster, viewed as a participle absolute, an English equivalent of the Latin non obstante. Its several meanings, either as preposition, adverb, or conjunction, are capable of being explained in this view. Later grammarians, while admitting that the word was originally a participle, and can be treated as such, prefer to class it as a preposition or disjunctive conjunction. Syn. -- In spite of; despite. -- Notwithstanding, In spite of, Despite. These words and phrases are often interchanged, but there is a difference between them, chiefly in strength. Notwithstanding is the weaker term, and simply points to some obstacle that may exist; as, I shall go, notwithstanding the rain. In spite or despite of has reference primarily to active opposition to be encountered from others; as, "I'll be, in man's despite, a monarch; " "I'll keep mine own, despite of all the world." Shak. Hence, these words, when applied to things, suppose greater opposition than notwithstanding. We should say. "He was thrust rudely out of doors in spite of his entreaties," rather than "notwithstanding". On the other hand, it would be more civil to say, "Notwithstanding all you have said, I must still differ with you." NOTWITHSTANDING Not`with*stand"ing, adv. or conj. Etym: [Originally the participle of withstand, with not prefixed.] Defn: Nevertheless; however; although; as, I shall go, notwithstanding it rains. I will surely rend the kingdom from thee, and will give it to thy servant. Notwithstanding, in thy days I will not do it. 1 Kings xi. 11, 12. They which honor the law as an image of the wisdom of God himself, are, notwithstanding, to know that the same had an end in Christ. Hooker. You did wisely and honestly too, notwithstanding She is the greatest beauty in the parish. Fielding. Notwithstanding that, notwithstanding; although. These days were ages to him, notwithstanding that he was basking in the smiles of the pretty Mary. W. Irving. NOUCH Nouch, n. Etym: [See Ouch.] Defn: An ouch; a jewel. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOUGAT Nou`gat", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A cake, sweetmeat, or confectión made with almonds or other nuts. NOUGHT Nought, n. & adv. Defn: See Naught. Chaucer. NOULD Nould. Etym: [Contr. fr. ne would.] Defn: Would not. [Obs.] "By those who nould repent." Fairfax. NOULE Noule, n. Etym: [See Noll.] Defn: The top of the head; the head or noll. [Obs.] Spenser. NOUMENAL Nou"me*nal, a. (Metaph.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the noumenon; real; -- opposed to phenomenal. G. H. Lewes. NOUMENON Nou"me*non, n. Etym: [NL. fr. Gr. (Metaph.) Defn: The of itself unknown and unknowable rational object, or thing in itself, which is distinguished from the Ant: phenomenon through which it is apprehended by the senses, and by which it is interpreted and understood; -- so used in the philosophy of Kant and his followers. NOUN Noun, n. Etym: [OF. noun, nun, num, non, nom, F. nom, fr. L. nomen name. See Name.] (Gram.) Defn: A word used as the designation or appellation of a creature or thing, existing in fact or in thought; a substantive. Note: By some grammarians the term noun is so used as to include adjectives, as being descriptive; but in general it is limited to substantives. NOUNAL Noun"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a noun. Verbs which in whole or in part have shed their old nounal coat. Earle. NOUNIZE Noun"ize, v. t. Defn: To change (an adjective, verb, etc.) into a noun. Earle. NOURICE Nour"ice, n. Defn: A nurse. [Obs.] Spenser. NOURISH Nour"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nourished; p. pr. & vb. n. Nourishing.] Etym: [OE. norisen, norischen, OF. nurir, nurrir, norir, F. norrir, fr. L. nutrire. Cf. Nurse, Nutriment, and see -ish.] 1. To feed and cause to grow; to supply with matter which increases bulk or supplies waste, and promotes health; to furnish with nutriment. He planteth an ash, and the rain doth nourish it. Is. xliv. 14. 2. To support; to maintain. Whiles I in Ireland nourish a mighty band. Shak. 3. To supply the means of support and increase to; to encourage; to foster; as, to nourish rebellion; to nourish the virtues. "Nourish their contentions." Hooker. 4. To cherish; to comfort. Ye have nourished your hearts. James v. 5. 5. To educate; to instruct; to bring up; to nurture; to promote the growth of in attainments. Chaucer. Nourished up in the words of faith. 1 Tim. iv. 6. Syn. -- To cherish; feed; supply. See Nurture. NOURISH Nour"ish, v. i. 1. To promote growth; to furnish nutriment. Grains and roots nourish more than their leaves. Bacon. 2. To gain nourishment. [R.] Bacon. NOURISH Nour"ish, n. Defn: A nurse. [Obs.] Hoolland. NOURISHABLE Nour"ish*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. nourrissable.] 1. Capable of being nourished; as, the nourishable parts of the body. Grew. 2. Capable of giving nourishment. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. NOURISHER Nour"ish*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, nourishes. Milton. NOURISHING Nour"ish*ing, a. Defn: Promoting growth; nutritious, NOURISHINGLY Nour"ish*ing*ly, adv. Defn: Nutritively; cherishingly. NOURISHMENT Nour"ish*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. norrissement.] 1. The act of nourishing, or the state of being nourished; nutrition. 2. That which serves to nourish; nutriment; food. Learn to seek the nourishment of their souls. Hooker. NOURITURE Nour"i*ture, n. Defn: Nurture. [Obs.] Spenser. NOURSLE Nour"sle, v. t. Etym: [Freq., fr. OE. nourse. See Nurse.] Defn: To nurse; to rear; to bring up. [Obs.] [Written also nosel, nousel, nousle, nowsle, nusle, nuzzle, etc.] She noursled him till years he raught. Spenser. NOUS Nous, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: Intellect; understanding; talent; -- used humorously. NOUSEL; NOUSLE Nous"el, Nou"sle, v. t. Etym: [See Noose.] Defn: To insnare; to entrap. [Obs.] Johnson. NOUTHE; NOWTHE Nou"the, Now"the, adv. Etym: [Now + the.] Defn: Just now; at present. [Obs.] But thereof needeth not to speak as nouthe. Chaucer. NOUVEAU RICHE; NOUVELLE RICHE Nou`veau" riche", m., Nou`velle" riche", f.; pl. m. Noveaux riches (#), f. Nouvelles riches (#). [F.] Defn: A person newly rich. NOVA No"va (no"va), n.; pl. L. Novæ (-ve), E. Novas (-vaz). [L., fem. sing. of novus new.] (Astron.) Defn: A new star, usually appearing suddenly, shining for a brief period, and then sinking into obscurity. Such appearances are supposed to result from cosmic collisions, as of a dark star with interstellar nebulosities. The most important modern novæ are: -- No"va Co*ro"næ Bo`re*a"lis [1866]; No"va Cyg"ni [1876]; No"va An*dro"me*dæ [1885]; No"va Au*ri"gæ [1891-92]; No"va Per"se*i [1901]. There are two novæ called Nova Persei. They are: (a) A small nova which appeared in 1881. (b) An extraordinary nova which appeared in Perseus in 1901. It was first sighted on February 22, and for one night (February 23) was the brightest star in the sky. By July it had almost disappeared, after which faint surrounding nebulous masses were discovered, apparently moving radially outward from the star at incredible velocity. NOVACULITE No*vac"u*lite, n. Etym: [L. novacula a sharp knife, razor: cf. F. novaculite.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of siliceous slate, of which hones are made; razor stone; Turkey stone; hone stone; whet slate. NOVATIAN No*va"tian, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of the sect of Novatius, or Novatianus, who held that the lapsed might not be received again into communion with the church, and that second marriages are unlawful. NOVATIANISM No*va"tian*ism, n. Defn: The doctrines or principles of the Novatians. Milner. NOVATION No*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. novatio; novus new: cf. F. novation.] 1. Innovation. [Obs.] I shall easily grant that novations in religion are a main cause of distempers in commonwealths. Laud. 2. (Law) Defn: A substitution of a new debt for an old one; also, the remodeling of an old obligation. NOVATOR No*va"tor, n. Defn: An innovator. [Obs.] NOVEL Nov"el, a. Etym: [OF. novel, nuvel, F. nouvel, nouveau, L. novellus, dim. of novus new. See New.] Defn: Of recent origin or introduction; not ancient; new; hence, out of the ordinary course; unusual; strange; surprising. Note: In civil law, the novel or new constitutions are those which are supplemental to the code, and posterior in time to the other books. These contained new decrees of successive emperors. Novel assignment (Law), a new assignment or specification of a suit. Syn. -- New; recent; modern; fresh; strange; uncommon; rare; unusual. -- Novel, New . Everything at its first occurrence is new; that is novel which is so much out of the ordinary course as to strike us with surprise. That is a new sight which is beheld for the first time; that is a novel sight which either was never seen before or is seen but seldom. We have daily new inventions, but a novel one supposes some very peculiar means of attaining its end. Novel theories are regarded with distrust, as likely to prove more ingenious than sound. NOVEL Nov"el, n. Etym: [F. nouvelle. See Novel, a.] 1. That which is new or unusual; a novelty. 2. pl. Defn: News; fresh tidings. [Obs.] Some came of curiosity to hear some novels. Latimer. 3. A fictitious tale or narrative, professing to be conformed to real life; esp., one intended to exhibit the operation of the passions, and particularly of love. Dryden. 4. Etym: [L. novellae (sc. constitutiones): cf. F. novelles.] (Law) Defn: A new or supplemental constitution. See the Note under Novel, a. NOVELETTE Nov`el*ette", n. Etym: [Dim. of novel, n. See Novel.] Defn: A short novel. NOVELISM Nov"el*ism, n. Defn: Innovation. [Obs.] NOVELIST Nov"el*ist, n. 1. An innovator; an asserter of novelty. [Obs.] Cudworth. 2. Etym: [Cf. F. nouvelliste, It. novellista.] Defn: A writer of news. [Obs.] Tatler (178). 3. Etym: [Cf. F. nouvelliste.] Defn: A writer of a novel or novels. NOVELIZE Nov"el*ize, v. i. Defn: To innovate. [Obs.] NOVELIZE Nov"el*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Novelized; p. pr. & vb. n. Novelizing.] 1. To innovate. [Obs.] 2. To put into the form of novels; to represent by fiction. "To novelize history." Sir J. Herschel. NOVELRY Nov"el*ry, n. Etym: [OF. novelerie.] Defn: Novelty; new things. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOVELTY Nov"el*ty, n.; pl. Novelties. Etym: [OF. novelté, F. nouveauté, L. novellitas.] 1. The quality or state of being novel; newness; freshness; recentness of origin or introduction. Novelty is the great parent of pleasure. South. 2. Something novel; a new or strange thing. NOVEMBER No*vem"ber, n. Etym: [L. November, or Novembris (sc. mensis), the ninth month of the old Roman year, which began with March, fr. novem nine: cf. F. Novembre. See Nine.] Defn: The eleventh month of the year, containing thirty days. NOVENARY Nov"e*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. novenarius, from novem nine.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the number nine. NOVENARY Nov"e*na*ry, n. Defn: The number of nine units; nine, collectively. NOVENE No"vene, a. Etym: [L. novenus nine each, in LL., ninth, fr. L. novem nine.] Defn: Relating to, or dependent on, the number nine; novenary. [R.] The triple and novene division ran throughout. Milman. NOVENNIAL No*ven"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. novennis of nine years; novem nine + annus year.] Defn: Done or recurring every ninth year. NOVERCAL No*ver"cal, a. Etym: [L. novennis of nine years; novem nine + annus year.] Defn: Done or recurring every ninth year. NOVERCAL No*ver"cal, a. Etym: [L. novercalis, from noverca a stepmother.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a stepmother; suitable to, or in the manner of, a stepmother. Derham. NOVICE Nov"ice, n. Etym: [F., from L. novicius, novitius, new, from novus new. See New, and cf. Novitious.] 1. One who is new in any business, profession, or calling; one unacquainted or unskilled; one yet in the rudiments; a beginner; a tyro. I am young; a novice in the trade. Dryden. 2. One newly received into the church, or one newly converted to the Christian faith. 1 Tim. iii. 6. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: One who enters a religious house, whether of monks or nuns, as a probationist. Shipley. No poore cloisterer, nor no novys. Chaucer. NOVICE Nov"ice, a. Defn: Like a novice; becoming a novice. [Obs.] NOVICESHIP Nov"ice*ship, n. Defn: The state of being a novice; novitiate. NOVILUNAR No`vi*lu"nar, a. Etym: [L. novus new + luna the moon.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the new moon. [R.] NOVITIATE No*vi"ti*ate, n. Etym: [LL. novitiatus: cf. F. noviciat.] 1. The state of being a novice; time of initiation or instruction in rudiments. 2. Hence: Time of probation in a religious house before taking the vows. 3. One who is going through a novitiate, or period of probation; a novice. Addison. 4. The place where novices live or are trained. [R.] NOVITIOUS No*vi"tious, a. Etym: [L. novitius, novicius.] Defn: Newly invented; recent; new. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. NOVITY Nov"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. novitas, fr. novus new.] Defn: Newness; novelty. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. NOVUM No"vum, n. Defn: A game at dice, properly called novem quinque (L., nine five), the two principal throws being nine and five. [Obs.] Shak. NOW Now, adv. Etym: [OE. nou, nu, AS. nu, nu; akin to D., OS., & OHG. nu, G. nu, nun, Icel., nu, Dan., Sw., & Goth. nu, L. nunc, Gr. nu, nu. *193. Cf. New.] 1. At the present time; at this moment; at the time of speaking; instantly; as, I will write now. I have a patient now living, at an advanced age, who discharged blood from his lungs thirty years ago. Arbuthnot. 2. Very lately; not long ago. They that but now, for honor and for plate, Made the sea blush with blood, resign their hate. Waller. 3. At a time contemporaneous with something spoken of or contemplated; at a particular time referred to. The ship was now in the midst of the sea. Matt. xiv. 24. 4. In present circumstances; things being as they are; -- hence, used as a connective particle, to introduce an inference or an explanation. How shall any man distinguish now betwixt a parasite and a man of honor L'Estrange. Why should he live, now nature bankrupt is Shak. Then cried they all again, saying, Not this man, but Barabbas. Now, Barabbas was a robber. John xviii. 40. The other great and undoing mischief which befalls men is, by their being misrepresented. Now, by calling evil good, a man is misrepresented to others in the way of slander. South. Now and again, now and then; occasionally. -- Now and now, again and again; repeatedly. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Now and then, at one time and another; indefinitely; occasionally; not often; at intervals. "A mead here, there a heath, and now and then a wood." Drayton. -- Now now, at this very instant; precisely now. [Obs.] "Why, even now now, at holding up of this finger, and before the turning down of this." J. Webster (1607). -- Now . . . now, alternately; at one time . . . at another time. "Now high, now low, now master up, now miss." Pope. NOW Now, a. Defn: Existing at the present time; present. [R.] "Our now happiness." Glanvill. NOW Now, n. Defn: The present time or moment; the present. Nothing is there to come, and nothing past; But an eternal now does ever last. Cowley. NOWADAYS Now"a*days`, adv. Etym: [For now on (OE. an) days. See A-, 1.] Defn: In these days; at the present time. What men of spirit, nowadays, Come to give sober judgment of new plays Garrick. NOWAY; NOWAYS No"way`, No"ways`, adv. Etym: [No, a. + way. Cf. -wards.] Defn: In no manner or degree; not at all; nowise. But Ireland will noways allow that name unto it. Fuller. NOWCH Nowch, n. Defn: See Nouch. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOWD Nowd, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European gray gurnard (Trigla gurnardus). [Written also knoud.] NOWED Now"ed, a. Etym: [F. noué, p. p. of nouer to knot, fr. L. nodare. See Nodated.] (Her.) Defn: Knotted; tied in a knot, as a serpent. NOWEL Now"el, n. Etym: [See Noel.] [Written also noël.] 1. Christmas; also, a shout of joy at Christmas for the birth of the Savior. [Obs.] 2. (Mus.) Defn: A kind of hymn, or canticle, of mediæval origin, sung in honor of the Nativity of our Lord; a Christmas carol. Grove. NOWEL Now"el, n. Etym: [F. noyau, prop., a kernel. See Noyau, Newel a post.] (Founding) (a) The core, or the inner part, of a mold for casting a large hollow object. (b) The bottom part of a mold or of a flask, in distinction from the cope; the drag. NOWES Nowes, n. pl. Etym: [From OF. nous. See Noose, Node.] Defn: The marriage knot. [Obs.] Crashaw. NOWHERE No"where`, adv. Etym: [AS. nahwær. See No, and Where.] Defn: Not anywhere; not in any place or state; as, the book is nowhere to be found. NOWHITHER No"whith`er, adv. Etym: [No + whither.] Defn: Not anywhither; in no direction; nowhere. [Archaic] "Thy servant went nowhither." 2 Kings v. 25. NOWISE No"wise`, adv. Etym: [For in no wise. See Wise, n.] Defn: Not in any manner or degree; in no way; noways. Others whose case is nowise different. Earle. NOWT Nowt, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: Neat cattle. NOWTHE Now"the. Defn: See Nouthe. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOXIOUS Nox"ious, a. Etym: [L. noxius, fr. noxa harm; akin to nocere to harm, hurt. Cf. Nuisance, Necromancy.] 1. Hurtful; harmful; baneful; pernicious; injurious; destructive; unwholesome; insalubrious; as, noxious air, food, or climate; pernicious; corrupting to morals; as, noxious practices or examples. Too frequent an appearance in places of public resort is noxious to spiritual promotions. Swift. 2. Guilty; criminal. [R.] Those who are noxious in the eye of the law. Abp. Bramhall. Syn. -- Noisome; hurtful; harmful; injurious; destructive; pernicious; mischievous; corrupting; baneful; unwholesome; insalubrious. See Noisome. -- Nox"ious*ly, adv. -- Nox"ious*ness, n. NOY Noy, v. t. Etym: [See Annoy.] Defn: To annoy; to vex. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Piers Plowman. All that noyed his heavy spright. Spenser. NOY Noy, n. Defn: That which annoys. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. NOYADE No`yade", n. [F., fr. noyer to drown, L. necare to kill.] Defn: A drowning of many persons at once, -- a method of execution practiced at Nantes in France during the Reign of Terror, by Jean Baptiste Carrier. NOYANCE Noy"ance Defn: , Annoyance. [Obs.] Spenser. NOYAU Noy`au", n. Etym: [F., prop., the stone or nut of a fruit, fr. L. nucalis like a nut. See Newel a post.] Defn: A cordial of brandy, etc., flavored with the kernel of the bitter almond, or of the peach stone, etc. NOYER Noy"er, n. Defn: An annoyer. [Obs.] Tusser. NOYFUL Noy"ful, a. Defn: Full of annoyance. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOYLS Noyls, n. pl. Defn: See Noils. NOYOUS Noy"ous, a. Defn: Annoying; disagreeable. [Obs.] Watch the noyous night, and wait for Spenser. NOZLE No"zle, n. Defn: Nozzle. [Obs.] NOZZLE Noz"zle, n. Etym: [A dim. of nose. sq. root261] [Written also nosle.] 1. The nose; the snout; hence, the projecting vent of anything; as, the nozzle of a bellows. 2. Specifically: (a) A short tube, usually tapering, forming the vent of a hose or pipe. (b) A short outlet, or inlet, pipe projecting from the end or side of a hollow vessel, as a steam-engine cylinder or a steam boiler. NUANCE Nu`ance", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A shade of difference; a delicate gradation. NUB Nub, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Knob.] Defn: To push; to nudge; also, to beckon. [Prov. Eng.] NUB Nub, n. Defn: A jag, or snag; a knob; a protuberance; also, the point or gist, as of a story. [Colloq.] NUBBIN Nub"bin, n. Defn: A small or imperfect ear of maize. [Colloq. U. S.] NUBBLE Nub"ble, v. t. Etym: [Cf. LG. nubben to knock, cuff.] Defn: To beat or bruise with the fist. [Obs.] Ainsworth. NUBECULA Nu*bec"u*la, n.; pl. Nubeculæ (-le). Etym: [L., dim. of nubes cloud.] 1. (Astron.) (a) A nebula. (b) pl. Defn: Specifically, the Magellanic clouds. 2. (Med.) (a) A slight spot on the cornea. (b) A cloudy object or appearance in urine. Dunglison. NUBIA Nu"bi*a, n. Etym: [From L. nubes cloud.] Defn: A light fabric of wool, worn on the head by women; a cloud. NUBIAN Nu"bi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Nubia in Eastern Africa. -- n. Defn: A native of Nubia. NUBIFEROUS Nu*bif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. nubifer; nubes cloud + ferre to bear: cf. F. nubifère.] Defn: Bringing, or producing, clouds. NUBIGENOUS Nu*big"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. nubes cloud + -genous.] Defn: Born of, or produced from, clouds. [R.] NUBILATE Nu"bi*late, v. t. Etym: [L. nubilatus, p. p. of nubilare to cloud, fr. nubes cloud.] Defn: To cloud. [Obs.] NUBILE Nu"bile, a. Etym: [L. nubilis, fr. nubere to marry: cf. F. nubile. See Nuptial.] Defn: Of an age suitable for marriage; marriageable. Prior. NUBILITY Nu*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nubilité .] Defn: The state of being marriageable. [R.] NUBILOSE; NUBILOUS Nu"bi*lose`, Nu"bi*lous, a. Etym: [L. nubilosus, nubilus, fr. nubes cloud.] Defn: Cloudy. [R.] NUCAMENT Nu"ca*ment, n. Etym: [L. nucamenta fir cones, fr. nux, nucis, a nut.] (Bot.) Defn: A catkin or ament; the flower cluster of the hazel, pine, willow, and the like. NUCAMENTACEOUS Nu`ca*men*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [See Nucament.] (Bot.) Defn: Like a nut either in structure or in being indehiscent; bearing one-seeded nutlike fruits. [Written also nucumentaceous.] NUCELLUS Nu*cel"lus, n.; pl. Nucelli. Etym: [NL., dim. of nux, nucis, a nut.] (Bot.) Defn: See Nucleus, 3 (a). NUCHA Nu"cha, n.; pl. Nuch. Etym: [LL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The back or upper part of the neck; the nape. NUCHAL Nu"chal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. nucal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the back, or nape, of the neck; -- applied especially to the anterior median plate in the carapace of turtles. NUCIFEROUS Nu*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. nux, nucis, nut + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing, or producing, nuts. NUCIFORM Nu"ci*form, a. Etym: [L. nux, nucis, nut + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Shaped like a nut; nut-shaped. NUCIN Nu"cin, n. Etym: [L. nux, nucis, a nut.] (Chem.) Defn: See Juglone. NUCLEAL; NUCLEAR Nu"cle*al, Nu"cle*ar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a nucleus; as, the nuclear spindle (see Illust. of Karyokinesis) or the nuclear fibrils of a cell; the nuclear part of a comet, etc. NUCLEATE Nu"cle*ate, a. Etym: [L. nucleatus having a kernel.] Defn: Having a nucleus; nucleated. NUCLEATE Nu"cle*ate, v. t. Etym: [Cf. L. nucleare to become kernelly.] Defn: To gather, as about a nucleus or center. NUCLEATED Nu"cle*a`ted, a. Defn: Having a nucleus; nucleate; as, nucleated cells. NUCLEIFORM Nu*cle"i*form, a. Etym: [L. nucleus kernel + -form.] Defn: Formed like a nucleus or kernel. NUCLEIN Nu"cle*in, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A constituent of the nuclei of all cells. It is a colorless amorphous substance, readily soluble in alkaline fluids and especially characterized by its comparatively large content of phosphorus. It also contains nitrogen and sulphur. NUCLEOBRANCH Nu"cle*o*branch, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Nucleobranchiata. -- n. Defn: One of the Nucleobranchiata. NUCLEOBRANCHIATA Nu`cle*o*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Nucleus, and Branchia] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Heteropoda. NUCLEOIDIOPLASMA Nu`cle*o*id`i*o*plas"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Nucleus, and Idioplasma.] (Biol.) Defn: Hyaline plasma contained in the nucleus of vegetable cells. NUCLEOLAR Nu*cle"o*lar, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the nucleolus of a cell. NUCLEOLATED Nu"cle*o*la`ted, a. Defn: Having a nucleole, or second inner nucleus. NUCLEOLE Nu"cle*ole, n. Etym: [See Nucleolus.] Defn: The nucleus within a nucleus; nucleolus. NUCLEOLUS Nu*cle"o*lus, n.; pl. Nucleoli. Etym: [L., a little nut, dim. of nucleus.] 1. A little nucleus. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A small rounded body contained in the nucleus of a cell or a protozoan. Note: It was termed by Agassiz the entoblast. In the protozoa, where it may be situated on one side of the nucleus, it is sometimes called the endoplastule, and is supposed to be concerned in the male part of the reproductive process. See Nucleus. NUCLEOPLASM Nu"cle*o*plasm, n. Etym: [Nucleus + -plasm.] (Biol.) Defn: The matter composing the nucleus of a cell; the protoplasm of the nucleus; karyoplasma. NUCLEOPLASMIC Nu`cle*o*plas"mic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to nucleoplasm; -- esp. applied to a body formed in the developing ovum from the plasma of the nucleus of the germinal vesicle. NUCLEUS Nu"cle*us, n.; pl. E. Nucleuses, L. Nuclei. Etym: [L., a kernel, dim. fr. nux, nucis, nut. Cf. Newel post.] 1. A kernel; hence, a central mass or point about which matter is gathered, or to which accretion is made; the central or material portion; -- used both literally and figuratively. It must contain within itself a nucleus of truth. I. Taylor. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The body or the head of a comet. 3. (Bot.) (a) An incipient ovule of soft cellular tissue. (b) A whole seed, as contained within the seed coats. 4. (Biol.) Defn: A body, usually spheroidal, in a cell or a protozoan, distinguished from the surrounding protoplasm by a difference in refrangibility and in behavior towards chemical reagents. It is more or less protoplasmic, and consists of a clear fluid (achromatin) through which extends a network of fibers (chromatin) in which may be suspended a second rounded body, the nucleolus (see Nucleoplasm). See Cell division, under Division. Note: The nucleus is sometimes termed the endoplast or endoblast, and in the protozoa is supposed to be concerned in the female part of the reproductive process. See Karyokinesis. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) The tip, or earliest part, of a univalve or bivalve shell. (b) The central part around which additional growths are added, as of an operculum. (c) A visceral mass, containing the stomach and other organs, in Tunicata and some mollusks. NUCULA Nu"cu*la, n. Etym: [L., little nut, dim. of nux, nucis, a nut.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small marine bivalve shells, having a pearly interior. NUCULE Nu"cule, n. Etym: [L. nucula a small nut.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Nutlet. NUCUMENTACEOUS Nu`cu*men*ta"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: See Nucamentaceous. NUDATION Nu*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. nudatio, fr. nudare to make naked, fr. nudus naked. See Nude.] Defn: The act of stripping, or making bare or naked. NUDDLE Nud"dle, v. i. Defn: To walk quickly with the head bent forward; -- often with along. [Prov. Eng.] NUDE Nude, a. Etym: [L. nudus. See Naked.] 1. Bare; naked; unclothed; undraped; as, a nude statue. 2. (Law) Defn: Naked; without consideration; void; as, a nude contract. See Nudum pactum. Blackstone. The nude, the undraped human figure in art. -- Nude"ly, adv.- Nude"ness, n. NUDGE Nudge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nudge; p. pr. & vb. n. Nudging.] Etym: [Cf. Prov. G. knütschen to squeeze, pinch, E. Knock.] Defn: To touch gently, as with the elbow, in order to call attention or convey intimation. NUDGE Nudge, n. Defn: A gentle push, or jog, as with the elbow. NUDIBRACHIATE Nu`di*brach"i*ate, a. Etym: [L. nudus naked + brachium an arm.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having tentacles without vibratile cilia. Carpenter. NUDIBRANCH Nu"di*branch, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Nudibranchiata. -- n. Defn: One of the Nudibranchiata. NUDIBRANCHIATA Nu`di*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Nude, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of opisthobranchiate mollusks, having no shell except while very young. The gills are naked and situated upon the back or sides. See Ceratobranchia. NUDIBRANCHIATE Nu`di*bran"chi*ate, a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Nudibranch. NUDICAUL Nu"di*caul, a. Etym: [L. nudus naked + caulis stem.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the stems leafless. NUDIFICATION Nu`di*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. nudus naked + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: The act of making nude. NUDITY Nu"di*ty, n.; pl. Nudities. Etym: [Cf. F. nudité .] 1. The quality or state of being nude; nakedness. 2. That which is nude or naked; naked part; undraped or unclothed portion; esp. (Fine Arts), the human figure represented unclothed; any representation of nakedness; -- chiefly used in the plural and in a bad sense. There are no such licenses permitted in poetry any more than in painting, to design and color obscene nudities. Dryden. NUDUM PACTUM Nu"dum pac"tum. Etym: [L., a nude pact.] (Law) Defn: A bare, naked contract, without any consideration. Tomlins. NUGACITY Nu*gac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. nugacitas, fr. nugax, -acis, trifling.] Defn: Futility; trifling talk or behavior; drollery. [R.] Dr. H. More. NUGAE Nu"gæ, n. pl. Etym: [L.] Defn: Trifles; jests. NUGATION Nu*ga"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. nugation.] Defn: The act or practice of trifling. [R.] Bacon. NUGATORY Nu"ga*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. nugatorius, fr. nugari to trifle, nugae jests, trifles.] 1. Trifling; vain; futile; insignificant. 2. Of no force; inoperative; ineffectual. If all are pardoned, and pardoned as a mere act of clemency, the very substance of government is made nugatory. I. Taylor. NUGGET Nug"get, n. Etym: [Earlier niggot, prob. for nigot, an ingot. See Ingot.] Defn: A lump; a mass, esp. a native lump of a precious metal; as, a nugget of gold. NUGIFY Nu"gi*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. nuggae trifles + -fy.] Defn: To render trifling or futile; to make silly. [R.] Coleridge. NUISANCE Nui"sance, n. Etym: [OE. noisance, OF. noisance, nuisance, fr. L. nocentia guilt, fr. nocere to hurt, harm; akin to necare to kill. Cf Necromancy, Nocent, Noxious, Pernicious.] Defn: That which annoys or gives trouble and vexation; that which is offensive or noxious. Note: Nuisances are public when they annoy citizens in general; private, when they affect individuals only. NUISANCER Nui"san*cer, n. (Law) Defn: One who makes or causes a nuisance. NUL Nul, a. Etym: [F. See Null, a.] (Law) Defn: No; not any; as, nul disseizin; nul tort. NULL Null, a. Etym: [L. nullus not any, none; ne not + ullus any, a dim. of unus one; cf. F. nul. See No, and One, and cf. None.] Defn: Of no legal or binding force or validity; of no efficacy; invalid; void; nugatory; useless. Faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null, Dead perfection; no more. Tennyson. NULL Null, n. 1. Something that has no force or meaning. 2. That which has no value; a cipher; zero. Bacon. Null method (Physics.), a zero method. See under Zero. NULL Null, v. t. Etym: [From null, a., or perh. abbrev. from annul.] Defn: To annul. [Obs.] Milton. NULL Null, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: One of the beads in nulled work. NULLAH Nul"lah, n. [Hind. nala, fr. Skr. nala tube.] Defn: A water course, esp. a dry one; a gully; a gorge; -- orig. an East Indian term. E. Arnold. NULLED Nulled, a. Defn: Turned so as to resemble nulls. Nulled work (Cabinetwork), ornamental turned work resembling nulls or beads strung on a rod. NULLIBIETY Nul`li*bi"e*ty, n. Etym: [L. nullibi nowhere.] Defn: The state or condition of being nowhere. [Obs.] NULLIFICATION Nul`li*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. nullificatio contempt. See Nullify.] Defn: The act of nullifying; a rendering void and of no effect, or of no legal effect. Right of nullification (U. S. Hist.), the right claimed in behalf of a State to nullify or make void, by its sovereign act or decree, an enactment of the general government which it deems unconstitutional. NULLIFIDIAN Nul`li*fid"i*an, a. Etym: [L. nullus none + fide faith.] Defn: Of no faith; also, not trusting to faith for salvation; -- opposed to Ant: solifidian. Feltham. NULLIFIDIAN Nul`li*fid"i*an, n. Defn: An unbeliever. B. Jonson. NULLIFIER Nul"li*fi`er, n. Defn: One who nullifies or makes void; one who maintains the right to nullify a contract by one of the parties. NULLIFY Nul"li*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nullified; p. pr. & vb. n. Nullifying.] Etym: [L. nullificare; nullus none + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Null, a., and -fy.] Defn: To make void; to render invalid; to deprive of legal force or efficacy. Such correspondence would at once nullify the conditions of the probationary system. I. Taylor. Syn. -- To abrogate; revoke; annul; repeal; invalidate; cancel. See Abolish. NULLIPORE Nul"li*pore, n. Etym: [L. nullus none + porus pope.] (Bot.) Defn: A name for certain crustaceous marine algæ which secrete carbonate of lime on their surface, and were formerly thought to be of animal nature. They are now considered corallines of the genera Melobesia and Lithothamnion. NULLITY Nul"li*ty, n.; pl. Nullities. Etym: [LL. nullitias, fr. L. nullus none: cf. F. nullité . See Null.] 1. The quality or state of being null; nothingness; want of efficacy or force. 2. (Law) Defn: Nonexistence; as, a decree of nullity of marriage is a decree that no legal marriage exists. 3. That which is null. Was it not absurd to say that the convention was supreme in the state, and yet a nullity Macaulay. NUMB Numb, a. Etym: [OE. nume, nome, prop., seized, taken, p. p. of nimen to take, AS. niman, p. p. numen. *7. See Nimble, Nomad, and cf. Benumb.] 1. Enfeebled in, or destitute of, the power of sensation and motion; rendered torpid; benumbed; insensible; as, the fingers or limbs are numb with cold. "A stony image, cold and numb." Shak. 2. Producing numbness; benumbing; as, the numb, cold night. [Obs.] Shak. NUMB Numb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Numbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Numbing.] Defn: To make numb; to deprive of the power of sensation or motion; to render senseless or inert; to deaden; to benumb; to stupefy. For lazy winter numbs the laboring hand. Dryden. Like dull narcotics, numbing pain. Tennyson. NUMBEDNESS Numb"ed*ness, n. Defn: Numbness. [Obs.] Wiseman. NUMBER Num"ber, n. Etym: [OE. nombre, F. nombre, L. numerus; akin to Gr. Numb, Nomad, and cf. Numerate, Numero, Numerous.] 1. That which admits of being counted or reckoned; a unit, or an aggregate of units; a numerable aggregate or collection of individuals; an assemblage made up of distinct things expressible by figures. 2. A collection of many individuals; a numerous assemblage; a multitude; many. Ladies are always of great use to the party they espouse, and never fail to win over numbers. Addison. 3. A numeral; a word or character denoting a number; as, to put a number on a door. 4. Numerousness; multitude. Number itself importeth not much in armies where the people are of weak courage. Bacon. 5. The state or quality of being numerable or countable. Of whom came nations, tribes, people, and kindreds out of number. 2 Esdras iii. 7. 6. Quantity, regarded as made up of an aggregate of separate things. 7. That which is regulated by count; poetic measure, as divisions of time or number of syllables; hence, poetry, verse; -- chiefly used in the plural. I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came. Pope. 8. (Gram.) Defn: The distinction of objects, as one, or more than one (in some languages, as one, or two, or more than two), expressed (usually) by a difference in the form of a word; thus, the singular number and the plural number are the names of the forms of a word indicating the objects denoted or referred to by the word as one, or as more than one. 9. (Math.) Defn: The measure of the relation between quantities or things of the same kind; that abstract species of quantity which is capable of being expressed by figures; numerical value. Abstract number, Abundant number, Cardinal number, etc. See under Abstract, Abundant, etc. -- In numbers, in numbered parts; as, a book published in numbers. NUMBER Num"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Numbered; p. pr & vb. n. Numbering.] Etym: [OE. nombren, noumbren, F. nombrer, fr. L. numerare, numeratum. See Number, n.] 1. To count; to reckon; to ascertain the units of; to enumerate. If a man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy seed also be numbered. Gen. xiii. 16. 2. To reckon as one of a collection or multitude. He was numbered with the transgressors. Is. liii. 12. 3. To give or apply a number or numbers to; to assign the place of in a series by order of number; to designate the place of by a number or numeral; as, to number the houses in a street, or the apartments in a building. 4. To amount; to equal in number; to contain; to consist of; as, the army numbers fifty thousand. Thy tears can not number the dead. Campbell. Numbering machine, a machine for printing consecutive numbers, as on railway tickets, bank bills, etc. Syn. -- To count; enumerate; calculate; tell. NUMBERER Num"ber*er, n. Defn: One who numbers. NUMBERFUL Num"ber*ful, a. Defn: Numerous. [Obs.] NUMBERLESS Num"ber*less, a. Defn: Innumerable; countless. NUMBEROUS Num"ber*ous, a. Defn: Numerous. [Obs.] Drant. NUMBERS Num"bers, n. pl. Defn: of Number. The fourth book of the Pentateuch, containing the census of the Hebrews. NUMBFISH Numb"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The torpedo, which numbs by the electric shocks which it gives. NUMBLESS Num"bless, n. pl. Defn: See Nombles. NUMBNESS Numb"ness, n. Defn: The condition of being numb; that state of a living body in which it loses, wholly or in part, the power of feeling or motion. NUMERABLE Nu"mer*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. numerabilis. See Number, v. t.] Defn: Capable of being numbered or counted. NUMERAL Nu"mer*al, a. Etym: [L. numeralis, fr. numerus number: cf. F. numéral. See Number, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to number; consisting of number or numerals. A long train of numeral progressions. Locke. 2. Expressing number; representing number; as, numeral letters or characters, as X or 10 for ten. NUMERAL Nu"mer*al, n. 1. A figure or character used to express a number; as, the Arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3, etc.; the Roman numerals, I, V, X, L, etc. 2. A word expressing a number. NUMERALLY Nu"mer*al*ly, adv. Defn: According to number; in number; numerically. NUMERARY Nu"mer*a*ry, a. Etym: [LL. numerarius: cf. F. numéraire.] Defn: Belonging to a certain number; counting as one of a collection or body. A supernumerary canon, when he obtains a prebend, becomes a numerary canon. Ayliffe. NUMERATE Nu"mer*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Numerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Numerating.] Etym: [L. numeratus, p. p. of numerare to count. See Number, v.] (Arith.) Defn: To divide off and read according to the rules of numeration; as, to numerate a row of figures. NUMERATION Nu`mer*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. numeratio a counting out: cf. F. numération.] 1. The act or art of numbering. Numeration is but still the adding of one unit more, and giving to the whole a new name or sign. Locke. 2. The act or art of reading numbers when expressed by means of numerals. The term is almost exclusively applied to the art of reading numbers written in the scale of tens, by the Arabic method. Davies & Peck. Note: For convenience in reading, numbers are usually separated by commas into periods of three figures each, as 1,155,465. According to what is called the "English" system, the billion is a million of millions, a trillion a million of billions, and each higher denomination is a million times the one preceding. According to the system of the French and other Continental nations and also that of the United States, the billion is a thousand millions, and each higher denomination is a thousand times the preceding. NUMERATIVE Nu"mer*a*tive, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to numeration; as, a numerative system. Eng. Cyc. NUMERATOR Nu"mer*a"tor, n. Etym: [L. numerator: cf. F. numérateur.] 1. One who numbers. 2. (Math.) Defn: The term in a fraction which indicates the number of fractional units that are taken. Note: In a vulgar fraction the numerator is written above a line; thus, in the fraction 5/9 (five ninths) 5 is the numerator; in a decimal fraction it is the number which follows the decimal point. See Fraction. NUMERIC; NUMERICAL Nu*mer"ic, Nu*mer"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. numérique. See Number, n.] 1. Belonging to number; denoting number; consisting in numbers; expressed by numbers, and not letters; as, numerical characters; a numerical equation; a numerical statement. Note: Numerical, as opposed to algebraical, is used to denote a value irrespective of its sign; thus, -5 is numerically greater than -3, though algebraically less. 2.2. The same in number; hence, identically the same; identical; as, the same numerical body. [Obs.] South. Would to God that all my fellow brethren, which with me bemoan the loss of their books, . . . might rejoice for the recovery thereof, though not the same numerical volumes. Fuller. Numerical equation (Alg.), an equation which has all the quantities except the unknown expressed in numbers; -- distinguished from literal equation. -- Numerical value of an equation or expression, that deduced by substituting numbers for the letters, and reducing. NUMERIC Nu*mer"ic, n. (Math.) Defn: Any number, proper or improper fraction, or incommensurable ratio. The term also includes any imaginary expression like m + nsq. root-1, where m and n are real numerics. NUMERICALLY Nu*mer"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a numerical manner; in numbers; with respect to number, or sameness in number; as, a thing is numerically the same, or numerically different. NUMERIST Nu"mer*ist, n. Defn: One who deals in numbers. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. NUMERO Nu"me*ro, n. Etym: [It., or F. numéro ; both fr. L. numerus number.] Defn: Number; -- often abbrev. No. NUMEROSITY Nu`mer*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. numerositas.] 1. The state of being numerous; numerousness. [Obs.] 2. Rhythm; harmony; flow. [Obs.] The numerosity of the sentence pleased the ear. S. Parr. NUMEROUS Nu"mer*ous, a. Etym: [L. numerosus. See Number.] 1. Consisting of a great number of units or individual objects; being many; as, a numerous army. Such and so numerous was their chivalry. Milton. 2. Consisting of poetic numbers; rhythmical; measured and counted; melodious; musical. [Obs.] Such prompt eloquence Flowed from their lips, in prose or numerous verse. Milton. -- Nu"mer*ous*ly, adv. -- Nu"mer*ous*ness, n. NUMIDIAN Nu*mid"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ancient Numidia in Northern Africa. Numidian crane. (Zoöl.) See Demoiselle, 2. NUMISMATIC; NUMISMATICAL Nu`mis*mat"ic, Nu`mis*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. numisma, nomisma, a piece of money, coin, fr. Gr. numismatique. See Nomad.] Defn: Of or pertaining to coins; relating to the science of coins or medals. NUMISMATICS Nu`mis*mat"ics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. numismatique.] Defn: The science of coins and medals. NUMISMATIST Nu*mis"ma*tist, n. Defn: One skilled in numismatics; a numismatologist. NUMISMATOGRAPHY Nu*mis`ma*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [L. numisma, -atis (Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A treatise on, or description of, coins and medals. NUMISMATOLOGIST Nu*mis`ma*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in numismatology. NUMISMATOLOGY Nu*mis`ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. numisma, -atis + -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of coins and medals, in their relation to history; numismatics. NUMMARY Num"ma*ry, a. Etym: [L. nummarius, from nummus a coin.] Defn: Of or relating to coins or money. NUMMULAR; NUMMULARY Num"mu*lar, Num"mu*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. nummularius, fr. nummulus, dim. of nummus a coin: cf. F. nummulaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to coin or money; pecuniary; as, the nummulary talent. 2. (Pathol.) Defn: Having the appearance or form of a coin. "Nummular sputa." Sir T. Watson. NUMMULATION Num`mu*la"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The arrangement of the red blood corpuscles in rouleaux, like piles of coins, as when a drop of human blood is examined under the microscope. NUMMULITE Num"mu*lite, n. Etym: [L. nummus a coin + -lite: cf. F. nummulite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil of the genus Nummulites and allied genera. NUMMULITES Num`mu*li"tes, n. Etym: [NL. See Nummulite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of extinct Tertiary Foraminifera, having a thin, flat, round shell, containing a large number of small chambers arranged spirally. NUMMULITIC Num`mu*lit"ic, a. Defn: Of, like, composed of, containing, nummulites; as, nummulitic beds. NUMPS Numps, n. Etym: [Cf. Numb.] Defn: A dolt; a blockhead. [Obs.] Bp. Parker. NUMSKULL Num"skull`, n. Etym: [Numb + skull.] Defn: A dunce; a dolt; a stupid fellow. [Colloq.] They have talked like numskulls. Arbuthnot. NUMSKULLED Num"skulled`, a. Defn: Stupid; doltish. [Colloq.] NUN Nun, n. Etym: [OE. nunne, AS. nunne, fr. L. nonna nun, nonnus monk; cf. Gr. Nunnery.] 1. A woman devoted to a religious life, who lives in a convent, under the three vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. They holy time is quiet as a nun Breathless with adoration. Wordsworth. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A white variety of domestic pigeons having a veil of feathers covering the head. (b) The smew. (c) The European blue titmouse. Gray nuns (R. C. Ch.), the members of a religious order established in Montreal in 1745, whence branches were introduced into the United States in 1853; -- so called from the color or their robe, and known in religion as Sisters of Charity of Montreal. -- Nun buoy. See under Buoy. NUNATAK Nu"na*tak, n.; pl. -taks (#) (the pl. form Nunatakker is Swedish). [Eskimo nunættak.] Defn: In Greenland, an insular hill or mountain surrounded by an ice sheet. NUNC DIMITTIS Nunc" di*mit"tis. [L. nunc now + dimittis thou lettest depart.] (Eccl.) Defn: The song of Simeon (Luke ii. 29-32), used in the ritual of many churches. It begins with these words in the Vulgate. NUNCHION Nun"chion, n. Etym: [OE. nonechenche, for noneschenche, prop., a noon drink; none noon + schenchen, schenken, skinken, to pour, AS. scencan. See Noon, and Skink, v. i.] Defn: A portion of food taken at or after noon, usually between full meals; a luncheon. [Written also noonshun.] Hudibras. NUNCIATE Nun"ci*ate, n. Defn: One who announces; a messenger; a nuncio. [Obs.] Hoole. NUNCIATURE Nun"ci*a*ture, n. Etym: [L. nunciare, nuntiare, to announce, report, fr. nuncius, nuntius, messenger: cf. F. nonciature, It. nunziatura. See Nuncio.] Defn: The office of a nuncio. Clarendon. NUNCIO Nun"ci*o, n.; pl. Nuncios. Etym: [It. nunzio, nuncio, fr. L. nuncius, nuntius, messenger; perh. akin to novus new, E. new, and thus, one who brings news. Cf. Announce.] 1. A messenger. [Obs.] Shak. 2. The permanent official representative of the pope at a foreign court or seat of government. Distinguished from a legate a latere, whose mission is temporary in its nature, or for some special purpose. Nuncios are of higher rank than internuncios. NUNCIUS Nun"ci*us, n.; pl. Nuncii. Etym: [L.] (Roman & Old Eng. Law) (a) A messenger. (b) The information communicated. NUNCUPATE Nun"cu*pate, v. t. Etym: [L. nuncupatus, p. p. of nuncupare to nuncupate, prob. fr. nomen name + capere to take.] 1. To declare publicly or solemnly; to proclaim formally. [Obs.] In whose presence did St. Peter nuncupate it Barrow. 2. To dedicate by declaration; to inscribe; as, to nuncupate a book. [Obs.] Evelyn. NUNCUPATION Nun`cu*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. nuncupatio.] Defn: The act of nuncupating. [Obs.] NUNCUPATIVE Nun*cu"pa*tive, a. Etym: [L. nuncupativus nominal: cf. F. nuncupatif.] 1. Publicly or solemnly declaratory. [Obs.] 2. Nominal; existing only in name. [Obs.] 3. Oral; not written. Nuncupative will or testament, a will or testament made by word of mouth only, before witnesses, as by a soldier or seaman, and depending on oral testimony for proof. Blackstone. NUNCUPATORY Nun*cu"pa*to*ry, a. Defn: Nuncupative; oral. NUNDINAL Nun"di*nal, n. Defn: A nundinal letter. NUNDINAL; NUNDINARY Nun"di*nal, Nun"di*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. nundinalis, nundinarius, fr. nundinae the market day, the weekly market, prop., the ninth day, fr. nundinus belonging to nine days; novem nine + dies day: cf. F. nundinal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a fair, or to a market day. Nundinal letter, among the Romans, one of the first eight letters of the alphabet, which were repeated successively from the first to the last day of the year. One of these always expressed the market day, which returned every nine days (every eight days by our reckoning). NUNDINATE Nun"di*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. nundinatus, p. p. of nundinary to attend fairs, to traffic. See Nundinal, a.] Defn: To buy and sell at fairs or markets. [Obs.] NUNDINATION Nun`di*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. nundinatio.] Defn: Traffic at fairs; marketing; buying and selling. [Obs.] Common nundination of pardons. Abp. Bramhall. NUNNATION Nun*na"tion, n. Etym: [From nun, the Arabic name of the letter n: cf. NL. nunnatio, F. nunnation.] (Arabic Gram.) Defn: The pronunciation of n at the end of words. NUNNERY Nun"ner*y, n.; pl. Nunneries. Etym: [OE. nonnerie, OF. nonerie, F. nonnerie, fr. nonne nun, L. nonna. See Nun.] Defn: A house in which nuns reside; a cloister or convent in which women reside for life, under religious vows. See Cloister, and Convent. NUNNISH Nun"nish, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling a nun; characteristic of a nun. -- Nun"nish*ness, n. NUP Nup, n. Defn: Same as Nupson. [Obs.] NUPHAR Nu"phar, n. Etym: [Per. n.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants found in the fresh-water ponds or lakes of Europe, Asia, and North America; the yellow water lily. Cf. Nymphaea. NUPSON Nup"son, n. Etym: [Of doubtful origin.] Defn: A simpleton; a fool. [Obs.] B. Jonson. NUPTIAL Nup"tial, a. Etym: [L. nuptialis, fr. nuptiae marriage, wedding, fr. nubere, nuptum, prop., to cover, to veil, hence, to marry, as the head of the bride was covered with a veil; cf. Gr. nuptial.] Defn: Of or pertaining to marriage; done or used at a wedding; as, nuptial rites and ceremonies. Then, all in heat, They light the nuptial torch. Milton. NUPTIAL Nup"tial, n.; pl. Nuptials (. Defn: Marriage; wedding; nuptial ceremony; -- now only in the plural. Celebration of that nuptial, which We two have sworn shall come. Shak. Preparations . . . for the approaching nuptials. Prescott. NUR Nur, n. Etym: [Cf. Knur.] Defn: A hard knot in wood; also, a hard knob of wood used by boys in playing hockey. I think I'm as hard as a nur, and as tough as whitleather. W. Howitt. NURAGHE; NURAGH Nu*ra"ghe, n.; It. pl. -ghi. Also Nu"ragh, etc. [It. dial. (Sardinia) nuraghe).] Defn: One of the prehistoric towerlike structures found in Sardinia. The so-called nuraghi, conical monuments with truncated summits, 30- 60 ft. in height, 35-100 ft. in diameter at the base, constructed sometimes of hewn, and sometimes of unhewn blocks of stone without mortar. They are situated either on isolated eminences or on the slopes of the mountains, seldom on the plains, and usually occur in groups. They generally contain two (in some rare instances three) conically vaulted chambers, one above the other, and a spiral staircase constructed in the thick walls ascends to the upper stories. Baedeker. NURL Nurl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nurled; p. pr. & vb. n. Nurling.] Etym: [Cf. Knurl.] Defn: To cut with reeding or fluting on the edge of, as coins, the heads of screws, etc.; to knurl. NURSE Nurse, n. Etym: [OE. nourse, nurice, norice, OF. nurrice, norrice, nourrice, F. nourrice, fr. L. nutricia nurse, prop., fem. of nutricius that nourishes; akin to nutrix, -icis, nurse, fr. nutrire to nourish. See Nourish, and cf. Nutritious.] 1. One who nourishes; a person who supplies food, tends, or brings up; as: (a) A woman who has the care of young children; especially, one who suckles an infant not her own. (b) A person, especially a woman, who has the care of the sick or infirm. 2. One who, or that which, brings up, rears, causes to grow, trains, fosters, or the like. The nurse of manly sentiment and heroic enterprise. Burke. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A lieutenant or first officer, who is the real commander when the captain is unfit for his place. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) A peculiar larva of certain trematodes which produces cercariæ by asexual reproduction. See Cercaria, and Redia. (b) Either one of the nurse sharks. Nurse shark. (Zoöl.) (a) A large arctic shark (Somniosus microcephalus), having small teeth and feeble jaws; -- called also sleeper shark, and ground shark. (b) A large shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum), native of the West Indies and Gulf of Mexico, having the dorsal fins situated behind the ventral fins. -- To put to nurse, or To put out to nurse, to send away to be nursed; to place in the care of a nurse. -- Wet nurse, Dry nurse. See Wet nurse, and Dry nurse, in the Vocabulary. NURSE Nurse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nursed; p. pr. & vb. n. Nursing.] 1. To nourish; to cherish; to foster; as: (a) To nourish at the breast; to suckle; to feed and tend, as an infant. (b) To take care of or tend, as a sick person or an invalid; to attend upon. Sons wont to nurse their parents in old age. Milton. Him in Egerian groves Aricia bore, And nursed his youth along the marshy shore. Dryden. 2. To bring up; to raise, by care, from a weak or invalid condition; to foster; to cherish; -- applied to plants, animals, and to any object that needs, or thrives by, attention. "To nurse the saplings tall." Milton. By what hands [has vice] been nursed into so uncontrolled a dominion Locke. 3. To manage with care and economy, with a view to increase; as, to nurse our national resources. 4. To caress; to fondle, as a nurse does. A. Trollope. To nurse billiard balls, to strike them gently and so as to keep them in good position during a series of caroms. NURSEHOUND Nurse"hound`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Houndfish. NURSEMAID Nurse"maid`, n. Defn: A girl employed to attend children. NURSEPOND Nurse"pond`, n. Defn: A pond where fish are fed. Walton. NURSER Nurs"er, n. Defn: One who nurses; a nurse; one who cherishes or encourages growth. NURSERY Nurs"er*y, n.; pl. Nurseries. Etym: [Cf. F. nourricerie.] 1. The act of nursing. [Obs.] "Her kind nursery." Shak. 2. The place where nursing is carried on; as: (a) The place, or apartment, in a house, appropriated to the care of children. (b) A place where young trees, shrubs, vines, etc., are propagated for the purpose of transplanting; a plantation of young trees. (c) The place where anything is fostered and growth promoted. "Fair Padua, nursery of arts." Shak. Christian families are the nurseries of the church on earth, as she is the nursery of the church in heaven. J. M. Mason. (d) That which forms and educates; as, commerce is the nursery of seamen. 3. That which is nursed. [R.] Milton. NURSERYMAN Nurs"er*y*man, n.; pl. Nurserymen (. Defn: One who cultivates or keeps a nursery, or place for rearing trees, etc. NURSING Nurs"ing, a. Defn: Supplying or taking nourishment from, or as from, the breast; as, a nursing mother; a nursing infant. NURSLING Nurs"ling, n. Etym: [Nurse + -ling.] Defn: One who, or that which, is nursed; an infant; a fondling. I was his nursling once, and choice delight. Milton. NURSTLE Nurs"tle, v. t. Defn: To nurse. See Noursle. [Obs.] NURTURE Nur"ture, n. Etym: [OE. norture, noriture, OF. norriture, norreture, F. nourriture, fr. L. nutritura a nursing, suckling. See Nourish.] 1. The act of nourishing or nursing; thender care; education; training. A man neither by nature nor by nurture wise. Milton. 2. That which nourishes; food; diet. Spenser. NURTURE Nur"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nurtured; p. pr. & vb. n. Nurturing.] 1. To feed; to nourish. 2. To educate; to bring or train up. He was nurtured where he had been born. Sir H. Wotton. Syn. -- To nourish; nurse; cherish; bring up; educate; tend. -- To Nurture, Nourish, Cherish. Nourish denotes to supply with food, or cause to grow; as, to nourish a plant, to nourish rebellion. To nurture is to train up with a fostering care, like that of a mother; as, to nurture into strength; to nurture in sound principles. To cherish is to hold and treat as dear; as, to cherish hopes or affections. NUSTLE Nus"tle, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Nuzzle.] Defn: To fondle; to cherish. [Obs.] NUT Nut, n. Etym: [OE. nute, note, AS. hnutu; akin to D. noot, G. nuss, OHG. nuz, Icel. hnot, Sw. nöt, Dan. nöd.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of certain trees and shrubs (as of the almond, walnut, hickory, beech, filbert, etc.), consisting of a hard and indehiscent shell inclosing a kernel. 2. A perforated block (usually a small piece of metal), provided with an internal or female screw thread, used on a bolt, or screw, for tightening or holding something, or for transmitting motion. See Illust. of lst Bolt. 3. The tumbler of a gunlock. Knight. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A projection on each side of the shank of an anchor, to secure the stock in place. Check nut, Jam nut, Lock nut, a nut which is screwed up tightly against another nut on the same bolt or screw, in order to prevent accidental unscrewing of the first nut. -- Nut buoy. See under Buoy. -- Nut coal, screened coal of a size smaller than stove coal and larger than pea coal; -- called also chestnut coal. -- Nut crab (Zoöl.), any leucosoid crab of the genus Ebalia as, Ebalia tuberosa of Europe. -- Nut grass (Bot.), a plant of the Sedge family (Cyperus rotundus, var. Hydra), which has slender rootstocks bearing small, nutlike tubers, by which the plant multiplies exceedingly, especially in cotton fields. -- Nut lock, a device, as a metal plate bent up at the corners, to prevent a nut from becoming unscrewed, as by jarring. -- Nut pine. (Bot.) See under Pine. -- Nut rush (Bot.), a genus of cyperaceous plants (Scleria) having a hard bony achene. Several species are found in the United States and many more in tropical regions. -- Nut tree, a tree that bears nuts. -- Nut weevil (Zoöl.), any species of weevils of the genus Balaninus and other allied genera, which in the larval state live in nuts. NUT Nut, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Nutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Nutting.] Defn: To gather nuts. NUTANT Nu"tant, a. Etym: [L. nutans, p. pr. of nutare to nod, v. intens. fr. nuere (in comp.) to nod; cf. Gr. Defn: Nodding; having the top bent downward. NUTATION Nu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. nutatio a nodding, fr. nutare to nod: cf. F. nutation.] 1. The act of nodding. So from the midmost the nutation spreads, Round and more round, o'er all the sea of heads. Pope. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A very small libratory motion of the earth's axis, by which its inclination to the plane of the ecliptic is constantly varying by a small amount. 3. (Bot.) (a) The motion of a flower in following the apparent movement of the sun, from the east in the morning to the west in the evening. (b) Circumnutation. NUTBREAKER Nut"break`er, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The European nuthatch. (b) The nutcracker. NUT-BROWN Nut"-brown`, a. Defn: Brown as a nut long kept and dried. "The spicy nutbrown ale." Milton. NUTCRACKER Nut"crack`er, n. 1. An instrument for cracking nuts. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A European bird (Nucifraga caryocatactes), allied to the magpie and crow. Its color is dark brown, spotted with white. It feeds on nuts, seeds, and insects. (b) The American, or Clarke's, nutcracker (Picicorvus Columbianus) of Western North America. NUTGALL Nut"gall`, n. Defn: A more or less round gall resembling a nut, esp. one of those produced on the oak and used in the arts. See Gall, Gallnut. NUTHATCH Nut"hatch`, n. Etym: [OE. nuthake. See 2d Hack.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of birds of the genus Sitta, as the European species (Sitta Europæa). The white-breasted nuthatch (S. Carolinensis), the red-breasted nuthatch (S. Canadensis), the pygmy nuthatch (S. pygmæa), and others, are American. NUTHOOK Nut"hook`, n. 1. A hook at the end of a pole to pull down boughs for gathering the nuts. 2. A thief who steals by means of a hook; also, a bailiff who hooks or seizes malefactors. Shak. NUTJOBBER Nut"job`ber, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The nuthatch. [Prov. Eng.] NUTLET Nut"let, n. (Bot.) Defn: A small nut; also, the stone of a drupe. NUTMEG Nut"meg, n. Etym: [OE. notemuge; note nut + OF. muge musk, of the same origin as E. musk; cf. OF. noix muguette nutmeg, F. noix muscade. See Nut, and Musk.] (Bot.) Defn: The kernel of the fruit of the nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans), a native of the Molucca Islands, but cultivated elsewhere in the tropics. Note: This fruit is a nearly spherical drupe, of the size of a pear, of a yellowish color without and almost white within. This opens into two nearly equal longitudinal valves, inclosing the nut surrounded by its aril, which is mace The nutmeg is an aromatic, very grateful to the taste and smell, and much used in cookery. Other species of Myristica yield nutmegs of inferior quality. American, Calabash, or Jamaica, nutmeg, the fruit of a tropical shrub (Monodora Myristica). It is about the size of an orange, and contains many aromatic seeds imbedded in pulp. -- Brazilian nutmeg, the fruit of a lauraceous tree, Cryptocarya moschata. -- California nutmeg, tree of the Yew family (Torreya Californica), growing in the Western United States, and having a seed which resembles a nutmeg in appearance, but is strongly impregnated with turpentine. -- Clove nutmeg, the Ravensara aromatica, a laura ceous tree of Madagascar. The foliage is used as a spice, but the seed is acrid and caustic. -- Jamaica nutmeg. See American nutmeg (above). -- Nutmeg bird (Zoöl.), an Indian finch (Munia punctularia). -- Nutmeg butter, a solid oil extracted from the nutmeg by expression. -- Nutmeg flower (Bot.), a ranunculaceous herb (Nigella sativa) with small black aromatic seeds, which are used medicinally and for excluding moths from furs and clothing. -- Nutmeg liver (Med.), a name applied to the liver, when, as the result of heart or lung disease, it undergoes congestion and pigmentation about the central veins of its lobules, giving it an appearance resembling that of a nutmeg. -- Nutmeg melon (Bot.), a small variety of muskmelon of a rich flavor. -- Nutmeg pigeon (Zoöl.), any one of several species of pigeons of the genus Myristicivora, native of the East Indies and Australia. The color is usually white, or cream-white, with black on the wings and tail. -- Nutmeg wood (Bot.), the wood of the Palmyra palm. -- Peruvian nutmeg, the aromatic seed of a South American tree (Laurelia sempervirens). -- Plume nutmeg (Bot.), a spicy tree of Australia (Atherosperma moschata). NUTMEGGED Nut"megged, a. Defn: Seasoned with nutmeg. NUTPECKER Nut"peck`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The nuthatch. NUTRIA Nu"tri*a, n. Etym: [Sp. nutria an otter, fr. L. lutra, lytra.] Defn: The fur of the coypu. See Coypu. NUTRICATION Nu`tri*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. nutricatio, fr. nutricare, nutricari, to suckle, nourish, fr. nutrix a nurse.] Defn: The act or manner of feeding. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. NUTRIENT Nu"tri*ent, a. Etym: [L. nutriens, p. pr. of nutrire. See Nourish.] Defn: Nutritious; nourishing; promoting growth. -- n. Defn: Any substance which has nutritious qualities, i. e., which nourishes or promotes growth. NUTRIMENT Nu"tri*ment, n. Etym: [L. nutrimentum, fr. nutrire to nourish. See Nourish.] 1. That which nourishes; anything which promotes growth and repairs the natural waste of animal or vegetable life; food; aliment. The stomach returns what it has received, in strength and nutriment diffused into all parts of the body. South. 2. That which promotes development or growth. Is not virtue in mankind The nutriment that feeds the mind Swift. NUTRIMENTAL Nu`tri*men"tal, a. Defn: Nutritious. NUTRITIAL Nu*tri"tial, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or connected with, nutrition; nutritious. [Obs.] Chapman. NUTRITION Nu*tri"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nutrition. See Nutritious.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: In the broadest sense, a process or series of processes by which the living organism as a whole (or its component parts or organs) is maintained in its normal condition of life and growth. Note: In this wide sense it comprehends digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, etc., in fact all of the steps by which the nutritive matter of the food is fitted for incorporation with the different tissues, and the changes which it undergoes after its assimilation, prior to its excretion. See Metabolism. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: In a more limited sense, the process by which the living tissues take up, from the blood, matters necessary either for their repair or for the performance of their healthy functions. 3. That which nourishes; nutriment. Fixed like a plant, on his peculiar spot, To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot. Pope. NUTRITIONAL Nu*tri"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to nutrition; as, nutritional changes. NUTRITIOUS Nu*tri"tious, a. Etym: [L. nutricius, nutritius, from nutrix, -icis, a nurse, nutrire to nourish. See Nurse, Nourish.] Defn: Nourishing; promoting growth, or preventing decay; alimental. -- Nu*tri"tious*ly, adv. -- Nu*tri"tious*ness, n. NUTRITIVE Nu"tri*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. nutritif.] Defn: Of or pertaining to nutrition; as, the nutritive functions; having the quality of nourishing; nutritious; nutrimental; alimental; as, nutritive food or berries. Nutritive plasma. (Biol.) See Idioplasma. -- Nutritive polyp (Zoöl.), any one of the zooids of a compound hydroid, or coral, which has a mouth and digestive cavity. -- Nu"tri*tive*ly, adv. -- Nu"tri*tive*ness, n. NUTRITURE Nu"tri*ture, n. Etym: [L. nutritura, fr. nutrir to nourish.] Defn: Nutrition; nourishment. [Obs.] Harvey. NUTSHELL Nut"shell`, n. 1. The shell or hard external covering in which the kernel of a nut is inclosed. 2. Hence, a thing of little compass, or of little value. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A shell of the genus Nucula. To be, or lie, in a nutshell, to be within a small compass; to admit of very brief or simple determination or statement. "The remedy lay in a nutshell." Macaulay. NUTTER Nut"ter, n. Defn: A gatherer of nuts. NUTTING Nut"ting, n. Defn: The act of gathering nuts. NUTTY Nut"ty, a. 1. Abounding in nuts. 2. Having a flavor like that of nuts; as, nutty wine. NUX VOMICA Nux` vom"i*ca. Etym: [NL., fr. L. nux vomere to vomit.] Defn: The seed of Strychnos Nuxvomica, a tree which abounds on the Malabar and Coromandel coasts of the East Indies. From this seed the deadly poisons known as strychnine and brucine are obtained. The seeds are sometimes called Quaker buttons. NUZZLE Nuz"zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Nuzzied;p. pr. & vb. n. Nuzzling.] Etym: [See Noursle.] 1. To noursle or nurse; to foster; to bring up. [Obs.] The people had been nuzzled in idolatry. Milton. 2. Etym: [Perh. a corruption of nestle. Cf. Nustle.] Defn: To nestle; to house, as in a nest. NUZZLE Nuz"zle, v. i. Etym: [Dim. fr. nose. See Nozzle.] 1. To work with the nose, like a swine in the mud. And nuzzling in his flank, the loving swine Sheathed, unaware, the tusk in his soft groin. Shak. He charged through an army of lawyers, sometimes . . . nuzzling like an eel in the mud. Arbuthnot. 2. To go with head poised like a swine, with nose down. Sir Roger shook his ears, and nuzzled along. Arbuthnot. 3. Etym: [Cf. Nuzzle, v. t., 2.] Defn: To hide the head, as a child in the mother's bosom; to nestle. 4. To loiter; to idle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. NY Ny. Etym: [Contr. fr. ne I.] Defn: Not I; nor I. [Obs.] NY; NYE Ny, Nye, a. & adv. Defn: Nigh. [Obs.] Chaucer. NYAS Ny"as, n. Defn: See Nias. NYCTALOPIA Nyc`ta*lo"pi*a, n. Etym: [L. nyctalopia, fr. nyctalops a nyctalops, Gr. (Med.) (a) A disease of the eye, in consequence of which the patient can see well in a faint light or at twilight, but is unable to see during the day or in a strong light; day blindness. (b) See Moonblink. Note: Some writers (as Quain) use the word in the opposite sense, night blindness. See Hemeralopia. NYCTALOPS Nyc"ta*lops, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. Defn: One afflicted with nyctalopia. NYCTALOPY Nyc"ta*lo`py, n. Defn: Same as Nyctalopia. NYCTHEMERON Nyc*the"me*ron, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The natural day and night, or space of twenty-four hours. NYCTIBUNE Nyc"ti*bune, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American bird of the genus Nyctibius, allied to the goatsuckers. NYCTITROPIC Nyc`ti*trop"ic, a. Etym: [From Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Turning or bending at night into special positions. Note: Nyctitropic movements of plants usually consist in a folding or drooping of the leaves, the advantage being in lessening the radiation of heat. NYCTITROPISM Nyc*tit"ro*pism, n. [From Gr. , , night + to turn.] (Plant Physiol.) Defn: The tendency of certain plant organs, as leaves, to assume special "sleeping" positions or make curvatures under the influence of darkness. It is well illustrated in the leaflets of clover and other leguminous plants. NYCTOPHILE Nyc"to*phile, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any Australian bat of the genus Nyctophilus, having a very simple nasal appendage. NYE Nye, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. F. nid nest, brood, L. nidus nest. See Nest, and cf. Eye brood, Nide.] Defn: A brood or flock of pheasants. NYENTEK Ny*en"tek, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A carnivorous mannual (Helictis moscatus, or H. orientalis), native of Eastern Asia and the Indies. It has a dorsal white stripe, and another one across the shoulders. It has a strong musky odor. NYLGHAU; NYLGAU Nyl"ghau, Nyl"gau, n. Etym: [Hind. & Per. nilgaw, prop., a blue cow; Per. nil blue + gaw cow. See Lilac, and Cow the animal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large Asiatic antelope (Boselaphus, or Portax, tragocamelus), found in Northern India. It has short horns, a black mane, and a bunch of long hair on the throat. The general color is grayish brown. [Written also neelghau, nilgau, and nylghaie.] NYMPH Nymph, n. Etym: [L. nympha nymph, bride, young woman, Gr. nymphe. Cf. Nuptial.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A goddess of the mountains, forests, meadows, or waters. Where were ye, nymphs, when the remorseless deep Closed o'er the head of your loved Lycidas Milton. 2. Hence: A lovely young girl; a maiden; a damsel. Nymph, in thy orisons Be all my sins remembered. Shak. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pupa of an insect; a chrysalis. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of a subfamily (Najades) of butterflies including the purples, the fritillaries, the peacock butterfly, etc.; -- called also naiad. NYMPHA Nym"pha, n.; pl. Nymph. Etym: [L. See Nymph a goddess.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Nymph, 3. 2. pl. (Anat.) Defn: Two folds of mucous membrane, within the labia, at the opening of the vulva. NYMPHAEA Nym*phæ"a, n. Etym: [L., the water lily, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of aquatic plants having showy flowers (white, blue, pink, or yellow, often fragrant), including the white water lily and the Egyptia lotus. Note: Recent critics have endeavored to show that this genus should be called Castalia, and the name Nymphæa transferred to what is now known as Nuphar. NYMPHAL Nymph"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a nymph or nymphs; nymphean. NYMPHALES Nym*pha"les, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive family of butterflies including the nymphs, the satyrs, the monarchs, the heliconias, and others; -- called also brush-footed butterflies. NYMPHEAN Nym*phe"an, a. Etym: [Gr. Nymph.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or appropriate to, nymphs; inhabited by nymphs; as, a nymphean cave. NYMPHET Nymph"et, n. Defn: A little or young nymph. [Poetic] "The nymphets sporting there." Drayton. NYMPHIC; NYMPHICAL Nymph"ic, Nymph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to nymphs. NYMPHIPAROUS Nym*phip"a*rous, a. Etym: [Nymph + L. parere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing pupas or nymphs. NYMPHISH Nymph"ish, a. Defn: Relating to nymphs; ladylike. "Nymphish war." Drayton. NYMPHLIKE; NYMPHLY Nymph"like`, Nymph"ly, a. Defn: Resembling, or characteristic of, a nymph. NYMPHOLEPSY Nym"pho*lep`sy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A species of demoniac enthusiasm or possession coming upon one who had accidentally looked upon a nymph; ecstasy. [R.] De Quincey. The nympholepsy of some fond despair. Byron. NYMPHOLEPTIC Nym`pho*lep"tic, a. Defn: Under the influence of nympholepsy; ecstatic; frenzied. [Poetic] NYMPHOMANIA Nym`pho*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Morbid and uncontrollable sexual desire in women, constituting a true disease. NYMPHOMANY Nym"pho*ma`ny, n. Etym: [Cf. F. nymphomanie.] (Med.) Defn: Same as Nymphomania. NYMPHOTOMY Nym*phot"o*my, n. Etym: [Nympha + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Excision of the nymphæ. NYS Nys. Defn: Is not. See Nis. Chaucer. Spenser. NYSTAGMUS Nys*tag"mus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A rapid involuntary oscillation of the eyeballs. NYULA Ny*u"la, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of ichneumon (Herpestes nyula). Its fur is beautifully variegated by closely set zigzag markings. O 1. O, the fifteenth letter of the English alphabet, derives its form, value, and name from the Greek O, through the Latin. The letter came into the Greek from the Phoenician, which possibly derived it ultimately from the Egyptian. Etymologically, the letter o is most closely related to a, e, and u; as in E. bone, AS. ban; E. stone, AS. stan; E. broke, AS. brecan to break; E. bore, AS. beran to bear; E. dove, AS. dufe; E. toft, tuft; tone, tune; number, F. nombre. The letter o has several vowel sounds, the principal of which are its long sound, as in bone, its short sound, as in nod, and the sounds heard in the words orb, son, do (feod), and wolf (book). In connection with the other vowels it forms several digraphs and diphthongs. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 107-129. 2. Among the ancients, O was a mark of triple time, from the notion that the ternary, or number 3, is the most perfect of numbers, and properly expressed by a circle, the most perfect figure. O was also anciently used to represent 11: with a dash over it (O O, n.; pl. O's or Oes (. 1. The letter O, or its sound. "Mouthing out his hollow oes and aes." Tennyson. 2. Something shaped like the letter O; a circle or oval. "This wooden O [Globe Theater]". Shak. 3. A cipher; zero. [R.] Thou art an O without a figure. Shak. O' O', Etym: [Ir. of a descendant.] Defn: A prefix to Irish family names, which signifies grandson or descendant of, and is a character of dignity; as, O'Neil, O'Carrol. O' O', prep. Defn: A shortened form of of or on. "At the turning o' the tide." Shak. O O, a. Etym: [See One.] Defn: One. [Obs.] Chaucer. "Alle thre but o God." Piers Plowman. O O, interj. Defn: An exclamation used in calling or directly addressing a person or personified object; also, as an emotional or impassioned exclamation expressing pain, grief, surprise, desire, fear, etc. For ever, O Lord, thy word is settled in heaven. Ps. cxix. 89. O how love I thy law ! it is my meditation all the day. Ps. cxix. 97. Note: O is frequently followed by an ellipsis and that, an in expressing a wish: "O [I wish] that Ishmael might live before thee !" Gen. xvii. 18; or in expressions of surprise, indignation, or regret: "O [it is sad] that such eyes should e'er meet other object !" Sheridan Knowles. Note: A distinction between the use of O and oh is insisted upon by some, namely, that O should be used only in direct address to a person or personified object, and should never be followed by the exclamation point, while Oh (or oh) should be used in exclamations where no direct appeal or address to an object is made, and may be followed by the exclamation point or not, according to the nature or construction of the sentence. Some insist that oh should be used only as an interjection expressing strong feeling. The form O, however, is, it seems, the one most commonly employed for both uses by modern writers and correctors for the press. "O, I am slain !" Shak. "O what a fair and ministering angel !" "O sweet angel !" Longfellow. O for a kindling touch from that pure flame ! Wordsworth. But she is in her grave, -- and oh The difference to me ! Wordsworth. Oh for a lodge in some vast wilderness ! Cowper. We should distinguish between the sign of the vocative and the emotional interjection, writing O for the former, and oh for the latter. Earle. O dear, and O dear me! Etym: [corrupted fr. F. O Dieu! or It. O Dio! O God! O Dio mio! O my God! Wyman], exclamations expressive of various emotions, but usually promoted by surprise, consternation, grief, pain, etc. OAD Oad, n. Defn: See Woad. [Obs.] Coles. OAF Oaf, n. Etym: [See Auf.] Defn: Originally, an elf's child; a changeling left by fairies or goblins; hence, a deformed or foolish child; a simpleton; an idiot. OAFISH Oaf"ish, a. Defn: Like an oaf; simple. -- Oaf"ish*ness, n. OAK Oak, n. Etym: [OE. oke, ok, ak, AS. ac; akin to D. eik, G. eiche, OHG. eih, Icel. eik, Sw. ek, Dan. eeg.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any tree or shrub of the genus Quercus. The oaks have alternate leaves, often variously lobed, and staminate flowers in catkins. The fruit is a smooth nut, called an acorn, which is more or less inclosed in a scaly involucre called the cup or cupule. There are now recognized about three hundred species, of which nearly fifty occur in the United States, the rest in Europe, Asia, and the other parts of North America, a very few barely reaching the northern parts of South America and Africa. Many of the oaks form forest trees of grand proportions and live many centuries. The wood is usually hard and tough, and provided with conspicuous medullary rays, forming the silver grain. 2. The strong wood or timber of the oak. Note: Among the true oaks in America are: Barren oak, or Black-jack, Q. nigra. -- Basket oak, Q. Michauxii. -- Black oak, Q. tinctoria: -- called also yellow or quercitron oak. -- Bur oak (see under Bur.), Q. macrocarpa; -- called also over-cup or mossy-cup oak. -- Chestnut oak, Q. Prinus and Q. densiflora. -- Chinquapin oak (see under Chinquapin), Q. prinoides. -- Coast live oak, Q. agrifolia, of California; -- also called enceno. -- Live oak (see under Live), Q. virens, the best of all for shipbuilding; also, Q. Chrysolepis, of California. -- Pin oak. Same as Swamp oak. -- Post oak, Q. obtusifolia. -- Red oak, Q. rubra. -- Scarlet oak, Q. coccinea. -- Scrub oak, Q. ilicifolia, Q. undulata, etc. -- Shingle oak, Q. imbricaria. -- Spanish oak, Q. falcata. -- Swamp Spanish oak, or Pin oak, Q. palustris. -- Swamp white oak, Q. bicolor. -- Water oak, Q. aguatica. -- Water white oak, Q. lyrata. -- Willow oak, Q. Phellos. Among the true oaks in Europe are: Bitter oak, or Turkey oak, Q. Cerris (see Cerris). -- Cork oak, Q. Suber. -- English white oak, Q. Robur. -- Evergreen oak, Holly oak, or Holm oak, Q. Ilex. -- Kermes oak, Q. coccifera. -- Nutgall oak, Q. infectoria. Note: Among plants called oak, but not of the genus Quercus, are: African oak, a valuable timber tree (Oldfieldia Africana). -- Australian, or She, oak, any tree of the genus Casuarina (see Casuarina). -- Indian oak, the teak tree (see Teak). -- Jerusalem oak. See under Jerusalem. -- New Zealand oak, a sapindaceous tree (Alectryon excelsum). -- Poison oak, the poison ivy. See under Poison. -- Silky, or Silk-bark, oak, an Australian tree (Grevillea robusta). Green oak, oak wood colored green by the growth of the mycelium of certain fungi. -- Oak apple, a large, smooth, round gall produced on the leaves of the American red oak by a gallfly (Cynips confluens). It is green and pulpy when young. -- Oak beauty (Zoöl.), a British geometrid moth (Biston prodromaria) whose larva feeds on the oak. -- Oak gall, a gall found on the oak. See 2d Gall. -- Oak leather (Bot.), the mycelium of a fungus which forms leatherlike patches in the fissures of oak wood. -- Oak pruner. (Zoöl.) See Pruner, the insect. -- Oak spangle, a kind of gall produced on the oak by the insect Diplolepis lenticularis. -- Oak wart, a wartlike gall on the twigs of an oak. -- The Oaks, one of the three great annual English horse races (the Derby and St. Leger being the others). It was instituted in 1779 by the Earl of Derby, and so called from his estate. -- To sport one's oak, to be "not at home to visitors," signified by closing the outer (oaken) door of one's rooms. [Cant, Eng. Univ.] OAKEN Oak"en, a. Etym: [AS. acen.] Defn: Made or consisting of oaks or of the wood of oaks. "In oaken bower." Milton. Oaken timber, wherewith to build ships. Bacon. OAKER Oak"er, n. Defn: See Ocher. [Obs.] Spenser. OAKLING Oak"ling, n. Defn: A young oak. Evelyn. OAKUM Oak"um, n. Etym: [AS. acumba; pref. er-, Goth. us-, orig. meaning, out) + cemban to comb, camb comb. See Comb.] 1. The material obtained by untwisting and picking into loose fiber old hemp ropes; -- used for calking the seams of ships, stopping leaks, etc. 2. The coarse portion separated from flax or hemp in nackling. Knight. White oakum, that made from untarred rope. OAKY Oak"y, n. Defn: Resembling oak; strong. Bp. Hall. OAR Oar, n Etym: [AS. ar; akin to Icel. ar, Dan. aare, Sw. åra; perh. akin to E. row, v. Cf. Rowlock.] 1. An implement for impelling a boat, being a slender piece of timber, usually ash or spruce, with a grip or handle at one end and a broad blade at the other. The part which rests in the rowlock is called the loom. Note: An oar is a kind of long paddle, which swings about a kind of fulcrum, called a rowlock, fixed to the side of the boat. 2. An oarsman; a rower; as, he is a good car. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: An oarlike swimming organ of various invertebrates. Oar cock (Zoöl), the water rail. [Prov. Eng.] -- Spoon oar, an oar having the blade so curved as to afford a better hold upon the water in rowing. -- To boat the oars, to cease rowing, and lay the oars in the boat. -- To feather the oars. See under Feather., v. t. -- To lie on the oars, to cease pulling, raising the oars out of water, but not boating them; to cease from work of any kind; to be idle; to rest. -- To muffle the oars, to put something round that part which rests in the rowlock, to prevent noise in rowing. -- To put in one's oar, to give aid or advice; -- commonly used of a person who obtrudes aid or counsel not invited. -- To ship the oars, to place them in the rowlocks. -- To toss the oars, To peak the oars, to lift them from the rowlocks and hold them perpendicularly, the handle resting on the bottom of the boat. -- To trail oars, to allow them to trail in the water alongside of the boat. -- To unship the oars, to take them out of the rowlocks. OAR Oar, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Oared; p. pr. & vb. n. Oaring.] Defn: To row. "Oared himself." Shak. Oared with laboring arms. Pope. OARED Oared, a. 1. Furnished with oars; -- chiefly used in composition; as, a four- oared boat. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having feet adapted for swimming. (b) Totipalmate; -- said of the feet of certain birds. See Illust. of Aves. Oared shrew (Zoöl.), an aquatic European shrew (Crossopus ciliatus); -- called also black water shrew. OARFISH Oar"fish` (or"fish`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ribbon fish. OARFOOT Oar"foot` (-foot`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any crustacean of the genus Remipes. OAR-FOOTED Oar"-foot`ed a. Defn: Having feet adapted for swimming. OARLESS Oar"less, a. Defn: Without oars. Sylvester. OARLOCK Oar"lock` (or"lok`), n. (Naut.), Defn: The notch, fork, or other device on the gunwale of a boat, in which the oar rests in rowing. See Rowlock. OARSMAN Oars"man (orz"man), n.; pl. Oarsmen (-men). Defn: One who uses, or is skilled in the use of, an oar; a rower. At the prow of the boat, rose one of the oarsmen. Longfellow. OARSWEED Oars"weed` (or"wed`), n. (Bot.) Defn: Any large seaweed of the genus Laminaria; tangle; kelp. See Kelp. OARY Oar"y (or"y), a. Defn: Having the form or the use of an oar; as, the swan's oary feet. Milton. Addison. OASIS O"as*is (o"a*sis or o*a"sis; 277), n.; pl. Oases (-sez). [L., fr. Gr. 'o`asis; cf. Copt. ouahe.] Defn: A fertile or green spot in a waste or desert, esp. in a sandy desert. My one oasis in the dust and drouth Of city life. Tennyson. OAST Oast (ost), n. [OE. ost, AS. ast; cf. Gr. a'i^qos burning heat.] Defn: A kiln to dry hops or malt; a cockle. Mortimer. OATCAKE Oat"cake, n. Defn: A cake made of oatmeal. OATEN Oat"en, a. 1. Consisting of an oat straw or stem; as, an oaten pipe. Milton. 2. Made of oatmeal; as, oaten cakes. OATH Oath, n.; pl. Oaths. Etym: [OE. othe, oth, ath, AS. a; akin to D. eed, OS. e, G. eid, Icel. ei, Sw. ed, Dan. eed, Goth. ai; cf. OIr. oeth.] 1. A solemn affirmation or declaration, made with a reverent appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed. "I have an oath in heaven" Shak. An oath of secrecy for the concealing of those [inventions] which we think fit to keep secret. Bacon. 2. A solemn affirmation, connected with a sacred object, or one regarded as sacred, as the temple, the altar, the blood of Abel, the Bible, the Koran, etc. 3. (Law) Defn: An appeal (in verification of a statement made) to a superior sanction, in such a form as exposes the party making the appeal to an indictment for perjury if the statement be false. 4. A careless and blasphemous use of the name of the divine Being, or anything divine or sacred, by way of appeal or as a profane exclamation or ejaculation; an expression of profane swearing. "A terrible oath" Shak. OATHABLE Oath"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of having an oath administered to. [Obs.] Shak. OATHBREAKING Oath"break`ing, n. Defn: The violation of an oath; perjury. Shak OATMEAL Oat"meal`, n. 1. Meal made of oats. Gay. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Panicum; panic grass. OB- Ob-. Etym: [L. ob, prep. Cf. Epi-.] Defn: A prefix signifying to, toward, before, against, reversely, etc.; also, as a simple intensive; as in oblige, to bind to; obstacle, something standing before; object, lit., to throw against; obovate, reversely, ovate. Ob- is commonly assimilated before c, f, g, and p, to oc-, of-, og-, and op-. OBBE Ob"be, n. Defn: See Obi. OBCOMPRESSED Ob"com*pressed". a. Etym: [Pref. ob- + compressed.] Defn: Compressed or flattened antero-posteriorly, or in a way opposite to the usual one. OBCONIC; OBCONICAL Ob*con"ic, Ob*con"ic*al, a. Etym: [Pref. ob- + conic, conical.] Defn: Conical, but having the apex downward; inversely conical. OBCORDATE Ob*cor"date, a. Etym: [Pref. ob- + cordate.] Defn: Heart-shaped, with the attachment at the pointed end; inversely cordate: as, an obcordate petal or leaf. OBDIPLOSTEMONOUS Ob*dip`lo*stem"o*nous, a. Etym: [Pref. ob- + diplostemonous.] (Bot.) Defn: Having twice as many stamens as petals, those of the outer set being opposite the petals; -- said of flowers. Gray. OBDIPLOSTEMONY Ob*dip"lo*stem"o*ny, n. (Bot.) Defn: The condition of being obdiplostemonous. OBDORMITION Ob"dor*mi"tion, n. Etym: [L. obdormire to fall asleep.] Defn: Sleep. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. OBDUCE Ob*duce", v. t. Etym: [L. obducere, obductum; ob (see Ob-) + ducere to lead.] Defn: To draw over, as a covering. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. OBDUCT Ob*duct" (, v. t. Etym: [See Obduce.] Defn: To draw over; to cover. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. OBDUCTION Ob*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L.obductio.] Defn: .The act of drawing or laying over, as a covering. [Obs.] OBDURACY Ob"du*ra*cy, n. Defn: The duality or state of being obdurate; invincible hardness of heart; obstinacy. "Obduracy and persistency." Shak. The absolute completion of sin in final obduracy. South. OBDURATE Ob"du*rate, a. Etym: [L. obduratus, p. p. of obdurare to harden; ob (see Ob-)+ durare to harden, durus hard. See Dure.] 1. Hardened in feelings, esp. against moral or mollifying influences; unyielding; hard-hearted; stubbornly wicked. The very custom of evil makes the heart obdurate against whatsoever instructions to the contrary. Hooker. Art thou obdurate, flinty, hard as steel, Nay, more than flint, for stone at rain relenteth Shak. 2. Hard; harsh; rugged; rough; intractable. "Obdurate consonants." Swift. Note: Sometimes accented on the second syllable, especially by the older poets. There is no flesh in man's obdurate heart. Cowper. Syn. -- Hard; firm; unbending; inflexible; unyielding; stubborn; obstinate; impenitent; callous; unfeeling; insensible; unsusceptible. -- Obdurate, Callous, Hardened. Callous denotes a deadening of the sensibilities; as. a callous conscience. Hardened implies a general and settled disregard for the claims of interest, duty, and sympathy; as, hardened in vice. Obdurate implies an active resistance of the heart and will aganst the pleadings of compassion and humanity. -- Ob"du*rate*ly, adv. -- Ob"du*rate*ness, n. OBDURATE Ob"du*rate, v. t. Defn: To harden. [Obs.] OBDURATION Ob"du*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. obduratio.] Defn: A hardening of the heart; hardness of heart. [Obs.] OBDURE Ob*dure", v. t. Defn: To harden. [Obs.] Milton. OBDURE; OBDURED Ob*dure", Ob*dured", a. Defn: Obdurate; hard. [Obs.] This saw his hapless foes, but stood obdured. Milton. OBDURENESS; OBDUREDNESS Ob*dure"ness, n., Ob*dur"ed*ness, n. Defn: Hardness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. OBE Ob"e (o"be), n. Defn: See Obi. OBEAH O*be"ah. n. Defn: Same as Obi. -- a. Defn: Of or pertaining to obi; as, the obeah man. B. Edwards. OBEDIBLE O*be"di*ble, a. Defn: Obedient. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. OBEDIENCE O*be"di*ence, n. Etym: [F. obédience, L. obedientia, oboedientia. See Obedient, and cf.Obeisance.] 1. The act of obeying, or the state of being obedient; compliance with that which is required by authority; subjection to rightful restraint or control. Government must compel the obedience of individuals. Ames. 2. Words or actions denoting submission to authority; dutifulness. Shak. 3. (Eccl.) (a) A following; a body of adherents; as, the Roman Catholic obedience, or the whole body of persons who submit to the authority of the pope. (b) A cell (or offshoot of a larger monastery) governed by a prior. (c) One of the three monastic vows. Shipley. (d) The written precept of a superior in a religious order or congregation to a subject. Canonical obedience. See under Canonical. -- Passive obedience. See under Passive. OBEDIENCIARY O*be`di*en"ci*a*ry, n. Defn: One yielding obedience. [Obs.] Foxe. OBEDIENT O*be"di*ent, a. Etym: [OF. obedient, L. obediens, oboediens, -entis. p.pr. of obedire, oboedire, to obey. See Obey.] Defn: Subject in will or act to authority; willing to obey; submissive to restraint, control, or command. And floating straight, obedient to the stream. Shak. The chief his orders gives; the obedient band, With due observance, wait the chief's command. Pope. Syn. -- Dutiful; respectful; compliant; submissive. OBEDIENTIAL O*be`di*en"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. obédientiel.] Defn: According to the rule of obedience. [R.] An obediental subjection to the Lord of Nature. Sir M. Hale. OBEDIENTLY O*be"di*ent*ly, adv. Defn: In an obedient manner; with obedience. OBEISANCE O*bei"sance, n. Etym: [F. obéissance obedience, fr. obéissant. See Obey, and cf. Obedience, Abaisance.] 1. Obedience. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A manifestation of obedience; an expression of difference or respect; homage; a bow; a courtesy. Bathsheba bowed and did obeisance unto the king. 1 Kings i. 16. OBEISANCY O*bei"san*cy, n. Defn: See Obeisance. [Obs.] OBEISANT O*bei"sant, a. Etym: [F. obéissant, p.pr. of obéir to obey.] Defn: Ready to obey; reverent; differential; also, servilely submissive. OBELION O*be"li*on, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The region of the skull between the two parietal foramina where the closure of the sagittal suture usually begins. OBELISCAL Ob`e*lis"cal, a. Defn: Formed like an obelisk. OBELISK Ob"e*lisk, n. Etym: [L. obeliscus, Gr. obélisque.] 1. An upright, four-sided pillar, gradually tapering as it rises, and terminating in a pyramid called pyramidion. It is ordinarily monolithic. Egyptian obelisks are commonly covered with hieroglyphic writing from top to bottom. 2. (Print.) Defn: A mark of reference; -- called also dagger [&dag;]. See Dagger, n., 2. OBELISK Ob"e*lisk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obelisked; p. pr. & vb. n. Obelisking.] Defn: To mark or designate with an obelisk. OBELIZE Ob"e*lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obelized; p. pr. & vb. n. Obelizing.] Etym: [Gr. Obelus.] Defn: To designate with an obelus; to mark as doubtful or spirituous. [R.] OBELUS Ob"e*lus, n.; pl. Obeli. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Print.) Defn: A mark [thus ---, or ÷]; -- so called as resembling a needle. In old MSS. or editions of the classics, it marks suspected passages or readings. OBEQUITATE Ob*eq"ui*tate, v. i. Etym: [L. obequitatus, p.p. of obequitare to ride about.] Defn: To ride about. [Obs.] -- Ob*eq`ui*ta"tion, n. [Obs.] Cockerman. OBERON Ob"er*on, n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. Auberon; prob. of Frankish origin.] (Mediæval Mythol.) Defn: The king of the fairies, and husband of Titania or Queen Mab. Shak. OBERRATION Ob`er*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. oberrate to wander about.] Defn: A wandering about. [Obs.] Jonhson. OBESE O*bese". a. Etym: [L. obesus eaten away, lean; also, that has eaten itself fat, fat, stout, p.p. of obedere to devour; ob (see Ob-) + edere to eat. See Eat.] Defn: Excessively corpulent; fat; fleshy. OBESENESS O*bese"ness, n. Defn: Quality of being obese; obesity. OBESITY O*bes"i*ty, n.Etym: [L. obesitas: cf.F. obésité.] Defn: The state or quality of being obese; incumbrance of flesh. OBEY O*bey", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obeyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Obeying.] Etym: [OE. obeyen, F. obéir, fr. L. obedire, oboedire; ob (see Ob-) + audire to hear. See Audible, and cf. Obeisance.] 1. To give ear to; to execute the commands of; to yield submission to; to comply with the orders of. Children, obey your parents in the Lord. Eph. vi. 1. Was she the God, that her thou didst obey Milton. 2. To submit to the authority of; to be ruled by. My will obeyed his will. Chaucer. Afric and India shall his power obey. Dryden. 3. To yield to the impulse, power, or operation of; as, a ship obeys her helm. OBEY O*bey", v. i. Defn: To give obedience. Will he obey when one commands Tennyson. Note: By some old writers obey was used, as in the French idiom, with the preposition to. His servants ye are, to whom ye obey. Rom. vi. 16. He commanded the trumpets to sound: to which the two brave knights obeying, they performed their courses. Sir. P. Sidney. OBEYER O*bey"er, n. Defn: One who yields obedience. Holland. OBEYINGLY O*bey"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Obediently; submissively. OBFIRM; OBFIRMATE Ob*firm", Ob*firm"ate, v. t. Etym: [L. obfirmatus, p.p. of obfirmare to make steadfast. See Ob-, and Firm, v. t.] Defn: To make firm; to harden in resolution. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Sheldon. OBFIRMATION Ob"fir*ma"tion, n. Etym: [LL. obfirmatio.] Defn: Hardness of heart; obduracy. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. OBFUSCATE Ob*fus"cate, a. Etym: [L. obfuscatus, p.p. of obfuscare to darken; ob (see Ob-) + fuscare, fuscatum, to darken, from fuscus dark.] Defn: Obfuscated; darkened; obscured. [Obs.] [Written also offuscate.] Sir. T. Elyot. OBFUSCATE Ob*fus"cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obfuscated; p. pr. & vb. n. Obfuscating.] Defn: To darken; to obscure; to becloud; hence, to confuse; to bewilder. His head, like a smokejack, the funnel unswept, and the ideas whirling round and round about in it, all obfuscated and darkened over with fuliginous matter. Sterne. Clouds of passion which might obfuscate the intellects of meaner females. Sir. W. Scott. OBFUSCATION Ob`fus*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. obfuscatio.] Defn: The act of darkening or bewildering; the state of being darkened. "Obfuscation of the cornea." E. Darwin. OBI O"bi, n. Etym: [Prob. of African origin.] 1. A species of sorcery, probably of African origin, practiced among the negroes of the West Indies. [Written also obe and obeah.] De Quincey. B. Edwards. 2. A charm or fetich. [West Indies] B. Edwards. OBIISM O"bi*ism, n. Defn: Belief in, or the practice of, the obi superstitions and rites. OBIMBRICATE Ob*im"bri*cate, a. Etym: [Pref. ob- + imbricate.] (Bot.) Defn: Imbricated, with the overlapping ends directed downward. OBIT O"bit, n. Etym: [OF. obit, L. obitus, fr. obire to go against, to go to meet, (sc.mortem) to die; ob (see Ob-) + ire to go. See Issue.] 1. Death; decease; the date of one's death. Wood. 2. A funeral solemnity or office; obsequies. 3. A service for the soul of a deceased person on the anniversary of the day of his death. The emoluments and advantages from oblations, obits, and other sources, increased in value. Milman. Post obit Etym: [L. post obitum]. See Post-obit. OBITER Ob"i*ter, adv. Etym: [L., on the way; ob (see Ob-) + iter a going, a walk, way.] Defn: In passing; incidentally; by the way. Obiter dictum (Law), an incidental and collateral opinion uttered by a judge. See Dictum, n., 2(a). OBITUAL O*bit"u*al, a. Etym: [L. obitus death. See Obit.] Defn: Of or pertaining to obits, or days when obits are celebrated; as, obitual days. Smart. OBITUARILY O*bit"u*a*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of an obituary. OBITUARY O*bit"u*a*ry, a. Etym: [See Obit.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the death of a person or persons; as, an obituary notice; obituary poetry. OBITUARY O*bit"u*a*ry, n.; pl. Obituaries. Etym: [Cf. F. obituaire. See Obit.] 1. That which pertains to, or is called forth by, the obit or death of a person; esp., an account of a deceased person; a notice of the death of a person, accompanied by a biographical sketch. 2. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: A list of the dead, or a register of anniversary days when service is performed for the dead. OBJECT Ob*ject", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Objected; p. pr. & vb. n. Objecting.] Etym: [L. objectus, p.p. of objicere, obicere, to throw or put before, to oppose; ob (see Ob-) + jacere to throw: cf. objecter. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. To set before or against; to bring into opposition; to oppose. [Obs.] Of less account some knight thereto object, Whose loss so great and harmful can not prove. Fairfax. Some strong impediment or other objecting itself. Hooker. Pallas to their eyes The mist objected, and condensed the skies. Pope. 2. To offer in opposition as a criminal charge or by way of accusation or reproach; to adduce as an objection or adverse reason. He gave to him to object his heinous crime. Spencer. Others object the poverty of the nation. Addison. The book ... giveth liberty to object any crime against such as are to be ordered. Whitgift. OBJECT Ob*ject", v. i. Defn: To make opposition in words or argument; -- usually followed by to. Sir. T. More. OBJECT Ob"ject, n. Etym: [L. objectus. See Object, v. t.] 1. That which is put, or which may be regarded as put, in the way of some of the senses; something visible or tangible; as, he observed an object in the distance; all the objects in sight; he touched a strange object in the dark. 2. That which is set, or which may be regarded as set, before the mind so as to be apprehended or known; that of which the mind by any of its activities takes cognizance, whether a thing external in space or a conception formed by the mind itself; as, an object of knowledge, wonder, fear, thought, study, etc. Object is a term for that about which the knowing subject is conversant; what the schoolmen have styled the "materia circa quam." Sir. W. Hamilton. The object of their bitterest hatred. Macaulay. 3. That by which the mind, or any of its activities, is directed; that on which the purpose are fixed as the end of action or effort; that which is sought for; end; aim; motive; final cause. Object, beside its proper signification, came to be abusively applied to denote motive, end, final cause.... This innovation was probably borrowed from the French. Sir. W. Hamilton. Let our object be, our country, our whole country, and nothing but our country. D. Webster. 4. Sight; show; appearance; aspect. [Obs.] Shak. He, advancing close Up to the lake, past all the rest, arose In glorious object. Chapman. 5. (Gram.) Defn: A word, phrase, or clause toward which an action is directed, or is considered to be directed; as, the object of a transitive verb. Object glass, the lens, or system of lenses, placed at the end of a telescope, microscope, etc., which is toward the object. Its office is to form an image of the object, which is then viewed by the eyepiece. Called also objective. See Illust. of Microscope. -- Object lesson, a lesson in which object teaching is made use of. -- Object staff. (Leveling) Same as Leveling staff. -- Object teaching, a method of instruction, in which illustrative objects are employed, each new word or idea being accompanied by a representation of that which it signifies; -- used especially in the kindergarten, for young children. OBJECT Ob*ject", a. Etym: [L. objectus, p. p.] Defn: Opposed; presented in opposition; also, exposed. [Obs.] OBJECTABLE Ob*ject"a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be presented in opposition; that may be put forward as an objection. [R.] OBJECTIFY Ob*jec"ti*fy, v. t. Etym: [Object + -fy.] Defn: To cause to become an object; to cause to assume the character of an object; to render objective. J. D. Morell. OBJECTION Ob*jec"tion, n. Etym: [L. objectio: cf. F. objection.] 1. The act of objecting; as, to prevent agreement, or action, by objection. Johnson. 2. That which is, or may be, presented in opposition; an adverse reason or argument; a reason for objecting; obstacle; impediment; as, I have no objection to going; unreasonable objections. "Objections against every truth." Tyndale. 3. Cause of trouble; sorrow. [Obs. or R.] He remembers the objection that lies in his bosom, and he sighs deeply. Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- Exception; difficulty; doubt; scruple. OBJECTIONABLE Ob*jec"tion*a*ble, a. Defn: Liable to objection; likely to be objected to or disapproved of; offensive; as, objectionable words. -- Ob*jec"tion*a*bly, adv. OBJECTIST Ob"ject*ist, n. Defn: One who adheres to, or is skilled in, the objective philosophy. Ed. Rev. OBJECTIVATE Ob*jec"ti*vate, v. t. Defn: To objectify. OBJECTIVATION Ob*jec`ti*va"tion, n. Defn: Converting into an object. OBJECTIVE Ob*jec"tive, a. Etym: [Cf.F. objectif.] 1. Of or pertaining to an object. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an object; contained in, or having the nature or position of, an object; outward; external; extrinsic; -- an epithet applied to whatever ir exterior to the mind, or which is simply an object of thought or feeling, and opposed to subjective. In the Middle Ages, subject meant substance, and has this sense in Descartes and Spinoza: sometimes, also, in Reid. Subjective is used by William of Occam to denote that which exists independent of mind; objective, what is formed by the mind. This shows what is meant by realitas objectiva in Descartes. Kant and Fichte have inverted the meanings. Subject, with them, is the mind which knows; object, that which is known; subjective, the varying conditions of the knowing mind; objective, that which is in the constant nature of the thing known. Trendelenburg. Objective means that which belongs to, or proceeds from, the object known, and not from the subject knowing, and thus denotes what is real, in opposition to that which is ideal -- what exists in nature, in contrast to what exists merely in the thought of the individual. Sir. W. Hamilton. Objective has come to mean that which has independent exostence or authority, apart from our experience or thought. Thus, moral law is said to have objective authority, that is, authority belonging to itself, and not drawn from anything in our nature. Calderwood (Fleming's Vocabulary). 3. (Gram.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, the case which follows a transitive verb or a preposition, being that case in which the direct object of the verb is placed. See Accusative, n. Note: The objective case is frequently used without a governing word, esp. in designations of time or space, where a preposition, as at, in, on, etc., may be supplied. My troublous dream [on] this night make me sad. Shak. To write of victories [in or for] next year. Hudibras. Objective line (Perspective), a line drawn on the geometrical plane which is represented or sought to be represented. -- Objective plane (Perspective), any plane in the horizontal plane that is represented. -- Objective point, the point or result to which the operations of an army are directed. By extension, the point or purpose to which anything, as a journey or an argument, is directed. Syn. -- Objective, Subjective. Objective is applied to things exterior to the mind, and objects of its attention; subjective, to the operations of the mind itself. Hence, an objective motive is some outward thing awakening desire; a subjective motive is some internal feeling or propensity. Objective views are those governed by outward things; subjective views are produced or modified by internal feeling. Sir Walter Scott's poetry is chiefly objective; that of Wordsworth is eminently subjective. In the philosophy of mind, subjective denotes what is to be referred to the thinking subject, the ego; objective what belongs to the object of thought, the non-ego. Sir. W. Hamilton OBJECTIVE Ob*jec"tive, n. 1. (Gram.) Defn: The objective case. 2. An object glass. See under Object, n. 3. Same as Objective point, under Objective, a. OBJECTIVELY Ob*jec"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner or state of an object; as, a determinate idea objectively in the mind. OBJECTIVENESS Ob*jec"tive*ness, n. Defn: Objectivity. Is there such a motion or objectiveness of external bodies, which produceth light Sir M. Hale OBJECTIVITY Ob`jec*tiv"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf.F. objectivité.] Defn: The state, quality, or relation of being objective; character of the object or of the objective. The calm, the cheerfulness, the disinterested objectivity have disappeared [in the life of the Greeks]. M. Arnold. OBJECTIZE Ob"ject*ize, v. t. Defn: To make an object of; to regard as an object; to place in the position of an object. In the latter, as objectized by the former, arise the emotions and affections. Coleridge. OBJECTLESS Ob"ject*less, a. Defn: Having no object; purposeless. OBJECTOR Ob*ject"or, n. Etym: [L., an accuser.] Defn: One who objects; one who offers objections to a proposition or measure. OBJIBWAYS Ob*jib"ways, n.pl. Defn: See Chippeways. OBJICIENT Ob*jic"i*ent, n. Etym: [L. objiciens, p.pr. of objicere to object.] Defn: One who makes objection; an objector. [R.] Cardinal Wiseman. OBJURATION Ob`ju*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. objurare to bind by oath; ob (see Ob-) + jurare to swear, fr. jus right.] Defn: A binding by oath. [R.] Abp. Bramhall. OBJURGATE Ob*jur"gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Objurgated; p. pr. & vb. n. Objurgating.] Etym: [L.objurgatus, p.p. of objurgare to chide; ob (see Ob-) + jurgare to quarrel, scold, fr. jus right, court. See Jury.] Defn: To chide; to reprove. OBJURGATION Ob`jur*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. objurgatio: cf.F.objurgation.] Defn: The act of objurgating; reproof. While the good lady was bestowing this objurgation on Mr.Ben Allen. Dickens. With a strong objurgation of the elbow in his ribs. Landor. OBJURGATORY Ob*jur"ga*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. objurgatorius.] Defn: Designed to objurgate or chide; containing or expressing reproof; culpatory. Bancroft. The objurgatory question of the Pharisees. Paley. OBLANCEOLATE Ob*lan"ce*o*late, a. Etym: [Pref. ob- + lanceolate.] Defn: Lanceolate in the reversed order, that is, narrowing toward the point of attachment more than toward the apex. OBLATE Ob*late", a. Etym: [L. oblatus, used as p.p. of offerre to bring forward, offer, dedicate; ob (see Ob-) + latus borne, for tlatus. See Tolerate.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: Flattened or depressed at the poles; as, the earth is an oblate spheroid. 2. Offered up; devoted; consecrated; dedicated; -- used chiefly or only in the titles of Roman Catholic orders. See Oblate, n. Oblate ellipsoid or spheroid (Geom.), a solid generated by the revolution of an ellipse about its minor axis; an oblatum. See Ellipsoid of revolution, under Ellipsoid. OBLATE Ob*late", n. Etym: [From Oblate, a.] (R.C.Ch.) (a) One of an association of priests or religious women who have offered themselves to the service of the church. There are three such associations of priests, and one of women, called oblates. (b) One of the Oblati. OBLATENESS Ob*late"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being oblate. OBLATI Ob*la"ti, n. pl. Etym: [LL., fr. L. oblatus. See Oblate.] (R.C.Ch.) (a) Children dedicated in their early years to the monastic state. (b) A class of persons, especially in the Middle Ages, who offered themselves and their property to a monastery. Addis & Arnold. OBLATION Ob*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. oblatio: cf. F. oblation. See Oblate.] 1. The act of offering, or of making an offering. Locke. 2. Anything offered or presented in worship or sacred service; an offering; a sacrifice. A peculiar ... oblation given to God. Jer. Taylor. A pin was the usual oblation. Sir. W. Scott. 3. A gift or contribution made to a church, as for the expenses of the eucharist, or for the support of the clergy and the poor. OBLATIONER Ob*la"tion*er, n. Defn: One who makes an offering as an act worship or reverence. Dr. H. More. OBLATRATE Ob*la"trate, v. i. Etym: [L. oblatratus, p.p. of oblatrare to bark against.] Defn: To bark or snarl, as a dog. [Obs.] OBLATRATION Ob`la*tra"tion, n. Defn: The act of oblatrating; a barking or snarling. Bp. Hall. OBLATUM Ob*la"tum, n.; pl. Oblata. Etym: [NL. See Oblate.] (Geom.) Defn: An oblate spheroid; a figure described by the revolution of an ellipse about its minor axis. Cf. Oblongum. OBLECTATE Ob*lec"tate, v. t. Etym: [L. oblectatus, p.p. of oblectare.] Defn: To delight; to please greatly. [Obs.] OBLECTATION Ob"lec*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. oblectatio.] Defn: The act of pleasing highly; the state of being greatly pleased; delight. [R.] Feltham. OBLIGABLE Ob"li*ga*ble, a. Defn: Acknowledging, or complying with, obligation; trustworthy. [R.] The main difference between people seems to be, that one man can come under obligations on which you can rely, -- is obligable; and another is not. Emerson. OBLIGATE Ob"li*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obligated; p. pr. & vb. n. Obligating.] Etym: [L. obligatus, p.p. of obligare. See Oblige.] 1. To bring or place under obligation, moral or legal; to hold by a constraining motive. "Obligated by a sense of duty." Proudfit. That's your true plan -- to obligate The present ministers of state. Churchill. 2. To bind or firmly hold to an act; to compel; to constrain; to bind to any act of duty or courtesy by a formal pledge. That they may not incline or be obligated to any vile or lowly occupations. Landor. OBLIGATION Ob"li*ga"tion, n. Etym: [F. obligation. L. obligatio. See Oblige.] 1. The act of obligating. 2. That which obligates or constrains; the binding power of a promise, contract, oath, or vow, or of law; that which constitutes legal or moral duty. A tender conscience is a stronger obligation than a proson. Fuller. 3. Any act by which a person becomes bound to do something to or for anouther, or to forbear something; external duties imposed by law, promise, or contract, by the relations of society, or by courtesy, kindness, etc. Every man has obligations which belong to his station. Duties extend beyond obligation, and direct the affections, desires, and intentions, as well as the actions. Whewell. 4. The state of being obligated or bound; the state of being indebted for an act of favor or kindness; as, to place others under obligations to one. 5. (Law) Defn: A bond with a condition annexed, and a penalty for nonfulfillment. In a larger sense, it is an acknowledgment of a duty to pay a certain sum or do a certain things. Days of obligation. See under Day. OBLIGATO Ob"li*ga"to, a. Etym: [It.] Defn: See Obbligato. OBLIGATORILY Ob"li*ga*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In an obligatory manner; by reason of obligation. Foxe. OBLIGATORINESS Ob"li*ga*to*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being obligatory. OBLIGATORY Ob"li*ga*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. obligatorius: cf.F. obligatoire.] Defn: Binding in law or conscience; imposing duty or obligation; requiring performance or forbearance of some act; -- often followed by on or upon; as, obedience is obligatory on a soldier. As long as the law is obligatory, so long our obedience is due. Jer. Taylor. OBLIGE O*blige", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obliged; p. pr. & vb. n. Obliging.] Etym: [OF. obligier, F.obliger, L. obligare; ob (see Ob-) + ligare to bind. See Ligament, and cf. Obligate.] 1. To attach, as by a bond. [Obs.] He had obliged all the senators and magistrates firmly to himself. Bacon. 2. To constrain by physical, moral, or legal force; to put under obligation to do or forbear something. The obliging power of the law is neither founded in, nor to be measured by, the rewards and punishments annexed to it. South. Religion obliges men to the practice of those virtues which conduce to the preservation of our health. Tillotson. 3. To bind by some favor rendered; to place under a debt; hence, to do a favor to; to please; to gratify; to accommodate. Thus man, by his own strength, to heaven would soar, And would not be obliged to God for more. Dryden. The gates before it are brass, and the whole much obliged to Pope Urban VIII. Evelyn. I shall be more obliged to you than I can express. Mrs. E. Montagu. OBLIGEE Ob"li*gee", n. Etym: [F. obligé, p.p. of obliger. See Oblige.] Defn: The person to whom another is bound, or the person to whom a bond is given. Blackstone. OBLIGEMENT O*blige"ment, n. Defn: Obligation. [R.] I will not resist, therefore, whatever it is, either of divine or human obligement, that you lay upon me. Milton. OBLIGER O*bli"ger, n. Defn: One who, or that which, obliges. Sir H. Wotton. OBLIGING O*bli"ging, a. Defn: Putting under obligation; disposed to oblige or do favors; hence, helpful; civil; kind. Mons.Strozzi has many curiosities, and is very obliging to a stranger who desires the sight of them. Addison. Syn. -- Civil; complaisant; courteous; kind, -- Obliging, Kind, Complaisant. One is kind who desires to see others happy; one is complaisant who endeavors to make them so in social intercourse by attentions calculated to please; one who is obliging performs some actual service, or has the disposition to do so. -- O*bli"ging*ly. adv. -- O*bli"ging*ness, n. OBLIGOR Ob`li*gor", n. Defn: The person who binds himself, or gives his bond to another. Blackstone. OBLIQUATION Ob`li*qua"tion, n. Etym: [L. obliquatio, fr. obliquare to turn obliquely. See Oblique.] 1. The act of becoming oblique; a turning to one side; obliquity; as, the obliquation of the eyes. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Deviation from moral rectitude. [R.] OBLIQUE Ob*lique", a. Etym: [F., fr. L. obliquus; ob (see Ob-) + liquis oblique; cf. licinus bent upward, Gr [Written also oblike.] 1. Not erect or perpendicular; neither parallel to, nor at right angles from, the base; slanting; inclined. It has a direction oblique to that of the former motion. Cheyne. 2. Not straightforward; indirect; obscure; hence, disingenuous; underhand; perverse; sinister. The love we bear our friends... Hath in it certain oblique ends. Drayton. This mode of oblique research, when a more direct one is denied, we find to be the only one in our power. De Quincey. Then would be closed the restless, oblique eye. That looks for evil, like a treacherous spy. Wordworth. 3. Not direct in descent; not following the line of father and son; collateral. His natural affection in a direct line was strong, in an oblique but weak. Baker. Oblique angle, Oblique ascension, etc. See under Angle,Ascension, etc. -- Oblique arch (Arch.), an arch whose jambs are not at right angles with the face, and whose intrados is in consequence askew. -- Oblique bridge, a skew bridge. See under Bridge, n. -- Oblique case (Gram.), any case except the nominative. See Case, n. -- Oblique circle (Projection), a circle whose plane is oblique to the axis of the primitive plane. -- Oblique fire (Mil.), a fire the direction of which is not perpendicular to the line fired at. -- Oblique flank (Fort.), that part of the curtain whence the fire of the opposite bastion may be discovered. Wilhelm. -- Oblique leaf. (Bot.) (a) A leaf twisted or inclined from the normal position. (b) A leaf having one half different from the other. -- Oblique line (Geom.), a line that, meeting or tending to meet another, makes oblique angles with it. -- Oblique motion (Mus.), a kind of motion or progression in which one part ascends or descends, while the other prolongs or repeats the same tone, as in the accompanying example. -- Oblique muscle (Anat.), a muscle acting in a direction oblique to the mesial plane of the body, or to the associated muscles; -- applied especially to two muscles of the eyeball. -- Oblique narration. See Oblique speech. -- Oblique planes (Dialing), planes which decline from the zenith, or incline toward the horizon. -- Oblique sailing (Naut.), the movement of a ship when she sails upon some rhumb between the four cardinal points, making an oblique angle with the meridian. -- Oblique speech (Rhet.), speech which is quoted indirectly, or in a different person from that employed by the original speaker. -- Oblique sphere (Astron. & Geog.), the celestial or terrestrial sphere when its axis is oblique to the horizon of the place; or as it appears to an observer at any point on the earth except the poles and the equator. -- Oblique step (Mil.), a step in marching, by which the soldier, while advancing, gradually takes ground to the right or left at an angle of about 25º. It is not now practiced. Wilhelm. -- Oblique system of coördinates (Anal. Geom.), a system in which the coördinate axes are oblique to each other. OBLIQUE Ob*lique", n. (Geom.) Defn: An oblique line. OBLIQUE Ob*lique", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Obliqued p. pr. & vb. n. Obliquing.] 1. To deviate from a perpendicular line; to move in an oblique direction. Projecting his person towards it in a line which obliqued from the bottom of his spine. Sir. W. Scott. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To march in a direction oblique to the line of the column or platoon; -- formerly accomplished by oblique steps, now by direct steps, the men half-facing either to the right or left. OBLIQUE-ANGLED Ob*lique"-an`gled, a. Defn: Having oblique angles; as, an oblique-angled triangle. OBLIQUELY Ob*lique"ly, adv. Defn: In an oblique manner; not directly; indirectly. "Truth obliquely leveled." Bp. Fell. Declining from the noon of day, The sun obliquely shoots his burning ray. Pope His discourse tends obliquely to the detracting from others. Addison. OBLIQUENESS Ob*lique"ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being oblique. OBLIQUITY Ob*liq"ui*ty, n.; pl. Obliquities. Etym: [L. obliquitas: cf. F. obliquité.] 1. The condition of being oblique; deviation from a right line; deviation from parallelism or perpendicularity; the amount of such deviation; divergence; as, the obliquity of the ecliptic to the equator. 2. Deviation from ordinary rules; irregularity; deviation from moral rectitude. To disobey [God]...imports a moral obliquity. South. OBLITE Ob"lite, a. Etym: [L. oblitus, p.p. pf oblinere to besmear.] Defn: Indistinct; slurred over. [Obs.] "Obscure and oblite mention." Fuller. OBLITERATE Ob*lit"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obliterated; p. pr. & vb. n. Obliterating.] Etym: [L. obliteratus, p.p. of obliterare to obliterate; ob (see Ob-) + litera, littera, letter. See Letter.] 1. To erase or blot out; to efface; to render undecipherable, as a writing. 2. To wear out; to remove or destroy utterly by any means; to render imperceptible; as. to obliterate ideas; to obliterate the monuments of antiquity. The harsh and bitter feelings of this or that experience are slowly obliterated. W. Black. OBLITERATE Ob*lit"er*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Scarcely distinct; -- applied to the markings of insects. OBLITERATION Ob*lit`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. obliteratio: cf.F. oblitération.] Defn: The act of obliterating, or the state of being obliterated; extinction. Sir. M. Hale. OBLITERATIVE Ob*lit"er*a*tive, a. Defn: Tending or serving to obliterate. OBLIVION Ob*liv"i*on, n. Etym: [L. oblivio, akin to oblivisci to forget: cf. OF. oblivion.] 1. The act of forgetting, or the state of being forgotten; cessation of remembrance; forgetfulness. Second childishness and mere oblivion. Shak. Among our crimes oblivion may be set. Dryden The origin of our city will be buried in eternal oblivion. W. Irving. 2. Official ignoring of offenses; amnesty, or general pardon; as, an act of oblivion. Sir J. Davies. Syn. -- See Forgetfulness. OBLIVIOUS Ob*liv"i*ous, a. Etym: [L.obliviosus: cf.F. oblivieux.] 1. Promoting oblivion; causing forgetfulness. "The oblivious pool." Milton. She lay in deep, oblivious slumber. Longfellow. 2. Evincing oblivion; forgetful. Through are both weak in body and oblivious. Latimer. -- Obliv"i*ous*ly, adv. -- Ob*liv"i*ous*ness, n. Foxe. OBLOCUTOR Ob*loc"u*tor, n. Etym: [L. oblocutor, obloquutor, fr. obloqui, oblocutus, to speak against; ob (see Ob-) + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.] Defn: A disputer; a gainsayer. [Obs.] Bale. OBLONG Ob"long, a. Etym: [L. oblongus; ob (see Ob-) + longus long: cf. F. oblong.] Defn: Having greater length than breadth, esp. when rectangular. OBLONG Ob"long, n. Defn: A rectangular figure longer than it is broad; hence, any figure longer than it is broad. The best figure of a garden I esteem an oblong upon a descent. Sir W. Temple. OBLONGATA Ob`lon*ga"ta, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: The medulla oblongata. B. G. Wilder. OBLONGATAL Ob"lon*ga"tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the medulla oblongata; medullar. OBLONGISH Ob"long*ish, a. Defn: Somewhat oblong. OBLONGLY Ob"long*ly, adv. Defn: In an oblong form. OBLONGNESS Ob"long*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being oblong. OBLONG-OVATE Ob"long-o"vate, a. Defn: Between oblong and ovate, but inclined to the latter. OBLONGUM Ob*lon"gum, n.; pl. Oblonga. Etym: [NL. See Oblong.] (Geom.) Defn: A prolate spheroid; a figure described by the revolution of an ellipse about its greater axis. Cf. Oblatum, and see Ellipsoid of revolution, under Ellipsoid. OBLOQUIOUS Ob*lo"qui*ous, a. Defn: Containing obloquy; reproachful [R.] Naunton. OBLOQUY Ob"lo*quy, n. Etym: [L. obloquium, fr. obloqui. See Oblocutor.] 1. Censorious speech; defamatory language; language that casts contempt on men or their actions; blame; reprehension. Shall names that made yuor city the glory of the earth be mentioned with obloquy and detraction Addison. 2. Cause of reproach; disgrace. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Reproach; odium; censure; contumely; gainsaying; reviling; calumny; slander; detraction. OBLUCTATION Ob`luc*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. oblictutio, fr. obluctari to struggle against.] Defn: A struggle against; resistance; opposition. [Obs.] Fotherby. OBMUTESCENCE Ob`mu*tes"cence, n. Etym: [L. obmutescens, p.pr of obmutescere to become dumb; ob (see Ob-) + mutescere to grow dumb, fr. mutus dumb.] 1. A becoming dumb; loss of speech. Sir T. Browne. 2. A keeping silent or mute. Paley. OBNOXIOUS Ob*nox"ious, a. Etym: [L. obnoxius; ob (see Ob-) + noxius hurtful. See Noxious.] 1. Subject; liable; exposed; answerable; amenable; -- with to. The writings of lawyers, which are tied obnoxious to their particular laws. Bacon. Esteeming it more honorable to live on the public than to be obnoxious to any private purse. Milton. Obnoxious, first or last, To basest things Milton. 2. Liable to censure; exposed to punishment; reprehensible; blameworthy. "The contrived and interested schemes of ...obnoxious authors." Bp. Fell. All are obnoxious, and this faulty land, Like fainting Hester, does before you stand Watching your scepter. Waller. 3. Offensive; odious; hateful; as, an obnoxious statesman; a minister obnoxious to the Whigs. Burke. -- Ob*nox"ious*ly, adv. -- Ob*nox"ious*ness, n. South. OBNUBILATE Ob*nu"bi*late, v. t. Etym: [L. obnubilatus, p.p. of obnubilare to obscure. See Ob-, and Nubilate.] Defn: To cloud; to obscure. [Obs.] Burton. -- Ob*nu"bi*la"tion, n. [Obs.] Beddoes. OBOE O"boe, n. Etym: [It., fr. F. hautbois. See Hautboy.] (Mus.) Defn: One of the higher wind instruments in the modern orchestra, yet of great antiquity, having a penetrating pastoral quality of tone, somewhat like the clarinet in form, but more slender, and sounded by means of a double reed; a hautboy. Oboe d'amore Etym: [It., lit., oboe of love], and Oboe di caccia Etym: [It., lit., oboe of the chase], are names of obsolete modifications of the oboe, often found in the scores of Bach and Handel. OBOIST O"bo*ist, n. Defn: A performer on the oboe. OBOLARY Ob"o*la*ry, a. Etym: [See Obolus.] Defn: Possessing only small coins; impoverished. [R.] Lamb. OBOLE Ob"ole, n. Etym: [Cf.F. obole. See Obolus.] (Old Pharm.) Defn: A weight of twelve grains; or, according to some, of ten grains, or half a scruple. [Written also obol.] OBOLIZE Ob"o*lize, v. t. Defn: See Obelize. OBOLO Ob"o*lo, n. Etym: [Cf. Obolus.] Defn: A copper coin, used in the Ionian Islands, about one cent in value. OBOLUS Ob"o*lus, n.;pl. Oboli. Etym: [L., fr Gr. ( (Gr.Antiq.) (a) A small silver coin of Athens, the sixth part of a drachma, about three cents in value. (b) An ancient weight, the sixth part of a drachm. OBOMEGOID Ob`o*me"goid, a. Etym: [Pref. ob- + omegoid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Obversely omegoid. OBOVAL Ob*o"val, a. Etym: [Pref. ob- + oval.] Defn: Obovate. OBOVATE Ob*o"vate. a. Etym: [Pref. ob- + ovate.] (Bot.) Defn: Inversely ovate; ovate with the narrow end downward; as, an obovate leaf. OBREPTION Ob*rep"tion, n. Etym: [L. obreptio, fr. obrepere, obreptum, to creep up to; ob (see Ob-) + repere to creep.] 1. The act of creeping upon with secrecy or by surprise. [Obs.] Cudworth. 2. (Scots Law) Defn: The obtaining gifts of escheat by fraud or surprise. Bell. OBREPTITIOUS Ob`rep*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. obreptitus. See Obreption.] Defn: Done or obtained by surprise; with secrecy, or by concealment of the truth. [R.] Cotgrave. OBROGATE Ob"ro*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. obrogatus, p.p. of obrogare to obrogate.] Defn: To annul indirectly by enacting a new and contrary law, instead of by expressly abrogating or repealing the old one. [Obs.] Bailey. OBROK Ob"rok, n. Etym: [Russ. obrok'.] (a) A rent. (b) A poll tax paid by peasants absent from their lord's estate. [Russia] Brande & C. OBSCENE Ob*scene", a/ Etym: [L. obscenus, obscaenus, obscoenus, ill looking, filthy, obscene: cf. F. obscéne.] 1. Offensive to chastity or modesty; expressing of presenting to the mind or view something which delicacy, purity, and decency forbid to be exposed; impure; as, obscene language; obscene pictures. Words that were once chaste, by frequent use grew obscene and uncleanly. I. Watts. 2. Foul; fifthy; disgusting. A girdle foul with grease bobscene attire. Dryden. 3. Inauspicious; ill-omened. [R.] [A Latinism] At the cheerful light, The groaning ghosts and birds obscene take flight. Dryden. Syn. -- Impure; immodest; indecent; unchaste; lewd. -- Ob*scene"ly, adv. -- Ob*scene"ness, n. OBSCENITY Ob*scen"i*ty, n.; pl. Obscenities. Etym: [L. obscentias: cf.F. obscénité.] Defn: That quality in words or things which presents what is offensive to chasity or purity of mind; obscene or impure lanquage or acts; moral impurity; lewdness; obsceneness; as, the obscenity of a speech, or a picture. Mr.Cowley asserts plainly, that obscenity has no place in wit. Dryden. No pardon vile obscenity should find. Pope. OBSCURANT Ob*scur"ant, n. Etym: [L. obscurans, p.pr. of obscurare to obscure.] Defn: One who obscures; one who prevents enlightenment or hinders the progress of knowledge and wisdom. Coleridge. OBSCURANTISM Ob*scur"ant*ism, n. Defn: The system or the principles of the obscurants. C. Kingsley. OBSCURANTIST Ob*scur"ant*ist, n. Defn: Same as Obscurant. Ed. Rev. OBSCURATION Ob`scu*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. obscurativ: cf.F. obscuration. See Obscure, v. t. ] Defn: The act or operation of obscuring; the state of being obscured; as, the obscuration of the moon in an eclipse. Sir J. Herschel. OBSCURE Ob*scure", a. [Compar. Obscurer; superl. Obscurest.] Etym: [L. obscurus, orig., covered; ob- (see Ob-) + a root probably meaning, to cover; cf. L. scutum shield, Skr. sku to cover: cf.F. obscur. Cf.Sky.] 1. Covered over, shaded, or darkened; destitute of light; imperfectly illuminated; dusky; dim. His lamp shall be put out in obscure darkness. Prov. xx. 20. 2. Of or pertaining to darkness or night; inconspicuous to the sight; indistinctly seen; hidden; retired; remote from observation; unnoticed. The obscure bird Clamored the livelong night. Shak. The obscure corners of the earth. Sir J. Davies. 3. Not noticeable; humble; mean. "O base and obscure vulgar." Shak. "An obscure person." Atterbury. 4. Not easily understood; not clear or legible; abstruse or blind; as, an obscure passage or inscription. 5. Not clear, full, or distinct; clouded; imperfect; as, an obscure view of remote objects. Obscure rays (Opt.), those rays which are not luminous or visible, and which in the spectrum are beyond the limits of the visible portion. Syn. -- Dark; dim; darksome; dusky; shadowy; misty; abstruse; intricate; difficult; mysterious; retired; unnoticed; unknown; humble; mean; indistinct. OBSCURE Ob*scure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obscured; p. pr. & vb. n. Obscuring.] Etym: [L. obscurare, fr. obscurus: cf. OF. obscurer. See Obscure, a.] Defn: To render obscure; to darken; to make dim; to keep in the dark; to hide; to make less visible, intelligible, legible, glorious, beautiful, or illustrious. They are all couched in a pit hard by Herne's oak, with obscured lights. Shak. Why, 't is an office of discovery, love, And I should be obscured. Shak. There is scarce any duty which has been so obscured by the writings of learned men as this. Wake. And seest not sin obscures thy godlike frame Dryden. OBSCURE Ob*scure", v. i. Defn: To conceal one's self; to hide; to keep dark. [Obs.] How! There's bad news. I must obscure, and hear it. Beau. & Fl. OBSCURE Ob*scure", n. Defn: Obscurity. [Obs.] Milton. OBSCURELY Ob*scure"ly, adv. Defn: In an obscure manner. Milton. OBSCUREMENT Ob*scure"ment, n. Defn: The act of obscuring, or the state of being obscured; obscuration. Pomfret. OBSCURENESS Ob*scure"ness, n. Defn: Obscurity. Bp. Hall. OBSCURER Ob*scur"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, obscures. OBSCURITY Ob*scu"ri*ty, n. Etym: [L. obscuritas: cf. F. obscurité.] Defn: The quality or state of being obscure; darkness; privacy; inconspicuousness; unintelligibleness; uncertainty. Yuo are not for obscurity designed. Dryden. They were now brought forth from obscurity, to be contemplated by artists with admiration and despair. Macaulay. Syn. -- Darkness; dimness; gloom. See Darkness. OBSECRATE Ob"se*crate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obsecrated; p. pr. & vb, n. Obsecrating.] Etym: [L. obsecratus, p.p. of obsecrare, prop., to ask on religious grounds; ob (see Ob-) + sacrare to declare as sacred, from sacer sacred.] Defn: To beseech; to supplicate; to implore. [R.]. Cockerman. OBSECRATION Ob"se*cra"tion, n. Etym: [L. obsecratio: cf. F. obsecration.] 1. The act of obsecrating or imploring; as, the obsecrations of the Litany, being those clauses beginning with "By." Bp. Stillingfeet. Shipley. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure of speech in which the orator implores the assistance of God or man. OBSECRATORY Ob"se*cra*to*ry, a. Defn: Expressing, or used in, entreaty; supplicatory. [R.] Bp. Hall. OBSEQUENT Ob"se*quent, a. Etym: [L. obsequens, p.pr. of obsequi; ob (see Ob-) + sequi. See Sequence.] Defn: Obedient; submissive; obsequious. [Obs.] Fotherby. OBSEQUIENCE Ob*se"qui*ence, n. Defn: Obsequiousness. [R.] OBSEQUIES Ob"se*quies, n.pl. Defn: See Obsequy. OBSEQUIOUS Ob*se"qui*ous, a. Etym: [L.obsequiosus, fr. obsequium compliance, fr. obsequi, fr. obsequi: cf. F. obséquieux, See Obsequent, and cf. Obsequy.] 1. Promptly obedient, or submissive, to the will of another; compliant; yielding to the desires of another; devoted. [Obs.] His servants weeping, Obsequious to his orders, bear him hither. Addison. 2. Servilely or meanly attentive; compliant to excess; cringing; fawning; as, obsequious flatterer, parasite. There lies ever in "obsequious" at the present the sense of an observance which is overdone, of an unmanly readiness to fall in with the will of another. Trench. 3. Etym: [See Obsequy.] Defn: Of or pertaining to obsequies; funereal. [R.] "To do obsequious sorrow." Shak. Syn. -- Compliant; obedient; servile. See Yielding. OBSEQUIOUSLY Ob*se"qui*ous*ly, adv. 1. In an obsequious manner; compliantly; fawningly. Dryden. 2. In a manner appropriate to obsequies. [Obs.] Whilst I a while obsequiously lament The untimely fall of virtuous Lancaster. Shak. OBSEQUIOUSNESS Ob*se"qui*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being obsequious. South. OBSEQUY Ob"se*quy, n.; pl. Obsequies. Etym: [L. obsequiae, pl., funeral rites, fr. obsequi: cf.F. obsèques. See Obsequent, and cf. Obsequious.] 1. The last duty or service to a person, rendered after his death; hence, a rite or ceremony pertaining to burial; -- now used only in the plural. Spencer. I will...fetch him hence, and solemnly attend, With silent obsequy and funeral train. Milton I will myself Be the chief mourner at his obsequies. Dryden. The funeral obsequies were decently and privately performed by his family J. P. Mahaffy. 2. Obsequiousness. [Obs.] B. Jonson. OBSERVABLE Ob*serv"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. observabilis: cf.F. observable.] Defn: Worthy or capable of being observed; discernible; noticeable; remarkable. Sir. T. Browne. The difference is sufficiently observable. Southey. -- Ob*serv"a*ble*ness, n. -- Ob*serv"a*bly, adv. OBSERVANCE Ob*serv"ance, n. Etym: [F.observance, L. observantia. See Observant.] 1. The act or practice of observing or noticing with attention; a heeding or keeping with care; performance; -- usually with a sense of strictness and fidelity; as, the observance of the Sabbath is general; the strict observance of duties. It is a custom More honored in the breach than the observance. Shak. 2. An act, ceremony, or rite, as of worship or respect; especially, a customary act or service of attention; a form; a practice; a rite; a custom. At dances These young folk kept their observances. Chaucer. Use all the observance of civility. Shak. Some represent to themselves the whole of religion as consisting in a few easy observances. Rogers. O I that wasted time to tend upon her, To compass her with sweet observances! Tennyson. 3. Servile attention; sycophancy. [Obs.] Salads and flesh, such as their haste could get, Served with observance. Chapman. This is not atheism, But court observance. Beau. & Fl. Syn. -- Observance, Observation. These words are discriminated by the two distinct senses of observe. To observe means (1) to keep strictly; as, to observe a fast day, and hence, observance denotes the keeping or heeding with strictness; (2) to consider attentively, or to remark; and hence, observation denotes either the act of observing, or some remark made as the result thereof. We do not say the observation of Sunday, though the word was formerly so used. The Pharisees were curious in external observances; the astronomers are curious in celestial observations. Love rigid honesty, And strict observance of impartial laws. Roscommon. OBSERVANCY Ob*serv"an*cy, n. Defn: Observance. [Obs.] OBSERVANDUM Ob*ser`van"dum, n.; pl. Observanda. Etym: [L.] Defn: A thing to be observed. Swift. OBSERVANT Ob*serv"ant, a. Etym: [L. observans, -anits, p. pr. of observare: cf. F. observant. See Observe.] 1. Taking notice; viewing or noticing attentively; watchful; attentive; as, an observant spectator; observant habits. Wandering from clime to clime observant stray'd. Pope. 2. Submissively attentive; obediently watchful; regardful; mindful; obedient (to); -- with of, as, to be observant of rules. We are told how observant Alexander was of his master Aristotle. Sir K. Digby. OBSERVANT Ob*serv"ant, n. 1. One who observes forms and rules. [Obs.] Hooker. 2. A sycophantic servant. [Obs.] Silly ducking observants, That stretch their duties nicely. Shak. 3. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: An Observantine. OBSERVANTINE Ob`ser*van"tine, n. Etym: [Fr. observantin.] (R.C.Ch.) Defn: One of a branch of the Order of Franciscans, who profess to adhere more strictly than the Conventuals to the intention of the founder, especially as to poverty; -- called also Observants. OBSERVANTLY Ob*serv"ant*ly, adv. Defn: In an observant manner. OBSERVATION Ob`ser*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. observatio: cf.F. observation.] 1. The act or the faculty of observing or taking notice; the act of seeing, or of fixing the mind upon, anything. My observation, which very seldom lies. Shak. 2. The result of an act, or of acts, of observing; view; reflection; conclusion; judgment. In matters of human prudence, we shall find the greatest advantage in making wise observations on our conduct. I. Watts. 3. Hence: An expression of an opinion or judgment upon what one has observed; a remark. "That's a foolish observation." Shak. To observations which ourselves we make We grow more partial for the observer's sake. Pope. 4. Performance of what is prescribed; adherence in practice; observance. [Obs.] We are to procure dispensation or leave to omit the observation of it in such circumstances. Jer. Taylor. 5. (Science) (a) The act of recognizing and noting some fact or occurrence in nature, as an aurora, a corona, or the structure of an animal. (b) Specifically, the act of measuring, with suitable instruments, some magnitude, as the time of an occultation, with a clock; the right ascension of a star, with a transit instrument and clock; the sun's altitude, or the distance of the moon from a star, with a sextant; the temperature, with a thermometer, etc. (c) The information so acquired. Note: When a phenomenon is scrutinized as it occurs in nature, the act is termed an observation. When the conditions under which the phenomenon occurs are artificial, or arranged beforehand by the observer, the process is called an experiment. Experiment includes observation. To take an observation (Naut.), to ascertain the altitude of a heavenly body, with a view to fixing a vessel's position at sea. Syn. -- Observance; notice; attention; remark; comment; note. See Observance. OBSERVATIONAL Ob`ser*va"tion*al, a. Defn: Of a pertaining to observation; consisting of, or containing, observations. Chalmers. OBSERVATION CAR Ob`ser*va"tion car. Defn: A railway passenger car made so as to facilitate seeing the scenery en route; a car open, or with glass sides, or with a kind of open balcony at the rear. OBSERVATIVE Ob*serv"a*tive, a. Defn: Observing; watchful. OBSERVATOR Ob"ser*va`tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. One who observes or takes notice. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 2. One who makes a remark. [Obs.] Dryden. OBSERVATORY Ob*serv"a*to*ry, n.; pl. Observatories. Etym: [Cf. F. observatoire.] 1. A place or building for making observations on the heavenly bodies. The new observatory in Greenwich Park. Evelyn. 2. A building fitted with instruments for making systematic observations of any particular class or series of natural phenomena. 3. A place, as an elevated chamber, from which a view may be observed or commanded. 4. (Mil.) Defn: A lookout on a flank of a battery whence an officer can note the range and effect of the fire. Farrow. OBSERVE Ob*serve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Observed; p. pr. & vb. n. Observing.] Etym: [L.observare, observatum; ob (see Ob-) + servare to save, preserve, keep, heed, observe: cf.F. observer. See Serve.] 1. To take notice of by appropriate conduct; to conform one's action or practice to; to keep; to heed; to obey; to comply with; as, to observe rules or commands; to observe civility. Ye shall observe the feast of unleavened bread. Ex. xii. 17. He wolde no such cursedness observe. Chaucer. Must I budge Must I observe you Shak. With solemn purpose to observe Immutably his sovereign will. Milton. 2. To be on the watch respecting; to pay attention to; to notice with care; to see; to perceive; to discover; as, to observe an eclipse; to observe the color or fashion of a dress; to observe the movements of an army. 3. To express as what has been noticed; to utter as a remark; to say in a casual or incidental way; to remark. OBSERVE Ob*serve", v. i. 1. To take notice; to give attention to what one sees or hears; to attend. 2. To make a remark; to comment; -- generally with on or upon. I have barely quoted... without observing upon it. Pope. Syn. -- To remark. See Remark. OBSERVER Ob*serv"er, n. 1. One who observes, or pays attention to, anything; especially, one engaged in, or trained to habits of, close and exact observation; as, an astronomical observer. The observed of all observers. Shak. Careful observers may foretell the hour, By sure prognostic, when to dread a shower. Swift. 2. One who keeps any law, custom, regulation, rite, etc.; one who conforms to anything in practice. "Diligent observers of old customs." Spenser. These... hearkend unto observers of times. Deut. xviii. 14. 3. One who fulfills or performs; as, an observer of his promises. 4. A sycophantic follower. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. OBSERVERSHIP Ob*serv"er*ship, n. Defn: The office or work of an observer. OBSERVING Ob*serv"ing, a. Defn: Giving particular attention; habitually attentive to what passes; as, an observing person; an observing mind. -- Ob*serv"ing*ly, adv. OBSESS Ob*sess", v. t. Etym: [L. obsessus, p.p. of obsidere to besiege; ob (see Ob-) + sedere to sit.] Defn: To besiege; to beset. Sir T. Elyot. OBSESSION Ob*ses"sion, n. Etym: [L. obsessio: cf.F. obsession.] 1. The act of besieging. Johnson. 2. The state of being besieged; -- used specifically of a person beset by a spirit from without. Tylor. Whether by obsession or possession, I will not determine. Burton. OBSIDIAN Ob*sid"i*an, n. Etym: [L. Obsidianus lapis, so named, according to Pliny, after one Obsidius, who discovered it in Ethiopia: cf.F. obsidiane, obsidienne. The later editions of Pliny read Obsianus lapis, and Obsius, instead of Obsidianus lapis, and Obsidius.] (Min.) Defn: A kind of glass produced by volcanoes. It is usually of a black color, and opaque, except in thin splinters. Note: In a thin section it often exhibits a fluidal structure, marked by the arrangement of microlites in the lines of the flow of the molten mass. OBSIDIONAL Ob*sid"i*o*nal, a. Etym: [L. obsidionalis, from obsidio a siege, obsidere to besiege: cf.F. obsidional. See Obsess.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a siege. Obsidional crown (Rom.Antiq.), a crown bestowed upon a general who raised the siege of a beleaguered place, or upon one who held out against a siege. OBSIGILLATION Ob*sig`il*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. ob (see Ob-) + sigillum a seal.] Defn: A sealing up. [Obs.] Maunder. OBSIGN Ob*sign", v. t. Etym: [See Obsignate.] Defn: To seal; to confirm, as by a seal or stamp. [Obs.] Bradford. OBSIGNATE Ob*sig"nate, v. t. Etym: [L. obsignated, p.p. of obsignare to seal. See Ob-, and Sign.] Defn: To seal; to ratify. [Obs.] Barrow. OBSIGNATION Ob`sig*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. obsignatio.] Defn: The act of sealing or ratifying; the state of being sealed or confirmed; confirmation, as by the Holy Spirit. The spirit of manifestation will but upbraid you in the shame and horror of a sad eternity, if you have not the spirit of obsignation. Jer. Taylor. OBSIGNATORY Ob*sig"na*to*ry, a. Defn: Ratifying; confirming by sealing. [Obs.] Samuel Ward (1643) OBSOLESCE Ob`so*lesce", v. i. Etym: [L. obsolescere. See Obsolescent.] Defn: To become obsolescent. [R.] Fitzed. Hall. OBSOLESCENCE Ob`so*les"cence, n. Etym: [See Obsolescent.] Defn: The state of becoming obsolete. OBSOLESCENT Ob`so*les"cent, a. Etym: [L. obsolescens, -entis, p.pr. of obsolescere, to wear out gradually, to fall into disuse; ob (see Ob-) + solere to use, be wont.] Defn: Going out of use; becoming obsolete; passing into desuetude. OBSOLETE Ob"so*lete, a. Etym: [L. obsoletus, p.p. of obsolescere. See Obsolescent.] 1. No longer in use; gone into disuse; disused; neglected; as, an obsolete word; an obsolete statute; -- applied chiefly to words, writings, or observances. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Not very distinct; obscure; rudimental; imperfectly developed; abortive. Syn. -- Ancient; antiquated; old-fashioned; antique; old; disused; neglected. See Ancient. OBSOLETE Ob"so*lete, v. i. Defn: To become obsolete; to go out of use. [R.] Fitzed. Hall. OBSOLETELY Ob"so*lete*ly, adv. Defn: In an obsolete manner. OBSOLETENESS Ob"so*lete*ness, n. 1. The state of being obsolete, or no longer used; a state of desuetude. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Indistinctness; want of development. OBSOLETISM Ob"so*let*ism, n. Defn: A disused word or phrase; an archaism. Fitzed. Hall. OBSTACLE Ob"sta*cle, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. obstaculum, fr. obstare to withstand, oppose; ob (see Ob-) + stare to stand. See Stand. and cf. Oust, v.] Defn: That which stands in the way, or opposes; anything that hinders progress; a hindrance; an obstruction, physical or moral. If all obstacles were cut away. And that my path were even to the crown. Shak. Syn. -- Impediment; obstuction; hindrance; difficulty. See Impediment, and Obstruction. OBSTANCY Ob"stan*cy, n. Etym: [L. obstantia, fr. obstans, p.pr. of obstare. See Obstacle.] Defn: Opposition; impediment; obstruction. [Obs.] B. Jonson. OBSTETRIC; OBSTETRICAL Ob*stet"ric, Ob*stet"ric*al, a. Etym: [L. obstetricius, fr. obstetrix, -icis, a midwife, fr. obstare to stand before: cf.F. obstétrique. See Obstacle.] Defn: Of or pertaining to midwifery, or the delivery of women in childbed; as, the obstetric art. Obstetrical toad (Zoöl.), a European toad of the genus Alytes, especially A. obstetricans. The eggs are laid in a string which the male winds around his legs, and carries about until the young are hatched. OBSTETRICATE Ob*stet"ri*cate, v. i. Etym: [L. obstetricatus, p.p. of obstetricare, fr. obstetrix.] Defn: To perform the office of midwife. [Obs.] "Nature does obstetricate." Evelyn. OBSTETRICATE Ob*stet"ri*cate, v. t. Defn: To assist as a midwife. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse. OBSTETRICATION Ob*stet"ri*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of assisting as a midwife; delivery. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. OBSTETRICIAN Ob`ste*tri"cian, n. Defn: One skilled in obstetrics; an accoucheur. OBSTETRICIOUS Ob`ste*tri"cious, a. Etym: [See Obstetric.] Defn: Serving to assist childbirth; obstetric; hence, facilitating any bringing forth or deliverance. [Obs.] Yet is all human teaching but maieutical, or obstetricious. Cudworth. OBSTETRICS Ob*stet"rics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. obstétrique. See Obstetric.] Defn: The science of midwifery; the art of assisting women in parturition, or in the trouble incident to childbirth. OBSTETRICY Ob*stet"ri*cy, n. Defn: Obstetrics. [R.] Dunglison. OBSTINACY Ob"sti*na*cy, n. Etym: [See Obstinate.] 1. A fixedness in will, opinion, or resolution that can not be shaken at all, or only with great difficulty; firm and usually unreasonable adherence to an opinion, purpose, or system; unyielding disposition; stubborness; pertinacity; persistency; contumacy. You do not well in obstinacy To cavil in the course of this contract. Shak. To shelter their ignorance, or obstinacy, under the obscurity of their terms. Locke. 2. The quality or state of being difficult to remedy, relieve, or subdue; as, the obstinacy of a disease or evil. Syn. -- Pertinacity; firmness; resoluteness; inflexibility; persistency; stubbornness; perverseness; contumacy. -- Obstinacy, Pertinacity. Pertinacity denotes great firmness in holding to a thing, aim, etc. Obstinacy is great firmness in holding out against persuasion, attack, etc. The former consists in adherence, the latter in resistance. An opinion is advocated with pertinacity or defended with obstinacy. Pertinacity is often used in a good sense; obstinacy generally in a bad one. "In this reply was included a very gross mistake, and if with pertinacity maintained, a capital error." Sir T. Browne. "Every degree of obstinacy in youth is one step to rebellion." South. OBSTINATE Ob"sti*nate, a. Etym: [L. obstinatus, p.p. of obstinare to set about a thing with firmness, to persist in; ob (see Ob-) + a word from the root of stare to stand. See Stand, and cf.Destine.] 1. Pertinaciously adhering to an opinion, purpose, or course; persistent; not yielding to reason, arguments, or other means; stubborn; pertinacious; -- usually implying unreasonableness. I have known great cures done by obstinate resolution of drinking no wine. Sir W. Temple. No ass so meek, no ass so obstinate. Pope. Of sense and outward things. Wordsworth. 2. Not yielding; not easily subdued or removed; as, obstinate fever; obstinate obstructions. Syn. -- Stubborn; inflexible; immovable; firm; pertinacious; persistent; headstrong; opinionated; unyielding; refractory; contumacious. See Stubborn. -- Ob"sti*nate*ly, adv. -- Ob"sti*nate*ness, n. OBSTINATION Ob`sti*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. obstinatio.] Defn: Obstinacy; stubbornness. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. OBSTIPATION Ob`sti*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. obstipatio a close pressure; ob (see Ob- ) + stipare to press.] 1. The act of stopping up, as a passage. [Obs.] Bailey. 2. (Med.) Defn: Extreme constipation. [Obs.] Hooper. OBSTREPEROUS Ob*strep"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. obstreperus, from obstrepere to make a noise at; ob (see Ob-) + strepere to make a noise.] Defn: Attended by, or making, a loud and tumultuous noise; clamorous; noisy; vociferous. "The obstreperous city." Wordsworth. "Obstreperous approbation." Addison. Beating the air with their obstreperous beaks. B. Jonson. -- Ob*strep"er*ous*ly, adv. -- Ob*strep"er*ous*ness, n. OBSTRICTION Ob*stric"tion, n. Etym: [L. obstringere, obstrictum, to bind to or about.] Defn: The state of being constrained, bound, or obliged; that which constrains or obliges; obligation; bond. [R.] Milton. OBSTRINGE Ob*stringe", v. t. Etym: [See Obstriction.] Defn: To constrain; to put under obligation. [R.] Bp. Gardiner. OBSTRUCT Ob*struct", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obstructed; p. pr. & vb. n. Obstructing.] Etym: [L. obstructus, p.p. of obstruere to build up before or against, to obstruct; ob (see Ob-) + struere to pile up. See Structure.] 1. To block up; to stop up or close, as a way or passage; to place an obstacle in, or fill with obstacles or impediments that prevent or hinder passing; as, to obstruct a street; to obstruct the channels of the body. 'T is the obstructed paths of sound shall clear. Pope. 2. To be, or come, in the way of; to hinder from passing; to stop; to impede; to retard; as, the bar in the harbor obstructs the passage of ships; clouds obstruct the light of the sun; unwise rules obstruct legislation. "Th' impatience of obstructed love." Johnson. Syn. -- To bar; barricade; stop; arrest; check; interrupt; clog; choke; impede; retard; embarrass; oppose. OBSTRUCTER Ob*struct"er, n. Defn: One who obstructs or hinders. OBSTRUCTION Ob*struc"tion, n. Etym: [L.obstructio.] 1. The act of obstructing, or state of being obstructed. 2. That which obstructs or impedes; an obstacle; an impediment; a hindrance. A popular assembly free from obstruction. Swift. 3. The condition of having the natural powers obstructed in their usual course; the arrest of the vital functions; death. [Poetic] To die, and go we know not where, To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot. Shak. Syn. -- Obstacle; bar; barrier; impediment; clog; check; hindrance. -- Obstruction, Obstacle. The difference between these words is that indicated by their etymology; an obstacle is something standing in the way; an obstruction is something put in the way. Obstacle implies more fixedness and is the stronger word. We remove obstructions; we surmount obstacles. Disparity in age seems a greater obstacle to an intimate friendship than inequality of fortune. Collier. The king expected to meet with all the obstructions and difficulties his enraged enemies could lay in his way. Clarendon. OBSTRUCTIONISM Ob*struc"tion*ism, n. Defn: The act or the policy of obstructing progress. Lond. Lit. World. OBSTRUCTIONIST Ob*struc"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who hinders progress; one who obstructs business, as in a legislative body. -- a. Defn: Of or pertaining to obstructionists. [Recent] OBSTRUCTIVE Ob*struct"ive, a. Etym: [Cf.F. obstrictif.] Defn: Tending to obstruct; presenting obstacles; hindering; causing impediment. -- Ob*struct"ive*ly, adv. OBSTRUCTIVE Ob*struct"ive, n. Defn: An obstructive person or thing. OBSTRUENT Ob"stru*ent, a. Etym: [L. obstruens, p.pr. of obstruere. See Obstruct.] Defn: Causing obstruction; blocking up; hindering; as, an obstruent medicine. Johnson. OBSTRUENT Ob"stru*ent, n. Defn: Anything that obstructs or closes a passage; esp., that which obstructs natural passages in the body; as, a medicine which acts as an obstruent. OBSTUPEFACTION Ob*stu`pe*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. obstuperfacere to stupefy.] Defn: See Stupefaction. [Obs.] Howell. OBSTUPEFACTIVE Ob*stu`pe*fac"tive, a. Defn: Stupefactive. [Obs.] OBSTUPEFY Ob*stu"pe*fy, v. t. Etym: [Cf.L. obstupefacere. See Ob-, and Stupefy.] Defn: See Stupefy. [Obs.] OBTAIN Ob*tain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obtained; p. pr. & vb. n. Obtaining.] Etym: [F. obtenir, L. obtinere; ob (see Ob-) + tenere to hold. See Tenable.] 1. To hold; to keep; to possess. [Obs.] His mother, then, is mortal, but his Sire He who obtains the monarchy of heaven. Milton. 2. To get hold of by effort; to gain possession of; to procure; to acquire, in any way. Some pray for riches; riches they obtain. Dryden. By guileful fair words peace may be obtained. Shak. It may be that I may obtain children by her. Gen. xvi. 2. Syn. -- To attain; gain; procure; acquire; win; earn. See Attain. -- To Obtain, Get, Gain, Earn, Acquire. The idea of getting is common to all these terms. We may, indeed, with only a slight change of sense, substitute get for either of them; as, to get or to gain a prize; to get or to obtain an employment; to get or to earn a living; to get or to acquire a language. To gain is to get by striving; and as this is often a part of our good fortune, the word gain is peculiarly applicable to whatever comes to us fortuitously. Thus, we gain a victory, we gain a cause, we gain an advantage, etc. To earn is to deserve by labor or service; as, to earn good wages; to earn a triumph. Unfortunately, one does not always get or obtain what he has earned. To obtain implies desire for possession, and some effort directed to the attainment of that which is not immediately within our reach. Whatever we thus seek and get, we obtain, whether by our own exertions or those of others; whether by good or bad means; whether permanently, or only for a time. Thus, a man obtains an employment; he obtains an answer to a letter, etc. To acquire is more limited and specific. We acquire what comes to us gradually in the regular exercise of our abilities, while we obtain what comes in any way, provided we desire it. Thus, we acquire knowledge, property, honor, reputation, etc. What we acquire becomes, to a great extent, permanently our own; as, to acquire a language; to acquire habits of industry, etc. OBTAIN Ob*tain", v. i. 1. To become held; to gain or have a firm footing; to be recognized or established; to subsist; to become prevalent or general; to prevail; as, the custom obtains of going to the seashore in summer. Sobriety hath by use obtained to signify temperance in drinking. Jer. Taylor. The Theodosian code, several hundred years after Justinian's time, did obtain in the western parts of Europe. Baker. 2. To prevail; to succeed. [R.] Evelyn. So run that ye may obtain. 1 Cor. ix. 24. There is due from the judge to the advocate, some commendation, where causes are fair pleaded; especially towards the side which obtaineth not. Bacon. OBTAINABLE Ob*tain"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being obtained. OBTAINER Ob*tain"er, n. Defn: One who obtains. OBTAINMENT Ob*tain"ment, n. Defn: The act or process of obtaining; attainment. Milton. OBTECTED Ob*tect"ed, a. Etym: [L. obtectus, p.p. of obtegere to cover over.] 1. Covered; protected. [Obs.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Covered with a hard chitinous case, as the pupa of certain files. OBTEMPER Ob*tem"per, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Obtemperate.] (Scots Law) Defn: To obey (a judgment or decree). OBTEMPERATE Ob*tem"per*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. obtemperare, obtemperatum to obey.] Defn: To obey. [Obs.] Johnson. OBTEND Ob*tend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obtended; p. pr. & vb. n. Obtending.] Etym: [L.obtendere, obtentum, to stretch or place before or against; ob (see Ob-) + tendere to stretch.] 1. To oppose; to hold out in opposition. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. To offer as the reason of anything; to pretend. [Obs.] Dryden OBTENEBRATION Ob*ten`e*bra"tion, n. Etym: [L. obtenebrate to make dark.] Defn: The act of darkening; the state of being darkened; darkness. [Obs.] In every megrim or vertigo, there is an obtenebration joined with a semblance of turning round. Bacon. OBTENSION Ob*ten"sion, n. Etym: [L. obtentio. See Obtend.] Defn: The act of obtending. [Obs.] Johnson. OBTEST Ob*test", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obtested; p. pr. & vb. n. Obtesting.] Etym: [L. obtestari; ob (see Ob-) + testari to witness, fr. testis a witness.] 1. To call to witness; to invoke as a witness. [R.] Dryden. 2. To beseech; to supplicate; to beg for. [R.] OBTEST Ob*test", v. i. Defn: To protest. [R.] E. Waterhouse. OBTESTATION Ob`tes*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. obtestatio.] Defn: The act of obtesting; supplication; protestation. [R.] Antonio asserted this with great obtestation. Evelyn. OBTRECTATION Ob`trec*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. obtrectatio, from obtrectare to detract from through envy. See Detract.] Defn: Slander; detraction; calumny. [Obs.] Barrow. OBTRUDE Ob*trude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obtruded, p. pr. & vb. n. Obtruding.] Etym: [L. obtrudere, obtrusum; ob (see Ob-) + trudere to thrust. See Threat.] 1. To thrust impertinently; to present without warrant or solicitation; as, to obtrude one's self upon a company. The objects of our senses obtrude their particular ideas upon our minds, whether we will or no. Lock. 2. To offer with unreasonable importunity; to urge unduly or against the will. Milton. OBTRUDE Ob*trude", v. i. Defn: To thrust one's self upon a company or upon attention; to intrude. Syn. -- To Obtrude, Intrude. To intrude is to thrust one's self into a place, society, etc., without right, or uninvited; to obtrude is to force one's self, remarks, opinions, etc., into society or upon persons with whom one has no such intimacy as to justify such boldness. OBTRUDER Ob*trud"er, n. Defn: One who obtrudes. Boyle. OBTRUNCATE Ob*trun"cate, v. t. Etym: [L. obtruncatus, p.p. of obtruncare.] Defn: To deprive of a limb; to lop. [R.] OBTRUNCATION Ob`trun*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. obtruncatio.] Defn: The act of lopping or cutting off. [R.] Cockeram. OBTRUSION Ob*tru"sion, n. Etym: [L. obtrusio. See Obtrude.] 1. The act of obtruding; a thrusting upon others by force or unsolicited; as, the obtrusion of crude opinions on the world. 2. That which is obtruded. Milton. OBTRUSIONIST Ob*tru"sion*ist, n. Defn: One who practices or excuses obtrusion. [R.] Gent. Mag. OBTRUSIVE Ob*tru"sive, a. Defn: Disposed to obtrude; inclined to intrude or thrust one's self or one's opinions upon others, or to enter uninvited; forward; pushing; intrusive. -- Ob*tru"sive*ly, adv. -- Ob*tru"sive*ness, n. Not obvious, not obtrusive, but retired. Milton. OBTUND Ob*tund", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obtunded; p. pr. & vb. n. Obtunding.] Etym: [L. obtundere, obtusum; ob (see Ob-) + tundere to strike or beat. See Stutter.] Defn: To reduce the edge, pungency, or violent action of; to dull; to blunt; to deaden; to quell; as, to obtund the acrimony of the gall. [Archaic] Harvey. They...have filled all our law books with the obtunding story of their suits and trials. Milton. OBTUNDENT Ob*tund"ent, n. Etym: [L. obtundens, p.pr. of obtundere.] (Med.) Defn: A substance which sheathes a part, or blunts irritation, usually some bland, oily, or mucilaginous matter; -- nearly the same as demulcent. Forsyth. OBTUNDER Ob*tund"er, n. (Med.) Defn: That which obtunds or blunts; especially, that which blunts sensibility. OBTURATE Ob"tu*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obturated; p. pr. & vb. n. Obturating.] [L. obturatus; p.p. of obturare.] Defn: To stop or close, as an opening; specif., (Ordnance), Defn: to stop (a gun breech) so as to prevent the escape of gas in firing. OBTURATION Ob`tu*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. obturare to stop up: cf.F. obturation.] Defn: The act of stopping up, or closing, an opening. "Deaf by an outward obturation." Bp. Hall. OBTURATOR Ob"tu*ra`tor, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. obturare to stop up: cf.F. obturateur.] 1. That which closes or stops an opening. 2. (Surg.) Defn: An apparatus designed to close an unnatural opening, as a fissure of the palate. OBTURATOR Ob"tu*ra`tor, a. (Anat.) Defn: Serving as an obturator; closing an opening; pertaining to, or in the region of, the obturator foramen; as, the obturator nerve. Obturator foramen (Anat.), an opening situated between the public and ischial parts of the innominate bone and closed by the obturator membrane; the thyroid foramen. OBTUSANGULAR Ob*tus"an`gu*lar, a. Defn: See Obstuseangular. OBTUSE Ob*tuse". a. [Compar. Obtuser (; superl. Obtusest.] Etym: [L. obtusus, p.p. of obtundere to blunt: cf. F. obtus. See Obtund.] 1. Not pointed or acute; blunt; -- applied esp. to angles greater than a right angle, or containing more than ninety degrees. 2. Not having acute sensibility or perceptions; dull; stupid; as, obtuse senses. Milton. 3. Dull; deadened; as, obtuse sound. Johnson. OBTUSE-ANGLED; OBTUSE-ANGULAR Ob*tuse"-an`gled, ob*tuse"-an`gu*lar, a. Defn: Having an obtuse angle; as, an obtuse-angled triangle. OBTUSELY Ob*tuse"ly, adv. Defn: In an obtuse manner. OBTUSENESS Ob*tuse"ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being obtuse. OBTUSION Ob*tu"sion (, n. Etym: [L. obtusio, from obtundere to blunt. See Obtund.] 1. The act or process of making obtuse or blunt. 2. The state of being dulled or blunted; as, the obtusion of the senses. Harvey. OBTUSITY Ob*tu"si*ty, n. Defn: Obtuseness. Lond. Quart. Rev. OBUMBRANT Ob*um"brant, a. Etym: [L.obumbrans, p.pr.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Overhanging; as, obumbrant feathers. OBUMBRATE Ob*um"brate, v. t. Etym: [L. obumbratus, p.p. of obumbrare to overshadow, cloud; ob + umbrare to shade.] Defn: To shade; to darken; to cloud. [R.] Howell. OBUMBRATION Ob`um*bra"tion, n. Etym: [L. obumbratio.] Defn: Act of darkening or obscuring. [R.] Sir T. More. OBUNCOUS Ob*un"cous, a. Etym: [L. obuncus; ob (see Ob-) + uncus hooked.] Defn: Hooked or crooked in an extreme degree. Maunder. OBVENTION Ob*ven"tion, n. Etym: [L. obvention, fr. obvenire to come before or in the way of, to befall; ob (see Ob-) + venire to come: cf.F. obvention.] Defn: The act of happening incidentally; that which happens casually; an incidental advantage; an occasional offering. [Obs.] "Tithes and other obventions." Spenser. Legacies bequeathed by the deaths of princes and great persons, and other casualities and obventions. Fuller. OBVERSANT Ob*vers"ant, a. Etym: [L. obversans, p.pr. of obversari to hover before; ob (see Ob-) + versare to move about.] Defn: Conversant; familiar. [Obs.] Bacon. OBVERSE Ob*verse", a. Etym: [L. obversus, p.p. of obvertere. See Obvert.] Defn: Having the base, or end next the attachment, narrower than the top, as a leaf. OBVERSE Ob"verse, n. Etym: [Cf.F. obverse, obvers. See Obverse, a.] 1. The face of a coin which has the principal image or inscription upon it; -- the other side being the reverse. 2. Anything necessarily involved in, or answering to, another; the more apparent or conspicuous of two possible sides, or of two corresponding things. The fact that it [a belief] invariably exists being the obverse of the fact that there is no alternative belief. H. Spencer. OBVERSELY Ob*verse"ly, adv. Defn: In an obverse manner. OBVERSION Ob*ver"sion, n. Etym: [L. obversio a turning towards.] 1. The act of turning toward or downward. 2. (Logic) Defn: The act of immediate inference, by which we deny the opposite of anything which has been affirmed; as, all men are mortal; then, by obversion, no men are immortal. This is also described as "immediate inference by privative conception." Bain. OBVERT Ob*vert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Obverting.] Etym: [L. obvertere; ob (see Ob-) + vertere to turn. See Verse.] Defn: To turn toward. If its base be obverted towards us. I. Watts. OBVIATE Ob"vi*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Obviated; p. pr. & vb. n. Obviating.] Etym: [L. obviare; ob (see Ob-) + viare to go, fr. via way. See Voyage.] 1. To meet in the way. [Obs.] Not to stir a step to obviate any of a different religion. Fuller. 2. To anticipate; to prevent by interception; to remove from the way or path; to make unnecessary; as, to obviate the necessity of going. To lay down everything in its full light, so as to obviate all exceptions. Woodward. OBVIATION Ob`vi*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of obviating, or the state of being obviated. OBVIOUS Ob"vi*ous, a. Etym: [L. obvius; ob (see Ob-) + via way. See Voyage.] 1. Opposing; fronting. [Obs.] To the evil turn My obvious breast. Milton. 2. Exposed; subject; open; liable. [Obs.] "Obvious to dispute." Milton. 3. Easily discovered, seen, or understood; readily perceived by the eye or the intellect; plain; evident; apparent; as, an obvious meaning; an obvious remark. Apart and easy to be known they lie, Amidst the heap, and obvious to the eye. Pope. Syn. -- Plain; clear; evident. See Manifest. -- Ob"vi*ous*ly, adv. -- Ob"vi*ous-ness, n. OBVOLUTE; OBVOLUTED Ob"vo*lute, Ob`vo*lu"ted, a. Etym: [L. obvolutus, p.p. of obvolvere to wrap round; ob (see Ob-) + volvere to roll.] Defn: Overlapping; contorted; convolute; -- applied primarily, in botany, to two opposite leaves, each of which has one edge overlapping the nearest edge of the other, and secondarily to a circle of several leaves or petals which thus overlap. OBY O"by, n. Defn: See Obi. OCA O"ca, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Bot.) Defn: A Peruvian name for certain species of Oxalis (O. crenata, and O. tuberosa) which bear edible tubers. OCARINA Oc`a*ri"na, n. [Cf. It. carino pretty.] (Mus.) Defn: A kind of small simple wind instrument. OCCAMY Oc"ca*my, n. Etym: [A corruption of alchemy.] Defn: An alloy imitating gold or silver. [Written also ochimy, ochymy, etc.] OCCASION Oc*ca"sion, n. Etym: [F. occasion, L. occasio, fr.occidere, occasum, to fall down; ob (see Ob-) + cadere to fall. See Chance, and cf. Occident.] 1. A falling out, happening, or coming to pass; hence, that which falls out or happens; occurrence; incident. The unlooked-for incidents of family history, and its hidden excitements, and its arduous occasions. I. Taylor. 2. A favorable opportunity; a convenient or timely chance; convenience. Sin, taking occasion by the commandment, deceived me. Rom. vii. 11. I'll take the occasion which he gives to bring Him to his death. Waller. 3. An occurrence or condition of affairs which brings with it some unlooked-for event; that which incidentally brings to pass an event, without being its efficient cause or sufficient reason; accidental or incidental cause. Her beauty was the occasion of the war. Dryden. 4. Need; exigency; requirement; necessity; as, I have no occasion for firearms. After we have served ourselves and our own occasions. Jer. Taylor. When my occasions took me into France. Burke. 5. A reason or excuse; a motive; a persuasion. Whose manner was, all passengers to stay, And entertain with her occasions sly. Spenser. On occasion, in case of need; in necessity; as convenience requires; occasionally. "That we might have intelligence from him on occasion," De Foe. Syn. -- Need; incident; use. See Opportunity. OCCASION Oc*ca"sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Occasioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Occasioning.] Etym: [Cf.F. occasionner.] Defn: To give occasion to; to cause; to produce; to induce; as, to occasion anxiety. South. If we inquire what it is that occasions men to make several combinations of simple ideas into distinct modes. Locke. OCCASIONABLE Oc*ca"sion*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being occasioned or caused. Barrow. OCCASIONAL Oc*ca"sion*al, a. Etym: [Cf.F. occasionnel.] 1. Of or pertaining to an occasion or to occasions; occuring at times, but not constant, regular, or systematic; made or happening as opportunity requires or admits; casual; incidental; as, occasional remarks, or efforts. The... occasional writing of the present times. Bagehot. 2. Produced by accident; as, the occasional origin of a thing. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Occasional cause (Metaph.), some circumstance preceding an effect which, without being the real cause, becomes the occasion of the action of the efficient cause; thus, the act of touching gunpowder with fire is the occasional, but not the efficient, cause of an explosion. OCCASIONALISM Oc*ca"sion*al*ism, n. (Metaph.) Defn: The system of occasional causes; -- a name given to certain theories of the Cartesian school of philosophers, as to the intervention of the First Cause, by which they account for the apparent reciprocal action of the soul and the body. OCCASIONALITY Oc*ca`sion*al"i*ty, n. Defn: Quality or state of being occasional; occasional occurrence. [R.] OCCASIONALLY Oc*ca"sion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an occasional manner; on occasion; at times, as convenience requires or opportunity offers; not regularly. Stewart. The one, Wolsey, directly his subject by birth; the other, his subject occasionally by his preferment. Fuller. OCCASIONATE Oc*ca"sion*ate, v. t. Defn: To occasion. [Obs.] The lowest may occasionate much ill. Dr. H. More. OCCASIONER Oc*ca"sion*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, occasions, causes, or produces. Bp. Sanderson. OCCASIVE Oc*ca"sive, a. Etym: [L. occasivus, fr. occasus a going down, setting of the heavenly bodies, fr. occidere to fall or down. See Occasion.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the setting sun; falling; descending; western. OCCECATION Oc*ce*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. occaecatio, fr. occaecare to make blind; ob + caecare to blind, fr. caecus blind.] Defn: The act of making blind, or the state of being blind. [R.] "This inward occecation." Bp. Hall. OCCIDENT Oc"ci*dent, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. occidens, occidentis, fr. occidents, p.pr. of occidere to fall or go down. See Occasion.] Defn: The part of the horizon where the sun last appears in the evening; that part of the earth towards the sunset; the west; -- opposed to orient. Specifically, in former times, Europe as opposed to Asia; now, also, the Western hemisphere. Chaucer. I may wander from east to occident. Shak. OCCIDENTAL Oc`ci*den"tal, a. Etym: [L. occidentalis; cf. F.occidental.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or situated in, the occident, or west; western; -- opposed to oriental; as, occidental climates, or customs; an occidental planet. 2. Possessing inferior hardness, brilliancy, or beauty; -- used of inferior precious stones and gems, because those found in the Orient are generally superior. OCCIDENTALS Oc`ci*den"tals, n.pl. (Eccl.) Defn: Western Christians of the Latin rite. See Orientals. Shipley. OCCIDUOUS Oc*cid"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. occiduus, fr. occidere to go down.] Defn: Western; occidental. [R.] Blount. OCCIPITAL Oc*cip"i*tal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. occipital.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the occiput, or back part of the head, or to the occipital bone. Occipital bone (Anat.), the bone which forms the posterior segment of the skull and surrounds the great foramen by which the spinal cord leaves the cranium. In the higher vertebrates it is usually composed of four bones, which become consolidated in the adult. -- Occipital point (Anat.), the point of the occiput in the mesial plane farthest from the ophryon. OCCIPITAL Oc*cip"i*tal, n. (Anat.) Defn: The occipital bone. OCCIPITO- Oc*cip"i*to- (. Etym: [See Occiput.] Defn: A combining form denoting relation to, or situation near, the occiput; as, occipito-axial; occipito-mastoid. OCCIPITOAXIAL Oc*cip`i*to*ax"i*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the occipital bone and second vertebra, or axis. OCCIPUT Oc"ci*put, n.; pl. L. Occipita, E. Occiputs. Etym: [L., fr. ob (see Ob-) + caput head. See Chief.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The back, or posterior, part of the head or skull; the region of the occipital bone. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A plate which forms the back part of the head of insects. OCCISION Oc*ci"sion, n. Etym: [L.occisio, fr. occidere, occisium, to cut down, to kill; ob (see Ob-) + caedere to cut.] Defn: A killing; the act of killing. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. OCCLUDE Oc*clude", v. t. Etym: [L. occludere, occlusum; ob (see Ob-) + claudere to shut.] 1. To shut up; to close. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Chem.) Defn: To take in and retain; to absorb; -- said especially with respect to gases; as iron, platinum, and palladium occlude large volumes of hydrogen. OCCLUDENT Oc*clud"ent, a. Etym: [L.occludens, p.pr. of occludere.] Defn: Serving to close; shutting up. -- n. Defn: That which closes or shuts up. Sterne. OCCLUSE Oc*cluse", a. Etym: [L. occlusus, p.p. See Occlude.] Defn: Shut; closed. [Obs.] Holder. OCCLUSION Oc*clu"sion, n. Etym: [See Occlude.] 1. The act of occluding, or the state of being occluded. Constriction and occlusion of the orifice. Howell. 2. (Med.) Defn: The transient approximation of the edges of a natural opening; imperforation. Dunglison. Occlusion of gases (Chem. & Physics), the phenomenon of absorbing gases, as exhibited by platinum, palladium, iron, or charcoal; thus, palladium absorbs, or occludes, nearly a thousand times its own volume of hydrogen, and in this case a chemical compound seems to be formed. OCCRUSTATE Oc*crus"tate, v. t. Etym: [See Ob-, and Crustated.] Defn: To incrust; to harden. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. OCCULT Oc*cult", a. Etym: [L. occultus, p.p. of occulere to cover up, hide; ob (see Ob-) + a root prob.akin to E. hell: cf. F. occulte.] Defn: Hidden from the eye or the understanding; inviable; secret; concealed; unknown. It is of an occult kind, and is so insensible in its advances as to escape observation. I. Taylor. Occult line (Geom.), a line drawn as a part of the construction of a figure or problem, but not to appear in the finished plan. -- Occult qualities, those qualities whose effects only were observed, but the nature and relations of whose productive agencies were undetermined; -- so called by the schoolmen. -- Occult sciences, those sciences of the Middle Ages which related to the supposed action or influence of occult qualities, or supernatural powers, as alchemy, magic, necromancy, and astrology. OCCULT Oc*cult", v. t. Defn: To eclipse; to hide from sight. OCCULTATION Oc`cul*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. occultatio a hiding, fr. occultare, v. intens. of occulere: cf.F. occultation. See Occult.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: The hiding of a heavenly body from sight by the intervention of some other of the heavenly bodies; -- applied especially to eclipses of stars and planets by the moon, and to the eclipses of satellites of planets by their primaries. 2. Fig.: The state of being occult. The reappearance of such an author after those long periods of occultation. Jeffrey. Circle of perpetual occultation. See under Circle. OCCULTED Oc*cult"ed, a. 1. Hidden; secret. [Obs.] Shak. 2. (Astron.) Defn: Concealed by the intervention of some other heavenly body, as a star by the moon. OCCULTING Oc*cult"ing, n. Defn: Same as Occultation. OCCULTISM Oc*cult"ism, n. Defn: A certain Oriental system of theosophy. A. P. Sinnett. OCCULTIST Oc*cult"ist, n. Defn: An adherent of occultism. OCCULTLY Oc*cult"ly, adv. Defn: In an occult manner. OCCULTNESS Oc*cult"ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being occult. OCCUPANCY Oc"cu*pan*cy, n. Etym: [See Occupant.] Defn: The act of taking or holding possession; possession; occupation. Title by occupancy (Law), a right of property acquired by taking the first possession of a thing, or possession of a thing which belonged to nobody, and appropriating it. Blackstone. Kent. OCCUPANT Oc"cu*pant, n. Etym: [L. occupans, p.pr. of occupare: cf. F. occupant. See Occupy.] 1. One who occupies, or takes possession; one who has the actual use or possession, or is in possession, of a thing. Note: This word, in law, sometimes signifies one who takes the first possession of a thing that has no owner. 2. A prostitute. [Obs.] Marston. OCCUPATE Oc"cu*pate, v. t. Etym: [L. occupatus, p.p. of occupare. See Occupy.] Defn: To occupy. [Obs.] Bacon. OCCUPATION Oc`cu*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. occupatio: cf.F. occupation.] 1. The act or process of occupying or taking possession; actual possession and control; the state of being occupied; a holding or keeping; tenure; use; as, the occupation of lands by a tenant. 2. That which occupies or engages the time and attention; the principal business of one's life; vocation; employment; calling; trade. Absence of occupation is not rest. Cowper. Occupation bridge (Engin.), a bridge connecting the parts of an estate separated by a railroad, a canal, or an ordinary road. Syn. -- Occupancy; possession; tenure; use; employment; avocation; engagement; vocation; calling; office; trade; profession. OCCUPIER Oc"cu*pi`er, n. 1. One who occupies, or has possession. 2. One who follows an employment; hence, a tradesman. [Obs.] "Merchants and occupiers." Holland. The occupiers of thy merchandise. Ezek. xxvii. 27. OCCUPY Oc"cu*py, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Occupied; p. pr. & vb. n. Occupying.] Etym: [OE. occupien, F. occuper, fr.L. occupare; ob (see Ob-) + a word akin to capere to take. See Capacious.] 1. To take or hold possession of; to hold or keep for use; to possess. Woe occupieth the fine [/end] of our gladness. Chaucer. The better apartments were already occupied. W. Irving . 2. To hold, or fill, the dimensions of; to take up the room or space of; to cover or fill; as, the camp occupies five acres of ground. Sir J. Herschel. 3. To possess or use the time or capacity of; to engage the service of; to employ; to busy. An archbishop may have cause to occupy more chaplains than six. Eng. Statute (Hen. VIII. ) They occupied themselves about the Sabbath. 2 Macc. viii. 27. 4. To do business in; to busy one's self with. [Obs.] All the ships of the sea, with their mariners, were in thee to occupy the merchandise. Ezek. xxvii. 9. Not able to occupy their old crafts. Robynson (More's Utopia). 5. To use; to expend; to make use of. [Obs.] All the gold that was occupied for the work. Ex. xxxviii. 24. They occupy not money themselves. Robynson (More's Utopia). 6. To have sexual intercourse with. [Obs.] Nares. OCCUPY Oc"cu*py, v. i. 1. To hold possession; to be an occupant. "Occupy till I come." Luke xix. 13. 2. To follow business; to traffic. OCCUR Oc*cur", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Occurred(); p. pr. & vb. n. Occurring.] Etym: [L. occurrere, occursum; ob (see Ob-) + currere to run. See Course.] 1. To meet; to clash. [Obs.] The resistance of the bodies they occur with. Bentley. 2. To go in order to meet; to make reply. [Obs.] I must occur to one specious objection. Bentley. 3. To meet one's eye; to be found or met with; to present itself; to offer; to appear; to happen; to take place; as, I will write if opportunity occurs. In Scripture, though the word heir occur, yet there is no such thing as "heir" in our author's sense. Locke. 4. To meet or come to the mind; to suggest itself; to be presented to the imagination or memory. There doth not occur to me any use of this experiment for profit. Bacon. OCCURRENCE Oc*cur"rence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. occurrence. See Occur.] 1. A coming or happening; as, the occurence of a railway collision. Voyages detain the mind by the perpetual occurrence and expectation of something new. I. Watts. 2. Any incident or event; esp., one which happens without being designed or expected; as, an unusual occurrence, or the ordinary occurrences of life. All the occurrence of my fortune. Shak. Syn. -- See Event. OCCURRENT Oc*cur"rent, a. Etym: [L. occurrens, -entis, p.pr. of occurrere: cf.F. occurrent. See Occur.] Defn: Occurring or happening; hence, incidental; accidental. OCCURRENT Oc*cur"rent, n. 1. One who meets; hence, an adversary. [Obs.] Holland. 2. Anything that happens; an occurrence. [Obs.] These we must meet with in obvious occurrents of the world. Sir T. Browne. OCCURSE Oc*curse", n. Etym: [L.occursus.] Defn: Same as Occursion. [Obs.] Bentley. OCCURSION Oc*cur"sion, n. Etym: [L.occursio. See Occur.] Defn: A meeting; a clash; a collision. [Obs.] Boyle. OCEAN O"cean, n. Etym: [F. océan, L. oceanus, Gr. 1. The whole body of salt water which covers more than three fifths of the surface of the globe; -- called also the sea, or great sea. Like the odor of brine from the ocean Comes the thought of other years. Longfellow. 2. One of the large bodies of water into which the great ocean is regarded as divided, as the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Antarctic oceans. 3. An immense expanse; any vast space or quantity without apparent limits; as, the boundless ocean of eternity; an ocean of affairs. Locke. OCEAN O"cean, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the main or great sea; as, the ocean waves; an ocean stream. Milton. OCEANIC O`ce*an"ic, a. Etym: [Cf.F. océanique. See Ocean.] 1. Of or pertaining to the ocean; found or formed in or about, or produced by, the ocean; frequenting the ocean, especially mid-ocean. Petrels are the most aërial and oceanic of birds. Darwin. 2. Of or pertaining to Oceania or its inhabitants. OCEANOGRAPHY O`cean*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Ocean + -graphy.] Defn: A description of the ocean. OCEANOLOGY O`cean*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Ocean + -logy.] Defn: That branch of science which relates to the ocean. OCEANUS O*ce"a*nus, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. (Gr.Myth.) Defn: The god of the great outer sea, or the river which was believed to flow around the whole earth. OCELLARY O*cel"la*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ocelli. OCELLATE O*cel"late, a. Defn: Same as Ocellated. OCELLATED O*cel"la*ted, a. Etym: [L.ocellatus, fr. ocellus a little eye, dim. of oculus an eye.] 1. Resembling an eye. 2. Marked with eyelike spots of color; as, the ocellated blenny. Ocellated turkey (Zoöl.), the wild turkey of Central America (Meleagris ocellata). OCELLUS O*cel"lus, n.; pl. Ocelli. Etym: [L., dim. of oculus an eye.] (Zoöl.) (a) A little eye; a minute simple eye found in many invertebrates. (b) An eyelike spot of color, as those on the tail of the peacock. OCELOID O"ce*loid, a. Etym: [Ocelot + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling the ocelot. OCELOT O"ce*lot, n. Etym: [Mexican ocelotl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An American feline carnivore (Felis pardalis). It ranges from the Southwestern United States to Patagonia. It is covered with blackish ocellated spots and blotches, which are variously arranged. The ground color varies from reddish gray to tawny yellow. OCHER; OCHRE O"cher, O"chre, n. Etym: [F.ocre, L. ochra, fr. Gr. (Min.) (a) A impure earthy ore of iron or a ferruginous clay, usually red (hematite) or yellow (limonite), -- used as a pigment in making paints, etc. The name is also applied to clays of other colors. (b) A metallic oxide occurring in earthy form; as, tungstic ocher or tungstite. OCHEROUS; OCHREOUS O"cher*ous, O"chre*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ocreux.] Defn: Of or pertaining to ocher; containing or resembling ocher; as, ocherous matter; ocherous soil. OCHERY O"cher*y, a. Defn: Ocherous. [Written also ochrey, ochry.] OCHIMY Och`i*my, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Occamy. OCHLESIS Och*le"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A general morbid condition induced by the crowding together of many persons, esp. sick persons, under one roof. G. Gregory. OCHLOCRACY Och*loc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. ochlocratie.] Defn: A form of government by the multitude; a mobocracy. Hare. OCHLOCRATIC; OCHLOCRATICAL Och`lo*crat`ic, Och`lo*crat`ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ochlocracy; having the form or character of an ochlocracy; mobocratic. -- Och`lo*crat"ic*al*ly, adv. OCHRACEOUS O*chra"ceous, a. Defn: Ocherous. OCHRE O"chre, n. (Min.) Defn: See Ocher. OCHREA O"chre*a, n.; pl. Ochreæe. Etym: [L.] 1. (Antiq.) Defn: A greave or legging. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of sheath formed by two stipules united round a stem. OCHREATE; OCHREATED O"chre*ate, O"chre*a`ted, a. 1. Wearing or furnished with an ochrea or legging; wearing boots; booted. A scholar undertook...to address himself ochreated unto the vice chancellor. Fuller. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Provided with ochrea, or sheathformed stipules, as the rhubarb, yellow dock, and knotgrass. OCHREOUS O"chre*ous, a. Defn: See Ocherous. OCHREY O"chrey, a. Defn: See Ochery. OCHROLEUCOUS Och`ro*leu"cous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Yellowish white; having a faint tint of dingy yellow. Gray. OCHRY O"chry, a. Defn: See Ochery. OCHYMY Och"y*my, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Occamy. -OCK -ock. Etym: [AS. -uc.] Defn: A suffix used to form diminutives; as, bullock, hillock. OCRA O"cra, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Okra. OCREA O"cre*a, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Ochrea. OCREATE; OCREATED O"cre*ate, O"cre*a"ted, a. Etym: [See Ochrea.] Defn: Same as Ochreate, Ochreated. OCTA- Oc"ta-. Defn: A prefix meaning eight. See Octo-. OCTACHORD Oc"ta*chord, n. Etym: [Gr. octacorde.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument of eight strings; a system of eight tones. [Also written octochord.] OCTAD Oc"tad, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: An atom or radical which has a valence of eight, or is octavalent. OCTAEDRAL Oc`ta*e"dral, a. Defn: See Octahedral. OCTAEMERON Oc`ta*em"e*ron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Eccl.) Defn: A fast of eight days before a great festival. Shipley. OCTAGON Oc"ta*gon, n. Etym: [Gr. cctogone.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A plane figure of eight sides and eight angles. 2. Any structure (as a fortification) or place with eight sides or angles. Regular octagon, one in which the sides are all equal, and the angles also are all equal. OCTAGONAL Oc*tag"o*nal, a. Defn: Having eight sides and eight angles. OCTAGYNOUS Oc*tag"y*nous, a. Etym: [Octa- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having eight pistils or styles; octogynous. OCTAHEDRAL Oc`ta*he"dral, a. Etym: [See Octahedron.] Defn: Having eight faces or sides; of, pertaining to, or formed in, octahedrons; as, octahedral cleavage. Octahedral borax (Chem.), borax obtained from a saturated solution in octahedral crystals, which contain five molecules of water of crystallization; distinguished from common or prismatic borax. -- Octahedral iron ore (Min.), magnetite. OCTAHEDRITE Oc`ta*he"drite, n. (Min.) Defn: Titanium dioxide occurring in acute octahedral crystals. OCTAHEDRON Oc`ta*he"dron, n. Etym: [Gr. (Geom.) Defn: A solid bounded by eight faces. The regular octahedron is contained by eight equal equilateral triangles. OCTAMEROUS Oc*tam"er*ous, a. Etym: [Octa- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Having the parts in eights; as, an octamerous flower; octamerous mesenteries in polyps. OCTAMETER Oc*tam"e*ter, n. Etym: [Cf.L. octameter in eight feet. See Octa-, and meter.] (Pros.) Defn: A verse containing eight feet; as, -- Deep'' in|to'' the | dark''ness | peer''ing, | long'' I | stood'' there | wond'''ring, | fear''ing. Poe. OCTANDER Oc*tan"der, n. Defn: One of the Octandria. OCTANDRIA Oc*tan"dri*a, n.pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants, in which the flowers have eight stamens not united to one another or to the pistil. OCTANDRIAN; OCTANDROUS Oc*tan"dri*an, Oc*tan"drous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Octandria; having eight distinct stamens. OCTANE Oc"tane, n. Etym: [See Octa-] . (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a group of metametric hydrocarcons (C8H18) of the methane series. The most important is a colorless, volatile, inflammable liquid, found in petroleum, and a constituent of benzene or ligroin. OCTANGULAR Oc*tan"gu*lar, a. Etym: [L.octangulus eight-cornered; octo eight + angulus angle.] Defn: Having eight angles; eight-angled. -- Oc*tan"gu*lar*ness, n. OCTANT Oc"tant, n. Etym: [L. octans, -antis. fr. octo eight. See Octave.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: The eighth part of a circle; an arc of 45 degrees. 2. (Astron. & Astrol.) Defn: The position or aspect of a heavenly body, as the moon or a planet, when half way between conjunction, or opposition, and quadrature, or distant from another body 45 degrees. 3. An instrument for measuring angles (generally called a quadrant), having an arc which measures up to 9Oº, but being itself the eighth part of a circle. Cf. Sextant. 4. (Math. & Crystallog.) Defn: One of the eight parts into which a space is divided by three coördinate planes. OCTAPLA Oc"ta*pla, n.; etymol. pl., but syntactically sing. Etym: [NL., fr.Gr. -pla, as in E. hexapla; cf.Gr. Defn: A portion of the Old Testament prepared by Origen in the 3d century, containing the Hebrew text and seven Greek versions of it, arranged in eight parallel columns. OCTAROON Oc`ta*roon", n. Defn: See Octoroon. OCTASTYLE Oc"ta*style, a. Defn: See Octostyle. OCTATEUCH Oc"ta*teuch, n. Etym: [L. octateuchus, Gr. Defn: A collection of eight books; especially, the first eight books of the Old Testament. [R.] OCTAVALENT Oc*tav"a*lent, a. Etym: [Octa- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Defn: Having a valence of eight; capable of being combined with, exchanged for, or compared with, eight atoms of hydrogen; -- said of certain atoms or radicals. OCTAVE Oc"tave, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. octava an eighth, fr. octavus eighth, fr. octo eight. See Eight, and cf. Octavo, Utas.] 1. The eighth day after a church festival, the festival day being included; also, the week following a church festival. "The octaves of Easter." Jer. Taylor. 2. (Mus.) (a) The eighth tone in the scale; the interval between one and eight of the scale, or any interval of equal length; an interval of five tones and two semitones. (b) The whole diatonic scale itself. Note: The ratio of a musical tone to its octave above is 1:2 as regards the number of vibrations producing the tones. 3. (Poet.) Defn: The first two stanzas of a sonnet, consisting of four verses each; a stanza of eight lines. With mournful melody it continued this octave. Sir P. Sidney. Double octave. (Mus.) See under Double. -- Octave flute (Mus.), a small flute, the tones of which range an octave higher than those of the German or ordinary flute; -- called also piccolo. See Piccolo. 4. A small cask of wine, the eighth part of a pipe. OCTAVE Oc"tave, a. Defn: Consisting of eight; eight. Dryden. OCTAVO Oc*ta"vo, n.;pl. Octavos. Etym: [L. in octavo; in in + octavo, abl. of octavus. See Octave.] Defn: A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into eight leaves; hence, indicating more or less definitely a size of book so made; -- usually written 8vo or 8º. OCTAVO Oc*ta"vo, a. Defn: Having eight leaves to a sheet; as, an octavo form, book, leaf, size, etc. OCTENE Oc"tene, n. Etym: [See Octo-.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Octylene. OCTENNIAL Oc*ten"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. octennium a period of eight years; octo eight + annus year.] Defn: Happening every eighth year; also, lasting a period of eight years. Johnson. -- Oc*ten"ni*al*ly, adv. OCTET Oc*tet", n. Etym: [From L. octo eight, like E. duet, fr.L.duo. See Octave.] (Mus.) Defn: A composition for eight parts, usually for eight solo instruments or voices. OCTIC Oc"tic, a. Etym: [Octo- + -ic.] (Math.) Defn: Of the eighth degree or order. -- n. (Alg.) Defn: A quantic of the eighth degree. OCTILE Oc"tile, n. Etym: [Cf. F. octil, a. See Octant.] Defn: Same as Octant, 2. [R.] OCTILLION Oc*til"lion, n. Etym: [L. octo eight + -illion, as in E. million: cf. F. octillion.] Defn: According to the French method of numeration (which method is followed also in the United States) the number expressed by a unit with twenty-seven ciphers annexed. According to the English method, the number expressed by a unit with forty-eight ciphers annexed. See Numeration. OCTO-; OCTA- Oc"to-, Oc"ta-. Etym: [L.octo eight, Gr. Eight.] Defn: A combining form meaning eight; as in octodecimal, octodecimal, octolocular. OCTOATE Oc"to*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of an octoic acid; a caprylate. OCTOBER Oc*to"ber, n. Etym: [L., the eighth month of the primitive Roman year, which began in March, fr. octo eight: cf.F. Octobre. See Octave.] 1. The tenth month of the year, containing thirty-one days. 2. Ale or cider made in that month. The country gentlemen had a posset or drink they called October. Emerson. OCTOCERA Oc*toc"e*ra, n.pl. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Octocerata. OCTOCERATA Oc`to*cer"a*ta, n.pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Cephalopoda including Octopus, Argonauta, and allied genera, having eight arms around the head; -- called also Octopoda. OCTOCHORD Oc"to*chord, n. (Mus.) Defn: See Octachord. OCTODECIMO Oc`todec"i*mo, a. Etym: [L. octodecim eighteen. See Octavo, Decimal, and -mo.] Defn: Having eighteen leaves to a sheet; as, an octodecimo form, book, leaf, size, etc. OCTODECIMO Oc`to*dec"i*mo, n.; pl. Octodecimos (. Defn: A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into eighteen leaves; hence; indicating more or less definitely a size of book, whose sheets are so folded; -- usually written 18mo or 18º, and called eighteenmo. OCTODENTATE Oc`to*den"tate, a. Etym: [Octo- + dentate.] Defn: Having eight teeth. OCTODONT Oc"to*dont, a. Etym: [Octo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Octodontidæ, a family of rodents which includes the coypu, and many other South American species. OCTOEDRICAL Oc`to*ed"ric*al, a. Defn: See Octahedral. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. OCTOFID Oc"to*fid, a. Etym: [Octo- + root of L. findere to split: cf.F. octofide.] (Bot.) Defn: Cleft or separated into eight segments, as a calyx. OCTOGAMY Oc*tog"a*my, n. Etym: [Octo- + Gr. Defn: A marrying eight times. [R.] Chaucer. OCTOGENARIAN Oc`to*ge*na"ri*an, n. Defn: A person eighty years, or more, of age. OCTOGENARY Oc*tog"e*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. octogenarrus, from octogeni eighty each, octoginta eighty, fr. octo eight. See Eight, Eighty.] Defn: Of eighty years of age. "Being then octogenary." Aubrey. OCTOGILD Oc"to*gild, n. Etym: [Octo- + AS. gild payment.] (Anglo-Saxon Law) Defn: A pecuniary compensation for an injury, of eight times the value of the thing. OCTOGONAL Oc*tog"o*nal, a. Defn: See Octagonal. [Obs.] OCTOGYNIA Oc`to*gyn"i*a, n.pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnaean order of plants having eight pistils. OCTOGYNIAN; OCTOGYNOUS Oc`to*gyn"i*an, Oc*tog"y*nous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having eight pistils; octagynous. OCTOIC Oc*to"ic, a. Etym: [See Octo-.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, octane; -- used specifically, to designate any one of a group of acids, the most important of which is called caprylic acid. OCTOLOCULAR Oc`to*loc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Octo- + locular.] (Bot.) Defn: Having eight cells for seeds. OCTONAPHTHENE Oc`to*naph"thene, n. Etym: [Octo- + naphthene.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless liquid hydrocarbon of the octylene series, occurring in Caucasian petroleum. OCTONARY Oc`to*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. octonarius, fr. octoni eight each, fr. octo eight.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the number eight. Dr. H. More. OCTONOCULAR Oc`to*noc"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. octoni eight each + E. ocular.] Defn: Having eight eyes. Derham. OCTOPEDE Oc`to*pede, n. Etym: [Octo- + L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal having eight feet, as a spider. OCTOPETALOUS Oc`to*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Octo- + petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having eight petals or flower leaves. OCTOPOD Oc"to*pod, n. Etym: [Gr. octopode.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Octocerata. OCTOPODA Oc*top"o*da, n.pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) (a) Same as Octocerata. (b) Same as Arachnida. OCTOPODIA Oc`to*po"di*a, n.pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Octocerata. OCTOPUS Oc"to*pus, n. Etym: [NL. See Octopod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of eight-armed cephalopods, including numerous species, some of them of large size. See Devilfish, OCTORADIATED Oc`to*ra"*di*a`ted, a. Etym: [Octo- + radiated.] Defn: Having eight rays. OCTOROON Oc`to*roon", n. Etym: [L. octo eight + -roon, as in quadroon.] Defn: The offspring of a quadroon and a white person; a mestee. OCTOSPERMOUS Oc`to*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Octo- + Cr. (Bot.) Defn: Containing eight seeds. OCTOSTICHOUS Oc*tos"ti*chous, a. Etym: [Octo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: In eight vertical ranks, as leaves on a stem. OCTOSTYLE Oc"to*style, a. Etym: [Octo- + Gr. octostyle.] (Arch.) Defn: Having eight columns in the front; -- said of a temple or portico. The Parthenon is octostyle, but most large Greek temples are hexastele. See Hexastyle. -- n. Defn: An octostyle portico or temple. OCTOSYLLABIC; OCTOSYLLABICAL Oc`to*syl*lab"ic, Oc`to*syl*lab"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. octosyllabus. See Octo-, and Syllable.] Defn: Consisting of or containing eight syllables. OCTOSYLLABLE Oc"to*syl`la*ble, a. Defn: Octosyllabic. OCTOSYLLABLE Oc"to*syl`la*ble, n. Defn: A word of eight syllables. OCTOYL Oc"to*yl (, n. Etym: [Octoic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical (C8H15O), regarded as the essential residue of octoic acid. OCTROI Oc`troi", n. Etym: [F.] 1. A privilege granted by the sovereign authority, as the exclusive right of trade granted to a guild or society; a concession. 2. A tax levied in money or kind at the gate of a French city on articles brought within the walls. [Written also octroy.] OCTUOR Oc"tu*or, n. Etym: [From L. octo eight + -uor, as in L. quatuor.] (Mus.) Defn: See Octet. [R.] OCTUPLE Oc"tu*ple, a. Etym: [L. octuplus; cf. Gr. octuple.] Defn: Eightfold. OCTYL Oc"tyl, n. Etym: [Octane + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical hydrocarbon radical regarded as an essential residue of octane, and as entering into its derivatives; as, octyl alcohol. OCTYLENE Oc"tyl*ene, n. Etym: [Octane + ethylene.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of metameric hydrocarbons (C8H16) of the ethylene series. In general they are combustible, colorless liquids. OCTYLIC Oc*tyl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, octyl; as, octylic ether. OCULAR Oc"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. ocularis, ocularius, fr. oculus the eye: cf.F. oculaire. See Eye, and cf. Antler, Inveigle.] 1. Depending on, or perceived by, the eye; received by actual sight; personally seeing or having seen; as, ocular proof. Shak. Thomas was an ocular witness of Christ's death. South. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the eye; optic. OCULAR Oc"u*lar, n. (Opt.) Defn: The eyepiece of an optical instrument, as of a telescope or microscope. OCULARLY Oc"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: By the eye, or by actual sight. OCULARY Oc"u*la*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the eye; ocular; optic; as, oculary medicines. Holland. OCULATE; OCULATED Oc"u*late, Oc"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. oculatus, fr. oculus eye.] 1. Furnished with eyes. 2. Having spots or holes resembling eyes; ocellated. OCULIFORM Oc`u*li*form, a. Etym: [L. oculus the eye + form: cf.F. oculiforme.] Defn: In the form of an eye; resembling an eye; as, an oculiform pebble. OCULINA Oc`u*li"na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. oculus the eye.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of tropical corals, usually branched, and having a very volid texture. OCULINACEA Oc`u*li*na"*ce*a, n.pl. Etym: [NL., fr. NL. oculina the name of a typical genus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of corals including many reef-building species, having round, starlike calicles. OCULIST Oc"u*list, n. Etym: [L. oculus the eye: cf. F. oculiste.] Defn: One skilled in treating diseases of the eye. OCULO- Oc"u*lo-. Defn: A combining form from L. oculus the eye. OCULOMOTOR Oc`u*lo*mo"tor, a. Etym: [Oculo- + motor.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the movement of the eye; -- applied especially to the common motor nerves (or third pair of cranial nerves) which supply many of the muscles of the orbit. -- n. Defn: The oculomotor nerve. OCULONASAL Oc`u*lo*na"sal, a. Etym: [Oculo- + nasal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the region of the eye and the nose; as, the oculonasal, or nasal, nerve, one of the branches of the ophthalmic. OCULUS Oc"u*lus, n.; pl. Oculi. Etym: [L., an eye.] 1. An eye; (Bot.) a leaf bud. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A round window, usually a small one. OCYPODIAN O`cy*po"di*an, n. Etym: [Gr. 'wky`s swift + poy`s, podo`s, foot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a tribe of crabs which live in holes in the sand along the seashore, and run very rapidly, -- whence the name. OD Od, n. Etym: [G., fr. Gr. (Physics) Defn: An alleged force or natural power, supposed, by Reichenbach and others, to produce the phenomena of mesmerism, and to be developed by various agencies, as by magnets, heat, light, chemical or vital action, etc.; -- called also odyle or the odylic force. [Archaic] That od force of German Reichenbach Which still, from female finger tips, burnt blue. Mrs. Browning. ODAL O"dal, n. [Cf. Icel. eal, Dan. odel allodial, Sw. odal.] (Law) Defn: Among the early and medieval Teutonic peoples, esp. Scandinavians, the heritable land held by the various odalmen constituting a family or kindred of freeborn tribesmen; also, the ownership of such land. The odal was subject only to certain rights of the family or kindred in restricting the freedom of transfer or sale and giving certain rights of redemption in case of change of ownership by inheritance, etc., and perhaps to other rights of the kindred or the tribe. Survivals of the early odal estates and tenure exist in Orkney and Shetland, where it is usually called by the variant form udal. ODAL O"dal, a. (Law) Defn: Noting, or pert. to, odal land or ownership. ODALISQUE O`da`lisque", n. Etym: [F., fr. Turk. odaliq chambermaid, fr. oda chamber, room.] Defn: A female slave or concubine in the harem of the Turkish sultan. [Written also odahlic, odalisk, and odalik.] Not of those that men desire, sleek Odalisques, or oracles of mode. Tennyson. ODALMAN; ODALWOMAN O"dal*man, O"dal*wom`an, n. (Teut. Law) Defn: A man or woman having odal, or able to share in it by inheritance. ODD Odd, a. [Compar. Odder; superl. Oddest.] Etym: [OE. odde, fr.Icel. oddi a tongue of land, a triangle, an odd number (from the third or odd angle, or point, of a triangle), orig., a point, tip; akin to Icel. oddr point, point of a weapon, Sw. udda odd, udd point, Dan. od, AS. ord, OHG. ort, G. ort place (cf. E. point, for change of meaning).] 1. Not paired with another, or remaining over after a pairing; without a mate; unmatched; single; as, an odd shoe; an odd glove. 2. Not divisible by 2 without a remainder; not capable of being evenly paired, one unit with another; as, 1, 3, 7, 9, 11, etc., are odd numbers. I hope good luck lies in odd numbers. Shak. 3. Left over after a definite round number has been taken or mentioned; indefinitely, but not greatly, exceeding a specified number; extra. Sixteen hundred and odd years after the earth was made, it was destroyed in a deluge. T. Burnet. There are yet missing of your company Some few odd lads that you remember not. Shak. 4. Remaining over; unconnected; detached; fragmentary; hence, occasional; inconsiderable; as, odd jobs; odd minutes; odd trifles. 5. Different from what is usual or common; unusual; singular; peculiar; unique; strange. "An odd action." Shak. "An odd expression." Thackeray. The odd man, to perform all things perfectly, is, in my poor opinion, Joannes Sturmius. Ascham. Patients have sometimes coveted odd things. Arbuthnot. Locke's Essay would be a very odd book for a man to make himself master of, who would get a reputation by critical writings. Spectator. Syn. -- Quaint; unmatched; singular; unusual; extraordinary; strange; queer; eccentric, whimsical; fantastical; droll; comical. See Quaint. ODD FELLOW Odd" Fel`low. Defn: A member of a secret order, or fraternity, styled the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, established for mutual aid and social enjoyment. ODDITY Odd"i*ty, n.; pl. Oddities (. 1. The quality or state of being odd; singularity; queerness; peculiarity; as, oddity of dress, manners, and the like. That infinitude of oddities in him. Sterne. 2. That which is odd; as, a collection of oddities. ODDLY Odd"ly, adv. 1. In an odd manner; unevently. [R.] 2. In a peculiar manner; strangely; queerly; curiously. "A figure a little more oddly turned." Locke. A great black substance,... very oddly shaped. Swift. 3. (Math.) Defn: In a manner measured by an odd number. ODDMENT Odd"ment, n. [Odd + -ment.] Defn: An odd thing, or one that is left over, disconnected, fragmentary, or the like; something that is separated or disconnected from its fellows; esp. (in pl.), Defn: the odds and ends. Specif.: (Printing) Any separate small part or page in a book, other than the text, such as the title page, contents, etc. A miscellaneous collection of riddles, charms, gnomic verses, and "oddments" of different kinds. Saintsbury. ODDNESS Odd"ness, n. 1. The state of being odd, or not even. Take but one from three, and you not only destroy the oddness, but also the essence of that number. Fotherby. 2. Singularity; strangeness; eccentricity; irregularity; uncouthness; as, the oddness of dress or shape; the oddness of an event. Young. ODDS Odds, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [See Odd, a.] 1. Difference in favor of one and against another; excess of one of two things or numbers over the other; inequality; advantage; superiority; hence, excess of chances; probability. "Preëminent by so much odds." Milton. "The fearful odds of that unequal fray." Trench. The odds Is that we scare are men and you are gods. Shak. There appeared, at least, four to one odds against them. Swift. All the odds between them has been the different s "cope....given to their understandings to range in. Locke. Judging is balancing an account and determining on which side the odds lie. Locke. 2. Quarrel; dispute; debate; strife; -- chiefly in the phraze at odds. Set them into confounding odds. Shak. I can not speak Any beginning to this peevish odds. Shak. At odds, in dispute; at variance. "These squires at odds did fall." Spenser. "He flashes into one gross crime or other, that sets us all at odds." Shak. -- It is odds, it is probable. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. -- Odds and ends, that which is left; remnants; fragments; refuse; scraps; miscellaneous articles. "My brain is filled...with all kinds of odds and ends." W. Irving. ODE Ode, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. ode, oda, Gr. vad to speak, sing. Cf. Comedy, Melody, Monody.] Defn: A short poetical composition proper to be set to music or sung; a lyric poem; esp., now, a poem characterized by sustained noble sentiment and appropriate dignity of style. Hangs odes upon hawthorns and elegies on brambles. Shak. O! run; prevent them with thy humble ode, And lay it lowly at his blessed feet. Milton. Ode factor, one who makes, or who traffics in, odes; -- used contemptuously. ODELET Ode"let, n. Defn: A little or short ode. ODELSTHING O"dels*thing, n. [Norw. odel odal + ting parliament.] Defn: The lower house of the Norwegian Storthing. See Legislature. ODEON O*de"on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. odéon. See Ode.] Defn: A kind of theater in ancient Greece, smaller than the dramatic theater and roofed over, in which poets and musicians submitted their works to the approval of the public, and contended for prizes; -- hence, in modern usage, the name of a hall for musical or dramatic performances. ODEUM O*de"um, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Odeon. ODIBLE O"di*ble, a. Etym: [L. odibilis. See Odium.] Defn: Fitted to excite hatred; hateful. [Obs.] Bale. ODIC Od"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to od. See Od. [Archaic] -- Od"ic*al*ly, adv. ODIN O"din, n. Etym: [Icel. wood, a. See Wednesday.] (Northern Myth.) Defn: The supreme deity of the Scandinavians; -- the same as Woden, of the German tribes. There in the Temple, carved in wood, The image of great Odin stood. Longfellow. ODINIC O*din"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Odin. ODINISM O"din*ism, n. Defn: Worship of Odin; broadly, the Teutonic heathenism. -- O"din*ist, n. Odinism was valor; Christianism was humility, a nobler kind of valor. Carlyle. ODIOUS O"di*ous, a. Etym: [L. odiosus, from odium hatred: cf. F. odieux. See Odium.] 1. Hateful; deserving or receiving hatred; as, an odious name, system, vice. "All wickedness will be most odious." Sprat. He rendered himself odious to the Parliament. Clarendon. 2. Causing or provoking hatred, repugnance, or disgust; offensive; disagreeable; repulsive; as, an odious sight; an odious smell. Milton. The odious side of that polity. Macaulay. Syn. -- Hateful; detestable; abominable; disgusting; loathsome; invidious; repulsive; forbidding; unpopular. -- O"di*ous`ly. adv. -- O"di*ous*ness, n. ODIST Od"ist, n. Defn: A writer of an ode or odes. ODIUM O"di*um, n. Etym: [L., fr. odi I hate. Gr. Annoy, Noisome.] 1. Hatred; dislike; as, his conduct brought him into odium, or, brought odium upon him. 2. The quality that provokes hatred; offensiveness. She threw the odium of the fact on me. Dryden. Odium theologicum ( Etym: [L.], the enmity peculiar to contending theologians. Syn. -- Hatred; abhorrence; detestation; antipathy. -- Odium, Hatred. We exercise hatred; we endure odium. The former has an active sense, the latter a passive one. We speak of having a hatred for a man, but not of having an odium toward him. A tyrant incurs odium. The odium of an offense may sometimes fall unjustly upon one who is innocent. I wish I had a cause to seek him there, To oppose his hatred fully. Shak. You have...dexterously thrown some of the odium of your polity upon that middle class which you despise. Beaconsfield. ODIZE Od"ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Odized p. pr. & vb. n. Odizing.] Defn: To charge with od. See Od. [Archaic] ODMYL Od"myl, n. Etym: [Gr. -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A volatile liquid obtained by boiling sulphur with linseed oil. It has an unpleasant garlic odor. ODOGRAPH O"do*graph, n. [Gr. way + -graph.] 1. A machine for registering the distance traversed by a vehicle or pedestrain. 2. A device for recording the length and rapidity of stride and the number of steps taken by a walker. ODOMETER O*dom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. odométre, hodométre.] Defn: An instrument attached to the wheel of a vehicle, to measure the distance traversed; also, a wheel used by surveyors, which registers the miles and rods traversed. ODOMETRICAL O`do*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. odométrique, hodométrique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the odometer, or to measurements made with it. ODOMETROUS O*dom"e*trous, a. Defn: Serving to measure distance on a road. [R.] Sydney Smith. ODOMETRY O*dom"e*try, n. Defn: Measurement of distances by the odometer. ODONATA O*don"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of insects that includes the dragon flies. ODONTALGIA O`don*tal"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Toothache. ODONTALGIC O`don*tal"gic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. odontalgique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to odontalgia. -- n. Defn: A remedy for the toothache. ODONTALGY O`don*tal"gy, n. (Med.) Defn: Same as Odontalgia. ODONTIASIS O`don*ti"a*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: Cutting of the teeth; dentition. ODONTO- O*don"to-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. ODONTOBLAST O*don"to*blast, n. Etym: [Odonto- + -blast.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the more or less columnar cells on the outer surface of the pulp of a tooth; an odontoplast. They are supposed to be connected with the formation of dentine. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the cells which secrete the chitinous teeth of Mollusca. ODONTOCETE O*don`to*ce"te, n.pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A subdivision of Cetacea, including the sperm whale, dolphins, etc.; the toothed whales. ODONTOGENY O`don*tog"e*ny, n. Etym: [Odonto- + root of Gr. odontogénie.] (Physiol.) Defn: Generetion, or mode of development, of the teeth. ODONTOGRAPH O*don"to*graph, n. Etym: [Odonto- + -graph.] Defn: An instrument for marking or laying off the outlines of teeth of gear wheels. ODONTOGRAPHIC O*don`to*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to odontography. ODONTOGRAPHY O`don*tog"ra*phy, n. Defn: A description of the teeth. ODONTOID O*don"toid, a. Etym: [Gr. odontoïde.] (Anat.) (a) Having the form of a tooth; toothlike. (b) Of or pertaining to the odontoid bone or to the odontoid process. Odontoid bone (Anat.), a separate bone, in many reptiles, corresponding to the odontoid process. -- Odontoid process, or Odontoid peg (Anat.), the anterior process of the centrum of the second vertebra, or axis, in birds and mammals. See Axis. ODONTOLCAE O`don*tol"cae, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct order of ostrichlike aquatic birds having teeth, which are set in a groove in the jaw. It includes Hesperornis, and allied genera. See Hesperornis. [Written also Odontholcae, and Odontoholcae.] ODONTOLITE O*don"to*lite, n. Etym: [Odonto- + -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A fossil tooth colored a bright blue by phosphate of iron. It is used as an imitation of turquoise, and hence called bone turquoise. ODONTOLOGY O`don*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Odonto- + -logy: cf.F. odontologie.] Defn: The science which treats of the teeth, their structure and development. ODONTOPHORA O`don*toph"o*ra, n.pl. Etym: [NL. See Odontophore.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Cephalophora. ODONTOPHORE O*don"to*phore, n. Etym: [Odonto- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A special structure found in the mouth of most mollusks, except bivalves. It consists of several muscles and a cartilage which supports a chitinous radula, or lingual ribbon, armed with teeth. Also applied to the radula alone. See Radula. ODONTOPHOROUS O`don*toph"o*rous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having an odontophore. ODONTOPLAST O*don"to*plast, n. Etym: [Odonto- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: An odontoblast. ODONTOPTERYX O`don*top"te*ryx, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 'odoy`s, 'odo`ntos, a tooth + pte`ryx a wing.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct Eocene bird having the jaws strongly serrated, or dentated, but destitute of true teeth. It was found near London. ODONTORNITHES O*don`tor*ni*"thes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr.Gr. 'odoy`s, 'odo`ntos, a tooth + (Paleon.) Defn: A group of Mesozoic birds having the jaws armed with teeth, as in most other vertebrates. They have been divided into three orders: Odontolcæ, Odontotormæ, and Saururæ. ODONTOSTOMATOUS O*don"to*stom"a*tous, a. Etym: [Odonto- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having toothlike mandibles; -- applied to certain insects. ODONTOTORMAE O*don`to*tor"mae, n.pl. Etym: [NL., fr. (Paleon.) Defn: An order of extinct toothed birds having the teeth in sockets, as in the genus Ichthyornis. See Ichthyornis. ODOR O"dor, n. Etym: [OE. odor, odour, OF. odor, odour, F. odeur, fr. L. odor; akin to olere to smell, Gr. Olfactory, Osmium, Ozone, Redolent.] [Written also odour.] Defn: Any smell, whether fragrant or offensive; scent; perfume. Meseemed I smelt a garden of sweet flowers, That dainty odors from them threw around. Spenser. To be in bad odor, to be out of favor, or in bad repute. ODORAMENT O"dor*a*ment, n. Etym: [L. odoramentum. See Odorate.] Defn: A perfume; a strong scent. [Obs.] Burton. ODORANT O"dor*ant, a. Etym: [L.odorans, -antis, p.pr.] Defn: Yielding odors; fragrant. Holland. ODORATE O"dor*ate, a. Etym: [L. odoratus, p.p. of odorare to perfume, fr. odor odor.] Defn: Odorous. [Obos.] Bacon. ODORATING O"dor*a*`ting, a. Defn: Diffusing odor or scent; fragrant. ODORIFEROUS O`dor*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. odorifer; odor odor + ferre to bear. See Odoe, and st Bear.] Defn: Bearing or yielding an odor; perfumed; usually, sweet of scent; fragrant; as, odoriferous spices, particles, fumes, breezes. Milton. -- O`dor*if"er*ous*ly, adv. --O`dor*if"er*ous*ness, n. ODORINE O"dor*ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A pungent oily substance obtained by redistilling bone oil. [Obs.] ODORLESS O"dor*less, a. Defn: Free from odor. ODOROUS O"dor*ous, a. [Written also odourous.] Etym: [L. odorus, fr.odor odor: cf. OF. odoros, odoreux.] Defn: Having or emitting an odor or scent, esp. a sweet odor; fragrant; sweet-smelling. "Odorous bloom." Keble. Such fragrant flowers do give most odorous smell. Spenser. -- O"dor*ous*ly, adv. -- O"dor*ous*ness, n. ODS Ods, interj. Defn: A corruption of God's; -- formerly used in oaths and ejaculatory phrases. "Ods bodikin." "Ods pity." Shak. ODYL; ODYLE Od"yl, Od"yle, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physics) Defn: See Od. [Archaic]. ODYLIC O*dyl"ic, a. (Physics) Defn: Of or pertaining to odyle; odic; as, odylic force. [Archaic] ODYSSEY Od"ys*sey, n. Etym: [L. Odyssea, Gr. Odyssée.] Defn: An epic poem attributed to Homer, which describes the return of Ulysses to Ithaca after the siege of Troy. OE OE (e), Defn: a diphthong, employed in the Latin language, and thence in the English language, as the representative of the Greek diphthong oe. In many words in common use, e alone stands instead of oe. Classicists prefer to write the diphthong oe separate in Latin words. OECOID Oe"coid, n. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: The colorless porous framework, or stroma, of red blood corpuscles from which the zooid, or hemoglobin and other substances of the corpuscles, may be dissolved out. OECOLOGY OE*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr.-logy.] (Biol.) Defn: The various relations of animals and plants to one another and to the outer world. OECONOMICAL OE`co*nom"ic*al, a. Defn: See Economical. OECONOMICS OE`co*nom"ics, n. Defn: See Economics. OECONOMY OE*con"o*my, n. Defn: See Economy. OECUMENICAL OEc`u*men"ic*al, a. Defn: See Ecumenical. OEDEMA OE*de"ma, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Med.) Defn: A swelling from effusion of watery fluid in the cellular tissue beneath the skin or mucous membrance; dropsy of the subcutaneous cellular tissue. [Written also edema.] OEDEMATOUS OE*dem"a*tous, a. (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, edema; affected with edema. OEIL-DE-BOEUF Oil`-de-bouf", n.; pl. Oils-de-bouf (#). [F., lit., eye of an ox.] (Arch.) Defn: A circular or oval window; -- generally used of architecture of the 17th and 18th centuries. A famous room in the palace of Versailles bears this name, from the oval window opening into it. OEIL-DE-PERDRIX Oil`-de-per`drix", a. [F., lit., eye of a partridge.] 1. (Ornamental Art) Characterized by, or decorated with, small round points, spots, or rings; as, oil-de-perdrix pattern. 2. Having a brownish red color; -- used esp. of light-colored red wine. OEILIAD; OEILLADE OE*il"iad, OEil"lade`, n. Etym: [F. oeillade, fr. oeel eye. See Eyelent.] Defn: A glance of the eye; an amorous look. [Obs.] She gave strange oeillades and most speaking looks. Shak. OELET OE"let, n. Etym: [See Eyelet.] Defn: An eye, bud, or shoot, as of a plant; an oilet. [Obs.] Holland. OENANTHATE OE*nan"thate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of the supposed oenanthic acid. OENANTHIC OE*nan"thic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Having, or imparting, the odor characteristic of the bouquet of wine; specifically used, formerly, to designate an acid whose ethereal salts were supposed to occasion the peculiar bouquet, or aroma, of old wine. Cf. OEnanthylic. OEnanthic acid, an acid obtained from oenanthic ether by the action of alkalies. -- OEnanthic ether, an ethereal substance (not to be confused with the bouquet, or aroma, of wine) found in wine lees, and consisting of a complex mixture of the ethereal salts of several of the higher acids of the acetic acid series. It has an ethereal odor, and it used in flavoring artificial wines and liquors. Called also oil of wine. See Essential oil, under Essential. OENANTHOL OE*nan"thol, n. Etym: [oenanthylic + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: An oily substance obtained by the distillation of castor oil, recognized as the aldehyde of oenanthylic acid, and hence called also oenanthaldehyde. OENANTHONE OE*nan"thone, n. Etym: [oenanthic + -one] (Chem.) Defn: The ketone of oenanthic acid. OENANTHYL OE*nan"thyl, n. Etym: [oennthic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon radical formerly supposed to exist in oenanthic acid, now known to be identical with heptyl. OENANTHYLATE OE*nan"thyl*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of oenanthylic acid; as, potassium oenanthylate. OENANTHYLIC OE`nan*thyl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, oenanthyl; specifically, designating an acid formerly supposed to be identical with the acid in oenanthic ether, but now known to be identical with heptoic acid. OENANTHYLIDENE OE`nan*thyl"i*dene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless liquid hydrocarbon, having a garlic odor; heptine. OENANTHYLOUS OE*nan"thyl*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid formerly supposed to be the acid of oenanthylic ether, but now known to be a mixture of higher acids, especially capric acid. [Obs.] OENOCYAN OE`no*cy"an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: The coloring matter of red wines. OENOLOGY OE*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: Knowledge of wine, scientific or practical. OENOMANIA OEn`o*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) Delirium tremens. Rayer. (b) Dipsomania. OENOMEL OEn"o*mel, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Wine mixed with honey; mead, [R.] OENOMETER OE*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: See Alcoholometer. OENOPHILIST OE*noph"i*list, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A lover of wine. [R.] Thackeray. OENOTHIONIC OE`no*thi*on"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. thionic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to an acid now called sulphovinic, or ethyl sulphuric, acid. O'ER O'er, prep. & adv. Defn: A contr. of Over. [Poetic] OERSTED Oer"sted, n. [After Hans Christian Oersted, Danish physicist.] (Elec.) Defn: The C.G.S. unit of magnetic reluctance or resistance, equal to the reluctance of a centimeter cube of air (or vacuum) between parallel faces. Also, a reluctance in which unit magnetomotive force sets up unit flux. OESOPHAGUS; OESOPHAGEAL OE*soph"a*gus, n., OE`so*phag"e*al, a., etc. Defn: Same as Esophagus, Esophageal, etc. OESTRIAN OEs"tri*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the gadflies. -- n. Defn: A gadfly. OESTRUAL OEs"tru*al, a. Etym: [See OEstrus.] (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to sexual desire; -- mostly applied to brute animals; as, the oestrual period; oestrual influence. OESTRUATION OEs`tru*a"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The state of being under oestrual influence, or of having sexual desire. OESTRUS OEs"trus, n. Etym: [L., a gadfly; also, frenzy, fr.Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of gadflies. The species which deposits its larvæ in the nasal cavities of sheep is oestrus ovis. 2. A vehement desire; esp. (Physiol.), the periodical sexual impulse of animals; heat; rut. OF Of, prep. Etym: [AS. of of, from, off; akin to D. & OS. af, G. ab off, OHG. aba from, away, Icel., Dan., Sw., & Goth. af, L. ab, Gr. apa. Cf.Off, A- (2), Ab-, After, Epi-.] Defn: In a general sense, from, or out from; proceeding from; belonging to; relating to; concerning; -- used in a variety of applications; as: 1. Denoting that from which anything proceeds; indicating origin, source, descent, and the like; as, he is of a race of kings; he is of noble blood. That holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God. Luke i. 35. I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you. 1 Cor. xi. 23. 2. Denoting possession or ownership, or the relation of subject to attribute; as, the apartment of the consul: the power of the king; a man of courage; the gate of heaven. "Poor of spirit." Macaulay. 3. Denoting the material of which anything is composed, or that which it contains; as, a throne of gold; a sword of steel; a wreath of mist; a cup of water. 4. Denoting part of an aggregate or whole; belonging to a number or quantity mentioned; out of; from amongst; as, of this little he had some to spare; some of the mines were unproductive; most of the company. It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed. Lam. iii. 22. It is a duty to communicate of those blessings we have received. Franklin. 5. Denoting that by which a person or thing is actuated or impelled; also, the source of a purpose or action; as, they went of their own will; no body can move of itself; he did it of necessity. For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Josh. xi. 20. 6. Denoting reference to a thing; about; concerning; relating to; as, to boast of one's achievements. Knew you of this fair work Shak. 7. Denoting nearness or distance, either in space or time; from; as, within a league of the town; within an hour of the appointed time. 8. Denoting identity or equivalence; -- used with a name or appellation, and equivalent to the relation of apposition; as, the continent of America; the city of Rome; the Island of Cuba. 9. Denoting the agent, or person by whom, or thing by which, anything is, or is done; by. And told to her of [by] some. Chaucer. He taught in their synagogues, being glorified of all. Luke iv. 15. [Jesus] being forty days tempted of the devil. Luke iv. 1, 2. Note: The use of the word in this sense, as applied to persons, is nearly obsolete. 10. Denoting relation to place or time; belonging to, or connected with; as, men of Athens; the people of the Middle Ages; in the days of Herod. 11. Denoting passage from one state to another; from. [Obs.] "O miserable of happy." Milton. 12. During; in the course of. Not be seen to wink of all the day. Shak. My custom always of the afternoon. Shak. Note: Of may be used in a subjective or an objective sense. "The love of God" may mean, our love for God, or God's love for us. Note: From is the primary sense of this preposition; a sense retained in off, the same word differently written for distinction. But this radical sense disappears in most of its application; as, a man of genius; a man of rare endowments; a fossil of a red color, or of an hexagonal figure; he lost all hope of relief; an affair of the cabinet; he is a man of decayed fortune; what is the price of corn In these and similar phrases, of denotes property or possession, or a relation of some sort involving connection. These applications, however all proceeded from the same primary sense. That which proceeds from, or is produced by, a person or thing, either has had, or still has, a close connection with the same; and hence the word was applied to cases of mere connection, not involving at all the idea of separation. Of consequence, of importance, value, or influence. -- Of late, recently; in time not long past. -- Of old, formerly; in time long past. -- Of one's self, by one's self; without help or prompting; spontaneously. Why, knows not Montague, that of itself England is safe, if true within itself Shak. OFF Off, adv. Etym: [OE. of, orig. the same word as R. of, prep., AS. of, adv. & prep. *194. See Of.] Defn: In a general sense, denoting from or away from; as: 1. Denoting distance or separation; as, the house is a mile off. 2. Denoting the action of removing or separating; separation; as, to take off the hat or cloak; to cut off, to pare off, to clip off, to peel off, to tear off, to march off, to fly off, and the like. 3. Denoting a leaving, abandonment, departure, abatement, interruption, or remission; as, the fever goes off; the pain goes off; the game is off; all bets are off. 4. Denoting a different direction; not on or towards: away; as, to look off. 5. Denoting opposition or negation. [Obs.] The questions no way touch upon puritanism, either off or on. Bp. Sanderson. From off, off from; off. "A live coal...taken with the tongs from off the altar." Is. vi. 6. -- Off and on. (a) Not constantly; not regularly; now and then; occasionally. (b) (Naut.) On different tacks, now toward, and now away from, the land. -- To be off. (a) To depart; to escape; as, he was off without a moment's warning. (b) To be abandoned, as an agreement or purpose; as, the bet was declared to be off. [Colloq.] -- To come off, To cut off, To fall off, To go off, etc. See under Come, Cut, Fall, Go, etc. -- To get off. (a) To utter; to discharge; as, to get off a joke. (b) To go away; to escape; as, to get off easily from a trial. [Colloq.] -- To take off, to mimic or personate. -- To tell off (Mil.), to divide and practice a regiment or company in the several formations, preparatory to marching to the general parade for field exercises. Farrow. -- To be well off, to be in good condition. -- To be ill off, To be badly off, to be in poor condition. OFF Off, interj. Defn: Away; begone; -- a command to depart. OFF Off, prep. Defn: Not on; away from; as, to be off one's legs or off the bed; two miles off the shore. Addison. Off hand. See Offhand. -- Off side (Football), out of play; -- said when a player has got in front of the ball in a scrimmage, or when the ball has been last touched by one of his own side behind him. -- To be off color, to be of a wrong color. -- To be off one's food, to have no appetite. (Colloq.) OFF Off, a. 1. On the farther side; most distant; on the side of an animal or a team farthest from the driver when he is on foot; in the United States, the right side; as, the off horse or ox in a team, in distinction from the Ant: nigh or Ant: near horse or ox; the off leg. 2. Designating a time when one is not strictly attentive to business or affairs, or is absent from his post, and, hence, a time when affairs are not urgent; as, he took an off day for fishing: an off year in politics. "In the off season." Thackeray. Off side. (a) The right hand side in driving; the farther side. See Gee. (b) (Cricket) See Off, n. OFF Off, n. (Cricket) Defn: The side of the field that is on the right of the wicket keeper. OFFAL Of"fal, n. Etym: [Off + fall.] 1. The rejected or waste parts of a butchered animal. 2. A dead body; carrion. Shak. 3. That which is thrown away as worthless or unfit for use; refuse; rubbish. The off als of other profession. South. OFFCUT Off"cut`, n. 1. That which is cut off. 2. (Bookbinding) Defn: A portion ofthe printed sheet, in certain sizes of books, that is cut off before folding. OFFENCE Of*fence", n. Defn: See Offense. OFFEND Of*fend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Offended; p. pr. & vb. n. Offending.] Etym: [OF. offendre, L. offendere, offensum; ob (see Ob-) + fendere (in comp.) to thrust, dash. See Defend.] 1. To strike against; to attack; to assail. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. To displease; to make angry; to affront. A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city. Prov. xviii. 19. 3. To be offensive to; to harm; to pain; to annoy; as, strong light offends the eye; to offend the conscience. 4. To transgress; to violate; to sin against. [Obs.] Marry, sir, he hath offended the law. Shak. 5. (Script.) Defn: To oppose or obstruct in duty; to cause to stumble; to cause to sin or to fall. [Obs.] Who hath you misboden or offended. Chaucer. If thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out... And if thy right hand offend thee, cut it off. Matt. v. 29, 3O. Great peace have they which love thy law, and nothing shall offend them. Ps. cxix. 165. OFFEND Of*fend", v. i. 1. To transgress the moral or divine law; to commit a crime; to stumble; to sin. Whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one point, he is guilty of all. James ii. 10. If it be a sin to cevet honor, I am the most offending soul alive. Shak. 2. To cause dislike, anger, or vexation; to displease. I shall offend, either to detain or give it. Shak. To offend against, to do an injury or wrong to; to commit an offense against. "We have offended against the Lord already." 2 Chron. xxviii. 13. OFFENDANT Of*fend"ant, n. Defn: An offender. [R.] Holland. OFFENDER Of*fend"er, n. Defn: One who offends; one who violates any law, divine or human; a wrongdoer. I and my son Solomon shall be counted offenders. 1 Kings i. 21. OFFENDRESS Of*fend"ress, n. Defn: A woman who offends. Shak. OFFENSE; OFFENCE Of*fense", Of*fence", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. offensa. See Offend.] 1. The act of offending in any sense; esp., a crime or a sin, an affront or an injury. Who was delivered for our offenses, and was raised again for our justification. Rom. iv. 25. I have given my opinion against the authority of two great men, but I hope without offense to their memories. Dryden. 2. The state of being offended or displeased; anger; displeasure. He was content to give them just cause of offense, when they had power to make just revenge. Sir P. Sidney. 3. A cause or occasion of stumbling or of sin. [Obs.] Woe to that man by whom the offense cometh! Matt. xviii. 7. Note: This word, like expense, is often spelled with a c. It ought, however, to undergo the same change with expense, the reasons being the same, namely, that s must be used in offensive as in expensive, and is found in the Latin offensio, and the French offense. To take offense, to feel, or assume to be, injured or affronted; to become angry or hostile. -- Weapons of offense, those which are used in attack, in distinction from those of defense, which are used to repel. Syn. -- Displeasure; umbrage; resentment; misdeed; misdemeanor; trespass; transgression; delinquency; fault; sin; crime; affront; indignity; outrage; insult. OFFENSEFUL Of*fense"ful, a. Defn: Causing offense; displeasing; wrong; as, an offenseful act. [R.] OFFENSELESS Of*fense"less, a. Defn: Unoffending; inoffensive. OFFENSIBLE Of*fen"si*ble, a. Defn: That may give offense. [Obs.] OFFENSION Of*fen"sion, n. Etym: [OF., fr. L. offensio an offense.] Defn: Assault; attack. [Obs.] Chaucer. OFFENSIVE Of*fen"sive, a. Etym: [Cf.F. offensif. See Offend.] 1. Giving offense; causing displeasure or resentment; displeasing; annoying; as, offensive words. 2. Giving pain or unpleasant sensations; disagreeable; revolting; noxious; as, an offensive smell; offensive sounds. "Offensive to the stomach." Bacon. 3. Making the first attack; assailant; aggressive; hence, used in attacking; -- opposed to defensive; as, an offensive war; offensive weapons. League offensive and defensive, a leaque that requires all the parties to it to make war together against any foe, and to defend one another if attacked. Syn. -- Displeasing; disagreeable; distasteful; obnoxious; abhorrent; disgusting; impertinent; rude; saucy; reproachful; opprobrious; insulting; insolent; abusive; scurrilous; assailant; attacking; invading. -- Of*fen"sive*ly, adv. -- Of*fen"sive*ness, n. OFFENSIVE Of*fen"sive, n. Defn: The state or posture of one who offends or makes attack; aggressive attitude; the act of the attacking party; -- opposed to defensive. To act on the offensive, to be the attacking party. OFFER Of"fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Offered; p. pr. & vb. n. Offering.] Etym: [OE. offren, AS. offrian to sacrifice, fr. L. offerre; ob (see OB-) + ferre to bear, bring. The English word was influenced by F. offrir to offer, of the same origin. See 1st Bear.] 1. To present, as an act of worship; to immolate; to sacrifice; to present in prayer or devotion; -- often with up. Thou shalt offer every day a bullock for a sin offering for atonement. Ex. xxix. 36. A holy priesthood to offer up spiritual sacrifices. 1 Pet. ii. 5. 2. To bring to or before; to hold out to; to present for acceptance or rejection; as, to offer a present, or a bribe; to offer one's self in marriage. I offer thee three things. 2 Sam. xxiv. 12. 3. To present in words; to proffer; to make a proposal of; to suggest; as, to offer an opinion. With the infinitive as an objective: To make an offer; to declare one's willingness; as, he offered to help me. 4. To attempt; to undertake. All that offer to defend him. Shak. 5. To bid, as a price, reward, or wages; as, to offer a guinea for a ring; to offer a salary or reward. 6. To put in opposition to; to manifest in an offensive way; to threaten; as, to offer violence, attack, etc. Syn. -- To propose; propound; move; proffer; tender; sacrifice; immolate. OFFER Of"fer, v. i. 1. To present itself; to be at hand. The occasion offers, and the youth complies. Dryden. 2. To make an attempt; to make an essay or a trial; -- used with at. "Without offering at any other remedy." Swift. He would be offering at the shepherd's voice. L'Estrange. I will not offer at that I can not master. Bacon. OFFER Of"fer, n. Etym: [Cf. F. offre, fr. offrir to offer, fr. L. offerre. See Offer, v. t.] 1. The act of offering, bringing forward, proposing, or bidding; a proffer; a first advance. "This offer comes from mercy." Shak. 2. That which is offered or brought forward; a proposal to be accepted or rejected; a sum offered; a bid. When offers are disdained, and love denied. Pope. 3. Attempt; endeavor; essay; as, he made an offer to catch the ball. "Some offer and attempt." South. OFFERABLE Of"fer*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being offered; suitable or worthy to be offered. OFFERER Of"fer*er, n. Defn: One who offers; esp., one who offers something to God in worship. Hooker. OFFERING Of"fer*ing, n. 1. The act of an offerer; a proffering. 2. That which is offered, esp. in divine service; that which is presented as an expiation or atonement for sin, or as a free gift; a sacrifice; an oblation; as, sin offering. They are polluted offerings more abhorred Than spotted livers in the sacrifice. Shak. 3. A sum of money offered, as in church service; as, a missionary offering. Specif.: (Ch. of Eng.) Personal tithes payable according to custom, either at certain seasons as Christmas or Easter, or on certain occasions as marriages or christenings. [None] to the offering before her should go. Chaucer. Burnt offering, Drink offering, etc. See under Burnt. etc. OFFERTORY Of"fer*to*ry, n.; pl. Offertories . Etym: [L. offertorium the place to which offerings were brought, in LL. offertory: cf.F. offertoire.] 1. The act of offering, or the thing offered. [Obs. or R.] Bacon. Bp. Fell. 2. (R.C.Ch.) (a) An anthem chanted, or a voluntary played on the organ, during the offering and first part of the Mass. (b) That part of the Mass which the priest reads before uncovering the chalice to offer up the elements for consecration. (c) The oblation of the elements. 3. (Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. Ch.) (a) The Scripture sentences said or sung during the collection of the offerings. (b) The offerings themselves. OFFERTURE Of"fer*ture, n. Etym: [LL. offertura an offering.] Defn: Offer; proposal; overture. [Obs.] More offertures and advantages to his crown. Milton. OFFHAND Off"hand`, a. Defn: Instant; ready; extemporaneous; as, an offhand speech; offhand excuses. -- adv. Defn: In an offhand manner; as, he replied offhand. OFFICE Of"fice, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. officium, for opificium; ops ability, wealth, holp + facere to do or make. See Opulent, Fact.] 1. That which a person does, either voluntarily or by appointment, for, or with reference to, others; customary duty, or a duty that arises from the relations of man to man; as, kind offices, pious offices. I would I could do a good office between you. Shak. 2. A special duty, trust, charge, or position, conferred by authority and for a public purpose; a position of trust or authority; as, an executive or judical office; a municipal office. 3. A charge or trust, of a sacred nature, conferred by God himself; as, the office of a priest under the old dispensation, and that of the apostles in the new. Inasmuch as I am the apostle of the Gentiles, I magnify mine office. Rom. xi. 13. 4. That which is performed, intended, or assigned to be done, by a particular thing, or that which anything is fitted to perform; a function; -- answering to duty in intelligent beings. They [the eyes] resign their office and their light. Shak. Hesperus, whose office is to bring Twilight upon the earth. Milton. In this experiment the several intervals of the teeth of the comb do the office of so many prisms. Sir I. Newton. 5. The place where a particular kind of business or service for others is transacted; a house or apartment in which public officers and others transact business; as, the register's office; a lawyer's office. 6. The company or corporation, or persons collectively, whose place of business is in an office; as, I have notified the office. 7. pl. Defn: The apartments or outhouses in which the domestics discharge the duties attached to the service of a house, as kitchens, pantries, stables, etc. [Eng.] As for the offices, let them stand at distance. Bacon. 8. (Eccl.) Defn: Any service other than that of ordination and the Mass; any prescribed religious service. This morning was read in the church, after the office was done, the declaration setting forth the late conspiracy against the king's person. Evelyn. Holy office. Same as Inquisition, n., 3. -- Houses of office. Same as def. 7 above. Chaucer. -- Little office (R.C.Ch.), an office recited in honor of the Virgin Mary. -- Office bearer, an officer; one who has a specific office or duty to perform. -- Office copy (Law), an authenticated or certified copy of a record, from the proper office. See Certified copies, under Copy. Abbott. -- Office-found (Law), the finding of an inquest of office. See under Inquest. -- Office holder. See Officeholder in the Vocabulary OFFICE Of`fice, v. t. Defn: To perform, as the duties of an office; to discharge. [Obs.] Shak. OFFICEHOLDER Of"fice*hold"er, n. Defn: An officer, particularly one in the civil service; a placeman. OFFICER Of"fi*cer, n. Etym: [F. officier. See Office, and cf. Official, n.] 1. One who holds an office; a person lawfully invested with an office, whether civil, military, or ecclesiastical; as, a church officer; a police officer; a staff officer. "I am an officer of state." Shak. 2. (U. S. Mil.) Defn: Specifically, a commissioned officer, in distinction from a warrant officer. Field officer, General officer, etc. See under Field, General. etc. -- Officer of the day (Mil.), the officer who, on a given day, has charge for that day of the quard, prisoners, and police of the post or camp. -- Officer of the deck, or Officer of the watch (Naut.), the officer temporarily in charge on the deck of a vessel, esp. a war vessel. OFFICER Of"fi*cer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Officered; p. pr. & vb. n. Officering.] 1. To furnish with officers; to appoint officers over. Marshall. 2. To command as an officer; as, veterans from old regiments officered the recruits. OFFICE WIRE Of"fice wire`. (Elec.) Defn: Copper wire with a strong but light insulation, used in wiring houses, etc. OFFICIAL Of*fi"cial, a. Etym: [L. officialis: cf. F. officiel. See Office, and cf. Official, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to an office or public trust; as, official duties, or routine. That, in the official marks invested, you Anon do meet the senate. Shak. 2. Derived from the proper office or officer, or from the proper authority; made or communicated by virtue of authority; as, an official statement or report. 3. (Pharm.) Defn: Approved by authority; sanctioned by the pharmacopoeia; appointed to be used in medicine; as, an official drug or preparation. Cf. Officinal. 4. Discharging an office or function. [Obs.] The stomach and other parts official unto nutrition. Sir T. Browne. OFFICIAL Of*fi"cial, n. Etym: [L. officialis a magistrate's servant or attendant: cf.F. official. See Official, a., and cf. Officer.] 1. One who holds an office; esp., a subordinate executive officer or attendant. 2. An ecclesiastical judge appointed by a bishop, chapter, archdeacon, etc., with charge of the spiritual jurisdiction. Blackstone. OFFICIALISM Of*fi"cial*ism, n. Defn: The state of being official; a system of official government; also, adherence to office routine; red-tapism. Officialism may often drift into blunders. Smiles. OFFICIALITY Of*fi`ci*al`i*ty, n. Defn: See Officialty. OFFICIALLY Of*fi"cial*ly, adv. Defn: By the proper officer; by virtue of the proper authority; in pursuance of the special powers vested in an officer or office; as, accounts or reports officially vertified or rendered; letters officially communicated; persons officially notified. OFFICIALTY Of*fi"cial*ty, n. Etym: [Cf.F. officialité.] Defn: The charge, office, court, or jurisdiction of an official. Ayliffe. OFFICIANT Of*fi"ciant, n. Etym: [L. officians, p.pr. See Officiate.] (Eccl.) Defn: The officer who officiates or performs an office, as the burial office. Shipley. OFFICIARY Of*fi"ci*a*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an office or an officer; official. [R.] Heylin. OFFICIATE Of*fi"ci*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Officiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Officiating.] Etym: [LL. officiare. See Office.] Defn: To act as an officer in performing a duty; to transact the business of an office or public trust; to conduct a public service. Bp. Stillingfleet. OFFICIATE Of*fi"ci*ate, v. t. Defn: To discharge, perform, or supply, as an official duty or function. [Obs.] Merely to officiate light Round this opacous earth. Milton. OFFICIATOR Of*fi"ci*a`tor, n. Defn: One who officiates. Tylor. OFFICINAL Of*fic"i*nal, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. officina a workshop, contr.fr. opificina, fr. opifex a workman; opus work + facere to make or do.] 1. Used in a shop, or belonging to it. [Obs. or R.] Johnson. 2. (Pharm.) Defn: Kept in stock by apothecaries; -- said of such drugs and medicines as may be obtained without special preparation or compounding; not magistral. Note: This term is often interchanged with official, but in strict use officinal drugs are not necessarily official. See Official, a., 3. OFFICIOUS Of*fi"cious, a. Etym: [L. officiosus: cf.F. officieux. See Office.] 1. Pertaining to, or being in accordance with, duty. [R.] If there were any lie in the case, it could be no more than as officious and venial one. Note on Gen. xxvii. (Douay version). 2. Disposed to serve; kind; obliging. [Archaic] Yet not to earth are those bright luminaries Officious. Milton. They were tolerably well bred, very officious, humane, and hospitable. Burke. 3. Importunately interposing services; intermeddling in affairs in which one has no concern; meddlesome. You are too officious In her behalf that scorns your services. Shak. Syn. -- Impertinent; meddling. See Impertinent. -- Of*fi"cious*ly, adv. -- Of*fi"cious*ness, n. OFFING Off"ing, n. Etym: [From Off.] Defn: That part of the sea at a good distance from the shore, or where there is deep water and no need of a pilot; also, distance from the shore; as, the ship had ten miles offing; we saw a ship in the offing. OFFISH Off"ish, a. Defn: Shy or distant in manner. [Colloq. U.S.] OFFLET Off"let, n. Etym: [Off + let.] Defn: A pipe to let off water. OFFPRINT Off"print`, n. Defn: A reprint or excerpt. OFFPRINT Off`print", v. t. [Off + print.] Defn: To reprint (as an excerpt); as, the articles of some magazines are offprinted from other magazines. OFFSCOURING Off"scour`ing, n. Etym: [Off + scour.] Defn: That which is scoured off; hence, refuse; rejected matter; that which is vile or despised. Lam. iii. 45. OFFSCUM Off"scum`, n. Etym: [Off + scum.] Defn: Removed scum; refuse; dross. OFFSET Off"set`, n. Etym: [Off + set. Cf. Set-off.] Defn: In general, that which is set off, from, before, or against, something; as: -- 1. (Bot.) Defn: A short prostrate shoot, which takes root and produces a tuft of leaves, etc. See Illust. of Houseleek. 2. A sum, account, or value set off against another sum or account, as an equivalent; hence, anything which is given in exchange or retaliation; a set-off. 3. A spur from a range of hills or mountains. 4. (Arch.) Defn: A horizontal ledge on the face of a wall, formed by a diminution of its thickness, or by the weathering or upper surface of a part built out from it; -- called also set-off. 5. (Surv.) Defn: A short distance measured at right angles from a line actually run to some point in an irregular boundary, or to some object. 6. (Mech.) Defn: An abrupt bend in an object, as a rod, by which one part is turned aside out of line, but nearly parallel, with the rest; the part thus bent aside. 7. (Print.) Defn: A more or less distinct transfer of a printed page or picture to the opposite page, when the pages are pressed together before the ink is dry or when it is poor. Offset staff (Surv.), a rod, usually ten links long, used in measuring offsets. OFFSET Off*set", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Offset; p. pr. & vb. n. Offsetting.] 1. To set off; to place over against; to balance; as, to offset one account or charge against another. 2. To form an offset in, as in a wall, rod, pipe, etc. OFFSET Off"set, v. i. (Printing) Defn: To make an offset. OFFSHOOT Off"shoot`, n. Etym: [Off + shoot.] Defn: That which shoots off or separates from a main stem, channel, family, race, etc.; as, the offshoots of a tree. OFFSHORE Off"shore", a. Defn: From the shore; as, an offshore wind; an offshore signal. OFFSKIP Off"skip`, n. Etym: [Off + -skip, as in landskip.] (Paint.) Defn: That part of a landscape which recedes from the spectator into distance. [R.] Fairholt. OFFSPRING Off"spring`, n.sing. & pl. Etym: [Off + spring.] 1. The act of production; generation. [Obs.] 2. That which is produced; a child or children; a descendant or descendants, however remote from the stock. To the gods alone Our future offspring and our wives are known. Dryden. 3. Origin; lineage; family. [Obs.] Fairfax. OFFTAKE Off"take`, n. [Off + take.] 1. Act of taking off; specif., the taking off or purchase of goods. 2. Something taken off; a deduction. 3. A channel for taking away air or water; also, the point of beginning of such a channel; a take-off. OFFUSCATE; OFFUSCATION Of*fus"cate, Of`fus*ca`tion. Defn: See Obfuscate, Obfuscation. [Obs.] OFT Oft (ôft; 115), adv. Etym: [AS. oft; akin to OS. & G. oft, OHG. ofto, Sw. ofta, Dan. ofte, Icel.opt, Goth. ufta; of uncertain origin. Cf. Often.] Defn: Often; frequently; not rarely; many times. [Poetic] Chaucer. Oft she rejects, but never once offends. Pope. OFT Oft, a. Defn: Frequent; often; repeated. [Poetic] OFTEN Of`ten, adv. [Compar. Oftener; superl. Oftenest.] Etym: [Formerly also ofte, fr. oft. See Oft., adv.] Defn: Frequently; many times; not seldom. OFTEN Of"ten, a. Defn: Frequent; common; repeated. [R.] "Thine often infirmities." 1 Tim. v. 23. And weary thee with often welcomes. Beau. & Fl. OFTENNESS Of"ten*ness, n. Defn: Frequency. Hooker. OFTENSITH Of"ten*sith, adv. Etym: [Often + sith time.] Defn: Frequently; often. [Obs.] For whom I sighed have so oftensith. Gascoigne. OFTENTIDE Of"ten*tide", adv. Etym: [Often + tide time.] Defn: Frequently; often. [Obs.] Robert of Brunne. OFTENTIMES Of"ten*times`, adv. Etym: [Often + time. Cf. -wards.] Defn: Frequently; often; many times. Wordsworth. OFTER Oft"er, adv. Defn: Compar. of Oft. [Obs.] Chaucer. OFTTIMES Oft"times`, adv. Etym: [Oft + time. Cf. -wards.] Defn: Frequently; often. Milton. OGAM Og"am, n. Defn: Same as Ogham. OGDOAD Og"do*ad, n. Etym: [Gr. , , from Defn: A thing made up of eight parts. Milman. OGDOASTICH Og`do*as`tich, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A poem of eight lines. [Obs.] Selden OGEE O*gee", n. Etym: [F. ogive, augive, LL. augiva, of uncertain origin; cf.LL. ogis a support, prop. L. augere to increase, strengthen, Sp. auge highest point of power or fortune, apogee, Ar. auj, an astronomical term.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A molding, the section of which is the form of the letter S, with the convex part above; cyma reversa. See Illust. under Cyma. 2. Hence, any similar figure used for any purpose. Ogee arch (Arch.), a pointed arch, each of the sides of which has the curve of an ogee, that is, has a reversed curve near the apex. OGEECHEE LIME O*gee"chee lime`. Etym: [So named from the Ogeechee River in Georgia.] (Bot.) (a) The acid, olive-shaped, drupaceous fruit of a species of tupelo (Nyssa capitata) which grows in swamps in Georgia and Florida. (b) The tree which bears this fruit. OGGANITION Og`ga*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L.oggannire to snarl at; ob (see Ob-) + gannire to yelp.] Defn: Snarling; grumbling. [R.] Bp. Montagu. OGHAM Og"ham, n. Etym: [Ir.] Defn: A particular kind of writing practiced by the ancient Irish, and found in inscriptions on stones, metals, etc. [Written also ogam.] OGIVE O"give, n. Etym: [F. ogive, OF. augive a pointed arch, LL. augiva a double arch of two at right angles.] (Arch.) Defn: The arch or rib which crosses a Gothic vault diagonally. OGLE O"gle (og'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ogled; p. pr. & vb. n. Ogling.] Etym: [From a Dutch word corresponding to G. äugeln to ogle, fr. auge eye; cf. D. ooglonken to ogle, OD. oogen to cast sheep's eyes upon, ooge eye. See Eye.] Defn: To view or look at with side glances, as in fondness, or with a design to attract notice. And ogling all their audience, ere they speak. Dryden. OGLE O"gle, n. Defn: An amorous side glance or look. Byron. OGLER O"gler, n. Defn: One who ogles. Addison. OGLIO O"gli*o, n. Defn: See Olio. OGRE O"gre, n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. ogro, fr. L. Orcus the god of the infernal regions; also, the lower world, hell.] Defn: An imaginary monster, or hideous giant of fairy tales, who lived on human beings; hence, any frightful giant; a cruel monster. His schoolroom must have resembled an ogre's den. Maccaulay. OGREISH O"gre*ish, a. Defn: Resembling an ogre; having the character or appearance of an ogre; suitable for an ogre. "An ogreish kind of jocularity." Dickens. OGRESS O"gress, n. Etym: [F.ogresse. See Ogre.] Defn: A female ogre. Tennyson. OGRISM; OGREISM O"grism, O"gre*ism, n. Defn: The character or manners of an ogre. OGYGIAN O*gyg"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Ogygius, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Ogyges, a mythical king of ancient Attica, or to a great deluge in Attica in his days; hence, primeval; of obscure antiquity. OH Oh, interj. Etym: [See O, interj.] Defn: An exclamation expressing various emotions, according to the tone and manner, especially surprise, pain, sorrow, anxiety, or a wish. See the Note under O. OHM Ohm, n. Etym: [So called from the German electrician, G.S. Ohm.] (Elec.) Defn: The standard unit in the measure of electrical resistance, being the resistance of a circuit in which a potential difference of one volt produces a current of one ampére. As defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893, and by United States Statute, it is a resistance substantially equal to 109 units of resistance of the C.G.S. system of electro-magnetic units, and is represented by the resistance offered to an unvarying electric current by a column of mercury at the temperature of melting ice 14.4521 grams in mass, of a constant cross-sectional area, and of the length of 106.3 centimeters. As thus defined it is called the international ohm. Ohm's law (Elec.), the statement of the fact that the strength or intensity of an electrical current is directly proportional to the electro-motive force, and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit. OHMMETER Ohm"me`ter, n. [Ohm + meter.] (Elec.) Defn: An instrument for indicating directly resistance in ohms. OHO O*ho", interj. Defn: An exclamation of surprise, etc. -OID -oid. Etym: [Gr. wit: cf.F. -oïde, L. -oïdes.] Defn: A suffix or combining form meaning like, resembling, in the form of; as in anthropoid, asteroid, spheroid. OIDIUM O*ïd"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., dim. fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of minute fungi which form a floccose mass of filaments on decaying fruit, etc. Many forms once referred to this genus are now believed to be temporary conditions of fungi of other genera, among them the vine mildew (Oïdium Tuckeri), which has caused much injury to grapes. OIL Oil, n. Etym: [OE. oile, OF. oile, F. huile, fr. L. oleum; akin to Gr. Olive.] Defn: Any one of a great variety of unctuous combustible substances, not miscible with water; as, olive oil, whale oil, rock oil, etc. They are of animal, vegetable, or mineral origin and of varied composition, and they are variously used for food, for solvents, for anointing, lubrication, illumination, etc. By extension, any substance of an oily consistency; as, oil of vitriol. Note: The mineral oils are varieties of petroleum. See Petroleum. The vegetable oils are of two classes, essential oils (see under Essential), and natural oils which in general resemble the animal oils and fats. Most of the natural oils and the animal oils and fats consist of ethereal salts of glycerin, with a large number of organic acids, principally stearic, oleic, and palmitic, forming respectively stearin, olein, and palmitin. Stearin and palmitin prevail in the solid oils and fats, and olein in the liquid oils. Mutton tallow, beef tallow, and lard are rich in stearin, human fat and palm oil in palmitin, and sperm and cod-liver oils in olein. In making soaps, the acids leave the glycerin and unite with the soda or potash. Animal oil, Bone oil, Dipple's oil, etc. (Old Chem.), a complex oil obtained by the distillation of animal substances, as bones. See Bone oil, under Bone. -- Drying oils, Essential oils. (Chem.) See under Drying, and Essential. -- Ethereal oil of wine, Heavy oil of wine. (Chem.) See under Ethereal. -- Fixed oil. (Chem.) See under Fixed. -- Oil bag (Zoöl.), a bag, cyst, or gland in animals, containing oil. -- Oil beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle of the genus Meloe and allied genera. When disturbed they emit from the joints of the legs a yellowish oily liquor. Some species possess vesicating properties, and are used instead of cantharides. -- Oil box, or Oil cellar (Mach.), a fixed box or reservoir, for lubricating a bearing; esp., the box for oil beneath the journal of a railway-car axle. -- Oil cake. See under Cake. -- Oil cock, a stopcock connected with an oil cup. See Oil cup. -- Oil color. (a) A paint made by grinding a coloring substance in oil. (b) Such paints, taken in a general sense. -- Oil cup, a cup, or small receptacle, connected with a bearing as a lubricator, and usually provided with a wick, wire, or adjustable valve for regulating the delivery of oil. -- Oil engine, a gas engine worked with the explosive vapor of petroleum. -- Oil gas, inflammable gas procured from oil, and used for lighting streets, houses, etc. -- Oil gland. (a) (Zoöl.) A gland which secretes oil; especially in birds, the large gland at the base of the tail. (b) (Bot.) A gland, in some plants, producing oil. -- Oil green, a pale yellowish green, like oil. -- Oil of brick, empyreumatic oil obtained by subjecting a brick soaked in oil to distillation at a high temperature, -- used by lapidaries as a vehicle for the emery by which stones and gems are sawn or cut. Brande & C. -- Oil of talc, a nostrum made of calcined talc, and famous in the 17th century as a cosmetic. [Obs.] B. Jonson. -- Oil of vitriol (Chem.), strong sulphuric acid; -- so called from its oily consistency and from its forming the vitriols or sulphates. -- Oil of wine, . -- Oil painting. (a) The art of painting in oil colors. (b) Any kind of painting of which the pigments are originally ground in oil. -- Oil palm (Bot.), a palm tree whose fruit furnishes oil, esp. Elæis Guineensis. See Elæis. -- Oil sardine (Zoöl.), an East Indian herring (Clupea scombrina), valued for its oil. -- Oil shark (Zoöl.) (a) The liver shark. (b) The tope. -- Oil still, a still for hydrocarbons, esp. for petroleum. -- Oil test, a test for determining the temperature at which petroleum oils give off vapor which is liable to explode. -- Oil tree. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Ricinus (R. communis), from the seeds of which castor oil is obtained. (b) An Indian tree, the mahwa. See Mahwa. (c) The oil palm. -- To burn the midnight oil, to study or work late at night. -- Volatle oils. See Essential oils, under Essential. OIL Oil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Oiling.] Defn: To smear or rub over with oil; to lubricate with oil; to anoint with oil. OILBIRD Oil"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Guacharo. OILCLOTH Oil"cloth", n. Defn: Cloth treated with oil or paint, and used for marking garments, covering flooors, etc. OILED Oiled, a. Defn: Covered or treated with oil; dressed with, or soaked in, oil. Oiled silk, silk rendered waterproof by saturation with boiled oil. OILER Oil"er, n. 1. One who deals in oils. 2. One who, or that which, oils. OILERY Oil"er*y, n. Etym: [Cf.F. huilerie.] Defn: The business, the place of business, or the goods, of a maker of, or dealer in, oils. OILINESS Oil"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being oily. Bacon. OILLET Oil"let, n. Etym: [See Eyelet.] (Arch.) (a) A small opening or loophole, sometimes circular, used in mediæval fortifications. (b) A small circular opening, and ring of moldings surrounding it, used in window tracery in Gothic architecture. [Written also oylet.] OILMAN Oil"man, n.; pl. Oilmen (. Defn: One who deals in oils; formerly, one who dealt in oils and pickles. OILNUT Oil"nut`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The buffalo nut. See Buffalo nut, under Buffalo. Note: The name is also applied to various nuts and seeds yielding oil, as the butternut, cocoanut, oil-palm nut. OILSEED Oil"seed`, n. (Bot.) (a) Seed from which oil is expressed, as the castor bean; also, the plant yielding such seed. See Castor bean. (b) A cruciferous herb (Camelina sativa). (c) The sesame. OILSKIN Oil"skin`, n. Defn: Cloth made waterproof by oil. OILSTONE Oil"stone`, n. Defn: A variety of hone slate, or whetstone, used for whetting tools when lubricated with oil. OILY Oil"y, a. [Compar. Oilier; superl. Oiliest.] 1. Consisting of oil; containing oil; having the nature or qualities of oil; unctuous; oleaginous; as, oily matter or substance. Bacon. 2. Covered with oil; greasy; hence, resembling oil; as, an oily appearance. 3. Smoothly subservient; supple; compliant; plausible; insinuating. "This oily rascal." Shak. His oily compliance in all alterations. Fuller. Oily grain (Bot.), the sesame. -- Oily palm, the oil palm. OINEMENT Oi"ne*ment, n. Defn: Ointment. [Obs.] Chaucer. OINOMANIA Oi`no*ma"ni*a, n. Defn: See oenomania. OINT Oint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ointed; p. pr & vb. n. Ointing.] Etym: [F. oint, p.p. of oindre, L. ungere. See Anoint, Ointment.] Defn: To anoint. [Obs.] Dryden. OINTMENT Oint"ment, n. Etym: [OE. oinement, OF. oignement, fr.F. oindre to anoint, L. ungere, unguere; akin to Skr. a, and to G. anke (in Switzerland) butter. The first t in the E. word is due to the influence of anoint. Cf. Anoint, Unguent.] Defn: That which serves to anoint; any soft unctuous substance used for smearing or anointing; an unguent. OJIBWAYS O*jib"ways, n. pl.; sing. Ojibway. (Ethnol.) Defn: Same as Chippeways. OJO O"jo, n. Etym: [Sp., prop., an eye.] Defn: A spring, surrounded by rushes or rank grass; an oasis. [Southwestern U.S.] Bartlett. OKAPI O*ka"pi, n. [Native name on the borders of Belgian Kongo, possibly the same word as Mpongwe okapo lean.] Defn: A peculiar mammal (Okapia johnostoni) closely related to the giraffe, discovered in the deep forests of Belgian Kongo in 1900. It is smaller than an ox, and somewhat like a giraffe, except that the neck is much shorter. Like the giraffe, it has no dewclaws. There is a small prominence on each frontal bone of the male. The color of the body is chiefly reddish chestnut, the cheeks are yellowish white, and the fore and hind legs above the knees and the haunches are striped with purplish black and cream color. OKE Oke, n. Etym: [Turk. okkah, fr. Ar. ukiyah, wakiyah, prob. fr. Gr. uncia. Cf. Ounce a weight.] 1. A Turkish and Egyptian weight, equal to about 2 2. An Hungarian and Wallachian measure, equal to about 2 OKENITE O"ken*ite, n. Etym: [Prob. from Lorenz Oken, a German naturalist.] (Min.) Defn: A massive and fibrous mineral of a whitish color, chiefly hydrous silicate of lime. OKER O"ker, n. (Min.) Defn: See Ocher. OKRA O"kra, n. (Bot.) Defn: An annual plant (Abelmoschus, or Hibiscus, esculentus), whose green pods, abounding in nutritious mucilage, are much used for soups, stews, or pickles; gumbo. [Written also ocra and ochra.] -OL -ol. Etym: [From alcohol.] (Chem.) Defn: A suffix denoting that the substance in the name of which it appears belongs to the series of alcohols or hydroxyl derivatives, as carbinol, glycerol, etc. OLAY O"lay, n. pl. Etym: [Tamil olai.] Defn: Palm leaves, prepared for being written upon with a style pointed with steel. [Written also ola.] Balfour (Cyc. of India). OLD Old, n. Defn: Open country. [Obs.] See World. Shak. OLD Old, a. [Compar. Older; superl. Oldest.] Etym: [OE. old, ald, AS. ald, eald; akin to D. oud, OS. ald, OFries. ald, old, G. alt, Goth. alpeis, and also to Goth. alan to grow up, Icel. ala to bear, produce, bring up, L. alere to nourish. Cf. Adult, Alderman, Aliment, Auld, Elder.] 1. Not young; advanced far in years or life; having lived till toward the end of the ordinary term of living; as, an old man; an old age; an old horse; an old tree. Let not old age disgrace my high desire. Sir P. Sidney. The melancholy news that we grow old. Young. 2. Not new or fresh; not recently made or produced; having existed for a long time; as, old wine; an old friendship. "An old acquaintance." Camden. 3. Formerly existing; ancient; not modern; preceding; original; as, an old law; an old custom; an old promise. "The old schools of Greece." Milton. "The character of the old Ligurians." Addison. 4. Continued in life; advanced in the course of existence; having (a certain) length of existence; -- designating the age of a person or thing; as, an infant a few hours old; a cathedral centuries old. And Pharaoh said unto Jacob, How old art thou Cen. xlvii. 8. Note: In this use old regularly follows the noun that designates the age; as, she was eight years old. 5. Long practiced; hence, skilled; experienced; cunning; as, an old offender; old in vice. Vane, young in years, but in sage counsel old. Milton. 6. Long cultivated; as, an old farm; old land, as opposed to Ant: new land, that is, to land lately cleared. 7. Worn out; weakened or exhausted by use; past usefulness; as, old shoes; old clothes. 8. More than enough; abundant. [Obs.] If a man were porter of hell gate, he should have old turning the key. Shak. 9. Aged; antiquated; hence, wanting in the mental vigor or other qualities belonging to youth; -- used disparagingly as a term of reproach. 10. Old-fashioned; wonted; customary; as of old; as, the good old times; hence, colloquially, gay; jolly. 11. Used colloquially as a term of cordiality and familiarity. "Go thy ways, old lad." Shak. Old age, advanced years; the latter period of life. -- Old bachelor. See Bachelor, 1. -- Old Catholics. See under Catholic. -- Old English. See under English. n., 2. -- Old Nick, Old Scratch, the devil. -- Old lady (Zoöl.), a large European noctuid moth (Mormo maura). -- Old maid. (a) A woman, somewhat advanced in years, who has never been married; a spinster. (b) (Bot.) A West Indian name for the pink- flowered periwinkle (Vinca rosea). (c) A simple game of cards, played by matching them. The person with whom the odd card is left is the old maid. -- Old man's beard. (Bot.) (a) The traveler's joy (Clematis Vitalba). So named from the abundant long feathery awns of its fruit. (b) The Tillandsia usneoides. See Tillandsia. -- Old man's head (Bot.), a columnar cactus (Pilocereus senilis), native of Mexico, covered towards the top with long white hairs. -- Old red sandstone (Geol.), a series of red sandstone rocks situated below the rocks of the Carboniferous age and comprising various strata of siliceous sandstones and conglomerates. See Sandstone, and the Chart of Geology. -- Old school, a school or party belonging to a former time, or preserving the character, manner, or opinious of a former time; as, a gentleman of the old school; -- used also adjectively; as, Old-School Presbyterians. -- Old sledge, an old and well-known game of cards, called also all fours, and high, low, Jack, and the game. -- Old squaw (Zoöl.), a duck (Clangula hyemalis) inhabiting the northern parts of both hemispheres. The adult male is varied with black and white and is remarkable for the length of its tail. Called also longtailed duck, south southerly, callow, hareld, and old wife. -- Old style. (Chron.) See the Note under Style. -- Old Testament. See under Testament. -- Old wife. [In the senses b and cwritten also oldwife.] (a) A prating old woman; a gossip. Refuse profane and old wives' fables. 1 Tim. iv. 7. (b) (Zoöl.) The local name of various fishes, as the European black sea bream (Cantharus lineatus), the American alewife, etc. (c) (Zoöl.) A duck; the old squaw. -- Old World, the Eastern Hemisphere. Syn. -- Aged; ancient; pristine; primitive; antique; antiquated; old- fashioned; obsolete. See Ancient. OLD DOMINION Old Dominion. Defn: Virginia; -- a name of uncertain origin, perh. from the old designation of the colony as "the Colony and Dominion of Virginia." OLDEN Old"en, a. Defn: Old; ancient; as, the olden time. "A minstrel of the olden stamp." J. C. Shairp. OLDEN Old"en, v. i. Defn: To grow old; to age. [R.] She had oldened in that time. Thackeray. OLD-FASHIONED Old`-fash"ioned, a. Defn: Formed according to old or obsolete fashion or pattern; adhering to old customs or ideas; as, an old-fashioned dress, girl. "Old-fashioned men of wit." Addison. This old-fashioned, quaint abode. Longfellow. OLD-GENTLEMANLY Old`-gen"tle*man*ly, a. Defn: Pertaining to an old gentleman, or like one. Byron. OLDISH Old"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat old. OLD LANG SYNE Old` lang syne". Defn: See Auld lang syne. OLD LINE STATE Old Line State. Defn: Maryland; a nickname, alluding to the fact that its northern boundary in Mason and Dixon's line. OLD-MAIDISH Old`-maid"ish, a. Defn: Like an old maid; prim; precise; particular. OLD-MAIDISM Old`-maid"ism, n. Defn: The condition or characteristics of an old maid. G. Eliot. OLDNESS Old"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being old; old age. OLDSTER Old"ster, n. Etym: [Cf. Youngster.] Defn: An old person. [Jocular] H. Kingsley. OLD-WOMANISH Old`-wom`an*ish, a. Defn: Like an old woman; anile. -- Old`-wom"an*ish*ness, n. OLEA O"le*a, n. Etym: [L. olive. See Olive.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees including the olive. Note: The Chinese Olea fragrans, noted for its fragrance, and the American devilwood (Olea Americana) are now usually referred to another genus (Osmanthus). OLEACEOUS O`le*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. oléaceus of the olive tree.] (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Oleaceæ), mostly trees and shrubs, of which the olive is the type. It includes also the ash, the lilac, the true jasmine, and fringe tree. OLEAGINOUS O`le*ag`i*nous, a. Etym: [L. oleaginus, oleagineus, belonging to the olive, fr. olea olive: cf. F. oléagineux. See Olive, Oil.] Defn: Having the nature or qualities of oil; oily; unctuous. OLEAGINOUSNESS O`le*ag`i*nous*ness, n. Defn: Oiliness. Boyle. OLEAMEN O`le*a"men, n. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: A soft ointment prepared from oil. Dunglison. OLEANDER O`le*an"der, n. Etym: [F. oléandre (cf. It. oleandro, LL. lorandrum), prob. corrupted, under the influence of laurus laurel, fr. L. rhododendron, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A beautiful evergreen shrub of the Dogbane family, having clusters of fragrant red or white flowers. It is native of the East Indies, but the red variety has become common in the south of Europe. Called also rosebay, rose laurel, and South-sea rose. Note: Every part of the plant is dangerously poisonous, and death has occured from using its wood for skewers in cooking meat. OLEANDRINE O`le*an"drine, n. (Chem.) Defn: One of several alkaloids found in the leaves of the oleander. OLEASTER O`le*as"ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. olea olive tree. See Olive, Oil.] (Bot.) (a) The wild olive tree (Olea Europea, var. sylvestris). (b) Any species of the genus Elæagus. See Eleagnus. The small silvery berries of the common species (Elæagnus hortensis) are called Trebizond dates, and are made into cakes by the Arabs. OLEATE O"le*ate, n. Etym: [Cf.F. oléate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of oleic acid. Some oleates, as the oleate of mercury, are used in medicine by way of inunction. OLECRANAL O*lec"ra*nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the olecranon. OLECRANON O*lec"ra*non, n. Etym: [NL., fr.Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The large process at the proximal end of the ulna which projects behind the articulation with the humerus and forms the bony prominence of the elbow. OLEFIANT O*le"fi*ant, a. Etym: [F. oléfiant, fr.L. oleum oil + -ficare (in comp.). Cf. -Fy.] (Chem.) Defn: Forming or producing an oil; specifically, designating a colorless gaseous hydrocarbon called ethylene. [Archaic] OLEFINE O"le*fine, n. Etym: [From Olefiant.] (Chem.) Defn: Olefiant gas, or ethylene; hence, by extension, any one of the series of unsaturated hydrocarbons of which ethylene is a type. See Ethylene. OLEIC O"le*ic, a. Etym: [L. oleum oil: cf. F. oléique.] (Physiol.Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or contained in, oil; as, oleic acid, an acid of the acrylic acid series found combined with glyceryl in the form of olein in certain animal and vegetable fats and oils, such as sperm oil, olive oil, etc. At low temperatures the acid is crystalline, but melts to an oily liquid above 14 OLEIFEROUS O`le*if`er*ous, a. Etym: [L. oleum oil + -ferous: cf.F. oléifére.] Defn: Producing oil; as, oleiferous seeds. OLEIN O"le*in, n. Etym: [L. oleum oil: cf. F. oléine.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A fat, liquid at ordinary temperatures, but solidifying at temperatures below 0° C., found abundantly in both the animal and vegetable kingdoms (see Palmitin). It dissolves solid fats, especially at 30-40° C. Chemically, olein is a glyceride of oleic acid; and, as three molecules of the acid are united to one molecule of glyceryl to form the fat, it is technically known as triolein. It is also called elain. OLENT O"lent, a. Etym: [L. olens, p.pr. of olere to smell.] Defn: Scented. [R.] R. Browning. OLEOGRAPH O`le*o*graph, n. Etym: [L. oleum oil + -graph.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: The form or figure assumed by a drop of oil when placed upon water or some other liquid with which it does not mix. 2. (Painting) Defn: A picture produced in oils by a process analogous to that of lithographic printing. OLEOGRAPHY O`le*og"ra*phy, n. 1. Art or process of producing the pictures known as oleographs. 2. A process of identifying oils by their oleographs. OLEOMARGARINE O`le*o*mar"ga*rine, n. Etym: [L. oleum oil + E. margarine, margarin.] [Written also oleomargarin.] 1. A liquid oil made from animal fats (esp. beef fat) by separating the greater portion of the solid fat or stearin, by crystallization. It is mainly a mixture of olein and palmitin with some little stearin. 2. An artificial butter made by churning this oil with more or less milk. Note: Oleomargarine was wrongly so named, as it contains no margarin proper, but olein, palmitin, and stearin, a mixture of palmitin and stearin having formerly been called margarin by mistake. OLEOMETER O`le*om`e*ter, n. Etym: [L. oleum oil + -meter.] (Chem.) Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the weight and purity of oil; an elaiometer. OLEONE O"le*one, n. Etym: [L. oleum + -one, 1.] (Chem.) Defn: An oily liquid, obtained by distillation of calcium oleate, and probably consisting of the ketone of oleic acid. OLEO OIL O`le*o oil. Defn: An oil expressed from certain animal fats (esp. beef suet), the greater portion of the solid fat, or stearin, being left behind. It is mixture of olein, palmitin, and a little stearin. OLEOPTENE O`le*op"tene, n. Etym: [L. oleum oil + Cr. (Chem.) Defn: See Eleoptene. [R.] OLEORESIN O`le*o*res"in, n. Etym: [L.oleum oil + E. resin.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A natural mixture of a terebinthinate oil and a resin. 2. (Med.) Defn: A liquid or semiliquid preparation extracted (as from capsicum, cubebs, or ginger) by means of ether, and consisting of fixed or volatile oil holding resin in solution. -- O`le*o*res"in*ous, a. OLEOSE; OLEOUS O"le*ose`, O"le*ous, a. Etym: [L. oleosus, fr. oleum oil.] Defn: Oily. [R.] Ray. Floyer. OLEOSITY O`le*os"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being oily or fat; fatness. [R.] B. Jonson. OLERACEOUS Ol`er*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. oleraceus, from olus, oleris, garden or pot herbs, vegetables.] Defn: Pertaining to pot herbs; of the nature or having the qualities of herbs for cookery; esculent. Sir T. Browne. OLF Olf, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European bullfinch. [Prov.Eng.] OLFACTION Ol*fac"tion, n. Etym: [See Olfactory.] (Physiol.) Defn: The sense by which the impressions made on the olfactory organs by the odorous particles in the atmosphere are perceived. OLFACTIVE Ol*fac"tive, a. Defn: See Olfactory, a. OLFACTOR Ol*fac"tor, n. Defn: A smelling organ; a nose. [R.] OLFACTORY Ol*fac"to*ry, a. Etym: [L. olfactus, p.p. of olfacere to smell; olere to have a smell + facere to make. See Odor, and Fact.] (Physiol.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or connected with, the sense of smell; as, the olfactory nerves; the olfactory cells. Olfactory organ (Anat.), an organ for smelling. In vertebrates the olfactory organs are more or less complicated sacs, situated in the front part of the head and lined with epithelium innervated by the olfactory (or first cranial) nerves, and sensitive to odoriferous particles conveyed to it in the air or in water. OLFACTORY Ol*fac"to*ry, n.; pl. Olfactories (. Defn: An olfactory organ; also, the sense of smell; -- usually in the plural. OLIBAN Ol"i*ban, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Olibanum. OLIBANUM O*lib"a*num, n. Etym: [LL., fr. Ar. al-luban frankincense; cf.Gr. Defn: The fragrant gum resin of various species of Boswellia; Oriental frankincense. OLIBENE Ol"i*bene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless mobile liquid of a pleasant aromatic odor obtained by the distillation of olibanum, or frankincense, and regarded as a terpene; -- called also conimene. OLID; OLIDOUS Ol"id, Ol"i*dous, a. Etym: [L. olidus, fr. olere to smell.] Defn: Having a strong, disagreeable smell; fetid. [Obs.] Boyle. Sir T. Browne. OLIFANT Ol"i*fant, n. Etym: [OF.] 1. An elephant. [Obs.] 2. An ancient horn, made of ivory. OLIGANDROUS Ol`i*gan"drous, a. Etym: [Oligo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having few stamens. OLIGANTHOUS Ol`i*gan"thous, a. Etym: [Oligo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having few flowers. OLIGARCH Ol`i*garch, n. Defn: A member of an oligarchy; one of the rulers in an oligarchical government. OLIGARCHAL Ol`i*gar"chal, a. Defn: Oligarchic. Glover. OLIGARCHIC; OLIGARCHICAL Ol`i*gar"chic, Ol`i*gar"chic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. oligarchique. See Oligarchy.] Defn: Of or pertaining to oligarchy, or government by a few. "Oligarchical exiles." Jowett (Thucyd. ). OLIGARCHIST Ol"i*gar`chist, n. Defn: An advocate or supporter of oligarchy. OLIGARCHY Ol"i*gar"chy, n.; pl. Oligarchies. Etym: [Gr. oligarchie.] Defn: A form of government in which the supreme power is placed in the hands of a few persons; also, those who form the ruling few. All oligarchies, wherein a few men domineer, do what they list. Burton. OLIGIST Ol"i*gist, n. Etym: [See Oligist, a.] (Min.) Defn: Hematite or specular iron ore; -- prob. so called in allusion to its feeble magnetism, as compared with magnetite. OLIGIST; OLIGISTIC Ol"i*gist, Ol`i*gis"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. oligiste.] (Min.) Defn: Of or pertaining to hematite. OLIGO- Ol"i*go-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. few, little, small. OLIGOCENE Ol"i*go*cene, a. Etym: [Oligo- + Gr. (Geol.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, certain strata which occupy an intermediate position between the Eocene and Miocene periods. -- n. Defn: The Oligocene period. See the Chart of Geology. OLIGOCHAETA Ol`i*go*chæ"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Annelida which includes the earthworms and related species. OLIGOCHETE Ol"i*go*chete, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Oligochæta. OLIGOCLASE Ol"i*go*clase, n. Etym: [Oligo- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: A triclinic soda-lime feldspar. See Feldspar. OLIGOMEROUS Ol`i*gom"er*ous, a. Etym: [Oligo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having few members in each set of organs; as, an oligomerous flower. OLIGOMYOLD Ol`i*go"my*old, a. Etym: [Oligo- + Gr. -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Having few or imperfect syringeal muscles; -- said of some passerine birds (Oligomyodi). OLIGOPETALOUS Ol`i*go*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Oligo- + petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having few petals. OLIGOSEPALOUS Ol`i*go*sep"al*ous, a. Etym: [Oligo- + sepal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having few sepals. OLIGOSIDERITE Ol`i*go*sid"er*ite, n. Etym: [Oligo- + siderite.] (Min.) Defn: A meteorite characterized by the presence of but a small amount of metallic iron. OLIGOSPERMOUS Ol`i*go*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Oligo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having few seeds. OLIGOTOKOUS Ol`i*got"o*kous, a. Etym: [Oligo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing few young. OLIO O"li*o, n. Etym: [Sp. olla a round earthen pot, a dish of boiled or stewed meat, fr. L. olla a pot, dish. Cf. Olla, Olla-podrida.] 1. A dish of stewed meat of different kinds. [Obs.] Besides a good olio, the dishes were trifling. Evelyn. 2. A mixture; a medley. Dryden. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A collection of miscellaneous pieces. OLITORY Ol"i*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. olitorius belonging to a kitchen gardener, or to vegetables, fr. olitor a kitchen gardener, fr. olus, oleris, vegetables.] Defn: Of or pertaining to, or produced in, a kitchen garden; used for kitchen purposes; as, olitory seeds. At convenient distance towards the olitory garden. Evelyn. OLIVA O*li"va, n. Etym: [L. an olive.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of polished marine gastropod shells, chiefly tropical, and often beautifully colored. OLIVACEOUS Ol`i*va"ceous, a. Etym: [L. oliva olive.] Defn: Resembling the olive; of the color of the olive; olive-green. OLIVARY Ol"i*va*ry, a. Etym: [L. olivarius belonging to olives, fr. oliva an olive: cf. F. olivaire.] (Anat.) Defn: Like an olive. Olivary body (Anat.), an oval prominence on each side of the medulla oblongata; -- called also olive. OLIVASTER Ol`i*vas"ter, a. Etym: [L. oliva olive: cf.F. olivâtre.] Defn: Of the color of the olive; tawny. Sir T. Herbert. OLIVE Ol"ive, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. oliva, akin to Gr. Oil.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A tree (Olea Europæa) with small oblong or elliptical leaves, axillary clusters of flowers, and oval, one-seeded drupes. The tree has been cultivated for its fruit for thousands of years, and its branches are the emblems of peace. The wood is yellowish brown and beautifully variegated. (b) The fruit of the olive. It has been much improved by cultivation, and is used for making pickles. Olive oil is pressed from its flesh. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Any shell of the genus Oliva and allied genera; -- so called from the form. See Oliva. (b) The oyster catcher. [Prov.Eng.] 3. (a) The color of the olive, a peculiar dark brownish, yellowish, or tawny green. (b) One of the tertiary colors, composed of violet and green mixed in equal strength and proportion. 4. (Anat.) Defn: An olivary body. See under Olivary. 5. (Cookery) Defn: A small slice of meat seasoned, rolled up, and cooked; as, olives of beef or veal. Note: Olive is sometimes used adjectively and in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, olive brown, olive green, olive- colored, olive-skinned, olive crown, olive garden, olive tree, olive yard, etc. Bohemian olive (Bot.), a species of Elæagnus (E. angustifolia), the flowers of which are sometimes used in Southern Europe as a remedy for fevers. -- Olive branch. (a) A branch of the olive tree, considered an emblem of peace. (b) Fig.: A child. -- Olive brown, brown with a tinge of green. -- Olive green, a dark brownish green, like the color of the olive. -- Olive oil, an oil expressed from the ripe fruit of the olive, and much used as a salad oil, also in medicine and the arts. -- Olive ore (Min.), olivenite. -- Wild olive (Bot.), a name given to the oleaster or wild stock of the olive; also variously to several trees more or less resembling the olive. OLIVE Ol"ive, a. Defn: Approaching the color of the olive; of a peculiar dark brownish, yellowish, or tawny green. OLIVED Ol"ived, a. Defn: Decorated or furnished with olive trees. [R.] T. Warton. OLIVENITE O*liv"en*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: An olive-green mineral, a hydrous arseniate of copper; olive ore. OLIVER Ol"i*ver, n. 1. Etym: [OF. oliviere.] Defn: An olive grove. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Etym: [F. olivier.] Defn: An olive tree. [Obs.] Chaucer. OLIVER Ol"i*ver, n. Defn: A small tilt hammer, worked by the foot. OLIVERIAN Ol`i*ve"ri*an, n. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: An adherent of Oliver Cromwell. Macaulay. OLIVEWOOD Ol`ive*wood", n. (Bot.) (a) The wood of the olive. (b) An Australian name given to the hard white wood of certain trees of the genus Elæodendron, and also to the trees themselves. OLIVIL Ol`i*vil, n. Etym: [Cf. F. olivile.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance, obtained from an exudation from the olive, and having a bitter-sweet taste and acid proporties. [Written also olivile.] Gregory. OLIVIN Ol"i*vin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A complex bitter gum, found on the leaves of the olive tree; -- called also olivite. OLIVINE Ol"i*vine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. olivine.] (Min.) Defn: A common name of the yellowish green mineral chrysolite, esp. the variety found in eruptive rocks. OLIVITE Ol"i*vite, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Olivin. OLLA Ol"la, n. Etym: [See Olio.] 1. A pot or jar having a wide mouth; a cinerary urn, especially one of baked clay. 2. A dish of stewed meat; an olio; an olla-podrida. OLLA-PODRIDA Ol`la-po*dri"da, n. Etym: [Sp., lit., a rotten pot. See Olio.] 1. A favorite Spanish dish, consisting of a mixture of several kinds of meat chopped fine, and stewed with vegetables. 2. Any incongruous mixture or miscellaneous collection; an olio. B. Jonson. OLOGY Ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [See -logy.] Defn: A colloquial or humorous name for any science or branch of knowledge. He had a smattering of mechanics, of physiology, geology, mineralogy, and all other ologies whatsoever. De Quincey. OLPE Ol"pe, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: Originally, a leather flask or vessel for oils or liquids; afterward, an earthenware vase or pitcher without a spout. OLUSATRUM O*lu"sa*trum, n. Etym: [L. holusatrum, olusatrum; olus garden herb + ater black.] (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous plant, the common Alexanders of Western Europe (Smyrnium Olusatrum). OLYMPIAD O*lym"pi*ad, n. Etym: [L. olympias, -adis, Gr. olympiade.] (Greek Antig.) Defn: A period of four years, by which the ancient Greeks reckoned time, being the interval from one celebration of the Olympic games to another, beginning with the victory of Coroebus in the foot race, which took place in the year 776 b.c.; as, the era of the olympiads. OLYMPIAN; OLYMPIC O*lym"pi*an, O*lym"pic, a. Etym: [L. Olympius, Olympicus, Gr. olympique. See Olympiad.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Olympus, a mountain of Thessaly, fabled as the seat of the gods, or to Olympia, a small plain in Elis. Olympic games, or Olympics (Greek Antiq.), the greatest of the national festivals of the ancient Greeks, consisting of athletic games and races, dedicated to Olympian Zeus, celebrated once in four years at Olympia, and continuing five days. OLYMPIANISM O*lym"pi*an*ism, n. Defn: Worship of the Olympian gods, esp. as a dominant cult or religion. OLYMPIC GAMES; OLYMPIAN GAMES O*lym"pic, or O*lym"pi*an, games . Defn: A modified revival of the ancient Olympian games, consisting of international athletic games, races, etc., now held once in four years, the first having been at Athens in 1896. OLYMPIONIC O*lym`pi*on"ic, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An ode in honor of a victor in the Olympic games. [R.] Johnson. OM Om, interj. & n. [Also Aum, Um.] [Skr. om.] Defn: A mystic syllable or ejaculation used by Hindus and Buddhists in religious rites, -- orig. among the Hindus an exclamation of assent, like Amen, then an invocation, and later a symbol of the trinity formed by Vishnu, Siva, and Brahma. -- Om mani padme hun, a sacred formula of buddhism (esp. of the Lamaists) translated "O, the Jewel in the Lotus, Amen," and referring to Amitabha, who is commonly represented as standing or sitting within a lotus. -OMA -o"ma. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A suffix used in medical terms to denote a morbid condition of some part, usually some kind of tumor; as in fibroma, glaucoma. OMAGRA Om"a*gra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Gout in the shoulder. OMAHAS O"ma*has", n. pl.; sing. Omaha (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians who inhabited the south side of the Missouri River. They are now partly civilized and occupy a reservation in Nebraska. OMANDER WOOD O*man"der wood`. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) Defn: The wood of Diospyros ebenaster, a kind of ebony found in Ceylon. OMASUM O*ma"sum, n. Etym: [L.] (Anat.) Defn: The third division of the stomach of ruminants. See Manyplies, and Illust. under Ruminant. OMBER; OMBRE Om"ber, Om"bre, n. Etym: [F. hombre, fr. Sp. hombre, lit., a man, fr. L. homo. See Human.] Defn: A game at cards, borrowed from the Spaniards, and usually played by three persons. Pope. When ombre calls, his hand and heart are free, And, joined to two, he fails not to make three. Young. OMBRE Om"bre, n. Etym: [F., of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large Mediterranean food fish (Umbrina cirrhosa): -- called also umbra, and umbrine. OMBROMETER Om*brom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. ombrométre.] (Meteorol.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the rain that falls; a rain gauge. OMEGA O*me"ga, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Mickle.] 1. The last letter of the Greek alphabet. See Alpha. 2. The last; the end; hence, death. "Omega! thou art Lord," they said. Tennyson. Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending; hence, the chief, the whole. Rev. i. 8. The alpha and omega of science. Sir J. Herschel. OMEGOID O*me"goid, a. Etym: [Omega + -oid.] Defn: Having the form of the Greek capital letter Omega ( OMELET Om"e*let, n. Etym: [F. omelette, OF. amelette, alumete, alumelle, perh. fr. L. lamella. Cf. Lamella.] Defn: Eggs beaten up with a little flour, etc., and cooked in a frying pan; as, a plain omelet. OMEN O"men, n. Etym: [L. omen, the original form being osmen, according to Varro.] Defn: An occurrence supposed to portend, or show the character of, some future event; any indication or action regarded as a foreshowing; a foreboding; a presage; an augury. Bid go with evil omen, and the brand Of infamy upon my name. Milton. OMEN O"men, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Omened; p. pr. & vb. n. Omening.] Defn: To divine or to foreshow by signs or portents; to have omens or premonitions regarding; to predict; to augur; as, to omen ill of an enterprise. The yet unknown verdict, of which, however, all omened the tragical contents. Sir W. Scott. OMENED O"mened, a. Defn: Attended by, or containing, an omen or omens; as, happy-omened day. OMENTAL O*men"tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an omentum or the omenta. OMENTUM O*men"tum, n.; pl. Omenta. Etym: [L.] (Anat.) Defn: A free fold of the peritoneum, or one serving to connect viscera, support blood vessels, etc.; an epiploön. Note: The great, or gastrocolic, omentum forms, in most mammals, a great sac, which is attached to the stomach and transverse colon, is loaded with fat, and covers more or less of the intestines; the caul. The lesser, or gastrohepatic, omentum connects the stomach and liver and contains the hepatic vessels. The gastrosplenic omentum, or ligament, connects the stomach and spleen. OMER O"mer, n. Etym: [Cf. Homer.] Defn: A Hebrew measure, the tenth of an ephah. See Ephah. Ex. xvi. 36. OMICRON O*mi"cron, n. [Written also omikron.] [NL., fr. Gr. O o. See Micro-.] Defn: Lit., the little, or short, O, o; the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. OMILETICAL Om`i*let"ic*al, a. Defn: Homiletical. [Obs.] OMINATE Om"i*nate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. ominatus, p.p. of ominari to presage, fr. omen.] Defn: To presage; to foreshow; to foretoken. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. OMINATION Om`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. ominatio.] Defn: The act of ominating; presaging. [Obs.] Fuller. OMINOUS Om"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. ominosus, fr. omen. See Omen.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an omen or to omens; being or exhibiting an omen; significant; portentous; -- formerly used both in a favorable and unfavorable sense; now chiefly in the latter; foreboding or foreshowing evil; inauspicious; as, an ominous dread. He had a good ominous name to have made a peace. Bacon. In the heathen worship of God, a sacrifice without a heart was accounted ominous. South. -- Om"i*nous*ly, adv. -- Om"i*nous*ness, n. OMISSIBLE O*mis"si*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being omitted; that may be omitted. OMISSION O*mis"sion, n. Etym: [L. omissio: cf. F. omission. See Omit.] 1. The act of omitting; neglect or failure to do something required by propriety or duty. The most natural division of all offenses is into those of omission and those of commission. Addison. 2. That which is omitted or is left undone. OMISSIVE O*mis"sive, a. Etym: [See Omit.] Defn: Leaving out; omitting. Bp. Hall. -- O*mis"sive*ly, adv. OMIT O*mit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Omitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Omitting.] Etym: [L. omittere, omissum; ob (see Ob- + mittere to cause to go, let go, send. See Mission.] 1. To let go; to leave unmentioned; not to insert or name; to drop. These personal comparisons I omit. Bacon. 2. To pass by; to forbear or fail to perform or to make use of; to leave undone; to neglect. Her father omitted nothing in her education that might make her the most accomplished woman of her age. Addison. OMITTANCE O*mit"tance, n. Defn: The act of omitting, or the state of being omitted; forbearance; neglect. Shak. OMITTER O*mit"ter, n. Defn: One who omits. Fuller. OMMATEAL Om`ma*te"al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an ommateum. OMMATEUM Om`ma*te"um, n.; pl. Ommatea. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A compound eye, as of insects and crustaceans. OMMATIDIUM Om`ma*tid"i*um, n.; pl. Ommatidia. Etym: [NL., dim. of Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the single eyes forming the compound eyes of crustaceans, insects, and other invertebrates. OMNI- Om"ni-. Etym: [L. omnis all.] Defn: A combining form denoting all, every, everywhere; as in omnipotent, all-powerful; omnipresent. OMNIBUS Om"ni*bus, n. Etym: [L., for all, dat. pl. from omnis all. Cf. Bus.] 1. A long four-wheeled carriage, having seats for many people; especially, one with seats running lengthwise, used in conveying passengers short distances. 2. (Glass Making) Defn: A sheet-iron cover for articles in a leer or annealing arch, to protect them from drafts. Omnibus bill, a legislative bill which provides for a number of miscellaneous enactments or appropriations. [Parliamentary Cant, U.S.] -- Omnibus box, a large box in a theater, on a level with the stage and having communication with it. [Eng.] Thackeray. OMNICORPOREAL Om`ni*cor*po"re*al, a. Etym: [Omni- + corporeal.] Defn: Comprehending or including all bodies; embracing all substance. [R.] Cudworth. OMNIETY Om*ni"e*ty, n. Defn: That which is all-pervading or all-comprehensive; hence, the Deity. [R.] Omniety formed nullity into an essence. Sir T. Browne. OMNIFARIOUS Om`ni*fa"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. omnifarius; omnis all + -farius. Cf. Bifarious.] Defn: Of all varieties, forms, or kinds. "Omnifarious learning." Coleridge. OMNIFEROUS Om*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. omnifer; omnis all + ferre to bear.] Defn: All-bearing; producing all kinds. OMNIFIC Om*nif"ic, a. Etym: [Omni- + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make.] Defn: All-creating. "The omnific word." Milton. OMNIFORM Om"ni*form, a. Etym: [L. omniformis; omnis all + forma form: cf. F. omniforme.] Defn: Having every form or shape. Berkeley. OMNIFORMITY Om`ni*for"mi*ty, n. Defn: The condition or quality of having every form. Dr. H. More. OMNIFY Om"ni*fy, v. t. Etym: [Omni- + -fy.] Defn: To render universal; to enlarge. [R.] Omnify the disputed point into a transcendent, and you may defy the opponent to lay hold of it. Coleridge. OMNIGENOUS Om*nig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. omniqenus; omnis all + genus kind.] Defn: Consisting of all kinds. [R.] OMNIGRAPH Om"ni*graph, n. Etym: [Omni- + -graph.] Defn: A pantograph. [R.] OMNIPARIENT Om`ni*pa"ri*ent, a. Etym: [L. omniparens all-producing; omnis all + parere to bring forth.] Defn: Producing or bringing forth all things; all-producing. [R.] OMNIPARITY Om`ni*par"i*ty, n. Etym: [Omni- + -parity.] Defn: Equality in every part; general equality. OMNIPAROUS Om*nip"a*rous, a. Etym: [See Omniparient.] Defn: Producing all things; omniparient. OMNIPATIENT Om`ni*pa"tient, a. Etym: [Omni- + patient.] Defn: Capable of enduring all things. [R.] Carlyle. OMNIPERCIPIENCE; OMNIPERCIPIENCY Om`ni*per*cip"i*ence, Om`ni*per*cip"i*en*cy, n. Defn: Perception of everything. OMNIPERCIPIENT Om`ni*per*cip"i*ent, a. Etym: [Omni- + percipient.] Defn: Perceiving everything. Dr. H. More. OMNIPOTENCE; OMNIPOTENCY Om*nip"o*tence, Om*nip"o*ten*cy, n. Etym: [L. omnipotentia: cf.F. omnipotence.] 1. The state of being omnipotent; almighty power; hence, one who is omnipotent; the Deity. Will Omnipotence neglect to save The suffering virtue of the wise and brave Pope. 2. Unlimited power of a particular kind; as, love's omnipotence. Denham. OMNIPOTENT Om*nip"o*tent, a. Etym: [F., fr.L. omnipotens, -entis; omnis all + potens powerful, potent. See Potent.] 1. Able in every respect and for every work; unlimited in ability; all-powerful; almighty; as, the Being that can create worlds must be omnipotent. God's will and pleasure and his omnipotent power. Sir T. More. 2. Having unlimited power of a particular kind; as, omnipotent love. Shak. The Omnipotent, The Almighty; God. Milton. OMNIPOTENTLY Om*nip"o*tent*ly, adv. Defn: In an omnipotent manner. OMNIPRESENCE Om`ni*pres"ence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. omniprésence.] Defn: Presence in every place at the same time; unbounded or universal presence; ubiquity. His omnipresence fills Land, sea, and air, and every kind that lives. Milton. OMNIPRESENCY Om`ni*pres"en*cy, n. Defn: Omnipresence. [Obs.] OMNIPRESENT Om`ni*pres"ent, a. Etym: [Omni- + present: cf.F. omniprésent.] Defn: Present in all places at the same time; ubiquitous; as, the omnipresent Jehovah. Prior. OMNIPRESENTIAL Om`ni*pre*sen"tial, a. Defn: Implying universal presence. [R.] South. OMNIPREVALENT Om`ni*prev"a*lent, a. Etym: [Omni- + prevalent.] Defn: Prevalent everywhere or in all things. Fuller. OMNISCIENCE Om*nis"cience, n. Etym: [Cf. F. omniscience.] Defn: The quality or state of being omniscient; -- an attribute peculiar to God. Dryden. OMNISCIENCY Om*nis"cien*cy, n. Defn: Omniscience. OMNISCIENT Om*nis"cient, a. Etym: [Omni- + L. sciens, -entis, p. pr. of scire to know: cf. F. omniscient. See Science.] Defn: Having universal knowledge; knowing all things; infinitely knowing or wise; as, the omniscient God. -- Om*nis"cient*ly, adv. For what can scape the eye Of God all-seeing, or deceive his heart Omniscient Milton. OMNISCIOUS Om*nis"cious, a. Etym: [L. omniscius. See Omniscient.] Defn: All-knowing. [Obs.] Hakewill. OMNISPECTIVE Om`ni*spec"tive, a. Etym: [Omni- + L. spectus, p.p. of specere, spicere, to view.] Defn: Beholding everything; capable of seeing all things; all-seeing. [R.] "Omnispective Power!" Boyse. OMNIUM Om"ni*um, n. Etym: [L., of all, gen. pl. of omnis all.] (Eng.Stock Exchange) Defn: The aggregate value of the different stocks in which a loan to government is now usually funded. M'Culloch. OMNIUM-GATHERUM Om`ni*um-gath"er*um, n. Etym: [A macaronic compound of L. omnium, gen.pl. of omnis all, and E. gather.] Defn: A miscellaneous collection of things or persons; a confused mixture; a medley. [Colloq. & Humorous] Selden. OMNIVAGANT Om*niv"a*gant, a. Etym: [Omni + L. vagans, p.pr. of vagari to wander.] Defn: Wandering anywhere and everywhere. [R.] OMNIVORA Om*niv"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Omnivorous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of ungulate mammals including the hog and the hippopotamus. The term is also sometimes applied to the bears, and to certain passerine birds. OMNIVOROUS Om*niv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. omnivorus; omnis all + vorate to eat greedily. See Voracious.] Defn: All-devouring; eating everything indiscriminately; as, omnivorous vanity; esp. (Zoöl.), eating both animal and vegetable food. -- Om*niv"o*rous*ness, n. OMO- O"mo-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the shoulder or the scapula. OMOHYOID O`mo*hy"oid, a. Etym: [Omo- + hyoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the shoulder and the hyoid bone; as, the omohyoid muscle. OMOPHAGIC O"mo*phag"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Eating raw flesh; using uncooked meat as food; as, omophagic feasts, rites. OMOPLATE Om"o*plate, n. Etym: [F., from Gr. Omo-, and Plate.] (Anat.) Defn: The shoulder blade, or scapula. OMOSTEGITE O*mos"te*gite, n. Etym: [Omo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The part of the carapace of a crustacean situated behind the cervical groove. OMOSTERNAL O`mo*ster"nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the omosternum. OMOSTERNUM O`mo*ster"num, n. Etym: [Omo- + sternum.] (Anat.) (a) The anterior element of the sternum which projects forward from between the clavicles in many batrachians and is usually tipped with cartilage. (b) In many mammals, an interarticular cartilage, or bone, between the sternum and the clavicle. OMPHACINE Om"pha*cine, a. Etym: [Gr. omphacin.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or expressed from, unripe fruit; as, omphacine oil. OMPHALIC Om*phal"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Navel.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the umbilicus, or navel. OMPHALO- Om"pha*lo-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form indicating connection with, or relation to, the umbilicus, or navel. OMPHALOCELE Om"pha*lo*cele`, n. Etym: [Gr. omphalocéle.] (Med.) Defn: A hernia at the navel. OMPHALODE Om"pha*lode, n. Etym: [Omphalo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The central part of the hilum of a seed, through which the nutrient vessels pass into the rhaphe or the chalaza; -- called also omphalodium. OMPHALOMANCY Om"pha*lo*man"cy, n. Etym: [Omphalo- + -mancy.] Defn: Divination by means of a child's navel, to learn how many children the mother may have. Crabb. OMPHALOMESARAIC Om`pha*lo*mes`a*ra"ic, a. Etym: [Omphalo- + mesaraic.] (Anat.) Defn: Omphalomesenteric. OMPHALOMESENTERIC Om`pha*lo*mes`en*ter"ic, a. Etym: [Omphalo- + mesenteric.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the umbilicus and mesentery; omphalomesaraic; as, the omphalomesenteric arteries and veins of a fetus. OMPHALOPSYCHITE Om`pha*lop"sy*chite, n. Etym: [Omphalo- + Gr. omphalopsyque.] (Eccl.Hist.) Defn: A name of the Hesychasts, from their habit of gazing upon the navel. OMPHALOPTER; OMPHALOPTIC Om`pha*lop"ter, Om`pha*lop"tic, n. Etym: [Gr. omphaloptre.] Defn: An optical glass that is convex on both sides. [Obs.] Hutton. OMPHALOS Om"pha*los, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The navel. OMPHALOTOMY Om`pha*lot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. omphalotomie.] (Surg.) Defn: The operation of dividing the navel-string. OMY O"my, a. Defn: Mellow, as land. [Prov.Eng.] Ray. ON On, prep. Etym: [OE. on, an, o, a, AS. on, an; akin to D. aan, OS. & G. an, OHG. ana, Icel. a, Sw. ana, Russ. na, L. an-, in anhelare to pant, Gr. ana. sq. root195. Cf. A-, 1, Ana-, Anon.] Defn: The general signification of on is situation, motion, or condition with respect to contact or support beneath; as: -- 1. At, or in contact with, the surface or upper part of a thing, and supported by it; placed or lying in contact with the surface; as, the book lies on the table, which stands on the floor of a house on an island. I stood on the bridge at midnight. Longfellow. 2. To or against the surface of; -- used to indicate the motion of a thing as coming or falling to the surface of another; as, rain falls on the earth. Whosoever shall fall on this stone shall be broken. Matt. xxi. 44. 3. Denoting performance or action by contact with the surface, upper part, or outside of anything; hence, by means of; with; as, to play on a violin or piano. Hence, figuratively, to work on one's feelings; to make an impression on the mind. 4. At or near; adjacent to; -- indicating situation, place, or position; as, on the one hand, on the other hand; the fleet is on the American coast. 5. In addition to; besides; -- indicating multiplication or succession in a series; as, heaps on heaps; mischief on mischief; loss on loss; thought on thought. Shak. 6. Indicating dependence or reliance; with confidence in; as, to depend on a person for assistance; to rely on; hence, indicating the ground or support of anything; as, he will promise on certain conditions; to bet on a horse. 7. At or in the time of; during; as, on Sunday we abstain from labor. See At (synonym). 8. At the time of, conveying some notion of cause or motive; as, on public occasions, the officers appear in full dress or uniform. Hence, in consequence of, or following; as, on the ratification of the treaty, the armies were disbanded. 9. Toward; for; -- indicating the object of some passion; as, have pity or compassion on him. 10. At the peril of, or for the safety of. "Hence, on thy life." Dryden. 11. By virtue of; with the pledge of; -- denoting a pledge or engagement, and put before the thing pledged; as, he affirmed or promised on his word, or on his honor. 12. To the account of; -- denoting imprecation or invocation, or coming to, falling, or resting upon; as, on us be all the blame; a curse on him. His blood be on us and on our children. Matt. xxvii. 25. 13. In reference or relation to; as, on our part expect punctuality; a satire on society. 14. Of. [Obs.] "Be not jealous on me." Shak. Or have we eaten on the insane root That takes the reason prisoner Shak. Note: Instances of this usage are common in our older writers, and are sometimes now heard in illiterate speech. 15. Occupied with; in the performance of; as, only three officers are on duty; on a journey. 16. In the service of; connected with; of the number of; as, he is on a newspaper; on a committee. Note: On and upon are in general interchangeable. In some applications upon is more euphonious, and is therefore to be preferred; but in most cases on is preferable. On a bowline. (Naut.) Same as Closehauled. -- On a wind, or On the wind (Naut.), sailing closehauled. -- On a sudden. See under Sudden. -- On board, On draught, On fire, etc. See under Board, Draught, Fire, etc. -- On it, On't, of it. [Obs. or Colloq.] Shak. -- On shore, on land; to the shore. -- On the road, On the way, On the wing, etc. See under Road, Way, etc. -- On to, upon; on; to; -- sometimes written as one word, onto, and usually called a colloquialism; but it may be regarded in analogy with into. They have added the -en plural form on to an elder plural. Earle. We see the strength of the new movement in the new class of ecclesiastics whom it forced on to the stage. J. R. Green. ON On, adv. Etym: [See On, prep.] 1. Forward, in progression; onward; -- usually with a verb of motion; as, move on; go on. "Time glides on." Macaulay. The path is smooth that leadeth on to danger. Shak. 2. Forward, in succession; as, from father to son, from the son to the grandson, and so on. 3. In continuance; without interruption or ceasing; as, sleep on, take your ease; say on; sing on. 4. Adhering; not off; as in the phrase, "He is neither on nor off," that is, he is not steady, he is irresolute. 5. Attached to the body, as clothing or ornament, or for use. "I have boots on." B. Gonson. He put on righteousness as a breastplate. Is. lix. 17. 6. In progress; proceeding; as, a game is on. Note: On is sometimes used as an exclamation, or a command to move or proceed, some verb being understood; as, on, comrades; that is, go on, move on. On and on, continuously; for a long time together. "Toiling on and on and on." Longfellow. ONAGER On"a*ger, n.; pl. L. Onagri, E. Onagers. Etym: [L. onager, onagrus, Gr. 1. (Rom.Antiq.) Defn: A military engine acting like a sling, which threw stones from a bag or wooden bucket, and was operated by machinery. Fairholt. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A wild ass, especially the koulan. ONAGGA O*nag"ga, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dauw. ONAGRACEOUS; ONAGRARIEOUS On`a*gra"ceous, On`a*gra*ri"e*ous, a. Etym: [From NL. Onagra an old scientific name of the evening primrose (Enothera), fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Onagraceæ or Onagrarieæ), which includes the fuchsia, the willow- herb (Epilobium), and the evening primrose (). ONANISM O"nan*ism, n. Etym: [Onan (Gen. xxxviii. 9): cf. F. onanisme.] Defn: Self-pollution; masturbation. ONAPPO O*nap"po, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A nocturnal South American monkey (Callithrix discolor), noted for its agility; -- called also ventriloquist monkey. ONCE Once, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ounce. ONCE Once, adv. Etym: [OE. ones, anes, an adverbial form fr. one, on, an, one. See One-, -Wards.] 1. By limitation to the number one; for one time; not twice nor any number of times more than one. Ye shall . . . go round about the city once. Josh. vi. 3. Trees that bear mast are fruitful but once in two years. Bacon. 2. At some one period of time; -- used indefinitely. My soul had once some foolish fondness for thee. Addison. That court which we shall once govern. Bp. Hall. 3. At any one time; -- often nearly equivalent to ever, if ever, or whenever; as, once kindled, it may not be quenched. Wilt thou not be made clean When shall it once be Jer. xiii. 27. To be once in doubt Is once to be resolved. Shak. Note: Once is used as a noun when preceded by this or that; as, this once, that once. It is also sometimes used elliptically, like an adjective, for once-existing. "The once province of Britain." J. N. Pomeroy.. At once. (a) At the same point of time; immediately; without delay. "Stand not upon the order of your going, but go at once." Shak. "I . . . withdrew at once and altogether." Jeffrey. (b) At one and the same time; simultaneously; in one body; as, they all moved at once. -- Once and again, once and once more; repeatedly. "A dove sent forth once and again, to spy." Milton. ONCIDIUM On*cid"i*um, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of tropical orchidaceous plants, the flower of one species of which (O. Papilio) resembles a butterfly. ONCOGRAPH On"co*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for registering the changes observable with an oncometer. ONCOMETER On*com"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the variations in size of the internal organs of the body, as the kidney, spleen, etc. ONCOST On"cost`, n. (Accounting) Defn: In cost accounting, expenditure which is involved in the process of manufacture or the performance of work and which cannot be charged directly to any particular article manufactured or work done (as where different kinds of goods are produced), but must be allocated so that each kind of goods or work shall bear its proper share. [Brit.] ONCOTOMY On*cot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. oncotomie.] (Surg.) Defn: The opening of an abscess, or the removal of a tumor, with a cutting instrument. [Written also onkotomy.] Dunglison. ONDE Onde, n. Etym: [AS. anda malice, anger; akin to Icel. andi, önd, breath.] Defn: Hatred; fury; envy. [Obs.] ON DIT On` dit". Etym: [F.] Defn: They say, or it is said. -- n. Defn: A flying report; rumor; as, it is a mere on dit. ONDOGRAM On"do*gram, n. [F. onde wave, L. unda + -gram.] (Elec.) Defn: The record of an ondograph. ONDOGRAPH On"do*graph, n. [F. onde wave, L. unda + -graph.] (Elec.) Defn: An instrument for autographically recording the wave forms of varying currents, esp. rapidly varying alternating currents. ONDOMETER On*dom"e*ter, n. [F. onde wave, L. unda + -mater.] Defn: An electric wave meter. ONDOYANT On`do`yant", a. [F., p.pr. of ondoyer to undulate, fr. onde wave, L. unda.] (Art) Defn: Wavy; having the surface marked by waves or slightly depressed furrows; as, ondoyant glass. -ONE -one. Etym: [From Gr. -w`nh, signifying, female descendant.] (Chem.) Defn: A suffix indicating that the substance, in the name of which it appears, is a ketone; as, acetone. -ONE -one.(Chem.) Defn: A termination indicating that the hydrocarbon to the name of which it is affixed belongs to the fourth series of hydrocarbons, or the third series of unsaturated hydrocarbonsl as, nonone. ONE One, a. Etym: [OE. one, on, an, AS. än; akin to D. een, OS. ën, OFries. ën, än, G. ein, Dan. een, Sw. en, Icel. einn, Goth. ains, W. un, Ir. & Gael. aon, L. unus, earlier oinos, oenos, Gr. ëka. The same word as the indefinite article a, an. sq. root 299. Cf. 2d A, 1st An, Alone, Anon, Any, None, Nonce, Only, Onion, Unit.] 1. Being a single unit, or entire being or thing, and no more; not multifold; single; individual. The dream of Pharaoh is one. Gen. xli. 25. O that we now had here But one ten thousand of those men in England. Shak. 2. Denoting a person or thing conceived or spoken of indefinitely; a certain. "I am the sister of one Claudio" [Shak.], that is, of a certain man named Claudio. 3. Pointing out a contrast, or denoting a particular thing or person different from some other specified; -- used as a correlative adjective, with or without the. From the one side of heaven unto the other. Deut. iv. 32. 4. Closely bound together; undivided; united; constituting a whole. The church is therefore one, though the members may be many. Bp. Pearson 5. Single in kind; the same; a common. One plague was on you all, and on your lords. 1 Sam. vi. 4. 6. Single; inmarried. [Obs.] Men may counsel a woman to be one. Chaucer. Note: One is often used in forming compound words, the meaning of which is obvious; as, one-armed, one-celled, one-eyed, one-handed, one-hearted, one-horned, one-idead, one-leaved, one-masted, one- ribbed, one-story, one-syllable, one-stringed, one-winged, etc. All one, of the same or equal nature, or consequence; as, he says that it is all one what course you take. Shak. -- One day. (a) On a certain day, not definitely specified, referring to time past. One day when Phoebe fair, With all her band, was following the chase. Spenser. (b) Referring to future time: At some uncertain day or period; some day. Well, I will marry one day. Shak. ONE One, n. 1. A single unit; as, one is the base of all numbers. 2. A symbol representing a unit, as 1, or i. 3. A single person or thing. "The shining ones." Bunyan. "Hence, with your little ones." Shak. He will hate the one, and love the other. Matt. vi. 24. That we may sit, one on thy right hand, and the other on thy left hand, in thy glory. Mark x. 37. After one, after one fashion; alike. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- At one, in agreement or concord. See At one, in the Vocab. -- Ever in one, continually; perpetually; always. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- In one, in union; in a single whole. -- One and one, One by one, singly; one at a time; one after another."Raising one by one the suppliant crew." Dryden. ONE One, indef. pron. Defn: Any person, indefinitely; a person or body; as, what one would have well done, one should do one's self. It was well worth one's while. Hawthorne. Against this sort of condemnation one must steel one's self as one best can. G. Eliot. Note: One is often used with some, any, no, each, every, such, a, many a, another, the other, etc. It is sometimes joined with another, to denote a reciprocal relation. When any one heareth the word. Matt. xiii. 19. She knew every one who was any one in the land of Bohemia. Compton Reade. The Peloponnesians and the Athenians fought against one another. Jowett (Thucyd. ). The gentry received one another. Thackeray. ONE One, v. t. Defn: To cause to become one; to gather into a single whole; to unite; to assimilite. [Obs.] The rich folk that embraced and oned all their heart to treasure of the world. Chaucer. ONEBERRY One"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The herb Paris. See Herb Paris, under Herb. ONE-HAND One"-hand`, a. Defn: Employing one hand; as, the one-hand alphabet. See Dactylology. ONE-HORSE One"-horse`, a. 1. Drawn by one horse; having but a single horse; as, a one-horse carriage. 2. Second-rate; inferior; small. [Slang, U.S.] ONEIDAS O*nei"das, n. pl.; sing. Oneida (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting the region near Oneida Lake in the State of New York, and forming part of the Five Nations. Remnants of the tribe now live in New York, Canada, and Wisconsin. ONEIROCRITIC O*nei`ro*crit`ic, n. Etym: [Cf.F. oneirocritique. See Oneirocritic, a.] Defn: An interpreter of dreams. Bp. Warburton. Addison. ONEIROCRITIC; ONEIROCRITICAL O*nei`ro*crit`ic, O*nei`ro*crit`ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the interpretation of dreams. Addison. ONEIROCRITICISM; ONEIROCRITICS O*nei`ro*crit`i*cism, O*nei`ro*crit`ics, n. Defn: The art of interpreting dreams. ONEIROMANCY O*nei"ro*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by means of dreams. De Quincey. ONEIROSCOPIST O`nei*ros"co*pist, n. Defn: One who interprets dreams. ONEIROSCOPY O`nei*ros"co*py, n. Etym: [Gr. -scopy.] Defn: The interpretation of dreams. ONELINESS One"li*ness, n. Defn: The state of being one or single. [Obs.] Cudworth. ONELY One"ly, a. Defn: See Only. [Obs.] Spenser. ONEMENT One"ment, n. Defn: The state of being at one or reconciled. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. ONENESS One"ness, n. Defn: The state of being one; singleness in number; individuality; unity. Our God is one, or rather very oneness. Hooker. ONERARY On"er*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. onerarius, fr. onus, oneris, load, burden: cf.F. onéraire.] Defn: Fitted for, or carrying, a burden. Johnson. ONERATE On"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Onerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Onerating.] Etym: [L. oneratus, p.p. pf onerare.] Defn: To load; to burden. [Obs.] Becon. ONERATION On`er*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of loading. [Obs.] ONEROUS On"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. onerosus, fr. onus, oneris, a load, burden: cf.F. onéreux.] Defn: Burdensome; oppressive. "Too onerous a solicitude." I. Taylor. Onerous cause (Scots Law), a good and legal consideration; -- opposed to gratuitous. ONEROUSLY On"er*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In an onerous manner. ONES Ones, adv. Defn: Once. [Obs.] Chaucer. ONESELF One`self", pron. Defn: A reflexive form of the indefinite pronoun one. Commonly writen as two words, one's self. One's self (or more properly oneself), is quite a modern form. In Elizabethan English we find a man's self=one's self. Morris. ONE-SIDED One`-sid"ed, a. 1. Having one side only, or one side prominent; hence, limited to one side; partial; unjust; unfair; as, a one-sided view or statement. "Unguarded and one-sided language." T. Arnold. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Growing on one side of a stem; as, one-sided flowers. -- One`-sid"ed-ly, adv. -- One`-sid"ed*ness, n. ONETHE On*ethe", adv. Defn: Scarcely. See Unnethe. [Obs.] Chaucer. ONGOING On"go`ing, n. Defn: The act of going forward; progress; (pl.) affairs; business; current events. The common ongoings of this our commonplace world, and everyday life. Prof. Wilson. ONGUENT On"guent, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: An unguent. ON-HANGER On"-hang`er, n. Defn: A hanger-on. ONION On"ion, n. Etym: [F. ognon, fr. L. unio oneness, unity, a single large pearl, an onion. See One, Union.] (Bot.) Defn: A liliaceous plant of the genus Allium (A.cepa), having a strong-flavored bulb and long hollow leaves; also, its bulbous root, much used as an article of food. The name is often extended to other species of the genus. Onion fish (Zoöl.), the grenadier. -- Onion fly (Zoöl.) a dipterous insect whose larva feeds upon the onion; especially, Anthomyia ceparum and Ortalis flexa. -- Welsh onion. (Bot.) See Cibol. -- Wild onion (Bot.), a name given to several species of the genus Allium. ONIONSKIN On"ion*skin`, n. [Onion + skin.] Defn: A kind of thin translucent paper with a glossy finish. ONIROCRITIC O*ni`ro*crit`ic, a. Defn: See Oneirocritic. ONLINESS On"li*ness, n. Defn: The state of being alone. [Obs.] ONLOFT On*loft", adv. Defn: Aloft; above ground. [Obs.] She kept her father's life onloft. Chaucer. ON-LOOKER On"-look`er, n. Defn: A looker-on. ON-LOOKING On"-look`ing, a. Defn: Looking on or forward. ONLY On"ly, a. Etym: [OE. only, anly, onlich, AS. anlic, i.e., onelike. See One, and Like, a.] 1. One alone; single; as, the only man present; his only occupation. 2. Alone in its class; by itself; not associated with others of the same class or kind; as, an only child. 3. Hence, figuratively: Alone, by reason of superiority; preëminent; chief. "Motley's the only wear." Shak. ONLY On"ly, adv. Etym: [See Only, a.] 1. In one manner or degree; for one purpose alone; simply; merely; barely. And to be loved himself, needs only to be known. Dryden. 2. So and no otherwise; no other than; exclusively; solely; wholly. "She being only wicked." Beau. & Fl. Every imagination . . . of his heart was only evil. Gen. vi. 5. 3. Singly; without more; as, only-begotten. 4. Above all others; particularly. [Obs.] His most only elected mistress. Marston. ONLY On"ly, conj. Defn: Save or except (that); -- an adversative used elliptically with or without that, and properly introducing a single fact or consideration. He might have seemed some secretary or clerk . . . only that his low, flat, unadorned cap . . . indicated that he belonged to the city. Sir W. Scott. ONOCERIN On`o*ce"rin, n. Etym: [NL. Ononis, the generic name of the plant + L. cera wax.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline waxy substance extracted from the root of the leguminous plant Ononis spinosa. ONOLOGY O*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: Foolish discourse. [R.] ONOMANCY On"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy. Cf. Nomancy.] Defn: Divination by the letters of a name; nomancy. [R.] Camden. ONOMANTIC; ONOMANTICAL On`o*man"tic, On`o*man"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to onomancy. [R.] ONOMASTIC On`o*mas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Law) Defn: Applied to a signature when the body of the instrument is in another's handwriting. Burrill. ONOMASTICON On`o*mas"ti*con, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Onomastic.] Defn: A collection of names and terms; a dictionary; specif., a collection of Greek names, with explanatory notes, made by Julius Pollux about A.D.180. ONOMATECHNY On"o*ma*tech`ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Prognostication by the letters of a name. ONOMATOLOGIST On`o*ma*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in the history of names. Southey. ONOMATOLOGY On`o*ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of names or of their classification. ONOMATOPE O*nom"a*tope, n. Etym: [See Onomatopoeia.] Defn: An imitative word; an onomatopoetic word. ONOMATOPOEIA On`o*mat`o*poe"ia, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Philol.) Defn: The formation of words in imitation of sounds; a figure of speech in which the sound of a word is imitative of the sound of the thing which the word represents; as, the buzz of bees; the hiss of a goose; the crackle of fire. Note: It has been maintained by some philologist that all primary words, especially names, were formed by imitation of natural sounds. ONOMATOPOEIC On`o*mat`o*poe"ic, a. Defn: Onomatopoetic. Whitney. ONOMATOPOETIC On`o*mat`o*po*et"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to onomatopoeia; characterized by onomatopoeia; imitative; as, an onomatopoetic writer or word. Earle. ONOMATOPY On`o*mat"o*py, n. Defn: Onomatopoeia. ONOMOMANCY O*nom"o*man`cy, n. Defn: See Onomancy. ONONDAGAS On`on*da"gas, n. pl.; sing. Onondaga (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting what is now a part of the State of New York. They were the central or head tribe of the Five Nations. ONRUSH On"rush`, n. Defn: A rushing onward. ONSET On"set`, n. Etym: [On + set.] 1. A rushing or setting upon; an attack; an assault; a storming; especially, the assault of an army. Milton. The onset and retire Of both your armies. Shak. Who on that day the word of onset gave. Wordsworth. 2. A setting about; a beginning. [Obs.] Shak. There is surely no greater wisdom than well to time the beginnings and onsets of things. Bacon. 3. Anything set on, or added, as an ornament or as a useful appendage. [Obs.] Johnson. ONSET On"set`, v. t. 1. To assault; to set upon. [Obs.] 2. To set about; to begin. [Obs.] Carew. ONSLAUGHT On"slaught`, n. Etym: [OE. on on + slaught, slaht, slaughter. See Slaughter.] 1. An attack; an onset; esp., a furious or murderous attack or assault. By storm and onslaught to proceed. Hudibras. 2. A bloody fray or battle. [Scot.] Jamieson. ONSTEAD On"stead, n. Etym: [Possibly a corruption of homestead.] Defn: A single farmhouse; a steading. [Prov.Eng. & Scot.] Grose. Jamieson. ONTO On"to, prep. Etym: [On + to. Cf. Into.] Defn: On the top of; upon; on. See On to, under On, prep. ONTOGENESIS; ONTOGENY On`to*gen"e*sis, On*tog"e*ny, n. Etym: [See Ontology, and Genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: The history of the individual development of an organism; the history of the evolution of the germ; the development of an individual organism, -- in distinction from phylogeny, or evolution of the tribe. Called also henogenesis, henogeny. ONTOGENETIC On`to*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to ontogenesis; as, ontogenetic phenomena. -- On`to*ge*net"ic*al*ly, adv. ONTOGENIC On`to*gen"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Ontogenetic. ONTOLOGIC On`to*log"ic, a. Defn: Ontological. ONTOLOGICAL On`to*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ontologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to ontology. ONTOLOGICALLY On`*to*log"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an ontological manner. ONTOLOGIST On*tol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf.F. ontologiste.] Defn: One who is versed in or treats of ontology. Edin. Rev. ONTOLOGY On*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf.F. ontologie.] Defn: That department of the science of metaphysics which investigates and explains the nature and essential properties and relations of all beings, as such, or the principles and causes of being. ONUS O"nus, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A burden; an obligation. Onus probandi ( Etym: [L.], obligation to furnish evidence to prove a thing; the burden of proof. ONWARD On"ward, a. 1. Moving in a forward direction; tending toward a contemplated or desirable end; forward; as, an onward course, progress, etc. 2. Advanced in a forward direction or toward an end. Within a while, Philoxenus came to see how onward the fruits were of his friend's labor. Sir P. Sidney. ONWARD On"ward, adv. Defn: Toward a point before or in front; forward; progressively; as, to move onward. Not one looks backward, onward still he goes. Pope. ONWARDNESS On"ward*ness, n. Defn: Progress; advancement. ONWARDS On"wards, adv. Etym: [See -wards.] Defn: Onward. ONY On"y, a. Defn: Any. [Obs.] Chaucer. ONYCHA On"y*cha, n. Etym: [NL., from L. onyx, -ychis, onyx, also, a kind of mussel, Gr. Onyx.] 1. An ingredient of the Mosaic incense, probably the operculum of some kind of strombus. Ex. xxx. 34. 2. The precious stone called onyx. [R.] ONYCHIA O*nych"i*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Onyx.] (Med.) (a) A whitlow. (b) An affection of a finger or toe, attended with ulceration at the base of the nail, and terminating in the destruction of the nail. ONYCHOMANCY On"y*cho*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy: cf. F. onychomancie.] Defn: Divination by the nails. ONYCHOPHORA On`y*choph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Malacopoda. ONYX O"nyx, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Nail, and cf. Onycha.] (Min.) Defn: Chalcedony in parallel layers of different shades of color. It is used for making cameos, the figure being cut in one layer with the next as a ground. Onyx marble, a banded variety of marble or calcium carbonate resembling onyx. It is obtained from Mexico. OO Oo, a. Defn: One. [Obs.] Chaucer. OO O"ö, n. Etym: [Hawaiian.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A beautiful bird (Moho nobilis) of the Hawaiian Islands. It yields the brilliant yellow feathers formerly used in making the royal robes. Called also yellow-tufted honeysucker. OOECIUM O*oe"ci*um, n.; pl. Ooecia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the special zooids, or cells, of Bryozoa, destined to receive and develop ova; an ovicell. See Bryozoa. OOGENESIS; OOEGENESIS O`ö*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. genesis.] (Physiol.) Defn: The development, or mode of origin, of the ova. OOGONIUM; OOEGONIUM O`ö*go"ni*um, n.; pl. L. Oögonia, E. Oögoniums. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A special cell in certain cryptogamous plants containing oöspheres, as in the rockweeds (Fucus), and the orders Vaucherieæ and Peronosporeæ. OOIDAL O*oi"dal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Shaped like an egg. OOK Ook, n. Defn: Oak. [Obs.] "A branched ook." Chaucer. OOLITE; OOELITE O"ö*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf.F. oölithe. So named from its resemblance to the roe of fish.] (Geol.) Defn: A variety of limestone, consisting of small round grains, resembling the roe of a fish. It sometimes constitutes extensive beds, as in the European Jurassic. See the Chart of Geology. OOLITIC; OOELITIC O`ö*lit"ic, a. Etym: [Cf.F. oölithique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to oölite; composed of, or resembling, oölite. OOLOGICAL; OOELOGICAL O`ö*log"ic*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to oölogy. OOLOGIST; OOELOGIST O*öl"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in oölogy. OOLOGY; OOELOGY O*öl"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of eggs in relation to their coloring, size, shape, and number. OOLONG Oo"long, n. Etym: [Chinese, green dragon.] Defn: A fragrant variety of black tea having somewhat the flavor of green tea. [Written also oulong.] OOMIAC; OOMIAK Oo"mi*ac, Oo"mi*ak, n. Defn: A long, broad boat used by the Eskimos. OON Oon, a. Defn: One. [Obs.] Chaucer. OONES Oones, adv. Defn: Once. [Obs.] Chaucer. OOP Oop, v. t. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: To bind with a thread or cord; to join; to unite. [Scot.] Jamieson. OOPACK; OOPAK Oo"pack, Oo"pak, n. Etym: [So named from a district in China.] Defn: A kind of black tea. OOPHORE; OOEPHORE O"ö*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: An alternately produced form of certain cryptogamous plants, as ferns, mosses, and the like, which bears antheridia and archegonia, and so has sexual fructification, as contrasted with the sporophore, which is nonsexual, but produces spores in countless number. In ferns the oöphore is a minute prothallus; in mosses it is the leafy plant. OOPHORECTOMY; OOEPHORECTOMY O`ö*pho*rec"to*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: Ovariotomy. OOPHORIC; OOEPHORIC O`ö*phor"ic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the nature of, or belonging to, an oöphore. OOPHORIDIUM; OOEPHORIDIUM O`ö*pho*rid"i*um, n.; pl. L. Oöphorida, E. Oöphoridiums. Etym: [NL., dim. fr. Gr. Oöphore.] (Bot.) Defn: The macrosporangium or case for the larger kind of spores in heterosporous flowerless plants. OOPHORITIS; OOEPHORITIS O`ö*pho*ri"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Ovaritis. OOPHYTE; OOEPHYTE O"ö*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of a proposed class or grand division (collectively termed oöphytes or Oöphyta), which have their sexual reproduction accomplished by motile antherozoids acting on oöspheres, either while included in their oögonia or after exclusion. Note: This class was at first called Oösporeæ, and is made to include all algæ and fungi which have this kind of reproduction, however they may differ in all other respects, the contrasted classes of Thallophytes being Protophytes, Zygophytes, and Carpophytes. The whole system has its earnest advocates, but is rejected by many botanists. See Carpophyte. OOPHYTIC; OOEPHYTIC O`ö*phyt"ic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an oöphyte. OORDOBA Cór"do*ba (kôr"do*vä), n. [Prob. fr. the Spanish explorer Francisco Hernández de Córdoba.] Defn: The monetary unit of Nicaragua, equivalent to the United States gold dollar. OORIAL; OOERIAL O*ö"ri*al, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A wild, bearded sheep inhabiting the Ladakh mountains. It is reddish brown, with a dark beard from the chin to the chest. OOSPERM; OOESPERM O"ö*sperm, n. Etym: [Gr. sperm.] (Biol.) Defn: The ovum, after fusion with the spermatozoön in impregnation. Balfour. OOSPHERE; OOESPHERE O"ö*sphere, n. Etym: [Gr. sphere.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An unfertilized, rounded mass of protoplasm, produced in an oögonium. Note: After being fertilized by the access of antherozoids it becomes covered with a cell wall and develops into an oöspore, which may grow into a new plant like the parent. 2. (Bot.) Defn: An analogous mass of protoplasm in the ovule of a flowering plant; an embryonic vesicle. Goodale. OOSPORANGIUM; OOESPORANGIUM O`ö*spo*ran"gi*um, n.; pl. L. Oösporangia, E. Oösporangiums. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: An oögonium; also, a case containing oval or rounded spores of some other kind than oöspores. OOSPORE; OOESPORE O"ö*spore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) (a) A special kind of spore resulting from the fertilization of an oösphere by antherozoids. (b) A fertilized oösphere in the ovule of a flowering plant. OOSPORIC; OOESPORIC O`ö*spor"ic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an oöspore. OOSTEGITE; OOESTEGITE O*ös"te*gite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the plates which in some Crustacea inclose a cavity wherein the eggs are hatched. OOTHECA; OOETHECA O`ö*the"ca, n.; pl. Oöthecæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An egg case, especially those of many kinds of mollusks, and of some insects, as the cockroach. Cf. Ooecium. OOTOOID; OOETOOID; OOTOCOID; OOETOCOID O*öt"*ooid, O*öt"o*coid, n. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A half oviparous, or an oviparous, mammal; a marsupial or monotreme. OOTYPE; OOETYPE O"ö*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The part of the oviduct of certain trematode worms in which the ova are completed and furnished with a shell. OOZE Ooze, n. Etym: [OE. wose, AS. wase dirt, mire, mud, akin to w juice, ooze, Icel. vas wetness, OHG. waso turf, sod, G. wasen.] 1. Soft mud or slime; earth so wet as to flow gently, or easily yield to pressure. "My son i' the ooze is bedded." Shak. 2. Soft flow; spring. Prior. 3. The liquor of a tan vat. OOZE Ooze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Oozed; p.pr. & vb.n. Oozing.] Etym: [Prov. Eng. weeze, wooz. See Ooze, n.] 1. To flow gently; to percolate, as a liquid through the pores of a substance or through small openings. The latent rill, scare oozing through the grass. Thomson. 2. Fig.: To leak (out) or escape slowly; as, the secret oozed out; his courage oozed out. OOZE Ooze, v. t. Defn: To cause to ooze. Alex. Smith. OOZE LEATHER Ooze leather. Defn: Leather made from sheep and calf skins by mechanically forcing ooze through them; esp., such leather with a soft, finely granulated finish (called sometimes velvet finish) put on the flesh side for special purposes. Ordinary ooze leather is used for shoe uppers, in bookbinding, etc. Hence Ooze calf, Ooze finish, etc. OOZOA; OOEZOA O`ö*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Acrita. OOZY Ooz"y, a. Defn: Miry; containing soft mud; resembling ooze; as, the oozy bed of a river. Pope. OPACATE O*pa"cate, v. t. Etym: [L. opacatus, p.p. of opacare.] Defn: To darken; to cloud. [Obs.] Boyle. OPACITY O*pac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. opacitas: cf.F. opacité.] 1. The state of being opaque; the quality of a body which renders it impervious to the rays of light; want of transparency; opaqueness. 2. Obscurity; want of clearness. Bp. Hall. OPACOUS O*pa"cous, a. Etym: [L. opacus. See Opaque.] Defn: Opaque. [R.] Milton. -- O*pa"cous*ness, n. [R.] OPACULAR O*pac"u*lar, a. Defn: Opaque. [Obs.] Sterne. OPAH O"pah, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large oceanic fish (Lampris quttatus), inhabiting the Atlantic Ocean. It is remarkable for its brilliant colors, which are red, green, and blue, with tints of purple and gold, covered with round silvery spots. Called also king of the herrings. OPAKE O*pake", a. Defn: See Opaque. OPAL O"pal, n. Etym: [L. opalus: cf. Gr. upala a rock, stone, precious stone: cf. F. opale.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral consisting, like quartz, of silica, but inferior to quartz in hardness and specific gravity. Note: The precious opal presents a peculiar play of colors of delicate tints, and is highly esteemed as a gem. One kind, with a varied play of color in a reddish ground, is called the harlequin opal. The fire opal has colors like the red and yellow of flame. Common opal has a milky appearance. Menilite is a brown impure variety, occurring in concretions at Menilmontant, near Paris. Other varieties are cacholong, girasol, hyalite, and geyserite. OPALESCE O`pal*esce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Opalesced; p. pr. & vb. n. Opalescing.] Defn: To give forth a play of colors, like the opal. OPALESCENCE O`pal*es"cence, n. (Min.) Defn: A reflection of a milky or pearly light from the interior of a mineral, as in the moonstone; the state or quality of being opalescent. OPALESCENT O`pal*es"cent, a. Defn: Reflecting a milky or pearly light from the interior; having an opaline play of colors. OPALINE O"pal*ine, a. Etym: [Cf. F. opalin.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, opal in appearance; having changeable colors like those of the opal. OPALIZE O"pal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Opalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Opalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. opaliser.] Defn: To convert into opal, or a substance like opal. Lyell. OPALOTYPE O*pal"o*type, n. Etym: [Opal + -type.] (Photog.) Defn: A picture taken on "milky" glass. OPAQUE O*paque", a. Etym: [F., fr. L. opacus. Cf. Opacous.] 1. Impervious to the rays of light; not transparent; as, an opaque substance. 2. Obscure; not clear; unintelligible. [Colloq.] OPAQUE O*paque", n. Defn: That which is opaque; opacity. Young. OPAQUENESS O*paque"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being impervious to light; opacity. Dr. H. More. OPE Ope, a. Defn: Open. [Poetic] Spenser. On Sunday heaven's gate stands ope. Herbert. OPE Ope, v. t. & i. Defn: To open. [Poetic] Wilt thou not ope thy heart to know What rainbows teach and sunsets show Emerson. OPEIDOSCOPE O*pei"do*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument, consisting of a tube having one end open and the other end covered with a thin flexible membrance to the center of which is attached a small mirror. It is used for exhibiting upon a screen, by means of rays reflected from the mirror, the vibratory motions caused by sounds produced at the open end of the tube, as by speaking or singing into it. A. E. Dolbear. OPELET Ope"let, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bright-colored European actinian (Anemonia, or Anthea, sulcata); -- so called because it does not retract its tentacles. OPEN O"pen, a. Etym: [AS. open; akin to D. open, OS. opan, G. offan, Icel. opinn, Sw. öppen, Dan. aaben, and perh. to E. up. Cf. Up, and Ope.] 1. Free of access; not shut up; not closed; affording unobstructed ingress or egress; not impeding or preventing passage; not locked up or covered over; -- applied to passageways; as, an open door, window, road, etc.; also, to inclosed structures or objects; as, open houses, boxes, baskets, bottles, etc.; also, to means of communication or approach by water or land; as, an open harbor or roadstead. Through the gate, Wide open and unquarded, Satan passed. Milton Note: Also, figuratively, used of the ways of communication of the mind, as by the senses; ready to hear, see, etc.; as, to keep one's eyes and ears open. His ears are open unto their cry. Ps. xxxiv. 15. 2. Free to be used, enjoyed, visited, or the like; not private; public; unrestricted in use; as, an open library, museum, court, or other assembly; liable to the approach, trespass, or attack of any one; unprotected; exposed. If Demetrius . . . have a matter against any man, the law is open and there are deputies. Acts xix. 33. The service that I truly did his life, Hath left me open to all injuries. Shak. 3. Free or cleared of obstruction to progress or to view; accessible; as, an open tract; the open sea. 4. Not drawn together, closed, or contracted; extended; expanded; as, an open hand; open arms; an open flower; an open prospect. Each, with open arms, embraced her chosen knight. Dryden. 5. Hence: (a) Without reserve or false pretense; sincere; characterized by sincerity; unfeigned; frank; also, generous; liberal; bounteous; -- applied to personal appearance, or character, and to the expression of thought and feeling, etc. With aspect open, shall erect his head. Pope. The Moor is of a free and open nature. Shak. The French are always open, familiar, and talkative. Addison. (b) Not concealed or secret; not hidden or disguised; exposed to view or to knowledge; revealed; apparent; as, open schemes or plans; open shame or guilt. His thefts are too open. Shak. That I may find him, and with secret gaze Or open admiration him behold. Milton. 6. Not of a quality to prevent communication, as by closing water ways, blocking roads, etc.; hence, not frosty or inclement; mild; -- used of the weather or the climate; as, an open season; an open winter. Bacon. 7. Not settled or adjusted; not decided or determined; not closed or withdrawn from consideration; as, an open account; an open question; to keep an offer or opportunity open. 8. Free; disengaged; unappropriated; as, to keep a day open for any purpose; to be open for an engagement. 9. (Phon.) (a) Uttered with a relatively wide opening of the articulating organs; -- said of vowels; as, the än fär is open as compared with the a in say. (b) Uttered, as a consonant, with the oral passage simply narrowed without closure, as in uttering s. 10. (Mus.) (a) Not closed or stopped with the finger; -- said of the string of an instrument, as of a violin, when it is allowed to vibrate throughout its whole length. (b) Produced by an open string; as, an open tone. The open air, the air out of doors. -- Open chain. (Chem.) See Closed chain, under Chain. -- Open circuit (Elec.), a conducting circuit which is incomplete, or interrupted at some point; -- opposed to an uninterrupted, or Ant: closed circuit. -- Open communion, communion in the Lord's supper not restricted to persons who have been baptized by immersion. Cf. Close communion, under Close, a. -- Open diapason (Mus.), a certain stop in an organ, in which the pipes or tubes are formed like the mouthpiece of a flageolet at the end where the wind enters, and are open at the other end. -- Open flank (Fort.), the part of the flank covered by the orillon. -- Open-front furnace (Metal.), a blast furnace having a forehearth. -- Open harmony (Mus.), harmony the tones of which are widely dispersed, or separated by wide intervals. -- Open hawse (Naut.), a hawse in which the cables are parallel or slightly divergent. Cf. Foul hawse, under Hawse. -- Open hearth (Metal.), the shallow hearth of a reverberatory furnace. -- Open-hearth furnace, a reverberatory furnace; esp., a kind of reverberatory furnace in which the fuel is gas, used in manufacturing steel. -- Open-hearth process (Steel Manuf.), a process by which melted cast iron is converted into steel by the addition of wrought iron, or iron ore and manganese, and by exposure to heat in an open-hearth furnace; -- also called the Siemens-Martin process, from the inventors. -- Open-hearth steel, steel made by an open-hearth process; -- also called Siemens-Martin steel. -- Open newel. (Arch.) See Hollow newel, under Hollow. -- Open pipe (Mus.), a pipe open at the top. It has a pitch about an octave higher than a closed pipe of the same length. -- Open-timber roof (Arch.), a roof of which the constructional parts, together with the under side of the covering, or its lining, are treated ornamentally, and left to form the ceiling of an apartment below, as in a church, a public hall, and the like. -- Open vowel or consonant. See Open, a., 9. Note: Open is used in many compounds, most of which are self- explaining; as, open-breasted, open-minded. Syn. -- Unclosed; uncovered; unprotected; exposed; plain; apparent; obvious; evident; public; unreserved; frank; sincere; undissembling; artless. See Candid, and Ingenuous. OPEN O"pen, n. Defn: Open or unobstructed space; clear land, without trees or obstructions; open ocean; open water. "To sail into the open." Jowett (Thucyd. ). Then we got into the open. W. Black. In open, in full view; without concealment; openly. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. OPEN O"pen v. t. [imp. & p. p. Opened; p. pr. & vb. n. Opening.] Etym: [AS. openian. See Open,a.] 1. To make or set open; to render free of access; to unclose; to unbar; to unlock; to remove any fastening or covering from; as, to open a door; to open a box; to open a room; to open a letter. And all the windows of my heart I open to the day. Whittier. 2. To spread; to expand; as, to open the hand. 3. To disclose; to reveal; to interpret; to explain. The king opened himself to some of his council, that he was sorry for the earl's death. Bacon. Unto thee have I opened my cause. Jer. xx. 12. While he opened to us the Scriptures. Luke xxiv. 32. 4. To make known; to discover; also, to render available or accessible for settlements, trade, etc. The English did adventure far for to open the North parts of America. Abp. Abbot. 5. To enter upon; to begin; as, to open a discussion; to open fire upon an enemy; to open trade, or correspondence; to open a case in court, or a meeting. 6. To loosen or make less compact; as, to open matted cotton by separating the fibers. To open one's mouth, to speak. -- To open up, to lay open; to discover; to disclose. Poetry that had opened up so many delightful views into the character and condition of our "bold peasantry, their country's pride." Prof. Wilson. OPEN O"pen, v. i. 1. To unclose; to form a hole, breach, or gap; to be unclosed; to be parted. The earth opened and swallowed up Dathan, and covered the company of Abiram. Ps. cvi. 17. 2. To expand; to spread out; to be disclosed; as, the harbor opened to our view. 3. To begin; to commence; as, the stock opened at par; the battery opened upon the enemy. 4. (Sporting) Defn: To bark on scent or view of the game. OPEN-AIR O"pen-air`, a. Defn: Taking place in the open air; outdoor; as, an open-air game or meeting. OPENBILL O"pen*bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of the genus Anastomus, allied to the stork; -- so called because the two parts of the bill touch only at the base and tip. One species inhabits India, another Africa. Called also open- beak. See Illust. (m), under Beak. OPEN DOOR O"pen door. (a) Open or free admission to all; hospitable welcome; free opportunity. She of the open soul and open door, With room about her hearth for all mankind. Lowell. (b) In modern diplomacy, opportunity for political and commercial intercourse open to all upon equal terms, esp. with reference to a nation whose policy is wholly or partially fixed by nations foreign to itself, or to territory newly acquired by a conquering nation. In this sense, often used adjectively, as, open-door system, open-door policy, etc. The steps taken by Britain to maintain the open door have so far proved to be perfectly futile. A. R. Colquhoun. OPENER O"pen*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, opens. "True opener of my eyes." Milton. OPEN-EYED O"pen-eyed`, a. Defn: With eyes widely open; watchful; vigilant. Shak. OPEN-HANDED O"pen-hand`ed, a. Defn: Generous; liberal; munificent. -- O"pen-hand`ed*ness, n. J. S. Mill. OPEN-HEADED O"pen-head`ed, a. Defn: Bareheaded. [Obs.] OPEN-HEARTED O"pen-heart`ed, a. Defn: Candid; frank; generous. Dryden. -- O"pen-heart`ed*ly, adv. -- O"pen-heart`ed*ness, n. Walton. OPEN-HEARTH STEEL Open-hearth steel. Defn: See under Open. OPENING O"pen*ing, n. 1. The act or process of opening; a beginning; commencement; first appearance; as, the opening of a speech. The opening of your glory was like that of light. Dryden. 2. A place which is open; a breach; an aperture; a gap; cleft, or hole. We saw him at the opening of his tent. Shak. 3. Hence: A vacant place; an opportunity; as, an opening for business. [Colloq.] Dickens. 4. A thinly wooded space, without undergrowth, in the midst of a forest; as, oak openings. [U.S.] Cooper. OPENLY O"pen*ly, adv. Etym: [AS. openlice.] 1. In an open manner; publicly; not in private; without secrecy. How grossly and openly do many of us contradict the precepts of the gospel by our ungodliness! Tillotson. 2. Without reserve or disguise; plainly; evidently. My love . . . shall show itself more openly. Shak. OPEN-MOUTHED O"pen-mouthed`, a. Defn: Having the mouth open; gaping; hence, greedy; clamorous. L'Estrange. OPENNESS O"pen*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being open. OPEN SEA Open sea. (Internat. Law) Defn: A sea open to all nations. See Mare clausum. OPEN VERDICT Open verdict. (Law) Defn: A verdict on a preliminary investigation, finding the fact of a crime but not stating the criminal, or finding the fact of a violent death without disclosing the cause. OPENWORK O"pen*work`, n. 1. Anything so constructed or manufactured (in needlework, carpentry, metal work, etc.) as to show openings through its substance; work that is perforated or pierced. 2. (Mining) Defn: A quarry; an open cut. Raymond. OPERA Op"er*a, n. Etym: [It., fr. opera work, composition, opposed to an improvisation, fr. L. opera pains work, fr. opus, operis, work, labor: cf. F. opéra. See Operate.] 1. A drama, either tragic or comic, of which music forms an essential part; a drama wholly or mostly sung, consisting of recitative, arials, choruses, duets, trios, etc., with orchestral accompaniment, preludes, and interludes, together with appropriate costumes, scenery, and action; a lyric drama. 2. The score of a musical drama, either written or in print; a play set to music. 3. The house where operas are exhibited. Opéra bouffe Etym: [F. opéra opera + bouffe comic, It.buffo], Opera buffa Etym: [It.], light, farcical, burlesque opera. -- Opera box, a partially inclosed portion of the auditorium of an opera house for the use of a small private party. -- Opéra comique Etym: [F.], comic or humorous opera. -- Opera flannel, a light flannel, highly finished. Knight. -- Opera girl (Bot.), an East Indian plant (Mantisia saltatoria) of the Ginger family, sometimes seen in hothouses. It has curious flowers which have some resemblance to a ballet dancer, whence the popular name. Called also dancing girls. -- Opera glass, a short telescope with concave eye lenses of low power, usually made double, that is, with a tube and set of glasses for each eye; a lorgnette; -- so called because adapted for use at the opera, theater, etc. -- Opera hat, a gentleman's folding hat. -- Opera house, specifically, a theater devoted to the performance of operas. -- Opera seria Etym: [It.], serious or tragic opera; grand opera. OPERABLE Op"er*a*ble, a. Defn: Practicable. [Obs.] OPERAMETER Op`er*am"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. opus, operis, pl. opera work + -meter.] Defn: An instrument or machine for measuring work done, especially for ascertaining the number of rotations made by a machine or wheel in manufacturing cloth; a counter. Ure. OPERANCE; OPERANCY Op"er*ance, Op"er*an*cy, n. Defn: The act of operating or working; operation. [R.] OPERAND Op"er*and, n. Etym: [From neuter of L. operandus, gerundive of operari. See Operate.] (Math.) Defn: The symbol, quantity, or thing upon which a mathematical operation is performed; -- called also faciend. OPERANT Op"er*ant, a. Etym: [L. operans, p.pr. of operari. See Operate.] Defn: Operative. [R.] Shak. -- n. Defn: An operative person or thing. [R.] Coleridge. OPERATE Op"er*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Operated; p. pr. & vb. n. Operating.] Etym: [L. operatus, p.p. of operari to work, fr. opus, operis, work, labor; akin to Skr. apas, and also to G. üben to exercise, OHG. uoben, Icel. . Cf. Inure, Maneuver, Ure.] 1. To perform a work or labor; to exert power or strengh, physical or mechanical; to act. 2. To produce an appropriate physical effect; to issue in the result designed by nature; especially (Med.), to take appropriate effect on the human system. 3. To act or produce effect on the mind; to exert moral power or influence. The virtues of private persons operate but on a few. Atterbury. A plain, convincing reason operates on the mind both of a learned and ignorant hearer as long as they live. Swift. 4. (Surg.) Defn: To perform some manual act upon a human body in a methodical manner, and usually with instruments, with a view to restore soundness or health, as in amputation, lithotomy, etc. 5. To deal in stocks or any commodity with a view to speculative profits. [Brokers' Cant] OPERATE Op"er*ate, v. t. 1. To produce, as an effect; to cause. The same cause would operate a diminution of the value of stock. A. Hamilton. 2. To put into, or to continue in, operation or activity; to work; as, to operate a machine. OPERATIC; OPERATICAL Op`er**at"ic, Op`er*at"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the opera or to operas; characteristic of, or resembling, the opera. OPERATION Op`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. operatio: cf. F. opération.] 1. The act or process of operating; agency; the exertion of power, physical, mechanical, or moral. The pain and sickness caused by manna are the effects of its operation on the stomach. Locke. Speculative painting, without the assistance of manual operation, can never attain to perfection. Dryden. 2. The method of working; mode of action. 3. That which is operated or accomplished; an effect brought about in accordance with a definite plan; as, military or naval operations. 4. Effect produced; influence. [Obs.] The bards . . . had great operation on the vulgar. Fuller. 5. (Math.) Defn: Something to be done; some transformation to be made upon quantities, the transformation being indicated either by rules or symbols. 6. (Surg.) Defn: Any methodical action of the hand, or of the hand with instruments, on the human body, to produce a curative or remedial effect, as in amputation, etc. Calculus of operations. See under Calculus. OPERATIVE Op"er*a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf.L. operativus, F. opératif.] 1. Having the power of acting; hence, exerting force, physical or moral; active in the production of effects; as, an operative motive. It holds in all operative principles. South. 2. Producing the appropriate or designed effect; efficacious; as, an operative dose, rule, or penalty. 3. (Surg.) Defn: Based upon, or consisting of, an operation or operations; as, operative surgery. OPERATIVE Op"er*a*tive, n. Defn: A skilled worker; an artisan; esp., one who operates a machine in a mill or manufactory. OPERATIVELY Op"er*a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an operative manner. OPERATOR Op"er*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. One who, or that which, operates or produces an effect. 2. (Surg.) Defn: One who performs some act upon the human body by means of the hand, or with instruments. 3. A dealer in stocks or any commodity for speculative purposes; a speculator. [Brokers' Cant] 4. (Math.) Defn: The symbol that expresses the operation to be performed; -- called also facient. OPERATORY Op"er*a*to*ry, n. Defn: A laboratory. [Obs.] OPERCLE O"per*cle, n. Etym: [Cf.F. opercule. See Operculum.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Any one of the bony plates which support the gill covers of fishes; an opercular bone. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An operculum. OPERCULA O*per"cu*la, n. pl. Defn: See Operculum. OPERCULAR O*per"cu*lar, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, an operculum. OPERCULAR O*per"cu*lar, n. (Anat.) Defn: The principal opercular bone or operculum of fishes. OPERCULATE; OPERCULATED O*per"cu*late, O*per"cu*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. operculatus, p.p. of operculare to furnish with a lid, fr. operculum lid.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Closed by a lid or cover, as the capsules of the mosses. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having an operculum, or an apparatus for protecting the gills; -- said of shells and of fishes. OPERCULIFEROUS O*per`cu*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Operculum + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Bearing an operculum. OPERCULIFORM O*per"cu*li*form, a. Etym: [L. operculum a cover + -form: cf. F. operculiforme.] Defn: Having the form of a lid or cover. OPERCULIGENOUS O*per`cu*lig`e*nous, a. Etym: [Operculum + -genous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing an operculum; -- said of the foot, or part of the foot, of certain mollusks. OPERCULUM O*per"cu*lum, n.; pl. L. Opercula, E. Operculums. Etym: [L., a cover or lid, fr. operire to cover.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The lid of a pitcherform leaf. (b) The lid of the urnlike capsule of mosses. 2. (Anat.) (a) Any lidlike or operculiform process or part; as, the opercula of a dental follicle. (b) The fold of integument, usually supported by bony plates, which protects the gills of most fishes and some amphibians; the gill cover; the gill lid. (c) The principal opercular bone in the upper and posterior part of the gill cover. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The lid closing the aperture of various species of shells, as the common whelk. See Illust. of Gastropoda. (b) Any lid-shaped structure closing the aperture of a tube or shell. OPERETTA Op`er*et"ta, n. Etym: [It., dim. of opera.] (Mus.) Defn: A short, light, musical drama. OPEROSE Op"er*ose`. a. Etym: [L. operosus, fr. opera pains, labor, opus, operis, work, labor.] Defn: Wrought with labor; requiring labor; hence, tedious; wearisome. "Operose proceeding." Burke. "A very operose calculation." De Quincey. -- Op"er*ose`ly, adv. -- Op"er*ose`ness, n. OPEROSITY Op`er*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. operositas.] Defn: Laboriousness. [R.] Bp. Hall. OPEROUS Op"er*ous, a. Defn: Operose. [Obs.] Holder. -- Op"er*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] OPERTANEOUS Op`er*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. opertaneus; operire to hide.] Defn: Concealed; private. [R.] OPETIDE Ope"tide`, n. Etym: [Ope + tide.] Defn: Open time; -- applied to different things: (a) The early spring, or the time when flowers begin opening. [Archaic] Nares. (b) The time between Epiphany and Ash Wednesday wherein marriages were formerly solemnized publicly in churches. [Eng.] (c) The time after harvest when the common fields are open to all kinds of stock. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell. [Written also opentide.] OPHELIC O*phel"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a substance (called ophelic acid) extracted from a plant (Ophelia) of the Gentian family as a bitter yellowish sirup, used in India as a febrifuge and tonic. OPHICLEIDE Oph"i*cleide, n. Etym: [F. ophicléide, fr. Gr. (Mus.) Defn: A large brass wind instrument, formerly used in the orchestra and in military bands, having a loud tone, deep pitch, and a compass of three octaves; -- now generally supplanted by bass and contrabass tubas. Moore (Encyc. of Music). OPHIDIA O*phid"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The order of reptiles which includes the serpents. Note: The most important divisions are: the Solenoglypha, having erectile perforated fangs, as the rattlesnake; the Proteroglypha, or elapine serpents, having permanently erect fang, as the cobra; the Asinea, or colubrine serpents, which are destitute of fangs; and the Opoterodonta, or Epanodonta, blindworms, in which the mouth is not dilatable. OPHIDIAN O*phid"i*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ophidien.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Ophidia; a snake or serpent. OPHIDIAN O*phid"i*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ophidien.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ophidia; belonging to serpents. OPHIDIOID O*phid"i*oid, a. Etym: [Ophidion + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ophidiidæ, a family of fishes which includes many slender species. -- n. Defn: One of the Ophidiidæ. OPHIDION O*phid"i*on, n.; pl. Ophidia. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The typical genus of ophidioid fishes. [Written also Ophidium.] See Illust. under Ophidioid. OPHIDIOUS O*phid"i*ous, a. Defn: Ophidian. OPHIOLATRY O`phi*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The worship of serpents. OPHIOLOGIC; OPHIOLOGICAL O`phi*o*log"ic, O`phi*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ophiology. OPHIOLOGIST O`phi*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in the natural history of serpents. OPHIOLOGY O`phi*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf.F. ophioloqie.] Defn: That part of natural history which treats of the ophidians, or serpents. OPHIOMANCY O"phi*o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy: cf. F. ophiomantie.] Defn: Divination by serpents, as by their manner of eating, or by their coils. OPHIOMORPHA O`phi*o*mor"pha, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Ophiomorphous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of tailless amphibians having a slender, wormlike body with regular annulations, and usually with minute scales imbedded in the skin. The limbs are rudimentary or wanting. It includes the cæcilians. Called also Gymnophiona and Ophidobatrachia. OPHIOMORPHITE O`phi*o*mor"phite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An ammonite. OPHIOMORPHOUS O`phi*o*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Gr. -morphous.] Defn: Having the form of a serpent. OPHIOPHAGOUS O`phi*oph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. ophiophage.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Feeding on serpents; -- said of certain birds and reptiles. OPHIOPHAGUS O`phi*oph"a*gus, n. Etym: [NL. See Ophiophagous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of venomous East Indian snakes, which feed on other snakes. Ophiophagus elaps is said to be the largest and most deadly of poisonous snakes. OPHISM Oph"ism, n. 1. Doctrines and rites of the Ophites. 2. Serpent worship or the use of serpents as magical agencies. OPHITE O"phite, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a serpent. [Obs.] OPHITE O"phite, n. Etym: [L. ophites, Gr. ophite.] (Min.) Defn: A greenish spotted porphyry, being a diabase whose pyroxene has been altered to uralite; -- first found in the Pyreness. So called from the colored spots which give it a mottled appearance. -- O*phi"ic, a. OPHITE O"phite, n. Etym: [L. Ophitae, pl. See Ophite, a.] (Eccl.Hist.) Defn: A mamber of a Gnostic serpent-worshiping sect of the second century. OPHIUCHUS O`phi*u"chus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Astron.) Defn: A constellation in the Northern Hemisphere, delineated as a man holding a serpent in his hands; -- called also Serpentarius. OPHIURA O`phi*u"ra, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of ophiurioid starfishes. OPHIURAN O`phi*u"ran, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ophiurioidea. -- n. Defn: One of the Ophiurioidea. OPHIURID O`phi*u"rid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Ophiurioid. OPHIURIDA O`phi*u"ri*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Ophiurioidea. OPHIURIOID O`phi*u"ri*oid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ophiurioidea. -- n. Defn: One of the Ophiurioidea. [Written also ophiuroid.] OPHIURIOIDEA; OPHIUROIDEA O`phi*u`ri*oi"de*a, O`phi*u*roi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of star-shaped echinoderms having a disklike body, with slender, articulated arms, which are not grooved beneath and are often very fragile; -- called also Ophiuroida and Ophiuridea. See Illust. under Brittle star. OPHRYON Oph"ry*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The supraorbital point. OPHTHALMIA Oph*thal"mi*a, n. Etym: [F. ophthalmie, L. ophthalmia, fr. Gr. optic. See Optic.] (Med.) Defn: An inflammation of the membranes or coats of the eye or of the eyeball. OPHTHALMIC Oph*thal"mic, a. Etym: [Gr. ophthalmique. See Ophthalmia.] (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the eye; ocular; as the ophthalmic, or orbitonasal, nerve, a division of the trigeminal, which gives branches to the lachrymal gland, eyelids, nose, and forehead. Ophthalmic region (Zoöl.), the space around the eyes. OPHTHALMITE Oph*thal"mite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An eyestalk; the organ which bears the compound eyes of decapod Crustacea. OPHTHALMOLOGICAL Oph*thal`mo*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ophthalmology. OPHTHALMOLOGIST Oph`thal*mol"o*gist, n. Defn: One skilled in ophthalmology; an oculist. OPHTHALMOLOGY Oph`thal*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. ophthalmologie.] Defn: The science which treats of the structure, functions, and diseases of the eye. OPHTHALMOMETER Oph`thal*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument devised by Helmholtz for measuring the size of a reflected image on the convex surface of the cornea and lens of the eye, by which their curvature can be ascertained. OPHTHALMOSCOPE Oph*thal"mo*scope, n. Etym: [From Gr. -scope.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for viewing the interior of the eye, particularly the retina. Light is thrown into the eye by a mirror (usually concave) and the interior is then examined with or without the aid of a lens. -- Oph*thal`mo*scop"ic, a. OPHTHALMOSCOPY Oph`thal*mos"co*py, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ophthalmoscopie.] 1. A branch of physiognomy which deduces the knowledge of a person's temper and character from the appearance of the eyes. 2. Examination of the eye with the ophthalmoscope. OPHTHALMY Oph*thal"my, n. Defn: Same as Ophthalmia. OPIANIC O`pi*an"ic, a. Etym: [From Opium.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid obtained by the oxidation of narcotine. OPIANINE O"pi*a*nine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid found in small quantity in opium. It is identical with narcotine. OPIANYL O"pi*a*nyl, n. Etym: [Opianic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Meconin. OPIATE O"pi*ate, n. Etym: [From Opium: cf.F. opiat.] 1. Originally, a medicine of a thicker consistence than sirup, prepared with opium. Parr. 2. Any medicine that contains opium, and has the quality of inducing sleep or repose; a narcotic. 3. Anything which induces rest or inaction; that which quiets uneasiness. They chose atheism as an opiate. Bentley. OPIATE O"pi*ate, a. Etym: [See Opium.] Defn: Inducing sleep; somniferous; narcotic; hence, anodyne; causing rest, dullness, or inaction; as, the opiate rod of Hermes. Milton. OPIATE O"pi*ate, v. t. Defn: To subject to the influence of an opiate; to put to sleep. [R.] Fenton. OPIATED O"pi*a`ted, a. 1. Mixed with opiates. 2. Under the influence of opiates. OPIE O"pie, n. Defn: Opium. [Obs.] Chaucer. OPIFEROUS O*pif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. opifer; ops, opis, help + ferre to bear.] Defn: Bringing help. [R.] OPIFICE Op"i*fice, n. Etym: [L. opificium, fr. opifex workman. See Office.] Defn: Workmanship. [Obs.] Bailey. OPIFICER O*pif"i*cer, n. Defn: An artificer; a workman. [Obs.] "The almighty opificer." Bentley. OPINABLE O*pin"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. opinabilis.] Defn: Capable of being opined or thought. Holland. OPINATION Op`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. opinatio. See Opine,] Defn: The act of thinking; a supposition. [Obs.] OPINATIVE O*pin"a*tive, a. Defn: Obstinate in holding opinions; opinionated. [Obs.] -- O*pin"a*tive*ly, adv. [Obs.] Burton. Sir T. More. OPINATOR Op"i*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One fond of his own opinious; one who holds an opinion. [Obs.] Glanvill. OPINE O*pine", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Opined; p. pr. & vb. n. Opining.] Etym: [L. opinari, p.p. opinatus; akin to opinus (in comp.) thinking, and perh. to E. apt: cf. F. opiner.] Defn: To have an opinion; to judge; to think; to suppose. South. OPINER O*pin"er, n. Defn: One who opines. Jer. Taylor. OPINIASTER; OPINIATRE O`pin*ias"ter, O`pin*ia"tre, a. Etym: [OF. opiniastre, F. opiniâtre. See Opinion.] Defn: Opinionated. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. OPINIASTROUS O`pin*ias"trous, a. Defn: See Opiniaster. [Obs.]. OPINIATE O*pin"i`ate, v. t. Defn: To hold or maintain persistently. [Obs.] Barrow. OPINIATED O*pin"ia*ted, a. Defn: Opinionated. [Obs.] OPINIATIVE O*pin"ia*tive, a. Defn: Opinionative. Glanvill. -- O*pin"ia*tive*ly, adv. -- O*pin"ia*tive*ness, n. OPINIATOR; OPINIATRE O`pin*ia"tor, O`pin*ia"tre, n. Defn: One who is opinionated. [Obs.] South. Barrow. OPINIATRE O`pin*ia"tre, a. Defn: See Opiniaster. [Obs.] Locke. OPINIATRETY O`pin*iat"re*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. opiniâtreté.] Defn: Obstinacy in opinious. [Written also opiniatry.] [Obs.] OPINICUS O*pin"i*cus (, n. (Her.) Defn: An imaginary animal borne as a charge, having wings, an eagle's head, and a short tail; -- sometimes represented without wings. OPINING O*pin"ing, n. Defn: Opinion. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. OPINION O*pin"ion, n. Etym: [F., from L. opinio. See Opine.] 1. That which is opined; a notion or conviction founded on probable evidence; belief stronger than impression, less strong than positive knowledge; settled judgment in regard to any point of knowledge or action. Opinion is when the assent of the understanding is so far gained by evidence of probability, that it rather inclines to one persussion than to another, yet not without a mixture of incertainty or doubting. Sir M. Hale. I can not put off my opinion so easily. Shak. 2. The judgment or sentiment which the mind forms of persons or things; estimation. I have bought golden opinions from all sorts of people. Shak. Friendship . . . gives a man a peculiar right and claim to the good opinion of his friend. South. However, I have no opinion of those things. Bacon. 3. Favorable estimation; hence, consideration; reputation; fame; public sentiment or esteem. [Obs.] Thou hast redeemed thy lost opinion. Shak. This gained Agricola much opinion, who . . . had made such early progress into laborious . . . enterprises. Milton. 4. Obstinacy in holding to one's belief or impression; opiniativeness; conceitedness. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Law.) Defn: The formal decision, or expression of views, of a judge, an umpire, a counselor, or other party officially called upon to consider and decide upon a matter or point submitted. To be of opinion, to think; to judge. -- To hold opinion with, to agree with. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Sentiment; notion; persuasion; idea; view; estimation. See Sentiment. OPINION O*pin"ion, v. t. Defn: To opine. [Obs.] OPINIONABLE O*pin"ion*a*ble, a. Defn: Being, or capable of being, a matter of opinion; that can be thought; not positively settled; as, an opinionable doctrine. C. J. Ellicott. OPINIONATE O*pin"ion*ate, a. Defn: Opinionated. OPINIONATED O*pin"ion*a`ted, a. Defn: Stiff in opinion; firmly or unduly adhering to one's own opinion or to preconceived notions; obstinate in opinion. Sir W. Scott. OPINIONATELY O*pin"ion*ate*ly, adv. Defn: Conceitedly. Feltham. OPINIONATIST O*pin"ion*a*tist, n. Defn: An opinionist. [Obs.] OPINIONATIVE O*pin"ion*a*tive, a. 1. Unduly attached to one's own opinions; opinionated. Milton. 2. Of the nature of an opinion; conjectured. [Obs.] "Things both opinionative and practical." Bunyan. -- O*pin"ion*a*tive*ly, adv. -- O*pin"ion*a*tive*ness, n. OPINIONATOR O*pin"ion*a`tor, n. Defn: An opinionated person; one given to conjecture. [Obs.] South. OPINIONED O*pin"ioned, a. Defn: Opinionated; conceited. His opinioned zeal which he thought judicious. Milton. OPINIONIST O*pin"ion*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. opinioniste.] Defn: One fond of his own notions, or unduly attached to his own opinions. Glanvill. OPIPAROUS O*pip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. opiparus, fr. ops, opis, riches + parare to provide.] Defn: Sumptuous. [Obs.] -- O*pip"a*rous*ly, adv. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse. OPISOMETER Op`i*som"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: An instrument with a revolving wheel for measuring a curved line, as on a map. OPISTHION O*pis"thi*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The middle of the posterior, or dorsal, margin of the great foramen of the skull. OPISTHOBRANCHIA; OPISTHOBRANCHIATA O*pis`tho*bran"chi*a, O*pis`tho*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of gastropod Mollusca, in which the breathing organs are usually situated behind the heart. It includes the tectibranchs and nudibranchs. OPISTHOBRANCHIATE O*pis`tho*bran"chi*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Opisthobranchiata. -- n. Defn: One of the Opisthobranchiata. OPISTHOCOELIAN; OPISTHOCOELOUS O*pis`tho*coe"li*an, O*pis`tho*coe"lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Concave behind; -- applied especially to vertebræ in which the anterior end of the centrum is convex and the posterior concave. OPISTHODOME O*pis"tho*dome, n. Etym: [L. opisthodomus, Gr. do`mos house: cf. F. opisthodome.] (Arch.) Defn: A back chamber; especially, that part of the naos, or cella, farthest from the main entrance, sometimes having an entrance of its own, and often used as a treasury. OPISTHOGLYPHA O*pis`tho*glyph"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of serpents which have some of the posterior maxillary teeth grooved for fangs. OPISTHOGRAPHY Op`is*thog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A writing upon the back of anything, as upon the back of a leaf or sheet already written upon on one side. [R.] Scudamore. OPISTHOMI Op`is*tho"mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of eellike fishes having the scapular arch attached to the vertebræ, but not connected with the skull. OPISTHOPULMONATE O*pis`tho*pul"mo*nate, a.Etym: [Gr. pulmonate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the pulmonary sac situated posteriorly; -- said of certain air-breathing Mollusca. OPISTHOTIC Op`is*thot"ic, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The inferior and posterior of the three elements forming the periotic bone. OPISTHOTONOS Op`is*thot"o*nos, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Med.) Defn: A tetanic spasm in which the body is bent backwards and stiffened. OPITULATION O*pit`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. opitulatio, fr. opitulari to bring help.] Defn: The act of helping or aiding; help. [Obs.] Bailey. OPIUM O"pi*um, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Chem.) Defn: The inspissated juice of the Papaver somniferum, or white poppy. Note: Opium is obtained from incisions made in the capsules of the plant, and the best flows from the first incision. It is imported into Europe and America chiefly from the Levant, and large quantities are sent to China from India, Persia, and other countries. It is of a brownish yellow color, has a faint smell, and bitter and acrid taste. It is a stimulant narcotic poison, which may produce hallicinations, profound sleep, or death. It is much used in medicine to soothe pain and inflammation, and is smoked as an intoxicant with baneful effects. Opium joint, a low resort of opium smokers. [Slang] OPLE TREE O"ple tree`. Etym: [L. opulus a kind of maple tree.] Defn: The witch-hazel. [Obs.] Ainsworth. OPOBALSAM; OPOBALSAMUM Op`o*bal"sam, Op`o*bal"sa*mum, n. Etym: [L. opobalsamum, Gr. (Med.) Defn: The old name of the aromatic resinous juice of the Balsamodendron opobalsamum, now commonly called balm of Gilead. See under Balm. OPODELDOC Op`o*del"doc, n. Etym: [So called by Paracelsus. The first syllable may be fr. Gr. 1. A kind of plaster, said to have been invented by Mindererus, -- used for external injuries. [Obs.] 2. A saponaceous, camphorated liniment; a solution of soap in alcohol, with the addition of camphor and essential oils; soap liniment. OPOLCHENIE Op`ol*che"ni*e, n. [Russ., fr. opolchit' to make an army, polk army. Cf. Folk.] (Russia) Defn: See Army organization, above. OPOPANAX O*pop"a*nax, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. opopanax.] Defn: The inspissated juice of an umbelliferous plant (the Opoponax Chironum), brought from Turkey and the East Indies in loose granules, or sometimes in larger masses, of a reddish yellow color, with specks of white. It has a strong smell and acrid taste, and was formerly used in medicine as an emmenagogue and antispasmodic. Dunglison. OPOSSUM O*pos"sum, n. Etym: [Of N. American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any American marsupial of the genera Didelphys and Chironectes. The common species of the United States is Didelphys Virginiana. Note: Several related species are found in South America. The water opossum of Brazil (Chironectes variegatus), which has the hind feet, webbed, is provided with a marsupial pouch and with cheek pouches. It is called also yapock. Opossum mouse. (Zoöl.) See Flying mouse, under Flying. -- Opossum shrimp (Zoöl.), any schizopod crustacean of the genus Mysis and allied genera. See Schizopoda. OPPIDAN Op"pi*dan, a. Etym: [L. oppidanus, fr. oppidum town.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a town. Howell. OPPIDAN Op"pi*dan, n. 1. An inhabitant of a town. 2. A student of Eton College, England, who is not a King's scholar, and who boards in a private family. OPPIGNERATE Op*pig"ner*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. oppigneratus, p.p. of oppignerare to pawn. See Ob-, and Pignerate.] Defn: To pledge; to pawn. [Obs.] Bacon. OPPILATE Op"pi*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oppilated; p. pr. & vb. n. Oppilating.] Etym: [L. oppilatus, p.p. of oppilare to stop up; ob (see Ob-) + pilare to ram down, to thrust.] Defn: To crowd together; to fill with obstructions; to block up. [Obs.] Cockeram. OPPILATION Op`pi*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. oppilatio: cf. F. opilation.] Defn: The act of filling or crowding together; a stopping by redundant matter; obstruction, particularly in the lower intestines. Jer. Taylor. OPPILATIVE Op`pi*la*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. opilatif. See Oppilate.] Defn: Obstructive. [Obs.] Sherwood. OPPLETE; OPPLETED Op*plete", Op*plet"ed, a. Etym: [L. oppletus, p.p. of opplere to fill up; ob (see Ob-) + plere to fill.] Defn: Filled; crowded. [Obs.] Johnson. OPPLETION Op*ple"tion, n. Defn: The act of filling up, or the state of being filled up; fullness. [Obs.] OPPONE Op*pone", v. t. Etym: [L. opponere. See Opponent.] Defn: To oppose. [Obs.] B. Jonson. OPPONENCY Op*po"nen*cy, n. Defn: The act of opening an academical disputation; the proposition of objections to a tenet, as an exercise for a degree. [Eng.] Todd. OPPONENT Op*po"nent, a. Etym: [L. opponens, -entis, p.pr. of opponere to set or place against, to oppose; ob (see Ob-) + ponere to place. See Position.] Defn: Situated in front; opposite; hence, opposing; adverse; antagonistic. Pope. OPPONENT Op*po"nent, n. 1. One who opposes; an adversary; an antagonist; a foe. Macaulay. 2. One who opposes in a disputation, argument, or other verbal controversy; specifically, one who attacks some theirs or proposition, in distinction from the respondent, or defendant, who maintains it. How becomingly does Philopolis exercise his office, and seasonably commit the opponent with the respondent, like a long-practiced moderator! Dr. H. More. Syn. -- Antagonist; opposer; foe. See Adversary. OPPORTUNE Op`por*tune", a. Etym: [F. opporiun, L. opportunus, lit., at or before the port; ob (see Ob-) + a derivative of portus port, harbor. See Port harbor.] Defn: Convenient; ready; hence, seasonable; timely. Milton. This is most opportune to our need. Shak. -- Op`por*tune"ly, adv. -- Op`por*tune"ness, n. OPPORTUNE Op`por*tune", v. t. Defn: To suit. [Obs.] Dr. Clerke(1637). OPPORTUNISM Op`por*tun"ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. opportunisme.] Defn: The art or practice of taking advantage of opportunities or circumstances, or of seeking immediate advantage with little regard for ultimate consequences. [Recent] OPPORTUNIST Op`por*tun"ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. opportuniste.] Defn: One who advocates or practices opportunism. [Recent] OPPORTUNITY Op`por*tu"ni*ty, n.; pl. Opportunities. Etym: [F. opportunité, L. opportunitas. See Opportune.] 1. Fit or convenient time; a time or place favorable for executing a purpose; a suitable combination of conditions; suitable occasion; chance. A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds. Bacon. 2. Convenience of situation; fitness. [Obs.] Hull, a town of great strength and opportunity, both to sea and land affairs. Milton. 3. Importunity; earnestness. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- Occasion; convenience; occurrence. -- Opportunity, Occasion. An occasion is that which falls in our way, or presents itself in the course of events; an opportunity is a convenience or fitness of time, place, etc., for the doing of a thing. Hence, occasions often make opportunities. The occasion of sickness may give opportunity for reflection. OPPOSABILITY Op*pos`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being opposable. In no savage have I ever seen the slightest approach to opposability of the great toe, which is the essential distinguishing feature of apes. A. R. Wallace. OPPOSABLE Op*pos"a*ble, a. 1. Capable of being opposed or resisted. 2. Capable of being placed opposite something else; as, the thumb is opposable to the forefinger. OPPOSAL Op*pos"al, n. Defn: Opposition. [R.] Sir T. Herbert. OPPOSE Op*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Opposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Opposing.] Etym: [F. opposer. See Ob-, Pose, and cf.2d Appose, Puzzle, n. Cf.L. opponere, oppositum.] 1. To place in front of, or over against; to set opposite; to exhibit. Her grace sat down . . . In a rich chair of state; opposing freely The beauty of her person to the people. Shak. 2. To put in opposition, with a view to counterbalance or countervail; to set against; to offer antagonistically. I may . . . oppose my single opinion to his. Locke. 3. To resist or antagonize by physical means, or by arguments, etc.; to contend against; to confront; to resist; to withstand; as, to oppose the king in battle; to oppose a bill in Congress. 4. To compete with; to strive against; as, to oppose a rival for a prize. I am . . . too weak To oppose your cunning. Shak. Syn. -- To combat; withstand; contradict; deny; gainsay; oppugn; contravene; check; obstruct. OPPOSE Op*pose", v. i. 1. To be set opposite. Shak. 2. To act adversely or in opposition; -- with against or to; as, a servant opposed against the act. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To make objection or opposition in controversy. OPPOSELESS Op*pose"less, a. Defn: Not to be effectually opposed; irresistible. [Obs.] "Your great opposeless wills." Shak. OPPOSER Op*pos"er, n. Defn: One who opposes; an opponent; an antagonist; an adversary. OPPOSITE Op"po*site, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. oppositus, p. p. of opponere. See Opponent.] 1. Placed over against; standing or situated over against or in front; facing; -- often with to; as, a house opposite to the Exchange. 2. Applied to the other of two things which are entirely different; other; as, the opposite sex; the opposite extreme. 3. Extremely different; inconsistent; contrary; repugnant; antagonistic. Novels, by which the reader is misled into another sort of pieasure opposite to that which is designed in an epic poem. Dryden. Particles of speech have divers, and sometimes almost opposite, significations. Locke. 4. (Bot.) (a) Set over against each other, but separated by the whole diameter of the stem, as two leaves at the same node. (b) Placed directly in front of another part or organ, as a stamen which stands before a petal. OPPOSITE Op"po*site, n. 1. One who opposes; an opponent; an antagonist. [Obs.] The opposites of this day's strife. Shak. 2. That which is opposed or contrary; as, sweetness and its opposite. The virtuous man meets with more opposites and opponents than any other. Landor. OPPOSITELY Op"po*site*ly, adv. Defn: In a situation to face each other; in an opposite manner or direction; adversely. Winds from all quarters oppositely blow. May. OPPOSITENESS Op"po*site*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being opposite. OPPOSITIFOLIOUS Op*pos`i*ti*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [See Opposite, Folious.] (Bot.) Defn: Placed at the same node with a leaf, but separated from it by the whole diameter of the stem; as, an oppositifolious peduncle. OPPOSITION Op`po*si"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. oppositio. See Opposite.] 1. The act of opposing; an attempt to check, restrain, or defeat; resistance. The counterpoise of so great an opposition. Shak. Virtue which breaks through all opposition. Milton. 2. The state of being placed over against; situation so as to front something else. Milton. 3. Repugnance; contrariety of sentiment, interest, or purpose; antipathy. Shak. 4. That which opposes; an obstacle; specifically, the aggregate of persons or things opposing; hence, in politics and parliamentary practice, the party opposed to the party in power. 5. (Astron.) Defn: The situation of a heavenly body with respect to another when in the part of the heavens directly opposite to it; especially, the position of a planet or satellite when its longitude differs from that of the sun 180º; -- signified by the symbol as, . 6. (Logic) Defn: The relation between two propositions when, having the same subject and predicate, they differ in quantity, or in quality, or in both; or between two propositions which have the same matter but a different form. OPPOSITIONIST Op`po*si"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who belongs to the opposition party. Praed. OPPOSITIPETALOUS Op*pos`i*ti*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [See Opposite, and Petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Placed in front of a petal. OPPOSITISEPALOUS Op*pos`i*ti*sep"al*ous, a. Etym: [See Opposite, and Sepal.] (Bot.) Defn: Placed in front of a sepal. OPPOSITIVE Op*pos`i*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. oppositif. See Opposite.] Defn: Capable of being put in opposition. Bp. Hall. OPPRESS Op*press", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oppressed; p. pr. & vb. n. Oppressing.] Etym: [F. oppresser, LL. oppressare, fr. L. oppressus, p. p. of opprimere; ob (see Ob-) + premere to press. See Press.] 1. To impose excessive burdens upon; to overload; hence, to treat with unjust rigor or with cruelty. Wyclif. For thee, oppressèd king, am I cast down. Shak. Behold the kings of the earth; how they oppress Thy chosen ! Milton. 2. To ravish; to violate. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. To put down; to crush out; to suppress. [Obs.] The mutiny he there hastes to oppress. Shak. 4. To produce a sensation of weight in (some part of the body); as, my lungs are oppressed by the damp air; excess of food oppresses the stomach. OPPRESSION Op*pres"sion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. oppressio.] 1. The act of oppressing, or state of being oppressed. 2. That which oppresses; a hardship or injustice; cruelty; severity; tyranny. "The multitude of oppressions." Job xxxv. 9. 3. A sense of heaviness or obstruction in the body or mind; depression; dullness; lassitude; as, an oppression of spirits; an oppression of the lungs. There gentlee Sleep First found me, and with soft oppression seized My drowsed sense. Milton. 4. Ravishment; rape. [Obs.] Chaucer. OPPRESSIVE Op*press"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. oppressif.] 1. Unreasonably burdensome; unjustly severe, rigorous, or harsh; as, oppressive taxes; oppressive exactions of service; an oppressive game law. Macaulay. 2. Using oppression; tyrannical; as, oppressive authority or commands. 3. Heavy; overpowering; hard to be borne; as, oppressive grief or woe. To ease the soul of one oppressive weight. Pope. -- Op*press"ive*ly, adv. -- Op*press"ive*ness, n. OPPRESSOR Op*press"or, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who oppresses; one who imposes unjust burdens on others; one who harasses others with unjust laws or unreasonable severity. The orphan pines while the oppressor feeds. Shak. To relieve the oppressed and to punish the oppressor. Swift. OPPRESSURE Op*pres"sure, n. Defn: Oppression. [Obs.] OPPROBRIOUS Op*pro"bri*ous, a. Etym: [L. opprobriosus, fr. opprobrium. See Opprobrium.] 1. Expressive of opprobrium; attaching disgrace; reproachful; scurrilous; as, opprobrious language. They . . . vindicate themselves in terms no less opprobrious than those by which they are attacked. Addison. 2. Infamous; despised; rendered hateful; as, an opprobrious name. This dark, opprobrious den of shame. Milton. -- Op*pro"bri*ous*ly, adv. -- Op*pro"bri*ous*ness, n. OPPROBRIUM Op*pro"bri*um, n. Etym: [L., fr. ob (see Ob-) + probrum reproach, disgrace.] Defn: Disgrace; infamy; reproach mingled with contempt; abusive language. Being both dramatic author and dramatic performer, he found himself heir to a twofold opprobrium. De Quincey. OPPROBRY Op*pro"bry, n. Defn: Opprobrium. [Obs.] Johnson. OPPUGN Op*pugn", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oppugned; p pr. & vb. n. Oppugning.] Etym: [OF. oppugner, L. oppugnare; ob (see Ob-) + pugnare to fight. See Impugn.] Defn: To fight against; to attack; to be in conflict with; to oppose; to resist. They said the manner of their impeachment they could not but conceive did oppugn the rights of Parliament. Clarendon. OPPUGNANCY Op*pug"nan*cy, n. Etym: [See Oppugnant.] Defn: The act of oppugning; opposition; resistance. Shak. OPPUGNANT Op*pug"nant, a. Etym: [L. oppugnans, p. pr. of oppugnare. See Oppugn.] Defn: Tending to awaken hostility; hostile; opposing; warring. "Oppugnant forces." I. Taylor. -- n. Defn: An opponent. [R.] Coleridge. OPPUGNATION Op`pug*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. oppugnatio: cf. OF. oppugnation.] Defn: Opposition. [R.] Bp. Hall. OPPUGNER Op*pugn"er, n. Defn: One who opposes or attacks; that which opposes. Selden. OPSIMATHY Op*sim"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Education late in life. [R.] Hales. OPSIOMETER Op`si*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. opsiomètre.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the limits of distincts vision in different individuals, and thus determiming the proper focal length of a lens for correcting imperfect sight. Brande & C. OPSONATION Op`so*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. opsonatio.] Defn: A catering; a buying of provisions. [Obs.] Bailey. OPTABLE Op"ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. optabilis.] Defn: That may be chosen; desirable. [Obs.] Cockeram. OPTATE Op"tate, v. i. Etym: [L. optatus, p. p. of optare.] Defn: To choose; to wish for; to desire. [Obs.] Cotgrave. OPTATION Op*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. optatio. See Option.] Defn: The act of optating; a wish. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. OPTATIVE Op"ta*tive, a. Etym: [L. optativus: cf. F. optatif.] Defn: Expressing desire or wish. Fuller. Optative mood (Gram.), that mood or form of a verb, as in Greek, Sanskrit, etc., in which a wish or desire is expressed. OPTATIVE Op"ta*tive, n. Etym: [Cf. F. optatif.] 1. Something to be desired. [R.] Bacon. 2. (Gram.) Defn: The optative mood; also, a verb in the optative mood. OPTATIVELY Op"ta*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In an optative manner; with the expression of desire. [R.] God blesseth man imperatively, and man blesseth God optatively. Bp. Hall. OPTIC Op"tic, n. Etym: [From Optic, a.] 1. The organ of sight; an eye. The difference is as great between The optics seeing, as the object seen. Pope. 2. An eyeglass. [Obs.] Herbert. OPTIC; OPTICAL Op"tic, Op"tic*al, a. Etym: [F. optique, Gr. oculus eye. See Ocular, Eye, and cf. Canopy, Ophthalmia.] 1. Of or pertaining to vision or sight. The moon, whose orb Through optic glass the Tuscan artist views. Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to the eye; ocular; as, the optic nerves (the first pair of cranial nerves) which are distributed to the retina. See Illust. of Brain, and Eye. 3. Relating to the science of optics; as, optical works. Optic angle (Opt.), the angle included between the optic axes of the two eyes when directed to the same point; -- sometimes called binocular parallax. -- Optic axis. (Opt.) (a) A line drawn through the center of the eye perpendicular to its anterior and posterior surfaces. In a normal eye it is in the direction of the optic axis that objects are most distinctly seen. (b) The line in a doubly refracting crystal, in the direction of which no double refraction occurs. A uniaxial crystal has one such line, a biaxial crystal has two. -- Optical circle (Opt.), a graduated circle used for the measurement of angles in optical experiments. -- Optical square, a surveyor's instrument with reflectors for laying off right angles. OPTICALLY Op"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By optics or sight; with reference to optics. Optically active, Optically inactive (Chem. Physics), terms used of certain metameric substances which, while identical with each other in other respects, differ in this, viz., that they do or do not produce right-handed or left-handed circular polarization of light. -- Optically positive, Optically negative. See under Refraction. OPTICIAN Op*ti"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. opticien. See Optic, a.] 1. One skilled in optics. [R.] A. Smith. 2. One who deals in optical glasses and instruments. OPTICS Op"tics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. optique, L. optice, Gr. Optic.] Defn: That branch of physical science which treats of the nature and properties of light, the laws of its modification by opaque and transparent bodies, and the phenomena of vision. OPTIGRAPH Op"ti*graph, n. Etym: [Optic + -graph: cf. F. opticographe. See Optic, a. ] Defn: A telescope with a diagonal eyepiece, suspended vertically in gimbals by the object end beneath a fixed diagonal plane mirror. It is used for delineating landscapes, by means of a pencil at the eye end which leaves the delineation on paper. OPTIMACY Op"ti*ma*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. optimatie. See Optimate.] 1. Government by the nobility. [R.] Howell. 2. Collectively, the nobility. [R.] OPTIMATE Op"ti*mate, a. Etym: [L. optimas, -atis, adj., optimates, n. pl., the adherents of the best men, the aristocrats, fr. optimus the best.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the nobility or aristocracy. [R.] -- n. Defn: A nobleman or aristocrat; a chief man in a state or city. [R.] Chapman. OPTIMATES Op`ti*ma"tes, n. pl. Etym: [L. See Optimate.] Defn: The nobility or aristocracy of ancient Rome, as opposed to the populares. OPTIME Op"ti*me, n. Etym: [L., adv. fr. optimus the best.] Defn: One of those who stand in the second rank of honors, immediately after the wranglers, in the University of Cambridge, England. They are divided into senior and junior optimes. OPTIMISM Op"ti*mism, n. Etym: [L. optimus the best; akin to optio choice: cf. F. optimisme. See Option.] 1. (Metaph.) Defn: The opinion or doctrine that everything in nature, being the work of God, is ordered for the best, or that the ordering of things in the universe is such as to produce the highest good. 2. A disposition to take the most hopeful view; -- opposed to pessimism. OPTIMIST Op"ti*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. optimiste.] 1. (Metaph.) Defn: One who holds the opinion that all events are ordered for the best. 2. One who looks on the bright side of things, or takes hopeful views; -- opposed to pessimist. OPTIMISTIC Op`ti*mis"tic, a. 1. (Metaph.) Defn: Of or pertaining to optimism; tending, or conforming, to the opinion that all events are ordered for the best. 2. Hopeful; sanguine; as, an optimistic view. OPTIMITY Op*tim"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. optimitas, fr. optimus the best.] Defn: The state of being best. [R.] Bailey. OPTION Op"tion, n. Etym: [L. optio; akin to optare to choose, wish, optimus best, and perh. to E. apt: cf. F. option.] 1. The power of choosing; the right of choice or election; an alternative. There is an option left to the United States of America, whether they will be respectable and prosperous, or contemptible and miserable, as a nation. Washington. 2. The exercise of the power of choice; choice. Transplantation must proceed from the option of the people, else it sounds like an exile. Bacon. 3. A wishing; a wish. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 4. (Ch. of Eng.) Defn: A right formerly belonging to an archbishop to select any one dignity or benefice in the gift of a suffragan bishop consecrated or confirmed by him, for bestowal by himself when next vacant; -- annulled by Parliament in 1845. 5. (Stock Exchange) Defn: A stipulated privilege, given to a party in a time contract, of demanding its fulfillment on any day within a specified limit. Buyer's option, an option allowed to one who contracts to buy stocks at a certain future date and at a certain price, to demand the delivery of the stock (giving one day's notice) at any previous time at the market price. -- Seller's option, an option allowed to one who contracts to deliver stock art a certain price on a certain future date, to deliver it (giving one day's notice) at any previous time at the market price. Such options are privileges for which a consideration is paid. -- Local option. See under Local. Syn. -- Choice; preference; selection. -- Option, Choice. Choice is an act of choosing; option often means liberty to choose, and implies freedom from constraint in the act of choosing. OPTIONAL Op"tion*al, a. Defn: Involving an option; depending on the exercise of an option; left to one's discretion or choice; not compulsory; as, optional studies; it is optional with you to go or stay. -- n. Defn: See Elective, n. If to the former the movement was not optional, it was the same that the latter chose when it was optional. Palfrey. Original writs are either optional or peremptory. Blackstone. OPTIONALLY Op"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an optional manner. OPTOCOELE; OPTOCOELIA Op"to*coele, Op`to*coe"li*a, n. Etym: [NL. optocoelia, fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The cavity of one of the optic lobes of the brain in many animals. B. G. Wilder. OPTOGRAM Op"to*gram, n. Etym: [Optic + -gram: cf. F. optogramme.] (Physiol.) Defn: An image of external objects fixed on the retina by the photochemical action of light on the visual purple. See Optography. OPTOGRAPHY Op*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Optic + -graphy.] (Physiol.) Defn: The production of an optogram on the retina by the photochemical action of light on the visual purple; the fixation of an image in the eye. The object so photographed shows white on a purple or red background. See Visual purple, under Visual. OPTOMETER Op*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Optic + -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the distance of distinct vision, mainly for the selection of eveglasses. OPTOMETRIST Op*tom"e*trist, n. Defn: One who is skilled in or practices optometry. OPTOMETRY Op*tom"e*try, n. 1. (Med.) Measurement of the range of vision, esp. by means of the optometer. 2. As defined (with minor variations) in the statutes of various States of the United States: (a) "The employment of subjective and objective mechanical means to determine the accomodative and refractive states of the eye and the scope of its function in general." (b) "The employment of any means, other than the use of drugs, for the measurement of the powers of vision and adaptation of lenses for the aid thereof." OPULENCE Op"u*lence, n. Etym: [L. opulentia: cf. F. opulence. See Opulent.] Defn: Wealth; riches; affluence. Swift OPULENCY Op"u*len*cy, n. Defn: See Opulence. Shak. OPULENT Op"u*lent, a. Etym: [L. opulens, opulentus, fr. ops, opis, power, wealth, riches, perh. akin to E. apt: cf. F. opulent. Cf. Copious, Couple, Office.] Defn: Having a large estate or property; wealthy; rich; affluent; as, an opulent city; an opulent citizen. -- Op"u*lent*ly, adv. I will piece Her opulent throne with kingdoms. Shak. OPUNTIA O*pun"ti*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of cactaceous plants; the prickly pear, or Indian fig. OPUS O"pus, n.; pl. Opera. Etym: [L. See Opera.] Defn: A work; specif. (Mus.), a musical composition. Note: Each composition, or set of pieces, as the composer may choose, is called an opus, and they are numbered in the order of their issue. (Often abbrev. to op.) Opus incertum. Etym: [L.] (Arch.) See under Incertum. OPUSCLE; OPUSCULE O*pus"cle, O*pus"cule, n. Etym: [L. opusculum, dim. of opus work: cf. F. opuscule.] Defn: A small or petty work. OPUSCULUM O*pus"cu*lum, n.; pl. Opuscula. Etym: [L.] Defn: An opuscule. Smart. OPYE O"pye, n. Defn: Opium. [Obs.] Chaucer. OQUASSA O*quas"sa, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, handsome trout (Salvelinus oquassa), found in some of the lakes in Maine; -- called also blueback trout. -OR -or. Etym: [L. -or: cf. OF. -or, -ur, -our, F. -eur.] 1. A noun suffix denoting an act; a state or quality; as in error, fervor, pallor, candor, etc. 2. A noun suffix denoting an agent or doer; as in auditor, one who hears; donor, one who gives; obligor, elevator. It is correlative to -ee. In general -or is appended to words of Latin, and -er to those of English, origin. See -er. OR Or, conj. Etym: [OE. or, outher, other, auther, either, or, AS. aw, contr. from ahwæ; a aye + hwæ whether. See Aye, and Whether, and cf. Either.] Defn: A particle that marks an alternative; as, you may read or may write, -- that is, you may do one of the things at your pleasure, but not both. It corresponds to either. You may ride either to London or to Windsor. It often connects a series of words or propositions, presenting a choice of either; as, he may study law, or medicine, or divinity, or he may enter into trade. If man's convenience, health, Or safety interfere, his rights and claims Are paramount. Cowper. Note: Or may be used to join as alternatives terms expressing unlike things or ideas (as, is the orange sour or sweet), or different terms expressing the same thing or idea; as, this is a sphere, or globe. Note: Or sometimes begins a sentence. In this case it expresses an alternative or subjoins a clause differing from the foregoing. "Or what man is there of you, who, if his son shall ask him for a loaf, will give him a stone" Matt. vii. 9 (Rev. Ver. ). Or for either is archaic or poetic. Maugre thine heed, thou must for indigence Or steal, or beg, or borrow thy dispence. Chaucer. OR Or, prep. & adv. Etym: [AS. ere, before. sq. root204. See Ere, prep. & adv.] Defn: Ere; before; sooner than. [Obs.] But natheless, while I have time and space, Or that I forther in this tale pace. Chaucer. Or ever, Or ere. See under Ever, and Ere. OR Or, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. aurum gold. Cf. Aureate.] (Her.) Defn: Yellow or gold color, -- represented in drawing or engraving by small dots. ORA O"ra, n. Etym: [AS. See 2d Ore.] Defn: A money of account among the Anglo-Saxons, valued, in the Domesday Book, at twenty pence sterling. ORABASSU O`ra*bas"su, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American monkey of the genus Callithrix, esp. C. Moloch. ORACH; ORACHE Or"ach, Or"ache, n. Etym: [F. arroche, corrupted fr. L. atriplex, Gr. Arrach.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus (Atriplex) of herbs or low shrubs of the Goosefoot family, most of them with a mealy surface. Garden orache, a plant (Atriplex hortensis), often used as a pot herb; -- also called mountain spinach. ORACLE Or"a*cle, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. oraculum, fr. orare to speak, utter, pray, fr. os, oris, mouth. See Oral.] 1. The answer of a god, or some person reputed to be a god, to an inquiry respecting some affair or future event, as the success of an enterprise or battle. Whatso'er she saith, for oracles must stand. Drayton. 2. Hence: The deity who was supposed to give the answer; also, the place where it was given. The oracles are dumb; No voice or hideous hum Runs through the arched roof in words deceiving. Milton. 3. The communications, revelations, or messages delivered by God to the prophets; also, the entire sacred Scriptures -- usually in the plural. The first principles of the oracles of God. Heb. v. 12. 4. (Jewish Antiq.) Defn: The sanctuary, or Most Holy place in the temple; also, the temple itself. 1 Kings vi. 19. Siloa's brook, that flow'd Fast by the oracle of God. Milton. 5. One who communicates a divine command; an angel; a prophet. God hath now sent his living oracle Into the world to teach his final will. Milton. 6. Any person reputed uncommonly wise; one whose decisions are regarded as of great authority; as, a literary oracle. "Oracles of mode." Tennyson. The country rectors . . . thought him an oracle on points of learning. Macaulay. 7. A wise sentence or decision of great authority. ORACLE Or"a*cle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Oracled; p. pr. & vb. n. Oracling.] Defn: To utter oracles. [Obs.] ORACULAR O*rac"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. oracularius. See Oracle.] 1. Of or pertaining to an oracle; uttering oracles; forecasting the future; as, an oracular tongue. 2. Resembling an oracle in some way, as in solemnity, wisdom, authority, obscurity, ambiguity, dogmatism. They have something venerable and oracular in that unadorned gravity and shortness in the expression. Pope. -- O*rac"u*lar*ly, adv. -- O*rac"u*lar*ness, n. ORACULOUS O*rac"u*lous, a. Defn: Oracular; of the nature of an oracle. [R.] "Equivocations, or oraculous speeches." Bacon. "The oraculous seer." Pope. -- O*rac"u*lous*ly, adv. -- O*rac"u*lous*ness, n. ORAGIOUS O*ra"gious, a. Etym: [F. orageux.] Defn: Stormy. [R.] ORAISON Or"ai*son, n. Defn: See Orison. [Obs.] Shak. ORAL O"ral, a. Etym: [L. os, oris, the mouth, akin to Skr. as. Cf. Adore, Orison, Usher.] 1. Uttered by the mouth, or in words; spoken, not written; verbal; as, oral traditions; oral testimony; oral law. 2. Of or pertaining to the mouth; surrounding or lining the mouth; as, oral cilia or cirri. ORALLY O"ral*ly, adv. 1. In an oral manner. Tillotson. 2. By, with, or in, the mouth; as, to receive the sacrament orally. [Obs.] Usher. ORANG O*rang", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Orang-outang. ORANGE Or"ange, n. Etym: [F.; cf. It. arancia, arancio, LL. arangia, Sp. naranjia, Pg. laranja; all fr. Ar. naranj, Per. naranj, narang; cf. Skr. naranga orange tree. The o- in F. orange is due to confusion with or gold, L. aurum, because the orange resembles gold in color.] 1. The fruit of a tree of the genus Citrus (C. Aurantium). It is usually round, and consists of pulpy carpels, commonly ten in number, inclosed in a leathery rind, which is easily separable, and is reddish yellow when ripe. Note: There are numerous varieties of oranges; as, the bitter orange, which is supposed to be the original stock; the navel orange, which has the rudiment of a second orange imbedded in the top of the fruit; the blood orange, with a reddish juice; and the horned orange, in which the carpels are partly separated. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The tree that bears oranges; the orange tree. 3. The color of an orange; reddish yellow. Mandarin orange. See Mandarin. -- Mock orange (Bot.), any species of shrubs of the genus Philadelphus, which have whitish and often fragrant blossoms. -- Native orange, or Orange thorn (Bot.), an Australian shrub (Citriobatus parviflorus); also, its edible yellow berries. -- Orange bird (Zoöl.), a tanager of Jamaica (Tanagra zena); -- so called from its bright orange breast. -- Orange cowry (Zoöl.), a large, handsome cowry (Cypræa aurantia), highly valued by collectors of shells on account of its rarity. -- Orange grass (Bot.), an inconspicuous annual American plant (Hypericum Sarothra), having minute, deep yellow flowers. -- Orange oil (Chem.), an oily, terpenelike substance obtained from orange rind, and distinct from neroli oil, which is obtained from the flowers. -- Orange pekoe, a kind of black tea. -- Orange pippin, an orange-colored apple with acid flavor. -- Quito orange, the orangelike fruit of a shrubby species of nightshade (Solanum Quitoense), native in Quito. -- Orange scale (Zoöl.) any species of scale insects which infests orange trees; especially, the purple scale (Mytilaspis citricola), the long scale (M. Gloveri), and the red scale (Aspidiotus Aurantii). ORANGE Or"ange, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an orange; of the color of an orange; reddish yellow; as, an orange ribbon. ORANGEADE Or`ange*ade", n. Etym: [F., fr. orange.] Defn: A drink made of orange juice and water, corresponding to lemonade; orange sherbet. ORANGEAT Or`an*geat", n. Etym: [F., fr. orange.] Defn: Candied orange peel; also, orangeade. ORANGEISM Or"ange*ism, n. Defn: Attachment to the principles of the society of Orangemen; the tenets or practices of the Orangemen. ORANGEMAN Or"ange*man, n.; pl. -men (. Defn: One of a secret society, organized in the north of Ireland in 1795, the professed objects of which are the defense of the regning sovereign of Great Britain, the support of the Protestant religion, the maintenance of the laws of the kingdom, etc.; -- so called in honor of William, Prince of Orange, who became William III. of England. ORANGEROOT Or"ange*root`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An American ranunculaceous plant (Hidrastis Canadensis), having a yellow tuberous root; -- also called yellowroot, golden seal, etc. ORANGERY Or"an*ger*y, n. Etym: [F. orangerie, fr. orange. See Orange.] Defn: A place for raising oranges; a plantation of orange trees. ORANGETAWNY Or"ange*taw`ny, a. & n. Defn: Deep orange-yellow; dark yellow. Shak. ORANGITE Or"an*gite, (Min.) Defn: An orange-yellow variety of the mineral thorite, found in Norway. ORANG-OUTANG O*rang"-ou*tang`, n. Etym: [Malayan , i. e., man of the woods; man + a forest, wood, wild, savage.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An arboreal anthropoid ape (Simia satyrus), which inhabits Borneo and Sumatra. Often called simply orang. [Written also orang- outan, orang-utan, ourang-utang, and oran-utan.] Note: It is over four feet high, when full grown, and has very long arms, which reach nearly or quite to the ground when the body is erect. Its color is reddish brown. In structure, it closely resembles man in many respects. ORARIAN O*ra"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. orarius, fr. ora coast.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a coast. ORATION O*ra"tion, n.Etym: [L. oratio, fr. orare to speak, utter, pray. See Oral, Orison.] Defn: An elaborate discourse, delivered in public, treating an important subject in a formal and dignified manner; especially, a discourse having reference to some special occasion, as a funeral, an anniversary, a celebration, or the like; -- distinguished from an argument in court, a popular harangue, a sermon, a lecture, etc.; as, Webster's oration at Bunker Hill. The lord archbishop . . . made a long oration. Bacon. Syn. -- Address; speech. See Harangue. ORATION O*ra"tion, v. i. Defn: To deliver an oration. Donne. ORATOR Or"a*tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. orare to speak, utter. See Oration.] 1. A public speaker; one who delivers an oration; especially, one distinguished for his skill and power as a public speaker; one who is eloquent. I am no orator, as Brutus is. Shak. Some orator renowned In Athens or free Rome. Milton. 2. (Law) (a) In equity proceedings, one who prays for relief; a petitioner. (b) A plaintiff, or complainant, in a bill in chancery. Burrill. 3. (Eng. Universities) Defn: An officer who is the voice of the university upon all public occasions, who writes, reads, and records all letters of a public nature, presents, with an appropriate address, those persons on whom honorary degrees are to be conferred, and performs other like duties; -- called also public orator. ORATORIAL Or`a*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Oratorical. [R.] Swift. --Or`a*to"ri*al*ly, adv. ORATORIAN Or`a*to"ri*an, a. Defn: Oratorical. [Obs.] R. North. ORATORIAN Or`a*to"ri*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. oratorien.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: See Fathers of the Oratory, under Oratory. ORATORICAL Or`a*tor"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an orator or to oratory; characterized by oratory; rhetorical; becoming to an orator; as, an oratorical triumph; an oratorical essay. -- Or`a*tor"ic*al*ly, adv. ORATORIO Or`a*to"ri*o, n. Etym: [It., fr. L. oratorius belonging to praying. See Orator, and cf. Oratory.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A more or less dramatic text or poem, founded on some Scripture nerrative, or great divine event, elaborately set to music, in recitative, arias, grand choruses, etc., to be sung with an orchestral accompaniment, but without action, scenery, or costume, although the oratorio grew out of the Mysteries and the Miracle and Passion plays, which were acted. Note: There are instances of secular and mythological subjects treated in the form of the oratorios, and called oratorios by their composers; as Haydn's "Seasons," Handel's "Semele," etc. 2. Performance or rendering of such a composition. ORATORIOUS Or`a*to"ri*ous, a. Etym: [LL. oratorius.] Defn: Oratorical. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. -- Or`a*to"ri*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] ORATORIZE Or"a*tor*ize, v. i. Defn: To play the orator. [Jocose or derisive] Dickens. ORATORY Or"a*to*ry, n.; pl. Oratories. Etym: [OE. oratorie, fr. L. oratorium, fr. oratorius of praying, of an orator: cf. F. oratoire. See Orator, Oral, and cf. Oratorio.] Defn: A place of orisons, or prayer; especially, a chapel or small room set apart for private devotions. An oratory [temple] . . . in worship of Dian. Chaucer. Do not omit thy prayers for want of a good oratory, or place to pray in. Jer. Taylor. Fathers of the Oratory (R. C. Ch.), a society of priests founded by St. Philip Neri, living in community, and not bound by a special vow. The members are called also oratorians. ORATORY Or"a*to*ry, n. Etym: [L. oratoria (sc. ars) the oratorical art.] Defn: The art of an orator; the art of public speaking in an eloquent or effective manner; the exercise of rhetorical skill in oral discourse; eloquence. "The oratory of Greece and Rome." Milton. When a world of men Could not prevail with all their oratory. Shak. ORATRESS Or"a*tress, n. Defn: A woman who makes public addresses. Warner. ORATRIX Or"a*trix, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A woman plaintiff, or complainant, in equity pleading. Burrill. ORB Orb, n. Etym: [OF. orb blind, fr. L. orbus destitute.] (Arch.) Defn: A blank window or panel. [Obs.] Oxf. Gloss. ORB Orb, n. Etym: [F. orbe, fr. L. orbis circle, orb. Cf. Orbit.] 1. A spherical body; a globe; especially, one of the celestial spheres; a sun, planet, or star. In the small orb of one particular tear. Shak. Whether the prime orb, Incredible how swift, had thither rolled. Milton. 2. One of the azure transparent spheres conceived by the ancients to be inclosed one within another, and to carry the heavenly bodies in their revolutions. 3. A circle; esp., a circle, or nearly circular orbit, described by the revolution of a heavenly body; an orbit. The schoolmen were like astronomers, which did feign eccentrics, and epicycles, and such engines of orbs. Bacon. You seem to me as Dian in her orb. Shak. In orbs Of circuit inexpressible they stood, Orb within orb. Milton. 4. A period of time marked off by the revolution of a heavenly body. [R.] Milton. 5. The eye, as luminous and spherical. [Poetic] A drop serene hath quenched their orbs. Milton. 6. A revolving circular body; a wheel. [Poetic] The orbs Of his fierce chariot rolled. Milton. 7. A sphere of action. [R.] Wordsworth. But in our orbs we'll live so round and safe. Shak 8. Same as Mound, a ball or globe. See lst Mound. 9. (Mil.) Defn: A body of soldiers drawn up in a circle, as for defense, esp. infantry to repel cavalry. Syn. -- Globe; ball; sphere. See Globe. ORB Orb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Orbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Orbing.] 1. To form into an orb or circle. [Poetic] Milton. Lowell. 2. To encircle; to surround; to inclose. [Poetic] The wheels were orbed with gold. Addison. ORB Orb, v. i. Defn: To become round like an orb. [Poetic] And orb into the perfect star. Tennyson. ORBATE Or"bate, a. Etym: [L. orbatus, p. p. of orbare to bereave, fr. orbus bereaved of parents or children. See Orphan.] Defn: Bereaved; fatherless; childless. [Obs.] ORBATION Or*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. orbatio.] Defn: The state of being orbate, or deprived of parents or children; privation, in general; bereavement. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. ORBED Orbed, a. Defn: Having the form of an orb; round. The orbèd eyelids are let down. Trench. ORBIC; ORBICAL Or"bic, Or"bic*al, a. Etym: [L. orbicus, or orbitus, fr. orbis orb.] Defn: Spherical; orbicular; orblike; circular. [R.] Bacon. ORBICLE Or"bi*cle, n. Etym: [L. orbiculus, dim. of orbis orb.] Defn: A small orb, or sphere. [Obs.] G. Fletcher. ORBICULA Or*bic"u*la, n. Etym: [NL. See Orbicle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Discina. ORBICULAR Or*bic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. orbicularis, fr. orbiculus, dim. of orbis orb: cf. F. orbiculaire.] Defn: Resembling or having the form of an orb; spherical; circular; orbiculate. -- Or*bic"u*lar*ly, adv. -- Or*bic"u*lar*ness, n. Orbicular as the disk of a planet. De Quincey. ORBICULATE Or*bic"u*late, n. Defn: That which is orbiculate; especially, a solid the vertical section of which is oval, and the horizontal section circular. ORBICULATE; ORBICULATED Or*bic"u*late, Or*bic"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. orbiculatus. See Orbicular.] Defn: Made, or being, in the form of an orb; having a circular, or nearly circular, or a spheroidal, outline. Orbiculate leaf (Bot.), a leaf whose outline is nearly circular. ORBICULATION Or*bic`u*la"tion, n. Defn: The state or quality of being orbiculate; orbicularness. Dr. H. More. ORBIT Or"bit, n. Etym: [L. orbita a track or rut made by a wheel, course, circuit, fr. orbis a circle: cf. F. orbite. See 2d Orb.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: The path described by a heavenly body in its periodical revolution around another body; as, the orbit of Jupiter, of the earth, of the moon. 2. An orb or ball. [Rare & Improper] Roll the lucid orbit of an eye. Young. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The skin which surrounds the eye of a bird. ORBITAL Or"bit*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an orbit. "Orbital revolution." J. D. Forbes. Orbital index (Anat.), in the skull, the ratio of the vertical height to the transverse width of the orbit, which is taken as the standard, equal to 100. ORBITAR Or"bit*ar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. orbitaire.] Defn: Orbital. [R.] Dunglison. ORBITARY Or"bit*a*ry, a. Defn: Situated around the orbit; as, the orbitary feathers of a bird. ORBITELAE Or`bi*te"læ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. orbis an orb + tela a web.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of spiders, including those that make geometrical webs, as the garden spider, or Epeira. ORBITOLITES Or`bi*to*li"tes, n. Etym: [NL. See Orbit, and -lite.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of living Foraminifera, forming broad, thin, circular disks, containing numerous small chambers. ORBITONASAL Or`bi*to*na"sal, a. Etym: [Orbit + nasal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the orbit and the nose; as, the orbitonasal, or ophthalmic, nerve. ORBITOSPHENOID Or`bi*to*sphe"noid, a. Etym: [Orbit + sphenoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sphenoid bone and the orbit, or to the orbitosphenoid bone. -- n. Defn: The orbitosphenoid bone, which is situated in the orbit on either side of the presphenoid. It generally forms a part of the sphenoid in the adult. ORBITOSPHENOIDAL Or`bi*to*sphe*noid"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the orbitosphenoid bone; orbitosphenoid. ORBITUARY Or*bit"u*a*ry, a. Defn: Orbital. [R.] ORBITUDE; ORBITY Or"bi*tude, Or"bi*ty, n. Etym: [L. orbitudo, orbitas, fr. orbus: cf. F. orbité. See Orbate.] Defn: Orbation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. ORBULINA Or`bu*li"na, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. orbis orb.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of minute living Foraminifera having a globular shell. ORBY Orb"y, a. Etym: [From 2d Orb.] Defn: Orblike; having the course of an orb; revolving. [Obs.] "Orby hours." Chapman. ORC Orc, n. Etym: [L. orca: cf. F. orque.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The grampus. [Written also ork and orch.] Milton. ORCADIAN Or*ca"di*an, a. Etym: [L. Orcades the Orkney Islands.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Orkney Islands. ORCEIN Or"ce*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A reddish brown amorphous dyestuff, ORCHAL Or"chal, n. Defn: See Archil. ORCHANET Or"cha*net, n. Etym: [F. orcanète.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Alkanet, 2. Ainsworth. ORCHARD Or"chard, n. Etym: [AS. ortgeard, wyrtgeard, lit., wortyard, i. e., a yard for herbs; wyrt herb + geard yard. See Wort, Yard inclosure.] 1. A garden. [Obs.] 2. An inclosure containing fruit trees; also, the fruit trees, collectively; -- used especially of apples, peaches, pears, cherries, plums, or the like, less frequently of nutbearing trees and of sugar maple trees. Orchard grass (Bot.), a tall coarse grass (Dactylis glomerata), introduced into the United States from Europe. It grows usually in shady places, and is of value for forage and hay. -- Orchard house (Hort.), a glazed structure in which fruit trees are reared in pots. -- Orchard oriole (Zool.), a bright-colored American oriole (Icterus spurius), which frequents orchards. It is smaller and darker thah the Baltimore oriole. ORCHARDING Or"chard*ing, n. 1. The cultivation of orchards. 2. Orchards, in general. ORCHARDIST Or"chard*ist, n. Defn: One who cultivates an orchard. ORCHEL Or"chel, n. Defn: Archil. ORCHESOGRAPHY Or`che*sog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A treatise upon dancing. [R.] ORCHESTER Or"ches*ter, n. Defn: See Orchestra. ORCHESTIAN Or*ches"tian, n. Etym: [From Gr. Orchestra.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of amphipod crustacean of the genus Orchestia, or family Orchestidæ. See Beach flea, under Beach. ORCHESTRA Or"ches*tra, n. Etym: [L. orchestra, Gr. orchestre.] 1. The space in a theater between the stage and the audience; -- originally appropriated by the Greeks to the chorus and its evolutions, afterward by the Romans to persons of distinction, and by the moderns to a band of instrumental musicians. 2. The place in any public hall appropriated to a band of instrumental musicians. 3. (Mus.) (a) Loosely: A band of instrumental musicians performing in a theater, concert hall, or other place of public amusement. (b) Strictly: A band suitable for the performance of symphonies, overtures, etc., as well as for the accompaniment of operas, oratorios, cantatas, masses, and the like, or of vocal and instrumental solos. (c) A band composed, for the largest part, of players of the various viol instruments, many of each kind, together with a proper complement of wind instruments of wood and brass; -- as distinguished from a military or street band of players on wind instruments, and from an assemblage of solo players for the rendering of concerted pieces, such as septets, octets, and the like. 4. (Mus.) Defn: The instruments employed by a full band, collectively; as, an orchestra of forty stringed instruments, with proper complement of wind instruments. ORCHESTRAL Or"ches*tral, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an orchestra; suitable for, or performed in or by, an orchestra. ORCHESTRATION Or`ches*tra"tion, n. (Mus.) Defn: The arrangement of music for an orchestra; orchestral treatment of a composition; -- called also instrumentation. ORCHESTRE Or"ches*tre, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Orchestra. ORCHESTRIC Or*ches"tric, a. Defn: Orchestral. ORCHESTRION Or*ches"tri*on, n. Defn: A large music box imitating a variety of orchestral instruments. ORCHID Or"chid, n. Etym: [See Orchis.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the order Orchidaceæ. See Orchidaceous. ORCHIDACEOUS Or`chi*da"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order (Orchidaceæ) of endogenous plants of which the genus Orchis is the type. They are mostly perennial herbs having the stamens and pistils united in a single column, and normally three petals and three sepals, all adherent to the ovary. The flowers are curiously shaped, often resembling insects, the odd or lower petal (called the lip) being unlike the others, and sometimes of a strange and unexpected appearance. About one hundred species occur in the United States, but several thousand in the tropics. Note: Over three hundred genera are recognized. ORCHIDEAN Or*chid"e*an, a. (Bot.) Defn: Orchidaceous. ORCHIDEOUS Or*chid"e*ous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Orchidaceous. ORCHIDOLOGIST Or`chid*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in orchidology. ORCHIDOLOGY Or`chid*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The branch of botany which treats of orchids. ORCHIL Or"chil, n. Defn: See Archil. ORCHILLA WEED Or*chil"la weed`. (Bot.) Defn: The lichen from which archil is obtained. See Archil. ORCHIS Or"chis, n.; pl. Orchises. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of endogenous plants growing in the North Temperate zone, and consisting of about eighty species. They are perennial herbs growing from a tuber (beside which is usually found the last year's tuber also), and are valued for their showy flowers. See Orchidaceous. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the same family with the orchis; an orchid. Note: The common names, such as bee orchis, fly orchis, butterfly orchis, etc., allude to the peculiar form of the flower. ORCHITIS Or*chi"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the testicles. ORCHOTOMY Or*chot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of cutting out or removing a testicle by the knife; castration. ORCIN Or"cin, n. Etym: [Etymology uncertain: cf. F. orcine.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless crystalline substance, C6H3.CH3.(OH)2, which is obtained from certain lichens (Roccella, Lecanora, etc.), also from extract of aloes, and artificially from certain derivatives of toluene. It changes readily into orcein. ORD Ord, n. Etym: [AS. ord point.] Defn: An edge or point; also, a beginning. [ Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. Ord and end, the beginning and end. Cf. Odds and ends, under Odds. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. Halliwell. ORDAIN Or*dain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ordained; p. pr. & vb. n. Ordaining.] Etym: [OE. ordeinen, OF. ordener, F. ordonner, fr. L. ordinare, from ordo, ordinis, order. See Order, and cf. Ordinance.] 1. To set in order; to arrange according to rule; to regulate; to set; to establish. "Battle well ordained." Spenser. The stake that shall be ordained on either side. Chaucer. 2. To regulate, or establish, by appointment, decree, or law; to constitute; to decree; to appoint; to institute. Jeroboam ordained a feast in the eighth month. 1 Kings xii. 32. And doth the power that man adores ordain Their doom Byron. 3. To set apart for an office; to appoint. Being ordained his special governor. Shak. 4. (Eccl.) Defn: To invest with ministerial or sacerdotal functions; to introduce into the office of the Christian ministry, by the laying on of hands, or other forms; to set apart by the ceremony of ordination. Meletius was ordained by Arian bishops. Bp. Stillingfleet. ORDAINABLE Or*dain"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being ordained; worthy to be ordained or appointed. Bp. Hall. ORDAINER Or*dain"er, n. Defn: One who ordains. ORDAINMENT Or*dain"ment, n. Defn: Ordination. [R.] Burke. ORDAL Or"dal, n. Defn: Ordeal. [Obs.] Chaucer. ORDALIAN Or*da"li*an, a. Etym: [LL. orda.] Defn: Of or pertaining to trial by ordeal. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. ORDEAL Or"de*al, n. Etym: [AS. ordal, ord, a judgment; akin to D. oordeel, G. urteil, urtheil; orig., what is dealt out, the prefix or- being akin to a- compounded with verbs, G. er-, ur-, Goth. us-, orig. meaning, out. See Deal, v. & n., and cf. Arise, Ort.] 1. An ancient form of test to determine guilt or innocence, by appealing to a supernatural decision, -- once common in Europe, and still practiced in the East and by savage tribes. Note: In England ordeal by fire and ordeal by water were used, the former confined to persons of rank, the latter to the common people. The ordeal by fire was performed, either by handling red-hot iron, or by walking barefoot and blindfold over red-hot plowshares, laid at unequal distances. If the person escaped unhurt, he was adjudged innocent; otherwise he was condemned as guilty. The ordeal by water was performed, either by plunging the bare arm to the elbow in boiling water, an escape from injury being taken as proof of innocence, or by casting the accused person, bound hand and foot, into a river or pond, when if he floated it was an evidence of guilt, but if he sunk he was acquitted. It is probable that the proverbial phrase, to go through fire and water, denoting severe trial or danger, is derived from the ordeal. See Wager of battle, under Wager. 2. Any severe trial, or test; a painful experience. Ordeal bean. (Bot.) See Calabar bean, under Calabar. -- Ordeal root (Bot.) the root of a species of Strychnos growing in West Africa, used, like the ordeal bean, in trials for witchcraft. -- Ordeal tree (Bot.), a poisonous tree of Madagascar (Tanghinia, or Cerbera, venenata). Persons suspected of crime are forced to eat the seeds of the plumlike fruit, and criminals are put to death by being pricked with a lance dipped in the juice of the seeds. ORDEAL Or"de*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to trial by ordeal. ORDER Or"der, n. Etym: [OE. ordre, F. ordre, fr. L. ordo, ordinis. Cf. Ordain, Ordinal.] 1. Regular arrangement; any methodical or established succession or harmonious relation; method; system; as: (a) Of material things, like the books in a library. (b) Of intellectual notions or ideas, like the topics of a discource. (c) Of periods of time or occurrences, and the like. The side chambers were . . . thirty in order. Ezek. xli. 6. Bright-harnessed angels sit in order serviceable. Milton. Good order is the foundation of all good things. Burke. 2. Right arrangement; a normal, correct, or fit condition; as, the house is in order; the machinery is out of order. Locke. 3. The customary mode of procedure; established system, as in the conduct of debates or the transaction of business; usage; custom; fashion. Dantiel. And, pregnant with his grander thought, Brought the old order into doubt. Emerson. 4. Conformity with law or decorum; freedom from disturbance; general tranquillity; public quiet; as, to preserve order in a community or an assembly. 5. That which prescribes a method of procedure; a rule or regulation made by competent authority; as, the rules and orders of the senate. The church hath authority to establish that for an order at one time which at another time it may abolish. Hooker. 6. A command; a mandate; a precept; a direction. Upon this new fright, an order was made by both houses for disarming all the papists in England. Clarendon. 7. Hence: A commission to purchase, sell, or supply goods; a direction, in writing, to pay money, to furnish supplies, to admit to a building, a place of entertainment, or the like; as, orders for blankets are large. In those days were pit orders -- beshrew the uncomfortable manager who abolished them. Lamb. 8. A number of things or persons arranged in a fixed or suitable place, or relative position; a rank; a row; a grade; especially, a rank or class in society; a group or division of men in the same social or other position; also, a distinct character, kind, or sort; as, the higher or lower orders of society; talent of a high order. They are in equal order to their several ends. Jer. Taylor. Various orders various ensigns bear. Granville. Which, to his order of mind, must have seemed little short of crime. Hawthorne. 9. A body of persons having some common honorary distinction or rule of obligation; esp., a body of religious persons or aggregate of convents living under a common rule; as, the Order of the Bath; the Franciscan order. Find a barefoot brother out, One of our order, to associate me. Shak. The venerable order of the Knights Templars. Sir W. Scott. 10. An ecclesiastical grade or rank, as of deacon, priest, or bishop; the office of the Christian ministry; -- often used in the plural; as, to take orders, or to take holy orders, that is, to enter some grade of the ministry. 11. (Arch.) Defn: The disposition of a column and its component parts, and of the entablature resting upon it, in classical architecture; hence (as the column and entablature are the characteristic features of classical architecture) a style or manner of architectural designing. Note: The Greeks used three different orders, easy to distinguish, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Romans added the Tuscan, and changed the Doric so that it is hardly recognizable, and also used a modified Corinthian called Composite. The Renaissance writers on architecture recognized five orders as orthodox or classical, -- Doric (the Roman sort), Ionic, Tuscan, Corinthian, and Composite. See Illust. of Capital. 12. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: An assemblage of genera having certain important characters in common; as, the Carnivora and Insectivora are orders of Mammalia. Note: The Linnæan artificial orders of plants rested mainly on identity in the numer of pistils, or agreement in some one character. Natural orders are groups of genera agreeing in the fundamental plan of their flowers and fruit. A natural order is usually (in botany) equivalent to a family, and may include several tribes. 13. (Rhet.) Defn: The placing of words and members in a sentence in such a manner as to contribute to force and beauty or clearness of expression. 14. (Math.) Defn: Rank; degree; thus, the order of a curve or surface is the same as the degree of its equation. Artificial order or system. See Artificial classification, under Artificial, and Note to def. 12 above. -- Close order (Mil.), the arrangement of the ranks with a distance of about half a pace between them; with a distance of about three yards the ranks are in Ant: open order. -- The four Orders, The Orders four, the four orders of mendicant friars. See Friar. Chaucer. -- General orders (Mil.), orders issued which concern the whole command, or the troops generally, in distinction from special orders. -- Holy orders. (a) (Eccl.) The different grades of the Christian ministry; ordination to the ministry. See def. 10 above. (b) (R. C. Ch.) A sacrament for the purpose of conferring a special grace on those ordained. -- In order to, for the purpose of; to the end; as means to. The best knowledge is that which is of greatest use in order to our eternal happiness. Tillotson. -- Minor orders (R. C. Ch.), orders beneath the diaconate in sacramental dignity, as acolyte, exorcist, reader, doorkeeper. -- Money order. See under Money. -- Natural order. (Bot.) See def. 12, Note. -- Order book. (a) A merchant's book in which orders are entered. (b) (Mil.) A book kept at headquarters, in which all orders are recorded for the information of officers and men. (c) A book in the House of Commons in which proposed orders must be entered. [Eng.] -- Order in Council, a royal order issed with and by the advice of the Privy Council. [Great Britain] -- Order of battle (Mil.), the particular disposition given to the troops of an army on the field of battle. -- Order of the day, in legislative bodies, the special business appointed for a specified day. -- Order of a differential equation (Math.), the greatest index of differentiation in the equation. -- Sailing orders (Naut.), the final instructions given to the commander of a ship of war before a cruise. -- Sealed orders, orders sealed, and not to be opended until a certain time, or arrival at a certain place, as after a ship is at sea. -- Standing order. (a) A continuing regulation for the conduct of parliamentary business. (b) (Mil.) An order not subject to change by an officer temporarily in command. -- To give order, to give command or directions. Shak. -- To take order for, to take charge of; to make arrangements concerning. Whiles I take order for mine own affairs. Shak. Syn. -- Arrangement; management. See Direction. ORDER Or"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ordered; p pr. & vb. n. Ordering.] Etym: [From Order, n.] 1. To put in order; to reduce to a methodical arrangement; to arrange in a series, or with reference to an end. Hence, to regulate; to dispose; to direct; to rule. To him that ordereth his conversation aright. Ps. 1. 23. Warriors old with ordered spear and shield. Milton. 2. To give an order to; to command; as, to order troops to advance. 3. To give an order for; to secure by an order; as, to order a carriage; to order groceries. 4. (Eccl.) Defn: To admit to holy orders; to ordain; to receive into the ranks of the ministry. These ordered folk be especially titled to God. Chaucer. Persons presented to be ordered deacons. Bk. of Com. Prayer. Order arms (Mil.), the command at which a rifle is brought to a position with its but resting on the ground; also, the position taken at such a command. ORDER Or"der, v. i. Defn: To give orders; to issue commands. ORDERABLE Or"der*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being ordered; tractable. [R.] Being very orderable in all his sickness. Fuller. ORDERER Or"der*er, n. 1. One who puts in order, arranges, methodizes, or regulates. 2. One who gives orders. ORDERING Or"der*ing, n. Defn: Disposition; distribution; management. South. ORDERLESS Or"der*less, a. Defn: Being without order or regularity; disorderly; out of rule. ORDERLINESS Or"der*li*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being orderly. ORDERLY Or"der*ly, a. 1. Conformed to order; in order; regular; as, an orderly course or plan. Milton. 2. Observant of order, authority, or rule; hence, obedient; quiet; peaceable; not unruly; as, orderly children; an orderly community. 3. Performed in good or established order; well-regulated. "An orderly . . . march." Clarendon. 4. Being on duty; keeping order; conveying orders. "Aids-de-camp and orderly men." Sir W. Scott. Orderly book (Mil.), a book for every company, in which the general and regimental orders are recorded. -- Orderly officer, the officer of the day, or that officer of a corps or regiment whose turn it is to supervise for the day the arrangements for food, cleanliness, etc. Farrow. -- Orderly room. (a) The court of the commanding officer, where charges against the men of the regiment are tried. (b) The office of the commanding officer, usually in the barracks, whence orders emanate. Farrow. -- Orderly sergeant, the first sergeant of a company. ORDERLY Or"der*ly, adv. Defn: According to due order; regularly; methodically; duly. You are blunt; go to it orderly. Shak. ORDERLY Or"der*ly, n.; pl. Orderlies (. 1. (Mil.) Defn: A noncommissioned officer or soldier who attends a superior officer to carry his orders, or to render other service. Orderlies were appointed to watch the palace. Macaulay. 2. A street sweeper. [Eng.] Mayhew. ORDINABILITY Or`di*na*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability of being ordained or appointed. [Obs.] Bp. Bull. ORDINABLE Or"di*na*ble, a. Etym: [See Ordinate, Ordain.] Defn: Capable of being ordained or appointed. [Obs.] ORDINAL Or"di*nal, a. Etym: [L. ordinalis, fr. ordo, ordinis, order. See Order.] 1. Indicating order or succession; as, the ordinal numbers, first, second, third, etc. 2. Of or pertaining to an order. ORDINAL Or"di*nal, n. 1. A word or number denoting order or succession. 2. (Ch. of Eng.) Defn: The book of forms for making, ordaining, and consecrating bishops, priests, and deacons. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A book containing the rubrics of the Mass. [Written also ordinale.] ORDINALISM Or"di*nal*ism, n. Defn: The state or quality of being ordinal. [R.] Latham. ORDINANCE Or"di*nance, n. Etym: [OE. ordenance, OF. ordenance, F. ordonnance. See Ordain, and cf. Ordnance, Ordonnance.] 1. Orderly arrangement; preparation; provision. [Obs.] Spenser. They had made their ordinance Of victual, and of other purveyance. Chaucer. 2. A rule established by authority; a permanent rule of action; a statute, law, regulation, rescript, or accepted usage; an edict or decree; esp., a local law enacted by a municipal government; as, a municipal ordinance. Thou wilt die by God's just ordinance. Shak. By custom and the ordinance of times. Shak. Walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless. Luke i. 6. Note: Acts of Parliament are sometimes called ordinances; also, certain colonial laws and certain acts of Congress under Confederation; as, the ordinance of 1787 for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River; the colonial ordinance of 1641, or 1647. This word is often used in Scripture in the sense of a law or statute of sovereign power. Ex. xv. 25. Num. x. 8. Ezra iii. 10. Its most frequent application now in the United States is to laws and regulations of municipal corporations. Wharton (Law Dict.). 3. (Eccl.) Defn: An established rite or ceremony. 4. Rank; order; station. [Obs.] Shak. 5. Etym: [See Ordnance.] Defn: Ordnance; cannon. [Obs.] Shak. ORDINAND Or"di*nand`, n. Etym: [L. ordinandus, gerundive of ordinare. See Ordain.] Defn: One about to be ordained. ORDINANT Or"di*nant, a. Etym: [L. ordinans, p. pr. of ordinare. See Ordain.] Defn: Ordaining; decreeing. [Obs.] Shak. ORDINANT Or"di*nant, n. Defn: One who ordains. F. G. Lee. ORDINARILY Or"di*na*ri*ly, adv. Defn: According to established rules or settled method; as a rule; commonly; usually; in most cases; as, a winter more than ordinarily severe. Those who ordinarily pride themselves not a little upon their penetration. I. Taylor. ORDINARY Or"di*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. ordinarius, fr. ordo, ordinis, order: cf. F. ordinaire. See Order.] 1. According to established order; methodical; settled; regular. "The ordinary forms of law." Addison. 2. Common; customary; usual. Shak. Method is not less reguisite in ordinary conversation that in writing. Addison. 3. Of common rank, quality, or ability; not distinguished by superior excellence or beauty; hence, not distinguished in any way; commonplace; inferior; of little merit; as, men of ordinary judgment; an ordinary book. An ordinary lad would have acquired little or no useful knowledge in such a way. Macaulay. Ordinary seaman (Naut.), one not expert or fully skilled, and hence ranking below an able seaman. Syn. -- Normal; common; usual; customary. See Normal. -- Ordinary, Common. A thing is common in which many persons share or partake; as, a common practice. A thing is ordinary when it is apt to come round in the regular common order or succession of events. ORDINARY Or"di*na*ry, n.; pl. Ordinaries (. 1. (Law) (a) (Roman Law) An officer who has original jurisdiction in his own right, and not by deputation. (b) (Eng. Law) Defn: One who has immediate jurisdiction in matters ecclesiastical; an ecclesiastical judge; also, a deputy of the bishop, or a clergyman appointed to perform divine service for condemned criminals and assist in preparing them for death. (c) (Am. Law) A judicial officer, having generally the powers of a judge of probate or a surrogate. 2. The mass; the common run. [Obs.] I see no more in you than in the ordinary Of nature's salework. Shak. 3. That which is so common, or continued, as to be considered a settled establishment or institution. [R.] Spain had no other wars save those which were grown into an ordinary. Bacon. 4. Anything which is in ordinary or common use. Water buckets, wagons, cart wheels, plow socks, and other ordinaries. Sir W. Scott. 5. A dining room or eating house where a meal is prepared for all comers, at a fixed price for the meal, in distinction from one where each dish is separately charged; a table d'hôte; hence, also, the meal furnished at such a dining room. Shak. All the odd words they have picked up in a coffeehouse, or a gaming ordinary, are produced as flowers of style. Swift. He exacted a tribute for licenses to hawkers and peddlers and to ordinaries. Bancroft. 6. (Her.) Defn: A charge or bearing of simple form, one of nine or ten which are in constant use. The bend, chevron, chief, cross, fesse, pale, and saltire are uniformly admitted as ordinaries. Some authorities include bar, bend sinister, pile, and others. See Subordinary. In ordinary. (a) In actual and constant service; statedly attending and serving; as, a physician or chaplain in ordinary. An ambassador in ordinary is one constantly resident at a foreign court. (b) (Naut.) Out of commission and laid up; -- said of a naval vessel. -- Ordinary of the Mass (R. C. Ch.), the part of the Mass which is the same every day; -- called also the canon of the Mass. ORDINARYSHIP Or"di*na*ry*ship, n. Defn: The state of being an ordinary. [R.] Fuller. ORDINATE Or"di*nate, a. Etym: [L. ordinatus, p. p. of ordinare. See Ordain.] Defn: Well-ordered; orderly; regular; methodical. "A life blissful and ordinate." Chaucer. Ordinate figure (Math.), a figure whose sides and angles are equal; a regular figure. ORDINATE Or"di*nate, n. (Geom.) Defn: The distance of any point in a curve or a straight line, measured on a line called the axis of ordinates or on a line parallel to it, from another line called the axis of abscissas, on which the corresponding abscissa of the point is measured. Note: The ordinate and abscissa, taken together, are called coördinates, and define the position of the point with reference to the two axes named, the intersection of which is called the origin of coördinates. See Coordinate. ORDINATE Or"di*nate, v. t. Defn: To appoint, to regulate; to harmonize. Bp. Hall. ORDINATELY Or"di*nate*ly, adv. Defn: In an ordinate manner; orderly. Chaucer. Skelton. ORDINATION Or`di*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. ordinatio: cf. F. ordination.] 1. The act of ordaining, appointing, or setting apart; the state of being ordained, appointed, etc. The holy and wise ordination of God. Jer. Taylor. Virtue and vice have a natural ordination to the happiness and misery of life respectively. Norris. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: The act of setting apart to an office in the Christian ministry; the conferring of holy orders. 3. Disposition; arrangement; order. [R.] Angle of ordination (Geom.), the angle between the axes of coördinates. ORDINATIVE Or"di*na*tive, a. Etym: [L. ordinativus.] Defn: Tending to ordain; directing; giving order. [R.] Gauden. ORDINATOR Or"di*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who ordains or establishes; a director. [R.] T. Adams. ORDNANCE Ord"nance, n. Etym: [From OE. ordenance, referring orig. to the bore or size of the cannon. See Ordinance.] Defn: Heavy weapons of warfare; cannon, or great guns, mortars, and howitzers; artillery; sometimes, a general term for all weapons and appliances used in war. All the battlements their ordnance fire. Shak. Then you may hear afar off the awful roar of his [Rufus Choate's] rifled ordnance. E. Ererett. Ordnance survey, the official survey of Great Britain and Ireland, conducted by the ordnance department. ORDONNANCE Or"don*nance, n. Etym: [F. See Ordinance.] (Fine Arts) Defn: The disposition of the parts of any composition with regard to one another and the whole. Their dramatic ordonnance of the parts. Coleridge. ORDONNANT Or"don*nant, a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of ordonner. See Ordinant.] Defn: Of or pertaining to ordonnance. Dryden. ORDOVIAN Or*do"vi*an, a. & n. (Geol.) Defn: Ordovician. ORDOVICIAN Or`do*vi"cian, a. Etym: [From L. Ordovices, a Celtic people in Wales.] (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a division of the Silurian formation, corresponding in general to the Lower Silurian of most authors, exclusive of the Cambrian. -- n. Defn: The Ordovician formation. ORDURE Or"dure, n. Etym: [F. ordure, OF. ord filthy, foul, fr. L. horridus horrid. See Horrid.] 1. Dung; excrement; fæces. Shak. 2. Defect; imperfection; fault. [Obs.] Holland. ORDUROUS Or"dur*ous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ordure; filthy. Drayton. ORE Ore, n. Etym: [AS. ar.] Defn: Honor; grace; favor; mercy; clemency; happy augry. [Obs.] Chaucer. ORE Ore, n. Etym: [AS. ; cf. ar brass, bronze, akin to OHG. , G. ehern brazen, Icel. eir brass, Goth. ais, L. aes, Skr. ayas iron. Ora, Era.] 1. The native form of a metal, whether free and uncombined, as gold, copper, etc., or combined, as iron, lead, etc. Usually the ores contain the metals combined with oxygen, sulphur, arsenic, etc. (called mineralizers). 2. (Mining) Defn: A native metal or its compound with the rock in which it occurs, after it has been picked over to throw out what is worthless. 3. Metal; as, the liquid ore. [R.] Milton. Ore hearth, a low furnace in which rich lead ore is reduced; -- also called Scotch hearth. Raymond. OREAD O"re*ad, n. Etym: [L. Oreas, -adis, Gr. oréade.] (Class. Myth.) Defn: One of the nymphs of mountains and grottoes. Like a wood nymph light, Oread or Dryad. Milton. OREADES O*re"a*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of butterflies which includes the satyrs. See Satyr, 2. ORECTIC O*rec"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Philos.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the desires; hence, impelling to gratification; appetitive. OREGON GRAPE Or"e*gon grape`. (Bot.) Defn: An evergreen species of barberry (Berberis Aquifolium), of Oregon and California; also, its roundish, blue-black berries. OREIDE O"re*ide, n. Defn: See Oroide. OREODON O"re*o*don, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon) Defn: A genus of extinct herbivorous mammals, abundant in the Tertiary formation of the Rocky Mountains. It is more or less related to the camel, hog, and deer. OREODONT O"re*o*dont, a. (Paleon.) Defn: Resembling, or allied to, the genus Oreodon. OREOGRAPHIC O`re*o*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to oreography. OREOGRAPHY O`re*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: The science of mountains; orography. OREOSELIN O`re*os"e*lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance which is obtained indirectly from the root of an umbelliferous plant (Imperatoria Oreoselinum), and yields resorcin on decomposition. OREOSOMA O`re*o*so"ma, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small oceanic fishes, remarkable for the large conical tubercles which cover the under surface. OREWEED Ore"weed`, n. Defn: Same as Oarweed. OREWOOD Ore"wood`, n. Defn: Same as Oarweed. ORF; ORFE Orf, Or"fe, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bright-colored domesticated variety of the id. See Id. ORFGILD Orf"gild`, n. Etym: [AS. orf, yrfe, cattle, property + gild, gield, money, fine.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Restitution for cattle; a penalty for taking away cattle. Cowell. ORFRAY Or"fray, n. Etym: [F. orfraie. Cf. Osprey, Ossifrage.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The osprey. [Obs.] Holland. ORFRAYS Or"frays, n. Etym: [OF. orfrais, F. orfroi; F. or gold + fraise, frise, fringe, ruff. See Fraise, and cf. Auriphrygiate.] Defn: See Orphrey. [Obs.] Rom. of R. ORGAL Or"gal, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Argol. [Obs.] ORGAN Or"gan, n. Etym: [L. organum, Gr. work: cf. F. organe. See Work, and cf. Orgue, Orgy.] 1. An instrument or medium by which some important action is performed, or an important end accomplished; as, legislatures, courts, armies, taxgatherers, etc., are organs of government. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole; as, the heart, lungs, etc., are organs of animals; the root, stem, foliage, etc., are organs of plants. Note: In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ. Groups of organs constitute a system. See System. 3. A component part performing an essential office in the working of any complex machine; as, the cylinder, valves, crank, etc., are organs of the steam engine. 4. A medium of communication between one person or body and another; as, the secretary of state is the organ of communication between the government and a foreign power; a newspaper is the organ of its editor, or of a party, sect, etc. 5. Etym: [Cf. AS. organ, fr. L. organum.] (Mus.) Defn: A wind instrument containing numerous pipes of various dimensions and kinds, which are filled with wind from a bellows, and played upon by means of keys similar to those of a piano, and sometimes by foot keys or pedals; -- formerly used in the plural, each pipe being considired an organ. The deep, majestic, solemn organs blow. Pope. Note: Chaucer used the form orgon as a plural. The merry orgon . . . that in the church goon [go]. Barrel organ, Choir organ, Great organ, etc. See under Barrel, Choir, etc. -- Cabinet organ (Mus.), an organ of small size, as for a chapel or for domestic use; a reed organ. -- Organ bird (Zoöl.), a Tasmanian crow shrike (Gymnorhina organicum). It utters discordant notes like those of a hand organ out of tune. -- Organ fish (Zoöl.), the drumfish. -- Organ gun. (Mil.) Same as Orgue (b). -- Organ harmonium (Mus.), an harmonium of large capacity and power. -- Organ of Gorti (Anat.), a complicated structure in the cochlea of the ear, including the auditory hair cells, the rods or fibers of Corti, the membrane of Corti, etc. See Note under Ear. -- Organ pipe. See Pipe, n., 1. -- Organ-pipe coral. (Zoöl.) See Tubipora. -- Organ point (Mus.), a passage in which the tonic or dominant is sustained continuously by one part, while the other parts move. ORGAN Or"gan, v. t. Defn: To supply with an organ or organs; to fit with organs; to organize. [Obs.] Thou art elemented and organed for other apprehensions. Bp. Mannyngham. ORGANDIE; ORGANDY Or"gan*die, Or"gan*dy, n. Etym: [F. organdi.] Defn: A kind of transparent light muslin. ORGANIC Or*gan"ic, a. Etym: [L. organicus, Gr. organique.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an organ or its functions, or to objects composed of organs; consisting of organs, or containing them; as, the organic structure of animals and plants; exhibiting characters peculiar to living organisms; as, organic bodies, organic life, organic remains. Cf. Inorganic. 2. Produced by the organs; as, organic pleasure. [R.] 3. Instrumental; acting as instruments of nature or of art to a certain destined function or end. [R.] Those organic arts which enable men to discourse and write perspicuously. Milton. 4. Forming a whole composed of organs. Hence: Of or pertaining to a system of organs; inherent in, or resulting from, a certain organization; as, an organic government; his love of truth was not inculcated, but organic. 5. Pertaining to, or denoting, any one of the large series of substances which, in nature or origin, are connected with vital processes, and include many substances of artificial production which may or may not occur in animals or plants; -- contrasted with Ant: inorganic. Note: The principles of organic and inorganic chemistry are identical; but the enormous number and the completeness of related series of organic compounds, together with their remarkable facility of exchange and substitution, offer an illustration of chemical reaction and homology not to be paralleled in inorganic chemistry. Organic analysis (Chem.), the analysis of organic compounds, concerned chiefly with the determination of carbon as carbon dioxide, hydrogen as water, oxygen as the difference between the sum of the others and 100 per cent, and nitrogen as free nitrogen, ammonia, or nitric oxide; -- formerly called ultimate analysis, in distinction from proximate analysis. -- Organic chemistry. See under Chemistry. -- Organic compounds. (Chem.) See Carbon compounds, under Carbon. -- Organic description of a curve (Geom.), the description of a curve on a plane by means of instruments. Brande & C. -- Organic disease (Med.), a disease attended with morbid changes in the structure of the organs of the body or in the composition of its fluids; -- opposed to functional disease. -- Organic electricity. See under Electricity. -- Organic law or laws, a law or system of laws, or declaration of principles fundamental to the existence and organization of a political or other association; a constitution. -- Organic stricture (Med.), a contraction of one of the natural passages of the body produced by structural changes in its walls, as distinguished from a spasmodic stricture, which is due to muscular contraction. ORGANICAL Or*gan"ic*al, a. Defn: Organic. The organical structure of human bodies, whereby they live and move. Bentley. ORGANICALLY Or*gan"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an organic manner; by means of organs or with reference to organic functions; hence, fundamentally. Gladstone. ORGANICALNESS Or*gan"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being organic. ORGANICISM Or*gan"i*cism, n. (Med.) Defn: The doctrine of the localization of disease, or which refers it always to a material lesion of an organ. Dunglison. ORGANIFIC Or`gan*if"ic, a. Etym: [Organ + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See fy.] Defn: Making an organic or organized structure; producing an organism; acting through, or resulting from, organs. Prof. Park. ORGANISM Or"gan*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. organisme.] 1. Organic structure; organization. "The advantageous organism of the eye." Grew. 2. (Biol.) Defn: An organized being; a living body, either vegetable or animal, compozed of different organs or parts with functions which are separate, but mutually dependent, and essential to the life of the individual. Note: Some of the lower forms of life are so simple in structure as to be without organs, but are still called organisms, since they have different parts analogous in functions to the organs of higher plants and animals. ORGANIST Or"gan*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. organiste.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: One who plays on the organ. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: One of the priests who organized or sung in parts. [Obs.] ORGANISTA Or`ga*nis"ta, n. Etym: [Sp., an organis.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several South American wrens, noted for the sweetness of their song. ORGANITY Or*gan"i*ty, n. Defn: Organism. [R.] ORGANIZABILITY Or`gan*i`za*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Quality of being organizable; capability of being organized. ORGANIZABLE Or"gan*i`za*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being organized; esp. (Biol.), capable of being formed into living tissue; as, organizable matter. ORGANIZATION Or`gan*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. organisation.] 1. The act of organizing; the act of arranging in a systematic way for use or action; as, the organization of an army, or of a deliberative body. "The first organization of the general government." Pickering. 2. The state of being organized; also, the relations included in such a state or condition. What is organization but the connection of parts in and for a whole, so that each part is, at once, end and means Coleridge. 3. That wich is organized; an organized existence; an organism; specif. (Biol.), an arrangement of parts for the performance of the functions necessary to life. The cell may be regarded as the most simple, the most common, and the earliest form of organization. McKendrick. ORGANIZE Or"gan*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Organized; p. pr. & vb. n. Organizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. organiser, Gr. Organ.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: To furnish with organs; to give an organic structure to; to endow with capacity for the functions of life; as, an organized being; organized matter; -- in this sense used chiefly in the past participle. These nobler faculties of the mind, matter organized could never produce. Ray. 2. To arrange or constitute in parts, each having a special function, act, office, or relation; to systematize; to get into working order; -- applied to products of the human intellect, or to human institutions and undertakings, as a science, a government, an army, a war, etc. This original and supreme will organizes the government. Cranch. 3. (Mus.) Defn: To sing in parts; as, to organize an anthem. [R.] Busby. ORGANIZER Or"gan*i`zer, n. Defn: One who organizes. ORGANLING Or"gan*ling, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large kind of sea fish; the orgeis. ORGANO- Or"ga*no-. Etym: [See Organ.] Defn: A combining form denoting relation to, or connection with, an organ or organs. ORGANOGEN Or*gan"o*gen, n. Etym: [Organo- + -gen.] (Chem.) Defn: A name given to any one of the four elements, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, which are especially characteristic ingredients of organic compounds; also, by extension, to other elements sometimes found in the same connection; as sulphur, phosphorus, etc. ORGANOGENESIS Or`ga*no*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Organo- + genesis.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: The origin and development of organs in animals and plants. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The germ history of the organs and systems of organs, -- a branch of morphogeny. Haeckel. ORGANOGENIC Or`ga*no*gen"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to organogenesis. ORGANOGENY Or`ga*nog"e*ny, n. (Biol.) Defn: Organogenesis. ORGANOGRAPHIC; ORGANOGRAPHICAL Or`ga*no*graph"ic, Or`ga*no*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. organographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to organography. ORGANOGRAPHIST Or`ga*nog"ra*phist, n. Defn: One versed in organography. ORGANOGRAPHY Or`ga*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Organo- + -graphy: cf. F. organographie.] Defn: A description of the organs of animals or plants. ORGANOLEPTIC Or`ga*no*lep"tic, a. Etym: [F. organoleptique, fr. Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Making an impression upon an organ; plastic; -- said of the effect or impression produced by any substance on the organs of touch, taste, or smell, and also on the organism as a whole. ORGANOLOGICAL Or`ga*no*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or relating to organology. ORGANOLOGY Or`ga*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Organ + -logy: cf. F. organologie.] 1. The science of organs or of anything considered as an organic structure. The science of style, as an organ of thought, of style in relation to the ideas and feelings, might be called the organology of style. De Quincey. 2. That branch of biology which treats, in particular, of the organs of animals and plants. See Morphology. ORGANOMETALLIC Or`ga*no*me*tal"lic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Metalorganic. ORGANON; ORGANUM Or"ga*non, Or"ga*num, n. Etym: [NL. organon, L. organum. See Organ.] Defn: An organ or instrument; hence, a method by which philosophical or scientific investigation may be conducted; -- a term adopted from the Aristotelian writers by Lord Bacon, as the title ("Novum Organon") of part of his treatise on philosophical method. Sir. W. Hamilton. ORGANONYMY Or`ga*non"y*my, n. Etym: [Organo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The designation or nomenclature of organs. B. G. Wilder. ORGANOPHYLY Or`ga*noph"y*ly, n. Etym: [Organo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The tribal history of organs, -- a branch of morphophyly. Haeckel. ORGANOPLASTIC Or`ga*no*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Organo- + -plastic.] (Biol.) Defn: Having the property of producing the tissues or organs of animals and plants; as, the organoplastic cells. ORGANOSCOPY Or`ga*nos"co*py, n. Etym: [Organo- + -scopy.] Defn: Phrenology. Fleming. ORGANOTROPHIC Or`ga*no*troph"ic, a. Etym: [Organo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to the creation, organization, and nutrition of living organs or parts. ORGANULE Or"gan*ule, n. Etym: [Dim. of organ.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the essential cells or elements of an organ. See Sense organule, under Sense. Huxley. ORGANY Or"ga*ny, n. Etym: [AS. Organe, from the Latin. See Origan.] (Bot.) Defn: See Origan. ORGANZINE Or"gan*zine, n. Etym: [F. organsin; cf. Sp. organsino, It. organzino.] Defn: A kind of double thrown silk of very fine texture, that is, silk twisted like a rope with different strands, so as to increase its strength. ORGASM Or"gasm, n. Etym: [F. orgasme; cf. Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Eager or immoderate excitement or action; the state of turgescence of any organ; erethism; esp., the height of venereal excitement in sexual intercourse. ORGEAT Or"geat, n. Etym: [F., fr. orge barley, L. hordeum.] Defn: A sirup in which, formerly, a decoction of barley entered, but which is now prepared with an emulsion of almonds, -- used to flavor beverages or edibles. ORGEIS Or"ge*is, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Organling. ORGIASTIC Or`gi*as"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Orgy.] Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, orgies. Elton. ORGIES Or"gies, n. pl.; sing. Orgy (. Note: [The singular is rarely used.] Etym: [F. orgie, orgies, L. orgia, pl., Gr. Organ, and Work.] 1. A sacrifice accompanied by certain ceremonies in honor of some pagan deity; especially, the ceremonies observed by the Greeks and Romans in the worship of Dionysus, or Bacchus, which were characterized by wild and dissolute revelry. As when, with crowned cups, unto the Elian god, Those priests high orgies held. Drayton. 2. Drunken revelry; a carouse. B. Jonson. Tennyson. ORGILLOUS Or"gil*lous, a. Etym: [OF. orguillous, F. orgueilleux, fr. OF. orgoil pride, F. orgueil.] Defn: Proud; haughty. [Obs.] Shak. ORGUE Orgue, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. organum organ, Gr. Organ.] (Mil.) (a) Any one of a number of long, thick pieces of timber, pointed and shod with iron, and suspended, each by a separate rope, over a gateway, to be let down in case of attack. (b) A piece of ordnance, consisting of a number of musket barrels arranged so that a match or train may connect with all their touchholes, and a discharge be secured almost or quite simultaneously. ORGULOUS Or"gu*lous, a. Defn: See Orgillous. [Obs.] ORGY Or"gy, n.; pl. Orgies (. Defn: A frantic revel; drunken revelry. See Orgies ORGYIA Or*gy"i*a (, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.). Defn: A genus of bombycid moths whose caterpillars (esp. those of Orgyia leucostigma) are often very injurious to fruit trees and shade trees. The female is wingless. Called also vaporer moth. ORICALCHE Or"i*calche, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Orichalch. Costly oricalche from strange Phoenice. Spenser. ORICHALCEOUS Or`i*chal"ce*ous, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, orichalch; having a color or luster like that of brass. Maunder. ORICHALCH Or"i*chalch, n. Etym: [L. orichalcum, Gr. orichalque.] Defn: A metallic substance, resembling gold in color, but inferior in value; a mixed metal of the ancients, resembling brass; -- called also aurichalcum, orichalcum, etc. ORIEL O"ri*el, n. Etym: [OF. oriol gallery, corridor, LL. oriolum portico, hall, prob. fr. L. aureolus gilded, applied to an apartment decorated with gilding. See Oriole.] [Formerly written also oriol, oryal, oryall.] 1. A gallery for minstrels. [Obs.] W. Hamper. 2. A small apartment next a hall, where certain persons were accustomed to dine; a sort of recess. [Obs.] Cowell. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A bay window. See Bay window. The beams that thro' the oriel shine Make prisms in every carven glass. Tennyson. Note: There is no generally admitted difference between a bay window and an oriel. In the United States the latter name is often applied to bay windows which are small, and either polygonal or round; also, to such as are corbeled out from the wall instead of resting on the ground. ORIENCY O"ri*en*cy, n. Etym: [See Orient.] Defn: Brightness or strength of color. [R.] E. Waterhouse. ORIENT O"ri*ent, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. oriens, -entis, p. pr. of oriri to rise. See Origin.] 1. Rising, as the sun. Moon, that now meet'st the orient sun. Milton. 2. Eastern; oriental. "The orient part." Hakluyt. 3. Bright; lustrous; superior; pure; perfect; pellucid; -- used of gems and also figuratively, because the most perfect jewels are found in the East. "Pearls round and orient." Jer. Taylor. "Orient gems." Wordsworth. "Orient liquor in a crystal glass." Milton. ORIENT O"ri*ent, n. 1. The part of the horizon where the sun first appears in the morning; the east. [Morn] came furrowing all the orient into gold. Tennyson. 2. The countries of Asia or the East. Chaucer. Best built city throughout the Orient. Sir T. Herbert. 3. A pearl of great luster. [R.] Carlyle. ORIENT O"ri*ent, v. t. Etym: [F. orienter. Cf. Orientate.] 1. To define the position of, in relation to the orient or east; hence, to ascertain the bearings of. 2. Fig.: To correct or set right by recurring to first principles; to arrange in order; to orientate. ORIENTAL O`ri*en"tal, a. Etym: [L. orientalis: cf. F. oriental.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the orient or east; eastern; concerned with the East or Orientalism; -- opposed to occidental; as, Oriental countries. The sun's ascendant and oriental radiations. Sir T. Browne. ORIENTAL O`ri*en"tal, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of the Orient or some Eastern part of the world; an Asiatic. 2. pl. (Eccl.) Defn: Eastern Christians of the Greek rite. ORIENTALISM O`ri*en"tal*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. orientalisme.] 1. Any system, doctrine, custom, expression, etc., peculiar to Oriental people. 2. Knowledge or use of Oriental languages, history, literature, etc. London Quart. Rev. ORIENTALIST O`ri*en"tal*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. orientaliste.] 1. An inhabitant of the Eastern parts of the world; an Oriental. 2. One versed in Eastern languages, literature, etc.; as, the Paris Congress of Orientalists. Sir J. Shore. ORIENTALITY O`ri*en*tal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being oriental or eastern. Sir T. Browne. ORIENTALIZE O`ri*en"tal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Orientalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Orientalizing.] Defn: to render Oriental; to cause to conform to Oriental manners or conditions. ORIENTATE O"ri*en*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Orientated; p. pr. & vb. n. Orientating.] Etym: [From Orient.] 1. To place or turn toward the east; to cause to assume an easterly direction, or to veer eastward. 2. To arrange in order; to dispose or place (a body) so as to show its relation to other bodies, or the relation of its parts among themselves. A crystal is orientated when placed in its proper position so as to exhibit its symmetry. E. S. Dana. ORIENTATE O"ri*en*tate, v. i. Defn: To move or turn toward the east; to veer from the north or south toward the east. ORIENTATION O`ri*en*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. orientation.] 1. The act or process of orientating; determination of the points of the compass, or the east point, in taking bearings. 2. The tendency of a revolving body, when suspended in a certain way, to bring the axis of rotation into parallelism with the earth's axis. 3. An aspect or fronting to the east; especially (Arch.), the placing of a church so that the chancel, containing the altar toward which the congregation fronts in worship, will be on the east end. 4. Fig.: A return to first principles; an orderly arrangement. The task of orientation undertaken in this chapter. L. F. Ward. ORIENTNESS O"ri*ent*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being orient or bright; splendor. [Obs.] Fuller. ORIFICE Or"i*fice, n. Etym: [F., from L. orificium; os, oris, a mouth + facere to make. See Oral, and Fact.] Defn: A mouth or aperture, as of a tube, pipe, etc.; an opening; as, the orifice of an artery or vein; the orifice of a wound. Shak. Etna was bored through the top with a monstrous orifice. Addison. ORIFLAMB; ORIFLAMME Or"i*flamb, Or"i*flamme, n. Etym: [F. oriflamme, OF. oriflambe, LL. auriflamma; L. aurum gold + flamma flame; cf. L. flammula a little banner. So called because it was a flag of red silk, split into many points, and borne on a gilded lance.] 1. The ancient royal standard of France. 2. A standard or ensign, in battle. "A handkerchief like an oriflamb." Longfellow. And be your oriflamme to-day the helmet of Navarre. Macaulay. ORIGAN; ORIGANUM Or"i*gan, O*rig"a*num, n. Etym: [L. origanum, Gr. Organy.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of aromatic labiate plants, including the sweet marjoram (O. Marjorana) and the wild marjoram (O. vulgare). Spenser. ORIGENISM Or"i*gen*ism, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The opinions of Origen of Alexandria, who lived in the 3d century, one of the most learned of the Greek Fathers. Prominent in his teaching was the doctrine that all created beings, including Satan, will ultimately be saved. ORIGENIST Or"i*gen*ist, n. Defn: A follower of Origen of Alexandria. ORIGIN Or"i*gin, n. Etym: [F. origine, L. origo, -iginis, fr. oriri to rise, become visible; akin to Gr. r, and perh. to E. run.] 1. The first existence or beginning of anything; the birth. This mixed system of opinion and sentiment had its origin in the ancient chivalry. Burke. 2. That from which anything primarily proceeds; the fountain; the spring; the cause; the occasion. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The point of attachment or end of a muscle which is fixed during contraction; -- in contradistinction to insertion. Origin of coördinate axes (Math.), the point where the axes intersect. See Note under Ordinate. Syn. -- Commencement; rise; source; spring; fountain; derivation; cause; root; foundation. -- Origin, Source. Origin denotes the rise or commencement of a thing; source presents itself under the image of a fountain flowing forth in a continuous stream of influences. The origin of moral evil has been much disputed, but no one can doubt that it is the source of most of the calamities of our race. I think he would have set out just as he did, with the origin of ideas -- the proper starting point of a grammarian, who is to treat of their signs. Tooke. Famous Greece, That source of art and cultivated thought Which they to Rome, and Romans hither, brought. Waller. ORIGINABLE O*rig"i*na*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being originated. ORIGINAL O*rig"i*nal, a. Etym: [F. original, L. originalis.] 1. Pertaining to the origin or beginning; preceding all others; first in order; primitive; primary; pristine; as, the original state of man; the original laws of a country; the original inventor of a process. His form had yet not lost All her original brightness. Milton. 2. Not copied, imitated, or translated; new; fresh; genuine; as, an original thought; an original process; the original text of Scripture. 3. Having the power to suggest new thoughts or combinations of thought; inventive; as, an original genius. 4. Before unused or unknown; new; as, a book full of original matter. Original sin (Theol.), the first sin of Adam, as related to its consequences to his descendants of the human race; -- called also total depravity. See Calvinism. ORIGINAL O*rig"i*nal, n. Etym: [Cf. F. original.] 1. Origin; commencement; source. It hath it original from much grief. Shak. And spangled heavens, a shining frame, Their great Original proclaim. Addison. 2. That which precedes all others of its class; archetype; first copy; hence, an original work of art, manuscript, text, and the like, as distinguished from a copy, translation, etc. The Scriptures may be now read in their own original. Milton. 3. An original thinker or writer; an originator. [R.] Men who are bad at copying, yet are good originals. C. G. Leland. 4. A person of marked eccentricity. [Colloq.] 5. (Zoöl. & Bot.) Defn: The natural or wild species from which a domesticated or cultivated variety has been derived; as, the wolf is thought by some to be the original of the dog, the blackthorn the original of the plum. ORIGINALIST O*rig"i*nal*ist, n. Defn: One who is original. [R.] ORIGINALITY O*rig`i*nal"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. originalité.] Defn: The quality or state of being original. Macaulay. ORIGINALLY O*rig"i*nal*ly, adv. 1. In the original time, or in an original manner; primarily; from the beginning or origin; not by derivation, or imitation. God is originally holy in himself. Bp. Pearson. 2. At first; at the origin; at the time of formation or costruction; as, a book originally written by another hand. "Originally a half length [portrait]." Walpole. ORIGINALNESS O*rig"i*nal*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being original; originality. [R.] Johnson. ORIGINANT O*rig"i*nant, a. Defn: Originating; original. [R.] An absolutely originant act of self will. Prof. Shedd. ORIGINARY O*rig"i*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. originarius: cf. F. originaire.] 1. Causing existence; productive. [R.] The production of animals, in the originary way, requires a certain degree of warmth. Cheyne. 2. Primitive; primary; original. [R.] The grand originary right of all rights. Hickok. ORIGINATE O*rig"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Originated; p. pr. & vb. n. Originating.] Etym: [From Origin.] Defn: To give an origin or beginning to; to cause to be; to bring into existence; to produce as new. A decomposition of the whole civill and political mass, for the purpose of originating a new civil order. Burke. ORIGINATE O*rig"i*nate, v. i. Defn: To take first existence; to have origin or beginning; to begin to exist or act; as, the scheme originated with the governor and council. ORIGINATION O*rig`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. originatio.] 1. The act or process of bringing or coming into existence; first production. "The origination of the universe." Keill. What comes from spirit is a spontaneous origination. Hickok. 2. Mode of production, or bringing into being. This eruca is propagated by animal parents, to wit, butterflies, after the common origination of all caterpillars. Ray. ORIGINATIVE O*rig"i*na*tive, a. Defn: Having power, or tending, to originate, or bring into existence; originating. H. Bushnell. -- O*rig"i*na*tive*ly, adv. ORIGINATOR O*rig"i*na`tor, n. Defn: One who originates. ORILLON O*ril"lon, n. Etym: [F., lit., a little ear, from oreille an ear, fr. L. oricula, auricula, dim. of auris an ear. See Ear.] (Fort.) Defn: A semicircular projection made at the shoulder of a bastion for the purpose of covering the retired flank, -- found in old fortresses. ORIOL O"ri*ol, n. Defn: See Oriel. ORIOLE O"ri*ole, n. Etym: [OF. oriol, oriouz, orieus, F. loriot (for l'oriol), fr. L. aureolus golden, dim. of aureus golden, fr. aurum gold. Cf. Aureole, Oriel, Loriot.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of various species of Old World singing birds of the family Oriolidæ. They are usually conspicuously colored with yellow and black. The European or golden oriole (Oriolus galbula, or O. oriolus) has a very musical flutelike note. (b) In America, any one of several species of the genus Icterus, belonging to the family Icteridæ. See Baltimore oriole, and Orchard oriole, under Orchard. Crested oriole. (Zoöl.) See Cassican. ORION O*ri"on, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Astron.) Defn: A large and bright constellation on the equator, between the stars Aldebaran and Sirius. It contains a remarkable nebula visible to the naked eye. The flaming glories of Orion's belt. E. Everett. ORISKANY O*ris"ka*ny, a. Etym: [From Oriskany, in New York.] (Geol.) Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, certain beds, chiefly limestone, characteristic of the latest period of the Silurian age. Oriskany period, a subdivision of the American Paleozoic system intermediate or translational in character between the Silurian and Devonian ages. See Chart of Geology. ORISMOLOGICAL O*ris`mo*log"ic*al, a. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Of or pertaining to orismology. ORISMOLOGY O`ris*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy. See Horizon.] Defn: That departament of natural history which treats of technical terms. ORISON Or"i*son, n. Etym: [OF. orison, oreson, oreison, F. oraison, fr. L. oratio speech, prayer. See Oration.] Defn: A prayer; a supplication. [Poetic] Chaucer. Shak. Lowly they bowed, adoring, and began Their orisons, each morning duly paid. Milton. ORISONT Or"i*sont, n. Defn: Horizon. [Obs.] Chaucer. ORK Ork, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Orc. ORKNEYAN Ork"ney*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Orkney islands. "Orkneyan skerries." Longfellow. ORLE Orle, n. Etym: [F. orle an orle, a fillet, fr. LL. orla border, dim. of L. ora border, margin.] 1. (Her.) Defn: A bearing, in the form of a fillet, round the shield, within, but at some distance from, the border. 2. (Her.) Defn: The wreath, or chaplet, surmounting or encircling the helmet of a knight and bearing the crest. In orle, round the escutcheon, leaving the middle of the field vacant, or occupied by something else; -- said of bearings arranged on the shield in the form of an orle. ORLEANS Or"le*ans, n. Etym: [So called from the city of Orléans, in France.] 1. A cloth made of worsted and cotton, -- used for wearing apparel. 2. A variety of the plum. See under Plum. [Eng.] ORLO Or"lo, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Mus.) Defn: A wind instrument of music in use among the Spaniards. ORLOP Or"lop, n. Etym: [D. overloop the upper deck, lit., a running over or overflowing, fr. overloopen to run over. See Over, and Leap, and cf. Overloop.] (Naut.) Defn: The lowest deck of a vessel, esp. of a ship of war, consisting of a platform laid over the beams in the hold, on which the cables are coiled. ORMAZD; AHURA-MAZDA Or"mazd or A`hu*ra-Maz"da, n. [Zend Ahuramazda.] (Zoroastrianism) Defn: The supreme deity, the principle of good, creator of the world, and guardian of mankind. He is the opponent of Ahriman, the spirit of evil, both being sprung from Eternity, or, according to another version, Ahriman being the offspring of a moment of doubt on the part of Ormazd. Ormazd is attended by angels and archangels. He is represented as a bearded man inclosed in a winged circle, a conception probably derived from the Assyrian representations of Ashur. ORMER Or"mer, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An abalone. ORMOLU Or`mo*lu", n. Etym: [F. or moulu; or gold (L. aurum) + moulu, p. p. of moudre to grind, to mill, L. molere. See Aureate, and Mill.] Defn: A variety of brass made to resemble gold by the use of less zinc and more copper in its composition than ordinary brass contains. Its golden color is often heightened by means of lacquer of some sort, or by use of acids. Called also mosaic gold. Ormolu varnish, a varnish applied to metals, as brass, to give the appearance of gold. ORMUZD Or"muzd, n. Etym: [Zend Ahuramazda.] Defn: The good principle, or being, of the ancient Persian religion. See Ahriman. ORN Orn, v. t. Defn: To ornament; to adorn. [Obs.] Joye. ORNAMENT Or"na*ment, n. Etym: [OE. ornement, F. ornement, fr. L. ornamentum, fr. ornare to adorn.] Defn: That which embellishes or adorns; that which adds grace or beauty; embellishment; decoration; adornment. The ornament of a meek and quiet spirit. 1 Pet. iii. 4. Like that long-buried body of the king Found lying with his urns and ornaments. Tennyson. ORNAMENT Or"na*ment, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ornamented; p. pr. & vb. n. Ornamenting.] Defn: To adorn; to deck; to embellish; to beautify; as, to ornament a room, or a city. Syn. -- See Adorn. ORNAMENTAL Or`na*men"tal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ornemental.] Defn: Serving to ornament; characterized by ornament; beautifying; embellishing. Some think it most ornamental to wear their bracelets on their wrists; others, about their ankles. Sir T. Browne. ORNAMENTALLY Or`na*men"tal*ly, adv. Defn: By way of ornament. ORNAMENTATION Or`na*men*ta"tion, n. 1. The act or art of ornamenting, or the state of being ornamented. 2. That which ornaments; ornament. C. Kingsley. ORNAMENTER Or"na*ment*er, n. Defn: One who ornaments; a decorator. ORNATE Or*nate", a. Etym: [L. ornatus, p. p. of ornare to adorn.] 1. Adorned; decorated; beautiful. "So bedecked, ornate, and gay." Milton. 2. Finely finished, as a style of composition. A graceful and ornate rhetoric. Milton. ORNATE Or*nate", v. t. Defn: To adorn; to honor. [R.] They may ornate and sanctify the name of God. Latimer. ORNATELY Or*nate"ly, adv. Defn: In an ornate manner. Sir T. More. ORNATENESS Or*nate"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being ornate. ORNATURE Or"na*ture, n. Etym: [L. ornatura.] Defn: Decoration; ornamentation. [R.] Holinshed. ORNITHIC Or*nith"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to birds; as, ornithic fossils. Owen. ORNITHICHNITE Or`nith*ich"nite, n. Etym: [Ornitho- + Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: The footmark of a bird occurring in strata of stone. Hitchcock. ORNITHICHNOLOGY Or`nith*ich*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Ornitho- + ichnology.] (Paleon.) Defn: The branch of science which treats of ornithichnites. Hitchcock. ORNITHO- Ornitho-. Etym: [Cf. Ern.] Defn: A combining form fr. Gr. ORNITHODELPHIA Or*ni`tho*del"phi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: Same as Monotremata. -- Or`ni*tho*del"phid, a. ORNITHOIDICHNITE Or`ni*thoid*ich"nite, n. Etym: [Ornitho- + -oid + Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil track resembling that of a bird. Hitchcock. ORNITHOLITE Or*nith"o*lite, n. Etym: [Ornitho- + -lite.] (Paleon.) (a) The fossil remains of a bird. (b) A stone of various colors bearing the figures of birds. ORNITHOLOGIC; ORNITHOLOGICAL Or`ni*tho*log"ic, Or`ni*tho*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ornithologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to ornithology. ORNITHOLOGIST Or`ni*thol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ornithologiste.] Defn: One skilled in ornithology; a student of ornithology; one who describes birds. ORNITHOLOGY Or`ni*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Ornitho- + -logy: cf. F. ornithologie.] 1. That branch of zoölogy which treats of the natural history of birds and their classification. 2. A treatise or book on this science. ORNITHOMANCY Or*nith"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. ornithomancie.] Defn: Divination by means of birds, their flight, etc. Ornithomancy grew into an elaborate science. De Quincey. ORNITHON Or*ni"thon, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: An aviary; a poultry house. Weale. ORNITHOPAPPI Or*ni`tho*pap"pi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extinct order of birds. It includes only the Archæopteryx. ORNITHOPODA Or`ni*thop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Ornitho-, and -poda.] (Paleon.) Defn: An order of herbivorous dinosaurs with birdlike characteristics in the skeleton, esp. in the pelvis and hind legs, which in some genera had only three functional toes, and supported the body in walking as in Iguanodon. See Illust. in Appendix. ORNITHORHYNCHUS Or`ni*tho*rhyn"chus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Duck mole, under Duck. ORNITHOSAURIA Or*ni`tho*sau"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Ornitho-, and Sauria.] (Paleon.) Defn: An order of extinct flying reptiles; -- called also Pterosauria. ORNITHOSCELIDA Or*ni`tho*scel"i*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of extinct Reptilia, intermediate in structure (especially with regard to the pelvis) between reptiles and birds. -- Or`ni*tho*scel"i*dan, a. ORNITHOSCOPY Or`ni*thos"co*py, n. Etym: [Ornitho- + -scopy: cf. Gr. Defn: Observation of birds and their habits. [R.] De Quincey. ORNITHOTOMICAL Or`ni*tho*tom"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ornithotomy. ORNITHOTOMIST Or`ni*thot"o*mist, n. Defn: One who is skilled in ornithotomy. ORNITHOTOMY Or`ni*thot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The anatomy or dissection of birds. OROGRAPH Or"o*graph, n. [Gr. mountain + -graph.] (Surveying) Defn: A machine for use in making topographical maps. It is operated by being pushed across country, and not only records distances, like the perambulator, but also elevations. OROGRAPHIC; OROGRAPHICAL Or`o*graph"ic, Or`o*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to orography. OROGRAPHY O*rog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: That branch of science which treats of mountains and mountain systems; orology; as, the orography of Western Europe. OROHELIOGRAPH Or`o*he"li*o*graph, n. [Gr. mountain + helio- + -graph.] (Photog.) Defn: A camera for obtaining a circular panoramic view of the horizon. The photographic plate is placed horizontally with a vertical lens above. A mirror of peculiar shape reflects light from the entire horizon to the lens, by means of which it is focused upon the plate. OROHIPPUS Or`o*hip"pus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of American Eocene mammals allied to the horse, but having four toes in front and three behind. OROIDE O"roide, n. Etym: [F. or gold (L. aurum) + Gr. Defn: An alloy, chiefly of copper and zinc or tin, resembling gold in color and brilliancy. [Written also oreide.] OROLOGICAL Or`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. orologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to orology. OROLOGIST O*rol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in orology. OROLOGY O*rol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. orologie.] Defn: The science or description of mountains. OROMETER O*rom"e*ter, n. [Gr. mountain + -meter.] (Meteor.) Defn: An aneroid barometer having a second scale that gives the approximate elevation above sea level of the place where the observation is made. OROTUND O"ro*tund`, a. Etym: [L. os, oris, the mouth + rotundus round, smooth.] Defn: Characterized by fullness, clearness, strength, and smoothness; ringing and musical; -- said of the voice or manner of utterance. -- n. Defn: The orotund voice or utterance Rush. OROTUNDITY O`ro*tun"di*ty, n. Defn: The orotund mode of intonation. ORPHALINE Or"pha*line, n. Defn: See Orpheline. [Obs.] ORPHAN Or"phan, n. Etym: [L. orphanus, Gr. orbus. Cf. Orb a blank window.] Defn: A child bereaved of both father and mother; sometimes, also, a child who has but one parent living. Orphans' court (Law), a court in some of the States of the Union, having jurisdiction over the estates and persons of orphans or other wards. Bouvier. ORPHAN Or"phan, a. Defn: Bereaved of parents, or (sometimes) of one parent. ORPHAN Or"phan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Orphaned; p. pr. & vb. n. Orphaning.] Defn: To cause to become an orphan; to deprive of parents. Young. ORPHANAGE Or"phan*age, n. 1. The state of being an orphan; orphanhood; orphans, collectively. 2. An institution or asylum for the care of orphans. ORPHANCY Or"phan*cy, n. Defn: Orphanhood. Sir P. Sidney. ORPHANET Or"phan*et, n. Defn: A little orphan. Drayton. ORPHANHOOD Or"phan*hood, n. Defn: The state or condition of being an orphan; orphanage. ORPHANISM Or"phan*ism, n. Defn: Orphanhood. [R.] ORPHANOTROPHISM Or`phan*ot"ro*phism, n. Defn: The care and support of orphans. [R.] Cotton Mather (1711). ORPHANOTROPHY Or`phan*ot"ro*phy, n. Etym: [L. orphanotrophium, Gr. 1. A hospital for orphans. [R.] A. Chalmers. 2. The act of supporting orphans. [R.] ORPHARION Or*pha"ri*on, n. (Mus.) Defn: An old instrument of the lute or cittern kind. [Spelt also orpheoreon.] ORPHEAN Or*phe"an, a. Etym: [L. Orphus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Orpheus, the mythic poet and musician; as, Orphean strains. Cowper. ORPHELINE Or"phe*line, n. Etym: [F. orphelin. See Orphan.] Defn: An orphan. [Obs.] Udcll. ORPHEUS Or"phe*us, n. Etym: [L. Orpheus, Gr. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: The famous mythic Thracian poet, son of the Muse Calliope, and husband of Eurydice. He is reputed to have had power to entrance beasts and inanimate objects by the music of his lyre. ORPHIC Or"phic, a. Etym: [L. Orphicus, Gr. Defn: Pertaining to Orpheus; Orphean; as, Orphic hymns. ORPHREY Or"phrey, n. Etym: [See Orfrays.] Defn: A band of rich embroidery, wholly or in part of gold, affixed to vestments, especially those of ecclesiastics. Pugin. ORPIMENT Or"pi*ment, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. auripigmentum; aurum gold + pigmentum pigment. Cf. Aureate, Pigment, Orpin, Orpine.] (Chem.) Defn: Arsenic sesquisulphide, produced artificially as an amorphous lemonyellow powder, and occurring naturally as a yellow crystalline mineral; -- formerly called auripigment. It is used in king's yellow, in white Indian fire, and in certain technical processes, as indigo printing. Our orpiment and sublimed mercurie. Chaucer. Red orpiment, realgar; the red sulphide of arsenic. -- Yellow orpiment, king's yellow. ORPIN Or"pin, n. Etym: [F., orpiment, also, the plant orpine. See Orpiment.] 1. A yellow pigment of various degrees of intensity, approaching also to red. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The orpine. ORPINE Or"pine, n. Etym: [F. orpin the genus of plants which includes orpine; -- so called from the yellow blossoms of a common species (Sedum acre). See Orpiment.] (Bot.) Defn: A low plant with fleshy leaves (Sedum telephium), having clusters of purple flowers. It is found on dry, sandy places, and on old walls, in England, and has become naturalized in America. Called also stonecrop, and live-forever. [Written also orpin.] ORRACH Or"rach, n. Defn: See Orach. ORRERY Or"re*ry, n.; pl. Orreries. Etym: [So named in honor of the Earl of Orrery.] Defn: An apparatus which illustrates, by the revolution of balls moved by wheelwork, the relative size, periodic motions, positions, orbits, etc., of bodies in the solar system. ORRIS Or"ris, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupted from It. ireos iris. See Iris.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Iris (I. Florentina); a kind of flower-de- luce. Its rootstock has an odor resembling that of violets. Orris pea (Med.), an issue pea made from orris root. -- Orris root, the fragrant rootstock of the orris. ORRIS Or"ris, n. 1. Etym: [Contr. from orfrays, or from arras.] Defn: A sort of gold or silver lace. Johnson. 2. A peculiar pattern in which gold lace or silver lace is worked; especially, one in which the edges are ornamented with conical figures placed at equal distances, with spots between them. ORSEDEW; ORSEDUE Orse"dew, Or"se*due, n. Defn: Leaf metal of bronze; Dutch metal. See under Dutch. ORSEILLE Or`seille", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Archil. ORSELLIC Or*sel"lic, a. Etym: [From F. orseille archil. See Archil.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid found in certain lichens, and called also lecanoric acid. [Formerly written also orseillic.] ORSELLINIC Or`sel*lin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid obtained by a partial decomposition of orsellic acid as a white crystalline substance, and related to protocatechuic acid. ORT Ort, n.; pl. Orts. Etym: [Akin to LG. ort, ortels, remnants of food, refuse, OFries. ort, OD. oorete, ooraete; prob. from the same prefix as in E. ordeal + a word akin to eat.] Defn: A morsel left at a meal; a fragment; refuse; -- commonly used in the plural. Milton. Let him have time a beggar's orts to crave. Shak. ORTALIDIAN Or`ta*lid"i*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous small two-winged flies of the family Ortalidæ. The larvæ of many of these flies live in fruit; those of others produce galls on various plants. ORTHID Or"thid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A brachiopod shell of the genus Orthis, and allied genera, of the family Orthidæ. ORTHIS Or"this, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extinct genus of Brachiopoda, abundant in the Paleozoic rocks. ORTHITE Or"thite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A variety of allanite occurring in slender prismatic crystals. ORTHO- Or"tho-. Etym: [Gr. upright, vrdh to grow, to cause to grow.] 1. A combining form signifying straight, right, upright, correct, regular; as, orthodromy, orthodiagonal, orthodox, orthographic. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively), designating: (a) (Inorganic Chem.) The one of several acids of the same element (as the phosphoric acids), which actually occurs with the greatest number of hydroxyl groups; as, orthophosphoric acid. Cf. Normal. (b) (Organic Chem.) Defn: Connection with, or affinity to, one variety of isomerism, characteristic of the benzene compounds; -- contrasted with meta- or para-; as, the ortho position; hence, designating any substance showing such isomerism; as, an ortho compound. Note: In the graphic representation of the benzene nucleus (see Benzene nucleus, under Benzene), provisionally adopted, any substance exhibiting double substitution in adjacent and contiguous carbon atoms, as 1 & 2, 3 & 4, 4 & 5, etc., is designated by ortho-; as, orthoxylene; any substance exhibiting substitution of two carbon atoms with one intervening, as 1 & 3, 2 & 4, 3 & 5, 4 & 6, etc., by meta-; as, resorcin or metaxylene; any substance exhibiting substitution in opposite parts, as 1 & 4, 2 & 5, 3 & 6, by para-; as, hydroquinone or paraxylene. ORTHOCARBONIC Or`tho*car*bon"ic, a. Etym: [Ortho- + carbonic.] (Chem.) Defn: Designating a complex ether, C.(OC2H5)4, which is obtained as a liquid of a pleasant ethereal odor by means of chlorpicrin, and is believed to be a derivative of the hypothetical normal carbonic acid, C.(OH)4. ORTHOCENTER Or`tho*cen"ter, n. Etym: [Ortho- + center.] (Geom.) Defn: That point in which the three perpendiculars let fall from the angles of a triangle upon the opposite sides, or the sides produced, mutually intersect. ORTHOCERAS Or*thoc"e*ras, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of Paleozoic Cephalopoda, having a long, straight, conical shell. The interior is divided into numerous chambers by transverse septa. ORTHOCERATITE Or`tho*cer"a*tite, n. Etym: [Ortho- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An orthoceras; also, any fossil shell allied to Orthoceras. ORTHOCLASE Or"tho*clase, n. Etym: [Ortho- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: Common or potash feldspar crystallizing in the monoclinic system and having two cleavages at right angles to each other. See Feldspar. ORTHOCLASTIC Or`tho*clas"tic, a. (Crystallog.) Defn: Breaking in directions at right angles to each other; -- said of the monoclinic feldspars. ORTHODIAGONAL Or`tho*di*ag"o*nal, n. Etym: [Ortho- + diagonal.] (Crystallog.) Defn: The diagonal or lateral axis in a monoclinic crystal which is at right angles with the vertical axis. ORTHODOME Or"tho*dome, n. Etym: [Ortho- + dome.] (Crystallog.) Defn: See the Note under Dome, 4. ORTHODOX Or"tho*dox, a. Etym: [L. orthodoxus, Gr. orthodoxe. See Ortho-, Dogma.] 1. Sound in opinion or doctrine, especially in religious doctrine; hence, holding the Christian faith; believing the doctrines taught in the Scriptures; -- opposed to Ant: heretical and Ant: heterodox; as, an orthodox Christian. 2. According or congruous with the doctrines of Scripture, the creed of a church, the decree of a council, or the like; as, an orthodox opinion, book, etc. 3. Approved; conventional. He saluted me on both cheeks in the orthodox manner. H. R. Haweis. Note: The term orthodox differs in its use among the various Christian communions. The Greek Church styles itself the "Holy Orthodox Apostolic Church," regarding all other bodies of Christians as more or less heterodox. The Roman Catholic Church regards the Protestant churches as heterodox in many points. In the United States the term orthodox is frequently used with reference to divergent views on the doctrine of the Trinity. Thus it has been common to speak of the Trinitarian Congregational churches in distinction from the Unitarian, as Orthodox. The name is also applied to the conservative, in distinction from the "liberal", or Hicksite, body in the Society of Friends. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. ORTHODOXAL Or"tho*dox`al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or evincing, orthodoxy; orthodox. [R.] Milton. ORTHODOXALITY Or`tho*dox*al"i*ty, n. Defn: Orthodoxness. [R.] ORTHODOXALLY Or"tho*dox`al*ly, adv. Defn: Orthodoxly. [R.] Milton ORTHODOXASTICAL Or`tho*dox*as"tic*al, a. Defn: Orthodox. [Obs.] ORTHODOXICAL Or`tho*dox"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or evincing, orthodoxy; orthodox. ORTHODOXLY Or"tho*dox`ly, adv. Defn: In an orthodox manner; with soundness of faith. Sir W. Hamilton. ORTHODOXNESS Or"tho*dox`ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being orthodox; orthodoxy. Waterland. ORTHODOXY Or"tho*dox`y, n. Etym: [Gr. orthodoxie. See Orthodox.] 1. Soundness of faith; a belief in the doctrines taught in the Scriptures, or in some established standard of faith; -- opposed to heterodoxy or to heresy. Basil himself bears full and clear testimony to Gregory's orthodoxy. Waterland. 2. Consonance to genuine Scriptural doctrines; -- said of moral doctrines and beliefs; as, the orthodoxy of a creed. 3. By extension, said of any correct doctrine or belief. ORTHODROMIC Or`tho*drom"ic, a. Etym: [Ortho- + Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to orthodromy. ORTHODROMICS Or`tho*drom"ics, n. Defn: The art of sailing in a direct course, or on the arc of a great circle, which is the shortest distance between any two points on the surface of the globe; great-circle sailing; orthodromy. ORTHODROMY Or"tho*drom`y, n. Etym: [Cf. F. orthodromie.] Defn: The act or art of sailing on a great circle. ORTHOEPIC; ORTHOEPICAL Or`tho*ëp"ic, Or`tho*ëp"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to orthoëpy, or correct pronunciation. -- Or`tho*ëp"ic*al*ly, adv. ORTHOEPIST Or"tho*ë*pist, n. Defn: One who is skilled in orthoëpy. ORTHOEPY Or"tho*ë*py, n. Etym: [Gr. orthoépie. See Ortho-, and Epic.] Defn: The art of uttering words corectly; a correct pronunciation of words; also, mode of pronunciation. ORTHOGAMY Or*thog"a*my, n. Etym: [Ortho- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Direct fertilization in plants, as when the pollen fertilizing the ovules comes from the stamens of the same blossom; -- opposed to heterogamy. ORTHOGNATHIC Or`thog*nath"ic, a. Defn: Orthognathous. ORTHOGNATHISM Or*thog"na*thism, n. (Anat.) Defn: The quality or state of being orthognathous. Huxley. ORTHOGNATHOUS Or*thog"na*thous, a. Etym: [Ortho- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the front of the head, or the skull, nearly perpendicular, not retreating backwards above the jaws; -- opposed to Ant: prognathous. See Gnathic index, under Gnathic. ORTHOGON Or"tho*gon, n. Etym: [Ortho- + Gr. orthogone, a.] (Geom.) Defn: A rectangular figure. ORTHOGONAL Or*thog"o*nal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. orthogonal.] Defn: Right-angled; rectangular; as, an orthogonal intersection of one curve with another. Orthogonal projection. See under Orthographic. ORTHOGONALLY Or*thog"o*nal*ly, adv. Defn: Perpendicularly; at right angles; as, a curve cuts a set of curves orthogonally. ORTHOGRAPH Or"tho*graph, n. [Ortho- + -graph.] (Arch.) Defn: An orthographic projection, sometimes partly in section, esp. of a building. ORTHOGRAPHER Or*thog"ra*pher, n. Defn: One versed in orthography; one who spells words correctly. ORTHOGRAPHIC; ORTHOGRAPHICAL Or`tho*graph"ic, Or`tho*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. orthographique, L. orthographus, Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to orthography, or right spelling; also, correct in spelling; as, orthographical rules; the letter was orthographic. 2. (Geom.) Defn: Of or pertaining to right lines or angles. Orthographic or Orthogonal, projection, that projection which is made by drawing lines, from every point to be projected, perpendicular to the plane of projection. Such a projection of the sphere represents its circles as seen in perspective by an eye supposed to be placed at an infinite distance, the plane of projection passing through the center of the sphere perpendicularly to the line of sight. ORTHOGRAPHICALLY Or`tho*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an orthographical manner: (a) according to the rules of proper spelling; (b) according to orthographic projection. ORTHOGRAPHIST Or*thog"ra*phist, n. Defn: One who spells words correctly; an orthographer. ORTHOGRAPHIZE Or*thog"ra*phize, v. t. Defn: To spell correctly or according to usage; to correct in regard to spelling. In the coalesced into ith, which modern reaction has orthographized to i' th'. Earle. ORTHOGRAPHY Or*thog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [OE. ortographie, OF. orthographie, L. orthographia, Gr. Ortho-, and Graphic.] 1. The art or practice of writing words with the proper letters, according to standard usage; conventionally correct spelling; also, mode of spelling; as, his orthography is vicious. When spelling no longer follows the pronunciation, but is hardened into orthography. Earle. 2. The part of grammar which treats of the letters, and of the art of spelling words correctly. 3. A drawing in correct projection, especially an elevation or a vertical section. ORTHOLOGY Or*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. orthologie.] Defn: The right description of things. [R.] Fotherby. ORTHOMETRIC Or`tho*met"ric, a. Etym: [See Orthometry.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Having the axes at right angles to one another; -- said of crystals or crystalline forms. ORTHOMETRY Or*thom"e*try, n. Etym: [Ortho- + -metry.] Defn: The art or practice of constructing verses correctly; the laws of correct versification. ORTHOMORPHIC Or`tho*mor"phic, a. Etym: [Ortho- + morphic.] (Geom.) Defn: Having the right form. Orthomorphic projection, a projection in which the angles in the figure to be projected are equal to the corresponding angles in the projected figure. ORTHOPEDIC; ORTHOPEDICAL Or`tho*ped"ic, Or`tho*ped"ic*al, a. (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to, or employed in, orthopedy; relating to the prevention or cure of deformities of children, or, in general, of the human body at any age; as, orthopedic surgery; an orthopedic hospital. ORTHOPEDIST Or*thop"e*dist, n. (Med.) Defn: One who prevents, cures, or remedies deformities, esp. in children. ORTHOPEDY Or*thop"e*dy, n. Etym: [Ortho- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: The art or practice of curing the deformities of children, or, by extension, any deformities of the human body. ORTHOPHONY Or*thoph"o*ny, n. Etym: [Ortho- + Gr. Defn: The art of correct articulation; voice training. ORTHOPINACOID Or`tho*pin"a*coid, n. Etym: [Ortho- + pinacoid.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A name given to the two planes in the monoclinic system which are parallel to the vertical and orthodiagonal axes. ORTHOPNOEA; ORTHOPNY Or`thop*noe"a, Or*thop"ny, n. Etym: [L. orthopnoea, Gr. orthopnée.] (Med.) Defn: Specifically, a morbid condition in which respiration can be performed only in an erect posture; by extension, any difficulty of breathing. ORTHOPODA Or*thop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Ortho-, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extinct order of reptiles which stood erect on the hind legs, and resembled birds in the structure of the feet, pelvis, and other parts. ORTHOPRAXY Or"tho*prax`y, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: The treatment of deformities in the human body by mechanical appliances. ORTHOPTERA Or*thop"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of mandibulate insects including grasshoppers, locusts, cockroaches, etc. See Illust. under Insect. Note: The anterior wings are usually thickened and protect the posterior wings, which are larger and fold longitudinally like a fan. The Orthoptera undergo no metamorphosis. ORTHOPTERAN Or*thop"ter*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Orthoptera. ORTHOPTEROUS Or*thop"ter*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Orthoptera. ORTHORHOMBIC Or`tho*rhom"bic, a. Etym: [Ortho- + rhombic.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Noting the system of crystallization which has three unequal axes at right angles to each other; trimetric. See Crystallization. ORTHOSCOPE Or"tho*scope, n. Etym: [Ortho- + -scope.] (Physyol.) Defn: An instrument designed to show the condition of the superficial portions of the eye. ORTHOSCOPIC Or`tho*scop"ic, a. (Opt.) Defn: Giving an image in correct or normal proportions; giving a flat field of view; as, an orthoscopic eyepiece. ORTHOSILICIC Or`tho*si*lic"ic, a. Etym: [Ortho- + silicic.] (Chem.) Defn: Designating the form of silicic acid having the normal or highest number of hydroxyl groups. ORTHOSPERMOUS Or`tho*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Ortho- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having the seeds straight, as in the fruits of some umbelliferous plants; -- opposed to coelospermous. Darwin. ORTHOSTADE Or"tho*stade, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anc. Costume) Defn: A chiton, or loose, ungirded tunic, falling in straight folds. ORTHOSTICHY Or*thos"ti*chy, n.; pl. Orthostichies. Etym: [Ortho- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A longitudinal rank, or row, of leaves along a stem. ORTHOTOMIC Or`tho*tom"ic, a. Etym: [Ortho- + Gr. (Geom.) Defn: Cutting at right angles. Orthotomic circle (Geom.), that circle which cuts three given circles at right angles. ORTHOTOMOUS Or*thot"o*mous, a. (Crystallog.) Defn: Having two cleavages at right angles with one another. ORTHOTOMY Or*thot"o*my, n. (Geom.) Defn: The property of cutting at right angles. ORTHOTONE Or"tho*tone, a. Etym: [Ortho- + Gr. (Gr. Gram.) Defn: Retaining the accent; not enclitic; -- said of certain indefinite pronouns and adverbs when used interrogatively, which, when not so used, are ordinarilly enclitic. ORTHOTROPAL; ORTHOTROPOUS Or*thot"ro*pal, Or*thot"ro*pous, a. Etym: [Ortho- + Gr. orthotrope.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the axis of an ovule or seed straight from the hilum and chalaza to the orifice or the micropyle; atropous. Note: This word has also been used (but improperly) to describe any embryo whose radicle points towards, or is next to, the hilum. ORTHOTROPIC Or`tho*trop"ic, a. Etym: [See Orthotropal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the longer axis vertical; -- said of erect stems. Encyc. Brit. ORTHOXYLENE Or`tho*xy"lene, n. Etym: [Ortho- + xylene.] (Chem.) Defn: That variety of xylene in which the two methyl groups are in the ortho position; a colorless, liquid, combustible hydrocarbon resembling benzene. ORTIVE Or"tive, a. Etym: [L. ortivus, fr. oriri, ortus, to rise: cf. F. ortive.] Defn: Of or relating to the time or act of rising; eastern; as, the ortive amplitude of a planet. ORTOLAN Or"to*lan, n. Etym: [F., fr. It. ortolano ortolan, gardener, fr. L. hortulanus gardener, fr. hortulus, dim. of hortus garden. So called because it frequents the hedges of gardens. See Yard an inclosure, and cf. Hortulan.] (Zoöl.) (a) A European singing bird (Emberiza hortulana), about the size of the lark, with black wings. It is esteemed delicious food when fattened. Called also bunting. (b) In England, the wheatear (Saxicola oenanthe). (c) In America, the sora, or Carolina rail (Porzana Carolina). See Sora. ORTYGAN Or"ty*gan, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of East Indian birds of the genera Ortygis and Hemipodius. They resemble quails, but lack the hind toe. See Turnix. ORVAL Or"val, n. Etym: [F. orvale.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of sage (Salvia Horminum). ORVET Or`vet", n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The blindworm. ORVIETAN Or`vi*e"tan, n. Etym: [F. orviétan: cf. It. orvietano. So called because invented at Orvieto, in Italy.] Defn: A kind of antidote for poisons; a counter poison formerly in vogue. [Obs.] -ORY -o*ry. Etym: [L. -orius: cf. F. -oire.] 1. An adjective suffix meaning of or pertaining to, serving for; as in auditory, pertaining to or serving for hearing; prohibitory, amendatory, etc. 2. Etym: [L. -orium: cf. F. -oire.] Defn: A noun suffix denoting that which pertains to, or serves for; as in ambulatory, that which serves for walking; consistory, factory, etc. ORYAL; ORYALL O"ry*al, O"ry*all, n. Defn: See Oriel. ORYCTERE Or"yc*tere, n. Etym: [Gr. oryctère.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The aard-vark. ORYCTEROPE O*ryc"ter*ope, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Oryctere. ORYCTOGNOSY Or`yc*tog"no*sy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Mineralogy. [Obs.] -- Or`yc*tog*nos"tic, a. -- Or`yc*tog*nos"tic*al, a. [Obs.] -- Or`yc*tog*nos"tic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] ORYCTOGRAPHY Or`yc*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: Description of fossils. [Obs.] ORYCTOLOGICAL Or`yc*to*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. oryctologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to oryctology. [Obs.] ORYCTOLOGIST Or`yc*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in oryctology. [Obs.] ORYCTOLOGY Or`yc*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. oryctologie.] 1. An old name for paleontology. 2. An old name for mineralogy and geology. ORYX O"ryx, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of African antelopes which includes the gemsbok, the leucoryx, the bisa antelope (O. beisa), and the beatrix antelope (O. beatrix) of Arabia. ORYZA O*ry"za, n. Etym: [L., rice, Gr. Rice.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of grasses including the rice plant; rice. OS Os, n.; pl. Ossa. Etym: [L.] Defn: A bone. OS Os, n.; pl. Ora. Etym: [L.] Defn: A mouth; an opening; an entrance. OS Os, n.; pl. Osar. Etym: [Sw. ås ridge, chain of hills, pl. åsar.] (Geol.) Defn: One of the ridges of sand or gravel found in Sweden, etc., supposed by some to be of marine origin, but probably formed by subglacial waters. The osar are similar to the kames of Scotland and the eschars of Ireland. See Eschar. OSAGE ORANGE O"sage or"ange. (Bot.) Defn: An ornamental tree of the genus Maclura (M. aurantiaca), closely allied to the mulberry (Morus); also, its fruit. The tree was first found in the country of the Osage Indians, and bears a hard and inedible fruit of an orangelike appearance. See Bois d'arc. OSAGES O*sa"ges, n. pl.; sing. Osage (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of southern Sioux Indians, now living in the Indian Territory. OSANNE O*san"ne, n. Defn: Hosanna. [Obs.] Chaucer. OSAR O"sar, n. pl. (Geol.) Defn: See 3d Os. OSCAN Os"can, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Osci, a primitive people of Campania, a province of ancient Italy. -- n. Defn: The language of the Osci. OSCILLANCY Os"cil*lan*cy, n. Defn: The state of oscillating; a seesaw kind of motion. [R.] OSCILLARIA Os`cil*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. oscillare to swing.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of dark green, or purplish black, filamentous, fresh- water algæ, the threads of which have an automatic swaying or crawling motion. Called also Oscillatoria. OSCILLATE Os"cil*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Oscillated; p. pr. & vb. n. Oscillating.] Etym: [L. oscillare to swing, fr. oscillum a swing, a little mask or puppet made to be hung from trees and swing in the wind, prob. orig., a little mouth, a dim. from os mouth. See Oral, and cf. Osculate.] 1. To move backward and forward; to vibrate like a pendulum; to swing; to sway. 2. To vary or fluctuate between fixed limits; to act or move in a fickle or fluctuating manner; to change repeatedly, back and forth. The amount of superior families oscillates rather than changes, that is, it fluctuates within fixed limits. Dc Quincey. OSCILLATING Os"cil*la`ting, a. Defn: That oscillates; vibrating; swinging. Oscillating engine, a steam engine whose cylinder oscillates on trunnions instead of being permanently fixed in a perpendicular or other direction. Weale. OSCILLATING CURRENT Os"cil*lat`ing current. (Elec.) Defn: A current alternating in direction. OSCILLATION Os`cil*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. oscillatio a swinging.] 1. The act of oscillating; a swinging or moving backward and forward, like a pendulum; vibration. 2. Fluctuation; variation; change back and forth. His mind oscillated, undoubtedly; but the extreme points of the oscillation were not very remote. Macaulay. Axis of oscillation, Center of oscillation. See under Axis, and Center. OSCILLATIVE Os"cil*la*tive, a. Defn: Tending to oscillate; vibratory. [R.] I. Taylor. OSCILLATOR Os"cil*la`tor, n. One that oscillates; specif.: (a) (Elec.) Defn: Any device for producing electric oscillations; esp., an apparatus for generating electric waves in a system of wireless telegraphy. (b) (Mech.) An instrument for measuring rigidity by the torsional oscillations of a weighted wire. OSCILLATORIA Os`cil*la*to"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Oscillatory.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Oscillaria. OSCILLATORY Os"cil*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. oscillatoire. See Oscillate.] Defn: Moving, or characterized by motion, backward and forward like a pendulum; swinging; oscillating; vibratory; as, oscillatory motion. OSCILLOGRAM Os"cil*lo*gram, n. [L. oscillare + -gram.] (Elec.) Defn: An autographic record made by an oscillograph. OSCILLOGRAPH Os"cil*lo*graph, n. [L. oscillare to swing + -graph.] (Elec.) Defn: An apparatus for recording or indicating alternating-current wave forms or other electrical oscillations, usually consisting of a galvanometer with strong field, in which the mass of the moving part is very small and frequency of vibration very high. -- Os`cil*lo*graph"ic (#), a. OSCILLOMETER Os`cil*lom"e*ter, n. [L. oscillare to swing + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the angle through which a ship rolls or pitches at sea. OSCILLOSCOPE Os*cil"lo*scope, n. [L. oscillare to swing + -scope.] (Elec.) Defn: An instrument for showing visually the changes in a varying current; an oscillograph. OSCINE Os"cine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Relating to the Oscines. OSCINES Os"ci*nes, n. pl. Etym: [L. oscen, -inis.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Singing birds; a group of the Passeres, having numerous syringeal muscles, conferring musical ability. OSCINIAN Os*cin"i*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Oscines, or singing birds. OSCINIAN Os*cin"i*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of dipterous files of the family Oscinidæ. Note: Some, whose larvæ live in the stalks, are very destructive to barley, wheat, and rye; others, as the barley fly (Oscinis frit), destroy the heads of grain. OSCININE Os"ci*nine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Oscines. OSCITANCY Os"ci*tan*cy, n. Etym: [See Oscitant.] 1. The act of gaping or yawning. 2. Drowsiness; dullness; sluggishness. Hallam. It might proceed from the oscitancy of transcribers. Addison. OSCITANT Os"ci*tant, a. Etym: [L. oscitans, -antis, p. pr. of oscitare: cf. F. oscitant.] 1. Yawning; gaping. 2. Sleepy; drowsy; dull; sluggish; careless. He must not be oscitant, but intent on his charge. Barrow. OSCITANTLY Os"ci*tant*ly, adv. Defn: In an oscitant manner. OSCITATE Os"ci*tate, v. i. Etym: [L. oscitare; os the mouth + citare, v. intens. fr. ciere to move.] Defn: To gape; to yawn. OSCITATION Os`ci*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. oscitatio: cf. F. oscitation.] Defn: The act of yawning or gaping. Addison. OSCULANT Os"cu*lant, a. Etym: [L. osculans, -antis, p. pr. of osculari to kiss. See Osculate.] 1. Kissing; hence, meeting; clinging. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Adhering closely; embracing; -- applied to certain creeping animals, as caterpillars. 3. (Biol.) Defn: Intermediate in character, or on the border, between two genera, groups, families, etc., of animals or plants, and partaking somewhat of the characters of each, thus forming a connecting link; interosculant; as, the genera by which two families approximate are called osculant genera. OSCULATE Os"cu*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Osculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Osculating.] Etym: [L. osculatus, p. p. of osculari to kiss, fr. osculum a little mouth, a kiss, dim. of os mouth. See Oral, and cf. Oscillate.] 1. To kiss. 2. (Geom.) Defn: To touch closely, so as to have a common curvature at the point of contact. See Osculation, 2. OSCULATE Os"cu*late, v. i. 1. To kiss one another; to kiss. 2. (Geom.) Defn: To touch closely. See Osculation, 2. 3. (Biol.) Defn: To have characters in common with two genera or families, so as to form a connecting link between them; to interosculate. See Osculant. OSCULATION Os`cu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. osculatio a kissing: cf. F. osculation.] 1. The act of kissing; a kiss. 2. (Geom.) Defn: The contact of one curve with another, when the number of consecutive points of the latter through which the former passes suffices for the complete determination of the former curve. Brande & C. OSCULATORY Os"cu*la*to*ry, a. 1. Of or pertaining to kissing; kissing. "The osculatory ceremony." Thackeray. 2. (Geom.) Defn: Pertaining to, or having the properties of, an osculatrix; capable of osculation; as, a circle may be osculatory with a curve, at a given point. Osculatory circle. (Geom.) See Osculating circle of a curve, under Circle. -- Osculatory plane (to a curve of double curvature), a plane which passes through three successive points of the curve. -- Osculatory sphere (to a line of double curvature), a sphere passing through four consecutive points of the curve. OSCULATORY Os"cu*la*to*ry, n. Etym: [LL. osculatorium. See Osculate.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Same as Pax, 2. OSCULATRIX Os`cu*la"trix, n.; pl. Osculatrixes. Etym: [NL.] (Geom.) Defn: A curve whose contact with a given curve, at a given point, is of a higher order (or involves the equality of a greater number of successive differential coefficients of the ordinates of the curves taken at that point) than that of any other curve of the same kind. OSCULE Os"cule, n. Etym: [Cf. F. oscule. See Osculum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the excurrent apertures of sponges. OSCULUM Os"cu*lum, n.; pl. Oscula. Etym: [L., a little mouth.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Oscule. -OSE -ose. Etym: [L. -osus: cf. F. -ose. Cf. -ous.] 1. A suffix denoting full of, containing, having the qualities of, like; as in verbose, full of words; pilose, hairy; globose, like a globe. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A suffix indicating that the substance to the name of wich it is affixed is a member of the carbohydrate group; as in cellulose, sucrose, dextrose, etc. OSIER O"sier, n. Etym: [F. osier: cf. Prov. F. oisis, Armor. ozil, aozil, Gr. vitex, and E. withy.] (Bot.) (a) A kind of willow (Salix viminalis) growing in wet places in Europe and Asia, and introduced into North America. It is considered the best of the willows for basket work. The name is sometimes given to any kind of willow. (b) One of the long, pliable twigs of this plant, or of other somilar plants. The rank of osiers by the murmuring stream. Shak. Osier bed, or Osier holt, a place where willows are grown for basket making. [Eng.] -- Red osier. (a) A kind of willow with reddish twigs (Salix rubra). (b) An American shrub (Cornus stolonifera) which has slender red branches; -- also called osier cornel. OSIER O"sier, a. Defn: Made of osiers; composed of, or containing, osiers. "This osier cage of ours." Shak. OSIERED O"siered, a. Defn: Covered or adorned with osiers; as, osiered banks. [Poetic] Collins. OSIERY O"sier*y, n. Defn: An osier bed. OSIRIS O*si"ris, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Myth.) Defn: One of the principal divinities of Egypt, the brother and husband of Isis. He was figured as a mummy wearing the royal cap of Upper Egypt, and was symbolized by the sacred bull, called Apis. Cf. Serapis. -- O*sir"i*an, a. OSMANLI Os"man*li, n.; pl. Osmanlis. Etym: [So called from Osman. See Ottoman.] Defn: A Turkish official; one of the dominant tribe of Turks; loosely, any Turk. OSMATE Os"mate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of osmic acid. [Formerly written also osmiate.] OSMATERIUM Os`ma*te"ri*um, n.; pl. Osmateria. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a pair of scent organs which the larvæ of certain butterflies emit from the first body segment, either above or below. OSMAZOME Os"ma*zome, n. Etym: [Gr. osmazôme.] (Old Chem.) Defn: A substance formerly supposed to give to soup and broth their characteristic odor, and probably consisting of one or several of the class of nitrogenous substances which are called extractives. OSMIAMATE Os`mi*am"ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of osmiamic acid. OSMIAMIC Os`mi*am"ic, a. Etym: [Osmium + amido.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a nitrogenous acid of osmium, H2N2Os2O5, forming a well-known series of yellow salts. OSMIC Os"mic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, osmium; specifically, designating those compounds in which it has a valence higher than in other lower compounds; as, osmic oxide. Osmic acid. (Chem.) (a) Osmic tetroxide. [Obs.] (b) Osmic acid proper, an acid analogous to sulphuric acid, not known in the free state, but forming a well-known and stable series of salts (osmates), which were formerly improperly called osmites. -- Osmic tetroxide (Chem.), a white volatile crystalline substance, OsO4, the most stable and characteristic of the compounds of osmium. It has a burning taste, and gives off a vapor, which is a powerful irritant poison, violently attacking the eyes, and emitting a strong chlorinelike odor. Formerly improperly called osmic acid. OSMIDROSIS Os`mi*dro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Med.) Defn: The secretion of fetid sweat. OSMIOUS Os"mi*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Denoting those compounds of osmium in which the element has a valence relatively lower than in the osmic compounds; as, osmious chloride. [Written also osmous.] Osmious acid (Chem.), an acid derived from osmium, analogous to sulphurous acid, and forming unstable salts. It is a brown amorphous substance. OSMITE Os"mite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of osmious acid. OSMIUM Os"mi*um, n. Etym: [Gr. Odor.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element of the platinum group, found native as an alloy in platinum ore, and in iridosmine. It is a hard, infusible, bluish or grayish white metal, and the heaviest substance known. Its tetroxide is used in histological experiments to stain tissues. Symbol Os. Atomic weight 191.1. Specific gravity 22.477. OSMOGENE Os"mo*gene, n. [Osmose + root of Gr. race.] Defn: An apparatus, consisting of a number of cells whose sides are of parchment paper, for conducting the process of osmosis. It is used esp. in sugar refining to remove potassium salts from the molasses. OSMOGRAPH Os"mo*graph, n. [Osmose + -graph.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for recording the height of the liquid in an endosmometer or for registering osmotic pressures. OSMOMETER Os*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the amount of osmotic action in different liquids. OSMOMETRY Os*mom"e*try, n. (Physics) Defn: The study of osmose by means of the osmometer. OSMOSE Os"mose, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chemical Physics) (a) The tendency in fluids to mix, or become equably diffused, when in contact. It was first observed between fluids of differing densities, and as taking place through a membrane or an intervening porous structure. The more rapid flow from the thinner to the thicker fluid was then called endosmose, and the opposite, slower current, exosmose. Both are, however, results of the same force. Osmose may be regarded as a form of molecular attraction, allied to that of adhesion. (b) The action produced by this tendency. Electric osmose, or Electric endosmose (Elec.), the transportation of a liquid through a porous septum by the action of an electric current. OSMOSIS Os*mo"sis, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Osmose. OSMOTIC Os*mot"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or having the property of, osmose; as, osmotic force. OSMUND Os"mund, n. (Bot.) Defn: A fern of the genus Osmunda, or flowering fern. The most remarkable species is the osmund royal, or royal fern (Osmunda regalis), which grows in wet or boggy places, and has large bipinnate fronds, often with a panicle of capsules at the top. The rootstock contains much starch, and has been used in stiffening linen. OSNABURG Os"na*burg, n. Defn: A species of coarse linen, originally made in Osnaburg, Germany. OSO-BERRY O"so-ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The small, blueblack, drupelike fruit of the Nuttallia cerasiformis, a shrub of Oregon and California, belonging to the Cherry tribe of Rosaceæ. OSPHRADIUM Os*phra"di*um, n.; pl. Osphradia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The olfactory organ of some Mollusca. It is connected with the organ of respiration. OSPREY; OSPRAY Os"prey, Os"pray, n. Etym: [Through OF. fr. L. ossifraga (orig., the bone breaker); prob. influenced by oripelargus (mountain stork, a kind of eagle, Gr. orpres, and F. orfraie. See Ossifrage.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The fishhawk. OSS Oss, v. i. Etym: [See Osse, n.] Defn: To prophesy; to presage. [R. & Obs.] R. Edgeworth. OSSE Osse, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A prophetic or ominous utterance. [R. & Obs.] Holland. OSSEAN Os"se*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish having a bony skeleton; a teleost. OSSEIN Os"se*in, n. Etym: [L. os bone.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The organic basis of bone tissue; the residue after removal of the mineral matters from bone by dilute acid; in embryonic tissue, the substance in which the mineral salts are deposited to form bone; -- called also ostein. Chemically it is the same as collagen. OSSELET Os"se*let, n. Etym: [F.] 1. A little bone. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The internal bone, or shell, of a cuttlefish. OSSEOUS Os"se*ous, a. Etym: [L. osseus, from os, ossis bone; akin to Gr. asthi. Cf. Oyster.] Defn: Composed of bone; resembling bone; capable of forming bone; bony; ossific. OSSETER Os"se*ter, n. Etym: [Russ, osetr' sturgeon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of sturgeon. OSSIANIC Os`si*an"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or characteristic of, Ossian, a legendary Erse or Celtic bard. The compositions might be fairly classed as Ossianic. G. Eliot. OSSICLE Os"si*cle, n. Etym: [L. ossiculum, dim. of os, ossis, a bone.] 1. A little bone; as, the auditory ossicles in the tympanum of the ear. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of numerous small calcareous structures forming the skeleton of certain echinoderms, as the starfishes. OSSICULATED Os*sic"u*la`ted, a. Defn: Having small bones. OSSICULUM Os*sic"u*lum, n.; pl. Ossicula. Etym: [L., a little bone.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Ossicle. OSSIFEROUS Os*sif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. os, ossis, a bone + -ferous: cf. F. ossifère.] Defn: Containing or yielding bone. OSSIFIC Os*sif"ic, a. Etym: [L. os, ossis, bone + facere to make: cf. F. ossifique. See Fact.] Defn: Capable of producing bone; having the power to change cartilage or other tissue into bone. OSSIFICATION Os`si*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ossification. See Ossify.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: The formation of bone; the process, in the growth of an animal, by which inorganic material (mainly lime salts) is deposited in cartilage or membrane, forming bony tissue; ostosis. Note: Besides the natural ossification of growing tissue, there is the so-called accidental ossification which sometimes follows certain abnormal conditions, as in the ossification of an artery. 2. The state of being changed into a bony substance; also, a mass or point of ossified tissue. OSSIFIED Os"si*fied, a. Defn: Changed to bone or something resembling bone; hardened by deposits of mineral matter of any kind; -- said of tissues. OSSIFRAGE Os"si*frage, n. Etym: [L. ossifraga, ossifragus, osprey, fr. ossifragus bone breaking; os, ossis, a bone + frangere, fractum, to break. See Osseous, Break, and cf. Osprey, Ossifragous.] (Zoöl.) (a) The lammergeir. (b) The young of the sea eagle or bald eagle. [Obs.] OSSIFRAGOUS Os*sif"ra*gous, a. Etym: [L. ossifragus. See Ossifrage.] Defn: Serving to break bones; bone-breaking. OSSIFY Os"si*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ossified; p. pr. & vb. n. Ossifying.] Etym: [L. os, ossis, bone + -fy: cf. F. ossifier. See Osseous.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: To form into bone; to change from a soft animal substance into bone, as by the deposition of lime salts. 2. Fig.: To harden; as, to ossify the heart. Ruskin. OSSIFY Os"si*fy, v. i. (Physiol.) Defn: To become bone; to change from a soft tissue to a hard bony tissue. OSSIFYING Os"si*fy`ing, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Changing into bone; becoming bone; as, the ossifying process. OSSIVOROUS Os*siv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. os, ossis, bone + vorare to devour: cf. F. ossivore.] Defn: Feeding on bones; eating bones; as, ossivorous quadrupeds. Derham. OSSPRINGER Os"spring*er, n. Defn: The osprey. [R.] OSSUARIUM Os`su*a"ri*um, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A charnel house; an ossuary. Walpole. OSSUARY Os"su*a*ry, n.; pl. -ries. Etym: [L. ossuarium, fr. ossuarius of or bones, fr. os, ossis, bone: cf. F. ossuaire.] Defn: A place where the bones of the dead are deposited; a charnel house. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. OST Ost, n. Defn: See Oast. OSTEAL Os"te*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Osseous. OSTEIN Os"te*in, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Ossein. OSTEITIS Os`te*i"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Osteo-, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of bone. OSTELER Os"tel*er, n. Defn: Same as Hosteler. Wyclif. OSTEND Os*tend", v. t. Etym: [L. ostendere to show.] Defn: To exhibit; to manifest. [Obs.] Mercy to mean offenders we'll ostend. J. Webster. OSTENSIBILITY Os*ten`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being ostensible. OSTENSIBLE Os*ten"si*ble, a. Etym: [From L. ostensus, p. p. of ostendere to show, prop., to stretch out before; fr. prefix obs- (old form of ob-) + tendere to stretch. See Tend.] 1. Capable of being shown; proper or intended to be shown. [R.] Walpole. 2. Shown; exhibited; declared; avowed; professed; apparent; -- often used as opposed to real or actual; as, an ostensible reason, motive, or aim. D. Ramsay. OSTENSIBLY Os*ten"si*bly, adv. Defn: In an ostensible manner; avowedly; professedly; apparently. Walsh. Ostensibly, we were intended to prevent filibustering into Texas, but really as a menace to Mexico. U. S. Grant. OSTENSION Os*ten"sion, n. Etym: [L. ostensio a showing: cf. F. ostension. See Ostend.] (Eccl.) Defn: The showing of the sacrament on the altar in order that it may receive the adoration of the communicants. OSTENSIVE Os*ten"sive, a. Defn: Showing; exhibiting. Ostensive demonstration (Math.), a direct or positive demonstration, as opposed to the apagogical or indirect method. OSTENSIVELY Os*ten"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In an ostensive manner. OSTENSORIUM; OSTENSORY Os`ten*so"ri*um, Os*ten"so*ry, n.; pl. L. -soria, E. -sories. Etym: [NL. ostensorium: cf. F. ostensoir. See Ostensible.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Same as Monstrance. OSTENT Os"tent, n. Etym: [L. ostentus, ostentum, fr. ostendere (p. p. ostensus and ostentus) to show. See Ostensible.] 1. Appearance; air; mien. Shak. 2. Manifestation; token; portent. Dryden. We asked of God that some ostent might clear Our cloudy business, who gave us sign. Chapman. OSTENTATE Os"ten*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. ostentatus, p. p. of ostentare, v. intens. fr. ostendere. See Ostent.] Defn: To make an ambitious display of; to show or exhibit boastingly. [R.] Jer. Taylor. OSTENTATION Os`ten*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. ostentatio: cf. F. ostentation.] 1. The act of ostentating or of making an ambitious display; unnecessary show; pretentious parade; -- usually in a detractive sense. "Much ostentation vain of fleshly arm." Milton. He knew that good and bountiful minds were sometimes inclined to ostentation. Atterbury. 2. A show or spectacle. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Parade; pageantry; show; pomp; pompousness; vaunting; boasting. See Parade. OSTENTATIOUS Os`ten*ta"tious, a. Defn: Fond of, or evincing, ostentation; unduly conspicuous; pretentious; boastful. Far from being ostentatious of the good you do. Dryden. The ostentatious professions of many years. Macaulay. -- Os`ten*ta"tious*ly, adv. -- Os`ten*ta"tious*ness, n. OSTENTATOR Os"ten*ta`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One fond of display; a boaster. Sherwood. OSTENTIVE Os*ten"tive, a. Defn: Ostentatious. [Obs.] OSTENTOUS Os*ten"tous, a. Defn: Ostentatious. [Obs.] Feltham. OSTEO- Os"te*o-. Defn: A combining form of Gr. a bone. OSTEOBLAST Os"te*o*blast, n. Etym: [Osteo- + -blast.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the protoplasmic cells which occur in the osteogenetic layer of the periosteum, and from or around which the matrix of the bone is developed; an osteoplast. OSTEOCLASIS Os`te*o*cla"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Osteoclast.] (Surg.) Defn: The operation of breaking a bone in order to correct deformity. OSTEOCLAST Os"te*o*clast, n. Etym: [Osteo- + Gr. 1. (Physiol.) Defn: A myeloplax. Note: The osteoclasts occur usually in pits or cavities which they appear to have excavated, and are supposed to be concerned in the absorption of the bone matrix. 2. An instrument for performing osteoclasis. OSTEOCOLLA Os`te*o*col"la, n. Etym: [Osteo- + Gr. 1. A kind of glue obtained from bones. Ure. 2. A cellular calc tufa, which in some places forms incrustations on the stems of plants, -- formerly supposed to have the quality of uniting fractured bones. OSTEOCOMMA Os`te*o*com"ma, n.; pl. L. Osteocommata, E. Osteocommas. Etym: [NL. See Osteo-, and Comma.] (Anat.) Defn: A metamere of the vertebrate skeleton; an osteomere; a vertebra. Owen. OSTEOCOPE Os"te*o*cope, n. Etym: [Gr. ostéocope.] (Med.) Defn: Pain in the bones; a violent fixed pain in any part of a bone. -- Os`te*o*cop"ic, a. OSTEOCRANIUM Os`te*o*cra"ni*um, n. Etym: [Osteo- + cranium.] (Anat.) Defn: The bony cranium, as distinguished from the cartilaginous cranium. OSTEODENTINE Os`te*o*den"tine, n. Etym: [Osteo- + denite.] (Anat.) Defn: A hard substance, somewhat like bone, which is sometimes deposited within the pulp cavity of teeth. OSTEOGEN Os"te*o*gen, n. Etym: [Osteo- + -gen.] (Physiol.) Defn: The soft tissue, or substance, which, in developing bone, ultimately undergoes ossification. OSTEOGENESIS; OSTEOGENY Os`te*o*gen"e*sis, Os`te*og"e*ny, n. Etym: [Osteo- + genesis, or the root of Gr. ostéogénie.] (Physiol.) Defn: The formation or growth of bone. OSTEOGENETIC Os`te*o*ge*net"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Connected with osteogenesis, or the formation of bone; producing bone; as, osteogenetic tissue; the osteogenetic layer of the periosteum. OSTEOGENIC Os`te*o*gen"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Osteogenetic. OSTEOGRAPHER Os`te*og"ra*pher, n. Defn: An osteologist. OSTEOGRAPHY Os`te*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Osteo- + -graphy.] Defn: The description of bones; osteology. OSTEOID Os"te*oid, a. Etym: [Osteo- + -oid: cf. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Resembling bone; bonelike. OSTEOLITE Os"te*o*lite, n. Etym: [Osteo- + -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A massive impure apatite, or calcium phosphate. OSTEOLOGER Os`te*ol"o*ger, n. Defn: One versed in osteology; an osteologist. OSTEOLOGIC; OSTEOLOGICAL Os`te*o*log"ic, Os`te*o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ostéologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to osteology. -- Os`te*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. OSTEOLOGIST Os`te*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who is skilled in osteology; an osteologer. OSTEOLOGY Os`te*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Osteo- + -logy: cf. F. ostéologie.] Defn: The science which treats of the bones of the vertebrate skeleton. OSTEOLYSIS Os`te*ol"y*sis, n. [NL. osteo-+ Gr. a loosing.] Defn: Softening and absorption of bone. -- Os`te*o*lyt"ic (#), a. OSTEOMA Os`te*o"ma, n.; pl. Osteomata. Etym: [NL. See Osteo-, and -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A tumor composed mainly of bone; a tumor of a bone. OSTEOMALACIA Os`te*o*ma*la"ci*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A disease of the bones, in which they lose their earthy material, and become soft, flexible, and distorted. Also called malacia. OSTEOMANTY Os"te*o*man`ty, n. Etym: [Osteo- Gr. Defn: Divination by means of bones. [R.] OSTEOMERE Os"te*o*mere, n. Etym: [Osteo- + -mere.] (Anat.) Defn: An osteocomma. Owen. OSTEOPATH Os"te*o*path, n. Defn: A practitioner of osteopathy. OSTEOPATHIC Os`te*o*path"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to osteopathy. --Os`te*o*path"ic*al*ly (#), adv. OSTEOPATHIST Os`te*op"a*thist, n. Defn: One who practices osteopathy; an osteopath. OSTEOPATHY Os`te*op"a*thy, n. [Osteo- + Gr. suffering.] (Med.) (a) Any disease of the bones. [R.] (b) A system of treatment based on the theory that diseases are chiefly due to deranged mechanism of the bones, nerves, blood vessels, and other tissues, and can be remedied by manipulations of these parts. OSTEOPERIOSTITIS Os`te*o*per`i*os*ti"tis, n. [NL.; osteo- + periosteum + -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of a bone and its periosteum. OSTEOPHONE Os"te*o*phone, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An instrument for transmission of auditory vibrations through the bones of the head, so as to be appreciated as sounds by persons deaf from causes other than those affecting the nervous apparatus of hearing. OSTEOPLAST Os"te*o*plast, n. Etym: [Osteo- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: An osteoblast. OSTEOPLASTIC Os`te*o*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Osteo- + -plastic.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: Producing bone; as, osteoplastic cells. 2. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the replacement of bone; as, an osteoplastic operation. OSTEOPLASTY Os"te*o*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Osteo- + -plasty.] (Med.) Defn: An operation or process by which the total or partial loss of a bone is remedied. Dunglison. OSTEOPOROSIS Os`te*o*po*ro"sis, n. [NL.; osteo- + Gr. pore.] (Med. & Physiol.) Defn: An absorption of bone so that the tissue becomes unusually porous. OSTEOPTERYGIOUS Os`te*op`ter*yg"i*ous, a. Etym: [Osteo- Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having bones in the fins, as certain fishes. OSTEOSARCOMA Os`te*o*sar*co"ma, n.; pl. Osteosarcomata. Etym: [NL. See Osteo-, and sarcoma.] (Med.) Defn: A tumor having the structure of a sacroma in which there is a deposit of bone; sarcoma connected with bone. OSTEOSCLEROSIS Os`te*o*scle*ro"sis, n. [NL.; osteo- + sclerosis.] Defn: Abnormal hardness and density of bone. OSTEOTOME Os"te*o*tome, n. Etym: [Osteo- + Gr. (Surg.) Defn: Strong nippers or a chisel for dividing bone. OSTEOTOMIST Os`te*ot"o*mist, n. Defn: One skilled in osteotomy. OSTEOTOMY Os`te*ot"o*my, n. 1. The dissection or anatomy of bones; osteology. 2. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of dividing a bone or of cutting a piece out of it, -- done to remedy deformity, etc. OSTEOZOA Os`te*o*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Vertebrata. OSTIARY Os"ti*a*ry, n.; pl. -ries. Etym: [L. ostium door, entrance. See Usher.] 1. The mouth of a river; an estuary. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. One who keeps the door, especially the door of a church; a porter. N. Bacon. OSTIC Os"tic, a. Etym: [From North American Indian oshtegwon a head.] Defn: Pertaining to, or applied to, the language of the Tuscaroras, Iroquois, Wyandots, Winnebagoes, and a part of the Sioux Indians. Schoolcraft. OSTIOLE Os"ti*ole, n. Etym: [L. ostiolum a little door, dim. of ostium a door: cf. F. ostiole.] (Bot.) (a) The exterior opening of a stomate. See Stomate. (b) Any small orifice. OSTITIS Os*ti"tis, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: See Osteitis. OSTIUM Os"ti*um, n.; pl. Ostia. Etym: [L.] (Anat.) Defn: An opening; a passage. OSTLER Ost"ler, n. Defn: See Hostler. OSTLERESS Ost"ler*ess, n. Defn: A female ostler. [R.] Tennyson. OSTLERY Ost"ler*y, n. Defn: See Hostelry. [Obs.] OSTMEN Ost"men, n. pl.; sing. Ostman. Etym: [See East, and Man.] Defn: East men; Danish settlers in Ireland, formerly so called. Lyttelton. OSTOSIS Os*to"sis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Bone formation; ossification. See Ectostosis, and Endostosis. OSTRACEA Os*tra"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of bivalve mollusks including the oysters and allied shells. OSTRACEAN Os*tra"cean, n. Etym: [L. ostrea an oyster. See Oyster.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of a family of bivalves, of which the oyster is the type. OSTRACION Os*tra"ci*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of plectognath fishes having the body covered with solid, immovable, bony plates. It includes the trunkfishes. OSTRACIONT Os*tra"ci*ont, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of the genus Ostracion and allied genera. OSTRACISM Os"tra*cism, n. Etym: [Gr. Ostracize.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: Banishment by popular vote, -- a means adopted at Athens to rid the city of a person whose talent and influence gave umbrage. 2. Banishment; exclusion; as, social ostracism. Public envy is as an ostracism, that eclipseth men when they grow too great. Bacon. Sentenced to a perpetual ostracism from the . . . confidence, and honors, and emoluments of his country. A. Hamilton. OSTRACITE Os"tra*cite, n. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil oyster. OSTRACIZE Os"tra*cize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ostracized; p. pr. & vb. n. Ostracizing.] Etym: [Gr. Osseous, Oyster.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: To exile by ostracism; to banish by a popular vote, as at Athens. Grote. 2. To banish from society; to put under the ban; to cast out from social, political, or private favor; as, he was ostracized by his former friends. Marvell. OSTRACODA Os*trac"o*da, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: Ostracoidea. OSTRACODERMI Os`tra*coder"mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of fishes of which Ostracion is the type. OSTRACOID Os"tra*coid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ostracoidea. -- n. Defn: One of the Ostracoidea. OSTRACOIDEA Os`tra*coi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Entomostraca possessing hard bivalve shells. They are of small size, and swim freely about. [Written also Ostracoda.] OSTREA Os"tre*a, n. Etym: [L., an oyster.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of bivalve Mollusca which includes the true oysters. OSTREACEOUS Os`tre*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. ostrea an oyster. See Oyster.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an oyster, or to a shell; shelly. The crustaceous or ostreaceous body. Cudworth. OSTREACULTURE Os"tre*a*cul`ture, n. Defn: The artificial cultivation of oysters. OSTREOPHAGIST Os`tre*oph"a*gist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who feeds on oysters. OSTRICH Os"trich, n. Etym: [OE. ostriche, ostrice, OF. ostruche, ostruce, F. autruche, L. avis struthio; avis bird + struthio ostrich, fr. Gr. Aviary, Struthious.] [Formerly written also estrich.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large bird of the genus Struthio, of which Struthio camelus of Africa is the best known species. It has long and very strong legs, adapted for rapid running; only two toes; a long neck, nearly bare of feathers; and short wings incapable of flight. The adult male is about eight feet high. Note: The South African ostrich (Struthio australis) and the Asiatic ostrich are considered distinct species by some authors. Ostriches are now domesticated in South Africa in large numbers for the sake of their plumes. The body of the male is covered with elegant black plumose feathers, while the wings and tail furnish the most valuable white plumes. Ostrich farm, a farm on which ostriches are bred for the sake of their feathers, oil, eggs, etc. -- Ostrich farming, the occupation of breeding ostriches for the sake of their feathers, etc. -- Ostrich fern (Bot.) a kind of fern (Onoclea Struthiopteris), the tall fronds of which grow in a circle from the rootstock. It is found in alluvial soil in Europe and North America. OSTRIFEROUS Os*trif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. ostrifer; ostrea oyster + ferre.] Defn: Producing oysters; containing oysters. OSTROGOTH Os"tro*goth, n. Etym: [L. Ostrogothi, pl. See East, and Goth.] Defn: One of the Eastern Goths. See Goth. OSTROGOTHIC Os`tro*goth"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ostrogoths. OSWEGO TEA Os*we"go tea". (Bot.) Defn: An American aromatic herb (Monarda didyma), with showy, bright red, labiate flowers. OTACOUSTIC Ot`a*cous"tic, a. Etym: [Oto- + acoustic: cf. F. otacoustique.] Defn: Assisting the sense of hearing; as, an otacoustic instrument. OTACOUSTIC; OTACOUSTICON Ot`a*cous"tic, Ot`a*cous"ti*con, n. Defn: An instrument to facilitate hearing, as an ear trumpet. OTAHEITE APPLE O`ta*hei"te ap"ple. Etym: [So named from Otaheite, or Tahiti, one of the Society Islands.] (Bot.) (a) The fruit of a Polynesian anacardiaceous tree (Spondias dulcis), also called vi-apple. It is rather larger than an apple, and the rind has a flavor of turpentine, but the flesh is said to taste like pineapples. (b) A West Indian name for a myrtaceous tree (Jambosa Malaccensis) which bears crimson berries. OTALGIA O*tal"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. otalgie.] (Med.) Defn: Pain in the ear; earache. OTALGIC O*tal"gic, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to otalgia. -- n. Defn: A remedy for otalgia. OTALGY O*tal"gy, n. Defn: Pain in the ear; otalgia. OTARY O"ta*ry, n.; pl. Otaries. Etym: [Gr. otarie.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any eared seal. OTHEOSCOPE O"the*o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for exhibiting the repulsive action produced by light or heat in an exhausted vessel; a modification of the radoimeter. W. Crookes. OTHER Oth"er conj. Etym: [See Or.] Defn: Either; -- used with other or or for its correlative (as either . . . or are now used). [Obs.] Other of chalk, other of glass. Chaucer. OTHER Oth"er, pron. & a. Etym: [AS. ; akin to OS. a, , D. & G. ander, OHG. andar, Icel. annarr, Sw. annan, Dan. anden, Goth. an, Skr. antara: cf. L. alter; all orig. comparatives: cf. Skr. anya other. sq. root180. Cf. Alter.] [Formerly other was used both as singular and plural.] 1. Different from that which, or the one who, has been specified; not the same; not identical; additional; second of two. Each of them made other for to win. Chaucer. Whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also. Matt. v. 39. 2. Not this, but the contrary; opposite; as, the other side of a river. 3. Alternate; second; -- used esp. in connection with every; as, every other day, that is, each alternate day, every second day. 4. Left, as opposed to right. [Obs.] A distaff in her other hand she had. Spenser. Note: Other is a correlative adjective, or adjective pronoun, often in contrast with one, some, that, this, etc. The one shall be taken, and the other left. Matt. xxiv. 4 And some fell among thorns . . . but other fell into good ground. Matt. xiii. 7, 8. It is also used, by ellipsis, with a noun, expressed or understood. To write this, or to design the other. Dryden. It is written with the indefinite article as one word, another; is used with each, indicating a reciprocal action or relation; and is employed absolutely, or eliptically for other thing, or other person, in which case it may have a plural. The fool and the brutish person perish, and leave their wealth to others. Ps. xlix. 10. If he is trimming, others are true. Thackeray. Other is sometimes followed by but, beside, or besides; but oftener by than. No other but such a one as he. Coleridge. Other lords beside thee have had dominion over us. Is. xxvi. 13. For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid. 1 Cor. iii. 11. The whole seven years of . . . ignominy had been little other than a preparation for this very hour. Hawthorne. Other some, some others. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] -- The other day, at a certain time past, not distant, but indefinite; not long ago; recently; rarely, the third day past. Bind my hair up: as't was yesterday No, nor t' other day. B. Jonson. OTHER Oth"er, adv. Defn: Otherwise. "It shall none other be." Chaucer. "If you think other." Shak. OTHERGATES Oth"er*gates`, adv. Etym: [Other + gate way. See wards.] Defn: In another manner. [Obs.] He would have tickled you othergates. Shak. OTHERGUISE; OTHERGUESS Oth"er*guise`, Oth"er*guess`, a. & adv. Etym: [A corruption of othergates.] Defn: Of another kind or sort; in another way. "Otherguess arguments." Berkeley. OTHERNESS Oth"er*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being other or different; alterity; oppositeness. OTHERWAYS Oth"er*ways`, adv. Defn: See Otherwise. Tyndale. OTHERWHERE Oth"er*where`, adv. Defn: In or to some other place, or places; elsewhere. Milton. Tennyson. OTHERWHILE; OTHERWHILES Oth"er*while`, Oth"er*whiles`, adv. Defn: At another time, or other times; sometimes; [Archaic] Weighing otherwhiles ten pounds and more. Holland. OTHERWISE Oth"er*wise`, adv. Etym: [Other + wise manner.] 1. In a different manner; in another way, or in other ways; differently; contrarily. Chaucer. Thy father was a worthy prince, And merited, alas! a better fate; But Heaven thought otherwise. Addison. 2. In other respects. It is said, truly, that the best men otherwise are not always the best in regard of society. Hooker. 3. In different circumstances; under other conditions; as, I am engaged, otherwise I would accept. Note: Otherwise, like so and thus, may be used as a substitute for the opposite of a previous adjective, noun, etc. Let no man think me a fool; if otherwise, yet as a fool receive me. 2 Cor. xi. 16. Her eyebrows . . . rather full than otherwise. Fielding. OTHMAN Oth"man, n. & a. Defn: See Ottoman. OTIC O"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. otique.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the ear; auricular; auditory. OTIOSE O"ti*ose`, a. Etym: [L. otiosus, fr. otium ease.] Defn: Being at leisure or ease; unemployed; indolent; idle. "Otiose assent." Paley. The true keeping of the Sabbath was not that otiose and unAlford. OTIOSITY O`ti*os"ity, n. Etym: [L. otiositas.] Defn: Leisure; indolence; idleness; ease. [R.] Thackeray. OTIS O"tis, n. Etym: [L., a kind of bustard, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of birds including the bustards. OTITIS O*ti"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the ear. OTO- O"to-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form denoting relation to, or situation near or in, the ear. OTOBA FAT O*to"ba fat`. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless buttery substance obtained from the fruit of Myristica otoba, a species of nutmeg tree. OTOCONITE O*toc"o*nite, n. Etym: [Oto- + Gr. (Anat.) (a) A mass of otoliths. (b) An otolith. OTOCRANE O"to*crane, n. Etym: [Oto- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The cavity in the skull in which the parts of the internal ear are lodged. OTOCRANIAL O`to*cra"ni*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the otocrane. OTOCYST O"to*cyst, n. Etym: [Oto- + cyst.] (Zoöl. & Anat.) Defn: An auditory cyst or vesicle; one of the simple auditory organs of many invertebrates, containing a fluid and otoliths; also, the embryonic vesicle from which the parts of the internal ear of vertebrates are developed. OTOGRAPHY O*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Oto- + -graphy.] Defn: A description of the ear. OTOLITH; OTOLITE O"to*lith, O"to*lite, n. Etym: [Oto- + -lith, -lite.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the small bones or particles of calcareous or other hard substance in the internal ear of vertebrates, and in the auditory organs of many invertebrates; an ear stone. Collectively, the otoliths are called ear sand and otoconite. OTOLITHIC; OTOLITIC O`to*lith"ic, O`to*lit"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to otoliths. OTOLOGICAL O`to*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining tootology. OTOLOGIST O*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One skilled in otology; an aurist. OTOLOGY O*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Oto- + -logy.] Defn: The branch of science which treats of the ear and its diseases. OTOPATHY O*top"a*thy, n. Etym: [Oto- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: A diseased condition of the ear. OTORRHEA; OTORRHOEA O`tor*rhe"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A flow or running from the ear, esp. a purulent discharge. OTOSCOPE O"to*scope, n. Etym: [Oto- + -scope.] Defn: An instrument for examining the condition of the ear. OTOSCOPEIC O`to*scope"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the otoscope or to otoscopy. OTOSCOPY O*tos"co*py, n. (Med.) Defn: The examination of the ear; the art of using the otoscope. OTOSTEAL O*tos"te*al, n. Etym: [Oto- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: An auditory ossicle. R. Owen. OTOZOUM O`to*zo"um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of huge vertebrates, probably dinosaurs, known only from four-toed tracks in Triassic sandstones. OTTAR Ot"tar, n. Defn: See Attar. OTTAVA RIMA Ot*ta"va ri"ma. [It. See Octave, and Rhyme.] (Pros.) Defn: A stanza of eight lines of heroic verse, with three rhymes, the first six lines rhyming alternately and the last two forming a couplet. It was used by Byron in "Don Juan," by Keats in "Isabella," by Shelley in "The Witch of Atlas," etc. OTTAWAS Ot"ta*was, n. pl.; sing. Ottawa (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians who, when first known, lived on the Ottawa River. Most of them subsequently migrated to the southwestern shore of Lake Superior. OTTER Ot"ter, n. Etym: [OE. oter, AS. Otor; akin to D. & G. otter, Icel. otr, Dan. odder, Sw. utter, Lith. udra, Russ, vuidra, Gr. udra otter, and also to E. water. Water, and cf. Hydra.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any carnivorous animal of the genus Lutra, and related genera. Several species are described. They have large, flattish heads, short ears, and webbed toes. They are aquatic, and feed on fish. Their fur is soft and valuable. The common otter of Europe is Lutra vulgaris; the American otter is L. Canadensis; other species inhabit South America and Asia. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of the ghost moth. It is very injurious to hop vines. Otter hound, Otter dog (Zoöl.), a small breed of hounds, used in England for hunting otters. -- Otter sheep. See Ancon sheep, under Ancon. -- Otter shell (Zoöl.), very large bivalve mollusk (Schizothærus Nuttallii) found on the northwest coast of America. It is excellent food, and is extensively used by the Indians. -- Sea otter. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary. OTTER Ot"ter, n. Defn: A corruption of Annotto. OTTO Ot"to, n. Defn: See Attar. OTTO CYCLE Ot"to cy`cle. (Thermodynamics) Defn: A four-stroke cycle for internal-combustion engines consisting of the following operations: First stroke, suction into cylinder of explosive charge, as of gas and air; second stroke, compression, ignition, and explosion of this charge; third stroke (the working stroke), expansion of the gases; fourth stroke, expulsion of the products of combustion from the cylinder. This is the cycle invented by Beau de Rochas in 1862 and applied by Dr. Otto in 1877 in the Otto-Crossley gas engine, the first commercially successful internal- combustion engine made. OTTO ENGINE Otto engine. Defn: An engine using the Otto cycle. OTTOMAN Ot"to*man, a. Etym: [F. ottoman: cf. It. ottomano, ottomanno; -- from Othoman, Othman, or Osman, the name of a sultan who assumed the government of Turkey about the year 1300. Cf. Osmanli, Ottoman a stuffed seat.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Turks; as, the Ottoman power or empire. OTTOMAN Ot"to*man, n.; pl. Ottomans (. 1. A Turk. 2. Etym: [F. ottomane, from ottoman Turkish.] Defn: A stuffed seat without a back, originally used in Turkey. OTTOMITE Ot"to*mite, n. Defn: An Ottoman. [R.] Shak. OTTRELITE Ot"trel*ite, n. Etym: [From Ottrez, on the borders of Luxembourg.] (Min.) Defn: A micaceous mineral occurring in small scales. It is characteristic of certain crystalline schists. OUAKARI Oua*ka"ri, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any South American monkey of the genus Brachyurus, especially B. ouakari. OUANANICHE Oua`na`niche", n. [Canadian F., of Amer. Indian origin.] Defn: A small landlocked variety of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar ounaniche) of Lake St. John, Canada, and neighboring waters, noted for its vigor and activity, and habit of leaping from the water when hooked. OUANDEROO Ouan`der*oo", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wanderoo. OUARINE Oua`rine", n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A Brazilian monkey of the genus Mycetes. OUBLIETTE Ou`bli`ette", n. Etym: [F., fr. oublier to forget, fr. (assumed) LL. oblitare, L. oblivisci, p. p. oblitus.] Defn: A dungeon with an opening only at the top, found in some old castles and other strongholds, into which persons condemned to perpetual imprisonment, or to perish secretly, were thrust, or lured to fall. Sudden in the sun An oubliette winks. Where is he Gone. Mrs. Browning. OUCH Ouch, n. Etym: [OE. ouch, nouche (a nouch being taken for an ouch: cf. Adder), fr. OF. nusche, nosche, nousche, buckle, clasp, LL. nusca, fr. OHG. nusca, nuscha.] Defn: A socket or bezel holding a precious stone; hence, a jewel or ornament worn on the person. A precious stone in a rich ouche. Sir T. Elyot. Your brooches, pearls, and ouches. Shak. OUGHNE Ough"ne, a. Defn: Own. [Obs.] Chaucer. OUGHT Ought, n. & adv. Defn: See Aught. OUGHT Ought, imp., p. p., or auxiliary. Etym: [Orig. the preterit of the verb to owe. OE. oughte, aughte, ahte, AS. ahte. sq. root110. See Owe.] 1. Was or were under obligation to pay; owed. [Obs.] This due obedience which they ought to the king. Tyndale. The love and duty I long have ought you. Spelman. [He] said . . . you ought him a thousand pound. Shak. 2. Owned; possessed. [Obs.] The knight the which that castle ought. Spenser. 3. To be bound in duty or by moral obligation. We then that are strong ought to bear the infirmities of the weak. Rom. xv. 1. 4. To be necessary, fit, becoming, or expedient; to behoove; -- in this sense formerly sometimes used impersonally or without a subject expressed. "Well ought us work." Chaucer. To speak of this as it ought, would ask a volume. Milton. Ought not Christ to have suffered these things Luke xxiv. 26. Note: Ought is now chiefly employed as an auxiliary verb, expressing fitness, expediency, propriety, moral obligation, or the like, in the action or state indicated by the principal verb. Syn. -- Ought, Should. Both words imply obligation, but ought is the stronger. Should may imply merely an obligation of propriety, expendiency, etc.; ought denotes an obligation of duty. OUGHTNESS Ought"ness, n. Defn: The state of being as a thing ought to be; rightness. [R.] N. W. Taylor. OUGHWHERE Ough"where`, adv. Etym: [AS. ahwær.] Defn: Anywhere; somewhere. See Owher. [Obs.] OUISTITI Ouis"ti*ti, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wistit. OUL Oul, n. Defn: An awl. [Obs.] Chaucer. OUL Oul, n. Defn: An owl. [Obs.] Chaucer. OULACHAN Ou"la*chan, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Eulachon. OUNCE Ounce, n. Etym: [F. once, fr. L. uncia a twelfth, the twelfth part of a pound or of a foot: cf. Gr. Inch, Oke.] 1. A weight, the sixteenth part of a pound avoirdupois, and containing 437 2. (Troy Weight) Defn: The twelfth part of a troy pound. Note: The troy ounce contains twenty pennyweights, each of twenty- four grains, or, in all, 480 grains, and is the twelfth part of the troy pound. The troy ounce is also a weight in apothecaries' weight. [Troy ounce is sometimes written as one word, troyounce.] 3. Fig.: A small portion; a bit. [Obs.] By ounces hung his locks that he had. Chaucer. Fluid ounce. See under Fluid, n. OUNCE Ounce, n. Etym: [F. once; cf. It. lonza, Sp. onza; prob. for lonce, taken as l'once, fr. L. lynx, Gr. lyncea, from lynx. Cf. Lynx.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A feline quadruped (Felis irbis, or uncia) resembling the leopard in size, and somewhat in color, but it has longer and thicker fur, which forms a short mane on the back. The ounce is pale yellowish gray, with irregular dark spots on the neck and limbs, and dark rings on the body. It inhabits the lofty mountain ranges of Asia. Called also once. OUNDED; OUNDY Ound"ed, Oun"dy, a. Etym: [F. ondé, -ée, fr. onde, L. unda, a wave.] Defn: Wavy; waving [Obs.] "Owndie hair." Chaucer. OUNDING Ound"ing, vb. n. Defn: Waving. [Obs.] Ounding, paling, winding, or bending . . . of cloth. Chaucer. OUPHE Ouphe, n. Etym: [See Auf.] Defn: A fairy; a goblin; an elf. [Obs.] "Like urchins, ouphes, and fairies." Shak. OUPHEN Ouph"en, a. Defn: Elfish. [Obs.] OUR Our, possessive pron. Etym: [AS. our, of us; akin to us, to us, and to G. unser our, of us, Goth. unsara. sq. root186 See Us.] Defn: Of or pertaining to us; belonging to us; as, our country; our rights; our troops; our endeavors. See I. The Lord is our defense. Ps. lxxxix. 18. Note: When the noun is not expressed, ours is used in the same way as hers for her, yours for your, etc.; as, whose house is that It is ours. Our wills are ours, we known not how. Tennyson. -OUR -our. Etym: [OF. -our.] Defn: See -or. OURANG Ou*rang", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The orang-outang. OURANG-OUTANG Ou*rang"-ou*tang`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Orang-outang. OURANOGRAPHIST Ou`ra*nog"ra*phist, n. Defn: See Uranographist. OURANOGRAPHY Ou`ra*nog"ra*phy, n. Defn: See Uranography. OUREBI Ou"re*bi, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, graceful, and swift African antelope, allied to the klipspringer. OURETIC Ou*ret"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Uretic.] (Chem.) Defn: Uric. OUROLOGY Ou*rol"o*gy, n. Defn: See Urology. OUROSCOPY Ou*ros"co*py, n. Etym: [Gr. -scopy.] Defn: Ourology. OURS Ours, possessive pron. Defn: See Note under Our. OURSELVES Our*selves", pron. Defn: ; sing. Ourself (we; also, alone in the predicate, in the nominative or the objective case. We ourselves might distinctly number in words a great deal further then we usually do. Locke. Safe in ourselves, while on ourselves we stand. Dryden. Note: The form ourself is usec only in the regal or formal style after we or us, denoting a single person. Unless we would denude ourself of all force. Clarendon. -OUS -ous. Etym: [OF. -ous, us, -os, F. -eux, fr. L. -osus, and -us. Cf. - ose.] 1. An adjective suffix meaning full of, abounding in, having, possessing the qualities of, like; as in gracious, abounding in grace; arduous, full of ardor; bulbous, having bulbs, bulblike; riotous, poisonous, piteous, joyous, etc. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A suffix denoting that the element indicated by the name bearing it, has a valence lower than that denoted by the termination -ic; as, nitrous, sulphurous, etc., as contrasted with nitric, sulphuric, etc. OUSE Ouse, n. & v. Defn: See Ooze. [Obs.] OUSEL Ou"sel, n. Etym: [OE. osel, AS. ; akin to G. amsel, OHG. amsala, and perh. to L. merula blackbird. Cf. Merle, Amsel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several species of European thrushes, especially the blackbird (Merula merula, or Turdus merula), and the mountain or ring ousel (Turdus torquatus). [Written also ouzel.] Rock ousel (Zoöl.), the ring ousel. -- Water ousel (Zoöl.), the European dipper (Cinclus aquaticus), and the American dipper (C. Mexicanus). OUST Oust, n. Defn: See Oast. OUST Oust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ousted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ousting.] Etym: [OF. oster, F. ôter, prob. fr. L. obstare to oppose, hence, to forbid, take away. See Obstacle, and cf. Ouster.] 1. To take away; to remove. Multiplication of actions upon the case were rare, formerly, and thereby wager of law ousted. Sir M. Hale. 2. To eject; to turn out. Blackstone. From mine own earldom foully ousted me. Tennyson. OUSTER Oust"er, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. the OF. infin. oster, used substantively. See Oust.] Defn: A putting out of possession; dispossession; ejection; disseizin. Ouster of the freehold is effected by abatement, intrusion, disseizin, discontinuance, or deforcement. Blackstone. Ouster le main. Etym: [Ouster + F. la main the hand, L. manus.] (Law) A delivery of lands out of the hands of a guardian, or out of the king's hands, or a judgement given for that purpose. Blackstone. OUT Out, adv. Etym: [OE. out, ut, oute, ute, AS. , and , , fr. ; akin to D. uit, OS. , G. aus, OHG. -, Icel. , Sw. ut, Dan. ud, Goth. ut, Skr. ud. About, But, prep., Carouse, Utter, a.] Defn: In its original and strict sense, out means from the interior of something; beyond the limits or boundary of somethings; in a position or relation which is exterior to something; -- opposed to in or into. The something may be expressed after of, from, etc. (see Out of, below); or, if not expressed, it is implied; as, he is out; or, he is out of the house, office, business, etc.; he came out; or, he came out from the ship, meeting, sect, party, etc. Out is used in a variety of applications, as: -- 1. Away; abroad; off; from home, or from a certain, or a usual, place; not in; not in a particular, or a usual, place; as, the proprietor is out, his team was taken out. "My shoulder blade is out." Shak. He hath been out (of the country) nine years. Shak. 2. Beyond the limits of concealment, confinement, privacy, constraint, etc., actual of figurative; hence, not in concealment, constraint, etc., in, or into, a state of freedom, openness, disclosure, publicity, etc.; as, the sun shines out; he laughed out, to be out at the elbows; the secret has leaked out, or is out; the disease broke out on his face; the book is out. Leaves are out and perfect in a month. Bacon. She has not been out [in general society] very long. H. James. 3. Beyond the limit of existence, continuance, or supply; to the end; completely; hence, in, or into, a condition of extinction, exhaustion, completion; as, the fuel, or the fire, has burned out. "Hear me out." Dryden. Deceitiful men shall not live out half their days. Ps. iv. 23. When the butt is out, we will drink water. Shak. 4. Beyond possession, control, or occupation; hence, in, or into, a state of want, loss, or deprivation; -- used of office, business, property, knowledge, etc.; as, the Democrats went out and the Whigs came in; he put his money out at interest. "Land that is out at rack rent." Locke. "He was out fifty pounds." Bp. Fell. I have forgot my part, and I am out. Shak. 5. Beyond the bounds of what is true, reasonable, correct, proper, common, etc.; in error or mistake; in a wrong or incorrect position or opinion; in a state of disagreement, opposition, etc.; in an inharmonious relation. "Lancelot and I are out." Shak. Wicked men are strangely out in the calculating of their own interest. South. Very seldom out, in these his guesses. Addison. 6. Not in the position to score in playing a game; not in the state or turn of the play for counting or gaining scores. Note: Out is largely used in composition as a prefix, with the same significations that it has as a separate word; as outbound, outbreak, outbuilding, outcome, outdo, outdoor, outfield. See also the first Note under Over, adv. Day in, day out, from the beginning to the limit of each of several days; day by day; every day. -- Out and out. (a) adv. Completely; wholly; openly. (b) adj. Without any reservation or disguise; absolute; as, an out and out villain. [As an adj. written also out-and-out.] -- Out at, Out in, Out on, etc., elliptical phrases, that to which out refers as a source, origin, etc., being omitted; as, out (of the house and) at the barn; out (of the house, road, fields, etc., and) in the woods. Three fishers went sailing out into the west, Out into the west, as the sun went down. C. Kingsley. Note: In these lines after out may be understood, "of the harbor," "from the shore," "of sight," or some similar phrase. The complete construction is seen in the saying: "Out of the frying pan into the fire." -- Out from, a construction similar to out of (below). See Of and From. Out of, a phrase which may be considered either as composed of an adverb and a preposition, each having its appropriate office in the sentence, or as a compound preposition. Considered as a preposition, it denotes, with verbs of movement or action, from the interior of; beyond the limit: from; hence, origin, source, motive, departure, separation, loss, etc.; -- opposed to in or into; also with verbs of being, the state of being derived, removed, or separated from. Examples may be found in the phrases below, and also under Vocabulary words; as, out of breath; out of countenance. Out of cess, beyond measure, excessively. Shak. -- Out of character, unbecoming; improper. -- Out of conceit with, not pleased with. See under Conceit. -- Out of date, not timely; unfashionable; antiquated. -- Out of door, Out of doors, beyond the doors; from the house; in, or into, the open air; hence, figuratively, shut out; dismissed. See under Door, also, Out-of-door, Outdoor, Outdoors, in the Vocabulary. "He 's quality, and the question's out of door," Dryden. -- Out of favor, disliked; under displeasure. -- Out of frame, not in correct order or condition; irregular; disarranged. Latimer. -- Out of hand, immediately; without delay or preparation. "Ananias . . . fell down and died out of hand." Latimer. -- Out of harm's way, beyond the danger limit; in a safe place. -- Out of joint, not in proper connection or adjustment; unhinged; disordered. "The time is out of joint." Shak. -- Out of mind, not in mind; forgotten; also, beyond the limit of memory; as, time out of mind. -- Out of one's head, beyond commanding one's mental powers; in a wandering state mentally; delirious. [Colloq.] -- Out of one's time, beyond one's period of minority or apprenticeship. -- Out of order, not in proper order; disarranged; in confusion. -- Out of place, not in the usual or proper place; hence, not proper or becoming. -- Out of pocket, in a condition of having expended or lost more money than one has received. -- Out of print, not in market, the edition printed being exhausted; -- said of books, pamphlets, etc. -- Out of the question, beyond the limits or range of consideration; impossible to be favorably considered. -- Out of reach, beyond one's reach; inaccessible. -- Out of season, not in a proper season or time; untimely; inopportune. -- Out of sorts, wanting certain things; unsatisfied; unwell; unhappy; cross. See under Sort, n. -- Out of temper, not in good temper; irritated; angry. -- Out of time, not in proper time; too soon, or too late. -- Out of time, not in harmony; discordant; hence, not in an agreeing temper; fretful. -- Out of twist, winding, or wind, not in warped condition; perfectly plain and smooth; -- said of surfaces. -- Out of use, not in use; unfashionable; obsolete. -- Out of the way. (a) On one side; hard to reach or find; secluded. (b) Improper; unusual; wrong. -- Out of the woods, not in a place, or state, of obscurity or doubt; free from difficulty or perils; safe. [Colloq.] -- Out to out, from one extreme limit to another, including the whole length, breadth, or thickness; -- applied to measurements. -- Out West, in or towards, the West; specifically, in some Western State or Territory. [U. S.] -- To come out, To cut out, To fall out, etc. See under Come, Cut, Fall, etc. -- To put out of the way, to kill; to destroy. -- Week in, week out. See Day in, day out (above). OUT Out, n. 1. One who, or that which, is out; especially, one who is out of office; -- generally in the plural. 2. A place or space outside of something; a nook or corner; an angle projecting outward; an open space; -- chiefly used in the phrase ins and outs; as, the ins and outs of a question. See under In. 3. (Print.) Defn: A word or words omitted by the compositor in setting up copy; an omission. To make an out (Print.), to omit something, in setting or correcting type, which was in the copy. OUT Out, v. t. 1. To cause to be out; to eject; to expel. A king outed from his country. Selden. The French have been outed of their holds. Heylin. 2. To come out with; to make known. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. To give out; to dispose of; to sell. [Obs.] Chaucer. OUT Out, v. i. Defn: To come or go out; to get out or away; to become public. "Truth will out." Shak. OUT Out, interj. Defn: Expressing impatience, anger, a desire to be rid of; -- with the force of command; go out; begone; away; off. Out, idle words, servants to shallow fools ! Shak. Out upon or on! equivalent to "shame upon!" "away with!" as, out upon you! OUTACT Out*act", v. t. Defn: To do or beyond; to exceed in acting. [R.] He has made me heir to treasures Would make me outact a real window's whining. Otway. OUTAGAMIES Ou"ta*gam`ies, n. pl.; sing. Outagamie (. (Ethnol.) Defn: See lst Fox, 7. OUTARGUE Out*ar"gue, v. t. Defn: To surpass or conquer in argument. OUTBABBLE Out*bab"ble, v. t. Defn: To utter foolishly or excessively; to surpass in babbling. [R.] Milton. OUTBALANCE Out*bal"ance, v. t. Defn: To outweight; to exceed in weight or effect. Let dull Ajax bear away my right When all his days outbalance this one night. Dryden. OUTBAR Out*bar", v. t. Defn: To bar out. [R.] Spenser. OUTBEG Out*beg", v. t. Defn: To surpass in begging. [R.] OUTBID Out*bid", v. t. [imp. Outbid or Outbade (p. p. Outbid or Outbidden (p. pr. & vb. n. Outbidding.] Defn: To exceed or surpass in bidding. Prevent the greedy, and outbid the bold. Pope. OUTBIDDER Out*bid"der, n. Defn: One who outbids. Johnson. OUTBLEAT Out*bleat", v. t. Defn: To surpass in bleating. OUTBLOWN Out"blown`, a. Defn: Inflated with wind. Dryden. OUTBLUSH Out*blush", v. t. Defn: To exceed in blushing; to surpass in rosy color. T. Shipman. OUTBOARD Out"board`, a. & adv. (Naut.) Defn: Beyond or outside of the lines of a vessel's bulwarks or hull; in a direction from the hull or from the keel; -- opposed to inboard; as, outboard rigging; swing the davits outboard. OUTBORN Out"born`, a. Defn: Foreign; not native. [R.] OUTBOUND Out"bound`, a. Defn: Outward bound. Dryden. OUTBOUNDS Out"bounds`, n. pl. Defn: The farthest or exterior bounds; extreme limits; boundaries. Spenser. OUTBOW Out*bow", v. t. Defn: To excel in bowing. Young. OUTBOWED Out"bowed`, a. Defn: Convex; curved outward. "The convex or outbowed side of a vessel." Bp. Hall. OUTBRAG Out*brag", v. t. Defn: To surpass in bragging; hence, to make appear inferior. Whose bare outbragg'd the web it seemed to wear. Shak. OUTBRAVE Out*brave", v. t. 1. To excel in bravery o 2. To excel in magnificence or comeliness. The basest weed outbraves his dignity. Shak. OUTBRAY Out*bray", v. t. 1. To exceed in braying. 2. To emit with great noise. [Obs.] Fairfax. OUTBRAZEN Out*bra"zen, v. t. Defn: To bear down with a brazen face; to surpass in impudence. T. Brown. OUTBREAK Out"break`, n. Defn: A bursting forth; eruption; insurrection. "Mobs and outbreaks." J. H. Newman. The flash and outbreak of a fiery mind. Shak. OUTBREAKING Out"break`ing, n. 1. The act of breaking out. 2. That which bursts forth. OUTBREAST Out*breast", v. t. Defn: To surpass in singing. See Breast, n., 6. [Obs.] OUTBREATHE Out*breathe", v. t. 1. To breathe forth. "Outbreathed life." Spenser. 2. To cause to be out of breath; to exhaust. Shak. OUTBREATHE Out*breathe", v. i. Defn: To issue, as breath; to be breathed out; to exhale. Beau. & Fl. OUTBRIBE Out*bribe", v. t. Defn: To surpass in bribing. OUTBRING Out*bring", v. t. Defn: To bring or bear out. OUTBUD Out*bud", v. i. Defn: To sprout. [Poetic] Spenser. OUTBUILD Out*build", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outbuilt or Outbuilded; p. pr. & vb. n. Outbuilding.] Defn: To exceed in building, or in durability of building. OUTBUILDING Out"build`ing, n. Defn: A building separate from, and subordinate to, the main house; an outhouse. OUTBURN Out*burn", v. t. & i. 1. To exceed in burning. 2. To burn entirely; to be consumed. Shak. OUTBURST Out"burst`, n. Defn: A bursting forth. OUTCANT Out*cant", v. t. Defn: To surpass in canting. Pope. OUTCAST Out"cast`, a. Etym: [Cf. Sw. utkasta to cast out.] Defn: Cast out; degraded. "Outcast, rejected." Longfellow. OUTCAST Out"cast`, n. 1. One who is cast out or expelled; an exile; one driven from home, society, or country; hence, often, a degraded person; a vagabond. The Lord . . . gathereth together the outcasts of Israel. Ps. cxlvii. 2. 2. A quarrel; a contention. [Scot.] Jamieson. OUTCASTING Out"cast`ing, n. Defn: That which is cast out. [Obs.] OUTCEPT Out*cept", prep. Defn: Except. [Obs.] B. Jonson. OUTCHEAT Out*cheat", v. t. Defn: To exceed in cheating. OUTCLIMB Out*climb", v. t. Defn: To climb bevond; to surpass in climbing. Davenant. OUTCOME Out"come, n. Defn: That which comes out of, or follows from, something else; issue; result; consequence; upshot. "The logical outcome." H. Spenser. All true literature, all genuine poetry, is the direct outcome, the condensed essence, of actual life and thougth. J. C. Shairp. OUTCOMPASS Out*com"pass, v. t. Defn: To exceed the compass or limits of. Bacon. OUTCOURT Out"court`, n. Defn: An outer or exterior court. The skirts and outcourts of heaven. South. OUTCRAFTY Out*craft"y, v. t. Defn: To exceed in cunning. [R.] Shak. OUTCRIER Out"cri`er, n. Defn: One who cries out or proclaims; a herald or crier. OUTCROP Out"crop`, n. (Geol.) (a) The coming out of a stratum to the surface of the ground. Lyell. (b) That part of inclined strata which appears at the surface; basset. OUTCROP Out*crop", v. i. (Geol.) Defn: To come out to the surface of the ground; -- said of strata. OUTCRY Out"cry`, n. 1. A vehement or loud cry; a cry of distress, alarm, opposition, or detestation; clamor. 2. Sale at public auction. Massinger. Thackeray. OUTDARE Out*dare", v. t. Defn: To surpass in daring; to overcome by courage; to brave. Shak. R. Browning. OUTDATED Out*dat"ed, a. Defn: Being out of date; antiquated. [Obs.] Hammond. OUTDAZZLE Out*daz"zle, v. t. Defn: To surpass in dazzing. OUTDO Out*do", v. t. [imp. Outdid; p. p. Outdone; p. pr. & vb. n. Outdoing.] Defn: To go beyond in performance; to excel; to surpass. An imposture outdoes the original. L' Estrange. I grieve to be outdone by Gay. Swift. OUTDOOR Out"door`, a. Etym: [For out of door.] Defn: Being, or done, in the open air; being or done outside of certain buildings, as poorhouses, hospitals, etc.; as, outdoor exercise; outdoor relief; outdoor patients. OUTDOORS Out"doors`, adv. Defn: Abread; out of the house; out of doors. OUTDRAW Out*draw", v. t. Defn: To draw out; to extract. [R.] "He must the teeth outdraw." Gower. OUTDREAM Out*dream", v. t. Defn: To pass, or escape, while dreaming. "To oultdream dangers." Beau. & Fl. OUTDRINK Out*drink", v. t. Defn: To exceed in drinking. OUTDURE Out*dure", v. t. Defn: To outlast. [Obs.] OUTDWELL Out*dwell", v. t. Defn: To dwell or stay beyond. [Poetic] "He outdwells his hour." Shak. OUTDWELLER Out"dwell`er, n. Defn: One who holds land in a parish, but lives elsewhere. [Eng.] OUTER Out"er, a. [Compar. of Out.] Etym: [AS. , compar. of , adv., out. See Out, Utter, a.] Defn: Being on the outside; external; farthest or farther from the interior, from a given station, or from any space or position regarded as a center or starting place; -- opposed to inner; as, the outer wall; the outer court or gate; the outer stump in cricket; the outer world. Outer bar, in England, the body of junior (or utter) barristers; -- so called because in court they occupy a place beyond the space reserved for Queen's counsel. OUTER Out"er, n. (a) The part of a target which is beyond the circles surrounding the bull's-eye. (b) A shot which strikes the outer of a target. OUTER Out"er, n. Etym: [From Out, v.] Defn: One who puts out, ousts, or expels; also, an ouster; dispossession. [R.] OUTERLY Out"er*ly, adv. 1. Utterly; entirely. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Toward the outside. [R.] Grew. OUTERMOST Out"er*most`, a. Etym: [See Uttermost, Utmost, and cf. Outmost.] Defn: Being on the extreme external part; farthest outward; as, the outermost row. Boyle. OUTFACE Out*face", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outfaced; p pr. & vb. n. Outfacing.] Defn: To face or look (one) out of countenance; to resist or bear down by bold looks or effrontery; to brave. Shak. Having outfaced all the world. South. OUTFALL Out"fall`, n. 1. The mouth of a river; the lower end of a water course; the open end of a drain, culvert, etc., where the discharge occurs. 2. A quarrel; a falling out. [Prov. Eng.] OUTFANGTHEF Out*fang"thef, n. Etym: [AS. . See Out, Fang, v. t., and Thief.] (Anglo-Saxon & O. Eng. Law) (a) A thief from without or abroad, taken within a lord's fee or liberty. (b) The privilege of trying such a thief. Burrill. OUTFAWN Out*fawn", v. t. Defn: To exceed in fawning. OUTFEAST Out*feast", v. t. Defn: To exceed in feasting. OUTFEAT Out*feat", v. t. Defn: To surpass in feats. OUTFIELD Out"field`, n. 1. Arable land which has been or is being exhausted. See Infield, 1. [Scot.] 2. A field beyond, or separated from, the inclosed land about the homestead; an uninclosed or unexplored tract. Also used figuratively. The great outfield of thought or fact. Trench. 3. (Baseball) Defn: The part of the field beyond the diamond, or infield. It is occupied by the fielders. 4. (Cricket) Defn: The part of the field farthest from the batsman. OUTFIT Out"fit, n. Defn: A fitting out, or equipment, as of a ship for a voyage, or of a person for an expedition in an unoccupied region or residence in a foreign land; things required for equipment; the expense of, or allowance made for, equipment, as by the government of the United States to a diplomatic agent going abroad. OUTFITTER Out"fit`ter, n. Defn: One who furnishes outfits for a voyage, a journey, or a business. OUTFLANK Out*flank", v. t. (Mil.) Defn: To go beyond, or be superior to, on the flank; to pass around or turn the flank or flanks of. OUTFLATTER Out*flat"ter, v. t. Defn: To exceed in flattering. OUTFLING Out"fling`, n. Defn: A gibe; a contemptuous remark. OUTFLOW Out"flow`, n. Defn: A flowing out; efflux. OUTFLOW Out*flow", v. i. Defn: To flow out. Campbell. OUTFLY Out*fly", v. t. [imp. Outflew; p. p. Outflown; p. pr. & vb. n. Outflying.] Defn: To surpass in flying; to fly beyond or faster than. Shak. Winged with fear outflies the wind. Waller. OUTFOOL Out*fool", v. t. Defn: To exceed in folly. [R.] Young. OUTFOOT Out*foot", v. t. Defn: To outrun or outwalk; hence, of a vessel, to outsail. [Colloq.] OUTFORM Out"form, n. Defn: External appearance. [Obs.] OUTFROWN Out*frown", v. t. Defn: To frown down; to overbear by frowning. Shak. OUTGATE Out"gate`, n. Defn: An outlet. [Obs.] Spenser. OUTGAZE Out*gaze", v. t. Defn: To gaze beyond; to exceed in sharpness or persistence of seeing or of looking; hence, to stare out of countenance. OUTGENERAL Out*gen"er*al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outgeneraled or Outgeneralled; p. pr. & vb. n. Outgeneraling or Outgeneralling.] Defn: To exceed in generalship; to gain advantage over by superior military skill or executive ability; to outmaneuver. Chesterfield. OUTGIVE Out*give", v. t. Defn: To surpass in giving. Dryden. OUTGO Out*go", v. t. [imp. Outwent; p. p. Outgone; p. pr. & vb. n. Outgoing.] 1. To go beyond; to exceed in swiftness; to surpass; to outdo. 2. To circumvent; to overreach. [Obs.] Denham. OUTGO Out"go`, n.; pl. Outgoes (. Defn: That which goes out, or is paid out; outlay; expenditure; -- the opposite of Ant: income. Lowell. OUTGOER Out"go`er, n. Defn: One who goes out or departs. OUTGOING Out"go`ing, n. 1. The act or the state of going out. The outgoings of the morning and evening. Ps. lxv. 8. 2. That which goes out; outgo; outlay. 3. The extreme limit; the place of ending. [Obs.] The outgoings of the border were at the north bay of the salt sea, at the south end of Jordan. Josh. xviii. 19. OUTGOING Out"go`ing, a. Defn: Going out; departing; as, the outgoing administration; an outgoing steamer. OUTGROUND Out"ground`, n. Defn: Ground situated at a distance from the house; outlying land. OUTGROW Out*grow", v. t. [imp. Outgrew; p. p. Outgrown; p. pr. & vb. n. Outgrowing.] 1. To surpass in growing; to grow more than. Shak. 2. To grow out of or away from; to grow too large, or too aged, for; as, to outgrow clothing; to outgrow usefulness; to outgrow an infirmity. OUTGROWTH Out"growth`, n. Defn: That which grows out of, or proceeds from, anything; an excrescence; an offshoot; hence, a result or consequence. OUTGUARD Out"guard`, n. (Mil.) Defn: A guard or small body of troops at a distance from the main body of an army, to watch for the approach of an enemy; hence, anything for defense placed at a distance from the thing to be defended. OUTGUSH Out"gush`, n. Defn: A pouring out; an outburst. A passionate outgush of emotion. Thackeray. OUTGUSH Out*gush", v. i. Defn: To gush out; to flow forth. OUTHAUL Out"haul`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A rope used for hauling out a sail upon a spar; -- opposite of inhaul. OUTHER Outh"er, conj. Defn: Other. [Obs.] Chaucer. OUT-HEROD Out-Her"od, v. t. Defn: To surpass (Herod) in violence or wickedness; to exceed in any vicious or offensive particular. "It out-Herods Herod." Shak. Out-Heroding the preposterous fashions of the times. Sir W. Scott. OUTHESS Out*hess", n. Etym: [Cf. LL. uthesium, hutesium, huesium, OF. hueis, and E. hue, in hue and cry.] Defn: Outcry; alarm. [Obs.] Chaucer. OUTHIRE Out*hire", v. t. Defn: To hire out. [Obs.] Spenser. OUTHOUSE Out"house`, n. Defn: A small house or building at a little distance from the main house; an outbuilding. OUTING Out"ing, n. 1. The act of going out; an airing; an excursion; as, a summer outing. 2. A feast given by an apprentice when he is out of his time. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. OUTJEST Out*jest", v. t. Defn: To surpass in jesting; to drive out, or away, by jesting. [R.] Shak. OUTJET Out"jet`, n. Defn: That which jets out or projects from anything. [R.] H. Miller. OUTJUGGLE Out*jug"gle, v. t. Defn: To surpass in juggling. OUTKEEPER Out"keep`er, n. (Surv.) Defn: An attachment to a surveyor's compass for keeping tally in chaining. OUTKNAVE Out*knave", v. t. Defn: To surpass in knavery. OUTLABOR Out*la"bor, v. t. Defn: To surpass in laboring. OUTLAND Out"land, a. Etym: [Out + land. See Outlandish.] Defn: Foreign; outlandish. [Obs.] Strutt. OUTLANDER Out"land*er, n. Defn: A foreigner. Wood. OUTLANDISH Out*land"ish, a. Etym: [AS. foreign. See Out, Land, and -ish.] 1. Foreign; not native. Him did outlandish women cause to sin. Neh. xiii. 26. Its barley water and its outlandish wines. G. W. Cable. 2. Hence: Not according with usage; strange; rude; barbarous; uncouth; clownish; as, an outlandish dress, behavior, or speech. Something outlandish, unearthy, or at variance with ordinary fashion. Hawthorne. --Out*land"ish*ly, adv. -- Out*land"ish*ness, n. OUTLAST Out*last", v. t. Defn: To exceed in duration; to survive; to endure longer than. Milton. OUTLAUGH Out*laugh", v. t. 1. To surpass or outdo in laughing. Dryden. 2. To laugh (one) out of a purpose, principle, etc.; to discourage or discomfit by laughing; to laugh down. [R.] His apprehensions of being outlaughed will force him to continue in a restless obscurity. Franklin. OUTLAW Out"law`, n. Etym: [AS. , . See Out, and Law.] Defn: A person excluded from the benefit of the law, or deprived of its protection. Blackstone. OUTLAW Out"law`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outlawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Outlawing.] Etym: [AS. .] 1. To deprive of the benefit and protection of law; to declare to be an outlaw; to proscribe. Blackstone. 2. To remove from legal jurisdiction or enforcement; as, to outlaw a debt or claim; to deprive of legal force. "Laws outlawed by necessity." Fuller. OUTLAWRY Out"law`ry, n.; pl. Outlawries (. 1. The act of outlawing; the putting a man out of the protection of law, or the process by which a man (as an absconding criminal) is deprived of that protection. 2. The state of being an outlaw. OUTLAY Out*lay", v. t. Defn: To lay out; to spread out; to display. [R.] Drayton. OUTLAY Out"lay`, n. 1. A laying out or expending. 2. That which is expended; expenditure. 3. An outlying haunt. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. OUTLEAP Out*leap", v. t. Defn: To surpass in leaping. OUTLEAP Out"leap`, n. Defn: A sally. [R.] Locke. OUTLEARN Out*learn", v. t. 1. To excel or surpass in learing. 2. To learn out [i. e., completely, utterly]; to exhaust knowledge of. Naught, according to his mind, He could outlearn. Spenser. Men and gods have not outlearned it [love]. Emerson. OUTLET Out"let`, n. Defn: The place or opening by which anything is let out; a passage out; an exit; a vent. Receiving all, and having no outlet. Fuller. OUTLET Out*let", v. t. Defn: To let out; to emit. [R.] Daniel. OUTLIE Out*lie", v. t. Defn: To exceed in lying. Bp. Hall. OUTLIER Out"li`er, n. 1. One who does not live where his office, or business, or estate, is. Bentley. 2. That which lies, or is, away from the main body. 3. (Geol.) Defn: A part of a rock or stratum lying without, or beyond, the main body, from which it has been separated by denudation. OUTLIMB Out"limb`, n Defn: , An extreme member or part of a thing; a limb. [Obs.] Fuller. OUTLINE Out"line`, n. 1. (a) The line which marks the outer limits of an object or figure; the exterior line or edge; contour. (b) In art: A line drawn by pencil, pen, graver, or the like, by which the boundary of a figure is indicated. (c) A sketch composed of such lines; the delineation of a figure without shading. Painters, by their outlines, colors, lights, and shadows, represent the same in their pictures. Dryden. 2. Fig.: A sketch of any scheme; a preliminary or general indication of a plan, system, course of thought, etc.; as, the outline of a speech. But that larger grief . . . Is given in outline and no more. Tennyson. Syn. -- Sketch; draught; delineation. See Sketch. OUTLINE Out"line`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outlined; p. pr. & vb. n. Outlining.] 1. To draw the outline of. 2. Fig.: To sketch out or indicate as by an outline; as, to outline an argument or a campaign. OUTLINEAR Out*lin"e*ar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an outline; being in, or forming, an outline. Trench. OUTLIVE Out*live", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outlived; p. pr. & vb. n. Outliving.] Defn: To live beyond, or longer than; to survive. They live too long who happiness outlive. Dryden. OUTLIVER Out*liv"er, n. Defn: One who outlives. [R.] OUTLOOK Out*look", v. t. 1. To face down; to outstare. To outlook conquest, and to win renown. Shak. 2. To inspect throughly; to select. [Obs.] Cotton. OUTLOOK Out"look`, n. 1. The act of looking out; watch. 2. One who looks out; also, the place from which one looks out; a watchower. Lyon Playfair. 3. The view obtained by one looking out; scope of vision; prospect; sight; appearance. Applause Which owes to man's short outlook all its charms. Young. OUTLOOSE Out"loose`, n. Defn: A loosing from; an escape; an outlet; an evasion. [Obs.] That "whereas" gives me an outloose. Selden. OUTLOPE Out"lope, n. Defn: An excursion. [Obs.] Florio. OUTLUSTER; OUTLUSTRE Out*lus"ter, Out*lus"tre, v. t. Defn: To excel in brightness or luster. Shak. OUTLYING Out"ly`ing, a. Defn: Lying or being at a distance from the central part, or the main body; being on, or beyond, the frontier; exterior; remote; detached. OUTMANEUVER; OUTMANOEUVRE Out`ma*neu"ver, Out`ma*noeu"vre, v. t. Defn: To surpass, or get an advantage of, in maneuvering; to outgeneral. OUTMANTLE Out*man"tle, v. t. Defn: To excel in mantling; hence, to excel in splendor, as of dress. [R.] And with poetic trappings grace thy prose, Till it outmantle all the pride of verse. Cowper. OUTMARCH Out*march", v. t. Defn: To surpass in marching; to march faster than, or so as to leave behind. OUTMEASURE Out*meas"ure, v. t. Defn: To exceed in measure or extent; to measure more than. Sir T. Browne. OUTMOST Out"most`, a. Etym: [OE. outemest, utmest, AS. , a superl. fr. out. See Out, Utmost, and cf. Outermost.] Defn: Farthest from the middle or interior; farthest outward; outermost. OUTMOUNT Out*mount", v. t. Defn: To mount above. [R.] OUTNAME Out*name", v. t. 1. To exceed in naming or describing. [R.] 2. To exceed in name, fame, or degree. [Obs.] And found out one to outname thy other faults. Beau. & Fl. OUTNESS Out"ness, n. 1. The state of being out or beyond; separateness. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: The state or quality of being distanguishable from the perceiving mind, by being in space, and possessing marerial quality; externality; objectivity. The outness of the objects of sense. Sir W. Hamiltom. OUTNOISE Out*noise", v. t. Defn: To exceed in noise; to surpass in noisiness. [R.] Fuller. OUTNUMBER Out*num"ber, v. t. Defn: To exceed in number. OUT-OF-DOOR Out`-of-door", a. Defn: Being out of the house; being, or done, in the open air; outdoor; as, out-of-door exercise. See Out of door, under Out, adv. Amongst out-of-door delights. G. Eliot. OUT-OF-THE-WAY Out`-of-the-way", a. Defn: See under Out, adv. OUTPACE Out*pace" v. t. Etym: [Cf. Outpass.] Defn: To outgo; to move faster than; to leave behind. [R.] Lamb. OUTPARAMOUR Out*par"a*mour, v. t. Defn: To exceed in the number of mistresses. [R.] Shak. OUTPARISH Out"par`ish, n. Defn: A parish lying without the walls of, or in a remote part of, a town. Graunt. OUTPART Out"part`, n. Defn: An outlying part. [R.] Ayliffe. OUTPASS Out*pass", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Outpace.] Defn: To pass beyond; to exceed in progress. OUTPASSION Out*pas"sion, v. t. Defn: To exceed in passion. OUT-PATIENT Out"-pa`tient, n. Defn: A patient who is outside a hospital, but receives medical aid from it. OUTPEER Out*peer", v. t. Defn: To excel. [R.] Shak. OUTPENSION Out"pen`sion, v. t. Defn: To grant an outpension to. OUTPENSION Out"pen`sion, n. Defn: A public pension granted to one not required to live in a charitable institution. -- Out"pen`sion*er, n. OUTPLAY Out*play", v. t. Defn: To excel or defeat in a game; to play better than; as, to be outplayed in tennis or ball. OUTPOISE Out*poise", v. t. Defn: To outweigh. Howell. OUTPORT Out"port`, n. Defn: A harbor or port at some distance from the chief town or seat of trade. Macaulay. OUTPOST Out"post`, n. (Mil.) (a) A post or station without the limits of a camp, or at a distance from the main body of an army, for observation of the enemy. (b) The troops placed at such a station. OUTPOUR Out*pour", v. t. Defn: To pour out. Milton. OUTPOUR Out"pour`, n. Defn: A flowing out; a free discharge. OUTPOWER Out*pow"er, v. t. Defn: To excel in power; to overpover. [Obs.] Fuller. OUTPRAY Out*pray", v. t. Defn: To exceed or excel in prayer. OUTPREACH Out*preach", v. t. Defn: To surpass in preaching. And for a villain's quick conversion A pillory can outpreach a parson. Trumbull. OUTPRIZE Out*prize", v. t. Defn: To prize beyong value, or in excess; to exceed in value. [Obs.] Shak. OUTPUT Out"put`, n. 1. The amount of coal or ore put out from one or more mines, or the quantity of material produced by, or turned out from, one or more furnaces or mills, in a given time. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: That which is thrown out as products of the metabolic activity of the body; the egesta other than the fæces. See Income. Note: The output consists of: (a) The respiratory products of the lungs, skin, and alimentary canal, consisting chiefly of carbonic acid and water with small quantities of hydrogen and carbureted hydrogen. (b) Perspiration, consisting chiefly of water and salts. (c) The urine, which is assumed to contain all the nitrogen truly excreted by the body, besides a large quantity of saline matters and water. Foster. OUTQUENCH Out*quench", v. t. Defn: To quench entirely; to extinguish. "The candlelight outquenched." Spenser. OUTRAGE Out*rage", v. t. Etym: [Out + rage.] Defn: To rage in excess of. [R.] Young. OUTRAGE Out"rage, n. Etym: [F. outrage; OF. outre, oltre, beyond (F. outre, L. ultra) + -age, as, in courage, voyage. See Ulterior.] 1. Injurious violence or wanton wrong done to persons or things; a gross violation of right or decency; excessive abuse; wanton mischief; gross injury. Chaucer. He wrought great outrages, wasting all the country. Spenser. 2. Excess; luxury. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. -- Affront; insult; abuse. See Affront. OUTRAGE Out"rage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outragen; p. pr. & vb. n. Outraging.] Etym: [F. outrager. See Outrage, n.] 1. To commit outrage upon; to subject to outrage; to treat with violence or excessive abuse. Base and insolent minds outrage men when they have hope of doing it without a return. Atterbury. This interview outrages all decency. Broome. 2. Specifically, to violate; to commit an indecent assault upon (a female). OUTRAGE Out"rage, v. t. Defn: To be guilty of an outrage; to act outrageously. OUTRAGEOUS Out*ra"geous, a. Etym: [OF. outrageus, F. outrageux. See Outrage, n.] Defn: Of the nature of an outrage; exceeding the limits of right, reason, or decency; involving or doing an outrage; furious; violent; atrocious. "Outrageous weeping." Chaucer. "The most outrageous villainies." Sir P. Sidney. "The vile, outrageous crimes." Shak. "Outrageous panegyric." Dryden. Syn. -- Violent; furious; exorbitant; excessive; atrocious; monstrous; wanton; nefarious; heinous. -- Out*ra"geous*ly, adv. -- Out*ra"geous*ness, n. OUTRANCE Ou`trance", n. Etym: [F. See OutrÉ.] Defn: The utmost or last extremity. Combat à outrance, a fight to the end, or to the death. OUTRANK Out*rank", v. t. Defn: To exceed in rank; hence, to take precedence of. OUTRAY Out*ray", v. t. Defn: To outshine. [R.] Skelton. OUTRAY Out*ray", v. i. Defn: To spread out in array. [Obs.] And now they outray to your fleet. Chapman. OUTRAYE Out*raye", v. i. Defn: See Outrage, v. i. [Obs.] This warn I you, that ye not suddenly Out of yourself for no woe should outraye. Chaucer. OUTRAZE Out*raze", v. t. Defn: To obliterate. [Obs.] Sandys. OUTRE Ou`tré", a. Etym: [F., p. p. of outrer to exaggerate, fr. L. ultra beyond. See Outrage.] Defn: Being out of the common course or limits; extravagant; bizarre. OUTREACH Out*reach", v. t. Defn: To reach beyond. OUTREASON Out*rea"son, v. t. Defn: To excel or surpass in reasoning; to reason better than. South. OUTRECKON Out*reck"on, v. t. Defn: To exceed in reckoning or computation. Bp. Pearson. OUTRECUIDANCE Ou`tre*cui`dance", n. Etym: [F., fr. outre beyond + cuider to think, L. cogitare.] Defn: Excessive presumption. [R.] B. Jonson. OUTREDE Out*rede", v. t. Defn: To surpass in giving rede, or counsel. [Obs.] See Atrede. Chaucer. OUTREIGN Out*reign", v. t. Defn: To go beyond in reigning; to reign through the whole of, or longer than. [R.] Spenser. OUTRIDE Out*ride", v. t. Defn: To surpass in speed of riding; to ride beyond or faster than. Shak. OUTRIDE Out"ride`, n. 1. A riding out; an excursion. [R.] 2. A place for riding out. [R.] OUTRIDER Out"rid`er, n. 1. A summoner whose office is to cite men before the sheriff. [Obs.] 2. One who rides out on horseback. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A servant on horseback attending a carriage. OUTRIGGER Out"rig`ger, n. 1. Any spar or projecting timber run out for temporary use, as from a ship's mast, to hold a rope or a sail extended, or from a building, to support hoisting teckle. 2. (Naut.) (a) A projecting support for a rowlock, extended from the side of a boat. (b) A boat thus equipped. (c) A projecting contrivance at the side of a boat to prevent upsetting, as projecting spars with a log at the end. OUTRIGHT Out"right`, adv. 1. Immediately; without delay; at once; as, he was killed outright. 2. Completely; utterly. Cardinal Manning. OUTRING Out*ring", v. t. Defn: To excel in volume of ringing sound; to ring louder than. OUTRIVAL Out*ri"val, v. t. Defn: To surpass in a rivalry. OUTRIVE Out*rive", v. t. Defn: To river; to sever. [Obs.] Fairfax. OUTROAD; OUTRODE Out"road`, Out"rode`, n. Defn: An excursion. [Obs.] "Outrodes by the ways of Judea." Macc. xv. 41 (Geneva Bible). OUTROAR Out*roar", v. t. Defn: To exceed in roaring. OUTROMANCE Out`ro*mance", v. t. Defn: To exceed in romantic character. [R.] Fuller. OUTROOM Out"room`, n. Defn: An outer room. [R.] Fuller. OUTROOT Out*root", v. t. Defn: To eradicate; to extirpate. OUTRUN Out*run", v. t. [imp. Outran; p. p. Outrun; p. pr. & vb. n. Outrunning.] Defn: To exceed, or leave behind, in running; to run faster than; to outstrip; to go beyond. Your zeal outruns my wishes. Sir W. Scott. The other disciple did outrun Peter, and came first to the sepulcher. Jhon xx. 4. OUTRUNNER Out*run"ner, n. Defn: An offshoot; a branch. [R.] "Some outrunner of the river." Lauson. OUTRUSH Out*rush", v. i. Defn: To rush out; to issue, or ru Garth. OUTSAIL Out*sail", v. t. Defn: To excel, or to leave behind, in sailing; to sail faster than. Beau. & Fl. OUTSCENT Out*scent", v. t. Defn: To exceed in odor. Fuller. OUTSCOLD Out*scold", v. t. Defn: To exceed in scolding. Shak. OUTSCORN Out*scorn", v. t. Defn: To confront, or subdue, with greater scorn. Shak. OUTSCOURING Out"scour`ing, n. Defn: That which is scoured out o Buckland. OUTSCOUT Out*scout", v. t. Defn: To overpower by disdain; to outface. [Obs.] Marston. OUTSEE Out*see", v. t. Defn: To see beyond; to excel in cer OUTSELL Out*sell", v. t. 1. To exceed in amount of sales; to sell more than. 2. To exceed in the price of selling; to fetch more than; to exceed in value. Fuller. Shak. OUTSENTRY Out"sen`try, n. (Mil.) Defn: A sentry who guards the entrance or approach to a place; an outguard. OUTSET Out"set`, n. Defn: A setting out, starting, or beginning. "The outset of a political journey." Burke. Giving a proper direction to this outset of life. J. Hawes. OUTSETTLER Out"set`tler, n. Defn: One who settles at a distance, or away, from others. OUTSHINE Out*shine", v. i. Defn: To shine forth. "Bright, outshining beams." Shak. OUTSHINE Out*shine", v. t. Defn: To excel in splendor. A throne of royal state, which far Outshone the wealth of Ormus and of Ind. Milton. OUTSHOOT Out*shoot", v. t. Defn: To exceed or excel in shooting; to shoot beyond. Bacon. Men are resolved never to outshoot their forefathers' mark. Norris. OUTSHUT Out*shut", v. t. Defn: To shut out. [R.] Donne. OUTSIDE Out"side`, n. 1. The external part of a thing; the part, end, or side which forms the surface; that which appears, or is manifest; that which is superficial; the exterior. There may be great need of an outside where there is little or nothing within. South. Created beings see nothing but our outside. Addison. 2. The part or space which lies without an inclosure; the outer side, as of a door, walk, or boundary. I threw open the door of my chamber, and found the family standing on the outside. Spectator. 3. The furthest limit, as to number, quantity, extent, etc.; the utmost; as, it may last a week at the outside. 4. One who, or that which, is without; hence, an outside passenger, as distinguished from one who is inside. See Inside, n. 3. [Colloq. Eng.] OUTSIDE Out"side`, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the outside; external; exterior; superficial. 2. Reaching the extreme or farthest limit, as to extent, quantity, etc.; as, an outside estimate. [Colloq.] Outside finish (Arch.), a term for the minor parts, as corner boards, hanging stiles, etc., required to complete the exterior of a wooden building; -- rare in masonry. OUTSIDE Out"side`, adv. Defn: or prep. On or to the outside (of); without; on the exterior; as, to ride outside the coach; he stayed outside. OUTSIDER Out`sid"er, n. 1. One not belonging to the concern, institution, party, etc., spoken of; one disconnected in interest or feeling. [Recent] A. Trollope. 2. A locksmith's pinchers for grasping the point of a key in the keyhole, to open a door from the outside when the key is inside. 3. A horse which is not a favorite in the betting. [Cant] OUTSING Out*sing", v. t. Defn: To surpass in singing. OUTSIT Out*sit", v. t. Defn: To remain sitting, or in session, longer than, or beyond the time of; to outstay. OUTSKIRT Out"skirt`, n. Defn: A part remote from the center; outer edge; border; -- usually in the plural; as, the outskirts of a town. Wordsworth. The outskirts of his march of mystery. Keble. OUTSLEEP Out*sleep", v. t. Defn: To exceed in sleeping. Shak. OUTSLIDE Out*slide", v. i. Defn: To slide outward, onward, or forward; to advance by sliding. [Poetic] At last our grating keels outslide. Whittier. OUTSOAR Out*soar", v. t. Defn: To soar beyond or above. OUTSOLE Out"sole`, n. Defn: The outside sole of a boot or shoe. OUTSOUND Out*sound", v. t. Defn: To surpass in sounding. OUTSPAN Out*span", v. t. & i. Etym: [D. uitspannen.] Defn: To unyoke or disengage, as oxen from a wagon. [S. Africa] OUTSPARKLE Out*spar"kle, v. t. Defn: To exceed in sparkling. OUTSPEAK Out*speak", v. t. 1. To exceed in speaking. 2. To speak openly or boldly. T. Campbell. 3. To express more than. Shak. OUTSPEED Out*speed", v. t. Defn: To excel in speed. Outspeed the realized miracles of steam. Talfourd. OUTSPEND Out"spend`, n. Defn: Outlay; expenditure. [R.] A mere outspend of savageness. I. Taylor. OUTSPIN Out*spin", v. t. Defn: To spin out; to finish. OUTSPOKEN Out*spo"ken, a. Defn: Speaking, or spoken, freely, openly, or boldly; as, an outspoken man; an outspoken rebuke. -- Out*spo"ken*ness, n. OUTSPORT Out*sport", v. t. Defn: To exceed in sporting. [R.] "Not to outsport discretion." Shak. OUTSPREAD Out*spread", v. t. Defn: To spread out; to expand; -- usually as a past part. or adj. OUTSPRING Out*spring", v. i. Defn: To spring out; to issue. OUTSTAND Out*stand", v. i. Defn: To stand out, or project, from a surface or mass; hence, to remain standing out. OUTSTAND Out*stand", v. t. 1. To resist effectually; to withstand; to sustain without yielding. [R.] Woodward. 2. To stay beyond. "I have outstood my time." Shak. OUTSTANDING Out*stand"ing, a. Defn: That stands out; undischarged; uncollected; not paid; as, outstanding obligations. Revenues . . . as well outstanding as collected. A. Hamilton. OUTSTARE Out*stare", v. t. Defn: To excel or overcome in staring; to face down. I would outstare the sternest eyes that look. Shak. OUTSTART Out*start", v. i. Defn: To start out or up. Chaucer. OUTSTAY Out*stay", v. t. Defn: To stay beyond or longer than. She concluded to outstay him. Mad. D' Arblay. OUTSTEP Out*step", v. t. Defn: To exceed in stepping. OUTSTORM Out*storm", v. t. Defn: To exceed in storming. Insults the tempest and outstorms the skies. J. Barlow. OUTSTREET Out"street`, n. Defn: A street remote from the center of a town. Johnson. OUTSTRETCH Out*stretch", v. t. Defn: To stretch out. Milton. OUTSTRIDE Out*stride", v. t. Defn: To surpass in striding. OUTSTRIKE Out*strike", v. t. Defn: To strike out; to strike faster than. Shak. OUTSTRIP Out*strip", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Outstripped; p. pr. & vb. n. Outstripping.] Defn: To go faster than; to outrun; to advance beyond; to leave behing. Appetites which . . . had outstripped the hours. Southey. He still outstript me in the race. Tennyson. OUTSUFFER Out*suf"fer, v. t. Defn: To exceed in suffering. OUTSWEAR Out*swear", v. t. Defn: To exceed in swearing. OUTSWEETEN Out*sweet"en, v. t. Defn: To surpass in sweetness. [R.] Shak. OUTSWELL Out*swell", v. t. 1. To exceed in swelling. 2. To swell beyond; to overflow. [Obs.] Hewyt. OUTTAKE Out*take", prep. Defn: Except. [Obs.] R. of Brunne. OUTTAKEN Out*tak"en, p. p. Defn: or prep. Excepted; save. [Obs.] Wyclif. Chaucer. OUTTALK Out*talk", v. t. Defn: To overpower by talking; to exceed in talking; to talk down. Shak. OUTTELL Out*tell", v. t. Defn: To surpass in telling, counting, or reckoning. "I have outtold the clock." Beau. & Fl. OUTTERM Out"term`, n. Defn: An external or superficial thing; outward manner; superficial remark, etc. [Obs.] Not to bear cold forms, nor men's outterms. B. Jonson. OUTTHROW Out*throw", v. t. 1. To throw out. Spenser. 2. To excel in throwing, as in ball playing. OUTTOIL Out*toil", v. t. Defn: To exceed in toiling. OUTTONGUE Out*tongue", v. t. Defn: To silence by talk, clamor, or noise. [R.] Shak. OUTTOP Out*top", v. t. Defn: To overtop. [Obs.] OUTTRAVEL Out*trav"el, v. t. Defn: To exceed in speed o Mad. D' Arblay. OUTTWINE Out*twine", v. t. Defn: To disentangle. [Obs.] OUTVALUE Out*val"ue, v. t. Defn: To exceed in value. Boyle. OUTVENOM Out*ven"om, v. t. Defn: To exceed in venom. OUTVIE Out*vie", v. t. Defn: To exceed in vying. Dryden. OUTVILLAIN Out*vil"lain, v. t. Defn: To exceed in villainy. OUTVOICE Out*voice", v. t. Defn: To exceed in noise. Shak. OUTVOTE Out*vote", v. t. Defn: To exceed in the number of votes given; to defeat by votes. South. OUTWALK Out*walk", v. t. Defn: To excel in walking; to leave behind in walking. B. Jonson. OUTWALL Out"wall`, n. Defn: The exterior wall; the outside surface, or appearance. Shak. OUTWARD; OUTWARDS Out"ward, Out"wards, adv. Etym: [AS. . See Out, and -ward, -wards.] Defn: From the interior part; in a direction from the interior toward the exterior; out; to the outside; beyond; off; away; as, a ship bound outward. The wrong side may be turned outward. Shak. Light falling on them is not reflected outwards. Sir I. Newton. Outward bound, bound in an outward direction or to foreign parts; -- said especially of vessels, and opposed to homeward bound. OUTWARD Out"ward, a. 1. Formmg the superficial part; external; exterior; -- opposed to inward; as, an outward garment or layer. Though our outward man perish, yet the inward man is renewed day by day. Cor. iv. 16. 2. Of or pertaining to the outer surface or to what is external; manifest; public. "Sins outward." Chaucer. An outward honor for an in ward toil. Shak. 3. Foreign; not civil or intestine; as, an outward war. [Obs.] Hayward. 4. Tending to the exterior or outside. The fire will force its outward way. Dryden. -- Out"ward*ly, adv. -- Out"ward*ness, n. Outward stroke. (Steam Engine) See under Stroke. OUTWARD Out"ward, n. Defn: External form; exterior. [R.] So fair an outward and such stuff within. Shak. OUTWARDS Out"wards, adv. Defn: See Outward, adv. OUTWATCH Out*watch", v. t. Defn: To exceed in watching. OUTWAY Out"way`, n. Defn: A way out; exit. [R.] In divers streets and outways multiplied. P. Fletcher. OUTWEAR Out*wear", v. t. 1. To wear out; to consume or destroy by wearing. Milton. 2. To last longer than; to outlast; as, this cloth will outwear the other. "If I the night outwear." Pope. OUTWEARY Out*wea"ry, v. t. Defn: To weary out. Cowley. OUTWEED Out*weed", v. t. Defn: To weed out. [Obs.] OUTWEEP Out*weep", v. t. Defn: To exceed in weeping. OUTWEIGH Out*weigh", v. t. Defn: To exceed in weight or value. OUTWELL Out*well", v. t. Defn: To pour out. [Obs.] Spenser. OUTWELL Out*well", v. i. Defn: To issue forth. Thomson. OUTWENT Out*went", Defn: imp. of Outgo. OUTWHORE Out*whore", v. t. Defn: To exceed in lewdness. OUTWIN Out*win", v. t. Defn: To win a way out of. [Obs.] OUTWIND Out*wind", v. t. Defn: To extricate by winding; to unloose. [R.] Spenser. Dr. H. More. OUTWING Out*wing", v. t. Defn: To surpass, exceed, or outstrip in flying. Garth. OUTWIT Out*wit", v. t. Defn: To surpass in wisdom, esp. in cunning; to defeat or overreach by superior craft. They did so much outwit and outwealth us ! Gauden. OUTWIT Out"wit, n. Defn: The faculty of acquiring wesdom by observation and experience, or the wisdom so acquired; -- opposed to inwit. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. OUTWOE Out*woe", v. t. Defn: To exceed in woe. [Obs.] OUTWORK Out*work", v. t. Defn: To exceed in working; to work more or faster than. OUTWORK Out"work`, n. (Fort.) Defn: A minor defense constructed beyond the main body of a work, as a ravelin, lunette, hornwork, etc. Wilhelm. OUTWORTH Out*worth", v. t. Defn: To exceed in worth. [R.] OUTWREST Out*wrest", v. t. Defn: To extort; to draw from or forth by violence. [Obs.] Spenser. OUTWRITE Out*write", v. t. Defn: To exceed or excel in writing. OUTZANY Out*za"ny, v. t. Defn: To exceed in buffoonery. [Obs.] B. Jonson. OUVAROVITE Ou*va"ro*vite, n. Etym: [Named from the Russian Count Uvaroff.] (Min.) Defn: Chrome garnet. OUZE Ouze, n. & v. Defn: See Ooze. [Obs.] OUZEL Ou"zel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Ousel. The mellow ouzel fluted in the elm. Tennyson. OVA O"va, n. pl. Defn: See Ovum. OVAL O"val, a. Etym: [F. ovale, fr. L. ovum egg. Cf. Egg, Ovum.] 1. Of or pertaining to eggs; done in the egg, or inception; as, oval conceptions. [Obs.] 2. Having the figure of an egg; oblong and curvilinear, with one end broader than the other, or with both ends of about the same breadth; in popular usage, elliptical. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Broadly elliptical. Oval chuck (Mech.), a lathe chuck so constructed that work attached to it, and cut by the turning tool in the usual manner, becomes of an oval form. OVAL O"val, n. Defn: A body or figure in the shape of an egg, or popularly, of an ellipse. Cassinian oval (Geom.), the locus of a point the product of whose distances from two fixed points is constant; -- so called from Cassini, who first investigated the curve. Thus, in the diagram, if P moves so that P A.P B is constant, the point P describes a Cassinian oval. The locus may consist of a single closed line, as shown by the dotted line, or of two equal ovals about the points A and B. OVALBUMIN; OVALBUMEN O`val*bu"min, O`val*bu"men, n. Etym: [Ovum + albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The albumin from white of eggs; egg albumin; -- in distinction from serum albumin. See Albumin. OVALIFORM O*val"i*form, a. Etym: [Oval + -form.] Defn: Having the form of an egg; having a figure such that any section in the direction of the shorter diameter will be circular, and any in the direction of the longer diameter will be oval. OVALLY O"val*ly, adv. Defn: In an oval form. OVANT O"vant, a. Etym: [L. ovans triumphant, p. pr. of ovare to exult.] Defn: Exultant. [Obs.] Holland. OVARIAN; OVARIAL O*va"ri*an, O*va"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an ovary. OVARIOLE O*va"ri*ole, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the tubes of which the ovaries of most insects are composed. OVARIOTOMIST O*va`ri*ot"o*mist, n. Defn: One who performs, or is skilled in, ovariotomy. OVARIOTOMY O*va`ri*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [Ovarium + Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of removing one or both of the ovaries; oöphorectomy. OVARIOUS O*va"ri*ous, a. Defn: Consisting of eggs; as, ovarious food. [R.] Thomson. OVARITIS O`va*ri"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Ovarium, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the ovaries. OVARIUM O*va"ri*um, n.; pl. L. Ovaria, E. Ovariums. Etym: [NL.] Defn: An ovary. See Ovary. OVARY O"va*ry, n.; pl. Ovaries. Etym: [NL. ovarium, fr. L. ovum egg: cf. F. ovaire. See Oval.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: That part of the pistil which contains the seed, and in most flowering plants develops into the fruit. See Illust. of Flower. 2. (Zoöl. & Anat.) Defn: The essential female reproductive organ in which the ova are produced. See Illust. of Discophora. OVATE O"vate, a. Etym: [L. ovatus, from ovum egg. See Oval.] 1. Shaped like an egg, with the lower extremity broadest. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having the shape of an egg, or of the longitudinal sectior of an egg, with the broader end basal. Gray. OVATE-ACUMINATE O"vate-a*cu"mi*nate, a. Defn: Having an ovate form, but narrowed at the end into a slender point. OVATE-CYLINDRACEOUS O"vate-cyl`in*dra"ceous, a. Defn: Having a form intermediate between ovate and cylindraceous. OVATED O"va*ted, a. Defn: Ovate. OVATE-LANCEOLATE O"vate-lan"ce*o*late, a. Defn: Having a form intermediate between ovate and lanceolate. OVATE-OBLONG O"vate-ob"long, a. Defn: Oblong. with one end narrower than the other; ovato-oblong. OVATE-ROTUNDATE O"vate-ro*tund"ate, a. Defn: Having a form intermediate between that of an egg and a sphere; roundly ovate. OVATE-SUBULATE O"vate-su"bu*late, a. Defn: Having an ovate form, but with a subulate tip or extremity. OVATION O*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. ovatio, fr. ovare to exult, rejoice, triumph in an ovation; cf. Gr. ovation.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A lesser kind of triumph allowed to a commander for an easy, bloodless victory, or a victory over slaves. 2. Hence: An expression of popular homage; the tribute of the multitude to a public favorite. To rain an April of ovation round Their statues. Tennyson. OVATO-ACUMINATE O*va"to-a*cu"mi*nate, a. Defn: Same as Ovate-acuminate. OVATO-CYLINDRACEOUS O*va"to-cyl`in*dra"ceous, a. Defn: Same as Ovate-cylindraceous. OVATO-OBLONG O*va"to-ob"long, a. Defn: Same as Ovate-oblong. OVATO-ROTUNDATE O*va"to-ro*tund"ate, a. Defn: Same as Ovate-rotundate. OVEN Ov"en, n. Etym: [AS. ofen; akin to D. oven, OHG. ofan, ovan, G. ofen, Icel. ofn, Dan. ovn, Sw. ugn, Goth. aúhns, Gr. ukha pot.] Defn: A place arched over with brick or stonework, and used for baking, heating, or drying; hence, any structure, whether fixed or portable, which may be heated for baking, drying, etc.; esp., now, a chamber in a stove, used for baking or roasting. OVENBIRD Ov"en*bird`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of the genus Furnarius, allied to the creepers. They inhabit South America and the West Indies, and construct curious oven-shaped nests. (b) In the United States, Seiurus aurocapillus; -- called also golden-crowned thrush. (c) In England, sometimes applied to the willow warbler, and to the long-tailed titmouse. OVER O"ver, prep. Etym: [AS. ofer; akin to D. over, G. über, OHG. ubir, ubar, Dan. over, Sw. öfver, Icel. yfir, Goth. ufar, L. super, Gr. upari. Above, Eaves, Hyper-, Orlop, Super-, Sovereign, Up.] 1. Above, or higher than, in place or position, with the idea of covering; -- opposed to Ant: under; as, clouds are over our heads; the smoke rises over the city. The mercy seat that is over the testimony. Ex. xxx. 6. Over them gleamed far off the crimson banners of morning. Longfellow. 2. Across; from side to side of; -- implying a passing or moving, either above the substance or thing, or on the surface of it; as, a dog leaps over a stream or a table. Certain lakes . . . poison birds which fly over them. Bacon. 3. Upon the surface of, or the whole surface of; hither and thither upon; throughout the whole extent of; as, to wander over the earth; to walk over a field, or over a city. 4. Above; -- implying superiority in excellence, dignity, condition, or value; as, the advantages which the Christian world has over the heathen. Swift. 5. Above in authority or station; -- implying government, direction, care, attention, guard, responsibility, etc.; -- opposed to Ant: under. Thou shalt be over my house. Gen. xli. 40. I will make thee rules over many things. Matt. xxv. 23. Dost thou not watch over my sin Job xiv. 16. His tender mercies are over all his works. Ps. cxlv. 9. 6. Across or during the time of; from beginning to end of; as, to keep anything over night; to keep corn over winter. 7. Above the perpendicular height or length of, with an idea of measurement; as, the water, or the depth of water, was over his head, over his shoes. 8. Beyond; in excess of; in addition to; more than; as, it cost over five dollars. "Over all this." Chaucer. 9. Above, implying superiority after a contest; in spite of; notwithstanding; as, he triumphed over difficulties; the bill was passed over the veto. Note: Over, in poetry, is often contracted into o'er. Note: Over his signature (or name) is a substitute for the idiomatic English form, under his signature (name, hand and seal, etc.), the reference in the latter form being to the authority under which the writing is made, executed, or published, and not the place of the autograph, etc. Over all (Her.), placed over or upon other bearings, and therefore hinding them in part; -- said of a charge. -- Over head and ears, beyond one's depth; completely; wholly; hopelessly; as, over head and ears in debt. [Colloq.] -- Over the left. See under Left. -- To run over (Mach.), to have rotation in such direction that the crank pin traverses the upper, or front, half of its path in the forward, or outward, stroke; -- said of a crank which drives, or is driven by, a reciprocating piece. OVER O"ver, adv. 1. From one side to another; from side to side; across; crosswise; as, a board, or a tree, a foot over, i. e., a foot in diameter. 2. From one person or place to another regarded as on the opposite side of a space or barrier; -- used with verbs of motion; as, to sail over to England; to hand over the money; to go over to the enemy. "We will pass over to Gibeah." Judges xix. 12. Also, with verbs of being: At, or on, the opposite side; as, the boat is over. 3. From beginning to end; throughout the course, extent, or expanse of anything; as, to look over accounts, or a stock of goods; a dress covered over with jewels. 4. From inside to outside, above or across the brim. Good measure, pressed down . . . and running over. Luke vi. 38. 5. Beyond a limit; hence, in excessive degree or quantity; superfluously; with repetition; as, to do the whole work over. "So over violent." Dryden. He that gathered much had nothing over. Ex. xvi. 18. 6. In a manner to bring the under side to or towards the top; as, to turn (one's self) over; to roll a stone over; to turn over the leaves; to tip over a cart. 7. At an end; beyond the limit of continuance; completed; finished. "Their distress was over." Macaulay. "The feast was over." Sir W. Scott. Note: Over, out, off, and similar adverbs, are often used in the predicate with the sense and force of adjectives, agreeing in this respect with the adverbs of place, here, there, everywhere, nowhere; as, the games were over; the play is over; the master was out; his hat is off. Note: Over is much used in composition, with the same significations that it has as a separate word; as in overcast, overflow, to cast or flow so as to spread over or cover; overhang, to hang above; overturn, to turn so as to bring the underside towards the top; overact, overreach, to act or reach beyond, implying excess or superiority. All over. (a) Over the whole; upon all parts; completely; as, he is spatterd with mud all over. (b) Wholly over; at an end; as, it is all over with him. -- Over again, once more; with repetition; afresh; anew. Dryden. -- Over against, opposite; in front. Addison. -- Over and above, in a manner, or degree, beyond what is supposed, defined, or usual; besides; in addition; as, not over and above well. "He . . . gained, over and above, the good will of all people." L' Estrange. -- Over and over, repeatedly; again and again. -- To boil over. See under Boil, v. i. -- To come it over, To do over, To give over, etc. See under Come, Do, Give, etc. -- To throw over, to abandon; to betray. Cf. To throw overboard, under Overboard. OVER O"ver, a. Defn: Upper; covering; higher; superior; also, excessive; too much or too great; -- chiefly used in composition; as, overshoes, overcoat, over-garment, overlord, overwork, overhaste. OVER O"ver, n. (Cricket) Defn: A certain number of balls (usually four) delivered successively from behind ine wicket, after which the ball is bowled from behing the other wicket as many times, the fielders changing places. OVERABOUND O`ver*a*bound", v. i. Defn: To be exceedingly plenty or superabundant. Pope. OVERACT O`ver*act", v. t. 1. To act or perform to excess; to exaggerate in acting; as, he overacted his part. 2. To act upon, or influence, unduly. [Obs.] The hope of inheritance overacts them. Milton. OVERACT O`ver*act", v. i. Defn: To act more than is necessary; to go to excess in action. B. Jonson. OVERACTION O"ver*ac"tion, n. Defn: Per OVERAFFECT O`ver*af*fect", v. t. Defn: To affect or care for unduly. [Obs.] Milton. OVERAGITATE O`ver*ag"i*tate, v. t. Defn: To agitate or discuss beyond what is expedient. Bp. Hall. OVERALL O"ver*all, adv. Defn: Everywhere. [Obs.] Chaucer. OVERALLS O"ver*alls, n. pl. 1. A kind of loose trousers worn over others to protect them from soiling. 2. Waterproof leggings. R. D. Blackmore. OVERANXIETY O"ver*anx*i"e*ty, n. Defn: The state of being overanxious; excessive anxiety. OVERANXIOUS O"ver*anx"ious, a. Defn: Anxious in an excessive or needless degree. -- O"ver*anx"ious*ly, adv. OVERARCH O`ver*arch", v. t. & i. Defn: To make or place an arch over; to hang over like an arch. "Brown with o'erarching shades." Pope. OVER-ARM O"ver-arm`, a. (Cricket, etc.) Defn: Done (as bowling or pitching) with the arm raised above the shoulder. See Overhard. "An over-arm with a round-arm bowler." R. A. Proctor. OVERAWE O`ver*awe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Overawing.] Defn: To awe exceedingly; to subjugate or restrain by awe or great fear. The king was present in person to overlook the magistrates, and overawe these subjects with the terror of his sword. Spenser. OVERAWFUL O"ver*aw"ful, a. Defn: Awful, or reverential, in an excessive degree. [R.] Milton. OVERBALANCE O`ver*bal"ance, v. t. 1. To exceed equality with; to outweigh. Locke. 2. To cause to lose balance or equilibrium. OVERBALANCE O"ver*bal`ance, n. Defn: Excess of weight or value; something more than an equivalent; as, an overbalance of exports. J. Edwards. OVERBARREN O"ver*bar"ren, a. Defn: Excessively barren. OVERBATTLE O"ver*bat"tle, a. Etym: [Over + battle, a.] Defn: Excessively fertile; bearing rank or noxious growths. [Obs.] "Overbattle grounds." Hooker. OVERBEAR O`ver*bear", v. t. 1. To bear down or carry down, as by excess of weight, power, force, etc.; to overcome; to suppress. The point of reputation, when the news first came of the battle lost, did overbear the reason of war. Bacon. Overborne with weight the Cyprians fell. Dryden. They are not so ready to overbear the adversary who goes out of his own country to meet them. Jowett (Thucyd. ) 2. To domineer over; to overcome by insolence. OVERBEAR O`ver*bear", v. i. Defn: To bear fruit or offspring to excess; to be too prolific. OVERBEARING O`ver*bear"ing, a. 1. Overpowering; subduing; repressing. I. Watts. 2. Aggressively haughty; arrogant; domineering; tyrannical; dictatorial; insolent. --O`ver*bear"ing*ly, adv. -- O`ver*bear"ing*ness, n. OVERBEND O`ver*bend", v. t. Defn: To bend to excess. OVERBEND O`ver*bend", v. i. Defn: To bend over. [R.] OVERBID O`ver*bid", v. t. Defn: To bid or offer beyond, or in excess of. Dryden. OVERBIDE O`ver*bide", v. t. Defn: To outlive. [Obs.] Chaucer. OVERBLOW O`ver*blow", v. i. 1. To blow over, or be subdued. [R.] Spenser. 2. (Mus.) Defn: To force so much wind into a pipe that it produces an overtone, or a note higher than the natural note; thus, the upper octaves of a flute are produced by overblowing. OVERBLOW O`ver*blow", v. t. Defn: To blow away; to dissipate by wind, or as by wind. When this cloud of sorrow's overblown. Waller. OVERBOARD O"ver*board`, adv. Defn: Over the side of a ship; hence, from on board of a ship, into the water; as, to fall overboard. To throw overboard, to discard; to abandon, as a dependent or friend. OVERBOIL O`ver*boil", v. i. Defn: To boil over or unduly. Nor is discontent to keep the mind Deep in its fountain, lest it overboil In the hot throng. Byron. OVERBOLD O`ver*bold", a. Defn: Excessively or presumptuously bold; impudent. Shak. -- O"ver*bold"ly, adv. OVERBOOKISH O"ver*book"ish, a. Defn: Excessively bookish. OVERBOUNTEOUS O"ver*boun"te*ous, a. Defn: Bounteous to excess. OVERBOW O`ver*bow", v. t. Defn: To bend or bow over; to bend in a contrary direction. [Obs.] Fuller. OVERBREED O`ver*breed", v. t. Defn: To breed to excess. OVERBRIM O`ver*brim", v. i. Defn: To flow over the brim; to be so full as to overflow. [R.] OVERBROW O`ver*brow", v. t. Defn: To hang over like a brow; to impend over. [Poetic] Longfellow. Did with a huge projection overbrow Large space beneath. Wordsworth. OVERBUILD O`ver*build", v. t. 1. To build over. Milton. 2. To build too much; to build beyond the demand. OVERBUILT O`ver*built", a. Defn: Having too many buildings; as, an overbuilt part of a town. OVERBULK O`ver*bulk", v. t. Defn: To oppress by bulk; to overtower. [Obs. & R.] Shak. OVERBURDEN O`ver*bur"den, v. t. Defn: To load with too great weight or too much care, etc. Sir P. Sidney. OVERBURDEN O"ver*bur`den, n. Defn: The waste which overlies good stone in a quarry. Raymond. OVERBURDENSOME O"ver*bur"den*some, a. Defn: Too burdensome. OVERBURN O`ver*burn", v. t. & i. Defn: To burn too much; to be overzealous. OVER-BUSY O"ver-bus"y, a. Defn: Too busy; officious. OVERBUY O`ver*buy", v. t. 1. To buy too much. 2. To buy at too dear a rate. Dryden. OVERCANOPY O`ver*can"o*py, v. t. Defn: To cover as with a canopy. Shak. OVERCAPABLE O`ver*ca"pa*ble, a. Defn: Too capable. [R.] Overcapable of such pleasing errors. Hooker. OVERCARE O"ver*care", n. Defn: Excessive care. Dryden. OVERCAREFUL O"ver*care"ful, a. Defn: Too careful. Shak. OVERCARKING O"ver*cark"ing, a. Defn: Too anxious; too full of care. [Archaic] Fuller. OVERCARRY O`ver*car"ry, v. t. & i. Defn: To carry too far; to carry beyond the proper point. Hayward. OVERCAST O`ver*cast", v. t. 1. To cast or cover over; hence, to cloud; to darken. Those clouds that overcast your morn shall fly. Dryden. 2. To compute or rate too high. Bacon. 3. (Sewing) Defn: To take long, loose stitches over (the raw edges of a seam) to prevent raveling. OVERCATCH O`ver*catch", v. t. Defn: To overtake. [Obs.] OVERCAUTIOUS O"ver*cau"tious, a. Defn: Too cautious; cautious or prudent to excess. -- O"ver*cau"tious*ly, adv. -- O"ver*cau"tiou*ness, n. OVERCHANGE O"ver*change`, n. Defn: Too much or too frequent change; fickleness. [R.] Beau. & Fl. OVERCHARGE O`ver*charge", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Supercharge, Surcharge.] 1. To charge or load too heavily; to burden; to oppress; to cloy. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. To fill too full; to crowd. Our language is overcharged with consonants. Addison. 3. To charge excessively; to charge beyond a fair rate or price. 4. To exaggerate; as, to overcharge a description. Overcharged mine. (Mil.) See Globe of compression, under Globe. OVERCHARGE O`ver*charge", v. i. Defn: To make excessive charges. OVERCHARGE O"ver*charge`, n. Etym: [Cf. Supercargo, Supercharge.] 1. An excessive load or burden. 2. An excessive charge in an account. OVERCLIMB O`ver*climb", v. t. Defn: To climb over. Surrey. OVERCLOUD O`ver*cloud", v. t. Defn: To cover or overspread with clouds; to becloud; to overcast. OVERCLOY O`ver*cloy", v. t. Defn: To fill beyond satiety. Shak. OVERCOAT O"ver*coat`, n. Etym: [Cf. Surcoat.] Defn: A coat worn over the other clothing; a greatcoat; a topcoat. OVERCOLD O"ver*cold", a. Defn: Cold to excess. Wiseman. OVERCOLOR O`ver*col"or, v. t. Defn: To color too highly. OVERCOME O`ver*come", v. t. [imp. Overcame; p. p. Overcome; p. pr & vb. n. Overcoming.] Etym: [AS. ofercuman. See Over, Come, and cf. Supervene.] 1. To get the better of; to surmount; to conquer; to subdue; as, to overcome enemies in battle. This wretched woman overcome Of anguish, rather than of crime, hath been. Spenser. 2. To overflow; to surcharge. [Obs.] J. Philips. 3. To come or pass over; to spreads over. [Obs.] And overcome us like a summer's cloud. Shak. Syn. -- To conquer; subdue; vanquish; overpower; overthrow; overturn; defeat; crush; overbear; overwhelm; prostrate; beat; surmount. See Conquer. OVERCOME O`ver*come", v. i. Defn: To gain the superiority; to be victorious. Rev. iii. 21. OVERCOMER O`ver*com"er, n. Defn: One who overcomes. OVERCOMING O`ver*com"ing, a. Defn: Conquering; subduing. -- O`ver*com"ing*ly, adv. OVERCONFIDENCE O"ver*con"fi*dence, n. Defn: Excessive confidence; too great reliance or trust. OVERCONFIDENT O"ver*con"fi*dent, a. Defn: Confident to excess. -- O"ver*con"fi*dent*ly, adv. OVERCOSTLY O"ver*cost"ly, a. Defn: Too costly. Milton. OVERCOUNT O`ver*count", v. t. Defn: To rate too high; to outnumber. Shak. OVERCOVER O`ver*cov"er, v. t. Defn: To cover up. Shak. OVERCREDULOUS O"ver*cred"u*lous, a. Defn: Too credulous. OVERCROW O`ver*crow", v. t. Defn: To crow, exult, or boast, over; to overpower. Spenser. Shak. OVERCROWD O`ver*crowd", v. t. Defn: To crowd too much. OVERCUNNING O"ver*cun"ning, a. Defn: Exceedingly or excessively cunning. OVERCURIOUS O"ver*cu"ri*ous, a. Defn: Too curious. OVERDARE O`ver*dare", v. t. & i. Defn: To dare too much or rashly; to be too daring. OVERDATE O`ver*date", v. t. Defn: To date later than the true or proper period. Milton. OVERDEAL O"ver*deal`, n. Defn: The excess. [Obs.] The overdeal in the price will be double. Holland. OVERDELICATE O"ver*del"i*cate, a. Defn: Too delicate. OVERDELIGHTED O"ver*de*light"ed, a. Defn: Delighted beyond measure. OVERDEVELOP O`ver*de*vel"op, v. t. Defn: To develop excessively; specif. (Photog.), Defn: to subject (a plate or film) too long to the developing process. OVERDIGHT O"ver*dight", a. Defn: Covered over. [Obs.] Spenser. OVERDO O`ver*do", v. t. [imp. Overdid; p. p. Overdone; p. pr. & vb. n. Overdoing.] 1. To do too much; to exceed what is proper or true in doing; to exaggerate; to carry too far. Anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing. Shak. 2. To overtask. or overtax; to fatigue; to exhaust; as, to overdo one's strength. 3. To surpass; to excel. [R.] Tennyson. 4. To cook too much; as, to overdo the meat. OVERDO O`ver*do", v. i. Defn: To labor too hard; to do too much. OVERDOER O`ver*do"er, n. Defn: One who overdoes. OVERDOSE O`ver*dose", v. t. Defn: To dose to excess; to give an overdose, or too many doses, to. OVERDOSE O"ver*dose`, n. Defn: Too great a dose; an excessive dose. OVERDRAFT O"ver*draft`, n. (Banking) Defn: The act of overdrawing; also, the amount or sum overdrawn. OVERDRAW O`ver*draw", v. t. [imp. Overdrew; p. p. Overdrawn; p. pr. & vb. n. Overdrawing.] 1. To exaggerate; to overdo. 2. (Banking) Defn: To make drafts upon or against, in excess of the proper amount or limit. OVERDRESS O`ver*dress", v. t. Defn: To dress or adorn to excess; to dress too much. Pope. OVERDRINK O`ver*drink", v. t. & i. Defn: To drink to excess. OVERDRIVE O`ver*drive", v. t. & i. Defn: To drive too hard, or far, or beyond strength. OVERDROWN O`ver*drown", v. t. Defn: To wet or drench to excess. [Obs.] W. Browne. OVERDRY O`ver*dry", v. t. Defn: To dry too much. Burton. OVERDUE O"ver*due", a. Defn: Due and more than due; delayed beyond the proper time of arrival or payment, etc.; as, an overdue vessel; an overdue note. OVERDYE O`ver*dye", v. t. Defn: To dye with excess of color; to put one color over (another). Shak. OVEREAGER O`ver*ea"ger, a. Defn: Too eager; too impatient. -- O`ver*ea"ger*ly, adv. -- O"ver*ea"ger*ness, n. OVEREARNEST O`ver*ear"nest, a. Defn: Too earnest. -- O"ver*ear"nest*ly, adv. -- O"ver*ear"nest*ness, n. OVEREAT O`ver*eat", v. t. & i. 1. To gnaw all over, or on all sides. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To eat to excess; -- often with a reflexive. OVERELEGANT O"ver*el"e*gant, a. Defn: Too elegant. Johnson. OVEREMPTY O`ver*emp"ty, v. t. Defn: To make too empty; to exhaust. [R.] Carew. OVEREST O"ver*est, a. [Superl. of Over.] Defn: Uppermost; outermost. Full threadbare was his overeste courtepy. Chaucer. OVERESTIMATE O`ver*es"ti*mate, v. t. Defn: To estimate too highly; to overvalue. OVERESTIMATE O`ver*es"ti*mate, n. Defn: An estimate that is too high; as, an overestimate of the vote. OVEREXCITE O`ver*ex*cite", v. t. Defn: To excite too much. OVEREXCITEMENT O"ver*ex*cite"ment, n. Defn: Excess of excitement; the state of being overexcited. OVEREXERT O`ver*ex*ert", v. t. Defn: To exert too much. OVEREXERTION O"ver*ex*er"tion, n. Defn: Excessive exertion. OVEREXPOSE O`ver*ex*pose", v. t. Defn: To expose excessively; specif. (Photog.), Defn: to subject (a plate or film) too long to the actinic action of the light used in producing a picture. -- O`ver*ex*po"sure (#), n. OVEREXQUISITE O"ver*ex"qui*site, a. Defn: Too exquisite; too exact or nice; too careful. OVEREYE O`ver*eye", v. t. 1. To superintend; to oversee; to inspect. [Obs.] 2. To see; to observe. [Obs.] Shak. OVERFALL O"ver*fall`, n. 1. A cataract; a waterfall. [Obs.] 2. (Naut.) Defn: A turbulent surface of water, caused by strong currents setting over submerged ridges; also, a dangerous submerged ridge or shoal. OVERFATIGUE O"ver*fa*tigue", n. Defn: Excessive fatigue. OVERFATIGUE O`ver*fa*tigue", v. t. Defn: To fatigue to excess; to tire out. OVERFEED O`ver*feed", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Overfed; p. pr. & vb. n. Overfeeding.] Defn: To feed to excess; to surfeit. OVERFIERCE O"ver*fierce", a. Defn: Excessively fierce. OVERFILL o`ver*fill", v. t. Defn: To fill to excess; to surcharge. OVERFISH O`ver*fish", v. t. Defn: To fish to excess. OVERFLOAT O`ver*float", v. t. Defn: To overflow. [R.] Dryden. OVERFLOURISH O`ver*flour"ish, v. t. 1. To make excessive display or flourish of. Collier. 2. To embellish with outward ornaments or flourishes; to varnish over. [Obs.] Shak. OVERFLOW O`ver*flow", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overflowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Overflowing.] Etym: [AS. oferfl. See Over, and Flow.] 1. To flow over; to cover woth, or as with, water or other fluid; to spread over; to inundate; to overwhelm. The northern nations overflowed all Christendom. Spenser. 2. To flow over the brim of; to fill more than full. OVERFLOW O`ver*flow", v. i. 1. To run over the bounds. 2. To be superabundant; to abound. Rogers. OVERFLOW O"ver*flow`, n. 1. A flowing over, as of water or other fluid; an inundation. Bacon. 2. That which flows over; a superfluous portion; a superabundance. Shak. 3. An outlet for the escape of surplus liquid. Overflow meeting, a meeting constituted of the surplus or overflow of another audience. OVERFLOWING O`ver*flow"ing, n. Defn: An overflow; that which overflows; exuberance; copiousness. He was ready to bestow the overflowings of his full mind on anybody who would start a subject. Macaulay. OVERFLOWINGLY O`ver*flow"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In great abundance; exuberantly. Boyle. OVERFLUSH O`ver*flush", v. t. Defn: To flush to excess. [R.] OVERFLUTTER O`ver*flut"ter, v. t. Defn: To flutter over. OVERFLUX O"ver*flux`, n. Defn: Overflow; exuberance. [R.] OVERFLY O`ver*fly", v. t. [imp. Overflew; p. p. Overflown; p. pr. & vb. n. Overflying.] Defn: To cross or pass over by flight. Byron. OVERFOND O"ver*fond" Defn: , Milton. -- O"ver*fond"ly, adv. -- O"ver*fond"ness, n. OVERFORCE O"ver*force`, n. Defn: Excessive force; violence. OVERFORWARD O"ver*for"ward, a. Defn: Forward to excess; too forward. -- O"ver*for"ward*ness, n. OVERFREE O"ver*free", a. Defn: Free to excess; too liberal; too familiar. -- O"ver*free"ly, adv. OVERFREIGHT O`ver*freight", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overfreighted (Overfraught, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Overfreighting.] Defn: To put too much freight in or upon; to load too full, or too heavily; to overload. OVERFREQUENT O"ver*fre"quent, a. Defn: Too frequent. OVERFRIEZE O`ver*frieze", v. t. Defn: To cover with a frieze, or as with a frieze. E. Hall. OVERFRONT O`ver*front", v. t. Defn: To confront; to oppose; to withstand. [Obs.] Milton. OVERFRUITFUL O"ver*fruit"ful, a. Defn: Too fruitful. OVERFULL O"ver*full", a. Etym: [AS. oferfull.] Defn: Too full; filled to overflowing; excessively full; surfeited. Shak. OVERFULLNESS O"ver*full"ness, n. Defn: The state of being excessively or abnormally full, so as to cause overflow, distention, or congestion; excess of fullness; surfeit. OVER-GARMENT O"ver-gar`ment, n. Defn: An outer garment. OVERGARRISON O`ver*gar"ri*son, v. t. Defn: To garrison to excess. OVERGAZE O`ver*gaze", v. t. Defn: To gaze; to overlook. [Poetic] "Earth's o'ergazing mountains." Byron. OVERGET O`ver*get", v. t. 1. To reach; to overtake; to pass. [Obs.] 2. To get beyond; to get over or recover from. [R.] OVERGILD O`ver*gild", v. t. Etym: [AS. ofergyldan.] Defn: To gild over; to varnish. OVERGIRD O`ver*gird", v. t. Defn: To gird too closely. [R.] OVERGIVE O`ver*give", v. t. Defn: To give over; to surrender; to yield. [Obs.] Spenser. OVERGLAD O"ver*glad", a. Defn: Excessively or unduly glad. OVERGLANCE O`ver*glance", v. t. Defn: To glance over. OVERGLAZE O"ver*glaze`, a. (Ceramics) (a) Applied over the glaze; -- said of enamel paintings, which sometimes are seen to project from the surface of the ware. (b) Suitable for applying upon the glaze; -- said of vitrifiable colors used in ceramic decoration. OVERGLIDE O`ver*glide", v. t. Defn: To glide over. Wyatt. OVERGLOOM O`ver*gloom", v. t. Defn: To spread gloom over; to make gloomy; to overshadow. [R.] Overgloomed by memories of sorrow. De Quincey. OVERGO O`ver*go", v. t. [imp. Overwent; p. p. Overgone; p. pr. & vb. n. Overgoing.] Etym: [AS. ofergan.] 1. To travel over. [R.] Shak. 2. To exceed; to surpass. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 3. To cover. [Obs.] Chapman. 4. To oppress; to weigh down. [Obs.] Shak. OVERGORGE O`ver*gorge", v. t. Defn: To gorge to excess. OVERGRACE O`ver*grace", v. t. Defn: To grace or honor exceedingly or beyond desert. [R.] Beau. & Fl. OVERGRASSED O"ver*grassed", a. Defn: Overstocked, or overgrown, or covered, with grass. [Obs.] Spenser. OVERGREAT O`ver*great", a. Defn: Too great. OVERGREATNESS O"ver*great"ness, n. Defn: Excessive greatness. OVERGREEDY O"ver*greed"y, a. Defn: Excessively greedy. OVERGROSS O"ver*gross", a. Defn: Too gross. OVERGROUND O"ver*ground", a. Defn: Situated over or above ground; as, the overground portion of a plant. OVERGROW O`ver*grow", v. t. [imp. Overgrew; p. p. Overgrown; p. pr. & vb. n. Overgrowing.] 1. To grow over; to cover with growth or herbage, esp. that which is rank. The green . . . is rough and overgrown. Sir W. Scott. 2. To grow beyond; to rise above; hence, to overcome; to oppress. [Obs.] Mortimer. "O'ergrown with labor." Beau. & Fl. [Usually in the past participle.] OVERGROW O`ver*grow", v. i. Defn: To grow beyond the fit or natural size; as, a huge, overgrown ox. L'Estrange. OVERGROWTH O"ver*growth`, n. Defn: Excessive growth. OVERHALE O`ver*hale", v. t. Defn: See Overhaul. [Obs.] OVERHALL O`ver*hall", v. t. Defn: See Overhaul. [Obs.] OVERHAND O"ver*hand`, n. Defn: The upper hand; advantage; superiority; mastery. He had gotten thereby a great overhand on me. Sir T. More. OVERHAND O"ver*hand`, a. 1. (Sewing) Defn: Over and over; -- applied to a style of sewing, or to a seam, in which two edges, usually selvedges, are sewed together by passing each stitch over both. 2. (Baseball, Cricket, etc.) Defn: Done (as pitching or bowling) with the hand higher than the elbow, or the arm above, or higher than, the shoulder. Overhand knot. See Illustration of Knot. OVERHAND O"ver*hand`, adv. Defn: In an overhand manner or style. OVERHANDLE O`ver*han"dle, v. t. Defn: To handle, or use, too much; to mention too often. Shak. OVERHANG O`ver*hang", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overhung; p. pr. & vb. n. Overhanging.] 1. To impend or hang over. [R.] Beau. & Fl. 2. To hang over; to jut or project over. Pope. OVERHANG O`ver*hang", v. i. Defn: To jut over. Milton. OVERHANG O`ver*hang`, n. (Arch.) 1. In a general sense, that which just out or projects; a projection; also, the measure of the projection; as, the overhang is five feet. 2. Specifically: The projection of an upper part (as a roof, an upper story, or other part) of a building beyond the lower part; as, the overhang of a roof, of the eaves, etc. 3. (Naut.) Defn: The portion of the bow or stem of a vessel that projects over the water beyond the water line. 4. (Mach.) Defn: The projection of a part beyond another part that is directly below it, or beyond a part by which it is supported; as, the overhang of a shaft; i. e., its projection beyond its bearing. OVERHAPPY O"ver*hap"py, a. Defn: Exceedingly happy. Shak. OVERHARDEN O`ver*hard"en, v. t. Defn: To harden too much; to make too hard. Boyle. OVERHARDY O"ver*har"dy, a. Defn: Too hardy; overbold. OVERHASTE O"ver*haste`, n. Defn: Too great haste. OVERHASTY O"ver*has"ty, a. Defn: Too hasty; precipitate; rash. -- O"ver*has"ti*ly, adv. -- O`ver*has"ti*ness, n. OVERHAUL O`ver*haul", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overhauled; p. pr. & vb. n. Overhauling.] 1. To haul or drag over; hence, to turn over for examination; to inspect; to examine thoroughly with a view to corrections or repairs. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To gain upon in a chase; to overtake. To overhaul a tackle, to pull on the leading parts so as to separate the blocks. -- To overhaul running rigging, to keep it clear, and see that no hitch occurs. OVERHAUL; OVERHAULING O"ver*haul`, O`ver*haul"ing, n. Defn: A strict examination with a view to correction or repairs. OVERHEAD O`ver*head", adv. Defn: Aloft; above; in or attached to the ceiling or roof; in the story or upon the floor above; in the zenith. While overhead the moon Sits arbitress. Milton. Note: Also used adjectively; as, an overhead crane, gear, etc. Overhead engine, a vertical steam engine in which the cylinder stands above the crank. -- Overhead work, a general term in manufactories for countershafting and gearing, when overhead. OVERHEAD CHARGES; OVERHEAD EXPENSES O"ver*head" charges, expenses, etc. (Accounting) Defn: Those general charges or expenses in any business which cannot be charged up as belonging exclusively to any particular part of the work or product, as where different kinds of goods are made, or where there are different departments in a business; -- called also fixed, establishment, or (in a manufacturing business) administration, selling, and distribution, charges, etc. OVERHEAR O`ver*hear", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overheard; p. pr. & vb. n. Overhearing.] Etym: [AS. oferhiéran.] 1. To hear more of (anything) than was intended to be heard; to hear by accident or artifice. Shak. 2. To hear again. ShaK. OVERHEAT O`ver*heat", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Superheat.] Defn: To heat to excess; to superheat. Cowper. OVERHEAVY O"ver*heav`y, a. Defn: Excessively heavy. OVERHELE O`ver*hele", v. t. Etym: [AS. oferhelian.] Defn: To hele or cover over. [Obs.] B. Jonson. OVERHENT O`ver*hent", v. t. Etym: [See Hent.] Defn: To overtake. [Obs.] So forth he went and soon them overhent. Spenser. OVERHIGH O"ver*high", a. Etym: [AS. oferheáh.] Defn: Too high. OVERHIGHLY O"ver*high"ly, adv. Defn: Too highly; too greatly. OVERHIP O`ver*hip", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overhipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Overhipping.] Etym: [Over + a word akin to E. hop to skip.] Defn: To pass over by, or as by a hop; to skip over; hence, to overpass. [Obs.] "When the time is overhipt." Holland. OVERHOLD O`ver*hold", v. t. Defn: To hold or value too highly; to estimate at too dear a rate. [Obs.] Shak. OVERHUNG O"ver*hung", a. 1. Covered over; ornamented with hangings. Carlyle. 2. Suspended from above or from the top. Overhung door, a sliding door, suspended door, suspended from the top, as upon rollers. OVERINFLUENCE O`ver*in"flu*ence, v. t. Defn: To influence in an excessive degree; to have undue influence over. OVERINFORM O`ver*in*form", v. t. Defn: To inform, fill, or animate, excessively. [R.] Johnson. OVERISSUE O"ver*is"sue, n. Defn: An excessive issue; an issue, as of notes or bonds, exceeding the limit of capital, credit, or authority. An overissue of government paper. Brougham. OVERISSUE O`ver*is"sue, v. t. Defn: To issue in excess. OVERJEALOUS O`ver*jeal"ous, a. Etym: [Over + jealous. Cf. Overzealous.] Defn: Excessively jealous; too jealous. OVERJOY O`ver*joy", v. t. Defn: To make excessively joyful; to gratify extremely. OVERJOY O"ver*joy`, n. Defn: Excessive joy; transport. OVERJUMP O`ver*jump", v. t. Defn: To jump over; hence, to omit; to ignore. Marston. OVERKING O"ver*king`, n. Defn: A king who has sovereignty over inferior kings or ruling princes. J. R. Green. OVERKNOWING O"ver*know"ing, a. Defn: Too knowing or too cunning. OVERLABOR O`ver*la"bor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overlabored; p. pr. & vb. n. Overlaboring.] 1. To cause to labor excessively; to overwork. Dryden. 2. To labor upon excessively; to refine unduly. OVERLADE O`ver*lade", v. t. [imp. Overladed; p. p. Overladen; p. pr. & vb. n. Overlading.] Etym: [Cf. Overload.] Defn: To load with too great a cargo; to overburden; to overload. Spenser. OVERLAND O"ver*land`, a. Defn: Being, or accomplished, over the land, instead of by sea; as, an overland journey. OVERLAND O"ver*land`, adv. Defn: By, upon, or across, land. OVERLANDER O"ver*land`er, n. Defn: One who travels over lands or countries; one who travels overland. OVERLANGUAGED O"ver*lan"guaged, a. Defn: Employing too many words; diffuse. Lowell. OVERLAP O`ver*lap", v. t. & i. Defn: To lap over; to lap. OVERLAP O"ver*lap`, n. 1. The lapping of one thing over another; as, an overlap of six inches; an overlap of a slate on a roof. 2. (Geol.) Defn: An extension of geological beds above and beyond others, as in a conformable series of beds, when the upper beds extend over a wider space than the lower, either in one or in all directions. OVERLARGE O"ver*large", a. Defn: Too large; too great. OVERLARGENESS O"ver*large"ness, n. Defn: Excess of size or bulk. OVERLASH O`ver*lash", v. i. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. lash extravagant, lashing lavish.] Defn: To drive on rashly; to go to excess; hence, to exaggerate; to boast. [Obs.] Barrow. OVERLASHING O`ver*lash"ing, n. Defn: Excess; exaggeration. [Obs.] OVERLATE O"ver*late", a. Defn: Too late; exceedingly late. OVERLAVE O`ver*lave", v. t. Defn: To lave or bathe over. OVERLAVISH O"ver*lav"ish, a. Defn: Lavish to excess. OVERLAY O`ver*lay", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overlaid; p. pr. & vb. n. Overlaying.] 1. To lay, or spread, something over or across; hence, to cover; to overwhelm; to press excessively upon. When any country is overlaid by the multitude which live upon it. Sir W. Raleigh. As when a cloud his beams doth overlay. Spenser. Framed of cedar overlaid with gold. Milton. And overlay With this portentous bridge the dark abyss. Milton. 2. To smother with a close covering, or by lying upon. This woman's child died in the night; because she overlaid it. 1 Kings iii. 19. A heap of ashes that o'erlays your fire. Dryden. 3. (Printing) Defn: To put an overlay on. OVERLAY O"ver*lay`, n. 1. A covering. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Printing) Defn: A piece of paper pasted upon the tympan sheet to improve the impression by making it stronger at a particular place. OVERLAYER O"ver*lay"er, n. Defn: One who overlays; that with which anything is overlaid. OVERLAYING O"ver*lay"ing, n. Defn: A superficial covering; a coating. OVERLEAD O`ver*lead", v. t. Defn: To domineer over; to affront; to treat with indignity. [Obs.] Chaucer. OVERLEAP O`ver*leap", v. t. Etym: [AS. oferhleápan. See Over, and Leap.] Defn: To leap over or across; hence, to omit; to ignore. "Let me o'erleap that custom." Shak. OVERLEARNED O"ver*learn"ed, a. Defn: Too learned. -- O"ver*learn"ed, adv. -- O"ver*learn"ed*ness, n. OVERLEATHER O"ver*leath`er, n. Defn: Upper leather. Shak. OVERLEAVEN O`ver*leav"en, v. t. Defn: To leaven too much; hence, to change excessively; to spoil. [Obs.] OVERLIBERAL O"ver*lib"er*al, a. Defn: Too liberal. OVERLIBERALLY O"ver*lib"er*al*ly, adv. Defn: In an overliberal manner. OVERLICK O`ver*lick", v. t. Defn: To lick over. OVERLIE O`ver*lie", v. t. [imp. Overlay; p. p. Overlain; p. pr. & vb. n. Overlying.] Defn: To lie over or upon; specifically, to suffocate by lying upon; as, to overlie an infant. Quain. A woman by negligence overlieth her child in her sleeping. Chaucer. OVERLIGHT O"ver*light`, n. Defn: Too strong a light. Bacon. OVERLIGHT O"ver*light", a. Defn: Too light or frivolous; giddy. OVERLINESS O"ver*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being overly; carelessness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. OVERLINGER O"ver*lin"ger, v. t. Defn: To cause to linger; to detain too long. [Obs.] Fuller. OVERLIP O"ver*lip`, n. Etym: [AS. oferlibban.] Defn: The upper lip. [Obs.] Chaucer. OVERLIVE O`ver*live", v. t. Defn: To outlive. Sir P. Sidney. The culture of Northumbria overlived the term of its political supermacy. Earle. OVERLIVE O`ver*live", v. i. Defn: To live too long, too luxuriously, or too actively. Milton. "Overlived in this close London life." Mrs. Browning. OVERLIVER O"ver*liv"er, n. Defn: A survivor. Bacon. OVERLOAD O`ver*load", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overloaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Overloading.] Etym: [Cf. Overlade.] Defn: To load or fill to excess; to load too heavily. OVERLOAD O"ver*load`, n. Defn: An excessive load; the excess beyond a proper load. OVERLOGICAL O"ver*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Excessively logical; adhering too closely to the forms or rules of logic. OVERLONG O"ver*long", a. & adv. Defn: Too long. Shak. OVERLOOK O`ver*look", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overlooked; p. pr. & vb. n. Overlooking.] 1. To look down upon from a place that is over or above; to look over or view from a higher position; to rise above, so as to command a view of; as, to overlook a valley from a hill. "The pile o'erlooked the town." Dryden. [Titan] with burning eye did hotly overlook them. Shak. 2. Hence: To supervise; to watch over; sometimes, to observe secretly; as, to overlook a gang of laborers; to overlook one who is writing a letter. 3. To inspect; to examine; to look over carefully or repeatedly. "Overlook this pedigree." Shak. The time and care that are required To overlook and file and polish well. Roscommon. 4. To look upon with an evil eye; to bewitch by looking upon; to fascinate. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shak. If you trouble me I will overlook you, and then your pigs will die. C. Kingsley. 5. To look over and beyond (anything) without seeing it; to miss or omit in looking; hence, to refrain from bestowing notice or attention upon; to neglect; to pass over without censure or punishment; to excuse. The times of ignorance therefore God overlooked. Acts xvii. 30 (Rev. Ver. ) They overlook truth in the judgments they pass. Atterbury. The pardoning and overlooking of faults. Addison. OVERLOOKER O"ver*look"er, n. Defn: One who overlooks. OVERLOOP O"ver*loop`, n. Defn: See Orlop. [Obs.] OVERLORD O"ver*lord`, n. Defn: One who is lord over another or others; a superior lord; a master. Freeman. OVERLORDSHIP O"ver*lord"ship, n. Defn: Lordship or supremacy of a person or a people over others. J. R. Green. OVERLOUD O"ver*loud", a. Defn: Too loud; noisy. OVERLOVE O`ver*love", v. t. Defn: To love to excess. OVERLUSCIOUS O"ver*lus"cious, a. Defn: Excessively luscious. OVERLUSTY O"ver*lust"y, a. Defn: Too lusty, or lively. Shak. OVERLY O"ver*ly, a. 1. Careless; negligent; inattentive; superfical; not thorough. [Archaic] Bp. Hall. 2. Excessive; too much. [R.] Coleridge. OVERLY O"ver*ly, adv. Defn: In an overly manner. [Archaic] OVERLYING O`ver*ly"ing, a. Defn: Lying over or upon something; as, overlying rocks. OVERMAGNIFY O`ver*mag"ni*fy, v. t. Defn: To magnify too much. Bp. Hall. OVERMALAPERT O"ver*mal"a*pert, a. Defn: Excessively malapert or impudent. [Obs.] Prynne. OVERMAN O"ver*man, n.; pl. -men. 1. One in authority over others; a chief; usually, an overseer or boss. 2. An arbiter. 3. In the philosophy of Nietzsche, a man of superior physique and powers capable of dominating others; one fitted to survive in an egoistic struggle for the mastery. OVERMANNER O"ver*man`ner, adv. Defn: In an excessive manner; excessively. [Obs.] Wiclif. OVERMARCH O`ver*march", v. t. & i. Defn: To march too far, or too much; to exhaust by marching. Baker. OVERMAST O`ver*mast", v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To furnish (a vessel) with too long or too heavy a mast or masts. OVERMASTER O`ver*mas"ter, v. t. Defn: To overpower; to subdue; to vanquish; to govern. OVERMATCH O`ver*match", v. t. 1. To be more than equal to or a match for; hence, to vanquish. Drayton. 2. To marry (one) to a superior. [Obs.] Burton. OVERMATCH O"ver*match`, n. Defn: One superior in power; also, an unequal match; a contest in which one of the opponents is overmatched. Milton. D. Webster. OVERMEASURE O`ver*meas"ure, v. t. Defn: To measure or estimate too largely. OVERMEASURE O"ver*meas`ure, n. Defn: Excessive measure; the excess beyond true or proper measure; surplus. OVERMEDDLE O`ver*med"dle, v. t. Defn: To meddle unduly. OVERMEDDLING O`ver*med"dling, n. Defn: Excessive interference. "Justly shent for their overmeddling." Fuller. OVERMELLOW O"ver*mel"low, a. Defn: Too mellow; overripe. OVERMERIT O"ver*mer"it, n. Defn: Excessive merit. Bacon. OVERMICKLE O"ver*mic"kle, a. & adv. Defn: Overmuch. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] OVERMIX O`ver*mix", v. t. Defn: To mix with too much. OVERMODEST O"ver*mod"est, a. Defn: Modest to excess; bashful. -- O"ver*mod"est*ly, adv. OVERMOIST O"ver*moist", a. Defn: Excessively moist. Bacon. OVERMOISTURE O"ver*mois"ture, n. Defn: Excess of moisture. OVERMORE O"ver*more", adv. Defn: Beyond; moreover. [Obs.] OVERMORROW O"ver*mor"row, n. Defn: The day after or following to-morrow. [Obs.] Bible (1551). OVERMOST O"ver*most`, a. Defn: Over the rest in authority; above all others; highest. [Obs.] Fabyan. OVERMOUNT O`ver*mount", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Surmount.] Defn: To mount over; to go higher than; to rise above. OVERMUCH O"ver*much", a. Defn: Too much. -- adv. Defn: In too great a degree; too much. -- n. Defn: An excess; a surplus. OVERMUCHNESS O`ver*much"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being in excess; superabundance. [R.] B. Jonson. OVERMULTIPLY O`ver*mul"ti*ply, v. t. & i. Defn: To multiply or increase too much; to repeat too often. OVERMULTITUDE O`ver*mul"ti*tude, v. t. Defn: To outnumber. [Obs.] OVERNAME O`ver*name", v. t. Defn: To name over or in a series; to recount. [Obs.] Shak. OVERNEAT O"ver*neat", a. Defn: Excessively neat. Spectator. OVERNICE O"ver*nice", a. Defn: Excessively nice; fastidious. Bp. Hall. -- O"ver*nice"ly, adv. -- O"ver*nice"ness, n. OVERNIGHT O"ver*night`, n. Defn: The fore part of the night last past; the previous evening. [R.] Shak. OVERNIGHT O"ver*night", adv. Defn: In the fore part of the night last past; in the evening before; also, during the night; as, the candle will not last overnight. I had been telling her all that happened overnight. Dickens. OVERNOISE O`ver*noise", v. t. Defn: To overpower by noise. OVERNUMEROUS O"ver*nu"mer*ous, a. Defn: Excessively numerous; too many. OVEROFFICE O`ver*of"fice, v. t. Defn: To domineer over by virtue of office. [Obs.] Shak. OVEROFFICIOUS O"ver*of*fi"cious, a. Defn: Too busy; too ready to intermeddle; too officious. Collier. OVERPAINT O`ver*paint", v. t. Defn: To color or describe too strongly. Sir W. Raleigh. OVERPAMPER O`ver*pam"per, v. t. Defn: To pamper excessively; to feed or dress too much. Dryton. OVERPART O`ver*part", v. t. Defn: To give too important or difficult a part to. [Obs.] B. Jonson. OVERPASS O`ver*pass", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overpassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Overpassing.] Etym: [Cf. Surpass.] 1. To go over or beyond; to cross; as, to overpass a river; to overpass limits. 2. To pass over; to omit; to overlook; to disregard. All the beauties of the East He slightly viewed and slightly overpassed. Milton. 3. To surpass; to excel. [R.] R. Browning. OVERPASS O`ver*pass", v. i. Defn: To pass over, away, or off. OVERPASSIONATE O"ver*pas"sion*ate, a. Defn: Passionate to excess. -- O"ver*pas"sion*ate*ly, adv. OVERPATIENT O"ver*pa"tient, a. Defn: Patient to excess. OVERPAY O`ver*pay", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overpaid; p. pr. & vb. n. Overpaying.] Defn: To pay too much to; to reward too highly. OVERPEER O`ver*peer", v. t. Defn: To peer over; to rise above. OVERPEOPLE O`ver*peo"ple, v. t. Defn: To people too densely. OVERPERCH O`ver*perch", v. t. Defn: To perch upon; to fly over. [Obs.] Shak. OVERPERSUADE O`ver*per*suade", v. t. Defn: To persuade or influence against one's inclination or judgment. Pope. OVERPESTER O`ver*pes"ter, v. t. Defn: To pester exceedingly or excessively. Sir W. Raleigh. OVERPICTURE O`ver*pic"ture, v. t. Defn: To surpass nature in the picture or representation of. [Obs.] "O'erpicturing that Venus." Shak. OVERPLEASE O`ver*please", v. t. Defn: To please excessively. OVERPLUS O"ver*plus, n. Etym: [Over + L. plus more. See Plus, and cf. Surplus.] Defn: That which remains after a supply, or beyond a quantity proposed; surplus. Shak. "The overplus of a great fortune." Addison. OVERPLY O`ver*ply", v. t. Defn: To ply to excess; to exert with too much vigor; to overwork. Milton. OVERPOISE O`ver*poise", v. t. Defn: To outweigh; to overbalance. [R.] Sir T. Browne. OVERPOISE O"ver*poise`, n. Defn: Preponderant weight; a counterbalance. [R.] Mrs. Browning. OVERPOLISH O`ver*pol"ish, v. t. Defn: To polish too much. OVERPONDEROUS O"ver*pon"der*ous, a. Defn: Too heavy. OVERPOST O`ver*post", v. t. Defn: To post over; to pass over swiftly, as by post. Shak. OVERPOTENT O"ver*po"tent, a. Defn: Too potent or powerful. OVERPOWER O`ver*pow"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overpowered; p. pr. & vb. n. Overpowering.] Defn: To excel or exceed in power; to cause to yield; to vanquish; to subdue; as, the light overpowers the eyes. "And overpower'd that gallant few." Wordsworth. Syn. -- To overbear; overcome; vanquish; defeat; crush; overwhelm; overthrow; rout; conquer; subdue. OVERPOWER O"ver*pow`er, n. Defn: A dominating power. Bacon. OVERPOWERING O`ver*pow"er*ing, a. Defn: Excelling in power; too powerful; irresistible. -- O`ver*pow"er*ing*ly, adv. OVERPRAISE O`ver*praise", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Overprize, Superpraise.] Defn: To praise excessively or unduly. OVERPRAISING O`ver*prais"ing, n. Defn: The act of praising unduly; excessive praise. Milton. OVERPRESS O`ver*press", v. t. 1. To bear upon with irresistible force; to crush; to overwhelm. Shak. 2. To overcome by importunity. Johnson. OVERPRESSURE O"ver*pres"sure, n. Defn: Excessive pressure or urging. London Athenæum. OVERPRIZE O`ver*prize", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Overpraise.] Defn: Toprize excessively; to overvalue. Sir H. Wotton. OVERPRODUCTION O"ver*pro*duc"tion, n. Defn: Excessive production; supply beyond the demand. J. S. Mill. OVERPROMPT O"ver*prompt", a. Defn: Too prompt; too ready or eager; precipitate. -- O`ver*prompt"ness, n. OVERPROOF O"ver*proof", a. Defn: Containing more alcohol than proof spirit; stronger than proof spirit; that is, containing more than 49.3 per cent by weight of alcohol. OVERPROPORTION O`ver*pro*por"tion, v. t. Defn: To make of too great proportion. OVERPROUD O"ver*proud", a. Defn: Exceedingly or unduly proud. "Overproud of his victory." Milton. OVERPROVIDENT O"ver*prov"i*dent, a. Defn: Too provident. OVERPROVOKE O`ver*pro*voke", v. t. Defn: To provoke excessively. Bp. Hall. OVERQUELL O`ver*quell", v. t. Defn: To quell or subdue completely. [R.] Bp. Hall. OVERQUIETNESS O"ver*qui"et*ness, n. Defn: Too much quietness. Sir. T. Browne. OVERRAKE O`ver*rake", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overraked; p. pr. & vb. n. Overraking.] (Naut.) Defn: To rake over, or sweep across, from end to end, as waves that break over a vessel anchored with head to the sea. OVERRANK O"ver*rank", a. Defn: Too rank or luxuriant. OVERRATE O`ver*rate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Overrating.] Defn: To rate or value too highly. OVERRATE O"ver*rate`, n. Defn: An excessive rate. [R.] Massinger. OVERREACH O`ver*reach", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overreached, (Overraught (, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Overreaching.] 1. To reach above or beyond in any direction. 2. To deceive, or get the better of, by artifice or cunning; to outwit; to cheat. Shak. OVERREACH O`ver*reach", v. i. 1. To reach too far; as: (a) To strike the toe of the hind foot against the heel or shoe of the forefoot; -- said of horses. (b) (Naut.) To sail on one tack farther than is necessary. Shak. 2. To cheat by cunning or deception. OVERREACH O"ver*reach`, n. Defn: The act of striking the heel of the fore foot with the toe of the hind foot; -- said of horses. OVERREACHER O`ver*reach"er, n. Defn: One who overreaches; one who cheats; a cheat. OVERREAD O`ver*read", v. t. Defn: To read over, or peruse. Shak. OVERREADY O"ver*read"y, a. Defn: Too ready. -- O"ver*read"*i*ly, adv. -- O"ver*read"i*ness, n. OVERRECKON O`ver*reck"on, v. t. Defn: To reckon too highly. OVERRED O`ver*red", v. t. Defn: To smear with red. [Obs.] OVERREFINE O`ver*re*fine", v. t. Defn: To refine too much. OVERREFINEMENT O"ver*re*fine"ment, n. Defn: Excessive refinement. OVERRENT O`ver*rent", v. t. Defn: To rent for too much. OVERRICH O"ver*rich", a. Defn: Exccessively rich. OVERRIDE O`ver*ride", v. t. [imp. Overrode; p. p. Overridden, Overrode, Overrid (; p. pr. & vb. n. Overriding.] Etym: [AS. offeridan.] 1. To ride over or across; to ride upon; to trample down. The carter overridden with [i. e., by] his cart. Chaucer. 2. To suppress; to destroy; to supersede; to annul; as, one low overrides another; to override a veto. 3. To ride beyond; to pass; to outride. [Obs.] I overrode him on the way. Shak. 4. To ride too much; to ride, as a horse, beyond its strength. OVERRIGGED O"ver*rigged", a. Defn: Having too much rigging. OVERRIGHTEOUS O"ver*right"eous, a. Defn: Excessively righteous; -- usually implying hypocrisy. OVERRIGID O"ver*rig"id, a. Defn: Too rigid; too severe. OVERRIGOROUS O"ver*rig"or*ous, a. Defn: Too rigorous; harsh. OVERRIPE O"ver*ripe", a. Defn: Matured to excess. Milton. OVERRIPEN O`ver*rip"en, v. t. Defn: To make too ripe. Shak. OVERROAST O`ver*roast", v. t. Defn: To roast too much. Shak. OVERRULE O`ver*rule", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overruled; p. pr. & vb. n. Overruling.] 1. To rule over; to govern or determine by superior authority. 2. To rule or determine in a contrary way; to decide against; to abrogate or alter; as, God overrules the purposes of men; the chairman overruled the point of order. His passion and animosity overruled his conscience. Clarendon. These [difficulties] I had habitually overruled. F. W. Newman. 3. (Law) Defn: To supersede, reject, annul, or rule against; as, the plea, or the decision, was overruled by the court. OVERRULE O`ver*rule", v. i. Defn: To be superior or supreme in rulling or controlling; as, God rules and overrules. Shak. OVERRULER O`ver*rul"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, controls, governs, or determines. Sir P. Sidney. OVERRULING O`ver*rul"ing, a. Defn: Exerting controlling power; as, an overruling Providence. -- O`ver*rul"ing*ly, adv. OVERRUN O`ver*run", v. t. [imp. Overran; p. p. Overrun; p. pr. & vb. n. Overrunning. ] 1. To run over; to grow or spread over in excess; to invade and occupy; to take possession of; as, the vine overran its trellis; the farm is overrun with witch grass. Those barbarous nations that overran the world. Spenser. 2. To exceed in distance or speed of running; to go beyond or pass in running. Ahimaaz run by the way of the plain, and overran Cushi. 2 Sam. xviii. 23. 3. To go beyond; to extend in part beyond; as, one line overruns another in length. Note: In machinery, a sliding piece is said to overrun its bearing when its forward end goes beyond it. 4. To abuse or oppress, as if by treading upon. None of them the feeble overran. Spenser. 5. (Print.) (a) To carry over, or back, as type, from one line or page into the next after, or next before. (b) To extend the contents of (a line, column, or page) into the next line, column, or page. OVERRUN O`ver*run", v. i. 1. To run, pass, spread, or flow over or by something; to be beyond, or in excess. Despised and trodden down of all that overran. Spenser. 2. (Print.) Defn: To extend beyond its due or desired length; as, a line, or advertisement, overruns. OVERRUNNER O`ver*run"ner, n. Defn: One that overruns. Lovelace. OVERSATURATE O`ver*sat"u*rate, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Supersaturate.] Defn: To saturate to excess. OVERSAY O`ver*say", v. t. Defn: To say over; to repeat. Ford. OVERSCENTED O`ver*scent"ed, a. 1. Scented excessively. 2. Covered or concealed by a different odor. Fuller. OVERSCRUPULOSITY O`ver*scru`pu*los"i*ty, n. Defn: Overscrupulousness. OVERSCRUPULOUS O`ver*scru"pu*lous, a. Defn: Scrupulous to excess. OVERSCRUPULOUSNESS O`ver*scru"pu*lous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being overscrupulous; excess of scrupulousness. OVERSEA O"ver*sea", a. Defn: Beyond the sea; foreign. OVERSEA; OVERSEAS O"ver*sea", O"ver*seas", adv. Defn: Over the sea; abroad. Milton. Tennyson. OVERSEARCH O`ver*search", v. t. Defn: To search all over. OVERSEASON O`ver*sea"son, v. t. Defn: To season too highly. OVERSEE O`ver*see", v. t. [imp. Oversaw; p. p. Overseen; p. pr. & vb. n. Overseeing.] Etym: [AS. oferséon to survey, to despise. See Over, and See.] 1. To superintend; to watch over; to direct; to look or see after; to overlook. 2. To omit or neglect seeing. Spenser. OVERSEE O`ver*see", v. i. Defn: To see too or too much; hence, to be deceived. [Obs.] The most expert gamesters may sometimes oversee. Fuller. Your partiality to me is much overseen, if you think me fit to correct your Latin. Walpole. OVERSEER O`ver*seer", n. Defn: One who oversees; a superintendent; a supervisor; as, an overseer of a mill; specifically, one or certain public officers; as, an overseer of the poor; an overseer of highways. OVERSEERSHIP O`ver*seer"ship, n. Defn: The office of an overseer. OVERSELL O`ver*sell`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oversold; p. pr. & vb. n. Overselling. ] 1. To sell for a higher price than; to exceed in selling price. One whose beauty Would oversell all Italy. Beau. & Fl. 2. To sell beyond means of delivery. [Brokers'Cant] Oversold market (Brokers' Cant), a market in which stocks or commodities have been sold "short" to such an extent that it is difficult to obtain them for delivery. OVERSET O`ver*set", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overset; p. pr. & vb. n. Oversetting. ] 1. To turn or tip (anything) over from an upright, or a proper, position so that it lies upon its side or bottom upwards; to upset; as, to overset a chair, a coach, a ship, or a building. Dryden. 2. To cause to fall, or to tail; to subvert; to overthrow; as, to overset a government or a plot. Addison. 3. To fill too full. [Obs.] Howell. OVERSET O`ver*set", v. i. Defn: To turn, or to be turned, over; to be upset. Mortimer. OVERSET O"ver*set`, n. 1. An upsetting; overturn; overthrow; as, the overset of a carriage. 2. An excess; superfluity. [Obs.] "This overset of wealth and pomp. " Bp. Burnel. OVERSHADE O`ver*shade`, v. t. Etym: [AS. ofersceadwian. See Over, and Shade, and cf. Overshadow.] Defn: To cover with shade; to render dark or gloomy; to overshadow. Shak. OVERSHADOW O`ver*shad"ow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overshadowed(); p. pr. & vb. n. Overshadowing. ] Etym: [Cf. Overshade. ] 1. To throw a shadow, or shade, over; to darken; to obscure. There was a cloud that overshadowed them. Mark ix. 7. 2. Fig.: To cover with a superior influence. Milton. OVERSHADOWER O"ver*shad"ow*er, n. Defn: One that throws a shade, or shadow, over anything. Bacon. OVERSHADOWY O"ver*shad"ow*y, a. Defn: Overshadowing. [R.] OVERSHAKE O`ver*shake", v. t. Defn: To shake over or away; to drive away; to disperse. [Obs.] Chaucer. OVERSHINE O`ver*shine", v. t. 1. To shine over or upon; to illumine. Shak. 2. To excel in shining; to outshine. Shak. OVERSHOE O"ver*shoe`, n. Defn: A shoe that is worn over another for protection from wet or for extra warmth; esp., an India-rubber shoe; a galoche. OVERSHOOT O`ver*shoot", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overshot; p. pr. & vb. n. Overshooting.] 1. To shoot over or beyond. "Not to overshoot his game." South. 2. To pass swiftly over; to fly beyond. Hartle. 3. To exceed; as, to overshoot the truth. Cowper. To overshoot one's self, to venture too far; to assert too much. OVERSHOOT O`ver*shoot", v. i. Defn: To fly beyond the mark. Collier. OVERSHOT O"ver*shot`, a. Defn: From Overshoot, v. t. Overshot wheel, a vertical water wheel, the circumference of which is covered with cavities or buckets, and which is turned by water which shoots over the top of it, filling the buckets on the farther side and acting chiefly by its we'ght. OVERSIGHT O"ver*sight`, n. 1. Watchful care; superintendence; general supervision. 2. An overlooking; an omission; an error. Hooker. 3. Escape from an overlooked peril. [R.] "His fool-happy oversight." Spenser. Syn. -- Superintendence; supervision; inspection; overlooking; inadvertence; neglect; mistake; error; omission. OVERSIZE O`ver*size", v. t. Defn: To surpass in size. OVERSIZE O`ver*size", v. t. Defn: To cover with viscid matter. [R.] O'ersized with coagulate gore. Shak. OVERSKIP O`ver*skip", v. t. Defn: To skip or leap over; to treat with indifference. Shak. OVERSKIRT O"ver*skirt`, n. Defn: An upper skirt, shorter than the dress, and usually draped. OVERSLAUGH O"ver*slaugh`, n. Etym: [D. overslag.] Defn: A bar in a river; as, the overslaugh in the Hudson River. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. OVERSLAUGH O`ver*slaugh", v. t. Etym: [D. overslaan.] Defn: To hinder or stop, as by an overslaugh or an impediment; as, to overslaugh a bill in a legislative body; to overslaugh a military officer, that is, to hinder his promotion or employment. [Local Cant, U. S.] OVERSLEEP O`ver*sleep", v. t. Defn: To sleep beyond; as, to oversleep one's self or one's usual hour of rising. OVERSLEEP O`ver*sleep", v. i. Defn: To sleep too long. OVERSLIDE O`ver*slide", v. t. Defn: To slide over or by. OVERSLIP O`ver*slip", v. t. Defn: To slip or slide over; to pass easily or carelessly beyond; to omit; to neglect; as, to overslip time or opportunity. OVERSLOP O"ver*slop`, n. Etym: [AS. oferslop.] Defn: An outer garment, or slop. [Obs.] Chaucer. OVERSLOW O`ver*slow", v. t. Defn: To render slow; to check; to curb. [Obs.] Hammond. OVERSLOW O"ver*slow", a. Defn: Too slow. OVERSMAN O"vers*man, n.; pl. Oversmen (. 1. An overseer; a superintendent. 2. (Scots Law) Defn: An umpire; a third arbiter, appointed when two arbiters, previously selected, disagree. OVERSNOW O`ver*snow", v. t. Defn: To cover with snow, or as with snow. [Poetic] Shak. Dryden. OVERSOON O"ver*soon", adv. Defn: Too soon. Sir P. Sidney. OVERSORROW O`ver*sor"row, v. t. Defn: To grieve or afflict to excess. [Obs.] Milton. OVERSOUL O"ver*soul`, n. Defn: The all-containing soul. [R.] That unity, that oversout, within which every man's particular being is contained and made one with all other. Emerson. OVERSOW O`ver*sow", v. t. Etym: [AS. ofersawan.] Defn: To sow where something has already been sown. [R.] His enemy came and oversowed cockle among the wheat. Matt. x OVERSPAN O`ver*span", v. t. Defn: To reach or extend over. OVERSPEAK O`ver*speak", v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. ofersprecan.] Defn: To exceed in speaking; to speak too much; to use too many words. OVERSPIN O`ver*spin", v. t. Defn: To spin out to too great length; to protract unduly. W. Cartwright. OVERSPREAD O`ver*spread", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overspread; p. pr. & vb. n. Overspreading.] Etym: [AS. oferspr.] Defn: To spread over; to cover; as, the deluge overspread the earth. Chaucer. Those nations of the North Which overspread the world. Drayton. OVERSPREAD O`ver*spread", v. i. Defn: To be spread or scattered over. OVERSPRING O`ver*spring", v. t. Defn: To spring or leap over. OVERSTAND O`ver*stand", v. t. Defn: To stand on the price or conditions of, so as to lose a sale; to lose by an extravagant price or hard conditions. [Obs.] What madman would o'erstand his market twice Dryden. OVERSTARE O`ver*stare", v. t. Defn: To outstare. [Obs.] Shak. OVERSTARE O`ver*stare", v. i. Defn: To stare wildly. [Obs.] Ascham. OVERSTATE O`ver*state", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overstated; p. pr. & vb. n. Overstating.] Defn: To state in too strong terms; to exaggerate. Fuller. OVERSTATEMENT O"ver*state"ment, n. Defn: An exaggerated statement or account. OVERSTAY O`ver*stay", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overstayed or Overstaid (; p. pr. & vb. n. Overstaying.] Defn: To stay beyond the time or the limits of; as, to overstay the appointed time. Bp. Hall. OVERSTEP O`ver*step", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overstepped; p. pr. & vb. n. Overstepping.] Etym: [AS. ofersteppan.] Defn: To step over or beyond; to transgress. Shak. OVERSTOCK O"ver*stock`, n. Defn: Stock in excess. Tatler. OVERSTOCK O`ver*stock", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overstocked; p. pr. & vb. n. Overstocking.] Defn: To fill too full; to supply in excess; as, to overstock a market with goods, or a farm with cattle. OVERSTORE O`ver*store", v. t. Defn: To overstock. Sir. M. Hale. OVER-STORY O`ver-sto`ry, n. (Arch.) Defn: The clearstory, or upper story, of a building. OVERSTRAIN O`ver*strain", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Overstrained; p. pr. & vb. n. Overstraining.] Defn: To strain one's self to excess. Dryden. OVERSTRAIN O`ver*strain", v. t. Defn: To stretch or strain too much; as to overstrain one's nerves. Ayliffe. OVERSTRAITLY O`ver*strait"ly, adv. Defn: Too straitly or strictly. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. OVERSTRAW O`ver*straw", v. t. Defn: To overstrew. [Obs.] Shak. OVERSTREW O`ver*strew", v. t. Defn: To strew or scatter over. OVERSTRICT O"ver*strict", a. Defn: Excessively strict. OVERSTRIDE O`ver*stride", v. t. Defn: To stride over or beyond. OVERSTRIKE O`ver*strike", v. t. Defn: To strike beyond. [Obs.] OVERSTROW O`ver*strow", v. t. Defn: See Overstrew. OVERSTUDIOUS O"ver*stu"di*ous, a. Defn: Too studious. OVERSUBTILE O"ver*sub"tile, a. Defn: Excessively subtile. OVERSUM O"ver*sum`, n. Defn: A sum or quantity over; surplus. [Obs.] Holinshed. OVERSUPPLY O`ver*sup*ply", v. t. Defn: To supply in excess. OVERSUPPLY O"ver*sup*ply`, n. Defn: An excessive supply. A general oversupply or excess of all commodities. J. S. Mill. OVERSURE O"ver*sure", a. Defn: Excessively sure. OVERSWAY O`ver*sway", v. t. Defn: To bear sway over. OVERSWELL O`ver*swell", v. t. & i. Defn: To swell or rise above; to overflow. [R.] Shak. OVERT O"vert, a. Etym: [OF. overt, F. ouvert, p. p. of OF. ovrir, F. ouvrir, to open, of uncertain origin; cf. It. aprire, OIt. also oprire, L. aperire to open, operire to cover, deoperire to uncover. Perch. from L. aperire influenced by F. couvrir to cover. Cf. Aperient, Cover.] 1. Open to view; public; apparent; manifest. Overt and apparent virtues bring forth praise. Bacon. 2. (Law) Defn: Not covert; open; public; manifest; as, an overt act of treason. Macaulay. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. Constitution of the U. S. Note: In criminal law, an overt act is an open done in pursuance and manifestation of a criminal design; the mere design or intent not being punishable without such act. In English law, market overt is an open market; a pound overt is an open, uncovered pound. OVERTAKE O`ver*take", v. t. [imp. Overtook; p. p. Overtaken; p. pr. & vb. n. Overtaking.] 1. To come up with in a course, pursuit, progress, or motion; to catch up with. Follow after the men; and when thou dost overtake them, say . . . Wherefore have ye rewarded evil for good. Gen. xliv. 4. He had him overtaken in his flight. Spenser. 2. To come upon from behind; to discover; to surprise; to capture; to overcome. If a man be overtaken in a fault. Gal. vi. 1 I shall see The winged vengeance overtake such children. Shak. 3. Hence, figuratively, in the past participle (overtaken), drunken. [Obs.] Holland. OVERTALK O`ver*talk", v. i. Defn: To talk to excess. Milton. OVERTASK O`ver*task", v. t. Defn: To task too heavily. OVERTAX O`ver*tax", v. t. Defn: To tax or to task too heavily. OVERTEDIOUS O`ver*te"di*ous, a. Defn: Too tedious. OVERTEMPT O`ver*tempt", v. t. Defn: To tempt exceedingly, or beyond the power of resistance. Milton. OVERTHROW O`ver*throw", v. t. [imp. Overthrew; p. p. Overthrown; p. pr. & vb. n. Overthrowing.] 1. To throw over; to overturn; to upset; to turn upside down. His wife overthrew the table. Jer. Taylor. 2. To cause to fall or to fail; to subvert; to defeat; to make a ruin of; to destroy. When the walls of Thebes he overthrew. Dryden. [Gloucester] that seeks to overthrow religion. Shak. Syn. -- To demolish; overturn; prostrate; destroy; ruin; subvert; overcome; conquer; defeat; discomfit; vanquish; beat; rout. OVERTHROW O"ver*throw`, n. 1. The act of overthrowing; the state of being overthrow; ruin. Your sudden overthrow much rueth me. Spenser. 2. (a) (Baseball) The act of throwing a ball too high, as over a player's head. (b) (Cricket) A faulty return of the ball by a fielder, so that striker makes an additional run. OVERTHWART O"ver*thwart", a. 1. Having a transverse position; placed or situated across; hence, opposite. "Our overthwart neighbors." Dryden. 2. Crossing in kind or disposition; perverse; adverse; opposing. "Overthwart humor." Clarendon. OVERTHWART O"ver*thwart", adv. Defn: Across; crosswise; transversely. "Y'clenched overthwart and endelong." Chaucer. OVERTHWART O"ver*thwart", prep. Defn: Across; from alde to side of. "Huge trees overthwart one another." Milton. OVERTHWART O"ver*thwart`, n. Defn: That which is overthwart; an adverse circumstance; opposition. [Obs.] Surrey. OVERTHWART , v. t. Defn: To cross; to oppose. [Obs.] OVERTHWARTLY O`ver*thwart"ly, adv. Defn: In an overthwart manner;across; also, perversely. [Obs.] Peacham. OVERTHWARTNESS O"ver*thwart"ness, n. Defn: The state of being overthwart; perverseness. [Obs.] Lord Herbert. OVERTILT O`ver*tilt", v. t. Defn: To tilt over; to overturn. OVERTIME O"ver*time`, n. Defn: Time beyond, or in excess of, a limit; esp., extra working time. OVERTIRE O`ver*tire", v. t. Defn: To tire to excess; to exhaust. OVERTIRE O`ver*tire", v. t. Defn: To become too tired. Br. Hall. OVERTITLE O`ver*ti"tle, v. t. Defn: To give too high a title to. OVERTLY O"vert*ly, adv. Defn: Publicly; openly. OVERTOIL O`ver*toil", v. t. Defn: To overwork. OVERTOIL O`ver*toil", v. t. Defn: To weary excessively; to exhaust. Then dozed a while herself, but overtoiled By that day's grief and travel. Tennyson. OVERTONE O"ver*tone`, n. Etym: [A translation of G. oberton. See Over,Tone.] (Mus.) Defn: One of the harmonics faintly heard with and above a tone as it dies away, produced by some aliquot portion of the vibrating sting or column of air which yields the fundamental tone; one of the natural harmonic scale of tones, as the octave, twelfth, fifteenth, etc.; an aliquot or "partial" tone; a harmonic. See Harmonic, and Tone. Tyndall. OVERTOP O`ver*top", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overtopped; p. pr. & vb. n. Overtopping.] 1. To rise above the top of; to exceed in height; to tower above. "To old Pelion." Shak. 2. To go beyond; to transcend; to transgress. If kings presume to overtop the law by which they reign, . . . they are by law to be reduced into order. Milton. 3. To make of less importance, or throw into the background, by superior excellence; to dwarf; to obscure. Becon. OVERTOWER O`ver*tow"er, v. t. Defn: To tower over or above. OVERTOWER O`ver*tow"er, v. i. Defn: To soar too high. [R.] Fuller. OVERTRADE O`ver*trade", v. i. Defn: To trade beyond one's capital; to buy goods beyond the means of paying for or seleng them; to overstock the market. OVERTRADING O`ver*trad"ing, n. Defn: The act or practice of buying goods beyond the means of payment; a glutting of the market. OVERTREAD O`ver*tread", v. t. Etym: [AS. oferiredan.] Defn: To tread over or upon. OVERTRIP O`ver*trip", v. t. Defn: To trip over nimbly. OVERTROUBLED O`ver*trou"bled, a. Defn: Excessively troubled. OVERTROW O`ver*trow", v. i. Defn: To be too trustful or confident; to trust too much. [Obs.] Wyclif OVERTRUST O"ver*trust`, n. Defn: Excessive confidence. OVERTRUST O`ver*trust", v. t. & i. Defn: To trust too much. Bp. Hall. OVERTURE O"ver*ture, Etym: [OF. overture, F. ouverture, fr. OF. ovrir, F. ouvrir. See Overt.] 1. An opening or aperture; a recess; a recess; a chamber. [Obs.] Spenser. "The cave's inmost overture." Chapman. 2. Disclosure; discovery; revelation. [Obs.] It was he That made the overture of thy treasons to us. Shak. 3. A proposal; an offer; a proposition formally submitted for consideration, acceptance, or rejection. "The great overture of the gospel." Barrow. 4. (Mus.) Defn: A composition, for a full orchestra, designed as an introduction to an oratorio, opera, or ballet, or as an independent piece; -- called in the latter case a concert overture. OVERTURE O"ver*ture, v. t. Defn: To make an overture to; as, to overture a religious body on some subject. OVERTURN O`ver*turn", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overturned; p. pr. & vb. n. Overturning.] 1. To turn or throw from a basis, foundation, or position; to overset; as, to overturn a carriage or a building. 2. To subvert; to destroy; to overthrow. 3. To overpower; to conquer. Milton. Syn. -- To demolish; overthrow. See Demolish. OVERTURN O"ver*turn`, n. Defn: The act off overturning, or the state of being overturned or subverted; overthrow; as, an overturn of parties. OVERTURNABLE O`ver*turn"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being, or liable to be, overturned or subverted. OVERTURNER O`ver*turn"er, n. Defn: One who overturns. South. OVERVAIL O`ver*vail", v. t. Defn: See Overveil. OVERVALUATION O"ver*val`u*a"tion, n. Defn: Excessive valuation; overestimate. OVERVALUE O`ver*val"ue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overvalued; p. pr. & vb. n. Overvaluing.] 1. To value excessively; to rate at too high a price. "To overvalue human power." Holyday. 2. To exceed in value. [R.] H. Brooke. OVERVEIL O`ver*veil", v. t. Defn: To veil or cover. Shak. OVERVIEW O"ver*view`, n. Etym: [Cf. Survey.] Defn: An inspection or overlooking. [Obs.] Shak. OVERVOTE O`ver*vote", v. t. Defn: To outvote; to outnumber in votes given. [R.] Eikon Basilike. OVERWALK O`ver*walk", v. t. Defn: To walk over or upon. OVERWAR O`ver*war", v. t. Defn: To defeat. [Obs.] Warner. OVERWARY O"ver*wa"ry, a. Defn: Too wary; too cautious. OVERWASH O`ver*wash", v. t. Defn: To overflow. Holinshed. OVERWASTED O`ver*wast"ed, a. Defn: Wasted or worn out; [Obs.] Drayton. OVERWATCH O"ver*watch", v. t. 1. To watch too much. 2. To weary or exhaust by watching. Dryden. OVERWAX O`ver*wax", v. i. Defn: To wax or grow too rapindly or too much. [Obs.] R. of Gloucester. OVERWEAK O"ver*weak", a. Defn: Too weak; too feeble. OVERWEAR O`ver*wear", v. t. Defn: To wear too much; to wear out. Drayton. OVERWEARY O"ver*wea"ry v. t. Defn: To weary too much; to tire out. Dryden. OVERWEATHER O`ver*weath"er, v. t. Defn: To expose too long to the influence of the weather. [Obs.] Shak. OVERWEEN O`ver*ween", v. t. Etym: [AS. oferw. See Over, and Ween.] Defn: To think too highly or arrogantly; to regard one's own thinking or conclusions too highly; hence, to egotistic, arrogant, or rash, in opinion; to think conceitedly; to presume. They that overween, And at thy growing virtues fret their spleen. Milton. OVERWEENER O`ver*ween"er, n. Defn: One who overweens. [R.] The conceits of warmed or overweening brain. Locke. OVERWEENING O`ver*ween"ing, a. Defn: Unduly confident; arrogant; presumptuous; conceited. -- O`ver*ween"ingly, adv. Milton. -- O`ver*ween"ing*ness, n. Here's an overweening rogue. Shak. OVERWEENING O`ver*ween"ing, n. Defn: Conceit; arrogance. Milton. OVERWEIGH O`ver*weigh", v. t. Defn: To exceed in weight; to overbalance; to weigh down. Drayton. Hooker. OVERWEIGHT O"ver*weight`, n. 1. Weight over and above what is required by law or custom. 2. Superabundance of weight; preponderance. OVERWEIGHT O"ver*weight", a. Defn: Overweighing; excessive. [Obs.] "Of no overweight worth." Fuller. OVERWELL O`ver*well", v. t. Defn: To overflow. R. D. Blackmore. OVERWET O"ver*wet, n. Defn: Excessive wetness. [Obs.] Another ill accident is, overwet at sowing time. Bacon. OVERWHELM O`ver*whelm", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overwhelmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Overwhelming.] 1. To cover over completely, as by a great wave; to overflow and bury beneath; to ingulf; hence, figuratively, to immerse and bear down; to overpower; to crush; to bury; to oppress, etc., overpoweringly. The sea overwhelmed their enemies. Ps. lxxviii. 53. Fearfulness and trembling are come upon me, and horror hath overwhelmed me. Ps. lv. 5. Foul deeds will rise, Though all the earth o'erwhelm them. Shak. Gaza yet stands; but all her sons are fallen, All in a moment overwhelmed and fallen. Milton. 2. To project or impend over threateningly. His louering brows o'erwhelming his fair sight. Shak. 3. To cause to surround, to cover. Papin. OVERWHELM O"ver*whelm` Defn: , n. The act of overwhelming. [R.] OVERWHELMING O`ver*whelm"ing, a. Defn: Overpowering; irresistible. -- O`ver*whelm"ing*ly, adv. OVERWIND O`ver*wind", v. t. Defn: To wind too tightly, as a spring, or too far, as a hoisting rope on a drum. OVERWING O`ver*wing", v. t. Defn: To outflank. [Obs.] Milton. OVERWISE O"ver*wise", a. Defn: Too wise; affectedly wise. -- O`ver*wise"ly, adv. -- O`ver*wise"ness, n. OVERWIT O`ver*wit", v. t. Defn: To outwit. Swift. OVERWORD O`ver*word", v. t. Defn: To say in too many words; to express verbosely. Hales. OVERWORK O`ver*work", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Overworked or Overwrought (; p. pr. & vb. n. Overworking.] 1. To work beyond the strength; to cause to labor too much or too long; to tire excessively; as, to overwork a horse. 2. To fill too full of work; to crowd with labor. My days with toil are overwrought. Longfellow. 3. To decorate all over. OVERWORK O`ver*work", v. t. Defn: To work too much, or beyond one's strength. OVERWORK O"ver*work`, n. Defn: Work in excess of the usual or stipulated time or quantity; extra work; also, excessive labor. OVERWORN O`ver*worn", p. p. & a. from Overwear, v. t. Defn: Worn out or subdued by toil; worn out so as to be trite. OVERWREST O`ver*wrest", v. t. Defn: To wrest or force from the natural or proper position. Shak. OVERWRESTLE O`ver*wres"tle, v. t. Defn: To subdue by wrestling. [Obs.] Spenser. OVERWROUGHT O`ver*wrought, p. p. & a. from Overwork. Defn: Wrought upon excessively; overworked; overexcited. OVERZEAL O"ver*zeal, n. Defn: Excess of zeal. Fairfax. OVERZEALOUS O"ver*zeal"ous, a. Defn: Too zealous. OVICAPSULE O`vi*cap"sule, n. Etym: [Ovum + capsule.] 1. (Anat) Defn: The outer layer of a Graafian follicle. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Oötheca. OVICELL O"vi*cell`, n. Etym: [Ovum + cell.] (Zoöl) Defn: One of the dilatations of the body wall of Bryozoa in which the ova sometimes undegro the first stages of their development. See Illust. of Chilostoma. OVICULAR O*vic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. ovum an egg.] (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an egg. OVICYST O"vi*cyst, n. Etym: [Ovum + cyst.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The pouch in which incubation takes place in some Tunicata. OVIDIAN O*vid"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Latin poet Ovid; resembling the style of Ovid. OVIDUCAL O`vi*du"cal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to oviducts; as, oviducal glands. OVIDUCT O"vi*duct, n. Etym: [Ovum + duct: cf. F. oviducte.] (Anat.) Defn: A tube, or duct, for the passage of ova from the ovary to the exterior of the animal or to the part where further development takes place. In mammals the oviducts are also called Fallopian tubes. OVIFEROUS O*vif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Ovum + -ferous: cf. F. ovifère.] (Biol.) Defn: Egg-bearing; -- applied particularly to certain receptacles, as in Crustacea, that retain the eggs after they have been excluded from the formative organs, until they are hatched. OVIFORM O"vi*form, a. Etym: [Ovum + -form: cf. F. oviforme.] (Biol.) Defn: Having the form or figure of an egg; egg-shaped; as, an oviform leaf. OVIGERONS O*vig"er*ons, a. Etym: [Ovum + -gerous: cf. F. ovigere.] (Biol.) Defn: Bearing eggs; oviferous. OVILE O"vile, a. Defn: See Ovine. OVINE O"vine, a. Etym: [L. ovinus, fr. ovis sheep: cf. F. ovine.] Defn: Of or pertaining to sheep; consisting of sheep. OVIPARA O*vip"a*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Oviparous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An artifical division of vertebrates, including those that lay eggs; -opposed to Vivipara. OVIPARITY O`vi*par"i*ty, n. Etym: [See Oviparous.] (Biol.) Defn: Generatuon by means of ova. See Generation. OVIPAROUS O*vip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. oviparus; ovum egg + parere to bring forth: cf. F. ovipare.] (Physiol.) Defn: Producing young from rggs; as, an oviparous animal, in which the egg is generally separated from the animal, and hatched after exclusion; -- opposed to viviparous. OVIPOSIT O`vi*pos"it, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Oviposited; p. pr. & vb. n. Ovipositing.] Etym: [See Ovum, and Posit.] Defn: To lay or deposit eggs; -- said esp. of insects. OVIPOSIT O`vi*pos"it, v. t. Defn: To deposit or lay (an egg). OVIPOSITING; OVIPOSITION O`vi*pos"it*ing, O`vi*po*si"tion, n. Defn: The depositing of eggs, esp. by insects. OVIPOSITOR O`vi*pos"i*tor, n. Etym: [L. ovum an egg + positor a placer, fr. ponere to place.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The organ with which many insects and some other animals deposit their eggs. Some ichneumon files have a long ovipositor fitted to pierce the eggs or larvæ of other insects, in order to lay their own eggs within the same. OVISAC O"vi*sac, n. Etym: [Ovum + sac.] (Anat) (a) A Graafian follicle; any sac containing an ovum or ova. (b) The inner layer of the fibrous wall of a Graafian follicle. OVISM O"vism, n. [Ovum + -ism.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The old theory that the egg contains the whole embryo of the future organism and the germs of all subsequent offsprings and is merely awakened to activity by the spermatozoön; -- opposed to spermism or animalculism. OVIST O"vist, n. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Ovulist. OVOCOCCUS O`vo*coc"cus, n.; pl. Ovococci. Etym: [Ovum + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A germinal vesicle. OVOID; OVOIDAL O"void, O*void"al, a. Etym: [Ovum + -oid: cf. F. ovoïde.] Defn: Resembling an egg in shape; egg-shaped; ovate; as, an ovoidal apple. OVOID O"void, n. Defn: A solid resembling an egg in shape. OVOLO O"vo*lo, n. Etym: [It. ovolo, uovolo, fr. L. ovum an egg. Cf. Ovule.] (Arch.) Defn: A round, convex molding. See Illust. of Column. Note: In Roman work it is usually a quarter circle in section; in Greek work it is flatter, and is equivalent to the echinus; that is, it has in section the elastic curve of the shell of the sea urchin. In mediæval architecture it is not distinguishable from the multitude of convex moldings, of all sections, which are used. OVOLOGY O*vol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Ovum + -logy. Cf. F. ovologie.] Defn: That branch of natural history which treats of the origin and functions of eggs. OVOPLASMA O`vo*plas"ma, n. Etym: [Ovum + plasma.] (Boil.) Defn: Yolk; egg yolk. Haeckel. OVOTESTTIS O`vo*test"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Ovum, and Testis.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An organ which produces both ova and spermatozoids; an hermaphrodite gland. OVOVIVIPAROUS O*vo*vi*vip"a*rous, a. Etym: [Ovum + viviparous: cf. F. ovovivipare.] (Biol.) Defn: Oviparous, but hatching the egg while it is within the body, as some fishes and reptiles. OVULAR O"vu*lar, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating or belonging to an ovule; as, an ovular growth. OVULARY O"vu*la*ry, a. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to ovules. OVULATE O"vu*late, a. (Biol.) Defn: Containing an ovule or ovules. OVULATION O`vu*la"tion, n. (Phisiol.) Defn: The formation of ova or eggs in the ovary, and the discharge of the same. In the mammalian female the discharge occurs during menstruation. OVULE O"vule, n. Etym: [Dim. of L. ovum an egg: cf. F. ovule. Cf. Ovolo, Ovulum.] (Biol.) (a) The rudiment of a seed. It grows from a placenta, and consists of a soft nucleus within two delicate coatings. The attached base of the ovule is the hilum, the coatings are united with the nucleus at the chalaza, and their minute orifice is the foramen. (b) An ovum. OVULIFEROUS O`vu*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Ovule + -ferous.] (biol.) Defn: Producing ovules. OVULIST O"vu*list n. (Biol.) Defn: A believer in the theory (called encasement theory), current during the last century, that the egg was the real animal germ, and that at the time of fecundation the spermatozoa simply gave the impetus which caused the unfolding of the egg, in which all generations were inclosed one within the other. Also called ovist. OVULITE O"vu*lite, n. Etym: [Ovum + -lite.] Defn: A fossil egg. OVULUM O"vu*lum, n.; pl. Ovula. Etym: [NL. See Ovule.] (Biol.) Defn: An ovule. OVUM O"vum, n.; pl. L. Ova, E. Ovums. Etym: [L., an egg. See Oval.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: A more or less spherical and transparent mass of granular protoplasm, which by a process of multiplication and growth develops into a mass of cells, constituting a new individual like the parent; an egg, spore, germ, or germ cell. See Illust. of Mycropyle. Note: The ovum is a typical cell, with a cell wall, cell substance, nucleus, and nucleolus. In man and the higher animals the cell wall, a vertically striated membrane, is called the zona pellucida; the cell contents, the vitellus; the nucleus, the germinal vesicle; and the nucleolus, the germinal spot. The diameter of the ripe ovum in man and the domestic animals varies between 1-200 and 1-120 of an inch. 2. (Arch.) Defn: One of the series of egg-shaped ornaments into which the ovolo is often carved. Gwilt. OWCH Owch, n. Defn: See Ouch. [Obs.] Speser. OWE Owe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Owed, (Ought ( obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Owing.] Etym: [OE. owen, awen,aghen, to have, own, have (to do), hence, owe, AS. agan to have; akin to G. eigen, a., own, Icel. eiga to have, Dan. eie, Sw. äga, Goth. áigan, Skr. Ought, v., 2d Own, Fraught.] 1. To possess; to have, as the rightful owner; to own. [Obs.] Thou dost here usurp The name thou ow'st not. Shak. 2. To have or possess, as something derived or bestowed; to be obliged to ascribe (something to some source); to be indebted or obliged for; as, he owed his wealth to his father; he owed his victoty to his lieutenants. Milton. O deem thy fall not owed to man's decree. Pope. 3. Hence: To have or be under an obigation to restore, pay, or render (something) in return or compensation for something received; to be indebted in the sum of; as, the subject owes allegiance; the fortunate owe assistance to the unfortunate. The one ought five hundred pence, and the other fifty. Bible (1551). A son owes help and honor to his father. Holyday. Note: Owe was sometimes followed by an objective clause introduced by the infinitive. "Ye owen to incline and bow your heart." Chaucer. 4. To have an obligation to (some one) on account of something done or received; to be indebted to; as, to iwe the grocer for supplies, or a laborer for services. OWEL Ow"el, a. Etym: [OF. oel, owel, iwel,ivel, F. égal, fr. L. aequalis.] (Law) Defn: Equal. [Obs.] Burrill. OWELTY Ow"el*ty, n. Etym: [OF. oelté, ivelté.] (Law) Defn: Equality; -- sometimes written ovelty and ovealty. Burrill. OWEN Ow"en, a.Etym: [See Own.] Defn: Own. [Obs.] Chaucer. OWENITE Ow"en*ite, n. Defn: A follower of Robert Owen, who tried to reorganize society on a socialistic basis, and established an industrial community on the Clyde, Scotland, and, later, a similar one in Indiana. OWHER O"wher, adv. Etym: [AS. ahwær.] Defn: Anywhere. [Obs.] "If he found owher a good fellow." Chaucer. OWING Ow`ing, P. p. & a. Etym: [Used in a passive sense for owed (AS. agen. See Own).] 1. Had or held under obligation of paying; due. There is more owing her than is paid. Shak. 2. Had or experienced as a consequence, result, issue, etc.; ascribable; -- with to; as, misfortunes are often owing to vices; his failure was owing to speculations. OWL Owl, n. Etym: [AS. ; akin to D. uil, OHG. , G. eule, Icel. ugla, Sw. ugla, Dan. ugle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any cpecies of raptorial birds of the family Strigidæ. They have large eyes and ears, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye. They are mostly nocturnal in their habits. Note: Some species have erectile tufts of feathers on the head. The feathers are soft and somewhat downy. The species are numerous. See Barn owl, Burrowing owl, Eared owl, Hawk owl, Horned owl, Screech owl, Snowy owl, under BarnBurrowing, etc. Note: In the Scriptures the owl is commonly associated with desolation; poets and story-tellers introduce it as a bird of ill omen. . . . The Greeks and Romans made it the emblem of wisdom, and sacred to Minerva, -- and indeed its large head and solemn eyes give it an air of wisdom. Am. Cyc. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of the domestic pigeon. Owl monkey (Zoöl.), any one of several species of South American nocturnal monkeys of the genus Nyctipithecus. They have very large eyes. Called also durukuli. -- Owl moth ( (Zoöl.), a very large moth (Erebus strix). The expanse of its wings is over ten inches. -- Owl parrot (Zoöl.), the kakapo. -- Sea owl (Zoöl.), the lumpfish. -- Owl train, a cant name for certain railway trains whose run is in the nighttime. OWL Owl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Owled; p. pr. & vb. n. Owling.] 1. To pry about; to prowl. [Prov. Eng.] 2. To carry wool or sheep out of England. [Obs.] Note: This was formerly illegal, and was done chiefly by night. 3. Hence, to carry on any contraband trade. [Eng.] OWLER Owl"er, n. Etym: [From Owl, v. i.] Defn: One who owls; esp., one who conveys contraband goods. See Owling, n. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] T. Brown. OWLERY Owl"er*y, n.; pl. Owleries (. Defn: An abode or a haunt of owls. OWLET Owl"et, n. Etym: [Dim. of owl. Cf. Howlet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small owl; especially, the European species (Athene noctua), and the California flammulated owlet (Megascops flammeolus). Owlet moth (Zoöl.), any noctuid moth. OWL-EYED Owl"-eyed`, a. Defn: Having eyes like an owl's. OWLING Owl"ing, n. Etym: [From Owl, v. i.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The offense of transporting wool or sheep out of England contrary to the statute formerly existing. Blackstone. OWLISH Owl"ish, a. Defn: Resembling, or characteristic of, an owl. OWLISM Owl"ism, n. Defn: Affected wisdom; pompous dellness. [R.] OWLLIGHT Owl"light`, n. Defn: Glimmering or imperfect [R.] Bp. Warburton. OWN Own, v. t. Etym: [OE. unnen to grant, permit, be pleased with, AS. unnan to grant; akin to OS. giunnan, G. gönnen, Icel. unna; of uncertain origin. This word has been confused with own to possess.] Defn: To grant; to acknowledge; to admit to be true; to confess; to recognize in a particular character; as, we own that we have forfeited your love. The wakeful bloodhound rose, and shook his hide owns. Keats. OWN Own, a. Etym: [OE. owen, awen, auen, aughen, AS. agen, p. p. of agan to possess; akin to OS. egan, G. & D. eigen, Icel. eiginn, Sw. & Dan. egen. sq. root110. See Owe.] Defn: Belonging to; belonging exclusively or especially to; peculiar; -- most frequently following a possessive pronoun, as my, our, thy, your, his, her, its, their, in order to emphasize or intensify the idea of property, peculiar interest, or exclusive ownership; as, my own father; my own composition; my own idea; at my own price. "No man was his own [i. e., no man was master of himself, or in possession of his senses]." Shak. To hold one's own, to keep or maintain one's possessions; to yield nothing; esp., to suffer no loss or disadvantage in a contest. Shak. OWN Own, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Owned; p. pr. & vb. n. Owning.] Etym: [OE. ohnien, ahnien, AS. agnian, fr. agen own, a. See Own, a.] Defn: To hold as property; to have a legal or rightful title to; to be the proprietor or possessor of; to possess; as, to own a house. OWNER Own"er, n. Defn: One who owns; a rightful proprietor; one who has the legal or rightful title, whether he is the possessor or not. Shak. OWNERLESS Own"er*less, a. Defn: Without an owner. OWNERSHIP Own"er*ship, n. Defn: The state of being an owner; the right to own; exclusive right of possession; legal or just claim or title; proprietorship. OWRE Owre, n. Etym: [AS. r; akin to G. auerochs, OHG. , ohso, Icel. .] (Zoöl.) Defn: The aurohs. [Obs.] OWSE; OWSER Owse, Ow"ser, n. Defn: Tanner's ooze. See Ooze, 3. OX Ox, n.; pl. Oxen. Etym: [AS. oxa; akin to D. os. G. ochs, ochse, OHG. ohso, Icel. oxi, Sw. & Dan. oxe, Goth. aúhsa, Skr. ukshan ox, bull; cf. Skr. uksh to sprinkle. Humid, Aurochs.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The male of bovine quadrupeds, especially the domestic animal when castrated and grown to its full size, or nearly so. The word is also applied, as a general name, to any species of bovine animals, male and female. All sheep and oxen, yea, and the beasts of the field. Ps. viii. 7. Note: The castrated male is called a steer until it attains its full growth, and then, an ox; but if castrated somewhat late in life, it is called a stag. The male, not castrated, is called a bull. These distinctions are well established in regard to domestic animals of this genus. When wild animals of this kind are spoken of, ox is often applied both to the male and the female. The name ox is never applied to the individual cow, or female, of the domestic kind. Oxen may comprehend both the male and the female. Grunting ox (Zoöl.), the yak. -- Indian ox (Zoöl.), the zebu. -- Javan ox (Zoöl.), the banteng. -- Musk ox. (Zoöl.) See under Musk. -- Ox bile. See Ox gall, below. -- Ox gall, the fresh gall of the domestic ox; -- used in the arts and in medicine. -- Ox pith, ox marrow. [Obs.] Marston. -- Ox ray (Zoöl.), a very large ray (Dicerobatis Giornæ) of Southern Europe. It has a hornlike organ projecting forward from each pectoral fin. It sometimes becomes twenty feet long and twenty-eight feet broad, and weighs over a ton. Called also sea devil. -- To have the black ox tread on one's foot, to be unfortunate; to know what sorrow is (because black oxen were sacrificed to Pluto). Leigh Hunt. OXACID Ox`ac"id, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Oxyacid. OXALAN Ox"a*lan, n. Etym: [From Alloxan, by transposition of letters.] (Chem.) Defn: A complex nitrogenous substance C3N3H5O3 obtained from alloxan (or when urea is fused with ethyl oxamate), as a stable white crystalline powder; -- called also oxaluramide. OXALANTIN Ox`a*lan"tin, n. Etym: [From Alloxantin, by transposition of letters.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline nitrogenous substance (C6H4N4O5) obtained by the reduction of parabanic acid; -- called also leucoturic acid. OXALATE Ox"a*late, n. Etym: [Cf. F. oxalate. See Oxalic.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of oxalic acid. OXALDEHYDE Ox*al"de*hyde, n. Etym: [Oxalic + aldehyde.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Glyoxal. OXALETHYLINE Ox`al*eth"yl*ine, n. Etym: [Oxalic + ethyl + -ine.] Defn: A poisonous nitrogenous base (C6H10N2) obtained indirectly from oxamide as a thick transparent oil which has a strong narcotic odor, and a physiological action resembling that of atropine. It is probably related to pyridine. OXALIC Ox*al"ic, a. Etym: [From Oxalis: cf. F. oxalique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or contained in, sorrel, or oxalis; specifically, designating an acid found in, and characteristic of, oxalis, and also certain plant of the Buckwheat family. Oxalic acid (Chem.), a dibasic acid, existing combined in oxalis as an acid potassium oxalate, and in many plant tissues as the calcium oxalate. It is prepared on a large scale, by the action of fused caustic soda or potash on sawdust, as a white crystalline substance, which has a strong acid taste, and is poisonous in large doses. It is used in dyeing, calico printing, bleaching flax and straw, the preparation of formic acid, and in salts of lemon for removing ink stains, mold, etc. OXALINE Ox"a*line, n. Etym: [Glyoxal + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: See Glyoxaline. OXALIS Ox"a*lis, n. Etym: [L., a kind of sorrel, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants,mostly herbs, with acid-tasting trifoliolate or multifoliolate leaves; -- called also wood sorrel. OXALITE Ox"a*lite, n. (Min.) Defn: A yellow mineral consisting of oxalate of iron. OXALURAMIDE Ox`a*lur*am"ide, n. Etym: [Oxaluric + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Oxalan. OXALURATE Ox`a*lur"ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of oxaluric acid. OXALURIC Ox`a*lur"ic, a. Etym: [Oxalyl + urea.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid related to the ureids, and obtained from parabanic acid as a white silky crystalline substance. OXALYL Ox"a*lyl, n. Etym: [Oxalic + -yl.] (Chem.) (a) A hydrocarbon radical (C2O2) regarded as a residue of oxalic acid and occurring in derivatives of it. (b) An old name for carbonyl. (c) An old name for carboxyl. OXAMATE Ox*am"ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of oxamic acid. OXAMETHANE Ox`a*meth"ane, n. Etym: [Oxamic + ethyl.] (Chem.) Defn: Ethyl oxamate, obtained as a white scaly crystalline powder. OXAMETHYLANE Ox`a*meth"yl*ane, n. Etym: [Oxamic + methyl.] (Chem.) Defn: Methyl oxamate, obtained as a pearly white crystalline substance. OXAMIC Ox*am"ic, a. Etym: [Oxalic + amido] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid NH2.C2O2.HO obtained as a fine crystalline powder, intermediate between oxalic acid and oxamide. Its ammonium salt is obtained by boiling oxamide with ammonia. OXAMIDE Ox*am"ide, n, Etym: [Oxalic + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline neutral substance (C2O2(NH2)2) obtained by treating ethyl oxalate with ammonia. It is the acid amide of oxalic acid. Formerly called also oxalamide. OXAMIDINE Ox*am"i*dine, n. Etym: [Oxygen + amido + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of bases containing the amido and the isonitroso groups united to the same carbon atom. OXANILAMIDE; OXANILLAMIDE Ox`a*nil*am"ide, Ox`a*nill*am"ide, n. Etym: [Oxanilic + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline nitrogenous substance, obtained indirectly by the action of cyanogen on aniline, and regarded as an anilide of oxamic acid; -- called also phenyl oxamide. OXANILATE Ox*an"i*late, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of oxanilic acid. OXANILIC Ox`an*il"ic, a. Etym: [Oxalic + aniline.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, oxalic acid and aniline; -- used to designate an acid obtained in white crystalline scales by heating these substances together. OXANILIDE Ox*an"i*lide, n. Etym: [Oxalic + aniline + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: a white crystalline substance, resembling oxanilamide, obtained by heating aniline oxalate, and regarded as a double anilide of oxalic acid; -- called also diphenyl oxamide. OXBANE Ox"bane`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A poisonous bulbous plant (Buphane toxicaria) of the Cape of Good Hope. OXBIRD Ox"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The dunlin. (b) The sanderling. (c) An African weaver bird (Textor alector). OXBITER Ox"bit`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The cow blackbird. [Local, U. S.] OXBOW Ox"bow`, n. Defn: A frame of wood, bent into the shape of the letter U, and embracing an ox's neck as a kind of collar, the upper ends passing through the bar of the yoke; also, anything so shaped, as a bend in a river. OXEYE Ox"eye`, n. Etym: [Ox + eye.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The oxeye daisy. See under Daisy. (b) The corn camomile (Anthemis arvensis). (c) A genus of composite plants (Buphthalmum) with large yellow flowers. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A titmouse, especially the great titmouse (Parus major) and the blue titmouse (P. coeruleus). [Prov. Eng.] (b) The dunlin. (c) A fish; the bogue, or box. Creeping oxeye (Bot.) a West Indian composite plant (Wedelia carnosa). -- Seaside oxeye (Bot.), a West Indian composite shrub (Borrichia arborescens). OXEYED Ox"*eyed`, a. Defn: Having large, full eyes, like those of an ox. Burton. OXFLY Ox"fly`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The gadfly of cattle. OXFORD Ox"ford, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the city or university of Oxford, England. Oxford movement. See Tractarianism. -- Oxford School, a name given to those members of the Church of England who adopted the theology of the so-called Oxford "Tracts for the Times," issued the period 1833 -- 1841. Shipley. -- Oxford tie, a kind of shoe, laced on the instep, and usually covering the foot nearly to the ankle. OXGANG Ox"gang`, n. Etym: [Ox + gang, n., 1.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: See Bovate. OXGOAD Ox"goad`, n. Defn: A goad for driving oxen. OXHEAD Ox"head`, n. Etym: [Cf. Hogshead.] Defn: Literally, the head of an ox (emblem of cuckoldom); hence, a dolt; a blockhead. Dost make a mummer of me, oxhead Marston. OXHEAL Ox"heal`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Bear's-foot. OXHEART Ox"heart`, n. Defn: A large heart-shaped cherry, either black, red, or white. OXHIDE Ox"hide`, n. 1. The skin of an ox, or leather made from it. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A measure of land. See 3d Hide. OXID Ox"id, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Oxide. OXIDABILITY Ox`i*da*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. oxydabilité.] Defn: Capability of being converted into an oxide. OXIDABLE Ox"i*da*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. oxydable.] Defn: Capable of being converted into an oxide. OXIDATE Ox"i*date, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oxidated; p. pr. & vb. n. Oxidating.] Etym: [Cf. f. oxyder. See Oxide.] (Chem.) Defn: To oxidize. [Obs.] OXIDATION Ox`i*da"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. oxidation.] (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of oxidizing, or the state or result of being oxidized. OXIDATOR Ox"i*da`tor, n. 1. An oxidizer. [Obs.] 2. A contrivance for causing a current of air to impinge on the flame of the Argand lamp; -- called also oxygenator. OXIDE Ox"ide, n. Etym: [F. oxygène oxigen + acide acid: cf. F. oxyde. The French word was correctly spelt oxide, till about the year 1840, when, in ignorance or forgetfulness of the true history and composition of the word, the orthography was change to make it represent the u of Gr. 'oxy`s, from which it was supposed to be directly derived.] (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of oxygen with an atom or radical, or a compound which is regarded as binary; as, iron oxide, ethyl oxide, nitrogen oxide, etc. Note: In the chemical nomenclature adopted by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier,and their associates, the term oxides was made to include all compounds of oxygen which had no acid (F. acide) properties, as contrasted with the acid, all of which were at that time supposed to contain oxygen. The orthography oxyde, oxyd, etc., was afterwards introduced in ignorance or disregard of the true etymology, but these forms are now obsolete in English. The spelling oxid is not common. OXIDIZABLE Ox"i*di`za*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being oxidized. OXIDIZE Ox"i*dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oxidized; p. pr. & vb. n. Oxidizing.] (Chem.) Defn: To combine with oxygen, or subject to the action of oxygen, or of an oxidizing agent. Specifically: (a) To combine with oxygen or with more oxygen; to add oxygen to; as, to oxidize nitrous acid so as to form nitric acid. (b) To remove hydrogen from (anything), as by the action of oxygen; as, to oxidize alcohol so as to form aldehyde. (c) To subject to the action of oxygen or of an oxidizing agent, so as to bring to a higher grade, as an -ous compound to an -ic compound; as, to oxidize mercurous chloride to mercuric chloride. Note: In certain cases to oxidize is identical with to acidify; for, in nearly all cases, the more oxygen a substance contains the more nearly does it approximate to acid qualities; thus, by oxidation many elements, as sulphur, nitrogen, carbon, chromium, manganese, etc., pass into compounds which are acid anhydrides, and thus practically in the acid state. OXIDIZEMENT Ox"i*dize`ment, n. Defn: Oxidation. [R.] OXIDIZER Ox"i*di`zer, n. (Chem.) Defn: An agent employed in oxidation, or which facilitates or brings about combination with oxygen; as, nitric acid, chlorine, bromine, etc., are strong oxidizers. OXIDULATED Ox*id"u*la`ted, a. (Chem.) Defn: Existing in the state of a protoxide; -- said of an oxide. [R.] OXIME Ox"ime, n. (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of isonitroso derivatives obtained by the action of hydroxylamine on aldehydes or ketones. OXINDOL Ox*in"dol, n. Etym: [Oxygen + indol.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline nitrogenous substance (C8H7NO) of the indol group, obtained by the reduction of dioxindol. It is a so-called lactam compound. OXIODIC Ox`i*od"ic, a. Etym: [Oxy- (a) + iodic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, certain compounds of iodine and oxygen. OXLIKE Ox"like, a. Defn: Characteristic of, or like, an ox. OXLIP Ox"lip`, n. Etym: [AS. oxanslyppe. See Ox, and Cowslip.] (Bot.) Defn: The great cowslip (Primula veris, var. elatior). OXONATE Ox"o*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of oxonic acid. OXONIAN Ox*o"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or relating to the city or the university of Oxford, England. Macaulay. OXONIAN Ox*o"ni*an, n. Defn: A student or graduate of Oxford University, in England. OXONIC Ox*on"ic, a. Etym: [Prob. glyoxalic + carbonic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid (C4H5N3O4) not known in the free state, but obtained, in combination with its salts, by a slow oxidation of uric acid, to which it is related. OXPECKER Ox"peck`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An African bird of the genus Buphaga; the beefeater. OXSHOE Ox"shoe`, n. Defn: A shoe for oxen, consisting of a flat piece of iron nailed to the hoof. OXTER Ox"ter, n. Etym: [AS. ohsta.] Defn: The armpit; also, the arm. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] OXTONGUE Ox"tongue`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several plants, from the shape and roughness of their leaves; as, Anchusa officinalis, a kind of bugloss, and Helminthia echioides, both European herbs. OXY- Ox"y-. (Chem.) Defn: A prefix, also used adjectively, designating: (a) A compound containing oxygen. (b) A compound containing the hydroxyl group, more properly designated by hydroxy-. See Hydroxy-. Oxy acid. See Oxyacid (below). OXYACETIC Ox`y*a*ce"tic, a. Etym: [Oxy- (b) + acetic.] Defn: Hydroxyacetic; designating an acid called also glycolic acid. OXYACID Ox`y*ac"id, n. Etym: [Oxy- (a) + acid.] (Chem.) Defn: An acid containing oxygen, as chloric acid or sulphuric acid; - - contrasted with the hydracids, which contain no oxygen, as hydrochloric acid. See Acid, and Hydroxy-. OXYAMMONIA Ox`y*am*mo"ni*a, n. Etym: [Oxy- (b) + ammonia.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Hydroxylamine. OXYBENZENE Ox`y*ben"zene, n. Etym: [Oxy- (b) + benzene.] (Chem.) Defn: Hydroxy benzene. Same as Phenol. OXYBENZOIC Ox`y*ben*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Oxy- (b) + benzoic.] (Chem.) Defn: Hydroxybenzoic; pertaining to, or designating, any one of several hydroxyl derivatives of benzonic acid, of which the commonest is salicylic acid. OXYBROMIC Ox`y*bro"mic, a. Etym: [Oxy- (a) + bromic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, certain compounds of oxygen and bromine. OXYBUTYRIC Ox`y*bu*tyr"ic, a. Etym: [Oxy- (b) + butyric.] (Chem.) Defn: Hydroxybutyric; designating any one of a group of metameric acids (C3H6.OH.CO2H). OXYCALCIUM Ox`y*cal"ci*um, a. Etym: [Oxy- (a) + calcium.] Defn: Of or pertaining to oxygen and calcium; as, the oxycalcium light. See Drummond light. OXYCAPROIC Ox`y*ca*pro"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: See Leucic. OXYCHLORIC Ox`y*chlo"ric, a. Etym: [Oxy- (a) + chloric.] (Chem.) (a) Of, pertaining to, or designating in general, certain compounds containing oxygen and chlorine. (b) Formerly designating an acid now called perchloric acid. See Perchloric. OXYCHLORIDE Ox`y*chlo"ride, n. Etym: [Oxy- (a) + chloride.] (Chem.) Defn: A ternary compound of oxygen and chlorine; as, plumbic oxychloride. OXYCRATE Ox"y*crate, n. Etym: [Gr. oxycrat.] (med.) Defn: A Mixture of water and vinegar. Wiseman. OXYCYMENE Ox`y*cy"mene, n. Etym: [Oxy- (b) + cymene.] (Chem.) Defn: Hydroxy cymene. Same as Carvacrol. OXYGEN Ox"y*gen n. Etym: [F. oxygène, from Gr. acid.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless, tasteless, odorless, gaseous element occurring in the free state in the atmosphere, of which it forms about 23 per cent by weight and about 21 per cent by volume, being slightly heavier than nitrogen. Symbol O. Atomic weight 15.96. Note: It occurs combined in immense quantities, forming eight ninths by weight of water, and probably one half by weight of the entire solid crust of the globe, being an ingredient of silica, the silicates, sulphates, carbonates, nitrates, etc. Oxygen combines with all elements (except fluorine), forming oxides, bases, oxyacid anhydrides, etc., the process in general being called oxidation, of which combustion is only an intense modification. At ordinary temperatures with most substances it is moderately active, but at higher temperatures it is one of the most violent and powerful chemical agents known. It is indispensable in respiration, and in general is the most universally active and efficient element. It may be prepared in the pure state by heating potassium chlorate. This element (called dephlogisticated air by Priestley) was named oxygen by Lavoisier because he supposed it to be a constituent of all acids. This is not so in the case of a very few acids (as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydric sulphide, etc.), but these do contain elements analogous to oxygen in property and action. Moreover, the fact that most elements approach the nearer to acid qualities in proportion as they are combined with more oxygen, shows the great accuracy and breadth of Lavoisier's conception of its nature. 2. Chlorine used in bleaching. [Manufacturing name] OXYGENATE Ox"y*gen*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oxygenated; p. pr. & vb. n. Oxygenating.] Etym: [Cf. F. oxygéner.] (Chem.) Defn: To unite, or cause to combine, with oxygen; to treat with oxygen; to oxidize; as, oxygenated water (hydrogen dioxide). OXYGENATION Ox`y*gen*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. oxygénation.] (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of combining or of treating with oxygen; oxidation. OXYGENATOR Ox"y*gen*a`tor, n. Defn: An oxidizer. OXYGENIC Ox`y*gen"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, containing, or resembling, oxygen; producing oxygen. OXYGENIUM Ox`y*ge"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: The technical name of oxygen. [R.] OXYGENIZABLE Ox"y*gen*i"za*ble, a. (Chem.) Defn: Oxidizable. OXYGENIZE Ox"y*gen*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Oxygenized; p pr. & vb. n. Oxygenizing.] (Chem.) Defn: To oxidize. OXYGENIZEMENT Ox"y*gen*ize`ment, n. Defn: Oxidation. OXYGENOUS Ox*yg"e*nous, a. Defn: Oxygenic. OXYGON Ox"y*gon, n. Etym: [Gr. oxygone.] (Geom.) Defn: A triangle having three acute angles. OXYGONAL; OXYGONIAL Ox*yg"o*nal, Ox`y*go"ni*al, a. Defn: Having acute angles. Barlow. OXYHAEMACYANIN; OXYHAEMOCYANIN Ox`Y*hæm`a*cy"a*nin, Ox`y*hæm`o*cy"a*nin, n. Etym: [Oxy- (a) + hæmacyanin, hæmocyanin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: See Hæmacyanin. OXYHAEMOGLOBIN; OXYHEMOGLOBIN Ox`y*hæm`o*glo"bin, Ox`y*hem`o*glo"bin, n. Etym: [Oxy- (a) + hæmoglobin, hemoglobin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: See Hemoglobin. OXYHYDROGEN Ox`y*hy"dro*gen, a. Etym: [Oxy- (a) + hydrogen.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen; as, oxyhydrogen gas. Oxyhydrogen blowpipe. (Chem.) See Blowpipe. -- Oxyhydrogen microscope, a form of microscope arranged so as to use the light produced by burning lime or limestone under a current of oxyhydrogen gas. OXYHYDROGEN LIGHT Oxyhydrogen light. Defn: A light produced by the incandescence of some substances, esp. lime, in the oxyhydrogen flame. Coal gas (producing the oxygas light), or the vapor of ether (oxyether light) or methylated spirit (oxyspirit light), may be substituted for hydrogen. OXYMEL Ox"y*mel, n. Etym: [L. oxymeli, Gr. (Med.) Defn: A mixture of honey, water, vinegar, and spice, boiled to a sirup. Sir T. Elyot. OXYMETHYLENE Ox`y*meth"yl*ene, n. Etym: [Oxy- (a) + methylene.] (Chem.) Defn: Formic aldehyde, regarded as a methylene derivative. OXYMORON Ox`y*mo"ron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure in which an epithet of a contrary signification is added to a word; e. g., cruel kindness; laborious idleness. OXYMURIATE Ox`y*mu"ri*ate, n. (Old Chem.) Defn: A salt of the supposed oxymuriatic acid; a chloride. Oxymuriate of lime, chloride of lime. OXYMURIATIC Ox`y*mu`ri*at"ic, a. Etym: [Oxy- (a) + muriatic: cf. F. oxymuriatique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, oxygen and muriatic acid, that is, hydrochloric acid. [Archaic.] Oxymuriatic acid, chlorine, formerly so called on the supposition that it was a compound of oxygen and muriatic acid. [Obs.] OXYNEURINE Ox`y*neu"rine, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Betaine. OXYNTIC Ox*yn"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Acid; producing acid; -applied especially to certain glands and cells in the stomach. OXYOPIA; OXYOPY Ox`y*o"pi*a, Ox"y*o`py, n. Etym: [NL. oxyopia, from Gr. (Med.) Defn: Excessive acuteness of sight. OXYPHENIC Ox`y*phe"nic, a. Etym: [Oxy- (b) + phenol.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, the phenol formerly called oxyphenic acid, and now oxyphenol and pyrocatechin. See Pyrocatechin. OXYPHENOL Ox`y*phe"nol, n. (Chem.) Defn: A phenol, oxyphenic acid, and now pyrocatechin. OXYPHONY Ox*yph"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Acuteness or shrillness of voice. OXYQUINOLINE Ox`y*quin"o*line, n. Etym: [Oxy- (b) + quinoline.] (Chem.) Defn: Hydroxy quinoline; a phenol derivative of quinoline, -- called also carbostyril. OXYRHYNCHA Ox`y*rhyn"cha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The maioid crabs. OXYRRHODINE Ox*yr"rho*dine, n. Etym: [Gr. 'oxy`s acid + (Med.) Defn: A mixture of two parts of the oil of roses with one of the vinegar of roses. Floyer. OXYSALT Ox"y*salt, n. Etym: [Oxy- (a) + salt.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of an oxyacid, as a sulphate. OXYSULPHIDE Ox`y*sul"phide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A ternary compound of oxygen and sulphur. OXYSULPHURET Ox`y*sul"phu*ret, n. (Chem.) Defn: An oxysulphide. [Obsolescent] OXYTOCIC Ox`y*toc"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Promoting uterine contractions, or parturition. -- n. Defn: An oxytocic medicine or agent. OXYTOLUENE Ox`y*tol"u*ene, n. Etym: [Oxy- (a) + toluene.] Defn: One of three hydroxy derivatives of toluene, called the cresols. See Cresol. OXYTONE Ox"y*tone, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having an acute sound; (Gr. Gram.), having an acute accent on the last syllable. OXYTONE Ox"y*tone, n. 1. An acute sound. 2. (Gr. Gram.) Defn: A word having the acute accent on the last syllable. OXYTONICAL Ox`y*ton"ic*al, a. (Gr. Gram.) Defn: Oxytone. OYER O"yer, n. Etym: [Anglo F., a hearing, from OF. oïr, F. ouïr, to hear, L. audire. See Audible.] (Law) Defn: A hearing or an inspection, as of a deed, bond, etc., as when a defendant in court prays oyer of a writing. Blackstone. Oyer and terminer (Law), a term used in England in commissions directed to judges of assize about to hold court, directing them to hear and determine cases brought before them. In the U.S. the phrase is used to designate certain criminal courts. OYEZ O"yez` (oyês; 277), interj. Etym: [Anglo-F. oyez hear ye. See Oyer.] Defn: Hear; attend; -- a term used by criers of courts to secure silence before making a proclamation. It is repeated three times. [Written also oyes.] OYLET Oy"let, n. Etym: [See Eyelet.] 1. See Eyelet. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Oillet. OYNOUN Oy"noun, n. Defn: Onion. [Obs.] Chaucer. OYSTER Oys"ter, n. Etym: [OF. oistre, F. huître, L. ostrea, ostreum,Gr. Osseous, Ostracize.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any marine bivalve mollusk of the genus Ostrea. They are usually found adhering to rocks or other fixed objects in shallow water along the seacoasts, or in brackish water in the mouth of rivers. The common European oyster (Ostrea edulis), and the American oyster (Ostrea Virginiana), are the most important species. 2. A name popularly given to the delicate morsel contained in a small cavity of the bone on each side of the lower part of the back of a fowl. Fresh-water oyster (Zoöl.), any species of the genus Etheria, and allied genera, found in rivers of Africa and South America. They are irregular in form, and attach themselves to rocks like oysters, but they have a pearly interior, and are allied to the fresh-water mussels. -- Oyster bed, a breeding place for oysters; a place in a tidal river or other water on or near the seashore, where oysters are deposited to grow and fatten for market. See lst Scalp, n. -- Oyster catcher (Zoöl.), any one of several species of wading birds of the genus Hæmatopus, which frequent seashores and feed upon shellfish. The European species (H. ostralegus), the common American species (H. palliatus), and the California, or black, oyster catcher (H. Bachmani) are the best known. -- Oyster crab (Zoöl.) a small crab (Pinnotheres ostreum) which lives as a commensal in the gill cavity of the oyster. -- Oyster dredge, a rake or small dragnet of bringing up oyster from the bottom of the sea. -- Oyster fish. (Zoöl.) (a) The tautog. (b) The toadfish. -- Oyster plant. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Tragopogon (T. porrifolius), the root of which, when cooked, somewhat resembles the oyster in taste; salsify; -- called also vegetable oyster. (b) A plant found on the seacoast of Northern Europe, America and Asia (Mertensia maritima), the fresh leaves of which have a strong flavor of oysters. -- Oyster plover. (Zoöl.) Same as Oyster catcher, above. -- Oyster shell (Zoöl.), the shell of an oyster. -- Oyster wench, Oyster wife, Oyster women, a women who deals in oysters. -- Pearl oyster. (Zoöl.) See under Pearl. -- Thorny oyster (Zoöl.), any spiny marine shell of the genus Spondylus. OYSTER-GREEN Oys"ter-green`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A green membranous seaweed (Ulva) often found growing on oysters but common on stones, piles, etc. OYSTERING Oys"ter*ing, n. Defn: Gathering, or dredging for, oysters. OYSTERLING Oys"ter*ling, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young oyster. OZENA O*ze"na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. ozaena, Gr. (Med.) Defn: A discharge of fetid matter from the nostril, particularly if associated with ulceration of the soft parts and disease of the bones of the nose. OZOCERITE O`zo*ce"rite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A waxlike mineral resin; -- sometimes called native paraffin, and mineral wax. OZONATION O`zo*na"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: The act of treating with ozone; also, the act of converting into, or producing, ozone; ozonization. OZONE O"zone, n. Etym: [Gr. Odor.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless gaseous substance (O OZONE PAPER O"zone pa"per. (Chem.) Defn: Paper coated with starch and potassium iodine. It turns blue when exposed to ozone.>-- also called starch-iodide paper --> P. OZONIC O*zon"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, resembling, or containing, ozone. OZONIFICATION O*zo`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Ozone + L. -ficare to make. See fy. ] (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of producing, or of subjecting to the action of, ozone. OZONIZATION O`zo*ni*za"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: Ozonation. OZONIZE O"zo*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ozonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Ozonizing.] (Chem.) (a) To convert into ozone, as oxygen. (b) To treat with ozone. OZONIZER O"zo*ni`zer, n. (Chem.) Defn: An apparatus or agent for the production or application of ozone. OZONOMETER O`zo*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Ozone + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the amount of ozone in the atmosphere, or in any gaseous mixture. Faraday. OZONOMETRIC O`zo*no*met"ric, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or used for, the determination of the amount of ozone; of or relating to ozonometry. OZONOMETRY O`zo*nom"e*try, n. (Chem.) Defn: The measurement or determination of the quantity of ozone. OZONOSCOPE O*zo"no*scope, n. Etym: [Ozone + -scope.] (Chem.) Defn: An apparatus employed to indicate the presence, or the amount, of ozone. OZONOSCOPIC O*zo`no*scop"ic, a. Etym: [Ozone + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Serving to indicate the presence or the amount of ozone. OZONOUS O"zo*nous, a. Defn: Pertaining to or containing, ozone. P P (pe), Defn: the sixteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a nonvocal consonant whose form and value come from the Latin, into which language the letter was brought, through the ancient Greek, from the Phonician, its probable origin being Egyptian. Etymologically P is most closely related to b, f, and v; as hobble, hopple; father, paternal; recipient, receive. See B, F, and M. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 247, 248, and 184-195. PA Pa (pä), n. Defn: A shortened form of Papa. PAAGE Pa"age (pa"ayj; 48), n. [OF. paage, paiage, F. péage, fr. (assumed) LL. pedaticum, fr. L. pes, pedis, foot. See Pedage, Pedal.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A toll for passage over another person's grounds. [Written also peage and pedage.] Burke. PAARD Paard (pärd), n. [D., a horse.] Defn: The zebra. [S. Africa] PAAS Paas (pals), n. [D. paash. See Pasch.] Defn: The Easter festival. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. Paas egg. See Easter egg, under Easter. PAAS Paas (päs), n. Defn: Pace [Obs.] Chaucer PABULAR Pab"u*lar, a. [L. pabularis.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or fit for, pabulum or food; affording food. PABULATION Pab`u*la"tion, n. [L. pabulatio, fr. pabulari to feed, fr. pabulum food. See Pabulum.] 1. The act of feeding, or providing food. [Obs.] Cockeram. 2. Food; fodder; pabulum. [Obs.] PABULOUS Pab"u*lous, a. [L. pabulosus.] Defn: Affording pabulum, or food; alimental. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PABULUM Pab"u*lum, n. [L., akin to pascere to pasture. See Pastor.] Defn: The means of nutriment to animals or plants; food; nourishment; hence, that which feeds or sustains, as fuel for a fire; that upon which the mind or soul is nourished; as, intellectual pabulum. PAC Pac, n. Defn: A kind of moccasin, having the edges of the sole turned up and sewed to the upper. Knight. PACA Pa"ca, n. [Pg., from the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small South American rodent (Cologenys paca), having blackish brown fur, with four parallel rows of white spots along its sides; the spotted cavy. It is nearly allied to the agouti and the Guinea pig. PACABLE Pa"ca*ble, a. [L. pacare to pacify.] Defn: Placable. [R.] Coleridge. PACANE Pa*cane", n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of hickory. See Pecan. PACATE Pa"cate, a. [L. pacatus, p. p. of pacare to pacify, fr. pax, pacis, peace. See Pay to requite, Peace.] Defn: Appeased; pacified; tranquil. [R.] PACATED Pa"ca*ted, a. Defn: Pacified; pacate. PACATION Pa*ca"tion, n. [L. pacatio.] Defn: The act of pacifying; a peacemaking. Coleridge. PACER Pa"cer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, paces; especially, a horse that paces. PACHACAMAC Pa`cha*ca*mac", n. Defn: A divinity worshiped by the ancient Peruvians as the creator of the universe. PACHAK Pa*chak", n. (Bot.) Defn: The fragrant roots of the Saussurea Costus, exported from India to China, and used for burning as incense. It is supposed to be the costus of the ancients. [Written also putchuck.] PACHALIC Pa*cha"lic, a. & n. Defn: See Pashalic. PACHISI; PARCHESI; PARCHISI; PARCHEESI Pa*chi"si, n. Commonly spelt Par*che"si, Par*chi"si, Par*chee"si. Defn: A game adopted from the Indian game, using disks, as of pasteboard, and dice. [U. S. & Eng.] PACHISI; PARCHESI Pa*chi"si, Par*che"si, n. [Hind., fr. pachis twenty-five, the highest throw in the game.] Defn: A game, somewhat resembling backgammon, originating in India. PACHOMETER Pa*chom"e*ter, n. [Gr. pa`chos thickness + -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring thickness, as of the glass of a mirror, or of paper; a pachymeter. PACHONTA Pa*chon"ta, n. (Bot.) Defn: A substance resembling gutta-percha, and used to adulterate it, obtained from the East Indian tree Isonandra acuminata. PACHUCA TANK Pa*chu"ca tank. (Metallurgy) Defn: A high and narrow tank, with a central cylinder for the introduction of compressed air, used in the agitation and settling of pulp (pulverized ore and water) during treatment by the cyanide process; -- so named because, though originally devised in New Zealand, it was first practically introduced in Pachuca, Mexico. PACHY- Pach"y-. [Gr. thick.] Defn: A combining form meaning thick; as, pachyderm, pachydactyl. PACHYCARPOUS Pach`y*car"pous, a. [Pachy- + Gr. fruit.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the pericarp thick. PACHYDACTYL Pach`y*dac"tyl, n. [Pachy- + dactyl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird or other animal having thick toes. PACHYDACTYLOUS Pach`y*dac"tyl*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having thick toes. PACHYDERM Pach"y*derm, n. [Cf. F. pachyderme.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Pachydermata. PACHYDERMAL Pach`y*der"mal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or relating to the pachyderms; as, pachydermal dentition. PACHYDERMATA Pach`y*der"ma*ta, n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. thick-skinned; pachy`s thick + skin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of hoofed mammals distinguished for the thickness of their skins, including the elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, tapir, horse, and hog. It is now considered an artificial group. PACHYDERMATOUS Pach`y*der"ma*tous, a. 1. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the pachyderms. 2. Thick-skinned; not sensitive to ridicule. PACHYDERMOID Pach`y*der"moid, a. [Pachyderm + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Related to the pachyderms. PACHYGLOSSAL Pach`y*glos"sal, a. [Pachy- + Gr. tongue.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a thick tongue; --applied to a group of lizards (Pachyglossæ), including the iguanas and agamas. PACHYMENINGITIS Pach`y*men`in*gi"tis, n. [Pachy-+ meningitis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the dura mater or outer membrane of the brain. PACHYMETER Pa*chym"e*ter, n. [Pachy- + -meter.] Defn: Same as Pachometer. PACHYOTE Pach"y*ote, n. [Pachy- + Gr. , , ear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a family of bats, including those which have thick external ears. PACIFIABLE Pac"i*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being pacified or appeased; placable. PACIFIC Pa*cif"ic, a. [L. pacificus: cf. F. pacifique. See Pacify.] Defn: Of or pertaining to peace; suited to make or restore peace; of a peaceful character; not warlike; not quarrelsome; conciliatory; as, pacific words or acts; a pacific nature or condition. Pacific Ocean, the ocean between America and Asia, so called by Magellan, its first European navigator, on account of the exemption from violent tempests which he enjoyed while sailing over it; -- called also, simply, the Pacific, and, formerly, the South sea. Syn. -- Peacemaking; appeasing; conciliatory; tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful; reconciling; mild; gentle. PACIFICABLE Pa*cif"ic*a*ble, a. Defn: Placable. [R.] Bp. Hall. PACIFICAL Pa*cif"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to peace; pacific. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. -- Pa*cif"ic*al*ly, adv. [R.] PACIFICATION Pa*cif`i*ca"tion, n. [L. pacificatio: cf. F. pacification. See Pacify.] Defn: The act or process of pacifying, or of making peace between parties at variance; reconciliation. "An embassy of pacification." Bacon. PACIFICATOR Pa*cif"i*ca`tor, n. [L.] Defn: One who, or that which, pacifies; a peacemaker. Bacon. PACIFICATORY Pa*cif"i*ca*to*ry, a. [L. pacificatorius.] Defn: Tending to make peace; conciliatory. Barrow. PACIFICO Pa*ci"fi*co, n. [Sp. See Pacific.] Defn: A peaceful person; -- applied specif. by the Spaniards to the natives in Cuba and the Philippine Islands who did not oppose the Spanish arms. While we were going through the woods one of the pacificos pointed to a new grave. Harper's Weekly. PACIFIER Pac"i*fi`er, n. Defn: One who pacifies. PACIFY Pac"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pacified; p. pr. & vb. n. Pacifying.] [F. pacifier, L. pacificare; pax, pacis, peace + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Peace, and -fy.] Defn: To make to be at peace; to appease; to calm; to still; to quiet; to allay the agitation, excitement, or resentment of; to tranquillize; as, to pacify a man when angry; to pacify pride, appetite, or importunity. "Pray ye, pacify yourself." Shak. To pacify and settle those countries. Bacon. PACINIAN Pa*cin"i*an, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or discovered by, Filippo Pacini, an Italian physician of the 19th century. Pacinian corpuscles, small oval bodies terminating some of the minute branches of the sensory nerves in the integument and other parts of the body. They are supposed to be tactile organs. PACK Pack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Packed; p. pr. & vb. n. Packing.] Etym: [Akin to D. pakken, G. packen, Dan. pakke, Sw. packa, Icel. pakka. See Pack, n.] 1. To make a pack of; to arrange closely and securely in a pack; hence, to place and arrange compactly as in a pack; to press into close order or narrow compass; as to pack goods in a box; to pack fish. Strange materials packed up with wonderful art. Addison. Where . . . the bones Of all my buried ancestors are packed. Shak. 2. To fill in the manner of a pack, that is, compactly and securely, as for transportation; hence, to fill closely or to repletion; to stow away within; to cause to be full; to crowd into; as, to pack a trunk; the play, or the audience, packs the theater. 3. To sort and arrange (the cards) in a pack so as to secure the game unfairly. And mighty dukes pack cards for half a crown. Pope. 4. Hence: To bring together or make up unfairly and fraudulently, in order to secure a certain result; as, to pack a jury or a causes. The expected council was dwindling into . . . a packed assembly of Italian bishops. Atterbury. 5. To contrive unfairly or fraudulently; to plot. [Obs.] He lost life . . . upon a nice point subtilely devised and packed by his enemies. Fuller. 6. To load with a pack; hence, to load; to encumber; as, to pack a horse. Our thighs packed with wax, our mouths with honey. Shack. 7. To cause to go; to send away with baggage or belongings; esp., to send away peremptorily or suddenly; -- sometimes with off; as, to pack a boy off to school. He . . . must not die Till George be packed with post horse up to heaven. Shak. 8. To transport in a pack, or in the manner of a pack (i. e., on the backs of men or beasts). [Western U.S.] 9. (Hydropathy) Defn: To envelop in a wet or dry sheet, within numerous coverings. See Pack, n., 5. 10. (Mech.) Defn: To render impervious, as by filling or surrounding with suitable material, or to fit or adjust so as to move without giving passage to air, water, or steam; as, to pack a joint; to pack the piston of a steam engine. PACK Pack, v. i. 1. To make up packs, bales, or bundles; to stow articles securely for transportation. 2. To admit of stowage, or of making up for transportation or storage; to become compressed or to settle together, so as to form a compact mass; as, the goods pack conveniently; wet snow packs well. 3. To gather in flocks or schools; as, the grouse or the perch begin to pack. [Eng.] 4. To depart in haste; -- generally with off or away. Poor Stella must pack off to town Swift. You shall pack, And never more darken my doors again. Tennyson. 5. To unite in bad measures; to confederate for ill purposes; to join in collusion. [Obs.] "Go pack with him." Shak. To send packing, to drive away; to send off roughly or in disgrace; to dismiss unceremoniously. "The parliament . . . presently sent him packing. South. PACKAGE Pack"age, n. 1. Act or process of packing. 2. A bundle made up for transportation; a packet; a bale; a parcel; as, a package of goods. 3. A charge made for packing goods. 4. A duty formerly charged in the port of London on goods imported or exported by aliens, or by denizens who were the sons of aliens. PACKER Pack"er, n. Defn: A person whose business is to pack things; especially, one who packs food for preservation; as, a pork packer. PACKET Pack"et, n. Etym: [F. paquet, dim. fr. LL. paccus, from the same source as E. pack. See Pack.] 1. A small pack or package; a little bundle or parcel; as, a packet of letters. Shak. 2. Originally, a vessel employed by government to convey dispatches or mails; hence, a vessel employed in conveying dispatches, mails, passengers, and goods, and having fixed days of sailing; a mail boat. Packet boat, ship, or vessel. See Packet, n., 2. -- Packet day, the day for mailing letters to go by packet; or the sailing day. -- Packet note or post. See under Paper. PACKET Pack"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Packeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Packeting.] 1. To make up into a packet or bundle. 2. To send in a packet or dispatch vessel. Her husband Was packeted to France. Ford. PACKET Pack"et, v. i. Defn: To ply with a packet or dispatch boat. PACKFONG Pack"fong`, n. Etym: [Chin. peh tung.] (Metal.) Defn: A Chinese alloy of nickel, zinc, and copper, resembling German silver. PACK HERSE Pack herse. Defn: See under 2d Pack. PACKHOUSE Pack"house`, n. Defn: Warehouse for storing goods. PACKING Pack"ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who packs. 2. Any material used to pack, fill up, or make close. Specifically (Mach.): Defn: A substance or piece used to make a joint impervious; as: (a) A thin layer, or sheet, of yielding or elastic material inserted between the surfaces of a flange joint. (b) The substance in a stuffing box, through which a piston rod slides. (c) A yielding ring, as of metal, which surrounds a piston and maintains a tight fit, as inside a cylinder, etc. 3. (Masonry) Defn: Same as Filling. [Rare in the U. S.] 4. A trick; collusion. [Obs.] Bale. Cherd packing (Bridge Building), the arrangement, side by side, of several parts, as bars, diagonals, a post, etc., on a pin at the bottom of a chord. Waddell. -- Packing box, a stuffing box. See under Stuffing. -- Packing press, a powerful press for baling cotton, wool, hay, etc. -- Packing ring. See Packing, 2 (c), and Illust. of Piston. -- Packing sheet. (a) A large cloth for packing goods. (b) A sheet prepared for packing hydropathic patients. PACKMAN Pack"man, n.; pl. Packmen (. Defn: One who bears a pack; a peddler. PACK SADDLE; PACK THREAD Pack saddle, Pack thread. Defn: See under 2d Pack. PACKWAX Pack"wax`, n. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Paxwax. PACKWAY Pack"way`, n. Defn: A path, as over mountains, followed by pack animals. PACO; PACOS Pa"co, Pa"cos, n. Etym: [Sp. paco, fr. Peruv. paco. Cf. Alpaca.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Alpaca. 2. Etym: [Peruv. paco, pacu, red, reddish, reddish ore containing silver; perh. a different word.] (Min.) Defn: An earthy-looking ore, consisting of brown oxide of iron with minute particles of native silver. Ure. PACT Pact, n. Etym: [L. pactum, fr. paciscere to make a bargain or contract, fr. pacere to settle, or agree upon; cf. pangere to fasten, Gr. paca bond, and E. fang: cf. F. pacie. Cf. Peace, Fadge, v.] Defn: An agreement; a league; a compact; a covenant. Bacon. The engagement and pact of society whish goes by the name of the constitution. Burke. PACTION Pac"tion, n. Etym: [L. pactio: cf. F. paction. See Pact.] Defn: An agreement; a compact; a bargain. [R.] Sir W. Scott. PACTIONAL Pac"tion*al, a. Defn: Of the nature of, or by means of, a paction. Bp. Sanderson. PACTITIOUS Pac*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. pactitius, pacticius.] Defn: Setted by a pact, or agreement. [R.] Johnson. PACTOLIAN Pac*to"li*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to the Pactolus, a river in ancient Lydia famous for its golden sands. PACU Pa"cu, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American freah-water fish (Myleies pacu), of the family Characinidæ. It is highly esteemed as food. PAD Pad, n. Etym: [D. pad. sq. root21. See Path.] 1. A footpath; a road. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. An easy-paced horse; a padnag. Addison An abbot on an ambling pad. Tennyson. 3. A robber that infests the road on foot; a highwayman; -- usually called a footpad. Gay. Byron. 4. The act of robbing on the highway. [Obs.] PAD Pad, v. t. Defn: To travel upon foot; to tread. [Obs.] Padding the streets for half a crown. Somerville. PAD Pad, v. i. 1. To travel heavily or slowly. Bunyan. 2. To rob on foot. [Obs.] Cotton Mather. 3. To wear a path by walking. [Prov. Eng.] PAD Pad, n. Etym: [Perh. akin to pod.] 1. A soft, or small, cushion; a mass of anything soft; stuffing. 2. A kind of cushion for writing upon, or for blotting; esp., one formed of many flat sheets of writing paper, or layers of blotting paper; a block of paper. 3. A cushion used as a saddle without a tree or frame. 4. A stuffed guard or protection; esp., one worn on the legs of horses to prevent bruising. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A cushionlike thickening of the skin one the under side of the toes of animals. 6. A floating leaf of a water lily or similar plant. 7. (Med.) Defn: A soft bag or cushion to relieve pressure, support a part, etc. 8. (Naut.) Defn: A piece of timber fixed on a beam to fit the curve of the deck. W. C. Russel. 9. A measure for fish; as, sixty mackerel go to a pad; a basket of soles. [Eng.] Simmonds. Pad cloth, a saddlecloth; a housing. -- Pad saddle. See def. 3, above. -- Pad tree (Harness Making), a piece of wood or metal which gives rigidity and shape to a harness pad. Knight. PAD Pad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Padded; p. pr. & vb. n. Padding.] 1. To stuff; to furnish with a pad or padding. 2. (Calico Printing) Defn: To imbue uniformly with a mordant; as, to pad cloth. Ure. PADAR Pad"ar, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Groats; coarse flour or meal. [Obs.] Sir. H. Wotton. PADDER Pad"der, n. 1. One who, or that which, pads. 2. A highwayman; a footpad. [Obs.] PADDING Pad"ding, n. 1. The act or process of making a pad or of inserting stuffing. 2. The material with which anything is padded. 3. Material of inferior value, serving to extend a book, essay, etc. London Sat. Rev. 4. (Calico Printing) Defn: The uniform impregnation of cloth with a mordant. PADDLE Pad"dle, v. i. Etym: [Prob. for pattle, and a dim. of pat, v.; cf. also E. pad to tread, Prov. G. paddeln, padden, to walk with short steps, to paddle, G. patschen to splash, dash, dabble, F. patouiller to dabble, splash, fr. patte a paw. 1. To use the hands or fingers in toying; to make caressing strokes. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To dabble in water with hands or feet; to use a paddle, or something which serves as a paddle, in swimming, in paddling a boat, etc. As the men were paddling for their lives. L'Estrange. While paddling ducks the standing lake desire. Gay. PADDLE Pad"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Paddling] 1. To pat or stroke amorously, or gently. To be paddling palms and pinching fingers. Shak. 2. To propel with, or as with, a paddle or paddles. 3. To pad; to tread upon; to trample. [Prov. Eng.] PADDLE Pad"dle, n. Etym: [See Paddle, v. i.] 1. An implement with a broad blade, which is used without a fixed fulcrum in propelling and steering canoes and boats. 2. The broad part of a paddle, with which the stroke is made; hence, any short, broad blade, resembling that of a paddle. Thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon. Deut. xxiii. 13. 3. One of the broad boards, or floats, at the circumference of a water wheel, or paddle wheel. 4. A small gate in sluices or lock gates to admit or let off water; - - also called clough. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A paddle-shaped foot, as of the sea turtle. 6. A paddle-shaped implement for string or mixing. 7. Etym: [In this sense prob. for older spaddle, a dim. of spade.] Defn: See Paddle staff (b), below. [Prov. Eng.] Paddle beam (Shipbuilding), one of two large timbers supporting the spring beam and paddle box of a steam vessel. -- Paddle board. See Paddle, n., 3. -- Paddle box, the structure inclosing the upper part of the paddle wheel of a steam vessel. -- Paddle shaft, the revolving shaft which carries the paddle wheel of a steam vessel. -- Paddle staff. (a) A staff tipped with a broad blade, used by mole catchers. [Prov. Eng.] (b) A long-handled spade used to clean a plowshare; -- called also plow staff. [Prov. Eng.] -- Paddle steamer, a steam vessel propelled by paddle wheels, in distinction from a screw propeller. -- Paddle wheel, the propelling wheel of a steam vessel, having paddles (or floats) on its circumference, and revolving in a vertical plane parallel to the vessel's length. PADDLECOCK Pad"dle*cock`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lumpfish. [Prov. Eng.] PADDLEFISH Pad"dle*fish`, n. (Zoöl) Defn: A large ganoid fish (Polyodon spathula) found in the rivers of the Mississippi Valley. It has a long spatula-shaped snout. Called also duck-billed cat, and spoonbill sturgeon. PADDLER Pad"dler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, paddles. PADDLER Pad"dler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, paddles. PADDLEWOOD Pad"dle*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The light elastic wood of the Aspidosperma excelsum, a tree of Guiana having a fluted trunk readily split into planks. PADDOCK Pad"dock, n. Etym: [OE. padde toad, frog + -ock; akin to D. pad, padde, toad, Icel. & Sw. padda, Dan. padde.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A toad or frog. Wyclif. "Loathed paddocks." Spenser Paddock pipe (Bot.), a hollow-stemmed plant of the genus Equisetum, especially E. limosum and the fruiting stems of E. arvense; -- called also padow pipe and toad pipe. See Equisetum. -- Paddock stone. See Toadstone. -- Paddock stool (Bot.),a toadstool. PADDOCK Pad"dock, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. parrock. See Parrock.] 1. A small inclosure or park for sporting. [Obs.] 2. A small inclosure for pasture; esp., one adjoining a stable. Evelyn. Cowper. PADDY Pad"dy, a. Etym: [Prov. E. paddy worm-eaten.] Defn: Low; mean; boorish; vagabond. "Such pady persons." Digges (1585). "The paddy persons." Motley. PADDY Pad"dy, n.; pl. Paddies. Etym: [Corrupted fr. St. Patrick, the tutelar saint of Ireland.] Defn: A jocose or contemptuous name for an Irishman. PADDY Pad"dy, n. Etym: [Either fr. Canarese bhatta or Malay padi.] (Bot.) Defn: Unhusked rice; -- commonly so called in the East Indies. Paddy bird. (Zoöl.) See Java sparrow, under Java. PAD ELEPHANT Pad elephant. Defn: An elephant that is furnished with a pad for carrying burdens instead of with a howdah for carrying passengers. PADELION Pad`e*li"on, n. Etym: [F. pas de lionon's foot.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant with pedately lobed leaves; the lady's mantle. PADELLA Pa*del"la, n. Etym: [It., prop., a pan, a friing pan, fr. L. patella a pan.] Defn: A large cup or deep saucer, containing fatty matter in which a wick is placed, -- used for public illuminations, as at St. Peter's, in Rome. Called also padelle. PADEMELON Pad`e*mel"on, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wallaby. PADESOY Pad"e*soy`, n. Defn: See Paduasoy. PADGE Padge, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The barn owl; -- called also pudge, and pudge owl. [Prov. Eng.] PADISHAH Pa`di*shah", n. Etym: [Per. padishah. Cf. Pasha.] Defn: Chief ruler; monarch; sovereign; -- a title of the Sultan of Turkey, and of the Shah of Persia. PADLOCK Pad"lock`, n. Etym: [Perh. orig., a lock for a pad gate, or a gate opening to a path, or perh., a lock for a basket or pannier, and from Prov. E. pad a pannier. Cf. Pad a path, Paddler.] 1. A portable lock with a bow which is usually jointed or pivoted at one end so that it can be opened, the other end being fastened by the bolt, -- used for fastening by passing the bow through a staple over a hasp or through the links of a chain, etc. 2. Fig.: A curb; a restraint. PADLOCK Pad"lock`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Padlocked; p. pr. & vb. n. Padlocking.] Defn: To fasten with, or as with, a padlock; to stop; to shut; to confine as by a padlock. Milton. Tennyson. PADNAG Pad"nag`, n. Etym: [lst pad + nag.] Defn: An ambling nag. "An easy padnag." Macaulay. PADOW Pad"ow, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A paddock, or toad. Padow pipe. (Bot.) See Paddock pipe, under Paddock. PADRE Pa"dre, n.; pl. Sp. & Pg. Padres (#); It. Padri (#). [Sp., Pg., & It., fr. L. pater father. See Father.] 1. A Christian priest or monk; -- used in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Spanish America. 2. In India (from the Portuguese), any Christian minister; also, a priest of the native region. Kipling. PADRONE Pa*dro"ne, n.; pl. It. Padroni, E. Padrones. Etym: [It. See Patron.] 1. A patron; a protector. 2. The master of a small coaster in the Mediterranean. 3. A man who imports, and controls the earnings of, Italian laborers, street musicians, etc. PADUASOY Pad`u*a*soy", n. Etym: [From Padua, in Italy + F. soie silk; or cf. F. pou-de-soie.] Defn: A rich and heavy silk stuff. [Written also padesoy.] PADUCAHS Pa*du"cahs, n. pl.; sing. Paducah (. (Ethnol.) Defn: See Comanches. PAEAN Pæ"an, n. Etym: [L. paean, Gr. Pæon, Peony.] [Written also pean.] 1. An ancient Greek hymn in honor of Apollo as a healing deity, and, later, a song addressed to other deities. 2. Any loud and joyous song; a song of triumph. Dryden. "Public pæans of congratulation." De Quincey. 3. See Pæon. PAEDOBAPTISM Pæ`do*bap"tism, n. Defn: Pedobaptism. PAEDOGENESIS Pæ`do*gen"esis, n. Etym: [Gr. , , child + E. genesis.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Reproduction by young or larval animals. PAEDOGENETIC Pæ`do*ge*net"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing young while in the immature or larval state; -- said of certain insects, etc. PAEON Pæ"on, n. Etym: [L. paeon, Gr. a solemn song, also, a pæon, equiv. to Pæan.] (Anc. Poet.) Defn: A foot of four syllables, one long and three short, admitting of four combinations, according to the place of the long syllable. [Written also, less correctly, pæan.] PAEONINE Pæ"o*nine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An artifical red nitrogenous dyestuff, called also red coralline. PAEONY Pæ"o*ny, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Peony. PAGAN Pa"gan, n. Etym: [L. paganus a countryman, peasant, villager, a pagan, fr. paganus of or pertaining to the country, rustic, also, pagan, fr. pagus a district, canton, the country, perh. orig., a district with fixed boundaries: cf. pangere to fasten. Cf. Painim, Peasant, and Pact, also Heathen.] Defn: One who worships false goods; an idolater; a heathen; one who is neither a Christian, a Mohammedan, nor a Jew. Neither having the accent of Christians, nor the gait of Christian, pagan, nor man. Shak. Syn. -- Gentile; heathen; idolater. -- Pagan, Gentile, Heathen. Gentile was applied to the other nations of the earth as distinguished from the Jews. Pagan was the name given to idolaters in the early Christian church, because the villagers, being most remote from the centers of instruction, remained for a long time unconverted. Heathen has the same origin. Pagan is now more properly applied to rude and uncivilized idolaters, while heathen embraces all who practice idolatry. PAGAN Pa"gan, a. Etym: [L. paganus of or pertaining to the country, pagan. See Pagan, n.] Defn: Of or pertaining to pagans; relating to the worship or the worshipers of false goods; heathen; idolatrous, as, pagan tribes or superstitions. And all the rites of pagan honor paid. Dryden. PAGANDOM Pa"gan*dom, n. Defn: The pagan lands; pagans, collectively; paganism. [R.] PAGANIC; PAGANICAL Pa*gan"ic, Pa*gan"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pagans or paganism; heathenish; paganish. [R.] "The paganic fables of the goods." Cudworth. -- Pa*gan"ic*al*ly, adv. [R.] PAGANISH Pa"gan*ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pagans; heathenish. "The old paganish idolatry." Sharp PAGANISM Pa"gan*ism, n. Etym: [L. paganismus: cf. F. paganisme. See Pagan, and cf. Painim.] Defn: The state of being pagan; pagan characteristics; esp., the worship of idols or false gods, or the system of religious opinions and worship maintained by pagans; heathenism. PAGANITY Pa*gan"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. Paganitas.] Defn: The state of being a pagan; paganism. [R.] Cudworth. PAGANIZE Pa"gan*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paganized; p. pr. & vb. n. Paganizing.] Defn: To render pagan or heathenish; to convert to paganism. Hallywell. PAGANIZE Pa"gan*ize, v. i. Defn: To behave like pagans. Milton. PAGANLY Pa"gan*ly, adv. Defn: In a pagan manner. Dr. H. More. PAGE Page, n. Etym: [F., fr. It. paggio, LL. pagius, fr. Gr. puer. Cf. Pedagogue, Puerile.] 1. A serving boy; formerly, a youth attending a person of high degree, especially at courts, as a position of honor and education; now commonly, in England, a youth employed for doin errands, waiting on the door, and similar service in households; in the United States, a boy emploed to wait upon the members of a legislative body. He had two pages of honor -- on either hand one. Bacon. 2. A boy child. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A contrivance, as a band, pin, snap, or the like, to hold the skirt of a woman's dress from the ground. 4. (Brickmaking.) Defn: A track along which pallets carrying newly molded bricks are conveyed to the hack. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of beautiful South American moths of the genus Urania. PAGE Page, v. t. Defn: To attend (one) as a page. [Obs.] Shak. PAGE Page, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. pagina; prob. akin to pagere, pangere, to fasten, fix, make, the pages or leaves being fastened together. Cf. Pact, Pageant, Pagination.] 1. One side of a leaf of a book or manuscript. Such was the book from whose pages she sang. Longfellow. 2. Fig.: A record; a writing; as, the page of history. 3. (Print.) Defn: The type set up for printing a page. PAGE Page, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paged; p. pr. & vb. n. Paging.] Defn: To mark or number the pages of, as a book or manuskript; to furnish with folios. PAGEANT Pag"eant, n. Etym: [OE. pagent, pagen, originally, a movable scaffold or stage, hence, what was exhibited on it, fr. LL. pagina, akin to pangere to fasten; cf. L. pagina page, leaf, slab, compaginare to join together, compages a joining together, structure. See Pact, Page of a book.] 1. A theatrical exhibition; a spectacle. "A pageant truly played." Shak. To see sad pageants of men's miseries. Spenser. 2. An elaborate exhibition devised for the entertainmeut of a distinguished personage, or of the public; a show, spectacle, or display. The gaze of fools, and pageant of a day ! Pope. We love the man, the paltry pageant you. Cowper. PAGEANT Pag"eant, a. Defn: Of the nature of a pageant; spectacular. "Pageant pomp." Dryden. PAGEANT Pag"eant, v. t. Defn: To exhibit in show; to represent; to mimic. [R.] "He pageants us." Shak. PAGEANTRY Pag"eant*ry, n. Defn: Scenic shows or spectacles, taken collectivelly; spectacular guality; splendor. Such pageantry be to the people shown. Dryden. The pageantry of festival. J. A. Symonds. Syn. -- Pomp; parade; show; display; spectacle. PAGEHOOD Page"hood, n. Defn: The state of being a page. PAGINA Pag"i*na, n.; pl. Paginæ. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: The surface of a leaf or of a flattened thallus. PAGINAL Pag"i*nal, a. Etym: [L. paginalis.] Defn: Consisting of pages. "Paginal books." Sir T. Browne. PAGINATION Pag`i*na"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of paging a book; also, the characters used in numbering the pages; page number. Lowndes. PAGING Pa"ging, n. Defn: The marking or numbering of the pages of a book. PAGOD Pa"god, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pagode. See Pagoda.] 1. A pagoda. [R.] "Or some queer pagod." Pope. 2. An idol. [Obs.] Bp. Stillingfleet. PAGODA Pa*go"da, n. Etym: [Pg. pagoda, pagode, fr.Hind. & Per. but-kadah a house of idols, or abode of God; Per. but an idol + kadah a house, a temple.] 1. A term by which Europeans designate religious temples and tower- like buildings of the Hindoos and Buddhists of India, Farther India, China, and Japan, -- usually but not always, devoted to idol worship. 2. An idol. [R.] Brande & C. 3. Etym: [Prob. so named from the image of a pagoda or a deity (cf. Skr. bhagavat holy, divine) stamped on it.] Defn: A gold or silver coin, of various kinds and values, formerly current in India. The Madras gold pagoda was worth about three and a half rupees. PAGODA SLEEVE Pa*go"da sleeve. (Costume) Defn: A funnel-shaped sleeve arranged to show the sleeve lining and an inner sleeve. PAGODITE Pa*go"dite, n. (Min.) Defn: Agalmatolite; -- so called because sometimes carved by the Chinese into the form of pagodas. See Agalmatolite. PAGUMA Pa*gu"ma, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of East Indian viverrine mammals of the genus Paguma. They resemble a weasel in form. PAGURIAN Pa*gu"ri*an, n. Etym: [L. pagurus a kind of crab, Gr. .] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of a tribe of anomuran crustaceans, of which Pagurus is a type; the hermit crab. See Hermit crab, under Hermit. PAH Pah, interj. Defn: An exclamation expressing disgust or contempt. See Bah. Fie! fie! fie! pah! pah! Give me an ounce of civet, good apothecary, to sweeten my imagination. Shak. PAH Pah, n. Etym: [From native name.] Defn: A kind of stockaded intrenchment. [New Zealand.] Farrow. PAHI Pa"hi, n. (Naut.) Defn: A large war canoe of the Society Islands. PAHLEVI Pah"le*vi, n. Defn: Same as Pehlevi. PAHOEHOE Pa*ho"e*ho`e, n. (Min.) Defn: A name given in the Sandwich Islands to lava having a relatively smooth surface, in distinction from the rough-surfaced lava, called a-a. PAHUTES Pah"*Utes`, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: See Utes. PAID Paid, imp., p. p., & a. of Pay. 1. Receiving pay; compensated; hired; as, a paid attorney. 2. Satisfied; contented. [Obs.] "Paid of his poverty." Chaucer. PAIDEUTICS Pai*deu"tics, n. Etym: [Gr. , fr. to teach, fr. ,, a boy.] Defn: The science or art of teaching. PAIEN Pai"en, n. & a. Defn: Pagan. [Obs.] Chaucer. PAIGLE Pai"gle, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of Primula, either the cowslip or the primrose. [Written also pagle, pagil, peagle, and pygil.] PAIJAMA Pai*ja"ma, n. Defn: Pyjama. PAIL Pail, n. Etym: [OE. paile, AS. pægel a wine vessel, a pail, akin to D. & G. pegel a watermark, a gauge rod, a measure of wine, Dan. pægel half a pint.] Defn: A vessel of wood or tin, etc., usually cylindrical and having a bail, -- used esp. for carrying liquids, as water or milk, etc.; a bucket. It may, or may not, have a cover. Shak. PAILFUL Pail"ful, n.; pl. Pailfuls (. Defn: The quantity that a pail will hold. "By pailfuls." Shak. PAILLASSE Pail*lasse" (; F. , n. Etym: [F., fr. paille straw. See Pallet a bed.] Defn: An under bed or mattress of straw. [Written also palliasse.] PAILLON Pail`lon", n.; pl. -lions (#). [F., fr. paille straw.] Defn: A thin leaf of metal, as for use in gilding or enameling, or to show through a translucent medium. PAILMALL Pail`mall", n. & a. Defn: See Pall-mall. [Obs.] PAIN Pain, n. Etym: [OE. peine, F. peine, fr. L. poena, penalty, punishment, torment, pain; akin to Gr. penalty. Cf. Penal, Pine to languish, Punish.] 1. Punishment suffered or denounced; suffering or evil inflicted as a punishment for crime, or connected with the commission of a crime; penalty. Chaucer. We will, by way of mulct or pain, lay it upon him. Bacon. Interpose, on pain of my displeasure. Dryden. None shall presume to fly, under pain of death. Addison. 2. Any uneasy sensation in animal bodies, from slight uneasiness to extreme distress or torture, proceeding from a derangement of functions, disease, or injury by violence; bodily distress; bodily suffering; an ache; a smart. "The pain of Jesus Christ." Chaucer. Note: Pain may occur in any part of the body where sensory nerves are distributed, and it is always due to some kind of stimulation of them. The sensation is generally referred to the peripheral end of the nerve. 3. pl. Defn: Specifically, the throes or travail of childbirth. She bowed herself and travailed, for her pains came upon her. 1 Sam. iv. 19. 4. Uneasiness of mind; mental distress; disquietude; anxiety; grief; solicitude; anguish. Chaucer. In rapture as in pain. Keble. 5. See Pains, labor, effort. Bill of pains and penalties. See under Bill. -- To die in the pain, to be tortured to death. [Obs.] Chaucer. PAIN Pain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pained; p. pr. & vb. n. Paining.] Etym: [OE. peinen, OF. pener, F. peiner to fatigue. See Pain, n.] 1. To inflict suffering upon as a penalty; to punish. [Obs.] Wyclif (Acts xxii. 5). 2. To put to bodily uneasiness or anguish; to afflict with uneasy sensations of any degree of intensity; to torment; to torture; as, his dinner or his wound pained him; his stomach pained him. Excess of cold, as well as heat, pains us. Lock 3. To render uneasy in mind; to disquiet; to distress; to grieve; as a child's faults pain his parents. I am pained at mJer. iv. 19. To pain one's self, to exert or trouble one's self; to take pains; to be solicitous. [Obs.] "She pained her to do all that she might." Chaucer. Syn. -- To disquiet; trouble; afflict; grieve; aggrieve; distress; agonize; torment; torture. PAINABLE Pain"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pénible.] Defn: Causing pain; painful. [Obs.] The manacles of Astyages were not . . . the less weighty and painable for being composed of gold or silver. Evelyn. PAINFUL Pain"ful, a. 1. Full of pain; causing uneasiness or distress, either physical or mental; afflictive; disquieting; distressing Addison. 2. Requiring labor or toil; difficult; executed with laborious effort; as a painful service; a painful march. 3. Painstaking; careful; industrious. [Obs.] Fuller. A very painful person, and a great clerk. Jer. Taylor. Nor must the painful husbandman be tired. Dryden. Syn. -- Disquieting; troublesome; afflictive; distressing; grievous; laborious; toilsome; difficult; arduous. -- Pain"ful*ly, adv. -- Pain"ful*ness, n. PAINIM Pai"nim, n.Etym: [OE. painime pagans, paganism, fr. OF. paienisme paganism, LL. paganismus. See Paganism, Pagan.] Defn: A pagan; an infidel; -- used also adjectively. [Written also panim and paynim.] Peacham. PAINLESS Pain"less, a. Defn: Free from pain; without pain. -- Pain"less*ly, adv. -- Pain"less*ness, n. PAINS Pains, n. Defn: Labor; toilsome effort; care or trouble taken; -- plural in form, but used with a singular or plural verb, commonly the former. And all my pains is sorted to no proof. Shak. The pains they had taken was very great. Clarendon. The labored earth your pains have sowed and tilled. Dryden. PAINSTAKER Pains"tak`er, n. Defn: One who takes pains; one careful and faithful in all work. Gay. PAINSTAKING Pains"tak`ing, a. Defn: Careful in doing; diligent; faithful; attentive. "Painstaking men." Harris. PAINSTAKING Pains"tak`ing, n. Defn: The act of taking pains; carefulness and fidelity in performance. Beau. & Fl. PAINSWORTHY Pains"wor`thy, a. Defn: Worth the pains o PAINT Paint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Painted; p. pr. & vb. n. Painting.] Etym: [OE. peinten, fr. F. peint, p. p. opeindre to paint, fr. L. pingere, pictum; cf. Gr. many-colored, Skr. pic to adorn. Cf. Depict, Picture, Pigment, Pint.] 1. To cover with coloring matter; to apply paint to; as, to paint a house, a signboard, etc. Jezebel painted her face and tired her head. 2 Kings ix. 30. 2. Fig.: To color, stain, or tinge; to adorn or beautify with colors; to diversify with colors. Not painted with the crimson spots of blood. Shak. Cuckoo buds of yellow hue Do paint the meadows with delight. Shak. 3. To form in colors a figure or likeness of on a flat surface, as upon canvas; to represent by means of colors or hues; to exhibit in a tinted image; to portray with paints; as, to paint a portrait or a landscape. 4. Fig.: To represent or exhibit to the mind; to describe vividly; to delineate; to image; to depict. Disloyal The word is too good to paint out her wickedness. Shak. If folly grow romantic, I must paint it. Pope. Syn. -- To color; picture; depict; portray; delineate; sketch; draw; describe. PAINT Paint, v. t. 1. To practice the art of painting; as, the artist paints well. 2. To color one's face by way of beautifying it. Let her paint an inch thick. Shak. PAINT Paint, n. 1. (a) A pigment or coloring substance. (b) The same prepared with a vehicle, as oil, water with gum, or the like, for application to a surface. 2. A cosmetic; rouge. Praed. PAINTED Paint"ed, a. 1. Covered or adorned with paint; portrayed in colors. As idle as a painted ship Upon a painted ocean. Coleridge. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Marked with bright colors; as, the painted turtle; painted bunting. Painted beauty (Zoöl.), a handsome American butterfly (Vanessa Huntera), having a variety of bright colors, -- Painted cup (Bot.), any plant of an American genus of herbs (Castilleia) in which the bracts are usually bright-colored and more showy than the flowers. Castilleia coccinea has brilliantly scarlet bracts, and is common in meadows. -- Painted finch. See Nonpareil. -- Painted lady (Zoöl.), a bright-colored butterfly. See Thistle butterfly. -- Painted turtle (Zoöl.), a common American freshwater tortoise (Chrysemys picta), having bright red and yellow markings beneath. PAINTER Paint"er, n. Etym: [OE, pantere a noose, snare, F. pantière, LL. panthera, L. panther a hunting net, fr. Gr. ; painteir a net, gin, snare, Gael. painntear.] (Naut.) Defn: A rope at the bow of a boat, used to fasten it to anything. Totten. PAINTER Paint"er, n. Etym: [Corrupt. of panther.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The panther, or puma. [A form representing an illiterate pronunciation, U. S.] J. F. Cooper. PAINTER Paint"er, n. Etym: [See lst Paint.] Defn: One whose occupation is to paint; esp.: (a) One who covers buildings, ships, ironwork, and the like, with paint. (b) An artist who represents objects or scenes in color on a flat surface, as canvas, plaster, or the like. Painter's colic. (Med.) See Lead colic, under Colic. -- Painter stainer. (a) A painter of coats of arms. Crabb. (b) A member of a livery company or guild in London, bearing this name. PAINTERLY Paint"er*ly, a. Defn: Like a painter's work. [Obs.] "A painterly glose of a visage." Sir P. Sidney. PAINTERSHIP Paint"er*ship, n. Defn: The state or position of being a painter. [R.] Br. Gardiner. PAINTING Paint"ing, n. 1. The act or employment of laying on, or adorning with, paints or colors. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: The work of the painter; also, any work of art in which objects are represented in color on a flat surface; a colored representation of any object or scene; a picture. 3. Color laid on; paint. [R.] Shak. 4. A depicting by words; vivid representation in words. Syn. -- See Picture. PAINTLESS Paint"less, a. Defn: Not capable of being painted or described. "In paintless patience." Savage. PAINTURE Pain"ture, n. Etym: [F. peinture. See Paint, v. t., and cf. Picture.] Defn: The art of painting. [Obs.] Chaucer. Dryden. PAINTY Paint"y, a. Defn: Unskillfully painted, so that the painter's method of work is too obvious; also, having too much pigment applied to the surface. [Cant] PAIR Pair, n. Etym: [F. paire, LL. paria, L. paria, pl. of par pair, fr. par, adj., equal. Cf. Apparel, Par equality, Peer an equal.] 1. A number of things resembling one another, or belonging together; a set; as, a pair or flight of stairs. "A pair of beads." Chaucer. Beau. & Fl. "Four pair of stairs." Macaulay. Note: [Now mostly or quite disused, except as to stairs.] Two crowns in my pocket, two pair of cards. Beau. & Fl. 2. Two things of a kind, similar in form, suited to each other, and intended to be used together; as, a pair of gloves or stockings; a pair of shoes. 3. Two of a sort; a span; a yoke; a couple; a brace; as, a pair of horses; a pair of oxen. 4. A married couple; a man and wife. "A happy pair." Dryden. "The hapless pair." Milton. 5. A single thing, composed of two pieces fitted to each other and used together; as, a pair of scissors; a pair of tongs; a pair of bellows. 6. Two members of opposite parties or opinion, as in a parliamentary body, who mutually agree not to vote on a given question, or on issues of a party nature during a specified time; as, there were two pairs on the final vote. [Parliamentary Cant] 7. (Kinematics) Defn: In a mechanism, two elements, or bodies, which are so applied to each other as to mutually constrain relative motion. Note: Pairs are named in accordance with the kind of motion they permit; thus, a journal and its bearing form a turning pair, a cylinder and its piston a sliding pair, a screw and its nut a twisting pair, etc. Any pair in which the constraining contact is along lines or at points only (as a cam and roller acting together), is designated a higher pair; any pair having constraining surfaces which fit each other (as a cylindrical pin and eye, a screw and its nut, etc.), is called a lower pair. Pair royal (pl. Pairs Royal) three things of a sort; -- used especially of playing cards in some games, as cribbage; as three kings, three "eight spots" etc. Four of a kind are called a double pair royal. "Something in his face gave me as much pleasure as a pair royal of naturals in my own hand." Goldsmith. "That great pair royal of adamantine sisters [the Fates]." Quarles. [Written corruptly parial and prial.] Syn. -- Pair, Flight, Set. Originally, pair was not confined to two things, but was applied to any number of equal things (pares), that go together. Ben Jonson speaks of a pair (set) of chessmen; also, he and Lord Bacon speak of a pair (pack) of cards. A "pair of stairs" is still in popular use, as well as the later expression, "flight of stairs." PAIR Pair, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paired; p. pr. & vb. n. Pairing.] 1. To be joined in paris; to couple; to mate, as for breeding. 2. To suit; to fit, as a counterpart. My heart was made to fit and pair with thine. Rowe. 3. Same as To pair off. See phrase below. To pair off, to separate from a company in pairs or couples; specif. (Parliamentary Cant), to agree with one of the opposite party or opinion to abstain from voting on specified questions or issues. See Pair, n., 6. PAIR Pair, v. t. 1. To unite in couples; to form a pair of; to bring together, as things which belong together, or which complement, or are adapted to one another. Glossy jet is paired with shining white. Pope. 2. To engage (one's self) with another of opposite opinions not to vote on a particular question or class of questions. [Parliamentary Cant] Paired fins. (Zoöl.) See under Fin. PAIR Pair, v. t. Etym: [See Impair.] Defn: To impair. [Obs.] Spenser. PAIRER Pair"er, n. Defn: One who impairs. [Obs.] Wyclif. PAIRING Pair"ing, n. Etym: [See Pair, v. i.] 1. The act or process of uniting or arranging in pairs or couples. 2. See To pair off, under Pair, v. i. Pairyng time, the time when birds or other animals pair. PAIRMENT Pair"ment, n. Defn: Impairment. [Obs.] Wyclif. PAIS Pa`is, n. Etym: [OF. puïs, F. pays, country.] (O. E. Law) Defn: The country; the people of the neighborhood. Note: A trial per pais is a trial by the country, that is, by a jury; and matter in pais is matter triable by the country, or jury. PAISANO Pa`i*sa"no, n. Etym: [Sp., of the country, (Zoöl.) Defn: The chaparral cock. PAISE Paise, n. Etym: [Obs.] Defn: See Poise. Chapman. PAJAMAS Pa*ja"mas, n. pl. [Hind. pa-jama, paejama, lit., leg closing.] Defn: Originally, in India, loose drawers or trousers, such as those worn, tied about the waist, by Mohammedan men and women; by extension, a similar garment adopted among Europeans, Americans, etc., for wear in the dressing room and during sleep; also, a suit consisting of drawers and a loose upper garment for such wear. PAJOCK Pa"jock, n. Defn: A peacock. [Obs.] Shak. PAKFONG Pak"fong`, n. Defn: See Packfong. PAL Pal, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A mate; a partner; esp., an accomplice or confederate. [Slang] PALACE Pal"ace, n. Etym: [OE. palais, F. palais, fr. L. palatium, fr. Palatium, one of the seven hills of Rome, Paladin.] 1. The residence of a sovereign, including the lodgings of high officers of state, and rooms for business, as well as halls for ceremony and reception. Chaucer. 2. The official residence of a bishop or other distinguished personage. 3. Loosely, any unusually magnificent or stately house. Palace car. See under Car. -- Palace court, a court having jurisdiction of personal actions arising within twelve miles of the palace at Whitehall. The court was abolished in 1849. [Eng.] Mozley & W. PALACIOUS Pa*la"cious, a. Defn: Palatial. [Obs.] Graunt. PALADIN Pal"a*din, n. Etym: [F., fr.It. paladino, fr. L. palatinus an officer of the palace. See Palatine.] Defn: A knight-errant; a distinguished champion; as, the paladins of Charlemagne. Sir W. Scott. PALAEO- Pa"læ*o-. Defn: See Paleo-. PALAEOGRAPHER; PALAEOGRAPHIC Pa`læ*og"ra*pher, n., Pa`læ*o*graph"ic (, a., etc. Defn: See Paleographer, Paleographic, etc. PALAEOTYPE Pa"læ*o*type, n. Etym: [Palæo- + -type.] (Phon.) Defn: A system of representing all spoken sounds by means of the printing types in common use. Ellis. -- Pa`læ*o*typ"ic*al, a. -- Pa`læ*o*typ"ic*al*ly, adv. PALAESTRA Pa*læs"tra, n. Defn: See Palestra. PALAESTRIC Pa*læs"tric, a. Defn: See Palestric. PALAETIOLOGIST Pa*læ`ti*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in palætiology. PALAETIOLOGY Pa*læ`ti*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Palæo- + ætiology.] Defn: The science which explains, by the law of causation, the past condition and changes of the earth. -- Pa*læ`ti*o*log"ic*al, a. PALAMA Pal"a*ma, n.; pl. Palamme. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A membrane extending between the toes of a bird, and uniting them more or less closely together. PALAMATE Pal"a*mate, a. [From Palma.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Web-footed. PALAMEDEAE Pal`a*me"de*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order, or suborder, including the kamichi, and allied South American birds; -- called also screamers. In many anatomical characters they are allied to the Anseres, but they externally resemble the wading birds. PALAMPORE Pal`am*pore", n. Defn: See Palempore. PALANKA Pa*lan"ka, n. Etym: [Cf. It., Pg., & Sp. palanca, fr.L. palanga, phalanga a pole, Gr. (Mil.) Defn: A camp permanently intrenched, attached to Turkish frontier fortresses. PALANQUIN Pal`an*quin", n. Etym: [F. palanquin, Pg. palanquim, Javan. palangki, OJavan. palangkan, through Prakrit fr. Skr. parya, palya, bed, couch; pari around (akin to E. pref. peri-) + a a hook, flank, probably akin to E. angle fishing tackle. Cf. Palkee.] Defn: An inclosed carriage or litter, commonly about eight feet long, four feet wide, and four feet high, borne on the shoulders of men by means of two projecting poles, -- used in India, China, etc., for the conveyance of a single person from place to place. [Written also palankeen.] PALAPTERYX Pa*lap"te*ryx, n. Etym: [Paleo- + apteryx.] (Paleon.) Defn: A large extinct ostrichlike bird of New Zealand. PALATABILITY Pal`a*ta*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Palatableness. PALATABLE Pal"a*ta*ble, a. Etym: [From Palate.] Defn: Agreeable to the palate or taste; savory; hence, acceptable; pleasing; as, palatable food; palatable advice. PALATABLENESS Pal"a*ta*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being agreeable to the taste; relish; acceptableness. PALATABLY Pal"a*ta*bly, adv. Defn: In a palatable manner. PALATAL Pal"a*tal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. palatal.] 1. Of or pertaining to the palate; palatine; as, the palatal bones. 2. (Phonetics) Defn: Uttered by the aid of the palate; -- said of certain sounds, as the sound of k in kirk. PALATAL Pal"a*tal, n. (Phon.) Defn: A sound uttered, or a letter pronounced, by the aid of the palate, as the letters k and y. PALATALIZE Pal"a*tal*ize, v. t. (Phon.) Defn: To palatize. PALATE Pal"ate, n. Etym: [L. palatum: cf. F. palais, Of. also palat.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The roof of the mouth. Note: The fixed portion, or palate proper, supported by the maxillary and palatine bones, is called the hard palate to distinguish it from the membranous and muscular curtain which separates the cavity of the mouth from the pharynx and is called the soft palate, or velum. 2. Relish; taste; liking; -- a sense originating in the mistaken notion that the palate is the organ of taste. Hard task! to hit the palate of such guests. Pope. 3. Fig.: Mental relish; intellectual taste. T. Baker. 4. (Bot.) Defn: A projection in the throat of such flowers as the snapdragon. PALATE Pal"ate, v. t. Defn: To perceive by the taste. [Obs.] Shak. PALATIAL Pa*la"tial, a. Etym: [L. palatium palace. See Palace.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a palace; suitable for a palace; resembling a palace; royal; magnificent; as, palatial structures. "Palatial style." A. Drummond. PALATIAL Pa*la"tial, a. [From Palate.] (Anat.) Defn: Palatal; palatine. [Obs.] Barrow. PALATIAL Pa*la"tial, n. Defn: A palatal letter. [Obs.] Sir W. Jones. PALATIC Pa*lat"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Palatal; palatine. PALATIC Pa*lat"ic, n. (Phon.) Defn: A palatal. [R.] PALATINATE Pa*lat"i*nate, n. Etym: [F. palatinat. See Palatine.] Defn: The province or seigniory of a palatine; the dignity of a palatine. Howell. PALATINATE Pa*lat"i*nate, v. t. Defn: To make a palatinate of. [Obs.] Fuller. PALATINE Pal"a*tine, a. Etym: [F. palatin, L. palatinus, fr. palatium. See Palace, and cf. Paladin.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a palace, or to a high officer of a palace; hence, possessing royal privileges. Count palatine, County palatine. See under Count, and County. -- Palatine hill, or The palatine, one of the seven hills of Rome, once occupied by the palace of the Cæsars. See Palace. PALATINE Pal"a*tine, n. 1. One invested with royal privileges and rights within his domains; a count palatine. See Count palatine, under 4th Count. 2. The Palatine hill in Rome. PALATINE Pal"a*tine, a. Etym: [From Palate.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the palate. Palatine bones (Anat.), a pair of bones (often united in the adult) in the root of the mouth, back of and between the maxillaries. PALATINE Pal"a*tine Defn: , (Anat.) A palatine bone. PALATIVE Pal"a*tive, a. Defn: Pleasing to the taste; palatable. [Obs.] "Palative delights." Sir T. Browne. PALATIZE Pal"a*tize, v. t. Defn: To modify, as the tones of the voice, by means of the palate; as, to palatize a letter or sound. -- Pal`a*ti*za"tion, n. J. Peile. PALATO- Pal"a*to-. Etym: [From Palate.] Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to indicate relation to, or connection with, the palate; as in palatolingual. PALATONARES Pal`a*to*na"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Palato-, and Nares.] (Anat.) Defn: The posterior nares. See Nares. PALATOPTERYGOID Pal`a*top*ter"y*goid, a. Etym: [Palato- + pterygoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the palatine and pterygoid region of the skull; as, the palatopterygoid cartilage, or rod, from which the palatine and pterygoid bones are developed. PALAVER Pa*la"ver, n. Etym: [Sp. palabra, or Pg. palavra, fr. L. parabola a comparison, a parable, LL., a word. See Parable.] 1. Talk; conversation; esp., idle or beguiling talk; talk intended to deceive; flattery. 2. In Africa, a parley with the natives; a talk; hence, a public conference and deliberation; a debate. This epoch of parliaments and eloquent palavers. Carlyle. PALAVER Pa*la"ver, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Palavered; p. pr. & vb. n. Palavering.] Defn: To make palaver with, or to; to used palaver;to talk idly or deceitfully; to employ flattery; to cajole; as, to palaver artfully. Palavering the little language for her benefit. C. Bront PALAVERER Pa*la"ver*er, n. Defn: One who palavers; a flatterer. PALE Pale, a. [Compar. Paler; superl. Palest.] Etym: [F. pâle, fr. pâlir to turn pale, L. pallere to be oAppall, Fallow, pall, v. i., Pallid.] 1. Wanting in color; not ruddy; dusky white; pallid; wan; as, a pale face; a pale red; a pale blue. "Pale as a forpined ghost." Chaucer. Speechless he stood and pale. Milton. They are not of complexion red or pale. T. Randolph. 2. Not bright or brilliant; of a faint luster or hue; dim; as, the pale light of the moon. The night, methinks, is but the daylight sick; It looks a little paler. Shak. Note: Pale is often used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, pale-colored, pale-eyed, pale-faced, pale-looking, etc. PALE Pale, n. Defn: Paleness; pallor. [R.] Shak. PALE Pale, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paled; p. pr. & vb. n. Paling.] Defn: To turn pale; to lose color or luster. Whittier. Apt to pale at a trodden worm. Mrs. Browning. PALE Pale, v. t. Defn: To make pale; to diminish the brightness of. The glowpale his uneffectual fire. Shak. PALE Pale, n. Etym: [F. pal, fr. L. palus: cf. D. paal. See Pol a stake, and lst Pallet.] 1. A pointed stake or slat, either driven into the ground, or fastened to a rail at the top and bottom, for fencing or inclosing; a picket. Deer creep through when a pale tumbles down. Mortimer. 2. That which incloses or fences in; a boundary; a limit; a fence; a palisade. "Within one pale or hedge." Robynson (More's Utopia). 3. A space or field having bounds or limits; a limited region or place; an inclosure; -- often used figuratively. "To walk the studious cloister's pale." Milton. "Out of the pale of civilization." Macaulay. 4. A stripe or band, as on a garment. Chaucer. 5. (Her.) Defn: One of the greater ordinaries, being a broad perpendicular stripe in an escutcheon, equally distant from the two edges, and occupying one third of it. 6. A cheese scoop. Simmonds. 7. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A shore for bracing a timber before it is fastened. English pale (Hist.), the limits or territory within which alone the English conquerors of Ireland held dominion for a long period after their invasion of the country in 1172. Spencer. PALE Pale, v. t. Defn: To inclose with pales, or as with pales; to encircle; to encompass; to fence off. [Your isle, which stands] ribbed and paled in With rocks unscalable and roaring waters. Shak. PALEA Pa"le*a, n.; pl. Paleæ (-e). Etym: [L., chaff.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The interior chaff or husk of grasses. (b) One of the chaffy scales or bractlets growing on the receptacle of many compound flowers, as the Coreopsis, the sunflower, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A pendulous process of the skin on the throat of a bird, as in the turkey; a dewlap. PALEACEOUS Pa`le*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. palea chaff.] (Bot.) Defn: Chaffy; resembling or consisting of paleæ, or chaff; furnished with chaff; as, a paleaceous receptacle. PALEARCTIC Pa`le*arc"tic, a. Etym: [Paleo- + arctic.] Defn: Belonging to a region of the earth's surface which includes all Europe to the Azores, Iceland, and all temperate Asia. PALED Paled, a. Etym: [See 5th Pale.] 1. Striped. [Obs.] "[Buskins] . . . paled part per part." Spenser. 2. Inclosed with a paling. "A paled green." Spenser. PALEECHINOIDEA Pa`le*ëch`i*noi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Paleo-, and Echinoidea.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extinct order of sea urchins found in the Paleozoic rocks. They had more than twenty vertical rows of plates. Called also Palæechini. [Written also Palæechinoidea.] PALEFACE Pale"face`, n. Defn: A white person; -- an appellation supposed to have been applied to the whites by the American Indians. J. F. Cooper. PALEICHTHYES Pa`le*ich"thy*es, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Paleo-, and Ichthyology.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A comprehensive division of fishes which includes the elasmobranchs and ganoids. [Written also Palæichthyes.] PALELY Pale"ly, adv. Etym: [From Pale, a.] Defn: In a pale manner; dimly; wanly; not freshly or ruddily. Thackeray. PALEMPORE Pal`em*pore", n. Defn: A superior kind of dimity made in India, -- used for bed coverings. [Written also palampore, palampoor, etc.] De Colange. PALENESS Pale"ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being pale; want of freshness or ruddiness; a sickly whiteness; lack of color or luster; wanness. The blood the virgin's cheek forsook; A livid paleness spreads o'er all her look. Pope. PALENQUE Pa*len"que, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: A collective name for the Indians of Nicaragua and Honduras. PALEO- Pa"le*o-. Etym: [Gr. , adj.] Defn: A combining form meaning old, ancient; as, palearctic, paleontology, paleothere, paleography. [Written also palæo-.] PALEOBOTANIST Pa`le*o*bot"a*nist, n. Defn: One versed in paleobotany. PALEOBOTANY Pa`le*o*bot"a*ny, n. Etym: [Paleo- + botany.] Defn: That branch of paleontology which treats of fossil plants. PALEOCARIDA Pa`le*o*car"ida, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ancient + , , , a kind of crustacean.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Merostomata. [Written also Palæocarida.] PALEOCRINOIDEA Pa`le*o*cri*noi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Paleo-, and Crinoidea.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Crinoidea found chiefly in the Paleozoic rocks. PALEOCRYSTIC Pa`le*o*crys"tic, a. Etym: [Paleo- + Gr. ice.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, a former glacial formation. PALEOGAEAN Pa`le*o*gæ"an, a. Etym: [Paleo- + Gr. the eart] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Eastern hemisphere. [Written also palæogæan.] PALEOGRAPH Pa"le*o*graph, n. Defn: An ancient manuscript. PALEOGRAPHER Pa`le*og"ra*pher, n. Defn: One skilled in paleography; a paleographist. PALEOGRAPHIC; PALEOGRAPHICAL Pa`le*o*graph"ic, Pa`le*o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. paléographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to paleography. PALEOGRAPHIST Pa`le*og"ra*phist, n. Defn: One versed in paleography; a paleographer. PALEOGRAPHY Pa`le*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Paleo- + -graphy: cf. F. paléographie.] 1. An ancient manner of writing; ancient writings, collectively; as, Punic paleography. 2. The study of ancient inscriptions and modes of writing; the art or science of deciphering ancient writings, and determining their origin, period, etc., from external characters; diplomatics. PALEOLA Pa*le"o*la, n.; pl. Paleolæ. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. palea.] (Bot.) Defn: A diminutive or secondary palea; a lodicule. PALEOLITH Pa"le*o*lith, n. Etym: [Paleo- + -lith.] (Geol.) Defn: A relic of the Paleolithic era. PALEOLITHIC Pa`le*o*lith"ic, a. (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an era marked by early stone implements. The Paleolithic era (as proposed by Lubbock) includes the earlier half of the "Stone Age;" the remains belonging to it are for the most part of extinct animals, with relics of human beings. PALEOLOGIST Pa`le*ol"ogist, n. Defn: One versed in paleology; a student of antiquity. PALEOLOGY Pa`le*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Paleo- + -logy.] Defn: The study or knowledge of antiquities, esp. of prehistoric antiquities; a discourse or treatise on antiquities; archæology . PALEONTOGRAPHICAL Pa`le*on`to*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the description of fossil remains. PALEONTOGRAPHY Pa`le*on*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Paleo- + Gr. -graphy.] Defn: The description of fossil remains. PALEONTOLOGICAL Pa`le*on`to*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to paleontology. -- Pa`le*on`to*log"ic*al*ly, adv. PALEONTOLOGIST Pa`le*on*tol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. paléontologiste.] Defn: One versed in paleontology. PALEONTOLOGY Pa`le*on*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Paleo- + Gr. -logy. Cf. Ontology.] Defn: The science which treats of the ancient life of the earth, or of fossils which are the remains of such life. PALEOPHYTOLOGIST Pa`le*o*phy*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: A paleobotanist. PALEOPHYTOLOGY Pa`le*o*phy*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Paleo- + phytology.] Defn: Paleobotany. PALEORNITHOLOGY Pa`le*or`ni*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Paleo- + ornithology.] Defn: The branch of paleontology which treats of fossil birds. PALEOSAURUS Pa`le*o*sau"rus, n.Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ancient + (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of fossil saurians found in the Permian formation. PALEOTECHNIC Pa`le*o*tech"nic, a. Etym: [Paleo- + technic.] Defn: Belonging to, or connected with, ancient art. "The paleotechnic men of central France." D. Wilson. PALEOTHERE Pa"le*o*there, n. Etym: [F. paléothère.] (Paleon.) Defn: Any species of Paleotherium. PALEOTHERIAN Pa`le*o*the"ri*an, a. Etym: [F. paléothérien.] (Paleon.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Paleotherium. PALEOTHERIUM Pa`le*o*the"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of herbivorous Tertiary mammals, once supposed to have resembled the tapir in form, but now known to have had a more slender form, with a long neck like that of a llama. [Written also Palæotherium.] PALEOTHEROID Pa`le*o*the"roid, Etym: [Paleothere + -oid.] (Paleon.) Defn: Resembling Paleotherium. -- n. Defn: An animal resembling, or allied to, the paleothere. PALEOTYPE Pa"le*o*type, n. Defn: See Palæotype. PALEOUS Pa"le*ous, a. Etym: [L. palea chaff.] Defn: Chaffy; like chaff; paleaceous. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PALEOZOIC Pa`le*o*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Paleo- + Gr. (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to, or designating, the older division of geological time during which life is known to have existed, including the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous ages, and also to the life or rocks of those ages. See Chart of Geology. PALEOZOIC ERA Pa`le*o*zo*ic e*ra, n. (Geol.) Defn: The Paleozoic time or strata. PALEOZOOLOGY; PALEOZOOELOGY Pa`le*o*zo*öl"o*gy, n. Etym: [Paleo- + zoölogy.] Defn: The science of extinct animals, a branch of paleontology. PALESIE; PALESY Pale"sie, Pale"sy, n. Defn: Palsy. [Obs.] Wyclif. PALESTINIAN; PALESTINEAN Pal`es*tin"i*an, Pal`es*tin"e*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Palestine. PALESTRA Pa*les"tra, n.; pl. L. Palestræ, E. Palestras. Etym: [NL., fr. L. palaestra, Gr. [Written also palæstra.] (Antiq.) (a) A wrestling school; hence, a gymnasium, or place for athletic exercise in general. (b) A wrestling; the exercise of wrestling. PALESTRIAN; PALESTRIC; PALESTRICAL Pa*les"tri*an, Pa*les"tric, Pa*les"tric*al, a. Etym: [L. palaestricus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the palestra, or to wrestling. PALET Pal"et, n. Etym: [See Palea.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Palea. PALET Pa"let, n. Etym: [Dim. of pale. See Pale a stake.] (Her.) Defn: A perpendicular band upon an escutcheon, one half the breadth of the pale. PALETOT Pal"e*tot, n. Etym: [F. paletot, OF. palletoc, prob. fr. L. palla (see Palla) + F. toque cap, and so lit., a frock with a cap or hood; cf. Sp. paletoque.] (a) An overcoat. Dickens. (b) A lady's outer garment, -- of varying fashion. PALETTE Pal"ette, n. Etym: [See Pallet a thin board.] 1. (Paint.) Defn: A thin, oval or square board, or tablet, with a thumb hole at one end for holding it, on which a painter lays and mixes his pigments. [Written also pallet.] 2. (Anc. Armor) Defn: One of the plates covering the points of junction at the bend of the shoulders and elbows. Fairholt. 3. (Mech.) Defn: A breastplate for a breast drill. Palette knife, a knife with a very flexible steel blade and no cutting edge, rounded at the end, used by painters to mix colors on the grinding slab or palette. -- To set the palette (Paint.), to lay upon it the required pigments in a certain order, according to the intended use of them in a picture. Fairholt. PALEWISE Pale"wise`, adv. (Her.) Defn: In the manner of a pale or pales; by perpendicular lines or divisions; as, to divide an escutcheon palewise. PALFREY Pal"frey, n. Etym: [OE. palefrai, OF. palefrei, F. palefroi, LL. palafredus, parafredus, from L. paraveredus a horse for extraordinary occasions, an extra post horse; Gr. veredus a post horse.] 1. A saddle horse for the road, or for state occasions, as distinguished from a war horse. Chaucer. 2. A small saddle horse for ladies. Spenser. Call the host and bid him bring Charger and palfrey. Tennyson. PALFREYED Pal"freyed, a. Defn: Mounted on a palfrey. Tickell. PALGRAVE Pal"grave, n. Defn: See Palsgrave. PALI Pa"li, n., Defn: pl. of Palus. PALI Pa"li, n. Etym: [Ceylonese, fr. Skr. pali row, line, series, applied to the series of Buddhist sacred texts.] Defn: A dialect descended from Sanskrit, and like that, a dead language, except when used as the sacred language of the Buddhist religion in Farther India, etc. PALIFICATION Pal`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. palus a stake + -ficare (in comp.) to make: cf. F. palification. See -fy.] Defn: The act or practice of driving piles or posts into the ground to make it firm. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. PALIFORM Pa"li*form, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling a palus; as, the paliform lobes of the septa in corals. PALILOGY Pa*lil"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. palilogia, Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: The repetition of a word, or part of a sentence, for the sake of greater emphasis; as, "The living, the living, he shall praise thee." Is. xxxviii. 19. PALIMPSEST Pal"imp*sest, n. Etym: [L. palimpsestus, Gr. palimpseste.] Defn: A parchment which has been written upon twice, the first writing having been erased to make place for the second. Longfellow. PALINDROME Pal"in*drome, n. Etym: [Gr. palindrome.] Defn: A word, verse, or sentence, that is the same when read backward or forward; as, madam; Hannah; or Lewd did I live, & evil I did dwel. PALINDROMIC; PALINDROMICAL Pal`in*drom"ic, Pal`in*drom"ic*al, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, a palindrome. PALINDROMIST Pa*lin"dro*mist, n. Defn: A writer of palindromes. PALING Pal"ing, n. 1. Pales, in general; a fence formed with pales or pickets; a limit; an inclosure. They moved within the paling of order and decorum. De Quincey. 2. The act of placing pales or stripes on cloth; also, the stripes themselves. [Obs.] Chaucer. Paling board, one of the slabs sawed from the sides of a log to fit it to be sawed into boards. [Eng.] PALINGENESIA Pal`in*ge*ne"si*a, n.Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Palingenesis. PALINGENESIS; PALINGENESY Pal`in*gen"e*sis, Pal`in*gen"e*sy, n. Etym: [Gr. palingénésie. See Genesis.] 1. A new birth; a re-creation; a regeneration; a continued existence in different manner or form. 2. (Biol.) Defn: That form of evolution in which the truly ancestral characters conserved by heredity are reproduced in development; original simple descent; -- distinguished from kenogenesis. Sometimes, in zoölogy, the abrupt metamorphosis of insects, crustaceans, etc. PALINGENETIC Pal`in*ge*net"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to palingenesis: as, a palingenetic process. -- Pal`in*ge*net"ic*al*ly, adv. PALINODE Pal"i*node, n. Etym: [L. palinodia, from Gr. Ode.] 1. An ode recanting, or retracting, a former one; also, a repetition of an ode. 2. A retraction; esp., a formal retraction. Sandys. PALINODIAL Pal`i*no"di*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a palinode, or retraction. J. Q. Adams. PALINODY Pal"i*no*dy, n. Defn: See Palinode. [Obs.] Wood. PALINURUS Pal`inu"rus, n. Etym: [So called from L. Palinurus, the pilot of Æneas.] (Naut.) Defn: An instrument for obtaining directly, without calculation, the true bearing of the sun, and thence the variation of the compass PALISADE Pal`i*sade", n. Etym: [F. palissade, cf. Sp. palizada, It. palizzata, palizzo, LL. palissata; all fr. L. palus a stake, pale. See Pale a stake.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A strong, long stake, one end of which is set firmly in the ground, and the other is sharpened; also, a fence formed of such stakes set in the ground as a means of defense. 2. Any fence made of pales or sharp stakes. Palisade cells (Bot.), vertically elongated parenchyma cells, such as are seen beneath the epidermis of the upper surface of many leaves. -- Palisade worm (Zoöl.), a nematoid worm (Strongylus armatus), parasitic in the blood vessels of the horse, in which it produces aneurisms, often fatal. PALISADE Pal`i*sade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palisaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Palisading.] Etym: [Cf. F. palissader.] Defn: To surround, inclose, or fortify, with palisades. PALISADING Pal`i*sad"ing, n. Fort. Defn: ) A row of palisades set in the ground. PALISADO Pal`i*sa*"do, n.; pl. Palisadoes (. Defn: A palisade. [Obs.] Shak. PALISADO Pal`i*sa"do, v. t. Defn: To palisade. [Obs.] Sterne. PALISH Pal"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat pale or wan. PALISSANDER Pal`is*san"der, n. Etym: [F. palissandre.] (Bot.) (a) Violet wood. (b) Rosewood. PALISSY Pal"is*sy, a. Defn: Designating, or of the nature of, a kind of pottery made by Bernard Palissy, in France, in the 16th centry. Palissy ware, glazed pottery like that made by Bernard Palissy; especially, that having figures of fishes, reptiles, etc., in high relief. PALKEE Pal"kee, n. Etym: [Hind. palki; of the same origin as E. palanquin.] Defn: A palanquin. Malcom. PALL Pall, n. Defn: Same as Pawl. PALL Pall, n. Etym: [OE. pal, AS. pæl, from L. pallium cover, cloak, mantle, pall; cf. L. palla robe, mantle.] 1. An outer garment; a cloak mantle. His lion's skin changed to a pall of gold. Spenser. 2. A kind of rich stuff used for garments in the Middle Ages. [Obs.] Wyclif (Esther viii. 15). 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Same as Pallium. About this time Pope Gregory sent two archbishop's palls into England, -- the one for London, the other for York. Fuller. 4. (Her.) Defn: A figure resembling the Roman Catholic pallium, or pall, and having the form of the letter Y. 5. A large cloth, esp., a heavy black cloth, thrown over a coffin at a funeral; sometimes, also, over a tomb. Warriors carry the warrior's pall. Tennyson. 6. (Eccl.) Defn: A piece of cardboard, covered with linen and embroidered on one side; -- used to put over the chalice. PALL Pall, v. t. Defn: To cloak. [R.] Shak PALL Pall, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Palled; p. pr. & vb. n. Palling.] Etym: [Either shortened fr. appall, or fr. F. pâlir to grow pale. Cf. Appall, Pale, a.] Defn: To become vapid, tasteless, dull, or insipid; to lose strength, life, spirit, or taste; as, the liquor palls. Beauty soon grows familiar to the lover, Fades in the eye, and palls upon the sense. Addisin. PALL Pall, v. t. 1. To make vapid or insipid; to make lifeless or spiritless; to dull; to weaken. Chaucer. Reason and reflection . . . pall all his enjoyments. Atterbury. 2. To satiate; to cloy; as, to pall the appetite. PALL Pall, n. Defn: Nausea. [Obs.] Shaftesbury. PALLA Pal"la, n. Etym: [L. See Pall a cloak.] (Rom. Antuq.) Defn: An oblong rectangular piece of cloth, worn by Roman ladies, and fastened with brooches. PALLADIAN Pal*la"di*an, a. (Arch.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a variety of the revived classic style of architecture, founded on the works of Andrea Palladio, an Italian architect of the 16th century. PALLADIC Pal*la"dic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, palladium; -- used specifically to designate those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with palladious compounds. PALLADIOUS Pal*la"di*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, palladium; -- used specifically to designate those compounds in which palladium has a lower valence as compared with palladic compounds. PALLADIUM Pal*la"di*um, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: Any statue of the goddess Pallas; esp., the famous statue on the preservation of which depended the safety of ancient Troy. 2. Hence: That which affords effectual protection or security; a sateguard; as, the trial by jury is the palladium of our civil rights. Blackstone. PALLADIUM Pal*la"di*um, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element of the light platinum group, found native, and also alloyed with platinum and gold. It is a silver-white metal resembling platinum, and like it permanent and untarnished in the air, but is more easily fusible. It is unique in its power of occluding hydrogen, which it does to the extent of nearly a thousand volumes, forming the alloy Pd2H. It is used for graduated circles and verniers, for plating certain silver goods, and somewhat in dentistry. It was so named in 1804 by Wollaston from the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered in 1802. Symbol Pd. Atomic weight, 106.2. PALLADIUMIZE Palla"di*um*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palladiumized; p. pr. & vb. n. Palladiumizing.] Defn: To cover or coat with palladium. [R.] PALLAH Pal"lah, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large South African antelope (Æpyceros melampus). The male has long lyrate and annulated horns. The general color is bay, with a black crescent on the croup. Called also roodebok. PALLAS Pal"las, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: Pallas Athene, the Grecian goddess of wisdom, called also Athene, and identified, at a later period, with the Roman Minerva. PALLBEARER Pall"bear*er, n. Defn: One of those who attend the coffin at a funeral; -- so called from the pall being formerly carried by them. PALLET Pal"let, n. Etym: [OE. paillet, F. paillet a heap of straw, fr. paille straw, fr. L. palea chaff; cf. Gr. pala straw, palava chaff. Cf. Paillasse.] Defn: A small and mean bed; a bed of straw. Milton. PALLET Pal"let, n. Etym: [F. palette: af. It. paletta; prop. and orig., a fire shovel, dim. of L. pala a shovel, spade. See Peel a shovel.] 1. (Paint.) Defn: Same as Palette. 2. (Pettery) (a) A wooden implement used by potters, crucible makers, etc., for forming, beating, and rounding their works. It is oval, round, and of other forms. (b) A potter's wheel. 3. (Gilding) (a) An instrument used to take up gold leaf from the pillow, and to apply it. (b) A tool for gilding the backs of books over the bands. 4. (Brickmaking) Defn: A board on which a newly molded brick is conveyed to the hack. Knight. 5. (Mach.) (a) A click or pawl for driving a ratchet wheel. (b) One of the series of disks or pistons in the chain pump. Knight. 6. (Horology) Defn: One of the pieces or levers connected with the pendulum of a clock, or the balance of a watch, which receive the immediate impulse of the scape-wheel, or balance wheel. Brande & C. 7. (Mus.) Defn: In the organ, a valve between the wind chest and the mouth of a pipe or row of pipes. 8. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a pair of shelly plates that protect the siphon tubes of certain bivalves, as the Teredo. See Illust. of Teredo. 9. A cup containing three ounces, -- PALLIAL Pal"li*al, a. Etym: [L. pallium a mantle. See Pall.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pretaining to a mantle, especially to the mantle of mollusks; produced by the mantle; as, the pallial line, or impression, which marks the attachment of the mantle on the inner surface of a bivalve shell. See Illust. of Bivalve. Pallial chamber (Zoöl.), the cavity inclosed by the mantle. -- Pallial sinus (Zoöl.), an inward bending of the pallial line, near the posterior end of certain bivalve shells, to receive the siphon. See Illust. of Bivalve. PALLIAMENT Pal"li*a*ment, n. Etym: [LL. palliare to clothe, fr. L. pallium a manltle. See Pall the garment.] Defn: A dress; a robe. [Obs.] Shak. PALLIARD Pal"liard, n. Etym: [F. paillard, orig., one addicted to the couch, fr. paille straw. See Pallet a small bed.] 1. A born beggar; a vagabond. [Obs.] Halliwell. 2. A lecher; a lewd person. [Obs.] Dryden. PALLIASSE Pal*liasse", n. Defn: See Paillasse. PALLIATE Pal"li*ate, a. Etym: [L. palliatus, fr. pallium a cloak. See Pall the garment.] 1. Covered with a mant [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. Eased; mitigated; alleviated. [Obs.] Bp. Fell. PALLIATE Pal"li*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palliated(); p. pr. & vb. n. Palliating().] 1. To cover with a mantle or cloak; to cover up; to hide. [Obs.] Being palliated with a pilgrim's coat. Sir T. Herbert. 2. To cover with excuses; to conceal the enormity of, by excuses and apologies; to extenuate; as, to palliate faults. They never hide or palliate their vices. Swift. 3. To reduce in violence; to lessen or abate; to mitigate; to ease withhout curing; as, to palliate a disease. To palliate dullness, and give time a shove. Cowper. Syn. -- To cover; cloak; hide; extenuate; conceal. -- To Palliate, Extenuate, Cloak. These words, as here compared, are used in a figurative sense in reference to our treatment of wrong action. We cloak in order to conceal completely. We extenuate a crime when we endeavor to show that it is less than has been supposed; we palliate a crime when we endeavor to cover or conceal its enormity, at least in part. This naturally leads us to soften some of its features, and thus palliate approaches extenuate till they have become nearly or quite identical. "To palliate is not now used, though it once was, in the sense of wholly cloaking or covering over, as it might be, our sins, but in that of extenuating; to palliate our faults is not to hide them altogether, but to seek to diminish their guilt in part." Trench. PALLIATION Pal`li*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. palliation.] 1. The act of palliating, or state of being palliated; extenuation; excuse; as, the palliation of faults, offenses, vices. 2. Mitigation; alleviation, as of a disease. Bacon. 3. That which cloaks or covers; disguise; also, the state of being covered or disguised. [Obs.] PALLIATIVE Pal"li*a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. palliatif.] Defn: Serving to palliate; serving to extenuate or mitigate. PALLIATIVE Pal"li*a*tive, n. Defn: That which palliates; a palliative agent. Sir W. Scott. PALLIATORY Pal"li*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Palliative; extenuating. PALLID Pal"lid, a. Etym: [L. pallidus, fr. pallere to be or look pale. See pale, a.] Defn: Deficient in color; pale; wan; as, a pallid countenance; pallid blue. Spenser. PALLIDITY Pal*lid"i*ty, n. Defn: Pallidness; paleness. PALLIDLY Pal"lid*ly, adv. Defn: In a pallid manner. PALLIDNESS Pal"lid*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being pallid; paleness; pallor; wanness. PALLIOBRANCHIATA Pal`li*o*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Brachiopoda. PALLIOBRANCHIATE Pal`li*o*bran"chi*ate, a. Etym: [See Pallium, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the pallium, or mantle, acting as a gill, as in brachiopods. PALLIUM Pal"li*um, n.; pl. L. Pallia(Palliums. Etym: [L. See Pall the garment.] 1. (Anc. Costume) Defn: A large, square, woolen cloak which enveloped the whole person, worn by the Greeks and by certain Romans. It is the Roman name of a Greek garment. 2. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: A band of white wool, worn on the shoulders, with four purple crosses worked on it; a pall. Note: The wool is obtained from two lambs brought to the basilica of St. Agnes, Rome, and blessed. It is worn by the pope, and sent to patriarchs, primates, and archbishops, as a sign that they share in the plenitude of the episcopal office. Befoer it is sent, the pallium is laid on the tomb of St. Peter, where it remains all night. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The mantle of a bivalve. See Mantle. (b) The mantle of a bird. PALL-MALL Pall`-mall", n. Etym: [OF. palemail, It. pallamagio; palla a ball (of German origin, akin to E. ball) + magio hammer, fr. L. malleus. See lst Ball, and Mall a beetle.] Defn: A game formerly common in England, in which a wooden ball was driven with a mallet through an elevated hoop or ring of iron. The name was also given to the mallet used, to the place where the game was played, and to the street, in London, still called Pall Mall. [Written also pail-mail and pell-mell.] Sir K. Digby. Evelyn. PALLONE Pal*lo"ne, n. Etym: [It., a large ball, fr. palla ball. See Balloon.] Defn: An Italian game, played with a large leather ball. PALLOR Pal"lor, n. Etym: [L., fr. pallere to be or look pale. See Pale, a.] Defn: Paleness; want of color; pallidity; as, pallor of the complexion. Jer. Taylor. PALM Palm, n. Etym: [OE. paume, F. paume, L. palma, Gr. pani hand, and E. fumble. See Fumble, Feel, and cf. 2d Palm.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The inner and somewhat concave part of the hand between the bases of the fingers and the wrist. Clench'd her fingers till they bit the palm. Tennyson. 2. A lineal measure equal either to the breadth of the hand or to its length from the wrist to the ends of the fingers; a hand; -- used in measuring a horse's height. Note: In Greece, the palm was reckoned at three inches. The Romans adopted two measures of this name, the lesser palm of 2.91 inches, and the greater palm of 8.73 inches. At the present day, this measure varies in the most arbitrary manner, being different in each country, and occasionally varying in the same. Internat. Cyc. 3. (Sailmaking) Defn: A metallic disk, attached to a strap, and worn the palm of the hand, -- used to push the needle through the canvas, in sewing sails, etc. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The broad flattened part of an antler, as of a full-grown fallow deer; -- so called as resembling the palm of the hand with its protruding fingers. 5. (Naut.) Defn: The flat inner face of an anchor fluke. PALM Palm, n. Etym: [AS. palm, L. palma; -- so named fr. the leaf resembling a hand. See lst Palm, and cf. Pam.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any endogenous tree of the order Palmæ or Palmaceæ; a palm tree. Note: Palms are perennial woody plants, often of majestic size. The trunk is usually erect and rarely branched, and has a roughened exterior composed of the persistent bases of the leaf stalks. The leaves are borne in a terminal crown, and are supported on stout, sheathing, often prickly, petioles. They are usually of great size, and are either pinnately or palmately many-cleft. There are about one thousand species known, nearly all of them growing in tropical or semitropical regions. The wood, petioles, leaves, sap, and fruit of many species are invaluable in the arts and in domestic economy. Among the best known are the date palm, the cocoa palm, the fan palm, the oil palm, the wax palm, the palmyra, and the various kinds called cabbage palm and palmetto. 2. A branch or leaf of the palm, anciently borne or worn as a symbol of victory or rejoicing. A great multitude . . . stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palme in their hands. Rev. vii. 9. 3. Hence: Any symbol or token of superiority, success, or triumph; also, victory; triumph; supremacy. "The palm of martyrdom." Chaucer. So get the start of the majestic world And bear the palm alone. Shak. Molucca palm (Bot.), a labiate herb from Asia (Molucella lævis), having a curious cup-shaped calyx. -- Palm cabbage, the terminal bud of a cabbage palm, used as food. -- Palm cat (Zoöl.), the common paradoxure. -- Palm crab (Zoöl.), the purse crab. -- Palm oil, a vegetable oil, obtained from the fruit of several species of palms, as the African oil palm (Elæis Guineensis), and used in the manufacture of soap and candles. See Elæis. -- Palm swift (Zoöl.), a small swift (Cypselus Btassiensis) which frequents the palmyra and cocoanut palms in India. Its peculiar nest is attached to the leaf of the palmyra palm. -- Palm toddy. Same as Palm wine. -- Palm weevil (Zoöl.), any one of mumerous species of very large weevils of the genus Rhynchophorus. The larvæ bore into palm trees, and are called palm borers, and grugru worms. They are considered excellent food. -- Palm wine, the sap of several species of palms, especially, in India, of the wild date palm (Phoenix sylvestrix), the palmyra, and the Caryota urens. When fermented it yields by distillation arrack, and by evaporation jaggery. Called also palm toddy. -- Palm worm, or Palmworm. (Zoöl.) (a) The larva of a palm weevil. (b) A centipede. PALM Palm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Palming.] 1. To handle. [Obs.] Prior. 2. To manipulate with, or conceal in, the palm of the hand; to juggle. They palmed the trick that lost the game. Prior. 3. To impose by frand, as by sleight of hand; to put by unfair means; -- usually with off. For you may palm upon us new for old. Dryden. PALMACEOUS Pal*ma"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to palms; of the nature of, or resembling, palms. PALMA CHRISTI Pal"ma Chris"ti. Etym: [L., palm of Christ.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Ricinus communis) with ornamental peltate and palmately cleft foliage, growing as a woody perennial in the tropics, and cultivated as an herbaceous annual in temperate regions; -- called also castor-oil plant. [Sometimes corrupted into palmcrist.] PALMACITE Pal"ma*cite, n. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil palm. PALMAR Pal"mar, a. Etym: [L. palmaris, fr. palma the palm of the hand: cf. F. palmaire.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or corresponding with, the palm of the hand. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the under side of the wings of birds. PALMARIUM Pal*ma"ri*um, n.; pl. Palmaria. Etym: [NL. See Palmar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the bifurcations of the brachial plates of a crinoid. PALMARY Pal"ma*ry, a. (Anat.) Defn: Palmar. PALMARY Pal"ma*ry, a. Etym: [L. palmarius, palmaris, belonging to palms, deserving the palm or prize, fr. palma a palm.] Defn: Worthy of the palm; palmy; preëminent; superior; principal; chief; as, palmary work. Br. Horne. PALMATE Pal"mate, n. Defn: (Chem.) A salt of palmic acid; a ricinoleate. [Obsoles.] PALMATE; PALMATED Pal"mate, Pal"ma*ted, a. Etym: [L. palmatus marked with the palm of a hand, from palma the palm of the hand.] 1. Having the shape of the hand; resembling a hand with the fingers spread. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Spreading from the apex of a petiole, as the divisions of a leaf, or leaflets, so as to resemble the hand with outspread fingers. Gray. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the anterior toes united by a web, as in most swimming birds; webbed. See Illust. (i) under Aves. (b) Having the distal portion broad, flat, and more or less divided into lobes; -- said of certain corals, antlers, etc. PALMATELY Pal"mate*ly, adv. Defn: In a palmate manner. PALMATIFID Pal*mat"i*fid, a. Etym: [L. palmatus palmate + root of findere to split.] (Bot.) Defn: Palmate, with the divisions separated but little more than halfway to the common center. PALMATILOBED Pal*mat"i*lobed, a. Etym: [L. palmatus palmate + E. lobed.] (Bot.) Defn: Palmate, with the divisions separated less than halfway to the common center. PALMATISECT; PALMATISECTED Pal*mat"i*sect, Pal*mat`i*sect"ed, a. Etym: [L. palmatus palmate + secare to cut.] (Bot.) Defn: Divided, as a palmate leaf, down to the midrib, so that the parenchyma is interrupted. PALMCRIST Palm"crist, n. Defn: The palma Christi. (Jonah iv. 6, margin, and Douay version, note.) PALMED Palmed, a. Defn: Having or bearing a palm or palms. Paimed deer (Zoöl.), a stag of full growth, bearing palms. See lst Palm, 4. PALMER Palm"er, n. Etym: [From Palm, v. t.] Defn: One who palms or cheats, as at cards or dice. PALMER Palm"er, n.Etym: [From Palm the tree.] Defn: A wandering religious votary; especially, one who bore a branch of palm as a token that he had visited the Holy Land and its sacred places. Chaucer. Pilgrims and palmers plighted them together. P. Plowman. The pilgrim had some home or dwelling place, the palmer had none. The pilgrim traveled to some certain, designed place or places, but the palmer to all. T. Staveley. PALMERWORM Palm"er*worm`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any hairy caterpillar which appears in great numbers, devouring herbage, and wandering about like a palmer. The name is applied also to other voracious insects. Joel. i. 4. (b) In America, the larva of any one of several moths, which destroys the foliage of fruit and forest trees, esp. the larva of Ypsolophus pometellus, which sometimes appears in vast numbers. PALMETTE Pal*mette", n. Etym: [F., dim. of palme a palm.] Defn: A floral ornament, common in Greek and other ancient architecture; -- often called the honeysuckle ornament. PALMETTO Pal*met"to, n. Etym: [Dim. of palm the tree: cf. Sp. palmito.] (Bot.) Defn: A name given to palms of several genera and species growing in the West Indies and the Southern United States. In the United States, the name is applied especially to the Chamærops, or Sabal, Palmetto, the cabbage tree of Florida and the Carolinas. See Cabbage tree, under Cabbage. Royal palmetto, the West Indian Sabal umbraculifera, the trunk of which, when hollowed, is used for water pipes, etc. The leaves are used for thatching, and for making hats, ropes, etc. -- Saw palmetto, Sabal serrulata, a native of Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida. The nearly impassable jungle which it forms is called palmetto scrub. PALMETTO FLAG Pal*met"to flag. Defn: Any of several flags adopted by South California after its secession. That adopted in November, 1860, had a green cabbage palmetto in the center of a white field; the final one, January, 1861, had a white palmetto in the center of a blue field and a white crescent in the upper left-hand corner. PALMETTO STATE Palmetto State. Defn: South California; -- a nickname alluding to the State Arms, which contain a representation of a palmetto tree. PALMIC Pal"mic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. palmique.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi); -- formerly used to designate an acid now called ricinoleic acid. [Obsoles.] PALMIDACTYLES Pal`mi*dac"ty*les, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Palm, and Dactyl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of wading birds having the toes webbed, as the avocet. PALMIFEROUS Pal*mif"er*ous, a.Etym: [L. palmifer; palma a palm + ferre to bear: cf. F. palmifère.] Defn: Bearing palms. PALMIGRADE Pal"mi*grade, a. Etym: [L. palma palm of the hand + gradi to walk.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Putting the whole foot upon the ground in walking, as some mammals. PALMIN Pal"min, n. Etym: [From palma Christi: cf. F. palmine.] (Chem.) (a) A white waxy or fatty substance obtained from castor oil. (b) Ricinolein. [Obs.] PALMIPED Pal"mi*ped, a.Etym: [L. palmipes, -edis, broad-footed; palma the palm of the hand + pes a foot; cf. F. palmipède.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Web-footed, as a water fowl. -- n. Defn: A swimming bird; a bird having webbed feet. PALMIPEDES Pal*mip"e*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Natatores. PALMISTER Pal"mis*ter, n. Etym: [From Palm of the hand.] Defn: One who practices palmistry Bp. Hall. PALMISTRY Pal`mis*try, n.Etym: [See Palmister.] 1. The art or practice of divining or telling fortunes, or of judging of character, by the lines and marks in the palm of the hand; chiromancy. Ascham. Cowper. 2. A dexterous use or trick of the hand. Addison. PALMITATE Pal"mi*tate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of palmitic acid. PALMITE Pal"mite, n. Etym: [From Palm.] (Bot.) Defn: A South African plant (Prionium Palmita) of the Rush family, having long serrated leaves. The stems have been used for making brushes. PALMITIC Pal*mit"ic, a. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, palmitin or palm oil; as, palmitic acid, a white crystalline body belonging to the fatty acid series. It is readily soluble in hot alcohol, and melts to a liquid oil at 62º C. PALMITIN Pal"mi*tin, n. Etym: [So called because abundant in palm oil.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A solid crystallizable fat, found abundantly in animals and in vegetables. It occurs mixed with stearin and olein in the fat of animal tissues, with olein and butyrin in butter, with olein in olive oil, etc. Chemically, it is a glyceride of palmitic acid, three molecules of palmitic acid being united to one molecule of glyceryl, and hence it is technically called tripalmitin, or glyceryl tripalmitate. PALMITOLIC Pal`mi*tol"ic, a. Etym: [Palmitic + -oleic + ic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an artificial acid of the oleic acid series, isomeric with linoleic acid. PALMITONE Pal"mi*tone, n. (Chem.) Defn: The ketone of palmitic acid. PALM SUNDAY Palm" Sun`day. (Eccl.) Defn: The Sunday next before Easter; -- so called in commemoration of our Savior's triumphal entry into Jerusalem, when the multitude strewed palm branches in the way. PALMY Palm"y, a. 1. Bearing palms; abounding in palms; derived from palms; as, a palmy shore. Pope. His golden sands and palmy wine. Goldsmith. 2. Worthy of the palm; flourishing; prosperous. In the most high and palmy state of Rome. Shak. PALMYRA Pal*my"ra, n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of palm (Borassus flabelliformis) having a straight, black, upright trunk, with palmate leaves. It is found native along the entire northern shores of the Indian Ocean, from the mouth of the Tigris to New Guinea. More than eight hundred uses to which it is put are enumerated by native writers. Its wood is largely used for building purposes; its fruit and roots serve for food, its sap for making toddy, and its leaves for thatching huts. PALO Pa"lo, n. [Sp. See Pale a stake.] Defn: A pole or timber of any kind; -- in the names of trees. [Sp. Amer.] PALO BLANCO Pa"lo blan"co. [Sp. blanco white.] (a) A western American hackberry (Celtis reticulata), having light- colored bark. (b) A Mexican mimosaceous tree (Lysiloma candida), the bark of which is used in tanning. PALOLA Pa*lo"la, n. Etym: [Fr. the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An annelid (Palola viridis) which, at certain seasons of the year, swarms at the surface of the sea about some of the Pcific Islands, where it is collected for food. PALOLO; PALOLO WORM Pa*lo"lo, n., or Palolo worm . [From native name.] Defn: A polystome worm (Palolo viridis) that burrows in the coral reefs of certain of the Pacific Islands. A little before the last quarter of the moon in October and November, they swarm in vast numbers at the surface of the sea for breeding, and are gathered and highly esteemed as food by the natives. An allied species inhabits the tropical Atlantic and swarms in June or July. PALOMETA; PALLOMETA Pa*lo*me"ta, Pal`lo*me"ta, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A pompano. PALP Palp, n. Etym: [Cf. F. palpe. See Palpable.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Palpus. PALP Palp, v. t. Etym: [L. palpare: cf. F. palper.] Defn: To have a distinct touch or feeling of; to feel. [Obs.] To bring a palpèd darkness o'er the earth. Heywood. PALPABILITY Pal`pa*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being palpable, or perceptible by the touch. Arbuthnot. PALPABLE Pal"pa*ble, a. Etym: [F. palpable, L. palpabilis, fr. palpare to feel, stroke; cf. palpus the soft palm of the hand.] 1. Capable of being touched and felt; perceptible by the touch; as, a palpable form. Shak. Darkness must overshadow all his bounds, Palpable darkness. Milton. 2. Easily perceptible; plain; distinct; obvious; readily perceived and detected; gross; as, palpable imposture; palpable absurdity; palpable errors. "Three persons palpable." P. Plowman. [Lies] gross as a mountain, open, palpable. Shak. -- Pal"pa*ble*ness, n. -- Pal"pa*bly, adv. PALPATION Pal*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. palpatio, fr. palpare. See Palpable.] 1. Act of touching or feeling. 2. (Med.) Defn: Examination of a patient by touch. Quain. PALPATOR Pal*pa"tor, n. Etym: [L., a stroker.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a family of clavicorn beetles, including those which have very long maxillary palpi. PALPEBRA Pal"pe*bra, n.; pl. Palpebræ. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The eyelid. PALPEBRAL Pal"pe*bral, a. Etym: [L. palpebralis, fr. palpebra: cf. F. palpébral.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the eyelids. PALPEBRATE Pal"pe*brate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having eyelids. PALPED Palped, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a palpus. PALPI Pal"pi, n., Defn: pl. of Palpus. (Zoöl.) See Palpus. PALPICORN Pal"pi*corn, n. Etym: [See Palpus, and Cornu.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group of aquatic beetles (Palpicornia) having short club-shaped antennæ, and long maxillary palpi. PALPIFER Pal"pi*fer, n. Etym: [Palpus + L. ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Palpiger. PALPIFORM Pal"pi*form, a. Etym: [Palpus + -form: cf. F. palpiforme.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the form of a palpus. PALPIGER Pal"pi*ger, n. Etym: [See Palpigerous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: That portion of the labium which bears the palpi in insects. PALPIGEROUS Pal*pig"er*ous, a. Etym: [Palpus + -gerous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Bearing a palpus. Kirby. PALPITANT Pal"pi*tant, a. Etym: [L. palpitans, p. pr.] Defn: Palpitating; throbbing; trembling. Carlyle. PALPITATE Pal"pi*tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Palpitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Palpitating().] Etym: [L. palpitare, palpitatum, v. intens. fr. pappare. See Palpable.] Defn: To beat rapidly and more strongly than usual; to throb; to bound with emotion or exertion; to pulsate violently; to flutter; -- said specifically of the heart when its action is abnormal, as from excitement. PALPITATION Pal`pi*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. palpitatio: cf. F. palpitation.] Defn: A rapid pulsation; a throbbing; esp., an abnormal, rapid beating of the heart as when excited by violent exertion, strong emotion, or by disease. PALPLESS Palp"less, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Without a palpus. PALPOCIL Pal"po*cil, n. Etym: [See Palpus, and Cilium.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A minute soft filamentary process springing from the surface of certain hydroids and sponges. PALPUS Pal"pus, n.; pl. Palpi. Etym: [NL. See Palp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A feeler; especially, one of the jointed sense organs attached to the mouth organs of insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and annelids; as, the mandibular palpi, maxillary palpi, and labial palpi. The palpi of male spiders serve as sexual organs. Called also palp. See Illust. of Arthrogastra and Orthoptera. PALSGRAVE Pals"grave`, n. Etym: [D. paltsgraaf; palts palace (l. palatium) + graaf count; cf. G. pfalzgraf. See Palace, and Landgrave.] (Ger. Hist.) Defn: A count or earl who presided in the domestic court, and had the superintendence, of a royal household in Germany. PALSGRAVINE Pals"gra*vine`, n.Etym: [D. paltsgravin: cf. G. pfalzgrafin.] Defn: The consort or widow of a palsgrave. PALSICAL Pal"si*cal, a.Etym: [From Palsy.] Defn: Affected with palsy; palsied; paralytic. [R.] Johnson. PALSIED Pal"sied, a. Defn: Affected with palsy; paralyzed. PALSTAVE Pal"stave`, n. Etym: [Dan. paalstav.] Defn: A peculiar bronze adz, used in prehistoric Europe about the middle of the bronze age. Dawkins. PALSTER Pal"ster, n. Etym: [D. palsterstaf.] Defn: A pilgrim's staff. [Obs.] Halliwell. PALSY Pal"sy, n.; pl. Palsies. Etym: [OE. palesie, parlesy, OF. paralesie, F. paralysie, L. paralysis. See Paralysis.] (Med.) Defn: Paralysis, complete or partial. See Paralysis. "One sick of the palsy." Mark ii. 3. Bell's palsy, paralysis of the facial nerve, producing distortion of one side of the face; -- so called from Sir Charles Bell, an English surgeon who described it. -- Scrivener's palsy. See Writer's cramp, under Writer. -- Shaking palsy, paralysis agitans, a disease usually occurring in old people, characterized by muscular tremors and a peculiar shaking and tottering gait. PALSY Pal"sy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Palsied; p. pr. & vb. n. Palsying.] Defn: To affect with palsy, or as with palsy; to deprive of action or energy; to paralyze. PALSYWORT Pal"sy*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The cowslip (Primula veris); -- so called from its supposed remedial powers. Dr. Prior. PALTER Pal"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paltered; p. pr. & vb. n. Paltering.] Etym: [See Paltry.] 1. To haggle. [Obs.] Cotgrave. 2. To act in insincere or deceitful manner; to play false; to equivocate; to shift; to dodge; to trifle. Romans, that have spoke the word, And will not palter. Shak. Who never sold the truth to serve the hour, Nor paltered with eternal God for power. Tennyson. 3. To babble; to chatter. [Obs.] PALTER Pal"ter, v. t. Defn: To trifle with; to waste; to squander in paltry ways or on worthless things. [Obs.] "Palter out your time in the penal statutes." Beau. & Fl. PALTERER Pal"ter*er, n. Defn: One who palters. Johnson. PALTERLY Pal"ter*ly, a. & adv. Defn: Paltry; shabby; shabbily; paltrily. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "In palterly clothes." Pepys. PALTOCK Pal"tock, n. Etym: [See Paletot.] Defn: A kind of doublet; a jacket. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. PALTRILY Pal"tri*ly, adv. Defn: In a paltry manner. PALTRINESS Pal"tri*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being paltry. PALTRY Pal"try, a. [Compar. Paltrier (; superl. Paltriest.] Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. paltry refuse, rubbish, LG. paltering ragged, palte, palter, a rag, a tatter, Dan. pialt, Sw. palta, pl. paltor.] Defn: Mean; vile; worthless; despicable; contemptible; pitiful; trifling; as, a paltry excuse; paltry gold. Cowper. The paltry prize is hardly worth the cost. Byron. Syn. -- See Contemptible. PALUDAL Pa*lu"dal, a. Etym: [L. palus, -udis, a marsh.] Defn: Of or pertaining to marshes or fens; marshy. [R.] Paludal fever, malarial fever; -- so called because generated in marshy districts. PALUDAMENT Pa*lu"da*ment, n. Defn: See Paludamentum. PALUDAMENTUM Pa*lu`da*men*tum, n.; pl. Paladumenta ( (Rom. Defn: Antiq.) A military cloak worn by a general and his principal officers. PALUDICOLAE Pal`u*dic"o*læ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. palus, -udis, a marsh + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of birds, including the cranes, rails, etc. PALUDICOLE Pa*lu"di*cole, a. Etym: [Cf. F. paludicole.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Marsh-inhabiting; belonging to the Paludicolæ PALUDINA Pal`u*di"na, n.; pl. L. Paludinæ, E. Paludinas. Etym: [NL., fr. L. palus, -udis, a marsh, pool.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of freshwater pectinibranchiate mollusks, belonging to Paludina, Melantho, and allied genera. They have an operculated shell which is usually green, often with brown bands. See Illust. of Pond snail, under Pond. PALUDINAL Pal`u*di"nal, a. Defn: Inhabiting ponds or swamps. PALUDINE Pal"u*dine, a. Etym: [L. palus, -udis, a marsh.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a marsh. Buckland. PALUDINOUS Pa*lu"di*nous, a. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) Paludinal. (b) Like or pertaining to the genus Paludina. 2. Of or pertaining to a marsh or fen. [R.] PALUDISM Pa*lu"dism, n. (Med.) Defn: The morbid phenomena produced by dwelling among marshes; malarial disease or disposition. PALUDOSE Pal"u*dose`, a.Etym: [L. paludosus marshy.] Defn: Growing or living in marshy places; marshy. PALULE Pal"ule, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Palulus or Palus. PALULUS Pal"u*lus, n.; pl. Paluli. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. palus a stake.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Palus. PALUS Pa"lus, n.; pl. Pali. Etym: [L., a stake.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of several upright slender calcareous processes which surround the central part of the calicle of certain corals. PALUSTRAL Pa*lus"tral, a. Etym: [L. paluster, -ustris.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a bog or marsh; boggy. [R.] PALUSTRINE Pa*lus"trine, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or living in, a marsh or swamp; marshy. PALY Pal"y, a. Etym: [From Pale, a.] Defn: Pale; wanting color; dim. [Poetic] Shak. Whittier. PALY Pal"y, a. Etym: [Cf. F. palé. See Pale a stake.] (Her.) Defn: Divided into four or more equal parts by perpendicular lines, and of two different tinctures disposed alternately. PAM Pam, n. Etym: [From Palm victory; cf. trump, fr. triumph.] Defn: The knave of clubs. [Obs.] Pope. PAMENT Pa"ment, n. Defn: A pavement. [Obs.] Chaucer. PAMPANO Pam"pa*no, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pompano. PAMPAS Pam"pas, n. pl. Etym: [Sp., fr. Peruv. pampa a field, plain.] Defn: Vast plains in the central and southern part of the Argentine Republic in South America. The term is sometimes used in a wider sense for the plains extending from Bolivia to Southern Patagonia. Pampas cat (Zoöl.), a South American wild cat (Felis pajeros). It has oblique transverse bands of yellow or brown. It is about three and a half feet long. Called also straw cat. -- Pampas deer (Zoöl.), a small, reddish-brown, South American deer (Cervus, or Blastocerus, campestris). -- Pampas grass (Bot.), a very tall ornamental grass (Gynerium argenteum) with a silvery-white silky panicle. It is a native of the pampas of South America. PAMPER Pam"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pampered; p. pr. & vb. n. Pampering.] Etym: [Cf. LG. pampen, slampampen, to live luxuriously, pampe thick pap, and E. pap.] 1. To feed to the full; to feed luxuriously; to glut; as, to pamper the body or the appetite. "A body . . . pampered for corruption." Dr. T. Dwight. 2. To gratify inordinately; to indulge to excess; as, to pamper pride; to pamper the imagination. South. PAMPERED Pam"pered, a. Defn: Fed luxuriously; indulged to the full; hence, luxuriant. "Pampered boughs." Milton. "Pampered insolence." Pope. -- Pam"pered*ness, n. Bp. Hall. PAMPERER Pam"per*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, pampers. Cowper. PAMPERIZE Pam"per*ize, v. t. Defn: To pamper. [R.] Sydney Smith. PAMPERO Pam*pe"ro, n.Etym: [Sp., fr. pampa a plain.] Defn: A violent wind from the west or southwest, which sweeps over the pampas of South America and the adjacent seas, often doing great damage. Sir W. Parish. PAMPEROS Pam*pe"ros, n. pl.; sing. Pampero (. Etym: [Sp. American.] (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians inhabiting the pampas of South America. PAMPHLET Pam"phlet, n. Etym: [OE. pamflet, pamfilet, paunflet, possibly fr. OF. palme the palm of the hand, F. paume (see Palm) + OF. fueillet a leaf, dim. of fueil, m., F. feuille, f., fr. L. folium, pl. folia, thus meaning, a leaf to be held in the hand; or perh. through old French, fr. L. Pamphila, a female historian of the first century who wrote many epitomes; prob., however, fr. OF. Pamflette, the Old French name given to Pamphilus, a poem in Latin verse of the 12th century, pamphlets being named from the popularity of this poem.] 1. A writing; a book. Testament of love. Sir Thomas More in his pamphlet of Richard the Third. Ascham. 2. A small book consisting of a few sheets of printed paper, stitched together, often with a paper cover, but not bound; a short essay or written discussion, usually on a subject of current interest. PAMPHLET Pam"phlet, v. i. Defn: To write a pamphlet or pamphlets. [R.] Howell. PAMPHLETEER Pam`phlet*eer", n. Defn: A writer of pamphlets; a scribbler. Dryden. Macaulay. PAMPHLETEER Pam`phlet*eer", v. i. Defn: To write or publish pamphlets. By pamphleteering we shall not win. C. Kingsley. PAMPINIFORM Pam*pin"i*form, a. Etym: [L. pampinus a tendril + -form.] (Anat.) Defn: In the form of tendrils; -- applied especially to the spermatic and ovarian veins. PAMPRE Pam"pre, n. Etym: [F. pampre a vine branch, L. pampinus.] (Sculp.) Defn: An ornament, composed of vine leaves and bunches of grapes, used for decorating spiral columns. PAMPRODACTYLOUS Pam`pro*dac"tyl*ous, a. Etym: [Pan- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having all the toes turned forward, as the colies. PAN-; PANTA-; PANTO- Pan-, Pan"ta-, Pan"to-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Combining forms signifying all, every; as, panorama, pantheism, pantagraph, pantograph. Pan- becomes pam- before b or p, as pamprodactylous. PAN Pan, n. Etym: [OE. See 2d Pane.] 1. A part; a portion. 2. (Fort.) Defn: The distance comprised between the angle of the epaule and the flanked angle. 3. Etym: [Perh. a different word.] Defn: A leaf of gold or silver. PAN Pan, v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. F. pan skirt, lappet, L. pannus a cloth, rag, W. panu to fur, to full.] Defn: To join or fit together; to unite. [Obs.] Halliwell. PAN Pan, n. Etym: [Hind. pan, Skr. parna leaf.] Defn: The betel leaf; also, the masticatory made of the betel leaf, etc. See . PAN Pan, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: The god of shepherds, guardian of bees, and patron of fishing and hunting. He is usually represented as having the head and trunk of a man, with the legs, horns, and tail of a goat, and as playing on the shepherd's pipe, which he is said to have invented. PAN Pan, n. Etym: [OE. panne, AS. panne; cf. D. pan, G. pfanne, OHG. pfanna, Icel., Sw., LL., & Ir. panna, of uncertain origin; cf. L. patina, E. paten.] 1. A shallow, open dish or vessel, usually of metal, employed for many domestic uses, as for setting milk for cream, for frying or baking food, etc.; also employed for various uses in manufacturing. "A bowl or a pan." Chaucer. 2. (Manuf.) Defn: A closed vessel for boiling or evaporating. See Vacuum pan, under Vacuum. 3. The part of a flintlock which holds the priming. 4. The skull, considered as a vessel containing the brain; the upper part of the head; the brainpan; the cranium. Chaucer. 5. (C Defn: A recess, or bed, for the leaf of a hinge. 6. The hard stratum of earth that lies below the soil. See Hard pan, under Hard. 7. A natural basin, containing salt or fresh water, or mud. Flash in the pan. See under Flash. -- To savor of the pan, to suggest the process of cooking or burning; in a theological sense, to be heretical. Ridley. Southey. PAN Pan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Panned; p. pr. & vb. n. Panning.] (Mining) Defn: To separate, as gold, from dirt or sand, by washing in a kind of pan. [U. S.] We . . . witnessed the process of cleaning up and panning out, which is the last process of separating the pure gold from the fine dirt and black sand. Gen. W. T. Sherman. PAN Pan, v. i. 1. (Mining) Defn: To yield gold in, or as in, the process of panning; -- usually with out; as, the gravel panned out richly. 2. To turn out (profitably or unprofitably); to result; to develop; as, the investigation, or the speculation, panned out poorly. [Slang, U. S.] PANABASE Pan"a*base, n. Etym: [Pan- + base. So called in allusion to the number of metals contained in it.] (Min.) Defn: Same as Tetrahedrite. PANACEA Pan`a*ce"a, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. A remedy for all diseases; a universal medicine; a cure-all; catholicon; hence, a relief or solace for affliction. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The herb allheal. PANACEAN Pan`a*ce"an, a. Defn: Having the properties of a panacea. [R.] "Panacean dews." Whitehead. PANACHE Pa*nache", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. penna a feather. See Pen a feather.] Defn: A plume or bunch of feathers, esp. such a bunch worn on the helmet; any military plume, or ornamental group of feathers. A panache of variegated plumes. Prescott. PANADA; PANADE Pa*na"da, Pa*nade", n. Etym: [Sp. panada, fr. L. panis bread: cf. F. panade. See Pantry.] Defn: Bread boiled in water to the consistence of pulp, and sweetened or flavored. [Written also panado.] PANADE Pa*nade", n. Defn: A dagger. [Obs.] Chaucer. PANAMA HAT Pan`a*ma" hat`. Defn: A fine plaited hat, made in Central America of the young leaves of a plant (Carludovica palmata). PANAMANIAN Pan`a*ma"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pert. to Panama. -- n. Defn: A native or citizen of Panama. PAN-AMERICAN Pan`-A*mer"i*can, a. Etym: [See Pan-.] Defn: Of or pertaining to both North and South America. PAN-AMERICAN CONGRESS Pan-American Congress. Any of several meetings of delegates from various American states; esp.: (a) One held in 1889-90 in the United States, at which all the independent states except Santo Domingo were represented and of which the practical result was the establishment of the Bureau of American Republics for the promotion of trade relations. (b) One held in Mexico in 1901-1902. (c) One held at Rio de Janeiro in 1906. PAN-AMERICANISM Pan-A*mer"i*can*ism, n. Defn: The principle or advocacy of a political alliance or union of all the states of America. PAN-ANGLICAN Pan`-An"gli*can, a. Etym: [Pan- + Anglican.] (Eccl.) Defn: Belonging to, or representing, the whole Church of England; used less strictly, to include the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States; as, the Pan-Anglican Conference at Lambeth, in 1888. PANARY Pan"a*ry, a. Etym: [L. panis bread.] Defn: Of or pertaining to bread or to breadmaking. PANARY Pan"a*ry, n. Defn: A storehouse for bread. Halliwell. PANATHENAEA Pan*ath`e*næ"a, n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ; , , all + Athena.] Defn: The most ancient and important festival of Athens, celebrated in honor of Athena, the tutelary goddess of the city. PANCAKE Pan"cake`, n. Defn: A thin cake of batter fried in a pan or on a griddle; a griddlecake; a flapjack. "A pancake for Shrove Tuesday." Shak. PANCARTE Pan"carte`, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. pancharta. See Pan-, and Carte.] Defn: A royal charter confirming to a subject all his possessions. [Obs.] Holinshed. PANCE Pance, n. (Bot.) Defn: The pansy. [Also paunce.] PANCH Panch, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Paunch. PANCHWAY Panch"way, n. Etym: [Hind. pan.] (Naut.) Defn: A Bengalese four-oared boat for passengers. [Written also panshway and paunchwas.] Malcom. PANCRATIAN Pan*cra"tian, a. Defn: Pancratic; athletic. PANCRATIAST Pan*cra"ti*ast, n. Defn: One who engaged in the contests of the pancratium. PANCRATIASTIC Pan*cra`ti*as"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the pancratium. G. West. PANCRATIC Pan*crat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Opt.) Defn: Having all or many degrees of power; having a great range of power; -- said of an eyepiece made adjustable so as to give a varying magnifying power. PANCRATIC; PANCRATICAL Pan*crat"ic, Pan*crat"ic*al, a. Etym: [See Pancratium.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the pancratium; athletic. Sir T. Browne PANCRATIST Pan"cra*tist, n. Defn: An athlete; a gymnast. PANCRATIUM Pan*cra"ti*um, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: An athletic contest involving both boxing and wrestling. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of Old World amaryllideous bulbous plants, having a funnel-shaped perianth with six narrow spreading lobes. The American species are now placed in the related genus Hymenocallis. PANCREAS Pan"cre*as, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. pancréas.] (Anat.) Defn: The sweetbread, a gland connected with the intestine of nearly all vertebrates. It is usually elongated and light-colored, and its secretion, called the pancreatic juice, is discharged, often together with the bile, into the upper part of the intestines, and is a powerful aid in digestion. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus. PANCREATIC Pan`cre*at"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pancréatique.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pancreas; as, the pancreatic secretion, digestion, ferments. Pancreatic juice (Physiol.), a colorless alkaline fluid secreted intermittently by the pancreatic gland. It is one of the most important of the digestive fluids, containing at least three distinct ferments, trypsin, steapsin and an amylolytic ferment, by which it acts upon all three classes of food stuffs. See Pancreas. PANCREATIN Pan"cre*a*tin, n. Etym: [See Pancreas.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: One of the digestive ferments of the pancreatic juice; also, a preparation containing such a ferment, made from the pancreas of animals, and used in medicine as an aid to digestion. Note: By some the term pancreatin is restricted to the amylolytic ferment of the pancreatic juice, by others it is applied to trypsin, and by still others to steapsin. PANCY Pan"cy, n. Defn: See Pansy. [Obs.] Dryden. PANDA Pan"da, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small Asiatic mammal (Ailurus fulgens) having fine soft fur. It is related to the bears, and inhabits the mountains of Northern India. PANDANUS Pan*da"nus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Malay pandan.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of endogenous plants. See Screw pine. PANDAR Pan"dar, n. Defn: Same as Pander. "Seized by the pandar of Appius." Macaulay. PANDARISM Pan"dar*ism, n. Defn: Same as Panderism. Swift. PANDARIZE Pan"dar*ize, v. i. Defn: To pander. [Obs.] PANDAROUS Pan"dar*ous, a. Defn: Panderous. [Obs.] PANDEAN Pan*de"an, a. Etym: [From 4th Pan.] Defn: Of or relating to the god Pan. Pandean pipes, a primitive wind instrument, consisting of a series of short hollow reeds or pipes, graduated in length by the musical scale, and fastened together side by side; a syrinx; a mouth organ; -- said to have been invented by Pan. Called also Pan's pipes and Panpipes. PANDECT Pan"dect, n. Etym: [L. pandecta, pandectes, Gr. pandectes, pl.] 1. A treatise which comprehends the whole of any science. [Thou] a pandect mak'st, and universal book. Donne. 2. pl. Defn: The digest, or abridgment, in fifty books, of the decisions, writings, and opinions of the old Roman jurists, made in the sixth century by direction of the emperor Justinian, and forming the leading compilation of the Roman civil law. Kent. PANDEMIC Pan*dem"ic, a. Etym: [L. pandemus, Gr. pandémique.] Defn: Affecting a whole people or a number of countries; everywhere epidemic. -- n. Defn: A pandemic disease. Harvey. PANDEMONIUM Pan`de*mo"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. 1. The great hall or council chamber of demons or evil spirits. Milton. 2. An utterly lawless, riotous place or assemblage. PANDER Pan"der, n. Etym: [From Pandarus, a leader in the Trojan army, who is represented by Chaucer and Shakespeare as having procured for Troilus the possession of Cressida.] 1. A male bawd; a pimp; a procurer. Thou art the pander to her dishonor. Shak. 2. Hence, one who ministers to the evil designs and passions of another. Those wicked panders to avarice and ambition. Burke. PANDER Pan"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pandered; p. pr. & vb. n. Pandering.] Defn: To play the pander for. PANDER Pan"der, v. i. Defn: To act the part of a pander. PANDERAGE Pan"der*age, n. Defn: The act of pandering. PANDERISM Pan"der*ism, n. Defn: The employment, arts, or practices of a pander. Bp. Hall. PANDERLY Pan"der*ly, a. Defn: Having the quality of a pander. "O, you panderly rascals." Shak. PANDERMITE Pan*der"mite, n. Etym: [From Panderma, a port on the Black Sea from which it is exported.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous borate of lime, near priceite. PANDEROUS Pan"der*ous Defn: , Of or relating to a pander; characterizing a pander. PANDICULATED Pan*dic"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [See Pandiculation.] Defn: Extended; spread out; stretched. PANDICULATION Pan*dic`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. pandiculari to stretch one's self, fr. pandere to spread out.] Defn: A stretching and stiffening of the trunk and extremities, as when fatigued and drowsy. PANDIT Pan"dit, n. Defn: See Pundit. PANDOOR Pan"door n. Defn: Same as Pandour. PANDORA Pan*do"ra, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Pandw`ra; pa^s, pa^n, all + dw^ron a gift.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A beautiful woman (all-gifted), whom Jupiter caused Vulcan to make out of clay in order to punish the human race, because Prometheus had stolen the fire from heaven. Jupiter gave Pandora a box containing all human ills, which, when the box was opened, escaped and spread over the earth. Hope alone remained in the box. Another version makes the box contain all the blessings of the gods, which were lost to men when Pandora opened it. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine bivalves, in which one valve is flat, the other convex. PANDORE Pan"dore, n. Etym: [F. See Bandore.] Defn: An ancient musical instrument, of the lute kind; a bandore. [Written also pandoran.] PANDOUR Pan"dour, n. Defn: One of a class of Hungarian mountaineers serving in the Austrian army; -- so called from Pandur, a principal town in the region from which they originally came. [Written also pandoor.] Her whiskered pandours and her fierce hussars. Campbell. PANDOWDY Pan*dow"dy, n. Defn: A deep pie or pudding made of baked apples, or of sliced bread and apples baked together, with no bottom crust. PANDURATE; PANDURIFORM Pan"du*rate, Pan*du"ri*form, a. Etym: [L. pandura a pandore + -form: cf. F. panduriforme.] Defn: Obovate, with a concavity in each side, like the body of a violin; fiddle-shaped; as, a panduriform leaf; panduriform color markings of an animal. PANE Pane, n. Etym: [F. panne.] Defn: The narrow edge of a hammer head. See Peen. PANE Pane, n. Etym: [OE. pan part, portion of a thing, F. pan a skirt, lappet, part or piece of a wall, side, fr. L. pannus a cloth, fillet, rag; akin to E. vane. See Vane, and cf. Panel, Pawn pledge.] 1. A division; a distinct piece, limited part, or compartment of any surface; a patch; hence, a square of a checkered or plaided pattern. 2. One of the openings in a slashed garment, showing the bright colored silk, or the like, within; hence, the piece of colored or other stuff so shown. 3. (Arch.) (a) A compartment of a surface, or a flat space; hence, one side or face of a building; as, an octagonal tower is said to have eight panes. (b) Especially, in modern use, the glass in one compartment of a window sash. 4. In irrigating, a subdivision of an irrigated surface between a feeder and an outlet drain. 5. (a) One of the flat surfaces, or facets, of any object having several sides. (b) One of the eight facets surrounding the table of a brilliant cut diamond. PANED Paned, a. 1. Having panes; provided with panes; also, having openings; as, a paned window; paned window sash. "Paned hose." Massinger. 2. (Mach.) Defn: Having flat sides or surfaces; as, a sixpaned nut. PANEGYRIC Pan`e*gyr"ic, n. Etym: [L. panegyricus, Gr. panhgyrico`s: cf. F. panégyrique. See Panegyric, a.] Defn: An oration or eulogy in praise of some person or achievement; a formal or elaborate encomium; a laudatory discourse; laudation. See Synonym of Eulogy. PANEGYRIC; PANEGYRICAL Pan`e*gyr"ic, Pan`e*gyr"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. panegyricus, Gr. panhgyrico`s, from pa^, pa^n all + Defn: Containing praise or eulogy; encomiastic; laudatory. "Panegyric strains." Pope. -- Pan`e*gyr"ic*al*ly, adv. Some of his odes are panegyrical. Dryden. PANEGYRIS Pa*neg"y*ris, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Panegyric.] Defn: A festival; a public assembly. [Obs.] S. Harris. PANEGYRIST Pan"e*gyr`ist, n. Etym: [L. panegyrista, Gr. Panegyric.] Defn: One who delivers a panegyric; a eulogist; one who extols or praises, either by writing or speaking. If these panegyrists are in earnest. Burke. PANEGYRIZE Pan"e*gy*rize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Panegyrized; p. pr. & vb. n. Panegyrizing.] Etym: [Gr. Panegyrist.] Defn: To praise highly; to extol in a public speech; to write or deliver a panegyric upon; to eulogize. PANEGYRIZE Pan"e*gy*rize, v. i. Defn: To indulge in panegyrics. Mitford. PANEGYRY Pan"e*gyr`y, n. Defn: A panegyric. [Obs.] Milton. PANEL Pan"el, n. Etym: [Orig., a little piece; OF. panel, pannel, F. panneau, dim. of pan skirt, lappet, part or piece of a wall, side. See 2d Pane.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A sunken compartment with raised margins, molded or otherwise, as in ceilings, wainscotings, etc. 2. (Law) (a) A piece of parchment or a schedule, containing the names of persons summoned as jurors by the sheriff; hence, more generally, the whole jury. Blackstone. (b) (Scots Law) A prisoner arraigned for trial at the bar of a criminal court. Burrill. 3. Formerly, a piece of cloth serving as a saddle; hence, a soft pad beneath a saddletree to prevent chafing. 4. (Joinery) Defn: A board having its edges inserted in the groove of a surrounding frame; as, the panel of a door. 5. (Masonry) Defn: One of the faces of a hewn stone. Gwilt. 6. (Painting) Defn: A slab or plank of wood upon which, instead of canvas, a picture is painted. 7. (Mining) (a) A heap of dressed ore. (b) One of the districts divided by pillars of extra size, into which a mine is laid off in one system of extracting coal. 8. (Dressmaking) Defn: A plain strip or band, as of velvet or plush, placed at intervals lengthwise on the skirt of a dress, for ornament. 9. A portion of a framed structure between adjacent posts or struts, as in a bridge truss. Panel game, a method of stealing money in a panel house. -- Panel house, a house of prostitution in which the rooms have secret entrances to facilitate theft by accomplices of the inmates. -- Panel saw, handsaw with fine teeth, -- used for cutting out panels, etc. -- Panel thief, one who robs in a panel house. PANEL Pan"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paneled or Panelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Paneling or Panelling.] Defn: To form in or with panels; as, to panel a wainscot. Paneled back (Arch.), the paneled work covering the window back. See Window back. PANELATION Pan`el*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of impaneling a jury. [Obs.] [Written also panellation.] Wood. PANELESS Pane"less, a. Defn: Without panes. To patch his paneless window. Shenstone. PANELING Pan"el*ing, n. Defn: A forming in panels; panelwork. [Written also panelling.] PANELWORK Pan"el*work`, n. (Arch.) Defn: Wainscoting. PANEULOGISM Pan*eu"lo*gism, n. Etym: [See Pan-, Eulogy.] Defn: Eulogy of everything; indiscriminate praise. [R.] Her book has a trace of the cant of paneulogism. National Rev. PANFUL Pan"ful, n.; pl. Panfuls. Etym: [See 5th Pan.] Defn: Enough to fill a pan. PANG Pang, n. Etym: [Prob. for older prange. Cf. Prong.] Defn: A paroxysm of extreme pain or anguish; a sudden and transitory agony; a throe; as, the pangs of death. Syn. -- Agony; anguish; distress. See Agony. PANG Pang, v. t. Defn: To torture; to cause to have great pain or suffering; to torment. [R.] Shak. PANGENESIS Pan*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Pan- + genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: An hypothesis advanced by Darwin in explanation of heredity. Note: The theory rests on the assumption, that the whole organization, in the sense of every separate atom or unit, reproduces itself, the cells throwing off minute granules called gemmules, which circulate freely throughout the system and multiply by subdivision. These gemmules collect in the reproductive organs and products, or in buds, so that the egg or bud contains gemmules from all parts of the parent or parents, which in development give rise to cells in the offspring similar to those from which they were given off in the parent. The hypothesis also assumes that these gemmules need not in all cases develop into cells, but may lie dormant, and be transmitted from generation to generation without producing a noticeable effect until a case of atavism occurs. PANGENETIC Pan`ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to pangenesis. PANGFUL Pang"ful, a. Defn: Full of pangs. Richardson. PANGLESS Pang"less, a. Defn: Without a pang; painless. Byron. PANGOLIN Pan"go*lin, n. Etym: [Malay pang.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of Manis, Pholidotus, and related genera, found in Africa and Asia. They are covered with imbricated scales, and feed upon ants. Called also scaly ant-eater. PANGOTHIC Pan*goth"ic, a. Etym: [Pan- + Gothic.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or including, all the Gothic races. "Ancestral Pangothic stock." Earle. PANHANDLE Pan"han`dle, n. Defn: The handle of a pan; hence, fig., any arm or projection suggestive of the handle of a pan; as, the panhandle of West Virginia, Texas, or Idaho. PANHANDLE STATE Panhandle State. Defn: West Virginia; -- a nickname. PANHELLENIC Pan`hel*len"ic, a. Etym: [See Panhellenium.] Defn: Of or pertaining to all Greece, or to Panhellenism; including all Greece, or all the Greeks. PANHELLENISM Pan*hel"len*ism, n. Defn: A scheme to unite all the Greeks in one political body. PANHELLENIST Pan*hel"len*ist, n. Defn: An advocate of Panhellenism. PANHELLENIUM Pan`hel*le"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: An assembly or association of Greeks from all the states of Greece. PANIC Pan"ic, n. Etym: [L. panicum.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Panicum; panic grass; also, the edible grain of some species of panic grass. Panic grass (Bot.), any grass of the genus Panicum. PANIC Pan"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. panique.] Defn: Extreme or sudden and causeless; unreasonable; -- said of fear or fright; as, panic fear, terror, alarm. "A panic fright." Dryden. PANIC Pan"ic, n. Etym: [Gr. panigue. See Panic, a.] 1. A sudden, overpowering fright; esp., a sudden and groundless fright; terror inspired by a trifling cause or a misapprehension of danger; as, the troops were seized with a panic; they fled in a panic. 2. By extension: A sudden widespread fright or apprehension concerning financial affairs. PANICAL Pan"ic*al, a. Defn: See Panic, a. [Obs.] Camden. PANICLE Pan"i*cle, n. Etym: [L. panicula a tuft on plants, dim. of panus the thread wound upon the bobbin in a shuttle; cf. Gr. pane: cf. F. panicule. See 2d Pane.] (Bot.) Defn: A pyramidal form of inflorescence, in which the cluster is loosely branched below and gradually simpler toward the end. PANICLED Pan"i*cled, a. (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with panicles; arranged in, or like, panicles; paniculate. PANIC-STRICKEN; PANIC-STRUCK Pan"ic-strick`en, Pan"ic-struck`, a. Defn: Struck with a panic, or sudden fear. Burke. PANICULATE; PANICULATED Pa*nic"u*late, Pa*nic"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [See Panicle.] (Bot) Defn: Same as Panicled. PANICUM Pan"i*cum, n. Etym: [L., panic grass.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of grasses, including several hundred species, some of which are valuable; panic grass. PANIDIOMORPHIC Pan*id`i*o*mor"phic, a. Etym: [Pan- + idiomorphic.] (Geol.) Defn: Having a completely idiomorphic structure; -- said of certain rocks. PANIER Pan"ier, n. Defn: See Pannier, 3. [Obs.] PANIFICATION Pan`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. panis bread + -ficare (in comp.) to make: cf. F. panification.] Defn: The act or process of making bread. Ure. PANIM Pa"nim, n. Defn: See Painim. [Obs.] Milton. PANISLAMISM Pan*is"lam*ism, n. Etym: [Pan- + Islamism.] Defn: A desire or plan for the union of all Mohammedan nations for the conquest of the world. PANIVOROUS Pa*niv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. panis bread + vorare to devour.] Defn: Eating bread; subsisting on bread. PANNADE Pan*nade", n. Defn: The curvet of a horse. PANNAGE Pan"nage, n. Etym: [OF. pasnage, LL. pasnadium, pastinaticum, fr. pastionare to feed on mast, as swine, fr. L. pastio a pasturing, grazing. See Pastor.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) The food of swine in the woods, as beechnuts, acorns, etc.; -- called also pawns. (b) A tax paid for the privilege of feeding swine in the woods. PANNARY Pan"na*ry, a. Defn: See Panary. Loudon. PANNE Panne, n. [F.] Defn: A fabric resembling velvet, but having the nap flat and less close. PANNEL Pan"nel, n. Etym: [See Panel.] 1. A kind of rustic saddle. Tusser. 2. (Falconry) Defn: The stomach of a hawk. Ainsworth. 3. (Mil.) Defn: A carriage for conveying a mortar and its bed, on a march. Farrow. PANNIER Pan"nier, n. Etym: [F. panier, fr. L. panarium a bread basket, fr. panis bread. Cf. Pantry.] 1. A bread basket; also, a wicker basket (used commonly in pairs) for carrying fruit or other things on a horse or an ass Hudibras. 2. (Mil. Antiq.) Defn: A shield of basket work formerly used by archers as a shelter from the enemy's missiles. 3. A table waiter at the Inns of Court, London. 4. A framework of steel or whalebone, worn by women to expand their dresses; a kind of bustle. PANNIERED Pan"niered, a. Defn: Bearing panniers. Wordsworth. PANNIKEL Pan"ni*kel, n. Etym: [See Pan a dish.] Defn: The brainpan, or skull; hence, the crest. [Obs.] Spenser. PANNIKIN Pan"ni*kin, n. Etym: [Dim. of pan a dish.] Defn: A small pan or cup. Marryat. Thackeray. PANNOSE Pan"nose`, a. Etym: [See Pannus.] (Bot.) Defn: Similar in texture or appearance to felt or woolen cloth. PANNUS Pan"nus, n. Etym: [L., cloth. See 2d Pane.] (Med.) Defn: A very vascular superficial opacity of the cornea, usually caused by granulation of the eyelids. Foster. PANOISTIC Pan`o*is"tic, a. Etym: [Pan- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing ova only; -- said of the ovaries of certain insects which do not produce vitelligenous cells. PANOMPHEAN Pan`om*phe"an, a. Etym: [L. panomphaeus, Gr. Defn: Uttering ominous or prophetic voices; divining. [R.] We want no half gods, panomphean Joves. Mrs. Browning. PANOPLIED Pan"o*plied, a. Defn: Dressed in panoply. PANOPLY Pan"o*ply, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Defensive armor in general; a full suit of defensive armor. Milton. We had need to take the Christian panoply, to put on the whole armor of God. Ray. PANOPTICON Pa*nop"ti*con, n. Etym: [NL. See Pan-, and Optic.] 1. A prison so contructed that the inspector can see each of the prisoners at all times, without being seen. 2. A room for the exhibition of novelties. PANORAMA Pan`o*ra"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Pan-, and Wary.] 1. A complete view in every direction. 2. A picture presenting a view of objects in every direction, as from a central point. 3. A picture representing scenes too extended to be beheld at once, and so exhibited a part at a time, by being unrolled, and made to pass continuously before the spectator. PANORAMIC; PANORAMICAL Pan`o*ram"ic, Pan`o*ram"ic*al, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, a panorama. Panoramic camera. See under Camera. PANORPIAN Pa*nor"pi*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the genus Panorpa. -- n. Defn: Same as Panorpid. PANORPID Pa*nor"pid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any neuropterous insect of the genus Panorpa, and allied genera. The larvæ feed on plant lice. PANPHARMACON Pan*phar"ma*con, n. Etym: [NL. See Pan-, and Pharmacon.] Defn: A medicine for all diseases; a panacea. [R.] PANPRESBYTERIAN Pan`pres`by*te"ri*an, a. Etym: [Pan- + Presbyterian.] Defn: Belonging to, or representative of, those who hold Presbyterian views in all parts of the world; as, a Panpresbyterian council. PANPSYCHISM Pan*psy"chism, n. [See Pan-; Psychic.] Defn: The theory that all nature is psychical or has a psychical aspect; the theory that every particle of matter has a psychical character or aspect. -- Pan*psy"chic (#), a. -- Pan*psy"chist (#), n. -- Pan`psy*chis"tic (#), a. Fechner affords a conspicuous instance of the idealistic tendency to mysterize nature in his panpsychicism, or that form of noumenal idealism which holds that the universe is a vast communion of spirits, souls of men, of animals, of plants, of earth and other planets, of the sun, all embraced as different members in the soul of the world. Encyc. Brit. PANSCLAVIC; PANSCLAVISM; PANSCLAVIST; PANSCLAVONIAN Pan`sclav"ic, Pan`sclav"ism, Pan`sclav"ist, Pan`scla*vo"ni*an. Defn: See Panslavic, Panslavism, etc. PANSHON Pan"shon, n. Defn: An earthen vessel wider at the top than at the bottom, -- used for holding milk and for various other purposes. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. PANSIED Pan"sied, a. Etym: [From Pansy.] Defn: Covered or adorned with pansies. "The pansied grounds." Darwin. PANSLAVIC Pan`slav"ic, a. Etym: [Pan- + Slavic.] Defn: Pertaining to all the Slavic races. PANSLAVISM Pan`slav"ism, n. Defn: A scheme or desire to unite all the Slavic races into one confederacy. PANSLAVIST Pan`slav"ist, n. Defn: One who favors Panslavism. PANSLAVONIAN Pan`sla*vo"ni*an, a. Defn: See Panslavic. PANSOPHICAL Pan*soph"ic*al, a. Etym: [See Pansophy.] Defn: All-wise; claiming universal knowledge; as, pansophical pretenders. [R.] John Worthington. PANSOPHY Pan"so*phy, n. Etym: [Pan- + Gr. pansophie.] Defn: Universal wisdom; esp., a system of universal knowledge proposed by Comenius (1592 -- 1671), a Moravian educator. [R.] Hartlib. PANSPERMATIST; PANSPERMIST Pan*sper"ma*tist, Pan"sper`mist, n. (Biol.) Defn: A believer in panspermy; one who rejects the theory of spontaneous generation; a biogenist. PANSPERMIC Pan`sper"mic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to panspermy; as, the panspermic hypothesis. PANSPERMY Pan"sper`my, n. Etym: [Pan- + Gr. (Biol.) (a) The doctrine of the widespread distribution of germs, from which under favorable circumstances bacteria, vibrios, etc., may develop. (b) The doctrine that all organisms must come from living parents; biogenesis; -- the opposite of Ant: spontaneous generation. PANSTEREORAMA Pan*ste`re*o*ra"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A model of a town or country, in relief, executed in wood, cork, pasteboard, or the like. Brande & C. PANSY Pan"sy, n.; pl. Pansies. Etym: [F. Pensée thought, pansy, fr. penser to think, L. pensare to weigh, ponder. See Pensive.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Viola (V. tricolor) and its blossom, originally purple and yellow. Cultivated varieties have very large flowers of a great diversity of colors. Called also heart's-ease, love-in-idleness, and many other quaint names. PANT Pant, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Panted; p. pr. & vb. n. Panting.] Etym: [Cf. F. panteler to gasp for breath, OF. panteisier to be breathless, F. pantois out of breath; perh. akin to E. phantom, the verb prob. orig. meaning, to have the nightmare.] 1. To breathe quickly or in a labored manner, as after exertion or from eagerness or excitement; to respire with heaving of the breast; to gasp. Pluto plants for breath from out his cell. Dryden. 2. Hence: To long eagerly; to desire earnestly. As the hart panteth after the water brooks. Ps. xlii. 1. Who pants for glory finds but short repose. Pope. 3. To beat with unnatural violence or rapidity; to palpitate, or throb; -- said of the heart. Spenser. 4. To sigh; to flutter; to languish. [Poetic] The whispering breeze Pants on the leaves, and dies upon the trees. Pope. PANT Pant, v. t. 1. To breathe forth quickly or in a labored manner; to gasp out. There is a cavern where my spirit Was panted forth in anguish. Shelley. 2. To long for; to be eager after. [R.] Then shall our hearts pant thee. Herbert. PANT Pant, n. 1. A quick breathing; a catching of the breath; a gasp. Drayton. 2. A violent palpitation of the heart. Shak. PANTA- Pan"ta-. Defn: See Pan-. PANTABLE Pan"ta*ble Defn: , n. See Pantofle. [Obs.] PANTACOSM Pan"ta*cosm, n. Etym: [Panta- + Gr. Defn: See Cosmolabe. PANTAGRAPH Pan"ta*graph, n. Defn: See Pantograph. PANTAGRUELISM Pan*tag"ru*el*ism, n. Etym: [From Pantagruel, one of the characters of Rabelais.] 1. The theory or practice of the medical profession; -- used in burlesque or ridicule. 2. An assumption of buffoonery to cover some serious purpose. [R.] Donaldson. PANTALET Pan`ta*let", n. Etym: [Dim. of pantal.] Defn: One of the legs of the loose drawers worn by children and women; particularly, the lower part of such a garment, coming below the knee, often made in a separate piece; -- chiefly in the plural. PANTALOON Pan`ta*loon", n. Etym: [F. pantalon, fr. It. pantalone, a masked character in the Italian comedy, who wore breeches and stockings that were all of one piece, from Pantaleone, the patron saint of Venice, which, as a baptismal name, is very frequent among the Venetians, and is applied to them by the other Italians as a nickname, fr. Gr. 1. Aridiculous character, or an old dotard, in the Italian comedy; also, a buffoon in pantomimes. Addison. The sixth age shifts Into the lean and slippered pantaloon. Shak. 2. pl. Defn: A bifurcated garment for a man, covering the body from the waist downwards, and consisting of breeches and stockings in one. 3. pl. Defn: In recent times, same as Trousers. PANTALOONERY Pan`ta*loon"er*y, n. 1. The character or performances of a pantaloon; buffoonery. [R.] Lamb. 2. Materials for pantaloons. PANTAMORPH Pan"ta*morph, n. Defn: That which assumes, or exists in, all forms. PANTAMORPHIC Pan`ta*mor"phic, a. Etym: [Panta- + Gr. Defn: Taking all forms. PANTASCOPE Pan"ta*scope, n. Etym: [Panta- + -scope.] (Photog.) Defn: A pantascopic camera. PANTASCOPIC Pan`ta*scop"ic, a. Defn: Viewing all; taking a view of the whole. See under Camera. PANTASTOMATA Pan`ta*stom"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the divisions of Flagellata, including the monads and allied forms. PANTECHNICON Pan*tech"ni*con, n. Etym: [NL. See Pan-, and Technic.] Defn: A depository or place where all sorts of manufactured articles are collected for sale. PANTELEGRAPH Pan*tel"e*graph, n. Etym: [Pan- + telegraph.] Defn: See under Telegraph. PANTER Pant"er, n. Defn: One who pants. Congreve. PANTER Pan"ter, n.Etym: [F. panetier. See Pantry.] Defn: A keeper of the pantry; a pantler. [Obs.] Tyndale. PANTER Pan"ter, n. Etym: [See Painter a rope.] Defn: A net; a noose. [Obs.] Chaucer. PANTEUTONIC Pan`teu*ton"ic, a. Etym: [Pan- + Teutonic.] Defn: Of or pertaining to all the Teutonic races. PANTHEISM Pan"the*ism, n. Etym: [Pan- + theism.] Defn: The doctrine that the universe, taken or conceived of as a whole, is God; the doctrine that there is no God but the combined force and laws which are manifested in the existing universe; cosmotheism. PANTHEIST Pan"the*ist, n. Defn: One who holds to pantheism. PANTHEISTIC; PANTHEISTICAL Pan`the*is"tic, Pan`the*is"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pantheism; founded in, or leading to, pantheism. -- Pan`the*is"tic*al*ly, adv. PANTHEOLOGIST Pan`the*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in pantheology. PANTHEOLOGY Pan`the*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Pan- + theology.] Defn: A system of theology embracing all religions; a complete system of theology. PANTHEON Pan*the"on, n. Etym: [L. pantheon, pantheum, Gr. panthéon. See Pan-, and Theism.] 1. A temple dedicated to all the gods; especially, the building so called at Rome. 2. The collective gods of a people, or a work treating of them; as, a divinity of the Greek pantheon. PANTHER Pan"ther, n. Etym: [OE. pantere, F. panthère, L. panthera, Gr. pundrika a tiger.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large dark-colored variety of the leopard, by some zoölogists considered a distinct species. It is marked with large ringlike spots, the centers of which are darker than the color of the body. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: In America, the name is applied to the puma, or cougar, and sometimes to the jaguar. Panther cat (Zoöl.), the ocelot. -- Panther cowry (Zoöl.), a spotted East Indian cowry (Cypræa pantherina); -- so called from its color. PANTHERESS Pan"ther*ess, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A female panther. PANTHERINE Pan"ther*ine, a. Defn: Like a panther, esp. in color; as, the pantherine snake (Ptyas mucosus) of Brazil. PANTILE Pan"tile`, n. Etym: [5th pan + tile.] (Arch.) Defn: A roofing tile, of peculiar form, having a transverse section resembling an elongated S laid on its side ( PANTINGLY Pant"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With palpitation or rapid breathing. Shak. PANTISOCRACY Pan`ti*soc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Panto- + Gr. Defn: A Utopian community, in which all should rule equally, such as was devised by Coleridge, Lovell, and Southey, in their younger days. PANTISOCRAT Pan*tis"o*crat, n. Defn: A pantisocratist. PANTISOCRATIC Pan`ti*so*crat"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a pantisocracy. PANTISOCRATIST Pan`ti*soc"ra*tist, n. Defn: One who favors or supports the theory of a pantisocracy. Macaulay. PANTLER Pan"tler, n. Etym: [F. panetier. See Panter, Pantry.] Defn: The servant or officer, in a great family, who has charge of the bread and the pantry. [Obs.] Shak. PANTO- Pan"to-. Defn: See Pan-. PANTOCHRONOMETER Pan`to*chro*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Panto- + chronometer.] Defn: An instrument combining a compass, sundial, and universal time dial. Brande & C. PANTOFLE Pan*to"fle, n. Etym: [F. pantoufle.] Defn: A slipper for the foot. [Written also pantable and pantoble.] PANTOGRAPH Pan"to*graph, n. Etym: [Panto- + -graph: cf. F. pantographe.] Defn: An instrument for copying plans, maps, and other drawings, on the same, or on a reduced or an enlarged, scale. [Written also pantagraph, and incorrectly pentagraph.] Skew pantograph, a kind of pantograph for drawing a copy which is inclined with respect to the original figure; -- also called plagiograph. PANTOGRAPHIC; PANTOGRAPHICAL Pan`to*graph"ic, Pan`to*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pantographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a pantograph; relating to pantography. PANTOGRAPHY Pan*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pantographie.] Defn: A general description; entire view of an object. PANTOLOGICAL Pan`to*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pantology. PANTOLOGIST Pan*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in pantology; a writer of pantology. PANTOLOGY Pan*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Panto- + -logy.] Defn: A systematic view of all branches of human knowledge; a work of universal information. PANTOMETER Pan*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Panto- + -meter: cf. F. pantomètre.] Defn: An instrument for measuring angles for determining elevations, distances, etc. PANTOMETRY Pan*tom"e*try, n. Defn: Universal measurement. [R.] -- Pan`to*met"ric, a. [R.] PANTOMIME Pan"to*mime, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. pantomimus, Gr. pantomimo. See Mimic.] 1. A universal mimic; an actor who assumes many parts; also, any actor. [Obs.] 2. One who acts his part by gesticulation or dumb show only, without speaking; a pantomimist. [He] saw a pantomime perform so well that he could follow the performance from the action alone. Tylor. 3. A dramatic representation by actors who use only dumb show; hence, dumb show, generally. 4. A dramatic and spectacular entertainment of which dumb acting as well as burlesque dialogue, music, and dancing by Clown, Harlequin, etc., are features. PANTOMIME Pan"to*mime, a. Defn: Representing only in mute actions; pantomimic; as, a pantomime dance. PANTOMIMIC; PANTOMIMICAL Pan`to*mim"ic, Pan`to*mim"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pantomimique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the pantomime; representing by dumb show. "Pantomimic gesture." Bp. Warburton. -- Pan`to*mim"ic*al*ly, adv. PANTOMIMIST Pan"to*mi`mist, n. Defn: An actor in pantomime; also, a composer of pantomimes. PANTON Pan"ton, n. Etym: [F. patin. See Patten.] (Far.) Defn: A horseshoe to correct a narrow, hoofbound heel. PANTOPHAGIST Pan*toph"a*gist, n. Etym: [See Pantophagous.] Defn: A person or an animal that has the habit of eating all kinds of food. PANTOPHAGOUS Pan*toph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Eating all kinds of food. PANTOPHAGY Pan*toph"a*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The habit or power of eating all kinds of food. PANTOPODA Pan*top"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Panto-, & -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pycnogonida. PANTOSCOPIC Pan`to*scop"ic, a. Etym: [Panto- + -scope + -ic.] Defn: Literally, seeing everything; -- a term applied to eyeglasses or spectacles divided into two segments, the upper being designed for distant vision, the lower for vision of near objects. PANTRY Pan"try, n.; pl. Pantries. Etym: [OE. pantrie, F. paneterie, fr. panetier pantler, LL. panetarius baker, panetus small loaf of bread, L. panis bread. Cf. Company, Pannier, Pantler.] Defn: An apartment or closet in which bread and other provisions are kept. PANURGIC Pan*ur"gic, a. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: Skilled in all kinds of work. "The panurgic Diderot." J. Morley. PANURGY Pan"ur*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Skill in all kinds of work or business; craft. [R.] Bailey. PANYARD Pan"yard, n. Defn: See Pannier. [Obs.] Pepys. PANYM Pa"nym, n. & a. Defn: See Panim. [Obs.] PANZOISM Pan*zo"ism, n. Etym: [Pan- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A term used to denote all of the elements or factors which constitute vitality or vital energy. H. Spencer. PAOLO Pa"o*lo, n. Etym: [It. Cf. Paul.] Defn: An old Italian silver coin, worth about ten cents. PAP Pap, n. Etym: [Cf. OSw. papp. Cf. Pap soft food.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A nipple; a mammilla; a teat. Dryden. The paps which thou hast sucked. Luke xi. 27. 2. A rounded, nipplelike hill or peak; anything resembling a nipple in shape; a mamelon. Macaulay. PAP Pap, n. Etym: [Cf. D. pap, G. pappe, both perh. fr. L. papa, pappa, the word with which infants call for food: cf. It. pappa.] 1. A soft food for infants, made of bread boiled or softtened in milk or water. 2. Nourishment or support from official patronage; as, treasury pap. [Colloq. & Contemptuous] 3. The pulp of fruit. Ainsworth. PAP Pap, v. t. Defn: To feed with pap. Beau. & Fl. PAPA Pa*pa", n. Etym: [F. papa, L. papa; cf. Gr. Pope.] 1. A child's word for father. 2. A parish priest in the Greek Church. Shipley. PAPABOTE Pa`pa*bo"te, n. Etym: [Probably of Creole origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The upland plover. [Local, U. S.] PAPACY Pa"pa*cy, n. Etym: [LL. papatia, fr. L. papa a father, bishop. See Pope.] 1. The office and dignity of the pope, or pontiff, of Rome; papal jurisdiction. 2. The popes, collectively; the succession of popes. 3. The Roman Catholic religion; -- commonly used by the opponents of the Roman Catholics in disparagement or in an opprobrious sense. PAPAGAY Pap"a*gay, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Popinjay, 1 (b). PAPAIN Pa*pa"in, n. Etym: [From Papaw.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A proteolytic ferment, like trypsin, present in the juice of the green fruit of the papaw (Carica Papaya) of tropical America. PAPAL Pa"pal, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. papa bishop. See Papacy.] 1. Of or pertaining to the pope of Rome; proceeding from the pope; ordered or pronounced by the pope; as, papal jurisdiction; a papal edict; the papal benediction. Milman. 2. Of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic Church. "Papal Christians." Bp. Burnet. Papal cross. See Illust. 3 of Cross. -- Papal crown, the tiara. PAPALIST Pa"pal*ist, n. Defn: A papist. [Obs.] Baxter. PAPALITY Pa*pal"i*ty, n. Etym: [LL. papalitas: cf. F. papauté.] Defn: The papacy. [Obs.] Ld. Berners. Milton. PAPALIZE Pa"pal*ize, v. t. Defn: To make papal. [R.] PAPALIZE Pa"pal*ize, v. i. Defn: To conform to popery. Cowper. PAPALLY Pa"pal*ly, adv. Defn: In a papal manner; popishly PAPALTY Pa"pal*ty, n. Defn: The papacy. [Obs.] Milton. PAPAPHOBIA Pa`pa*pho"bi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. papa bishop + Gr. Defn: Intense fear or dread of the pope, or of the Roman Catholic Church. [R.] PAPARCHY Pa"par*chy, n. Etym: [L. papa bishop + -archy.] Defn: Government by a pope; papal rule. PAPAVER Pa*pa"ver, n. Etym: [L., poppy.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants, including the poppy. PAPAVERACEOUS Pa*pav`er*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Papaveraceæ) of which the poppy, the celandine, and the bloodroot are well-known examples. PAPAVERINE Pa*pav"er*ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid found in opium. It has a weaker therapeutic action than morphine. PAPAVEROUS Pa*pav"er*ous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the poppy; of the nature of the poppy. Sir T. Browne. PAPAW Pa*paw", n. Etym: [Prob. from the native name in the West Indies; cf. Sp. papayo papaw, papaya the fruit of the papaw.] [Written also pawpaw.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A tree (Carica Papaya) of tropical America, belonging to the order Passifloreæ. It has a soft, spongy stem, eighteen or twenty feet high, crowned with a tuft of large, long-stalked, palmately lobed leaves. The milky juice of the plant is said to have the property of making meat tender. Also, its dull orange-colored, melon- shaped fruit, which is eaten both raw and cooked or pickled. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A tree of the genus Asimina (A. triloba), growing in the western and southern parts of the United States, and producing a sweet edible fruit; also, the fruit itself. Gray. PAPBOAT Pap"boat`, n. 1. A kind of sauce boat or dish. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large spiral East Indian marine shell (Turbinella rapha); -- so called because used by native priests to hold the oil for anointing. PAPE Pape, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pape, fr. L. papa. See Pope.] Defn: A spiritual father; specifically, the pope. [Obs.] PAPEJAY Pa"pe*jay, n. Defn: A popinjay. [Obs.] Chaucer. PAPER Pa"per, n. Etym: [F. papier, fr. L. papyrus papyrus, from which the Egyptians made a kind of paper, Gr. Papyrus.] 1. A substance in the form of thin sheets or leaves intended to be written or printed on, or to be used in wrapping. It is made of rags, straw, bark, wood, or other fibrous material, which is first reduced to pulp, then molded, pressed, and dried. 2. A sheet, leaf, or piece of such substance. 3. A printed or written instrument; a document, essay, or the like; a writing; as, a paper read before a scientific society. They brought a paper to me to be signed. Dryden. 4. A printed sheet appearing periodically; a newspaper; a journal; as, a daily paper. 5. Negotiable evidences of indebtedness; notes; bills of exchange, and the like; as, the bank holds a large amount of his paper. 6. Decorated hangings or coverings for walls, made of paper. See Paper hangings, below. 7. A paper containing (usually) a definite quantity; as, a paper of pins, tacks, opium, etc. 8. A medicinal preparation spread upon paper, intended for external application; as, cantharides paper. Note: Paper is manufactured in sheets, the trade names of which, together with the regular sizes in inches, are shown in the following table. But paper makers vary the size somewhat. Note: In the manufacture of books, etc., a sheet, of whatever size originally, is termed, when folded once, a folio; folded twice, a quarto, or 4to; three times, an octavo, or 8vo; four times, a sextodecimo, or 16mo; five times, a 32mo; three times, with an offcut folded twice and set in, a duodecimo, or 12mo; four times, with an offcut folded three times and set in, a 24mo. Note: Paper is often used adjectively or in combination, having commonly an obvious signification; as, paper cutter or paper-cutter; paper knife, paper-knife, or paperknife; paper maker, paper-maker, or papermaker; paper mill or paper-mill; paper weight, paper-weight, or paperweight, etc. Business paper, checks, notes, drafts, etc., given in payment of actual indebtedness; -- opposed to accommodation paper. -- Fly paper, paper covered with a sticky preparation, -- used for catching flies. -- Laid paper. See under Laid. -- Paper birch (Bot.), the canoe birch tree (Betula papyracea). -- Paper blockade, an ineffective blockade, as by a weak naval force. -- Paper boat (Naut.), a boat made of water-proof paper. -- Paper car wheel (Railroad), a car wheel having a steel tire, and a center formed of compressed paper held between two plate-iron disks. Forney. -- Paper credit, credit founded upon evidences of debt, such as promissory notes, duebills, etc. -- Paper hanger, one who covers walls with paper hangings. -- Paper hangings, paper printed with colored figures, or otherwise made ornamental, prepared to be pasted against the walls of apartments, etc.; wall paper. -- Paper house, an audience composed of people who have come in on free passes. [Cant] -- Paper money, notes or bills, usually issued by government or by a banking corporation, promising payment of money, and circulated as the representative of coin. -- Paper mulberry. (Bot.) See under Mulberry. -- Paper muslin, glazed muslin, used for linings, etc. -- Paper nautilus. (Zoöl.) See Argonauta. -- Paper reed (Bot.), the papyrus. -- Paper sailor. (Zoöl.) See Argonauta. -- Paper stainer, one who colors or stamps wall paper. De Colange. -- Paper wasp (Zoöl.), any wasp which makes a nest of paperlike material, as the yellow jacket. -- Paper weight, any object used as a weight to prevent loose papers from being displaced by wind, or otherwise. -- Parchment paper. See Papyrine. -- Tissue paper, thin, gauzelike paper, such as is used to protect engravings in books. -- Wall paper. Same as Paper hangings, above. -- Waste paper, paper thrown aside as worthless or useless, except for uses of little account. -- Wove paper, a writing paper with a uniform surface, not ribbed or watermarked. PAPER Pa"per, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to paper; made of paper; resembling paper; existing only on paper; unsubstantial; as, a paper box; a paper army. PAPER Pa"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Papered(); p. pr. & vb. n. Papering.] 1. To cover with paper; to furnish with paper hangings; as, to paper a room or a house. 2. To fold or inclose in paper. 3. To put on paper; to make a memorandum of. [Obs.] PAPERWEIGHT Pa"per*weight`, n. Defn: See under Paper, n. PAPERY Pa"per*y, a. Defn: Like paper; having the thinness or consistence of paper. Gray. PAPESCENT Pa*pes"cent, a. Etym: [From Pap soft food.] Defn: Containing or producing pap; like pap. [R.] Arbuthnot. PAPESS Pa"pess, n. Etym: [F. papesse.] Defn: A female pope; i. e., the fictitious pope Joan. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. PAPETERIE Pa`pe*terie", n. Etym: [F., paper manufacture, fr. papier paper.] Defn: A case or box containing paper and materials for writing. PAPHIAN Pa"phi*an, a. Etym: [L. Paphius, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Paphos, an ancient city of Cyprus, having a celebrated temple of Venus; hence, pertaining to Venus, or her rites. PAPHIAN Pa"phi*an Defn: , n. A native or inhabitant of Paphos. PAPIER-MACHE Pa`pier"-ma`ché", n. Etym: [F. papier mâché, lit., chewed or mashed paper.] Defn: A hard and strong substance made of a pulp from paper, mixed with sise or glue, etc. It is formed into various articles, usually by means of molds. PAPILIO Pa*pil"i*o, n. Etym: [L., a butterfly.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of butterflies. Note: Formerly it included numerous species which are now placed in other genera. By many writers it is now restricted to the swallow- tailed butterflies, like Papilio polyxenes, or asterias, and related species. PAPILIONACEOUS Pa*pil`io*na"ceous, a. 1. Resembling the butterfly. 2. (Bot.) (a) Having a winged corolla somewhat resembling a butterfly, as in the blossoms of the bean and pea. (b) Belonging to that suborder of leguminous plants (Papilionaceæ) which includes the bean, pea, vetch, clover, and locust. PAPILIONES Pa*pil`i*o"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Papilio.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of Lepidoptera which includes the butterflies. PAPILIONIDES Pa*pil`i*on"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The typical butterflies. PAPILLA Pa*pil"la, n.; pl. Papillæ. Etym: [L., a nipple, pimple.] Defn: Any minute nipplelike projection; as, the papillæ of the tongue. PAPILLAR Pap"il*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. papillaire.] Defn: Same as Papillose. PAPILLARY Pap"il*la*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. papillaire.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a papilla or papillæ; bearing, or covered with, papillæ; papillose. PAPILLATE Pap"il*late, v. t. & i. Defn: To cover with papillæ; to take the form of a papilla, or of papillæ. PAPILLATE Pap"il*late, a. Defn: Same as Papillose. PAPILLIFORM Pa*pil"li*form, a. Etym: [Papilla + -form.] Defn: Shaped like a papilla; mammilliform. PAPILLOMA Pap`il*lo"ma, n.; pl. Papillomata. Etym: [NL. See Papilla, and -Oma.] (Med.) Defn: A tumor formed by hypertrophy of the papillæ of the skin or mucous membrane, as a corn or a wart. Quain. PAPILLOMATOUS Pap`il*lo"ma*tous, a. (Med.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, papillomata. PAPILLOSE Pap"il*lose`, a. Etym: [Cf. F. papilleux.] Defn: Covered with, or bearing, papillæ; resembling papillæ; papillate; papillar; papillary. PAPILLOTE Pap"il*lote, n. Etym: [F., fr. papillon a butterfly.] Defn: a small piece of paper on which women roll up their hair to make it curl; a curl paper. PAPILLOUS Pap"il*lous, a. Defn: Papillary; papillose. PAPILLULATE Pa*pil"lu*late, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a minute papilla in the center of a larger elevation or depression. PAPION Pa"pi*on, n. Etym: [Prob. from native name: cf. Sp. papion.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A West African baboon (Cynocephalus sphinx), allied to the chacma. Its color is generally chestnut, varying in tint. PAPISM Pa"pism, n. Etym: [F. papisme. See Pape, Pope.] Defn: Popery; -- an offensive term. Milton. PAPIST Pa"pist, n. Etym: [F. papiste. See Pape, Pope.] Defn: A Roman catholic; one who adheres to the Church of Rome and the authority of the pope; -- an offensive designation applied to Roman Catholics by their opponents. PAPISTIC; PAPISTICAL Pa*pis"tic, Pa*pis"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. papistique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Church of Rome and its doctrines and ceremonies; pertaining to popery; popish; -- used disparagingly. "The old papistic worship." T. Warton. -- Pa*pis"tic*al*ly, adv. PAPISTRY Pa"pist*ry, n. Defn: The doctrine and ceremonies of the Church of Rome; popery. [R.] Whitgift. PAPIZED Pa"pized, a. Etym: [From Pape.] Defn: Conformed to popery. [Obs.] "Papized writers." Fuller. PAPOOSE Pa*poose", n. Defn: A babe or young child of Indian parentage in North America. PAPPIFORM Pap"pi*form, a. (Bot.) Defn: Resembling the pappus of composite plants. PAPPOOSE Pap*poose", n. Defn: Same as Papoose. Pappoose root. (Bot.) See Cohosh. PAPPOSE Pap*pose" a. (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with a pappus; downy. PAPPOUS Pap"pous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pappose. PAPPUS Pap"pus, n. Etym: [L., an old man or grandfather; hence, a substance resembling gray hairs, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The hairy or feathery appendage of the achenes of thistles, dandelions, and most other plants of the order Compositæ; also, the scales, awns, or bristles which represent the calyx in other plants of the same order. PAPPY Pap"py, a. Etym: [From Pap soft food.] Defn: Like pap; soft; succulent; tender. Ray. PAPRIKA; PAPRICA Pa"pri*ka, n. Also Pa"pri*ca. [Hung. paprika Turkish pepper; prob. through G.] Defn: The dried ripened fruit of Capsicum annuum or various other species of pepper; also, the mildly pungent condiment prepared from it. PAPUAN Pap"u*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Papua. PAPUARS Pap"u*ars, n. pl.; sing. Papuan (. (Ethnol.) Defn: The native black race of Papua or New Guinea, and the adjacent islands. PAPULA Pap"u*la, n.; pl. Papulæ. Etym: [L.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A pimple; a small, usually conical, elevation of the cuticle, produced by congestion, accumulated secretion, or hypertrophy of tissue; a papule. Quain. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the numerous small hollow processes of the integument between the plates of starfishes. PAPULAR Pap"u*lar, a. 1. Covered with papules. 2. (Med.) Defn: Consisting of papules; characterized by the presence of papules; as, a papular eruption. PAPULE Pap"ule, n.; pl. Papules (. Defn: Same as Papula. PAPULOSE Pap"u*lose`, a. (Biol.) Defn: Having papulæ; papillose; as, a papulose leaf. PAPULOUS Pap"u*lous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pap.] Defn: Covered with, or characterized by, papulæ; papulose. PAPYRACEOUS Pap`y*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [L. papyraceus made of papyrus.] Defn: Made of papyrus; of the consistency of paper; papery. PAPYREAN Pa*pyr"e*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to papyrus, or to paper; papyraceous. PAPYRINE Pap"y*rine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. papyrin made of paper. See Paper.] Defn: Imitation parchment, made by soaking unsized paper in dilute sulphuric acid. PAPYROGRAPH Pa*pyr"o*graph, n. Etym: [Papyrus + -graph.] Defn: An apparatus for multiplying writings, drawings, etc., in which a paper stencil, formed by writing or drawing with corrosive ink, is used. The word is also used of other means of multiplying copies of writings, drawings, etc. See Copygraph, Hectograph, Manifold. PAPYROGRAPHY Pap`y*rog"ra*phy, n. Defn: The process of multiplying copies of writings, etc., by means of the papyrograph. -- Pap`y*ro*graph"ic, a. PAPYRUS Pa*py"rus, n.; pl. Papyri. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Paper.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A tall rushlike plant (Cyperus Papyrus) of the Sedge family, formerly growing in Egypt, and now found in Abyssinia, Syria, Sicily, etc. The stem is triangular and about an inch thick. 2. The material upon which the ancient Egyptians wrote. It was formed by cutting the stem of the plant into thin longitudinal slices, which were gummed together and pressed. 3. A manuscript written on papyrus; esp., pl., written scrolls made of papyrus; as, the papyri of Egypt or Herculaneum. PAQUE Pâque, n. Etym: [F. pâque.] Defn: See Pasch and Easter. PAR Par, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Parr. PAR Par, prep. Etym: [F., fr. L. per. See Per.] Defn: By; with; -- used frequently in Early English in phrases taken from the French, being sometimes written as a part of the word which it governs; as, par amour, or paramour; par cas, or parcase; par fay, or parfay. PAR Par, n. Etym: [L. par, adj., equal. See Peer an equal.] 1. Equal value; equality of nominal and actual value; the value expressed on the face or in the words of a certificate of value, as a bond or other commercial paper. 2. Equality of condition or circumstances. At par, at the original price; neither at a discount nor at a premium. -- Above par, at a premium. -- Below par, at a discount. -- On a par, on a level; in the same condition, circumstances, position, rank, etc.; as, their pretensions are on a par; his ability is on a par with his ambition. -- Par of exchange. See under Exchange. -- Par value, nominal value; face value. PARA- Par"a-. Etym: [Gr. for- in forgive. Cf. For-.] 1. A prefix signifying alongside of, beside, beyond, against, amiss; as parable, literally, a placing beside; paradox, that which is contrary to opinion; parachronism. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A prefix denoting: (a) Likeness, similarity, or connection, or that the substance resembles, but is distinct from, that to the name of which it is prefixed; as paraldehyde, paraconine, etc.; also, an isomeric modification. (b) Specifically: (Organ. Chem.) That two groups or radicals substituted in the benzene nucleus are opposite, or in the respective positions 1 and 4; 2 and 5; or 3 and 6, as paraxylene; paroxybenzoic acid. Cf. Ortho-, and Meta-. Also used adjectively. PARA Pa*ra", n. Etym: [Turk., fr. Per. parah a piece.] Defn: A piece of Turkish money, usually copper, the fortieth part of a piaster, or about one ninth of a cent. PARA-ANAESTHESIA; PARA-ANESTHESIA Par`a-an`æs*the"si*a, -an`es*the"si*a, n. [NL.; para- + anæsthesia.] (Med.) Defn: Anæsthesia of both sides of the lower half of the body. PARABANIC Par`a*ban"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a nitrogenous acid which is obtained by the oxidation of uric acid, as a white crystalline substance (C3N2H2O3); -- also called oxalyl urea. PARABLAST Par"a*blast, n. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Para-, and -blast.] (Biol.) Defn: A portion of the mesoblast (of peripheral origin) of the developing embryo, the cells of which are especially concerned in forming the first blood and blood vessels. C. S. Minot. PARABLASTIC Par`a*blas"tic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the parablast; as, the parablastic cells. PARABLE Par"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. parabilis, fr. parare to provide.] Defn: Procurable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PARABLE Par"a*ble, n. Etym: [F. parabole, L. parabola, fr. Gr. gal to drop. Cf. Emblem, Gland, Palaver, Parabola, Parley, Parabole, Symbol.] Defn: A comparison; a similitude; specifically, a short fictitious narrative of something which might really occur in life or nature, by means of which a moral is drawn; as, the parables of Christ. Chaucer. Declare unto us the parable of the tares. Matt. xiii. 36. Syn. -- See Allegory, and Note under Apologue. PARABLE Par"a*ble, v. t. Defn: To represent by parable. [R.] Which by the ancient sages was thus parabled. Milton. PARABOLA Pa*rab"o*la, n.; pl. Parabolas. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Parable, and cf. Parabole.] (Geom.) (a) A kind of curve; one of the conic sections formed by the intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane parallel to one of its sides. It is a curve, any point of which is equally distant from a fixed point, called the focus, and a fixed straight line, called the directrix. See Focus. (b) One of a group of curves defined by the equation y = axn where n is a positive whole number or a positive fraction. For the cubical parabola n = 3; for the semicubical parabola n = Cubical, and Semicubical. The parabolas have infinite branches, but no rectilineal asymptotes. PARABOLE Pa*rab"o*le, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Parable.] (Rhet.) Defn: Similitude; comparison. PARABOLIC; PARABOLICAL Par`a*bol"ic, Par`a*bol"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. parabolique. See Parable.] 1. Of the nature of a parable; expressed by a parable or figure; allegorical; as, parabolical instruction. 2. Etym: [From Parabola.] (Geom.) (a) Having the form or nature of a parabola; pertaining to, or resembling, a parabola; as, a parabolic curve. (b) Generated by the revolution of a parabola, or by a line that moves on a parabola as a directing curve; as, a parabolic conoid. Parabolic conoid, a paraboloid; a conoid whose directing curve is a parabola. See Conoid. -- Parabolic mirror (Opt.), a mirror having a paraboloidal surface which gives for parallel rays (as those from very distant objects) images free from aberration. It is used in reflecting telescopes. -- Parabolic spindle, the solid generated by revolving the portion of a parabola cut off by a line drawn at right angles to the axis of the curve, about that line as an axis. -- Parabolic spiral, a spiral curve conceived to be formed by the periphery of a semiparabola when its axis is wrapped about a circle; also, any other spiral curve having an analogy to the parabola. PARABOLICALLY Par`a*bol"ic*al*ly, adv. 1. By way of parable; in a parabolic manner. 2. In the form of a parabola. PARABOLIFORM Par`a*bol"i*form, a. Etym: [Parabola + -form.] Defn: Resembling a parabola in form. PARABOLISM Pa*rab"o*lism, n. Etym: [From Parabola.] (Alg.) Defn: The division of the terms of an equation by a known quantity that is involved in the first term. [Obs.] PARABOLIST Pa*rab"o*list, n. Defn: A narrator of parables. PARABOLOID Pa*rab"o*loid, n. Etym: [Parabola + -oid: cf. F. paraboloïde.] (Geom.) Defn: The solid generated by the rotation of a parabola about its axis; any surface of the second order whose sections by planes parallel to a given line are parabolas. Note: The term paraboloid has sometimes been applied also to the parabolas of the higher orders. Hutton. PARABOLOIDAL Par`a*bo*loid"al, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a paraboloid. PARABRONCHIUM Par`a*bron"chi*um, n.; pl. Parabronchia. Etym: [NL. See Para-, Bronchia.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the branches of an ectobronchium or entobronchium. PARACELSIAN Par`a*cel"si*an, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or in conformity with, the practice of Paracelsus, a Swiss physician of the 15th century. Ferrand. PARACELSIAN Par`a*cel"si*an, n. Defn: A follower of Paracelsus or his practice or teachings. Hakewill. PARACELSIST Par`a*cel"sist, n. Defn: A Paracelsian. PARACENTESIS Par`a*cen*te"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The perforation of a cavity of the body with a trocar, aspirator, or other suitable instrument, for the evacuation of effused fluid, pus, or gas; tapping. PARACENTRIC; PARACENTRICAL Par`a*cen"tric, Par`a*cen"tric*al, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + centric, - ical: cf. F. paracentrique.] Defn: Deviating from circularity; changing the distance from a center. Paracentric curve (Math.), a curve having the property that, when its plane is placed vertically, a body descending along it, by the force of gravity, will approach to, or recede from, a fixed point or center, by equal distances in equal times; -- called also a paracentric. -- Paracentric motton or velocity, the motion or velocity of a revolving body, as a planet, by which it approaches to, or recedes from, the center, without reference to its motion in space, or to its motion as reckoned in any other direction. PARACHORDAL Par`a*chor"dal, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + chordal.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated on either side of the notochord; -- applied especially to the cartilaginous rudiments of the skull on each side of the anterior part of the notochord. -- n. Defn: A parachordal cartilage. PARACHRONISM Pa*rach"ro*nism, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + Gr. parachronisme.] Defn: An error in chronology, by which the date of an event is set later than the time of its occurrence. [R.] PARACHROSE Par"a*chrose, a. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Changing color by exposure Mohs. PARACHUTE Par"a*chute, n. Etym: [F., fr. paper to ward off, guard + chute a fall. See Parry, and Chute, Chance.] 1. A contrivance somewhat in the form of an umbrella, by means of which a descent may be made from a balloon, or any eminence. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A web or fold of skin which extends between the legs of certain mammals, as the flying squirrels, colugo, and phalangister. PARACLETE Par"a*clete, n. Etym: [L. paracletus, Gr. Defn: An advocate; one called to aid or support; hence, the Consoler, Comforter, or Intercessor; -- a term applied to the Holy Spirit. From which intercession especially I conceive he hath the name of the Paraclete given him by Christ. Bp. Pearson. PARACLOSE Par"a*close, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Parclose. PARACMASTIC Par`ac*mas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Para-, and Acme.] (Med.) Defn: Gradually decreasing; past the acme, or crisis, as a distemper. Dunglison. PARACONIC Par`a*con"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + aconitic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid obtained as a deliquescent white crystalline substance, and isomeric with itaconic, citraconic, and mesaconic acids. PARACONINE Par`a*co"nine, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + conine.] (Chem.) Defn: A base resembling and isomeric with conine, and obtained as a colorless liquid from butyric aldehyde and ammonia. PARACOROLLA Par`a*co*rol"la, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + corolla.] (Bot.) Defn: A secondary or inner corolla; a corona, as of the Narcissus. PARA CRESS Pará cress. Defn: An annual asteraceous herb (Spilances oleracea) grown in tropical countries as a pungent salad, and also used medicinally. PARACROSTIC Par`a*cros"tic, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + acrostic.] Defn: A poetical composition, in which the first verse contains, in order, the first letters of all the verses of the poem. Brande & C. PARACYANOGEN Par`a*cy*an"o*gen, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + cyanogen.] (Chem.) Defn: A polymeric modification of cyanogen, obtained as a brown or black amorphous residue by heating mercuric cyanide. PARACYMENE Par`a*cy"mene, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + cymene.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Cymene. PARADACTYLUM Par`a*dac"ty*lum, n.; pl. Paradactyla. Etym: [NL. See Para-, and Dactyl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The side of a toe or finger. PARADE Pa*rade", n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. parada a halt or stopping, an assembling for exercise, a place where troops are assembled to exercise, fr. parar to stop, to prepare. See Pare, v. t.] 1. The ground where a military display is held, or where troops are drilled. 2. (Mil.) Defn: An assembly and orderly arrangement or display of troops, in full equipments, for inspection or evolutions before some superior officer; a review of troops. Parades are general, regimental, or private (troop, battery, or company), according to the force assembled. 3. Pompous show; formal display or exhibition. Be rich, but of your wealth make no parade. Swift. 4. That which is displayed; a show; a spectacle; an imposing procession; the movement of any body marshaled in military order; as, a parade of firemen. In state returned the grand parade. Swift. 5. Posture of defense; guard. [A Gallicism.] When they are not in parade, and upon their guard. Locke. 6. A public walk; a promenade. Dress parade, Undress parade. See under Dress, and Undress. -- Parade rest, a position of rest for soldiers, in which, however, they are required to be silent and motionless. Wilhelm. Syn. -- Ostentation; display; show. -- Parade, Ostentation. Parade is a pompous exhibition of things for the purpose of display; ostentation now generally indicates a parade of virtues or other qualities for which one expects to be honored. "It was not in the mere parade of royalty that the Mexican potentates exhibited their power." Robertson. "We are dazzled with the splendor of titles, the ostentation of learning, and the noise of victories." Spectator. PARADE Pa*rade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Parading.] Etym: [Cf. F. parader.] 1. To exhibit in a showy or ostentatious manner; to show off. Parading all her sensibility. Byron. 2. To assemble and form; to marshal; to cause to maneuver or march ceremoniously; as, to parade troops. PARADE Pa*rade", v. i. 1. To make an exhibition or spectacle of one's self, as by walking in a public place. 2. To assemble in military order for evolutions and inspection; to form or march, as in review. PARADIGM Par"a*digm, n. Etym: [F. paradigme, L. paradigma, fr. Gr. Para-, and Diction.] 1. An example; a model; a pattern. [R.] "The paradigms and patterns of all things." Cudworth. 2. (Gram.) Defn: An example of a conjugation or declension, showing a word in all its different forms of inflection. 3. (Rhet.) Defn: An illustration, as by a parable or fable. PARADIGMATIC; PARADIGMATICAL Par`a*dig*mat"ic, Par`a*dig*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Exemplary. -- Par`a*dig*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] PARADIGMATIC Par`a*dig*mat"ic, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A writer of memoirs of religious persona, as examples of Christian excellence. PARADIGMATIZE Par`a*dig"ma*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paradigmatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Paradigmatizing.] Etym: [Gr. Paradigm.] Defn: To set forth as a model or example. [Obs.] Hammond. PARADISAIC; PARADISAICAL Par`a*di*sa"ic, Par`a*di*sa"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to, or resembling, paradise; paradisiacal. "Paradisaical pleasures." Gray. PARADISAL Par"a*di`sal, a. Defn: Paradisiacal. PARADISE Par"a*dise, n. Etym: [OE. & F. paradis, L. paradisus, fr. Gr. para`deisos park, paradise, fr. Zend pairidaeza an inclosure; pairi around (akin to Gr. diz to throw up, pile up; cf. Skr. dih to smear, and E. dough. Cf. Parvis.] 1. The garden of Eden, in which Adam and Eve were placed after their creation. 2. The abode of sanctified souls after death. To-day shalt thou be with me in paradise. Luke xxiii. 43. It sounds to him like her mother's voice, Singing in Paradise. Longfellow. 3. A place of bliss; a region of supreme felicity or delight; hence, a state of happiness. The earth Shall be all paradise. Milton. Wrapt in the very paradise of some creative vision. Beaconsfield. 4. (Arch.) Defn: An open space within a monastery or adjoining a church, as the space within a cloister, the open court before a basilica, etc. 5. A churchyard or cemetery. [Obs.] Oxf. Gloss. Fool's paradise. See under Fool, and Limbo. -- Grains of paradise. (Bot.) See Melequeta pepper, under Pepper. -- Paradise bird. (Zoöl.) Same as Bird of paradise. Among the most beautiful species are the superb (Lophorina superba); the magnificent (Diphyllodes magnifica); and the six-shafted paradise bird (Parotia sefilata). The long-billed paradise birds (Epimachinæ) also include some highly ornamental species, as the twelve-wired paradise bird (Seleucides alba), which is black, yellow, and white, with six long breast feathers on each side, ending in long, slender filaments. See Bird of paradise in the Vocabulary. -- Paradise fish (Zoöl.), a beautiful fresh-water Asiatic fish (Macropodus viridiauratus) having very large fins. It is often kept alive as an ornamental fish. -- Paradise flycatcher (Zoöl.), any flycatcher of the genus Terpsiphone, having the middle tail feathers extremely elongated. The adult male of T. paradisi is white, with the head glossy dark green, and crested. -- Paradise grackle (Zoöl.), a very beautiful bird of New Guinea, of the genus Astrapia, having dark velvety plumage with brilliant metallic tints. -- Paradise nut (Bot.), the sapucaia nut. See Sapucaia nut. [Local, U. S.] -- Paradise whidah bird. (Zoöl.) See Whidah. PARADISE Par"a*dise, v. t. Defn: To affect or exalt with visions of felicity; to entrance; to bewitch. [R.] Marston. PARADISEAN Par`a*dis"e*an, a. Defn: Paradisiacal. PARADISED Par"a*dised, a. Defn: Placed in paradise; enjoying delights as of paradise. PARADISIAC; PARADISIACAL Par`a*dis"i*ac, Par`a*di*si"a*cal, a. Etym: [L. paradisiacus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to paradise; suitable to, or like, paradise. C. Kingsley. T. Burnet. "A paradisiacal scene." Pope. The valley . . . is of quite paradisiac beauty. G. Eliot. PARADISIAL; PARADISIAN Par`a*dis"i*al, Par`a*dis"i*an, a. Defn: Paradisiacal. [R.] PARADISIC Par`a*dis"ic, a. Defn: Paradisiacal. [R.] Broome. PARADISICAL Par`a*dis"ic*al, a. Defn: Paradisiacal. [R.] PARADOS Par`a*dos, n.; pl. Paradoses. Etym: [F., fr. parer to defend + dos back, L. dorsum.] (Fort.) Defn: An intercepting mound, erected in any part of a fortification to protect the defenders from a rear or ricochet fire; a traverse. Farrow. PARADOX Par`a*dox, n.; pl. Paradoxes. Etym: [F. paradoxe, L. paradoxum, fr. Gr. Para-, and Dogma.] Defn: A tenet or proposition contrary to received opinion; an assertion or sentiment seemingly contradictory, or opposed to common sense; that which in appearance or terms is absurd, but yet may be true in fact. A gloss there is to color that paradox, and make it appear in show not to be altogether unreasonable. Hooker. This was sometime a paradox, but now the time gives it proof. Shak. Hydrostatic paradox. See under Hydrostatic. PARADOXAL Par"a*dox`al, a. Defn: Paradoxical. [Obs.] PARADOXER; PARADOXIST Par"a*dox`er, n., Par"a*dox`ist (, n. Defn: One who proposes a paradox. PARADOXICAL Par`a*dox"ic*al, a. 1. Of the nature of a paradox. 2. Inclined to paradoxes, or to tenets or notions contrary to received opinions. Southey. -- Par`a*dox"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Par`a*dox"ic*al*ness, n. PARADOXIDES Par`a*dox"i*des, n. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of large trilobites characteristic of the primordial formations. PARADOXOLOGY Par`a*dox*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Paradox + -logy.] Defn: The use of paradoxes. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PARADOXURE Par`a*dox"ure, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Paradoxurus, a genus of Asiatic viverrine mammals allied to the civet, as the musang, and the luwack or palm cat (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). See Musang. PARADOXY Par"a*dox`y, n. 1. A paradoxical statement; a paradox. 2. The quality or state of being paradoxical. Coleridge PARAFFIN; PARAFFINE Par"af*fin, Par"af*fine, n. Etym: [F. paraffine, fr. L. parum too little + affinis akin. So named in allusion to its chemical inactivity.] (Chem.) Defn: A white waxy substance, resembling spermaceti, tasteless and odorless, and obtained from coal tar, wood tar, petroleum, etc., by distillation. It is used as an illuminant and lubricant. It is very inert, not being acted upon by most of the strong chemical reagents. It was formerly regarded as a definite compound, but is now known to be a complex mixture of several higher hydrocarbons of the methane or marsh-gas series; hence, by extension, any substance, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, of the same chemical series; thus coal gas and kerosene consist largely of paraffins. Note: In the present chemical usage this word is spelt paraffin, but in commerce it is commonly spelt paraffine. Native paraffin. See Ozocerite. -- Paraffin series. See Methane series, under Methane. PARAGE Par"age, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. par, adj., equal. Cf. Peerage, Peer an equal.] 1. (Old Eng. Law) Defn: Equality of condition, blood, or dignity; also, equality in the partition of an inheritance. Spelman. 2. (Feudal Law) Defn: Equality of condition between persons holding unequal portions of a fee. Burrill. 3. Kindred; family; birth. [Obs.] Ld. Berners. We claim to be of high parage. Chaucer. PARAGENESIS Par`a*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + genesis.] (Min.) Defn: The science which treats of minerals with special reference to their origin. PARAGENIC Par`a*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. para- the root of (Biol.) Defn: Originating in the character of the germ, or at the first commencement of an individual; -- said of peculiarities of structure, character, etc. PARAGLOBULIN Par`a*glob"u*lin, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + globulin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An albuminous body in blood serum, belonging to the group of globulins. See Fibrinoplastin. PARAGLOSSA Par`a*glos"sa, n.; pl. Paraglossæ. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a pair of small appendages of the lingua or labium of certain insects. See Illust. under Hymenoptera. PARAGNATH Par"ag*nath, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Paragnathus. PARAGNATHOUS Pa*rag"na*thous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having both mandibles of equal length, the tips meeting, as in certain birds. PARAGNATHUS Pa*rag"na*thus, n.; pl. Paragnathi. Etym: [NL. See Para-, and Gnathic.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the two lobes which form the lower lip, or metastome, of Crustacea. (b) One of the small, horny, toothlike jaws of certain annelids. PARAGOGE Par`a*go"ge, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Gram.) Defn: The addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word, as withouten for without. 2. (Med.) Defn: Coaptation. [Obs.] Dunglison. PARAGOGIC; PARAGOGICAL Par`a*gog"ic, Par`a*gog"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. paragogique.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or constituting, a paragoge; added to the end of, or serving to lengthen, a word. Paragogic letters, in the Semitic languages, letters which are added to the ordinary forms of words, to express additional emphasis, or some change in the sense. PARAGON Par"a*gon, n. Etym: [OF. paragon, F. parangon; cf. It. paragone, Sp. paragon, parangon; prob. fr. Gr. 1. A companion; a match; an equal. [Obs.] Spenser. Philoclea, who indeed had no paragon but her sister. Sir P. Sidney. 2. Emulation; rivalry; competition. [Obs.] Full many feats adventurous Performed, in paragon of proudest men. Spenser. 3. A model or pattern; a pattern of excellence or perfection; as, a paragon of beauty or eloquence. Udall. Man, . . . the paragon of animals ! Shak. The riches of sweet Mary's son, Boy-rabbi, Israel's paragon. Emerson. 4. (Print.) Defn: A size of type between great primer and double pica. See the Note under Type. PARAGON Par"a*gon, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. paragonner, F. parangonner.] 1. To compare; to parallel; to put in rivalry or emulation with. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. To compare with; to equal; to rival. [R.] Spenser. In arms anon to paragon the morn, The morn new rising. Glover. 3. To serve as a model for; to surpass. [Obs.] He hath achieved a maid That paragons description and wild fame. Shak. PARAGON Par"a*gon, v. i. Defn: To be equal; to hold comparison. [R.] Few or none could . . . paragon with her. Shelton. PARAGONITE Pa*rag"o*nite, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Min.) Defn: A kind of mica related to muscovite, but containing soda instead of potash. It is characteristic of the paragonite schist of the Alps. PARAGRAM Par"a*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. Paragraph.] Defn: A pun. Puns, which he calls paragrams. Addison. PARAGRAMMATIST Par`a*gram"ma*tist, n. Defn: A punster. PARAGRANDINE Pa`ra*gran"di*ne, n. Etym: [It., from parare to parry + grandine hail.] Defn: An instrument to avert the occurrence of hailstorms. See Paragr. Knight. PARAGRAPH Par"a*graph, n. Etym: [F. paragraphe, LL. paragraphus, fr. Gr. Para-, and Graphic, and cf. Paraph.] 1. Originally, a marginal mark or note, set in the margin to call attention to something in the text, e. g., a change of subject; now, the character Note: This character is merely a modification of a capital P (the initial of the word paragraph), the letter being reversed, and the black part made white and the white part black for the sake of distinctiveness. 2. A distinct part of a discourse or writing; any section or subdivision of a writing or chapter which relates to a particular point, whether consisting of one or many sentences. The division is sometimes noted by the mark 3. A brief composition complete in one typographical section or paragraph; an item, remark, or quotation comprised in a few lines forming one paragraph; as, a column of news paragraphs; an editorial paragraph. PARAGRAPH Par"a*graph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paragraphed; p. pr. & vb. n. Paragraphing.] 1. To divide into paragraphs; to mark with the character . 2. To express in the compass of a paragraph; as, to paragraph an article. 3. To mention in a paragraph or paragraphs PARAGRAPHER Par"a*graph`er, n. Defn: A writer of paragraphs; a paragraphist. PARAGRAPHIC; PARAGRAPHICAL Par`a*graph"ic, Par`a*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, a paragraph or paragraphs. -- Par`a*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. PARAGRAPHIST Par"a*graph`ist, n. Defn: A paragrapher. PARAGRAPHISTICAL Par`a*gra*phis"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or relating to a paragraphist. [R.] Beau. & Fl. PARA GRASS Pa*ra" grass`. (Bot.) Defn: A valuable pasture grass (Panicum barbinode) introduced into the Southern United States from Brazil. PARAGRELE Pa`ra`grêle", n. Etym: [F., fr. parer to guard + grêle hail.] Defn: A lightning conductor erected, as in a vineyard, for drawing off the electricity in the atmosphere in order to prevent hailstorms. [France] Knight. PARAGUAYAN Par`a*guay"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Paraguay. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Paraguay. PARAGUAY TEA Pa`ra*guay" tea". Defn: See Mate, the leaf of the Brazilian holly. PARAIL Par"ail, n. Defn: See Apparel. [Obs.] "In the parail of a pilgrim." Piers Plowman. PARAKEET Par"a*keet`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Parrakeet. PARAKITE Par"a*kite`, n. [Para- + kite.] Defn: A train or series of kites on one string and flying tandem, used for attaining great heights and for sending up instruments for meteorological observations or a man for military reconnoissance; also, a kite of such a train. PARALACTIC Par`a*lac"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + lactic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Designating an acid called paralactic acid. See Lactic acid, under Lactic. PARALBUMIN Par`al*bu"min, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A proteidlike body found in the fluid from ovarian cysts and elsewhere. It is generally associated with a substance related to, if not identical with, glycogen. PARALDEHYDE Par*al"de*hyde, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + aldehyde.] (Chem.) Defn: A polymeric modification of aldehyde obtained as a white crystalline substance. PARALEIPSIS Par`a*leip"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A pretended or apparent omission; a figure by which a speaker artfully pretends to pass by what he really mentions; as, for example, if an orator should say, "I do not speak of my adversary's scandalous venality and rapacity, his brutal conduct, his treachery and malice." [Written also paralepsis, paralepsy, paralipsis.] PARALEPSIS Par`a*lep"sis, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Paraleipsis. PARALGESIA Par`al*ge"si*a, n. [NL.; para-+ Gr. 'a`lghsis sense of pain.] (Med.) Defn: Disordered sensibility to pain, including absence of sensibility to pain, excessive sensibility to pain, and abnormal painful results of stimuli. -- Par`al*ge"sic (#), a. PARALIAN Pa*ra"li*an, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A dweller by the sea. [R.] PARALIPOMENON Par`a*li*pom"e*non, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. paraleipome`nwn of things omitted, pass. p. pr. (neuter genitive plural) fr. Defn: A title given in the Douay Bible to the Books of Chronicles. Note: In the Septuagint these books are called Paraleipome`nwn prw on and dey`teron, which is understood, after Jerome's explanation, as meaning that they are supplementary to the Books of Kings W. Smith. PARALIPSIS Par`a*lip"sis, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Paraleipsis. PARALLACTIC; PARALLACTICAL Par`al*lac"tic, Par`al*lac"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. parallactique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a parallax. PARALLAX Par"al*lax, n. Etym: [Gr. parallaxe. Cf. Parallel.] 1. The apparent displacement, or difference of position, of an object, as seen from two different stations, or points of view. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The apparent difference in position of a body (as the sun, or a star) as seen from some point on the earth's surface, and as seen from some other conventional point, as the earth's center or the sun. Annual parallax, the greatest value of the heliocentric parallax, or the greatest annual apparent change of place of a body as seen from the earth and sun; as, the annual parallax of a fixed star. -- Binocular parallax, the apparent difference in position of an object as seen separately by one eye, and then by the other, the head remaining unmoved. -- Diurnal, or Geocentric, parallax, the parallax of a body with reference to the earth's center. This is the kind of parallax that is generally understood when the term is used without qualification. -- Heliocentric parallax, the parallax of a body with reference to the sun, or the angle subtended at the body by lines drawn from it to the earth and sun; as, the heliocentric parallax of a planet. -- Horizontal parallax, the geocentric parallx of a heavenly body when in the horizon, or the angle subtended at the body by the earth's radius. -- Optical parallax, the apparent displacement in position undergone by an object when viewed by either eye singly. Brande & C. -- Parallax of the cross wires (of an optical instrument), their apparent displacement when the eye changes its position, caused by their not being exactly in the focus of the object glass. -- Stellar parallax, the annual parallax of a fixed star. PARALLEL Par"al*lel, a. Etym: [F. parallèle, L. parallelus, fr. Gr. alius. See Allien.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: Extended in the same direction, and in all parts equally distant; as, parallel lines; parallel planes. Revolutions . . . parallel to the equinoctial. Hakluyt. Note: Curved lines or curved planes are said to be parallel when they are in all parts equally distant. 2. Having the same direction or tendency; running side by side; being in accordance (with); tending to the same result; -- used with to and with. When honor runs parallel with the laws of God and our country, it can not be too much cherished. Addison. 3. Continuing a resemblance through many particulars; applicable in all essential parts; like; similar; as, a parallel case; a parallel passage. Addison. Parallel bar. (a) (Steam Eng.) A rod in a parallel motion which is parallel with the working beam. (b) One of a pair of bars raised about five feet above the floor or ground, and parallel to each other, -- used for gymnastic exercises. -- Parallel circles of a sphere, those circles of the sphere whose planes are parallel to each other. -- Parallel columns, or Parallels (Printing), two or more passages of reading matter printed side by side, for the purpose of emphasizing the similarity or discrepancy between them. -- Parallel forces (Mech.), forces which act in directions parallel to each other. -- Parallel motion. (a) (Mach.) A jointed system of links, rods, or bars, by which the motion of a reciprocating piece, as a piston rod, may be guided, either approximately or exactly in a straight line. Rankine. (b) (Mus.) The ascending or descending of two or more parts at fixed intervals, as thirds or sixths. -- Parallel rod (Locomotive Eng.), a metal rod that connects the crank pins of two or more driving wheels; -- called also couping rod, in distinction from the connecting rod. See Illust. of Locomotive, in App. -- Parallel ruler, an instrument for drawing parallel lines, so constructed as to have the successive positions of the ruling edge parallel to each other; also, one consisting of two movable parts, the opposite edges of which are always parallel. -- Parallel sailing (Naut.), sailing on a parallel of latitude. -- Parallel sphere (Astron. & Geog.), that position of the sphere in which the circles of daily motion are parallel to the horizon, as to an observer at either pole. -- Parallel vise, a vise having jaws so guided as to remain parallel in all positions. PARALLEL Par"al*lel, n. 1. A line which, throughout its whole extent, is equidistant from another line; a parallel line, a parallel plane, etc. Who made the spider parallels design, Sure as De Moivre, without rule or line Pope. 2. Direction conformable to that of another line, Lines that from their parallel decline. Garth. 3. Conformity continued through many particulars or in all essential points; resemblance; similarity. Twixt earthly females and the moon All parallels exactly run. Swift. 4. A comparison made; elaborate tracing of similarity; as, Johnson's parallel between Dryden and Pope. 5. Anything equal to, or resembling, another in all essential particulars; a counterpart. None but thyself can be thy parallel. Pope. 6. (Geog.) Defn: One of the imaginary circles on the surface of the earth, parallel to the equator, marking the latitude; also, the corresponding line on a globe or map. 7. (Mil.) Defn: One of a series of long trenches constructed before a besieged fortress, by the besieging force, as a cover for troops supporting the attacking batteries. They are roughly parallel to the line of outer defenses of the fortress. 8. (Print.) Defn: A character consisting of two parallel vertical lines (thus, ) used in the text to direct attention to a similarly marked note in the margin or at the foot of a page. Limiting parallels. See under Limit, v. t. -- Parallel of altitude (Astron.), one of the small circles of the sphere, parallel to the horizon; an almucantar. -- Parallel of declination (Astron.), one of the small circles of the sphere, parallel to the equator. -- Parallel of latitude. (a) (Geog.) See def. 6. above. (b) (Astron.) One of the small circles of the sphere, parallel to the ecliptic. PARALLEL Par"al*lel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paralleled; p. pr. & vb. n. Paralleling.] 1. To place or set so as to be parallel; to place so as to be parallel to, or to conform in direction with, something else. The needle . . . doth parallel and place itself upon the true meridian. Sir T. Browne. 2. Fig.: To make to conform to something else in character, motive, aim, or the like. His life is paralleled Even with the stroke and line of his great justice. Shak. 3. To equal; to match; to correspond to. Shak. 4. To produce or adduce as a parallel. [R.] Locke. My young remembrance can not parallel A fellow to it. Shak. PARALLEL Par"al*lel, v. i. Defn: To be parallel; to correspond; to be like. [Obs.] Bacon. PARALLELABLE Par"al*lel`a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being paralleled, or equaled. [R.] Bp. Hall. PARALLELISM Par"al*lel*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. parallélisme.] 1. The quality or state of being parallel. 2. Resemblance; correspondence; similarity. A close parallelism of thought and incident. T. Warton. 3. Similarity of construction or meaning of clauses placed side by side, especially clauses expressing the same sentiment with slight modifications, as is common in Hebrew poetry; e. g.: -- At her feet he bowed, he fell: Where he bowed, there he fell down dead. Judg. v. 27. PARALLELISTIC Par`al*lel*is"tic, a. Defn: Of the nature of a parallelism; involving parallelism. The antithetic or parallelistic form of Hebrew poetry is entirely lost. Milman. PARALLELIZE Par"al*lel*ize, v. t. Defn: To render parallel. [R.] PARALLELLESS Par"al*lel*less, a. Defn: Matchless. [R.] PARALLELLY Par"al*lel*ly, adv. Defn: In a parallel manner; with parallelism. [R.] Dr. H. More. PARALLELOGRAM Par`al*lel"o*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. parallélogramme. See Parallel, and - gram.] (Geom.) Defn: A right-lined quadrilateral figure, whose opposite sides are parallel, and consequently equal; -- sometimes restricted in popular usage to a rectangle, or quadrilateral figure which is longer than it is broad, and with right angles. Parallelogram of velocities, forces, accelerations, momenta, etc. (Mech.), a parallelogram the diagonal of which represents the resultant of two velocities, forces, accelerations, momenta, etc., both in quantity and direction, when the velocities, forces, accelerations, momenta, etc., are represented in quantity and direction by the two adjacent sides of the parallelogram. PARALLELOGRAMMATIC Par`al*lel`o*gram*mat"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a parallelogram; parallelogrammic. PARALLELOGRAMMIC; PARALLELOGRAMMICAL Par`al*lel`o*gram"mic, Par`al*lel`o*gram"mic*al, a. Defn: Having the properties of a parallelogram. [R.] PARALLELOPIPED Par`al*lel`o*pi"ped, n. Etym: [Gr. parallélopipède.] (Geom.) Defn: A solid, the faces of which are six parallelograms, the opposite pairs being parallel, and equal to each other; a prism whose base is a parallelogram. PARALLELOPIPEDON Par`al*lel`o*pip"e*don, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A parallelopiped. Hutton. PARALLEL STANDARDS Parallel standards. (Numismatics) Defn: Two or more metals coined without any attempt by the government to regulate their values. PARALLEL SULCUS Parallel sulcus. (Anat.) Defn: A sulcus parallel to, but some distance below, the horizontal limb of the fissure of Sylvius. PARALLEL TRANSFORMER Parallel transformer. (Elec.) Defn: A transformer connected in parallel. PARALLEL VISE Parallel vise. Defn: A vise with jaws so guided as to remain parallel. PARALOGICAL Par`a*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Containing paralogism; illogical. "Paralogical doubt." Sir T. Browne. PARALOGISM Pa*ral"o*gism, n. Etym: [Gr. paralogisme.] (Logic) Defn: A reasoning which is false in point of form, that is, which is contrary to logical rules or formulæ; a formal fallacy, or pseudo- syllogism, in which the conclusion does not follow from the premises. PARALOGIZE Pa*ral"o*gize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paralogized; p. pr. & vb. n. Paralogizing.] Etym: [Gr. Defn: To reason falsely; to draw conclusions not warranted by the premises. [R.] PARALOGY Pa*ral"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: False reasoning; paralogism. PARALYSE Par"a*lyse, v. t. Defn: Same as Paralyze. PARALYSIS Pa*ral"y*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Para-, and Loose, and cf. Palsy.] (Med.) Defn: Abolition of function, whether complete or partial; esp., the loss of the power of voluntary motion, with or without that of sensation, in any part of the body; palsy. See Hemiplegia, and Paraplegia. Also used figuratively. "Utter paralysis of memory." G. Eliot. Mischievous practices arising out of the paralysis of the powers of ownership. Duke of Argyll (1887). PARALYTIC Par`a*lyt"ic, a. Etym: [L. paralyticus, Gr. paralytique.] 1. Of or pertaining to paralysis; resembling paralysis. 2. Affected with paralysis, or palsy. The cold, shaking, paralytic hand. Prior. 3. Inclined or tending to paralysis. Paralytic secretion (Physiol.), the fluid, generally thin and watery, secreted from a gland after section or paralysis of its nerves, as the pralytic saliva. PARALYTIC Par`a*lyt"ic, n. Defn: A person affected with paralysis. PARALYTICAL Par`a*lyt"ic*al, a. Defn: See Paralytic. PARALYZATION Par`a*ly*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of paralyzing, or the state of being paralyzed. PARALYZE Par"a*lyze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paralyzed; p. pr. & vb. n. Paralyzing.] Etym: [F. paralyser. See Paralysis.] 1. To affect or strike with paralysis or palsy. 2. Fig.: To unnerve; to destroy or impair the energy of; to render ineffective; as, the occurrence paralyzed the community; despondency paralyzed his efforts. PARAM Par"am, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline nitrogenous substance (C2H4N4); -- called also dicyandiamide. PARAMAGNETIC Par`a*mag*net"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + magnetic.] Defn: Magnetic, as opposed to Ant: diamagnetic. -- n. Defn: A paramagnetic substance. Faraday. -- Par`a*mag*net"ic*al*ly, adv. PARAMAGNETISM Par`a*mag"net*ism, n. Defn: Magnetism, as opposed to diamagnetism. Faraday. PARAMALEIC Par`a*ma*le"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + maleic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from malic acid, and now called fumaric acid. [Obs.] PARAMALIC Par`a*ma"lic, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + malic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid metameric with malic acid. PARAMASTOID Par`a*mas"toid, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + mastoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated beside, or near, the mastoid portion of the temporal bone; paroccipital; -- applied especially to a process of the skull in some animals. PARAMATTA Par`a*mat"ta, n. Etym: [So named from Paramatta, in Australia.] Defn: A light fabric of cotton and worsted, resembling bombazine or merino. Beck (Draper's Dict.) PARAMENT Par"a*ment, n. Etym: [Sp. paramento, from parar to prepare, L. parare.] Defn: Ornamental hangings, furniture, etc., as of a state apartment; rich and elegant robes worn by men of rank; -- chiefly in the plural. [Obs.] Lords in paraments on their coursers. Chaucer. Chamber of paraments, presence chamber of a monarch. PARAMENTO Pa`ra*men"to, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: Ornament; decoration. Beau. & Fl. PARAMERE Par"a*mere, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + -mere.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the symmetrical halves of any one of the radii, or spheromeres, of a radiate animal, as a starfish. PARAMETER Pa*ram"e*ter, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + -meter: cf. F. paramètre.] 1. (a) (Math.) A term applied to some characteristic magnitude whose value, invariable as long as one and the same function, curve, surface, etc., is considered, serves to distinguish that function, curve, surface, etc., from others of the same kind or family. Brande & C. (b) Specifically (Conic Sections), in the ellipse and hyperbola, a third proportional to any diameter and its conjugate, or in the parabola, to any abscissa and the corresponding ordinate. Note: The parameter of the principal axis of a conic section is called the latus rectum. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: The ratio of the three crystallographic axes which determines the position of any plane; also, the fundamental axial ratio for a given species. PARAMETRITIS Par`a*me*tri"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Para-, and Metritis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the cellular tissue in the vicinity of the uterus. PARAMIOGRAPHER Par`a*mi*og"ra*pher, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph + -er.] Defn: A collector or writer of proverbs. [R.] PARAMITOME Par`a*mi"tome, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + mitome.] (Biol.) Defn: The fluid portion of the protoplasm of a cell. PARAMO Pa"ra*mo, n.; pl. Paramos. Etym: [Sp. pæramo.] Defn: A high, bleak plateau or district, with stunted trees, and cold, damp atmosphere, as in the Andes, in South America. PARAMORPH Par"a*morph, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: A kind of pseudomorph, in which there has been a change of physical characters without alteration of chemical composition, as the change of aragonite to calcite. PARAMORPHISM Par`a*mor"phism, n. (Min.) Defn: The change of one mineral species to another, so as to involve a change in physical characters without alteration of chemical composition. PARAMORPHOUS Par`a*mor"phous, a. (Min.) Defn: Relating to paramorphism; exhibiting paramorphism. PARAMOUNT Par"a*mount, a. Etym: [OF. par amont above; par through, by (L. per) + amont above. See Amount.] Defn: Having the highest rank or jurisdiction; superior to all others; chief; supreme; preëminent; as, a paramount duty. "A traitor paramount." Bacon. Lady paramount (Archery), the lady making the best score. -- Lord paramount, the king. Syn. Superior; principal; preëminent; chief. PARAMOUNT Par"a*mount, n. Defn: The highest or chief. Milton. PARAMOUNTLY Par"a*mount`ly, adv. Defn: In a paramount manner. PARAMOUR Par"a*mour, n. Etym: [F. par amour, lit., by or with love. See 2d Par, and Amour.] 1. A lover, of either sex; a wooer or a mistress (formerly in a good sense, now only in a bad one); one who takes the place, without possessing the rights, of a husband or wife; -- used of a man or a woman. The seducer appeared with dauntless front, accompanied by his paramour Macaulay. 2. Love; gallantry. [Obs.] "For paramour and jollity." Chaucer. PARAMOUR; PARAMOURS Par"a*mour`, Par"a*mours`, adv. Defn: By or with love, esp. the love of the sexes; -- sometimes written as two words. [Obs.] For par amour, I loved her first ere thou. Chaucer. PARAMYLUM Par*am"y*lum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A substance resembling starch, found in the green frothy scum formed on the surface of stagnant water. PARANAPHTHALENE Par`a*naph"tha*lene, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + naphthalene.] (Chem.) Defn: Anthracene; -- called also paranaphthaline. [Obs.] PARANOIA Par`a*noi"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Mental derangement; insanity. PARANOIAC Par`a*noi"ac, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to paranoia; affected with, or characteristic of, paranoia. PARANOIAC Par`a*noi"ac, n. Defn: A person affected with paranoia. PARANTHRACENE Par*an"thra*cene, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + anthracene.] (Chem.) Defn: An inert isomeric modification of anthracene. PARANUCLEUS Par`a*nu"cle*us, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + nucleus.] (Biol.) Defn: Some as Nucleolus. PARA NUT Pa*ra" nut`. (Bot.) Defn: The Brazil nut. PARANYMPH Par"a*nymph, n. Etym: [L. paranymphus, Gr. paranymphe.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) (a) A friend of the bridegroom who went with him in his chariot to fetch home the bride. Milton. (b) The bridesmaid who conducted the bride to the bridegroom. 2. Hence: An ally; a supporter or abettor. Jer. Taylor. PARANYMPHAL Par`a*nym"phal, a. Defn: Bridal; nuptial. [R.] At some paranymphal feast. Ford. PARAPECTIN Par`a*pec"tin, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + pectin.] (Chem.) Defn: A gelatinous modification of pectin. PARAPEGM Par"a*pegm, n. Etym: [L. parapegma, Gr. parapegme.] Defn: An engraved tablet, usually of brass, set up in a public place. Note: Parapegms were used for the publication of laws, proclamations, etc., and the recording of astronomical phenomena or calendar events. PARAPEPTONE Par`a*pep"tone, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + peptone.] (Phisiol. Chem.) Defn: An albuminous body formed in small quantity by the peptic digestion of proteids. It can be converted into peptone by pancreatic juice, but not by gastric juice. PARAPET Par"a*pet, n. Etym: [F., fr. It. parapetto, fr. parare to ward off, guard (L. parare to prepare, provide) + petto the breast, L. pectus. See Parry, and Pectoral.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A low wall, especially one serving to protect the edge of a platform, roof, bridge, or the like. 2. (Fort.) Defn: A wall, rampart, or elevation of earth, for covering soldiers from an enemy's fire; a breastwork. See Illust. of Casemate. PARAPETALOUS Par`a*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Growing by the side of a petal, as a stamen. PARAPETED Par"a*pet`ed, a. Defn: Having a parapet. PARAPH Par"aph, n. Etym: [F. paraphe, parafe, contr. fr. paragraphe.] Defn: A flourish made with the pen at the end of a signature. In the Middle Ages, this formed a sort of rude safeguard against forgery. Brande & C. PARAPH Par"aph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paraphed; p. pr. & vb. n. Paraphing.] Etym: [Cf. F. parapher, parafer.] Defn: To add a paraph to; to sign, esp. with the initials. PARAPHERNA Par`a*pher"na, n. pl. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Law) Defn: The property of a woman which, on her marriage, was not made a part of her dower, but remained her own. PARAPHERNAL Par`a*pher"nal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. paraphernal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to paraphernalia; as, paraphernal property. Kent. PARAPHERNALIA Par`a*pher*na"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [LL. paraphernalia bona, fr. L. parapherna, pl., parapherna, Gr. fe`rein to bring. See 1st Bear.] 1. (Law) Defn: Something reserved to a wife, over and above her dower, being chiefly apparel and ornaments suited to her degree. 2. Appendages; ornaments; finery; equipments. PARAPHIMOSIS Par`a*phi*mo"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A condition in which the prepuce, after being retracted behind the glans penis, is constricted there, and can not be brought forward into place again. PARAPHOSPHORIC Par`a*phos*phor"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + phosphoric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pyrophosphoric. [Obs.] PARAPHRAGMA Par`a*phrag"ma, n.; pl. Paraphragmata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the outer divisions of an endosternite of Crustacea. -- Par`a*phrag"mal, a. PARAPHRASE Par"a*phrase, n. Etym: [L. paraphrasis, Gr. paraphrase. See Para-, and Phrase.] Defn: A restatement of a text, passage, or work, expressing the meaning of the original in another form, generally for the sake of its clearer and fuller exposition; a setting forth the signification of a text in other and ampler terms; a free translation or rendering; -- opposed to metaphrase. In paraphrase, or translation with latitude, the author's words are not so strictly followed as his sense. Dryden. Excellent paraphrases of the Psalms of David. I. Disraeli. His sermons a living paraphrase upon his practice. Sowth. The Targums are also called the Chaldaic or Aramaic Paraphrases. Shipley. PARAPHRASE Par"a*phrase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paraphrased; p. pr. & vb. n. Paraphrasing.] Defn: To express, interpret, or translate with latitude; to give the meaning of a passage in other language. We are put to construe and paraphrase our own words. Bp. Stillingfleet. PARAPHRASE Par"a*phrase, v. i. Defn: To make a paraphrase. PARAPHRASER Par"a*phra`ser, n. Defn: One who paraphrases. PARAPHRASIAN Par`a*phra"sian, n. Defn: A paraphraser. [R.] PARAPHRAST Par"a*phrast, n. Etym: [L. paraphrastes, Gr. paraphraste.] Defn: A paraphraser. T. Warton. PARAPHRASTIC; PARAPHRASTICAL Par`a*phras"tic, Par`a*phras"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr.paraphrastique.] Defn: Paraphrasing; of the nature of paraphrase; explaining, or translating in words more clear and ample than those of the author; not literal; free. -- Par`a*phras"tic*al*ly, adv. PARAPHYSIS Pa*raph"y*sis, n.; pl. Paraphyses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A minute jointed filament growing among the archegonia and antheridia of mosses, or with the spore cases, etc., of other flowerless plants. PARAPLEGIA; PARAPLEGY Par`a*ple"gi*a, Par"a*ple`gy, n. Etym: [NL. paraplegia, fr. Gr. paraplégie.] (Med.) Defn: Palsy of the lower half of the body on both sides, caused usually by disease of the spinal cord. -- Par`a*pleg"ic, a. PARAPLEURA Par`a*pleu"ra, n.; pl. Parapleuræ. Etym: [NL. See Para-, and 2d Pleura.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A chitinous piece between the metasternum and the pleuron of certain insects. PARAPODIUM Par`a*po"di*um, n.; pl. Parapodia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the lateral appendages of an annelid; -- called also foot tubercle. Note: They may serve for locomotion, respiration, and sensation, and often contain spines or setæ. When well developed, a dorsal part, or notopodium, and a ventral part, or neuropodium, are distinguished. PARAPOPHYSIS Par`a*poph"y*sis, n.; pl. Parapophyses. Etym: [NL. See Para-, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) Defn: The ventral transverse, or capitular, process of a vertebra. See Vertebra. -- Par*ap`o*phys"ic*al, a. PARAPTERUM Pa*rap"te*rum, n.; pl. Paraptera. Etym: [NL. See Para-, and Pteron.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A special plate situated on the sides of the mesothorax and metathorax of certain insects. PARAQUET; PARAQUITO Par`a*quet", Par`a*qui"to, n. Etym: [See Paroquet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Parrakeet. PARA RUBBER Pará rubber. Defn: The caoutchouc obtained from the South American euphorbiaceous tree Hevea brasiliensis, hence called the Pará rubber tree, from the Brazilian river and seaport named Pará; also, the similar product of other species of Hevea. It is usually exported in flat round cakes, and is a chief variety of commercial India rubber. PARASANG Par"a*sang, n. Etym: [L. parasanga, Gr. farsang.] Defn: A Persian measure of length, which, according to Herodotus and Xenophon, was thirty stadia, or somewhat more than three and a half miles. The measure varied in different times and places, and, as now used, is estimated at from three and a half to four English miles. PARASCENIUM Par`a*sce"ni*um, n.; pl. Parascenia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Greek & Rom. Antiq.) Defn: One of two apartments adjoining the stage, probably used as robing rooms. PARASCEVE Par`a*sce"ve, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. 1. Among the Jews, the evening before the Sabbath. [Obs.] Mark xv. 42 (Douay ver.) 2. A preparation. [R.] Donne. PARASCHEMATIC Par`a*sche*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a change from the right form, as in the formation of a word from another by a change of termination, gender, etc. Max Müller. PARASELENE Par`a*se*le"ne, n.; pl. Paraselenæ. Etym: [NL., from Gr. parasélène.] (Meteor.) Defn: A mock moon; an image of the moon which sometimes appears at the point of intersection of two lunar halos. Cf. Parhelion. PARASHAH Par"a*shah, n.; pl. -shoth (#) or -shioth (#). [Heb. parashah.] Defn: A lesson from the Torah, or Law, from which at least one section is read in the Jewish synagogue on every Sabbath and festival. PARASHOTH Par"a*shoth, n.; Defn: pl. of Parashah. PARASITA Par`a*si"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) (a) An artificial group formerly made for parasitic insects, as lice, ticks, mites, etc. (b) A division of copepod Crustacea, having a sucking mouth, as the lerneans. They are mostly parasites on fishes. Called also Siphonostomata. PARASITAL Par"a*si`tal, a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to parasites; parasitic. PARASITE Par"a*site, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. parasitus, Gr. 1. One who frequents the tables of the rich, or who lives at another's expense, and earns his welcome by flattery; a hanger-on; a toady; a sycophant. Thou, with trembling fear, Or like a fawning parasite, obey'st. Milton. Parasites were called such smell-feasts as would seek to be free guests at rich men's tables. Udall. 2. (Bot.) (a) A plant obtaining nourishment immediately from other plants to which it attaches itself, and whose juices it absorbs; -- sometimes, but erroneously, called epiphyte. (b) A plant living on or within an animal, and supported at its expense, as many species of fungi of the genus Torrubia. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) An animal which lives during the whole or part of its existence on or in the body of some other animal, feeding upon its food, blood, or tissues, as lice, tapeworms, etc. (b) An animal which steals the food of another, as the parasitic jager. (c) An animal which habitually uses the nest of another, as the cowbird and the European cuckoo. PARASITIC; PARASITICAL Par`a*sit"ic, Par`a*sit"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. parasiticus, Gr. parasitique.] 1. Of the nature of a parasite; fawning for food or favors; sycophantic. "Parasitic preachers." Milton. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to parasites; living on, or deriving nourishment from, some other living animal or plant. See Parasite, 2 & 3. Parasitic gull, Parasitic jager. (Zoöl.) See Jager. -- Par`a*sit"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Par`a*sit"ic*al*ness, n. PARASITICIDE Par`a*sit"i*cide, n. Etym: [Parasite + L. caedere to kill.] Defn: Anything used to destroy parasites. Quain. PARASITISM Par"a*si`tism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. parasitisme.] 1. The state or behavior of a parasite; the act of a parasite. "Court parasitism." Milton. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: The state of being parasitic. PARASOL Par"a*sol`, n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. or Pg. parasol, or It. parasole; It. parare to ward off, Sp. & Pg. parar (L. parare to prepare) + It. sole sun, Sp. & Pg. sol (L. sol). See Parry, Solar.] Defn: A kind of small umbrella used by women as a protection from the sun. PARASOL Par"a*sol`, v. t. Defn: To shade as with a parasol. [R.] PARASOLETTE Par`a*sol*ette", n. Defn: A small parasol. PARASPHENOID Par`a*sphe"noid, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + sphenoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Near the sphenoid bone; -- applied especially to a bone situated immediately beneath the sphenoid in the base of the skull in many animals. -- n. Defn: The parasphenoid bone. PARASTICHY Pa*ras"ti*chy, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A secondary spiral in phyllotaxy, as one of the evident spirals in a pine cone. PARASYNAXIS Par`a*syn*ax"is, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Civil Law) Defn: An unlawful meeting. PARASYNTHETIC Par`a*syn*thet"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Para-, and Synthetic.] Defn: Formed from a compound word. "Parasynthetic derivatives." Dr. Murray. PARATACTIC Par`a*tac"tic, a. (Gram.) Defn: Of pertaining to, or characterized by, parataxis. PARATAXIS Par`a*tax"is, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Gram.) Defn: The mere ranging of propositions one after another, without indicating their connection or interdependence; -- opposed to syntax. Brande & C. PARATHESIS Pa*rath"e*sis, n.; pl. Paratheses. Etym: [NL., from Gr. 1. (Gram.) Defn: The placing of two or more nouns in the same case; apposition. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: A parenthetical notice, usually of matter to be afterward expanded. Smart. 3. (Print.) Defn: The matter contained within brackets. 4. (Eccl.) Defn: A commendatory prayer. Shipley. PARATHETIC Par`a*thet"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to parathesis. PARATONNERRE Pa`ra`ton`nerre", n. Etym: [F., fr. parer to parry + tonnerre thunderbolt.] Defn: A conductor of lightning; a lightning rod. PARAUNTER Par*aun"ter, adv. Etym: [Par + aunter.] Defn: Peradventure. See Paraventure. [Obs.] Chaucer. PARAUQUE Pa*rauque", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird (Nyctidromus albicollis) ranging from Texas to South America. It is allied to the night hawk and goatsucker. PARAVAIL Par`a*vail", a. Etym: [OF. par aval below; par through (L. per) + aval down; a- (L. ad) + val (L. vallis) a valley. Cf. Paramount.] (Eng. Law) Defn: At the bottom; lowest. Cowell. Note: In feudal law, the tenant paravail is the lowest tenant of the fee, or he who is immediate tenant to one who holds over of another. Wharton. PARAVANT; PARAVANT Par"a*vant`, Par"a*vant`, adv. Etym: [OF. par avant. See Par, and lst Avaunt.] 1. In front; publicly. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Beforehand; first. [Obs.] Spenser. PARAVENTURE Par`a*ven"ture, adv. Etym: [Par + aventure.] Defn: Peradventure; perchance. [Obs.] Chaucer. PARAXANTHIN Par`a*xan"thin, n. Etym: [Pref. Para- + xanthin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A crystalline substance closely related to xanthin, present in small quantity in urine. PARAXIAL Par*ax"i*al, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + axial.] (Anat.) Defn: On either side of the axis of the skeleton. PARAXYLENE Par`a*xy"lene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon of the aromatic series obtained as a colorless liquid by the distillation of camphor with zinc chloride. It is one of the three metamers of xylene. Cf. Metamer, and Xylene. PARBOIL Par"boil`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parboiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Parboiling.] Etym: [OE. parboilen, OF. parbouillir to cook well; par through (see Par) + bouillir to boil, L. bullire. The sense has been influenced by E. part. See lst Boil.] 1. To boil or cook thoroughly. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. To boil in part; to cook partially by boiling. PARBREAK Par"break`, v. i. & t. Etym: [Par + break.] Defn: To throw out; to vomit. [Obs.] Skelton. PARBREAK Par"break`, n. Defn: Vomit. [Obs.] Spenser. PARBUCKLE Par"buc`kle, n. (a) A kind of purchase for hoisting or lowering a cylindrical burden, as a cask. The middle of a long rope is made fast aloft, and both parts are looped around the object, which rests in the loops, and rolls in them as the ends are hauled up or payed out. (b) A double sling made of a single rope, for slinging a cask, gun, etc. PARBUCKLE Par"buc`kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parbuckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Parbuckling.] Defn: To hoist or lower by means of a parbuckle. Totten. PARCAE Par"cæ, n. pl. Etym: [L.] Defn: The Fates. See Fate, 4. PARCASE Par*case", adv. Etym: [Par + case.] Defn: Perchance; by chance. [Obs.] Chaucer. PARCEL Par"cel, n. Etym: [F. parcelle a small part, fr. (assumed) LL. particella, dim. of L. pars. See Part, n., and cf. Particle.] 1. A portion of anything taken separately; a fragment of a whole; a part. [Archaic] "A parcel of her woe." Chaucer. Two parcels of the white of an egg. Arbuthnot. The parcels of the nation adopted different forms of self-government. J. A. Symonds. 2. (Law) Defn: A part; a portion; a piece; as, a certain piece of land is part and parcel of another piece. 3. An indiscriminate or indefinite number, measure, or quantity; a collection; a group. This youthful parcel Of noble bachelors stand at my disposing. Shak. 4. A number or quantity of things put up together; a bundle; a package; a packet. 'Tis like a parcel sent you by the stage. Cowper. Bill of parcels. See under 6th Bill. -- Parcel office, an office where parcels are received for keeping or forwarding and delivery. -- Parcel post, that department of the post office concerned with the collection and transmission of parcels. -- Part and parcel. See under Part. PARCEL Par"cel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parceled or Parcelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Parceling or Parcelling.] 1. To divide and distribute by parts or portions; -- often with out or into. "Their woes are parceled, mine are general." Shak. These ghostly kings would parcel out my power. Dryden. The broad woodland parceled into farms. Tennyson. 2. To add a parcel or item to; to itemize. [R.] That mine own servant should Parcel the sum of my disgraces by Addition of his envy. Shak. 3. To make up into a parcel; as, to parcel a customer's purchases; the machine parcels yarn, wool, etc. To parcel a rope (Naut.), to wind strips of tarred canvas tightly arround it. Totten. -- To parcel a seam (Naut.), to cover it with a strip of tarred canvas. PARCEL Par"cel, a. & adv. Defn: Part or half; in part; partially. Shak. [Sometimes hyphened with the word following.] The worthy dame was parcel-blind. Sir W. Scott. One that . . . was parcel-bearded [partially bearded]. Tennyson. Parcel poet, a half poet; a poor poet. [Obs.] B. Jonson. PARCELING Par"cel*ing, n. Etym: [Written also parcelling.] 1. The act of dividing and distributing in portions or parts. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Long, narrow slips of canvas daubed with tar and wound about a rope like a bandage, before it is served; used, also, in mousing on the stayes, etc. PARCEL-MELE Par"cel-mele`, adv. Etym: [See Parcel, and Meal a part.] Defn: By parcels or parts. [Obs.] Chaucer. PARCEL POST Par"cel post. Defn: That branch of the post office having to do with the collection, transmission, and delivery of parcels. The British Inland Parcel Post was established in 1883. The present rates, dating from 1897, are 3d. for parcels not exceeding one pound and 1d. for each additional pound up to the limit of 10 pounds. A general parcel post was established in the United States by Act of August 24, 1912, which took effect Jan. 1, 1913. Parcels must not exceed 11 pounds in weight nor 72 inches in length and girth combined. Provision is made from insuring parcels up to $50.00, and also for sending parcels C.O.D. The rates of postage vary with the distance. See Zone, below. PARCENARY Par"ce*na*ry, n. Etym: [See Parcener, partner.] (Law) Defn: The holding or occupation of an inheritable estate which descends from the ancestor to two or more persons; coheirship. Note: It differs in many respects from joint tenancy, which is created by deed or devise. In the United States there is no essential distinction between parcenary and tenancy in common. Wharton. Kent. PARCENER Par"ce*ner, n. Etym: [Of. paronnier, parsonnier, fr. parzon, par, parcion, part, portion, fr. L. partitio a division. See Partition, and cf. Partner.] (Law) Defn: A coheir, or one of two or more persons to whom an estate of inheritance descends jointly, and by whom it is held as one estate. PARCH Parch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parched; p. pr. & vb. n. Parching.] Etym: [OE. perchen to pierce, hence used of a piercing heat or cold, OF. perchier, another form of percier, F. percer. See Pierce.] 1. To burn the surface of; to scorch; to roast over the fire, as dry grain; as, to parch the skin; to parch corn. Ye shall eat neither bread, nor parched corn. Lev. xxiii. 14. 2. To dry to extremity; to shrivel with heat; as, the mouth is parched from fever. The ground below is parched. Dryden. PARCH Parch, v. i. Defn: To become scorched or superficially burnt; to be very dry. "Parch in Afric sun." Shak. PARCHEDNESS Parch"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being parched. PARCHEESI Par*chee"si, n. Defn: See Pachisi. PARCHESI Par*che"si, n. Defn: See Pachisi. PARCHING Parch"ing, a. Defn: Scorching; burning; drying. "Summer's parching heat." Shak. -- Parch"ing*ly, adv. PARCHMENT Parch"ment, n. Etym: [OE. parchemin, perchemin, F. parchemin, LL. pergamenum, L. pergamena, pergamina, fr. L. Pergamenus of or belonging to Pergamus an ancient city of Mysia in Asia Minor, where parchment was first used.] 1. The skin of a lamb, sheep, goat, young calf, or other animal, prepared for writing on. See Vellum. But here's a parchment with the seal of Cæsar. Shak. 2. The envelope of the coffee grains, inside the pulp. Parchment paper. See Papyrine. PARCHMENTIZE Parch"ment*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. -ized; p. pr. & vb. n. -izing.] Defn: To convert to a parchmentlike substance, esp. by sulphuric acid. PARCITY Par"ci*ty, n. Etym: [L. parcitas, fr. parcus sparing.] Defn: Sparingless. [Obs.] PARCLOSE Par"close, n. Etym: [OF. See Perclose.] (Eccl. Arch.) Defn: A screen separating a chapel from the body of the church. [Written also paraclose and perclose.] Hook. PARD Pard, n. Etym: [L. pardus, Gr. p tiger, panther.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A leopard; a panther. And more pinch-spotted make them Than pard or cat o'mountain. Shak. PARDALE Par"dale, n. Etym: [L. pardalis, Gr. Pard.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A leopard. [Obs.] Spenser. PARDE; PARDIE Par*de", Par*die", adv. or interj. Etym: [F. pardi, for par Dieu by God.] Defn: Certainly; surely; truly; verily; -- originally an oath. [Written also pardee, pardieux, perdie, etc.] [Obs.] He was, parde, an old fellow of yours. Chaucer. PARDINE Par"dine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Spotted like a pard. Pardine lynx (Zoöl.), a species of lynx (Felis pardina) inhabiting Southern Europe. Its color is rufous, spotted with black. PARDO Par"do, n. Etym: [Pg. pardao, fr. Skr. pratapa splendor, majesty.] Defn: A money of account in Goa, India, equivalent to about 2s. 6d. sterling. or 60 cts. PARDON Par"don, n. Etym: [F., fr. pardonner to pardon. See Pardon, v. t.] 1. The act of pardoning; forgiveness, as of an offender, or of an offense; release from penalty; remission of punishment; absolution. Pardon, my lord, for me and for my tidings. Shak. But infinite in pardon was my judge. Milton. Used in expressing courteous denial or contradiction; as, I crave your pardon; or in indicating that one has not understood another; as, I beg pardon. 2. An official warrant of remission of penalty. Sign me a present pardon for my brother. Shak. 3. The state of being forgiven. South. 4. (Law) Defn: A release, by a sovereign, or officer having jurisdiction, from the penalties of an offense, being distinguished from amenesty, which is a general obliteration and canceling of a particular line of past offenses. Syn. -- Forgiveness; remission. See Forgiveness. PARDON Par"don, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pardoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Pardoning.] Etym: [Either fr. pardon, n., or from F. pardonner, LL. perdonare; L. per through, thoroughly, perfectly + donare to give, to present. See Par-, and Donation.] 1. To absolve from the consequences of a fault or the punishment of crime; to free from penalty; -- applied to the offender. In this thing the Lord pardon thy servant. 2 Kings v. 18. I pray you, pardon me; pray heartily, pardom me. Shak. 2. To remit the penalty of; to suffer to pass without punishment; to forgive; -- applied to offenses. I pray thee, pardon my sin. 1 S Apollo, pardon My great profaneness 'gainst thine oracle Shak. 3. To refrain from exacting as a penalty. I pardon thee thy life before thou ask it. Shak. 4. To give leave (of departure) to. [Obs.] Even now about it! I will pardon you. Shak. Pardon me, forgive me; excuse me; -- a phrase used also to express courteous denial or contradiction. Syn. -- To forgive; absolve; excuse; overlook; remit; asquit. See Excuse. PARDON; REMISSION Pardon, Syn: remission. Defn: -- Forgiveness, Pardon. Forgiveness is Anglo-Saxon, and pardon Norman French, both implying a giving back. The word pardon, being early used in our Bible, has, in religious matters, the same sense as forgiveness; but in the language of common life there is a difference between them, such as we often find between corresponding Anglo-Saxon and Norman words. Forgive points to inward feeling, and suppose alienated affection; when we ask forgiveness, we primarily seek the removal of anger. Pardon looks more to outward things or consequences, and is often applied to trifling matters, as when we beg pardon for interrupting a man, or for jostling him in a crowd. The civil magistrate also grants a pardon, and not forgiveness. The two words are, therefore, very clearly distinguished from each other in most cases which relate to the common concerns of life. PARDONABLE Par"don*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pardonnable.] Defn: Admitting of pardon; not requiring the excution of penalty; venial; excusable; -- applied to the offense or to the offender; as, a pardonable fault, or culprit. PARDONABLENESS Par"don*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being pardonable; as, the pardonableness of sin. Bp. Hall. PARDONABLY Par"don*a*bly, adv. Defn: In a manner admitting of pardon; excusably. Dryden. PARDONER Par"don*er, n. 1. One who pardons. Shak. 2. A seller of indulgences. [Obs.] Chaucer. PARDONING Par"don*ing, a. Defn: Relating to pardon; having or exercising the right to pardon; willing to pardon; merciful; as, the pardoning power; a pardoning God. PARE Pare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pared; p. pr. & vb. n. Paring.] Etym: [F. parer to pare, as a horse's hoofs, to dress or curry, as, leather, to clear, as anchors or cables, to parry, ward off, fr. L. parare to prepare. Cf. Empire, Parade, Pardon, Parry, Prepare.] 1. To cut off, or shave off, the superficial substance or extremities of; as, to pare an apple; to pare a horse's hoof. 2. To remove; to separate; to cut or shave, as the skin, ring, or outside part, from anything; -- followed by off or away; as; to pare off the ring of fruit; to pare away redundancies. 3. Fig.: To diminish the bulk of; to reduce; to lessen. The king began to pare a little the privilege of clergy. Bacon. PAREGORIC Par`e*gor"ic a. Etym: [L. paregoricus, Gr. parégorique. See Allegory.] Defn: Mitigating; assuaging or soothing pain; as, paregoric elixir. PAREGORIC Par`e*gor"ic, n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine that mitigates pain; an anodyne; specifically, camphorated tincture of opium; -- called also paregoric elexir. PARELCON Pa*rel"con, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gram.) Defn: The addition of a syllable or particle to the end of a pronoun, verb, or adverb. PARELECTRONOMIC Par`e*lec`tro*nom"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or relating to parelectronomy; as, the parelectronomic part of a muscle. PARELECTRONOMY Par*e`lec*tron"o*my, n. Etym: [Pref. para- + electro- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A condition of the muscles induced by exposure to severe cold, in which the electrical action of the muscle is reversed. PARELLA; PARELLE Pa*rel"la, Pa`relle, n. Etym: [Cf. F. parelle.] (Bot.) (a) A name for two kinds of dock (Rumex Patientia and R. Hydrolapathum). (b) A kind of lichen (Lecanora parella) once used in dyeing and in the preparation of litmus. PAREMBOLE Pa*rem"bo*le (, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Para-, and Embolus.] (Rhet.) Defn: A kind of parenthesis. PAREMENT Pare"ment, n. Defn: See Parament. [Obs.] PAREMPTOSIS Par`emp*to"sis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Defn: Same as Parembole. PARENCHYMA Pa*ren"chy*ma, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. parenchyme.] (Biol.) Defn: The soft celluar substance of the tissues of plants and animals, like the pulp of leaves, to soft tissue of glands, and the like. PARENCHYMAL Pa*ren"chy*mal, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, parenchyma. PARENCHYMATOUS; PARENCHYMOUS Par`en*chym"a*tous, Pa*ren"chy*mous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. parenchymateux.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or connected with, the parenchyma of a tissue or an organ; as, parenchymatous degeneration. PARENESIS Pa*ren"e*sis, n. Etym: [L. paraenesis, Gr. Defn: Exhortation. [R.] PARENETIC; PARENETIOAL Par`e*net"ic, Par`e*net"io*al, a. Etym: [Gr. parénétique.] Defn: Hortatory; encouraging; persuasive. [R.] F. Potter. PARENT Par"ent, n. Etym: [L. parens, -entis; akin to parere to bring forth; cf. Gr. parent. Cf. Part.] 1. One who begets, or brings forth, offspring; a father or a mother. Children, obey your parents in the Lord. Eph. vi. 1. 2. That which produces; cause; source; author; begetter; as, idleness is the parent of vice. Regular industry is the parent of sobriety. Channing. Parent cell. (Biol.) See Mother cell, under Mother, also Cytula. -- Parent nucleus (Biol.), a nucleus which, in cell division, divides, and gives rise to two or more daughter nuclei. See Karyokinesis, and Cell division, under Division. PARENTAGE Par"ent*age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. parentage relationship.] Defn: Descent from parents or ancestors; parents or ancestors considered with respect to their rank or character; extraction; birth; as, a man of noble parentage. "Wilt thou deny thy parentage" Shak. Though men esteem thee low of parentage. Milton. PARENTAL Pa*ren"tal, a. Etym: [L. parentalis.] 1. Of or pertaining to a parent or to parents; as, parental authority; parental obligations. 2. Becoming to, or characteristic of, parents; tender; affectionate; devoted; as, parental care. The careful course and parental provision of nature. Sir T. Browne. PARENTALLY Pa*ren"tal*ly, adv. Defn: In a parental manner. PARENTATION Par`en*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. parentatio, fr. parentare to offer a solemn sacrifice in honor of deceased parents. See Parent.] Defn: Something done or said in honor of the dead; obsequies. [Obs.] Abp. Potter. PARENTELE Par"en`tele`, n. Etym: [F. parentèle, L. parentela.] Defn: Kinship; parentage. [Obs.] Chaucer. PARENTHESIS Pa*ren"the*sis, n.; pl. Parentheses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Para-, En-, 2, and Thesis.] 1. A word, phrase, or sentence, by way of comment or explanation, inserted in, or attached to, a sentence which would be grammatically complete without it. It is usually inclosed within curved lines (see def. 2 below), or dashes. "Seldom mentioned without a derogatory parenthesis." Sir T. Browne. Don't suffer every occasional thought to carry you away into a long parenthesis. Watts. 2. (Print.) Defn: One of the curved lines () which inclose a parenthetic word or phrase. Note: Parenthesis, in technical grammar, is that part of a sentence which is inclosed within the recognized sign; but many phrases and sentences which are punctuated by commas are logically parenthetical. In def. 1, the phrase "by way of comment or explanation" is inserted for explanation, and the sentence would be grammatically complete without it. The present tendency is to avoid using the distinctive marks, except when confusion would arise from a less conspicuous separation. PARENTHESIZE Pa*ren"the*size, v. t. Defn: To make a parenthesis of; to include within parenthetical marks. Lowell. PARENTHETIC; PARENTHETICAL Par`en*thet"ic, Par`en*thet"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. Gr. 1. Of the nature of a parenthesis; pertaining to, or expressed in, or as in, a parenthesis; as, a parenthetical clause; a parenthetic remark. A parenthetical observation of Moses himself. Hales. 2. Using or containing parentheses. PARENTHETICALLY Par`en*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a parenthetical manner; by way of parenthesis; by parentheses. PARENTHOOD Par"ent*hood, n. Defn: The state of a parent; the office or character of a parent. PARENTICIDE Pa*ren"ti*cide, n. Etym: [L. parenticida a parricide; parens parent + caedere to kill.] 1. The act of one who kills one's own parent. [R.] 2. One who kills one's own parent; a parricide. [R.] PARENTLESS Par"ent*less, a. Defn: Deprived of parents. PAREPIDIDYMIS Par*ep`i*did"y*mis, n. Etym: [NL. See Para-, and Epididymis.] (Anat.) Defn: A small body containing convoluted tubules, situated near the epididymis in man and some other animals, and supposed to be a remnant of the anterior part of the Wolffian body. PARER Par"er, n. Etym: [From Pare, v. t.] Defn: One who, or that which, pares; an instrument for paring. PARERGON Pa*rer"gon, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Parergy. PARERGY Par"er*gy, n. Etym: [L. parergon, Gr. Defn: Something unimportant, incidental, or superfluous. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PARESIS Par"e*sis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Med.) Defn: Incomplete paralysis, affecting motion but not sensation. PARETHMOID Par*eth"moid, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + ethmoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Near or beside the ethmoid bone or cartilage; -- applied especially to a pair of bones in the nasal region of some fishes, and to the ethmoturbinals in some higher animals. -- n. Defn: A parethmoid bone. PARETIC Pa*ret"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to paresis; affected with paresis. PARFAY Par*fay", interj. Etym: [Par + fay.] Defn: By my faith; verily. [Obs.] Chaucer. PARFIT Par"fit, a. Defn: Perfect. [Obs.] Chaucer. PARFITLY Par"fit*ly, adv. Defn: Perfectly. [Obs.] Chaucer. PARFLECHE Par*fleche", n. [Prob. through Canadian F. fr. Amer. Indian.] Defn: A kind of rawhide consisting of hide, esp. of the buffalo, which has been soaked in crude wood-ash lye to remove the hairs, and then dried. PARFOCAL Par*fo"cal, a. [Pari- + focal.] (Opt.) Defn: With the lower focal points all in the same plane; -- said of sets of eyepieces so mounted that they may be interchanged without varying the focus of the instrument (as a microscope or telescope) with which they are used. PARFORN; PARFOURN Par*forn", Par*fourn", v. t. Defn: To perform. [Obs.] Chaucer. Piers Plowman. PARGASITE Par"gas*ite, n. Etym: [So called from Pargas, in Finland.] (Min.) Defn: A dark green aluminous variety of amphibole, or hornblende. PARGEBOARD Parge"board`, n. Defn: See Bargeboard. PARGET Par"get, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pargeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Pargeting.] Etym: [OE. pargeten, also spargeten, sparchen; of uncertain origin.] 1. To coat with parget; to plaster, as walls, or the interior of flues; as, to parget the outside of their houses. Sir T. Herbert. The pargeted ceiling with pendants. R. L. Stevenson. 2. To paint; to cover over. [Obs.] PARGET Par"get, v. i. 1. To lay on plaster. 2. To paint, as the face. [Obs.] B. Jonson. PARGET Par"get, n. 1. Gypsum or plaster stone. 2. Plaster, as for lining the interior of flues, or for stuccowork. Knight. 3. Paint, especially for the face. [Obs.] Drayton. PARGETER Par"get*er, n. Defn: A plasterer. Johnson. PARGETING Par"get*ing, n. Etym: [Written also pargetting.] Defn: Plasterwork; esp.: (a) A kind of decorative plasterwork in raised ornamental figures, formerly used for the internal and external decoration of houses. (b) In modern architecture, the plastering of the inside of flues, intended to give a smooth surface and help the draught. PARGETORY Par"get*o*ry, n. Defn: Something made of, or covered with, parget, or plaster. [Obs.] Milton. PARHELIC Par*he"lic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to parhelia. PARHELION Par*hel"ion, n.; pl. Parhelia. Etym: [L. parelion, Gr. Defn: A mock sun appearing in the form of a bright light, sometimes near the sun, and tinged with colors like the rainbow, and sometimes opposite to the sun. The latter is usually called an anthelion. Often several mock suns appear at the same time. Cf. Paraselene. PARHELIUM Par*he"li*um, n. Defn: See Parhelion. PARI- Par"i-. Etym: [L. par, paris, equal.] Defn: A combining form signifying equal; as, paridigitate, paripinnate. PARIAH Pa"ri*ah, n. Etym: [From Tamil paraiyan, pl. paraiyar, one of the low caste, fr. parai a large drum, because they beat the drums at certain festivals.] 1. One of an aboriginal people of Southern India, regarded by the four castes of the Hindoos as of very low grade. They are usually the serfs of the Sudra agriculturalists. See Caste. Balfour (Cyc. of India). 2. An outcast; one despised by society. Pariah dog (Zoöl.), a mongrel race of half-wild dogs which act as scavengers in Oriental cities. -- Pariah kite (Zoöl.), a species of kite (Milvus govinda) which acts as a scavenger in India. PARIAL Pa*ri"al, n. Defn: See Pair royal, under Pair, n. PARIAN Pa"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Parius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Paros, an island in the Ægean Sea noted for its excellent statuary marble; as, Parian marble. Parian chronicle, a most ancient chronicle of the city of Athens, engraved on marble in the Isle of Paros, now among the Arundelian marbles. PARIAN Pa"ri*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Paros. 2. A ceramic ware, resembling unglazed porcelain biscuit, of which are made statuettes, ornaments, etc. PARIDIGITATA Par`i*dig`i*ta"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pari-, and Digitate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Artiodactyla. PARIDIGITATE Par`i*dig"i*tate, a. (Anat.) Defn: Having an evennumber of digits on the hands or the feet. Qwen. PARIES Pa"ri*es, n.; pl. Parietes. Etym: [See Parietes.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The triangular middle part of each segment of the shell of a barnacle. PARIETAL Pa*ri"e*tal, a. Etym: [L. parietalis, fr. paries, -ietis, a wall: cf. F. pariétal. Cf. Parietary, Pellitory.] 1. Of or pertaining to a wall; hence, pertaining to buildings or the care of them. 2. Resident within the walls or buildings of a college. At Harvard College, the officers resident within the college walls constitute a permanent standing committee, called the Parietal Committee. B. H. Hall (1856). 3. (Anat.) (a) Of pertaining to the parietes. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the parietal bones, which form the upper and middle part of the cranium, between the frontals and occipitals. 4. (Bot.) Defn: Attached to the main wall of the ovary, and not to the axis; -- said of a placenta. PARIETAL Pa*ri"e*tal, n. 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the parietal bones. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the special scales, or plates, covering the back of the head in certain reptiles and fishes. PARIETARY Pa*ri"e*ta*ry, a. Defn: See Parietal, 2. PARIETARY Pa*ri"e*ta*ry, n. Etym: [L. parietaria, fr. parietarius parietal. Cf. Pellitory, Parietal.] (Bot.) Defn: Any one of several species of Parietaria. See 1st Pellitory. PARIETES Pa*ri"e*tes, n. pl. Etym: [L. paries a wall.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The walls of a cavity or an organ; as, the abdominal parietes; the parietes of the cranium. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The sides of an ovary or of a capsule. PARIETIC Pa`ri*et"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid found in the lichen Parmelia parietina, and called also chrysophanic acid. PARIETINE Pa*ri"e*tine, n. Etym: [L. parietinus parietal: cf. parietinae ruined walls.] Defn: A piece of a fallen wall; a ruin. [Obs.] Burton. PARIETO- Pa*ri"e*to- (. (Anat.) Defn: A combining form used to indicate connection with, or relation to, the parietal bones or the parietal segment of the skull; as, the parieto-mastoid suture. PARIGENIN Pa*rig"e*nin, n. Etym: [Parillin + -gen + -in.] (Chem.) Defn: A curdy white substance, obtained by the decomposition of parillin. PARILLIN Pa*ril"lin, n. Etym: [Shortened fr. sarsaparillin.] (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside resembling saponin, found in the root of sarsaparilla, smilax, etc., and extracted as a bitter white crystalline substance; -- called also smilacin, sarsaparilla saponin, and sarsaparillin. PARING Par"ing, n. Etym: [From Pare, v. t.] 1. The act of cutting off the surface or extremites of anything. 2. That which is pared off. Pope. Pare off the surface of the earth, and with the parings raise your hills. Mortimer. PARIPINNATE Par`i*pin"nate, a. Etym: [Pari- + pinnate.] (Bot.) Defn: Pinnate with an equal number of leaflets on each side; having no odd leaflet at the end. PARIS Par"is, n. Etym: [From Paris, the son of Priam.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant common in Europe (Paris quadrifolia); herb Paris; truelove. It has been used as a narcotic. Note: It much resembles the American genus Trillium, but has usually four leaves and a tetramerous flower. PARIS Par"is, n. Defn: The chief city of France. Paris green. See under Green, n. -- Paris white (Chem.), purified chalk used as a pigment; whiting; Spanish white. PARISH Par"ish, n. Etym: [OE. parishe, paresche, parosche, OF. paroisse, parosse, paroiche, F. paroisse, L. parochia, corrupted fr. paroecia, Gr. vicus village. See Vicinity, and cf. Parochial.] 1. (Eccl. & Eng. Law) (a) That circuit of ground committed to the charge of one parson or vicar, or other minister having cure of souls therein. Cowell. (b) The same district, constituting a civil jurisdiction, with its own officers and regulations, as respects the poor, taxes, etc. Note: Populous and extensive parishes are now divided, under various parliamentary acts, into smaller ecclesiastical districts for spiritual purposes. Mozley & W. 2. An ecclesiastical society, usually not bounded by territorial limits, but composed of those persons who choose to unite under the charge of a particular priest, clergyman, or minister; also, loosely, the territory in which the members of a congregation live. [U. S.] 3. In Louisiana, a civil division corresponding to a county in other States. PARISH Par"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a parish; parochial; as, a parish church; parish records; a parish priest; maintained by the parish; as, parish poor. Dryden. Parish clerk. (a) The clerk or recording officer of a parish. (b) A layman who leads in the responses and otherwise assists in the service of the Church of England. -- Parish court, in Louisiana, a court in each parish. PARISHEN Par"ish*en, n. Defn: A parishioner. [Obs.] Chaucer. PARISHIONAL Pa*rish"ion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a parish; parochial. [R.] Bp. Hall. PARISHIONER Pa*rish"ion*er, n. Etym: [F. paroissien, LL. parochianus.] Defn: One who belongs to, or is connected with, a parish. PARISIAN Pa*ri"sian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. parisen.] Defn: A native or inhabitant of Paris, the capital of France. PARISIAN Pa*ri"sian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Paris. PARISIENNE Pa`ri`si`enne", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A female native or resident of Paris. PARISOLOGY Par`i*sol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The use of equivocal or ambiguous words. [R.] PARISYLLABIC; PARISYLLABICAL Par`i*syl*lab"ic, Par`i*syl*lab"ic*al, a. Etym: [Pari- + syllabic, - ical: cf. F. parisyllabique.] Defn: Having the same number of syllables in all its inflections. PARITOR Par"i*tor, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. apparitor: cf. L. paritor a servant, attendant.] Defn: An apparitor. "Summoned by an host of paritors." Dryden. PARITORY Par"i*to*ry, n. Defn: Pellitory. [Obs.] Chaucer. PARITY Par"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. paritas, fr. par, paris, equal: cf. F. parité. See Pair, Peer an equal.] Defn: The quality or condition of being equal or equivalent; A like state or degree; equality; close correspondence; analogy; as, parity of reasoning. "No parity of principle." De Quincey. Equality of length and parity of numeration. Sir T. Browne. PARK Park, n. Etym: [AS. pearroc, or perh. rather fr. F. parc; both being of the same origin; cf. LL. parcus, parricus, Ir. & Gael. pairc, W. park, parwg. Cf. Paddock an inclosure, Parrock.] 1. (Eng. Law) Defn: A piece of ground inclosed, and stored with beasts of the chase, which a man may have by prescription, or the king's grant. Mozley & W. 2. A tract of ground kept in its natural state, about or adjacent to a residence, as for the preservation of game, for walking, riding, or the like. Chaucer. While in the park I sing, the listening deer Attend my passion, and forget to fear. Waller. 3. A piece of ground, in or near a city or town, inclosed and kept for ornament and recreation; as, Hyde Park in London; Central Park in New York. 4. (Mil.) Defn: A space occupied by the animals, wagons, pontoons, and materials of all kinds, as ammunition, ordnance stores, hospital stores, provisions, etc., when brought together; also, the objects themselves; as, a park of wagons; a park of artillery. 5. A partially inclosed basin in which oysters are grown. [Written also parc.] Park of artillery. See under Artillery. -- Park phaeton, a small, low carriage, for use in parks. PARK Park, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parked; p. pr. & vb. n. Parking.] 1. To inclose in a park, or as in a park. How are we parked, and bounded in a pale. Shak. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To bring together in a park, or compact body; as, to park the artillery, the wagons, etc. PARKA; PARKEE Par"ka, Par"kee, n. [Russ. parka, parki, dim. of para a pair, fr. G. paar, L. par. Cf. Pair.] Defn: An outer garment made of the skins of birds or mammals, worn by Eskimos, etc. PARKER Park"er, n Defn: , The keeper of a park. Sir M. Hale. PARKERIA Par*ke"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. So named from W. K. Parker, a British zoölogist.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large arenaceous fossil Foraminifera found in the Cretaceous rocks. The species are globular, or nearly so, and are of all sizes up to that of a tennis ball. PARKESINE Parkes"ine, n. Etym: [So called from Mr. Parkes, the inventor.] Defn: A compound, originally made from gun cotton and castor oil, but later from different materials, and used as a substitute for vulcanized India rubber and for ivory; -- called also xylotile. PARKLEAVES Park"leaves`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A European species of Saint John's-wort; the tutsan. See Tutsan. PARLANCE Par"lance, n. Etym: [OF., fr. F. parler to speak. See Parley.] Defn: Conversation; discourse; talk; diction; phrase; as, in legal parlance; in common parlance. A hate of gossip parlance and of sway. Tennyson. PARLANDO; PARLANTE Par*lan"do, Par*lan"te, a. & adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Speaking; in a speaking or declamatory manner; to be sung or played in the style of a recitative. PARLE Parle, v. i. Etym: [F. parler. See Parley.] Defn: To talk; to converse; to parley. [Obs.] Shak. Finding himself too weak, began to parle. Milton. PARLE Parle, n. Defn: Conversation; talk; parley. [Obs.] They ended parle, and both addressed for fight. Milton. PARLEY Par"ley, n.; pl. Parleys. Etym: [F. parler speech, talk, fr. parler to speak, LL. parabolare, fr. L. parabola a comparison, parable, in LL., a word. See Parable, and cf. Parliament, Parlor.] Defn: Mutual discourse or conversation; discussion; hence, an oral conference with an enemy, as with regard to a truce. We yield on parley, but are stormed in vain. Dryden. To beat a parley (Mil.), to beat a drum, or sound a trumpet, as a signal for holding a conference with the enemy. PARLEY Par"ley, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Parleyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Parleying.] Defn: To speak with another; to confer on some point of mutual concern; to discuss orally; hence, specifically, to confer orally with an enemy; to treat with him by words, as on an exchange of prisoners, an armistice, or terms of peace. They are at hand, To parley or to fight; therefore prepare. Shak. PARLIAMENT Par"lia*ment, n. Etym: [OE. parlement, F. parlement, fr. parler to speak; cf. LL. parlamentum, parliamentum. See Parley.] 1. A parleying; a discussion; a conference. [Obs.] But first they held their parliament. Rom. of R. 2. A formal conference on public affairs; a general council; esp., an assembly of representatives of a nation or people having authority to make laws. They made request that it might be lawful for them to summon a parliament of Gauls. Golding. 3. The assembly of the three estates of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, viz., the lords spiritual, lords temporal, and the representatives of the commons, sitting in the House of Lords and the House of Commons, constituting the legislature, when summoned by the royal authority to consult on the affairs of the nation, and to enact and repeal laws. Note: Thought the sovereign is a constituting branch of Parliament, the word is generally used to denote the three estates named above. 4. In France, before the Revolution of 1789, one of the several principal judicial courts. Parliament heel, the inclination of a ship when made to careen by shifting her cargo or ballast. -- Parliament hinge (Arch.), a hinge with so great a projection from the wall or frame as to allow a door or shutter to swing back flat against the wall. -- Long Parliament, Rump Parliament. See under Long, and Rump. PARLIAMENTAL Par`lia*men"tal, a. Defn: Parliamentary. [Obs.] PARLIAMENTARIAN Par`lia*men*ta"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Parliament. Wood. PARLIAMENTARIAN Par`lia*men*ta"ri*an, n. 1. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: One who adhered to the Parliament, in opposition to King Charles I. Walpole. 2. One versed in the rules and usages of Parliament or similar deliberative assemblies; as, an accomplished parliamentarian. PARLIAMENTARILY Par`lia*men"ta*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a parliamentary manner. PARLIAMENTARY Par`lia*men"ta*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. parlementaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to Parliament; as, parliamentary authority. Bacon. 2. Enacted or done by Parliament; as, a parliamentary act. Sir M. Hale. 3. According to the rules and usages of Parliament or of deliberative bodies; as, a parliamentary motion. Parliamentary agent, a person, usually a solicitor, professionally employed by private parties to explain and recommend claims, bills, etc., under consideration of Parliament. [Eng.] -- Parliamentary train, one of the trains which, by act of Parliament, railway companies are required to run for the conveyance of third-class passengers at a reduced rate. [Eng.] PARLOR Par"lor, n. Etym: [OE. parlour, parlur, F. parloir, LL. parlatorium. See Parley.] [Written also parlour.] Defn: A room for business or social conversation, for the reception of guests, etc. Specifically: (a) The apartment in a monastery or nunnery where the inmates are permitted to meet and converse with each other, or with visitors and friends from without. Piers Plowman. (b) In large private houses, a sitting room for the family and for familiar guests, -- a room for less formal uses than the drawing- room. Esp., in modern times, the dining room of a house having few apartments, as a London house, where the dining parlor is usually on the ground floor. (c) Commonly, in the United States, a drawing-room, or the room where visitors are received and entertained. Note: "In England people who have a drawing-room no longer call it a parlor, as they called it of old and till recently." Fitzed. Hall. Parior car. See Palace car, under Car. PARLOR MATCH Par"lor match`. Defn: A friction match that contains little or no sulphur. PARLOUS Par"lous, a. Etym: [For perlous, a contr. fr. perilous.] 1. Attended with peril; dangerous; as, a parlous cough. [Archaic] "A parlous snuffing." Beau. & Fl. 2. Venturesome; bold; mischievous; keen. [Obs.] "A parlous boy." Shak. "A parlous wit." Dryden. -- Par"lous*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Par"lous*ness, n. [Obs.] PARMESAN Par`me*san", a. Etym: [F. parmesan, It. parmigiano.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Parma in Italy. Parmesan cheese, a kind of cheese of a rich flavor, though from skimmed milk, made in Parma, Italy. PARNASSIA Par*nas"si*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbs growing in wet places, and having white flowers; grass of Parnassus. PARNASSIAN Par*nas"sian, a. Etym: [L. Parnassius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Parnassus. PARNASSIAN Par*nas"sian, n. Etym: [See Parnassus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of butterflies belonging to the genus Parnassius. They inhabit the mountains, both in the Old World and in America. PARNASSIEN Par`nas`si`en", n. [F.] Defn: Same as Parnassian. PARNASSUS Par*nas"sus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Anc. Geog. & Gr. Myth.) Defn: A mountain in Greece, sacred to Apollo and the Muses, and famous for a temple of Apollo and for the Castalian spring. Grass of Parnassus. (Bot.) See under Grass, and Parnassia. -- To climb Parnassus, to write poetry. [Colloq.] PARNELLISM Par"nell*ism, n. (Eng. Politics) Defn: The policy or principles of the Parnellites. PARNELLITE Par"nell*ite, n. (Eng. Politics) Defn: One of the adherents of Charles Stewart Parnell (1846-91) in his advocacy of home rule for Ireland. PAROCCIPITAL Par`oc*cip"i*tal, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + occipital.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated near or beside the occipital condyle or the occipital bone; paramastoid; -- applied especially to a process of the skull in some animals. PAROCHIAL Pa*ro"chi*al, a. Etym: [LL. parochialis, from L. parochia. See Parish.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a parish; restricted to a parish; as, parochial duties. "Parochial pastors." Bp. Atterbury. Hence, limited; narrow. "The parochial mind." W. Black. PAROCHIALISM Pa*ro"chi*al*ism, n. Defn: The quality or state of being parochial in form or nature; a system of management peculiar to parishes. PAROCHIALITY Pa*ro`chi*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being parochial. [R.] Sir J. Marriot. PAROCHIALIZE Pa*ro"chi*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To render parochial; to form into parishes. PAROCHIALLY Pa*ro"chi*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a parochial manner; by the parish, or by parishes. Bp. Stillingfleet. PAROCHIAN Pa*ro"chi*an, a. Etym: [See Parochial, Parishioner.] Defn: Parochial. [Obs.] "Parochian churches." Bacon. PAROCHIAN Pa*ro"chi*an, n. Etym: [LL. parochianus.] Defn: A parishioner. [Obs.] Ld. Burleigh. PARODIC; PARODICAL Pa*rod"ic, Pa*rod"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. parodique.] Defn: Having the character of parody. Very paraphrastic, and sometimes parodical. T. Warton. PARODIST Par"o*dist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. parodiste.] Defn: One who writes a parody; one who parodies. Coleridge. PARODY Par"o*dy, n.; pl. Parodies. Etym: [L. parodia, Gr. parodie. See Para- , and Ode.] 1. A writing in which the language or sentiment of an author is mimicked; especially, a kind of literary pleasantry, in which what is written on one subject is altered, and applied to another by way of burlesque; travesty. The lively parody which he wrote . . . on Dryden's "Hind and Panther" was received with great applause. Macaulay. 2. A popular maxim, adage, or proverb. [Obs.] PARODY Par"o*dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parodied; p. pr. & vb. n. Parodying.] Etym: [Cf. F. parodier.] Defn: To write a parody upon; to burlesque. I have translated, or rather parodied, a poem of Horace. Pope. PAROKET Par"o*ket`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Paroquet. PAROL Pa*rol", n. Etym: [See Parole, the same word.] 1. A word; an oral utterance. [Obs.] 2. (Law) Defn: Oral declaration; word of mouth; also, a writing not under seal. Blackstone. PAROL Pa*rol", a. Defn: Given or done by word of mouth; oral; also, given by a writing not under seal; as, parol evidence. Parol arrest (Law), an arrest in pursuance of a verbal order from a magistrate. -- Parol contract (Law), any contract not of record or under seal, whether oral or written; a simple contract. Chitty. Story. PAROLE Pa*role", n. Etym: [F. parole. See Parley, and cf. Parol.] 1. A word; an oral utterance. [Obs.] 2. Word of promise; word of honor; plighted faith; especially (Mil.), promise, upon one's faith and honor, to fulfill stated conditions, as not to bear arms against one's captors, to return to custody, or the like. This man had forfeited his military parole. Macaulay. 3. (Mil.) Defn: A watchword given only to officers of guards; -- distinguished from countersign, which is given to all guards. 4. (Law) Defn: Oral declaration. See lst Parol, 2. PAROLE Pa*role", a. Defn: See 2d Parol. PAROLE Pa*role", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paroled; p. pr. & vb. n. Paroling.] (Mil.) Defn: To set at liberty on parole; as, to parole prisoners. PAROMOLOGY Par`o*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. fr. Homologous.] (Rhet.) Defn: A concession to an adversary in order to strengthen one's own argument. PARONOMASIA Par`o*no*ma"si*a, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A play upon words; a figure by which the same word is used in different senses, or words similar in sound are set in opposition to each other, so as to give antithetical force to the sentence; punning. Dryden. PARONOMASTIC; PARONOMASTICAL Par`o*no*mas"tic, Par`o*no*mas"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to paronomasia; consisting in a play upon words. PARONOMASY Par`o*nom"a*sy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. paronomasie.] Defn: Paronomasia. [R.] B. Jonson. PARONYCHIA Par`o*nych"i*a, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A whitlow, or felon. Quincy. PARONYM Par"o*nym, n. Defn: A paronymous word. [Written also paronyme.] PARONYMOUS Pa*ron"y*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Having the same derivation; allied radically; conjugate; -- said of certain words, as man, mankind, manhood, etc. 2. Having a similar sound, but different orthography and different meaning; -- said of certain words, as al and awl; hair and hare, etc. PARONYMY Pa*ron"y*my, n. Defn: The quality of being paronymous; also, the use of paronymous words. PAROOPHORON; PAROOEPHORON Par`o*öph"o*ron, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Para-) + (Anat.) Defn: A small mass of tubules near the ovary in some animals, and corresponding with the parepididymis of the male. PAROQUET Par"o*quet`, n. Etym: [F. perroquet, or Sp. periquito; both prob. orig. meaning, little Peter. See Parrot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Parrakeet. [Written also paroket, parroquet, and perroquet.] Paroquet auk or auklet (Zoöl.), a small auk (Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus) inhabiting the coast and islands of Alaska. The upper parts are dark slate, under parts white, bill orange red. Called also perroquet auk. PARORCHIS Pa*ror"chis, n. Etym: [NL. See Para-, and Orchis.] (Anat.) Defn: The part of the epididymis; or the corresponding part of the excretory duct of the testicle, which is derived from the Wolffian body. PAROSTEAL Pa*ros"te*al, (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to parostosis; as, parosteal ossification. PAROSTOSIS Par`os*to"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Para-, and Ostosis.] (Physiol.) Defn: Ossification which takes place in purely fibrous tracts; the formation of bone outside of the periosteum. PAROSTOTIC Par`os*tot"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to parostosis. PAROTIC Pa*rot"ic, a. Etym: [See Parotid.] (Anat.) Defn: On the side of the auditory capsule; near the external ear. Parotic region (Zoöl.), the space around the ears. PAROTID Pa*rot"id, a. Etym: [L. parotis, -idis, Gr. parotide. ] (Anat.) (a) Situated near the ear; -- applied especially to the salivary gland near the ear. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the parotid gland. Parotid gland (Anat.), one of the salivary glands situated just in front of or below the ear. It is the largest of the salivary glands in man, and its duct opens into the interior of the mouth opposite the second molar of the upper jaw. PAROTID Pa*rot"id, n. (Anat.) Defn: The parotid gland. PAROTITIS Par`o*ti"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Parotid, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the parotid glands. Epidemic, or Infectious, parotitis, mumps. PAROTOID Par"o*toid, a. Etym: [Parotid + -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Resembling the parotid gland; -- applied especially to cutaneous glandular elevations above the ear in many toads and frogs. -- n. Defn: A parotoid gland. PAROUSIA Pa*rou"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Parusia.] (a) The nativity of our Lord. (b) The last day. Shipley. PAROVARIUM Par`o*va"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Para-, and Ovarium.] (Anat.) Defn: A group of tubules, a remnant of the Wolffian body, often found near the ovary or oviduct; the epoöphoron. PAROXYSM Par"ox*ysm, n. Etym: [F. paroxysme, Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: The fit, attack, or exacerbation, of a disease that occurs at intervals, or has decided remissions or intermissions. Arbuthnot. 2. Any sudden and violent emotion; spasmodic passion or action; a convulsion; a fit. The returning paroxysms of diffidence and despair. South. PAROXYSMAL Par`ox*ys"mal, a. Defn: Of the nature of a paroxysm; characterized or accompanied by paroxysms; as, a paroxysmal pain; paroxysmal temper. -- Par`ox*ys"mal*ly, adv. PAROXYTONE Par*ox"y*tone, n. Etym: [Gr. a. See Para-, and Oxytone.] (Gr. Gram.) Defn: A word having an acute accent on the penultimate syllable. PARQUET Par*quet", n. Etym: [F. See Parquetry.] 1. A body of seats on the floor of a music hall or theater nearest the orchestra; but commonly applied to the whole lower floor of a theater, from the orchestra to the dress circle; the pit. 2. Same as Parquetry. PARQUETAGE Par"quet*age, n. Defn: See Parquetry. PARQUET CIRCLE Parquet circle. Defn: That part of the lower floor of a theater with seats at the rear of the parquet and beneath the galleries; -- called also, esp. in U. S., orchestra circle or parterre. PARQUETED Par"quet*ed, a. Defn: Formed in parquetry; inlaid with wood in small and differently colored figures. One room parqueted with yew, which I liked well. Evelyn. PARQUETRY Par"quet*ry, n. Etym: [F. parqueterie, fr. parquet inlaid flooring, fr. parquet, dim. of parc an inclosure. See Park.] Defn: A species of joinery or cabinet-work consisting of an inlay of geometric or other patterns, generally of different colors, -- used especially for floors. PARQUETTE Par*quette", n. Defn: See Parquet. PARR Parr, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. & Ir. bradan a salmon.] (Zoöl.) (a) A young salmon in the stage when it has dark transverse bands; -- called also samlet, skegger, and fingerling. (b) A young leveret. PARRAKEET; PARAKEET Par"ra*keet`, Par"a*keet`, n. Etym: [See Paroquet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small parrots having a graduated tail, which is frequently very long; -- called also paroquet and paraquet. Note: Many of the Asiatic and Australian species belong to the genus Paleornis; others belong to Polytelis, Platycercus, Psephotus, Euphema, and allied genera. The American parrakeets mostly belong to the genus Conurus, as the Carolina parrakeet (C. Carolinensis). PARRAL; PARREL Par"ral, Par"rel, n. Etym: [F. appareil. See Apparel, n.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: The rope or collar by which a yard or spar is held to the mast in such a way that it may be hoisted or lowered at pleasure. Totten. 2. A chimney-piece. Halliwell. PARRAQUA Par*ra"qua, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A curassow of the genus Ortalida, allied to the guan. PARRHESIA Par*rhe"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: Boldness or freedom of speech. PARRICIDAL Par"ri*ci`dal, a. Etym: [L. parricidalis, parricidialis. See Parricide.] Defn: Of or pertaining to parricide; guilty of parricide. PARRICIDE Par"ri*cide, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. parricida; pater father + caedere to kill. See Father, Homicide, and cf. Patricide.] 1. Properly, one who murders one's own father; in a wider sense, one who murders one's father or mother or any ancestor. 2. Etym: [L. parricidium.] Defn: The act or crime of murdering one's own father or any ancestor. PARRICIDIOUS Par`ri*cid"i*ous, a. Defn: Parricidal. [Obs.] PARROCK Par"rock, n. Etym: [AS. pearruc, pearroc. See Park.] Defn: A croft, or small field; a paddock. [Prov. Eng.] PARROT Par"rot, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. F. Pierrot, dim. of Pierre Peter. F. pierrot is also the name of the sparrow. Cf. Paroquet, Petrel, Petrify.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: In a general sense, any bird of the order Psittaci. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Psittacus, Chrysotis, Pionus, and other genera of the family Psittacidæ, as distinguished from the parrakeets, macaws, and lories. They have a short rounded or even tail, and often a naked space on the cheeks. The gray parrot, or jako (P. erithacus) of Africa (see Jako), and the species of Amazon, or green, parrots (Chrysotis) of America, are examples. Many species, as cage birds, readily learn to imitate sounds, and to repeat words and phrases. Carolina parrot (Zoöl.), the Carolina parrakeet. See Parrakeet. -- Night parrot, or Owl parrot. (Zoöl.) See Kakapo. -- Parrot coal, cannel coal; -- so called from the crackling and chattering sound it makes in burning. [Eng. & Scot.] -- Parrot green. (Chem.) See Scheele's green, under Green, n. -- Parrot weed (Bot.), a suffrutescent plant (Bocconia frutescens) of the Poppy family, native of the warmer parts of America. It has very large, sinuate, pinnatifid leaves, and small, panicled, apetalous flowers. -- Parrot wrasse, Parrot fish (Zoöl.), any fish of the genus Scarus. One species (S. Cretensis), found in the Mediterranean, is esteemed by epicures, and was highly prized by the ancient Greeks and Romans. PARROT Par"rot, v. t. Defn: To repeat by rote, as a parrot. PARROT Par"rot, v. i. Defn: To chatter like a parrot. PARROTER Par"rot*er, n. Defn: One who simply repeats what he has heard. [R.] J. S. Mill. PARROTRY Par"rot*ry, n. Defn: Servile imitation or repetition. [R.] Coleridge. "The supine parrotry." Fitzed. Hall. PARROT'S-BILL Par"rot's-bill`, n. Etym: [So called from the resemblance of its curved superior petal to a parrot's bill.] (Bot.) Defn: The glory pea. See under Glory. PARRY Par"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parried; p. pr. & vb. n. Parrying.] Etym: [F. paré, p. p. of parer. See Pare, v. t.] 1. To ward off; to stop, or to turn aside; as, to parry a thrust, a blow, or anything that means or threatens harm. Locke. Vice parries wide The undreaded volley with a sword of straw. Cowper. 2. To avoid; to shift or put off; to evade. The French government has parried the payment of our claims. E. Everett. PARRY Par"ry, v. i. Defn: To ward off, evade, or turn aside something, as a blow, argument, etc. Locke. PARRY Par"ry, n.; pl. Parries (. Defn: A warding off of a thrust or blow, as in sword and bayonet exercises or in boxing; hence, figuratively, a defensive movement in debate or other intellectual encounter. PARSE Parse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Parsing.] Etym: [L. pars a part; pars orationis a part of speech. See Part, n.] (Gram.) Defn: To resolve into its elements, as a sentence, pointing out the several parts of speech, and their relation to each other by government or agreement; to analyze and describe grammatically. Let him construe the letter into English, and parse it over perfectly. Ascham. PARSEE Par"see, n. Etym: [Hind. & Per. parsi a Persian, a follower of Zoroaster, a fire worshiper. Cf. Persian.] 1. One of the adherents of the Zoroastrian or ancient Persian religion, descended from Persian refugees settled in India; a fire worshiper; a Gheber. 2. The Iranian dialect of much of the religious literature of the Parsees. PARSEEISM Par"see*ism, n. Defn: The religion and customs of the Parsees. PARSER Pars"er, n. Defn: One who parses. PARSIMONIOUS Par`si*mo"ni*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. parcimonieux. See Parsimony.] Defn: Exhibiting parsimony; sparing in expenditure of money; frugal to excess; penurious; niggardly; stingy. -- Par`si*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Par`si*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. A prodigal king is nearer a tyrant than a parsimonious. Bacon. Extraordinary funds for one campaign may spare us the expense of many years; whereas a long, parsimonious war will drain us of more men and money. Addison. Syn. -- Covetous; niggardly; miserly; penurious; close; saving; mean; stingy; frugal. See Avaricious. PARSIMONY Par"si*mo*ny, n. Etym: [L. parsimonia, parcimonia; cf. parcere to spare, parsus sparing: cf. F. parcimonie.] Defn: Closeness or sparingness in the expenditure of money; -- generally in a bad sense; excessive frugality; niggardliness. Bacon. Awful parsimony presided generally at the table. Thackeray. Syn. -- Economy; frugality; illiberality; covetousness; closeness; stinginess. See Economy. PARSLEY Pars"ley, n. Etym: [OE. persely, persil, F. persil, L. petroselinum rock parsley, Gr. Celery.] (Bot.) Defn: An aromatic umbelliferous herb (Carum Petroselinum), having finely divided leaves which are used in cookery and as a garnish. As she went to the garden for parsley, to stuff a rabbit. Shak. Fool's parsley. See under Fool. -- Hedge parsley, Milk parsley, Stone parsley, names given to various weeds of similar appearance to the parsley. -- Parsley fern (Bot.), a small fern with leaves resembling parsley (Cryptogramme crispa). -- Parsley piert (Bot.), a small herb (Alchemilla arvensis) formerly used as a remedy for calculus. PARSNIP Pars"nip, n. Etym: [OE. parsnepe, from a French form, fr. L. pastinaca; cf. pastinare to dig up, pastinum a kind of dibble; cf. OF. pastenade, pastenaque.] (Bot.) Defn: The aromatic and edible spindle-shaped root of the cultivated form of the Pastinaca sativa, a biennial umbelliferous plant which is very poisonous in its wild state; also, the plant itself. Cow parsnip. See Cow parsnip. -- Meadow parsnip, the European cow parsnip. -- Poison parsnip, the wild stock of the parsnip. -- Water parsnip, any plant of the umbelliferous genus Sium, the species of which are poisonous. PARSON Par"son, n. Etym: [OE. persone person, parson, OF. persone, F. personne person, LL. persona (sc. ecclesiae), fr. L. persona a person. See Person.] 1. (Eng. Eccl. Law) Defn: A person who represents a parish in its ecclesiastical and corporate capacities; hence, the rector or incumbent of a parochial church, who has full possession of all the rights thereof, with the cure of souls. 2. Any clergyman having ecclesiastical preferment; one who is in orders, or is licensed to preach; a preacher. He hears the parson pray and preach. Longfellow. Parson bird (Zoöl.), a New Zealand bird (Prosthemadera Novæseelandiæ) remarkable for its powers of mimicry and its ability to articulate words. Its color is glossy black, with a curious tuft of long, curly, white feathers on each side of the throat. It is often kept as a cage bird. PARSONAGE Par"son*age, n. 1. (Eng. Eccl. Law) Defn: A certain portion of lands, tithes, and offerings, for the maintenance of the parson of a parish. 2. The glebe and house, or the house only, owned by a parish or ecclesiastical society, and appropriated to the maintenance or use of the incumbent or settled pastor. 3. Money paid for the support of a parson. [Scot.] What have I been paying stipend and teind, parsonage and vicarage, for Sir W. Scott. PARSONED Par"soned, a. Defn: Furnished with a parson. PARSONIC; PARSONICAL Par*son"ic, Par*son"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a parson; clerical. Vainglory glowed in his parsonic heart. Colman. -- Par*son"ic*al*ly, adv. PARSONISH Par"son*ish, a. Defn: Appropriate to, or like, a parson; -- used in disparagement. [Colloq.] PART Part, n. Etym: [F. part, L. pars, gen. partis; cf. parere to bring forth, produce. Cf. Parent, Depart, Parcel, Partner, Party, Portion.] 1. One of the portions, equal or unequal, into which anything is divided, or regarded as divided; something less than a whole; a number, quantity, mass, or the like, regarded as going to make up, with others, a larger number, quantity, mass, etc., whether actually separate or not; a piece; a fragment; a fraction; a division; a member; a constituent. And kept back part of the price, . . . and brought a certain part and laid it at the apostles'feet. Acts v. 2. Our ideas of extension and number -- do they not contain a secret relation of the parts Locke. I am a part of all that I have met. Tennyson. 2. Hence, specifically: (a) An equal constituent portion; one of several or many like quantities, numbers, etc., into which anything is divided, or of which it is composed; proportional division or ingredient. An homer is the tenth part of an ephah. Ex. xvi. 36. A thought which, quartered, hath but one part wisdom, And ever three parts coward. Shak. (b) A constituent portion of a living or spiritual whole; a member; an organ; an essential element. All the parts were formed . . . into one harmonious body. Locke. The pulse, the glow of every part. Keble. (c) A constituent of character or capacity; quality; faculty; talent; -- usually in the plural with a collective sense. "Men of considerable parts." Burke. "Great quickness of parts." Macaulay. Which maintained so politic a state of evil, that they will not admit any good part to intermingle with them. Shak. (d) Quarter; region; district; -- usually in the plural. "The uttermost part of the heaven." Neh. i. 9. All parts resound with tumults, plaints, and fears. Dryden. (e) (Math.) Defn: Such portion of any quantity, as when taken a certain number of times, will exactly make that quantity; as, 3 is a part of 12; -- the opposite of multiple. Also, a line or other element of a geometrical figure. 3. That which belongs to one, or which is assumed by one, or which falls to one, in a division or apportionment; share; portion; lot; interest; concern; duty; office. We have no part in David. 2 Sam. xx. 1. Accuse not Nature! she hath done her part; Do thou but thine. Milton. Let me bear My part of danger with an equal share. Dryden. 4. Hence, specifically: (a) One of the opposing parties or sides in a conflict or a controversy; a faction. For he that is not against us is on our part. Mark ix. 40. Make whole kingdoms take her brother's part. Waller. (b) A particular character in a drama or a play; an assumed personification; also, the language, actions, and influence of a character or an actor in a play; or, figuratively, in real life. See To act a part, under Act. That part Was aptly fitted and naturally performed. Shak. It was a brute part of him to kill so capital a calf. Shak. Honor and shame from no condition rise; Act well your part, there all the honor lies. Pope. (c) (Mus.) Defn: One of the different melodies of a concerted composition, which heard in union compose its harmony; also, the music for each voice or instrument; as, the treble, tenor, or bass part; the violin part, etc. For my part, so far as concerns me; for my share. -- For the most part. See under Most, a. -- In good part, as well done; favorably; acceptably; in a friendly manner. Hooker. In ill part, unfavorably; with displeasure. -- In part, in some degree; partly. -- Part and parcel, an essential or constituent portion; -- a reduplicative phrase. Cf. might and main, kith and kin, etc. "She was . . . part and parcel of the race and place." Howitt. -- Part of speech (Gram.), a sort or class of words of a particular character; thus, the noun is a part of speech denoting the name of a thing; the verb is a part of speech which asserts something of the subject of a sentence. -- Part owner (Law), one of several owners or tenants in common. See Joint tenant, under Joint. -- Part singing, singing in which two or more of the harmonic parts are taken. -- Part song, a song in two or more (commonly four) distinct vocal parts. "A part song differs from a madrigal in its exclusion of contrapuntual devices; from a glee, in its being sung by many voices, instead of by one only, to each part." Stainer & Barrett. Syn. -- Portion; section; division; fraction; fragment; piece; share; constituent. See Portion, and Section. PART Part, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Parted; p. pr. & vb. n. Parting.] Etym: [F. partir, L. partire, partiri, p. p. partitus, fr. pars, gen. partis, a part. See Part, n.] 1. To divide; to separate into distinct parts; to break into two or more parts or pieces; to sever. "Thou shalt part it in pieces." Lev. ii. 6. There, [celestial love] parted into rainbow hues. Keble. 2. To divide into shares; to divide and distribute; to allot; to apportion; to share. To part his throne, and share his heaven with thee. Pope. They parted my raiment among them. John xix. 24. 3. To separate or disunite; to cause to go apart; to remove from contact or contiguity; to sunder. The Lord do so to me, and more also, if aught but death part thee and me. Ruth i. 17. While he blessed them, he was parted from them, and carried up into heaven. Luke xxiv. 51. The narrow seas that part The French and English. Shak. 4. Hence: To hold apart; to stand between; to intervene betwixt, as combatants. The stumbling night did part our weary powers. Shak. 5. To separate by a process of extraction, elimination, or secretion; as, to part gold from silver. The liver minds his own affair, . . . And parts and strains the vital juices. Prior. 6. To leave; to quit. [Obs.] Since presently your souls must part your bodies. Shak. To part a cable (Naut.), to break it. -- To part company, to separate, as travelers or companions. PART Part, v. i. 1. To be broken or divided into parts or pieces; to break; to become separated; to go asunder; as, rope parts; his hair parts in the middle. 2. To go away; to depart; to take leave; to quit each other; hence, to die; -- often with from. He wrung Bassanio's hand, and so they parted. Shak. He owned that he had parted from the duke only a few hours before. Macaulay. His precious bag, which he would by no means part from. G. Eliot. 3. To perform an act of parting; to relinquish a connection of any kind; -- followed by with or from. Celia, for thy sake, I part With all that grew so near my heart. Waller. Powerful hands . . . will not part Easily from possession won with arms. Milton. It was strange to him that a father should feel no tenderness at parting with an only son. A. Trollope. 4. To have a part or share; to partake. [Obs.] "They shall part alike." 1 Sam. xxx. 24. PART Part, adv. Defn: Partly; in a measure. [R.] Shak. PARTABLE Part"a*ble, a. Defn: See Partible. Camden. PARTAGE Part"age, n. Etym: [F. See Part, v. & n.] 1. Division; the act of dividing or sharing. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. Part; portion; share. [Obs.] Ford. PARTAKE Par*take", v. i. [imp. Partook; p. p. Partaken (; p. pr. & vb. n. Partaking.] Etym: [Part + take.] 1. To take a part, portion, lot, or share, in common with others; to have a share or part; to participate; to share; as, to partake of a feast with others. "Brutes partake in this faculty." Locke. When I against myself with thee partake. Shak. 2. To have something of the properties, character, or office; -- usually followed by of. The attorney of the Duchy of Lancaster partakes partly of a judge, and partly of an attorney-general. Bacon. PARTAKE Par*take", v. t. 1. To partake of; to have a part or share in; to share. Let every one partake the general joy. Driden. 2. To admit to a share; to cause to participate; to give a part to. [Obs.] Spencer. 3. To distribute; to communicate. [Obs.] Shak. PARTAKER Par*tak"er, n. 1. One who partakes; a sharer; a participator. Partakers of their spiritual things. Rom. xv. 27. Wish me partaker in my happiness. Shark. 2. An accomplice; an associate; a partner. [Obs.] Partakers wish them in the blood of the prophets. Matt. xxiii. 30. PARTAN Par"tan, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. & Gael. partan.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An edible British crab. [Prov. Eng.] PARTED Part"ed, a. 1. Separated; devided. 2. Endowed with parts or abilities. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Cleft so that the divisions reach nearly, but not quite, to the midrib, or the base of the blade; -- said of a leaf, and used chiefly in composition; as, three-parted, five-parted, etc. Gray. PARTER Part"er, n. Defn: One who, or which, parts or separates. Sir P. Sidney. PARTERRE Par*terre", n. Etym: [F., fr. par on, by (L. per)+terre earth, ground, L. terra. See Terrace.] 1. (Hort.) Defn: An ornamental and diversified arrangement of beds or plots, in which flowers are cultivated, with intervening spaces of gravel or turf for walking on. 2. The pit of a theater; the parquet. [France] PARTHENIAD Par*the"ni*ad, n. Etym: [See Parthenic.] Defn: A poem in honor of a virgin. [Obs.] PARTHENIC Par*then"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Spartan Partheniæ, or sons of unmarried women. PARTHENOGENESIS Par`the*no*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. parqe`nos a virgin + E. genesis.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: The production of new individuals from virgin females by means of ova which have the power of developing without the intervention of the male element; the production, without fertilization, of cells capable of germination. It is one of the phenomena of alternate generation. Cf. Heterogamy, and Metagenesis. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The production of seed without fertilization, believed to occur through the nonsexual formation of an embryo extraneous to the embrionic vesicle. PARTHENOGENETIC Par`the*no*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or produced by, parthenogenesis; as, parthenogenetic forms. -- Par`the*no*ge*net"ic*al*ly, adv. PARTHENOGENITIVE Par`the*no*gen"i*tive, a. (Biol.) Defn: Parthenogenetic. PARTHENOGENY Par`the*nog"e*ny, n. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Parthenogenesis. PARTHENON Par"the*non, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Parqenw`n, fr.parqe`nos a virgin, i. e., Athene, the Greek goddess called also Pallas.] Defn: A celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art. PARTHENOPE; PARTENOPE Par*then"o*pe, Par*ten"o*pe, n. Etym: [L., the name of a Siren, fr. Gr. 1. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: One of the Sirens, who threw herself into the sea, in despair at not being able to beguile Ulysses by her songs. 2. One of the asteroids between Mars and Jupiter, descovered by M. de Gasparis in 1850. PARTHIAN Par"thi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ancient Parthia, in Asia. -- n. Defn: A native Parthia. Parthian arrow, an arrow discharged at an enemy when retreating from him, as was the custom of the ancient Parthians; hence, a parting shot. PARTIAL Par"tial, a. Etym: [F., fr. LL. partials, fr. L. pars, gen. partis, a part; cf. (for sense 1) F. partiel. See Part, n.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting, a part only; not general or universal; not total or entire; as, a partial eclipse of the moon. "Partial dissolutions of the earth." T. Burnet. 2. Inclined to favor one party in a cause, or one side of a question, more then the other; baised; not indifferent; as, a judge should not be partial. Ye have been partial in the law. Mal. ii. 9. 3. Having a predelection for; inclined to favor unreasonably; foolishly fond. "A partial parent." Pope. Not partial to an ostentatious display. Sir W. Scott. 4. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to a subordinate portion; as, a compound umbel is made up of a several partial umbels; a leaflet is often supported by a partial petiole. Partial differentials, Partial differential coefficients, Partial differentiation, etc. (of a function of two or more variables), the differentials, differential coefficients, differentiation etc., of the function, upon the hypothesis that some of the variables are for the time constant. -- Partial fractions (Alg.), fractions whose sum equals a given fraction. -- Partial tones (Music), the simple tones which in combination form an ordinary tone; the overtones, or harmonics, which, blending with a fundamental tone, cause its special quality of sound, or timbre, or tone color. See, also, Tone. PARTIALISM Par"tial*ism, n. Defn: Partiality; specifically (Theol.), the doctrine of the Partialists. PARTIALIST Par"tial*ist n. 1. One who is partial. [R.] 2. (Theol.) Defn: One who holds that the atonement was made only for a part of mankind, that is, for the elect. PARTIALITY Par`ti*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. partialité.] 1. The quality or state of being partial; inclination to favor one party, or one side of a question, more than the other; undue bias of mind. 2. A predilection or inclination to one thing rather than to others; special taste or liking; as, a partiality for poetry or painting. Roget. PARTIALIZE Par"tial*ize, v. t. & i. Defn: To make or be partial. [R.] PARTIALLY Par"tial*ly adv. 1. In part; not totally; as, partially true; the sun partially eclipsed. Sir T. Browne. 2. In a partial manner; with undue bias of mind; with unjust favor or dislike; as, to judge partially. Shak. PARTIBILITY Part`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [From Partible.] Defn: The quality or state of being partible; divisibility; separability; as, the partibility of an inherttance. PARTIBLE Part"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. partibilis, fr. partire to part, divide, fr. L. pars: cf. F. partible. See Part.] Defn: Admitting of being parted; divisible; separable; susceptible of severance or partition; as, an estate of inheritance may be partible. "Make the molds partible." Bacon. PARTICIPABLE Par*tic"i*pa*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being participated or shared. [R.] Norris. PARTICIPANT Par*tic"i*pant, a. Etym: [L. participans, p.pr. of participare: cf. F. participant. See Participate.] Defn: Sharing; participating; having a share of part. Bacon. PARTICIPANT Par*tic"i*pant, n. Defn: A participator; a partaker. Participants in their . . . mysterious rites. Bp. Warburton. PARTICIPANTLY Par*tic"i*pant*ly, adv. Defn: In a participant manner. PARTICIPATE Par*tic"i*pate, a. Etym: [L. participatus, p.p. of participare to participate; pars, partis, part + capere to take. See Part, and Capacious.] Defn: Acting in common; participating. [R.] Shak. PARTICIPATE Par*tic"i*pate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Participated; p. pr. & vb. n. Participating.] Defn: Tj have a share in common with others; to take a part; to partake; -- followed by in, formely by of; as, to participate in a debate. Shak. So would he participateof their wants. Hayward. Mine may come when men With angels may participate. Milton. PARTICIPATE Par*tic"i*pate, v. t. 1. To partake of; to share in; to receive a part of. [R.] Fit to participate all rational delight. Milton. 2. To impart, or give, or share of. [Obs.] Drayton. PARTICIPATION Par*tic`i*pa"tion, n. Etym: [F. participation, L. participatio.] 1. The act or state of participating, or sharing in common with others; as, a participation in joy or sorrows. These deities are so by participation. Bp. Stillingfleet. What an honor, that God should admit us into such a blessed participation of himself! Atterbury. 2. Distribution; division into shares. [Obs.] Raleigh. 3. community; fellowship; association. [Obs.] Shak. PARTICIPATIVE Par*tic"i*pa*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. participatif.] Defn: Capable of participating. PARTICIPATOR Par*tic"i*pa`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who participates, or shares with another; a partaker. PARTICIPIAL Par`ti*cip"i*al, a. Etym: [L. participialis: cf. E. participal. See Participle.] Defn: Having, or partaking of, the nature and use of a participle; formed from a participle; as, a participial noun. Lowth. PARTICIPIAL Par`ti*cip"i*al, n. Defn: A participial word. PARTICIPIALIZE Par`ti*cip"i*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p.p Participialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Participializing.] Defn: To form into, or put in the form of, a participle. [R.] PARTICIPIALLY Par`ti*cip"i*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the sense or manner of a participle. PARTICIPLE Par"ti*ci*ple, n. Etym: [F. participe, L. participium, fr. particeps sharing, participant; pars, gen. partis, a part + capere to take. See Participate.] 1. (Gram.) Defn: A part of speech partaking of the nature both verb and adjective; a form of a verb, or verbal adjective, modifying a noun, but taking the adjuncts of the verb from which it is derived. In the sentences: a letter is written; being asleep he did not hear; exhausted by toil he will sleep soundly, -- written, being, and exhaustedare participles. By a participle, [I understand] a verb in an adjectival aspect. Earle. Note: Present participles, called also imperfect, or incomplete, participles, end in -ing. Past participles, called also perfect, or complete, participles, for the most part end in -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n. A participle when used merely as an attribute of a noun, without reference to time, is called an adjective, or a participial adjective; as, a written constitution; a rolling stone; the exhausted army. The verbal noun in -ing has the form of the present participle. See Verbal noun, under Verbal, a. 2. Anything that partakes of the nature of different things. [Obs.] The participles or confines between plants and living creatures. Bacon. PARTICLE Par"ti*cle, n. Etym: [L. particula, dim of pars, gen partis, a part: cf. F. particule. See Part, and cf. Parcel.] 1. A minute part or portion of matter; a morsel; a little bit; an atom; a jot; as, a particle of sand, of wood, of dust. The small size of atoms which unite To make the smallest particle of light. Blackmore. 2. Any very small portion or part; the smallest portion; as, he has not a particle of patriotism or virtue. The houses had not given their commissioners authority in the least particle to recede. Clarendon. 3. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A crumb or little piece of concecrated host. (b) The smaller hosts distributed in the communion of the laity. Bp. Fitzpatrick. 4. (Gram.) Defn: A subordinate word that is never inflected (a preposition, conjunction, interjection); or a word that can not be used except in compositions; as, ward in backward, ly in lovely. PARTICOLORED Par"ti*col`ored, a. Defn: Same as Party-colored. PARTICULAR Par*tic"u*lar, a. Etym: [OE. particuler, F. particulier, L. particularis. See Particle.] 1. Relating to a part or portion of anything; concerning a part separated from the whole or from others of the class; separate; sole; single; individual; specific; as, the particular stars of a constellation. Shak. [/Make] each particular hair to stand an end, Like quills upon the fretful porpentine. Shak. Seken in every halk and every herne Particular sciences for to lerne. Chaucer. 2. Of or pertaining to a single person, class, or thing; belonging to one only; not general; not common; hence, personal; peculiar; singular. "Thine own particular wrongs." Shak. Wheresoever one plant draweth such a particular juice out of the earth. Bacon. 3. Separate or distinct by reason of superiority; distinguished; important; noteworthy; unusual; special; as, he brought no particular news; she was the particular belle of the party. 4. Concerned with, or attentive to, details; minute; circumstantial; precise; as, a full and particular account of an accident; hence, nice; fastidious; as, a man particular in his dress. 5. (Law) (a) Containing a part only; limited; as, a particular estate, or one precedent to an estate in remainder. (b) Holding a particular estate; as, a particular tenant. Blackstone. 6. (Logic) Defn: Forming a part of a genus; relatively limited in extension; affirmed or denied of a part of a subject; as, a particular proposition; -- opposed to universal: e. g. (particular affirmative) Some men are wise; (particular negative) Some men are not wise. Particular average. See under Average. -- Particular Baptist, one of a branch of the Baptist denomination the members of which hold the doctrine of a particular or individual election and reprobation. -- Particular lien (Law), a lien, or a right to retain a thing, for some charge or claim growing out of, or connected with, that particular thing. -- Particular redemption, the doctrine that the purpose, act, and provisions of redemption are restricted to a limited number of the human race. See Calvinism. Syn. -- Minute; individual; respective; appropriate; peculiar; especial; exact; specific; precise; critical; circumstantial. See Minute. PARTICULAR Par*tic"u*lar, n. 1. A separate or distinct member of a class, or part of a whole; an individual fact, point, circumstance, detail, or item, which may be considered separately; as, the particulars of a story. Particulars which it is not lawful for me to reveal. Bacon. It is the greatest interest of particulars to advance the good of the community. L'Estrange. 2. Special or personal peculiarity, trait, or character; individuality; interest, etc. [Obs.] For his particular I'll receive him gladly. Shak. If the particulars of each person be considered. Milton. Temporal blessings, whether such as concern the public . . . or such as concern our particular. Whole Duty of Man. 3. (Law) Defn: One of the details or items of grounds of claim; -- usually in the pl.; also, a bill of particulars; a minute account; as, a particular of premises. The reader has a particular of the books wherein this law was written. Ayliffe. Bill of particulars. See under Bill. -- In particular, specially; peculiarly. "This, in particular, happens to the lungs." Blackmore. -- To go into particulars, to relate or describe in detail or minutely. PARTICULARISM Par*tic"u*lar*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. particularisme.] 1. A minute description; a detailed statement. [R.] 2. (Theol.) Defn: The doctrine of particular election. 3. (German Politics) Defn: Devotion to the interests of one's own kingdom or province rather than to those of the empire. PARTICULARIST Par*tic"u*lar*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. particulariste.] Defn: One who holds to particularism. -- Par*tic`u*lar*is"tic, a. PARTICULARITY Par*tic`u*lar"i*ty, n.; pl. Particularities. Etym: [Cf. F. particularité.] 1. The state or quality of being particular; distinctiveness; circumstantiality; minuteness in detail. 2. That which is particular; as: (a) Peculiar quality; individual characteristic; peculiarity. "An old heathen altar with this particularity." Addison. (b) Special circumstance; minute detail; particular. "Even descending to particularities." Sir P. Sidney. (c) Something of special or private concern or interest. Let the general trumpet blow his blast, Particularities and petty sounds To cease! Shak . PARTICULARIZATION Par*tic`u*lar*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of particularizing. Coleridge. PARTICULARIZE Par*tic"u*lar*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Particularized; p. pr. & vb. n. Particularizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. particulariser.] Defn: To give as a particular, or as the particulars; to mention particularly; to give the particulars of; to enumerate or specify in detail. He not only boasts of his parentage as an Israelite, but particularizes his descent from Benjamin. Atterbury. PARTICULARIZE Par*tic"u*lar*ize, v. i. Defn: To mention or attend to particulars; to give minute details; to be circumstantial; as, to particularize in a narrative. PARTICULARLY Par*tic"u*lar*ly, adv. 1. In a particular manner; expressly; with a specific reference or interest; in particular; distinctly. 2. In an especial manner; in a high degree; as, a particularly fortunate man; a particularly bad failure. The exact propriety of Virgil I particularly regarded as a great part of his character. Dryden. PARTICULARMENT Par*tic"u*lar*ment, n. Defn: A particular; a detail. [Obs.] PARTICULATE Par*tic"u*late, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Particle.] Defn: To particularize. [Obs.] PARTICULATE Par*tic"u*late, a. 1. Having the form of a particle. 2. Referring to, or produced by, particles, such as dust, minute germs, etc. [R.] The smallpox is a particulate disease. Tyndall. PARTING Par"ting, a. Etym: [From Part, v.] 1. Serving to part; dividing; separating. 2. Given when departing; as, a parting shot; a parting salute. "Give him that parting kiss." Shak. 3. Departing. "Speed the parting guest." Pope. 4. Admitting of being parted; partible. Parting fellow, a partner. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Parting pulley. See under Pulley. -- Parting sand (Founding), dry, nonadhesive sand, sprinkled upon the partings of a mold to facilitate the separation. -- Parting strip (Arch.), in a sash window, one of the thin strips of wood let into the pulley stile to keep the sashes apart; also, the thin piece inserted in the window box to separate the weights. -- Parting tool (Mach.), a thin tool, used in turning or planing, for cutting a piece in two. PARTING Par"ting, n. 1. The act of parting or dividing; the state of being parted; division; separation. "The parting of the way." Ezek. xxi. 21. 2. A separation; a leave-taking. Shak. And there were sudden partings, such as press The life from out young hearts. Byron. 3. A surface or line of separation where a division occurs. 4. (Founding) Defn: The surface of the sand of one section of a mold where it meets that of another section. 5. (Chem.) Defn: The separation and determination of alloys; esp., the separation, as by acids, of gold from silver in the assay button. 6. (Geol.) Defn: A joint or fissure, as in a coal seam. 7. (Naut.) Defn: The breaking, as of a cable, by violence. 8. (Min.) Defn: Lamellar separation in a crystallized mineral, due to some other cause than cleavage, as to the presence of twinning lamellæ. PARTISAN Par"ti*san, n. Etym: [F., fr. It. partigiano. See Party, and cf. Partisan a truncheon.] [Written also partizan.] 1. An adherent to a party or faction; esp., one who is strongly and passionately devoted to a party or an interest. "The violence of a partisan." Macaulay. Both sides had their partisans in the colony. Jefferson. 2. (Mil.) (a) The commander of a body of detached light troops engaged in making forays and harassing an enemy. (b) Any member of such a corps. PARTISAN Par"ti*san, a. Etym: [Written also partizan.] 1. Adherent to a party or faction; especially, having the character of blind, passionate, or unreasonable adherence to a party; as, blinded by partisan zeal. 2. (Mil.) Defn: Serving as a partisan in a detached command; as, a partisan officer or corps. Partisan ranger (Mil.), a member of a partisan corps. PARTISAN Par"ti*san, n. Etym: [F. pertuisane, prob. fr. It. partigiana, influenced in French by OF. pertuisier to pierce. It was prob. so named as the weapon of some partisans, or party men. Cf. Partisan one of a corps of light troops.] Defn: A kind of halberd or pike; also, a truncheon; a staff. And make him with our pikes and partisans a grave. Shak. PARTISANSHIP Par"ti*san*ship, n. Defn: The state of being a partisan, or adherent to a party; feelings or conduct appropriate to a partisan. PARTITA Par*ti"ta, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A suite; a set of variations. PARTITE Par"tite, a. Etym: [L. partitus, p.p. of partire to part, divide, from pars. See Part, and cf. Party, a.] (Bot.) Defn: Divided nearly to the base; as, a partite leaf is a simple separated down nearly to the base. PARTITION Par*ti"tion, n. Etym: [F. partition, L. partitio. See Part, v.] 1. The act of parting or dividing; the state of being parted; separation; division; distribution; as, the partition of a kingdom. And good from bad find no partition. Shak. 2. That which divides or separates; that by which different things, or distinct parts of the same thing, are separated; separating boundary; dividing line or space; specifically, an interior wall dividing one part or apartment of a house, an inclosure, or the like, from another; as, a brick partition; lath and plaster partitions. No sight could pass Betwixt the nice partitions of the grass. Dryden. 3. A part divided off by walls; an apartment; a compartment. [R.] "Lodged in a small partition." Milton. 4. (Law.) Defn: The servance of common or undivided interests, particularly in real estate. It may be effected by consent of parties, or by compulsion of law. 5. (Mus.) Defn: A score. Partition of numbers (Math.), the resolution of integers into parts subject to given conditions. Brande & C. PARTITION Par*ti"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Partitioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Partitioning.] 1. To divide into parts or shares; to divide and distribute; as, to partition an estate among various heirs. 2. To divide into distinct parts by lines, walls, etc.; as, to partition a house. Uniform without, though severally partitioned within. Bacon. PARTITIONMENT Par*ti"tion*ment, n. Defn: The act of partitioning. PARTITIVE Par"ti*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. partitif.] (Gram.) Defn: Denoting a part; as, a partitive genitive. PARTITIVE Par"ti*tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: A word expressing partition, or denoting a part. PARTITIVELY Par"ti*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a partitive manner. PARTLET Part"let, n. Etym: [Dim. of part.] 1. A covering for the neck, and sometimes for the shoulders and breast; originally worn by both sexes, but laterby women alone; a ruff. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. A hen; -- so called from the ruffing of her neck feathers. "Dame Partlett, the hen." Shak. PARTLY Part"ly, adv. Defn: In part; in some measure of degree; not wholly. "I partly believe it." 1 Cor. xi. 18. PARTNER Part"ner, n. Etym: [For parcener, influenced by part.] 1. One who has a part in anything with an other; a partaker; an associate; a sharer. "Partner of his fortune." Shak. Hence: (a) A husband or a wife. (b) Either one of a couple who dance together. (c) One who shares as a member of a partnership in the management, or in the gains and losses, of a business. My other self, the partner of my life. Milton. 2. (Law) Defn: An associate in any business or occupation; a member of a partnership. See Partnership. 3. pl. (Naut.) Defn: A framework of heavy timber surrounding an opening in a deck, to strengthen it for the support of a mast, pump, capstan, or the like. Dormant, or Silent, partner. See under Dormant, a. Syn. -- Associate; colleague; coadjutor; confederate; partaker; participator; companion; comrade; mate. PARTNER Part"ner, v. t. Defn: To associate, to join. [Obs.] Shak. PARTNERSHIP Part"ner*ship, n. 1. The state or condition of being a partner; as, to be in partnership with another; to have partnership in the fortunes of a family or a state. 2. A division or sharing among partners; joint possession or interest. Rome, that ne'er knew three lordly heads before, First fell by fatal partnership of power. Rowe. He does possession keep, And is too wise to hazard partnership. Dryden. 3. An alliance or association of persons for the prosecution of an undertaking or a business on joint account; a company; a firm; a house; as, to form a partnership. 4. (Law) Defn: A contract between two or more competent persons for joining together their money, goods, labor, and skill, or any or all of them, under an understanding that there shall be a communion of profit between them, and for the purpose of carrying on a legal trade, business, or adventure. Kent. Story. Note: Community of profit is absolutely essential to, though not necessary the test of, a partnership. 5. (Arith.) Defn: See Fellowship, n., 6. Limited partnership, a form of partnership in which the firm consists of one or more general partners, jointly and severally responsible as ordinary partners, and one or more special partners, who are not liable for the debts of the partnership beyond the amount of cash they contribute as capital. -- Partnership in commendam, the title given to the limited partnership (F. société en commandité) of the French law, introduced into the code of Louisiana. Burrill. -- Silent partnership, the relation of partnership sustained by a person who furnishes capital only. PARTOOK Par*took", Defn: imp. of Partake. PARTRIDGE Par"tridge, n. Etym: [OE. partriche, pertriche, OF. pertris, perdriz, F. perdrix, L. perdix, -icis, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of numerous species of small gallinaceous birds of the genus Perdix and several related genera of the family Perdicidæ, of the Old World. The partridge is noted as a game bird. Full many a fat partrich had he in mew. Chaucer. Note: The common European, or gray, partridge (Perdix cinerea) and the red-legged partridge (Caccabis rubra) of Southern Europe and Asia are well-known species. 2. Any one of several species of quail-like birds belonging to Colinus, and allied genera. [U.S.] Note: Among them are the bobwhite (Colinus Virginianus) of the Eastern States; the plumed, or mountain, partridge (Oreortyx pictus) of California; the Massena partridge (Cyrtonyx Montezumæ); and the California partridge (Callipepla Californica). 3. The ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus). [New Eng.] Bamboo partridge (Zoöl.), a spurred partridge of the genus Bambusicola. Several species are found in China and the East Indies. -- Night partridge (Zoöl.), the woodcock. [Local, U.S.] -- Painted partridge (Zoöl.), a francolin of South Africa (Francolinus pictus). -- Partridge berry. (Bot.) (a) The scarlet berry of a trailing american plant (Mitchella repens) of the order Rubiaceæ, having roundish evergreen leaves, and white fragrant flowers sometimes tinged with purple, growing in pairs with the ovaries united, and producing the berries which remain over winter; also, the plant itself. (b) The fruit of the creeping wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens); also, the plant itself. -- Partridge dove (Zoöl.) Same as Mountain witch, under Mountain. -- Partridge pea (Bot.), a yellow-flowered leguminous herb (Cassia Chamæcrista), common in sandy fields in the Eastern United States. -- Partridge shell (Zoöl.), a large marine univalve shell (Dolium perdix), having colors variegated like those of the partridge. -- Partridge wood (a) A variegated wood, much esteemed for cabinetwork. It is obtained from tropical America, and one source of it is said to be the leguminous tree Andira inermis. Called also pheasant wood. (b) A name sometimes given to the dark-colored and striated wood of some kind of palm, which is used for walking sticks and umbrella handles. -- Sea partridge (Zoöl.), an Asiatic sand partridge (Ammoperdix Bonhami); -- so called from its note. -- Snow partridge (Zoöl.), a large spurred partridge (Lerwa nivicola) which inhabits the high mountains of Asia. -- Spruce partridge. See under Spruce. -- Wood partridge, or Hill partridge (Zoöl.), any small Asiatic partridge of the genus Arboricola. PARTURE Par"ture, n. Defn: Departure. [Obs.] Spenser. PARTURIATE Par*tu"ri*ate, v. i. Etym: [See Parturient.] Defn: To bring forth young. [Obs.] PARTURIENCY Par*tu"ri*en*cy, n. Defn: Parturition. PARTURIENT Par*tu"ri*ent, a. Etym: [L. parturiens, p.pr. of parturire to desire to bring forth, fr. parere, partum, to bring forth. See Parent.] Defn: Bringing forth, or about to bring forth, young; fruitful. Jer. Tailor. PARTURIFACIENT Par*tu`ri*fa"cient, n. Etym: [L. parturire to desire to bring forth + facere to make.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine tending to cause parturition, or to give relief in childbearing. Dunglison. PARTURIOUS Par*tu"ri*ous, a. Defn: Parturient. [Obs.] Drayton. PARTURITION Par`tu*ri"tion, n. Etym: [L. parturitio, fr. parturire: cf. F. parturition. See Parturient.] 1. The act of bringing forth, or being delivered of, young; the act of giving birth; delivery; childbirth. 2. That which is brought forth; a birth. [Obs.] PARTURITIVE Par*tu"ri*tive, a. Defn: Pertaining to parturition; obstetric. [R.] PARTY Par"ty, n.; pl. Parties. Etym: [F. parti and partie, fr. F. partir to part, divide, L. partire, partiri. See Part, v.] 1. A part or portion. [Obs.] "The most party of the time." Chaucer. 2. A number of persons united in opinion or action, as distinguished from, or opposed to, the rest of a community or association; esp., one of the parts into which a people is divided on questions of public policy. Win the noble Brutus to our party. Shak. The peace both parties want is like to last. Dryden. 3. A part of a larger body of company; a detachment; especially (Mil.), a small body of troops dispatched on special service. 4. A number of persons invited to a social entertainment; a select company; as, a dinner party; also, the entertainment itself; as, to give a party. 5. One concerned or interested in an affair; one who takes part with others; a participator; as, he was a party to the plot; a party to the contract. 6. The plaintiff or the defendant in a lawsuit, whether an individual, a firm, or corporation; a litigant. The cause of both parties shall come before the judges. Ex. xxii. 9. 7. Hence, any certain person who is regarded as being opposed or antagonistic to another. It the jury found that the party slain was of English race, it had been adjudged felony. Sir J. Davies. 8. Cause; side; interest. Have you nothing said Upon this Party 'gainst the Duke of Albany Shak. 9. A person; as, he is a queer party. [Now accounted a vulgarism.] Note: "For several generations, our ancestors largely employed party for person; but this use of the word, when it appeared to be reviving, happened to strike, more particularly, the fancy of the vulgar; and the consequence has been, that the polite have chosen to leave it in their undisputed possession." Fitzed. Hall. Party jury (Law), a jury composed of different parties, as one which is half natives and half foreigners. -- Party man, a partisan. Swift. -- Party spirit, a factious and unreasonable temper, not uncommonly shown by party men. Whately. -- Party verdict, a joint verdict. Shak. -- Party wall. (a) (Arch.) A wall built upon the dividing line between two adjoining properties, usually having half its thickness on each property. (b) (Law) A wall that separates adjoining houses, as in a block or row. PARTY Par"ty, a. Etym: [F. parti divided, fr. partir to divide. See Part, v., and cf. Partite.] 1. (Her.) Defn: Parted or divided, as in the direction or form of one of the ordinaries; as, an escutcheon party per pale. 2. Partial; favoring one party. I will be true judge, and not party. Chaucer. Charter party. See under Charter. PARTY Par"ty, adv. Defn: Partly. [Obs.] Chaucer. PARTY-COATED Par"ty-coat`ed, a. Defn: Having a motley coat, or coat of divers colors. Shak. PARTY-COLORED; PARTI-COLORED Par"ty-col`ored, Par"ti-col`ored, a. Defn: Colored with different tints; variegated; as, a party-colored flower. "Parti-colored lambs." Shak. PARTYISM Par"ty*ism, n. Defn: Devotion to party. PARUMBILICAL Par`um*bil"ic*al, a. Etym: [Pref. para- + umbilical.] (Anat.) Defn: Near the umbilicus; -- applied especially to one or more small veins which, in man, connect the portal vein with the epigastric veins in the front wall of the abdomen. PARURE Pa`rure", n. [F., OF. pareure, LL. paraura, fr. L. parare to prepare. See Pare.] Defn: An ornament or decoration for the person; esp., a decoration consisting of a set of ornaments to be used together; as, a parure of rubies or of embroideries. PARUSIA Pa*ru"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure of speech by which the present tense is used instead of the past or the future, as in the animated narration of past, or in the prediction of future, events. PARVANIMITY Par`va*nim"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. parvus little + animus mind.] Defn: The state or quality of having a little or ignoble mind; pettiness; meanness; -- opposed to magnanimity. De Quincey. PARVENU Par"ve*nu`, n. Etym: [F., prop. p.p. of parvenir to attain to, to succeed, to rise to high station, L. pervenire to come to; per through + venire to come. See Par, prep., and Come.] Defn: An upstart; a man newly risen into notice. PARVIS; PARVISE Par"vis, Par"vise, n. Etym: [F. parvis, fr. LL. paravisus, fr. L. paradisus. See Paradise.] Defn: a court of entrance to, or an inclosed space before, a church; hence, a church porch; -- sometimes formerly used as place of meeting, as for lawyers. Chaucer. PARVITUDE; PARVITY Par"vi*tude, Par"vi*ty, n. Etym: [L. parvitas, fr. parvus little: cf. OF. parvité.] Defn: Littleness. [Obs.] Glanvill. Ray. PARVOLIN Par"vo*lin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A nonoxygenous ptomaine, formed in the putrefaction of albuminous matters, especially of horseflesh and mackerel. PARVOLINE Par"vo*line, n. (Chem.) Defn: A liquid base, C PAS Pas, n. Etym: [F. See Pace.] 1. A pace; a step, as in a dance. Chaucer. 2. Right of going foremost; precedence. Arbuthnot. PASAN Pa"san, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The gemsbok. PASCH; PASCHA Pasch, Pas"cha, n. Etym: [AS. pascha, L. pascha, Gr. pesach, fr. pasach to pass over: cf. OF. pasque, F. pâque. Cf. Paschal, Paas, Paque.] Defn: The passover; the feast of Easter. Pasch egg. See Easter egg, under Easter. -- Pasch flower. See Pasque flower, under Pasque. PASCHAL Pas"chal, a. Etym: [L. paschalis: cf. F. pascal. See Pasch.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the passover, or to Easter; as, a paschal lamb; paschal eggs. Longfellow. Paschal candle (R. C. Ch.), a large wax candle, blessed and placed on the altar on Holy Saturday, or the day before Easter. -- Paschal flower. See Pasque flower, under Pasque. PASENG Pa*seng", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wild or bezoar goat. See Goat. PASH Pash, v. t. Etym: [Prob. of imitative origin, or possibly akin to box to fight with the fists.] Defn: To strike; to crush; to smash; to dash in pieces. [Obs.] P. Plowman. "I'll pash him o'er the face." Shak. PASH Pash, n. Etym: [Scot., the pate. Cf. Pash, v. t.] 1. The head; the poll. [R.] "A rough pash." Shak. 2. A crushing blow. [Obs.] 3. A heavy fall of rain or snow. [Prov. Eng.] PASHA Pa*sha", n. Etym: [Turk. pasha, basha; cf. Per. basha, badshah; perh. a corruption of Per. padishah. Cf. Bashaw, Padishah, Shah.] Defn: An honorary title given to officers of high rank in Turkey, as to governers of provinces, military commanders, etc. The earlier form was bashaw. [Written also pacha.] Note: There are three classes of pashas, whose rank is distinguished by the number of the horsetails borne on their standards, being one, two, or three, a pasha of three tails being the highest. PASHALIC Pa*sha"lic, n. [Written also pachalic.] Etym: [Turk.] Defn: The jurisdiction of a pasha. PASHAW Pa*shaw", n. Defn: See Pasha. PASIGRAPHIC; PASIGRAPHICAL Pas`i*graph"ic, Pas`i*graph"ic*al a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pasigraphy. PASIGRAPHY Pa*sig"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A system of universal writing, or a manner of writing that may be understood and used by all nations. Good. PASILALY Pas"i*la`ly, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A form of speech adapted to be used by all mankind; universal language. PASK Pask, n. Etym: [See Pasque.] Defn: See Pasch. PASPY Pas"py, n. Etym: [F. passe-pied.] Defn: A kind of minuet, in triple time, of French origin, popular in the reign of Queen Elizabeth and for some time after; -- called also passing measure, and passymeasure. Percy Smith. PASQUE Pasque, n. Etym: [OF. pasque.] Defn: See Pasch. Pasque flower (Bot.), a name of several plants of the genus Anemone, section Pulsatilla. They are perennial herbs with rather large purplish blossoms, which appear in early spring, or about Easter, whence the common name. Called also campana. PASQUIL Pas"quil, n. Etym: [It. pasquillo.] Defn: See Pasquin. [R.] PASQUIL Pas"quil, v. t. [R.] Defn: See Pasquin. PASQUILANT Pas"quil*ant, n. Defn: A lampooner; a pasquiler. [R.] Coleridge. PASQUILER Pas"quil*er, n. Defn: A lampooner. [R.] Burton. PASQUIN Pas"quin, n. Etym: [It. pasquino a mutilated statue at Rome, set up against the wall of the place of the Orsini; -- so called from a witty cobbler or tailor, near whose shop the statue was dug up. On this statue it was customary to paste satiric papers.] Defn: A lampooner; also, a lampoon. See Pasquinade. The Grecian wits, who satire first began, Were pleasant pasquins on the life of man. Dryden. PASQUIN Pas"quin, v. t. Defn: To lampoon; to satiraze. [R.] To see himself pasquined and affronted. Dryden. PASQUINADE Pas`quin*ade", n. Etym: [F. pasquinade, It. pasquinata.] Defn: A lampoon or satirical writing. Macaulay. PASQUINADE Pas`quin*ade", v. t. Defn: To lampoon, to satirize. PASS Pass, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Passed; p. pr. & vb. n. Passing.] Etym: [F. passer, LL. passare, fr. L. passus step, or from pandere, passum, to spread out, lay open. See Pace.] 1. To go; to move; to proceed; to be moved or transferred from one point to another; to make a transit; -- usually with a following adverb or adverbal phrase defining the kind or manner of motion; as, to pass on, by, out, in, etc.; to pass swiftly, directly, smoothly, etc.; to pass to the rear, under the yoke, over the bridge, across the field, beyond the border, etc. "But now pass over [i.e., pass on]." Chaucer. On high behests his angels to and fro Passed frequent. Milton. Sweet sounds rose slowly through their mouths, And from their bodies passed. Coleridge. 2. To move or be transferred from one state or condition to another; to change possession, condition, or circumstances; to undergo transition; as, the business has passed into other hands. Others, dissatisfied with what they have, . . . pass from just to unjust. Sir W. Temple. 3. To move beyond the range of the senses or of knowledge; to pass away; hence, to disappear; to vanish; to depart; specifically, to depart from life; to die. Disturb him not, let him pass paceably. Shak. Beauty is a charm, but soon the charm will pass. Dryden. The passing of the sweetest soul That ever looked with human eyes. Tennyson. 4. To move or to come into being or under notice; to come and go in consciousness; hence, to take place; to occur; to happen; to come; to occur progressively or in succession; to be present transitorly. So death passed upon all men. Rom. v. 12. Our own consciousness of what passes within our own mind. I. Watts. 5. To go by or glide by, as time; to elapse; to be spent; as, their vacation passed pleasantly. Now the time is far passed. Mark vi. 35 6. To go from one person to another; hence, to be given and taken freely; as, clipped coin will not pass; to obtain general acceptance; to be held or regarded; to circulate; to be current; -- followed by for before a word denoting value or estimation. "Let him pass for a man." Shak. False eloquence passeth only where true is not understood. Felton. This will not pass for a fault in him. Atterbury. 7. To advance through all the steps or stages necessary to validity or effectiveness; to be carried through a body that has power to sanction or reject; to receive legislative sanction; to be enacted; as, the resolution passed; the bill passed both houses of Congress. 8. To go through any inspection or test successfully; to be approved or accepted; as, he attempted the examination, but did not expect to pass. 9. To be suffered to go on; to be tolerated; hence, to continue; to live alogn. "The play may pass." Shak. 10. To go unheeded or neglected; to proceed without hindrance or opposition; as, we let this act pass. 11. To go beyond bounds; to surpass; to be in excess. [Obs.] "This passes, Master Ford." Shak. 12. To take heed; to care. [Obs.] As for these silken-coated slaves, I pass not. Shak. 13. To go through the intestines. Arbuthnot. 14. (Law) Defn: To be conveyed or transferred by will, deed, or other instrument of conveyance; as, an estate passes by a certain clause in a deed. Mozley & W. 15. (Fencing) Defn: To make a lunge or pass; to thrust. 16. (Card Playing) Defn: To decline to play in one's turn; in euchre, to decline to make the trump. She would not play, yet must not pass. Prior. To bring to pass, To come to pass. See under Bring, and Come. -- To pass away, to disappear; to die; to vanish. "The heavens shall pass away." 2 Pet. iii. 10. "I thought to pass away before, but yet alive I am." Tennyson. -- To pass by, to go near and beyond a certain person or place; as, he passed by as we stood there. -- To pass into, to change by a gradual transmission; to blend or unite with. -- To pass on, to proceed. -- To pass on or upon. (a) To happen to; to come upon; to affect. "So death passed upon all men." Rom. v. 12. "Provided no indirect act pass upon our prayers to define them." Jer. Taylor. (b) To determine concerning; to give judgment or sentence upon. "We may not pass upon his life." Shak. -- To pass off, to go away; to cease; to disappear; as, an agitation passes off. -- To pass over, to go from one side or end to the other; to cross, as a river, road, or bridge. PASS Pass, v. t. 1. In simple, transitive senses; as: (a) To go by, beyond, over, through, or the like; to proceed from one side to the other of; as, to pass a house, a stream, a boundary, etc. (b) Hence: Defn: To go from one limit to the other of; to spend; to live through; to have experience of; to undergo; to suffer. "To pass commodiously this life." Milton. She loved me for the dangers I had passed. Shak. (c) To go by without noticing; to omit attention to; to take no note of; to disregard. Please you that I may pass This doing. Shak. I pass their warlike pomp, their proud array. Dryden. (d) To transcend; to surpass; to excel; to exceed. And strive to pass . . . Their native music by her skillful art. Spenser. Whose tender power Passes the strength of storms in their most desolate hour. Byron. (e) To go successfully through, as an examination, trail, test, etc.; to obtain the formal sanction of, as a legislative body; as, he passed his examination; the bill passed the senate. 2. In causative senses: as: (a) To cause to move or go; to send; to transfer from one person, place, or condition to another; to transmit; to deliver; to hand; to make over; as, the waiter passed bisquit and cheese; the torch was passed from hand to hand. I had only time to pass my eye over the medals. Addison. Waller passed over five thousand horse and foot by Newbridge. Clarendon. (b) To cause to pass the lips; to utter; to pronounce; hence, to promise; to pledge; as, to pass sentence. Shak. Father, thy word is passed. Milton. (c) To cause to advance by stages of progress; to carry on with success through an ordeal, examination, or action; specifically, to give legal or official sanction to; to ratify; to enact; to approve as valid and just; as, he passed the bill through the committee; the senate passed the law. (e) To put in circulation; to give currency to; as, to pass counterfeit money. "Pass the happy news." Tennyson. (f) To cause to obtain entrance, admission, or conveyance; as, to pass a person into a theater, or over a railroad. 3. To emit from the bowels; to evacuate. 4. (Naut.) Defn: To take a turn with (a line, gasket, etc.), as around a sail in furling, and make secure. 5. (Fencing) Defn: To make, as a thrust, punto, etc. Shak. Passed midshipman. See under Midshipman. -- To pass a dividend, to omit the declaration and payment of a dividend at the time when due. -- To pass away, to spend; to waste. "Lest she pass away the flower of her age." Ecclus. xlii. 9. -- To pass by. (a) To disregard; to neglect. (b) To excuse; to spare; to overlook. -- To pass off, to impose fraudulently; to palm off. "Passed himself off as a bishop." Macaulay. -- To pass (something) on or upon (some one), to put upon as a trick or cheat; to palm off. "She passed the child on her husband for a boy." Dryden. -- To pass over, to overlook; not to note or resent; as, to pass over an affront. PASS Pass, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pas (for sense 1), and passe, fr. passer to pass. See Pass, v. i.] 1. An opening, road, or track, available for passing; especially, one through or over some dangerous or otherwise impracticable barrier; a passageway; a defile; a ford; as, a mountain pass. "Try not the pass!" the old man said. Longfellow. 2. (Fencing) Defn: A thrust or push; an attempt to stab or strike an adversary. Shak. 3. A movement of the hand over or along anything; the manipulation of a mesmerist. 4. (Rolling Metals) Defn: A single passage of a bar, rail, sheet, etc., between the rolls. 5. State of things; condition; predicament. Have his daughters brought him to this pass. Shak. Matters have been brought to this pass. South. 6. Permission or license to pass, or to go and come; a psssport; a ticket permitting free transit or admission; as, a railroad or theater pass; a military pass. A ship sailing under the flag and pass of an enemy. Kent. 7. Fig.: a thrust; a sally of wit. Shak. 8. Estimation; character. [Obs.] Common speech gives him a worthy pass. Shak. 9. Etym: [Cf. Passus.] Defn: A part; a division. [Obs.] Chaucer. Pass boat (Naut.), a punt, or similar boat. -- Pass book. (a) A book in which a trader enters articles bought on credit, and then passes or sends it to the purchaser. (b) See Bank book. -- Pass box (Mil.), a wooden or metallic box, used to carry cartridges from the service magazine to the piece. -- Pass check, a ticket of admission to a place of entertainment, or of readmission for one who goes away in expectation of returning. PASSABLE Pass"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. passable.] 1. Capable of being passed, traveled, navigated, traversed, penetrated, or the like; as, the roads are not passable; the stream is passablein boats. His body's a passable carcass if it be not hurt; it is a throughfare for steel. Shak. 2. Capable of being freely circulated or disseminated; acceptable; generally receivable; current. With men as with false money -- one piece is more or less passable than another. L'Estrange. Could they have made this slander passable. Collier. 3. Such as may be allowed to pass without serious objection; tolerable; admissable; moderate; mediocre. My version will appear a passable beauty when the original muse is absent. Dryden. PASSABLENESS Pass"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being passable. PASSABLY Pass"a*bly, adv. Defn: Tolerably; moderately. PASSACAGLIA; PASSACAGLIO Pas`sa*ca*glia, Pas`sa*ca*glio, n. Etym: [Sp. pasacalle a certain tune on the guitar, prop., a tune played in passing through the streets.] (Mus.) Defn: An old Italian or Spanish dance tune, in slow three-four measure, with divisions on a ground bass, resembling a chaconne. PASSADE; PASSADO Pas*sade", Pas*sa"do, n. Etym: [F. passade; cf. Sp. pasada. See Pass, v. i.] 1. (Fencing) Defn: A pass or thrust. Shak. 2. (Man.) Defn: A turn or course of a horse backward or forward on the same spot of ground. PASSAGE Pas"sage, n. Etym: [F. passage. See Pass, v. i.] 1. The act of passing; transit from one place to another; movement from point to point; a going by, over, across, or through; as, the passage of a man or a carriage; the passage of a ship or a bird; the passage of light; the passage of fluids through the pores or channels of the body. What! are my doors opposed against my passage! Shak. 2. Transit by means of conveyance; journey, as by water, carriage, car, or the like; travel; right, liberty, or means, of passing; conveyance. The ship in which he had taken passage. Macaulay. 3. Price paid for the liberty to pass; fare; as, to pay one's passage. 4. Removal from life; decease; departure; death. [R.] "Endure thy mortal passage." Milton. When he is fit and season'd for his passage. Shak. 5. Way; road; path; channel or course through or by which one passes; way of exit or entrance; way of access or transit. Hence, a common avenue to various apartments in a building; a hall; a corridor. And with his pointed dart Explores the nearest passage to his heart. Dryden. The Persian army had advanced into the . . . passages of Cilicia. South. 6. A continuous course, process, or progress; a connected or continuous series; as, the passage of time. The conduct and passage of affairs. Sir J. Davies. The passage and whole carriage of this action. Shak. 7. A separate part of a course, process, or series; an occurrence; an incident; an act or deed. "In thy passages of life." Shak. The . . . almost incredible passage of their unbelief. South. 8. A particular portion constituting a part of something continuous; esp., a portion of a book, speech, or musical composition; a paragraph; a clause. How commentators each dark passage shun. Young. 9. Reception; currency. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby. 10. A pass or en encounter; as, a passage at arms. No passages of love Betwixt us twain henceforward evermore. Tennyson. 11. A movement or an evacuation of the bowels. 12. In parliamentary proceedings: (a) The course of a proposition (bill, resolution, etc.) through the several stages of consideration and action; as, during its passage through Congress the bill was amended in both Houses. (b) The advancement of a bill or other proposition from one stage to another by an affirmative vote; esp., the final affirmative action of the body upon a proposition; hence, adoption; enactment; as, the passage of the bill to its third reading was delayed. "The passage of the Stamp Act." D. Hosack. The final question was then put upon its passage. Cushing. In passage, in passing; cursorily. "These . . . have been studied but in passage." Bacon. -- Middle passage, Northeast passage, Northwest passage. See under Middle, Northeast, etc. -- Of passage, passing from one place, region, or climate, to another; migratory; -- said especially of birds "Birds of passage." Longfellow. -- Passage hawk, a hawk taken on its passage or migration. -- Passage money, money paid for conveyance of a passenger, -- usually for carrying passengers by water. Syn. -- Vestibule; hall; corridor. See Vestibule. PASSAGER Pas"sa*ger, n. Etym: [See Passenger.] Defn: A passenger; a bird or boat of passage. [Obs.] Ld. Berners. PASSAGEWAY Pas"sage*way`, n. Defn: A way for passage; a hall. See Passage, 5. PASSANT Pas"sant, a. Etym: [F., p.pr. of passer. See Pass, v. i.] 1. Passing from one to another; in circulation; current. [Obs.] Many opinions are passant. Sir T. Browne. 2. Curs [Obs.] On a passant rewiew of what I wrote to the bishop. Sir P. Pett. 3. Surpassing; excelling. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. (Her.) Defn: Walking; -- said of any animal on an escutcheon, which is represented as walking with the dexter paw raised. PASSE; PASSEE Pas`sé", masc. Pas`sé"e, fem., a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Past; gone by; hence, past one's prime; worn; faded; as, a passée belle. Ld. Lytton. PASSEGARDE Passe"garde`, n. Etym: [F.] (Anc. Armor) Defn: A ridge or projecting edge on a shoulder piece to turn the blow of a lance or other weapon from the joint of the armor. PASSEMENT Passe"ment, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Lace, gimp, braid etc., sewed on a garment. Sir W. Scott. PASSEMENTERIE Passe*men"terie, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Beaded embroidery for women's dresses. PASSENGER Pas"sen*ger, n. Etym: [OE. & F. passager. See Passage, and cf. Messenger.] 1. A passer or passer-by; a wayfarer. Shak. 2. A traveler by some established conveyance, as a coach, steamboat, railroad train, etc. Passenger falcon (Zoöl.), a migratory hawk. Ainsworth. -- Passenger pigeon (Zoöl.), the common wild pigeon of North America (Ectopistes migratorius), so called on account of its extensive migrations. PASSENGER MILE Pas"sen*ger mile. (Railroads) Defn: A unit of measurement of the passenger transportation performed by a railroad during a given period, usually a year, the total of which consists of the sum of the miles traversed by all the passengers on the road in the period in question. PASSENGER MILEAGE Passenger mileage. (Railroads) Defn: Passenger miles collectively; the total number of miles traveled by passengers on a railroad during a given period. PASSE PARTOUT Passe" par`tout", n. Etym: [F., from passer to pass + partout everywhere.] 1. That by which one can pass anywhere; a safe-conduct. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. A master key; a latchkey. 3. A light picture frame or mat of cardboard, wood, or the like, usually put between the picture and the glass, and sometimes serving for several pictures. PASSER Pass"er, n. Defn: One who passes; a passenger. PASSER-BY Pass`er-by", n. Defn: One who goes by; a passer. PASSERES Pas"se*res, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. passer a sparrow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order, or suborder, of birds, including more that half of all the known species. It embraces all singing birds (Oscines), together with many other small perching birds. PASSERIFORM Pas*ser"i*form, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or belonging to the Passeres. PASSERINE Pas"ser*ine, a. Etym: [L. passerinus, fr. passer a sparrow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Passeres. The columbine, gallinaceous, and passerine tribes people the fruit trees. Sydney Smith. PASSERINE Pas"ser*ine, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Passeres. PASSIBILITY Pas`si*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. passibilitas: cf. F. passibilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being passible; aptness to feel or suffer; sensibility. Hakewill. PASSIBLE Pas"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. passibilis, fr. pati, to suffer: cf. F. passible. See Passion.] Defn: Susceptible of feeling or suffering, or of impressions from external agents. Apolinarius, which held even deity itself passible. Hooker. PASSIBLENESS Pas"si*ble*ness, n. Defn: Passibility. Brerewood. PASSIFLORA Pas"si*flo"ra, n. Etym: [NL., from L. passio passion (fr. pati, passus, to suffer) + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants, including the passion flower. It is the type of the order Passifloreæ, which includes about nineteen genera and two hundred and fifty species. PASSIM Pas"sim, adv. Etym: [L.] Defn: Here and there; everywhere; as, this word occurs passim in the poem. PASSING Pass"ing, n. Defn: The act of one who, or that which, passes; the act of going by or away. Passing bell, a tolling of a bell to announce that a soul is passing, or has passed, from its body (formerly done to invoke prayers for the dying); also, a tolling during the passing of a funeral procession to the grave, or during funeral ceremonies. Sir W. Scott. Longfellow. PASSING Pass"ing, a. 1. Relating to the act of passing or going; going by, beyond, through, or away; departing. 2. Exceeding; surpassing, eminent. Chaucer. "Her passing deformity." Shak. Passing note (Mus.), a character including a passing tone. -- Passing tone (Mus.), a tone introduced between two other tones, on an unaccented portion of a measure, for the sake of smoother melody, but forming no essential part of the harmony. PASSING Pass"ing, adv. Defn: Exceedingly; excessively; surpassingly; as, passing fair; passing strange. "You apprehend passing shrewdly." Shak. PASSINGLY Pass"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Exceedingly. Wyclif. PASSION Pas"sion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. passio, fr. pati, passus, to suffer. See Patient.] 1. A suffering or enduring of imposed or inflicted pain; any suffering or distress (as, a cardiac passion); specifically, the suffering of Christ between the time of the last supper and his death, esp. in the garden upon the cross. "The passions of this time." Wyclif (Rom. viii. 18). To whom also he showed himself alive after his passion, by many infallible proofs. Acts i. 3. 2. The state of being acted upon; subjection to an external agent or influence; a passive condition; -- opposed to action. A body at rest affords us no idea of any active power to move, and, when set is motion, it is rather a passion than an action in it. Locke. 3. Capacity of being affected by external agents; susceptibility of impressions from external agents. [R.] Moldable and not moldable, scissible and not scissible, and many other passions of matter. Bacon. 4. The state of the mind when it is powerfully acted upon and influenced by something external to itself; the state of any particular faculty which, under such conditions, becomes extremely sensitive or uncontrollably excited; any emotion or sentiment (specifically, love or anger) in a state of abnormal or controlling activity; an extreme or inordinate desire; also, the capacity or susceptibility of being so affected; as, to be in a passion; the passions of love, hate, jealously, wrath, ambition, avarice, fear, etc.; a passion for war, or for drink; an orator should have passion as well as rhetorical skill. "A passion fond even to idolatry." Macaulay. "Her passion is to seek roses." Lady M. W. Montagu. We also are men of like passions with you. Acts xiv. 15. The nature of the human mind can not be sufficiently understood, without considering the affections and passions, or those modifications or actions of the mind consequent upon the apprehension of certain objects or events in which the mind generally conceives good or evil. Hutcheson. The term passion, and its adverb passionately, often express a very strong predilection for any pursuit, or object of taste -- a kind of enthusiastic fondness for anything. Cogan. The bravery of his grief did put me Into a towering passion. Shak. The ruling passion, be it what it will, The ruling passion conquers reason still. Pope. Who walked in every path of human life, Felt every passion. Akenside. When statesmen are ruled by faction and interest, they can have no passion for the glory of their country. Addison. 5. Disorder of the mind; madness. [Obs.] Shak. 6. Passion week. See Passion week, below. R. of Gl. Passion flower (Bot.), any flower or plant of the genus Passiflora; -- so named from a fancied resemblance of parts of the flower to the instruments of our Savior's crucifixion. Note: The flowers are showy, and the fruit is sometimes highly esteemed (see Granadilla, and Maypop). The roots and leaves are generally more or less noxious, and are used in medicine. The plants are mostly tendril climbers, and are commonest in the warmer parts of America, though a few species are Asiatic or Australian. Passion music (Mus.), originally, music set to the gospel narrative of the passion of our Lord; after the Reformation, a kind of oratorio, with narrative, chorals, airs, and choruses, having for its theme the passion and crucifixion of Christ. -- Passion play, a mystery play, in which the scenes connected with the passion of our Savior are represented dramatically. -- Passion Sunday (Eccl.), the fifth Sunday in Lent, or the second before Easter. -- Passion Week, the last week but one in Lent, or the second week preceding Easter. "The name of Passion week is frequently, but improperly, applied to Holy Week." Shipley. Syn. -- Passion, Feeling, Emotion. When any feeling or emotion completely masters the mind, we call it a passion; as, a passion for music, dress, etc.; especially is anger (when thus extreme) called passion. The mind, in such cases, is considered as having lost its self- control, and become the passive instrument of the feeling in question. PASSION Pas"sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Passioned; p.pr & vb. n. Passioning.] Defn: To give a passionate character to. [R.] Keats. PASSION Pas"sion, v. i. Defn: To suffer pain or sorrow; to experience a passion; to be extremely agitated. [Obs.] "Dumbly she passions, frantically she doteth." Shak. PASSIONAL Pas"sion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to passion or the passions; exciting, influenced by, or ministering to, the passions. -- n. Defn: A passionary. PASSIONARY Pas"sion*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. passionarius: cf. F. passionaire.] Defn: A book in which are described the sufferings of saints and martyrs. T. Warton. PASSIONATE Pas"sion*ate, a. Etym: [LL. passionatus: cf. F. passionné.] 1. Capable or susceptible of passion, or of different passions; easily moved, excited or agitated; specifically, easily moved to anger; irascible; quick-tempered; as, a passionate nature. Homer's Achilles is haughty and passionate. Prior. 2. Characterized by passion; expressing passion; ardent in feeling or desire; vehement; warm; as, a passionate friendship. "The passionate Pilgrim." Shak. 3. Suffering; sorrowful. [Obs.] Shak. PASSIONATE Pas"sion*ate, v. i. 1. To affect with passion; to impassion. [Obs.] Great pleasure, mixed with pitiful regard, The godly kind and queen did passionate. Spenser. 2. To express feelingly or sorrowfully. [Obs.] Shak. PASSIONATELY Pas"sion*ate*ly, adv. 1. In a passionate manner; with strong feeling; ardently. Sorrow expresses itself . . . loudly and passionately. South. 2. Angrily; irascibly. Locke. PASSIONATENESS Pas"sion*ate*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being passionate. PASSIONIST Pas"sion*ist, n. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A member of a religious order founded in Italy in 1737, and introduced into the United States in 1852. The members of the order unite the austerities of the Trappists with the activity and zeal of the Jesuits and Lazarists. Called also Barefooted Clerks of the Most Holy Cross. PASSIONLESS Pas"sion*less, a. Defn: Void of passion; without anger or emotion; not easily excited; calm. "Self-contained and passionless." Tennyson. PASSIONTIDE Pas"sion*tide`, n. Etym: [Passion + tide time.] Defn: The last fortnight of Lent. PASSIVE Pas"sive, a. Etym: [L. passivus: cf. F. passif. See Passion.] 1. Not active, but acted upon; suffering or receiving impressions or influences; as, they were passive spectators, not actors in the scene. The passive air Upbore their nimble tread. Milton. The mind is wholly passive in the reception of all its simple ideas. Locke. 2. Receiving or enduring without either active sympathy or active resistance; without emotion or excitement; patient; not opposing; unresisting; as, passive obedience; passive submission. The best virtue, passive fortitude. Massinger. 3. (Chem.) Defn: Inactive; inert; not showing strong affinity; as, red phosphorus is comparatively passive. 4. (Med.) Defn: Designating certain morbid conditions, as hemorrhage or dropsy, characterized by relaxation of the vessels and tissues, with deficient vitality and lack of reaction in the affected tissues. Passive congestion (Med.), congestion due to obstruction to the return of the blood from the affected part. -- Passive iron (Chem.), iron which has been subjected to the action of heat, of strong nitric acid, chlorine, etc. It is then not easily acted upon by acids. -- Passive movement (Med.), a movement of a part, in order to exercise it, made without the assistance of the muscles which ordinarily move the part. -- Passive obedience (as used by writers on government), obedience or submission of the subject or citizen as a duty in all cases to the existing government. -- Passive prayer, among mystic divines, a suspension of the activity of the soul or intellectual faculties, the soul remaining quiet, and yielding only to the impulses of grace. -- Passive verb, or Passive voice (Gram.), a verb, or form of a verb, which expresses the effect of the action of some agent; as, in Latin, doceor, I am taught; in English, she is loved; the picture is admired by all; he is assailed by slander. Syn. -- Inactive; inert; quiescent; unresisting; unopposing; suffering; enduring; submissive; patient. PASSIVE BALLOON; PASSIVE AEROPLANE Pas"sive bal*loon" or a"ër*o*plane. Defn: One unprovided with motive power. PASSIVE FLIGHT Passive flight. Defn: Flight, such as gliding and soaring, accomplished without the use of motive power. PASSIVELY Pas"sive*ly, adv. 1. In a passive manner; inertly; unresistingly. 2. As a passive verb; in the passive voice. PASSIVENESS Pas"sive*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being passive; unresisting submission. To be an effect implies passiveness, or the being subject to the power and action of its cause. J. Edwards. PASSIVITY Pas*siv"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. passivité.] 1. Passiveness; -- opposed to activity. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Physics) Defn: The tendency of a body to remain in a given state, either of motion or rest, till disturbed by another body; inertia. Cheyne. 3. (Chem.) Defn: The quality or condition of any substance which has no inclination to chemical activity; inactivity. PASS-KEY Pass"-key`, n. Defn: A key for opening more locks than one; a master key. PASSLESS Pass"less, a. Defn: Having no pass; impassable. Cowley. PASSMAN Pass"man, n.; pl. Passmen (. Defn: One who passes for a degree, without honors. See Classman, 2. [Eng. Univ.] PASSOVER Pass"o`ver, n. Etym: [Pass + over. See Pasch.] (Jewish Antiq.) (a) A feast of the Jews, instituted to commemorate the sparing of the Hebrews in Egypt, when God, smiting the firstborn of the Egyptians, passed over the houses of the Israelites which were marked with the blood of a lamb. (b) The sacrifice offered at the feast of the passover; the paschal lamb. Ex. xii. PASS-PAROLE Pass`-pa*role", n. Etym: [F. passe-parole.] (Mil.) Defn: An order passed from front to rear by word of mouth. PASSPORT Pass"port (, n. Etym: [F. passeport, orig., a permission to leave a port or to sail into it; passer to pass + port a port, harbor. See Pass, and Port a harbor.] 1. Permission to pass; a document given by the competent officer of a state, permitting the person therein named to pass or travel from place to place, without molestation, by land or by water. Caution in granting passports to Ireland. Clarendon. 2. A document carried by neutral merchant vessels in time of war, to certify their nationality and protect them from belligerents; a sea letter. 3. A license granted in time of war for the removal of persons and effects from a hostile country; a safe-conduct. Burrill. 4. Figuratively: Anything which secures advancement and general acceptance. Sir P. Sidney. His passport is his innocence and grace. Dryden. PASSUS Pas"sus, n.; pl. L. Passus, E. Passuses (. Etym: [L., a step, a pace. See Pace.] Defn: A division or part; a canto; as, the passus of Piers Plowman. See 2d Fit. PASSWORD Pass"word`, n. Defn: A word to be given before a person is allowed to pass; a watchword; a countersign. Macaulay. PASSYMEASURE Pas"sy*meas`ure, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. It. passamezzo.] [Obs.] Defn: See Paspy. Shak. PAST Past, a. Etym: [From Pass, v.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a former time or state; neither present nor future; gone by; elapsed; ended; spent; as, past troubles; past offences. "Past ages." Milton. Past master. See under Master. PAST Past, n. Defn: A former time or state; a state of things gone by. "The past, at least, is secure." D. Webster. The present is only intelligible in the light of the past, often a very remote past indeed. Trench. PAST Past, prep. 1. Beyond, in position, or degree; further than; beyond the reach or influence of. "Who being past feeling." Eph. iv. 19. "Galled past endurance." Macaulay. Until we be past thy borders. Num. xxi. 22. Love, when once past government, is consequently past shame. L'Estrange. 2. Beyond, in time; after; as, past the hour. Is it not past two o'clock Shak. 3. Above; exceeding; more than. [R.] Not past three quarters of a mile. Shak. Bows not past three quarters of a yard long. Spenser. PAST Past, adv. Defn: By; beyond; as, he ran past. The alarum of drums swept past. Longfellow. PASTE Paste, n. Etym: [OF. paste, F. pâte, L. pasta, fr. Gr. Pasty, n., Patty.] 1. A soft composition, as of flour moistened with water or milk, or of earth moistened to the consistence of dough, as in making potter's ware. 2. Specifically, in cookery, a dough prepared for the crust of pies and the like; pastry dough. 3. A kind of cement made of flour and water, starch and water, or the like, -- used for uniting paper or other substances, as in bookbinding, etc., -- also used in calico printing as a vehicle for mordant or color. 4. A highly refractive vitreous composition, variously colored, used in making imitations of precious stones or gems. See Strass. 5. A soft confection made of the inspissated juice of fruit, licorice, or the like, with sugar, etc. 6. (Min.) Defn: The mineral substance in which other minerals are imbedded. Paste eel (Zoöl.), the vinegar eel. See under Vinegar. PASTE Paste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Pasting.] Defn: To unite with paste; to fasten or join by means of paste. PASTEBOARD Paste"board`, n. 1. A stiff thick kind of paper board, formed of several single sheets pasted one upon another, or of paper macerated and pressed into molds, etc. 2. (Cookery) Defn: A board on which pastry dough is rolled; a molding board. PASTEL Pas"tel, n. Etym: [F.; cf. It. pastello. Cf. Pastil.] 1. A crayon made of a paste composed of a color ground with gum water. [Sometimes incorrectly written pastil.] "Charming heads in pastel." W. Black. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant affording a blue dye; the woad (Isatis tinctoria); also, the dye itself. PASTER Past"er, n. 1. One who pastes; as, a paster in a government department. 2. A slip of paper, usually bearing a name, intended to be pasted by the voter, as a substitute, over another name on a printed ballot. [Cant, U.S.] PASTERN Pas"tern, n. Etym: [Of. pasturon, F. pâturon, fr. OF. pasture a tether, for beasts while pasturing; prop., a pasturing. See Pasture.] 1. The part of the foot of the horse, and allied animals, between the fetlock and the coffin joint. See Illust. of Horse. Note: The upper bone, or phalanx, of the foot is called the great pastern bone; the second, the small pastern bone; and the third, in the hoof, the coffin bone. Pastern joint, the joint in the hoof of the horse, and allied animals, between the great and small pastern bones. 2. A shackle for horses while pasturing. Knight. 3. A patten. [Obs.] Dryden. PASTEURIAN Pas*teur"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Pasteur. PASTEURISM Pas*teur"ism, n. Etym: [Fr. Pasteur, a French scientist.] 1. A method of treatment, devised by Pasteur, for preventing certain diseases, as hydrophobia, by successive inoculations with an attenuated virus of gradually increasing strength. 2. Pasteurization. PASTEURIZATION Pas*teur`i*za"tion, n. Defn: A process devised by Pasteur for preventing or checking fermentation in fluids, such as wines, milk, etc., by exposure to a temperature of 140º F., thus destroying the vitality of the contained germs or ferments. PASTEURIZE Pas*teur"ize, v. t. 1. To subject to pasteurization. 2. To treat by pasteurizm. PASTEURIZER Pas"teur*iz`er, n. Defn: One that Pasteurizes, specif. an apparatus for heating and agitating, fluid. PASTEUR'S FLUID Pas`teur's" flu"id. (Biol.) Defn: An artificial nutrient fluid invented by Pasteur for the study of alcoholic fermentation, but used also for the cultivation of bacteria and other organisms. It contains all the elements of protoplasm, and was originally made of the ash of yeast, some ammonia compound, sugar, and water. PASTICCIO Pas*tic"ci*o, n. Etym: [It., fr. pasta. See Paste.] 1. A medley; an olio. [R.] H. Swinburne. 2. (Fine Arts) (a) A work of art imitating directly the work of another artist, or of more artists than one. (b) A falsified work of art, as a vase or statue made up of parts of original works, with missing parts supplied. PASTIL; PASTILLE Pas"til, Pas*tille", n. Etym: [F. pastille, L. pastillusa pastus food. See Pasture, and cf. Pastel.] 1. (Pharmacy) Defn: A small cone or mass made of paste of gum, benzoin, cinnamon, and other aromatics, -- used for fumigating or scenting the air of a room. 2. An aromatic or medicated lozenge; a troche. 3. See Pastel, a crayon. PASTIME Pas"time`, n. Etym: [Pass + time: cf. F. passetemps.] Defn: That which amuses, and serves to make time pass agreeably; sport; amusement; diversion. PASTIME Pas"time`, v. i. Defn: To sport; to amuse one's self. [R.] PASTOR Pas"tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. pascere, pastum, to pasture, to feed. Cf. Pabulum, Pasture, Food.] 1. A shepherd; one who has the care of flocks and herds. 2. A guardian; a keeper; specifically (Eccl.), a minister having the charge of a church and parish. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of starling (Pastor roseus), native of the plains of Western Asia and Eastern Europe. Its head is crested and glossy greenish black, and its back is rosy. It feeds largely upon locusts. PASTORAGE Pas"tor*age, n. Defn: The office, jurisdiction, or duty, of a pastor; pastorate. PASTORAL Pas"tor*al, a. Etym: [L. pastoralis: cf. F. pastoral. See Pastor.] 1. Of or pertaining to shepherds; hence, relating to rural life and scenes; as, a pastoral life. 2. Relating to the care of souls, or to the pastor of a church; as, pastoral duties; a pastoral letter. Pastoral staff (Eccl.), a staff, usually of the form of a shepherd's crook, borne as an official emblem by a bishop, abbot, abbess, or other prelate privileged to carry it. See Crook, and Crosier. -- Pastoral Theology, that part of theology which treats of the duties of pastors. PASTORAL Pas"tor*al, n. 1. A poem describing the life and manners of shepherds; a poem in which the speakers assume the character of shepherds; an idyl; a bucolic. A pastoral is a poem in which any action or passion is represented by its effects on a country life. Rambler. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A cantata relating to rural life; a composition for instruments characterized by simplicity and sweetness; a lyrical composition the subject of which is taken from rural life. Moore (Encyc. of Music). 3. (Eccl.) Defn: A letter of a pastor to his charge; specifically, a letter addressed by a bishop to his diocese; also (Prot. Epis. Ch.), a letter of the House of Bishops, to be read in each parish. PASTORALE Pas`to*ra"le, n. Etym: [It.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A composition in a soft, rural style, generally in 6-8 or 12-8 time. 2. A kind of dance; a kind of figure used in a dance. PASTORALLY Pas"tor*al*ly, adv. 1. In a pastoral or rural manner. 2. In the manner of a pastor. PASTORATE Pas"tor*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pastorat. See Pastor.] Defn: The office, state, or jurisdiction of a pastor. PASTORIUM Pas*to"ri*um, n. [See Pastor; cf. Auditorium.] Defn: A parsonage; -- so called in some Baptist churches. [Southern U. S.] PASTORLESS Pas"tor*less, a. Defn: Having no pastor. PASTORLING Pas"tor*ling, n. Defn: An insignificant pastor. [R.] PASTORLY Pas"tor*ly, a. Defn: Appropriate to a pastor. Milton. PASTORSHIP Pas"tor*ship, n. Defn: Pastorate. Bp. Bull. PASTRY Pas"try, n.; pl. Pastries (. 1. The place where pastry is made. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Articles of food made of paste, or having a crust made of paste, as pies, tarts, etc. Pastry cook, one whose occupation is to make pastry; as, the pastry cook of a hotel. PASTURABLE Pas"tur*a*ble, a. Defn: Fit for pasture. PASTURAGE Pas"tur*age, n. Etym: [OF. pasturage, F. pâturage. See Pasture.] 1. Grazing ground; grass land used for pasturing; pasture. 2. Grass growing for feed; grazing. 3. The business of feeding or grazing cattle. PASTURE Pas"ture, n. Etym: [OF. pasture, F. pâture, L. pastura, fr. pascere, pastum, to pasture, to feed. See Pastor.] 1. Food; nourishment. [Obs.] Toads and frogs his pasture poisonous. Spenser. 2. Specifically: Grass growing for the food of cattle; the food of cattle taken by grazing. 3. Grass land for cattle, horses, etc.; pasturage. He maketh me to lie down in green pastures. Ps. xxiii. 2. So graze as you find pasture. Shak. PASTURE Pas"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pastured; p. pr. & vb. n. Pasturing.] Defn: To feed, esp. to feed on growing grass; to supply grass as food for; as, the farmer pastures fifty oxen; the land will pasture forty cows. PASTURE Pas"ture, v. i. Defn: To feed on growing grass; to graze. PASTURELESS Pas"ture*less, a. Defn: Destitute of pasture. Milton. PASTURER Pas"tur*er, n. Defn: One who pastures; one who takes cattle to graze. See Agister. PASTY Pas"ty, a. Defn: Like paste, as in color, softness, stickness. "A pasty complexion." G. Eliot. PASTY Pas"ty, n.; pl. Pasties. Etym: [OF. pasté, F. pâté. See Paste, and cf. Patty.] Defn: A pie consisting usually of meat wholly surrounded with a crust made of a sheet of paste, and often baked without a dish; a meat pie. "If ye pinch me like a pasty." Shak. "Apple pasties." Dickens. A large pasty baked in a pewter platter. Sir W. Scott. PAT Pat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Patted; p. pr. & vb. n. Patting.] Etym: [Cf. G. patschen, Prov. G. patzen, to strike, tap.] Defn: To strike gently with the fingers or hand; to stroke lightly; to tap; as, to pat a dog. Gay pats my shoulder, and you vanish quite. Pope. PAT Pat, n. 1. A light, quik blow or stroke with the fingers or hand; a tap. 2. A small mass, as of butter, shaped by pats. It looked like a tessellated work of pats of butter. Dickens. PAT Pat, a. Etym: [Cf. pat a light blow, D. te pas convenient, pat, where pas is fr. F. passer to pass.] Defn: Exactly suitable; fit; convenient; timely. "Pat allusion." Barrow. PAT Pat, adv. Defn: In a pat manner. I foresaw then 't would come in pat hereafter. Sterne. PATACA Pa*ta"ca, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: The Spanish dollar; -- called also patacoon. [Obs.] PATACHE Pa`tache", n. Etym: [F. & Sp. patache, P. patacho.] (Naut.) Defn: A tender to a fleet, formerly used for conveying men, orders, or treasure. [Spain & Portugal] PATACOON Pa`ta*coon", n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: See Pataca. PATAGIUM Pa*ta"gi*um, n.; pl. Patagia. Etym: [L., an edge or border.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: In bats, an expansion of the integument uniting the fore limb with the body and extending between the elongated fingers to form the wing; in birds, the similar fold of integument uniting the fore limb with the body. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a pair of small vesicular organs situated at the bases of the anterior wings of lepidopterous insects. See Illust. of Butterfly. PATAGONIAN Pat`a*go"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Patagonia. -- n. Defn: A native of Patagonia. PATAMAR Pat"a*mar, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Naut.) Defn: A vessel resembling a grab, used in the coasting trade of Bombay and Ceylon. [Written also pattemar.] PATAS Pa*tas", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A West African long-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus ruber); the red monkey. PATAVINITY Pat`a*vin"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. patavinitas, fr. Patavium: cf. F. patavinité] Defn: The use of local or provincial words, as in the peculiar style or diction of Livy, the Roman historian; -- so called from Patavium, now Padua, the place of Livy's nativity. PATCH Patch, n. Etym: [OE. pacche; of uncertain origin, perh. for placche; cf. Prov. E. platch patch, LG. plakk, plakke.] 1. A piece of cloth, or other suitable material, sewed or otherwise fixed upon a garment to repair or strengthen it, esp. upon an old garment to cover a hole. Patches set upon a little breach. Shak. 2. Hence: A small piece of anything used to repair a breach; as, a patch on a kettle, a roof, etc. 3. A small piece of black silk stuck on the face, or neck, to hide a defect, or to heighten beauty. Your black patches you wear variously. Beau. & Fl. 4. (Gun.) Defn: A piece of greased cloth or leather used as wrapping for a rifle ball, to make it fit the bore. 5. Fig.: Anything regarded as a patch; a small piece of ground; a tract; a plot; as, scattered patches of trees or growing corn. Employed about this patch of ground. Bunyan. 6. (Mil.) Defn: A block on the muzzle of a gun, to do away with the effect of dispart, in sighting. 7. A paltry fellow; a rogue; a ninny; a fool. [Obs. or Colloq.] "Thou scurvy patch." Shak. Patch ice, ice in overlapping pieces in the sea. -- Soft patch, a patch for covering a crack in a metallic vessel, as a steam boiler, consisting of soft material, as putty, covered and held in place by a plate bolted or riveted fast. PATCH Patch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Patched; p. pr. & vb. n. Patching.] 1. To mend by sewing on a piece or pieces of cloth, leather, or the like; as, to patch a coat. 2. To mend with pieces; to repair with pieces festened on; to repair clumsily; as, to patch the roof of a house. 3. To adorn, as the face, with a patch or patches. Ladies who patched both sides of their faces. Spectator. 4. To make of pieces or patches; to repair as with patches; to arrange in a hasty or clumsy manner; -- generally with up; as, to patch up a truce. "If you'll patch a quarrel." Shak. PATCHER Patch"er, n. Defn: One who patches or botches. Foxe. PATCHERY Patch"er*y, n. Defn: Botchery; covering of defects; bungling; hypocrisy. [R.] Shak. PATCHINGLY Patch"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Knavishy; deceitfully. [Obs.] PATCHOULI; PATCHOULY Pa*tchou"li, Pa*tchou"ly, n. Etym: [CF. F. patchouli; prob. of East Indian origin.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A mintlike plant (Pogostemon Patchouli) of the East Indies, yielding an essential oil from which a highly valued perfume is made. 2. The perfume made from this plant. Patchouly camphor (Chem.), a substance homologous with and resembling borneol, found in patchouly oil. PATCHWORK Patch"work`, n. Defn: Work composed of pieces sewed together, esp. pieces of various colors and figures; hence, anything put together of incongruous or ill-adapted parts; something irregularly clumsily composed; a thing putched up. Swift. PATCHY Patch"y, a. Defn: Full of, or covered with, patches; abounding in patches. PATE Pa`té", a. (Her.) Defn: See Patté. PATE Pa`té", n. Etym: [F. pâté.] 1. A pie. See Patty. 2. (Fort.) Defn: A kind of platform with a parapet, usually of an oval form, and generally erected in marshy grounds to cover a gate of a fortified place. [R.] PATE Pate, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. & Prov. G. pattkopf, patzkopf, scabby head; patt, patz, scab + kopf head.] 1. The head of a person; the top, or crown, of the head. [Now generally used in contempt or ridicule.] His mischief shall return upon his own head, and his violent dealing shall come down upon his own pate. Ps. vii. 16. Fat paunches have lean pate. Shak. 2. The skin of a calf's head. PATED Pat"ed, a. Defn: Having a pate; -- used only in composition; as, long-pated; shallow-pated. PATEE Pa*tee", n. Defn: See Pattee. PATEFACTION Pat`e*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. patefactio, fr. patefacere to open; patere to lie open + facere to make.] Defn: The act of opening, disclosing, or manifesting; open declaration. Jer. Taylor. PATELA Pat"e*la, n. Etym: [Hind. patela.] Defn: A large flat-bottomed trading boat peculiar to the river Ganges; -- called also puteli. PATELLA Pa*tel"la, n.; pl. Patellæ. Etym: [L., a small pan, the kneepan, dim. of patina, patena, a pan, dish.] 1. A small dish, pan, or vase. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The kneepan; the cap of the knee. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine gastropods, including many species of limpets. The shell has the form of a flattened cone. The common European limpet (Patella vulgata) is largely used for food. 4. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of apothecium in lichens, which is orbicular, flat, and sessile, and has a special rim not a part of the thallus. PATELLAR Pa*tel"lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the patella, or kneepan. PATELLIFORM Pa*tel"li*form, a. Etym: [Patella + form: cf. F. pattelliforme.] 1. Having the form of a patella. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling a limpet of the genus Patella. PATELLULA Pa*tel"lu*la, n.; pl. Patellulæ. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. patella. See Patella.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A cuplike sucker on the feet of certain insects. PATEN Pat"en, n. Etym: [LL. patina, patena, fr. L. patina, patena, a pan; cf. L. patere to be open, E. patent, and Gr. patène. Cf. Patina.] 1. A plate. [Obs.] 2. (Eccl.) Defn: The place on which the consecrated bread is placed in the Eucharist, or on which the host is placed during the Mass. It is usually small, and formed as to fit the chalice, or cup, as a cover. [Written also patin, patine.] PATENA Pat"e*na, n. Etym: [LL.] (Eccl.) Defn: A paten. PATENA Pa*te"na, n. Etym: [Cf. Pg. patena a paten.] Defn: A grassy expanse in the hill region of Ceylon. PATENCY Pa"ten*cy, n. Etym: [See Patent.] 1. The condition of being open, enlarged, or spread. 2. The state of being patent or evident. PATENT Pat"ent (pât"ent or pat"ent), a. Etym: [L. patens, -entis, p.pr. of patere to be open: cf. F. patent. Cf. Fathom.] 1. Note: (Oftener pronounced pat"ent in this sense) Defn: Open; expanded; evident; apparent; unconcealed; manifest; public; conspicuous. He had received instructions, both patent and secret. Motley. 2. Open to public perusal; -- said of a document conferring some right or privilege; as, letters patent. See Letters patent, under 3d Letter. 3. Appropriated or protected by letters patent; secured by official authority to the exclusive possession, control, and disposal of some person or party; patented; as, a patent right; patent medicines. Madder . . . in King Charles the First's time, was made a patent commodity. Mortimer. 4. (Bot.) Defn: Spreading; forming a nearly right angle with the steam or branch; as, a patent leaf. Patent leather, a varnished or lacquered leather, used for boots and shoes, and in carriage and harness work. -- Patent office, a government bureau for the examination of inventions and the granting of patents. -- Patent right. (a) The exclusive right to an invention, and the control of its manufacture. (b) (Law) The right, granted by the sovereign, of exclusive control of some business of manufacture, or of the sale of certain articles, or of certain offices or prerogatives. -- Patent rolls, the registers, or records, of patents. PATENT Pat"ent, n. Etym: [Cf. F. patente. See Patent, a.] 1. A letter patent, or letters patent; an official document, issued by a sovereign power, conferring a right or privilege on some person or party. Specifically: (a) A writing securing to an invention. (b) A document making a grant and conveyance of public lands. Four other gentlemen of quality remained mentioned in that patent. Fuller. Note: In the United States, by the act of 1870, patents for inventions are issued for seventeen years, without the privilege of renewal except by act of Congress. 2. The right or privilege conferred by such a document; hence, figuratively, a right, privilege, or license of the nature of a patent. If you are so fond over her iniquity, give her patent to offend. Shak. PATENT Pat"ent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Patented; p. pr. & vb. n. Patenting.] Defn: To grant by patent; to make the subject of a patent; to secure or protect by patent; as, to patent an invention; to patent public lands. PATENTABLE Pat"ent*a*ble, a. Defn: Suitable to be patented; capable of being patented. PATENTEE Pat`ent*ee", n. Defn: One to whom a grant is made, or a privilege secured, by patent. Bacon. PATENT-HAMMERED Pat"ent-ham"mered, a. (Stone Cutting) Defn: Having a surface dressed by cutting with a hammer the head of which consists of broad thin chisels clamped together. PATENTLY Pat"ent*ly (; see Patent, a.), adv. Defn: Openly; evidently. PATERA Pat"e*ra, n.; pl. Pateræ(. Etym: [ L., fr. patere to lie open.] 1. A saucerlike vessel of earthenware or metal, used by the Greeks and Romans in libations and sacrificies. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A circular ornament, resembling a dish, often worked in relief on friezes, and the like. PATERERO Pat`e*re"ro, n. Defn: See Pederero. [Obs.] PATERFAMILIAS Pa`ter*fa*mil`i*as, n.; pl. Pateresfamilias. Etym: [L., fr. pater father + familias, gen. of familia family.] (Rom. Law) Defn: The head of a family; in a large sense, the proprietor of an estate; one who is his own master. PATERNAL Pa*ter"nal, a. Etym: [L. paternus, fr. pater a father: cf. F. paternel. See Father.] 1. Of or pertaining to a father; fatherly; showing the disposition of a father; guiding or instructing as a father; as, paternal care. "Under paternal rule." Milton. 2. Received or derived from a father; hereditary; as, a paternal estate. Their small paternal field of corn. Dryden. Paternal government (Polit. Science), the assumption by the governing power of a quasi-fatherly relation to the people, involving strict and intimate supervision of their business and social concerns, upon the theory that they are incapable of managing their own afffairs. PATERNALISM Pa*ter"nal*ism, n. (Polit. Science) Defn: The theory or practice of paternal government. See Paternal government, under Paternal. London Times. PATERNALLY Pa*ter"nal*ly, adv. Defn: In a paternal manner. PATERNITY Pa*ter"ni*ty, n. Etym: [L. paternitas: cf. F. paternité. See Paternal.] 1. The relation of a father to his child; fathership; fatherhood; family headship; as, the divine paternity. The world, while it had scarcity of people, underwent no other dominion than paternity and eldership. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Derivation or descent from a father; male parentage; as, the paternity of a child. 3. Origin; authorship. The paternity of these novels was . . . disputed. Sir W. Scott. PATERNOSTER Pa"ter*nos`ter, n. Etym: [L., Our Father.] 1. The Lord's prayer, so called from the first two words of the Latin version. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A beadlike ornament in moldings. 3. (Angling) Defn: A line with a row of hooks and bead Paternoster pump, Paternoster wheel, a chain pump; a noria. -- Paternoster while, the space of time required for repeating a paternoster. Udall. PATESI Pa*te"si, n. [Assyrian.] (Babylonian Antiq.) Defn: A religious as well as a secular designation applied to rulers of some of the city states of ancient Chaldea, as Lagash or Shirpurla, who were conceived to be direct representatives of the tutelary god of the place. PATH Path, n.; pl. Paths. Etym: [As. pad, G. pfad, of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. patha, path. sq. root21.] 1. A trodden way; a footway. The dewy paths of meadows we will tread. Dryden. 2. A way, course, or track, in which anything moves or has moved; route; passage; an established way; as, the path of a meteor, of a caravan, of a storm, of a pestilence. Also used figuratively, of a course of life or action. All the paths of the Lord are mercy and truth. Ps. xxv. 10. The paths of glory lead but to the grave. Gray. PATH Path, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pathed; pr.p. & vb. n. Pathing.] Defn: To make a path in, or on (something), or for (some one). [R.] "Pathing young Henry's unadvised ways." Drayton. PATH Path, v. i. Defn: To walk or go. [R.] Shak. PATHEMATIC Path`e*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, emotion or suffering. [R.] Chalmers. PATHETIC Pa*thet"ic, a. Etym: [L. patheticus, Gr. pathétique. See Pathos.] 1. Expressing or showing anger; passionate. [Obs.] 2. Affecting or moving the tender emotions, esp. pity or grief; full of pathos; as, a pathetic song or story. "Pathetic action." Macaulay. No theory of the passions can teach a man to be pathetic. E. Porter. Pathetic muscle (Anat.), the superior oblique muscle of the eye. -- Pathetic nerve (Anat.), the fourth cranial, or trochlear, nerve, which supplies the superior oblique, or pathetic, muscle of the eye. -- The pathetic, a style or manner adapted to arouse the tender emotions. PATHETICAL Pa*thet"ic*al, a. Defn: Pathetic. [R.] -- Pa*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Pa*thet"ic*al*ness, n. PATHETISM Path"e*tism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pathétisme.] Defn: See Mesmerism. L. Sunderland. PATHFINDER Path"find`er, n. Defn: One who discovers a way or path; one who explores untraversed regions. The cow is the true pathfinder and pathmaker. J. Burroughs. PATHIC Path"ic, n. Etym: [L. pathicus, Gr. Defn: A male who submits to the crime against nature; a catamite. [R.] B. Jonson. PATHIC Path"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Passive; suffering. PATHLESS Path"less, a. Defn: Having no beaten path or way; untrodden; impenetrable; as, pathless woods. Trough the heavens' wide, pathless way. Milton. PATHMAKER Path"mak`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, makes a way or path. PATHOGENE Path"o*gene, n. Etym: [See Pathogenic.] (Biol.) Defn: One of a class of virulent microörganisms or bacteria found in the tissues and fluids in infectious diseases, and supposed to be the cause of the disease; a pathogenic organism; a pathogenic bacterium; -- opposed to zymogene. PATHOGENESIS Path`o*gen"e*sis, n. (Med.) Defn: Pathogeny. PATHOGENETIC Path`o*ge*net"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Pathogenic. PATHOGENIC Path`o*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med. & Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to pathogeny; producting disease; as, a pathogenic organism; a pathogenic bacterium. PATHOGENY Pa*thog"e*ny, n. (Med.) (a) The generation, and method of development, of disease; as, the pathogeny of yellow fever is unsettled. (b) That branch of pathology which treats of the generation and development of disease. PATHOGNOMONIC Pa*thog`no*mon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. pathognomonique. See Gnomic.] (Med.) Defn: Specially or decisively characteristic of a disease; indicating with certainty a disease; as, a pathognomonic symptom. The true pathognomonic sign of love jealousy. Arbuthnot. PATHOGNOMY Pa*thog"no*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Expression of the passions; the science of the signs by which human passions are indicated. PATHOLOGIC; PATHOLOGICAL Path`o*log"ic, Path`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. pathologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to pathology. -- Path`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. PATHOLOGIST Pa*thol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pathologiste.] Defn: One skilled in pathology; an investigator in pathology; as, the pathologist of a hospital, whose duty it is to determine the causes of the diseases. PATHOLOGY Pa*thol"o*gy, n.; pl. Pathologies. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. pathologie.] (Med.) Defn: The science which treats of diseases, their nature, causes, progress, symptoms, etc. Note: Pathology is general or special, according as it treats of disease or morbid processes in general, or of particular diseases; it is also subdivided into internal and external, or medical and surgical pathology. Its departments are nosology, ætiology, morbid anatomy, symptomatology, and therapeutics, which treat respectively of the classification, causation, organic changes, symptoms, and cure of diseases. Celluar pathology, a theory that gives prominence to the vital action of cells in the healthy and diseased function of the body. Virchow. PATHOPOELA Path`o*poe"la, n.; pl. -ias. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A speech, or figure of speech, designed to move the passion. Smart. PATHOS Pa"thos, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. pati to suffer, E. patient.] Defn: That quality or property of anything which touches the feelings or excites emotions and passions, esp., that which awakens tender emotions, such as pity, sorrow, and the like; contagious warmth of feeling, action, or expression; pathetic quality; as, the pathos of a picture, of a poem, or of a cry. The combination of incident, and the pathos of catastrophe. T. Warton. PATHWAY Path"way n. Defn: A footpath; a beaten track; any path or course. Also used figuratively. Shak. In the way of righteousness is life; and in the pathway thereof is no death. Prov. xii. 28. We tread the pathway arm in arm. Sir W. Scott. PATIBLE Pat"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. patibilis, fr. pati to suffer.] Defn: Sufferable; tolerable; endurable. [Obs.] Bailey. PATIBULARY Pa*tib"u*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. patibulum a gallows: cf. F. patibulaire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the gallows, or to execution. [R.] Carlyle. PATIBULATED Pa*tib"u*la`ted, a. Defn: Hanged on a gallows. [R.] PATIENCE Pa"tience, n. Etym: [F. patience, fr. L. patientia. See Patient.] 1. The state or quality of being patient; the power of suffering with fortitude; uncomplaining endurance of evils or wrongs, as toil, pain, poverty, insult, oppression, calamity, etc. Strenthened with all might, . . . unto all patience and long- suffering. Col. i. 11. I must have patience to endure the load. Shak. Who hath learned lowliness From his Lord's cradle, patience from his cross. Keble. 2. The act or power of calmly or contentedly waiting for something due or hoped for; forbearance. Have patience with me, and I will pay thee all. Matt. xviii. 29. 3. Constancy in labor or application; perseverance. He learned with patience, and with meekness taught. Harte. 4. Sufferance; permission. [Obs.] Hooker. They stay upon your patience. Shak. 5. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of dock (Rumex Patientia), less common in America than in Europe; monk's rhubarb. 6. (Card Playing) Defn: Solitaire. Syn. -- Patience, Resignation. Patience implies the quietness or self- possession of one's own spirit under sufferings, provocations, etc.; resignation implies submission to the will of another. The Stoic may have patience; the Christian should have both patience and resignation. PATIENT Pa"tient, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. patiens, -entis, p.pr. of pati to suffer. Cf. Pathos, Passion.] 1. Having the quality of enduring; physically able to suffer or bear. Patient of severest toil and hardship. Bp. Fell. 2. Undergoing pains, trails, or the like, without murmuring or fretfulness; bearing up with equanimity against trouble; long- suffering. 3. Constant in pursuit or exertion; persevering; calmly diligent; as, patient endeavor. Whatever I have done is due to patient thought. Sir I. Newton. 4. Expectant with calmness, or without discontent; not hasty; not overeager; composed. Not patient to expect the turns of fate. Prior. 5. Forbearing; long-suffering. Be patient toward all men. 1 Thess. v. 14. PATIENT Pa"tient, n. 1. ONe who, or that which, is passively affected; a passive recipient. Malice is a passion so impetuous and precipitate that often involves the agent and the patient. Gov. of Tongue. 2. A person under medical or surgical treatment; -- correlative to physician or nurse. Like a physician, . . . seeing his patient in a pestilent fever. Sir P. Sidney. In patient, a patient who receives lodging and food, as treatment, in a hospital or an infirmary. -- Out patient, one who receives advice and medicine, or treatment, from an infirmary. PATIENT Pa"tient, v. t. Defn: To compose, to calm. [Obs.] "Patient yourself, madam." Shak. PATIENTLY Pa"tient*ly, adv. Defn: In a patient manner. Cowper. PATIN; PATINE Pat"in, Pat"ine, n. Defn: A plate. See Paten. "Inlaid with patines of bright gold." Shak. PATINA Pat"ina, n. Etym: [It., fr. L. patina a dish, a pan, a kind of cake. Cf. Paten.] 1. A dish or plate of metal or earthenware; a patella. 2. (Fine Arts) Defn: The color or incrustation which age gives to works of art; especially, the green rust which covers ancient bronzes, coins, and medals. Fairholt. PATIO Pa"ti*o, n. Etym: [Sp., a court] (Metal) Defn: A paved yard or floor where ores are cleaned and sorted, or where ore, salt, mercury, etc., are trampled by horses, to effect intermixture and amalgamation. Note: The patioprocess is used to reduce silver ores by amalgamation. PATISSERIE Pâ`tis`serie", n. [F. pâtisserie. See Pate.] Defn: Pastry. Sterne. PATLY Pat"ly, adv. Defn: Fitly; seasonably. Barrow. PATNESS Pat"ness, n. Defn: Fitness or appropriateness; striking suitableness; convenience. The description with equal patness may suit both. Barrow. PATOIS Pa`tois", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A dialect peculiar to the illiterate classes; a provincial form of speech. The jargon and patois of several provinces. Sir T. Browne. PATOLLI Pa*tol"li, n. [Mex. patolli dice.] Defn: An American Indian game analogous to dice, probably originally a method of divination. PATONCE Pa*tonce", a. Etym: [Cf. F. patte d'once paw of an ounce.] (Her.) Defn: Having the arms growing broader and floriated toward the end; - - said of a cross. See Illust. 9 of Cross. PATRIAL Pa"tri*al, a. Etym: [L. patria fatherland, country, fr. pater father.] (Lat. Gram.) Defn: Derived from the name of a country, and designating an inhabitant of the country; gentile; -- said of a noun. -- n. Defn: A patrial noun. Thus Romanus, a Roman, and Troas, a woman of Troy, are patrial nouns, or patrials. Andrews. PATRIARCH Pa"tri*arch, n. Etym: [F. patriarche, L. patriarcha, Gr. Father, Archaic.] 1. The father and ruler of a family; one who governs his family or descendants by paternal right; -- usually applied to heads of families in ancient history, especially in Biblical and Jewish history to those who lived before the time of Moses. 2. (R. C. Ch. & Gr. Ch.) Defn: A dignitary superior to the order of archbishops; as, the patriarch of Constantinople, of Alexandria, or of Antioch. 3. A venerable old man; an elder. Also used figuratively. The patriarch hoary, the sage of his kith and the hamlet. Longfellow. The monarch oak, the partiarch of trees. Dryde. PATRIARCHAL Pa`tri*ar"chal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. patriarcal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a patriarch or to patriarchs; possessed by, or subject to, patriarchs; as, patriarchal authority or jurisdiction; a patriarchal see; a patriarchal church. 2. Characteristic of a patriarch; venerable. About whose patriarchal knee Late the little children clung. Tennyson. 3. (Ethnol.) Defn: Having an organization of society and government in which the head of the family exercises authority over all its generations. Patriarchal cross (Her.), a cross, the shaft of which is intersected by two transverse beams, the upper one being the smaller. See Illust. (2) of Cross. -- Patriarchal dispensation, the divine dispensation under which the patriarchs lived before the law given by Moses. PATRIARCHATE Pa`tri*ar"chate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. patriarcat.] 1. The office, dignity, or jurisdiction of a patriarch. Jer. Taylor. 2. The residence of an ecclesiastic patriarch. 3. (Ethnol.) Defn: A patriarchal form of government or society. See Patriarchal, a., 3. PATRIARCHDOM Pa"tri*arch*dom, n. Defn: The office or jurisdiction of a patriarch; patriarchate. [R.] PATRIARCHIC Pa`tri*ar"chic, a. Etym: [L. patriarchicus, Gr. Defn: Patriarchal. PATRIARCHISM Pa"tri*arch*ism, n. Defn: Government by a patriarch, or the head of a family. PATRIARCHSHIP Pa"tri*arch*ship, n. Defn: A patriarchate. Ayliffe. PATRIARCHY Pa"tri*arch`y, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. The jurisdiction of a patriarch; patriarchship. Brerewood. 2. Government by a patriarch; patriarchism. PATRICIAN Pa*tri"cian, a. Etym: [L. patricius, fr. patres fathers or senators, pl. of pater: cf. F. patricien. See Paternal.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Roman patres (fathers) or senators, or patricians. 2. Of, pertaining to, or appropriate to, a person of high birth; noble; not plebeian. Born in the patrician file of society. Sir W. Scott. His horse's hoofs wet with patrician blood. Addison. PATRICIAN Pa*tri"cian, n. Etym: [L. patricius: cf. F. patricien.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: Originally, a member of any of the families constituting the populus Romanus, or body of Roman citizens, before the development of the plebeian order; later, one who, by right of birth or by special privilege conferred, belonged to the nobility. 2. A person of high birth; a nobleman. 3. One familiar with the works of the Christian Fathers; one versed in patristic lore. [R.] Colridge. PATRICIANISM Pa*tri"cian*ism, n. Defn: The rank or character of patricians. PATRICIATE Pa*tri"ci*ate, n. Defn: The patrician class; the aristocracy; also, the office of patriarch. Milman. PATRICIDAL Pat*ri"ci`dal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to patricide; parricidal. PATRICIDE Pat*ri"cide, n. Etym: [L. pater father + caedere to kill. Cf. Parricide.] 1. The murderer of his father. 2. The crime of one who murders his father. Same as Parricide. PATRIMONIAL Pat`ri*mo"ni*al, a. Etym: [L.patrimonialis: cf. F. patrimonial.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a patrimony; inherited from ancestors; as, a patrimonial estate. PATRIMONIALLY Pat`ri*mo"ni*al*ly, adv. Defn: By inheritance. PATRIMONY Pat"ri*mo*ny, n.; pl. Patrimonies. Etym: [L. patrimonium, fr. pater father: cf. F. patrimoine. See Paternal.] 1. A right or estate inherited from one's father; or, in a larger sense, from any ancestor. "'Reave the orphan of his patrimony." Shak. 2. Formerly, a church estate or endowment. Shipley. PATRIOT Pa"tri*ot, n. Etym: [F. patriote; cf. Sp. patriota, It. patriotto; all fr. Gr. Father.] Defn: One who loves his country, and zealously supports its authority and interests. Bp. Hall. Such tears as patriots shaed for dying laws. Pope. PATRIOT Pa"tri*ot, a. Defn: Becoming to a patriot; patriotic. PATRIOTIC Pa`tri*ot"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. patriotique, Gr. Defn: Inspired by patriotism; actuated by love of one's country; zealously and unselfishly devoted to the service of one's country; as, a patriotic statesman, vigilance. PATRIOTICAL Pa`tri*ot"ic*al, a. Defn: Patriotic; that pertains to a patriot. -- Pa`tri*ot"ic*al*ly, adv. PATRIOTISM Pa"tri*ot*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. patriotisme.] Defn: Love of country; devotion to the welfare of one's country; the virtues and actions of a patriot; the passion which inspires one to serve one's country. Berkley. PATRIOTS' DAY Pa"tri*ots' Day. Defn: A legal holiday in the States of Massachusetts and Maine, April 19, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington in 1775. It was first observed in 1894. [U. S.] PATRIPASSIAN Pa`tri*pas"sian, n. Etym: [LL. Patripassiani, pl.; L. pater father + pati, passus, to suffer: cf. F. patripassiens.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a body of believers in the early church who denied the independent preëxistent personality of Christ, and who, accordingly, held that the Father suffered in the Son; a monarchian. -- Pa`tri*pas"sian*ism, n. PATRIST Pa"trist, n. Defn: One versed in patristics. PATRISTIC; PATRISTICAL Pa*tris"tic, Pa*tris"tic*al, a. Etym: [F. patristique. See Paternal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Fathers of the Christian church. The voluminous editor of Jerome anf of tons of patristic theology. I. Taylor. PATRISTICS Pa*tris"tics, n. Defn: That departnent of historical theology which treats of the lives and doctrines of the Fathers of the church. PATRIZATE Pa"tri*zate, v. i. Etym: [L. patrissare, patrizare;cf. Gr. Defn: To imitate one's father. [R.] PATROCINATE Pa*troc"i*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. patrocinatus, p.p. of patrocinari to patronize, fr. patronus patron.] Defn: To support; to patronize. [Obs.] Urquhart. PATROCINATION Pa*troc`i*na"tion, n. Defn: The act of patrocinating or patronizing. [Obs.] "Patrocinations of treason." Bp. Hall. PATROCINY Pa*troc"i*ny, n. Etym: [L. patrocinium.] [Obs.] Defn: See Patrocination. PATROL Pa*trol", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Patrolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Patrolling.] Etym: [F. patrouiller, O. & Prov. F. patrouiller to paddle, paw about, patrol, fr. patte a paw; cf. D. poot paw, G. pfote, and E. pat, v.] Defn: To go the rounds along a chain of sentinels; to traverse a police district or beat. PATROL Pa*trol", v. Defn: t To go the rounds of, as a sentry, guard, or policeman; as, to patrol a frontier; to patrol a beat. PATROL Pa*trol", n. Etym: [F. patrouille, OF. patouille. See Patrol, v. i.] 1. (Mil.) (a) A going of the rounds along the chain of sentinels and between the posts, by a guard, usually consisting of three or four men, to insure greater security from attacks on the outposts. (b) A movement, by a small body of troops beyond the line of outposts, to explore the country and gain intelligence of the enemy's whereabouts. (c) The guard or men who go the rounds for observation; a detachment whose duty it is to patrol. 2. Any perambulation of a particular line or district to guard it; also, the men thus guarding; as, a customs patrol; a fire patrol. In France there is an army of patrols to secure her fiscal regulations. A. Hamilton. PATROLE Pa*trole", n. & v. Defn: See Patrol, n. & v. PATROLMAN Pa*trol"man, n.; pl. Patrolmen (. Defn: One who patrols; a watchman; especially, a policeman who patrols a particular precinct of a town or city. PATRON Pa"tron, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. patronus, fr. pater a father. See Paternal, and cf. Patroon, Padrone, Pattern.] 1. One who protects, supports, or countenances; a defender. "Patron of my life and liberty." Shak. "The patron of true holiness." Spenser. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A master who had freed his slave, but still retained some paternal rights over him. (b) A man of distinction under whose protection another person placed himself. (c) An advocate or pleader. Let him who works the client wrong Beware the patron's ire. Macaulay. 3. One who encourages or helps a person, a cause, or a work; a furtherer; a promoter; as, a patron of art. 4. (Eccl. Law) Defn: One who has gift and disposition of a benefice. [Eng.] 5. A guardian saint. -- called also patron saint. 6. (Naut.) Defn: See Padrone, 2. Patrons of Husbandry, the grangers. See Granger, 2. PATRON Pa"tron, v. t. Defn: To be a patron of; to patronize; to favor. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PATRON Pa"tron, a. Defn: Doing the duty of a patron; giving aid or protection; tutelary. Dryden. Patron saint (R. C. Ch.), a saint regarded as the peculiar protector of a country, community, church, profession, etc., or of an individual. PATRONAGE Pa"tron*age, n. Etym: [F. patronage. Cf. LL. patronaticum, and L. patronatus.] 1. Special countenance or support; favor, encouragement, or aid, afforded to a person or a work; as, the patronage of letters; patronage given to an author. 2. Business custom. [Commercial Cant] 3. Guardianship, as of a saint; tutelary care. Addison. 4. The right of nomination to political office; also, the offices, contracts, honors, etc., which a public officer may bestow by favor. 5. (Eng. Law) Defn: The right of presentation to church or ecclesiastical benefice; advowson. Blackstone. PATRONAGE Pa"tron*age, v. t. Defn: To act as a patron of; to maintain; to defend. [Obs.] Shak. PATRONAL Pa"tron*al, a. Etym: [L. patronalis; cf. F. patronal.] Defn: Patron; protecting; favoring. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PATRONATE Pa"tron*ate, n. Etym: [L. patronatus.] Defn: The right or duty of a patron; patronage. [R.] Westm. Rev. PATRONESS Pa"tron*ess, n. Etym: [Cf. F. patronnesse.] Defn: A female patron or helper. Spenser. Night, best patroness of grief. Milton. PATRONIZATION Pa`tron*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of patronizing; patronage; support. [R.] PATRONIZE Pa"tron*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Patronized; p. pr. & vb. n. Patronizing.] 1. To act as patron toward; to support; to countenance; to favor; to aid. The idea has been patronized by two States only. A. Hamilton. 2. To trade with customarily; to frequent as a customer. [Commercial Cant] 3. To assume the air of a patron, or of a superior and protector, toward; -- used in an unfavorable sense; as, to patronize one's equals. PATRONIZER Pa"tron*i`zer, n. Defn: One who patronizes. PATRONIZING Pa"tron*i`zing, a. Defn: Showing condescending favor; assuming the manner of airs of a superior toward another. -- Pat"ron*i`zing*ly, adv. Thackeray. PATRONLESS Pa"tron*less, a. Defn: Destitute of a patron. PATRONOMAYOLOGY Pa`tro*nom`a*yol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. onomatology.] Defn: That branch of knowledge which deals with personal names and their origin; the study of patronymics. PATRONYMIC Pa`tro*nym"ic, a. Etym: [L. patronymicus, Gr. patronymique.] Defn: Derived from ancestors; as, a patronymic denomination. PATRONYMIC Pa`tro*nym"ic, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A modification of the father's name borne by the son; a name derived from that of a parent or ancestor; as, Pelides, the son of Peleus; Johnson, the son of John; Macdonald, the son of Donald; Paulowitz, the son of Paul; also, the surname of a family; the family name. M. A. Lower. PATRONYMICAL Pa`tro*nym"ic*al, a. Defn: Same as Patronymic. PATROON Pa*troon", n. Etym: [D. patroon a patron, a protector. See Patron.] Defn: One of the proprietors of certain tracts of land with manorial privileges and right of entail, under the old Dutch governments of New York and New Jersey. PATROONSHIP Pa*troon"ship, n. Defn: The office of a patroon. Irving. PATTE; PATTEE Pat`té", Pat*tee", a. Etym: [F. patté, fem. pattée, fr. patte paw, foot. Cf. Patten.] (Her.) Defn: Narrow at the inner, and very broad at the other, end, or having its arms of that shape; -- said of a cross. See Illust. (8) of Cross. [Written also paté, patee.] PATTEMAR Pat"te*mar, n. Defn: See Patamar. PATTEN Pat"ten, n. Etym: [F. patin a high-heeled shoe, fr. patte paw, foot. Cf. Panton, Patté.] 1. A clog or sole of wood, usually supported by an iron ring, worn to raise the feet from the wet or the mud. The patten now supports each frugal dame. Gay. 2. A stilt. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. PATTENED Pat"ten*ed, a. Defn: Wearing pattens. "Some pattened girl." Jane Austen. PATTER Pat"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pattered; p. pr. & vb. n. Pattering.] Etym: [Freq. of pat to strike gently.] 1. To strike with a quick succession of slight, sharp sounds; as, pattering rain or hail; pattering feet. The stealing shower is scarce to patter heard. Thomson. 2. To mutter; to mumble; as, to patter with the lips. Tyndale. Etym: [In this sense, and in the following, perh. from paternoster.] 3. To talk glibly; to chatter; to harangue. [Colloq.] I've gone out and pattered to get money. Mayhew. PATTER Pat"ter, v. t. 1. To spatter; to sprinkle. [R.] "And patter the water about the boat." J. R. Drake. 2. Etym: [See Patter, v. i., 2.] Defn: To mutter; as prayers. [The hooded clouds] patter their doleful prayers. Longfellow. To patter flash, to talk in thieves' cant. [Slang] PATTER Pat"ter, n. 1. A quick succession of slight sounds; as, the patter of rain; the patter of little feet. 2. Glib and rapid speech; a voluble harangue. 3. The cant of a class; patois; as, thieves's patter; gypsies' patter. PATTERER Pat"ter*er, n. Defn: One who patters, or talks glibly; specifically, a street peddler. [Cant, Eng.] PATTERN Pat"tern, n. Etym: [OE. patron, F. patron, a patron, also, a pattern. See Patron.] 1. Anything proposed for imitation; an archetype; an exemplar; that which is to be, or is worthy to be, copied or imitated; as, a pattern of a machine. I will be the pattern of all patience. Shak. 2. A part showing the figure or quality of the whole; a specimen; a sample; an example; an instance. He compares the pattern with the whole piece. Swift. 3. Stuff sufficient for a garment; as, a dress pattern. 4. Figure or style of decoration; design; as, wall paper of a beautiful pattern. 5. Something made after a model; a copy. Shak. The patterns of things in the heavens. Heb. ix. 23. 6. Anything cut or formed to serve as a guide to cutting or forming objects; as, a dressmaker's pattern. 7. (Founding) Defn: A full-sized model around which a mold of sand is made, to receive the melted metal. It is usually made of wood and in several parts, so as to be removed from the mold without injuring it. Pattern box, chain, or cylinder (Figure Weaving), devices, in a loom, for presenting several shuttles to the picker in the proper succession for forming the figure. -- Pattern card. (a) A set of samples on a card. (b) (Weaving) One of the perforated cards in a Jacquard apparatus. -- Pattern reader, one who arranges textile patterns. -- Pattern wheel (Horology), a count-wheel. PATTERN Pat"tern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Patterned; p. pr. & vb. n. Patterning.] 1. To make or design (anything) by, from, or after, something that serves as a pattern; to copy; to model; to imitate. Milton. [A temple] patterned from that which Adam reared in Paradise. Sir T. Herbert. 2. To serve as an example for; also, to parallel. To pattern after, to imitate; to follow. PATTINSON'S PROCESS Pat"tin*son's proc"ess. (Metal.) Defn: A process of desilverizing argentiferous lead by repeated meltings and skimmings, which concentrate the silver in the molten bath, the final skimmings being nearly pure lad. The processwas invented in 1833 by Hugh Lee Pattinson, an English metallurgist. PATTY Pat"ty, n.; pl. Patties. Etym: [F. pâté. See Pasty.] Defn: A little pie. PATTYPAN Pat"ty*pan`, n. 1. A pan for baking patties. 2. A patty. [Obs.] PATULOUS Pat"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. patulus, fr. patere to be open, extend.] Defn: Open; expanded; slightly spreading; having the parts loose or dispersed; as, a patulous calyx; a patulous cluster of flowers. The eyes are large and patulous. Sir J. Hill. PAU Pau, n. Defn: See Pah. PAUCILOQUENT Pau*cil"o*quent, a. Defn: Uttering few words; brief in speech. [R.] PAUCILOQUY Pau*cil"o*quy, n. Etym: [L. pauciloquium; paucus little + loqui to speak.] Defn: Brevity in speech. [R.] PAUCISPIRAL Pau`ci*spi"ral, a. Etym: [L. paucus few + E. spiral.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having few spirals, or whorls; as, a paucispiral operculum or shell. PAUCITY Pau"ci*ty, n. Etym: [L. paucitas, fr. paucus few, little: cf. F. paucité See Few.] 1. Fewness; smallness of number; scarcity. Hooker. Revelation denies it by the stern reserve, the paucity, and the incompleteness, of its communications. I. Taylor. 2. Smallnes of quantity; exiguity; insufficiency; as, paucity of blood. Sir T. Browne. PAUGIE; PAUGY Pau"gie, Pau"gy, n.; pl. Paugies. Etym: [Corrupted from Amer. Indian mishcuppauog. See Scup.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The scup. See Porgy, and Scup. PAUHAUGEN Pau*hau"gen, n. Etym: [North Amer. Indian.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The menhaden; -- called also poghaden. PAUL Paul, n. Defn: See Pawl. PAUL Paul, n. Defn: An Italian silver coin. See Paolo. PAULDRON Paul"dron, n. Etym: [See Powldron.] (Mil. Antiq.) Defn: A piece of armor covering the shoulder at the junction of the body piece and arm piece. PAULIAN; PAULIANIST Pau"li*an, Pau"li*an*ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Paul of Samosata, a bishop of Antioch in the third century, who was deposed for denying the divinity of Christ. PAULICIAN Pau"li*cian, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect of Christian dualists originating in Armenia in the seventh century. They rejected the Old Testament and the part of the New. PAULIN Pau"lin, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Tarpaulin. PAULINE Pau"line, a. Etym: [L. Paulinus, fr. Paulus Paul.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the apostle Paul, or his writings; resembling, or conforming to, the writings of Paul; as, the Pauline epistles; Pauline doctrine. My religion had always been Pauline. J. H. Newman. PAULIST Paul"ist, n. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A member of The Institute of the Missionary Priests of St. Paul the Apostle, founded in 1858 by the Rev. I. T. Hecker of New York. The majority of the members were formerly Protestants. PAULOWNIA Pau*low"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. So named from the Russian princess Anna Pavlovna.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees of the order Scrophulariaceæ, consisting of one species, Paulownia imperialis. Note: The tree is native to Japan, and has immense heart-shaped leaves, and large purplish flowers in panicles. The capsules contain many little winged seeds, which are beautiful microscopic objects. The tree is hardy in America as far north as Connecticut. PAUM Paum, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Palm to cheat.] Defn: To palm off by fraud; to cheat at cards. [Obs.] Swift. PAUNCE Paunce, n. Etym: [See Pansy.] (Bot.) Defn: The pansy. "The pretty paunce." Spenser. PAUNCH Paunch, n. Etym: [OF. panch, pance, F. panse, L. pantex, panticis.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The belly and its contents; the abdomen; also, the first stomach, or rumen, of ruminants. See Rumen. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A paunch mat; -- called also panch. 3. The thickened rim of a bell, struck by the clapper. Paunch mat (Naut.), a thick mat made of strands of rope, used to prevent the yard or rigging from chafing. PAUNCH Paunch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paunched; p. pr. & vb. n. Paunching.] 1. To pierce or rip the belly of; to eviscerate; to disembowel. Shak. 2. To stuff with food. [Obs.] Udall. PAUNCHY Paunch"y, a. Defn: Pot-bellied. [R.] Dickens. PAUNE Paune, n. Defn: A kind of bread. See Pone. PAUPER Pau"per, n. Etym: [L. See Poor.] Defn: A poor person; especially, one development on private or public charity. Also used adjectively; as, pouper immigrants, pouper labor. PAUPERISM Pau"per*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. paupérisme.] Defn: The state of being a pauper; the state of indigent persons requiring support from the community. Whatly. Syn. -- Poverty; indigence; penury; want; need; destitution. See Poverty. PAUPERIZATION Pau`per*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of reducing to pauperism. C. Kingsley. PAUPERIZE Pau"per*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pauperized; p. pr. & vb. n. Pauperizing.] Defn: To reduce to pauperism; as, to pauperize the peasantry. PAUROPODA Pau*rop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of small myriapods having only nine pairs of legs and destitute of tracheæ. PAUSE Pause, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. pausa. See Pose.] 1. A temporary stop or rest; an intermission of action; interruption; suspension; cessation. 2. Temporary inaction or waiting; hesitation; suspence; doubt. I stand in pause where I shall first begin. Shak. 3. In speaking or reading aloud, a brief arrest or suspension of voice, to indicate the limits and relations of sentences and their parts. 4. In writing and printing, a mark indicating the place and nature of an arrest of voice in reading; a punctuation point; as, teach the pupil to mind the pauses. 5. A break or paragraph in writing. He writes with warmth, which usually neglects method, and those partitions and pauses which men educated in schools observe. Locke. 6. (Mus.) Defn: A hold. See 4th Hold, 7. Syn. -- Stop; cessation; suspension. PAUSE Pause, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Paused; p. pr. & vb. n. Pausing.] Etym: [Cf. F. pauser, L. pausare. See Pause, n., Pose.] 1. To make a short stop; to cease for a time; to intermit speaking or acting; to stop; to wait; to rest. "Tarry, pause a day or two." Shak. Pausing while, thus to herself she mused. Milton. 2. To be intermitted; to cease; as, the music pauses. 3. To hesitate; to hold back; to delay. [R.] Why doth the Jew pause Take thy forfeiture. Shak. 4. To stop in order to consider; hence, to consider; to reflect. [R.] "Take time to pause." Shak. To pause upon, to deliberate concerning. Shak. Syn. -- To intermit; stop; stay; wait; delay; tarry; hesitate; demur. PAUSE Pause, v. t. Defn: To cause to stop or rest; -- used reflexively. [R.] Shak. PAUSER Paus"er, n. Defn: One who pauses. Shak. PAUSINGLY Paus"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With pauses; haltingly. Shak. PAUXI Paux"i, n. Etym: [From the native name: cf. Sp. pauji.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A curassow (Ourax pauxi), which, in South America, is often domesticated. PAVAGE Pav"age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pavage.] Defn: See Pavage. [R.] PAVAN Pav"an, n. Etym: [F. pavane; cf. It. & Sp. pavana, and Sp. pavon, pavo, a peacock, L. pavo.] Defn: A stately and formal Spanish dance for which full state costume is worn; -- so called from the resemblance of its movements to those of the peacock. [Written also pavane, paven, pavian, and pavin.] PAVE Pa`vé", n. Etym: [F., from paver to pave. See Pave.] Defn: The pavement. Nymphe du pavé ([A low euphemism.] PAVE Pave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paved; p. pr. & vb. n. Paving.] Etym: [F. paver to pave, LL. pavare, from L. pavire to beat, ram, or tread down; cf. Gr. 1. To lay or cover with stone, brick, or other material, so as to make a firm, level, or convenient surface for horses, carriages, or persons on foot, to travel on; to floor with brick, stone, or other solid material; as, to pave a street; to pave a court. With silver paved, and all divine with gold. Dryden. To pave thy realm, and smooth the broken ways. Gay. 2. Fig.: To make smooth, easy, and safe; to prepare, as a path or way; as, to pave the way to promotion; to pave the way for an enterprise. It might open and pave a prepared way to his own title. Bacon. PAVEMENT Pave"ment, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. pavamentum, L. pavimentum. See Pave.] Defn: That with which anythingis paved; a floor or covering of solid material, laid so as to make a hard and convenient surface for travel; a paved road or sidewalk; a decorative interior floor of tiles or colored bricks. The riches of heaven's pavement, trodden gold. Milton. Pavement teeth (Zoöl.), flattened teeth which in certain fishes, as the skates and cestracionts, are arranged side by side, like tiles in a pavement. PAVEMENT Pave"ment, v. t. Defn: To furnish with a pavement; to pave. [Obs.] "How richly pavemented!" Bp. Hall. PAVEN Pav"en, n. Defn: See Pavan. PAVER Pav"er, n. Defn: One who paves; one who lays a pavement. [Written also pavier and pavior.] PAVESADE Pav`e*sade", n. Etym: [F. See Pavise.] Defn: A canvas screen, formerly sometimes extended along the side of a vessel in a naval engagement, to conceal from the enemy the operations on board. PAVESE; PAVESSE Pa*vese", Pa*vesse", n. Defn: Pavise. [Obs.] PAVIAGE Pa"vi*age, n. (Law) Defn: A contribution or a tax for paving streets or highways. Bouvier. PAVIAN Pav"i*an Defn: , n. See Pavan. PAVID Pav"id, a. Etym: [L. pavidus, from pavere to be afraid.] Defn: Timid; fearful. [R.] Thackeray. PAVIDITY Pa*vid"i*ty, n. Defn: Timidity. [R.] PAVIER Pav"ier, n. Defn: A paver. PAVIIN Pa"vi*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside found in species of the genus Pavia of the Horse- chestnut family. PAVILION Pa*vil"ion, n. Etym: [F. pavillon, fr. L. pavilio a butterfly, also, a tent, because spread out like a butterfly's wings.] 1. A temporary movable habitation; a large tent; a marquee; esp., a tent raised on posts. "[The] Greeks do pitch their brave pavilions." Shak. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A single body or mass of building, contained within simple walls and a single roof, whether insulated, as in the park or garden of a larger edifice, or united with other parts, and forming an angle or central feature of a large pile. 3. (Mil.) Defn: A flag, colors, ensign, or banner. 4. (Her.) Defn: Same as Tent (Her.) 5. That part of a brilliant which lies between the girdle and collet. See Illust. of Brilliant. 6. (Anat.) Defn: The auricle of the ear; also, the fimbriated extremity of the Fallopian tube. 7. A covering; a canopy; figuratively, the sky. The pavilion of heaven is bare. Shelley. PAVILION Pa*vil"ion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pavilioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Pavilioning.] Defn: To furnish or cover with, or shelter in, a tent or tents. The field pavilioned with his guardians bright. Milton. PAVIN Pav"in, n. Defn: See Pavan. PAVING Pav"ing, n. 1. The act or process of laying a pavement, or covering some place with a pavement. 2. A pavement. PAVIOR Pav"ior, n. 1. One who paves; a paver. 2. A rammer for driving paving stones. 3. A brick or slab used for paving. PAVISE Pa*vise, n. Etym: [OF. pavaix, F. pavois; cf. It. pavese, LL. pavense; perh. named from Pavia in Italy.] (Mil. Antiq.) Defn: A large shield covering the whole body, carried by a pavisor, who sometimes screened also an archer with it. [Written also pavais, pavese, and pavesse.] Fairholt. PAVISOR Pa*vis"or, n. (Mil. Antiq.) Defn: A soldier who carried a pavise. PAVO Pa"vo, n. Etym: [L., a peacock. See Peacock.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of birds, including the peacocks. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The Peacock, a constellation of the southern hemisphere. PAVON Pa"von, n. Defn: A small triangular flag, esp. one attached to a knight's lance; a pennon. PAVONE Pa*vone", n. Etym: [Cf. It. pavone, Sp. pavon, fr. L. pavo.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A peacock. [Obs.] Spenser. PAVONIAN Pa*vo"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a peacock. [R.] Southey. PAVONINE Pav"o*nine, a. Etym: [L. pavoninus, fr. pavo a peacock. See Peacock.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the genus Pavo. 2. Characteristic of a peacock; resembling the tail of a peacock, as in colors; iridescent. P. Cleaveland. PAW Paw, n. Etym: [OE. pawe, poue, OF. poe: cf. patte, LG. pote, D. poot, G. pfote.] 1. The foot of a quadruped having claws, as the lion, dog, cat, etc. 2. The hand. [Jocose] Dryden. Paw clam (Zoöl.), the tridacna; -- so called because shaped like an animal's paw. PAW Paw, v. i. Defn: To draw the forefoot along the ground; to beat or scrape with the forefoot. Job xxxix. 21. PAW Paw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Pawing.] 1. To pass the paw over; to stroke or handle with the paws; hence, to handle fondly or rudely. 2. To scrape or beat with the forefoot. His hot courser pawed the Hungarian plane. Tickell. PAWK Pawk, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small lobster. Travis. PAWKY Paw"ky, a. Etym: [Cf. AS. pæcean to deceive.] Defn: Arch; cunning; sly. [Scot.] Jamieson. PAWL Pawl, n. Etym: [W. pawl a pole, a stake. Cf. Pole a stake.] (Mach.) Defn: A pivoted tongue, or sliding bolt, on one part of a machine, adapted to fall into notches, or interdental spaces, on another part, as a ratchet wheel, in such a manner as to permit motion in one direction and prevent it in the reverse, as in a windlass; a catch, click, or detent. See Illust. of Ratchet Wheel. [Written also paul, or pall.] Pawl bitt (Naut.), a heavy timber, set abaft the windlass, to receive the strain of the pawls. -- Pawl rim or ring (Naut.), a stationary metallic ring surrounding the base of a capstan, having notches for the pawls to catch in. PAWL Pawl, v. t. Defn: To stop with a pawl; to drop the pawls off. To pawl the capstan. See under Capstan. PAWN Pawn, n. Defn: See Pan, the masticatory. PAWN Pawn, n. Etym: [OE. paune, poun, OF. peon, poon, F. pion, LL. pedo a foot soldier, fr. L. pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and cf. Pioneer, Peon.] (Chess) Defn: A man or piece of the lowest rank. PAWN Pawn, n. Etym: [OF. pan pledge, assurance, skirt, piece, F. pan skirt, lappet, piece, from L. pannus. See Pane.] 1. Anything delivered or deposited as security, as for the payment of money borrowed, or of a debt; a pledge. See Pledge, n., 1. As for mortgaging or pawning, . . . men will not take pawns without use [i.e., interest]. Bacon. 2. State of being pledged; a pledge for the fulfillment of a promise. [R.] Redeem from broking pawn the blemish'd crown. Shak. As the morning dew is a pawn of the evening fatness. Donne. 3. A stake hazarded in a wager. [Poetic] My life I never held but as a pawn To wage against thy enemies. Shak. In pawn, At pawn, in the state of being pledged. "Sweet wife, my honor is at pawn." Shak. -- Pawn ticket, a receipt given by the pawnbroker for an article pledged. PAWN Pawn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pawned; p. pr. & vb. n. Pawning.] 1. To give or deposit in pledge, or as security for the payment of money borrowed; to put in pawn; to pledge; as, to pawn one's watch. And pawned the last remaining piece of plate. Dryden. 2. To pledge for the fulfillment of a promise; to stake; to risk; to wager; to hazard. Pawning his honor to obtain his lust. Shak. PAWNABLE Pawna*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being pawned. PAWNBROKER Pawn"bro`ker, n. Defn: One who makes a business of lending money on the security of personal property pledged or deposited in his keeping. PAWNBROKING Pawn"bro`king, n. Defn: The business of a pawnbroker. PAWNEE Pawn*ee", n. (Law) Defn: One or two whom a pledge is delivered as security; one who takes anything in pawn. PAWNEES Paw`nees", n. pl.; sing. Pawnee (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians (called also Loups) who formerly occupied the region of the Platte river, but now live mostly in the Indian Territory. The term is often used in a wider sense to include also the related tribes of Rickarees and Wichitas. Called also Pani. PAWNER; PAWNOR Pawn"er, Pawn*or", n. (Law) Defn: One who pawns or pledges anything as security for the payment of borrowed money or of a debt. PAWPAW Paw`paw", n. (Bot.) Defn: See Papaw. PAX Pax, n. Etym: [L. pax peace. See Peace.] 1. (Eccl.) Defn: The kiss of peace; also, the embrace in the sanctuary now substituted for it at High Mass in Roman Catholic churches. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A tablet or board, on which is a representation of Christ, of the Virgin Mary, or of some saint and which, in the Mass, was kissed by the priest and then by the people, in mediæval times; an osculatory. It is still used in communities, confraternities, etc. Kiss the pax, and be quiet like your neighbors. Chapman. PAXILLOSE Pax"il*lose`, a. Etym: [L. paxillus a small stake.] (Geol.) Defn: Resembling a little stake. PAXILLUS Pax*il"lus, n.; pl. Paxilli. Etym: [L., a peg.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a peculiar kind of spines covering the surface of certain starfishes. They are pillarlike, with a flattened summit which is covered with minute spinules or granules. See Illustration in Appendix. PAXWAX Pax"wax`, n. Etym: [For faxvax, fr. AS. fea hair (akin to OHG. fahs) + weaxan to grow. See Wax to grow, and cf. Faxed, Pectinate.] (Anat.) Defn: The strong ligament of the back of the neck in quadrupeds. It connects the back of the skull with dorsal spines of the cervical vertebræ, and helps to support the head. Called also paxywaxy and packwax. PAXYWAXY Pax"y*wax`y, n. (Anat.) Defn: See Paxwax. PAY Pay, v. t. Etym: [OF. peier, fr. L. picare to pitch, i pitch: cf. OF. peiz pitch, F. poix. See Pitch a black substance.] (Naut.) Defn: To cover, as bottom of a vessel, a seam, a spar, etc., with tar or pitch, or waterproof composition of tallow, resin, etc.; to smear. PAY Pay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Paid; p. pr. & vb. n. Paying.] Etym: [OE. paien, F. payer, fr. L. pacare to pacify, appease, fr. pax, pacis, peace. See Peace.] 1. To satisfy, or content; specifically, to satisfy (another person) for service rendered, property delivered, etc.; to discharge one's obligation to; to make due return to; to compensate; to remunerate; to recompense; to requite; as, to pay workmen or servants. May no penny ale them pay [i. e., satisfy]. P. Plowman. [She] pays me with disdain. Dryden. 2. Hence, figuratively: To compensate justly; to requite according to merit; to reward; to punish; to retort or retaliate upon. For which, or pay me quickly, or I'll pay you. B. Jonson. 3. To discharge, as a debt, demand, or obligation, by giving or doing what is due or required; to deliver the amount or value of to the person to whom it is owing; to discharge a debt by delivering (money owed). "Pay me that thou owest." Matt. xviii. 28. Have patience with me, and I will pay thee all. Matt. xviii. 26. If they pay this tax, they starve. Tennyson. 4. To discharge or fulfill, as a duy; to perform or render duty, as that which has been promised. This day have I paid my vows. Prov. vii. 14. 5. To give or offer, without an implied obligation; as, to pay attention; to pay a visit. Not paying me a welcome. Shak. To pay off. (a) To make compensation to and discharge; as, to pay off the crew of a ship. (b) To allow (a thread, cord, etc.) to run off; to unwind. -- To pay one's duty, to render homage, as to a sovereign or other superior. -- To pay out (Naut.), to pass out; hence, to slacken; to allow to run out; as, to pay out more cable. See under Cable. -- To pay the piper, to bear the cost, expense, or trouble. [Colloq.] PAY Pay, v. i. Defn: To give a recompense; to make payment, requital, or satisfaction; to discharge a debt. The wicked borroweth, and payeth not again. Ps. xxxvii. 21. 2. Hence, to make or secure suitable return for expense or trouble; to be remunerative or profitable; to be worth the effort or pains required; as, it will pay to ride; it will pay to wait; politeness always pays. To pay for. (a) To make amends for; to atone for; as, men often pay for their mistakes with loss of property or reputation, sometimes with life. (b) To give an equivalent for; to bear the expense of; to be mulcted on account of. 'T was I paid for your sleeps; I watched your wakings. Beau. & Fl. -- To pay off. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) To fall to leeward, as the head of a vessel under sail. -- To pay on. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] To beat with vigor; to redouble blows. [Colloq.] -- To pay round Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) To turn the ship's head. PAY Pay, n. 1. Satisfaction; content. Chaucer. 2. An equivalent or return for money due, goods purchased, or services performed; salary or wages for work or service; compensation; recompense; payment; hire; as, the pay of a clerk; the pay of a soldier. Where only merit constant pay receives. Pope. There is neither pay nor plunder to be got. L'Estrange. Full pay, the whole amount of wages or salary; maximum pay; especially, the highest pay or allowance to civil or military officers of a certain rank, without deductions. -- Half pay. See under Half. -- Pay day, the day of settlement of accounts. -- Pay dirt (Mining), earth which yields a profit to the miner. [Western U.S.] -- Pay office, a place where payment is made. -- Pay roll, a roll or list of persons entitled to payment, with the amounts due. PAYABLE Pay"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. payable. Cf. Pacable.] 1. That may, can, or should be paid; suitable to be paid; justly due. Drayton. Thanks are a tribute payable by the poorest. South. 2. (Law) (a) That may be discharged or settled by delivery of value. (b) Matured; now due. PAY CERPS Pay Cerps. Defn: A staff corps in the United States navy, consisting of pay directors, pay inspectors, paymasters, passed assistant paymasters, and assistant paymasters, having relative rank from captain to ensign, respectively. PAY DIRT; PAY ROCK Pay dirt, Pay rock, etc. (Mining) Defn: Earth, rock, etc., which yields a profit to the miner. [Western U. S.] PAYEE Pay*ee", n. Defn: The person to whom money is to be, or has been, paid; the person named in a bill or note, to whom, or to whose order, the amount is promised or directed to be paid. See Bill of exchange, under Bill. PAYEN Pay"en, n. & a. Defn: Pagan. Etym: [F.] [Obs.] Chaucer. PAYER Pay"er, n. Defn: One who pays; specifically, the person by whom a bill or note has been, or should be, paid. PAYMASTER Pay"mas`ter, n. Defn: One who pays; one who compensates, rewards, or requites; specifically, an officer or agent of a government, a corporation, or an employer, whose duty it is to pay salaries, wages, etc., and keep account of the same. PAYMASTER-GENERAL Pay"mas`ter-gen"er*al. 1. (a) (Mil.) In the United States army, an officer of the rank of brigadier general, who commands the pay department, which is charged with the payment of the officers and men. (b) (Nav.) In the United States navy, the Chief of the Bureau of Provisions and Clothing, who has charge of the payment of officers and men and their clothing and subsistence. He has the rank of rear admiral. 2. In Great Britain, an officer of the Treasury who makes all payments and disbursements, civil as well as military. He is a member of the ministry, but not of the cabinet. PAYMENT Pay"ment, n. Etym: [F. payment, paiement. See Pay to requite.] 1. The act of paying, or giving compensation; the discharge of a debt or an obligation. No man envieth the payment of a debt. Bacon. 2. That which is paid; the thing given in discharge of a debt, or an obligation, or in fulfillment of a promise; reward; recompense; requital; return. Shak. 3. Punishment; chastisement. [R.] PAYN Payn, n. Etym: [OF. & F. pain, fr. L. panis bread.] Defn: Bread. Having Piers Plowman. PAYNDEMAIN Payn`de*main", n. Etym: [OF. pain bread + demaine manorial, lordly, own, private. See Payn, and Demesne. Said to be so called from the figure of our Lord impressed upon it.] Defn: The finest and whitest bread made in the Middle Ages; -- called also paynemain, payman. [Obs.] PAYNE'S PROCESS Payne's process. Defn: A process for preserving timber and rendering it incombustible by impregnating it successively with solutions of sulphate of iron and calcium chloride in vacuo. --Payn"ize, v. t. PAYNIM Pay"nim, n & a. Defn: See Painim. PAYNIZE Payn"ize, v. t. Etym: [From Mr. Payne, the inventor.] Defn: To treat or preserve, as wood, by a process resembling kyanizing. PAYOR Pay*or", n. (Law) Defn: See Payer. [R.] PAYSE Payse, v. t. Defn: To poise. [Obs.] Spenser. PAY STREAK Pay streak. 1. (Mining) The zone, parallel to the walls of a vein, in which the ore is concentrated, or any narrow streak of paying ore in less valuable material. 2. (Oil Boring) A stratum of oil sand thick enough to make a well pay. PAYTINE Pay"tine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid obtained from a white bark resembling that of the cinchona, first brought from Payta, in Peru. PEA Pea, n. Etym: [OF. peis. See Poise.] Defn: The sliding weight on a steelyard. [Written also pee.] PEA Pea, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Peak, n., 3. PEA Pea, n.; pl. Peas or Pease. Etym: [OE. pese, fr. AS. pisa, or OF. peis, F. pois; both fr. L. pisum; cf. Gr. s was misunderstood in English as a plural ending. Cf. Pease.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant, and its fruit, of the genus Pisum, of many varieties, much cultivated for food. It has a papilionaceous flower, and the pericarp is a legume, popularly called a pod. Note: When a definite number, more than one, is spoken of, the plural form peas is used; as, the pod contained nine peas; but, in a collective sense, the form pease is preferred; as, a bushel of pease; they had pease at dinner. This distinction is not always preserved, the form peas being used in both senses. 2. A name given, especially in the Southern States, to the seed of several leguminous plants (species of Dolichos, Cicer, Abrus, etc.) esp. those having a scar (hilum) of a different color from the rest of the seed. Note: The name pea is given to many leguminous plants more or less closely related to the common pea. See the Phrases, below. Beach pea (Bot.), a seashore plant, Lathyrus maritimus. -- Black-eyed pea, a West Indian name for Dolichos sphærospermus and its seed. -- Butterfly pea, the American plant Clitoria Mariana, having showy blossoms. -- Chick pea. See Chick-pea. -- Egyptian pea. Same as Chick-pea. -- Everlasting pea. See under Everlasting. -- Glory pea. See under Glory, n. -- Hoary pea, any plant of the genus Tephrosia; goat's rue. -- Issue pea, Orris pea. (Med.) See under Issue, and Orris. -- Milk pea. (Bot.) See under Milk. -- Pea berry, a kind of a coffee bean or grain which grows single, and is round or pea-shaped; often used adjectively; as, pea-berry coffee. -- Pea bug. (Zoöl.) Same as Pea weevil. -- Pea coal, a size of coal smaller than nut coal. -- Pea crab (Zoöl.), any small crab of the genus Pinnotheres, living as a commensal in bivalves; esp., the European species (P. pisum) which lives in the common mussel and the cockle. -- Pea dove (Zoöl.), the American ground dove. -- Pea-flower tribe (Bot.), a suborder (Papilionaceæ) of leguminous plants having blossoms essentially like that of the pea. G. Bentham. -- Pea maggot (Zoöl.), the larva of a European moth (Tortrix pisi), which is very destructive to peas. -- Pea ore (Min.), argillaceous oxide of iron, occurring in round grains of a size of a pea; pisolitic ore. -- Pea starch, the starch or flour of the common pea, which is sometimes used in adulterating wheat flour, pepper, etc. -- Pea tree (Bot.), the name of several leguminous shrubs of the genus Caragana, natives of Siberia and China. -- Pea vine. (Bot.) (a) Any plant which bears peas. (b) A kind of vetch or tare, common in the United States (Lathyrus Americana, and other similar species). -- Pea weevil (Zoöl.), a small weevil (Bruchus pisi) which destroys peas by eating out the interior. -- Pigeon pea. (Bot.) See Pigeon pea. -- Sweet pea (Bot.), the annual plant Lathyrus odoratus; also, its many-colored, sweet-scented blossoms. PEABIRD Pea"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wryneck; -- so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.] PEABODY BIRD Pea"bod*y bird`. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) having a conspicuous white throat. The name is imitative of its note. Called also White-throated sparrow. PEACE Peace, n. Etym: [OE. pees, pais, OF. pais, paiz, pes, F. paix, L. pax, pacis, akin to pacere, paciscere, pacisci, to make an agreement, and prob. also pangere to fasten. Cf. Appease, Fair, a., Fay, v., Fang, Pacify, Pact, Pay to requite.] Defn: A state of quiet or tranquillity; freedom from disturbance or agitation; calm; repose; specifically: (a) Exemption from, or cessation of, war with public enemies. (b) Public quiet, order, and contentment in obedience to law. (c) Exemption from, or subjection of, agitating passions; tranquillity of mind or conscience. (d) Reconciliation; agreement after variance; harmony; concord. "The eternal love and pees." Chaucer. Note: Peace is sometimes used as an exclamation in commanding silence, quiet, or order. "Peace! foolish woman." Shak. At peace, in a state of peace. -- Breach of the peace. See under Breach. -- Justice of the peace. See under Justice. -- Peace of God. (Law) (a) A term used in wills, indictments, etc., as denoting a state of peace and good conduct. (b) (Theol.) The peace of heart which is the gift of God. -- Peace offering. (a) (Jewish Antiq.) A voluntary offering to God in token of devout homage and of a sense of friendly communion with Him. (b) A gift or service offered as satisfaction to an offended person. -- Peace officer, a civil officer whose duty it is to preserve the public peace, to prevent riots, etc., as a sheriff or constable. -- To hold one's peace, to be silent; to refrain from speaking. -- To make one's peace with, to reconcile one with, to plead one's cause with, or to become reconciled with, another. "I will make your peace with him." Shak. PEACE Peace, v. t. & i. Defn: To make or become quiet; to be silent; to stop. [R.] "Peace your tattlings." Shak. When the thunder would not peace at my bidding. Shak. PEACEABLE Peace"a*ble, a. Etym: [OE. peisible, F. paisible.] Defn: Begin in or at peace; tranquil; quiet; free from, or not disposed to, war, disorder, or excitement; not quarrelsome. -- Peace"a*ble*ness, n. -- Peace"a*bly, adv. Syn. -- Peaceful; pacific; tranquil; quiet; mild; undisturbed; serene; still. -- Peaceable, Peaceful. Peaceable describes the state of an individual, nation, etc., in reference to external hostility, attack, etc.; peaceful, in respect to internal disturbance. The former denotes "in the spirit of peace;" latter; "in the possession or enjoyment of peace." A peaceable adjustment of difficulties; a peaceful life, scene. PEACEBREAKER Peace"break`er, n. Defn: One who disturbs the public peace. -- Peace"break`ing, n. PEACEFUL Peace"ful, a. 1. Possessing or enjoying peace; not disturbed by war, tumult, agitation, anxiety, or commotion; quiet; tranquil; as, a peaceful time; a peaceful country; a peaceful end. 2. Not disposed or tending to war, tumult or agitation; pacific; mild; calm; peaceable; as, peaceful words. Syn. -- See Peaceable. --Peace"ful*ly, adv.. -- Peace"ful*ness, n. PEACELESS Peace"less, a. Defn: Without peace; disturbed. Sandys. PEACEMAKER Peace"mak`er, n. Defn: One who makes peace by reconciling parties that are at variance. Matt. v. 9. --Peace"mak`ing, n. PEACH Peach, v. t. Etym: [See Appeach, Impeach.] Defn: To accuse of crime; to inform against. [Obs.] Foxe. PEACH Peach, v. i. Defn: To turn informer; to betray one's accomplice. [Obs. or Colloq.] If I be ta'en, I'll peach for this. Shak. PEACH Peach, n. Etym: [OE. peche, peshe, OF. pesche, F. pêche, fr. LL. persia, L. Persicum (sc. malum) a Persian apple, a peach. Cf. Persian, and Parsee.] (Bot.) Defn: A well-known high-flavored juicy fruit, containing one or two seeds in a hard almond-like endocarp or stone; also, the tree which bears it (Prunus, or Amygdalus Persica). In the wild stock the fruit is hard and inedible. Guinea, or Sierra Leone, peach, the large edible berry of the Sarcocephalus esculentus, a rubiaceous climbing shrub of west tropical Africa. -- Palm peach, the fruit of a Venezuelan palm tree (Bactris speciosa). -- Peach color, the pale red color of the peach blossom. -- Peach-tree borer (Zoöl.), the larva of a clearwing moth (Ægeria, or Sannina, exitiosa) of the family Ægeriidæ, which is very destructive to peach trees by boring in the wood, usually near the ground; also, the moth itself. See Illust. under Borer. PEACHBLOW Peach"blow`, a. (Ceramics) Defn: Of the delicate purplish pink color likened to that of peach blooms; -- applied esp. to a Chinese porcelain, small specimens of which bring great prices in the Western countries. PEACH-COLORED Peach"-col`ored, a. Defn: Of the color of a peach blossom. "Peach-colored satin." Shak. PEACHER Peach"er, n. Defn: One who peaches. [Low] Foxe. PEACHICK Pea"chick`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chicken of the peacock. PEACHY Peach"y, a. Defn: Resembling a peach or peaches. PEACOCK Pea"cock`, n. Etym: [OE. pecok. Pea- in this word is from AS. peá, pawa, peacock, fr. L. pavo, prob. of Oriental origin; cf. Gr. taus, tawus, Ar. tawu. See Cock the bird.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The male of any pheasant of the genus Pavo, of which at least two species are known, native of Southern Asia and the East Indies. Note: The upper tail coverts, which are long and capable of erection, are each marked with a black spot bordered by concentric bands of brilliant blue, green, and golden colors. The common domesticated species is Pavo cristatus. The Javan peacock (P. muticus) is more brilliantly colored than the common species. 2. In common usage, the species in general or collectively; a peafowl. Peacock butterfly (Zoöl.), a handsome European butterfly (Hamadryas Io) having ocelli like those of peacock. -- Peacock fish (Zoöl.), the European blue-striped wrasse (Labrus variegatus); -- so called on account of its brilliant colors. Called also cook wrasse and cook. -- Peacock pheasant (Zoöl.), any one of several species of handsome Asiatic pheasants of the genus Polyplectron. They resemble the peacock in color. PEACOCK THRONE Pea"cock` Throne. 1. A famous throne formerly of the kings of Delhi, India, but since 1739, when it was carried off by Nadir Shah, held by the shahs of Persia (later Iran); -- so called from its bearing a fully expanded peacock's tail done in gems. PEAFOWL Pea"fowl`, n. Etym: [See Peacock.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The peacock or peahen; any species of Pavo. PEAG Peag, n. [Written also peage, peak, peeke.] [Prob. of North Amer. Indian origin.] Defn: A kind of aboriginal shell money, or wampum, of the Atlantic coast of the United States; -- originally applied only to polished white cylindrical beads. PEAGE Pe"age, n. Defn: See Paage. PEAGRIT Pea"grit`, n. (Min.) Defn: A coarse pisolitic limestone. See Pisolite. PEAHEN Pea"hen`, n. Etym: [See Peacock.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The hen or female peafowl. PEA-JACKET Pea"-jack`et, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. D. pij, pije, a coat of a coarse woolen stuff.] Defn: A thick loose woolen jacket, or coat, much worn by sailors in cold weather. PEAK Peak, n. Etym: [OE. pek, AS. peac, perh of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. peac a sharp-pointed thing. Cf. Pike.] 1. A point; the sharp end or top of anything that terminates in a point; as, the peak, or front, of a cap. "Run your beard into a peak." Beau. & Fl. 2. The top, or one of the tops, of a hill, mountain, or range, ending in a point; often, the whole hill or mountain, esp. when isolated; as, the Peak of Teneriffe. Silent upon a peak in Darien. Keats. 3. (Naut.) (a) The upper aftermost corner of a fore-and-aft sail; -- used in many combinations; as, peak-halyards, peak-brails, etc. (b) The narrow part of a vessel's bow, or the hold within it. (c) The extremity of an anchor fluke; the bill. [In the last sense written also pea and pee.] Fore peak. (Naut.) See under Fore. PEAK Peak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Peaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Peaking.] 1. To rise or extend into a peak or point; to form, or appear as, a peak. There peaketh up a mighty high mount. Holand. 2. To acquire sharpness of figure or features; hence, to look thin or sicky. "Dwindle, peak, and pine." Shak. 3. Etym: [Cf. Peek.] Defn: To pry; to peep slyly. Shak. Peak arch (Arch.), a pointed or Gothic arch. PEAK Peak, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To raise to a position perpendicular, or more nearly so; as, to peak oars, to hold them upright; to peak a gaff or yard, to set it nearer the perpendicular. PEAKED Peaked, a. 1. Pointed; ending in a point; as, a peaked roof. 2. (Oftener Defn: Sickly; not robust. [Colloq.] PEAKING Peak"ing, a. 1. Mean; sneaking. [Vulgar] 2. Pining; sickly; peakish. [Colloq.] PEAKISH Peak"ish, a. 1. Of or relating to a peak; or to peaks; belonging to a mountainous region. "Her peakish spring." Drayton. "His peakish dialect." Bp. Hall. 2. Having peaks; peaked. 3. Having features thin or sharp, as from sickness; hence, sickly. [Colloq.] PEAKY Peak"y, a. 1. Having a peak or peaks. Tennyson. 2. Sickly; peaked. [Colloq.] PEAL Peal, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small salmon; a grilse; a sewin. [Prov. Eng.] PEAL Peal, v. i. Defn: To appeal. [Obs.] Spencer. PEAL Peal, n. Etym: [An abbrev. of F. appel a call, appeal, ruffle of a drum, fr. appeller to call, L. appellare. See Appeal.] 1. A loud sound, or a succession of loud sounds, as of bells, thunder, cannon, shouts, of a multitude, etc. "A fair peal of artillery." Hayward. Whether those peals of praise be his or no. Shak. And a deep thunder, peal on peal, afar. Byron. 2. A set of bells tuned to each other according to the diatonic scale; also, the changes rung on a set of bells. To ring a peal. See under Ring. PEAL Peal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pealed; p. pr. & vb. n. Pealing.] 1. To utter or give out loud sounds. There let the pealing organ blow. Milton. 2. To resound; to echo. And the whole air pealed With the cheers of our men. Longfellow. PEAL Peal, v. t. 1. To utter or give forth loudly; to cause to give out loud sounds; to noise abroad. The warrior's name, Though pealed and chimed on all the tongues of fame. J. Barlow. 2. To assail with noise or loud sounds. Nor was his ear less pealed. Milton. 3. To pour out. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. PEAN Pean, n. Etym: [OF. pene, F. panne.] (Her.) Defn: One of the furs, the ground being sable, and the spots or tufts or. PEAN Pe"an, n. Defn: A song of praise and triumph. See Pæan. PEANISM Pe"an*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The song or shout of praise, of battle, or of triumph. [R.] PEANUT Pea"nut, n. (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of a trailing leguminous plant (Arachis hypogæa); also, the plant itself, which is widely cultivated for its fruit. Note: The fruit is a hard pod, usually containing two or three seeds, sometimes but one, which ripen beneath the soil. Called also earthnut, groundnut, and goober. PEANUT BUTTER Pea"nut but"ter. Defn: A paste made by mixing ground fresh roasted peanuts with a small quantity of water or oil, and used chiefly as a relish on sandwiches, etc. PEAR Pear, n. Etym: [OE. pere, AS. peru, L. pirum: cf. F. poire. Cf. Perry.] (Bot.) Defn: The fleshy pome, or fruit, of a rosaceous tree (Pyrus communis), cultivated in many varieties in temperate climates; also, the tree which bears this fruit. See Pear family, below. Pear blight. (a) (Bot.) A name of two distinct diseases of pear trees, both causing a destruction of the branches, viz., that caused by a minute insect (Xyleborus pyri), and that caused by the freezing of the sap in winter. A. J. Downing. (b) (Zoöl.) A very small beetle (Xyleborus pyri) whose larvæ bore in the twigs of pear trees and cause them to wither. -- Pear family (Bot.), a suborder of rosaceous plants (Pomeæ), characterized by the calyx tube becoming fleshy in fruit, and, combined with the ovaries, forming a pome. It includes the apple, pear, quince, service berry, and hewthorn. -- Pear gauge (Physics), a kind of gauge for measuring the exhaustion of an air-pump receiver; -- so called because consisting in part of a pear-shaped glass vessel. Pear shell (Zoöl.), any marine gastropod shell of the genus Pyrula, native of tropical seas; -- so called from the shape. -- Pear slug (Zoöl.), the larva of a sawfly which is very injurious to the foliage of the pear tree. PEARCH Pearch, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Perch. PEARL Pearl, n. Defn: A fringe or border. [Obs.] -- v. t. Defn: To fringe; to border. [Obs.] See Purl. Pearl stitch. See Purl stitch, under Purl. PEARL Pearl, n. Etym: [OE. perle, F. perle, LL. perla, perula, probably fr. (assumed) L. pirulo, dim. of L. pirum a pear. See Pear, and cf. Purl to mantle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A shelly concretion, usually rounded, and having a brilliant luster, with varying tints, found in the mantle, or between the mantle and shell, of certain bivalve mollusks, especially in the pearl oysters and river mussels, and sometimes in certain univalves. It is usually due to a secretion of shelly substance around some irritating foreign particle. Its substance is the same as nacre, or mother-of-pearl. Pearls which are round, or nearly round, and of fine luster, are highly esteemed as jewels, and compare in value with the precious stones. 2. Hence, figuratively, something resembling a pearl; something very precious. I see thee compassed with thy kingdom's pearl. Shak. And those pearls of dew she wears. Milton. 3. Nacre, or mother-of-pearl. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish allied to the turbot; the brill. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A light-colored tern. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the circle of tubercles which form the bur on a deer's antler. 7. A whitish speck or film on the eye. [Obs.] Milton. 8. A capsule of gelatin or similar substance containing some liquid for medicinal application, as ether. 9. (Print.) Defn: A size of type, between agate and diamond. * This line is printed in the type called pearl. Ground pearl. (Zoöl.) See under Ground. -- Pearl barley, kernels of barley, ground so as to form small, round grains. -- Pearl diver, one who dives for pearl oysters. -- Pearl edge, an edge of small loops on the side of some kinds of ribbon; also, a narrow kind of thread edging to be sewed on lace. -- Pearl eye, cataract. [R.] -- Pearl gray, a very pale and delicate blue-gray color. -- Pearl millet, Egyptian millet (Penicillaria spicata). -- Pearl moss. See Carrageen. -- Pearl moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Margaritia; -- so called on account of its pearly color. -- Pearl oyster (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large tropical marine bivalve mollusks of the genus Meleagrina, or Margaritifera, found in the East Indies (especially at Ceylon), in the Persian Gulf, on the coast of Australia, and on the Pacific coast of America. Called also pearl shell, and pearl mussel. -- Pearl powder. See Pearl white, below. -- Pearl sago, sago in the form of small pearly grains. -- Pearl sinter (Min.), fiorite. -- Pearl spar (Min.), a crystallized variety of dolomite, having a pearly luster. -- Pearl white. (a) Basic bismuth nitrate, or bismuth subchloride; - - used chiefly as a cosmetic. (b) A variety of white lead blued with indigo or Berlin blue. PEARL Pearl, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pearl or pearls; made of pearls, or of mother-of-pearl. PEARL Pearl, v. t. 1. To set or adorn with pearls, or with mother-of-pearl. Used also figuratively. 2. To cause to resemble pearls; to make into small round grains; as, to pearl barley. PEARL Pearl, v. i. 1. To resemble pearl or pearls. 2. To give or hunt for pearls; as, to go pearling. PEARLACEOUS Pearl*a"ceous, a. Defn: Resembling pearl or mother-of-pearl; pearly in quality or appearance. PEARLASH Pearl"ash`, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white amorphous or granular substance which consists principally of potassium carbonate, and has a strong alkaline reaction. It is obtained by lixiviating wood ashes, and evaporating the lye, and has been an important source of potassium compounds. It is used in making soap, glass, etc. PEARL-EYED Pearl"-eyed`, a. Defn: Having a pearly speck in the eye; afflicted with the cataract. PEARLFISH Pearl"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any fish whose scales yield a pearl-like pigment used in manufacturing artificial pearls, as the bleak, and whitebait. PEARLINS; PEARLINGS Pearl"ins, Pearl"ings, n. pl. Etym: [Prob. a corruption of purflings. See Purfle.] Defn: A kind of lace of silk or thread. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. PEARLITE; PEARLSTONE Pearl"ite, Pearl"stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: A glassy volcanic rock of a grayish color and pearly luster, often having a spherulitic concretionary structure due to the curved cracks produced by contraction in cooling. See Illust. under Perlitic. PEARLWORT Pearl"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several species of Sagina, low and inconspicuous herbs of the Chickweed family. PEARLY Pearl"y, a. 1. Containing pearls; abounding with, or yielding, pearls; as, pearly shells. Milton. 2. Resembling pearl or pearls; clear; pure; transparent; iridescent; as, the pearly dew or flood. PEARMAIN Pear"main, n. (Bot.) Defn: The name of several kinds of apples; as, the blue pearmain, winter pearmain, and red pearmain. PEAR-SHAPED Pear"-shaped`, a. Defn: Of the form of a pear. PEART Peart, a. Etym: [A variant of pert, a.] Defn: Active; lively; brisk; smart; -- often applied to convalescents; as, she is quite peart to-day. [O. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] There was a tricksy girl, I wot, albeit clad in gray, As peart as bird, as straight as bolt, as fresh as flowers in May. Warner (1592). PEASANT Peas"ant, n. Etym: [OF. païsant (the i being perh. due to confusion with the p.pr. of verbs), païsan, F. paysan, fr. OF. & F. pays country, fr. L. pagus the country. See Pagan.] Defn: A countryman; a rustic; especially, one of the lowest class of tillers of the soil in European countries. Syn. -- Countryman; rustic; swain; hind. PEASANT Peas"ant, a. Defn: Rustic, rural. Spenser. PEASANTLIKE Peas"ant*like`, a. Defn: Rude; clownish; illiterate. PEASANTLY Peas"ant*ly, a. Defn: Peasantlike. [Obs.] Milton. PEASANTRY Peas"ant*ry, n. 1. Peasants, collectively; the body of rustics. "A bold peasantry." Goldsmith. 2. Rusticity; coarseness. [Obs.] p. Butler. PEASCOD Peas"cod`, n. Defn: The legume or pericarp, or the pod, of the pea. PEASE Pease, n.; obs.pl. Peases, Peasen. Etym: [See Pea.] 1. A pea. [Obs.] "A peose." "Bread . . . of beans and of peses." Piers Plowman. 2. A plural form of Pea. See the Note under Pea. PEASTONE Pea"stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: Pisolite. PEASWEEP Peas"weep`, n. Etym: [So called from its note.] [Prov. Eng.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pewit, or lapwing. (b) The greenfinch. PEAT Peat, n. Etym: [Cf. Pet a fondling.] Defn: A small person; a pet; -- sometimes used contemptuously. [Obs.] Shak. PEAT Peat, n. Etym: [Prob. for beat, prop., material used to make the fire burn better, fr. AS. b to better, mend (a fire), b advantage. See Better, Boot advantage.] Defn: A substance of vegetable origin, consisting of roots and fibers, moss, etc., in various stages of decomposition, and found, as a kind of turf or bog, usually in low situations, where it is always more or less saturated with water. It is often dried and used for fuel. Peat bog, a bog containing peat; also, peat as it occurs in such places; peat moss. -- Peat moss. (a) The plants which, when decomposed, become peat. (b) A fen producing peat. (c) (Bot.) Moss of the genus Sphagnum, which often grows abundantly in boggy or peaty places. -- Peat reek, the reek or smoke of peat; hence, also, the peculiar flavor given to whisky by being distilled with peat as fuel. [Scot.] PEATY Peat"y, a. Defn: Composed of peat; abounding in peat; resembling peat. PEAVEY; PEAVY Pea"vey Pea"vy, n. [Said to be from the inventor's name.] (Lumbering) Defn: A cant hook having the end of its lever armed with a spike. PEBA Pe"ba, n. Etym: [Cf. Pg. peba.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An armadillo (Tatusia novemcincta) which is found from Texas to Paraguay; -- called also tatouhou. PEBBLE Peb"ble, n. Etym: [AS. papolstan; cf. L. papula pimple, mote. See Stone.] 1. A small roundish stone or bowlder; especially, a stone worn and rounded by the action of water; a pebblestone. "The pebbles on the hungry beach." Shak. As children gathering pebbles on the shore. Milton. 2. Transparent and colorless rock crystal; as, Brazilian pebble; -- so called by opticians. Pebble powder, slow-burning gunpowder, in large cubical grains. -- Scotch pebble, varieties of quartz, as agate, chalcedony, etc., obtained from cavities in amygdaloid. PEBBLE Peb"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pebbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Pebbling.] Defn: To grain (leather) so as to produce a surface covered with small rounded prominences. PEBBLED Peb"bled, a. Defn: Abounding in pebbles. Thomson. PEBBLESTONE Peb"ble*stone`. Defn: A pebble; also, pebbles collectively. "Chains of pebblestone." Marlowe. PEBBLY Peb"bly, a. Defn: Full of pebbles; pebbled. "A hard, pebbly bottom." Johnson. PEBRINE Pe`brine", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: An epidemic disease of the silkworm, characterized by the presence of minute vibratory corpuscles in the blood. PECAN Pe*can", n. Etym: [Cf. F. pacane the nut.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of hickory (Carya olivæformis), growing in North America, chiefly in the Mississippi valley and in Texas, where it is one of the largest of forest trees; also, its fruit, a smooth, oblong nut, an inch or an inch and a half long, with a thin shell and well- flavored meat. [Written also pacane.] PECARY Pec"a*ry, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Peccary. PECCABILITY Pec`ca*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being peccable; lability to sin. The common peccability of mankind. Dr. H. More. PECCABLE Pec"ca*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. peccable. See Peccant.] Defn: Liable to sin; subject to transgress the divine law. "A frail and peccable mortal." Sir W. Scott. PECCADILLO Pec`ca*dil"lo, n; pl. Peccadillos. Etym: [Sp. pecadillo, dim. of pecado a sin, fr. L. peccatum. See Peccant.] Defn: A slight trespass or offense; a petty crime or fault. Sir W. Scott. PECCANCY Pec"can*cy, n. Etym: [L. peccantia.] 1. The quality or state of being peccant. 2. A sin; an offense. W. Montagu. PECCANT Pec"cant, a. Etym: [L. peccans, -antis, p.pr. of peccare to sin: cf. F. peccant.] 1. Sinning; guilty of transgression; criminal; as, peccant angels. Milton. 2. Morbid; corrupt; as, peccant humors. Bacon. 3. Wrong; defective; faulty. [R.] Ayliffe. PECCANT Pec"cant, n. Defn: An offender. [Obs.] Whitlock. PECCANTLY Pec"cant*ly, adv. Defn: In a peccant manner. PECCARY Pec"ca*ry, n.; pl. Peccaries. Etym: [From the native South American name: cf. F. pécari, Sp. pecar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A pachyderm of the genus Dicotyles. Note: The collared peccary, or tajacu (Dicotyles torquatus), is about the size and shape of a small hog, and has a white ring aroung the neck. It ranges from Arkansas to Brazil. A larger species (D. labiatus), with white cheeks, is found in South America. PECCAVI Pec*ca"vi. Etym: [L.] Defn: I have sinned; -- used colloquially to express confession or acknowledgment of an offense. Aubrey. PECCO Pec"co, n. Defn: See Pekoe. PECK Peck, n. Etym: [Perh. akin to pack; or, orig., an indefinite quantity, and fr. peck, v. (below): cf. also F. picotin a peak.] 1. The fourth part of a bushel; a dry measure of eight quarts; as, a peck of wheat. "A peck of provender." Shak. 2. A great deal; a large or excessive quantity. "A peck of uncertainties and doubts." Milton. PECK Peck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pecked; p. pr. & vb. n. Pecking.] Etym: [See Pick, v.] 1. To strike with the beak; to thrust the beak into; as, a bird pecks a tree. 2. Hence: To strike, pick, thrust against, or dig into, with a pointed instrument; especially, to strike, pick, etc., with repeated quick movements. 3. To seize and pick up with the beak, or as with the beak; to bite; to eat; -- often with up. Addison. This fellow pecks up wit as pigeons peas. Shak. 4. To make, by striking with the beak or a pointed instrument; as, to peck a hole in a tree. PECK Peck, v. i. 1. To make strokes with the beak, or with a pointed instrument. Carew. 2. To pick up food with the beak; hence, to eat. [The hen] went pecking by his side. Dryden. To peck at, to attack with petty and repeated blows; to carp at; to nag; to tease. PECK Peck, n. Defn: A quick, sharp stroke, as with the beak of a bird or a pointed instrument. PECKER Peck"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, pecks; specif., a bird that pecks holes in trees; a woodpecker. 2. An instrument for pecking; a pick. Garth. Flower pecker. (Zoöl.) See under Flower. PECKISH Peck"ish, a. Defn: Inclined to eat; hungry. [Colloq.] "When shall I feel peckish again" Beaconsfield. PECKLED Pec"kled, a. Defn: Speckled; spotted. [Obs.] PECOPTERIS Pe*cop"te*ris, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extensive genus of fossil ferns; -- so named from the regular comblike arrangement of the leaflets. PECORA Pec"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. pecus. See Pecuniary.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of ruminants, including the antelopes, deer, and cattle. PECTATE Pec"tate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of pectic acid. PECTEN Pec"ten, n. Etym: [L. pecten, -inis, a comb, a kind of shellfish. See Pectinate.] 1. (Anat.) (a) A vascular pigmented membrane projecting into the vitreous humor within the globe of the eye in birds, and in many reptiles and fishes; -- also called marsupium. (b) The pubic bone. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of bivalve mollusks of the genus Pecten, and numerous allied genera (family Pectinidæ); a scallop. See Scallop. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The comb of a scorpion. See Comb, 4 (b). PECTIC Pec"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to pectin; specifically, designating an acid obtained from ordinary vegetable jelly (pectin) as an amorphous substance, tough and horny when dry, but gelatinous when moist. PECTIN Pec"tin, n. Etym: [Gr. pectine.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of carbohydrates, commonly called vegetable jelly, found very widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom, especially in ripe fleshy fruits, as apples, cranberries, etc. It is extracted as variously colored, translucent substances, which are soluble in hot water but become viscous on cooling. PECTINAL Pec"ti*nal, a. Etym: [L. pecten comb. See Pectinate.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a comb; resembling a comb. PECTINAL Pec"ti*nal, n. Defn: A fish whose bone Sir T. Browne. PECTINATE; PECTINATED Pec"ti*na`te, Pec"ti*na`ted, a. Etym: [L. pectinatus, p.pr. of pectinare to comb, from pecten, -inis, a comb; cf. Gr. feax hair, OHG. fahs, E. paxwax.] 1. Resembling the teeth of a comb. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Having very narrow, close divisions, in arrangement and regularity resembling those of a comb; comblike; as, a pectinate leaf; pectinated muscles. See Illust. (e) of Antennæ. 3. Interlaced, like two combs. [R.] "Our fingers pectinated, or shut together." Sir T. Browne. Pectinate claw (Zoöl.), a claw having a serrate edge, found in some birds, and supposed to be used in cleaning the feathers. PECTINATELY Pec"ti*nate*ly, adv. Defn: In a pectinate manner. PECTINATION Pec`ti*na"tion, n. 1. The state of being pectinated; that which is pectinated. Sir T. Browne. 2. The act of combing; the combing of the head. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Comblike toothing. PECTINEAL Pec*tin"e*al, a. Etym: [See Pecten.] (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the pecten. (b) Relating to, or connected with, the pubic bone. PECTINIBRANCH Pec*tin"i*branch, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Pectinibranchiata. Also used adjectively. PECTINIBRANCHIATA Pec`ti*ni*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pecten, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Gastropoda, including those that have a comblike gill upon the neck. PECTINIBRANCHIATE Pec`ti*ni*bran"chi*ate, a. Etym: [L. pecten, -inis, a comb + E. branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having pectinated gills. PECTINIFORM Pec*tin"i*form, a. Defn: Comblike in form. PECTIZE Pec*tize", v. i. Etym: [Gr. Defn: To congeal; to change into a gelatinous mass. [R.] H. Spencer. PECTOLITE Pec"to*lite, n. Etym: [L. pecten a comb + -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A whitish mineral occurring in radiated or fibrous crystalline masses. It is a hydrous silicate of lime and soda. PECTORAL Pec"to*ral, a. Etym: [L. pectoralis, fr. pectus, -oris the breast; cf. F. pectoral.] 1. Of or pertaining to the breast, or chest; as, the pectoral muscles. 2. Relating to, or good for, diseases of the chest or lungs; as, a pectoral remedy. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the breast conspicuously colored; as, the pectoral sandpiper. Pectoral arch, or Pectoral girdle (Anat.), the two or more bony or cartilaginous pieces of the vertebrate skeleton to which the fore limbs are articulated; the shoulder girdle. In man it consists of two bones, the scapula and clavicle, on each side. -- Pectorial cross (Eccl.), a cross worn on the breast by bishops and abbots, and sometimes also by canons. -- Pectorial fins, or Pectorials (Zoöl.), fins situated on the sides, behind the gills. See Illust. under Fin. -- Pectorial rail. (Zoöl.) See Land rail (b) under Land. -- Pectorial sandpiper (Zoöl.), the jacksnipe (b). PECTORAL Pec"to*ral, n. Etym: [L. pectorale a breastplate, neut. of pectorials.] 1. A covering or protecting for the breast. 2. (Eccl.) (a) A breastplate, esp. that worn by the Jewish high person. (b) A clasp or a cross worn on the breast. 3. A medicine for diseases of the chest organs, especially the lungs. PECTORALLY Pec"to*ral*ly, adv. Defn: As connected with the breast. PECTORILOQUIAL Pec`to*ri*lo"qui*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pectoriloque.] Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, pectoriloquy. PECTORILOQUISM Pec`to*ril"o*quism, n. Defn: Pectoriloquy. PECTORILOQUOUS Pec`to*ril"o*quous, a. Defn: Pectoriloquial. PECTORILOQUY Pec`to*ril"o*quy, n. Etym: [L. pectus, -oris, the breast + loqui to speak: cf. F. pectoriloquie.] (Med.) Defn: The distinct articulation of the sounds of a patient's voice, heard on applying the ear to the chest in auscultation. It usually indicates some morbid change in the lungs or pleural cavity. PECTOSE Pec"tose`, n. Etym: [Pectic + cellulose.] (Chem.) Defn: An amorphous carbohydrate found in the vegetable kingdom, esp. in unripe fruits. It is associated with cellulose, and is converted into substances of the pectin group. PECTOSIC Pec*to"sic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, resembling, or derived from, pectose; specifically, designating an acid supposed to constitute largely ordinary pectin or vegetable jelly. PECTOSTRACA Pec*tos"tra*ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A degenerate order of Crustacea, including the Rhizocephala and Cirripedia. PECTOUS Pec"tous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, pectose. PECTUS Pec"tus, n.; pl. Pectora. Etym: [L., the breast.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The breast of a bird. PECUL Pec"ul, n. Defn: See Picul. PECULATE Pec"u*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Peculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Peculating.] Etym: [L. peculatus, p.p. of peculari to peculate, akin to peculium private property. See Peculiar.] Defn: To appropriate to one's own use the property of the public; to steal public moneys intrusted to one's care; to embezzle. An oppressive, . . . rapacious, and peculating despotism. Burke. PECULATION Pec`u*la"tion, n. Defn: The act or practice of peculating, or of defrauding the public by appropriating to one's own use the money or goods intrusted to one's care for management or disbursement; embezzlement. Every British subject . . . active in the discovery of peculations has been ruined. Burke. PECULATOR Pec"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who peculates. "Peculators of the public gold." Cowper. PECULIAR Pe*cul"iar, a. Etym: [L. peculiaris, fr. peculium private property, akin to pecunia money: cf. OF. peculier. See Pecuniary.] 1. One's own; belonging solely or especially to an individual; not possessed by others; of private, personal, or characteristic possession and use; not owned in common or in participation. And purify unto himself a peculiar people. Titus ii. 14. Hymns . . . that Christianity hath peculiar unto itself. Hooker. 2. Particular; individual; special; appropriate. While each peculiar power forgoes his wonted seat. Milton. My fate is Juno's most peculiar care. Dryden. 3. Unusual; singular; rare; strange; as, the sky had a peculiarappearance. Syn. -- Peculiar, Special, Especial. Peculiar is from the Roman peculium, which was a thing emphatically and distinctively one's own, and hence was dear. The former sense always belongs to peculiar (as, a peculiar style, peculiar manners, etc.), and usually so much of the latter as to involve feelings of interest; as, peculiar care, watchfulness, satisfaction, etc. Nothing of this kind belongs to special and especial. They mark simply the relation of species to genus, and denote that there is something in this case more than ordinary; as, a special act of Congress; especial pains, etc. Beauty, which, either walking or asleep, Shot forth peculiar graces. Milton. For naught so vile that on the earth doth live, But to the earth some special good doth give. Shak. PECULIAR Pe*cul"iar, n. 1. That which is peculiar; a sole or exclusive property; a prerogative; a characteristic. Revenge is . . . the peculiar of Heaven. South. 2. (Eng. Canon Law) Defn: A particular parish or church which is exempt from the jurisdiction of the ordinary. Court of Peculiars (Eng. Law), a branch of the Court of Arches having cognizance of the affairs of peculiars. Blackstone. -- Dean of peculiars. See under Dean, 1. PECULIARITY Pe*cul`iar"i*ty, n.; pl. Peculiarities (. 1. The quality or state of being peculiar; individuality; singularity. Swift. 2. That which is peculiar; a special and distinctive characteristic or habit; particularity. The smallest peculiarity of temper on manner. Macaulay. 3. Exclusive possession or right. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. PECULIARIZE Pe*cul"iar*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pecularized; p. pr. & vb. n. Pecularizing.] Defn: To make peculiar; to set appart or assign, as an exclusive possession. [R.] Dr. John Smith. PECULIARLY Pe*cul"iar*ly, adv. Defn: In a peculiar manner; particulary; in a rare and striking degree; unusually. PECULIARNESS Pe*cul"iar*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being peculiar; peculiarity. Mede. PECULIUM Pe*cu"li*um, n. Etym: [L. See Peculiar.] 1. (Rom. Law) Defn: The saving of a son or a slave with the father's or master's consent; a little property or stock of one's own; any exclusive personal or separate property. Burrill. 2. A special fund for private and personal uses. A slight peculium only subtracted to supply his snuff box and tobacco pouch. Sir W. Scott. PECUNIAL Pe*cu"ni*al, a. Defn: Pecuniary. [Obs.] Chaucer. PECUNIARILY Pe*cun"ia*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a pecuniary manner; as regards money. PECUNIARY Pe*cun"ia*ry, a. Etym: [L. pecuniarius, fr. pecunia money, orig., property in cattle, fr. pecus cattle: cf. F. pécuniaire. See Fee, and cf. Peculiar.] 1. Relating to money; monetary; as, a pecuniary penalty; a pecuniary reward. Burke. PECUNIOUS Pe*cu"ni*ous, a. Etym: [L. pecuniosus, fr. pecunia: cf. F. pécunieux.] Defn: Abounding in money; wealthy; rich. [Obs.] Sherwood. PED Ped, n. Etym: [OE. See Peddler.] Defn: A basket; a hammer; a pannier. [Obs.] Halliwell. PEDAGE Ped"age, n. Etym: [LL. pedagium, for pedaticum. See Paage.] Defn: A toll or tax paid by passengers, entitling them to safe- conduct and protection. [Obs.] Spelman. PEDAGOG Ped"a*gog, n. Defn: Pedagogue. PEDAGOGIC Ped`a*gog"ic, n. Etym: [From Pedagogic, a.; cf. G. pedagogik.] Defn: See Pedagogics. PEDAGOGIC; PEDAGOGICAL Ped`a*gog"ic, Ped`a*gog"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. pédagogique. See Pedagogue.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a pedagogue; suited to, or characteristic of, a pedagogue. PEDAGOGICS Ped`a*gog"ics, n. Defn: The science or art of teaching; the principles and rules of teaching; pedagogy. PEDAGOGISM Ped"a*gog*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pédagogisme.] Defn: The system, occupation, character, or manner of pedagogues. Milton. Avocation of pedantry and pedagogism. De Foe. PEDAGOGUE Ped"a*gogue, n. Etym: [F. pédagogue, L. paedagogus, Gr. Page a servant, Agent.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A slave who led his master's children to school, and had the charge of them generally. 2. A teacher of children; one whose occupation is to teach the young; a schoolmaster. 3. One who by teaching has become formal, positive, or pedantic in his ways; one who has the manner of a schoolmaster; a pedant. Goldsmith. PEDAGOGUE Ped"a*gogue, v. t. Etym: [Cf. L. paedagogare to instruct.] Defn: To play the pedagogue toward. [Obs.] Prior. PEDAGOGY Ped"a*go`gy, n. Etym: [Gr. pédagogie.] Defn: Pedagogics; pedagogism. South. PEDAL Pe"dal, a. Etym: [L. pedalis, fr. pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and cf. Pew.] 1. Of or pertaining to the foot, or to feet, literally or figuratively; specifically (Zoöl.), pertaining to the foot of a mollusk; as, the pedal ganglion. 2. ( Defn: Of or pertaining to a pedal; having pedals. Pedal curve or surface (Geom.), the curve or surface which is the locus of the feet of perpendiculars let fall from a fixed point upon the straight lines tangent to a given curve, or upon the planes tangent to a given surface. -- Pedal note (Mus.), the note which is held or sustained through an organ point. See Organ point, under Organ. -- Pedal organ (Mus.), an organ which has pedals or a range of keys moved by the feet; that portion of a full organ which is played with the feet. PEDAL Pe"dal, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pédale, It. pedale. See Pedal, a.] 1. (Mech.) Defn: A lever or key acted on by the foot, as in the pianoforte to raise the dampers, or in the organ to open and close certain pipes; a treadle, as in a lathe or a bicycle. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A pedal curve or surface. PEDALIAN Pe*da"li*an, a. Defn: Relating to the foot, or to a metrical foot; pedal. [R.] Maunder. PEDALITY Pe*dal"i*ty, n. Defn: The act of measuring by paces. [R.] Ash. PEDANEOUS Pe*da"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. pedaneus of the size of a foot.] Defn: Going on foot; pedestrian. [R.] PEDANT Ped"ant, n. Etym: [F. pédant, It. pedante, fr. Gr. pai^s boy. See Pedagogue.] 1. A schoolmaster; a pedagogue. [Obs.] Dryden. A pedant that keeps a school i'th' church. Shak. 2. One who puts on an air of learning; one who makes a vain display of learning; a pretender to superior knowledge. Addison. A scholar, yet surely no pedant, was he. Goldsmith. PEDANTIC; PEDANTICAL Pe*dan"tic, Pe*dan"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a pedant; characteristic of, or resembling, a pedant; ostentatious of learning; as, a pedantic writer; a pedantic description; a pedantical affectation. "Figures pedantical." Shak. PEDANTICALLY Pe*dan"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a pedantic manner. PEDANTICLY Pe*dan"tic*ly, adv. Defn: Pedantically. [R.] PEDANTISM Ped"ant*ism, n. Defn: The office, disposition, or act of a pedant; pedantry. [Obs.] PEDANTIZE Ped"ant*ize, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. pédantiser.] Defn: To play the pedant; to use pedantic expressions. [R.] PEDANTOCRACY Ped`an*toc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Pedant + democracy.] Defn: The sway of pedants. [R.] J. S. Mill. PEDANTRY Ped"ant*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pédanterie.] Defn: The act, character, or manners of a pedant; vain ostentation of learning. "This pedantry of quotation." Cowley. 'T is a practice that savors much of pedantry. Sir T. Browne. PEDANTY Ped"ant*y, n. Defn: An assembly or clique of pedants. [Obs.] Milton. PEDARIAN Pe*da"ri*an, n. Etym: [L. pedarius, fr. pedarius belonging to the foot, fr. pes, pedis, foot.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: One of a class eligible to the office of senator, but not yet chosen, who could sit and speak in the senate, but could not vote; -- so called because he might indicate his opinion by walking over to the side of the party he favored when a vote was taken. PEDARY Ped"a*ry, n.; pl. Pedaries. Etym: [L. pedarius of the foot.] Defn: A sandal. [Obs.] Latimer. PEDATA Pe*da"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pedate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of holothurians, including those that have ambulacral suckers, or feet, and an internal gill. PEDATE Ped"ate, a. Etym: [L. pedatus, p.p. of pedare to furnish with feet, fr. pes, pedis, a foot.] (Bot.) Defn: Palmate, with the lateral lobes cleft into two or more segments; -- said of a leaf. -- Ped"ate*ly, adv. PEDATIFID Pe*dat"i*fid, a. Etym: [Pedate + root of L. findere to split.] [Colloq.] Defn: Cleft in a pedate manner, but having the lobes distinctly connected at the base; -- said of a leaf. PEDDLE Ped"dle, v. i. Etym: [From Peddler.] 1. To travel about with wares for sale; to go from place to place, or from house to house, for the purpose of retailing goods; as, to peddle without a license. 2. To do a small business; to be busy about trifles; to piddle. PEDDLE Ped"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Peddling.] Defn: To sell from place to place; to retail by carrying around from customer to customer; to hawk; hence, to retail in very small quantities; as, to peddle vegetables or tinware. PEDDLER Ped"dler, n. Etym: [OE. pedlere, pedlare, also peddare, peoddare, fr. OE. ped a basket, of unknown origin.] Defn: One who peddles; a traveling trader; one who travels about, retailing small wares; a hawker. [Written also pedlar and pedler.] "Some vagabond huckster or peddler." Hakluyt. PEDDLERY Ped"dler*y, n. Etym: [Written also pedlary and pedlery.] 1. The trade, or the goods, of a peddler; hawking; small retail business, like that of a peddler. 2. Trifling; trickery. [Obs.] "Look . . . into these their deceitful peddleries." Milton. PEDDLING Ped"dling, a. 1. Hawking; acting as a peddler. 2. Petty; insignificant. "The miserable remains of a peddling commerce." Burke. PEDERAST Ped"er*ast, n. Etym: [Gr. paiderasth`s; pai^s, paido`s, a boy + 'era^n to love: cf. F. pédéraste.] Defn: One guilty of pederasty; a sodomite. PEDERASTIC Ped`er*as"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. paiderastiko`s.] Defn: Of or pertaining to pederasty. PEDERASTY Ped"er*as`ty, n. Etym: [Gr. paiderasti`a: cf. F. pédérastie.] Defn: The crime against nature; sodomy. PEDERERO Ped`e*re"ro, n. Etym: [Sp. pedrero, fr. OSp. pedra, Sp. piedra, a stone, L. petra, fr. Gr. (Mil.) Defn: A term formerly applied to a short piece of chambered ordnance. [Written also paterero and peterero.] PEDESIS Pe*de"sis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Defn: Same as Brownian movement, under Brownian. PEDESTAL Ped"es*tal, n. Etym: [Sp. pedestal; cf. F. piédestal, It. piedestallo; fr. L. es, pedis, foot + OHG. stal standing place, station, place, akin to E. stall. See Foot, and Stall, and Footstall.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: The base or foot of a column, statue, vase, lamp, or the like; the part on which an upright work stands. It consists of three parts, the base, the die or dado, and the cornice or surbase molding. See Illust. of Column. Build him a pedestal, and say, "Stand there!" Cowper. 2. (a) (Railroad Cars) A casting secured to the frame of a truck and forming a jaw for holding a journal box. (b) (Mach.) A pillow block; a low housing. (c) (Bridge Building) An iron socket, or support, for the foot of a brace at the end of a truss where it rests on a pier. Pedestal coil (steam Heating), a group of connected straight pipes arranged side by side and one above another, -- used in a radiator. PEDESTALED Ped"es*taled, a. Defn: Placed on, or supported by, a pedestal; figuratively, exalted. Hawthorne. Pedestaled haply in a palace court. Keats. PEDESTRIAL Pe*des"tri*al, a. Etym: [L. pedester, -esteris, fr. pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. pédestere. See Pedal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the feet; employing the foot or feet. PEDESTRIALLY Pe*des"tri*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a pedestrial manner. PEDESTRIAN Pe*des"tri*an, a. Defn: Going on foot; performed on foot; as, a pedestrian journey. PEDESTRIAN Pe*des"tri*an, n. Defn: A walker; one who journeys on foot; a foot traveler; specif., a professional walker or runner. PEDESTRIANISM Pe*des"tri*an*ism, n. Defn: The act, art, or practice of a pedestrian; walking or running; traveling or racing on foot. PEDESTRIANIZE Pe*des"tri*an*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pedestrianized; p. pr. & vb. n. Pedestrianizing.] Defn: To practice walking; to travel on foot. PEDESTRIOUS Pe*des"tri*ous, a. Defn: Going on foot; not winged. [Obs.] "Pedestrious animals." Sir T. Browne. PEDETENTOUS Ped`e*ten"tous, a. Etym: [L. pes, pedis, foot + tendere to stretch out: cf. L. tentim by degrees.] Defn: Proceeding step by step; advancing cautiously. [R.] That pedetentous pace and pedetentous mind in which it behooves the wise and virtuous improver to walk. Sydney Smith. PEDI-; PEDO- Ped"i-, Ped"o-. Etym: [See Foot.] Defn: Combining forms from L. pes, pedis, foot, as pedipalp, pedireme, pedometer. PEDIAL Pe"di*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to the foot, or to any organ called a foot; pedal. Dana. PEDIATRIC Ped`i*at"ric (ped`i*at"rik or ped`i*at"rik), a. [Gr. pai^s, paido`s, child + 'iatrei`a healing.] (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to the care and medical treatment of children. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] PEDIATRICS Ped`i*at"rics, n. Defn: That branch of medical science which treats of the hygiene and diseases of children. PEDICEL Ped"i*cel, n. Etym: [F. pédicelle. See Pedicle.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A stalk which supports one flower or fruit, whether solitary or one of many ultimate divisions of a common peduncle. See Peduncle, and Illust. of Flower. (b) A slender support of any special organ, as that of a capsule in mosses, an air vesicle in algæ, or a sporangium in ferns. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A slender stem by which certain of the lower animals or their eggs are attached. See Illust. of Aphis lion. 3. (Anat.) (a) The ventral part of each side of the neural arch connecting with the centrum of a vertebra. (b) An outgrowth of the frontal bones, which supports the antlers or horns in deer and allied animals. PEDICELED Ped"i*celed, a. Defn: Pedicellate. PEDICELLARIA Ped`i*cel*la"ri*a, n.; pl. Pedicellariæ. Etym: [NL. See Pedicel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar forcepslike organ which occurs in large numbers upon starfishes and echini. Those of starfishes have two movable jaws, or blades, and are usually nearly, or quite, sessile; those of echini usually have three jaws and a pedicel. See Illustration in Appendix. PEDICELLATE Ped"i*cel`late, a. Defn: Having a pedicel; supported by a pedicel. PEDICELLINA Ped`i*cel*li"na, n. Etym: [NL. See Pedicel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Bryozoa, of the order Entoprocta, having a bell- shaped body supported on a slender pedicel. See Illust. under Entoprocta. PEDICLE Ped"i*cle, n. Etym: [L. pediculus a little foot, dim. of pes foot: cf. F. pédicule. See edal, and cf. Pedicel.] Defn: Same as Pedicel. PEDICULAR Pe*dic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. pedicularis, fr. pediculus a louse: cf. F. pédiculaire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to lice; having the lousy distemper (phthiriasis); lousy. Southey. PEDICULATE Pe*dic"u*late, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Pediculati. PEDICULATI Pe*dic`u*la"ti, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pedicle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes including the anglers. See Illust. of Angler and Batfish. PEDICULATION Pe*dic`u*la"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: Phthiriasis. PEDICULE Ped"i*cule, n. Etym: [See Pedicle.] Defn: A pedicel. PEDICULINA Pe*dic`u*li"na, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pediculus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of parasitic hemipterous insects, including the true lice. See Illust. in Appendix. PEDICULOUS Pe*dic"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. pediculosus.] Defn: Pedicular. PEDICULUS Pe*dic"u*lus, n.; pl. Pediculi. Etym: [L., a louse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of wingless parasitic Hemiptera, including the common lice of man. See Louse. PEDICURE Ped"i*cure, n. [Pedi- + L. cura care.] 1. The care of the feet and nails. 2. One who cares for the feet and nails; a chiropodist. -- Ped"i*cure, v. t. --Ped"i*cur*ism (#), n. --Ped"i*cur*ist (#), n. PEDIFORM Ped"i*form, a. Etym: [Pedi- + -form.] Defn: Shaped like a foot. PEDIGEROUS Pe*dig"er*ous, a. Etym: [Pedi- + -gerous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Bearing or having feet or legs. PEDIGREE Ped"i*gree, n. Etym: [Of unknown origin; possibly fr. F. par degrés by degrees, -- for a pedigree is properly a genealogical table which records the relationship of families by degrees; or, perh., fr. F. pied de grue crane's foot, from the shape of the heraldic genealogical trees.] 1. A line of ancestors; descent; lineage; genealogy; a register or record of a line of ancestors. Alterations of surnames . . . have obscured the truth of our pedigrees. Camden. His vanity labored to contrive us a pedigree. Milton. I am no herald to inquire of men's pedigrees. Sir P. Sidney. The Jews preserved the pedigrees of their tribes. Atterbury. 2. (Stock Breeding) Defn: A record of the lineage or strain of an animal, as of a horse. PEDIGREE CLAUSE Ped"i*gree clause. Defn: A clause sometimes inserted in contracts or specifications, requiring that a material of construction, as cement, must be of a brand that has stood the test of a specified number of years' use in an important public work. [Cant, U. S.] PEDILUVY Ped"i*lu`vy, n. Etym: [Pedi- + L. luere to wash: cf. It. & Sp. pediluvio, F. pédiluve.] Defn: The bathing of the feet, a bath for the feet. [Obs.] PEDIMANA Pe*dim"a*na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. pes, pedis, foot + manus hand.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of marsupials, including the opossums. PEDIMANE Ped"i*mane, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pédimane.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A pedimanous marsupial; an opossum. PEDIMANOUS Pe*dim"a*nous, a. Etym: [See Pedimana.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having feet resembling hands, or with the first toe opposable, as the opossums and monkeys. PEDIMENT Ped"i*ment, n. Etym: [L. pes, pedis, a foot. See Foot.] (Arch.) Defn: Originally, in classical architecture, the triangular space forming the gable of a simple roof; hence, a similar form used as a decoration over porticoes, doors, windows, etc.; also, a rounded or broken frontal having a similar position and use. See Temple. PEDIMENTAL Ped`i*men"tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a pediment. PEDIPALP Ped"i*palp, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pédipalpe.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Pedipalpi. PEDIPALPI Ped`i*pal"pi, n pl. Etym: [NL. See Pedipalpus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Arachnida, including the whip scorpions (Thelyphonus) and allied forms. Sometimes used in a wider sense to include also the true scorpions. PEDIPALPOUS Ped`i*pal"pous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the pedipalps. PEDIPALPUS Ped`i*pal"pus, n.; pl. Pedipalpi. Etym: [NL. See Pes, and Palpus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the second pair of mouth organs of arachnids. In some they are leglike, but in others, as the scorpion, they terminate in a claw. PEDIREME Ped"i*reme, n. Etym: [Pedi- + L. remus oar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A crustacean, some of whose feet serve as oars. PEDLAR; PEDLER Ped"lar, Ped"ler, n. Defn: See Peddler. PEDOBAPTISM Pe`do*bap"tism, n. Etym: [Gr. baptism.] Defn: The baptism of infants or of small children. [Written also pædobaptism.] PEDOBAPTIST Pe`do*bap"tist, n. Defn: One who advocates or practices infant baptism. [Written also pædobaptist.] PEDOGRAPH Ped"o*graph, n. [Gr. ground + -graph.] Defn: An instrument carried by a pedestrian for automatically making a topographical record of the ground covered during a journey. PEDOLOGY Pe*dol"o*gy, n. [Gr. , , child + -logy.] (Med.) Defn: Pediatrics. PEDOMANCY Ped"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Pedi- + -mancy.] Defn: Divination by examining the soles of the feet. PEDOMETER Pe*dom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Pedi-, pedo- + -meter: cf. F. pédomètre.] (Mech.) Defn: An instrument for including the number of steps in walking, and so ascertaining the distance passed over. It is usually in the form of a watch; an oscillating weight by the motion of the body causes the index to advance a certain distance at each step. PEDOMETRIC; PEDOMETRICAL Ped`o*met"ric, Ped`o*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or measured by, a pedometer. PEDOMOTIVE Ped`o*mo"tive, a. Etym: [Pedi-, pedo- + -motive.] Defn: Moved or worked by the action of the foot or feet on a pedal or treadle. PEDOTROPHY Pe*dot"ro*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. pédotrophie.] Defn: The art of nourishing children properly. PEDRAIL Ped"rail`, n. [See Pedi-; Rail.] (Mach.) (a) A device intended to replace the wheel of a self-propelled vehicle for use on rough roads and to approximate to the smoothness in running of a wheel on a metal track. The tread consists of a number of rubber shod feet which are connected by ball-and-socket joints to the ends of sliding spokes. Each spoke has attached to it a small roller which in its turn runs under a short pivoted rail controlled by a powerful set of springs. This arrangement permits the feet to accomodate themselves to obstacles even such as steps or stairs. The pedrail was invented by one B. J. Diplock of London, Eng. (b) A vehicle, as a traction engine, having such pedrails. PEDREGAL Pe`dre*gal", n. Etym: [Sp., a stony place, fr. piedra stone.] Defn: A lava field. [Mexico & Western U.S.] PEDRO Pe"dro, n. [From Sp. Pedro Peter, L. Petrus, Gr. .] (Card Playing) (a) The five of trumps in certain varieties of auction pitch. (b) A variety of auction pitch in which the five of trumps counts five. PEDUNCLE Pe*dun"cle, n. Etym: [Formed fr. (assumed) L. pedunculus, dim. of pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. pédoncule.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The stem or stalk that supports the flower or fruit of a plant, or a cluster of flowers or fruits. Note: The ultimate divisions or branches of a peduncle are called pedicels. In the case of a solitary flower, the stalk would be called a peduncle if the flower is large, and a pedicel if it is small or delicate. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sort of stem by which certain shells and barnacles are attached to other objects. See Illust. of Barnacle. 3. (Anat.) Defn: A band of nervous or fibrous matter connecting different parts of the brain; as, the peduncles of the cerebellum; the peduncles of the pineal gland. PEDUNCLED Pe*dun"cled, a. Defn: Having a peduncle; supported on a peduncle; pedunculate. PEDUNCULAR Pe*dun"cu*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pédonculaire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a peduncle; growing from a peduncle; as, a peduncular tendril. PEDUNCULATA Pe*dun`cu*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Peduncle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Cirripedia, including the stalked or goose barnacles. PEDUNCULATE; PEDUNCULATED Pe*dun"cu*late, Pe*dun"cu*la`ted, a. (Biol.) Defn: Having a peduncle; growing on a peduncle; as, a pedunculate flower; a pedunculate eye, as in a lobster. PEE Pee, n. Defn: See 1st Pea. PEE Pee, n. (Naut.) Defn: Bill of an anchor. See Peak, 3 (c). PEECE Peece, n. & v. [Obs.] Defn: See Piece. PEECHI Pee"chi, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dauw. PEEK Peek, v. i. Etym: [OE. piken: cf. F. piquer to pierce, prick, E. pique. Cf. Peak.] Defn: To look slyly, or with the eyes half closed, or through a crevice; to peep. [Colloq.] PEEKABOO Peek"a*boo, n. Defn: A child's game; bopeep. PEEL Peel, n. Etym: [OE. pel. Cf. Pile a heap.] Defn: A small tower, fort, or castle; a keep. [Scot.] PEEL Peel, n. Etym: [F. pelle, L. pala.] Defn: A spadelike implement, variously used, as for removing loaves of bread from a baker's oven; also, a T-shaped implement used by printers and bookbinders for hanging wet sheets of paper on lines or poles to dry. Also, the blade of an oar. PEEL Peel, v. t. Etym: [Confused with peel to strip, but fr. F. piller to pillage. See Pill to rob, Pillage.] Defn: To plunder; to pillage; to rob. [Obs.] But govern ill the nations under yoke, Peeling their provinces. Milton. PEEL Peel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peeled; p. pr. & vb. n. Peeling.] Etym: [F. peler to pull out the hair, to strip, to peel, fr. L. pilare to deprive of hair, fr. pilus a hair; or perh. partly fr. F. peler to peel off the skin, perh. fr. L. pellis skin (cf. Fell skin). Cf. Peruke.] 1. To strip off the skin, bark, or rind of; to strip by drawing or tearing off the skin, bark, husks, etc.; to flay; to decorticate; as, to peel an orange. The skillful shepherd peeled me certain wands. Shak. 2. To strip or tear off; to remove by stripping, as the skin of an animal, the bark of a tree, etc. PEEL Peel, v. i. Defn: To lose the skin, bark, or rind; to come off, as the skin, bark, or rind does; -- often used with an adverb; as, the bark peels easily or readily. PEEL Peel, n. Defn: The skin or rind; as, the peel of an orange. PEELE Pee"le, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A graceful and swift South African antelope (Pelea capreola). The hair is woolly, and ash-gray on the back and sides. The horns are black, long, slender, straight, nearly smooth, and very sharp. Called also rheeboc, and rehboc. PEELER Peel"er, n. Defn: One who peels or strips. PEELER Peel"er, n. Etym: [See Peel to plunder.] Defn: A pillager. PEELER Peel"er, n. Defn: A nickname for a policeman; -- so called from Sir Robert Peel. [British Slang] See Bobby. PEELHOUSE Peel"house`, n. Defn: See 1st Peel. Sir W. Scott. PEEN Peen, n. Etym: [Cf. G. pinne pane of a hammer.] (a) A round-edged, or hemispherical, end to the head of a hammer or sledge, used to stretch or bend metal by indentation. (b) The sharp-edged end of the head of a mason's hammer. [Spelt also pane, pein, and piend.] PEEN Peen, v. t. Defn: To draw, bend, or straighten, as metal, by blows with the peen of a hammer or sledge. PEENGE Peenge, v. i. Defn: To complain. [Scot.] PEEP Peep, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Peeped; p. pr. & vb. n. Peeping.] Etym: [Of imitative origin; cf. OE. pipen, F. piper, pépier, L. pipire, pipare, pipiare, D. & G. piepen. Senses 2 and 3 perhaps come from a transfer of sense from the sound which chickens make upon the first breaking of the shell to the act accompanying it; or perhaps from the influence of peek, or peak. Cf. Pipe.] 1. To cry, as a chicken hatching or newly hatched; to chirp; to cheep. There was none that moved the wing, or opened the mouth, or peeped. Is. x. 14. 2. To begin to appear; to look forth from concealment; to make the first appearance. When flowers first peeped, and trees did blossoms bear. Dryden. 3. To look cautiously or slyly; to peer, as through a crevice; to pry. eep through the blanket of the dark. Shak. From her cabined loophole peep. Milton. Peep sight, an adjustable piece, pierced with a small hole to peep through in aiming, attached to a rifle or other firearm near the breech. PEEP Peep, n. 1. The cry of a young chicken; a chirp. 2. First outlook or appearance. Oft have we seen him at the peep of dawn. Gray. 3. A sly look; a look as through a crevice, or from a place of concealment. To take t' other peep at the stars. Swift. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) Any small sandpiper, as the least sandpiper (Trigna minutilla). (b) The European meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis). Peep show, a small show, or object exhibited, which is viewed through an orifice or a magnifying glass. -- Peep-o'-day boys, the Irish insurgents of 1784; -- so called from their visiting the house of the loyal Irish at day break in search of arms. [Cant] PEEPER Peep"er, n. 1. A chicken just breaking the shell; a young bird. 2. One who peeps; a prying person; a spy. Who's there peepers, . . . eavesdroppers J. Webster. 3. The eye; as, to close the peepers. [Colloq.] PEEPHOLE Peep"hole`, n. Defn: A hole, or crevice, through which one may peep without being discovered. PEEPING HOLE Peep"ing hole`. Defn: See Peephole. PEEP SIGHT Peep sight. Defn: An adjustable piece, pierced with a small hole to peep through in aiming, attached to a rifle or other firearm near the breech; -- distinguished from an open sight. PEEPUL TREE Pee"pul tree`. Etym: [Hind. pipal, Skr. pippala.] (Bot.) Defn: A sacred tree (Ficus religiosa) of the Buddhists, a kind of fig tree which attains great size and venerable age. See Bo tree. [Written also pippul tree, and pipal tree.] PEER Peer, v. i. [imp. & p.p Peered; p. pr. & vb. n. Peering.] Etym: [OF. parir, pareir equiv. to F. paraître to appear, L. parere. Cf. Appear.] 1. To come in sight; to appear. [Poetic] So honor peereth in the meanest habit. Shak. See how his gorget peers above his gown! B. Jonson. 2. Etym: [Perh. a different word; cf. OE. piren, LG. piren. Cf. Pry to peep.] Defn: To look narrowly or curiously or intently; to peep; as, the peering day. Milton. Peering in maps for ports, and piers, and roads. Shak. As if through a dungeon grate he peered. Coleridge. PEER Peer, n. Etym: [OE. per, OF. per, F. pair, fr. L. par equal. Cf. Apparel, Pair, Par, n., Umpire.] 1. One of the same rank, quality, endowments, character, etc.; an equal; a match; a mate. In song he never had his peer. Dryden. Shall they consort only with their peers I. Taylor. 2. A comrade; a companion; a fellow; an associate. He all his peers in beauty did surpass. Spenser. 3. A nobleman; a member of one of the five degrees of the British nobility, namely, duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron; as, a peer of the realm. A noble peer of mickle trust and power. Milton. House of Peers, The Peers, the British House of Lords. See Parliament. -- Spiritual peers, the bishops and archibishops, or lords spiritual, who sit in the House of Lords. PEER Peer v. t. Defn: To make equal in rank. [R.] Heylin. PEER Peer v. t. Defn: To be, or to assume to be, equal. [R.] PEERAGE Peer"age, n. Etym: [See Peer an equal, and cf. Parage.] 1. The rank or dignity of a peer. Blackstone. 2. The body of peers; the nobility, collectively. When Charlemain with all his peerage fell. Milton. PEERDOM Peer"dom, n. Defn: Peerage; also, a lordship. [Obs.] PEERESS Peer"ess, n. Defn: The wife of a peer; a woman ennobled in her own right, or by right of marriage. PEERIE; PEERY Peer"ie, Peer"y, a. Etym: [See 1st Peer, 2.] Defn: Inquisitive; suspicious; sharp. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] "Two peery gray eyes." Sir W. Scott. PEERLESS Peer"less, a. Defn: Having no peer or equal; matchless; superlative. "Her peerless feature." Shak. Unvailed her peerless light. Milton. --Peer"less*ly, adv. -- Peer"less*ness, n. PEERT Peert, a. Defn: Same as Peart. PEERWEET Peer"weet, n. Defn: Same as Pewit (a & b). PEEVISH Pee"vish, a. Etym: [OE. pevische; of uncertain origin, perh. from a word imitative of the noise made by fretful children + -ish.] 1. Habitually fretful; easily vexed or fretted; hard to please; apt to complain; querulous; petulant. "Her peevish babe." Wordsworth. She is peevish, sullen, froward. Shak. 2. Expressing fretfulness and discontent, or unjustifiable dissatisfaction; as, a peevish answer. 3. Silly; childish; trifling. [Obs.] To send such peevish tokens to a king. Shak. Syn. -- Querulous; petulant; cross; ill-tempered; testy; captious; discontented. See Fretful. PEEVISHLY Pee"vish*ly, adv. Defn: In a peevish manner. Shak. PEEVISHNESS Pee"vish*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being peevish; disposition to murmur; sourness of temper. Syn. -- See Petulance. PEEVIT; PEEWIT Pee"vit, Pee"wit, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Pewit. PEG Peg, n. Etym: [OE. pegge; cf. Sw. pigg, Dan. pig a point, prickle, and E. peak.] 1. A small, pointed piece of wood, used in fastening boards together, in attaching the soles of boots or shoes, etc.; as, a shoe peg. 2. A wooden pin, or nail, on which to hang things, as coats, etc. Hence, colloquially and figuratively: A support; a reason; a pretext; as, a peg to hang a claim upon. 3. One of the pins of a musical instrument, on which the strings are strained. Shak. 4. One of the pins used for marking points on a cribbage board. 5. A step; a degree; esp. in the slang phrase "To take one down peg." To screw papal authority to the highest peg. Barrow. And took your grandess down a peg. Hudibras. Peg ladder, a ladder with but one standard, into which cross pieces are inserted. -- Peg tankard, an ancient tankard marked with pegs, so as divide the liquor into equal portions. "Drink down to your peg." Longfellow. -- Peg tooth. See Fleam tooth under Fleam. -- Peg top, a boy's top which is spun by throwing it. -- Screw peg, a small screw without a head, for fastening soles. PEG Peg, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pegged; p. pr. & vb. n. Pegging.] 1. To put pegs into; to fasten the parts of with pegs; as, to peg shoes; to confine with pegs; to restrict or limit closely. I will rend an oak And peg thee in his knotty entrails. Shak. 2. (Cribbage) Defn: To score with a peg, as points in the game; as, she pegged twelwe points. [Colloq.] PEG Peg, v. i. Defn: To work diligently, as one who pegs shoes; -- usually with on, at, or away; as, to peg away at a task. PEGADOR Pe`ga*dor", n. Etym: [Sp., a sticker.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of remora (Echeneis naucrates). See Remora. PEGASEAN Pe*ga"se*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Pegasus, or, figuratively, to poetry. PEGASOID Peg"a*soid, a. Etym: [Pegasus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to Pegasus. PEGASUS Peg"a*sus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: A winged horse fabled to have sprung from the body of Medusa when she was slain. He is noted for causing, with a blow of his hoof, Hippocrene, the inspiring fountain of the Muses, to spring from Mount Helicon. On this account he is, in modern times, associated with the Muses, and with ideas of poetic inspiration. Each spurs his jaded Pegasus apace. Byron. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A northen constellation near the vernal equinoctial point. Its three brightest stars, with the brightest star of Andromeda, form the square of Pegasus. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small fishes, having large pectoral fins, and the body covered with hard, bony plates. Several species are known from the East Indies and China. PEGGER Peg"ger, n. Defn: One who fastens with pegs. PEGGING Peg"ging, n. Defn: The act or process of fastening with pegs. PEGM Pegm, n. Etym: [L. pegma a movable stage, Gr. Defn: A sort of moving machine employed in the old pageants. [Obs.] B. Jonson. PEGMATITE Peg"ma*tite, n. Etym: [From Gr. pegmatite. See Pegm.] (Min.) (a) Graphic granite. See under Granite. (b) More generally, a coarse granite occurring as vein material in other rocks. PEGMATITIC Peg`ma*tit"ic, a. (Min.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, pegmatite; as, the pegmatic structure of certain rocks resembling graphic granite. PEGMATOID Peg"ma*toid, a. Etym: [Pegmatite + -oid.] (Min.) Defn: Resembling pegmatite; pegmatic. PEGOMANCY Peg"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -macy.] Defn: Divination by fountains. [R.] PEGROOTS Peg"roots`, n. Defn: Same as Setterwort. PEHLEVI Peh"le*vi`, n. Etym: [Parsee Pahlavi.] Defn: An ancient Persian dialect in which words were partly represented by their Semitic equivalents. It was in use from the 3d century (and perhaps earlier) to the middle of the 7th century, and later in religious writings. [Written also Pahlavi.] PEIGNOIR Pei`gnoir", n. [F., fr. peigner to comb, L. pectinare. See Pectinate.] Defn: A woman's loose dressing sack; hence, a loose morning gown or wrapper. PEIN Pein, n. Defn: See Peen. PEIRAMETER Pei*ram"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: A dynamometer for measuring the force required to draw wheel carriages on roads of different constructions. G. Francis. PEIRASTIC Pei*ras"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Fitted for trail or test; experimental; tentative; treating of attempts. PEISE Peise, n. Etym: [See Poise.] Defn: A weight; a poise. [Obs.] "To weigh pence with a peise." Piers Plowman. PEISE Peise, v. t. Defn: To poise or weight. [Obs.] Chaucer. Lest leaden slumber peise me down. Shak. PEITREL Pei"trel, n. (Anc. Armor) Defn: See Peytrel. PEJORATIVE Pe*jor"a*tive, a. Etym: [F. péjoratif, fr. L. pejor, used as compar. of malus evil.] Defn: Implying or imputing evil; depreciatory; disparaging; unfavorable. PEKAN Pek"an, n. Etym: [F. pekan.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Fisher, 2. PEKOE Pek"oe, n. Etym: [Chin. pih-hoau: cf. F. pekoë] Defn: A kind of black tea. [Written also pecco.] PELA Pe"la, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wax insect, under Wax. PELAGE Pel"age, n. Etym: [F. pelage, fr. L. pilus hair.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The covering, or coat, of a mammal, whether of wool, fur, or hair. PELAGIAN Pe*la"gi*an, a. Etym: [L. pelagius, Gr. pélagien.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the sea; marine; pelagic; as, pelagian shells. PELAGIAN Pe*la"gi*an, n. Etym: [L. Pelagianus: cf. F. pélagien.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Pelagius, a British monk, born in the later part of the 4th century, who denied the doctrines of hereditary sin, of the connection between sin and death, and of conversion through grace. PELAGIAN Pe*la"gi*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pélagien.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Pelagius, or to his doctrines. PELAGIANISM Pe*la"gi*an*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pélagianisme.] Defn: The doctrines of Pelagius. PELAGIC Pe*lag"ic, a. Etym: [L. pelagicus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the ocean; -- applied especially to animals that live at the surface of the ocean, away from the coast. PELARGONIC Pel`ar*gon"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid (called also nonoic acid) found in the leaves of the geranium (Pelargonium) and allied plants. PELARGONIUM Pel`ar*go"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A large genus of plants of the order Geraniaceæ, differing from Geranium in having a spurred calyx and an irregular corolla. Note: About one hundred and seventy species are known, nearly all of them natives of South Africa, and many having very beautiful blossoms. See the Note under Geranium. PELASGIAN; PELASGIC Pe*las"gi*an, Pe*las"gic, a. Etym: [L. Pelasgus, Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to the Pelasgians, an ancient people of Greece, of roving habits. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Wandering. PELECAN Pel"e*can, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Pelican. PELECANIFORMES Pel`e*can`i*for"mes, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pelican, and -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Those birds that are related to the pelican; the Totipalmi. PELECOID Pel"e*coid, n. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Geom.) Defn: A figure, somewhat hatched-shaped, bounded by a semicircle and two inverted quadrants, and equal in area to the square ABCD inclosed by the chords of the four quadrants. [Written also pelicoid.] Math. Dict. PELECYPODA Pel`e*cyp"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Lamellibranchia. PELEGRINE Pel"e*grine, a. Defn: See Peregrine. [Obs.] PELERINE Pel"er*ine, n. Etym: [F. pèlerine a tippet, fr. pèlerin a pilgrim, fr. L. peregrinus foreign, alien. See Pilgrim.] Defn: A woman's cape; especially, a fur cape that is longer in front than behind. PELE'S HAIR Pe"le's hair. [After a Hawaiian goddess associated with the crater Kilauea.] Defn: Glass threads or fibers formed by the wind from bits blown from frothy lava or from the tips of lava jets or from bits of liquid lava thrown into the air. It often collects in thick masses resembling tow. PELF Pelf, n. Etym: [OE. pelfir booty, OF. pelfre, akin to pelfrer to plunder, and perh. to E. pillage. Cf. Pilfer.] Defn: Money; riches; lucre; gain; -- generally conveying the idea of something ill-gotten or worthless. It has no plural. "Mucky pelf." Spenser. "Paltry pelf." Burke. Can their pelf prosper, not got by valor or industry Fuller. PELFISH Pelf"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pelf. Stanyhurst. PELFRAY; PELFRY Pel"fray, Pel"fry, n. Defn: Pelf; also, figuratively, rubbish; trash. [Obs.] Cranmer. PELICAN Pel"i*can, n. Etym: [F. pélican, L. pelicanus, pelecanus, Gr. paraçu.] [Written also pelecan.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any large webfooted bird of the genus of Pelecanus, of which about a dozen species are known. They have an enormous bill, to the lower edge of which is attached a pouch in which captured fishes are temporarily stored. Note: The American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) and the brown species (P. fuscus) are abundant on the Florida coast in winter, but breed about the lakes in the Rocky Mountains and British America. 2. (Old Chem.) Defn: A retort or still having a curved tube or tubes leading back from the head to the body for continuous condensation and redistillation. Note: The principle is still employed in certain modern forms of distilling apparatus. Frigate pelican (Zoöl.), the frigate bird. See under Frigate. -- Pelican fish (Zoöl.), deep-sea fish (Eurypharynx pelecanoides) of the order Lyomeri, remarkable for the enormous development of the jaws, which support a large gular pouch. -- Pelican flower (Bot.), the very large and curiously shaped blossom of a climbing plant (Aristolochia grandiflora) of the West Indies; also, the plant itself. -- Pelican ibis (Zoöl.), a large Asiatic wood ibis (Tantalus leucocephalus). The head and throat are destitute of feathers; the plumage is white, with the quills and the tail greenish black. -- Pelican in her piety (in heraldry and symbolical art), a representation of a pelican in the act of wounding her breast in order to nourish her young with her blood; -- a practice fabulously attributed to the bird, on account of which it was adopted as a symbol of the Redeemer, and of charity. -- Pelican's foot (Zoöl.), a marine gastropod shell of the genus Aporrhais, esp. Aporrhais pes-pelicani of Europe. PELICAN STATE Pel"i*can State. Defn: Louisiana; -- a nickname alluding to the device on its seal. PELICK Pel"ick, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American coot (Fulica). PELICOID Pel"i*coid, n. Defn: See Pelecoid. PELICOSAURIA Pel`i*co*sau"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A suborder of Theromorpha, including terrestrial reptiles from the Permian formation. PELIOM Pe"li*om, n. Etym: [See Pelioma.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of iolite, of a smoky blue color; pelioma. PELIOMA Pe`li*o"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: A livid ecchymosis. 2. (Min.) Defn: See Peliom. PELISSE Pe*lisse", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. pelliceus, pellicius, made of skins, fr. pellis a skin. Cf. Pelt skin, Pilch, and see 2d Pell.] Defn: An outer garment for men or women, originally of fur, or lined with fur; a lady's outer garment, made of silk or other fabric. PELL Pell, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Pelt, v. t.] Defn: To pelt; to knock about. [Obs.] Holland. PELL Pell, n. Etym: [OF. pel, F. peau, L. pellis a skin. See Fell a skin.] 1. A skin or hide; a pelt. 2. A roll of parchment; a parchment record. Clerk of the pells, formerly, an officer of the exchequer who entered accounts on certain parchment rolls, called pell rolls. [Eng.] PELLACK Pel"lack, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. Peileag.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A porpoise. PELLAGE Pell"age, n. Etym: [See 2d Pell.] Defn: A customs duty on skins of leather. PELLAGRA Pel"la*gra (pel"la*gra), n. (Med.) Defn: An erythematous affection of the skin, with severe constitutional and nervous symptoms, endemic in Northern Italy. PELLAGRIN Pel"la*grin, n. Defn: One who is afficted with pellagra. Chambers's Encyc. PELLAGROUS Pel*lag"rous, a. [It. pellagroso: cf. F. pellagreux.] (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to, or affected with, or attendant on, pellagra; as, pellagrous insanity. PELLET Pel"let, n. Etym: [F. pelote, LL. pelota, pilota, fr. L. pila a ball. Cf. Platoon.] 1. A little ball; as, a pellet of wax . 2. A bullet; a ball for firearms. [Obs.] Bacon. As swift as a pellet out of a gun. Chaucer. Pellet molding (Arch.), a narrow band ornamented with smalt, flat disks. PELLET Pel"let, v. Defn: To form into small balls. [Obs.] Shak. PELLETED Pel"let*ed, a. Defn: Made of, or like, pellets; furnished with pellets. [R.] "This pelleted storm." Shak. PELLIBRANCHIATA Pel`li*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. pellis garment + branchia a gill.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Nudibranchiata, in which the mantle itself serves as a gill. PELLICLE Pel"li*cle, n. Etym: [L. pellicu, dim. of pellis skin: cf. F. pellicule.] 1. A thin skin or film. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A thin film formed on the surface of an evaporating solution. PELLICULAR Pel*lic"u*lar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a pellicle. Henslow. PELLILE Pel*li"le, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The redshank; -- so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.] PELLITORY Pel"li*to*ry, n. Etym: [OE. paritorie, OF. paritoire, F. pariétaire; (cf. It. & Sp. parietaria), L. parietaria the parietary, or pellitory, the wall plant, fr. parietarus belonging to the walls, fr. paries, parietis a wall. Cf. Parietary.] (Bot.) Defn: The common name of the several species of the genus Parietaria, low, harmless weeds of the Nettle family; -- also called wall pellitory, and lichwort. Note: Parietaria officinalis is common on old walls in Europe; P.Pennsylvanica is found in the United States; and six or seven more species are found near the Mediterranean, or in the Orient. PELLITORY Pel"li*to*ry, n. Etym: [Sp. pelitre, fr. L. pyrethrum. See Bertram.] (Bot.) (a) A composite plant (Anacyclus Pyrethrum) of the Mediterranean region, having finely divided leaves and whitish flowers. The root is the officinal pellitory, and is used as an irritant and sialogogue. Called also bertram, and pellitory of Spain. (b) The feverfew (Chrysanthemum Parthenium); -- so called because it resembles the above. PELL-MELL Pell`-mell" (, n. Defn: See Pall-mall. PELLMELL Pell`mell", adv. Etym: [F. pêle-mêle, prob. fr. pelle a shovel + mêler to mix, as when different kinds of grain are heaped up and mixed with a shovel. See Pell shovel, Medley.] Defn: In utter confusion; with confused violence. "Men, horses, chariots, crowded pellmell." Milton. PELLUCID Pel*lu"cid, a. Etym: [L. pellucidus; per (see Per-) + lucidus clear, bright: cf. F. pellucide.] Defn: Transparent; clear; limpid; translucent; not opaque. "Pellucid crystal." Dr. H. More. "Pellucid streams." Wordsworth. PELLUCIDITY; PELLUCIDNESS Pel`lu*cid"i*ty, Pel*lu"cid*ness, n. Etym: [L. pelluciditas.] Defn: The quality or state of being pellucid; transparency; translucency; clearness; as, the pellucidity of the air. Locke. PELLUCIDLY Pel*lu"cid*ly, adv. Defn: In a pellucid manner. PELMA Pel"ma, n.; pl. Pelmata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The under surface of the foot. PELOPIUM Pe*lo"pi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Pelops, brother of Niobe, Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A supposed new metal found in columbite, afterwards shown to be identical with columbium, or niobium. PELOPONNESIAN Pel`o*pon*ne"sian, a. Etym: [L. Peloponnesius, fr. Peloponnesus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Peloponnesus, or southern peninsula of Greece. -- n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of the Peloponnesus. PELORIA Pe*lo"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Abnormal regularity; the state of certain flowers, which, being naturally irregular, have become regular through a symmetrical repetition of the special irregularity. PELORIC Pe*lo"ric, a. (Bot.) Defn: Abnormally regular or symmetrical. Darwin. PELORUS Pe*lo"rus, n. [After Pelorus, said to have been Hannibal's pilot when he left Italy.] (Navig.) Defn: An instrument similar to a mariner's compass, but without magnetic needles, and having two sight vanes by which bearings are taken, esp. such as cannot be taken by the compass. PELOTA Pe*lo"ta, n. [Sp., lit., ball.] Defn: A Basque, Spanish, and Spanish-American game played in a court, in which a ball is struck with a wickerwork racket. PELOTAGE Pel"o*tage, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Packs or bales of Spanish wool. PELT Pelt, n. Etym: [Cf. G. pelz a pelt, fur, fr. OF. pelice, F. pelisse (see Pelisse); or perh. shortened fr. peltry.] 1. The skin of a beast with the hair on; a raw or undressed hide; a skin preserved with the hairy or woolly covering on it. See 4th Fell. Sir T. Browne. Raw pelts clapped about them for their clothes. Fuller. 2. The human skin. [Jocose] Dryden. 3. (Falconry) Defn: The body of any quarry killed by the hawk. Pelt rot, a disease affecting the hair or wool of a beast. PELT Pelt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pelted; p. pr. & vb. n. Pelting.] Etym: [OE. pelten, pulten, pilten, to thrust, throw, strike; cf. L. pultare, equiv. to pulsare (v. freq. fr. pellere to drive), and E. pulse a beating.] 1. To strike with something thrown or driven; to assail with pellets or missiles, as, to pelt with stones; pelted with hail. The children billows seem to pelt the clouds. Shak. 2. To throw; to use as a missile. My Phillis me with pelted apples plies. Dryden. PELT Pelt, v. i. 1. To throw missiles. Shak. 2. To throw out words. [Obs.] Another smothered seems to peltand swear. Shak. PELT Pelt, n. Defn: A blow or stroke from something thrown. PELTA Pel"ta, n.; pl. Peltæ. Etym: [L., a shield, fr. Gr. 1. (Antiq.) Defn: A small shield, especially one of an approximately elliptic form, or crescent-shaped. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A flat apothecium having no rim. PELTATE; PELTATED Pel"tate, Pel"ta*ted, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pelté. See Pelta.] Defn: Shield-shaped; scutiform; (Bot.) having the stem or support attached to the lower surface, instead of at the base or margin; -- said of a leaf or other organ. -- Pel"tate*ly, adv. PELTER Pelt"er, n. Defn: One who pelts. PELTER Pel"ter, n. Defn: A pinchpenny; a mean, sordid person; a miser; a skinflint. [Obs.] "Let such pelters prate." Gascoigne. PELTIER EFFECT Pel`tier" ef*fect". [After Jean C. A. Peltier, French physicist, the discoverer.] (Elec.) Defn: The production or absorption of heat at the junction of two metals on the passage of a current. Heat generated by the passage of the current in one direction will be absorbed if the current is reversed. PELTIER'S CROSS Pel`tier's" cross. (Elec.) Defn: A cross formed of two strips of different metals, to illustrate the Peltier effect. PELTIFORM Pel"ti*form, a. Etym: [Pelta + -form.] Defn: Shieldlike, with the outline nearly circular; peltate. Henslow. PELTING Pel"ting, a. Defn: Mean; paltry. [Obs.] Shak. PELTON WHEEL Pel"ton wheel. (Mech.) Defn: A form of impulse turbine or water wheel, consisting of a row of double cup-shaped buckets arranged round the rim of a wheel and actuated by one or more jets of water playing into the cups at high velocity. PELTRY Pelt"ry, n. Etym: [F. pelleterie peltry, furriery, fr. pelletier a furrier, fr. OF. pel skin, F. peau, L. pelis. See Pelt a skin, Pell, n., Fell a skin.] Defn: Pelts or skins, collectively; skins with the fur on them; furs. PELTRYWARE Pelt"ry*ware`, n. Defn: Peltry. [Obs.] PELUDO Pe*lu"do, n. Etym: [Sp. peludo hairy.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The South American hairy armadillo (Dasypus villosus). PELURE Pe*lure", n. [F., lit., peel, fr. peler to peel.] Defn: A crisp, hard, thin paper, sometimes used for postage stamps. PELUSIAC Pe*lu"si*ac, a. Etym: [L. Pelusiacus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Pelusium, an ancient city of Egypt; as, the Pelusiac (or former eastern) outlet of the Nile. PELVIC Pel"vic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the pelvis; as, pelvic cellulitis. Pelvic arch, or Pelvic girdle (Anat.), the two or more bony or cartilaginous pieces of the vertebrate skeleton to which the hind limbs are articulated. When fully ossified, the arch usually consists of three principal bones on each side, the ilium, ischium, and pubis, which are often closely united in the adult, forming the innominate bone. See Innominate bone, under Innominate. PELVIMETER Pel*vim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Pelvis + -meter.: cf. F. pelvimètre.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the dimensions of the pelvis. Coxe. PELVIMETRY Pel*vim"e*try, n. [Pelvis + -metry.] (Med.) Defn: The measurement of the pelvis. PELVIS Pel"vis, n. Etym: [L., a basin, laver; cf. Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: The pelvic arch, or the pelvic arch together with the sacrum. See Pelvic arch, under Pelvic, and Sacrum. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The calyx of a crinoid. Pelvis of the kidney (Anat.), the basinlike cavity into which the ureter expands as it joins the kidney. PEMBROKE TABLE Pem"broke ta`ble. [From Pembroke, a town and shire in Wales.] Defn: A style of four-legged table in vogue in England, chiefly in the later Georgian period. The characteristic which gives a table the name of Pembroke consists in the drop leaves, which are held up, when the table is open, by brackets which turn under the top. F. C. Morse. PEMMICAN Pem"mi*can, n. Etym: [Written also pemican.] 1. Among the North American Indians, meat cut in thin slices, divested of fat, and dried in the sun. Then on pemican they feasted. Longfellow. 2. Meat, without the fat, cut in thin slices, dried in the sun, pounded, then mixed with melted fat and sometimes dried fruit, and compressed into cakes or in bags. It contains much nutriment in small compass, and is of great use in long voyages of exploration. PEMPHIGUS Pem*phi"gus, n. Etym: [Nl., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A somewhat rare skin disease, characterized by the development of blebs upon different part of the body. Quain. PEN Pen, n. Etym: [OE. penne, OF. penne, pene, F. penne, fr. L. penna.] 1. A feather. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A wing. [Obs.] Milton. 3. An instrument used for writing with ink, formerly made of a reed, or of the quill of a goose or other bird, but now also of other materials, as of steel, gold, etc. Also, originally, a stylus or other instrument for scratching or graving. Graven with an iron pen and lead in the rock. Job xix. 24. 4. Fig.: A writer, or his style; as, he has a sharp pen. "Those learned pens." Fuller. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The internal shell of a squid. 6. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A female swan. [Prov. Eng.] Bow pen. See Bow-pen. -- Dotting pen, a pen for drawing dotted lines. -- Drawing, or Ruling, pen, a pen for ruling lines having a pair of blades between which the ink is contained. -- Fountain pen, Geometric pen. See under Fountain, and Geometric. -- Music pen, a pen having five points for drawing the five lines of the staff. -- Pen and ink, or pen-and-ink, executed or done with a pen and ink; as, a pen and ink sketch. -- Pen feather. A pin feather. [Obs.] -- Pen name. See under Name. -- Sea pen (Zoöl.), a pennatula. [Usually written sea-pen.] PEN Pen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penned; p. pr. & vb. n. Penning.] Defn: To write; to compose and commit to paper; to indite; to compose; as, to pen a sonnet. "A prayer elaborately penned." Milton. PEN Pen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penned or Pent (p. pr. & vb. n. Penning.] Etym: [OE. pennen, AS. pennan in on-pennan to unfasten, prob. from the same source as pin, and orig. meaning, to fasten with a peg.See Pin, n. & v.] Defn: To shut up, as in a pen or cage; to confine in a small inclosure or narrow space; to coop up, or shut in; to inclose. "Away with her, and pen her up." Shak. Watching where shepherds pen their flocks at eve. Milton. PEN Pen, n. Etym: [From Pen to shut in.] Defn: A small inclosure; as, a pen for sheep or for pigs. My father stole two geese out of a pen. Shak. PENAL Pe"nal, a. Etym: [L. poenalis, fr. poena punishment: cf. F. pénal. See Pain.] Defn: Of or pertaining to punishment, to penalties, or to crimes and offenses; pertaining to criminal jurisprudence: as: (a) Enacting or threatening punishment; as, a penal statue; the penal code. (b) Incurring punishment; subject to a penalty; as, a penalact of offense. (c) Inflicted as punishment; used as a means of punishment; as, a penal colony or settlement. "Adamantine chains and penal fire." Milton. Penal code (Law), a code of laws concerning crimes and offenses and their punishment. -- Penal laws, Penal statutes (Law), laws prohibited certain acts, and imposing penalties for committing them. -- Penal servitude, imprisonment with hard labor, in a prison, in lieu of transportation. [Great Brit.] -- Penal suit, Penal action (Law), a suit for penalties. PENALITY Pe*nal"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. poenalitas. See Penalty.] Defn: The quality or state of being penal; lability to punishment. Sir T. Browne. PENALIZE Pe"nal*ize, v. t. 1. To make penal. 2. (Sport.) Defn: To put a penalty on. See Penalty, 3. [Eng.] PENALLY Pe"nal*ly, adv. Defn: In a penal manner. PENALTY Pe"nal*ty, n.; pl. Penalties. Etym: [F. pénalité. See Penal.] 1. Penal retribution; punishment for crime or offense; the suffering in person or property which is annexed by law or judicial decision to the commission of a crime, offense, or trespass. Death is the penalty imposed. Milton. 2. The suffering, or the sum to be forfeited, to which a person subjects himself by covenant or agreement, in case of nonfulfillment of stipulations; forfeiture; fine. The penalty and forfeit of my bond. Shak. 3. A handicap. [Sporting Cant] Note: The term penalty is in law mostly applied to a pecuniary punishment. Bill of pains and penalties. See under Bill. -- On, or Under, penalty of, on pain of; with exposure to the penalty of, in case of transgression. PENANCE Pen"ance, n. Etym: [OF. penance, peneance, L. paenitentia repentance. See Penitence.] 1. Repentance. [Obs.] Wyclif (Luke xv. 7). 2. Pain; sorrow; suffering. [Obs.] "Joy or penance he feeleth none." Chaucer. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: A means of repairing a sin committed, and obtaining pardon for it, consisting partly in the performance of expiatory rites, partly in voluntary submission to a punishment corresponding to the transgression. Penance is the fourth of seven sacraments in the Roman Catholic Church. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. And bitter penance, with an iron whip. Spenser. Quoth he, "The man hath penance done, And penance more will do." Coleridge. PENANCE Pen"ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penanced.] Defn: To impose penance; to punish. "Some penanced lady elf." Keats. PENANCELESS Pen"ance*less, a. Defn: Free from penance. [R.] PENANG LAWYER Pe*nang" law"yer. [Prob. fr. Malay pinang liar.] Defn: A kind of walking stick made from the stem of an East Asiatic palm (Licuala acutifida). PENANG NUT Pe*nang" nut`. Etym: [From the native name.] (Bot.) Defn: The betel nut. Balfour (Cyc. of India). PENANNULAR Pen*an"nu*lar, a. Etym: [L. pene, paene, almost + E. annular.] Defn: Nearly annular; having nearly the form of a ring. "Penannular relics." D. Wilson. PENARY Pe"na*ry, a. Defn: Penal. [Obs.] Gauden. PENATES Pe*na"tes, n. pl. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: The household gods of the ancient Romans. They presided over the home and the family hearth. See Lar. PENAUNT Pen"aunt, n. Etym: [OF. penant, peneant. See Penitent.] Defn: A penitent. [Obs.] Chaucer. PENCE Pence, n., Defn: pl. of Penny. See Penny. PENCEL Pen"cel, n. Etym: [See Pennoncel.] Defn: A small, narrow flag or streamer borne at the top of a lance; - - called also pennoncel. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Chaucer. PENCHANT Pen`chant", n. Etym: [F., fr. pencher to bend, fr. (assumed) LL. pendicare, L. pendere. See Pendant.] Defn: Inclination; decided taste; bias; as, a penchant for art. PENCHUTE Pen"chute`, n. Defn: See Penstock. PENCIL Pen"cil, n. Etym: [OF. pincel, F. pinceau, L. penicillum, penicillus, equiv. to peniculus, dim. of penis a tail. Cf. Penicil.] 1. A small, fine brush of hair or bristles used by painters for laying on colors. With subtile pencil depainted was this storie. Chaucer. 2. A slender cylinder or strip of black lead, colored chalk, slate etc., or such a cylinder or strip inserted in a small wooden rod intended to be pointed, or in a case, which forms a handle, -- used for drawing or writing. See Graphite. 3. Hence, figuratively, an artist's ability or peculiar manner; also, in general, the act or occupation of the artist, descriptive writer, etc. 4. (Opt.) Defn: An aggregate or collection of rays of light, especially when diverging from, or converging to, a point. 5. (Geom.) Defn: A number of lines that intersect in one point, the point of intersection being called the pencil point. 6. (Med.) Defn: A small medicated bougie. Pencil case, a holder for pencil lead. -- Pencil flower (Bot.), an American perennial leguminous herb (Stylosanthes elatior). -- Pencil lead, a slender rod of black lead, or the like, adapted for insertion in a holder. PENCIL Pen"cil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penciled or Pencilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Penciling or Pencilling.] Defn: To write or mark with a pencil; to paint or to draw. Cowper. Where nature pencils butterflies on flowers. Harte. PENCILED Pen"ciled, a. Etym: [Written also pencilled.] 1. Painted, drawn, sketched, or marked with a pencil. 2. Radiated; having pencils of rays. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Marked with parallel or radiating lines. PENCILING Pen"cil*ing, n. Etym: [Written also pencilling.] 1. The work of the pencil or bruch; as, delicate penciling in a picture. 2. (Brickwork) Defn: Lines of white or black paint drawn along a mortar joint in a brick wall. Knight. PENCILLATE; PENCILLATED Pen"cil*late, Pen"cil*la`ted, a. Defn: Shaped like a pencil; penicillate. PENCRAFT Pen"craft, n. 1. Penmanship; skill in writing; chirography. 2. The art of composing or writing; authorship. I would not give a groat for that person's knowledge in pencraft. S PEND Pend, n. Defn: Oil cake; penock. [India] PEND Pend, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pended; p. pr. & vb. n. Pending.] Etym: [L. pendere.] 1. To hang; to depend. [R.] Pending upon certain powerful motions. I. Taylor. 2. To be undecided, or in process of adjustment. PEND Pend, v. t. Etym: [Cf. pen to shut in, or AS. pyndan, E. pound an inclosure.] Defn: To pen; to confine. [R.] ended within the limits . . . of Greece. Udall. PENDANT Pend"ant, n. Etym: [F., orig. p.pr. of pendre to hang, L. pendere. Cf. Pendent, Pansy, Pensive, Poise, Ponder.] 1. Something which hangs or depends; something suspended; a hanging appendage, especially one of an ornamental character; as to a chandelier or an eardrop; also, an appendix or addition, as to a book. Some hang upon the pendants of her ear. Pope. Many . . . have been pleased with this work and its pendant, the Tales and Popular Fictions. Keightley. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A hanging ornament on roofs, ceilings, etc., much used in the later styles of Gothic architecture, where it is of stone, and an important part of the construction. There are imitations in plaster and wood, which are mere decorative features. "[A bridge] with . . . pendants graven fair." Spenser. 3. (Fine Arts) Defn: One of a pair; a counterpart; as, one vase is the pendant to the other vase. 4. A pendulum. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby. 5. The stem and ring of a watch, by which it is suspended. [U.S.] Knight. Pendant post (Arch.), a part of the framing of an open timber roof; a post set close against the wall, and resting upon a corbel or other solid support, and supporting the ends of a collar beam or any part of the roof. PENDENCE Pend"ence, n. Etym: [See Pendent.] Defn: Slope; inclination. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. PENDENCY Pend"en*cy, n. 1. The quality or state of being pendent or suspended. 2. The quality or state of being undecided, or in continuance; suspense; as, the pendency of a suit. Ayliffe. PENDENT Pend"ent, a. Etym: [L. pendens, -entis, p.pr. of pendere to hang, to be suspended. Cf. Pendant.] 1. Supported from above; suspended; depending; pendulous; hanging; as, a pendent leaf. "The pendent world." Shak. Often their tresses, when shaken, with pendent icicles tinkle. Longfellow. 2. Jutting over; projecting; overhanging. "A vapor sometime like a . . . pendent rock." Shak. PENDENTIVE Pen*den"tive, n. Etym: [F. pendentif, fr. L. pendere to hang.] (Arch.) (a) The portion of a vault by means of which the square space in the middle of a building is brought to an octagon or circle to receive a cupola. (b) The part of a groined vault which is supported by, and springs from, one pier or corbel. PENDENTLY Pend"ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a pendent manner. PENDICE Pen"dice, n. Etym: [Cf. Pentice.] Defn: A sloping roof; a lean-to; a penthouse. [Obs.] Fairfax. PENDICLE Pen"di*cle, n. Etym: [Cf. Appendicle.] Defn: An appendage; something dependent on another; an appurtenance; a pendant. Sir W. Scott. PENDICLER Pen*di*cler, n. Defn: An inferior tenant; one who rents a pendicle or croft. [Scot.] Jamieson. PENDING Pend"ing, a. Etym: [L. pendere to hang, to be suspended. Cf. Pendent.] Defn: Not yet decided; in continuance; in suspense; as, a pending suit. PENDING Pend"ing, prep. Defn: During; as, pending the trail. PENDRAGON Pen"drag*on, n. Defn: A chief leader or a king; a head; a dictator; -- a title assumed by the ancient British chiefs when called to lead other chiefs. The dread Pendragon, Britain's king of kings. Tennyson. PENDULAR Pen"du*lar, a. Defn: Pendulous. PENDULATE Pen"du*late, v. i. Defn: To swing as a pendulum. [R.] PENDULE Pen"dule, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A pendulum. [R.] Evelyn. PENDULINE Pen"du`line, n. Etym: [F. See Pendulum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European titmouse (Parus, or Ægithalus, pendulinus). It is noted for its elegant pendulous purselike nest, made of the down of willow trees and lined with feathers. PENDULOSITY Pen`du*los"i*ty, n. Etym: [See Pendulous.] Defn: The state or quality of being pendulous. Sir T. Browne. PENDULOUS Pen"du*lous, a. Etym: [L. pendulus, fr. pendere to hang. Cf. Pendant, and cf. Pendulum.] 1. Depending; pendent loosely; hanging; swinging. Shak. "The pendulous round earth. Milton. 2. Wavering; unstable; doubtful. [R.] "A pendulous state of mind." Atterbury. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Inclined or hanging downwards, as a flower on a recurved stalk, or an ovule which hangs from the upper part of the ovary. PENDULOUSLY Pen"du*lous*ly, adv. Defn: In a pendulous manner. PENDULOUSNESS Pen"du*lous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being pendulous; the state of hanging loosely; pendulosity. PENDULUM Pen"du*lum, n.; pl. Pendulums. Etym: [NL., fr. L. pendulus hanging, swinging. See Pendulous.] Defn: A body so suspended from a fixed point as to swing freely to and fro by the alternate action of gravity and momentum. It is used to regulate the movements of clockwork and other machinery. Note: The time of oscillation of a pendulum is independent of the arc of vibration, provided this arc be small. Ballistic pendulum. See under Ballistic. -- Compensation pendulum, a clock pendulum in which the effect of changes of temperature of the length of the rod is so counteracted, usually by the opposite expansion of differene metals, that the distance of the center of oscillation from the center of suspension remains invariable; as, the mercurial compensation pendulum, in which the expansion of the rod is compensated by the opposite expansion of mercury in a jar constituting the bob; the gridiron pendulum, in which compensation is effected by the opposite expansion of sets of rodsof different metals. -- Compound pendulum, an ordinary pendulum; -- so called, as being made up of different parts, and contrasted with simple pendulum. -- Conical or Revolving, pendulum, a weight connected by a rod with a fixed point; and revolving in a horizontal cyrcle about the vertical from that point. -- Pendulum bob, the weight at the lower end of a pendulum. -- Pendulum level, a plumb level. See under Level. -- Pendulum wheel, the balance of a watch. -- Simple or Theoretical, pendulum, an imaginary pendulum having no dimensions except length, and no weight except at the center of oscillation; in other words, a material point suspended by an ideal line. PENELOPE Pe*nel"o*pe, n. Etym: [From. L. Penelope, the wife of Ulysses, the hero of the Odyssey, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of curassows, including the guans. PENEPLAIN Pe"ne*plain`, n. [L. paene, pene, almost + E. plain.] (Phys. Geog.) Defn: A land surface reduced by erosion to the general condition of a plain, but not wholly devoid of hills; a base-level plain. PENETRABILITY Pen`e*tra*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pénétrabilité.] Defn: The quality of being penetrable; susceptibility of being penetrated, entered, or pierced. Cheyne. PENETRABLE Pen"e*tra*ble, a. Etym: [L. penetrabilus: cf. F. pénétrable.] Defn: Capable of being penetrated, entered, or pierced. Used also figuratively. And pierce his only penetrable part. Dryden. I am not made of stones, But penetrable to your kind entreats. Shak. -- Pen"e*tra*ble*ness, n. -- Pen"e*tra*bly, adv. PENETRAIL Pen"e*trail, n. Defn: Penetralia. [Obs.] Harvey. PENETRALIA Pen`e*tra"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. penetralis penetrating, internal. See Penetrate.] 1. The recesses, or innermost parts, of any thing or place, especially of a temple or palace. 2. Hidden things or secrets; privacy; sanctuary; as, the sacred penetralia of the home. PENETRANCE; PENETRANCY Pen"e*trance, Pen"e*tran*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being penetrant; power of entering or piercing; penetrating power of quality; as, the penetrancy of subtile effluvia. PENETRANT Pen"e*trant, a. Etym: [L. penetrans, p.pr. of penetrare: cf. F. pénétrant.] Defn: Having power to enter or pierce; penetrating; sharp; subtile; as, penetrant cold. "Penetrant and powerful arguments." Boyle. PENETRATE Pen"e*trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penetrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Penetrating.] Etym: [L. penetratus, p.p. of penetrare to penetrate; akin to penitus inward, inwardly, and perh. to pens with, in the power of, penus store of food, innermost part of a temple.] 1. To enter into; to make way into the interior of; to effect an entrance into; to pierce; as, light penetrates darkness. 2. To affect profoundly through the senses or feelings; to touch with feeling; to make sensible; to move deeply; as, to penetrate one's heart with pity. Shak. The translator of Homer should penetrate himself with a sense of the plainness and directness of Homer's style. M. Arnold. 3. To pierce into by the mind; to arrive at the inner contents or meaning of, as of a mysterious or difficult subject; to comprehend; to understand. Things which here were too subtile for us to penetrate. Ray. PENETRATE Pen"e*trate, v. i. Defn: To pass; to make way; to pierce. Also used figuratively. Preparing to penetrate to the north and west. J. R. Green. Born where Heaven's influence scarce can penetrate. Pope. The sweet of life that penetrates so near. Daniel. PENETRATING Pen"e*tra`ting, a. 1. Having the power of entering, piercing, or pervading; sharp; subtile; penetrative; as, a penetrating odor. 2. Acute; discerning; sagacious; quick to discover; as, a penetrating mind. PENETRATINGLY Pen"e*tra`ting*ly, adv. Defn: In a penetrating manner. PENETRATION Pen"e*tra`tion, n. Etym: [L. penetratio: cf. F. pénétration.] 1. The act or process of penetrating, piercing, or entering; also, the act of mentally penetrating into, or comprehending, anything difficult. And to each in ward part, With gentle penetration, though unseen, Shoots invisible virtue even to the deep. Milton. A penetration into the difficulties of algebra. Watts. 2. Acuteness; insight; sharp discoverment; sagacity; as, a person of singular penetration. Walpole. Syn. -- Discernment; sagacity; acuteness; sharpness; discrimination. See Discernment, and Sagacity. PENETRATIVE Pen"e*tra*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pénétratif.] 1. Tending to penetrate; of a penetrating quality; piercing; as, the penetrative sun. His look became keen and penetrative. Hawthorne. 2. Having the power to affect or impress the mind or heart; impressive; as, penetrative shame. Shak. 3. Acute; discerning; sagacious; as, penetrative wisdom. "The penetrative eye." Wordsworth. Led on by skill of penetrative soul. Grainger. PENETRATIVENESS Pen"e*tra*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being penetrative. PENFISH Pen"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A squid. PENFOLD Pen"fold`, n. Defn: See Pinfold. PENGOLIN Pen"go*lin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pangolin. PENGUIN Pen"guin, n. Etym: [Perh. orig. the name of another bird, and fr. W. pen head + gwyn white; or perh. from a native South American name.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the order Impennes, or Ptilopteri. They are covered with short, thick feathers, almost scalelike on the wings, which are without true quills. They are unable to fly, but use their wings to aid in diving, in which they are very expert. See King penguin, under Jackass. Note: Penguins are found in the south temperate and antarctic regions. The king penguins (Aptenodytes Patachonica, and A. longirostris) are the largest; the jackass penguins (Spheniscus) and the rock hoppers (Catarractes) congregate in large numbers at their breeding grounds. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The egg-shaped fleshy fruit of a West Indian plant (Bromelia Pinguin) of the Pineapple family; also, the plant itself, which has rigid, pointed, and spiny-toothed leaves, and is used for hedges. [Written also pinguin.] Arctic penguin (Zoöl.), the great auk. See Auk. PENGUINERY Pen"guin*er*y, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A breeding place, or rookery, of penguins. PENHOLDER Pen"hold`er, n. Defn: A handle for a pen. PENHOUSE Pen"house`, n. Defn: A penthouse. [Obs.] PENIBLE Pen*i"ble, a. Etym: [OF. penible. Cf. Painable.] Defn: Painstaking; assidous. [Obs.] Chaucer. PENICIL Pen"i*cil, n. Etym: [L. penicillum, penicillus, a painter's brush, a roil of lint, a tent for wounds.] (mented.) Defn: A tent or pledget for wounds or ulcers. PENICILLATE Pen`i*cil"late, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pénicillé. See Penicil.] (Biol.) Defn: Having the form of a pencil; furnished with a pencil of fine hairs; ending in a tuft of hairs like a camel's-hair brush, as the stigmas of some grasses. PENICILLIFORM Pen`i*cil"li*form, a. (Bot.) Defn: Penicillate. PENINSULA Pen*in"su*la, n. Etym: [L. peninsula or paeninsula; paene almost + insula an island. See Isle.] Defn: A portion of land nearly surrounded by water, and connected with a larger body by a neck, or isthmus. PENINSULAR Pen*in"su*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. péninsulaire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a peninsula; as, a peninsular form; peninsular people; the peninsular war. PENINSULA STATE Pen*in"su*la State. Defn: Florida; -- a nickname. PENINSULATE Pen*in"su*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peninsulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Peninsulating.] Defn: To form into a peninsula. South River . . . peninsulates Castle Hill farm. W. Bentley. PENIS Pe"nis, n. Etym: [L.] (Anat.) Defn: The male member, or organ of generation. PENITENCE Pen"i*tence, n. Etym: [F. pénitence, L. paenitentia. See Penitent, and cf. Penance.] Defn: The quality or condition of being penitent; the disposition of a penitent; sorrow for sins or faults; repentance; contrition. "Penitence of his old guilt." Chaucer. Death is deferred, and penitenance has room To mitigate, if not reverse, the doom. Dryden. Syn. -- Repentance; contrition; compunction. PENITENCER Pen"i*ten*cer, n. Etym: [F. pénitencier.] Defn: A priest who heard confession and enjoined penance in extraordinary cases. [Written also penitenser.] [Obs.] Chaucer. PENITENCY Pen"i*ten*cy, n. Defn: Penitence. [Obs.] PENITENT Pen"i*tent, a. Etym: [F. pénitent, L. paenitens, -entis, poenitens, p.pr. of paenitere, poenitere, to cause to repent, to repent; prob. akin to poena punishment. See Pain.] 1. Feeling pain or sorrow on account of sins or offenses; repentant; contrite; sincerely affected by a sense of guilt, and resolved on amendment of life. Be penitent, and for thy fault contrite. Milton. The pound he tamed, the penitent he cheered. Dryden. 2. Doing penance. [Obs.] Shak. PENITENT Pen"i*tent, n. 1. One who repents of sin; one sorrowful on account of his transgressions. 2. One under church censure, but admitted to penance; one undergoing penance. 3. One under the direction of a confessor. Note: Penitents is an appellation given to certain fraternities in Roman Catholic countries, distinguished by their habit, and employed in charitable acts. PENITENTIAL Pen`i*ten"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pénitentiel.] Defn: Of or pertaining to penitence, or to penance; expressing penitence; of the nature of penance; as, the penitential book; penitential tears. "Penitential stripes." Cowper. Guilt that all the penitential fires of hereafter can not cleanse. Sir W. Scott. PENITENTIAL Pen`i*ten"tial, n. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A book formerly used by priests hearing confessions, containing rules for the imposition of penances; -- called also penitential book. PENITENTIALLY Pen`i*ten"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In a penitential manner. PENITENTIARY Pen`i*ten"tia*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pénitentiaire.] 1. Relating to penance, or to the rules and measures of penance. "A penitentiary tax." Abp. Bramhall. 2. Expressive of penitence; as, a penitentiary letter. 3. Used for punishment, discipline, and reformation. "Penitentiary houses." Blackstone. PENITENTIARY Pen`i*ten"tia*ry, n.; pl. Penitentiaries. Etym: [Cf. F. pénitencier. See Penitent.] 1. One who prescribes the rules and measures of penance. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. One who does penance. [Obs.] Hammond. 3. A small building in a monastery where penitents confessed. Shpiley. 4. That part of a church to which penitents were admitted. Shipley. 5. (R. C. Ch.) (a) An office of the papal court which examines cases of conscience, confession, absolution from vows, etc., and delivers decisions, dispensations, etc. Its chief is a cardinal, called the Grand Penitentiary, appointed by the pope. (b) An officer in some dioceses since A. D. 1215, vested with power from the bishop to absolve in cases reserved to him. 6. A house of correction, in which offenders are confined for punishment, discipline, and reformation, and in which they are generally compelled to labor. PENITENTIARYSHIP Pen`i*ten"tia*ry*ship, n. Defn: The office or condition of a penitentiary of the papal court. [R.] Wood. PENITENTLY Pen"i*tent*ly, adv. Defn: In a penitent manner. PENK Penk, n. Defn: A minnow. See Pink, n., 4. [Prov. Eng.] Walton. PENKNIFE Pen"knife`, n.; pl. Penknives. Etym: [Pen + knife.] Defn: A small pocketknife; formerly, a knife used for making and mending quill pens. PENMAN Pen"man, n.; pl. Penmen (. 1. One who uses the pen; a writer; esp., one skilled in the use of the pen; a calligrapher; a writing master. 2. An author; a composer. South. PENMANSHIP Pen"man*ship, n. Defn: The use of the pen in writing; the art of writing; style or manner of writing; chirography; as, good or bad penmanship. PENNA Pen"na, n.; pl. Pennæ. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A perfect, or normal, feather. PENNACEOUS Pen"na"ceous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to a normal feather. PENNACH Pen"nach, n. Etym: [OF. pennache. See Panache.] Defn: A bunch of feathers; a plume. [Obs.] Holland. PENNACHED Pen"nached, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. pennaché. See Panache.] Defn: Variegated; striped. [Obs.] Evelyn. PENNAGE Pen"nage, n. Etym: [L. penna feather.] Defn: Feathery covering; plumage. [Obs.] Holland. PENNANT Pen"nant, n. Etym: [OE. penon, penoun, pynoun, OF. penon, F. pennon, fr. L. penna feather. See Pen a feather, and cf. Pennon, Pinion.] (Naut.) (a) A small flag; a pennon. The narrow, or long, pennant (called also whip or coach whip) is a long, narrow piece of bunting, carried at the masthead of a government vessel in commission. The board pennant is an oblong, nearly square flag, carried at the masthead of a commodore's vessel. "With flags and pennants trimmed." Drayton. (b) A rope or strap to which a purchase is hooked. PENNATE; PENNATED Pen"nate, Pen"na*ted, a. Etym: [L. pennatus feathered, winged, from penna feather, wing.] 1. Winged; plume-shaped. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Pinnate. PENNATULA Pen*nat"u*la, n.; pl. L. Pennatulæ, E. Pennatulas. Etym: [NL., fr. L. penna a feather.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of Pennatula, Pteroides, and allied genera of Alcyonaria, having a featherlike form; a sea-pen. The zooids are situated along one edge of the side branches. PENNATULACEA Pen*nat`u*la"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pennatula.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of alcyonoid corals, including the seapens and related kinds. They are able to move about by means of the hollow muscular peduncle, which also serves to support them upright in the mud. See Pennatula, and Illust. under Alcyonaria. PENNED Penned, a. 1. Winged; having plumes. [Obs.] 2. Written with a pen; composed. "Their penned speech." Shak. PENNER Pen"ner, n. 1. One who pens; a writer. Sir T. North. 2. A case for holding pens. [Obs.] PENNIFORM Pen"ni*form, a. Etym: [L. penna feather + -form: cf. F. penniforme.] Defn: Having the form of a feather or plume. PENNIGEROUS Pen*nig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. penniger; penna feather + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Bearing feathers or quills. PENNILESS Pen"ni*less, a. Etym: [From Penny.] Defn: Destitute of money; impecunious; poor. -- Pen"ni*less*ness, n. PENNINERVED Pen"ni*nerved`, a. Etym: [L. penna feather + E. nerve.] Defn: Pinnately veined or nerved. PENNIPOTENT Pen*nip"o*tent, a. Etym: [L. pennipotens; penna wing + potens strong.] Defn: Strong of wing; strong on the wing. [Poetic] Davies (Holy Roode). PENNON Pen"non, n. Etym: [Cf. Pinion.] Defn: A wing; a pinion. Milton. PENNON Pen"non, n. Etym: [See Pennant.] Defn: A pennant; a flag or streamer. Longfellow. PENNONCEL; PENNONCELLE Pen"non*cel`, Pen"non*celle`, n. Etym: [OF. penoncel. See Pennant.] Defn: See Pencel. PENNY Pen"ny, a. Etym: [Perh. a corruption of pun, for pound.] Defn: Denoting pound weight for one thousand; -- used in combination, with respect to nails; as, tenpenny nails, nails of which one thousand weight ten pounds. PENNY Pen*ny, n.; pl. Pennies or Pence (. Pennies denotes the number of coins; pence the amount of pennies in value. Etym: [OE. peni, AS. penig, pening, pending; akin to D. penning, OHG. pfenning, pfenting, G. pfennig, Icel. penningr; of uncertain origin.] 1. An English coin, formerly of copper, now of bronze, the twelfth part of an English shilling in account value, and equal to four farthings, or about two cents; -- usually indicated by the abbreviation d. (the initial of denarius). Note: "The chief Anglo-Saxon coin, and for a long period the only one, corresponded to the denarius of the Continent . . . [and was] called penny, denarius, or denier." R. S. Poole. The ancient silver penny was worth about three pence sterling (see Pennyweight). The old Scotch penny was only one twelfth the value of the English coin. In the United States the word penny is popularly used for cent. 2. Any small sum or coin; a groat; a stiver. Shak. 3. Money, in general; as, to turn an honest penny. What penny hath Rome borne, What men provided, what munition sent Shak. 4. (Script.) Defn: See Denarius. Penny cress (Bot.), an annual herb of the Mustard family, having round, flat pods like silver pennies (Thlaspi arvense). Dr. Prior. -- Penny dog (Zoöl.), a kind of shark found on the South coast of Britain: the tope. -- Penny father, a penurious person; a niggard. [Obs.] Robinson (More's Utopia). -- Penny grass (Bot.), pennyroyal. [R.] -- Penny post, a post carrying a letter for a penny; also, a mail carrier. -- Penny wise, wise or prudent only in small matters; saving small sums while losing larger; -- used chiefly in the phrase, penny wise and pound foolish. PENNY Pen"ny, a. Defn: Worth or costing one penny. PENNY-A-LINER Pen"ny-a-lin"er, n. Defn: One who furnishes matter to public journals at so much a line; a poor writer for hire; a hack writer. Thackeray. PENNYROYAL Pen`ny*roy"al, n. Etym: [A corruption of OE. puliall royal. OE. puliall is ultimately derived fr. L. puleium, or pulegium regium (so called as being good against fleas), fr. pulex a flea; and royal is a translation of L. regium, in puleium regium.] (Bot.) Defn: An aromatic herb (Mentha Pulegium) of Europe; also, a North American plant (Hedeoma pulegioides) resembling it in flavor. Bastard pennyroyal (Bot.) See Blue curls, under Blue. PENNYWEIGHT Pen"ny*weight`, n. Defn: A troy weight containing twenty-four grains, or the twentieth part of an ounce; as, a pennyweight of gold or of arsenic. It was anciently the weight of a silver penny, whence the name. PENNYWORT Pen"ny*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A European trailing herb (Linaria Cymbalaria) with roundish, reniform leaves. It is often cultivated in hanging baskets. March, or Water, pennywort. (Bot.) See under March. PENNYWORTH Pen"ny*worth`, n. 1. A penny's worth; as much as may be bought for a penny. "A dear pennyworth." Evelyn. 2. Hence: The full value of one's penny expended; due return for money laid out; a good bargain; a bargain. The priests sold the better pennyworths. Locke. 3. A small quantity; a trifle. Bacon. PENOCK Pen"ock, n. Defn: See Pend. PENOLOGICAL Pen`o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to penology. PENOLOGIST Pe*nol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in, or a student of, penology. PENOLOGY Pe*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. poena, punishment + -logy.] Defn: The science or art of punishment. [Written also poenology.] PENRACK Pen"rack`, n. Defn: A rack for pens not in use. PENS Pens, n., Defn: pl. of Penny. [Obs.] Chaucer. PENSATIVE Pen"sa*tive, a. Defn: Pensive. [Obs.] Shelton. PENSEL Pen"sel, n. Defn: A pencel. Chaucer. PENSIBLE Pen"si*ble, a. Defn: Held aloft. [Obs.] Bacon. PENSILE Pen"sile, a. Etym: [L. pensilis, fr. pendere to hang: cf. OE. pensil. See Pendant.] Defn: Hanging; suspended; pendent; pendulous. Bacon. The long, pensile branches of the birches. W. Howitt. PENSILENESS Pen"sile*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being pensile; pendulousness. PENSION Pen"sion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. pensio a paying, payment, fr. pendere, pensum, to weight, to pay; akin to pend to hang. See Pendant, and cf. Spend.] 1. A payment; a tribute; something paid or given. [Obs.] The stomach's pension, and the time's expense. Sylvester. 2. A stated allowance to a person in consideration of past services; payment made to one retired from service, on account of age, disability, or other cause; especially, a regular stipend paid by a government to retired public officers, disabled soldiers, the families of soldiers killed in service, or to meritorious authors, or the like. To all that kept the city pensions and wages. 1 Esd. iv. 56. 3. A certain sum of money paid to a clergyman in lieu of tithes. [Eng.] Mozley & W. 4. Etym: [F., pronounced .] Defn: A boarding house or boarding school in France, Belgium, Switzerland, etc. PENSION Pen"sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pensioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Pensioning.] Defn: To grant a pension to; to pay a regular stipend to; in consideration of service already performed; -- sometimes followed by off; as, to pension off a servant. One knighted Blackmore, and one pensioned Quarles. Pope. PENSIONARY Pen"sion*a*ry, a. 1. Maintained by a pension; receiving a pension; as, pensionary spies. Donne. 2. Consisting of a pension; as, a pensionary provision for maintenance. PENSIONARY Pen"sion*a*ry, n.; pl. Pensionaries. Etym: [Cf. F. pensionnaire. Cf. Pensioner.] 1. One who receives a pension; a pensioner. E. Hall. 2. One of the chief magistrates of towns in Holland. Grand pensionary, the title of the prime minister, or or president of the Council, of Holland when a republic. PENSIONER Pen"sion*er, n. 1. One in receipt of a pension; hence, figuratively, a dependent. The fickle pensioners of Morpheus' train. Milton. Old pensioners . . . of Chelsea Hospital. Macaulay. 2. One of an honorable band of gentlemen who attend the sovereign of England on state occasions, and receive an annual pension, or allowance, of £150 and two horses. 3. Etym: [Cf. F. pensionnaire one who pays for his board. Cf. Pensionary, n.] Defn: In the university of Cambridge, England, one who pays for his living in commons; -- corresponding to commoner at Oxford. Ld. Lytton. PENSIVE Pen"sive, a. Etym: [F. pensif, fr. penser to think, fr. L. pensare to weigh, ponder, consider, v. intens. fr. pendere to weigh. See Pension, Poise.] 1. Thoughtful, sober, or sad; employed in serious reflection; given to, or favorable to, earnest or melancholy musing. The pensive secrecy of desert cell. Milton. Anxious cares the pensive nymph oppressed. Pope. 2. Expressing or suggesting thoughtfulness with sadness; as, pensive numbers. Prior. PENSIVED Pen"sived, a. Defn: Made pensive. [R.] Shak. PENSIVELY Pen"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In a pensive manner. PENSIVENESS Pen"sive*ness, n. Defn: The state of being pensive; serious thoughtfulness; seriousness. Hooker. PENSTOCK Pen"stock, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain; perh. fr. pen an inclosure + stock.] 1. A close conduit or pipe for conducting water, as, to a water wheel, or for emptying a pond, or for domestic uses. 2. The barrel of a wooden pump. PENT Pent, p. p. or a. Etym: [From Pen, v. t.] Defn: Penned or shut up; confined; -- often with up. Here in the body pent. J. Montgomery. No pent-up Utica contracts your powers. J. M. Sewall. PENTA- Pen"ta-. Etym: [Gr. Five.] 1. A combining form denoting five; as, pentacapsular; pentagon. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Denoting the degree of five, either as regards quality, property, or composition; as, pentasulphide; pentoxide, etc. Also used adjectively. PENTABASIC Pen`ta*ba"sic, a. Etym: [Penta- + basic.] (Chem.) Defn: Capable of uniting with five molecules of a monacid base; having five acid hydrogen atoms capable of substitution by a basic radical; -- said of certain acids. PENTACAPSULAR Pen`ta*cap"su*lar, a. Etym: [Penta- + capsular.] (Bot.) Defn: Having five capsules. PENTACHENIUM Pen`ta*che"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Penta-, and Achenium.] (Bot.) Defn: A dry fruit composed of five carpels, which are covered by an epigynous calyx and separate at maturity. PENTACHLORIDE Pen`ta*chlo"ride, n. Etym: [Penta- + chloride.] (Chem.) Defn: A chloride having five atoms of chlorine in each molecule. PENTACHORD Pen"ta*chord, n. Etym: [L. pentachordus five-stringed, Gr. 1. An ancient instrument of music with five strings. 2. An order or system of five sounds. Busby. PENTACID Pen*tac"id ( Etym: [Penta- + acid.] (Chem.) Defn: Capable of neutralizing, or combining with, five molecules of a monobasic acid; having five hydrogen atoms capable of substitution by acid residues; -- said of certain complex bases. PENTACLE Pen"ta*cle, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A figure composed of two equilateral triangles intersecting so as to form a six-pointed star, -- used in early ornamental art, and also with superstitious import by the astrologers and mystics of the Middle Ages. PENTACOCCOUS Pen`ta*coc"cous, a. Etym: [See Penta-, Coccus.] (Bot.) Defn: Composed of five united carpels with one seed in each, as certain fruits. PENTACONTER Pen"ta*con`ter, n. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: See Penteconter. PENTACRININ Pen*tac"ri*nin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A red and purple pigment found in certain crinoids of the genus Pentacrinus. PENTACRINITE Pen*tac"ri*nite, n. Etym: [Penta- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Pentacrinus. PENTACRINOID Pen*tac"ri*noid, n. Etym: [Pentacrinus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An immature comatula when it is still attached by a stem, and thus resembles a Pentacrinus. PENTACRINUS Pen*tac"ri*nus, n. Etym: [NL. See Penta-, and Crinum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large, stalked crinoids, of which several species occur in deep water among the West Indies and elsewhere. PENTACRON Pen*ta"cron, n.; pl. L. Pentacra, E. Pentacrons. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Geom.) Defn: A solid having five summits or angular points. PENTACROSTIC Pen`ta*cros"tic, n. Etym: [Penta- + acrostic.] Defn: A set of verses so disposed that the name forming the subject of the acrostic occurs five times -- the whole set of verses being divided into five different parts from top to bottom. PENTAD Pen"tad, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Any element, atom, or radical, having a valence of five, or which can be combined with, substituted for, or compared with, five atoms of hydrogen or other monad; as, nitrogen is a pentad in the ammonium compounds. PENTAD Pen"tad, a. (Chem.) Defn: Having the valence of a pentad. PENTADACTYL; PENTADACTYLE Pen`ta*dac"tyl, Pen`ta*dac"tyle, a. Etym: [Gr. Penta-, and Dactyl.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Having five digits to the hand or foot. 2. Having five appendages resembling fingers or toes. PENTADACTYLOID Pen`ta*dac"tyl*oid, a. Etym: [Pentadactyl + -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Having the form of, or a structure modified from, a pentadactyl limb. PENTADECANE Pen`ta*dec"ane, n. Etym: [Penta- + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon of the paraffin series, (C15H32) found in petroleum, tar oil, etc., and obtained as a colorless liquid; -- so called from the fifteen carbon atoms in the molecule. PENTADECATOIC Pen`ta*dec`a*to"ic, a. Etym: [Penta- + decatoic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, pentadecane, or designating an acid related to it. PENTADECYLIC Pen`ta*decyl"ic, a. Etym: [Penta- + decylic.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Quindecylic. PENTADELPHOUS Pen`ta*del"phous, a. Etym: [Penta- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having the stamens arranged in five clusters, those of each cluster having their filaments more or less united, as the flowers of the linden. PENTAFID Pen"ta*fid, a. Etym: [Penta- + root of L. findere to split.] (Bot.) Defn: Divided or cleft into five parts. PENTAGLOT Pen"ta*glot, n. Etym: [Penta- + -glot, as in polyglot.] Defn: A work in five different tongues. PENTAGON Pen"ta*gon, n. Etym: [Gr. Penta-) + gwni`a angle: cf. L. pentagonium, F. pentagone.] (Geom.) Defn: A plane figure having five angles, and, consequently, five sides; any figure having five angles. Regular pentagon, a pentagon in which the angles are all equal, and the sides all equal. PENTAGONAL Pen*tag"o*nal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pentagonal, pentagone, L. pentagonus, pentagonius, Gr. Defn: Having five corners or angles. Pentagonal dodecahedron. See Dodecahedron, and Pyritohedron. PENTAGONALLY Pen*tag"o*nal*ly, adv. Defn: In the form of a pentagon; with five angles. Sir T. Browne. PENTAGONOUS Pen*tag"o*nous, a. Defn: Pentagonal. PENTAGRAM Pen"ta*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. Penta-, and -gram.] Defn: A pentacle or a pentalpha. "Like a wizard pentagram." Tennyson. PENTAGRAPHIC; PENTAGRAPHICAL Pen`ta*graph"ic, Pen`ta*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Corrupted fr. pantographic, -ical.] Defn: Pantographic. See Pantograph. PENTAGYNIA Pen`ta*gyn"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Penta-) + (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan order of plants, having five styles or pistils. PENTAGYNIAN; PENTAGYNOUS Pen`ta*gyn"i*an, Pen*tag"y*nous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to plants of the order Pentagyna; having five styles. PENTAHEDRAL Pen`ta*he"dral, a. Defn: Having five sides; as, a pentahedral figure. PENTAHEDRICAL Pen`ta*hed"ric*al, a. Defn: Pentahedral. [R.] PENTAHEDRON Pen`ta*he"dron, n. Etym: [Penta- + Gr. "e`dra seat, base.] Defn: A solid figure having five sides. PENTAHEDROUS Pen`ta*he"drous, a. Defn: Pentahedral. Woodward. PENTAIL Pen"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar insectivore (Ptilocercus Lowii) of Borneo; -- so called from its very long, quill-shaped tail, which is scaly at the base and plumose at the tip. PENTALPHA Pen*tal"pha, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. pentalpha. See Penta-, and Alpha.] Defn: A five-pointed star, resembling five alphas joined at their bases; -- used as a symbol. PENTAMERA Pen*tam"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pentamerous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of Coleoptera, including those that normally have five-jointed tarsi. It embraces about half of all the known species of the Coleoptera. PENTAMERAN Pen*tam"er*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Pentamera. PENTAMEROUS Pen*tam"er*ous, a. Etym: [Penta- + Gr. 1. (Biol.) Defn: Divided into, or consisting of, five parts; also, arranged in sets, with five parts in each set, as a flower with five sepals, five petals, five, or twice five, stamens, and five pistils. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Pentamera. PENTAMERUS Pen*tam"e*rus, n. Etym: [NL. See Pentamerous.] (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of extinct Paleozoic brachiopods, often very abundant in the Upper Silurian. Pentamerus limestone (Geol.), a Silurian limestone composed largely of the shells of Pentamerus. PENTAMETER Pen*tam"e*ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Penta-) + (Gr. & L.Pros.) Defn: A verse of five feet. Note: The dactylic pentameter consists of two parts separated by a diæresis. Each part consists of two dactyls and a long syllable. The spondee may take the place of the dactyl in the first part, but not in the second. The elegiac distich consists of the hexameter followed by the pentameter. Harkness. PENTAMETER Pen*tam"e*ter, a. Defn: Having five metrical feet. PENTAMETHYLENE Pen`ta*meth"yl*ene, n. Etym: [Penta- + methylene.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical hydrocarbon, C5H10, metameric with the amylenes, and the nucleus of a large number of derivatives; -- so named because regarded as composed of five methylene residues. Cf. Trimethylene, and Tetramethylene. PENTANDRIA Pen*tan"dri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Penta-) + (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants having five separate stamens. PENTANDRIAN; PENTANDROUS Pen*tan"dri*an, Pen*tan"drous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the class Pentadria; having five stamens. PENTANE Pen"tane, n. Etym: [See Penta-.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of the three metameric hydrocarbons, C5H12, of the methane or paraffin series. They are colorless, volatile liquids, two of which occur in petroleum. So called because of the five carbon atoms in the molecule. PENTANGLE Pen"tan`gle, n. Etym: [Penta- + angle.] Defn: A pentagon. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PENTANGULAR Pen*tan"gu*lar, a. Etym: [Penta- + angular.] Defn: Having five corners or angles. [R.] PENTAPETALOUS Pen`ta*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Penta- + petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having five petals, or flower leaves. PENTAPHYLLOUS Pen*taph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Penta- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having five leaves or leaflets. PENTAPODY Pen*tap"o*dy, n. Etym: [Penta- + Gr. (Pros.) Defn: A measure or series consisting of five feet. PENTAPTOTE Pen"tap*tote, n. Etym: [L. (pl.) pentaptota. Gr. Penta-) + (Gram.) Defn: A noun having five cases. PENTAPTYCH Pen"tap*tych, n. Etym: [Penta- + Gr. (Fine Arts) Defn: A picture, or combination of pictures, consisting of a centerpiece and double folding doors or wings, as for an altarpiece. PENTARCHY Pen"tar*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. pentarchie. See Penta-, and -archy.] Defn: A government in the hands of five persons; five joint rulers. P. Fletcher. "The pentarchy of the senses." A. Brewer. PENTASPAST Pen"ta*spast, n. Etym: [L. pentaspaston, Gr. Penta-) + pentaspaste.] Defn: A purchase with five pulleys. [R.] PENTASPERMOUS Pen`ta*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Penta- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Containing five seeds. PENTASTICH Pen"ta*stich, n. Etym: [Gr. Penta-) + Defn: A composition consisting of five verses. PENTASTICHOUS Pen*tas"ti*chous, a. Etym: [Penta- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having, or arranged in, five vertical ranks, as the leaves of an apple tree or a cherry tree. PENTASTOMIDA Pen`ta*stom"i*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Penta-) + (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Linguatulina. PENTASTYLE Pen"ta*style, a. Etym: [Penta- + Gr. (Arch.) Defn: Having five columns in front; -- said of a temple or portico in classical architecture. -- n. Defn: A portico having five columns. PENTATEUCH Pen"ta*teuch, n. Etym: [L. pentateuchus, Gr. Penta-) + text. See Five, and Text.] Defn: The first five books of the Old Testament, collectively; -- called also the Law of Moses, Book of the Law of Moses, etc. PENTATEUCHAL Pen`ta*teu"chal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Pentateuch. PENTATHIONIC Pen`ta*thi*on"ic, a. Etym: [Penta- + thionic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of sulphur obtained by leading hydrogen sulphide into a solution of sulphur dioxide; -- so called because it contains five atoms of sulphur. PENTATHLON Pen*tath"lon, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A fivefold athletic performance peculiar to the great national games of the Greeks, including leaping, foot racing, wrestling, throwing the discus, and throwing the spear. PENTATOMIC Pen`ta*tom"ic, a. Etym: [Penta- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Having five atoms in the molecule. (b) Having five hydrogen atoms capable of substitution. PENTAVALENT Pen*tav"a*lent, a. Etym: [Penta- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Defn: Having a valence of five; -- said of certain atoms and radicals. PENTECONTER Pen"te*con`ter, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A Grecian vessel with fifty oars. [Written also pentaconter.] PENTECOST Pen"te*cost, n. Etym: [L. pentecoste, Gr. Five, and cf. Pingster.] 1. A solemn festival of the Jews; -- so called because celebrated on the fiftieth day (seven weeks) after the second day of the Passover (which fell on the sixteenth of the Jewish month Nisan); -- hence called, also, the Feast of Weeks. At this festival an offering of the first fruits of the harvest was made. By the Jews it was generally regarded as commemorative of the gift of the law on the fiftieth day after the departure from Egypt. 2. A festival of the Roman Catholic and other churches in commemoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the apostles; which occurred on the day of Pentecost; -- called also Whitsunday. Shak. PENTECOSTAL Pen`te*cos"tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Pentecost or to Whitsuntide. PENTECOSTALS Pen`te*cos"tals, n. pl. Defn: Offerings formerly made to the parish priest, or to the mother church, at Pentecost. Shipley. PENTECOSTER Pen`te*cos"ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: An officer in the Spartan army commanding fifty men. Mitford. PENTECOSTY Pen`te*cos"ty, n.; pl. Pentecosties. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A troop of fifty soldiers in the Spartan army; -- called also pentecostys. Jowett (Thucyd. ). PENTELIC; PENTELICAN Pen*tel"ic, Pen*tel"i*can, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Mount Pentelicus, near Athens, famous for its fine white marble quarries; obtained from Mount Pentelicus; as, the Pentelic marble of which the Parthenon is built. PENTENE Pen"tene, n. Etym: [See Penta-.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Amylene. PENTHOUSE Pent"house`, n. Etym: [A corruption of pentice.] Defn: A shed or roof sloping from the main wall or building, as over a door or window; a lean-to. Also figuratively. "The penthouse of his eyes." Sir W. Scott. PENTHOUSE Pent"house`, a. Defn: Leaning; overhanging. "Penthouse lid." Shak. "My penthouse eyebrows." Dryden. PENTICE Pen"tice, n. Etym: [F. appentis a penthouse. See Append.] Defn: A penthouse. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. PENTILE Pen"tile`, n. Defn: See Pantile. PENTINE Pen"tine, n. Etym: [See Penta-.] (Chem.) Defn: An unsaturated hydrocarbon, C5H8, of the acetylene series. Same as Valerylene. PENTOIC Pen*to"ic, a. Etym: [See Penta-.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or desingating, an acid (called also valeric acid) derived from pentane. PENTONE Pen"tone, n. Etym: [See Penta-.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Valylene. PENTOSAN; PENTOSANE Pen"to*san, n. Also -sane. [From Pentose.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a class of substances (complex carbohydrates widely distributed in plants, as in fruits, gums, woods, hay, etc.) which yield pentoses on hydrolysis. PENTOSE Pen"tose, n. [Penta- + -ose.] (Chem.) Defn: Any of a group of sugars of the formula C5H10O5, as arabinose; -- so called from the five carbon atoms in the molecule. They are not fermented by yeast. PENTOXIDE Pen*tox"ide, n. Etym: [Penta- + oxide.] (Chem.) Defn: An oxide containing five atoms of oxygen in each molecule; as, phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5. PENTREMITE Pen"tre*mite, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Pentremites. PENTREMITES Pen`tre*mi"tes, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. remus an oar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of crinoids belonging to the Blastoidea. They have five petal-like ambulacra. PENTROOF Pent"roof`, n. Etym: [F. pente slope + E. roof, or from penthouse roof.] Defn: See Lean-to. PENTROUGH Pen"trough`, n. Defn: A penstock. PENTYL Pen"tyl, n. Etym: [Penta + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical, C5H11, of pentane and certain of its derivatives. Same as Amyl. PENTYLIC Pen*tyl"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, pentyl; as, pentylic alcohol PENUCHLE; PINOCLE Pe"nu*chle, Pin"o*cle, n. Defn: A game at cards, played with forty-eight cards, being all the cards above the eight spots in two packs. PENULT Pe"nult, n. Etym: [Abbreviated fr. penultima.] (Gram. & Pros.) Defn: The last syllable but one of a word; the syllable preceding the final one. PENULTIMA Pe*nul"ti*ma, n. Etym: [L. (sc. syllaba), fr. penultimus, paenultimus, the last but one; paene almost + ultimus the last.] Defn: Same as Penult. PENULTIMATE Pe*nul"ti*mate, a. Defn: Last but one; as, the penultimate syllable, the last syllable but one of a word. PENULTIMATE Pe*nul"ti*mate, n. Defn: The penult. PENUMBRA Pe*num"bra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. paene almost + umbra shade.] 1. An incomplete or partial shadow. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The shadow cast, in an eclipse, where the light is partly, but not wholly, cut off by the intervening body; the space of partial illumination between the umbra, or perfect shadow, on all sides, and the full light. Sir I. Newton. Note: The faint shade surrounding the dark central portion of a solar spot is also called the penumbra, and sometimes umbra. 3. (Paint.) Defn: The part of a picture where the shade imperceptibly blends with the light. PENUMBRALA Pe*num"brala. Defn: Of or pertaining to a penumbra; resembling a penumbra; partially illuminated. PENURIOUS Pe*nu"ri*ous, a. Etym: [From Penury.] 1. Excessively sparing in the use of money; sordid; stingy; miserly. "A penurious niggard of his wealth." Milton. 2. Not bountiful or liberal; scanty. Here creeps along a poor, penurious stream. C. Pitt. 3. Destitute of money; suffering extreme want. [Obs.] "My penurious band." Shak. Syn. -- Avaricious; covetous; parsimonious; miserly; niggardly; stingy. See Avaricious. --Pe*nu"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Pe*nu"ri*ous*ness, n. PENURY Pen"u*ry, n. Etym: [L. penuria; cf. Gr. pénurie.] 1. Absence of resources; want; privation; indigence; extreme poverty; destitution. "A penury of military forces." Bacon. They were exposed to hardship and penury. Sprat. It arises in neither from penury of thought. Landor. 2. Penuriousness; miserliness. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. PENWIPER Pen"wip`er, n. Defn: A cloth, or other material, for wiping off or cleaning ink from a pen. PENWOMAN Pen"wom`an, n.; pl. Penwomen (. Defn: A female writer; an authoress. Johnson. PEON Pe"on, n. Defn: See Poon. PEON Pe"on, n. Etym: [Sp. peon, or Pg. pe, one who travels on foot, a foot soldier, a pawn in chess. See Pawn in chess.] 1. A foot soldier; a policeman; also, an office attendant; a messenger. [India] 2. A day laborer; a servant; especially, in some of the Spanish American countries, debtor held by his creditor in a form of qualified servitude, to work out a debt. 3. (Chess) Defn: See 2d Pawn. PEONAGE Pe"on*age, n. Defn: The condition of a peon. PEONISM Pe"on*ism, n. Defn: Same as Peonage. D. Webster. PEONY Pe"o*ny, n.; pl. Peonies. Etym: [OE. pione, pioine, pioni, OF. pione, F. pivoine, L. paeonia, Gr. Pæan.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant, and its flower, of the ranunculaceous genus Pæonia. Of the four or five species, one is a shrub; the rest are perennial herbs with showy flowers, often double in cultivation. [Written also pæony, and piony.] PEOPLE Peo"ple, n. Etym: [OE. peple, people, OF. pueple, F. peuple, fr. L. populus. Cf. Populage, Public, Pueblo.] 1. The body of persons who compose a community, tribe, nation, or race; an aggregate of individuals forming a whole; a community; a nation. Unto him shall the gathering of the people be. Gen. xlix. 10. The ants are a people not strong. Prov. xxx. 25. Before many peoples, and nations, and tongues. Rev. x. 11. Earth's monarchs are her peoples. Whitter . A government of all the people, by all the people, for all the people. T. Parker. Note: Peopleis a collective noun, generally construed with a plural verb, and only occasionally used in the plural form (peoples), in the sense of nations or races. 2. Persons, generally; an indefinite number of men and women; folks; population, or part of population; as, country people; -- sometimes used as an indefinite subject or verb, like on in French, and man in German; as, people in adversity. People were tempted to lend by great premiums. Swift . People have lived twenty-four days upon nothing but water. Arbuthnot . 3. The mass of comunity as distinguished from a special class; the commonalty; the populace; the vulgar; the common crowd; as, nobles and people. And strive to gain his pardon from the people. Addison . 4. With a possessive pronoun: (a) One's ancestors or family; kindred; relations; as, my people were English. (b) One's subjects; fellow citizens; companions; followers. "You slew great number of his people." Shak. Syn. -- People, Nation. When speaking of a state, we use people for the mass of the community, as distinguished from their rulers, and nation for the entire political body, including the rulers. In another sense of the term, nation describes those who are descended from the same stock; and in this sense the Germans regard themselves as one nation, though politically subject to different forms of government. PEOPLE Peo"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peopled p. pr. & vb. n. Peopling (.] Etym: [Cf. OF. popler, puepler, F. puepler. Cf. Populate.] Defn: To stock with people or inhabitants; to fill as with people; to populate. "Peopled heaven with angels." Dryden. As the gay motes that people the sunbeams. Milton . PEOPLED Peo"pled, a. Defn: Stocked with, or as with, people; inhabited. "The peopled air." Gray. PEOPLELESS Peo"ple*less, a. Defn: Destitute of people. Poe. PEOPLER Peo"pler, n. Defn: A settler; an inhabitant. "Peoplers of the peaceful glen." J. S. Blackie. PEOPLE'S BANK Peo"ple's bank. Defn: A form of coöperative bank, such as those of Germany; -- a term loosely used for various forms of coöperative financial institutions. PEOPLE'S PARTY People's party. (U. S. Politics) Defn: A party formed in 1891, advocating in an increase of the currency, public ownership and operation of railroads, telegraphs, etc., an income tax, limitation in ownership of land, etc. PEOPLISH Peo"plish, a. Defn: Vulgar. [Obs.] Chaucer. PEORIAS Pe*o"ri*as, n. pl.; sing. Peoria (. (Ethnol.) Defn: An Algonquin tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited a part of Illinois. PEPASTIC Pe*pas"tic, a. & n. Etym: [Gr. pépastique.] (Med.) Defn: Same as Maturative. PEPERINE; PEPERINO Pep"e*rine, Pep`e*ri"no, n. Etym: [It. peperino, L. piper pepper. So called on account of its color.] (Geol.) Defn: A volcanic rock, formed by the cementing together of sand, scoria, cinders, etc. PEPLIS Pep"lis, n. Etym: [L., a kind of plant, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants including water purslane. PEPLUM Pep"lum, n.; pl. E. -lumus, L. -la. [L.] Defn: A peplos. Hence: An overskirt hanging like an ancient peplos; also, a short fitted skirt attached to a waist or coat. PEPLUS Pep"lus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. An upper garment worn by Grecian and Roman women. 2. A kind of kerchief formerly worn by Englishwomen. [Obs.] Fairholt. PEPO Pe"po, n. Etym: [L., a kind of melon, from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Any fleshy fruit with a firm rind, as a pumpkin, melon, or gourd. See Gourd. PEPPER Pep"per, n. Etym: [OE. peper, AS. pipor, L. piper, fr. Gr. pippala, pippali.] 1. A well-known, pungently aromatic condiment, the dried berry, either whole or powdered, of the Piper nigrum. Note: Common, or black, pepper is made from the whole berry, dried just before maturity; white pepper is made from the ripe berry after the outer skin has been removed by maceration and friction. It has less of the peculiar properties of the plant than the black pepper. Pepper is used in medicine as a carminative stimulant. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The plant which yields pepper, an East Indian woody climber (Piper nigrum), with ovate leaves and apetalous flowers in spikes opposite the leaves. The berries are red when ripe. Also, by extension, any one of the several hundred species of the genus Piper, widely dispersed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the earth. 3. Any plant of the genus Capsicum, and its fruit; red pepper; as, the bell pepper. Note: The term pepper has been extended to various other fruits and plants, more or less closely resembling the true pepper, esp. to the common varieties of Capsicum. See Capsicum, and the Phrases, below. African pepper, the Guinea pepper. See under Guinea. -- Cayenne pepper. See under Cayenne. -- Chinese pepper, the spicy berries of the Xanthoxylum piperitum, a species of prickly ash found in China and Japan. -- Guinea pepper. See under Guinea, and Capsicum. -- Jamaica pepper. See Allspice. -- Long pepper. (a) The spike of berries of Piper longum, an East Indian shrub. (b) The root of Piper, or Macropiper, methysticum. See Kava. -- Malaguetta, or Meleguetta, pepper, the aromatic seeds of the Amomum Melegueta, an African plant of the Ginger family. They are sometimes used to flavor beer, etc., under the name of grains of Paradise. -- Red pepper. See Capsicum. -- Sweet pepper bush (Bot.), an American shrub (Clethra alnifolia), with racemes of fragrant white flowers; -- called also white alder. -- Pepper box or caster, a small box or bottle, with a perforated lid, used for sprinkling ground pepper on food, etc. -- Pepper corn. See in the Vocabulary. -- Pepper elder (Bot.), a West Indian name of several plants of the Pepper family, species of Piper and Peperomia. -- Pepper moth (Zoöl.), a European moth (Biston betularia) having white wings covered with small black specks. -- Pepper pot, a mucilaginous soup or stew of vegetables and cassareep, much esteemed in the West Indies. -- Pepper root. (Bot.). See Coralwort. -- pepper sauce, a condiment for the table, made of small red peppers steeped in vinegar. -- Pepper tree (Bot.), an aromatic tree (Drimys axillaris) of the Magnolia family, common in New Zealand. See Peruvian mastic tree, under Mastic. PEPPER Pep"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peppered; p. pr. & vb. n. Peppering.] 1. To sprinkle or season with pepper. 2. Figuratively: To shower shot or other missiles, or blows, upon; to pelt; to fill with shot, or cover with bruises or wounds. "I have peppered two of them." "I am peppered, I warrant, for this world." Shak. PEPPER Pep"per, v. i. Defn: To fire numerous shots (at). PEPPER BOX Pep"per box`, n. Defn: A buttress on the left-hand wall of a fives court as the game is played at Eton College, England. PEPPERBRAND Pep"per*brand`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See 1st Bunt. PEPPERCORN Pep"per*corn`, n. 1. A dried berry of the black pepper (Piper nigrum). 2. Anything insignificant; a particle. PEPPER DULSE Pep"per dulse`. (Bot.) Defn: A variety of edible seaweed (Laurencia pinnatifida) distinguished for its pungency. [Scot.] Lindley. PEPPERER Pep"per*er, n. Defn: A grocer; -- formerly so called because he sold pepper. [Obs.] PEPPERGRASS Pep"per*grass`, n. (Bot.) (a) Any herb of the cruciferous genus Lepidium, especially the garden peppergrass, or garden cress, Lepidium sativum; -- called also pepperwort. All the species have a pungent flavor. (b) The common pillwort of Europe (Pilularia globulifera). See Pillwort. PEPPERIDGE Pep"per*idge, n. Etym: [Cf. NL. berberis, E. barberry.] (Bot.) Defn: A North American tree (Nyssa multiflora) with very tough wood, handsome oval polished leaves, and very acid berries, -- the sour gum, or common tupelo. See Tupelo. [Written also piperidge and pipperidge.] Pepperidge bush (Bot.), the barberry. PEPPERING Pep"per*ing, a. Defn: Hot; pungent; peppery. Swift. PEPPERMINT Pep"per*mint, n. Etym: [Pepper + mint.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An aromatic and pungent plant of the genus Mentha (M. piperita), much used in medicine and confectionery. 2. A volatile oil (oil of peppermint) distilled from the fresh herb; also, a well-known essence or spirit (essence of peppermint) obtained from it. 3. A lozenge of sugar flavored with peppermint. Peppermint camphor. (Chem.) Same as Menthol. -- Peppermint tree (Bot.), a name given to several Australian species of gum tree (Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. piperita, E. odorata, etc.) which have hard and durable wood, and yield an essential oil. PEPPERWORT Pep"per*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Peppergrass. PEPPERY Pep"per*y, a. 1. Of or pertaining to pepper; having the qualities of pepper; hot; pungent. 2. Fig.: Hot-tempered; passionate; choleric. PEPSIN Pep"sin, n. Etym: [Gr. pepsine. Cf. Dyspepsia.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An unorganized proteolytic ferment or enzyme contained in the secretory glands of the stomach. In the gastric juice it is united with dilute hydrochloric acid (0.2 per cent, approximately) and the two together constitute the active portion of the digestive fluid. It is the active agent in the gastric juice of all animals. Note: As prepared from the glandular layer of pigs' or calves' stomachs it constitutes an important article of pharmacy. PEPSINHYDROCHLORIC Pep`sin*hy`dro*chlo"ric, a. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Same as Peptohydrochloric. PEPSINOGEN Pep*sin"o*gen, n. Etym: [Pepsin + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The antecedent of the ferment pepsin. A substance contained in the form of granules in the peptic cells of the gastric glands. It is readily convertible into pepsin. Also called propepsin. PEPTIC Pep"tic, a. Etym: [L. pepticus, Gr. Pepsin.] 1. Relating to digestion; promoting digestion; digestive; as, peptic sauces. 2. Able to digest. [R.] Tolerably nutritive for a mind as yet so peptic. Carlyle. 3. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to pepsin; resembling pepsin in its power of digesting or dissolving albuminous matter; containing or yielding pepsin, or a body of like properties; as, the peptic glands. PEPTIC Pep"tic, n. 1. An agent that promotes digestion. 2. pl. Defn: The digestive organs. Is there some magic in the place, Or do my peptics differ Tennyson. PEPTICS Pep"tics, n. Defn: The science of digestion. PEPTOGEN Pep"to*gen, n. Etym: [Peptone + -gen.] (Physiol.) Defn: A substance convertible into peptone. PEPTOGENIC Pep`to*gen"ic, a. Defn: Same as Peptogenous. PEPTOGENOUS Pep*tog"e*nous, a. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Capable of yielding, or being converted into, peptone. PEPTOHYDROCHLORIC Pep`to*hy`dro*chlo"ric, a. Etym: [See Peptone, and Hydrochloric.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Designating a hypothetical acid (called peptohydrochloric acid, pepsinhydrochloric acid, and chloropeptic acid) which is supposed to be formed when pepsin and dilute (0.1-0.4 per cent) hydrochloric acid are mixed together. PEPTONE Pep"tone, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) (a) The soluble and diffusible substance or substances into which albuminous portions of the food are transformed by the action of the gastric and pancreatic juices. Peptones are also formed from albuminous matter by the action of boiling water and boiling dilute acids. (b) Collectively, in a broader sense, all the products resulting from the solution of albuminous matter in either gastric or pancreatic juice. In this case, however, intermediate products (albumose bodies), such as antialbumose, hemialbumose, etc., are mixed with the true peptones. Also termed albuminose. Note: Pure peptones are of three kinds, amphopeptone, antipeptone, and hemipeptone, and, unlike the albumose bodies, are not precipitated by saturating their solutions with ammonium sulphate. PEPTONIZE Pep"to*nize, v. t. (Physiol.) Defn: To convert into peptone; to digest or dissolve by means of a proteolytic ferment; as, peptonized food. PEPTONOID Pep"to*noid, n. Etym: [Peptone + -oid.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A substance related to peptone. PEPTONURIA Pep`to*nu"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Peptone, and Urine.] (Med.) Defn: The presence of peptone, or a peptonelike body, in the urine. PEPTOTOXINE Pep`to*tox"ine, n. Etym: [Peptone + toxic + -ine.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A toxic alkaloid found occasionally associated with the peptones formed from fibrin by pepsinhydrochloric acid. PEQUOTS Pe"quots, n. pl.; sing. Pequot (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited Eastern Connecticut. [Written also Pequods.] PER- Per-. Etym: [See Per.] 1. A prefix used to signify through, throughout, by, for, or as an intensive as perhaps, by hap or chance; perennial, that lasts throughout the year; perforce, through or by force; perfoliate, perforate; perspicuous, evident throughout or very evident; perplex, literally, to entangle very much. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Originally, denoting that the element to the name of which it is prefixed in the respective compounds exercised its highest valence; now, only that the element has a higher valence than in other similar compounds; thus, barium peroxide is the highest oxide of barium; while nitrogen and manganese peroxides, so-called, are not the highest oxides of those elements. PER Per, prep. Etym: [L. Cf. Far, For-, Pardon, and cf. Par, prep.] Defn: Through; by means of; through the agency of; by; for; for each; as, per annum; per capita, by heads, or according to individuals; per curiam, by the court; per se, by itself, of itself. Per is also sometimes used with English words. Per annum, by the year; in each successive year; annually. -- Per cent, Per centum, by the hundred; in the hundred; -- used esp. of proportions of ingredients, rate or amount of interest, and the like; commonly used in the shortened form per cent. -- Per diem, by the day. [For other phrases from the Latin, see Quotations, Phrases, etc., from Foreign Languages, in the Supplement.] PERACT Per*act", v. t. Etym: [L. peractus, p.p. of peragere.] Defn: To go through with; to perform. [Obs.] Sylvester. PERACUTE Per`a*cute", a. Etym: [L. peracutus. See Per-, and Acute.] Defn: Very sharp; very violent; as, a peracute fever. [R.] Harvey. PERADVENTURE Per`ad*ven"ture, adv. & conj. Etym: [OE. per aventure, F. par aventure. See Per, and Adventure.] Defn: By chance; perhaps; it may be; if; supposing. "If peradventure he speak against me." Shak. Peradventure there be fifty righteous within the city. Gen. xviii. 24. PERADVENTURE Per`ad*ven"ture, n. Defn: Chance; hap; hence, doubt; question; as, proved beyond peradventure. South. PERAEOPOD Pe*ræ"o*pod, n. Etym: [Gr. -pod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the thoracic legs of a crustacean. See Illust. of Crustacea. PERAGRATE Per"a*grate, v. t. Etym: [L. peragratus, p.p. of peragrate.] Defn: To travel over or through. [Obs.] PERAGRATION Per`agra"tion, n. Etym: [L. peragratio: cf. F. peragration.] Defn: The act or state of passing through any space; as, the peragration of the moon in her monthly revolution. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PERAMBULATE Per*am"bu*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perambulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Perambulating.] Etym: [L. perambulatus, p.p. of perambulare to perambulate; per through + ambulare to walk. See Per-, and Amble.] Defn: To walk through or over; especially, to travel over for the purpose of surveying or examining; to inspect by traversing; specifically, to inspect officially the boundaries of, as of a town or parish, by walking over the whole line. PERAMBULATE Per*am"bu*late, v. i. Defn: To walk about; to ramble; to stroll; as, he perambulated in the park. PERAMBULATION Per*am`bu*la"tion, n. 1. The act of perambulating; traversing. Bacon. 2. An annual survey of boundaries, as of town, a parish, a forest, etc. 3. A district within which one is authorized to make a tour of inspection. "The . . . bounds of his own perambulation." [Obs.] Holyday. PERAMBULATOR Per*am"bu*la`tor, n. 1. One who perambulates. 2. A surveyor's instrument for measuring distances. It consists of a wheel arranged to roll along over the ground, with an apparatus of clockwork, and a dial plate upon which the distance traveled is shown by an index. See Odometer. 3. A low carriage for a child, propelled by pushing. PERAMELES Per`a*me"les, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. meles a badger.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any marsupial of the genus Perameles, which includes numerous species found in Australia. They somewhat resemble rabbits in size and form. See Illust. under Bandicoot. PERBEND Per"bend, n. Defn: See Perpender. PERBREAK Per"break`, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Parbreak. PERBROMATE Per*bro"mate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of perbromic acid. PERBROMIC Per*bro"mic, a. Etym: [Pref. per- + bromic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, the highest oxygen acid, HBrO4, of bromine. PERBROMIDE Per*bro"mide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A bromide having a higher proportion of bromine than any other bromide of the same substance or series. PERCA Per"ca, n. Etym: [L., a perch.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fishes, including the fresh-water perch. PERCALE Per`cale", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A fine cotton fabric, having a linen finish, and often printed on one side, -- used for women's and children's wear. PERCALINE Per`ca`line", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A fine kind of French cotton goods, usually of one color. PERCARBIDE Per*car"bide, n. Etym: [Pref. per- + carbide.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound containing a relatively large amount of carbon. [R.] PERCARBURET Per*car"bu*ret, n. Etym: [Pref. per- + carburet.] (Chem.) Defn: A percarbide. [Obsoles.] PERCARBURETED Per*car"bu*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Defn: Combined with a relatively large amount of carbon. PERCASE Per*case", adv. Etym: [OE. per cas. See Parcase.] Defn: Perhaps; perchance. [Obs.] Bacon. PERCE Perce, v. t. Defn: To pierce. [Obs.] Chaucer. PERCEIVABLE Per*ceiv"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being perceived; perceptible. -- Per*ceiv"a*bly, adv. PERCEIVANCE Per*ceiv"ance, n. Defn: Power of perceiving. [Obs.] "The senses and common perceivance." Milton. PERCEIVE Per*ceive", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perceived; p. pr. & vb. n. Perceiving.] Etym: [OF. percevoir, perceveir, L. percipere, perceptum; per (see Per-) + capere to take, receive. See Capacious, and cf. Perception.] 1. To obtain knowledge of through the senses; to receive impressions from by means of the bodily organs; to take cognizance of the existence, character, or identity of, by means of the senses; to see, hear, or feel; as, to perceive a distant ship; to perceive a discord. Reid. 2. To take intellectual cognizance of; to apprehend by the mind; to be convinced of by direct intuition; to note; to remark; to discern; to see; to understand. Jesus perceived their wickedness. Matt. xxii. 18. You may, fair lady, Perceive I speak sincerely. Shak. Till we ourselves see it with our own eyes, and perceive it by our own understandings, we are still in the dark. Locke. 3. To be affected of influented by. [R.] The upper regions of the air perceive the collection of the matter of tempests before the air here below. Bacon. Syn. -- To discern; distinguish; observe; see; feel; know; understand. -- To Perceive, Discern. To perceive a thing is to apprehend it as presented to the senses or the intellect; to discern is to mark differences, or to see a thing as distinguished from others around it. We may perceive two persons afar off without being able to discern whether they are men or women. Hence, discern is often used of an act of the senses or the mind involving close, discriminating, analytical attention. We perceive that which is clear or obvious; we discern that which requires much attention to get an idea of it. "We perceive light, darkness, colors, or the truth or falsehood of anything. We discern characters, motives, the tendency and consequences of actions, etc." Crabb. PERCEIVER Per*ceiv"er, n. Defn: One who perceives (in any of the senses of the verb). Milton. PERCELY Perce"ly, n. Defn: Parsley. [Obs.] Chaucer. PERCENTAGE Per*cent"age, n. Etym: [Per cent + -age, as in average. See Per, and Cent.] (Com.) Defn: A certain rate per cent; the allowance, duty, rate of interest, discount, or commission, on a hundred. PERCEPT Per"cept, n. Etym: [From L. percipere, perceptum.] Defn: That which is perceived. Sir W. Hamilton. The modern discussion between percept and concept, the one sensuous, the other intellectual. Max Müller. PERCEPTIBILITY Per*cep`ti*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. perceptibilité.] 1. The quality or state of being perceptible; as, the perceptibility of light or color. 2. Perception. [R.] Dr. H. More. PERCEPTIBLE Per*cep"ti*ble, a. Etym: [L. perceptibilis: cf. F. perceptible. See Perceive.] Defn: Capable of being perceived; cognizable; discernible; perceivable. With a perceptible blast of the air. Bacon. -- Per*cep"ti*ble*ness, n. -- Per*cep"ti*bly, adv. PERCEPTION Per*cep"tion, n. Etym: [L. perceptio: cf. F. perception. See Perceive.] 1. The act of perceiving; cognizance by the senses or intellect; apperhension by the bodily organs, or by the mind, of what is presented to them; discernment; apperhension; cognition. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: The faculty of perceiving; the faculty, or peculiar part, of man's constitution by which he has knowledge through the medium or instrumentality of the bodily organs; the act of apperhending material objects or qualities through the senses; -- distinguished from conception. Sir W. Hamilton. Matter hath no life nor perception, and is not conscious of its own existence. Bentley. 3. The quality, state, or capability, of being affected by something external; sensation; sensibility. [Obs.] This experiment discovereth perception in plants. Bacon. 4. An idea; a notion. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. Note: "The word perception is, in the language of philosophers previous to Reid, used in a very extensive signification. By Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Leibnitz, and others, it is employed in a sense almost as unexclusive as consciousness, in its widest signification. By Reid this word was limited to our faculty acquisitive of knowledge, and to that branch of this faculty whereby, through the senses, we obtain a knowledge of the external world. But his limitation did not stop here. In the act of external perception he distinguished two elements, to which he gave the names of perception and sensation. He ought perhaps to have called these perception proper and sensation proper, when employed in his special meaning." Sir W. Hamilton. PERCEPTIVE Per*cep"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. perceptif.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the act or power of perceiving; having the faculty or power of perceiving; used in perception. "His perceptive and reflective faculties." Motley. PERCEPTIVITY Per`cep*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being perceptive; power of perception. Locke. PERCESOCES Per*ces"o*ces, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. perca a perch + esox, -ocis, a pike.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes including the gray mullets (Mugil), the barracudas, the silversides, and other related fishes. So called from their relation both to perches and to pikes. PERCH Perch, n. [Written also pearch.] Etym: [OE. perche, F. perche, L. perca, fr. Gr. p spotted, speckled, and E. freckle.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any fresh-water fish of the genus Perca and of several other allied genera of the family Percidæ, as the common American or yellow perch (Perca flavescens, or Americana), and the European perch (P. fluviatilis). 2. Any one of numerous species of spiny-finned fishes belonging to the Percidæ, Serranidæ, and related families, and resembling, more or less, the true perches. Black perch. (a) The black bass. (b) The flasher. (c) The sea bass. -- Blue perch, the cunner. -- Gray perch, the fresh-water drum. -- Red perch, the rosefish. -- Red-bellied perch, the long-eared pondfish. -- Perch pest, a small crustacean, parasitic in the mouth of the perch. -- Silver perch, the yellowtail. -- Stone, or Striped, perch, the pope. -- White perch, the Roccus, or Morone, Americanus, a small silvery serranoid market fish of the Atlantic coast. PERCH Perch, n. Etym: [F. perche, L. pertica.] 1. A pole; a long staff; a rod; esp., a pole or other support for fowls to roost on or to rest on; a roost; figuratively, any elevated resting place or seat. As chauntecleer among his wives all Sat on his perche, that was in his hall. Chaucer. Not making his high place the lawless perch Of winged ambitions. Tennyson. 2. (a) A measure of length containing five and a half yards; a rod, or pole. (b) In land or square measure: A square rod; the 160th part of an acre. (c) In solid measure: A mass 16 3. A pole connecting the fore gear and hind gear of a spring carriage; a reach. PERCH Perch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Perched; p. pr. & vb. n. Perching.] Etym: [F. percher. See Perch a pole.] Defn: To alight or settle, as a bird; to sit or roost. Wrens make prey where eagles dare not perch. Shak. PERCH Perch, v. t. 1. To place or to set on, or as on, a perch. 2. To occupy as a perch. Milton. PERCHANCE Per*chance", adv. Etym: [F. par by (L. per) + chance. See Par, and Chance.] Defn: By chance; perhaps; peradventure. PERCHANT Perch"ant, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A bird tied by the foot, to serve as decoy to other birds by its fluttering. PERCHER Perch"er, n. Etym: [From Perch, v. i.] 1. One who, or that which, perches. J. Burroughs. 2. One of the Insessores. 3. Etym: [From Perch a pole.] Defn: A Paris candle anciently used in England; also, a large wax candle formerly set upon the altar. [Obs.] Bailey. PERCHERON Per"che*ron, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: One of a breed of draught horses originating in Perche, an old district of France; -- called also Percheron-Norman. PERCHLORATE Per*chlo"rate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of perchloric acid. PERCHLORIC Per*chlo"ric, a. Etym: [Pref. per- + chloric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, the highest oxygen acid (HClO4), of chlorine; -- called also hyperchloric. PERCHLORIDE Per*chlo"ride, n. (Chem.) Defn: A chloride having a higher proportion of chlorine than any other chloride of the same substance or series. PERCHROMIC Per*chro"mic, a. Etym: [Pref. per- + chromic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a certain one of the highly oxidized compounds of chromium, which has a deep blue color, and is produced by the action of hydrogen peroxide. PERCIFORM Per"ci*form, a. Etym: [NL., & L. perca a perch + -form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Perciformes. PERCIFORMES Per`ci*for"mes, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive tribe or suborder of fishes, including the true perches (Percidæ); the pondfishes (Centrarchidæ); the sciænoids (Sciænidæ); the sparoids (Sparidæ); the serranoids (Serranidæ), and some other related families. PERCIPIENCE; PERCIPIENCY Per*cip"i*ence, Per*cip"i*en*cy, n. Defn: The faculty, act or power of perceiving; perception. Mrs. Browning. PERCIPIENT Per*cip"i*ent, a. Etym: [L. percipiens, -entis, p.pr. of percipere. See Perceive.] Defn: Having the faculty of perception; perceiving; as, a percipient being. Bentley. -- n. Defn: One who, or that which, is percipient. Glanvill. PERCLOSE Per*close", n. Etym: [OF. parclose an inclosed place; L. per through + claudere, clausum, to shut.] 1. (Eccl. Arch.) Defn: Same as Parclose. 2. Conclusion; end. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. PERCOID Per"coid, a. Etym: [L. perca a perch + -oid: cf. F. percoïde.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, the perches, or family Percidæ. -- n. Defn: Any fish of the genus Perca, or allied genera of the family Percidæ. PERCOIDEA Per*coi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Perciformes. PERCOLATE Per"co*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Percolated; p. pr. & vb. n. Percolating.] Etym: [L. percolatus, p.p. of percolare to percolate; per through + colare to strain.] Defn: To cause to pass through fine interstices, as a liquor; to filter; to strain. Sir M. Hale. PERCOLATE Per"co*late, v. i. Defn: To pass through fine interstices; to filter; as, water percolates through porous stone. PERCOLATION Per`co*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. percolatio.] Defn: The act or process of percolating, or filtering; filtration; straining. Specifically (Pharm.), the process of exhausting the virtues of a powdered drug by letting a liquid filter slowly through it. PERCOLATOR Per"co*la`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, filters. "[Tissues] act as percolators." Henfrey. PERCOMORPHI Per`co*mor"phi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. perca perch + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of fishes including the perches and related kinds. PERCULACED Per"cu*laced, a. Etym: [Prob. corrupt. fr. portcullised.] (Her.) Defn: Latticed. See Lattice, n., 2. PERCURRENT Per*cur"rent, a. Etym: [L. percurrens, p.pr. of percurrere to run through; per through + currere to run.] Defn: Running through the entire length. PERCURSORY Per*cur"so*ry, a. Etym: [L. percursor one who runs through, fr. percurrere. See Percurrent.] Defn: Running over slightly or in haste; cursory. [R.] PERCUSS Per*cuss", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Percussed; p. pr. & vb. n. Percussing.] Etym: [L. percussus, p.p. of percutere; per + quatere to shake, strike. See Quash.] Defn: To strike smartly; to strike upon or against; as, to percuss the chest in medical examination. Flame percussed by air giveth a noise. Bacon. PERCUSS Per*cuss", v. i. (Med.) Defn: To strike or tap in an examination by percussion. See Percussion, 3. Quain. PERCUSSION Per*cus"sion, n. Etym: [L. percussio: cf. F. percussion. See Percuss.] 1. The act of percussing, or striking one body against another; forcible collision, esp. such as gives a sound or report. Sir I. Newton. 2. Hence: The effect of violent collision; vibratory shock; impression of sound on the ear. The thunderlike percussion of thy sounds. Shak. 3. (Med.) Defn: The act of tapping or striking the surface of the body in order to learn the condition of the parts beneath by the sound emitted or the sensation imparted to the fingers. Percussion is said to be immediate if the blow is directly upon the body; if some interventing substance, as a pleximeter, is, used, it is called mediate. Center of percussion. See under Center. -- Percussion bullet, a bullet containing a substance which is exploded by percussion; an explosive bullet. -- Percussion cap, a small copper cap or cup, containing fulminating powder, and used with a percussion lock to explode gunpowder. -- Percussion fuze. See under Fuze. -- Percussion lock, the lock of a gun that is fired by percussion upon fulminating powder. -- Percussion match, a match which ignites by percussion. -- Percussion powder, powder so composed as to ignite by slight percussion; fulminating powder. -- Percussion sieve, Percussion table, a machine for sorting ores by agitation in running water. PERCUSSIVE Per*cuss"ive, a. Defn: Striking against; percutient; as, percussive force. PERCUTIENT Per*cu"tient, a. Etym: [L. percutiens, p.pr. of percutere. See Percuss.] Defn: Striking; having the power of striking. -- n. Defn: That which strikes, or has power to strike. Bacon. PERDICINE Per"di*cine, a. Etym: [See Perdix.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the family Perdicidæ, or partridges. PERDIE Per*die", adv. Defn: See Parde. Spenser. PER DIEM Per di"em. [L.] Defn: By the day; substantively (chiefly U. S.), an allowance or amount of so much by the day. PERDIFOIL Per"di*foil, n. Etym: [L. perdere to lose + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: A deciduous plant; -- opposed to Ant: evergreen. J. Barton. PERDITION Per*di"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. perditio, fr. perdere, perditum, to ruin, to lose; per (cf. Skr. para away) + -dere (only in comp.) to put; akin to Gr. do. See Do.] 1. Entire loss; utter destruction; ruin; esp., the utter loss of the soul, or of final happiness in a future state; future misery or eternal death. The mere perdition of the Turkish fleet. Shak. If we reject the truth, we seal our own perdition. J. M. Mason. 2. Loss of diminution. [Obs.] Shak. PERDITIONABLE Per*di"tion*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being ruined; worthy of perdition. [R.] Pollok. PERDIX Per"dix, n. Etym: [L., a partridge, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of birds including the common European partridge. Formerly the word was used in a much wider sense to include many allied genera. PERDU Per*du", n. Etym: [See Perdu, a.] 1. One placed on watch, or in ambush. 2. A soldier sent on a forlorn hope. Shak. PERDU; PERDUE Per*du", Per*due", a. Etym: [F. perdu, f. perdue, lost, p.p. of perdre to lose, L. perdere. See Perdition.] 1. Lost to view; in concealment or ambush; close. He should lie perdue who is to walk the round. Fuller. 2. Accustomed to, or employed in, desperate enterprises; hence, reckless; hopeless. "A perdue captain." Beau. & Fl. PERDUELLION Per`du*el"lion, n. Etym: [L. perduellio; per + duellum, bellum, war.] (Civil Law) Defn: Treason. PERDULOUS Per"du*lous, a. Etym: [See Perdu, a.] Defn: Lost; thrown away. [Obs.] Abp. Bramhall. PERDURABILITY Per*dur`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Durability; lastingness. [Archaic] Chaucer. PERDURABLE Per*dur"a*ble, n. Etym: [Cf. F. perdurable, OE. pardurable. See Perdure.] Defn: Very durable; lasting; continuing long. [Archaic] Chaucer. Shak. -- Per*dur"a*bly, adv. [Archaic] PERDURANCE; PERDURATION Per*dur"ance, Per`du*ra"tion, n. Defn: Long continuance. [Archaic] PERDURE Per*dure", v. i. Etym: [L. perdurare; per trough + durare to last.] Defn: To last or endure for a long time; to be perdurable or lasting. [Archaic] The mind perdures while its energizing may construct a thousand lines. Hickok. PERDY Per*dy", adv. Defn: Truly. See Parde. [Obs.] Ah, dame! perdy ye have not done me right. Spenser. PERE Pere, n. Defn: A peer. [Obs.] Chaucer. PEREGAL Per*e"gal, a. Etym: [OF. par very (L. per) + egal equal, L. aequalis.] Defn: Fully equal. [Obs.] Chaucer. "Peregal to the best." Spenser. PEREGRINATE Per"e*gri*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. peregrinatus, p.p. of peregrinari to travel. See Pilgrim.] Defn: To travel from place to place, or from one country to another; hence, to sojourn in foreign countries. PEREGRINATE Per"e*gri*nate, a. Etym: [L. peregrinatus, p.p.] Defn: Having traveled; foreign. [Obs.] Shak. PEREGRINATION Per`e*gri*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. peregrinatio: cf. F. pérégrination.] Defn: A traveling from one country to another; a wandering; sojourn in foreign countries. "His peregrination abroad." Bacon. PEREGRINATOR Per"e*gri*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who peregrinates; one who travels about. PEREGRINE Per"e*grine, a. Etym: [L. peregrinus. See Pilgrim.] Defn: Foreign; not native; extrinsic or from without; exotic. [Spelt also pelegrine.] "Peregrine and preternatural heat." Bacon. Peregrine falcon (Zoöl.), a courageous and swift falcon (Falco peregrinus), remarkable for its wide distribution over all the continents. The adult plumage is dark bluish ash on the back, nearly black on the head and cheeks, white beneath, barred with black below the throat. Called also peregrine hawk, duck hawk, game hawk, and great-footed hawk. PEREGRINE Per"e*grine, n. Defn: The peregrine falcon. PEREGRINITY Per`e*grin"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. peregrinitas: cf. F. pérégrinité.] 1. Foreignness; strangeness. [Obs.] "Somewhat of a peregrinity in their dialect." Johnson. 2. Travel; wandering. [R.] Carlyle. PEREL Per"el, n. Defn: Apparel. [Obs.] Chaucer. PEREMPT Per*empt", v. t. Etym: [L. peremptus, p.p. of perimere to take away entirely, to destroy; per (see Per-) + OL. emere to take. See Redeem.] (Law) Defn: To destroy; to defeat. [R.] Ayliffe. PEREMPTION Per*emp"tion, n. Etym: [L. peremptio: cf. F. péremption.] (Law) Defn: A quashing; a defeating. [Obs.] PEREMPTORILY Per"emp*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a peremptory manner; absolutely; positively. Bacon. PEREMPTORINESS Per"emp*to*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being peremptory; positiveness. PEREMPTORY Per"emp*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. peremptorius destructive, deadly, decisive, final: cf. F. péremptorie. See Perempt.] 1. Precluding debate or expostulation; not admitting of question or appeal; positive; absolute; decisive; conclusive; final. Think of heaven with hearty purposes and peremptory designs to get thither. Jer. Taylor. 2. Positive in opinion or judgment; decided; dictatorial; dogmatical. Be not too positive and peremptory. Bacon. Briefly, then, for we are peremptory. Shak. 3. Firmly determined; unawed. [Poetic] Shak. Peremptory challenge (Law) See under Challenge. -- Peremptory mandamus, a final and absolute mandamus. -- Peremptory plea, a plea by a defendant tending to impeach the plaintiff's right of action; a plea in bar. Syn. -- Decisive; positive; absolute; authoritative; express; arbitrary; dogmatical. PERENNIAL Per*en"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. perennis that lasts the whole year through; per through + annus year. See Per-, and Annual.] 1. ing or continuing through the year; as, perennial fountains. 2. Continuing without cessation or intermission; perpetual; unceasing; never failing. The perennial existence of bodies corporate. Burke. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Continuing more than two years; as, a perennial steam, or root, or plant. Syn. -- Perpetual; unceasing; never failing; enduring; continual; permanent; uninterrupted. PERENNIAL Per*en"ni*al, n. (Bot.) Defn: A perennial plant; a plant which lives or continues more than two years, whether it retains its leaves in winter or not. PERENNIALLY Per*en"ni*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a perennial manner. PERENNIBRANCHIATA Per*en`ni*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Perennial, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Those Batrachia which retain their gills through life, as the menobranchus. PERENNIBRANCHIATE Per*en`ni*bran"chi*ate, a. Etym: [See Perennial, and Branchiate.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Having branchæ, or gills, through life; -- said especially of certain Amphibia, like the menobranchus. Opposed to caducibranchiate. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Perennibranchiata. PERENNITY Per*en"ni*ty, n. Etym: [L. perennitas.] Defn: The quality of being perennial. [R.] Derham. PERERRATION Per`er*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. pererrare, pererratum, to wander through.] Defn: A wandering, or rambling, through various places. [R.] Howell. PERFECT Per"fect, a. Etym: [OE. parfit, OF. parfit, parfet, parfait, F. parfait, L. perfectus, p.p. of perficere to carry to the end, to perform, finish, perfect; per (see Per-) + facere to make, do. See Fact.] 1. Brought to consummation or completeness; completed; not defective nor redundant; having all the properties or qualities requisite to its nature and kind; without flaw, fault, or blemish; without error; mature; whole; pure; sound; right; correct. My strength is made perfect in weakness. 2 Cor. xii. 9. Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun. Shak. I fear I am not in my perfect mind. Shak. O most entire perfect sacrifice! Keble. God made thee perfect, not immutable. Milton. 2. Well informed; certain; sure. I am perfect that the Pannonains are now in arms. Shak. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Hermaphrodite; having both stamens and pistils; -- said of flower. Perfect cadence (Mus.), a complete and satisfactory close in harmony, as upon the tonic preceded by the dominant. -- Perfect chord (Mus.), a concord or union of sounds which is perfectly coalescent and agreeable to the ear, as the unison, octave, fifth, and fourth; a perfect consonance; a common chord in its original position of keynote, third, fifth, and octave. -- Perfect number (Arith.), a number equal to the sum of all its divisors; as, 28, whose aliquot parts, or divisors, are 14, 7, 4, 2, 1. See Abundant number, under Abundant. Brande & C. -- Perfect tense (Gram.), a tense which expresses an act or state completed. Syn. -- Finished; consummate; complete; entire; faultless; blameless; unblemished. PERFECT Per"fect, n. Defn: The perfect tense, or a form in that tense. PERFECT Per"fect, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perfected; p. pr. & vb. n. Perfecting.] Etym: [L. perfectus, p.p. of perficere. See Perfect, a.] Defn: To make perfect; to finish or complete, so as to leave nothing wanting; to give to anything all that is requisite to its nature and kind. God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfect in us. 1 John iv. 12. Inquire into the nature and properties of the things, . . . and thereby perfect our ideas of their distinct species. Locke. Perfecting press (Print.), a press in which the printing on both sides of the paper is completed in one passage through the machine. Syn. -- To finish; accomplish; complete; consummate. PERFECTER Per"fect*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, makes perfect. "The . . . perfecter of our faith." Barrow. PERFECTIBILIAN Per*fect`i*bil"i*an, n. Defn: A perfectionist. [R.] Ed. Rev. PERFECTIBILIST Per`fec*tib"i*list, n. Defn: A perfectionist. See also Illuminati, 2. [R.] PERFECTIBILITY Per*fect`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. perfectibilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being perfectible. PERFECTIBLE Per*fect"i*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. perfectible.] Defn: Capable of becoming, or being made, perfect. PERFECTION Per*fec"tion, n. Etym: [F. perfection, L. perfectio.] 1. The quality or state of being perfect or complete, so that nothing requisite is wanting; entire development; consummate culture, skill, or moral excellence; the highest attainable state or degree of excellence; maturity; as, perfection in an art, in a science, or in a system; perfection in form or degree; fruits in perfection. 2. A quality, endowment, or acquirement completely excellent; an ideal faultlessness; especially, the divine attribute of complete excellence. Shak. What tongue can her perfections tell Sir P. Sidney. To perfection, in the highest degree of excellence; perfectly; as, to imitate a model to perfection. PERFECTION Per*fec"tion, v. t. Defn: To perfect. [Obs.] Foote. PERFECTIONAL Per*fec"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to perfection; characterized by perfection. [R.] Bp. Pearson. PERFECTIONATE Per*fec"tion*ate, v. t. Defn: To perfect. Dryden. PERFECTIONISM Per*fec"tion*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine of the Perfectionists. PERFECTIONIST Per*fec"tion*ist, n. Defn: One pretending to perfection; esp., one pretending to moral perfection; one who believes that persons may and do attain to moral perfection and sinlessness in this life. South. PERFECTIONMENT Per*fec"tion*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. perfectionnement.] Defn: The act of bringing to perfection, or the state of having attained to perfection. [R.] I. Taylor. PERFECTIVE Per*fect"ive, a. Defn: Tending or conducing to make perfect, or to bring to perfection; -- usually followed by of. "A perfective alteration." Fuller. Actions perfective of their natures. Ray. PERFECTIVELY Per*fec"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a perfective manner. PERFECTLY Per"fect*ly, adv. Defn: In a perfect manner or degree; in or to perfection; completely; wholly; throughly; faultlessly. "Perfectly divine." Milton. As many as touched were made perfectly whole. Matt. xiv. 36. PERFECTNESS Per"fect*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being perfect; perfection. "Charity, which is the bond of perfectness." Col. iii. 14. PERFERVID Per*fer"vid, a. Etym: [Pref. per- + fervid.] Defn: Very fervid; too fervid; glowing; ardent. PERFICIENT Per*fi"cient, a. Etym: [L. perficiens, p.pr. of perficere to perform. See Perfect.] Defn: Making or doing throughly; efficient; effectual. [R.] Blackstone. PERFICIENT Per*fi"cient, n. Defn: One who performs or perfects a work; especially, one who endows a charity. [R.] PERFIDIOUS Per*fid"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. perfidious.] 1. Guilty of perfidy; violating good faith or vows; false to trust or confidence reposed; teacherous; faithless; as, a perfidious friend. Shak. 2. Involving, or characterized by, perfidy. "Involved in this perfidious fraud." Milton. PERFIDIOUSLY Per*fid"i*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a perfidious manner. PERFIDIOUSNESS Per*fid"i*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being perfidious; perfidy. Clarendon. PERFIDY Per"fi*dy, n.; pl. Perfidies. Etym: [L. perfidia, fr. L. perfidus faithless; per (cf. Skr. para away) + fides faith: cf. F. perfidie. See Faith.] Defn: The act of violating faith or allegiance; violation of a promise or vow, or of trust reposed; faithlessness; teachery. The ambition and perfidy of tyrants. Macaulay. His perfidy to this sacred engagement. DeQuincey. PERFIT Per"fit, a. Defn: Perfect. [Obs.] Chaucer. PERFIX Per*fix", v. t. Etym: [Pref. per- + fix.] Defn: To fix surely; to appoint. [Obs.] PERFLABLE Per"fla*ble, a. Etym: [L. perflabilis. See Perflate.] Defn: Capable of being blown through. [Obs.] PERFLATE Per*flate", v. t. Etym: [L. perflatus, p.p. of perflare to blow through.] Defn: To blow through. [Obs.] Harvey. PERFLATION Per*fla"tion, n. Etym: [L. perflatio.] Defn: The act of perflating. [Obs.] Woodward. PERFOLIATE Per*fo"li*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. per- + L. folium leaf.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Having the basal part produced around the stem; -- said of leaves which the stem apparently passes directory through. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Surrounded by a circle of hairs, or projections of any kind. PERFORATA Per`fo*ra"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Perforate.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of corals including those that have a porous texture, as Porites and Madrepora; -- opposed to Aporosa. (b) A division of Foraminifera, including those having perforated shells. PERFORATE Per"fo*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perforated; p. pr. & vb. n. Perforating.] Etym: [L. perforatus, p.p. of perforare to perforate; per through + forare to bore. See Bore, v.] Defn: To bore through; to pierce through with a pointed instrument; to make a hole or holes through by boring or piercing; to pierce or penetrate the surface of. Bacon. PERFORATE; PERFORATED Per"fo*rate, Per"fo*ra`ted, a. Defn: Pierced with a hole or holes, or with pores; having transparent dots resembling holes. PERFORATION Per`fo*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. perforation.] 1. The act of perforating, or of boring or piercing through. Bacon. 2. A hole made by boring or piercing; an aperture. "Slender perforations." Sir T. Browne. PERFORATIVE Per"fo*ra*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. perforatif.] Defn: Having power to perforate or pierce. PERFORATOR Per"fo*ra`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. perforateur.] Defn: One who, or that which, perforates; esp., a cephalotome. PERFORCE Per*force", adv. Etym: [F. par (L. per) + force.] Defn: By force; of necessary; at any rate. Shak. PERFORCE Per*force", v. t. Defn: To force; to compel. [Obs.] PERFORM Per*form", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Performed; p. pr. & vb. n. Performing.] Etym: [OE. performen, parfourmen, parfournen, OF. parfornir, parfournir, to finish, complete; OF. & F. par (see Par) + fournir to finish, complete. The word has been influenced by form; cf. L. performare to form thoroughly. See Furnish.] 1. To carry through; to bring to completion; to achieve; to accomplish; to execute; to do. I will cry unto God most high, unto God that performeth all things for me. Ps. lvii. 2. Great force to perform what they did attempt. Sir P. Sidney. 2. To discharge; to fulfill; to act up to; as, to perform a duty; to perform a promise or a vow. To perform your father's will. Shak. 3. To represent; to act; to play; as in drama. Perform a part thou hast not done before. Shak. Syn. -- To accomplish; do; act; transact; achieve; execute; discharge; fulfill; effect; complete; consummate. See Accomplish. PERFORM Per*form", v. i. Defn: To do, execute, or accomplish something; to acquit one's self in any business; esp., to represent sometimes by action; to act a part; to play on a musical instrument; as, the players perform poorly; the musician performs on the organ. PERFORMABLE Per*form"a*ble, a. Defn: Admitting of being performed, done, or executed; practicable. PERFORMANCE Per*form"ance, n. Defn: The act of performing; the carrying into execution or action; execution; achievement; accomplishment; representation by action; as, the performance of an undertaking of a duty. Promises are not binding where the performance is impossible. Paley. 2. That which is performed or accomplished; a thing done or carried through; an achievement; a deed; an act; a feat; esp., an action of an elaborate or public character. "Her walking and other actual performances." Shak. "His musical performances." Macaulay. Syn. -- Completion; consummation; execution; accomplishment; achievement; production; work; act; action; deed; exploit; feat. PERFORMER Per*form"er, n. Defn: One who performs, accomplishes, or fulfills; as, a good promiser, but a bad performer; especially, one who shows skill and training in any art; as, a performer of the drama; a performer on the harp. PERFRICATE Per"fri*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. perfricatus, p.p. of perfricare.] Defn: To rub over. Bailey. PERFUMATORY Per*fu"ma*to*ry, a. Defn: Emitting perfume; perfuming. [R.] Sir E. Leigh. PERFUME Per*fume", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perfumed; p. pr. & vb. n. Perfuming.] Etym: [F. parfumer (cf. Sp. perfumar); par (see Par) + fumer to smoke, L. fumare, fr. fumus smoke. See Fume.] Defn: To fill or impregnate with a perfume; to scent. And Carmel's flowery top perfumes the skies. Pope. PERFUME Per"fume, n. Etym: [F. parfum; cf. Sp. perfume. See Perfume, v.] 1. The scent, odor, or odoriferous particles emitted from a sweet- smelling substance; a pleasant odor; fragrance; aroma. No rich perfumes refresh the fruitful field. Pope. 2. A substance that emits an agreeable odor. And thou shalt make it a perfume. Ex. xxx. 35. PERFUMER Per*fum"er, n. 1. One who, oe that which, perfumes. 2. One whose trade is to make or sell perfumes. PERFUMERY Per*fum"er*y, n. 1. Perfumes, in general. 2. Etym: [Cf. F. parfumerie.] Defn: The art of preparing perfumes. PERFUNCTORILY Per*func"to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a perfunctory manner; formally; carelessly. Boyle. PERFUNCTORINESS Per*func"to*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being perfunctory. PERFUNCTORY Per*func"to*ry, a. Etym: [L. perfunctorius, fr. perfunctus dispatched, p.p. of perfungi to discharge, dispatch; per (see Per) + fungi to perform. See Function.] 1. Done merely to get rid of a duty; performed mechanically and as a thing of rote; done in a careless and superficial manner; characterized by indifference; as, perfunctory admonitions. Macaulay. 2. Hence: Mechanical; indifferent; listless; careless. "Perfunctory in his devotions." Sharp. PERFUNCTURATE Per*func"tu*rate, v. t. Defn: To perform in a perfunctory manner; to do negligently. [R.] PERFUSE Per*fuse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perfused; p. pr. & vb. n. Perfusing.] Etym: [L. perfusus, p.p. of perfundere to pour over; per + fundere to pour.] Defn: To suffuse; to fill full or to excess. Harvey. PERFUSION Per*fu"sion, n. Etym: [L. perfusio.] Defn: The act of perfusing. PERFUSIVE Per*fu"sive, a. Defn: Of a nature to flow over, or to spread through. PERGAMENOUS; PERGAMENTACEOUS Per`ga*me"no*us, Per`ga*men*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [L. pergamena parchment. See Parchment.] Defn: Like parchment. PERGOLA Per"go*la, n. [It., fr. L. pergula shed, shop, vine arbor.] Defn: Lit., an arbor or bower; specif.: (Italian art) Defn: An arbor or trellis treated architecturally, as with stone columns or similar massive structure. PERGOLO Per"go*lo, n. [It.] Defn: A continuous colonnade or arcade; -- applied to the decorative groups of windows, as in Venetian palazzi. PERHAPS Per*haps", adv. Etym: [Per + hap chance.] Defn: By chance; peradventure; perchance; it may be. And pray God, if perhaps the thought of thine heart may be forgiven thee. Acts viii. 22. PERI- Per"i-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A prefix used to signify around, by, near, over, beyond, or to give an intensive sense; as, perimeter, the measure around; perigee, point near the earth; periergy, work beyond what is needed; perispherical, quite spherical. PERI Pe"ri, n.; pl. Peris. Etym: [Per. peri a female genus, a fairy.] (Persian Myth.) Defn: An imaginary being, male or female, like an elf or fairy, represented as a descendant of fallen angels, excluded from paradise till penance is accomplished. Moore. PERIAGUA Per`i*a"gua, n. Defn: See Pirogue. PERIANTH Per"i*anth, n. Etym: [Pref. peri- + Gr. périanthe.] (Bot.) (a) The leaves of a flower generally, especially when the calyx and corolla are not readily distinguished. (b) A saclike involucre which incloses the young fruit in most hepatic mosses. See Illust. of Hepatica. PERIANTHIUM Per`i*an"thi*um, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: The perianth. PERIAPT Per"i*apt, n. Etym: [Gr. périapte.] Defn: A charm worn as a protection against disease or mischief; an amulet. Coleridge. Now help, ye charming spells and periapts. Shak. PERIASTRAL Per`i*as"tral, a. Defn: Among or around the stars. "Comets in periastral passage." R. A. Proctor. PERIASTRON Per`i*as"tron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Astron.) Defn: That point, in the real or apparent orbit of one star revolving around another, at which the former is nearest to the latter. PERIAUGER Per"i*au"ger, n. Defn: See Pirogue. W. Irving. PERIBLAST Per"i*blast, a. Etym: [Gr. Peri-, and -blast.] (Biol.) Defn: The protoplasmic matter which surrounds the entoblast, or cell nucleus, and undergoes segmentation. -- Per`i*blas"tic, a. PERIBLEM Per"i*blem, n. Etym: [Pref. peri- + root of Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Nascent cortex, or immature cellular bark. PERIBOLOS Pe*rib"o*los, n. Etym: [Nl., fr. Gr. peribolus.] Defn: In ancient architecture, an inclosed court, esp., one surrounding a temple. PERIBRANCHIAL Per`i*bran"chi*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Surrounding the branchiæ; as, a peribranchial cavity. PERIBRANCHIAL Per`i*bran"chi*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Around the bronchi or bronchial tubes; as, the peribronchial lymphatics. PERICAMBIUM Per`i*cam"bi*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Peri-, and Cambium.] (Biol.) Defn: A layer of thin-walled young cells in a growing stem, in which layer certain new vessels originate. PERICARDIAC; PERICARDIAL Per`i*car"di*ac, Per`i*car"di*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to pericardium; situated around the heart. Pericardial fluid (Physiol.), a serous fluid of a pale yellow color contained in the pericardium. PERICARDIAN Per`i*car"di*an, a. Defn: Pericardiac. PERICARDIC Per`i*car"dic, a. Defn: Pericardiac. PERICARDITUS Per`i*car*di"tus, n. Etym: [NL. See Pericardium, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the pericardium. Dunglison. PERICARDIUM Per`i*car"di*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The double baglike fold of serous membrane which incloses the heart. Note: The inner layer is closely adherent to the outer surface of the heart, and is called the cardiac pericardium. The outer layer loosely incloses the heart and the adherent inner layer, and is called the parietal pericardium. At the base of the heart the two layers are continuous, and form a narrow closed cavity filled with fluid, in which the pulsations of the heart cause little friction. PERICARP Per"i*carp, n. Etym: [Gr. péricarpe.] (Bot.) Defn: The ripened ovary; the walls of the fruit. See Illusts. of Capsule, Drupe, and Legume. PERICARPIAL; PERICARPIC Per`i*car"pi*al, Per`i*car"pic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a pericarp. PERICELLULAR Per`i*cel"lu*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Surrounding a cell; as, the pericellular lymph spaces surrounding ganglion cells. PERICHAETH Per"i*chæth, n. Etym: [See Perichætium.] (Bot.) Defn: The leafy involucre surrounding the fruit stalk of mosses; perichætium; perichete. PERICHAETIAL Per`i*chæ"ti*al, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the perichæth. PERICHAETIUM Per`i*chæ"ti*um, n.; pl. Perichætia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Perichæth. PERICHAETOUS Per`i*chæ"tous, a. Etym: [See Perichætium.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Surrounded by setæ; -- said of certain earthworms (genus Perichætus). PERICHETE Per"i*chete, n. Defn: Same as Perichæth. PERICHONDRIAL Per`i*chon"dri*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the perichondrium; situated around cartilage. PERICHONDRITIS Per`i*chon*dri"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Perichondrium, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the perichondrium. PERICHONDRIUM Per`i*chon"dri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The membrane of fibrous connective tissue which closely invests cartilage, except where covering articular surfaces. PERICHORDAL Per`i*chor"dal, a. Defn: Around the notochord; as, a perichordal column. See Epichordal. PERICLASE; PERICLASITE Per"i*clase, Per`i*cla"site, n. Etym: [Pref. peri- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: A grayish or dark green mineral, consisting essentially of magnesia (magnesium oxide), occurring in granular forms or in isometric crystals. PERICLINIUM Per`i*clin"i*um, n.; pl. Periclinia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The involucre which surrounds the common receptacle in composite flowers. PERICLITATE Pe*ric"li*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. periclitatus, p.p. of periclitari, fr. periculum.] Defn: To endanger. [Obs.] Periclitating, pardi! the whole family. Sterne. PERICLITATION Pe*ric`li*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. periclitatio: cf. F. périclitation.] 1. Trial; experiment. [Obs.] 2. The state of being in peril. [Obs.] PERICOPE Pe*ric"o*pe, n. Etym: [L., section of a book, Gr. Defn: A selection or extract from a book; especially (Theol.), a selection from the Bible, appointed to be read in the churches or used as a text for a sermon. PERICRANIAL Per`i*cra"ni*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pericranium. PERICRANIUM Per`i*cra"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: The periosteum which covers the cranium externally; the region around the cranium. PERICULOUS Pe*ric"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. periculosus. See Perilous.] Defn: Dangerous; full of peril. [Obs.] PERICULUM Pe*ric"u*lum, n.; pl. Pericula. Etym: [L.] (Rom. & O.Eng. Law) 1. Danger; risk. 2. In a narrower, judicial sense: Accident or casus, as distinguished from dolus and culpa, and hence relieving one from the duty of performing an obligation. PERICYSTITIS Per`i*cys*ti"tis, n. [NL. See Peri-, and Cystitis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the bladder. PERIDERM Per"i*derm, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: The outer layer of bark. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hard outer covering of hydroids and other marine animals; the perisarc. PERIDIASTOLE Per`i*di*as"to*le, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The almost inappreciable time which elapses between the systole and the diastole of the heart. PERIDIUM Pe*rid"i*um, n.; pl. Peridia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The envelope or coat of certain fungi, such as the puffballs and earthstars. PERIDOT Per"i*dot, n. Etym: [F. péridot.] (Min.) Defn: Chrysolite. PERIDOTITE Per"i*do*tite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. péridotite.] (Min.) Defn: An eruptive rock characterized by the presence of chrysolite (peridot). It also usually contains pyroxene, enstatite, chromite, etc. It is often altered to serpentine. Note: The chief diamond deposits in South Africa occur in a more or less altered peridotite. PERIDROME Per"i*drome, n. Etym: [Gr. péridrome.] (Archæol.) Defn: The space between the columns and the wall of the cella, in a Greek or a Roman temple. PERIECIANS Per`i*e"cians, n. pl. Defn: See Perioecians. PERIENTERON Per`i*en"te*ron, n. Etym: [NL. See Peri-, and Enteron.] (Anat.) Defn: The primitive perivisceral cavity. PERIERGY Per"i*er`gy, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. Excessive care or diligence. [Obs.] 2. (Rhet.) Defn: A bombastic or labored style. [R.] PERIGANGLIONIC Per`i*gan`gli*on"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Surrounding a ganglion; as, the periganglionic glands of the frog. PERIGASTRIC Per`i*gas"tric, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Surrounding the stomach; -- applied to the body cavity of Bryozoa and various other Invertebrata. PERIGEAN Per`i*ge"an, a. Defn: Pertaining to the perigee. Perigean tides, those spring tides which occur soon after the moon passes her perigee. PERIGEE; PERIGEUM Per"i*gee, Per`i*ge"um, n. Etym: [NL. perigeum, fr. Gr. périgée.] (Astron.) Defn: That point in the orbit of the moon which is nearest to the earth; -- opposed to Ant: apogee. It is sometimes, but rarely, used of the nearest points of other orbits, as of a comet, a planet, etc. Called also epigee, epigeum. PERIGENESIS Per`i*gen"e*sis, n. (Biol.) Defn: A theory which explains inheritance by the transmission of the type of growth force possessed by one generation to another. PERIGENETIC Per`i*gen"e*tic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to perigenesis. PERIGONE Per"i*gone, n. Etym: [Pref. peri- + Gr. 1. (Bot.) (a) Any organ inclosing the essential organs of a flower; a perianth. (b) In mosses, the involucral bracts of a male flower. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sac which surrounds the generative bodies in the gonophore of a hydroid. PERIGONIUM Per`i*go"ni*um, n.; pl. Perigonia. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Same as Perigone. PERIGORD PIE Per"i*gord pie`. Etym: [From Périgord, a former province of France.] Defn: A pie made of truffles, much esteemed by epicures. PERIGRAPH Per"i*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A careless or inaccurate delineation of anything. Etym: [R.] PERIGYNIUM Per`i*gyn"i*um, n.; pl. Perigynia. Etym: [NL. See Perigynous.] (Bot.) Defn: Some unusual appendage about the pistil, as the bottle-shaped body in the sedges, and the bristles or scales in some other genera of the Sedge family, or Cyperaceæ. PERIGYNOUS Pe*rig"y*nous, a. Etym: [Pref. peri- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having the ovary free, but the petals and stamens borne on the calyx; -- said of flower such as that of the cherry or peach. PERIHELION; PERIHELIUM Per`i*hel"ion, Per`i*he"li*um, n.; pl. Perihelia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Astron.) Defn: That point of the orbit of a planet or comet which is nearest to the sun; -- opposed to Ant: aphelion. PERIL Per"il, n. Etym: [F. péril, fr. L. periculum, periclum, akin to peritus experienced, skilled, and E. fare. See Fare, and cf. Experience.] Defn: Danger; risk; hazard; jeopardy; exposure of person or property to injury, loss, or destruction. In perils of waters, in perils of robbers. 2 Cor. xi. 26. Adventure hard With peril great achieved. Milton. At, or On, one's peril, with risk or danger to one; at the hazard of. "On thy soul's peril." Shak. Syn. -- Hazard; risk; jeopardy. See Danger. PERIL Per"il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Periled or Perilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Periling or Perilling.] Defn: To expose to danger; to hazard; to risk; as, to peril one's life. PERIL Per"il, v. i. Defn: To be in danger. [Obs.] Milton. PERILLA Pe*ril"la, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of labiate herbs, of which one species (Perilla ocimoides, or P. Nankinensis) is often cultivated for its purple or variegated foliage. PERILOUS Per"il*ous, a. Etym: [OF. perillous, perilleus, F. périlleux, L. periculosus. See Peril.] [Written also perillous.] 1. Full of, attended with, or involving, peril; dangerous; hazardous; as, a perilous undertaking. Infamous hills, and sandy, perilous wilds. Milton. 2. Daring; reckless; dangerous. [Obs.] Latimer. For I am perilous with knife in hand. Chaucer. -- Per"il*ous*ly, adv. -- Per"il*ous*ness, n. PERILYMPH Per"i*lymph, n. (Anat.) Defn: The fluid which surrounds the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear, and separates it from the walls of the chambers in which the labyrinth lies. PERILYMPHANGIAL Per`i*lym*phan"gi*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Around, or at the side of, a lymphatic vessel. PERILYMPHATIC Per`i*lym*phat"ic, a. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to, or containing, perilymph. (b) Perilymphangial. PERIMETER Per*im"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. périmètre.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: The outer boundary of a body or figure, or the sum of all the sides. 2. An instrument for determining the extent and shape of the field of vision. PERIMETRIC; PERIMETRICAL Per`i*met"ric, Per`i*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the perimeter, or to perimetry; as, a perimetric chart of the eye. PERIMETRY Per*im"e*try, n. Defn: The art of using the perimeter; measurement of the field of vision. PERIMORPH Per"i*morph, n. Etym: [Pref. peri- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: A crystal of one species inclosing one of another species. See Endomorph. PERIMYSIAL Per`i*my"sial, a. (Anat.) (a) Surrounding a muscle or muscles. (b) Of or pertaining to the perimysium. PERIMYSIUM Per`i*my"si*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The connective tissue sheath which surrounds a muscle, and sends partitions inwards between the bundles of muscular fibers. PERINAEUM Per`i*næ"um, n. Defn: See Perineum. PERINEAL Per`i*ne"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the perineum. PERINEOPLASTY Per`i*ne"o*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Perineum + -plasty.] (Med.) Defn: The act or process of restoring an injured perineum. PERINEORRHAPHY Per`i*ne*or"rha*phy, n. Etym: [Perineum + Gr. (Med.) Defn: The operation of sewing up a ruptured perineum. PERINEPHRITIS Per`i*ne*phri"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Peri-, and Nephritis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the cellular tissue around the kidney. -- Per`i*ne*phrit"ic, a. PERINEUM Per`i*ne"um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The region which is included within the outlet of the pelvis, and is traversed by the urinogenital canal and the rectum. PERINEURIAL Per`i*neu"ri*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Surrounding nerves or nerve fibers; of or pertaining to the perineurium. PERINEURIUM Per`i*neu"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The connective tissue sheath which surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers. See Epineurium, and Neurilemma. PERINUCLEAR Per`i*nu"cle*ar, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a nucleus; situated around a nucleus; as, the perinuclear protoplasm. PERIOD Pe"ri*od, n. Etym: [L. periodus, Gr. période.] 1. A portion of time as limited and determined by some recurring phenomenon, as by the completion of a revolution of one of the heavenly bodies; a division of time, as a series of years, months, or days, in which something is completed, and ready to recommence and go on in the same order; as, the period of the sun, or the earth, or a comet. 2. Hence: A stated and recurring interval of time; more generally, an interval of time specified or left indefinite; a certain series of years, months, days, or the like; a time; a cycle; an age; an epoch; as, the period of the Roman republic. How by art to make plants more lasting than their ordinary period. Bacon. 3. (Geol.) Defn: One of the great divisions of geological time; as, the Tertiary period; the Glacial period. See the Chart of Geology. 4. The termination or completion of a revolution, cycle, series of events, single event, or act; hence, a limit; a bound; an end; a conclusion. Bacon. So spake the archangel Michael; then paused, As at the world's great period. Milton. Evils which shall never end till eternity hath a period. Jer. Taylor. This is the period of my ambition. Shak. 5. (Rhet.) Defn: A complete sentence, from one full stop to another; esp., a well-proportioned, harmonious sentence. "Devolved his rounded periods." Tennyson. Periods are beautiful when they are not too long. B. Johnson. Note: The period, according to Heyse, is a compound sentence consisting of a protasis and apodosis; according to Becker, it is the appropriate form for the coördinate propositions related by antithesis or causality. Gibbs. 6. (Print.) Defn: The punctuation point [.] that marks the end of a complete sentence, or of an abbreviated word. 7. (Math.) Defn: One of several similar sets of figures or terms usually marked by points or commas placed at regular intervals, as in numeration, in the extraction of roots, and in circulating decimals. 8. (Med.) Defn: The time of the exacerbation and remission of a disease, or of the paroxysm and intermission. 9. (Mus.) Defn: A complete musical sentence. The period, the present or current time, as distinguished from all other times. Syn. -- Time; date; epoch; era; age; duration; limit; bound; end; conclusion; determination. PERIOD Pe"ri*od, v. t. Defn: To put an end to. [Obs.] Shak. PERIOD Pe"ri*od, v. i. Defn: To come to a period; to conclude. [Obs.] "You may period upon this, that," etc. Felthman. PERIODATE Per*i"o*date, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of periodic acid. PERIODIC Per`i*od"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. per- + iodic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, the highest oxygen acid (HIO PERIODIC; PERIODICAL Pe`ri*od"ic, Pe`ri*od"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. periodicus, Gr. périodique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a period or periods, or to division by periods. The periodicaltimes of all the satellites. Sir J. Herschel. 2. Performed in a period, or regular revolution; proceeding in a series of successive circuits; as, the periodical motion of the planets round the sun. 3. Happening, by revolution, at a stated time; returning regularly, after a certain period of time; acting, happening, or appearing, at fixed intervals; recurring; as, periodical epidemics. The periodic return of a plant's flowering. Henslow. To influence opinion through the periodical press. Courthope. 4. (Rhet.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a period; constituting a complete sentence. Periodic comet (Astron.), a comet that moves about the sun in an elliptic orbit; a comet that has been seen at two of its approaches to the sun. -- Periodic function (Math.), a function whose values recur at fixed intervals as the variable uniformly increases. The trigonomertic functions, as sin x, tan x, etc., are periodic functions. Exponential functions are also periodic, having an imaginary period, and the elliptic functions have not only a real but an imaginary period, and are hence called doubly periodic. -- Periodic law (Chem.), the generalization that the properties of the chemical elements are periodic functions of their atomic wieghts. "In other words, if the elements are grouped in the order of their atomic weights, it will be found that nearly the same properties recur periodically throughout the entire series." The following tabular arrangement of the atomic weights shows the regular recurrence of groups (under I., II., III., IV., etc.), each consisting of members of the same natural family. The gaps in the table indicate the probable existence of unknown elements. TABLE OF THE PERIODIC LAW OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS (The vertical columns contain the periodic groups) Series1{ 2{ 3{ 4{ 5{ 6{ 7{ 8{ 9{ 10{ 11{ 12{ --------------------------------------------------------- -----|I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. | RH4 RH3 RH3 RH |R2O RO R3O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 RO4 ----------------------------------------------- ---------------H 1 Li 7 Na 23 K 39 (Cu) 63 Rb 85.2 (Ag) (108) Cs 133 (-) (-) (Au) (197) (-) ---------------------------------------------- ------------------- Note: A similar relation had been enunciated in a crude way by Newlands; but the law in its effective form was developed and elaborated by Mendelejeff, whence it is sometimes called Mendelejeff's law. Important extensions of it were also made by L. Meyer. By this means Mendelejeff predicted with remarkable accuracy the hypothetical elements ekaboron, ekaluminium, and ekasilicon, afterwards discovered and named respectively scandium, gallium, and germanium. -- Periodic star (Astron.), a variable star whose changes of brightness recur at fixed periods. -- Periodic time of a heavenly body (Astron.), the time of a complete revolution of the body about the sun, or of a satellite about its primary. PERIODICAL Pe`ri*od"ic*al, n. Defn: A magazine or other publication which appears at stated or regular intervals. PERIODICALIST Pe`ri*od"ic*al*ist, n. Defn: One who publishes, or writes for, a periodical. PERIODICALLY Pe`ri*od"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a periodical manner. PERIODICALNESS Pe`ri*od"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: Periodicity. PERIODICITY Pe`ri*o*dic"i*ty, n.; pl. Periodicities. Etym: [Cf. F. périodicité.] Defn: The quality or state of being periodical, or regularly recurrent; as, the periodicity in the vital phenomena of plants. Henfrey. PERIODIDE Per*i"o*dide, n. Etym: [Pref. per- + iodide.] Defn: An iodide containing a higher proportion of iodine than any other iodide of the same substance or series. PERIODONTAL Per`i*o*don"tal, a. Etym: [Pref. peri- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Surrounding the teeth. PERIODOSCOPE Pe`ri*od"o*scope, n. Etym: [Period + -scope.] (Med.) Defn: A table or other means for calculating the periodical functions of women. Dunglison. PERIOECI; PERIOECIANS Per`i*oe"ci, Per`i*oe"cians, n. pl. Etym: [NL. perioeci, fr. Gr. Defn: Those who live on the same parallel of latitude but on opposite meridians, so that it is noon in one place when it is midnight in the other. Compare Antoeci. PERIOPLE Per"i*o*ple, n. Etym: [F. périople, from Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The external smooth horny layer of the hoof of the horse and allied animals. PERIOPLIC Per`i*op"lic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the periople; connected with the periople. PERIOSTEAL Per`i*os"te*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated around bone; of or pertaining to the periosteum. PERIOSTEUM Per`i*os"te*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. periosteon.] (Anat.) Defn: The membrane of fibrous connective tissue which closely invests all bones except at the articular surfaces. PERIOSTITIS Per`i*os*ti"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Periosteum, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the periosteum. PERIOSTRACUM Per`i*os"tra*cum, n.; pl. Periostraca. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A chitinous membrane covering the exterior of many shells; -- called also epidermis. PERIOTIC Per`i*o"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. peri- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Surrounding, or pertaining to the region surrounding, the internal ear; as, the periotic capsule. -- n. Defn: A periotic bone. PERIPATECIAN Per`i*pa*te"cian, n. Defn: A peripatetic. [Obs.] PERIPATETIC Per`i*pa*tet"ic, a. Etym: [L. peripateticus, Gr. péripatétique.] 1. Walking about; itinerant. 2. Of or pertaining to the philosophy taught by Aristotle (who gave his instructions while walking in the Lyceum at Athens), or to his followers. "The true peripatetic school." Howell. PERIPATETIC Per`i*pa*tet"ic, n. 1. One who walks about; a pedestrian; an itinerant. Tatler. 2. A disciple of Aristotle; an Aristotelian. PERIPATETICAL Per`i*pa*tet"ic*al, a. Defn: Peripatetic. [R.] Hales. PERIPATETICISM Per`i*pa*tet"i*cism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. péripatétisme.] Defn: The doctrines or philosophical system of the peripatetics. See Peripatetic, n., 2. Lond. Sat. Rev. PERIPATUS Pe*rip"a*tus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of lowly organized arthropods, found in South Africa, Australia, and tropical America. It constitutes the order Malacopoda. PERIPETALOUS Per`i*pet"al*ous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Surrounding, or situated about, the petals. PERIPHERAL Pe*riph"er*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a periphery; constituting a periphery; peripheric. 2. (Anat.) Defn: External; away from the center; as, the peripheral portion of the nervous system. PERIPHERIC; PERIPHERICAL Per`i*pher"ic, Per`i*pher"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. périphérique. See Periphery.] Defn: See Peripheral. PERIPHERY Pe*riph"er*y, n.; pl. Peripheries. Etym: [L. peripheria, Gr. périphérie.] 1. The outside or superficial portions of a body; the surface. 2. (Geom.) Defn: The circumference of a circle, ellipse, or other figure. PERIPHRASE Per"i*phrase, n. Etym: [L. periphrasis, Gr. périphrase. See Phrase.] (Rhet.) Defn: The use of more words than are necessary to express the idea; a roundabout, or indirect, way of speaking; circumlocution. "To describe by enigmatic periphrases." De Quincey. PERIPHRASE Per"i*phrase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Periphrased; p. pr. & vb. n. Periphrasing.] Etym: [Cf. F. périphraser.] Defn: To express by periphrase or circumlocution. PERIPHRASE Per"i*phrase, v. i. Defn: To use circumlocution. PERIPHRASIS Pe*riph"ra*sis, n.; pl. Periphrases. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Periphrase. PERIPHRASTIC; PERIPHRASTICAL Per`i*phras"tic, Per`i*phras"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. périphrastique.] Defn: Expressing, or expressed, in more words than are necessary; characterized by periphrase; circumlocutory. Periphrastic conjugation (Gram.), a conjugation formed by the use of the simple verb with one or more auxiliaries. PERIPHRASTICALLY Per`i*phras"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: With circumlocution. PERIPLAST Per"i*plast, n. Etym: [Pref. peri- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Periblast. -- Per`i*plas"tic, a. Huxley. PERIPNEUMONIA; PERIPNEUMONY Per`ip*neu*mo"ni*a, Per`ip*neu"mo*ny, n. Etym: [L. peripneumonia, Gr. péripneumonie. See Peri-, Pneumonia.] (Med.) Defn: Pneumonia. (Obsoles.) PERIPNEUMONIC Per`ip*neu*mon"ic, a. Etym: [L. peripneumonicus, Gr. péripneumonique.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to peripneumonia. PERIPROCT Per"i*proct, n. Etym: [Pref. peri- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The region surrounding the anus, particularly of echinoderms. PERIPROCTITIS Per`i*proc*ti"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Peri-, and Proctitus.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the tissues about the rectum. PERIPTERAL Pe*rip"ter*al, a. Etym: [Gr., fr. (Arch.) Defn: Having columns on all sides; -- said of an edifice. See Apteral. PERIPTEROUS Pe*rip"ter*ous, a. 1. (Arch.) Defn: Peripteral. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Feathered all around. PERIPTERY Pe*rip"ter*y, n. [Gr. flying round about.] Defn: The region surrounding a moving body, such as the wing of a bird or a gliding aëroplane, within which cyclic or vortical motion of the air occur. PERIQUE Pe*rique", n. [Louisiana F.] Defn: A kind of tobacco with medium-sized leaf, small stem, tough and gummy fiber, raised in Louisiana, and cured in its own juices, so as to be very dark colored, usually black. It is marketed in tightly wrapped rolls called carottes. PERISARC Per"i*sarc, n. Etym: [Pref. peri- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The outer, hardened integument which covers most hydroids. PERISCIAN Pe*ris"cian, a. Etym: [Gr. périscien.] Defn: Having the shadow moving all around. PERISCIANS; PERISCII Pe*ris"cians, Pe*ris"ci*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Periscian.] Defn: Those who live within a polar circle, whose shadows, during some summer days, will move entirely round, falling toward every point of the compass. PERISCOPE Per"i*scope, n. Etym: [Pref. peri- + -scope.] Defn: A general or comprehensive view. [R.] PERISCOPIC Per`i*scop"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. périscopique.] Defn: Viewing all around, or on all sides. Periscopic spectacles (Opt.), spectacles having concavo-convex or convexo-concave lenses with a considerable curvature corresponding to that of the eye, to increase the distinctness of objects viewed obliquely. PERISH Per"ish, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Perished; p. pr. & vb. n. Perishing.] Etym: [OE. perissen, perisshen, F. périr, p.pr. périssant, L. perire to go or run through, come to nothing, perish; per through + ire to go. Cf. Issue, and see -ish.] Defn: To be destroyed; to pass away; to become nothing; to be lost; to die; hence, to wither; to waste away. I perish with hunger! Luke xv. 17. Grow up and perish, as the summer fly. Milton. The thoughts of a soul that perish in thinking. Locke. PERISH Per"ish, v. t. Defn: To cause perish. [Obs.] Bacon. PERISHABILITY Per`ish*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Perishableness. PERISHABLE Per"ish*a*ble, a. Etym: [F. périssable.] Defn: Liable to perish; subject to decay, destruction, or death; as, perishable goods; our perishable bodies. PERISHABLENESS Per"ish*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being perishable; liability to decay or destruction. Locke. PERISHABLY Per"ish*a*bly, adv. Defn: In a perishable degree or manner. PERISHMENT Per"ish*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. perissement.] Defn: The act of perishing. [R.] Udall. PERISOMA Per`i*so"ma, n.; pl. Perisomata. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Perisome. PERISOME Per"i*some, n. Etym: [Pref. peri- + -some body.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The entire covering of an invertebrate animal, as echinoderm or coelenterate; the integument. PERISPERM Per"i*sperm, n. Etym: [F. périsperme. See Peri-, and Sperm.] (Bot.) Defn: The albumen of a seed, especially that portion which is formed outside of the embryo sac. -- Per`i*sper"mic, a. PERISPHERIC; PERISPHERICAL Per`i*spher"ic, Per`i*spher"ic*al, a. Defn: Exactly spherical; globular. PERISPOMENON Per`i*spom"e*non, n.; pl. Perispomena. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Gr. Gram.) Defn: A word which has the circumflex accent on the last syllable. Goodwin. PERISPORE Per"i*spore, n. (Bot.) Defn: The outer covering of a spore. PERISSAD Per"is*sad, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Odd; not even; -- said of elementary substances and of radicals whose valence is not divisible by two without a remainder. Contrasted with artiad. PERISSE Per"isse, v. i. Defn: To perish. [Obs.] Chaucer. PERISSODACTYL Per`is*so*dac"tyl, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Perissodactyla. PERISSODACTYLA Per`is*so*dac"ty*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of ungulate mammals, including those that have an odd number of toes, as the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros; -- opposed to Artiodactyla. PERISSOLOGICAL Per`is*so*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. périssologique.] Defn: Redundant or excessive in words. [R.] PERISSOLOGY Per`is*sol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. perissologia, Gr. Defn: Superfluity of words. [R.] G. Campbell. PERISTALSIS Per`i*stal"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Peristaltic.] (Physiol.) Defn: Peristaltic contraction or action. PERISTALTIC Per`i*stal"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. péristaltique.] (Physiol.) Defn: Applied to the peculiar wormlike wave motion of the intestines and other similar structures, produced by the successive contraction of the muscular fibers of their walls, forcing their contents onwards; as, peristaltic movement. -- Per`i*stal"tic*al*ly, adv. PERISTERIA Per`is*te"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Peristerion.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of orchidaceous plants. See Dove plant. PERISTERION Per`is*te"ri*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. peristereon.] (Bot.) Defn: The herb vervain (Verbena officinalis). PERISTERITE Pe*ris"ter*ite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A variety of albite, whitish and slightly iridescent like a pigeon's neck. PERISTEROMORPHOUS Pe*ris`ter*o*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Gr. -morphous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the pigeons or Columbæ. PERISTEROPODOUS Pe*ris`ter*op"o*dous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having pigeonlike feet; -- said of those gallinaceous birds that rest on all four toes, as the curassows and megapods. PERISTOLE Pe*ris"to*le, n. Etym: [NL.: cf. F. péristole. See Peristaltic.] (Physiol.) Defn: Peristaltic action, especially of the intestines. PERISTOMA Pe*ris"to*ma, n.; pl. Peristomata. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Same as Peristome. PERISTOME Per"i*stome, n. Etym: [Pref. peri- + Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: The fringe of teeth around the orifice of the capsule of mosses. It consists of 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 teeth, and may be either single or double. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The lip, or edge of the aperture, of a spiral shell. (b) The membrane surrounding the mouth of an invertebrate animal. PERISTOMIAL Per`i*sto"mi*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a peristome. PERISTOMIUM Per`i*sto"mi*um, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Same as Peristome. PERISTREPHIC Per`i*streph"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Turning around; rotatory; revolving; as, a peristrephic painting (of a panorama). PERISTYLE Per"i*style, n. Etym: [L. peristylum, Gr. péristyle.] (Arch.) Defn: A range of columns with their entablature, etc.; specifically, a complete system of columns, whether on all sides of a court, or surrounding a building, such as the cella of a temple. Used in the former sense, it gives name to the larger and inner court of a Roman dwelling, the peristyle. See Colonnade. PERISYSTOLE Per`i*sys"to*le, n. Etym: [Pref. peri- + systole: cf. F. périsystole.] (Physiol.) Defn: The interval between the diastole and systole of the heart. It is perceptible only in the dying. PERITE Pe*rite", a. Etym: [L. peritus.] Defn: Skilled. [Obs.] PERITHECIUM Per`i*the"ci*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: An organ in certain fungi and lichens, surrounding and enveloping the masses of fructification. Henslow. PERITOMOUS Pe*rit"o*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. Peri-, and Tome.] (Min.) Defn: Cleaving in more directions than one, parallel to the axis. PERITONAEUM Per`i*to*næ"um, n. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Peritoneum. PERITONEAL Per`i*to*ne"al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. péritonéal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the peritoneum. PERITONEUM Per`i*to*ne"um, n. Etym: [L. peritoneum, peritonaeum, Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The smooth serous membrane which lines the cavity of the abdomen, or the whole body cavity when there is no diaphragm, and, turning back, surrounds the viscera, forming a closed, or nearly closed, sac. [Written also peritonæum.] PERITONITIS Per`i*to*ni"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Peritoneum, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the peritoneum. PERITRACHEAL Per`i*tra"che*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Surrounding the tracheæ. PERITREME Per"i*treme, n. Etym: [Pref. peri- + Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) That part of the integument of an insect which surrounds the spiracles. (b) The edge of the aperture of a univalve shell. PERITRICHA Pe*rit"ri*cha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of ciliated Infusoria having a circle of cilia around the oral disk and sometimes another around the body. It includes the vorticellas. See Vorticella. PERITROCHIUM Per`i*tro"chi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Mech.) Defn: The wheel which, together with the axle, forms the axis in peritrochio, which see under Axis. PERITROPAL Per*it"ro*pal, a. Etym: [Gr. péritrope.] 1. Rotatory; circuitous. [R.] 2. Having the axis of the seed perpendicular to the axis of the pericarp to which it is attached. PERITROPOUS Per*it"ro*pous, a. Defn: Peritropal. PERITYPHLITIS Per`i*typh*li"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Peri-, and Typhlitis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the connective tissue about the cæcum. PERIUTERINE Per`i*u"ter*ine, a. (Med.) Defn: Surrounding the uterus. PERIVASCULAR Per`i*vas"cu*lar, a. Defn: Around the blood vessels; as, perivascular lymphatics. PERIVERTEBRAL Per`i*ver"te*bral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Surrounding the vertebræ. PERIVISCERAL Per`i*vis"cer*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Around the viscera; as, the perivisceral cavity. PERIVITELLINE Per`i*vi*tel"line, a. Etym: [Pref. peri- + vitelline.] (Biol.) Defn: Situated around the vitellus, or between the vitellus and zona pellucida of an ovum. PERIWIG Per"i*wig, n. Etym: [OE. perrwige, perwicke, corrupt. fr. F. perruque; cf. OD. peruyk, from French. See Peruke, and cf. Wig.] Defn: A headdress of false hair, usually covering the whole head, and representing the natural hair; a wig. Shak. PERIWIG Per"i*wig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perwigged; p. pr. & vb. n. Perwigging.] Defn: To dress with a periwig, or with false hair. Swift. PERIWINKLE Per"i*win`kle, n. Etym: [From AS. pinewincla a shellfish, in which pine- is fr. L. pina, pinna, a kind of mussel, akin to Gr. Winkle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small marine gastropod shell of the genus Littorina. The common European species (Littorina littorea), in Europe extensively used as food, has recently become naturalized abundantly on the American coast. See Littorina. Note: In America the name is often applied to several large univalves, as Fulgur carica, and F. canaliculata. PERIWINKLE Per"i*win`kle, n. Etym: [OE. pervenke, AS. pervince, fr. L. pervinca.] (Bot.) Defn: A trailing herb of the genus Vinca. Note: The common perwinkle (Vinca minor) has opposite evergreen leaves and solitary blue or white flowers in their axils. In America it is often miscalled myrtle. See under Myrtle. PERJENET Per"jen*et, n. Etym: [Cf. Pear, and Jenneting.] Defn: A kind of pear. [Obs.] Chaucer. PERJURE Per"jure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perjured; p. pr. & vb. n. Perjuring.] Etym: [F. parjurer, L. perjurare, perjerare; per through, over + jurare to swear. See Jury.] 1. To cause to violate an oath or a vow; to cause to make oath knowingly to what is untrue; to make guilty of perjury; to forswear; to corrupt; -- often used reflexively; as, he perjured himself. Want will perjure The ne'er-touched vestal. Shak. 2. To make a false oath to; to deceive by oaths and protestations. [Obs.] And with a virgin innocence did pray For me, that perjured her. J. Fletcher. Syn. -- To Perjure, Forswear. These words have been used interchangeably; but there is a tendency to restrict perjure to that species of forswearing which constitutes the crime of perjury at law, namely, the willful violation of an oath administered by a magistrate or according to law. PERJURE Per"jure, n. Etym: [L. perjurus: cf. OF. parjur, F. parjure.] Defn: A perjured person. [Obs.] Shak. PERJURED Per"jured, a. Defn: Guilty of perjury; having sworn falsely; forsworn. Shak. "Perjured persons." 1 Tim. i. 10. "Their perjured oath." Spenser. PERJURER Per"jur*er, n. Defn: One who is guilty of perjury; one who perjures or forswears, in any sense. PERJURIOUS; PERJUROUS Per*ju"ri*ous, Per"ju*rous, a. Etym: [L. perjuriosus, perjurus.] Defn: Guilty of perjury; containing perjury. [Obs.] Quarles. B. Johnson. PERJURY Per"ju*ry, n.; pl. Perjuries. Etym: [L. perjurium. See Perjure, v.] 1. False swearing. 2. (Law) Defn: At common law, a willfully false statement in a fact material to the issue, made by a witness under oath in a competent judicial proceeding. By statute the penalties of perjury are imposed on the making of willfully false affirmations. Note: If a man swear falsely in nonjudicial affidavits, it is made perjury by statute in some jurisdictions in the United States. PERK Perk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perked; p. pr. & vb. n. Perking.] Etym: [Cf. W. percu to trim, to make smart.] Defn: To make trim or smart; to straighten up; to erect; to make a jaunty or saucy display of; as, to perk the ears; to perk up one's head. Cowper. Sherburne. PERK Perk, v. i. Defn: To exalt one's self; to bear one's self loftily. "To perk over them." Barrow. To perk it, to carry one's self proudly or saucily. Pope. PERK Perk, a. Defn: Smart; trim; spruce; jaunty; vain. "Perk as a peacock." Spenser. PERK Perk, v. i. Defn: To peer; to look inquisitively. Dickens. PERKIN Per"kin, n. Defn: A kind of weak perry. PERKINISM Per"kin*ism, n. (Med.) Defn: A remedial treatment, by drawing the pointed extremities of two rods, each of a different metal, over the affected part; tractoration, -- first employed by Dr. Elisha Perkins of Norwich, Conn. See Metallotherapy. PERKY Perk"y, a. Defn: Perk; pert; jaunty; trim. There amid perky larches and pines. Tennyson. PERLACEOUS Per*la"ceous, a. Etym: [See Pearl.] Defn: Pearly; resembling pearl. PERLID Per"lid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any insect of the genus Perla, or family Perlidæ. See Stone fly, under Stone. PERLITE Per"lite, n. (Min.) Defn: Same as Pearlite. PERLITIC Per*lit"ic, a. (Min.) Defn: Relating to or resembling perlite, or pearlstone; as, the perlitic structure of certain rocks. See Pearlite. PERLOUS Per"lous, a. Defn: Perilous. [Obs.] Spenser. PERLUSTRATION Per`lus*tra"tion, n. Etym: [L. perlustrare to wander all through, to survey. See 3d Luster.] Defn: The act of viewing all over. [Archaic] Howell. PERMANABLE Per"ma*na*ble, a. Defn: Permanent; durable. [Obs.] Lydgate. PERMANENCE; PERMANENCY Per"ma*nence, Per"ma*nen*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. permanence.] Defn: The quality or state of being permanent; continuance in the same state or place; duration; fixedness; as, the permanence of institutions; the permanence of nature. PERMANENT Per"ma*nent, a. Etym: [L. permanens, -entis, p.pr. of permanere to stay or remain to the end, to last; per + manere to remain: cf. F. permanent. See Per-, and Mansion.] Defn: Continuing in the same state, or without any change that destroys form or character; remaining unaltered or unremoved; abiding; durable; fixed; stable; lasting; as, a permanent impression. Eternity stands permanent and fixed. Dryden. Permanent gases (Chem. & Physics), hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide; -- also called incondensible or incoercible gases, before their liquefaction in 1877. -- Permanent way, the roadbed and superstructure of a finished railway; -- so called in distinction from the contractor's temporary way. -- Permanent white (Chem.), barium sulphate (heavy spar), used as a white pigment or paint, in distinction from white lead, which tarnishes and darkens from the formation of the sulphide. Syn. -- Lasting; durable; constant. See Lasting. PERMANENTLY Per"ma*nent*ly, adv. Defn: In a permanent manner. PERMANGANATE Per*man"ga*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of permanganic acid. Potassium permanganate. (Chem.) See Potassium permanganate, under Potassium. PERMANGANIC Per`man*gan"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, one of the higher acids of manganese, HMnO4, which forms salts called permanganates. PERMANSION Per*man"sion, n. Etym: [L. permansio. See Permanent.] Defn: Continuance. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PERMEABILITY Per`me*a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. perméabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being permeable. Magnetic permeability (Physics), the specific capacity of a body for magnetic induction, or its conducting power for lines of magnetic force. Sir W. Thomson. PERMEABLE Per"me*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. permeabilis: cf. F. perméable. See Permeate.] Defn: Capable of being permeated, or passed through; yielding passage; passable; penetrable; -- used especially of substances which allow the passage of fluids; as, wood is permeable to oil; glass is permeable to light. I. Taylor. PERMEABLY Per"me*a*bly, adv. Defn: In a permeable manner. PERMEANCE Per"me*ance, n. [See Permeant.] Defn: Permeation; specif. (Magnetism), Defn: the reciprocal of reluctance. PERMEANT Per"me*ant, a. Etym: [L. permeans, p.pr.] Defn: Passing through; permeating. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PERMEATE Per"me*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Permeated; p. pr. & vb. n. Permeating.] Etym: [L. permeatus, p.p. of permeare to permeate; per + meare to go, pass.] 1. To pass through the pores or interstices of; to penetrate and pass through without causing rupture or displacement; -- applied especially to fluids which pass through substances of loose texture; as, water permeates sand. Woodward. 2. To enter and spread through; to pervade. God was conceived to be diffused throughout the whole world, to permeate and pervade all things. Cudworth. PERMEATION Per`me*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of permeating, passing through, or spreading throughout, the pores or interstices of any substance. Here is not a mere involution only, but a spiritual permeation and inexistence. Bp. Hall. PERMIAN Per"mi*an, a. Etym: [From the ancient kingdom of Permia, where the Permian formation exists.] (Geol.) Defn: Belonging or relating to the period, and also to the formation, next following the Carboniferous, and regarded as closing the Carboniferous age and Paleozoic era. -- n. Defn: The Permian period. See Chart of Geology. PERMIANS Per"mi*ans, n. pl.; sing. Permian (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe belonging to the Finnic race, and inhabiting a portion of Russia. PERMISCIBLE Per*mis"ci*ble, a. Etym: [L. permiscere to mingle; per + miscere to mix.] Defn: Capable of being mixed. PERMISS Per*miss", n. Etym: [See Permit.] Defn: A permitted choice; a rhetorical figure in which a thing is committed to the decision of one's opponent. [Obs.] Milton. PERMISSIBILITY Per*mis`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being permissible; permissibleness; allowableness. PERMISSIBLE Per*mis"si*ble, a. Defn: That may be permitted; allowable; admissible. -- Per*mis"si*ble*ness, n. -- Per*mis"si*bly, adv. PERMISSION Per*mis"sion, n. Etym: [L. permissio: cf. F. permission. See Permit.] Defn: The act of permitting or allowing; formal consent; authorization; leave; license or liberty granted. High permission of all-ruling Heaven. Milton. You have given me your permission for this address. Dryden. Syn. -- Leave; liberty; license. -- Leave, Permission. Leave implies that the recipient may decide whether to use the license granted or not. Permission is the absence on the part of another of anything preventive, and in general, at least by implication, signifies approval. PERMISSIVE Per*mis"sive, a. 1. Permitting; granting leave or liberty. "By his permissive will." Milton. 2. Permitted; tolerated; suffered. Milton. PERMISSIVELY Per*mis"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In a permissive manner. PERMISTION Per*mis"tion, n. Etym: [L. permistio, permixtio, fr. permiscere, permistum, and permixtum. See Permiscible.] Defn: The act of mixing; the state of being mingled; mixture. [Written also permixtion.] PERMIT Per*mit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Permitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Permitting.] Etym: [L. permittere, permissum, to let through, to allow, permit; per + mittere to let go, send. See Per-, and Mission.] 1. To consent to; to allow or suffer to be done; to tolerate; to put up with. What things God doth neither command nor forbid . . . he permitteth with approbation either to be done or left undone. Hooker. 2. To grant (one) express license or liberty to do an act; to authorize; to give leave; -- followed by an infinitive. Thou art permitted to speak for thyself. Acis xxvi. 1. 3. To give over; to resign; to leave; to commit. Let us not aggravate our sorrows, But to the gods permit the event of things. Addison. Syn. -- To allow; let; grant; admit; suffer; tolerate; endure; consent to. -- To Allow, Permit, Suffer, Tolerate. To allow is more positive, denoting (at least originally and etymologically) a decided assent, either directly or by implication. To permit is more negative, and imports only acquiescence or an abstinence from prevention. The distinction, however, is often disregarded by good writers. To suffer has a stronger passive or negative sense than to permit, sometimes implying against the will, sometimes mere indifference. To tolerate is to endure what is contrary to will or desire. To suffer and to tolerate are sometimes used without discrimination. PERMIT Per*mit", v. i. Defn: To grant permission; to allow. PERMIT Per"mit, n. Defn: Warrant; license; leave; permission; specifically, a written license or permission given to a person or persons having authority; as, a permit to land goods subject to duty. PERMITTANCE Per*mit"tance, n. Defn: The act of permitting; allowance; permission; leave. Milton. PERMITTEE Per`mit*tee", n. Defn: One to whom a permission or permit is given. PERMITTER Per*mit"ter, n. Defn: One who permits. A permitter, or not a hinderer, of sin. J. Edwards. PERMIX Per*mix", v. t. Defn: To mix; to mingle. [Obs.] PERMIXTION Per*mix"tion, n. Defn: See Permission. PERMULATOR Per"mu*la`tor, n. (Elec.) Defn: A special form of rotary converter with stationary commutator and rotating brushes, in which the exciting field is induced by the alternating current in a short-circuited magnetic core instead of being produced by an external magnet. PERMUTABLE Per*mut"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. permutable.] Defn: Capable of being permuted; exchangeable. -- Per*mut"a*ble*ness, n. -- Per*mut"a*bly, adv. PERMUTATION Per`mu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. permutatio: cf. F. permutation. See Permute.] 1. The act of permuting; exchange of the thing for another; mutual transference; interchange. The violent convulsions and permutations that have been made in property. Burke. 2. (Math.) (a) The arrangement of any determinate number of things, as units, objects, letters, etc., in all possible orders, one after the other; -- called also alternation. Cf. Combination, n., 4. (b) Any one of such possible arrangements. 3. (Law) Defn: Barter; exchange. Permutation lock, a lock in which the parts can be transposed or shifted, so as to require different arrangements of the tumblers on different occasions of unlocking. PERMUTE Per*mute", v. t. Etym: [L. permutare, permutatum; per + mutare to change: cf. F. permuter.] 1. To interchange; to transfer reciprocally. 2. To exchange; to barter; to traffic. [Obs.] Bought, trucked, permuted, or given. Hakluyt. PERMUTER Per*mut"er, n. Defn: One who permutes. PERN Pern, v. t. Etym: [See Pernancy.] Defn: To take profit of; to make profitable. [Obs.] Sylvester. PERN Pern, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The honey buzzard. PERNANCY Per"nan*cy, n. Etym: [OF. prenance, fr. prendre, prenre, penre, to take, L. prendere, prehendere.] (Law) Defn: A taking or reception, as the receiving of rents or tithes in kind, the receiving of profits. Blackstone. PERNEL Per"nel, n. Defn: See Pimpernel. [Obs.] PERNICION Per*ni"cion, n. Etym: [See 2d Pernicious.] Defn: Destruction; perdition. [Obs.] hudibras. PERNICIOUS Per*ni"cious, a. Etym: [L. pernix, -icis.] Defn: Quick; swift (to burn). [R.] Milton. PERNICIOUS Per*ni"cious, a. Etym: [L. perniciosus, from pernicies destruction, from pernecare to kill or slay outright; per + necare to kill, slay: cf. F. pernicieux. Cf. Nuisance, Necromancy.] Defn: Having the quality of injuring or killing; destructive; very mischievous; baleful; malicious; wicked. Let this pernicious hour Stand aye accursed in the calendar. Shak. Pernicious to his health. Prescott. Syn. -- Destructive; ruinous; deadly; noxious; injurious; baneful; deleterious; hurtful; mischievous. -- Per*ni"cious*ly, adv., -- Per*ni"cious*ness, n. PERNICITY Per*nic"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. pernicitas. See 1st Pernicious.] Defn: Swiftness; celerity. [R.] Ray. PERNICKETY PERNICKETTY { Per*nick"et*y Per*nick"et*ty }, a. Defn: Finical or fussy; full of petty details. [Colloq.] PERNIO Per"ni*o, n. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: A chilblain. PERNOCTALIAN Per`noc*ta"li*an, n. Defn: One who watches or keeps awake all night. PERNOCTATION Per`noc*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. pernoctatio, fr. pernoctare to stay all night; per + nox, noctis, night.] Defn: The act or state of passing the whole night; a remaining all night. "Pernoctation in prayer." Jer. Taylor. PERNOR Per"nor, n. Etym: [See Pern, v.] (Law) Defn: One who receives the profits, as of an estate. PERNOT FURNACE Per"not fur"nace. Etym: [So called from Charles Pernot, its inventor.] Defn: A reverberatory furnace with a circular revolving hearth, -- used in making steel. PERNYI MOTH Per"ny*i moth". (Zoöl.) Defn: A silk-producing moth (Attacus Pernyi) which feeds upon the oak. It has been introduced into Europe and America from China. PEROFSKITE Per*of"skite, n. Etym: [From von Perovski, of St.Petersburg.] (Min.) Defn: A titanate of lime occurring in octahedral or cubic crystals. [Written also Perovskite.] PEROGUE Pe*rogue, n. Defn: See Pirogue. PERONATE Per"o*nate, a. Etym: [L. peronatus roughpero, -onis, a kind of rough boot.] (Bot.) Defn: A term applied to the stipes or stalks of certain fungi which are covered with a woolly substance which at length becomes powdery. Henslow. PERONEAL Per`o*ne"al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the fibula; in the region of the fibula. PERORATE Per"o*rate, v. i. Etym: [See Peroration.] Defn: To make a peroration; to harangue. [Colloq.] PERORATION Per`o*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. peroratio, fr. perorate, peroratum, to speak from beginning to end; per + orate to speak. See Per-, and Oration.] (Rhet.) Defn: The concluding part of an oration; especially, a final summing up and enforcement of an argument. Burke. PEROXIDATION Per*ox`i*da"tion, n. Defn: Act, process, or result of peroxidizing; oxidation to a peroxide. PEROXIDE Per*ox"ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: An oxide containing more oxygen than some other oxide of the same element. Formerly peroxides were regarded as the highest oxides. Cf. Per-, 2. PEROXIDIZE Per*ox"i*dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peroxidized; p. pr. & vb. n. Peroxidizing.] (Chem.) Defn: To oxidize to the utmost degree, so as to form a peroxide. PERPEND Per*pend", v. t. Etym: [L. perpendere, perpensum; per + pendere to weight.] Defn: To weight carefully in the mind. [R.] "Perpend my words." Shak. PERPEND Per*pend", v. i. Defn: To attend; to be attentive. [R.] Shak. PERPENDER Per*pend"er, n. Etym: [F. parpaing, pierre parpaigne; of uncertain origin.] (Masonry) Defn: A large stone reaching through a wall so as to appear on both sides of it, and acting as a binder; -- called also perbend, perpend stone, and perpent stone. PERPENDICLE Per*pen"di*cle, n. Etym: [L. perpendiculum; per + pendere to hang: cf. F. perpendicule.] Defn: Something hanging straight down; a plumb line. [Obs.] PERPENDICULAR Per`pen*dic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. perpendicularis, perpendicularius: cf. F. perpendiculaire. See Perpendicle, Pension.] 1. Exactly upright or vertical; pointing to the zenith; at right angles to the plane of the horizon; extending in a right line from any point toward the center of the earth. 2. (Geom.) Defn: At right angles to a given line or surface; as, the line ad is perpendicular to the line bc. Perpendicular style (Arch.), a name given to the latest variety of English Gothic architecture, which prevailed from the close of the 14th century to the early part of the 16th; -- probably so called from the vertical style of its window mullions. PERPENDICULAR Per`pen*dic"u*lar, n. 1. A line at right angles to the plane of the horizon; a vertical line or direction. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A line or plane falling at right angles on another line or surface, or making equal angles with it on each side. PERPENDICULARITY Per`pen*dic`u*lar"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. perpendicularité.] Defn: The quality or state of being perpendicular. PERPENDICULARLY Per`pen*dic"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a perpendicular manner; vertically. PERPEND STONE Per"pend stone`. Defn: See Perpender. PERPENSION Per*pen"sion, n. Etym: [See Perpend.] Defn: Careful consideration; pondering. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PERPENSITY Per*pen"si*ty, n. Defn: Perpension. [Obs.] PERPENT STONE Per"pent stone`. Defn: See Perpender. PERPESSION Per*pes"sion, n. Etym: [L. perpessio, fr. perpeti, perpessus, to bear steadfastly; per + pati to bear.] Defn: Suffering; endurance. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. PERPETRABLE Per"pe*tra"ble, a. Defn: Capable of being perpetrated. R. North. PERPETRATE Per"pe*trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perpetrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Perpetrating.] Etym: [L. perpetratus, p.p. of perpetrare to effect, perpetrare; per + patrare to perform.] Defn: To do or perform; to carry through; to execute, commonly in a bad sense; to commit (as a crime, an offense); to be guilty of; as, to perpetrate a foul deed. What the worst perpetrate, or best endure. Young. PERPETRATION Per`pe*tra"tion, n. Etym: [L. perpetratio: cf. F. perpétration.] 1. The act of perpetrating; a doing; -- commonly used of doing something wrong, as a crime. 2. The thing perpetrated; an evil action. PERPETRATOR Per"pe*tra`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who perpetrates; esp., one who commits an offense or crime. PERPETUABLE Per*pet"u*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being perpetuated or continued. Varieties are perpetuable, like species. Gray. PERPETUAL Per*pet"u*al, a. Etym: [OE. perpetuel, F. perpétuel, fr. L. perpetualis, fr. perpetuus continuing throughout, continuous, fr. perpes, -etis, lasting throughout.] Defn: Neverceasing; continuing forever or for an unlimited time; unfailing; everlasting; continuous. Unto the kingdom of perpetual night. Shak. Perpetual feast of nectared sweets. Milton. Circle of perpetual apparition, or occultation. See under Circle. -- Perpetual calendar, a calendar so devised that it may be adjusted for any month or year. -- Perpetual curacy (Ch. of Eng.), a curacy in which all the tithes are appropriated, and no vicarage is endowed. Blackstone. -- Perpetual motion. See under Motion. -- Perpetual screw. See Endless screw, under Screw. Syn. -- Continual; unceasing; endless; everlasting; incessant; constant; eternal. See Constant. PERPETUAL CALENDAR Per*pet"u*al cal"en*dar. Defn: A calendar that can be used perpetually or over a wide range of years. That of Capt. Herschel covers, as given below, dates from 1750 to 1961 only, but is capable of indefinite extension. PERPETUAL CALENDAR Day of the monthJan. Oct.Apr. July Jan.Sept. Dec.JuneFeb. Mar. Nov.Aug. Feb.MayDay of the Week 1815 2229 2916 2330 31017 2431 41118 25 51219 26 61320 27 @71421 28 To find the day of the week corresponding to any date, find the small letter directly under the month and opposite the day of the month; the same small letter also appears in the vertical column that contains the number of the year, and if the line in which it stands is followed out to the right, the day of the week is found. Thus, the small letter under March and opposite 18 is b; b appears again directly over 1904, and at its right is the word Friday. March 18 fell on Friday in 1904, and also in 1898, 1892, etc. The calendar has other uses, as for finding the months which begin on Sunday in a particular year, etc. |1753 |1754 |1755 |1750 |1751 |1757 |*1752 |1759 |1765 |*1760 |1761 |*1756 |1763 |1758 PERPETUALLY Per*pet"u*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a perpetual manner; constantly; continually. The Bible and Common Prayer Book in the vulgar tongue, being perpetually read in churches, have proved a kind of standard for language. Swift. PERPETUALTY Per*pet"u*al*ty, n. Defn: The state or condition of being perpetual. [Obs.] Testament of Love. PERPETUANCE Per*pet"u*ance, n. Defn: Perpetuity. [Obs.] PERPETUATE Per*pet"u*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perpetuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Perpetuating.] Etym: [L. perpetuatus, p.p. of perpetuare to perpetuate. See Perpetual.] Defn: To make perpetual; to cause to endure, or to be continued, indefinitely; to preserve from extinction or oblivion; to eternize. Addison. Burke. PERPETUATE Per*pet"u*ate, a. Etym: [L. perpetuatus, p.p.] Defn: Made perpetual; perpetuated. [R.] Southey. PERPETUATION Per*pet`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. perpétuation.] Defn: The act of making perpetual, or of preserving from extinction through an endless existence, or for an indefinite period of time; continuance. Sir T. Browne. PERPETUITY Per`pe*tu"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. perpetuitas: cf. F. perpétuité.] 1. The quality or state of being perpetual; as, the perpetuity of laws. Bacon. A path to perpetuity of fame. Byron. The perpetuity of single emotion is insanity. I. Taylor. 2. Something that is perpetual. South. 3. Endless time. "And yet we should, for perpetuity, go hence in debt." Shak. 4. (Annuities) (a) The number of years in which the simple interest of any sum becomes equal to the principal. (b) The number of years' purchase to be given for an annuity to continue forever. (c) A perpetual annuity. 5. (Law) (a) Duration without limitations as to time. (b) The quality or condition of an estate by which it becomes inalienable, either perpetually or for a very long period; also, the estate itself so modified or perpetuated. PERPLEX Per*plex", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perplexed; p. pr. & vb. n. Perplexing.] Etym: [L. perplexari. See Perplex, a.] 1. To involve; to entangle; to make intricate or complicated, and difficult to be unraveled or understood; as, to perplex one with doubts. No artful wildness to perplex the scene. Pope. What was thought obscure, perplexed, and too hard for our weak parts, will lie open to the understanding in a fair view. Locke. 2. To embarrass; to puzzle; to distract; to bewilder; to confuse; to trouble with ambiguity, suspense, or anxiety. "Perplexd beyond self- explication." Shak. We are perplexed, but not in despair. 2 Cor. iv. 8. We can distinguish no general truths, or at least shall be apt to perplex the mind. Locke. 3. To plague; to vex; to tormen. Glanvill. Syn. -- To entangle; involve; complicate; embarrass; puzzle; bewilder; confuse; distract. See Embarrass. PERPLEX Per*plex", a. Etym: [L. perplexus entangled, intricate; per + plectere, plexum, to plait, braid: cf. F. perplexe. See Per-, and Plait.] Defn: Intricate; difficult. [Obs.] Glanvill. PERPLEXED Per*plexed", a. Defn: Entangled, involved, or confused; hence, embarrassd; puzzled; doubtful; anxious. -- Per*plex"ed*ly, adv. -- Per*plex"ed*ness, n. PERPLEXING Per*plex"ing, a. Defn: Embarrassing; puzzling; troublesome. "Perplexing thoughts." Milton. PERPLEXITY Per*plex"i*ty, n.; pl. Perplexities. Etym: [L. perplexitas: cf. F. perplexité.] Defn: The quality or state of being perplexed or puzzled; complication; intricacy; entanglement; distraction of mind through doubt or difficulty; embarrassment; bewilderment; doubt. By their own perplexities involved, They ravel more. Milton. PERPLEXIVENESS Per*plex"ive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being perplexing; tendency to perplex. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. PERPLEXLY Per*plex"ly, adv. Defn: Perplexedly. [Obs.] Milton. PERPOTATION Per`po*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. perpotatio, fr. perpotate. See Per-, and Potation.] Defn: The act of drinking excessively; a drinking bout. [Obs.] PERQUISITE Per"qui*site, n. Etym: [L. perquisitum, fr. perquisitus, p.p. of perquirere to ask for diligently; per + quaerere to seek. See Per-, and Quest.] 1. Something gained from a place or employment over and above the ordinary salary or fixed wages for services rendered; especially, a fee allowed by law to an officer for a specific service. The pillage of a place taken by storm was regarded as the perquisite of the soldiers. Prescott. The best perquisites of a place are the advantages it gaves a man of doing good. Addison. 2. pl. (Law) Defn: Things gotten by a man's own industry, or purchased with his own money, as opposed to things which come to him by descent. Mozley & W. PERQUISITED Per"qui*sit*ed, a. Defn: Supplied with perquisites. [Obs.] "Perquisited varlets frequent stand." Savage. PERQUISITION Per`qui*si"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. perquisition.] Defn: A thorough inquiry of search. [R.] Berkeley. PERRADIAL Per*ra"di*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Situated around the radii, or radial tubes, of a radiate. PERRIE Per"rie, n. Etym: [F. pierreries, pl., fr. pierre stone, L. petra.] Defn: Precious stones; jewels. [Obs.] [Written also perre, perrye, etc.] Chaucer. PERRIER Per"ri*er, n. Etym: [OF. perriere, perrier, F. perrier. Cf. Pederero.] (Mil.) Defn: A short mortar used formerly for throwing stone shot. Hakluyt. PERRON Per"ron, n. [F.] (Arch.) Defn: An out-of-door flight of steps, as in a garden, leading to a terrace or to an upper story; -- usually applied to mediævel or later structures of some architectural pretensions. PERROQUET Per`ro*quet", n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Paroquet, Parakeet. PERRUQUE Per`ruque", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Peruke. PERRUQUIER Per*ru"qui*er, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A marker of perukes or wigs. PERRY Per"ry, n. Etym: [OF. peré, F. poiré, fr. poire a pear, L. pirum. See Pear the fruit.] Defn: A fermented liquor made from pears; pear cider. Mortimer. PERRY Per"ry, n. Defn: A suddent squall. See Pirry. [Obs.] PERS Pers, a. Etym: [F. pers.] Defn: Light blue; grayish blue; -- a term applied to different shades at different periods. -- n. Defn: A cloth of sky-blue color. [Obs.] "A long surcoat of pers." Chaucer. PERSALT Per"salt`, n. (Chem.) Defn: A term formerly given to the salts supposed to be formed respectively by neutralizing acids with certain peroxides. [Obsoles.] PERSANT Per"sant, a. Etym: [F. perçant, p.pr. of percer to pierce.] Defn: Piercing. [Obs.] Spenser. PERSCRUTATION Per`scru*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. perscrutatio, fr. perscrutari to search through.] Defn: A thorough searching; a minute inquiry or scrutiny. Carlyle PERSECOT Per"se*cot, n. Defn: See Persicot. PERSECUTE Per"se*cute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Persecuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Persecuting.] Etym: [F. persécueter, L. persequi, persecutus, to pursue, prosecute; per + sequi to follow, pursue. See Per-, and Second.] 1. To pursue in a manner to injure, grieve, or afflict; to beset with cruelty or malignity; to harass; especially, to afflict, harass, punish, or put to death, for adherence to a particular religious creed or mode of worship. Do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you. Matt. v. 44. 2. To harass with importunity; to pursue with persistent solicitations; to annoy. Johnson. Syn. -- To oppress; harass; distress; worry; annoy. PERSECUTION Per`se*cu"tion, n. Etym: [F. persécution, L. persecutio.] 1. The act or practice of persecuting; especially, the infliction of loss, pain, or death for adherence to a particular creed or mode of worship. Persecution produces no sincere conviction. Paley. 2. The state or condition of being persecuted. Locke. 3. A carrying on; prosecution. [Obs.] PERSECUTOR Per"se*cu`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. persécuteur.] Defn: One who persecutes, or harasses. Shak. PERSECUTRIX Per"se*cu`trix, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A woman who persecutes. PERSEID Per"se*id, n. (Astron.) Defn: One of a group of shooting stars which appear yearly about the 10th of August, and cross the heavens in paths apparently radiating from the constellation Perseus. They are beleived to be fragments once connected with a comet visible in 1862. PERSEUS Per"se*us, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A Grecian legendary hero, son of Jupiter and Danaë, who slew the Gorgon Medusa. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A consellation of the northern hemisphere, near Taurus and Cassiopea. It contains a star cluster visible to the naked eye as a nebula. PERSEVER Per*sev"er, v. i. Defn: To persevere. [Obs.] PERSEVERANCE Per`se*ver"ance, n. Etym: [F. persévérance, L. perseverantia.] 1. The act of persevering; persistence in anything undertaken; continued pursuit or prosecution of any business, or enterprise begun. "The king-becoming graces . . . perseverance, mercy, lowliness." Shak. Whose constant perseverance overcame Whate'er his cruel malice could invent. Milton. 2. Discrimination. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington. 3. (Theol.) Defn: Continuance in a state of grace until it is succeeded by a state of glory; sometimes called final perseverance, and the perseverance of the saints. See Calvinism. Syn. -- Persistence; steadfastness; constancy; steadiness; pertinacity. PERSEVERANT Per`se*ver"ant, a. Etym: [L. perseverans, -antis, p.pr.: cf. F. persévérant.] Defn: Persevering. [R.] "Perseverant faith." Whitby. -- Per`se*ver"ant*ly, adv. [R.] PERSEVERE Per`se*vere", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Persevered; p. pr. & vb. n. Persevering.] Etym: [F. persévérer, L. perseverare, fr. perseverus very strict; per + severus strict, severe. See Per-, and Severe.] Defn: To persist in any business or enterprise undertaken; to pursue steadily any project or course begun; to maintain a purpose in spite of counter influences, opposition, or discouragement; not to give or abandon what is undertaken. Thrice happy, if they know Their happiness, and persevere upright. Milton. Syn. -- To Persevere, Continue, Persist. The idea of not laying aside is common to these words. Continue is the generic term, denoting simply to do as one has done hitherto. To persevere is to continue in a given course in spite of discouragements, etc., from a desire to obtain our end. To persist is to continue from a determination of will not to give up. Persist is frequently used in a bad sense, implying obstinacy in pursuing an unworthy aim. PERSEVERING Per`se*ver"ing, a. Defn: Characterized by perseverance; persistent. -- Per`se*ver"ing*ly, adv. PERSIAN Per"sian, a. Etym: [From Persia: cf. It. Persiano. Cf. Parsee, Peach, Persic.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Persia, to the Persians, or to their language. Persian berry, the fruit of Rhamnus infectorius, a kind of buckthorn, used for dyeing yellow, and imported chiefly from Trebizond. -- Persian cat. (Zoöl.) Same as Angora cat, under Angora. -- Persian columns (Arch.), columns of which the shaft represents a Persian slave; -- called also Persians. See Atlantes. -- Persian drill (Mech.), a drill which is turned by pushing a nut back and forth along a spirally grooved drill holder. -- Persian fire (Med.), malignant pustule. -- Persian powder. See Insect powder, under Insect. -- Persian red. See Indian red (a), under Indian. -- Persian wheel, a noria; a tympanum. See Noria. PERSIAN Per"sian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Persia. 2. The language spoken in Persia. 3. A thin silk fabric, used formerly for linings. Beck. 4. pl. (Arch.) Defn: See Persian columns, under Persian, a. PERSIC Per"sic, a. Etym: [L. Persicus. Cf. Persian.] Defn: Of or relating to Persia. -- n. Defn: The Persian language. PERSICARIA Per`si*ca"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., from LL. persicarius a peach tree. See Peach.] (Bot.) Defn: See Lady's thumb. PERSICO Per"si*co, n. Defn: = Persicot. PERSICOT Per"si*cot, n. Etym: [F. See Peach.] Defn: A cordial made of the kernels of apricots, nectarines, etc., with refined spirit. PERSIENNE Per`si*enne" (per`si*en"; -shi*en"; F. per`syen"), n. [F., fem. of presien Persian.] Defn: Properly, printed calico, whether Oriental or of fanciful design with flowers, etc., in Western work. Hence, as extended in English, material of a similar character. PERSIENNES Per`si*ennes" (-enz"; F. per`syen"), n. pl. [F.] Defn: Window blinds having movable slats, similar to Venetian blinds. PERSIFLAGE Per`si`flage", n. Etym: [F., fr. persifler to quiz, fr. L. per + siffler to whistle, hiss, L. sibilare, sifilare.] Defn: Frivolous or bantering talk; a frivolous manner of treating any subject, whether serious or otherwise; light raillery. Hannah More. PERSIFLEUR Per`si`fleur, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: One who indulges in persiflage; a banterer; a quiz. Carlyle. PERSIMMON Per*sim"mon, n. Etym: [Virginia Indian.] (Bot.) Defn: An American tree (Diospyros Virginiana) and its fruit, found from New York southward. The fruit is like a plum in appearance, but is very harsh and astringent until it has been exposed to frost, when it becomes palatable and nutritious. Japanese persimmon, Diospyros Kaki and its red or yellow edible fruit, which outwardly resembles a tomato, but contains a few large seeds. PERSIS Per"sis, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A kind of coloring matter obtained from lichens. PERSISM Per"sism, n. Defn: A Persian idiom. PERSIST Per*sist", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Persisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Persisting.] Etym: [L. persistere; per + sistere to stand or be fixed, fr. stare to stand: cf. F. persister. See Per-, and Stand.] Defn: To stand firm; to be fixed and unmoved; to stay; to continue steadfastly; especially, to continue fixed in a course of conduct against opposing motives; to persevere; -- sometimes conveying an unfavorable notion, as of doggedness or obstinacy. If they persist in pointing their batteries against particular persons, no laws of war forbid the making reprisals. Addison. Some positive, persisting fops we know, Who, if once wrong, will needs be always so. Pope. That face persists. It floats up; it turns over in my mind. Mrs. Browning. Syn. -- See Persevere, and Insist. PERSISTENCE; PERSISTENCY Per*sist"ence, Per*sist"en*cy, n. Etym: [See Persistent.] 1. The quality or state of being persistent; staying or continuing quality; hence, in an unfavorable sense, doggedness; obstinacy. 2. The continuance of an effect after the cause which first gave rise to it is removed; as: (a) (Physics) Defn: The persistence of motion. (b) (Physiol.) Visual persistence, or persistence of the visual impression; auditory persistence, etc. PERSISTENT Per*sist"ent, a. Etym: [L. persistens, -entis, p.pr. of persistere. See Persist.] 1. Inclined to persist; having staying qualities; tenacious of position or purpose. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Remaining beyond the period when parts of the same kind sometimes fall off or are absorbed; permanent; as, persistent teeth or gills; a persistent calyx; -- opposed to deciduous, and caducous. PERSISTENTLY Per*sist"ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a persistent manner. PERSISTING Per*sist"ing, a. Defn: Inclined to persist; tenacious of purpose; persistent. -- Per*sist"ing*ly, adv. PERSISTIVE Per*sist"ive, a. Defn: See Persistent. Shak. PERSOLVE Per*solve", v. t. Etym: [L. persolvere.] Defn: To pay wholly, or fully. [Obs.] E. Hall. PERSON Per"son, n. Etym: [OE. persone, persoun, person, parson, OF. persone, F. personne, L. persona a mask (used by actors), a personage, part, a person, fr. personare to sound through; per + sonare to sound. See Per-, and cf. Parson.] 1. A character or part, as in a play; a specific kind or manifestation of individual character, whether in real life, or in literary or dramatic representation; an assumed character. [Archaic] His first appearance upon the stage in his new person of a sycophant or juggler. Bacon. No man can long put on a person and act a part. Jer. Taylor. To bear rule, which was thy part And person, hadst thou known thyself aright. Milton. How different is the same man from himself, as he sustains the person of a magistrate and that of a friend! South. 2. The bodily form of a human being; body; outward appearance; as, of comely person. A fair persone, and strong, and young of age. Chaucer. If it assume my noble father's person. Shak. Love, sweetness, goodness, in her person shined. Milton. 3. , self-conscious being, as distinct from an animal or a thing; a moral agent; a human being; a man, woman, or child. Consider what person stands for; which, I think, is a thinking, intelligent being, that has reason and reflection. Locke. 4. A human being spoken of indefinitely; one; a man; as, any person present. 5. A parson; the parish priest. [Obs.] Chaucer. 6. (Theol.) Defn: Among Trinitarians, one of the three subdivisions of the Godhead (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost); an hypostasis. "Three persons and one God." Bk. of Com. Prayer. 7. (Gram.) Defn: One of three relations or conditions (that of speaking, that of being spoken to, and that of being spoken of) pertaining to a noun or a pronoun, and thence also to the verb of which it may be the subject. Note: A noun or pronoun, when representing the speaker, is said to be in the first person; when representing what is spoken to, in the second person; when representing what is spoken of, in the third person. 8. (Biol.) Defn: A shoot or bud of a plant; a polyp or zooid of the compound Hydrozoa Anthozoa, etc.; also, an individual, in the narrowest sense, among the higher animals. Haeckel. True corms, composed of united personæ . . . usually arise by gemmation, . . . yet in sponges and corals occasionally by fusion of several originally distinct persons. Encyc. Brit. Artificial, or Fictitious, person (Law), a corporation or body politic. blackstone. -- Natural person (Law), a man, woman, or child, in distinction from a corporation. -- In person, by one's self; with bodily presence; not by representative. "The king himself in person is set forth." Shak. -- In the person of, in the place of; acting for. Shak. PERSON Per"son, v. t. Defn: To represent as a person; to personify; to impersonate. [Obs.] Milton. PERSONA Per*so"na, n.; pl. Personæ. Etym: [L.] (Biol.) Defn: Same as Person, n., 8. PERSONABLE Per"son*a*ble, a. 1. Having a well-formed body, or person; graceful; comely; of good appearance; presentable; as, a personable man or woman. Wise, warlike, personable, courteous, and kind. Spenser. The king, . . . so visited with sickness, was not personable. E. Hall. 2. (Law) (a) Enabled to maintain pleas in court. Cowell. (b) Having capacity to take anything granted. PERSONAGE Per"son*age, n. Etym: [F. personnage.] 1. Form, appearance, or belongings of a person; the external appearance, stature, figure, air, and the like, of a person. "In personage stately." Hayward. The damsel well did view his personage. Spenser. 2. Character assumed or represented. "The actors and personages of this fable." Broome. "Disguised in a false personage." Addison. 3. A notable or distinguished person; a conspicious or peculiar character; as, an illustrious personage; a comely personage of stature tall. Spenser. PERSONAL Per"son*al, a. Etym: [L. personalis: cf. F. personnel.] 1. Pertaining to human beings as distinct from things. Every man so termed by way of personal difference. Hooker. 2. Of or pertaining to a particular person; relating to, or affecting, an individual, or each of many individuals; peculiar or proper to private concerns; not public or general; as, personal comfort; personal desire. The words are conditional, -- If thou doest well, -- and so personal to Cain. Locke. 3. Pertaining to the external or bodily appearance; corporeal; as, personal charms. Addison. 4. Done in person; without the intervention of another. "Personal communication." Fabyan. The immediate and personal speaking of God. White. 5. Relating to an individual, his character, conduct, motives, or private affairs, in an invidious and offensive manner; as, personal reflections or remarks. 6. (Gram.) Defn: Denoting person; as, a personal pronoun. Personal action (Law), a suit or action by which a man claims a debt or personal duty, or damages in lieu of it; or wherein he claims satisfaction in damages for an injury to his person or property, or the specific recovery of goods or chattels; -- opposed to real action. -- Personal equation. (Astron.) See under Equation. -- Personal estate or property (Law), movables; chattels; -- opposed to real estate or property. It usually consists of things temporary and movable, including all subjects of property not of a freehold nature. -- Personal identity (Metaph.), the persistent and continuous unity of the individual person, which is attested by consciousness. -- Personal pronoun (Gram.), one of the pronouns I, thou, he, she, it, and their plurals. -- Personal representatives (Law), the executors or administrators of a person deceased. -- Personal rights, rights appertaining to the person; as, the rights of a personal security, personal liberty, and private property. -- Personal tithes. See under Tithe. -- Personal verb (Gram.), a verb which is modified or inflected to correspond with the three persons. PERSONAL Per"son*al, n. (Law) Defn: A movable; a chattel. PERSONALISM Per"son*al*ism, n. Defn: The quality or state of being personal; personality. [R.] PERSONALITY Per`son*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Personalities. Etym: [Cf. F. personnalité. Cf. Personality.] 1. That which constitutes distinction of person; individuality. Personality is individuality existing in itself, but with a nature as a ground. Coleridge. 2. Something said or written which refers to the person, conduct, etc., of some individual, especially something of a disparaging or offensive nature; personal remarks; as, indulgence in personalities. Sharp personalities were exchanged. Macaulay. 3. (Law) Defn: That quality of a law which concerns the condition, state, and capacity of persons. Burrill. PERSONALIZE Per"son*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Personalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Personalizing.] Defn: To make personal. "They personalize death." H. Spencer. PERSONALLY Per"son*al*ly, adv. 1. In a personal manner; by bodily presence; in person; not by representative or substitute; as, to deliver a letter personally. He, being cited, personally came not. Grafton. 2. With respect to an individual; as regards the person; individually; particularly. She bore a mortal hatred to the house of Lancaster, and personally to the king. Bacon. 3. With respect to one's individuality; as regards one's self; as, personally I have no feeling in the matter. PERSONALTY Per"son*al*ty, n. 1. The state of being a person; personality. [R.] 2. (Law) Defn: Personal property, as distinguished from realty or real property. PERSONATE Per"son*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Personated; p. pr. & vb. n. Personating.] Etym: [L. personare to cry out, LL., to extol. See Person.] Defn: To celebrate loudly; to extol; to praise. [Obs.] In fable, hymn, or song so personating Their gods ridiculous. Milton. PERSONATE Per"son*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. personatus masked, assumed, fictitious, fr. persona a mask. See Person.] 1. To assume the character of; to represent by a fictitious appearance; to act the part of; hence, to counterfeit; to feign; as, he tried to personate his brother; a personated devotion. Hammond. 2. To set forth in an unreal character; to disguise; to mask. [R.] "A personated mate." Milton. 3. To personify; to typify; to describe. Shak. PERSONATE Per"son*ate, v. i. Defn: To play or assume a character. PERSONATE Per"son*ate, a. Etym: [L. personatus masked.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the throat of a bilabiate corolla nearly closed by a projection of the base of the lower lip; masked, as in the flower of the snapdragon. PERSONATION Per`son*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of personating, or conterfeiting the person or character of another. PERSONATOR Per"son*a`tor, n. Defn: One who personates. "The personators of these actions." B. Jonson. PERSONEITY Per`son*e"i*ty, n. Defn: Personality. [R.] Coleridge. PERSONIFICATION Per*son`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. personnification.] 1. The act of personifying; impersonation; embodiment. C. Knight. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstract idea is represented as animated, or endowed with personality; prosopopas, the floods clap their hands. "Confusion heards his voice." Milton. PERSONIFIER Per*son"i*fi`er, n. Defn: One who personifies. PERSONIFY Per*son"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Personified; p. pr. & vb. n. Personifying.] Etym: [Person + -fy: cf. F. personnifier.] 1. To regard, treat, or represent as a person; to represent as a rational being. The poets take the liberty of personifying inanimate things. Chesterfield. 2. To be the embodiment or personification of; to impersonate; as, he personifies the law. PERSONIZE Per"son*ize, v. t. Defn: To personify. [R.] Milton has personized them. J. Richardson. PERSONNEL Per`son`nel", n. Etym: [F. See Personal.] Defn: The body of persons employed in some public service, as the army, navy, etc.; -- distinguished from matériel. PERSPECTIVE Per*spec"tive, a. Etym: [L. perspicere, perspectum, to look through; per + spicere, specere, to look: cf. F. perspectif; or from E. perspective, n. See Spy, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the science of vision; optical. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Pertaining to the art, or in accordance with the laws, of perspective. Perspective plane, the plane or surface on which the objects are delineated, or the picture drawn; the plane of projection; -- distinguished from the ground plane, which is that on which the objects are represented as standing. When this plane is oblique to the principal face of the object, the perspective is called oblique perspective; when parallel to that face, parallel perspective. -- Perspective shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the genus Solarium and allied genera. See Solarium. PERSPECTIVE Per*spec"tive, n. Etym: [F. perspective, fr. perspectif: cf. It. perspettiva. See Perspective, a.] 1. A glass through which objects are viewed. [Obs.] "Not a perspective, but a mirror." Sir T. Browne. 2. That which is seen through an opening; a view; a vista. "The perspective of life." Goldsmith. 3. The effect of distance upon the appearance of objects, by means of which the eye recognized them as being at a more or less measurable distance. Hence, aërial perspective, the assumed greater vagueness or uncertainty of outline in distant objects. Aërial perspective is the expression of space by any means whatsoever, sharpness of edge, vividness of color, etc. Ruskin. 4. The art and the science of so delineating objects that they shall seem to grow smaller as they recede from the eye; -- called also linear perspective. 5. A drawing in linear perspective. Isometrical perspective, an inaccurate term for a mechanical way of representing objects in the direction of the diagonal of a cube. -- Perspective glass, a telescope which shows objects in the right position. PERSPECTIVELY Per*spec"tive*ly, adv. 1. Optically; as through a glass. [R.] You see them perspectively. Shak. 2. According to the rules of perspective. PERSPECTOGRAPH Per*spec"to*graph, n. Etym: [L. perspectus (p.p. of perspicere to look through) + -graph.] Defn: An instrument for obtaining, and transferring to a picture, the points and outlines of objects, so as to represent them in their proper geometrical relations as viewed from some one point. PERSPECTOGRAPHY Per`spec*tog"ra*phy, n. Defn: The science or art of delineating objects according to the laws of perspective; the theory of perspective. PERSPICABLE Per"spi*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. perspicabilis, fr. perspicere.] Defn: Discernible. [Obs.] Herbert. PERSPICACIOUS Per`spi*ca"cious, a. Etym: [L. perspicax, -acis, fr. perspicere to look through: cf. F. perspicace. See Perspective.] 1. Having the power of seeing clearly; quick-sighted; sharp of sight. 2. Fig.: Of acute discernment; keen. -- Per`spi*ca"cious*ly, adv. -- Per`spi*ca"cious*ness, n. PERSPICACITY Per`spi*cac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. perspicacitas: cf. F. perspicacité. See Perspicacious.] Defn: The state of being perspicacious; acuteness of sight or of intelligence; acute discernment. Sir T. Browne. PERSPICACY Per"spi*ca*cy, n. Defn: Perspicacity. [Obs.] PERSPICIENCE Per*spi"cience, n. Etym: [L. perspicientia, fr. perspiciens, p.p. of perspicere. See Perspective.] Defn: The act of looking sharply. [Obs.] Bailey. PERSPICIL Per"spi*cil, n. Etym: [LL. perspicilla, fr. L. perspicere to look through.] Defn: An optical glass; a telescope. [Obs.] Crashaw. PERSPICUITY Per`spi*cu"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. perspicuitas: cf. F. perspicuité.] 1. The quality or state of being transparent or translucent. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. The quality of being perspicuous to the understanding; clearness of expression or thought. 3. Sagacity; perspicacity. Syn. -- Clearness; perspicuousness; plainness; distinctness; lucidity; transparency. See Clearness. PERSPICUOUS Per*spic"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. perspicuus, from perspicere to look through. See Perspective.] 1. Capable of being through; transparent; translucent; not opaque. [Obs.] Peacham. 2. Clear to the understanding; capable of being clearly understood; clear in thought or in expression; not obscure or ambiguous; as, a perspicuous writer; perspicuous statements. "The purpose is perspicuous." Shak. -- Per*spic"u*ous*ly, adv. -- Per*spic"u*ous*ness, n. PERSPIRABILITY Per*spir`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being perspirable. PERSPIRABLE Per*spir"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. perspirable.] 1. Capable of being perspired. Sir T. Browne. 2. Emitting perspiration; perspiring. [R.] Bacon. PERSPIRATION Per`spi*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. perspiration.] 1. The act or process of perspiring. 2. That which is excreted through the skin; sweat. Note: A man of average weight throws off through the skin during 24 hours about 18 ounces of water, 300 grains of solid matter, and 400 grains of carbonic acid gas. Ordinarily, this constant exhalation is not apparent, and the excretion is then termed insensible perspiration. PERSPIRATIVE Per*spir"a*tive, a. Defn: Performing the act of perspiration; perspiratory. PERSPIRATORY Per*spir"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or producing, perspiration; as, the perspiratory ducts. PERSPIRE Per*spire", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Perspired; p. pr. & vb. n. Perspiring.] Etym: [L. perspirare to breathe through; per + spirare. See Per-, and Spirit.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: To excrete matter through the skin; esp., to excrete fluids through the pores of the skin; to sweat. 2. To be evacuated or excreted, or to exude, through the pores of the skin; as, a fluid perspires. PERSPIRE Per*spire", v. t. Defn: To emit or evacuate through the pores of the skin; to sweat; to excrete through pores. Firs . . . perspire a fine balsam of turpentine. Smollett. PERSTREPEROUS Per*strep"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. perstrepere to make a great noise.] Defn: Noisy; obstreperous. [Obs.] Ford. PERSTRINGE Per*stringe", v. t. Etym: [L. perstringere; per + stringere to bind up, to touch upon.] 1. To touch; to graze; to glance on. [Obs.] 2. To criticise; to touch upon. [R.] Evelyn. PERSUADABLE Per*suad"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be persuaded. -- Per*suad"a*ble*ness, n. -- Per*suad"a*bly, adv. PERSUADE Per*suade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Persuaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Persuading.] Etym: [L. persuadere, persuasum; per + suadere to advise, persuade: cf. F. persuader. See Per-, and Suasion.] 1. To influence or gain over by argument, advice, entreaty, expostulation, etc.; to draw or incline to a determination by presenting sufficient motives. Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. Acts xxvi. 28. We will persuade him, be it possible. Shak. 2. To try to influence. [Obsolescent] Hearken not unto Hezekiah, when he persuadeth you. 2 Kings xviii. 32. 3. To convince by argument, or by reasons offered or suggested from reflection, etc.; to cause to believe. Beloved, we are persuaded better things of you. Heb. vi. 9. 4. To inculcate by argument or expostulation; to advise; to recommend. Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- To convince; induce; prevail on; win over; allure; entice. See Convince. PERSUADE Per*suade", v. i. Defn: To use persuasion; to plead; to prevail by persuasion. Shak. PERSUADE Per*suade", n. Defn: Persuasion. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. PERSUADED Per*suad"ed, p. p. & a. Defn: Prevailed upon; influenced by argument or entreaty; convinced. -- Per*suad"ed*ly, adv. -- Per*suad"ed*ness, n. PERSUADER Per*suad"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, persuades or influences. "Powerful persuaders." Milton. PERSUASIBILITY Per*sua`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability of being persuaded. Hawthorne. PERSUASIBLE Per*sua"si*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. L. persuasibilis persuasive, F. persuasible persuasible.] 1. Capable of being persuaded; persuadable. 2. Persuasive. [Obs.] Bale. -- Per*sua"si*ble*ness, n. -- Per*sua"si*bly, adv. PERSUASION Per*sua"sion, n. Etym: [L. persuasio; Cf. F. persuasion.] 1. The act of persuading; the act of influencing the mind by arguments or reasons offered, or by anything that moves the mind or passions, or inclines the will to a determination. For thou hast all the arts of fine persuasion. Otway. 2. The state of being persuaded or convinced; settled opinion or conviction, which has been induced. If the general persuasion of all men does so account it. Hooker. My firm persuasion is, at least sometimes, That Heaven will weigh man's virtues and his crimes With nice attention. Cowper. 3. A creed or belief; a sect or party adhering to a certain creed or system of opinions; as, of the same persuasion; all persuasions are agreed. Of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political. Jefferson. 4. The power or quality of persuading; persuasiveness. Is 't possible that my deserts to you Can lack persuasion Shak. 5. That which persuades; a persuasive. [R.] Syn. -- See Conviction. PERSUASIVE Per*sua"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. persuasif.] Defn: Tending to persuade; having the power of persuading; as, persuasive eloquence. "Persuasive words." Milton. PERSUASIVE Per*sua"sive, n. Defn: That which persuades; an inducement; an incitement; an exhortation. -- Per*sua"sive*ly, adv. -- Per*sua"sive*ness, n. PERSUASORY Per*sua"so*ry, a. Defn: Persuasive. Sir T. Browne. PERSULPHATE Per*sul"phate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A sulphate of the peroxide of any base. [R.] PERSULPHIDE Per*sul"phide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A sulphide containing more sulphur than some other compound of the same elements; as, iron pyrites is a persulphide; -- formerly called persulphuret. PERSULPHOCYANATE Per*sul`pho*cy"a*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of persulphocyanic acid. [R.] PERSULPHOCYANIC Per*sul`pho*cy*an"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a yellow crystalline substance (called also perthiocyanic acid), analogous to sulphocyanic acid, but containing more sulphur. PERSULPHOCYANOGEN Per*sul`pho*cy*an"o*gen, n. (Chem.) Defn: An orange-yellow substance, produced by the action of chlorine or boiling dilute nitric acid and sulphocyanate of potassium; -- called also pseudosulphocyanogen, perthiocyanogen, and formerly sulphocyanogen. PERSULPHURET Per*sul"phu*ret, n. (Chem.) Defn: A persulphide. [Obs.] PERT Pert, a. Etym: [An aphetic form of OE. & OF. apert open, known, true, free, or impudent. See Apert.] 1. Open; evident; apert. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. Lively; brisk; sprightly; smart. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Indecorously free, or presuming; saucy; bold; impertinent. "A very pert manner." Addison. The squirrel, flippant, pert, and full of play. Cowper. PERT Pert, v. i. Defn: To behave with pertness. [Obs.] Gauden. PERTAIN Per*tain", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pertained; p. pr. & vb. n. Pertaining.] Etym: [OE. partenen, OF. partenir, fr. L. pertinere to stretch out, reach, pertain; per + tenere to hold, keep. See Per-, and Tenable, and cf. Appertain, Pertinent.] 1. To belong; to have connection with, or dependence on, something, as an appurtenance, attribute, etc.; to appertain; as, saltness pertains to the ocean; flowers pertain to plant life. Men hate those who affect that honor by ambition which pertaineth not to them. Hayward. 2. To have relation or reference to something. These words pertain unto us at this time as they pertained to them at their time. Latimer. PERTEREBRATION Per*ter`e*bra"tion, n. Etym: [L. perterebratus, p.p. of perterebrare to bore through.] Defn: The act of boring through. [Obs.] Ainsworth. PERTHIOCYANOGEN Per*thi`o*cy*an"o*gen, n. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Persulphocyanogen. PERTHITE Perth"ite, n. Etym: [So called from Perth, in canada.] (Min.) Defn: A kind of feldspar consisting of a laminated intertexture of albite and orthoclase, usually of different colors. -- Per*thit"ic, a. PERTINACIOUS Per`ti*na"cious, a.Etym: [L. pertinax, -acis; per + tenax tenacious. See Per-, and Tenacious.] 1. Holding or adhering to any opinion, purpose, or design, with obstinacy; perversely persistent; obstinate; as, pertinacious plotters; a pertinacious beggar. 2. Resolute; persevering; constant; steady. Diligence is a steady, constant, and pertinacious study. South. Syn. -- Obstinate; stubborn; inflexible; unyielding; resolute; determined; firm; constant; steady. -- Per`ti*na"cious*ly, adv. -- Per`ti*na"cious*ness, n. PERTINACITY Per`ti*nac"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pertinacité.] Defn: The quality or state of being pertinacious; obstinacy; perseverance; persistency. Macaulay. Syn. -- See Obstinacy. PERTINACY Per"ti*na*cy, n. Etym: [L. pertinere to pertain. See Pertinence.] Defn: The quality or state of being pertinent; pertinence. [Obs.] PERTINACY Per"ti*na*cy, n. Etym: [L. pertinacia, fr. pertinax. See Pertinacious.] Defn: Pertinacity. [Obs.] Chaucer. PERTINATE Per"ti*nate, a. Defn: Pertinacious. [Obs.] PERTINATELY Per"ti*nate*ly, adv. Defn: Pertinaciously. [Obs.] PERTINENCE; PERTINENCY Per"ti*nence, Per"ti*nen*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pertinence. See Pertinent.] Defn: The quality or state of being pertinent; justness of relation to the subject or matter in hand; fitness; appositeness; relevancy; suitableness. The fitness and pertinency of the apostle's discourse. Bentley. PERTINENT Per"ti*nent, a. Etym: [L. pertinens, -entis, p.pr. of pertinere: cf. F. pertinent. See Pertain.] 1. Belonging or related to the subject or matter in hand; fit or appropriate in any way; adapted to the end proposed; apposite; material; relevant; as, pertinent illustrations or arguments; pertinent evidence. 2. Regarding; concerning; belonging; pertaining. [R.] "Pertinent unto faith." Hooker. Syn. -- Apposite; relevant; suitable; appropriate; fit. -- Per"ti*nent*ly, adv. -- Per"ti*nent*ness, n. PERTLY Pert"ly, adv. Defn: In a pert manner. PERTNESS Pert"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being pert. PERTRANSIENT Per*tran"sient, a. Etym: [L. pertransiens, p.pr. of pertransire.] Defn: Passing through or over. [R.] PERTURB Per*turb", v. t. Etym: [L. perturbare, perturbatum; per + turbare to disturb, fr. turba a disorder: cf. OF. perturber. See Per-, and Turbid.] 1. To disturb; to agitate; to vex; to trouble; to disquiet. Ye that . . . perturb so my feast with crying. Chaucer. 2. To disorder; to confuse. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PERTURBABILITY Per*turb`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being perturbable. PERTURBABLE Per*turb"a*ble, a. Defn: Liable to be perturbed or agitated; liable to be disturbed or disquieted. PERTURBANCE Per*turb"ance, n. Defn: Disturbance; perturbation. [R.] "Perturbance of the mind." Sharp. PERTURBATE Per"tur*bate, v. t. Etym: [From L. perturbatus, p.p.] Defn: To perturb. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. PERTURBATE Per"tur*bate, a. Defn: Perturbed; agitated. [R.] PERTURBATION Per`tur*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. perturbatio: cf. F. perturbation.] 1. The act of perturbing, or the state of being perturbed; esp., agitation of mind. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A disturbance in the regular elliptic or other motion of a heavenly body, produced by some force additional to that which causes its regular motion; as, the perturbations of the planets are caused by their attraction on each other. Newcomb. PERTURBATIONAL Per`tur*ba"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to perturbation, esp. to the perturbations of the planets. "The perturbational theory." Sir J. Herschel. PERTURBATIVE Per"tur*ba*tive, a. Defn: Tending to cause perturbation; disturbing. Sir J. Herschel. PERTURBATOR Per"tur*ba`tor, n. Defn: A perturber. [R.] PERTURBED Per*turbed", a. Defn: Agitated; disturbed; troubled. Shak. -- Per*turb"ed*ly, adv. PERTURBER Per*turb"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, perturbs, or cause perturbation. PERTUSATE Per*tus"ate, a. Etym: [See Pertuse.] (Bot.) Defn: Pierced at the apex. PERTUSE; PERTUSED Per*tuse", Per*tused", a. Etym: [L. pertusus, p.p. of pertundere to beat or thrust through, to bore through; per + tundere to beat: cf. F. pertus. Cf. Pierce.] Defn: Punched; pierced with, or having, holes. PERTUSION Per*tu"sion, n. Etym: [L. pertusio.] Defn: The act of punching or piercing with a pointed instrument; as, pertusion of a vein. [R.] Arbuthnot. 2. A punched hole; a perforation. Bacon. PERTUSSIS Per*tus"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. per through, very + tussis cough.] (Med.) Defn: The whooping cough. PERUKE Per"uke, n. Etym: [F. perruque, It. perrucca, parrucca, fr. L. pilus hair. Cf. Periwig, Wig, Peel to strip off, Plush, Pile a hair.] Defn: A wig; a periwig. PERUKE Per"uke, v. t. Defn: To dress with a peruke. [R.] PERULA Per"u*la, n.; pl. Perulæ. Etym: [L., dim. of pera wallet, Gr. pérule.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: One of the scales of a leaf bud. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A pouchlike portion of the perianth in certain orchides. PERULE Per"ule, n. Defn: Same as Perula. PERUSAL Pe*rus"al, n. Etym: [From Peruse.] 1. The act of carefully viewing or examining. [R.] Tatler. 2. The act of reading, especially of reading through or with care. Woodward. PERUSE Pe*ruse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perused; p. pr. & vb. n. Perusing.] Etym: [Pref. per- + use.] 1. To observe; to examine with care. [R.] Myself I then perused, and limb by limb Surveyed. Milton. 2. To read through; to read carefully. Shak. PERUSER Pe*rus"er, n. Defn: One who peruses. PERUVIAN Pe*ru"vi*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. péruvien, Sp. peruviano.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Peru, in South America. -- n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Peru. Peruvian balsam. See Balsam of Peru, under Balsam. -- Peruvian bark, the bitter bark of trees of various species of Cinchona. It acts as a powerful tonic, and is a remedy for malarial diseases. This property is due to several alkaloids, as quinine, cinchonine, etc., and their compounds; -- called also Jesuit's bark, and cinchona. See Cinchona. PERVADE Per*vade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pervaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Pervading.] Etym: [L. pervadere, pervasum; per + vadere to go, to walk. See Per-, and Wade.] 1. To pass or flow through, as an aperture, pore, or interstice; to permeate. That labyrinth is easily pervaded. Blackstone. 2. To pass or spread through the whole extent of; to be diffused throughout. A spirit of cabal, intrigue, and proselytism pervaded all their thoughts, words, and actions. Burke. PERVASION Per*va"sion, n. Etym: [L. pervasio. See Pervade.] Defn: The act of pervading, passing, or spreading through the whole extent of a thing. Boyle. PERVASIVE Per*va"sive, a. Defn: Tending to pervade, or having power to spread throughout; of a pervading quality. "Civilization pervasive and general." M. Arnold. PERVERSE Per*verse", a. Etym: [L. perversus turned the wrong way, not right, p.p. of pervertereto turn around, to overturn: cf. F. pervers. See Pervert.] 1. Turned aside; hence, specifically, turned away from the right; willfully erring; wicked; perverted. The only righteous in a word perverse. Milton. 2. Obstinate in the wrong; stubborn; intractable; hence, wayward; vexing; contrary. To so perverse a sex all grace is vain. Dryden. Syn. -- Froward; untoward; wayward; stubborn; ungovernable; intractable; cross; petulant; vexatious. -- Perverse, Froward. One who is froward is capricious, and reluctant to obey. One who is perverse has a settled obstinacy of will, and likes or dislikes by the rule of contradiction to the will of others. PERVERSED Per*versed", a. Defn: Turned aside. [Obs.] PERVERSEDLY Per*vers"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Perversely. [Obs.] PERVERSELY Per*verse"ly, adv. Defn: In a perverse manner. PERVERSENESS Per*verse"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being perverse. "Virtue hath some perverseness." Donne. PERVERSION Per*ver"sion, n. Etym: [L. perversio: cf. F. perversion. See Pervert.] Defn: The act of perverting, or the state of being perverted; a turning from truth or right; a diverting from the true intent or object; a change to something worse; a turning or applying to a wrong end or use. "Violations and perversions of the laws." Bacon. PERVERSITY Per*ver"si*ty, n. Etym: [L. perversitas: cf. F. perversité.] Defn: The quality or state of being perverse; perverseness. PERVERSIVE Per*ver"sive, a. Defn: Tending to pervert. PERVERT Per*vert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Perverting.] Etym: [F. pervertir, L. pervertere, perversum; per + vertere to turn. See Per-, and Verse.] 1. To turnanother way; to divert. [Obs.] Let's follow him, and pervert the present wrath. Shak. 2. To turn from truth, rectitude, or propriety; to divert from a right use, end, or way; to lead astray; to corrupt; also, to misapply; to misinterpret designedly; as, to pervert one's words. Dryden. He, in the serpent, had perverted Eve. Milton. PERVERT Per*vert", v. i. Defn: To become perverted; to take the wrong course. [R.] Testament of Love. PERVERT Per"vert, n. Defn: One who has been perverted; one who has turned to error, especially in religion; -- opposed to convert. See the Synonym of Convert. That notorious pervert, Henry of Navarre. Thackeray. PERVERTER Per*vert"er, n. Defn: One who perverts (a person or thing). "His own parents his perverters." South. "A perverter of his law." Bp. Stillingfleet. PERVERTIBLE Per*vert"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being perverted. PERVESTIGATE Per*ves"ti*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. pervestigatus, p.p. of pervestigare.] Defn: To investigate thoroughly. [Obs.] PERVESTIGATION Per*ves`ti*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. pervestigatio.] Defn: Thorough investigation. [Obs.] Chillingworth. PERVIAL Per"vi*al, a. Etym: [See Pervious.] Defn: Pervious. [Obs.] -- Per"vi*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] Chapman. PERVICACIOUS Per`vi*ca"cious, a. Etym: [L. pervicax, -acis.] Defn: Obstinate; willful; refractory. [Obs.] -- Per`vi*ca"cious*ly, adv. -- Per`vi*ca"cious*ness, n. [Obs.] PERVICACITY Per`vi*cac"i*ty, n. Defn: Obstinacy; pervicaciousness. [Obs.] Bentley. PERVICACY Per"vi*ca*cy, n. Etym: [L. pervicacia.] Defn: Pervicacity. [Obs.] PERVIGILATION Per*vig`i*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. pervigilatio, fr. pervigilare.] Defn: Careful watching. [Obs.] PERVIOUS Per"vi*ous, a. Etym: [L. pervis; per + via a way. See Per-, and Voyage.] 1. Admitting passage; capable of being penetrated by another body or substance; permeable; as, a pervious soil. [Doors] . . . pervious to winds, and open every way. Pope. 2. Capable of being penetrated, or seen through, by physical or mental vision. [R.] God, whose secrets are pervious to no eye. Jer. Taylor. 3. Capable of penetrating or pervading. [Obs.] Prior. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Open; -- used synonymously with perforate, as applied to the nostrils or birds. PERVIOUSNESS Per"vi*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being pervious; as, the perviousness of glass. Boyle. PERVIS Per"vis, n. Defn: See Parvis. PERY Per"y, n. Defn: A pear tree. See Pirie. [Obs.] PES Pes, n.; pl. Pedes . Etym: [L., the foot.] (Anat.) Defn: The distal segment of the hind limb of vertebrates, including the tarsus and foot. PESADE Pe*sade", n. Etym: [F.] (Man.) Defn: The motion of a horse when, raising his fore quarters, he keeps his hind feet on the ground without advancing; rearing. PESAGE Pes"age, n. Etym: [F., fr. peser to weigh.] Defn: A fee, or toll, paid for the weighing of merchandise. PESANE Pes"ane, n. (Anc. Armor.) Defn: See Pusane. PESANTED Pes"ant*ed, a. Etym: [F. pesant heavy.] Defn: Made heavy or dull; debased. [Obs.] "Pesanted to each lewd thought's control." Marston. PESCHITO Pe*schit"o, n. Defn: See Peshito. PESE Pese, n. Etym: [See Pea.] Defn: A pea. [Obs.] Chaucer. PESETA Pe*se"ta, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A Spanish silver coin, and money of account, equal to about nineteen cents, and divided into 100 centesimos. PESHITO; PESHITTO Pe*shit"o, Pe*shit"to, n. Etym: [Syriac peshîtâ simple.] Defn: The earliest Syriac version of the Old Testament, translated from Hebrew; also, the incomplete Syriac version of the New Testament. [Written also peschito.] PESKY Pes"ky, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Pestering; vexatious; troublesome. Used also as an intensive. [Colloq. & Low, U.S.] Judd. PESO Pe"so, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A Spanish dollar; also, an Argentine, Chilian, Colombian, etc., coin, equal to from 75 cents to a dollar; also, a pound weight. PESSARY Pes"sa*ry, n.; pl. Pessaries. Etym: [L. pessarium, pessum, pessus, Gr. pessaire.] (Med.) (a) An instrument or device to be introduced into and worn in the vagina, to support the uterus, or remedy a malposition. (b) A medicinal substance in the form of a bolus or mass, designed for introduction into the vagina; a vaginal suppository. PESSIMISM Pes"si*mism, n. Etym: [L. pessimus worst, superl. of pejor worse: cf. F. pessimisme. Cf. Impair.] 1. (Metaph.) Defn: The opinion or doctrine that everything in nature is ordered for or tends to the worst, or that the world is wholly evil; -- opposed to Ant: optimism. 2. A disposition to take the least hopeful view of things. PESSIMIST Pes"si*mist, n. Etym: [L. pessimus worst: cf. F. pessimiste.] 1. (Metaph.) Defn: One who advocates the doctrine of pessimism; -- opposed to Ant: optimist. 2. One who looks on the dark side of things. PESSIMIST; PESSIMISTIC Pes"si*mist, Pes`si*mis"tic, a. (Metaph.) Defn: Of or pertaining to pessimism; characterized by pessimism; gloomy; foreboding. "Giving utterance to pessimistic doubt." Encyc. Brit. PESSIMISTICAL Pes`si*mis"tic*al, a. Defn: Pessimistic. PESSIMIZE Pes"si*mize, v. i. Defn: To hold or advocate the doctrine of pessimism. London Sat. Rev. PESSULUS Pes"su*lus, n.; pl. Pessuli. Etym: [L., a bolt.] (Anat.) Defn: A delicate bar of cartilage connecting the dorsal and ventral extremities of the first pair of bronchial cartilages in the syrinx of birds. PEST Pest, n. Etym: [L. pestis: cf. F. peste.] 1. A fatal epidemic disease; a pestilence; specif., the plague. England's sufferings by that scourge, the pest. Cowper. 2. Anything which resembles a pest; one who, or that which, is troublesome, noxious, mischievous, or destructive; a nuisance. "A pest and public enemy." South. PESTALOZZIAN Pes`ta*loz"zi*an, a. Defn: Belonging to, or characteristic of, a system of elementary education which combined manual training with other instruction, advocated and practiced by Jean Henri Pestalozzi (1746-1827), a Swiss teacher. -- n. Defn: An advocate or follower of the system of Pestalozzi. PESTALOZZIANISM Pes`ta*loz"zi*an*ism, n. Defn: The system of education introduced by Pestalozzi. PESTER Pes"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pestered; p. pr. & vb. n. Pestering.] Etym: [Abbrev. fr. impester, fr. OF. empaistrier, empestrer, to entangle the feet or legs, to embarrass, F. empêtrer; pref. em-, en- (L. in in) + LL. pastorium, pastoria, a fetter by which horses are prevented from wandering in the pastures, fr. L. pastorius belonging to a herdsman or shepherd, pastor a herdsman. See In, and Pasture, Pastor.] 1. To trouble; to disturb; to annoy; to harass with petty vexations. We are pestered with mice and rats. Dr. H. More. A multitude of scribblers daily pester the world. Dryden. 2. To crowd together in an annoying way; to overcrowd; to infest. [Obs.] Milton. All rivers and pools . . . pestered full with fishes. Holland. PESTERER Pes"ter*er, n. Defn: One who pesters or harasses. PESTERMENT Pes"ter*ment, n. Defn: The act of pestering, or the state of being pestered; vexation; worry. "The trouble and pesterment of children." B. Franklin. PESTEROUS Pes"ter*ous, a. Defn: Inclined to pester. Also, vexatious; encumbering; burdensome. [Obs.] Bacon. PESTFUL Pest"ful, a. Defn: Pestiferous. "After long and pestful calms." Coleridge. PESTHOUSE Pest`house", n. Defn: A house or hospital for persons who are infected with any pestilential disease. PESTIDUCT Pes"ti*duct, n. Etym: [L. pestis pest + ductus a leading, fr. ducere to lead.] Defn: That which conveys contagion or infection. [Obs.] Donne. PESTIFEROUS Pes*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. pestiferus, pestifer; pestis pest + ferre to bear: cf. F. pestifère.] 1. Pest-bearing; pestilential; noxious to health; malignant; infectious; contagious; as, pestiferous bodies. "Poor, pestiferous creatures begging alms." Evelyn. "Unwholesome and pestiferous occupations." Burke. 2. Noxious to peace, to morals, or to society; vicious; hurtful; destructive; as, a pestiferous demagogue. Pestiferous reports of men very nobly held. Shak. PESTIFEROUSLY Pes*tif"er*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a pestiferuos manner. PESTILENCE Pes"ti*lence, n. Etym: [F. pestilence, L. pestilentia. See Pestilent.] 1. Specifically, the disease known as the plague; hence, any contagious or infectious epidemic disease that is virulent and devastating. The pestilence That walketh in darkness. Ps. xci. 6. 2. Fig.: That which is pestilent, noxious, or pernicious to the moral character of great numbers. I'll pour this pestilence into his ear. Shak. Pestilence weed (Bot.), the butterbur coltsfoot (Petasites vulgaris), so called because formerly considered a remedy for the plague. Dr. Prior. PESTILENT Pes"ti*lent, a. Etym: [L. pestilens, -entis, fr. pestis pest: cf. F. pestilent.] Defn: Pestilential; noxious; pernicious; mischievous. "Corrupt and pestilent." Milton. "What a pestilent knave is this same!" Shak. PESTILENTIAL Pes`ti*len"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pestilentiel.] 1. Having the nature or qualities of a pestilence. "Sends the pestilential vapors." Longfellow. 2. Hence: Mischievous; noxious; pernicious; morally destructive. So pestilential, so infectious a thing is sin. Jer. Taylor. PESTILENTIALLY Pes`ti*len"tial*ly, adv. Defn: Pestilently. PESTILENTIOUS Pes`ti*len"tious, a. Defn: Pestilential. [Obs.] PESTILENTLY Pes"ti*lent*ly, adv. Defn: In a pestilent manner; mischievously; destructively. "Above all measure pestilently noisome." Dr. H. More. PESTILENTNESS Pes"ti*lent*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being pestilent. PESTILLATION Pes`til*la"tion, n. Etym: [LL. pestillum, L. pistillum. See Pestle.] Defn: The act of pounding and bruising with a pestle in a mortar. Sir T. Browne. PESTLE Pes"tle, n. Etym: [OE. pestel, OF. pestel, LL. pestellum, L. pistillum, pistillus, a pounder, pestle, fr. pisere, pinsere, to pound, crush, akin to Gr. pish. Cf. Pistil.] 1. An implement for pounding and breaking or braying substances in a mortar. 2. A constable's or bailiff's staff; -- so called from its shape. [Obs.] Chapman. 3. The leg and leg bone of an animal, especially of a pig; as, a pestle of pork. PESTLE Pes"tle, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pestled; p. pr. & vb. n. Pestling.] Defn: To pound, pulverize, bray, or mix with a pestle, or as with a pestle; to use a pestle. PET Pet, n. Etym: [Formerly peat, perhaps from Ir. peat, akin to Gael. peata.] 1. A cade lamb; a lamb brought up by hand. 2. Any person or animal especially cherished and indulged; a fondling; a darling; often, a favorite child. The love of cronies, pets, and favorites. Tatler. 3. Etym: [Prob. fr. Pet a fondling, hence, the behavior or humor of a spoiled child.] Defn: A slight fit of peevishness or fretfulness. "In a pet she started up." Tennyson. PET Pet, a. Defn: Petted; indulged; admired; cherished; as, a pet child; a pet lamb; a pet theory. Some young lady's pet curate. F. Harrison. Pet cock. Etym: [Perh. for petty cock.] (Mach.) A little faucet in a water pipe or pump, to let air out, or at the end of a steam cylinder, to drain it. PET Pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Petted; p. pr. & vb. n. Petting.] Defn: To treat as a pet; to fondle; to indulge; as, she was petted and spoiled. PET Pet, v. i. Defn: To be a pet. Feltham. PETAL Pet"al, n. Etym: [Gr. pétale. See Fathom.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: One of the leaves of the corolla, or the colored leaves of a flower. See Corolla, and Illust. of Flower. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the expanded ambulacra which form a rosette on the black of certain Echini. PETALED Pet"aled, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having petals; as, a petaled flower; -- opposed to Ant: apetalous, and much used in compounds; as, one-petaled, three- petaled, etc. PETALIFEROUS Pet`al*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Petal + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing petals. PETALIFORM Pe*tal"i*form, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of a petal; petaloid; petal-shaped. PETALINE Pet"al*ine, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pétalin.] (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to a petal; attached to, or resembling, a petal. PETALISM Pet"al*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. pétalisme.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A form of sentence among the ancient Syracusans by which they banished for five years a citizen suspected of having dangerous influence or ambition. It was similar to the ostracism in Athens; but olive leaves were used instead of shells for ballots. PETALITE Pet"al*ite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pétalite.] (Min.) Defn: A rare mineral, occurring crystallized and in cleavable masses, usually white, or nearly so, in color. It is a silicate of aluminia and lithia. PETALODY Pe*tal"o*dy, n. Etym: [Petal + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The metamorphosis of various floral organs, usually stamens, into petals. PETALOID Pet"al*oid, a. Etym: [Petal + -oid: cf. F. pétaloïde.] (Bot.) Defn: Petaline. PETALOIDEOUS Pet`al*oid"e*ous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the whole or part of the perianth petaline. Petaloideous division, that division of endogenous plants in which the perianth is wholly or partly petaline, embracing the Liliaceæ, Orchidaceæ, Amaryllideæ, etc. PETALOSTICHA Pet`a*los"ti*cha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Echini, including the irregular sea urchins, as the spatangoids. See Spatangoid. PETALOUS Pet"al*ous, a. Defn: Having petals; petaled; -- opposed to Ant: apetalous. PETALUM Pet"a*lum, n.; pl. Petala. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A petal. PETAR Pe*tar", n. Defn: See Petard. [Obs.] "Hoist with his own petar." Shak. PETARD Pe*tard", n. Etym: [F. pétard, fr. péter to break wind, to crack, to explode, L. pedere, peditum.] (Mil.) Defn: A case containing powder to be exploded, esp. a conical or cylindrical case of metal filled with powder and attached to a plank, to be exploded against and break down gates, barricades, drawbridges, etc. It has been superseded. PETARDEER; PETARDIER Pet`ar*deer", Pet`ar*dier", n. Etym: [F. pétardier.] (Mil.) Defn: One who managed a petard. PETASUS Pet"a*sus, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) Defn: The winged cap of Mercury; also, a broad-brimmed, low-crowned hat worn by Greeks and Romans. PETAURIST Pe*tau"rist, n. Etym: [L. petaurista a ropedancer, Gr. pétauriste.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any flying marsupial of the genera Petaurus, Phalangista, Acrobata, and allied genera. See Flying mouse, under Flying, and Phalangister. PETECHIAE Pe*tech"i*æ, n. pl.; sing. Petechia (. Etym: [NL., fr. LL. peteccia; cf. F. pétéchie, It. petecchia, Sp. petequia, Gr. (Med.) Defn: Small crimson, purple, or livid spots, like flea-bites, due to extravasation of blood, which appear on the skin in malignant fevers, etc. PETECHIAL Pe*tech"i*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pétéchial, LL. petecchialis.] (Med.) Defn: Characterized by, or pertaining to, petechiæ; spotted. Petechial fever, a malignant fever, accompanied with livid spots on the skin. PETER Pe"ter, n. Defn: A common baptismal name for a man. The name of one of the apostles, Peter boat, a fishing boat, sharp at both ends, originally of the Baltic Sea, but now common in certain English rivers. -- Peter Funk, the auctioneer in a mock auction. [Cant, U.S.] -- Peter pence, or Peter's pence. (a) An annual tax or tribute, formerly paid by the English people to the pope, being a penny for every house, payable on Lammas or St.Peter's day; -- called also Rome scot, and hearth money. (b) In modern times, a voluntary contribution made by Roman Catholics to the private purse of the pope. -- Peter's fish (Zoöl.), a haddock; -- so called because the black spots, one on each side, behind the gills, are traditionally said to have been caused by the fingers of St. Peter, when he caught the fish to pay the tribute. The name is applied, also, to other fishes having similar spots. PETER Pet"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Petered; p. pr. & vb. n. Petering.] Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: To become exhausted; to run out; to fail; -- used generally with out; as, that mine has petered out. [Slang, U.S.] PETEREL Pet"er*el, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Petrel. PETERERO Pet`e*re"ro, n. (Mil.) Defn: See Pederero. PETERMAN Pe"ter*man, n.; pl. Petermen (. Defn: A fisherman; -- so called after the apostle Peter. [An obs. local term in Eng.] Chapman. PETERSHAM Pe"ter*sham, n. Etym: [Named after Lord Petersham.] Defn: A rough, knotted woolen cloth, used chiefly for men's overcoats; also, a coat of that material. PETERWORT Pe"ter*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Saint Peter's-wort, under Saint. PETIOLAR; PETIOLARY Pet"i*o*lar, Pet"i*o*la*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pétiolarie.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to petiole, or proceeding from it; as, a petiolar tendril; growing or supported upon a petiole; as, a petiolar gland; a petiolar bud. PETIOLATE; PETIOLATED Pet"i*o*late, Pet"i*o*la`ted, a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Having a stalk or petiole; as, a petioleate leaf; the petiolated abdomen of certain Hymenoptera. PETIOLE Pet"i*ole, n. Etym: [F. pétiole, fr. L. petiolus a little foot, a fruit stalk; cf. pes, pedis, a foot.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A leafstalk; the footstalk of a leaf, connecting the blade with the stem. See Illust. of Leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A stalk or peduncle. PETIOLED Pet"i*oled, a. Defn: Petiolate. PETIOLULATE Pet`i*ol"u*late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Supported by its own petiolule. Gray. PETIOLULE Pet"i*o*lule, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pétiolule.] (Bot.) Defn: A small petiole, or the petiole of a leaflet. PETIT Pet"it, a. Etym: [F. See Petty.] Defn: Small; little; insignificant; mean; -- Same as Petty. [Obs., except in legal language.] By what small, petit hints does the mind catch hold of and recover a vanishing notion. South. Petit constable, an inferior civil officer, subordinate to the high constable. -- Petit jury, a jury of twelve men, impaneled to try causes at the bar of a court; -- so called in distinction from the grand jury. -- Petit larceny, the stealing of goods of, or under, a certain specified small value; -- opposed to grand larceny. The distinction is abolished in England. -- Petit maître (. Etym: [F., lit., little master.] A fop; a coxcomb; a ladies' man. Goldsmith. -- Petit serjeanty (Eng. Law), the tenure of lands of the crown, by the service of rendering annually some implement of war, as a bow, an arrow, a sword, a flag, etc. -- Petit treason, formerly, in England, the crime of killing a person to whom the offender owed duty or subjection, as one's husband, master, mistress, etc. The crime is now not distinguished from murder. PETITE Pe*tite", a. [F., fem. of petit.] Defn: Small, little; of a woman or girl, of small size and trim figure. PETITION Pe*ti"tion, n. Etym: [F. pétition, L. petitio, fr. petere, petitum, to beg, ask, seek; perh. akin to E. feather, or find.] 1. A prayer; a supplication; an imploration; an entreaty; especially, a request of a solemn or formal kind; a prayer to the Supreme Being, or to a person of superior power, rank, or authority; also, a single clause in such a prayer. A house of prayer and petition for thy people. 1 Macc. vii. 37. This last petition heard of all her prayer. Dryden. 2. A formal written request addressed to an official person, or to an organized body, having power to grant it; specifically (Law), a supplication to government, in either of its branches, for the granting of a particular grace or right; -- in distinction from a memorial, which calls certain facts to mind; also, the written document. Petition of right (Law), a petition to obtain possession or restitution of property, either real or personal, from the Crown, which suggests such a title as controverts the title of the Crown, grounded on facts disclosed in the petition itself. Mozley & W. -- The Petition of Right (Eng. Hist.), the parliamentary declaration of the rights of the people, assented to by Charles I. PETITION Pe*ti"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Petitioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Petitioning.] Defn: To make a prayer or request to; to ask from; to solicit; to entreat; especially, to make a formal written supplication, or application to, as to any branch of the government; as, to petition the court; to petition the governor. You have . . . petitioned all the gods for my prosperity. Shak. PETITION Pe*ti"tion, v. i. Defn: To make a petition or solicitation. PETITIONARILY Pe*ti"tion*a*ri*ly, adv. Defn: By way of begging the question; by an assumption. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PETITIONARY Pe*ti"tion*a*ry, a. 1. Supplicatory; making a petition. Pardon Rome, and any petitionary countrymen. Shak. 2. Containing a petition; of the nature of a petition; as, a petitionary epistle. Swift. PETITIONEE Pe*ti`tion*ee", n. Defn: A person cited to answer, or defend against, a petition. PETITIONER Pe*ti"tion*er, n. Defn: One who presents a petition. PETITIONING Pe*ti"tion*ing, n. Defn: The act of presenting apetition; a supplication. PETIT MAL Pe*tit" mal". [F., lit., little sickness.] (Med.) Defn: The mildest form of epilepsy, with momentary faintness or unconsciousness, but without convulsions; -- opposed to grand mal. PETITOR Pet"i*tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. petere to seek.] Defn: One who seeks or asks; a seeker; an applicant. [R.] Fuller. PETITORY Pet"i*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. petitorius, fr. petere, petitum, to beg, ask: cf. F. pétitore.] Defn: Petitioning; soliciting; supplicating. Sir W. Hamilton. Petitory suit or action (Admiralty Law), a suit in which the mere title to property is litigated and sought to be enforced, as distinguished from a possessory suit; also (Scots Law), a suit wherein the plaintiff claims something as due him by the defendant. Burrill. PETONG Pe*tong", n. (Metal.) Defn: See Packfong. PETRALOGY Pe*tral"o*gy, n. Defn: See Petrology. PETRARY Pet"ra*ry, n. Etym: [L. petra stone. Cf. Sp. petraria, and E. Pederero.] Defn: An ancient war engine for hurling stones. PETRE Pe"tre, n. Defn: See Saltpeter. PETREAN Pe*tre"an, a. Etym: [L. petraeus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to to rock. G. S. Faber. PETREL Pe"trel, n. Etym: [F. pétrel; a dim. of the name Peter, L. Petrus, Gr. John i.42); -- probably so called in allusion to St.Peter's walking on the sea. See Petrify.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of longwinged sea birds belonging to the family Procellaridæ. The small petrels, or Mother Carey's chickens, belong to Oceanites, Oceanodroma, Procellaria, and several allied genera. Diving petrel, any bird of the genus Pelecanoides. They chiefly inhabit the southern hemisphere. -- Fulmar petrel, Giant petrel. See Fulmar. -- Pintado petrel, the Cape pigeon. See under Cape. -- Pintado petrel, any one of several small petrels, especially Procellaria pelagica, or Mother Carey's chicken, common on both sides of the Atlantic. PETRESCENCE Pe*tres"cence, n. Defn: The process of changing into stone; petrification. PETRESCENT Pe*tres"cent, a. Etym: [L. petra rock, stone, Gr. Defn: Petrifying; converting into stone; as, petrescent water. Boyle. PETRIFACTION Pet`ri*fac"tion, n. Etym: [See Petrify.] 1. The process of petrifying, or changing into stone; conversion of any organic matter (animal or vegetable) into stone, or a substance of stony hardness. 2. The state or condition of being petrified. 3. That which is petrified; popularly, a body incrusted with stony matter; an incrustation. 4. Fig.: Hardness; callousness; obduracy. "Petrifaction of the soul." Cudworth. PETRIFACTIVE Pet`ri*fac"tive, a. 1. Having the quality of converting organic matter into stone; petrifying. 2. Pertaining to, or characterized by, petrifaction. The . . . petrifactive mutations of hard bodies. Sir T. Browne. PETRIFIC Pe*trif"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pétrifique.] Defn: Petrifying; petrifactive. Death with his mace petrific, cold and dry. Milton. PETRIFICATE Pet"ri*fi*cate, v. t. Defn: To petrify. [Obs.] Our hearts petrificated were. J. Hall (1646). PETRIFICATION Pet`ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pétrification. See Petrify.] 1. See Petrifaction. 2. Fig.: Obduracy; callousness. Hallywell. PETRIFY Pet"ri*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Petrified; p. pr. & vb. n. Petrifying.] Etym: [L. petra rock, Gr. -fy: cf. F. pétrifier. Cf. Parrot, Petrel, Pier.] 1. To convert, as any animal or vegetable matter, into stone or stony substance. A river that petrifies any sort of wood or leaves. Kirwan. 2. To make callous or obdurate; to stupefy; to paralyze; to transform; as by petrifaction; as, to petrify the heart. Young. "Petrifying accuracy." Sir W. Scott. And petrify a genius to a dunce. Pope. The poor, petrified journeyman, quite unconscious of what he was doing. De Quincey. A hideous fatalism, which ought, logically, to petrify your volition. G. Eliot. PETRIFY Pet"ri*fy, v. i. 1. To become stone, or of a stony hardness, as organic matter by calcareous deposits. 2. Fig.: To become stony, callous, or obdurate. Like Niobe we marble grow, And petrify with grief. Dryden. PETRINE Pe"trine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to St.Peter; as, the Petrine Epistles. PETRO- Pet"ro-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. rock, stone; as, petrology, petroglyphic. PETROGALE Pe*trog"a*le, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any Australian kangaroo of the genus Petrogale, as the rock wallaby (P. penicillata). PETROGLYPHIC Pet`ro*glyph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to petroglyphy. PETROGLYPHY Pe*trog"ly*phy, n. Etym: [Petro + Gr. Defn: The art or operation of carving figures or inscriptions on rock or stone. PETROGRAPHIC; PETROGRAPHICAL Pet`ro*graph"ic, Pet`ro*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to petrography. PETROGRAPHY Pe*trog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Petro + -graphy.] 1. The art of writing on stone. 2. The scientific description of rocks; that department of science which investigates the constitution of rocks; petrology. PETROHYOID Pet`ro*hy"oid, a. Etym: [Petro + hyoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to petrous, oe periotic, portion of the skull and the hyoid arch; as, the petrohyoid muscles of the frog. PETROL Pe*trol", n. Defn: Petroleum. [R.] PETROLATUM Pet`ro*la"tum, n. (Chem. & Pharm.) Defn: A semisolid unctuous substance, neutral, and without taste or odor, derived from petroleum by distilling off the lighter portions and purifying the residue. It is a yellowish, fatlike mass, transparent in thin layers, and somewhat fluorescent. It is used as a bland protective dressing, and as a substitute for fatty materials in ointments. U. S. Pharm. Note: Petrolatum is the official name for the purified product. Cosmoline and vaseline are commercial names for substances essentially the same, but differing slightly in appearance and consistency or fusibility. PETROLEUM Pe*tro"le*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. petra a rock + oleum oil: cf. F. pétrole. Cf. Petrify, and Oil.] Defn: Rock oil, mineral oil, or natural oil, a dark brown or greenish inflammable liquid, which, at certain points, exists in the upper strata of the earth, from whence it is pumped, or forced by pressure of the gas attending it. It consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, largely of the methane series, but may vary much in appearance, composition, and properties. It is refined by distillation, and the products include kerosene, benzine, gasoline, paraffin, etc. Petroleum spirit, a volatile liquid obtained in the distillation of crude petroleum at a temperature of 170° Fahr., or below. The term is rather loosely applied to a considerable range of products, including benzine and ligroin. The terms petroleum ether, and naphtha, are sometimes applied to the still more volatile products, including rhigolene, gasoline, cymogene, etc. PETROLEUR; PETROLEUSE Pé`tro`leur", n. m. Pé`tro`leuse", n. f.Etym: [F.] Defn: One who makes use of petroleum for incendiary purposes. PETROLINE Pet"ro*line, n. (Chem.) Defn: A paraffin obtained from petroleum from Rangoon in India, and practically identical with ordinary paraffin. PETROLOGIC; PETROLOGICAL Pet`ro*log"ic, Pet`ro*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to petrology. PETROLOGICALLY Pet`ro*log"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: According to petrology. PETROLOGIST Pe*trol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who is versed in petrology. PETROLOGY Pe*trol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Petro + -logy.] 1. The department of science which is concerned with the mineralogical and chemical composition of rocks, and with their classification: lithology. 2. A treatise on petrology. PETROMASTOID Pet`ro*mas"toid, a. Etym: [Petro + mastoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the petrous and mastoid parts of the temporal bone, periotic. PETROMYZONT Pet`ro*my"zont, n. Etym: [Petro + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A lamprey. PETRONEL Pet`ro*nel, n. Etym: [OF. petrinal, fr. peitrine, petrine, the breast, F. poitrine; so called because it was placed against the breast in order to fire. See Poitrel.] Defn: A sort of hand cannon, or portable firearm, used in France in the 15th century. PETROSAL Pe*tro"sal, a. Etym: [See Petrous.] (Anat.) (a) Hard; stony; petrous; as, the petrosal bone; petrosal part of the temporal bone. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the petrous, or petrosal, bone, or the corresponding part of the temporal bone. Petrosal bone (Anat.), a bone corresponding to the petrous portion of the temporal bone of man; or one forming more or less of the periotic capsule. PETROSAL Pe*tro"sal, n. (Anat.) (a) A petrosal bone. (b) The auditory capsule. Owen. PETROSILEX Pet`ro*si"lex, n. Etym: [Petro + silex.] (Min.) Defn: Felsite. PETROSILICIOUS Pet`ro*si*li"cious, a. Defn: Containing, or consisting of, petrosilex. PETROSTEARINE Pet`ro*ste"a*rine, n. Etym: [Petro + stearine.] Defn: A solid unctuous material, of which candles are made. PETROUS Pe"trous, a. Etym: [L. petrosus, fr. petra a stone.] 1. Like stone; hard; stony; rocky; as, the petrous part of the temporal bone. Hooper. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Petrosal. PETTICHAPS Pet"ti*chaps, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Pettychaps. PETTICOAT Pet"ti*coat, n. (Zoöl.) Etym: [Petty + coat.] Defn: A loose under-garment worn by women, and covering the body below the waist. Petticoat government, government by women, whether in politics or domestic affairs. [Colloq.] -- Petticoat pipe (Locomotives), a short, flaring pipe surrounding the blast nozzle in the smoke box, to equalize the draft. PETTIFOG Pet"ti*fog, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pettifogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Pettifogging.] Etym: [Petty + fog to pettifog.] Defn: To do a petty business as a lawyer; also, to do law business in a petty or tricky way. "He takes no money, but pettifogs gratis." S. Butler. PETTIFOG Pet"ti*fog, v. t. Defn: To advocate like a pettifogger; to argue trickily; as, to pettifog a claim. [Colloq.] PETTIFOGGER Pet"ti*fog`ger, n. Defn: A lawyer who deals in petty cases; an attorney whose methods are mean and tricky; an inferior lawyer. A pettifogger was lord chancellor. Macaulay. PETTIFOGGERY Pet"ti*fog`ger*y, n.; pl. -ies (. Defn: The practice or arts of a pettifogger; disreputable tricks; quibbles. Quirks of law, and pettifoggeries. Barrow. PETTIFOGGING Pet"ti*fog`ging, a. Defn: Paltry; quibbling; mean. PETTIFOGGING Pet"ti*fog`ging, n. Defn: Pettifoggery. PETTIFOGULIZE Pet`ti*fog"u*lize, v. i. Defn: To act as a pettifogger; to use contemptible tricks. De Quincey. PETTILY Pet"ti*ly, adv. Defn: In a petty manner; frivolously. PETTINESS Pet"ti*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being petty or paltry; littleness; meanness. PETTISH Pet"tish, a. Etym: [From Pet.] Defn: Fretful; peevish; moody; capricious; inclined to ill temper. "A pettish kind of humor." Sterne. -- Pet"tish*ly, adv. -- Pet"tish*ness, n. PETTITOES Pet"ti*toes, n. pl. Etym: [Petty + toes.] Defn: The toes or feet of a pig, -- often used as food; sometimes, in contempt, the human feet. Shak. PETTO Pet"to, n. Etym: [It., fr. L. pectus.] Defn: The breast. In petto, in the breast; hence, in secrecy; in reserve. PETTY Pet"ty, a. [Compar. Pettier; superl. Pettiest.] Etym: [OE. petit, F. petit; probably of Celtic origin, and akin to E. piece. Cf. Petit.] Defn: Little; trifling; inconsiderable; also, inferior; subordinate; as, a petty fault; a petty prince. Denham. Like a petty god I walked about, admired of all. Milton. Petty averages. See under Average. -- Petty cash, money expended or received in small items or amounts. -- Petty officer, a subofficer in the navy, as a gunner, etc., corresponding to a noncommissionned officer in the army. Note: For petty constable, petty jury, petty larceny, petty treason, See Petit. Syn. -- Little; diminutive; inconsiderable; inferior; trifling; trivial; unimportant; frivolous. PETTYCHAPS Pet"ty*chaps, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small European singing birds of the subfamily Sylviinæ, as the willow warbler, the chiff-chaff, and the golden warbler (Sylvia hortensis). PETTYWHIN Pet"ty*whin, n. Etym: [Petty + whin.] (Bot.) Defn: The needle furze. See under Needle. PETULANCE; PETULANCY Pet"u*lance, Pet"u*lan*cy, n. Etym: [L. petulania: cf. F. pétulance. See Petulant.] Defn: The quality or state of being petulant; temporary peevishness; pettishness; capricious ill humor. "The petulancy of our words." B. Jonson. Like pride in some, and like petulance in others. Clarendon. The lowering eye, the petulance, the frown. Cowper. Syn. -- Petulance, Peevishness. -- Peevishness implies the permanence of a sour, fretful temper; petulance implies temporary or capricious irritation. PETULANT Pet"u*lant, a. Etym: [L. petulans, -antis, prop., making slight attacks upon, from a lost dim. of petere to fall upon, to attack: cf. F. pétulant. See Petition.] 1. Forward; pert; insolent; wanton. [Obs.] Burton. 2. Capriciously fretful; characterized by ill-natured freakishness; irritable. "Petulant moods." Macaulay. Syn. -- Irritable; ill-humored; peevish; cross; fretful; querulous. PETULANTLY Pet"u*lant*ly, adv. Defn: In a petulant manner. PETULCITY Pe*tul"ci*ty, n. Etym: [See Petulcous.] Defn: Wantonness; friskiness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. PETULCOUS Pe*tul"cous, a. Etym: [L. petulcus. Cf. Petulant.] Defn: Wanton; frisky; lustful. [Obs.] J. V. Cane. PETUNE Pe*tune", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Petuned; p. pr. & vb. n. Petuning.] [See Petunia.] (Agric.) Defn: To spray (tobacco) with a liquid intended to produce flavor or aroma. PETUNIA Pe*tu"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Braz. petun tobacco.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of solanaceous herbs with funnelform or salver-shaped corollas. Two species are common in cultivation, Petunia violacera, with reddish purple flowers, and P. nyctaginiflora, with white flowers. There are also many hybrid forms with variegated corollas. PETUNSE; PETUNTSE; PETUNTZE Pe*tunse", Pe*tuntse", Pe*tuntze", n. Etym: [From Chinese.] Defn: Powdered fledspar, kaolin, or quartz, used in the manufacture of porcelain. PETWORTH MARBLE Pet"worth mar"ble. Defn: A kind of shell marble occurring in the Wealden clay at Petworth, in Sussex, England; -- called also Sussex marble. PETZITE Petz"ite, n. Etym: [From Petz, who analyzed it.] (Min.) Defn: A telluride of silver and gold, related to hessite. PEUCEDANIN Peu*ced"a*nin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A tasteless white crystalline substance, extracted from the roots of the sulphurwort (Peucedanum), masterwort (Imperatoria), and other related plants; -- called also imperatorin. PEUCIL Peu"cil, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A liquid resembling camphene, obtained by treating turpentine hydrochloride with lime. [Written also peucyl.] PEW Pew, n. Etym: [OE. pewe, OF. puie parapet, balustrade, balcony, fr. L. podium an elevated place, a jutty, balcony, a parapet or balcony in the circus, where the emperor and other distinguished persons sat, Gr. Foot, and cf. Podium, Poy.] 1. One of the compartments in a church which are separated by low partitions, and have long seats upon which several persons may sit; - - sometimes called slip. Pews were originally made square, but are now usually long and narrow. 2. Any structure shaped like a church pew, as a stall, formerly used by money lenders, etc.; a box in theater; a pen; a sheepfold. [Obs.] Pepys. Milton. Pew opener, an usher in a church. [Eng.] Dickens. PEW Pew, v. t. Defn: To furnish with pews. [R.] Ash. PEWEE Pe"wee, n. Etym: [So called from its note.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A common American tyrant flycatcher (Sayornis phoebe, or S. fuscus). Called also pewit, and phoebe. 2. The woodcock. [Local, U.S.] Wood pewee (Zoöl.), a bird (Contopus virens) similar to the pewee (See Pewee, 1), but of smaller size. PEWET Pe"wet, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pewit. PEWFELLOW Pew"fel`low, n. 1. One who occupies the same pew with another. 2. An intimate associate; a companion. Shak. PEWIT Pe"wit, n. Etym: [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. OD. piewit, D. kievit, G. kibitz.] (Zoöl.) (a) The lapwing. (b) The European black-headed, or laughing, gull (Xema ridibundus). See under Laughing. (c) The pewee. [Written also peevit, peewit, pewet.] PEWTER Pew"ter, n. Etym: [OE. pewtyr, OF. peutre, peautre, piautre: cf. D. peauter, piauter, It. peltro, Sp. & Pg. peltre, LL. peutreum, pestrum. Cf. Spelter.] 1. A hard, tough, but easily fusible, alloy, originally consisting of tin with a little lead, but afterwards modified by the addition of copper, antimony, or bismuth. 2. Utensils or vessels made of pewter, as dishes, porringers, drinking vessels, tankards, pots. Note: Pewter was formerly much used for domestic utensils. Inferior sorts contain a large proportion of lead. PEWTERER Pew"ter*er, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to make utensils of pewter; a pewtersmith. Shak. PEWTERY Pew"ter*y, a. Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, pewter; as, a pewtery taste. PEXITY Pex"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. pexitas, fr. pexus woolly, nappy, p.p. of pectere to comb.] Defn: Nap of cloth. [Obs.] PEYER'S GLANDS Pey"er's glands`. Etym: [So called from J.K.Peyer, who described them in 1677.] (Anat.) Defn: Pathches of lymphoid nodules, in the walls of the small intestiness; agminated glands; -- called also Peyer's patches. In typhoid fever they become the seat of ulcers which are regarded as the characteristic organic lesion of that disease. PEYTREL Pey"trel, n. Etym: [OF. peitral. See Poitrel.] (Anc. Armor) Defn: The breastplate of a horse's armor or harness. [Spelt also peitrel.] See Poitrel. [Obs.] Chaucer. PEZIZA Pe*zi"za, n. Etym: [NL., corrupt. from L. pezica a sessile mushroom, fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of fungi embracing a great number of species, some of which are remarkable for their regular cuplike form and deep colors. PEZIZOID Pez"i*zoid, a. Etym: [Peziza + -oid.] (Bot.) Defn: Resembling a fungus of the genus Peziza; having a cuplike form. PFENNIG Pfen"nig, n.; pl. Pfennigs, G. Pfennige. Etym: [G. See Penny.] Defn: A small copper coin of Germany. It is the hundredth part of a mark, or about a quarter of a cent in United States currency. PHACELLUS Pha*cel"lus, n.; pl. Phacelli. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the filaments on the inner surface of the gastric cavity of certain jellyfishes. PHACOCHERE Phac"o*chere, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wart hog. PHACOID Pha"coid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Resembling a lentil; lenticular. PHACOLITE Phac"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A colorless variety of chabazite; the original was from Leipa, in Bohemia. PHACOPS Pha"cops, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of trilobites found in the Silurian and Devonian formations. Phacops bufo is one of the most common species. PHAEACIAN Phæ*a"cian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Phæacians, a fabulous seafaring people fond of the feast, the lyre, and the dance, mentioned by Homer. PHAENOGAM Phæ"no*gam, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the class Phænogamia. PHAENOGAMIA Phæ`no*ga"mi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. (Bot.) Defn: The class of flowering plants including all which have true flowers with distinct floral organs; phanerogamia. PHAENOGAMIAN; PHAENOGAMIC Phæ`no*ga"mi*an, Phæ`no*gam"ic, a. Defn: Same as Phænogamous. PHAENOGAMOUS Phæ*nog"a*mous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having true flowers with with distinct floral organs; flowering. PHAENOMENON Phæ*nom"e*non, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Phenomenon. PHAEOSPORE Phæ"o*spore, n. Etym: [Gr. spore.] (Bot.) Defn: A brownish zoöspore, characteristic of an order (Phæosporeæ) of dark green or olive-colored algæ. -- Phæ`o*spor"ic, a. PHAETHON Pha"ë*thon, n. Etym: [L., Phaëthon (in sense 1), fr. Gr. Phantom.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The son of Helios (Phoebus), that is, the son of light, or of the sun. He is fabled to have obtained permission to drive the chariot of the sun, in doing which his want of skill would have set the world on fire, had he not been struck with a thunderbolt by Jupiter, and hurled headlong into the river Po. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of oceanic birds including the tropic birds. PHAETON Pha"ë*ton, n. Etym: [F. phaéton a kind of carriage, fr. Phaéthon Phaëthon, the son of Helios. See Phaëthon.] 1. A four-wheeled carriage (with or without a top), open, or having no side pieces, in front of the seat. It is drawn by one or two horses. 2. See Phaëthon. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A handsome American butterfly (Euphydryas, or Melitæa, Phaëton). The upper side of the wings is black, with orange-red spots and marginal crescents, and several rows of cream-colored spots; -- called also Baltimore. PHAGEDENA Phag`e*de"na, n. Etym: [L. phagedaena, Gr. (Med.) (a) A canine appetite; bulimia. [Obs.] (b) Spreading, obstinate ulceration. PHAGEDENIC; PHAGEDENICAL Phag`e*den"ic, Phag`e*den"ic*AL, a. Etym: [L. phagedaenicus, Gr. phagédénique.] (Med.) Defn: Of, like, or pertaining to, phagedena; used in the treatment of phagedena; as, a phagedenic ulcer or medicine. -- n. Defn: A phagedenic medicine. PHAGEDENOUS Phag`e*de"nous, a. (Med.) Defn: Phagedenic. PHAGOCYTE Phag"o*cyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A leucocyte which plays a part in retrogressive processes by taking up (eating), in the form of fine granules, the parts to be removed. PHAINOPEPLA Pha*i`no*pep"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small crested passerine bird (Phaïnopepla nitens), native of Mexico and the Southern United States. The adult male is of a uniform glossy blue-black; the female is brownish. Called also black flycatcher. PHAKOSCOPE Phak"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for studying the mechanism of accommodation. PHALAENA Pha*læ"na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A linnæan genus which included the moths in general. PHALAENID Pha*læ"nid, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any moth of the family Phalænidæ, of which the cankerworms are examples; a geometrid. PHALANGEAL; PHALANGAL Pha*lan"ge*al, Pha*lan"gal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the phalanges. See Phalanx, 2. PHALANGER Pha*lan"ger, n. Etym: [Cf. F. phalanger. See Phalanx.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any marsupial belonging to Phalangista, Cuscus, Petaurus, and other genera of the family Phalangistidæ. They are arboreal, and the species of Petaurus are furnished with lateral parachutes. See Flying phalanger, under Flying. PHALANGES Pha*lan"ges, n. Defn: , pl. of Phalanx. PHALANGIAL; PHALANGIAN Pha*lan"gi*al, Pha*lan"gi*an, a. (Anat.) Defn: Phalangeal. PHALANGID Pha*lan"gid, n.; pl. Phalangides (. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Phalangoidea. PHALANGIOUS Pha*lan"gi*ous, a. Etym: [L. phalangium a kind of venomous spider, Gr. Phalanx.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Phalangoidea. PHALANGIST Pha*lan"gist, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any arboreal marsupial of the genus Phalangista. The vulpine phalangist (P. vulpina) is the largest species, the full grown male being about two and a half feet long. It has a large bushy tail. PHALANGISTER; PHALANGISTINE Phal`an*gis"ter, Phal`an*gis"tine, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Phalangist. PHALANGITE Phal"an*gite, n. Etym: [Gr. phalangite.] Defn: A soldier belonging to a phalanx. [Obs.] PHALANGOIDEA Phal`an*goi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Phalangium the daddy longlegs (see Phalangious) + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Arachnoidea, including the daddy longlegs or harvestman (Phalangium) and many similar kinds. They have long, slender, many-jointed legs; usually a rounded, segmented abdomen; and chelate jaws. They breathe by tracheæ. Called also Phalangides, Phalangidea, Phalangiida, and Opilionea. PHALANSTERE Pha`lan`stére", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A phalanstery. PHALANSTERIAN Phal`an*ste"ri*an, a. Etym: [F. phalanstérien, a. & n.] Defn: Of or pertaining to phalansterianism. PHALANSTERIAN Phal`an*ste"ri*an, n. Defn: One who favors the system of phalansteries proposed by Fourier. PHALANSTERISM; PHALANSTERIANISM Pha*lan"ster*ism, Phal`an*ste"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: A system of phalansteries proposed by Fourier; Fourierism. PHALANSTERY Phal"an*ster*y, n.; pl. -ies. Etym: [F. phalanstère, fr. Gr. 1. An association or community organized on the plan of Fourier. See Fourierism. 2. The dwelling house of a Fourierite community. PHALANX Pha"lanx, n.; pl. Phalanxes, L. Phalanges. Etym: [L., from Gr. 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A body of heavy-armed infantry formed in ranks and files close and deep. There were several different arrangements, the phalanx varying in depth from four to twenty-five or more ranks of men. "In cubic phalanx firm advanced." Milton. The Grecian phalanx, moveless as a tower. Pope. 2. Any body of troops or men formed in close array, or any combination of people distinguished for firmness and solidity of a union. At present they formed a united phalanx. Macaulay. The sheep recumbent, and the sheep that grazed, All huddling into phalanx, stood and gazed. Cowper. 3. A Fourierite community; a phalanstery. 4. (Anat.) Defn: One of the digital bones of the hand or foot, beyond the metacarpus or metatarsus; an internode. 5. Etym: [pl. Phalanges.] (Bot.) Defn: A group or bundle of stamens, as in polyadelphous flowers. PHALAROPE Phal"a*rope, n. Etym: [Gr. phalarope.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Phalaropus and allied genera of small wading birds (Grallæ), having lobate toes. They are often seen far from land, swimming in large flocks. Called also sea goose. PHALLIC Phal"lic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the phallus, or to phallism. PHALLICISM Phal"li*cism, n. Defn: See Phallism. PHALLISM Phal"lism, n. Defn: The worship of the generative principle in nature, symbolized by the phallus. PHALLUS Phal"lus, n.; pl. Phalli (. Etym: [L., a phallus (in sense 1), Gr. 1. The emblem of the generative power in nature, carried in procession in the Bacchic orgies, or worshiped in various ways. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The penis or clitoris, or the embryonic or primitive organ from which either may be derived. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of fungi which have a fetid and disgusting odor; the stinkhorn. PHANAR Phan"ar, n. [Turk. fanar, fr. NGr. lighthouse, Gr. lantern; -- from a lighthouse on a point projecting into the Golden Horn.] Defn: A quarter of Constantinople which, after the Turkish conquest of the city, became the chief Greek quarter; hence, the Greek officials of Turkey, or phanariots, as a class. PHANARIOT; PHANARIOTE Pha*nar"i*ot, n. Also Pha*nar"i*ote. [NGr., fr. Phanar. See Phanar.] Defn: One of the Greeks of Constantinople who after the Turkish conquest became powerful in clerical and other offices under Turkish patronage. PHANE Phane, n. Defn: See Fane. [Obs.] Joye. PHANERITE Phan"er*ite, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Evident; visible. Phanerite series (Geol.), the uppermost part of the earth's crust, consisting of deposits produced by causes in obvious operation. PHANEROCARPAE Phan`er*o*car"pæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Acraspeda. PHANEROCODONIC Phan`er*o*co*don"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having an umbrella-shaped or bell-shaped body, with a wide, open cavity beneath; -- said of certain jellyfishes. PHANEROCRYSTALLINE Phan`er*o*crys"tal*line, a. Etym: [Gr. crystalline.] (Geol.) Defn: Distinctly crystalline; -- used of rocks. Opposed to Ant: cryptocrystalline. PHANERODACTYLA Phan`er*o*dac"ty*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Saururæ. PHANEROGAMIA Phan`er*o*ga"mi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: That one of the two primary divisions of the vegetable kingdom which contains the phanerogamic, or flowering, plants. PHANEROGAMIAN Phan`er*o*ga"mi*an, a. (Bot.) Defn: Phanerogamous. PHANEROGAMIC; PHANEROGAMOUS Phan`er*o*gam"ic, Phan`er*og"a*mous, a. Defn: Having visible flowers containing distinct stamens and pistils; -- said of plants. PHANEROGLOSSAL Phan`er*o*glos"sal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a conspicious tongue; -- said of certain reptiles and insects. PHANTASCOPE Phan"ta*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] Defn: An optical instrument or toy, resembling the phenakistoscope, and illustrating the same principle; -- called also phantasmascope. PHANTASM Phan"tasm, n. Etym: [L. phantasma. See Phantom, and cf. Fantasm.] [Spelt also fantasm.] 1. An image formed by the mind, and supposed to be real or material; a shadowy or airy appearance; sometimes, an optical illusion; a phantom; a dream. They be but phantasms or apparitions. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. A mental image or representation of a real object; a fancy; a notion. Cudworth. Figures or little features, of which the description had produced in you no phantasm or expectation. Jer. Taylor. PHANTASMA Phan"tas"ma, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A phantasm. PHANTASMAGORIA Phan*tas`ma*go"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. phantasmagorie.] 1. An optical effect produced by a magic lantern. The figures are painted in transparent colors, and all the rest of the glass is opaque black. The screen is between the spectators and the instrument, and the figures are often made to appear as in motion, or to merge into one another. 2. The apparatus by which such an effect is produced. 3. Fig.: A medley of figures; illusive images. "This mental phantasmagoria." Sir W. Scott. PHANTASMAGORIAL Phan*tas`ma*go"ri*al, a. Defn: Of, relating to, or resembling phantasmagoria; phantasmagoric. PHANTASMAGORIC Phan*tas`ma*gor"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to phantasmagoria; phantasmagorial. Hawthorne. PHANTASMAGORY Phan*tas"ma*go*ry, n. Defn: See Phantasmagoria. PHANTASMAL Phan*tas"mal, a. Defn: Pertaining to, of the nature of, or resembling, a phantasm; spectral; illusive. PHANTASMASCOPE Phan*tas"ma*scope, n. Defn: See Phantascope. PHANTASMATICAL Phan`tas*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. phantasmaticus.] Defn: Phantasmal. Dr. H. More. PHANTASMATOGRAPHY Phan*tas`ma*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A description of celestial phenomena, as rainbows, etc. PHANTASTIC; PHANTASTICAL Phan*tas"tic, Phan*tas"tic*al, a. Defn: See Fantastic. PHANTASY Phan"ta*sy, n. Defn: See Fantasy, and Fancy. PHANTOM Phan"tom, n. Etym: [OE. fantome, fantosme, fantesme, OF. fantôme, fr. L. phantasma, Gr. Fancy, and cf. Phaëton, Phantasm, Phase.] Defn: That which has only an apparent existence; an apparition; a specter; a phantasm; a sprite; an airy spirit; an ideal image. Strange phantoms rising as the mists arise. Pope. She was a phantom of delight. Wordsworth. Phantom ship. See Flying Dutchman, under Flying. -- Phantom tumor (Med.), a swelling, especially of the abdomen, due to muscular spasm, accumulation of flatus, etc., simulating an actual tumor in appearance, but disappearing upon the administration of an anæsthetic. PHANTOMATIC Phan`tom*at"ic, a. Defn: Phantasmal. [R.] Coleridge. PHANTOM CIRCUIT Phantom circuit. (Elec.) Defn: The equivalent of an additional circuit or wire, in reality not existing, obtained by certain arrangements of real circuits, as in some multiplex telegraph systems. PHARAOH Pha"raoh, n. Etym: [Heb. paroh; of Egyptian origin: cf. L. pharao, Gr. Faro.] 1. A title by which the sovereigns of ancient Egypt were designated. 2. See Faro. Pharaoh's chicken (Zoöl.), the gier-eagle, or Egyptian vulture; -- so called because often sculpured on Egyptian monuments. It is nearly white in color. -- Pharaoh's rat (Zoöl.), the common ichneumon. PHARAON Pha"ra*on, n. Defn: See Pharaoh, 2. PHARAONIC Phar`a*on"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pharaonique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Pharaohs, or kings of ancient Egypt. PHARE Phare, n. Etym: [See Pharos.] 1. A beacon tower; a lighthouse. [Obs.] 2. Hence, a harbor. Howell. PHARISAIC; PHARISAICAL Phar`i*sa"ic, Phar`i*sa"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. Pharisaicus, Gr. pharisaïque. See Pharisee.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Pharisees; resembling the Pharisees. "The Pharisaic sect among the Jews." Cudworth. 2. Hence: Addicted to external forms and ceremonies; making a show of religion without the spirit of it; ceremonial; formal; hypocritical; self-righteous. "Excess of outward and pharisaical holiness. " Bacon. "Pharisaical ostentation." Macaulay. -- Phar`i*sa"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Phar`i*sa"ic*al*ness, n. PHARISAISM Phar`i*sa"ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pharisaisme.] 1. The notions, doctrines, and conduct of the Pharisees, as a sect. Sharp. 2. Rigid observance of external forms of religion, without genuine piety; hypocrisy in religion; a censorious, self-righteous spirit in matters of morals or manners. "A piece of pharisaism." Hammond. PHARISEAN Phar`i*se"an, a. Etym: [L. Pharisaeus, Gr. Defn: Following the practice of Pharisees; Pharisaic. [Obs.] "Pharisean disciples." Milton. PHARISEE Phar"i*see, n. Etym: [L. Pharisaeus, Gr. parash to separate.] Defn: One of a sect or party among the Jews, noted for a strict and formal observance of rites and ceremonies and of the traditions of the elders, and whose pretensions to superior sanctity led them to separate themselves from the other Jews. PHARISEEISM Phar"i*see*ism, n. Defn: See Pharisaism. PHARMACEUTIC; PHARMACEUTICAL Phar`ma*ceu"tic, Phar`ma*ceu"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. pharmaceuticus, Gr. pharmaceutique. See Pharmacy.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the knowledge or art of pharmacy, or to the art of preparing medicines according to the rules or formulas of pharmacy; as, pharmaceutical preparations. -- Phar`ma*ceu"tic*al*ly, adv. Pharmaceutical chemistry, that department of chemistry which ascertains or regulates the composition of medicinal substances. PHARMACEUTICS Phar`ma*ceu"tics, n. Defn: The science of preparing medicines. PHARMACEUTIST Phar`ma*ceu"tist, n. Defn: One skilled in pharmacy; a druggist. See the Note under Apothecary. PHARMACIST Phar"ma*cist, n. Defn: One skilled in pharmacy; a pharmaceutist; a druggist. PHARMACODYMANICS Phar`ma*co*dy*man"ics, n. [Gr. drug + E. dynamics.] Defn: That branch of pharmacology which treats of the action and the effects of medicines. PHARMACODYNAMICS Phar`ma*co*dy*nam"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. dynamics.] Defn: That branch of pharmacology which considers the mode of action, and the effects, of medicines. Dunglison. PHARMACOGNOSIS Phar`ma*cog*no"sis, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: That branch of pharmacology which treats of unprepared medicines or simples; -- called also pharmacography, and pharmacomathy. PHARMACOGNOSY Phar`ma*cog"no*sy, n. Defn: Pharmacognosis. PHARMACOGRAPHY Phar`ma*cog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: See Pharmacognosis. PHARMACOLITE Phar*mac"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. pharmacolithe.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous arsenate of lime, usually occurring in silky fibers of a white or grayish color. PHARMACOLOGIST Phar`ma*col"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pharmacologiste.] Defn: One skilled in pharmacology. PHARMACOLOGY Phar`ma*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. pharmacologie.] 1. Knowledge of drugs or medicines; the art of preparing medicines. 2. A treatise on the art of preparing medicines. PHARMACOMATHY Phar`ma*com"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: See Pharmacognosis. PHARMACON Phar"ma*con, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A medicine or drug; also, a poison. Dunglison. PHARMACOPOEIA Phar`ma*co*poe"ia, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. 1. A book or treatise describing the drugs, preparations, etc., used in medicine; especially, one that is issued by official authority and considered as an authoritative standard. 2. A chemical laboratory. [Obs.] Dunglison. PHARMACOPOLIST Phar`ma*cop"o*list, n. Etym: [L. pharmacopola, Gr. Defn: One who sells medicines; an apothecary. PHARMACOSIDERITE Phar`ma*co*sid"er*ite, n. Etym: [Gr. siderite.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous arsenate of iron occurring in green or yellowish green cubic crystals; cube ore. PHARMACY Phar"ma*cy, n. Etym: [OE. fermacie, OF. farmacie, pharmacie, F. pharmacie, Gr. 1. The art or practice of preparing and preserving drugs, and of compounding and dispensing medicines according to prescriptions of physicians; the occupation of an apothecary or a pharmaceutical chemist. 2. A place where medicines are compounded; a drug store; an apothecary's shop. PHARO Pha"ro, n. 1. A pharos; a lighthouse. [Obs.] 2. See Faro. PHAROLOGY Pha*rol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The art or science which treats of lighthouses and signal lights. PHAROS Pha"ros, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: A lighthouse or beacon for the guidance of seamen. He . . . built a pharos, or lighthouse. Arbuthnot. PHARYNGAL Pha*ryn"gal, a. Defn: Pharyngeal. H. Sweet. PHARYNGEAL Phar`yn*ge"al, a. Etym: [See Pharynx.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pharynx; in the region of the pharynx. PHARYNGEAL Phar`yn*ge"al, n. (Anat.) Defn: A pharyngeal bone or cartilage; especially, one of the lower pharyngeals, which belong to the rudimentary fifth branchial arch in many fishes, or one of the upper pharyngeals, or pharyngobranchials, which are the dorsal elements in the complete branchial arches. PHARYNGITIS Phar`yn*gi"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Pharynx, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the pharynx. PHARYNGOBRANCHIAL Pha*ryn`go*bran"chi*al, a. Etym: [Pharynx + branchial.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pharynx and the branchiæ; -- applied especially to the dorsal elements in the branchial arches of fishes. See Pharyngeal. -- n. Defn: A pharyngobranchial, or upper pharyngeal, bone or cartilage. PHARYNGOBRANCHII Pha*ryn`go*bran"chi*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pharynx, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Leptocardia. PHARYNGOGNATHI Phar`yn*gog"na*thi, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pharynx, and Gnathic.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of fishes in which the lower pharyngeal bones are united. It includes the scaroid, labroid, and embioticoid fishes. PHARYNGOLARYNGEAL Pha*ryn`go*lar`yn*ge"al, a. Etym: [Pharynx + laryngeal.] Defn: Of or pertaining both to pharynx and the larynx. PHARYNGOPNEUSTA Pha*ryn`gop*neus"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of invertebrates including the Tunicata and Enteropneusta. -- Pha*ryn`gop*neus"tal, a. PHARYNGOTOME Pha*ryn"go*tome, n. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for incising or scarifying the tonsils, etc. PHARYNGOTOMY Phar`yn*got"o*my, n. Etym: [Pharynx + Gr. : cf. F. pharyngotomie.] (Surg.) (a) The operation of making an incision into the pharynx, to remove a tumor or anything that obstructs the passage. (b) Scarification or incision of the tonsils. PHARYNX Phar"ynx, n.; pl. pharynges. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. pharynx.] (Anat.) Defn: The part of the alimentary canal between the cavity of the mouth and the esophagus. It has one or two external openings through the nose in the higher vertebrates, and lateral branchial openings in fishes and some amphibias. PHASCOLOME Phas"co*lome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marsupial of the genus Phascolomys; a wombat. PHASE Phase, n.; pl. Phases. Etym: [NL. phasis, Gr. phase. See Phenomenon, Phantom, and Emphasis.] 1. That which is exhibited to the eye; the appearance which anything manifests, especially any one among different and varying appearances of the same object. 2. Any appearance or aspect of an object of mental apprehension or view; as, the problem has many phases. 3. (Astron.) Defn: A particular appearance or state in a regularly recurring cycle of changes with respect to quantity of illumination or form of enlightened disk; as, the phases of the moon or planets. See Illust. under Moon. 4. (Physics) Defn: Any one point or portion in a recurring series of changes, as in the changes of motion of one of the particles constituting a wave or vibration; one portion of a series of such changes, in distinction from a contrasted portion, as the portion on one side of a position of equilibrium, in contrast with that on the opposite side. PHASE ANGLE Phase angle. (Elec.) Defn: The angle expressing phase relation. PHASE CONVERTER Phase converter. (Elec.) Defn: A machine for converting an alternating current into an alternating current of a different number of phases and the same frequency. PHASE DISPLACEMENT Phase displacement. (Elec.) Defn: A charge of phase whereby an alternating current attains its maximum later or earlier. An inductance would cause a lag, a capacity would cause an advance, in phase. PHASEL Pha"sel, n. Etym: [L. phaselus, phaseolus, Gr. phaséole, faséole. Cf. Fesels.] Defn: The French bean, or kidney bean. PHASELESS Phase"less, a. Defn: Without a phase, or visible form. [R.] "A phaseless and increasing gloom." Poe. PHASE METER; PHASEMETER Phase meter, or Phase"me`ter, n. (Elec.) Defn: A device for measuring the difference in phase of two alternating currents of electromotive forces. PHASEOLUS Pha*se"o*lus, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of leguminous plants, including the Lima bean, the kidney bean, the scarlet runner, etc. See Bean. PHASEOMANNITE Pha`se*o*man"nite, n. Etym: [So called because found in the unripe fruit of the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Inosite. PHASE RULE Phase rule. (Phys. Chem.) Defn: A generalization with regard to systems of chemical equilibrium, discovered by Prof. J. Willard Gibbs. It may be stated thus: The degree of variableness (number of degrees of freedom) of a system is equal to the number of components minus the number of phases, plus two. Thus, if the components be salt and water, and the phases salt, ice, saturated solution, and vapor, the system is invariant, that is, there is only one set of conditions under which these four phases can exist in equilibrium. If only three phases be considered, the system is univariant, that is, the fixing of one condition, as temperature, determines the others. PHASE SPLITTER Phase splitter. (Elec.) Defn: A device by which a single-phase current is split into two or more currents differing in phase. It is used in starting single-phase induction motors. PHASE SPLITTING Phase splitting. (Elec.) Defn: The dephasing of the two parts of a single alternating current in two dissimilar branches of a given circuit. PHASING Phas"ing, a. (Elec.) Defn: Pertaining to phase or differences of phase. PHASING CURRENT Phasing current. Defn: The momentary current between two alternating-current generators when juxtaposed in parallel and not agreeing exactly in phase or period. PHASING TRANSFORMER Phasing transformer. Defn: Any of several transformers (there must be at least two) for changing phase. PHASIS Pha"sis, n.; pl. Phases. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Phase. Creech. PHASM; PHASMA Phasm, Phas"ma, n. Etym: [L. phasma, Gr. Phase.] Defn: An apparition; a phantom; an appearance. [R.] Hammond. Sir T. Herbert. PHASMID Phas"mid, n. Etym: [See Phasm. Probably so called from its mimicking, or appearing like, inanimate objects.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any orthopterous insect of the family Phasmidæ, as a leaf insect or a stick insect. PHASSACHATE Phas"sa*chate, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: The lead-colored agate; -- so called in reference to its color. PHATAGIN Phat"a*gin, n. Etym: [Cf. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The long-tailed pangolin (Manis tetradactyla); -- called also ipi. PHEASANT Pheas"ant, n. Etym: [OE. fesant, fesaunt, OF. faisant, faisan, F. faisan, L. phasianus, Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of large gallinaceous birds of the genus Phasianus, and many other genera of the family Phasianidæ, found chiefly in Asia. Note: The common, or English, pheasant (Phasianus Colchicus) is now found over most of temperate Europe, but was introduced from Asia. The ring-necked pheasant (P. torquatus) and the green pheasant (P. versicolor) have been introduced into Oregon. The golden pheasant (Thaumalea picta) is one of the most beautiful species. The silver pheasant (Euplocamus nychthemerus) of China, and several related species from Southern Asia, are very beautiful. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ruffed grouse. [Southern U.S.] Note: Various other birds are locally called pheasants, as the lyre bird, the leipoa, etc. Fireback pheasant. See Fireback. -- Gold, or Golden, pheasant (Zoöl.), a Chinese pheasant (Thaumalea picta), having rich, varied colors. The crest is amber-colored, the rump is golden yellow, and the under parts are scarlet. -- Mountain pheasant (Zoöl.), the ruffed grouse. [Local, U.S.] -- Pheasant coucal (Zoöl.), a large Australian cuckoo (Centropus phasianus). The general color is black, with chestnut wings and brown tail. Called also pheasant cuckoo. The name is also applied to other allied species. -- Pheasant duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail. (b) The hooded merganser. -- Pheasant parrot (Zoöl.), a large and beautiful Australian parrakeet (Platycercus Adelaidensis). The male has the back black, the feathers margined with yellowish blue and scarlet, the quills deep blue, the wing coverts and cheeks light blue, the crown, sides of the neck, breast, and middle of the belly scarlet. -- Pheasant's eye. (Bot.) (a) A red-flowered herb (Adonis autumnalis) of the Crowfoot family; -- called also pheasant's-eye Adonis. (b) The garden pink (Dianthus plumarius); -- called also Pheasant's-eye pink. -- Pheasant shell (Zoöl.), any marine univalve shell of the genus Phasianella, of which numerous species are found in tropical seas. The shell is smooth and usually richly colored, the colors often forming blotches like those of a pheasant. -- Pheasant wood. (Bot.) Same as Partridge wood (a), under Partridge. -- Sea pheasant (Zoöl.), the pintail. -- Water pheasant. (Zoöl.) (a) The sheldrake. (b) The hooded merganser. PHEASANTRY Pheas"ant*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. faisanderie.] Defn: A place for keeping and rearing pheasants. Gwilt. PHEBE Phe"be, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Phoebe. PHEER Pheer, n. Defn: See 1st Fere. [Obs.] Spenser. PHEESE Pheese, v. t. Defn: To comb; also, to beat; to worry. [Obs. or Local] See Feaze, v. PHEESE Pheese, n. Defn: Fretful excitement. [Obs. or Local] See Feaze, n. PHELLODERM Phel"lo*derm, n. Etym: [Gr. -derm.] (Bot.) Defn: A layer of green parenchimatous cells formed on the inner side of the phellogen. PHELLOGEN Phel"lo*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Bot.) Defn: The tissue of young cells which produces cork cells. PHELLOPLASTICS Phel`lo*plas"tics, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Art of modeling in cork. PHENACETIN; PHENACETINE Phe*nac"e*tin, Phe*nac"e*tine, n. [Phenyl + acetic + -in.] (Pharm.) Defn: A white, crystalline compound, C10H13O2N, used in medicine principally as an antipyretic. PHENACITE Phen"a*cite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A glassy colorless mineral occurring in rhombohedral crystals, sometimes used as a gem. It is a silicate of glucina, and receives its name from its deceptive similarity to quartz. PHENAKISTOSCOPE Phen`a*kis"to*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] Defn: A revolving disk on which figures drawn in different relative attitudes are seen successively, so as to produce the appearance of an object in actual motion, as an animal leaping, etc., in consequence of the persistence of the successive visual impressions of the retina. It is often arranged so that the figures may be projected upon a screen. PHENALGIN Phe*nal"gin, n. [Phenyl + analgetic + -in.] (Pharm.) Defn: An ammoniated compound of phenyl and acetamide, used as an analgesic and antipyretic. It resembles phenacetin in its therapeutic action. PHENANTHRENE Phe*nan"threne, n. Etym: [Phenyl + antracene.] (Chem.) Defn: A complex hydrocarbon, C14H10, found in coal tar, and obtained as a white crystalline substance with a bluish fluorescence. PHENANTHRIDINE Phe*nan"thri*dine, n. Etym: [Phenanthrene + pyridine.] (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous hydrocarbon base, C13H9N, analogous to phenanthrene and quinoline. PHENANTHROLINE Phe*nan"thro*line, n. Etym: [Phenanthrene + quinoline.] (Chem.) Defn: Either of two metameric nitrogenous hydrocarbon bases, C12H8N2, analogous to phenanthridine, but more highly nitrogenized. PHENE Phene, n. (Chem.) Defn: Benzene. [Obs.] PHENETOL Phe"ne*tol, n. Etym: [Phenyl + ethyl + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: The ethyl ether of phenol, obtained as an aromatic liquid, C6H5.O.C2H5. PHENIC Phe"nic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, phenyl or phenol. Phenic acid (Chem.), a phenol. [Obsoles.] PHENICIAN Phe*ni"cian, a. & n. Defn: See Phoenician. PHENICINE Phen"i*cine, n. Etym: [Gr. foi^nix purple red: cf. F. phénicine.] (Chem.) (a) A purple powder precipitated when a sulphuric solution of indigo is diluted with water. (b) A coloring matter produced by the action of a mixture of strong nitric and sulphuric acids on phenylic alcohol. Watts. PHENICIOUS Phe*ni"cious, a. Etym: [L. phoeniceus, Gr. foini`keos, from Defn: Of a red color with a slight mixture of gray. Dana. PHENICOPTER Phen`i*cop"ter, n. Etym: [L. phoenicopterus, Gr. foiniko`pteros, i.e., red-feathered; foi^nix, foi`nikos, purple red + ptero`n feather: cf. F. phénicoptère.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A flamingo. PHENIX Phe"nix, n.; pl. Phenixes. Etym: [L. phoenix, Gr. foi^nix.] [Written also phoenix.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: A bird fabled to exist single, to be consumed by fire by its own act, and to rise again from its ashes. Hence, an emblem of immortality. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A southern constellation. 3. A marvelous person or thing. [R.] Latimer. PHENOCRYST Phe"no*cryst, n. [Gr. to appear + crystal.] (Geol.) Defn: One of the prominent embedded crystals of a porphyry. PHENOGAMIA Phen`o*ga"mi*a, n. pl. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Phænogamia. PHENOGAMIAN; PHENOGAMIC; PHENOGAMOUS Phen`o*ga"mi*an, Phen`o*gam"ic, Phe*nog"a*mous, a. Defn: Same as Phænogamian, Phænogamic, etc. PHENOL Phe"nol, n. Etym: [Gr. -ol: cf. F. phénol.] (Chem.) 1. A white or pinkish crystalline substance, C6H5OH, produced by the destructive distillation of many organic bodies, as wood, coal, etc., and obtained from the heavy oil from coal tar. Note: It has a peculiar odor, somewhat resembling creosote, which is a complex mixture of phenol derivatives. It is of the type of alcohols, and is called also phenyl alcohol, but has acid properties, and hence is popularly called carbolic acid, and was formerly called phenic acid. It is a powerful caustic poison, and in dilute solution has been used as an antiseptic. 2. Any one of the series of hydroxyl derivatives of which phenol proper is the type. Glacial phenol (Chem.), pure crystallized phenol or carbolic acid. -- Phenol acid (Chem.), any one of a series of compounds which are at once derivatives of both phenol and some member of the fatty acid series; thus, salicylic acid is a phenol acid. -- Phenol alcohol (Chem.), any one of series of derivatives of phenol and carbinol which have the properties of both combined; thus, saligenin is a phenol alcohol. -- Phenol aldehyde (Chem.), any one of a series of compounds having both phenol and aldehyde properties. -- Phenol phthalein. See under Phthalein. PHENOLATE Phe"no*late, n. Etym: [Phenol + -ate.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound of phenol analogous to a salt. PHENOLOGY Phe*nol"o*gy, n. [Contracted from Phenomenology.] (Biol.) Defn: The science of the relations between climate and periodic biological phenomena, as the migrations and breeding of birds, the flowering and fruiting of plants, etc. -- Phe`no*log"ic*al (#), a. -- Phe`no*log"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Phe*nol"o*gist (#), n. PHENOLPHTHALEIN; PHENOL PHTHALEIN Phe`nol*phthal"e*in, n., or Phenol phthalein. (Chem.) Defn: A white or yellowish white crystalline substance, C20H14O4, formed by condensation of the anhydride of phthalic acid and phenol. Its solution in alkalies is brilliant red, but is decolorized by acids. This reaction, being very delicate, is used as an indicator. PHENOMENAL Phe*nom"e*nal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phénoménal.] Defn: Relating to, or of the nature of, a phenomenon; hence, extraordinary; wonderful; as, a phenomenal memory. -- Phe*nom"e*nal*ly, adv. PHENOMENALISM Phe*nom"e*nal*ism, n. (Metaph.) Defn: That theory which limits positive or scientific knowledge to phenomena only, whether material or spiritual. PHENOMENIST Phe*nom"e*nist, n. Defn: One who believes in the theory of phenomenalism. PHENOMENOLOGY Phe*nom`e*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phenomenon + -logy: cf. F. phénoménologie.] Defn: A description, history, or explanation of phenomena. "The phenomenology of the mind." Sir W. Hamilton. PHENOMENON Phe*nom"e*non, n.; pl. Phenomena. Etym: [L. phaenomenon, Gr. faino`menon, fr. fai`nesqai to appear, fai`nein to show. See Phantom.] 1. An appearance; anything visible; whatever, in matter or spirit, is apparent to, or is apprehended by, observation; as, the phenomena of heat, light, or electricity; phenomena of imagination or memory. In the phenomena of the material world, and in many of the phenomena of mind. Stewart. 2. That which strikes one as strange, unusual, or unaccountable; an extraordinary or very remarkable person, thing, or occurrence; as, a musical phenomenon. PHENOSE Phe"nose`, n. Etym: [Phenyl + dextrose.] (Chem.) Defn: A sweet amorphous deliquescent substance obtained indirectly from benzene, and isometric with, and resembling, dextrose. PHENYL Phe"nyl, n. Etym: [Gr. -yl: cf. F. phényle. So called because it is a by-product of illuminating gas.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon radical (C6H5) regarded as the essential residue of benzene, and the basis of an immense number of aromatic derivatives. Phenyl hydrate (Chem.), phenol or carbolic acid. -- Phenyl hydrazine (Chem.), a nitrogenous base (C6H5.N2H3) produced artificially as a colorless oil which unites with acids, ketones, etc., to form well-crystallized compounds. PHENYLAMINE Phe`nyl*am"ine, n. Etym: [Phenyl + amine.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of certain class of organic bases regarded as formed from ammonia by the substitution of phenyl for hydrogen. PHENYLENE Phe"nyl*ene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetic radical (C6H4) occurring in certain derivatives of benzene; as, phenylene diamine. PHENYLIC Phe*nyl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, phenyl. Phenylic alcohol (Chem.), phenol. PHEON Phe"on, n. Etym: [Prob. from Old French.] (Her.) Defn: A bearing representing the head of a dart or javelin, with long barbs which are engrailed on the inner edge. PHIAL Phi"al, n. Etym: [F. fiole, L. phiala a broad, flat, shallow cup or bowl, Gr. Vial.] Defn: A glass vessel or bottle, especially a small bottle for medicines; a vial. PHIAL Phi"al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phialed; p. pr. & vb. n. Phialing.] Defn: To put or keep in, or as in, a phial. Its phial'd wrath may fate exhaust. Shenstone. PHILABEG Phil"a*beg, n. Defn: See Filibeg. PHILADELPHIAN Phil`a*del"phi*an, a. Etym: [Gr. filadelfia brotherly love, from fila`delfos brotherly; fi`los loved, loving, friendly + 'adelfo`s brother.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Ptolemy Philadelphus, or to one of the cities named Philadelphia, esp. the modern city in Pennsylvania. PHILADELPHIAN Phil`a*del"phi*an, n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Philadelphia. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a society of mystics of the seventeenth century, -- called also the Family of Love. Tatler. PHILALETHIST Phil`a*le"thist, n. Etym: [Philo- + Gr. Defn: A lover of the truth. [Obs.] Brathwait. PHILANDER Phi*lan"der, v. i. Etym: [Gr. Defn: To make love to women; to play the male flirt. You can't go philandering after her again. G. Eliot. PHILANDER Phi*lan"der, n. Defn: A lover. [R.] Congreve. PHILANDER Phi*lan"der, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A South American opossum (Didelphys philander). (b) An Australian bandicoot (Perameles lagotis). PHILANDERER Phi*lan"der*er, n. Defn: One who hangs about women; a male flirt. [R.] C. Kingsley. PHILANTHROPE Phil"an*thrope, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A philanthropist. [Obs.] R. North. PHILANTHROPIC; PHILANTHROPICAL Phil`an*throp"ic, Phil`an*throp"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. philanthropique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to philanthropy; characterized by philanthropy; loving or helping mankind; as, a philanthropic enterprise. -- Phil`an*throp"ic*al*ly, adv. PHILANTHROPINISM Phil`an*throp"i*nism, n. Defn: A system of education on so-called natural principles, attempted in Germany in the last century by Basedow, of Dessau. PHILANTHROPINIST Phil`an*throp"i*nist, n. Defn: An advocate of, or believer in, philanthropinism. PHILANTHROPIST Phi*lan"thro*pist, n. Etym: [Gr. philanthrope.] Defn: One who practices philanthropy; one who loves mankind, and seeks to promote the good of others. PHILANTHROPISTIC Phi*lan`thro*pis"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characteristic of, a philanthropist. [R.] Carlyle. PHILANTHROPY Phi*lan"thro*py, n. Etym: [L. philanthropia, Gr. philanthropie.] Defn: Love to mankind; benevolence toward the whole human family; universal good will; desire and readiness to do good to all men; -- opposed to misanthropy. Jer. Taylor. PHILATELIC Phil`a*tel"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to philately. PHILATELIST Phi*lat"e*list, n. Defn: One versed in philately; one who collects postage stamps. PHILATELY Phi*lat"e*ly, n. Etym: [Philo- + Gr. frank to send free.] Defn: The collection of postage stamps of various issues. PHILATHEA Phi*la"the*a, n. [Coined from Gr. loving + truth.] Defn: An international, interdenominational organization of Bible classes of young women. PHILATORY Phil"a*to*ry, n. Etym: [OF. filatiere, philatiere. See Phylactery.] (Eccl.) Defn: A kind of transparent reliquary with an ornamental top. PHILAUTY Phil"au*ty, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Self-love; selfishness. [Obs.] Beaumont. PHILHARMONIC Phil`har*mon"ic, a. Etym: [Philo- + Gr. philharmonique.] Defn: Loving harmony or music. PHILHELLENE Phil*hel"lene, n. Defn: A friend of Greece, or of the Greeks; a philhellenist. Emerson. PHILHELLENIC Phil`hel*len"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to philhellenism. PHILHELLENISM Phil*hel"len*ism, n. Defn: Love of Greece. PHILHELLENIST Phil*hel"len*ist, n. Etym: [Philo- + Gr. philhellène.] Defn: A friend of Greece; one who supports the cause of the Greeks; particularly, one who supported them in their struggle for independence against the Turks; a philhellene. PHILIBEG Phil"i*beg, n. Defn: See Filibeg. [Scot.] PHILIP Phil"ip, n. Etym: [So called from their notes.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European hedge sparrow. (b) The house sparrow. Called also phip. [Prov. Eng.] PHILIPPIAN Phi*lip"pi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Philippi, a city of ancient Macedonia. -- n. Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Philippi. PHILIPPIC Phi*lip"pic, n. Etym: [L. Philippicus belonging to Philip, Philippic, Gr. philippique.] 1. Any one of the series of famous orations of Demosthenes, the Grecian orator, denouncing Philip, king of Macedon. 2. Hence: Any discourse or declamation abounding in acrimonious invective. PHILIPPIUM Phi*lip"pi*um, n. Etym: [NL. So named from Philippe Plantamour, of Geneva, Switzerland.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare and doubtful metallic element said to have been discovered in the mineral samarskite. PHILIPPIZE Phil"ip*pize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Philippized; p. pr. & vb. n. Philippizing.] Etym: [Gr. 1. To support or advocate the cause of Philip of Macedon. 2. Etym: [See Philippic.] Defn: To write or speak in the style of a philippic. PHILISTER Phi*lis"ter, n. Etym: [G.] Defn: A Philistine; -- a cant name given to townsmen by students in German universities. PHILISTINE Phi*lis"tine, n. Etym: [L. Philistinus, Heb. Phlishthi, pl. Phlishthim.] 1. A native or an inhabitant of ancient Philistia, a coast region of southern Palestine. 2. A bailiff. [Cant, Eng.] [Obs.] Swift. 3. A person deficient in liberal culture and refinement; one without appreciation of the nobler aspirations and sentiments of humanity; one whose scope is limited to selfish and material interests. [Recent] M. Arnold. PHILISTINE Phi*lis"tine, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Philistines. 2. Uncultured; commonplace. PHILISTINISM Phi*lis"tin*ism, n. Defn: The condition, character, aims, and habits of the class called Philistines. See Philistine, 3. [Recent] Carlyle. On the side of beauty and taste, vulgarity; on the side of morals and feeling, coarseness; on the side of mind and spirit, unintelligence, -- this is Philistinism. M. Arnold. PHILLIPSITE Phil"lips*ite, n. Etym: [So named after John Phillips, an English mineralogist.] (Min.) (a) A hydrous silicate of aluminia, lime, and soda, a zeolitic mineral commonly occurring in complex twin crystals, often cruciform in shape; -- called also christianite. PHILLYGENIN Phil*lyg"e*nin, n. Etym: [Phillyrin + -gen + -in.] (Chem.) Defn: A pearly crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of phillyrin. PHILLYREA Phil*lyr"e*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of evergreen plants growing along the shores of the Mediterranean, and breading a fruit resembling that of the olive. PHILLYRIN Phil"ly*rin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside extracted from Phillyrea as a bitter white crystalline substance. It is sometimes used as a febrifuge. PHILO- Philo-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. fi`los loving, fond of, attached to; as, philosophy, philotechnic. PHILOGYNIST Phi*log"y*nist, n. Etym: [See Philogyny.] Defn: A lover or friend of women; one who esteems woman as the higher type of humanity; -- opposed to Ant: misogynist. PHILOGYNY Phi*log"y*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Fondness for women; uxoriousness; -- opposed to Ant: misogyny. [R.] Byron. PHILOHELLENIAN Phil`o*hel*le"ni*an, n. Defn: A philhellenist. PHILOLOGER Phi*lol"o*ger, n. Etym: [Cf. L. philologus a man of letters, Gr. Defn: A philologist. Burton. PHILOLOGIAN Phil`o*lo"gi*an, n. Defn: A philologist. [R.] PHILOLOGICAL; PHILOLOGIC Phil`o*log"ic*al, Phil`o*log"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. philologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to philology. -- Phil`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. PHILOLOGIST Phi*lol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in philology. PHILOLOGIZE Phi*lol"o*gize, v. i. Defn: To study, or make critical comments on, language. Evelyn. PHILOLOGUE Phil"o*logue, n. Etym: [Cf. F. philologue.] Defn: A philologist. [R.] Carlyle. PHILOLOGY Phi*lol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. philologia love of learning, interpretation, philology, Gr. philologie. See Philologer.] 1. Criticism; grammatical learning. [R.] Johnson. 2. The study of language, especially in a philosophical manner and as a science; the investigation of the laws of human speech, the relation of different tongues to one another, and historical development of languages; linguistic science. Note: Philology comprehends a knowledge of the etymology, or origin and combination of words; grammar, the construction of sentences, or use of words in language; criticism, the interpretation of authors, the affinities of different languages, and whatever relates to the history or present state of languages. It sometimes includes rhetoric, poetry, history, and antiquities. 3. A treatise on the science of language. PHILOMATH Phil"o*math, n. Etym: [Gr. fi`los loving, a friend + ma`qh learning, fr. Defn: A lover of learning; a scholar. Chesterfield. PHILOMATHEMATIC Phil`o*math`e*mat"ic, n. Defn: A philomath. PHILOMATHIC Phil`o*math"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. philomathique.] 1. Of or pertaining to philomathy. 2. Having love of learning or letters. PHILOMATHY Phi*lom"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The love of learning or letters. PHILOMEL Phil"o*mel, n. Defn: Same as Philomela, the nightingale. [Poetic] Milton. Cowper. PHILOMELA Phil`o*me"la, n. Etym: [L. philomela, Gr. 1. The nightingale; philomel. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of birds including the nightingales. PHILOMENE Phil"o*mene, n. Defn: The nightingale. [Obs.] PHILOMOT Phil"o*mot, a. Etym: [See Filemot.] Defn: Of the color of a dead leaf. [Obs.] Addison. PHILOMUSICAL Phil`o*mu"sic*al, a. Etym: [Philo- + musical.] Defn: Loving music. [R.]Busby. PHILOPENA Phil`o*pe"na, n. Etym: [Probably a corruption fr. G. vielliebchen, LG. vielliebken, or D. veelliebken, a philopena, literally, much loved; but influenced by Gr. poena penalty, from an idea that the gift was a penalty of friendship or love.] Defn: A present or gift which is made as a forfeit in a social game that is played in various ways; also, the game itself. [Written also fillipeen and phillippine.] Note: One of the ways may be stated as follows: A person finding a nut with two kernels eats one, and gives the other to a person of the opposite sex, and then whichever says philopena first at the next meeting wins the present. The name is also applied to the kernels eaten. PHILOPOLEMIC; PHILOPOLEMICAL Phil`o*po*lem"ic, Phil`o*po*lem"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Fond of polemics or controversy. [R.] PHILOPROGENITIVE Phil`o*pro*gen"i*tive, a. Defn: Having the love of offspring; fond of children. PHILOPROGENITIVENESS Phil`o*pro*gen"i*tive*ness, n. Etym: [Philo- + L. progenies offspring.] (Phren.) Defn: The love of offspring; fondness for children. PHILOSOPHASTER Phi*los"o*phas`ter, n. Etym: [L., a bad philosopher, fr. philosophus: cf. OF. philosophastre.] Defn: A pretender to philosophy. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. PHILOSOPHATE Phi*los"o*phate, v. i. Etym: [L. philosophatus, p.p. of philosophari to philosophize.] Defn: To play the philosopher; to moralize. [Obs.] Barrow. PHILOSOPHATION Phi*los`o*pha"tion, n. Defn: Philosophical speculation and discussion. [Obs.] Sir W. Petty. PHILOSOPHE Phil"o*sophe, n. Etym: [F., a philosopher.] Defn: A philosophaster; a philosopher. [R.] Carlyle. PHILOSOPHEME Phi*los"o*pheme, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A philosophical proposition, doctrine, or principle of reasoning. [R.] This, the most venerable, and perhaps the most ancient, of Grecian myths, is a philosopheme. Coleridge. PHILOSOPHER Phi*los"o*pher, n. Etym: [OE. philosophre, F. philosophe, L. philosophus, Gr. Philosophy.] 1. One who philosophizes; one versed in, or devoted to, philosophy. Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoics, encountered him. Acts xvii. 18. 2. One who reduces the principles of philosophy to practice in the conduct of life; one who lives according to the rules of practical wisdom; one who meets or regards all vicissitudes with calmness. 3. An alchemist. [Obs.] Chaucer. Philosopher's stone, an imaginary stone which the alchemists formerly sought as instrument of converting the baser metals into gold. PHILOSOPHIC; PHILOSOPHICAL Phil`o*soph"ic, Phil`o*soph"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. philosophicus: cf. F. philosophique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to philosophy; versed in, or imbued with, the principles of philosophy; hence, characterizing a philosopher; rational; wise; temperate; calm; cool. -- Phil`o*soph"ic*al*ly, adv. PHILOSOPHISM Phi*los"o*phism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. philosophisme.] Defn: Spurious philosophy; the love or practice of sophistry. Carlyle. PHILOSOPHIST Phi*los"o*phist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. philosophiste.] Defn: A pretender in philosophy. PHILOSOPHISTIC; PHILOSOPHISTICAL Phi*los`o*phis"tic, Phi*los`o*phis"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the love or practice of sophistry. [R.] PHILOSOPHIZE Phi*los"o*phize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Philosophized; p. pr. & vb. n. Philosophizing.] Defn: To reason like a philosopher; to search into the reason and nature of things; to investigate phenomena, and assign rational causes for their existence. Man philosophizes as he lives. He may philosophize well or ill, but philosophize he must. Sir W. Hamilton. PHILOSOPHIZER Phi*los"o*phi`zer, n. Defn: One who philosophizes. PHILOSOPHY Phi*los"o*phy, n.; pl. Philosophies. Etym: [OE. philosophie, F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. Philosopher.] 1. Literally, the love of, including the search after, wisdom; in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and laws. Note: When applied to any particular department of knowledge, philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy, when applied to God and the divine government, is called theology; when applied to material objects, it is called physics; when it treats of man, it is called anthropology and psychology, with which are connected logic and ethics; when it treats of the necessary conceptions and relations by which philosophy is possible, it is called metaphysics. Note: "Philosophy has been defined: tionscience of things divine and human, and the causes in which they are contained; -- the science of effects by their causes; -- the science of sufficient reasons; -- the science of things possible, inasmuch as they are possible; -- the science of things evidently deduced from first principles; -- the science of truths sensible and abstract; -- the application of reason to its legitimate objects; -- the science of the relations of all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason; -- the science of the original form of the ego, or mental self; -- the science of science; -- the science of the absolute; -- the scienceof the absolute indifference of the ideal and real." Sir W. Hamilton. 2. A particular philosophical system or theory; the hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained. [Books] of Aristotle and his philosophie. Chaucer. We shall in vain interpret their words by the notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our school. Locke. 3. Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment; equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as, to meet misfortune with philosophy. Then had he spent all his philosophy. Chaucer. 4. Reasoning; argumentation. Of good and evil much they argued then, . . . Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy. Milton. 5. The course of sciences read in the schools. Johnson. 6. A treatise on philosophy. Philosophy of the Academy, that of Plato, who taught his disciples in a grove in Athens called the Academy. -- Philosophy of the Garden, that of Epicurus, who taught in a garden in Athens. -- Philosophy of the Lyceum, that of Aristotle, the founder of the Peripatetic school, who delivered his lectures in the Lyceum at Athens. -- Philosophy of the Porch, that of Zeno and the Stoics; -- so called because Zeno of Citium and his successors taught in the porch of the Poicile, a great hall in Athens. PHILOSTORGY Phil`o*stor"gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Natural affection, as of parents for their children. [R.] PHILOTECHNIC; PHILOTECHNICAL Phil`o*tech"nic, Phil`o*tech"nic*al, a. Etym: [Philo- + Gr. philotechnique.] Defn: Fond of the arts. [R.] PHILTER Phil"ter, n. Etym: [F. philtre, L. philtrum, Gr. Defn: A potion or charm intended to excite the passion of love. [Written also philtre.] Addison. PHILTER Phil"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Philtered; p. pr. & vb. n. Philtering.] 1. To impregnate or mix with a love potion; as, to philter a draught. 2. To charm to love; to excite to love or sexual desire by a potion. Gov. of Tongue. PHIMOSIS Phi*mo"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A condition of the penis in which the prepuce can not be drawn back so as to uncover the glans penis. PHITONESS Phi"ton*ess, n. Defn: Pythoness; witch. [Obs.] PHIZ Phiz, n.; pl. Phizes. Etym: [Contr. fr. physiognomy.] Defn: The face or visage. [Colloq.] Cowper. PHLEBITIS Phle*bi"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of a vein. PHLEBOGRAM Phleb"o*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. -gram.] (Physiol.) Defn: A tracing (with the sphygmograph) of the movements of a vein, or of the venous pulse. PHLEBOLITE; PHLEBOLITH Phleb"o*lite, Phleb"o*lith, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite, -lith.] (Med.) Defn: A small calcareous concretion formed in a vein; a vein stone. PHLEBOLOGY Phle*bol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: A branch of anatomy which treats of the veins. PHLEBOTOMIST Phle*bot"o*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. phlébotomiste.] (Med.) Defn: One who practiced phlebotomy. PHLEBOTOMIZE Phle*bot"o*mize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phlebotomized; p. pr. & vb. n. Phlebotomizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. phlébotomiser.] Defn: To let blood from by opening a vein; to bleed. [R.] Howell. PHLEBOTOMY Phle*bot"o*my, n. Etym: [L. phlebotomia, Gr. phlébotomie. Cf. Fleam.] (Med.) Defn: The act or practice of opening a vein for letting blood, in the treatment of disease; venesection; bloodletting. PHLEGETHON Phleg"e*thon, n. [L., fr. Gr. , prop. p.pr. of to blaze.] (Class Myth.) Defn: One of the principal rivers of Hades, in the channel of which fire flowed instead of water. Fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. Milton. PHLEGM Phlegm, n. Etym: [F. phlegme, flegme, L. phlegma, fr. Gr. Phlox, Flagrant, Flame, Bleak, a., and Fluminate.] 1. One of the four humors of which the ancients supposed the blood to be composed. See Humor. Arbuthnot. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Viscid mucus secreted in abnormal quantity in the respiratory and digestive passages. 3. (Old Chem.) Defn: A watery distilled liquor, in distinction from a spirituous liquor. Crabb. 4. Sluggishness of temperament; dullness; want of interest; indifference; coldness. They judge with fury, but they write with phlegm. Pope. PHLEGMAGOGUE Phleg"ma*gogue, n. Etym: [Gr. (Old Med.) Defn: A medicine supposed to expel phlegm. PHLEGMASIA Phleg*ma"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Phlegm.] (Med.) Defn: An inflammation; more particularly, an inflammation of the internal organs. Phlegmasia dolens ( Etym: [NL.], milk leg. PHLEGMATIC Phleg*mat"ic, a. Etym: [L. phlegmaticus, Gr. phlegmatique.] 1. Watery. [Obs.] "Aqueous and phlegmatic." Sir I. Newton. 2. Abounding in phlegm; as, phlegmatic humors; a phlegmatic constitution. Harvey. 3. Generating or causing phlegm. "Cold and phlegmatic habitations." Sir T. Browne. 4. Not easily excited to action or passion; cold; dull; sluggish; heavy; as, a phlegmatic person. Addison. Phlegmatic temperament (Old Physiol.), lymphatic temperament. See under Lymphatic. PHLEGMATICAL Phleg*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Phlegmatic. Ash. PHLEGMATICALLY Phleg*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a phlegmatic manner. PHLEGMATICLY Phleg*mat"ic*ly, a. Defn: Phlegmatically. [Obs.] PHLEGMON Phleg"mon, n. Etym: [L. phlegmone, phlegmon, inflammation beneath the skin, Gr. phlegmon.] (Med.) Defn: Purulent inflammation of the cellular or areolar tissue. PHLEGMONOUS Phleg"mon*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phlegmoneux.] Defn: Having the nature or properties of phlegmon; as, phlegmonous pneumonia. Harvey. PHLEME Phleme, n. (Surg. & Far.) Defn: See Fleam. PHLEUM Phle"um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of grasses, including the timothy (Phleum pratense), which is highly valued for hay; cat's-tail grass. Gray. PHLOEM Phlo"ëm, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: That portion of fibrovascular bundles which corresponds to the inner bark; the liber tissue; -- distinguished from xylem. PHLOGISTIAN Phlo*gis"tian, n. Defn: A believer in the existence of phlogiston. PHLOGISTIC Phlo*gis"tic, a. 1. (Old Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to phlogiston, or to belief in its existence. 2. (Med.) Defn: Inflammatory; belonging to inflammations and fevers. PHLOGISTICAL Phlo*gis"tic*al, a. (Old Chem.) Defn: Phlogistic. PHLOGISTICATE Phlo*gis"ti*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phlogisticated; p. pr. & vb. n. Phlogisticating.] (Old Chem.) Defn: To combine phlogiston with; -- usually in the form and sense of the p. p. or the adj.; as, highly phlogisticated substances. PHLOGISTICATION Phlo*gis`ti*ca"tion, n. (Old Chem.) Defn: The act or process of combining with phlogiston. PHLOGISTON Phlo*gis"ton, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Phlox.] (Old Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical principle of fire, or inflammability, regarded by Stahl as a chemical element. Note: This was supposed to be united with combustible (phlogisticated) bodies and to be separated from incombustible (dephlogisticated) bodies, the phenomena of flame and burning being the escape of phlogiston. Soot and sulphur were regarded as nearly pure phlogiston. The essential principle of this theory was, that combustion was a decomposition rather than the union and combination which it has since been shown to be. PHLOGOGENOUS Phlo*gog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. -genous.] (Med.) Defn: Causing inflammation. PHLOGOPITE Phlog"o*pite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A kind of mica having generally a peculiar bronze-red or copperlike color and a pearly luster. It is a silicate of aluminia, with magnesia, potash, and some fluorine. It is characteristic of crystalline limestone or dolomite and serpentine. See Mica. PHLOGOSIS Phlo*go"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of external parts of the body; erysipelatous inflammation. PHLOGOTIC Phlo*got"ic, n. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to phlogisis. PHLORAMINE Phlo*ram"ine, n. Etym: [Phlorlucin + amine.] (Chem.) Defn: A basic amido derivative of phloroglucin, having an astringent taste. PHLORETIC Phlo*ret"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, or designating, an organic acid obtained by the decomposition of phloretin. PHLORETIN Phlor"e*tin, n. Etym: [From Phlorizin.] (Chem.) Defn: A bitter white crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of phlorizin, and formerly used to some extent as a substitute for quinine. PHLORIZIN Phlor"i*zin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A bitter white crystalline glucoside extracted from the root bark of the apple, pear, cherry, plum, etc. [Formerly also written phloridzin.] PHLOROGLUCIN Phlor`o*glu"cin, n. Etym: [Phloretin + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A sweet white crystalline substance, metameric with pyrogallol, and obtained by the decomposition of phloretin, and from certain gums, as catechu, kino, etc. It belongs to the class of phenols. [Called also phloroglucinol.] PHLOROL Phlo"rol, n. Etym: [Phloretic + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid metameric with xylenol, belonging to the class of phenols, and obtained by distilling certain salts of phloretic acid. PHLORONE Phlo"rone, n. Etym: [Phlorol + quinone.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline substance having a peculiar unpleasant odor, resembling the quinones, and obtained from beechwood tar and coal tar, as also by the oxidation of xylidine; -- called also xyloquinone. PHLOX Phlox, n. Etym: [L., a kind of flower, fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of American herbs, having showy red, white, or purple flowers. Phlox worm (Zoöl.), the larva of an American moth (Heliothis phloxiphaga). It is destructive to phloxes. -- Phlox subulata, the moss pink. See under Moss. PHLYCTENULAR Phlyc*ten"u*lar, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Characterized by the presence of small pustules, or whitish elevations resembling pustules; as, phlyctenular ophthalmia. PHOCA Pho"ca, n. Etym: [L., a seal, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of seals. It includes the common harbor seal and allied species. See Seal. PHOCACEAN Pho*ca"cean, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Phoca; a seal. PHOCAL Pho"cal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to seals. PHOCENIC Pho*cen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to dolphin oil or porpoise oil; -- said of an acid (called also delphinic acid) subsequently found to be identical with valeric acid. Watts. PHOCENIN Pho*ce"nin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. phocénine.] (Chem.) Defn: See Delphin. PHOCINE Pho"cine, a. Etym: [L. phoca a seal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the seal tribe; phocal. PHOCODONT Pho"co*dont, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Phocodontia. PHOCODONTIA Pho`co*don"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of extinct carnivorous whales. Their teeth had compressed and serrated crowns. It includes Squalodon and allied genera. PHOEBE Phoe"be, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pewee, or pewit. PHOEBUS Phoe"bus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: Apollo; the sun god. 2. The sun. "Phoebus 'gins arise." Shak. PHOENICIAN Phoe*ni"cian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Phoenica. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Phoenica. PHOENICIOUS Phoe*ni"cious, a. Defn: See Phenicious. PHOENICOPTERUS Phoe`ni*cop"te*rus, n. Etym: [NL. See Phenicopter.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of birds which includes the flamingoes. PHOENIX Phoe"nix, n. Etym: [L., a fabulous bird. See Phenix.] 1. Same as Phenix. Shak. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of palms including the date tree. PHOLAD Pho"lad, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Pholas. PHOLADEAN Pho*la"de*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pholad. PHOLAS Pho"las, n.; pl. Pholades. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of marine bivalve mollusks of the genus Pholas, or family Pholadidæ. They bore holes for themselves in clay, peat, and soft rocks. PHONAL Pho"nal, a.Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or relating to the voice; as, phonal structure. Max Müller. PHONASCETICS Pho`nas*cet"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Treatment for restoring or improving the voice. PHONATION Pho*na"tion, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The act or process by which articulate sounds are uttered; the utterance of articulate sounds; articulate speech. PHONAUTOGRAPH Pho*nau"to*graph, n. Etym: [Phono- + Gr. -graph.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument by means of which a sound can be made to produce a visible trace or record of itself. It consists essentially of a resonant vessel, usually of paraboloidal form, closed at one end by a flexible membrane. A stylus attached to some point of the membrane records the movements of the latter, as it vibrates, upon a moving cylinder or plate. PHONE Phone, n. & v. t. Defn: Colloq. for Telephone. PHONEIDOSCOPE Pho*nei"do*scope, n. Etym: [Phono- + Gr. -scope.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for studying the motions of sounding bodies by optical means. It consists of a tube across the end of which is stretched a film of soap solution thin enough to give colored bands, the form and position of which are affected by sonorous vibrations. PHONETIC Pho*net"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. phonétique. See Ban a proclamation.] 1. Of or pertaining to the voice, or its use. 2. Representing sounds; as, phonetic characters; -- opposed to ideographic; as, a phonetic notation. Phonetic spelling, spelling in phonetic characters, each representing one sound only; -- contrasted with Romanic spelling, or that by the use of the Roman alphabet. PHONETICALLY Pho*net"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a phonetic manner. PHONETICIAN Pho`ne*ti"cian, n. Defn: One versed in phonetics; a phonetist. PHONETICS Pho*net"ics, n. 1. The doctrine or science of sounds; especially those of the human voice; phonology. 2. The art of representing vocal sounds by signs and written characters. PHONETISM Pho"ne*tism, n. Defn: The science which treats of vocal sounds. J. Peile. PHONETIST Pho"ne*tist, n. 1. One versed in phonetics; a phonologist. 2. One who advocates a phonetic spelling. PHONETIZATION Pho`ne*ti*za"tion, n. Defn: The act, art, or process of representing sounds by phonetic signs. PHONETIZE Pho"ne*tize, v. t. Defn: To represent by phonetic signs. Lowell. PHONIC Phon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. phonique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to sound; of the nature of sound; acoustic. Tyndall. PHONICS Phon"ics, n. Defn: See Phonetics. PHONO- Pho"no-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. sound, tone; as, phonograph, phonology. PHONO Phono, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American butterfly (Ithonia phono) having nearly transparent wings. PHONOCAMPTIC Pho`no*camp"tic, a. Etym: [Phono- + Gr. phonocamptique.] Defn: Reflecting sound. [R.] "Phonocamptic objects." Derham. PHONOGRAM Pho"no*gram, n. Etym: [Phono- + -gram.] 1. A letter, character, or mark used to represent a particular sound. Phonograms are of three kinds: (1) Verbal signs, which stand for entire words; (2) Syllabic signs, which stand for the articulations of which words are composed; (3) Alphabetic signs, or letters, which represent the elementary sounds into which the syllable can be resolved. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). 2. A record of sounds made by a phonograph. PHONOGRAPH Pho"no*graph, n. Etym: [Phono- + -graph.] 1. A character or symbol used to represent a sound, esp. one used in phonography. 2. (Physics) Defn: An instrument for the mechanical registration and reproduction of audible sounds, as articulate speech, etc. It consists of a rotating cylinder or disk covered with some material easily indented, as tinfoil, wax, paraffin, etc., above which is a thin plate carrying a stylus. As the plate vibrates under the influence of a sound, the stylus makes minute indentations or undulations in the soft material, and these, when the cylinder or disk is again turned, set the plate in vibration, and reproduce the sound. PHONOGRAPHER Pho*nog"ra*pher, n. 1. One versed or skilled in phonography. 2. One who uses, or is skilled in the use of, the phonograph. See Phonograph, 2. PHONOGRAPHIC; PHONOGRAPHICAL Pho`no*graph"ic, Pho`no*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phonographique.] 1. Of or pertaining to phonography; based upon phonography. 2. Of or pertaining to phonograph; done by the phonograph. PHONOGRAPHICALLY Pho`no*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a phonographic manner; by means of phonograph. PHONOGRAPHIST Pho*nog"ra*phist, n. Defn: Phonographer. PHONOGRAPHY Pho*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Phono- + -graphy.] 1. A description of the laws of the human voice, or sounds uttered by the organs of speech. 2. A representation of sounds by distinctive characters; commonly, a system of shorthand writing invented by Isaac Pitman, or a modification of his system, much used by reporters. Note: The consonants are represented by straight lines and curves; the vowels by dots and short dashes; but by skilled phonographers, in rapid work, most vowel marks are omitted, and brief symbols for common words and combinations of words are extensively employed. The following line is an example of phonography, in which all the sounds are indicated: -- They also serve who only stand and wait. Milton. 3. The art of constructing, or using, the phonograph. PHONOLITE Pho"no*lite, n. Etym: [Phono- + -lite: cf. F. phonolithe.] (Min.) Defn: A compact, feldspathic, igneous rock containing nephelite, haüynite, etc. Thin slabs give a ringing sound when struck; -- called also clinkstone. PHONOLOGER Pho*nol"o*ger, n. Defn: A phonologist. PHONOLOGIC; PHONOLOGICAL Pho`no*log"ic, Pho`no*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to phonology. PHONOLOGIST Pho*nol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in phonology. PHONOLOGY Pho*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phono- + -logy.] Defn: The science or doctrine of the elementary sounds uttered by the human voice in speech, including the various distinctions, modifications, and combinations of tones; phonetics. Also, a treatise on sounds. PHONOMETER Pho*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Phono- + -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring sounds, as to their intensity, or the frequency of the vibrations. PHONOMOTOR Pho`no*mo"tor, n. Etym: [Phono- + -motor.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument in which motion is produced by the vibrations of a sounding body. PHONORGANON Pho*nor"ga*non, n. Etym: [NL. See Phono-, and Organon.] Defn: A speaking machine. PHONOSCOPE Pho"no*scope, n. Etym: [Phono- + -scope.] (Physics) (a) An instrument for observing or exhibiting the motions or properties of sounding bodies; especially, an apparatus invented by König for testing the quality of musical strings. (b) An instrument for producing luminous figures by the vibrations of sounding bodies. PHONOTYPE Pho"no*type, n. Etym: [Phono- + -type.] Defn: A type or character used in phonotypy. PHONOTYPIC; PHONOTYPICAL Pho`no*typ"ic, Pho`no*typ"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to phonotypy; as, a phonotypic alphabet. PHONOTYPIST Pho*not"y*pist, n. Defn: One versed in phonotypy. PHONOTYPY Pho*not"y*py, n. Defn: A method of phonetic printing of the English language, as devised by Mr. Pitman, in which nearly all the ordinary letters and many new forms are employed in order to indicate each elementary sound by a separate character. PHORMINX Phor"minx, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A kind of lyre used by the Greeks. Mrs. Browning. PHORMIUM Phor"mi*um, n. Etym: [NL. fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of liliaceous plants, consisting of one species (Phormium tenax). See Flax-plant. PHORONE Phor"one, n. Etym: [Camphor + acetone.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline substance, having a geraniumlike odor, regarded as a complex derivative of acetone, and obtained from certain camphor compounds. PHORONIS Pho*ro"nis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Phoronis, a surname of Io, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A remarkable genus of marine worms having tentacles around the mouth. It is usually classed with the gephyreans. Its larva (Actinotrocha) undergoes a peculiar metamorphosis. PHORONOMIA Phor`o*no"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Phoronomics. PHORONOMICS Phor`o*nom"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The science of motion; kinematics. [R.] Weisbach. PHOSGENE Phos"gene, a. Etym: [Gr. phosgène.] (Old Chem.) Defn: Producing, or produced by, the action of light; -- formerly used specifically to designate a gas now called carbonyl chloride. See Carbonyl. PHOSGENITE Phos"gen*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A rare mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals of a white, yellow, or grayish color and adamantine luster. It is a chlorocarbonate of lead. PHOSPHAM Phos"pham, n. Etym: [Phosphorus + ammonia.] (Chem.) Defn: An inert amorphous white powder, PN2H, obtained by passing ammonia over heated phosphorus. [Spelt also phosphame.] -- Phos"pham"ic, a. PHOSPHATE Phos"phate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of phosphoric acid. PHOSPHATIC Phos*phat"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, phosphorus, phosphoric acid, or phosphates; as, phosphatic nodules. Phosphatic diathesis (Med.), a habit of body which leads to the undue excretion of phosphates with the urine. PHOSPHATURIA Phos`pha*tu"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Phosphate, and Urine.] (Med.) Defn: The excessive discharge of phosphates in the urine. PHOSPHENE Phos"phene, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A luminous impression produced through excitation of the retina by some cause other than the impingement upon it of rays of light, as by pressure upon the eyeball when the lids are closed. Cf. After- image. PHOSPHIDE Phos"phide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of phosphorus. PHOSPHINE Phos"phine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless gas, PH3, analogous to ammonia, and having a disagreeable odor resembling that of garlic. Called also hydrogen phosphide, and formerly, phosphureted hydrogen. Note: It is the most important compound of phosphorus and hydrogen, and is produced by the action of caustic potash on phosphorus. It is spontaneously inflammable, owing to impurities, and in burning produces peculiar vortical rings of smoke. PHOSPHINIC Phos*phin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, certain acids analogous to the phosphonic acids, but containing two hydrocarbon radicals, and derived from the secondary phosphines by oxidation. PHOSPHITE Phos"phite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of phosphorous acid. PHOSPHONIC Phos*phon"ic, a. Etym: [Phosphoric + sulphonic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, certain derivatives of phosphorous acid containing a hydrocarbon radical, and analogous to the sulphonic acid. PHOSPHONIUM Phos*pho"ni*um, n. Etym: [Phosphorus + ammonium.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical PH4, analogous to ammonium, and regarded as the nucleus of certain derivatives of phosphine. PHOSPHOR Phos"phor, n. Etym: [Cf. G. phosphor. See Phosphorus.] 1. Phosphorus. [Obs.] Addison. 2. The planet Venus, when appearing as the morning star; Lucifer. [Poetic] Pope. Tennyson. PHOSPHORATE Phos"phor*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phosphorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Phosphorating.] (Chem.) Defn: To impregnate, or combine, with phosphorus or its compounds; as, phosphorated oil. PHOSPHOR-BRONZE Phos"phor-bronze`, n. Etym: [Phosphor + bronze.] (Metal.) Defn: A variety of bronze possessing great hardness, elasticity, and toughness, obtained by melting copper with tin phosphide. It contains one or two per cent of phosphorus and from five to fifteen per cent of tin. PHOSPHOREOUS Phos*pho"re*ous, a. Defn: Phosphorescent. [Obs.] PHOSPHORESCE Phos`phor*esce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Phosphoresced; p. pr. & vb. n. Phosphorescing.] Defn: To shine as phosphorus; to be phosphorescent; to emit a phosphoric light. PHOSPHORESCENCE Phos`phor*es"cence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. phosphorescence.] 1. The quality or state of being phosphorescent; or the act of phosphorescing. 2. A phosphoric light. PHOSPHORESCENT Phos`phor*es"cent, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phosphorescent.] Defn: Shining with a phosphoric light; luminous without sensible heat. -- n. Defn: A phosphorescent substance. PHOSPHORIC Phos*phor"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phosphorique.] 1. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to phosphorus; resembling, or containing, from us; specifically, designating those compounds in which phosphorus has a higher valence as contrasted with the phosphorous compounds. 2. Phosphorescent. "A phosphoric sea." Byron. Glacial phosphoric acid. (Chem.) (a) Metaphosphoric acid in the form of glassy semitransparent masses or sticks. (b) Pure normal phosphoric acid. -- Phosphoric acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, H3PO4, which is the most highly oxidized acid of phosphorus, and forms an important and extensive series of compounds, viz., the phosphates. -- Soluble phosphoric acid, Insoluble phosphoric acid (Agric. Chem.), phosphoric acid combined in acid salts, or in neutral or basic salts, which are respectively soluble and insoluble in water or in plant juices. -- Reverted phosphoric acid (Agric. Chem.), phosphoric acid changed from acid (soluble) salts back to neutral or basic (insoluble) salts. PHOSPHORICAL Phos*phor"ic*al, a. (Old Chem.) Defn: Phosphoric. PHOSPHORITE Phos"phor*ite, n. Defn: (min.) A massive variety of apatite. PHOSPHORITIC Phos`phor*it"ic, a. (Min.) Defn: Pertaining to phosphorite; resembling, or of the nature of, phosphorite. PHOSPHORIZE Phos"phor*ize, v. t. Defn: To phosphorate. PHOSPHORIZED Phos"phor*ized, a. Defn: Containing, or impregnated with, phosphorus. PHOSPHOROGENIC Phos`phor*o*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Phosphorus + -gen + -ic.] Defn: Generating phosphorescence; as, phosphorogenic rays. PHOSPHOROSCOPE Phos*phor"o*scope, n. Etym: [Phosphorus + -scope.] (Physics) Defn: An apparatus for observing the phosphorescence produced in different bodies by the action of light, and for measuring its duration. PHOSPHOROUS Phos"phor*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phosphoreux.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to phosphorus; resembling or containing phosphorus; specifically, designating those compounds in which phosphorus has a lower valence as contrasted with phosphoric compounds; as, phosphorous acid, H3PO3. PHOSPHORUS Phos"phor*us, n.; pl. Phosphori. Etym: [L., the morning star, Gr. 1. The morning star; Phosphor. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous nonmetallic element of the nitrogen group, obtained as a white, or yellowish, translucent waxy substance, having a characteristic disagreeable smell. It is very active chemically, must be preserved under water, and unites with oxygen even at ordinary temperatures, giving a faint glow, -- whence its name. It always occurs compined, usually in phosphates, as in the mineral apatite, in bones, etc. It is used in the composition on the tips of friction matches, and for many other purposes. The molecule contains four atoms. Symbol P. Atomic weight 31.0. 3. (Chem.) Defn: Hence, any substance which shines in the dark like phosphorus, as certain phosphorescent bodies. Bologna phosphorus (Chem.), sulphide of barium, which shines in the dark after exposure to light; -- so called because this property was discovered by a resident of Bologna. The term is sometimes applied to other compounds having similar properties. -- Metallic phosphorus (Chem.), an allotropic modification of phosphorus, obtained as a gray metallic crystalline substance, having very inert chemical properties. It is obtained by heating ordinary phosphorus in a closed vessel at a high temperature. -- Phosphorus disease (Med.), a disease common among workers in phosphorus, giving rise to necrosis of the jawbone, and other symptoms. -- Red, or Amorphous, phosphorus (Chem.), an allotropic modification of phosphorus, obtained as a dark red powder by heating ordinary phosphorus in closed vessels. It is not poisonous, is not phosphorescent, and is only moderately active chemically. It is valuable as a chemical reagent, and is used in the composition of the friction surface on which safety matches are ignited. -- Solar phosphori (Chem.), phosphorescent substances which shine in the dark after exposure to the sunlight or other intense light. PHOSPHORUS STEEL Phosphorus steel. Defn: A steel in which the amount of phosphorus exceeds that of carbon. PHOSPHORYL Phos"phor*yl, n. Etym: [Phosphorus + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The radical PO, regarded as the typical nucleus of certain compounds. PHOSPHURET Phos"phu*ret, n. (Chem.) Defn: A phosphide. [Obsoles.] PHOSPHURETED Phos"phu*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Defn: Impregnated, or combined, with phosphorus. [Obsoles.] [Written also phosphuretted.] Phosphureted hydrogen. (Chem.) See Phosphine. PHOTIC Pho"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Relating to the production of light by the lower animals. PHOTIC REGION Photic region. (Phytogeography) Defn: The uppermost zone of the sea, which receives the most light. PHOTICS Pho"tics, n. (Physics) Defn: The science of light; -- a general term sometimes employed when optics is restricted to light as a producing vision. Knight. PHOTISM Pho"tism, n. [Gr. illumination.] (Psycol.) Defn: A luminous image or appearance of a hallucinatory character. PHOTO Pho"to, n.; pl. Photos (. Defn: A contraction of Photograph. [Colloq.] PHOTO- Pho"to-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. fw^s, fwto`s, light; as, photography, phototype, photometer. PHOTOBACTERIUM Pho`to*bac*te"ri*um, n. [NL. See Photo-, and Bacterium.] (Bacteriol.) Defn: A genus including certain comma-shaped marine bacteria which emit bluish or greenish phosphorescence. Also, any microörganism of this group. PHOTOBIOTIC Pho`to*bi*ot"ic, a. Etym: [Photo- + biotic.] (Biol.) Defn: Requiring light to live; incapable of living without light; as, photobiotic plant cells. PHOTOCERAMICS Pho`to*ce*ram"ics, n. Defn: Art or process of decorating pottery with photographically prepared designs. -- Pho`to*ce*ram"ic (#), a. PHOTOCHEMICAL Pho`to*chem"ic*al, a. Etym: [Photo- + chemical.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to chemical action of light, or produced by it; as, the photochemical changes of the visual purple of the retina. PHOTOCHEMISTRY Pho`to*chem"is*try, n. Etym: [Photo- + chemistry.] (Chem.) Defn: The branch of chemistry which relates to the effect of light in producing chemical changes, as in photography. PHOTOCHROMIC; PHOTOCHROMATIC Pho`to*chro"mic, Pho`to*chro*mat"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to photochromy; produced by photochromy. PHOTOCHROMOGRAPHY Pho`to*chro*mog"ra*phy, n. [Photo- + Gr. color + -graphy.] Defn: Art or process of printing colored photographs. PHOTOCHROMOSCOPE Pho`to*chro"mo*scope, n. [Photo-+ Gr. color + -scope.] 1. A device for giving shifting effects of color to a photograph. The unmounted print, made translucent, is illuminated from behind with colored light. 2. A combination of three optical lanterns for projecting objects on a screen in the colors of nature. The images of three partial photographs taken through color screens (red, green, and blue, respectively) are superimposed. Each image is given its own primary color, and these colors blend and reproduce the colors of the object. PHOTOCHROMOTYPE Pho`to*chro"mo*type, n. [Photo-+ Gr. color + -type.] Defn: A colored print made photomechanically. PHOTOCHROMOTYPE Pho`to*chro"mo*type, v. t. Defn: To represent by a colored print made by any photomechanical process. PHOTOCHROMOTYPY Pho`to*chro"mo*typ`y, n. Defn: The art of making photochromotypes. PHOTOCHROMY Pho*toch"ro*my, n. Etym: [Photo- + Gr. Defn: The art or process of reproducing colors by photography. PHOTOCHRONOGRAPH Pho`to*chron"o*graph, n. [Photo-+ chronograph.] 1. (Physics) An instrument for recording minute intervals of time. The record is made by the power of a magnetic field, due to an electric signaling current, to turn the plane of polarization of light. A flash, coinciding in time and duration with the signal, is thus produced and is photographed on a moving plate. 2. (Astron.) An instrument for the photographic recording of star transits. PHOTOCHRONOGRAPHY Pho`to*chro*nog"ra*phy, n. Defn: Art of recording or measuring intervals of time by the photochronograph. -- Pho`to*chron`o*graph"ic (#), -graph"ic*al (#), a. -- -graph"ic*al*ly, adv. PHOTODROME Pho"to*drome, n. Etym: [Photo- + Gr. (Physics) Defn: An apparatus consisting of a large wheel with spokes, which when turning very rapidly is illuminated by momentary flashes of light passing through slits in a rotating disk. By properly timing the succession of flashes the wheel is made to appear to be motionless, or to rotate more or less slowly in either direction. PHOTODYNAMICS Pho`to*dy*nam"ics, n. [Photo-+ dynamics.] (Plant Physiol.) Defn: The relation of light to the movements of plants and their organs; the study of the phenomena of curvatures induced by the stimulus of light. --Pho`to*dy*nam"ic (#), Pho`to*dy*nam"ic*al (#), a. PHOTO-ELECTRIC Pho`to-e*lec"tric, a. Etym: [Photo- + electric.] Defn: Acting by the operation of both light and electricity; -- said of apparatus for producing pictures by electric light. PHOTO-ELECTRIC; PHOTO-ELECTRICAL Pho`to-e*lec"tric, Pho`to-e*lec"tric*al, a. Defn: Pert. to, or capable of developing, photo-electricity. PHOTO-ELECTRIC CELL Photo-electric cell. Defn: A cell (as one of two electrodes embedded in selenium) which by exposure to light generates an electric current. PHOTO-ELECTRICITY Pho`to-e*lec*tric"i*ty, n. [Photo-+ electricity.] Defn: Electricity produced by light. PHOTO-ELECTROGRAPH Pho`to-e*lec"tro*graph, n. [See Photo-; Electrograph.] (Meteor.) Defn: An electrometer registering by photography. PHOTO-ELECTROTYPE Pho`to-e*lec"tro*type, n. (Print.) Defn: An electrotype plate formed in a mold made by photographing on prepared gelatine, etc. PHOTO-ENGRAVE Pho`to-en*grave", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photo-engraved; p. pr. & vb. n. Photo-engraving.] [Photo- + engrave.] Defn: To engrave by a photomechanical process; to make a photo- engraving of. -- Pho`to-en*grav"er (#), n. PHOTO-ENGRAVING Pho`to-en*grav"ing, n. Etym: [Photo- + engraving.] Defn: The process of obtaining an etched or engraved plate from the photographic image, to be used in printing; also, a picture produced by such a process. PHOTO-EPINASTY Pho`to-ep"i*nas`ty, n. Etym: [See Photo-, and Epinastic.] (Bot.) Defn: A disproportionately rapid growth of the upper surface of dorsiventral organs, such as leaves, through the stimulus of exposure to light. Encyc. Brit. PHOTO-ETCH Pho`to-etch", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photo-etched; p. pr. & vb. n. Photo-etching.] [Photo- + etch.] Defn: To engrave, or make an engraving of, by any photomechanical process involving etching of the plate. PHOTO-ETCHING Pho`to-etch"ing, n. Defn: A photo-engraving produced by any process involving the etching of the plate. PHOTOGALVANOGRAPHY Pho`to*gal`va*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + galvanography.] Defn: The art or process of making photo-electrotypes. Sir D. Brewster. PHOTOGEN Pho"to*gen, n. Etym: [Photo- + -gen.] (Chem.) Defn: A light hydrocarbon oil resembling kerosene. It is obtained by distilling coal, paraffin, etc., and is used as a lubricant, illuminant, etc. [Written also photogene.] PHOTOGENE Pho"to*gene, n. Etym: [See Photogen.] 1. A photograph. [Obsoles.] 2. A more or less continued impression or image on the retina. H. Spencer. PHOTOGENIC Pho`to*gen"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to photogeny; producing or generating light. PHOTOGENY Pho*tog"e*ny, n. Etym: [See Photogen.] Defn: See Photography. [Obsoles.] PHOTOGLYPHIC Pho`to*glyph"ic, a. Etym: [Photo- + Gr. Defn: Pertaining to the art of engraving by the action of light. [Written also photoglyptic.] Photoglyphic engraving, a process of etching on copper, steel, or zinc, by means of the action of light and certain chemicals, so that from the plate impressions may be taken. Sir D. Brewster. PHOTOGLYPHY Pho*tog"ly*phy, n. Defn: Photoglyphic engraving. See under Photoglyphic. PHOTOGLYPTIC Pho`to*glyp"tic, a. Defn: Same as Photoglyphic. PHOTOGRAM Pho"to*gram, n. Etym: [Photo- + -gram.] Defn: A photograph. [R.] PHOTOGRAMMETER Pho`to*gram"me*ter, n. [See Photogram; -meter.] Defn: A phototheodolite, or a camera designed for use in photogrammetry. --Pho`to*gram*met"ric (#), Pho`to*gram*met"ric*al (#), a. PHOTOGRAMMETRY Pho`to*gram"me*try, n. [Photogram + metry.] Defn: A method of surveying or map making by photography, used also in determining the height and motions of clouds, sea waves, and the like. PHOTOGRAPH Pho"to*graph, n. Etym: [Photo- + -graph.] Defn: A picture or likeness obtained by photography. PHOTOGRAPH Pho"to*graph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photographed; p. pr. & vb. n. Photographing.] Defn: To take a picture or likeness of by means of photography; as, to photograph a view; to photograph a group. He makes his pen drawing on white paper, and they are afterwards photographed on wood. Hamerton. Note: Also used figuratively. He is photographed on my mind. Lady D. Hardy. PHOTOGRAPH Pho"to*graph, v. i. Defn: To practice photography; to take photographs. PHOTOGRAPHER Pho*tog"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who practices, or is skilled in, photography. PHOTOGRAPHIC; PHOTOGRAPHICAL Pho`to*graph"ic, Pho`to*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. photographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to photography; obtained by photography; used ib photography; as a photographic picture; a photographic camera. -- Pho`to*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Photographic printing, the process of obtaining pictures, as on chemically prepared paper, from photographic negatives, by exposure to light. PHOTOGRAPHIST Pho*tog"ra*phist, n. Defn: A photographer. PHOTOGRAPHOMETER Pho*tog"ra*phom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Photograph + -meter.] (Photog.) Defn: An instrument for determining the sensibility of the plates employed in photographic processes to luminous rays. PHOTOGRAPHONE Pho*tog"ra*phone, n. [See Photograph; -phone.] Defn: A device, consisting essentially of an electric arc and a camera, by which a series of photographs of the variations of the arc due to sound waves are obtained for reproduction by means of a selenium cell and a telephone. PHOTOGRAPHY Pho*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + -graphy: cf. F. photographie.] 1. The science which relates to the action of light on sensitive bodies in the production of pictures, the fixation of images, and the like. 2. The art or process of producing pictures by this action of light. Note: The well-focused optical image is thrown on a surface of metal, glass, paper, or other suitable substance, coated with collodion or gelatin, and sensitized with the chlorides, bromides, or iodides of silver, or other salts sensitive to light. The exposed plate is then treated with reducing agents, as pyrogallic acid, ferrous sulphate, etc., to develop the latent image. The image is then fixed by washing off the excess of unchanged sensitive salt with sodium hyposulphite (thiosulphate) or other suitable reagents. PHOTOGRAVURE Pho`to*grav"ure, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A photoengraving; also, the process by which such a picture is produced. PHOTOHELIOGRAPH Pho`to*he"li*o*graph, n. Etym: [Photo- + heliograph.] (Physics) Defn: A modified kind of telescope adapted to taking photographs of the sun. PHOTOHELIOMETER Pho`to*he`li*om"e*ter, n. [Photo- + heliometer.] (Astron.) Defn: A double-lens instrument for measuring slight variations of the sun's diameter by photography, utilizing the common chord of two overlapping images. PHOTOLITHOGRAPH Pho`to*lith"o*graph, n. Etym: [Photo- + lithograph.] Defn: A lithographic picture or copy from a stone prepared by the aid of photography. PHOTOLITHOGRAPH Pho`to*lith"o*graph, v. t. Defn: To produce (a picture, a copy) by the process of photolithography. PHOTOLITHOGRAPHER Pho`to*li*thog"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who practices, or one who employs, photolithography. PHOTOLITHOGRAPHIC Pho`to*lith`o*graph"ic, n. Defn: Of or pertaining to photolithography; produced by photolithography. PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY Pho`to*li*thog"ra*phy, n. Defn: The art or process of producing photolithographs. PHOTOLOGIC; PHOTOLOGICAL Pho`to*log"ic, Pho`to*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to photology, or the doctrine of light. PHOTOLOGIST Pho*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who studies or expounds the laws of light. PHOTOLOGY Pho*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Photo- + -logy: cf. F. photologie.] Defn: The doctrine or science of light, explaining its nature and phenomena; optics. PHOTOLUMINESCENT Pho`to*lu`mi*nes"cent, a. [Photo- + luminescent.] (Physics) Defn: Luminescent by exposure to light waves. -- Pho`to*lu`mi*nes"cence (#), n. PHOTOMAGNETIC Pho`to*mag*net"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to photomagnetism. PHOTOMAGNETISM Pho`to*mag"net*ism, n. Defn: The branch of science which treats of the relation of magnetism to light. PHOTOMECHANICAL Pho`to*me*chan"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, any photographic process in which a printing surface is obtained without the intervention of hand engraving. PHOTOMETER Pho*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Photo- + -meter: cf. F. photomètre.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the intensity of light, or, more especially, for comparing the relative intensities of different lights, or their relative illuminating power. PHOTOMETRIC; PHOTOMETRICAL Pho`to*met"ric, Pho`to*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. photométrique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to photometry, or to a photometer. PHOTOMETRICIAN Pho*tom`e*tri"cian, n. Defn: One engaged in the scientific measurement of light. PHOTOMETRICIAN; PHOTOMETRIST Pho*tom`e*tri"cian, Pho*tom"e*trist, n. Defn: A specialist in photometry. PHOTOMETRY Pho*tom"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. photométrie.] Defn: That branch of science which treats of the measurement of the intensity of light. PHOTOMEZZOTYPE Pho`to*mez"zo*type, n. [Photo-+ It. mezzo middle, half + -type.] Defn: A photomechanical process similar to collotype. PHOTOMICROGRAPH Pho`to*mi"cro*graph, n. Etym: [Photo- + micro + -graph.] 1. An enlarged or macroscopic photograph of a microscopic object. See Microphotograph. 2. A microscopically small photograph of an object. PHOTOMICROGRAPHY Pho`to*mi*crog"ra*phy, n. Defn: The art of producing photomicrographs. PHOTONEPHOGRAPH Pho`to*neph"o*graph (-nef"o*graf), n. [Photo- + Gr. ne`fos a cloud + -graph.] (Meteor.) Defn: A nephoscope registering by photography, commonly consisting of a pair of cameras used simultaneously. PHOTOPHILOUS Pho*toph"i*lous, n. [Photo-+ Gr. loving.] (Phytogeog.) Defn: Light-loving; growing in strong light, as many plants. PHOTOPHOBIA Pho`to*pho"bi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A dread or intolerance of light. Sir T. Watson. PHOTOPHONE Pho"to*phone, n. Etym: [Photo- + Gr. (Physics) Defn: An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of rays of light. A. G. Bell. PHOTOPHONIC Pho`to*phon"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to photophone. PHOTOPHONY Pho*toph"o*ny, n. Defn: The art or practice of using the photophone. PHOTOPHORE Pho"to*phore, n. [Photo- + Gr. to bear.] 1. (Med.) A form of endoscope using an electric light. 2. (Zoöl.) A light-emitting organ; specif., one of the luminous spots on certain marine (mostly deep-sea) fishes. PHOTOPLAY Pho"to*play`, n. Defn: A play for representation or exhibition by moving pictures; also, the moving-picture representation of a play. PHOTOPRINT Pho"to*print`, n. Defn: Any print made by a photomechanical process. PHOTOPSIA Pho*top"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: An affection of the eye, in which the patient perceives luminous rays, flashes, coruscations, etc. See phosphene. PHOTOPSY Pho*top"sy, n. Defn: Same as Photopsia. PHOTORELIEF Pho`to*re*lief", n. Defn: A printing surface in relief, obtained by photographic means and subsequent manipulations. Knight. PHOTOSCOPE Pho"to*scope, n. Etym: [Photo- + -scope.] (Physics) Defn: Anything employed for the observation of light or luminous effects. PHOTOSCOPIC Pho`to*scop"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the photoscope or its uses. PHOTOSCULPTURE Pho`to*sculp"ture, n. Etym: [Photo- + sculpture.] Defn: A process in which, by means of a number of photographs simultaneously taken from different points of view on the same level, rough models of the figure or bust of a person or animal may be made with great expedition. PHOTOSPHERE Pho"to*sphere, n. Etym: [Photo- + sphere.] Defn: A sphere of light; esp., the luminous envelope of the sun. PHOTOSPHERIC Pho`to*spher"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the photosphere. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Pho`to*syn"the*sis, n. (Plant Physiol.) Defn: The process of constructive metabolism by which carbohydrates are formed from water vapor and the carbon dioxide of the air in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to the action of light. It was formerly called assimilation, but this is now commonly used as in animal physiology. The details of the process are not yet clearly known. Baeyer's theory is that the carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide, which, uniting with the hydrogen of the water in the cell, produces formaldehyde, the latter forming various sugars through polymerization. Vines suggests that the carbohydrates are secretion products of the chloroplasts, derived from decomposition of previously formed proteids. The food substances are usually quickly translocated, those that accumulate being changed to starch, which appears in the cells almost simultaneously with the sugars. The chloroplasts perform photosynthesis only in light and within a certain range of temperature, varying according to climate. This is the only way in which a plant is able to organize carbohydrates. All plants without a chlorophyll apparatus, as the fungi, must be parasitic or saprophytic. --Pho`to*syn*thet"ic (#), a. -- Pho`to*syn*thet"ic*al*ly (#), adv. PHOTOTAXIS; PHOTOTAXY Pho`to*tax"is, Pho"to*tax`y, n. [NL. phototaxis; photo- + Gr. an arranging.] (Biol.) Defn: The influence of light on the movements of low organisms, as various infusorians, the zoöspores of certain algæ, etc.; also, the tendency to follow definite directions of motion or assume definite positions under such influence. If the migration is toward the source of light, it is termed positive phototaxis; if away from the light, negative phototaxis. --Pho`to*tac"tic (#), a. --Pho`to*tac"tic*al*ly, adv. PHOTOTELEGRAPHY Pho`to*te*leg"ra*phy, n. Defn: Telegraphy by means of light, as by the heliograph or the photophone. Also, less properly, telephotography. -- Pho`to*tel"e*graph (#), n. --Pho`to*tel`e*graph"ic (#), a. PHOTOTELESCOPE Pho`to*tel"e*scope, n. (Astron.) Defn: A telescope adapted for taking photographs of the heavenly bodies. PHOTOTHEODOLITE Pho`to*the*od"o*lite, n. Defn: An arrangement of two photographic cameras, the plates of which may be brought into exactly the same plane, used in surveying and map making. From the differences between two pictures taken at the same moment, measurements in all dimensions of the region may be obtained. PHOTOTHERAPY Pho`to*ther"a*py, n. (Med.) Defn: The application of light for therapeutic purposes, esp. for treating diseases of the skin. -- Pho`to*the*rap"ic (#), Pho`to*ther`a*peu"tic (#), a. PHOTOTHERMIC Pho`to*ther"mic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to both light and heat. PHOTOTONUS Pho*tot"o*nus, n. Etym: [NL. See Photo-, and Tone.] (Bot.) Defn: A motile condition in plants resulting from exposure to light. -- Pho`to*ton"ic, a. PHOTOTOPOGRAPHY Pho`to*to*pog"ra*phy, n. Defn: Photogrammetry. -- Pho`to*top`o*graph"ic (#), Pho`to*top`o*graph"ic*al (#), a. PHOTOTRICHROMATIC Pho`to*tri`chro*mat"ic, a. [Photo- + tri- + chromatic.] Defn: Designating a photomechanical process for making reproductions in natural colors by three printings. PHOTOTROPIC Pho`to*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Photo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Heliotropic. PHOTOTROPISM Pho*tot"ro*pism, n. [Photo-+ Gr. to turn.] (Plant Physiol.) Defn: The tendency of growing plant organs to move or curve under the influence of light. In ordinary use the term is practically synonymous with heliotropism. PHOTOTYPE Pho"to*type, n. Etym: [Photo- + -type.] Defn: A plate or block with a printing surface (usually in relief) obtained from a photograph; also, any one of the many methods of processes by which such a printing surface is obtained. PHOTOTYPIC Pho`to*typ"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a phototype or phototypy. PHOTOTYPOGRAPHY Pho`to*ty*pog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + typography.] Defn: Same as Phototypy. PHOTOTYPY Pho*tot"y*py, n. Defn: The art or process of producing phototypes. PHOTOVISUAL Pho`to*vis"u*al, a. (Optics) Defn: Of certain achromatic lenses, having the same focus for the actinic and for the brightest of the visual rays. PHOTOXYLOGRAPHY Pho`to*xy*log"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + xylography.] Defn: The process of producing a representation of an object on wood, by photography, for the use of the wood engraver. PHOTOZINCOGRAPH Pho`to*zin"co*graph, n. Defn: A print made by photozincography. -- Pho`to*zin`co*graph"ic, a. PHOTOZINCOGRAPHY Pho`to*zin*cog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Photo- + zincography.] Defn: A process, analogous to photolithography, for reproducing photographed impressions transferred to zinc plate. PHRAGMOCONE Phrag"mo*cone, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The thin chambered shell attached to the anterior end of a belemnite. [Written also phragmacone.] PHRAGMOSIPHON Phrag`mo*si"phon, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The siphon of a phragmocone. PHRASAL Phras"al, a. Defn: Of the nature of a phrase; consisting of a phrase; as, a phrasal adverb. Earlc. PHRASE Phrase, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. phrasis diction, phraseology, Gr. 1. A brief expression, sometimes a single word, but usually two or more words forming an expression by themselves, or being a portion of a sentence; as, an adverbial phrase. "Convey" the wise it call. "Steal!" foh! a fico for the phrase. Shak. 2. A short, pithy expression; especially, one which is often employed; a peculiar or idiomatic turn of speech; as, to err is human. 3. A mode or form of speech; the manner or style in which any one expreses himself; diction; expression. "Phrases of the hearth." Tennyson. Thou speak'st In better phrase and matter than thou didst. Shak. 4. (Mus.) Defn: A short clause or portion of a period. Note: A composition consists first of sentences, or periods; these are subdivided into sections, and these into phrases. Phrase book, a book of idiomatic phrases. J. S. Blackie. PHRASE Phrase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phrased; p. pr. & vb. n. Phrasing.] Etym: [Cf. F. phraser.] Defn: To express in words, or in peculiar words; to call; to style. "These suns -- for so they phrase 'em." Shak. PHRASE Phrase, v. i. 1. To use proper or fine phrases. [R.] 2. (Mus.) Defn: To group notes into phrases; as, he phrases well. See Phrase, n., 4. PHRASELESS Phrase"less, a. Defn: Indescribable. Shak. PHRASEOGRAM Phra"se*o*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. -gram.] (Phonography) Defn: A symbol for a phrase. PHRASEOLOGIC; PHRASEOLOGICAL Phra`se*o*log"ic, Phra`se*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to phraseology; consisting of a peculiar form of words. "This verbal or phraseological answer." Bp. Pearson. PHRASEOLOGIST Phra`se*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: A collector or coiner of phrases. PHRASEOLOGY Phra`se*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. phraséologie.] 1. Manner of expression; peculiarity of diction; style. Most completely national in his . . . phraseology. I. Taylor. 2. A collection of phrases; a phrase book. [R.] Syn. -- Diction; style. See Diction. PHRASING Phras"ing, n. 1. Method of expression; association of words. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The act or method of grouping the notes so as to form distinct musical phrases. PHRATRY Phra"try, n.; pl. Phratries. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A subdivision of a phyle, or tribe, in Athens. PHREATIC Phre*at"ic, a. Etym: [F. phréatique, from Gr. (Geol.) Defn: Subterranean; -- applied to sources supplying wells. PHRENETIC; PHRENETICAL Phre*net"ic, Phre*net"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. phreneticus, Gr. phrénétique. See Frantic, and cf. Frenetic.] Defn: Relating to phrenitis; suffering from frenzy; delirious; mad; frantic; frenetic. -- Phre*net"ic*al*ly, adv. PHRENETIC Phre*net"ic, n. Defn: One who is phrenetic. Harvey. PHRENIC Phren"ic, a.Etym: [Gr. phrénique.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the diaphragm; diaphragmatic; as, the phrenic nerve. PHRENICS Phren"ics, n. Defn: That branch of science which relates to the mind; mental philosophy. [R.] PHRENISM Phre"nism, n. Etym: [See Phrenic.] (Biol.) Defn: See Vital force, under Vital. PHRENITIS Phre*ni"tis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the brain, or of the meninges of the brain, attended with acute fever and delirium; -- called also cephalitis. 2. See Frenzy. PHRENOGRAPH Phre"no*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for registering the movements of the diaphragm, or midriff, in respiration. PHRENOLOGER Phre*nol"o*ger, n. Defn: A phrenologist. PHRENOLOGIC Phren`o*log"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phrénologique.] Defn: Phrenological. PHRENOLOGICAL Phren`o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to phrenology. -- Phren`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. PHRENOLOGIST Phre*nol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. phrénologiste.] Defn: One versed in phrenology; a craniologist. PHRENOLOGY Phre*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. phrénologie.] 1. The science of the special functions of the several parts of the brain, or of the supposed connection between the various faculties of the mind and particular organs in the brain. 2. In popular usage, the physiological hypothesis of Gall, that the mental faculties, and traits of character, are shown on the surface of the head or skull; craniology. Note: Gall marked out on his model of the head the places of twenty- six organs, as round inclosures with vacant interspaces. Spurzheim and Combe divided the whole scalp into oblong and conterminous patches. Encyc. Brit. PHRENOMAGNETISM Phre`no*mag"net*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. magnetism.] Defn: The power of exciting the organs of the brain by magnetic or mesmeric influence. PHRENOSIN Phre"no*sin, n. Etym: [See Phrenic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous body, related to cerebrin, supposed to exist in the brain. PHRENSIED Phren"sied, p. p. & a. Defn: See Frenzied. PHRENSY Phren"sy, n. Defn: Violent and irrational excitement; delirium. See Frenzy. PHRENSY Phren"sy, v. t. Defn: To render frantic. PHRENTIC Phren"tic, n. & a. Defn: See Phrenetic. [Obs.] PHRYGANEID Phry*ga"ne*id, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any insect belonging to the Phryganeides. PHRYGANEIDES Phryg`a*ne"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Phryganea, the typical genus, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of neuropterous insects which includes the caddice flies; -- called also Trichoptera. See Trichoptera. [Written also Phryganides.] PHRYGIAN Phryg"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Phrygius, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Phrygia, or to its inhabitants. Phrygian mode (Mus.), one of the ancient Greek modes, very bold and vehement in style; -- so called because fabled to have been invented by the Phrygian Marsyas. Moore (Encyc. of Music). -- Phrygian stone, a light, spongy stone, resembling a pumice, -- used by the ancients in dyeing, and said to be drying and astringent. PHRYGIAN Phryg"i*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Phrygia. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A Montanist. PHRYGIAN CAP Phryg"i*an cap`. Defn: A close-fitting cap represented in Greek art as worn by Orientals, assumed to have been conical in shape. It has been adopted in modern art as the so-called liberty cap, or cap of liberty. PHTHALATE Phthal"ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of phthalic acid. PHTHALEIN Phthal"e*in, n. Etym: [See Phthalic.] (Chem.) Defn: One of a series of artificial organic dyes made as condensation products of the phenols with phthalic acid, and well represented by phenol phthaleïn. Their alkaline solutions are fluorescent. Phenol phthalein, a white or yellowish white crystalline substance made from phthalic acid and phenol. Its solution in alkalies is brilliant red, but is decolorized by acids, and as this reaction is exceedingly delicate it is used as an indicator. PHTHALIC Phthal"ic, a. Etym: [Naphthalene + -ic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a dibasic acid obtained by the oxidation of naphthalene and allied substances. Phthalic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, C6H4.(CO2H)2, analogous to benzoic acid, and employed in the brilliant dyestuffs called the phthaleins. PHTHALIDE Phthal"ide, n. Etym: [Phthalyl + anhydride.] (Chem.) Defn: A lactone obtained by reduction of phthalyl chloride, as a white crystalline substance; hence, by extension, any one of the series of which phthalide proper is the type. [Written also phthalid.] PHTHALIMIDE Phthal"i*mide, n. Etym: [Phthalic + imide.] (Chem.) Defn: An imido derivative of phthalic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, C6H4.(CO)2NH, which has itself (like succinimide) acid properties, and forms a series of salts. Cf. Imido acid, under Imido. PHTHALIN Phthal"in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless crystalline substance obtained by reduction from phthaleïn, into which it is easily converted by oxidation; hence, any one of the series of which phthalin proper is the type. PHTHALYL Phthal"yl, n. Etym: [Phthalic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical of phthalic acid. PHTHIRIASIS Phthi*ri"a*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A disease (morbus pediculous) consisting in the excessive multiplication of lice on the human body. PHTHISIC Phthis"ic, n. Defn: Same as Phthisis. PHTHISICAL Phthis"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. phthisicus, Gr. phthisique. See Phthisis.] Defn: Of or pertaining to phthisis; affected with phthisis; wasting; consumptive. PHTHISICKY Phthis"ick*y, a. Defn: Having phthisis, or some symptom of it, as difficulty in breathing. PHTHISIOLOGY Phthis`i*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phthisis + -logy.] (Med.) Defn: A treatise on phthisis. Dunglison. PHTHISIPNEUMONIA; PHTHISIPNEUMONY Phthis`ip*neu*mo"ni*a, Phthis`ip*neu"mo*ny, n. Etym: [NL. See Phthisis, Pneumonia.] (Med.) Defn: Pulmonary consumption. PHTHISIS Phthi"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. phthisie.] (Med.) Defn: A wasting or consumption of the tissues. The term was formerly applied to many wasting diseases, but is now usually restricted to pulmonary phthisis, or consumption. See Consumption. Fibroid phthisis. See under Fibroid. PHTHONGAL Phthon"gal, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Formed into, or characterized by, voice; vocalized; -- said of all the vowels and the semivowels, also of the vocal or sonant consonants g, d, b, l, r, v, z, etc. PHTHONGAL Phthon"gal, n. Defn: A vocalized element or letter. PHTHONGOMETER Phthon*gom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring vocal sounds. Whewell. PHTHOR Phthor, n. Etym: [F. phthore, Gr. (Old Chem.) Defn: Fluorine. [Written also phthor.] PHYCITE Phy"cite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: See Erythrite, 1. PHYCOCHROME Phy"co*chrome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A bluish green coloring matter of certain algæ. PHYCOCYANIN; PHYCOCYANINE Phy`co*cy"a*nin, Phy`co*cy"a*nine, n. Etym: [Gr. cyanin.] Defn: A blue coloring matter found in certain algæ. PHYCOERYTHRIN; PHYCOERYTHRINE Phy`co*e*ryth"rin, Phy`co*e*ryth"rine, n. Etym: [Gr. erythrin, -ine.] Defn: A red coloring matter found in algæ of the subclass Florideæ. PHYCOGRAPHY Phy*cog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A description of seaweeds. PHYCOLOGY Phy*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of algæ, or seaweeds; algology. PHYCOMATER Phy`co*ma"ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. mater mother.] (Bot.) Defn: A gelatin in which the algæ spores have been supposed to vegetate. PHYCOMYCETES Phy`co*my*ce"tes, n. pl. [NL.; Gr. seaweed + mycetes.] (Bot.) Defn: A large, important class of parasitic or saprophytic fungi, the algal or algalike fungi. The plant body ranges from an undifferentiated mass of protoplasm to a well-developed and much- branched mycelium. Reproduction is mainly sexual, by the formation of conidia or sporangia; but the group shows every form of transition from this method through simple conjugation to perfect sexual reproduction by egg and sperm in the higher forms. -- Phy`co*my*ce"tous (#), a. PHYCOPHAEINE Phy`co*phæ"ine, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A brown coloring matter found in certain algæ. PHYCOXANTHIN; PHYCOXANTHINE Phy`co*xan"thin, Phy`co*xan"thine, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A yellowish coloring matter found in certain algæ. PHYLACTER Phy*lac"ter, n. Defn: A phylactery. Sandys. PHYLACTERED Phy*lac"tered, a. Defn: Wearing a phylactery. PHYLACTERIC; PHYLACTERICAL Phyl`ac*ter"ic, Phyl`ac*ter"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to phylacteries. PHYLACTERY Phy*lac"ter*y, n.; pl. Phylacteries. Etym: [OE. filateri, OF. filatire, filatiere, F. phylactère, L. phylacterium, Gr. Philatory.] 1. Any charm or amulet worn as a preservative from danger or disease. 2. A small square box, made either of parchment or of black calfskin, containing slips of parchment or vellum on which are written the scriptural passages Exodus xiii. 2-10, and 11-17, Deut. vi. 4-9, 13- 22. They are worn by Jews on the head and left arm, on week-day mornings, during the time of prayer. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. 3. Among the primitive Christians, a case in which the relics of the dead were inclosed. PHYLACTOCARP Phy*lac"to*carp, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A branch of a plumularian hydroid specially modified in structure for the protection of the gonothecæ. PHYLACTOLAEMA; PHYLACTOLAEMATA Phy*lac`to*læ"ma, Phy*lac`to*læ"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fresh-water Bryozoa in which the tentacles are arranged on a horseshoe-shaped lophophore, and the mouth is covered by an epistome. Called also Lophopoda, and hippocrepians. PHYLACTOLAEMATOUS Phy*lac`to*læ"ma*tous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Phylactolæma. PHYLACTOLEMA; PHYLACTOLEMATA Phy*lac`to*le"ma, Phy*lac`to*le"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Phylactolæma. PHYLARCH Phy"larch, n. Etym: [L. phylarchus, Gr. Phyle, and -arch.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: The chief of a phyle, or tribe. PHYLARCHY Phy"larch*y, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The office of a phylarch; government of a class or tribe. PHYLE Phy"le, n.; pl. Phylæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A local division of the people in ancient Athens; a clan; a tribe. PHYLLITE Phyl"lite, n. Etym: [See Phylo-.] (Min.) (a) A mineral related to ottrelite. (b) Clay slate; argillaceous schist. PHYLLO- Phyl"lo-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. a leaf; as, phyllopod, phyllotaxy. PHYLLOBRANCHIA Phyl`lo*bran"chi*a, n.; pl. Phyllobranciæ. Etym: [NL. See Phyllo-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A crustacean gill composed of lamellæ. PHYLLOCLADIUM Phyl`lo*cla"di*um, n.; pl. Phyllocladia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A flattened stem or branch which more or less resembles a leaf, and performs the function of a leaf as regards respiration and assimilation. PHYLLOCYANIN Phyl`lo*cy"a*nin, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + cyanin.] (Chem.) Defn: A blue coloring matter extracted from chlorophyll. [Written also phyllocyanine.] PHYLLOCYST Phyl"lo*cyst, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + cyst.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The cavity of a hydrophyllium. PHYLLODE Phyl"lode, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Phyllodium. PHYLLODINEOUS Phyl`lo*din"eous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having phyllodia; relating to phyllodia. PHYLLODIUM Phyl*lo"di*um, n.; pl. Phyllodia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A petiole dilated into the form of a blade, and usually with vertical edges, as in the Australian acacias. PHYLLODY Phyl"lo*dy, n. Etym: [See Phyllodium.] (Bot.) Defn: A retrograde metamorphosis of the floral organs to the condition of leaves. PHYLLOID Phyl"loid, a. Etym: [Phyllo- + -oid.] Defn: Resembling a leaf. PHYLLOMANIA Phyl`lo*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + mania.] (Bot.) Defn: An abnormal or excessive production of leaves. PHYLLOME Phyl"lome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A foliar part of a plant; any organ homologous with a leaf, or produced by metamorphosis of a leaf. PHYLLOMORPHOSIS Phyl`lo*mor*pho"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Phyllo-, Morphosis.] (Bot.) Defn: The succession and variation of leaves during different seasons. R. Brown. PHYLLOPHAGAN Phyl*loph"a*gan, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) One of a group of marsupials including the phalangists. (b) One of a tribe of beetles which feed upon the leaves of plants, as the chafers. PHYLLOPHAGOUS Phyl*loph"a*gous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Substituting on leaves; leaf-eating. PHYLLOPHOROUS Phyl*loph"o*rous, a. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Leaf-bearing; producing leaves. PHYLLOPOD Phyl"lo*pod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Phyllopoda. Note: [Also used adjectively.] PHYLLOPODA Phyl*lop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Entomostraca including a large number of species, most of which live in fresh water. They have flattened or leaflike legs, often very numerous, which they use in swimming. Called also Branchiopoda. Note: In some, the body is covered with a bivalve shell (Holostraca); in others, as Apus, by a shield-shaped carapace (Monostraca); in others, like Artemia, there is no carapace, and the body is regularly segmented. Sometimes the group is made to include also the Cladocera. PHYLLOPODOUS Phyl*lop"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Phyllopoda. PHYLLORHINE Phyl"lo*rhine, a. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Phyllorhina and other related genera of bats that have a leaflike membrane around the nostrils. PHYLLOSOMA Phyl`lo*so"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Phyllo-, and -some body.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of the spiny lobsters (Palinurus and allied genera). Its body is remarkably thin, flat, and transparent; the legs are very long. Called also glass-crab, and glass-shrimp. PHYLLOSTOME Phyl"lo*stome, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bat of the genus Phyllostoma, or allied genera, having large membranes around the mouth and nose; a nose-leaf bat. PHYLLOSTOMID Phyl*los"to*mid, n. Defn: A phyllostome. PHYLLOTACTIC Phyl`lo*tac"tic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to phyllotaxy. PHYLLOTAXY; PHYLLOTAXIS Phyl"lo*tax`y, Phyl"lo*tax`is, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The order or arrangement of leaves on the stem; the science of the relative position of leaves. PHYLLOUS Phyl"lous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Homologous with a leaf; as, the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils are phyllous organs. PHYLLOXANTHIN Phyl`lo*xan"thin, n. Etym: [Phyllo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A yellow coloring matter extracted from chlorophyll. PHYLLOXERA Phyl`lox*e"ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small hemipterous insect (Phylloxera vastatrix) allied to the aphids. It attacks the roots and leaves of the grapevine, doing great damage, especially in Europe. Note: It exists in several forms, some of which are winged, other wingless. One form produces galls on the leaves and twigs, another affects the roots, causing galls or swellings, and often killing the vine. 2. The diseased condition of a vine caused by the insect just described. PHYLOGENESIS; PHYLOGENY Phy`lo*gen"e*sis, Phy*log"e*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. genesis, or root of Gr. Defn: The history of genealogical development; the race history of an animal or vegetable type; the historic exolution of the phylon or tribe, in distinction from ontogeny, or the development of the individual organism, and from biogenesis, or life development generally. PHYLOGENETIC Phy*lo*ge*net"ic, a. Defn: Relating to phylogenesis, or the race history of a type of organism. -- Phy*lo*ge*net"ic*al*ly, adv. PHYLON Phy"lon, n.; pl. Phyla. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A tribe. PHYLUM Phy"lum, n.; pl. Phyla. Etym: [NL. See Phylon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the larger divisions of the animal kingdom; a branch; a grand division. PHYMA Phy"ma, n.; pl. Phymata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A tubercle on any external part of the body. PHYSA Phy"sa, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fresh-water Pulmonifera, having reversed spiral shells. See Pond snail, under Pond. PHYSALIA Phy*sa"li*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large oceanic Siphonophora which includes the Portuguese man-of-war. Note: It has a large air sac, or float, with a sail-like crest on its upper side. Numerous zooids of different kinds are attached to the under side of the float. Some of the zooids have very long tentacles; some have a mouth and digest food; others produce gonophores. The American species (Physalia arethusa) is brilliantly colored, the float being pink or purple, and bright blue; the zooids blue. It is noted for its virulent stinging powers, as well as for its beautiful colors, graceful motions, and its ability to sail to windward. PHYSALIAE Phy*sa"li*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Siphonophora which includes Physalia. PHYSEMARIA Phys`e*ma"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of simple marine organisms, usually classed as the lowest of the sponges. They have inflated hollow bodies. PHYSETER Phy*se"ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. physétère.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The genus that includes the sperm whale. 2. A filtering machine operated by air pressure. PHYSIANTHROPY Phys`i*an"thro*py, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The philosophy of human life, or the doctrine of the constitution and diseases of man, and their remedies. PHYSIC Phys"ic, n. Etym: [OE. phisike, fisike, OF. phisique, F. physique knowledge of nature, physics, L. physica, physice, fr. Gr. be. See Be, and cf. Physics, Physique.] 1. The art of healing diseases; the science of medicine; the theory or practice of medicine. "A doctor of physik." Chaucer. 2. A specific internal application for the cure or relief of sickness; a remedy for disease; a medicine. 3. Specifically, a medicine that purges; a cathartic. 4. A physician. [R.] Shak. Physic nut (Bot.), a small tropical American euphorbiaceous tree (Jatropha Curcas), and its seeds, which are well flavored, but contain a drastic oil which renders them dangerous if eaten in large quantities. PHYSIC Phys"ic, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Physiced; p. pr. & vb. n. Physicking.] 1. To treat with physic or medicine; to administer medicine to, esp. a cathartic; to operate on as a cathartic; to purge. 2. To work on as a remedy; to heal; to cure. The labor we delight in physics pain. Shak. A mind diseased no remedy can physic. Byron. PHYSICAL Phys"ic*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to nature (as including all created existences); in accordance with the laws of nature; also, of or relating to natural or material things, or to the bodily structure, as opposed to things mental, moral, spiritual, or imaginary; material; natural; as, armies and navies are the physical force of a nation; the body is the physical part of man. Labor, in the physical world, is . . . employed in putting objects in motion. J. S. Mill. A society sunk in ignorance, and ruled by mere physical force. Macaulay. 2. Of or pertaining to physics, or natural philosophy; treating of, or relating to, the causes and connections of natural phenomena; as, physical science; physical laws. "Physical philosophy." Pope. 3. Perceptible through a bodily or material organization; cognizable by the senses; external; as, the physical, opposed to chemical, characters of a mineral. 4. Of or pertaining to physic, or the art of medicine; medicinal; curative; healing; also, cathartic; purgative. [Obs.] "Physical herbs." Sir T. North. Is Brutus sick and is it physical To walk unbraced, and suck up the humors Of the dank morning Shak. Physical astronomy, that part of astronomy which treats of the causes of the celestial motions; specifically, that which treats of the motions resulting from universal gravitation. -- Physical education, training of the bodily organs and powers with a view to the promotion of health and vigor. -- Physical examination (Med.), an examination of the bodily condition of a person. -- Physical geography. See under Geography. -- Physical point, an indefinitely small portion of matter; a point conceived as being without extension, yet having physical properties, as weight, inertia, momentum, etc.; a material point. -- Physical signs (Med.), the objective signs of the bodily state afforded by a physical examination. PHYSICALLY Phys"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a physical manner; according to the laws of nature or physics; by physical force; not morally. I am not now treating physically of light or colors. Locke. 2. According to the rules of medicine. [Obs.] He that lives physically must live miserably. Cheyne. PHYSICIAN Phy*si"cian, n. Etym: [OE. fisician, fisicien, OF. physucien, a physician, in F., a natural philosopher, an experimentalist in physics. See Physic.] 1. A person skilled in physic, or the art of healing; one duty authorized to prescribe remedies for, and treat, diseases; a doctor of medicine. 2. Hence, figuratively, one who ministers to moral diseases; as, a physician of the soul. PHYSICIANED Phy*si"cianed, a. Defn: Licensed as a physician. [Obs.] "A physicianed apothecary." Walpole. PHYSICISM Phys"i*cism, n. Defn: The tendency of the mind toward, or its preoccupation with, physical phenomena; materialism in philosophy and religion. Anthropomorphism grows into theology, while physicism (if I may so call it) develops into science. Huxley. PHYSICIST Phys"i*cist, n. Defn: One versed in physics. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A believer in the theory that the fundamental phenomena of life are to be explained upon purely chemical and physical principles; -- opposed to vitalist. PHYSICKING Phys"ick*ing, Defn: p. pr. & vb. n. fr. Physic, v. t. PHYSICO- Phys"i*co-. Etym: [Fr. Gr. Defn: A combining form, denoting relation to, or dependence upon, natural causes, or the science of physics. PHYSICOCHEMICAL Phys`i*co*chem"ic*al, a. Etym: [Physico- + chemical.] Defn: Involving the principles of both physics and chemistry; dependent on, or produced by, the joint action of physical and chemical agencies. Huxley. PHYSICOLOGIC Phys`i*co*log"ic, n. Etym: [Physico- + logic.] Defn: Logic illustrated by physics. PHYSICOLOGICAL Phys`i*co*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to physicologic. Swift. PHYSICOLOGY Phys`i*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Physico- + -logy.] Defn: Physics. [R.] -- Phys`i*col"o*gist, n. [R.] PHYSICO-MATHEMATICS Phys`i*co-math`e*mat"ics, n. Etym: [Physico- + mathematics.] Defn: Mixed mathematics. PHYSICO-PHILOSOPHY Phys`i*co-phi*los"o*phy, n. Etym: [Physico- + philosophy.] Defn: The philosophy of nature. PHYSICO-THEOLOGY Phys`i*co-the*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Physico- + theology.] Defn: Theology or divinity illustrated or enforced by physics or natural philosophy. PHYSICS Phys"ics, n. Etym: [See Physic.] Defn: The science of nature, or of natural objects; that branch of science which treats of the laws and properties of matter, and the forces acting upon it; especially, that department of natural science which treats of the causes (as gravitation, heat, light, magnetism, electricity, etc.) that modify the general properties of bodies; natural philosophy. Note: Chemistry, though a branch of general physics, is commonly treated as a science by itself, and the application of physical principles which it involves constitute a branch called chemical physics, which treats more especially of those physical properties of matter which are used by chemists in defining and distinguishing substances. PHYSIOCRAT Phys"i*o*crat, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One of the followers of Quesnay of France, who, in the 18th century, founded a system of political economy based upon the supremacy of natural order. F. A. Walker. -- Phys`i*o*crat"ic, a. PHYSIOGENY Phys`i*og"e*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The germ history of the functions, or the history of the development of vital activities, in the individual, being one of the branches of ontogeny. See Morphogeny. Haeckel. PHYSIOGNOMER Phys`i*og"no*mer, n. Defn: Physiognomist. PHYSIOGNOMIC; PHYSIOGNOMICAL Phys`i*og*nom"ic, Phys`i*og*nom"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. physiognomonique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to physiognomy; according with the principles of physiognomy. -- Phys`i*og*nom"ic*al*ly, adv. PHYSIOGNOMIST Phys`i*og*nom"ist, n. Defn: Same as Physiognomy, 1. PHYSIOGNOMIST Phys`i*og"no*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. physiognomiste.] 1. One skilled in physiognomy. Dryden. 2. One who tells fortunes by physiognomy. Holland. PHYSIOGNOMIZE Phys`i*og"no*mize, v. t. Defn: To observe and study the physiognomy of. [R.] Southey. PHYSIOGNOMMONIC Phys`i*og`no*mmon"ic, a. Defn: Physiognomic. PHYSIOGNOMY Phys`i*og"no*my, n.; pl. Physiognomies. Etym: [OE. fisonomie, phisonomie, fisnamie, OF. phisonomie, F. physiognomie, physiognomonie, from Gr. Physic, and Know, and cf. Phiz.] 1. The art and science of discovering the predominant temper, and other characteristic qualities of the mind, by the outward appearance, especially by the features of the face. 2. The face or countenance, with respect to the temper of the mind; particular configuration, cast, or expression of countenance, as denoting character. 3. The art telling fortunes by inspection of the features. [Obs.] Bale. 4. The general appearance or aspect of a thing, without reference to its scientific characteristics; as, the physiognomy of a plant, or of a meteor. PHYSIOGONY Phys`i*og"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The birth of nature. [R.] Coleridge. PHYSIOGRAPHIC; PHYSIOGRAPHICAL Phys`i*o*graph"ic, Phys`i*o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. physiographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to physiography. PHYSIOGRAPHY Phys`i*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. physiographie.] Defn: The science which treats of the earth's exterior physical features, climate, life, etc., and of the physical movements or changes on the earth's surface, as the currents of the atmosphere and ocean, the secular variations in heat, moisture, magnetism, etc.; physical geography. PHYSIOLATRY Phys`i*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The worship of the powers or agencies of nature; materialism in religion; nature worship. "The physiolatry of the Vedas." M. Williams. PHYSIOLOGER Phys`i*ol"o*ger, n. Defn: A physiologist. PHYSIOLOGIC Phys`i*o*log"ic, a. Etym: [L. physiologicus, Gr. physiologique.] Defn: Physiological. PHYSIOLOGICAL Phys`i*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to physiology; relating to the science of the functions of living organism; as, physiological botany or chemistry. PHYSIOLOGICALLY Phys`i*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a physiological manner. PHYSIOLOGIST Phys`i*ol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. physiologiste.] Defn: One who is versed in the science of physiology; a student of the properties and functions of animal and vegetable organs and tissues. PHYSIOLOGIZE Phys`i*ol"o*gize, v. i. Defn: To speculate in physiology; to make physiological investigations. Cudworth. PHYSIOLOGY Phys`i*ol"o*gy, n.; pl. Physiologies. Etym: [L. physiologia, Gr. physiologie.] 1. The science which treats of the phenomena of living organisms; the study of the processes incidental to, and characteristic of, life. Note: It is divided into animal and vegetable physiology, dealing with animal and vegetable life respectively. When applied especially to a study of the functions of the organs and tissues in man, it is called human physiology. 2. A treatise on physiology. Mental physiology, the science of the functions and phenomena of the mind, as distinguished from a philosophical explanation of the same. PHYSIOPHYLY Phys`i*oph"y*ly, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The tribal history of the functions, or the history of the paleontological development of vital activities, -- being a branch of phylogeny. See Morphophyly. Haeckel. PHYSIQUE Phy*sique", n. Etym: [F. See Physic.] Defn: The natural constitution, or physical structure, of a person. With his white hair and splendid physique. Mrs. Stowe. PHYSNOMY Phys"no*my, n. Defn: Physiogmony. [Obs.] PHYSOCLIST Phys"o*clist, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Physoclisti. PHYSOCLISTI Phys`o*clis"ti, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of teleost in which the air bladder has no opening. PHYSOGRADE Phys"o*grade, n. Etym: [Gr. gradi to walk, go.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any siphonophore which has an air sac for a float, as the Physalia. PHYSOPHORAE Phy*soph"o*ræ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Siphonophora, furnished with an air sac, or float, and a series of nectocalyces. See Illust. under Nectocalyx. PHYSOPOD Phy"so*pod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Physopoda; a thrips. PHYSOPODA Phy*sop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Thysanoptera. PHYSOSTIGMINE Phy`so*stig"mine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid found in the Calabar bean (the seed of Physostigma venenosum), and extracted as a white, tasteless, substance, amorphous or crystalline; -- formerly called eserine, with which it was regarded as identical. PHYSOSTOMI Phy*sos"to*mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes in which the air bladder is provided with a duct, and the ventral fins, when present, are abdominal. It includes the salmons, herrings, carps, catfishes, and others. PHYSOSTOMOUS Phy*sos"to*mous, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a duct to the air bladder. (b) Pertaining to the Physostomi. PHYTELEPHAS Phy*tel"e*phas, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of South American palm trees, the seeds of which furnish the substance called vegetable ivory. PHYTIVOROUS Phy*tiv"o*rous, a. Etym: [Phyto- + L. vorare to eat greedily.] Defn: Feeding on plants or herbage; phytophagous; as, phytivorous animals. Ray. PHYTO- Phy"to-. Etym: [See Physic.] Defn: A combining form from Gr. fyto`n a plant; as, phytochemistry, phytography. PHYTOCHEMICAL Phy`to*chem"ic*al, a. Defn: Relating to phytochemistry. R. Hunt. PHYTOCHEMISTRY Phy"to*chem"is*try, n. Etym: [Phyto- + chemistry.] Defn: Chemistry in its relation to vegetable bodies; vegetable chemistry. R. Hunt. PHYTOCHIMY Phy*toch"i*my, n. Etym: [F. phytochimie; Gr. chimie chemistry.] Defn: Phytochemistry. [Obsoles.] PHYTOGENESIS; PHYTOGENY Phy`to*gen"e*sis, Phy*tog"e*ny, n. Etym: [Phyto- + genesis, or root of Gr. Defn: The doctrine of the generation of plants. PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL Phy`to*ge"o*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to phytogeography. PHYTOGEOGRAPHY Phy`to*ge*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + geography.] Defn: The geographical distribution of plants. PHYTOGLYPHIC Phy`to*glyph"ic, a. Defn: Relating to phytoglyphy. PHYTOGLYPHY Phy*tog"ly*phy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + Gr. Defn: See Nature printing, under Nature. PHYTOGRAPHICAL Phy`to*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phytographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to phytography. PHYTOGRAPHY Phy*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + -graphy: cf. F. phytographie.] Defn: The science of describing plants in a systematic manner; also, a description of plants. PHYTOID Phy"toid, a. Etym: [Phyto- + -oid.] Defn: Resembling a plant; plantlike. PHYTOLACCA Phy`to*lac"ca, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. lacca lac.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbaceous plants, some of them having berries which abound in intensely red juice; poke, or pokeweed. PHYTOLITE Phy"to*lite, n. Etym: [Phyto- + -lite: cf. F. phytolithe.] Defn: An old name for a fossil plant. PHYTOLITHOLOGIST Phy`to*li*thol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in phytolithology; a paleobotanist. PHYTOLITHOLOGY Phy`to*li*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + lithology.] Defn: The branch of science which treats of fossil plants; -- usually called paleobotany, sometimes paleophytology. PHYTOLOGICAL Phy`to*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. phytologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to phytology; botanical. PHYTOLOGIST Phy*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One skilled in phytology; a writer on plants; a botanist. Evelyn. PHYTOLOGY Phy*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + -logy: cf. F. phytologie.] Defn: The science of plants; a description of the kinds and properties of plants; botany. Sir T. Browne. PHYTOMER; PHYTOMERON Phy"to*mer, Phy*tom"e*ron, n. Etym: [NL. phytomeron, fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: An organic element of a flowering plant; a phyton. PHYTON Phy"ton, n.; pl. Phytons. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: One of the parts which by their repetition make up a flowering plant, each being a single joint of a stem with its leaf or leaves; a phytomer. PHYTONOMY Phy*ton"o*my, n. Etym: [Phyto- + Gr. phytonomie.] Defn: The science of the origin and growth of plants. PHYTOPATHOLOGIST Phy`to*pa*thol"o*gist, n. Defn: One skilled in diseases of plants. PHYTOPATHOLOGY Phy`to*pa*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + pathology.] Defn: The science of diseases to which plants are liable. PHYTOPHAGA Phy*toph"a*ga, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Hymenoptera; the sawflies. PHYTOPHAGIC Phy`to*phag"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Phytophagous. PHYTOPHAGOUS Phy*toph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Phyto- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Feeding on plants; herbivorous; as, a phytophagous animal. PHYTOPHAGY Phy*toph"a*gy, n. Defn: The eating of plants. PHYTOPHYSIOLOGY Phy`to*phys`i*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Phyto- + physiology.] Defn: Vegetable physiology. PHYTOTOMIST Phy*tot"o*mist, n. Defn: One versed in phytotomy. PHYTOTOMY Phy*tot"o*my, n. Etym: [Phyto- + Gr. Defn: The dissection of plants; vegetable anatomy. PHYTOZOARIA Phy`to*zo*a"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Phytozoön.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Infusoria. PHYTOZOON; PHYTOZOOEN Phy`to*zo"ön, n.; pl. Phytozoa. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A plantlike animal. The term is sometimes applied to zoöphytes. PHYZ Phyz, n. Defn: See Phiz. PI Pi, n. Etym: [See Pica, Pie magpie, service-book.] (Print.) Defn: A mass of type confusedly mixed or unsorted. [Written also pie.] PI Pi, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pied; p. pr. & vb. n. Pieing.] (Print.) Defn: To put into a mixed and disordered condition, as type; to mix and disarrange the type of; as, to pi a form. [Written also pie.] PIACABA Pi*aç"a*ba, n. Defn: See Piassava. PIACLE Pi"a*cle, n. Etym: [L. piaculum a propitiatory sacrifice, that which requires expiation, a wicked action, fr. piare to appease, to expiate, pius pious.] Defn: A heinous offense which requires expiation. [R.] Howell. PIACULAR Pi*ac"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. piacularis: cf. F. piaculaire.] 1. Expiatory; atoning. Sir G. C. Lewis. 2. Requiring expiation; criminal; atrociously bad. "Piacular pollution." De Quincey. PIACULARITY Pi*ac`u*lar"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being piacular; criminality; wickedness. De Quincey. PIACULOUS Pi*ac"u*lous, a. Defn: Same as Piacular. PIAL Pi"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the pia mater. PIA MATER Pi"a ma"ter. Etym: [NL., fr. L. pia (fem. of pius tender, kind) + mater mother.] (Anat.) Defn: The delicate and highly vascular membrane immediately investing the brain and spinal cord. PIAN Pian, n. Etym: [Pg. pian, epian, or. Sp. pian; from the native name in South America: cf. F. pian.] (Med.) Defn: The yaws. See Yaws. PIANET Pi"a*net`, n. Etym: [Cf. Pie magpie.] (Zoöl.) (a) The magpie. [Written also pianate, and pyenate.] (b) The lesser woodpecker. [Obs.] Bailey. PIANETTE Pi*a*nette", n. Etym: [Dim. of piano.] (Mus.) Defn: A small piano; a pianino. PIANINO Pi`a*ni"no, n. Etym: [It., dim. of piano, adj. See Piano.] (Mus.) Defn: A pianette, or small piano. PIANISSIMO Pi`a*nis"si*mo, a.Etym: [It., superl. of piano.] (Mus.) Defn: Very soft; -- a direction to execute a passage as softly as possible. (Abbrev. pp.) PIANIST Pi*an"ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pianiste, It. pianista.] Defn: A performer, esp. a skilled performer, on the piano. PIANO Pi*a"no, a. & adv. Etym: [It., even, smooth, soft, fr. L. planus even, level.] (Mus.) Defn: Soft; -- a direction to the performer to execute a certain passage softly, and with diminished volume of tone. (Abbrev. p.) PIANO; PIANOFORTE Pi*an"o, Pi*an"o*for`te, n. Etym: [It. piano soft (fr. L. planus even, smooth; see Plain, a.) + It. forte strong, fr. L. fortis (see Fort).] (Mus.) Defn: A well-known musical instrument somewhat resembling the harpsichord, and consisting of a sreies of wires of graduated length, thickness, and tension, struck by hammers moved by keys. Dumb piano. See Digitorium. -- Grand piano. See under Grand. -- Square piano, one with a horizontal frame and an oblong case. -- Upright piano, one with an upright frame and vertical wires. PIANOGRAPH Pi*an"o*graph, n. Etym: [Piano + -graph.] (Mus.) Defn: A form of melodiograph applied to a piano. PIAPEC Pi"a*pec, n. Etym: [Cf. Pie a magpie.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A West African pie (Ptilostomus Senegalensis). PIARIST Pi"a*rist, n. Etym: [L. pius pious.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: One of a religious order who are the regular clerks of the Scuole Pie (religious schools), an institute of secondary education, founded at Rome in the last years of the 16th century. Addis & Arnold. PIASSAVA Pi*as"sa*va, n. Etym: [Pg. piasaba.] Defn: A fibrous product of two Brazilian palm trees (Attalea funifera and Leopoldinia Piassaba), -- used in making brooms, and for other purposes. Called also piaçaba and piasaba. PIASTER Pi*as"ter, n. Etym: [F. piastre, It. piastra a thin plate of metal, a dollar, LL. piastra, fr. L. emplastrum. See Plaster.] Defn: A silver coin of Spain and various other countries. See Peso. The Spanish piaster (commonly called peso, or peso duro) is of about the value of the American dollar. The Italian piaster, or scudo, was worth from 80 to 100 cents. The Turkish and Egyptian piasters are now worth about four and a half cents. PIASTRE Pi*as"tre, n. Defn: See Piaster. PIATION Pi*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. piatio. See Piacle.] Defn: The act of making atonement; expiation. [Obs.] PIATTI Pi*at"ti, n. pl. Etym: [It., prop., plates.] (Mus.) Defn: Cymbals. [Written also pyatti.] PIAZZA Pi*az"za, n.; pl. Piazzas. Etym: [It., place, square, market place, L. platea street, courtyard. See Place.] Defn: An open square in a European town, especially an Italian town; hence (Arch.), an arcaded and roofed gallery; a portico. In the United States the word is popularly applied to a veranda. We walk by the obelisk, and meditate in piazzas. Jer. Taylor. PIBCORN Pib"corn`, n. Etym: [W. pib pipe + corn horn.] (Mus.) Defn: A wind instrument or pipe, with a horn at each end, -- used in Wales. PIBROCH Pi"broch, n. Etym: [Gael. piobaireachd pipe music, fr. piobair a piper, fr. pioba pipe, bagpipe, from English. See Pipe, n.] Defn: A Highland air, suited to the particular passion which the musician would either excite or assuage; generally applied to those airs that are played on the bagpipe before the Highlanders when they go out to battle. Jamieson. PIC Pic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pic.] Defn: A Turkish cloth measure, varying from 18 to 28 inches. PICA Pi"ca, n. Etym: [L. pica a pie, magpie; in sense 3 prob. named from some resemblance to the colors of the magpie. Cf. Pie magpie.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The genus that includes the magpies. 2. (Med.) Defn: A vitiated appetite that craves what is unfit for food, as chalk, ashes, coal, etc.; chthonophagia. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A service-book. See Pie. [Obs.] 4. (Print.) Defn: A size of type next larger than small pica, and smaller than English. Note: This line is printed in pica Note: Pica is twice the size of nonpareil, and is used as a standard of measurement in casting leads, cutting rules, etc., and also as a standard by which to designate several larger kinds of type, as double pica, two-line pica, four-line pica, and the like. Small pica (Print.), a size of type next larger than long primer, and smaller than pica. Note: This line is printed in small pica PICADOR Pic`a*dor", n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A horseman armed with a lance, who in a bullfight receives the first attack of the bull, and excites him by picking him without attempting to kill him. PICAMAR Pic"a*mar`, n. Etym: [L. pix, picis, pitch + amarus bitter.] (Chem.) Defn: An oily liquid hydrocarbon extracted from the creosote of beechwood tar. It consists essentially of certain derivatives of pyrogallol. PICAPARE Pic"a*pare, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The finfoot. PICARD Pic"ard, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect of Adamites in the fifteenth century; -- so called from one Picard of Flanders. See Adamite. PICARESQUE Pic`a*resque", a. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. picaro rogue.] Defn: Applied to that class of literature in which the principal personage is the Spanish picaro, meaning a rascal, a knave, a rogue, an adventurer. PICARIAE Pi*ca"ri*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. picus a woodpecker.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of birds which includes the woodpeckers, toucans, trogons, hornbills, kingfishers, motmots, rollers, and goatsuckers. By some writers it is made to include also the cuckoos, swifts, and humming birds. PICARIAN Pi*ca"ri*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Picariæ. -- n. Defn: One of the Picariæ. PICAROON Pic`a*roon", n. Etym: [Sp. picaron, aug. of picaro roguish, n., a rogue.] Defn: One who plunders; especially, a plunderer of wrecks; a pirate; a corsair; a marauder; a sharper. Sir W. Temple. PICAYUNE Pic`a*yune", n. Etym: [From the language of the Caribs.] Defn: A small coin of the value of six and a quarter cents. See Fippenny bit. [Local, U.S.] PICAYUNISH Pic`a*yun"ish, a. Defn: Petty; paltry; mean; as, a picayunish business. [Colloq. U.S.] PICCADIL; PICCADILLY Pic"ca*dil, Pic`ca*dil"ly, n. Etym: [OF. piccagilles the several divisions of pieces fastened together about the brim of the collar of a doublet, a dim. fr. Sp. picado, p.p. of picar to prick. See Pike.] Defn: A high, stiff collar for the neck; also, a hem or band about the skirt of a garment, -- worn by men in the 17th century. PICCAGE Pic"cage, n. Etym: [LL. piccadium, fr. F. piquer to prick.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Money paid at fairs for leave to break ground for booths. Ainsworth. PICCALILLI Pic"ca*lil`li, n. Defn: A pickle of various vegetables with pungent species, -- originally made in the East Indies. PICCOLO Pic"co*lo, n. Etym: [It., small.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A small, shrill flute, the pitch of which is an octave higher than the ordinary flute; an octave flute. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A small upright piano. 3. (Mus.) Defn: An organ stop, with a high, piercing tone. PICE Pice, n. Etym: [Hind. paisa] Defn: A small copper coin of the East Indies, worth less than a cent. Malcom. PICEA Pic"e*a, n. Etym: [L., the pitch pine, from pix, picis, pitch.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of coniferous trees of the northen hemisphere, including the Norway spruce and the American black and white spruces. These trees have pendent cones, which do not readily fall to pieces, in this and other respects differing from the firs. PICENE Pi"cene, n. Etym: [See Piceous.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon (C PICEOUS Pic"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. piceus, fr. pix, picis, pitch.] Defn: Of or pertaining to pitch; resembling pitch in color or quality; pitchy. PICHEY Pi"chey, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A Brazilian armadillo (Dasypus minutus); the little armadillo. [Written also pichiy.] PICHICIAGO Pi`chi*ci*a"go, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, burrowing, South American edentate (Chlamyphorus truncatus), allied to the armadillos. The shell is attached only along the back. [Written also pichyciego.] PICHURIM BEAN Pich"u*rim bean`. (Bot.) Defn: The seed of a Brazilian lauraceous tree (Nectandra Puchury) of a taste and smell between those of nutmeg and of sassafras, -- sometimes used medicinally. Called also sassafras nut. PICI Pi"ci, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. picus a woodpecker.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of birds including the woodpeckers and wrynecks. PICIFORM Pi"ci*form, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Piciformes. PICIFORMES Pic`i*for"mes, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Picus, and -Form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of birds including the woodpeckers, toucans, barbets, colies, kingfishes, hornbills, and some other related groups. PICINE Pi"cine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the woodpeckers (Pici), or to the Piciformes. PICK Pick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Picked; p. pr. & vb. n. Picking.] Etym: [OE. picken, pikken, to prick, peck; akin to Icel. pikka, Sw. picka, Dan. pikke, D. pikken, G. picken, F. piquer, W. pigo. Cf. Peck, v., Pike, Pitch to throw.] 1. To throw; to pitch. [Obs.] As high as I could pick my lance. Shak. 2. To peck at, as a bird with its beak; to strike at with anything pointed; to act upon with a pointed instrument; to pierce; to prick, as with a pin. 3. To separate or open by means of a sharp point or points; as, to pick matted wool, cotton, oakum, etc. 4. To open (a lock) as by a wire. 5. To pull apart or away, especially with the fingers; to pluck; to gather, as fruit from a tree, flowers from the stalk, feathers from a fowl, etc. 6. To remove something from with a pointed instrument, with the fingers, or with the teeth; as, to pick the teeth; to pick a bone; to pick a goose; to pick a pocket. Did you pick Master Slender's purse Shak. He picks clean teeth, and, busy as he seems With an old tavern quill, is hungry yet. Cowper. 7. To choose; to select; to separate as choice or desirable; to cull; as, to pick one's company; to pick one's way; -- often with out. "One man picked out of ten thousand." Shak. 8. To take up; esp., to gather from here and there; to collect; to bring together; as, to pick rags; -- often with up; as, to pick up a ball or stones; to pick up information. 9. To trim. [Obs.] Chaucer. To pick at, to tease or vex by pertinacious annoyance. -- To pick a bone with. See under Bone. -- To pick a thank, to curry favor. [Obs.] Robynson (More's Utopia). -- To pick off. (a) To pluck; to remove by picking. (b) To shoot or bring down, one by one; as, sharpshooters pick off the enemy. -- To pick out. (a) To mark out; to variegate; as, to pick out any dark stuff with lines or spots of bright colors. (b) To select from a number or quantity. -- To pick to pieces, to pull apart piece by piece; hence [Colloq.], to analyze; esp., to criticize in detail. -- To pick a quarrel, to give occasion of quarrel intentionally. -- To pick up. (a) To take up, as with the fingers. (b) To get by repeated efforts; to gather here and there; as, to pick up a livelihood; to pick up news.(c) to acquire (an infectious disease); as, to pick up a cold on the airplane. (d) To meet (a person) and induce to accompany one; as, to pick up a date at the mall. [See several other defs in MW10] PICK Pick, v. i. 1. To eat slowly, sparingly, or by morsels; to nibble. Why stand'st thou picking Is thy palate sore Dryden. 2. To do anything nicely or carefully, or by attending to small things; to select something with care. 3. To steal; to pilfer. "To keep my hands from picking and stealing." Book of Com. Prayer. To pick up, to improve by degrees; as, he is picking up in health or business. [Colloq. U.S.] PICK Pick, n. Etym: [F. pic a pickax, a pick. See Pick, and cf. Pike.] 1. A sharp-pointed tool for picking; -- often used in composition; as, a toothpick; a picklock. 2. (Mining & Mech.) Defn: A heavy iron tool, curved and sometimes pointed at both ends, wielded by means of a wooden handle inserted in the middle, -- used by quarrymen, roadmakers, etc.; also, a pointed hammer used for dressing millstones. 3. A pike or spike; the sharp point fixed in the center of a buckler. [Obs.] "Take down my buckler . . . and grind the pick on 't." Beau. & Fl. 4. Choice; right of selection; as, to have one's pick. France and Russia have the pick of our stables. Ld. Lytton. 5. That which would be picked or chosen first; the best; as, the pick of the flock. 6. (Print.) Defn: A particle of ink or paper imbedded in the hollow of a letter, filling up its face, and occasioning a spot on a printed sheet. MacKellar. 7. (Painting) Defn: That which is picked in, as with a pointed pencil, to correct an unevenness in a picture. 8. (Weawing) Defn: The blow which drives the shuttle, -- the rate of speed of a loom being reckoned as so many picks per minute; hence, in describing the fineness of a fabric, a weft thread; as, so many picks to an inch. Pick dressing (Arch.), in cut stonework, a facing made by a pointed tool, leaving the surface in little pits or depressions. -- Pick hammer, a pick with one end sharp and the other blunt, used by miners. PICKABACK Pick"a*back`, adv. Defn: On the back or shoulders; as, to ride pickback. [Written also pickapack, pickback, and pickpack.] A woman stooping to take a child pickaback. R,Jefferies. PICKANINNY Pick"a*nin`ny, n.; pl. Pickaninnies. Etym: [Cf. Sp. pequeño little, young.] Defn: A small child; especially, a negro or mulatto infant. [U.S. & West Indies] PICKAPACK Pick"a*pack`, adv. Defn: Pickaback. PICKAX; PICKAXE Pick"ax`, Pick"axe`, n. Etym: [A corruption of OE. pikois, pikeis, F. picois, fr. pic. See Pick, n.] Defn: A pick with a point at one end, a transverse edge or blade at the other, and a handle inserted at the middle; a hammer with a flattened end for driving wedges and a pointed end for piercing as it strikes. Shak. PICKBACK Pick"back`, adv. Defn: On the back. PICKED Pick"ed, a. 1. Pointed; sharp. "Picked and polished." Chapman. Let the stake be made picked at the top. Mortimer. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a pike or spine on the back; -- said of certain fishes. 3. Carefully selected; chosen; as, picked men. 4. Fine; spruce; smart; precise; dianty. [Obs.] Shak. Picked dogfish. (Zoöl.) See under Dogfish. -- Picked out, ornamented or relieved with lines, or the like, of a different, usually a lighter, color; as, a carriage body dark green, picked out with red. PICKEDNESS Pick"ed*ness, n. 1. The state of being sharpened; pointedness. 2. Fineness; spruceness; smartness. [Obs.] Too much pickedness is not manly. B. Jonson. PICKEER Pick*eer", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pickeered; p. pr. & vb. n. Pickeering.] Etym: [F. picorer to go marauding, orig., to go to steal cattle, ultimately fr. L. pecus, pecoris, cattle; cf. F. picorée, Sp. pecorea robbery committed by straggling soldiers.] Defn: To make a raid for booty; to maraud; also, to skirmish in advance of an army. See Picaroon. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet. PICKEERER Pick*eer"er, n. Defn: One who pickeers. [Obs.] PICKER Pick"er, n. Etym: [From Pick.] 1. One who, or that which, picks, in any sense, -- as, one who uses a pick; one who gathers; a thief; a pick; a pickax; as, a cotton picker. "Pickers and stealers." Shak. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A machine for picking fibrous materials to pieces so as to loosen and separate the fiber. 3. (Weaving) Defn: The piece in a loom which strikes the end of the shuttle, and impels it through the warp. 4. (Ordnance) Defn: A priming wire for cleaning the vent. PICKEREL Pick"er*el, n. Etym: [Dim. of Pike.] [Written also pickerell.] 1. A young or small pike. [Obs.] Bet [better] is, quoth he, a pike than a pickerel. Chaucer. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of freshwater fishes of the genus Esox, esp. the smaller species. (b) The glasseye, or wall-eyed pike. See Wall-eye. Note: The federation, or chain, pickerel (Esox reticulatus) and the brook pickerel (E. Americanus) are the most common American species. They are used for food, and are noted for their voracity. About the Great Lakes the pike is called pickerel. Pickerel weed (Bot.), a blue-flowered aquatic plant (Pontederia cordata) having large arrow- shaped leaves. So called because common in slow-moving waters where pickerel are often found. PICKERING Pick"er*ing, n. Etym: [Probably a corruption of Pickerel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The sauger of the St.Lawrence River. PICKERY Pick"er*y, n. Etym: [From Pick to steal; or perhaps from Pickeer.] Defn: Petty theft. [Scot.] Holinshed. PICKET Pick"et, n. Etym: [F. piquet, properly dim. of pique spear, pike. See Pike, and cf. Piquet.] 1. A stake sharpened or pointed, especially one used in fortification and encampments, to mark bounds and angles; or one used for tethering horses. 2. A pointed pale, used in marking fences. 3. Etym: [Probably so called from the picketing of the horses.] (Mil.) Defn: A detached body of troops serving to guard an army from surprise, and to oppose reconnoitering parties of the enemy; -- called also outlying picket. 4. By extension, men appointed by a trades union, or other labor organization, to intercept outsiders, and prevent them from working for employers with whom the organization is at variance. [Cant] 5. A military punishment, formerly resorted to, in which the offender was forced to stand with one foot on a pointed stake. 6. A game at cards. See Piquet. Inlying picket (Mil.), a detachment of troops held in camp or quarters, detailed to march if called upon. -- Picket fence, a fence made of pickets. See def. 2, above. -- Picket guard (Mil.), a guard of horse and foot, always in readiness in case of alarm. -- Picket line. (Mil.) (a) A position held and guarded by small bodies of men placed at intervals. (b) A rope to which horses are secured when groomed. -- Picketpin, an iron pin for picketing horses. PICKET Pick"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Picketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Picketing.] 1. To fortify with pointed stakes. 2. To inclose or fence with pickets or pales. 3. To tether to, or as to, a picket; as, to picket a horse. 4. To guard, as a camp or road, by an outlying picket. 5. To torture by compelling to stand with one foot on a pointed stake. [Obs.] PICKETEE Pick`e*tee", n. (Bot.) Defn: See Picotee. PICK-FAULT Pick"-fault`, n. Defn: One who seeks out faults. PICKING Pick"ing, n. 1. The act of digging or breaking up, as with a pick. 2. The act of choosing, plucking, or gathering. 3. That which is, or may be, picked or gleaned. 4. Pilfering; also, that which is pilfered. 5. pl. Defn: The pulverized shells of oysters used in making walks. [Eng.] Simmonds. 6. (Mining) Defn: Rough sorting of ore. 7. Overburned bricks. Simmonds. PICKING Pick"ing, a. 1. Done or made as with a pointed tool; as, a picking sound. 2. Nice; careful. [Obs.] was too warm on picking work to dwell. Dryden. Picking peg. (Weaving) See Picker, n., 3. PICKLE Pic"kle, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Picle. PICKLE Pic"kle, n. Etym: [Cf. D. pekel. Probably a dim. fr. Pick, v. t., alluding to the cleaning of the fish.] 1. (a) A solution of salt and water, in which fish, meat, etc., may be preserved or corned; brine. (b) Vinegar, plain or spiced, used for preserving vegetables, fish, eggs, oysters, etc. 2. Any article of food which has been preserved in brine or in vinegar. 3. (Founding) Defn: A bath of dilute sulphuric or nitric acid, etc., to remove burnt sand, scale rust, etc., from the surface of castings, or other articles of metal, or to brighten them or improve their color. 4. A troublesome child; as, a little pickle. [Colloq.] To be in a pickle, to be in disagreeable position; to be in a condition of embarrassment, difficulty, or disorder. "How cam'st thou in this pickle" Shak. -- To put a rod in pickle, to prepare a particular reproof, punishment, or penalty for future application. PICKLE Pic"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pickled; p. pr. & vb. n. Pickling.] 1. To preserve or season in pickle; to treat with some kind of pickle; as, to pickle herrings or cucumbers. 2. To give an antique appearance to; -- said of copies or imitations of paintings by the old masters. PICKLED Pic"kled, a. Defn: Preserved in a pickle. PICKLE-HERRING Pic"kle-her"ring, n. 1. A herring preserved in brine; a pickled herring. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A merry-andrew; a buffoon. [Obs.] Addison. PICKLER Pic"kler, n. Defn: One who makes pickles. PICKLOCK Pick"lock`, n. 1. An instrument for picking locks. Shak. 2. One who picks locks; a thief. "A picklock of secrets." Jer. Taylor. PICK-ME-UP Pick"-me-up`, n. Defn: A stimulant, restorative, or tonic; a bracer. [Colloq.] PICKMIRE Pick"mire`, n. Etym: [So called from its picking its food from the mire.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The pewit, or black-headed gull. [Prov. Eng.] PICKNICK Pick"nick, n. Defn: See Picnic. PICKPACK Pick"pack`, adv. Defn: Pickaback. PICKPENNY Pick"pen`ny, n.; pl. Pickpennies (. Defn: A miser; also, a sharper. Dr. H. More. PICKPOCKET Pick"pock`et, n. Defn: One who steals purses or other articles from pockets. Bentley. PICKPURSE Pick"purse`, n. Defn: One who steals purses, or money from purses. Latimer. Shak. PICKSY Pick"sy, n. Defn: See Pixy. PICKTHANK Pick"thank`, n. Defn: One who strives to put another under obligation; an officious person; hence, a flatterer. Used also adjectively. Smiling pickthanks, and base newsmongers. Shak. PICKTOOTH Pick"tooth`, n. Defn: A toothpick. [Obs.] Swift. PICK-UP; PICKUP Pick"-up, or Pick"up`, n. [Colloq., Cant. or Slang] 1. Act of picking up, as, in various games, the fielding or hitting of a ball just after it strikes the ground. 2. That which picks up; specif.: (Elec.) Defn: = Brush b. 3. One that is picked up, as a meal hastily got up for the occasion, a chance acquaintance, an informal game, etc. PICLE; PICKLE Pi"cle, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. pightel or pingle.] Defn: A small piece of land inclosed with a hedge; a close. [Obs.] [Written also pickle.] PI CLOTH Pi"ña cloth`. Defn: A fine material for ladies' shawls, scarfs, handkerchiefs, etc., made from the fiber of the pineapple leaf, and perhaps from other fibrous tropical leaves. It is delicate, soft, and transparent, with a slight tinge of pale yellow. PI CLOTH Pi`ña cloth. [See Piña.] Defn: A fine fabric for scarfs, handkerchiefs, embroidery, etc., woven from the fiber obtained from the leaf of the sterile pineapple plant. It is delicate, soft, and transparent, with a tinge of pale yellow. PICNIC Pic"nic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. piquenique. See Pick, v., and cf. Knickknack.] Defn: Formerly, an entertainment at which each person contributed some dish to a common table; now, an excursion or pleasure party in which the members partake of a collation or repast (usually in the open air, and from food carried by themselves). PICNIC Pic"nic, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Picnicked; p. pr. & vb. n. Picnicking.] Defn: To go on a picnic, or pleasure excursion; to eat in public fashion. PICNICKER Pic"nick*er, n. Defn: One who takes part in a picnic. PICOID Pi"coid, a. Etym: [Picus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the Pici. PICOLINE Pic"o*line, n. Etym: [L. pix, picis, pitch + oleum oil + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of three isometric bases (C6H7N) related to pyridine, and obtained from bone oil, acrolein ammonia, and coal-tar naphtha, as colorless mobile liquids of strong odor; -- called also methyl pyridine. PICOT Pi`cot", n. [F.] Defn: One of many small loops, as of thread, forming an ornamental border, as on a ribbon. PICOTEE; PICOTINE Pic`o*tee", Pic`o*tine", n. Etym: [F. picoté dotted, picked.] (Bot.) Defn: A variety of carnation having petals of a light color variously dotted and spotted at the edges. PICQUET Pic"quet, n. Defn: See Piquet. PICRA Pi"cra, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The powder of aloes with canella, formerly officinal, employed as a cathartic. PICRATE Pi"crate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of picric acid. PICRIC Pi"cric, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a strong organic acid (called picric acid), intensely bitter. Note: Picric acid is obtained by treating phenol with strong nitric acid, as a brilliant yellow crystalline substance, C6H2(NO2)3.OH. It is used in dyeing silk and wool, and also in the manufacture of explosives, as it is very unstable when heated. Called also trinitrophenol, and formerly carbazotic acid. PICRITE Pic"rite, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Min.) Defn: A dark green igneous rock, consisting largely of chrysolite, with hornblende, augite, biotite, etc. PICROLITE Pic"ro*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.: cf. F. picrolithe.] (Min.) Defn: A fibrous variety of serpentine. PICROMEL Pic"ro*mel, n. Etym: [Gr. picromel.] (Old Chem.) Defn: A colorless viscous substance having a bitter-sweet taste. Note: It was formerly supposed to be the essential principle of the bile, but is now known to be a mixture, principally of salts of glycocholic and taurocholic acids. PICROTOXIN Pic`ro*tox"in, n. Etym: [Gr. toxic + -in.] (Chem.) Defn: A bitter white crystalline substance found in the cocculus indicus. It is a peculiar poisonous neurotic and intoxicant, and consists of a mixture of several neutral substances. PICRYL Pi"cryl, n. Etym: [Picric + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical of picric acid, analogous to phenyl. PICTISH Pict"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Picts; resembling the Picts. "The Pictish peer." Byron. PICTOGRAPH Pic"to*graph, n. Etym: [See Picture, and -graph.] Defn: A picture or hieroglyph representing and expressing an idea. -- Pic`to*graph"ic, a. PICTORIAL Pic*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. pictorius, fr. pictor a painter, fr. pingere to paint. See Paint.] Defn: Of or pertaining to pictures; illustrated by pictures; forming pictures; representing with the clearness of a picture; as, a pictorial dictionary; a pictorial imagination. "Pictorial rhetoric." Ruskin. -- Pic*to"ri*al*ly, adv. PICTORIC; PICTORICAL Pic*tor"ic, Pic*tor"ic*al, a. Defn: Pictorial. [Obs.] PICTS Picts, n. pl.; sing. Pict (. Etym: [L. Picti; cf. AS. Peohtas.] (Ethnol.) Defn: A race of people of uncertain origin, who inhabited Scotland in early times. PICTURA Pic*tu"ra, n. Etym: [L., a painting.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pattern of coloration. PICTURABLE Pic"tur*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being pictured, or represented by a picture. PICTURAL Pic"tur*al, a. Defn: Pictorial. [R.] Sir W. Scott. PICTURAL Pic"tur*al, n. Defn: A picture. [Obs.] Spenser. PICTURE Pic"ture, n. Etym: [L. pictura, fr. pingere, pictum, to paint: cf. F. peinture. See Paint.] 1. The art of painting; representation by painting. [Obs.] Any well-expressed image . . . either in picture or sculpture. Sir H. Wotton. 2. A representation of anything (as a person, a landscape, a building) upon canvas, paper, or other surface, produced by means of painting, drawing, engraving, photography, etc.; a representation in colors. By extension, a figure; a model. Pictures and shapes are but secondary objects. Bacon. The young king's picture . . . in virgin wax. Howell. 3. An image or resemblance; a representation, either to the eye or to the mind; that which, by its likeness, brings vividly to mind some other thing; as, a child is the picture of his father; the man is the picture of grief. My eyes make pictures when they are shut. Coleridge. Note: Picture is often used adjectively, or in forming self- explaining compounds; as, picture book or picture-book, picture frame or picture-frame, picture seller or picture-seller, etc. Picture gallery, a gallery, or large apartment, devoted to the exhibition of pictures. -- Picture red, a rod of metal tube fixed to the walls of a room, from which pictures are hung. -- Picture writing. (a) The art of recording events, or of expressing messages, by means of pictures representing the actions or circumstances in question. Tylor. (b) The record or message so represented; as, the picture writing of the American Indians. Syn. -- Picture, Painting. Every kind of representation by drawing or painting is a picture, whether made with oil colors, water colors, pencil, crayons, or India ink; strictly, a painting is a picture made by means of colored paints, usually applied moist with a brush. PICTURE Pic"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pictured; p. pr. & vb. n. Picturing.] Defn: To draw or paint a resemblance of; to delineate; to represent; to form or present an ideal likeness of; to bring before the mind. "I . . . do picture it in my mind." Spenser. I have not seen him so pictured. Shak. PICTURED Pic"tured, a. Defn: Furnished with pictures; represented by a picture or pictures; as, a pictured scene. PICTURER Pic"tur*er, n. Defn: One who makes pictures; a painter. [R.] Fuller. PICTURESQUE Pic`tur*esque", a. Etym: [It. pittoresco: cf. F. pittoresque. See Pictorial.] Defn: Forming, or fitted to form, a good or pleasing picture; representing with the clearness or ideal beauty appropriate to a picture; expressing that peculiar kind of beauty which is agreeable in a picture, natural or artificial; graphic; vivid; as, a picturesque scene or attitude; picturesque language. What is picturesque as placed in relation to the beautiful and the sublime It is . . . the characteristic pushed into a sensible excess. De Quincey. -- Pic`tur*esque"ly, adv. -- Pic`tur*esque"ness, n. PICTURESQUISH Pic`tur*esqu"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat picturesque. [R.] PICTURIZE Pic"tur*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Picturized; p. pr. & vb. n. Picturizing.] [R.] 1. To picture. 2. To adorn with pictures. PICUL Pic"ul, n. Etym: [Jav. & Malay pikul, fr. pikul to carry on the back, to carry a burden; n., a man's burden.] Defn: A commercial weight varying in different countries and for different commodities. In Borneo it is 135tan. [Written also pecul, and pecal.] PICULET Pic"u*let, n. Etym: [Dim. of Picus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of very small woodpeckers of the genus Picumnus and allied genera. Their tail feathers are not stiff and sharp at the tips, as in ordinary woodpeckers. PICUS Pi"cus, n.; pl. Pici. Etym: [L., a woodpecker.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of woodpeckers, including some of the common American and European species. PIDDLE Pid"dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Piddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Piddling.] Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. pittla to keep picking at, Sw. peta to pick.] 1. To deal in trifles; to concern one's self with trivial matters rather than with those that are important. Ascham. 2. To be squeamishly nice about one's food. Swift. 3. To urinate; -- child's word. PIDDLER Pid"dler, n. Defn: One who piddles. PIDDLING Pid"dling, a. Defn: Trifling; trivial; frivolous; paltry; -- applied to persons and things. The ignoble hucksterage of piddling tithes. Milton. PIDDOCK Pid"dock, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Pholas; a pholad. See Pholas. PIE Pie, n. Etym: [OE. pie, pye; cf. Ir. & Gael. pighe pie, also Gael. pige an earthen jar or pot. Cf. Piggin.] 1. An article of food consisting of paste baked with something in it or under it; as, chicken pie; venison pie; mince pie; apple pie; pumpkin pie. 2. See Camp, n., 5. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Pie crust, the paste of a pie. PIE Pie, n. Etym: [F. pie, L. pica; cf. picus woodpecker, pingere to paint; the bird being perhaps named from its colors. Cf. Pi, Paint, Speight.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A magpie. (b) Any other species of the genus Pica, and of several allied genera. [Written also pye.] 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The service book. 3. (Pritn.) Defn: Type confusedly mixed. See Pi. By cock and pie, an adjuration equivalent to "by God and the service book." Shak. -- Tree pie (Zoöl.), any Asiatic bird of the genus Dendrocitta, allied to the magpie. -- Wood pie. (Zoöl.) See French pie, under French. PIE Pie, v. t. Defn: See Pi. PIEBALD Pie"bald`, a. Etym: [Pie the party-colored bird + bald.] 1. Having spots and patches of black and white, or other colors; mottled; pied. "A piebald steed of Thracian strain." Dryden. 2. Fig.: Mixed. "Piebald languages." Hudibras. PIECE Piece, n. Etym: [OE. pece, F. pièce, LL. pecia, petia, petium, probably of Celtic origin; cf. W. peth a thing, a part, portion, a little, Armor. pez, Gael. & Ir. cuid part, share. Cf. Petty.] 1. A fragment or part of anything separated from the whole, in any manner, as by cutting, splitting, breaking, or tearing; a part; a portion; as, a piece of sugar; to break in pieces. Bring it out piece by piece. Ezek. xxiv. 6. 2. A definite portion or quantity, as of goods or work; as, a piece of broadcloth; a piece of wall paper. 3. Any one thing conceived of as apart from other things of the same kind; an individual article; a distinct single effort of a series; a definite performance; especially: (a) A literary or artistic composition; as, a piece of poetry, music, or statuary. (b) A musket, gun, or cannon; as, a battery of six pieces; a following piece. (c) A coin; as, a sixpenny piece; -- formerly applied specifically to an English gold coin worth 22 shillings. (d) A fact; an item; as, a piece of news; a piece of knowledge. 4. An individual; -- applied to a person as being of a certain nature or quality; often, but not always, used slightingly or in contempt. "If I had not been a piece of a logician before I came to him." Sir P. Sidney. Thy mother was a piece of virtue. Shak. His own spirit is as unsettled a piece as there is in all the world. Coleridge. a piece of cake, a task easily accomplished. a piece of work, a disparaging term for a person considered to have an excess of some undesirable quality; esp. difficult or eccentric person. Piece of ass vulgar term for a woman, considered as a partner in sexual intercourse 5. (Chess) Defn: One of the superior men, distinguished from a pawn. 6. A castle; a fortified building. [Obs.] Spenser. Of a piece, of the same sort, as if taken from the same whole; like; -- sometimes followed by with. Dryden. -- Piece of eight, the Spanish piaster, formerly divided into eight reals. -- To give a piece of one's mind to, to speak plainly, bluntly, or severely to (another). Tackeray. -- Piece broker, one who buys shreds and remnants of cloth to sell again. -- Piece goods, goods usually sold by pieces or fixed portions, as shirtings, calicoes, sheetings, and the like. PIECE Piece, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pieced; p. pr. & vb. n. Piecing.] 1. To make, enlarge, or repair, by the addition of a piece or pieces; to patch; as, to piece a garment; -- often with out. Shak. 2. To unite; to join; to combine. Fuller. His adversaries . . . pieced themselves together in a joint opposition against him. Fuller. PIECE Piece, v. i. Defn: To unite by a coalescence of parts; to fit together; to join. "It pieced better." Bacon. PIECELESS Piece"less, a. Defn: Not made of pieces; whole; entire. PIECELY Piece"ly, adv. Defn: In pieces; piecemeal. [Obs.] PIECEMEAL Piece"meal`, adv. Etym: [OE. pecemele; pece a piece + AS. m, dat. pl. of m part. See Meal a portion.] 1. In pieces; in parts or fragments. "On which it piecemeal brake." Chapman. The beasts will tear thee piecemeal. Tennyson. 2. Piece by piece; by little and little in succession. Piecemeal they win, this acre first, than that. Pope. PIECEMEAL Piece"meal`, a. Defn: Made up of parts or pieces; single; separate. "These piecemeal guilts." Gov. of Tongue. PIECEMEAL Piece"meal`, n. Defn: A fragment; a scrap. R. Vaughan. PIECEMEALED Piece"mealed`, a. Defn: Divided into pieces. PIECENER Piece"ner, n. 1. One who supplies rolls of wool to the slubbing machine in woolen mills. 2. Same as Piecer, 2. PIECER Pie"cer, n. 1. One who pieces; a patcher. 2. A child employed in spinning mill to tie together broken threads. PIECEWORK Piece"work`, n. Defn: Work done by the piece or job; work paid for at a rate based on the amount of work done, rather than on the time employed. The reaping was piecework, at so much per acre. R. Jefferies. PIED Pied, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Pi, or Pie, v. PIED Pied, a. Etym: [From Pie the party-colored bird.] Defn: Variegated with spots of different colors; party-colored; spotted; piebald. "Pied coats." Burton. "Meadows trim with daisies pied." Milton. Pied antelope (Zoöl.), the bontebok. -- Pied-billed grebe (Zoöl.), the dabchick. -- Pied blackbird (Zoöl.), any Asiatic thrush of the genus Turdulus. -- Pied finch (Zoöl.) (a) The chaffinch. (b) The snow bunting. [Prov. Eng.] -- Pied flycatcher (Zoöl.), a common European flycatcher (Ficedula atricapilla). The male is black and white. PIEDMONT Pied"mont, a. Etym: [F. pied foot + mont mountain.] (Geol.) Defn: Noting the region of foothills near the base of a mountain chain. PIEDMONTITE Pied"mont*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A manganesian kind of epidote, from Piedmont. See Epidote. PIEDNESS Pied"ness, n. Defn: The state of being pied. Shak. PIEDOUCHE Pié`douche", n. Etym: [F., fr. It. peduccio console, corbel.] Defn: A pedestal of small size, used to support small objects, as busts, vases, and the like. PIEDSTALL Pied"stall, n. Defn: See Pedestal. [Obs.] PIEMAN Pie"man, n.; pl. Piemen (. Defn: A man who makes or sells pies. PIEND Piend, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. pind a peg.] Defn: See Peen. PIENO Pi*e"no, a. Etym: [It., fr. L. plenus full.] (Mus.) Defn: Full; having all the instruments. PIEPLANT Pie"plant`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Rheum Rhaponticum) the leafstalks of which are acid, and are used in making pies; the garden rhubarb. PIEPOUDRE; PIEPOWDER Pie"pou`dre, Pie"pow`der, n. Etym: [Lit., dustyfoot, i.e., dusty- footed dealers, fr. F. pied foot + poudreux dusty.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: An ancient court of record in England, formerly incident to every fair and market, of which the steward of him who owned or had the toll was the judge. Blackstone. PIER Pier, n. Etym: [OE. pere, OF. piere a stone, F. pierre, fr. L. petra, Gr. Petrify.] 1. (Arch.) (a) Any detached mass of masonry, whether insulated or supporting one side of an arch or lintel, as of a bridge; the piece of wall between two openings. (b) Any additional or auxiliary mass of masonry used to stiffen a wall. See Buttress. 2. A projecting wharf or landing place. Abutment pier, the pier of a bridge next the shore; a pier which by its strength and stability resists the thrust of an arch. -- Pier glass, a mirror, of high and narrow shape, to be put up between windows. -- Pier table, a table made to stand between windows. PIERAGE Pier"age, n. Defn: Same as Wharfage. Smart. PIERCE Pierce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pierced; p. pr. & vb. n. Piercing.] Etym: [OE. percen, F. percer, OF. percier, perchier, parchier; perh. fr. (assumed) LL. pertusiare for pertusare, fr. L. pertundere, pertusum, to beat, push, bore through; per through + tundere to beat: cf. OF. pertuisier to pierce, F. pertuis a hole. Cf. Contuse, Parch, Pertuse.] 1. To thrust into, penetrate, or transfix, with a pointed instrument. "I pierce . . . her tender side." Dryden. 2. To penetrate; to enter; to force a way into or through; to pass into or through; as, to pierce the enemy's line; a shot pierced the ship. 3. Fig.: To penetrate; to affect deeply; as, to pierce a mystery. "Pierced with grief." Pope. Can no prayers pierce thee Shak. PIERCE Pierce, v. i. Defn: To enter; to penetrate; to make a way into or through something, as a pointed instrument does; -- used literally and figuratively. And pierced to the skin, but bit no more. Spenser. She would not pierce further into his meaning. Sir P. Sidney. PIERCEABLE Pierce"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be pierced. PIERCED Pierced, a. Defn: Penetrated; entered; perforated. PIERCEL Pier"cel, n. Etym: [Cf. F. perce.] Defn: A kind of gimlet for making vents in casks; -- called also piercer. PIERCER Pier"cer, n. 1. One who, or that which, pierces or perforates; specifically: (a) An instrument used in forming eyelets; a stiletto. (b) A piercel. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The ovipositor, or sting, of an insect. (b) An insect provided with an ovipositor. PIERCING Pier"cing, a. Defn: Forcibly entering, or adapted to enter, at or by a point; perforating; penetrating; keen; -- used also figuratively; as, a piercing instrument, or thrust. "Piercing eloquence." Shak. -- Pier"cing*ly, adv. -- Pier"cing*ness, n. PIERIAN Pi*e"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Pierius, from Mount Pierus, in Thessaly, sacred to the Muses.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Pierides or Muses. Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring. Pope. PIERID Pi"er*id, n. Etym: [See Peirides.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any butterfly of the genus Pieris and related genera. See Cabbage butterfly, under Cabbage. PIERIDES Pi*er"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Pierian.] (Class. Myth.) Defn: The Muses. PIERRE-PERDU Pierre`-per`du", n. [F. pierre perdue lost stone.] Defn: Blocks of stone or concrete heaped loosely in the water to make a foundation (as for a sea wall), a mole, etc. PIET Pi"et, n. Etym: [Dim. of Pie a magpie: cf. F. piette a smew.] (Zoöl.) (a) The dipper, or watter ouzel. [Scot.] (b) The magpie. [Prov.Eng.] Jay piet (Zoöl.), the European jay. [Prov.Eng.] -- Sea piet (Zoöl.), the oyster catcher. [Prov.Eng.] PIETA Pi*e*tà", n. Etym: [It.] (Fine Arts) Defn: A representation of the dead Christ, attended by the Virgin Mary or by holy women and angels. Mollett. PIETISM Pi"e*tism, n. Etym: [Cf. G. pietismus, F. piétisme.] 1. The principle or practice of the Pietists. 2. Strict devotion; also, affectation of devotion. The Schöne Seele, that ideal of gentle pietism, in "Wilhelm Meister." W. Pater. PIETIST Pi"e*tist, n. Etym: [Cf. G. pietist, F. piétiste. See Piety.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a class of religious reformers in Germany in the 17th century who sought to revive declining piety in the Protestant churches; -- often applied as a term of reproach to those who make a display of religious feeling. Also used adjectively. PIETISTIC; PIETISTICAL Pi`e*tis"tic, Pi`e*tis"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Pietists; hence, in contempt, affectedly or demonstratively religious. Addison. PIETRA DURA Pi*e"tra du"ra. Etym: [It., hard stone.] (Fine Arts) Defn: Hard and fine stones in general, such as are used for inlay and the like, as distinguished from the softer stones used in building; thus, a Florentine mosaic is a familiar instance of work in pietra dura, though the ground may be soft marble. PIETY Pi"e*ty, n. Etym: [F. piété; cf. It. pietà; both fr. L. pietas piety, fr. pius pious. See Pious, and cf. Pity.] 1. Veneration or reverence of the Supreme Being, and love of his character; loving obedience to the will of God, and earnest devotion to his service. Piety is the only proper and adequate relief of decaying man. Rambler. 2. Duty; dutifulness; filial reverence and devotion; affectionate reverence and service shown toward parents, relatives, benefactors, country, etc. Conferred upon me for the piety Which to my country I was judged to have shown. Milton. Syn. -- Religion; sanctity; devotion; godliness; holiness. See Religion. PIEWIPE Pie"wipe`, n. Etym: [So called from its note.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The lapwing, or pewit. [Prov. Eng.] PIEZOMETER Pi`e*zom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. piézomètre.] 1. (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the compressibility of liquids. 2. (Physics) Defn: A gauge connected with a water main to show the pressure at that point. PIFFERO; PIFFARA Pif"fe*ro, Pif"fa*ra, n. Etym: [It. piffero.] (Mus.) Defn: A fife; also, a rude kind of oboe or a bagpipe with an inflated skin for reservoir. PIFFLE Pif"fle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Piffled; p. pr. & vb. n. Piffling.] Defn: To be sequeamish or delicate; hence, to act or talk triflingly or ineffectively; to twaddle; piddle. [Dial. or Slang] PIFFLE Pif"fle, n. Defn: Act of piffling; trifling talk or action; piddling; twaddle. [Dial. or Slang] "Futile piffle." Kipling. PIG Pig, n. Defn: A piggin. [Written also pigg.] PIG Pig, n. Etym: [Cf. D. big, bigge, LG. bigge, also Dan. pige girl, Sw. piga, Icel. pika.] 1. The young of swine, male or female; also, any swine; a hog. "Two pigges in a poke." Chaucer. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any wild species of the genus Sus and related genera. 3. Etym: [Cf. Sow a channel for melted iron.] Defn: An oblong mass of cast iron, lead, or other metal. See Mine pig, under Mine. 4. One who is hoggish; a greedy person. [Low] Masked pig. (Zoöl.) See under Masked. -- Pig bed (Founding), the bed of sand in which the iron from a smelting furnace is cast into pigs. -- Pig iron, cast iron in pigs, or oblong blocks or bars, as it comes from the smelting furnace. See Pig, 4. -- Pig yoke (Naut.), a nickname for a quadrant or sextant. -- A pig in a poke (that is, bag), a blind bargain; something bought or bargained for, without the quality or the value being known. [Colloq.] PIG Pig, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pigged; p. pr. & vb. n. Pigging.] 1. To bring forth (pigs); to bring forth in the manner of pigs; to farrow. 2. To huddle or lie together like pigs, in one bed. PIGEON Pi"geon, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. pipio a young pipping or chirping bird, fr. pipire to peep, chirp. Cf. Peep to chirp.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the order Columbæ, of which numerous species occur in nearly all parts of the world. Note: The common domestic pigeon, or dove, was derived from the Old World rock pigeon (Columba livia). It has given rise to numerous very remarkable varieties, such as the carrier, fantail, nun, pouter, tumbler, etc. The common wild pigeons of the Eastern United States are the passenger pigeon, and the Carolina dove. See under Passenger, and Dove. See, also, Fruit pigeon, Ground pigeon, Queen pigeon, Stock pigeon, under Fruit, Ground, etc. 2. An unsuspected victim of sharpers; a gull. [Slang] Blue pigeon (Zoöl.), an Australian passerine bird (Graucalus melanops); -- called also black-faced crow. -- Green pigeon (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Old World pigeons belonging to the family Treronidæ. -- Imperial pigeon (Zoöl.), any one of the large Asiatic fruit pigeons of the genus Carpophada. -- Pigeon berry (Bot.), the purplish black fruit of the pokeweed; also, the plant itself. See Pokeweed. -- Pigeon English Etym: [perhaps a corruption of business English], an extraordinary and grotesque dialect, employed in the commercial cities of China, as the medium of communication between foreign merchants and the Chinese. Its base is English, with a mixture of Portuguese and Hindoostanee. Johnson's Cyc. -- Pigeon grass (Bot.), a kind of foxtail grass (Setaria glauca), of some value as fodder. The seeds are eagerly eaten by pigeons and other birds. -- Pigeon hawk. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American falcon (Falco columbarius). The adult male is dark slate-blue above, streaked with black on the back; beneath, whitish or buff, streaked with brown. The tail is banded. (b) The American sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter velox, or fuscus). -- Pigeon hole. (a) A hole for pigeons to enter a pigeon house. (b) See Pigeonhole. (c) pl. An old English game, in which balls were rolled through little arches. Halliwell. -- Pigeon house, a dovecote. -- Pigeon pea (Bot.), the seed of Cajanus Indicus; a kind of pulse used for food in the East and West Indies; also, the plant itself. -- Pigeon plum (Bot.), the edible drupes of two West African species of Chrysobalanus (C. ellipticus and C. luteus). -- Pigeon tremex. (Zoöl.) See under Tremex. -- Pigeon wood (Bot.), a name in the West Indies for the wood of several very different kinds of trees, species of Dipholis, Diospyros, and Coccoloba. -- Pigeon woodpecker (Zoöl.), the flicker. -- Prairie pigeon. (Zoöl.) (a) The upland plover. (b) The golden plover. [Local, U.S.] PIGEON Pi"geon, v. t. Defn: To pluck; to fleece; to swindle by tricks in gambling. [Slang] Smart. He's pigeoned and undone. Observer. PIGEON-BREASTED Pi"geon-breast`ed, a. Defn: Having a breast like a pigeon, -- the sternum being so prominent as to constitute a deformity; chicken-breasted. PIGEONFOOT Pi"geon*foot`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The dove's-foot geranium (Geranium molle). PIGEON-HEARTED Pi"geon-heart`ed, a. Defn: Timid; easily frightened; chicken-hearted. Beau. & Fl. PIGEONHOLE Pi"geon*hole`, n. Defn: A small compartment in a desk or case for the keeping of letters, documents, etc.; -- so called from the resemblance of a row of them to the compartments in a dovecote. Burke. PIGEONHOLE Pi"geon*hole`, v. t. Defn: To place in the pigeonhole of a case or cabinet; hence, to put away; to lay aside indefinitely; as, to pigeonhole a letter or a report. PIGEON-LIVERED Pi"geon-liv`ered, a. Defn: Pigeon-hearted. PIGEONRY Pi"geon*ry, n. Defn: A place for pigeons; a dovecote. PIGEONTOED Pi"geon*toed`, a. Defn: Having the toes turned in. PIGEONWING Pi"geon*wing`, n. 1. A wing of a pigeon, or a wing like it. 2. An old mode of dressing men's side hair in a form likened to a pigeon's wings; also, a wig similarly shaped. 3. (Dancing) A fancy step executed by jumping and striking the legs together; as, to cut a pigeonwing. 4. A certain fancy figure in skating. 5. (Tempering) A color, brown shaded with purple, coming between dark brown and light blue in the table of colors in drawing the temper of hardened steel. PIG-EYED Pig"-eyed`, a. Defn: Having small, deep-set eyes. PIGFISH Pig"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of salt-water grunts; -- called also hogfish. (b) A sculpin. The name is also applied locally to several other fishes. PIGFOOT Pig"foot`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine fish (Scorpæna porcus), native of Europe. It is reddish brown, mottled with dark brown and black. PIGG Pigg, n. Defn: A piggin. See 1st Pig. Sir W. Scott. PIGGERY Pig"ger*y, n.; pl. Piggeries (. Defn: A place where swine are kept. PIGGIN Pig"gin, n. Etym: [Scot.; cf. Gael. pigean, dim. of pigeadh, pige, an earthen jar, pitcher, or pot, Ir. pigin, pighead, W. piccyn.] Defn: A small wooden pail or tub with an upright stave for a handle, -- often used as a dipper. PIGGISH Pig"gish, a. Defn: Relating to, or like, a pig; greedy. PIG-HEADED Pig"-head`ed, a. Defn: Having a head like a pig; hence, figuratively: stupidity obstinate; perverse; stubborn. B. Jonson. -- Pig"-head`ed*ness, n. PIGHT Pight, imp. & p. p. of Pitch, to throw; -- used also adjectively. Defn: Pitched; fixed; determined. [Obs.] [His horse] pight him on the pommel of his head. Chaucer. I found him pight to do it. Shak. PIGHTEL Pigh"tel, n. Etym: [Cf. Pight, Picle.] Defn: A small inclosure. [Written also pightle.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] PIG-JAWED Pig"-jawed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower, with the upper incisors in advance of the lower; -- said of dogs. PIGMEAN Pig*me"an, a. Defn: See Pygmean. PIGMENT Pig"ment, n. Etym: [L. pigmentum, fr. the root of pingere to paint: cf. F. pigment. See Paint, and cf. Pimento, Orpiment.] 1. Any material from which a dye, a paint, or the like, may be prepared; particularly, the refined and purified coloring matter ready for mixing with an appropriate vehicle. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Any one of the colored substances found in animal and vegetable tissues and fluids, as bilirubin, urobilin, chlorophyll, etc. 3. Wine flavored with species and honey. Sir W. Scott. Pigment cell (Physiol.), a small cell containing coloring matter, as the pigmented epithelial cells of the choroid and iris, or the pigmented connective tissue cells in the skin of fishes, reptiles, etc. PIGMENTAL; PIGMENTARY Pig*men"tal, Pig"men*ta*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pigments; furnished with pigments. Dunglison. Pigmentary degeneration (Med.), a morbid condition in which an undue amount of pigment is deposited in the tissues. PIGMENTATION Pig`men*ta"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: A deposition, esp. an excessive deposition, of coloring matter; as, pigmentation of the liver. PIGMENTED Pig"ment*ed, a. Defn: Colored; specifically (Biol.), filled or imbued with pigment; as, pigmented epithelial cells; pigmented granules. PIGMENTOUS Pig*men"tous, a. Defn: Pigmental. PIGMY Pig"my, n. Defn: See Pygmy. Pigmy falcon. (Zoöl.) Same as Falconet, 2 (a). PIGNERATE Pig"ner*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. pigneratus, p.p. of pignerate to pledge.] 1. To pledge or pawn. [Obs.] 2. to receive in pawn, as a pawnbroker does. [Obs.] PIGNORATION Pig`no*ra"tion, n. Etym: [LL. pignoratio, L. pigneratio, fr. pignerate to pledge, fr. pignus, gen. -ous and -eris, a pledge, a pawn: cf. F. pignoration.] 1. The act of pledging or pawning. 2. (Civil Law) Defn: The taking of cattle doing damage, by way of pledge, till satisfaction is made. Burrill. PIGNORATIVE Pig"no*ra*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pignoratif.] Defn: Pledging, pawning. [R.] PIGNUS Pig"nus, n.; pl. Pignora. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Law) Defn: A pledge or pawn. PIGNUT Pig"nut, n. (Bot.) (a) See Groundnut (d). (b) The bitter-flavored nut of a species of hickory (Carya glabra, or porcina); also, the tree itself. PIGPEN Pig"pen`, n. Defn: A pen, or sty, for pigs. PIGSKIN Pig"skin`, n. Defn: The skin of a pig, -- used chiefly for making saddles; hence, a colloquial or slang term for a saddle. PIGSNEY Pigs"ney, n. Etym: [Perh. a dim. of Dan. pige a girl, or Sw. piga; or from E. pig's eye.] Defn: A word of endearment for a girl or woman. [Obs.] [Written also pigsnie, pigsny, etc.] Chaucer. PIG-STICKING Pig"-stick`ing, n. Defn: Boar hunting; -- so called by Anglo-Indians. [Colloq.] Tackeray. PIGSTY Pig"sty`, n.; pl. Pigsties (. Defn: A pigpen. PIGTAIL Pig"tail`, n. 1. The tail of a pig. 2. (Hair Dressing) Defn: A cue, or queue. J. & H. Smith. 3. A kind of twisted chewing tobacco. The tobacco he usually cheweth, called pigtail. Swift. PIGTAILED Pig"tailed`, a. Defn: Having a tail like a pig's; as, the pigtailed baboon. PIGWEED Pig"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name of several annual weeds. See Goosefoot, and Lamb's- quarters. PIGWIDGEON Pig"wid`geon, n. Etym: [Written also pigwidgin and pigwiggen.] Defn: A cant word for anything petty or small. It is used by Drayton as the name of a fairy. PIKA Pi"ka, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of rodents of the genus Lagomys, resembling small tailless rabbits. They inhabit the high mountains of Asia and America. Called also calling hare, and crying hare. See Chief hare. PIKE Pike, n. Etym: [F. pique; perhaps of Celtic origin; cf. W. pig a prick, a point, beak, Arm. pik pick. But cf. also L. picus woodpecker (see Pie magpie), and E. spike. Cf. Pick, n. & v., Peak, Pique.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A foot soldier's weapon, consisting of a long wooden shaft or staff, with a pointed steel head. It is now superseded by the bayonet. 2. A pointed head or spike; esp., one in the center of a shield or target. Beau. & Fl. 3. A hayfork. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Tusser. 4. A pick. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Raymond. 5. A pointed or peaked hill. [R.] 6. A large haycock. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 7. A turnpike; a toll bar. Dickens. 8. (Zoöl.) sing. & pl. Defn: A large fresh-water fish (Esox lucius), found in Europe and America, highly valued as a food fish; -- called also pickerel, gedd, luce, and jack. Note: Blue pike, grass pike, green pike, wall-eyed pike, and yellow pike, are names, not of true pike, but of the wall-eye. See Wall-eye. Gar pike. See under Gar. -- Pike perch (Zoöl.), any fresh-water fish of the genus Stizostedion (formerly Lucioperca). See Wall-eye, and Sauger. -- Pike pole, a long pole with a pike in one end, used in directing floating logs. -- Pike whale (Zoöl.), a finback whale of the North Atlantic (Balænoptera rostrata), having an elongated snout; -- called also piked whale. -- Sand pike (Zoöl.), the lizard fish. -- Sea pike (Zoöl.), the garfish (a). PIKED Piked, a. Defn: Furnished with a pike; ending in a point; peaked; pointed. "With their piked targets bearing them down." Milton. PIKE-DEVANT Pike`-de*vant", n. Etym: [Pike point (fr. F. pique) + F. devant before.] Defn: A pointed beard. [Obs.] PIKELET; PIKELIN Pike"let, Pike"lin, n. Defn: A light, thin cake or muffin. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. PIKEMAN Pike"man, n.; pl. Pikeman (. 1. A soldier armed with a pike. Knolles. 2. A miner who works with a pick. Beaconsfield. 3. A keeper of a turnpike gate. T. Hughes. PIKESTAFF Pike"staff`, n. 1. The staff, or shaft, of a pike. 2. A staff with a spike in the lower end, to guard against slipping. Sir W. Scott. PIKETAIL Pike"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Pintail, 1. PIKROLITE Pik"ro*lite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Picrolite. PILAGE Pi"lage, n. Defn: See Pelage. PILASTER Pi*las"ter, n. Etym: [F. pilastre, It. pilastro, LL. pilastrum, fr. L. pila a pillar. See Pillar.] (Arch.) Defn: An upright architectural member right-angled in plan, constructionally a pier (See Pier, 1 (b)), but architecturally corresponding to a column, having capital, shaft, and base to agree with those of the columns of the same order. In most cases the projection from the wall is one third of its width, or less. PILASTERED Pi*las"tered, a. Defn: Furnished with pilasters. PILAU Pi*lau", n. Defn: See Pillau. PILCH Pilch, n. Etym: [AS. pylce, pylece, LL. pellicia. See Pelisse, and Pelt skin.] Defn: A gown or case of skin, or one trimmed or lined with fur. [Obs.] PILCHARD Pil"chard, n. Etym: [Cf. It. pilseir, W. pilcod minnows.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European food fish (Clupea pilchardus) resembling the herring, but thicker and rounder. It is sometimes taken in great numbers on the coast of England. Fools are as like husbands as pilchards are to herrings. Shak. PILCHER Pilch"er, n. Etym: [From Pilch.] Defn: A scabbard, as of a sword. [Obs.] Shak. PILCHER Pilch"er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pilchard. PILCROW Pil"crow, n. Etym: [A corruption of Paragraph.] (Print.) Defn: a paragraph mark, . [Obs.] Tusser. PILE Pile, n. Etym: [L. pilus hair. Cf. Peruke.] 1. A hair; hence, the fiber of wool, cotton, and the like; also, the nap when thick or heavy, as of carpeting and velvet. Velvet soft, or plush with shaggy pile. Cowper. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A covering of hair or fur. PILE Pile, n. Etym: [L. pilum javelin. See Pile a stake.] Defn: The head of an arrow or spear. [Obs.] Chapman. PILE Pile, n. Etym: [AS. pil arrow, stake, L. pilum javelin; but cf. also L. pila pillar.] 1. A large stake, or piece of timber, pointed and driven into the earth, as at the bottom of a river, or in a harbor where the ground is soft, for the support of a building, a pier, or other superstructure, or to form a cofferdam, etc. Note: Tubular iron piles are now much used. 2. Etym: [Cf. F. pile.] (Her.) Defn: One of the ordinaries or subordinaries having the form of a wedge, usually placed palewise, with the broadest end uppermost. Pile bridge, a bridge of which the roadway is supported on piles. -- Pile cap, a beam resting upon and connecting the heads of piles. -- Pile driver, or Pile engine, an apparatus for driving down piles, consisting usually of a high frame, with suitable appliances for raising to a height (by animal or steam power, the explosion of gunpowder, etc.) a heavy mass of iron, which falls upon the pile. -- Pile dwelling. See Lake dwelling, under Lake. -- Pile plank (Hydraul. Eng.), a thick plank used as a pile in sheet piling. See Sheet piling, under Piling. -- Pneumatic pile. See under Pneumatic. -- Screw pile, one with a screw at the lower end, and sunk by rotation aided by pressure. PILE Pile, v. t. Defn: To drive piles into; to fill with piles; to strengthen with piles. To sheet-pile, to make sheet piling in or around. See Sheet piling, under 2nd Piling. PILE Pile, n. Etym: [F. pile, L. pila a pillar, a pier or mole of stone. Cf. Pillar.] 1. A mass of things heaped together; a heap; as, a pile of stones; a pile of wood. 2. A mass formed in layers; as, a pile of shot. 3. A funeral pile; a pyre. Dryden. 4. A large building, or mass of buildings. The pile o'erlooked the town and drew the fight. Dryden. 5. (Iron Manuf.) Defn: Same as Fagot, n., 2. 6. (Elec.) Defn: A vertical series of alternate disks of two dissimilar metals, as copper and zinc, laid up with disks of cloth or paper moistened with acid water between them, for producing a current of electricity; -- commonly called Volta's pile, voltaic pile, or galvanic pile. Note: The term is sometimes applied to other forms of apparatus designed to produce a current of electricity, or as synonymous with battery; as, for instance, to an apparatus for generating a current of electricity by the action of heat, usually called a thermopile. 7. Etym: [F. pile pile, an engraved die, L. pila a pillar.] Defn: The reverse of a coin. See Reverse. Cross and pile. See under Cross. -- Dry pile. See under Dry. PILE Pile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Piled; p. pr. & vb. n. Piling.] 1. To lay or throw into a pile or heap; to heap up; to collect into a mass; to accumulate; to amass; -- often with up; as, to pile up wood. "Hills piled on hills." Dryden. "Life piled on life." Tennyson. The labor of an age in piled stones. Milton. 2. To cover with heaps; or in great abundance; to fill or overfill; to load. To pile arms or muskets (Mil.), to place three guns together so that they may stand upright, supporting each other; to stack arms. PILEATE; PILEATED Pi"le*ate, Pi"le*a`ted, a. Etym: [L. pileatus, fr. pileus a felt cap or hat.] 1. Having the form of a cap for the head. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a crest covering the pileus, or whole top of the head. Pileated woodpecker (Zoöl.), a large American woodpecker (Ceophloeus pileatus). It is black, with a bright red pointed crest. Called also logcock, and woodcock. PILED Piled, a. Etym: [From 2d Pile.] Defn: Having a pile or point; pointed. [Obs.] "Magus threw a spear well piled." Chapman. PILED Piled, a. Etym: [From 1d Pile.] Defn: Having a pile or nap. "Three-piled velvet." L. Barry (1611). PILED Piled, a. Etym: [From 6d Pile.] (Iron Manuf.) Defn: Formed from a pile or fagot; as, piled iron. PILEIFORM Pi*le"i*form, a. Etym: [Pileus + -form.] Defn: Having the form of a pileus or cap; pileate. PILEMENT Pile"ment, n. Etym: [From Pile to lay into a heap.] Defn: An accumulation; a heap. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. PILENTUM Pi*len"tum, n.; pl. Pilenta. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An easy chariot or carriage, used by Roman ladies, and in which the vessels, etc., for sacred rites were carried. PILEORHIZA Pi`le*o*rhi"za, n.; pl. Pilorhizæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A cap of cells which covers the growing extremity of a root; a rootcap. PILEOUS Pi"le*ous, a. Etym: [See Pilous.] Defn: Consisting of, or covered with, hair; hairy; pilose. PILER Pil"er, n. Defn: One who places things in a pile. PILES Piles, n. pl. Etym: [L. pila a ball. Cf. Pill a medicine.] (Med.) Defn: The small, troublesome tumors or swellings about the anus and lower part of the rectum which are technically called hemorrhoids. See Hemorrhoids. Note: [The singular pile is sometimes used.] Blind piles, hemorrhoids which do not bleed. PILEUS Pi"le*us, n.; pl. Pilei. Etym: [L., a felt cap.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A kind of skull cap of felt. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The expanded upper portion of many of the fungi. See Mushroom. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The top of the head of a bird, from the bill to the nape. PILEWORM Pile"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The teredo. PILE-WORN Pile"-worn`, a. Defn: Having the pile worn off; threadbare. PILEWORT Pile"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Ranunculus Ficaria of Linnæus) whose tuberous roots have been used in poultices as a specific for the piles. Forsyth. PILFER Pil"fer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pilfered; p. pr. & vb. n. Pilfering.] Etym: [OF. pelfrer. See Pelf.] Defn: To steal in small quantities, or articles of small value; to practice petty theft. PILFER Pil"fer, v. t. Defn: To take by petty theft; to filch; to steal little by little. And not a year but pilfers as he goes Some youthful grace that age would gladly keep. Cowper. PILFERER Pil"fer*er, n. Defn: One who pilfers; a petty thief. PILFERING Pil"fer*ing, a. Defn: Thieving in a small way. Shak. -- n. Defn: Petty theft. -- Pil"fer*ing*ly, adv. PILFERY Pil"fer*y, n. Defn: Petty theft. [R.] Sir T. North. PILGARLIC Pil*gar"lic, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: One who has lost his hair by disease; a sneaking fellow, or one who is hardly used. PILGRIM Pil"grim, n. Etym: [OE. pilgrim, pelgrim, pilegrim, pelegrim; cf. D. pelgrim, OHG. piligrim, G. pilger, F. pèlerin, It. pellegrino; all fr. L. peregrinus a foreigner, fr. pereger abroad; per through + ager land, field. See Per-, and Acre, and cf. Pelerine, Peregrine.] 1. A wayfarer; a wanderer; a traveler; a stranger. Strangers and pilgrims on the earth. Heb. xi. 13. 2. One who travels far, or in strange lands, to visit some holy place or shrine as a devotee; as, a pilgrim to Loretto; Canterbury pilgrims. See Palmer. P. Plowman. PILGRIM Pil"grim, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a pilgrim, or pilgrims; making pilgrimages. "With pilgrim steps." Milton. Pilgrim fathers, a name popularly given to the one hundred and two English colonists who landed from the Mayflower and made the first settlement in New England at Plymouth in 1620. They were separatists from the Church of England, and most of them had sojourned in Holland. PILGRIM Pil"grim, v. i. Defn: To journey; to wander; to ramble. [R.] Grew. Carlyle. PILGRIMAGE Pil"grim*age, n. Etym: [OE. pilgrimage, pelgrinage; cf. F. pèlerinage.] 1. The journey of a pilgrim; a long journey; especially, a journey to a shrine or other sacred place. Fig., the journey of human life. Shak. The days of the years of my pilgrimage. Gen. xlvii. 9. 2. A tedious and wearisome time. In prison hast thou spent a pilgrimage. Shak. Syn. -- Journey; tour; excursion. See Journey. PILGRIMIZE Pil"grim*ize, v. i. Defn: To wander as a pilgrim; to go on a pilgrimage. [Obs.] B. Jonson. PILIDIUM Pi*lid"i*um, n.; pl. Pildia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The free-swimming, hat-shaped larva of certain nemertean worms. It has no resemblance to its parent, and the young worm develops in its interior. PILIFERA Pi*lif"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Piliferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Mammalia. PILIFEROUS Pi*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. pilus hair + -ferous: cf. F. pilifère.] 1. Bearing a single slender bristle, or hair. 2. Beset with hairs. PILIFORM Pil"i*form, a. Etym: [L. pilus hair + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Resembling hairs or down. PILIGEROUS Pi*lig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. pilus hair + -gerous: cf. F. piligère.] Defn: Bearing hair; covered with hair or down; piliferous. PILING Pil"ing, n. Etym: [See Pile a heap.] 1. The act of heaping up. 2. (Iron Manuf.) Defn: The process of building up, heating, and working, fagots, or piles, to form bars, etc. PILING Pil"ing, n. Etym: [See Pile a stake.] Defn: A series of piles; piles considered collectively; as, the piling of a bridge. Pug piling, sheet piles connected together at the edges by dovetailed tongues and grooves. -- Sheet piling, a series of piles made of planks or half logs driven edge to edge, -- used to form the walls of cofferdams, etc. PILL Pill, n. Etym: [Cf. Peel skin, or Pillion.] Defn: The peel or skin. [Obs.] "Some be covered over with crusts, or hard pills, as the locusts." Holland. PILL Pill, v. i. Defn: To be peeled; to peel off in flakes. PILL Pill, v. t. Etym: [Cf. L. pilare to deprive of hair, and E. pill, n. (above).] 1. To deprive of hair; to make bald. [Obs.] 2. To peel; to make by removing the skin. [Jacob] pilled white streaks . . . in the rods. Gen. xxx. 37. PILL Pill, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Pilling.] Etym: [F. piller, L. pilare; cf. It. pigliare to take. Cf. Peel to plunder.] Defn: To rob; to plunder; to pillage; to peel. See Peel, to plunder. [Obs.] Spenser. Pillers and robbers were come in to the field to pill and to rob. Sir T. Malroy. PILL Pill, n. Etym: [F. pilute, L. pilula a pill, little ball, dim. of L. pila a ball. Cf. Piles.] 1. A medicine in the form of a little ball, or small round mass, to be swallowed whole. 2. Figuratively, something offensive or nauseous which must be accepted or endured. Udall. Pill beetle (Zoöl.), any small beetle of the genus Byrrhus, having a rounded body, with the head concealed beneath the thorax. -- Pill bug (Zoöl.), any terrestrial isopod of the genus Armadillo, having the habit of rolling itself into a ball when disturbed. Called also pill wood louse. PILLAGE Pil"lage, n. Etym: [F., fr. piller to plunder. See Pill to plunder.] 1. The act of pillaging; robbery. Shak. 2. That which is taken from another or others by open force, particularly and chiefly from enemies in war; plunder; spoil; booty. Which pillage they with merry march bring home. Shak. Syn. -- Plunder; rapine; spoil; depredation. -- Pillage, Plunder. Pillage refers particularly to the act of stripping the sufferers of their goods, while plunder refers to the removal of the things thus taken; but the words are freely interchanged. PILLAGE Pil"lage, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pillaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Pillaging.] Defn: To strip of money or goods by open violence; to plunder; to spoil; to lay waste; as, to pillage the camp of an enemy. Mummius . . . took, pillaged, and burnt their city. Arbuthnot. PILLAGE Pil"lage, v. i. Defn: To take spoil; to plunder; to ravage. They were suffered to pillage wherever they went. Macaulay. PILLAGER Pil"la*ger, n. Defn: One who pillages. Pope. PILLAR Pil"lar, n. Etym: [OE. pilerF. pilier, LL. pilare, pilarium, pilarius, fr. L. pila a pillar. See Pile a heap.] 1. The general and popular term for a firm, upright, insulated support for a superstructure; a pier, column, or post; also, a column or shaft not supporting a superstructure, as one erected for a monument or an ornament. Jacob set a pillar upon her grave. Gen. xxxv. 20. The place . . . vast and proud, Supported by a hundred pillars stood. Dryden. 2. Figuratively, that which resembles such a pillar in appearance, character, or office; a supporter or mainstay; as, the Pillars of Hercules; a pillar of the state. "You are a well-deserving pillar." Shak. By day a cloud, by night a pillar of fire. Milton. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A portable ornamental column, formerly carried before a cardinal, as emblematic of his support to the church. [Obs.] Skelton. 4. (Man.) Defn: The center of the volta, ring, or manege ground, around which a horse turns. From pillar to post, hither and thither; to and fro; from one place or predicament to another; backward and forward. [Colloq.] -- Pillar saint. See Stylite. -- Pillars of the fauces. See Fauces, 1. PILLAR Pil"lar, a. (Mach.) Defn: Having a support in the form of a pillar, instead of legs; as, a pillar drill. PILLAR-BLOCK Pil"lar-block`, n. Defn: See under Pillow. PILLARED Pil"lared, a. Defn: Supported or ornamented by pillars; resembling a pillar, or pillars. "The pillared arches." Sir W. Scott. "Pillared flame." Thomson. PILLARET Pil"lar*et, n. Defn: A little pillar. [R.] Fuller. PILLARIST Pil"lar*ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: See Stylite. PILLAU Pil*lau", n. Etym: [Per. & Turk. pilau.] Defn: An Oriental dish consisting of rice boiled with mutton, fat, or butter. [Written also pilau.] PILLED Pilled, a. Etym: [See 3rd Pill.] Defn: Stripped of hair; scant of hair; bald. [Obs.] "Pilled beard." Chaucer. PILLED-GARLIC Pilled"-gar"lic, n. Defn: See Pilgarlic. PILLER Pill"er, n. Defn: One who pills or plunders. [Obs.] PILLERY Pill"er*y, n.; pl. Pilleries (. Defn: Plunder; pillage. [Obs.] Daniel. PILLION Pil"lion, n. Etym: [Ir. pillin, pilliun (akin to Gael. pillean, pillin), fr. Ir. & Gael. pill, peall, a skin or hide, prob. fr. L. pellis. See Pell, n., Fell skin.] Defn: A panel or cushion saddle; the under pad or cushion of saddle; esp., a pad or cushion put on behind a man's saddle, on which a woman may ride. His [a soldier's] shank pillion without stirrups. Spenser. PILLORIZE Pil"lo*rize, v. t. Defn: To set in, or punish with, the pillory; to pillory. [R.] PILLORY Pil"lo*ry, n.; pl. Pillories. Etym: [F. pilori; cf. Pr. espitlori, LL. piloricum, pilloricum, pellericum, pellorium, pilorium, spilorium; perhaps from a derivative of L. speculari to look around, observe. Cf. Speculate.] Defn: A frame of adjustable boards erected on a post, and having holes through which the head and hands of an offender were thrust so as to be exposed in front of it. Shak. PILLORY Pil"lo*ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pilloried; p. pr. & vb. n. Pillorying.] Etym: [Cf. F. pilorier.] 1. To set in, or punish with, the pillory. "Hungering for Puritans to pillory." Macaulay. 2. Figuratively, to expose to public scorn. Gladstone. PILLOW Pil"low, n. Etym: [OE. pilwe, AS. pyle, fr. L. pilvinus.] 1. Anything used to support the head of a person when reposing; especially, a sack or case filled with feathers, down, hair, or other soft material. [Resty sloth] finds the down pillow hard. Shak. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A piece of metal or wood, forming a support to equalize pressure; a brass; a pillow block. [R.] 3. (Naut.) Defn: A block under the inner end of a bowsprit. 4. A kind of plain, coarse fustian. Lace pillow, a cushion used in making hand-wrought lace. -- Pillow bier Etym: [OE. pilwebere; cf. LG. büre a pillowcase], a pillowcase; pillow slip. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Pillow block (Mach.), a block, or standard, for supporting a journal, as of a shaft. It is usually bolted to the frame or foundation of a machine, and is often furnished with journal boxes, and a movable cover, or cap, for tightening the bearings by means of bolts; -- called also pillar block, or plumber block. -- Pillow lace, handmade lace wrought with bobbins upon a lace pillow. -- Pillow of a plow, a crosspiece of wood which serves to raise or lower the beam. -- Pillow sham, an ornamental covering laid over a pillow when not in use. -- Pillow slip, a pillowcase. PILLOW Pil"low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pillowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Pillowing.] Defn: To rest or lay upon, or as upon, a pillow; to support; as, to pillow the head. Pillows his chin upon an orient wave. Milton. PILLOWCASE Pil"low*case`, n. Defn: A removable case or covering for a pillow, usually of white linen or cotton cloth. PILLOWED Pil"lowed, a. Defn: Provided with a pillow or pillows; having the head resting on, or as on, a pillow. Pillowedon buckler cold and hard. Sir W. Scott. PILLOW LACE Pil"low lace. Defn: Lace made by hand with bobbins on a pillow. PILLOWY Pil"low*y, a. Defn: Like a pillow. Keats. PILL-WILLET Pill"-wil`let, n. Etym: [So named from its note.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The willet. PILLWORM Pill"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any myriapod of the genus Iulus and allied genera which rolls up spirally; a galleyworm. See Illust. under Myriapod. PILLWORT Pill"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Pilularia; minute aquatic cryptograms, with small pill-shaped fruit; -- sometimes called peppergrass. PILOCARPINE Pi`lo*car"pine, n. Etym: [From NL. Pilocarpus pennatifolius jaborandi; L. pilus hair + Gr. pilocarpine.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid extracted from jaborandi (Pilocarpus pennatifolius) as a white amorphous or crystalline substance which has a peculiar effect on the vasomotor system. PILON Pi*lon", n. [Sp., sugar loaf.] [Sp. Amer.] 1. A conical loaf of sugar. 2. A gratuity given by tradesmen to customers settling their accounts. [Southern U. S.] PILONCE Pi*lon"ce, n. [Amer. Sp. See Piloncillo.] Defn: Same as Pilon. [Texas] PILONCILLO Pi`lon*cil"lo, n. [Amer. Sp., dim. of pilon.] Defn: Same as Pilon. [Texas] PILOSE Pi*lose", a. Etym: [L. pilosus, fr. pilus hair. See Pile.] 1. Hairy; full of, or made of, hair. The heat-retaining property of the pilose covering. Owen. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Clothed thickly with pile or soft down. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Covered with long, slender hairs; resembling long hairs; hairy; as, pilose pubescence. PILOSITY Pi*los"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pilosité.] Defn: The quality or state of being pilose; hairiness. Bacon. PILOT Pi"lot, n. Etym: [F. pilote, prob. from D. peillood plummet, sounding lead; peilen, pegelen, to sound, measure (fr. D. & G. peil, pegel, a sort of measure, water mark) + lood lead, akin to E. lead. The pilot, then, is the lead man, i.e., he who throws the lead. See Pail, and Lead a metal.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: One employed to steer a vessel; a helmsman; a steersman. Dryden. 2. Specifically, a person duly qualified, and licensed by authority, to conduct vessels into and out of a port, or in certain waters, for a fixed rate of fees. 3. Figuratively: A guide; a director of another through a difficult or unknown course. 4. An instrument for detecting the compass error. 5. The cowcatcher of a locomotive. [U.S.] Pilot balloon, a small balloon sent up in advance of a large one, to show the direction and force of the wind. -- Pilot bird. (Zoöl.) (a) A bird found near the Caribbee Islands; - - so called because its presence indicates to mariners their approach to these islands. Crabb. (b) The black-bellied plover. [Local, U.S.] -- Pilot boat, a strong, fast-sailing boat used to carry and receive pilots as they board and leave vessels. -- Pilot bread, ship biscuit. -- Pilot cloth, a coarse, stout kind of cloth for overcoats. -- Pilot engine, a locomotive going in advance of a train to make sure that the way is clear. -- Pilot fish. (Zoöl) (a) A pelagic carangoid fish (Naucrates ductor); -- so named because it is often seen in company with a shark, swimming near a ship, on account of which sailors imagine that it acts as a pilot to the shark. (b) The rudder fish (Seriola zonata). -- Pilot jack, a flag or signal hoisted by a vessel for a pilot. -- Pilot jacket, a pea jacket. -- Pilot nut (Bridge Building), a conical nut applied temporarily to the threaded end of a pin, to protect the thread and guide the pin when it is driven into a hole. Waddell. -- Pilot snake (Zoöl.) (a) A large North American snake (Coluber obsoleus). It is lustrous black, with white edges to some of the scales. Called also mountain black snake. (b) The pine snake. -- Pilot whale. (Zoöl.) Same as Blackfish, 1. PILOT Pi"lot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Piloted; p. pr. & vb. n. Piloting.] Etym: [Cf. F. piloter.] 1. To direct the course of, as of a ship, where navigation is dangerous. 2. Figuratively: To guide, as through dangers or difficulties. "The art of piloting a state." Berkeley. PILOTAGE Pi"lot*age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pilotage.] 1. The pilot's skill or knowledge, as of coasts, rocks, bars, and channels. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 2. The compensation made or allowed to a pilot. 3. Guidance, as by a pilot. Sir W. Scott. PILOT BALLOON Pilot balloon. Defn: A small, unmanned balloon sent up to indicate the direction of air currents. PILOT FLAG Pilot flag. Defn: The flag hoisted at the fore by a vessel desiring a pilot, in the United States the union jack, in Great Britain the British union jack with a white border. PILOTISM; PILOTRY Pi"lot*ism, Pi"lot*ry, n. Defn: Pilotage; skill in the duties of a pilot. [R.] PILOT LAMP; PILOT LIGHT Pilot lamp or light . (Elec.) Defn: A small incandescent telltale lamp on a dynamo or battery circuit to show approximately by its brightness the voltage of the current. PILOT VALVE Pilot valve. (Hydraulics) Defn: A small hand-operated valve to admit liquid to operate a valve difficult to turn by hand. PILOT WHEEL Pilot wheel. (Mach.) Defn: A wheel, usually with radial handles projecting from the rim, for traversing the saddle of a machine tool, esp. an automatic machine tool, by hand. PILOUR Pil"our, n. Defn: A piller; a plunderer. [Obs.] PILOUS Pil"ous, a. Defn: See Pilose. PILPUL Pil"pul, n. [Aramaic pilpul; cf. Heb. pilpel to spice, to season, dispute violently.] Defn: Among the Jews, penetrating investigation, disputation, and drawing of conclusions, esp. in Talmudic study. -- Pil"pul*ist (#), n. --Pil`pul*is"tic (#), a. PILSER Pil"ser, n. Defn: An insect that flies into a flame. PILULAR Pil"u*lar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pills; resembling a pill or pills; as, a pilular mass. PILULOUS Pil"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. pilula a pill. See Pill.] Defn: Like a pill; small; insignificant. [R.] G. Eliot. PILWE Pil"we, n. Defn: A pillow. [Obs.] Chaucer. PILY Pi"ly, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like pile or wool. PIMARIC Pi*mar"ic, a. Etym: [NL. pinum maritima, an old name for P. Pinaster, a pine which yields galipot.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid found in galipot, and isomeric with abietic acid. PIMELIC Pi*mel"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or designating, a substance obtained from certain fatty substances, and subsequently shown to be a mixture of suberic and adipic acids. (b) Designating the acid proper (C5H10(CO2/H)2) which is obtained from camphoric acid. PIMELITE Pim"e*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: An apple-green mineral having a greasy feel. It is a hydrous silicate of nickel, magnesia, aluminia, and iron. PIMENT Pi"ment, n. Etym: [F. See Pimento.] Defn: Wine flavored with spice or honey. See Pigment, 3. [Obs.] PIMENTA Pi*men"ta, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Pimento. PIMENTO Pi*men"to, n. Etym: [Sp. pimiento, pimienta; cf. Pg. pimenta, F. piment; all fr. L. pigmentum a paint, pigment, the juice of plants; hence, something spicy and aromatic. See Pigment.] (Bot.) Defn: Allspice; -- applied both to the tree and its fruit. See Allspice. PIMIENTO Pi*mien"to, n. [Sp.] Defn: The Spanish sweet pepper, the fruit of which is used as a vegetable, to stuff olives, etc. PIMLICO Pim"li*co, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The friar bird. PIMOLA Pim*o"la, n. Defn: An olive stuffed with a kind of sweet red pepper, or pimiento. PIMP Pimp, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pimpant smart, sparkish; perh. akin to piper to pipe, formerly also, to excel. Cf. Pipe.] Defn: One who provides gratification for the lust of others; a procurer; a pander. Swift. PIMP Pimp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pimped; p. pr. & vb. n. Pimping.] Defn: To procure women for the gratification of others' lusts; to pander. Dryden. PIMPERNEL Pim"per*nel, n. Etym: [F. pimprenelle; cf. Sp. pimpinela, It. pimpinella; perh. from LL. bipinnella, for bipinnula two-winged, equiv. to L. bipennis; bis twice + penna feather, wing. Cf. Pen a feather.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Anagallis, of which one species (A. arvensis) has small flowers, usually scarlet, but sometimes purple, blue, or white, which speedily close at the approach of bad weather. Water pimpernel. (Bot.) See Brookweed. PIMPILLO Pim"pil*lo, n. (Bot.) Defn: A West Indian name for the prickly pear (Opuntia); -- called also pimploes. PIMPINEL Pim"pi*nel, n. Etym: [See Pimpernel.] (Bot.) Defn: The burnet saxifrage. See under Saxifrage. PIMPING Pimp"ing, a. Etym: [Cf. G. pimpelig, pimpelnd, sickly, weak.] 1. Little; petty; pitiful. [Obs.] Crabbe. 2. Puny; sickly. [Local, U.S.] PIMPLE Pim"ple, n. Etym: [AS. pipelian to blister; cf. L. papula pimple.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Any small acuminated elevation of the cuticle, whether going on to suppuration or not. "All eyes can see a pimple on her nose." Pope. 2. Fig.: A swelling or protuberance like a pimple. "A pimple that portends a future sprout." Cowper. PIMPLED Pim"pled, a. Defn: Having pimples. Johnson. PIMPLY Pim"ply, a. Defn: Pimpled. PIMPSHIP Pimp"ship, n. Defn: The office, occupation, or persom of a pimp. [R.] PIN Pin, v. t. (Metal Working) Defn: To peen. PIN Pin, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Pen to confine, or Pinfold.] Defn: To inclose; to confine; to pen; to pound. PIN Pin, n. Etym: [OE. pinne, AS. pinn a pin, peg; cf. D. pin, G. pinne, Icel. pinni, W. pin, Gael. & Ir. pinne; all fr. L. pinna a pinnacle, pin, feather, perhaps orig. a different word from pinna feather. Cf. Fin of a fish, Pen a feather.] 1. A piece of wood, metal, etc., generally cylindrical, used for fastening separate articles together, or as a support by which one article may be suspended from another; a peg; a bolt. With pins of adamant And chains they made all fast. Milton. 2. Especially, a small, pointed and headed piece of brass or other wire (commonly tinned), largely used for fastening clothes, attaching papers, etc. 3. Hence, a thing of small value; a trifle. He . . . did not care a pin for her. Spectator. 4. That which resembles a pin in its form or use; as: (a) A peg in musical instruments, for increasing or relaxing the tension of the strings. (b) A linchpin. (c) A rolling-pin. (d) A clothespin. (e) (Mach.) A short shaft, sometimes forming a bolt, a part of which serves as a journal. See Illust. of Knuckle joint, under Knuckle. (f) (Joinery) The tenon of a dovetail joint. 5. One of a row of pegs in the side of an ancient drinking cup to mark how much each man should drink. 6. The bull's eye, or center, of a target; hence, the center. [Obs.] "The very pin of his heart cleft." Shak. 7. Mood; humor. [Obs.] "In merry pin." Cowper. 8. (Med.) Defn: Caligo. See Caligo. Shak. 9. An ornament, as a brooch or badge, fastened to the clothing by a pin; as, a Masonic pin. 10. The leg; as, to knock one off his pins. [Slang] Banking pin (Horol.), a pin against which a lever strikes, to limit its motion. -- Pin drill (Mech.), a drill with a central pin or projection to enter a hole, for enlarging the hole, or for sinking a recess for the head of a bolt, etc.; a counterbore. -- Pin grass. (Bot.) See Alfilaria. -- Pin hole, a small hole made by a pin; hence, any very small aperture or perforation. -- Pin lock, a lock having a cylindrical bolt; a lock in which pins, arranged by the key, are used instead of tumblers. -- Pin money, an allowance of money, as that made by a husband to his wife, for private and personal expenditure. -- Pin rail (Naut.), a rail, usually within the bulwarks, to hold belaying pins. Sometimes applied to the fife rail. Called also pin rack. -- Pin wheel. (a) A contrate wheel in which the cogs are cylindrical pins. (b) (Fireworks) A small coil which revolves on a common pin and makes a wheel of yellow or colored fire. PIN Pin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinned; p. pr. & vb. n. Pinning.] Etym: [See Pin, n.] Defn: To fasten with, or as with, a pin; to join; as, to pin a garment; to pin boards together. "Aa if she would pin her to her heart." Shak. To pin one's faith upon, to depend upon; to trust to. PINACATE BUG Pin`a*ca"te bug. [Orig. uncert.] Defn: Any of several clumsy, wingless beetles of the genus Eleodes, found in the Pacific States. PINA CLOTH; PINYA CLOTH Pi"ña cloth`. Defn: A fine material for ladies' shawls, scarfs, handkerchiefs, etc., made from the fiber of the pineapple leaf, and perhaps from other fibrous tropical leaves. It is delicate, soft, and transparent, with a slight tinge of pale yellow. PINACOID Pin"a*coid, n. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A plane parallel to two of the crystalline axes. PINACOLIN Pi*nac"o*lin, n. Etym: [Pinacone + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless oily liquid related to the ketones, and obtained by the decomposition of pinacone; hence, by extension, any one of the series of which pinacolin proper is the type. [Written also pinacoline.] PINACONE Pin"a*cone, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance related to the glycols, and made from acetone; hence, by extension, any one of a series of substances of which pinacone proper is the type. [Written also pinakone.] PINACOTHECA Pin`a*co*the"ca, n. Etym: [L. pinacotheca, fr. Gr. Defn: A picture gallery. PINAFORE Pin"a*fore`, n. Etym: [Pin + afore.] Defn: An apron for a child to protect the front part of dress; a tier. PINAKOTHEK Pin"a*ko*thek`, n. Etym: [G.] Defn: Pinacotheca. PINASTER Pi*nas"ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. pinus a pine.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of pine (Pinus Pinaster) growing in Southern Europe. PINAX Pi"nax, n.; pl. Pinaces. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: A tablet; a register; hence, a list or scheme inscribed on a tablet. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PINCE-NEZ Pince`-nez", n. Etym: [F. pincer to pinch + nez nose.] Defn: Eyeglasses kept on the nose by a spring. PINCERS Pin"cers, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. F. pince pinchers, fr. pincer to pinch. See Pinch, Pinchers.] Defn: See Pinchers. PINCH Pinch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinched; p. pr. & vb. n. Pinching.] Etym: [F. pincer, probably fr. OD. pitsen to pinch; akin to G. pfetzen to cut, pinch; perhaps of Celtic origin. Cf. Piece.] 1. To press hard or squeeze between the ends of the fingers, between teeth or claws, or between the jaws of an instrument; to squeeze or compress, as between any two hard bodies. 2. o seize; to grip; to bite; -- said of animals. [Obs.] He [the hound] pinched and pulled her down. Chapman. 3. To plait. [Obs.] Full seemly her wimple ipinched was. Chaucer. 4. Figuratively: To cramp; to straiten; to oppress; to starve; to distress; as, to be pinched for money. Want of room . . . pinching a whole nation. Sir W. Raleigh. 5. To move, as a railroad car, by prying the wheels with a pinch. See Pinch, n., 4. PINCH Pinch, v. i. 1. To act with pressing force; to compress; to squeeze; as, the shoe pinches." 2. (Hunt.) Defn: To take hold; to grip, as a dog does. [Obs.] 3. To spare; to be niggardly; to be covetous. Gower. The wretch whom avarice bids to pinch and spare. Franklin. To pinch at, to find fault with; to take exception to. [Obs.] Chaucer. PINCH Pinch, n. 1. A close compression, as with the ends of the fingers, or with an instrument; a nip. 2. As much as may be taken between the finger and thumb; any very small quantity; as, a pinch of snuff. 3. Pian; pang. "Necessary's sharp pinch." Shak. 4. A lever having a projection at one end, acting as a fulcrum, -- used chiefly to roll heavy wheels, etc. Called also pinch bar. At a pinch, On a pinch, in an emergency; as, he could on a pinch read a little Latin. PINCHBECK Pinch"beck, n. Etym: [Said to be from the name of the inventor; cf. It. prencisbecco.] Defn: An alloy of copper and zinc, resembling gold; a yellow metal, composed of about three ounces of zinc to a pound of copper. It is much used as an imitation of gold in the manufacture of cheap jewelry. PINCHBECK Pinch"beck, a. Defn: Made of pinchbeck; sham; cheap; spurious; unreal. "A pinchbeck throne." J. A. Symonds. PINCHCOCK Pinch"cock`, n. Defn: A clamp on a flexible pipe to regulate the flow of a fluid through the pipe. PINCHEM Pin"chem, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European blue titmouse. [Prov. Eng.] PINCHER Pinch"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, pinches. PINCHERS Pinch"ers, n. pl. Etym: [From Pinch.] Defn: An instrument having two handles and two grasping jaws working on a pivot; -- used for griping things to be held fast, drawing nails, etc. Note: This spelling is preferable to pincers, both on account of its derivation from the English pinch, and because it represents the common pronunciation. PINCHFIST Pinch"fist`, n. Defn: A closefisted person; a miser. PINCHING Pinch"ing, a. Defn: Compressing; nipping; griping; niggardly; as, pinching cold; a pinching parsimony. Pinching bar, a pinch bar. See Pinch, n., 4. -- Pinching nut, a check nut. See under Check, n. PINCHINGLY Pinch"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a pinching way. PINCHPENNY Pinch"pen`ny, n. Defn: A miserly person. PINCOFFIN Pin"coff*in, n. Etym: [From Pincoff, an English manufacturer.] Defn: A commercial preparation of garancin, yielding fine violet tints. PINCPINC Pinc"pinc`, n. Etym: [Named from its note.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An African wren warbler. (Drymoica textrix). PINCUSHION Pin"cush`ion, n. Defn: A small cushion, in which pins may be stuck for use. PINDAL; PINDAR Pin"dal, Pin"dar, n. Etym: [D. piendel.] (Bot.) Defn: The peanut (Arachis hypogæa); -- so called in the West Indies. PINDARIC Pin*dar"ic, a. Etym: [L. Pindaricus, Gr. Pindarus) Pindar: cf. F. pindarique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Pindar, the Greek lyric poet; after the style and manner of Pindar; as, Pindaric odes. -- n. Defn: A Pindaric ode. PINDARICAL Pin*dar"ic*al, a. Defn: Pindaric. Too extravagant and Pindarical for prose. Cowley. PINDARISM Pin"dar*ism, n. Defn: Imitation of Pindar. PINDARIST Pin"dar*ist, n. Defn: One who imitates Pindar. PINDER Pin"der, n. Etym: [AS. pyndan to pen up, fr. pund a pound.] Defn: One who impounds; a poundkeeper. [Obs.] PINE Pine, n. Etym: [AS. pin, L. poena penalty. See Pain.] Defn: Woe; torment; pain. [Obs.] "Pyne of hell." Chaucer. PINE Pine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pined; p. pr. & vb. n. Pining.] Etym: [AS. pinan to torment, fr. pin torment. See 1st Pine, Pain, n. & v.] 1. To inflict pain upon; to torment; to torture; to afflict. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak. That people that pyned him to death. Piers Plowman. One is pined in prison, another tortured on the rack. Bp. Hall. 2. To grieve or mourn for. [R.] Milton. PINE Pine, v. i. 1. To suffer; to be afflicted. [Obs.] 2. To languish; to lose flesh or wear away, under any distress or anexiety of mind; to droop; -- often used with away. "The roses wither and the lilies pine." Tickell. 3. To languish with desire; to waste away with longing for something; -- usually followed by for. For whom, and not for Tybalt, Juliet pined. Shak. Syn. -- To languish; droop; flag; wither; decay. PINE Pine, n. Etym: [AS. pin, L. pinus.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any tree of the coniferous genus Pinus. See Pinus. Note: There are about twenty-eight species in the United States, of which the white pine (P. Strobus), the Georgia pine (P. australis), the red pine (P. resinosa), and the great West Coast sugar pine (P. Lambertiana) are among the most valuable. The Scotch pine or fir, also called Norway or Riga pine (Pinus sylvestris), is the only British species. The nut pine is any pine tree, or species of pine, which bears large edible seeds. See Pinon. The spruces, firs, larches, and true cedars, though formerly considered pines, are now commonly assigned to other genera. 2. The wood of the pine tree. 3. A pineapple. Ground pine. (Bot.) See under Ground. -- Norfolk Island pine (Bot.), a beautiful coniferous tree, the Araucaria excelsa. -- Pine barren, a tract of infertile land which is covered with pines. [Southern U.S.] -- Pine borer (Zoöl.), any beetle whose larvæ bore into pine trees. -- Pine finch. (Zoöl.) See Pinefinch, in the Vocabulary. -- Pine grosbeak (Zoöl.), a large grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator), which inhabits the northern parts of both hemispheres. The adult male is more or less tinged with red. -- Pine lizard (Zoöl.), a small, very active, mottled gray lizard (Sceloporus undulatus), native of the Middle States; -- called also swift, brown scorpion, and alligator. -- Pine marten. (Zoöl.) (a) A European weasel (Mustela martes), called also sweet marten, and yellow-breasted marten. (b) The American sable. See Sable. -- Pine moth (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small tortricid moths of the genus Retinia, whose larvæ burrow in the ends of the branchlets of pine trees, often doing great damage. -- Pine mouse (Zoöl.), an American wild mouse (Arvicola pinetorum), native of the Middle States. It lives in pine forests. -- Pine needle (Bot.), one of the slender needle-shaped leaves of a pine tree. See Pinus. -- Pine-needle wool. See Pine wool (below). -- Pine oil, an oil resembling turpentine, obtained from fir and pine trees, and used in making varnishes and colors. -- Pine snake (Zoöl.), a large harmless North American snake (Pituophis melanoleucus). It is whitish, covered with brown blotches having black margins. Called also bull snake. The Western pine snake (P. Sayi) is chestnut-brown, mottled with black and orange. -- Pine tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Pinus; pine. -- Pine-tree money, money coined in Massachusetts in the seventeenth century, and so called from its bearing a figure of a pine tree. -- Pine weevil (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of weevils whose larvæ bore in the wood of pine trees. Several species are known in both Europe and America, belonging to the genera Pissodes, Hylobius, etc. -- Pine wool, a fiber obtained from pine needles by steaming them. It is prepared on a large scale in some of the Southern United States, and has many uses in the economic arts; -- called also pine- needle wool, and pine-wood wool. PINEAL Pi"ne*al, a. Etym: [L. pinea the cone of a pine, from pineus of the pine, from pinus a pine: cf. F. pinéale.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a pine cone; resembling a pine cone. Pineal gland (Anat.), a glandlike body in the roof of the third ventricle of the vertebrate brain; -- called also pineal body, epiphysis, conarium. In some animals it is connected with a rudimentary eye, the so-called pineal eye, and in other animals it is supposed to be the remnant of a dorsal median eye. PINEAPPLE Pine"ap`ple, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tropical plant (Ananassa sativa); also, its fruit; -- so called from the resemblance of the latter, in shape and external appearance, to the cone of the pine tree. Its origin is unknown, though conjectured to be American. PINEASTER Pine`as"ter, n. Defn: See Pinaster. PINE-CLAD; PINE-CROWNED Pine"-clad`, Pine"-crowned`, a. Defn: Clad or crowned with pine trees; as, pine-clad hills. PINEDROPS Pine"drops`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A reddish herb (Pterospora andromedea) of the United States, found parasitic on the roots of pine trees. PINEFINCH Pine"finch`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American bird (Spinus, or Chrysomitris, spinus); -- called also pine siskin, and American siskin. (b) The pine grosbeak. PINENCHYMA Pi*nen"chy*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -enchyma, as in parenchyma.] (Bot.) Defn: Tabular parenchyma, a form of cellular tissue in which the cells are broad and flat, as in some kinds of epidermis. PINERY Pin"er*y, n.; pl. Pineries (. 1. A pine forest; a grove of pines. 2. A hothouse in which pineapples are grown. PINESAP Pine"sap`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A reddish fleshy herb of the genus Monotropa (M. hypopitys), formerly thought to be parasitic on the roots of pine trees, but more probably saprophytic. PINE-TREE STATE Pine-tree State. Defn: Maine; -- a nickname alluding to the pine tree in its coat of arms. PINETUM Pi*ne"tum, n. Etym: [L., a pine grove.] Defn: A plantation of pine trees; esp., a collection of living pine trees made for ornamental or scientific purposes. PINEWEED Pine"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A low, bushy, nearly leafless herb (Hypericum Sarothra), common in sandy soil in the Eastern United States. PINEY Pin"ey, a. Defn: See Piny. PINEY Pin"ey, a. Etym: [Of East Indian origin.] Defn: A term used in designating an East Indian tree (the Vateria Indica or piney tree, of the order Dipterocarpeæ, which grows in Malabar, etc.) or its products. Piney dammar, Piney resin, Piney varnish, a pellucid, fragrant, acrid, bitter resin, which exudes from the piney tree (Vateria Indica) when wounded. It is used as a varnish, in making candles, and as a substitute for incense and for amber. Called also liquid copal, and white dammar. -- Piney tallow, a solid fatty substance, resembling tallow, obtained from the roasted seeds of the Vateria Indica; called also dupada oil. -- Piney thistle (Bot.), a plant (Atractylis gummifera), from the bark of which, when wounded, a gummy substance exudes. PIN-EYED Pin"-eyed`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the stigma visible at the throad of a gamopetalous corolla, while the stamens are concealed in the tube; -- said of dimorphous flowers. The opposite of Ant: thrum-eyed. PINFEATHER Pin"feath`er, n. Defn: A feather not fully developed; esp., a rudimentary feather just emerging through the skin. PINFEATHERED Pin"feath`ered, a. Defn: Having part, or all, of the feathers imperfectly developed. PIN-FIRE Pin"-fire`, a. (Mil.) Defn: Having a firing pin to explode the cartridge; as, a pin-fire rifle. PINFISH Pin"fish`, n. Etym: [So called from their sharp dorsal spines.] (Zoöl.) (a) The sailor's choice (Diplodus, or Lagodon, rhomboides). (b) The salt-water bream (Diplodus Holbrooki). Note: Both are excellent food fishes, common on the coast of the United States south of Cape Hatteras. The name is also applied to other allied species. PINFOLD Pin"fold`, n. Etym: [For pindfold. See Pinder, Pound an inclosure, and Fold an inclosure.] Defn: A place in which stray cattle or domestic animals are confined; a pound; a penfold. Shak. A parish pinfold begirt by its high hedge. Sir W. Scott. PING Ping, n. Etym: [Probably of imitative origin.] Defn: The sound made by a bullet in striking a solid object or in passing through the air. PING Ping, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pinged; p. pr. & vb. n. Pinging.] Defn: To make the sound called ping. PINGLE Pin"gle, n. Etym: [Perhaps fr. pin to impound.] Defn: A small piece of inclosed ground. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] PING-PONG Ping"-pong`, n. [Imitative.] 1. An indoor modification of lawn tennis played with small bats, or battledores, and a very light, hollow, celluloid ball, on a large table divided across the middle by a net. 2. A size of photograph a little larger than a postage stamp. PING-PONG Ping"-pong`, v. i. Defn: To play ping-pong. PINGSTER Ping"ster, n. Defn: See Pinkster. PINGUEFACTION Pin`gue*fac"tion, n. [L. pinguefacere, pinguefactum, to fatten; pinguis fat + facere to make.] (Med.) Defn: A making of, or turning into, fat. PINGUICULA Pin*guic"u*la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. pinguiculus somewhat fat, fattish.] (Bot.) Defn: See Butterwort. PINGUID Pin"guid, a. Etym: [L. pinguis fat.] Defn: Fat; unctuous; greasy. [Obs.] "Some clays are more pinguid." Mortimer. PINGUIDINOUS Pin*guid"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. pinguedo fatness, fr. pinguis fat.] Defn: Containing fat; fatty. [Obs.] PINGUITUDE Pin"gui*tude, n. Etym: [L. pinguitudo, from pinguis fat.] Defn: Fatness; a growing fat; obesity. [R.] PINHOLD Pin"hold`, n. Defn: A place where a pin is fixed. PINIC Pi"nic ( a. Etym: [L. pinus pine.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pine; obtained from the pine; formerly, designating an acid which is the chief constituent of common resin, - - now called abietic, or sylvic, acid. PINING Pin"ing, a. 1. Languishing; drooping; wasting away, as with longing. 2. Wasting; consuming. "The pining malady of France." Shak. PININGLY Pin"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a pining manner; droopingly. Poe. PINION Pin"ion, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A moth of the genus Lithophane, as L. antennata, whose larva bores large holes in young peaches and apples. PINION Pin"ion, n. Etym: [OF. pignon a pen, F., gable, pinion (in sense 5); cf. Sp. piñon pinion; fr. L. pinna pinnacle, feather, wing. See Pin a peg, and cf. Pen a feather, Pennat, Pennon.] 1. A feather; a quill. Shak. 2. A wing, literal or figurative. Swift on his sooty pinions flits the gnome. Pope. 3. The joint of bird's wing most remote from the body. Johnson. 4. A fetter for the arm. Ainsworth. 5. (Mech.) Defn: A cogwheel with a small number of teeth, or leaves, adapted to engage with a larger wheel, or rack (see Rack); esp., such a wheel having its leaves formed of the substance of the arbor or spindle which is its axis. Lantern pinion. See under Lantern. -- Pinion wire, wire fluted longitudinally, for making the pinions of clocks and watches. It is formed by being drawn through holes of the shape required for the leaves or teeth of the pinions. PINION Pin"ion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Pinioning.] 1. To bind or confine the wings of; to confine by binding the wings. Bacon. 2. To disable by cutting off the pinion joint. Johnson. 3. To disable or restrain, as a person, by binding the arms, esp. by binding the arms to the body. Shak. Her elbows pinioned close upon her hips. Cowper. 4. Hence, generally, to confine; to bind; to tie up. "Pinioned up by formal rules of state." Norris. PINIONED Pin"ioned, a. Defn: Having wings or pinions. PINIONIST Pin"ion*ist, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any winged creature. PINITE Pin"ite, n. Etym: [So called from Pini, a mine in Saxony.] (Min.) Defn: A compact granular cryptocrystalline mineral of a dull grayish or greenish white color. It is a hydrous alkaline silicate, and is derived from the alteration of other minerals, as iolite. PINITE Pi"nite, n. Etym: [L. pinus the pine tree.] 1. (Paleon.) Any fossil wood which exhibits traces of having belonged to the Pine family. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A sweet white crystalline substance extracted from the gum of a species of pine (Pinus Lambertina). It is isomeric with, and resembles, quercite. PINK Pink, n. Etym: [D. pink.] (Naut.) Defn: A vessel with a very narrow stern; -- called also pinky. Sir W. Scott. Pink stern (Naut.), a narrow stern. PINK Pink, v. i. Etym: [D. pinken, pinkoogen, to blink, twinkle with the eyes.] Defn: To wink; to blink. [Obs.] L'Estrange. PINK Pink, a. Defn: Half-shut; winking. [Obs.] Shak. PINK Pink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinked; p. pr. & vb. n. Pinking.] Etym: [OE. pinken to prick, probably a nasalized form of pick.] 1. To pierce with small holes; to cut the edge of, as cloth or paper, in small scallops or angles. 2. To stab; to pierce as with a sword. Addison. 3. To choose; to cull; to pick out. [Obs.] Herbert. PINK Pink, n. Defn: A stab. Grose. PINK Pink, n. Etym: [Perh. akin to pick; as if the edges of the petals were picked out. Cf. Pink, v. t.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several plants of the caryophyllaceous genus Dianthus, and to their flowers, which are sometimes very fragrant and often double in cultivated varieties. The species are mostly perennial herbs, with opposite linear leaves, and handsome five- petaled flowers with a tubular calyx. 2. A color resulting from the combination of a pure vivid red with more or less white; -- so called from the common color of the flower. Dryden. 3. Anything supremely excellent; the embodiment or perfection of something. "The very pink of courtesy." Shak. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European minnow; -- so called from the color of its abdomen in summer. [Prov. Eng.] Bunch pink is Dianthus barbatus. -- China, or Indian, pink. See under China. -- Clove pink is Dianthus Caryophyllus, the stock from which carnations are derived. -- Garden pink. See Pheasant's eye. -- Meadow pink is applied to Dianthus deltoides; also, to the ragged robin. -- Maiden pink, Dianthus deltoides. -- Moss pink. See under Moss. -- Pink needle, the pin grass; -- so called from the long, tapering points of the carpels. See Alfilaria. -- Sea pink. See Thrift. PINK Pink, a. Defn: Resembling the garden pink in color; of the color called pink (see 6th Pink, 2); as, a pink dress; pink ribbons. Pink eye (Med.), a popular name for an epidemic variety of ophthalmia, associated with early and marked redness of the eyeball. -- Pink salt (Chem. & Dyeing), the double chlorides of (stannic) tin and ammonium, formerly much used as a mordant for madder and cochineal. -- Pink saucer, a small saucer, the inner surface of which is covered with a pink pigment. PINKED Pinked, a. Defn: Pierced with small holes; worked in eyelets; scalloped on the edge. Shak. PINK-EYED Pink"-eyed`, a. Etym: [Pink half-shut + eye.] Defn: Having small eyes. Holland. PINKING Pink"ing, n. 1. The act of piercing or stabbing. 2. The act or method of decorating fabrics or garments with a pinking iron; also, the style of decoration; scallops made with a pinking iron. Pinking iron. (a) An instrument for scalloping the edges of ribbons, flounces, etc. (b) A sword. [Colloq.] PINKISH Pink"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat pink. PINKNESS Pink"ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being pink. PINKROOT Pink"root`, n. 1. (Med.) Defn: The root of Spigelia Marilandica, used as a powerful vermifuge; also, that of S. Anthelmia. See definition 2 (below). 2. (Bot.) (a) A perennial North American herb (Spigelia Marilandica), sometimes cultivated for its showy red blossoms. Called also Carolina pink, Maryland pinkroot, and worm grass. (b) An annual South American and West Indian plant (Spigelia Anthelmia). PINKSTER Pink"ster, n. Etym: [D. pinkster, pinksteren, fr. Gr. Pentecost.] Defn: Whitsuntide. [Written also pingster and pinxter.] Pinkster flower (Bot.), the rosy flower of the Azalea nudiflora; also, the shrub itself; -- called also Pinxter blomachee by the New York descendants of the Dutch settlers. PINK STERN Pink" stern`. Etym: [See 1st Pink.] (Naut.) Defn: See Chebacco, and 1st Pink. PINK-STERNED Pink"-sterned`, a. Etym: [See 1st Pink.] (Naut.) Defn: Having a very narrow stern; -- said of a vessel. PINKY Pink"y, n. (Naut.) Defn: See 1st Pink. PINNA Pin"na, n.; pl. Pinnæ, E. Pinnas. Etym: [L., a feather.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A leaflet of a pinnate leaf. See Illust. of Bipinnate leaf, under Bipinnate. (b) One of the primary divisions of a decompound leaf. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the divisions of a pinnate part or organ. 3. Etym: [L. pinna, akin to Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Pinna, a genus of large bivalve mollusks found in all warm seas. The byssus consists of a large number of long, silky fibers, which have been used in manufacturing woven fabrics, as a curiosity. 4. (Anat.) Defn: The auricle of the ear. See Ear. PINNACE Pin"nace, n. Etym: [F. pinasse; cf. It. pinassa, pinazza, Sp. pinaza; all from L. pinus a pine tree, anything made of pine, e.g., a ship. Cf. Pine a tree.] 1. (Naut.) (a) A small vessel propelled by sails or oars, formerly employed as a tender, or for coast defence; -- called originally, spynace or spyne. (b) A man-of-war's boat. Whilst our pinnace anchors in the Downs. Shak. 2. A procuress; a pimp. [Obs.] B. Jonson. PINNACLE Pin"na*cle, n. Etym: [OE. pinacle, F. pinacle, L. pinnaculum, fr. pinna pinnacle, feather. See Pin a peg.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: An architectural member, upright, and generally ending in a small spire, -- used to finish a buttress, to constitute a part in a proportion, as where pinnacles flank a gable or spire, and the like. Pinnacles may be considered primarily as added weight, where it is necessary to resist the thrust of an arch, etc. Some renowned metropolis With glistering spires and pinnacles around. Milton. 2. Anything resembling a pinnacle; a lofty peak; a pointed summit. Three silent pinnacles of aged snow. Tennyson. The slippery tops of human state, The gilded pinnacles of fate. Cowley. PINNACLE Pin"na*cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinnacled; p. pr. & vb. n. Pinnacling.] Defn: To build or furnish with a pinnacle or pinnacles. T. Warton. PINNAGE Pin"nage, n. Etym: [Cf. Pinfold.] Defn: Poundage of cattle. See Pound. [Obs.] PINNATE; PINNATED Pin"nate, Pin"na*ted, a. Etym: [L. pinnatus feathered, fr. pinna a feather. See Pin a peg, Pen feather.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Consisting of several leaflets, or separate portions, arranged on each side of a common petiole, as the leaves of a rosebush, a hickory, or an ash. See Abruptly pinnate, and Illust., under Abruptly. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a winglike tuft of long feathers on each side of the neck. Pinnated grouse (Zoöl.), the prairie chicken. PINNATELY Pin"nate*ly, adv. Defn: In a pinnate manner. PINNATIFID Pin*nat"i*fid, a. Etym: [L. pinnatus feathered + root of findere to split: cf. F. pinnatifide.] (Bot.) Defn: Divided in a pinnate manner, with the divisions not reaching to the midrib. PINNATILOBATE Pin*nat`i*lo"bate, a. Etym: [See Pinnate, and Lobate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having lobes arranged in a pinnate manner. PINNATIPED Pin*nat"i*ped, a. Etym: [L. pinnatus feathered + pes, pedis foot: cf. F. pinnatipède.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the toes bordered by membranes; fin-footed, as certain birds. PINNATIPED Pin*nat"i*ped, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird which has the toes bordered by membranes. PINNER Pin"ner, n. 1. One who, or that which, pins or fastens, as with pins. 2. (Costume) (a) A headdress like a cap, with long lappets. (b) An apron with a bib; a pinafore. (c) A cloth band for a gown. [Obs.] With kerchief starched, and pinners clean. Gay. 3. A pin maker. PINNER Pin"ner, n. Etym: [See Pin to pound.] Defn: One who pins or impounds cattle. See Pin, v. t. [Obs.] PINNET Pin"net, n. Defn: A pinnacle. [R.] Sir W. Scott. PINNIFORM Pin"ni*form, a. Etym: [L. pinna feather, fin + -form.] Defn: Shaped like a fin or feather. Sir J. Hill. PINNIGRADA Pin`ni*gra"da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. pinna a feather + gradi to walk, move.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pinnipedia. PINNIGRADE Pin"ni*grade, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal of the seal tribe, moving by short feet that serve as paddles. PINNIPED Pin"ni*ped, n. Etym: [L. pinna feather, fin + pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. pinnipède.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the Pinnipedia; a seal. (b) One of the Pinnipedes. PINNIPEDES Pin*nip"e*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Steganopodes. PINNIPEDIA Pin`ni*pe"di*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. So called because their webbed feet are used as paddles or fins.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of aquatic carnivorous mammals including the seals and walruses; -- opposed to Fissipedia. PINNOCK Pin"nock, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) (a) The hedge sparrow. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The tomtit. PINNOTHERE Pin"no*there, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A crab of the genus pinnotheres. See Oyster crab, under Oyster. PINNULA Pin"nu*la, n.; pl. Pinnulæ. Etym: [L.] Defn: Same as Pinnule. PINNULATE Pin"nu*late, a. Etym: [See Pinnule.] (Bot.) Defn: Having each pinna subdivided; -- said of a leaf, or of its pinnæ. PINNULATED Pin"nu*la`ted, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having pinnules. PINNULE Pin"nule, n. Etym: [L. pinnula, dim. of pinna feather: cf. F. pinnule.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: One of the small divisions of a decompound frond or leaf. See Illust. of Bipinnate leaf, under Bipinnate. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of a series of small, slender organs, or parts, when arranged in rows so as to have a plumelike appearance; as, a pinnule of a gorgonia; the pinnules of a crinoid. PINNYWINKLES Pin"ny*win`kles, n. pl. Defn: An instrument of torture, consisting of a board with holes into which the fingers were pressed, and fastened with pegs. [Written also pilliewinkles.] [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. PINOCLE Pin"o*cle, n. Defn: See Penuchle. PINOLE Pi*nole", n. 1. An aromatic powder used in Italy in the manufacture of chocolate. 2. Parched maize, ground, and mixed with sugar, etc. Mixed with water, it makes a nutritious beverage. PINON; PINYON Piñ"on, n. Etym: [Sp. piñon.] (Bot.) (a) The edible seed of several species of pine; also, the tree producing such seeds, as Pinus Pinea of Southern Europe, and P. Parryana, cembroides, edulis, and monophylla, the nut pines of Western North America. (b) See Monkey's puzzle. [Written also pignon.] PINPATCH Pin"patch`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common English periwinkle. [Prov. Eng.] PINT Pint, n. Etym: [OE. pinte, F. pinte, fr. Sp. pinta spot, mark, pint, fr. pintar to paint; a mark for a pint prob. having been made on or in a larger measure. See Paint.] Defn: A measure of capacity, equal to half a quart, or four gills, -- used in liquid and dry measures. See Quart. PINT Pint, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The laughing gull. [Prov. Eng.] PINTADO Pin*ta"do, n.; pl. Pintados. Etym: [Sp., painted, fr. pintar to paint.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the genus Numida. Several species are found in Africa. The common pintado, or Guinea fowl, the helmeted, and the crested pintados, are the best known. See Guinea fowl, under Guinea. PINTAIL Pin"tail`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A northern duck (Dafila acuta), native of both continents. The adult male has a long, tapering tail. Called also gray duck, piketail, piket-tail, spike-tail, split-tail, springtail, sea pheasant, and gray widgeon. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sharp-tailed grouse of the great plains and Rocky Mountains (Pediocætes phasianellus); -- called also pintailed grouse, pintailed chicken, springtail, and sharptail. PIN-TAILED Pin"-tailed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a tapered tail, with the middle feathers longest; -- said of birds. PINTLE Pin"tle, n. Etym: [A diminutive of Pin.] 1. A little pin. 2. (Mech.) Defn: An upright pivot pin; as: (a) The pivot pin of a hinge. (b) A hook or pin on which a rudder hangs and turns. (c) A pivot about which the chassis swings, in some kinds of gun carriages. (d) A kingbolt of a wagon. PINTO Pin"to, a. [Sp., painted.] Defn: Lit., painted; hence, piebald; mottled; pied. PINTO Pin"to, n. Defn: Any pied animal; esp., a pied or "painted" horse. PINTOS Pin"tos, n. pl.; sing. Pinto (. Etym: [Sp., painted, mottled.] (Eyhnol.) Defn: A mountain tribe of Mexican Indians living near Acapulco. They are remarkable for having the dark skin of the face irregularly spotted with white. Called also speckled Indians. PINTSCH GAS Pintsch gas. [After Richard Pintsch, German inventor.] Defn: A kind of oil gas extensively used for lighting railroad cars, which carry it in compressed form. PINULE Pin"ule, n. Etym: [Cf. Pinnule.] (Astron.) Defn: One of the sights of an astrolabe. [Obs.] PINUS Pi"nus, n. Etym: [L., a pine tree.] (Bot.) Defn: A large genus of evergreen coniferous trees, mostly found in the northern hemisphere. The genus formerly included the firs, spruces, larches, and hemlocks, but is now limited to those trees which have the primary leaves of the branchlets reduced to mere scales, and the secondary ones (pine needles) acicular, and usually in fascicles of two to seven. See Pine. PINWEED Pin"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Lechea, low North American herbs with branching stems, and very small and abundant leaves and flowers. PINWORM Pin"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small nematoid worm (Oxyurus vermicularis), which is parasitic chiefly in the rectum of man. It is most common in children and aged persons. PINXIT Pinx"it. Etym: [L., perfect indicative 3d sing. of pingere to paint.] Defn: A word appended to the artist's name or initials on a painting, or engraved copy of a painting; as, Rubens pinxit, Rubens painted (this). PINXTER Pinx"ter, n. Defn: See Pinkster. PINY Pin"y, a. Defn: Abounding with pines. [Written also piney.] "The piny wood." Longfellow. PION Piñ"on, n. [Sp. piñon.] (Bot.) (a) The edible seed of several species of pine; also, the tree producing such seeds, as Pinus Pinea of Southern Europe, and P. Parryana, cembroides, edulis, and monophylla, the nut pines of Western North America. (b) See Monkey's puzzle. [Written also pignon.] PIONED Pi"o*ned, a. Defn: A Shakespearean word of disputed meaning; perh., "abounding in marsh marigolds." Thy banks with pioned and twilled brims. Shak. PIONEER Pi`o*neer", n. Etym: [F. pionier, orig., a foot soldier, OF. peonier, fr. OF. peon a foot soldier, F. pion. See Pawn in chess.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A soldier detailed or employed to form roads, dig trenches, and make bridges, as an army advances. 2. One who goes before, as into the wilderness, preparing the way for others to follow; as, pioneers of civilization; pioneers of reform. PIONEER Pi`o*neer", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pioneered; p. pr. & vb. n. Pioneering.] Defn: To go before, and prepare or open a way for; to act as pioneer. PIONEERS' DAY Pi`o*neers'" Day. Defn: In Utah, a legal holiday, July 24, commemorated the arrival, in 1847, of Brigham Young and his followers at the present site of Salt Lake City. PIONER Pi`o*ner", n. Defn: A pioneer. [Obs.] Shak. PIONY Pi"o*ny, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Peony. PIOT Pi"ot, n. Etym: [See Piet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The magpie. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Holland. PIOUS Pi"ous, a. Etym: [L. pius: cf. F. pieux.] 1. Of or pertaining to piety; exhibiting piety; reverential; dutiful; religious; devout; godly. "Pious hearts." Milton. "Pious poetry." Johnson. Where was the martial brother's pious care Pope. 2. Practiced under the pretext of religion; prompted by mistaken piety; as, pious errors; pious frauds. Syn. -- Godly; devout; religious; righteous. PIOUSLY Pi"ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a pious manner. PIP Pip, n. Etym: [OE. pippe, D. pip, or F. pépie; from LL. pipita, fr. L. pituita slime, phlegm, rheum, in fowls, the pip. Cf. Pituite.] Defn: A contagious disease of fowls, characterized by hoarseness, discharge from the nostrils and eyes, and an accumulation of mucus in the mouth, forming a "scale" on the tongue. By some the term pip is restricted to this last symptom, the disease being called roup by them. PIP Pip, n. Etym: [Formerly pippin, pepin. Cf. Pippin.] (Bot.) Defn: A seed, as of an apple or orange. PIP Pip, n. Etym: [Perh. for pick, F. pique a spade at cards, a pike. Cf. Pique.] Defn: One of the conventional figures or "spots" on playing cards, dominoes, etc. Addison. PIP Pip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Pipping.] Etym: [See Peep.] Defn: To cry or chirp, as a chicken; to peep. To hear the chick pip and cry in the egg. Boyle. PIPA Pi*pa, n.; pl. Pipas (. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Surinam toad (Pipa Americana), noted for its peculiar breeding habits. Note: The male places the eggs on the back of the female, where they soon become inclosed in capsules formed by the thickening of the skin. The incubation of the eggs takes place in the capsules, and the young, when hatched, come forth with well developed legs. PIPAGE Pip"age, n. Defn: Transportation, as of petroleum oil, by means of a pipe conduit; also, the charge for such transportation. PIPAL TREE Pi"pal tree`. Defn: Same as Peepul tree. PIPE Pipe, n. Etym: [AS. pipe, probably fr. L. pipare, pipire, to chirp; of imitative origin. Cf. Peep, Pibroch, Fife.] 1. A wind instrument of music, consisting of a tube or tubes of straw, reed, wood, or metal; any tube which produces musical sounds; as, a shepherd's pipe; the pipe of an organ. "Tunable as sylvan pipe." Milton. Now had he rather hear the tabor and the pipe. Shak. 2. Any long tube or hollow body of wood, metal, earthenware, or the like: especially, one used as a conductor of water, steam, gas, etc. 3. A small bowl with a hollow steam, -- used in smoking tobacco, and, sometimes, other substances. 4. A passageway for the air in speaking and breathing; the windpipe, or one of its divisions. 5. The key or sound of the voice. [R.] Shak. 6. The peeping whistle, call, or note of a bird. The earliest pipe of half-awakened birds. Tennyson. 7. pl. Defn: The bagpipe; as, the pipes of Lucknow. 8. (Mining) Defn: An elongated body or vein of ore. 9. A roll formerly used in the English exchequer, otherwise called the Great Roll, on which were taken down the accounts of debts to the king; -- so called because put together like a pipe. Mozley & W. 10. (Naut.) Defn: A boatswain's whistle, used to call the crew to their duties; also, the sound of it. 11. Etym: [Cf. F. pipe, fr. pipe a wind instrument, a tube, fr. L. pipare to chirp. See Etymol. above.] Defn: A cask usually containing two hogsheads, or 126 wine gallons; also, the quantity which it contains. Pipe fitter, one who fits pipes together, or applies pipes, as to an engine or a building. -- Pipe fitting, a piece, as a coupling, an elbow, a valve, etc., used for connecting lengths of pipe or as accessory to a pipe. -- Pipe office, an ancient office in the Court of Exchequer, in which the clerk of the pipe made out leases of crown lands, accounts of cheriffs, etc. [Eng.] -- Pipe tree (Bot.), the lilac and the mock orange; -- so called because their were formerly used to make pipe stems; -- called also pipe privet. -- Pipe wrench, or Pipetongs, a jawed tool for gripping a pipe, in turning or holding it. -- To smoke the pipe of peace, to smoke from the same pipe in token of amity or preparatory to making a treaty of peace, -- a custom of the American Indians. PIPE Pipe, v. i. 1. To play on a pipe, fife, flute, or other tubular wind instrument of music. We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced. Matt. xi. 17. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To call, convey orders, etc., by means of signals on a pipe or whistle carried by a boatswain. 3. To emit or have a shrill sound like that of a pipe; to whistle. "Oft in the piping shrouds." Wordsworth. 4. (Metal.) Defn: To become hollow in the process of solodifying; -- said of an ingot, as of steel. PIPE Pipe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Piped; p. pr. & vb. n. Piping.] 1. To perform, as a tune, by playing on a pipe, flute, fife, etc.; to utter in the shrill tone of a pipe. A robin . . . was piping a few querulous notes. W. Irving. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To call or direct, as a crew, by the boatswain's whistle. As fine a ship's company as was ever piped aloft. Marryat. 3. To furnish or equip with pipes; as, to pipe an engine, or a building. PIPE CLAY Pipe" clay` ( Defn: A plastic, unctuous clay of a grayish white color, -- used in making tobacco pipes and various kinds of earthenware, in scouring cloth, and in cleansing soldiers' equipments. PIPECLAY Pipe"clay`, v. t. 1. To whiten or clean with pipe clay, as a soldier's accouterments. 2. To clear off; as, to pipeclay accounts. [Slang, Eng.] PIPED Piped, a. Defn: Formed with a pipe; having pipe or pipes; tubular. PIPEFISH Pipe"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any lophobranch fish of the genus Siphostoma, or Syngnathus, and allied genera, having a long and very slender angular body, covered with bony plates. The mouth is small, at the end of a long, tubular snout. The male has a pouch on his belly, in which the incubation of the eggs takes place. PIPELAYER; PIPE LAYER Pipe"lay`er, n., or Pipe" lay`er. 1. One who lays conducting pipes in the ground, as for water, gas, etc. 2. (Polit. Cant) Defn: A politician who works in secret; -- in this sense, usually written as one word. [U.S.] PIPELAYING; PIPE LAYING Pipe"lay`ing, n., or Pipe" lay`ing. 1. The laying of conducting pipes underground, as for water, gas, etc. 2. (Polit. Cant) Defn: The act or method of making combinations for personal advantage secretly or slyly; -- in this sense, usually written as one word. [U.S.] PIPE LINE Pipe line. Defn: A line of pipe with pumping machinery and apparatus for conveying liquids, esp. petroleum, between distant points. PIPE-LINE Pipe"-line`, v. t. Defn: To convey by a pipe line; to furnish with a pipe line or pipe lines. PIPEMOUTH Pipe"mouth`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any fish of the genus Fistularia; -- called also tobacco pipefish. See Fistularia. PIPER Pi"per, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Pepper. PIPER Pip"er, n. 1. (Mus.) Defn: One who plays on a pipe, or the like, esp. on a bagpipe. "The hereditary piper and his sons." Macaulay. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European gurnard (Trigla lyra), having a large head, with prominent nasal projection, and with large, sharp, opercular spines. (b) A sea urchin (Goniocidaris hystrix) having very long spines, native of both the American and European coasts. To pay the piper, to bear the cost, expense, or trouble. PIPERACEOUS Pip`er*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. piper pepper.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the order of plants (Piperaceæ) of which the pepper (Piper nigrum) is the type. There are about a dozen genera and a thousand species, mostly tropical plants with pungent and aromatic qualities. PIPERAZINE; PIPERAZIN Pi*per"a*zine, n. Also -zin . [Piperidine + azote + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: A crystalline substance, (C2H4NH)2, formed by action of ammonia on ethylene bromide, by reduction of pyrazine, etc. It is a strong base, and is used as a remedy for gout. PIPERIC Pi*per"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, or designating, a complex organic acid found in the products of different members of the Pepper family, and extracted as a yellowish crystalline substance. PIPERIDGE Pip"er*idge, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Pepperidge. PIPERIDINE Pi*per"i*dine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An oily liquid alkaloid, C5H11N, having a hot, peppery, ammoniacal odor. It is related to pyridine, and is obtained by the decomposition of piperine. PIPERINE Pip"er*ine, n. Etym: [L. piper pepper: cf. F. piperin, piperine.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline compound of piperidine and piperic acid. It is obtained from the black pepper (Piper nigrum) and other species. PIPERONAL Pip`er*o"nal, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance obtained by oxidation of piperic acid, and regarded as a complex aldehyde. PIPERYLENE Pi*per"y*lene, n. Etym: [Piperidine + acetylene.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon obtained by decomposition of certain piperidine derivatives. PIPESTEM Pipe"stem`, n. Defn: The hollow stem or tube of a pipe used for smoking tobacco, etc. Took a long reed for a pipestem. Longfellow. PIPESTONE Pipe"stone`, n. Defn: A kind of clay slate, carved by the Indians into tobacco pipes. Cf. Catlinite. PIPETTE Pi*pette", n. Etym: [F., dim. of pipe.] Defn: A small glass tube, often with an enlargement or bulb in the middle, and usually graduated, -- used for transferring or delivering measured quantities. PIPEVINE Pipe"vine`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The Dutchman's pipe. See under Dutchman. PIPEWOOD Pipe"wood`, n. Defn: An ericaceous shrub (Leucothoë acuminata) of the southern United States, from the wood of which pipe bowls are made. PIPEWORT Pipe"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of a genus (Eriocaulon) of aquatic or marsh herbs with soft grass-like leaves. PIPING Pip"ing, a. Etym: [From Pipe, v.] 1. Playing on a musical pipe. "Lowing herds and piping swains." Swift. 2. Peaceful; favorable to, or characterized by, the music of the pipe rather than of the drum and fife. Shak. 3. Emitting a high, shrill sound. 4. Simmering; boiling; sizzling; hissing; -- from the sound of boiling fluids. Piping crow, Piping crow shrike, Piping roller (Zoöl.), any Australian bird of the genus Gymnorhina, esp. G. tibicen, which is black and white, and the size of a small crow. Called also caruck. -- Piping frog (Zoöl.), a small American tree frog (Hyla Pickeringii) which utters a high, shrill note in early spring. -- Piping hot, boiling hot; hissing hot; very hot. [Colloq.] Milton. PIPING Pip"ing, n. 1. A small cord covered with cloth, -- used as trimming for women's dresses. 2. Pipes, collectively; as, the piping of a house. 3. The act of playing on a pipe; the shrill noted of birds, etc. 4. A piece cut off to be set or planted; a cutting; also, propagation by cuttings. PIPISTREL; PIPISTRELLE Pi*pis"trel, Pip`i*strelle", n. Etym: [F. pipistrelle, It. pipistrello.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European bat (Vesperugo pipistrellus); -- called also flittermouse. PIPIT Pip"it, n. Etym: [So named from its call note.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small singing birds belonging to Anthus and allied genera, of the family Motacillidæ. They strongly resemble the true larks in habits, colors, and the great length of the hind claw. They are, therefore, often called titlarks, and pipit larks. Note: The meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis); the tree pipit, or tree lark (A. trivialis); and the rock pipit, or sea lark (A. obscurus) are well-known European species. The common American pipit, or brown lark, is Anthus Pensilvanicus. The Western species (A. Spraguei) is called the American skylark, on account of its musical powers. PIPKIN Pip"kin, n.Etym: [Dim. of Pipe.] Defn: A small earthen boiler. PIPPIN Pip"pin, n. Etym: [Probably fr. OE. pippin a seed, as being raised from the seed. See Pip a seed.] (Bot.) (a) An apple from a tree raised from the seed and not grafted; a seedling apple. (b) A name given to apples of several different kinds, as Newtown pippin, summer pippin, fall pippin, golden pippin. We will eat a last year's pippin. Shak. Normandy pippins, sun-dried apples for winter use. PIPPUL TREE Pip"pul tree`. Defn: Same as Peepul tree. PIPRA Pi"pra, n.; pl. Pipras. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small clamatorial birds belonging to Pipra and allied genera, of the family Pipridæ. The male is usually glossy black, varied with scarlet, yellow, or sky blue. They chiefly inhabit South America. PIPRINE Pi"prine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pipras, or the family Pipridæ. PIPSISSEWA Pip*sis"se*wa, n. Etym: [From American Indian.] (Bot.) Defn: A low evergreen plant (Chimaphila umbellata), with narrow, wedge-lanceolate leaves, and an umbel of pretty nodding fragrant blossoms. It has been used in nephritic diseases. Called also prince's pine. PIPY Pip"y, a. Defn: Like a pipe; hollow-stemmed. Keats. PIQUANCY Pi"quan*cy, n. Etym: [See Piquant.] Defn: The quality or state of being piquant. PIQUANT Pi"quant, a. Etym: [F., p.pr. of piquer to prick or sting. See Pike.] Defn: Stimulating to the taste; giving zest; tart; sharp; pungent; as, a piquant anecdote. "As piquant to the tongue as salt." Addison. "Piquant railleries." Gov. of Tongue. PIQUANTLY Pi"quant*ly, adv. Defn: In a piquant manner. PIQUE Pi`qué", n. Etym: [F., p.p. of piquer to prick.] Defn: A cotton fabric, figured in the loom, -- used as a dress goods for women and children, and for vestings, etc. PIQUE Pique, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The jigger. See Jigger. PIQUE Pique, n. Etym: [F., fr. piquer. See Pike.] 1. A feeling of hurt, vexation, or resentment, awakened by a social slight or injury; irritation of the feelings, as through wounded pride; stinging vexation. Men take up piques and displeasures. Dr. H. More. Wars had arisen . . . upon a personal pique. De Quincey. 2. Keenly felt desire; a longing. Though it have the pique, and long, 'Tis still for something in the wrong. Hudibras. 3. (Card Playing) Defn: In piquet, the right of the elder hand to count thirty in hand, or to play before the adversary counts one. Syn. -- Displeasure; irritation; grudge; spite. Pique, Spite, Grudge. Pique denotes a quick and often transient sense of resentment for some supposed neglect or injury, but it is not marked by malevolence. Spite is a stronger term, denoting settled ill will or malice, with a desire to injure, as the result of extreme irritation. Grudge goes still further, denoting cherished and secret enmity, with an unforgiving spirit. A pique is usually of recent date; a grudge is that which has long subsisted; spite implies a disposition to cross or vex others. PIQUE Pique, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Piqued; p. pr. & vb. n. Piquing.] Etym: [F. piquer. See Pike.] 1. To wound the pride of; to sting; to nettle; to irritate; to fret; to offend; to excite to anger. Pique her, and soothe in turn. Byron. 2. To excite to action by causing resentment or jealousy; to stimulate; to prick; as, to pique ambition, or curiosity. Prior. 3. To pride or value; -- used reflexively. Men . . . pique themselves upon their skill. Locke. Syn. -- To offend; displease; irritate; provoke; fret; nettle; sting; goad; stimulate. PIQUE Pique, v. i. Defn: To cause annoyance or irritation. "Every piques." Tatler. PIQUEER Pi*queer", v. i. Defn: See Pickeer. [R.] PIQUEERER Pi*queer"er, n. Defn: See Pickeerer. [R.] PIQUET Piqu"et, n. Defn: See Picket. [R.] PIQUET Pi*quet", n. Etym: [F., prob. fr. pique. See Pique, Pike, and Picket.] Defn: A game at cards played between two persons, with thirty-two cards, all the deuces, threes, fours, fives, and sixes, being set aside. [Written also picket and picquet.] PIRACY Pi"ra*cy, n.; pl. Piracies. Etym: [Cf. LL. piratia, Gr. Pirate.] 1. The act or crime of a pirate. 2. (Common Law) Defn: Robbery on the high seas; the taking of property from others on the open sea by open violence; without lawful authority, and with intent to steal; -- a crime answering to robbery on land. Note: By statute law several other offenses committed on the seas (as trading with known pirates, or engaging in the slave trade) have been made piracy. 3. "Sometimes used, in a quasi-figurative sense, of violation of copyright; but for this, infringement is the correct and preferable term." Abbott. PIRAGUA Pi*ra"gua, n. Defn: See Pirogue. PIRAI Pi*rai", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Piraya. PIRAMETER Pi*ram"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: A dynamometer for ascertaining the power required to draw carriages over roads. PIRARUCU Pi`ra*ru"cu, n. Etym: [From the native South American name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Arapaima. PIRATE Pi"rate, n. Etym: [L. pirata, Gr. peril: cf. F. pirate. See Peril.] 1. A robber on the high seas; one who by open violence takes the property of another on the high seas; especially, one who makes it his business to cruise for robbery or plunder; a freebooter on the seas; also, one who steals in a harbor. 2. An armed ship or vessel which sails without a legal commission, for the purpose of plundering other vessels on the high seas. 3. One who infringes the law of copyright, or publishes the work of an author without permission. Pirate perch (Zoöl.), a fresh-water percoid fish of the United States (Aphredoderus Sayanus). It is of a dark olive color, speckled with blackish spots. PIRATE Pi"rate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pirated; p. pr. & vb. n. Pirating.] Etym: [Cf. F. pirater.] Defn: To play the pirate; to practice robbery on the high seas. PIRATE Pi"rate, v. t. Defn: To publish, as books or writings, without the permission of the author. They advertised they would pirate his edition. Pope. PIRATIC Pi*rat"ic, a. Defn: Piratical. PIRATICAL Pi*rat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. piraticus, Gr. piratique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a pirate; acquired by, or practicing, piracy; as, a piratical undertaking. "Piratical printers." Pope. -- Pi*rat"ic*al*ly, adv. PIRAYA Pi*ra"ya, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large voracious fresh-water fish (Serrasalmo piraya) of South America, having lancet-shaped teeth. PIRIE Pir"ie, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Pirry. PIRIE Pir"ie, n. Etym: [See Pear.] (Bot.) Defn: A pear tree. [Written also pery, pyrie.] [Obs.] Chaucer. PIRIRIGUA Pi`ri*ri"gua, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American bird (Guira guira) allied to the cuckoos. PIRL Pirl, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Purl.] 1. To spin, as a top. 2. To twist or twine, as hair in making fishing lines. PIRN Pirn, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A quill or reed on which thread or yarn is wound; a bobbin; also, the wound yarn on a weaver's shuttle; also, the reel of a fishing rod. [Scot.] PIROGUE Pi*rogue", n. Etym: [Originally an American Indian word: cf. F. pirogue, Sp. piroga, piragua.] Defn: A dugout canoe; by extension, any small boat. [Written variously periauger, perogue, piragua, periagua, etc.] PIROUETTE Pir`ou*ette", n. Etym: [F.; of uncertain origin.] 1. A whirling or turning on the toes in dancing. 2. (Man.) Defn: The whirling about of a horse. PIROUETTE Pir`ou*ette", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pirouetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Pirouetting.] Etym: [F. pirouetter.] Defn: To perform a pirouette; to whirl, like a dancer. PIRRY; PIRRIE Pir"ry, Pir"rie, n. Etym: [Cf. Scot. pirr a gentle breeze, Icel. byrr a prosperous wind, bylr a blast of wind.] Defn: A rough gale of wind. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. PISASPHALTUM Pis`as*phal"tum, n. Defn: See Pissasphalt. PISAY Pi"say, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Pisé. PISCARY Pis"ca*ry, n. Etym: [L. piscarius relating to fishes or to fishing, fr. piscis a fish.] (Law) Defn: The right or privilege of fishing in another man's waters. Blackstone. PISCATION Pis*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. piscatio, fr. piscari to fish.] Defn: Fishing; fishery. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PISCATOR Pis*ca"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A fisherman; an angler. PISCATORIAL; PISCATORY Pis`ca*to"ri*al, Pis"ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. piscatorius, fr. piscator a fisherman, fr. piscari to fish, fr. piscis a fish. See Fish the animal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to fishes or fishing. Addison. PISCES Pis"ces, n. pl. Etym: [L. piscis a fish.] 1. (Astron.) (a) The twelfth sign of the zodiac, marked pisces in almanacs. (b) A zodiacal constellation, including the first point of Aries, which is the vernal equinoctial point; the Fish. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The class of Vertebrata that includes the fishes. The principal divisions are Elasmobranchii, Ganoidei, and Teleostei. PISCICAPTURE Pis"ci*cap`ture, n. Defn: Capture of fishes, as by angling. [R.] W. H. Russell. PISCICULTURAL Pis`ci*cul"tur*al, a. Defn: Relating to pisciculture. PISCICULTURE Pis`ci*cul"ture, n. Etym: [L. piscis a fish + E. culture.] Defn: Fish culture. See under Fish. PISCICULTURIST Pis`ci*cul"tur*ist, n. Defn: One who breeds fish. PISCIFORM Pis"ci*form, a. Etym: [L. piscis fish + -form.] Defn: Having the form of a fish; resembling a fish. PISCINA Pis*ci"na, n. Etym: [L., a certain, fishpond, fr. piscis a fish.] (Arch.) Defn: A niche near the altar in a church, containing a small basin for rinsing altar vessels. PISCINAL Pis"ci*nal, a. Etym: [L. piscinalis: cf. F. piscinal.] Defn: Belonging to a fishpond or a piscina. PISCINE Pis"cine, a. Etym: [L. piscis a fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a fish or fishes; as, piscine remains. PISCIVOROUS Pis*civ"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. piscis a fish + vorare to devour: cf. F. piscivore.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Feeding or subsisting on fish. PISE Pi`sé", n. Etym: [F. pisé, from piser to stamp, pound, L. pisare.] (Arch.) Defn: A species of wall made of stiff earth or clay rammed in between molds which are carried up as the wall rises; -- called also pisé work. Gwilt. PISH Pish, interj. Defn: An exclamation of contempt. PISH Pish, v. i. Defn: To express contempt. Pope. PISHU Pi"shu, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Canada lynx. [Written also peeshoo.] PISIFORM Pi"si*form, a. Etym: [L. pisum a pea + -form: cf. F. pisiforme.] Defn: Resembling a pea or peas in size and shape; as, a pisiform iron ore. PISIFORM Pi"si*form, n. (Anat.) Defn: A small bone on the ulnar side of the carpus in man and many mammals. See Illust. of Artiodactyla. PISMIRE Pis"mire, n. Etym: [Piss + mire; so called because it discharges a moisture vulgarly considered urine. See Mire an ant.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An ant, or emmet. PISOLITE Pi"so*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. pisolithe.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of calcite, or calcium carbonate, consisting of aggregated globular concretions about the size of a pea; -- called also peastone, peagrit. Note: Oölite is similar in structure, but the concretions are as small as the roe of a fish. PISOLITIC Pi`so*lit"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pisolithique.] (Min.) Defn: Composed of, containing, or resembling, pisolite. PISOPHALT Pis"o*phalt, n. Etym: [For pissasphalt.] (Min.) Defn: Pissasphalt. [Obs.] PISS Piss, v. t. & i. Etym: [OE. pissen, F. pisser; akin to It. pisciare, D. & G. pissen, Dan. pisse, Icel. pissa.] Defn: To discharge urine, to urinate. Shak. PISS Piss, n. Defn: Urine. PISSABED Piss"a*bed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name locally applied to various wild plants, as dandelion, bluet, oxeye daisy, etc. PISSASPHALT Pis"sas*phalt, n. Etym: [L. pissasphaltus, Gr. pissasphalte.] (Min.) Defn: Earth pitch; a soft, black bitumen of the consistence of tar, and of a strong smell. It is inflammable, and intermediate between petroleum and asphalt. [Written also pisasphaltum, pisasphalt, etc.] PIST Pist, n. Defn: (man.) See Piste. PISTACHE Pis*tache", n. [OE. pistace, fr. F. pistache. See Pistachio.] (Bot.) Defn: The anacardiaceous tree Pistacia vera, which yields the pistachio nut; also, the nut itself and the flavoring extract prepared from it. PISTACHIO Pis*ta"chio, n. Etym: [It. pistacchio (cf. Sp. pistacho, F. pistache), fr. L. pistacium, Gr. pistah. Cf. Fistinut.] (Bot.) Defn: The nut of the Pistacia vera, a tree of the order Anacardiaceæ, containing a kernel of a pale greenish color, which has a pleasant taste, resembling that of the almond, and yields an oil of agreeable taste and odor; -- called also pistachio nut. It is wholesome and nutritive. The tree grows in Arabia, Persia, Syria, and Sicily. [Written also pistachia.] PISTACHIO GREEN Pistachio green. Defn: A light yellowish green color resembling that of the pistachio nut. PISTACIA Pis*ta"ci*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Pistachio.] (Bot.) Defn: The name of a genus of trees, including the tree which bears the pistachio, the Mediterranean mastic tree (Pistacia Lentiscus), and the species (P. Terebinthus) which yields Chian or Cyprus turpentine. PISTACITE Pis"ta*cite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pistacite. So called from its green color. See Pistachio.] (Min.) Defn: Epidote. PISTAREEN Pis`ta*reen", n. Defn: An old Spanish silver coin of the value of about twenty cents. PISTAZITE Pis"ta*zite, n. (Min.) Defn: Same as Pistacite. PISTE Piste, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. pisere, pinsere, pistum, to pound.] (Min.) Defn: The track or tread a horseman makes upon the ground he goes over. Johnson. PISTEL; PISTIL Pis"tel, Pis"til, n. Defn: An epistle. [Obs.] PISTIC Pis"tic, a. Etym: [L. pisticus, Gr. Defn: Pure; genuine. [R.] Jer. Taylor. PISTIL Pis"til, n. Etym: [L. pistillum, pistillus, a pestle: cf. F. pistil. See Pestle.] (Bot.) Defn: The seed-bearing organ of a flower. It consists of an ovary, containing the ovules or rudimentary seeds, and a stigma, which is commonly raised on an elongated portion called a style. When composed of one carpel a pistil is simple; when composed of several, it is compound. See Illust. of Flower, and Ovary. PISTILLACEOUS Pis`til*la"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Growing on, or having nature of, the pistil; of or pertaining to a pistil. Barton. PISTILLATE Pis"til*late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a pistil or pistils; -- usually said of flowers having pistils but no stamens. PISTILLATION Pis`til*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. pistillum a pestle.] Defn: The act of pounding or breaking in a mortar; pestillation. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PISTILLIDIUM Pis`til*lid"i*um, n.; pl. Pistillida. Etym: [NL., fr. E. pistil.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Archegonium. PISTILLIFEROUS Pis`til*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Pistil + -ferous: cf. F. pistillifère.] (Bot.) Defn: Pistillate. PISTILLODY Pis"til*lo*dy, n. Etym: [Pistil + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The metamorphosis of other organs into pistils. PISTOL Pis"tol, n. Etym: [F. pistole, pistolet, It. pistola; prob. from a form Pistola, for Pistoja, a town in Italy where pistols were first made. Cf. Pistole.] Defn: The smallest firearm used, intended to be fired from one hand, -- now of many patterns, and bearing a great variety of names. See Illust. of Revolver. Pistol carbine, a firearm with a removable but- piece, and thus capable of being used either as a pistol or a carbine. -- Pistol pipe (Metal.), a pipe in which the blast for a furnace is heated, resembling a pistol in form. -- Pistol shot. (a) The discharge of a pistol. (b) The distance to which a pistol can propel a ball. PISTOL Pis"tol, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pistoled; p. pr. & vb. n. Pistoling.] Etym: [Cf. F. pistoler.] Defn: To shoot with a pistol. "To pistol a poacher." Sydney Smith. PISTOLADE Pis"to*lade`, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A pistol shot. PISTOLE Pis*tole", n. Etym: [F., probably a name given in jest in France to a Spanish coin. Cf. Pistol.] Defn: The name of certain gold coins of various values formerly coined in some countries of Europe. In Spain it was equivalent to a quarter doubloon, or about $3.90, and in Germany and Italy nearly the same. There was an old Italian pistole worth about $5.40. PISTOLEER Pis`to*leer", n. Etym: [Cf. F. pistolier.] Defn: One who uses a pistol. [R.] Carlyle. PISTOLET Pis"to*let`, n. Etym: [F., a dim. of pistole.] Defn: A small pistol. Donne. Beau. & Fl. PISTON Pis"ton, n. Etym: [F. piston; cf. It. pistone piston, also pestone a large pestle; all fr. L. pinsere, pistum, to pound, to stamp. See Pestle, Pistil.] (Mach.) Defn: A sliding piece which either is moved by, or moves against, fluid pressure. It usually consists of a short cylinder fitting within a cylindrical vessel along which it moves, back and forth. It is used in steam engines to receive motion from the steam, and in pumps to transmit motion to a fluid; also for other purposes. Piston head (Steam Eng.), that part of a piston which is made fast to the piston rod. -- Piston rod, a rod by which a piston is moved, or by which it communicates motion. -- Piston valve (Steam Eng.), a slide valve, consisting of a piston, or connected pistons, working in a cylindrical case which is provided with ports that are traversed by the valve. PISTON RING Pis"ton ring. (Mach.) Defn: A spring packing ring, or any of several such rings, for a piston. PIT Pit, n. Etym: [OE. pit, put, AS. pytt a pit, hole, L. puteus a well, pit.] 1. A large cavity or hole in the ground, either natural or artificial; a cavity in the surface of a body; an indentation; specifically: (a) The shaft of a coal mine; a coal pit. (b) A large hole in the ground from which material is dug or quarried; as, a stone pit; a gravel pit; or in which material is made by burning; as, a lime pit; a charcoal pit. (c) A vat sunk in the ground; as, a tan pit. Tumble me into some loathsome pit. Shak. 2. Any abyss; especially, the grave, or hades. Back to the infernal pit I drag thee chained. Milton. He keepth back his soul from the pit. Job xxxiii. 18. 3. A covered deep hole for entrapping wild beasts; a pitfall; hence, a trap; a snare. Also used figuratively. The anointed of the Lord was taken in their pits. Lam. iv. 20. 4. A depression or hollow in the surface of the human body; as: (a) The hollow place under the shoulder or arm; the axilla, or armpit. (b) See Pit of the stomach (below). (c) The indentation or mark left by a pustule, as in smallpox. 5. Formerly, that part of a theater, on the floor of the house, below the level of the stage and behind the orchestra; now, in England, commonly the part behind the stalls; in the United States, the parquet; also, the occupants of such a part of a theater. 6. An inclosed area into which gamecocks, dogs, and other animals are brought to fight, or where dogs are trained to kill rats. "As fiercely as two gamecocks in the pit." Locke. 7. Etym: [Cf. D. pit, akin to E. pith.] (Bot.) (a) The endocarp of a drupe, and its contained seed or seeds; a stone; as, a peach pit; a cherry pit, etc. (b) A depression or thin spot in the wall of a duct. Cold pit (Hort.), an excavation in the earth, lined with masonry or boards, and covered with glass, but not artificially heated, -- used in winter for the storing and protection of half-hardly plants, and sometimes in the spring as a forcing bed. -- Pit coal, coal dug from the earth; mineral coal. -- Pit frame, the framework over the shaft of a coal mine. -- Pit head, the surface of the ground at the mouth of a pit or mine. -- Pit kiln, an oven for coking coal. -- Pit martin (Zoöl.), the bank swallow. [Prov. Eng.] -- Pit of the stomach (Anat.), the depression on the middle line of the epigastric region of the abdomen at the lower end of the sternum; the infrasternal depression. -- Pit saw (Mech.), a saw worked by two men, one of whom stands on the log and the other beneath it. The place of the latter is often in a pit, whence the name. -- Pit viper (Zoöl.), any viperine snake having a deep pit on each side of the snout. The rattlesnake and copperhead are examples. -- Working pit (Min.), a shaft in which the ore is hoisted and the workmen carried; -- in distinction from a shaft used for the pumps. PIT Pit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Pitting.] 1. To place or put into a pit or hole. They lived like beasts, and were pitted like beasts, tumbled into the grave. T. Grander. 2. To mark with little hollows, as by various pustules; as, a face pitted by smallpox. 3. To introduce as an antagonist; to set forward for or in a contest; as, to pit one dog against another. PITA Pi"ta, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Bot.) (a) A fiber obtained from the Agave Americana and other related species, -- used for making cordage and paper. Called also pita fiber, and pita thread. (b) The plant which yields the fiber. PITAHAYA Pit`a*ha"ya, n. Etym: [Sp., prob. from the native name.] (Bot.) Defn: A cactaceous shrub (Cereus Pitajaya) of tropical America, which yields a delicious fruit. PITAPAT Pit"a*pat`, adv. Etym: [An onomatopoetic reduplication of pat a light, quick blow.] Defn: In a flutter; with palpitation or quick succession of beats. Lowell. "The fox's heart went pitapat." L'Estrange. PITAPAT Pit"a*pat`, n. Defn: A light, repeated sound; a pattering, as of the rain. "The pitapat of a pretty foot." Dryden. PITCH Pitch, n. Etym: [OE. pich, AS. pic, L. pix; akin to Gr. 1. A thick, black, lustrous, and sticky substance obtained by boiling down tar. It is used in calking the seams of ships; also in coating rope, canvas, wood, ironwork, etc., to preserve them. He that toucheth pitch shall be defiled therewith. Ecclus. xiii. 1. 2. (Geol.) Defn: See Pitchstone. Amboyna pitch, the resin of Dammara australis. See Kauri. -- Burgundy pitch. See under Burgundy. -- Canada pitch, the resinous exudation of the hemlock tree (Abies Canadensis); hemlock gum. -- Jew's pitch, bitumen. -- Mineral pitch. See Bitumen and Asphalt. -- Pitch coal (Min.), bituminous coal. -- Pitch peat (Min.), a black homogeneous peat, with a waxy luster. -- Pitch pine (Bot.), any one of several species of pine, yielding pitch, esp. the Pinus rigida of North America. PITCH Pitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pitched; p. pr. & vb. n. Pitching.] Etym: [See Pitch, n.] 1. To cover over or smear with pitch. Gen. vi. 14. 2. Fig.: To darken; to blacken; to obscure. The welkin pitched with sullen could. Addison. PITCH Pitch, v. t. Etym: [OE. picchen; akin to E. pick, pike.] 1. To throw, generally with a definite aim or purpose; to cast; to hurl; to toss; as, to pitch quoits; to pitch hay; to pitch a ball. 2. To thrust or plant in the ground, as stakes or poles; hence, to fix firmly, as by means of poles; to establish; to arrange; as, to pitch a tent; to pitch a camp. 3. To set, face, or pave with rubble or undressed stones, as an embankment or a roadway. Knight. 4. To fix or set the tone of; as, to pitch a tune. 5. To set or fix, as a price or value. [Obs.] Shak. Pitched battle, a general battle; a battle in which the hostile forces have fixed positions; -- in distinction from a skirmish. -- To pitch into, to attack; to assault; to abuse. [Slang] PITCH Pitch, v. i. 1. To fix or place a tent or temporary habitation; to encamp. "Laban with his brethren pitched in the Mount of Gilead." Gen. xxxi. 25. 2. To light; to settle; to come to rest from flight. The tree whereon they [the bees] pitch. Mortimer. 3. To fix one's choise; -- with on or upon. Pitch upon the best course of life, and custom will render it the more easy. Tillotson. 4. To plunge or fall; esp., to fall forward; to decline or slope; as, to pitch from a precipice; the vessel pitches in a heavy sea; the field pitches toward the east. Pitch and pay, an old aphorism which inculcates ready-money payment, or payment on delivery of goods. Shak. PITCH Pitch, n. 1. A throw; a toss; a cast, as of something from the hand; as, a good pitch in quoits. Pitch and toss, a game played by tossing up a coin, and calling "Heads or tails;" hence: To play pitch and toss with (anything), to be careless or trust to luck about it. "To play pitch and toss with the property of the country." G. Eliot. -- Pitch farthing. See Chuck farthing, under 5th Chuck. 2. (Cricket) Defn: That point of the ground on which the ball pitches or lights when bowled. 3. A point or peak; the extreme point or degree of elevation or depression; hence, a limit or bound. Driven headlong from the pitch of heaven, down Into this deep. Milton. Enterprises of great pitch and moment. Shak. To lowest pitch of abject fortune. Milton. He lived when learning was at its highest pitch. Addison. The exact pitch, or limits, where temperance ends. Sharp. 4. Height; stature. [Obs.] Hudibras. 5. A descent; a fall; a thrusting down. 6. The point where a declivity begins; hence, the declivity itself; a descending slope; the degree or rate of descent or slope; slant; as, a steep pitch in the road; the pitch of a roof. 7. (Mus.) Defn: The relative acuteness or gravity of a tone, determined by the number of vibrations which produce it; the place of any tone upon a scale of high and low. Note: Musical tones with reference to absolute pitch, are named after the first seven letters of the alphabet; with reference to relative pitch, in a series of tones called the scale, they are called one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. Eight is also one of a new scale an octave higher, as one is eight of a scale an octave lower. 8. (Mining) Defn: The limit of ground set to a miner who receives a share of the ore taken out. 9. (Mech.) (a) The distance from center to center of any two adjacent teeth of gearing, measured on the pitch line; -- called also circular pitch. (b) The length, measured along the axis, of a complete turn of the thread of a screw, or of the helical lines of the blades of a screw propeller. (c) The distance between the centers of holes, as of rivet holes in boiler plates. Concert pitch (Mus.), the standard of pitch used by orchestras, as in concerts, etc. -- Diametral pitch (Gearing), the distance which bears the same relation to the pitch proper, or circular pitch, that the diameter of a circle bears to its circumference; it is sometimes described by the number expressing the quotient obtained by dividing the number of teeth in a wheel by the diameter of its pitch circle in inches; as, 4 pitch, 8 pitch, etc. -- Pitch chain, a chain, as one made of metallic plates, adapted for working with a sprocket wheel. -- Pitch line, or Pitch circle (Gearing), an ideal line, in a toothed gear or rack, bearing such a relation to a corresponding line in another gear, with which the former works, that the two lines will have a common velocity as in rolling contact; it usually cuts the teeth at about the middle of their height, and, in a circular gear, is a circle concentric with the axis of the gear; the line, or circle, on which the pitch of teeth is measured. -- Pitch of a roof (Arch.), the inclination or slope of the sides expressed by the height in parts of the span; as, one half pitch; whole pitch; or by the height in parts of the half span, especially among engineers; or by degrees, as a pitch of 30°, of 45°, etc.; or by the rise and run, that is, the ratio of the height to the half span; as, a pitch of six rise to ten run. Equilateral pitch is where the two sloping sides with the span form an equilateral triangle. -- Pitch of a plane (Carp.), the slant of the cutting iron. -- Pitch pipe, a wind instrument used by choristers in regulating the pitch of a tune. -- Pitch point (Gearing), the point of contact of the pitch lines of two gears, or of a rack and pinion, which work together. PITCH-BLACK Pitch"-black`, a. Defn: Black as pitch or tar. PITCHBLENDE Pitch"blende`, n. Etym: [1st pitch + blende.] (Min.) Defn: A pitch-black mineral consisting chiefly of the oxide of uranium; uraninite. See Uraninite. PITCH-DARK Pitch"-dark`, a. Defn: Dark as a pitch; pitch-black. PITCHER Pitch"er, n. 1. One who pitches anything, as hay, quoits, a ball, etc.; specifically (Baseball), the player who delivers the ball to the batsman. 2. A sort of crowbar for digging. [Obs.] Mortimer. PITCHER Pitch"er, n. Etym: [OE. picher, OF. pichier, OHG. pehhar, pehhari; prob. of the same origin as E. beaker. Cf. Beaker.] 1. A wide-mouthed, deep vessel for holding liquids, with a spout or protruding lip and a handle; a water jug or jar with a large ear or handle. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A tubular or cuplike appendage or expansion of the leaves of certain plants. American pitcher plants, the species of Sarracenia. See Sarracenia. -- Australian pitcher plant, the Cephalotus follicularis, a low saxifragaceous herb having two kinds of radical leaves, some oblanceolate and entire, others transformed into little ovoid pitchers, longitudinally triple-winged and ciliated, the mouth covered with a lid shaped like a cockleshell. -- California pitcher plant, the Darlingtonia California. See Darlingtonia. -- Pitcher plant, any plant with the whole or a part of the leaves transformed into pitchers or cuplike organs, especially the species of Nepenthes. See Nepenthes. PITCHERFUL Pitch"er*ful, n.; pl. Pitcherfuls (. Defn: The quantity a pitcher will hold. PITCH-FACED Pitch"-faced`, a. (Stone Cutting) Defn: Having the arris defined by a line beyond which the rock is cut away, so as to give nearly true edges; -- said of squared stones that are otherwise quarry-faced. PITCHFORK Pitch"fork`, n. Defn: A fork, or farming utensil, used in pitching hay, sheaves of grain, or the like. PITCHFORK Pitch"fork`, v. t. Defn: To pitch or throw with, or as with, a pitchfork. He has been pitchforked into the footguards. G. A. Sala. PITCHINESS Pitch"i*ness, n. Etym: [From Pitchy.] Defn: Blackness, as of pitch; darkness. PITCHING Pitch"ing, n. 1. The act of throwing or casting; a cast; a pitch; as, wild pitching in baseball. 2. The rough paving of a street to a grade with blocks of stone. Mayhew. 3. (Hydraul. Eng.) Defn: A facing of stone laid upon a bank to prevent wear by tides or currents. Pitching piece (Carp.), the horizontal timber supporting the floor of a platform of a stairway, and against which the stringpieces of the sloping parts are supported. PITCH-ORE Pitch"-ore`, n. (Min.) Defn: Pitchblende. PITCHSTONE Pitch"stone`, n. (Geol.) Defn: An igneous rock of semiglassy nature, having a luster like pitch. PITCHWORK Pitch"work`, n. Defn: The work of a coal miner who is paid by a share of his product. PITCHY Pitch"y, a. Etym: [From 1st Pitch.] 1. Partaking of the qualities of pitch; resembling pitch. 2. Smeared with pitch. 3. Black; pitch-dark; dismal. "Pitchy night." Shak. PITEOUS Pit"e*ous, a. Etym: [OE. pitous, OF. pitos, F. piteux. See Pity.] 1. Pious; devout. [Obs.] The Lord can deliver piteous men from temptation. Wyclif. 2. Evincing pity, compassion, or sympathy; compassionate; tender. "[She] piteous of his case." Pope. She was so charitable and so pitous. Chaucer. 3. Fitted to excite pity or sympathy; wretched; miserable; lamentable; sad; as, a piteous case. Spenser. The most piteous tale of Lear. Shak. 4. Paltry; mean; pitiful. "Piteous amends." Milton. Syn. -- Sorrowful; mournful; affecting; doleful; woeful; rueful; sad; wretched; miserable; pitiable; pitiful; compassionate. -- Pit"e*ous*ly, adv. -- Pit"e*ous*ness, n. PITFALL Pit"fall`, n. Defn: A pit deceitfully covered to entrap wild beasts or men; a trap of any kind. Sir T. North. PITFALLING Pit"fall`ing, a. Defn: Entrapping; insnaring. [R.] "Full of . . . contradiction and pitfalling dispenses." Milton. PITH Pith, n. Etym: [AS. pi; akin to D. pit pith, kernel, LG. peddik. Cf. Pit a kernel.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The soft spongy substance in the center of the stems of many plants and trees, especially those of the dicotyledonous or exogenous classes. It consists of cellular tissue. 2. (a) (Zoöl.) The spongy interior substance of a feather. (b) (Anat.) The spinal cord; the marrow. 3. Hence: The which contains the strength of life; the vital or essential part; concentrated force; vigor; strength; importance; as, the speech lacked pith. Enterprises of great pith and moment. Shak. Pith paper. Same as Rice paper, under Rice. PITH Pith, v. t. (Physiol.) Defn: To destroy the central nervous system of (an animal, as a frog), as by passing a stout wire or needle up and down the vertebral canal. PITHECANTHROPUS Pith`e*can*thro"pus, n. [NL.; Gr. ape + man.] 1. A hypothetical genus of primates intermediate between man and the anthropoid apes. Haeckel. 2. A genus consisting of an primate (P. erectus) apparently intermediate between man and the existing anthropoid apes, known from bones of a single individual found in Java (hence called Java man) in 1891-92. These bones include a thigh bone of the human type, two molar teeth intermediate between those of man and the anthropoids, and the calvaria of the skull, indicating a brain capacity of about 900 cubic centimeters, and resembling in form that of the Neanderthal man. Also [pl. -thropi], Defn: an animal of this genus. --Pith`e*can"thrope (#), n. -- Pith`e*can"thro*poid (#), a. PITHECI Pi*the"ci, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of mammals including the apes and monkeys. Sometimes used in the sense of Primates. PITHECOID Pith"e*coid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) 1. Of or pertaining to the genus Pithecia, or subfamily Pithecinæ, which includes the saki, ouakari, and other allied South American monkeys. 2. Of or pertaining to the anthropoid apes in particular, or to the higher apes of the Old World, collectively. PITHFUL Pith"ful, a. Defn: Full of pith. [R.] W. Browne. PITHILY Pith"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a pithy manner. PITHINESS Pith"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being pithy. PITHLESS Pith"less, a. Defn: Destitute of pith, or of strength; feeble. Dryden. "Pithless argumentation." Glandstone. PIT-HOLE Pit"-hole`, n. Defn: A pit; a pockmark. PITHSOME Pith"some, a. Defn: Pithy; robust. [R.] "Pithsome health and vigor." R. D. Blackmore. PITHY Pith"y, a. [Compar. Pithier; superl. Pithiest.] 1. Consisting wholly, or in part, of pith; abounding in pith; as, a pithy stem; a pithy fruit. 2. Having nervous energy; forceful; cogent. This pithy speech prevailed, and all agreed. Dryden. In all these Goodman Fact was very short, but pithy. Addison. Pithy gall (Zoöl.), a large, rough, furrowed, oblong gall, formed on blackberry canes by a small gallfly (Diastrophus nebulosus). PITIABLE Pit"i*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. pitiable, F. pitoyable.] Defn: Deserving pity; wworthy of, or exciting, compassion; miserable; lamentable; piteous; as, pitiable persons; a pitiable condition; pitiable wretchedness. Syn. -- Sorrowful; woeful; sad. See Piteous. -- Pit"i*a*ble*ness, n. -- Pit"i*a*bly, adv. PITIER Pit"i*er, n. Defn: One who pities. Gauden. PITIFUL Pit"i*ful, a. 1. Full of pity; tender-hearted; compassionate; kind; merciful; sympathetic. The Lord is very pitiful, and of tender mercy. James v. 11. 2. Piteous; lamentable; eliciting compassion. A thing, indeed, very pitiful and horrible. Spenser. 3. To be pitied for littleness or meanness; miserable; paltry; contemptible; despicable. That's villainous, and shows a most pitiful ambition in the fool that uses it. Shak. Syn. -- Despicable; mean; paltry. See Contemptible. -- Pit"i*ful*ly, adv. -- Pit"i*ful*ness, n. PITILESS Pit"i*less, a. 1. Destitute of pity; hard-hearted; merciless; as, a pitilessmaster; pitiless elements. 2. Exciting no pity; as, a pitiless condition. -- Pit"i*less*ly, adv. -- Pit"i*less*ness, n. PITMAN Pit"man, n.; pl. Pitmen (. 1. One who works in a pit, as in mining, in sawing timber, etc. 2. (Mach.) Defn: The connecting rod in a sawmill; also, sometimes, a connecting rod in other machinery. PITOT'S TUBE Pi*tot's" tube`. (Hydraul.) Defn: A bent tube used to determine the velocity of running water, by placing the curved end under water, and observing the height to which the fluid rises in the tube; a kind of current meter. PITPAN Pit"pan`, n. Defn: A long, flat-bottomed canoe, used for the navigation of rivers and lagoons in Central America. Squier. PITPAT Pit"pat`, n. & adv. Defn: See Pitapat. PITTA Pit"ta, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of a large group of bright-colored clamatorial birds belonging to Pitta, and allied genera of the family Pittidæ. Most of the species are varied with three or more colors, such as blue, green, crimson, yellow, purple, and black. They are called also ground thrushes, and Old World ant thrushes; but they are not related to the true thrushes. Note: The pittas are most abundant in the East Indies, but some inhabit Southern Asia, Africa, and Australia. They live mostly upon the ground, and feed upon insects of various kinds. PITTACAL Pit"ta*cal, n. Etym: [Gr. pittacale.] (Chem.) Defn: A dark blue substance obtained from wood tar. It consists of hydrocarbons which when oxidized form the orange-yellow eupittonic compounds, the salts of which are dark blue. PITTANCE Pit"tance, n. Etym: [OE. pitance, pitaunce, F. pitance; cf. It. pietanza, LL. pitancia, pittantia, pictantia; perh. fr. L. pietas pity, piety, or perhaps akin to E. petty. Cf. Petty, and Pity.] 1. An allowance of food bestowed in charity; a mess of victuals; hence, a small charity gift; a dole. "A good pitaunce." Chaucer. One half only of this pittance was ever given him in money. Macaulay. 2. A meager portion, quality, or allowance; an inconsiderable salary or compensation. "The small pittance of learning they received." Swift. The inconsiderable pittance of faithful professors. Fuller. PITTED Pit"ted, a. 1. Marked with little pits, as in smallpox. See Pit, v. t., 2. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having minute thin spots; as, pitted ducts in the vascular parts of vegetable tissue. PITTER Pit"ter, n. Defn: A contrivance for removing the pits from peaches, plums, and other stone fruit. PITTER Pit"ter, v. i. Defn: To make a pattering sound; to murmur; as, pittering streams. [Obs.] R. Greene. PITTER-PATTER Pit"ter-pat`ter, n. Defn: A sound like that of alternating light beats. Also, a pattering of words. PITTER-PATTER Pit"ter-pat`ter, adv. Defn: With, or with the sound of, alternating light beats; as, his heart went pitter-patter. PITTLE-PATTLE Pit"tle-pat`tle, v. i. Defn: To talk unmeaningly; to chatter or prattle. [R.] Latimer. PITUITARY Pi*tu"i*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. pituita phlegm, pituite: cf. F. pituitarie.] (Anat.) (a) Secreting mucus or phlegm; as, the pituitary membrane, or the mucous membrane which lines the nasal cavities. (b) Of or pertaining to the pituitary body; as, the pituitary fossa. Pituitary body or gland (Anat.), a glandlike body of unknown function, situated in the pituitary fossa, and connected with the infundibulum of the brain; the hypophysis. -- Pituitary fossa (Anat.), the ephippium. PITUITE Pit"u*ite, n. Etym: [L. pituita: cf. F. pituite. Cf. Pip a disease of fowls.] Defn: Mucus, phlegm. PITUITOUS Pi*tu"i*tous, a. Etym: [L. pituitosus: cf. F. pituiteux.] Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, pituite or mucus; full of mucus; discharging mucus. Pituitous fever (Med.), typhoid fever; enteric fever. PITUITRIN Pi*tu"i*trin, n. (Biol. Chem.) Defn: A substance or extract from the pituitary body. PITY Pit"y, n.; pl. Pities. Etym: [OE. pite, OF. pité, pitié, F. pitié, L. pietas piety, kindness, pity. See Pious, and cf. Piety.] 1. Piety. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. A feeling for the sufferings or distresses of another or others; sympathy with the grief or misery of another; compassion; fellow- feeling; commiseration. He that hath pity upon the poor lendeth unto the Lord. Prov. xix. 17. He . . . has no more pity in him than a dog. Shak. 3. A reason or cause of pity, grief, or regret; a thing to be regretted. "The more the pity." Shak. What pity is it That we can die but once to serve our country! Addison. Note: In this sense, sometimes used in the plural, especially in the colloquialism: "It is a thousand pities." Syn. -- Compassion; mercy; commiseration; condolence; sympathy, fellow- suffering; fellow-feeling. -- Pity, Sympathy, Compassion. Sympathy is literally fellow-feeling, and therefore requiers a certain degree of equality in situation, circumstances, etc., to its fullest exercise. Compassion is deep tenderness for another under severe or inevitable misfortune. Pity regards its object not only as suffering, but weak, and hence as inferior. PITY Pit"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pitied; p. pr. & vb. n. Pitying.] 1. To feel pity or compassion for; to have sympathy with; to compassionate; to commiserate; to have tender feelings toward (any one), awakened by a knowledge of suffering. Like as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord pitieth them that fear him. Ps. ciii. 13. 2. To move to pity; -- used impersonally. [Obs.] It pitieth them to see her in the dust. Bk. of Com. Prayer. PITY Pit"y, v. i. Defn: To be compassionate; to show pity. I will not pity, nor spare, nor have mercy. Jer. xiii. 14. PITYING Pit"y*ing, a. Defn: Expressing pity; as, a pitying eye, glance, or word. -- Pit"y*ing*ly, adv. PITYRIASIS Pit`y*ri"a*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A superficial affection of the skin, characterized by irregular patches of thin scales which are shed in branlike particles. Pityriasis versicolor Etym: [NL.] (Med.), a parasitic disease of the skin, characterized by the development of reddish or brownish patches. PITYROID Pit"y*roid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Having the form of, or resembling, bran. Smart. PIU Pi"ù, adv. Etym: [It., fr. L. plus. See Plus.] (Mus.) Defn: A little more; as, più allegro, a little more briskly. PIVOT Piv"ot, n. Etym: [F.; prob. akin to It. piva pipe, F. pipe. See Pipe.] 1. A fixed pin or short axis, on the end of which a wheel or other body turns. 2. The end of a shaft or arbor which rests and turns in a support; as, the pivot of an arbor in a watch. 3. Hence, figuratively: A turning point or condition; that on which important results depend; as, the pivot of an enterprise. 4. (Mil.) Defn: The officer or soldier who simply turns in his place whike the company or line moves around him in wheeling; -- called also pivot man. Pivot bridge, a form of drawbridge in which one span, called the pivot span, turns about a central vertical axis. -- Pivot gun, a gun mounted on a pivot or revolving carriage, so as to turn in any direction. -- Pivot tooth (Dentistry), an artificial crown attached to the root of a natural tooth by a pin or peg. PIVOT Piv"ot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pivoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Pivoting.] Defn: To place on a pivot. Clarke. PIVOTAL Piv"ot*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a pivot or turning point; belonging to, or constituting, a pivot; of the nature of a pivot; as, the pivotalopportunity of a career; the pivotal position in a battle. PIX Pix, n. & v. Defn: See Pyx. PIXY; PIXIE Pix"y, Pix"ie, n.; pl. Pixies. Etym: [For Pucksy, from Puck.] 1. An old English name for a fairy; an elf. [Written also picksy.] 2. (Bot.) Defn: A low creeping evergreen plant (Pyxidanthera barbulata), with mosslike leaves and little white blossoms, found in New Jersey and southward, where it flowers in earliest spring. Pixy ring, a fairy ring or circle. [Prov. Eng.] -- Pixy stool (Bot.), a toadstool or mushroom. [Prov. Eng.] PIXY-LED Pix"y-led`, a. Defn: Led by pixies; bewildered. PIZZICATO Piz`zi*ca"to. Etym: [It., pinched.] (Mus.) Defn: A direction to violinists to pluck the string with the finger, instead of using the bow. (Abrev. pizz.) PIZZLE Piz"zle, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. G. pissel, pesel, peisel, peserich, D. pees a tendon or spring.] Defn: The penis; -- so called in some animals, as the bull. Shak. PLACABILITY Pla`ca*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. placabilitas: cf. F. placabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being placable or appeasable; placable disposition. PLACABLE Pla"ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. placabilis, fr. placare to quiet, pacify: cf. F. placable. See Placate.] Defn: Capable of being appeased or pacified; ready or willing to be pacified; willing to forgive or condone. Methought I saw him placable and mild. Milton. PLACABLENESS Pla"ca*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being placable. PLACARD Pla*card", n. Etym: [F., fr. plaquer to lay or clap on, plaque plate, tablet; probably from Dutch, cf. D. plakken to paste, post up, plak a flat piece of wood.] 1. A public proclamation; a manifesto or edict issued by authority. [Obs.] All placards or edicts are published in his name. Howell. 2. Permission given by authority; a license; as, to give a placard to do something. [Obs.] ller. 3. A written or printed paper, as an advertisement or a declaration, posted, or to be posted, in a public place; a poster. 4. (Anc. Armor) Defn: An extra plate on the lower part of the breastplate or backplate. Planché. 5. Etym: [Cf. Placket.] Defn: A kind of stomacher, often adorned with jewels, worn in the fifteenth century and later. PLACARD Pla*card", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Placarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Placarding.] 1. To post placards upon or within; as, to placard a wall, to placard the city. 2. To announce by placards; as, to placard a sale. PLACATE Plac"ate, n. Defn: Same as Placard, 4 & 5. PLACATE Pla"cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Placated; p. pr. & vb. n. Placating.] Etym: [L. placatus, p.p. of placare to placate, akin to placere to please. See Please.] Defn: To appease; to pacify; to concilate. "Therefore is he always propitiated and placated." Cudworth. PLACATION Pla*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. placatio.] Defn: The act of placating. [R.] Puttenham (1589). PLACE Place, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. platea a street, an area, a courtyard, from Gr. platei^a a street, properly fem. of platy`s, flat, broad; akin to Skr. prsthu, Lith. platus. Cf. Flawn, Piazza, Plate, Plaza.] 1. Any portion of space regarded as measured off or distinct from all other space, or appropriated to some definite object or use; position; ground; site; spot; rarely, unbounded space. Here is the place appointed. Shak. What place can be for us Within heaven's bound Milton. The word place has sometimes a more confused sense, and stands for that space which any body takes up; and so the universe is a place. Locke. 2. A broad way in a city; an open space; an area; a court or short part of a street open only at one end. "Hangman boys in the market place." Shak. 3. A position which is occupied and held; a dwelling; a mansion; a village, town, or city; a fortified town or post; a stronghold; a region or country. Are you native of this place Shak. 4. Rank; degree; grade; order of priority, advancement, dignity, or importance; especially, social rank or position; condition; also, official station; occupation; calling. "The enervating magic of place." Hawthorne. Men in great place are thrice servants. Bacon. I know my place as I would they should do theirs. Shak. 5. Vacated or relinquished space; room; stead (the departure or removal of another being or thing being implied). "In place of Lord Bassanio." Shak. 6. A definite position or passage of a document. The place of the scripture which he read was this. Acts viii. 32. 7. Ordinal relation; position in the order of proceeding; as, he said in the first place. 8. Reception; effect; -- implying the making room for. My word hath no place in you. John viii. 37. 9. (Astron.) Defn: Position in the heavens, as of a heavenly body; -- usually defined by its right ascension and declination, or by its latitude and longitude. Place of arms (Mil.), a place calculated for the rendezvous of men in arms, etc., as a fort which affords a safe retreat for hospitals, magazines, etc. Wilhelm. -- High place (Script.), a mount on which sacrifices were offered. "Him that offereth in the high place." Jer. xlviii. 35. -- In place, in proper position; timely. -- Out of place, inappropriate; ill-timed; as, his remarks were out of place. -- Place kick (Football), the act of kicking the ball after it has been placed on the ground. -- Place name, the name of a place or locality. London Academy. -- To give place, to make room; to yield; to give way; to give advantage. "Neither give place to the devil." Eph. iv. 27. "Let all the rest give place." Shak. -- To have place, to have a station, room, or seat; as, such desires can have no place in a good heart. -- To take place. (a) To come to pass; to occur; as, the ceremony will not take place. (b) To take precedence or priority. Addison. (c) To take effect; to prevail. "If your doctrine takes place." Berkeley. "But none of these excuses would take place." Spenser. -- To take the place of, to be substituted for. Syn. -- Situation; seat; abode; position; locality; location; site; spot; office; employment; charge; function; trust; ground; room; stead. PLACE Place, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Placed; p. pr. & vb. n. Placing.] Etym: [Cf. F. placer. See Place, n.] 1. To assign a place to; to put in a particular spot or place, or in a certain relative position; to direct to a particular place; to fix; to settle; to locate; as, to place a book on a shelf; to place balls in tennis. Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown. Shak. 2. To put or set in a particular rank, office, or position; to surround with particular circumstances or relations in life; to appoint to certain station or condition of life; as, in whatever sphere one is placed. Place such over them to be rulers. Ex. xviii. 21. 3. To put out at interest; to invest; to loan; as, to place money in a bank. 4. To set; to fix; to repose; as, to place confidence in a friend. "My resolution 's placed." Shak. 5. To attribute; to ascribe; to set down. Place it for her chief virtue. Shak. To place (a person), to identify him. [Colloq. U.S.] Syn. -- See Put. PLACEBO Pla*ce"bo, n. Etym: [L., I shall please, fut. of placere to please.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The first antiphon of the vespers for the dead. 2. (Med.) Defn: A prescription intended to humor or satisfy. To sing placebo, to agree with one in his opinion; to be complaisant to. Chaucer. PLACEFUL Place"ful, a. Defn: In the appointed place. [Obs.] PLACE-KICK Place"-kick`, v. t. & i. Defn: To make a place kick; to make (a goal) by a place kick. -- Place"-kick`er, n. PLACELESS Place"less, a. Defn: Having no place or office. PLACEMAN Place"man, n.; pl. Placemen (. Defn: One who holds or occupies a place; one who has office under government. Sir W. Scott. PLACEMENT Place"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. placement.] 1. The act of placing, or the state of being placed. 2. Position; place. PLACENTA Pla*cen"ta, n.; pl. L. Placentæ, E. Placentas. Etym: [L., a cake, Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: The vascular appendage which connects the fetus with the parent, and is cast off in parturition with the afterbirth. Note: In most mammals the placenta is principally developed from the allantois and chorion, and tufts of vascular villi on its surface penetrate the blood vessels of the parental uterus, and thus establish a nutritive and excretory connection between the blood of the fetus and that of the parent, though the blood itself does not flow from one to the other. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The part of a pistil or fruit to which the ovules or seeds are attached. PLACENTAL Pla*cen"tal, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the placenta; having, or characterized by having, a placenta; as, a placental mammal. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Placentalia. PLACENTAL Pla*cen"tal, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Placentalia. PLACENTALIA Plac`en*ta"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Mammalia including those that have a placenta, or all the orders above the marsupials. PLACENTARY Pla*cen"ta*ry, a. Defn: Having reference to the placenta; as, the placentary system of classification. PLACENTATION Plac`en*ta"tion, n. 1. (Anat.) Defn: The mode of formation of the placenta in different animals; as, the placentation of mammals. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The mode in which the placenta is arranged or composed; as, axile placentation; parietal placentation. PLACENTIFEROUS Plac`en*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Placenta + -ferous.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Having or producing a placenta. PLACENTIFORM Pla*cen"ti*form, a. Etym: [Placenta + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the shape of a placenta, or circular thickened disk somewhat thinner about the middle. PLACENTIOUS Pla*cen"tious, a. Etym: [See Please.] Defn: Pleasing; amiable. [Obs.] "A placentious person." Fuller. PLACE-PROUD Place"-proud`, a. Defn: Proud of rank or office. Beau. & Fl. PLACER Pla"cer, n. Defn: One who places or sets. Spenser. PLACER Plac"er, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A deposit of earth, sand, or gravel, containing valuable mineral in particles, especially by the side of a river, or in the bed of a mountain torrent. [U.S.] PLACET Pla"cet, n. Etym: [L. placet it pleases.] 1. A vote of assent, as of the governing body of a university, of an ecclesiastical council, etc. 2. The assent of the civil power to the promulgation of an ecclesiastical ordinance. Shipley. The king . . . annulled the royal placet. J. P. Peters. PLACID Plac"id, a. Etym: [L. placidus, originally, pleasing, mild, from placere to please: cf. F. placide. See Please.] Defn: Pleased; contented; unruffied; undisturbed; serene; peaceful; tranquil; quiet; gentle. "That placid aspect and meek regard." Milton. "Sleeping . . . the placid sleep of infancy." Macaulay. PLACIDITY Pla*cid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. placiditas: cf. F. placidité.] Defn: The quality or state of being placid; calmness; serenity. Hawthorne. PLACIDLY Plac"id*ly, adv. Defn: In a placid manner. PLACIDNESS Plac"id*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being placid. PLACIT Plac"it, n. Etym: [L. placitum. See Plea.] Defn: A decree or determination; a dictum. [Obs.] "The placits and opinions of other philosophers." Evelyn. PLACITORY Plac"i*to*ry, a. Etym: [See Placit.] Defn: Of or pertaining to pleas or pleading, in courts of law. [Obs.] Clayton. PLACITUM Plac"i*tum, n.; pl. Placita. Etym: [LL. See Placit.] 1. A public court or assembly in the Middle Ages, over which the sovereign president when a consultation was held upon affairs of state. Brande & C. 2. (Old Eng. Law) Defn: A court, or cause in court. 3. (Law) Defn: A plea; a pleading; a judicial proceeding; a suit. Burrill. PLACK Plack, n. Etym: [F. plaque a plate of metal. Cf. Plaque.] Defn: A small copper coin formerly current in Scotland, worth less than a cent. With not a plack in the pocket of the poet. Prof. Wilson. PLACKET Plack"et, n. Etym: [F. plaquer to lay or clap on. See Placard.] 1. A petticoat, esp. an under petticoat; hence, a cant term for a woman. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. The opening or slit left in a petticoat or skirt for convenience in putting it on; -- called also placket hole. 3. A woman's pocket. PLACODERM Plac"o*derm, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: One of the Placodermi. PLACODERMAL Plac`o*der"mal, a. (Paleon.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the placoderms; like the placoderms. PLACODERMATA Plac`o*der"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: Same as Placodermi. PLACODERMI Plac`o*der"mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct group of fishes, supposed to be ganoids. The body and head were covered with large bony plates. See Illust. under Pterichthys, and Coccosteus. PLACOGANOID Plac`o*ga"noid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Placoganoidei. PLACOGANOIDEI Plac`o*ga*noi"de*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ganoidei. See Ganoidei.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of ganoid fishes including those that have large external bony plates and a cartilaginous skeleton. PLACOID Plac"oid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Platelike; having irregular, platelike, bony scales, often bearing spines; pertaining to the placoids. PLACOID Plac"oid, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any fish having placoid scales, as the sharks. (b) One of the Placoides. PLACOIDES Pla*coi"des, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of fishes including the sharks and rays; the Elasmobranchii; -- called also Placoidei. PLACOIDIAN Pla*coid"i*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the placoids. PLACOPHORA Pla*coph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of gastropod Mollusca, including the chitons. The back is covered by eight shelly plates. Called also Polyplacophora. See Illust. under Chiton, and Isopleura. PLAGA Pla"ga, n.; pl. Plagæ. Etym: [L. plaga a blow, a welt, a stripe.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A stripe of color. PLAGAL Pla"gal, a. Etym: [F., from Gr. (Mus.) Defn: Having a scale running from the dominant to its octave; -- said of certain old church modes or tunes, as opposed to those called authentic, which ran from the tonic to its octave. Plagal cadence, a cadence in which the final chord on the tonic is preceded by the chord on the subdominant. PLAGATE Pla"gate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having plagæ, or irregular enlongated color spots. PLAGE Plage, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. plaga.] Defn: A region; country. [Obs.] "The plages of the north." Chaucer. PLAGIARISM Pla"gia*rism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. plagiarisme.] 1. The act or practice of plagiarizing. 2. That which plagiarized. PLAGIARIST Pla"gia*rist, n. Defn: One who plagiarizes; or purloins the words, writings, or ideas of another, and passes them off as his own; a literary thief; a plagiary. PLAGIARIZE Pla"gia*rize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plagiarized; p. pr. & vb. n. Plagiarizing.] Defn: To steal or purloin from the writings of another; to appropriate without due acknowledgement (the ideas or expressions of another). PLAGIARY Pla"gia*ry, v. i. Defn: To commit plagiarism. PLAGIARY Pla"gia*ry, n.; pl. Plagiaries. Etym: [L. plagiarius a kidnaper, a literary thief, fr. plagium kidnaping; cf. plaga a net, perh. akin to E. plait: cf. F. plagiaire.] 1. A manstealer; a kidnaper. [Obs.] 2. One who purloins another's expressions or ideas, and offers them as his own; a plagiarist. Dryden. 3. Plagiarism; literary thief. Milton. PLAGIARY Pla"gia*ry, a. 1. Kidnaping. [Obs.] E. Browne. 2. Practicing plagiarism. Bp. Hall. PLAGIHEDRAL Pla`gi*he"dral, a. Etym: [Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: Having an oblique spiral arrangement of planes, as levogyrate and dextrogyrate crystals. PLAGIOCEPHALIC Pla`gi*o*ce*phal"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having an oblique lateral deformity of the skull. PLAGIOCEPHALY Pla`gi*o*ceph"a*ly, n. (Anat.) Defn: Oblique lateral deformity of the skull. PLAGIOCLASE Pla"gi*o*clase, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A general term used of any triclinic feldspar. See the Note under Feldspar. PLAGIONITE Pla"gi*o*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A sulphide of lead and antimony, of a blackish lead-gray color and metallic luster. PLAGIOSTOMATOUS Pla`gi*o*stom"a*tous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Plagiostomous. PLAGIOSTOME Pla"gi*o*stome, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Plagiostomi. PLAGIOSTOMI Pla`gi*os"to*mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes including the sharks and rays; -- called also Plagiostomata. PLAGIOSTOMOUS Pla`gi*os"to*mous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Plagiostomi. PLAGIOTREMATA Pla`gi*o*trem"a*ta, n. pl.; Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Lepidosauria. PLAGIOTROPIC Pla`gi*o*trop"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having the longer axis inclined away from the vertical line. PLAGIUM Pla"gi*um, n. Etym: [L.] (Civil Law) Defn: Manstealing; kidnaping. PLAGOSE Pla*gose", a. Etym: [L. plagosus. See Plague.] Defn: Fond of flogging; as, a plagose master. [R.] PLAGUE Plague, n. Etym: [L. plaga a blow, stroke, plague; akin to Gr. plangere to strike, beat. Cf. Plaint.] 1. That which smites, wounds, or troubles; a blow; a calamity; any afflictive evil or torment; a great trail or vexation. Shak. And men blasphemed God for the plague of hail. Wyclif. The different plague of each calamity. Shak. 2. (Med.) Defn: An acute malignant contagious fever, that often prevails in Egypt, Syria, and Turkey, and has at times visited the large cities of Europe with frightful mortality; hence, any pestilence; as, the great London plague. "A plague upon the people fell." Tennyson. Cattle plague. See Rinderpest. -- Plague mark, Plague spot, a spot or mark of the plague; hence, a token of something incurable. PLAGUE Plague, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plagued; p. pr. & vb. n. Plaguing.] 1. To infest or afflict with disease, calamity, or natural evil of any kind. Thus were they plagued And worn with famine. Milton. 2. Fig.: To vex; to tease; to harass. She will plague the man that loves her most. Spenser. Syn. -- To vex; torment; distress; afflict; harass; annoy; tease; tantalize; trouble; molest; embarrass; perplex. PLAGUEFUL Plague"ful, a. Defn: Abounding, or infecting, with plagues; pestilential; as, plagueful exhalations. PLAGUELESS Plague"less, a. Defn: Free from plagues or the plague. PLAGUER Pla"guer, n. Defn: One who plagues or annoys. PLAGUILY Pla"gui*ly, adv. Defn: In a plaguing manner; vexatiously; extremely. [Colloq.] "Ronsard is so plaguily stiff and stately." Landor. PLAGUY Pla"guy, a. Defn: Vexatious; troublesome; tormenting; as, a plaguy horse. [Colloq.] Also used adverbially; as, "He is so plaguy proud." Shak. PLAICE Plaice, n. Etym: [F. plaise, plais, prob. fr. L. platessa flatish, plaice. See Place.] (Zoöl.) (a) A European food fish (Pleuronectes platessa), allied to the flounder, and growing to the weight of eight or ten pounds or more. (b) A large American flounder (Paralichthys dentatus; called also brail, puckermouth, and summer flounder. The name is sometimes applied to other allied species. [Written also plaise.] Plaice mouth, a mouth like that of a plaice; a small or wry mouth. [R.] B. Jonson. PLAID Plaid, n. Etym: [Gael. plaide a blanket or plaid, contr. fr. peallaid a sheepskin, fr. peall a skin or hide. CF. Pillion.] 1. A rectangular garment or piece of cloth, usually made of the checkered material called tartan, but sometimes of plain gray, or gray with black stripes. It is worn by both sexes in Scotland. 2. Goods of any quality or material of the pattern of a plaid or tartan; a checkered cloth or pattern. PLAID Plaid, a. Defn: Having a pattern or colors which resemble a Scotch plaid; checkered or marked with bars or stripes at right angles to one another; as, plaid muslin. PLAIDED Plaid"ed, a. 1. Of the material of which plaids are made; tartan. "In plaided vest." Wordsworth. 2. Wearing a plaid. Campbell. PLAIDING Plaid"ing, n. Defn: Plaid cloth. PLAIN Plain, v. i. Etym: [OE. playne, pleyne, fr. F. plaindre. See Plaint.] Defn: To lament; to bewail; to complain. [Archaic & Poetic] Milton. We with piteous heart unto you pleyne. Chaucer. PLAIN Plain, v. t. Defn: To lament; to mourn over; as, to plain a loss. [Archaic & Poetic] Sir J. Harrington. PLAIN Plain, a. [Compar. Plainer; superl. Plainest.] Etym: [F., level, flat, fr. L. planus, perhaps akin to E. floor. Cf. Llano, Piano, Plan, Plane level, a level surface.] 1. Without elevations or depressions; flat; level; smooth; even. See Plane. The crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain. Isa. xl. 4. 2. Open; clear; unencumbered; equal; fair. Our troops beat an army in plain fight. Felton. 3. Not intricate or difficult; evident; manifest; obvious; clear; unmistakable. "'T is a plain case." Shak. 4. (a) Void of extraneous beauty or ornament; without conspicious embellishment; not rich; simple. (b) Not highly cultivated; unsophisticated; free from show or pretension; simple; natural; homely; common. "Plain yet pious Christians." Hammond. "The plain people." A. Lincoln. (c) Free from affectation or disguise; candid; sincere; artless; honest; frank. "An honest mind, and plain." Shak. (d) Not luxurious; not highly seasoned; simple; as, plain food. (e) Without beauty; not handsome; homely; as, a plain woman. (f) Not variegated, dyed, or figured; as, plain muslin. (g) Not much varied by modulations; as, a plain tune. Plain battle, open battle; pitched battle. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Plain chant (Mus.) Same as Plain song, below. -- Plain chart (Naut.), a chart laid down on Mercator's projection. -- Plain dealer. (a) One who practices plain dealing. (b) A simpleton. [Obs.] Shak. -- Plain dealing. See under Dealing. -- Plain molding (Join.), molding of which the surfaces are plain figures. -- Plain sewing, sewing of seams by simple and common stitches, in distinct from fancy work, embroidery, etc.; -- distinguished also from designing and fitting garments. -- Plain song. (a) The Gregorian chant, or canto fermo; the prescribed melody of the Roman Catholic service, sung in unison, in tones of equal length, and rarely extending beyond the compass of an octave. (b) A simple melody. -- Plain speaking, plainness or bluntness of speech. Syn. -- Level; flat; smooth; open; artless; unaffected; undisguised; frank; sincere; honest; candid; ingenuous; unembellished; downright; blunt; clear; simple; distinct; manifest; obvious; apparent. See Manifest. PLAIN Plain, adv. Defn: In a plain manner; plainly. "To speak short and pleyn." Chaucer. "To tell you plain." Shak. PLAIN Plain, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. plaigne, F. plaine. See Plain, a.] 1. Level land; usually, an open field or a broad stretch of land with an even surface, or a surface little varied by inequalities; as, the plain of Jordan; the American plains, or prairies. Descending fro the mountain into playn. Chaucer. Him the Ammonite Worshiped in Rabba and her watery plain. Milton. 2. A field of battle. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. Lead forth my soldiers to the plain. Shak. PLAIN Plain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plained (; p. pr. & vb. n. Plaining.] Etym: [Cf. Plane, v.] 1. To plane or level; to make plain or even on the surface. [R.] We would rake Europe rather, plain the East. Wither. 2. To make plain or manifest; to explain. What's dumb in show, I'll plain in speech. Shak. PLAINANT Plain"ant, n. Etym: [See 1st Plain.] (Law) Defn: One who makes complaint; the plaintiff. [Obs.] PLAIN-DEALING Plain"-deal`ing, a. Defn: Practicing plain dealing; artless. See Plain dealing, under Dealing. Shak. PLAIN-HEARTED Plain"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Frank; sincere; artless. Milton. -- Plain"-heart`ed*ness, n. PLAINING Plain"ing, n. Defn: Complaint. [Poetic] Shak. PLAINING Plain"ing, a. Defn: Complaining. [Poetic] Bryant. PLAIN-LAID Plain"-laid`, a. (Naut.) Defn: Consisting of strands twisted together in the ordinary way; as, a plain-laid rope. See Illust. of Cordage. PLAINLY Plain"ly, adv. Defn: In a plain manner; clearly. PLAINNESS Plain"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being plain. PLAINSMAN Plains"man, n.; pl. -men (. Defn: One who lives in the plains. PLAIN-SPOKEN Plain"-spo`ken, a. Defn: Speaking with plain, unreserved sincerity; also, spoken sincerely; as, plain-spoken words. Dryden. PLAINT Plaint, n. Etym: [OE. plainte, pleynte, F. plainte, fr. L. plangere, planctum (plancta, fem. p.p.), to beat, beat the breast, lament. Cf. Complain, Plague, Plangent.] 1. Audible expression of sorrow; lamentation; complaint; hence, a mournful song; a lament. Chaucer."The Psalmist's mournful plaint." Wordsworth. 2. An accusation or protest on account of an injury. There are three just grounds of war with Spain: one of plaint, two upon defense. Bacon. 3. (Law) Defn: A private memorial tendered to a court, in which a person sets forth his cause of action; the exhibiting of an action in writing. Blackstone. PLAINTFUL Plaint"ful, a. Defn: Containing a plaint; complaining; expressing sorrow with an audible voice. "My plaintful tongue." Sir P. Sidney. PLAINTIFF Plain"tiff, n. Etym: [F. plaintif making complaint, plaintive; in Old French equiv. to plaignant complainant, prosecutor, fr. plaindre. See Plaint, and cf. Plaintive.] (Law) Defn: One who commences a personal action or suit to obtain a remedy for an injury to his rights; -- opposed to Ant: defendant. PLAINTIFF Plain"tiff, a. Defn: See Plaintive. [Obs.] Prior. PLAINTIVE Plain"tive, a. Etym: [F. plaintif. See Plaintiff, n.] 1. Repining; complaining; lamenting. Dryden. 2. Expressive of sorrow or melancholy; mournful; sad. "The most plaintive ditty." Landor. -- Plain"tive*ly, adv. -- Plain"tive*ness, n. PLAINTLESS Plaint"less, a. Defn: Without complaint; unrepining. "Plaintless patience." Savage. PLAISANCE Plai`sance", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Pleasance. PLAISE Plaise, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Plaice. [Obs.] PLAISTER Plais"ter, n. [Obs.] Defn: See Plaster. PLAIT Plait, n. Etym: [OE. playte, OF. pleit, L. plicatum, plicitum, p.p. of plicare to fold, akin to plectere to plait. See Ply, and cf. Plat to weave, Pleat, Plight fold.] 1. A flat fold; a doubling, as of cloth; a pleat; as, a box plait. The plaits and foldings of the drapery. Addison. 2. A braid, as of hair or straw; a plat. Polish plait. (Med.) Same as Plica. PLAIT Plait, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plaited; p. pr. & vb. n. Plaiting.] 1. To fold; to double in narrow folds; to pleat; as, to plait a ruffle. 2. To interweave the strands or locks of; to braid; to plat; as, to plait hair; to plait rope. PLAITED Plait"ed, a. Defn: Folded; doubled over; braided; figuratively, involved; intricate; artful. Time shall unfold what plaited cunning hides. Shak. PLAITER Plait"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, plaits. PLAN Plan, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. planus flat, level. See Plain, a.] 1. A draught or form; properly, a representation drawn on a plane, as a map or a chart; especially, a top view, as of a machine, or the representation or delineation of a horizontal section of anything, as of a building; a graphic representation; a diagram. 2. A scheme devised; a method of action or procedure expressed or described in language; a project; as, the plan of a constitution; the plan of an expedition. God's plans like lines pure and white unfold. M. R. Smith. 3. A method; a way of procedure; a custom. The simple plan, That they should take who have the power, And they should keep who can. Wordsworth. Body plan, Floor plan, etc. See under Body, Floor, etc. Syn. -- Scheme; draught; delineation; plot; sketch; project; design; contrivance; device. See Scheme. PLAN Plan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planned; p. pr. & vb. n. Planning.] 1. To form a delineation of; to draught; to represent, as by a diagram. 2. To scheme; to devise; to contrive; to form in design; as, to plan the conquest of a country. Even in penance, planning sins anew. Goldsmith. PLANARIA Pla*na"ri*a, n.; pl. L. Planariæ, E. -rias. Etym: [NL. See Planary.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of turbellarian worms belonging to Planaria, and many allied genera. The body is usually flat, thin, and smooth. Some species, in warm countries, are terrestrial. PLANARIAN Pla*na"ri*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Planarida, or Dendrocoela; any turbellarian worm. -- Pla*na"ri*an, a. PLANARIDA Pla*nar"i*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Turbellaria; the Dendrocoela. PLANARIOID Pla*na"ri*oid, a. Etym: [Planaria + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like the planarians. PLANARY Pla"na*ry, a. Etym: [L. planarius level. See Plane, a.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a plane. [R.] PLANCH Planch, n. Etym: [F. planche.] Defn: A plank. [Obs.] Ld. Berners. PLANCH Planch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planched; p. pr. & vb. n. Planching.] Etym: [F. planche a board, plank. See Plank.] Defn: To make or cover with planks or boards; to plank. [Obs.] "To that vineyard is a planched gate." Shak. PLANCHER Planch"er, n. Etym: [F., planche. See Planch.] 1. A floor of wood; also, a plank. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Arch.) Defn: The under side of a cornice; a soffit. PLANCHER Planch"er, v. t. Defn: To form of planks. [Obs.] Golding. PLANCHET Planch"et, n. Etym: [F. planchette a small board, dim. of planche. See Planch.] Defn: A flat piece of metal; especially, a disk of metal ready to be stamped as a coin. PLANCHETTE Plan`chette", n. Etym: [F. See Planchet.] 1. A circumferentor. See Circumferentor. 2. A small tablet of wood supported on casters and having a pencil attached. The characters produced by the pencil on paper, while the hand rests on the instrument and it is allowed to move, are sometimes translated as of oracular or supernatural import. PLANCHING Planch"ing, n. Defn: The laying of floors in a building; also, a floor of boards or planks. PLANE Plane, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. platanus, Gr. Place, and cf. Platane, Plantain the tree.] (Bot.) Defn: Any tree of the genus Platanus. Note: The Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis) is a native of Asia. It rises with a straight, smooth, branching stem to a great height, with palmated leaves, and long pendulous peduncles, sustaining several heads of small close-sitting flowers. The seeds are downy, and collected into round, rough, hard balls. The Occidental plane (Platanus occidentalis), which grows to a great height, is a native of North America, where it is popularly called sycamore, buttonwood, and buttonball, names also applied to the California species (Platanus racemosa). PLANE Plane, a. Etym: [L. planus: cf. F. plan. See Plan, a.] Defn: Without elevations or depressions; even; level; flat; lying in, or constituting, a plane; as, a plane surface. Note: In science, this word (instead of plain) is almost exclusively used to designate a flat or level surface. Plane angle, the angle included between two straight lines in a plane. -- Plane chart, Plane curve. See under Chart and Curve. -- Plane figure, a figure all points of which lie in the same plane. If bounded by straight lines it is a rectilinear plane figure, if by curved lines it is a curvilinear plane figure. -- Plane geometry, that part of geometry which treats of the relations and properties of plane figures. -- Plane problem, a problem which can be solved geometrically by the aid of the right line and circle only. -- Plane sailing (Naut.), the method of computing a ship's place and course on the supposition that the earth's surface is a plane. -- Plane scale (Naut.), a scale for the use of navigators, on which are graduated chords, sines, tangents, secants, rhumbs, geographical miles, etc. -- Plane surveying, surveying in which the curvature of the earth is disregarded; ordinary field and topographical surveying of tracts of moderate extent. -- Plane table, an instrument used for plotting the lines of a survey on paper in the field. -- Plane trigonometry, the branch of trigonometry in which its principles are applied to plane triangles. PLANE Plane, n. Etym: [F. plane, L. plana. See Plane, v. & a.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A surface, real or imaginary, in which, if any two points are taken, the straight line which joins them lies wholly in that surface; or a surface, any section of which by a like surface is a straight line; a surface without curvature. 2. (Astron.) Defn: An ideal surface, conceived as coinciding with, or containing, some designated astronomical line, circle, or other curve; as, the plane of an orbit; the plane of the ecliptic, or of the equator. 3. (Mech.) Defn: A block or plate having a perfectly flat surface, used as a standard of flatness; a surface plate. 4. (Joinery) Defn: A tool for smoothing boards or other surfaces of wood, for forming moldings, etc. It consists of a smooth-soled stock, usually of wood, from the under side or face of which projects slightly the steel cutting edge of a chisel, called the iron, which inclines backward, with an apperture in front for the escape of shavings; as, the jack plane; the smoothing plane; the molding plane, etc. Objective plane (Surv.), the horizontal plane upon which the object which is to be delineated, or whose place is to be determined, is supposed to stand. -- Perspective plane. See Perspective. -- Plane at infinity (Geom.), a plane in which points infinitely distant are conceived as situated. -- Plane iron, the cutting chisel of a joiner's plane. -- Plane of polarization. (Opt.) See Polarization. -- Plane of projection. (a) The plane on which the projection is made, corresponding to the perspective plane in perspective; -- called also principal plane. (b) (Descriptive Geom.) One of the planes to which points are referred for the purpose of determining their relative position in space. -- Plane of refraction or reflection (Opt.), the plane in which lie both the incident ray and the refracted or reflected ray. PLANE Plane, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planed; p. pr. & vb. n. Planing.] Etym: [Cf. F. planer, L. planare, fr. planus. See Plane, a., Plain, a., and cf. Planish.] 1. To make smooth; to level; to pare off the inequalities of the surface of, as of a board or other piece of wood, by the use of a plane; as, to plane a plank. 2. To efface or remove. He planed away the names . . . written on his tables. Chaucer. 3. Figuratively, to make plain or smooth. [R.] What student came but that you planed her path. Tennyson. PLANE-PARALLEL Plane`-par"al*lel, a. (Optics) Defn: Having opposite surfaces exactly plane and parallel, as a piece of glass. PLANER Plan"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, planes; a planing machine; esp., a machine for planing wood or metals. 2. (Print.) Defn: A wooden block used for forcing down the type in a form, and making the surface even. Hansard. Planer centers. See under Center. PLANER TREE Plan"er tree`. Etym: [From J.S.Planer, a German botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: A small-leaved North American tree (Planera aquatica) related to the elm, but having a wingless, nutlike fruit. PLANET Plan"et, n. Etym: [OE. planete, F. planète, L. planeta, fr. Gr. 1. (Astron.) Defn: A celestial body which revolves about the sun in an orbit of a moderate degree of eccentricity. It is distinguished from a comet by the absence of a coma, and by having a less eccentric orbit. See Solar system. Note: The term planet was first used to distinguish those stars which have an apparent motion through the constellations from the fixed stars, which retain their relative places unchanged. The inferior planets are Mercury and Venus, which are nearer to the sun than is the earth; the superior planets are Mars, the asteroids, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, which are farther from the sun than is the earth. Primary planets are those which revolve about the sun; secondary planets, or moons, are those which revolve around the primary planets as satellites, and at the same time revolve with them about the sun. 2. A star, as influencing the fate of a men. There's some ill planet reigns. Shak. Planet gear. (Mach.) See Epicyclic train, under Epicyclic. -- Planet wheel, a gear wheel which revolves around the wheel with which it meshes, in an epicyclic train. PLANE TABLE Plane" ta`ble. Defn: See under Plane, a. PLANETARIUM Plan`e*ta"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL.: cf. F. planétaire. See Planetary.] Defn: An orrery. See Orrery. PLANETARY Plan"et*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. L. planetarius an astrologer, F. planétaire planetary. See Planet.] 1. Of or pertaining to the planets; as, planetary inhabitants; planetary motions; planetary year. 2. Consisting of planets; as, a planetary system. 3. (Astrol.) Defn: Under the dominion or influence of a planet. "Skilled in the planetary hours." Drayton. 4. Caused by planets. "A planetary plague." Shak. 5. Having the nature of a planet; erratic; revolving; wandering. "Erratical and planetary life." Fuller. Planetary days, the days of the week as shared among the planets known to the ancients, each having its day. Hutton. -- Planetary nebula, a nebula exhibiting a uniform disk, like that of a planet. PLANETED Plan"et*ed, a. Defn: Belonging to planets. [R.] Young. PLANETIC; PLANETICAL Pla*net"ic, Pla*net"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. planeticus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to planets. Sir T. Browne. PLANETOID Plan"et*oid, n. Etym: [Planet + -oid.] (Astron.) Defn: A body resembling a planet; an asteroid. PLANETOIDAL Plan"et*oid*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to a planetoid. PLANE TREE Plane" tree`. (Bot.) Defn: Same as 1st Plane. PLANET-STRICKEN; PLANET-STRUCK Plan"et-strick`en, Plan"et-struck`, a. Defn: Affected by the influence of planets; blasted. Milton. Like planet-stricken men of yore He trembles, smitten to the core By strong compunction and remorse. Wordsworth. PLANETULE Plan"et*ule, n. Defn: A little planet. [R.] Conybeare. PLANGENCY Plan"gen*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being plangent; a beating sound. [R.] PLANGENT Plan"gent, a. Etym: [L. plangens, -entis, fr. plangere to beat. See Plaint.] Defn: Beating; dashing, as a wave. [R.] "The plangent wave." H. Taylor. PLANI-; PLANO- Plan"i-, Plan"o-. Etym: [L. planus. See Plane, a.] Defn: Combining forms signifying flat, level, plane; as planifolious, planimetry, plano-concave. PLANIFOLIOUS Plan`i*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [Plani- + L. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: Flat-leaved. PLANIFORM Plan"i*form, a. (Anat.) Defn: Having a plane surface; as, a planiform, gliding, or arthrodial articulation. PLANIMETER Pla*nim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Plani- + -meter. Cf. Planometer.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the area of any plane figure, however irregular, by passing a tracer around the bounding line; a platometer. PLANIMETRIC; PLANIMETRICAL Plan`i*met"ric, Plan`i*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. planimétrique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to planimetry. PLANIMETRY Pla*nim"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. planimétrie.] Defn: The mensuration of plane surfaces; -- distinguished from stereometry, or the mensuration of volumes. PLANING Plan"ing, Defn: a. & vb. n. fr. Plane, v. t. Planing machine. (a) See Planer. (b) A complex machine for planing wood, especially boards, containing usually a rapidly revolving cutter, which chips off the surface in small shavings as the piece to be planed is passed under it by feeding apparatus. PLANIPENNATE Pla`ni*pen"nate, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Planipennia. PLANIPENNIA Pla`ni*pen"ni*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. planus plane + penna wing.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Neuroptera, including those that have broad, flat wings, as the ant-lion, lacewing, etc. Called also Planipennes. PLANIPETALOUS Plan`i*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Plani- + petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having flat petals. PLANISH Plan"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planished; p. pr. & vb. n. Planishing.] Etym: [OF. planir, F. planer. See Plane, v., and -ish.] Defn: To make smooth or plane, as a metallic surface; to condense, toughen, and polish by light blows with a hammer. PLANISHER Plan"ish*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, planishes. Weale. PLANISHING Plan"ish*ing, Defn: a. & vb. n. from Planish, v. t. Planishing rolls (Coining), rolls between which metal strips are passed while cold, to bring them to exactly the required thickness. PLANISPHERE Plan"i*sphere, n. Etym: [Plani- + sphere: cf. F. planisphère. See Plain, and Sphere.] Defn: The representation of the circles of the sphere upon a plane; especially, a representation of the celestial sphere upon a plane with adjustable circles, or other appendages, for showing the position of the heavens, the time of rising and setting of stars, etc., for any given date or hour. PLANISPHERIC Plan`i*spher"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a planisphere. PLANK Plank, n. Etym: [OE. planke, OF. planque, planche, F. planche, fr. L. planca; cf. Gr. Planch.] 1. A broad piece of sawed timber, differing from a board only in being thicker. See Board. 2. Fig.: That which supports or upholds, as a board does a swimmer. His charity is a better plank than the faith of an intolerant and bitter-minded bigot. Southey. 3. One of the separate articles in a declaration of the principles of a party or cause; as, a plank in the national platform. [Cant] Plank road, or Plank way, a road surface formed of planks. [U.S.] -- To walk the plank, to walk along a plank laid across the bulwark of a ship, until one overbalances it and falls into the sea; -- a method of disposing of captives practiced by pirates. PLANK Plank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planked; p. pr. & vb. n. Planking.] 1. To cover or lay with planks; as, to plank a floor or a ship. "Planked with pine." Dryden. 2. To lay down, as on a plank or table; to stake or pay cash; as, to plank money in a wager. [Colloq. U.S.] 3. To harden, as hat bodies, by felting. 4. (Wooden Manuf.) Defn: To splice together the ends of slivers of wool, for subsequent drawing. Planked shad, shad split open, fastened to a plank, and roasted before a wood fire. PLANKING Plank"ing, n. 1. The act of laying planks; also, planks, collectively; a series of planks in place, as the wooden covering of the frame of a vessel. 2. The act of splicing slivers. See Plank, v. t., 4. PLANK-SHEER Plank"-sheer`, n. (Shipbuilding) Defn: The course of plank laid horizontally over the timberheads of a vessel's frame. PLANKTON Plank"ton (plank"ton), n. [NL., fr. Gr. plagto`n, neut. of plagto`s wandering, pla`zesqai to wander.] (Biol.) Defn: All the animals and plants, taken collectively, which live at or near the surface of salt or fresh waters. --Plank*ton"ic (#), a. PLANLESS Plan"less, a. Defn: Having no plan. PLANNER Plan"ner, n. Defn: One who plans; a projector. PLANO- Pla"no-. Defn: See Plani-. PLANOBLAST Plan"o*blast, n. Etym: [Gr. -blast.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any free-swimming gonophore of a hydroid; a hydroid medusa. PLANO-CONCAVE Pla"no-con"cave, a. Etym: [Plano- + concave.] Defn: Plane or flat on one side, and concave on the other; as, a plano-concave lens. See Lens. PLANO-CONICAL Pla"no-con"ic*al, a. Etym: [Plano- + conical.] Defn: Plane or flat on one side, and conical on the other. Grew. PLANO-CONVEX Pla"no-con"vex, a. Etym: [Plano- + convex.] Defn: Plane or flat on one side, and convex on the other; as, a plano-convex lens. See Convex, and Lens. PLANOGAMETE Plan"o*ga*mete`, n. [Gr. wandering + E. gamete.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the motile ciliated gametes, or zoögametes, found in isogamous plants, as many green algæ (Chlorophyceæ). PLANO-HORIZONTAL Pla"no-hor`i*zon"tal, a. Etym: [Plano- + horizontal.] Defn: Having a level horizontal surface or position. Lee. PLANOMETER Pla*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Plano- + -meter. Cf. Planimeter.] Defn: An instrument for gauging or testing a plane surface. See Surface gauge, under Surface. PLANOMETRY Pla*nom"e*try, n. (Mech.) Defn: The art or process of producing or gauging a plane surface. PLANO-ORBICULAR Pla"no-or*bic"u*lar, a. Etym: [Plano- + orbicular.] Defn: Plane or flat on one side, and spherical on the other. PLANORBIS Pla*nor"bis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. planus flat + orbis a circle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any fresh-water air-breathing mollusk belonging to Planorbis and other allied genera, having shells of a discoidal form. PLANO-SUBULATE Pla"no-su"bu*late, a. Etym: [Plano- + subulate.] Defn: Smooth and awl-shaped. See Subulate. PLANT Plant, n. Etym: [AS. plante, L. planta.] 1. A vegetable; an organized living being, generally without feeling and voluntary motion, and having, when complete, a root, stem, and leaves, though consisting sometimes only of a single leafy expansion, or a series of cellules, or even a single cellule. Note: Plants are divided by their structure and methods of reproduction into two series, phænogamous or flowering plants, which have true flowers and seeds, and cryptogamous or flowerless plants, which have no flowers, and reproduce by minute one-celled spores. In both series are minute and simple forms and others of great size and complexity. As to their mode of nutrition, plants may be considered as self-supporting and dependent. Self-supporting plants always contain chlorophyll, and subsist on air and moisture and the matter dissolved in moisture, and as a general rule they excrete oxygen, and use the carbonic acid to combine with water and form the material for their tissues. Dependent plants comprise all fungi and many flowering plants of a parasitic or saprophytic nature. As a rule, they have no chlorophyll, and subsist mainly or wholly on matter already organized, thus utilizing carbon compounds already existing, and not excreting oxygen. But there are plants which are partly dependent and partly self-supporting. The movements of climbing plants, of some insectivorous plants, of leaves, stamens, or pistils in certain plants, and the ciliary motion of zoöspores, etc., may be considered a kind of voluntary motion. 2. A bush, or young tree; a sapling; hence, a stick or staff. "A plant of stubborn oak." Dryden. 3. The sole of the foot. [R.] "Knotty legs and plants of clay." B. Jonson. 4. (Com.) Defn: The whole machinery and apparatus employed in carrying on a trade or mechanical business; also, sometimes including real estate, and whatever represents investment of capital in the means of carrying on a business, but not including material worked upon or finished products; as, the plant of a foundry, a mill, or a railroad. 5. A plan; an artifice; a swindle; a trick. [Slang] It was n't a bad plant, that of mine, on Fikey. Dickens. 6. (Zoöl.) (a) An oyster which has been bedded, in distinction from one of natural growth. (b) A young oyster suitable for transplanting. [Local, U.S.] Plant bug (Zoöl.), any one of numerous hemipterous insects which injure the foliage of plants, as Lygus lineolaris, which damages wheat and trees. -- Plant cutter (Zoöl.), a South American passerine bird of the genus Phytotoma, family Phytotomidæ. It has a serrated bill with which it cuts off the young shoots and buds of plants, often doing much injury. -- Plant louse (Zoöl.), any small hemipterous insect which infests plants, especially those of the families Aphidæ and Psyllidæ; an aphid. PLANT Plant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Planted; p. pr. & vb. n. Planting.] Etym: [AS. plantian, L. plantare. See Plant, n.] 1. To put in the ground and cover, as seed for growth; as, to plant maize. 2. To set in the ground for growth, as a young tree, or a vegetable with roots. Thou shalt not plant thee a grove of any trees. Deut. xvi. 21. 3. To furnish, or fit out, with plants; as, to plant a garden, an orchard, or a forest. 4. To engender; to generate; to set the germ of. It engenders choler, planteth anger. Shak. 5. To furnish with a fixed and organized population; to settle; to establish; as, to plant a colony. Planting of countries like planting of woods. Bacon. 6. To introduce and establish the principles or seeds of; as, to plant Christianity among the heathen. 7. To set firmly; to fix; to set and direct, or point; as, to plant cannon against a fort; to plant a standard in any place; to plant one's feet on solid ground; to plant one's fist in another's face. 8. To set up; to install; to instate. We will plant some other in the throne. Shak. PLANT Plant, v. i. Defn: To perform the act of planting. I have planted; Apollos watered. 1 Cor. iii. 6. PLANTABLE Plant"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being planted; fit to be planted. B. Edwards. PLANTAGE Plant"age, n. Defn: A word used once by Shakespeare to designate plants in general, or anything that is planted. As true as steel, as plantage to the moon. Shak. (Troil. iii. sc. 2). PLANTAIN Plan"tain, n. Etym: [Cf. F. plantain-arbre, plantanier, Sp. plántano, plátano; prob. same word as plane tree.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A treelike perennial herb (Musa paradisiaca) of tropical regions, bearing immense leaves and large clusters of the fruits called plantains. See Musa. 2. The fruit of this plant. It is long and somewhat cylindrical, slightly curved, and, when ripe, soft, fleshy, and covered with a thick but tender yellowish skin. The plantain is a staple article of food in most tropical countries, especially when cooked. Plantain cutter, or Plantain eater (Zoöl.), any one of several large African birds of the genus Musophaga, or family Musophagidæ, especially Musophaga violacea. See Turaco. They are allied to the cuckoos. -- Plantain squirrel (Zoöl.), a Java squirrel (Sciurus plantani) which feeds upon plantains. -- Plantain tree (Bot.), the treelike herb Musa paradisiaca. See def. 1 (above). PLANTAIN Plan"tain, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. plantago. Cf. Plant.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Plantago, but especially the P. major, a low herb with broad spreading radical leaves, and slender spikes of minute flowers. It is a native of Europe, but now found near the abode of civilized man in nearly all parts of the world. Indian plantain. (Bot.) See under Indian. -- Mud plantain, a homely North American aquatic plant (Heteranthera reniformis), having broad, reniform leaves. -- Rattlesnake plantain, an orchidaceous plant (Goodyera pubescens), with the leaves blotched and spotted with white. -- Ribwort plantain. See Ribwort. -- Robin's plantain, the Erigeron bellidifolium, a common daisylike plant of North America. -- Water plantain, a plant of the genus Alisma, having acrid leaves, and formerly regarded as a specific against hydrophobia. Loudon. PLANTAL Plant"al, a. Etym: [L. planta a plant.] Defn: Belonging to plants; as, plantal life. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. PLANTAR Plan"tar, a. Etym: [L. plantaris, fr. planta the sole of the foot.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sole of the foot; as, the plantar arteries. PLANTATION Plan*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. plantatio: cf. F. plantation.] 1. The act or practice of planting, or setting in the earth for growth. [R.] 2. The place planted; land brought under cultivation; a piece of ground planted with trees or useful plants; esp., in the United States and West Indies, a large estate appropriated to the production of the more important crops, and cultivated by laborers who live on the estate; as, a cotton plantation; a coffee plantation. 3. An original settlement in a new country; a colony. While these plantations were forming in Connecticut. B. Trumbull. PLANT-CANE Plant"-cane`, n. Defn: A stalk or shoot of sugar cane of the first growth from the cutting. The growth of the second and following years is of inferior quality, and is called rattoon. PLANT-EATING Plant"-eat`ing, a. Defn: Eating, or subsisting on, plants; as, a plant-eating beetle. PLANTED Plant"ed, a. (Joinery) Defn: Fixed in place, as a projecting member wrought on a separate piece of stuff; as, a planted molding. PLANTER Plant"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, plants or sows; as, a planterof corn; a machine planter. 2. One who owns or cultivates a plantation; as, a sugar planter; a coffee planter. 3. A colonist in a new or uncultivated territory; as, the first planters in Virginia. PLANTERSHIP Plant"er*ship, n. Defn: The occupation or position of a planter, or the management of a plantation, as in the United States or the West Indies. PLANTICLE Plant"i*cle, n. Etym: [Dim. of Plant.] Defn: A young plant, or plant in embryo. E. Darwin. PLANTIGRADA Plan`ti*gra"da, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A subdivision of Carnivora having plantigrade feet. It includes the bears, raccoons, and allied species. PLANTIGRADE Plan"ti*grade, a. Etym: [L. planta sole of the foot + gradi to walk: cf. F. plantigrade.] (Zoöl.) (a) Walking on the sole of the foot; pertaining to the plantigrades. (b) Having the foot so formed that the heel touches the ground when the leg is upright. PLANTIGRADE Plan"ti*grade, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A plantigrade animal, or one that walks or steps on the sole of the foot, as man, and the bears. PLANTING Plant"ing, n. 1. The act or operation of setting in the ground for propagation, as seeds, trees, shrubs, etc.; the forming of plantations, as of trees; the carrying on of plantations, as of sugar, coffee, etc. 2. That which is planted; a plantation. Trees of righteousness, the planting of the Lord. Isa. lxi. 3. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The laying of the first courses of stone in a foundation. [Eng.] PLANTLESS Plant"less, a. Defn: Without plants; barren of vegetation. PLANTLET Plant"let, n. Defn: A little plant. PLANTOCRACY Plan*toc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Planter + -cracy, as in democracy.] Defn: Government by planters; planters, collectively. [R.] PLANTULE Plant"ule, n. Etym: [F., dim. of plante a plant, L. planta.] (Bot.) Defn: The embryo which has begun its development in the act of germination. PLANULA Plan"u*la, n.; pl. Planulæ. Etym: [L., a little plane.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: In embryonic development, a vesicle filled with fluid, formed from the morula by the divergence of its cells in such a manner as to give rise to a central space, around which the cells arrange themselves as an envelope; an embryonic form intermediate between the morula and gastrula. Sometimes used as synonymous with gastrula. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The very young, free-swimming larva of the coelenterates. It usually has a flattened oval or oblong form, and is entirely covered with cilia. PLANXTY Planx"ty, n. Etym: [Cf. L. plangere to mourn aloud.] (Mus.) Defn: An Irish or Welsh melody for the harp, sometimes of a mournful character. PLAQUE Plaque, n. Etym: [F. Cf. Plack, and see Placard.] Defn: Any flat, thin piece of metal, clay, ivory, or the like, used for ornament, or for painting pictures upon, as a slab, plate, dish, or the like, hung upon a wall; also, a smaller decoration worn on the person, as a brooch. PLAQUETTE Pla`quette", n. [F., dim. of plaque plate, plaque. See Plaque.] Defn: A small plaque, esp., in modern medal engraving, a small and delicate bas-relief, whether cast or struck from a die, or of form other than circular. PLASH Plash, n. Etym: [OD. plasch. See Plash, v.] 1. A small pool of standing water; a puddle. Bacon. "These shallow plashes." Barrow. 2. A dash of water; a splash. PLASH Plash, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Plashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Plashing.] Etym: [Cf. D. plassen, G. platschen. Cf. Splash.] Defn: To dabble in water; to splash. "Plashing among bedded pebbles." Keats. Far below him plashed the waters. Longfellow. PLASH Plash, v. t. 1. To splash, as water. 2. To splash or sprinkle with coloring matter; as, to plash a wall in imitation of granite. PLASH Plash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plashed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Plashing.] Etym: [OF. plaissier, plessier, to bend. Cf. Pleach.] Defn: To cut partly, or to bend and intertwine the branches of; as, to plash a hedge. Evelyn. PLASH Plash, n. Defn: The branch of a tree partly cut or bent, and bound to, or intertwined with, other branches. PLASHET Plash"et, n. Etym: [Plash + -et.] Defn: A small pond or pool; a puddle. PLASHING Plash"ing, n. 1. The cutting or bending and intertwining the branches of small trees, as in hedges. 2. The dashing or sprinkling of coloring matter on the walls of buildings, to imitate granite, etc. PLASHOOT Plash"oot, n. Defn: A hedge or fence formed of branches of trees interlaced, or plashed. [Obs.] Carew. PLASHY Plash"y, a. Etym: [From 1st Plash.] 1. Watery; abounding with puddles; splashy. "Plashy fens." Milton. "The plashy earth." Wordsworth. 2. Specked, as if plashed with color. Keats. PLASM Plasm, n. Etym: [L. plasma anything formed or molded, that which is molded, Gr. plasme. Cf. Plasma.] 1. A mold or matrix in which anything is cast or formed to a particular shape. [R.] Woodward. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Plasma. PLASMA Plas"ma, n. Etym: [See Plasm.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A variety of quartz, of a color between grass green and leek green, which is found associated with common chalcedony. It was much esteemed by the ancients for making engraved ornaments. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The viscous material of an animal or vegetable cell, out of which the various tissues are formed by a process of differentiation; protoplasm. 3. Unorganized material; elementary matter. 4. (Med.) Defn: A mixture of starch and glycerin, used as a substitute for ointments. U. S. Disp. Blood plasma (Physiol.), the colorless fluid of the blood, in which the red and white blood corpuscles are suspended. -- Muscle plasma (Physiol.), the fundamental part of muscle fibers, a thick, viscid, albuminous fluid contained within the sarcolemma, which on the death of the muscle coagulates to a semisolid mass. PLASMATIC; PLASMATICAL Plas*mat"ic, Plas*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Forming; shaping; molding. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to plasma; having the character of plasma; containing, or conveying, plasma. PLASMATION Plas*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. plasmatio.] Defn: The act of forming or molding. [R.] Grafton. PLASMATOR Plas*ma"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A former; a fashioner. [R.] "The sovereign plasmator, God Almighty." Urquhart. PLASMATURE Plas"ma*ture, n. Defn: Form; mold. [R.] PLASMIC Plas"mic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or connected with, plasma; plasmatic. Defn: A piece of DNA, usually circular, functioning as part of the genetic material of a cell, not integrated with the chromosome and replicating independently of the chromosome, but transferred, like the chromosome, to subsequent generations. In bacteria, plasmids often carry the genes for antibiotic resistance; they are exploited in genetic engineering as the vehicles for introduction of extraneous DNA into cells, to alter the genetic makeup of the cell. The cells thus altered may produce desirable proteins which are extracted and used; in the case of genetically altered plant cells, the altered cells may grow into complete plants with changed properties, as for example, increased resistance to disease. . PLASMIN Plas"min, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A proteid body, separated by some physiologists from blood plasma. It is probably identical with fibrinogen. PLASMODIAL Plas*mo"di*al, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to, or like, a plasmodium; as, the plasmodial form of a life cycle. PLASMODIUM Plas*mo"di*um, n.; pl. Plasmodia. Etym: [NL. See Plasma.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: A jellylike mass of free protoplasm, without any union of amoeboid cells, and endowed with life and power of motion. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A naked mobile mass of protoplasm, formed by the union of several amoebalike young, and constituting one of the stages in the life cycle of Mycetozoa and other low organisms. PLASMOGEN Plas"mo*gen, n. Etym: [Plasma + -gen.] (Biol.) Defn: The important living portion of protoplasm, considered a chemical substance of the highest elaboration. Germ plasm and idioplasm are forms of plasmogen. PLASMON; PLASMON BUTTER Plas"mon, n. [Cf. Plasma.] Defn: A flourlike food preparation made from skim milk, and consisting essentially of the unaltered proteid of milk. It is also used in making biscuits and crackers, for mixing with cocoa, etc. A mixture of this with butter, water, and salt is called Plasmon butter, and resembles clotted cream in appearance. PLASSON Plas"son, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The albuminous material composing the body of a cytode. Note: It is considered simpler than protoplasm of an ordinary cell in that it has not undergone differentiation into the inner cell nucleus and the outer cell substance. Haeckel. PLASTER Plas"ter, n. Etym: [AS., a plaster (in sense 1), fr. L. emplastrum, Gr. plastre a plaster (in sense 2), F. plâtre. Cf. Plastic, Emplaster, Piaster.] [Formerly written also plaister.] 1. (Med.) Defn: An external application of a consistency harder than ointment, prepared for use by spreading it on linen, leather, silk, or other material. It is adhesive at the ordinary temperature of the body, and is used, according to its composition, to produce a medicinal effect, to bind parts together, etc.; as, a porous plaster; sticking plaster. 2. A composition of lime, water, and sand, with or without hair as a bond, for coating walls, ceilings, and partitions of houses. See Mortar. 3. Calcined gypsum, or plaster of Paris, especially when ground, as used for making ornaments, figures, moldings, etc.; or calcined gypsum used as a fertilizer. Plaster cast, a copy of an object obtained by pouring plaster of Paris mixed with water into a mold. -- Plaster of Paris. Etym: [So called because originally brought from a suburb of Paris.] (Chem.) Anhydrous calcium sulphate, or calcined gypsum, which forms with water a paste which soon sets or hardens, and is used for casts, moldings, etc. The term is loosely applied to any plaster stone or species of gypsum. -- Plaster of Paris bandage (Surg.), a bandage saturated with a paste of plaster of Paris, which on drying forms a perfectly fitting splint. -- Plaster stone, any species of gypsum. See Gypsum. PLASTER Plas"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plastered; p. pr. & vb. n. Plastering.] Etym: [Cf. OF. plastrer to plaster (in sense 2), F. plâtrer.] 1. To cover with a plaster, as a wound or sore. 2. To overlay or cover with plaster, as the ceilings and walls of a house. 3. Fig.: To smooth over; to cover or conceal the defects of; to hide, as with a covering of plaster. Bale. PLASTERER Plas"ter*er, n. 1. One who applies plaster or mortar. "Thy father was a plasterer." Shak. 2. One who makes plaster casts. "The plasterer doth make his figures by addition." Sir H. Wotton. PLASTERING Plas"ter*ing, n. 1. Same as Plaster, n., 2. 2. The act or process of overlaying with plaster. 3. A covering of plaster; plasterwork. PLASTERLY Plas"ter*ly, a. Defn: Resembling plaster of Paris. [R.] "Out of gypseous or plasterly ground." Fuller. PLASTERWORK Plas"ter*work`, n. Defn: Plastering used to finish architectural constructions, exterior or interior, especially that used for the lining of rooms. Ordinarly, mortar is used for the greater part of the work, and pure plaster of Paris for the moldings and ornaments. PLASTERY Plas"ter*y, a. Defn: Of the nature of plaster. The stone . . . is a poor plastery material. Clough. -PLASTIC -plas"tic. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form signifying developing, forming, growing; as, heteroplastic, monoplastic, polyplastic. PLASTIC Plas"tic, a. Etym: [L. plasticus, Gr. plastique.] 1. Having the power to give form or fashion to a mass of matter; as, the plastic hand of the Creator. Prior. See plastic Nature working to his end. Pope. 2. Capable of being molded, formed, or modeled, as clay or plaster; - - used also figuratively; as, the plastic mind of a child. 3. Pertaining or appropriate to, or characteristic of, molding or modeling; produced by, or appearing as if produced by, molding or modeling; -- said of sculpture and the kindred arts, in distinction from painting and the graphic arts. Medallions . . . fraught with the plastic beauty and grace of the palmy days of Italian art. J. S. Harford. Plastic clay (Geol.), one of the beds of the Eocene period; -- so called because used in making pottery. Lyell. -- Plastic element (Physiol.), one that bears within the germs of a higher form. -- Plastic exudation (Med.), an exudation thrown out upon a wounded surface and constituting the material of repair by which the process of healing is effected. -- Plastic foods. (Physiol.) See the second Note under Food. -- Plastic force. (Physiol.) See under Force. -- Plastic operation, an operation in plastic surgery. -- Plastic surgery, that branch of surgery which is concerned with the repair or restoration of lost, injured, or deformed parts of the body. Defn: a substance composed predominantly of a synthetic organic high polymer capable of being cast or molded; many varieties of plastic are used to produce articles of commerce (after 1900). [MW10 gives origin of word as 1905] PLASTICAL Plas"tic*al, a. Defn: See Plastic. [R.] PLASTICALLY Plas"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a plastic manner. PLASTICITY Plas*tic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. plasticité.] 1. The quality or state of being plastic. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Plastic force. Dunglison. PLASTID; PLASTIDE Plas"tid, Plas"tide, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Biol.) Defn: A formative particle of albuminous matter; a monad; a cytode. See the Note under Morphon. Haeckel. 2. (Bot.) Defn: One of the many minute granules found in the protoplasm of vegetable cells. They are divided by their colors into three classes, chloroplastids, chromoplastids, and leucoplastids. PLASTIDOZOA Plas`ti*do*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Protoza. PLASTIDULE Plas"ti*dule, n. Etym: [Dim. fr. Plastid.] (Biol.) Defn: One of the small particles or organic molecules of protoplasm. Haeckel. PLASTIN Plas"tin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A substance associated with nuclein in cell nuclei, and by some considered as the fundamental substance of the nucleus. PLASTOGRAPHY Plas*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. The art of forming figures in any plastic material. 2. Imitation of handwriting; forgery. PLASTRON Plas"tron, n. Etym: [F. plastron breastplate, plastron, LL. plastra a thin plate of metal. See Plaster.] 1. A piece of leather stuffed or padded, worn by fencers to protect the breast. Dryden. 3. (Anc. Armor) Defn: An iron breastplate, worn under the hauberk. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The ventral shield or shell of tortoises and turtles. See Testudinata. 4. A trimming for the front of a woman's dress, made of a different material, and narrowing from the shoulders to the waist. -PLASTY -plas"ty. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form denoting the act or process of forming, development, growth; as, autoplasty, perineoplasty. PLAT Plat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Platted; p. pr. & vb. n. Platting.] Etym: [See Plait.] Defn: To form by interlaying interweaving; to braid; to plait. "They had platted a crown of thorns." Matt. xxvii. 29. PLAT Plat, n. Defn: Work done by platting or braiding; a plait. Her hair, nor loose, nor tied in formal plat. Shak. PLAT Plat, n. Etym: [Cf. Plat flat, which perh. caused this spelling, and Plot a piece of ground.] Defn: A small piece or plot of ground laid out with some design, or for a special use; usually, a portion of flat, even ground. This flowery plat, the sweet recess of Eve. Milton. I keep smooth plat of fruitful ground. Tennyson. PLAT Plat, v. t. Defn: To lay out in plats or plots, as ground. PLAT Plat, a. Etym: [F. plat. See Plate, n.] Defn: Plain; flat; level. [Obs.] Gower. PLAT Plat, adv. 1. Plainly; flatly; downright. [Obs.] But, sir, ye lie, I tell you plat. Rom. of R. 2. Flatly; smoothly; evenly. [Obs.] Drant. PLAT Plat, n. 1. The flat or broad side of a sword. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. 2. A plot; a plan; a design; a diagram; a map; a chart. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "To note all the islands, and to set them down in plat." Hakluyt. PLATAN Plat"an, n. Etym: [L. platanus. See Plane the tree.] [Written also platane.] Defn: The plane tree. Tennyson. PLATANIST Plat"a*nist, n. Etym: [L. platanista a sort of fish, Gr. plataniste.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The soosoo. PLATANUS Plat"a*nus, n. Etym: [See Plane the tree.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees; the plane tree. PLATBAND Plat"band`, n. Etym: [F. plate-bande; plat, plate, flat, level + bande a band.] 1. A border of flowers in a garden, along a wall or a parterre; hence, a border. 2. (Arch.) (a) A flat molding, or group of moldings, the width of which much exceeds its projection, as the face of an architrave. (b) A list or fillet between the flutings of a column. PLATE Plate, n. Etym: [OF. plate a plate of metal, a cuirsas, F. plat a plate, a shallow vessel of silver, other metal, or earth, fr. plat flat, Gr. Place, n.] 1. A flat, or nearly flat, piece of metal, the thickness of which is small in comparison with the other dimensions; a thick sheet of metal; as, a steel plate. 2. Metallic armor composed of broad pieces. Mangled . . . through plate and mail. Milton. 3. Domestic vessels and utensils, as flagons, dishes, cups, etc., wrought in gold or silver. 4. Metallic ware which is plated, in distinction from that which is genuine silver or gold. 5. A small, shallow, and usually circular, vessel of metal or wood, or of earth glazed and baked, from which food is eaten at table. 6. Etym: [Cf. Sp. plata silver.] Defn: A piece of money, usually silver money. [Obs.] "Realms and islands were as plates dropp'd from his pocket." Shak. 7. A piece of metal on which anything is engraved for the purpose of being printed; hence, an impression from the engraved metal; as, a book illustrated with plates; a fashion plate. 8. A page of stereotype, electrotype, or the like, for printing from; as, publisher's plates. 9. That part of an artificial set of teeth which fits to the mouth, and holds the teeth in place. It may be of gold, platinum, silver, rubber, celluloid, etc. 10. (Arch.) Defn: A horizontal timber laid upon a wall, or upon corbels projecting from a wall, and supporting the ends of other timbers; also used specifically of the roof plate which supports the ends of the roof trusses or, in simple work, the feet of the rafters. 11. (Her.) Defn: A roundel of silver or tinctured argent. 12. (Photog.) Defn: A sheet of glass, porcelain, metal, etc., with a coating that is sensitive to light. 13. A prize giving to the winner in a contest. Note: Plate is sometimes used in an adjectival sense or in combination, the phrase or compound being in most cases of obvious signification; as, plate basket or plate-basket, plate rack or plate- rack. Home plate. (Baseball) See Home base, under Home. -- Plate armor. (a) See Plate, n., 2. (b) Strong metal plates for protecting war vessels, fortifications, and the like. -- Plate bone, the shoulder blade, or scapula. -- Plate girder, a girder, the web of which is formed of a single vertical plate, or of a series of such plates riveted together. -- Plate glass. See under Glass. -- Plate iron, wrought iron plates. -- Plate layer, a workman who lays down the rails of a railway and fixes them to the sleepers or ties. -- Plate mark, a special mark or emblematic figure stamped upon gold or silver plate, to indicate the place of manufacture, the degree of purity, and the like; thus, the local mark for London is a lion. -- Plate paper, a heavy spongy paper, for printing from engraved plates. Fairholt. -- Plate press, a press with a flat carriage and a roller, -- used for printing from engraved steel or copper plates. -- Plate printer, one who prints from engraved plates. -- Plate printing, the act or process of printing from an engraved plate or plates. -- Plate tracery. (Arch.) See under Tracery. -- Plate wheel (Mech.), a wheel, the rim and hub of which are connected by a continuous plate of metal, instead of by arms or spokes. PLATE Plate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plated; p. pr. & vb. n. Plating.] 1. To cover or overlay with gold, silver, or other metals, either by a mechanical process, as hammering, or by a chemical process, as electrotyping. 2. To cover or overlay with plates of metal; to arm with metal for defense. Thus plated in habiliments of war. Shak. 3. To adorn with plated metal; as, a plated harness. 4. To beat into thin, flat pieces, or laminæ. 5. To calender; as, to plate paper. PLATEAU Pla*teau", n.; pl. F. Plateaux (F. , E. Plateaus. Etym: [F., fr. OF. platel, properly a little plate. See Plate.] 1. A flat surface; especially, a broad, level, elevated area of land; a table-land. 2. An ornamental dish for the table; a tray or salver. PLATEFUL Plate"ful, n.; pl. Platefuls (. Defn: Enough to fill a plate; as much as a plate will hold. PLATE-GILLED Plate"-gilled`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having flat, or leaflike, gills, as the bivalve mollusks. PLATEL Pla"tel, n. Etym: [OF. See Plateau.] Defn: A small dish. PLATEN Plat"en, n. Etym: [F. platine, fr. plat flat. See Plate, and cf. Platin.] (Mach.) (a) The part of a printing press which presses the paper against the type and by which the impression is made. (b) Hence, an analogous part of a typewriter, on which the paper rests to receive an impression. (c) The movable table of a machine tool, as a planer, on which the work is fastened, and presented to the action of the tool; -- also called table. PLATER Plat"er, n. Defn: One who plates or coats articles with gold or silver; as, a silver plater. 2. A machine for calendering paper. PLATERESQUE Plat`er*esque", a. Etym: [Sp. resco, from plata silver.] (Arch.) Defn: Resembling silver plate; -- said of certain architectural ornaments. PLATETROPE Plat"e*trope, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: One of a pair of a paired organs. PLATFORM Plat"form`, n. Etym: [Plat, a. + -form: cf. F. plateforme.] 1. A plat; a plan; a sketch; a model; a pattern. Used also figuratively. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A place laid out after a model. [Obs.] lf the platform just reflects the order. Pope. 3. Any flat or horizontal surface; especially, one that is raised above some particular level, as a framework of timber or boards horizontally joined so as to form a roof, or a raised floor, or portion of a floor; a landing; a dais; a stage, for speakers, performers, or workmen; a standing place. 4. A declaration of the principles upon which a person, a sect, or a party proposes to stand; a declared policy or system; as, the Saybrook platform; a political platform. "The platform of Geneva." Hooker. 5. (Naut.) Defn: A light deck, usually placed in a section of the hold or over the floor of the magazine. See Orlop. Platform car, a railway car without permanent raised sides or covering; a f -- Platform scale, a weighing machine, with a flat platform on which objects are weighed. PLATFORM Plat"form`, v. t. 1. To place on a platform. [R.] 2. To form a plan of; to model; to lay out. [Obs.] Church discipline is platformed in the Bible. Milton. PLATHELMINTH Plat*hel"minth, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Platyelminthes. PLATHELMINTHES Plat`hel*min"thes, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Platyelminthes. PLATIN Plat"in, n. (Mach.) Defn: See Platen. PLATINA Plat"i*na, n. Etym: [Sp. or NL. See Platinum.] (Chem.) Defn: Platinum. Platina mohr, platinum black. -- Platina yellow, a pigment prepared from platinum. PLATING Plat"ing, n. 1. The art or process of covering anything with a plate or plates, or with metal, particularly of overlaying a base or dull metal with a thin plate of precious or bright metal, as by mechanical means or by electro-magnetic deposition. 2. A thin coating of metal laid upon another metal. 3. A coating or defensive armor of metal (usually steel) plates. PLATINIC Pla*tin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, platinum; -- used specifically to designate those compounds in which the element has a higher valence, as contrasted with the platinous compounds; as, platinic chloride (PtCl4). PLATINICHLORIC Plat`i*ni*chlo"ric, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid consisting of platinic chloride and hydrochloric acid, and obtained as a brownish red crystalline substance, called platinichloric, or chloroplatinic, acid. PLATINIFEROUS Plat`i*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Platinum + -ferous.] Defn: Yielding platinum; as, platiniferous sand. PLATINIRIDIUM Plat`i*ni*rid"i*um, n. (Chem. & Min.) Defn: A natural alloy of platinum and iridium occurring in grayish metallic rounded or cubical grains with platinum. PLATINIZE Plat"i*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Platinized; p. pr. & vb. n. Platinizing.] Defn: To cover or combine with platinum. PLATINOCHLORIC Plat`i*no*chlo"ric, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid consisting of platinous chloride and hydrochloric acid, called platinochloric, or chloroplatinous, acid. PLATINOCHLORIDE Plat`i*no*chlo"ride, n. (Chem.) Defn: A double chloride of platinum and some other metal or radical; a salt of platinochloric acid. PLATINOCYANIC Plat`i*no*cy*an"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid compound of platinous cyanide and hydrocyanic acid. It is obtained as a cinnaber-red crystalline substance. PLATINOCYANIDE Plat`i*no*cy"a*nide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A double cyanide of platinum and some other metal or radical; a salt of platinocyanic acid. PLATINODE Plat"i*node, n. Etym: [Platinum + Gr. (Physics) Defn: A cathode. [R.] PLATINOID Plat"i*noid, a. Etym: [Platinum + -oid.] Defn: Resembling platinum. PLATINOID Plat"i*noid, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alloy of German silver containing tungsten; -- used for forming electrical resistance coils and standards. PLATINOTYPE Plat"i*no*type, n. Etym: [Platinum + -type.] (Photog.) 1. A permanent photographic picture or print in platinum black. 2. The process by which such pictures are produced. PLATINOUS Plat"i*nous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, platinum; -- used specifically to designate those compounds in which the element has a lower valence, as contrasted with the platinic compounds; as, platinous chloride (PtCl2). PLATINUM Plat"i*num, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Sp. platina, from plata silver, LL. plata a thin plate of metal. See Plate, and cf. Platina.] (Chem.) Defn: A metallic element, intermediate in value between silver and gold, occurring native or alloyed with other metals, also as the platinum arsenide (sperrylite). It is heavy tin-white metal which is ductile and malleable, but very infusible, and characterized by its resistance to strong chemical reagents. It is used for crucibles, for stills for sulphuric acid, rarely for coin, and in the form of foil and wire for many purposes. Specific gravity 21.5. Atomic weight 194.3. Symbol Pt. Formerly called platina. Platinum black (Chem.), a soft, dull black powder, consisting of finely divided metallic platinum obtained by reduction and precipitation from its solutions. It absorbs oxygen to a high degree, and is employed as an oxidizer. -- Platinum lamp (Elec.), a kind of incandescent lamp of which the luminous medium is platinum. See under Incandescent. -- Platinum metals (Chem.), the group of metallic elements which in their chemical and physical properties resemble platinum. These consist of the light platinum group, viz., rhodium, ruthenium, and palladium, whose specific gravities are about 12; and the heavy platinum group, viz., osmium, iridium, and platinum, whose specific gravities are over 21. -- Platinum sponge (Chem.), metallic platinum in a gray, porous, spongy form, obtained by reducing the double chloride of platinum and ammonium. It absorbs oxygen, hydrogen, and certain other gases, to a high degree, and is employed as an agent in oxidizing. PLATITUDE Plat"i*tude, n. Etym: [F., from plat flat. See Plate.] 1. The quality or state of being flat, thin, or insipid; flat commonness; triteness; staleness of ideas of language. To hammer one golden grain of wit into a sheet of infinite platitude. Motley. 2. A thought or remark which is flat, dull, trite, or weak; a truism; a commonplace. PLATITUDINARIAN Plat`i*tu`di*na"ri*an, n. Defn: One addicted to uttering platitudes, or stale and insipid truisms. "A political platitudinarian." G. Eliot. PLATITUDINIZE Plat`i*tu"di*nize, v. i. Defn: To utter platitudes or truisms. PLATITUDINOUS Plat`i*tu"di*nous, a. Defn: Abounding in platitudes; of the nature of platitudes; uttering platitudes. -- Plat`i*tu"di*nous*ness, n. PLATLY Plat"ly, a. Defn: Flatly. See Plat, a. [Obs.] PLATNESS Plat"ness, n. Defn: Flatness. [Obs.] Palsgrave. PLATOMETER Pla*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: See Planimeter. PLATONIC; PLATONICAL Pla*ton"ic, Pla*ton"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. Platonicus, Gr. platonique.] 1. Of or pertaining to Plato, or his philosophy, school, or opinions. 2. Pure, passionless; nonsexual; philosophical. Platonic bodies, the five regular geometrical solids; namely, the tetrahedron, hexahedron or cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron. -- Platonic love, a pure, spiritual affection, subsisting between persons of opposite sex, unmixed with carnal desires, and regarding the mind only and its excellences; -- a species of love for which Plato was a warm advocate. -- Platonic year (Astron.), a period of time determined by the revolution of the equinoxes, or the space of time in which the stars and constellations return to their former places in respect to the equinoxes; -- called also great year. This revolution, which is caused by the precession of the equinoxes, is accomplished in about 26,000 years. Barlow. PLATONIC Pla*ton"ic, n. Defn: A follower of Plato; a Platonist. PLATONICALLY Pla*ton"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a Platonic manner. PLATONISM Pla"to*nism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Platonisme.] 1. The doctrines or philosophy by Plato or of his followers. Note: Plato believed God to be an infinitely wise, just, and powerful Spirit; and also that he formed the visible universe out of preëxistent amorphous matter, according to perfect patterns of ideas eternally existent in his own mind. Philosophy he considered as being a knowledge of the true nature of things, as discoverable in those eternal ideas after which all things were fashioned. In other words, it is the knowledge of what is eternal, exists necessarily, and is unchangeable; not of the temporary, the dependent, and changeable; and of course it is not obtained through the senses; neither is it the product of the understanding, which concerns itself only with the variable and transitory; nor is it the result of experience and observation; but it is the product of our reason, which, as partaking of the divine nature, has innate ideas resembling the eternal ideas of God. By contemplating these innate ideas, reasoning about them, and comparing them with their copies in the visible universe, reason can attain that true knowledge of things which is called philosophy. Plato's professed followers, the Academics, and the New Platonists, differed considerably from him, yet are called Platonists. Murdock. 2. An elevated rational and ethical conception of the laws and forces of the universe; sometimes, imaginative or fantastic philosophical notions. PLATONIST Pla"to*nist, n. Defn: One who adheres to the philosophy of Plato; a follower of Plato. Hammond. PLATONIZE Pla"to*nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Platonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Platonizing.] Defn: To adopt the opinion of Plato or his followers. Milner. PLATONIZE Pla"to*nize, v. t. Defn: To explain by, or accomodate to, the Platonic philosophy. Enfield. PLATONIZER Pla"to*ni`zer, n. Defn: One who Platonizes. PLATOON Pla*toon", n. Etym: [F. peloton a ball of thread, a knot or group of men, a platoon, from pelote a ball formed of things wound round. See Pellet.] (Mil.) (a) Formerly, a body of men who fired together; also, a small square body of soldiers to strengthen the angles of a hollow square. (b) Now, in the United States service, half of a company. PLATT Platt, n. (Mining) Defn: See Lodge, n. Raymond. PLATTDEUTSCH Platt"deutsch`, n. Defn: The modern dialects spoken in the north of Germany, taken collectively; modern Low German. See Low German, under German. PLATTEN Plat"ten, v. t. Etym: [See Plat, a.] (Glass Making) Defn: To flatten and make into sheets or plates; as, to platten cylinder glass. PLATTER Plat"ter, n. Etym: [From Plat to braid.] Defn: One who plats or braids. PLATTER Plat"ter, n. Etym: [Probably fr. OF. platel, F. plateau. See Plateau.] Defn: A large plate or shallow dish on which meat or other food is brought to the table. The attendants . . . speedly brought in several large, smoking platters, filled with huge pieces of beef. Sir W. Scott. PLATTER-FACED Plat"ter-faced`, a. Defn: Having a broad, flat face. PLATTING Plat"ting, n. Defn: Plaited strips or bark, cane, straw, etc., used for making hats or the like. PLATY Plat"y, a. Defn: Like a plate; consisting of plates. PLATY- Plat"y-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. platy`s broad, wide, flat; as, platypus, platycephalous. PLATYCEPHALIC; PLATYCEPHALOUS Plat`y*ce*phal"ic, Plat`y*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Platy + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Broad-headed. PLATYCNEMIC Plat`yc*ne"mic, a. Etym: [Platy + Gr. platycnémique.] (Anat.) Defn: Of, relating to, or characterized by, platycnemism. PLATYCNEMISM Pla*tyc"ne*mism, n. (Anat.) Defn: Lateral flattening of the tibia. PLATYCOELIAN Plat`y*coe"li*an, a. Etym: [Platy + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Flat at the anterior and concave at the posterior end; -- said of the centra of the vertebræ of some extinct dinouaurs. PLATYELMINTHES Plat`y*el*min"thes, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Platy-, and Helminthes.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of helminthes including the cestodes, or tapeworms, the trematodes, and the turbellarians. Called also flatworms. PLATYHELMIA Plat`y*hel"mi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Platyelminthes. [Written also Platyelmia.] PLATYMETER Pla*tym"e*ter, n. Etym: [Platy + -meter.] (Elec.) Defn: An apparatus for measuring the capacity of condensers, or the inductive capacity of dielectrics. PLATYPOD Plat"y*pod, n. Etym: [Platy + -pod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal having broad feet, or a broad foot. PLATYPODA Pla*typ"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Prosobranchiata. PLATYPTERA Pla*typ"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Pseudoneuroptera including the species which have four broad, flat wings, as the termites, or white-ants, and the stone flies (Perla). PLATYPUS Plat"y*pus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The duck mole. See under Duck. PLATYRHINE Plat"y*rhine, a. Etym: [Platy + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the nose broad; -- opposed to Ant: leptorhine. -- n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Platyrhini. PLATYRHINI Plat`y*rhi"ni, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of monkeys, including the American species, which have a broad nasal septum, thirty-six teeth, and usually a prehensile tail. See Monkey. [Written also Platyrrhini.] PLAUD Plaud, v. t. Defn: To applaud. [Obs.] Chapman. PLAUDIT Plau"dit, n. Etym: [From L. plaudite do ye praise (which was said by players at the end of a performance), 2d pers. pl. imperative of plaudere. Cf. Plausible.] Defn: A mark or expression of applause; praise bestowed. Not in the shouts and plaudits of the throng. Longfellow. Syn. -- Acclamation; applause; encomium; commendation; approbation; approval. PLAUDITORY Plau"di*to*ry, a. Defn: Applauding; commending. PLAUSIBILITY Plau`si*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. plausibilité.] 1. Something worthy of praise. [Obs.] Integrity, fidelity, and other gracious plausibilities. E. Vaughan. 2. The quality of being plausible; speciousness. To give any plausibility to a scheme. De Quincey. 3. Anything plausible or specious. R. Browning. PLAUSIBLE Plau"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. plausibilis praiseworthy, from plaudere, plausum, to applaud, clap the hands, strike, beat.] 1. Worthy of being applauded; praiseworthy; commendable; ready. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket. 2. Obtaining approbation; specifically pleasing; apparently right; specious; as, a plausible pretext; plausible manners; a plausible delusion. "Plausible and popular arguments." Clarendon. 3. Using specious arguments or discourse; as, a plausible speaker. Syn. -- Plausible, Specious. Plausible denotes that which seems reasonable, yet leaves distrust in the judgment. Specious describes that which presents a fair appearance to the view and yet covers something false. Specious refers more definitely to the act or purpose of false representation; plausible has more reference to the effect on the beholder or hearer. An argument may by specious when it is not plausible because its sophistry is so easily discovered. PLAUSIBLEIZE Plau"si*ble*ize, v. t. Defn: To render plausible. [R.] PLAUSIBLENESS Plau"si*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being plausible. PLAUSIBLY Plau"si*bly, adv. 1. In a plausible manner. 2. Contentedly, readily. [Obs.] The Romans plausibly did give consent. Shak. PLAUSIVE Plau"sive, a. Etym: [L. plaudere, plausum, to applaud.] 1. Applauding; manifesting praise. Young. 2. Plausible, specious. [Obs.] Shak. PLAY Play, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Played; p. pr. & vb. n. Playing.] Etym: [OE. pleien, AS. plegian, plegan, to play, akin to plega play, game, quick motion, and probably to OS. plegan to promise, pledge, D. plegen to care for, attend to, be wont, G. pflegen; of unknown origin. sq. root28. Cf. Plight, n.] 1. To engage in sport or lively recreation; to exercise for the sake of amusement; to frolic; to spot. As Cannace was playing in her walk. Chaucer. The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day, Had he thy reason, would he skip and play! Pope. And some, the darlings of their Lord, Play smiling with the flame and sword. Keble. 2. To act with levity or thoughtlessness; to trifle; to be careless. "Nay," quod this monk, "I have no lust to pleye." Chaucer. Men are apt to play with their healths. Sir W. Temple. 3. To contend, or take part, in a game; as, to play ball; hence, to gamble; as, he played for heavy stakes. 4. To perform on an instrument of music; as, to play on a flute. One that . . . can play well on an instrument. Ezek. xxxiii. 32. Play, my friend, and charm the charmer. Granville. 5. To act; to behave; to practice deception. His mother played false with a smith. Shak. 6. To move in any manner; especially, to move regularly with alternate or reciprocating motion; to operate; to act; as, the fountain plays. The heart beats, the blood circulates, the lungs play. Cheyne. 7. To move gayly; to wanton; to disport. Even as the waving sedges play with wind. Shak. The setting sun Plays on their shining arms and burnished helmets. Addison. All fame is foreign but of true desert, Plays round the head, but comes not to the heart. Pope. 8. To act on the stage; to personate a character. A lord will hear your play to-night. Shak. Courts are theaters where some men play. Donne. To play into a person's hands, to act, or to manage matters, to his advantage or benefit. -- To play off, to affect; to feign; to practice artifice. -- To play upon. (a) To make sport of; to deceive. Art thou alive Or is it fantasy that plays upon our eyesight. Shak. (b) To use in a droll manner; to give a droll expression or application to; as, to play upon words. PLAY Play, v. t. 1. To put in action or motion; as, to play cannon upon a fortification; to play a trump. First Peace and Silence all disputes control, Then Order plays the soul. Herbert. 2. To perform music upon; as, to play the flute or the organ. 3. To perform, as a piece of music, on an instrument; as, to play a waltz on the violin. 4. To bring into sportive or wanton action; to exhibit in action; to execute; as, to play tricks. Nature here Wantoned as in her prime, and played at will Her virgin fancies. Milton. 5. To act or perform (a play); to represent in music action; as, to play a comedy; also, to act in the character of; to represent by acting; to simulate; to behave like; as, to play King Lear; to play the woman. Thou canst play the rational if thou wilt. Sir W. Scott. 6. To engage in, or go together with, as a contest for amusement or for a wager or prize; as, to play a game at baseball. 7. To keep in play, as a hooked fish, in order to land it. To play off, to display; to show; to put in exercise; as, to play off tricks. -- To play one's cards, to manage one's means or opportunities; to contrive. -- Played out, tired out; exhausted; at the end of one's resources. [Colloq.] PLAY Play, n. 1. Amusement; sport; frolic; gambols. 2. Any exercise, or series of actions, intended for amusement or diversion; a game. John naturally loved rough play. Arbuthnot. 3. The act or practice of contending for victory, amusement, or a prize, as at dice, cards, or billiards; gaming; as, to lose a fortune in play. 4. Action; use; employment; exercise; practice; as, fair play; sword play; a play of wit. "The next who comes in play." Dryden. 5. A dramatic composition; a comedy or tragedy; a composition in which characters are represented by dialogue and action. A play ought to be a just image of human nature. Dryden. 6. The representation or exhibition of a comedy or tragedy; as, he attends ever play. 7. Performance on an instrument of music. 8. Motion; movement, regular or irregular; as, the play of a wheel or piston; hence, also, room for motion; free and easy action. "To give them play, front and rear." Milton. The joints are let exactly into one another, that they have no play between them. Moxon. 9. Hence, liberty of acting; room for enlargement or display; scope; as, to give full play to mirth. Play actor, an actor of dramas. Prynne. -- Play debt, a gambling debt. Arbuthnot. -- Play pleasure, idle amusement. [Obs.] Bacon. -- A play upon words, the use of a word in such a way as to be capable of double meaning; punning. -- Play of colors, prismatic variation of colors. -- To bring into play, To come into play, to bring or come into use or exercise. -- To hold in play, to keep occupied or employed. I, with two more to help me, Will hold the foe in play. Macaulay. PLAYA Pla"ya, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A beach; a strand; in the plains and deserts of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, a broad, level spot, on which subsequently becomes dry by evaporation. Bartlett. PLAYBILL Play"bill`, n. Defn: A printed programme of a play, with the parts assigned to the actors. PLAYBOOK Play"book`, n. Defn: A book of dramatic compositions; a book of the play. Swift. PLAYDAY Play"day`, n. Defn: A day given to play or diversion; a holiday. Swift. PLAYER Play"er, n. 1. One who plays, or amuses himself; one without serious aims; an idler; a trifler. Shak. 2. One who plays any game. 3. A dramatic actor. Shak. 4. One who plays on an instrument of music. "A cunning player on a harp." 1 Sam. xvi. 16. 5. A gamester; a gambler. PLAYFELLOW Play"fel`low, n. Defn: A companion in amusements or sports; a playmate. Shak. PLAYFERE Play"fere`, n. Etym: [Play + 1st fere.] Defn: A playfellow. [Obs.] [Also, playfeer, playphere.] Holinsheld. PLAYFUL Play"ful, a. Defn: Sportive; gamboling; frolicsome; indulging a sportive fancy; humorous; merry; as, a playful child; a playful writer. -- Play"ful*ly, adv. -- Play"ful*ness, n. PLAYGAME Play"game`, n. Defn: Play of children. Locke. PLAYGOER Play"go`er, n. Defn: One who frequents playhouses, or attends dramatic performances. PLAYGOING Play"go`ing, a. Defn: Frequenting playhouses; as, the playgoing public. -- n. Defn: The practice of going to plays. PLAYGROUND Play"ground`, n. Defn: A piece of ground used for recreation; as, the playground of a school. PLAYHOUSE Play"house`, n. Etym: [AS. pleghus.] 1. A building used for dramatic exhibitions; a theater. Shak. 2. A house for children to play in; a toyhouse. PLAYING Play"ing, Defn: a. & vb. n. of Play. Playing cards. See under Card. PLAYMAKER Play"mak`er, n. Defn: A playwright. [R.] PLAYMATE Play"mate`, n. Defn: A companion in diversions; a playfellow. PLAYSOME Play"some, a. Defn: Playful; wanton; sportive. [R.] R. Browning. -- Play"some*ness, n. [R.] PLAYTE Playte, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Pleyt. PLAYTHING Play"thing`, n. Defn: A thing to play with; a toy; anything that serves to amuse. A child knows his nurse, and by degrees the playthings of a little more advanced age. Locke. PLAYTIME Play"time`, n. Defn: Time for play or diversion. PLAYWRIGHT Play"wright`, n. Defn: A maker or adapter of plays. PLAYWRITER Play"writ`er, n. Defn: A writer of plays; a dramatist; a playwright. Lecky. PLAZA Pla"za, n. Etym: [Sp. See Place.] Defn: A public square in a city or town. PLEA Plea, n. Etym: [OE. plee, plai, plait, fr. OF. plait, plaid, plet, LL. placitum judgment, decision, assembly, court, fr. L. placitum that which is pleasing, an opinion, sentiment, from placere to please. See Please, and cf. Placit, Plead.] 1. (Law) Defn: That which is alleged by a party in support of his cause; in a stricter sense, an allegation of fact in a cause, as distinguished from a demurrer; in a still more limited sense, and in modern practice, the defendant's answer to the plaintiff's declaration and demand. That which the plaintiff alleges in his declaration is answered and repelled or justified by the defendant's plea. In chancery practice, a plea is a special answer showing or relying upon one or more things as a cause why the suit should be either dismissed, delayed, or barred. In criminal practice, the plea is the defendant's formal answer to the indictment or information presented against him. 2. (Law) Defn: A cause in court; a lawsuit; as, the Court of Common Pleas. See under Common. The Supreme Judicial Court shall have cognizance of pleas real, personal, and mixed. Laws of Massachusetts. 3. That which is alleged or pleaded, in defense or in justification; an excuse; an apology. "Necessity, the tyrant's plea." Milton. No plea must serve; 't is cruelty to spare. Denham. 4. An urgent prayer or entreaty. Pleas of the crown (Eng. Law), criminal actions. PLEACH Pleach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pleached (; p. pr. & vb. n. Pleaching.] Etym: [Cf. OF. plaissier to bend, and also F. plisser to plait, L. plicare, plicitum, to fold, lay, or wind together. Cf. Plash to pleach.] Defn: To unite by interweaving, as branches of trees; to plash; to interlock. "The pleached bower." Shak. PLEAD Plead, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pleaded (colloq. Plead or Pled); p. pr. & vb. n. Pleading.] Etym: [OE. pleden, plaiden, OF. plaidier, F. plaider, fr. LL. placitare, fr. placitum. See Plea.] 1. To argue in support of a claim, or in defense against the claim of another; to urge reasons for or against a thing; to attempt to persuade one by argument or supplication; to speak by way of persuasion; as, to plead for the life of a criminal; to plead with a judge or with a father. O that one might plead for a man with God, as a man pleadeth for his neighbor! Job xvi. 21. 2. (Law) Defn: To present an answer, by allegation of fact, to the declaration of a plaintiff; to deny the plaintiff's declaration and demand, or to allege facts which show that ought not to recover in the suit; in a less strict sense, to make an allegation of fact in a cause; to carry on the allegations of the respective parties in a cause; to carry on a suit or plea. Blackstone. Burrill. Stephen. 3. To contend; to struggle. [Obs.] Chaucer. PLEAD Plead, v. t. 1. To discuss, defend, and attempt to maintain by arguments or reasons presented to a tribunal or person having uthority to determine; to argue at the bar; as, to plead a cause before a court or jury. Every man should plead his own matter. Sir T. More. Note: In this sense, argue is more generally used by lawyers. 2. To allege or cite in a legal plea or defense, or for repelling a demand in law; to answer to an indictment; as, to plead usury; to plead statute of limitations; to plead not guilty. Kent. 3. To allege or adduce in proof, support, or vendication; to offer in excuse; as, the law of nations may be pleaded in favor of the rights of ambassadors. Spenser. I will neither plead my age nor sickness, in excuse of faults. Dryden. PLEADABLE Plead"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being pleaded; capable of being alleged in proof, defense, or vindication; as, a right or privilege pleadable at law. Dryden. PLEADER Plead"er, n. Etym: [F. plaideur.] 1. One who pleads; one who argues for or against; an advotate. So fair a pleader any cause may gain. Dryden. 2. (Law) Defn: One who draws up or forms pleas; the draughtsman of pleas or pleadings in the widest sense; as, a special pleader. PLEADING Plead"ing, n. Defn: The act of advocating, defending, or supporting, a cause by arguments. PLEADINGLY Plead"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a pleading manner. PLEADINGS Plead"ings, n. pl. (Law) Defn: The mutual pleas and replies of the plaintiff and defendant, or written statements of the parties in support of their claims, proceeding from the declaration of the plaintiff, until issue is joined, and the question made to rest on some single point. Blackstone. PLEASANCE Pleas"ance, n. Etym: [F. plaisance. See Please.] 1. Pleasure; merriment; gayety; delight; kindness. [Archaic] Shak. "Full great pleasance." Chaucer. "A realm of pleasance." Tennyson. 2. A secluded part of a garden. [Archaic] The pleasances of old Elizabethan houses. Ruskin. PLEASANT Pleas"ant, a. Etym: [F. plaisant. See Please.] 1. Pleasing; grateful to the mind or to the senses; agreeable; as, a pleasant journey; pleasant weather. Behold, how good and pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity! Ps. cxxxiii. 1. 2. Cheerful; enlivening; gay; sprightly; humorous; sportive; as, pleasant company; a pleasant fellow. From grave to light, from pleasant to serve. Dryden. Syn. -- Pleasing; gratifying; agreeable; cheerful; good-humored; enlivening; gay; lively; merry; sportive; humorous; jocose; amusing; witty. -- Pleasant, Pleasing, Agreeable. Agreeable is applied to that which agrees with, or is in harmony with, one's tastes, character, etc. Pleasant and pleasing denote a stronger degree of the agreeable. Pleasant refers rather to the state or condition; pleasing, to the act or effect. Where they are applied to the same object, pleasing is more energetic than pleasant; as, she is always pleasant and always pleasing. The distinction, however, is not radical and not rightly observed. PLEASANT Pleas"ant, n. Defn: A wit; a humorist; a buffoon. [Obs.] PLEASANTLY Pleas"ant*ly, adv. Defn: In a pleasant manner. PLEASANTNESS Pleas"ant*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being pleasant. PLEASANTRY Pleas"ant*ry, n.; pl. Pleasantries. Etym: [F. plaisanterie. See Pleasant.] Defn: That which denotes or promotes pleasure or good humor; cheerfulness; gayety; merriment; especially, an agreeable playfulness in conversation; a jocose or humorous remark; badinage. The grave abound in pleasantries, the dull in repartees and points of wit. Addison. The keen observation and ironical pleasantry of a finished man of the world. Macaulay. PLEASANT-TONGUED Pleas"ant-tongued`, a. Defn: Of pleasing speech. PLEASE Please, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pleased; p. pr. & vb. n. Pleasing.] Etym: [OE. plesen, OF. plaisir, fr. L. placere, akin to placare to reconcile. Cf. Complacent, Placable, Placid, Plea, Plead, Pleasure.] 1. To give pleasure to; to excite agreeable sensations or emotions in; to make glad; to gratify; to content; to satisfy. I pray to God that it may plesen you. Chaucer. What next I bring shall please thee, be assured. Milton. 2. To have or take pleasure in; hence, to choose; to wish; to desire; to will. Whatsoever the Lord pleased, that did he. Ps. cxxxv. 6. A man doing as he wills, and doing as he pleases, are the same things in common speech. J. Edwards. 3. To be the will or pleasure of; to seem good to; -- used impersonally. "It pleased the Father that in him should all fullness dwell." Col. i. 19. To-morrow, may it please you. Shak. To be pleased in or with, to have complacency in; to take pleasure in. -- To be pleased to do a thing, to take pleasure in doing it; to have the will to do it; to think proper to do it. Dryden. PLEASE Please, v. i. 1. To afford or impart pleasure; to excite agreeable emotions. What pleasing scemed, for her now pleases more. Milton. For we that live to please, must please to live. Johnson. 2. To have pleasure; to be willing, as a matter of affording pleasure or showing favor; to vouchsafe; to consent. Heavenly stranger, please to taste These bounties. Milton. That he would please 8give me my liberty. Swift. PLEASED Pleased, a. Defn: Experiencing pleasure. -- Pleas"ed*ly, adv. -- Pleas"ed*ness, n. PLEASEMAN Please"man, n. Defn: An officious person who courts favor servilely; a pickthank. [Obs.] Shak. PLEASER Pleas"er, n. Defn: One who pleases or gratifies. PLEASING Pleas"ing, a. Defn: Giving pleasure or satisfaction; causing agreeable emotion; agreeable; delightful; as, a pleasing prospect; pleasing manners. "Pleasing harmony." Shak. "Pleasing features." Macaulay. -- Pleas"ing*ly, adv. -- Pleas"ing*ness, n. Syn. -- Gratifying; delightful; agreeable. See Pleasant. PLEASING Pleas"ing, n. Defn: An object of pleasure. [Obs.] Chaucer. PLEASURABLE Pleas"ur*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of affording pleasure or satisfaction; gratifying; abounding in pleasantness or pleasantry. Planting of orchards is very . . . pleasurable. Bacon. O, sir, you are very pleasurable. B. Jonson. -- Pleas"ur*a*ble*ness, n. -- Pleas"ur*a*bly, adv. PLEASURE Pleas"ure, n. Etym: [F. plaisir, originally an infinitive. See Please.] 1. The gratification of the senses or of the mind; agreeable sensations or emotions; the excitement, relish, or happiness produced by the expectation or the enjoyment of something good, delightful, or satisfying; -- opposed to Ant: pain, Ant: sorrow, etc. At thy right hand there are pleasures for evermore. Ps. xvi. 11. 2. Amusement; sport; diversion; self-indulgence; frivolous or dissipating enjoyment; hence, sensual gratification; -- opposed to labor, service, duty, self-denial, etc. "Not sunk in carnal pleasure." Milton. He that loveth pleasure shall be a poor man. Prov. xxi. 17. Lovers of pleasures more than lovers of God. 2 Tim. iii. 4. 3. What the will dictates or prefers as gratifying or satisfying; hence, will; choice; wish; purpose. "He will do his pleasure on Babylon." Isa. xlviii. 14. Use your pleasure; if your love do not presuade you to come, let not my letter. Shak. 4. That which pleases; a favor; a gratification. Shak. Festus, willing to do the Jews a pleasure Acts xxv. 9. At pleasure, by arbitrary will or choice. Dryden. -- To take pleasure in, to have enjoyment in. Ps. cxlvii. 11. Note: Pleasure is used adjectively, or in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, pleasure boat, pleasure ground; pleasure house, etc. Syn. -- Enjoyment; gratification; satisfaction; comfort; solace; joy; gladness; delight; will; choice; preference; purpose; command; favor; kindness. PLEASURE Pleas"ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pleasured; p. pr. & vb. n. Pleasuring.] Defn: To give or afford pleasure to; to please; to gratify. Shak. [Rolled] his hoop to pleasure Edith. Tennyson. PLEASURE Pleas"ure, v. i. Defn: To take pleasure; to seek pursue pleasure; as, to go pleasuring. PLEASUREFUL Pleas"ure*ful, a. Defn: Affording pleasure. [R.] PLEASURELESS Pleas"ure*less, a. Defn: Devoid of pleasure. G. Eliot. PLEASURER Pleas"ur*er, n. Defn: A pleasure seeker. Dickens. PLEASURIST Pleas"ur*ist, n. Defn: A person devoted to worldly pleasure. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PLEAT Pleat, n. & v. t. Defn: See Plait. PLEBE Plebe, n. Etym: [F. plèbe, fr. L. plebs.] 1. The common people; the mob. [Obs.] The plebe with thirst and fury prest. Sylvester. 2. Etym: [Cf. Plebeian.] Defn: A member of the lowest class in the military academy at West Point. [Cant, U.S.] PLEBEIAN Ple*be"ian, a. Etym: [L. plebeius, from plebs, plebis, the common people: cf. F. plébéien.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Roman plebs, or common people. 2. Of or pertaining to the common people; vulgar; common; as, plebeian sports; a plebeian throng. PLEBEIAN Ple*be"ian, n. 1. One of the plebs, or common people of ancient Rome, in distinction from patrician. 2. One of the common people, or lower rank of men. PLEBEIANCE Ple*be"iance, n. 1. Plebeianism. [Obs.] 2. Plebeians, collectively. [Obs.] PLEBEIANISM Ple*be"ian*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. plébéianisme.] 1. The quality or state of being plebeian. 2. The conduct or manners of plebeians; vulgarity. PLEBEIANIZE Ple*be"ian*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plebeianized; p. pr. & vb. n. Plebeianizing.] Defn: To render plebeian, common, or vulgar. PLEBICOLIST Ple*bic"o*list, n. Etym: [L. plebs the common people + colere to cultivate.] Defn: One who flatters, or courts the favor of, the common people; a demagogue. [R.] PLEBIFICATION Pleb`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. plebs the common people + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: A rendering plebeian; the act of vulgarizing. [R.] You begin with the attempt to popularize learning . . . but you will end in the plebification of knowledge. Coleridge. PLEBISCITARY Ple*bis"ci*ta*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to plebiscite. The Century. PLEBISCITE Pleb"i*scite, n. Etym: [F. plébiscite, fr. L. plebiscitum.] Defn: A vote by universal male suffrage; especially, in France, a popular vote, as first sanctioned by the National Constitution of 1791. [Written also plebiscit.] Plebiscite we have lately taken, in popular use, from the French. Fitzed. Hall. PLEBISCITUM Ple`bis*ci"tum, n. Etym: [L., fr. plebs, plebis, common people + scitum decree.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A law enacted by the common people, under the superintendence of a tribune or some subordinate plebeian magistrate, without the intervention of the senate. PLEBS Plebs (plebz), n. [L. Cf. Plebe.] 1. The commonalty of ancient Rome who were citizens without the usual political rights; the plebeians; -- distinguished from the patricians. 2. Hence, the common people; the populace; --construed as a pl. PLECTILE Plec"tile, a. Etym: [L. plectilis.] Defn: Woven; plaited. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PLECTOGNATH Plec"tog*nath, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Plectognathi. -- n. Defn: One of the Plectognathi. PLECTOGNATHI Plec*to"gna*thi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes generally having the maxillary bone united with the premaxillary, and the articular united with the dentary. Note: The upper jaw is immovably joined to the skull; the ventral fins are rudimentary or wanting; and the body is covered with bony plates, spines, or small rough ossicles, like shagreen. The order includes the diodons, filefishes, globefishes, and trunkfishes. PLECTOGNATHIC; PLEC-TOGNATHOUS Plec`tog*nath"ic, Plec-tog"na*thous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Plectognathi. PLECTOSPONDYLI Plec`to*spon"dy*li, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive suborder of fresh-water physostomous fishes having the anterior vertebræ united and much modified; the Eventognathi. PLECTOSPONDYLOUS Plec`to*spon"dy*lous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Plectospondyli. PLECTRUM Plec"trum, n.; pl. L. Plectra, E. Plectrums. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: A small instrument of ivory, wood, metal, or quill, used in playing upon the lyre and other stringed instruments. PLED Pled, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Plead [Colloq.] Spenser. PLEDGE Pledge, n. Etym: [OF. plege, pleige, pledge, guaranty, LL. plegium, plivium; akin to OF. plevir to bail, guaranty, perhaps fr. L. praebere to proffer, offer (sc. fidem a trust, a promise of security), but cf. also E. play. sq. root28. Cf. Prebend, Replevin.] 1. (Law) Defn: The transfer of possession of personal property from a debtor to a creditor as security for a debt or engagement; also, the contract created between the debtor and creditor by a thing being so delivered or deposited, forming a species of bailment; also, that which is so delivered or deposited; something put in pawn. Note: Pledge is ordinarily confined to personal property; the title or ownership does not pass by it; possession is essential to it. In all these points it differs from a mortgage [see Mortgage]; and in the last, from the hypotheca of the Roman law. See Hypotheca. Story. Kent. 2. (Old Eng. Law) Defn: A person who undertook, or became responsible, for another; a bail; a surety; a hostage. "I am Grumio's pledge." Shak. 3. A hypothecation without transfer of possession. 4. Anything given or considered as a security for the performance of an act; a guarantee; as, mutual interest is the best pledge for the performance of treaties. "That voice, their liveliest pledge of hope." Milton. 5. A promise or agreement by which one binds one's self to do, or to refrain from doing, something; especially, a solemn promise in writing to refrain from using intoxicating liquors or the like; as, to sign the pledge; the mayor had made no pledges. 6. A sentiment to which assent is given by drinking one's health; a toast; a health. Dead pledge. Etym: [A translation of LL. mortuum vadium.] (Law) A mortgage. See Mortgage. -- Living pledge. Etym: [A translation of LL. vivum vadium.] (Law) The conveyance of an estate to another for money borrowed, to be held by him until the debt is paid out of the rents and profits. -- To hold in pledge, to keep as security. -- To put in pledge, to pawn; to give as security. Syn. -- See Earnest. PLEDGE Pledge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pledged; p. pr. & vb. n. Pledging.] Etym: [Cf. OF. pleiger to give security. See Pledge, n.] 1. To deposit, as a chattel, in pledge or pawn; to leave in possession of another as security; as, to pledge one's watch. 2. To give or pass as a security; to guarantee; to engage; to plight; as, to pledge one's word and honor. We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The Declaration of Independence. 3. To secure performance of, as by a pledge. [Obs.] To pledge my vow, I give my hand. Shak. 4. To bind or engage by promise or declaration; to engage solemnly; as, to pledge one's self. 5. To invite another to drink, by drinking of the cup first, and then handing it to him, as a pledge of good will; hence, to drink the health of; to toast. Pledge me, my friend, and drink till thou be'st wise. Cowley. PLEDGEE Pledg*ee", n. Defn: The one to whom a pledge is given, or to whom property pledged is delivered. PLEDGELESS Pledge"less, a. Defn: Having no pledge. PLEDGEOR; PLEDGOR Pledge*or", Pledg*or", n. (Law) Defn: One who pledges, or delivers anything in pledge; a pledger; -- opposed to Ant: pledgee. Note: This word analogically requires the e after g, but the spelling pledgor is perhaps commoner. PLEDGER Pledg"er, n. Defn: One who pledges. PLEDGERY Pledg"er*y, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. pleigerie.] Defn: A pledging; suretyship. [Obs.] PLEDGET Pledg"et, n. Etym: [Prov. E., a small plug.] 1. A small plug. [Prov. End.] 2. (Naut.) Defn: A string of oakum used in calking. 3. (Med.) Defn: A compress, or small flat tent of lint, laid over a wound, ulcer, or the like, to exclude air, retain dressings, or absorb the matter discharged. PLEGEPODA Ple*gep"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (-poda. In allusion to the rapid strokes of the vibrating cilia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Infusoria. PLEIAD Ple"iad, n. Defn: One of the Pleiades. PLEIADES Ple"ia*des, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. ( 1. (Myth.) Defn: The seven daughters of Atlas and the nymph Pleione, fabled to have been made by Jupiter a constellation in the sky. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A group of small stars in the neck of the constellation Taurus. Job xxxviii. 31. Note: Alcyone, the brightest of these, a star of the third magnitude, was considered by Mädler the central point around which our universe is revolving, but there is no sufficient evidence of such motion. Only six pleiads are distinctly visible to the naked eye, whence the ancients supposed that a sister had concealed herself out of shame for having loved a mortal, Sisyphus. PLEIN Plein, a. Defn: Plan. [Obs.] Chaucer. PLEIN Plein, v. i. & t. Defn: To complain. See Plain. [Obs.] PLEIN Plein, a. Etym: [OF. & F., fr. L. plenus.] Defn: Full; complete. [Obs.] "Plein remission." Chaucer. -- Plein"ly, adv. PLEIOCENE Plei"o*cene, a. (Geol.) Defn: See Pliocene. PLEIOPHYLLOUS Plei*oph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having several leaves; -- used especially when several leaves or leaflets appear where normally there should be only one. PLEIOSAURUS Plei`o*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: Same as Pliosaurus. PLEISTOCENE Pleis"to*cene, a. Etym: [Gr. (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the epoch, or the deposits, following the Tertiary, and immediately preceding man. -- n. Defn: The Pleistocene epoch, or deposits. PLENAL Ple"nal, a. Etym: [L. plenus full. Cf. Plenary.] Defn: Full; complete; as, a plenal view or act. [Obs.] PLENARILY Ple"na*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a plenary manner. PLENARINESS Ple"na*ri*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being plenary. PLENARTY Plen"ar*ty, n. Defn: The state of a benefice when occupied. Blackstone. PLENARY Ple"na*ry, a. Etym: [LL. plenarius, fr. L. plenus full. See Plenty.] Defn: Full; entire; complete; absolute; as, a plenary license; plenary authority. A treatise on a subject should be plenary or full. I. Watts. Plenary indulgence (R. C. Ch.), an entire remission of temporal punishment due to, or canonical penance for, all sins. -- Plenary inspiration. (Theol.) See under Inspiration. PLENARY Ple"na*ry, n. (Law) Defn: Decisive procedure. [Obs.] PLENE Plene, æ. Etym: [L. plenus full.] Defn: Full; complete; plenary. [Obs.] PLENICORN Ple"ni*corn, n. Etym: [L. plenus full + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A ruminant having solid horns or antlers, as the deer. Brande & C. PLENILUNARY Plen`i*lu"na*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the full moon. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PLENILUNE Plen"i*lune, n. Etym: [L. plenilunium; plenus full + luna the moon.] Defn: The full moon. [Obs.] B. Jonson. PLENIPOTENCE; PLENIPOTENCY Ple*nip"o*tence, Ple*nip"o*ten*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being plenipotent. [R.] PLENIPOTENT Ple*nip"o*tent, a. Etym: [L. plenus full + potens, -entis, potent.] Defn: Possessing full power. [R.] Milton. PLENIPOTENTIARY Plen`i*po*ten"ti*a*ry, n.; pl. Plenipotentiaries. Etym: [LL. plenipotentiarius: cf. F. plénipotentiaire.] Defn: A person invested with full power to transact any business; especially, an ambassador or envoy to a foreign court, with full power to negotiate a treaty, or to transact other business. PLENIPOTENTIARY Plen`i*po*ten"ti*a*ry, a. Defn: Containing or conferring full power; invested with full power; as, plenipotentiary license; plenipotentiary ministers. Howell. PLENISH Plen"ish, v. t. Etym: [See Replenish.] 1. To replenish. [Obs.] T. Reeve. 2. To furnish; to stock, as a house or farm. [Scot.] PLENISHING Plen"ish*ing, n. Defn: Household furniture; stock. [Scot.] PLENIST Ple"nist, n. Etym: [L. plenus full; cf. F. pléniste.] Defn: One who holds that all space is full of matter. PLENITUDE Plen"i*tude, n. Etym: [L. plenitudo, fr. plenus full; cf. F. plenitude.] 1. The quality or state of being full or complete; fullness; completeness; abundance; as, the plenitude of space or power. 2. Animal fullness; repletion; plethora. [Obs.] PLENITUDINARIAN Plen`i*tu`di*na"ri*an, n. Defn: A plenist. PLENITUDINARY Plen`i*tu"di*na*ry, a. Defn: Having plenitude; full; complete; thorough. [Obs.] PLENTEOUS Plen"te*ous, a. Etym: [From Plenty.] 1. Containing plenty; abundant; copious; plentiful; sufficient for every purpose; as, a plenteous supply. "Reaping plenteous crop." Milton. 2. Yielding abundance; productive; fruitful. "The seven plenteous years." Gen. xli. 34. 3. Having plenty; abounding; rich. The Lord shall make thee plenteous in goods. Deut. xxviii. 11. Syn. -- Plentiful; copious; full. See Ample. -- Plen"te*ous*ly, adv. -- Plen"te*ous*ness, n. PLENTEVOUS Plen"te*vous, a. Defn: Plenteous. [Obs.] Chaucer. PLENTIFUL Plen"ti*ful, a. 1. Containing plenty; copious; abundant; ample; as, a plentiful harvest; a plentiful supply of water. 2. Yielding abundance; prolific; fruitful. If it be a long winter, it is commonly a more plentiful year. Bacon. 3. Lavish; profuse; prodigal. [Obs.] He that is plentiful in expenses will hardly be preserved from Bacon. -- Plen"ti*ful*ly, adv. -- Plen"ti*ful*ness, n. PLENTY Plen"ty, n.; pl. Plenties, in Shak. Etym: [OE. plentee, plente, OF. plenté, fr. L. plenitas, fr. plenus full. See Full, a., and cf. Complete.] Defn: Full or adequate supply; enough and to spare; sufficiency; specifically, abundant productiveness of the earth; ample supply for human wants; abundance; copiousness. "Plenty of corn and wine." Gen. xxvii. 28. "Promises Britain peace and plenty." Shak. Houses of office stuffed with plentee. Chaucer. The teeming clouds Descend in gladsome plenty o'er the world. Thomson. Syn. -- Abundance; exuberance. See Abundance. PLENTY Plen"ty, a. Defn: Plentiful; abundant. [Obs. or Colloq.] If reasons were as plenty as blackberries. Shak. (Folio ed.) Those countries where shrubs are plenty. Goldsmith. PLENUM Ple"num, n. Etym: [L., fr. plenus full.] Defn: That state in which every part of space is supposed to be full of matter; -- opposed to vacuum. G. Francis. PLEOCHROIC Ple`o*chro"ic, a. Defn: Having the property of pleochroism. PLEOCHROISM Ple*och"ro*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: The property possessed by some crystals, of showing different colors when viewed in the direction of different axes. PLEOCHROMATIC Ple*och`ro*mat"ic, a. Defn: Pleochroic. PLEOCHROMATISM Ple`o*chro"ma*tism, n. Defn: Pleochroism. PLEOCHROOUS Ple*och"ro*ous, a. Defn: Pleochroic. PLEOMORPHIC Ple`o*mor"phic, a. Defn: Pertaining to pleomorphism; as, the pleomorphic character of bacteria. PLEOMORPHISM Ple`o*mor"phism, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Crystallog.) Defn: The property of crystallizing under two or more distinct fundamental forms, including dimorphism and trimorphism. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The theory that the various genera of bacteria are phases or variations of growth of a number of Protean species, each of which may exhibit, according to undetermined conditions, all or some of the forms characteristic of the different genera and species. PLEOMORPHOUS Ple`o*mor"phous, a. Defn: Having the property of pleomorphism. PLEONASM Ple"o*nasm, ( n. Etym: [L. pleonasmus, Gr. Full, a., and cf. Poly-, Plus.] (Rhet.) Defn: Redundancy of language in speaking or writing; the use of more words than are necessary to express the idea; as, I saw it with my own eyes. PLEONAST Ple"o*nast, n. Defn: One who is addicted to pleonasm. [R.] C. Reade. PLEONASTE Ple"o*naste, n. Etym: [Gr.pléonaste.] (Min.) Defn: A black variety of spinel. PLEONASTIC; PLEONASTICAL Ple`o*nas"tic, Ple`o*nas"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pléonastique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to pleonasm; of the nature of pleonasm; redundant. PLEONASTICALLY Ple`o*nas"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a pleonastic manner. PLEOPOD Ple"o*pod, n.; pl. E. Pleopods, L. Pleopoda. Etym: [Gr. -pod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the abdominal legs of a crustacean. See Illust. under Crustacea. PLEROME Ple"rome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The central column of parenchyma in a growing stem or root. PLEROPHORY Ple*roph"o*ry, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Fullness; full persuasion. "A plerophory of assurance." Bp. Hall. PLESANCE Ples"ance, n. Defn: Pleasance. [Obs.] Chaucer. PLESH Plesh, n. Defn: A pool; a plash. [Obs.] Spenser. PLESIMORPHISM Ple`si*mor"phism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: The property possessed by some substances of crystallizing in closely similar forms while unlike in chemical composition. PLESIOMORPHOUS Ple`si*o*mor"phous, a. Defn: Nearly alike in form. PLESIOSAUR Ple"si*o*saur, n. (Paleon.) Defn: One of the Plesiosauria. PLESIOSAURIA Ple`si*o*sau"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Plesiosaurus.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct order of Mesozoic marine reptiles including the genera Plesiosaurus, and allied forms; -- called also Sauropterygia. PLESIOSAURIAN Ple`si*o*sau"ri*an, n. (Paleon.) Defn: A plesiosaur. PLESIOSAURUS Ple`si*o*sau"rus, n.; pl. Plesiosauri. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of large extinct marine reptiles, having a very long neck, a small head, and paddles for swimming. It lived in the Mesozoic age. PLESSIMETER Ples*sim"e*ter, n. Defn: See Pleximeter. PLETE Plete, v. t. & i. Defn: To plead. [Obs.] P. Plowman. PLETHORA Pleth"o*ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Pleonasm.] 1. Overfullness; especially, excessive fullness of the blood vessels; repletion; that state of the blood vessels or of the system when the blood exceeds a healthy standard in quantity; hyperæmia; -- opposed to anæmia. 2. State of being overfull; excess; superabundance. He labors under a plethora of wit and imagination. Jeffrey. PLETHORETIC Pleth`o*ret"ic, a. Defn: Plethoric. [Obs.] Johnson. PLETHORIC Ple*thor"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. pléthorique.] Defn: Haeving a full habit of body; characterized by plethora or excess of blood; as, a plethoric constitution; -- used also metaphorically. "Plethoric phrases." Sydney Smith. "Plethoric fullness of thought." De Quincey. PLETHORICAL Ple*thor"ic*al, a. Defn: Plethoric. [R.] -- Ple*thor"ic*al*ly, adv. Burke. PLETHORY Pleth"o*ry, n. Defn: Plethora. Jer. Taylor. PLETHRON; PLETHRUM Pleth"ron, Pleth"rum, n.; pl. Plethra. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A long measure of 100 Greek, or 101 English, feet; also, a square measure of 10,000 Greek feet. PLETHYSMOGRAPH Pleth"ys*mo*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for determining and registering the variations in the size or volume of a limb, as the arm or leg, and hence the variations in the amount of blood in the limb. -- Pleth`ys*mo*graph"ic, a. PLETHYSMOGRAPHY Pleth`ys*mog"ra*phy, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The study, by means of the plethysmograph, of the variations in size of a limb, and hence of its blood supply. PLEURA Pleu"ra, n., Defn: pl. of Pleuron. PLEURA Pleu"ra, n.; pl. L. Pleuræ, E. Pleuras. Etym: [NL., n. fem., fr. Gr. 1. (Anat.) (a) The smooth serous membrane which closely covers the lungs and the adjacent surfaces of the thorax; the pleural membrane. (b) The closed sac formed by the pleural membrane about each lung, or the fold of membrane connecting each lung with the body wall. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pleuron. PLEURAL Pleu"ral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pleura or pleuræ, or to the sides of the thorax. PLEURALGIA Pleu*ral"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Pain in the side or region of the ribs. PLEURAPOPHYSIS Pleu`ra*poph"y*sis, n.; pl. Pleurapophyses. Etym: [NL. See Pleura, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the ventral processes of a vertebra, or the dorsal element in each half of a hemal arch, forming, or corresponding to, a vertebral rib. -- Pleu*rap`o*phys"i*al, a. Owen. PLEURENCHYMA Pleu*ren"chy*ma, n. Etym: [Gr. parenchyma.] (Bot.) Defn: A tissue consisting of long and slender tubular cells, of which wood is mainly composed. PLEURIC Pleu"ric, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pleural. PLEURISY Pleu"ri*sy, n. Etym: [F. pleurésie, L. pleurisis, pleuritis, Gr pleyri is (sc. no`sos), fr. pleyra` rib, side.] (Med.) Defn: An inflammation of the pleura, usually accompanied with fever, pain, difficult respiration, and cough, and with exudation into the pleural cavity. Pleurisy root. (Bot.) (a) The large tuberous root of a kind of milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa) which is used as a remedy for pleuritic and other diseases. (b) The plant itself, which has deep orange-colored flowers; -- called also butterfly weed. PLEURITE Pleu"rite, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pleuron. PLEURITIC; PLEURITICAL Pleu*rit"ic, Pleu*rit"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. pleuriticus, Gr. pleurétique.] (Med.) (a) Of or pertaining to pleurisy; as, pleuritic symptoms. (b) Suffering from pleurisy. PLEURITIS Pleu*ri"tis, n. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: Pleurisy. PLEURO- Pleu"ro-. Etym: [See Pleura.] Defn: A combining form denoting relation to a side; specif., connection with, or situation in or near, the pleura; as, pleuroperitoneum. PLEUROBRACHIA Pleu`ro*brach"i*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Pleuro-, and Brachium.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of ctenophores having an ovate body and two long plumose tentacles. PLEUROBRANCH Pleu"ro*branch, n. Etym: [See Pleuro-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of the gills of a crustacean that is attached to the side of the thorax. PLEUROBRANCHIA Pleu`ro*bran"chi*a, n.; pl. Pleuroeranchiæ. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pleurobranch. PLEUROCARP Pleu"ro*carp, n. Etym: [Pleuro- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Any pleurocarpic moss. PLEUROCARPIC; PLEUROCARPOUS Pleu`ro*car"pic, Pleu`ro*car"pous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Side-fruited; -- said of those true mosses in which the pedicels or the capsules are from lateral archegonia; -- opposed to Ant: acrocarpous. PLEUROCENTRUM Pleu`ro*cen"trum, n. Etym: [NL. see Pleuro-, and Centrum.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the lateral elements in the centra of the vertebræ in some fossil batrachians. PLEURODERES Pleu*rod"e*res, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of fresh-water turtles in which the neck can not be retracted, but is bent to one side, for protection. The matamata is an example. PLEURODONT Pleu"ro*dont, a. Etym: [Pleuro- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the teeth consolidated with the inner edge of the jaw, as in some lizards. PLEURODONT Pleu"ro*dont, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any lizard having pleurodont teeth. PLEURODYNIA Pleu`ro*dyn"i*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A painful affection of the side, simulating pleurisy, usually due to rheumatism. PLEURON Pleu"ron, n.; pl. Pleura. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the sides of an animal. (b) One of the lateral pieces of a somite of an insect. (c) One of lateral processes of a somite of a crustacean. PLEURONECTOID Pleu`ro*nec"toid, a. Etym: [NL. Pleuronectes, name of a genus (fr. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Pleuronectidæ, or Flounder family. PLEUROPERICARDIAL Pleu`ro*per`i*car"di*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pleura and pericardium. PLEUROPERIPNEUMONY Pleu`ro*per`ip*neu"mo*ny, n. Etym: [Pleuro- + peripneumony.] (Med.) Defn: Pleuropneumonia. PLEUROPERITONEAL Pleu`ro*per`i*to*ne"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pleural and peritoneal membranes or cavities, or to the pleuroperitoneum. PLEUROPERITONEUM Pleu`ro*per`i*to*ne"um, n. Etym: [Pleuro- + peritoneum.] (Anat.) Defn: The pleural and peritoneal membranes, or the membrane lining the body cavity and covering the surface of the inclosed viscera; the peritoneum; -- used especially in the case of those animals in which the body cavity is not divided. Note: Peritoneum is now often used in the sense of pleuroperitoneum, the pleuræ being regarded as a part of the peritoneum, when the body cavity is undivided. PLEUROPNEUMONIA Pleu`ro*pneu*mo"ni*a, n. Etym: [Pleuro- + pneumonia.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the pleura and lungs; a combination of pleurisy and pneumonia, esp. a kind of contagions and fatal lung plague of cattle. PLEUROPTERA Pleu*rop"te*ra, n. pl Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Isectivora, including the colugo. PLEUROSIGMA Pleu`ro*sig"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Pleuro-, and Sigma.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of diatoms of elongated elliptical shape, but having the sides slightly curved in the form of a letter S. Pleurosigma angulatum has very fine striations, and is a favorite object for testing the high powers of microscopes. PLEUROSTEON Pleu*ros"te*on, n.; pl. L. Pleurostea, E. -ons. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The antero-lateral piece which articulates the sternum of birds. PLEUROTHOTONUS Pleu`ro*thot"o*nus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A species of tetanus, in which the body is curved laterally. Quain. Dunglison. PLEUROTOMA Pleu*rot"o*ma, n.; pl. L. Pleurotomæ, E. Pleurotomas. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any marine gastropod belonging to Pleurotoma, and ether allied genera of the family Pleurotmidæ. The species are very numerous, especially in tropical seas. The outer lip has usually a posterior notch or slit. PLEVIN Plev"in, n. Etym: [OF. plevine. See Replevin.] Defn: A warrant or assurance. [Obs.] PLEXIFORM Plex"i*form, a. Etym: [Plexus + -form: cf. F. Plexiforme.] Defn: Like network; complicated. Quincy. PLEXIMETER Plex*im"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Med.) Defn: A small, hard, elastic plate, as of ivory, bone, or rubber, placed in contact with body to receive the blow, in examination by mediate percussion. [Written also plexometer.] PLEXURE Plex"ure, n. Etym: [See Plexus.] Defn: The act or process of weaving together, or interweaving; that which is woven together. H. Brooke. PLEXUS Plex"us, n.; pl. L. Plexus, E. Plexuses. Etym: [L., a twining, braid, fr. plectere, plexum, to twine, braid.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A network of vessels, nerves, or fibers. 2. (Math.) Defn: The system of equations required for the complete expression of the relations which exist between a set of quantities. Brande & C. PLEY Pley, v. & n. Defn: See Play. [Obs.] Chaucer. PLEY Pley, a. Defn: Full See Plein. [Obs.] Chaucer. PLEYT Pleyt, n. (Naut.) Defn: An old term for a river boat. PLIABILITY Pli`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being pliable; flexibility; as, pliability of disposition. "Pliability of movement." Sir W. Scott. PLIABLE Pli"a*ble, a. Etym: [F., fr. plier to bend, to fold. See Ply, v.] 1. Capable of being plied, turned, or bent; easy to be bent; flexible; pliant; supple; limber; yielding; as, willow is a pliable plant. 2. Flexible in disposition; readily yielding to influence, arguments, persuasion, or discipline; easy to be persuaded; -- sometimes in a bad sense; as, a pliable youth. "Pliable she promised to be." Dr. H. More. -- Pli"a*ble*ness, n. -- Pli"a*bly, adv. PLIANCY Pli"an*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being pliant in sense; as, the pliancy of a rod. "Avaunt all specious pliancy of mind." Wordsworth. PLIANT Pli"ant, a. Etym: [F. pliant, p. pr. of plier to bend. See Ply, v.] 1. Capable of plying or bending; readily yielding to force or pressure without breaking; flexible; pliable; lithe; limber; plastic; as, a pliant thread; pliant wax. Also used figuratively: Easily influenced for good or evil; tractable; as, a pliant heart. The will was then ductile and pliant to right reason. South. 2. Favorable to pliancy. [R.] "A pliant hour." Shak. -- Pli"ant*ly, adv. -- Pli"ant*ness, n. PLICA Pli"ca, n. Etym: [LL., a fold, fr. L. plicare to fold. See Ply, v.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A disease of the hair (Plica polonica), in which it becomes twisted and matted together. The disease is of Polish origin, and is hence called also Polish plait. Dunglison. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A diseased state in plants in which there is an excessive development of small entangled twigs, instead of ordinary branches. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The bend of the wing of a bird. PLICATE; PLICATED Pli"cate, Pli"ca*ted, a. Etym: [L. plicatus, p. p. of plicare to fold.] Defn: Plaited; folded like a fan; as, a plicate leaf. -- Pli"cate*ly, adv. PLICATION Pli*ca"tion, n. Defn: A folding or fold; a plait. Richardson. PLICATURE Plic"a*ture, n. Etym: [L. plicatura, fr. plicare to fold.] Defn: A fold; a doubling; a plication. Dr. H. More. PLICIDENTINE Plic`i*den"tine, n. Etym: [LL. plica fold + E. dentine.] (Anat.) Defn: A form of dentine which shows sinuous lines of structure in a transverse section of the tooth. PLIED Plied, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Ply. PLIERS Pli"ers, n. pl. Etym: [From Ply to bend, fold.] Defn: A kind of small pinchers with long jaws, -- used for bending or cutting metal rods or wire, for handling small objects such as the parts of a watch, etc. PLIFORM Pli"form, a Etym: [Ply a fold + -form.] Defn: In the form of a ply, fold, or doubling. [Obs.] Pennant. PLIGHT Plight, obs. Defn: imp. & p. p. of Plight, to pledge. Chaucer. PLIGHT Plight, obs. Defn: imp. & p. p. of Pluck. Chaucer. PLIGHT Plight, v. t. Etym: [OE. pliten; probably through Old French, fr. LL. plectare, L. plectere. See Plait, Ply.] Defn: To weave; to braid; to fold; to plait.[Obs.] "To sew and plight." Chaucer. A plighted garment of divers colors. Milton. PLIGHT Plight, n. Defn: A network; a plait; a fold; rarely a garment. [Obs.] "Many a folded plight." Spenser. PLIGHT Plight, n. Etym: [OE. pliht danger, engagement, AS. pliht danger, fr. pleón to risk; akin to D. plicht duty, G. pflicht, Dan. pligt. sq. root28. Cf. Play.] 1. That which is exposed to risk; that which is plighted or pledged; security; a gage; a pledge. "That lord whose hand must take my plight." Shak. 2. Etym: [Perh. the same word as plight a pledge, but at least influenced by OF. plite, pliste, ploit, ploi, a condition, state; cf. E. plight to fold, and F. pli a fold, habit, plier to fold, E. ply.] Defn: Condition; state; -- risk, or exposure to danger, often being implied; as, a luckless plight. "Your plight is pitied." Shak. To bring our craft all in another plight Chaucer. PLIGHT Plight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Plighting.] Etym: [AS. plihtan to expose to danger, pliht danger;cf. D. verplichten to oblige, engage, impose a duty, G. verpflichten, Sw. förplikta, Dan. forpligte. See Plight, n.] 1. To pledge; to give as a pledge for the performance of some act; as, to plight faith, honor, word; -- never applied to property or goods. " To do them plighte their troth." Piers Plowman. He plighted his right hand Unto another love, and to another land. Spenser. Here my inviolable faith I plight. Dryden. 2. To promise; to engage; to betroth. Before its setting hour, divide The bridegroom from the plighted bride. Sir W. Scott. PLIGHTER Plight"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, plights. PLIM Plim, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Plump.] Defn: To swell, as grain or wood with water. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. PLIMSOLL'S MARK Plim"soll's mark`. (Naut.) Defn: A mark conspicuously painted on the port side of all British sea-going merchant vessels, to indicate the limit of submergence allowed by law; -- so called from Samuel Plimsoll, by whose efforts the act of Parliament to prevent overloading was procured. PLINTH Plinth, n. Etym: [L. plinthus, Gr. flint: cf. F. plinthe.] Defn: (Arch.) In classical architecture, a vertically faced member immediately below the circular base of a column; also, the lowest member of a pedestal; hence, in general, the lowest member of a base; a sub-base; a block upon which the moldings of an architrave or trim are stopped at the bottom. See Illust. of Column. PLIOCENE Pli"o*cene, a. [Written also pleiocene.] Etym: [Gr. (Geol.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or characterizing, the most recent division of the Tertiary age. PLIOCENE Pli"o*cene, n. (Geol.) Defn: The Pliocene period or deposits. PLIOHIPPUS Pli`o*hip"pus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. E. pliocene + Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of horses from the Pliocene deposits. Each foot had a single toe (or hoof), as in the common horse. PLIOSAURUS Pli`o*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of marine reptiles allied to Plesiosaurus, but having a much shorter neck. PLITT Plitt, n. Etym: [Russ. plete.] Defn: An instrument of punishment or torture resembling the knout, used in Russia. PLOC Ploc, n. Etym: [F.] (Naut.) Defn: A mixture of hair and tar for covering the bottom of a ship. PLOCE Plo"ce, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure in which a word is separated or repeated by way of emphasis, so as not only to signify the individual thing denoted by it, but also its peculiar attribute or quality; as, "His wife's a wife indeed." Bailey. PLOD Plod, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Plodded; p. pr. & vb. n. Plodding.] Etym: [Gf. Gael. plod a clod, a pool; also, to strike or pelt with a clod or clods.] 1. To travel slowly but steadily; to trudge. Shak. 2. To toil; to drudge; especially, to study laboriously and patiently. "Plodding schoolmen." Drayton. PLOD Plod, v. t. Defn: To walk on slowly or heavily. The ploughman homeward plods his weary way. Gray. PLODDER Plod"der, n. Defn: One who plods; a drudge. PLODDING Plod"ding, a. Defn: Progressing in a slow, toilsome manner; characterized by laborious diligence; as, a plodding peddler; a plodding student; a man of plodding habits. --Plod"ding*ly, adv. PLONGE Plonge, v. t. Etym: [See Plunge.] Defn: To cleanse, as open drains which are entered by the tide, by stirring up the sediment when the tide ebbs. PLONGEE Plon`gée", n. Etym: [F. See Plunge.] (Mil.) Defn: A slope or sloping toward the front; as, the plongée of a parapet; the plongée of a shell in its course. [Sometimes written plonge.] PLOP Plop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Plopped; p. pr. & vb. n. Plopping.] [Imitative.] Defn: To fall, drop, or move in any way, with a sudden splash or slap, as on the surface of water. The body plopped up, turning on its side. Kipling. PLOP Plop, n. Defn: Act of plopping; the sound made in plopping. PLOT Plot, n. Etym: [AS. plot; cf. Goth. plats a patch. Cf. Plat a piece of ground.] 1. A small extent of ground; a plat; as, a garden plot. Shak. 2. A plantation laid out. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 3. (Surv.) Defn: A plan or draught of a field, farm, estate, etc., drawn to a scale. PLOT Plot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Plotting.] Defn: To make a plot, map, pr plan, of; to mark the position of on a plan; to delineate. This treatise plotteth down Cornwall as it now standeth. Carew. PLOT Plot, n. Etym: [Abbrev. from complot.] 1. Any scheme, stratagem, secret design, or plan, of a complicated nature, adapted to the accomplishment of some purpose, usually a treacherous and mischievous one; a conspiracy; an intrigue; as, the Rye-house Plot. I have overheard a plot of death. Shak. O, think what anxious moments pass between The birth of plots and their last fatal periods! Addison. 2. A share in such a plot or scheme; a participation in any stratagem or conspiracy. [Obs.] And when Christ saith. Who marries the divorced commits adultery, it is to be understood, if he had any plot in the divorce. Milton. 3. Contrivance; deep reach thought; ability to plot or intrigue. [Obs.] "A man of much plot." Denham. 4. A plan; a purpose. "No other plot in their religion but serve Got and save their souls." Jer. Taylor. 5. In fiction, the story of a play, novel, romance, or poem, comprising a complication of incidents which are gradually unfolded, sometimes by unexpected means. If the plot or intrigue must be natural, and such as springs from the subject, then the winding up of the plot must be a probable consequence of all that went before. Pope. Syn. -- Intrigue; stratagem; conspiracy; cabal; combination; contrivance. PLOT Plot, v. i. 1. To form a scheme of mischief against another, especially against a government or those who administer it; to conspire. Shak. The wicked plotteth against the just. Ps. xxxvii. 12. 2. To contrive a plan or stratagem; to scheme. The prince did plot to be secretly gone. Sir H. Wotton. PLOT Plot, v. t. Defn: To plan; to scheme; to devise; to contrive secretly. "Plotting an unprofitable crime." Dryden. "Plotting now the fall of others." Milton PLOTFUL Plot"ful, a. Defn: Abounding with plots. PLOTINIAN Plo*tin"i*an, a. Defn: Of pertaining to the Plotinists or their doctrines. PLOTINIST Plo*ti"nist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A disciple of Plotinus, a celebrated Platonic philosopher of the third century, who taught that the human soul emanates from the divine Being, to whom it reunited at death. PLOT-PROOF Plot"-proof`, a. Defn: Secure against harm by plots. Shak. PLOTTER Plot"ter, n. Defn: One who plots or schemes; a contriver; a conspirator; a schemer. Dryden. PLOUGH Plough, n. & v. Defn: See Plow. PLOUTER Plout"er, v. i. [Also plowter, plotter.] [Perh. imitative.] Defn: To wade or move about with splashing; to dabble; also, to potter; trifle; idle. [Scot. & Dial. Eng.] I did not want to plowter about any more. Kipling. PLOUTER Plout"er, n. [Also plowter.] Defn: Act of ploutering; floundering; act or sound of splashing. [Scot. & Dial.Eng.] PLOVER Plov"er, n. Etym: [OF. plovier, F. pluvier, prop., the rain bird, fr. LL. (assumed) pluviarius, fr. L. pluvia rain, from pluere to rain; akin to E. float, G. fliessen to flow. See Float.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of limicoline birds belonging to the family Charadridæ, and especially those belonging to the subfamily Charadrinsæ. They are prized as game birds. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any grallatorial bird allied to, or resembling, the true plovers, as the crab plover (Dromas ardeola); the American upland, plover (Bartramia longicauda); and other species of sandpipers. Note: Among the more important species are the blackbellied, or blackbreasted, plover (Charadrius squatarola) of America and Europe; -- called also gray plover, bull-head plover, Swiss plover, sea plover, and oxeye; the golden plover (see under Golden); the ring or ringed plover (Ægialitis hiaticula). See Ringneck. The piping plover (Ægialitis meloda); Wilson's plover (Æ. Wilsonia); the mountain plover (Æ. montana); and the semipalmated plover (Æ. semipalmata), are all small American species. Bastard plover (Zoöl.), the lapwing. -- Long-legged, or yellow-legged, plover. See Tattler. -- Plover's page, the dunlin. [Prov. Eng.] -- Rock plover, or Stone plover, the black-bellied plover. [Prov. Eng.] -- Whistling plover. (a) The golden plover. (b) The black-bellied plover. PLOW; PLOUGH Plow, Plough (plou), n. Etym: [OE. plouh, plou, AS. ploh; akin to D. ploeg, G. pflug, OHG. pfluog, pfluoh, Icel. plogr, Sw. plog, Dan. ploug, plov, Russ. plug', Lith. plugas.] 1. A well-known implement, drawn by horses, mules, oxen, or other power, for turning up the soil to prepare it for bearing crops; also used to furrow or break up the soil for other purposes; as, the subsoil plow; the draining plow. Where fern succeeds ungrateful to the plow. Dryden. 2. Fig.: Agriculture; husbandry. Johnson. 3. A carucate of land; a plowland. [Obs.] [Eng.] Johan, mine eldest son, shall have plowes five. Tale of Gamelyn. 4. A joiner's plane for making grooves; a grooving plane. 5. (Bookbinding) Defn: An implement for trimming or shaving off the edges of books. 6. (Astron.) Defn: Same as Charles's Wain. Ice plow, a plow used for cutting ice on rivers, ponds, etc., into cakes suitable for storing. [U. S.] -- Mackerel plow. See under Mackerel. -- Plow alms, a penny formerly paid by every plowland to the church. Cowell. -- Plow beam, that part of the frame of a plow to which the draught is applied. See Beam, n., 9. -- Plow Monday, the Monday after Twelth Day, or the end of Christmas holidays. -- Plow staff. (a) A kind of long-handled spade or paddle for cleaning the plowshare; a paddle staff. (b) A plow handle. -- Snow plow, a structure, usually PLOW; PLOUGH Plow, Plough, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plowed (ploud) or Ploughed; p. pr. & vb. n. Plowing or Ploughing.] 1. To turn up, break up, or trench, with a plow; to till with, or as with, a plow; as, to plow the ground; to plow a field. 2. To furrow; to make furrows, grooves, or ridges in; to run through, as in sailing. Let patient Octavia plow thy visage up With her prepared nails. Shak. With speed we plow the watery way. Pope. 3. (Bookbinding) Defn: To trim, or shave off the edges of, as a book or paper, with a plow. See Plow, n., 5. 4. (Joinery) Defn: To cut a groove in, as in a plank, or the edge of a board; especially, a rectangular groove to receive the end of a shelf or tread, the edge of a panel, a tongue, etc. To plow in, to cover by plowing; as, to plow in wheat. -- To plow up, to turn out of the ground by plowing.plow ahead, to continue in spite of obstacles or resistence by others. Note: Often used in a bad sense, meaning to continue obstinately in spite of the contrary advice of others. plow through, to execute a difficult or laborious task steadily, esp. one containing many parts; as, he plowed through the stack of correspondence until all had been answered. PLOW; PLOUGH Plow, Plough (plou), v. i. Defn: To labor with, or as with, a plow; to till or turn up the soil with a plow; to till or turn up the soil with a plow; to prepare the soil or bed for anything. Shak. Doth the plowman plow all day to sow Isa. xxviii. 24. PLOWABLE; PLOUGHABLE Plow"a*ble, Plough"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being plowed; arable. PLOWBOTE; PLOUGHBOTE Plow"bote`, Plough"bote`, n. (Eng. Law) Defn: Wood or timber allowed to a tenant for the repair of instruments of husbandry. See Bote. PLOWBOY; PLOUGHBOY Plow"boy`, Plough"boy`, n. Defn: A boy that drives or guides a team in plowing; a young rustic. PLOWER; PLOUGHER Plow"er, Plough"er, n. Defn: One who plows; a plowman; a cultivator. PLOWFOOT; PLOUGHFOOT Plow"foot`, Plough"foot`, n. Defn: An adjustable staff formerly attached to the plow beam to determine the depth of the furrow. Piers Plowman. PLOWGANG; PLOUGHGANG Plow"gang`, Plough"gang`, n. Defn: Same as Plowgate. PLOWGATE; PLOUGHGATE Plow"gate`, Plough"gate`, n. Defn: The Scotch equivalent of the English word plowland. Not having one plowgate of land. Sir W. Scott. PLOWHEAD; PLOUGHHEAD Plow"head`, Plough"head`, n. Defn: The clevis or draught iron of a plow. PLOWLAND; PLOUGLAND Plow"land`, Ploug"land`, n. 1. Land that is plowed, or suitable for tillage. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: the quantity of land allotted for the work of one plow; a hide. PLOWMAN; PLOUGHMAN Plow"man, Plough"man, n.; pl. -men (. 1. One who plows, or who holds and guides a plow; hence, a husbandman. Chaucer. Macaulay. 2. A rustic; a countryman; a field laborer. Plowman's spikenard (Bot.), a European composite weed (Conyza squarrosa), having fragrant roots. Dr. Prior. PLOWPOINT; PLOUGHPOINT Plow"point`, Plough"point`, n. Defn: A detachable share at the extreme front end of the plow body. PLOWSHARE; PLOUGHSHARE Plow"share`, Plough"share", n. Defn: The share of a plow, or that part which cuts the slice of earth or sod at the bottom of the furrow. Plowshare bone (Anat.), the pygostyle. PLOWTAIL; PLOUGHTAIL Plow"tail`, Plough"tail`, n. Defn: The hind part or handle of a plow. PLOWWRIGHT; PLOUGHWRIGHT Plow"wright`, Plough"wright`, n. Defn: One who makes or repairs plows. PLOY Ploy, n. Defn: Sport; frolic. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] PLOY Ploy, v. i. Etym: [Prob. abbrev. fr. deploy.] (Mil.) Defn: To form a column from a line of troops on some designated subdivision; -- the opposite of deploy. Wilhelm. PLOYMENT Ploy"ment, n. (Mil.) Defn: The act or movement of forming a column from a line of troops on some designated subdivision; -- the opposite of deployment. PLUCK Pluck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Plucking.] Etym: [AS. pluccian; akin to LG. & D. plukken, G. pflücken, Icel. plokka, plukka, Dan. plukke, Sw. plocka. 1. To pull; to draw. Its own nature . . . plucks on its own dissolution. Je 2. Especially, to pull with sudden force or effort, or to pull off or out from something, with a twitch; to twitch; also, to gather, to pick; as, to pluck feathers from a fowl; to pluck hair or wool from a skin; to pluck grapes. I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude. Milton. E'en children followed, with endearing wile, And plucked his gown to share the good man's smile. Goldsmith. 3. To strip of, or as of, feathers; as, to pluck a fowl. They which pass by the way do pluck her. Ps. lxxx. 4. (Eng. Universities) Defn: To reject at an examination for degrees. C. Bronté. To pluck away, to pull away, or to separate by pulling; to tear away. -- To pluck down, to pull down; to demolish; to reduce to a lower state. -- to pluck off, to pull or tear off; as, to pluck off the skin. -- to pluck up. (a) To tear up by the roots or from the foundation; to eradicate; to exterminate; to destroy; as, to pluck up a plant; to pluk up a nation. Jer. xii. 17. (b) To gather up; to summon; as, to pluck up courage. PLUCK Pluck, v. i. Defn: To make a motion of pulling or twitching; -- usually with at; as, to pluck at one's gown. PLUCK Pluck, n. 1. The act of plucking; a pull; a twitch. 2. Etym: [Prob. so called as being plucked out after the animal is killed; or cf. Gael. & Ir. pluc a lump, a knot, a bunch.] Defn: The heart, liver, and lights of an animal. 3. Spirit; courage; indomitable resolution; fortitude. Decay of English spirit, decay of manly pluck. Thackeray. 4. The act of plucking, or the state of being plucked, at college. See Pluck, v. t., 4. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lyrie. [Prov. Eng.] PLUCKED Plucked, a. Defn: Having courage and spirit. [R.] PLUCKER Pluck"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, plucks. Thou setter up and plucker down of kings. Shak. 2. A machine for straightening and cleaning wool. PLUCKER TUBE Plück"er tube. [So named after Julius Plücker, a German physicist.] (Physics) (a) A vacuum tube, used in spectrum analysis, in which the part through which the discharge takes place is a capillary tube, thus producing intense incandescence of the contained gases. (b) Crookes tube. PLUCKILY Pluck"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a plucky manner. PLUCKINESS Pluck"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being plucky. PLUCKLESS Pluck"less, a. Defn: Without pluck; timid; faint-hearted. PLUCKY Pluck"y, a. [Compar. Pluckier; superl. Pluckiest.] Defn: Having pluck or courage; characterized by pluck; displaying pluck; courageous; spirited; as, a plucky race. If you're plucky, and not over subject to fright. Barham. PLUFF Pluff, v. t. Etym: [Prob. of imitative origin.] Defn: To throw out, as smoke, dust, etc., in puffs. [Scot.] PLUFF Pluff, n. 1. A puff, as of smoke from a pipe, or of dust from a puffball; a slight explosion, as of a small quantity of gunpowder. [Scot.] 2. A hairdresser's powder puff; also, the act of using it. [Scot.] PLUG Plug, n. Etym: [Akin to D. plug, G. pflock, Dan. plök, plug, Sw. plugg; cf. W. ploc.] 1. Any piece of wood, metal, or other substance used to stop or fill a hole; a stopple. 2. A flat oblong cake of pressed tobacco. [U. S.] 3. A high, tapering silk hat. [Slang, U.S.] 4. A worthless horse. [Slang, U.S.] 5. (Building) Defn: A block of wood let into a wall, to afford a hold for nails. Fire plug, a street hydrant to which hose may be attached. [U. S.] -- Hawse plug (Naut.), a plug to stop a hawse hole. -- Plug and feather. (Stone Working) See Feather, n., 7. -- Plug centerbit, a centerbit ending in a small cylinder instead of a point, so as to follow and enlarge a hole previously made, or to form a counterbore around it. -- Plug rod (Steam Eng.) , a rod attached to the beam for working the valves, as in the Cornish engine. -- Plug valve (Mech.), a tapering valve, which turns in a case like the plug of a faucet. PLUG Plug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plugged; p. pr. & vb. n. Plugging.] Defn: To stop with a plug; to make tight by stopping a hole. PLUG BOARD Plug board. (Elec.) Defn: A switchboard in which connections are made by means of plugs. PLUGGER Plug"ger, n. Defn: One who, or that which, plugs. PLUGGING Plug"ging, n. 1. The act of stopping with a plug. 2. The material of which a plug or stopple is made. PLUM Plum, n. Etym: [AS.plume, fr. L. prunum; akin to Gr. Prune a dried plum.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The edible drupaceous fruit of the Prunus domestica, and of several other species of Prunus; also, the tree itself, usually called plum tree. The bullace, the damson, and the numerous varieties of plum, of our gardens, although growing into thornless trees, are believed to be varieties of the blackthorn, produced by long cultivation. G. Bentham. are in bold format, like collocations. Note: Two or three hundred varieties of plums derived from the Prunus domestica are described; among them the greengage, the Orleans, the purple gage, or Reine Claude Violette, and the German prune, are some of the best known. Note: Among the true plums are; Beach plum, the Prunus maritima, and its crimson or purple globular drupes, -- Bullace plum. See Bullace. -- Chickasaw plum, the American Prunus Chicasa, and its round red drupes. -- Orleans plum, a dark reddish purple plum of medium size, much grown in England for sale in the markets. -- Wild plum of America, Prunus Americana, with red or yellow fruit, the original of the Iowa plum and several other varieties. Among plants called plum, but of other genera than Prunus, are; Australian plum, Cargillia arborea and C. australis, of the same family with the persimmon. -- Blood plum, the West African Hæmatostaphes Barteri. -- Cocoa plum, the Spanish nectarine. See under Nectarine. -- Date plum. See under Date. -- Gingerbread plum, the West African Parinarium macrophyllum. -- Gopher plum, the Ogeechee lime. -- Gray plum, Guinea plum. See under Guinea. -- Indian plum, several species of Flacourtia. 2. A grape dried in the sun; a raisin. 3. A handsome fortune or property; formerly, in cant language, the sum of £100,000 sterling; also, the person possessing it. Plum bird, Plum budder (Zoöl.), the European bullfinch. -- Plum gouger (Zoöl.), a weevil, or curculio (Coccotorus scutellaris), which destroys plums. It makes round holes in the pulp, for the reception of its eggs. The larva bores into the stone and eats the kernel. -- Plum weevil (Zoöl.), an American weevil which is very destructive to plums, nectarines cherries, and many other stone fruits. It lays its eggs in crescent-shaped incisions made with its jaws. The larva lives upon the pulp around the stone. Called also turk, and plum curculio. See Illust. under Curculio. PLUMA Plu"ma, n.; pl. Plumæ. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A feather. PLUMAGE Plum"age, n. Etym: [F., from plume a feather.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The entire clothing of a bird. Note: It consist of the contour feathers, or the ordinary feathers covering the head, neck, and body; the tail feathers, with their upper and lower coverts; the wing feathers, including primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries, with their coverts; and the down which lies beneath the contour feathers. See Illust. under Bird. PLUMASSARY Plu*mas"sa*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. plumasseau.] Defn: A plume or collection of ornamental feathers. PLUMASSIER Plu`mas`sier", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: One who prepares or deals in ornamental plumes or feathers. PLUMB Plumb, n. Etym: [F. plomb, L. plumbum lead, a leaden ball or bullet; cf. Gr. Plummet, Plunge.] Defn: A little mass or weight of lead, or the like, attached to a line, and used by builders, etc., to indicate a vertical direction; a plummet; a plumb bob. See Plumb line, below. Plumb bob. See Bob, 4. -- Plumb joint, in sheet-metal work, a lap joint, fastened by solder. -- Plumb level. See under Level. -- Plumb line. (a) The cord by which a plumb bob is suspended; a plummet. (b) A line directed to the center of gravity of the earth. -- Plumb rule, a narrow board with a plumb line, used by builders and carpenters. PLUMB Plumb, a. Defn: Perpendicular; vertical; conforming the direction of a line attached to a plumb; as, the wall is plumb. PLUMB Plumb, adv. Defn: In a plumb direction; perpendicularly. "Plumb down he falls." Milton. PLUMB Plumb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plumbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Plumbing.] 1. To adjust by a plumb line; to cause to be perpendicular; as, to plumb a building or a wall. 2. To sound with a plumb or plummet, as the depth of water; hence, to examine by test; to ascertain the depth, quality, dimension, etc.; to sound; to fathom; to test. He did not attempt to plumb his intellect. Ld. Lytton. 3. To seal with lead; as, to plumb a drainpipe. 4. To supply, as a building, with a system of plumbing. PLUMBAGE Plumb"age, n. Defn: Leadwork [R.] PLUMBAGIN Plum*ba"gin, n. Etym: [L. plumbago leadwort, fr. plumbum lead; cf. F. plombagin.] (Chem.) Defn: A crystalline substance said to be found in the root of a certain plant of the Leadwort (Plumbago) family. PLUMBAGINEOUS Plum`ba*gin"e*ous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to natural order (Plumbagineæ) of gamopetalous herbs, of which plumbago is the type. The order includes also the marsh rosemary, the thrift, and a few other genera. PLUMBAGINOUS Plum*bag"i*nous, a. Defn: Resembling plumbago; consisting of, or containing, plumbago; as, a plumbaginous slate. PLUMBAGO Plum*ba"go, n. Etym: [L., from plumbum lead.] 1. (Min.) Defn: Same as Graphite. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbaceous plants with pretty salver-shaped corollas, usually blue or violet; leadwort. PLUMBEAN; PLUMBEOUS Plum"be*an, Plum"be*ous, a. Etym: [L. plumbeus, from plumbum the metal lead.] 1. Consisting of, or resembling, lead. J. Ellis. 2. Dull; heavy; stupid. [R.] J. P. Smith. PLUMBER Plumb"er, n. Etym: [F. plombier. See Plumb.] Defn: One who works in lead; esp., one who furnishes, fits, and repairs lead, iron, or glass pipes, and other apparatus for the conveyance of water, gas, or drainage in buildings. PLUMBER BLOCK Plumb"er block`. Defn: A pillow block. PLUMBERY Plumb"er*y, n. Etym: [F. plomberie.] 1. The business of a plumber. [Obs.] 2. A place where plumbing is carried on; lead works. PLUMBIC Plum"bic, a. Etym: [From Plumbum.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, resembling, or containing, lead; -- used specifically to designate those compounds in which it has a higher valence as contrasted with plumbous compounds; as, plumbic oxide. PLUMBIFEROUS Plum*bif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Plumbum + -ferous.] Defn: Producing or containing lead. Kirwan. PLUMBING Plumb"ing, n. 1. The art of casting and working in lead, and applying it to building purposes; especially, the business of furnishing, fitting, and repairing pipes for conducting water, sewage, etc. Gwilt. 2. The lead or iron pipes, and other apparatus, used in conveying water, sewage, etc., in a building. PLUMBISM Plum"bism, n. Etym: [From Plumbum.] (Med.) Defn: A diseased condition, produced by the absorption of lead, common among workers in this metal or in its compounds, as among painters, typesetters, etc. It is characterized by various symptoms, as lead colic, lead line, and wrist drop. See under Colic, Lead, and Wrist. PLUMBOUS Plum"bous, a. Etym: [From Plumbum.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, lead; -- used specifically to designate those compounds in which it has a lower valence as contrasted with plumbic compounds. PLUMBUM Plum"bum, n. Etym: [L.] (Chem.) Defn: The technical name of lead. See Lead. PLUMCOT Plum"cot, n. [Plum + apricot.] (Hort.) Defn: A cross between the plum and apricot. PLUME Plume, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. pluma. Cf. Fly, v.] 1. A feather; esp., a soft, downy feather, or a long, conspicuous, or handsome feather. Wings . . . of many a colored plume. Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An ornamental tuft of feathers. 3. A feather, or group of feathers, worn as an ornament; a waving ornament of hair, or other material resembling feathers. His high plume, that nodded o'er his head. Dryden. 4. A token of honor or prowess; that on which one prides himself; a prize or reward. "Ambitious to win from me some plume." Milton. 5. (Bot.) Defn: A large and flexible panicle of inflorescence resembling a feather, such as is seen in certain large ornamental grasses. Plume bird (Zoöl.), any bird that yields ornamental plumes, especially the species of Epimarchus from New Guinea, and some of the herons and egrets, as the white heron of Florida (Ardea candidissima). -- Plume grass. (Bot) (a) A kind of grass (Erianthus saccharoides) with the spikelets arranged in great silky plumes, growing in swamps in the Southern United States. (b) The still finer E. Ravennæ from the Mediterranean region. The name is sometimes extended to the whole genus. -- Plume moth (Zoöl.), any one of numerous small, slender moths, belonging to the family Pterophoridæ. Most of them have the wings deeply divided into two or more plumelike lobes. Some species are injurious to the grapevine. -- Plume nutmeg (Bot.), an aromatic Australian tree (Atherosperma moschata), whose numerous carpels are tipped with long plumose persistent styles. PLUME Plume, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plumed; p. pr. & vb. n. Pluming.] Etym: [Cf. F. plumer to pluck, to strip, L. plumare to cover with feathers.] 1. To pick and adjust the plumes or feathers of; to dress or prink. Pluming her wings among the breezy bowers. W. Irving. 2. To strip of feathers; to pluck; to strip; to pillage; also, to peel. [Obs.] Bacon. Dryden. 3. To adorn with feathers or plumes. "Farewell the plumed troop." Shak. 4. To pride; to vaunt; to boast; -- used reflexively; as, he plumes himself on his skill. South. Plumed adder (Zoöl.), an African viper (Vipera, or Clotho, cornuta), having a plumelike structure over each eye. It is venomous, and is related to the African puff adder. Called also horned viper and hornsman. -- Plumed partridge (Zoöl.), the California mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus). See Mountain quail, under Mountain. PLUMELESS Plume"less, a. Defn: Without plumes. PLUMELET Plume"let, n. Etym: [Plume + -let.] Defn: A small plume. When rosy plumelets tuft the larch. Tennyson. PLUMERY Plum"er*y, n. Defn: Plumes, collectively or in general; plumage. [R.] Southey. PLUMICORN Plu"mi*corn, n. Etym: [L. pluma feather + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An ear tuft of feathers, as in the horned owls. PLUMIGEROUS Plu*mig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. plumiger; pluma a feather + gerere to bear.] Defn: Feathered; having feathers. Bailey PLUMILIFORM Plu*mil"i*form, a. Etym: [L. plumula, or plumella a little feather (dim. of pluma feather) + -form.] Defn: Having the of a plume or feather. [R.] PLUMIPED Plu"mi*ped, a. Etym: [L. plumipes, -edis; pluma a feather + pes: cf. F. plumipède.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having feet covered with feathers. -- n. Defn: A plumiped bird. PLUMMET Plum"met, n. Etym: [OE. plommet, OF. plommet, fr. plom, plum, lead, F. plomb. See Plumb.] 1. A piece of lead attached to a line, used in sounding the depth of water. I'll sink him deeper than e'er plummet sounded. Shak. 2. A plumb bob or a plumb line. See under Plumb, n. 3. Hence, any weight. 4. A piece of lead formerly used by school children to rule paper for writing. Plummet line, a line with a plummet; a sounding line. PLUMMING Plum"ming, n. Etym: [See Plumb.] (Min.) Defn: The operation of finding, by means of a mine dial, the place where to sink an air shaft, or to bring an adit to the work, or to find which way the lode inclines. PLUMMY Plum"my, a. Etym: [From Plum.] Defn: Of the nature of a plum; desirable; profitable; advantageous. [Colloq.] "For the sake of getting something plummy." G. Eliot. PLUMOSE; PLUMOUS Plu*mose", Plu"mous, a. Etym: [L. plumosus, fr. pluma feather: cf. F. plumeux.] 1. Having feathers or plumes. 2. Having hairs, or other párts, arranged along an axis like a feather; feathery; plumelike; as, a plumose leaf; plumose tentacles. PLUMOSITE Plu"mo*site, n. (Min.) Defn: Same as Jamesonite. PLUMOSITY Plu*mos"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being plumose. PLUMP Plump, a. [Compar. Plumper; superl. Plumpest.] Etym: [OE. plomp rude, clumsy; akin to D. plomp, G., Dan., & Sw. plump; probably of imitative origin. Cf. Plump, adv.] Defn: Well rounded or filled out; full; fleshy; fat; as, a plump baby; plump cheeks. Shak. The god of wine did his plump clusters bring. T. Carew. PLUMP Plump, n. Defn: A knot; a cluster; a group; a crowd; a flock; as, a plump of trees, fowls, or spears. [Obs.] To visit islands and the plumps of men. Chapman. PLUMP Plump, v. i. Etym: [Cf. D. plompen, G. plumpen, Sw. plumpa, Dan. plumpe. See Plump, a.] 1. To grow plump; to swell out; as, her cheeks have plumped. 2. To drop or fall suddenly or heavily, all at once."Dulcissa plumps into a chair." Spectator. 3. To give a plumper. See Plumper, 2. PLUMP Plump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plumped; p. pr. & vb. n. Plumping.] 1. To make plump; to fill (out) or support; -- often with up.plump up the pillows To plump up the hollowness of their history with improbable miracles. Fuller. 2. To cast or let drop all at once, suddenly and heavily; as, to plump a stone into water. 3. To give (a vote), as a plumper. See Plumper, 2. PLUMP Plump, adv. Etym: [Cf. D. plomp, interj., G. plump, plumps. Cf. Plump, a. &v.] Defn: Directly; suddenly; perpendicularly. "Fall plump." Beau. & Fl. PLUMPER Plump"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, plumps or swells out something else; hence, something carried in the mouth to distend the cheeks. 2. (English Elections) Defn: A vote given to one candidate only, when two or more are to be elected, thus giving him the advantage over the others. A person who gives his vote thus is said to plump, or to plump his vote. 3. A voter who plumps his vote. [Eng.] 4. A downright, unqualified lie. [Colloq. or Low] PLUMPLY Plump"ly, adv. Defn: Fully; roundly; plainly; without reserve. [Colloq.] PLUMPNESS Plump"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being plump. PLUMPY Plump"y, a. Defn: Plump; fat; sleek. "Plumpy Bacchus." Shak. PLUMULA Plu"mu*la, n.; pl. L. Plumule, E.-las. Etym: [L. See Plumule.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plumule. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A down feather. PLUMULACEOUS Plu`mu*la"ceous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Downy; bearing down. PLUMULAR Plu"mu*lar, a. (Bot.) Defn: Relating to a plumule. PLUMULARIA Plu`mu*la"ri*a, n.; pl. L. Plumularlæ, E. Plumularias. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any hydroid belonging to Plumularia and other genera of the family Plumularidæ. They generally grow in plumelike forms. PLUMULARIAN Plu`mu*la"ri*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any Plumularia. Also used adjectively. PLUMULE Plu"mule, n. Etym: [L. plumula, dim. of pluma a feather; cf. F. plumule.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The first bud, or gemmule, of a young plant; the bud, or growing point, of the embryo, above the cotyledons. See Illust. of Radicle. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A down feather. (b) The aftershaft of a feather. See Illust. under Feather. (c) One of the featherlike scales of certain male butterflies. PLUMULOSE Plu"mu*lose", a. Defn: Having hairs branching out laterally, like the parts of a feather. PLUMY Plum"y, a. Defn: Covered or adorned with plumes, or as with plumes; feathery. "His plumy crest." Addison. "The plumy trees." J. S. Blackie. PLUNDER Plun"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plundered; p. pr. & vb. n. Plundering.] Etym: [G. plündern to plunder, plunder frippery, baggage.] 1. To take the goods of by force, or without right; to pillage; to spoil; to sack; to strip; to rob; as, to plunder travelers. Nebuchadnezzar plunders the temple of God. South. 2. To take by pillage; to appropriate forcibly; as, the enemy plundered all the goods they found. Syn. -- To pillage; despoil; sack; rifle; strip; rob. PLUNDER Plun"der, n. 1. The act of plundering or pillaging; robbery. See Syn. of Pillage. Inroads and plunders of the Saracens. Sir T. North. 2. That which is taken by open force from an enemy; pillage; spoil; booty; also, that which is taken by theft or fraud. "He shared in the plunder." Cowper. 3. Personal property and effects; baggage or luggage. [Slang, Southwestern U.S.] PLUNDERAGE Plun"der*age, n. (Mar. Law) Defn: The embezzlement of goods on shipboard. Wharton. PLUNDERER Plun"der*er, n. Defn: One who plunders or pillages. PLUNGE Plunge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plunged; p. pr. & vb. n. Plunging.] Etym: [OE. ploungen, OF. plongier, F. plonger, fr. (assumed) LL. plumbicare, fr. L. plumbum lead. See Plumb.] 1. To thrust into water, or into any substance that is penetrable; to immerse; to cause to penetrate or enter quickly and forcibly; to thrust; as, to plunge the body into water; to plunge a dagger into the breast. Also used figuratively; as, to plunge a nation into war. "To plunge the boy in pleasing sleep." Dryden. Bound and plunged him into a cell. Tennyson. We shall be plunged into perpetual errors. I. Watts. 2. To baptize by immersion. 3. To entangle; to embarrass; to overcome. [Obs.] Plunged and graveled with three lines of Seneca. Sir T. Browne. PLUNGE Plunge, v. i. 1. To thrust or cast one's self into water or other fluid; to submerge one's self; to dive, or to rush in; as, he plunged into the river. Also used figuratively; as, to plunge into debt. Forced to plunge naked in the raging sea. Dryden. To plunge into guilt of a murther. Tillotson. 2. To pitch or throw one's self headlong or violently forward, as a horse does. Some wild colt, which . . . flings and plunges. Bp. Hall. 3. To bet heavily and with seeming recklessness on a race, or other contest; in an extended sense, to risk large sums in hazardous speculations. [Cant] Plunging fire (Gun.), firing directed upon an enemy from an elevated position. PLUNGE Plunge, n. 1. The act of thrusting into or submerging; a dive, leap, rush, or pitch into, or as into, water; as, to take the water with a plunge. 2. Hence, a desperate hazard or act; a state of being submerged or overwhelmed with difficulties. [R.] She was brought to that plunge, to conceal her husband's murder or accuse her son. Sir P. Sidney. And with thou not reach out a friendly arm, To raise me from amidst this plunge of sorrows Addison. 3. The act of pitching or throwing one's self headlong or violently forward, like an unruly horse. 4. Heavy and reckless betting in horse racing; hazardous speculation. [Cant] Plunge bath, an immersion by plunging; also, a large bath in which the bather can wholly immerse himself. -- Plunge, or plunging, battery (Elec.), a voltaic battery so arranged that the plates can be plunged into, or withdrawn from, the exciting liquid at pleasure. PLUNGER Plun"ger, n. 1. One who, or that which, plunges; a diver. 2. A long solid cylinder, used, instead of a piston or bucket, as a forcer in pumps. 3. One who bets heavily and recklessly on a race; a reckless speculator. [Cant] 4. (Pottery) Defn: A boiler in which clay is beaten by a wheel to a creamy consistence. Knight. 5. (Gun.) Defn: The firing pin of a breechloader. Plunger bucket, a piston, without a valve, in a pump. -- Plunger pole, the pump rod of a pumping engine. -- Plunger pump, a pump, as for water, having a plunger, instead of a piston, to act upon the water. It may be single-acting or double- acting PLUNK Plunk, v. t. [Imitative.] [Chiefly Colloq.] 1. To pluck and release quickly (a musical string); to twang. 2. To throw, push, drive heavily, plumply, or suddenly; as, to plunk down a dollar; also, to hit or strike. 3. To be a truant from (school). [Scot.] PLUNK Plunk, n. 1. Act or sound of plunking. [Colloq.] 2. [Slang] (a) A large sum of money. [Obs.] (b) A dollar. [U. S.] PLUNK Plunk, v. i. [Chiefly Colloq.] 1. To make a quick, hollow, metallic, or harsh sound, as by pulling hard on a taut string and quickly releasing it; of a raven, to croak. 2. To drop or sink down suddenly or heavily; to plump. 3. To play truant, or "hooky". [Scot.] PLUNKET Plun"ket, n. Defn: A kind of blue color; also, anciently, a kind of cloth, generally blue. PLUPERFECT Plu"per`fect, a. Etym: [L. plus more + perfectus perfect; cf. F. plus-que-parfait, L. plusquamperfectum.] Defn: More than perfect; past perfect; -- said of the tense which denotes that an action or event was completed at or before the time of another past action or event. -- n. Defn: The pluperfect tense; also, a verb in the pluperfect tense. PLURAL Plu"ral, a Etym: [L. pluralis, from plus, pluris, more; cf. F. pluriel, OF. plurel. See Plus.] Defn: Relating to, or containing, more than one; designating two or more; as, a plural word. Plural faith, which is too much by one. Shak. Plural number (Gram.), the number which designates more than one. See Number, n., 8. PLURAL Plu"ral, n. (Gram.) Defn: The plural number; that form of a word which expresses or denotes more than one; a word in the plural form. PLURALISM Plu"ral*ism, n. 1. The quality or state of being plural, or in the plural number. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: The state of a pluralist; the holding of more than one ecclesiastical living at a time. [Eng.] PLURALIST Plu"ral*ist, n. (Eccl.) Defn: A clerk or clergyman who holds more than one ecclesiastical benefice. [Eng.] Of the parochial clergy, a large proportion were pluralists. Macaulay. PLURALITY Plu*ral"i*ty, n.; pl. pluralities. Etym: [L. pluralitas: cf. F. pluralité.] 1. The state of being plural, or consisting of more than one; a number consisting of two or more of the same kind; as, a plurality of worlds; the plurality of a verb. 2. The greater number; a majority; also, the greatest of several numbers; in elections, the excess of the votes given for one candidate over those given for another, or for any other, candidate. When there are more than two candidates, the one who receives the plurality of votes may have less than a majority. See Majority. Take the plurality of the world, and they are neither wise nor good. L'Estrange. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: See Plurality of benefices, below. Plurality of benefices (Eccl.), the possession by one clergyman of more than one benefice or living. Each benefice thus held is called a plurality. [Eng.] PLURALIZATION Plu`ral*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of pluralizing. H. Spencer. PLURALIZE Plu"ral*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pluralized; p. pr. & vb. n. Pluralizing.] 1. To make plural by using the plural termination; to attribute plurality to; to express in the plural form. 2. To multiply; to make manifold. [R.] PLURALIZE Plu"ral*ize, v. i. 1. To take a plural; to assume a plural form; as, a noun pluralizes. Earle. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: To hold more than one benefice at the same time. [Eng.] PLURALIZER Plu"ral*i`zer, n. (Eccl.) Defn: A pluralist. [R.] PLURALLY Plu"ral*ly, adv. Defn: In a plural manner or sense. PLURI- Plu"ri-. Etym: [See Plus.] Defn: A combining form from L. plus, pluris, more, many; as pluriliteral. PLURIES Plu"ri*es, n. Etym: [So called from L. pluries many times, often, which occurs in the first clause.] (Law) Defn: A writ issued in the third place, after two former writs have been disregarded. Mozley & W. PLURIFARIOUS Plu`ri*fa"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. plurifarius, fr. L. plus, pluris, many. Cf. Bifarious.] Defn: Of many kinds or fashions; multifarious. PLURIFOLIOLATE Plu`ri*fo"li*o*late, a. Etym: [Pluri- + foliolate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having several or many leaflets. PLURILITERAL Plu`ri*lit"er*al, a. Etym: [Pluri- + literal.] Defn: Consisting of more letters than three. -- n. Defn: A pluriliteral word. PLURILOCULAR Plu`ri*loc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Pluri- + locular.] Defn: Having several cells or loculi; specifically (Bot.), Defn: having several divisions containing seeds; as, the lemon and the orange are plurilocular fruits. Plurilocular sporangia (Bot.), many-celled sporangia, each cell containing a single spore, as in many algæ. PLURIPAROUS Plu*rip"a*rous, a. Etym: [Pluri- + L. parere to bring forth.] Defn: Producing several young at a birth; as, a pluriparous animal. PLURIPARTITE Plu`ri*par"tite, a. Etym: [Pluri- + partite.] (Bot.) Defn: Deeply divided into several portions. PLURIPRESENCE Plu`ri*pres"ence, n. Etym: [Pluri- + presence.] Defn: Presence in more places than one. [R.] Johnson. PLURISY Plu"ri*sy, n. Etym: [L. plus, pluris, more.] Defn: Superabundance; excess; plethora. [Obs.] Shak. PLUS Plus, a. Etym: [L., more; akin to Gr. full. See Full, a., and cf. Più, Pleonasm.] 1. (Math.) Defn: More, required to be added; positive, as distinguished from negative; -- opposed to Ant: minus. 2. Hence, in a literary sense, additional; real; actual. Success goes invariably with a certain plus or positive power. Emerson. Plus sign (Math.), the sign (+) which denotes addition, or a positive quantity. PLUSH Plush, n. Etym: [F. pluche, peluche (cf. It. peluzzo), fr. L. pilus hair. See pile hair, and cf. Peruke.] Defn: A textile fabric with a nap or shag on one side, longer and softer than the nap of velvet. Cowper. PLUSHY Plush"y, a. Defn: Like plush; soft and shaggy. H. Kingsley. PLUTARCHY Plu"tar*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. -archy.] Defn: Plutocracy; the rule of wealth. [R.] PLUTEAL Plu"te*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a pluteus. PLUTEUS Plu"te*us, n.; pl. L. Plutei, E. Pluteuses. Etym: [L., a shed.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The free-swimming larva of sea urchins and ophiurans, having several long stiff processes inclosing calcareous rods. PLUTO Plu"to, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The son of Saturn and Rhea, brother of Jupiter and Neptune; the dark and gloomy god of the Lower World. Pluto monkey (Zoöl.), a long- tailed African monkey (Cercopithecus pluto), having side whiskers. The general color is black, more or less grizzled; the frontal band is white. PLUTOCRACY Plu*toc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. plutocratie.] Defn: A form of government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of the wealthy classes; government by the rich; also, a controlling or influential class of rich men. PLUTOCRAT Plu"to*crat, n. Defn: One whose wealth gives him power or influence; one of the plutocracy. PLUTOCRATIC Plu`to*crat"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to plutocracy; as, plutocratic ideas. Bagehot. PLUTOLOGY Plu*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of wealth. PLUTONIAN Plu*to"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Plutonius, Gr. plutonien.] Defn: Plutonic. Poe. PLUTONIAN Plu*to"ni*an, n. (Geol.) Defn: A Plutonist. PLUTONIC Plu*ton"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. plutonique. See Pluto.] 1. Of or pertaining to Pluto; Plutonian; hence, pertaining to the interior of the earth; subterranean. 2. Of, pertaining to, or designating, the system of the Plutonists; igneous; as, the Plutonic theory. Plutonic action (Geol.), the influence of volcanic heat and other subterranean forces under pressure. -- Plutonic rocks (Geol.), granite, porphyry, and some other igneous rocks, supposed to have consolidated from a melted state at a great depth from the surface. Cf. Intrusive rocks, under Intrusive. -- Plutonic theory. (Geol.) See Plutonism. PLUTONISM Plu"to*nism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. plutonisme.] Defn: The theory, early advanced in geology, that the successive rocks of the earth''s crust were formed by igneous fusion; -- opposed to the Neptunian theory. PLUTONIST Plu"to*nist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. plutoniste.] Defn: One who adopts the geological theory of igneous fusion; a Plutonian. See Plutonism. PLUTUS Plu"tus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The son of Jason and Ceres, and the god of wealth. He was represented as bearing a cornucopia, and as blind, because his gifts were bestowed without discrimination of merit. PLUVIAL Plu"vi*al, a. Etym: [L. pluvialis, fr. pluvia rain: cf. F. pluvial. See Plover.] 1. Of or pertaining to rain; rainy. [R.] 2. (Geol.) Defn: Produced by the action of rain. PLUVIAL Plu"vi*al, n. Etym: [LL. pluviale a garment which keeps off the rain: cf. F. pluvial.] Defn: A priest's cope. PLUVIAMETER Plu`vi*am"e*ter, n. Defn: See Pluviometer. PLUVIAMETRICAL Plu`vi*a*met"ric*al, a. Defn: See Pluviometrical. PLUVIAN Plu"vi*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The crocodile bird. PLUVIOGRAPH Plu"vi*o*graph, n. [L. pluvia rain + -graph.] Defn: A self-registering rain gauge. PLUVIOGRAPHY Plu`vi*og"ra*phy, n. [L. pluvia rain + -graphy.] Defn: The branch of meteorology treating of the automatic registration of the precipitation of rain, snow, etc.; also, the graphic presentation of precipitation data. PLUVIOMETER Plu`vi*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. pluvia rain + -meter: cf. F. pluviomètre.] Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the amount of rainfall at any place in a given time; a rain gauge. PLUVIOMETRICAL Plu`vi*o*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pluviométrique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a pluviometer; determined by a pluviometer. PLUVIOMETRY Plu`vi*om"e*try, n. [L. pluvia rain + -metry.] Defn: That department of meteorology that treats of the measurement of the precipitation of rain, snow, etc. PLUVIOSCOPE Plu"vi*o*scope, n. [L. pluvia rain + -scope.] Defn: A rain gauge. PLUVIOSE Plu`vi`ôse", n. Etym: [F. See Pluvious.] Defn: The fifth month of the French republican calendar adopted in 1793. It began January 20, and ended February 18. See Vendémiaire. PLUVIOUS Plu"vi*ous, a. Etym: [L. pluviosus, pluvius, fr. pluvia rain: cf. F. pluvieux. See Pluvial, a.] Defn: Abounding in rain; rainy; pluvial. Sir T. Browne. PLY Ply, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Plied; p. pr. & vb. n. Plying.] Etym: [OE. plien, F. plier to fold, to bend, fr. L. plicare; akin to Gr. flechten. Cf. Apply, Complex, Display, Duplicity, Employ, Exploit, Implicate, Plait, Pliant, Flax.] 1. To bend. [Obs.] As men may warm wax with handes plie. Chaucer. 2. To lay on closely, or in folds; to work upon steadily, or with repeated acts; to press upon; to urge importunately; as, to ply one with questions, with solicitations, or with drink. And plies him with redoubled strokes Dryden. He plies the duke at morning and at night. Shak. 3. To employ diligently; to use steadily. Go ply thy needle; meddle not. Shak. 4. To practice or perform with diligence; to work at. Their bloody task, unwearied, still they ply. Waller. PLY Ply, v. i. 1. To bend; to yield. [Obs.] It would rather burst atwo than plye. Chaucer. The willow plied, and gave way to the gust. L'Estrange. 2. To act, go, or work diligently and steadily; especially, to do something by repeated actions; to go back and forth; as, a steamer plies between certain ports. Ere half these authors be read (which will soon be with plying hard and daily). Milton. He was forced to ply in the streets as a porter. Addison. The heavy hammers and mallets plied. Longfellow. 3. (Naut.) Defn: To work to windward; to beat. PLY Ply, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pli, fr. plier. See Ply, v.] 1. A fold; a plait; a turn or twist, as of a cord. Arbuthnot. 2. Bent; turn; direction; bias. The late learners can not so well take the ply. Bacon. Boswell, and others of Goldsmith's contemporaries, . . . did not understand the secret plies of his character. W. Irving. The czar's mind had taken a strange ply, which it retained to the last. Macaulay. Note: Ply is used in composition to designate folds, or the number of webs interwoven; as, a three-ply carpet. PLYER Ply"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, plies; specifically: (a) pl. Defn: A kind of balance used in raising and letting down a drawbridge. It consists of timbers joined in the form of a St. Andrew's cross. (b) pl. Defn: See Pliers. PLYGHT Plyght, v. & n. Defn: See Plight. [Obs.] Chaucer. PLYMOUTH BRETHREN Plym"outh Breth"ren. Defn: The members of a religious sect which first appeared at Plymouth, England, about 1830. They protest against sectarianism, and reject all official ministry or clergy. Also called Brethren, Christian Brethren, Plymouthists, etc. The Darbyites are a division of the Brethren. PNEOMETER Pne*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: A spirometer. PNEUMATIC; PNEUMATICAL Pneu*mat"ic, Pneu*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. pneumaticus, Gr. fnehan: cf. F. pneumatique. Cf. Pneumonia.] 1. Consisting of, or resembling, air; having the properties of an elastic fluid; gaseous; opposed to dense or solid. The pneumatical substance being, in some bodies, the native spirit of the body. Bacon. 2. Of or pertaining to air, or to elastic fluids or their properties; pertaining to pneumatics; as, pneumatic experiments. "Pneumatical discoveries." Stewart. 3. Moved or worked by pressure or flow of air; as, a pneumatic instrument; a pneumatic engine. 4. (Biol.) Defn: Fitted to contain air; Having cavities filled with air; as, pneumatic cells; pneumatic bones. Pneumatic action, or Pneumatic lever (Mus.), a contrivance for overcoming the resistance of the keys and other movable parts in an organ, by causing compressed air from the wind chest to move them. -- Pneumatic dispatch, a system of tubes, leading to various points, through which letters, packages, etc., are sent, by the flow and pressure of air. -- Pneumatic elevator, a hoisting machine worked by compressed air. -- Pneumatic pile, a tubular pile or cylinder of large diameter sunk by atmospheric pressure. -- Pneumatic pump, an air-exhausting or forcing pump. -- Pneumatic railway. See Atmospheric railway, under Atmospheric. -- Pneumatic syringe, a stout tube closed at one end, and provided with a piston, for showing that the heat produced by compressing a gas will ignite substances. -- Pneumatic trough, a trough, generally made of wood or sheet metal, having a perforated shelf, and used, when filled with water or mercury, for collecting gases in chemical operations. -- Pneumatic tube. See Pneumatic dispatch, above. PNEUMATICITY Pneu`ma*tic"i*ty, n. (Biol.) Defn: The state of being pneumatic, or of having a cavity or cavities filled with air; as, the pneumaticity of the bones of birds. PNEUMATICS Pneu*mat"ics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pneumatique.] 1. That branch of science which treats of the mechanical properties of air and other elastic fluids, as of their weight, pressure, elasticity, etc. See Mechanics. 2. (Philos. & Theol.) Defn: The scientific study or knowledge of spiritual beings and their relations to God, angels, and men. PNEUMATO- Pneu"ma*to-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. wind, air, breath, respiration; as, pneumatograph, pneumatology. PNEUMATOCELE Pneu*mat"o*cele, n. Etym: [Pneumato- + Gr. pneumatocèle.] (Med.) Defn: A distention of the scrotum by air; also, hernia of the lungs. PNEUMATOCYST Pneu*mat"o*cyst, n. Etym: [Pneumato- + cyst.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A cyst or sac of a siphonophore, containing air, and serving as a float, as in Physalia. PNEUMATOGARM Pneu*mat"o*garm, n. Etym: [Pneumato- + -gram.] (Physiol.) Defn: A tracing of the respiratory movements, obtained by a pneumatograph or stethograph. PNEUMATOGRAPH Pneu*mat"o*graph, n. Etym: [Pneumato- + -graph.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for recording the movements of the thorax or chest wall during respiration; -- also called stethograph. PNEUMATOLOGICAL Pneu`ma*to*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pneumatologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to pneumatology. PNEUMATOLOGIST Pneu`ma*tol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pneumatologiste.] Defn: One versed in pneumatology. PNEUMATOLOGY Pneu`ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Pneumato- + -logy: cf. F. pneumatologie.] 1. The doctrine of, or a treatise on, air and other elastic fluids. See Pneumatics, 1. 2. (Philos. & Theol.) Defn: The science of spiritual being or phenomena of any description. PNEUMATOMETER Pneu`ma*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Pneumato- + -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the amount of force exerted by the lungs in respiration. PNEUMATOMETRY Pneu`ma*tom"e*try, n. Defn: See Spirometry. PNEUMATOPHORE Pneu*mat"o*phore, n. Etym: [Pneumato- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Pneumonophora. PNEUMATOTHORAX Pneu`ma*to*tho"rax, n. Etym: [Pneumato- + thorax.] (Med.) Defn: See Pneumothorax. PNEUMO- Pneu"mo-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. a lung; as, pneumogastric, pneumology. PNEUMOCOCCUS Pneu`mo*coc"cus, n. Etym: [See Pneumo-, and Coccus.] (Biol.) Defn: A form of micrococcus found in the sputum (and elsewhere) of persons suffering with pneumonia, and thought to be the cause of this disease. PNEUMOGASTRIC Pneu`mo*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Pneumo- + gastric.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the lungs and the stomach. -- n. Defn: The pneumogastric nerve. Pneumogastric nerve (Anat.), one of the tenth pair of cranial nerves which are distributed to the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, lungs, heart, stomach, liver, and spleen, and, in fishes and many amphibia, to the branchial apparatus and also to the sides of the body. PNEUMOGRAPH Pneu"mo*graph, n. Defn: Same as Pneumatograph. PNEUMOGRAPHY Pneu*mog"ra*phy, n Etym: [Pneumo- + -graphy.] Defn: A description of the lungs. Dunglison. PNEUMOLOGY Pneu*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Pneumo- + -logy.] (Anat.) Defn: The science which treats of the lungs. PNEUMOMETER Pneu*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Pneumo- + -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: A spirometer. PNEUMOMETRY Pneu*mom"e*try, n. Defn: Measurement of the capacity of the lungs for air. Dunglison. PNEUMONIA Pneu*mo"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Pneumatio, Pulmonary.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the lungs. Note: Catarrhal pneumonia, or Broncho-pneumonia, is inflammation of the lung tissue, associated with catarrh and with marked evidences of inflammation of bronchial membranes, often chronic; -- also called lobular pneumonia, from its affecting single lobules at a time. -- Croupous pneumonia, or ordinary pneumonia, is an acute affection characterized by sudden onset with a chill, high fever, rapid course, and sudden decline; -- also called lobar pneumonia, from its affecting a whole lobe of the lung at once. See under Croupous. -- Fibroid pneumonia is an inflammation of the interstitial connective tissue lying between the lobules of the lungs, and is very slow in its course, producing shrinking and atrophy of the lungs. PNEUMONIC Pneu*mon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. pneumonique.] (a) Of or pertaining to the lungs; pulmonic. (b) Of or pertaining to pneumonia; as, pneumonic symptoms. PNEUMONIC Pneu*mon"ic, n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine for affections of the lungs. PNEUMONITIC Pneu`mo*nit"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to pneumonitis. PNEUMONITIS Pneu`mo*ni"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Pneumo-, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the lungs; pneumonia. PNEUMONOMETER Pneu`mo*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [See Pneumo-, and -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: A spirometer; a pneumometer. PNEUMONOPHORA Pneu`mo*noph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of Siphonophora which includes the Physalia and allied genera; -- called also Pneumatophoræ. PNEUMONY Pneu"mo*ny, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pneumonie.] Defn: See Pneumonia. PNEUMOOTOKA; PNEUMOOETOKA Pneu`mo*öt"o*ka, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pneumo-, and Oöticoid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Sauropsida. PNEUMOPHORA Pneu*moph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pneumonophora.] (Zoöl.) (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of holothurians having an internal gill, or respiratory tree. PNEUMOSKELETON Pneu`mo*skel"e*ton, n. Etym: [Pneumo- + skeleton.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A chitinous structure which supports the gill in some invertebrates. PNEUMOTHERAPY Pneu`mo*ther"a*py, n. Etym: [Gr. therapy.] (Med.) Defn: The treatment of disease by inhalations of compressed or rarefied air. PNEUMOTHORAX Pneu`mo*tho"rax, n. Etym: [Gr. thorax.] (Med.) Defn: A condition in which air or other gas is present in the cavity of the chest; -- called also pneumatothorax. PNIGALION Pni*ga"li*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Nightmare. PNYX Pnyx, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: The place at Athens where the meetings of the people were held for making decrees, etc. POA Po"a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of grasses, including a great number of species, as the kinds called meadow grass, Kentucky blue grass, June grass, and spear grass (which see). POACH Poach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poached; p. pr. & vb. n. Poaching.] Etym: [F. pocher to place in a pocket, to poach eggs (the yolk of the egg being as it were pouched in the white), from poche pocket, pouch. See Pouch, v. &n.] 1. To cook, as eggs, by breaking them into boiling water; also, to cook with butter after breaking in a vessel. Bacon. 2. To rob of game; to pocket and convey away by stealth, as game; hence, to plunder. Garth. POACH Poach, v. i. Defn: To steal or pocket game, or to carry it away privately, as in a bag; to kill or destroy game contrary to law, especially by night; to hunt or fish unlawfully; as, to poach for rabbits or for salmon. POACH Poach, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. pocher to thrust or dig out with the fingers, to bruise (the eyes), F. pouce thumb, L. pollex, and also E. poach to cook eggs, to plunder, and poke to thrust against.] 1. To stab; to pierce; to spear, \as fish. [Obs.] Carew. 2. To force, drive, or plunge into anything. [Obs.] His horse poching one of his legs into some hollow ground. Sir W. Temple. 3. To make soft or muddy by trampling Tennyson. 4. To begin and not complete. [Obs.] Bacon. POACH Poach, v. i. Defn: To become soft or muddy. Chalky and clay lands . . . chap in summer, and poach in winter. Mortimer. POACHARD Poach"ard, n. Etym: [From Poach to stab.] [Written also pocard, pochard.] (Zoöl.) (a) A common European duck (Aythya ferina); -- called also goldhead, poker, and fresh-water, or red-headed, widgeon. (b) The American redhead, which is closely allied to the European poachard. Red-crested poachard (Zoöl.), an Old World duck (Branta rufina). -- Scaup poachard, the scaup duck. -- Tufted poachard, a scaup duck (Aythya, or Fuligula cristata), native of Europe and Asia. POACHER Poach"er, n. 1. One who poaches; one who kills or catches game or fish contrary to law. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American widgeon. [Local, U.S.] Sea poacher (Zoöl.), the lyrie. POACHINESS Poach"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being poachy; marshiness. POACHY Poach"y, a. Etym: [See Poach to stab.] Defn: Wet and soft; easily penetrated by the feet of cattle; -- said of land POAK; POAKE Poak, Poake, n. Defn: Waste matter from the preparation of skins, consisting of hair, lime, oil, etc. POCAN Po"can, n. (Bot.) Defn: The poke (Phytolacca decandra); -- called also pocan bush. POCHARD Po"chard, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Poachard. POCK Pock, n. Etym: [OE. pokke, AS. pocc, poc; akin to D. pok, G. pocke, and perh. to E. poke a pocket. Cf. Pox.] (Med.) Defn: A pustule raised on the surface of the body in variolous and vaccine diseases. Of pokkes and of scab every sore. Chaucer. POCKARRED Pock"arred, a. Defn: See Pockmarked. [Obs.] POCK-BROKEN Pock"-bro`ken, a. Defn: Broken out, or marked, with smallpox; pock-fretten. POCKET Pock"et, n. Etym: [OE. poket, Prov. F. & OF. poquette, F. pochette, dim. fr. poque, pouque, F. poche; probably of Teutonic origin. See Poke a pocket, and cf. Poach to cook eggs, to plunder, and Pouch.] 1. A bag or pouch; especially; a small bag inserted in a garment for carrying small articles, particularly money; hence, figuratively, money; wealth. 2. One of several bags attached to a billiard table, into which the balls are driven. 3. A large bag or sack used in packing various articles, as ginger, hops, cowries, etc. Note: In the wool or hop trade, the pocket contains half sack, or about 168 Ibs.; but it is a variable quantity, the articles being sold by actual weight. 4. (Arch.) Defn: A hole or space covered by a movable piece of board, as in a floor, boxing, partitions, or the like. 5. (Mining.) (a) A cavity in a rock containing a nugget of gold, or other mineral; a small body of ore contained in such a cavity. (b) A hole containing water. 6. (Nat.) Defn: A strip of canvas, sewn upon a sail so that a batten or a light spar can placed in the interspace. 7. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pouch. Note: Pocket is often used adjectively, or in the formation of compound words usually of obvious signification; as, pocket comb, pocket compass, pocket edition, pocket handkerchief, pocket money, pocket picking, or pocket-picking, etc. Out of pocket. See under Out, prep. -- Pocket borough, a borough "owned" by some person. See under Borough. [Eng.] -- Pocket gopher (Zoöl.), any one of several species of American rodents of the genera Geomys, and Thomomys, family Geomydæ. They have large external cheek pouches, and are fossorial in their habits. they inhabit North America, from the Mississippi Valley west to the Pacific. Called also pouched gopher. -- Pocket mouse (Zoöl.), any species of American mice of the family Saccomyidæ. They have external cheek pouches. Some of them are adapted for leaping (genus Dipadomys), and are called kangaroo mice. They are native of the Southwestern United States, Mexico, etc. -- Pocket piece, a piece of money kept in the pocket and not spent. -- Pocket pistol, a pistol to be carried in the pocket. -- Pocket sheriff (Eng. Law), a sheriff appointed by the sole authority of the crown, without a nomination by the judges in the exchequer. Burrill. deep pocket, or deep pockets, wealth or substantial financial assets. Note: Used esp. in legal actions, where plaintiffs desire to find a defendant with "deep pockets", so as to be able to actually obtain the sum of damages which may be judged due to him. This contrasts with a "judgment-proof" defendant, one who has neither assets nor insurance, and against whom a judgment for monetary damages would be worthless. POCKET Pock"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pocketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Pocketing.] 1. To put, or conceal, in the pocket; as, to pocket the change. He would pocket the expense of the license. Sterne. 2. To take clandestinely or fraudulently. He pocketed pay in the names of men who had long been dead. Macaulay. To pocket a ball (Billiards), to drive a ball into a pocket of the table. -- To pocket an insult, affront, etc., to receive an affront without open resentment, or without seeking redress. "I must pocket up these wrongs." Shak. POCKETBOOK Pock"et*book`, n. Defn: A small book or case for carrying papers, money, etc., in the pocket; also, a notebook for the pocket. POCKETFUL Pock"et*ful, n.; pl. Pocketfuls (. Defn: As much as a pocket will hold; enough to fill a pocket; as, pocketfuls of chestnuts. POCKETKNIFE Pock"et*knife`, n.; pl. -knives (. Defn: A knife with one or more blades, which fold into the handle so as to admit of being carried in the pocket. POCKET VETO Pocket veto. Defn: The retention by the President of the United States of a bill unsigned so that it does not become a law, in virtue of the following constitutional provision (Const. Art. I., sec. 7, cl. 2): "If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law." Also, an analogous retention of a bill by a State governor. POCK-FRETTEN Pock"-fret`ten, a. Defn: See Pockmarked. POCKINESS Pock"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being pocky. POCKMARK Pock"mark, n. Defn: A mark or pit made by smallpox. POCKMARKED Pock"marked`, a. Defn: Marked by smallpox; pitted. POCK-PITTED Pock"-pit`ted, a. Defn: Pockmarked; pitted. POCK-PUDDING Pock"-pud`ding, n. Defn: A bag pudding; a name of reproach or ridicule formerly applied by the Scotch to the English. POCKWOOD Pock"wood`, n. Etym: [So called because formerly used as a specific for the pock.] (Bot.) Defn: Lignum-vitæ. POCKY Pock"y, a. [Compar. Pockier; superl. Pockiest.] Defn: Full of pocks; affected with smallpox or other eruptive disease. Bp. Hall. POCO Po"co, adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A little; -- used chiefly in phrases indicating the time or movement; as, poco più allegro, a little faster; poco largo, rather slow. Poco a poco Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Little by little; as, poco a poco crescendo, gradually increasing in loudness. POCOCK Po"cock, n. Defn: Peacock. [Obs.] Chaucer. POCOCURANTE Po`co*cu*ran"te, n. Etym: [It. poco curante caring little.] Defn: A careless person; a trifler. [R.] POCOCURANTISM Po`co*cu*ran"tism. n. Defn: Carelessness; apathy; indifference. [R.] Carlyle. POCOSON Po*co"son, n. Defn: Low, wooded grounds or swamps in Eastern Maryland and Virginia. [Written also poquoson.] Washington. POCULENT Poc"u*lent, a. Etym: [L. poculentus, fr. poculum a cup.] Defn: Fit for drink. [Obs.] "Some those herbs which are not esculent, are . . . poculent." Bacon. POCULIFORM Poc"u*li*form, a. Etym: [L. poculum a cup + -form: cf. F. poculiforme.] Defn: Having the shape of a goblet or drinking cup. -POD -pod. Etym: [See Foot.] Defn: A combining form or suffix from Gr. poy`s, podo`s, foot; as, decapod, an animal having ten feet; phyllopod, an animal having leaflike feet; myriapod, hexapod. POD Pod, n. Etym: [Probably akin to pudding, and perhaps the same word as pad a cushion; cf. also Dan. pude pillow, cushion, and also E. cod a husk, pod.] 1. A bag; a pouch. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Tusser. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A capsule of plant, especially a legume; a dry dehiscent fruit. See Illust. of Angiospermous. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A considerable number of animals closely clustered together; -- said of seals. Pod auger, or pod bit, an auger or bit the channel of which is straight instead of twisted. POD Pod, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Podded; p. pr. & vb. n. Podding.] Defn: To swell; to fill; also, to produce pods. -PODA -po*da. Defn: A New Latin plural combining form or suffix from Gr. foot; as, hexapoda, myriapoda. See -pod. PODAGRA Pod"a*gra, n. Etym: [L. See Podagric.] (Med.) Defn: Gout in the joints of the foot; -- applied also to gout in other parts of body. PODAGRIC; PODAGRICAL Po*dag"ric, Po*dag"ric*al, a. Etym: [L. podagricus, Gr. 1. Pertaining to the gout; gouty; caused by gout. 2. Afflicted with gout. Sir T. Browne. PODAGROUS Pod"a*grous, a. Defn: Gouty; podagric. PODALGIA Po*dal"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: pain in the foot, due to gout, rheumatism, etc. PODARTHRUM Po*dar"thrum, n.; pl. Podarthra. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The foot joint; in birds, the joint between the metatarsus and the toes. PODDED Pod"ded, a. Defn: Having pods. PODDER Pod"der, n. Defn: One who collects pods or pulse. PODESTA Po*des"ta, n. Etym: [It. podestà, fr. L. potestas power, magistracy. See Potent.] 1. One of the chief magistrates of the Italian republics in the Middle Ages. Brande & C. 2. A mayor, alderman, or other magistrate, in some towns of Italy. PODETIUM Po*de"ti*um, n.; pl. Podetia, E. Podetiums. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A stalk which bears the fructification in some lichens, as in the so-called reindeer moss. PODGE Podge, n. Etym: [Cf. G. patsche puddle, mire.] 1. A puddle; a plash. Skinner. 2. Porridge. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. PODGY Podg"y, a. Defn: Fat and short; pudgy. PODICAL Pod"i*cal a. Etym: [L. podex, podicis, the anus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Anal; -- applied to certain organs of insects. PODICEPS Pod"i*ceps, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. podex, podicis, anus + pes foot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Grebe. PODIUM Po"di*um, n.; pl. Podia. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Pew.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A low wall, serving as a foundation, a substructure, or a terrace wall. It is especially employed by archæologists in two senses: (a) The dwarf wall surrounding the arena of an amphitheater, from the top of which the seats began. (b) The masonry under the stylobate of a temple, sometimes a mere foundation, sometimes containing chambers. See Illust. of Column. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The foot. PODLEY Pod"ley, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young coalfish. PODO- Pod"o-. Etym: [See Foot.] Defn: A combining form or prefix from Gr. poy`s, podo`s, foot; as, podocarp, podocephalous, podology. PODOBRANCH Pod"o*branch, n. Etym: [See Podo-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of branchiæ attached to the bases of the legs in Crustacea. PODOBRANCHIA Pod`o*bran"chi*a n., pl. Podobranchle. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Podobranch. PODOCARP Pod"o*carp, n. Etym: [Podo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A stem, or footstalk, supporting the fruit. PODOCEPHALOUS Pod`o*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Podo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having a head of flowers on a long peduncle, or footstalk. PODOGYNIUM Pod`o*gyn"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. poy`s, podo`s, foot + (Bot.) Defn: Same as Basigynium PODOPHTHALMIA Pod`oph*thal"mi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Podophthalmic.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The stalk-eyed Crustacea, -- an order of Crustacea having the eyes supported on movable stalks. It includes the crabs, lobsters, and prawns. Called also Podophthalmata, and Decapoda. PODOPHTHALMIC; PODOPHTHALMOUS Pod`oph*thal"mic, Pod`oph*thal"mous, a. Etym: [Podo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the eyes on movable footstalks, or pedicels. (b) Of or pertaining to the Podophthalmia. PODOPHTHALMITE Pod`oph*thal"mite, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The eyestalk of a crustacean. PODOPHYLLIN Pod`o*phyl"lin, n. Etym: [From Podophyllum.] (Chem.) Defn: A brown bitter gum extracted from the rootstalk of the May apple (Podophyllum peltatum). It is a complex mixture of several substances. PODOPHYLLOUS Pod`o*phyl"lous, a. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having thin, flat, leaflike locomotive organs. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or composing, the layer of tissue, made up of laminæ, beneath a horse's hoof. PODOPHYLLUM Pod`o*phyl"lum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. poy`s, podo`s, foot + 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbs of the Barberry family, having large palmately lobed peltate leaves and solitary flower. There are two species, the American Podohyllum peltatum, or May apple, the Himalayan P. Emodi. 2. (Med.) Defn: The rhizome and rootlet of the May apple (Podophyllum peltatum), -- used as a cathartic drug. PODOSCAPH Pod"o*scaph, n. Etym: [Podo- + Gr. Defn: A canoe-shaped float attached to the foot, for walking on water. PODOSPERM Pod"o*sperm, n. Etym: [Podo- + Gr. podosperme.] (Bot.) Defn: The stalk of a seed or ovule. PODOSTOMATA Pod`o*stom"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. poy`s, podo`s, foot + (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Bryozoa of which Rhabdopleura is the type. See Rhabdopleura. PODOTHECA Pod`o*the"ca, n.; pl. Podothecæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. poy`s, podo`s, foot + (Zoöl.) Defn: The scaly covering of the foot of a bird or reptile. PODRIDA Po*dri"da, n. Etym: [Sp., rotten.] Defn: A miscellaneous dish of meats. See Olla-podrida. PODURA Po*du"ra, n.; pl. L. Poduræ, E. Poduras. Etym: [NL.; Gr. poy`s, podo`s, foot + Defn: Any small leaping thysanurous insect of the genus Podura and related genera; a springtail. Podura scale (Zoöl.), one of the minute scales with which the body of a podura is covered. They are used as test objects for the microscope. PODURID Po*du"rid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Podura or allied genera. -- a. Defn: Pertaining to the poduras. POE Po"e, n. Defn: Same as Pol. POEBIRD Po"e*bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The parson bird. POECILE Poe"ci*le, n. Defn: Same as Poicile. POECILITIC Poe`ci*lit"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Geol.) (a) Mottled with various colors; variegated; spotted; -- said of certain rocks. (b) Specifically: Of or pertaining to, or characterizing, Triassic and Permian sandstones of red and other colors. [Also written poikilitic.] POECILOPOD Poe*cil"o*pod, n. Etym: [Cf. F. poecilopode.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Poecilopoda. Also used adjectively. POECILOPODA Poe`ci*lop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) (a) Originally, an artificial group including many parasitic Entomostraca, together with the horseshoe crabs (Limuloidea). (b) By some recent writers applied to the Merostomata. POEM Po"em, n. Etym: [L. poëma, Gr. poëme.] 1. A metrical composition; a composition in verse written in certain measures, whether in blank verse or in rhyme, and characterized by imagination and poetic diction; -- contradistinguished from prose; as, the poems of Homer or of Milton. 2. A composition, not in verse, of which the language is highly imaginative or impassioned; as, a prose poem; the poems of Ossian. POEMATIC Po`em*at"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to a poem, or to poetry; poetical. [R.] Coleridge. POENAMU Po*e"na*mu, n. (Min.) Defn: A variety of jade or nephrite, -- used in New Zealand for the manufacture of axes and weapons. POENOLOGY Poe*nol"o*gy, n. Defn: See Penology. POEPHAGA Po*eph"a*ga, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of herbivorous marsupials including the kangaroos and their allies. -- Po*eph"a*gous, a. POESY Po"e*sy, n. Etym: [F. poésie (cf. It. poesia), L. poesis, from Gr. Posy.] 1. The art of composing poems; poetical skill or faculty; as, the heavenly gift of poesy. Shak. 2. Poetry; metrical composition; poems. Music and poesy used to quicken you. Shak. 3. A short conceit or motto engraved on a ring or other thing; a posy. Bacon. POET Po"et, n. Etym: [F. poëte, L. poëta, fr. Gr. Poem.] Defn: One skilled in making poetry; one who has a particular genius for metrical composition; the author of a poem; an imaginative thinker or writer. The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven. Shak. A poet is a maker, as the word signifies. Dryden. Poet laureate. See under Laureate. POETASTER Po"et*as`ter, n. Defn: An inferior rhymer, or writer of verses; a dabbler in poetic art. The talk of forgotten poetasters. Macaulay. POETASTRY Po"et*as`try, n. Defn: The works of a poetaster. [R.] POETESS Po"et*ess, n. Etym: [Cf. F. poétesse.] Defn: A female poet. POETIC; POETICAL Po*et"ic, Po*et"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. poëticus, Gr. poétiquee.] 1. Of or pertaining to poetry; suitable for poetry, or for writing poetry; as, poetic talent, theme, work, sentiments. Shak. 2. Expressed in metrical form; exhibiting the imaginative or the rhythmical quality of poetry; as, a poetical composition; poetical prose. Poetic license. See License, n., 4. POETICALLY Po*et"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a poetic manner. POETICS Po*et"ics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. poétique, L. poëtica, poëtice, Gr. Defn: The principles and rules of the art of poetry. J. Warton. POETICULE Po*et"i*cule, n. Defn: A poetaster. Swinburne. POETIZE Po"et*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Poetized; p. pr. & vb. n. Poetizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. poétiser.] Defn: To write as a poet; to compose verse; to idealize. I versify the truth, not poetize. Donne. POETRY Po"et*ry, n. Etym: [OF. poeterie. See Poet.] 1. The art of apprehending and interpreting ideas by the faculty of imagination; the art of idealizing in thought and in expression. For poetry is the blossom and the fragrance of all human knowledge, human thoughts, human passions, emotions, language. Coleridge. 2. Imaginative language or composition, whether expressed rhythmically or in prose. Specifically: Metrical composition; verse; rhyme; poems collectively; as, heroic poetry; dramatic poetry; lyric or Pindaric poetry. "The planetlike music of poetry." Sir P. Sidney. She taketh most delight In music, instruments, and poetry. Shak. POETS' CORNER Po"ets' Cor"ner. Defn: An angle in the south transept of Westminster Abbey, London; -- so called because it contains the tombs of Chaucer, Spenser, Dryden, Ben Jonson, Gray, Tennyson, Browning, and other English poets, and memorials to many buried elsewhere. POETSHIP Po"et*ship, n. Defn: The state or personality of a poet. [R.] POGAMOGGAN Pog`a*mog"gan, n. [North Amer. Indian.] Defn: An aboriginal weapon consisting of a stone or piece of antler fastened to the end of a slender wooden handle, used by American Indians from the Great Plains to the Mackenzie River. POGGY Pog"gy, n. (Zoöl.) (a) See Porgy. (b) A small whale. POGY Po"gy, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The menhaden. Note: Pogy is often confounded with porgy, and therefore incorrectly applied to various fishes. POH Poh, interj. Defn: An exclamation expressing contempt or disgust; bah ! POHAGEN Po*ha"gen, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Pauhaugen. POI Po"i, n. Defn: A national food of the Hawaiians, made by baking and pounding the kalo (or taro) root, and reducing it to a thin paste, which is allowed to ferment. POICILE; POECILE Poi"ci*le, or; Poe"ci*le, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. poecile.] Defn: The frescoed porch or gallery in Athens where Zeno taught. R. Browning. POIGNANCY Poign"an*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being poignant; as, the poignancy of satire; the poignancy of grief. Swift. POIGNANT Poign"ant, a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of poindre to sting, fr. L. pungere to prick, sting. See Pungent.] 1. Pricking; piercing; sharp; pungent. "His poignant spear." Spenser. "Poynaunt sauce." Chaucer. 2. Fig.: Pointed; keen; satirical. His wit . . . became more lively and poignant. Sir W. Scott. POIGNANTLY Poign"ant*ly, adv. Defn: In a poignant manner. POIKILITIC Poi`ki*lit"ic, a. (Geol.) Defn: See Poecilitic. POIKILOCYTE Poi"ki*lo*cyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: An irregular form of corpuscle found in the blood in cases of profound anæmia, probably a degenerated red blood corpuscle. POIKILOTHERMAL; POIKILOTHERMIC Poi`ki*lo*ther"mal, Poi`ki*lo*ther"mic, a. Etym: [Gr. thermal, thermic.] (Physiol.) Defn: Having a varying body temperature. See Homoiothermal. POIKILOTHERMOUS Poi`ki*lo*ther"mous, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Poikilothermal. POINCIANA Poin`ci*a"na, n. Etym: [NL. Named after M. de Poinci, a governor of the French West Indies.] (Bot.) Defn: A prickly tropical shrub (Cæsalpinia, formerly Poinciana, pulcherrima), with bipinnate leaves, and racemes of showy orange-red flowers with long crimson filaments. Note: The genus Poinciana is kept up for three trees of Eastern Africa, the Mascarene Islands, and India. POIND Poind, v. t. Etym: [See Pound to confine.] 1. To impound, as cattle. [Obs. or Scot.] Flavel. 2. To distrain. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. POINDER Poind"er, n. 1. The keeper of a cattle pound; a pinder. [Obs. or Scot.] T. Adams. 2. One who distrains property. [Scot.] Jamieson. POINSETTIA Poin*set"ti*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named after Joel R. Poinsett of South Carolina.] (Bot.) Defn: A Mexican shrub (Euphorbia pulcherrima) with very large and conspicuous vermilion bracts below the yellowish flowers. POINT Point, v. t. & i. Defn: To appoint. [Obs.] Spenser. POINT Point, n. Etym: [F. point, and probably also pointe, L. punctum, puncta, fr. pungere, punctum, to prick. See Pungent, and cf. Puncto, Puncture.] 1. That which pricks or pierces; the sharp end of anything, esp. the sharp end of a piercing instrument, as a needle or a pin. 2. An instrument which pricks or pierces, as a sort of needle used by engravers, etchers, lace workers, and others; also, a pointed cutting tool, as a stone cutter's point; -- called also pointer. 3. Anything which tapers to a sharp, well-defined termination. Specifically: A small promontory or cape; a tract of land extending into the water beyond the common shore line. 4. The mark made by the end of a sharp, piercing instrument, as a needle; a prick. 5. An indefinitely small space; a mere spot indicated or supposed. Specifically: (Geom.) That which has neither parts nor magnitude; that which has position, but has neither length, breadth, nor thickness, -- sometimes conceived of as the limit of a line; that by the motion of which a line is conceived to be produced. 6. An indivisible portion of time; a moment; an instant; hence, the verge. When time's first point begun Made he all souls. Sir J. Davies. 7. A mark of punctuation; a character used to mark the divisions of a composition, or the pauses to be observed in reading, or to point off groups of figures, etc.; a stop, as a comma, a semicolon, and esp. a period; hence, figuratively, an end, or conclusion. And there a point, for ended is my tale. Chaucer. Commas and points they set exactly right. Pope. 8. Whatever serves to mark progress, rank, or relative position, or to indicate a transition from one state or position to another, degree; step; stage; hence, position or condition attained; as, a point of elevation, or of depression; the stock fell off five points; he won by tenpoints. "A point of precedence." Selden. "Creeping on from point to point." Tennyson. A lord full fat and in good point. Chaucer. 9. That which arrests attention, or indicates qualities or character; a salient feature; a characteristic; a peculiarity; hence, a particular; an item; a detail; as, the good or bad points of a man, a horse, a book, a story, etc. He told him, point for point, in short and plain. Chaucer. In point of religion and in point of honor. Bacon. Shalt thou dispute With Him the points of liberty Milton. 10. Hence, the most prominent or important feature, as of an argument, discourse, etc.; the essential matter; esp., the proposition to be established; as, the point of an anecdote. "Here lies the point." Shak. They will hardly prove his point. Arbuthnot. 11. A small matter; a trifle; a least consideration; a punctilio. This fellow doth not stand upon points. Shak. [He] cared not for God or man a point. Spenser. 12. (Mus.) Defn: A dot or mark used to designate certain tones or time; as: (a) (Anc. Mus.) A dot or mark distinguishing or characterizing certain tones or styles; as, points of perfection, of augmentation, etc.; hence, a note; a tune. "Sound the trumpet -- not a levant, or a flourish, but a point of war." Sir W. Scott. (b) (Mod. Mus.) A dot placed at the right hand of a note, to raise its value, or prolong its time, by one half, as to make a whole note equal to three half notes, a half note equal to three quarter notes. 13. (Astron.) Defn: A fixed conventional place for reference, or zero of reckoning, in the heavens, usually the intersection of two or more great circles of the sphere, and named specifically in each case according to the position intended; as, the equinoctial points; the solstitial points; the nodal points; vertical points, etc. See Equinoctial Nodal. 14. (Her.) Defn: One of the several different parts of the escutcheon. See Escutcheon. 15. (Naut.) (a) One of the points of the compass (see Points of the compass, below); also, the difference between two points of the compass; as, to fall off a point. (b) A short piece of cordage used in reefing sails. See Reef point, under Reef. 16. (Anc. Costume) Defn: A a string or lace used to tie together certain parts of the dress. Sir W. Scott. 17. Lace wrought the needle; as, point de Venise; Brussels point. See Point lace, below. 18. pl. (Railways) Defn: A switch. [Eng.] 19. An item of private information; a hint; a tip; a pointer. [Cant, U. S.] 20. (Cricket) Defn: A fielder who is stationed on the off side, about twelve or fifteen yards from, and a little in advance of, the batsman. 21. The attitude assumed by a pointer dog when he finds game; as, the dog came to a point. See Pointer. 22. (Type Making) Defn: A standard unit of measure for the size of type bodies, being one twelfth of the thickness of pica type. See Point system of type, under Type. 23. A tyne or snag of an antler. 24. One of the spaces on a backgammon board. 25. (Fencing) Defn: A movement executed with the saber or foil; as, tierce point. Note: The word point is a general term, much used in the sciences, particularly in mathematics, mechanics, perspective, and physics, but generally either in the geometrical sense, or in that of degree, or condition of change, and with some accompanying descriptive or qualifying term, under which, in the vocabulary, the specific uses are explained; as, boiling point, carbon point, dry point, freezing point, melting point, vanishing point, etc. At all points, in every particular, completely; perfectly. Shak. -- At point, In point, At, In, or On, the point, as near as can be; on the verge; about (see About, prep., 6); as, at the point of death; he was on the point of speaking. "In point to fall down." Chaucer. "Caius Sidius Geta, at point to have been taken, recovered himself so valiantly as brought day on his side." Milton. -- Dead point. (Mach.) Same as Dead center, under Dead. -- Far point (Med.), in ophthalmology, the farthest point at which objects are seen distinctly. In normal eyes the nearest point at which objects are seen distinctly; either with the two eyes together (binocular near point), or with each eye separately (monocular near point). -- Nine points of the law, all but the tenth point; the greater weight of authority. -- On the point. See At point, above. -- Point lace, lace wrought with the needle, as distinguished from that made on the pillow. -- Point net, a machine-made lace imitating a kind of Brussels lace (Brussels ground). -- Point of concurrence (Geom.), a point common to two lines, but not a point of tangency or of intersection, as, for instance, that in which a cycloid meets its base. -- Point of contrary flexure, a point at which a curve changes its direction of curvature, or at which its convexity and concavity change sides. -- Point of order, in parliamentary practice, a question of order or propriety under the rules. -- Point of sight (Persp.), in a perspective drawing, the point assumed as that occupied by the eye of the spectator. -- Point of view, the relative position from which anything is seen or any subject is considered. -- Points of the compass (Naut.), the thirty-two points of division of the compass card in the mariner's compass; the corresponding points by which the circle of the horizon is supposed to be divided, of which the four marking the directions of east, west, north, and south, are called cardinal points, and the rest are named from their respective directions, as N. by E., N. N. E., N. E. by N., N. E., etc. See Illust. under Compass. -- Point paper, paper pricked through so as to form a stencil for transferring a design. -- Point system of type. See under Type. -- Singular point (Geom.), a point of a curve which possesses some property not possessed by points in general on the curve, as a cusp, a point of inflection, a node, etc. -- To carry one's point, to accomplish one's object, as in a controversy. -- To make a point of, to attach special importance to. -- To make, or gain, a point, accomplish that which was proposed; also, to make advance by a step, grade, or position. -- To mark, or score, a point, as in billiards, cricket, etc., to note down, or to make, a successful hit, run, etc. -- To strain a point, to go beyond the proper limit or rule; to stretch one's authority or conscience. -- Vowel point, in Hebrew, and certain other Eastern and ancient languages, a mark placed above or below the consonant, or attached to it, representing the vowel, or vocal sound, which precedes or follows the consonant. POINT Point, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Pointing.] Etym: [Cf. F. pointer. See Point, n.] 1. To give a point to; to sharpen; to cut, forge, grind, or file to an acute end; as, to point a dart, or a pencil. Used also figuratively; as, to point a moral. 2. To direct toward an abject; to aim; as, to point a gun at a wolf, or a cannon at a fort. 3. Hence, to direct the attention or notice of. Whosoever should be guided through his battles by Minerva, and pointed to every scene of them. Pope. 4. To supply with punctuation marks; to punctuate; as, to point a composition. 5. To mark (as Hebrew) with vowel points. 6. To give particular prominence to; to designate in a special manner; to indicate, as if by pointing; as, the error was pointed out. Pope. He points it, however, by no deviation from his straightforward manner of speech. Dickens. 7. To indicate or discover by a fixed look, as game. 8. (Masonry) Defn: To fill up and finish the joints of (a wall), by introducing additional cement or mortar, and bringing it to a smooth surface. 9. (Stone Cutting) Defn: To cut, as a surface, with a pointed tool. To point a rope (Naut.), to taper and neatly finish off the end by interweaving the nettles. -- To point a sail (Naut.), to affix points through the eyelet holes of the reefs. -- To point off, to divide into periods or groups, or to separate, by pointing, as figures. -- To point the yards (of a vessel) (Naut.), to brace them so that the wind shall strike the sails obliquely. Totten. POINT Point (point), v. i. 1. To direct the point of something, as of a finger, for the purpose of designating an object, and attracting attention to it; -- with at. Now must the world point at poor Katharine. Shak. Point at the tattered coat and ragged shoe. Dryden. 2. To indicate the presence of game by fixed and steady look, as certain hunting dogs do. He treads with caution, and he points with fear. Gay. 3. (Med.) Defn: To approximate to the surface; to head; -- said of an abscess. To point at, to treat with scorn or contempt by pointing or directing attention to. -- To point well (Naut.), to sail close to the wind; -- said of a vessel. POINTAL Point"al, n. Etym: [From Point: cf. F. pointal an upright wooden prop, OF. pointille a prick or prickle.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The pistil of a plant. 2. A kind of pencil or style used with the tablets of the Middle Ages. "A pair of tablets [i. e., tablets] . . . and a pointel." Chaucer. 3. (Arch.) Defn: See Poyntel. [Obs. or R.] POINT ALPHABET Point alphabet. Defn: An alphabet for the blind with a system of raised points corresponding to letters. POINT APPLIQUE Point appliqué. Defn: Lace having a needle-made design applied to a net ground, this ground often being machine-made. POINT-BLANK Point`-blank", n. Etym: [F. point point + blanc white.] 1. The white spot on a target, at which an arrow or other missile is aimed. [Obs.] Jonson. 2. (Mil.) (a) With all small arms, the second point in which the natural line of sight, when horizontal, cuts the trajectory. (b) With artillery, the point where the projectile first strikes the horizontal plane on which the gun stands, the axis of the piece being horizontal. POINT-BLANK Point`-blank", a. 1. Directed in a line toward the object aimed at; aimed directly toward the mark. 2. Hence, direct; plain; unqualified; -- said of language; as, a point-blank assertion. Point-blank range, the extent of the apparent right line of a ball discharged. -- Point-blank shot, the shot of a gun pointed directly toward the object to be hit. POINT-BLANK Point`-blank", adv. Defn: In a point-blank manner. To sin point-blank against God's word. Fuller. POINT D'APPUI Point` d'ap`pui". Etym: [F.] (Mil.) Defn: See under Appui. POINT-DEVICE; POINT-DEVISE Point`-de*vice", Point`-de*vise", a. Etym: [OE. at point devis; at at + point point, condition + devis exact, careful, OF. devis fixed, set. See Device.] Defn: Uncommonly nice and exact; precise; particular. You are rather point-devise in your accouterments. Shak. Thus he grew up, in logic point-devise, Perfect in grammar, and in rhetoric nice. Longfellow. POINT-DEVICE; POINT-DEVISE Point`-de*vice", Point`-de*vise", adv. Defn: Exactly. [Obs.] Shak. POINTED Point"ed, a. 1. Sharp; having a sharp point; as, a pointed rock. 2. Characterized by sharpness, directness, or pithiness of expression; terse; epigrammatic; especially, directed to a particular person or thing. His moral pleases, not his pointed wit. Pope. Pointed arch (Arch.), an arch with a pointed crown. -- Pointed style (Arch.), a name given to that style of architecture in which the pointed arch is the predominant feature; -- more commonly called Gothic. -- Point"ed*ly, adv. -- Point"ed*ness, n. POINTEL Point"el, n. Etym: [From Point. Cf. Pointal.] Defn: See Pointal. POINTER Point"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, points. Specifically: (a) The hand of a timepiece. (b) (Zoöl.) One of a breed of dogs trained to stop at scent of game, and with the nose point it out to sportsmen. (c) pl. (Astron.) Defn: The two stars (Merak and Dubhe) in the Great Bear, the line between which points nearly in the direction of the north star. See Illust. of Ursa Major. (b) pl. (Naut.) Defn: Diagonal braces sometimes fixed across the hold. POINTING Point"ing, n. 1. The act of sharpening. 2. The act of designating, as a position or direction, by means of something pointed, as a finger or a rod. 3. The act or art of punctuating; punctuation. 4. The act of filling and finishing the joints in masonry with mortar, cement, etc.; also, the material so used. 5. The rubbing off of the point of the wheat grain in the first process of high milling. 6. (Sculpt.) Defn: The act or process of measuring, at the various distances from the surface of a block of marble, the surface of a future piece of statuary; also, a process used in cutting the statue from the artist's model. POINTINGSTOCK Point`ing*stock`, n. Defn: An object of ridicule or scorn; a laughingstock. Shak. POINTLESS Point"less, a. Defn: Having no point; blunt; wanting keenness; obtuse; as, a pointless sword; a pointless remark. Syn. -- Blunt; obtuse, dull; stupid. POINTLESSLY Point"less*ly, adv. Defn: Without point. POINTLETED Point"let*ed, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a small, distinct point; apiculate. Henslow. POINTREL Poin"trel, n. Defn: A graving tool. Knight. POINTSMAN Points"man, n.; pl. -men (-men). Defn: A man who has charge of railroad points or switches. [Eng.] POINT SWITCH Point switch. (Railroads) Defn: A switch made up of a rail from each track, both rails being tapered far back and connected to throw alongside the through rail of either track. POISE Poise, n. Etym: [OE. pois, peis, OF. pois, peis, F. poids, fr. L. pensum a portion weighed out, pendere to weigh, weigh out. Cf. Avoirdupois, Pendant, Poise, v.] [Formerly written also peise.] 1. Weight; gravity; that which causes a body to descend; heaviness. "Weights of an extraordinary poise." Evelyn. 2. The weight, or mass of metal, used in weighing, to balance the substance weighed. 3. The state of being balanced by equal weight or power; equipoise; balance; equilibrium; rest. Bentley. 4. That which causes a balance; a counterweight. Men of unbounded imagination often want the poise of judgment. Dryden. POISE Poise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poised, (; p. pr. & vb. n. Poising.] Etym: [OE. poisen, peisen, OF. & F. peser, to weigh, balance, OF. il peise, il poise, he weighs, F. il pèse, fr. L. pensare, v. intens. fr. pendere to weigh. See Poise, n., and cf. Pensive.] [Formerly written also peise.] 1. To balance; to make of equal weight; as, to poise the scales of a balance. 2. To hold or place in equilibrium or equiponderance. Nor yet was earth suspended in the sky; Nor poised, did on her own foundation lie. Dryden. 3. To counterpoise; to counterbalance. One scale of reason to poise another of sensuality. Shak. To poise with solid sense a sprightly wit. Dryden. 4. To ascertain, as by the balance; to weigh. He can not sincerely consider the strength, poise the weight, and discern the evidence. South. 5. To weigh (down); to oppress. [Obs.] Lest leaden slumber peise me down to-morrow. Shak. POISE Poise, v. i. Defn: To hang in equilibrium; to be balanced or suspended; hence, to be in suspense or doubt. The slender, graceful spars Poise aloft in air. Longfellow. POISER Pois"er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The balancer of dipterous insects. POISON Poi"son, n. Etym: [F. poison, in Old French also, a potion, fr. L. potio a drink, draught, potion, a poisonous draught, fr. potare to drink. See Potable, and cf. Potion.] 1. Any agent which, when introduced into the animal organism, is capable of producing a morbid, noxious, or deadly effect upon it; as, morphine is a deadly poison; the poison of pestilential diseases. 2. That which taints or destroys moral purity or health; as, the poison of evil example; the poison of sin. Poison ash. (Bot.) (a) A tree of the genus Amyris (A. balsamifera) found in the West Indies, from the trunk of which a black liquor distills, supposed to have poisonous qualities. (b) The poison sumac (Rhus venenata). [U. S.] -- Poison dogwood (Bot.), poison sumac. -- Poison fang (Zoöl.), one of the superior maxillary teeth of some species of serpents, which, besides having the cavity for the pulp, is either perforated or grooved by a longitudinal canal, at the lower end of which the duct of the poison gland terminates. See Illust. under Fang. -- Poison gland (Biol.), a gland, in animals or plants, which secretes an acrid or venomous matter, that is conveyed along an organ capable of inflicting a wound. -- Poison hemlock (Bot.), a poisonous umbelliferous plant (Conium maculatum). See Hemlock. -- Poison ivy (Bot.), a poisonous climbing plant (Rhus Toxicodendron) of North America. It is common on stone walls and on the trunks of trees, and has trifoliate, rhombic-ovate, variously notched leaves. Many people are poisoned by it, if they touch the leaves. See Poison sumac. Called also poison oak, and mercury. -- Poison nut. (Bot.) (a) Nux vomica. (b) The tree which yields this seed (Strychnos Nuxvomica). It is found on the Malabar and Coromandel coasts. -- Poison oak (Bot.), the poison ivy; also, the more shrubby Rhus diversiloba of California and Oregon. Poison sac. (Zoöl.) Same as Poison gland, above. See Illust. under Fang. -- Poison sumac (Bot.), a poisonous shrub of the genus Rhus (R. venenata); -- also called poison ash, poison dogwood, and poison elder. It has pinnate leaves on graceful and slender common petioles, and usually grows in swampy places. Both this plant and the poison ivy (Rhus Toxicodendron) have clusters of smooth greenish white berries, while the red-fruited species of this genus are harmless. The tree (Rhus vernicifera) which yields the celebrated Japan lacquer is almost identical with the poison sumac, and is also very poisonous. The juice of the poison sumac also forms a lacquer similar to that of Japan. Syn. -- Venom; virus; bane; pest; malignity. -- Poison, Venom. Poison usually denotes something received into the system by the mouth, breath, etc. Venom is something discharged from animals and received by means of a wound, as by the bite or sting of serpents, scorpions, etc. Hence, venom specifically implies some malignity of nature or purpose. POISON Poi"son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poisoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Poisoning.] Etym: [Cf. OF. poisonner, F. empoissoner, L. potionare to give to drink. See Poison, n.] 1. To put poison upon or into; to infect with poison; as, to poison an arrow; to poison food or drink. "The ingredients of our poisoned chalice." Shak. 2. To injure or kill by poison; to administer poison to. If you poison us, do we not die Shak. 3. To taint; to corrupt; to vitiate; as, vice poisons happiness; slander poisoned his mind. Whispering tongues can poison truth. Coleridge. POISON Poi"son, v. i. Defn: To act as, or convey, a poison. Tooth that poisons if it bite. Shak. POISONABLE Poi"son*a*ble, a. 1. Capable of poisoning; poisonous. [Obs.] "Poisonable heresies." Tooker. 2. Capable of being poisoned. POISON BUSH Poison bush. In Australia: (a) Any fabaceous shrub of the genus Gastrolobium, the herbage of which is poisonous to stock; also, any species of several related genera, as Oxylobium, Gompholobium, etc. (b) The plant Myoporum deserti, often distinguished as Ellangowan poison bush or dogwood poison bush. (c) The ulmaceous plant Trema cannabina, which, though not poisonous, is injurious to stock because of its large amount of fiber. POISON CUP Poison cup. 1. A cup containing poison. 2. A cup that was supposed to break on having poison put into it. POISONER Poi"son*er, n. Defn: One who poisons. Shak. POISONOUS Poi"son*ous, a. Defn: Having the qualities or effects of poison; venomous; baneful; corrupting; noxious. Shak. -- Poi"son*ous*ly, adv. -- Poi"son*ous*ness, n. POISONSOME Poi"son*some, a. Defn: Poisonous.[Obs.] Holland. POISURE Poi"sure, n. Etym: [See Poise.] Defn: Weight. [Obs.] POITREL Poi"trel, n. Etym: [OE. poitrel, F. poitrail, fr. L. pectorale a breastplate, fr. pectoralis, a. See Pectoral, a.] (Anc. Armor) Defn: The breastplate of the armor of a horse. See Peytrel. [Obs.] Chaucer. POIZE Poize, n. Defn: See Poise. [Obs.] POKAL Po*kal", n. Etym: [G.] Defn: A tall drinking cup. POKE Poke, n. (Bot.) Defn: A large North American herb of the genus Phytolacca (P. decandra), bearing dark purple juicy berries; -- called also garget, pigeon berry, pocan, and pokeweed. The root and berries have emetic and purgative properties, and are used in medicine. The young shoots are sometimes eaten as a substitute for asparagus, and the berries are said to be used in Europe to color wine. POKE Poke, n. Etym: [AS. poca, poha, pohha; akin to Icel. poki, OD. poke, and perh. to E. pock; cf. also Gael.poca, and OF. poque. Cf. Pock, Pocket, Pouch.] 1. A bag; a sack; a pocket. "He drew a dial from his poke." Shak. They wallowed as pigs in a poke. Chaucer. 2. A long, wide sleeve; -- called also poke sleeve. To boy a pig a poke (that is, in a bag), to buy a thing without knowledge or examination of it. Camden. POKE Poke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poked; p. pr. & vb. n. Poking.] Etym: [Cf. LG. poken to prick, pierce, thrust, pok a dagger, knife, D. pook, G. pocken to beat, also Ir. poc a blow, Gael. puc to push.] 1. To thrust or push against or into with anything pointed; hence, to stir up; to excite; as, to poke a fire. He poked John, and said "Sleepest thou " Chaucer. 2. To thrust with the horns; to gore. 3. Etym: [From 5th Poke, 3.] Defn: To put a poke on; as, to poke an ox. [Colloq. U. S.] To poke fun, to excite fun; to joke; to jest. [Colloq.] -- To poke fun at, to make a butt of; to ridicule. [Colloq.] POKE Poke, v. i. Defn: To search; to feel one's way, as in the dark; to grope; as, to poke about. A man must have poked into Latin and Greek. Prior. POKE Poke, n. 1. The act of poking; a thrust; a jog; as, a poke in the ribs. Ld. Lytton. 2. A lazy person; a dawdler; also, a stupid or uninteresting person. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett. 3. A contrivance to prevent an animal from leaping or breaking through fences. It consists of a yoke with a pole inserted, pointed forward. [U.S.] Poke bonnet, a bonnet with a straight, projecting front. POKEBAG Poke"bag`, n. Etym: [So called in allusion to its baglike nest.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European long-tailed titmouse; -- called also poke-pudding. [Prov. Eng.] POKER Pok"er, n. Etym: [From Poke to push.] 1. One who pokes. 2. That which pokes or is used in poking, especially a metal bar or rod used in stirring a fire of coals. 3. A poking-stick. Decker. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The poachard. [Prov. Eng.] Poker picture, a picture formed in imitation of bisterwashed drawings, by singeing the surface of wood with a heated poker or other iron. Fairholt. POKER Pok"er, n. Etym: [Of uncertain etymol.] Defn: A game at cards derived from brag, and first played about 1835 in the Southwestern United States. Johnson's Cyc. Note: A poker hand is played with a poker deck, composed of fifty-two cards, of thirteeen values, each card value being represented once in each of four "suits", namely spades, hearts, diamonds, and clubs. The game is played in many variations, but almost invariably the stage of decision as to who wins occurs when each player has five cards (or chooses five cards from some larger number available to him). The winner usually is the player with the highest-valued hand, but, in some variations, the winner may be the player with the lowest-valued hand. The value of a hand is ranked by hand types, representing the relationships of the cards to each other. [The hand types are ranked by the probability of receiving such a hand when dealt five cards.] Within each hand type the value is also ranked by the values of the cards. The hand types are labeled, in decreasing value: five of a kind; royal flush; straight flush; four of a kind; full house (coll. full boat, or boat); flush; straight; three of a kind; two pairs; one pair; and, when the contending players have no hands of any of the above types, the player with the highest-valued card wins -- if there is a tie, the next-highest-valued card of the tied players determines the winner, and so on. If two players have the same type of hand, the value of the cards within each type determines the winner; thus, if two players both have three of a kind (and no other player has a higher type of hand), the player whose three matched cards have the highest card value is the winner. POKER Pok"er, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. pokker the deuce, devil, also W. pwci, a hobgoblin, bugbear, and E. puck.] Defn: Any imagined frightful object, especially one supposed to haunt the darkness; a bugbear. [Colloq. U. S.] POKER DICE Poker dice. Defn: A game played with five dice in which the count is usually made, in order, by pairs, two pairs, three of a kind, full houses, four of a kind, and five of a kind (the highest throw), similar to poker; also, the dice used in this game, esp. when marked with the ace, king, queen, jack, ten, and nine instead of the usual digits. POKERISH Pok"er*ish, a. Defn: Infested by pokers; adapted to excite fear; as, a pokerish place. [Colloq. U. S.] There is something pokerish about a deserted dwelling. Lowell. POKERISH Pok"er*ish, a. Defn: Stiff like a poker. [Colloq.] POKET Pok"et, n. Defn: A pocket. [Obs.] Chaucer. POKEWEED Poke"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Poke, the plant. POKEY Pok"ey, a. Defn: See Poky. POKING Pok"ing, a. Defn: Drudging; servile. [Colloq.] Bred to some poking profession. Gray. POKING-STICK Pok"ing-stick`, n. Defn: A small stick or rod of steel, formerly used in adjusting the plaits of ruffs. Shak. POKY Pok"y, a. Etym: [Written also pokey.] 1. Confined; cramped. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Dull; tedious; uninteresting. [Colloq.] POLACCA Po*lac"ca, n. Etym: [It. polacca, polaccra, polacra; cf. F. polaque, polacre, Sp. polacre,] [Written also polacre.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A vessel with two or three masts, used in the Mediterranean. The masts are usually of one piece, and without tops, caps, or crosstrees. 2. (Mus.) Defn: See Polonaise. POLACK Po"lack, n. Defn: A Polander. Shak. POLACRE Po*la"cre, n. Defn: Same as Polacca, 1. POLANDER Po"land*er, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Poland; a Pole. POLAR Po"lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. polaire. See Pole of the earth.] 1. Of or pertaining to one of the poles of the earth, or of a sphere; situated near, or proceeding from, one of the poles; as, polar regions; polar seas; polar winds. 2. Of or pertaining to the magnetic pole, or to the point to which the magnetic needle is directed. 3. (Geom.) Defn: Pertaining to, reckoned from, or having a common radiating point; as, polar coördinates. Polar axis, that axis of an astronomical instrument, as an equatorial, which is parallel to the earths axis. -- Polar bear (Zoöl.), a large bear (Ursus, or Thalarctos, maritimus) inhabiting the arctic regions. It sometimes measures nearly nine feet in length and weighs 1,600 pounds. It is partially amphibious, very powerful, and the most carnivorous of all the bears. The fur is white, tinged with yellow. Called also White bear. See Bear. -- Polar body, cell, or globule (Biol.), a minute cell which separates by karyokinesis from the ovum during its maturation. In the maturation of ordinary ova two polar bodies are formed, but in parthogenetic ova only one. The first polar body formed is usually larger than the second one, and often divides into two after its separation from the ovum. Each of the polar bodies removes maternal chromatin from the ovum to make room for the chromatin of the fertilizing spermatozoön; but their functions are not fully understood. -- Polar circles (Astron. & Geog.), two circles, each at a distance from a pole of the earth equal to the obliquity of the ecliptic, or about 23º 28', the northern called the arctic circle, and the southern the antarctic circle. -- Polar clock, a tube, containing a polarizing apparatus, turning on an axis parallel to that of the earth, and indicating the hour of the day on an hour circle, by being turned toward the plane of maximum polarization of the light of the sky, which is always 90º from the sun. -- Polar coördinates. See under 3d Coördinate. -- Polar dial, a dial whose plane is parallel to a great circle passing through the poles of the earth. Math. Dict. -- Polar distance, the angular distance of any point on a sphere from one of its poles, particularly of a heavenly body from the north pole of the heavens. -- Polar equation of a line or surface, an equation which expresses the relation between the polar coördinates of every point of the line or surface. -- Polar forces (Physics), forces that are developed and act in pairs, with opposite tendencies or properties in the two elements, as magnetism, electricity, etc. -- Polar hare (Zoöl.), a large hare of Arctic America (Lepus arcticus), which turns pure white in winter. It is probably a variety of the common European hare (L. timidus). -- Polar lights, the aurora borealis or australis. -- Polar, or Polaric, opposition or contrast (Logic), an opposition or contrast made by the existence of two opposite conceptions which are the extremes in a species, as white and black in colors; hence, as great an opposition or contrast as possible. -- Polar projection. See under Projection. -- Polar spherical triangle (Spherics), a spherical triangle whose three angular points are poles of the sides of a given triangle. See 4th Pole, 2. -- Polar whale (Zoöl.), the right whale, or bowhead. See Whale. POLAR Po"lar, n. (Conic Sections) Defn: The right line drawn through the two points of contact of the two tangents drawn from a given point to a given conic section. The given point is called the pole of the line. If the given point lies within the curve so that the two tangents become imaginary, there is still a real polar line which does not meet the curve, but which possesses other properties of the polar. Thus the focus and directrix are pole and polar. There are also poles and polar curves to curves of higher degree than the second, and poles and polar planes to surfaces of the second degree. POLARCHY Pol"ar*chy, n. Defn: See Polyarchy. POLARIC Po*lar"ic, a. Defn: See Polar. [R.] POLARILY Po"lar*i*ly, adv. Defn: In a polary manner; with polarity. [R.] Sir T. Browne. POLARIMETER Po`lar*im"e*ter, n. Etym: [Polar + -meter.] (Opt.) Defn: An instrument for determining the amount of polarization of light, or the proportion of polarized light, in a partially polarized ray. POLARIMETRY Po`lar*im"e*try, n. (Opt.) Defn: The art or process of measuring the polarization of light. POLARIS Po*la"ris, n. Etym: [NL. See Polar.] (Astron.) Defn: The polestar. See North star, under North. POLARISCOPE Po*lar"i*scope, n. Etym: [Polar + -scope.] (Opt.) Defn: An instrument consisting essentially of a polarizer and an analyzer, used for polarizing light, and analyzing its properties. POLARISCOPIC Po*lar`i*scop"ic, a. (Opt.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the polariscope; obtained by the use of a polariscope; as, polariscopic observations. POLARISCOPY Po`lar*is"co*py, n. (Opt.) Defn: The art or rocess of making observations with the polariscope. POLARISTIC Po`lar*is"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or exhibiting, poles; having a polar arrangement or disposition; arising from, or dependent upon, the possession of poles or polar characteristics; as, polaristic antagonism. POLARITY Po*lar"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. polarité.] 1. (Physics) Defn: That quality or condition of a body in virtue of which it exhibits opposite, or contrasted, properties or powers, in opposite, or contrasted, parts or directions; or a condition giving rise to a contrast of properties corresponding to a contrast of positions, as, for example, attraction and repulsion in the opposite parts of a magnet, the dissimilar phenomena corresponding to the different sides of a polarized ray of light, etc. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A property of the conic sections by virtue of which a given point determines a corresponding right line and a given right line determines a corresponding point. See Polar, n. POLARIZABLE Po"lar*i`za*ble, a. Defn: Susceptible of polarization. POLARIZATION Po`lar*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. polarisation.] 1. The act of polarizing; the state of being polarized, or of having polarity. 2. (Opt.) Defn: A peculiar affection or condition of the rays of light or heat, in consequence of which they exhibit different properties in different directions. Note: If a beam of light, which has been reflected from a plate of unsilvered glass at an angle of about 56°, be received upon a second plate of glass similar to the former, and at the same angle of incidence, the light will be readily reflected when the two planes of incidence are parallel to each other, but will not be reflected when the two planes of incidence are perpendicular to each other. The light has, therefore, acquired new properties by reflection from the first plate of glass, and is called polarized light, while the modification which the light has experienced by this reflection is called polarization. The plane in which the beam of light is reflected from the first mirror is called the plane of polarization. The angle of polarization is the angle at which a beam of light must be reflected, in order that the polarization may be the most complete. The term polarization was derived from the theory of emission, and it was conceived that each luminous molecule has two poles analogous to the poles of a magnet; but this view is not now held. According to the undulatory theory, ordinary light is produced by vibrations transverse or perpendicular to the direction of the ray, and distributed as to show no distinction as to any particular direction. But when, by any means, these, vibrations are made to take place in one plane, the light is said to be plane polarized. If only a portion of the vibrations lie in one plane the ray is said to be partially polarized. Light may be polarized by several methods other than by reflection, as by refraction through most crystalline media, or by being transmitted obliquely through several plates of glass with parallel faces. If a beam of polarized light be transmitted through a crystal of quartz in the direction of its axis, the plane of polarization will be changed by an angle proportional to the thickness of the crystal. This phenomenon is called rotatory polarization. A beam of light reflected from a metallic surface, or from glass surfaces under certain peculiar conditions, acquires properties still more complex, its vibrations being no longer rectilinear, but circular, or elliptical. This phenomenon is called circular or elliptical polarization. 3. (Elec.) Defn: An effect produced upon the plates of a voltaic battery, or the electrodes in an electrolytic cell, by the deposition upon them of the gases liberated by the action of the current. It is chiefly due to the hydrogen, and results in an increase of the resistance, and the setting up of an opposing electro-motive force, both of which tend materially to weaken the current of the battery, or that passing through the cell. POLARIZE Po"lar*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Polarized; p. pr. & vb. n. Polarizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. polariser.] Defn: To communicate polarity to. POLARIZER Po"lar*i`zer, n. (Physics) Defn: That which polarizes; especially, the part of a polariscope which receives and polarizes the light. It is usually a reflecting plate, or a plate of some crystal, as tourmaline, or a doubly refracting crystal. POLARY Po"lar*y, a. Defn: Tending to a pole; having a direction toward a pole. [R.] Sir T. Browne. POLATOUCHE Po`la`touche", n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A flying squirrel (Sciuropterus volans) native of Northern Europe and Siberia; -- called also minene. POLDER Pol"der, n. Etym: [D.] Defn: A tract of low land reclaimed from the sea by of high embankments. [Holland & Belgium] POLDWAY Pold"way`, n. Etym: [Cf. Poledavy.] Defn: A kind of coarse bagging, -- used for coal sacks. Weale. POLE Pole, n. Etym: [Cf. G. Pole a Pole, Polen Poland.] Defn: A native or inhabitant of Poland; a Polander. POLE Pole, n. Etym: [As. pal, L. palus, akin to pangere to make fast. Cf. Pale a stake, Pact.] 1. A long, slender piece of wood; a tall, slender piece of timber; the stem of a small tree whose branches have been removed; as, specifically: (a) A carriage pole, a wooden bar extending from the front axle of a carriage between the wheel horses, by which the carriage is guided and held back. (b) A flag pole, a pole on which a flag is supported. (c) A Maypole. See Maypole. (d) A barber's pole, a pole painted in stripes, used as a sign by barbers and hairdressers. (e) A pole on which climbing beans, hops, or other vines, are trained. 2. A measuring stick; also, a measure of length equal to 5 Bacon. Pole bean (Bot.), any kind of bean which is customarily trained on poles, as the scarlet runner or the Lima bean. -- Pole flounder (Zoöl.), a large deep-water flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), native of the northern coasts of Europe and America, and much esteemed as a food fish; -- called also craig flounder, and pole fluke. -- Pole lathe, a simple form of lathe, or a substitute for a lathe, in which the work is turned by means of a cord passing around it, one end being fastened to the treadle, and the other to an elastic pole above. -- Pole mast (Naut.), a mast formed from a single piece or from a single tree. -- Pole of a lens (Opt.), the point where the principal axis meets the surface. -- Pole plate (Arch.), a horizontal timber resting on the tiebeams of a roof and receiving the ends of the rafters. It differs from the plate in not resting on the wall. POLE Pole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poled; p. pr. & vb. n. Poling.] 1. To furnish with poles for support; as, to pole beans or hops. 2. To convey on poles; as, to pole hay into a barn. 3. To impel by a pole or poles, as a boat. 4. To stir, as molten glass, with a pole. POLE Pole, n. Etym: [L. polus, Gr. pôle.] 1. Either extremity of an axis of a sphere; especially, one of the extremities of the earth's axis; as, the north pole. 2. (Spherics) Defn: A point upon the surface of a sphere equally distant from every part of the circumference of a great circle; or the point in which a diameter of the sphere perpendicular to the plane of such circle meets the surface. Such a point is called the pole of that circle; as, the pole of the horizon; the pole of the ecliptic; the pole of a given meridian. 3. (Physics) Defn: One of the opposite or contrasted parts or directions in which a polar force is manifested; a point of maximum intensity of a force which has two such points, or which has polarity; as, the poles of a magnet; the north pole of a needle. 4. The firmament; the sky. [Poetic] Shoots against the dusky pole. Milton. 5. (Geom.) Defn: See Polarity, and Polar, n. Magnetic pole. See under Magnetic. -- Poles of the earth, or Terrestrial poles (Geog.), the two opposite points on the earth's surface through which its axis passes. -- Poles of the heavens, or Celestial poles, the two opposite points in the celestial sphere which coincide with the earth's axis produced, and about which the heavens appear to revolve. POLEAX; POLEAXE Pole"ax`, Pole"axe`, n. Etym: [OE. pollax; cf. OD. pollexe. See Poll head, and Ax.] Defn: Anciently, a kind of battle-ax with a long handle; later, an ax or hatchet with a short handle, and a head variously patterned; -- used by soldiers, and also by sailors in boarding a vessel. POLECAT Pole"cat`, n. Etym: [Probably fr. F. poule hen, and originally, a poultry cat, because it feeds on poultry. See Poultry.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small European carnivore of the Weasel family (Putorius foetidus). Its scent glands secrete a substance of an exceedingly disagreeable odor. Called also fitchet, foulmart, and European ferret. (b) The zorilla. The name is also applied to other allied species. POLEDAVY Pole"da`vy, n. Etym: [Etymology uncertain.] Defn: A sort of coarse canvas; poldway. [Obs.] Howell. POLELESS Pole"less, a. Defn: Without a pole; as, a poleless chariot. POLEMARCH Pol"e*march, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: In Athens, originally, the military commanderin-chief; but, afterward, a civil magistrate who had jurisdiction in respect of strangers and sojourners. In other Grecian cities, a high military and civil officer. POLEMIC Po*lem"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. polémique.] 1. Of or pertaining to controversy; maintaining, or involving, controversy; controversial; disputative; as, a polemic discourse or essay; polemic theology. 2. Engaged in, or addicted to, polemics, or to controversy; disputations; as, a polemic writer. South. POLEMIC Po*lem"ic, n. 1. One who writes in support of one opinion, doctrine, or system, in opposition to another; one skilled in polemics; a controversialist; a disputant. The sarcasms and invectives of the young polemic. Macaulay. 2. A polemic argument or controversy. POLEMICAL Po*lem"ic*al, a. Defn: Polemic; controversial; disputatious. -- Po*lem"ic*al*ly, adv. Polemical and impertinent disputations. Jer. Taylor. POLEMICIST Po*lem"i*cist, n. Defn: A polemic. [R.] POLEMICS Po*lem"ics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. polémique.] Defn: The art or practice of disputation or controversy, especially on religious subjects; that branch of theological science which pertains to the history or conduct of ecclesiastical controversy. POLEMIST Pol"e*mist, n. Defn: A polemic. [R.] POLEMONIACEOUS Pol`e*mo`ni*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Polemoniaceæ), which includes Polemonium, Phlox, Gilia, and a few other genera. POLEMONIUM Pol`e*mo"ni*um. n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of gamopetalous perennial herbs, including the Jacob's ladder and the Greek valerian. POLEMOSCOPE Po*lem"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope: cf. F. polémoscope.] Defn: An opera glass or field glass with an oblique mirror arranged for seeing objects do not lie directly before the eye; -- called also diagonal, or side, opera glass. POLEMY Pol"e*my, n. Etym: [See Polemic.] Defn: Warfare; war; hence, contention; opposition. [Obs.] POLENTA Po*len"ta, n. Etym: [It., fr. L. polenta peeled barley.] Defn: Pudding made of Indian meal; also, porridge made of chestnut meal. [Italy] POLER Pol"er, n. Defn: One who poles. POLER Pol"er, n. Defn: An extortioner. See Poller. [Obs.] Bacon. POLESTAR Pole"star`, n. 1. Polaris, or the north star. See North star, under North. 2. A guide or director. POLEWARDS Pole"wards, adv. Defn: Toward a pole of the earth. "The regions further polewards." Whewell. POLEWIG Pole"wig, n. Etym: [Cf. Polliwig.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European spotted goby (Gobius minutus); -- called also pollybait. [Prov. Eng.] POLEY Po"ley, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Poly. POLEY Po"ley, a. Defn: Without horns; polled. [Prov. Eng.] "That poley heifer." H. Kingsley. POLIANITE Po"li*a*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Manganese dioxide, occurring in tetragonal crystals nearly as hard as quartz. POLICATE Pol"i*cate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pollicate. POLICE Po*lice", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. politia the condition of a state, government, administration, Gr. pur, puri. Cf. Policy polity, Polity.] 1. A judicial and executive system, for the government of a city, town, or district, for the preservation of rights, order, cleanliness, health, etc., and for the enforcement of the laws and prevention of crime; the administration of the laws and regulations of a city, incorporated town, or borough. 2. That which concerns the order of the community; the internal regulation of a state. 3. The organized body of civil officers in a city, town, or district, whose particular duties are the preservation of good order, the prevention and detection of crime, and the enforcement of the laws. 4. (Mil.) Defn: Military police, the body of soldiers detailed to preserve civil order and attend to sanitary arrangements in a camp or garrison. 5. The cleaning of a camp or garrison, or the state Police commissioner, a civil officer, usually one of a board, commissioned to regulate and control the appointment, duties, and discipline of the police. -- Police constable, or Police officer, a policeman. -- Police court, a minor court to try persons brought before it by the police. -- Police inspector, an officer of police ranking next below a superintendent. -- Police jury, a body of officers who collectively exercise jurisdiction in certain cases of police, as levying taxes, etc.; -- so called in Louisiana. Bouvier. -- Police justice, or Police magistrate, a judge of a police court. -- Police offenses (Law), minor offenses against the order of the community, of which a police court may have final jurisdiction. -- Police station, the headquarters of the police, or of a section of them; the place where the police assemble for orders, and to which they take arrested persons. POLICE Po*lice", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Policed; p. pr. & vb. n. Policing.] 1. To keep in order by police. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To make clean; as, to police a camp. POLICED Po*liced", a. Defn: Regulated by laws for the maintenance of peace and order, enforced by organized administration. "A policed kingdom." Howell. POLICEMAN Po*lice"man, n.; pl. Policemen (. Defn: A member of a body of police; a constable. POLICE POWER Police power. (Law) Defn: The inherent power of a government to regulate its police affairs. The term police power is not definitely fixed in meaning. In the earlier cases in the United States it was used as including the whole power of internal government, or the powers of government inherent in every sovereignty to the extent of its dominions (11 Peters (U. S.) 102). The later cases have excepted from its domain the development and administration of private law. Modern political science defines the power as a branch of internal administration in the exercise of which the executive should move within the lines of general principles prescribed by the constitution or the legislature, and in the exercise of which the most local governmental organizations should participate as far as possible (Burgess). Under this limitation the police power, as affecting persons, is the power of the state to protect the public against the abuse of individual liberty, that is, to restrain the individual in the exercise of his rights when such exercise becomes a danger to the community. The tendency of judicial and popular usage is towards this narrower definition. POLICIAL Po*li"cial (, a. Defn: Relating to the police. [R.] POLICIED Pol"i*cied, a. Defn: Policed. [Obs.] Bacon. POLICY Pol"i*cy, n.; pl. Policies. Etym: [L. politia, Gr. police, Of. police. See Police, n.] 1. Civil polity. [Obs.] 2. The settled method by which the government and affairs of a nation are, or may be, administered; a system of public or official administration, as designed to promote the external or internal prosperity of a state. 3. The method by which any institution is administered; system of management; course. 4. Management or administration based on temporal or material interest, rather than on principles of equity or honor; hence, worldly wisdom; dexterity of management; cunning; stratagem. 5. Prudence or wisdom in the management of public and private affairs; wisdom; sagacity; wit. The very policy of a hostess, finding his purse so far above his clothes, did detect him. Fuller. 6. Motive; object; inducement. [Obs.] What policy have you to bestow a benefit where it is counted an injury Sir P. Sidney. Syn. -- See Polity. POLICY Pol"i*cy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Policied; p. pr. & vb. n. Policying.] Defn: To regulate by laws; to reduce to order. [Obs.] "Policying of cities." Bacon. POLICY Pol"i*cy, n. Etym: [F. police; cf. Pr. polissia, Sp. pólizia, It. pólizza; of uncertain origin; cf. L. pollex thumb (as being used in pressing the seal), in LL. also, seal; or cf. LL. politicum, poleticum, polecticum, L. polyptychum, account book, register, fr. Gr. apodixa a receipt.] 1. A ticket or warrant for money in the public funds. 2. The writing or instrument in which a contract of insurance is embodied; an instrument in writing containing the terms and conditions on which one party engages to indemnify another against loss arising from certain hazards, perils, or risks to which his person or property may be exposed. See Insurance. 3. A method of gambling by betting as to what numbers will be drawn in a lottery; as, to play policy. Interest policy, a policy that shows by its form that the assured has a real, substantial interest in the matter insured. -- Open policy, one in which the value of the goods or property insured is not mentioned. -- Policy book, a book to contain a record of insurance policies. -- Policy holder, one to whom an insurance policy has been granted. -- Policy shop, a gambling place where one may bet on the numbers which will be drawn in lotteries. -- Valued policy, one in which the value of the goods, property, or interest insured is specified. -- Wager policy, a policy that shows on the face of it that the contract it embodies is a pretended insurance, founded on an ideal risk, where the insured has no interest in anything insured. POLING Pol"ing, n. Etym: [From Pole a stick.] 1. The act of supporting or of propelling by means of a pole or poles; as, the poling of beans; the poling of a boat. 2. (Gardening) Defn: The operation of dispersing worm casts over the walks with poles. 3. One of the poles or planks used in upholding the side earth in excavating a tunnel, ditch, etc. POLISH Pol"ish, a. Etym: [From Pole a Polander.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Poland or its inhabitants. -- n. Defn: The language of the Poles. POLISH Pol"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Polished; p. pr. & vb. n. Polishing.] Etym: [F. polir, L. polire. Cf. Polite, -ish] 1. To make smooth and glossy, usually by friction; to burnish; to overspread with luster; as, to polish glass, marble, metals, etc. 2. Hence, to refine; to wear off the rudeness, coarseness, or rusticity of; to make elegant and polite; as, to polish life or manners. Milton. To polish off, to finish completely, as an adversary. [Slang] W. H. Russell. POLISH Pol"ish, v. i. Defn: To become smooth, as from friction; to receive a gloss; to take a smooth and glossy surface; as, steel polishes well. Bacon. POLISH Pol"ish, n. 1. A smooth, glossy surface, usually produced by friction; a gloss or luster. Another prism of clearer glass and better polish. Sir I. Newton. 2. Anything used to produce a gloss. 3. Fig.: Refinement; elegance of manners. This Roman polish and this smooth behavior. Addison. POLISHABLE Pol"ish*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being polished. POLISHED Pol"ished, a. Defn: Made smooth and glossy, as by friction; hence, highly finished; refined; polite; as, polished plate; polished manners; polished verse. POLISHEDNESS Pol"ished*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being polished. POLISHER Pol"ish*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, polishes; also, that which is used in polishing. Addison. POLISHING Pol"ish*ing, Defn: a. & n. from Polish. Polishing iron, an iron burnisher; esp., a small smoothing iron used in laundries. -- Polishing slate. (a) A gray or yellow slate, found in Bohemia and Auvergne, and used for polishing glass, marble, and metals. (b) A kind of hone or whetstone; hone slate. -- Polishing snake, a tool used in cleaning lithographic stones. -- Polishing wheel, a wheel or disk coated with, or composed of, abrading material, for polishing a surface. POLISHMENT Pol"ish*ment, n. Defn: The act of polishing, or the state of being polished. [R.] POLISSOIR Po`lis`soir", n. [F.] 1. A polishing or grinding implement or instrument. 2. (Glass Making) A tool consisting of a flat wooden block with a long iron handle, used for flattening out split cylinders of blown glass. POLITE Po*lite", a. [Compar. Politer; superl. Politest.] Etym: [L. politus, p. p. of polire to polish: cf. F. poli. See Polish, v.] 1. Smooth; polished. [Obs.] Rays of light falling on a polite surface. Sir I. Newton. 2. Smooth and refined in behavior or manners; well bred; courteous; complaisant; obliging; civil. He marries, bows at court, and grows polite. Pope. 3. Characterized by refinement, or a high degree of finish; as, polite literature. Macaulay. Syn. -- Polished; refined; well bred; courteous; affable; urbane; civil; courtly; elegant; genteel. POLITE Po*lite", v. t. Defn: To polish; to refine; to render polite. [Obs.] Ray. POLITELY Po*lite"ly, adv. 1. In a polished manner; so as to be smooth or glossy. [Obs.] Milton. 2. In a polite manner; with politeness. POLITENESS Po*lite"ness, n. 1. High finish; smoothness; burnished elegance. [R.] Evelyn. 2. The quality or state of being polite; refinement of manners; urbanity; courteous behavior; complaisance; obliging attentions. Syn. -- Courtesy; good breeding; refinement; urbanity; courteousness; affability; complaisance; civility; gentility; courtliness. -- Politeness, Courtesy. Politeness denotes that ease and gracefulness of manners which first sprung up in cities, connected with a desire to please others by anticipating their wants and wishes, and studiously avoiding whatever might give them pain. Courtesy is, etymologically, the politeness of courts. It displays itself in the address and manners; it is shown more especially in receiving and entertaining others, and is a union of dignified complaisance and kindness. POLITESSE Pol`i*tesse", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Politeness. POLITIC Pol"i*tic, a. Etym: [L. politicus political, Gr. politique. See Police, and cf. ePolitical.] 1. Of or pertaining to polity, or civil government; political; as, the body politic. See under Body. He with his people made all but one politic body. Sir P. Sidney. 2. Pertaining to, or promoting, a policy, especially a national policy; well-devised; adapted to its end, whether right or wrong; -- said of things; as, a politic treaty. "Enrich'd with politic grave counsel." Shak. 3. Sagacious in promoting a policy; ingenious in devising and advancing a system of management; devoted to a scheme or system rather than to a principle; hence, in a good sense, wise; prudent; sagacious; and in a bad sense, artful; unscrupulous; cunning; -- said of persons. Politic with my friend, smooth with mine enemy. Shak. Syn. -- Wise; prudent; sagacious; discreet; provident; wary; artful; cunning. POLITIC Pol`i*tic, n. Defn: A politician. [Archaic] Bacon. Swiftly the politic goes; is it dark he borrows a lantern; Slowly the statesman and sure, guiding his feet by the stars. Lowell. POLITICAL Po*lit"i*cal, a. 1. Having, or conforming to, a settled system of administration. [R.] "A political government." Evelyn. 2. Of or pertaining to public policy, or to politics; relating to affairs of state or administration; as, a political writer. "The political state of Europe." Paley. 3. Of or pertaining to a party, or to parties, in the state; as, his political relations were with the Whigs. 4. Politic; wise; also, artful. [Obs.] Sterne. Political economy, that branch of political science or philosophy which treats of the sources, and methods of production and preservation, of the material wealth and prosperity of nations. POLITICALISM Po*lit"i*cal*ism, n. Defn: Zeal or party spirit in politics. POLITICALLY Po*lit"i*cal*ly, adv. 1. In a political manner. 2. Politicly; artfully. [Obs.] Knolles. POLITICASTER Po*lit"i*cas`ter, n. Etym: [Cf. It. politicastro.] Defn: A petty politician; a pretender in politics. Milton. POLITICIAN Pol`i*ti"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. politicien.] 1. One versed or experienced in the science of government; one devoted to politics; a statesman. While empiric politicians use deceit. Dryden. 2. One primarily devoted to his own advancement in public office, or to the success of a political party; -- used in a depreciatory sense; one addicted or attached to politics as managed by parties (see Politics, 2); a schemer; an intriguer; as, a mere politician. Like a scurvy politician, seem To see the things thou dost not. Shak. The politician . . . ready to do anything that he apprehends for his advantage. South. POLITICIAN Pol`i*ti"cian, a. Defn: Cunning; using artifice; politic; artful. "Ill-meaning politician lords." Milton. POLITICIST Po*lit"i*cist, n. Defn: A political writer. [R.] POLITICLY Pol"i*tic*ly, adv. Defn: In a politic manner; sagaciously; shrewdly; artfully. Pope. POLITICS Pol"i*tics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. politique, Gr. Politic.] 1. The science of government; that part of ethics which has to do with the regulation and government of a nation or state, the preservation of its safety, peace, and prosperity, the defense of its existence and rights against foreign control or conquest, the augmentation of its strength and resources, and the protection of its citizens in their rights, with the preservation and improvement of their morals. 2. The management of a political party; the conduct and contests of parties with reference to political measures or the administration of public affairs; the advancement of candidates to office; in a bad sense, artful or dishonest management to secure the success of political candidates or parties; political trickery. When we say that two men are talking politics, we often mean that they are wrangling about some mere party question. F. W. Robertson. POLITIZE Pol"i*tize, v. i. Defn: To play the politician; to dispute as politicians do. [Obs.] Milton. POLITURE Pol"i*ture, n. Etym: [L. politura, fr. polire to polish. See Polish, v.] Defn: Polish; gloss. [Obs.] Donne. POLITY Pol"i*ty, n.; pl. Polities. Etym: [L. politia, Gr. politie. See 1st Policy, Police.] 1. The form or constitution of the civil government of a nation or state; the framework or organization by which the various departments of government are combined into a systematic whole. Blackstone. Hooker. 2. Hence: The form or constitution by which any institution is organized; the recognized principles which lie at the foundation of any human institution. Nor is possible that any form of polity, much less polity ecclesiastical, should be good, unless God himself be author of it. Hooker. 3. Policy; art; management. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Syn. -- Policy. -- Polity, Policy. These two words were originally the same. Polity is now confined to the structure of a government; as, civil or ecclesiastical polity; while policy is applied to the scheme of management of public affairs with reference to some aim or result; as, foreign or domestic policy. Policy has the further sense of skillful or cunning management. POLITZERIZATION Po*litz`er*i*za"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: The act of inflating the middle ear by blowing air up the nose during the act of swallowing; -- so called from Prof. Politzer of Vienna, who first practiced it. POLIVE Pol"ive, n. Defn: A pulley. [Obs.] Chaucer. POLKA Pol"ka, n. Etym: [Pol. Polka a Polish woman: cf. F. & G. polka.] 1. A dance of Polish origin, but now common everywhere. It is performed by two persons in common time. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A lively Bohemian or Polish dance tune in 2-4 measure, with the third quaver accented. Polka jacket, a kind of knit jacket worn by women. POLL Poll, n. Etym: [From Polly, The proper name.] Defn: A parrot; -- familiarly so called. POLL Poll, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who does not try for honors, but is content to take a degree merely; a passman. [Cambridge Univ., Eng.] POLL Poll, n. Etym: [Akin to LG. polle the head, the crest of a bird, the top of a tree, OD. pol, polle, Dan. puld the crown of a hat.] 1. The head; the back part of the head. "All flaxen was his poll." Shak. 2. A number or aggregate of heads; a list or register of heads or individuals. We are the greater poll, and in true fear They gave us our demands. Shak. The muster file, rotten and sound, upon my life, amounts not to fifteen thousand poll. Shak. 3. Specifically, the register of the names of electors who may vote in an election. 4. The casting or recording of the votes of registered electors; as, the close of the poll. All soldiers quartered in place are to remove . . . and not to return till one day after the poll is ended. Blackstone. 5. pl. Defn: The place where the votes are cast or recorded; as, to go to the polls. 6. The broad end of a hammer; the but of an ax. 7. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European chub. See Pollard, 3 (a). Poll book, a register of persons entitled to vote at an election. -- Poll evil (Far.), an inflammatory swelling or abscess on a horse's head, confined beneath the great ligament of the neck. -- Poll pick (Mining), a pole having a heavy spike on the end, forming a kind of crowbar. -- Poll tax, a tax levied by the head, or poll; a capitation tax. POLL Poll, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Polled; p. pr. & vb. n. Polling.] 1. To remove the poll or head of; hence, to remove the top or end of; to clip; to lop; to shear; as, to poll the head; to poll a tree. When he [Absalom] pollled his head. 2 Sam. xiv. 26. His death did so grieve them that they polled themselves; they clipped off their horse and mule's hairs. Sir T. North. 2. To cut off; to remove by clipping, shearing, etc.; to mow or crop; -- sometimes with off; as, to poll the hair; to poll wool; to poll grass. Who, as he polled off his dart's head, so sure he had decreed That all the counsels of their war he would poll off like it. Chapman. 3. To extort from; to plunder; to strip. [Obs.] Which polls and pills the poor in piteous wise. Spenser. 4. To impose a tax upon. [Obs.] 5. To pay as one's personal tax. The man that polled but twelve pence for his head. Dryden. 6. To enter, as polls or persons, in a list or register; to enroll, esp. for purposes of taxation; to enumerate one by one. Polling the reformed churches whether they equalize in number those of his three kingdoms. Milton. 7. To register or deposit, as a vote; to elicit or call forth, as votes or voters; as, he polled a hundred votes more than his opponent. And poll for points of faith his trusty vote. Tickell. 8. (Law) Defn: To cut or shave smooth or even; to cut in a straight line without indentation; as, a polled deed. See Dee. Burrill. To poll a jury, to call upon each member of the jury to answer individually as to his concurrence in a verdict which has been rendered. POLL Poll, v. i. Defn: To vote at an election. Beaconsfield. POLLACK Pol"lack, n. Etym: [Cf. G. & D. pollack, and Gael. pollag a little pool, a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) (a) A marine gadoid food fish of Europe (Pollachius virens). Called also greenfish, greenling, lait, leet, lob, lythe, and whiting pollack. (b) The American pollock; the coalfish. POLLAGE Poll"age, n. Defn: A head or poll tax; hence, extortion. [Obs.] Foxe. POLLAN Pol"lan, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. pollag a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A lake whitefish (Coregonus pollan), native of Ireland. In appearance it resembles a herring. POLLARD Pol"lard, n. Etym: [From Poll the head.] 1. A tree having its top cut off at some height above the ground, that may throw out branches. Pennant. 2. A clipped coin; also, a counterfeit. [Obs.] Camden. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A fish, the chub. (b) A stag that has cast its antlers. (c) A hornless animal (cow or sheep). POLLARD Pol"lard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pollarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Pollarding.] Defn: To lop the tops of, as trees; to poll; as, to pollard willows. Evelyn. POLLAX Poll"ax`, n. Defn: A poleax. [Obs.] Chaucer. POLLED Polled, a. Defn: Deprived of a poll, or of something belonging to the poll. Specifically: (a) Lopped; -- said of trees having their tops cut off. (b) Cropped; hence, bald; -- said of a person. "The polled bachelor." Beau. & Fl. (c) Having cast the antlers; -- said of a stag. (d) Without horns; as, polled cattle; polled sheep. POLLEN Pol"len, n. Etym: [L. pollen fine flour, fine dust; cf. Gr. 1. Fine bran or flour. [Obs.] Bailey. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The fecundating dustlike cells of the anthers of flowers. See Flower, and Illust. of Filament. Pollen grain (Bot.), a particle or call of pollen. -- Pollen mass, a pollinium. Gray. -- Pollen sac, a compartment of an anther containing pollen, -- usually there are four in each anther. -- Pollen tube, a slender tube which issues from the pollen grain on its contact with the stigma, which it penetrates, thus conveying, it is supposed, the fecundating matter of the grain to the ovule. POLLENARIOUS Pol`len*a"ri*ous, a. Defn: Consisting of meal or pollen. POLLENED Pol"lened, a. Defn: Covered with pollen. Tennyson. POLLENIFEROUS Pol`len*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Pollen + -ferous.] (Bot.) Defn: Producing pollen; polliniferous. POLLENIN Pol"len*in, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pollénine.] (Chem.) Defn: A substance found in the pollen of certain plants. [R.] POLLENIZE Pol"len*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pollenized; p. pr. & vb. n. Pollenizing.] Defn: To supply with pollen; to impregnate with pollen. POLLER Poll"er, n. Etym: [From Poll] Defn: One who polls; specifically: (a) One who polls or lops trees. (b) One who polls or cuts hair; a barber. [R.] (c) One who extorts or plunders. [Obs.] Bacon. (d) One who registers voters, or one who enters his name as a voter. POLLEX Pol"lex, n.; pl. Pollices. Etym: [L., the thumb.] (Anat.) Defn: The first, or preaxial, digit of the fore limb, corresponding to the hallux in the hind limb; the thumb. In birds, the pollex is the joint which bears the bastard wing. POLLICATE Pol"li*cate, a. Etym: [L. pollex, pollicis, a thumb.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a curved projection or spine on the inner side of a leg joint; -- said of insects. POLLICITATION Pol*lic`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. pollicitatio, fr. pollicitari to promise, v. intens. fr. polliceri to promise: cf. F. pollicitation.] 1. A voluntary engagement, or a paper containing it; a promise. Bp. Burnet. 2. (Roman Law) Defn: A promise without mutuality; a promise which has not been accepted by the person to whom it is made. Bouvier. POLLINATE Pol"li*nate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pollinose. POLLINATE Pol"li*nate, v. t. (Bot.) Defn: To apply pollen to (a stigma). -- Pol`li*na"tion, n. (Bot.) POLLINCTOR Pol*linc"tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. pollingere.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: One who prepared corpses for the funeral. POLLING Poll"ing, n. Etym: [See Poll the head.] 1. The act of topping, lopping, or cropping, as trees or hedges. 2. Plunder, or extortion. [Obs.] E. Hall. 3. The act of voting, or of registering a vote. Polling booth, a temporary structure where the voting at an election is done; a polling place. POLLINIFEROUS Pol`li*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. pollen, -inis, pollen + -ferous: cf. F. pollinifère.] (Bot.) Defn: Producing pollen; polleniferous. POLLINIUM Pol*lin"i*um, n.; pl. Pollinia. Etym: [NL. See Pollen.] (Bot.) Defn: A coherent mass of pollen, as in the milkweed and most orchids. POLLINOSE Pol"li*nose`, a. Etym: [L. pollen, -inis, dust.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the surface covered with a fine yellow dust, like pollen. POLLIWIG; POLLIWOG Pol"li*wig, Pol"li*wog, n. Etym: [OE. polwigle. Cf. Poll head, and Wiggle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tadpole; -- called also purwiggy and porwigle. POLLOCK Pol"lock, n. Etym: [See Pollack.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine gadoid fish (Pollachius carbonarius), native both of the European and American coasts. It is allied to the cod, and like it is salted and dried. In England it is called coalfish, lob, podley, podling, pollack, etc. POLLUCITE Pol"lu*cite, n. Etym: [See Pollux, and 4th Castor.] (Min.) Defn: A colorless transparent mineral, resembling quartz, occurring with castor or castorite on the island of Elba. It is a silicate of alumina and cæsia. Called also pollux. POLLUTE Pol*lute", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Polluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Polluting.] Etym: [L. pollutus, p. p. of polluere to defile, to pollute, from a prep. appearing only in comp. + luere to wash. See Position, Lave.] 1. To make foul, impure, or unclean; to defile; to taint; to soil; to desecrate; -- used of physical or moral defilement. The land was polluted with blood. Ps. cvi. 38 Wickedness . . . hath polluted the whole earth. 2 Esd. xv. 6. 2. To violate sexually; to debauch; to dishonor. 3. (Jewish Law) Defn: To render ceremonially unclean; to disqualify or unfit for sacred use or service, or for social intercourse. Neither shall ye pollute the holy things of the children of Israel, lest ye die. Num. xviii. 32. They have polluted themselves with blood. Lam. iv. 14. Syn. -- To defile; soil; contaminate; corrupt; taint; vitiate; debauch; dishonor; ravish. POLLUTE Pol*lute", a. Etym: [L. pollutus.] Defn: Polluted. [R.] Milton. POLLUTED Pol*lut"ed, a. Defn: Defiled; made unclean or impure; debauched. -- Pol*lut"ed*ly, adv. -- Pol*lut"ed*ness, n. POLLUTER Pol*lut"er, n. Defn: One who pollutes. Dryden. POLLUTING Pol*lut"ing, a. Defn: Adapted or tending to pollute; causing defilement or pollution. -- Pol*lut"ing*ly, adv. POLLUTION Pol*lu"tion, n. Etym: [L. pollutio: cf. F. pollution.] 1. The act of polluting, or the state of being polluted (in any sense of the verb); defilement; uncleanness; impurity. 2. (Med.) Defn: The emission of semen, or sperm, at other times than in sexual intercourse. Dunglison. POLLUX Pol"lux, n. Etym: [L., the twin brother of castor; also, the constellation.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: A fixed star of the second magnitude, in the constellation Gemini. Cf. 3d Castor. 2. (Min.) Defn: Same as Pollucite. POLLY Pol"ly, n. Defn: A woman's name; also, a popular name for a parrot. POLLYWOG Pol"ly*wog, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A polliwig. POLO Po"lo, n. Etym: [Of Eastern origin; -- properly, the ball used in the game.] 1. A game of ball of Eastern origin, resembling hockey, with the players on horseback. 2. A similar game played on the ice, or on a prepared floor, by players wearing skates. POLONAISE Po`lo*naise", a. Etym: [F. polonais, polonaise, Polish.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Poles, or to Poland. [Written also Polonese.] POLONAISE Po`lo*naise", n. Etym: [Written also Polonese and Polonoise.] 1. The Polish language. 2. An article of dress for women, consisting of a body and an outer skirt in one piece. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A stately Polish dance tune, in 3-4 measure, beginning always on the beat with a quaver followed by a crotchet, and closing on the beat after a strong accent on the second beat; also, a dance adapted to such music; a polacca. POLONESE Po`lo*nese", a. & n. Defn: See Polonaise. POLONIUM Po*lo"ni*um, n. [NL. So named after Poland, in L. form Polonia, one of the discoverers being a Pole.] (Chem.) Defn: A supposed new element, a radioactive substance discovered by M. and MMe. Curie in pitchblende. It is closely related chemically to bismuth. It emits only alpha rays and is perhaps identical with radium F. POLONY Po*lo"ny, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupt. fr. Bologna.] Defn: A kind of sausage made of meat partly cooked. POLRON Pol"ron, n. Defn: See Pauldron. POLT Polt, n. Etym: [Cf. E. pelt, L. pultare to beat, strike.] Defn: A blow or thump. Halliwell. -- a. Defn: Distorted. Pot foot, a distorted foot. Sir T. Herbert. POLT-FOOT; POLT-FOOTED Polt"-foot`, Polt"-foot`ed, a. Defn: Having a distorted foot, or a clubfoot or clubfeet. B. Jonson. POLTROON Pol*troon", n. Etym: [F. poltron, from It. poltrone an idle fellow, sluggard, coward, poltro idle, lazy, also, bed, fr. OHG. polstar, bolstar, cushion, G. polster, akin to E. bolster. See Bolster.] Defn: An arrant coward; a dastard; a craven; a mean-spirited wretch. Shak. POLTROON Pol*troon", a. Defn: Base; vile; contemptible; cowardly. POLTROONERY Pol*troon"er*y, n. Etym: [F. poltronnerie; cf. It. poltroneria.] Defn: Cowardice; want of spirit; pusillanimity. POLTROONISH Pol*troon"ish, a. Defn: Resembling a poltroon; cowardly. POLVERINE Pol"ve*rine, n. Etym: [It. polverino, fr. polvere ust, L. pulvis, - veris. See Powder.] Defn: Glassmaker's ashes; a kind of potash or pearlash, brought from the Levant and Syria, -- used in the manufacture of fine glass. POLWIG Pol"wig, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A polliwig. Holland. POLY- Pol"y-. Etym: [See Full, a.] Defn: A combining form or prefix from Gr. poly`s, many; as, polygon, a figure of many angles; polyatomic, having many atoms; polychord, polyconic. POLY Po"ly, n. Etym: [L. polium, the name of a plant, perhaps Teucrium polium, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A whitish woolly plant (Teucrium Polium) of the order Labiatæ, found throughout the Mediterranean region. The name, with sundry prefixes, is sometimes given to other related species of the same genus. [Spelt also poley.] Poly mountain. See Poly-mountain, in Vocabulary. POLYACID Pol`y*ac"id, a. Etym: [Poly- + acid.] (Chem.) Defn: Capable of neutralizing, or of combining with, several molecules of a monobasic acid; having more than one hydrogen atom capable of being replaced by acid radicals; -- said of certain bases; as, calcium hydrate and glycerin are polyacid bases. POLYACOUSTIC Pol`y*a*cous"tic, a. Etym: [Poly- + acoustic: cf. F. polyacoustique.] Defn: Multiplying or magnifying sound. -- n. Defn: A polyacoustic instrument. POLYACOUSTICS Pol`y*a*cous"tics, n. Defn: The art of multiplying or magnifying sounds. POLYACRON Pol`y*a"cron, n.; pl. Polyacra, E. Polyacrons. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. poly`s many + 'a`kron summit.] (Geom.) Defn: A solid having many summits or angular points; a polyhedron. POLYACTINIA Pol`y*ac*tin"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Poly-, and Actinia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An old name for those Anthozoa which, like the actinias, have numerous simple tentacles. POLYADELPHIA Pol`y*a*del"phi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants having stamens united in three or more bodies or bundles by the filaments. POLYADELPHIAN; POLYADELPHOUS Pol`y*a*del"phi*an, Pol`y*a*del"phous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to the class Polyadelphia; having stamens united in three or more bundles. POLYANDRIA Pol`y*an"dri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Polyandry.] (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of monoclinous or hermaphrodite plants, having many stamens, or any number above twenty, inserted in the receptacle. POLYANDRIAN Pol`y*an"dri*an, a. (Bot.) Defn: Polyandrous. POLYANDRIC Pol`y*an"dric, a. Etym: [Cf. polyandrique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, polyandry; mating with several males. "Polyandric societies." H. Spencer. POLYANDROUS Pol`y*an"drous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to the class Polyandria; having many stamens, or any number above twenty, inserted in the receptacle. POLYANDRY Pol`y*an"dry, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. polyandrie.] Defn: The possession by a woman of more than one husband at the same time; -- contrasted with Ant: monandry. Note: In law, this falls under the head of polygamy. POLYANTHUS Pol`y*an"thus, n.; pl. Polyanthuses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. [Written also polyanthos.] (Bot.) (a) The oxlip. So called because the peduncle bears a many-flowered umbel. See Oxlip. (b) A bulbous flowering plant of the genus Narcissus (N. Tazetta, or N. polyanthus of some authors). See Illust. of Narcissus. POLYARCHIST Pol"y*ar`chist, n. Defn: One who advocates polyarchy; -- opposed to monarchist. Cudworth. POLYARCHY Pol"y*ar`chy, n. Etym: [Poly- + -archy: cf. F. polyarchie. Cf. Polarchy.] Defn: A government by many persons, of whatever order or class. Cudworth. POLYATOMIC Pol`y*a*tom"ic, a. Etym: [Poly- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Having more than one atom in the molecule; consisting of several atoms. (b) Having a valence greater than one. [Obs.] POLYAUTOGRAPHY Pol`y*au*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Poly- + autography.] Defn: The act or practice of multiplying copies of one's own handwriting, or of manuscripts, by printing from stone, -- a species of lithography. POLYBASIC Pol`y*ba"sic, a. Etym: [Poly- + basic.] (Chem.) Defn: Capable of neutralizing, or of combining with, several molecules of a monacid base; having several hydrogen atoms capable of being replaced by basic radicals; -- said of certain acids; as, sulphuric acid is polybasic. POLYBASITE Pol`y*ba"site, n. Etym: [See Polybasic.] (Min.) Defn: An iron-black ore of silver, consisting of silver, sulphur, and antimony, with some copper and arsenic. POLYBRANCHIA Pol`y*bran"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Poly-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Nudibranchiata including those which have numerous branchiæ on the back. POLYBROMIDE Pol`y*bro"mide, n. Etym: [Poly- + bromide.] (Chem.) Defn: A bromide containing more than one atom of bromine in the molecule. POLYCARPELLARY Pol`y*car"pel*la*ry, a. (Bot.) Defn: Composed of several or numerous carpels; -- said of such fruits as the orange. POLYCARPIC; POLYCARPOUS Pol`y*car"pic, Pol`y*car"pous, a. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. (Bot.) (a) Bearing fruit repeatedly, or year after year. (b) Having several pistils in one flower. POLYCHAETA Pol`y*chæ"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the two principal groups of Chætopoda. It includes those that have prominent parapodia and fascicles of setæ. See Illust. under Parapodia. POLYCHLORIDE Pol`y*chlo"ride, n. Etym: [Poly- + chloride.] (Chem.) Defn: A chloride containing more than one atom of chlorine in the molecule. POLYCHOERANY Pol`y*choer"a*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A government by many chiefs, princes, or rules. [Obs.] Cudworth. POLYCHORD Pol"y*chord, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having many strings. POLYCHORD Pol"y*chord, n. (Mus.) (a) A musical instrument of ten strings. (b) An apparatus for coupling two octave notes, capable of being attached to a keyed instrument. POLYCHREST Pol"y*chrest, n. Etym: [Gr. polychreste.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine that serves for many uses, or that cures many diseases. [Obs.] Polychrest salt (Old Med. Chem.), potassium sulphate, specifically obtained by fusing niter with sulphur. POLYCHROISM Pol"y*chro*ism, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. Defn: Same as Pleochroism. POLYCHROITE Pol"y*chro*ite, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. polychroïte.] (Chem.) Defn: The coloring matter of saffron; -- formerly so called because of the change of color on treatment with certain acids; -- called also crocin, and safranin. POLYCHROMATE Pol`y*chro"mate, n. Etym: [See Polychromic.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of a polychromic acid. POLYCHROMATE Pol`y*chro"mate, n. Etym: [See Polychromatic.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound which exhibits, or from which may be prepared, a variety of colors, as certain solutions derived from vegetables, which display colors by fluorescence. POLYCHROMATIC Pol`y*chro*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Poly- + chromatic.] Defn: Showing a variety, or a change, of colors. Polychromatic acid (Old Chem.), a substance obtained by the action of nitric acid on aloes. POLYCHROME Pol"y*chrome, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Esculin; -- so called in allusion to its fluorescent solutions. [R.] POLYCHROME Pol"y*chrome, a. Etym: [Cf. F. polychrome.] Defn: Executed in the manner of polychromy; as, polychrome printing. POLYCHROMIC Pol`y*chro"mic, a. Etym: [Poly- + (sense 1) Gr. chromic.] 1. Polychromatic. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, any one of several acids (known only in their salts) which contain more than one atom of chromium. POLYCHROMOUS Pol`y*chro"mous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to polychromy; many-colored; polychromatic. POLYCHROMY Pol"y*chro`my, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. (Anc. Art) Defn: The art or practice of combining different colors, especially brilliant ones, in an artistic way. POLYCHRONIOUS Pol`y*chro"ni*ous, a. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. Defn: Enduring through a long time; chronic. POLYCLINIC Pol`y*clin"ic, n. Etym: [Poly- + clinic.] (Med.) Defn: A clinic in which diseases of many sorts are treated; especially, an institution in which clinical instruction is given in all kinds of disease. POLYCONIC Pol`y*con"ic, a. Etym: [Poly- + conic.] Defn: Pertaining to, or based upon, many cones. Polyconic projection (Map Making), a projection of the earth's surface, or any portion thereof, by which each narrow zone is projected upon a conical surface that touches the sphere along this zone, the conical surface being then unrolled. This projection differs from conic projection in that latter assumes but one cone for the whole map. Polyconic projection is that in use in the United States coast and geodetic survey. POLYCOTYLEDON Pol`y*cot`y*le"don, n. Etym: [Poly- + cotyledon: cf. F. polycotylédone.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant that has many, or more than two, cotyledons in the seed. -- Pol`y*cot`y*led"on*ous, a. POLYCOTYLEDONARY Pol`y*cot`y*led"on*a*ry, a. Etym: [Poly- + cotyledonary.] (Anat.) Defn: Having the villi of the placenta collected into definite patches, or cotyledons. POLYCRACY Po*lyc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Poly- + -cracy, as in democracy.] Defn: Government by many rulers; polyarchy. POLYCROTIC Pol`y*crot"ic, a. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to polycrotism; manifesting polycrotism; as, a polycrotic pulse; a polycrotic pulse curve. POLYCROTISM Po*lyc"ro*tism, n. (Physiol.) Defn: That state or condition of the pulse in which the pulse curve, or sphygmogram, shows several secondary crests or elevations; -- contrasted with monocrotism and dicrotism. POLYCYSTID Pol`y*cys"tid, n. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the Polycystidea. (b) One of the Polycystina. -- a. Defn: Pertaining to the Polycystidea, or the Polycystina. POLYCYSTIDEA Pol`y*cys*tid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Poly-, and Cystidea.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Gregarinæ including those that have two or more internal divisions of the body. POLYCYSTINA Pol`y*cys*ti"na, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Poly-, and Cyst.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Radiolaria including numerous minute marine species. The skeleton is composed of silica, and is often very elegant in form and sculpture. Many have been found in the fossil state. POLYCYSTINE Pol`y*cys"tine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Polycystina. -- n. Defn: One of the Polycystina. POLYCYTTARIA Pol`y*cyt*ta"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Radiolaria. It includes those having one more central capsules. POLYDACTYLISM Pol`y*dac"tyl*ism, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. polydactylisme.] (Anat.) Defn: The possession of more that the normal number of digits. POLYDIPSIA Pol`y*dip"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Excessive and constant thirst occasioned by disease. POLYEDRON Pol`y*e"dron, n. Defn: See Polyhedron. POLYEDROUS Pol`y*e"drous, a. Defn: See Polyhedral. POLYEIDIC Pol`y*ei"dic, a. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Passing through several distinct larval forms; -- having several distinct kinds of young. POLYEIDISM Pol`y*ei"dism, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The quality or state of being polyeidic. POLYEMBRYONATE Pol`y*em"bry*o*nate, a. Etym: [Poly- + embryonate.] (Bot.) Defn: Consisting of, or having, several embryos; polyembryonic. POLYEMBRYONIC Pol`y*em`bry*on"ic, a. Etym: [Poly- + embryonic.] (Bot.) Defn: Polyembryonate. POLYEMBRYONY Pol`y*em"bry*o*ny, n. Etym: [See Poly-, and Embryo.] (Bot.) Defn: The production of two or more embryos in one seed, due either to the existence and fertilization of more than one embryonic sac or to the origination of embryos outside of the embryonic sac. POLYFOIL Pol"y*foil, n. Etym: [Poly- + foil, n.] (Arch.) Defn: Same as Multifoil. POLYGALA Po*lyg"a*la, n. Etym: [L., milkwort, fr. Gr. Defn: A genus of bitter herbs or shrubs having eight stamens and a two-celled ovary (as the Seneca snakeroot, the flowering wintergreen, etc.); milkwort. POLYGALACEOUS Pol`y*ga*la"ceous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Polygalaceæ) of which Polygala is the type. POLYGALIC Po*lyg"a*lic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, Polygala; specifically, designating an acrid glucoside (called polygalic acid, senegin, etc.), resembling, or possibly identical with, saponin. POLYGAMIA Pol`y*ga"mi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Polygamous.] (Bot.) (a) A Linnæan class of plants, characterized by having both hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers on the same plant. (b) A name given by Linnæus to file orders of plants having syngenesious flowers. POLYGAMIAN Pol`y*ga"mi*an, a. (Bot.) Defn: Polygamous. POLYGAMIST Po*lyg"a*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. polygamiste, polygame, Gr. a.] Defn: One who practices polygamy, or maintains its lawfulness. POLYGAMIZE Po*lyg"a*mize, v. i. Defn: To practice polygamy; to marry several wives. Sylvester. Coleridge. POLYGAMOUS Po*lyg"a*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. Bigamy.] 1. Of or pertaining to polygamy; characterized by, or involving, polygamy; having a plurality of wives; as, polygamous marriages; -- opposed to monogamous. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pairing with more than one female. Most deer, cattle, and sheep are polygamous. Darwin. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to the Polygamia; bearing both hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers on the same plant. POLYGAMY Po*lyg"a*my, n. Etym: [Gr. polygamie.] 1. The having of a plurality of wives or husbands at the same time; usually, the marriage of a man to more than one woman, or the practice of having several wives, at the same time; -- opposed to monogamy; as, the nations of the East practiced polygamy. See the Note under Bigamy, and cf. Polyandry. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The state or habit of having more than one mate. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The condition or state of a plant which bears both perfect and unisexual flowers. POLYGASTRIAN Pol`y*gas"tri*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Polygastrica. [Obs.] POLYGASTRIC Pol`y*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Poly- + gastric: cf. F. polygastrique.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Having several bellies; -- applied to muscles which are made up of several bellies separated by short tendons. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Polygastrica. [Obs.] POLYGASTRIC Pol`y*gas"tric, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Polygastrica. POLYGASTRICA Pol`y*gas"tri*ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL. So called because they were supposed to have several stomachs, or digestive cavities.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Infusoria. [Obs.] POLYGENESIS; POLYGENY Pol`y*gen"e*sis, Po*lyg"e*ny, n. Etym: [Poly- + genesis, or root of Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The theory that living organisms originate in cells or embryos of different kinds, instead of coming from a single cell; -- opposed to monogenesis. POLYGENETIC Pol`y*ge*net"ic, a. 1. Having many distinct sources; originating at various places or times. 2. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to polygenesis; polyphyletic. Polygenetic mountain range (Geol.), one which is composite, or consists of two or more monogenetic ranges, each having had its own history of development. Dana. POLYGENIC Pol`y*gen"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or relating to polygeny; polygenetic. POLYGENISM Po*lyg"e*nism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. polygénisme.] (Biol.) Defn: The doctrine that animals of the same species have sprung from more than one original pair. POLYGENIST Po*lyg"e*nist, n. (Biol.) Defn: One who maintains that animals of the same species have sprung from more than one original pair; -- opposed to monogenist. POLYGENOUS Po*lyg"e*nous, a. Etym: [Poly- + -genous: cf. Gr. Defn: Consisting of, or containing, many kinds; as, a polygenous mountain. Kirwan. POLYGLOT Pol"y*glot, a. Etym: [Gr. polyglotte.] 1. Containing, or made up, of, several languages; as, a polyglot lexicon, Bible. 2. Versed in, or speaking, many languages. POLYGLOT Pol"y*glot, n. 1. One who speaks several languages. [R.] "A polyglot, or good linguist." Howell. 2. A book containing several versions of the same text, or containing the same subject matter in several languages; esp., the Scriptures in several languages. Enriched by the publication of polyglots. Abp. Newcome. POLYGLOTTOUS Pol`y*glot"tous, a. Etym: [See Polyglot.] Defn: Speaking many languages; polyglot. [R.] "The polyglottous tribes of America." Max Müller. POLYGON Pol"y*gon, n. Etym: [Gr. polygone.] (Geom.) Defn: A plane figure having many angles, and consequently many sides; esp., one whose perimeter consists of more than four sides; any figure having many angles. Polygon of forces (Mech.), a polygonal figure, the sides of which, taken successively, represent, in length and direction, several forces acting simultaneously upon one point, so that the side necessary to complete the figure represents the resultant of those forces. Cf. Parallelogram of forces, under Parallelogram. POLYGONACEOUS Pol`y*go*na"ceous, a. Etym: [See Polygonum.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order of apetalous plants (Polygonaceæ), of which the knotweeds (species of Polygonum) are the type, and which includes also the docks (Rumex), the buckwheat, rhubarb, sea grape (Coccoloba), and several other genera. POLYGONAL Po*lyg"o*nal, a. Defn: Having many angles. Polygonal numbers, certain figurate numbers. See under Figurate. POLYGONEUTIC Pol`y*go*neu"tic, a. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having two or more broods in a season. POLYGONOMETRY Pol`y*go*nom"e*try, n. Etym: [Polygon + -metry.] Defn: The doctrine of polygons; an extension of some of the principles of trigonometry to the case of polygons. POLYGONOUS Po*lyg"o*nous, a. Defn: Polygonal. POLYGONUM Po*lyg"o*num, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants embracing a large number of species, including bistort, knotweed, smartweed, etc. POLYGONY Po*lyg"o*ny, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Polygonum. POLYGORDIUS Pol`y*gor"di*us, n. Etym: [NL. See Poly-, and Gordius.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine annelids, believed to be an ancient or ancestral type. It is remarkable for its simplicity of structure and want of parapodia. It is the type of the order Archiannelida, or Gymnotoma. See Loeven's larva. POLYGRAM Pol"y*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A figure consisting of many lines. [R.] Barlow. POLYGRAPH Pol"y*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. polygraphe.] 1. An instrument for multiplying copies of a writing; a manifold writer; a copying machine. 2. In bibliography, a collection of different works, either by one or several authors. Brande & C. POLYGRAPHIC; POLYGRAPHICAL Pol`y*graph"ic, Pol`y*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. polygraphique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or employed in, polygraphy; as, a polygraphic instrument. 2. Done with a polygraph; as, a polygraphic copy. POLYGRAPHY Po*lyg"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. polygraphie.] 1. Much writing; writing of many books. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. The art of writing in various ciphers, and of deciphering the same. [R.] 3. The art or practice of using a polygraph. POLYGROOVED Pol"y*grooved`, a. Etym: [Poly- + groove.] Defn: Having many grooves; as, a polygrooved rifle or gun (referring to the rifling). POLYGYN Pol"y*gyn, n. Etym: [Cf. F. polygyne. See Polygyny.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the order Polygynia. POLYGYNIA Pol`y*gyn"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Polygyny.] (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan order of plants having many styles. POLYGYNIAN; POLYGYNOUS Pol`y*gyn"i*an, Po*lyg"y*nous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having many styles; belonging to the order Polygynia. POLYGYNIST Po*lyg"y*nist, n. Defn: One who practices or advocates polygyny. H. Spenser. POLYGYNY Po*lyg"y*ny, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. Defn: The state or practice of having several wives at the same time; marriage to several wives. H. Spenser. POLYHALITE Pol`y*ha"lite, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral usually occurring in fibrous masses, of a brick-red color, being tinged with iron, and consisting chiefly of the sulphates of lime, magnesia, and soda. POLYHEDRAL; POLYHEDRICAL Pol`y*he"dral, Pol`y*hed"ric*al, a. Etym: [See Polyhedron.] (Geom.) Defn: Having many sides, as a solid body. Polyhedral angle, an angle bounded by three or more plane angles having a common vertex. POLYHEDRON Pol`y*he"dron, n.; pl. E. Polyhedrons., L. Polyhedra. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. polyèdre.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A body or solid contained by many sides or planes. 2. (Opt.) Defn: A polyscope, or multiplying glass. POLYHEDROUS Pol`y*he"drous, a. Defn: Polyhedral. POLYHISTOR Pol`y*his"tor, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One versed in various learning. [R.] POLYHYMNIA Pol`y*hym"ni*a, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. (Anc. Myth.) Defn: The Muse of lyric poetry. POLYIODIDE Pol`y*i"o*dide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A iodide having more than one atom of iodine in the molecule. POLYLOGY Po*lyl"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Talkativeness. [R.] POLYLOQUENT Po*lyl"o*quent, a. Etym: [Poly- + L. loquens, p. pr. of logui to speak.] Defn: Garrulous; loquacious. [R.] POLYMASTISM Pol`y*mas"tism, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The condition of having more than two mammæ, or breasts. POLYMATHIC Pol`y*math"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. polymathique. See Polymathy.] Defn: Pertaining to polymathy; acquainted with many branches of learning. POLYMATHIST Po*lym"a*thist, n. Defn: One versed in many sciences; a person of various learning. POLYMATHY Po*lym"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The knowledge of many arts and sciences; variety of learning. Johnson. POLYMENISCOUS Pol`y*me*nis"cous, a. Etym: [See Poly-, and Meniscus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having numerous facets; -- said of the compound eyes of insects and crustaceans. POLYMER Pol"y*mer, n. Etym: [See Polymeric.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of two or more substances related to each other by polymerism; specifically, a substance produced from another substance by chemical polymerization. [Formerly also written polymere.] POLYMERIC Pol`y*mer"ic, a. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Having the same percentage composition (that is, having the same elements united in the same proportion by weight), but different molecular weights; -- often used with with; thus, cyanic acid (CNOH), fulminic acid (C2N2O2H2), and cyanuric acid (C3N3O3H3), are polymeric with each other. Note: The figures expressing the number of atoms of each element in a number of polymeric substances are respectively multiples and factors of each other, or have some simple common divisor. The relation may be merely a numerical one, as in the example given above, or a chemical one, as in the case of aldehyde, paraldehyde, and metaldehyde. POLYMERISM Po*lym"er*ism, n. (Chem.) (a) The state, quality, or relation of two or more polymeric substances. (b) The act or process of forming polymers. POLYMERIZATION Pol`y*mer`i*za"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of changing to a polymeric form; the condition resulting from such change. POLYMERIZE Pol"y*mer*ize, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To cause polymerization of; to produce polymers from; to increase the molecular weight of, without changing the atomic proportions; thus, certain acids polymerize aldehyde. POLYMERIZE Pol"y*mer*ize, v. i. (Chem.) Defn: To change into another substance having the same atomic proportions, but a higher molecular weight; to undergo polymerization; thus, aldehyde polymerizes in forming paraldehyde. POLYMEROUS Po*lym"er*ous, a. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Having many parts or members in each set. Gray. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Polymeric. [Obs.] POLYMNIA Po*lym"ni*a, n. Defn: See Polyhymnia. POLYMNITE Pol"ym*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A stone marked with dendrites and black lines, and so disposed as to represent rivers, marshes, etc. POLYMORPH Pol"y*morph, n. Etym: [Gr. polymorphe.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A substance capable of crystallizing in several distinct forms; also, any one of these forms. Cf. Allomorph. POLYMORPHIC Pol`y*mor"phic, a. Defn: Polymorphous. POLYMORPHISM Pol`y*mor"phism, n. 1. (Crystallog.) Defn: Same as Pleomorphism. 2. (Biol.) (a) The capability of assuming different forms; the capability of widely varying in form. (b) Existence in many forms; the coexistence, in the same locality, of two or more distinct forms independent of sex, not connected by intermediate gradations, but produced from common parents. POLYMORPHOSIS Pol`y*mor*pho"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Poly-, and Morphosis.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The assumption of several structural forms without a corresponding difference in function; -- said of sponges, etc. POLYMORPHOUS Pol`y*mor"phous, a. 1. Having, or assuming, a variety of forms, characters, or styles; as, a polymorphous author. De Quincey. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Having, or occurring in, several distinct forms; -- opposed to monomorphic. POLYMORPHY Pol"y*mor`phy, n. Defn: Existence in many forms; polymorphism. POLY-MOUNTAIN Po`ly-moun"tain, n. (Bot.) (a) Same as Poly, n. (b) The closely related Teucrium montanum, formerly called Polium montanum, a plant of Southern Europe. (c) The Bartsia alpina, a low purple-flowered herb of Europe. POLYMYODAE Pol`y*my"o*dæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Polymyoid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Oscines. POLYMYODOUS Pol`y*my"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Polymyoid. POLYMYOID Po*lym"y*oid, a. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having numerous vocal muscles; of or pertaining to the Polymyodæ. POLYNEME Pol"y*neme, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of tropical food fishes of the family Polynemidæ. They have several slender filaments, often very long, below the pectoral fin. Some of them yield isinglass of good quality. Called also threadfish. POLYNEMOID Pol`y*ne"moid, a. Etym: [Polyneme + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the polynemes, or the family Polynemidæ. POLYNESIAN Pol`y*ne"sian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Polynesia (the islands of the eastern and central Pacific), or to the Polynesians. POLYNESIANS Pol`y*ne"sians, n. pl.; sing. Polynesian. (Ethnol.) Defn: The race of men native in Polynesia. POLYNIA Po*lyn"i*a, n. Etym: [Russ. poluineia a warm place in water, i. e., a place which does not freeze.] Defn: The open sea supposed to surround the north pole. Kane. POLYNOMIAL Pol`y*no"mi*al, n. Etym: [Poly- + -nomial, as in monomial, binomial: cf. F. polynôme.] (Alg.) Defn: An expression composed of two or more terms, connected by the signs plus or minus; as, a2 - 2ab + b2. POLYNOMIAL Pol`y*no"mi*al, a. 1. Containing many names or terms; multinominal; as, the polynomial theorem. 2. Consisting of two or more words; having names consisting of two or more words; as, a polynomial name; polynomial nomenclature. POLYNUCLEAR Pol`y*nu"cle*ar, a. Etym: [Poly- + nuclear.] (Biol.) Defn: Containing many nuclei. POLYNUCLEOLAR Pol`y*nu*cle"o*lar, a. Etym: [Poly- + nucleolar.] (Biol.) Defn: Having more than one nucleolus. POLYOMMATOUS Pol`y*om"ma*tous, a. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. Defn: Having many eyes. POLYONOMOUS Pol`y*on"o*mous, a. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. Defn: Having many names or titles; polyonymous. Sir W. Jones. POLYONOMY Pol`y*on"o*my, n. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: The use of a variety of names for the same object. G. S. Faber. POLYONYM Pol"y*o*nym, n. 1. An object which has a variety of names. 2. A polynomial name or term. POLYONYMOUS Pol`y*on"y*mous, a. Defn: Polyonomous. POLYOPTRON; POLYOPTRUM Pol`y*op"tron, Pol`y*op"trum, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Opt.) Defn: A glass through which objects appear multiplied, but diminished in size. [R.] POLYORAMA Pol`y*o*ra"ma, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. Defn: A view of many objects; also, a sort of panorama with dissolving views. POLYP Pol"yp, n. Etym: [L. polypus, Gr. polype. See Poly- and Foot, and cf. Polypode, Polypody, Poulp.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the feeding or nutritive zooids of a hydroid or coral. (b) One of the Anthozoa. (c) pl. Defn: Same as Anthozoa. See Anthozoa, Madreporaria, Hydroid. [Written also polype.] Fresh-water polyp, the hydra. -- Polyp stem (Zoöl.), that portion of the stem of a siphonophore which bears the polypites, or feeding zooids. POLYPAROUS Po*lyp"a*rous, a. Etym: [Poly- + L. parere to produce.] Defn: Producing or bearing a great number; bringing forth many. POLYPARY Pol"y*pa*ry, n.; pl. Polyparies. Etym: [See Polyp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Polypidom. POLYPE Pol"ype, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Polyp. POLYPEAN Pol`y*pe"an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a polyp, or polyps. POLYPERYTHRIN Pol`y*pe*ryth"rin, n. Etym: [Polyp + Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A coloring matter found in many simple Anthozoa and some hydroids. POLYPETALOUS Pol`y*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Poly- + petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Consisting of, or having, several or many separate petals; as, a polypetalous corolla, flower, or plant. Martyn. POLYPHAGOUS Po*lyph"a*gous, a. Etym: [L. polyphagus, Gr. polyphage.] Defn: Eating, or subsisting on, many kinds of food; as, polyphagous animals. POLYPHAGY Po*lyph""a*gy, n. Defn: The practice or faculty of subsisting on many kinds of food. POLYPHARMACY Pol`y*phar"ma*cy, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. polypharmacie.] (Med.) (a) The act or practice of prescribing too many medicines. (b) A prescription made up of many medicines or ingredients. Dunglison. POLYPHASE Pol"y*phase, a. [Poly- + phase.] (Elec.) Defn: Having or producing two or more phases; multiphase; as, a polyphase machine, a machine producing two or more pressure waves of electro-motive force, differing in phase; a polyphase current. POLYPHASER Pol"y*phas`er, n. (Elec.) Defn: A machine generating more than one pressure wave; a multiphaser. POLYPHEMUS Pol`y*phe"mus, n. Etym: [L. Polyphemus the one-eyed Cyclops who was blinded by Ulysses.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large American moth (Telea polyphemus) belonging to the Silkworm family (Bombycidæ). Its larva, which is very large, bright green, with silvery tubercles, and with oblique white stripes on the sides, feeds on the oak, chestnut, willow, cherry, apple, and other trees. It produces a large amount of strong silk. Called also American silkworm. POLYPHONE Pol"y*phone, n. Defn: A character or vocal sign representing more than one sound, as read, which is pronounced red or rèd. POLYPHONIC Pol`y*phon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. polyphone.] 1. Having a multiplicity of sounds. 2. Characterized by polyphony; as, Assyrian polyphonic characters. 3. (Mus.) Defn: Consisting of several tone series, or melodic parts, progressing simultaneously according to the laws of counterpoint; contrapuntal; as, a polyphonic composition; -- opposed to homophonic, or monodic. POLYPHONISM Po*lyph"o*nism, n. Defn: Polyphony. POLYPHONIST Po*lyph"o*nist, n. 1. A proficient in the art of multiplying sounds; a ventriloquist. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A master of polyphony; a contrapuntist. POLYPHONOUS Po*lyph"o*nous, a. Defn: Same as Polyphonic. POLYPHONY Po*lyph"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. Multiplicity of sounds, as in the reverberations of an echo. 2. Plurality of sounds and articulations expressed by the same vocal sign. 3. (Mus.) Defn: Composition in mutually related, equally important parts which share the melody among them; contrapuntal composition; -- opposed to homophony, in which the melody is given to one part only, the others filling out the harmony. See Counterpoint. POLYPHORE Pol"y*phore, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A receptacle which bears many ovaries. POLYPHOTAL; POLYPHOTE Pol`y*pho"tal, Pol"y*phote, a. [Poly- + Gr., , light.] (Elec.) Defn: Pertaining to or designating arc lamps so constructed that more than one can be used on a single circuit. POLYPHYLETIC Pol`y*phy*let"ic, a. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, descent from more than one root form, or from many different root forms; polygenetic; -- opposed to Ant: monophyletic. POLYPHYLLOUS Po*lyph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Many-leaved; as, a polyphyllous calyx or perianth. POLYPI Pol"y*pi, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Anthozoa. POLYPIDE Pol"y*pide, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the ordinary zooids of the Bryozoa. [Spellt also polypid.] POLYPIDOM Po*lyp"i*dom, n. Etym: [Polypus + L. domus house.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A coral, or corallum; also, one of the coral-like structure made by bryozoans and hydroids. POLYPIER Po`ly`pier", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A polypidom. POLYPIFERA Pol`y*pif"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Anthozoa. POLYPIFEROUS Pol*y*pif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Polypus + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Bearing polyps, or polypites. POLYPIPAROUS Pol`y*pip"a*rous, a. Etym: [Polypus + L. parere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing polyps. POLYPITE Pol"y*pite, n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the feeding zooids, or polyps, of a coral, hydroid, or siphonophore; a hydranth. See Illust. of Campanularian. (b) Sometimes, the manubrium of a hydroid medusa. 2. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil coral. POLYPLACOPHORA Pol`y*pla*coph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Poly-, and Placophora.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Placophora. POLYPLASTIC Pol`y*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Poly- + -plastic.] (Biol.) Defn: Assuming, or having the power of assuming, many forms; as, a polyplastic element which does not preserve its original shape. POLYPODE Pol`y*pode, n. Etym: [Cf. F. polypode. See Polypody.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Polypodium; polypody. [Written also polypod.] POLYPODE Pol"y*pode, n. Etym: [Gr. polypode. See Polyp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal having many feet; a myriapod. POLYPODIUM Pol"y*po`di*um, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Polyp, and cf. 2d Polypode.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants of the order Filices or ferns. The fructifications are in uncovered roundish points, called sori, scattered over the inferior surface of the frond or leaf. There are numerous species. POLYPODY Pol"y*po`dy, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Polypodium. POLYPOID Pol"y*poid, a. Etym: [Polyp + -oid.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like a polyp; having the nature of a polyp, but lacking the tentacles or other parts. 2. (Med.) Defn: Resembling a polypus in appearance; having a character like that of a polypus. POLYPOMEDUSAE Pol`y*po*me*du"sæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Polyp, and Medusa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Hydrozoa. POLYPOROUS Po*lyp"o*rous, a. Etym: [Poly- + porous.] Defn: Having many pores. Wright. POLYPORUS Po*lyp"o*rus, n.; pl. Polypori. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of fungi having the under surface full of minute pores; also, any fungus of this genus. Note: Polyporus fomentarius was formerly dried and cut in slices for tinder, called amadou. P. betulinus is common in America, and forms very large thick white semicircular excrescences on birch trees. Several species of Polyporous are considered edible. POLYPOUS Pol"y*pous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. polypeux. See Polyp.] Defn: Of the nature of a polypus; having many feet or roots, like the polypus; affected with polypus. POLYPRAGMATIC; POLYPRAGMATICAL Pol`y*prag*mat"ic, Pol`y*prag*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Poly- + pragmatic, -ical.] Defn: Overbusy; officious. [R.] Heywood. POLYPRAGMATY Pol`y*prag"ma*ty, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. Defn: The state of being overbusy. [R.] POLYPROTODONTA Pol`y*pro`to*don"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of marsupials in which there are more fore incisor teeth in each jaw. POLYPTEROIDEI Po*lyp`te*roi"de*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Polypterus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of existing ganoid fishes having numerous fins along the back. The bichir, or Polypterus, is the type. See Illust. under Crossopterygian. POLYPTERUS Po*lyp`te*rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An African genus of ganoid fishes including the bichir. POLYPTOTON Pol`yp*to"ton, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which a word is repeated in different forms, cases, numbers, genders, etc., as in Tennyson's line, -- "My own heart's heart, and ownest own, farewell." POLYPUS Pol"y*pus, n.; pl. E. Polypuses, L. Polypi. Etym: [L. See Polyp.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Polyp. 2. (Med.) Defn: A tumor, usually with a narrow base, somewhat resembling a pear, -- found in the nose, uterus, etc., and produced by hypertrophy of some portion of the mucous membrane. POLYRHIZOUS Pol`y*rhi"zous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having numerous roots, or rootlets. POLYSCHEMATIST Pol`y*sche"ma*tist, a. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. Defn: Having, or existing in, many different forms or fashions; multiform. POLYSCOPE Pol"y*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. polyscope.] 1. (Opt.) Defn: A glass which makes a single object appear as many; a multiplying glass. Hutton. 2. (Med.) Defn: An apparatus for affording a view of the different cavities of the body. POLYSEPALOUS Pol`y*sep"al*ous, a. Etym: [Poly- + sepal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the sepals separate from each other. POLYSILICIC Pol`y*si*lic"ic, a. Etym: [Poly- + silicic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to compounds formed by the condensation of two or more molecules of silicic acid. Polysilicic acid (Chem.), any one of a series of acids formed by the condensation of two or more molecules of silicic acid, with elimination of water. POLYSPAST Pol"y*spast, n. Etym: [L. polyspaston, fr. Gr. polyspaste.] (Surg.) Defn: A machine consisting of many pulleys; specifically, an apparatus formerly used for reducing luxations. POLYSPERMOUS Pol`y*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Containing many seeds; as, a polyspermous capsule or berry. Martyn. POLYSPERMY Pol"y*sper`my, n. (Biol.) Defn: Fullness of sperm, or seed; the passage of more than one spermatozoön into the vitellus in the impregnation of the ovum. POLYSPOROUS Pol`y*spor"ous, a. Etym: [Poly- + spore.] (Bot.) Defn: Containing many spores. POLYSTOMATA Pol`y*stom"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of trematode worms having more two suckers. Called also Polystomea and Polystoma. POLYSTOME Pol"y*stome, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having many mouths. POLYSTOME Pol"y*stome, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal having many mouths; -- applied to Protozoa. POLYSTYLE Pol"y*style, a. Etym: [Gr. polystyle.] (Arch.) Defn: Having many columns; -- said of a building, especially of an interior part or court; as, a polystyle hall. -- n. Defn: A polystyle hall or edifice. POLYSULPHIDE Pol`y*sul"phide, n. Etym: [Poly- + sulphide.] (Chem.) Defn: A sulphide having more than one atom of sulphur in the molecule; -- contrasted with monosulphide. POLYSULPHURET Pol`y*sul"phu*ret, n. (Chem.) Defn: A polysulphide. [Obsoles.] POLYSYLLABIC; POLYSYLLABICAL Pol`y*syl*lab"ic, Pol`y*syl*lab"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. polysyllabique.] Defn: Pertaining to a polysyllable; containing, or characterized by, polysyllables; consisting of more than three syllables. POLYSYLLABICISM Pol`y*syl*lab"i*cism, n. Defn: Polysyllabism. POLYSYLLABICITY Pol`y*syl`la*bic"i*ty, n. Defn: Polysyllabism. POLYSYLLABISM Pol`y*syl"la*bism, n. Defn: The quality or state of being polysyllabic. POLYSYLLABLE Pol"y*syl`la*ble, n. Etym: [Poly- + syllable.] Defn: A word of many syllables, or consisting of more syllables than three; -- words of less than four syllables being called monosyllables, dissyllables, and trisyllables. POLYSYNDETIC Pol`y*syn*det"ic, a. Defn: Characterized by polysyndeton, or the multiplication of conjunctions. -- Pol`y*syn*det"ic*al*ly, adv. POLYSYNDETON Pol`y*syn"de*ton, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which the conjunction is often repeated, as in the sentence, "We have ships and men and money and stores." Opposed to asyndeton. POLYSYNTHESIS Pol`y*syn"the*sis, n. Etym: [Poly- + synthesis.] 1. The act or process of combining many separate elements into a whole. 2. (Philol.) Defn: The formation of a word by the combination of several simple words, as in the aboriginal languages of America; agglutination. Latham. POLYSYNTHETIC Pol`y*syn*thet"ic, a. Etym: [Poly- + synthetic.] Defn: Characterized by polysynthesis; agglutinative. Polysynthetic twinning (Min.), repeated twinning, like that of the triclinic feldspar, producing fine parallel bands in alternately reversed positions. POLYSYNTHETICISM Pol`y*syn*thet"i*cism, n. Defn: Polysynthesis. POLYTECHNIC Pol`y*tech"nic, a. Etym: [Gr. polytechnique.] Defn: Comprehending, or relating to, many arts and sciences; -- applied particularly to schools in which many branches of art and science are taught with especial reference to their practical application; also to exhibitions of machinery and industrial products. POLYTECHNICAL Pol`y*tech"nic*al, a. Defn: Polytechnic. POLYTECHNICS Pol`y*tech"nics, n. Defn: The science of the mechanic arts. POLYTHALAMIA Pol`y*tha*la"mi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Polythalamous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Foraminifera including those having a manychambered shell. POLYTHALAMOUS Pol`y*thal"a*mous, a. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Many-chambered; -- applied to shells of Foraminifera and cephalopods. See Illust. of Nautilus. POLYTHEISM Pol"y*the*ism, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. polythéisme.] Defn: The doctrine of, or belief in, a plurality of gods. In the Old Testament, the gradual development of polytheism from the primitive monotheism may be learned. Shaff-Herzog. POLYTHEIST Pol"y*the*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. polythéiste.] Defn: One who believes in, or maintains the doctrine of, a plurality of gods. POLYTHEISTIC; POLYTHEISTICAL Pol`y*the*is"tic, Pol`y*the*is"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to polytheism; characterized by polytheism; professing or advocating polytheism; as, polytheistic worship; a polytheistic author, or nation. -- Pol`y*the*is"tic*al*ly, adv. POLYTHEIZE Pol"y*the*ize, v. i. Defn: To adhere to, advocate, or inculcate, the doctrine of polytheism. Milman. POLYTHELISM Pol`y*the"lism, n. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. qhlh` a nipple.] (Anat.) Defn: The condition of having more than two teats, or nipples. POLYTOCOUS Po*lyt"o*cous, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Bearing fruit repeatedly, as most perennial plants; polycarpic. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing many or young. POLYTOMOUS Po*lyt"o*mous, a. Etym: [Poly- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Subdivided into many distinct subordinate parts, which, however, not being jointed to the petiole, are not true leaflets; -- said of leaves. Henslow. POLYTOMY Po*lyt"o*my, n. (Logic) Defn: A division into many members. F. Bowen. POLYTUNGSTATE Pol`y*tung"state, n. Defn: A salt of polytungstic acid. POLYTUNGSTIC Pol`y*tung"stic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Containing several tungsten atoms or radicals; as, polytungstic acid. Polytungstic acid (Chem.), any one of several complex acids of tungsten containing more than one atom of tungsten. POLYTYPE Pol"y*type, n. Etym: [Poly- + -type.] (Print.) Defn: A cast, or facsimile copy, of an engraved block, matter in type, etc. (see citation); as, a polytype in relief. By pressing the wood cut into semifluid metal, an intaglio matrix is produced: and from this matrix, in a similar way, a polytype in relief is obtained. Hansard. POLYTYPE Pol"y*type, a. (Print.) Defn: Of or pertaining to polytypes; obtained by polytyping; as, a polytype plate. POLYTYPE Pol"y*type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Polytyped; p. pr. & vb. n. Polytyping.] (Print.) Defn: To produce a polytype of; as, to polytype an engraving. POLYURIA Pol`y*u"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Poly-, and Urine.] (Med.) Defn: A persistently excessive flow of watery urine, with low specific gravity and without the presence of either albumin or sugar. It is generally accompanied with more or less thirst. POLYVALENT Po*lyv"a*lent, a. Etym: [Poly- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valent.] (Chem.) Defn: Multivalent. POLYVE Pol"yve, n. Etym: [See Polive.] Defn: A pulley. [Obs.] POLYZOA Pol`y*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Bryozoa. See Illust. under Bryozoa, and Phylactolæmata. POLYZOAN Pol`y*zo"an, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of Polyzoa; one of the Polyzoa. (b) A polyzoön. POLYZOARIUM Pol`y*zo*a"ri*um, n.; pl. Polyzoaria. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Polyzoary. POLYZOARY Pol`y*zo"a*ry, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The compound organism of a polyzoan. POLYZONAL Pol`y*zon"al, a. Etym: [Poly- + zonal.] Defn: Consisting of many zones or rings. Polyzonal lens (Opt.), a lens made up of pieces arranged zones or rings, -- used in the lanterns of lighthouses. POLYZOON; POLYZOOEN Pol`y*zo"ön, n.; pl. Polyzoa. Etym: [NL. See Polyzoan.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the individual zooids forming the compound organism of a polyzoan. POMACE Pom"ace, n. Etym: [L. ponum a fruit, LL., an apple: cf. LL. pomagium, pomacium.] Defn: The substance of apples, or of similar fruit, crushed by grinding. POMACENTROID Po`ma*cen"troid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Pomacentridæ, a family of bright-colored tropical fishes having spiny opercula; -- often called coral fishes. POMACEOUS Po*ma"ceous, a. Etym: [LL. ponum an apple.] 1. (Bot.) (a) Like an apple or pear; producing pomes. (b) Of or pertaining to a suborder (Pomeæ) of rosaceous plants, which includes the true thorn trees, the quinces, service berries, medlars, and loquats, as well as the apples, pears, crabs, etc. 2. Like pomace. POMADE Po*made", n. Etym: [F. pommade pomatum, OF. pomade cider (cf. Sp. pomada, It. pomata, LL. pomata a drink made of apples), from L. pomum fruit, LL., an apple. Cf. Pomatum.] 1. Cider. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. Perfumed ointment; esp., a fragrant unguent for the hair; pomatum; -- originally made from apples. POMANDER Po*man"der, n. Etym: [Sp. poma.] (a) A perfume to be carried with one, often in the form of a ball. (b) A box to contain such perfume, formerly carried by ladies, as at the end of a chain; -- more properly pomander box. [Obs.] Bacon. POMARINE Po"ma*rine, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the nostril covered with a scale. Pomarine jager (Zoöl.), a North Atlantic jager (Stercorarius pomarinus) having the elongated middle tail feathers obtuse. The adult is black. POMATUM Po*ma"tum, n. Etym: [See Pomade.] Defn: A perfumed unguent or composition, chiefly used in dressing the hair; pomade. Wiseman. POMATUM Po*ma"tum, v. t. Defn: To dress with pomatum. POME Pome, n. Etym: [L. pomum a fruit: cf. F. pomme apple. Cf. Pomade.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A fruit composed of several cartilaginous or bony carpels inclosed in an adherent fleshy mass, which is partly receptacle and partly calyx, as an apple, quince, or pear. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A ball of silver or other metal, which is filled with hot water, and used by the priest in cold weather to warm his hands during the service. POME Pome, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. pommer. See Pome, n.] Defn: To grow to a head, or form a head in growing. [Obs.] POMEGRANATE Pome"gran`ate, n. Etym: [OE. pomgarnet, OF. pome de grenate, F. grenade, L. pomum a fruit + granatus grained, having many grains or seeds. See Pome, and Garnet, Grain.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of the tree Punica Granatum; also, the tree itself (see Balaustine), which is native in the Orient, but is successfully cultivated in many warm countries, and as a house plant in colder climates. The fruit is as large as an orange, and has a hard rind containing many rather large seeds, each one separately covered with crimson, acid pulp. 2. A carved or embroidered ornament resembling a pomegranate. Ex. xxviii. 33. POMEL Pom"el, n. Defn: A pommel. [Obs.] Chaucer. POMELO Pom"e*lo, n. Etym: [Cf. Pompelmous.] Defn: A variety of shaddock, called also grape fruit. POMELY Pome"ly, a. Etym: [OF. pomelé, F. pommelé. See Pome.] Defn: Dappled. [Obs.] "Pomely gray." Chaucer. POMERANIAN Pom`e*ra"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Pomerania, a province of Prussia on the Baltic Sea. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Pomerania. Pomeranian dog (Zoöl.), the loup-loup, or Spitz dog. POMEWATER Pome"wa`ter, n. Defn: A kind of sweet, juicy apple. [Written also pomwater.] Shak. POMEY Pom"ey, n.; pl. Pomeys. Etym: [F. pommé grown round, or like an apple, p. p. of pommer to pome.] (Her.) Defn: A figure supposed to resemble an apple; a roundel, -- always of a green color. POMFRET Pom"fret, n. Etym: [Perhaps corrupt. fr. Pg. pampano a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of two or more species of marine food fishes of the genus Stromateus (S. niger, S. argenteus) native of Southern Europe and Asia. (b) A marine food fish of Bermuda (Brama Raji). POMICULTURE Po"mi*cul`ture, n. [L. pomum fruit + cultura culture.] (Hort.) Defn: The culture of fruit; pomology as an art. POMIFEROUS Po*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. pomifer; pomum fruit + ferre to bear: cf. F. pomifère.] (Bot.) (a) Bearing pomes, or applelike fruits. (b) Bearing fruits, or excrescences, more or less resembling an apple. POMMAGE Pom"mage (; 48), n. Defn: See Pomage. POMME Pom`mé", a. Etym: [F. See Pomey.] (Her.) Defn: Having the ends terminating in rounded protuberances or single balls; -- said of a cross. POMME BLANCHE Pomme` blanche". Etym: [F., literally, white apple.] Defn: The prairie turnip. See under Prairie. POMMEL Pom"mel, n. Etym: [OE. pomel, OF. pomel, F. pommeau, LL. pomellus, fr. L. pomum fruit, LL. also, an apple. See Pome.] Defn: A knob or ball; an object resembling a ball in form; as: (a) The knob on the hilt of a sword. Macaulay. (b) The knob or protuberant part of a saddlebow. (c) The top (of the head). Chaucer. (d) A knob forming the finial of a turret or pavilion. POMMEL Pom"mel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pommeled or Pommelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Pommeling or Pommelling.] Defn: To beat soundly, as with the pommel of a sword, or with something knoblike; hence, to beat with the fists. [Written also pummel.] POMMELION Pom*mel"ion, n. Etym: [See Pommel: cf. LL. pomilio pygmy.] (Mil.) Defn: The cascabel, or hindmost knob, of a cannon. [R.] POMMETTE Pom`met`té", a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Having two balls or protuberances at each end; -- said of a cross. POMOLOGICAL Po`mo*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pomologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to pomology. POMOLOGIST Po*mol"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in pomology; one who culticvates fruit trees. POMOLOGY Po*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. pomum fruit + -logy: cf. F. pomologie.] Defn: The science of fruits; a treatise on fruits; the cultivation of fruits and fruit trees. POMONA Po*mo"na, n. Etym: [L., from pomum fruit.] (Class. Myth.) Defn: The goddess of fruits and fruit trees. POMP Pomp, n. Etym: [OE. pompe, F. pompe, L. pompa, fr. Gr. Pump a shoe.] 1. A procession distinguished by ostentation and splendor; a pageant. "All the pomps of a Roman triumph." Addison. 2. Show of magnificence; parade; display; power. Syn. -- Display; parade; pageant; pageantry; splendor; state; magnificence; ostentation; grandeur; pride. POMP Pomp, v. i. Defn: To make a pompons display; to conduct. [Obs.] B. Jonson. POMPADOUR Pom"pa*dour, n. Defn: A crimson or pink color; also, a style of dress cut low and square in the neck; also, a mode of dressing the hair by drawing it straight back from the forehead over a roll; -- so called after the Marchioness de Pompadour of France. Also much used adjectively. POMPANO Pom"pa*no, n. Etym: [Sp. pámpano.] [Written also pampano.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of several species of marine fishes of the genus Trachynotus, of which four species are found on the Atlantic coast of the United States; -- called also palometa. Note: They have a brilliant silvery or golden luster, and are highly esteemed as food fishes. The round pompano (T. thomboides) and the Carolina pompano (T. Carolinus) are the most common. Other species occur on the Pacific coast. 2. A California harvest fish (Stromateus simillimus), highly valued as a food fish. Pompano shell (Zoöl.), a small bivalve shell of the genus Donax; -- so called because eaten by the pompano. [Florida] POMPATIC Pom*pat"ic, a. Etym: [L. pompaticus.] Defn: Pompous. [Obs.] Barrow. POMPEIAN Pom*pe"ian, a. [L. Pompeianus.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, Pompeii, an ancient city of Italy, buried by an eruption of Vesuvius in 79 a. d., and partly uncovered by modern excavations. POMPEIAN RED Pompeian red. (Art) Defn: A brownish red approaching maroon, supposed to be imitated from the color of the wall panels of houses in Pompeii, which were decorated during the last age of the Republic. POMPELMOUS Pom"pel*mous, n.; pl. Pompelmouses. Etym: [D. pompelmoes; cf. G. pompelmuse, F. pamplemousse, and F. pompoléon.] (Bot.) Defn: A shaddock, esp. one of large size. POMPET Pom"pet, n. Etym: [OF. pompette.] (Print.) Defn: The ball formerly used to ink the type. POMPHOLYX Pom"pho*lyx, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Old Chem.) Defn: Impure zinc oxide. 2. (Med.) Defn: A skin disease in which there is an eruption of bullæ, without inflammation or fever. POMPILLION Pom*pil"lion, n. Defn: An ointment or pomatum made of black poplar buds. [Obs.] Cotgrave. POMPION Pom"pi*on, n. Etym: [OF. pompon. See Pumpkin.] Defn: See Pumpion. POMPIRE Pom"pire, n. Etym: [L. pomum a fruit, LL. also, an apple + pirum a pear.] Defn: A pearmain. [Obs.] POMPOLEON Pom*po"le*on, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Pompelmous. POM-POM Pom"-pom`, n. [Imitative.] Defn: A Vickers-Maxim one-pounder automatic machine cannon using metallic ammunition fed from a lopped belt attached to the gun; -- popularly so called from its peculiar drumming sound in action. Sometimes, any of other similar automatic cannons. POMPON Pom"pon, n. Etym: [F.] 1. Any trifling ornament for a woman's dress or bonnet. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A tuft or ball of wool, or the like, sometimes worn by soldiers on the front of the hat, instead of a feather. POMPOSITY Pom*pos"i*ty, n.; pl. Pomposities (. Defn: The quality or state of being pompous; pompousness. Thackeray. POMPOSO Pom*po"so, a. & adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Grand and dignified; in grand style. POMPOUS Pomp"ous, a. Etym: [F. pompeux, L. pomposus. See Pomp.] 1. Displaying pomp; stately; showy with grandeur; magnificent; as, a pompous procession. 2. Ostentatious; pretentious; boastful; vainlorious; as, pompous manners; a pompous style. "Pompous in high presumption." Chaucer. he pompous vanity of the old schoolmistress. Thackeray. -- Pom"ous*ly, adv. -- Pomp"ous*ness, n. POMPTINE Pomp"tine, a. Defn: See Pontine. POMWATER Pom"wa`ter, n. Defn: Same as Pomewater. PONCELET Ponce"let, n. [After Jean Victor Poncelet, French engineer.] (Physics) Defn: A unit of power, being the power obtained from an expenditure of one hundred kilogram-meters of energy per second. One poncelet equals g watts, when g is the value of the acceleration of gravity in centimeters. PONCHO Pon"cho, n.; pl. Ponchos (. Etym: [Sp.] 1. A kind of cloak worn by the Spanish Americans, having the form of a blanket, with a slit in the middle for the head to pass through. A kind of poncho made of rubber or painted cloth is used by the mounted troops in the United States service. 2. A trade name for camlets, or stout worsteds. POND Pond, n. Etym: [Probably originally, an inclosed body of water, and the same word as pound. See Pound an inclosure.] Defn: A body of water, naturally or artificially confined, and usually of less extent than a lake. "Through pond or pool." Milton. Pond hen (Zoöl.), the American coot. See Coot (a). -- Pond lily (Bot.), the water lily. See under Water, and Illust. under Nymphæa. -- Pond snail (Zoöl.), any gastropod living in fresh-water ponds or lakes. The most common kinds are air-breathing snails (Pulmonifera) belonging to Limnæa, Physa, Planorbis, and allied genera. The operculated species are pectinibranchs, belonging to Melantho, Valvata, and various other genera. -- Pond spice (Bot.), an American shrub (Tetranthera geniculata) of the Laurel family, with small oval leaves, and axillary clusters of little yellow flowers. The whole plant is spicy. It grows in ponds and swamps from Virginia to Florida. -- Pond tortoise, Pond turtle (Zoöl.), any freshwater tortoise of the family Emydidæ. Numerous species are found in North America. POND Pond, v. t. Defn: To make into a pond; to collect, as water, in a pond by damming. POND Pond, v. t. Etym: [See Ponder.] Defn: To ponder. [Obs.] Pleaseth you, pond your suppliant's plaint. Spenser. PONDER Pon"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pondered; p. pr. & vb. n. Pondering.] Etym: [L. ponderare, fr. pondus, ponderis, a weight, fr. pendere to weigh: cf. F. pondérer. See Pendant, and cf. Pound a weight.] 1. To weigh. [Obs.] 2. To weigh in the mind; to view with deliberation; to examine carefully; to consider attentively. Ponder the path of thy feet. Prov. iv. 26. Syn. -- To Ponder, Consider, Muse. To consider means to view or contemplate with fixed thought. To ponder is to dwell upon with long and anxious attention, with a view to some practical result or decision. To muse is simply to think upon continuously with no definite object, or for the pleasure it gives. We consider any subject which is fairly brought before us; we ponder a concern involving great interests; we muse on the events of childhood. PONDER Pon"der, v. i. Defn: To think; to deliberate; to muse; -- usually followed by on or over. Longfellow. PONDERABILITY Pon`der*a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pondérabilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being ponderable. PONDERABLE Pon"der*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. ponderabilis: cf. F. pondérable.] Defn: Capable of being weighed; having appreciable weight. -- Pon"der*a*ble*ness, n. PONDERAL Pon"der*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pondéral.] Defn: Estimated or ascertained by weight; -- distinguished from numeral; as, a ponderal drachma. [R.] Arbuthnot. PONDERANCE Pon"der*ance, n. Etym: [L. ponderans, p. pr. of ponderare to weigh: cf. OF. ponderant of weight.] Defn: Weight; gravity. [R.] Gregory. PONDERARY Pon"der*a*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to weight; as, a ponderary system. [R.] M'Culloch. PONDERATE Pon"der*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. ponderatus, p. p. of ponderare. See Ponder.] Defn: To consider; to ponder. [R.] PONDERATE Pon"der*ate, v. i. Defn: To have weight or influence. [R.] PONDERATION Pon`der*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. ponderatio: cf. F. pondération.] Defn: The act of weighing. [R.] Arbuthnot. PONDERER Pon"der*er, n. Defn: One who ponders. PONDERING Pon"der*ing, a. Defn: Deliberating. -- Pon"der*ing*ly, adv. PONDEROSITY Pon`der*os"i*ty, n.; pl. Ponderosities. Etym: [OF. ponderosité.] Defn: The quality or state of being ponderous; weight; gravity; heaviness, ponderousness; as, the ponderosity of gold. Ray. PONDEROUS Pon"der*ous, a. Etym: [L. ponderosus, from pondus, -eris, a weight: cf. F. pondéreux. See Ponder.] 1. Very heavy; weighty; as, a ponderous shield; a ponderous load; the ponderous elephant. The sepulcher . . . Hath oped his ponderous and marble jaws. Shak. 2. Important; momentous; forcible. "Your more ponderous and settled project." Shak. 3. Heavy; dull; wanting; lightless or spirit; as, a ponderous style; a ponderous joke. Ponderous spar (Min.), heavy spar, or barytes. See Barite. PONDEROUSLY Pon"der*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a ponderous manner. PONDEROUSNESS Pon"der*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being ponderous; ponderosity. PONDFISH Pond"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of American fresh-water fishes belonging to the family Centrarchidæ; -- called also pond perch, and sunfish. Note: The common pondfish of New England (Lepomis gibbosus) is called also bream, pumpkin seed, and sunny. See Sunfish. The long-eared pondfish (Lepomis auritus) of the Eastern United States is distinguished by its very long opercular flap. PONDWEED Pond"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any aquatic plant of the genus Potamogeton, of which many species are found in ponds or slow-moving rivers. Choke pondweed, an American water weed (Anarcharis, or Elodea, Canadensis.) See Anacharis. -- Horned pondweed, the Zannichellia palustris, a slender, branching aquatic plant, having pointed nutlets. PONE Pone, n. Etym: [Of Amer. Indian origin.] Defn: A kind of johnnycake. [Written also paune.] [Southern U. S.] PONENT Po"nent, a. Etym: [OF., fr. It. ponente, properly, setting (applied to the setting sun), fr. L. ponens, p. pr. of ponere to set, put.] Defn: Western; occidental. [R.] Forth rush the levant and the ponent winds. Milton. PONGEE Pon*gee", n. Etym: [Of East Indian origin.] Defn: A fabric of undyed silk from India and China. PONGHEE Pon*ghee", n. Etym: [From the native name.] Defn: A Buddhist priest of the higher orders in Burmah. Malcom. PONGO Pon"go, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any large ape; especially, the chimpanzee and the orang-outang. PONIARD Pon"iard, n. Etym: [F. poignard (cf. It. pugnale, Sp. puñal), fr. L. pugio, -onis; probably akin to pugnus fist, or fr. pugnus fist, as held in the fist. See Pugnacious.] Defn: A kind of dagger, -- usually a slender one with a triangular or square blade. She speaks poniards, and every word stabs. Shak. PONIARD Pon"iard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poniarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Poniarding.] Defn: To pierce with a poniard; to stab. Cowper. PONIBILITY Po`ni*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. ponere to place.] Defn: The capability of being placed or located. [Obs.] Barrow. PONS Pons, n.; pl. Pontes. Etym: [L., a bridge.] (Anat.) Defn: A bridge; -- applied to several parts which connect others, but especially to the pons Varolii, a prominent band of nervous tissue situated on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata and connected at each side with the hemispheres of the cerebellum; the mesocephalon. See Brain. Pons asinorum. Etym: [L., literally, bridge of asses.] See Asses' bridge, under Ass. PONTAGE Pon"tage (; 48), n. Etym: [LL. pontagium, from L. pons, pontis, a bridge: cf. F. pontage.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A duty or tax paid for repairing bridges. Ayliffe. PONTEE Pon*tee", n. Etym: [F. pontil, pontis.] (Glass Making) Defn: An iron rod used by glass makers for manipulating the hot glass; -- called also, puntil, puntel, punty, and ponty. See Fascet. PONTIC Pon"tic, a. Etym: [L. Ponticus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Pontus, Euxine, or Black Sea. PONTIFEX Pon"ti*fex, n.; pl. Pontifices. Etym: [L.] Defn: A high priest; a pontiff. PONTIFF Pon"tiff, n. Etym: [F. pontife, L. pontifex, -ficis; pons, pontis, a bridge (perhaps originally, a way, path) + facere to make. Cf. Pontoon.] Defn: A high priest. Especially: (a) One of the sacred college, in ancient Rome, which had the supreme jurisdiction over all matters of religion, at the head of which was the Pontifex Maximus. Dr. W. Smith. (b) (Jewish Antiq.) The chief priest. (c) (R. C. Ch.) The pope. PONTIFIC Pon*tif"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. L. pontificius.] 1. Relating to, or consisting of, pontiffs or priests. "The pontific college with their augurs and flamens." Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to the pope; papal. Shenstone. PONTIFICAL Pon*tif"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. pontificalis: cf. F. pontifical. See Pontiff.] 1. Of or pertaining to a pontiff, or high priest; as, pontifical authority; hence, belonging to the pope; papal. 2. Of or pertaining to the building of bridges. [R.] Now had they brought the work by wondrous art Pontifical, a ridge of pendent rock Over the vexed abyss. Milton. PONTIFICAL Pon*tif"ic*al, n. Etym: [F.] 1. A book containing the offices, or formulas, used by a pontiff. South. 2. pl. Defn: The dress and ornaments of a pontiff. "Dressed in full pontificals." Sir W. Scott. PONTIFICALITY Pon*tif`i*cal"i*ty, n. Defn: The state and government of the pope; the papacy. [R.] Bacon. PONTIFICALLY Pon*tif"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a pontifical manner. PONTIFICATE Pon*tif"i*cate, n. Etym: [L. pontificatus: cf. F. pontificat. See Pontiff.] 1. The state or dignity of a high priest; specifically, the office of the pope. Addison. 2. The term of office of a pontiff. Milman. PONTIFICATE Pon*tif"i*cate, v. i. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: To perform the duty of a pontiff. PONTIFICE Pon"ti*fice, n. Etym: [L. pons, pontis, a bridge + facere to make. Cf. Pontiff.] Defn: Bridgework; structure or edifice of a bridge. [R.] Milton. PONTIFICIAL Pon`ti*fi"cial, a. Etym: [L. pontificius.] Defn: Papal; pontifical. [Obs.] "Pontificial writers." Burton. PONTIFICIAN Pon`ti*fi"cian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the pontiff or pope. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. PONTIFICIAN Pon`ti*fi"cian, n. Defn: One who adheres to the pope or papacy; a papist. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu. PONTIL Pon"til, n. Defn: Same as Pontee. PONTILE Pon"tile, a. Etym: [L. pontilis pertaining to a bridge.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pons Varolii. See Pons. PONTINE Pon"tine, a. Etym: [L. Pontinus or Pomptinus, an appellation given to a district in Latium, near Pometia.] Defn: Of or pertaining to an extensive marshy district between Rome and Naples. [Written also Pomptine.] PONTLEVIS Pont"le*vis, n. Etym: [F., properly, a drawbridge.] (Man.) Defn: The action of a horse in rearing repeatedly and dangerously. PONTON Pon*ton", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Pontoon. PONTOON Pon*toon", n. Etym: [F. ponton (cf. It. pontone), from L. ponto, - onis, fr. pons, pontis, a bridge, perhaps originally, a way, path: cf. Gr. path, pathi, panthan. Cf. Punt a boat.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A wooden flat-bottomed boat, a metallic cylinder, or a frame covered with canvas, India rubber, etc., forming a portable float, used in building bridges quickly for the passage of troops. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A low, flat vessel, resembling a barge, furnished with cranes, capstans, and other machinery, used in careening ships, raising weights, drawing piles, etc., chiefly in the Mediterranean; a lighter. Pontoon bridge, a bridge formed with pontoons. -- Pontoon train, the carriages of the pontoons, and the materials they carry for making a pontoon bridge. Note: The French spelling ponton often appears in scientific works, but pontoon is more common form. PONTOONING Pon*toon"ing, n. Defn: The act, art, or process of constructing pontoon bridges. "Army instruction in pontooning." Gen. W. T. Shermah. PONTVOLANT Pont`vo*lant" (; F. ), n. Etym: [F. pont bridge + volant flying.] (Mil.) Defn: A kind of light bridge, used in sieges, for surprising a post or outwork which has but a narrow moat; a flying bridge. PONTY Pon"ty, n. (Class Making) Defn: See Pontee. PONY Po"ny, n.; pl. Ponies (. [Written also poney.] Etym: [Gael. ponaidh.] 1. A small horse. 2. Twenty-five pounds sterling. [Slang, Eng.] 3. A translation or a key used to avoid study in getting lessons; a crib. [College Cant] 4. A small glass of beer. [Slang] Pony chaise, a light, low chaise, drawn by a pony or a pair of ponies. -- Pony engine, a small locomotive for switching cars from one track to another. [U.S.] -- Pony truck (Locomotive Engine), a truck which has only two wheels. -- Pony truss (Bridge Building), a truss which has so little height that overhead bracing can not be used. POOD Pood, n. Etym: [Russ. pud'.] Defn: A Russian weight, equal to forty Russian pounds or about thirty-six English pounds avoirdupois. POODLE Poo"dle, n. Etym: [G. pudel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A breed of dogs having curly hair, and often showing remarkable intelligence in the performance of tricks. POOH Pooh, interj. Etym: [Of. imitative origin; cf. Icel. pu.] Defn: Pshaw! pish! nonsense! -- an expression of scorn, dislike, or contempt. POOH-POOH Pooh`-pooh", v. t. Defn: To make light of; to treat with derision or contempt, as if by saying pooh! pooh! [Colloq.] Thackeray. POOKOO Poo"koo, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A red African antelope (Kobus Vardoni) allied to the water buck. POOL Pool, n. Etym: [AS. pol; akin to LG. pool, pohl, D. poel, G. pfuhl; cf. Icel. pollr, also W. pwll, Gael. poll.] 1. A small and rather deep collection of (usually) fresh water, as one supplied by a spring, or occurring in the course of a stream; a reservoir for water; as, the pools of Solomon. Wyclif. Charity will hardly water the ground where it must first fill a pool. Bacon. The sleepy pool above the dam. Tennyson. 2. A small body of standing or stagnant water; a puddle. "The filthy mantled pool beyond your cell." Shak. POOL Pool, n. Etym: [F. poule, properly, a hen. See Pullet.] [Written also poule.] 1. The stake played for in certain games of cards, billiards, etc.; an aggregated stake to which each player has contributed a snare; also, the receptacle for the stakes. 2. A game at billiards, in which each of the players stakes a certain sum, the winner taking the whole; also, in public billiard rooms, a game in which the loser pays the entrance fee for all who engage in the game; a game of skill in pocketing the balls on a pool table. Note: This game is played variously, but commonly with fifteen balls, besides one cue ball, the contest being to drive the most balls into the pockets. He plays pool at the billiard houses. Thackeray. 3. In rifle shooting, a contest in which each competitor pays a certain sum for every shot he makes, the net proceeds being divided among the winners. 4. Any gambling or commercial venture in which several persons join. 5. A combination of persons contributing money to be used for the purpose of increasing or depressing the market price of stocks, grain, or other commodities; also, the aggregate of the sums so contributed; as, the pool took all the wheat offered below the limit; he put $10,000 into the pool. 6. (Railroads) Defn: A mutual arrangement between competing lines, by which the receipts of all are aggregated, and then distributed pro rata according to agreement. 7. (Law) Defn: An aggregation of properties or rights, belonging to different people in a community, in a common fund, to be charged with common liabilities. Pin pool, a variety of the game of billiards in which small wooden pins are set up to be knocked down by the balls. -- Pool ball, one of the colored ivory balls used in playing the game at billiards called pool. -- Pool snipe (Zoöl.), the European redshank. [Prov. Eng.] -- Pool table, a billiard table with pockets. POOL Pool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pooled; p. pr. & vb. n. Pooling.] Defn: To put together; to contribute to a common fund, on the basis of a mutual division of profits or losses; to make a common interest of; as, the companies pooled their traffic. Finally, it favors the poolingof all issues. U. S. Grant. POOL Pool, v. i. Defn: To combine or contribute with others, as for a commercial, speculative, or gambling transaction. POOLER Pool"er, n. Defn: A stick for stirring a tan vat. POOLING Pool"ing, n. (Law) Defn: The act of uniting, or an agreement to unite, an aggregation of properties belonging to different persons, with a view to common liabilities or profits. POON Poon, n. Etym: [Canarese ponne.] Defn: A name for several East Indian, or their wood, used for the masts and spars of vessels, as Calophyllum angustifolium, C. inophullum, and Sterculia foetida; -- called also peon. POONAC Poo"nac, n. Defn: A kind of oil cake prepared from the cocoanut. See Oil cake, under Cake. POONAH PAINTING Poo"nah paint`ing. [From Poona, in Bombay Province, India.] Defn: A style of painting, popular in England in the 19th century, in which a thick opaque color is applied without background and with scarcely any shading, to thin paper, producing flowers, birds, etc., in imitation of Oriental work. Hence: Poonah brush, paper, painter, etc. POONGA OIL Poon"ga oil`. Defn: A kind of oil used in India for lamps, and for boiling with dammar for pitching vessels. It is pressed from the seeds of a leguminous tree (Pongamia glabra). POOP Poop, n. (Arch.) Defn: See 2d Poppy. POOP Poop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pooped; p. pr. & vb. n. Pooping.] Etym: [Cf. D. poepen. See Pop.] Defn: To make a noise; to pop; also, to break wind. POOP Poop, n. Etym: [F. poupe; cf. Sp. & Pg. popa, It. poppa; all fr. L. puppis.] (Naut.) Defn: A deck raised above the after part of a vessel; the hindmost or after part of a vessel's hull; also, a cabin covered by such a deck. See Poop deck, under Deck. See also Roundhouse. With wind in poop, the vessel plows the sea. Dryden. The poop was beaten gold. Shak. POOP Poop, v. t. (Naut.) (a) To break over the poop or stern, as a wave. "A sea which he thought was going to poop her." Lord Dufferin. (b) To strike in the stern, as by collision. POOPED Pooped, p. p. & a. (Naut.) (a) Having a poop; furnished with a poop. (b) Struck on the poop. POOPING Poop"ing, n. (Naut.) Defn: The act or shock of striking a vessel's stern by a following wave or vessel. POOR Poor, a. [Compar. Poorer (; 254); superl. Poorest.] Etym: [OE. poure or povre, OF. povre, F. pauvre, L. pauper; the first syllable of which is probably akin to paucus few (see Paucity, Few), and the second to parare to prepare, procure. See Few, and cf. Parade, Pauper, Poverty.] 1. Destitute of property; wanting in material riches or goods; needy; indigent. Note: It is often synonymous with indigent and with necessitous denoting extreme want. It is also applied to persons who are not entirely destitute of property, but who are not rich; as, a poor man or woman; poor people. 2. (Law) Defn: So completely destitute of property as to be entitled to maintenance from the public. 3. Hence, in very various applications: Defn: Destitute of such qualities as are desirable, or might naturally be expected; as: (a) Wanting in fat, plumpness, or fleshiness; lean; emaciated; meager; as, a poor horse, ox, dog, etc. "Seven other kine came up after them, poor and very ill-favored and lean-fleshed." Gen. xli. 19. (b) Wanting in strength or vigor; feeble; dejected; as, poor health; poor spirits. "His genius . . . poor and cowardly." Bacon. (c) Of little value or worth; not good; inferior; shabby; mean; as, poor clothes; poor lodgings. "A poor vessel." Clarendon. (d) Destitute of fertility; exhausted; barren; sterile; -- said of land; as, poor soil. (e) Destitute of beauty, fitness, or merit; as, a poor discourse; a poor picture. (f) Without prosperous conditions or good results; unfavorable; unfortunate; unconformable; as, a poor business; the sick man had a poor night. (g) Inadequate; insufficient; insignificant; as, a poor excuse. That I have wronged no man will be a poor plea or apology at the last day. Calamy. 4. Worthy of pity or sympathy; -- used also sometimes as a term of endearment, or as an expression of modesty, and sometimes as a word of contempt. And for mine own poor part, Look you, I'll go pray. Shak. Poor, little, pretty, fluttering thing. Prior. 5. Free from self-assertion; not proud or arrogant; meek. "Blessed are the poor in spirit." Matt. v. 3. Poor law, a law providing for, or regulating, the relief or support of the poor. -- Poor man's treacle (Bot.), garlic; -- so called because it was thought to be an antidote to animal poison. [Eng] Dr. Prior. -- Poor man's weatherglass (Bot.), the red-flowered pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis), which opens its blossoms only in fair weather. -- Poor rate, an assessment or tax, as in an English parish, for the relief or support of the poor. -- Poor soldier (Zoöl.), the friar bird. -- The poor, those who are destitute of property; the indigent; the needy. In a legal sense, those who depend on charity or maintenance by the public. "I have observed the more public provisions are made for the poor, the less they provide for themselves." Franklin. POOR Poor, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European codfish (Gadus minutus); -- called also power cod. POORBOX Poor"box`, n. Defn: A receptacle in which money given for the poor is placed. POORHOUSE Poor"house`, n. Defn: A dwelling for a number of paupers maintained at public expense; an almshouse; a workhouse. POOR-JOHN Poor"-john`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European fish, similar to the cod, but of inferior quality. Poor-john and apple pies are all our fare. Sir J. Harrington. POORLINESS Poor"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being poorly; ill health. POORLY Poor"ly, adv. 1. In a poor manner or condition; without plenty, or sufficiency, or suitable provision for comfort; as, to live poorly. 2. With little or no success; indifferently; with little profit or advantage; as, to do poorly in business. 3. Meanly; without spirit. Nor is their courage or their wealth so low, That from his wars they poorly would retire. Dryden. 4. Without skill or merit; as, he performs poorly. Poorly off, not well off; not rich. POORLY Poor"ly, a. Defn: Somewhat ill; indisposed; not in health. "Having been poorly in health." T. Scott. POORNESS Poor"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being poor (in any of the senses of the adjective). Bacon. POOR-SPIRITED Poor"-spir`it*ed, a. Defn: Of a mean spirit; cowardly; base. -- Poor"-spir`it*ed*ness, n. POOR-WILL Poor"-will`, n. Etym: [So called in imitation of its note.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird of the Western United States (Phalænoptilus Nutalli) allied to the whip-poor-will. POOR-WILLIE Poor"-wil`lie, n. Etym: [So called in imitation of its note.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The bar-tailed godwit. [Prov. Eng.] POP Pop, n. Etym: [Of imitative origin. Cf. Poop.] 1. A small, sharp, quick explosive sound or report; as, to go off with a pop. Addison. 2. An unintoxicating beverage which expels the cork with a pop from the bottle containing it; as, ginger pop; lemon pop, etc. Hood. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European redwing. [Prov. Eng.] Pop corn. (a) Corn, or maize, of peculiar excellence for popping; especially, a kind the grains of which are small and compact. (b) Popped corn; which has been popped. POP Pop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Popped; p. pr. & vb. n. Popping.] 1. To make a pop, or sharp, quick sound; as, the muskets popped away on all sides. 2. To enter, or issue forth, with a quick, sudden movement; to move from place to place suddenly; to dart; -- with in, out, upon, off, etc. He that killed my king . . . Popp'd in between the election and my hopes. Shak. A trick of popping up and down every moment. Swift. 3. To burst open with a pop, when heated over a fire; as, this corn pops well. POP Pop, v. t. 1. To thrust or push suddenly; to offer suddenly; to bring suddenly and unexpectedly to notice; as, to pop one's head in at the door. He popped a paper into his hand. Milton. 2. To cause to pop; to cause to burst open by heat, as grains of Indian corn; as, to pop corn or chestnuts. To pop off, to thrust away, or put off promptly; as, to pop one off with a denial. Locke. -- To pop the question, to make an offer of marriage to a lady. [Colloq.] Dickens. POP Pop, adv. Defn: Like a pop; suddenly; unexpectedly. "Pop goes his plate." Beau. & Fl. POPE Pope, n. Etym: [AS. papa, L. papa father, bishop. Cf. Papa, Papal.] 1. Any ecclesiastic, esp. a bishop. [Obs.] Foxe. 2. The bishop of Rome, the head of the Roman Catholic Church. See Note under Cardinal. 3. A parish priest, or a chaplain, of the Greek Church. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish; the ruff. Pope Joan, a game at cards played on a round board with compartments. -- Pope's eye, the gland surrounded with fat in the middle of the thigh of an ox or sheep. R. D. Blackmore. -- Pope's nose, the rump, or uropygium, of a bird. See Uropygium. POPEDOM Pope"dom, n. Etym: [AS. papedom.] 1. The place, office, or dignity of the pope; papal dignity. Shak. 2. The jurisdiction of the pope. POPELING Pope"ling, n. 1. A petty or deputy pope. 2. An adherent of the pope. [R.] Marlowe. POPELOTE Pop"e*lote, n. Defn: A word variously explained as "a little puppet," "a little doll," or "a young butterfly." Cf. Popet. [Obs.] So gay a popelote, so sweet a wench. Chaucer. POPERY Pop"er*y, n. Defn: The religion of the Roman Catholic Church, comprehending doctrines and practices; -- generally used in an opprobrious sense. POPE'S HEAD Pope's head. Defn: A long-handled brush for dusting ceilings, etc., also for washing windows. [Cant] POPET Pop"et, n. Defn: A puppet. [Obs.] Chaucer. POPGUN Pop"gun`, n. Defn: A child's gun; a tube and rammer for shooting pellets, with a popping noise, by compression of air. POPINJAY Pop"in*jay, n. Etym: [OE. popingay, papejay, OF. papegai, papegaut; cf. Pr. papagai, Sp. & Pg. papagayo, It. pappagallo, LGr. gallus cock, or the same word as E. jay, F. geai. Cf. Papagay.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The green woodpecker. (b) A parrot. The pye and popyngay speak they know not what. Tyndale. 2. A target in the form of a parrot. [Scot.] 3. A trifling, chattering, fop or coxcomb. "To be so pestered with a popinjay." Shak. POPISH Pop"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the pope; taught or ordained by the pope; hence, of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic Church; -- often used opprobriously. -- Pop"ish*ly, adv. -- Pop"ish*ness, n. POPLAR Pop"lar, n. Etym: [OE. popler, OF. poplier, F. peuplier, fr. L. populus poplar.] (Bot.) 1. Any tree of the genus Populus; also, the timber, which is soft, and capable of many uses. Note: The aspen poplar is Populus tremula and P. tremuloides; Balsam poplar is P. balsamifera; Lombardy poplar (P. dilatata) is a tall, spiry tree; white poplar is Populus alba. 2. The timber of the tulip tree; -- called also white poplar. [U.S.] POPLEXY Po*plex"y, n. Defn: Apoplexy. [Obs.] Chaucer. POPLIN Pop"lin, n. Etym: [F. popeline, papeline.] Defn: A fabric of many varieties, usually made of silk and worsted, - - used especially for women's dresses. Irish poplin, a fabric with silk warp and worsted weft, made in Ireland. POPLITEAL Pop*lit"e*al, a. Etym: [From L. poples, -itis, the ham.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the ham; in the region of the ham, or behind the knee joint; as, the popliteal space. POPLITIC Pop*lit"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Popliteal. POPOVTSY Po*pov"tsy, n. pl. [Russ., prop., those having popes or priests.] Defn: See Raskolnik. POPPER Pop"per, n. Defn: A utensil for popping corn, usually a wire basket with a long handle. POPPER Pop"per, n. Defn: A dagger. [Obs.] Chaucer. POPPET Pop"pet, n. 1. See Puppet. 2. (Naut.) Defn: One of certain upright timbers on the bilge ways, used to support a vessel in launching. Totten. 3. (Mach.) Defn: An upright support or guide fastened at the bottom only. Poppet head, Puppet head. See Headstock (a). POPPIED Pop"pied, a. Etym: [See 1st Poppy.] 1. Mingled or interspersed with poppies. "Poppied corn." Keats. 2. Affected with poppy juice; hence, figuratively, drugged; drowsy; listless; inactive. [R.] The poppied sails doze on the yard. Lowell. POPPING Pop"ping, Defn: a. & n. from Pop. Popping crease. (Cricket) See under Crease. POPPLE Pop"ple, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Pop.] Defn: To move quickly up and down; to bob up and down, as a cork on rough water; also, to bubble. Cotton. POPPLE Pop"ple, n. 1. The poplar. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U. S.] 2. Tares. [Obs.] "To sow popple among wheat." Bale. POPPY Pop"py, n.; pl. Poppies. Etym: [OE. popy, AS. popig, L. papaver.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant or species of the genus Papaver, herbs with showy polypetalous flowers and a milky juice. From one species (Papaver somniferum) opium is obtained, though all the species contain it to some extent; also, a flower of the plant. See Illust. of Capsule. California poppy (Bot.), any yellow-flowered plant of the genus Eschscholtzia. -- Corn poppy. See under Corn. -- Horn, or Horned, poppy. See under Horn. -- Poppy bee (Zoöl.), a leaf-cutting bee (Anthocopa papaveris) which uses pieces cut from poppy petals for the lining of its cells; -- called also upholsterer bee. -- Prickly poppy (Bot.), Argemone Mexicana, a yellow-flowered plant of the Poppy family, but as prickly as a thistle. -- Poppy seed, the seed the opium poppy (P. somniferum). -- Spatling poppy (Bot.), a species of Silene (S. inflata). See Catchfly. POPPY; POPPYHEAD Pop"py, Pop"py*head`, n. Etym: [F. poupée doll, puppet. See Puppet.] (Arch.) Defn: A raised ornament frequently having the form of a final. It is generally used on the tops of the upright ends or elbows which terminate seats, etc., in Gothic churches. POPULACE Pop"u*lace, n. Etym: [F. populace, fr. It. popolaccio, popolazzo, fr. popolo people, L. populus. See People.] Defn: The common people; the vulgar; the multitude, -- comprehending all persons not distinguished by rank, office, education, or profession. Pope. To . . . calm the peers and please the populace. Daniel. They . . . call us Britain's barbarous populaces. Tennyson. Syn. -- Mob; people; commonalty. POPULACY Pop"u*la*cy, n. Defn: Populace. [Obs.] Feltham. POPULAR Pop"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. popularis, fr. populus people: cf. F. populaire. See People.] 1. Of or pertaining to the common people, or to the whole body of the people, as distinguished from a select portion; as, the popular voice; popular elections. "Popular states." Bacon. "So the popular vote inclines." Milton. The commonly held in popular estimation are greatest at a distance. J. H. Newman. 2. Suitable to common people; easy to be comprehended; not abstruse; familiar; plain. Homilies are plain popular instructions. Hooker. 3. Adapted to the means of the common people; possessed or obtainable by the many; hence, cheap; common; ordinary; inferior; as, popular prices; popular amusements. The smallest figs, called popular figs, . . . are, of all others, the basest and of least account. Holland. 4. Beloved or approved by the people; pleasing to people in general, or to many people; as, a popular preacher; a popular law; a popular administration. 5. Devoted to the common people; studious of the favor of the populace. [R.] Such popular humanity is treason. Addison. 6. Prevailing among the people; epidemic; as, a popular disease. [Obs.] Johnson. Popular action (Law), an action in which any person may sue for penalty imposed by statute. Blackstone. POPULARES Pop`u*la"res, n. pl. Etym: [L.] Defn: The people or the people's party, in ancient Rome, as opposed to the optimates. POPULARITY Pop`u*lar"i*ty, n.; pl. Popularities. Etym: [L. popularitas an effort to please the people: cf. F. popularité.] 1. The quality or state of being popular; especially, the state of being esteemed by, or of being in favor with, the people at large; good will or favor proceeding from the people; as, the popularity of a law, statesman, or a book. A popularity which has lasted down to our time. Macaulay. 2. The quality or state of being adapted or pleasing to common, poor, or vulgar people; hence, cheapness; inferiority; vulgarity. This gallant laboring to avoid popularity falls into a habit of affectation. B. Jonson. 3. Something which obtains, or is intended to obtain, the favor of the vulgar; claptrap. Popularities, and circumstances which . . . sway the ordinary judgment. Bacon. 4. The act of courting the favor of the people. [Obs.] "Indicted . . . for popularity and ambition." Holland. 5. Public sentiment; general passion. [R.] A little time be allowed for the madness of popularity to cease. Bancroft. POPULARIZATION Pop`u*lar*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of making popular, or of introducing among the people. POPULARIZE Pop"u*lar*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Popularized; p. pr. & vb. n. Popularizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. populariser.] Defn: To make popular; to make suitable or acceptable to the common people; to make generally known; as, to popularize philosophy. "The popularizing of religious teaching." Milman. POPULARIZER Pop"u*lar*i`zer, n. Defn: One who popularizes. POPULARLY Pop"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a popular manner; so as to be generally favored or accepted by the people; commonly; currently; as, the story was popularity reported. The victor knight, Bareheaded, popularly low had bowed. Dryden. POPULARNESS Pop"u*lar*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being popular; popularity. Coleridge. POPULATE Pop"u*late, a. Etym: [L. populus people. See People.] Defn: Populous. [Obs.] Bacon. POPULATE Pop"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Populated; p. pr. & vb. n. Populating.] Defn: To furnish with inhabitants, either by natural increase or by immigration or colonization; to cause to be inhabited; to people. POPULATE Pop"u*late, v. i. Defn: To propagate. [Obs.] Great shoals of people which go on to populate. Bacon. POPULATION Pop`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. populatio: cf. F. population.] 1. The act or process of populating; multiplication of inhabitants. 2. The whole number of people, or inhabitants, in a country, or portion of a country; as, a population of ten millions. POPULATOR Pop"u*la`tor, n. Defn: One who populates. POPULICIDE Pop"u*li*cide`, n. Etym: [L. populus people + caedere to kill.] Defn: Slaughter of the people. [R.] POPULIN Pop"u*lin, n. Etym: [L. populus poplar: cf. F. populine.] (Chem.) Defn: A glycoside, related to salicin, found in the bark of certain species of the poplar (Populus), and extracted as a sweet white crystalline substance. POPULISM Pop"u*lism, n. (U. S. Politics) Defn: The political doctrines advocated by the People's party. POPULIST Pop"u*list, n. [L. populus people + -ist.] (U. S. Politics) Defn: A member of the People's party. -- Pop`u*lis"tic (#), a. POPULOSITY Pop`u*los"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. populositas: cf. F. populosité.] Defn: Populousness.[Obs.] POPULOUS Pop"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. populosus, fr. populus people: cf. F. populeux.] 1. Abounding in people; full of inhabitants; containing many inhabitants in proportion to the extent of the country. Heaven, yet populous, retains Number sufficient to possess her realms. Milton. 2. Popular; famous. [Obs.] J. Webster. 3. Common; vulgar. [Obs.] Arden of Feversham. 4. Numerous; in large number. [Obs.] "The dust . . . raised by your populous troops." Shak. -- Pop"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Pop"u*lous*ness, n. PORAILLE Po*raille", n. Etym: [OF. pouraille. See Poor.] Defn: Poor people; the poor. [Obs.] Chaucer. PORBEAGLE Por"bea`gle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of shark (Lamna cornubica), about eight feet long, having a pointed nose and a crescent-shaped tail; -- called also mackerel shark. [Written also probeagle.] PORCATE Por"cate, a. Etym: [L. porca a ridge between two furrows.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having grooves or furrows broader than the intervening ridges; furrowed. PORCELAIN Por"ce*lain, n. (Bot.) Defn: Purslain. [Obs.] PORCELAIN Por"ce*lain (277), n. Etym: [F. porcelaine, It. porcellana, orig., the porcelain shell, or Venus shell (Cypræa porcellana), from a dim. fr. L. porcus pig, probably from the resemblance of the shell in shape to a pig's back. Porcelain was called after this shell, either on account of its smoothness and whiteness, or because it was believed to be made from it. See Pork.] Defn: A fine translucent or semitransculent kind of earthenware, made first in China and Japan, but now also in Europe and America; -- called also China, or China ware. Porcelain, by being pure, is apt to break. Dryden. Ivory porcelain, porcelain with a surface like ivory, produced by depolishing. See Depolishing. -- Porcelain clay. See under Clay. -- Porcelain crab (Zoöl.), any crab of the genus Porcellana and allied genera (family Porcellanidæ). They have a smooth, polished carapace. -- Porcelain jasper. (Min.) See Porcelanite. -- Porcelain printing, the transferring of an impression of an engraving to porcelain. -- Porcelain shell (Zoöl.), a cowry. PORCELAINIZED Por"ce*lain*ized, a. (Geol.) Defn: Baked like potter's lay; -- applied to clay shales that have been converted by heat into a substance resembling porcelain. PORCELANEOUS; PORCELLANEOUS Por`ce*la"ne*ous, Por`cel*la"ne*ous, a. 1. Of or pertaining to porcelain; resembling porcelain; as, porcelaneous shells. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a smooth, compact shell without pores; -- said of certain Foraminifera. PORCELANITE Por"ce*la*nite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. porcelanite.] (Min.) Defn: A semivitrified clay or shale, somewhat resembling jasper; -- called also porcelain jasper. PORCELANOUS; PORCELLANOUS Por"ce*la`nous, Por"cel*la`nous, a. Defn: Porcelaneous. Ure. PORCH Porch, n. Etym: [F. porche, L. porticus, fr. porta a gate, entrance, or passage. See Port a gate, and cf. Portico.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A covered and inclosed entrance to a building, whether taken from the interior, and forming a sort of vestibule within the main wall, or projecting without and with a separate roof. Sometimes the porch is large enough to serve as a covered walk. See also Carriage porch, under Carriage, and Loggia. The graceless Helen in the porch I spied Of Vesta's temple. Dryden. 2. A portico; a covered walk. [Obs.] Repair to Pompey's porch, where you shall find find us. Shak. The Porch, a public portico, or great hall, in Athens, where Zeno, the philosopher, taught his disciples; hence, sometimes used as equivalent to the school of the Stoics. It was called "h poiki`lh stoa`. [See Poicile.] PORCINE Por"cine, a. Etym: [L. porcinus, from porcus a swine. See Pork.] Defn: Of or pertaining to swine; characteristic of the hog. "Porcine cheeks." G. Eliot. PORCUPINE Por"cu*pine, n. Etym: [OE. porkepyn, porpentine, OF. porc-espi, F. porc-épic (cf. It. porco spino, porco spinoso, Sp. puerco espino, puerco espin, fr. L. porcus swine + spina thorn, spine). The last part of the French word is perhaps a corruption from the It. or Sp.; cf. F. épi ear, a spike of grain, L. spica. See Pork, Spike a large nail, Spine.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any Old Word rodent of the genus Hystrix, having the back covered with long, sharp, erectile spines or quills, sometimes a foot long. The common species of Europe and Asia (Hystrix cristata) is the best known. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Erethizon and related genera, native of America. They are related to the true porcupines, but have shorter spines, and are arboreal in their habits. The Canada porcupine (Erethizon dorsatus) is a well known species. Porcupine ant-eater (Zoöl.), the echidna. -- Porcupine crab (Zoöl.), a large spiny Japanese crab (Acantholithodes hystrix). -- Porcupine disease (Med.). See Ichthyosis. -- Porcupine fish (Zoöl.), any plectognath fish having the body covered with spines which become erect when the body is inflated. See Diodon, and Globefish. -- Porcupine grass (Bot.), a grass (Stipa spartea) with grains bearing a stout twisted awn, which, by coiling and uncoiling through changes in moisture, propels the sharp-pointed and barbellate grain into the wool and flesh of sheep. It is found from Illinois westward. See Illustration in Appendix. -- Porcupine wood (Bot.), the hard outer wood of the cocoa palm; -- so called because, when cut horizontally, the markings of the wood resemble the quills of a porcupine. PORE Pore, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. porus, Gr. Fare, v.] 1. One of the minute orifices in an animal or vegetable membrane, for transpiration, absorption, etc. 2. A minute opening or passageway; an interstice between the constituent particles or molecules of a body; as, the pores of stones. PORE Pore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pored; p. pr. & vb. n. Poring.] Etym: [OE. poren, of uncertain origin; cf. D. porren to poke, thrust, Gael. purr.] Defn: To look or gaze steadily in reading or studying; to fix the attention; to be absorbed; -- often with on or upon, and now usually with over."Painfully to pore upon a book." Shak. The eye grows weary with poring perpetually on the same thing. Dryden. POREBLIND Pore"blind`, a. Etym: [Probably influenced by pore, v. See Purblind.] Defn: Nearsighted; shortsighted; purblind. [Obs.] Bacon. PORER Por"er, n. Defn: One who pores. PORGY Por"gy, n.; pl. Porgies. Etym: [See Paugie.] (Zoöl.) (a) The scup. (b) The sailor's choice, or pinfish. (c) The margate fish. (d) The spadefish. (e) Any one of several species of embiotocoids, or surf fishes, of the Pacific coast. The name is also given locally to several other fishes, as the bur fish. [Written also porgee, porgie, and paugy.] PORIFERA Po*rif"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. porus pore + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A grand division of the Invertebrata, including the sponges; -- called also Spongiæ, Spongida, and Spongiozoa. The principal divisions are Calcispongiæ, Keratosa or Fibrospongiæ, and Silicea. PORIFERAN Po*rif"er*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Polifera. PORIFERATA Po*rif`e*ra"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] Defn: The Polifera. PORIFORM Po"ri*form, a. Etym: [L. porus pore + -form: cf. F. poriforme.] Defn: Resembling a pore, or small puncture. PORIME Po"rime, n. Etym: [Gr. (Math.) Defn: A theorem or proposition so easy of demonstration as to be almost self-evident. [R.] Crabb. PORINESS Por"i*ness, n. Defn: Porosity. Wiseman. PORISM Po"rism, n. Etym: [Gr. porisme.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A proposition affirming the possibility of finding such conditions as will render a certain determinate problem indeterminate or capable of innumerable solutions. Playfair. 2. (Gr. Geom.) Defn: A corollary. Brande & C. Note: Three books of porisms of Euclid have been lost, but several attempts to determine the nature of these propositions and to restore them have been made by modern geometers. PORISMATIC; PORISMATICAL Po`ris*mat"ic, Po`ris*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a porism; poristic. PORISTIC; PORISTICAL Po*ris"tic, Po*ris"tic*al, a.Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a porism; of the nature of a porism. PORITE Po"rite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. porite. See Pore, n.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any coral of the genus Porites, or family Poritidæ. PORITES Po*ri"tes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An important genus of reef-building corals having small twelve- rayed calicles, and a very porous coral. Some species are branched, others grow in large massive or globular forms. PORK Pork, n. Etym: [F. porc, L. porcus hog, pig. See Farrow a litter of pigs, and cf. Porcelain, Porpoise.] Defn: The flesh of swine, fresh or salted, used for food. PORKER Pork"er, n. Defn: A hog. Pope. PORKET Pork"et, n. Etym: [Dim. of F. porc. See Pork.] Defn: A young hog; a pig. [R.] Dryden. W. Howitt. PORKLING Pork"ling, n. Defn: A pig; a porket. Tusser. PORKWOOD Pork"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The coarse-grained brownish yellow wood of a small tree (Pisonia obtusata) of Florida and the West Indies. Also called pigeon wood, beefwood, and corkwood. PORNERASTIC Por`ne*ras"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Lascivious; licentious. [R.] F. Harrison. PORNOGRAPHIC Por`no*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pornography; lascivious; licentious; as, pornographic writing. PORNOGRAPHY Por*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] 1. Licentious painting or literature; especially, the painting anciently employed to decorate the walls of rooms devoted to bacchanalian orgies. 2. (Med.) Defn: A treatise on prostitutes, or prostitution. POROSITY Po*ros"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. porosité.] Defn: The quality or state of being porous; -- opposed to density. POROTIC Po*rot"ic, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A medicine supposed to promote the formation of callus. POROTYPE Po"ro*type, n. [See Pore, n., and -type.] Defn: A copy of a print, writing, etc., made by placing it upon a chemically prepared paper which is acted upon by a gas which permeates the paper of the print, writing, etc. POROUS Por"ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. poreux. See Pore, n.] Defn: Full of pores; having interstices in the skin or in the substance of the body; having spiracles or passages for fluids; permeable by liquids; as, a porous skin; porous wood. "The veins of porous earth." Milton. POROUSLY Por"ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a porous manner. POROUSNESS Por"ous*ness, n. 1. The quality of being porous. 2. The open parts; the interstices of anything. [R.] They will forcibly get into the porousness of it. Sir K. Digby. PORPENTINE Por"pen*tine, n. Defn: Porcupine. [Obs.] Shak. PORPESSE Por"pesse, n. Defn: A porpoise. [Obs.] PORPHYRACEOUS Por`phy*ra"ceous, a. Defn: Porphyritic. PORPHYRE Por"phyre, n. Defn: Porphyry. [Obs.] Locke. PORPHYRITE Por"phy*rite, n. (Min.) Defn: A rock with a porphyritic structure; as, augite porphyrite. PORPHYRITIC Por`phy*rit"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. porphyritique.] (Min.) Defn: Relating to, or resembling, porphyry, that is, characterized by the presence of distinct crystals, as of feldspar, quartz, or augite, in a relatively fine-grained base, often aphanitic or cryptocrystalline. PORPHYRIZATION Por`phy*ri*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of porphyrizing, or the state of being porphyrized. PORPHYRIZE Por`phy*rize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. porphyriser, Gr. Defn: To cause to resemble porphyry; to make spotted in composition, like porphyry. PORPHYROGENITISM Por`phy*ro*gen"i*tism, n. Etym: [LL. porphyro genitus, fr. Gr. Defn: The principle of succession in royal families, especially among the Eastern Roman emperors, by which a younger son, if born after the accession of his father to the throne, was preferred to an elder son who was not so born. Sir T. Palgrave. PORPHYRY Por"phy*ry, n.; pl. Porphyries. Etym: [F. porphyre, L. porphyrites, fr. Gr. Purple.] (Geol.) Defn: A term used somewhat loosely to designate a rock consisting of a fine-grained base (usually feldspathic) through which crystals, as of feldspar or quartz, are disseminated. There are red, purple, and green varieties, which are highly esteemed as marbles. Porphyry shell (Zoöl.), a handsome marine gastropod shell (Oliva porphyria), having a dark red or brown polished surface, marked with light spots, like porphyry. PORPITA Por"pi*ta, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of bright-colored Siphonophora found floating in the warmer parts of the ocean. The individuals are round and disk-shaped, with a large zooid in the center of the under side, surrounded by smaller nutritive and reproductive zooids, and by slender dactylozooids near the margin. The disk contains a central float, or pneumatocyst. PORPOISE Por"poise, n. Etym: [OE. porpeys, OF. porpeis, literally, hog fish, from L. porcus swine + piscis fish. See Pork, and Fish.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small cetacean of the genus Phocæna, especially P. communis, or P. phocæna, of Europe, and the closely allied American species (P. Americana). The color is dusky or blackish above, paler beneath. They are closely allied to the dolphins, but have a shorter snout. Called also harbor porpoise, herring hag, puffing pig, and snuffer. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A true dolphin (Delphinus); -- often so called by sailors. Skunk porpoise, or Bay porpoise (Zoöl.), a North American porpoise (Lagenorhynchus acutus), larger than the common species, and with broad stripes of white and yellow on the sides. See Illustration in Appendix. PORPORINO Por`po*ri"no, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A composition of quicksilver, tin, and sulphur, forming a yellow powder, sometimes used by mediæval artists, for the sake of economy, instead of gold. Fairholt. PORPUS Por"pus, n. Defn: A porpoise. [Obs.] Swift. PORRACEOUS Por*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [L. porraceus, from porrum, porrus, a leek.] Defn: Resembling the leek in color; greenish. [R.] "Porraceous vomiting." Wiseman. PORRECT Por*rect", a. Etym: [L. porrectus, p. p. of porrigere to stretch out before one's self, to but forth.] Defn: Extended horizontally; stretched out. PORRECTION Por*rec"tion, n. Etym: [L. porrectio: cf. F. porrection.] Defn: The act of stretching forth. PORRET Por"ret, n. Etym: [F. porrette, fr. L. porrum, porrus, leek. See Porraceous.] Defn: A scallion; a leek or small onion. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PORRIDGE Por"ridge, n. Etym: [Probably corrupted fr. pottage; perh. influenced by OE. porree a kind of pottage, OF. porrée, fr. L. porrum, porrus, leek. See Pottage, and cf. Porringer.] Defn: A food made by boiling some leguminous or farinaceous substance, or the meal of it, in water or in milk, making of broth or thin pudding; as, barley porridge, milk porridge, bean porridge, etc. PORRINGER Por"rin*ger, n. Etym: [OE. pottanger, for pottager; cf. F. potager a soup basin. See Porridge.] Defn: A porridge dish; esp., a bowl or cup from which children eat or are fed; as, a silver porringer. Wordsworth. PORT Port, n. Etym: [From Oporto, in Portugal, i. e., the port, L. portus. See Port harbor.] Defn: A dark red or purple astringent wine made in Portugal. It contains a large percentage of alcohol. PORT Port, n. Etym: [AS. port, L. portus: cf. F. port. See Farm, v., Ford, and 1st, 3d, & 4h Port.] 1. A place where ships may ride secure from storms; a sheltered inlet, bay, or cove; a harbor; a haven. Used also figuratively. Peering in maps for ports and piers and roads. Shak. We are in port if we have Thee. Keble. 2. In law and commercial usage, a harbor where vessels are admitted to discharge and receive cargoes, from whence they depart and where they finish their voyages. Free port. See under Free. -- Port bar. (Naut,) (a) A boom. See Boom, 4, also Bar, 3. (b) A bar, as of sand, at the mouth of, or in, a port. -- Port charges (Com.), charges, as wharfage, etc., to which a ship or its cargo is subjected in a harbor. -- Port of entry, a harbor where a customhouse is established for the legal entry of merchandise. -- Port toll (Law), a payment made for the privilege of bringing goods into port. -- Port warden, the officer in charge of a port; a harbor master. PORT Port, n. Etym: [F. porte, L. porta, akin to portus; cf. AS. porte, fr. L. porta. See Port a harbor, and cf. Porte.] 1. A passageway; an opening or entrance to an inclosed place; a gate; a door; a portal. [Archaic] Him I accuse The city ports by this hath entered. Shak. Form their ivory port the cherubim Forth issuing. Milton. 2. (Naut.) Defn: An opening in the side of a vessel; an embrasure through which cannon may be discharged; a porthole; also, the shutters which close such an opening. Her ports being within sixteen inches of the water. Sir W. Raleigh. 3. (Mach.) Defn: A passageway in a machine, through which a fluid, as steam, water, etc., may pass, as from a valve to the interior of the cylinder of a steam engine; an opening in a valve seat, or valve face. Air port, Bridle port, etc. See under Air, Bridle, etc. -- Port bar (Naut.), a bar to secure the ports of a ship in a gale. -- Port lid (Naut.), a lid or hanging for closing the portholes of a vessel. -- Steam port, and Exhaust port (Steam Engine), the ports of the cylinder communicating with the valve or valves, for the entrance or exit of the steam, respectively. PORT Port, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ported; p. pr. & vb. n. Porting.] Etym: [F. porter, L. portare to carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. To carry; to bear; to transport. [Obs.] They are easily ported by boat into other shires. Fuller. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To throw, as a musket, diagonally across the body, with the lock in front, the right hand grasping the small of the stock, and the barrel sloping upward and crossing the point of the left shoulder; as, to port arms. Began to hem him round with ported spears. Milton. Port arms, a position in the manual of arms, executed as above. PORT Port, n. Etym: [F. port, fr. porter to carry, L. portare, prob. akin to E. fare, v. See Port harbor, and cf. Comport, Export, Sport.] Defn: The manner in which a person bears himself; deportment; carriage; bearing; demeanor; hence, manner or style of living; as, a proud port. Spenser. And of his port as meek as is a maid. Chaucer. The necessities of pomp, grandeur, and a suitable port in the world. South. PORT Port, n. Etym: [Etymology uncertain.] (Naut.) Defn: The larboard or left side of a ship (looking from the stern toward the bow); as, a vessel heels to port. See Note under Larboard. Also used adjectively. PORT Port, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To turn or put to the left or larboard side of a ship; -- said of the helm, and used chiefly in the imperative, as a command; as, port your helm. PORTA Por"ta, n.; pl. Portæ. Etym: [L., a gate. See Port a hole.] (Anat.) (a) The part of the liver or other organ where its vessels and nerves enter; the hilus. (b) The foramen of Monro. B. G. Wilder. PORTABILITY Port`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being portable; fitness to be carried. PORTABLE Port"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. portabilis, fr. portare to carry: cf. F. portable. See Port demeanor.] 1. Capable of being borne or carried; easily transported; conveyed without difficulty; as, a portable bed, desk, engine. South. 2. Possible to be endured; supportable. [Obs.] How light and portable my pain seems now! Shak. Portable forge. See under Forge. -- Portable steam engine. See under Steam engine. PORTABLENESS Port"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being portable; portability. PORTACE Por"tace (; 48), n. Defn: See Portass. [Obs.] PORTAGE Port"age (; 48), n. Etym: [From 2d Port.] (Naut.) (a) A sailor's wages when in port. (b) The amount of a sailor's wages for a voyage. PORTAGE Port"age, n. Etym: [3d Port.] Defn: A porthole. [Obs.] Shak. PORTAGE Por"tage, n. Etym: [F., from porter to carry. See Port to carry.] 1. The act of carrying or transporting. 2. The price of carriage; porterage. Bp. Fell. 3. Capacity for carrying; tonnage. [Obs.] Hakluyt. 4. A carry between navigable waters. See 3d Carry. PORTAGE Por"tage, v. t. & i. Defn: To carry (goods, boats, etc.) overland between navigable waters. PORTAGE GROUP Por"tage group`. Etym: [So called from the township of Portage in New York.] (Geol.) Defn: A subdivision of the Chemung period in American geology. See Chart of Geology. PORTAGUE Por"ta*gue, n. Etym: [See Portuguese.] Defn: A Portuguese gold coin formerly current, and variously estimated to be worth from three and one half to four and one half pounds sterling. [Obs.] [Written also portegue and portigue.] Ten thousand portagues, besides great pearls. Marlowe. PORTAL Por"tal, n. Etym: [OF. portal, F. portail, LL. portale, fr. L. porta a gate. See Port a gate.] 1. A door or gate; hence, a way of entrance or exit, especially one that is grand and imposing. Thick with sparkling orient gems The portal shone. Milton. From out the fiery portal of the east. Shak. 2. (Arch.) (a) The lesser gate, where there are two of different dimensions. (b) Formerly, a small square corner in a room separated from the rest of the apartment by wainscoting, forming a short passage to another apartment. (c) By analogy with the French portail, used by recent writers for the whole architectural composition which surrounds and includes the doorways and porches of a church. 3. (Bridge Building) Defn: The space, at one end, between opposite trusses when these are terminated by inclined braces. 4. A prayer book or breviary; a portass. [Obs.] Portal bracing (Bridge Building), a combination of struts and ties which lie in the plane of the inclined braces at a portal, serving to transfer wind pressure from the upper parts of the trusses to an abutment or pier of the bridge. PORTAL Por"tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a porta, especially the porta of the liver; as, the portal vein, which enters the liver at the porta, and divides into capillaries after the manner of an artery. Note: Portal is applied to other veins which break up into capillaries; as, the renal portal veins in the frog. PORTAMENTO Por`ta*men"to, n. Etym: [It., fr. portare to carry.] (Mus.) Defn: In singing, or in the use of the bow, a gradual carrying or lifting of the voice or sound very smoothly from one note to another; a gliding from tone to tone. PORTANCE Por"tance, n. Defn: See Port, carriage, demeanor. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak. PORTASS Por"tass, n. Etym: [OF. porte-hors a kind of prayer book, so called from being portable; cf. LL. portiforium.] Defn: A breviary; a prayer book. [Written variously portace, portasse, portesse, portise, porthose, portos, portus, portuse, etc.] [Obs.] Spenser. Camden. By God and by this porthors I you swear. Chaucer. PORTATE Por"tate, a. Etym: [L. portatus, p. p. of portare to carry.] (Her.) Defn: Borne not erect, but diagonally athwart an escutcheon; as, a cross portate. PORTATIVE Por"ta*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. portatif.] 1. Portable. [Obs.] 2. (Physics) Defn: Capable of holding up or carrying; as, the portative force of a magnet, of atmospheric pressure, or of capillarity. PORTCLUSE Port"cluse, n. Defn: A portcullis. [Obs.] PORTCRAYON Port`cray"on, n. Etym: [F. porte-crayon; porter to carry + crayon a crayon.] Defn: A metallic handle with a clasp for holding a crayon. PORTCULLIS Port*cul"lis, n. Etym: [OF. porte coulisse, coleïce, a sliding door, fr. L. colare, colatum, to filter, to strain: cf. F. couler to glide. See Port a gate, and cf. Cullis, Colander.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A grating of iron or of timbers pointed with iron, hung over the gateway of a fortress, to be let down to prevent the entrance of an enemy. "Let the portcullis fall." Sir W. Scott. She . . . the huge portcullis high updrew. Milton. 2. An English coin of the reign of Elizabeth, struck for the use of the East India Company; -- so called from its bearing the figure of a portcullis on the reverse. PORTCULLIS Port*cul"lis, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Portcullised; p. pr. & vb. n. Portcullising.] Defn: To obstruct with, or as with, a portcullis; to shut; to bar. [R.] Shak. PORTE Porte, n. Etym: [F. porte a gate, L. porta. See Port a gate.] Defn: The Ottoman court; the government of the Turkish empire, officially called the Sublime Porte, from the gate (port) of the sultan's palace at which justice was administered. PORTE-COCHERE Porte"-co`chère", n. Etym: [F. See Port a gate, and Coach.] (Arch.) Defn: A large doorway allowing vehicles to drive into or through a building. It is common to have the entrance door open upon the passage of the porte-cochère. Also, a porch over a driveway before an entrance door. PORTED Port"ed, a. Defn: Having gates. [Obs.] We took the sevenfold-ported Thebes. Chapman. PORTEGUE Por"te*gue, n. Defn: See Portague. [Obs.] PORTEMONNAIE Porte"mon*naie`, n. Etym: [F., fr. porter to carry + monnaie money.] Defn: A small pocketbook or wallet for carrying money. PORTEND Por*tend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Portended; p. pr. & vb. n. Portending.] Etym: [L. portendre, portentum, to foretell, to predict, to impend, from an old preposition used in comp. + tendere to stretch. See Position, Tend.] 1. To indicate (events, misfortunes, etc.) as in future; to foreshow; to foretoken; to bode; -- now used esp. of unpropitious signs. Bacon. Many signs portended a dark and stormy day. Macaulay. 2. To stretch out before. [R.] "Doomed to feel the great Idomeneus' portended steel." Pope. Syn. -- To foreshow; foretoken; betoken; forebode; augur; presage; foreshadow; threaten. PORTENSION Por*ten"sion, n. Defn: The act of foreshowing; foreboding. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PORTENT Por*tent", n. Etym: [L. portentum. See Portend.] Defn: That which portends, or foretoken; esp., that which portends evil; a sign of coming calamity; an omen; a sign. Shak. My loss by dire portents the god foretold. Dryden. PORTENTIVE Por*tent"ive, a. Defn: Presaging; foreshadowing. PORTENTOUS Por*tent"ous, a. Etym: [L. portentosus.] 1. Of the nature of a portent; containing portents; foreschadowing, esp. foreschadowing ill; ominous. For, I believe, they are portentous things. Shak. Victories of strange and almost portentous splendor. Macaulay. 2. Hence: Monstrous; prodigious; wonderful; dreadful; as, a beast of portentous size. Roscommon. -- Por*tent"ous*ly, adv. -- Por*tent"ous*ness, n. PORTER Por"ter, n. Etym: [F. portier, L. portarius, from porta a gate, door. See Port a gate.] Defn: A man who has charge of a door or gate; a doorkeeper; one who waits at the door to receive messages. Shak. To him the porter openeth. John x. 3. PORTER Por"ter, n. Etym: [F. porteur, fr. porter to carry, L. portare. See Port to carry.] 1. A carrier; one who carries or conveys burdens, luggage, etc.; for hire. 2. (Forging) Defn: A bar of iron or steel at the end of which a forging is made; esp., a long, large bar, to the end of which a heavy forging is attached, and by means of which the forging is lifted and handled is hammering and heating; -- called also porter bar. 3. A malt liquor, of a dark color and moderately bitter taste, possessing tonic and intoxicating qualities. Note: Porter is said to be so called as having been first used chiefly by the London porters, and this application of the word is supposed to be not older than 1750. PORTERAGE Por"ter*age, n. 1. The work of a porter; the occupation of a carrier or of a doorkeeper. 2. Money charged or paid for the carriage of burdens or parcels by a porter. PORTERESS Por"ter*ess, n. Defn: See Portress. PORTERHOUSE Por"ter*house, n. Defn: A house where porter is sold. Porterhouse steak, a steak cut from a sirloin of beet, including the upper and under part. PORTESSE Por"tesse, n. Defn: See Porteass. [Obs.] Tyndale. PORTFIRE Port"fire`, n. Defn: A case of strong paper filled with a composition of niter, sulphur, and mealed powder, -- used principally to ignite the priming in proving guns, and as an incendiary material in shells. PORTFOLIO Port*fol"io, n. Etym: [F. portefeuille; porter to carry + feuille a leaf. See Port to carry, and Folio.] 1. A portable case for holding loose papers, prints, drawings, etc. 2. Hence: The office and functions of a minister of state or member of the cabinet; as, to receive the portfolio of war; to resign the portfolio. PORTGLAVE Port"glave, n. Etym: [F. porte-glaive; porter to carry + glaive a sword.] Defn: A sword bearer. [Obs.] PORTGREVE; PORTGRAVE Port"greve`, Port"grave`,Etym: [AS. portgerefa; port a harbor + gerefa a reeve or sheriff. See Reeve a steward, and cf. Portreeve.] Defn: In old English law, the chief magistrate of a port or maritime town.; a portreeve. [Obs.] Fabyan. PORTHOLE Port"hole`, n. (Naut.) Defn: An embrasure in a ship's side. See 3d Port. PORTHOOK Port"hook`, n. (Naut.) Defn: One of the iron hooks to which the port hinges are attached. J. Knowles. PORTHORS Port"hors`, n. Defn: See Portass. [Obs.] Chaucer. PORTICO Por"ti*co, n.; pl. Porticoes or Porticos. Etym: [It., L. porticus. See Porch.] (Arch.) Defn: A colonnade or covered ambulatory, especially in classical styles of architecture; usually, a colonnade at the entrance of a building. PORTICOED Por"ti*coed, a. Defn: Furnished with a portico. PORTIERE Por`tière"", n. Etym: [F., fr. porte gate, door. See Port a gate.] Defn: A curtain hanging across a doorway. PORTIGUE Por"ti*gue, n. Defn: See Portague. Beau. & Fl. PORTINGAL Por"tin*gal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Portugal; Portuguese. [Obs.] -- n. Defn: A Portuguese. [Obs.] PORTION Por"tion, n. Etym: [F., from L. portio, akin to pars, partis, a part. See Part, n.] 1. That which is divided off or separated, as a part from a whole; a separated part of anything. 2. A part considered by itself, though not actually cut off or separated from the whole. These are parts of his ways; but how little a portion is heard of him! Job xxvi. 14. Portions and parcels of the dreadful past. Tennyson. 3. A part assigned; allotment; share; fate. The lord of that servant . . . will appoint him his portion with the unbelievers. Luke xii. 46. Man's portion is to die and rise again. Keble. 4. The part of an estate given to a child or heir, or descending to him by law, and distributed to him in the settlement of the estate; an inheritance. Give me the portion of goods that falleth to me. Luke xv. 12. 5. A wife's fortune; a dowry. Shak. Syn. -- Division; share; parcel; quantity; allotment; dividend. -- Portion, Part. Part is generic, having a simple reference to some whole. Portion has the additional idea of such a division as bears reference to an individual, or is allotted to some object; as, a portion of one's time; a portion of Scripture. PORTION Por"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Portioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Portioning.] 1. To separate or divide into portions or shares; to parcel; to distribute. And portion to his tribes the wide domain. Pope. 2. To endow with a portion or inheritance. Him portioned maids, apprenticed orphans, blest. Pope. PORTIONER Por"tion*er, n. 1. One who portions. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: See Portionist, 2. PORTIONIST Por"tion*ist, n. 1. A scholar at Merton College, Oxford, who has a certain academical allowance or portion; -- corrupted into postmaster. Shipley. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: One of the incumbents of a benefice which has two or more rectors or vicars. PORTIONLESS Por"tion*less, a. Defn: Having no portion. PORTISE Por"tise, n. Defn: See Portass. [Obs.] PORTLAND CEMENT Port"land ce*ment". Defn: A cement having the color of the Portland stone of England, made by calcining an artificial mixture of carbonate of lime and clay, or sometimes certain natural limestones or chalky clays. It contains a large proportion of clay, and hardens under water. PORTLAND STONE Port"land stone". Defn: A yellowish-white calcareous freestone from the Isle of Portland in England, much used in building. PORTLAND VASE Port"land vase`. Defn: A celebrated cinerary urn or vase found in the tomb of the Emperor Alexander Severus. It is owned by the Duke of Portland, and kept in the British Museum. PORTLAST Port"last, n. (Naut.) Defn: The portoise. See Portoise. PORTLINESS Port"li*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being portly; dignity of mien or of personal appearance; stateliness. Such pride is praise; such portliness is honor. Spenser. 2. Bulkiness; corpulence. PORTLY Port"ly, a. Etym: [From Port demeanor.] 1. Having a dignified port or mien; of a noble appearance; imposing. 2. Bulky; corpulent. "A portly personage." Dickens. PORTMAN Port"man, n.; pl. Portmen (. Defn: An inhabitant or burgess of a port, esp. of one of the Cinque Ports. PORTMANTEAU Port*man"teau, n.; pl. Portmanteaus. Etym: [F. porte-manteau; porter to carry + manteau a cloak, mantle. See Port to carry, and Mantle.] Defn: A bag or case, usually of leather, for carrying wearing apparel, etc., on journeys. Thackeray. PORTMANTLE Port*man"tle, n. Defn: A portmanteau. [Obs.] PORTMOTE Port"mote`, n. Defn: In old English law, a court, or mote, held in a port town. [Obs.] Blackstone. PORTOIR Por"toir, n. Etym: [OF., fr. porter to bear.] Defn: One who, or that which, bears; hence, one who, or that which, produces. [Obs.] Branches . . . which were portoirs, and bare grapes. Holland. PORTOISE Por"toise, n. Etym: [Perhaps fr. OF. porteis portative, portable.] (Naut.) Defn: The gunwale of a ship. To lower the yards a-portoise, to lower them to the gunwale. -- To ride a portoise, to ride an anchor with the lower yards and topmasts struck or lowered, as in a gale of wind. PORTOS Por"tos, n. Defn: See Portass. [Obs.] PORTPANE Port"pane, n. Etym: [From L. portare to carry + panis bread; prob. through French.] Defn: A cloth for carrying bread, so as not to touch it with the hands. [Obs.] PORTRAIT Por"trait, n. Etym: [F., originally p. p. of portraire to portray. See Portray.] 1. The likeness of a person, painted, drawn, or engraved; commonly, a representation of the human face painted from real life. In portraits, the grace, and, we may add, the likeness, consists more in the general air than in the exact similitude of every feature. Sir J. Reynolds. Note: The meaning of the word is sometimes extended so as to include a photographic likeness. 2. Hence, any graphic or vivid delineation or description of a person; as, a portrait in words. Portrait bust, or Portrait statue, a bust or statue representing the actual features or person of an individual; -- in distinction from an ideal bust or statue. PORTRAIT Por"trait, v. t. Defn: To portray; to draw. [Obs.] Spenser. PORTRAITIST Por"trait*ist, n. Defn: A portrait painter. [R.] Hamerton. PORTRAITURE Por"trai*ture, n. Etym: [F. portraiture.] 1. A portrait; a likeness; a painted resemblance; hence, that which is copied from some example or model. For, by the image of my cause, I see The portraiture of his. Shak. Divinity maketh the love of ourselves the pattern; the love of our neighbors but the portraiture. Bacon. 2. Pictures, collectively; painting. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. The art or practice of making portraits. Walpole. PORTRAITURE Por"trai*ture, v. t. Defn: To represent by a portrait, or as by a portrait; to portray. [R.] Shaftesbury. PORTRAY Por*tray", v. t. [Written also pourtray.] [imp. & p. p. portrayed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Portraying.] Etym: [OE. pourtraien, OF. portraire, pourtraire, F. portraire, fr. L. protrahere, protractum, to draw or drag forth; pro forward, forth + trahere to draw. See Trace, v. t., and cf. Protract.] 1. To paint or draw the likeness of; as, to portray a king on horseback. Take a tile, and lay it before thee, and portray upon it the city, even Jerusalem. Ezek. iv. 1. 2. Hence, figuratively, to describe in words. 3. To adorn with pictures. [R.] Spear and helmets thronged, and shields Various with boastful arguments potrayed. Milton. PORTRAYAL Por*tray"al, n. Defn: The act or process of portraying; description; delineation. PORTRAYER Por*tray"er, n. Defn: One who portrays. Chaucer. PORTREEVE Port"reeve`, n. Defn: A port warden. PORTRESS Por"tress, n. Defn: A female porter. Milton. PORT-ROYALIST Port-roy"al*ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of the dwellers in the Cistercian convent of Port Royal des Champs, near Paris, when it was the home of the Jansenists in the 17th century, among them being Arnauld, Pascal, and other famous scholars. Cf. Jansenist. PORTSALE Port"sale`, n. Etym: [Port gate + sale.] Defn: Public or open sale; auction. [Obs.] Holland. PORTUARY Por"tu*a*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. Portass.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A breviary. [Eng.] PORTUGUESE Por"tu*guese, a. Etym: [Cf. F. portugais, Sp. portugues, Pg. portuguez.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Portugal, or its inhabitants. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Portugal; people of Portugal. Portuguese man-of-war. (Zoöl.) See Physalia. PORTULACA Por`tu*la"ca, n. Etym: [L., purslane.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of polypetalous plants; also, any plant of the genus. Note: Portulaca oleracea is the common purslane. P. grandiflora is a South American herb, widely cultivated for its showy crimson, scarlet, yellow, or white, ephemeral blossoms. PORTULACACEOUS Por`tu*la*ca"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Portulacaceæ), of which Portulaca is the type, and which includes also the spring beauty (Claytonia) and other genera. PORWIGLE Por"wi`gle, n. Defn: See Polliwig. PORY Por"y, a. Defn: Porous; as, pory stone. [R.] Dryden. POSE Po`sé", a. Etym: [F., placed, posed.] (Her.) Defn: Standing still, with all the feet on the ground; -- said of the attitude of a lion, horse, or other beast. POSE Pose, n. Etym: [AS. gepose; of uncertain origin; cf. W. pas a cough, Skr. kas to cough, and E. wheeze.] Defn: A cold in the head; catarrh. [Obs.] Chaucer. POSE Pose, n. Etym: [F. pose, fr. poser. See Pose, v. t.] Defn: The attitude or position of a person; the position of the body or of any member of the body; especially, a position formally assumed for the sake of effect; an artificial position; as, the pose of an actor; the pose of an artist's model or of a statue. POSE Pose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Posed; p. pr. & vb. n. Posing.] Etym: [F. poser to place, to put, L. pausare to pause, in LL. also, to place, put, fr. L. pausa a pause, Gr. few. In compounds, this word appears corresponding to L. ponere to put, place, the substitution in French having been probably due to confusion of this word with L. positio position, fr. ponere. See Few, and cf. Appose, Dispose, Oppose, Pause, Repose, Position.] Defn: To place in an attitude or fixed position, for the sake of effect; to arrange the posture and drapery of (a person) in a studied manner; as, to pose a model for a picture; to pose a sitter for a portrait. POSE Pose, v. i. Defn: To assume and maintain a studied attitude, with studied arrangement of drapery; to strike an attitude; to attitudinize; figuratively, to assume or affect a certain character; as, she poses as a prude. He . . . posed before her as a hero. Thackeray. POSE Pose, v. t. Etym: [Shortened from appose, for oppose. See 2d Appose, Oppose.] 1. To interrogate; to question. [Obs.] "She . . . posed him and sifted him." Bacon. 2. To question with a view to puzzling; to embarrass by questioning or scrutiny; to bring to a stand. A question wherewith a learned Pharisee thought to pose and puzzle him. Barrow. POSED Posed, a. Defn: Firm; determined; fixed. "A most posed . . . and grave behavior." [Obs.] Urquhart. POSER Pos"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, puzzles; a difficult or inexplicable question or fact. Bacon. POSEUR; POSEUSE Po`seur", n. masc.; pl. Poseurs, Po`seuse", n. fem.; pl. Poseuses, [F.] Defn: A person who poses or attitudizes, esp. mentally. POSIED Po"sied, a. Defn: Inscribed with a posy. In poised lockets bribe the fair. Gay. POSINGLY Pos"ing*ly, adv. Defn: So as to pose or puzzle. POSIT Pos"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Posited; p. pr. & vb. n. Positing.] Etym: [L. ponere, positum, to place. See Position.] 1. To dispose or set firmly or fixedly; to place or dispose in relation to other objects. Sir M. Hale. 2. (Logic) Defn: To assume as real or conceded; as, to posit a principle. Sir W. Hamilton. POSITION Po*si"tion, n. Etym: [F. position, L. positio, fr. ponere, positum, to put, place; prob. for posino, fr. an old preposition used only in comp. (akin to Gr. sinere to leave, let, permit, place. See Site, and cf. Composite, Compound, v., Depone, Deposit, Expound, Impostor, Opposite, Propound, Pose, v., Posit, Post, n.] 1. The state of being posited, or placed; the manner in which anything is placed; attitude; condition; as, a firm, an inclined, or an upright position. We have different prospects of the same thing, according to our different positions to it. Locke. 2. The spot where a person or thing is placed or takes a place; site; place; station; situation; as, the position of man in creation; the fleet changed its position. 3. Hence: The ground which any one takes in an argument or controversy; the point of view from which any one proceeds to a discussion; also, a principle laid down as the basis of reasoning; a proposition; a thesis; as, to define one's position; to appear in a false position. Let not the proof of any position depend on the positions that follow, but always on those which go before. I. Watts. 4. Relative place or standing; social or official rank; as, a person of position; hence, office; post; as, to lose one's position. 5. (Arith.) Defn: A method of solving a problem by one or two suppositions; -- called also the rule of trial and error. Angle of position (Astron.), the angle which any line (as that joining two stars) makes with another fixed line, specifically with a circle of declination. -- Double position (Arith.), the method of solving problems by proceeding with each of two assumed numbers, according to the conditions of the problem, and by comparing the difference of the results with those of the numbers, deducing the correction to be applied to one of them to obtain the true result. -- Guns of position (Mil.), heavy fieldpieces, not designed for quick movements. -- Position finder (Mil.), a range finder. See under Range. -- Position micrometer, a micrometer applied to the tube of an astronomical telescope for measuring angles of position in the field of view. -- Single position (Arith.), the method of solving problems, in which the result obtained by operating with an assumed number is to the true result as the number assumed is to the number required. -- Strategic position (Mil.), a position taken up by an army or a large detachment of troops for the purpose of checking or observing an opposing force. Syn. -- Situation; station; place; condition; attitude; posture; proposition; assertion; thesis. POSITION Po*si"tion, v. t. Defn: To indicate the position of; to place. [R.] Encyc. Brit. POSITIONAL Po*si"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to position. Ascribing unto plants positional operations. Sir T. Browne. POSITIVE Pos"i*tive, a. Etym: [OE. positif, F. positif, L. positivus. See Position.] 1. Having a real position, existence, or energy; existing in fact; real; actual; -- opposed to negative. "Positive good." Bacon. 2. Derived from an object by itself; not dependent on changing circumstances or relations; absolute; -- opposed to relative; as, the idea of beauty is not positive, but depends on the different tastes individuals. 3. Definitely laid down; explicitly stated; clearly expressed; -- opposed to implied; as, a positive declaration or promise. Positive words, that he would not bear arms against King Edward's son. Bacon. 4. Hence: Not admitting of any doubt, condition, qualification, or discretion; not dependent on circumstances or probabilities; not speculative; compelling assent or obedience; peremptory; indisputable; decisive; as, positive instructions; positive truth; positive proof. "'T is positive 'gainst all exceptions." Shak. 5. Prescribed by express enactment or institution; settled by arbitrary appointment; said of laws. In laws, that which is natural bindeth universally; that which is positive, not so. Hooker. 6. Fully assured; confident; certain; sometimes, overconfident; dogmatic; overbearing; -- said of persons. Some positive, persisting fops we know, That, if once wrong, will needs be always. Pope. 7. Having the power of direct action or influence; as, a positive voice in legislation. Swift. 8. (Photog.) Defn: Corresponding with the original in respect to the position of lights and shades, instead of having the lights and shades reversed; as, a positive picture. 9. (Chem.) (a) Electro-positive. (b) Hence, basic; metallic; not acid; -- opposed to negative, and said of metals, bases, and basic radicals. Positive crystals (Opt.), a doubly refracting crystal in which the index of refraction for the extraordinary ray is greater than for the ordinary ray, and the former is refracted nearer to the axis than the latter, as quartz and ice; -- opposed to negative crystal, or one in which this characteristic is reversed, as Iceland spar, tourmaline, etc. -- Positive degree (Gram.), that state of an adjective or adverb which denotes simple quality, without comparison or relation to increase or diminution; as, wise, noble. -- Positive electricity (Elec), the kind of electricity which is developed when glass is rubbed with silk, or which appears at that pole of a voltaic battery attached to the plate that is not attacked by the exciting liquid; -- formerly called vitreous electricity; -- opposed to Ant: negative electricity. -- Positive eyepiece. See under Eyepiece. -- Positive law. See Municipal law, under Law. -- Positive motion (Mach.), motion which is derived from a driver through unyielding intermediate pieces, or by direct contact, and not through elastic connections, nor by means of friction, gravity, etc.; definite motion. -- Positive philosophy. See Positivism. -- Positive pole. (a) (Elec.) The pole of a battery or pile which yields positive or vitreous electricity; -- opposed to Ant: negative pole. (b) (Magnetism) The north pole. [R.] -- Positive quantity (Alg.), an affirmative quantity, or one affected by the sign plus [+]. -- Positive rotation (Mech.), left-handed rotation. -- Positive sign (Math.), the sign [+] denoting plus, or more, or addition. POSITIVE Pos"i*tive, n. 1. That which is capable of being affirmed; reality. South. 2. That which settles by absolute appointment. 3. (Gram.) Defn: The positive degree or form. 4. (Photog.) Defn: A picture in which the lights and shades correspond in position with those of the original, instead of being reversed, as in a negative. R. Hunt. 5. (Elec.) Defn: The positive plate of a voltaic or electrolytic cell. POSITIVELY Pos"i*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a positive manner; absolutely; really; expressly; with certainty; indubitably; peremptorily; dogmatically; -- opposed to negatively. Good and evil which is removed may be esteemed good or evil comparatively, and positively simply. Bacon. Give me some breath, some little pause, my lord, Before I positively speak herein. Shak. I would ask . . . whether . . . the divine law does not positively require humility and meekness. Sprat. Positively charged or electrified (Elec.), having a charge of positive electricity; -- opposed to Ant: negatively electrified. POSITIVENESS Pos"i*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being positive; reality; actualness; certainty; confidence; peremptoriness; dogmatism. See Positive, a. Positiveness, pedantry, and ill manners. Swift. The positiveness of sins of commission lies both in the habitude of the will and in the executed act too; the positiveness of sins of omission is in the habitude of the will only. Norris. POSITIVISM Pos"i*tiv*ism, n. Defn: A system of philosophy originated by M. Auguste Comte, which deals only with positives. It excludes from philosophy everything but the natural phenomena or properties of knowable things, together with their invariable relations of coexistence and succession, as occurring in time and space. Such relations are denominated laws, which are to be discovered by observation, experiment, and comparison. This philosophy holds all inquiry into causes, both efficient and final, to be useless and unprofitable. POSITIVIST Pos"i*tiv*ist, n. Defn: A believer in positivism. -- a. Defn: Relating to positivism. POSITIVITY Pos`i*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: Positiveness. J. Morley. POSITURE Pos"i*ture, n. Defn: See Posture. [Obs.] POSNET Pos"net, n. Etym: [OF. poçonet, dim. of poçon a pot, a vessel.] Defn: A little basin; a porringer; a skillet. POSOLOGIC; POSOLOGICAL Pos`o*log"ic, Pos`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. posologique.] Defn: Pertaining to posology. POSOLOGY Po*sol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. posologie.] (Med.) Defn: The science or doctrine of doses; dosology. POSPOLITE Pos"po*lite, n. Etym: [Pol. pospolite ruszenie a general summons to arms, an arriere-ban; pospolity general + ruszenie a stirring.] Defn: A kind of militia in Poland, consisting of the gentry, which, in case of invasion, was summoned to the defense of the country. POSS Poss, v. t. Etym: [See Push.] Defn: To push; to dash; to throw. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] A cat . . . possed them [the rats] about. Piers Plowman. POSSE Pos"se, n. Defn: See Posse comitatus. In posse. See In posse in the Vocabulary. POSSE COMITATUS Pos"se com`i*ta"tus. Etym: [L. posse to be able, to have power + LL. comitatus a county, from comes, comitis, a count. See County, and Power.] 1. (Law) Defn: The power of the county, or the citizens who may be summoned by the sheriff to assist the authorities in suppressing a riot, or executing any legal precept which is forcibly opposed. Blackstone. 2. A collection of people; a throng; a rabble. [Colloq.] Note: The word comitatus is often omitted, and posse alone used. "A whole posse of enthusiasts." Carlyle. As if the passion that rules were the sheriff of the place, and came off with all the posse. Locke. POSSESS Pos*sess", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Possessed; p. pr. & vb. n. Possessing.] Etym: [L. possessus, p. p. of possidere to have, possess, from an inseparable prep. (cf. Position) + sedere to sit. See Sit.] 1. To occupy in person; to hold or actually have in one's own keeping; to have and to hold. Houses and fields and vineyards shall be possessed again in this land. Jer. xxxii. 15. Yet beauty, though injurious, hath strange power, After offense returning, to regain Love once possessed. Milton. 2. To have the legal title to; to have a just right to; to be master of; to own; to have; as, to possess property, an estate, a book. I am yours, and all that I possess. Shak. 3. To obtain occupation or possession of; to accomplish; to gain; to seize. How . . . to possess the purpose they desired. Spenser. 4. To enter into and influence; to control the will of; to fill; to affect; -- said especially of evil spirits, passions, etc. "Weakness possesseth me." Shak. Those which were possessed with devils. Matt. iv. 24. For ten inspired, ten thousand are possessed. Roscommon. 5. To put in possession; to make the owner or holder of property, power, knowledge, etc.; to acquaint; to inform; -- followed by of or with before the thing possessed, and now commonly used reflexively. I have possessed your grace of what I purpose. Shak. Record a gift . . . of all he dies possessed Unto his son. Shak. We possessed our selves of the kingdom of Naples. Addison. To possess our minds with an habitual good intention. Addison. Syn. -- To have; hold; occupy; control; own. -- Possess, Have. Have is the more general word. To possess denotes to have as a property. It usually implies more permanence or definiteness of control or ownership than is involved in having. A man does not possess his wife and children: they are (so to speak) part of himself. For the same reason, we have the faculties of reason, understanding, will, sound judgment, etc.: they are exercises of the mind, not possessions. POSSESSION Pos*ses"sion, n. Etym: [F. possession, L. possessio.] 1. The act or state of possessing, or holding as one's own. 2. (Law) Defn: The having, holding, or detention of property in one's power or command; actual seizin or occupancy; ownership, whether rightful or wrongful. Note: Possession may be either actual or constructive; actual, when a party has the immediate occupancy; constructive, when he has only the right to such occupancy. 3. The thing possessed; that which any one occupies, owns, or controls; in the plural, property in the aggregate; wealth; dominion; as, foreign possessions. When the young man heard that saying, he went away sorrowful, for he had great possessions. Matt. xix. 22. Ananias, with Sapphira his wife, sold a possession. Acts v. 1. The house of Jacob shall possess their possessions. Ob. 17. 4. The state of being possessed or controlled, as by an evil spirit, or violent passions; madness; frenzy; as, demoniacal possession. How long hath this possession held the man Shak. To give possession, to put in another's power or occupancy. -- To put in possession. (a) To invest with ownership or occupancy; to provide or furnish with; as, to put one in possession of facts or information. (b) (Law) To place one in charge of property recovered in ejectment or writ of entry. -- To take possession, to enter upon, or to bring within one's power or occupancy. -- Writ of possession (Law), a precept directing a sheriff to put a person in peaceable possession of property recovered in ejectment or writ of entry. POSSESSION Pos*ses"sion, v. t. Defn: To invest with property. [Obs.] POSSESSIONARY Pos*ses"sion*a*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to possession; arising from possession. POSSESSIONER Pos*ses"sion*er, n. 1. A possessor; a property holder. [Obs.] "Possessioners of riches." E. Hall. Having been of old freemen and possessioners. Sir P. Sidney. 2. An invidious name for a member of any religious community endowed with property in lands, buildings, etc., as contrasted with mendicant friars. [Obs.] Wyclif. POSSESSIVAL Pos`ses*si"val, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the possessive case; as, a possessival termination. Earle. POSSESSIVE Pos*sess"ive, a. Etym: [L. possessivus: cf. F. possessif.] Defn: Of or pertaining to possession; having or indicating possession. Possessive case (Eng. Gram.), the genitive case; the case of nouns and pronouns which expresses ownership, origin, or some possessive relation of one thing to another; as, Homer's admirers; the pear's flavor; the dog's faithfulness. -- Possessive pronoun, a pronoun denoting ownership; as, his name; her home; my book. POSSESSIVE Pos*sess"ive, n. 1. (Gram.) Defn: The possessive case. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A possessive pronoun, or a word in the possessive case. POSSESSIVELY Pos*sess"ive*ly, adv. Defn: In a possessive manner. POSSESSOR Pos*sess"or, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. possesseur.] Defn: One who possesses; one who occupies, holds, owns, or controls; one who has actual participation or enjoyment, generally of that which is desirable; a proprietor. "Possessors of eternal glory." Law. As if he had been possessor of the whole world. Sharp. Syn. -- Owner; proprietor; master; holder; occupant. POSSESSORY Pos*sess"o*ry, a. Etym: [L. possessorius: cf. F. possessoire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to possession, either as a fact or a right; of the nature of possession; as, a possessory interest; a possessory lord. Possessory action or suit (Law), an action to regain or obtain possession of something. See under Petitory. POSSET Pos"set, n. Etym: [W. posel curdled milk, posset.] Defn: A beverage composed of hot milk curdled by some strong infusion, as by wine, etc., -- much in favor formerly. "I have drugged their posset." Shak. POSSET Pos"set, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Posseted; p. pr. & vb. n. Posseting.] 1. To curdle; to turn, as milk; to coagulate; as, to posset the blood. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To treat with possets; to pamper. [R.] "She was cosseted and posseted." O. W. Holmes. POSSIBILITY Pos`si*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Possibilities. Etym: [F. possibilité, L. possibilitas.] 1. The quality or state of being possible; the power of happening, being, or existing. "All possibility of error." Hooker. "Latent possibilities of excellence." Johnson. 2. That which is possible; a contingency; a thing or event that may not happen; a contingent interest, as in real or personal estate. South. Burrill. POSSIBLE Pos"si*ble, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. possibilis, fr. posse to be able, to have power; potis able, capable + esse to be. See Potent, Am, and cf. Host a landlord.] Defn: Capable of existing or occurring, or of being conceived or thought of; able to happen; capable of being done; not contrary to the nature of things; -- sometimes used to express extreme improbability; barely able to be, or to come to pass; as, possibly he is honest, as it is possible that Judas meant no wrong. With God all things are possible. Matt. xix. 26. Syn. -- Practicable; likely. See Practicable. POSSIBLY Pos"si*bly, adv. Defn: In a possible manner; by possible means; especially, by extreme, remote, or improbable intervention, change, or exercise of power; by a chance; perhaps; as, possibly he may recover. Can we . . . possibly his love desert Milton. When possibly I can, I will return. Shak. POSSUM Pos"sum, n. Etym: [Shortened from opossum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An opossum. [Colloq. U. S.] To play possum, To act possum, to feign ignorance, indifference or inattention, with the intent to deceive; to dissemble; -- in allusion to the habit of the opossum, which feigns death when attacked or alarmed. POST- Post-. Etym: [L. post behind, after; cf. Skr. paçcabehind, afterwards.] Defn: A prefix signifying behind, back, after; as, postcommissure, postdot, postscript. POST Post, a. Etym: [F. aposter to place in a post or position, generally for a bad purpose.] Defn: Hired to do what is wrong; suborned. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys. POST Post, n. Etym: [AS., fr. L. postis, akin to ponere, positum, to place. See Position, and cf. 4th Post.] 1. A piece of timber, metal, or other solid substance, fixed, or to be fixed, firmly in an upright position, especially when intended as a stay or support to something else; a pillar; as, a hitching post; a fence post; the posts of a house. They shall take of the blood, and strike it on the two side posts and on the upper doorpost of the houses. Ex. xii. 7. Then by main force pulled up, and on his shoulders bore, The gates of Azza, post and massy bar. Milton. Unto his order he was a noble post. Chaucer. Note: Post, in the sense of an upright timber or strut, is used in composition, in such words as king-post, queen-post, crown-post, gatepost, etc. 2. The doorpost of a victualer's shop or inn, on which were chalked the scores of customers; hence, a score; a debt. [Obs.] When God sends coin I will discharge your post. S. Rowlands. From pillar to post. See under Pillar. -- Knight of the post. See under Knight. -- Post hanger (Mach.), a bearing for a revolving shaft, adapted to be fastened to a post. -- Post hole, a hole in the ground to set the foot of a post in. -- Post mill, a form of windmill so constructed that the whole fabric rests on a vertical axis firmly fastened to the ground, and capable of being turned as the direction of the wind varies. -- Post and stall (Coal Mining), a mode of working in which pillars of coal are left to support the roof of the mine. POST Post, n. Etym: [F. poste, LL. posta station, post (where horses were kept), properly, a fixed or set place, fem. fr. L. positus placed, p. p. of ponere. See Position, and cf. Post a pillar.] 1. The place at which anything is stopped, placed, or fixed; a station. Specifically: (a) A station, or one of a series of stations, established for the refreshment and accommodation of travelers on some recognized route; as, a stage or railway post. (b) A military station; the place at which a soldier or a body of troops is stationed; also, the troops at such a station. (c) The piece of ground to which a sentinel's walk is limited. 2. A messenger who goes from station; an express; especially, one who is employed by the government to carry letters and parcels regularly from one place to another; a letter carrier; a postman. In certain places there be always fresh posts, to carry that further which is brought unto them by the other. Abp. Abbot. I fear my Julia would not deign my lines, Receiving them from such a worthless post. Shak. 3. An established conveyance for letters from one place or station to another; especially, the governmental system in any country for carrying and distributing letters and parcels; the post office; the mail; hence, the carriage by which the mail is transported. I send you the fair copy of the poem on dullness, which I should not care to hazard by the common post. Pope. 4. Haste or speed, like that of a messenger or mail carrier. [Obs.] "In post he came." Shak. 5. One who has charge of a station, especially of a postal station. [Obs.] He held office of postmaster, or, as it was then called, post, for several years. Palfrey. 6. A station, office, or position of service, trust, or emolument; as, the post of duty; the post of danger. The post of honor is a private station. Addison. 7. A size of printing and writing paper. See the Table under Paper. Post and pair, an old game at cards, in which each player a hand of three cards. B. Jonson. -- Post bag, a mail bag. -- Post bill, a bill of letters mailed by a postmaster. -- Post chaise, or Post coach, a carriage usually with four wheels, for the conveyance of travelers who travel post. Post day, a day on which the mall arrives or departs. -- Post hackney, a hired post horse. Sir H. Wotton. -- Post horn, a horn, or trumpet, carried and blown by a carrier of the public mail, or by a coachman. -- Post horse, a horse stationed, intended, or used for the post. -- Post hour, hour for posting letters. Dickens. -- Post office. (a) An office under governmental superintendence, where letters, papers, and other mailable matter, are received and distributed; a place appointed for attending to all business connected with the mail. (b) The governmental system for forwarding mail matter. -- Postoffice order. See Money order, under Money. -- Post road, or Post route, a road or way over which the mail is carried. -- Post town. (a) A town in which post horses are kept. (b) A town in which a post office is established by law. -- To ride post, to ride, as a carrier of dispatches, from place to place; hence, to ride rapidly, with as little delay as possible. -- To travel post, to travel, as a post does, by relays of horses, or by keeping one carriage to which fresh horses are attached at each stopping place. POST Post, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Posted; p. pr. & vb. n. Posting.] 1. To attach to a post, a wall, or other usual place of affixing public notices; to placard; as, to post a notice; to post playbills. Note: Formerly, a large post was erected before the sheriff's office, or in some public place, upon which legal notices were displayed. This way of advertisement has not entirely gone of use. 2. To hold up to public blame or reproach; to advertise opprobriously; to denounce by public proclamation; as, to post one for cowardice. On pain of being posted to your sorrow Fail not, at four, to meet me. Granville. 3. To enter (a name) on a list, as for service, promotion, or the like. 4. To assign to a station; to set; to place; as, to post a sentinel. "It might be to obtain a ship for a lieutenant, . . . or to get him posted." De Quincey. 5. (Bookkeeping) Defn: To carry, as an account, from the journal to the ledger; as, to post an account; to transfer, as accounts, to the ledger. You have not posted your books these ten years. Arbuthnot. 6. To place in the care of the post; to mail; as, to post a letter. 7. To inform; to give the news to; to make (one) acquainted with the details of a subject; -- often with up. Thoroughly posted up in the politics and literature of the day. Lond. Sat. Rev. To post off, to put off; to delay. [Obs.] "Why did I, venturously, post off so great a business" Baxter. -- To post over, to hurry over. [Obs.] Fuller. POST Post, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OF. poster. See 4th Post.] 1. To travel with post horses; figuratively, to travel in haste. "Post seedily to my lord your husband." Shak. And post o'er land and ocean without rest. Milton. 2. (Man.) Defn: To rise and sink in the saddle, in accordance with the motion of the horse, esp. in trotting. [Eng.] POST Post, adv. Defn: With post horses; hence, in haste; as, to travel post. POST-ABDOMEN Post`-ab*do"men, n. Etym: [Pref. post- + abdomen.] (Zoöl.) Defn: That part of a crustacean behind the cephalothorax; -- more commonly called abdomen. POSTABLE Post"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being carried by, or as by, post. [Obs.] W. Montagu. POSTACT Post"act`, n. Defn: An act done afterward. POSTAGE Post"age, n. Defn: The price established by law to be paid for the conveyance of a letter or other mailable matter by a public post. Postage stamp, a government stamp required to be put upon articles sent by mail in payment of the postage, esp. an adhesive stamp issued and sold for that purpose. POSTAL Post"al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. postal.] Defn: Belonging to the post office or mail service; as, postal arrangements; postal authorities. Postal card, or Post card, a card sold by the government for transmission through the mails, at a lower rate of postage than a sealed letter. The message is written on one side of the card, and the direction on the other. -- Postal money order. See Money order, under Money. -- Postal note, an order payable to bearer, for a sum of money (in the United States less than five dollars under existing law), issued from one post office and payable at another specified office. -- Postal Union, a union for postal purposes entered into by the most important powers, or governments, which have agreed to transport mail matter through their several territories at a stipulated rate. POSTANAL Post*a"nal, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + anal.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated behind, or posterior to, the anus. POSTAXIAL Post*ax"i*al, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + axial.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated behind any transverse axis in the body of an animal; caudal; posterior; especially, behind, or on the caudal or posterior (that is, ulnar or fibular) side of, the axis of a vertebrate limb. POSTBOY Post"boy`, n. 1. One who rides post horses; a position; a courier. 2. A boy who carries letters from the post. POST-CAPTAIN Post"-cap`tain, n. Defn: A captain of a war vessel whose name appeared, or was "posted," in the seniority list of the British navy, as distinguished from a commander whose name was not so posted. The term was also used in the United States navy; but no such commission as post-captain was ever recognized in either service, and the term has fallen into disuse. POSTCAVA Post"ca`va, n.; pl. Postcavæ . Etym: [NL. See Post-, and Cave, n.] (Anat.) Defn: The inferior vena cava. -- Post"ca`val, a. B. G. Wilder. POSTCLAVICLE Post*clav"i*cle, n. Etym: [Pref. post- + clavicle.] (Anat.) Defn: A bone in the pectoral girdle of many fishes projecting backward from the clavicle. -- Post`*cla*vic"u*lar, a. POSTCOMMISSURE Post*com"mis*sure, n. Etym: [Pref. post- + commisure.] (Anat.) Defn: A transverse commisure in the posterior part of the roof of the third ventricle of the brain; the posterior cerebral commisure. B. G. Wilder. POSTCOMMUNION Post`com*mun"ion, n. Etym: [Pref. post- + communion.] 1. (Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. Ch.) Defn: The concluding portion of the communion service. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A prayer or prayers which the priest says at Mass, after the ablutions. POSTCORNU Post*cor"nu, n.; pl. Postcornua. Etym: [NL. See Post-, and Cornu.] (Anat.) Defn: The posterior horn of each lateral ventricle of the brain. B. G. Wilder. POSTDATE Post"date`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postdated; p. pr. & vb. n. Postdating.] Etym: [Pref. post- + date.] 1. To date after the real time; as, to postdate a contract, that is, to date it later than the time when it was in fact made. 2. To affix a date to after the event. POSTDATE Post"date`, a. Defn: Made or done after the date assigned. Of these [predictions] some were postdate; cunningly made after the thing came to pass. Fuller. POSTDATE Post"date`, n. Defn: A date put to a bill of exchange or other paper, later than that when it was actually made. POSTDILUVIAL; POSTDILUVIAN Post`di*lu"vi*al, Post`di*lu"vi*an, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + diluvial, diluvian.] Defn: Being or happening after the flood in Noah's days. POSTDILUVIAN Post`di*lu"vi*an, n. Defn: One who lived after the flood. POST-DISSEIZIN Post"-dis*sei"zin, n. Etym: [Pref. post- + disseizin.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A subsequent disseizin committed by one of lands which the disseizee had before recovered of the same disseizor; a writ founded on such subsequent disseizin, now abolished. Burrill. Tomlins. POST-DISSEIZOR Post`-dis*sei"zor, n. Etym: [Pref. post- + disseizor.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A person who disseizes another of lands which the disseizee had before recovered of the same disseizor. Blackstone. POSTEA Post"e*a, n. Etym: [L., after these or those (things), afterward.] (Law) Defn: The return of the judge before whom a cause was tried, after a verdict, of what was done in the cause, which is indorsed on the nisi prius record. Wharton. POSTEL Pos"tel, n. Defn: Apostle. [Obs.] Chaucer. POSTENCEPHALON Post`en*ceph"a*lon, n. (Anat.) Defn: The metencephalon. POSTENTRY Post"en*try, n. Etym: [Pref. post- + entry.] 1. A second or subsequent, at the customhouse, of goods which had been omitted by mistake. 2. (Bookkeeping) Defn: An additional or subsequent entry. POSTER Post"er, n. 1. A large bill or placard intended to be posted in public places. 2. One who posts bills; a billposter. POSTER Post"er, n. 1. One who posts, or travels expeditiously; a courier. "Posters of the sea and land." Shak. 2. A post horse. "Posters at full gallop." C. Lever. POSTERIOR Pos*te"ri*or, a. Etym: [L. posterior, compar. of posterus coming after, from post after. See Post-.] 1. Later in time; hence, later in the order of proceeding or moving; coming after; -- opposed to prior. Hesiod was posterior to Homer. Broome. 2. Situated behind; hinder; -- opposed to anterior. 3. (Anat.) Defn: At or toward the caudal extremity; caudal; -- in human anatomy often used for dorsal. 4. (Bot.) Defn: On the side next the axis of inflorescence; -- said of an axillary flower. Gray. POSTERIORITY Pos*te`ri*or"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. postériorité.] Defn: The state of being later or subsequent; as, posteriority of time, or of an event; -- opposed to priority. POSTERIORLY Pos*te"ri*or*ly, adv. Defn: Subsequently in time; also, behind in position. POSTERIORS Pos*te"ri*ors, n. pl. Defn: The hinder parts, as of an animal's body. Swift. POSTERITY Pos*ter"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. posteritas: cf. F. postérité. See Posterior.] 1. The race that proceeds from a progenitor; offspring to the furthest generation; the aggregate number of persons who are descended from an ancestor of a generation; descendants; -- contrasted with ancestry; as, the posterity of Abraham. If [the crown] should not stand in thy posterity. Shak. 2. Succeeding generations; future times. Shak. Their names shall be transmitted to posterity. Shak. Their names shall be transmitted to posterity. Smalridge. POSTERN Pos"tern, n. Etym: [OF. posterne, posterle, F. poterne, fr. L. posterula, fr. posterus coming after. See Posterior.] 1. Originally, a back door or gate; a private entrance; hence, any small door or gate. He by a privy postern took his flight. Spenser. Out at the postern, by the abbey wall. Shak. 2. (Fort.) Defn: A subterraneous passage communicating between the parade and the main ditch, or between the ditches and the interior of the outworks. Mahan. POSTERN Pos"tern, a. Defn: Back; being behind; private. "The postern door." Dryden. POSTERO Pos"te*ro Defn: - (posterior, back; as, postero-inferior, situated back and below; postero-lateral, situated back and at the side. POSTEXILIAN; POSTEXILIC Post`ex*il"i*an, Post`ex*il"ic, a. Defn: After the exile; specif. (Jewish Hist.), Defn: belonging to a period subsequent to the Babylonian captivity or exile (b. c. 597 or about 586-about 537). POSTEXIST Post`ex*ist", v. i. Etym: [Pref. post- + exist.] Defn: To exist after; to live subsequently. [Obs. or R.] POSTEXISTENCE Post`ex*ist"ence, n. Defn: Subsequent existence. POSTEXISTENT Post`ex*ist"ent, a. Defn: Existing or living after. [R.] "Postexistent atoms." Cudworth. POSTFACT Post"fact`, a. Etym: [See Post-, and Fact.] Defn: Relating to a fact that occurs after another. POSTFACT Post"fact`, n. Defn: A fact that occurs after another. "Confirmed upon the postfact." Fuller. POSTFACTUM Post`fac"tum, n. Etym: [LL.] (Rom. & Eng. Law) Defn: Same as Postfact. POST-FINE Post"-fine`, n. Etym: [Pref. post- + fine.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A duty paid to the king by the cognizee in a fine of lands, when the same was fully passed; -- called also the king's silver. POSTFIX Post"fix, n.; pl. Postfixes. Etym: [Pref. post- + -fix, as in prefix: cf. F. postfixe.] (Gram.) Defn: A letter, syllable, or word, added to the end of another word; a suffix. Parkhurst. POSTFIX Post*fix", v. t. Defn: To annex; specifically (Gram.), to add or annex, as a letter, syllable, or word, to the end of another or principal word; to suffix. Parkhurst. POSTFRONTAL Post*fron"tal, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + frontal.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated behind the frontal bone or the frontal region of the skull; -- applied especially to a bone back of and below the frontal in many animals. -- n. Defn: A postfrontal bone. POSTFURCA Post*fur"ca, n.; pl. Postfurcæ. Etym: [NL., fr. post behind + furca a fork.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the internal thoracic processes of the sternum of an insect. POSTGENITURE Post*gen"i*ture, n. Etym: [Pref. post- + L. genitura birth, geniture.] Defn: The condition of being born after another in the same family; - - distinguished from primogeniture. [R.] Sir T. Browne. POSTGLACIAL Post*gla"cial, a. (Geol.) (a) Formed or occurring after the last glacial epoch of the Pleistocene period, or at a locality within the area of Pleistocene glaciation after the final disappearance of the glacier from the locality. (b) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an epoch after the last Glacial and before the Terrace epoch. [R.] POSTGLENOID Post*gle"noid, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + glenoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated behind the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone. POSTGRADUATE Post*grad"u*ate, a. [Pref. post-+ graduate.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, the studies pursued after graduation, esp., after receiving the bachelor's degree at a college; graduate. -- n. Defn: A student who pursues such studies. Most careful writers consider the word graduate to be the proper word to use in this sense. POSTHASTE Post`haste", n. Defn: Haste or speed in traveling, like that of a post or courier. Shak. POSTHASTE Post`haste, adv. Defn: With speed or expedition; as, he traveled posthaste; to send posthaste. Shak. POSTHETOMY Pos*thet"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Circumcision. Dunglison. POSTHOUSE Post"house`, n. 1. A house established for the convenience of the post, where relays of horses can be obtained. 2. A house for distributing the malls; a post office. POSTHUME; POSTHUMED Post"hume, Post"humed, a. Defn: Posthumos. [Obs.] I. Watts. Fuller. POSTHUMOUS Post"hu*mous, a. Etym: [L. posthumus, postumus, properly, last; hence, late born (applied to children born after the father's death, or after he had made his will), superl. of posterus, posterior. See Posterior.] 1. Born after the death of the father, or taken from the dead body of the mother; as, a posthumous son or daughter. 2. Published after the death of the author; as, posthumous works; a posthumous edition. 3. Being or continuing after one's death; as, a posthumous reputation. Addison. Sir T. Browne. POSTHUMOUSLY Post"hu*mous*ly, adv. Defn: It a posthumous manner; after one's decease. POSTIC Pos"tic, a. Etym: [L. posticus, fr. post after, behind.] Defn: Backward. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. POSTICOUS Pos"ti*cous, a. Etym: [L. posticus.] (Bot.) (a) Posterior. (b) Situated on the outer side of a filament; -- said of an extrorse anther. POSTIL Pos"til, n. Etym: [F. postille, apostille, LL. postilla, probably from L. post illa (sc. verba) after those (words). Cf. Apostil.] 1. Originally, an explanatory note in the margin of the Bible, so called because written after the text; hence, a marginal note; a comment. Langton also made postils upon the whole Bible. Foxe. 2. (R. C. Ch. & Luth. Ch.) Defn: A short homily or commentary on a passage of Scripture; as, the first postils were composed by order of Charlemagne. POSTIL Pos"til, v. t. Etym: [Cf. LL. postillare.] Defn: To write marginal or explanatory notes on; to gloss. Bacon. POSTIL Pos"til, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Postiled (Postilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Postiling or Postilling.] Defn: To write postils, or marginal notes; to comment; to postillate. Postiling and allegorizing on Scripture. J. H. Newman. POSTILER Pos"til*er, n. Etym: [Written also postiller.] Defn: One who writers marginal notes; one who illustrates the text of a book by notes in the margin. Sir T. Browne. POSTILION Pos*til"ion, n. Etym: [F. postillon, It. postiglione, fr. posta post. See Post a postman.] Defn: One who rides and guides the first pair of horses of a coach or post chaise; also, one who rides one of the horses when one pair only is used. [Written also postillion.] POSTILLATE Pos"til*late, v. t. Etym: [LL. postillatus, p. p. of postillare.] Defn: To explain by marginal notes; to postil. Tracts . . . postillated by his own hand. C. Knight. POSTILLATE Pos"til*late, v. i. 1. To write postils; to comment. 2. To preach by expounding Scripture verse by verse, in regular order. POSTILLATION Pos`til*la"tion, n. Etym: [LL. postillatio.] Defn: The act of postillating; exposition of Scripture in preaching. POSTILLATOR Pos"til*la`tor, n. Etym: [LL.] Defn: One who postillates; one who expounds the Scriptures verse by verse. POSTILLER Post"il*ler, n. Defn: See Postiler. POST-IMPRESSIONISM Post`-im*pres"sion*ism, n. (Painting) Defn: In the broadest sense, the theory or practice of any of several groups of recent painters, or of these groups taken collectively, whose work and theories have in common a tendency to reaction against the scientific and naturalistic character of impressionism and neo- impressionism. In a strict sense the term post-impressionism is used to denote the effort at self-expression, rather than representation, shown in the work of Cézanne, Matisse, etc.; but it is more broadly used to include cubism, the theory or practice of a movement in both painting and sculpture which lays stress upon volume as the important attribute of objects and attempts its expression by the use of geometrical figures or solids only; and futurism, a theory or practice which attempts to place the observer within the picture and to represent simultaneously a number of consecutive movements and impressions. In practice these theories and methods of the post- impressionists change with great rapidity and shade into one another, so that a picture may be both cubist and futurist in character. They tend to, and sometimes reach, a condition in which both representation and traditional decoration are entirely abolished and a work of art becomes a purely subjective expression in an arbitrary and personal language. POSTING Post"ing, n. 1. The act of traveling post. 2. (Bookkeeping) Defn: The act of transferring an account, as from the journal to the ledger. Posting house, a post house. POSTLIMINIAR Post`li*min"i*ar, a. Etym: [See Postliminium.] Defn: Contrived, done, or existing subsequently. "Postliminious after applications of them to their purposes." South. POSTLIMINIARY Post`li*min"i*a*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or involving, the right of postliminium. POSTLIMINIUM; POSTLIMINY Post`li*min"i*um, Post*lim"i*ny, n. Etym: [L. postliminium, post after + limen, liminis, a threshold.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: The return to his own country, and his former privileges, of a person who had gone to sojourn in a foreign country, or had been banished, or taken by an enemy. Burrill. 2. (Internat. Law) Defn: The right by virtue of which persons and things taken by an enemy in war are restored to their former state when coming again under the power of the nation to which they belonged. Kent. POSTLUDE Post"lude, n. Etym: [Pref. post- + -lude, as in prelude.] (Med.) Defn: A voluntary at the end of a service. POSTMAN Post"man, n.; pl. Postmen (. 1. A post or courier; a letter carrier. 2. (Eng. Law) Defn: One of the two most experienced barristers in the Court of Exchequer, who have precedence in motions; -- so called from the place where he sits. The other of the two is called the tubman. Whishaw. POSTMARK Post"mark`, n. Defn: The mark, or stamp, of a post office on a letter, giving the place and date of mailing or of arrival. POSTMARK Post"mark`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postmarked; p. pr. & vb. n. Postmarking.] Defn: To mark with a post-office stamp; as, to postmark a letter or parcel. POSTMASTER Post"mas`ter, n. 1. One who has charge of a station for the accommodation of travelers; one who supplies post horses. 2. One who has charge of a post office, and the distribution and forwarding of mails. POSTMASTER-GENERAL Post"mas`ter-gen"er*al, n.; pl. Postmasters-general. Defn: The chief officer of the post-office department of a government. In the United States the postmaster-general is a member of the cabinet. POSTMASTERSHIP Post"mas`ter*ship, n. Defn: The office of postmaster. POSTMERIDIAN Post`me*rid"i*an, a. Etym: [L. postmeridianus; post after + meridianus. See Meridian.] 1. Coming after the sun has passed the meridian; being in, or belonging to, the afternoon. (Abbrev. P. M.) 2. Fig., belonging to the after portion of life; late. [R.] POST-MORTEM Post-mor"tem, a. Etym: [L., after death.] Defn: After death; as, post-mortem rigidity. Post-mortem examination (Med.), an examination of the body made after the death of the patient; an autopsy. POSTNARES Post*na"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Post-, and Nares.] (Anat.) Defn: The posterior nares. See Nares. POSTNATAL Post*na"tal, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + natal.] Defn: After birth; subsequent to birth; as, postnatal infanticide; postnatal diseases. POSTNATE Post"nate, a. Etym: [LL. postnatus second or subsequently born; L. post after + natus born.] Defn: Subsequent. "The graces and gifts of the spirit are postnate." [Archaic] Jer. Taylor. POST NOTE Post" note`. (Com.) Defn: A note issued by a bank, payable at some future specified time, as distinguished from a note payable on demand. Burrill. POSTNUPTIAL Post*nup"tial, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + nuptial.] Defn: Being or happening after marriage; as, a postnuptial settlement on a wife. Kent. POST-OBIT; POST-OBIT BOND Post-o"bit, n., or; Post-o"bit bond`. Etym: [Pref. post- + obit.] (Law) Defn: A bond in which the obligor, in consideration of having received a certain sum of money, binds himself to pay a larger sum, on unusual interest, on the death of some specified individual from whom he has expectations. Bouvier. POST-OBIT; POST-OBIT BOND Post-o"bit, n., or Post-o"bit bond`. [Pref. post- + obit.] (Law) Defn: A bond in which the obligor, in consideration of having received a certain sum of money, binds himself to pay a larger sum, on unusual interest, on the death of some specified individual from whom he has expectations. Bouvier. POSTOBLONGATA Post*ob`lon*ga"ta, n. Etym: [NL. See Post-, and Oblongata.] (Anat.) Defn: The posterior part of the medulla oblongata. B. G. Wilder. POSTOCULAR Post*oc"u*lar, a. & n. Etym: [Pref. post- + ocular.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Postorbital. POST OFFICE Post" of`fice, n. Defn: See under 4th Post. POSTORAL Post*o"ral, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + oral.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated behind, or posterior to, the mouth. POSTORBITAL Post*or"bit*al, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + orbital.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) Defn: Situated behind the orbit; as, the postorbital scales of some fishes and reptiles. -- n. Defn: A postorbital bone or scale. POSTPAID Post"paid`, a. Defn: Having the postage prepaid, as a letter. POSTPALATINE Post*pal"a*tine, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + palatine.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated behind the palate, or behind the palatine bones. POSTPLIOCENE Post*pli"o*cene, a. (Geol.) Etym: [Pref. post- + pliocene.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the period immediately following the Pliocene; Pleistocene. Also used as a noun. See Quaternary. POSTPONE Post*pone", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postponed; p. pr. & vb. n. Postponing.] Etym: [L. postponere, postpositum; post after + ponere to place, put. See Post-, and Position.] 1. To defer to a future or later time; to put off; also, to cause to be deferred or put off; to delay; to adjourn; as, to postpone the consideration of a bill to the following day, or indefinitely. His praise postponed, and never to be paid. Cowper. 2. To place after, behind, or below something, in respect to precedence, preference, value, or importance. All other considerations should give way and be postponed to this. Locke. Syn. -- To adjourn; defer; delay; procrastinate. POSTPONEMENT Post*pone"ment, n. Defn: The act of postponing; a deferring, or putting off, to a future time; a temporary delay. Macaulay. POSTPONENCE Post*pon"ence, n. Etym: [From L. postponens, p. pr.] Defn: The act of postponing, in sense 2. [Obs.] Johnson. POSTPONER Post*pon"er, n. Defn: One who postpones. POSTPOSE Post*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Postposing.] Etym: [F. postposer. See Post-, and Pose, v. t.] Defn: To postpone. [Obs.] Fuller. POSTPOSIT Post*pos"it, v. t. Etym: [L. postpositus, p. p. See Postpone.] Defn: To postpone. [Obs.] Feltham. POSTPOSITION Post`po*si"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. postposition. See Postpone.] 1. The act of placing after, or the state of being placed after. "The postposition of the nominative case to the verb." Mede. 2. A word or particle placed after, or at the end of, another word; - - distinguished from preposition. POSTPOSITIONAL Post`po*si"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to postposition. POSTPOSITIVE Post*pos"i*tive, a. Etym: [See Postpone.] Defn: Placed after another word; as, a postpositive conjunction; a postpositive letter. -- Post*pos"i*tive*ly, adv. POSTPRANDIAL Post*pran"di*al, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + prandial.] Defn: Happening, or done, after dinner; after-dinner; as, postprandial speeches. POSTREMOGENITURE Pos*tre`mo*gen"i*ture, n. Etym: [L. postremus last + genitura birth, geniture.] Defn: The right of the youngest born. Mozley & W. POSTREMOTE Post`re*mote", a. Etym: [Pref. post- + remote.] Defn: More remote in subsequent time or order. POSTRIDER Post"rid`er, n. Defn: One who rides over a post road to carry the mails. Bancroft. POSTSCAPULA Post*scap"u*la, n. Etym: [NL. See Post-, and Scapula.] (Anat.) Defn: The part of the scapula behind or below the spine, or mesoscapula. POSTSCAPULAR Post*scap"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the postscapula; infraspinous. POSTSCENIUM Post*sce"ni*um, n. Etym: [L., fr. post + scena a scene.] Defn: The part of a theater behind the scenes; the back part of the stage of a theater. POSTSCRIBE Post*scribe", v. t. Etym: [L. postscribere. See Postscript.] Defn: To make a postscript. [R.] T. Adams. POSTSCRIPT Post"script, n. Etym: [L. postscriptus, (assumed) p. p. of postscribere to write after; post after + scribere to write: cf. F. postscriptum. See Post-, and Scribe.] Defn: A paragraph added to a letter after it is concluded and signed by the writer; an addition made to a book or composition after the main body of the work has been finished, containing something omitted, or something new occurring to the writer. [Abbrev. P. S.] POSTSCRIPTED Post"script*ed, a. Defn: Having a postscript; added in a postscript. [R.] J. Q. Adams. POSTSCUTELLUM Post`scu*tel"lum, n. Etym: [NL. See Post-, and Scutellum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The hindermost dorsal piece of a thoracic somite of an insect; the plate behind the scutellum. POSTSPHENOID Post*sphe"noid, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + sphenoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the posterior part of the sphenoid bone. POST-TEMPORAL Post-tem"po*ral, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + temporal.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated back of the temporal bone or the temporal region of the skull; -- applied especially to a bone which usually connects the supraclavicle with the skull in the pectoral arch of fishes. -- n. Defn: A post-temporal bone. POSTTERTIARY Post*ter"ti*a*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + tertiary.] (Geol.) Defn: Following, or more recent than, the Tertiary; Quaternary. POST-TRAGUS Post"-tra`gus, n. Etym: [NL. See Post-, and Tragus.] (Anat.) Defn: A ridge within and behind the tragus in the ear of some animals. POST-TYMPANIC Post`-tym*pan"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. post- + tympanic.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated behind the tympanum, or in the skull, behind the auditory meatus. POSTULANT Pos"tu*lant, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. postulans, p. pr. of postulare. See Postulate.] Defn: One who makes a request or demand; hence, a candidate. POSTULATE Pos"tu*late, n. Etym: [L. postulatum a demand, request, prop. p. p. of postulare to demand, prob. a dim. of poscere to demand, prob. for porcscere; akin to G. forschen to search, investigate, Skr. prach to ask, and L. precari to pray: cf. F. postulat. See Pray.] 1. Something demanded or asserted; especially, a position or supposition assumed without proof, or one which is considered as self-evident; a truth to which assent may be demanded or challenged, without argument or evidence. 2. (Geom.) Defn: The enunciation of a self-evident problem, in distinction from an axiom, which is the enunciation of a self-evident theorem. The distinction between a postulate and an axiom lies in this, -- that the latter is admitted to be self-evident, while the former may be agreed upon between two reasoners, and admitted by both, but not as proposition which it would be impossible to deny. Eng. Cyc. POSTULATE Pos"tu*late, a. Defn: Postulated. [Obs.] Hudibras. POSTULATE Pos"tu*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Postulating.] 1. To beg, or assume without proof; as, to postulate conclusions. 2. To take without express consent; to assume. The Byzantine emperors appear to have . . . postulated a sort of paramount supremacy over this nation. W. Tooke. 3. To invite earnestly; to solicit. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet. POSTULATED Pos"tu*la`ted, a. Defn: Assumed without proof; as, a postulated inference. Sir T. Browne. POSTULATION Pos`tu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. postulatio: cf. F. postulation.] Defn: The act of postulating, or that which is postulated; assumption; solicitation; suit; cause. POSTULATORY Pos"tu*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. postulatorius.] Defn: Of the nature of a postulate. Sir T. Browne. POSTULATUM Pos`tu*la"tum, n.; pl. Postulata. Etym: [L. See Postulate, n.] Defn: A postulate. Addison. POSTUMOUS Pos"tu*mous, a. Defn: See Posthumous. [R.] POSTURAL Pos"tur*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to posture. POSTURE Pos"ture, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. positura, fr. ponere, positum, to place. See Position.] 1. The position of the body; the situation or disposition of the several parts of the body with respect to each other, or for a particular purpose; especially (Fine Arts), the position of a figure with regard to the several principal members by which action is expressed; attitude. Atalanta, the posture of whose limbs was so lively expressed . . . one would have sworn the very picture had run. Sir P. Sidney. In most strange postures We have seen him set himself. Shak. The posture of a poetic figure is a description of his heroes in the performance of such or such an action. Dryden. 2. Place; position; situation. [Obs.] Milton. His [man's] noblest posture and station in this world. Sir M. Hale. 3. State or condition, whether of external circumstances, or of internal feeling and will; disposition; mood; as, a posture of defense; the posture of affairs. The several postures of his devout soul. Atterbury. Syn. -- Attitude; position. See Attitude. POSTURE Pos"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Postured; p. pr. & vb. n. Posturing.] Defn: To place in a particular position or attitude; to dispose the parts of, with reference to a particular purpose; as, to posture one's self; to posture a model. Howell. POSTURE Pos"ture, v. i. 1. To assume a particular posture or attitude; to contort the body into artificial attitudes, as an acrobat or contortionist; also, to pose. 2. Fig.: To assume a character; as, to posture as a saint. POSTURER Pos`tur*er, n. Defn: One who postures. POSTZYGAPOPHYSIS Post*zyg`a*poph"y*sis, n.; pl. Postzygapophyses. Etym: [NL. See Post- , and Zygapophysis.] (Anat.) Defn: A posterior zygapophysis. POSY Po"sy, n.; pl. Posies. Etym: [Contr. fr. poesy.] 1. A brief poetical sentiment; hence, any brief sentiment, motto, or legend; especially, one inscribed on a ring. "The posy of a ring." Shak. 2. Etym: [Probably so called from the use of flowers as having an enigmatical significance. Wedgwood.] Defn: A flower; a bouquet; a nosegay. "Bridegroom's posies." Spenser. We make a difference between suffering thistles to grow among us, and wearing them for posies. Swift. POT Pot, n. Etym: [Akin to LG. pott, D. pot, Dan. potte, Sw. potta, Icel. pottr, F. pot; of unknown origin.] 1. A metallic or earthen vessel, appropriated to any of a great variety of uses, as for boiling meat or vegetables, for holding liquids, for plants, etc.; as, a quart pot; a flower pot; a bean pot. 2. An earthen or pewter cup for liquors; a mug. 3. The quantity contained in a pot; a potful; as, a pot of ale. "Give her a pot and a cake." De Foe. 4. A metal or earthenware extension of a flue above the top of a chimney; a chimney pot. 5. A crucible; as, a graphite pot; a melting pot. 6. A wicker vessel for catching fish, eels, etc. 7. A perforated cask for draining sugar. Knight. 8. A size of paper. See Pott. Jack pot. See under 2d Jack. -- Pot cheese, cottage cheese. See under Cottage. -- Pot companion, a companion in drinking. -- Pot hanger, a pothook. -- Pot herb, any plant, the leaves or stems of which are boiled for food, as spinach, lamb's-quarters, purslane, and many others. -- Pot hunter, one who kills anything and everything that will help to fill has bag; also, a hunter who shoots game for the table or for the market. -- Pot metal. (a) The metal from which iron pots are made, different from common pig iron. (b) An alloy of copper with lead used for making large vessels for various purposes in the arts. Ure. (c) A kind of stained glass, the colors of which are incorporated with the melted glass in the pot. Knight. -- Pot plant (Bot.), either of the trees which bear the monkey-pot. -- Pot wheel (Hydraul.), a noria. -- To go to pot, to go to destruction; to come to an end of usefulness; to become refuse. [Colloq.] Dryden. J. G. Saxe. POT Pot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Potted; p. pr. & vb. n. Potting.] Defn: To place or inclose in pots; as: (a) To preserve seasoned in pots. "Potted fowl and fish." Dryden. (b) To set out or cover in pots; as, potted plants or bulbs. (c) To drain; as, to pot sugar, by taking it from the cooler, and placing it in hogsheads, etc., having perforated heads, through which the molasses drains off. B. Edwards. (d) (Billiards) To pocket. POT Pot, v. i. Defn: To tipple; to drink. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] It is less labor to plow than to pot it. Feltham. POTABLE Po"ta*ble, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. potabilis, fr. potare to drink; akin to Gr. po`tos a drinking, po`sis a drink, Skr. pa to drink, OIr. ibim I drink. Cf. Poison, Bib, Imbibe.] Defn: Fit to be drunk; drinkable. "Water fresh and potable." Bacon. -- n. Defn: A potable liquid; a beverage. "Useful in potables." J. Philips. POTABLENESS Po"ta*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being drinkable. POTAGE Pot"age (; 48), n. Defn: See Pottage. POTAGER Pot"a*ger, n. Etym: [F. fr. potage soup, porridge. See Pottage.] Defn: A porringer. [Obs.] Grew. POTAGRO Po*tag"ro, n. Defn: See Potargo. POTALE Pot"ale`, n. Defn: The refuse from a grain distillery, used to fatten swine. POTAMIAN Po*ta"mi*an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A river tortoise; one of a group of tortoises (Potamites, or Trionychoidea) having a soft shell, webbed feet, and a sharp beak. See Trionyx. POTAMOGRAPHY Pot`a*mog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: An account or description of rivers; potamology. POTAMOLOGY Pot`a*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: A scientific account or discussion of rivers; a treatise on rivers; potamography. POTAMOSPONGIAE Pot`a*mo*spon"gi*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The fresh-water sponges. See Spongilla. POTANCE Po"tance, n. Etym: [F. potence. See Potence, Potency.] (Watch Making) Defn: The stud in which the bearing for the lower pivot of the verge is made. POTARGO Po*tar"go, n. Etym: [Cf. Botargo.] Defn: A kind of sauce or pickle. King. POTASH Pot"ash`, n. Etym: [Pot + ash.] (Chem.) (a) The hydroxide of potassium hydrate, a hard white brittle substance, KOH, having strong caustic and alkaline properties; -- hence called also caustic potash. (b) The impure potassium carbonate obtained by leaching wood ashes, either as a strong solution (lye), or as a white crystalline (pearlash). POTASHES Pot"ash`es, n. pl. (Chem.) Defn: Potash. [Obs.] POTASSA Po*tas"sa, n. Etym: [NL., fr. E. potash.] (Chem.) (a) Potassium oxide. [Obs.] (b) Potassium hydroxide, commonly called caustic potash. POTASSAMIDE Pot`ass*am"ide, n. Etym: [Potassium + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellowish brown substance obtained by heating potassium in ammonia. POTASSIC Po*tas"sic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, potassium. POTASSIUM Po*tas"si*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Potassa, Potash.] (Chem.) Defn: An Alkali element, occurring abundantly but always combined, as in the chloride, sulphate, carbonate, or silicate, in the minerals sylvite, kainite, orthoclase, muscovite, etc. Atomic weight 39.0. Symbol K (Kalium). Note: It is reduced from the carbonate as a soft white metal, lighter than water, which oxidizes with the greatest readiness, and, to be preserved, must be kept under liquid hydrocarbons, as naphtha or kerosene. Its compounds are very important, being used in glass making, soap making, in fertilizers, and in many drugs and chemicals. Potassium permanganate, the salt KMnO4, crystallizing in dark red prisms having a greenish surface color, and dissolving in water with a beautiful purple red color; -- used as an oxidizer and disinfectant. The name chameleon mineral is applied to this salt and also to potassium manganate. -- Potassium bitartrate. See Cream of tartar, under Cream. POTASSOXYL Pot`ass*ox"yl, n. Etym: [Potassium + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The radical KO, derived from, and supposed to exist in, potassium hydroxide and other compounds. POTATION Po*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. potatio, fr. potare. See Potable.] 1. The act of drinking. Jer. Taylor. 2. A draught. "Potations pottle deep." Shak. 3. Drink; beverage. "Thin potations." Shak. POTATO Po*ta"to, n.; pl. Potatoes. Etym: [Sp. patata potato, batata sweet potato, from the native American name (probably batata) in Hayti.] (Bot.) (a) A plant (Solanum tuberosum) of the Nightshade family, and its esculent farinaceous tuber, of which there are numerous varieties used for food. It is native of South America, but a form of the species is found native as far north as New Mexico. (b) The sweet potato (see below). Potato beetle, Potato bug. (Zoöl.) (a) A beetle (Doryphora decemlineata) which feeds, both in the larval and adult stages, upon the leaves of the potato, often doing great damage. Called also Colorado potato beetle, and Doryphora. See Colorado beetle. (b) The Lema trilineata, a smaller and more slender striped beetle which feeds upon the potato plant, bur does less injury than the preceding species. -- Potato fly (Zoöl.), any one of several species of blister beetles infesting the potato vine. The black species (Lytta atrata), the striped (L. vittata), and the gray (L. cinerea, or Fabricii) are the most common. See Blister beetle, under Blister. -- Potato rot, a disease of the tubers of the potato, supposed to be caused by a kind of mold (Peronospora infestans), which is first seen upon the leaves and stems. -- Potato weevil (Zoöl.), an American weevil (Baridius trinotatus) whose larva lives in and kills the stalks of potato vines, often causing serious damage to the crop. -- Potato whisky, a strong, fiery liquor, having a hot, smoky taste, and rich in amyl alcohol (fusel oil); it is made from potatoes or potato starch. -- Potato worm (Zoöl.), the large green larva of a sphinx, or hawk moth (Macrosila quinquemaculata); -- called also tomato worm. See Illust. under Tomato. -- Seaside potato (Bot.), Ipomoea Pes-Capræ, a kind of morning-glory with rounded and emarginate or bilobed leaves. [West Indies] -- Sweet potato (Bot.), a climbing plant (Ipomoea Balatas) allied to the morning-glory. Its farinaceous tubers have a sweetish taste, and are used, when cooked, for food. It is probably a native of Brazil, but is cultivated extensively in the warmer parts of every continent, and even as far north as New Jersey. The name potato was applied to this plant before it was to the Solanum tuberosum, and this is the "potato" of the Southern United States. -- Wild potato. (Bot.) (a) A vine (Ipomoea pandurata) having a pale purplish flower and an enormous root. It is common in sandy places in the United States. (b) A similar tropical American plant (I. fastigiata) which it is thought may have been the original stock of the sweet potato. POTATOR Po*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A drinker. [R.] Southey. POTATORY Po"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. potatorius, from potare to drink.] Defn: Of or pertaining to drinking. Ld. Lytton. POT-AU-FEU Pot`-au`-feu", n. [F., lit., pot on the fire.] (Cookery) Defn: A dish of broth, meat, and vegetables prepared by boiling in a pot, -- a dish esp. common among the French. Grant Allen. POT-BELLIED Pot"-bel`lied, a. Defn: Having a protuberant belly, like the bottom of a pot. POT-BELLY Pot"-bel`ly, n. Defn: A protuberant belly. POTBOILER Pot"boil`er, n. Defn: A term applied derisively to any literary or artistic work, and esp. a painting, done simply for money and the means of living. [Cant] POTBOY Pot"boy`, n. Defn: A boy who carries pots of ale, beer, etc.; a menial in a public house. POTCH Potch, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Poach to stab.] Defn: To thrust; to push. [Obs.] "I 'll potch at him some way." Shak. POTCH Potch, v. t. Defn: See Poach, to cook. [Obs.] Wiseman. POTCHER Potch"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, potches. Potcher engine (Paper Making), a machine in which washed rags are stirred in a bleaching solution. POTECARY Pot"e*ca*ry, n. Defn: An apothecary. [Obs.] POTEEN Po*teen", n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. potaim, poitim, I drink, poitin a small pot.] Defn: Whisky; especially, whisky illicitly distilled by the Irish peasantry. [Written also potheen, and potteen.] POTELOT Po"te*lot, n. Etym: [F.,; cf. G. pottloth black lead.] (Old Chem. & Min.) Defn: Molybdenum sulphide. POTENCE Po"tence, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. potentia staff, crutch, L., might, power. See Potency.] Defn: Potency; capacity. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton. POTENCY Po"ten*cy, n. Etym: [L. potentia, from potens, -entis, potent. See Potent, and cf. Potance, Potence, Puissance.] Defn: The quality or state of being potent; physical or moral power; inherent strength; energy; ability to effect a purpose; capability; efficacy; influence. "Drugs of potency." Hawthorne. A place of potency and away o' the state. Shak. POTENT Po"tent, a. Etym: [L. potens, -entis, p. pr. of posse to be able, to have power, fr. potis able, capable (akin to Skr. pati master, lord) + esse to be. See Host a landlord, Am, and cf. Despot, Podesta, Possible, Power, Puissant.] 1. Producing great physical effects; forcible; powerful' efficacious; as, a potent medicine. "Harsh and potent injuries." Shak. Moses once more his potent rod extends. Milton. 2. Having great authority, control, or dominion; puissant; mighty; influential; as, a potent prince. "A potent dukedom." Shak. Most potent, grave, and reverend signiors. Shak. 3. Powerful, in an intellectual or moral sense; having great influence; as, potent interest; a potent argument. Cross potent. (Her.) See Illust. (7) of Cross. Syn. -- Powerful; mighty; puissant; strong; able; efficient; forcible; efficacious; cogent; influential. POTENT Po"tent, n. 1. A prince; a potentate. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Etym: [See Potence.] Defn: A staff or crutch. [Obs.] 3. (Her.) Defn: One of the furs; a surface composed of patches which are supposed to represent crutch heads; they are always alternately argent and azure, unless otherwise specially mentioned. Counter potent (Her.), a fur differing from potent in the arrangement of the patches. POTENTACY Po"ten*ta*cy, n. Etym: [See Potentate.] Defn: Sovereignty. [Obs.] POTENTATE Po"ten*tate, n. Etym: [LL. potentatus, fr. potentare to exercise power: cf. F. potentat. See Potent, a.] Defn: One who is potent; one who possesses great power or sway; a prince, sovereign, or monarch. The blessed and only potentate. 1 Tim. vi. 15. Cherub and seraph, potentates and thrones. Milton. POTENTIAL Po*ten"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. potentiel. See Potency.] 1. Being potent; endowed with energy adequate to a result; efficacious; influential. [Obs.] "And hath in his effect a voice potential." Shak. 2. Existing in possibility, not in actuality. "A potential hero." Carlyle. Potential existence means merely that the thing may be at ome time; actual existence, that it now is. Sir W. Hamilton. Potential cautery. See under Cautery. -- Potential energy. (Mech.) See the Note under Energy. -- Potential mood, or mode (Gram.), that form of the verb which is used to express possibility, liberty, power, will, obligation, or necessity, by the use of may, can, must, might, could, would, or should; as, I may go; he can write. POTENTIAL Po*ten"tial, n. 1. Anything that may be possible; a possibility; potentially. Bacon. 2. (Math.) Defn: In the theory of gravitation, or of other forces acting in space, a function of the rectangular coordinates which determine the position of a point, such that its differential coefficients with respect to the coördinates are equal to the components of the force at the point considered; -- also called potential function, or force function. It is called also Newtonian potential when the force is directed to a fixed center and is inversely as the square of the distance from the center. 3. (Elec.) Defn: The energy of an electrical charge measured by its power to do work; hence, the degree of electrification as referred to some standard, as that of the earth; electro-motive force. POTENTIALITY Po*ten`ti*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being potential; possibility, not actuality; inherent capability or disposition, not actually exhibited. POTENTIALLY Po*ten"tial*ly, adv. 1. With power; potently. [Obs.] 2. In a potential manner; possibly, not positively. The duration of human souls is only potentially infinite. Bentley. POTENTIATE Po*ten"ti*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Potentiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Potentiating.] Defn: To render active or potent. Coleridge. POTENTIOMETER Po*ten`ti*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Potential + -meter.] (Elec.) Defn: An instrument for measuring or comparing electrial potentials or electro-motive forces. POTENTIZE Po"ten*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Potentized; p. pr. & vb. n. Potentizing.] Defn: To render the latent power of (anything) available. Dunglison. POTENTLY Po"tent*ly, adv. Defn: With great force or energy; powerfully; efficaciously. "You are potently opposed." Shak. POTENTNESS Po"tent*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being potent; powerfulness; potency; efficacy. POTESTATE Po"tes*tate, n. Defn: A chief ruler; a potentate. [Obs.] Wyclif. "An irous potestate." Chaucer. POTESTATIVE Po*tes"ta*tive, a. Etym: [L. potestativus, fr. potestas power: cf. F. potestatif. See Potent.] Defn: Authoritative. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. POTGUN Pot"gun`, n. 1. A pot-shaped cannon; a mortar. [Obs.] "Twelve potguns of brass." Hakluyt. 2. A popgun. [Obs.] Swift. POTHECARY Poth"e*ca*ry, n. Defn: An apothecary. [Obs.] POTHEEN Po*theen", n. Defn: See Poteen. POTHER Poth"er, n. Etym: [Cf. D. peuteren to rummage, poke. Cf. Potter, Pudder.] Defn: Bustle; confusion; tumult; flutter; bother. [Written also potter, and pudder.] "What a pother and stir!" Oldham. "Coming on with a terrible pother." Wordsworth. POTHER Poth"er, v. i. Defn: To make a bustle or stir; to be fussy. POTHER Poth"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pothered; p. pr. & vb. n. Pothering.] Defn: To harass and perplex; to worry. "Pothers and wearies himself." Locke. POTHOLE Pot"hole`, n. Defn: A circular hole formed in the rocky beds of rivers by the grinding action of stones or gravel whirled round by the water in what was at first a natural depression of the rock. POTHOOK Pot"hook`, n. 1. An 2. A written character curved like a pothook; (pl.) a scrawled writing. "I long to be spelling her Arabic scrawls and pothooks." Dryden. POTHOUSE Pot"house`, n. Defn: An alehouse. T. Warton. POTICHE Po`tiche", n.; pl. -tiches (#). [F., fr. pot a pot.] (Ceramics) Defn: A vase with a separate cover, the body usually rounded or polygonal in plan with nearly vertical sides, a neck of smaller size, and a rounded shoulder. POTICHOMANIA; POTICHOMANIE Po`ti*cho*ma"ni*a, Po`ti*cho*ma"nie, n. Etym: [F. potichomanie; potiche a porcelain vase + manie mania.] Defn: The art or process of coating the inside of glass vessels with engravings or paintings, so as to give them the appearance of painted ware. POTION Po"tion, n. Etym: [L. potio, from potare to drink: cf. F. potion. See Poison.] Defn: A draught; a dose; usually, a draught or dose of a liquid medicine. Shak. POTION Po"tion, v. t. Defn: To drug. [Obs.] Speed. POT LACE Pot lace. Defn: Lace whose pattern includes one or more representations of baskets or bowls from which flowers spring. POTLATCH Pot"latch`, n. [Chinook potlatch, pahtlatch, fr. Nootka pahchilt, pachalt, a gift.] 1. Among the Kwakiutl, Chimmesyan, and other Indians of the northwestern coast of North America, a ceremonial distribution by a man of gifts to his own and neighboring tribesmen, often, formerly, to his own impoverishment. Feasting, dancing, and public ceremonies accompany it. 2. Hence, a feast given to a large number of persons, often accompanied by gifts. [Colloq., Northwestern America] POT LEAD Pot lead. Defn: Graphite, or black lead, often used on the bottoms of racing vessels to diminish friction. POTLID Pot"lid`, n. Defn: The lid or cover of a pot. Potlid valve, a valve covering a round hole or the end of a pipe or pump barrel, resembling a potlid in form. POTLUCK Pot"luck`, n. Defn: Whatever may chance to be in the pot, or may be provided for a meal. A woman whose potluck was always to be relied on. G. Eliot. To take potluck, to take what food may chance to be provided. POTMAN Pot"man, n.; pl. Potmen (. 1. A pot companion. [Obs.] Life of A. Wood (1663). 2. A servant in a public house; a potboy. POTOO Po*too", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large South American goatsucker (Nyctibius grandis). POTOROO Po`to*roo", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small kangaroo belonging to Hypsiprymnus, Bettongia, and allied genera, native of Australia and Tasmania. Called also kangaroo rat. POTPIE Pot"pie`, n. Defn: A meat pie which is boiled instead of being baked. POTPOURRI Pot`pour`ri", n. Etym: [F., fr. pot pot + pourri, p. p. of pourrir to rot, L. putrere. Cf. Olla-podrida.] Defn: A medley or mixture. Specifically: (a) A ragout composed of different sorts of meats, vegetables, etc., cooked together. (b) A jar or packet of flower leaves, perfumes, and spices, used to scent a room. (c) A piece of music made up of different airs strung together; a medley. (d) A literary production composed of parts brought together without order or bond of connection. POTSDAM GROUP Pots"dam group` (. (Geol.) Defn: A subdivision of the Primordial or Cambrian period in American geology; -- so named from the sandstone of Potsdam, New York. See Chart of Geology. POTSHARD; POTSHARE Pot"shard`, Pot"share`, n. Defn: A potsherd. [Obs.] Spenser. POTSHERD Pot"sherd`, n. Etym: [Pot + sherd or shard.] Defn: A piece or fragment of a broken pot. Job ii. 8. POT SHOT Pot shot. Defn: Lit., a shot fired simply to fill the pot; hence, a shot fired at an animal or person when at rest or within easy range, or fired simply to kill, without reference to the rules of sport; a shot needling no special skill. POTSTONE Pot"stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: A variety of steatite sometimes manufactured into culinary vessels. POTSURE Pot"*sure`, a. Defn: Made confident by drink. [Obs.] POT-SURE Pot"-sure` (-shur), a. Defn: Made confident by drink. [Obs.] POTT Pott, n. Defn: A size of paper. See under Paper. POTTAGE Pot"tage (; 48), n. Etym: [F. potage, fr. pot pot. See Pot, and cf. Porridge, Porringer.] Defn: A kind of food made by boiling vegetables or meat, or both together, in water, until soft; a thick soup or porridge. [Written also potage.] Chaucer. Then Jacob gave Esau bread and pottage of lentils. Gen. xxv. 34. POTTAIN Pot"tain, n. Defn: Old pot metal. [Obs.] Holland. POTTEEN Pot*teen", n. Defn: See Poteen. POTTER Pot"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. F. potier.] 1. One whose occupation is to make earthen vessels. Ps. ii. 9. The potter heard, and stopped his wheel. Longfellow. 2. One who hawks crockery or earthenware. [Prov. Eng.] De Quincey. 3. One who pots meats or other eatables. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The red-bellied terrapin. See Terrapin. Potter's asthma (Med.), emphysema of the lungs; -- so called because very prevalent among potters. Parkers. -- Potter's clay. See under Clay. -- Potter's field, a public burial place, especially in a city, for paupers, unknown persons, and criminals; -- so named from the field south of Jerusalem, mentioned in Matt. xxvii. 7. -- Potter's ore. See Alquifou. -- Potter's wheel, a horizontal revolving disk on which the clay is molded into form with the hands or tools. "My thoughts are whirled like a potter's wheel." Shak. Potter wasp (Zoöl.), a small solitary wasp (Eumenes fraternal) which constructs a globular nest of mud and sand in which it deposits insect larvæ, such as cankerworms, as food for its young. POTTER Pot"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pottered; p. pr. & vb. n. Pottering.] Etym: [Cf. W. pwtio to poke, or OD. poteren to search one thoroughly, Sw. påta, peta, to pick, E. pother, put.] 1. To busy one's self with trifles; to labor with little purpose, energy, of effect; to trifle; to pother. Pottering about the Mile End cottages. Mrs. Humphry Ward. 2. To walk lazily or idly; to saunter. POTTER Pot"ter, v. t. Defn: To poke; to push; also, to disturb; to confuse; to bother. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. POTTERN Pot"tern, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to potters. Pottern ore, a species of ore which, from its aptness to vitrify like the glazing of potter's wares, the miners call by this name. Boyle. POTTERY Pot"ter*y, n.; pl. Potteries. Etym: [F. poterie, fr. pot. See Pot.] 1. The vessels or ware made by potters; earthenware, glazed and baked. 2. The place where earthen vessels are made. POTTING Pot"ting, n. 1. Tippling. [Obs.] Shak. 2. The act of placing in a pot; as, the potting of plants; the potting of meats for preservation. 3. The process of putting sugar in casks for cleansing and draining. [West Indies] B. Edwards. POTTLE Pot"tle, n. Etym: [OE. potel, OF. potel, dim. of pot. See Pot.] 1. A liquid measure of four pints. 2. A pot or tankard. Shak. A dry pottle of sack before him. Sir W. Scott. 3. A vessel or small basket for holding fruit. He had a . . . pottle of strawberries in one hand. Dickens. Pottle draught, taking a pottle of liquor at one draught. [ Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. POTTO Pot"to, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A nocturnal mammal (Perodictius potto) of the Lemur family, found in West Africa. It has rudimentary forefingers. Called also aposoro, and bush dog. (b) The kinkajou. POTT'S DISEASE Pott's" dis*ease". (Med.) Defn: Caries of the vertebræ, frequently resulting in curvature of the spine and paralysis of the lower extremities; -- so named from Percival Pott, an English surgeon. Pott's fracture, a fracture of the lower end of the fibula, with displacement of the tibia. Dunglison. POTULENT Pot"u*lent, a. Etym: [L. potulentus, fr. potus a drinking, drink, fr. potare to drink.] 1. Fit to drink; potable. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Nearly drunk; tipsy. [Obs.] POT-VALIANT Pot"-val`iant, a. Defn: Having the courage given by drink. Smollett. POT-WALLOPER Pot"-wal`lop*er, n. 1. A voter in certain boroughs of England, where, before the passage of the reform bill of 1832, the qualification for suffrage was to have boiled (walloped) his own pot in the parish for six months. 2. One who cleans pots; a scullion. [Slang, U. S.] POUCH Pouch, n. Etym: [F. poche a pocket, pouch, bag; probably of Teutonic origin. See Poke a bag, and cf. Poach to cook eggs, to plunder.] 1. A small bag; usually, a leathern bag; as, a pouch for money; a shot pouch; a mail pouch, etc. 2. That which is shaped like, or used as, a pouch; as: (a) A protuberant belly; a paunch; -- so called in ridicule. (b) (Zoöl.) A sac or bag for carrying food or young; as, the cheek pouches of certain rodents, and the pouch of marsupials. (c) (Med.) A cyst or sac containing fluid. S. Sharp. (d) (Bot.) A silicle, or short pod, as of the shepherd's purse. (e) A bulkhead in the hold of a vessel, to prevent grain, etc., from shifting. Pouch mouth, a mouth with blubbered or swollen lips. POUCH Pouch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pouched; p. pr. & vb. n. Pouching.] 1. To put or take into a pouch. 2. To swallow; -- said of fowls. Derham. 3. To pout. [Obs.] Ainsworth. 4. To pocket; to put up with. [R.] Sir W. Scott. POUCHED Pouched, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a marsupial pouch; as, the pouched badger, or the wombat. (b) Having external cheek pouches; as, the pouched gopher. (c) Having internal cheek pouches; as, the pouched squirrels. Pouched dog. (Zoöl.) See Zebra wolf, under Zebra. -- Pouched frog (Zoöl.), the nototrema, the female of which has a dorsal pouch in which the eggs are hatched, and in which the young pass through their brief tadpole stage. -- Pouched gopher, or Pouched rat. (Zoöl.) See Pocket gopher, under Pocket. -- Pouched mouse. (Zoöl.) See Pocket mouse, under Pocket. POUCHET BOX Pou"chet box`. Defn: See Pouncet box. POUCH-MOUTHED Pouch"-mouthed`, a. Defn: Having a pouch mouth; blobber-lipped. POUCHONG Pou*chong", n. Defn: A superior kind of souchong tea. De Colange. POUCH-SHELL Pouch"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small British and American pond snail (Bulinus hypnorum). POUDRE Pou"dre, n. Etym: [See Powder.] Defn: Dust; powder. [Obs.] Chaucer. Poudre marchant Etym: [see Merchant], a kind of flavoring powder used in the Middle Ages. [Obs.] Chaucer. POUDRETTE Pou*drette", n. Etym: [F., dim. of poudre dust, powder. See Powder.] Defn: A manure made from night soil, dried and mixed with charcoal, gypsum, etc. POUF; POUFFE Pouf Pouffe (poof), n. [Written also pouff.] [F. pouf. Cf. Puff, n.] Lit., a puff; specif.: (a) A soft cushion, esp. one circular in shape and not, like a pilow, of bag form, or thin at the edges. (b) A piece of furniture like an ottoman, generally circular and affording cushion seats on all sides. POULAINE Pou*laine", n. Etym: [F. soulier à la poulaine.] Defn: A long pointed shoe. See Cracowes. POULARD Pou*lard" (poo*lärd"), n. [F. poularde pullet, fr. poule hen. See Pullet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A pullet from which the ovaries have been removed to produce fattening; hence, a fat pullet. POULDAVIS Poul"da`vis, n. Defn: Same as Poledavy. [Obs.] POULDER Poul"der, n. & v. Defn: Powder. [Obs.] POULDRON Poul"dron, n. Defn: See Pauldron. POULP; POULPE Poulp, Poulpe, n. Etym: [F. poulpe, fr. L. polypus. See Polyp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Octopus. Musk poulp (Zoöl.), a Mediterranean octopod (Eledone moschata) which emits a strong odor of musk. POULT Poult, n. Etym: [OF. pulte, F. poulet, dim. of poule fowl. See Pullet.] Defn: A young chicken, partridge, grouse, or the like. King. Chapman. Starling the heath poults or black game. R. Jefferise. POULTER Poul"ter, n. Etym: [OE. pulter. See Poult.] Defn: A poulterer. [Obs.] Shak. POULTERER Poul"ter*er, n. Defn: One who deals in poultry. POULTICE Poul"tice, n. Etym: [L. puls, pl. pultes, a thick pap; akin to Gr. po`ltos. Cf. Pulse seeds.] Defn: A soft composition, as of bread, bran, or a mucilaginous substance, to be applied to sores, inflamed parts of the body, etc.; a cataplasm. "Poultice relaxeth the pores." Bacon. POULTICE Poul"tice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poulticed; p. pr. & vb. n. Poulticing.] Defn: To apply a poultice to; to dress with a poultice. POULTIVE Poul"tive, n. Defn: A poultice. [Obs.] W. Temple. POULTRY Poul"try, n. Etym: [From Poult.] Defn: Domestic fowls reared for the table, or for their eggs or feathers, such as cocks and hens, capons, turkeys, ducks, and geese. POUNCE Pounce, n. Etym: [F. ponce pumice, pounce, fr. L. pumex, -icis, pumice. See Pumice.] 1. A fine powder, as of sandarac, or cuttlefish bone, -- formerly used to prevent ink from spreading on manuscript. 2. Charcoal dust, or some other colored powder for making patterns through perforated designs, -- used by embroiderers, lace makers, etc. Pounce box, a box for sprinkling pounce. -- Pounce paper, a transparent paper for tracing. POUNCE Pounce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Pouncing.] Defn: To sprinkle or rub with pounce; as, to pounce paper, or a pattern. POUNCE Pounce, n. Etym: [Prob. through French, from an assumed LL. punctiare to prick, L. pungere, punctum. See Puncheon, Punch, v. t.] 1. The claw or talon of a bird of prey. Spenser. Burke. 2. A punch or stamp. [Obs.] "A pounce to print money with." Withals. 3. Cloth worked in eyelet holes. [Obs.] Homilies. POUNCE Pounce, v. t. 1. To strike or seize with the talons; to pierce, as with the talons. [Archaic] Stooped from his highest pitch to pounce a wren. Cowper. Now pounce him lightly, And as he roars and rages, let's go deeper. J. Fletcher. 2. To punch; to perforate; to stamp holes in, or dots on, by way of ornament. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. POUNCE Pounce, v. i. Defn: To fall suddenly and seize with the claws; -- with on or upon; as, a hawk pounces upon a chicken. Also used figuratively. Derision is never so agonizing as when it pounces on the wanderings of misguided sensibility. Jeffrey. POUNCED Pounced, a. 1. Furnished with claws or talons; as, the pounced young of the eagle. Thomson. 2. Ornamented with perforations or dots. [Obs.] "Gilt bowls pounced and pierced." Holinshed. POUNCET BOX Poun"cet box`. Etym: [Cf. F. poncette, fr. ponce pounce. See Pounce a powder.] Defn: A box with a perforated lid, for sprinkling pounce, or for holding perfumes. Shak. POUNCING Poun"cing, n. 1. The art or practice of transferring a design by means of pounce. 2. Decorative perforation of cloth. [Obs.] POUND Pound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Pounding.] Etym: [OE. pounen, AS. punian to bruise. Cf. Pun a play on words.] 1. To strike repeatedly with some heavy instrument; to beat. With cruel blows she pounds her blubbered cheeks. Dryden. 2. To comminute and pulverize by beating; to bruise or break into fine particles with a pestle or other heavy instrument; as, to pound spice or salt. POUND Pound, v. i. 1. To strike heavy blows; to beat. 2. (Mach.) Defn: To make a jarring noise, as in running; as, the engine pounds. POUND Pound, n. Etym: [AS. pund an inclosure: cf. forpyndan to turn away, or to repress, also Icel. pynda to extort, torment, Ir. pont, pond, pound. Cf. Pinder, Pinfold, Pin to inclose, Pond.] 1. An inclosure, maintained by public authority, in which cattle or other animals are confined when taken in trespassing, or when going at large in violation of law; a pinfold. Shak. 2. A level stretch in a canal between locks. 3. (Fishing) Defn: A kind of net, having a large inclosure with a narrow entrance into which fish are directed by wings spreading outward. Pound covert, a pound that is close or covered over, as a shed. -- Pound overt, a pound that is open overhead. POUND Pound, v. t. Defn: To confine in, or as in, a pound; to impound. Milton. POUND Pound, n; pl. Pounds, collectively Pound pr Pounds. Etym: [AS. pund, fr. L. pondo, akin to pondus a weight, pendere top weigh. See Pendant.] 1. A certain specified weight; especially, a legal standard consisting of an established number of ounces. Note: The pound in general use in the United States and in England is the pound avoirdupois, which is divided into sixteen ounces, and contains 7,000 grains. The pound troy is divided into twelve ounces, and contains 5,760 grains. 144 pounds avoirdupois are equal to 175 pounds troy weight. See Avoirdupois, and Troy. 2. A British denomination of money of account, equivalent to twenty shillings sterling, and equal in value to about $4.86. There is no coin known by this name, but the gold sovereign is of the same value. Note: The pound sterling was in Saxon times, about A. D. 671, a pound troy of silver, and a shilling was its twentieth part; consequently the latter was three times as large as it is at present. Peacham. POUNDAGE Pound"age, n. 1. A sum deducted from a pound, or a certain sum paid for each pound; a commission. 2. A subsidy of twelve pence in the pound, formerly granted to the crown on all goods exported or imported, and if by aliens, more. [Eng.] Blackstone. 3. (Law) Defn: The sum allowed to a sheriff or other officer upon the amount realized by an execution; -- estimated in England, and formerly in the United States, at so much of the pound. Burrill. Bouvier. POUNDAGE Pound"age, v. t. Defn: To collect, as poundage; to assess, or rate, by poundage. [R.] POUNDAGE Pound"age, n. Etym: [See 3d Pound.] 1. Confinement of cattle, or other animals, in a public pound. 2. A charge paid for the release of impounded cattle. POUNDAL Pound"al, n. Etym: [From 5th Pound.] (Physics & Mech.) Defn: A unit of force based upon the pound, foot, and second, being the force which, acting on a pound avoirdupois for one second, causes it to acquire by the of that time a velocity of one foot per second. It is about equal to the weight of half an ounce, and is 13,825 dynes. POUND-BREACH Pound"-breach`, n. Defn: The breaking of a public pound for releasing impounded animals. Blackstone. POUNDCAKE Pound"cake`, n. Defn: A kind of rich, sweet cake; -- so called from the ingredients being used by pounds, or in equal quantities. POUNDER Pound"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, pounds, as a stamp in an ore mill. 2. An instrument used for pounding; a pestle. 3. A person or thing, so called with reference to a certain number of pounds in value, weight, capacity, etc.; as, a cannon carrying a twelve-pound ball is called a twelve pounder. Note: Before the English reform act of 1867, one who was an elector by virtue of paying ten pounds rent was called a ten pounder. POUNDING Pound"ing, n. 1. The act of beating, bruising, or breaking up; a beating. 2. A pounded or pulverized substance. [R.] "Covered with the poundings of these rocks." J. S. Blackie. POUNDKEEPER; POUND-KEEPER Pound"keep`er, n. Defn: The keeper of a pound. POUNDRATE Pound"*rate`, n. Defn: A rate or proportion estimated at a certain amount for each pound; poundage. POUP Poup, v. i. Defn: See Powp. [Obs.] Chaucer. POUPART'S LIGAMENT Pou*part's" lig"a*ment. (Anat.) Defn: A ligament, of fascia, extending, in most mammals, from the ventral side of the ilium to near the symphysis of the pubic bones. POUPETON Pou"pe*ton, n. Etym: [See Puppet.] Defn: A puppet, or little baby. [Obs.] Palsgrave. POUR Pour, a. Defn: Poor. [Obs.] Chaucer. POUR Pour, v. i. Defn: To pore. [Obs.] Chaucer. POUR Pour, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poured; p. pr. & vb. n. Pouring.] Etym: [OE. pouren, of uncertain origin; cf. W. bwrw to cast, throw, shed, bwrw gwlaw to rain.] 1. To cause to flow in a stream, as a liquid or anything flowing like a liquid, either out of a vessel or into it; as, to pour water from a pail; to pour wine into a decanter; to pour oil upon the waters; to pour out sand or dust. 2. To send forth as in a stream or a flood; to emit; to let escape freely or wholly. I . . . have poured out my soul before the Lord. 1 Sam. i. 15. Now will I shortly pour out my fury upon thee. Ezek. vii. 8. London doth pour out her citizens ! Shak. Wherefore did Nature pour her bounties forth With such a full and unwithdrawing hand Milton. 3. To send forth from, as in a stream; to discharge uninterruptedly. Is it for thee the linnet pours his throat Pope. POUR Pour, v. i. Defn: To flow, pass, or issue in a stream, or as a stream; to fall continuously and abundantly; as, the rain pours; the people poured out of the theater. In the rude throng pour on with furious pace. Gay. POUR Pour, n. Defn: A stream, or something like a stream; a flood. [Colloq.] "A pour of rain." Miss Ferrier. POURELICHE Poure"liche`, adv. Defn: Poorly. [Obs.] Chaucer. POURER Pour"er, n. Defn: One who pours. POURLIEU Pour"lieu, n. Defn: See Purlieu. POURPARLER Pour`par`ler", n. Etym: [F.] (Diplomacy) Defn: A consultation preliminary to a treaty. POURPARTY Pour`par"ty, n.; pl. Pourparties. Etym: [See Purparty.] (Law) Defn: A division; a divided share. To make pourparty, to divide and apportion lands previously held in common. POURPOINT Pour"point, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A quilted military doublet or gambeson worn in the 14th and 15th centuries; also, a name for the doublet of the 16th and 17th centuries worn by civilians. POURPRESTURE Pour*pres"ture, n. (Law) Defn: See Purpresture. POURSUIVANT Pour"sui*vant, n. Defn: See Pursuivant. POURTRAY Pour*tray", v. t. Defn: See Portray. POURVEYANCE Pour*vey"ance, n. Defn: See Purveyance. POUSSE Pousse, n. Defn: Pulse; pease. [Obs.] Spenser. POUSSE-CAFE Pousse"-ca`fé", n. [F., fr. pousser to push + café coffee.] Defn: A drink served after coffee at dinner, usually one of several liqueurs, or cordials, of different specific gravities poured so as to remain separate in layers; hence, such a drink of cordials served at any time. POUSSETTE Pous*sette", n. Etym: [F., pushpin, fr. pousser to push. See Push.] Defn: A movement, or part of a figure, in the contradance. Dickens. POUSSETTE Pous*sette", v. i. Defn: To perform a certain movement in a dance. [R.] Tennyson. Down the middle, up again, poussette, and cross. J. & H. Smith. POU STO Pou sto (poo sto; pou sto). [Gr. poy^ stw^ where I may stand; -- from the reputed saying of Archimedes, "Give me where I may stand and I will move the whole world with my steelyard."] Defn: A place to stand upon; a locus standi; hence, a foundation or basis for operations. POUT Pout, n. Etym: [F. poulet. See Poult.] Defn: The young of some birds, as grouse; a young fowl. Carew. POUT Pout, v. i. Defn: To shoot pouts. [Scot.] POUT Pout, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Pouting.] Etym: [OE. pouten, of uncertain origin; cf. Prov. pot lip, Prov. F. potte, faire la potte to pout, W. pwdu to pout, be sullen, poten, potten, a paunch, belly.] 1. To thrust out the lips, as in sullenness or displeasure; hence, to look sullen. Thou poutest upon thy fortune and thy love. Shak. 2 2 Defn: To protrude. "Pouting lips." Dryden. POUT Pout, n. Defn: A sullen protrusion of the lips; a fit of sullenness. "Jack's in the pouts." J. & H. Smith. POUT Pout, n. Etym: [Cf. Eelpout.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European whiting pout or bib. Eel pout. (Zoöl.) See Eelpout. -- Horn pout, or Horned pout. (Zoöl.) See Bullhead (b). POUTER Pout"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, pouts. 2. Etym: [Cf. E. pout, and G. puter turkey.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of the domestic pigeon remarkable for the extent to which it is able to dilate its throat and breast. POUTING Pout"ing, n. Defn: Childish sullenness. POUTINGLY Pout"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a pouting, or a sullen, manner. POVERT Pov"ert, n. Defn: Poverty. [Obs.] Chaucer. POVERTY Pov"er*ty, n. Etym: [OE. poverte, OF. poverté, F. pauvreté, fr. L. paupertas, fr. pauper poor. See Poor.] 1. The quality or state of being poor or indigent; want or scarcity of means of subsistence; indigence; need. "Swathed in numblest poverty." Keble. The drunkard and the glutton shall come to poverty. Prov. xxiii. 21. 2. Any deficiency of elements or resources that are needed or desired, or that constitute richness; as, poverty of soil; poverty of the blood; poverty of ideas. Poverty grass (Bot.), a name given to several slender grasses (as Aristida dichotoma, and Danthonia spicata) which often spring up on old and worn-out fields. Syn. -- Indigence; penury; beggary; need; lack; want; scantiness; sparingness; meagerness; jejuneness. Poverty, Indigence, Pauperism. Poverty is a relative term; what is poverty to a monarch, would be competence for a day laborer. Indigence implies extreme distress, and almost absolute destitution. Pauperism denotes entire dependence upon public charity, and, therefore, often a hopeless and degraded state. POWAN; POWEN Pow"an, Pow"en, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small British lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeoides, or C. ferus); -- called also gwyniad and lake herring. POWDER Pow"der, n. Etym: [OE. poudre, pouldre, F. poudre, OF. also poldre, puldre, L. pulvis, pulveris: cf. pollen fine flour, mill dust, E. pollen. Cf. Polverine, Pulverize.] 1. The fine particles to which any dry substance is reduced by pounding, grinding, or triturating, or into which it falls by decay; dust. Grind their bones to powder small. Shak. 2. An explosive mixture used in gunnery, blasting, etc.; gunpowder. See Gunpowder. Atlas powder, Baking powder, etc. See under Atlas, Baking, etc. -- Powder down (Zoöl.), the peculiar dust, or exfoliation, of powder-down feathers. -- Powder-down feather (Zoöl.), one of a peculiar kind of modified feathers which sometimes form patches on certain parts of some birds. They have a greasy texture and a scaly exfoliation. -- Powder-down patch (Zoöl.), a tuft or patch of powder-down feathers. -- Powder hose, a tube of strong linen, about an inch in diameter, filled with powder and used in firing mines. Farrow. -- Powder hoy (Naut.), a vessel specially fitted to carry powder for the supply of war ships. They are usually painted red and carry a red flag. -- Powder magazine, or Powder room. See Magazine, 2. -- Powder mine, a mine exploded by gunpowder. See Mine. -- Powder monkey (Naut.), a boy formerly employed on war vessels to carry powder; a powder boy. -- Powder post. See Dry rot, under Dry. -- Powder puff. See Puff, n. POWDER Pow"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Powdered; p. pr. & vb. n. Powdering.] Etym: [F. poudrer.] 1. To reduce to fine particles; to pound, grind, or rub into a powder; to comminute; to pulverize; to triturate. 2. To sprinkle with powder, or as with powder; to be sprinkle; as, to powder the hair. A circling zone thou seest Powdered with stars. Milton. 3. To sprinkle with salt; to corn, as meat. [Obs.] POWDER Pow"der, v. i. 1. To be reduced to powder; to become like powder; as, some salts powder easily. 2. To use powder on the hair or skin; as, she paints and powders. POWDERED Pow"dered, a. 1. Reduced to a powder; sprinkled with, or as with, powder. 2. Sprinkled with salt; salted; corned. [Obs.] Powdered beef, pickled meats. Harvey. 3. (Her.) Defn: Same as Semé. Walpole. POWDERFLASK Pow"der*flask`, n. Defn: A flask in which gunpowder is carried, having a charging tube at the end. POWDERHORN Pow"der*horn`, n. Defn: A horn in which gunpowder is carried. POWDERING Pow"der*ing, Defn: a. & n. from Powder, v. t. Powdering tub. (a) A tub or vessel in which meat is corned or salted. (b) A heated tub in which an infected lecher was placed for cure. [Obs.] Shak. POWDERMILL Pow"der*mill`, n. Defn: A mill in which gunpowder is made. POWDER-POSTED Pow"der-post`ed, a. Defn: Affected with dry rot; reduced to dust by rot. See Dry rot, under Dry. [U.S.] POWDERY Pow"der*y, a. 1. Easily crumbling to pieces; friable; loose; as, a powdery spar. 2. Sprinkled or covered with powder; dusty; as, the powdery bloom on plums. 3. Resembling powder; consisting of powder. "The powdery snow." Wordsworth. POWDIKE Pow"dike, n. Etym: [Scot. pow, pou, a pool, a watery or marshy place, fr. E. pool.] Defn: A dike a marsh or fen. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. POWDRY Pow"dry, a. Defn: See Powdery. POWER Pow"er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Poor, the fish. POWER Pow"er, n. Etym: [OE. pouer, poer, OF. poeir, pooir, F. pouvoir, n. & v., fr. LL. potere, for L. posse, potesse, to be able, to have power. See Possible, Potent, and cf. Posse comitatus.] 1. Ability to act, regarded as latent or inherent; the faculty of doing or performing something; capacity for action or performance; capability of producing an effect, whether physical or moral: potency; might; as, a man of great power; the power of capillary attraction; money gives power. "One next himself in power, and next in crime." Milton. 2. Ability, regarded as put forth or exerted; strength, force, or energy in action; as, the power of steam in moving an engine; the power of truth, or of argument, in producing conviction; the power of enthusiasm. "The power of fancy." Shak. 3. Capacity of undergoing or suffering; fitness to be acted upon; susceptibility; -- called also passive power; as, great power of endurance. Power, then, is active and passive; faculty is active power or capacity; capacity is passive power. Sir W. Hamilton. 4. The exercise of a faculty; the employment of strength; the exercise of any kind of control; influence; dominion; sway; command; government. Power is no blessing in itself but when it is employed to protect the innocent. Swift. 5. The agent exercising an ability to act; an individual invested with authority; an institution, or government, which exercises control; as, the great powers of Europe; hence, often, a superhuman agent; a spirit; a divinity. "The powers of darkness." Milton. And the powers of the heavens shall be shaken. Matt. xxiv. 29. 6. A military or naval force; an army or navy; a great host. Spenser. Never such a power . . . Was levied in the body of a land. Shak. 7. A large quantity; a great number; as, a power o. [Colloq.] Richardson. 8. (Mech.) (a) The rate at which mechanical energy is exerted or mechanical work performed, as by an engine or other machine, or an animal, working continuously; as, an engine of twenty horse power. Note: The English unit of power used most commonly is the horse power. See Horse power. (b) A mechanical agent; that from which useful mechanical energy is derived; as, water power; steam power; hand power, etc. (c) Applied force; force producing motion or pressure; as, the power applied at one and of a lever to lift a weight at the other end. Note: This use in mechanics, of power as a synonym for force, is improper and is becoming obsolete. (d) A machine acted upon by an animal, and serving as a motor to drive other machinery; as, a dog power. Note: Power is used adjectively, denoting, driven, or adapted to be driven, by machinery, and not actuated directly by the hand or foot; as, a power lathe; a power loom; a power press. 9. (Math.) Defn: The product arising from the multiplication of a number into itself; as, a square is the second power, and a cube is third power, of a number. 10. ( (Metaph.) Defn: Mental or moral ability to act; one of the faculties which are possessed by the mind or soul; as, the power of thinking, reasoning, judging, willing, fearing, hoping, etc. I. Watts. The guiltiness of my mind, the sudden surprise of my powers, drove the grossness . . . into a received belief. Shak. 11. (Optics) Defn: The degree to which a lens, mirror, or any optical instrument, magnifies; in the telescope, and usually in the microscope, the number of times it multiplies, or augments, the apparent diameter of an object; sometimes, in microscopes, the number of times it multiplies the apparent surface. 12. (Law) Defn: An authority enabling a person to dispose of an interest vested either in himself or in another person; ownership by appointment. Wharton. 13. Hence, vested authority to act in a given case; as, the business was referred to a committee with power. Note: Power may be predicated of inanimate agents, like the winds and waves, electricity and magnetism, gravitation, etc., or of animal and intelligent beings; and when predicated of these beings, it may indicate physical, mental, or moral ability or capacity. Mechanical powers. See under Mechanical. -- Power loom, or Power press. See Def. 8 (d), note. -- Power of attorney. See under Attorney. -- Power of a point (relative to a given curve) (Geom.), the result of substituting the coördinates of any point in that expression which being put equal to zero forms the equation of the curve; as, x2 + y2 - 100 is the power of the point x, y, relative to the circle x2 + y2 - 100 = 0. POWERABLE Pow"er*a*ble, a. 1. Capable of being effected or accomplished by the application of power; possible. [R.] J. Young. 2. Capable of exerting power; powerful. Camden. POWERFUL Pow"er*ful, a. 1. Full of power; capable of producing great effects of any kind; potent; mighty; efficacious; intense; as, a powerful man or beast; a powerful engine; a powerful argument; a powerful light; a powerful vessel. The powerful grace that lies In herbs, plants, stones, and their true qualities. Shak. 2. (Mining) Defn: Large; capacious; -- said of veins of ore. Syn. -- Mighty; strong; potent; forcible; efficacious; energetic; intense. -- Pow"er*ful*ly, adv. -- Pow"er*ful*ness, n. POWERLESS Pow"er*less, a. Defn: Destitute of power, force, or energy; weak; impotent; not able to produce any effect. -- Pow"er*less*ly, adv. -- Pow"er*less*ness, n. POWLDRON Powl"dron, n. Etym: [OF. espauleron, from espaule shoulder, F. épaule.] Defn: Same as Pauldron. POWP Powp, v. i. Defn: See Poop, v. i. [Obs.] Chaucer. POWTER Pow"ter, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Pouter. POWWOW Pow"wow`, n. 1. A priest, or conjurer, among the North American Indians. Be it sagamore, sachem, or powwow. Longfellow. 2. Conjuration attended with great noise and confusion, and often with feasting, dancing, etc., performed by Indians for the cure of diseases, to procure success in hunting or in war, and for other purposes. 3. Hence: Any assembly characterized by noise and confusion; a noisy frolic or gathering. [Colloq. U. S.] POWWOW Pow"wow`, v. i. 1. To use conjuration, with noise and confusion, for the cure of disease, etc., as among the North American Indians. 2. Hence: To hold a noisy, disorderly meeting. [Colloq. U. S.] POX Pox, n. Etym: [For pocks, OE. pokkes. See Pock. It is plural in form but is used as a singular.] (Med.) Defn: Strictly, a disease by pustules or eruptions of any kind, but chiefly or wholly restricted to three or four diseases, -- the smallpox, the chicken pox, and the vaccine and the venereal diseases. Note: Pox, when used without an epithet, as in imprecations, formerly signified smallpox; but it now signifies syphilis. POX Pox, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Poxed; p. pr. & vb. n. Poxing.] Defn: To infect with the pox, or syphilis. POY Poy, n. Etym: [OF. apui, apoi, a support, prop., staff, F. appui, fr. OF. apuier, apoier, to support, F. appuyer, fr. à to (L. ad) + OF. pui, poi, a rising ground, hill, L. podium. See Podium, Pew.] 1. A support; -- used in composition; as, teapoy. 2. A ropedancer's balancing pole. Johnson. 3. A long boat hook by which barges are propelled against the stream. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. POYNADO Poy*na"do, n. Defn: A poniard. [Obs.] Lyly. POYND; POYNDER Poynd, v., Poynd"er (, n. Defn: See Poind, Poinder. POY NETTE Poy nette", n. Etym: [Cf. Point.] Defn: A bodkin. [Obs.] POYNTEL Poyn"tel, n. Etym: [See Pointal.] (Arch.) Defn: Paving or flooring made of small squares or lozenges set diagonally. [Formerly written pointal.] POYOU Poy"ou, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American armadillo (Dasypus sexcinctus). Called also sixbanded armadillo. POZE Poze, v. t. Defn: See 5th Pose. POZZUOLANA; POZZOLANA Poz`zu*o*la"na, Poz`zo*la"*na, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: Volcanic ashes from Pozzuoli, in Italy, used in the manufacture of a kind of mortar which hardens under water. PRAAM Praam, n. Etym: [D. praam; cf. G. prahm, F. prame; all of Slavonic origin, from a word akin to E. fare. See Fare.] (Naut.) Defn: A flat-bottomed boat or lighter, -- used in Holland and the Baltic, and sometimes armed in case of war. [Written also pram, and prame.] PRACTIC Prac"tic, a. Etym: [See Practical.] 1. Practical. 2. Artful; deceitful; skillful. [Obs.] "Cunning sleights and practick knavery." Spenser. PRACTICABILITY Prac"ti*ca*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being practicable; practicableness; feasibility. "The practicability of such a project." Stewart. PRACTICABLE Prac"ti*ca*ble, a. Etym: [LL. practicare to act, transact, fr. L. practicus active, Gr. practicable, pratiquer to practice. See Practical.] 1. That may be practiced or performed; capable of being done or accomplished with available means or resources; feasible; as, a practicable method; a practicable aim; a practicable good. 2. Capable of being used; passable; as, a practicable weapon; a practicable road. Practicable breach (Mil.), a breach which admits of approach and entrance by an assailing party. Syn. -- Possible; feasible. -- Practicable, Possible. A thing may be possible, i. e., not forbidden by any law of nature, and yet may not now be practicable for want of the means requisite to its performance. -- Prac"ti*ca*ble*ness, n. -- Prac"ti*ca*bly, adv. PRACTICAL Prac"ti*cal, a. Etym: [L. practicus active, Gr. pratique, formerly also practique. Cf. Pragmatic, Practice.] 1. Of or pertaining to practice or action. 2. Capable of being turned to use or account; useful, in distinction from ideal or theoretical; as, practical chemistry. "Man's practical understanding." South. "For all practical purposes." Macaulay. 3. Evincing practice or skill; capable of applying knowledge to some useful end; as, a practical man; a practical mind. 4. Derived from practice; as, practical skill. Practical joke, a joke put in practice; a joke the fun of which consists in something done, in distinction from something said; esp., a trick played upon a person. PRACTICALITY Prac`ti*cal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being practical; practicalness. PRACTICALIZE Prac"ti*cal*ize, v. t. Defn: To render practical. [R.] "Practicalizing influences." J. S. Mill. PRACTICALLY Prac"ti*cal*ly, adv. Defn: 1. In a practical way; not theoretically; really; as, to look at things practically; practically worthless. 2. By means of practice or use; by experience or experiment; as, practically wise or skillful; practically acquainted with a subject. 3. In practice or use; as, a medicine practically safe; theoretically wrong, but practically right. 4. Almost. PRACTICALNESS Prac"ti*cal*ness, n. Defn: Same as Practicality. PRACTICE Prac"tice, n. Etym: [OE. praktike, practique, F. pratique, formerly also, practique, LL. practica, fr. Gr. Practical, and cf. Pratique, Pretty.] 1. Frequently repeated or customary action; habitual performance; a succession of acts of a similar kind; usage; habit; custom; as, the practice of rising early; the practice of making regular entries of accounts; the practice of daily exercise. A heart . . . exercised with covetous practices. 2 Pet. ii. 14. 2. Customary or constant use; state of being used. Obsolete words may be revived when they are more sounding or more significant than those in practice. Dryden. 3. Skill or dexterity acquired by use; expertness. [R.] "His nice fence and his active practice." Shak. 4. Actual performance; application of knowledge; -- opposed to theory. There are two functions of the soul, -- contemplation and practice. South. There is a distinction, but no opposition, between theory and practice; each, to a certain extent, supposes the other; theory is dependent on practice; practice must have preceded theory. Sir W. Hamilton. 5. Systematic exercise for instruction or discipline; as, the troops are called out for practice; she neglected practice in music. 6. Application of science to the wants of men; the exercise of any profession; professional business; as, the practice of medicine or law; a large or lucrative practice. Practice is exercise of an art, or the application of a science in life, which application is itself an art. Sir W. Hamilton. 7. Skillful or artful management; dexterity in contrivance or the use of means; art; stratagem; artifice; plot; -- usually in a bad sense. [Obs.] Bacon. He sought to have that by practice which he could not by prayer. Sir P. Sidney. 8. (Math.) Defn: A easy and concise method of applying the rules of arithmetic to questions which occur in trade and business. 9. (Law) Defn: The form, manner, and order of conducting and carrying on suits and prosecutions through their various stages, according to the principles of law and the rules laid down by the courts. Bouvier. Syn. -- Custom; usage; habit; manner. PRACTICE Prac"tice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Practiced; p. pr. & vb. n. Practicing.] Etym: [Often written practise, practised, practising.] 1. To do or perform frequently, customarily, or habitually; to make a practice of; as, to practice gaming. "Incline not my heart . . . practice wicked works." Ps. cxli. 4. 2. To exercise, or follow, as a profession, trade, art, etc., as, to practice law or medicine. 2. To exercise one's self in, for instruction or improvement, or to acquire discipline or dexterity; as, to practice gunnery; to practice music. 4. To put into practice; to carry out; to act upon; to commit; to execute; to do. "Aught but Talbot's shadow whereon to practice your severity." Shak. As this advice ye practice or neglect. Pope. 5. To make use of; to employ. [Obs.] In malice to this good knight's wife, I practiced Ubaldo and Ricardo to corrupt her. Massinger. 6. To teach or accustom by practice; to train. In church they are taught to love God; after church they are practiced to love their neighbor. Landor. PRACTICE Prac"tice, v. i. Etym: [Often written practise.] 1. To perform certain acts frequently or customarily, either for instruction, profit, or amusement; as, to practice with the broadsword or with the rifle; to practice on the piano. practise 2. To learn by practice; to form a habit. They shall practice how to live secure. Milton. Practice first over yourself to reign. Waller. 3. To try artifices or stratagems. He will practice against thee by poison. Shak. 4. To apply theoretical science or knowledge, esp. by way of experiment; to exercise or pursue an employment or profession, esp. that of medicine or of law. [I am] little inclined to practice on others, and as little that others should practice on me. Sir W. Temple. PRACTICED Prac"ticed, a. Etym: [Often written practised.] 1. Experienced; expert; skilled; as, a practiced marksman. "A practiced picklock." Ld. Lytton. 2. Used habitually; learned by practice. PRACTICER Prac"ti*cer, n. Etym: [Often written practiser.] 1. One who practices, or puts in practice; one who customarily performs certain acts. South. 2. One who exercises a profession; a practitioner. 3. One who uses art or stratagem. [Obs.] B. Jonson. PRACTICIAN Prac*ti"cian, n. Etym: [F. praticien, OF. also practicien.] Defn: One who is acquainted with, or skilled in, anything by practice; a practitioner. PRACTICK Prac"tick, n. Defn: Practice. [Obs.] Chaucer. PRACTICO Prac"ti*co, n.; pl. Practicos (#). [Sp., lit., experienced, skilled. Cf. Practical.] Defn: A guide. [Cuba & Phil. Islands] D. C. Worcester. PRACTISANT Prac"ti*sant, n. Defn: An agent or confederate in treachery. [Obs.] Shak. PRACTISE Prac"tise, v. t. & i. Defn: See Practice. Note: The analogy of the English language requires that the noun and verb which are pronounced alike should agree in spelling. Thus we have notice (n. & v.), noticed, noticing, noticer; poultice (n. & v.); apprentice (n. & v.); office (n. & v.), officer (n.); lattice (n.), latticed (a.); benefice (n.), beneficed (a.), etc. Cf. sacrifice (surmise (promise (compromise (advice (advise (device (devise ( PRACTISOUR Prac"ti*sour, n. Defn: A practitioner. [Obs.] PRACTITIONER Prac*ti"tion*er, n. Etym: [From Practician.] 1. One who is engaged in the actual use or exercise of any art or profession, particularly that of law or medicine. Crabbe. 2. One who does anything customarily or habitually. 3. A sly or artful person. Whitgift. General practitioner. See under General, 2. PRACTIVE Prac"tive, a. Defn: Doing; active. [Obs.] Sylvester. -- Prac"tive*ly, adv. [Obs.] The preacher and the people both, Then practively did thrive. Warner. PRAD Prad, n. Etym: [Cf. D. paard.] Defn: A horse. [Colloq. Eng.] PRAE- Præ-. Defn: A prefix. See Pre-. PRAECAVA Præ"ca`va, n. Etym: [NL. See Pre-, and 1st Cave.] (Anat.) Defn: The superior vena cava. -- Præ"ca`val, a. B. G. Wilder. PRAECIPE Præc"i*pe, n. Etym: [L., imperative of praecipere to give rules or precepts. See Precept.] (Law) (a) A writ commanding something to be done, or requiring a reason for neglecting it. (b) A paper containing the particulars of a writ, lodged in the office out of which the writ is to be issued. Wharton. PRAECOCES Præ"co*ces, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Precocious.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of birds including those whose young are able to run about when first hatched. PRAECOCIAL Præ*co"cial, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Præcoces. PRAECOGNITA Præ*cog"ni*ta, n. pl. Etym: [L. praecognitus, p. p. of praecognoscere to foreknow. See Pre-, and Cognition.] Defn: This previously known, or which should be known in order to understand something else. PRAECOMMISSURE Præ*com"mis*sure, n. Etym: [Pref. præ + commissure.] (Anat.) Defn: A transverse commissure in the anterior part of the third ventricle of the brain; the anterior cerebral commissure. PRAECORACOID Præ*cor"a*coid, n. (Anat.) Defn: See Precoracoid. PRAECORDIA Præ*cor"di*a, n. Etym: [L., fr. prae before + cor, cordis, the heart.] (Anat.) Defn: The front part of the thoracic region; the epigastrium. PRAECORDIAL Præ*cor"di*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Precordial. PRAECORNU Præ*cor"nu, n.; pl. Præcornua. Etym: [NL. See Pre-, and Cornu.] (Anat.) Defn: The anterior horn of each lateral ventricle of the brain. B. G. Wilder. PRAEDIAL Præ"di*al, a. Defn: See Predial. PRAEFLORATION Præ`flo*ra"tion, n. Defn: Same as Prefloration. Gray. PRAEFOLIATION Præ*fo`li*a"tion, n. Defn: Same as Prefoliation. Gray. PRAEMAXILLA Præ`max*il"la, n. Defn: See Premaxilla. PRAEMOLAR Præ*mo"lar, a. Defn: See Premolar. PRAEMORSE Præ*morse", a. Defn: Same as Premorse. PRAEMUNIRE Præm`u*ni"re, n. Etym: [Corrupted from L. praemonere to forewarn, cite. See Admonish.] (Eng. Law) (a) The offense of introducing foreign authority into England, the penalties for which were originally intended to depress the civil power of the pope in the kingdom. (b) The writ grounded on that offense. Wharton. (c) The penalty ascribed for the offense of præmunire. Wolsey incurred a præmunire, and forfeited his honor, estate, and life. South. Note: The penalties of præmunire were subsequently applied to many other offenses; but prosecutions upon a præmunire are at this day unheard of in the English courts. Blackstone. PRAEMUNIRE Præm`u*ni"re, v. t. 1. The subject to the penalties of præmunire. [Obs.] T. Ward. PRAEMUNITORY Præ*mu"ni*to*ry, a. Defn: See Premunitory. PRAENARES Præ*na"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pre-, Nares.] (Anat.) Defn: The anterior nares. See Nares. B. G. Wilder. PRAENASAL Præ*na"sal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Prenasal. PRAENOMEN Præ*no"men, n.; pl. Prænomina. Etym: [L., fr. prae before + nomen name.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: The first name of a person, by which individuals of the same family were distinguished, answering to our Christian name, as Caius, Lucius, Marcus, etc. PRAENOMINICAL Præ`no*min"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a prænomen. [Obs.] M. A. Lower. PRAEOPERCULUM Præ`o*per"cu*lum, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: Same as Preoperculum. -- Præ`o*per"cu*lar, a. PRAEORAL; PRAEPUBIS; PRAESCAPULA; PRAESCUTUM; PRAESTERNUM Præ*o"ral, n., Præ*pu"bis, n., Præ*scap"u*la, n., Præ*scu"tum, n., Præ*ster"num, n. Defn: Same as Preoral, Prepubis, Prescapula, etc. PRAETER- Præ"ter-. Defn: A prefix. See Preter-. PRAETERIST Præt"er*ist, n. (Theol.) Defn: See Preterist. PRAETERMIT Præ`ter*mit", v. t. Defn: See Pretermit. PRAETEXTA Præ*tex"ta, n.; pl. Prætextæ, E. Prætextas. Etym: [L. (sc. toga), fr. praetextus, p. p. of praetexere to weave before, to fringe, border; prae before + texere to weave.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A white robe with a purple border, worn by a Roman boy before he was entitled to wear the toga virilis, or until about the completion of his fourteenth year, and by girls until their marriage. It was also worn by magistrates and priests. PRAETOR Præ"tor, n. Defn: See Pretor. PRAETORES Præ*to"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pretor.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of butterflies including the satyrs. PRAETORIAN Præ*to"ri*an, a. Defn: See Pretorian. PRAETORIUM Præ*to"ri*um, n. Defn: See Pretorium. PRAEZYGAPOPHYSIS Præ*zyg`a*poph"y*sis, n. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Prezygapophysis. PRAGMATIC; PRAGMATICAL Prag*mat"ic, Prag*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. pragmaticus busy, active, skilled in business, especially in law and state affairs, systematic, Gr. pragmatique. See Practical.] 1. Of or pertaining to business or to affairs; of the nature of business; practical; material; businesslike in habit or manner. The next day . . . I began to be very pragmatical. Evelyn. We can not always be contemplative, diligent, or pragmatical, abroad; but have need of some delightful intermissions. Milton. Low, pragmatical, earthly views of the gospel. Hare. 2. Busy; specifically, busy in an objectionable way; officious; fussy and positive; meddlesome. "Pragmatical officers of justice." Sir W. Scott. The fellow grew so pragmatical that he took upon him the government of my whole family. Arbuthnot. 3. Philosophical; dealing with causes, reasons, and effects, rather than with details and circumstances; -- said of literature. "Pragmatic history." Sir W. Hamilton. "Pragmatic poetry." M. Arnold. Pragmatic sanction, a solemn ordinance or decree issued by the head or legislature of a state upon weighty matters; -- a term derived from the Byzantine empire. In European history, two decrees under this name are particularly celebrated. One of these, issued by Charles VII. of France, A. D. 1438, was the foundation of the liberties of the Gallican church; the other, issued by Charles VI. of Germany, A. D. 1724, settled his hereditary dominions on his eldest daughter, the Archduchess Maria Theresa. PRAGMATIC Prag*mat"ic, n. 1. One skilled in affairs. My attorney and solicitor too; a fine pragmatic. B. Jonson. 2. A solemn public ordinance or decree. A royal pragmatic was accordingly passed. Prescott. PRAGMATICALLY Prag*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a pragmatical manner. PRAGMATICALNESS Prag*mat"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being pragmatical. PRAGMATISM Prag"ma*tism, n. Defn: The quality or state of being pragmatic; in literature, the pragmatic, or philosophical, method. The narration of this apparently trifling circumstance belongs to the pragmatism of the history. A. Murphy. PRAGMATIST Prag"ma*tist, n. Defn: One who is pragmatic. PRAGMATIZE Prag"ma*tize, v. t. Defn: To consider, represent, or embody (something unreal) as fact; to materialize. [R.] "A pragmatized metaphor." Tylor. PRAIRIAL Prai`ri`al", n. Etym: [F., fr. prairie meadow.] Defn: The ninth month of the French Republican calendar, which dated from September 22, 1792. It began May, 20, and ended June 18. See Vendemiaire. PRAIRIE Prai"rie, n. Etym: [F., an extensive meadow, OF. praerie, LL. prataria, fr. L. pratum a meadow.] 1. An extensive tract of level or rolling land, destitute of trees, covered with coarse grass, and usually characterized by a deep, fertile soil. They abound throughout the Mississippi valley, between the Alleghanies and the Rocky mountains. From the forests and the prairies, From the great lakes of the northland. Longfellow. 2. A meadow or tract of grass; especially, a so called natural meadow. Prairie chicken (Zoöl.), any American grouse of the genus Tympanuchus, especially T. Americanus (formerly T. cupido), which inhabits the prairies of the central United States. Applied also to the sharp-tailed grouse. -- Prairie clover (Bot.), any plant of the leguminous genus Petalostemon, having small rosy or white flowers in dense terminal heads or spikes. Several species occur in the prairies of the United States. -- Prairie dock (Bot.), a coarse composite plant (Silphium terebinthaceum) with large rough leaves and yellow flowers, found in the Western prairies. -- Prairie dog (Zoöl.), a small American rodent (Cynomys Ludovicianus) allied to the marmots. It inhabits the plains west of the Mississippi. The prairie dogs burrow in the ground in large warrens, and have a sharp bark like that of a dog. Called also prairie marmot. -- Prairie grouse. Same as Prairie chicken, above. -- Prairie hare (Zoöl.), a large long-eared Western hare (Lepus campestris). See Jack rabbit, under 2d Jack. -- Prairie hawk, Prairie falcon (Zoöl.), a falcon of Western North America (Falco Mexicanus). The upper parts are brown. The tail has transverse bands of white; the under parts, longitudinal streaks and spots of brown. -- Prairie hen. (Zoöl.) Same as Prairie chicken, above. -- Prairie itch (Med.), an affection of the skin attended with intense itching, which is observed in the Northern and Western United States; -- also called swamp itch, winter itch. -- Prairie marmot. (Zoöl.) Same as Prairie dog, above. -- Prairie mole (Zoöl.), a large American mole (Scalops argentatus), native of the Western prairies. -- Prairie pigeon, plover, or snipe (Zoöl.), the upland plover. See Plover, n., 2. -- Prairie rattlesnake (Zoöl.), the massasauga. -- Prairie snake (Zoöl.), a large harmless American snake (Masticophis flavigularis). It is pale yellow, tinged with brown above. -- Prairie squirrel (Zoöl.), any American ground squirrel of the genus Spermophilus, inhabiting prairies; -- called also gopher. -- Prairie turnip (Bot.), the edible turnip-shaped farinaceous root of a leguminous plant (Psoralea esculenta) of the Upper Missouri region; also, the plant itself. Called also pomme blanche, and pomme de prairie. -- Prairie warbler (Zoöl.), a bright-colored American warbler (Dendroica discolor). The back is olive yellow, with a group of reddish spots in the middle; the under parts and the parts around the eyes are bright yellow; the sides of the throat and spots along the sides, black; three outer tail feathers partly white. -- Prairie wolf. (Zoöl.) See Coyote. PRAIRIE STATE Prai"rie State. Defn: Illinois; -- a nickname. PRAISABLE Prais"a*ble, a. Defn: Fit to be praised; praise-worthy; laudable; commendable. Wyclif (2 Tim. ii. 15). PRAISABLY Prais"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a praisable manner. PRAISE Praise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Praised; p. pr. & vb. n. Praising.] Etym: [OE. preisen, OF. preisier, prisier, F. priser, L. pretiare to prize, fr. pretium price. See Price, n., and cf. Appreciate, Praise, n., Prize, v.] 1. To commend; to applaud; to express approbation of; to laud; -- applied to a person or his acts. "I praise well thy wit." Chaucer. Let her own works praise her in the gates. Prov. xxxi. 31. We praise not Hector, though his name, we know, Is great in arms; 't is hard to praise a foe. Dryden. 2. To extol in words or song; to magnify; to glorify on account of perfections or excellent works; to do honor to; to display the excellence of; -- applied especially to the Divine Being. Praise ye him, all his angels; praise ye him, all his hosts! Ps. cxlviii. 2. 3. To value; to appraise. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Syn. -- To commend; laud; eulogize; celebrate; glorify; magnify. -- To Praise, Applaud, Extol. To praise is to set at high price; to applaud is to greet with clapping; to extol is to bear aloft, to exalt. We may praise in the exercise of calm judgment; we usually applaud from impulse, and on account of some specific act; we extol under the influence of high admiration, and usually in strong, if not extravagant, language. PRAISE Praise, n. Etym: [OE. preis, OF. preis price, worth, value, estimation. See Praise, v., Price.] 1. Commendation for worth; approval expressed; honor rendered because of excellence or worth; laudation; approbation. There are men who always confound the praise of goodness with the practice. Rambler. Note: Praise may be expressed by an individual, and thus differs from fame, renown, and celebrity, which are always the expression of the approbation of numbers, or public commendation. 2. Especially, the joyful tribute of gratitude or homage rendered to the Divine Being; the act of glorifying or extolling the Creator; worship, particularly worship by song, distinction from prayer and other acts of worship; as, a service of praise. 3. The object, ground, or reason of praise. He is thy praise, and he is thy God. Deut. x. Syn. -- Encomium; honor; eulogy; panegyric; plaudit; applause; acclaim; eclat; commendation; laudation. PRAISEFUL Praise"ful, a. Defn: Praiseworthy. [Obs.] PRAISEFUL Praise"ful, a. Defn: Praiseworthy. [Obs.] PRAISELESS Praise"less, a. Defn: Without praise or approbation. PRAISE-MEETING Praise"-meet`*ing, n. Defn: A religious service mainly in song. [Local, U. S.] PRAISEMENT Praise"ment, n. Defn: Appraisement. [Obs.] PRAISER Prais"er, n. 1. One who praises. "Praisers of men." Sir P. Sidney. 2. An appraiser; a valuator. [Obs.] Sir T. North. PRAISEWORTHILY Praise"wor`thi*ly, adv. Defn: In a praiseworthy manner. Spenser. PRAISEWORTHINESS Praise"wor`thi*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being praiseworthy. PRAISEWORTHY Praise"wor`thy, a. Defn: Worthy of praise or applause; commendable; as, praiseworthy action; he was praiseworthy. Arbuthnot. PRAKRIT Pra"krit, n. Etym: [Skr. prakrsta original, natural, usual, common, vulgar.] Defn: Any one of the popular dialects descended from, or akin to, Sanskrit; -- in distinction from the Sanskrit, which was used as a literary and learned language when no longer spoken by the people. Pali is one of the Prakrit dialects. PRAKRITIC Pra*krit"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to Prakrit. PRALINE Pra"line (prä"len), n. [F.] Defn: A confection made of nut kernels, usually of almonds, roasted in boiling sugar until brown and crisp. Bonbons, pralines, . . . saccharine, crystalline substances of all kinds and colors. Du Maurier. PRALLTRILLER Prall"tril`ler, n.; G. pl. -triller. [G.] (Music) Defn: A melodic embellishment consisting of the quick alternation of a principal tone with an auxiliary tone above it, usually the next of the scale; --called also the inverted mordente. PRAM; PRAME Pram, Prame, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Praam. PRANCE Prance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pranced; p. pr. & vb. n. Prancing.] Etym: [OE. prauncen; probably akin to prank, v. t. See Prank.] 1. To spring or bound, as a horse in high mettle. Now rule thy prancing steed. Gay. 2. To ride on a prancing horse; to ride in an ostentatious manner. The insulting tyrant prancing o'er the field. Addison. 3. To walk or strut about in a pompous, showy manner, or with warlike parade. Swift. PRANCER Pran"cer, n. Defn: A horse which prances. Then came the captain . . . upon a brave prancer. Evelyn. PRANDIAL Pran"di*al, a. Etym: [L. prandium a repast.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a repast, especially to dinner. PRANGOS Pran"gos, n. Etym: [From the native name in Afghanistan.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of umbelliferous plants, one species of which (P. pabularia), found in Thibet, Cashmere, Afghanistan, etc., has been used as fodder for cattle. It has decompound leaves with very long narrow divisions, and a highly fragrant smell resembling that of new clover hay. PRANK Prank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pranked; p. pr. & vb. n. Pranking.] Etym: [Cf. E. prink, also G. prangen, prunken, to shine, to make a show, Dan. prange, prunke, Sw. prunka, D. pronken.] Defn: To adorn in a showy manner; to dress or equip ostentatiously; - - often followed by up; as, to prank up the body. See Prink. In sumptuous tire she joyed herself to prank. Spenser. PRANK Prank, v. i. Defn: To make ostentatious show. White houses prank where once were huts. M. Arnold. PRANK Prank, n. Defn: A gay or sportive action; a ludicrous, merry, or mischievous trick; a caper; a frolic. Spenser. The harpies . . . played their accustomed pranks. Sir W. Raleigh. His pranks have been too broad to bear with. Shak. PRANK Prank, a. Defn: Full of gambols or tricks. [Obs.] PRANKER Prank"er, n. Defn: One who dresses showily; a prinker. "A pranker or a dancer." Burton. PRANKISH Prank"ish, a. Defn: Full of pranks; frolicsome. PRASE Prase, n. Etym: [L. prasius, fr. Gr. prase.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of cryptocrystalline of a leek-green color. PRASEO- Pra"se*o-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form signifying green; as, praseocobalt, a green variety of cobalt. PRASEODYMIUM Pra`se*o*dym"i*um, n. Etym: [Praseo- + didymium.] (Chem.) Defn: An elementary substance, one of the constituents of didymium; - - so called from the green color of its salts. Symbol Ps. Atomic weight 143.6. PRASEOLITE Pra"se*o*lite, n. Etym: [Praseo- + -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of altered iolite of a green color and greasy luster. PRASINOUS Pras"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. prasinus, Gr. Defn: Grass-green; clear, lively green, without any mixture. Lindley. PRASOID Pra"soid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Min.) Defn: Resembling prase. PRATE Prate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prated; p. pr. & vb. n. Prating.] Etym: [Akin to LG. & D. praten, Dan. prate, Sw. & Icel. prata.] Defn: To talk much and to little purpose; to be loquacious; to speak foolishly; to babble. To prate and talk for life and honor. Shak. And make a fool presume to prate of love. Dryden. PRATE Prate, v. t. Defn: To utter foolishly; to speak without reason or purpose; to chatter, or babble. What nonsense would the fool, thy master, prate, When thou, his knave, canst talk at such a rate ! Dryden. PRATE Prate, n. Etym: [Akin to LG. & D. praat, Sw. prat.] Defn: Talk to little purpose; trifling talk; unmeaning loquacity. Sick of tops, and poetry, and prate. Pope. PRATEFUL Prate"ful, a. Defn: Talkative. [R.] W. Taylor. PRATER Prat"er, n. Defn: One who prates. Shak. PRATIC Prat"ic, n. Defn: See Pratique. PRATINCOLE Pra"tin*cole, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird of the Old World genus Glareola, or family Glareolidæ, allied to the plovers. They have long, pointed wings and a forked tail. PRATINGLY Prat"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With idle talk; with loquacity. PRATIQUE Prat"ique, n. Etym: [F.; cf. It. pratica, Sp. practica. See Practice.] 1. (Com.) Defn: Primarily, liberty of converse; intercourse; hence, a certificate, given after compliance with quarantine regulations, permitting a ship to land passengers and crew; -- a term used particularly in the south of Europe. 2. Practice; habits. [Obs.] "One of English education and pratique." R. North. PRATTLE Prat"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prattled; p. pr. & vb. n. Prattling.] Etym: [Freq. of prate.] Defn: To talk much and idly; to prate; hence, to talk lightly and artlessly, like a child; to utter child's talk. PRATTLE Prat"tle, v. t. Defn: To utter as prattle; to babble; as, to prattle treason. Addison. PRATTLE Prat"tle, n. Defn: Trifling or childish tattle; empty talk; loquacity on trivial subjects; prate; babble. Mere prattle, without practice. Shak. PRATTLEMENT Prat"tle*ment, n. Defn: Prattle. [R.] Jeffrey. PRATTLER Prat"tler, n. Defn: One who prattles. Herbert. PRAVITY Prav"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. pravitas, from pravus crooked, perverse.] Defn: Deterioration; degeneracy; corruption; especially, moral crookedness; moral perversion; perverseness; depravity; as, the pravity of human nature. "The pravity of the will." South. PRAWN Prawn, n. Etym: [OE. prane, of unknown origin; cf. L. perna a sea mussel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of large shrimplike Crustacea having slender legs and long antennæ. They mostly belong to the genera Pandalus, Palæmon, Palæmonetes, and Peneus, and are much used as food. The common English prawn in Palæmon serratus. Note: The name is often applied to any large shrimp. PRAXINOSCOPE Prax*in"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Opt.) Defn: An instrument, similar to the phenakistoscope, for presenting to view, or projecting upon a screen, images the natural motions of real objects. PRAXIS Prax"is, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Practice.] 1. Use; practice; especially, exercise or discipline for a specific purpose or object. "The praxis and theory of music." Wood. 2. An example or form of exercise, or a collection of such examples, for practice. PRAY Pray, n. & v. Defn: See Pry. [Obs.] Spenser. PRAY Pray, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Praying.] Etym: [OE. preien, OF. preier, F. prier, L. precari, fr. prex, precis, a prayer, a request; akin to Skr. prach to ask, AS. frignan, frinan, fricgan, G. fragen, Goth. fraíhnan. Cf. Deprecate, Imprecate, Precarious.] Defn: To make request with earnestness or zeal, as for something desired; to make entreaty or supplication; to offer prayer to a deity or divine being as a religious act; specifically, to address the Supreme Being with adoration, confession, supplication, and thanksgiving. And to his goddess pitously he preyde. Chaucer. When thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly. Matt. vi. 6. I pray, or (by ellipsis) Pray, I beg; I request; I entreat you; -- used in asking a question, making a request, introducing a petition, etc.; as, Pray, allow me to go. I pray, sir. why am I beaten Shak. Syn. -- To entreat; supplicate; beg; implore; invoke; beseech; petition. PRAY Pray, v. t. 1. To address earnest request to; to supplicate; to entreat; to implore; to beseech. And as this earl was preyed, so did he. Chaucer. We pray you . . . by ye reconciled to God. 2 Cor. v. 20. 2. To ask earnestly for; to seek to obtain by supplication; to entreat for. I know not how to pray your patience. Shak. 3. To effect or accomplish by praying; as, to pray a soul out of purgatory. Milman. To pray in aid. (Law) (a) To call in as a helper one who has an interest in the cause. Bacon. (b) A phrase often used to signify claiming the benefit of an argument. See under Aid. Mozley & W. PRAYER Pray"er, n. Defn: One who prays; a supplicant. PRAYER Prayer (, n. Etym: [OE. preiere, OF. preiere, F. prière, fr. L. precarius obtained by prayer, fr. precari to pray. See Pray, v. i.] 1. The act of praying, or of asking a favor; earnest request or entreaty; hence, a petition or memorial addressed to a court or a legislative body. "Their meek preyere." Chaucer 2. The act of addressing supplication to a divinity, especially to the true God; the offering of adoration, confession, supplication, and thanksgiving to the Supreme Being; as, public prayer; secret prayer. As he is famed for mildness, peace, and prayer. Shak. 3. The form of words used in praying; a formula of supplication; an expressed petition; especially, a supplication addressed to God; as, a written or extemporaneous prayer; to repeat one's prayers. He made those excellent prayers which were published immediately after his death. Bp. Fell. Prayer book, a book containing devotional prayers. -- Prayer meeting, a meeting or gathering for prayer to God. Syn. -- Petition; orison; supplication; entreaty; suit. PRAYERFUL Prayer"ful, a. Defn: Given to prayer; praying much or often; devotional. "The prayerful man." J. S. Blackie. -- Prayer"ful*ly, adv. -- Prayer"ful*ness, n. PRAYERLESS Prayer"less, a. Defn: Not using prayer; habitually neglecting prayer to God; without prayer. "The next time you go prayerless to bed." Baxter. -- Prayer"less*ly, adv. -- Prayer"less*ness, n. PRAYING Pray"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Pray, v. Praying insect, locust, or mantis (Zoöl.), a mantis, especially Mantis religiosa. See Mantis. -- Praying machine, or Praying wheel, a wheel on which prayers are pasted by Buddhist priests, who then put the wheel in rapid revolution. Each turn in supposed to have the efficacy of an oral repetition of all the prayers on the wheel. Sometimes it is moved by a stream. PRAYINGLY Pray"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With supplication to God. PRE- Pre-. Etym: [L. prae, adv. & prep., before, akin to pro, and to E. for, prep.: cf. F. pré-. See Pro-, and cf. Prior.] Defn: A prefix denoting priority (of time, place, or rank); as, precede, to go before; precursor, a forerunner; prefix, to fix or place before; preëminent eminent before or above others. Pre- is sometimes used intensively, as in prepotent, very potent. [Written also præ-.] PREACCUSATION Pre*ac`cu*sa"tion, n. Defn: Previous accusation. PREACE Preace, v. & n. Defn: Press. [Obs.] Spenser. PREACH Preach, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Preached; p. pr. & vb. n. Preaching.] Etym: [OE. prechen, OF. preechier, F. prêcher, fr. L. praedicare to cry in public, to proclaim; prae before + dicare to make known, dicere to say; or perhaps from (assumed) LL. praedictare. See Diction, and cf. Predicate, Predict.] 1. To proclaim or publish tidings; specifically, to proclaim the gospel; to discourse publicly on a religious subject, or from a text of Scripture; to deliver a sermon. How shall they preach, except they be sent Rom. x. 15. From that time Jesus began to preach. Matt. iv. 17. 2. To give serious advice on morals or religion; to discourse in the manner of a preacher. PREACH Preach, v. t. 1. To proclaim by public discourse; to utter in a sermon or a formal religious harangue. That Cristes gospel truly wolde preche. Chaucer. The Lord hath anointed me to preach good tidings unto the meek. Isa. lxi. 1. 2. To inculcate in public discourse; to urge with earnestness by public teaching. "I have preached righteousness in the great congregation." Ps. xl. 9. 3. To deliver or pronounce; as, to preach a sermon. 4. To teach or instruct by preaching; to inform by preaching. [R.] "As ye are preached." Southey. 5. To advise or recommend earnestly. My master preaches patience to him. Shak. To preach down, to oppress, or humiliate by preaching. Tennyson. -- To preach up, to exalt by preaching; to preach in support of; as, to preach up equality. PREACH Preach, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prêche, fr. prêcher. See Preach, v.] Defn: A religious discourse. [Obs.] Hooker. PREACHER Preach"er, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. preeschierre, prescheur, F. prêcheur, L. praedicator.] 1. One who preaches; one who discourses publicly on religious subjects. How shall they hear without a preacher Rom. x. 14. 2. One who inculcates anything with earnestness. No preacher is listened to but Time. Swift. Preacher bird (Zoöl.), a toucan. PREACHERSHIP Preach"er*ship, n. Defn: The office of a preacher. "The preachership of the Rolls." Macaulay. PREACHIFY Preach"i*fy, v. i. Etym: [Preach + -fy.] Defn: To discourse in the manner of a preacher. [Colloq.] Thackeray. PREACHING Preach"ing, n. Defn: The act of delivering a religious discourse; the art of sermonizing; also, a sermon; a public religious discourse; serious, earnest advice. Milner. Preaching cross, a cross, sometimes surmounting a pulpit, erected out of doors to designate a preaching place. -- Preaching friars. See Dominican. PREACHMAN Preach"man, n.; pl. Preachmen (. Defn: A preacher; -- so called in contempt. [Obs.] Howell. PREACHMENT Preach"ment, n. Defn: A religious harangue; a sermon; -- used derogatively. Shak. PREACQUAINT Pre`ac*quaint", v. t. Defn: To acquaint previously or beforehand. Fielding. PREACQUAINTANCE Pre`ac*quaint"ance, n. Defn: Previous acquaintance or knowledge. Harris. PREACT Pre*act", v. t. Defn: To act beforehand; to perform previously. PREACTION Pre*ac"tion, n. Defn: Previous action. PREADAMIC Pre`a*dam"ic, a. Defn: Prior to Adam. PREADAMITE Pre*ad"am*ite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. préadamite.] 1. An inhabitant of the earth before Adam. 2. One who holds that men existed before Adam. PREADAMITIC Pre*ad`am*it"ic, a. Defn: Existing or occurring before Adam; preadamic; as, preadamitic periods. PREADJUSTMENT Pre`ad*just"ment, n. Defn: Previous adjustment. PREADMINISTRATION Pre`ad*min`is*tra"tion, n. Defn: Previous administration. Bp. Pearson. PREADMISSION Pre`ad*mis"sion, n. Defn: Lit., previous admission; specif. (Engin.), Defn: admission, as of steam, to the engine cylinder before the back stroke is completed, thus increasing the cushioning. PREADMONISH Pre`ad*mon"ish, v. t. Defn: To admonish previously. PREADMONITION Pre*ad`mo*ni"tion, n. Defn: Previous warning or admonition; forewarning. PREADVERTISE Pre*ad`ver*tise", v. t. Defn: To advertise beforehand; to preannounce publicly. PREAMBLE Pre"am`ble, n. Etym: [LL. praeambulum, from L. praeambulus walking before, fr. praeambulare to walk before; prae before + ambulare to walk: cf. F. préambule. See Amble.] Defn: A introductory portion; an introduction or preface, as to a book, document, etc.; specifically, the introductory part of a statute, which states the reasons and intent of the law. PREAMBLE Pre"am`ble, v. t. & i. Defn: To make a preamble to; to preface; to serve as a preamble. [R.] Feltham. Milton. PREAMBULARY Pre*am"bu*la*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. preambulaire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a preamble; introductory; contained or provided for in a preamble. "A preambulary tax." [R.] Burke. PREAMBULATE Pre*am"bu*late, v. i. Etym: [L. praeambulare. See Preamble.] Defn: To walk before. [R.] Jordan. PREAMBULATION Pre*am`bu*la"tion, n. 1. A walking or going before; precedence. [R.] 2. A preamble. [Obs.] Chaucer. PREAMBULATORY Pre*am"bu*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Preceding; going before; introductory. [R.] Simon Magus had preambulatory impieties. Jer. Taylor. PREAMBULOUS Pre*am"bu*lous, a. Etym: [See Preamble, n.] Defn: See Perambulatory. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PREANNOUNCE Pre`an*nounce", v. t. Defn: To announce beforehand. Coleridge. PREANTENULTIMATE Pre*an`te*nul"ti*mate, a. Defn: Being or indicating the fourth syllable from the end of a word, or that before the antepenult. PREAORTIC Pre`a*or"tic, a. (Anat.) Defn: In front, or on the ventral side, of the aorta. PREAPPOINT Pre`ap*point", v. t. Defn: To appoint previously, or beforehand. Carlyle. PREAPPOINTMENT Pre`ap*point"ment, n. Defn: Previous appointment. PREAPPREHENSION Pre*ap`pre*hen"sion, n. Defn: An apprehension or opinion formed before examination or knowledge. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PREARM Pre*arm", v. t. Defn: To forearm. [R.] PREARRANGE Pre`ar*range", v. t. Defn: To arrange beforehand. PREASE Prease, v. t. & i. Defn: To press; to crowd. [Obs.] -- n. Defn: A press; a crowd. [Obs.] Spenser. PREASSURANCE Pre`as*sur"ance, n. Defn: Previous assurance. Coleridge. PREATAXIC Pre`a*tax"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Occurring before the symptom ataxia has developed; -- applied to the early symptoms of locomotor ataxia. PREAUDIENCE Pre*au"di*ence, n. (Eng. Law) Defn: Precedence of rank at the bar among lawyers. Blackstone. PREAXIAL Pre*ax"i*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of any transverse axis in the body of an animal; anterior; cephalic; esp., in front, or on the anterior, or cephalic (that is, radial or tibial) side of the axis of a limb. PREBEND Pre"bend, n. Etym: [F. prébende (cf. It. & Sp. prebenda), from L. praebenda, from L. praebere to hold forth, afford, contr. fr. praehibere; prae before + habere to have, hold. See Habit, and cf. Provender.] 1. A payment or stipend; esp., the stipend or maintenance granted to a prebendary out of the estate of a cathedral or collegiate, church with which he is connected. See Note under Benefice. 2. A prebendary. [Obs.] Bacon. Dignitary prebend, one having jurisdiction annexed to it. -- Simple prebend, one without jurisdiction. PREBENDAL Pre*ben"dal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a prebend; holding a prebend; as, a prebendal priest or stall. Chesterfield. PREBENDARY Preb"en*da*ry, n. Etym: [LL. praebendarius: cf. F. prébendaire. See Prebend.] 1. A clergyman attached to a collegiate or cathedral church who enjoys a prebend in consideration of his officiating at stated times in the church. See Note under Benefice, n., 3. Hook. 2. A prebendaryship. [Obs.] Bailey. PREBENDARYSHIP Preb"en*da*ry*ship, n. Defn: The office of a prebendary. PREBENDATE Preb"en*date, v. t. Etym: [LL. praebendatus, p. p. of praebendari.] Defn: To invest with the office of prebendary; to present to a prebend. [Obs.] Grafton. PREBENDSHIP Preb"end*ship, n. Defn: A prebendaryship. [Obs.] Foxe. PREBRONCHIAL Pre*bron"chi*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of the bronchus; -- applied especially to an air sac on either side of the esophagus of birds. PRECALCULATE Pre*cal"cu*late, v. t. Defn: To calculate or determine beforehand; to prearrange. Masson. PRECANT Pre"cant, n. Etym: [L. precans, -antis, p. pr. of precari to pray.] Defn: One who prays. [R.] Coleridge. PRECARIOUS Pre*ca"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. precarius obtained by begging or prayer, depending on request or on the will of another, fr. precari to pray, beg. See Pray.] 1. Depending on the will or pleasure of another; held by courtesy; liable to be changed or lost at the pleasure of another; as, precarious privileges. Addison. 2. Held by a doubtful tenure; depending on unknown causes or events; exposed to constant risk; not to be depended on for certainty or stability; uncertain; as, a precarious state of health; precarious fortunes. "Intervals of partial and precarious liberty." Macaulay. Syn. -- Uncertain; unsettled; unsteady; doubtful; dubious; equivocal. -- Precarious, Uncertain. Precarious in stronger than uncertain. Derived originally from the Latin precari, it first signified "granted to entreaty," and, hence, "wholly dependent on the will of another." Thus it came to express the highest species of uncertainty, and is applied to such things as depend wholly on future casualties. -- Pre*ca"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Pre*ca"ri*ous*ness, n. PRECATION Pre*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. precatio.] Defn: The act of praying; supplication; entreaty. Cotton. PRECATIVE; PRECATORY Pre"ca*tive, Pre"ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. precativus, precatorius, fr. precari to pray. See Precarious.] Defn: Suppliant; beseeching. Bp. Hopkins. Precatory words (Law), words of recommendation, request, entreaty, wish, or expectation, employed in wills, as distinguished from express directions; -- in some cases creating a trust. Jarman. PRECAUTION Pre*cau"tion, n. Etym: [F. précation, L. praecautio, fr. praecavere, praecautum, to guard against beforehand; prae before + cavere be on one's guard. See Pre-, and Caution.] 1. Previous caution or care; caution previously employed to prevent mischief or secure good; as, his life was saved by precaution. They [ancient philosophers] treasured up their supposed discoveries with miserable precaution. J. H. Newman. 2. A measure taken beforehand to ward off evil or secure good or success; a precautionary act; as, to take precautions against accident. PRECAUTION Pre*cau"tion, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. précautionner.] 1. To warn or caution beforehand. Locke. 2. To take precaution against. [R.] Dryden. PRECAUTIONAL Pre*cau"tion*al, a. Defn: Precautionary. PRECAUTIONARY Pre*cau"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to precaution, or precautions; as, precautionary signals. PRECAUTIOUS Pre*cau"tious, a. Defn: Taking or using precaution; precautionary. -- Pre*cau"tious*ly, adv. -- Pre*cau"*tious*ness, n. PRECEDANEOUS Pre`ce*da"ne*ous, a. Defn: Preceding; antecedent; previous. [Obs.] Hammond. PRECEDE Pre*cede", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Preceding.] Etym: [L. praecedere, praecessum; prae before + cedere to go, to be in motion: cf. F. préceder. See Pre-, and Cede.] 1. To go before in order of time; to occur first with relation to anything. "Harm precedes not sin." Milton. 2. To go before in place, rank, or importance. 3. To cause to be preceded; to preface; to introduce; -- used with by or with before the instrumental object. [R.] It is usual to precede hostilities by a public declaration. Kent. PRECEDENCE; PRECEDENCY Pre*ced"ence, Pre*ced"en*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. précédence. See Precede.] 1. The act or state of preceding or going before in order of time; priority; as, one event has precedence of another. 2. The act or state of going or being before in rank or dignity, or the place of honor; right to a more honorable place; superior rank; as, barons have precedence of commoners. Which of them [the different desires] has the precedency in determining the will to the next action Locke. Syn. -- Antecedence; priority; preëminence; preference; superiority. PRECEDENT Pre*ced"ent, a. Etym: [L. praecedens, -entis, p. pr. of praecedere: cf. F. précédent. See Precede.] Defn: Going before; anterior; preceding; antecedent; as, precedent services. Shak. "A precedent injury." Bacon. Condition precedent (Law), a condition which precede the vesting of an estate, or the accruing of a right. PRECEDENT Prec"e*dent, n. 1. Something done or said that may serve as an example to authorize a subsequent act of the same kind; an authoritative example. Examples for cases can but direct as precedents only. Hooker. 2. A preceding circumstance or condition; an antecedent; hence, a prognostic; a token; a sign. [Obs.] 3. A rough draught of a writing which precedes a finished copy. [Obs.] Shak. 4. (Law) Defn: A judicial decision which serves as a rule for future determinations in similar or analogous cases; an authority to be followed in courts of justice; forms of proceeding to be followed in similar cases. Wharton. Syn. -- Example; antecedent. -- Precedent, Example. An example in a similar case which may serve as a rule or guide, but has no authority out of itself. A precedent is something which comes down to us from the past with the sanction of usage and of common consent. We quote examples in literature, and precedents in law. PRECEDENTED Prec"e*dent*ed, a. Defn: Having a precedent; authorized or sanctioned by an example of a like kind. Walpole. PRECEDENTIAL Prec`e*den"tial, a. Defn: Of the nature of a precedent; having force as an example for imitation; as, precedential transactions. All their actions in that time are not precedential to warrant posterity. Fuller. PRECEDENTLY Pre*ced"ent*ly, adv. Defn: Beforehand; antecedently. PRECEDING Pre*ced"ing, a. 1. Going before; -- opposed to following. 2. (Astron.) Defn: In the direction toward which stars appear to move. See Following, 2. PRECEL Pre*cel", v. t. & i. Etym: [See Precellence.] Defn: To surpass; to excel; to exceed. [Obs.] Howell. PRECELLENCE; PRECELLENCY Pre*cel"lence, Pre*cel"len*cy, n. Etym: [L. praecellentia, from praecellens, p. pr. of praecellere to excel, surpass: cf. OF. precellence.] Defn: Excellence; superiority. [Obs.] Sheldon. PRECELLENT Pre*cel"lent, a. Etym: [L. praecellens, p. pr.] Defn: Excellent; surpassing. [Obs.] Holland. PRECENTOR Pre*cen"tor, n. Etym: [L. praecentor, fr. praecinere to sing before; prae before + canere to sing. See Chant.] Defn: A leader of a choir; a directing singer. Specifically: (a) The leader of the choir in a cathedral; -- called also the chanter or master of the choir. Hook. (b) The leader of the congregational singing in Scottish and other churches. PRECENTORSHIP Pre*cen"tor*ship, n. Defn: The office of a precentor. PRECEPT Pre"cept, n. Etym: [L. praeceptum, from praecipere to take beforehand, to instruct, teach; prae before + capere to take: cf. F. précepte. See Pre-, and Capacious.] 1. Any commandment, instruction, or order intended as an authoritative rule of action; esp., a command respecting moral conduct; an injunction; a rule. For precept must be upon precept. Isa. xxviii. 10. No arts are without their precepts. Dryden. 2. (Law) Defn: A command in writing; a species of writ or process. Burrill. Syn. -- Commandment; injunction; mandate; law; rule; direction; principle; maxim. See Doctrine. PRECEPT Pre"cept, v. t. Defn: To teach by precepts. [Obs.] Bacon. PRECEPTIAL Pre*cep"tial, a. Defn: Preceptive. [Obs.] [Passion] would give preceptial medicine to rage. Shak. PRECEPTION Pre*cep"tion, n. Etym: [L. praeceptio.] Defn: A precept. [R.] Bp. Hall. PRECEPTIVE Pre*cep"tive, a. Etym: [L. praeceptivus.] Defn: Containing or giving precepts; of the nature of precepts; didactic; as, the preceptive parts of the Scriptures. The lesson given us here is preceptive to us. L'Estrange. PRECEPTOR Pre*cep"tor, n. Etym: [L. praeceptor, fr. praecipere to teach: cf. F. précepteur. See Precept.] 1. One who gives commands, or makes rules; specifically, the master or principal of a school; a teacher; an instructor. 2. The head of a preceptory among the Knights Templars. Sir W. Scott. PRECEPTORIAL Pre`cep*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a preceptor. PRECEPTORY Pre*cep"to*ry, a. Defn: Preceptive. "A law preceptory." Anderson (1573). PRECEPTORY Pre*cep"to*ry, n.; pl. Preceptories. Etym: [LL. praeceptoria an estate assigned to a preceptor, from L. praeceptor a commander, ruler, teacher, in LL., procurator, administrator among the Knights Templars. See Preceptor.] Defn: A religious house of the Knights Templars, subordinate to the temple or principal house of the order in London. See Commandery, n., 2. PRECEPTRESS Pre*cep"tress, n. Defn: A woman who is the principal of a school; a female teacher. PRECESSION Pre*ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. praecedere, praecessum, to go before: cf. F. précession. See Precede.] Defn: The act of going before, or forward. Lunisolar precession. (Astron.) See under Lunisolar. -- Planetary precession, that part of the precession of the equinoxes which depends on the action of the planets alone. -- Precession of the equinoxes (Astron.), the slow backward motion of the equinoctial points along the ecliptic, at the rate of 50.2" annually, caused by the action of the sun, moon, and planets, upon the protuberant matter about the earth's equator, in connection with its diurnal rotation; -- so called because either equinox, owing to its westerly motion, comes to the meridian sooner each day than the point it would have occupied without the motion of precession, and thus precedes that point continually with reference to the time of transit and motion. PRECESSIONAL Pre*ces"sion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pression; as, the precessional movement of the equinoxes. PRECESSOR Pre*ces"sor, n. Etym: [L. praecessor.] Defn: A predecessor. [Obs.] Fuller. PRECIEUSE Pré`cieuse", n. Defn: An affected woman of polite society, esp. one of the literary women of the French salons of the 17th century. PRECINCT Pre"cinct, n. Etym: [LL. praecinctum, fr. L. praecingere, praecinctum, to gird about, to encompass; prae before + cingere to gird, surround. See Pre-, and Cincture.] 1. The limit or exterior line encompassing a place; a boundary; a confine; limit of jurisdiction or authority; -- often in the plural; as, the precincts of a state. "The precincts of light." Milton. 2. A district within certain boundaries; a minor territorial or jurisdictional division; as, an election precinct; a school precinct. 3. A parish or prescribed territory attached to a church, and taxed for its support. [U.S.] The parish, or precinct, shall proceed to a new choice. Laws of Massachusetts. PRECIOSITY Pre`ci*os"i*ty, n. Defn: Preciousness; something precious. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PRECIOUS Pre"cious, a. Etym: [OF. precious, precius, precios, F. précieux, L. pretiosus, fr. pretium price, worth, value. See Price.] 1. Of great price; costly; as, a precious stone. "The precious bane." Milton. 2. Of great value or worth; very valuable; highly esteemed; dear; beloved; as, precious recollections. She is more precious than rules. Prov. iii. 15. Many things which are most precious are neglected only because the value of them lieth hid. Hooker. Note: Also used ironically; as, a precious rascal. 3. Particular; fastidious; overnice. [Obs.] Lest that precious folk be with me wroth. Chaucer. Precious metals, the uncommon and highly valuable metals, esp. gold and silver. -- Precious stones, gems; jewels. PRECIOUSLY Pre"cious*ly, adv. Defn: In a precious manner; expensively; extremely; dearly. Also used ironically. PRECIOUSNESS Pre"cious*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being precious; costliness; dearness. PRECIPE Prec"i*pe, n. (Law) Defn: See Præcipe, and Precept. PRECIPICE Prec"i*pice, n. Etym: [F. précipice, L. praecipitium, fr. praeceps, - cipitis, headlong; prae before + caput, capitis, the head. See Pre-, and Chief.] 1. A sudden or headlong fall. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. A headlong steep; a very steep, perpendicular, or overhanging place; an abrupt declivity; a cliff. Where wealth like fruit on precipices grew. Dryden. PRECIPIENT Pre*cip"i*ent, a. Etym: [L. praecipiens, p. pr. See Precept.] Defn: Commanding; directing. PRECIPITABILITY Pre*cip`i*ta*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being precipitable. PRECIPITABLE Pre*cip"i*ta*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being precipitated, or cast to the bottom, as a substance in solution. See Precipitate, n. (Chem.) PRECIPITANCE; PRECIPITANCY Pre*cip"i*tance, Pre*cip"i*tan*cy, n. Etym: [From Precipitant.] Defn: The quality or state of being precipitant, or precipitate; headlong hurry; excessive or rash haste in resolving, forming an opinion, or executing a purpose; precipitation; as, the precipitancy of youth. "Precipitance of judgment." I. Watts. PRECIPITANT Pre*cip"i*tant, a. Etym: [L. praecipitans, -antis, p. pr. of praecipitare: cf. F. précipitant. See Precipitate.] 1. Falling or rushing headlong; rushing swiftly, violently, or recklessly; moving precipitately. They leave their little lives Above the clouds, precipitant to earth. J. Philips. Should he return, that troop so blithe and bold, Precipitant in fear would wing their flight. Pope. 2. Unexpectedly or foolishly brought on or hastened; rashly hurried; hasty; sudden; reckless. Jer. Taylor. "Precipitant rebellion." Eikon Basilike. PRECIPITANT Pre*cip"i*tant, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any force or reagent which causes the formation of a precipitate. PRECIPITANTLY Pre*cip"i*tant*ly, adv. Defn: With rash or foolish haste; in headlong manner. Milton. PRECIPITANTNESS Pre*cip"i*tant*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being precipitant; precipitation. PRECIPITATE Pre*cip"i*tate, a. Etym: [L. praecipitatus, p. p. of praecipitare to precipitate, fr. praeceps headlong. See Precipice.] 1. Overhasty; rash; as, the king was too precipitate in declaring war. Clarendon. 2. Lacking due deliberation or care; hurried; said or done before the time; as, a precipitate measure. "The rapidity of our too precipitate course." Landor. 3. Falling, flowing, or rushing, with steep descent; headlong. Precipitate the furious torrent flows. Prior. 4. Ending quickly in death; brief and fatal; as, a precipitate case of disease. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. PRECIPITATE Pre*cip"i*tate, n. Etym: [NL. praecipitatum: cf. F. précipité.] (Chem.) Defn: An insoluble substance separated from a solution in a concrete state by the action of some reagent added to the solution, or of some force, such as heat or cold. The precipitate may fall to the bottom (whence the name), may be diffused through the solution, or may float at or near the surface. Red precipitate (Old. Chem), mercuric oxide (HgO) a heavy red crystalline powder obtained by heating mercuric nitrate, or by heating mercury in the air. Prepared in the latter manner, it was the precipitate per se of the alchemists. -- White precipitate (Old Chem.) (a) A heavy white amorphous powder (NH2.HgCl) obtained by adding ammonia to a solution of mercuric chloride or corrosive sublimate; -- formerly called also infusible white precipitate, and now amido-mercuric chloride. (b) A white crystalline substance obtained by adding a solution of corrosive sublimate to a solution of sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride); -- formerly called also fusible white precipitate. PRECIPITATE Pre*cip"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Precipitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Precipitating.] 1. To throw headlong; to cast down from a precipice or height. She and her horse had been precipitated to the pebbled region of the river. W. Irving. 2. To urge or press on with eager haste or violence; to cause to happen, or come to a crisis, suddenly or too soon; as, precipitate a journey, or a conflict. Back to his sight precipitates her steps. Glover. If they be daring, it may precipitate their designs, and prove dangerous. Bacon. 3. (Chem.) Defn: To separate from a solution, or other medium, in the form of a precipitate; as, water precipitates camphor when in solution with alcohol. The light vapor of the preceding evening had been precipitated by the cold. W. Irving. PRECIPITATE Pre*cip"i*tate, v. i. 1. To dash or fall headlong. [R.] So many fathom down precipitating. Shak. 2. To hasten without preparation. [R.] 3. (Chem.) Defn: To separate from a solution as a precipitate. See Precipitate, n. PRECIPITATELY Pre*cip"i*tate*ly, adv. Defn: In a precipitate manner; headlong; hastily; rashly. Swift. PRECIPITATION Pre*cip`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. praecipitatio: cf. F. précipitation.] 1. The act of precipitating, or the state of being precipitated, or thrown headlong. In peril of precipitation From off rock Tarpeian. Shak. 2. A falling, flowing, or rushing downward with violence and rapidity. The hurry, precipitation, and rapid motion of the water, returning . . . towards the sea. Woodward. 3. Great hurry; rash, tumultuous haste; impetuosity. "The precipitation of inexperience." Rambler. 4. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process from a solution. PRECIPITATOR Pre*cip"i*ta`tor, n. Etym: [L. praecipitator an overthrower.] Defn: One who precipitates, or urges on with vehemence or rashness. Hammond. PRECIPITIOUS Prec`i*pi"tious, a. Defn: Precipitous. [Obs.] -- Prec`i*pi"tious*ly, adv. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. PRECIPITOUS Pre*cip"i*tous, a. Etym: [L. praeceps, -cipitis: cf. OF. precipiteux. See Precipice.] 1. Steep, like a precipice; as, a precipitous cliff or mountain. 2. Headlong; as, precipitous fall. 3. Hasty; rash; quick; sudden; precipitate; as, precipitous attempts. Sir T. Browne. "Marian's low, precipitous `Hush!'" Mrs. Browning. -- Pre*cip"i*tous*ly, adv. -- Pre*cip"i*tous*ness, n. PRECIS Pre`cis", n. Etym: [F. See Precise.] Defn: A concise or abridged statement or view; an abstract; a summary. PRECISE Pre*cise", a. Etym: [L. praecisus cut off, brief, concise, p. p. of praecidere to cut off in front, to cut off; prae before + caedere to cut: cf. F. précis. Cf. Concise.] 1. Having determinate limitations; exactly or sharply defined or stated; definite; exact; nice; not vague or equivocal; as, precise rules of morality. The law in this point is not precise. Bacon. For the hour precise Exacts our parting hence. Milton. 2. Strictly adhering or conforming to rule; very nice or exact; punctilious in conduct or ceremony; formal; ceremonious. Addison. He was ever precise in promise-keeping. Shak. Syn. -- Accurate; exact; definite; correct; scrupulous; punctilious; particular; nice; formal. See Accurate. -- Pre*cise"ly, adv. -- Pre*cise"ness, n. PRECISIAN Pre*ci"sian, n. 1. One who limits, or restrains. [Obs.] 2. An overprecise person; one rigidly or ceremoniously exact in the observance of rules; a formalist; -- formerly applied to the English Puritans. The most dissolute cavaliers stood aghast at the dissoluteness of the emancipated precisian. Macaulay. PRECISIANISM Pre*ci"sian*ism, n. Defn: The quality or state of being a precisian; the practice of a precisian. Milton. PRECISIANIST Pre*ci"sian*ist, n. Defn: A precisian. PRECISION Pre*ci"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. précision, L. praecisio a cutting off. See Precise.] Defn: The quality or state of being precise; exact limitation; exactness; accuracy; strict conformity to a rule or a standard; definiteness. I have left out the utmost precisions of fractions. Locke. Syn. -- Preciseness; exactness; accuracy; nicety. -- Precision, Preciseness. Precision is always used in a good sense; as, precision of thought or language; precision in military evolutions. Preciseness is sometimes applied to persons or their conduct in a disparaging sense, and precise is often used in the same way. PRECISIVE Pre*ci"sive, a. Defn: Cutting off; (Logic) exactly limiting by cutting off all that is not absolutely relative to the purpose; as, precisive censure; precisive abstraction. I. Watts. PRECLUDE Pre*clude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Precluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Precluding.] Etym: [L. praecludere, praeclusum; prae before + claudere to shut. See Close, v.] 1. To put a barrier before; hence, to shut out; to hinder; to stop; to impede. The valves preclude the blood from entering the veins. E. Darwin. 2. To shut out by anticipative action; to prevent or hinder by necessary consequence or implication; to deter action of, access to, employment of, etc.; to render ineffectual; to obviate by anticipation. This much will obviate and preclude the objections. Bentley. PRECLUSION Pre*clu"sion, n. Etym: [L. praeclusio. See Preclude.] Defn: The act of precluding, or the state of being precluded; a shutting out. PRECLUSIVE Pre*clu"sive, a. Defn: Shutting out; precluding, or tending to preclude; hindering. -- Pre*clu"sive*ly, adv. PRECOCE Pre*coce", a. Etym: [F. précoce.] Defn: Precocious. [Obs.] PRECOCES Pre"co*ces, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Præcoces. PRECOCIOUS Pre*co"cious, a. Etym: [L. praecox, -ocis, and praecoquus, fr. praecoquere to cook or ripen beforehand; prae before + coquere to cook. See 3d Cook, and cf. Apricot.] 1. Ripe or mature before the proper or natural time; early or prematurely ripe or developed; as, precocious trees. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Developed more than is natural or usual at a given age; exceeding what is to be expected of one's years; too forward; -- used especially of mental forwardness; as, a precocious child; precocious talents. PRECOCIOUSLY Pre*co"cious*ly, adv. Defn: In a precocious manner. PRECOCIOUSNESS; PRECOCITY Pre*co"cious*ness, Pre*coc"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. précocité.] Defn: The quality or state of being precocious; untimely ripeness; premature development, especially of the mental powers; forwardness. Saucy precociousness in learning. Bp. Mannyngham. That precocity which sometimes distinguishes uncommon genius. Wirt. PRECOETANEAN Pre*co`e*ta"ne*an, n. Defn: One contemporary with, but older than, another. [Obs.] Fuller. PRECOGITATE Pre*cog"i*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. praecogitatus, p. p. of praecogitare. See Pre-, and Cogitate.] Defn: To cogitate beforehand. [R.] Sherwood. PRECOGITATION Pre*cog`i*tation, n. Etym: [L. praecogitatio.] Defn: Previous cogitation. [R.] Bailey. PRECOGNITION Pre`cog*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L. praecognitio, fr. praecognoscere to foreknow. See Pre-, and Cognition.] 1. Previous cognition. Fotherby. 2. (Scots Law) Defn: A preliminary examination of a criminal case with reference to a prosecution. Erskine. PRECOGNIZABLE Pre*cog"ni*za*ble, a. Defn: Cognizable beforehand. PRECOGNOSCE Pre*cog"nosce, v. t. Etym: [L. praecognoscere to foreknow.] (Scots Law) Defn: To examine beforehand, as witnesses or evidence. A committee of nine precognoscing the chances. Masson. PRECOLLECTION Pre`col*lec"tion, n. Defn: A collection previously made. [R.] PRECOMPOSE Pre`com*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Precomposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Precomposing.] Defn: To compose beforehand. Johnson. PRECONCEIT Pre`con*ceit", n. Defn: An opinion or notion formed beforehand; a preconception. Hooker. PRECONCEIVE Pre`con*ceive", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preconceived; p. pr. & vb. n. Preconceiving.] Defn: To conceive, or form an opinion of, beforehand; to form a previous notion or idea of. In a dead plain the way seemeth the longer, because the eye hath preconceived it shorter than the truth. Bacon. PRECONCEPTION Pre`con*cep"tion, n. Defn: The act of preconceiving; conception or opinion previously formed. PRECONCERT Pre`con*cert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preconcerted; p. pr. & vb. n. Preconcerting.] Defn: To concert or arrange beforehand; to settle by previous agreement. PRECONCERT Pre*con"cert, n. Defn: Something concerted or arranged beforehand; a previous agreement. PRECONCERTED Pre`con*cert"ed, a. Defn: Previously arranged; agreed upon beforehand. -- Pre`con*cert"ed*ly, adv. -- Pre`con*cert"ed*ness, n. PRECONCERTION Pre`con*cer"tion, n. Defn: The act of preconcerting; preconcert. Dr. T. Dwight. PRECONDEMN Pre`con*demn`, v. t. Defn: To condemn beforehand. -- Pre*con`dem*na"tion, n. PRECONDITION Pre`con*di"tion, n. Defn: A previous or antecedent condition; a preliminary condition. PRECONFORM Pre`con*form", v. t. & i. Defn: To conform by way anticipation. De Quincey. PRECONFORMITY Pre`con*form"i*ty, n. Defn: Anticipative or antecedent conformity. Coleridge. PRECONIZATE Pre*con"i*zate, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. préconiser.] Defn: To proclaim; to publish; also, to summon; to call. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet. PRECONIZATION Pre*con`i*za"tion, n. Etym: [L. praeconium a crying out in public, fr. praeco, -onis, a crier, a herald: cf. F. préconisation.] 1. A publishing by proclamation; a public proclamation. Bp. Hall. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A formal approbation by the pope of a person nominated to an ecclesiastical dignity. Addis & Arnold. PRECONIZE Pre"con*ize, v. t. (Eccl.) Defn: To approve by preconization. PRECONQUER Pre*con"quer, v. t. Defn: To conquer in anticipation. [R.] Fuller. PRECONSCIOUS Pre*con""scious, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a state before consciousness. PRECONSENT Pre`con*sent", n. Defn: A previous consent. PRECONSIGN Pre`con*sign", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preconsigned; p. pr. & vb. n. Preconsigning.] Defn: To consign beforehand; to make a previous consignment of. PRECONSOLIDATED Pre`con*sol"i*da`ted, a. Defn: Consolidated beforehand. PRECONSTITUTE Pre*con"sti*tute, v. t. Defn: To constitute or establish beforehand. PRECONTRACT Pre`con*tract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Precontracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Precontracting.] Defn: To contract, engage, or stipulate previously. PRECONTRACT Pre`con*tract", v. i. Defn: To make a previous contract or agreement. Ayliffe. PRECONTRACT Pre*con"tract, n. Defn: A contract preceding another; especially (Law), Defn: a contract of marriage which, according to the ancient law, rendered void a subsequent marriage solemnized in violation of it. Abbott. PRECONTRIVE Pre`con*trive", v. t. & i. Defn: To contrive or plan beforehand. PRECORACOID Pre*cor"a*coid, n. (Anat.) Defn: The anterior part of the coracoid (often closely united with the clavicle) in the shoulder girdle of many reptiles and amphibians. PRECORDIAL Pre*cor"di*al, a. Etym: [Pref. pre- + L. cor, cordis, heart: cf. F. précordial.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of the heart; of or pertaining to the præcordia. PRECRURAL Pre*cru"ral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of the leg or thigh; as, the precrural glands of the horse. PRECURRER Pre*cur"rer, n. Defn: A precursor. [Obs.] Shak. PRECURSE Pre*curse", n. Etym: [L. praecursus.] Defn: A forerunning. [Obs.] Shak. PRECURSIVE Pre*cur"sive, a. Defn: Preceding; introductory; precursory. "A deep precursive sound." Coleridge. PRECURSOR Pre*cur"sor, n. Etym: [L. praecursor, fr. praecurrere to run before; prae before + currere to run. See Course.] Defn: One who, or that which, precedes an event, and indicates its approach; a forerunner; a harbinger. Evil thoughts are the invisible, airy precursors of all the storms and tempests of the soul. Buckminster. Syn. -- Predecessor; forerunner; harbinger; messenger; omen; sign. PRECURSORSHIP Pre*cur"sor*ship, n. Defn: The position or condition of a precursor. Ruskin. PRECURSORY Pre*cur"so*ry, a. Etym: [L. praecursorius.] Defn: Preceding as a precursor or harbinger; indicating something to follow; as, precursory symptoms of a fever. PRECURSORY Pre*cur"so*ry, n. Defn: An introduction. [Obs.] PREDACEAN Pre*da"cean, n. Etym: [L. praeda prey.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A carnivorous animal. Kirby. PREDACEOUS Pre*da"ceous, a. Etym: [L. praeda prey. See Prey.] Defn: Living by prey; predatory. Derham. PREDAL Pre"dal, a. Etym: [L. praeda prey.] Defn: Of or pertaining to prey; plundering; predatory. [R.] Boyse. PREDATE Pre*date", v. t. Defn: To date anticipation; to affix to (a document) an earlier than the actual date; to antedate; as, a predated deed or letter. PREDATION Pre*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. praedatio, fr. praedari to plunder.] Defn: The act of pillaging. E. Hall. PREDATORILY Pred"a*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a predatory manner. PREDATORY Pred"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. praedatorius, fr. praedari to plunder, fr. praeda prey. See Prey.] 1. Characterized by plundering; practicing rapine; plundering; pillaging; as, a predatory excursion; a predatory party. "A predatory war." Macaulay. 2. Hungry; ravenous; as, predatory spirits. [Obs.] Exercise . . . maketh the spirits more hot and predatory. Bacon. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Living by preying upon other animals; carnivorous. PREDE Prede, v. i. Etym: [L. praedari. See Prey.] Defn: To prey; to plunder. [Obs.] Holinshed. PREDE Prede, n. Defn: Prey; plunder; booty. [Obs.] Holinshed. PREDECAY Pre"de*cay`, n. Defn: Premature decay. PREDECEASE Pre`de*cease, v. t. Defn: To die sooner than. "If children predecease progenitors." Shak. PREDECEASE Pre"de*cease`, n. Defn: The death of one person or thing before another. [R.] Brougham. PREDECESSIVE Pred`e*ces"sive, a. Defn: Going before; preceding. "Our predecessive students." Massinger. PREDECESSOR Pred`e*ces"sor, n. Etym: [L. praedecessor; prae before + decessor one who withdraws from the province he has governed, a retiring officer (with reference to his successor), a predecessor, fr. decedere: cf. F. prédécesseur. See Decease.] Defn: One who precedes; one who has preceded another in any state, position, office, etc.; one whom another follows or comes after, in any office or position. A prince who was as watchful as his predecessor had been over the interests of the state. Prescott. PREDECLARE Pre`de*clare", v. t. Defn: To declare or announce beforehand; to preannounce. Milman. PREDEDICATION Pre*ded`i*ca"tion, n. Defn: A dedication made previously or beforehand. PREDEFINE Pre`de*fine, v. t. Defn: To define beforehand. PREDELIBERATION Pre`de*lib`er*a"tion, n. Defn: Previous deliberation. PREDELINEATION Pre`de*lin`e*a"tion, n. Defn: Previous delineation. PREDELLA Pre*del"la, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: The step, or raised secondary part, of an altar; a superaltar; hence, in Italian painting, a band or frieze of several pictures running along the front of a superaltar, or forming a border or frame at the foot of an altarpiece. PREDESIGN Pre`de*sign", v. t. Defn: To design or purpose beforehand; to predetermine. Mitford. PREDESIGNATE Pre*des"ig*nate, a. (Logic) Defn: A term used by Sir William Hamilton to define propositions having their quantity indicated by a verbal sign; as, all, none, etc.; -- contrasted with preindesignate, defining propositions of which the quantity is not so indicated. PREDESTINARIAN Pre*des`ti*na"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to predestination; as, the predestinarian controversy. Waterland. PREDESTINARIAN Pre*des`ti*na"ri*an, n. Defn: One who believes in or supports the doctrine of predestination. Dr. H. More. PREDESTINARIANISM Pre*des`ti*na"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: The system or doctrine of the predestinarians. PREDESTINARY Pre*des"ti*na*ry, a. Defn: Predestinarian. [Obs.] Heylin. PREDESTINATE Pre*des"ti*nate, a. Etym: [L. praedestinatus, p. p. of praedestinare to predestine; prae before + destinare to determine. See Destine.] Defn: Predestinated; foreordained; fated. "A predestinate scratched face." Shak. PREDESTINATE Pre*des"ti*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Predestinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Predestinating.] Etym: [Cf. Predestine.] Defn: To predetermine or foreordain; to appoint or ordain beforehand by an unchangeable purpose or decree; to preëlect. Whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son. Rom. viii. 29. Syn. -- To predetermine; foreordain; preordain; decree; predestine; foredoom. PREDESTINATION Pre*des`ti*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. praedestinatio: cf. F. prédestination.] 1. The act of predestinating. Predestination had overruled their will. Milton. 2. (Theol.) Defn: The purpose of Good from eternity respecting all events; especially, the preordination of men to everlasting happiness or misery. See Calvinism. PREDESTINATIVE Pre*des"ti*na*tive, a. Defn: Determining beforehand; predestinating. [R.] Coleridge. PREDESTINATOR Pre*des"ti*na`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prédestinateur.] 1. One who predestinates, or foreordains. 2. One who holds to the doctrine of predestination; a predestinarian. Cowley. PREDESTINE Pre*des"tine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Predestined; p. pr. & vb. n. Predestining.] Etym: [Cf. F. prédestiner. See Predestinate.] Defn: To decree beforehand; to foreordain; to predestinate. Young. PREDESTINY Pre*des"ti*ny, n. Defn: Predestination. [Obs.] PREDETERMINABLE Pre`de*ter"mi*na*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being determined beforehand. Coleridge. PREDETERMINATE Pre`de*ter"mi*nate, a. Defn: Determined beforehand; as, the predeterminate counsel of God. PREDETERMINATION Pre`de*ter`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prédétermination.] Defn: The act of previous determination; a purpose formed beforehand; as, the predetermination of God's will. Hammond. PREDETERMINE Pre`de*ter"mine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Predetermined; p. pr. & vb. n. Predermining.] Etym: [Pref. pre- + determine: cf. F. prédéterminer.] 1. To determine (something) beforehand. Sir M. Hale. 2. To doom by previous decree; to foredoom. PREDETERMINE Pre`de*ter"mine, v. i. Defn: To determine beforehand. PREDIAL Pre"di*al, a. Etym: [L. praedium a farm, estate: cf. F. prédial.] 1. Consisting of land or farms; landed; as, predial estate; that is, real estate. Ayliffe. 2. Attached to land or farms; as, predial slaves. 3. Issuing or derived from land; as, predial tithes. PREDIASTOLIC Pre*di`as*tol"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Preceding the diastole of the heart; as, a prediastolic friction sound. PREDICABILITY Pred`i*ca*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being predicable, or affirmable of something, or attributed to something. Reid. PREDICABLE Pred"i*ca*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. prédicable, L. praedicabilis praiseworthy. See Predicate.] Defn: Capable of being predicated or affirmed of something; affirmable; attributable. PREDICABLE Pred"i*ca*ble, n. 1. Anything affirmable of another; especially, a general attribute or notion as affirmable of, or applicable to, many individuals. 2. (Logic) Defn: One of the five most general relations of attributes involved in logical arrangements, namely, genus, species, difference, property, and accident. PREDICAMENT Pre*dic"a*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prédicament, L. praedicamentum. See Predicate.] 1. A class or kind described by any definite marks; hence, condition; particular situation or state; especially, an unfortunate or trying position or condition. "O woeful sympathy; piteous predicament!" Shak. 2. (Logic) Defn: See Category. Syn. -- Category; condition; state; plight. PREDICAMENTAL Pre*dic`a*men"tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a predicament. John Hall (1646). PREDICANT Pred"i*cant, a. Etym: [L. praedicans, -antis, p. pr. of praedicare. See Predicate.] Defn: Predicating; affirming; declaring; proclaiming; hence; preaching. "The Roman predicant orders." N. Brit. Rev. PREDICANT Pred"i*cant, n. Defn: One who predicates, affirms, or proclaims; specifically, a preaching friar; a Dominican. PREDICATE Pred"i*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Predicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Predicating.] Etym: [L. praedicatus, p. p. of praedicare to cry in public, to proclaim. See Preach.] 1. To assert to belong to something; to affirm (one thing of another); as, to predicate whiteness of snow. 2. To found; to base. [U.S.] Note: Predicate is sometimes used in the United States for found or base; as, to predicate an argument on certain principles; to predicate a statement on information received. Predicate is a term in logic, and used only in a single case, namely, when we affirm one thing of another. "Similitude is not predicated of essences or substances, but of figures and qualities only." Cudworth. PREDICATE Pred"i*cate, v. i. Defn: To affirm something of another thing; to make an affirmation. Sir M. Hale. PREDICATE Pred"i*cate, n. Etym: [L. praedicatum, neut. of praedicatus, p. p. praedicare: cf. F. prédicat. See Predicate, v. t.] 1. (Logic) Defn: That which is affirmed or denied of the subject. In these propositions, "Paper is white," "Ink is not white," whiteness is the predicate affirmed of paper and denied of ink. 2. (Gram.) Defn: The word or words in a proposition which express what is affirmed of the subject. Syn. -- Affirmation; declaration. PREDICATE Pred"i*cate, a. Etym: [L. praedicatus, p. p.] Defn: Predicated. PREDICATION Pred`i*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. praedicatio: cf. F. prédication.] 1. The act of predicating, or of affirming one thing of another; affirmation; assertion. Locke. 2. Preaching. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer. PREDICATIVE Pred"i*ca*tive, a. Etym: [L. praedicativus.] Defn: Expressing affirmation or predication; affirming; predicating, as, a predicative term. -- Pred"i*ca*tive*ly, adv. PREDICATORY Pred"i*ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. L. praedicatorius praising.] Defn: Affirmative; positive. Bp. Hall. PREDICROTIC Pre`di*crot"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: A term applied to the pulse wave sometimes seen in a pulse curve or sphygmogram, between the apex of the curve and the dicrotic wave. The predicrotic or tidal wave is best marked in a hard pulse, i. e., where the blood pressure is high. Landois & Stirling. PREDICT Pre*dict", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Predicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Predicting.] Etym: [L. praedictus, p. p. of praedicere to predict; prae before + dicere to say, tell. See Diction, and cf. Preach.] Defn: To tell or declare beforehand; to foretell; to prophesy; to presage; as, to predict misfortune; to predict the return of a comet. Syn. -- To foretell; prophesy; prognosticate; presage; forebode; foreshow; bode. PREDICT Pre*dict", n. Defn: A prediction. [Obs.] Shak. PREDICTABLE Pre*dict"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be predicted. PREDICTION Pre*dic"tion, n. Etym: [L. praedictio: cf. F. prédiction.] Defn: The act of foretelling; also, that which is foretold; prophecy. The predictions of cold and long winters. Bacon. Syn. -- Prophecy; prognostication; foreboding; augury; divination; soothsaying; vaticination. PREDICTIONAL Pre*dic"tion*al, a. Defn: Prophetic; prognostic. [R.] PREDICTIVE Pre*dict"ive, a. Etym: [L. praedictivus.] Defn: Foretelling; prophetic; foreboding. -- Pre*dict"ive*ly, adv. PREDICTOR Pre*dict"or, n. Defn: One who predicts; a foreteller. PREDICTORY Pre*dict"o*ry, a. Defn: Predictive. [R.] Fuller. PREDIGEST Pre`di*gest", v. t. (Med.) Defn: To subject (food) to predigestion or artificial digestion. PREDIGESTION Pre`di*ges"tion, n. 1. Digestion too soon performed; hasty digestion. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Med.) Defn: Artificial digestion of food for use in illness or impaired digestion. PREDILECT Pre`di*lect", v. t. Defn: To elect or choose beforehand. [R.] Walter Harte. PREDILECTION Pre`di*lec"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. pre- + L. dilectus, p. p. diligere to prefer: cf. F. prédilection. See Diligent.] Defn: A previous liking; a prepossession of mind in favor of something; predisposition to choose or like; partiality. Burke. PREDISCOVER Pre`dis*cov"er, v. t. Defn: To discover beforehand. PREDISCOVERY Pre`dis*cov"er*y, n. Defn: A previous discovery. PREDISPONENCY Pre`dis*po"nen*cy, n. Defn: The state of being predisposed; predisposition. [R.] PREDISPONENT Pre`dis*po"nent, a. Defn: Disposing beforehand; predisposing. -- n. Defn: That which predisposes. Predisponent causes. (Med.) See Predisposing causes, under Predispose. Dunglison. PREDISPOSE Pre`dis*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Predisposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Predisposing.] Etym: [Pref. pre- + dispose: cf. F. prédisposer.] 1. To dispose or incline beforehand; to give a predisposition or bias to; as, to predispose the mind to friendship. 2. To make fit or susceptible beforehand; to give a tendency to; as, debility predisposes the body to disease. Predisposing causes (Med.), causes which render the body liable to disease; predisponent causes. PREDISPOSITION Pre*dis`po*si"tion, n.Etym: [Pref. pre- + disposition: cf. F. prédisposition.] 1. The act of predisposing, or the state of being predisposed; previous inclination, tendency, or propensity; predilection; -- applied to the mind; as, a predisposition to anger. 2. Previous fitness or adaptation to any change, impression, or purpose; susceptibility; -- applied to material things; as, the predisposition of the body to disease. PREDOMINANCE Pre*dom"i*nance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prédominance.] 1. The quality or state of being predominant; superiority; ascendency; prevalence; predomination. The predominance of conscience over interest. South. 2. (Astrol.) Defn: The superior influence of a planet. Shak. PREDOMINANCY Pre*dom"i*nan*cy, n. Defn: Predominance. Bacon. PREDOMINANT Pre*dom"i*nant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. prédominant. See Predominante.] Defn: Having the ascendency over others; superior in strength, influence, or authority; prevailing; as, a predominant color; predominant excellence. Those help . . . were predominant in the king's mind. Bacon. Foul subordination is predominant. Shak. Syn. -- Prevalent; superior; prevailing; ascendant; ruling; reigning; controlling; overruling. PREDOMINANTLY Pre*dom"i*nant*ly, adv. Defn: In a predominant manner. PREDOMINATE Pre*dom"i*nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Predominated; p. pr. & vb. n. Predominating.] Etym: [Pref. pre- + dominate: cf. F. prédominer.] Defn: To be superior in number, strength, influence, or authority; to have controlling power or influence; to prevail; to rule; to have the mastery; as, love predominated in her heart. [Certain] rays may predominate over the rest. Sir. I. Newton. PREDOMINATE Pre*dom"i*nate, v. t. Defn: To rule over; to overpower. [R.] PREDOMINATION Pre*dom`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prédomination.] Defn: The act or state of predominating; ascendency; predominance. W. Browne. PREDOOM Pre*doom", v. t. Defn: To foredoom. PREDORSAL Pre*dor"sal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of the back; immediately in front, or on the ventral side the dorsal part of the vertebral column. PREDY Pre"dy, a. Etym: [Cf. F. prêt ready.] Defn: Cleared and ready for engagement, as a ship. Smart. PREEDY Preed"y, adv. Defn: With ease. [Prov. Eng.] PREEF Preef, n. Defn: Proof. [Obs.] Chaucer. PREELECT Pre`ë*lect", v. t. Defn: To elect beforehand. PREELECTION Pre`ë*lec"tion, n. Defn: Election beforehand. PREEMINENCE Pre*ëm"i*nence, n. Etym: [F. pré\'82minence, L. praeeminentia. See Preëminent.] Defn: The quality or state of being preëminent; superiority in prominence or in excellence; distinction above others in quality, rank, etc.; rarely, in a bad sense, superiority or notoriety in evil; as, preëminence in honor. The preëminence of Christianity to any other religious scheme. Addison. Painful preëminence! yourself to view Above life's weakness, and its comforts too. Pope. Beneath the forehead's walled preëminence. Lowell. PREEMINENT Pre*ëm"i*nent, a. Etym: [L. praeminens, -entis, p. pr. praeminere to be prominent, to surpass: cf. F. pré\'82minent. See Pre-, and Eminent.] Defn: Eminent above others; prominent among those who are eminent; superior in excellence; surpassing, or taking precedence of, others; rarely, surpassing others in evil, or in bad qualities; as, preëminent in guilt. In goodness and in power preëminent. Milton. PREEMINENTLY Pre*ëm"i*nent*ly, adv. Defn: In a preëminent degree. PREEMPLOY Pre`ëm*ploy, v. t. Defn: To employ beforehand. "Preëmployed by him." Shak. PREEMPT Pre*ëmpt", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Preëmpted; p. pr. & vb. n. Preëmpting.] Etym: [See Preëmption.] Defn: To settle upon (public land) with a right of preemption, as under the laws of the United States; to take by preëmption. PREEMPTION Pre*ëmp"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. pre- + emption: cf. F. préemption. See Redeem.] Defn: The act or right of purchasing before others. Specifically: (a) The privilege or prerogative formerly enjoyed by the king of buying provisions for his household in preference to others. [Eng.] (b) The right of an actual settler upon public lands (particularly those of the United States) to purchase a certain portion at a fixed price in preference to all other applicants. Abbott. PREEMPTIONER Pre*ëmp"tion*er, n. Defn: One who holds a prior to purchase certain public land. Abbott. PREEMPTIVE Pre*ëmp"tive, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to preëmption; having power to preëmpt; preëmpting. PREEMPTOR Pre*ëmpt"or, n. Etym: [Cf. L. praeemptor.] Defn: One who preëmpts; esp., one who preëmpts public land. PREEMPTORY Pre*ëmpt"o*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to preëmption. PREEN Preen, n. Etym: [AS. preón a clasp, bodkin; akin to D. priem punch, bodkin, awl, G. pfriem, Icel. prjonn a knitting needle, pin, Dan. preen a bodkin, punch.] Defn: A forked tool used by clothiers in dressing cloth. PREEN Preen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preened; p. pr. & vb. n. Preening.] Etym: [See Preen, n.; or cf. Prune.] 1. To dress with, or as with, a preen; to trim or dress with the beak, as the feathers; -- said of birds. Derham. 2. To trim up, as trees. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. PREENGAGE Pre`ën*gage", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preëngaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Preëngaging.] Defn: To engage by previous contract; to bind or attach previously; to preoccupy. But he was preëngaged by former ties. Dryden. PREENGAGEMENT Pre`ën*gage"ment, n. Defn: Prior engagement, obligation, or attachment, as by contract, promise, or affection. My preëngagements to other themes were not unknown to those for whom I was to write. Boyle. PREERECT Pre`ë*rect", v. t. Defn: To erect beforehand. PREES Prees, n. Defn: Press; throng. [Obs.] Chaucer. PREESTABLISH Pre`ës*tab"lish, v. t. Defn: To establish beforehand. PREESTABLISHMENT Pre`ës*tab"lish*ment, n. Defn: Settlement beforehand. PREETERNITY Pre`ë*ter"ni*ty, n. Defn: Infinite previous duration. [R.] "The world's preëternity." Cudworth. PREEXAMINATION Pre`ëx*am`i*na"tion, n. Defn: Previous examination. PREEXAMINE Pre`ëx*am"ine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preëxamined; p. pr. & vb. n. Preëxamining.] Defn: To examine beforehand. PREEXIST Pre`ëx*ist", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Preëxisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Preëxisting.] Defn: To exist previously; to exist before something else. PREEXISTENCE Pre`ëx*ist"ence, n. 1. Existence in a former state, or previous to something else. Wisdom declares her antiquity and preëxistence to all the works of this earth. T. Burnet. 2. Existence of the soul before its union with the body; -- a doctrine held by certain philosophers. Addison. PREEXISTENCY Pre`ëx*ist"en*cy, n. Defn: Preëxistence. [Obs.] PREEXISTENT Pre`ëx*ist"ent, a. Defn: Existing previously; preceding existence; as, a preëxistent state. Pope. PREEXISTENTISM Pre`ëx*ist"ent*ism, n. (Philos.) Defn: The theory of a preëxistence of souls before their association with human bodies. Emerson. PREEXISTIMATION Pre`ëx*is`ti*ma"tion, n. Defn: Previous esteem or estimation. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PREEXPECTATION Pre*ëx`pec*ta"tion, n. Defn: Previous expectation. PREFACE Pref"ace (; 48), n. Etym: [F. préface; cf. Sp. prefacio, prefacion, It. prefazio, prefazione; all fr. L. praefatio, fr. praefari to speak or say beforehand; prae before + fari, fatus, to speak. See Fate.] 1. Something spoken as introductory to a discourse, or written as introductory to a book or essay; a proem; an introduction, or series of preliminary remarks. This superficial tale Is but a preface of her worthy praise. Shak. Heaven's high behest no preface needs. Milton. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The prelude or introduction to the canon of the Mass. Addis & Arnold. Proper preface (Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. Ch.), a portion of the communion service, preceding the prayer of consecration, appointed for certain seasons. Syn. -- Introduction; preliminary; preamble; proem; prelude; prologue. PREFACE Pref"ace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prefaced; p. pr. & vb. n. Prefacing.] Defn: To introduce by a preface; to give a preface to; as, to preface a book discourse. PREFACE Pref"ace, v. i. Defn: To make a preface. Jer. Taylor. PREFACER Pref"a*cer, n. Defn: The writer of a preface. PREFATORIAL Pref`a*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Prefatory. PREFATORILY Pref"a*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a prefatory manner; by way of preface. PREFATORY Pref"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a preface; introductory to a book, essay, or discourse; as, prefatory remarks. That prefatory addition to the Creed. Dryden. PREFECT Pre"fect, n. Etym: [L. praefectus, fr. praefectus, p. p. of praeficere to set over; prae before + facere to make: cf. F. préfet.] 1. A Roman officer who controlled or superintended a particular command, charge, department, etc.; as, the prefect of the aqueducts; the prefect of a camp, of a fleet, of the city guard, of provisions; the pretorian prefect, who was commander of the troops guarding the emperor's person. 2. A superintendent of a department who has control of its police establishment, together with extensive powers of municipal regulation. [France] Brande & C. 3. In the Greek and Roman Catholic churches, a title of certain dignitaries below the rank of bishop. Apostolic prefect (R. C. Ch.), the head of a mission, not of episcopal rank. Shipley. PREFECTORIAL Pre`fec*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a prefect. PREFECTSHIP Pre"fect*ship, n. Defn: The office or jurisdiction of a prefect. PREFECTURE Pre"fec*ture, n. Etym: [L. praefectura: cf. F. préfecture.] Defn: The office, position, or jurisdiction of a prefect; also, his official residence. PREFECUNDATION Pre*fec`un*da"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: A term collectively applied to the changes or conditions preceding fecundation, especially to the changes which the ovum undergoes before fecundation. PREFECUNDATORY Pre`fe*cun"da*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to prefecundation. PREFER Pre*fer", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preferred; p. pr. & vb. n. Preferring.] Etym: [F. préférer, L. praeferre; prae before + ferre to bear or carry. See 1st Bear.] 1. To carry or bring (something) forward, or before one; hence, to bring for consideration, acceptance, judgment, etc.; to offer; to present; to proffer; to address; -- said especially of a request, prayer, petition, claim, charge, etc. He spake, and to her hand preferred the bowl. Pope. Presently prefer his suit to Cæsar. Shak. Three tongues prefer strange orisons on high. Byron. 2. To go before, or be before, in estimation; to outrank; to surpass. [Obs.] "Though maidenhood prefer bigamy." Chaucer. 3. To cause to go before; hence, to advance before others, as to an office or dignity; to raise; to exalt; to promote; as, to prefer an officer to the rank of general. I would prefer him to a better place. Shak. 4. To set above or before something else in estimation, favor, or liking; to regard or honor before another; to hold in greater favor; to choose rather; -- often followed by to, before, or above. If I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy. Ps. cxxxvii. 6. Preferred an infamous peace before a most just war. Knolles. Preferred stock, stock which takes a dividend before other capital stock; -- called also preference stock and preferential stock. Syn. -- To choose; elect. See Choose. PREFERABILITY Pref`er*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being preferable; preferableness. J. S. Mill. PREFERABLE Pref"er*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. préférable.] Defn: Worthy to be preferred or chosen before something else; more desirable; as, a preferable scheme. Addison. PREFERABLENESS Pref"er*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being preferable. PREFERABLY Pref"er*a*bly, adv. Defn: In preference; by choice. To choose Plautus preferably to Terence. Dennis. PREFERENCE Pref"er*ence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. préférence.] 1. The act of Preferring, or the state of being preferred; the setting of one thing before another; precedence; higher estimation; predilection; choice; also, the power or opportunity of choosing; as, to give him his preference. Leave the critics on either side to contend about the preference due to this or that sort of poetry. Dryden. Knowledge of things alone gives a value to our reasonings, and preference of one man's knowledge over another's. Locke. 2. That which is preferred; the object of choice or superior favor; as, which is your preference PREFERENTIAL Pref`er*en"tial, a. Defn: Giving, indicating, or having a preference or precedence; as, a preferential claim; preferential shares. PREFERENTIAL VOTING Preferential voting. (Political Science) Defn: A system of voting, as at primaries, in which the voters are allowed to indicate on their ballots their preference (usually their first and second choices) between two or more candidates for an office, so that if no candidate receives a majority of first choices the one receiving the greatest number of first and second choices together in nominated or elected. PREFERMENT Pre*fer"ment, n. 1. The act of choosing, or the state of being chosen; preference. [R.] Natural preferment of the one . . . before the other. Sir T. Browne. 2. The act of preferring, or advancing in dignity or office; the state of being advanced; promotion. Neither royal blandishments nor promises of valuable preferment had been spared. Macaulay. 3. A position or office of honor or profit; as, the preferments of the church. PREFERRER Pre*fer"rer, n. Defn: One who prefers. PREFIDENCE Pref"i*dence, n. Defn: The quality or state of being prefident. [Obs.] Baxter. PREFIDENT Pref"i*dent, a. Etym: [Cf. L. praefidens overconfident. See Pre-, and Confident.] Defn: Trusting beforehand; hence, overconfident. [Obs.] Baxter. PREFIGURATE Pre*fig"u*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. praefiguratus, p. p. See Prefigure.] Defn: To prefigure. [R.] Grafton. PREFIGURATION Pre*fig`u*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. praefiguratio.] Defn: The act of prefiguring, or the state of being prefigured. A variety of prophecies and prefigurations. Norris. PREFIGURATIVE Pre*fig"ur*a*tive, a. Defn: Showing by prefiguration. "The prefigurative atonement." Bp. Horne. PREFIGURE Pre*fig"ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prefigured; p. pr. & vb. n. Prefiguring.] Etym: [F. préfigurer, or L. praefigurare, praefiguratum; prae before + figurare to figure. See Figure, and cf. Prefigurate.] Defn: To show, suggest, or announce, by antecedent types and similitudes; to foreshadow. "Whom all the various types prefigured." South. PREFIGUREMENT Pre*fig"ure*ment, n. Defn: The act of prefiguring; prefiguration; also, that which is prefigured. Carlyle. PREFINE Pre*fine", v. t. Etym: [L. praefinire; prae before + finire to limit, determine: cf. F. préfiner.] Defn: To limit beforehand. [Obs.] Knolles. PREFINITE Pre*fi"nite, a. Etym: [L. praefinitus, p. p.] Defn: Prearranged. [Obs.] " Set and prefinite time." Holland. PREFINITION Pref`i*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L. praefinitio.] Defn: Previous limitation. [Obs.] Fotherby. PREFIX Pre*fix", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prefixed; p. pr. & vb. n. Prefixing.] Etym: [L. praefixus, p. p. of praefigere to fix or fasten before; prae before + figere to fix: cf. F. préfix fixed beforehand, determined, préfixer to prefix. See Fix.] 1. To put or fix before, or at the beginning of, another thing; as, to prefix a syllable to a word, or a condition to an agreement. 2. To set or appoint beforehand; to settle or establish antecedently. [Obs.] " Prefixed bounds. " Locke. And now he hath to her prefixt a day. Spenser. PREFIX Pre"fix, n. Etym: [Cf. F. préfixe.] Defn: That which is prefixed; esp., one or more letters or syllables combined or united with the beginning of a word to modify its signification; as, pre- in prefix, con- in conjure. PREFIXION Pre*fix"ion, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. prefixion.] Defn: The act of prefixing. [R.] Bailey. PREFLORATION Pre`flo*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. pre- + L. flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Defn: Æstivation. PREFOLIATION Pre*fo`li*a"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. pre- + L. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: Vernation. PREFORM Pre*form" (, v. t. Etym: [L. praeformare. See Pre-, and Form.] Defn: To form beforehand, or for special ends. "Their natures and preformed faculties. " Shak. PREFORMATION Pre`for*ma"tion, n. (Biol.) Defn: An old theory of the preëxistence of germs. Cf. Emboîtement. PREFORMATIVE Pre*form"a*tive, n. Defn: A formative letter at the beginning of a word. M. Stuart. PREFRONTAL Pre*fron"tal, a. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Defn: Situated in front of the frontal bone, or the frontal region of the skull; ectethmoid, as a certain bone in the nasal capsule of many animals, and certain scales of reptiles and fishes. -- n. Defn: A prefrontal bone or scale. PREFULGENCY Pre*ful"gen*cy, n. Etym: [L. praefulgens, p. pr. of praefulgere to shine forth. See Pre-, and Fulgent.] Defn: Superior brightness or effulgency. [R.] Barrow. PREGAGE Pre*gage" (, v. t. Defn: To preëngage. [Obs.] Fuller. PREGLACIAL Pre*gla"cial, a. (Geol.) Defn: Prior to the glacial or drift period. PREGNABLE Preg"na*ble, a, Etym: [F. prenable. See Impregnable.] Defn: Capable of being entered, taken, or captured; expugnable; as, a pregnable fort. [R.] Cotgrave. PREGNANCE Preg"nance, n. Defn: Pregnancy. [Obs.] Milton. PREGNANCY Preg"nan*cy, n. 1. The condition of being pregnant; the state of being with young. 2. Figuratively: The quality of being heavy with important contents, issue, significance, etc.; unusual consequence or capacity; fertility. Fuller. PREGNANT Preg"nant, a. Etym: [L. praegnans, -antis; prae before + genere, gignere, to beget: cf. F. prégnant. See Gender, 2d Kin.] 1. Being with young, as a female; having conceived; great with young; breeding; teeming; gravid; preparing to bring forth. 2. Heavy with important contents, significance, or issue; full of consequence or results; weighty; as, pregnant replies. " A pregnant argument." Prynne. " A pregnant brevity." E. Everett. 3. Full of promise; abounding in ability, resources, etc.; as, a pregnant youth. [Obs.] Evelyn. Wherein the pregnant enemy does much. Shak. Pregnant construction (Rhet.), one in which more is implied than is said; as, the beasts trembled forth from their dens, that is, came forth trembling with fright. PREGNANT Preg"nant, n. Defn: A pregnant woman. [R.] Dunglison. PREGNANT Preg"nant, a. Etym: [F. prenant taking. Cf. Pregnable.] Defn: Affording entrance; receptive; yielding; willing; open; prompt. [Obs.] " Pregnant to good pity." Shak. PREGNANTLY Preg"nant*ly, adv. Defn: In a pregnant manner; fruitfully; significantly. PREGNANTLY Preg"nant*ly, adv. Defn: Unresistingly; openly; hence, clearly; evidently. [Obs.] Shak. PREGRAVATE Pre"gra*vate, v. t. Etym: [L. praegravatus, p. p. of praegravare to be heavy upon, fr. praegravis very heavy.] Defn: To bear down; to depress. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. PREGRAVITATE Pre*grav"i*tate, v. i. Defn: To descend by gravity; to sink. [R.] Boyle. PREGUSTANT Pre*gus"tant, a. Etym: [L. praegustans, p. pr. of praegustare to taste beforehand; prae before + gustare to taste.] Defn: Tasting beforehand; having a foretaste. [R.] Ed. Rev. PREGUSTATION Pre`gus*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of tasting beforehand; foretaste. [R.] Dr. Walker (1678). PREHALLUX Pre*hal"lux, n. Etym: [NL. See Pre-, and Hallux.] (Anat.) Defn: An extra first toe, or rudiment of a toe, on the preaxial side of the hallux. PREHEND Pre*hend" (, v. t. Etym: [L. prehendere. See Prehensile.] Defn: To lay hold of; to seize. [Obs.] Middleton. PREHENSI-BLE Pre*hen"si-ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. préhensible.] Defn: Capable of being seized. PREHENSILE Pre*hen"sile, a. Etym: [L. prehensus, p. p. of prehendere to lay hold of, seize; pre- (equiv. to prae before) + hendere (in comp.), akin to E. get: cf. F. préhensile. See Get, and cf. Prison, Prize, n.] Defn: Adapted to seize or grasp; seizing; grasping; as, the prehensile tail of a monkey. PREHENSION Pre*hen"sion, n. Etym: [L. prehensio; cf. F. préhension. See Prehensile.] Defn: The act of taking hold, seizing, or grasping, as with the hand or other member. PREHENSORY Pre*hen"so*ry, a. Defn: Adapted to seize or grasp; prehensile. PREHISTORIC Pre`his*tor"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a period before written history begins; as, the prehistoric ages; prehistoric man. PREHNITE Prehn"ite, n. Etym: [So called from the German Colonel Prehn, who first found it.] (Min.) Defn: A pale green mineral occurring in crystalline aggregates having a botryoidal or mammillary structure, and rarely in distinct crystals. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. PREHNITIC Prehn*it"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a tetrabasic acid of benzene obtained as a white crystalline substance; -- probably so called from the resemblance of the wartlike crystals to the mammillæ on the surface of prehnite. PREIGNITION Pre`ig*ni"tion, n. (Engin.) Defn: Ignition in an internal-combustion engine while the inlet valve is open or before compression is completed. PREINDESIGNATE Pre`in*des"ig*nate, a. (Logic.) Defn: Having no sign expressive of quantity; indefinite. See Predesignate. PREINDISPOSE Pre*in`dis*pose" ( v. t. Defn: To render indisposed beforehand. Milman. PREINSTRUCT Pre`in*struct" ( v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preinstructed; p. pr. & vb. n. Preinstructing.] Defn: To instruct previously or beforehand. Dr. H. More. PREINTIMATION Pre*in`ti*ma"tion n. Defn: Previous intimation; a suggestion beforehand. T. Scott. PREJUDGE Pre*judge" ( v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prejudged (; p. pr. & vb. n. Prejudging.] Etym: [Pref. pre + judge: cf. F. préjuger. Cf. Prejudicate, Prejudice.] Defn: To judge before hearing, or before full and sufficient examination; to decide or sentence by anticipation; to condemn beforehand. The committee of council hath prejudged the whole case, by calling the united sense of both houses of Parliament" a universal clamor." Swift. PREJUDGMENT Pre*judg"ment, n. Defn: The act of prejudging; decision before sufficient examination. PREJUDICACY Pre*ju"di*ca*cy, n. Defn: Prejudice; prepossession. [Obs.] Sir. H. Blount. PREJUDICAL Pre*ju"di*cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the determination of some matter not previously decided; as, a prejudical inquiry or action at law. PREJUDICANT Pre*ju"di*cant, a. Etym: [L. praejudicans, p. pr.] Defn: Influenced by prejudice; biased. [R.] " With not too hasty and prejudicant ears." Milton. PREJUDICATE Pre*ju"di*cate, a. Etym: [L. praejudicatus, p. p. of praejudicare to prejudge; prae before + judicare to judge. See Judge.] 1. Formed before due examination. "Ignorance and prejudicate opinions." Jer. Taylor. 2. Biased by opinions formed prematurely; prejudiced. "Prejudicate readers." Sir T. Browne. PREJUDICATE Pre*ju"di*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prejudicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Prejudicating.] Etym: [Cf. Prejudge.] Defn: To determine beforehand, especially to disadvantage; to prejudge. Our dearest friend Prejudicates the business. Shak. PREJUDICATE Pre*ju"di*cate, v. i. Defn: To prejudge. Sir P. Sidney. PREJUDICATELY Pre*ju"di*cate*ly, adv. Defn: With prejudice. PREJUDICATION Pre*ju`di*ca"tion, n. 1. The act of prejudicating, or of judging without due examination of facts and evidence; prejudgment. 2. (Rom. Law) (a) A preliminary inquiry and determination about something which belongs to a matter in dispute. (b) A previous treatment and decision of a point; a precedent. PREJUDICATIVE Pre*ju"di*ca*tive, a. Defn: Forming a judgment without due examination; prejudging. Dr. H. More. PREJUDICE Prej"u*dice n. Etym: [F. préjudice, L. praejudicium; prae before + judicium judgment. See Prejudicate, Judicial.] 1. Foresight. [Obs.] Naught might hinder his quick prejudize. Spenser. 2. An opinion or judgment formed without due examination; prejudgment; a leaning toward one side of a question from other considerations than those belonging to it; an unreasonable predilection for, or objection against, anything; especially, an opinion or leaning adverse to anything, without just grounds, or before sufficient knowledge. Though often misled by prejudice and passion, he was emphatically an honest man. Macaulay. 3. (Law) Defn: A bias on the part of judge, juror, or witness which interferes with fairness of judgment. 4. Mischief; hurt; damage; injury; detriment. Locke. England and France might, through their amity, Breed him some prejudice. Shak. Syn. -- Prejudgment; prepossession; bias; harm; hurt; damage; detriment; mischief; disadvantage. PREJUDICE Prej"u*dice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prejudiced; p. pr. & vb. n. Prejudicing.] Etym: [Cf. F. préjudicier. See Prejudice, n.] 1. To cause to have prejudice; to prepossess with opinions formed without due knowledge or examination; to bias the mind of, by hasty and incorrect notions; to give an unreasonable bent to, as to one side or the other of a cause; as, to prejudice a critic or a juryman. Suffer not any beloved study to prejudice your mind so far as to despise all other learning. I. Watts 2. To obstruct or injure by prejudices, or by previous bias of the mind; hence, generally, to hurt; to damage; to injure; to impair; as, to prejudice a good cause. Seek how may prejudice the foe. Shak PREJUDICIAL Prej`u*di"cial a. Etym: [L. praejudicialis belonging to a preceding judgment: cf. F. préjudiciel.] 1. Biased, possessed, or blinded by prejudices; as, to look with a prejudicial eye. [Obs.] Holyday. 2. Tending to obstruct or impair; hurtful; injurious; disadvantageous; detrimental. Hooker. His going away . . . was most prejudicial and most ruinous to the king's affairs. Clarendon. -- Prej`u*di"cial*ly, adv. -- Prej`u*di"cial*ness, n. PREKNOWLEDGE Pre*knowl"edge, n. Defn: Prior knowledge. PRELACY Prel"a*cy n.; pl. Prelacies. Etym: [LL. praelatia. See Prelate; cf. Prelaty.] 1. The office or dignity of a prelate; church government by prelates. Prelacies may be termed the greater benefices. Ayliffe. 2. The order of prelates, taken collectively; the body of ecclesiastical dignitaries. "Divers of the reverend prelacy, and other most judicious men." Hooker. PRELAL Pre"lal, a. Etym: [L. prelum a press.] Defn: Of or pertaining to printing; typographical. [Obs.] Fuller. PRELATE Prel"ate (; 48), n. Etym: [F. prélat, LL. praelatus, fr. L. praelatus, used as p. p. of praeferre to prefer, but from a different root. See Elate.] Defn: A clergyman of a superior order, as an archbishop or a bishop, having authority over the lower clergy; a dignitary of the church. Note: This word and the words derived from it are often used invidiously, in English ecclesiastical history, by dissenters, respecting the Established Church system. Hear him but reason in divinity, . . . You would desire the king were made a prelate. Shak. PRELATE Prel"ate, v. i. Defn: To act as a prelate. [Obs.] Right prelating is busy laboring, and not lording. Latimer. PRELATEITY Prel`a*te"i*ty, n. Defn: Prelacy. [Obs.] Milton. PRELATESHIP Prel"ate*ship, n. Defn: The office of a prelate. Harmar. PRELATESS Prel"a*tess, n. Defn: A woman who is a prelate; the wife of a prelate. Milton. PRELATIAL Pre*la"tial, a. Defn: Prelatical. Beaconsfield. PRELATIC; PRELATICAL Pre*lat"ic, Pre*lat"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to prelates or prelacy; as, prelatical authority. Macaulay. PRELATICALLY Pre*lat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a prelatical manner; with reference to prelates. Milton. The last Georgic was a good prelude to the Æneis. PRELATION Pre*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. praelatio: cf. F. prélation. See Prelate, and cf. Prefer.] Defn: The setting of one above another; preference. [R.] Jer. Taylor. PRELATISM Prel"a*tism, n. Defn: Prelacy; episcopacy. PRELATIST Prel"a*tist n. Defn: One who supports of advocates prelacy, or the government of the church by prelates; hence, a high-churchman. Hume. I am an Episcopalian, but not a prelatist. T. Scott. PRELATIZE Prel"a*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prelatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Prelatizing.] Defn: To bring under the influence of prelacy. Palfrey. PRELATIZE Prel"a*tize, v. i. Defn: To uphold or encourage prelacy; to exercise prelatical functions. An episcopacy that began then to prelatize. Milton. PRELATRY Prel"a*try, n. Defn: Prelaty; prelacy. [Obs.] PRELATURE; PRELATURESHIP Prel"a*ture, Prel"a*ture*ship, n. Etym: [F. prélature, or LL. praelatura.] Defn: The state or dignity of a prelate; prelacy. Milman. PRELATY Prel"a*ty, n. Defn: Prelacy. [Obs.] Milton. PRELECT Pre*lect" v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prelected; p. pr. & vb. n. Prelecting.] Etym: [L. praelectus, p. p. of praelegere to read before. See Pre-, and Lection.] Defn: To read publicly, as a lecture or discourse. PRELECT Pre*lect", v. i. Defn: To discourse publicly; to lecture. Spitting . . . was publicly prelected upon. De. Quincey. To prelect upon the military art. Bp. Horsley. PRELECTION Pre*lec"tion, n. Etym: [L. praelectio.] Defn: A lecture or discourse read in public or to a select company. "The prelections of Faber." Sir M. Hale. PRELECTOR Pre*lec"tor, n. Etym: [L. praelector.] Defn: A reader of lectures or discourses; a lecturer. Sheldon. PRELIBATION Pre`li*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. praelibatio, fr. praelibare to taste beforehand: cf. F. prelibation.] 1. A. tasting beforehand, or by anticipation; a foretaste; as, a prelibation of heavenly bliss. 2. A pouring out, or libation, before tasting. PRELIMINARILY Pre*lim"i*na*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a preliminary manner. PRELIMINARY Pre*lim"i*na*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. pre + L. liminaris belonging to a threshold, fr. limen, liminis, threshold, entrance: cf. F. préliminaire. Cf. Limit.] Defn: Introductory; previous; preceding the main discourse or business; prefatory; as, preliminary observations to a discourse or book; preliminary articles to a treaty; preliminary measures; preliminary examinations. Syn. -- Introductory; preparatory; prefatory; proemial; previous; prior; precedent; antecedent. PRELIMINARY Pre*lim"i*na*ry, n.; pl. Preliminaries (. Defn: That which precedes the main discourse, work, design, or business; something introductory or preparatory; as, the preliminaries to a negotiation or duel; to take one's preliminaries the year before entering college. Syn. -- Introduction; preface; prelude. PRELIMIT Pre*lim"it, v. t. Defn: To limit previously. [R.] PRELOOK Pre*look", v. i. Defn: To look forward. [Obs.] Surrey. PRELUDE Pre"lude, n. Etym: [F. prélude (cf. It. preludio, LL. praeludium), fr. L. prae before + ludus play. See Prelude, v. t.] Defn: An introductory performance, preceding and preparing for the principal matter; a preliminary part, movement, strain, etc.; especially (Mus.), a strain introducing the theme or chief subject; a movement introductory to a fugue, yet independent; -- with recent composers often synonymous with overture. The last Georgic was a good prelude to the Ænis Addison. The cause is more than the prelude, the effect is more than the sequel, of the fact. Whewell. Syn. -- Preface; introduction; preliminary; preamble; forerunner; harbinger; precursor. PRELUDE Pre*lude", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Preluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Preluding.] Etym: [L. praeludere, praelusum; prae before + ludere to play: cf. F. préluder. See Ludicrous.] Defn: To play an introduction or prelude; to give a prefatory performance; to serve as prelude. The musicians preluded on their instruments. Sir. W. Scott. We are preluding too largely, and must come at once to the point. Jeffrey. PRELUDE Pre*lude", v. t. 1. To introduce with a previous performance; to play or perform a prelude to; as, to prelude a concert with a lively air. 2. To serve as prelude to; to precede as introductory. [Music] preluding some great tragedy. Longfellow PRELUDER Pre*lud"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, preludes; one who plays a prelude. Mason. PRELUDIAL Pre*lud"i*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a prelude; of the nature of a prelude; introductory. [R.] PRELUDIOUS Pre*lud"i*ous a. Defn: Preludial. [R.] Dr. H. More. PRELUMBAR Pre*lum"bar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated immediately in front of the loins;- applied to the dorsal part of the abdomen. PRELUSIVE Pre*lu"sive, a. Etym: [See Prelude.] Defn: Of the nature of a prelude; introductory; indicating that something of a like kind is to follow. "Prelusive drops." Thomson. -- Pre*lu"sive*ly, adv. PRELUSORILY Pre*lu"so*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a prelusory way. PRELUSORY Pre*lu"so*ry, a. Defn: Introductory; prelusive. Bacon. PREMATURE Pre`ma*ture", a. Etym: [L. praematurus; prae before + maturus ripe. See Mature.] 1. Mature or ripe before the proper time; as, the premature fruits of a hotbed. 2. Happening, arriving, existing, or performed before the proper or usual time; adopted too soon; too early; untimely; as, a premature fall of snow; a premature birth; a premature opinion; premature decay. 3. Arriving or received without due authentication or evidence; as, a premature report. -- Pre`ma*ture"ly, adv. -- Pre`ma*ture"ness, n. PREMATURITY Pre`ma*tu"ri*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prématurité.] Defn: The quality or state of being premature; early, or untimely, ripeness; as, the prematurity of genius. PREMAXILLA Pre"max*il"la n.; pl. Premaxillæ. Etym: [NL. See Pre-, and Maxilla.] (Anat.) Defn: A bone on either side of the middle line between the nose and mouth, forming the anterior part of each half of the upper jawbone; the intermaxilla. In man the premaxillæ become united and form the incisor part of the maxillary bone. PREMAXILLARY Pre*max"il*la*ry, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of the maxillary bones; pertaining to the premaxillæ; intermaxillary. -- n. Defn: A premaxilla. PREMEDIATE Pre*me"di*ate, v. t. Defn: To advocate. [R.] PREMEDITATE Pre*med"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Premeditated (-ta`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Premeditating.] Etym: [L. praemeditatus, p. p. of praemeditari; prae before + meditari to meditate. See Meditate.] Defn: To think on, and revolve in the mind, beforehand; to contrive and design previously; as, to premeditate robbery. With words premeditated thus he said. Dryden. PREMEDITATE Pre*med"i*tate, v. i. Defn: To think, consider, deliberate, or revolve in the mind, beforehand. PREMEDITATE Pre*med"i*tate, a. Etym: [L. praemeditatus, p. p.] Defn: Premeditated; deliberate. [Archaic] Bp. Burnet. PREMEDITATELY Pre*med"i*tate*ly, adv. Defn: With premeditation. Burke. PREMEDITATION Pre*med`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. praemeditatio: cf. F. préméditation.] Defn: The act of meditating or contriving beforehand; previous deliberation; forethought. PREMERIT Pre*mer"it, v. t. Defn: To merit or deserve beforehand. [Obs.] Eikon Basi PREMIAL; PREMIANT Pre"mi*al, Pre"mi*ant, a. Etym: [L. praemialis. See Premium.] Defn: Serving to reward; rewarding. [R.] Baxter. PREMICES Prem"i*ces, n. pl. Etym: [F. prémices, L. primitiae. See Primitia.] Defn: First fruits. [Obs.] Dryden. PREMIER Pre"mi*er, a. Etym: [F. premier, fr. L. primarius of the first rank, principal, fr. primus the first. See Primary, Prime, a.] 1. First; chief; principal; as, the premier place; premier minister. Camden. Swift. 2. Most ancient; -- said of the peer bearing the oldest title of his degree. PREMIER Pre"mi*er, n. Defn: The first minister of state; the prime minister. PREMIERE Pre*mière", a. fem. [F., prop. fem. of premier first. See Premier, a.] Defn: First; chief; as, a première danseuse. -- n. fem.; pl. -mières (F. pre*myâr"). (a) The leading woman of a group, esp. in a theatrical cast. (b) A first performance, as of a play; a first night. PREMIERSHIP Pre"mi*er*ship, n. Defn: The office of the premier. PREMILLENNIAL Pre`mil*len"ni*al, a Defn: , Previous to the millennium. PREMIOUS Pre"mi*ous, a. Etym: [L. praemiosus, fr. praemium a premium.] Defn: Rich in gifts. [R.] Clarke. PREMISE Prem"ise, n.; pl. Premises (. [Written also, less properly, premiss.] Etym: [F. prémisse, fr. L. praemissus, p. p. of praemittere to send before; prae before + mittere to send. See Mission.] 1. A proposition antecedently supposed or proved; something previously stated or assumed as the basis of further argument; a condition; a supposition. The premises observed, Thy will by my performance shall be served. Shak. 2. (Logic) Defn: Either of the first two propositions of a syllogism, from which the conclusion is drawn. Note: "All sinners deserve punishment: A B is a sinner." These propositions, which are the premises, being true or admitted, the conclusion follows, that A B deserves punishment. While the premises stand firm, it is impossible to shake the conclusion. Dr. H. More. 3. pl. (Law) Defn: Matters previously stated or set forth; esp., that part in the beginning of a deed, the office of which is to express the grantor and grantee, and the land or thing granted or conveyed, and all that precedes the habendum; the thing demised or granted. 4. pl. Defn: A piece of real estate; a building and its adjuncts; as, to lease premises; to trespass on another's premises. PREMISE Pre*mise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Premised; p. pr. & vb. n. Premising.] Etym: [From L. praemissus, p. p., or E. premise, n. See Premise, n.] 1. To send before the time, or beforehand; hence, to cause to be before something else; to employ previously. [Obs.] The premised flames of the last day. Shak. If venesection and a cathartic be premised. E. Darwin. 2. To set forth beforehand, or as introductory to the main subject; to offer previously, as something to explain or aid in understanding what follows; especially, to lay down premises or first propositions, on which rest the subsequent reasonings. I premise these particulars that the reader may know that I enter upon it as a very ungrateful task. Addison. PREMISE Pre*mise", v. i. Defn: To make a premise; to set forth something as a premise. Swift. PREMISS Prem"iss, n. Defn: Premise. Whately. I. Watts PREMIT Pre*mit", v. t. Defn: To premise. [Obs.] Donne. PREMIUM Pre"mi*um, n.; pl. Premiums. Etym: [L. praemium, originally, what one has got before or better than others; prae before + emere to take, buy. See Redeem.] 1. A reward or recompense; a prize to be won by being before another, or others, in a competition; reward or prize to be adjudged; a bounty; as, a premium for good behavior or scholarship, for discoveries, etc. To think it not the necessity, but the premium and privilege of life, to eat and sleep without any regard to glory. Burke. The law that obliges parishes to support the poor offers a premium for the encouragement of idleness. Franklin. 2. Something offered or given for the loan of money; bonus; -- sometimes synonymous with interest, but generally signifying a sum in addition to the capital. People were tempted to lend, by great premiums and large interest. Swift. 3. A sum of money paid to underwriters for insurance, or for undertaking to indemnify for losses of any kind. 4. A sum in advance of, or in addition to, the nominal or par value of anything; as, gold was at a premium; he sold his stock at a premium. PREMOLAR Pre*mo"lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of the molar teeth. --n. Defn: An anterior molar tooth which has replaced a deciduous molar. See Tooth. PREMONISH Pre*mon"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Premonished; p. pr. & vb. n. Premonishing.] Etym: [Pref. pre- + monish: cf. L. praemonere.] Defn: To forewarn; to admonish beforehand. [R.] Herrick. To teach, and to premonish. Bk. of Com. Prayer. PREMONISHMENT Pre*mon"ish*ment, n. Defn: Previous warning or admonition; forewarning. Sir H. Wotton. PREMONITION Pre`mo*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L. praemonitio. See Premonish.] Defn: Previous warning, notice, or information; forewarning; as, a premonition of danger. PREMONITOR Pre*mon"i*tor, n. Etym: [L. praemonitor.] Defn: One who, or that which, gives premonition. PREMONITORY Pre*mon"i*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. praemonitorius.] Defn: Giving previous warning or notice; as, premonitory symptoms of disease. -- Pre*mon"i*to*ri*ly, adv. PREMONSTRANT Pre*mon"strant, n. Defn: A Premonstratensian. PREMONSTRATE Pre*mon"strate, v. t. Etym: [L. praemonstratus, p. p. of praemonstrare; prae before + monstrate to show.] Defn: To show beforehand; to foreshow. [R.] Herbert. PREMONSTRATENSIAN Pre*mon`stra*ten"sian, n. Etym: [F.prémontré, fr. Prémontré, fr. L. pratum monstratum.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: One of a religious order of regular canons founded by St. Norbert at Prémontré, in France, in 1119. The members of the order are called also White Canons, Norbertines, and Premonstrants. PREMONSTRATION Pre`mon*stra"tion, n. Etym: [L. praemonstratio.] Defn: A showing beforehand; foreshowing. PREMONSTRATOR Pre*mon"stra*tor, n. Etym: [L. praemonstrator.] Defn: One who, or that which, premonstrates. [R.] PREMORSE Pre*morse", a. Etym: [L. praemorsus, p. p. of praemordere to bite off; prae before + mordere to bite.] Defn: Terminated abruptly, or as it bitten off. Premorse root or leaves (Bot.), such as have an abrupt, ragged, and irregular termination, as if bitten off short. PREMOSAIC Pre`mo*sa"ic a. Defn: Relating to the time before Moses; as, premosaic history. PREMOTION Pre*mo"tion n. Etym: [Pref. pre- + motion.] Defn: Previous motion or excitement to action. PREMUNIRE Prem`u*ni"re, n. (Law) Defn: See Præmunire. PREMUNITE Prem`u*nite", v. t. Etym: [L. praemunitus, p. p. of praemunire to fortify in front; prae before + munire to fortify.] Defn: To fortify beforehand; to guard against objection. [Obs.] Fotherby. PREMUNITION Pre`mu*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L. praemunitio: cf. F. prémunition.] Defn: The act of fortifying or guarding against objections. [Obs.] PREMUNITORY Pre*mu"ni*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a premunire; as, a premunitory process. PRENASAL Pre*na"sal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of the nose, or in front of the nasal chambers. PRENATAL Pre*na"tal, a. Defn: Being or happening before birth. PRENDER Pren"der, n. Etym: [F. prendre to take, fr. L. prehendere to take.] (Law) Defn: The power or right of taking a thing before it is offered. Burrill. PRENOMEN Pre*no"men, n. Defn: See Prænomen. PRENOMINAL Pre*nom"i*nal, a. Defn: Serving as a prefix in a compound name. Sir T. Browne. PRENOMINATE Pre*nom"i*nate a. Etym: [L. praenominatus, p. p. of praenominare to give the prenomen to, to prenominate, fr. praenomen prenomen.] Defn: Forenamed; named beforehand. [R.] "Prenominate crimes." Shak. PRENOMINATE Pre*nom"i*nate, v. t. Defn: To forename; to name beforehand; to tell by name beforehand. Shak. PRENOMINATION Pre*nom`i*na*tion, n. Defn: The act of prenominating; privilege of being named first. Sir T. Browne. PRENOSTIC Pre*nos"tic, n. Etym: [L. praenoscere to foreknow; prae before + noscere, notum, to know.] Defn: A prognostic; an omen. [Obs.] Gower. PRENOTE Pre*note", v. t. Etym: [L. praenotare; prae before + notare to note.] Defn: To note or designate beforehand. Foxe. PRENOTION Pre*no"tion n. Etym: [L. praenotio: cf. F. prénotion. See Prenostic.] Defn: A notice or notion which precedes something else in time; previous notion or thought; foreknowledge. Bacon. PRENSATION Pren*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. prensatio, from prensare, prehensare, v. freq. from prehendere to seize.] Defn: The act of seizing with violence. [Obs.] Barrow . PRENTICE Pren"tice, n. Etym: [Aphetic form of apprentice.] Defn: An apprentice. [Obs. or Colloq.] Piers Plowman. "My accuser is my prentice." Shak. PRENTICEHOOD Pren"tice*hood (, n. Defn: Apprenticehood. [Obs.] This jolly prentice with his master bode Till he was out nigh of his prenticehood. Chaucer. PRENTICESHIP Pren"tice*ship, n. Defn: Apprenticeship. [Obs. or Colloq.] He served a prenticeship who sets up shop. Pope. PRENUNCIATION Pre*nun`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. praenunciatio, fr. praenunciare to announce beforehand. See Pre-, and Announce.] Defn: The act of announcing or proclaiming beforehand. [Obs.] PRENUNCIOUS Pre*nun"cious, a. Etym: [L. praenuncius.] Defn: Announcing beforehand; presaging. [Obs.] Blount. PREOBLONGATA Pre*ob`lon*ga"ta, n. Etym: [NL. See Pre-, and Oblongata.] (Anat.) Defn: The anterior part of the medulla oblongata. B. G. Wilder. PREOBTAIN Pre`ob*tain", v. t. Defn: To obtain beforehand. PREOCCUPANCY Pre*oc"cu*pan*cy, n. Etym: [See Preoccupate.] Defn: The act or right of taking possession before another; as, the preoccupancy of wild land. PREOCCUPATE Pre*oc"cu*pate, v. t. Etym: [L. praeoccupatus, p. p. of praeoccupare to preoccupy. See Preoccupy.] 1. To anticipate; to take before. [Obs.] "Fear preoccupateth it [death]." Bacon. 2. To prepossess; to prejudice. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. PREOCCUPATION Pre*oc`cu*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. praeoccupatio: cf. F. préoccupation.] 1. The act of preoccupying, or taking possession of beforehand; the state of being preoccupied; prepossession. 2. Anticipation of objections. [R.] South. PREOCCUPY Pre*oc"cu*py, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preoccupied (-pid); p. pr. & vb. n. Preoccupying.] Etym: [Cf. F. préoccuper. See Preoccupate, Occupy.] 1. To take possession of before another; as, to preoccupy a country not before held. 2. To prepossess; to engage, occupy, or engross the attention of, beforehand; hence, to prejudice. I Think it more respectful to the reader to leave something to reflections than to preoccupy his judgment. Arbuthnot. PREOCULAR Pre*oc"u*lar, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Placed just in front of the eyes, as the antennæ of certain insects. -- n. Defn: One of the scales just in front of the eye of a reptile or fish. PREOMINATE Pre*om"i*nate, v. t. Defn: To ominate beforehand; to portend. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PREOPERCULAR Pre`o*per"cu*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of the operculum; pertaining to the preoperculum. -- n. Defn: The preoperculum. PREOPERCULUM Pre`o*per"cu*lum, n Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: The anterior opercular bone in fishes. PREOPINION Pre`o*pin"ion, n. Defn: Opinion previously formed; prepossession; prejudice. Sir T. Browne. PREOPTION Pre*op"tion, n. Defn: Right of first choice. PREORAL Pre*o"ral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of, or anterior to, the mouth; as, preoral bands. PREORBITAL Pre*or"bit*al Defn: a. (Anat.) Situated in front or the orbit. PREORDAIN Pre`or*dain", v. t. Etym: [Pref. pre + ordain: cf. L. praeordinare.] Defn: To ordain or appoint beforehand: to predetermine: to foreordain. Milton. PREORDER Pre*or"der, v. t. Defn: To order to arrange beforehand; to foreordain. Sir W. Hamilton. PREORDINANCE Pre*or"di*nance, n. Defn: Antecedent decree or determination. Shak. PREORDINATE Pre*or"di*nate, a. Etym: [L. praeordinatus, p. p. See Preordain.] Defn: Preordained. [R.] Sir T. Elyot. PREORDINATION Pre*or`di*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. préordination.] Defn: The act of foreordaining: previous determination. "The preordination of God." Bale. PREPARABLE Pre*par"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being prepared. "Medicine preparable by art." Boyle. PREPARATION Prep`a*ra"tion, n. Etym: [F. préparation, L. praeparatio. See Prepare.] 1. The act of preparing or fitting beforehand for a particular purpose, use, service, or condition; previous arrangement or adaptation; a making ready; as, the preparation of land for a crop of wheat; the preparation of troops for a campaign. 2. The state of being prepared or made ready; preparedness; readiness; fitness; as, a nation in good preparation for war. 3. That which makes ready, prepares the way, or introduces; a preparatory act or measure. I will show what preparations there were in nature for this dissolution. T. Burnet. 4. That which is prepared, made, or compounded by a certain process or for a particular purpose; a combination. Specifically: (a) Any medicinal substance fitted for use. (b) Anything treated for preservation or examination as a specimen. (c) Something prepared for use in cookery. I wish the chemists had been more sparing who magnify their preparations. Sir T. Browne. In the preparations of cookery, the most volatile parts of vegetables are destroyed. Arbuthnot. 5. An army or fleet. [Obs.] Shak. 6. (Mus.) Defn: The holding over of a note from one chord into the next chord, where it forms a temporary discord, until resolved in the chord that follows; the anticipation of a discordant note in the preceding concord, so that the ear is prepared for the shock. See Suspension. 7. Accomplishment; qualification. [Obs.] Shak. PREPARATIVE Pre*par"a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. préparatif.] Defn: Tending to prepare or make ready; having the power of preparing, qualifying, or fitting; preparatory. Laborious quest of knowledge preparative to this work. South. PREPARATIVE Pre*par"a*tive, n. 1. That which has the power of preparing, or previously fitting for a purpose; that which prepares. "A preparative unto sermons." Hooker. 2. That which is done in the way of preparation. "Necessary preparatives for our voyage." Dryden. PREPARATIVELY Pre*par"a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: By way of preparation. PREPARATOR Pre*par"a*tor, n. Etym: [L. praeparator.] Defn: One who prepares beforehand, as subjects for dissection, specimens for preservation in collections, etc. Agassiz. PREPARATORY Pre*par"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. praeparatorius: cf. F. préparatoire.] Defn: Preparing the way for anything by previous measures of adaptation; antecedent and adapted to what follows; introductory; preparative; as, a preparatory school; a preparatory condition. PREPARE Pre*pare", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prepare; p. pr. & vb. n. Preparing.] Etym: [F. préparer, L. praeparare; prae before + parare to make ready. See Pare.] 1. To fit, adapt, or qualify for a particular purpose or condition; to make ready; to put into a state for use or application; as, to prepare ground for seed; to prepare a lesson. Our souls, not yet prepared for upper light. Dryden. 2. To procure as suitable or necessary; to get ready; to provide; as, to prepare ammunition and provisions for troops; to prepare ships for defence; to prepare an entertainment. Milton. That they may prepare a city for habitation. Ps. cvii. 36 Syn. -- To fit; adjust; adapt; qualify; equip; provide; form; make; make; ready. PREPARE Pre*pare" (, v. i. 1. To make all things ready; to put things in order; as, to prepare for a hostile invasion. "Bid them prepare for dinner." Shak. 2. To make one's self ready; to get ready; to take the necessary previous measures; as, to prepare for death. PREPARE Pre*pare", n. Defn: Preparation. [Obs.] Shak. PREPARED Pre*pared", a. Defn: Made fit or suitable; adapted; ready; as, prepared food; prepared questions. -- Pre*par"ed*ly, adv. Shak. -- Pre*par"ed*ness, n. PREPARER Pre*par"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, prepares, fits, or makes ready. Wood. PREPAY Pre*pay", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prepaid; p. pr. & vb. n. Prepaying.] Defn: To pay in advance, or beforehand; as, to prepay postage. PREPAYMENT Pre*pay"ment, n. Defn: Payment in advance. PREPENIAL Pre*pe"ni*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of, or anterior to, the penis. PREPENSE Pre*pense", v. t. Etym: [Pref. pre + F. penser to think. See Pansy.] Defn: To weigh or consider beforehand; to premeditate. [Obs.] Spenser. Sir T. Elyot. PREPENSE Pre*pense", v. i. Defn: To deliberate beforehand. [Obs.] PREPENSE Pre*pense", a. Etym: [See Pansy, and cf. Prepense, v. t.] Defn: Devised, contrived, or planned beforehand; preconceived; premeditated; aforethought; -- usually placed after the word it qualifies; as, malice prepense. This has not arisen from any misrepresentation or error prepense. Southey. PREPENSELY Pre*pense"ly, adv. Defn: In a premeditated manner. PREPOLLENCE; PREPOLLENCY Pre*pol"lence, Pre*pol"len*cy, n. Etym: [L. praepollentia.] Defn: The quality or state of being prepollent; superiority of power; predominance; prevalence. [R.] Coventry. PREPOLLENT Pre*pol"lent, a. Etym: [L. praepollens, p. p. of praepollere to surpass in power; prae before + pollere to be powerful.] Defn: Having superior influence or power; prevailing; predominant. [R.] Boyle. PREPOLLENT Pre*pol"lent, n.; pl. Prepollices Etym: [NL. See Pre-, Pollex.] (Anat.) Defn: An extra first digit, or rudiment of a digit, on the preaxial side of the pollex. PREPONDER Pre*pon"der v. t. Defn: To preponderate [Obs.] PREPONDERANCE; PREPONDERANCY Pre*pon"der*ance, Pre*pon"der*an*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prépondérance.] 1. The quality or state of being preponderant; superiority or excess of weight, influence, or power, etc.; an outweighing. The mind should . . . reject or receive proportionably to the preponderancy of the greater grounds of probability. Locke. In a few weeks he had changed the relative position of all the states in Europe, and had restored the equilibrium which the preponderance of one power had destroyed. Macaulay. 2. (Gun.) Defn: The excess of weight of that part of a canon behind the trunnions over that in front of them. PREPONDERANT Pre*pon"der*ant a. Etym: [L. praeponderans, -antis: cf. F. prépondérant. See Preponderate.] Defn: Preponderating; outweighing; overbalancing; -- used literally and figuratively; as, a preponderant weight; of preponderant importance. -- Pre*pon"der*ant*ly, adv. PREPONDERATE Pre*pon"der*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preponderated; p. pr. & vb. n. Preponderating.] Etym: [L. praeponderatus, p. p. of praeponderare; prae before + ponderare to weigh, fr., pondus, ponderis, a weight. See Ponder.] 1. To outweigh; to overpower by weight; to exceed in weight; to overbalance. An inconsiderable weight, by distance from the center of the balance, will preponderate greater magnitudes. Glanvill. 2. To overpower by stronger or moral power. 3. To cause to prefer; to incline; to decide. [Obs.] The desire to spare Christian blood preponderates him for peace. Fuller. PREPONDERATE Pre*pon"der*ate, v. i. Defn: To exceed in weight; hence, to incline or descend, as the scale of a balance; figuratively, to exceed in influence, power, etc.; hence; to incline to one side; as, the affirmative side preponderated. That is no just balance in which the heaviest side will not preponderate. Bp. Wilkins. PREPONDERATINGLY Pre*pon"der*a`ting*ly, adv. Defn: In a preponderating manner; preponderantly. PREPONDERATION Pre*pon`der*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. praeponderatio.] Defn: The act or state of preponderating; preponderance; as, a preponderation of reasons. I. Watts. PREPOSE Pre*pose", v. t. Etym: [F. préposer; pref. pré- (L. prae before) + poser. See Pose.] Defn: To place or set before; to prefix. [Obs.] Fuller. PREPOSITION Prep`o*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. praepositio, fr. praeponere to place before; prae before + ponere to put, place: cf. F. préposition. See Position, and cf. Provost.] 1. (Gram.) Defn: A word employed to connect a noun or a pronoun, in an adjectival or adverbial sense, with some other word; a particle used with a noun or pronoun (in English always in the objective case) to make a phrase limiting some other word; -- so called because usually placed before the word with which it is phrased; as, a bridge of iron; he comes from town; it is good for food; he escaped by running. 2. A proposition; an exposition; a discourse. [Obs.] He made a long preposition and oration. Fabyan. PREPOSITIONAL Prep`o*si"tion*al a. Etym: [Cf. F. prépositionnel.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a preposition; of the nature of a preposition. Early. -- Prep`o*si"tion*al*ly, adv. PREPOSITIVE Pre*pos"i*tive, a. Etym: [L. praepositivus: cf. F. prépositif.] (Gram.) Defn: Put before; prefixed; as, a prepositive particle. -- n. Defn: A prepositive word. Tooke. PREPOSITOR Pre*pos"i*tor, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A scholar appointed to inspect other scholars; a monitor. Todd. PREPOSITURE Pre*pos"i*ture, n. Etym: [L. praepositura. See Preposition, and cf. Provost.] Defn: The office or dignity of a provost; a provostship. Lowth. PREPOSSESS Pre`pos*sess", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prepossessed; p. pr. & vb. n. Prepossessing.] 1. To preoccupy, as ground or land; to take previous possession of. Dryden. 2. To preoccupy, as the mind or heart, so as to preclude other things; hence, to bias or prejudice; to give a previous inclination to, for or against anything; esp., to induce a favorable opinion beforehand, or at the outset. It created him enemies, and prepossessed the lord general. Evelyn. PREPOSSESSING Pre`pos*sess"ing, a. Defn: Tending to invite favor; attracting confidence, favor, esteem, or love; attractive; as, a prepossessing manner. -- Pre`pos*sess"ing*ly, adv. PREPOSSESSION Pre`pos*ses"sion, n. 1. Preoccupation; prior possession. Hammond. 2. Preoccupation of the mind by an opinion, or impression, already formed; preconceived opinion; previous impression; bias; -- generally, but not always, used in a favorable sense; as, the prepossessions of childhood. "The prejudices and prepossessions of the country." Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- Bent; bias; inclination; preoccupancy; prejudgment. See Bent. PREPOSSESSOR Pre`*pos*sess"or, n. Defn: One who possesses, or occupies, previously. R. Brady. PREPOSTEROUS Pre*pos"ter*ous a.Etym: [L. praeposterus; prae before + posterus coming after, latter. See Posterior.] 1. Having that first which ought to be last; inverted in order. [Obs.] The method I take may be censured as preposterous, because I thus treat last of the antediluvian earth, which was first in the order of nature. Woodward. 2. Contrary to nature or reason; not adapted to the end; utterly and glaringly foolish; unreasonably absurd; perverted. "Most preposterous conclusions." Shak. Preposterous ass, that never read so far! Shak. Syn. -- Absurd; perverted; wrong; irrational; foolish; monstrous. See Absurd. -- Pre*pos"ter*ous*ly, adv. -Pre*pos"ter*ous*ness, n. PREPOSTOR Pre*pos"tor n. Defn: See Prepositor. PREPOTENCY Pre*po"ten*cy, n. Etym: [L. praepotentia: cf. F. prépotence.] 1. The quality or condition of being prepotent; predominance. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The capacity, on the part of one of the parents, as compared with the other, to transmit more than his or her own share of characteristics to their offspring. PREPOTENT Pre*po"tent a. Etym: [L. praepotens. See Pre-, and Potent.] 1. Very powerful; superior in force, influence, or authority; predominant. Plaifere. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Characterized by prepotency. Darwin. PREPROVIDE Pre`pro*vide", v. t. Defn: To provide beforehand. "The materials preprovided." Fuller. PREPUBIC Pre*pu"bic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of, or anterior to, the pubis; pertaining to the prepubis. PREPUBIS Pre*pu"bis, n. Etym: [NL. See Pre-, and Pubis.] (Anat.) Defn: A bone or cartilage, of some animals, situated in the middle line in front of the pubic bones. PREPUCE Pre"puce, n. Etym: [F. prépuce, L. praeputium.] (Anat.) Defn: The foreskin. PREPUTIAL Pre*pu"tial, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the prepuce. PRERAPHAELISM; PRERAPHAELITISM Pre*raph"a*el*ism, Pre*raph"a*el*i`tism, n. (Fine Arts) Defn: The doctrine or practice of a school of modern painters who profess to be followers of the painters before Raphael. Its adherents advocate careful study from nature, delicacy and minuteness of workmanship, and an exalted and delicate conception of the subject. PRERAPHAELITE Pre*raph"a*el*ite, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the style called preraphaelitism; as, a preraphaelite figure; a preraphaelite landscape. Ruskin. PRERAPHAELITE Pre*raph"a*el*ite, n. Defn: One who favors or practices art as it was before Raphael; one who favors or advocates preraphaelitism. PRE-RAPHAELITE Pre-Raph"a*el*ite, n. Defn: Popularly, any modern artist thought to be a would-be restorer of early ideas or methods, as one of the German painters often called Nazarenes, or one who paints and draws with extreme minuteness of detail. PREREGNANT Pre*reg"nant, n. Defn: One who reigns before another; a sovereign predecessor. [R.] Warner. PREREMOTE Pre`re*mote a. Defn: More remote in previous time or prior order. In some cases two more links of causation may be introduced; one of them may be termed the preremote cause, the other the postremote effect. E. Darwin. PREREQUIRE Pre`re*quire", v. t. Defn: To require beforehand. Some things are prerequired of us. Bp. Hall. PREREQUISITE Pre*req"ui*site, a. Defn: Previously required; necessary as a preliminary to any proposed effect or end; as, prerequisite conditions of success. PREREQUISITE Pre*req"ui*site, n. Defn: Something previously required, or necessary to an end or effect proposed. The necessary prerequisites of freedom. Goldsmith. PRERESOLVE Pre`re*solve", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Preresolved; p. pr. & vb. n. Preresolving.] Defn: To resolve beforehand; to predetermine. Sir E. Dering. PREROGATIVE Pre*rog"a*tive, n. Etym: [F. prérogative, from L. praerogativa precedence in voting, preference, privilege, fr. praerogativus that is asked before others for his opinion, that votes before or first, fr. praerogare to ask before another; prae before + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] 1. An exclusive or peculiar privilege; prior and indefeasible right; fundamental and essential possession; -- used generally of an official and hereditary right which may be asserted without question, and for the exercise of which there is no responsibility or accountability as to the fact and the manner of its exercise. The two faculties that are the prerogative of man -- the powers of abstraction and imagination. I. Taylor. An unconstitutional exercise of his prerogative. Macaulay. 2. Precedence; preëminence; first rank. [Obs.] Then give me leave to have prerogative. Shak. Note: The term came into general use in the conflicts between the Crown and Parliaments of Great Britain, especially in the time of the Stuarts. Prerogative Court (Eng. Law), a court which formerly had authority in the matter of wills and administrations, where the deceased left bona notabilia, or effects of the value of five pounds, in two or more different dioceses. Blackstone. -- Prerogative office, the office in which wills proved in the Prerogative Court were registered. Syn. -- Privilege; right. See Privilege. PREROGATIVED Pre*rog"a*tived, a. Defn: Endowed with a prerogative, or exclusive privilege. [R.] Shak. PREROGATIVELY Pre*rog"a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: By prerogative. PRESAGE Pre"sage, n. Etym: [F. présage, L. praesagium, from praesagire. See Presage, v. t. ] 1. Something which foreshows or portends a future event; a prognostic; an omen; an augury. "Joy and shout -- presage of victory." Milton. 2. Power to look the future, or the exercise of that power; foreknowledge; presentiment. If there be aught of presage in the mind. Milton. Syn. -- Prognostic; omen; token; sign; presentiment. PRESAGE Pre*sage" v. t. [imp. & p. p. Presaged (-sajd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Presaging. ] Etym: [F. présager, L. praesagire: prae before + sagire to perceive acutely or sharply. See Sagacious.] 1. To have a presentiment of; to feel beforehand; to foreknow. 2. To foretell; to predict; to foreshow; to indicate. My dreams presage some joyful news at hand. Shak. PRESAGE Pre*sage", v. i. Defn: To form or utter a prediction; -- sometimes used with of. Dryden. PRESAGEFUL Pre*sage"ful a. Defn: Full of presages; ominous. Dark in the glass of some presageful mood. Tennyson. PRESAGEMENT Pre*sage"ment, n. 1. The act or art of presaging; a foreboding. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. That which is presaged, or foretold. [R.] "Ominous presagement before his end. " Sir H. Wotton. PRESAGER Pre*sa"ger n. Defn: One who, or that which, presages; a foreteller; a foreboder. Shak. PRESAGIOUS Pre*sa"gious, a. Defn: Foreboding; ominous. [Obs.] PRESBYOPE Pres"by*ope, n. (Med.) Defn: One who has presbyopia; a farsighted person. PRESBYOPIA Pres`by*o"pi*a Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Med.) Defn: A defect of vision consequent upon advancing age. It is due to rigidity of the crystalline lens, which producepresbytia. PRESBYOPIC Pres`by*op"ic a. Defn: Affected by presbyopia; also, remedying presbyopia; farsighted. PRESBYOPY Pres"by*o`py n. Etym: [Cf. F. presbyopie.] Defn: See Presbyopia. PRESBYTE Pres"byte, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Same as Presbyope. PRESBYTER Pres"by*ter, n. Etym: [L. an elder, fr. Gr. Priest.] 1. An elder in the early Christian church. See 2d Citation under Bishop, n., 1. 2. (Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. Ch.) Defn: One ordained to the second order in the ministry; -- called also priest. I rather term the one sort presbyter than priest. Hooker. New presbyter is but old priest writ large. Milton. 3. (Presbyterian Ch.) Defn: A member of a presbytery whether lay or clerical. 4. A Presbyterian. [Obs.] Hudibras. PRESBYTERAL Pres*byt"er*al a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a presbyter or presbytery; presbyterial. PRESBYTERATE Pres*byt"er*ate n. Etym: [L. presbyteratus: cf. F. presbytérat.] Defn: A presbytery; also, presbytership. Heber. PRESBYTERESS Pres"by*ter*ess, n. Defn: A female presbyter. Bale. PRESBYTERIAL Pres`by*te"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. presbytéral.] Defn: Presbyterian. "Presbyterial government." Milton. PRESBYTERIAN Pres`by*te"ri*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. presbytérien.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a presbyter, or to ecclesiastical government by presbyters; relating to those who uphold church government by presbyters; also, to the doctrine, discipline, and worship of a communion so governed. PRESBYTERIAN Pres`by*te"ri*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. presbytérien.] Defn: One who maintains the validity of ordination and government by presbyters; a member of the Presbyterian church. Reformed Presbyterians. See Cameronian. PRESBYTERIANISM Pres`by*te"ri*an*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. presbytérianisme.] Defn: That form of church government which invests presbyters with all spiritual power, and admits no prelates over them; also, the faith and polity of the Presbyterian churches, taken collectively. PRESBYTERIUM Pres`by*te"ri*um, n. Etym: [L.] (Arch.) Defn: Same as Presbytery, 4. PRESBYTERSHIP Pres"by*ter*ship, n. Defn: The office or station of a presbyter; presbyterate. PRESBYTERY Pres"by*ter*y, n.; pl. Presbyteries. Etym: [L. presbyterium, Gr. Presbyter, and cf. Presbyterium.] 1. A body of elders in the early Christian church. 2. (Presbyterian Ch.) Defn: A judicatory consisting of all the ministers within a certain district, and one layman, who is a ruling elder, from each parish or church, commissioned to represent the church in conjunction with the pastor. This body has a general jurisdiction over the churches under its care, and next below the provincial synod in authority. 3. The Presbyterian religion of polity. [R.] Tatler. 4. (a) (Arch.) That part of the church reserved for the officiating priest. (b) The residence of a priest or clergyman. Gwilt. PRESBYTIA Pres*byt"i*a n. Etym: [NL. See Presbyte.] (Med.) Defn: Presbyopia. PRESBYTIC Pres*byt"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Same as Presbyopic. PRESBYTISM Pres"byt*ism, n. Defn: Presbyopia. PRESCAPULA Pre*scap"u*la, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: The part of the scapula in front of, or above, the spine, or mesoscapula. PRESCAPULAR Pre*scap"u*lar, a. Defn: (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the prescapula; supraspinous. PRESCIENCE Pre"sci*ence n. Etym: [F. prescience, L. praescientia. See Prescient.] Defn: Knowledge of events before they take place; foresight. God's certain prescience of the volitions of moral agents. J. Edwards. PRESCIENT Presci*ent, a. Etym: [L. praesciens, -entis, p. pr. of praescire to foreknow; prae before + scire to know: cf. F. prescient. See Science.] Defn: Having knowledge of coming events; foreseeing; conscious beforehand. Pope. Henry . . . had shown himself sensible, and almost prescient, of this event. Bacon. PRESCIENTLY Pre"sci*ent*ly, adv. Defn: With presciense or foresight. PRESCIND Pre*scind", v. t. Etym: [L. praescindere to cut off in front; prae before + scindere to cut asunder: cf. F. prescinder.] 1. To cut off; to abstract. [Obs.] Norris. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: To consider by a separate act of attention or analysis. Sir W. Hamilton. PRESCINDENT Pre*scind"ent, a. Etym: [L. praescius; prae before + scius knowing, fr. scire to know.] Defn: Cutting off; abstracting. [R.] Cheyne. PRESCIOUS Pre"scious (pre"shus), a. [L. praescius; prae before + scius knowing, fr. scire to know.] Defn: Foreknowing; having foreknowledge; as, prescious of ills. [R.] Dryden. PRESCRIBE Pre*scribe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prescribed; p. pr & vb. n. Prescribing.] Etym: [L. praescribere, praescriptum; prae before + scriebe to write. See Scribe.] 1. To lay down authoritatively as a guide, direction, or rule of action; to impose as a peremptory order; to dictate; to appoint; to direct. Prescribe not us our duties. Shak. Let streams prescribe their fountains where to run. Dryden. 2. (Med.) Defn: To direct, as a remedy to be used by a patient; as, the doctor prescribed quinine. Syn. -- To appoint; order; command; dictate; ordain; institute; establish. PRESCRIBE Pre*scribe", v. i. 1. To give directions; to dictate. A forwardness to prescribe to their opinions. Locke. 2. To influence by long use [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 3. (Med.) Defn: To write or to give medical directions; to indicate remedies; as, to prescribe for a patient in a fever. 4. (Law) Defn: To claim by prescription; to claim a title to a thing on the ground of immemorial use and enjoyment, that is, by a custom having the force of law. PRESCRIBER Pre*scrib"er, n. Defn: One who prescribes. PRESCRIPT Pre"script, a. Etym: [L. praescriptus, p. p. of praescribere: cf. F. prescrit. See Prescribe.] Defn: Directed; prescribed. " A prescript from of words." Jer. Taylor. PRESCRIPT Pre"script, n. Etym: [L. praescriptum: cf. OF. prescript.] 1. Direction; precept; model prescribed. Milton. 2. A medical prescription. [Obs.] Bp. Fell. PRESCRIPTIBILITY Pre*scrip`ti*bil"i*ty, n Defn: , The quality or state of being prescriptible. Story. PRESCRIPTIBLE Pre*scrip"ti*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. prescriptible. ] Defn: Depending on, or derived from, prescription; proper to be prescribed. Grafton. PRESCRIPTION Pre*scrip"tion, n. Etym: [F. prescription, L. praescriptio,an inscription, preface, precept, demurrer, prescription (in sense 3), fr. praescribere. See Prescribe.] 1. The act of prescribing, directing, or dictating; direction; precept; also, that which is prescribed. 2. (Med.) Defn: A direction of a remedy or of remedies for a disease, and the manner of using them; a medical recipe; also, a prescribed remedy. 3. (Law) Defn: A prescribing for title; the claim of title to a thing by virtue immemorial use and enjoyment; the right or title acquired by possession had during the time and in the manner fixed by law. Bacon. That profound reverence for law and prescription which has long been characteristic of Englishmen. Macaulay. Note: Prescription differs from custom, which is a local usage, while prescription is personal, annexed to the person only. Prescription only extends to incorporeal rights, such as aright of way, or of common. What the law gives of common rights is not the subject of prescription. Blackstone. Cruise. Kent. In Scotch law, prescription is employed in the sense in which limitation is used in England and America, namely, to express that operation of the lapse of time by which obligations are extinguished or title protected. Sir T. Craig. Erskine. PRESCRIPTIVE Pre*scrip"tive, a. Etym: [L. praescriptivus of a demurrer or legal exception.] (Law) Defn: Consisting in, or acquired by, immemorial or long-continued use and enjoyment; as, a prescriptive right of title; pleading the continuance and authority of long custom. The right to be drowsy in protracted toil has become prescriptive. J. M. Mason. PRESCRIPTIVELY Pre*scrip"tive*ly, adv. Defn: By prescription. PRESCUTUM Pre*scu"tum, n.; pl. Prescuta (. Etym: [NL. See Præ-, and Scutum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The first of the four pieces composing the dorsal part, or tergum, of a thoracic segment of an insect. It is usually small and inconspicuous. PRESEANCE Pre"se*ance, n. Etym: [F. préséance. See Preside.] Defn: Priority of place in sitting.[Obs.] Carew. PRESELECT Pre`se*lect", v. t. Defn: To select beforehand. PRESENCE Pres"ence, n. Etym: [F. présence, L. praesentia. See Present.] 1. The state of being present, or of being within sight or call, or at hand; -- opposed to absence. 2. The place in which one is present; the part of space within one's ken, call, influence, etc.; neighborhood without the intervention of anything that forbids intercourse. Wrath shell be no more Thenceforth, but in thy presence joy entire. Milton. 3. Specifically, neighborhood to the person of one of superior of exalted rank; also, presence chamber. In such a presence here to plead my thoughts. Shak. An't please your grace, the two great cardinals. Wait in the presence. Shak. 4. The whole of the personal qualities of an individual; person; personality; especially, the person of a superior, as a sovereign. The Sovran Presence thus replied. Milton. 5. An assembly, especially of person of rank or nobility; noble company. Odmar, of all this presence does contain, Give her your wreath whom you esteem most fair. Dryden. 6. Port, mien; air; personal appearence. "Rather dignity of presence than beauty of aspect." Bacon. A graceful presence bespeaks acceptance. Collier. Presence chamber, or Presence room, the room in which a great personage receives company. Addison." Chambers of presence." Bacon. -- Presence of mind, that state of the mind in which all its faculties are alert, prompt, and acting harmoniously in obedience to the will, enabling one to reach, as it were spontaneously or by intuition, just conclusions in sudden emergencies. PRESENSATION Pre`sen*sa"tion, n. Defn: Previous sensation, notion, or idea. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. PRESENSION Pre*sen"sion, n. Etym: [L. praesensio, fr. praesentire to perceive beforehand. See Presentient.] Defn: Previous perception. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PRESENT Pres"ent, a. Etym: [F. présent, L. praesens,-entis, that is before one, in sight or at hand, p. p. of praeesse to be before; prae before + esse to be. See Essence.] 1. Being at hand, within reach or call, within certain contemplated limits; -- opposed to absent. These things have I spoken unto you, being yet present with you. John xiv. 25. 2. Now existing, or in process; begun but not ended; now in view, or under consideration; being at this time; not past or future; as, the present session of Congress; the present state of affairs; the present instance. I'll bring thee to the present business Shak. 3. Not delayed; immediate; instant; coincident. "A present recompense." "A present pardon." Shak. An ambassador . . . desires a present audience. Massinger. 4. Ready; quick in emergency; as a present wit. [R.] 5. Favorably attentive; propitious. [Archaic] To find a god so present to my prayer. Dryden. Present tense (Gram.), the tense or form of a verb which expresses action or being in the present time; as, I am writing, I write, or I do write. PRESENT Pres"ent, n. Etym: [Cf. F. présent. See Present, a.] 1. Present time; the time being; time in progress now, or at the moment contemplated; as, at this present. Past and present, wound in one. Tennyson. 2. pl. (Law) Defn: Present letters or instrument, as a deed of conveyance, a lease, letter of attorney, or other writing; as in the phrase, " Know all men by these presents," that is, by the writing itself, " per has literas praesentes; " -- in this sense, rarely used in the singular. 3. (Gram.) Defn: A present tense, or the form of the verb denoting the present tense. At present, at the present time; now. -- For the present, for the tine being; temporarily. -- In present, at once, without delay. [Obs.] "With them, in present, half his kingdom; the rest to follow at his death." Milton. PRESENT Pre*sent", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Presented; p. pr. & vb. n. Presenting.] Etym: [F. présenter, L. praesentare, fr. praesens, a. See Present, a.] 1. To bring or introduce into the presence of some one, especially of a superior; to introduce formally; to offer for acquaintance; as, to present an envoy to the king; (with the reciprocal pronoun) to come into the presence of a superior. Now there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the lord. Job i. 6 2. To exhibit or offer to view or notice; to lay before one's perception or cognizance; to set forth; to present a fine appearance. Lectorides's memory is ever . . . presenting him with the thoughts of other persons. I. Watts. 3. To pass over, esp. in a ceremonious manner; to give in charge or possession; to deliver; to make over. So ladies in romance assist their knight, Present the spear, and arm him for the fight. Pope. 4. To make a gift of; to bestow; to give, generally in a formal or ceremonious manner; to grant; to confer. My last, least offering, I present thee now. Cowper. 5. Hence: To endow; to bestow a gift upon; to favor, as with a donation; also, to court by gifts. Octavia presented the poet for him admirable elegy on her son Marcellus. Dryden. 6. To present; to personate. [Obs.] Shak. 7. In specific uses; (a) To nominate to an ecclesiastical benefice; to offer to the bishop or ordinary as a candidate for institution. The patron of a church may present his clerk to a parsonage or vicarage; that is, may offer him to the bishop of the diocese to be instituted. Blackstone. (b) To nominate for support at a public school or other institution . Lamb. (c) To lay before a public body, or an official, for consideration, as before a legislature, a court of judicature, a corporation, etc.; as, to present a memorial, petition, remonstrance, or indictment. (d) To lay before a court as an object of inquiry; to give notice officially of, as a crime of offence; to find or represent judicially; as, a grand jury present certain offenses or nuisances, or whatever they think to be public injuries. (e) To bring an indictment against . [U.S] (f) To aim, point, or direct, as a weapon; as, to present a pistol or the point of a sword to the breast of another. Pesent arms (Mil.), the command in response to which the gun is carried perpendicularly in front of the center of the body, and held there with the left hand grasping it at the lower band, and the right hand grasping the small of the stock, in token of respect, as in saluting a superior officer; also, the position taken at such a command. PRESENT Pre*sent", v. i. (Med.) Defn: To appear at the mouth of the uterus so as to be perceptible to the finger in vaginal examination; -- said of a part of an infant during labor. PRESENT Pres"ent, n. Etym: [F. présent .] Defn: Anything presented or given; a gift; a donative; as, a Christmas present. Syn. -- Gift; donation; donative; benefaction. See Gift. PRESENT Pre*sent", n. (Mil.) Defn: The position of a soldier in presenting arms; as, to stand at present. PRESENTABLE Pre*sent"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. présentable.] 1. Capable or admitting of being presented; suitable to be exhibited, represented, or offered; fit to be brought forward or set forth; hence, fitted to be introduced to another, or to go into society; as, ideas that are presentable in simple language; she is not presentable in such a gown. 2. Admitting of the presentation of a clergiman; as, a church presentable. [R.] Ayliffe. PRESENTANEOUS Pres`en*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. praesentaneus. See Present, a.] Defn: Ready; quick; immediate in effect; as, presentaneous poison. [Obs.] Harvey. PRESENTATION Pres`en*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. praesentatio a showing, representation: cf. F. présentation.] 1. The act of presenting, or the state of being presented; a setting forth; an offering; bestowal. Prayers are sometimes a presentation of mere desires. Hooker. 2. Hence, Defn: exhibition; representation; display; appearance; semblance; show. Under the presentation of the shoots his wit. Shak. 3. That which is presented or given; a present; a gift, as, the picture was a presentation. [R.] 4. (Eccl.) Defn: The act of offering a clergyman to the bishop or ordinary for institution in a benefice; the right of presenting a clergyman. If the bishop admits the patron's presentation, the clerk so admitted is next to be instituted by him. Blackstone. 5. (Med.) Defn: The particular position of the child during labor relatively to the passage though which it is to be brought forth; -- specifically designated by the part which first appears at the mouth of the uterus; as, a breech presentation. Presentation copy, a copy of a book, engraving, etc., presented to some one by the author or artist, as a token of regard. PRESENTATIVE Pre*sent"a*tive, a. 1. (Eccl.) Defn: Having the right of presentation, or offering a clergyman to the bishop for institution; as, advowsons are presentative, collative, or donative. Blackstone. 2. Admitting the presentation of a clergyman; as, a presentative parsonage. Spelman. 3. (Metaph.) Defn: Capable of being directly known by, or presented to, the mind; intuitive; directly apprehensible, as objects; capable of apprehending, as faculties. The latter term, presentative faculty, I use . . . in contrast and correlation to a "representative faculty." Sir W. Hamilton. PRESENTEE Pres`en*tee", n. Etym: [F. présenté, p. p. See Present, v. t. ] Defn: One to whom something is presented; also, one who is presented; specifically (Eccl.), one presented to benefice. Ayliffe. PRESENTER Pre*sent"er, n. Defn: One who presents. PRESENTIAL Pre*sen"tial, a. Etym: [LL. praesentialis.] Defn: Implying actual presence; present, immediate. [Obs.] God's mercy is made presential to us. Jer. Taylor. -- Pre*sen"tial*ly, adv. [Obs.] PRESENTIALITY Pre*sen`ti*al"i*ty, n. Defn: State of being actually present. [Obs.] South. PRESENTIATE Pre*sen"ti*ate, v. t. Defn: To make present. [Obs.] PRESENTIENT Pre*sen"tient, a. Etym: [L. praesentiens, p. pr. of praesentire to perceive beforehand; prae before + sentire to feel.] Defn: Feeling or perceiving beforehand. PRESENTIFIC Pres`en*tif"ic, a. Etym: [L. praesens, -entis, present + facere to make.] Defn: Making present. [Obs.] -- Pres`en*tif"ic*ly, adv. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. PRESENTIFICAL Pres`en*tif"ic*al, a. Defn: Presentific. [Obs.] PRESENTIMENT Pre*sen"ti*ment, n. Etym: [Pref. pre- + sentiment: cf. F. pressentiment. See Presentient.] Defn: Previous sentiment, conception, or opinion; previous apprehension; especially, an antecedent impression or conviction of something unpleasant, distressing, or calamitous, about to happen; anticipation of evil; foreboding. PRESENTIMENTAL Pre*sen`ti*men"tal, a. Defn: Of nature of a presentiment; foreboding. [R.] Coleridge. PRESENTION Pre*sen"tion, n. Defn: See Presension. [Obs.] PRESENTIVE Pre*sent"ive, a. (Philol.) Defn: Bringing a conception or notion directly before the mind; presenting an object to the memory of imagination; -- distinguished from symbolic. How greatly the word "will" is felt to have lost presentive power in the last three centuries. Earle. -- Pre*sent"ive*ly, adv. -- Pre*sent"ive*ness, n. PRESENTLY Pres"ent*ly, adv. 1. At present; at this time; now. [Obs.] The towns and forts you presently have. Sir P. Sidney. 2. At once; without delay; forthwith; also, less definitely, soon; shortly; before long; after a little while; by and by. Shak. And presently the fig tree withered away. Matt. xxi. 19. 3. With actual presence; actually . [Obs.] His precious body and blood presently three. Bp. Gardiner. PRESENTMENT Pre*sent"ment, n. 1. The act of presenting, or the state of being presented; presentation. " Upon the heels of my presentment." Shak. 2. Setting forth to view; delineation; appearance; representation; exhibition. Power to cheat the eye with blear illusion, And give it false presentment. Milton. 3. (Law) (a) The notice taken by a grand jury of any offence from their own knowledge or observation, without any bill of indictment laid before them, as, the presentment of a nuisance, a libel, or the like; also, an inquisition of office and indictment by a grand jury; an official accusation presented to a tribunal by the grand jury in an indictment, or the act of offering an indictment; also, the indictment itself. (b) The official notice (formerly required to be given in court) of the surrender of a copyhold estate. Blackstone. Presentment of a bill of exchange, the offering of a bill to the drawee for acceptance, or to the acceptor for payment. See Bill of exchange, under Bill. Mozley & W. PRESENTNESS Pres"ent*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being present; presence. [Obs.] "Presentness of mind in danger." Clarendon. PRESENTOIR Pres`en*toir", n. Etym: [Formed after analogy of French.] Defn: An ornamental tray, dish, or the like, used as a salver. PRESENT VALUE; PRESENT WORTH Pres"ent value or worth (of money payable at a future date). Defn: The principal which, drawing interest at a given rate, will amount to the given sum at the date on which this is to be paid; thus, interest being at 6%, the present value of $106 due one year hence is $100. PRESERVABLE Pre*serv"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being preserved; admitting of preservation. PRESERVATION Pres`er*va"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. préservation.] Defn: The act or process of preserving, or keeping safe; the state of being preserved, or kept from injury, destruction, or decay; security; safety; as, preservation of life, fruit, game, etc.; a picture in good preservation. Give us particulars of thy preservation. Shak. PRESERVATIVE Pre*serv"a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. préservatif.] Defn: Having the power or quality of preserving; tending to preserve, or to keep from injury, decay, etc. PRESERVATIVE Pre*serv"a*tive, n. Defn: That which preserves, or has the power of preserving; a presevative agent. To wear tablets as preservatives against the plague. Bacon. PRESERVATORY Pre*serv"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Preservative. Bp. Hall. PRESERVATORY Pre*serv"a*to*ry, n.; pl. Preservatories (. 1. A preservative. [Obs.] Whitlock. 2. A room, or apparatus, in which perishable things, as fruit, vegetables, etc., can be preserved without decay. PRESERVE Pre*serve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Preserved; p. pr. & vb. n. Preserving.] Etym: [F. préserver, from L. prae before + servare to save, preserve; cf. L. praeservare to observe beforehand. See Serve.] 1. To keep or save from injury or destruction; to guard or defend from evil, harm, danger, etc.; to protect. O Lord, thou preserved man and beast. Ps. xxxvi. 6. Now, good angels preserve the king. Shak. 2. To save from decay by the use of some preservative substance, as sugar, salt, etc.; to season and prepare for remaining in a good state, as fruits, meat, etc.; as, to preserve peaches or grapes. You can not preserve it from tainting. Shak. 3. To maintain throughout; to keep intact; as, to preserve appearances; to preserve silence. To preserve game, to protect it from extermination. Syn. -- To keep; save; secure; uphold; sustain; defend; spare; protect; guard; shield. See Keep. PRESERVE Pre*serve", v. i. 1. To make preserves. Shak. 2. To protect game for purposes of sport. PRESERVE Pre*serve", n. 1. That which is preserved; fruit, etc., seasoned and kept by suitable preparation; esp., fruit cooked with sugar; -- commonly in the plural. 2. A place in which game, fish, etc., are preserved for purposes of sport, or for food. PRESERVER Pre*serv"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, preserves, saves, or defends, from destruction, injury, or decay; esp., one who saves the life or character of another. Shak. 2. One who makes preserves of fruit. Game preserver. See under Game. PRESHOW Pre*show", v. t. Defn: To foreshow. PRESIDE Pre*side", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Presided; p. pr. & vb. n. Presiding.] Etym: [L. praesidere; prae before + sedere to sit: cf. F. présider. See Sit.] 1. To be set, or to sit, in the place of authority; to occupy the place of president, chairman, moderator, director, etc.; to direct, control, and regulate, as chief officer; as, to preside at a public meeting; to preside over the senate. 2. To exercise superintendence; to watch over. Some o'er the public magazines preside. Dryden. PRESIDENCE Pres"i*dence, n. Defn: See Presidency. [Obs.] PRESIDENCY Pres"i*den*cy, n.; pl. Presidencies. Etym: [Cf. F. présidence.] 1. The function or condition of one who presides; superintendence; control and care. 2. The office of president; as, Washington was elected to the presidency. 3. The term during which a president holds his office; as, during the presidency of Madison. 4. One of the three great divisions of British India, the Bengal, Madras, and Bombay Presidencies, each of which had a council of which its governor was president. PRESIDENT Pres"i*dent, n. Defn: Precedent. [Obs.] Bacon. PRESIDENT Pres"i*dent, a. Defn: Occupying the first rank or chief place; having the highest authority; presiding. [R.] His angels president In every province. Milton. PRESIDENT Pres"i*dent, n. Etym: [F. président, L. praesidens, -entis, p. pr. of praesidere. See Preside.] 1. One who is elected or appointed to preside; a presiding officer, as of a legislative body. Specifically: (a) The chief officer of a corporation, company, institution, society, or the like. (b) The chief executive officer of the government in certain republics; as, the president of the United States. 2. A protector; a guardian; a presiding genius. [Obs.] Just Apollo, president of verse. Waller. PRESIDENTIAL Pres`i*den"tial, a. 1. Presiding or watching over. "Presidential angels." Glanvill. 2. Of or pertaining to a president; as, the presidential chair; a presidential election. PRESIDENTSHIP Pres"i*dent*ship, n. Defn: The office and dignity of president; presidency. Hooker. PRESIDER Pre*sid"er, n. Defn: One who presides. PRESIDIAL; PRESIDIARY Pre*sid"i*al, Pre*sid"i*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. praesidialis and praesidiarius, fr. praesidium a presiding over, defense, guard. See Preside.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a garrison; having a garrison. There are three presidial castles in this city. Howell. PRESIDIARY Pre*sid"i*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. praesidiarium.] Defn: A guard. [Obs.] "Heavenly presidiaries." Bp. Hall. PRESIDING Pre*sid"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Preside. Presiding elder. See under 2d Elder. PRESIDIO Pre*si"di*o, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A place of defense; a fortress; a garrison; a fortress; a garrison or guardhouse. PRESIGNIFICATION Pre*sig`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. [praesignificatio. See Presignify.] Defn: The act of signifying or showing beforehand. PRESIGNIFY Pre*sig"ni*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Presignified; imp. & p. p. Presignifying.] Etym: [L. praesignificare; prae before + significare to signify.] Defn: To intimate or signify beforehand; to presage. PRESPHENOID Pre*sphe"noid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of the sphenoid bone; of or pertaining to the anterior part of the sphenoid bone (i. e., the presphenoid bone). Presphenoid bone (Anat.), the anterior part of the body of the sphenoid bone in front of the basisphenoid. It is usually a separate bone in the young or fetus, but becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult. PRESPHENOID Pre*sphe"noid, n. (Anat.) Defn: The presphenoid bone. PRESPHENOIDAL Pre`sphe*noid"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the presphenoid bone; presphenoid. PRESPINAL Pre*spi"nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Prevertebral. PRESS Press, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An East Indian insectivore (Tupaia ferruginea). It is arboreal in its habits, and has a bushy tail. The fur is soft, and varies from rusty red to maroon and to brownish black. PRESS Press, v. t. Etym: [Corrupt. fr. prest ready money advanced, a loan; hence, earnest money given soldiers on entering service. See Prest, n.] Defn: To force into service, particularly into naval service; to impress. To peaceful peasant to the wars is pressed. Dryden. PRESS Press, n. Etym: [For prest, confused with press.] Defn: A commission to force men into public service, particularly into the navy. I have misused the king's press. Shak. Press gang, or Pressgang, a detachment of seamen under the command of an officer empowered to force men into the naval service. See Impress gang, under Impress. -- Press money, money paid to a man enlisted into public service. See Prest money, under Prest, a. PRESS Press, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pressed; p. pr. & vb. n. Pressing.] Etym: [F. presser, fr. L. pressare to press, fr. premere, pressum, to press. Cf. Print, v.] 1. To urge, or act upon, with force, as weight; to act upon by pushing or thrusting, in distinction from pulling; to crowd or compel by a gradual and continued exertion; to bear upon; to squeeze; to compress; as, we press the ground with the feet when we walk; we press the couch on which we repose; we press substances with the hands, fingers, or arms; we are pressed in a crowd. Good measure, pressed down, and shaken together. Luke vi. 38. 2. To squeeze, in order to extract the juice or contents of; to squeeze out, or express, from something. From sweet kernels pressed, She tempers dulcet creams. Milton. And I took the grapes, and pressed them into Pharaoh's cup, and I gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand. Gen. xl. 11. 3. To squeeze in or with suitable instruments or apparatus, in order to compact, make dense, or smooth; as, to press cotton bales, paper, etc.; to smooth by ironing; as, to press clothes. 4. To embrace closely; to hug. Leucothoe shook at these alarms, And pressed Palemon closer in her arms. Pope. 5. To oppress; to bear hard upon. Press not a falling man too far. Shak. 6. To straiten; to distress; as, to be pressed with want or hunger. 7. To exercise very powerful or irresistible influence upon or over; to constrain; to force; to compel. Paul was pressed in the spirit, and testified to the Jews that Jesus was Christ. Acts xviii. 5. 8. To try to force (something upon some one); to urge or inculcate with earnestness or importunity; to enforce; as, to press divine truth on an audience. He pressed a letter upon me within this hour. Dryden. Be sure to press upon him every motive. Addison. 9. To drive with violence; to hurry; to urge on; to ply hard; as, to press a horse in a race. The posts . . . went cut, being hastened and pressed on, by the king's commandment. Esther viii. 14. Note: Press differs from drive and strike in usually denoting a slow or continued application of force; whereas drive and strike denote a sudden impulse of force. Pressed brick. See under Brick. PRESS Press, v. i. 1. To exert pressure; to bear heavily; to push, crowd, or urge with steady force. 2. To move on with urging and crowding; to make one's way with violence or effort; to bear onward forcibly; to crowd; to throng; to encroach. They pressed upon him for to touch him. Mark iii. 10. 3. To urge with vehemence or importunity; to exert a strong or compelling influence; as, an argument presses upon the judgment. PRESS Press, n. Etym: [F. presse. See 4th Press.] 1. An apparatus or machine by which any substance or body is pressed, squeezed, stamped, or shaped, or by which an impression of a body is taken; sometimes, the place or building containing a press or presses. Note: Presses are differently constructed for various purposes in the arts, their specific uses being commonly designated; as, a cotton press, a wine press, a cider press, a copying press, etc. See Drill press. 2. Specifically, a printing press. 3. The art or business of printing and publishing; hence, printed publications, taken collectively, more especially newspapers or the persons employed in writing for them; as, a free press is a blessing, a licentious press is a curse. 4. An upright case or closet for the safe keeping of articles; as, a clothes press. Shak. 5. The act of pressing or thronging forward. In their throng and press to that last hold. Shak. 6. Urgent demands of business or affairs; urgency; as, a press of engagements. 7. A multitude of individuals crowded together; They could not come nigh unto him for the press. Mark ii. 4. Cylinder press, a printing press in which the impression is produced by a revolving cylinder under which the form passes; also, one in which the form of type or plates is curved around a cylinder, instead of resting on a flat bed. Hydrostatic press. See under Hydrostatic. -- Liberty of the press, the free right of publishing books, pamphlets, or papers, without previous restraint or censorship, subject only to punishment for libelous, seditious, or morally pernicious matters. -- Press bed, a bed that may be folded, and inclosed, in a press or closet. Boswell. -- Press of sail, (Naut.), as much sail as the state of the wind will permit. PRESSBOARD Press"board`, n. Defn: A kind of highly sized rag paper or board, sometimes containing a small admixture of wood pulp; -- so called because used originally, as now, in presses for pressing and finishing knit underwear. PRESS CAKE Press cake. Defn: A cake of compressed substance, as: in gunpowder manufacture, the cake resulting from compressing the meal powder; in the treatment of coal tar, the pressed product at various stages of the process; or, in beet-sugar manufacture, the vegetable residue after the sugar juice has been expressed. PRESSER Press"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, presses. Presser bar, or Presser wheel (Knitting machine), a bar or wheel which closes the barbs of the needles to enable the loops of the yarn to pass over them. -- Presser foot, the part of a sewing machine which rests on the cloth and presses it down upon the table of the machine. PRESSGANG Press"gang`, n. Defn: See Press gang, under Press. PRESSING Press"ing, a. Defn: Urgent; exacting; importunate; as, a pressing necessity. -- Press"ing*ly, adv. PRESSION Pres"sion, n. Etym: [L. pressio: cf. F. pression. See 4th Press.] 1. The act of pressing; pressure. Sir I. Newton. 2. (Cartesian Philos.) Defn: An endeavor to move. PRESSIROSTER Pres`si*ros"ter, n. Etym: [L. presssus pressed (p. p. of premere) + rostrum beak: cf. F. pressirostre. See 4th Press.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a tribe of wading birds (Pressirostres) including those which have a compressed beak, as the plovers. PRESSIROSTRAL Pres`si*ros"tral, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pressirosters. PRESSITANT Pres"si*tant, a. Etym: [See 4th Press.] Defn: Gravitating; heavy. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. PRESSIVE Pres"sive, a. Defn: Pressing; urgent; also, oppressive; as, pressive taxation. [R.] Bp. Hall. PRESSLY Press"ly, adv. Defn: Closely; concisely. [Obs.] PRESSMAN Press"man, n.; pl. Pressmen (. 1. One who manages, or attends to, a press, esp. a printing press. 2. One who presses clothes; as, a tailor's pressman. PRESSMAN Press"man, n. Etym: [See 2d Press.] Defn: One of a press gang, who aids in forcing men into the naval service; also, one forced into the service. PRESSOR Press"or, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Causing, or giving rise to, pressure or to an increase of pressure; as, pressor nerve fibers, stimulation of which excites the vasomotor center, thus causing a stronger contraction of the arteries and consequently an increase of the arterial blood pressure; -- opposed to depressor. Landois & Stirling. PRESSPACK Press"pack`, v. t. Defn: To pack, or prepare for packing, by means of a press. PRESS PROOF Press proof. (Print.) (a) The last proof for correction before sending to press. (b) A proof taken on a press, esp. to show impression, margins, color, etc. PRESS REVISE Press revise. (Print.) Defn: A proof for final revision. PRESSURAGE Pres"sur*age, n. Etym: [F.] 1. Pressure. 2. The juice of the grape extracted by the press; also, a fee paid for the use of a wine press. PRESSURE Pres"sure (; 138), n. Etym: [OF., fr. L. pressura, fr. premere. See 4th Press.] 1. The act of pressing, or the condition of being pressed; compression; a squeezing; a crushing; as, a pressure of the hand. 2. A contrasting force or impulse of any kind; as, the pressure of poverty; the pressure of taxes; the pressure of motives on the mind; the pressure of civilization. Where the pressure of danger was not felt. Macaulay. 3. Affliction; distress; grievance. My people's pressures are grievous. Eikon Basilike. In the midst of his great troubles and pressures. Atterbury. 4. Urgency; as, the pressure of business. 5. Impression; stamp; character impressed. All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past. Shak. 6. (Mech.) Defn: The action of a force against some obstacle or opposing force; a force in the nature of a thrust, distributed over a surface, often estimated with reference to the upon a unit's area. Atmospheric pressure, Center of pressure, etc. See under Atmospheric, Center, etc. -- Back pressure (Steam engine), pressure which resists the motion of the piston, as the pressure of exhaust steam which does not find free outlet. -- Fluid pressure, pressure like that exerted by a fluid. It is a thrust which is normal and equally intense in all directions around a point. Rankine. -- Pressure gauge, a gauge for indicating fluid pressure; a manometer. PRESSURE WIRES Pressure wires. (Elec.) Defn: Wires leading from various points of an electric system to a central station, where a voltmeter indicates the potential of the system at those points. PRESSWORK Press"work`, n. Defn: The art of printing from the surface of type, plates, or engravings in relief, by means of a press; the work so done. MacKellar. PRESS WORK 5. Usually Press work. The work of a press agent. [Chiefly Theat. Cant] PREST Prest, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Press. PREST Prest, a. Etym: [OF. prest, F. prêt, fr. L. praestus ready. Cf. Presto.] 1. Ready; prompt; prepared. [Obs.] All prest to such battle he was. R. of Gloucester. 2. Neat; tidy; proper. [Obs.] Tusser. Prest money, money formerly paid to men when they enlisted into the British service; -- so called because it bound those that received it to be ready for service when called upon. PREST Prest, n. Etym: [OF. prest, F. prêt, fr. OF. prester to lend, F. prêter, fr. L. praestare to stand before, to become surety for, to fulfill, offer, supply; prae before + stare to stand. See Pre-, and Stand, and cf. Press to force into service.] 1. Ready money; a loan of money. [Obs.] Requiring of the city a prest of six thousand marks. Bacon. 2. (Law) Defn: A duty in money formerly paid by the sheriff on his account in the exchequer, or for money left or remaining in his hands. Cowell. PREST Prest, v. t. Defn: To give as a loan; to lend. [Obs.] Sums of money . . . prested out in loan. E. Hall. PRESTABLE Prest"a*ble, a. Defn: Payable. [Scot.] PRESTATION Pres*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. praestatio a performing, paying, fr. praestare: cf. F. prestation.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A payment of money; a toll or duty; also, the rendering of a service. Burrill. Prestation money, a sum of money paid yearly by archdeacons and other dignitaries to their bishop. PRESTER Pres"ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. A meteor or exhalation formerly supposed to be thrown from the clouds with such violence that by collision it is set on fire. [Obs.] 2. pl. Defn: One of the veins of the neck when swollen with anger or other excitement. [Obs.] PRESTER Pres"ter, n. Etym: [OF. prestre. See Priest.] Defn: A priest or presbyter; as, Prester John. [Obs.] PRESTERNUM Pre*ster"num, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: The anterior segment of the sternum; the manubrium. -- Pre*ster"nal, a. PRESTIDIGITAL Pres`ti*dig"i*tal, a. Defn: Nimble-fingered; having fingers fit for prestidigitation, or juggling. [R.] "His prestidigital hand." Charles Reade. PRESTIDIGITATION Pres`ti*dig`i*ta"tion, n. Defn: Legerdemain; sleight of hand; juggling. PRESTIDIGITATOR Pres`ti*dig"i*ta`tor, n. Etym: [L. praesto ready + digitus finger: cf. F. prestidigitateur.] Defn: One skilled in legerdemain or sleight of hand; a juggler. PRESTIGE Pres"tige, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. praestigum delusion, illusion, praestigae deceptions, jugglers' tricks, prob. fr. prae before + the root of stinguere to extinguish, originally, to prick. See Stick, v.] 1. Delusion; illusion; trick. [Obs.] The sophisms of infidelity, and the prestiges of imposture. Bp. Warburton. 2. Weight or influence derived from past success; expectation of future achievements founded on those already accomplished; force or charm derived from acknowledged character or reputation. "The prestige of his name must go for something." Sir G. C. Lewis. PRESTIGIATION Pres*tig`i*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. praestigiare to deceive by juggling tricks, fr. praestigae. See Prestige.] Defn: Legerdemain; prestidigitation. [Obs.] PRESTIGIATOR Pres*tig"i*a`tor, n. Etym: [L. praestigiator.] Defn: A juggler; prestidigitator. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. PRESTIGIATORY Pres*tig"i*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Consisting of impostures; juggling. [Obs.] Barrow. PRESTIGIOUS Pres*tig"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. praestigiosus.] Defn: Practicing tricks; juggling. [Obs.] Cotton Mather. PRESTIMONY Pres"ti*mo*ny, n. Etym: [LL. praestimonium, fr. L. praestare to furnish, supply: cf. F. prestimonie. See Prest, n.] (Canon Law) Defn: A fund for the support of a priest, without the title of a benefice. The patron in the collator. PRESTISSIMO Pres*tis"si*mo, adv. Etym: [It., superl. of presto.] (Mus.) Defn: Very quickly; with great rapidity. PRESTO Pres"to, adv. Etym: [It. or Sp. presto quick, quickly. See Prest, a.] 1. Quickly; immediately; in haste; suddenly. Presto! begone! 'tis here again. Swift. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Quickly; rapidly; -- a direction for a quick, lively movement or performance; quicker than allegro, or any rate of time except prestissimo. PRESTRICTION Pre*stric"tion, n. Etym: [L. praestrictio a binding fast, fr. praestringere. See Pre-, and Stringent.] Defn: Obstruction, dimness, or defect of sight. [Obs.] Milton. PRESULTOR Pre*sul"tor, n. Etym: [L. praesultor; prae before + salire to dance.] Defn: A leader in the dance. [R.] PRESUMABLE Pre*sum"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. présumable.] Defn: Such as may be presumed or supposed to be true; that seems entitled to belief without direct evidence. PRESUMABLY Pre*sum"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a presumable manner; by, or according to, presumption. PRESUME Pre*sume", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Presumed; p. pr. & vb. n. Presuming.] Etym: [F. présumer, L. praesumere, praesumptum; prae before + sumere to take. See Assume, Redeem.] 1. To assume or take beforehand; esp., to do or undertake without leave or authority previously obtained. Dare he presume to scorn us in this manner Shak. Bold deed thou hast presumed, adventurous Eve. Milton. 2. To take or suppose to be true, or entitled to belief, without examination or proof, or on the strength of probability; to take for granted; to infer; to suppose. Every man is to be presumed innocent till he is proved to be guilty. Blackstone. What rests but that the mortal sentence pass, . . . Which he presumes already vain and void, Because not yet inflicted Milton. PRESUME Pre*sume", v. i. 1. To suppose or assume something to be, or to be true, on grounds deemed valid, though not amounting to proof; to believe by anticipation; to infer; as, we may presume too far. 2. To venture, go, or act, by an assumption of leave or authority not granted; to go beyond what is warranted by the circumstances of the case; to venture beyond license; to take liberties; -- often with on or upon before the ground of confidence. Do not presume too much upon my love. Shak. This man presumes upon his parts. Locke. PRESUMEDLY Pre*sum"ed*ly, adv. Defn: By presumption. PRESUMER Pre*sum"er, n. Defn: One who presumes; also, an arrogant person. Sir H. Wotton. PRESUMINGLY Pre*sum"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Confidently; arrogantly. PRESUMPTION Pre*sump"tion, n. Etym: [L. praesumptio: cf. F. présomption, OF. also presumpcion. See Presume.] 1. The act of presuming, or believing upon probable evidence; the act of assuming or taking for granted; belief upon incomplete proof. 2. Ground for presuming; evidence probable, but not conclusive; strong probability; reasonable supposition; as, the presumption is that an event has taken place. 3. That which is presumed or assumed; that which is supposed or believed to be real or true, on evidence that is probable but not conclusive. "In contradiction to these very plausible presumptions." De Quincey. 4. The act of venturing beyond due beyond due bounds; an overstepping of the bounds of reverence, respect, or courtesy; forward, overconfident, or arrogant opinion or conduct; presumptuousness; arrogance; effrontery. Thy son I killed for his presumption. Shak. I had the presumption to dedicate to you a very unfinished piece. Dryden. Conclusive presumption. See under Conclusive. -- Presumption of fact (Law), an argument of a fact from a fact; an inference as to the existence of one fact not certainly known, from the existence of some other fact known or proved, founded on a previous experience of their connection; supposition of the truth or real existence of something, without direct or positive proof of the fact, but grounded on circumstantial or probable evidence which entitles it to belief. Burrill. Best. Wharton. -- Presumption of law (Law), a postulate applied in advance to all cases of a particular class; e. g., the presumption of innocence and of regularity of records. Such a presumption is rebuttable or irrebuttable. PRESUMPTIVE Pre*sump"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. présomptif.] 1. Based on presumption or probability; grounded on probable evidence; probable; as, presumptive proof. 2. Presumptuous; arrogant. [R.] Sir T. Browne. Presumptive evidence (Law), that which is derived from circumstances which necessarily or usually attend a fact, as distinct from direct evidence or positive proof; indirect or circumstantial evidence. "Presumptive evidence of felony should be cautiously admitted." Blackstone. The distinction, however, between direct and presumptive (or circumstantial) evidence is now generally abandoned; all evidence being now more or less direct and more or less presumptive. -- Presumptive heir. See Heir presumptive, under Heir. PRESUMPTIVELY Pre*sump"tive*ly, adv. Defn: By presumption, or supposition grounded or probability; presumably. PRESUMPTUOUS Pre*sump"tu*ous, a. Etym: [L. praesumptuosus: cf. F. présomptueux, OF. also presumptuous. See Presumption.] 1. Full of presumption; presuming; overconfident or venturesome; audacious; rash; taking liberties unduly; arrogant; insolent; as, a presumptuous commander; presumptuous conduct. A class of presumptuous men, whom age has not made cautious, nor adversity wise. Buckminster. 2. Founded on presumption; as, a presumptuous idea. "False, presumptuous hope." Milton. 3. Done with hold design, rash confidence, or in violation of known duty; willful. "Keep back the servant also from presumptuous sins." Ps. xix. 13. Syn. -- Overconfident; foolhardy; rash; presuming; forward; arrogant; insolent. PRESUMPTUOUSLY Pre*sump"tu*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a presumptuous manner; arrogantly. PRESUMPTUOUSNESS Pre*sump"tu*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being presumptuous. PRESUPPOSAL Pre`sup*pos"al, n. Defn: Presupposition. [R.] "Presupposal of knowledge." Hooker. PRESUPPOSE Pre`sup*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Presupposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Presupposing.] Etym: [Pref. pre- + suppose: cf. F. présupposer.] Defn: To suppose beforehand; to imply as antecedent; to take for granted; to assume; as, creation presupposes a creator. Each [kind of knowledge] presupposes many necessary things learned in other sciences, and known beforehand. Hooker. PRESUPPOSITION Pre*sup`po*si"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. pre- + supposition: cf. F. présupposition.] 1. The act of presupposing; an antecedent implication; presumption. 2. That which is presupposed; a previous supposition or surmise. PRESURMISE Pre`sur*mise", n. Defn: A surmise previously formed. Shak. PRESYSTOLIC Pre`sys*tol"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Preceding the systole or contraction of the heart; as, the presystolic friction sound. PRETEMPORAL Pre*tem"po*ral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of the temporal bone. PRETENCE; PRETENCEFUL; PRETENCELESS Pre*tence", n., Pre*tence"ful, a., Pre*tence"*less, a. Defn: See Pretense, Pretenseful, Pretenseless. PRETEND Pre*tend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pretended; p. pr. & vb. n. Pretending.] Etym: [OE. pretenden to lay claim to, F. prétendre, L. praetendere, praetentum, to stretch forward, pretend, simulate, assert; prae before + tendere to stretch. See Tend, v. t. ] 1. To lay a claim to; to allege a title to; to claim. Chiefs shall be grudged the part which they pretend. Dryden. 2. To hold before, or put forward, as a cloak or disguise for something else; to exhibit as a veil for something hidden. [R.] Lest that too heavenly form, pretended To hellish falsehood, snare them. Milton. 3. To hold out, or represent, falsely; to put forward, or offer, as true or real (something untrue or unreal); to show hypocritically, or for the purpose of deceiving; to simulate; to feign; as, to pretend friendship. This let him know, Lest, willfully transgressing, he pretend Surprisal. Milton. 4. To intend; to design; to plot; to attempt. [Obs.] Such as shall pretend Malicious practices against his state. Shak. 5. To hold before one; to extend. [Obs.] "His target always over her pretended." Spenser. PRETEND Pre*tend", v. i. 1. To put in, or make, a claim, truly or falsely; to allege a title; to lay claim to, or strive after, something; -- usually with to. "Countries that pretend to freedom." Swift. For to what fine he would anon pretend, That know I well. Chaucer. 2. To hold out the appearance of being, possessing, or performing; to profess; to make believe; to feign; to sham; as, to pretend to be asleep. "[He] pretended to drink the waters." Macaulay. PRETENDANT Pre*tend"ant, n. Defn: A pretender; a claimant. PRETENDED Pre*tend"ed, a. Defn: Making a false appearance; unreal; false; as, pretended friend. -- Pre*tend"ed*ly, adv. PRETENDENCE Pre*tend"ence, n. Defn: The act of pretending; pretense. [Obs.] Daniel. PRETENDER Pre*tend"er, n. 1. One who lays claim, or asserts a title (to something); a claimant. Specifically, Defn: The pretender (Eng. Hist.), the son or the grandson of James II., the heir of the royal family of Stuart, who laid claim to the throne of Great Britain, from which the house was excluded by law. It is the shallow, unimproved intellects that are the confident pretenders to certainty. Glanvill. 2. One who pretends, simulates, or feigns. PRETENDERSHIP Pre*tend"er*ship, n. Defn: The character, right, or claim of a pretender. Swift. PRETENDINGLY Pre*tend"ing*ly, adv. Defn: As by right or title; arrogantly; presumptuously. Collier. PRETENSE; PRETENCE Pre*tense", Pre*tence, n. Etym: [LL. praetensus, for L. praetentus, p. p. of praetendere. See Pretend, and cf. Tension.] 1. The act of laying claim; the claim laid; assumption; pretension. Spenser. Primogeniture can not have any pretense to a right of solely inheriting property or power. Locke. I went to Lambeth with Sir R. Brown's pretense to the wardenship of Merton College, Oxford. Evelyn. 2. The act of holding out, or offering, to others something false or feigned; presentation of what is deceptive or hypocritical; deception by showing what is unreal and concealing what is real; false show; simulation; as, pretense of illness; under pretense of patriotism; on pretense of revenging Cæsar's death. 3. That which is pretended; false, deceptive, or hypocritical show, argument, or reason; pretext; feint. Let not the Trojans, with a feigned pretense Of proffered peace, delude the Latian prince. Dryden. 4. Intention; design. [Obs.] A very pretense and purpose of unkindness. Shak. Note: See the Note under Offense. Syn. -- Mask; appearance; color; show; pretext; excuse. -- Pretense, Pretext. A pretense is something held out as real when it is not so, thus falsifying the truth. A pretext is something woven up in order to cover or conceal one's true motives, feelings, or reasons. Pretext is often, but not always, used in a bad sense. PRETENSED Pre*tensed", a. Defn: Pretended; feigned. [Obs.] -- Pre*tens"ed*ly, adv. [Obs.] PRETENSEFUL Pre*tense"ful, a. Defn: Abounding in pretenses. PRETENSELESS Pre*tense"less, a. Defn: Not having or making pretenses. PRETENSION Pre*ten"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prétention. See Pretend, Tension.] 1. The act of pretending, or laying claim; the act of asserting right or title. The arrogant pretensions of Glengarry contributed to protract the discussion. Macaulay. 2. A claim made, whether true or false; a right alleged or assumed; a holding out the appearance of possessing a certain character; as, pretensions to scholarship. This was but an invention and pretension given out by the Spaniards. Bacon. Men indulge those opinions and practices that favor their pretensions. L'Estrange. PRETENTATIVE Pre*ten"ta*tive, a. Etym: [Pref. pre- + tentative: cf. L. praetentare to try beforehand.] Defn: Fitted for trial beforehand; experimental. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. PRETENTIOUS Pre*ten"tious, a. Etym: [Cf. F. prétentieux. See Pretend.] Defn: Full of pretension; disposed to lay claim to more than is one's; presuming; assuming. -- Pre*ten"tious*ly, adv. -- Pre*ten"tious*ness, n. PRETER- Pre"ter-. Etym: [L. praeter past, beyond, originally a compar. of prae before. See For, prep.] Defn: A prefix signifying past, by, beyond, more than; as, preter- mission, a permitting to go by; preternatural, beyond or more than is natural. [Written also præter.] PRETERHUMAN Pre`ter*hu"man, a. Etym: [Pref. preter- + human.] Defn: More than human. PRETERIENT Pre*te"ri*ent, a. Etym: [L. praeteriens, p. pr. See Preterit.] Defn: Passed through; antecedent; previous; as, preterient states. [R.] PRETERIMPERFECT Pre`ter*im*per"fect, a. & n. Etym: [Pref. preter- + imperfect.] (Gram.) Defn: Old name of the tense also called imperfect. PRETERIST Pret"er*ist, n. Etym: [Pref. preter- + -ist.] 1. One whose chief interest is in the past; one who regards the past with most pleasure or favor. 2. (Theol.) Defn: One who believes the prophecies of the Apocalypse to have been already fulfilled. Farrar. PRETERIT Pret"er*it, a. Etym: [L. praeteritus, p. p. of praeterire to go or pass by; praeter beyond, by + ire to go: cf. F. prétérit. See Issue.] [Written also preterite and præterite.] 1. (Gram.) Defn: Past; -- applied to a tense which expresses an action or state as past. 2. Belonging wholly to the past; passed by. [R.] Things and persons as thoroughly preterite as Romulus or Numa. Lowell. PRETERIT Pret"er*it, n. (Gram.) Defn: The preterit; also, a word in the preterit tense. PRETERITE Pret"er*ite, a. & n. Defn: Same as Preterit. PRETERITENESS Pret"er*ite*ness, n. Defn: Same as Preteritness. PRETERITION Pre`ter*i"tion, n. Etym: [L. praeteritio: cf. F. prétérition.] 1. The act of passing, or going past; the state of being past. Bp. Hall. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which, in pretending to pass over anything, a summary mention of it is made; as, "I will not say, he is valiant, he is learned, he is just." Called also paraleipsis. 3. (Law) Defn: The omission by a testator of some one of his heirs who is entitled to a portion. Bouvier. PRETERITIVE Pre*ter"i*tive, a. (Gram.) Defn: Used only or chiefly in the preterit or past tenses, as certain verbs. PRETERITNESS Pret"er*it*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being past. Bentley. Lowell. PRETERLAPSED Pre`ter*lapsed", a. Etym: [L. praeterlapsus, p. p. of praeterlabi to glide by. See Preter-, Lapse.] Defn: Past; as, preterlapsed ages. [R.] Glanvill. PRETERLEGAL Pre`ter*le"gal, a. Etym: [Pref. preter- + legal.] Defn: Exceeding the limits of law. [R.] PRETERMISSION Pre`ter*mis"sion, n. Etym: [L. praetermissio. See Pretermit.] 1. The act of passing by or omitting; omission. Milton. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: See Preterition. PRETERMIT Pre`ter*mit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pretermitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Pretermitting.] Etym: [L. praetermittere, praetermissum; praeter beyond + mittere to send. See Mission.] Defn: To pass by; to omit; to disregard. Bacon. PRETERNATURAL Pre`ter*nat"u*ral, a. Etym: [Pref. preter + natural.] Defn: Beyond of different from what is natural, or according to the regular course of things, but not clearly supernatural or miraculous; strange; inexplicable; extraordinary; uncommon; irregular; abnormal; as, a preternatural appearance; a preternatural stillness; a preternatural presentation (in childbirth) or labor. This vile and preternatural temper of mind. South. Syn. -- See Supernatural. PRETERNATURALISM Pre`ter*nat"u*ral*ism, n. Defn: The state of being preternatural; a preternatural condition. PRETERNATURALITY Pre`ter*nat`u*ral"i*ty, n. Defn: Preternaturalness. [R.] Dr. John Smith. PRETERNATURALLY Pre`ter*nat"u*ral*ly, adv. Defn: In a preternatural manner or degree. Bacon. PRETERNATURALNESS Pre`ter*nat"u*ral*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being preternatural. PRETERPERFECT Pre`ter*per"fect, a. & n. Etym: [Pref. preter- + perfect.] (Gram.) Defn: Old name of the tense also called preterit. PRETERPLUPERFECT Pre`ter*plu"per`fect, a. & n. Etym: [Pref. preter- + pluperfect.] (Gram.) Defn: Old name of the tense also called pluperfect. PRETERTIARY Pre*ter"ti*a*ry, a. (Geol.) Defn: Earlier than Tertiary. PRETERVECTION Pre`ter*vec"tion, n. Etym: [L. praetervectio, fr. praetervehere to carry beyond. See Invection.] Defn: The act of carrying past or beyond. [R.] Abp. Potter. PRETEX Pre*tex", v. t. Etym: [L. praetexere. See Pretext.] Defn: To frame; to devise; to disguise or excuse; hence, to pretend; to declare falsely. [Obs.] PRETEXT Pre"text, n. Etym: [F. prétexte, L. praetextum, fr. praetextus, p. p. of praetexere to weave before, allege as an excuse; prae before + texere to weave. See Text.] Defn: Ostensible reason or motive assigned or assumed as a color or cover for the real reason or motive; pretense; disguise. They suck the blood of those they depend on, under a pretext of service and kindness. L'Estrange. With how much or how little pretext of reason. Dr. H. More. Syn. -- Pretense; excuse; semblance; disguise; appearance. See Pretense. PRETEXTURE Pre*tex"ture, n. Defn: A pretext. [Obs.] PRETIBIAL Pre*tib"i*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of the tibia. PRETOR Pre"tor, n. Etym: [L. praetor, for praeitor, fr. praeire to go before; prae before + ire to go. See Issue.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A civil officer or magistrate among the ancient Romans. Note: Originally the pretor was a kind of third consul; but at an early period two pretors were appointed, the first of whom (praetor urbanus) was a kind of mayor or city judge; the other (praetor peregrinus) was a judge of cases in which one or both of the parties were foreigners. Still later, the number of pretors, or judges, was further increased. 2. Hence, a mayor or magistrate. [R.] Dryden. PRETORIAL Pre*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Pretorian. Burke. PRETORIAN Pre*to"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. praetorians: cf. F. prétorien.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a pretor or magistrate; judicial; exercised by, or belonging to, a pretor; as, pretorian power or authority. Pretorian bands or guards, or Pretorians (Rom. Hist.), the emperor's bodyguards, instituted by the Emperor Augustus in nine cohorts of 1,000 men each. -- Pretorian gate (Rom. Antiq.), that one of the four gates in a camp which lay next the enemy. Brande & C. PRETORIAN Pre*to"ri*an, n. Defn: A soldier of the pretorian guard. PRETORIUM Pre*to"ri*um, n. Etym: [L. praetorium, fr. praetor.] 1. The general's tent in a Roman camp; hence, a council of war, because held in the general's tent. 2. The official residence of a governor of a province; hence, a place; a splendid country seat. PRETORSHIP Pre"tor*ship, n. Defn: The office or dignity of a pretor. J. Warton PRETORTURE Pre*tor"ture, v. t. Defn: To torture beforehand. Fuller. PRETTILY Pret"ti*ly, adv. Defn: In a pretty manner. PRETTINESS Pret"ti*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being pretty; -- used sometimes in a disparaging sense. A style . . . without sententious pretension or antithetical prettiness. Jeffrey. PRETTY Pret"ty, a. [Compar. Prettier; superl. Prettiest.] Etym: [OE. prati, AS. prættig, prætig, crafty, sly, akin to præt, prætt, deceit, trickery, Icel. prettugr tricky, prettr a trick; probably fr. Latin, perhaps through Celtic; cf. W. praith act, deed, practice, LL. practica execution, practice, plot. See Practice.] 1. Pleasing by delicacy or grace; attracting, but not striking or impressing; of a pleasing and attractive form a color; having slight or diminutive beauty; neat or elegant without elevation or grandeur; pleasingly, but not grandly, conceived or expressed; as, a pretty face; a pretty flower; a pretty poem. This is the prettiest lowborn lass that ever Ran on the greensward. Shak. 2. Moderately large; considerable; as, he had saved a pretty fortune. "Wavering a pretty while." Evelyn. 3. Affectedly nice; foppish; -- used in an ill sense. The pretty gentleman is the most complaisant in the world. Spectator. 4. Mean; despicable; contemptible; -- used ironically; as, a pretty trick; a pretty fellow. 5. Stout; strong and brave; intrepid; valiant. [Scot.] [He] observed they were pretty men, meaning not handsome. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- Elegant; neat; fine. See Handsome. PRETTY Pret"ty, adv. Defn: In some degree; moderately; considerably; rather; almost; -- less emphatic than very; as, I am pretty sure of the fact; pretty cold weather. Pretty plainly professes himself a sincere Christian. Atterbury. PRETTYISH Pret"ty*ish, a. Defn: Somewhat pretty. Walpole. PRETTYISM Pret"ty*ism, n. Defn: Affectation of a pretty style, manner, etc. [R.] Ed. Rev. PRETTY-SPOKEN Pret"ty-spo`ken, a. Defn: Spoken or speaking prettily. [Colloq.] PRETYPIFY Pre*typ"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pretypified; p. pr. & vb. n. Pretypifying.] Defn: To prefigure; to exhibit previously in a type. Bp. Pearson. PRETZEL Pret"zel, n. Etym: [G. pretzel, bretzel. Cf. Bretzel.] Defn: A kind of German biscuit or cake in the form of a twisted ring, salted on the outside. PREVAIL Pre*vail", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prevailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Prevailing.] Etym: [F. prévaloir, OF. prevaleir, L. praevalere; prae before + valere to be strong, able, or worth. See Valiant.] 1. To overcome; to gain the victory or superiority; to gain the advantage; to have the upper hand, or the mastery; to succeed; -- sometimes with over or against. When Moses held up his hand, Israel prevailed, and when he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed. Ex. xvii. 11. So David prevailed over the Philistine. 1 Sam. xvii. 50. This kingdom could never prevail against the united power of England. Swift. 2. To be in force; to have effect, power, or influence; to be predominant; to have currency or prevalence; to obtain; as, the practice prevails this day. This custom makes the short-sighted bigots, and the warier skeptics, as far as it prevails. Locke. 3. To persuade or induce; -- with on, upon, or with; as, I prevailedon him to wait. He was prevailed with to restrain the Earl. Clarendon. Prevail upon some judicious friend to be your constant hearer, and allow him the utmost freedom. Swift. PREVAILING Pre*vail"ing, a. 1. Having superior force or influence; efficacious; persuasive. Shak. Saints shall assist thee with prevailing prayers. Rowe. 2. Predominant; prevalent; most general; as, the prevailing disease of a climate; a prevailing opinion. Syn. See Prevalent. PREVAILINGLY Pre*vail"ing*ly, adv. Defn: So as to prevail. PREVAILMENT Pre*vail"ment, n. Defn: Prevalence; superior influence; efficacy. [Obs.] Shak. PREVALENCE Prev"a*lence, n. Etym: [L. praevalentia: cf. F. prévalence. See Prevail.] Defn: The quality or condition of being prevalent; superior strength, force, or influence; general existence, reception, or practice; wide extension; as, the prevalence of virtue, of a fashion, or of a disease; the prevalence of a rumor. The duke better knew what kind of argument were of prevalence with him. Clarendon. PREVALENCY Prev"a*len*cy, n. Defn: See Prevalence. PREVALENT Prev"a*lent, a. Etym: [L. praevalens, -entis, p. pr. of praevalere. See Prevail.] 1. Gaining advantage or superiority; having superior force, influence, or efficacy; prevailing; predominant; successful; victorious. Brennus told the Roman embassadors, that prevalent arms were as good as any title. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Most generally received or current; most widely adopted or practiced; also, generally or extensively existing; widespread; prevailing; as, a prevalent observance; prevalent disease. This was the most received and prevalent opinion. Woodward. Syn. -- Prevailing; predominant; successful; efficacious; powerful. -- Prevalent, Prevailing. What customarily prevails is prevalent; as, a prevalent fashion. What actually prevails is prevailing; as, the prevailing winds are west. Hence, prevailing is the livelier and more pointed word, since it represents a thing in action. It is sometimes the stronger word, since a thing may prevail sufficiently to be called prevalent, and yet require greater strength to make it actually prevailing. PREVALENTLY Prev"a*lent"ly, adv. Defn: In a prevalent manner. Prior. PREVARICATE Pre*var"i*cate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prevaricated; p. pr. & vb. n. Prevaricating.] Etym: [L. praevaricatus, p. p. of praevaricari to walk crookedly, to collude; prae before + varicare to straddle, fr. varicus straddling, varus bent. See Varicose.] 1. To shift or turn from one side to the other, from the direct course, or from truth; to speak with equivocation; to shuffle; to quibble; as, he prevaricates in his statement. He prevaricates with his own understanding. South. 2. (Civil Law) Defn: To collude, as where an informer colludes with the defendant, and makes a sham prosecution. 3. (Eng. Law) Defn: To undertake a thing falsely and deceitfully, with the purpose of defeating or destroying it. Syn. -- To evade; equivocate; quibble; shuffle. -- Prevaricate, Evade, Equivocate. One who evades a question ostensibly answers it, but really turns aside to some other point. He who equivocate uses words which have a double meaning, so that in one sense he can claim to have said the truth, though he does in fact deceive, and intends to do it. He who prevaricates talks all round the question, hoping to "dodge" it, and disclose nothing. PREVARICATE Pre*var"i*cate, v. t. Defn: To evade by a quibble; to transgress; to pervert. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. PREVARICATION Pre*var`i*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. praevaricatio: cf. F. prévarication.] 1. The act of prevaricating, shuffling, or quibbling, to evade the truth or the disclosure of truth; a deviation from the truth and fair dealing. The august tribunal of the skies, where no prevarication shall avail. Cowper. 2. A secret abuse in the exercise of a public office. 3. (Law) (a) (Roman Law) The collusion of an informer with the defendant, for the purpose of making a sham prosecution. (b) (Common Law) A false or deceitful seeming to undertake a thing for the purpose of defeating or destroying it. Cowell. PREVARICATOR Pre*var"i*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L. praevaricator: cf. F. prévaricateur.] 1. One who prevaricates. 2. (Roman Law) Defn: A sham dealer; one who colludes with a defendant in a sham prosecution. 3. One who betrays or abuses a trust. Prynne. PREVE Preve, v. i. & i. Defn: To prove. [Obs.] Chaucer. PREVE Preve, n. Defn: Proof. [Obs.] Chaucer. PREVENANCE Prev"e*nance, n. Etym: [F. prévenance.] (Metaph.) Defn: A going before; anticipation in sequence or order. "The law of prevenance is simply the well-known law of phenomenal sequence." Ward. PREVENANCY Prev"e*nan*cy, n. Defn: The act of anticipating another's wishes, desires, etc., in the way of favor or courtesy; hence, civility; obligingness. [Obs.] Sterne. PREVENE Pre*vene", v. t. & i. Etym: [F. prévenir, L. praevenire. See Prevent.] Defn: To come before; to anticipate; hence, to hinder; to prevent. [Obs.] Philips. PREVENIENCE Pre*ven"i*ence, n. Defn: The act of going before; anticipation. [R.] PREVENIENT Pre*ven"i*ent, a. Etym: [L. praeveniens, p. pr.] Defn: Going before; preceding; hence, preventive. "Prevenient grace descending." Milton. PREVENT Pre*vent", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prevented; p. pr. & vb. n. Preventing.] Etym: [L. praevenire, praeventum; prae before + venire to come. See Come.] 1. To go before; to precede; hence, to go before as a guide; to direct. [Obs.] We which are alive and remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them which are asleep. 1 Thess. iv. 15. We pray thee that thy grace may always prevent and follow us. Bk. of Common Prayer. Then had I come, preventing Sheba's queen. Prior. 2. To be beforehand with; to anticipate. [Obs.] Their ready guilt preventing thy commands. Pope. 3. To intercept; to hinder; to frustrate; to stop; to thwart. "This vile purpose to prevent." Shak. Perhaps forestalling night prevented them. Milton. PREVENT Pre*vent", v. i. Defn: To come before the usual time. [Obs.] Strawberries . . . will prevent and come early. Bacon. PREVENTABILITY Pre*vent`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being preventable. PREVENTABLE Pre*vent"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being prevented or hindered; as, preventable diseases. PREVENTATIVE Pre*vent"a*tive, n. Defn: That which prevents; -- incorrectly used instead of preventive. PREVENTER Pre*vent"er, n. 1. One who goes before; one who forestalls or anticipates another. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. One who prevents or obstructs; a hinderer; that which hinders; as, a preventer of evils or of disease. 3. (Naut.) Defn: An auxiliary rope to strengthen a mast. Preventer bolts, or Preventer plates (Naut.), fixtures connected with preventers to reënforce other rigging. -- Preventer stay. (Naut.) Same as Preventer, 3. PREVENTINGLY Pre*vent"ing*ly, adv. Defn: So as to prevent or hinder. PREVENTION Pre*ven"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prévention.] 1. The act of going, or state of being, before. [Obs.] The greater the distance, the greater the prevention. Bacon. 2. Anticipation; esp., anticipation of needs or wishes; hence, precaution; forethought. [Obs.] Hammond. Shak. 3. The act of preventing or hindering; obstruction of action, access, or approach; thwarting. South. Casca, be sudden, for we fear prevention. Shak. 4. Prejudice; prepossession. [A Gallicism] Dryden. PREVENTIONAL Pre*ven"tion*al, a. Defn: Tending to prevent. [Obs.] PREVENTIVE Pre*vent"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. préventif.] 1. Going before; preceding. [Obs.] Any previous counsel or preventive understanding. Cudworth. 2. Tending to defeat or hinder; obviating; preventing the access of; as, a medicine preventive of disease. Physic is either curative or preventive. Sir T. Browne. Preventive service, the duty performed by the armed police in guarding the coast against smuggling. [Eng] PREVENTIVE Pre*vent"ive, n. Defn: That which prevents, hinders, or obstructs; that which intercepts access; in medicine, something to prevent disease; a prophylactic. PREVENTIVELY Pre*vent"ive*ly, adv. Defn: In a preventive manner. PREVERTEBRAL Pre*ver"te*bral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated immediately in front, or on the ventral side, of the vertebral column; prespinal. PREVIOUS Pre"vi*ous, a. Etym: [L. praevius going before, leading the way; prae before + via the way. See Voyage.] Defn: Going before in time; being or happening before something else; antecedent; prior; as, previous arrangements; a previous illness. The dull sound . . . previous to the storm, Rolls o'er the muttering earth. Thomson. Previous question. (Parliamentary Practice) See under Question, and compare Closure. -- Previous to, before; -- often used adverbially for previously. "Previous to publication." M. Arnold. "A policy . . . his friends had advised previous to 1710." J. H. Newman. Syn. -- Antecedent; preceding; anterior; prior; foregoing; former. PREVIOUSLY Pre"vi*ous*ly, adv. Defn: Beforehand; antecedently; as, a plan previously formed. PREVIOUSNESS Pre"vi*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being previous; priority or antecedence in time. PREVISE Pre*vise", v. t. Etym: [L. praevisus, p. p. of praevidere to foresee; prae before + videre to see. See Vision.] 1. To foresee. [R.] 2. To inform beforehand; to warn. Ld. Lytton. PREVISION Pre*vi"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prévision.] Defn: Foresight; foreknowledge; prescience. H. Spencer. PREVOYANT Pre*voy"ant, a. Etym: [F. prévoyant.] Defn: Foreseeing; prescient. [R.] Mrs. Oliphant. PREWARN Pre*warn", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Prewarned; p. pr. & vb. n. Prewarning.] Defn: To warn beforehand; to forewarn. [R.] PREY Prey, n. Etym: [OF. preie, F. proie, L. praeda, probably for praeheda. See Prehensile, and cf. Depredate, Predatory.] Defn: Anything, as goods, etc., taken or got by violence; anything taken by force from an enemy in war; spoil; booty; plunder. And they brought the captives, and the prey, and the spoil, unto Moses, and Eleazar the priest. Num. xxxi. 12. 2. That which is or may be seized by animals or birds to be devoured; hence, a person given up as a victim. The old lion perisheth for lack of prey. Job iv. ii. Already sees herself the monster's prey. Dryden. 3. The act of devouring other creatures; ravage. Hog in sloth, fox in stealth, . . . lion in prey. Shak. Beast of prey, a carnivorous animal; one that feeds on the flesh of other animals. PREY Prey, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Preyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Preying.] Etym: [OF. preier, preer, L. praedari, fr. praeda. See Prey, n.] Defn: To take booty; to gather spoil; to ravage; to take food by violence. More pity that the eagle should be mewed, While kites and buzzards prey at liberty. Shak. To prey on or upon. (a) To take prey from; to despoil; to pillage; to rob. Shak. (b) To seize as prey; to take for food by violence; to seize and devour. Shak. (c) To wear away gradually; to cause to waste or pine away; as, the trouble preyed upon his mind. Addison. PREYER Prey"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, preys; a plunderer; a waster; a devourer. Hooker. PREYFUL Prey"ful, a. 1. Disposed to take prey. [Obs.] The preyful brood of savage beasts. Chapman. 2. Rich in prey. [Obs.] Shak. PREZYGAPOPHYSIS Pre*zyg`a*poph"y*sis, n.; pl. Prezygapophyses. Etym: [NL. See Pre-, and Zygapophysis.] (Anat.) Defn: An anterior zygapophysis. PRIAL Pri"al, n. Defn: A corruption of pair royal. See under Pair, n. PRIAN Pri"an, n. Etym: [Cornish, clayey ground, from pri clay.] (Mining) Defn: A fine, white, somewhat friable clay; also, the ore contained in a mixture of clay and pebbles. [Written also pryan.] PRIAPEAN Pri`a*pe"an, n. Etym: [Cf. L. Priapeius pertaining to Priapus.] (Lat. Pros.) Defn: A species of hexameter verse so constructed as to be divisible into two portions of three feet each, having generally a trochee in the first and the fourth foot, and an amphimacer in the third; -- applied also to a regular hexameter verse when so constructed as to be divisible into two portions of three feet each. Andrews. PRIAPISM Pri"a*pism, n. Etym: [L. priapismus, Gr. Priapus the god of procreation, the penis, Gr. priapisme.] (Med.) Defn: More or less permanent erection and rigidity of the penis, with or without sexual desire. PRIAPULACEA Pri*ap`u*la"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Priapism.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Gephyræa, having a cylindrical body with a terminal anal opening, and usually with one or two caudal gills. PRICASOUR Pric"a*sour, n. Defn: A hard rider. [Obs.] PRICE Price, n. Etym: [OE. pris, OF. pris, F. prix, L. pretium; cf. Gr. pa to buy, OI. renim I sell. Cf. Appreciate, Depreciate, Interpret, Praise, n. & v., Precious, Prize.] 1. The sum or amount of money at which a thing is valued, or the value which a seller sets on his goods in market; that for which something is bought or sold, or offered for sale; equivalent in money or other means of exchange; current value or rate paid or demanded in market or in barter; cost. "Buy wine and milk without money and without price." Isa. lv. 1. We can afford no more at such a price. Shak. 2. Value; estimation; excellence; worth. Her price is far above rubies. Prov. xxxi. 10. New treasures still, of countless price. Keble. 3. Reward; recompense; as, the price of industry. 'T is the price of toil, The knave deserves it when he tills the soil. Pope. Price current, or Price list, a statement or list of the prevailing prices of merchandise, stocks, specie, bills of exchange, etc., published statedly or occasionally. PRICE Price, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Priced; p. pr. & vb. n. Pricing.] 1. To pay the price of. [Obs.] With thine own blood to price his blood. Spenser. 2. To set a price on; to value. See Prize. 3. To ask the price of; as, to price eggs. [Colloq.] PRICED Priced, a. Defn: Rated in price; valued; as, high-priced goods; low-priced labor. PRICEITE Price"ite, n. Etym: [From Thomas Price of San Francisco.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous borate of lime, from Oregon. PRICELESS Price"less, a. 1. Too valuable to admit of being appraised; of inestimable worth; invaluable. 2. Of no value; worthless. [R.] J. Barlow. PRICK Prick, n. Etym: [AS. prica, pricca, pricu; akin to LG. prick, pricke, D. prik, Dan. prik, prikke, Sw. prick. Cf. Prick, v.] 1. That which pricks, penetrates, or punctures; a sharp and slender thing; a pointed instrument; a goad; a spur, etc.; a point; a skewer. Pins, wooden pricks, nails, sprigs of rosemary. Shak. It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks. Acts ix. 5. 2. The act of pricking, or the sensation of being pricked; a sharp, stinging pain; figuratively, remorse. "The pricks of conscience." A. Tucker. 3. A mark made by a pointed instrument; a puncture; a point. Hence: (a) A point or mark on the dial, noting the hour. [Obs.] "The prick of noon." Shak. (b) The point on a target at which an archer aims; the mark; the pin. "They that shooten nearest the prick." Spenser. (c) A mark denoting degree; degree; pitch. [Obs.] "To prick of highest praise forth to advance." Spenser. (d) A mathematical point; -- regularly used in old English translations of Euclid. (e) The footprint of a hare. [Obs.] 4. (Naut.) Defn: A small roll; as, a prick of spun yarn; a prick of tobacco. PRICK Prick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pricked; p. pr. & vb. n. Pricking.] Etym: [AS. prician; akin to LG. pricken, D. prikken, Dan. prikke, Sw. pricka. See Prick, n., and cf. Prink, Prig.] 1. To pierce slightly with a sharp-pointed instrument or substance; to make a puncture in, or to make by puncturing; to drive a fine point into; as, to prick one with a pin, needle, etc.; to prick a card; to prick holes in paper. 2. To fix by the point; to attach or hang by puncturing; as, to prick a knife into a board. Sir I. Newton. The cooks prick it [a slice] on a prong of iron. Sandys. 3. To mark or denote by a puncture; to designate by pricking; to choose; to mark; -- sometimes with off. Some who are pricked for sheriffs. Bacon. Let the soldiers for duty be carefully pricked off. Sir W. Scott. Those many, then, shall die: their names are pricked. Shak. 4. To mark the outline of by puncturing; to trace or form by pricking; to mark by punctured dots; as, to prick a pattern for embroidery; to prick the notes of a musical composition. Cowper. 5. To ride or guide with spurs; to spur; to goad; to incite; to urge on; -- sometimes with on, or off. Who pricketh his blind horse over the fallows. Chaucer. The season pricketh every gentle heart. Chaucer. My duty pricks me on to utter that. Shak. 6. To affect with sharp pain; to sting, as with remorse. "I was pricked with some reproof." Tennyson. Now when they heard this, they were pricked in their heart. Acts ii. 37. 7. To make sharp; to erect into a point; to raise, as something pointed; -- said especially of the ears of an animal, as a horse or dog; and usually followed by up; -- hence, to prick up the ears, to listen sharply; to have the attention and interest strongly engaged. "The courser . . . pricks up his ears." Dryden. 8. To render acid or pungent. [Obs.] Hudibras. 9. To dress; to prink; -- usually with up. [Obs.] 10. (Naut) (a) To run a middle seam through, as the cloth of a sail. (b) To trace on a chart, as a ship's course. 11. (Far.) (a) To drive a nail into (a horse's foot), so as to cause lameness. (b) To nick. PRICK Prick, v. i. 1. To be punctured; to suffer or feel a sharp pain, as by puncture; as, a sore finger pricks. 2. To spur onward; to ride on horseback. Milton. A gentle knight was pricking on the plain. Spenser. 3. To become sharp or acid; to turn sour, as wine. 4. To aim at a point or mark. Hawkins. PRICK-EARED Prick"-eared`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having erect, pointed ears; -- said of certain dogs. Thou prick-eared cur of Iceland. Shak. PRICKER Prick"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, pricks; a pointed instrument; a sharp point; a prickle. 2. One who spurs forward; a light horseman. The prickers, who rode foremost, . . . halted. Sir W. Scott. 3. A priming wire; a priming needle, -- used in blasting and gunnery. Knight. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A small marline spike having generally a wooden handle, -- used in sailmaking. R. H. Dana, Ir. PRICKET Prick"et, n. Etym: [Perhaps so called from the state of his horns. See Prick, and cf. Brocket.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A buck in his second year. See Note under 3d Buck. Shak. PRICKING Prick"ing, n. 1. The act of piercing or puncturing with a sharp point. "There is that speaketh like the prickings of a sword." Prov. xii. 18 [1583]. 2. (Far.) (a) The driving of a nail into a horse's foot so as to produce lameness. (b) Same as Nicking. 3. A sensation of being pricked. Shak. 4. The mark or trace left by a hare's foot; a prick; also, the act of tracing a hare by its footmarks. [Obs.] 5. Dressing one's self for show; prinking. [Obs.] PRICKING-UP Prick"ing-up, n. (Arch.) Defn: The first coating of plaster in work of three coats upon laths. Its surface is scratched once to form a better key for the next coat. In the United States called scratch coat. Brande & C. PRICKLE Pric"kle, n. Etym: [AS. pricele, pricle; akin to LG. prickel, D. prikkel. See Prick, n.] 1. A little prick; a small, sharp point; a fine, sharp process or projection, as from the skin of an animal, the bark of a plant, etc.; a spine. Bacon. 2. A kind of willow basket; -- a term still used in some branches of trade. B. Jonson. 3. A sieve of filberts, -- about fifty pounds. [Eng.] PRICKLE Pric"kle, v. t. Defn: To prick slightly, as with prickles, or fine, sharp points. Felt a horror over me creep, Prickle skin, and catch my breath. Tennyson. PRICKLEBACK; PRICKLEFISH Pric"kle*back`, Pric"kle*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The stickleback. PRICKLINESS Prick"li*ness, n. Etym: [From Prickly.] Defn: The quality of being prickly, or of having many prickles. PRICKLING Prick"ling, a. Defn: Prickly. [Obs.] Spenser. PRICKLOUSE Prick"louse`, n. Defn: A tailor; -- so called in contempt. [Old slang] L'Estrange. PRICKLY Prick"ly, a. Defn: Full of sharp points or prickles; armed or covered with prickles; as, a prickly shrub. Prickly ash (Bot.), a prickly shrub (Xanthoxylum Americanum) with yellowish flowers appearing with the leaves. All parts of the plant are pungent and aromatic. The southern species is X. Carolinianum. Gray. -- Prickly heat (Med.), a noncontagious cutaneous eruption of red pimples, attended with intense itching and tingling of the parts affected. It is due to inflammation of the sweat glands, and is often brought on by overheating the skin in hot weather. -- Prickly pear (Bot.), a name given to several plants of the cactaceous genus Opuntia, American plants consisting of fleshy, leafless, usually flattened, and often prickly joints inserted upon each other. The sessile flowers have many petals and numerous stamens. The edible fruit is a large pear-shaped berry containing many flattish seeds. The common species of the Northern Atlantic States is Opuntia vulgaris. In the South and West are many others, and in tropical America more than a hundred more. O. vulgaris, O. Ficus-Indica, and O. Tuna are abundantly introduced in the Mediterranean region, and O. Dillenii has become common in India. -- Prickly pole (Bot.), a West Indian palm (Bactris Plumierana), the slender trunk of which bears many rings of long black prickles. -- Prickly withe (Bot.), a West Indian cactaceous plant (Cereus triangularis) having prickly, slender, climbing, triangular stems. -- Prickly rat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of South American burrowing rodents belonging to Ctenomys and allied genera. The hair is usually intermingled with sharp spines. PRICKMADAM Prick"mad`am, n. Etym: [F. trique-madame. Cf. Tripmadam.] (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several species of stonecrop, used as ingredients of vermifuge medicines. See Stonecrop. PRICKPUNCH Prick"punch`, n. Defn: A pointed steel punch, to prick a mark on metal. PRICKSHAFT Prick"shaft`, n. Defn: An arrow. [Obs.] PRICKSONG Prick"song`, n. Etym: [See Prick, v. t., 4.] Defn: Music written, or noted, with dots or points; -- so called from the points or dots with which it is noted down. [Obs.] He fights as you sing pricksong. Shak. PRICKWOOD Prick"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A shrub (Euonymus Europæus); -- so named from the use of its wood for goads, skewers, and shoe pegs. Called also spindle tree. PRICKY Prick"y, a. Defn: Stiff and sharp; prickly. Holland. PRIDE Pride, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. lamprede, LL. lampreda, E. lamprey.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European lamprey (Petromyzon branchialis); -- called also prid, and sandpiper. PRIDE Pride, n. Etym: [AS. pryte; akin to Icel. pryedhi honor, ornament, pr to adorn, Dan. pryde, Sw. pryda; cf. W. prydus comely. See Proud.] 1. The quality or state of being proud; inordinate self-esteem; an unreasonable conceit of one's own superiority in talents, beauty, wealth, rank, etc., which manifests itself in lofty airs, distance, reserve, and often in contempt of others. Those that walk in pride he is able to abase. Dan. iv. 37. Pride that dines on vanity sups on contempt. Franklin. 2. A sense of one's own worth, and abhorrence of what is beneath or unworthy of one; lofty self-respect; noble self-esteem; elevation of character; dignified bearing; proud delight; -- in a good sense. Thus to relieve the wretched was his pride. Goldsmith. A people which takes no pride in the noble achievements of remote ancestors will never achieve anything worthy to be remembered with pride by remote descendants. Macaulay. 3. Proud or disdainful behavior or treatment; insolence or arrogance of demeanor; haughty bearing and conduct; insolent exultation; disdain. Let not the foot of pride come against me. Ps. xxxvi. 11. That hardly we escaped the pride of France. Shak. 4. That of which one is proud; that which excites boasting or self- gratulation; the occasion or ground of self-esteem, or of arrogant and presumptuous confidence, as beauty, ornament, noble character, children, etc. Lofty trees yclad with summer's pride. Spenser. I will cut off the pride of the Philistines. Zech. ix. 6. A bold peasantry, their country's pride. Goldsmith. 5. Show; ostentation; glory. Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war. Shak. 6. Highest pitch; elevation reached; loftiness; prime; glory; as, to be in the pride of one's life. A falcon, towering in her pride of place. Shak. 7. Consciousness of power; fullness of animal spirits; mettle; wantonness; hence, lust; sexual desire; esp., an excitement of sexual appetite in a female beast. [Obs.] Pride of India, or Pride of China. (Bot.) See Margosa. -- Pride of the desert (Zoöl.), the camel. Syn. -- Self-exaltation; conceit; hauteur; haughtiness; lordliness; loftiness. -- Pride, Vanity. Pride is a high or an excessive esteem of one's self for some real or imagined superiority, as rank, wealth, talents, character, etc. Vanity is the love of being admired, praised, exalted, etc., by others. Vanity is an ostentation of pride; but one may have great pride without displaying it. Vanity, which is etymologically "emptiness," is applied especially to the exhibition of pride in superficialities, as beauty, dress, wealth, etc. PRIDE Pride, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prided; p. pr. & vb. n. Priding.] Defn: To indulge in pride, or self-esteem; to rate highly; to plume; -- used reflexively. Bp. Hall. Pluming and priding himself in all his services. South. PRIDE Pride, v. i. Defn: To be proud; to glory. [R.] PRIDEFUL Pride"ful, a. Defn: Full of pride; haughty. Tennyson. -- Pride"ful*ly, adv. -- Pride"ful-ness, n. PRIDELESS Pride"less, a. Defn: Without pride. Chaucer. PRIDIAN Prid"i*an, a. Etym: [L. pridianus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the day before, or yesterday. [R.] Thackeray. PRIDINGLY Prid"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Proudly. [Obs.] PRIE Prie, n. (Bot.) Defn: The plant privet. [Obs.] Tusser. PRIE Prie, v. i. Defn: To pry. [Obs.] Chaucer. PRIED Pried, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Pry. PRIEDIEU Prie`dieu", n. Etym: [F., literally, pray God.] Defn: A kneeling desk for prayers. PRIEF Prief, n. Defn: Proof. [Obs.] Spenser. Lydgate. PRIER Pri"er, n. Etym: [From Pry.] Defn: One who pries; one who inquires narrowly and searches, or is inquisitive. So pragmatical a prier he is into divine secrets. Fuller. PRIEST Priest, n. Etym: [OE. prest, preost, AS. preóst, fr. L. presbyter, Gr. pristinus. Cf. Pristine, Presbyter.] 1. (Christian Church) Defn: A presbyter elder; a minister; specifically: (a) (R. C. Ch. & Gr. Ch.) One who is authorized to consecrate the host and to say Mass; but especially, one of the lowest order possessing this power. Murdock. (b) (Ch. of Eng. & Prot. Epis. Ch.) Defn: A presbyter; one who belongs to the intermediate order between bishop and deacon. He is authorized to perform all ministerial services except those of ordination and confirmation. 2. One who officiates at the altar, or performs the rites of sacrifice; one who acts as a mediator between men and the divinity or the gods in any form of religion; as, Buddhist priests. "The priests of Dagon." 1 Sam. v. 5. Then the priest of Jupiter . . . brought oxen and garlands . . . and would have done sacrifice with the people. Acts xiv. 13. Every priest taken from among men is ordained for men in things pertaining to God, that he may offer both gifts and sacrifices for sins. Heb. v. 1. Note: In the New Testament presbyters are not called priests; but Christ is designated as a priest, and as a high priest, and all Christians are designated priests. PRIEST Priest, v. t. Defn: To ordain as priest. PRIESTCAP Priest"cap`, n. (Fort.) Defn: A form of redan, so named from its shape; -- called also swallowtail. PRIESTCRAFT Priest"craft`, n. Defn: Priestly policy; the policy of a priesthood; esp., in an ill sense, fraud or imposition in religious concerns; management by priests to gain wealth and power by working upon the religious motives or credulity of others. It is better that men should be governed by priestcraft than by violence. Macaulay. PRIESTERY Priest"er*y, n. Defn: Priests, collectively; the priesthood; -- so called in contempt. [R.] Milton. PRIESTESS Priest"ess, n. Defn: A woman who officiated in sacred rites among pagans. Abp. Potter. PRIESTHOOD Priest"hood, n. 1. The office or character of a priest; the priestly function. Bk. of Com. Prayer. 2. Priests, taken collectively; the order of men set apart for sacred offices; the order of priests. PRIESTING Priest"ing, n. Defn: The office of a priest. [Obs.] Milton. PRIESTISM Priest"ism, n. Defn: The influence, doctrines, principles, etc., of priests or the priesthood. [R.] PRIESTLESS Priest"less, a. Defn: Without a priest. Pope. PRIESTLIKE Priest"like`, a. Defn: Priestly. B. Jonson. PRIESTLINESS Priest"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being priestly. R. Browning. PRIESTLY Priest"ly, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a priest or the priesthood; sacerdotal; befitting or becoming a priest; as, the priestly office; a priestly farewell. Shak. PRIEST-RIDDEN Priest"-rid`den, a. Defn: Controlled or oppressed by priests; as, a priest-ridden people. Swift. PRIEVE Prieve, v. t. Defn: To prove. [Obs. or Scot.] PRIG Prig, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prigged; p. pr. & vb. n. Prigging.] Etym: [A modification of prick.] Defn: To haggle about the price of a commodity; to bargain hard. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] PRIG Prig, v. t. 1. To cheapen. [Scot.] 2. Etym: [Perhaps orig., to ride off with. See Prick, v. t.] Defn: To filch or steal; as, to prig a handkerchief. [Cant] PRIG Prig, n. 1. A pert, conceited, pragmatical fellow. The queer prig of a doctor. Macaulay. 2. A thief; a filcher. [Cant] Shak. PRIGGERY Prig"ger*y, n. Defn: Priggism. PRIGGISH Prig"gish, a. Defn: Like a prig; conceited; pragmatical. -- Prig"gish*ly, adv. -- Prig"gish-ness, n. PRIGGISM Prig"gism, n. 1. The quality or state of being priggish; the manners of a prig. Ed. Rev. 2. Roguery; thievery. [Obs.] Fielding. PRIGHTE Prigh"te, obs. Defn: imp. of Prick. Chaucer. PRILL Prill, n. Etym: [Cf. Brill.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The brill. PRILL Prill, v. i. Defn: To flow. [Obs.] Stow. PRILL Prill, n. Defn: A stream. [Obs.] Davies (Microcosmos). PRILL Prill, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. (Mining) (a) A nugget of virgin metal. (b) Ore selected for excellence. 2. The button of metal from an assay. PRILLION Pril"lion, n. Defn: Tin extracted from the slag. PRIM Prim, n. Etym: [See Privet.] (Bot) Defn: The privet. PRIM Prim, a. Etym: [OF. prim, prin, prime, first, principal. sharp, thin, piercing, fr. L. primus first. See Prime, a.] Defn: Formal; precise; affectedly neat or nice; as, prim regularity; a prim person. Swift. PRIM Prim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Primmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Primming.] Defn: To deck with great nicety; to arrange with affected preciseness; to prink. PRIM Prim, v. i. Defn: To dress or act smartly. [R.] PRIMACY Pri"ma*cy, n. Etym: [LL. primatia, fr. L. primas, -atis, one of the first or principal, chief, fr. primus first: cf. F. primatie. See Prime, a.] 1. The state or condition of being prime or first, as in time, place, rank, etc., hence, excellency; supremacy. [R.] De Quincey. 2. The office, rank, or character of a primate; the chief ecclesiastical station or dignity in a national church; the office or dignity of an archbishop; as, the primacy of England. PRIMA DONNA Pri"ma don"na; pl. E. Prima donnas, It. Prime Donne. Etym: [It., fr. primo, prima, the first + donna lady, mistress. See Prime, a., and Donna.] Defn: The first or chief female singer in an opera. PRIMA FACIE Pri"ma fa"ci*e. Etym: [L., from abl. of primus first + abl. of facies appearance.] Defn: At first view; on the first appearance. Prima facie evidence (of a fact) (Law), evidence which is sufficient to establish the fact unless rebutted. Bouvier. PRIMAGE Pri"mage (; 48), n. Etym: [F.] (Com.) Defn: A charge in addition to the freight; originally, a gratuity to the captain for his particular care of the goods (sometimes called hat money), but now belonging to the owners or freighters of the vessel, unless by special agreement the whole or part is assigned to the captain. Homans. PRIMAL Pri"mal, a. Etym: [LL. primalis, fr. L. primus the first. See Prime, a.] Defn: First; primary; original; chief. It hath the primal eldest curse upon it. Shak. The primal duties shine aloft like stars. Wordsworth. PRIMALITY Pri*mal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being primal. [Obs.] PRIMARILY Pri"ma*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a primary manner; in the first place; in the first place; in the first intention; originally. PRIMARINESS Pri"ma*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being primary, or first in time, in act, or in intention. Norris. PRIMARY Pri"ma*ry, a. Etym: [L. primarius, fr. primus first: cf. F. primaire. See Prime, a., and cf. Premier, Primero.] 1. First in order of time or development or in intention; primitive; fundamental; original. The church of Christ, in its primary institution. Bp. Pearson. These I call original, or primary, qualities of body. Locke. 2. First in order, as being preparatory to something higher; as, primary assemblies; primary schools. 3. First in dignity or importance; chief; principal; as, primary planets; a matter of primary importance. 4. (Geol.) Defn: Earliest formed; fundamental. 5. (Chem.) Defn: Illustrating, possessing, or characterized by, some quality or property in the first degree; having undergone the first stage of substitution or replacement. Primary alcohol (Organic Chem.), any alcohol which possess the group CH2.OH, and can be oxidized so as to form a corresponding aldehyde and acid having the same number of carbon atoms; -- distinguished from secondary and tertiary alcohols. -- Primary amine (Chem.), an amine containing the amido group, or a derivative of ammonia in which only one atom of hydrogen has been replaced by a basic radical; -- distinguished from secondary and tertiary amines. -- Primary amputation (Surg.), an amputation for injury performed as soon as the shock due to the injury has passed away, and before symptoms of inflammation supervene. -- Primary axis (Bot.), the main stalk which bears a whole cluster of flowers. -- Primary colors. See under Color. -- Primary meeting, a meeting of citizens at which the first steps are taken towards the nomination of candidates, etc. See Caucus. -- Primary pinna (Bot.), one of those portions of a compound leaf or frond which branch off directly from the main rhachis or stem, whether simple or compounded. -- Primary planets. (Astron.) See the Note under Planet. -- Primary qualities of bodies, such are essential to and inseparable from them. -- Primary quills (Zoöl.), the largest feathers of the wing of a bird; primaries. -- Primary rocks (Geol.), a term early used for rocks supposed to have been first formed, being crystalline and containing no organic remains, as granite, gneiss, etc.; -- called also primitive rocks. The terms Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary rocks have also been used in like manner, but of these the last two only are now in use. -- Primary salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a polybasic acid in which only one acid hydrogen atom has been replaced by a base or basic radical. -- Primary syphilis (Med.), the initial stage of syphilis, including the period from the development of the original lesion or chancre to the first manifestation of symptoms indicative of general constitutional infection. -- Primary union (Surg.), union without suppuration; union by the first intention. PRIMARY Pri"ma*ry, n.; pl. Primaries (. 1. That which stands first in order, rank, or importance; a chief matter. 2. A primary meeting; a caucus. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the large feathers on the distal joint of a bird's wing. See Plumage, and Illust. of Bird. 4. (Astron.) Defn: A primary planet; the brighter component of a double star. See under Planet. PRIMATE Pri"mate, n. Etym: [OE. primat, F. primat, L. primas, -atis one of the first, chief, fr. primus the first. See Prime, a.] 1. The chief ecclesiastic in a national church; one who presides over other bishops in a province; an archbishop. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Primates. PRIMATES Pri*ma"tes, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The highest order of mammals. It includes man, together with the apes and monkeys. Cf. Pitheci. PRIMATESHIP Pri"mate*ship, n. Defn: The office, dignity, or position of a primate; primacy. PRIMATIAL Pri*ma"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. primatial.] Defn: Primatical. [R.] D'Anville (Trans. ). PRIMATICAL Pri*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a primate. Barrow. PRIME Prime, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. primus first, a superl. corresponding to the compar. prior former. See Prior, a., Foremost, Former, and cf. Prim, a., Primary, Prince.] 1. First in order of time; original; primeval; primitive; primary. "Prime forests." Tennyson. She was not the prime cause, but I myself. Milton. Note: In this sense the word is nearly superseded by primitive, except in the phrase prime cost. 2. First in rank, degree, dignity, authority, or importance; as, prime minister. "Prime virtues." Dryden. 3. First in excellence; of highest quality; as, prime wheat; a prime quality of cloth. 4. Early; blooming; being in the first stage. [Poetic] His starry helm, unbuckled, showed him prime In manhood where youth ended. Milton. 5. Lecherous; lustful; lewd. [Obs.] Shak. 6. Marked or distinguished by a mark (') called a prime mark. Prime and ultimate ratio. (Math.). See Ultimate. -- Prime conductor. (Elec.) See under Conductor. -- Prime factor (Arith.), a factor which is a prime number. -- Prime figure (Geom.), a figure which can not be divided into any other figure more simple than itself, as a triangle, a pyramid, etc. -- Prime meridian (Astron.), the meridian from which longitude is reckoned, as the meridian of Greenwich or Washington. -- Prime minister, the responsible head of a ministry or executive government; applied particularly to that of England. -- Prime mover. (Mech.) (a) A natural agency applied by man to the production of power. Especially: Muscular force; the weight and motion of fluids, as water and air; heat obtained by chemical combination, and applied to produce changes in the volume and pressure of steam, air, or other fluids; and electricity, obtained by chemical action, and applied to produce alternation of magnetic force. (b) An engine, or machine, the object of which is to receive and modify force and motion as supplied by some natural source, and apply them to drive other machines; as a water wheel, a water- pressure engine, a steam engine, a hot-air engine, etc. (c) Fig.: The original or the most effective force in any undertaking or work; as, Clarkson was the prime mover in English antislavery agitation. -- Prime number (Arith.), a number which is exactly divisible by no number except itself or unity, as 5, 7, 11. -- Prime vertical (Astron.), the vertical circle which passes through the east and west points of the horizon. -- Prime-vertical dial, a dial in which the shadow is projected on the plane of the prime vertical. -- Prime-vertical transit instrument, a transit instrument the telescope of which revolves in the plane of the prime vertical, -- used for observing the transit of stars over this circle. PRIME Prime, n. 1. The first part; the earliest stage; the beginning or opening, as of the day, the year, etc.; hence, the dawn; the spring. Chaucer. In the very prime of the world. Hooker. Hope waits upon the flowery prime. Waller. 2. The spring of life; youth; hence, full health, strength, or beauty; perfection. "Cut off in their prime." Eustace. "The prime of youth." Dryden. 3. That which is first in quantity; the most excellent portion; the best part. Give him always of the prime. Swift. 4. Etym: [F. prime, LL. prima (sc. hora). See Prime, a.] Defn: The morning; specifically (R. C. Ch.), the first canonical hour, succeeding to lauds. Early and late it rung, at evening and at prime. Spenser. Note: Originally, prime denoted the first quarter of the artificial day, reckoned from 6 a. m. to 6 p. m. Afterwards, it denoted the end of the first quarter, that is, 9 a. a. Specifically, it denoted the first canonical hour, as now. Chaucer uses it in all these senses, and also in the sense of def. 1, above. They sleep till that it was pryme large. Chaucer. 5. (Fencing) Defn: The first of the chief guards. 6. (Chem.) Defn: Any number expressing the combining weight or equivalent of any particular element; -- so called because these numbers were respectively reduced to their lowest relative terms on the fixed standard of hydrogen as 1. [Obs. or Archaic] 7. (Arith.) Defn: A prime number. See under Prime, a. 8. An inch, as composed of twelve seconds in the duodecimal system; - - denoted by [']. See 2d Inch, n., 1. Prime of the moon, the new moon at its first appearance. PRIME Prime, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Primed; p. pr. & vb. n. Priming.] Etym: [From Prime, a.] 1. To apply priming to, as a musket or a cannon; to apply a primer to, as a metallic cartridge. 2. To lay the first color, coating, or preparation upon (a surface), as in painting; as, to prime a canvas, a wall. 3. To prepare; to make ready; to instruct beforehand; to post; to coach; as, to prime a witness; the boys are primed for mischief. [Colloq.] Thackeray. 4. To trim or prune, as trees. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 5. (Math.) Defn: To mark with a prime mark. To prime a pump, to charge a pump with water, in order to put it in working condition. PRIME Prime, v. i. 1. To be renewed, or as at first. [Obs.] Night's bashful empress, though she often wane, As oft repeats her darkness, primes again. Quarles . 2. To serve as priming for the charge of a gun. 3. To work so that foaming occurs from too violent ebullition, which causes water to become mixed with, and be carried along with, the steam that is formed; -- said of a steam boiler. PRIMELY Prime"ly, adv. 1. At first; primarily. [Obs.] South. 2. In a prime manner; excellently. PRIMENESS Prime"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being first. 2. The quality or state of being prime, or excellent. PRIMER Prim"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, primes; specifically, an instrument or device for priming; esp., a cap, tube, or water containing percussion powder or other capable for igniting a charge of gunpowder. PRIMER Prim"er, a. Etym: [OF. primer, primier, premier, F. premier. See Premier.] Defn: First; original; primary. [Obs.] "The primer English kings." Drayton. Primer fine (O. Eng. Law), a fine due to the king on the writ or commencement of a suit by fine. Blackstone. -- Primer seizin (Feudal Law), the right of the king, when a tenant in capite died seized of a knight's fee, to receive of the heir, if of full age, one year's profits of the land if in possession, and half a year's profits if the land was in reversion expectant on an estate for life; -- now abolished. Blackstone. PRIMER Prim"er, n. Etym: [Originally, the book read at prime, the first canonical hour. LL. primae liber. See Prime, n., 4.] 1. Originally, a small prayer book for church service, containing the little office of the Virgin Mary; also, a work of elementary religious instruction. The primer, or office of the Blessed Virgin. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. A small elementary book for teaching children to read; a reading or spelling book for a beginner. As he sat in the school at his prymer. Chaucer. 3. (Print.) Defn: A kind of type, of which there are two species; one, called long primer, intermediate in size between bourgeois and small pica [see Long primer]; the other, called great primer, larger than pica. Note: Great primer type. PRIMERO Pri*me"ro, n. Etym: [Sp. primera, fr. primero first, from L. primarius. See Premier.] Defn: A game at cards, now unknown. Shak. PRIMEROLE Prim"er*ole, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Primrose. [Obs.] "She was a primerole." Chaucer. PRIMEVAL Pri*me"val, a. Etym: [L. primaevus; primus first + aevum age. See Prime, a., and Age.] Defn: Belonging to the first ages; pristine; original; primitive; primary; as, the primeval innocence of man. "This is the forest primeval." Longfellow. From chaos, and primeval darkness, came Light. Keats. PRIMEVALLY Pri*me"val*ly, adv. Defn: In a primeval manner; in or from the earliest times; originally. Darwin. PRIMEVOUS Pri*me"vous, a. Defn: Primeval. [Obs.] PRIMIGENIAL Pri`mi*ge"ni*al, a. Defn: First born, or first of all; original; primary. See Primogenial. PRIMIGENIOUS; PRIMIGENOUS Pri`mi*ge"ni*ous, Pri*mig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. primigenus, primigenius. See Primogeniture.] Defn: First formed or generated; original; primigenial. Bp. Hall. PRIMINE Pri"mine, n. Etym: [L. primus first: cf. F. primine.] (Bot.) Defn: The outermost of the two integuments of an ovule. Note: This word has been used by some writers to denote the inner integument, which is formed earlier than the outer. Cf. Secundine. PRIMING Prim"ing, n. 1. The powder or other combustible used to communicate fire to a charge of gunpowder, as in a firearm. 2. (Paint.) Defn: The first coating of color, size, or the like, laid on canvas, or on a building, or other surface. 3. (Steam Eng.) Defn: The carrying over of water, with the steam, from the boiler, as into the cylinder. Priming of the tide. See Lag of the tide, under 2d Lag. -- Priming tube, a small pipe, filled with a combustible composition for firing cannon. -- Priming valve (Steam Eng.), a spring safety valve applied to the cylinder of a steam engine for discharging water carried into the cylinder by priming. -- Priming wire, a pointed wire used to penetrate the vent of a piece, for piercing the cartridge before priming. PRIMIPARA Pri*mip"a*ra, n. Etym: [L., fr. primus first + parere to bring forth.] (Med.) Defn: A woman who bears a child for the first time. PRIMIPAROUS Pri*mip"a*rous, a. Etym: [See Primipara.] Defn: Belonging to a first birth; bearing young for the first time. PRIMIPILAR Pri*mip"i*lar, a. Etym: [L. primipilaris, fr. primipilus the centurion of the first cohort of a Roman legion, fr. primus pilus the division made up of the triarii in the Roman army.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the captain of the vanguard of a Roman army. Barrow. PRIMITIA Pri*mi"ti*a, n.; pl. Primitiæ (Primitias, obs.). Etym: [L. primitiae, pl., fr. primus first. Cf. Premices.] (Eng. Law) Defn: The first fruit; the first year's whole profit of an ecclesiastical preferment. The primitias of your parsonage. Spenser. PRIMITIAL Pri*mi"tial, a. Defn: Being of the first production; primitive; original. [Obs.] Ainsworth. PRIMITIVE Prim"i*tive, a. Etym: [L. primitivus, fr. primus the first: cf. F. primitif. See Prime, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early times; original; primordial; primeval; first; as, primitive innocence; the primitive church. "Our primitive great sire." Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to a former time; old-fashioned; characterized by simplicity; as, a primitive style of dress. 3. Original; primary; radical; not derived; as, primitive verb in grammar. Primitive axes of coördinate (Geom.), that system of axes to which the points of a magnitude are first referred, with reference to a second set or system, to which they are afterward referred. -- Primitive chord (Mus.), that chord, the lowest note of which is of the same literal denomination as the fundamental base of the harmony; -- opposed to derivative. Moore (Encyc. of Music). -- Primitive circle (Spherical Projection), the circle cut from the sphere to be projected, by the primitive plane. -- Primitive colors (Paint.), primary colors. See under Color. -- Primitive Fathers (Eccl.), the acknowledged Christian writers who flourished before the Council of Nice, A. D. 325. Shipley. -- Primitive groove (Anat.), a depression or groove in the epiblast of the primitive streak. It is not connected with the medullary groove, which appears later and in front of it. -- Primitive plane (Spherical Projection), the plane upon which the projections are made, generally coinciding with some principal circle of the sphere, as the equator or a meridian. -- Primitive rocks (Geol.), primary rocks. See under Primary. -- Primitive sheath. (Anat.) See Neurilemma. -- Primitive streak or trace (Anat.), an opaque and thickened band where the mesoblast first appears in the vertebrate blastoderm. Syn. -- First; original; radical; pristine; ancient; primeval; antiquated; old-fashioned. PRIMITIVE Prim"i*tive, n. Defn: An original or primary word; a word not derived from another; - - opposed to derivative. PRIMITIVELY Prim"i*tive*ly, adv. 1. Originally; at first. 2. Primarily; not derivatively. 3. According to the original rule or ancient practice; in the ancient style. South. PRIMITIVENESS Prim"i*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being primitive; conformity to primitive style or practice. PRIMITY Prim"i*ty, n. Defn: Quality of being first; primitiveness. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. PRIMLY Prim"ly, adv. Defn: In a prim or precise manner. PRIMNESS Prim"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being prim; affected formality or niceness; preciseness; stiffness. PRIMO Pri"mo, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: First; chief. PRIMOGENIAL Pri`mo*ge"ni*al, a. Etym: [See Primigenial.] Defn: First born, made, or generated; original; primary; elemental; as, primogenial light. Glanvill. PRIMOGENITIVE Pri`mo*gen"i*tive, a. Etym: [See Primogeniture.] Defn: Of or pertaining to primogeniture. [R.] PRIMOGENITIVE Pri`mo*gen"i*tive, n. Defn: Primogeniture. [Obs.] The primogenitive and due of birth. Shak. PRIMOGENITOR Pri`mo*gen"i*tor, n. Etym: [LL., fr. L. primus first + genitor a begetter.] Defn: The first ancestor; a forefather. PRIMOGENITURE Pri`mo*gen"i*ture, n. Etym: [LL., fr. L. primus first + genitura a begetting, birth, generation, fr. genere, gignere, to beget: cf. F. primogéniture, L. primogenitus firstborn. See Prime, a., and Genus, Kin.] 1. The state of being the firstborn of the same parents; seniority by birth among children of the same family. 2. (Eng. Law) Defn: The exclusive right of inheritance which belongs to the eldest son. Thus in England the right of inheriting the estate of the father belongs to the eldest son, and in the royal family the eldest son of the sovereign is entitled to the throne by primogeniture. In exceptional cases, among the female children, the crown descends by right of primogeniture to the eldest daughter only and her issue. Blackstone. PRIMOGENITURESHIP Pri`mo*gen"i*ture*ship, n. Defn: The state or privileges of the firstborn. Burke. PRIMORDIAL Pri*mor"di*al, a. Etym: [L. primordialis, from primordium the first beginning; primus first + ordiri to begin a web, to begin: cf. F. primordial.] 1. First in order; primary; original; of earliest origin; as, primordial condition. "The primordial facts of our intelligent nature." Sir W. Hamilton. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the lowest beds of the Silurian age, corresponding to the Acadian and Potsdam periods in American geology. It is called also Cambrian, and by many geologists is separated from the Silurian. 3. (Biol.) Defn: Originally or earliest formed in the growth of an individual or organ; as, a primordial leaf; a primordial cell. Primordial utricle (Bot.), the interior lining of a young vegetable cell. PRIMORDIAL Pri*mor"di*al, n. Defn: A first principle or element. PRIMORDIALISM Pri*mor"di*al*ism, n. Defn: Devotion to, or persistence in, conditions of the primordial state. H. Spencer. PRIMORDIALLY Pri*mor"di*al*ly, adv. Defn: At the beginning; under the first order of things; originally. PRIMORDIAN Pri*mor"di*an, n. Etym: [L. primordius first of all, fr. primordium.] (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several kinds of plums; as, red primordian, amber primordian, etc. PRIMORDIATE Pri*mor"di*ate, a. Defn: Primordial. [R.] Boyle. PRIMP Primp, v. i. & t. Etym: [Cf. Prim, a.] Defn: To be formal or affected in dress or manners; -- often with up. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. PRIMROSE Prim"rose`, n. Etym: [OE. primerole, F. primerole, a derivative fr. LL. primula, from L. primus first. See Prime, a.] (Bot.) (a) An early flowering plant of the genus Primula (P. vulgaris) closely allied to the cowslip. There are several varieties, as the white-, the red-, the yellow-flowered, etc. Formerly called also primerole, primerolles. (b) Any plant of the genus Primula. Evening primrose, an erect biennial herb (Enothera biennis), with yellow vespertine flowers, common in the United States. The name is sometimes extended to other species of the same genus. -- Primrose peerless, the two-flowered Narcissus (N. biflorus). [Obs.] PRIMROSE Prim"rose`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the primrose; of the color of a primrose; - - hence, flowery; gay. "The primrose path of dalliance." Shak. PRIMROSE LEAGUE Prim"rose` League. (Eng. Politics) Defn: A league of both sexes among the Conservatives, founded in 1883. So called because primrose was (erroneously, it is said) taken to be the favorite flower of the Conservative statesman Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield. PRIMULA Prim"u*la, n. Etym: [LL. See Primrose.] (Bot.) Defn: The genus of plants including the primrose (Primula vera). PRIMULACEOUS Prim`u*la"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an order of herbaceous plants (Primulaceæ), of which the primrose is the type, and the pimpernel, the cyclamen, and the water violet are other examples. PRIMUM MOBILE Pri"mum mob"i*le. Etym: [L., first cause of motion.] (Astron.) Defn: In the Ptolemaic system, the outermost of the revolving concentric spheres constituting the universe, the motion of which was supposed to carry with it all the inclosed spheres with their planets in a daily revolution from east to west. See Crystalline heavens, under Crystalline. The motions of the greatest persons in a government ought to be, as the motions of the planets, under primum mobile. Bacon. PRIMUS Pri"mus, n. Etym: [L., the first.] Defn: One of the bishops of the Episcopal Church of Scotland, who presides at the meetings of the bishops, and has certain privileges but no metropolitan authority. Internat. Cyc. PRIMY Prim"y, a. Etym: [From Prime, a.] Defn: Being in its prime. [Obs.] "The youth of primy nature." Shak. PRINCE Prince, n. Etym: [F., from L. princeps, -cipis, the first, chief; primus first + capere to take. See Prime, a., and Capacious.] 1. The one of highest rank; one holding the highest place and authority; a sovereign; a monarch; -- originally applied to either sex, but now rarely applied to a female. Wyclif (Rev. i. 5). Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince. Milton. Queen Elizabeth, a prince admirable above her sex. Camden. 2. The son of a king or emperor, or the issue of a royal family; as, princes of the blood. Shak. 3. A title belonging to persons of high rank, differing in different countries. In England it belongs to dukes, marquises, and earls, but is given to members of the royal family only. In Italy a prince is inferior to a duke as a member of a particular order of nobility; in Spain he is always one of the royal family. 4. The chief of any body of men; one at the head of a class or profession; one who is preëminent; as, a merchant prince; a prince of players. "The prince of learning." Peacham. Prince-Albert coat, a long double-breasted frock coat for men. -- Prince of the blood, Prince consort, Prince of darkness. See under Blood, Consort, and Darkness. -- Prince of Wales, the oldest son of the English sovereign. -- Prince's feather (Bot.), a name given to two annual herbs (Amarantus caudatus and Polygonum orientale), with apetalous reddish flowers arranged in long recurved panicled spikes. -- Prince's metal, Prince Rupert's metal. See under Metal. Prince's pine. (Bot.) See Pipsissewa. PRINCE Prince, v. i. Defn: To play the prince. [R.] Shak. PRINCEDOM Prince"dom, n. Defn: The jurisdiction, sovereignty, rank, or estate of a prince. Thrones, princedoms, powers, dominions, I reduce. Milton. PRINCEHOOD Prince"hood, n. Defn: Princeliness. [Obs.] E. Hall. PRINCEKIN Prince"kin, n. Defn: A petty prince; a princeling. The princekins of private life. Thackeray. PRINCELESS Prince"less, a. Defn: Without a prince. Fuller. PRINCELET Prince"let, n. Defn: A petty prince. [R.] PRINCELIKE Prince"like`, a. Defn: Princely. Shak. PRINCELINESS Prince"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being princely; the state, manner, or dignity of a prince. PRINCELING Prince"ling, n. Defn: A petty prince; a young prince. PRINCELY Prince"ly, a. 1. Of or relating to a prince; regal; royal; of highest rank or authority; as, princely birth, character, fortune, etc. 2. Suitable for, or becoming to, a prince; grand; august; munificent; magnificent; as, princely virtues; a princely fortune. "Most princely gifts." Shak. PRINCELY Prince"ly, adv. Defn: In a princely manner. My appetite was not princely got. Shak. PRINCESS Prin"cess, n. Etym: [F. princesse. See Prince, and cf. Princesse.] 1. A female prince; a woman having sovereign power, or the rank of a prince. Dryden. So excellent a princess as the present queen. Swift. 2. The daughter of a sovereign; a female member of a royal family. Shak. 3. The consort of a prince; as, the princess of Wales. Princess royal, the eldest daughter of a sovereign. PRINCESSE Prin*cesse", a. Etym: [F., a princess.] Defn: A term applied to a lady's long, close-fitting dress made with waist and skirt in one. PRINCESSLIKE Prin"cess*like`, a. Defn: Like a princess. PRINCEWOOD Prince"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The wood of two small tropical American trees (Hamelia ventricosa, and Cordia gerascanthoides). It is brownish, veined with lighter color. PRINCIFIED Prin"ci*fied, a. Etym: [Prince + L. -ficare (in comp.).] Defn: Imitative of a prince. [R. & Colloq.] Thackeray. PRINCIPAL Prin"ci*pal, a. Etym: [F., from L. principalis. See Prince.] 1. Highest in rank, authority, character, importance, or degree; most considerable or important; chief; main; as, the principal officers of a Government; the principal men of a state; the principal productions of a country; the principal arguments in a case. Wisdom is the principal thing. Prov. iv. 7. 2. Of or pertaining to a prince; princely. [A Latinism] [Obs.] Spenser. Principal axis. See Axis of a curve, under Axis. -- Principal axes of a quadric (Geom.), three lines in which the principal planes of the solid intersect two and two, as in an ellipsoid. -- Principal challenge. (Law) See under Challenge. -- Principal plane. See Plane of projection (a), under Plane. -- Principal of a quadric (Geom.), three planes each of which is at right angles to the other two, and bisects all chords of the quadric perpendicular to the plane, as in an ellipsoid. -- Principal point (Persp.), the projection of the point of sight upon the plane of projection. -- Principal ray (Persp.), the line drawn through the point of sight perpendicular to the perspective plane. -- Principal section (Crystallog.), a plane passing through the optical axis of a crystal. PRINCIPAL Prin"ci*pal, n. 1. A leader, chief, or head; one who takes the lead; one who acts independently, or who has controlling authority or influence; as, the principal of a faction, a school, a firm, etc.; -- distinguished from a subordinate, abettor, auxiliary, or assistant. 2. Hence: (Law) (a) The chief actor in a crime, or an abettor who is present at it, - - as distinguished from an accessory. (b) A chief obligor, promisor, or debtor, -- as distinguished from a surety. (c) One who employs another to act for him, -- as distinguished from an agent. Wharton. Bouvier. Burrill. 3. A thing of chief or prime importance; something fundamental or especially conspicuous. Specifically: (a) (Com.) A capital sum of money, placed out at interest, due as a debt or used as a fund; -- so called in distinction from interest or profit. (b) (Arch. & Engin.) The construction which gives shape and strength to a roof, -- generally a truss of timber or iron, but there are roofs with stone principals. Also, loosely, the most important member of a piece of framing. (c) (Mus.) In English organs the chief open metallic stop, an octave above the open diapason. On the manual it is four feet long, on the pedal eight feet. In Germany this term corresponds to the English open diapason. (d) (O. Eng. Law) A heirloom; a mortuary. Cowell. (e) pl. Defn: The first two long feathers of a hawk's wing. Spenser. J. H. Walsh. (f) One of turrets or pinnacles of waxwork and tapers with which the posts and center of a funeral hearse were formerly crowned. Oxf. Gloss. (g) A principal or essential point or rule; a principle. [Obs.] PRINCIPALITY Prin`ci*pal"i*ty, n.; pl. Principalities. Etym: [L. principalitas preëminence, excellence: cf. F. principalité, principauté. See Principal.] 1. Sovereignty; supreme power; hence, superiority; predominance; high, or the highest, station. Sir P. Sidney. Your principalities shall come down, even the crown of your glory. Jer. xiii. 18. The prerogative and principality above everything else. Jer. Taylor. 2. A prince; one invested with sovereignty. "Next upstood Nisroch, of principalities the prime." Milton. 3. The territory or jurisdiction of a prince; or the country which gives title to a prince; as, the principality of Wales. PRINCIPALLY Prin"ci*pal*ly, adv. Defn: In a principal manner; primarily; above all; chiefly; mainly. PRINCIPALNESS Prin"ci*pal*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being principal. PRINCIPATE Prin"ci*pate, n. Etym: [L. principatus: cf. F. principat.] Defn: Principality; supreme rule. [Obs.] Barrow. PRINCIPIA Prin*cip"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [L. principium. See Principle.] Defn: First principles; fundamental beginnings; elements; as. Newton's Principia. PRINCIPIAL Prin*cip"i*al, a. Defn: Elementary. [Obs.] Bacon. PRINCIPIANT Prin*cip"i*ant, a. Etym: [L. principians, p. pr. of principiare to begin, fr. principium. See Principle.] Defn: Relating to principles or beginnings. [R.] Jer. Taylor. PRINCIPIATE Prin*cip"i*ate, v. t. Etym: [See Principiant.] Defn: To begin; to initiate. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. PRINCIPIATION Prin*cip`i*a"tion, n. Defn: Analysis into primary or elemental parts. [Archaic] Bacon. PRINCIPLE Prin"ci*ple, n. Etym: [F. principe, L. principium beginning, foundation, fr. princeps, -cipis. See Prince.] 1. Beginning; commencement. [Obs.] Doubting sad end of principle unsound. Spenser. 2. A source, or origin; that from which anything proceeds; fundamental substance or energy; primordial substance; ultimate element, or cause. The soul of man is an active principle. Tillotson. 3. An original faculty or endowment. Nature in your principles hath set [benignity]. Chaucer. Those active principles whose direct and ultimate object is the communication either of enjoyment or suffering. Stewart. 4. A fundamental truth; a comprehensive law or doctrine, from which others are derived, or on which others are founded; a general truth; an elementary proposition; a maxim; an axiom; a postulate. Therefore, leaving the principles of the doctrine of Christ, let us go on unto perfection. Heb. vi. 1. A good principle, not rightly understood, may prove as hurtful as a bad. Milton. 5. A settled rule of action; a governing law of conduct; an opinion or belief which exercises a directing influence on the life and behavior; a rule (usually, a right rule) of conduct consistently directing one's actions; as, a person of no principle. All kinds of dishonesty destroy our pretenses to an honest principle of mind. Law. 6. (Chem.) Defn: Any original inherent constituent which characterizes a substance, or gives it its essential properties, and which can usually be separated by analysis; -- applied especially to drugs, plant extracts, etc. Cathartine is the bitter, purgative principle of senna. Gregory. Bitter principle, Principle of contradiction, etc. See under Bitter, Contradiction, etc. PRINCIPLE Prin"ci*ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Principled; p. pr. & vb. n. Principling.] Defn: To equip with principles; to establish, or fix, in certain principles; to impress with any tenet, or rule of conduct, good or ill. Governors should be well principled. L'Estrange. Let an enthusiast be principled that he or his teacher is inspired. Locke. PRINCOCK; PRINCOX Prin"cock, Prin"cox, n. Etym: [Prim + cock.] Defn: A coxcomb; a pert boy. [Obs.] PRINK Prink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Prinked; p. pr. & vb. n. Prinking.] Etym: [Probably a nasalized form of prick. See Prick, v. t., and cf. Prig, Prank.] Defn: To dress or adjust one's self for show; to prank. PRINK Prink, v. t. Defn: To prank or dress up; to deck fantastically. "And prink their hair with daisies." Cowper. PRINKER Prink"er, n. Defn: One who prinks. PRINPRIDDLE Prin"prid`dle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The longtailed titmouse. [Prov. Eng.] PRINT Print, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Printed; p. pr. & vb. n. Printing.] Etym: [Abbrev. fr. imprint. See Imprint, and Press to squeeze.] 1. To fix or impress, as a stamp, mark, character, idea, etc., into or upon something. A look will print a thought that never may remove. Surrey. Upon his breastplate he beholds a dint, Which in that field young Edward's sword did print. Sir John Beaumont. Perhaps some footsteps printed in the clay. Roscommon. 2. To stamp something in or upon; to make an impression or mark upon by pressure, or as by pressure. Forth on his fiery steed betimes he rode, That scarcely prints the turf on which he trod. Dryden. 3. Specifically: Defn: To strike off an impression or impressions of, from type, or from stereotype, electrotype, or engraved plates, or the like; in a wider sense, to do the typesetting, presswork, etc., of (a book or other publication); as, to print books, newspapers, pictures; to print an edition of a book. 4. To stamp or impress with colored figures or patterns; as, to print calico. 5. (Photog.) Defn: To take (a copy, a positive picture, etc.), from a negative, a transparent drawing, or the like, by the action of light upon a sensitized surface. Printed goods, textile fabrics printed in patterns, especially cotton cloths, or calicoes. PRINT Print, v. i. 1. To use or practice the art of typography; to take impressions of letters, figures, or electrotypes, engraved plates, or the like. 2. To publish a book or an article. From the moment he prints, he must except to hear no more truth. Pope. PRINT Print, n. Etym: [See Print, v., Imprint, n.] 1. A mark made by impression; a line, character, figure, or indentation, made by the pressure of one thing on another; as, the print of teeth or nails in flesh; the print of the foot in sand or snow. Where print of human feet was never seen. Dryden. 2. A stamp or die for molding or impressing an ornamental design upon an object; as, a butter print. 3. That which receives an impression, as from a stamp or mold; as, a print of butter. 4. Printed letters; the impression taken from type, as to excellence, form, size, etc.; as, small print; large print; this line is in print. 5. That which is produced by printing. Specifically: (a) An impression taken from anything, as from an engraved plate. "The prints which we see of antiquities." Dryden. (b) A printed publication, more especially a newspaper or other periodical. Addison. (c) A printed cloth; a fabric figured by stamping, especially calico or cotton cloth. (d) A photographic copy, or positive picture, on prepared paper, as from a negative, or from a drawing on transparent paper. 6. (Founding) Defn: A core print. See under Core. Blue print, a copy in white lines on a blue ground, of a drawing, plan, tracing, etc., or a positive picture in blue and white, from a negative, produced by photographic printing on peculiarly prepared paper.blueprint for action -- In print. (a) In a printed form; issued from the press; published. Shak. (b) To the letter; with accurateness. "All this I speak in print." Shak. -- Out of print. See under Out. -- Print works, a factory where cloth, as calico, is printed. PRINTA-BLE Print"a-ble, a. Defn: Worthy to be published. [R.] PRINTER Print"er, n. Defn: One who prints; especially, one who prints books, newspapers, engravings, etc., a compositor; a typesetter; a pressman. Printer's devil, Printer's gauge. See under Devil, and Gauge. -- Printer's ink. See Printing ink, below. PRINTERY Print"er*y, n. Defn: A place where cloth is printed; print works; also, a printing office. [R.] PRINTING Print"ing, n. Defn: The act, art, or practice of impressing letters, characters, or figures on paper, cloth, or other material; the business of a printer, including typesetting and presswork, with their adjuncts; typography; also, the act of producing photographic prints. Block printing. See under Block. -- Printing frame (Photog.), a shallow box, usually having a glass front, in which prints are made by exposure to light. -- Printing house, a printing office. -- Printing ink, ink used in printing books, newspapers, etc. It is composed of lampblack or ivory black mingled with linseed or nut oil, made thick by boiling and burning. Other ingredients are employed for the finer qualities. Ure. -- Printing office, a place where books, pamphlets, or newspapers, etc., are printed. -- Printing paper, paper used in the printing of books, pamphlets, newspapers, and the like, as distinguished from writing paper, wrapping paper, etc. -- Printing press, a press for printing, books, newspaper, handbills, etc. -- Printing wheel, a wheel with letters or figures on its periphery, used in machines for paging or numbering, or in ticket-printing machines, typewriters, etc.; a type wheel. PRINTING IN Print"ing in. (Photog.) Defn: A process by which cloud effects or other features not in the original negative are introduced into a photograph. Portions, such as the sky, are covered while printing and the blank space thus reserved is filled in by printing from another negative. PRINTING OUT Printing out. (Photog.) Defn: A method of printing, in which the image is fully brought out by the direct actinic action of light without subsequent development by means of chemicals. PRINTLESS Print"less, a. Defn: Making no imprint. Milton. PRINTLESS Print"less, a. Defn: Making no imprint. Milton. PRINTSHOP Print"shop`, n. Defn: A shop where prints are sold. PRIOR Pri"or, a. Etym: [L. prior former, previous, better, superior; compar. corresponding to primus first, and pro for. See Former, and cf. Prime, a., and Pre-, Pro-.] Defn: Preceding in the order of time; former; antecedent; anterior; previous; as, a prior discovery; prior obligation; -- used elliptically in cases like the following: he lived alone [in the time] prior to his marriage. PRIOR Pri"or, n. Etym: [OE. priour, OF. priour, prior, priur, F. prieur, from L. prior former, superior. See Prior, a.] (Eccl.) Defn: The superior of a priory, and next below an abbot in dignity. Conventical, or Conventual, prior, a prior who is at the head of his own house. See the Note under Priory. -- Claustral prior, an official next in rank to the abbot in a monastery; prior of the cloisters. PRIORATE Pri"or*ate, n. Etym: [LL. prioratus: cf. F. priorat.] Defn: The dignity, office, or government, of a prior. T. Warton. PRIORESS Pri"or*ess, n. Etym: [OF. prioresse.] Defn: A lady superior of a priory of nuns, and next in dignity to an abbess. PRIORITY Pri*or"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. priorité. See Prior, a.] 1. The quality or state of being prior or antecedent in time, or of preceding something else; as, priority of application. 2. Precedence; superior rank. Shak. Priority of debts, a superior claim to payment, or a claim to payment before others. Syn. -- Antecedence; precedence; preëminence. PRIORLY Pri"or*ly, adv. Defn: Previously. [R.] Geddes. PRIORSHIP Pri"or*ship, n. Defn: The state or office of prior; priorate. PRIORY Pri"o*ry, n.; pl. Priories. Etym: [Cf. LL. prioria. See Prior, n.] Defn: A religious house presided over by a prior or prioress; -- sometimes an offshoot of, an subordinate to, an abbey, and called also cell, and obedience. See Cell, 2. Note: Of such houses there were two sorts: one where the prior was chosen by the inmates, and governed as independently as an abbot in an abbey; the other where the priory was subordinate to an abbey, and the prior was placed or displaced at the will of the abbot. Alien priory, a small religious house dependent on a large monastery in some other country. Syn. -- See Cloister. PRIS Pris, n. Defn: See Price, and 1st Prize. [Obs.] PRISAGE Pris"age (; 48), n. Etym: [OF. prisage a praising, valuing, taxing; cf. LL. prisagium prisage; or from F. prise a taking, capture, prize. See Prize.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A right belonging to the crown of England, of taking two tuns of wine from every ship importing twenty tuns or more, -- one before and one behind the mast. By charter of Edward I. butlerage was substituted for this. Blackstone. (b) The share of merchandise taken as lawful prize at sea which belongs to the king or admiral. PRISCILLIANIST Pris*cil"lian*ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Priscillian, bishop of Avila in Spain, in the fourth century, who mixed various elements of Gnosticism and Manicheism with Christianity. PRISE Prise, n. Defn: An enterprise. [Obs.] Spenser. PRISE Prise, n. & v. Defn: See Prize, n., 5. Also Prize, v. t. PRISER Pris"er, n. Defn: See 1st Prizer. [Obs.] PRISM Prism, n. Etym: [L. prisma, Gr. prisme.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A solid whose bases or ends are any similar, equal, and parallel plane figures, and whose sides are parallelograms. Note: Prisms of different forms are often named from the figure of their bases; as, a triangular prism, a quadrangular prism, a rhombic prism, etc. 2. (Opt.) Defn: A transparent body, with usually three rectangular plane faces or sides, and two equal and parallel triangular ends or bases; -- used in experiments on refraction, dispersion, etc. 3. (Crystallog.) Defn: A form the planes of which are parallel to the vertical axis. See Form, n., 13. Achromatic prism (Opt.), a prism composed usually of two prisms of different transparent substances which have unequal dispersive powers, as two different kinds of glass, especially flint glass and crown glass, the difference of dispersive power being compensated by giving them different refracting angles, so that, when placed together so as to have opposite relative positions, a ray of light passed through them is refracted or bent into a new position, but is free from color. -- Nicol's prism, Nicol prism. Etym: [So called from Wm. Nicol, of Edinburgh, who first proposed it.] (Opt.) An instrument for experiments in polarization, consisting of a rhomb of Iceland spar, which has been bisected obliquely at a certain angle, and the two parts again joined with transparent cement, so that the ordinary image produced by double refraction is thrown out of the field by total reflection from the internal cemented surface, and the extraordinary, or polarized, image alone is transmitted. PRISMATIC; PRISMATICAL Pris*mat"ic, Pris*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. prismatique.] 1. Resembling, or pertaining to, a prism; as, a prismatic form or cleavage. 2. Separated or distributed by a prism; formed by a prism; as, prismatic colors. 3. (Crystallog.) Defn: Same as Orthorhombic. Prismatic borax (Chem.), borax crystallized in the form of oblique prisms, with ten molecules of water; -- distinguished from octahedral borax. -- Prismatic colors (Opt.), the seven colors into which light is resolved when passed through a prism; primary colors. See Primary colors, under Color. -- Prismatic compass (Surv.), a compass having a prism for viewing a distant object and the compass card at the same time. -- Prismatic spectrum (Opt.), the spectrum produced by the passage of light through a prism. PRISMATICALLY Pris*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the form on manner of a prism; by means of a prism. PRISMATOIDAL Pris`ma*toid"al, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid: F. prismatoïde.] Defn: Having a prismlike form. Ure. PRISM GLASS Prism glass. Defn: Glass with one side smooth and the other side formed into sharp-edged ridges so as to reflect the light that passes through, used at windows to throw the light into the interior. PRISMOID Pris"moid, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prismtoïde.] Defn: A body that approaches to the form of a prism. PRISMOIDAL Pris*moid"al, a. Defn: Having the form of a prismoid; as, prismoidal solids. PRISMY Pris"my, a. Defn: Pertaining to a prism. [R.] PRISON Pris"on, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. prehensio, prensio, a seizing, arresting, fr. prehendre, prendere, to lay hold of, to seize. See Prehensile, and cf. Prize, n., Misprision.] 1. A place where persons are confined, or restrained of personal liberty; hence, a place or state o Bring my soul out of prison, that I may praise thy name. Ps. cxlii. 7. The tyrant Æolus, . . . With power imperial, curbs the struggling winds, And sounding tempests in dark prisons binds. Dryden. 2. Specifically, a building for the safe custody or confinement of criminals and others committed by lawful authority. Prison bars, or Prison base. See Base, n., 24. -- Prison breach. (Law) See Note under 3d Escape, n., 4. -- Prison house, a prison. Shak. -- Prison ship (Naut.), a ship fitted up for the confinement of prisoners. -- Prison van, a carriage in which prisoners are conveyed to and from prison. PRISON Pris"on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prisoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Prisoning.] 1. To imprison; to shut up in, or as in, a prison; to confine; to restrain from liberty. The prisoned eagle dies for rage. Sir W. Scott. His true respect will prison false desire. Shak. 2. To bind (together); to enchain. [Obs.] Sir William Crispyn with the duke was led Together prisoned. Robert of Brunne. PRISONER Pris"on*er, n. Etym: [F. prisonnier.] 1. One who is confined in a prison. Piers Plowman. 2. A person under arrest, or in custody, whether in prison or not; a person held in involuntary restraint; a captive; as, a prisoner at the bar of a court. Bouvier. Prisoner of Hope thou art, -- look up and sing. Keble. Prisoner's base. See Base, n., 24. PRISONMENT Pris"on*ment, n. Defn: Imprisonment. [Obs.] Shak. PRISTINATE Pris"tin*ate, a. Defn: Pristine; primitive. [Obs.] "Pristinate idolatry." Holinshed. PRISTINE Pris"tine, a. Etym: [L. pristinus, akin to prior: cf. F. pristin. See Prior, a.] Defn: Belonging to the earliest period or state; original; primitive; primeval; as, the pristine state of innocence; the pristine manners of a people; pristine vigor. PRITCH Pritch, n. Etym: [See Prick.] 1. A sharp-pointed instrument; also, an eelspear. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Pique; offense. [Obs.] D. Rogers. PRITCHEL Pritch"el, n. Defn: A tool employed by blacksmiths for punching or enlarging the nail holes in a horseshoe. PRITHEE Prith"ee, interj. Defn: A corruption of pray thee; as, I prithee; generally used without I. Shak. What was that scream for, I prithee L'Estrange. Prithee, tell me, Dimple-chin. E. C. Stedman. PRITTLE-PRATTLE Prit"tle-prat`tle, n. Etym: [See Prattle.] Defn: Empty talk; trifling loquacity; prattle; -- used in contempt or ridicule. [Colloq.] Abp. Bramhall. PRIVACY Pri"va*cy, n.; pl. Privacies. Etym: [See Private.] 1. The state of being in retirement from the company or observation of others; seclusion. 2. A place of seclusion from company or observation; retreat; solitude; retirement. Her sacred privacies all open lie. Rowe. 3. Concealment of what is said or done. Shak. 4. A private matter; a secret. Fuller. 5. See Privity, 2. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. PRIVADO Pri*va"do, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. L. privatus. See Private.] Defn: A private friend; a confidential friend; a confidant. [Obs.] Fuller. PRIVATDOCENT Pri*vat"do*cent`, n.; G. pl. -docenten (#). [Also Privatdozent.] [G.; privat private + docent teacher. See Docent.] Defn: In the universities of Germany and some other European countries, a licensed teacher or lecturer having no share in the university government and dependent upon fees for remuneration. PRIVATE Pri"vate (; 48), a. Etym: [L. privatus apart from the state, peculiar to an individual, private, properly p. p. of privare to bereave, deprive, originally, to separate, fr. privus single, private, perhaps originally, put forward (hence, alone, single) and akin to prae before. See Prior, a., and cf. Deprive, Privy, a.] 1. Belonging to, or concerning, an individual person, company, or interest; peculiar to one's self; unconnected with others; personal; one's own; not public; not general; separate; as, a man's private opinion; private property; a private purse; private expenses or interests; a private secretary. 2. Sequestered from company or observation; appropriated to an individual; secret; secluded; lonely; solitary; as, a private room or apartment; private prayer. Reason . . . then retires Into her private cell when nature rests. Milton. 3. Not invested with, or engaged in, public office or employment; as, a private citizen; private life. Shak. A private person may arrest a felon. Blackstone. 4. Not publicly known; not open; secret; as, a private negotiation; a private understanding. 5. Having secret or private knowledge; privy. [Obs.] Private act or statute, a statute exclusively for the settlement of private and personal interests, of which courts do not take judicial notice; -- opposed to a general law, which operates on the whole community. -- Private nuisance or wrong. See Nuisance. -- Private soldier. See Private, n., 5. -- Private way, a right of private passage over another man's ground. Kent. PRIVATE Pri"vate, n. 1. A secret message; a personal unofficial communication. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Personal interest; particular business.[Obs.] Nor must I be unmindful of my private. B. Jonson. 3. Privacy; retirement. [Archaic] "Go off; I discard you; let me enjoy my private." Shak. 4. One not invested with a public office. [Archaic] What have kings, that privates have not too Shak. 5. (Mil.) Defn: A common soldier; a soldier below the grade of a noncommissioned officer. Macaulay. 6. pl. Defn: The private parts; the genitals. In private, secretly; not openly or publicly. PRIVATEER Pri`va*teer" n. Etym: [From Private.] 1. An armed private vessel which bears the commission of the sovereign power to cruise against the enemy. See Letters of marque, under Marque. 2. The commander of a privateer. Kidd soon threw off the character of a privateer and became a pirate. Macaulay. PRIVATEER Pri`va*teer", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Privateered; p. pr. & vb. n. Privateering.] Defn: To cruise in a privateer. PRIVATEERING Pri`va*teer"ing, n. Defn: Cruising in a privateer. PRIVATEERSMAN Pri`va*teers"man, n.; pl. Privateersmen (. Defn: An officer or seaman of a privateer. PRIVATELY Pri"vate*ly, adv. 1. In a private manner; not openly; without the presence of others. 2. In a manner affecting an individual; personally not officially; as, he is not privately benefited. PRIVATENESS Pri"vate*ness, n. 1. Seclusion from company or society; retirement; privacy; secrecy. Bacon. 2. The state of one not invested with public office. PRIVATION Pri*va"tion n. Etym: [L. privatio: cf. F. privation. See Private.] 1. The act of depriving, or taking away; hence, the depriving of rank or office; degradation in rank; deprivation. Bacon. 2. The state of being deprived or destitute of something, especially of something required or desired; destitution; need; as, to undergo severe privations. 3. The condition of being absent; absence; negation. Evil will be known by consequence, as being only a privation, or absence, of good. South. Privation mere of light and absent day. Milton. PRIVATIVE Priv"a*tive a. Etym: [L. privativus: cf. F. privatif. See Private.] 1. Causing privation; depriving. 2. Consisting in the absence of something; not positive; negative. Privative blessings, blessings of immunity, safeguard, liberty, and integrity. Jer. Taylor. 3. (Gram.) Defn: Implying privation or negation; giving a negative force to a word; as, alpha privative; privative particles; -- applied to such prefixes and suffixes as a- (Gr. un-, non-, -less. PRIVATIVE Priv"a*tive, n. 1. That of which the essence is the absence of something. Blackness and darkness are indeed but privatives. Bacon. 2. (Logic) Defn: A term indicating the absence of any quality which might be naturally or rationally expected; -- called also privative term. 3. (Gram.) Defn: A privative prefix or suffix. See Privative, a., 3. PRIVATIVELY Priv"a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a privative manner; by the absence of something; negatively. [R.] Hammond. PRIVATIVENESS Priv"a*tive*ness, n. Defn: The state of being privative. PRIVET Priv"et, n. Etym: [Cf. Scot. privie, Prov. E. prim-print, primwort. Prob. for primet, and perh. named from being cut and trimmed. See, Prim, a., and cf. Prime to prune, Prim, n., Prie, n.] (Bot.) Defn: An ornamental European shrub (Ligustrum vulgare), much used in hedges; -- called also prim. Egyptian privet. See Lawsonia. -- Evergreen privet, a plant of the genus Rhamnus. See Alatern. -- Mock privet, any one of several evergreen shrubs of the genus Phillyrea. They are from the Mediterranean region, and have been much cultivated for hedges and for fancifully clipped shrubberies. PRIVILEGE Priv"i*lege, n. Etym: [F. privilège, L. privilegium an ordinance or law against or in favor of an individual; privus private + lex, legis, law. See Private, and Legal.] 1. A peculiar benefit, advantage, or favor; a right or immunity not enjoyed by others or by all; special enjoyment of a good, or exemption from an evil or burden; a prerogative; advantage; franchise. He pleads the legal privilege of a Roman. Kettlewell. The privilege birthright was a double portion. Locke. A people inheriting privileges, franchises, and liberties. Burke. 2. (Stockbroker's Cant) Defn: See Call, Put, Spread, etc. Breach of privilege. See under Breach. -- Question of privilege (Parliamentary practice), a question which concerns the security of a member of a legislative body in his special privileges as such. -- Water privilege, the advantage of having machinery driven by a stream, or a place affording such advantage. [ U. S.] -- Writ of privilege (Law), a writ to deliver a privileged person from custody when arrested in a civil suit. Blackstone. Syn. -- Prerogative; immunity; franchise; right; claim; liberty. -- Privilege, Prerogative. Privilege, among the Romans, was something conferred upon an individual by a private law; and hence, it denotes some peculiar benefit or advantage, some right or immunity, not enjoyed by the world at large. Prerogative, among the Romans, was the right of voting first; and, hence, it denotes a right of precedence, or of doing certain acts, or enjoying certain privileges, to the exclusion of others. It is the privilege of a member of Congress not to be called in question elsewhere for words uttered in debate. It is the prerogative of the president to nominate judges and executive officers. It is the privilege of a Christian child to be instructed in the true religion. It is the prerogative of a parent to govern and direct his children. PRIVILEGE Priv"i*lege, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Privileged; p. pr. & vb. n. Privileging.] Etym: [Cf. F. privilégier.] 1. To grant some particular right or exemption to; to invest with a peculiar right or immunity; to authorize; as, to privilege representatives from arrest. To privilege dishonor in thy name. Shak. 2. To bring or put into a condition of privilege or exemption from evil or danger; to exempt; to deliver. He took this place for sanctuary, And it shall privilege him from your hands. Shak. PRIVILEGED Priv"i*leged, a. Defn: Invested with a privilege; enjoying a peculiar right, advantage, or immunity. Privileged communication. (Law) (a) A communication which can not be disclosed without the consent of the party making it, -- such as those made by a client to his legal adviser, or by persons to their religious or medical advisers. (b) A communication which does not expose the party making it to indictment for libel, -- such as those made by persons communicating confidentially with a government, persons consulted confidentially as to the character of servants, etc. -- Privileged debts (Law), those to which a preference in payment is given out of the estate of a deceased person, or out of the estate of an insolvent. Wharton. Burrill. -- Privileged witnesses (Law) witnesses who are not obliged to testify as to certain things, as lawyers in relation to their dealings with their clients, and officers of state as to state secrets; also, by statute, clergymen and physicans are placed in the same category, so far as concerns information received by them professionally. PRIVILY Priv"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a privy manner; privately; secretly. Chaucer. 2 Pet. ii. 1. PRIVITY Priv"i*ty, n.; pl. Privities (-tîz). Etym: [From Privy, a.: cf. F. privauté extreme familiarity.] 1. Privacy; secrecy; confidence. Chaucer. I will unto you, in privity, discover . . . my purpose. Spenser. 2. Private knowledge; joint knowledge with another of a private concern; cognizance implying consent or concurrence. All the doors were laid open for his departure, not without the privity of the Prince of Orange. Swift. 3. A private matter or business; a secret. Chaucer. 4. pl. Defn: The genitals; the privates. 5. (Law) Defn: A connection, or bond of union, between parties, as to some particular transaction; mutual or successive relationship to the same rights of property. PRIVY Priv"y, a. Etym: [F. privé, fr. L. privatus. See Private.] 1. Of or pertaining to some person exclusively; assigned to private uses; not public; private; as, the privy purse. " Privee knights and squires." Chaucer. 2. Secret; clandestine. " A privee thief." Chaucer. 3. Appropriated to retirement; private; not open to the public. " Privy chambers." Ezek. xxi. 14. 4. Admitted to knowledge of a secret transaction; secretly cognizant; privately knowing. His wife also being privy to it. Acts v. 2. Myself am one made privy to the plot. Shak. Privy chamber, a private apartment in a royal residence. [Eng.] -- Privy council (Eng. Law), the principal council of the sovereign, composed of the cabinet ministers and other persons chosen by the king or queen. Burrill. -- Privy councilor, a member of the privy council. -- Privy purse, moneys set apart for the personal use of the monarch; also, the title of the person having charge of these moneys. [Eng.] Macaulay. -- Privy seal or signed, the seal which the king uses in grants, etc., which are to pass the great seal, or which the uses in matters of subordinate consequence which do not require the great seal; also, elliptically, the principal secretary of state, or person intrusted with the privy seal. [Eng.] -- Privy verdict, a verdict given privily to the judge out of court; -- now disused. Burrill. PRIVY Priv"y, n.; pl. Privies (. 1. (Law) Defn: A partaker; a person having an interest in any action or thing; one who has an interest in an estate created by another; a person having an interest derived from a contract or conveyance to which he is not himself a party. The term, in its proper sense, is distinguished from party. Burrill. Wharton. 2. A necessary house or place; a backhouse. PRIZABLE Priz"a*ble, a. Defn: Valuable. H. Taylor. PRIZE Prize, n. Etym: [F. prise a seizing, hold, grasp, fr. pris, p. p. of prendre to take, L. prendere, prehendere; in some senses, as 2 (b), either from, or influenced by, F. prix price. See Prison, Prehensile, and cf. Pry, and also Price.] 1. That which is taken from another; something captured; a thing seized by force, stratagem, or superior power. I will depart my pris, or may prey, by deliberation. Chaucer. His own prize, Whom formerly he had in battle won. Spenser. 2. Hence, specifically; (a) (Law) Anything captured by a belligerent using the rights of war; esp., property captured at sea in virtue of the rights of war, as a vessel. Kent. Brande & C. (b) An honor or reward striven for in a competitive contest; anything offered to be competed for, or as an inducement to, or reward of, effort. I'll never wrestle for prize more. Shak. I fought and conquered, yet have lost the prize. Dryden. (c) That which may be won by chance, as in a lottery. 3. Anything worth striving for; a valuable possession held or in prospect. I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus. Phil. iii. 14. 4. A contest for a reward; competition. [Obs.] Shak. 5. A lever; a pry; also, the hold of a lever. [Written also prise.] Prize court, a court having jurisdiction of all captures made in war on the high seas. Bouvier. -- Prize fight, an exhibition contest, esp. one of pugilists, for a stake or wager. -- Prize fighter, one who fights publicly for a reward; -- applied esp. to a professional boxer or pugilist. Pope. -- Prize fighting, fighting, especially boxing, in public for a reward or wager. -- Prize master, an officer put in charge or command of a captured vessel. -- Prize medal, a medal given as a prize. -- Prize money, a dividend from the proceeds of a captured vessel, etc., paid to the captors. -- Prize ring, the ring or inclosure for a prize fight; the system and practice of prize fighting. -- To make prize of, to capture. Hawthorne. PRIZE Prize, v. t. Defn: To move with a lever; to force up or open; to pry. [Written also prise.] PRIZE Prize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prized; p. pr. & vb. n. Prizing.] Etym: [F. priser, OF. prisier, preisier, fr. L. pretiare, fr. pretium worth, value, price. See Price, and cf. Praise.] [Formerly written also prise. ] 1. To set or estimate the value of; to appraise; to price; to rate. A goodly price that I was prized at. Zech. xi. 13. I prize it [life] not a straw, but for mine honor. Shak. 2. To value highly; to estimate to be of great worth; to esteem. "[I] do love, prize, honor you. " Shak. I prized your person, but your crown disdain. Dryden. PRIZE Prize, n. Etym: [F. prix price. See 3d Prize. ] Defn: Estimation; valuation. [Obs.] Shak. PRIZEMAN Prize"man, n.; pl. Prizemen (. Defn: The winner of a prize. PRIZER Priz"er, n. Etym: [See 3d Prize.] Defn: One who estimates or sets the value of a thing; an appraiser. Shak. PRIZER Priz"er, n. Etym: [See 1st Prize.] Defn: One who contends for a prize; a prize fighter; a challenger. [Obs.] Shak. Appeareth no man yet to answer the prizer. B. Jonson. PRIZING Priz"ing, n. Etym: [See 2d Prize.] Defn: The application of a lever to move any weighty body, as a cask, anchor, cannon, car, etc. See Prize, n., 5. PRO- Pro-. Etym: [L. pro, or Gr. Pro.] Defn: A prefix signifying before, in front, forth, for, in behalf of, in place of, according to; as, propose, to place before; proceed, to go before or forward; project, to throw forward; prologue, part spoken before (the main piece); propel, prognathous; provide, to look out for; pronoun, a word instead of a noun; proconsul, a person acting in place of a consul; proportion, arrangement according to parts. PRO Pro, prep. Etym: [L.; akin to prae before, Gr. for. See For, prep., and cf. Prior, a.] Defn: A Latin preposition signifying for, before, forth. Pro confesso Etym: [L.] (Law), taken as confessed. The action of a court of equity on that portion of the pleading in a particular case which the pleading on the other side does not deny. -- Pro rata. Etym: [L. See Prorate.] In proportion; proportion. -- Pro re nata Etym: [L.] (Law), for the existing occasion; as matters are. PRO Pro, adv. Defn: For, on, or in behalf of, the affirmative side; -- in contrast with Ant: con. Pro and con, for and against, on the affirmative and on the negative side; as, they debated the question pro and con; -- formerly used also as a verb. -- Pros and cons, the arguments or reasons on either side. PROA Pro"a, n. Etym: [Malay praah.] (Naut.) Defn: A sailing canoe of the Ladrone Islands and Malay Archipelago, having its lee side flat and its weather side like that of an ordinary boat. The ends are alike. The canoe is long and narrow, and is kept from overturning by a cigar-shaped log attached to a frame extending several feet to windward. It has been called the flying proa, and is the swiftest sailing craft known. PROACH Proach, v. i. Defn: See Approach. [Obs.] PROATLAS Pro*at"las, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + atlas.] (Anat.) Defn: A vertebral rudiment in front of the atlas in some reptiles. PROBABILIORISM Prob`a*bil"i*o*rism, n. Defn: The doctrine of the probabiliorists. PROBABILIORIST Prob`a*bil"i*o*rist, n. Etym: [From L. probabilior, compar. of probabilis probable.] (Casuistry) Defn: One who holds, in opposition to the probabilists, that a man is bound to do that which is most probably right. PROBABILISM Prob"a*bil*ism n. Etym: [Cf. F. probabilisme.] Defn: The doctrine of the probabilists. PROBABILIST Prob"a*bil*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. probabilists.] 1. One who maintains that certainty is impossible, and that probability alone is to govern our faith and actions. 2. (Casuistry) Defn: One who maintains that a man may do that which has a probability of being right, or which is inculcated by teachers of authority, although other opinions may seem to him still more probable. PROBABILITY Prob`a*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Probabilities. Etym: [L. probabilitas: cf. F. probabilité.] 1. The quality or state of being probable; appearance of reality or truth; reasonable ground of presumption; likelihood. Probability is the appearance of the agreement or disagreement of two ideas, by the intervention of proofs whose connection is not constant, but appears for the most part to be so. Locke. 2. That which is or appears probable; anything that has the appearance of reality or truth. The whole life of man is a perpetual comparison of evidence and balancing of probabilities. Buckminster. We do not call for evidence till antecedent probabilities fail. J. H. Newman. 3. (Math.) Defn: Likelihood of the occurrence of any event in the doctrine of chances, or the ratio of the number of favorable chances to the whole number of chances, favorable and unfavorable. See 1st Chance, n., 5. Syn. -- Likeliness; credibleness; likelihood; chance. PROBABLE Prob"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. probabilis, fr. probare to try, approve, prove: cf. F. probable. See Prove, and cf. Provable.] 1. Capable of being proved. [Obs.] 2. Having more evidence for than against; supported by evidence which inclines the mind to believe, but leaves some room for doubt; likely. That is accounted probable which has better arguments producible for it than can be brought against it. South. I do not say that the principles of religion are merely probable; I have before asserted them to be morally certain. Bp. Wilkins. 3. Rendering probable; supporting, or giving ground for, belief, but not demonstrating; as, probable evidence; probable presumption. Blackstone. Probable cause (Law), a reasonable ground of presumption that a charge is, or my be, well founded. -- Probable error (of an observation, or of the mean of a number), that within which, taken positively and negatively, there is an even chance that the real error shall lie. Thus, if 3" is the probable error in a given case, the chances that the real error is greater than 3" are equal to the chances that it is less. The probable error is computed from the observations made, and is used to express their degree of accuracy. -- The probable, that which is within the bounds of probability; that which is not unnatural or preternatural; -- opposed to the marvelous. PROBABLY Prob"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a probable manner; in likelihood. Distinguish between what may possibly and what will probably be done. L'Estrange. PROBACY Pro"ba*cy, n. Etym: [See Probate.] Defn: Proof; trial. [Obs.] Chaucer. PROBAL Pro"bal, a. Defn: Approved; probable. [Obs.] Shak. PROBALITY Pro*bal"i*ty, n. Defn: Probability. [Obs.] "With as great probality." Holland. PROBANG Pro"bang, n. Etym: [See Probe.] Defn: A slender elastic rod, as of whalebone, with a sponge on the end, for removing obstructions from the esophagus, etc. PROBATE Pro"bate, n. Etym: [From L. probatus, p. p. of probare to prove. See Prove.] 1. Proof. [Obs.] Skelton. 2. (Law) (a) Official proof; especially, the proof before a competent officer or tribunal that an instrument offered, purporting to be the last will and testament of a person deceased, is indeed his lawful act; the copy of a will proved, under the seal of the Court of Probate, delivered to the executors with a certificate of its having been proved. Bouvier. Burrill. (b) The right or jurisdiction of proving wills. PROBATE Pro"bate, a. Defn: Of or belonging to a probate, or court of probate; as, a probate record. Probate Court, or Court of Probate, a court for the probate of wills. -- Probate duty, a government tax on property passing by will. [Eng.] PROBATE Pro"bate v. t. Defn: To obtain the official approval of, as of an instrument purporting to be the last will and testament; as, the executor has probated the will. PROBATION Pro*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. probatio, fr. probare to try, examine, prove: cf. F. probation. See Prove.] 1. The act of proving; also, that which proves anything; proof. [Obs.] When by miracle God dispensed great gifts to the laity, . . . he gave probation that he intended that all should prophesy and preach. Jer. Taylor. 2. Any proceeding designed to ascertain truth, to determine character, qualification, etc.; examination; trial; as, to engage a person on probation. Hence, specifically: (a) The novitiate which a person must pass in a convent, to probe his or her virtue and ability to bear the severities of the rule. (b) The trial of a ministerial candidate's qualifications prior to his ordination, or to his settlement as a pastor. (c) Moral trial; the state of man in the present life, in which he has the opportunity of proving his character, and becoming qualified for a happier state. No [view of human life] seems so reasonable as that which regards it as a state of probation. Paley. PROBATIONAL Pro*ba"tion*al, a. Defn: Probationary. PROBATIONARY Pro*ba"tion*a*ry a. Defn: Of or pertaining to probation; serving for trial. To consider this life . . . as a probationary state. Paley. PROBATIONER Pro*ba"tion*er, n. 1. One who is undergoing probation; one who is on trial; a novice. While yet a young probationer, And candidate of heaven. Dryden. 2. A student in divinity, who, having received certificates of good morals and qualifications from his university, is admitted to several trials by a presbytery, and, on acquitting himself well, is licensed to preach. [Scot.] PROBATIONERSHIP Pro*ba"tion*er*ship, n. Defn: The state of being a probationer; novitiate. Locke. PROBATIONSHIP Pro*ba"tion*ship, n. Defn: A state of probation. PROBATIVE Pro"ba*tive, a. Etym: [L. probativus: cf. F.probatif.] Defn: Serving for trial or proof; probationary; as, probative judgments; probative evidence. South. PROBATOR Pro*ba"tor n. Etym: [L.] 1. An examiner; an approver. Maydman. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: One who, when indicted for crime, confessed it, and accused others, his accomplices, in order to obtain pardon; a state's evidence. PROBATORY Pro"ba*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. probatoire.] 1. Serving for trial; probationary. Abp. Bramhall. 2. Pertaining to, or serving for, proof. Jer. Taylor. Probatory term (Law), a time for taking testimony. PROBE Probe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Probed; p. pr. & vb. n. Probing.] Etym: [L. probare to try, examine. See Prove.] 1. To examine, as a wound, an ulcer, or some cavity of the body, with a probe. 2. Fig.: to search to the bottom; to scrutinize or examine thoroughly. Dryden. The growing disposition to probe the legality of all acts, of the crown. Hallam. PROBE Probe, n. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for examining the depth or other circumstances of a wound, ulcer, or cavity, or the direction of a sinus, of for exploring for bullets, for stones in the bladder, etc. Parr. Probe, or Probe-pointed, scissors (Surg.), scissors used to open wounds, the blade of which, to be thrust into the orifice, has a button at the end. Wiseman. PROBEAGLE Pro"bea`gle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Porbeagle. PROBE-POINTED Probe"-point`ed, a. (Surg.) Defn: Having a blunt or button-shaped extremity; -- said of cutting instruments. PROBITY Prob"i*ty, n. Etym: [F. probité, fr. L. probitas, fr. probus good, proper, honest. Cf. Prove.] Defn: Tried virtue or integrity; approved moral excellence; honesty; rectitude; uprightness. "Probity of mind." Pope. Syn. -- Probity, Integrity. Probity denotes unimpeachable honesty and virtue, shown especially by the performance of those obligations, called imperfect, which the laws of the state do not reach, and can not enforce. Integrity denotes a whole-hearted honesty, and especially that which excludes all injustice that might favor one's self. It has a peculiar reference to uprightness in mutual dealings, transfer of property, and the execution of trusts for others. PROBLEM Prob"lem, n. Etym: [F. problème, L. problema, fr. Gr. Parable. ] 1. A question proposed for solution; a matter stated for examination or proof; hence, a matter difficult of solution or settlement; a doubtful case; a question involving doubt. Bacon. 2. (Math.) Defn: Anything which is required to be done; as, in geometry, to bisect a line, to draw a perpendicular; or, in algebra, to find an unknown quantity. Note: Problem differs from theorem in this, that a problem is something to be done, as to bisect a triangle, to describe a circle, etc.; a theorem is something to be proved, as that all the angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles. Plane problem (Geom.), a problem that can be solved by the use of the rule and compass. -- Solid problem (Geom.), a problem requiring in its geometric solution the use of a conic section or higher curve. PROBLEMATIC; PROBLEMATICAL Prob`lem*at"ic, Prob`lem*at"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. problematicus, Gr. problématique.] Defn: Having the nature of a problem; not shown in fact; questionable; uncertain; unsettled; doubtful. -- Prob`lem*at"ic*al*ly, adv. Diligent inquiries into remote and problematical guilt leave a gate wide open to . . . informers. Swift. PROBLEMATIST Prob"lem*a*tist n. Defn: One who proposes problems. [R.] Evelyn. PROBLEMATIZE Prob"lem*a*tize v. t. Defn: To propose problems. [R.] "Hear him problematize." B. Jonson. PROBOSCIDATE Pro*bos"ci*date, a. Etym: [See Proboscis.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a proboscis; proboscidial. PROBOSCIDEA Pro`bos*cid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Proboscis.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of large mammal PROBOSCIDEAN Pro`bos*cid"e*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Proboscidian. PROBOSCIDIAL Pro`bos*cid"i*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Proboscidate. PROBOSCIDIAN Pro`bos*cid"i*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Proboscidea. -- n. Defn: One of the Proboscidea. PROBOSCIDIFERA Pro*bos`ci*dif"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Proboscis, and -ferous.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of pectinibranchiate gastropods, including those that have a long retractile proboscis, with the mouth at the end, as the cones, whelks, tritons, and cowries. See Illust. of Gastropoda, and of Winkle. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A subdivision of the tænioglossate gastropods, including the fig-shells (Pyrula), the helmet shells (Cassis), the tritons, and allied genera. PROBOSCIDIFORM Pro`bos*cid"i*form a. Defn: Having the form or uses of a proboscis; as, a proboscidiform mouth. PROBOSCIS Pro*bos"cis, n.; pl. Proboscides. Etym: [L. fr. Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A hollow organ or tube attached to the head, or connected with the mouth, of various animals, and generally used in taking food or drink; a snout; a trunk. Note: The proboscis of an elephant is a flexible muscular elongation of the nose. The proboscis of insects is usually a chitinous tube formed by the modified maxillæ, or by the labium. See Illusts. of Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: By extension, applied to various tubelike mouth organs of the lower animals that can be everted or protruded. Note: The proboscis of annelids and of mollusks is usually a portion of the pharynx that can be everted or protruded. That of nemerteans is a special long internal organ, not connected with the mouth, and not used in feeding, but capable of being protruded from a pore in the head. See Illust. in Appendix. 3. The nose. [Jocose] Proboscis monkey. (Zoöl.) See Kahau. PROCACIOUS Pro*ca"cious, a. Etym: [L. procax, -acis, fr. procare to ask, demand.] Defn: Pert; petulant; forward; saucy. [R.] Barrow. PROCACITY Pro*cac"i*ty n. Etym: [L. procacitas.] Defn: Forwardness; pertness; petulance. [R.] Burton. PROCAMBIUM Pro*cam"bi*um n. Etym: [NL. See Pro-, and Cambium.] (Bot.) Defn: The young tissue of a fibrovascular bundle before its component cells have begun to be differentiated. Sachs. PROCATARCTIC Pro`cat*arc"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. procatarctique. ] (Med.) Defn: Beginning; predisposing; exciting; initial. [Obs.] Note: The words procatarctic causes have been used with different significations. Thus they have been employed synonymously with prime causes, exciting causes, and predisposing or remote causes. The physician inquires into the procatarctic causes. Harvey. PROCATARXIS Pro`cat*arx"is, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The kindling of a disease into action; also, the procatarctic cause. Quincy. PROCEDENDO Pro`ce*den"do, n. Etym: [Abl. of the gerundive of L. procedere. see Proceed.] (Law) (a) A writ by which a cause which has been removed on insufficient grounds from an inferior to a superior court by certiorari, or otherwise, is sent down again to the same court, to be proceeded in there. (b) In English practice, a writ issuing out of chancery in cases where the judges of subordinate courts delay giving judgment, commanding them to proceed to judgment. (c) A writ by which the commission of the justice of the peace is revived, after having been suspended. Tomlins. Burrill. PROCEDURE Pro*ce"dure, n. Etym: [F. procédure. See Proceed.] 1. The act or manner of proceeding or moving forward; progress; process; operation; conduct. "The true procedure of conscience." South. 2. A step taken; an act performed; a proceeding; the steps taken in an action or other legal proceeding. "Gracious procedures." I. Taylor. 3. That which results; issue; product. [Obs.] Bacon. PROCEED Pro*ceed" v. i. [imp. & p. p. Proceeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Proceeding.] Etym: [F. procéder. fr. L. procedere, processum, to go before, to proceed; pro forward + cedere to move. See Cede.] 1. To move, pass, or go forward or onward; to advance; to continue or renew motion begun; as, to proceed on a journey. If thou proceed in this thy insolence. Shak. 2. To pass from one point, topic, or stage, to another; as, to proceed with a story or argument. 3. To issue or come forth as from a source or origin; to come from; as, light proceeds from the sun. I proceeded forth and came from God. John viii. 42. It proceeds from policy, not love. Shak. 4. To go on in an orderly or regulated manner; to begin and carry on a series of acts or measures; to act by method; to prosecute a design. He that proceeds upon other principles in his inquiry. Locke. 5. To be transacted; to take place; to occur. [Obs.] He will, after his sour fashion, tell you What hath proceeded worthy note to-day. Shak. 6. To have application or effect; to operate. This rule only proceeds and takes place when a person can not of common law condemn another by his sentence. Ayliffe. 7. (Law) Defn: To begin and carry on a legal process. Syn. -- To advance; go on; continue; progress; issue; arise; emanate. PROCEED Pro"ceed n. Defn: See Proceeds. [Obs.] Howell. PROCEEDER Pro*ceed"er, n. Defn: One who proceeds. PROCEEDING Pro*ceed"ing, n. 1. The act of one who proceeds, or who prosecutes a design or transaction; progress or movement from one thing to another; a measure or step taken in a course of business; a transaction; as, an illegal proceeding; a cautious or a violent proceeding. The proceedings of the high commission. Macaulay. 2. pl. (Law) Defn: The course of procedure in the prosecution of an action at law. Blackstone. Proceedings of a society, the published record of its action, or of things done at its meetings. Syn. -- Procedure; measure; step, See Transaction. PROCEEDS Pro"ceeds, n. pl. Defn: That which comes forth or results; effect; yield; issue; product; sum accruing from a sale, etc. PROCELEUSMATIC Proc`e*leus*mat"ic, a. Etym: [L. proceleusmaticus, Gr. procéleusmatique.] 1. Inciting; animating; encouraging. [R.] Johnson. 2. (Pros.) Defn: Consisting of four short syllables; composed of feet of four short syllables each. PROCELEUSMATIC Proc`e*leus*mat"ic, n. (Pros.) Defn: A foot consisting of four short syllables. PROCELLARIAN Pro`cel*la"ri*an, n. Etym: [L. procella a storm.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a family of oceanic birds (Procellaridæ) including the petrels, fulmars, and shearwaters. They are often seen in great abundance in stormy weather. PROCELLOUS Pro*cel"lous, a. Etym: [L. procellosus, fr. procella a storm.] Defn: Stormy. [Obs.] Bailey. PROCEPHALIC Pro`ce*phal"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. pro- + cephalic.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or forming, the front of the head. Procephalic lobe (Zoöl.), that part of the head of an invertebrate animal which is in front of the mouth. PROCEPTION Pro*cep"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + L. capere to take.] Defn: Preoccupation. [Obs.] Eikon Basilik PROCERE Pro*cere", a. Etym: [L. procerus tall.] Defn: Of high stature; tall. [Obs.] Evelyn. PROCEREBRUM Pro*cer"e*brum n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + cerebrum.] (Anat.) Defn: The prosencephalon. PROCERES Proc"e*res n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. procer (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of large birds; the Ratitæ; -- called also Proceri. PROCERITE Proc"er*ite, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The segment next to the flagellum of the antennæ of Crustacea. PROCERITY Pro*cer"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. proceritas.] Defn: Height of stature; tallness. [R.] Johnson. PROCESS Proc"ess, n. Etym: [F. procès, L. processus. See Proceed.] 1. The act of proceeding; continued forward movement; procedure; progress; advance. "Long process of time." Milton. The thoughts of men are widened with the process of the suns. Tennyson. 2. A series of actions, motions, or occurrences; progressive act or transaction; continuous operation; normal or actual course or procedure; regular proceeding; as, the process of vegetation or decomposition; a chemical process; processes of nature. Tell her the process of Antonio's end. Shak. 3. A statement of events; a narrative. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Defn: Any marked prominence or projecting part, especially of a bone; anapophysis. 5. (Law) Defn: The whole course of proceedings in a cause real or personal, civil or criminal, from the beginning to the end of the suit; strictly, the means used for bringing the defendant into court to answer to the action; -- a generic term for writs of the class called judicial. Deacon's process Etym: [from H. Deacon, who introduced it] (Chem.), a method of obtaining chlorine gas by passing hydrochloric acid gas over heated slag which has been previously saturated with a solution of some metallic salt, as sulphate of copper. -- Final process (Practice), a writ of execution in an action at law. Burrill. -- In process, in the condition of advance, accomplishment, transaction, or the like; begun, and not completed. -- Jury process (Law), the process by which a jury is summoned in a cause, and by which their attendance is enforced. Burrill. -- Leblanc's process (Chem.), the process of manufacturing soda by treating salt with sulphuric acid, reducing the sodium sulphate so formed to sodium sulphide by roasting with charcoal, and converting the sodium sulphide to sodium carbonate by roasting with lime. -- Mesne process. See under Mesne. -- Process milling, the process of high milling for grinding flour. See under Milling. -- Reversible process (Thermodynamics), any process consisting of a cycle of operations such that the different operations of the cycle can be performed in reverse order with a reversal of their effects. PROCESSION Pro*ces"sion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. processio. See Proceed.] 1. The act of proceeding, moving on, advancing, or issuing; regular, orderly, or ceremonious progress; continuous course. Bp. Pearson. That the procession of their life might be More equable, majestic, pure, and free. Trench. 2. That which is moving onward in an orderly, stately, or solemn manner; a train of persons advancing in order; a ceremonious train; a retinue; as, a procession of mourners; the Lord Mayor's procession. Here comes the townsmen on procession. Shak. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: An orderly and ceremonial progress of persons, either from the sacristy to the choir, or from the choir around the church, within or without. Shipley. 4. pl. (Eccl.) Defn: An old term for litanies which were said in procession and not kneeling. Shipley. Procession of the Holy Ghost, a theological term applied to the relation of the Holy Spirit to the Father and the Son, the Eastern Church affirming that the Spirit proceeds from the Father only, and the Western Church that the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. Shipley. -- Procession week, a name for Rogation week, when processions were made; Cross-week. Shipley. PROCESSION Pro*ces"sion, v. t. (Law) Defn: To ascertain, mark, and establish the boundary lines of, as lands. [Local, U. S. (North Carolina and Tennessee).] "To procession the lands of such persons as desire it." Burrill. PROCESSION Pro*ces"sion, v. i. Defn: To march in procession. [R.] PROCESSION Pro*ces"sion, v. i. Defn: To honor with a procession. [R.] PROCESSIONAL Pro*ces"sion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a procession; consisting in a procession. The processional services became more frequent. Milman. PROCESSIONAL Pro*ces"sion*al, n. Etym: [F. processionnal, LL. processionale.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A service book relating to ecclesiastical processions. J. Gregory. 2. A hymn, or other selection, sung during a church procession; as, the processional was the 202d hymn. PROCESSIONALIST Pro*ces"sion*al*ist, n. Defn: One who goes or marches in a procession. [R.] PROCESSIONARY Pro*ces"sion*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. processionarius, F. processionnaire.] Defn: Pertaining to a procession; consisting in processions; as, processionary service. Processionary moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Cnethocampa, especially C. processionea of Europe, whose larvæ make large webs on oak trees, and go out to feed in regular order. They are covered with stinging hairs. PROCESSIONER Pro*ces"sion*er, n. 1. One who takes part in a procession. 2. A manual of processions; a processional. Fuller. 3. An officer appointed to procession lands. [Local, U. S. (North Carolina and Tennessee).] Burrill. PROCESSIONING Pro*ces"sion*ing, n. Defn: A proceeding prescribed by statute for ascertaining and fixing the boundaries of land. See 2d Procession. [ Local, U. S.] Bouvier. PROCESSIVE Pro*ces"sive, a. Defn: Proceeding; advancing. Because it is language, -- ergo, processive. Coleridge. PROCESS PLATE Proc"ess plate. (a) A plate prepared by a mechanical process, esp. a photomechanical process. (b) A very slow photographic plate, giving good contrasts between high lights and shadows, used esp. for making lantern slides. PROCES VERBAL Pro`cès" ver`bal". Etym: [ F.] (French Law) Defn: An authentic minute of an official act, or statement of facts. PROCHEIN Pro"chein, a. Etym: [F. prochain, fr. L. (assumed) proximanus, fr. proximus.] Defn: Next; nearest. Prochein ami or amy ( (Law), the next friend. See under Next. PROCHORDAL Pro*chor"dal, a. Etym: [Pref. pro + chordal.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of the notochord; -- applied especially to parts of the cartilaginous rudiments in the base of the skull. PROCHRONISM Pro"chro*nism n. Etym: [Gr. prochronisme.] Defn: The dating of an event before the time it happened; an antedating; -- opposed to Ant: metachronism. PROCHRONIZE Pro"chro*nize, v. t. Defn: To antedate. Fitzed. Hall. PROCIDENCE; PROCIDENTIA Proc"i*dence, Proc*i*den"ti*a, n. Etym: [L. procidentia, fr. procidens, p. pr. of procidere to fall down forward.] (Med.) Defn: A falling down; a prolapsus. [R.] Parr. PROCIDUOUS Pro*cid"u*ous (, a. Etym: [ L. prociduus.] Defn: Falling from its proper place. PROCINCT Pro*cinct" n. Etym: [L. procinctus, fr. procingere, procinctum, to gird up.] Defn: A state of complete readiness for action. [Obs.] "War in procinct." Milton. PROCLAIM Pro*claim", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proclaimed; p. pr. & vb. n. Proclaiming.] Etym: [OE. proclamen, L. proclamare; pro before, forward + clamare to call or cry out: cf. F. proclamer. See Claim.] 1. To make known by public announcement; to give wide publicity to; to publish abroad; to promulgate; to declare; as, to proclaim war or peace. To proclaim liberty to the captives. Isa. lxi. 1. For the apparel oft proclaims the man. Shak. Throughout the host proclaim A solemn council forthwith to be held. Milton. 2. To outlaw by public proclamation. I heard myself proclaimed. Shak. Syn. -- To publish; promulgate; declare; announce. See Announce. PROCLAIMER Pro*claim"er, n. Defn: One who proclaims. PROCLAMATION Proc`la*ma"tion n. Etym: [F. proclamation, L. proclamatio. See Proclaim.] 1. The act of proclaiming; official or general notice; publication. King Asa made a proclamation throughout all Judah; none was exempted. 1 Kings xv. 22. 2. That which is proclaimed, publicly announced, or officially declared; a published ordinance; as, the proclamation of a king; a Thanksgiving proclamation. PROCLITIC Pro*clit"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Enclitic.] (Gr. Gram.) Defn: Leaning forward; -- said of certain monosyllabic words which are so closely attached to the following word as not to have a separate accent. PROCLIVE Pro*clive" a. Etym: [L. proclivis sloping, inclined; pro forward + clivus hill: cf. F. proclive. See Declivity, and cf. Proclivous.] Defn: Having a tendency by nature; prone; proclivous. [R.] Mrs. Browning. PROCLIVITY Pro*cliv"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. proclivitas: cf. F. proclivité.] 1. Inclination; propensity; proneness; tendency. "A proclivity to steal." Abp. Bramhall. 2. Readiness; facility; aptitude. He had such a dexterous proclivity as his teachers were fain to restrain his forwardness. Sir H. Wotton. PROCLIVOUS Pro*cli"vous, a. Etym: [L. proclivus. See Proclive.] 1. Inclined; tending by nature. [R.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the incisor teeth directed forward. PROCOELE Pro*coele", n. Etym: [Pref. pro + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A lateral cavity of the prosencephalon; a lateral ventricle of the brain. B. G. Wilder. PROCOELIA Pro*coe"li*a n.; pl. Procoeliæ (. Etym: [ NL.] (Anat.) Defn: Same as Procoele. PROCOELIA Pro*coe"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Crocodilia, including the true crocodiles and alligators, in which the dorsal vertebræ are concave in front. PROCOELIAN Pro*coe"li*an a. Etym: [See Procoele.] (Anat & Zoöl.) Defn: Concave in front; as, procoelian vertebræ, which have the anterior end of the centra concave and the posterior convex. PROCOELIAN Pro*coe"li*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A reptile having procoelian vertebræ; one of the Procoelia. PROCOELOUS Pro*coe"lous, a. Defn: Same as Procoelian. PROCONSUL Pro*con"sul, n. Etym: [L., fr. pro for + consul consul.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An officer who discharged the duties of a consul without being himself consul; a governor of, or a military commander in, a province. He was usually one who had previously been consul. PROCONSULAR; PROCONSULARY Pro*con"su*lar, Pro*con"su*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. proconsularis: cf. F. proconsulaire.] 1. Of or pertaining of a proconsul; as, proconsular powers. 2. Under the government of a proconsul; as, a proconsular province. PROCONSULATE Pro*con"su*late, n. Etym: [L. proconsulatus: cf. F. proconsulat.] Defn: The office jurisdiction of a proconsul, or the term of his office. PROCONSULSHIP Pro*con"sul*ship n. Defn: Proconsulate. PROCRASTINATE Pro*cras"ti*nate v. t. [imp. & p. p. Procrastinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Procrastinating.] Etym: [L. procrastinatus, p. p. of procrastinare to procrastinate; pro forward + crastinus of to-morrow, fr. cras to- morrow.] Defn: To put off till to-morrow, or from day to day; to defer; to postpone; to delay; as, to procrastinate repentance. Dr. H. More. Hopeless and helpless Ægeon wend, But to procrastinate his lifeless end. Shak. Syn. -- To postpone; adjourn; defer; delay; retard; protract; prolong. PROCRASTINATE Pro*cras"ti*nate, v. i. Defn: To delay; to be dilatory. I procrastinate more than I did twenty years ago. Swift. PROCRASTINATION Pro*cras`ti*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. procrastinatio: cf. F. procrastination.] Defn: The act or habit of procrastinating, or putting off to a future time; delay; dilatoriness. Procrastination is the thief of time. Young. PROCRASTINATOR Pro*cras"ti*na`tor n. Defn: One who procrastinates, or defers the performance of anything. PROCRASTINATORY Pro*cras"ti*na*to*ry a. Defn: Of or pertaining to procrastination; dilatory. PROCRASTINE Pro*cras"tine v. t. Defn: To procrastinate. [Obs.] PROCREANT Pro"cre*ant, a. Etym: [L. procreans, p. pr. of procreare. See Procreate.] Defn: Generating; producing; productive; fruitful; assisting in procreation. [R.] "His pendent bed and procreant cradle." Shak. PROCREANT Pro"cre*ant, n. Defn: One who, or that which, procreates. PROCREATE Pro"cre*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Procreated; p. pr. & vb. n. Procreating.] Etym: [L. procreatus, p. p. of procreare; pro forward, forth + create to create.] Defn: To generate and produce; to beget; to engender. PROCREATION Pro`cre*a"tion n. Etym: [F. procréation, L, procreatio.] Defn: The act of begetting; generation and production of young. South. PROCREATIVE Pro"cre*a`tive, a. Defn: Having the power to beget; generative. Sir M. Hale. PROCREATIVENESS Pro"cre*a`tive*ness, n. Defn: The power of generating. PROCREATOR Pro"cre*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who begets; a father or sire; a generator. PROCRIS Pro"cris n. Etym: [L., the wife of Cephalus, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of small moths of the genus Procris. The larvæ of some species injure the grapevine by feeding in groups upon the leaves. PROCRUSTEAN Pro*crus"te*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Procrustes, or the mode of torture practiced by him; producing conformity by violent means; as, the Procrustean treatment; a Procrustean limit. See Procrustes. PROCRUSTEANIZE Pro*crus"te*an*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Procrusteanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Procrusteanizing.] Defn: To stretch or contract according to some rule or standard. PROCRUSTES Pro*crus"tes n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A celebrated legendary highwayman of Attica, who tied his victims upon an iron bed, and, as the case required, either stretched or cut of their legs to adapt them to its length; -- whence the metaphorical phrase, the bed of Procrustes. PROCRUSTESIAN Pro`crus*te"si*an, a. Defn: See Procrustean. PROCTITIS Proc*ti"tis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the rectum. PROCTOCELE Proc"to*cele, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Inversion and prolapse of the mucous coat of the rectum, from relaxation of the sphincter, with more or less swelling; prolapsus ani. Dunglison. PROCTODAEUM Proc`to*dæ"um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: See Mesenteron. PROCTOR Proc"tor, n. Etym: [OE. proketour, contr. fr. procurator. See Procurator.] Defn: One who is employed to manage to affairs of another. Specifically: (a) A person appointed to collect alms for those who could not go out to beg for themselves, as lepers, the bedridden, etc.; hence a beggar. [Obs.] Nares. (b) (Eng. Law) An officer employed in admiralty and ecclesiastical causes. He answers to an attorney at common law, or to a solicitor in equity. Wharton. (c) (Ch. of Eng.) A representative of the clergy in convocation. (d) An officer in a university or college whose duty it is to enforce obedience to the laws of the institution. PROCTOR Proc"tor, v. t. Defn: To act as a proctor toward; to manage as an attorney or agent. Bp. Warburton. PROCTORAGE Proc"tor*age n. Defn: Management by a proctor, or as by a proctor; hence, control; superintendence; -- in contempt. "The fogging proctorage of money." Milton. PROCTORIAL Proc*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a proctor, esp. an academic proctor; magisterial. PROCTORICAL Proc*tor"ic*al, a. Defn: Proctorial. [R.] PROCTORSHIP Proc"tor*ship n. Defn: The office or dignity of a proctor; also, the term of his office. Clarendon. PROCTOTOMY Proc*tot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: An incision into the rectum, as for the division of a stricture. PROCTUCHA Proc"tu*cha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) A division of Turbellaria including those that have an intestine terminating posteriorly. (b) The Nemertina. PROCUMBENT Pro*cum"bent, a. Etym: [L. procumbens, -entis, p. pr. of procumbere to fall, bend, or lean forward; pro forward + cumbere (in comp.), akin to cubare to lie down: cf. F. procombant. Cf. Incumbent.] 1. Lying down, or on the face; prone. " Procumbent each obeyed." Cowper. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Lying on the ground, but without putting forth roots; trailing; prostrate; as, a procumbent stem. PROCURABLE Pro*cur"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being procured; obtainable. Boyle. PROCURACY Proc"u*ra*cy, n.; pl. Procuracies. Etym: [LL. procuratia: cf. F. procuratie. See Procuration, and cf,. Proxy.] 1. The office or act of a proctor or procurator; management for another. 2. Authority to act for another; a proxy. [Obs.] PROCURATION Proc`u*ra"tion n. Etym: [L. procuratio: cf. F. procuration. See Procure.] 1. The act of procuring; procurement. 2. The management of another's affairs. 3. The instrument by which a person is empowered to transact the affairs of another; a proxy. 4. (Ch. of Eng.) Defn: A sum of money paid formerly to the bishop or archdeacon, now to the ecclesiastical commissioners, by an incumbent, as a commutation for entertainment at the time of visitation; -- called also proxy. Procuration money (Law), money paid for procuring a loan. Blackstone. PROCURATOR Proc"u*ra`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. procurateur. See Procure, and cf. Proctor. ] 1. (Law) Defn: One who manages another's affairs, either generally or in a special matter; an agent; a proctor. Chaucer. Shak. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A governor of a province under the emperors; also, one who had charge of the imperial revenues in a province; as, the procurator of Judea. Procurator fiscal (Scots Law), public prosecutor, or district attorney. PROCURATORIAL Proc`u*ra*to"ri*al (, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a procurator, or proctor; made by a proctor. Ayliffe. PROCURATORSHIP Proc"u*ra`tor*ship, n. Defn: The office or term of a procurator. Bp. Pearson. PROCURATORY Pro*cu"ra*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. procuratorius.] Defn: Tending to, or authorizing, procuration. PROCURE Pro*cure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Procured; p. pr. & vb. n. Procuring.] Etym: [F. procurer, L. procurare, procuratum, to take care of; pro for + curare to take care, fr. cura care. See Cure, and cf. Proctor, Proxy.] 1. To bring into possession; to cause to accrue to, or to come into possession of; to acquire or provide for one's self or for another; to gain; to get; to obtain by any means, as by purchase or loan. If we procure not to ourselves more woe. Milton. 2. To contrive; to bring about; to effect; to cause. By all means possible they procure to have gold and silver among them in reproach. Robynson (More's Utopia) . Proceed, Solinus, to procure my fall. Shak. 3. To solicit; to entreat. [Obs.] The famous Briton prince and faery knight, . . . Of the fair Alma greatly were procured To make there longer sojourn and abode. Spenser. 4. To cause to come; to bring; to attract. [Obs.] What unaccustomed cause procures her hither Shak. 5. To obtain for illicit intercourse or prostitution. Syn. -- See Attain. PROCURE Pro*cure", v. i. 1. To pimp. Shak. 2. To manage business for another in court. [Scot.] PROCUREMENT Pro*cure"ment, n. 1. The act of procuring or obtaining; obtainment; attainment. 2. Efficient contrivance; management; agency. They think it done By her procurement. Dryden. PROCURER Pro*cur"er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. procureur.] 1. One who procures, or obtains; one who, or that which, brings on, or causes to be done, esp. by corrupt means. 2. One who procures the gratification of lust for another; a pimp; a pander. South. PROCURESS Pro*cur"ess, n. Defn: A female procurer, or pander. PROCYON Pro"cy*on, n. Etym: [L., a constellation which rises before the Dog Star, Gr. 1. (Astron.) Defn: a star of the first magnitude in the constellation Canis Minor, or the Little Dog. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of mammals including the raccoon. PROD Prod, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. & Ir. brod goad, prickle, sting, and E. brad, also W. procio to poke, thrust.] 1. A pointed instrument for pricking or puncturing, as a goad, an awl, a skewer, etc. 2. A prick or stab which a pointed instrument. 3. A light kind of crossbow; -- in the sense, often spelled prodd. Fairholt. PROD Prod, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prodded; p. pr. & vb. n. Prodding.] Defn: To thrust some pointed instrument into; to prick with something sharp; as, to prod a soldier with a bayonet; to prod oxen; hence, to goad, to incite, to worry; as, to prod a student. H. Taylor. PRODD Prodd, n. Defn: A crossbow. See Prod, 3. PRODIGAL Prod"i*gal, a. Etym: [L. prodigus, from prodigere to drive forth, to squander away; pro forward, forth + agere to drive; cf. F. prodigue. See Agent. ] Defn: Given to extravagant expenditure; expending money or other things without necessity; recklessly or viciously profuse; lavish; wasteful; not frugal or economical; as, a prodigal man; the prodigal son; prodigal giving; prodigal expenses. In fighting fields [patriots] were prodigal of blood. Dryden. Syn. -- Profuse; lavish; extravagant; squandering; wasteful. See Profuse. PRODIGAL Prod"i*gal, n. Defn: One who expends money extravagantly, viciously, or without necessity; one that is profuse or lavish in any expenditure; a waster; a spendthrift. "Noble prodigals of life." Trench. PRODIGALITY Prod`i*gal"i*ty, n. Etym: [F. prodigalité, L. prodigalitas. See Prodigal.] Defn: Extravagance in expenditure, particularly of money; excessive liberality; profusion; waste; -- opposed to frugality, economy, and parsimony."The prodigality of his wit." Dryden. PRODIGALIZE Prod"i*gal*ize, v. i. Defn: To act as a prodigal; to spend liberally. Sherwood. PRODIGALIZE Prod"i*gal*ize, v. t. Defn: To expend lavishly. Ld. Lytton. PRODIGALLY Prod"i*gal*ly, adv. Defn: In a prodigal manner; with profusion of expense; extravagantly; wasteful; profusely; lavishly; as, an estate prodigally dissipated. Nature not bounteous now, but lavish grows; Our paths with flowers she prodigally strows. Dryden. PRODIGATE Prod"i*gate, v. t. Defn: To squander. Thackeray. PRODIGENCE Prod"i*gence, n. Etym: [L. prodigentia, fr. prodigens, p. pr. of prodigere. See Prodigal. ] Defn: Waste; profusion; prodigality. [R.] Bp. Hall. PRODIGIOUS Pro*di"gious, a. Etym: [L. prodigiosus, fr. prodigium a prodigy; cf. F. prodigieux. See Prodigy.] 1. Of the nature of a prodigy; marvelous; wonderful; portentous. [Obs. or R.] Spenser. It is prodigious to have thunder in a clear sky. Sir T. Browne. 2. Extraordinary in bulk, extent, quantity, or degree; very great; vast; huge; immense; as, a prodigious mountain; a prodigious creature; a prodigious blunder. "Prodigious might." Milton. Syn. -- Huge; enormous; monstrous; portentous; marvelous; amazing; astonishing; extraordinary. PRODIGIOUSLY Pro*di"gious*ly, adv. 1. Enormously; wonderfully; astonishingly; as, prodigiously great. 2. Very much; extremely; as, he was prodigiously pleased. [Colloq.] Pope. PRODIGIOUSNESS Pro*di"gious*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being prodigious; the state of having qualities that excite wonder or astonishment; enormousness; vastness. PRODIGY Prod"i*gy, n.; pl. Prodigies. Etym: [ L. prodigium; pro before + (perh.) a word appearing in adagium adage: cf. F. prodige. Cf. Adage. ] 1. Something extraordinary, or out of the usual course of nature, from which omens are drawn; a portent; as, eclipses and meteors were anciently deemed prodigies. So many terrors, voices, prodigies, May warn thee, as a sure foregoing sign. Milton. 2. Anything so extraordinary as to excite wonder or astonishment; a marvel; as, a prodigy of learning. 3. A production out of ordinary course of nature; an abnormal development; a monster. B. Jonson. Syn. -- Wonder; miracle; portent; marvel; monster. PRODITION Pro*di"tion, n. Etym: [L. proditio, from prodere to give forth, betray: cf. OF. prodition.] Defn: Disclosure; treachery; treason. [Obs.] Ainsworth. PRODITOR Prod"i*tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A traitor. [Obs.] PRODITORIOUS Prod`i*to"ri*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. proditoire.] 1. Treacherous; perfidious; traitorous. [Obs.] Daniel. 2. Apt to make unexpected revelations. [Obs.] "Nature is proditorious." Sir H. Wotton. PRODITORY Prod"i*to*ry, a. Defn: Treacherous. [Obs.] PRODROMAL Prod"ro*mal, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to prodromes; as, the prodromal stage of a disease. PRODROME Pro"drome, n. Etym: [Gr. prodrome.] Defn: A forerunner; a precursor. PRODROMOUS Prod"ro*mous, a. Defn: Precursory. [R.] PRODROMUS Prod"ro*mus, n. Etym: [NL.] 1. A prodrome. 2. A preliminary course or publication; -- used esp. in the titles of elementary works. PRODUCE Pro*duce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Produced; p. pr. & vb. n. Producing.] Etym: [L. producere, productum, to bring forward, beget, produce; pro forward, forth + ducere to lead. See Duke.] 1. To bring forward; to lead forth; to offer to view or notice; to exhibit; to show; as, to produce a witness or evidence in court. Produce your cause, saith the Lord. Isa. xli. 21. Your parents did not produce you much into the world. Swift. 2. To bring forth, as young, or as a natural product or growth; to give birth to; to bear; to generate; to propagate; to yield; to furnish; as, the earth produces grass; trees produce fruit; the clouds produce rain. This soil produces all sorts of palm trees. Sandys. [They] produce prodigious births of body or mind. Milton. The greatest jurist his country had produced. Macaulay. 3. To cause to be or to happen; to originate, as an effect or result; to bring about; as, disease produces pain; vice produces misery. 4. To give being or form to; to manufacture; to make; as, a manufacturer produces excellent wares. 5. To yield or furnish; to gain; as, money at interest produces an income; capital produces profit. 6. To draw out; to extend; to lengthen; to prolong; as, to produce a man's life to threescore. Sir T. Browne. 7. (Geom.) Defn: To extend; -- applied to a line, surface, or solid; as, to produce a side of a triangle. PRODUCE Pro*duce", v. i. Defn: To yield or furnish appropriate offspring, crops, effects, consequences, or results. PRODUCE Prod"uce, n. Defn: That which is produced, brought forth, or yielded; product; yield; proceeds; result of labor, especially of agricultural labors; hence, specifically, agricultural products. PRODUCEMENT Pro*duce"ment, n. Defn: Production. [Obs.] PRODUCENT Pro*du"cent, n. Etym: [L. producens, p. pr.] Defn: One who produces, or offers to notice. [Obs.] Ayliffe. PRODUCER Pro*du"cer, n. 1. One who produces, brings forth, or generates. 2. One who grows agricultural products, or manufactures crude materials into articles of use. 3. (Iron & Steel Manuf.) Defn: A furnace for producing combustible gas which is used for fuel. PRODUCE RACE Prod"uce race. (Horse Racing) Defn: A race to be run by the produce of horses named or described at the time of entry. PRODUCER'S GOODS Pro*duc"er's goods. (Polit. Econ.) Defn: Goods that satisfy wants only indirectly as factors in the production of other goods, such as tools and raw material; -- called also instrumental goods, auxiliary goods, intermediate goods, or goods of the second and higher orders, and disting. from consumers' goods. PRODUCER'S SURPLUS; PRODUCER'S RENT Producer's surplus. (Polit. Econ.) Defn: Any profit above the normal rate of interest and wages accruing to a producer on account of some monopoly (temporary or permanent) of the means or materials of production; -- called also Producer's rent. PRODUCIBILITY Pro*du`ci*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being producible. Barrow. PRODUCIBLE Pro*du"ci*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being produced, brought forward, brought forth, generated, made, or extended. -- Pro*du"ci*ble*ness, n. PRODUCT Prod"uct, n. Etym: [L. productus, p. pr. of producere. See Produce.] 1. Anything that is produced, whether as the result of generation, growth, labor, or thought, or by the operation of involuntary causes; as, the products of the season, or of the farm; the products of manufactures; the products of the brain. There are the product Of those ill-mated marriages. Milton. These institutions are the products of enthusiasm. Burke. 2. (Math.) Defn: The number or sum obtained by adding one number or quantity to itself as many times as there are units in another number; the number resulting from the multiplication of two or more numbers; as, the product of the multiplication of 7 by 5 is 35. In general, the result of any kind of multiplication. See the Note under Multiplication. Syn. -- Produce; production; fruit; result; effect; consequence; outcome; work; performance. PRODUCT Pro*duct", v. t. 1. To produce; to bring forward. "Producted to . . . examination." [Obs.] Foxe. 2. To lengthen out; to extend. [Obs.] He that doth much . . . products his mortality. Hackett. 3. To produce; to make. [Obs.] Holinshed. PRODUCTIBILITY Pro*duct`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being productible; producibility. Ruskin. PRODUCTIBLE Pro*duct"i*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. productible.] Defn: Capable of being produced; producible. PRODUCTILE Pro*duc"tile, a. Etym: [L. productilis, fr. producere to stretch out.] Defn: Capable of being extended or prolonged; extensible; ductile. PRODUCTION Pro*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. productio a lengthening, prolonging: cf. F. production. See Produce. ] 1. The act or process or producing, bringing forth, or exhibiting to view; as, the production of commodities, of a witness. 2. That which is produced, yielded, or made, whether naturally, or by the application of intelligence and labor; as, the productions of the earth; the productions of handicraft; the productions of intellect or genius. 3. The act of lengthening out or prolonging. Syn. -- Product; produce; fruit; work; performance; composition. PRODUCTIVE Pro*duc"tive, a. Etym: [F. productif, L. productivus fit for prolongation.] 1. Having the quality or power of producing; yielding or furnishing results; as, productive soil; productive enterprises; productive labor, that which increases the number or amount of products. 2. Bringing into being; causing to exist; producing; originative; as, an age productive of great men; a spirit productive of heroic achievements. And kindle with thy own productive fire. Dryden. This is turning nobility into a principle of virtue, and making it productive of merit. Spectator. 3. Producing, or able to produce, in large measure; fertile; profitable. -- Pro*duc"tive*ly, adv. -- Pro*duc"tive*ness, n. PRODUCTIVITY Pro`duc*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being productive; productiveness. Emerson. Not indeed as the product, but as the producing power, the productivity. Coleridge. PRODUCTRESS Pro*duc"tress, n. Defn: A female producer. PRODUCTUS Pro*duc"tus, n. Etym: [NL. See Product.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of brachiopods, very characteristic of the Carboniferous rocks. PROEGUMINAL Pro`e*gu"mi*nal, a. Etym: [Gr. proégumène.] (Med.) Defn: Serving to predispose; predisposing; as, a proeguminal cause of disease. PROEM Pro"em, n. Etym: [L. prooemium, Gr. proème.] Defn: Preface; introduction; preliminary observations; prelude. Thus much may serve by way of proem. Swift. PROEM Pro"em, v. t. Defn: To preface. [Obs.] South. PROEMBRYO Pro*em"bry*o, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + embryo. ] (Bot.) (a) The series of cells formed in the ovule of a flowering plant after fertilization, but before the formation of the embryo. (b) The primary growth from the spore in certain cryptogamous plants; as, the proembryo, or protonema, of mosses. PROEMIAL Pro*e"mi*al, a. Defn: Introductory; prefatory; preliminary. [R.] Hammond. PROEMPTOSIS Pro`emp*to"sis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Chron.) Defn: The addition of a day to the lunar calendar. [R.] See Metemptosis. PROFACE Pro"face, interj. Etym: [OF. prou face, prou fasse; prou profit + faire to make, do.] Defn: Much good may it do you! -- a familiar salutation or welcome. [Obs.] Master page, good master page, sit. Proface! Shak. PROFANATE Prof"a*nate, v. t. Defn: To profane. [Obs.] PROFANATION Prof`a*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. profanatio: cf. F. profanation. See Profane, v. t.] 1. The act of violating sacred things, or of treating them with contempt or irreverence; irreverent or too familiar treatment or use of what is sacred; desecration; as, the profanation of the Sabbath; the profanation of a sanctuary; the profanation of the name of God. 2. The act of treating with abuse or disrespect, or with undue publicity, or lack of delicacy. 'T were profanation of our joys To tell the laity our love. Donne. PROFANE Pro*fane", a. Etym: [F., fr. L. profanus, properly, before the temple, i. e., without the temple, unholy; pro before + fanum temple. See 1st Fane.] 1. Not sacred or holy; not possessing peculiar sanctity; unconsecrated; hence, relating to matters other than sacred; secular; -- opposed to sacred, religious, or inspired; as, a profane place. "Profane authors." I. Disraeli. The profane wreath was suspended before the shrine. Gibbon. 2. Unclean; impure; polluted; unholy. Nothing is profane that serveth to holy things. Sir W. Raleigh. 3. Treating sacred things with contempt, disrespect, irreverence, or undue familiarity; irreverent; impious. Hence, specifically; Irreverent in language; taking the name of God in vain; given to swearing; blasphemous; as, a profane person, word, oath, or tongue. 1 Tim. i. 9. Syn. -- Secular; temporal; worldly; unsanctified; unhallowed; unholy; irreligious; irreverent; ungodly; wicked; godless; impious. See Impious. PROFANE Pro*fane", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Profaned; p. pr. & vb. n. Profaning.] Etym: [L. profanare: cf. F. profaner. See Profane, a.] 1. To violate, as anything sacred; to treat with abuse, irreverence, obloquy, or contempt; to desecrate; to pollute; as, to profane the name of God; to profane the Scriptures, or the ordinance of God. The priests in the temple profane the sabbath. Matt. xii. 5. 2. To put to a wrong or unworthy use; to make a base employment of; to debase; to abuse; to defile. So idly to profane the precious time. Shak. PROFANELY Pro*fane"ly, adv. Defn: In a profane manner. The character of God profanely impeached. Dr. T. Dwight. PROFANENESS Pro*fane"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being profane; especially, the use of profane language. PROFANER Pro*fan"er, n. Defn: One who treats sacred things with irreverence, or defiles what is holy; one who uses profane language. Hooker. PROFANITY Pro*fan"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. profanitas.] 1. The quality or state of being profane; profaneness; irreverence; esp., the use of profane language; blasphemy. 2. That which is profane; profane language or acts. The brisk interchange of profanity and folly. Buckminster. PROFECTION Pro*fec"tion, n. Etym: [See Proficient.] Defn: A setting out; a going forward; advance; progression. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PROFECTITIOUS Pro`fec*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. profectitius, fr. proficisci to set out, proceed.] Defn: Proceeding from, as from a parent; derived, as from an ancestor. [R.] The threefold distinction of profectitious, adventitious, and professional was ascertained. Gibbon. PROFERT Pro"fert, n. Etym: [L., he brings forward, 3d pers. pr. of proferre. See Proffer. ] (Law) Defn: The exhibition or production of a record or paper in open court, or an allegation that it is in court. PROFESS Pro*fess", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Professed; p. pr. & vb. n. Professing.] Etym: [F. profès, masc., professe, fem., professed (monk or nun), L. professus, p. p. of profiteri to profess; pro before, forward + fateri to confess, own. See Confess.] 1. To make open declaration of, as of one's knowledge, belief, action, etc.; to avow or acknowledge; to confess publicly; to own or admit freely. "Hear me profess sincerely." Shak. The best and wisest of them all professed To know this only, that he nothing knew. Milton. 2. To set up a claim to; to make presence to; hence, to put on or present an appearance of. I do profess to be no less than I seem. Shak. 3. To present to knowledge of, to proclaim one's self versed in; to make one's self a teacher or practitioner of, to set up as an authority respecting; to declare (one's self to be such); as, he professes surgery; to profess one's self a physician. PROFESS Pro*fess", v. i. 1. To take a profession upon one's self by a public declaration; to confess. Drayton. 2. To declare friendship. [Obs.] Shak. PROFESSED Pro*fessed", a. Defn: Openly declared, avowed, acknowledged, or claimed; as, a professed foe; a professed tyrant; a professed Christian. The professed (R. C. Ch.) , a certain class among the Jesuits bound by a special vow. See the note under Jesuit. PROFESSEDLY Pro*fess"ed*ly, adv. Defn: By profession. PROFESSION Pro*fes"sion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. professio. See Profess, v.] 1. The act of professing or claiming; open declaration; public avowal or acknowledgment; as, professions of friendship; a profession of faith. A solemn vow, promise, and profession. Bk. of Com. Prayer. 2. That which one professed; a declaration; an avowal; a claim; as, his professions are insincere. The Indians quickly perceive the coincidence or the contradiction between professions and conduct. J. Morse. 3. That of which one professed knowledge; the occupation, if not mechanical, agricultural, or the like, to which one devotes one's self; the business which one professes to understand, and to follow for subsistence; calling; vocation; employment; as, the profession of arms; the profession of a clergyman, lawyer, or physician; the profession of lecturer on chemistry. Hi tried five or six professions in turn. Macaulay. Note: The three professions, or learned professions, are, especially, theology, law, and medicine. 4. The collective body of persons engaged in a calling; as, the profession distrust him. 5. (Eccl. Law.) Defn: The act of entering, or becoming a member of, a religious order. PROFESSIONAL Pro*fes"sion*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a profession, or calling; conforming to the rules or standards of a profession; following a profession; as, professional knowledge; professional conduct. "Pride, not personal, but professional." Macaulay. "A professional sneerer." De Quincey. 2. Engaged in by professionals; as, a professional race; -- opposed to amateur. PROFESSIONAL Pro*fes"sion*al, n. Defn: A person who prosecutes anything professionally, or for a livelihood, and not in the character of an amateur; a professional worker. PROFESSIONALISM Pro*fes"sion*al*ism, n. Defn: The following of a profession, sport, etc., as an occupation; - - opposed to Ant: amateurism. PROFESSIONALIST Pro*fes"sion*al*ist, n. Defn: professional person. [R.] PROFESSIONALLY Pro*fes"sion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a professional manner or capacity; by profession or calling; in the exercise of one's profession; one employed professionally. PROFESSOR Pro*fess"or, n. Etym: [L., a teacher, a public teacher: cf. F. professeur. See Profess.] 1. One who professed, or makes open declaration of, his sentiments or opinions; especially, one who makes a public avowal of his belief in the Scriptures and his faith in Christ, and thus unites himself to the visible church. "Professors of religion." Bacon. 2. One who professed, or publicly teaches, any science or branch of learning; especially, an officer in a university, college, or other seminary, whose business it is to read lectures, or instruct students, in a particular branch of learning; as a professor of theology, of botany, of mathematics, or of political economy. PROFESSORIAL Pro`fes*so"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. professorius: cf. F. professorial.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a professor; as, the professional chair; professional interest. PROFESSORIALISM Pro`fes*so"ri*al*ism, n. Defn: The character, manners, or habits of a professor. [R.] PROFESSORIAT Pro`fes*so"ri*at, n. Defn: See Professoriate. PROFESSORIATE Pro`fes*so"ri*ate, n. 1. The body of professors, or the professorial staff, in a university or college. 2. A professorship. PROFESSORSHIP Pro*fess"or*ship, n. Defn: The office or position of a professor, or public teacher. Walton. PROFESSORY Pro*fes"so*ry, a. Etym: [L. professorius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a professor; professorial. [R.] Bacon. PROFFER Prof"fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proffered; p. pr. & vb. n. Proffering.] Etym: [OE. profren, proferen, F. proférer, fr. L. proferre to bring forth or forward, to offer; pro forward + ferre to bring. See Bear to produce.] 1. To offer for acceptance; to propose to give; to make a tender of; as, to proffer a gift; to proffer services; to proffer friendship. Shak. I reck not what wrong that thou me profre. Chaucer. 2. To essay or attempt of one's own accord; to undertake, or propose to undertake. [R.] Milton. PROFFER Prof"fer, n. 1. An offer made; something proposed for acceptance by another; a tender; as, proffers of peace or friendship. He made a proffer to lay down his commission. Clarendon. 2. Essay; attempt. [R.] Bacon. PROFFERER Prof"fer*er, n. Defn: One who proffers something. PROFICIENCE; PROFICIENCY Pro*fi"cience, Pro*fi"cien*cy, n. Defn: The quality of state of being proficient; advance in the acquisition of any art, science, or knowledge; progression in knowledge; improvement; adeptness; as, to acquire proficiency in music. PROFICIENT Pro*fi"cient, n. Etym: [L. proficiens, -entis, p. pr. of proficere to go forward, make progress; pro forward + facere to make. See Fact, and cf. Profit, ( Defn: One who has made considerable advances in any business, art, science, or branch of learning; an expert; an adept; as, proficient in a trade; a proficient in mathematics, music, etc. PROFICIENT Pro*fi"cient, a. Defn: Well advanced in any branch of knowledge or skill; possessed of considerable acquirements; well-skilled; versed; adept, PROFICIENTLY Pro*fi"cient*ly, adv. Defn: In a proficient manner. PROFICUOUS Pro*fic"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. proficuus.] Defn: Profitable; advantageous; useful. [Obs.] Harvey. PROFILE Pro"file, n. Etym: [It. profilo, fr. L. pro before + filum a thread, an outline, shape: cf. F. profil. See File arow, and cf. Purfle, Purl, a fringe.] 1. An outline, or contour; as, the profile of an apple. 2. (Paint & Sculp.) Defn: A human head represented sidewise, or in a side view; the side face or half face. 3. (a) (Arch.) A section of any member, made at right angles with its main lines, showing the exact shape of moldings and the like. (b) (Civil Engin.) A drawing exhibiting a vertical section of the ground along a surveyed line, or graded work, as of a railway, showing elevations, depressions, grades, etc. Profile paper (Civil Engin.), paper ruled with vertical and horizontal lines forming small oblong rectangles, adapted for drawing profiles. PROFILE Pro"file, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Profiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Profiling] Etym: [Cf. F. profiler, It. profilare. See Profile, n.] 1. to draw the outline of; to draw in profile, as an architectural member. 2. (Mech.) Defn: To shape the outline of an object by passing a cutter around it. Profiling machine, a jigging machine. PROFILING Pro"fil*ing, n. (Fort.) Defn: In the construction of fieldworks, the erection at proper intervals of wooden profiles, to show to the workmen the sectional form of the parapets at those points. PROFILIST Pro"fil*ist, n. Defn: One who takes profiles. PROFIT Pro"fit, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. profectus advance, progress, profit, fr. profectum. See Proficient.] 1. Acquisition beyond expenditure; excess of value received for producing, keeping, or selling, over cost; hence, pecuniary gain in any transaction or occupation; emolument; as, a profit on the sale of goods. Let no man anticipate uncertain profits. Rambler. 2. Accession of good; valuable results; useful consequences; benefit; avail; gain; as, an office of profit, This I speak for your own profit. 1 Cor. vii. 35. If you dare do yourself a profit and a right. Shak. Syn. -- Benefit; avail; service; improvement; advancement; gain; emolument. PROFIT Prof"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Profited; p. pr. & vb. n. Profiting.] Etym: [F. profiter. See Profit, n.] Defn: To be of service to; to be good to; to help on; to benefit; to advantage; to avail; to aid; as, truth profits all men. The word preached did not profit them. Heb. iv. 2. It is a great means of profiting yourself, to copy diligently excellent pieces and beautiful designs. Dryden. PROFIT Prof"it, v. i. 1. To gain advantage; to make improvement; to improve; to gain; to advance. I profit not by thy talk. Shak. 2. To be of use or advantage; to do or bring good. Riches profit not in the day of wrath. Prov. xi. 4. PROFITABLE Prof"it*a*ble, a. Etym: [F. profitable.] Defn: Yielding or bringing profit or gain; gainful; lucrative; useful; helpful; advantageous; beneficial; as, a profitable trade; profitable business; a profitable study or profession. What was so profitable to the empire became fatal to the emperor. Arbuthnot. -- Prof"it*a*ble*ness, n. -- Prof"it*a*bly, adv. PROFITING Prof"it*ing, n. Defn: Gain; advantage; profit. That thy profiting may appear to all. 1 Tim. iv. 15. PROFITLESS Prof"it*less, a. Defn: Without profit; unprofitable. Shak. PROFLIGACY Prof"li*ga*cy, n. Etym: [See Profligate, a.] Defn: The quality of state of being profligate; a profligate or very vicious course of life; a state of being abandoned in moral principle and in vice; dissoluteness. PROFLIGATE Prof"li*gate, a. Etym: [L. profligatus, p. p. of profligare to strike or dash to the ground, to destroy; pro before + a word akin to fligere to strike. See Afflict.] 1. Overthrown; beaten; conquered. [Obs.] The foe is profligate, and run. Hudibras. 2. Broken down in respect of rectitude, principle, virtue, or decency; openly and shamelessly immoral or vicious; dissolute; as, profligate man or wretch. A race more profligate than we. Roscommon. Made prostitute and profligate muse. Dryden. Syn. -- Abandoned; corrupt; dissolute; vitiated; depraved; vicious; wicked. See Abandoned. PROFLIGATE Prof"li*gate, n. Defn: An abandoned person; one openly and shamelessly vicious; a dissolute person. "Such a profligate as Antony." Swift. PROFLIGATE Prof"li*gate, v. t. Defn: To drive away; to overcome. Note: [A Latinism] [Obs.] Harvey. PROFLIGATELY Prof"li*gate*ly, adv. Defn: In a profligate manner. PROFLIGATENESS Prof"li*gate*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being profligate; an abandoned course of life; profligacy. PROFLIGATION Prof`li*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. profligatio.] Defn: Defeat; rout; overthrow. [Obs.] Bacon. PROFLUENCE Prof"lu*ence, n. Etym: [L. profluentia.] Defn: Quality of being profluent; course. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. PROFLUENT Prof"lu*ent, a. Etym: [L. profluens, p. pr. of profluere; pro forward + fluere to flow.] Defn: Flowing forward, [R.] "In the profluent stream." Milton. PROFOUND Pro*found", a. Etym: [F. profond, L. profundus; pro before, forward + fundus the bottom. See Found to establish, Bottom lowest part.] 1. Descending far below the surface; opening or reaching to a great depth; deep. "A gulf profound." Milton. 2. Intellectually deep; entering far into subjects; reaching to the bottom of a matter, or of a branch of learning; thorough; as, a profound investigation or treatise; a profound scholar; profound wisdom. 3. Characterized by intensity; deeply felt; pervading; overmastering; far-reaching; strongly impressed; as, a profound sleep. "Profound sciatica." Shak. Of the profound corruption of this class there can be no doubt. Milman. 4. Bending low, exhibiting or expressing deep humility; lowly; submissive; as, a profound bow. What humble gestures! What profound reverence! Dupp PROFOUND Pro*found", n. 1. The deep; the sea; the ocean. God in the fathomless profound Hath all this choice commanders drowned. Sandys. 2. An abyss. Milton. PROFOUND Pro*found", v. t. Defn: To cause to sink deeply; to cause to dive or penetrate far down. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. PROFOUND Pro*found", v. i. Defn: To dive deeply; to penetrate. [Obs.] PROFOUNDLY Pro*found"ly, adv. Defn: In a profound manner. Why sigh you so profoundly Shak. PROFOUNDNESS Pro*found"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being profound; profundity; depth. Hooker. PROFULGENT Pro*ful"gent, a. Etym: [Pref. pro- + L. fulgere to shine.] Defn: Shining forth; brilliant; effulgent. [Obs.] "Profulgent in preciousness." Chaucer. PROFUNDITY Pro*fun"di*ty, n.; pl. -ties. Etym: [L. profunditas: cf. F. profondite. See Profound.] Defn: The quality or state of being profound; depth of place, knowledge, feeling, etc. "The vast profundity obscure." Milton. PROFUSE Pro*fuse", a. Etym: [L. profusus, p. p. of profundere to pour forth or out; pro forward, forth + fundere to pour: cf. F. profus. See Fuse to melt.] 1. Pouring forth with fullness or exuberance; bountiful; exceedingly liberal; giving without stint; as, a profuse government; profuse hospitality. A green, shady bank, profuse of flowers. Milton. 2. Superabundant; excessive; prodigal; lavish; as, profuse expenditure. "Profuse ornament." Kames. Syn. -- Lavish; exuberant; bountiful; prodigal; extravagant. -- Profuse, Lavish, Prodigal. Profuse denotes pouring out (as money, etc.) with great fullness or freeness; as, profuse in his expenditures, thanks, promises, etc. Lavish is stronger, implying unnecessary or wasteful excess; as, lavish of his bounties, favors, praises, etc. Prodigal is stronger still, denoting unmeasured or reckless profusion; as, prodigal of one's strength, life, or blood, to secure some object. Dryden. PROFUSE Pro*fuse", v. t. Defn: To pour out; to give or spend liberally; to lavish; to squander. [Obs.] Chapman. PROFUSELY Pro*fuse"ly, adv. Defn: In a profuse manner. PROFUSENESS Pro*fuse"ness, n. Defn: Extravagance; profusion. Hospitality sometimes degenerates into profuseness. Atterbury. PROFUSION Pro*fu"sion, n. Etym: [L. profusio: cf. F. profusion.] 1. The act of one who is profuse; a lavishing or pouring out without sting. Thy vast profusion to the factious nobles Rowe. 2. Abundance; exuberant plenty; lavish supply; as, a profusion of commodities. Addison. PROFUSIVE Pro*fu"sive, a. Defn: Profuse; lavish; prodigal.[Obs.] PROG Prog, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Progged (. p. pr. & vb. n. Progging.] Etym: [Cf. D. prachen, G. prachern, Dan. prakke, Sw. pracka, to beg, L. procare, procari, to ask, demand, and E. prowl.] 1. To wander about and beg; to seek food or other supplies by low arts; to seek for advantage by mean shift or tricks. [Low] A perfect artist in progging for money. Fuller. I have been endeavoring to prog for you. Burke. 2. To steal; to rob; to filch. [Low] Johnson. 3. To prick; to goad; to progue. [Scot.] PROG Prog, n. 1. Victuals got by begging, or vagrancy; victuals of any kind; food; supplies. [Slang] Swift. So long as he picked from the filth his prog. R. Browning. 2. A vagrant beggar; a tramp. [Slang] 3. A goal; progue. [Scot.] PROGENERATE Pro*gen"er*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. progeneratus, p. p. of progenerare to beget; pro forth, forward + generare to generate.] Defn: To beget; to generate; to produce; to procreate; as, to progenerate a race. [R.] Landor. PROGENERATION Pro*gen`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. progeneratio.] Defn: The act of begetting; propagation. [R.] PROGENITOR Pro*gen"i*tor, n. Etym: [OF. progeniteur, L. progenitor, fr. progignere, progenitum, to bring forth, to beget; pro forth + gignere to beget. See Gender kind.] Defn: An ancestor in the direct line; a forefather. And reverence thee their great progenitor. Milton. PROGENITORSHIP Pro*gen"i*tor*ship, n. Defn: The state of being a progenitor. PROGENITRESS Pro*gen"i*tress, n. Defn: A female progenitor. PROGENITURE Pro*gen"i*ture, n. Etym: [F. progéniture.] Defn: A begetting, or birth. [R.] PROGENY Prog"e*ny, n. Etym: [OE. progenie, F. progénie, fr. L. progenies, fr. progignere. See Progenitor.] Defn: Descendants of the human kind, or offspring of other animals; children; offspring; race, lineage. " Issued from the progeny of kings." Shak. PROGLOTTID Pro*glot"tid, n. (Zoöl) Defn: Proglottis. PROGLOTTIS Pro*glot"tis, n.; pl. Proglottides. Etym: [NL. fr. Gr. (Zoöl) Defn: One of the free, or nearly free, segments of a tapeworm. It contains both male and female reproductive organs, and is capable of a brief independent existence. PROGNATHI Prog"na*thi, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Prognathous.] (Zoöl) Defn: A comprehensive group of mankind, including those that have prognathous jaws. PROGNATHIC Prog*nath"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Prognathous. PROGNATHISM Prog"na*thism, n. (Anat.) Defn: Projection of the jaws. -- Prog"na*thy, n. PROGNATHOUS Prog"na*thous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having the jaws projecting beyond the upper part of the face; - - opposed to orthognathous. See Gnathic index, under Gnathic. Their countenances had the true prognathous character. Kane. PROGNE Prog"ne, n. Etym: [L., a swallow, traditionally said to be fr. Progne (The sister of Philomela), who was changed into a swallow, Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) A swallow. (b) A genus of swallows including the purple martin. See Martin. (c) An American butterfly (Polygonia, or Vanessa, Progne). It is orange and black above, grayish beneath, with an L-shaped silver mark on the hind wings. Called also gray comma. PROGNOSIS Prog*no"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Know.] (Med.) Defn: The act or art of foretelling the course and termination of a disease; also, the outlook afforded by this act of judgment; as, the prognosis of hydrophobia is bad. PROGNOSTIC Prog*nos"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Prognosis.] Defn: Indicating something future by signs or symptoms; foreshowing; aiding in prognosis; as, the prognostic symptoms of a disease; prognostic signs. PROGNOSTIC Prog*nos"tic, n. Etym: [L. prognosticum, Gr. pronostic, prognostic. See Prognostic, a.] 1. That which prognosticates; a sign by which a future event may be known or foretold; an indication; a sign or omen; hence, a foretelling; a prediction. That choice would inevitably be considered by the country as a prognostic of the highest import. Macaulay. 2. (Med.) Defn: A sign or symptom indicating the course and termination of a disease. Parr. Syn. -- Sign; omen; presage; token; indication. PROGNOSTIC Prog*nos"tic, v. t. Defn: To prognosticate. [Obs.] PROGNOSTICABLE Prog*nos"tic*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being prognosticated or foretold. Sir T. Browne. PROGNOSTICATE Prog*nos"ti*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prognosticated; p. pr. & vb. n. Prognosticating.] Etym: [See Prognostic.] Defn: To indicate as future; to foretell from signs or symptoms; to prophesy; to foreshow; to predict; as, to prognosticate evil. Burke. I neither will nor can prognosticate To the young gaping heir his father's fate. Dryden. Syn. -- To foreshow; foretoken; betoken; forebode; presage; predict; prophesy. PROGNOSTICATION Prog*nos`ti*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prognostication.] 1. The act of foreshowing or foretelling something future by present signs; prediction. 2. That which foreshows; a foretoken. Shak. PROGNOSTICATOR Prog*nos"ti*ca`tor, n. Defn: One who prognosticates; a foreknower or foreteller of a future course or event by present signs. Isa. xlvii. 13. PROGRAM Pro"gram, n. Defn: Same as Programme. PROGRAMMA Pro*gram"ma, n.; pl. Programmata. Etym: [ L. See Programme.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: Any law, which, after it had passed the Athenian senate, was fixed on a tablet for public inspection previously to its being proposed to the general assembly of the people. 2. An edict published for public information; an official bulletin; a public proclamation. 3. See Programme. 4. A preface. [Obs.] T. Warton. PROGRAMME Pro"gramme, n. Etym: [L. programma a public proclamation, manifesto, Gr. programme. See Graphic.] Defn: That which is written or printed as a public notice or advertisement; a scheme; a prospectus; especially, a brief outline or explanation of the order to be pursued, or the subjects embraced, in any public exercise, performance, or entertainment; a preliminary sketch. Programme music (Mus.), descriptive instrumental music which requires an argument or programme to explain the meaning of its several movements. PROGRESS Prog"ress, n. Etym: [L. progressus, from progredi, p. p. progressus, to go forth or forward; pro forward + gradi to step, go: cf. F. progrès. See Grade.] 1. A moving or going forward; a proceeding onward; an advance; specifically: (a) In actual space, as the progress of a ship, carriage, etc. (b) In the growth of an animal or plant; increase. (c) In business of any kind; as, the progress of a negotiation; the progress of art. (d) In knowledge; in proficiency; as, the progress of a child at school. (e) Toward ideal completeness or perfection in respect of quality or condition; -- applied to individuals, communities, or the race; as, social, moral, religious, or political progress. 2. A journey of state; a circuit; especially, one made by a sovereign through parts of his own dominions. The king being returned from his progresse. Evelyn. PROGRESS Pro*gress" (; formerly pronounced like Progress, n.), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Progressed; p. pr. & vb. n. Progressing.] 1. To make progress; to move forward in space; to continue onward in course; to proceed; to advance; to go on; as, railroads are progressing. "As his recovery progressed." Thackeray. Let me wipe off this honorable dew, That silverly doth progress on thy checks. Shak. They progress in that style in proportion as their pieces are treated with contempt. Washington. The war had progressed for some time. Marshall. 2. To make improvement; to advance. Bayard. If man progresses, art must progress too. Caird. PROGRESS Prog"ress (; see Progress, v. i.), v. t. Defn: To make progress in; to pass through. [Obs.] Milton. PROGRESSION Pro*gres"sion, n. Etym: [L. progressio: cf. F. progression.] 1. The act of moving forward; a proceeding in a course; motion onward. 2. Course; passage; lapse or process of time. I hope, in a short progression, you will be wholly immerged in the delices and joys of religion. Evelyn. 3. (Math.) Defn: Regular or proportional advance in increase or decrease of numbers; continued proportion, arithmetical, geometrical, or harmonic. 4. (Mus.) Defn: A regular succession of tones or chords; the movement of the parts in harmony; the order of the modulations in a piece from key to key. Arithmetical progression, a progression in which the terms increase or decrease by equal differences, as the numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 1010, 8, 6, 4, 2 -- Geometrical progression, a progression in which the terms increase or decrease by equal ratios, as the numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 6464, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2 -- Harmonic progression, a progression in which the terms are the reciprocals of quantities in arithmetical progression, as PROGRESSIONAL Pro*gres"sion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to progression; tending to, or capable of, progress. PROGRESSIONIST Pro*gres"sion*ist, n. 1. One who holds to a belief in the progression of society toward perfection. 2. One who maintains the doctrine of progression in organic forms; -- opposed to uniformitarian. H. Spencer. PROGRESSIST Prog"ress*ist, n. Defn: One who makes, or holds to, progress; a progressionist. PROGRESSIVE Pro*gress"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. progressif.] 1. Moving forward; proceeding onward; advancing; evincing progress; increasing; as, progressive motion or course; -- opposed to retrograde. 2. Improving; as, art is in a progressive state. Progressive euchre or whist, a way of playing at card parties, by which after every game, the losers at the first table go to the last table, and the winners at all the tables, except the first, move up to the next table. -- Progressive muscular atrophy (Med.), a nervous disorder characterized by continuous atrophy of the muscles. -- Pro*gress"ive*ly, adv. -- Pro*gress"ive*ness, n. PROGRESSIVE PARTY Progressive party. (U. S. Politics) Defn: The political party formed, chiefly out of the Republican party, by the adherents of Theodore Roosevelt in the presidential campaign of 1912. The name Progressive party was chosen at the meeting held on Aug. 7, 1912, when the candidates were nominated and the platform adopted. Among the chief articles in the platform are those demanding direct primaries, preferential primaries for presidential nominations, direct election of United States senators, women's suffrage, and recall of judicial decisions in certain cases. PROGUE Progue, v. i. Defn: To prog. [Obs.] P. Fletcher. PROGUE Progue, n. Defn: A sharp point; a goad. [ Scot. & Local, U. S.] -- v. t. Defn: To prick; to goad. [ Scot. & Local, U. S.]. PROHEME Pro"heme, n. Defn: Proem. [Obs.] Chaucer. PROHIBIT Pro*hib"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prohibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Prohibiting.] Etym: [L. prohibitus, p. p. of prohibere to prohibit; pro before, forth + habere to have, hold. See Habit.] 1. To forbid by authority; to interdict; as, God prohibited Adam from eating of the fruit of a certain tree; we prohibit a person from doing a thing, and also the doing of the thing; as, the law prohibits men from stealing, or it prohibits stealing. Note: Prohibit was formerly followed by to with the infinitive, but is now commonly followed by from with the verbal noun in -ing. 2. To hinder; to debar; to prevent; to preclude. Gates of burning adamant, Barred over us, prohibit all egress. Milton. Syn. -- To forbid; interdict; debar; prevent; hinder. -- Prohibit, Forbid. To forbid is Anglo-Saxon, and is more familiar; to prohibit is Latin, and is more formal or official. A parent forbids his child to be out late at night; he prohibits his intercourse with the profane and vicious. PROHIBITER Pro*hib"it*er, n. Defn: One who prohibits or forbids; a forbidder; an interdicter. PROHIBITION Pro`hi*bi"tion, n. Etym: [L. prohibitio: cf. F. prohibition.] 1. The act of prohibiting; a declaration or injunction forbidding some action; interdict. The law of God, in the ten commandments, consists mostly of prohibitions. Tillotson. 2. Specifically, the forbidding by law of the sale of alcoholic liquors as beverages. Writ of prohibition (Law), a writ issued by a superior tribunal, directed to an inferior court, commanding the latter to cease from the prosecution of a suit depending before it. Blackstone. Note: By ellipsis, prohibition is used for the writ itself. PROHIBITIONIST Pro`hi*bi"tion*ist, n. 1. One who favors prohibitory duties on foreign goods in commerce; a protectionist. 2. One who favors the prohibition of the sale (or of the sale and manufacture) of alcoholic liquors as beverages. PROHIBITIVE Pro*hib"it*ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. prohibitif.] Defn: That prohibits; prohibitory; as, a tax whose effect is prohibitive. PROHIBITORY Pro*hib"it*o*ry, a. Etym: [L. prohibitorius.] Defn: Tending to prohibit, forbid, or exclude; implying prohibition; forbidding; as, a prohibitory law; a prohibitory price. Prohibitory index. (R. C. Ch.) See under Index. PROIN Proin (proin), v. t. Etym: [See Prune to trim.] Defn: To lop; to trim; to prune; to adorn. [Obs.] Chaucer. The sprigs that did about it grow He proined from the leafy arms. Chapman. PROIN Proin, v. i. Defn: To employed in pruning. [Obs.] PROJECT Proj"ect, n. Etym: [OF. project, F. projet, fr. L. projectus, p. p. of projicere to project; pro forward + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth, and cf. Projet.] 1. The place from which a thing projects, or starts forth. [Obs.] Holland. 2. That which is projected or designed; something intended or devised; a scheme; a design; a plan. Vented much policy, and projects deep. Milton. Projects of happiness devised by human reason. Rogers. He entered into the project with his customary ardor. Prescott. 3. An idle scheme; an impracticable design; as, a man given to projects. Syn. -- Design; scheme; plan; purpose. -- Project, Design. A project is something of a practical nature thrown out for consideration as to its being done. A design is a project when matured and settled, as a thing to be accomplished. An ingenious man has many projects, but, if governed by sound sense, will be slow in forming them into designs. See also Scheme. PROJECT Pro*ject", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Projected; p. pr. & vb. n. Projecting.] Etym: [Cf. OF. projecter, F. projeter.] 1. To throw or cast forward; to shoot forth. Before his feet herself she did project. Spenser. Behold! th' ascending villas on my side Project long shadows o'er the crystal tide. Pope. 2. To cast forward or revolve in the mind; to contrive; to devise; to scheme; as, to project a plan. What sit then projecting peace and war Milton. 3. (Persp.) Defn: To draw or exhibit, as the form of anything; to delineate; as, to project a sphere, a map, an ellipse, and the like; -- sometimes with on, upon, into, etc.; as, to project a line or point upon a plane. See Projection, 4. PROJECT Pro*ject", v. i. 1. To shoot forward; to extend beyond something else; to be prominent; to jut; as, the cornice projects; branches project from the tree. 2. To form a project; to scheme. [R.] Fuller. PROJECTILE Pro*ject"ile, a. Etym: [Cf. F. projectile.] 1. Projecting or impelling forward; as, a projectile force. 2. Caused or imparted by impulse or projection; impelled forward; as, projectile motion. Arbuthnot. PROJECTILE Pro*ject"ile, n. Etym: [Cf. F. projectile.] 1. A body projected, or impelled forward, by force; especially, a missile adapted to be shot from a firearm. 2. pl. (Mech.) Defn: A part of mechanics which treats of the motion, range, time of flight, etc., of bodies thrown or driven through the air by an impelling force. PROJECTION Pro*jec"tion, n. Etym: [L. projectio: cf. F. projection.] 1. The act of throwing or shooting forward. 2. A jutting out; also, a part jutting out, as of a building; an extension beyond something else. 3. The act of scheming or planning; also, that which is planned; contrivance; design; plan. Davenant. 4. (Persp.) Defn: The representation of something; delineation; plan; especially, the representation of any object on a perspective plane, or such a delineation as would result were the chief points of the object thrown forward upon the plane, each in the direction of a line drawn through it from a given point of sight, or central point; as, the projection of a sphere. The several kinds of projection differ according to the assumed point of sight and plane of projection in each. 5. (Geog.) Defn: Any method of representing the surface of the earth upon a plane. Conical projection, a mode of representing the sphere, the spherical surface being projected upon the surface of a cone tangent to the sphere, the point of sight being at the center of the sphere. -- Cylindric projection, a mode of representing the sphere, the spherical surface being projected upon the surface of a cylinder touching the sphere, the point of sight being at the center of the sphere. -- Globular, Gnomonic, Orthographic, projection,etc. See under Globular, Gnomonic, etc. -- Mercator's projection, a mode of representing the sphere in which the meridians are drawn parallel to each other, and the parallels of latitude are straight lines whose distance from each other increases with their distance from the equator, so that at all places the degrees of latitude and longitude have to each other the same ratio as on the sphere itself. -- Oblique projection, a projection made by parallel lines drawn from every point of a figure and meeting the plane of projection obliquely. -- Polar projection, a projection of the sphere in which the point of sight is at the center, and the plane of projection passes through one of the polar circles. -- Powder of projection (Alchemy.), a certain powder cast into a crucible or other vessel containing prepared metal or other matter which is to be thereby transmuted into gold. -- Projection of a point on a plane (Descriptive Geom.), the foot of a perpendicular to the plane drawn through the point. -- Projection of a straight line of a plane, the straight line of the plane connecting the feet of the perpendiculars let fall from the extremities of the given line. Syn. -- See Protuberance. PROJECTMENT Pro*ject"ment, n. Defn: Design; contrivance; projection. [Obs.] Clarendon. PROJECTOR Pro*ject"or, n. Etym: [Cf. F. projeteur.] Defn: One who projects a scheme or design; hence, one who forms fanciful or chimerical schemes. L'Estrange. PROJECTURE Pro*jec"ture, n. Etym: [L. projectura: cf. F. projecture.] Defn: A jutting out beyond a surface. PROJET Pro`jet", n. Etym: [F. See Project, n.] Defn: A plan proposed; a draft of a proposed measure; a project. PROKE Proke, v. i. Defn: To poke; to thrust. [Obs.] Holland. PROLAPSE Pro*lapse", n. Etym: [L. prolapsus, fr. prolapsus, p. p. of prolabi to fall forward; pro forward + labi to glide, fall.] (Med.) Defn: The falling down of a part through the orifice with which it is naturally connected, especially of the uterus or the rectum. Dunglison. PROLAPSE Pro*lapse", v. i. Defn: To fall down or out; to protrude. PROLAPSION Pro*lap"sion, n. Etym: [L. prolapsio.] (Med.) Defn: Prolapse. [ Written also prolaption.] [Obs.] PROLAPSUS Pro*lap"sus, n. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: Prolapse. PROLATE Pro"late, a. Etym: [L. prolatus, used as p. p. of proferre to bring forth, to extend; pro + latus, p. p. See Pro-, and Tolerate. ] Defn: Stretched out; extended; especially, elongated in the direction of a line joining the poles; as, a prolate spheroid; -- opposed to oblate. Prolate cycloid. See the Note under Cycloid. -- Prolate ellipsoid or spheroid (Geom.), a figure generated by the revolution of an ellipse about its major axis. See Ellipsoid of revolution, under Ellipsoid. PROLATE Pro*late", v. t. Defn: To utter; to pronounce. [Obs.] "Foun-der-ed; prolate it right." B. Jonson. PROLATION Pro*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. prolatio: cf. F. prolation.] 1. The act of prolating or pronouncing; utterance; pronunciation. [Obs.] Ray. 2. The act of deferring; delay. [Obs.] Ainsworth. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A mediæval method of determining of the proportionate duration of semibreves and minims. Busby. PROLATUM Pro*la"tum, n.; pl. Prolata. Etym: [ NL. See Prolate.] (Geom.) Defn: A prolate spheroid. See Ellipsoid of revolution, under Ellipsoid. PROLEG Pro"leg, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- for, in place of + leg.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the fleshy legs found on the abdominal segments of the larvæ of Lepidoptera, sawflies, and some other insects. Those of Lepidoptera have a circle of hooks. Called also proped, propleg, and falseleg. PROLEGATE Pro"leg`ate (; 48), n. Etym: [L. prolegatus; pro for + legatus legate.] (Rom. Hist.) Defn: The deputy or substitute for a legate. PROLEGOMENARY Prol`e*gom"e*na*ry, a. Defn: Of the nature of a prolegomenon; preliminary; introductory; prefatory. PROLEGOMENON Prol`e*gom"e*non, n.; pl. Prolegomena. Etym: [ NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A preliminary remark or observation; an introductory discourse prefixed to a book or treatise. D. Stokes (1659). Sir W. Scott. PROLEPSIS Pro*lep"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Rhet.) (a) A figure by which objections are anticipated or prevented. Abp. Bramhall. (b) A necessary truth or assumption; a first or assumed principle. 2. (Chron.) Defn: An error in chronology, consisting in an event being dated before the actual time. 3. (Gram.) Defn: The application of an adjective to a noun in anticipation, or to denote the result, of the action of the verb; as, to strike one dumb. PROLEPTIC; PROLEPTICAL Pro*lep"tic, Pro*lep"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. proleptique.] 1. Of or pertaining to prolepsis; anticipative. "A far-seeing or proleptic wisdom." De Quincey. 2. Previous; antecedent. Glanvill. 3. (Med.) Defn: Anticipating the usual time; -- applied to a periodical disease whose paroxysms return at an earlier hour at every repetition. PROLEPTICALLY Pro*lep"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a proleptical manner. PROLEPTICS Pro*lep"tics, n. (Med.) Defn: The art and science of predicting in medicine. Laycock. PROLETAIRE Pro`lé`taire", n. Etym: [F. See Proletary.] Defn: One of the common people; a low person; also, the common people as a class or estate in a country. PROLETANEOUS Prol`e*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. proletaneus.] Defn: Having a numerous offspring. [R.] PROLETARIAN Prol`e*ta"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. proletarius. See Proletary.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the proletaries; belonging to the commonalty; hence, mean; vile; vulgar. "Every citizen, if he were not a proletarian animal kept at the public cost." De Quincey. -- n. Defn: A proletary. PROLETARIAT Prol`e*ta"ri*at, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The indigent class in the State; the body of proletarians. PROLETARIATE Prol`e*ta"ri*ate, n. Defn: The lower classes; beggars. "The Italian proletariate." J. A. Symonds. PROLETARY Prol"e*ta*ry, n.; pl. Proletaries. Etym: [ L. proletarius, fr. proles offspring. Cf. Prolétaire.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A citizen of the lowest class, who served the state, not with property, but only by having children; hence, a common person. PROLICIDE Prol"i*cide, n. Etym: [L. proles offspring + caedere to kill.] Defn: The crime of destroying one's offspring, either in the womb or after birth. Bouvier. PROLIFERATE Pro*lif"er*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. proles offspring + ferre to bear.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: To produce or form cells; especially, to produce cells rapidly. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: To produce zooids by budding. PROLIFERATION Pro*lif`er*a"tion, n. 1. (Biol.) Defn: The continuous development of cells in tissue formation; cell formation. Virchow. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The production of numerous zooids by budding, especially when buds arise from other buds in succession. PROLIFEROUS Pro*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. proles offspring + -ferous.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Bearing offspring; -- applied to a flower from within which another is produced, or to a branch or frond from which another rises, or to a plant which is reproduced by buds or gemmæ. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Producing young by budding. (b) Producing sexual zooids by budding; -- said of the blastostyle of a hydroid. (c) Producing a cluster of branchlets from a larger branch; -- said of corals. Proliferous cyst (Med.), a cyst that produces highly- organized or even vascular structures. Paget. -- Pro*lif"er*ous*ly, adv. PROLIFIC Pro*lif"ic, a. Etym: [F. prolifique, fr. L. proles offspring (from pro for, forward + the root of alere to nourish) + facere to make. See Adult, Old, and Fact.] 1. Having the quality of generating; producing young or fruit; generative; fruitful; productive; -- applied to plants producing fruit, animals producing young, etc.; -- usually with the implied idea of frequent or numerous production; as, a prolific tree, female, and the like. 2. Serving to produce; fruitful of results; active; as, a prolific brain; a controversy prolific of evil. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Proliferous. PROLIFICACY Pro*lif"ic*a*cy, n. Defn: Prolificness. [R.] PROLIFICAL Pro*lif"ic*al, a. Defn: Producing young or fruit abundantly; fruitful; prolific. -- Pro*lif"ic*al*ly, adv. PROLIFICATE Pro*lif"ic*ate, v. t. Etym: [See Prolific.] Defn: To make prolific; to fertilize; to impregnate. Sir T. Browne. PROLIFICATION Pro*lif`i*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prolification, LL. prolificatio.] 1. The generation of young. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Reproduction by the growth of a plant, or part of a plant, directly from an older one, or by gemmæ. PROLIFICNESS Pro*lif"ic*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being prolific; fruitfulness; prolificacy. PROLIX Pro*lix", a. Etym: [L. prolixus extended, long, prolix, probably fr. pro before, forward + liqui to flow, akin to liquidus liquid; cf. OL. lixa water: cf. F. prolixe. See Liquid.] 1. Extending to a great length; unnecessarily long; minute in narration or argument; excessively particular in detail; -- rarely used except with reference to discourse written or spoken; as, a prolix oration; a prolix poem; a prolix sermon. With wig prolix, down flowing to his waist. Cowper. 2. Indulging in protracted discourse; tedious; wearisome; -- applied to a speaker or writer. Syn. -- Long; diffuse; prolonged; protracted; tedious; tiresome; wearisome. -- Prolix, Diffuse. A prolix writer delights in circumlocution, extended detail, and trifling particulars. A diffuse writer is fond of amplifying, and abounds in epithets, figures, and illustrations. Diffuseness often arises from an exuberance of imagination; prolixity is generally connected with a want of it. PROLIXIOUS Pro*lix"ious, a. Defn: Dilatory; tedious; superfluous. [Obs.] "Lay by all nicety, and prolixious blushes." Shak. PROLIXITY Pro*lix"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. prolixitas: cf. F. prolixité.] Defn: The quality or state of being prolix; great length; minute detail; as, prolixity in discourses and writings. "For fulsomeness of his prolixitee." Chaucer. Idly running on with vain prolixity. Drayton. PROLIXLY Pro*lix"ly, adv. Defn: In a prolix manner. Dryden. PROLIXNESS Pro*lix"ness, n. Defn: Prolixity. Adam Smith. PROLL Proll, v. t. Etym: [See Prowl.] [imp. & p. p. Prolled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Prolling.] Defn: To search or prowl after; to rob; to plunder. [Obs.] Barrow. PROLL Proll, v. i. Defn: To prowl about; to rob. [Obs.] South. Though ye prolle aye, ye shall it never find. Chaucer. PROLLER Proll"er, n. Defn: Prowler; thief. [Obs.] Chapman. PROLOCUTOR Prol`o*cu"tor, n. Etym: [L., from proloqui, p. p. prolocutus, to speak out; pro for + loqui to speak.] 1. One who speaks for another. Jeffrey. 2. The presiding officer of a convocation. Macaulay. PROLOCUTORSHIP Pro`lo*cu"tor*ship, n. Defn: The office of a prolocutor. PROLOG Pro"log, n. & v. Defn: Prologue. PROLOGIZE Pro"lo*gize, v. i. Etym: [Gr. Prologue.] Defn: To deliver a Prologue. [R.] Whewell. PROLOGIZER Pro"lo*gi`zer, n. Defn: One who prologizes. [R.] PROLOGUE Pro"logue, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. prologus, fr. Gr. Logic.] 1. The preface or introduction to a discourse, poem, or performance; as, the prologue of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales;" esp., a discourse or poem spoken before a dramatic performance 2. One who delivers a prologue. [R.] Shak. PROLOGUE Pro"logue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prologued; p. pr. & vb. n. Prologuing.] Defn: To introduce with a formal preface, or prologue. [R.] Shak. PROLONG Pro*long", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prolonged; p. pr. & vb. n. Prolonging.] Etym: [F. prolonger, L. prolongare; pro before, forth + longus long. See Long, a., and cf. Prolongate, Purloin. ] 1. To extend in space or length; as, to prolong a line. 2. To lengthen in time; to extend the duration of; to draw out; to continue; as, to prolong one's days. Prolong awhile the traitor's life. Shak. The unhappy queen with talk prolonged the night. Dryden. 3. To put off to a distant time; to postpone. Shak. PROLONGABLE Pro*long"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being prolonged; as, life is prolongable by care. Each syllable being a prolongable quantity. Rush. PROLONGATE Pro*lon"gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prolongated; p. pr. & vb. n. Prolongating.] Etym: [L. prolongatus, p. p. of prolongare. See Prolong.] Defn: To prolong; to extend in space or in time. [R.] PROLONGATION Pro`lon*ga"tion, n. Etym: [F. prolongation.] 1. The act of lengthening in space or in time; extension; protraction. Bacon. 2. That which forms an additional length. PROLONGE Pro*longe", n. Etym: [F. See Prolong.] (Field Artillery) Defn: A rope with a hook and a toggle, sometimes used to drag a gun carriage or to lash it to the limber, and for various other purposes. PROLONGER Pro*long"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, causes an extension in time or space. PROLONGMENT Pro*long"ment, n. Defn: Prolongation. PROLUSION Pro*lu"sion, n. Etym: [L. prolusio, fr. proludere to prelude; pro before + ludere to play: cf. F. prolusion, It. prolusione.] Defn: A trial before the principal performance; a prelude; hence, an introductory essay or exercise. "Domestic prolusions." Thackeray. Her presence was in some measure a restraint on the worthy divine, whose prolusion lasted. Sir W. Scott. PROMANATION Prom`a*na"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + L. manatio a flowing, fr. manare to flow.] Defn: The act of flowing forth; emanation; efflux. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. PROMENADE Prom`e*nade", n. Etym: [F. (with a foreign suffix), from promener to lead, take for a walk, se promener to walk, from L. prominare to drive forward or along; pro forward + minare to drive animals. See Amenable, Menace.] 1. A walk for pleasure, display, or exercise. Burke. 2. A place for walking; a public walk. Bp. Montagu. PROMENADE Prom`e*nade", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Promenaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Promenading.] Defn: To walk for pleasure, display, or exercise. PROMENADER Prom`e*nad"er, n. Defn: One who promenades. PROMERIT Pro*mer"it, v. t. Etym: [L. promeritus, p. p. of promerere to deserve; pro before + merere to merit.] 1. To oblige; to confer a favor on. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. To deserve; to procure by merit. [Obs.] Davenant. PROMEROPS Prom"e*rops, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of very brilliant birds belonging to Promerops, Epimarchus, and allied genera, closely related to the paradise birds, and mostly native of New Guinea. They have a long curved beak and a long graduated tail. PROMETHEA Pro*me"the*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Prometheus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large American bombycid moth (Callosamia promethea). Its larva feeds on the sassafras, wild cherry, and other trees, and suspends its cocoon from a branch by a silken band. PROMETHEAN Pro*me"the*an, a. Etym: [L. Promethus: cf. F. prométhéen.] 1. Of or pertaining to Prometheus. See Prometheus. "Promethean fire." Shak. 2. Having a life-giving quality; inspiring. PROMETHEAN Pro*me"the*an, n. (Old Chem.) (a) An apparatus for automatic ignition. (b) A kind of lucifer match. PROMETHEUS Pro*me"the*us, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The son of Iapetus (one of the Titans) and Clymene, fabled by the poets to have surpassed all mankind in knowledge, and to have formed men of clay to whom he gave life by means of fire stolen from heaven. Jupiter, being angry at this, sent Mercury to bind Prometheus to Mount Caucasus, where a vulture preyed upon his liver. PROMINENCE; PROMINENCY Prom"i*nence, Prom"i*nen*cy, n. Etym: [L. prominentia: cf. F. prominence. See Prominent. ] 1. The quality or state of being prominent; a standing out from something; conspicuousness. 2. That which is prominent; a protuberance. Solar prominences. (Astron.) See Solar Protuberances, under Protuberance. PROMINENT Prom"i*nent, a. Etym: [L. prominens, -entis, p. pr. of prominere to jut out, to project; pro before, forward + minere (in comp.) to jut, project: cf. F. prominent. See Imminent, Eminent.] 1. Standing out, or projecting, beyond the line surface of something; jutting; protuberant; in high relief; as, a prominent figure on a vase. 2. Hence; Distinctly manifest; likely to attract attention from its size or position; conspicuous; as, a prominent feature of the face; a prominent building. 3. Eminent; distinguished above others; as, a prominent character. Prominent' moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the family Notodontidæ; a notodontian; -- so called because the larva has a hump or prominence on its back. Several of the species are injurious to fruit trees. PROMINENTLY Prom"i*nent*ly, adv. Defn: In a prominent manner. PROMISCUITY Pro`mis*cu"i*ty, n. Defn: Promiscuousness; confusion. H. Spencer. PROMISCUOUS Pro*mis"cu*ous, a. Etym: [L. promiscuus; pro before, in place of, for + miscere to mix. See Mix. ] 1. Consisting of individuals united in a body or mass without order; mingled; confused; undistinguished; as, a promiscuous crowd or mass. A wild, where weeds and flowers promiscuous shoot. Pope. 2. Distributed or applied without order or discrimination; not restricted to an individual; common; indiscriminate; as, promiscuous love or intercourse. PROMISCUOUSLY Pro*mis"cu*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a promiscuous manner. PROMISCUOUSNESS Pro*mis"cu*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being promiscuous. PROMISE Prom"ise, a. Etym: [F. promesse, L. promissum, fr. promittere, promissum, to put forth, foretell, promise; pro forward, for + mittere to send. See Mission. ] 1. In general, a declaration, written or verbal, made by one person to another, which binds the person who makes it to do, or to forbear to do, a specified act; a declaration which gives to the person to whom it is made a right to expect or to claim the performance or forbearance of a specified act. For if the inheritance be of the law, it is no more of promise: but God gave it to Abraham by promise. Gal. iii. 18. 2. (Law) Defn: An engagement by one person to another, either in words or in writing, but properly not under seal, for the performance or nonperformance of some particular thing. The word promise is used to denote the mere engagement of a person, without regard to the consideration for it, or the corresponding duty of the party to whom it is made. Chitty. Parsons. Burrill. 3. That which causes hope, expectation, or assurance; especially, that which affords expectation of future distinction; as, a youth of great promise. Shak. My native country was full of youthful promise. W. Irving. 4. Bestowal, fulfillment, or grant of what is promised. He . . . commanded them that they should not depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the promise of the Father. Acts i. 4. PROMISE Prom"ise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Promised; p. pr. & vb. n. Promising.] 1. To engage to do, give, make, or to refrain from doing, giving, or making, or the like; to covenant; to engage; as, to promise a visit; to promise a cessation of hostilities; to promise the payment of money. "To promise aid." Shak. 2. To afford reason to expect; to cause hope or assurance of; as, the clouds promise rain. Milton. 3. To make declaration of or give assurance of, as some benefit to be conferred; to pledge or engage to bestow; as, the proprietors promised large tracts of land; the city promised a reward. Promised land. See Land of promise, under Land. -- To promise one's self. (a) To resolve; to determine; to vow. (b) To be assured; to have strong confidence. I dare promise myself you will attest the truth of all I have advanced. Rambler. PROMISE Prom"ise, v. i. 1. To give assurance by a promise, or binding declaration. 2. To afford hopes or expectation; to give ground to expect good; rarely, to give reason to expect evil. Will not the ladies be afeard of the lion I fear it, I promise you. Shak. PROMISEE Prom`is*ee", n. (Law) Defn: The person to whom a promise is made. PROMISER Prom"is*er, n. Defn: One who promises. PROMISING Prom"is*ing, a. Defn: Making a promise or promises; affording hope or assurance; as, promising person; a promising day. -- Prom"is*ing*ly, adv. PROMISOR Prom"is*or, n. (Law) Defn: One who engages or undertakes; a promiser. Burrill. PROMISSIVE Pro*mis"sive, a. Defn: Making a promise; implying a promise; promising. [R.] PROMISSORILY Prom"is*so*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a promissory manner. Sir T. Browne. PROMISSORY Prom"is*so*ry, a. Defn: Containing a promise or binding declaration of something to be done or forborne. Promissory note (Law), a written promise to pay to some person named, and at a time specified therein, or on demand, or at sight, a certain sum of money, absolutely and at all events; -- frequently called a note of hand. Kent. Byles. Story. PROMONT Prom"ont, n. Defn: Promontory. [R.] Drayton. PROMONTORY Prom"on*to*ry, n.; pl. Promontories. Etym: [ L. promonturium, promunturium; pro before + mons, montis, mountain: cf. F. promontoire. See Mount, n.] 1. (Phys. Geog.) Defn: A high point of land or rock projecting into the sea beyond the line of coast; a headland; a high cape. Like one that stands upon a promontory. Shak. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A projecting part. Especially: (a) The projecting angle of the ventral side of the sacrum where it joins the last lumbar vertebra. (b) A prominence on the inner wall of the tympanum of the ear. PROMORPHOLOGICAL Pro*mor`pho*log"ic*al, a. (Biol.) Defn: Relating to promorphology; as, a promorphological conception. PROMORPHOLOGIST Pro`mor*phol"o*gist, n. (Biol.) Defn: One versed in the science of promorphology. PROMORPHOLOGY Pro`mor*phol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + morphology.] (Biol.) Defn: Crystallography of organic forms; -- a division of morphology created by Haeckel. It is essentially stereometric, and relates to a mathematical conception of organic forms. See Tectology. PROMOTE Pro*mote", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Promoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Promoting.] Etym: [L. promotus, p. p. of promovere to move forward, to promote; pro forward + movere to move. See Move.] 1. To contribute to the growth, enlargement, or prosperity of (any process or thing that is in course); to forward; to further; to encourage; to advance; to excite; as, to promote learning; to promote disorder; to promote a business venture. "Born to promote all truth." Milton. 2. To exalt in station, rank, or honor; to elevate; to raise; to prefer; to advance; as, to promote an officer. I will promote thee unto very great honor. Num. xxii. 17. Exalt her, and she shall promote thee. Prov. iv. 18. Syn. -- To forward; advance; further; patronize; help; exalt; prefer; elevate; dignify. PROMOTE Pro*mote", v. i. Defn: To urge on or incite another, as to strife; also, to inform against a person. [Obs.] PROMOTER Pro*mot"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, forwards, advances, or promotes; an encourager; as, a promoter of charity or philosophy. Boyle. 2. Specifically, one who sets on foot, and takes the preliminary steps in, a scheme for the organization of a corporation, a joint- stock company, or the like. 3. One who excites; as, a promoter of sedition. 4. An informer; a makebate. [Obs.] Tusser. PROMOTION Pro*mo"tion, n. Etym: [L. promotio: cf. F. promotion.] Defn: The act of promoting, advancing, or encouraging; the act of exalting in rank or honor; also, the condition of being advanced, encouraged, or exalted in honor; preferment. Milton. Promotion cometh neither from the east, nor from the west, nor from the south. Ps. lxxv. 6. PROMOTIVE Pro*mo"tive, a. Defn: Tending to advance, promote, or encourage. Hume. PROMOVE Pro*move", v. t. Etym: [See Promote.] Defn: To move forward; to advance; to promote. [Obs.] Bp. Fell. PROMOVER Pro*mov"er, n. Defn: A promoter. [Obs.] PROMPT Prompt, a. [Compar. Prompter; superl. Promptest.] Etym: [F. prompt, L. promptus, properly, brought forth (to light or view), hence, visible, evident, at hand, ready, quick, -- p. p. of promere to take or bring forth; pro forth + emere to take. See Redeem. ] 1. Ready and quick to act as occasion demands; meeting requirements readily; not slow, dilatory, or hesitating in decision or action; responding on the instant; immediate; as, prompt in obedience or compliance; -- said of persons. Very discerning and prompt in giving orders. Clarendon. Tell him I am prompt To lay my crown at's feet. Shak. Any you, perhaps, too prompt in your replies. Dryden. 2. Done or rendered quickly, readily, or immediately; given without delay or hesitation; -- said of conduct; as, prompt assistance. When Washington heard the voice of his country in distress, his obedience was prompt. Ames. 3. Easy; unobstructed. [Obs.] The reception of the light into the body of the building was very prompt. Sir H. Wotton. Syn. -- Ready; expeditious; quick; agile; alert; brisk; nimble. -- Prompt, Ready, Expeditious. One who is ready is prepared to act at the moment. One who is prompt acts at the moment. One who is expeditious carries through an undertaking with constant promptness. PROMPT Prompt, n. (Com.) Defn: A limit of time given for payment of an account for produce purchased, this limit varying with different goods. See Prompt-note. To cover any probable difference of price which might arise before the expiration of the prompt, which for this article [tea] is three months. J. S. Mill. PROMPT Prompt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prompted; p. pr. & vb. n. Prompting.] 1. To assist or induce the action of; to move to action; to instigate; to incite. God first . . . prompted on the infirmities of the infant world by temporal prosperity. Jer. Taylor. 2. To suggest; to dictate. And whispering angles prompt her golden dreams. Pope. 3. To remind, as an actor or an orator, of words or topics forgotten. PROMPT-BOOK Prompt"-book` (, n. Defn: The book used by a prompter of a theater. PROMPTER Prompt"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, prompts; one who admonishes or incites to action. 2. One who reminds another, as an actor or an orator, of the words to be spoken next; specifically, one employed for this purpose in a theater. PROMPTITUDE Prompt"i*tude, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. promptitudo. See Prompt, a.] Defn: The quality of being prompt; quickness of decision and action when occasion demands; alacrity; as, promptitude in obedience. Men of action, of promptitude, and of courage. I. Taylor. PROMPTLY Prompt"ly, adv. Defn: In a prompt manner. PROMPTNESS Prompt"ness, n. 1. Promptitude; readiness; quickness of decision or action. 2. Cheerful willingness; alacrity. PROMPT-NOTE Prompt"-note`, n. (Com.) Defn: A memorandum of a sale, and time when payment is due, given to the purchaser at a sale of goods. PROMPTUARY Promp"tu*a*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to preparation. [R.] Bacon. PROMPTUARY Promp"tu*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. promptuarium, fr. promptuarius belonging to distribution, distributing: cf, F. promptuaire. See Prompt, a.] Defn: That from which supplies are drawn; a storehouse; a magazine; a repository. Woodward. PROMPTURE Promp"ture, n. Etym: [See Prompt, a.] Defn: Suggestion; incitement; prompting. [R.] Shak. Coleridge. PROMULGATE Pro*mul"gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Promulgated; p. pr. & vb. n. Promulgating.] Etym: [L. promulgatus, p. p. of promulgare to promulgate; of unknown origin. Cf. Promulge.] Defn: To make known by open declaration, as laws, decrees, or tidings; to publish; as, to promulgate the secrets of a council. Syn. -- To publish; declare; proclaim. See Announce. PROMULGATION Pro`mul*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. promulgatio: cf. F. promulgation.] Defn: The act of promulgating; publication; open declaration; as, the promulgation of the gospel. South. PROMULGATOR Pro"mul*ga`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who promulgates or publishes. Dr. H. More. PROMULGE Pro*mulge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Promulged; p. pr. & vb. n. Promulging.] Etym: [Cf. F. promulguer. See Promulgate.] Defn: To promulgate; to publish or teach. Blackstone. Extraordinary doctrines these for the age in which they were promulged. Prescott. PROMULGER Pro*mul"ger, n. Defn: One who promulges or publishes what was before unknown. Atterbury. PROMUSCIS Pro*mus"cis, n. Etym: [L., corruption of proboscis.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The proboscis of hemipterous insects. See Illust. under Hemiptera. PRONAOS Pro*na"os, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Arch.) Defn: The porch or vestibule of a temple. PRONATE Pro"nate, a. Etym: [L. pronatus, p. p. of pronare to bend forward. See Prone.] Defn: Somewhat prone; inclined; as, pronate trees. Kane. PRONATION Pro*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pronation.] (Physiol.) (a) The act of turning the palm or palmar surface of the forefoot downward. (b) That motion of the forearm whereby the palm or palmar, surface is turned downward. (c) The position of the limb resulting from the act of pronation. Opposed to supination. PRONATOR Pro*na"tor, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: A muscle which produces pronation. PRONE Prone, a. Etym: [L. pronus, akin to Gr. pravana sloping, inclined, and also to L. pro forward, for. See Pro-.] 1. Bending forward; inclined; not erect. Towards him they bend With awful reverence prone. Milton. 2. Prostrate; flat; esp., lying with the face down; -- opposed to supine. Which, as the wind, Blew where it listed, laying all things prone. Byron. 3. Headlong; running downward or headlong. "Down thither prone in flight." Milton. 4. Sloping, with reference to a line or surface; declivous; inclined; not level. Since the floods demand, For their descent, a prone and sinking land. Blackmore. 5. Inclined; propense; disposed; -- applied to the mind or affections, usually in an ill sense. Followed by to. "Prone to mischief." Shak. Poets are nearly all prone to melancholy. Landor. PRONELY Prone"ly, adv. Defn: In a prone manner or position. PRONENESS Prone"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being prone, or of bending downward; as, the proneness of beasts is opposed to the erectness of man. 2. The state of lying with the face down; -- opposed to supineness. 3. Descent; declivity; as, the proneness of a hill. 4. Inclination of mind, heart, or temper; propension; disposition; as, proneness to self-gratification. PRONEPHRIC Pro*neph"ric, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pronephros. PRONEPHROS; PRONEPHRON Pro*neph"ros, Pro*neph"ron (, n. Etym: [ NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The head kidney. See under Head. PRONG Prong, n. Etym: [Cf. D. prangen to pinch, press, LG. prange a stick, or W. procio to thrust, E. prowl, pang.] 1. A sharp-pointed instrument. Prick it on a prong of iron. Sandys. 2. The tine of a fork, or of a similar instrument; as, a fork of two or three prongs. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A sharp projection, as of an antler. (b) The fang of a tooth. PRONGBUCK Prong"buck`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The springbuck. (b) The pronghorn. PRONGED Pronged, a. Defn: Having prongs or projections like the tines of a fork; as, a three-pronged fork. PRONG-HOE Prong"-hoe`, n. Defn: A hoe with prongs to break the earth. PRONGHORN Prong"horn`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American antelope (Antilocapra Americana), native of the plain near the Rocky Mountains. The upper parts are mostly yellowish brown; the under parts, the sides of the head and throat, and the buttocks, are white. The horny sheath of the horns is shed annually. Called also cabrée, cabut, prongbuck, and pronghorned antelope. PRONITY Pro"ni*ty, n. Etym: [L. pronitas.] Defn: Proneness; propensity. [R.] Dr. H. More. PRONOMINAL Pro*nom"i*nal, a. Etym: [L. pronominalis: cf. F. pronominal. See Pronoun.] Defn: Belonging to, or partaking of the nature of, a pronoun. PRONOMINALIZE Pro*nom"i*nal*ize, v. t. Defn: To give the effect of a pronoun to; as, to pronominalize the substantives person, people, etc. Early. PRONOMINALLY Pro*nom"i*nal*ly, adv. Defn: In a pronominal manner PRONONCE Pro`non`cé", a. Etym: [F. See Pronounce.] Defn: Strongly marked; decided, as in manners, etc. PRONOTARY Pro*no"ta*ry, n. Defn: See Prothonotary. PRONOTUM Pro*no"tum, n.; pl. Pronota. Etym: [NL. See Pro-, and Notum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The dorsal plate of the prothorax in insects. See Illust. of Coleoptera. PRONOUN Pro"noun, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + noun: cf. F. pronom, L. pronomen. See Noun.] (Gram.) Defn: A word used instead of a noun or name, to avoid the repetition of it. The personal pronouns in English are I, thou or you, he, she, it, we, ye, and they. PRONOUNCE Pro*nounce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pronounced; p. pr. & vb. n. Pronounging.] Etym: [F. prononcer, L. pronunciare; pro before, forth + nunciare, nuntiare, to announce. See Announce.] 1. To utter articulately; to speak out or distinctly; to utter, as words or syllables; to speak with the proper sound and accent as, adults rarely learn to pronounce a foreign language correctly. 2. To utter officially or solemnly; to deliver, as a decree or sentence; as, to pronounce sentence of death. Sternly he pronounced The rigid interdiction. Milton. 3. To speak or utter rhetorically; to deliver; to recite; as, to pronounce an oration. Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it to you. Shak. 4. To declare or affirm; as, he pronounced the book to be a libel; he pronounced the act to be a fraud. The God who hallowed thee and blessed, Pronouncing thee all good. Keble. Syn. -- To deliver; utter; speak. See Deliver. PRONOUNCE Pro*nounce", v. i. 1. To give a pronunciation; to articulate; as, to pronounce faultlessly. Earle. 2. To make declaration; to utter on opinion; to speak with confidence. [R.] Dr. H. More. PRONOUNCE Pro*nounce", n. Defn: Pronouncement; declaration; pronunciation. [Obs.] Milton. PRONOUNCEABLE Pro*nounce"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. L. pronunciabilis declarative.] Defn: Capable of being pronounced. PRONOUNCED Pro*nounced", a. Etym: [F. prononcé.] Defn: Strongly marked; unequivocal; decided. Note: [A Gallicism] [His] views became every day more pronounced. Thackeray. PRONOUNCEMENT Pro*nounce"ment, n. Defn: The act of pronouncing; a declaration; a formal announcement. PRONOUNCER Pro*noun"cer, n. Defn: One who pronounces, utters, or declares; also, a pronouncing book. PRONOUNCING Pro*noun"cing, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or indicating, pronunciation; as, a pronouncing dictionary. PRONUBIAL Pro*nu"bi*al, a. Etym: [L. pronuba bridesmaid; pro before + nubere to marry.] Defn: Presiding over marriage. [R.] PRONUCLEUS Pro*nu"cle*us, n.; pl. Pronuclei (-i). Etym: [NL. See Pro-, and Nucleus.] (Biol.) Defn: One of the two bodies or nuclei (called male and female pronuclei) which unite to form the first segmentation nucleus of an impregnated ovum. Note: In the maturing of the ovum preparatory to impregnation, a part of the germinal vesicle (see Polar body, under Polar) becomes converted into a number of small vesicles, which aggregate themselves into a single clear nucleus. which travels towards the center of the egg and is called the female pronucleus. In impregnation, the spermatozoön which enters the egg soon loses its tail, while the head forms a nucleus, called the male pronucleus, which gradually travels towards the female pronucleus and eventually fuses with it, forming the first segmentation nucleus. PRONUNCIAL Pro*nun"cial, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pronunciation; pronunciative. PRONUNCIAMENTO Pro*nun`ci*a*men"to, n. Defn: A proclamation or manifesto; a formal announcement or declaration. PRONUNCIAMIENTO Pro*nun`ci*a`mi"en"to, n. Etym: [Sp. See Pronounce.] Defn: See Pronunciamento. PRONUNCIATION Pro*nun`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [F. pronunciation, L. pronunciatio. See Pronounce.] 1. The act of uttering with articulation; the act of giving the proper sound and accent; utterance; as, the pronunciation of syllables of words; distinct or indistinct pronunciation. 2. The mode of uttering words or sentences. 3. (Rhet.) Defn: The art of manner of uttering a discourse publicly with propriety and gracefulness; -- now called delivery. J. Q. Adams. PRONUNCIATIVE Pro*nun"ci*a*tive, a. Etym: [L. pronunciativus.] 1. Of or pertaining to pronunciation. 2. Uttering confidently; dogmatical. [Obs.] Bacon. PRONUNCIATOR Pro*nun"ci*a`tor, n. Etym: [L., a reciter.] Defn: One who pronounces; a pronouncer. PRONUNCIATORY Pro*nun"ci*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pronunciation; that pronounces. PROOF Proof, n. Etym: [OF. prove, proeve, F. preuve, fr. L. proba, fr. probare to prove. See Prove.] 1. Any effort, process, or operation designed to establish or discover a fact or truth; an act of testing; a test; a trial. For whatsoever mother wit or art Could work, he put in proof. Spenser. You shall have many proofs to show your skill. Ford. Formerly, a very rude mode of ascertaining the strength of spirits was practiced, called the proof. Ure. 2. That degree of evidence which convinces the mind of any truth or fact, and produces belief; a test by facts or arguments that induce, or tend to induce, certainty of the judgment; conclusive evidence; demonstration. I'll have some proof. Shak. It is no proof of a man's understanding to be able to confirm whatever he pleases. Emerson. Note: Properly speaking, proof is the effect or result of evidence, evidence is the medium of proof. Cf. Demonstration, 1. 3. The quality or state of having been proved or tried; firmness or hardness that resists impression, or does not yield to force; impenetrability of physical bodies. 4. Firmness of mind; stability not to be shaken. 5. (Print.) Defn: A trial impression, as from type, taken for correction or examination; -- called also proof sheet. 6. (Math.) Defn: A process for testing the accuracy of an operation performed. Cf. Prove, v. t., 5. 7. Armor of excellent or tried quality, and deemed impenetrable; properly, armor of proof. [Obs.] Shak. Artist's proof, a very early proof impression of an engraving, or the like; -- often distinguished by the artist's signature. -- Proof reader, one who reads, and marks correction in, proofs. See def. 5, above. Syn. -- Testimony; evidence; reason; argument; trial; demonstration. See Testimony. PROOF Proof, a. 1. Used in proving or testing; as, a proof load, or proof charge. 2. Firm or successful in resisting; as, proof against harm; waterproof; bombproof. I . . . have found thee Proof against all temptation. Milton. This was a good, stout proof article of faith. Burke. 3. Being of a certain standard as to strength; -- said of alcoholic liquors. Proof charge (Firearms), a charge of powder and ball, greater than the service charge, fired in an arm, as a gun or cannon, to test its strength. -- Proof impression. See under Impression. -- Proof load (Engin.), the greatest load than can be applied to a piece, as a beam, column, etc., without straining the piece beyond the elastic limit. -- Proof sheet. See Proof, n., 5. -- Proof spirit (Chem.), a strong distilled liquor, or mixture of alcohol and water, containing not less than a standard amount of alcohol. In the United States "proof spirit is defined by law to be that mixture of alcohol and water which contains one half of its volume of alcohol, the alcohol when at a temperature of 60º Fahrenheit being of specific gravity 0.7939 referred to water at its maximum density as unity. Proof spirit has at 60º Fahrenheit a specific gravity of 0.93353, 100 parts by volume of the same consisting of 50 parts of absolute alcohol and 53.71 parts of water," the apparent excess of water being due to contraction of the liquids on mixture. In England proof spirit is defined by Act 58, George III., to be such as shall at a temperature of 51º Fahrenheit weigh exactly the second, third, and fourth proof spirits respectively. -- Proof staff, a straight-edge used by millers to test the flatness of a stone. -- Proof stick (Sugar Manuf.), a rod in the side of a vacuum pan, for testing the consistency of the sirup. -- Proof text, a passage of Scripture used to prove a doctrine. proof coin or proof, a coin which has been specially struck, to produce the finest specimen of its type. Note: Usually such coins are double-struck from polished dies, and the raised features are sometimes frosted. They thus have sharper features and more mirror-like fields than production coins (i.e. those coins struck for circulation); they are considered by coin collectors as the most desirable specimens of each coin, and usually sell at a premium to their corresponding production coins. PROOF-ARM Proof`-arm", v. t. Defn: To arm with proof armor; to arm securely; as, to proof-arm herself. [R.] Beau. & Fl. PROOFLESS Proof"less, a. Defn: Wanting sufficient evidence to induce belief; not proved. Boyle. -- Proof"less*ly, adv. PROOF-PROOF Proof"-proof`, a. Defn: Proof against proofs; obstinate in the wrong. "That might have shown to any one who was not proof-proof." Whateley. PROOSTRACUM; PROOESTRACUM Pro*ös"tra*cum, n.; pl. Proöstraca. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The anterior prolongation of the guard of the phragmocone of belemnites and allied fossil cephalopods, whether horny or calcareous. See Illust. of Phragmocone. PROOTIC; PROOETIC Pro*ö"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. pro- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: In front of the auditory capsule; -- applied especially to a bone, or center of ossification, in the periotic capsule. -- n. Defn: A proötic bone. PROP Prop, n. Defn: A shell, used as a die. See Props. PROP Prop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Propped; p. pr. & vb. n. Propping.] Etym: [Akin to LG. & D. proppen to cram, stuff, thrust into, stop, G. pfropfen, Dan. proppe, Sw. proppa; of uncertain origin, cf. G. pfropfen to graft, fr. L. propago set, layer of a plant, slip, shoot. Cf. 3d. Prop, Propagate.] Defn: To support, or prevent from falling, by placing something under or against; as, to prop up a fence or an old building; (Fig.) to sustain; to maintain; as, to prop a declining state. Shak. Till the bright mountains prop the incumbent sky. Pope. For being not propp'd by ancestry. Shak. I prop myself upon those few supports that are left me. Pope. PROP Prop, n. Etym: [Akin to LG., D., & Dan. prop stopple, stopper, cork, Sw. propp, G. pfropf. See Prop, v.] Defn: That which sustains an incumbent weight; that on which anything rests or leans for support; a support; a stay; as, a prop for a building. "Two props of virtue." Shak. PROPAEDEUTIC; PROPAEDEUTICAL Pro`pæ*deu"tic, Pro`pæ*deu"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or conveying, preliminary instruction; introductory to any art or science; instructing beforehand. PROPAEDEUTICS Pro`pæ*deu"tics, n. Defn: The preliminary learning connected with any art or science; preparatory instruction. PROPAGABLE Prop"a*ga*ble, a. Etym: [See Propagate.] 1. Capable of being propagated, or of being continued or multiplied by natural generation or production. 2. Capable of being spread or extended by any means; -- said of tenets, doctrines, or principles. PROPAGANDA Prop`a*gan"da, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. L. de propaganda fide: cf. F. propagande. See Propagate.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A congregation of cardinals, established in 1622, charged with the management of missions. (b) The college of the Propaganda, instituted by Urban VIII. (1623- 1644) to educate priests for missions in all parts of the world. 2. Hence, any organization or plan for spreading a particular doctrine or a system of principles. PROPAGANDISM Prop`a*gan"dism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. propagandisme.] Defn: The art or practice of propagating tenets or principles; zeal in propagating one's opinions. PROPAGANDIST Prop`a*gan"dist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. propagandiste.] Defn: A person who devotes himself to the spread of any system of principles. "Political propagandists." Walsh. PROPAGATE Prop"a*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Propagated; p. pr. & vb. n. Propagating.] Etym: [L. propagatus, p. p. of propagare to propagate, akin to propages, propago, a layer of a plant, slip, shoot. See Pro-, and cf. Pact, Prop, Prune, v. t.] 1. To cause to continue or multiply by generation, or successive production; -- applied to animals and plants; as, to propagate a breed of horses or sheep; to propagate a species of fruit tree. 2. To cause to spread to extend; to impel or continue forward in space; as, to propagate sound or light. 3. To spread from person to person; to extend the knowledge of; to originate and spread; to carry from place to place; to disseminate; as, to propagate a story or report; to propagate the Christian religion. The infection was propagated insensibly. De Foe. 4. To multiply; to increase. [Obs.] Griefs of mine own lie heavy in my breast, Which thou wilt propagate. Shak. 5. To generate; to produce. Motion propagated motion, and life threw off life. De Quincey. Syn. -- To multiply; continue; increase; spread; diffuse; disseminate; promote. PROPAGATE Prop"a*gate, v. i. Defn: To have young or issue; to be produced or multiplied by generation, or by new shoots or plants; as, rabbits propagate rapidly. No need that thou Should'st propagate, already infinite. Milton. PROPAGATION Prop`a*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. propagatio: cf. F. propagation.] 1. The act of propagating; continuance or multiplication of the kind by generation or successive production; as, the propagation of animals or plants. There is not in nature any spontaneous generation, but all come by propagation. Ray. 2. The spreading abroad, or extension, of anything; diffusion; dissemination; as, the propagation of sound; the propagation of the gospel. Bacon. PROPAGATIVE Prop"a*ga*tive, a. Defn: Producing by propagation, or by a process of growth. PROPAGATOR Prop"a*ga`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. propagateur.] Defn: One who propagates; one who continues or multiplies. PROPAGULUM Pro*pag"u*lum, n.; pl. Propagula. Etym: [NL. See Propagate.] (Bot.) Defn: A runner terminated by a germinating bud. PROPANE Pro"pane, n. Etym: [Propyl + methane.] (Chem.) Defn: A heavy gaseous hydrocarbon, C3H8, of the paraffin series, occurring naturally dissolved in crude petroleum, and also made artificially; -- called also propyl hydride. PROPARGYL Pro*par"gyl, n. Etym: [Propinyl + Gr. -yl. So called because one hydrogen atom may be replaced by silver.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Propinyl. PROPAROXYTONE Pro`par*ox"y*tone, n. Etym: [Gr. Pro-, and Paroxytone.] (Gr. Gram.) Defn: A word which has the acute accent on the antepenult. PROPED Pro"ped, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Proleg. PROPEL Pro*pel", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Propelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Propelling.] Etym: [L. propellere, propulsum; pro forward + pellere to drive. See Pulse a beating.] Defn: To drive forward; to urge or press onward by force; to move, or cause to move; as, the wind or steam propels ships; balls are propelled by gunpowder. PROPELLER Pro*pel"ler, n. 1. One who, or that which, propels. 2. A contrivance for propelling a steam vessel, usually consisting of a screw placed in the stern under water, and made to revolve by an engine; a propeller wheel. 3. A steamboat thus propelled; a screw steamer. Propeller wheel,the screw, usually having two or more blades, used in propelling a vessel. PROPEND Pro*pend", v. i. Etym: [L. propendere, propensum; pro forward, forth + pendere to hang. See Pendent.] Defn: To lean toward a thing; to be favorably inclined or disposed; to incline; to tend. [R.] Shak. We shall propend to it, as a stone falleth down. Barrow. PROPENDENCY Pro*pend"en*cy, n. 1. Propensity. [R.] 2. Attentive deliberation. [R.] Sir M. Hale. PROPENDENT Pro*pend"ent, a. Etym: [L. propendens, p. pr.] Defn: Inclining forward or toward. South. PROPENE Pro"pene, n. Etym: [Propyl + ethylene.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Propylene. PROPENSE Pro*pense" a. Etym: [L. propensus, p. p. See Propend.] Defn: Leaning toward, in a moral sense; inclined; disposed; prone; as, women propense to holiness. Hooker. -- Pro*pense"ly, adv. -- Pro*pense"ness, n. PROPENSION Pro*pen"sion, n. Etym: [L. propensio: cf. F. propension. See Propend, Propense.] Defn: The quality or state of being propense; propensity. M. Arnold. Your full consent Gave wings to my propension. Shak. PROPENSITY Pro*pen"si*ty, n.; pl. Propensities (. Defn: The quality or state of being propense; natural inclination; disposition to do good or evil; bias; bent; tendency. "A propensity to utter blasphemy." Macaulay. Syn. -- Disposition; bias; inclination; proclivity; proneness; bent; tendency. PROPENYL Pro"pe*nyl, n. Etym: [Propene + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical hydrocarbon radical, C3H5, isomeric with allyl and glyceryl, and regarded as the essential residue of glycerin. Cf. Allyl, and Glyceryl. PROPEPSIN Pro*pep"sin, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + pepsin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: See Persinogen. PROPEPTONE Pro*pep"tone, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + peptone.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A product of gastric digestion intermediate between albumin and peptone, identical with hemialbumose. PROPER Prop"er, a. Etym: [OE. propre, F. propre, fr. L. proprius. Cf. Appropriate.] 1. Belonging to one; one's own; individual. "His proper good" [i. e., his own possessions]. Chaucer. "My proper son." Shak. Now learn the difference, at your proper cost, Betwixt true valor and an empty boast. Dryden. 2. Belonging to the natural or essential constitution; peculiar; not common; particular; as, every animal has his proper instincts and appetites. Those high and peculiar attributes . . . which constitute our proper humanity. Coleridge. 3. Befitting one's nature, qualities, etc.; suitable in all respect; appropriate; right; fit; decent; as, water is the proper element for fish; a proper dress. The proper study of mankind is man. Pope. In Athens all was pleasure, mirth, and play, All proper to the spring, and sprightly May. Dryden. 4. Becoming in appearance; well formed; handsome. [Archaic] "Thou art a proper man." Chaucer. Moses . . . was hid three months of his parents, because they saw he was a proper child. Heb. xi. 23. 5. Pertaining to one of a species, but not common to the whole; not appellative; -- opposed to common; as, a proper name; Dublin is the proper name of a city. 6. Rightly so called; strictly considered; as, Greece proper; the garden proper. 7. (Her.) Defn: Represented in its natural color; -- said of any object used as a charge. In proper, individually; privately. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. -- Proper flower or corolla (Bot.), one of the single florets, or corollets, in an aggregate or compound flower. -- Proper fraction (Arith.) a fraction in which the numerator is less than the denominator. -- Proper nectary (Bot.), a nectary separate from the petals and other parts of the flower. -- Proper noun (Gram.), a name belonging to an individual, by which it is distinguished from others of the same class; -- opposed to Ant: common noun; as, John, Boston, America. -- Proper perianth or involucre (Bot.), that which incloses only a single flower. -- Proper receptacle (Bot.), a receptacle which supports only a single flower or fructification. PROPER Prop"er, adv. Defn: Properly; hence, to a great degree; very; as, proper good. [Colloq & Vulgar] PROPERATE Prop"er*ate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. properatus, p. p. of properare to hasten.] Defn: To hasten, or press forward. [Obs.] PROPERATION Prop`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. properatio.] Defn: The act of hastening; haste. [Obs.] T. Adams. PROPERISPOME Pro*per"i*spome, n. (Gr. Gram.) Defn: Properispomenon. PROPERISPOMENON Pro*per`i*spom"e*non, n.; pl. Properispomena. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Perispomenon.] (Gr. Gram.) Defn: A word which has the circumflex accent on the penult. PROPERLY Prop"er*ly, adv. 1. In a proper manner; suitably; fitly; strictly; rightly; as, a word properly applied; a dress properly adjusted. Milton. 2. Individually; after one's own manner. [Obs.] Now, harkeneth, how I bare me properly. Chaucer. PROPERNESS Prop"er*ness, n. 1. The quality of being proper. 2. Tallness; comeliness. [Obs.] Udall. PROPERTIED Prop"er*tied, a. Defn: Possessing property; holding real estate, or other investments of money. "The propertied and satisfied classes." M. Arnold. PROPERTY Prop"er*ty, n.; pl. Properties. Etym: [OE. proprete, OF. propreté property, F. propreté neatness, cleanliness, propriété property, fr. L. proprietas. See Proper, a., and cf. Propriety.] 1. That which is proper to anything; a peculiar quality of a thing; that which is inherent in a subject, or naturally essential to it; an attribute; as, sweetness is a property of sugar. Property is correctly a synonym for peculiar quality; but it is frequently used as coextensive with quality in general. Sir W. Hamilton. Note: In physical science, the properties of matter are distinguished to the three following classes: 1. Physical properties, or those which result from the relations of bodies to the physical agents, light, heat, electricity, gravitation, cohesion, adhesion, etc., and which are exhibited without a change in the composition or kind of matter acted on. They are color, luster, opacity, transparency, hardness, sonorousness, density, crystalline form, solubility, capability of osmotic diffusion, vaporization, boiling, fusion, etc. 2. Chemical properties, or those which are conditioned by affinity and composition; thus, combustion, explosion, and certain solutions are reactions occasioned by chemical properties. Chemical properties are identical when there is identity of composition and structure, and change according as the composition changes. 3. Organoleptic properties, or those forming a class which can not be included in either of the other two divisions. They manifest themselves in the contact of substances with the organs of taste, touch, and smell, or otherwise affect the living organism, as in the manner of medicines and poisons. 2. An acquired or artificial quality; that which is given by art, or bestowed by man; as, the poem has the properties which constitute excellence. 3. The exclusive right of possessing, enjoying, and disposing of a thing; ownership; title. Here I disclaim all my paternal care, Propinquity and property of blood. Shak. Shall man assume a property in man Wordsworth. 4. That to which a person has a legal title, whether in his possession or not; thing owned; an estate, whether in lands, goods, or money; as, a man of large property, or small property. 5. pl. Defn: All the adjuncts of a play except the scenery and the dresses of the actors; stage requisites. I will draw a bill of properties. Shak. 6. Propriety; correctness. [Obs.] Camden. Literary property. (Law) See under Literary. -- Property man, one who has charge of the "properties" of a theater. PROPERTY Prop"er*ty, v. t. 1. To invest which properties, or qualities. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To make a property of; to appropriate. [Obs.] They have here propertied me. Shak. PROPHANE Pro*phane", a. & v. t. Defn: See Profane. [Obs.] PROPHASIS Proph"a*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Pro-, and Phasis.] (Med.) Defn: Foreknowledge of a disease; prognosis. PROPHECY Proph"e*cy, n.; pl. Prophecies, Etym: [OE. prophecie, OF. profecie, F. prophétie, L. prophetia, fr. Gr. , fr. Prophet.] 1. A declaration of something to come; a foretelling; a prediction; esp., an inspired foretelling. He hearkens after prophecies and dreams. Shak. Prophecy came not in old time by the will of man. 2. Pet. i. 21. 2. (Script.) Defn: A book of prophecies; a history; as, the prophecy of Ahijah. 2 Chron. ix. 29. 3. Public interpretation of Scripture; preaching; exhortation or instruction. PROPHESIER Proph"e*si`er, n. Defn: A prophet. Shak. PROPHESY Proph"e*sy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prophesied; p. pr. & vb. n. Prophesying.] Etym: [See Prophecy.] 1. To foretell; to predict; to prognosticate. He doth not prophesy good concerning me. 1 Kings xxii. 8. Then I perceive that will be verified Henry the Fifth did sometime prophesy. Shak. 2. To foreshow; to herald; to prefigure. Methought thy very gait did prophesy A royal nobleness; I must embrace thee. Shak. PROPHESY Proph"e*sy, v. i. 1. To utter predictions; to make declaration of events to come. Matt. xv. 7. 2. To give instruction in religious matters; to interpret or explain Scripture or religious subjects; to preach; to exhort; to expound. Ezek. xxxvii. 7. PROPHET Proph"et, n. Etym: [F. prophète, L. propheta, fr. Gr. Fame. ] 1. One who prophesies, or foretells events; a predicter; a foreteller. 2. One inspired or instructed by God to speak in his name, or announce future events, as, Moses, Elijah, etc. 3. An interpreter; a spokesman. [R.] Ex. vii. 1. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A mantis. School of the prophets (Anc. Jewish Hist.), a school or college in which young men were educated and trained for public teachers or members of the prophetic order. These students were called sons of the prophets. PROPHETESS Proph"et*ess, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prophétesse, L. prophetissa.] Defn: A female prophet. PROPHETIC; PROPHETICAL Pro*phet"ic, Pro*phet"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. propheticus, Gr. prophétique.] Defn: Containing, or pertaining to, prophecy; foretelling events; as, prophetic writings; prophetic dreams; -- used with of before the thing foretold. And fears are oft prophetic of the event. Dryden. PROPHETICALITY Pro*phet`ic*al"i*ty, n. Defn: Propheticalness. PROPHETICALLY Pro*phet"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a prophetical manner; by way of prediction. PROPHETICALNESS Pro*phet"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being prophetical; power or capacity to foretell. PROPHETIZE Proph"et*ize, v. i. Etym: [L. prophetizare, Gr. prophétiser. Cf. Prophesy.] Defn: To give predictions; to foreshow events; to prophesy. [R.] "Prophetizing dreams." Daniel. PROPHORIC Pro*phor"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Enunciative. [R.] PROPHRAGMA Pro*phrag"ma, n.; pl. Prophragmata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An internal dorsal chitinous process between the first two divisions of the thorax of insects. PROPHYLACTIC Proph`y*lac"tic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prophylactique.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine which preserves or defends against disease; a preventive. PROPHYLACTIC; PROPHYLACTICAL Proph`y*lac"tic, Proph`y*lac"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. prophylactique.] (Med.) Defn: Defending or preserving from disease; preventive. Coxe. PROPHYLAXIS Proph`y*lax"is, n. Etym: [NL. See Prophylactic.] (Med.) Defn: The art of preserving from, or of preventing, disease; the observance of the rules necessary for the preservation of health; preservative or preventive treatment. PROPICE Pro*pice", a. Etym: [OE., fr. F. propice, See Propitious.] Defn: Fit; propitious. [Obs.] E. Hall. PROPIDENE Pro"pi*dene, n. Etym: [Propyl + ethylidene.] (Chem.) Defn: The unsymmetrical hypothetical hydrocarbon radical, CH3.CH2.CH, analogous to ethylidene, and regarded as the type of certain derivatives of propane; -- called also propylidene. PROPINATION Prop`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. propinatio. See Propine.] Defn: The act of pledging, or drinking first, and then offering the cup to another. [Obs.] Abp. Potter. PROPINE Pro*pine", v. t. Etym: [L. propinare, Gr. 1. To pledge; to offer as a toast or a health in the manner of drinking, that is, by drinking first and passing the cup. [Obs.] The lovely sorceress mixed, and to the prince Health, peace, and joy propined. C. Smart. 2. Hence, to give in token of friendship. [Obs.] 3. To give, or deliver; to subject. [Obs.] Fotherby. PROPINE Pro*pine", n. 1. A pledge. [Obs. or Scot.] 2. A gift; esp., drink money. [Obs or Scot.] PROPINE Pro"pine, n. Etym: [Propyl + ethine.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Allylene. PROPINQUITY Pro*pin"qui*ty, n. Etym: [L. propinquitas, from propinquus near, neighboring, from prope near.] 1. Nearness in place; neighborhood; proximity. 2. Nearness in time. Sir T. Browne. 3. Nearness of blood; kindred; affinity. Shak. PROPINYL Pro"pi*nyl, n. Etym: [Propine + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon radical regarded as an essential residue of propine and allied compounds. PROPIOLATE Pro"pi*o*late, n. Defn: A salt of propiolic acid. PROPIOLIC Pro`pi*ol"ic, a. Etym: [Propionic + tetrolic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid (called also propargylic acid) of the acetylene or tetrolic series, analogous to propionic acid, and obtained as a white crystalline substance.C3H2O2, CH.C.COOH PROPIONATE Pro"pi*o*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of propionic acid. PROPIONE Pro"pi*one, n. (Chem.) Defn: The ketone of propionic acid, obtained as a colorless fragrant liquid. PROPIONIC Pro`pi*on"ic, a. Etym: [Proto- + Gr. pi`wn fat.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an organic acid which is produced in the distillation of wood, in the fermentation of various organic substances, as glycerin, calcium lactate, etc., and is obtained as a colorless liquid having a sharp, pungent odor. Propionic acid is so called because it is the first or lowest member of the fatty acid series whose salts have a fatty feel. PROPIONYL Pro"pi*o*nyl, n. (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical C3H5O, regarded as the essential residue of propionic acid and certain related compounds. PROPITHECUS Prop`i*the"cus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus including the long-tailed, or diadem, indris. See Indris. PROPITIABLE Pro*pi"ti*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. propitiabilis.] Defn: Capable of being propitiated. PROPITIATE Pro*pi"ti*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Propitiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Propitiating.] Etym: [L. propitiatus, p. p. of propitiare to propitiate, fr. propitius favorable. See Propitious.] Defn: To appease to render favorable; to make propitious; to conciliate. Let fierce Achilles, dreadful in his rage, The god propitiate, and the pest assuage. Pope. PROPITIATE Pro*pi"ti*ate, v. i. Defn: To make propitiation; to atone. PROPITIATION Pro*pi`ti*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. propitiatio: cf. F. propitiation.] 1. The act of appeasing the wrath and conciliating the favor of an offended person; the act of making propitious. 2. (Theol.) Defn: That which propitiates; atonement or atoning sacrifice; specifically, the influence or effects of the death of Christ in appeasing the divine justice, and conciliating the divine favor. He [Jesus Christ] is the propitiation for our sins. 1 John ii. 2. PROPITIATOR Pro*pi"ti*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who propitiates or appeases. PROPITIATORILY Pro*pi"ti*a*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: By way of propitiation. PROPITIATORY Pro*pi"ti*a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. propitiatorius: cf. F. propitiatoire.] Defn: Having the power to make propitious; pertaining to, or employed in, propitiation; expiatory; as, a propitiatory sacrifice. Sharp. PROPITIATORY Pro*pi"ti*a*to*ry, n. Etym: [L. propitiatorium.] (Jewish Antiq.) Defn: The mercy seat; -- so called because a symbol of the propitiated Jehovah. Bp. Pearson. PROPITIOUS Pro*pi"tious, a. Etym: [L. propitius, perhaps originally a term of augury meaning, flying forward (pro) or well; cf. Skr. pat to fly, E. petition, feather.] 1. Convenient; auspicious; favorable; kind; as, a propitious season; a propitious breeze. 2. Hence, kind; gracious; merciful; helpful; -- said of a person or a divinity. Milton. And now t' assuage the force of this new flame, And make thee [Love] more propitious in my need. Spenser. Syn. -- Auspicious; favorable; kind. -- Propitious, Auspicious. Auspicious (from the ancient idea of auspices, or omens) denotes "indicative of success," or "favored by incidental occurrences;" as, an auspicious opening; an auspicious event. Propitious denotes that which efficaciously protect us in some undertaking, speeds our exertions, and decides our success; as, propitious gales; propitious influences. -- Pro*pi"tious*ly, adv. -- Pro*pi"tious*ness, n. PROPLASM Pro"plasm, n. Etym: [L. proplasma, Gr. Defn: A mold; a matrix. [R.] Woodward. PROPLASTIC Pro*plas"tic, a. Defn: Forming a mold. PROPLASTICS Pro*plas"tics, n. Defn: The art of making molds for castings. [R.] PROPLEG Prop"leg`, n. Etym: [So called because it props up or supports the body.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Proleg. PROPODIAL Pro*po"di*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the propodialia, or the parts of the limbs to which they belong. PROPODIALE Pro*po`di*a"le, n.; pl. Propodialia.. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The bone of either the upper arm or the thing, the propodialia being the humerus and femur. PROPODITE Prop"o*dite, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sixth joint of a typical leg of a crustacean; usually, the penultimate joint. PROPODIUM Pro*po"di*um, n.; pl. Propodia. Etym: [NL. See Propodiale.] (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior portion of the foot of a mollusk. (b) The segment which forms the posterior part of the thorax of a hymenopterous insect. [Written also propodeum.] PROPOLIS Pro"po*lis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: Same as Bee glue, under Bee. PROPONE Pro*pone", v. t. Etym: [L. proponere to propose. See Propound.] Defn: To propose; to bring forward. PROPONENT Pro*po"nent, a. Etym: [L. proponens, p. pr.] Defn: Making proposals; proposing. PROPONENT Pro*po"nent, n. 1. One who makes a proposal, or lays down a proposition. Dryden. 2. (Law) Defn: The propounder of a thing. PROPORTION Pro*por"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. proportio; pro before + portio part or share. See Portion.] 1. The relation or adaptation of one portion to another, or to the whole, as respect magnitude, quantity, or degree; comparative relation; ratio; as, the proportion of the parts of a building, or of the body. The image of Christ, made after his own proportion. Ridley. Formed in the best proportions of her sex. Sir W. Scott. Documents are authentic and facts are true precisely in proportion to the support which they afford to his theory. Macaulay. 2. Harmonic relation between parts, or between different things of the same kind; symmetrical arrangement or adjustment; symmetry; as, to be out of proportion. "Let us prophesy according to the proportion of faith." Rom. xii. 6. 3. The portion one receives when a whole is distributed by a rule or principle; equal or proper share; lot. Let the women . . . do the same things in their proportions and capacities. Jer. Taylor. 4. A part considered comparatively; a share. 5. (Math.) (a) The equality or similarity of ratios, especially of geometrical ratios; or a relation among quantities such that the quotient of the first divided by the second is equal to that of the third divided by the fourth; -- called also geometrical proportion, in distinction from arithmetical proportion, or that in which the difference of the first and second is equal to the difference of the third and fourth. Note: Proportion in the mathematical sense differs from ratio. Ratio is the relation of two quantities of the same kind, as the ratio of 5 to 10, or the ratio of 8 to 16. Proportion is the sameness or likeness of two such relations. Thus, 5 to 10 as 8 to 16; that is, 5 bears the same relation to 10 as 8 does to 16. Hence, such numbers are said to be in proportion. Proportion is expressed by symbols thus: a:b::c:d, or a:b = c:d, or a/b = c/d. (b) The rule of three, in arithmetic, in which the three given terms, together with the one sought, are proportional. Continued proportion, Inverse proportion, etc. See under Continued, Inverse, etc. -- Harmonical, or Musical, proportion, a relation of three or four quantities, such that the first is to the last as the difference between the first two is to the difference between the last two; thus, 2, 3, 6, are in harmonical proportion; for 2 is to 6 as 1 to 3. Thus, 24, 16, 12, 9, are harmonical, for 24:9::8:3. -- In proportion, according as; to the degree that. "In proportion as they are metaphysically true, they are morally and politically false." Burke. PROPORTION Pro*por"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proportioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Proportioning.] Etym: [Cf. F. proportionner. Cf. Proportionate, v.] 1. To adjust in a suitable proportion, as one thing or one part to another; as, to proportion the size of a building to its height; to proportion our expenditures to our income. In the loss of an object we do not proportion our grief to the real value . . . but to the value our fancies set upon it. Addison. 2. To form with symmetry or suitableness, as the parts of the body. Nature had proportioned her without any fault. Sir P. Sidney. 3. To divide into equal or just shares; to apportion. PROPORTIONABLE Pro*por"tion*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being proportioned, or made proportional; also, proportional; proportionate. -- Pro*por"tion*a*ble*ness, n. But eloquence may exist without a proportionable degree of wisdom. Burke. Proportionable, which is no longer much favored, was of our [i. e., English writers'] own coining. Fitzed. Hall. PROPORTIONABLY Pro*por"tion*a*bly, adv. Defn: Proportionally. Locke. PROPORTIONAL Pro*por"tion*al, a. Etym: [L. proportionalis: cf. F. proportionnel.] 1. Having a due proportion, or comparative relation; being in suitable proportion or degree; as, the parts of an edifice are proportional. Milton. 2. Relating to, or securing, proportion. Hutton. 3. (Math.) Constituting a proportion; having the same, or a constant, ratio; as, proportional quantities; momentum is proportional to quantity of matter. Proportional logarithms, logistic logarithms. See under Logistic. -- Proportional scale, a scale on which are marked parts proportional to the logarithms of the natural numbers; a logarithmic scale. -- Proportional scales, compasses, dividers, etc. (Draughting), instruments used in making copies of drawings, or drawings of objects, on an enlarged or reduced scale. PROPORTIONAL Pro*por"tion*al, n. 1. (Math.) Defn: Any number or quantity in a proportion; as, a mean proportional. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The combining weight or equivalent of an element. [Obs.] PROPORTIONALITY Pro*por`tion*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. proportionnalité.] Defn: The state of being in proportion. Coleridge. PROPORTIONALLY Pro*por"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In proportion; in due degree; adapted relatively; as, all parts of the building are proportionally large. Sir I. Newton. PROPORTIONATE Pro*por"tion*ate, a. Etym: [L. proportionatus. See Proportion.] Defn: Adjusted to something else according to a proportion; proportional. Longfellow. What is proportionate to his transgression. Locke. PROPORTIONATE Pro*por"tion*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proportionated; p. pr. & vb. n. Proportionating.] Etym: [Cf. Proportion, v.] Defn: To make proportional; to adjust according to a settled rate, or to due comparative relation; to proportion; as, to proportionate punishment to crimes. PROPORTIONATELY Pro*por"tion*ate*ly (, adv. Defn: In a proportionate manner; with due proportion; proportionally. PROPORTIONATENESS Pro*por"tion*ate*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being proportionate. Sir M. Hale. PROPORTIONLESS Pro*por"tion*less, a. Defn: Without proportion; unsymmetrical. PROPORTIONMENT Pro*por"tion*ment, n. Defn: The act or process of dividing out proportionally. PROPOSAL Pro*pos"al, n. Etym: [From Propose.] 1. That which is proposed, or propounded for consideration or acceptance; a scheme or design; terms or conditions proposed; offer; as, to make proposals for a treaty of peace; to offer proposals for erecting a building; to make proposals of marriage. "To put forth proposals for a book." Macaulay. 2. (Law) Defn: The offer by a party of what he has in view as to an intended business transaction, which, with acceptance, constitutes a contract. Syn. -- Proffer; tender; overture. See Proposition. PROPOSE Pro*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Proposing.] Etym: [F. proposer; pref. pro- (L. pro for, forward) + poser to place. See Pose, v.] 1. To set forth. [Obs.] That being proposed brimfull of wine, one scarce could lift it up. Chapman. 2. To offer for consideration, discussion, acceptance, or adoption; as, to propose terms of peace; to propose a question for discussion; to propose an alliance; to propose a person for office. 3. To set before one's self or others as a purpose formed; hence, to purpose; to intend. I propose to relate, in several volumes, the history of the people of New England. Palfrey. To propose to one's self, to intend; to design. PROPOSE Pro*pose", v. i. 1. To speak; to converse. [Obs.] There shalt thou find my cousin Beatrice, Proposing with the prince and Claudio. Shak. 2. To form or declare a purpose or intention; to lay a scheme; to design; as, man proposes, but God disposes. 3. To offer one's self in marriage. PROPOSE Pro*pose", n. Etym: [F. propos, L. propositum. See Propound, Purpose, n.] Defn: Talk; discourse. [Obs.] Shak. PROPOSER Pro*pos"er, n. 1. One who proposes or offers anything for consideration or adoption. 2. A speaker; an orator. [Obs.] Shak. PROPOSITION Prop`o*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. propositio: cf. F. proposition. See Propound.] 1. The act of setting or placing before; the act of offering. "Oblations for the altar of proposition." Jer. Taylor. 2. That which is proposed; that which is offered, as for consideration, acceptance, or adoption; a proposal; as, the enemy made propositions of peace; his proposition was not accepted. 3. A statement of religious doctrine; an article of faith; creed; as, the propositions of Wyclif and Huss. Some persons . . . change their propositions according as their temporal necessities or advantages do turn. Jer. Taylor. 4. (Gram. & Logic) Defn: A complete sentence, or part of a sentence consisting of a subject and predicate united by a copula; a thought expressed or propounded in language; a from of speech in which a predicate is affirmed or denied of a subject; as, snow is white. 5. (Math.) Defn: A statement in terms of a truth to be demonstrated, or of an operation to be performed. Note: It is called a theorem when it is something to be proved, and a problem when it is something to be done. 6. (Rhet.) Defn: That which is offered or affirmed as the subject of the discourse; anything stated or affirmed for discussion or illustration. 7. (Poetry) Defn: The part of a poem in which the author states the subject or matter of it. Leaves of proposition (Jewish Antiq.), the showbread. Wyclif (Luke vi. 4). Syn. -- Proposal; offer; statement; declaration. -- Proposition, Proposal. These words are both from the Latin verb proponere, to set forth, and as here compared they mark different forms or stages of a negotiation. A proposition is something presented for discussion or consideration; as, propositions of peace. A proposal is some definite thing offered by one party to be accepted or rejected by the other. If the proposition is favorably received, it is usually followed by proposals which complete the arrangement. PROPOSITIONAL Prop`o*si"tion*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or in the nature of, a proposition; considered as a proposition; as, a propositional sense. I. Watts. PROPOUND Pro*pound", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Propounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Propounding.] Etym: [From earlier propone, L. proponere, propositum, to set forth, propose, propound; pro for, before + ponere to put. See Position, and cf. Provost.] 1. To offer for consideration; to exhibit; to propose; as, to propound a question; to propound an argument. Shak. And darest thou to the Son of God propound To worship thee, accursed Milton. It is strange folly to set ourselves no mark, to propound no end, in the hearing of the gospel. Coleridge. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: To propose or name as a candidate for admission to communion with a church. PROPOUNDER Pro*pound"er, n. Defn: One who propounds, proposes, or offers for consideration. Chillingworth. PROPRETOR Pro*pre"tor, n. Etym: [L. propraetor; pro for, before + praetor a pretor.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A magistrate who, having been pretor at home, was appointed to the government of a province. [Written also proprætor.] PROPRIETARY Pro*pri"e*ta*ry, n.; pl. Proprietaries. Etym: [L. proprietarius: cf. F. propriétaire. See Propriety, and cf. Proprietor.] 1. A proprietor or owner; one who has exclusive title to a thing; one who possesses, or holds the title to, a thing in his own right. Fuller. 2. A body proprietors, taken collectively. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: A monk who had reserved goods and effects to himself, notwithstanding his renunciation of all at the time of profession. PROPRIETARY Pro*pri"e*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. proprietarius.] Defn: Belonging, or pertaining, to a proprietor; considered as property; owned; as, proprietary medicine. Proprietary articles, manufactured articles which some person or persons have exclusive right to make and sell. U. S. Statutes. PROPRIETOR Pro*pri"e*tor, n. Etym: [For older proprietary: cf. F. propriétarie.] Defn: One who has the legal right or exclusive title to anything, whether in possession or not; an owner; as, the proprietor of farm or of a mill. PROPRIETORIAL Pro*pri`e*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ownership; proprietary; as, proprietorial rights. PROPRIETORSHIP Pro*pri"e*tor*ship, n. Defn: The state of being proprietor; ownership. PROPRIETRESS Pro*pri"e*tress, n. Defn: A female proprietor. PROPRIETY Pro*pri"e*ty, n.; pl. Proprieties. Etym: [F. propriété, L. proprietas, fr. proprius one's own, proper. See Property, Proper.] 1. Individual right to hold property; ownership by personal title; property. [Obs.] "Onles this propriety be exiled." Robynson (More's Utopia). So are the proprieties of a wife to be disposed of by her lord, and yet all are for her provisions, it being a part of his need to refresh and supply hers. Jer. Taylor. 2. That which is proper or peculiar; an inherent property or quality; peculiarity. [Obs.] Bacon. We find no mention hereof in ancient zoögraphers, . . . who seldom forget proprieties of such a nature. Sir T. Browne. 3. The quality or state of being proper; suitableness to an acknowledged or correct standard or rule; consonance with established principles, rules, or customs; fitness; appropriateness; as, propriety of behavior, language, manners, etc. "The rule of propriety," Locke. PROPROCTOR Pro*proc"tor, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + proctor.] [Eng. Univ.] Defn: A assistant proctor. Hook. PROPS Props, n. pl. Defn: A game of chance, in which four sea shells, each called a prop, are used instead of dice. PROPTERYGIUM Prop`te*ryg"i*um, n; pl. Propterygia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The anterior of three principal cartilages in the fins of some fishes. -- Prop`ter*yg"i*al, a. PROPUGN Pro*pugn", v. t. Etym: [L. propugnare; pro for + pugnare to fight.] Defn: To contend for; to defend; to vindicate. [Obs.] Hammond. PROPUGNACLE Pro*pug"na*cle, n. Etym: [L. propugnaculum.] Defn: A fortress. [Obs.] Howell. PROPUGNATION Pro`pug*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. propugnatio.] Defn: Means of defense; defense. [Obs.] Shak. PROPUGNER Pro*pugn"er, n. Defn: A defender; a vindicator. "Zealous propugners." Gov. of Tongue. PROPULSATION Pro`pul*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. propulsatio. See Propulse.] Defn: The act of driving away or repelling; a keeping at a distance. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. PROPULSE Pro*pulse", v. t. Etym: [L. propulsare, v. intens. from propellere to propel. See Propel.] Defn: To repel; to drive off or away. [Obs.] Cotgrave. PROPULSION Pro*pul"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. propulsion. See Propel.] 1. The act driving forward or away; the act or process of propelling; as, steam propulsion. 2. An impelling act or movement. God works in all things; all obey His first propulsion. Whittier. PROPULSIVE Pro*pul"sive, a. Defn: Tending, or having power, to propel; driving on; urging. "[The] propulsive movement of the verse." Coleridge. PROPULSORY Pro*pul"so*ry, a. Defn: Propulsive. PROPYL Pro"pyl, n. Etym: [Propionic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical C3H7, regarded as the essential residue of propane and related compounds. PROPYLAEUM Prop`y*læ"um, n.; pl. Propylæa. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Anc. Classical Arch.) Defn: Any court or vestibule before a building or leading into any inclosure. PROPYLENE Pro"pyl*ene, n. Etym: [Cf. F. propylène.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless gaseous hydrocarbon (C3H6) of the ethylene series, having a garlic odor. It occurs in coal gas, and is produced artificially in various ways. Called also propene. PROPYLIC Pro*pyl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, propyl; as, propylic alcohol. PROPYLIDENE Pro*pyl"i*dene, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Propidene. PROPYLON Prop"y*lon, n.; pl. Propyla. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Anc. Arch.) Defn: The porch, vestibule, or entrance of an edifice. PRO RATA Pro` ra"ta. Etym: [L.] Defn: In proportion; proportionately; according to the share, interest, or liability of each. PRORATABLE Pro*rat"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being prorated, or divided proportionately. [U.S.] PRORATE Pro*rate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Prorating.] Etym: [From L. pro rata (sc. parte) according to a certain part, in proportion.] Defn: To divide or distribute proportionally; to assess pro rata. [U.S.] PRORE Prore, n. Etym: [L. prora, Gr. prora. See Prow, n.] Defn: The prow or fore part of a ship. [Poetic] "Galleys with vermilion prores." Pope. PRORECTOR Pro*rec"tor, n. Etym: [NL. See Pro-, and Rector.] Defn: An officer who presides over the academic senate of a German university. Heyse. PRORECTORATE Pro*rec"tor*ate, n. Defn: The office of prorector. PRORENAL Pro*re"nal, a. Etym: [Pref. pro- + renal.] (Anat.) Defn: Pronephric. PROREPTION Pro*rep"tion, n. Etym: [L. prorepere, proreptum, to creep forth; pro + repere.] Defn: A creeping on. PRORHINAL Pro*rhi"nal, a. Etym: [Pref. pro- + rhinal.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated in front of the nasal chambers. PROROGATE Pro"ro*gate, v. t. Defn: To prorogue. [R.] PROROGATION Pro`ro*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. prorogatio: cf. F. prorogation.] 1. The act of counting in duration; prolongation. [Obs.] South. 2. The act of proroguing; the ending of the session of Parliament, and postponing of its business, by the command of the sovereign. [Eng.] Note: After an adjournment all things continue as they were at the adjournment; whereas, after a prorogation, bill introduced and nut passed are as if they had never been begun at all. Mozley & W. PROROGUE Pro*rogue", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prorogued; p. pr. & vb. n. Proroguing.] Etym: [F. proroger, L. prorogare, prorogatum; pro forward + rogare to ask, to ask one for his opinion or vote, or about a law. See Rogation.] 1. To protract; to prolong; to extend. [Obs.] He prorogued his government. Dryden. 2. To defer; to delay; to postpone; as, to proroguedeath; to prorogue a marriage. Shak. 3. To end the session of a parliament by an order of the sovereign, thus deferring its business. Parliament was prorogued to [meet at] Westminster. Bp. Hall. The Parliament was again prorogued to a distant day. Macaulay. Syn. -- To adjourn; postpone; defer. See Adjourn. PRORUPTION Pro*rup"tion, n. Etym: [L. proruptio, fr. prorumpere, proruptum, to break forth; pro forth + rumpere to break.] Defn: The act or state of bursting forth; a bursting out. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PROSAIC; PROSAICAL Pro*sa"ic, Pro*sa"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. prosaius, from prosa prose: cf. F,. prosaïque. See Prose.] 1. Of or pertaining to prose; resembling prose; in the form of prose; unpoetical; writing or using prose; as, a prosaic composition. Cudworth. 2. Dull; uninteresting; commonplace; unimaginative; prosy; as, a prosaic person. Ed. Rev. -- Pro*sa"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Pro*sa"ic*al*ness, n. PROSAICISM Pro*sa"i*cism, n. Defn: The quality or state of being prosaic; a prosaic manner or style. [R.] Poe. PROSAISM Pro"sa*ism, n. Defn: That which is in the form of prose writing; a prosaic manner. Coleridge. PROSAIST Pro"sa*ist, n. Defn: A writer of prose; an unpoetical writer. "An estimable prosaist." I. Taylor. PROSAL Pro"sal, a Defn: Of or pertaining to prose; prosaic. [R.] Sir T. Browne. PROSCENIUM Pro*sce"ni*um, n.; pl. Proscenia. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Scene.] 1. (Anc. Theater) Defn: The part where the actors performed; the stage. 2. (Modern Theater) Defn: The part of the stage in front of the curtain; sometimes, the curtain and its framework. proscenium arch, the framework around the front of the stage. PROSCOLEX Pro*sco"lex, n.; pl. Proscolices. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An early larval form of a trematode worm; a redia. See Redia. PROSCRIBE Pro*scribe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proscribed; p. pr. & vb. n. Proscribing.] Etym: [L. proscribere, proscriptum, to write before, to publish, proscribe; pro before + scribere to write. See Scribe. The sense of this word originated in the Roman practice of writing the names of persons doomed to death, and posting the list in public.] 1. To doom to destruction; to put out of the protection of law; to outlaw; to exile; as, Sylla and Marius proscribed each other's adherents. Robert Vere, Earl of Oxford, . . . was banished the realm, and proscribed. Spenser. 2. To denounce and condemn; to interdict; to prohibit; as, the Puritans proscribed theaters. The Arian doctrines were proscribed and anathematized in the famous Council of Nice. Waterland. PROSCRIBER Pro*scrib"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, proscribes, denounces, or prohibits. PROSCRIPT Pro"script, n. Etym: [See Proscribe.] 1. A proscription; a prohibition; an interdict. [R.] 2. One who is proscribed. [R.] PROSCRIPTION Pro*scrip"tion, n. Etym: [L. proscriptio: cf. F. proscription.] 1. The act of proscribing; a dooming to death or exile; outlawry; specifically, among the ancient Romans, the public offer of a reward for the head of a political enemy; as, under the triumvirate, many of the best Roman citizens fell by proscription. Every victory by either party had been followed by a sanguinary proscription. Macaulay. 2. The state of being proscribed; denunciation; interdiction; prohibition. Macaulay. PROSCRIPTIONAL Pro*scrip"tion*al, a. Defn: Proscriptive. PROSCRIPTIONIST Pro*scrip"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who proscribes. PROSCRIPTIVE Pro*scrip"tive, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to proscription; consisting in, or of the nature of, proscription; proscribing. Burke. -- Pro*scrip"tive*ly, adv. PROSE Prose, n. Etym: [F. prose, L. prosa, fr. prorsus, prosus, straight forward, straight on, for proversus; pro forward + versus, p. p. of vertere to turn. See Verse.] 1. The ordinary language of men in speaking or writing; language not cast in poetical measure or rhythm; -- contradistinguished from verse, or metrical composition. I speak in prose, and let him rymes make. Chaucer. Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme. Milton. I wish our clever young poets would remember my homely definitions of prose and poetry, that is; prose -- words in their best order; poetry -- the best order. Coleridge. 2. Hence, language which evinces little imagination or animation; dull and commonplace discourse. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A hymn with no regular meter, sometimes introduced into the Mass. See Sequence. PROSE Prose, a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of, prose; not in verse; as, prose composition. 2. Possessing or exhibiting unpoetical characteristics; plain; dull; prosaic; as, the prose duties of life. PROSE Prose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prosed; p. pr. & vb. n. Prosing.] 1. To write in prose. 2. To write or repeat in a dull, tedious, or prosy way. PROSE Prose, v. i. 1. To write prose. Prosing or versing, but chiefly this latter. Milton. PROSECTOR Pro*sec"tor, n. Etym: [L., an anatomist, from prosecare to cut up; pro before + secare to cut.] Defn: One who makes dissections for anatomical illustration; usually, the assistant of a professional anatomist. PROSECUTABLE Pros"e*cu`ta*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being prosecuted; liable to prosecution. PROSECUTE Pros"e*cute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prosecuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Prosecuting.] Etym: [L. prosecutus, p. p. of prosequi to follow, pursue. See Pursue.] 1. To follow or pursue with a view to reach, execute, or accomplish; to endeavor to obtain or complete; to carry on; to continue; as, to prosecute a scheme, hope, or claim. I am beloved Hermia; Why should not I, then, prosecute my right Shak. 2. To seek to obtain by legal process; as, to prosecute a right or a claim in a court of law. 3. (Law) Defn: To pursue with the intention of punishing; to accuse of some crime or breach of law, or to pursue for redress or punishment, before a legal tribunal; to proceed against judicially; as, to prosecute a man for trespass, or for a riot. To acquit themselves and prosecute their foes. Milton. PROSECUTE Pros"e*cute, v. i. 1. To follow after. [Obs.] Latimer. 2. (Law) Defn: To institute and carry on a legal prosecution; as, to prosecute for public offenses. Blackstone. PROSECUTION Pros`e*cu"tion, n. Etym: [L. prosecutio a following.] 1. The act or process of prosecuting, or of endeavoring to gain or accomplish something; pursuit by efforts of body or mind; as, the prosecution of a scheme, plan, design, or undertaking; the prosecution of war. Keeping a sharp eye on her domestics . . . in prosecution of their various duties. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Law) (a) The institution and carrying on of a suit in a court of law or equity, to obtain some right, or to redress and punish some wrong; the carrying on of a judicial proceeding in behalf of a complaining party, as distinguished from defense. (b) The institution, or commencement, and continuance of a criminal suit; the process of exhibiting formal charges against an offender before a legal tribunal, and pursuing them to final judgment on behalf of the state or government, as by indictment or information. (c) The party by whom criminal proceedings are instituted. Blackstone. Burrill. Mozley & W. PROSECUTOR Pros"e*cu`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. L.prosecutor an attendant.] 1. One who prosecutes or carries on any purpose, plan, or business. 2. (Law) Defn: The person who institutes and carries on a criminal suit against another in the name of the government. Blackstone. PROSECUTRIX Pros"e*cu`trix, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A female prosecutor. PROSELYTE Pros"e*lyte, n. Etym: [OE. proselite, OF. proselite, F. proselytus, Gr. Defn: A new convert especially a convert to some religion or religious sect, or to some particular opinion, system, or party; thus, a Gentile converted to Judaism, or a pagan converted to Christianity, is a proselyte. Ye [Scribes and Pharisees] compass sea and land to make one proselyte. Matt. xxiii. 15. Fresh confidence the speculatist takes From every harebrained proselyte he makes. Cowper. Syn. -- See Convert. PROSELYTE Pros"e*lyte, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proselyted; p. pr. & vb. n. Proselyting.] Defn: To convert to some religion, opinion, or system; to bring over. Dr. H. More. PROSELYTISM Pros"e*ly*tism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prosélytisme.] 1. The act or practice of proselyting; the making of converts to a religion or a religious sect, or to any opinion, system, or party. They were possessed of a spirit of proselytism in the most fanatical degree. Burke. 2. Conversion to a religion, system, or party. PROSELYTIZE Pros"e*ly*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. proselytized; p. pr. & vb. n. Proselytizing.] Defn: To convert to some religion, system, opinion, or the like; to bring, or cause to come, over; to proselyte. One of those whom they endeavor to proselytize. Burke. PROSELYTIZE Pros"e*ly*tize, v. i. Defn: To make converts or proselytes. PROSELYTIZER Pros"e*ly*ti`zer, n. Defn: One who proselytes. PROSEMAN Prose"man, n. Defn: A writer of prose. [R.] PROSEMINARY Pro*sem"i*na*ry, n. Defn: A seminary which prepares pupils for a higher institution. T. Warton. PROSEMINATION Pro*sem`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. proseminare, proseminatum, to disseminate.] Defn: Propagation by seed. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. PROSENCEPHALIC Pros*en`ce*phal"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the prosencephalon. PROSENCEPHALON Pros`en*ceph"a*lon, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. encephalon.] [Sometimes abbreviated to proen.] (Anat.) (a) The anterior segment of the brain, including the cerebrum and olfactory lobes; the forebrain. (b) The cerebrum. Huxley. PROSENCHYMA Pros*en"chy*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -enchyma, as in parenchyma.] (Bot.) Defn: A general term applied to the tissues formed of elongated cells, especially those with pointed or oblique extremities, as the principal cells of ordinary wood. PROSER Pros"er, n. 1. A writer of prose. [Obs.] 2. One who talks or writes tediously. Sir W. Scott. PROSILIENCY Pro*sil"i*en*cy, n. Etym: [L. prosilere to leap forth.] Defn: The act of leaping forth or forward; projection. "Such prosiliency of relief." Coleridge. PROSILY Pros"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a prosy manner. PROSIMETRICAL Pros`i*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Prose + metrical.] Defn: Consisting both of prose and verse. Clarke. PROSIMIAE Pro*sim"i*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pro-. and Simia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Lemuroidea. PROSINESS Pros"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being prosy; tediousness; tiresomeness. PROSING Pros"ing, n. Defn: Writing prose; speaking or writing in a tedious or prosy manner. Sir W. Scott. PROSINGLY Pros"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Prosily. PROSIPHON Pro*si"phon, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- for + siphon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A minute tube found in the protocon PROSIT Pro"sit, interj. [L., 3d pers. sing. subj. present of prodesse to do good; pro for + esse to be.] Defn: Lit., may it do (you) good; -- a salutation used in well wishing, esp. among Germans, as in drinking healths. PROSLAVERY Pro*slav"er*y, a. Etym: [Pref. pro- + slavery.] Defn: Favoring slavery. -- n. Defn: Advocacy of slavery. PROSOBRANCH Pros"o*branch, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Prosobranchiata. PROSOBRANCHIATA Pros`o*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The highest division, or subclass, of gastropod mollusks, including those that have the gills situated anteriorly, or forward of the heart, and the sexes separate. PROSOCOELE Pros"o*coele, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The entire cavity of the prosencephalon. B. G. Wilder. PROSOCOELIA Pros`o*coe"li*a, n.; pl. Prosocoelle, Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: Same as Prosocoele. PROSODIACAL Pros`o*di"a*cal, a. Defn: Prosodical. PROSODIACALLY Pros`o*di"a*cal*ly, adv. Defn: Prosodically. PROSODIAL Pro*so"di*al, a. Defn: Prosodical. PROSODIAN Pro*so"di*an, n. Defn: A prosodist. Rush. PROSODICAL Pro*sod"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. prosodique, L. prosodiacus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to prosody; according to the rules of prosody. -- Pro*sod"ic*al*ly, adv. PROSODIST Pros"o*dist, n. Defn: One skilled in prosody. PROSODY Pros"o*dy, n. Etym: [L. prosodia the tone or accent of a syllable, Gr. prosodie. See Ode.] Defn: That part of grammar which treats of the quantity of syllables, of accent, and of the laws of versification or metrical composition. PROSOMA Pro*so"ma, n.; pl. Prosomata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The anterior of the body of an animal, as of a cephalopod; the thorax of an arthropod. PROSOPALGIA Pros`o*pal"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Facial neuralgia. PROSOPOCEPHALA Pros`o*po*ceph`a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Scaphopoda. PROSOPOLEPSY Pros`o*po*lep"sy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Respect of persons; especially, a premature opinion or prejudice against a person, formed from his external appearance. [R.] Addison. PROSOPOPOEIA Pros`o*po*poe"ia, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which things are represented as persons, or by which things inanimate are spoken of as animated beings; also, a figure by which an absent person is introduced as speaking, or a deceased person is represented as alive and present. It includes personification, but is more extensive in its signification. PROSOPULMONATA Pros`o*pul`mo*na"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. pulmo a lung.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of pulmonate mollusks having the breathing organ situated on the neck, as in the common snail. PROSPECT Pros"pect, n. Etym: [L. prospectus, fr. prospicere, prospectum, to look forward; pro before, forward + specere, spicere, look, to see: cf. OF. prospect. See Spy, v., and cf. Prospectus.] 1. That which is embraced by eye in vision; the region which the eye overlooks at one time; view; scene; outlook. His eye discovers unaware The goodly prospect of some foreign land. Milton. 2. Especially, a picturesque or widely extended view; a landscape; hence, a sketch of a landscape. I went to Putney . . . to take prospects in crayon. Evelyn. 3. A position affording a fine view; a lookout. [R.] Him God beholding from his prospect high. Milton. 4. Relative position of the front of a building or other structure; face; relative aspect. And their prospect was toward the south. Ezek. xl. 44. 5. The act of looking forward; foresight; anticipation; as, a prospect of the future state. Locke. Is he a prudent man as to his temporal estate, that lays designs only for a day, without any prospect to, or provision for, the remaining part of life Tillotson. 6. That which is hoped for; ground for hope or expectation; expectation; probable result; as, the prospect of success. "To brighter prospects born." Cowper. These swell their prospectsd exalt their pride, When offers are disdain'd, and love deny'd. Pope. PROSPECT Pros"pect, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prospected; p. pr. & vb. n. Prospecting.] Defn: To look over; to explore or examine for something; as, to prospect a district for gold. PROSPECT Pros"pect, v. i. Defn: To make a search; to seek; to explore, as for mines or the like; as, to prospect for gold. PROSPECTION Pro*spec"tion, n. Defn: The act of looking forward, or of providing for future wants; foresight. PROSPECTIVE Pro*spec"tive, a. Etym: [L. prospectivus: cf. F. prospectif. See Prospect, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to a prospect; furnishing a prospect; perspective. [Obs.] Time's long and dark prospective glass. Milton. 2. Looking forward in time; acting with foresight; -- opposed to retrospective. The French king of Sweden are circumspect, industrious, and prospective, too, in this affair. Sir J. Child. 3. Being within view or consideration, as a future event or contingency; relating to the future: expected; as, a prospective benefit. Points on which the promises, at the time of ordination, had no prospective bearing. W. Jay. PROSPECTIVE Pro*spec"tive, n. 1. The scene before or around, in time or in space; view; prospect. Sir H. Wotton. 2. A perspective glass. [Obs.] Chaucer. Beau. & Fl. PROSPECTIVELY Pro*spec"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a prospective manner. PROSPECTIVENESS Pro*spec"tive*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being prospective. PROSPECTLESS Pros"pect*less, a. Defn: Having no prospect. PROSPECTOR Pros"pect*or, n. Etym: [L., one who looks out.] Defn: One who prospects; especially, one who explores a region for minerals and precious metals. PROSPECTUS Pro*spec"tus, n. Etym: [L., a prospect, sight, view: cf. F. prospectus. See Prospect.] Defn: A summary, plan, or scheme of something proposed, affording a prospect of its nature; especially, an exposition of the scheme of an unpublished literary work. PROSPER Pros"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prospered; p. pr. & vb. n. Prospering.] Etym: [F. prospérer v. i., or L. prosperare, v. i., or L. prosperare, v. t., fr. prosper or prosperus. See Prosperous.] Defn: To favor; to render successful. "Prosper thou our handiwork." Bk. of Common Prayer. All things concur toprosper our design. Dryden. PROSPER Pros"per, v. i. 1. To be successful; to succeed; to be fortunate or prosperous; to thrive; to make gain. They, in their earthly Canaan placed, Long time shall dwell and prosper. Milton. 2. To grow; to increase. [Obs.] Black cherry trees prosper even to considerable timber. Evelyn. PROSPERITY Pros*per"i*ty, n. Etym: [F. prospérité, L. prosperitas. See Prosperous.] Defn: The state of being prosperous; advance or gain in anything good or desirable; successful progress in any business or enterprise; attainment of the object desired; good fortune; success; as, commercial prosperity; national prosperity. Now prosperity begins to mellow. Shak. Prosperities can only be enjoyed by them who fear not at all to lose the Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- Fortunate; successful; flourishing; thriving; favorable; auspicious; lucky. See Fortunate. -- Pros"per*ous*ly, adv. -- Pros"per*ous*ness, n. PROSPEROUS Pros"per*ous, a. [L. prosperus or prosper, originally, answering to hope; pro according to + the root of sperare to hope. See Despair.] 1. Tending to prosperity; favoring; favorable; helpful. A happy passage and a prosperous wind. Denham. 2. Being prospered; advancing in the pursuit of anything desirable; making gain, or increase; thriving; successful; as, a prosperous voyage; a prosperous undertaking; a prosperous man or nation. By moderation either state to bear Prosperous or adverse. Milton. Syn. -- Fortunate; successful; flourishing; thriving; favorable; auspicious; lucky. See Fortunate. -- Pros"per*ous*ly, adv. --Pros"per*ous*ness, n. PROSPHYSIS Pros"phy*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A growing together of parts; specifically, a morbid adhesion of the eyelids to each other or to the eyeball. Dunglison. PROSPICIENCE Pro*spi"cience, n. Etym: [L. prospicientia, fr. prospiciens, p. pr. of prospicere. See Prospect.] Defn: The act of looking forward. PROSTATE Pros"tate, a.Etym: [Gr. prostate.] (Anat.) Defn: Standing before; -- applied to a gland which is found in the males of most mammals, and is situated at the neck of the bladder where this joins the urethra. -- n. Defn: The prostate gland. PROSTATIC Pro*stat"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the prostate gland. Prostatic catheter. (Med.) See under Catheter. PROSTATITIS Pros`ta*ti"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Prostate, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the prostate. PROSTERNATION Pros`ter*na"tion, n. Etym: [F. See Prostration.] Defn: Dejection; depression. [Obs.] Wiseman. PROSTERNUM Pro*ster"num, n. Etym: [NL. See Pro- and Sternum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The ventral plate of the prothorax of an insect. PROSTHESIS Pros"the*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Surg.) Defn: The addition to the human body of some artificial part, to replace one that is wanting, as a log or an eye; -- called also prothesis. 2. (Gram.) Defn: The prefixing of one or more letters to the beginning of a word, as in beloved. PROSTHETIC Pros*thet"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to prosthesis; prefixed, as a letter or letters to a word. PROSTIBULOUS Pros*tib"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. prostibulum prostitute.] Defn: Of or pertaining to prostitutes or prostitution; meretricious. [Obs.] Bale. PROSTITUTE Pros"ti*tute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prostituted; p. pr. & vb. n. Prostituting.] Etym: [L. prostitutus, p. p. of prostituere to prostitute; pro before, forth + statuere to put, place. See Statute.] 1. To offer, as a woman, to a lewd use; to give up to lewdness for hire. "Do not prostitute thy daughter." Lev. xix. 29. 2. To devote to base or unworthy purposes; to give up to low or indiscriminate use; as, to prostitute talents; to prostitute official powers. Milton. PROSTITUTE Pros"ti*tute, a. Etym: [L. prostitutus, p. p.] Defn: Openly given up to lewdness; devoted to base or infamous purposes. Made bold by want, and prostitute for bread. Prior PROSTITUTE Pros"ti*tute, n. Etym: [L. prostituta.] 1. A woman giver to indiscriminate lewdness; a strumpet; a harlot. 2. A base hireling; a mercenary; one who offers himself to infamous employments for hire. No hireling she, no prostitute to praise. Pope. PROSTITUTION Pros`ti*tu"tion, n. Etym: [L. prostitutio: cf. F. prostitution.] 1. The act or practice of prostituting or offering the body to an indiscriminate intercourse with men; common lewdness of a woman. 2. The act of setting one's self to sale, or of devoting to infamous purposes what is in one's power; as, the prostitution of abilities; the prostitution of the press. "Mental prostitution." Byron. PROSTITUTOR Pros"ti*tu`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who prostitutes; one who submits himself, of or offers another, to vile purposes. Bp. Hurd. PROSTOMIUM Pro*sto"mi*um, n.; pl. Prostomia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: That portion of the head of an annelid situated in front of the mouth. -- Pro*sto"mi*al, a. PROSTRATE Pros"trate, a. Etym: [L. prostratus, p. p. of prosternere to prostrate; pro before, forward + sternere to spread out, throw down. See Stratum.] 1. Lying at length, or with the body extended on the ground or other surface; stretched out; as, to sleep prostrate Elyot. Groveling and prostrate on yon lake of fire. Milton. 2. Lying at mercy, as a supplicant. Dryden. 3. Lying in a humble, lowly, or suppliant posture. Prostrate fall Before him reverent, and there confess Humbly our faults. Milton. 4. (Bot.) Defn: Trailing on the ground; procumbent. PROSTRATE Pros"trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prostrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Prostrating.] 1. To lay fiat; to throw down; to level; to fell; as, to prostrate the body; to prostrate trees or plants. Evelyn. 2. to overthrow; to demolish; to destroy; to deprive of efficiency; to ruin; as, to prostrate a village; to prostrate a government; to prostrate law or justice. 3. To throw down, or cause to fall in humility or adoration; to cause to bow in humble reverence; used reflexively; as, he prostrated himself. Milman. 4. To cause to sink totally; to deprive of strength; to reduce; as, a person prostrated by fever. PROSTRATION Pros*tra"tion, n. Etym: [L. prostratio: cf. F. prostration.] 1. The act of prostrating, throwing down, or laying fiat; as, the prostration of the body. 2. The act of falling down, or of bowing in humility or adoration; primarily, the act of falling on the face, but usually applied to kneeling or bowing in reverence and worship. A greater prostration of reason than of body. Shak. 3. The condition of being prostrate; great depression; lowness; dejection; as, a postration of spirits. "A sudden prostration of strength." Arbuthnot. 4. (Med.) Defn: A latent, not an exhausted, state of the vital energies; great oppression of natural strength and vigor. Note: Prostration, in its medical use, is analogous to the state of a spring lying under such a weight that it is incapable of action; while exhaustion is analogous to the state of a spring deprived of its elastic powers. The word, however, is often used to denote any great depression of the vital powers. PROSTYLE Pro"style, a. Etym: [L. prostylus, Gr. prostyle.] (Arch.) Defn: Having columns in front. -- n. Defn: A prostyle portico or building. PROSY Pros"y, a. [Compar. Prosier; superl. Prosiest.] 1. Of or pertaining to prose; like prose. 2. Dull and tedious in discourse or writing; prosaic. PROSYLOGISM Pro*sy"lo*gism, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + syllogism.] (Logic) Defn: A syllogism preliminary or logically essential to another syllogism; the conclusion of such a syllogism, which becomes a premise of the following syllogism. PROTACTIC Pro*tac"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Giving a previous narrative or explanation, as of the plot or personages of a play; introductory. = 32,500 yrs.) Also called brevium, Uranium X2 and UX2. PROTAGON Pro"ta*gon, n. Etym: [Proto- + Gr. Protagonist. So called because it was the first definitely ascertained principle of the brain.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous phosphorized principle found in brain tissue. By decomposition it yields neurine, fatty acids, and other bodies. PROTAGONIST Pro*tag"o*nist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who takes the leading part in a drama; hence, one who takes lead in some great scene, enterprise, conflict, or the like. Shakespeare, the protagonist on the great of modern poetry. De Quincey. PROTAMIN Pro"ta*min, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An amorphous nitrogenous substance found in the spermatic fluid of salmon. It is soluble in water, which an alkaline reaction, and unites with acids and metallic bases. PROTANDRIC Pro*tan"dric, a. Etym: [Proto- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having male sexual organs while young, and female organs later in life. -- Pro*tan"trism, n. PROTANDROUS Pro*tan"drous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Proterandrous. PROTASIS Prot"a*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. A proposition; a maxim. Johnson. 2. (Gram.) Defn: The introductory or subordinate member of a sentence, generally of a conditional sentence; -- opposed to apodosis. See Apodosis. 3. The first part of a drama, of a poem, or the like; the introduction; opposed to epitasis. B. Jonson. PROTATIC Pro*tat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. protaticus, F. protatique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the protasis of an ancient play; introductory. PROTEACEOUS Pro`te*a"ceous, a. Etym: [From Proteus.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Proteaceæ, an order of apetalous evergreen shrubs, mostly natives of the Cape of Good Hope or of Australia. PROTEAN Pro"te*an, a. 1. Of or pertaining to Proteus; characteristic of Proteus. " Protean transformations." Cudworth. 2. Exceedingly variable; readily assuming different shapes or forms; as, an amoeba is a protean animalcule. PROTEANLY Pro"te*an*ly, adv. Defn: In a protean manner. Cudworth. PROTECT Pro*tect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Protected; p. pr. & vb. n. Protecting.] Etym: [L. protectus, p. p. of protegere, literally, to cover in front; pro before + tegere to cover. See Tegument.] Defn: To cover or shield from danger or injury; to defend; to guard; to preserve in safety; as, a father protects his children. The gods of Greece protect you! Shak. Syn. -- To guard; shield; preserve. See Defend. PROTECTINGLY Pro*tect"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By way of protection; in a protective manner. PROTECTION Pro*tec"tion, n. Etym: [L. protectio: cf. F. protection.] 1. The act of protecting, or the state of being protected; preservation from loss, injury, or annoyance; defense; shelter; as, the weak need protection. To your protection I commend me, gods. Shak. 2. That which protects or preserves from injury; a defense; a shield; a refuge. Let them rise up . . . and be your protection. Deut. xxxii. 38. 3. A writing that protects or secures from molestation or arrest; a pass; a safe-conduct; a passport. He . . . gave them protections under his hand. Macaulay. 4. (Polit. Econ.) Defn: A theory, or a policy, of protecting the producers in a country from foreign competition in the home market by the imposition of such discriminating duties on goods of foreign production as will restrict or prevent their importation; -- opposed to free trade. Writ of protection. (Law) (a) A writ by which the king formerly exempted a person from arrest; -- now disused. [Eng.] Blackstone. (b) A judicial writ issued to a person required to attend court, as party, juror, etc., intended to secure him from arrest in coming, staying, and returning. Syn. -- Preservation; defense; guard; shelter; refuge; security; safety. PROTECTIONISM Pro*tec"tion*ism, n. (Polit. Econ.) Defn: The doctrine or policy of protectionists. See Protection, 4. PROTECTIONIST Pro*tec"tion*ist, n. (Polit. Econ.) Defn: One who favors protection. See Protection, 4. PROTECTIVE Pro*tect"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. protectif.] Defn: Affording protection; sheltering; defensive. " The favor of a protective Providence." Feltham. Protective coloring (Zoöl.), coloring which serves for the concealment and preservation of a living organism. Cf. Mimicry. Wallace. -- Protective tariff (Polit. Econ.), a tariff designed to secure protection (see Protection, 4.), as distinguished from a tariff designed to raise revenue. See Tariff, and Protection, 4. PROTECTIVENESS Pro*tect"ive*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being protective. W. Pater. PROTECTOR Pro*tect"or, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. protecteur.] 1. One who, or that which, defends or shields from injury, evil, oppression, etc.; a defender; a guardian; a patron. For the world's protector shall be known. Waller. 2. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: One having the care of the kingdom during the king's minority; a regent. Is it concluded he shall be protector ! Shak. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A cardinal, from one of the more considerable Roman Catholic nations, who looks after the interests of his people at Rome; also, a cardinal who has the same relation to a college, religious order, etc. Lord Protector (Eng. Hist.), the title of Oliver Cromwell as supreme governor of the British Commonwealth (1653-1658). PROTECTORAL Pro*tect"or*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a protector; protectorial; as, protectoral power. PROTECTORATE Pro*tect"or*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. protectorat.] 1. Government by a protector; -- applied especially to the government of England by Oliver Cromwell. 2. The authority assumed by a superior power over an inferior or a dependent one, whereby the former protects the latter from invasion and shares in the management of its affairs. PROTECTORIAL Pro`tec*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. L. protectorius.] Defn: Same as Protectoral. PROTECTORLESS Pro*tect"or*less, a. Defn: Having no protector; unprotected. PROTECTORSHIP Pro*tect"or*ship Defn: , The office of a protector or regent; protectorate. PROTECTRESS; PROTECTRIX Pro*tect"ress, Pro*tect"rix, n. Etym: [NL. protectrix.] Defn: A woman who protects. PROTEGE; PROTEGEE Pro`té`gé", n. m. Pro`té`gée", n. f. Etym: [F., p. p. of protéger. See Protect.] Defn: One under the care and protection of another. PROTEID Pro"te*id, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: One of a class of amorphous nitrogenous principles, containing, as a rule, a small amount of sulphur; an albuminoid, as blood fibrin, casein of milk, etc. Proteids are present in nearly all animal fluids and make up the greater part of animal tissues and organs. They are also important constituents of vegetable tissues. See 2d Note under Food. -- Pro"te*id, a. PROTEIDEA Pro`te*id"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Proteus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of aquatic amphibians having prominent external gills and four legs. It includes Proteus and Menobranchus (Necturus). Called also Proteoidea, and Proteida. PROTEIFORM Pro*te"i*form, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Changeable in form; resembling a Proteus, or an amoeba. PROTEIN Pro"te*in, n. Etym: [Gr. prw os first: cf. prwtei^on the first place.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A body now known as alkali albumin, but originally considered to be the basis of all albuminous substances, whence its name. Protein crystal. (Bot.) See Crystalloid, n., 2. PROTEINACEOUS Pro`te*i*na"*ceous, a. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Of or related to protein; albuminous; proteid. PROTEINOUS Pro*te"i*nous, a. Defn: Proteinaceuos. PROTELES Pro"te*les, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South Africa genus of Carnivora, allied to the hyenas, but smaller and having weaker jaws and teeth. It includes the aard-wolf. PROTEND Pro*tend" v. t. [imp. & p. p. Protended; p. pr. & vb. n. Protending.] Etym: [L. protendere, protensum; pro before, forth + tendere to stretch.] Defn: To hold out; to stretch forth. [Obs.] With his protended lance he makes defence. Dryden . PROTENSE Pro*tense", n. Etym: [See Protend.] Defn: Extension.[Obs.] " By due degrees and long protense." Spenser. PROTENSION Pro*ten"sion, n. Etym: [L. protensio.] Defn: A drawing out; extension. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton. PROTENSIVE Pro*ten"sive, a. Defn: Drawn out; extended. [R.] Time is a protensive quantity. Sir W. Hamilton. PROTEOLYSIS Pro`te*ol"y*sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Proteolytic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The digestion or dissolving of proteid matter by proteolytic ferments. PROTEOLYTIC Pro`te*o*lyt"ic, a. Etym: [Proteid + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Converting proteid or albuminous matter into soluble and diffusible products, as peptones. " The proteolytic ferment of the pancreas." Foster. PROTEOSE Pro"te*ose`, n. [Proteid + -ose.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: One of a class of soluble products formed in the digestion of proteids with gastric and pancreatic juice, and also by the hydrolytic action of boiling dilute acids on proteids. Proteoses are divided into the two groups, the primary and secondary proteoses. PROTERANDROUS Pro`ter*an"drous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having the stamens come to maturity before the pistil; -- opposed to proterogynous. PROTERANDRY Pro`ter*an"dry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The condition of being proterandrous. PROTERANTHOUS Pro`ter*an"thous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having flowers appearing before the leaves; -- said of certain plants. Gray. PROTEROGLYPHA Pro`te*rog"ly*pha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of serpents including those that have permanently erect grooved poison fangs, with ordinary teeth behind them in the jaws. It includes the cobras, the asps, and the sea snakes. Called also Proteroglyphia. PROTEROGYNOUS Pro`ter*og"y*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having the pistil come to maturity before the stamens; protogynous; -- opposed to proterandrous. PROTEROSAURUS Pro`te*ro*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of reptiles of the Permian period. Called also Protosaurus. PROTERVITY Pro*ter"vi*ty, n. Etym: [L. protervitas, from protervus violent.] Defn: Peevishness; petulance. [Obs.] Fuller. PROTEST Pro*test", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Protested; p. pr. & vb. n. Protesting.] Etym: [F. protester, L. protestari, pro before + testari to be a witness, testis a witness. See Testify.] 1. To affirm in a public or formal manner; to bear witness; to declare solemnly; to avow. He protest that his measures are pacific. Landor. The lady doth protest too much, methinks. Shak. 2. To make a solemn declaration (often a written one) expressive of opposition; -- with against; as, he protest against your votes. Denham. The conscience has power . . . to protest againts the exorbitancies of the passions. Shak. Syn. -- To affirm; asseverate; assert; aver; attest; testify; declare; profess. See Affirm. PROTEST Pro*test", v. t. 1. To make a solemn declaration or affirmation of; to proclaim; to display; as, to protest one's loyalty. I will protest your cowardice. Shak. 2. To call as a witness in affirming or denying, or to prove an affirmation; to appeal to. Fiercely [they] opposed My journey strange, with clamorous uproar Protesting fate supreme. Milton. To protest a bill or note (Law), to make a solemn written declaration, in due form, on behalf of the holder, against all parties liable for any loss or damage to be sustained by the nonacceptance or the nonpayment of the bill or note, as the case may be. This should be made by a notary public, whose seal it is the usual practice to affix. Kent. Story. PROTEST Pro"test, n. Etym: [Cf. F. protêt, It. protesto. See Protest, v.] 1. A solemn declaration of opinion, commonly a formal objection against some act; especially, a formal and solemn declaration, in writing, of dissent from the proceedings of a legislative body; as, the protest of lords in Parliament. 2. (Law) (a) A solemn declaration in writing, in due form, made by a notary public, usually under his notarial seal, on behalf of the holder of a bill or note, protesting against all parties liable for any loss or damage by the nonacceptance or nonpayment of the bill, or by the nonpayment of the note, as the case may be. (b) A declaration made by the master of a vessel before a notary, consul, or other authorized officer, upon his arrival in port after a disaster, stating the particulars of it, and showing that any damage or loss sustained was not owing to the fault of the vessel, her officers or crew, but to the perils of the sea, etc., ads the case may be, and protesting against them. (c) A declaration made by a party, before or while paying a tax, duty, or the like, demanded of him, which he deems illegal, denying the justice of the demand, and asserting his rights and claims, in order to show that the payment was not voluntary. Story. Kent. PROTESTANCY Prot"es*tan*cy, n. Defn: Protestantism. [R.] PROTESTANT Prot"es*tant, n. Etym: [F. protestant, fr. L. protestans, -antis, p. pr. of protestare. See Protest, v.] Defn: One who protests; -- originally applied to those who adhered to Luther, and protested against, or made a solemn declaration of dissent from, a decree of the Emperor Charles V. and the Diet of Spires, in 1529, against the Reformers, and appealed to a general council; -- now used in a popular sense to designate any Christian who does not belong to the Roman Catholic or the Greek Church. PROTESTANT Prot"es*tant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. protestant.] 1. Making a protest; protesting. 2. Of or pertaining to the faith and practice of those Christians who reject the authority of the Roman Catholic Church; as, Protestant writers. PROTESTANTICAL Prot`es*tant"ic*al, a. Defn: Protestant. [Obs.] PROTESTANTISM Prot"es*tant*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. protestantisme.] Defn: The quality or state of being protestant, especially against the Roman Catholic Church; the principles or religion of the Protestants. PROTESTANTLY Prot"es*tant*ly, adv. Defn: Like a Protestant; in conformity with Protestantism. [R.] Milton. PROTESTATION Prot`es*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. protestatio: cf. F. protestation. See Protest.] 1. The act of making a protest; a public avowal; a solemn declaration, especially of dissent. " The protestation of our faith." Latimer. 2. (Law) Defn: Formerly, a declaration in common-law pleading, by which the party interposes an oblique allegation or denial of some fact, protesting that it does or does not exist, and at the same time avoiding a direct affirmation or denial. PROTESTATOR Prot"es*ta`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. protestateur.] Defn: One who makes protestation; a protester. PROTESTER Pro*test"er, n. 1. One who protests; one who utters a solemn declaration. Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: One who protests a bill of exchange, or note. PROTESTINGLY Pro*test"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By way of protesting. PROTEUS Pro"te*us, n. Etym: [L., Gr. 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A sea god in the service of Neptune who assumed different shapes at will. Hence, one who easily changes his appearance or principles. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A genus of aquatic eel-shaped amphibians found in caves in Austria. They have permanent external gills as well as lungs. The eyes are small and the legs are weak. (b) A changeable protozoan; an amoeba. PROTHALAMION; PROTHALAMIUM Pro`tha*la"mi*on, Pro`tha*la"mi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A song in celebration of a marriage. Drayton. PROTHALLIUM Pro*thal"li*um, n.; pl. Prothallia. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Prothallus. PROTHALLUS Pro*thal"lus, n.; pl. Prothalli. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The minute primary growth from the spore of ferns and other Pteridophyta, which bears the true sexual organs; the oöphoric generation of ferns, etc. PROTHESIS Proth"e*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Eccl.) Defn: A credence table; -- so called by the Eastern or Greek Church. 2. (Med.) Defn: See Prosthesis. Dunglison. PROTHETIC Pro*thet"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to prothesis; as, a prothetic apparatus. PROTHONOTARY; PROTONOTARY Pro*thon"o*ta*ry, or; Pro*ton"o*ta*ry, n.; pl. -ries. Etym: [LL. protonotarius, fr. Gr. prw os first + L. notarius a shorthand writer, a scribe: cf. F. protonotaire.] 1. A chief notary or clerk. " My private prothonotary." Herrick. 2. Formerly, a chief clerk in the Court of King's Bench and in the Court of Common Pleas, now superseded by the master. [Eng.] Wharton. Burrill. 3. A register or chief clerk of a court in certain States of the United States. 4. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Formerly, one who had the charge of writing the acts of the martyrs, and the circumstances of their death; now, one of twelve persons, constituting a college in the Roman Curia, whose office is to register pontifical acts and to make and preserve the official record of beatifications. 5. (Gr. Ch.) Defn: The chief secretary of the patriarch of Constantinople. Prothonotary warbler (Zoöl.), a small American warbler (Protonotaria citrea). The general color is golden yellow, the back is olivaceous, the rump and tail are ash-color, several outer tail feathers are partly white. PROTHONOTARYSHIP Pro*thon"o*ta*ry*ship, n. Defn: Office of a prothonotary. PROTHORACIC Pro`tho*rac"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the prothorax. PROTHORAX Pro*tho"rax, n. Etym: [Pref. pro- + thorax.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The first or anterior segment of the thorax in insects. See Illusts. of Butterfly and Coleoptera. PRO THYALOSOMA Pro* thy`a*lo*so"ma, n.; pl. Prothyalosomata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The investing portion, or spherical envelope, surrounding the eccentric germinal spot of the germinal vesicle. PROTHYALOSOME Pro*thy"a*lo*some, n. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Prothyalosoma. PROTIST Pro"tist, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Protista. PROTISTA Pro*tis"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. prw`tistos first.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A provisional group in which are placed a number of low microscopic organisms of doubtful nature. Some are probably plants, others animals. PROTISTON Pro*tis"ton, n.; pl. Protista. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Protista. PROTO- Pro"to-. Etym: [Gr. prw os first, a superl. fr. Pro-.] 1. A combining form prefix signifying first, primary, primordial; as, protomartyr, the first martyr; protomorphic, primitive in form; protoplast, a primordial organism; prototype, protozoan. 2. (Chem.) (a) Denoting the first or lowest of a series, or the one having the smallest amount of the element to the name of which it is prefixed; as protoxide, protochloride, etc. (b) Sometimes used as equivalent to mono-, as indicating that the compound has but one atom of the element to the name of which it is prefixed. Also used adjectively. PROTOCANONICAL Pro`to*ca*non"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the first canon, or that which contains the authorized collection of the books of Scripture; -- opposed to deutero-canonical. PROTOCATECHUIC Pro`to*cat`e*chu"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an organic acid which is obtained as a white crystalline substance from catechin, asafetida, oil of cloves, etc., and by distillation itself yields pyrocatechin. PROTOCERCAL Pro`to*cer"cal, a. Etym: [Proto- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a caudal fin extending around the end of the vertebral column, like that which is first formed in the embryo of fishes; diphycercal. PROTOCOCCUS Pro`to*coc"cus, n. Etym: [NL. See Proto-, and Coccus.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of minute unicellular algæ including the red snow plant (Protococcus nivalis). PROTOCOL Pro"to*col, n. Etym: [F. protocole, LL. protocollum, fr. Gr. prw os the first (see Proto-) + 1. The original copy of any writing, as of a deed, treaty, dispatch, or other instrument. Burrill. 2. The minutes, or rough draught, of an instrument or transaction. 3. (Diplomacy) (a) A preliminary document upon the basis of which negotiations are carried on. (b) A convention not formally ratified. (c) An agreement of diplomatists indicating the results reached by them at a particular stage of a negotiation. PROTOCOL Pro"to*col, v. t. Defn: To make a protocol of. PROTOCOL Pro"to*col, v. i. Defn: To make or write protocols, or first draughts; to issue protocols. Carlyle. PROTOCOLIST Pro"to*col`ist, n. Defn: One who draughts protocols. PROTOCONCH Pro"to*conch, n. Etym: [Proto- + conch.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The embryonic shell, or first chamber, of ammonites and other cephalopods. PROTO-DORIC Pro`to-Dor*ic, a. Etym: [Proto- + Doric.] (Arch.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, architecture, in which the beginnings of the Doric style are supposed to be found. PROTOGINE Pro"to*gine, n. Etym: [Proto- + root of Gr. protogyne.] (Min.) Defn: A kind of granite or gneiss containing a silvery talcose mineral. PROTOGYNOUS Pro*tog"y*nous, a. Etym: [Proto + Gr. gynh` a woman.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Proterogynous. PROTOHIPPUS Pro`to*hip"pus, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of fossil horses from the Lower Pliocene. They had three toes on each foot, the lateral ones being small. PROTOMARTYR Pro"to*mar`tyr, n. Etym: [LL., fr. Gr. protomartyr. See Proto-, and Martyr.] Defn: The first martyr; the first who suffers, or is sacrificed, in any cause; -- applied esp. to Stephen, the first Christian martyr. PROTOMERITE Pro`to*mer"ite, n. Etym: [Proto- + -mere + -ite.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The second segment of one of the Gregarinæ. PROTOMETALS Pro`to*met"als, n. pl. Defn: A finer form of metals, indicated by enhanced lines in their spark spectra (which are also observed in the spectra of some stars), obtained at the highest available laboratory temperatures (Lockyer); as protocalcium, protochromium, protocopper, protonickel, protosilicon, protostrontium, prototitanium, protovanadium. -- Pro`to*me*tal"ic (#), a. PROTOMORPHIC Pro`to*mor"phic, a. Etym: [Proto- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Having the most primitive character; in the earliest form; as, a protomorphic layer of tissue. H. Spencer. PROTONEMA Pro`to*ne"ma, n.; pl. Protonemata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The primary growth from the spore of a moss, usually consisting of branching confervoid filaments, on any part of which stem and leaf buds may be developed. PROTONOTARY Pro*ton"o*ta*ry, n. Defn: Same as Prothonotary. PROTOORGANISM; PROTOOERGANISM Pro`to*ör"gan*ism, n. Etym: [Proto- + organism.] (Biol.) Defn: An organism whose nature is so difficult to determine that it might be referred to either the animal or the vegetable kingdom. PROTOPAPAS Pro`to*pap"as (, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Gr. Ch.) Defn: A protopope. PROTOPHYTE Pro"to*phyte, n. Etym: [Proto- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Any unicellular plant, or plant forming only a plasmodium, having reproduction only by fission, gemmation, or cell division. Note: The protophytes (Protophyta) are by some botanists considered an independent branch or class of the vegetable kingdom, and made to include the lowest forms of both fungi and algæ, as slime molds, Bacteria, the nostocs, etc. Cf. Carpophyte, and Oöphyte. PROTOPHYTOLOGY Pro`to*phy*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Proto- + phytology.] Defn: Paleobotany. PROTOPINE Pro"to*pine, n. Etym: [Proto- + opium.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid found in opium in small quantities, and extracted as a white crystalline substance. PROTOPLASM Pro"to*plasm, n. Etym: [Proto- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The viscid and more or less granular material of vegetable and animal cells, possessed of vital properties by which the processes of nutrition, secretion, and growth go forward; the so-called " physical basis of life;" the original cell substance, cytoplasm, cytoblastema, bioplasm sarcode, etc. Note: The lowest forms of animal and vegetable life (unicellular organisms) consist of simple or unaltered protoplasm; the tissues of the higher organisms, of differentiated protoplasm. PROTOPLASMATIC Pro`to*plas*mat"ic, a. Defn: Protoplasmic. PROTOPLASMIC Pro`to*plas"mic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the first formation of living bodies. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to protoplasm; consisting of, or resembling, protoplasm. PROTOPLAST Pro"to*plast, n. Etym: [L. protoplastus the first man, Gr. 1. The thing first formed; that of which there are subsequent copies or reproductions; the original. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A first-formed organized body; the first individual, or pair of individuals, of a species. A species is a class of individuals, each of which is hypothetically considered to be the descendant of the same protoplast, or of the same pair of protoplasts. Latham. PROTOPLASTA Pro`to*plas"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of fresh-water rhizopods including those that have a soft body and delicate branched pseudopodia. The genus Gromia is one of the best-known. PROTOPLASTIC Pro`to*plas"tic, a. Defn: First-formed. Howell. PROTOPODITE Pro*top"o*dite, n. Etym: [Proto- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The basal portion, or two proximal and more or less consolidated segments, of an appendage of a crustacean. PROTOPOPE Pro"to*pope, n. Etym: [Proto- + pope: cf. F. protopope, Russ. protopop'.] (Gr. Ch.) Defn: One of the clergy of first rank in the lower order of secular clergy; an archpriest; -- called also protopapas. PROTOPTERUS Pro*top"te*rus, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Komtok. PROTOSALT Pro"to*salt, n. Etym: [Proto- + salt.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt derived from a protoxide base. [Obs.] PROTOSILICATE Pro`to*sil"i*cate, n. Etym: [Proto- + silicate.] (Chem.) Defn: A silicate formed with the lowest proportion of silicic acid, or having but one atom of silicon in the molecule. PROTOSOMITE Pro`to*so"mite, n. Etym: [Proto- + somite.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the primitive segments, or metameres, of an animal. PROTOSULPHIDE Pro`to*sul"phide, n. Etym: [Proto- + sulphide.] (Chem.) Defn: That one of a series of sulphides of any element which has the lowest proportion of sulphur; a sulphide with but one atom of sulphur in the molecule. PROTOSULPHURET Pro`to*sul"phu*ret, n. Etym: [Proto- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) Defn: A protosulphide. [Obs.] PROTOTHERIA Pro`to*the"ri*a n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Monotremata. PROTOTRACHEATA Pro`to*tra`che*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Proto-, and Trachea.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Malacopoda. PROTOTYPE Pro"to*type, n. Etym: [F., from L. prototypus original, primitive, Gr. Proto-, and Type] Defn: An original or model after which anything is copied; the pattern of anything to be engraved, or otherwise copied, cast, or the like; a primary form; exemplar; archetype. They will turn their backs on it, like their great precursor and prototype. Burke. PROTOVERTEBRA Pro`to*ver"te*bra, n.; pl. Protovertebræ . Etym: [Proto- + vertebra.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the primitive masses, or segments, into which the mesoblast of the vertebrate embryo breaks up on either side of the anterior part of the notochord; a mesoblastic, or protovertebral, somite. See Illust. of Ectoderm. Note: The protovertebræ were long regarded as rudiments of the permanent vertebræ, but they are now known to give rise to the dorsal muscles and other structures as well as the vertebral column. See Myotome. PROTOVERTEBRAL Pro`to*ver"te*bral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the protovertebræ. PROTOXIDE Pro*tox"ide, n. Etym: [Proto- + oxide: cf. F. protoxide.] (Chem.) Defn: That one of a series of oxides having the lowest proportion of oxygen. See Proto-, 2 (b). protoxide of nitrogen, laughing gas, now called hyponitrous oxideNO. See under Laughing. PROTOXIDIZE Pro*tox"i*dize, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To combine with oxygen, as any elementary substance, in such proportion as to form a protoxide. PROTOZOA Pro`to*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lowest of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom. Note: The entire animal consists of a single cell which is variously modified; but in many species a number of these simple zooids are united together so as to form a compound body or organism, as in the Foraminifera and Vorticellæ. The reproduction takes place by fission, or by the breaking up of the contents of the body after encystment, each portion becoming a distinct animal, or in other ways, but never by true eggs. The principal divisions are Rhizopoda, Gregarinæ, and Infusoria. See also Foraminifera, Heliozoa, Protoplasta, Radiolaria, Flagellata, Ciliata. PROTOZOAN Pro`to*zo"an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Protozoa. -- n. Defn: One of the Protozoa. PROTOZOIC Pro`to*zo"ic, a. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Protozoa. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Containing remains of the earliest discovered life of the globe, which included mollusks, radiates and protozoans. PROTOZOON; PROTOZOOEN Pro`to*zo"ön (-ôn), n.; pl. Protozoa. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the Protozoa. (b) A single zooid of a compound protozoan. PROTOZOONITE; PROTOZOOENITE Pro`to*zo"ö*nite, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the primary, or first-formed, segments of an embryonic arthropod. PROTRACHEATA Pro*tra`che*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pro-, and Trachea.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Malacopoda. PROTRACT Pro*tract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Protracted; p. pr. vb. n. Protracting.] Etym: [L. protractus, p. p. of protrahere to forth, protract; pro forward + trahere to draw. See Portrait, Portray.] 1. To draw out or lengthen in time or (rarely) in space; to continue; to prolong; as, to protract an argument; to protract a war. 2. To put off to a distant time; to delay; to defer; as, to protract a decision or duty. Shak. 3. (Surv.) Defn: To draw to a scale; to lay down the lines and angles of, with scale and protractor; to plot. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: To extend; to protrude; as, the cat can protract its claws; -- opposed to retract. PROTRACT Pro*tract", n. Etym: [L. protractus.] Defn: Tedious continuance or delay. [Obs.] Spenser. PROTRACTED Pro*tract`ed, a. Defn: Prolonged; continued. Protracted meeting,a religious meeting continued for many successive days. [U. S.] -- Pro*tract"ed*ly, adv. -- Pro*tract"ed*ness, n. PROTRACTER Pro*tract"er, n. Defn: A protractor. PROTRACTILE Pro*tract"ile, a. Defn: Capable of being protracted, or protruded; protrusile. PROTRACTION Pro*trac"tion, n. Etym: [L. protractio.] 1. A drawing out, or continuing; the act of delaying the termination of a thing; prolongation; continuance; delay; as, the protraction of a debate. A protraction only of what is worst in life. Mallock. 2. (Surv.) (a) The act or process of making a plot on paper. (b) A plot on paper. PROTRACTIVE Pro*tract"ive, a. Defn: Drawing out or lengthening in time; prolonging; continuing; delaying. He suffered their protractive arts. Dryden. PROTRACTOR Pro*tract"or, n. 1. One who, or that which, protracts, or causes protraction. 2. A mathematical instrument for laying down and measuring angles on paper, used in drawing or in plotting. It is of various forms, semicircular, rectangular, or circular. 3. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument formerly used in extracting foreign or offensive matter from a wound. 4. (Anat.) Defn: A muscle which extends an organ or part; -- opposed to retractor. 5. An adjustable pattern used by tailors. Knight. PROTREPTICAL Pro*trep"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Adapted to persuade; hortatory; persuasive. [Obs.] Bp. Ward. PROTRUDABLE Pro*trud"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be protruded; protrusile. Darwin. PROTRUDE Pro*trude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Protruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Protruding.] Etym: [L. protrudere, protrusum; pro forward + trudere to thrust. See Threat.] 1. To thrust forward; to drive or force along. Locke. 2. To thrust out, as through a narrow orifice or from confinement; to cause to come forth. When . . . Spring protrudes the bursting gems. Thomson. PROTRUDE Pro*trude", v. i. Defn: To shoot out or forth; to be thrust forward; to extend beyond a limit; to project. The parts protrude beyond the skin. Bacon. PROTRUSILE Pro*tru"sile, a. Defn: Capable of being protruded or thrust out; protractile; protrusive. PROTRUSION Pro*tru"sion, n. 1. The act of protruding or thrusting forward, or beyond the usual limit. 2. The state of being protruded, or thrust forward. PROTRUSIVE Pro*tru"sive, a. 1. Thrusting or impelling forward; as, protrusive motion. E. Darwin. 2. Capable of being protruded; protrusile. PROTRUSIVELY Pro*tru"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In a protrusive manner. PROTUBERANCE Pro*tu"ber*ance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. protubérance. See Protuberant.] Defn: That which is protuberant swelled or pushed beyond the surrounding or adjacent surface; a swelling or tumor on the body; a prominence; a bunch or knob; an elevation. Solar protuberances (Astron.), certain rose-colored masses on the limb of the sun which are seen to extend beyond the edge of the moon at the time of a solar eclipse. They may be discovered with the spectroscope on any clear day. Called also solar prominences. See Illust. in Append. Syn. -- Projection, Protuberance. protuberance differs from projection, being applied to parts that rise from the surface with a gradual ascent or small angle; whereas a projection may be at a right angle with the surface. PROTUBERANCY Pro*tu"ber*an*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being protuberant; protuberance; prominence. PROTUBERANT Pro*tu"ber*ant, a. Etym: [L. protuberans, -antis, p. pr. of protuberare. See Protuberate.] Defn: Prominent, or excessively prominent; bulging beyond the surrounding or adjacent surface; swelling; as, a protuberant joint; a protuberant eye. -- Pro*tu"ber*ant*ly, adv. PROTUBERATE Pro*tu"ber*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. protuberare; pro forward + tuber a hump, protuberance. See Tuber.] Defn: To swell, or be prominent, beyond the adjacent surface; to bulge out. S. Sharp. PROTUBERATION Pro*tu`ber*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of swelling beyond the surrounding surface. Cooke (1615). PROTUBEROUS Pro*tu"ber*ous, a. Defn: Protuberant. [R.] PROTURETER Pro`tu*re"ter, n. Etym: [NL. See Proto-, Ureter.] (Anat.) Defn: The duct of a pronephros. Haeckel. PROTYLE Pro"tyle, n. Etym: [Proto- + Gr. (Chem. & Astron.) Defn: The hypothetical homogeneous cosmic material of the original universe, supposed to have been differentiated into what are recognized as distinct chemical elements. PROUD Proud, a. [Compar. Prouder; superl. Proudest.] Etym: [OE. proud, prout, prud, prut, AS. prut; akin to Icel. pruedhr stately, handsome, Dan. prud handsome. Cf. Pride.] 1. Feeling or manifesting pride, in a good or bad sense; as: (a) Possessing or showing too great self-esteem; overrating one's excellences; hence, arrogant; haughty; lordly; presumptuous. Nor much expect A foe so proud will first the weaker seek. Milton. O death, made proud with pure and princely beauty ! Shak. And shades impervious to the proud world's glare. Keble. (b) Having a feeling of high self-respect or self-esteem; exulting (in); elated; -- often with of; as, proud of one's country. "Proud to be checked and soothed." Keble. Are we proud men proud of being proud Thackeray. 2. Giving reason or occasion for pride or self-gratulation; worthy of admiration; grand; splendid; magnificent; admirable; ostentatious. "Of shadow proud." Chapman. "Proud titles." Shak. " The proud temple's height." Dryden. Till tower, and dome, and bridge-way proud Are mantled with a golden cloud. Keble. 3. Excited by sexual desire; -- applied particularly to the females of some animals. Sir T. Browne. Note: Proud is often used with participles in the formation of compounds which, for the most part, are self-explaining; as, proud- crested, proud-minded, proud-swelling. Proud flesh (Med.), a fungous growth or excrescence of granulations resembling flesh, in a wound or ulcer. PROUDISH Proud"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat proud. Ash. PROUDLING Proud"ling, n. Defn: A proud or haughty person. Sylvester. PROUDLY Proud"ly, adv. Defn: In a proud manner; with lofty airs or mien; haughtily; arrogantly; boastfully. Proudly he marches on, and void of fear. Addison. PROUDNESS Proud"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being proud; pride. Set aside all arrogancy and proudness. Latimer. PROUSTITE Proust"ite, n. Etym: [From the French chemist, J. L. Proust.] (Min.) Defn: A sulphide of arsenic and silver of a beautiful cochineal-red color, occurring in rhombohedral crystals, and also massive; ruby silver. PROVABLE Prov"a*ble, a. Etym: [See Prove, and cf. Probable.] Defn: Capable of being proved; demonstrable. -- Prov"a*ble*ness, n. -- Prov"a*bly, adv. PROVAND; PROANT Prov"and, Pro"ant, n. Etym: [See Provender.] Defn: Provender or food. [Obs.] One pease was a soldier's provant a whole day. Beau. & Fl. PROVANT Pro*vant", v. t. Defn: To supply with provender or provisions; to provide for. [Obs.] Nash. PROVANT Prov"ant, a. Defn: Provided for common or general use, as in an army; hence, common in quality; inferior. "A poor provant rapier." B. Jonson. PROVE Prove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Proved; p. pr. & vb. n. Proving.] Etym: [OE. prover, F. prouver, fr. L. probare to try, approve, prove, fr. probus good, proper. Cf. Probable, Proof, Probe.] 1. To try or to ascertain by an experiment, or by a test or standard; to test; as, to prove the strength of gunpowder or of ordnance; to prove the contents of a vessel by a standard measure. Thou hast proved mine heart. Ps. xvii. 3. 2. To evince, establish, or ascertain, as truth, reality, or fact, by argument, testimony, or other evidence. They have inferred much from slender premises, and conjectured when they could not prove. J. H. Newman. 3. To ascertain or establish the genuineness or validity of; to verify; as, to prove a will. 4. To gain experience of the good or evil of; to know by trial; to experience; to suffer. Where she, captived long, great woes did prove. Spenser. 5. (Arith.) Defn: To test, evince, ascertain, or verify, as the correctness of any operation or result; thus, in subtraction, if the difference between two numbers, added to the lesser number, makes a sum equal to the greater, the correctness of the subtraction is proved. 6. (Printing) Defn: To take a trial impression of; to take a proof of; as, to prove a page. Syn. -- To try; verify; justify; confirm; establish; evince; manifest; show; demonstrate. PROVE Prove, v. i. 1. To make trial; to essay. 2. To be found by experience, trial, or result; to turn out to be; as, a medicine proves salutary; the report proves false. "The case proves mortal." Arbuthnot. So life a winter's morn may prove. Keble. 3. To succeed; to turn out as expected. [Obs.] "The experiment proved not." Bacon. PROVECT Pro*vect", a. Etym: [L. provectus, p. p. of provehere to carry forward.] Defn: Carried forward; advanced. [Obs.] "Provect in years." Sir T. Flyot. PROVECTION Pro*vec"tion, n. Etym: [L. provectio an advancement.] (Philol.) Defn: A carrying forward, as of a final letter, to a following word; as, for example, a nickname for an ekename. PROVEDITOR Pro*ved"i*tor, n. Etym: [It. proveditore, provveditore, fr. provedere, L. providere. See Provide, and cf. Purveyor, Provedore.] Defn: One employed to procure supplies, as for an army, a steamer, etc.; a purveyor; one who provides for another. Jer. Taylor. PROVEDORE Prov"e*dore, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. proveedor. See Proveditor.] Defn: A proveditor; a purveyor. Busied with the duties of a provedore. W. Irving. PROVEN Prov"en, p. p. or a. Defn: Proved. "Accusations firmly proven in his mind." Thackeray. Of this which was the principal charge, and was generally believed to beproven, he was acquitted. Jowett (Thucyd. ). Not proven (Scots Law), a verdict of a jury that the guilt of the accused is not made out, though not disproved. Mozley & W. PROVENANCE Prov"e*nance, n. [F., fr. provenir to originate, to come forth, L. provenire. Cf. Provenience.] Defn: Origin; source; provenience. Their age attested by their provenance and associations. A. H. Keane. PROVENCAL Pro`ven`cal", a. Etym: [F., fr. Provence, fr. L. provincia province. See Provincial.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Provence or its inhabitants. PROVENCAL Pro`ven`cal", n. Etym: [F.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Provence in France. 2. The Provencal language. See Langue d'oc. PROVENCE ROSE Prov"ence rose`. Etym: [Provence the place + rose.] (a) The cabbage rose (Rosa centifolia). (b) A name of many kinds of roses which are hybrids of Rosa centifolia and R. Gallica. PROVENCIAL Pro*ven"cial, a. Etym: [See Provençal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Provence in France. PROVEND Prov"end, n. Defn: See Provand. [Obs.] PROVENDER Prov"en*der, n. Etym: [OE. provende, F. provende, provisions, provender, fr. LL. praebenda (prae and pro being confused), a daily allowance of provisions, a prebend. See Prebend.] 1. Dry food for domestic animals, as hay, straw, corn, oats, or a mixture of ground grain; feed. "Hay or other provender." Mortimer. Good provender laboring horses would have. Tusser. 2. Food or provisions. [R or Obs.] PROVENIENCE Pro*ve"ni*ence, n. [L. proveniens, -entis, p.pr. of provenire to come forth; pro forth + venire to come.] Defn: Origin; source; place where found or produced; provenance; -- used esp. in the fine arts and in archæology; as, the provenience of a patera. PROVENIENT Pro*ve"ni*ent, a. [L. proveniens, p.pr.] Defn: Forthcoming; issuing. [Rare] PROVENT Prov"ent, n. Defn: See Provand. [Obs.] PROVENTRICLE Pro*ven"tri*cle, n. (Anat.) Defn: Proventriculus. PROVENTRIULUS Pro`ven*tri"u*lus, n. Etym: [NL. See Pro-, and Ventricle.] (Anat.) Defn: The glandular stomach of birds, situated just above the crop. PROVER Prov"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, proves. PROVERB Prov"erb, n. Etym: [OE. proverbe, F. proverbe, from L. proverbium; pro before, for + verbum a word. See Verb.] 1. An old and common saying; a phrase which is often repeated; especially, a sentence which briefly and forcibly expresses some practical truth, or the result of experience and observation; a maxim; a saw; an adage. Chaucer. Bacon. 2. A striking or paradoxical assertion; an obscure saying; an enigma; a parable. His disciples said unto him, Lo, now speakest thou plainly, and speakest no proverb. John xvi. 29. 3. A familiar illustration; a subject of contemptuous reference. Thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a by word, among all nations. Deut. xxviii. 37. 4. A drama exemplifying a proverb. Book of Proverbs, a canonical book of the Old Testament, containing a great variety of wise maxims. Syn. -- Maxim; aphorism; apothegm; adage; saw. PROVERB Prov"erb, v. t. 1. To name in, or as, a proverb. [R.] Am I not sung and proverbed for a fool Milton. 2. To provide with a proverb. [R.] I am proverbed with a grandsire phrase. Shak. PROVERB Prov"erb, v. i. Defn: To write or utter proverbs. [R.] PROVERBIAL Pro*ver"bi*al, a. Etym: [L. proverbialis: cf. F. proverbial.] 1. Mentioned or comprised in a proverb; used as a proverb; hence, commonly known; as, a proverbial expression; his meanness was proverbial. In case of excesses, I take the German proverbial cure, by a hair of the same beast, to be the worst. Sir W. Temple. 2. Of or pertaining to proverbs; resembling a proverb. "A proverbial obscurity." Sir T. Browne. PROVERBIALISM Pro*ver"bi*al*ism, n. Defn: A proverbial phrase. PROVERBIALIST Pro*ver"bi*al*ist, n. Defn: One who makes much use of proverbs in speech or writing; one who composes, collects, or studies proverbs. PROVERBIALIZE Pro*ver"bi*al*ize, v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. F. proverbialiser.] Defn: To turn into a proverb; to speak in proverbs. PROVERBIALLY Pro*ver"bi*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a proverbial manner; by way of proverb; hence, commonly; universally; as, it is proverbially said; the bee is proverbially busy. PROVEXITY Pro*vex"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. provehere to advance. Cf. Provect.] Defn: Great advance in age. [Obs.] PROVIDE Pro*vide", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provided; p. pr. & vb. n. Providing.] Etym: [L. providere, provisum; pro before + videre to see. See Vision, and cf. Prudent, Purvey.] 1. To look out for in advance; to procure beforehand; to get, collect, or make ready for future use; to prepare. "Provide us all things necessary." Shak. 2. To supply; to afford; to contribute. Bring me berries, or such cooling fruit As the kind, hospitable woods provide. Milton. 3. To furnish; to supply; -- formerly followed by of, now by with. "And yet provided him of but one." Jer. Taylor. "Rome . . . was well provided with corn." Arbuthnot. 4. To establish as a previous condition; to stipulate; as, the contract provides that the work be well done. 5. To foresee. Note: [A Latinism] [Obs.] B. Jonson. 6. To appoint to an ecclesiastical benefice before it is vacant. See Provisor. Prescott. PROVIDE Pro*vide", v. i. 1. To procure supplies or means in advance; to take measures beforehand in view of an expected or a possible future need, especially a danger or an evil; -- followed by against or for; as, to provide against the inclemency of the weather; to provide for the education of a child. Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants. Burke. 2. To stipulate previously; to condition; as, the agreement provides for an early completion of the work. PROVIDED Pro*vid"ed, conj. Defn: On condition; by stipulation; with the understanding; if; -- usually followed by that; as, provided that nothing in this act shall prejudice the rights of any person whatever. Provided the deductions are logical, they seem almost indifferent to their truth. G. H. Lewes. Note: This word is strictly a participle, and the word being is understood, the participle provided agreeing with the whole sentence absolute, and being equivalent to this condition being previously stipulated or established. PROVIDENCE Prov"i*dence, n. Etym: [L. providentia: cf. F. providence. See Provident, and cf. Prudence.] 1. The act of providing or preparing for future use or application; a making ready; preparation. Providence for war is the best prevention of it. Bacon. 2. Foresight; care; especially, the foresight and care which God manifests for his creatures; hence, God himself, regarded as exercising a constant wise prescience. The world was all before them, where to choose Their place of rest, and Providence their guide. Milton. 3. (Theol.) Defn: A manifestation of the care and superintendence which God exercises over his creatures; an event ordained by divine direction. He that hath a numerous family, and many to provide for, needs a greater providence of God. Jer. Taylor. 4. Prudence in the management of one's concerns; economy; frugality. It is a high point of providence in a prince to cast an eye rather upon actions than persons. Quarles. PROVIDENT Prov"i*dent, a. Etym: [L. providens, -entis, p. pr. of providere: cf. F. provident. See Provide, and cf. Prudent.] Defn: Foreseeing wants and making provision to supply them; prudent in preparing for future exigencies; cautious; economical; -- sometimes followed by of; as, aprovident man; an animal provident of the future. And of our good and of our dignity, How provident he is. Milton. Syn. -- Forecasting; cautious; careful; prudent; frugal; economical. PROVIDENTIAL Prov`i*den"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. providentiel.] Defn: Effected by, or referable to, divine direction or superintendence; as, the providential contrivance of thing; a providential escape. -- Prov"i*den"tial*ly, adv. PROVIDENTLY Prov"i*dent*ly, adv. Defn: In a provident manner. PROVIDENTNESS Prov"i*dent*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being provident; carefulness; prudence; economy. PROVIDER Pro*vid"er, n. Defn: One who provides, furnishes, or supplies; one who procures what is wanted. PROVIDORE Prov"i*dore, n. Etym: [See Provedore.] Defn: One who makes provision; a purveyor. [R.] De Foe. PROVINCE Prov"ince, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. provincia; prob. fr. pro before, for + the root of vincere to conquer. See Victor.] 1. (Roman Hist.) Defn: A country or region, more or less remote from the city of Rome, brought under the Roman government; a conquered country beyond the limits of Italy. Wyclif (Acts xiii. 34). Milton. 2. A country or region dependent on a distant authority; a portion of an empire or state, esp. one remote from the capital. "Kingdoms and provinces." Shak. 3. A region of country; a tract; a district. Over many a tract of heaven they marched, and many a province wide. Milton. Other provinces of the intellectual world. I. Watts. 4. A region under the supervision or direction of any special person; the district or division of a country, especially an ecclesiastical division, over which one has jurisdiction; as, the province of Canterbury, or that in which the archbishop of Canterbury exercises ecclesiastical authority. 5. The proper or appropriate business or duty of a person or body; office; charge; jurisdiction; sphere. The woman'sprovince is to be careful in her economy, and chaste in her affection. Tattler. 6. Specif.: Any political division of the Dominion of Canada, having a governor, a local legislature, and representation in the Dominion parliament. Hence, colloquially, The Provinces, the Dominion of Canada. PROVINCIAL Pro*vin"cial, a. Etym: [L. provincialis: cf. F. provincial. See Province, and cf. Provencal.] 1. Of or pertaining to province; constituting a province; as, a provincial government; a provincial dialect. 2. Exhibiting the ways or manners of a province; characteristic of the inhabitants of a province; not cosmopolitan; countrified; not polished; rude; hence, narrow; illiberal. "Provincial airs and graces." Macaulay. 3. Of or pertaining to an ecclesiastical province, or to the jurisdiction of an archbishop; not ecumenical; as, a provincial synod. Ayliffe. 4. Of or pertaining to Provence; Provencal. [Obs.] With two Provincial roses on my razed shoes. Shak. PROVINCIAL Pro*vin"cial, n. 1. A person belonging to a province; one who is provincial. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A monastic superior, who, under the general of his order, has the direction of all the religious houses of the same fraternity in a given district, called a province of the order. PROVINCIALISM Pro*vin"cial*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. provincialisme.] Defn: A word, or a manner of speaking, peculiar to a province or a district remote from the mother country or from the metropolis; a provincial characteristic; hence, narrowness; illiberality. M. Arnold. PROVINCIALIST Pro*vin"cial*ist, n. Defn: One who lives in a province; a provincial. PROVINCIALITY Pro*vin`ci*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being provincial; peculiarity of language characteristic of a province. T. Warton. PROVINCIALIZE Pro*vin"cial*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provincialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Provincializing.] Defn: To render provincial. M. Arnold. PROVINCIALLY Pro*vin"cial*ly, adv. Defn: In a provincial manner. PROVINCIATE Pro*vin"ci*ate, v. t. Defn: To convert into a province or provinces. [Obs.] Howell. PROVINE Pro*vine", v. i. Etym: [F. provingner, fr. provin a set, layer of a plant, OF. provain, from L. propago, -aginis, akin to propagare to propagate. See Propagate, Prune, v. t.] Defn: To lay a stock or branch of a vine in the ground for propagation. [Obs.] Johnson. PROVISION Pro*vi"sion, n. Etym: [L. provisio: cf. F. provision. See Provide.] 1. The act of providing, or making previous preparation. Shak. 2. That which is provided or prepared; that which is brought together or arranged in advance; measures taken beforehand; preparation. Making provision for the relief of strangers. Bacon. 3. Especially, a stock of food; any kind of eatables collected or stored; -- often in the plural. And of provisions laid in large, For man and beast. Milton. 4. That which is stipulated in advance; a condition; a previous agreement; a proviso; as, the provisions of a contract; the statute has many provisions. 5. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A canonical term for regular induction into a benefice, comprehending nomination, collation, and installation. 6. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: A nomination by the pope to a benefice before it became vacant, depriving the patron of his right of presentation. Blackstone. PROVISION Pro*vi"sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provisioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Provisioning.] Defn: To supply with food; to victual; as, to provision a garrison. They were provisioned for a journey. Palfrey. PROVISIONAL Pro*vi"sion*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. provisionnel.] Defn: Of the nature of a provision; serving as a provision for the time being; -- used of partial or temporary arrangements; as, a provisional government; a provisional treaty. PROVISIONALLY Pro*vi"sion*al*ly, adv. Defn: By way of provision for the time being; temporarily. Locke. PROVISIONARY Pro*vi"sion*a*ry, a. Defn: Provisional. Burke. PROVISO Pro*vi"so, n.; pl. Provisos. Etym: [L., (it) being provided, abl. of provisus, p. p. of providere. See Provide, and cf. Purview.] Defn: An article or clause in any statute, agreement, contract, grant, or other writing, by which a condition is introduced, usually beginning with the word provided; a conditional stipulation that affects an agreement, contract, law, grant, or the like; as, the contract was impaired by its proviso. He doth deny his prisoners, But with proviso and exception. Shak. PROVISOR Pro*vi"sor, n. Etym: [L., fr. providere: cf. F. proviseur. See Provide.] 1. One who provides; a purveyor. [Obs.] "The chief provisor of our horse." Ford. 2. (R. C. Ch.) (a) The purveyor, steward, or treasurer of a religious house. Cowell. (b) One who is regularly inducted into a benefice. See Provision, 5. P. Plowman. 3. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: One who procures or receives a papal provision. See Provision, 6. PROVISORILY Pro*vi"so*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a provisory manner; conditionally; subject to a proviso; as, to admit a doctrine provisorily. Sir W. Hamilton. PROVISORSHIP Pro*vi"sor*ship, n. Defn: The office or position of a provisor. [R.] J. Webster. PROVISORY Pro*vi"so*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. provisoire.] 1. Of the nature of a proviso; containing a proviso or condition; conditional; as, a provisory clause. 2. Making temporary provision; provisional. PROVOCATION Prov`o*ca"tion, n. Etym: [F. provocation, L. provocatio. See Provoke.] 1. The act of provoking, or causing vexation or, anger. Fabyan. 2. That which provokes, or excites anger; the cause of resentment; as, to give provocation. Paley. 3. Incitement; stimulus; as, provocation to mirth. 4. (Law) Defn: Such prior insult or injury as may be supposed, under the circumstances, to create hot blood, and to excuse an assault made in retort or redress. 5. An appeal to a court. Note: [A Latinism] [Obs.] Ayliffe. PROVOCATIVE Pro*vo"ca*tive, a. Etym: [L. provocativus: cf. OF. provocatif.] Defn: Serving or tending to provoke, excite, or stimulate; exciting. PROVOCATIVE Pro*vo"ca*tive, n. Defn: Anything that is provocative; a stimulant; as, a provocative of appetite. PROVOCATIVENESS Pro*vo"ca*tive*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being provocative. PROVOCATORY Pro*vo"ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Provocative. PROVOKABLE Pro*vok"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be provoked. PROVOKE Pro*voke", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Provoked; p. pr. & vb. n. Provoking.] Etym: [F. provoquer, L. provocare to call forth; pro forth + vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice, cry, call. See Voice.] Defn: To call forth; to call into being or action; esp., to incense to action, a faculty or passion, as love, hate, or ambition; hence, commonly, to incite, as a person, to action by a challenge, by taunts, or by defiance; to exasperate; to irritate; to offend intolerably; to cause to retaliate. Obey his voice, provoke him not. Ex. xxiii. 21. Ye fathers, provoke not your children to wrath. Eph. vi. 4. Such acts Of contumacy will provoke the Highest To make death in us live. Milton. Can honor's voice provoke the silent dust Gray. To the poet the meaning is what he pleases to make it, what it provokes in his own soul. J. Burroughs. Syn. -- To irritate; arouse; stir up; awake; excite; incite; anger. See Irritate. PROVOKE Pro*voke", v. i. 1. To cause provocation or anger. 2. To appeal. Note: [A Latinism] [Obs.] Dryden. PROVOKEMENT Pro*voke"ment, n. Defn: The act that which, provokes; one who excites anger or other passion, or incites to action; as, a provoker of sedition. Drink, sir, is a great provoker of three things. Shak. PROVOKING Pro*vok"ing, a. Defn: Having the power or quality of exciting resentment; tending to awaken passion or vexation; as, provoking words or treatment. -- Pro*vok"ing*ly, adv. PROVOST Prov"ost, n. Etym: [OF. provost (L. prae and pro being confused), F. prevôt, fr. L. praepositus placed before, a chief, fr. praeponere to place before: cf. AS. prafost, profast. See Preposition, and cf. Propound.] 1. A person who is appointed to superintend, or preside over, something; the chief magistrate in some cities and towns; as, the provost of Edinburgh or of Glasgow, answering to the mayor of other cities; the provost of a college, answering to president; the provost or head of certain collegiate churches. 2. The keeper of a prison. [Obs.] Shak. Note: In France, formerly, a provost was an inferior judge who had cognizance of civil causes. The grand provost of France, or of the household, had jurisdiction in the king's house, and over its officers. Provost marshal (often pronounced . (a) (Mil.) An officer appointed in every army, in the field, to secure the prisoners confined on charges of a general nature. He also performs such other duties pertaining to police and discipline as the regulations of the service or the commander's orders impose upon him. (b) (Nav.) An officer who has charge of prisoners on trial by court-martial, serves notices to witnesses, etc. PROVOSTSHIP Prov"ost*ship, n. Defn: The office of a provost. PROW Prow, n. Etym: [F. proue (cf. Sp. & Pg. proa, It. prua), L. prora, Gr. Pro-, and cf. Prore.] Defn: The fore part of a vessel; the bow; the stem; hence, the vessel itself. Wordsworth. The floating vessel swum Uplifted, and secure with beaked prow rode tilting o'er the waves. Milton. PROW Prow, n. Defn: See Proa. PROW Prow, a. [Compar. Prower; superl. Prowest.] Etym: [OF.prou, preu, F. preux, fr. L. pro, prod, in prodesse to be useful. See Pro-, and cf. Prude.] Defn: Valiant; brave; gallant; courageous. [Archaic] Tennyson. The prowest knight that ever field did fight. Spenser. PROW Prow, n. Etym: [OE. & OF. prou. See Prow, a.] Defn: Benefit; profit; good; advantage. [Obs.] That shall be for your hele and for your prow. Chaucer. PROWESS Prow"ess, n. Etym: [OF. proece, proesce, F. prouesse. See Prow, a.] Defn: Distinguished bravery; valor; especially, military bravery and skill; gallantry; intrepidity; fearlessness. Chaucer. Sir P. Sidney. He by his prowess conquered all France. Shak. PROWL Prowl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Prowled; p. pr. & vb. n. Prowling.] Etym: [OE. prollen to search about; of uncertain origin, perh. for proglen, a dim. of prog to beg, or proke to poke. Cf. Proke.] 1. To rove over, through, or about in a stealthy manner; esp., to search in, as for prey or booty. He prowls each place, still in new colors decked. Sir P. Sidney. 2. To collect by plunder; as, to prowl money. [Obs.] PROWL Prowl, v. i. Defn: To rove or wander stealthily, esp. for prey, as a wild beast; hence, to prey; to plunder. PROWL Prowl, n. Defn: The act of prowling. [Colloq.] Smart. PROWLER Prowl"er, n. Defn: One that prowls. Thomson. PROWLING Prowl"ing, a. Defn: Accustomed to prowl, or engaged in roving stealthily, as for prey. "A prowling wolf." Milton. -- Prowl"ing*ly, adv. PROX Prox, n. Etym: [Cf. Proxy.] Defn: "The ticket or list of candidates at elections, presented to the people for their votes." [Rhode Island] Bartlett. PROXENE Prox"ene, n. Etym: [Cf. proxène.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: An officer who had the charge of showing hospitality to those who came from a friendly city or state. PROXENET Prox"e*net, n. Etym: [L. proxeneta, Gr. Defn: A negotiator; a factor. [R.] Dr. H. More. PROXENETISM Prox`e*ne"tism, n. [Gr. agent + -ism; cf. F. proxénétisme.] Defn: The action of a go-between or broker in negotiating immoral bargains between the sexes; procuring. PROXIMAD Prox"i*mad, adv. Etym: [Proximal + L. ad to.] (Anat.) Defn: Toward a proximal part; on the proximal side of; proximally. PROXIMAL Prox"i*mal, a. 1. Toward or nearest, as to a body, or center of motion of dependence; proximate. 2. (Biol.) (a) Situated near the point of attachment or origin; as, the proximal part of a limb. (b) Of or pertaining to that which is proximal; as, the proximal bones of a limb. Opposed to distal. PROXIMALLY Prox"i*mal*ly, adv. (Anat.) Defn: On or toward a proximal part; proximad. PROXIMATE Prox"i*mate, a. Etym: [L. proximatus, p. p. of proximare to come near, to approach, fr. proximus the nearest, nest, superl. of propior nearer, and prope, adv., near.] Defn: Nearest; next immediately preceding or following. "Proximate ancestors." J. S. Harford. The proximate natural causes of it [the deluge]. T. Burnet. Proximate analysis (Chem.), an analysis which determines the proximate principles of any substance, as contrasted with an ultimate analysis. -- Proximate cause. (a) A cause which immediately precedes and produces the effect, as distinguished from the remote, mediate, or predisposing cause. I. Watts. (b) That which in ordinary natural sequence produces a specific result, no independent disturbing agencies intervening. -- Proximate principle (Physiol. Chem.), one of a class of bodies existing ready formed in animal and vegetable tissues, and separable by chemical analysis, as albumin, sugar, collagen, fat, etc. Syn. -- Nearest; next; closest; immediate; direct. PROXIMATELY Prox"i*mate*ly, adv. Defn: In a proximate manner, position, or degree; immediately. PROXIME Prox"ime, a. Etym: [L. proximus. See Proximate.] Defn: Next; immediately preceding or following. [Obs.] PROXIMIOUS Prox*im"i*ous, a. Defn: Proximate. [Obs.] PROXIMITY Prox*im"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. proximitas: cf. F. proximité See Proximate, and cf. Propinquity, Approach.] Defn: The quality or state of being next in time, place, causation, influence, etc.; immediate nearness, either in place, blood, or alliance. If he plead proximity of blood That empty title is with ease withstood. Dryden. PROXIMO Prox"i*mo. Etym: [L., on the next, abl. of proximus next.] Defn: In the next month after the present; -- often contracted to prox.; as, on the 3d proximo. PROXY Prox"y, n.; pl. Proxies. Etym: [Contr. from procuracy. Cf. Proctor.] 1. The agency for another who acts through the agent; authority to act for another, esp. to vote in a legislative or corporate capacity. I have no man's proxy: I speak only for myself. Burke. 2. The person who is substituted or deputed to act or vote for another. Every peer . . . may make another lord of parliament his proxy, to vote for him in his absence. Blackstone. 3. A writing by which one person authorizes another to vote in his stead, as in a corporation meeting. 4. (Eng. Law) Defn: The written appointment of a proctor in suits in the ecclesiastical courts. Burrill. 5. (Eccl.) Defn: See Procuration. [Obs.] PROXY Prox"y, v. i. Defn: To act or vote by proxy; to do anything by the agency of another. [R.] PROXYSHIP Prox"y*ship, n. Defn: The office or agency of a proxy. PRUCE Pruce, n. Etym: [OE. for Prussia: cf. F. Prusse.] Defn: Prussian leather. [Obs.] Dryden. PRUDE Prude, n. Etym: [F., prudish, originally, discreet, modest; shortened from OF. prudefeme, preudefeme, a discreet or excellent woman; OF. preu, prou, excellent, brave + de of + fete woman. See Prow, a., Prowess.] Defn: A woman of affected modesty, reserve, or coyness; one who is overscrupulous or sensitive; one who affects extraordinary prudence in conduct and speech. Less modest than the speech of prudes. Swift. PRUDENCE Pru"dence, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. prudentia, contr. from providentia. See Prudent, and cf. Providence.] Defn: The quality or state of being prudent; wisdom in the way of caution and provision; discretion; carefulness; hence, also, economy; frugality. Prudence is principally in reference to actions to be done, and due means, order, seasons, and method of doing or not doing. Sir M. Hale. Prudence supposes the value of the end to be assumed, and refers only to the adaptation of the means. It is the relation of right means for given ends. Whewell. Syn. -- Wisdom; forecast; providence; considerateness; judiciousness; discretion; caution; circumspection; judgment. See Wisdom. PRUDENCY Pru"den*cy, n. Defn: Prudence. [Obs.] Hakluyt. PRUDENT Pru"dent, a. Etym: [L. prudens, -entis, contr. from providens: cf. F. prudent. See Provident.] 1. Sagacious in adapting means to ends; circumspect in action, or in determining any line of conduct; practically wise; judicious; careful; discreet; sensible; -- opposed to rash; as, a prudent man; dictated or directed by prudence or wise forethought; evincing prudence; as, prudent behavior. Moses established a grave and prudent law. Milton. 2. Frugal; economical; not extravagant; as, a prudent woman; prudent expenditure of money. Syn. -- Cautious; wary; circumspect; considerate; discreet; judicious; provident; economical; frugal. PRUDENTIAL Pru*den"tial, a. 1. Proceeding from, or dictated or characterized by, prudence; prudent; discreet; sometimes, selfish or pecuniary as distinguished from higher motives or influences; as, prudential motives. " A prudential line of conduct." Sir W. Scott. 2. Exercising prudence; discretionary; advisory; superintending or executive; as, a prudential committee. PRUDENTIAL Pru*den"tial, n. Defn: That which relates to or demands the exercise of, discretion or prudence; -- usually in the pl. Many stanzas, in poetic measures, contain rules relating to common prudentials as well as to religion. I. Watts. PRUDENTIALIST Pru*den"tial*ist, n. Defn: One who is governed by, or acts from, prudential motives. [R.] Coleridge. PRUDENTIALITY Pru*den`ti*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being prudential. Sir T. Browne. PRUDENTIALLY Pru*den"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In a prudential manner; prudently. South. PRUDENTLY Pru"dent*ly, adv. Defn: In a prudent manner. PRUDERY Prud"er*y, n.; pl. Pruderies. Etym: [F. pruderie. See Prude.] Defn: The quality or state of being prudish; excessive or affected scrupulousness in speech or conduct; stiffness; coyness. Cowper. PRUDHOMME Prud*homme", n. Etym: [F. prud'homme. cf. Prude.] Defn: A trustworthy citizen; a skilled workman. See Citation under 3d Commune, 1. PRUDISH Prud"ish, a. Defn: Like a prude; very formal, precise, or reserved; affectedly severe in virtue; as, a prudish woman; prudish manners. A formal lecture, spoke with prudish face. Garrick. PRUDISHLY Prud"ish*ly, adv. Defn: In a prudish manner. PRUINATE Pru"i*nate, a. Defn: Same as Pruinose. PRUINOSE Pru"i*nose`, a. Etym: [L. pruinosus, fr. pruina hoarfrost.] Defn: Frosty; covered with fine scales, hairs, dust, bloom, or the like, so as to give the appearance of frost. PRUINOUS Pru"i*nous, a. Defn: Frosty; pruinose. PRUNE Prune, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pruned; p. pr. & vb. n. Pruning.] Etym: [OE. proine, probably fr. F. provigner to lay down vine stocks for propagation; hence, probably, the meaning, to cut away superfluous shoots. See Provine.] 1. To lop or cut off the superfluous parts, branches, or shoots of; to clear of useless material; to shape or smooth by trimming; to trim: as, to prune trees; to prune an essay. Thackeray. Taking into consideration how they [laws] are to be pruned and reformed. Bacon. Our delightful task To prune these growing plants, and tend these flowers. Milton. 2. To cut off or cut out, as useless parts. Horace will our superfluous branches prune. Waller. 3. To preen; to prepare; to dress. Spenser. His royal bird Prunes the immortal wing and cloys his beak. Shak. PRUNE Prune, v. i. Defn: To dress; to prink; -used humorously or in contempt. Dryden. PRUNE Prune, n. Etym: [F. prune, from L. prunum a plum. See Plum.] Defn: A plum; esp., a dried plum, used in cookery; as, French or Turkish prunes; California prunes. German prune (Bot.), a large dark purple plum, of oval shape, often one-sided. It is much used for preserving, either dried or in sirup. Prune tree. (Bot.) (a) A tree of the genus Prunus (P. domestica), which produces prunes. (b) The West Indian tree, Prunus occidentalis. -- South African prune (Bot.), the edible fruit of a sapindaceous tree (Pappea Capensis). PRUNELLA Pru*nel"la, n. Etym: [NL., perhaps from G. bræune quinsy, croup.] (Med.) (a) Angina, or angina pectoris. (b) Thrush. Prunella salt (Old Chem.), niter fused and cast into little balls. PRUNELLA; PRUNELLO Pru*nel"la, Pru*nel"lo, n. Etym: [F. prunelle, probably so called from its color resembling that of prunes. See Prune, n.] Defn: A smooth woolen stuff, generally black, used for making shoes; a kind of lasting; -- formerly used also for clergymen's gowns. PRUNELLE Pru*nelle", n. Etym: [F., dim. of prune. See Prune, n.] Defn: A kind of small and very acid French plum; -- applied especially to the stoned and dried fruit. PRUNELLO Pru*nel"lo, n. Etym: [F. prunelle, dim. of prune. See Prune a plum.] Defn: A species of dried plum; prunelle. PRUNER Prun"er, n. 1. One who prunes, or removes, what is superfluous. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of beetles whose larvæ gnaw the branches of trees so as to cause them to fall, especially the American oak pruner (Asemum moestum), whose larva eats the pith of oak branches, and when mature gnaws a circular furrow on the inside nearly to the bark. When the branches fall each contains a pupa. PRUNIFEROUS Pru*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. prunum a plum + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing plums. PRUNING Prun"ing, n. 1. The act of trimming, or removing what is superfluous. 2. (Falconry) Defn: That which is cast off by bird in pruning her feathers; leavings. Beau. & Fl. Pruning hook, or Pruning knife, cutting instrument used in pruning trees, etc. -- Pruning shears, shears for pruning trees, vines, etc. PRUNUS Pru"nus, n. Etym: [L., a plum tree.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees with perigynous rosaceous flowers, and a single two-ovuled carpel which usually becomes a drupe in ripening. Note: Originally, this genus was limited to the plums, then, by Linnæus, was made to include the cherries and the apricot. Later botanists separated these into several genera, as Prunus, Cerasus, and Armeniaca, but now, by Bentham and Hooker, the plums, cherries, cherry laurels, peach, almond, and nectarine are all placed in Prunus. PRURIENCE; PRURIENCY Pru"ri*ence, Pru"ri*en*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being prurient. The pruriency of curious ears. Burke. There is a prurience in the speech of some. Cowper. PRURIENT Pru"ri*ent, a. Etym: [L. pruries, -entis, p. pr. of prurire to itch. Cf. Freeze.] Defn: Uneasy with desire; itching; especially, having a lascivious curiosity or propensity; lustful. -- Pru"ri*ent*ly, adv. The eye of the vain and prurient is darting from object to object of illicit attraction. I. Taylor. PRURIGINOUS Pru*rig"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. pruriginosus: cf. F. prurigineux.] (Med.) Defn: Tending to, or caused by, prurigo; affected by, or of the nature of, prurigo. PRURIGO Pru*ri"go, n. Etym: [L., an itching, the itch, fr. prurire to itch.] (Med.) Defn: A papular disease of the skin, of which intense itching is the chief symptom, the eruption scarcely differing from the healthy cuticle in color. PRURITUS Pru*ri"tus, n. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: Itching. PRUSSIAN Prus"sian, a. Etym: [From Prussia, the country: cf. F. prussien.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Prussia. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Prussia. Prussian blue (Chem.), any one of several complex double cyanides of ferrous and ferric iron; specifically, a dark blue amorphous substance having a coppery luster, obtained by adding a solution of potassium ferrocyanide (yellow prussiate of potash) to a ferric salt. It is used in dyeing, in ink, etc. Called also Williamson's blue, insoluble Prussian blue, Berlin blue, etc. -- Prussian carp (Zoöl.) See Gibel. -- Prussian green. (Chem.) Same as Berlin green, under Berlin. PRUSSIATE Prus"si*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. prussiate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of prussic acid; a cyanide. Red prussiate of potash. See Potassium ferricyanide, under Ferricyanide. Yellow prussiate of potash. See Potassium ferrocyanide, under Ferrocyanide. PRUSSIC Prus"sic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. prussique.] (Old Chem.) Defn: designating the acid now called hydrocyanic acid, but formerly called prussic acid, because Prussian blue is derived from it or its compounds. See Hydrocyanic. PRUTENIC Pru*ten"ic, a. (Astron.) Defn: Prussian; -- applied to certain astronomical tables published in the sixteenth century, founded on the principles of Copernicus, a Prussian. PRY Pry, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. prize a lever. See Prize, n.] Defn: A lever; also, leverage. [Local, U. S. & Eng.] Pry pole, the pole which forms the prop of a hoisting gin, and stands facing the windlass. PRY Pry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pried; p. pr. & vb. n. Prying.] Defn: To raise or move, or attempt to raise or move, with a pry or lever; to prize. [Local, U. S. & Eng.] PRY Pry, v. i. Etym: [OE. prien. Cf. Peer to peep.] Defn: To peep narrowly; to gaze; to inspect closely; to attempt to discover something by a scrutinizing curiosity; -- often implying reproach. " To pry upon the stars." Chaucer. Watch thou and wake when others be asleep, To pry into the secrets of the state. Shak. PRY Pry, n. Defn: Curious inspection; impertinent peeping. PRYAN Pry"an, n. (Mining) Defn: See Prian. PRYING Pry"ing, a. Defn: Inspecting closely or impertinently. Syn. -- Inquisitive; curious. See Inquisitive. PRYINGLY Pry"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a prying manner. PRYTANEUM Pryt`a*ne"um, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A public building in certain Greek cities; especially, a public hall in Athens regarded as the home of the community, in which official hospitality was extended to distinguished citizens and strangers. PRYTANIS Pryt"a*nis, n.; pl. Prytanes. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A member of one of the ten sections into which the Athenian senate of five hundred was divided, and to each of which belonged the presidency of the senate for about one tenth of the year. PRYTANY Pryt"a*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: The period during which the presidency of the senate belonged to the prytanes of the section. PRYTHEE Pryth"ee, interj. Defn: See Prithee. PSALM Psalm, n. Etym: [OE. psalm, salm, AS. sealm, L. psalmus, psalma, fr. Gr. psalme, salme, F. psaume.] 1. A sacred song; a poetical composition for use in the praise or worship of God. Humus devout and holy psalms Singing everlastingly. Milton. 2. Especially, one of the hymns by David and others, collected into one book of the Old Testament, or a modern metrical version of such a hymn for public worship. PSALM Psalm, v. t. Defn: To extol in psalms; to sing; as, psalming his praises. Sylvester. PSALMIST Psalm"ist, n. Etym: [L. psalmista, Gr. psalmiste. See Psalm.] 1. A writer or composer of sacred songs; -- a title particularly applied to David and the other authors of the Scriptural psalms. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A clerk, precentor, singer, or leader of music, in the church. PSALMISTRY Psalm"ist*ry, n. Defn: The use of psalms in devotion; psalmody. PSALMODIC; PSALMODICAL Psal*mod"ic, Psal*mod"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. psalmodique.] Defn: Relating to psalmody. PSALMODIST Psal"mo*dist, n. Defn: One who sings sacred songs; a psalmist. PSALMODIZE Psal"mo*dize, v. i. Defn: To practice psalmody. " The psalmodizing art." J. G. Cooper. PSALMODY Psal"mo*dy, n. Etym: [Gr. psalmodie, LL. psalmodia. See Psalm, and Ode.] Defn: The act, practice, or art of singing psalms or sacred songs; also, psalms collectively, or a collection of psalms. PSALMOGRAPH Psal"mo*graph, n. Etym: [See Psalmographer.] Defn: A writer of psalms; a psalmographer. PSALMOGRAPHER; PSALMOGRAPHIST Psal*mog"ra*pher, Psal*mog"ra*phist, n. Etym: [L. psalmographus, Gr. Defn: A writer of psalms, or sacred songs and hymns. PSALMOGRAPHY Psal*mog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. psalmographie.] Defn: The act or practice of writing psalms, or sacred songs. PSALTER Psal"ter, n. Etym: [OE. psauter, sauter, OF. sautier, psaltier, F. psautier, from L. psalterium. See Psaltery.] 1. The Book of Psalms; -- often applied to a book containing the Psalms separately printed. 2. Specifically, the Book of Psalms as printed in the Book of Common Prayer; among the Roman Catholics, the part of the Breviary which contains the Psalms arranged for each day of the week. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A rosary, consisting of a hundred and fifty beads, corresponding to the number of the psalms. PSALTERIAL Psal*te"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the psalterium. PSALTERIUM Psal*te"ri*um, n.; pl. Psalteria. Etym: [L., a psaltery.] (Anat.) (a) The third stomach of ruminants. See Manyplies. (b) The lyra of the brain. PSALTERY Psal"ter*y, n.; pl. Psalteries. Etym: [OE. sautrie, OF. psalterie, F. psaltérion, L. psalterium psaltery, psalter, from Gr. Psalm, Psalter.] Defn: A stringed instrument of music used by the Hebrews, the form of which is not known. Praise the Lord with harp; sing unto him with the psaltery and an instrument of ten strings. Ps. xxxiii. 2. PSAMMITE Psam"mite, n. Etym: [Gr. psammite.] (Min.) Defn: A species of micaceous sandstone. -- Psam*mit"ic, a. PSAROLITE Psar"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A silicified stem of tree fern, found in abundance in the Triassic sandstone. PSELLISM Psel"lism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Indistinct pronunciation; stammering. PSEPHISM Pse"phism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A proposition adopted by a majority of votes; especially, one adopted by vote of the Athenian people; a statute. J. P. Mahaffy. PSEUDAESTHESIA Pseu`dæs*the"si*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Æsthesia.] (Physiol.) Defn: False or imaginary feeling or sense perception such as occurs in hypochondriasis, or such as is referred to an organ that has been removed, as an amputated foot. PSEUDEMBRYO Pseu*dem"bry*o, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + embryo.] (Zoöl.) (a) A false embryo. (b) An asexual form from which the true embryo is produced by budding. PSEUDEPIGRAPHIC; PSEUDEPIGRAPHIC Pseu*dep`i*graph"ic, Pseu*dep`i*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pseudepigraphy. PSEUDEPIGRAPHOUS Pseu`de*pig"ra*phous, a. Etym: [Gr. Pseudo-, and Epigraphy.] Defn: Inscribed with a false name. Cudworth. PSEUDEPIGRAPHY Pseu`de*pig"ra*phy, n. Defn: The ascription of false names of authors to works. PSEUDHAEMAL Pseud*hæ"mal, a. Etym: [Pseudo- + hæmal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the vascular system of annelids. Pseudhæmal fluid, the circulatory fluid, or blood, of annelids, analogous to the blood of vertebrates. It is often red, but is sometimes green or colorless. -- Pseudhæmal vessels, the blood vessels of annelids. PSEUDO- Pseu"do-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form or prefix signifying false, counterfeit, pretended, spurious; as, pseudo-apostle, a false apostle; pseudo- clergy, false or spurious clergy; pseudo-episcopacy, pseudo-form, pseudo-martyr, pseudo-philosopher. Also used adjectively. PSEUDOBACTERIA Pseu`do*bac*te"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [Pseudo- + bacteria.] (Biol.) Defn: Microscopic organic particles, molecular granules, powdered inorganic substances, etc., which in form, size, and grouping resemble bacteria. Note: The globules which divide and develop in form of chains are organized beings; when this does not occur, we are dealing with pseudobacteria. Sternberg. PSEUDOBLEPSIS Pseu`do*blep"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: False or depraved sight; imaginary vision of objects. Forsyth. PSEUDOBRANCH Pseu"do*branch, n. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Pseudobranchia. PSEUDOBRANCHIA Pseu`do*bran"chi*a, n.; pl. Pseudobranchiæ. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Branchia.] (Anat.) Defn: A rudimentary branchia, or gill. -- Pseu`do*bran"chi*al, a. PSEUDO-BULB Pseu"do-bulb`, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + bulb.] (Bot.) Defn: An aërial corm, or thickened stem, as of some epiphytic orchidaceous plants. PSEUDOCARP Pseu"do*carp, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: That portion of an anthocarpous fruit which is not derived from the ovary, as the soft part of a strawberry or of a fig. PSEUDO-CHINA Pseu`do-chi"na, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + china.] (Bot.) Defn: The false china root, a plant of the genus Smilax (S. Pseudo- china), found in America. PSEUDOCOELE Pseu"do*coele, n. Defn: Same as Pseudocoelia. PSEUDOCOELIA Pseu`do*coe"li*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The fifth ventricle in the mammalian brain. See Ventricle. B. G. Wilder. PSEUDO-CONE Pseu"do-cone`, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + cone.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the soft gelatinous cones found in the compound eyes of certain insects, taking the place of the crystalline cones of others. PSEUDO-CUMENE Pseu`do-cu"mene, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + cumene.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon of the aromatic series, metameric with mesitylene and cumene, found in coal tar, and obtained as a colorless liquid. PSEUDO-DIPTERAL Pseu`do-dip"ter*al, a. Etym: [Pseudo- + dipteral: cf. F. pseudodiptère.] (Arch.) Defn: Falsely or imperfectly dipteral, as a temple with the inner range of columns surrounding the cella omitted, so that the space between the cella wall and the columns is very great, being equal to two intercolumns and one column. -- n. Defn: A pseudo-dipteral temple. PSEUDODOX Pseu"do*dox, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Not true in opinion or doctrine; false. -- n. Defn: A false opinion or doctrine. "To maintain the atheistical pseudodox which judgeth evil good, and darkness light." T. Adams. PSEUDOFILARIA Pseu`do*fi*la"ri*a, n.; pl. Pseudofilari. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Filaria.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the two elongated vibratile young formed by fission of the embryo during the development of certain Gregarinæ. PSEUDO-GALENA Pseu`do-ga*le"na, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + galena.] (Min.) Defn: False galena, or blende. See Blende (a). PSEUDOGRAPH Pseu"do*graph, n. Etym: [See Pseudography.] Defn: A false writing; a spurious document; a forgery. PSEUDOGRAPHY Pseu*dog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: False writing; forgery. PSEUDOHALTER Pseu`do*hal"ter, n.; pl. Pseudohalteres. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Halteres.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the rudimentary front wings of certain insects (Stylops). They resemble the halteres, or rudimentary hind wings, of Diptera. PSEUDO-HEART Pseu"do-heart`, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + heart.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any contractile vessel of invertebrates which is not of the nature of a real heart, especially one of those pertaining to the excretory system. PSEUDO-HYPERTHOPHIC Pseu`do-hy`per*thoph"ic, a. Etym: [Pseudo- + hypertrophic.] (Med.) Defn: Falsely hypertrophic; as, pseudo-hypertrophic paralysis, a variety of paralysis in which the muscles are apparently enlarged, but are really degenerated and replaced by fat. PSEUDOLOGIST Pseu*dol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who utters falsehoods; a liar. PSEUDOLOGY Pseu*dol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. pseudologie.] Defn: Falsehood of speech. Arbuthnot. PSEUDO-METALLIC Pseu`do-me*tal"lic, a. Etym: [Pseudo- + metallic.] Defn: Falsely or imperfectly metallic; -- said of a kind of luster, as in minerals. PSEUDO-MONOCOTYLEDONOUS Pseu`do-mon`o*cot`y*led"on*ous, a. Etym: [Pseudo- + monocotyledonous.] (Bot.) Defn: Having two coalescent cotyledons, as the live oak and the horse-chestnut. PSEUDOMORPH Pseu"do*morph, n. Etym: [See Pseudomorphous.] 1. An irregular or deceptive form. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: A pseudomorphous crystal, as a crystal consisting of quartz, but having the cubic form of fluor spar, the fluor crystal having been changed to quartz by a process of substitution. PSEUDOMORPHISM Pseu`do*mor"phism, n. (Crystallog.) Defn: The state of having, or the property of taking, a crystalline form unlike that which belongs to the species. PSEUDOMORPHOUS Pseu`do*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Gr. pseudomorphe.] Defn: Not having the true form. Pseudomorphous crystal, one which has a form that does not result from its own powers of crystallization. PSEUDONAVICELLA Pseu`do*nav`i*cel"la, n.; pl. Pseudonavicullæ. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pseudonavicula. PSEUDONAVICULA Pseu`do*na*vic"u*la, n.; pl. Pseudonaviculæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. navicula, a genus of diatoms. See Navicular.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the minute spindle-shaped embryos of Gregarinæ and some other Protozoa. PSEUDONEUROPTERA Pseu`do*neu*rop"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Neuroptera.] (Zoöl.) Defn: division of insects (Zoöl.) reticulated wings, as in the Neuroptera, but having an active pupa state. It includes the dragon flies, May flies, white ants, etc. By some zoölogists they are classed with the Orthoptera; by others, with the Neuroptera. PSEUDONEUROPTEROUS Pseu`do*neu*rop"ter*ous, a. (Zool.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Pseudoneuroptera. PSEUDONYM Pseu"do*nym, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pseudonyme. See Pseudonymous.] Defn: A fictitious name assumed for the time, as by an author; a pen name. [Written also pseudonyme.] PSEUDONYMITY Pseu`do*nym"i*ty, n. Defn: The using of fictitious names, as by authors. PSEUDONYMOUS Pseu*don"y*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. pseudonyme. See Pseudo-, and Name.] Defn: Bearing a false or fictitious name; as, a pseudonymous work. -- Pseu*don"y*mous*ly, adv. -- Pseu*don"y*mous*ness, n. PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL Pseu`do-pe*rip"ter*al, a. Etym: [Pseudo- + peripteral: cf. F. pseudopériptère.] (Arch.) Defn: Falsely or imperfectly peripteral, as a temple having the columns at the sides attached to the walls, and an ambulatory only at the ends or only at one end. -- n. Defn: A pseudo-peripteral temple. Oxf. Gloss. PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL Pseu`do-pe*rip"ter*al, a. [Pseudo- + peripteral: cf. F. pseudopériptère.] (Arch.) Defn: Falsely or imperfectly peripteral, as a temple having the columns at the sides attached to the walls, and an ambulatory only at the ends or only at one end. -- n. Defn: A pseudo-peripteral temple. Oxf. Gloss. PSEUDOPOD Pseu"do*pod, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + -pod.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Any protoplasmic filament or irregular process projecting from any unicellular organism, or from any animal or plant call. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A rhizopod. PSEUDOPODIAL Pseu`do*po"di*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a pseudopod, or to pseudopodia. See Illust. of Heliozoa. PSEUDOPODIUM Pseu`do*po"di*um, n.; pl. Pseudopodia (. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Same as Pseudopod. PSEUDOPUPA Pseu`do*pu"pa, n.; pl. L. Pseudopupæ, E. Pseudopupas. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Pupa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A stage intermediate between the larva and pupa of bees and certain other hymenopterous insects. PSEUDORHABDITE Pseu`do*rhab"dite, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the peculiar rodlike corpuscles found in the integument of certain Turbellaria. They are filled with a soft granular substance. PSEUDO-ROMANTIC Pseu`do-ro*man"tic, a. Etym: Pseudo- + romantic.] Defn: Falsely romantic. The false taste, the pseudo-romantic rage. De Quincey. PSEUDOSCOPE Pseu"do*scope, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + -scope.] (Opt.) Defn: An instrument which exhibits objects with their proper relief reversed; -- an effect opposite to that produced by the stereoscope. Wheatstone. PSEUDOSCOPIC Pseu`do*scop"ic, a. (Opt.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or formed by, a pseudoscope; having its parts appearing with the relief reversed; as, a pseudoscopic image. PSEUDOSCORPIONES Pseu`do*scor`pi*o"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Scorpion.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Arachnoidea having the palpi terminated by large claws, as in the scorpions, but destitute of a caudal sting; the false scorpions. Called also Pseudoscorpii, and Pseudoscorpionina. See Illust. of Book scorpion, under Book. PSEUDOSPHERE Pseu"do*sphere`, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + sphere.] (Geom.) Defn: The surface of constant negative curvature generated by the revolution of a tractrix. This surface corresponds in non-Euclidian space to the sphere in ordinary space. An important property of the surface is that any figure drawn upon it can be displaced in any way without tearing it or altering in size any of its elements. PSEUDOSPORE Pseu"do*spore`, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + spore.] (Bot.) Defn: A peculiar reproductive cell found in some fungi. PSEUDOSTELLA Pseu`do*stel"la, n.; pl. -læ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. stella star.] (Astron.) Defn: Any starlike meteor or phenomenon. [R.] PSEUDOSTOMA Pseu*dos"to*ma, n.; pl. Pseudostomata. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Stoma.] (Anat.) Defn: A group of cells resembling a stoma, but without any true aperture among them. PSEUDO-SYMMETRIC Pseu`do-sym*met"ric, a. (Crystallog.) Defn: Exhibiting pseudo-symmetry. PSEUDO-SYMMETRY Pseu`do-sym"me*try, n. Etym: [Pseudo- + symmetry.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A kind of symmetry characteristic of certain crystals which from twinning, or other causes, come to resemble forms of a system other than that to which they belong, as the apparently hexagonal prisms of aragonite. PSEUDOTETRAMERA Pseu`do*te*tram"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Tetramerous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of beetles having the fifth tarsal joint minute and obscure, so that there appear to be but four joints. -- Pseu`do*te*tram"er*al, a. PSEUDOTINEA Pseu`do*tin"e*a (, n.; pl. Pseudotineæ. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Tinea.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The bee moth, or wax moth (Galleria). PSEUDOTURBINAL Pseu`do*tur"bi*nal, a. Etym: [Pseudo- + turbinal.] (Anat.) Defn: See under Turbinal. PSEUDOVARY Pseu*do"va*ry, n.; pl. Pseudovaries. Etym: [Pseudo- + ovary.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The organ in which pseudova are produced; -- called also pseudovarium. PSEUDOVUM Pseu*do"vum, n.; pl. Pseudova. Etym: [NL. See Pseudo-, and Ovum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An egglike germ produced by the agamic females of some insects and other animals, and by the larvæ of certain insects. It is capable of development without fertilization. See Illust. of Pædogenesis. PSHAW Pshaw, interj. Etym: [Of imitative origin.] Defn: Pish! pooch! -- an exclamation used as an expression of contempt, disdain, dislike, etc. [Written also psha.] PSHAW Pshaw, v. i. Defn: To express disgust or contemptuous disapprobation, as by the exclamation " Pshaw!" The goodman used regularly to frown and pshaw wherever this topic was touched upon. Sir W. Scott. PSILANTHROPIC Psi`lan*throp"ic, a. Etym: [see Psilanthropist.] Defn: Pertaining to, or embodying, psilanthropy. "A psilanthropic explanation." Coleridge. PSILANTHROPISM Psi*lan"thro*pism, n. Defn: Psilanthropy. PSILANTHROPIST Psi*lan"thro*pist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who believes that Christ was a mere man. Smart. PSILANTHROPY Psi*lan"thro*py, n. Defn: The doctrine of the merely human existence of Christ. PSILOLOGY Psi*lol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr -logy.] Defn: Love of empty of empty talk or noise. Coleridge. PSILOMELANE Psi*lom"e*lane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A hydrous oxide of manganese, occurring in smooth, botryoidal forms, and massive, and having an iron-black or steel-gray color. PSILOPAEDES Psi`lo*pæ"des, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: birds whose young at first have down on the pterylæ only; -- called also Gymnopædes. PSILOPAEDIC Psi`lo*pæd"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having down upon the pterylæ only; -- said of the young of certain birds. PSILOSOPHER Psi*los"o*pher, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A superficial or narrow pretender to philosophy; a sham philosopher. PSITTACEOUS; PSITTACID Psit*ta"ceous, Psit"ta*cid, a. Etym: [L. psittacus a parrot, Gr. psittacide.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the parrots, or the Psittaci. -- n. Defn: One of the Psittaci. PSITTACI Psit"ta*ci, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The order of birds which comprises the parrots. PSITTA-CO-FULVINE Psit`ta-co-ful"*vine, n. Etym: [Gr. fulvus yellow.] Defn: A yellow pigment found in the feathers of certain parrots. PSOAS Pso"as, n. Etym: [Gr. psoas.] (Anat.) Defn: An internal muscle arising from the lumbar vertebræ and inserted into the femur. In man there are usually two on each side, and the larger one, or great psoas, forms a part of the iliopsoas. PSORA Pso"ra, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A cutaneous disease; especially, the itch. PSORIASIS Pso*ri"a*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) The state of being affected with psora. [Obs.] (b) A cutaneous disease, characterized by imbricated silvery scales, affecting only the superficial layers of the skin. PSORIC Pso"ric, a. Etym: [L. psoricus, Gr. psorique.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to psora. PSOROSPERM Pso"ro*sperm, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A minute parasite, usually the young of Gregarinæ, in the pseudonavicula stage. PSYCHAGOGIC Psy`cha*gog"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Psychagogue.] Defn: Attractive; persuasive. J. Morley. PSYCHAGOGUE Psy"cha*gogue, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A necromancer. [R.] PSYCHAL Psy"chal, a. Etym: [See Psychical.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the soul; psychical. Bayne. PSYCHANALYSIS Psy`cha*nal"y*sis, n. [Psycho-+ analysis.] Defn: A method or process of psychotherapeutic analysis based on the work of Dr. Sigmund Freud (1856- --) of Vienna. The method rests upon the theory that hysteria is characteristically due to repression of desires consciously rejected but subconsciously persistent; it consists in a close analysis of the patient's mental history, stress being laid upon the dream life, and of treatment by means of suggestion. -- Psy*chan`a*lyt"ic (#), a. -- Psy`cha*nal"y*sist (#), n. PSYCHE Psy"che, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Class Myth.) Defn: A lovely maiden, daughter of a king and mistress of Eros, or Cupid. She is regarded as the personification of the soul. 2. The soul; the vital principle; the mind. 3. Etym: [F. psyché.] Defn: A cheval glass. PSYCHIAN Psy"chi*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small moth of the genus Psyche and allied genera (family Psychidæ). The larvæ are called basket worms. See Basket worm, under Basket. PSYCHIATRIA; PSYCHIATRY Psy*chi`a*tri"a, Psy*chi"a*try, n. Etym: [NL. psychiatria, fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The application of the healing art to mental diseases. Dunglison. PSYCHIATRIC Psy`chi*at"ric, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to psychiatria. PSYCHIC; PSYCHICAL Psy"chic, Psy"chic*al, a. Etym: [L. psychicus, Gr. psychique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the human soul, or to the living principle in man. Note: This term was formerly used to express the same idea as psychological. Recent metaphysicians, however, have employed it to mark the difference between psychh` the living principle in man, and pney^ma the rational or spiritual part of his nature. In this use, the word describes the human soul in its relation to sense, appetite, and the outer visible world, as distinguished from spiritual or rational faculties, which have to do with the supersensible world. Heyse. 2. Of or pertaining to the mind, or its functions and diseases; mental; -- contrasted with physical. Psychical blindness, Psychical deafness (Med.), forms of nervous disease in which, while the senses of sight and hearing remain unimpaired, the mind fails to appreciate the significance of the sounds heard or the images seen. -- Psychical contagion, the transference of disease, especially of a functional nervous disease, by mere force of example. -- Psychical medicine, that department of medicine which treats of mental diseases. PSYCHICS Psy"chics, n. Defn: Psychology. PSYCHISM Psy"chism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. psychisme.] (Philos.) Defn: The doctrine of Quesne, that there is a fluid universally diffused, end equally animating all living beings, the difference in their actions being due to the difference of the individual organizations. Fleming. PSYCHO- Psy"cho-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. the soul, the mind, the understanding; as, psychology. PSYCHOANALYSIS; PSYCHOANALYTIC Psy`cho*a*nal"y*sis, n. --Psy`cho*an`a*lyt"ic, a. etc. Defn: = Psychanalysis, Psychanalytic. PSYCHOGENESIS Psy`cho*gen"e*sis, n. Defn: Genesis through an internal force, as opposed to natural selection. PSYCHOGRAPHY Psy*chog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Psycho- + -graphy.] 1. A description of the phenomena of mind. 2. (Spiritualism) Defn: Spirit writing. PSYCHOLOGIC; PSYCHOLOGICAL Psy`cho*log"ic, Psy`cho*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. psychologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to psychology. See Note under Psychic. -- Psy`cho*log"ic*al*ly, adv. PSYCHOLOGIST Psy*chol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. psychologiste.] Defn: One who is versed in, devoted to, psychology. PSYCHOLOGUE Psy"cho*logue, n. Defn: A psychologist. PSYCHOLOGY Psy*chol"o*gy, n. pl. Psychologies (. Etym: [Psycho- + -logy: cf. F. psychologie. See Psychical.] Defn: The science of the human soul; specifically, the systematic or scientific knowledge of the powers and functions of the human soul, so far as they are known by consciousness; a treatise on the human soul. Psychology, the science conversant about the phenomena of the mind, or conscious subject, or self. Sir W. Hamilton. PSYCHOMACHY Psy*chom"a*chy, n. Etym: [L. psychomachia, fr. Gr. Defn: A conflict of the soul with the body. PSYCHOMANCY Psy"cho*man`cy, n. Etym: [Psycho- + -mancy: cf. F. psychomancie.] Defn: Necromancy. PSYCHOMETRY Psy*chom"e*try, n. Etym: [Psycho- + -metry.] (Physiol.) Defn: The art of measuring the duration of mental processes, or of determining the time relations of mental phenomena. -- Psy`cho*met"ric, a. PSYCHO-MOTOR Psy`cho-mo"tor, a. Etym: [Psycho- + motor.] Defn: Of or pertaining to movement produced by action of the mind or will. PSYCHOPANNYCHISM Psy"cho*pan"ny*chism, n. Etym: [Psycho- + Gr. (Theol.) Defn: The doctrine that the soul falls asleep at death, and does not wake until the resurrection of the body. -- Psy`cho*pan"ny*chism, n. PSYCHOPATHY Psy*chop"a*thy, n. Etym: [Psycho- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: Mental disease. See Psychosis, 2. -- Psy`cho*path"ic, a. -- Psy*chop"a*thist, n. PSYCHOPHYSICAL Psy`cho*phys"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to psychophysics; involving the action or mutual relations of the psychical and physical in man. Psychophysical time (Physiol.), the time required for the mind to transform a sensory impression into a motor impulse. It is an important part of physiological or reaction time. See under Reaction. PSYCHOPHYSICS Psy`cho*phys"ics, n. Etym: [Psycho- + physics.] Defn: The science of the connection between nerve action and consciousness; the science which treats of the relations of the psychical and physical in their conjoint operation in man; the doctrine of the relation of function or dependence between body and soul. PSYCHOPOMP Psy"cho*pomp, n. Etym: [Gr. psychopompe.] (Myth.) Defn: A leader or guide of souls . J. Fiske. PSYCHOSIS Psy*cho"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Psycho-.] 1. Any vital action or activity. Mivart. 2. (Med.) Defn: A disease of the mind; especially, a functional mental disorder, that is, one unattended with evident organic changes. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTICS Psy`cho*ther`a*peu"tics, n. [Psycho- + therapeutics.] (Med.) Defn: The treatment of disease by acting on the mind, as by suggestion; mind cure; psychotherapy. PSYCHOTHERAPY Psy`cho*ther"a*py, n. [Psycho-+ therapy.] (Med.) Defn: Psychotherapeutics. PSYCHOZOIC Psy`cho*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Psycho- + Gr. (Geol.) Defn: Designating, or applied to the Era of man; as, the psychozoic era. PSYCHROMETER Psy*chrom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. psychro`s cold + -meter: cf. F. psychromètre.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the tension of the aqueous vapor in the atmosphere, being essentially a wet and dry bulb hygrometer. PSYCHROMETRICAL Psy`chro*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the psychrometer or psychrometry. PSYCHROMETRY Psy*chrom"e*try, n. Defn: Hygrometry. PSYLLA Psyl"la, n.; pl. Psyllæ. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any leaping plant louse of the genus Psylla, or family Psyllidæ. PTARMIGAN Ptar"mi*gan, n. Etym: [Gael. tarmachan; cf. Ir. tarmochan, tarmonach.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any grouse of the genus Lagopus, of which numerous species are known. The feet are completely feathered. Most of the species are brown in summer, but turn white, or nearly white, in winter. Note: They chiefly inhabit the northern countries and high mountains of Europe, Asia, and America. The common European species is Lagopus mutus. The Scotch grouse, red grouse, or moor fowl (L. Scoticus), is reddish brown, and does not turn white in winter. The white, or willow, ptarmigan (L. albus) is found in both Europe and America. PTENOGLOSSA Pte`no*glos"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of gastropod mollusks having the teeth of the radula arranged in long transverse rows, somewhat like the barbs of a feather. PTENOGLOSSATE Pte`no*glos"sate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ptenoglossa. PTERANODON Pte*ran"o*don, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of American Cretaceous pterodactyls destitute of teeth. Several species are known, some of which had an expanse of wings of twenty feet or more. PTERANODONTIA Pte*ran`o*don"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: A group of pterodactyls destitute of teeth, as in the genus Pteranodon. PTERICHTHYS Pte*rich"thys, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of Devonian fossil fishes with winglike appendages. The head and most of the body were covered with large bony plates. See Placodermi. PTERIDOLOGIST Pter`i*dol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who is versed in pteridology. PTERIDOLOGY Pter`i*dol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: That department of botany which treats of ferns. PTERIDOMANIA Pter`i*do*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Gr. mania.] Defn: A madness, craze, or strong fancy, for ferns. [R.] C. Kingsley. PTERIDOPHYTA Pter`i*doph"y*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A class of flowerless plants, embracing ferns, horsetails, club mosses, quillworts, and other like plants. See the Note under Cryptogamia. -- Pter"i*do*phyte`, n. Note: This is a modern term, devised to replace the older ones acrogens and vascular Cryptogamia. PTEROBRANCHIA Pter`o*bran"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of marine Bryozoa, having a bilobed lophophore and an axial cord. The genus Rhabdopleura is the type. Called also Podostomata. See Rhabdopleura. PTEROCERAS Pte*roc"e*ras, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large marine gastropods having the outer border of the lip divided into lobes; -- called also scorpion shell. PTEROCLETES Pter`o*cle"tes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr Pterocles, the typical genus, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of birds including the sand grouse. They are in some respects intermediate between the pigeons and true grouse. Called also Pteroclomorphæ. PTERODACTYL Pter`o*dac"tyl, n. Etym: [Gr. ptérodactyle.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct flying reptile; one of the Pterosauria. See Illustration in Appendix. PTERODACTYLI Pter`o*dac"ty*li, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: Same as Pterosauria. PTEROGLOSSAL Pter`o*glos"sal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the tongue finely notched along the sides, so as to have a featherlike appearance, as the toucans. PTERON Pte"ron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The region of the skull, in the temporal fossa back of the orbit, where the great wing of the sphenoid, the temporal, the parietal, and the frontal hones approach each other. PTEROPAPPI Pter`o*pap"pi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zool.) Defn: Same as Odontotormæ. PTEROPHORE Pter"o*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any moth of the genus Pterophorus and allied genera; a plume moth. See Plume moth, under Plume. PTEROPOD Pter"o*pod, n. Etym: [Gr. ptéropode.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Pteropoda. PTEROPODA Pte*rop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of Mollusca in which the anterior lobes of the foot are developed in the form of broad, thin, winglike organs, with which they swim at near the surface of the sea. Note: The Pteropoda are divided into two orders: Cymnosomata, which have the body entirely naked and the head distinct from the wings; and Thecosomata, which have a delicate transparent shell of various forms, and the head not distinct from the wings. PTEROPODOUS Pte*rop"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Pteropoda. PTEROSAUR Pter"o*saur, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A pterodactyl. PTEROSAURIA Pter`o*sau"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct order of flying reptiles of the Mesozoic age; the pterodactyls; -- called also Pterodactyli, and Ornithosauria. Note: The wings were formed, like those of bats, by a leathery expansion of the skin, principally supported by the greatly enlarged outer or " little" fingers of the hands. The American Cretaceous pterodactyls had no teeth. See Pteranodontia, and Pterodactyl. PTEROSAURIAN Pter`o*sau"ri*an, a. (Paleon.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Pterosauria. PTEROSTIGMA Pter`o*stig"ma, n.; pl. Pterostigmata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A thickened opaque spot on the wings of certain insects. PTEROTIC Pte*ro"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to, or designating, a bone between the proötic and epiotic in the dorsal and outer part of the periotic capsule of many fishes. -- n. Defn: The pterotic bone. Note: The pterotic bone is so called because fancied in some cases to resemble in form a bird's wing PTERYGIUM Pte*ryg"i*um, n.; pl. E. Pterygiums, L. Pterygia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A superficial growth of vascular tissue radiating in a fanlike manner from the cornea over the surface of the eye. PTERYGOID Pter"y*goid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Anat.) (a) Like a bird's wing in form; as, a pterygoid bone. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the pterygoid bones, pterygoid processes, or the whole sphenoid bone. -- n. Defn: A pterygoid bone. Pterygoid bone (Anat.), a bone which corresponds to the inner plate of the pterygoid process of the human skull, but which, in all vertebrates below mammals, is not connected with the posterior nares, but serves to connect the palatine bones with the point of suspension of the lower jaw. -- Pterygoid process (Anat.), a process projecting downward from either side of the sphenoid bone, in man divided into two plates, an inner and an outer. The posterior nares pass through the space, called the pterygoid fossa, between the processes. PTERYGOMAXILLARY Pter`y*go*max"il*la*ry, a. Etym: [Pterygoid + maxillary.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the inner pterygoid plate, or pterygoid bone, and the lower jaw. PTERYGOPALATINE Pter`y*go*pal"a*tine, a. Etym: [Pterygoid + palatine.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pterygoid processes and the palatine bones. PTERYGOPODIUM Pter`y*go*po"di*um, n.; pl. Pterygopodia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A specially modified part of the ventral fin in male elasmobranchs, which serves as a copulatory organ, or clasper. PTERYGOQUADRATE Pter`y*go*quad"rate, a. Etym: [Pterygoid + quadrate.] (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or representing the pterygoid and quadrate bones or cartilages. PTERYLA Pte*ry"la, n.; pl. Pterylæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the definite areas of the skin of a bird on which feathers grow; -- contrasted with apteria. PTERYLOGRAPHY Pter`y*log"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Pteryla + -graphy.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The study or description of the arrangement of feathers, or of the pterylæ, of birds. PTERYLOSIS Pter`y*lo"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. NL. & E. pteryla.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The arrangement of feathers in definite areas. PTILOCERQUE Ptil"o*cerque, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zool.) Defn: The pentail. PTILOPAEDES Ptil`o*pæ"des, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Dasypædes. PTILOPAEDIC Ptil`o*pæd"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having nearly the whole surface of the skin covered with down; dasypædic; -- said of the young of certain birds. PTILOPTERI Pti*lop"te*ri, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of birds including only the penguins. PTILOSIS Pti*lo"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pterylosis. PTISAN Ptis"an, n. Etym: [L. ptisana peeled barley, barley water, Gr. ptisane, tisane.] 1. A decoction of barley with other ingredients; a farinaceous drink. 2. (Med.) Defn: An aqueous medicine, containing little, if any, medicinal agent; a tea or tisane. PTOLEMAIC Ptol`e*ma"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Ptolemy, the geographer and astronomer. Ptolemaic system (Astron.), the system maintained by Ptolemy, who supposed the earth to be fixed in the center of the universe, with the sun and stars revolving around it. This theory was received for ages, until superseded by the Copernican system. PTOLEMAIST Ptol"e*ma`ist, n. Defn: One who accepts the astronomical system of Ptolemy. PTOMAINE Pto"ma*ine, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: One of a class of animal bases or alkaloids formed in the putrefaction of various kinds of albuminous matter, and closely related to the vegetable alkaloids; a cadaveric poison. The ptomaines, as a class, have their origin in dead matter, by which they are to be distinguished from the leucomaines. PTOSIS Pto"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Drooping of the upper eyelid, produced by paralysis of its levator muscle. PTYALIN Pty"a*lin, n. Etym: [Gr. Ptyalism.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An unorganized amylolytic ferment, on enzyme, present in human mixed saliva and in the saliva of some animals. PTYALISM Pty"a*lism, n. Etym: [Gr. ptyalisme.] Defn: Salivation, or an excessive flow of saliva. Quain. PTYALOGOGUE Pty*al"o*gogue, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A ptysmagogue. PTYSMAGOGUE Ptys"ma*gogue, n. Etym: [Gr. ptysmagogue.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine that promotes the discharge of saliva. PTYXIS Ptyx"is, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The way in which a leaf is sometimes folded in the bud. PUBBLE Pub"ble, a. Etym: [Perhaps fr. bubble.] Defn: Puffed out, pursy; pudgy; fat. [Obs.] Drant. PUBERAL Pu"ber*al, a. Etym: [From L. puber, pubes, grown up, adult.] Defn: Of or pertaining to puberty. PUBERTY Pu"ber*ty, n. Etym: [L. pubertas, fr. puber, pubes, adult: cf. F. puberté.] 1. The earliest age at which persons are capable of begetting or bearing children, usually considered, in temperate climates, to be about fourteen years in males and twelve in females. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The period when a plant first bears flowers. PUBERULENT Pu*ber"u*lent, a. Etym: [See Pubis.] (Bot.) Defn: Very minutely downy. PUBES Pu"bes, n. Etym: [L., the hair which appears on the body at puberty, from pubes adult.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The hair which appears upon the lower part of the hypogastric region at the age of puberty. (b) Hence (as more commonly used), the lower part of the hypogastric region; the pubic region. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The down of plants; a downy or villous substance which grows on plants; pubescence. PUBESCENCE Pu*bes"cence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pubescence.] 1. The quality or state of being pubescent, or of having arrived at puberty. Sir T. Browne. 2. A covering of soft short hairs, or down, as one some plants and insects; also, the state of being so covered. PUBESCENCY Pu*bes"cen*cy, n. Defn: Pubescence. PUBESCENT Pu*bes"cent, a. Etym: [L. pubescens, -entis, p. pr. of pubescere to reach puberty, to grow hairy or mossy, fr. pubes pubes: cf. F. pubescent.] 1. Arrived at puberty. That . . . the men (are) pubescent at the age of twice seven, is accounted a punctual truth. Sir T. Browne. 2. Covered with pubescence, or fine short hairs, as certain insects, and the leaves of some plants. PUBIC Pu"bic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pubes; in the region of the pubes; as, the pubic bone; the pubic region, or the lower part of the hypogastric region. See Pubes. (b) Of or pertaining to the pubis. PUBIS Pu"bis, n. Etym: [NL. See Pubes.] (Anat.) Defn: The ventral and anterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis; sharebone; pubic bone. PUBLIC Pub"lic, a. Etym: [L. publicus, poblicus, fr. populus people: cf. F. public. See People.] 1. Of or pertaining to the people; belonging to the people; relating to, or affecting, a nation, state, or community; -- opposed to private; as, the public treasury. To the public good Private respects must yield. Milton. He [Alexander Hamilton] touched the dead corpse of the public credit, and it sprung upon its feet. D. Webster. 2. Open to the knowledge or view of all; general; common; notorious; as, public report; public scandal. Joseph, . . . not willing to make her a public example, was minded to put her away privily. Matt. i. 19. 3. Open to common or general use; as, a public road; a public house. "The public street." Shak. Public act or statute (Law), an act or statute affecting matters of public concern. Of such statutes the courts take judicial notice. -- Public credit. See under Credit. -- Public funds. See Fund, 3. -- Public house, an inn, or house of entertainment. -- Public law. (a) See International law, under International. (b) A public act or statute. -- Public nuisance. (Law) See under Nuisance. -- Public orator. (Eng. Universities) See Orator, 3. -- Public stores, military and naval stores, equipments, etc. -- Public works, all fixed works built by civil engineers for public use, as railways, docks, canals, etc.; but strictly, military and civil engineering works constructed at the public cost. PUBLIC Pub"lic, n. 1. The general body of mankind, or of a nation, state, or community; the people, indefinitely; as, the American public; also, a particular body or aggregation of people; as, an author's public. The public is more disposed to censure than to praise. Addison. 2. A public house; an inn. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. In public, openly; before an audience or the people at large; not in private or secrecy. "We are to speak in public." Shak. PUBLICAN Pub"li*can, n. Etym: [L. publicanus: cf. F. publicain. See Public.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A farmer of the taxes and public revenues; hence, a collector of toll or tribute. The inferior officers of this class were often oppressive in their exactions, and were regarded with great detestation. As Jesus at meat . . . many publicans and sinners came and sat down with him and his disciples. Matt. 1x. 10. How like a fawning publican he looks! Shak. 2. The keeper of an inn or public house; one licensed to retail beer, spirits, or wine. PUBLICATION Pub`li*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. publicatio confiscation: cf. F. publication. See Publish.] 1. The act of publishing or making known; notification to the people at large, either by words, writing, or printing; proclamation; divulgation; promulgation; as, the publication of the law at Mount Sinai; the publication of the gospel; the publication of statutes or edicts. 2. The act of offering a book, pamphlet, engraving, etc., to the public by sale or by gratuitous distribution. The publication of these papers was not owing to our folly, but that of others. Swift. 3. That which is published or made known; especially, any book, pamphlet, etc., offered for sale or to public notice; as, a daily or monthly publication. 4. An act done in public. [R. & Obs.] His jealousy . . . attends the business, the recreations, the publications, and retirements of every man. Jer. Taylor. Publication of a libel (Law), such an exhibition of a libel as brings it to the notice of at least one person other than the person libeled. -- Publication of a will (Law), the delivery of a will, as his own, by a testator to witnesses who attest it. PUBLIC-HEARTED Pub"lic-heart`ed, a. Defn: Public-spirited. [R.] PUBLICIST Pub"li*cist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. publiciste.] Defn: A writer on the laws of nature and nations; one who is versed in the science of public right, the principles of government, etc. The Whig leaders, however, were much more desirous to get rid of Episcopacy than to prove themselves consummate publicists and logicians. Macaulay. PUBLICITY Pub*lic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. publicité.] Defn: The quality or state of being public, or open to the knowledge of a community; notoriety; publicness. PUBLICITY PAMPHLET Publicity pamphlet. Defn: A pamphlet which, in some States of the United States having the initiative or referendum, is mailed to the voters to inform them as to the nature of a measure submitted by the initiative or referendum. The pamphlet contains a copy of the proposed law and arguments for and against it by those favoring and opposing it, respectively. PUBLICLY Pub"lic*ly, adv. 1. With exposure to popular view or notice; without concealment; openly; as, property publicly offered for sale; an opinion publicly avowed; a declaration publicly made. 2. In the name of the community. Addison. PUBLIC-MINDED Pub"lic-mind`ed, a. Defn: Public-spirited. -- Pub"lic-mind`ed*ness, n. PUBLICNESS Pub"lic*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being public, or open to the view or notice of people at large; publicity; notoriety; as, the publicness of a sale. 2. The quality or state of belonging to the community; as, the publicness of property. Boyle. PUBLIC SCHOOL Public school. (a) In Great Britain, any of various schools maintained by the community, wholly or partly under public control, or maintained largely by endowment and not carried on chiefly for profit; specif., and commonly, any of various select and usually expensive endowed schools which give a liberal modern education or prepare pupils for the universities. Eton, Harrow, Rugby, and Winchester are of this class. (b) In the United States, a free primary, grammar, or high school maintained by the local government. PUBLIC-SERVICE CORPORATION; QUASI-PUBLIC CORPORATION Public-service corporation or sometimes Quasi-public corporation. Defn: A corporation, such as a railroad company, lighting company, water company, etc., organized or chartered to follow a public calling or to render services more or less essential to the general public convenience or safety. PUBLIC-SPIRITED Pub"lic-spir`it*ed, a. 1. Having, or exercising, a disposition to advance the interest of the community or public; as, public-spirited men. 2. Dictated by a regard to public good; as, a public-spirited project or measure. Addison. -- Pub"lic-spir`it*ed*ly, adv. -- Pub"lic-spir`it*ed*ness, n. PUBLISH Pub"lish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Published; p. pr. & vb. n. Publishing.] Etym: [F. publier, L. publicare, publicatum. See Public, and -ish.] 1. To make public; to make known to mankind, or to people in general; to divulge, as a private transaction; to promulgate or proclaim, as a law or an edict. Published was the bounty of her name. Chaucer. The unwearied sun, from day to day, Does his Creator's power display, And publishes to every land The work of an almighty hand. Addison. 2. To make known by posting, or by reading in a church; as, to publish banns of marriage. 3. To send forth, as a book, newspaper, musical piece, or other printed work, either for sale or for general distribution; to print, and issue from the press. 4. To utter, or put into circulation; as, to publish counterfeit paper. [U.S.] To publish a will (Law), to acknowledge it before the witnesses as the testator's last will and testament. Syn. -- To announce; proclaim; advertise; declare; promulgate; disclose; divulge; reveal. See Announce. PUBLISHABLE Pub"lish*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being published; suitable for publication. PUBLISHER Pub"lish*er, n. Defn: One who publishes; as, a publisher of a book or magazine. For love of you, not hate unto my friend, Hath made me publisher of this pretense. Shak. PUBLISHMENT Pub"lish*ment, n. 1. The act or process of making publicly known; publication. 2. A public notice of intended marriage, required by the laws of some States. [U.S.] PUCCOON Puc*coon", n. Etym: [From the American Indian name.] (Bot.) Defn: Any one of several plants yielding a red pigment which is used by the North American Indians, as the bloodroot and two species of Lithospermum (L. hirtum, and L. canescens); also, the pigment itself. PUCE Puce, a. Etym: [F., fr. puce a flea, L. pulex, pulicis.] Defn: Of a dark brown or brownish purple color. PUCEL Pu"cel, n. Defn: See Pucelle. [Obs.] PUCELAGE Pu"cel*age (; 48), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Virginity. [R.] PUCELLE Pu*celle", n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. pulicella, fr. L. pullus a young animal. See Pullet.] Defn: A maid; a virgin. [Written also pucel.] [Obs.] Lady or pucelle, that wears mask or fan. B. Jonson. La Pucelle, the Maid of Orleans, Joan of Arc. PUCERON Pu"ce*ron, n. Etym: [F., from puce a flea. See Puce.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any plant louse, or aphis. PUCHERITE Pu"cher*ite, n. Etym: [So named from the Pucher Mine, in Saxony.] (Min.) Defn: Vanadate of bismuth, occurring in minute reddish brown crystals. PUCK Puck, n. Etym: [OE. pouke; cf. OSw. puke, Icel. puki an evil demon, W. pwca a hobgoblin. Cf. Poker a bugbear, Pug.] 1. (Mediæval Myth.) Defn: A celebrated fairy, "the merry wanderer of the night;" -- called also Robin Goodfellow, Friar Rush, Pug, etc. Shak. He meeteth Puck, whom most men call Hobgoblin, and on him doth fall. Drayton. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The goatsucker. [Prov. Eng.] PUCKA Puck"a, a. [Written also pukka.] [Hind. pakka cooked, ripe, solid.] Defn: Good of its kind; -- variously used as implying substantial, real, fixed, sure, etc., and specif., of buildings, made of brick and mortar. [India] It's pukka famine, by the looks of it. Kipling. PUCKBALL Puck"ball`, n. Etym: [Puck + ball.] Defn: A puffball. PUCKER Puck"er, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Puckered; p. pr. & vb. n. Puckering.] Etym: [From Poke a pocket, small bag.] Defn: To gather into small folds or wrinkles; to contract into ridges and furrows; to corrugate; -- often with up; as, to pucker up the mouth. "His skin [was] puckered up in wrinkles." Spectator. PUCKER Puck"er, n. 1. A fold; a wrinkle; a collection of folds. 2. A state of perplexity or anxiety; confusion; bother; agitation. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] PUCKERER Puck"er*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, puckers. PUCKERY Puck"er*y, a. 1. Producing, or tending to produce, a pucker; as, a puckery taste. Lowell. 2. Inclined to become puckered or wrinkled; full of puckers or wrinkles. PUCKFIST Puck"fist`, n. Defn: A puffball. PUCKISH Puck"ish, a. Etym: [From Puck.] Defn: Resembling Puck; merry; mischievous. "Puckish freaks." J. R. Green. PUCRAS Pu"cras, n. Etym: [From a native name in India.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Koklass. PUD Pud, n. Defn: Same as Pood. PUD Pud, n. Defn: The hand; the first. [Colloq.] Lamb. PUDDENING Pud"den*ing, n. Etym: [Probably fr. pudden, for pudding, in allusion to its softness.] (Naut.) (a) A quantity of rope-yarn, or the like, placed, as a fender, on the bow of a boat. (b) A bunch of soft material to prevent chafing between spars, or the like. PUDDER Pud"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puddered; p. pr. & vb. n. Puddering.] Etym: [Cf. Pother.] Defn: To make a tumult or bustle; to splash; to make a pother or fuss; to potter; to meddle. Puddering in the designs or doings of others. Barrow. Others pudder into their food with their broad nebs. Holland. PUDDER Pud"der, v. t. Defn: To perplex; to embarrass; to confuse; to bother; as, to pudder a man. Locke. PUDDER Pud"der, n. Defn: A pother; a tumult; a confused noise; turmoil; bustle. "All in a pudder." Milton. PUDDING Pud"ding, n. Etym: [Cf. F. boudin black pudding, sausage, L. botulus, botellus, a sausage, G. & Sw. pudding pudding, Dan. podding, pudding, LG. puddig thick, stumpy, W. poten, potten, also E. pod, pout, v.] 1. A species of food of a soft or moderately hard consistence, variously made, but often a compound of flour or meal, with milk and eggs, etc. And solid pudding against empty praise. Pope. 2. Anything resembling, or of the softness and consistency of, pudding. 3. An intestine; especially, an intestine stuffed with meat, etc.; a sausage. Shak. 4. Any food or victuals. Eat your pudding, slave, and hold your tongue. Prior. 5. (Naut.) Defn: Same as Puddening. Pudding grass (Bot.), the true pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium), formerly used to flavor stuffing for roast meat. Dr. Prior. -- Pudding pie, a pudding with meat baked in it. Taylor (1630). -- Pudding pipe (Bot.), the long, cylindrical pod of the leguminous tree Cassia Fistula. The seeds are separately imbedded in a sweetish pulp. See Cassia. -- Pudding sleeve, a full sleeve like that of the English clerical gown. Swift. -- Pudding stone. (Min.) See Conglomerate, n., 2. -- Pudding time. (a) The time of dinner, pudding being formerly the dish first eaten. [Obs.] Johnson. (b) The nick of time; critical time. [Obs.] Mars, that still protects the stout, In pudding time came to his aid. Hudibras. PUDDING FISH; PUDDING WIFE Pud"ding fish, Pudding wife. [Prob. corrupted fr. the Sp. name in Cuba, pudiano verde.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, handsomely colored, blue and bronze, labroid fish (Iridio, syn. Platyglossus, radiatus) of Florida, Bermuda, and the West Indies. Called also pudiano, doncella, and, at Bermuda, bluefish. PUDDING-HEADED Pud"ding-head`ed, a. Defn: Stupid. [Colloq.] PUDDLE Pud"dle, n. Etym: [OE. podel; cf. LG. pudel, Ir. & Gael. plod pool.] 1. A small quantity of dirty standing water; a muddy plash; a small pool. Spenser. 2. Clay, or a mixture of clay and sand, kneaded or worked, when wet, to render it impervious to water. Puddle poet, a low or worthless poet. [R.] Fuller. PUDDLE Pud"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Puddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Puddling.] 1. To make foul or muddy; to pollute with dirt; to mix dirt with (water). Some unhatched practice . . . Hath puddled his clear spirit. Shak. 2. (a) To make dense or close, as clay or loam, by working when wet, so as to render impervious to water. (b) To make impervious to liquids by means of puddle; to apply puddle to. 3. To subject to the process of puddling, as iron, so as to convert it from the condition of cast iron to that of wrought iron. Ure. Puddled steel, steel made directly from cast iron by a modification of the puddling process. PUDDLE Pud"dle, v. i. Defn: To make a dirty stir. [Obs.] R. Junius. PUDDLE-BALL Pud"dle-ball`, n. Defn: The lump of pasty wrought iron as taken from the puddling furnace to be hammered or rolled. PUDDLE-BAR Pud"dle-bar", n. Defn: An iron bar made at a single heat from a puddle-ball hammering and rolling. PUDDLER Pud"dler, n. Defn: One who converts cast iron into wrought iron by the process of puddling. PUDDLING Pud"dling, n. 1. (Hydraul. Engin.) (a) The process of working clay, loam, pulverized ore, etc., with water, to render it compact, or impervious to liquids; also, the process of rendering anything impervious to liquids by means of puddled material. (b) Puddle. See Puddle, n., 2. 2. (Metal.) Defn: The art or process of converting cast iron into wrought iron or steel by subjecting it to intense heat and frequent stirring in a reverberatory furnace in the presence of oxidizing substances, by which it is freed from a portion of its carbon and other impurities. Puddling furnace, a reverberatory furnace in which cast iron is converted into wrought iron or into steel by puddling. PUDDLY Pud"dly, a. Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, puddles; muddy; foul. "Thick puddly water." Carew. PUDDOCK Pud"dock, n. Etym: [For paddock, or parrock, a park.] Defn: A small inclosure. [Written also purrock.] [Prov. Eng.] PUDENCY Pu"den*cy, n. Etym: [L. pudens, p. pr. of pudere to be ashamed.] Defn: Modesty; shamefacedness. "A pudency so rosy." Shak. PUDENDA Pu*den"da, n. pl. Etym: [L., from pudendus that of which one ought to be ashamed, fr. pudere to be ashamed.] (Anat.) Defn: The external organs of generation. PUDENDAL Pu*den"dal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pudenda, or pudendum. PUDENDUM Pu*den"dum, n. Etym: [NL. See Pudenda.] (Anat.) Defn: The external organs of generation, especially of the female; the vulva. PUDGY Pudg"y, a. Defn: Short and fat or sturdy; dumpy; podgy; as, a short, pudgy little man; a pudgy little hand. Thackeray. PUDIC Pu"dic, a. Etym: [L.pudicus modest, fr. pudere to be ashamed: cf. F. pudique.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the external organs of generation. PUDICAL Pu"dic*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pudic. PUDICITY Pu*dic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pudicité, L. pudicitia.] Defn: Modesty; chastity. Howell. PUDU Pu"du, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very small deer (Pudua humilis), native of the Chilian Andes. It has simple spikelike antlers, only two or three inches long. PUE Pue v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pued; p. pr. & vb. n. Puing.] Defn: To make a low whistling sound; to chirp, as birds. Halliwell. PUEBLO Pueb"lo, n. Etym: [Sp., a village, L. populus people. See People.] Defn: A communistic building erected by certain Indian tribes of Arizona and New Mexico. It is often of large size and several stories high, and is usually built either of stone or adobe. The term is also applied to any Indian village in the same region. Pueblo Indians (Ethnol.), any tribe or community of Indians living in pueblos. The principal Pueblo tribes are the Moqui, the Zuñi, the Keran, and the Tewan. PUEFELLOW Pue"fel`low, n. Defn: A pewfellow. [Obs.] PUER Pu"er, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: The dung of dogs, used as an alkaline steep in tanning. Simmonds. PUERCO Pu*er"co, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A hog. Puerco beds (Geol.), a name given to certain strata belonging to the earliest Eocene. They are developed in Northwestern New Mexico, along the Rio Puerco, and are characterized by their mammalian remains. PUERILE Pu"er*ile, a. Etym: [L. puerilis, fr. puer a child, a boy: cf. F. puéril.] Defn: Boyish; childish; trifling; silly. The French have been notorious through generations for their puerile affectation of Roman forms, models, and historic precedents. De Quincey. Syn. -- Youthful; boyish; juvenile; childish; trifling; weak. See Youthful. PUERILELY Pu"er*ile*ly, adv. Defn: In a puerile manner; childishly. PUERILENESS Pu"er*ile*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being puerile; puerility. PUERILITY Pu`er*il"i*ty, n.; pl. Puerilities. Etym: [L. puerilitas: cf. F. puérilité.] 1. The quality of being puerile; childishness; puerileness. Sir T. Browne. 2. That which is puerile or childish; especially, an expression which is flat, insipid, or silly. PUERPERAL Pu*er"per*al, a. Etym: [L. puerpera a lying-in woman; puer child + parere to bear: cf. F. puerpéral.] Defn: Of or pertaining to childbirth; as, a puerperal fever. PUERPEROUS Pu*er"per*ous, a. Defn: Bearing children. [R.] PUET Pu"et, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pewit. PUFF Puff, n. Etym: [Akin to G. & Sw. puff a blow, Dan. puf, D. pof; of imitative origin. Cf. Buffet.] 1. A sudden and single emission of breath from the mouth; hence, any sudden or short blast of wind; a slight gust; a whiff. " To every puff of wind a slave." Flatman. 2. Anything light and filled with air. Specifically: (a) A puffball. (b) kind of light pastry. (c) A utensil of the toilet for dusting the skin or hair with powder. 3. An exaggerated or empty expression of praise, especially one in a public journal. Puff adder. (Zoöl.) (a) Any South African viper belonging to Clotho and allied genera. They are exceedingly venomous, and have the power of greatly distending their bodies when irritated. The common puff adder (Vipera, or Clotho, arietans) is the largest species, becoming over four feet long. The plumed puff adder (C. cornuta) has a plumelike appendage over each eye. (b) A North American harmless snake (Heterodon platyrrhinos) which has the power of puffing up its body. Called also hog-nose snake, flathead, spreading adder, and blowing adder. Puff bird (Zoöl.), any bird of the genus Bucco, or family Bucconidæ. They are small birds, usually with dull-colored and loose plumage, and have twelve tail feathers. See Barbet (b). PUFF Puff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Puffing.] Etym: [Akin to G. puffen to pop, buffet, puff, D. poffen to pop, puffen to blow, Sw. puffa to push, to cuff, Dan. puffe to pop, thump. See Puff, n.] 1. To blow in puffs, or with short and sudden whiffs. 2. To blow, as an expression of scorn; -- with at. It is really to defy Heaven to puff at damnation. South. 3. To breathe quick and hard, or with puffs, as after violent exertion. The ass comes back again, puffing and blowing, from the chase. L' Estrange. 4. To swell with air; to be dilated or inflated. Boyle. 5. To breathe in a swelling, inflated, or pompous manner; hence, to assume importance. Then came brave Glory puffing by. Herbert. PUFF Puff, v. t. 1. To drive with a puff, or with puffs. The clearing north will puff the clouds away. Dryden. 2. To repel with words; to blow at contemptuously. I puff the prostitute away. Dryden. 3. To cause to swell or dilate; to inflate; to ruffle with puffs; -- often with up; as a bladder puffed with air. The sea puffed up with winds. Shak. 4. To inflate with pride, flattery, self-esteem, or the like; -- often with up. Puffed up with military success. Jowett (Thucyd. ) 5. To praise with exaggeration; to flatter; to call public attention to by praises; to praise unduly. " Puffed with wonderful skill." Macaulay. PUFF Puff, a. Defn: Puffed up; vain. [R.] Fanshawe. PUFFBALL Puff"ball`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of ball-shaped fungus (Lycoperdon giganteum, and other species of the same genus) full of dustlike spores when ripe; -- called also bullfist, bullfice, puckfist, puff, and puffin. PUFFER Puff"er, n. 1. One who puffs; one who praises with noisy or extravagant commendation. 2. One who is employed by the owner or seller of goods sold at suction to bid up the price; a by-bidder. Bouvier. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any plectognath fish which inflates its body, as the species of Tetrodon and Diodon; -- called also blower, puff-fish, swellfish, and globefish. (b) The common, or harbor, porpoise. 4. (Dyeing) Defn: A kier. PUFFERY Puff"er*y, n. Defn: The act of puffing; bestowment of extravagant commendation. PUFFIN Puf"fin, n. Etym: [Akin to puff.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: An arctic sea bird Fratercula arctica) allied to the auks, and having a short, thick, swollen beak, whence the name; -- called also bottle nose, cockandy, coulterneb, marrot, mormon, pope, and sea parrot. Note: The name is also applied to other related species, as the horned puffin (F. corniculata), the tufted puffin (Lunda cirrhata), and the razorbill. Manx puffin, the Manx shearwater. See under Manx. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The puffball. 3. A sort of apple. [Obs.] Rider's Dict. (1640). PUFFINESS Puff"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being puffy. PUFFING Puff"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Puff, v. i. & t. Puffing adder. (Zoöl.) Same as Puff adder (b), under Puff. -- Puffing pig (Zoöl.), the common porpoise. PUFFINGLY Puff"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a puffing manner; with vehement breathing or shortness of breath; with exaggerated praise. PUFF-LEG Puff"-leg`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of beautiful humming birds of the genus Eriocnemis having large tufts of downy feathers on the legs. PUFF-LEGGED Puff"-legged`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a conspicuous tuft of feathers on the legs. PUFFY Puff"y, a. 1. Swelled with air, or any soft matter; tumid with a soft substance; bloated; fleshy; as, a puffy tumor. " A very stout, puffy man." Thackeray. 2. Hence, inflated; bombastic; as, a puffy style. PUG Pug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pugged; p. pr. & vb. n. Pugging.] Etym: [Cf. G. pucken to thump. beat.] 1. To mix and stir when wet, as clay for bricks, pottery, etc. 2. To fill or stop with clay by tamping; to fill in or spread with mortar, as a floor or partition, for the purpose of deadening sound. See Pugging, 2. PUG Pug, n. 1. Tempered clay; clay moistened and worked so as to be plastic. 2. A pug mill. Pug mill, a kind of mill for grinding and mixing clay, either for brickmaking or the fine arts; a clay mill. It consists essentially of an upright shaft armed with projecting knives, which is caused to revolve in a hollow cylinder, tub, or vat, in which the clay is placed. PUG Pug, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. puck. See Puck.] 1. An elf, or a hobgoblin; also same as Puck. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. A name for a monkey. [Colloq.] Addison. 3. A name for a fox. [Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley. 4. An intimate; a crony; a dear one. [Obs.] Lyly. 5. pl. Defn: Chaff; the refuse of grain. [Obs.] Holland. 6. A prostitute. [Obs.] Cotgrave. 7. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a small breed of pet dogs having a short nose and head; a pug dog. 8. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any geometrid moth of the genus Eupithecia. PUG-FACED Pug"-faced`, a. Defn: Having a face like a monkey or a pug; monkey-faced. PUGGAREE Pug"ga*ree, n. Defn: Same as Puggry. PUGGER Pug"ger, v. t. Defn: To pucker. [Obs.] PUGGERED Pug"gered, a. Defn: Puckered. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. PUGGING Pug"ging, n. Etym: [See Pug, v. t.] 1. The act or process of working and tempering clay to make it plastic and of uniform consistency, as for bricks, for pottery, etc. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Mortar or the like, laid between the joists under the boards of a floor, or within a partition, to deaden sound; -- in the United States usually called deafening. PUGGING Pug"ging, a. Defn: Thieving. [Obs.] Shak. PUGGRY; PUGGREE Pug"gry, Pug"gree, n. [Written also puggaree, puggeree, etc.] [Hind. pagrsi turban.] Defn: A light scarf wound around a hat or helmet to protect the head from the sun. [India] Yule. A blue-gray felt hat with a gold puggaree. Kipling. PUGH Pugh, interj. Defn: Pshaw! pish! -- a word used in contempt or disdain. PUGIL Pu"gil, n. Etym: [L. pugillus, pugillum, a handful, akin to pugnus the fist.] Defn: As much as is taken up between the thumb and two first fingers. [Obs.] Bacon. PUGILISM Pu"gil*ism, n. Etym: [L. pugil a pugilist, boxer, akin to pugnus the fist. Cf. Pugnacious, Fist.] Defn: The practice of boxing, or fighting with the fist. PUGILIST Pu"gil*ist, n. Etym: [L. pugil.] Defn: One who fights with his fists; esp., a professional prize fighter; a boxer. PUGILISTIC Pu`gil*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pugillism. PUGNACIOUS Pug*na"cious, a. Etym: [L. pugnax, -acis, fr. pugnare to fight. Cf. Pugilism, Fist.] Defn: Disposed to fight; inclined to fighting; quarrelsome; fighting. --Pug*na"cious*ly, adv. -- Pug*na"cious*ness, n. PUGNACITY Pug*nac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. pugnacitas: cf. F. pugnacité.] Defn: Inclination or readiness to fight; quarrelsomeness. " A national pugnacity of character." Motley. PUG NOSE Pug" nose`. Defn: A short, thick nose; a snubnose. -- Pug"-nosed`, a. Pug-nose eel (Zoöl.), a deep-water marine eel (Simenchelys parasiticus) which sometimes burrows into the flesh of the halibut. PUH Puh, interj. Defn: The same as Pugh. PUISNE Puis"ne (pu"ny), a. Etym: [See Puny.] 1. Later in age, time, etc.; subsequent. [Obs.] " A puisne date to eternity." Sir M. Hale. 2. Puny; petty; unskilled. [Obs.] 3. (Law) Defn: Younger or inferior in rank; junior; associate; as, a chief justice and three puisne justices of the Court of Common Pleas; the puisne barons of the Court of Exchequer. Blackstone. PUISNE Puis"ne, n. Defn: One who is younger, or of inferior rank; a junior; esp., a judge of inferior rank. It were not a work for puisnes and novices. Bp. Hall. PUISNY Puis"ny, a. Defn: Puisne; younger; inferior; petty; unskilled. [R.] A puisny tilter, that spurs his horse but on one side. Shak. PUISSANCE Pu"is*sance, n. Etym: [F., fr.puissant. See Puissant, and cf. Potency, Potance, Potence.] Defn: Power; strength; might; force; potency. " Youths of puissance." Tennyson. The power and puissance of the king. Shak. Note: In Spenser, Shakespeare, and Milton, puissance and puissant are usually dissyllables. PUISSANT Pu"is*sant, a. Etym: [F., originally, a p. pr. formed fr. L. posse to be able: cf. L. potens powerful. See Potent.] Defn: Powerful; strong; mighty; forcible; as, a puissant prince or empire. " Puissant deeds." Milton. Of puissant nations which the world possessed. Spenser. And worldlings in it are less merciful, And more puissant. Mrs. Browning. PUISSANTLY Pu"is*sant*ly, adv. Defn: In a puissant manner; powerfully; with great strength. PUISSANTNESS Pu"is*sant*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being puissant; puissance; power. PUIT Puit, n. Etym: [F. puits, from L. puteus well.] Defn: A well; a small stream; a fountain; a spring. [Obs.] The puits flowing from the fountain of life. Jer. Taylor. PUKE Puke, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puked; p. pr. & vb. n. Puking.] Etym: [Cf. G. spucken to spit, and E. spew.] Defn: To eject the contests of the stomach; to vomit; to spew. The infant Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms. Shak. PUKE Puke, v. t. Defn: To eject from the stomach; to vomit up. PUKE Puke, n. Defn: A medicine that causes vomiting; an emetic; a vomit. PUKE Puke, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Of a color supposed to be between black and russet. Shak. Note: This color has by some been regarded as the same with puce; but Nares questions the identity. PUKER Puk"er, n. 1. One who pukes, vomits. 2. That which causes vomiting. Garth . PUKKA Puk"ka, a. Defn: Same as Pucka. [India] PULAS Pu"las, n. Etym: [Skr. palaça.] (Bot.) Defn: The East Indian leguminous tree Butea frondosa. See Gum Butea, under Gum. [Written also pales and palasa.] PULCHRITUDE Pul"chri*tude, n. Etym: [L. pulchritudo, fr. pulcher beautiful.] 1. That quality of appearance which pleases the eye; beauty; comeliness; grace; loveliness. Piercing our heartes with thy pulchritude. Court of Love. 2. Attractive moral excellence; moral beauty. By the pulchritude of their souls make up what is wanting in the beauty of their bodies. Ray. PULE Pule, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puled; p. pr. & vb. n. Puling.] Etym: [F. piauler; cf. L. pipilare, pipire, to peep, pip, chirp, and E. peep to chirp.] 1. To cry like a chicken. Bacon. 2. To whimper; to whine, as a complaining child. It becometh not such a gallant to whine and pule. Barrow. PULER Pul"er, n. Defn: One who pules; one who whines or complains; a weak person. PULEX Pu"lex, n. Etym: [L., a flea.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of parasitic insects including the fleas. See Flea. PULICENE Pu"li*cene, a. Etym: [From L. pulex, pulicis, a flea.] Defn: Pertaining to, or abounding in, fleas; pulicose. PULICOSE; PULICOUS Pu"li*cose`, Pu"li*cous, a. Etym: [L. pulicosus, from pulex, a flea.] Defn: Abounding with fleas. PULING Pul"ing, n. Defn: A cry, as of a chicken,; a whining or whimpering. Leave this faint puling and lament as I do. Shak. PULING Pul"ing, a. Defn: Whimpering; whining; childish. PULINGLY Pul"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With whining or complaint. PULKHA Pulk"ha, n. Defn: A Laplander's traveling sledge. See Sledge. PULL Pull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pulled; p. pr. & vb. n. Pulling.] Etym: [AS. pullian; cf. LG. pulen, and Gael. peall, piol, spiol.] 1. To draw, or attempt to draw, toward one; to draw forcibly. Ne'er pull your hat upon your brows. Shak. He put forth his hand . . . and pulled her in. Gen. viii. 9. 2. To draw apart; to tear; to rend. He hath turned aside my ways, and pulled me in pieces; he hath made me desolate. Lam. iii. 11. 3. To gather with the hand, or by drawing toward one; to pluck; as, to pull fruit; to pull flax; to pull a finch. 4. To move or operate by the motion of drawing towards one; as, to pull a bell; to pull an oar. 5. (Horse Racing) Defn: To hold back, and so prevent from winning; as, the favorite was pulled. 6. (Print.) Defn: To take or make, as a proof or impression; -- hand presses being worked by pulling a lever. 7. (Cricket) Defn: To strike the ball in a particular manner. See Pull, n., 8. Never pull a straight fast ball to leg. R. H. Lyttelton. To pull and haul, to draw hither and thither. " Both are equally pulled and hauled to do that which they are unable to do. " South. -- To pull down, to demolish; to destroy; to degrade; as, to pull down a house. " In political affairs, as well as mechanical, it is easier to pull down than build up." Howell. " To raise the wretched, and pull down the proud." Roscommon. To pull a finch. See under Finch. To pull off, take or draw off. PULL Pull, v. i. Defn: To exert one's self in an act or motion of drawing or hauling; to tug; as, to pull at a rope. To pull apart, to become separated by pulling; as, a rope will pull apart. -- To pull up, to draw the reins; to stop; to halt. To pull through, to come successfully to the end of a difficult undertaking, a dangerous sickness, or the like. PULL Pull, n. 1. The act of pulling or drawing with force; an effort to move something by drawing toward one. I awakened with a violent pull upon the ring which was fastened at the top of my box. Swift. 2. A contest; a struggle; as, a wrestling pull. Carew. 3. A pluck; loss or violence suffered. [Poetic] Two pulls at once; His lady banished, and a limb lopped off. Shak. 4. A knob, handle, or lever, etc., by which anything is pulled; as, a drawer pull; a bell pull. 5. The act of rowing; as, a pull on the river. [Colloq.] 6. The act of drinking; as, to take a pull at the beer, or the mug. [Slang] Dickens. 7. Something in one's favor in a comparison or a contest; an advantage; means of influencing; as, in weights the favorite had the pull. [Slang] 8. (Cricket) Defn: A kind of stroke by which a leg ball is sent to the off side, or an off ball to the side. The pull is not a legitimate stroke, but bad cricket. R. A. Proctor. PULLAIL Pul"lail, n. Etym: [F. poulaille.] Defn: Poultry. [Obs.] Rom. of R. PULLBACK Pull"back`, n. 1. That which holds back, or causes to recede; a drawback; a hindrance. 2. (Arch) Defn: The iron hook fixed to a casement to pull it shut, or to hold it party open at a fixed point. PULLDEVIL Pull"dev`il, n. Defn: A number of fishhooks rigidly fastened back to be pulled through the water to catch fish. PULLED Pulled a. Defn: Plucked; pilled; moulting. " A pulled hen." Chaucer. PULLEN Pul"len, n. Etym: [Cf. L. pullinus belonging to young animals. See Pullet.] Defn: Poultry. [Obs.] PULLER Pull"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, pulls. Proud setter up and puller down of kings. Shak. PULLET Pul"let, n. Etym: [OE. polete, OF. polete, F. poulette, dim. of poule a hen, fr. L. pullus a young animal, a young fowl. See Foal, and cf. Poult, Poultry, Pool stake.] Defn: A young hen, or female of the domestic fowl. Pullet sperm, the treadle of an egg. [Obs.] Shak. PULLEY Pul"ley, n.; pl. Pulleys. Etym: [F. poulie, perhaps of Teutonic origin (cf. Poll, b. t.); but cf. OE. poleine, polive, pulley, LL. polanus, and F. poulain, properly, a colt, fr. L. pullus young animal, foal (cf. Pullet, Foal). For the change of sense, cf. F. poutre beam, originally, a filly, and E. easel.] (Mach.) Defn: A wheel with a broad rim, or grooved rim, for transmitting power from, or imparting power to, the different parts of machinery, or for changing the direction of motion, by means of a belt, cord, rope, or chain. Note: The pulley, as one of the mechanical powers, consists, in its simplest form, of a grooved wheel, called a sheave, turning within a movable frame or block, by means of a cord or rope attached at one end to a fixed point. The force, acting on the free end of the rope, is thus doubled, but can move the load through only half the space traversed by itself. The rope may also pass over a sheave in another block that is fixed. The end of the rope may be fastened to the movable block, instead of a fixed point, with an additional gain of power, and using either one or two sheaves in the fixed block. Other sheaves may be added, and the power multiplied accordingly. Such an apparatus is called by workmen a block and tackle, or a fall and tackle. See Block. A single fixed pulley gives no increase of power, but serves simply for changing the direction of motion. Band pulley, or Belt pulley, a pulley with a broad face for transmitting power between revolving shafts by means of a belt, or for guiding a belt. -- Cone pulley. See Cone pulley. -- Conical pulley, one of a pair of belt pulleys, each in the shape of a truncated cone, for varying velocities. -- Fast pulley, a pulley firmly attached upon a shaft. -- Loose pulley, a pulley loose on a shaft, to interrupt the transmission of motion in machinery. See Fast and loose pulleys, under Fast. Parting pulley, a belt pulley made in semicircular halves, which can be bolted together, to facilitate application to, or removal from, a shaft. -- Pulley block. Same as Block, n. 6. -- Pulley stile (Arch.), the upright of the window frame into which a pulley is fixed and along which the sash slides. Split pulley, a parting pulley. PULLEY Pul"ley, b. t. Defn: To raise or lift by means of a pulley. [R.] Howell. PULLICATE Pul"li*cate, n. Defn: A kind of checked cotton or silk handkerchief. PULLMAN CAR Pull"man car`. Etym: [Named after Mr. Pullman, who introduced them.] Defn: A kind of sleeping car; also, a palace car; -- often shortened to Pullman. PULLULATE Pul"lu*late v. i. Etym: [L. pullulatus, p. p. of pullulare to sprout, from pullulus a young animal, a sprout, dim. of pullus. See pullet.] Defn: To germinate; to bud; to multiply abundantly. Warburton. PULLULATION Pul`lu*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pullulation.] Defn: A germinating, or budding. Dr. H. More. PULLUS Pul"lus, n.; pl. Pulli. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A chick; a young bird in the downy stage. PULMOBRANCHIATA; PULMOBRANCHIATE Pul`mo*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.], Pul`mo*bran"chi*ate. (, a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pulmonibranchiata, -ate. PULMOCUTANEOUS Pul`mo*cu*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. pulmo a lung + E. cutaneous.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the lungs and the akin; as, the pulmocutaneous arteries of the frog. PULMOGASTEROPODA Pul`mo*gas`te*rop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. & E. Gasteropoda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pulmonata. PULMOGRADE Pul"mo*grade, a. Etym: [L. pulmo a lung + gradi to walk.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Swimming by the expansion and contraction, or lunglike movement, of the body, or of the disk, as do the medusæ. PULMOMETER Pul*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. pulmo a lung + -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: A spirometer. PULMOMETRY Pul*mom"e*try, n. [L. pulmo a lung + -metry.] Defn: The determination of the capacity of the lungs. PULMONARIAN Pul"mo*na"ri*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any arachnid that breathes by lunglike organs, as the spiders and scorpions. Also used adjectively. PULMONARY Pul"mo*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. pulmonarius, from pulmo, -onis, a lung; of uncertain origin, perh. named from its lightness, and akin to E. float: cf. F. pulmonaire. Cf. Pneumonia.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the lungs; affecting the lungs; pulmonic. Pulmonary artery. See the Note under Artery. PULMONARY Pul"mo*na*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pulmonaire. See Pulmonary, a. ] (Bot.) Defn: Lungwort. Ainsworth. PULMONATA Pul`mo*na"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. pulmo, -onis, a lung.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division, or sub-class, of hermaphrodite gastropods, in which the mantle cavity is modified into an air- breathing organ, as in Helix, or land snails, Limax, or garden slugs, and many pond snails, as Limnæa and Planorbis. PULMONATE Pul"mo*nate, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having breathing organs that act as lungs. (b) Pertaining to the Pulmonata. -- n. Defn: One of the Pulmonata. PULMONATED Pul"mo*na`ted, a. Defn: same as Pulmonate (a). PULMONIBRANCHIATA Pul`mo*ni*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. pulmo, -onis, a lung + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pulmonata. PULMONIBRANCHIATE Pul`mo*ni*bran"chi*ate, a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pulmonate. PULMONIC Pul*mon"ic, a. Etym: [L. pulmo, -onis, a lung: cf. F. pulmonique.] Defn: Relating to, or affecting the lungs; pulmonary. -- n. Defn: A pulmonic medicine. PULMONIFERA Pul`mo*nif"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pulmoniferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pulmonata. PULMONIFEROUS Pul`mo*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. pulmo, -onis, a lung + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having lungs; pulmonate. PULMOTOR Pul"mo`tor, n. [L. pulmo lung + E. motor.] Defn: An apparatus for producing artificial respiration by pumping oxygen or air or a mixture of the two into and out of the lungs, as of a person who has been asphyxiated by drowning, breathing poisonous gases, or the like, or of one who has been stunned by an electrical shock. PULP Pulp, n. Etym: [L. pulpa flesh, pith, pulp of fruit: cf. F. pulpe.] Defn: A moist, slightly cohering mass, consisting of soft, undissolved animal or vegetable matter. Specifically: (a) (Anat.) A tissue or part resembling pulp; especially, the soft, highly vascular and sensitive tissue which fills the central cavity, called the pulp cavity, of teeth. (b) (Bot.) The soft, succulent part of fruit; as, the pulp of a grape. (c) The exterior part of a coffee berry. B. Edwards. (d) The material of which paper is made when ground up and suspended in water. PULP Pulp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pulped; p. pr. & vb. n. Pulping.] 1. To reduce to pulp. 2. To deprive of the pulp, or integument. The other mode is to pulp the coffee immediately as it comes from the tree. By a simple machine a man will pulp a bushel in a minute. B. Edwards. PULPATOON Pul`pa*toon", n. Etym: [F. poulpeton, poupeton, a sort of ragout.] Defn: A kind of delicate confectionery or cake, perhaps made from the pulp of fruit. [Obs.] Nares. PULPINESS Pulp"i*ness, n. Defn: the quality or state of being pulpy. PULPIT Pul"pit, n. Etym: [L. pulpitum: cf. OF. pulpite, F. pulpitre.] 1. An elevated place, or inclosed stage, in a church, in which the clergyman stands while preaching. I stand like a clerk in my pulpit. Chaucer. 2. The whole body of the clergy; preachers as a class; also, preaching. I say the pulpit (in the sober use Of its legitimate, peculiar powers) Must stand acknowledged, while the world shall stand, The most important and effectual guard, Support, and ornament of virtue's cause. Cowper. 3. A desk, or platform, for an orator or public speaker. PULPIT Pul"pit, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the pulpit, or preaching; as, a pulpit orator; pulpit eloquence. PULPITED Pul"pit*ed, a. Defn: Placed in a pulpit. [R.] Sit . . . at the feet of a pulpited divine. Milton. PULPITEER Pul*pit*eer", n. Defn: One who speaks in a pulpit; a preacher; -- so called in contempt. Howell. We never can think it sinful that Burns should have been humorous on such a pulpiteer. Prof. Wilson. PULPITER Pul"pit*er, n. Defn: A preacher. [Obs.] PULPITICAL Pul*pit"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the pulpit; suited to the pulpit. [R.] -- Pul*pit"ic*al*ly, adv. [R.] Chesterfield. PULPITISH Pul"pit*ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the pulpit; like preaching. Chalmers. PULPITRY Pul"pit*ry, n. Defn: The teaching of the pulpit; preaching. [R. & Obs.] " Mere pulpitry." Milton. PULPOUS Pulp"ous, a. Etym: [L. pulposus: cf. F. pulpeux. See Pulp.] Defn: Containing pulp; pulpy. " Pulpous fruit." J. Philips. -- Pulp"ous*ness, n. PULPY Pulp"y, n. Defn: Like pulp; consisting of pulp; soft; fleshy; succulent; as, the pulpy covering of a nut; the pulpy substance of a peach or a cherry. PULQUE Pul"que, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: An intoxicating Mexican drink. See Agave. PULSATE Pul"sate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pulsated; p. pr. & vb. n. Pulsating.] Etym: [L. pulsatus, p. p. of pulsare to beat, strike, v. intens. fr. pellere to beat, strike, drive. See Pulse a beating, and cf. Pulse, v.] Defn: To throb, as a pulse; to beat, as the heart. The heart of a viper or frog will continue to pulsate long after it is taken from the body. E. Darwin. PULSATILE Pul"sa*tile, a. Etym: [Cf. It. pulsatile, Sp. pulsatil.] 1. Capable of being struck or beaten; played by beating or by percussion; as, a tambourine is a pulsatile musical instrument. 2. Pulsating; throbbing, as a tumor. PULSATILLA Pul`sa*til"la, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of ranunculaceous herbs including the pasque flower. This genus is now merged in Anemone. Some species, as Anemone Pulsatilla, Anemone pratensis, and Anemone patens, are used medicinally. PULSATION Pul*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. pulsatio a beating or striking: cf. F. pulsation.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: A beating or throbbing, especially of the heart or of an artery, or in an inflamed part; a beat of the pulse. 2. A single beat or throb of a series. 3. A stroke or impulse by which some medium is affected, as in the propagation of sounds. 4. (Law) Defn: Any touching of another's body willfully or in anger. This constitutes battery. By the Cornelian law, pulsation as well as verberation is prohibited. Blackstone. PULSATIVE Pul"sa*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pulsatif.] Defn: Beating; throbbing. PULSATOR Pul*sa"tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. A beater; a striker. 2. (Mech.) Defn: That which beats or throbs in working. PULSATORY Pul"sa*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pulsatoire.] Defn: Capable of pulsating; throbbing. Sir H. Wotton. . PULSE Pulse, n. Etym: [OE. puls, L. puls, pultis, a thick pap or pottage made of meal, pulse, etc. See Poultice, and cf. Pousse.] Defn: Leguminous plants, or their seeds, as beans, pease, etc. If all the world Should, in a pet of temperance, feed on pulse. Milton. PULSE Pulse, n. Etym: [OE. pous, OF. pous, F. pouls, fr. L. pulsus (sc. venarum), the beating of the pulse, the pulse, from pellere, pulsum, to beat, strike; cf. Gr. Appeal, Compel, Impel, Push.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: The beating or throbbing of the heart or blood vessels, especially of the arteries. Note: In an artery the pulse is due to the expansion and contraction of the elastic walls of the artery by the action of the heart upon the column of blood in the arterial system. On the commencement of the diastole of the ventricle, the semilunar valves are closed, and the aorta recoils by its elasticity so as to force part of its contents into the vessels farther onwards. These, in turn, as they already contain a certain quantity of blood, expand, recover by an elastic recoil, and transmit the movement with diminished intensity. Thus a series of movements, gradually diminishing in intensity, pass along the arterial system (see the Note under Heart). For the sake of convenience, the radial artery at the wrist is generally chosen to detect the precise character of the pulse. The pulse rate varies with age, position, sex, stature, physical and psychical influences, etc. 2. Any measured or regular beat; any short, quick motion, regularly repeated, as of a medium in the transmission of light, sound, etc.; oscillation; vibration; pulsation; impulse; beat; movement. The measured pulse of racing oars. Tennyson. When the ear receives any simple sound, it is struck by a single pulse of the air, which makes the eardrum and the other membranous parts vibrate according to the nature and species of the stroke. Burke. Pulse glass, an instrument consisting to a glass tube with terminal bulbs, and containing ether or alcohol, which the heat of the hand causes to boil; -- so called from the pulsating motion of the liquid when thus warmed. Pulse wave (Physiol.), the wave of increased pressure started by the ventricular systole, radiating from the semilunar valves over the arterial system, and gradually disappearing in the smaller branches. the pulse wave travels over the arterial system at the rate of about 29.5 feet in a second. H. N. Martin. -- To feel one's pulse. (a) To ascertain, by the sense of feeling, the condition of the arterial pulse. (b) Hence, to sound one's opinion; to try to discover one's mind. PULSE Pulse, v. i. Defn: To beat, as the arteries; to move in pulses or beats; to pulsate; to throb. Ray. PULSE Pulse, v. t. Etym: [See Pulsate, Pulse a beating.] Defn: To drive by a pulsation; to cause to pulsate. [R.] PULSELESS Pulse"less, a. Defn: Having no pulsation; lifeless. PULSELESSNESS Pulse"less*ness, n. Defn: The state of being pulseless. PULSIFIC Pul*sif"ic, a. Etym: [Pulse + L. facere to make.] Defn: Exciting the pulse; causing pulsation. PULSIMETER Pul*sim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Pulse + -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: A sphygmograph. PULSION Pul"sion, n. Etym: [L. pulsio, fr. pellere, pulsum, to drive: cf. F. pulsion.] Defn: The act of driving forward; propulsion; -- opposed to Ant: suction or Ant: traction. [R.] PULSIVE Pul"sive, a. Defn: Tending to compel; compulsory. [R.] "The pulsive strain of conscience." Marston. PULSOMETER Pul*som"e*ter, n. Etym: [Pulse + -meter.] 1. A device, with valves, for raising water by steam, partly by atmospheric pressure, and partly by the direct action of the steam on the water, without the intervention of a piston; -- also called vacuum pump. 2. A pulsimeter. PULT Pult, v. t. Defn: To put. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. PULTACEOUS Pul*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pultacé. See 1st Pulse.] Defn: Macerated; softened; nearly fluid. PULTESSE; PULTISE Pul"tesse, Pul"tise, n. Defn: Poultry. [Obs.] Chaucer. PULU Pu"lu, n. Defn: A vegetable substance consisting of soft, elastic, yellowish brown chaff, gathered in the Hawaiian Islands from the young fronds of free ferns of the genus Cibotium, chiefly C. Menziesii; -- used for stuffing mattresses, cushions, etc., and as an absorbent. PULVERABLE Pul"ver*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being reduced to fine powder. Boyle. PULVERACEOUS Pul`ver*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a finely powdered surface; pulverulent. PULVERATE Pul"ver*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. pulveratus, p. p. of pulverare to pulverize. See Pulverize.] Defn: To beat or reduce to powder or dust; to pulverize. [R.] PULVERINE Pul"ver*ine, n. Etym: [L. pulvis, pulveris, dust, powder; cf. F. pulvérin.] Defn: Ashes of barilla. Ure. PULVERIZABLE Pul"ver*i`za*ble, a. Defn: Admitting of being pulverized; pulverable. Barton. PULVERIZATION Pul`ver*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pulvérisation.] Defn: The action of reducing to dust or powder. PULVERIZE Pul"ver*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pulverized; p. pr. & vb. n. Pulverizing.] Etym: [F. pulvériser, L. pulverizare, fr. pulvis dust, powder. See Powder.] Defn: To reduce of fine powder or dust, as by beating, grinding, or the like; as, friable substances may be pulverized by grinding or beating, but to pulverize malleable bodies other methods must be pursued. PULVERIZE Pul"ver*ize, v. i. Defn: To become reduced to powder; to fall to dust; as, the stone pulverizes easily. PULVERIZER Pul"ver*i`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, pulverizes. PULVEROUS Pul"ver*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. L. pulvereus, from pulvis, pulveris, dust, powder.] Defn: Consisting of dust or powder; like powder. PULVERULENCE Pul*ver"u*lence, n. Defn: The state of being pulverulent; abundance of dust or powder; dustiness. PULVERULENT Pul*ver"u*lent, a. Etym: [L. pulverulentus, fr. pulvis, pulveris, dust, powder: cf. F. pulvérulent.] Defn: Consisting of, or reducible to, fine powder; covered with dust or powder; powdery; dusty. PULVIL Pul"vil, n. Etym: [It. polviglio, fr. L. pulvis, pulveris, dust, powder: cf. Sp. polvillo.] Defn: A sweet-scented powder; pulvillio. [Written also pulville.] [Obs.] Gay. PULVIL Pul"vil, v. t. Defn: To apply pulvil to. [Obs.] Congreve. PULVILLIO; PULVILLO Pul*vil"li*o, Pul*vil"lo, n. Etym: [See Pulvil.] Defn: A kind of perfume in the form of a powder, formerly much used, -- often in little bags. Smells of incense, ambergris, and pulvillios. Addison. PULVILLUS Pul*vil"lus, n.; pl. Pulvilli. Etym: [L., a little cushion.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the minute cushions on the feet of certain insects. PULVINAR Pul*vi"nar, n. Etym: [L., a cushion.] (Anat.) Defn: A prominence on the posterior part of the thalamus of the human brain. PULVINATE; PULVINATED Pul"vi*nate, Pul"vi*na`ted, a. Etym: [L. pulvinatus, fr. pulvinus a cushion, an elevation.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: Curved convexly or swelled; as, a pulvinated frieze. Brande & C. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the form of a cushion. PULVINIC Pul*vin"ic, a. Etym: [From Vulpinic, by transposition of the letters.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the decomposition of vulpinic acid, as a white crystalline substance. PULVINULUS Pul*vin"u*lus, n.; pl. Pulvinuli. Etym: [L., a little mound.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pulvillus. PUMA Pu"ma, n. Etym: [Peruv. puma.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large American carnivore (Felis concolor), found from Canada to Patagonia, especially among the mountains. Its color is tawny, or brownish yellow, without spots or stripes. Called also catamount, cougar, American lion, mountain lion, and panther or painter. PUME Pume, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A stint. PUMICATE Pu"mi*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pumicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Pumicating.] Etym: [L. pumicatus, p. p. of pumicare to pumicate, fr. pumex. See Pumice.] Defn: To make smooth with pumice. [R.] PUMICE Pum"ice, n. Etym: [L. pumex, pumicis, prob. akin to spuma foam: cf. AS. pumic-stan. Cf. Pounce a powder, Spume.] (Min.) Defn: A very light porous volcanic scoria, usually of a gray color, the pores of which are capillary and parallel, giving it a fibrous structure. It is supposed to be produced by the disengagement of watery vapor without liquid or plastic lava. It is much used, esp. in the form of powder, for smoothing and polishing. Called also pumice stone. PUMICED Pum"iced, a. (Far.) Defn: Affected with a kind of chronic laminitis in which there is a growth of soft spongy horn between the coffin bone and the hoof wall. The disease is called pumiced foot, or pumice foot. PUMICEOUS Pu*mi`ceous, a. Etym: [L. pumiceus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to pumice; resembling pumice. PUMICE STONE Pum"ice stone`. Defn: Same as Pumice. PUMICIFORM Pu*mic"i*form, a. Etym: [Pumice + -form.] Defn: Resembling, or having the structure of, pumice. PUMMACE Pum"mace, n. Defn: Same as Pomace. PUMMEL Pum"mel, n. & v. t. Defn: Same as Pommel. PUMP Pump (pûmp), n. Etym: [Probably so called as being worn for pomp or ornament. See Pomp.] Defn: A low shoe with a thin sole. Swift. PUMP Pump, n. Etym: [Akin to D. pomp, G. pumpe, F. pompe; of unknown origin.] Defn: An hydraulic machine, variously constructed, for raising or transferring fluids, consisting essentially of a moving piece or piston working in a hollow cylinder or other cavity, with valves properly placed for admitting or retaining the fluid as it is drawn or driven through them by the action of the piston. Note: for various kinds of pumps, see Air pump, Chain pump, and Force pump; also, under Lifting, Plunger, Rotary, etc. Circulating pump (Steam Engine), a pump for driving the condensing water through the casing, or tubes, of a surface condenser. -- Pump brake. See Pump handle, below. -- Pump dale. See Dale. -- Pump gear, the apparatus belonging to a pump. Totten. -- Pump handle, the lever, worked by hand, by which motion is given to the bucket of a pump. -- Pump hood, a semicylindrical appendage covering the upper wheel of a chain pump. -- Pump rod, the rod to which the bucket of a pump is fastened, and which is attached to the brake or handle; the piston rod. -- Pump room, a place or room at a mineral spring where the waters are drawn and drunk. [Eng.] -- Pump spear. Same as Pump rod, above. -- Pump stock, the stationary part, body, or barrel of a pump. -- Pump well. (Naut.) See Well. PUMP Pump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pumped (pûmt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. pumping.] 1. To raise with a pump, as water or other liquid. 2. To draw water, or the like, from; to from water by means of a pump; as, they pumped the well dry; to pump a ship. 3. Figuratively, to draw out or obtain, as secrets or money, by persistent questioning or plying; to question or ply persistently in order to elicit something, as information, money, etc. But pump not me for politics. Otway. PUMP Pump, v. i. Defn: To work, or raise water, a pump. PUMPAGE Pump"age, n. Defn: That which is raised by pumps, or the work done by pumps. The pumpage last year amounted to . . . gallons. Sci. Amer. PUMPER Pump"er, n. Defn: One who pumps; the instrument or machine used in pumping. Boyle. PUMPERNICKEL Pump"er*nick`el, n. Etym: [G.] Defn: A sort of bread, made of unbolted rye, which forms the chief food of the Westphalian peasants. It is acid but nourishing. PUMPET Pum"pet, n. Defn: A pompet. Pumpet ball (Print.), a ball for inking types; a pompet. PUMPING Pump"ing, Defn: a. & n. from pump. Pumping engine, a steam engine and pump combined for raising water. See Steam engine. PUMPION Pump"ion, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Pumpkin. PUMPKIN Pump"kin, n. Etym: [For older pompion, pompon, OF. pompon, L. pepo, peponis, Gr. Cook, n.] (Bot.) Defn: A well-known trailing plant (Cucurbita pepo) and its fruit, -- used for cooking and for feeding stock; a pompion. Pumpkin seed. (a) The flattish oval seed of the pumpkin. (b) (Zoöl.) The common pondfish. PUMY Pu"my, a. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. pummer big, large, and E. pomey pommel.] Defn: Large and rounded. [Obs.] A gentle stream, whose murmuring wave did play Amongst the pumy stones. Spenser. PUN Pun, v. t. Etym: [See Pound to beat.] Defn: To pound. [Obs.] He would pun thee into shivers with his fist. Shak. PUN Pun, n. Etym: [Cf. Pun to pound, Pound to beat.] Defn: A play on words which have the same sound but different meanings; an expression in which two different applications of a word present an odd or ludicrous idea; a kind of quibble or equivocation. Addison. A better put on this word was made on the Beggar's Opera, which, it was said, made Gay rich, and Rich gay. Walpole. PUN Pun, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Punned; p. pr. & vb. n. Punning.] Defn: To make puns, or a pun; to use a word in a double sense, especially when the contrast of ideas is ludicrous; to play upon words; to quibble. Dryden. PUN Pun, v. t. Defn: To persuade or affect by a pun. Addison. PUNA Pu"na, n. [Sp., of Peruv. origin.] Defn: A cold arid table-land, as in the Andes of Peru. PUNCH Punch, n. Etym: [Hind. panch five, Skr. pacan. So called because composed of five ingredients, viz., sugar, arrack, spice, water, and lemon juice. See Five.] Defn: A beverage composed of wine or distilled liquor, water (or milk), sugar, and the juice of lemon, with spice or mint; -- specifically named from the kind of spirit used; as rum punch, claret punch, champagne punch, etc. Milk punch, a sort of punch made with spirit, milk, sugar, spice, etc. -- Punch bowl, a large bowl in which punch is made, or from which it is served. -- Roman punch, a punch frozen and served as an ice. PUNCH Punch, n. Etym: [Abbrev, fr. punchinello.] Defn: The buffoon or harlequin of a puppet show. Punch and Judy, a puppet show in which a comical little hunchbacked Punch, with a large nose, engages in altercation with his wife Judy. PUNCH Punch, n. Etym: [Prov. E. Cf. Punchy.] 1. A short, fat fellow; anything short and thick. I . . . did hear them call their fat child punch, which pleased me mightily, that word being become a word of common use for all that is thick and short. Pepys. 2. One of a breed of large, heavy draught horses; as, the Suffolk punch. PUNCH Punch, v. t. Etym: [OE. punchen, perhaps the same word as E. punish: or cf. E. bunch.] Defn: To thrust against; to poke; as, to punch one with the end of a stick or the elbow. PUNCH Punch, n. Defn: A thrust or blow. [Colloq.] PUNCH Punch, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. puncheon.] 1. A tool, usually of steel, variously shaped at one end for different uses, and either solid, for stamping or for perforating holes in metallic plates and other substances, or hollow and sharpedged, for cutting out blanks, as for buttons, steel pens, jewelry, and the like; a die. 2. (Pile Driving) Defn: An extension piece applied to the top of a pile; a dolly. 3. A prop, as for the roof of a mine. Bell punch. See under Bell. -- Belt punch (Mach.), a punch, or punch pliers, for making holes for lacings in the ends of driving belts. -- Punch press. See Punching machine, under Punch, v. i. -- Punch pliers, pliers having a tubular, sharp-edged steel punch attached to one of the jaws, for perforating leather, paper, and the like. PUNCH Punch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Punched; p. pr. & vb. n. Punching.] Etym: [From Punch, n., a tool; cf. F. poinçonner.] Defn: To perforate or stamp with an instrument by pressure, or a blow; as, to punch a hole; to punch ticket. Punching machine, or Punching press, a machine tool for punching holes in metal or other material; -- called also punch press. PUNCHEON Punch"eon, n. Etym: [F. poinçon awl, bodkin, crown, king-post, fr. L. punctio a pricking, fr. pungere to prick. See Pungent, and cf. Punch a tool, Punction.] 1. A figured stamp, die, or punch, used by goldsmiths, cutlers, etc. 2. (Carp.) Defn: A short, upright piece of timber in framing; a short post; an intermediate stud. Oxf. Gloss. 3. A split log or heavy slab with the face smoothed; as, a floor made of puncheons. [U.S.] Bartlett. 4. Etym: [F. poinçon, perh. the same as poinçon an awl.] Defn: A cask containing, sometimes 84, sometimes 120, gallons. PUNCHER Punch"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, punches. PUNCHIN Pun"chin, n. Defn: See Puncheon. PUNCHINELLO Pun`chi*nel"lo, n. Etym: [It. pulcinella, probably originally a word of endearment, dim. of pulcina, pulcino, a chicken, from L. pullicenus, pullus. See Pullet.] Defn: A punch; a buffoon; originally, in a puppet show, a character represented as fat, short, and humpbacked. Spectator. PUNCHY Punch"y, a. Etym: [Perhaps for paunchy, from paunch. See 3d Punch.] Defn: Short and thick, or fat. PUNCTATED; PUNCTATED Punc"ta*ted, Punc"ta*ted, a. Etym: [From L. punctum point. See Point .] 1. Pointed; ending in a point or points. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Dotted with small spots of color, or with minute depressions or pits. PUNCTATOR Punc*ta"tor, n. Defn: One who marks with points. specifically, one who writes Hebrew with points; -- applied to a Masorite. E. Robinson. PUNCTICULAR Punc*tic"u*lar, a. Defn: Comprised in, or like, a point; exact. [Obs. & R.] Sir T. Browne. PUNCTIFORM Punc"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. punctum point + -form.] Defn: Having the form of a point. PUNCTILIO Punc*til"io, n.; pl. Punctilios. Etym: [It. puntiglio, or Sp. puntillo, dim. fr. L. punctum point. See Point, n.] Defn: A nice point of exactness in conduct, ceremony, or proceeding; particularity or exactness in forms; as, the punctilios of a public ceremony. They will not part with the least punctilio in their opinions and practices. Fuller . PUNCTILIOUS Punc*til"ious, a. Etym: [Cf. It. puntiglioso, Sp. puntilloso.] Defn: Attentive to punctilio; very nice or exact in the forms of behavior, etiquette, or mutual intercourse; precise; exact in the smallest particulars. "A punctilious observance of divine laws." Rogers. "Very punctilious copies of any letters. The Nation. Punctilious in the simple and intelligible instances of common life. I. Taylor. -- Punc*til"ious*ly, adv. -- Punc*til"ious*ness, n. PUNCTION Punc"tion, n. Etym: [L. punctio, fr. pungere, punctum, to prick: cf. F. ponction. Cf. Puncheon.] Defn: A puncturing, or pricking; a puncture. PUNCTIST Punc"tist, n. Defn: A punctator. E. Henderson. PUNCTO Punc"to, n. Etym: [See Punto.] 1. A nice point of form or ceremony. Bacon. 2. A term applied to the point in fencing. Farrow. PUNCTUAL Punc"tu*al, a. Etym: [F. ponctuel (cf. Sp.puntual, It. puntuale), from L. punctum point. See Point.] 1. Consisting in a point; limited to a point; unextended. [R.] "This punctual spot." Milton. The theory of the punctual existence of the soul. Krauth. 2. Observant of nice points; punctilious; precise. Punctual to tediousness in all that he relates. Bp. Burnet. So much on punctual niceties they stand. C. Pitt. 3. Appearing or done at, or adhering exactly to, a regular or an appointed time; precise; prompt; as, a punctual man; a punctual payment. "The race of the undeviating and punctual sun." Cowper. These sharp strokes [of a pendulum], with their inexorably steady intersections, so agree with our successive thoughts that they seem like the punctual stops counting off our very souls into the past. J. Martineau. PUNCTUALIST Punc"tu*al*ist, n. Defn: One who is very exact in observing forms and ceremonies. Milton. PUNCTUALITY Punc`tu*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ponctualité.] Defn: The quality or state of being punctual; especially, adherence to the exact time of an engagement; exactness. PUNCTUALLY Punc"tu*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a punctual manner; promptly; exactly. PUNCTUALNESS Punc"tu*al*ness, n. Defn: Punctuality; exactness. PUNCTUATE Punc"tu*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Punctuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Punctuating.] Etym: [Cf. F. ponctuer. See Punctual.] Defn: To mark with points; to separate into sentences, clauses, etc., by points or stops which mark the proper pauses in expressing the meaning. PUNCTUATION Punc`tu*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ponctuation.] (Gram.) Defn: The act or art of punctuating or pointing a writing or discourse; the art or mode of dividing literary composition into sentences, and members of a sentence, by means of points, so as to elucidate the author's meaning. Note: Punctuation, as the term is usually understood, is chiefly performed with four points: the period [.], the colon [:], the semicolon [;], and the comma [,]. Other points used in writing and printing, partly rhetorical and partly grammatical, are the note of interrogation [], the note of exclamation [!], the parentheses [()], the dash [--], and brackets []. It was not until the 16th century that an approach was made to the present system of punctuation by the Manutii of Venice. With Caxton, oblique strokes took the place of commas and periods. PUNCTUATIVE Punc"tu*a*tive, a. Defn: Of or belonging to points of division; relating to punctuation. The punctuative intonation of feeble cadence. Rush. PUNCTUATOR Punc"tu*a`tor, n. Defn: One who punctuates, as in writing; specifically, a punctator. PUNCTUIST Punc"tu*ist, n. Defn: A punctator. PUNCTULATE; PUNCTULATED Punc"tu*late, Punc"tu*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. punctulum, dim. of punctum point.] Defn: Marked with small spots. The studs have their surface punctulated, as if set all over with other studs infinitely lesser. Woodward. PUNCTUM Punc"tum, n. Etym: [L., a point.] Defn: A point. Punctum cæcum. Etym: [L., blind point.] (Anat.) Same as Blind spot, under Blind. -- Punctum proximum, near point. See under Point. -- Punctum remotum, far point. See under Point. -- Punctum vegetationis Etym: [L., point of vegetation] (Bot.), the terminal cell of a stem, or of a leaf bud, from which new growth originates. PUNCTURATION Punc`tu*ra"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of puncturing. See Acupuncture. PUNCTURE Punc"ture, n. Etym: [L. punctura, fr. pungere, punctum, to prick. See Pungent.] 1. The act of puncturing; perforating with something pointed. 2. A small hole made by a point; a slight wound, bite, or sting; as, the puncture of a nail, needle, or pin. A lion may perish by the puncture of an asp. Rambler. PUNCTURE Punc"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Punctured; p. pr. & vb. n. Puncturing.] Defn: To pierce with a small, pointed instrument, or the like; to prick; to make a puncture in; as, to puncture the skin. PUNCTURED Punc"tured, a. 1. Having the surface covered with minute indentations or dots. 2. (Med.) Defn: Produced by puncture; having the characteristics of a puncture; as, a punctured wound. PUNDIT Pun"dit, n. Etym: [Hind. pandit, Skr. pandita a learned man.] Defn: A learned man; a teacher; esp., a Brahman versed in the Sanskrit language, and in the science, laws, and religion of the Hindoos; in Cashmere, any clerk or native official. [Written also pandit.] [India] PUNDLE Pun"dle, n. Etym: [Cf. Bundle.] Defn: A short and fat woman; a squab. [Obs.] PUNESE Pu"nese, n. Etym: [F. punaise, fr. punais stinking, fr. L. putere.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bedbug. [R or Obs.] PUNG Pung, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A kind of plain sleigh drawn by one horse; originally, a rude oblong box on runners. [U.S.] Sledges or pungs, coarsely framed of split saplings, and surmounted with a large crockery crate. Judd. They did not take out the pungs to-day. E. E. Hale. PUNGENCE Pun"gence, n. Etym: [See Pungent.] Defn: Pungency. PUNGENCY Pun"gen*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being pungent or piercing; keenness; sharpness; piquancy; as, the pungency of ammonia. "The pungency of menaces." Hammond. PUNGENT Pun"gent, a. Etym: [L. pungens, -entis, p. pr. of pungere, punctum, to prick. Cf. Compunction, Expunge, Poignant, Point, n., Puncheon, Punctilio, Punt, v. t.] 1. Causing a sharp sensation, as of the taste, smell, or feelings; pricking; biting; acrid; as, a pungent spice. Pungent radish biting infant's tongue. Shenstone. The pungent grains of titillating dust. Pope. 2. Sharply painful; penetrating; poignant; severe; caustic; stinging. With pungent pains on every side. Swift. His pungent pen played its part in rousing the nation. J. R. Green. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Prickly-pointed; hard and sharp. Syn. -- Acrid; piercing; sharp; penetrating; acute; keen; acrimonious; biting; stinging. PUNGENTLY Pun"gent*ly, adv. Defn: In a pungent manner; sharply. PUNGLED Pun"gled, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Shriveled or shrunken; -- said especially of grain which has lost its juices from the ravages of insects, such as the wheat midge, or Trips (Thrips cerealium). PUNGY Pung"y, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A small sloop or shallop, or a large boat with sails. PUNIC Pu"nic, a. Etym: [L. Punicus pertaining to Carthage, or its inhabitants, fr. Poeni the Carthaginians.] 1. Of or pertaining to the ancient Carthaginians. 2. Characteristic of the ancient Carthaginians; faithless; treacherous; as, Punic faith. Yes, yes, his faith attesting nations own; 'T is Punic all, and to a proverb known. H. Brooke. PUNICE Pu"nice, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Punese. [Obs. or R.] PUNICE Pu"nice, v. t. Defn: To punish. [Obs.] Chaucer. PUNICEOUS; PUNICIAL Pu*ni"ceous, Pu*ni"cial, a. Etym: [L. puniceus, fr. Punicus Punic.] Defn: Of a bright red or purple color. [R.] PUNINESS Pu"ni*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being puny; littleness; pettiness; feebleness. PUNISH Pun"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Punished; p. pr. & vb. n. Punishing.] Etym: [OE. punischen, F. punir, from L. punire, punitum, akin to poena punishment, penalty. See Pain, and -ish.] 1. To impose a penalty upon; to afflict with pain, loss, or suffering for a crime or fault, either with or without a view to the offender's amendment; to cause to suffer in retribution; to chasten; as, to punish traitors with death; a father punishes his child for willful disobedience. A greater power Now ruled him, punished in the shape he sinned. Milton. 2. To inflict a penalty for (an offense) upon the offender; to repay, as a fault, crime, etc., with pain or loss; as, to punish murder or treason with death. 3. To injure, as by beating; to pommel. [Low] Syn. -- To chastise; castigate; scourge; whip; lash; correct; discipline. See Chasten. PUNISHABLE Pun"ish*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. punissable.] Defn: Deserving of, or liable to, punishment; capable of being punished by law or right; -- said of person or offenses. That time was, when to be a Protestant, to be a Christian, was by law as punishable as to be a traitor. Milton. -- Pun"ish*a*ble*ness, n. PUNISHER Pun"ish*er, n. Defn: One who inflicts punishment. PUNISHMENT Pun"ish*ment, n. 1. The act of punishing. 2. Any pain, suffering, or loss inflicted on a person because of a crime or offense. I never gave them condign punishment. Shak. The rewards and punishments of another life. Locke. 3. (Law) Defn: A penalty inflicted by a court of justice on a convicted offender as a just retribution, and incidentally for the purposes of reformation and prevention. PUNITION Pu*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L. punitio: cf. F. punition. See Punish.] Defn: Punishment. [R.] Mir. for Mag. PUNITIVE Pu"ni*tive, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to punishment; involving, awarding, or inflicting punishment; as, punitive law or justice. If death be punitive, so, likewise, is the necessity imposed upon man of toiling for his subsistence. I. Taylor. We shall dread a blow from the punitive hand. Bagehot. PUNITORY Pu"ni*to*ry, a. Defn: Punishing; tending to punishment; punitive. God . . . may make moral evil, as well as natural, at the same time both prudential and punitory. A. Tucker. PUNK Punk, n. Etym: [Cf. Spunk.] 1. Wood so decayed as to be dry, crumbly, and useful for tinder; touchwood. 2. A fungus (Polyporus fomentarius, etc.) sometimes dried for tinder; agaric. 3. An artificial tinder. See Amadou, and Spunk. 4. A prostitute; a strumpet. [Obsoles.] Shak. PUNKA Pun"ka, n. Etym: [Hind. pankha fan.] Defn: A machine for fanning a room, usually a movable fanlike frame covered with canvas, and suspended from the ceiling. It is kept in motion by pulling a cord. [Hindostan] [Written also punkah.] Malcom. PUNKIE Punk"ie, n. [Orig. unknown.] Defn: A minute biting fly of the genus Ceratopogon or allied genus of the family Chironomidæ, found in swarms in various densely wooded or mountaneous regions. [U. S.] PUNKIN Pun"kin, n. Defn: A pumpkin. [Colloq. U. S.] PUNKLING Punk"ling, n. Defn: A young strumpet. [Obs.] PUNNER Pun"ner, n. Defn: A punster. Beau. & Fl. PUNNET Pun"net, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. buinne a shoot, branch.] Defn: A broad, shallow basket, for displaying fruit or flowers. PUNNOLOGY Pun*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Pun + -logy.] Defn: The art or practice of punning; paronomasia. [R.] Pope. PUNSTER Pun"ster, n. Defn: One who puns, or is skilled in, or given to, punning; a quibbler; a low wit. PUNT Punt, v. i. Etym: [F. ponter, or It. puntare, fr. L. punctum point. See Point.] Defn: To play at basset, baccara, faro. or omber; to gamble. She heard . . . of his punting at gaming tables. Thackeray. PUNT Punt, n. Defn: Act of playing at basset, baccara, faro, etc. PUNT Punt, n. Etym: [AS., fr. L. ponto punt, pontoon. See Pontoon.] (Naut.) Defn: A flat-bottomed boat with square ends. It is adapted for use in shallow waters. PUNT Punt, v. t. 1. To propel, as a boat in shallow water, by pushing with a pole against the bottom; to push or propel (anything) with exertion. Livingstone. 2. (Football) Defn: To kick (the ball) before it touches the ground, when let fall from the hands. PUNT Punt, n. (Football) Defn: The act of punting the ball. PUNTELLO Pun*tel"lo, n.; pl. -li (#). [It., dim. of punto point.] (Sculpture) Defn: One of the points sometimes drilled as guides for cutting away superfluous stone. PUNTER Punt"er, n.Etym: [Cf. F. ponte. See Punt, v. t.] Defn: One who punts; specifically, one who plays against the banker or dealer, as in baccara and faro. Hoyle. PUNTER Punt"er, n. Defn: One who punts a football; also, one who propels a punt. PUNTIL; PUNTEL Pun"til, Pun"tel, n. (Glass Making) Defn: See Pontee. PUNTO Pun"to, n. Etym: [It. punto, L. punctum point. See Point.] (Fencing) Defn: A point or hit. Punto diritto Etym: [It.], a direct stroke or hit. -- Punto reverso Etym: [It. riverso reverse], a backhanded stroke. Halliwell. "Ah, the immortal passado! the punto reverso!" Shak. PUNT-OUT Punt"-out`, n. (American Football) Defn: A punt made from the goal line by a player of the side which has made a touchdown to one of his own side for a fair catch, from which an attempt to kick a goal may be made. PUNTY Pun"ty, n. (Glass Making) Defn: See Pontee. PUNY Pu"ny, a. [Compar. Punier; superl. Puniest.] Etym: [F. puîté younger, later born, OF. puisné; puis afterwards (L. post; see Post-) + né born, L. natus. See Natal, and cf. Puisne.] Defn: Imperfectly developed in size or vigor; small and feeble; inferior; petty. A puny subject strikes at thy great glory. Shak. Breezes laugh to scorn our puny speed. Keble. PUNY Pu"ny, n. Defn: A youth; a novice. [R.] Fuller. PUOY Puoy, n. Defn: Same as Poy, n., 3. PUP Pup, n. Etym: [See Puppy.] (Zoöl.) (a) A young dog; a puppy. (b) a young seal. PUP Pup, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pupped; p. pr. & vb. n. Pupping.] Defn: To bring forth whelps or young, as the female of the canine species. PUPA Pu"pa, n.; pl. L. Pup, E. Pupas. Etym: [L. pupa girl. doll, puppet, fem. of pupus. Cf. Puppet.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any insect in that stage of its metamorphosis which usually immediately precedes the adult, or imago, stage. Note: Among insects belonging to the higher orders, as the Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, the pupa is inactive and takes no food; in the lower orders it is active and takes food, and differs little from the imago except in the rudimentary state of the sexual organs, and of the wings in those that have wings when adult. The term pupa is sometimes applied to other invertebrates in analogous stages of development. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of air-breathing land snails having an elongated spiral shell. Coarctate, or Obtected, pupa, a pupa which is incased in the dried-up skin of the larva, as in many Diptera. -- Masked pupa, a pupa whose limbs are bound down and partly concealed by a chitinous covering, as in Lepidoptera. PUPAL Pu"pal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a pupa, or the condition of a pupa. PUPATE Pu"pate, v. i. (Zoöl.) Defn: To become a pupa. PUPATION Pu*pa"tion, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: the act of becoming a pupa. PUPE Pupe, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A pupa. PUPELO Pu*pe"lo, n. Defn: Cider brandy. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. PUPIGEROUS Pu*pig"er*ous, a. Etym: [Pupa + -gerous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Bearing or containing a pupa; -- said of dipterous larvæ which do not molt when the pupa is formed within them. PUPIL Pu"pil, n. Etym: [F. pupille, n. fem., L. pupilla the pupil of the eye, originally dim. of pupa a girl. See Puppet, and cf. Pupil a scholar.] (Anat.) Defn: The aperture in the iris; the sight, apple, or black of the eye. See the Note under Eye, and Iris. Pin-hole pupil (Med.), the pupil of the eye when so contracted (as it sometimes is in typhus, or opium poisoning) as to resemble a pin hole. Dunglison. PUPIL Pu"pil, n. Etym: [F. pupille, n. masc. & fem., L. pupillus, pupilla, dim. of pupus boy, pupa girl. See Puppet, and cf. Pupil of the eye.] 1. A youth or scholar of either sex under the care of an instructor or tutor. Too far in years to be a pupil now. Shak. Tutors should behave reverently before their pupils. L'Estrange. 2. A person under a guardian; a ward. Dryden. 3. (Civil Law) Defn: A boy or a girl under the age of puberty, that is, under fourteen if a male, and under twelve if a female. Syn. -- Learner; disciple; tyro. -- See Scholar. PUPILAGE Pu"pil*age, n. Defn: The state of being a pupil. As sons of kings, loving in pupilage, Have turned to tyrants when they came to power. Tennyson. PUPILLARITY Pu`pil*lar"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pupillarité. See Pupillary.] (Scots Law) Defn: The period before puberty, or from birth to fourteen in males, and twelve in females. PUPILLARY Pu"pil*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. pupillaris: cf. F.pupillaire. See Pupil.] 1. Of or pertaining to a pupil or ward. Johnson. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pupil of the eye. PUPILLOMETER Pu`pil*lom"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. pupilla pupil of the eye + -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the size of the pupil of the pupil of the eye. PUPIPARA Pu*pip"a*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pupiparous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Diptera in which the young are born in a stage like the pupa. It includes the sheep tick, horse tick, and other parasites. Called also Homaloptera. PUPIPAROUS Pu*pip"a*rous, a. Etym: [Pupa + L. parere to bring forth.] (Zoöl.) (a) Bearing, or containing, a pupa; -- said of the matured larvæ, or larval skins, of certain Diptera. (b) Of or pertaining to the Pupipara. PUPIVORA Pu*piv"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Pupivorous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of parasitic Hymenoptera, including the ichneumon flies, which destroy the larvæ and pupæ of insects. PUPIVOROUS Pu*piv"o*rous, a. Etym: [Pupa + L. vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Feeding on the pupæ of insects. PUPLICAN Pup"li*can, n. Defn: Publican. [Obs.] PUPPET Pup"pet, n. Etym: [OE. popet, OF. poupette; akin to F. poupée a doll, probably from L. puppa, pupa, a girl, doll, puppet. Cf. Poupeton, Pupa, Pupil, Puppy.] [Written also poppet.] 1. A small image in the human form; a doll. 2. A similar figure moved by the hand or by a wire in a mock drama; a marionette; a wooden actor in a play. At the pipes of some carved organ move, The gilded puppets dance. Pope. 3. One controlled in his action by the will of another; a tool; -- so used in contempt. Sir W. Scott. 4. (Mach.) Defn: The upright support for the bearing of the spindle in a lathe. Puppet master. Same as Puppetman. -- Puppet play, a puppet show. -- Puppet player, one who manages the motions of puppets. -- Puppet show, a mock drama performed by puppets moved by wires. -- Puppet valve, a valve in the form of a circular disk, which covers a hole in its seat, and opens by moving bodily away from the seat while remaining parallel with it, -- used in steam engines, pumps, safety valves, etc. Its edge is often beveled, and fits in a conical recess in the seat when the valve is closed. See the valves shown in Illusts. of Plunger pump, and Safety valve, under Plunger, and Safety. PUPPETISH Pup"pet*ish, a. Defn: Resembling a puppet in appearance or action; of the nature of a puppet. PUPPETMAN Pup"pet*man, n. Defn: A master of a puppet show. PUPPETRY Pup"pet*ry, n. Defn: Action or appearance resembling that of a puppet, or puppet show; hence, mere form or show; affectation. Puppetry of the English laws of divorce. Chambers. PUPPY Pup"py, n.; pl. Puppies. Etym: [F. poupée doll, puppet. See Puppet, and cf. Pup, n.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The young of a canine animal, esp. of the common dog; a whelp. 2. A name of contemptuous reproach for a conceited and impertinent person. I found my place taken by an ill-bred, awkward puppy with a money bag under each arm. Addison. PUPPY Pup"py, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puppied; p. pr. & vb. n. Puppying.] Defn: To bring forth whelps; to pup. PUPPYHOOD Pup"py*hood, n. Defn: The time or state of being a puppy; the time of being young and undisciplined. PUPPYISH Pup"py*ish, a. Defn: Like a puppy. PUPPYISM Pup"py*ism, n. Defn: Extreme meanness, affectation, conceit, or impudence. A. Chalmers. PUR Pur, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Purred; p. pr. & vb. n. Purring.] Etym: [Of imitative origin; cf. Prov. G. purren.] Defn: To utter a low, murmuring, continued sound, as a cat does when pleased. [Written also purr.] PUR Pur, v. t. Defn: To signify or express by purring. Gray. PUR Pur, n. Defn: The low, murmuring sound made by a cat to express contentment or pleasure. [Written also purr.] PURANA Pu*ra"na, n. Etym: [Skr. pura, properly. old, ancient, fr. pura formerly.] Defn: One of a class of sacred Hindoo poetical works in the Sanskrit language which treat of the creation, destruction, and renovation of worlds, the genealogy and achievements of gods and heroes, the reigns of the Manus, and the transactions of their descendants. The principal Puranas are eighteen in number, and there are the same number of supplementary books called Upa Puranas. PURANIC Pu*ran"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to the Puranas. PURBECK BEDS Pur"beck beds`. Etym: [So called from the Isle of Purbeck in England.] (Geol.) Defn: The strata of the Purbeck stone, or Purbeck limestone, belonging to the Oölitic group. See the Chart of Geology. PURBECK STONE Pur"beck stone`. (Geol.) Defn: A limestone from the Isle of Purbeck in England. PURBLIND Pur"blind`, a. Etym: [For pure-blind, i. e., wholly blind. See Pure, and cf. Poreblind.] 1. Wholly blind. "Purblind Argus, all eyes and no sight." Shak. 2. Nearsighted, or dim-sighted; seeing obscurely; as, a purblind eye; a purblind mole. The saints have not so sharp eyes to see down from heaven; they be purblindand sand-blind. Latimer. O purblind race of miserable men. Tennyson. -- Pur"blind`ly, adv. -- Pur"blind`ness, n. PURCELANE Purce"lane, n. (Bot.) Defn: Purslane. [Obs.] PURCHASABLE Pur"chas*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being bought, purchased, or obtained for a consideration; hence, venal; corrupt. Money being the counterbalance to all things purchasable by it, as much as you take off from the value of money, so much you add to the price of things exchanged. Locke. PURCHASE Pur"chase (; 48), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purchased; p. pr. & vb. n. Purchasing.] Etym: [OE. purchasen, porchacen, OF. porchacier, purchacier, to pursue, to seek eagerly, F. pourchasser; OF. pour, por, pur, for (L. pro) + chacier to pursue, to chase. See Chase.] 1. To pursue and obtain; to acquire by seeking; to gain, obtain, or acquire. Chaucer. That loves the thing he can not purchase. Spenser. Your accent is Something finer than you could purchase in so removed a dwelling. Shak. His faults . . . hereditary Rather than purchased. Shak. 2. To obtain by paying money or its equivalent; to buy for a price; as, to purchase land, or a house. The field which Abraham purchased of the sons of Heth. Gen. xxv. 10. 3. To obtain by any outlay, as of labor, danger, or sacrifice, etc.; as, to purchase favor with flattery. One poor retiring minute . . . Would purchase thee a thousand thousand friends. Shak. A world who would not purchase with a bruise Milton. 4. To expiate by a fine or forfeit. [Obs.] Not tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses. Shak. 5. (Law) (a) To acquire by any means except descent or inheritance. Blackstone. (b) To buy for a price. 6. To apply to (anything) a device for obtaining a mechanical advantage; to get a purchase upon, or apply a purchase to; as, to purchase a cannon. PURCHASE Pur"chase, v. i. 1. To put forth effort to obtain anything; to strive; to exert one's self. [Obs.] Duke John of Brabant purchased greatly that the Earl of Flanders should have his daughter in marriage. Ld. Berners. 2. To acquire wealth or property. [Obs.] Sure our lawyers Would not purchase half so fast. J. Webster. PURCHASE Pur"chase (; 48), n. Etym: [OE. purchds, F. pourchas eager pursuit. See Purchase, v. t.] 1. The act of seeking, getting, or obtaining anything. [Obs.] I'll . . . get meat to have thee, Or lose my life in the purchase. Beau. & Fl. 2. The act of seeking and acquiring property. 3. The acquisition of title to, or properly in, anything for a price; buying for money or its equivalent. It is foolish to lay out money in the purchase of repentance. Franklin. 4. That which is obtained, got, or acquired, in any manner, honestly or dishonestly; property; possession; acquisition. Chaucer. B. Jonson. We met with little purchase upon this coast, except two small vessels of Golconda. De Foe. A beauty-waning and distressed widow . . . Made prize and purchase of his lustful eye. Shak. 5. That which is obtained for a price in money or its equivalent. "The scrip was complete evidence of his right in the purchase." Wheaton. 6. Any mechanical hold, or advantage, applied to the raising or removing of heavy bodies, as by a lever, a tackle, capstan, and the like; also, the apparatus, tackle, or device by which the advantage is gained. A politician, to do great things, looks for a power -- what our workmen call a purchase. Burke. 7. (Law) Defn: Acquisition of lands or tenements by other means than descent or inheritance, namely, by one's own act or agreement. Blackstone. Purchase criminal, robbery. [Obs.] Spenser. -- Purchase money, the money paid, or contracted to be paid, for anything bought. Berkeley. -- Worth, or At, [so many] years' purchase, a phrase by which the value or cost of a thing is expressed in the length of time required for the income to amount to the purchasing price; as, he bought the estate at a twenty years' purchase. To say one's life is not worth a day's purchase in the same as saying one will not live a day, or is in imminent peril. PURCHASER Pur"chas*er, n. 1. One who purchases; one who acquires property for a consideration, generally of money; a buyer; a vendee. 2. (Law) Defn: One who acquires an estate in lands by his own act or agreement, or who takes or obtains an estate by any means other than by descent or inheritance. PURDAH Pur"dah, n. Etym: [Per. parda a curtain.] Defn: A curtain or screen; also, a cotton fabric in blue and white stripes, used for curtains. McElrath. PURE Pure, a. [Compar. Purer; superl. Purest.] Etym: [OE. pur, F. pur, fr. L. purus; akin to putus pure, clear, putare to clean, trim, prune, set in order, settle, reckon, consider, think, Skr. p to clean, and perh. E. fire. Cf. Putative.] 1. Separate from all heterogeneous or extraneous matter; free from mixture or combination; clean; mere; simple; unmixed; as, pure water; pure clay; pure air; pure compassion. The pure fetters on his shins great. Chaucer. A guinea is pure gold if it has in it no alloy. I. Watts. 2. Free from moral defilement or quilt; hence, innocent; guileless; chaste; -- applied to persons. "Keep thyself pure." 1 Tim. v. 22. Now the end of the commandment is charity out of a pure heart, and of a good conscience. 1 Tim. i. 5. 3. Free from that which harms, vitiates, weakens, or pollutes; genuine; real; perfect; -- applied to things and actions. "Pure religion and impartial laws." Tickell. "The pure, fine talk of Rome." Ascham. Such was the origin of a friendship as warm and pure as any that ancient or modern history records. Macaulay. 4. (Script.) Defn: Ritually clean; fitted for holy services. Thou shalt set them in two rows, six on a row, upon the pure table before the Lord. Lev. xxiv. 6. 5. (Phonetics) Defn: Of a single, simple sound or tone; -- said of some vowels and the unaspirated consonants. Pure-impure, completely or totally impure. "The inhabitants were pure-impure pagans." Fuller. -- Pure blue. (Chem.) See Methylene blue, under Methylene. -- Pure chemistry. See under Chemistry. -- Pure mathematics, that portion of mathematics which treats of the principles of the science, or contradistinction to applied mathematics, which treats of the application of the principles to the investigation of other branches of knowledge, or to the practical wants of life. See Mathematics. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ) -- Pure villenage (Feudal Law), a tenure of lands by uncertain services at the will of the lord. Blackstone. Syn. -- Unmixed; clear; simple; real; true; genuine; unadulterated; uncorrupted; unsullied; untarnished; unstained; stainless; clean; fair; unspotted; spotless; incorrupt; chaste; unpolluted; undefiled; immaculate; innocent; guiltless; guileless; holy. PURED Pured, a. Defn: Purified; refined. [Obs.] "Bread of pured wheat." "Pured gold." Chaucer. PUREE Pu`rée", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A dish made by boiling any article of food to a pulp and rubbing it through a sieve; as, a purée of fish, or of potatoes; especially, a soup the thickening of which is so treated. PURELY Pure"ly, adv. 1. In a pure manner (in any sense of the adjective). 2. Nicely; prettily. [Archaic] Halliwell. PURENESS Pure"ness, n. Defn: The state of being pure (in any sense of the adjective). PURFILE Pur"file, n. Etym: [See Purfle.] Defn: A sort of ancient trimming of tinsel and thread for women's gowns; -- called also bobbinwork. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. PURFLE Pur"fle, v. t. Etym: [OF. pourfiler; pour for + fil a thread, L. filum. See Profile, and cf. Purl a border.] 1. To decorate with a wrought or flowered border; to embroider; to ornament with metallic threads; as, to purfle with blue and white. P. Plowman. A goodly lady clad in scarlet red, Purfled with gold and pearl of rich assay. Spenser. 2. (Her.) Defn: To ornament with a bordure of emines, furs, and the like; also, with gold studs or mountings. PURFLE; PURFLEW Pur"fle, Pur"flew, n. 1. A hem, border., or trimming, as of embroidered work. 2. (Her.) Defn: A border of any heraldic fur. PURFLED Pur"fled, a. Defn: Ornamented; decorated; esp., embroidered on the edges. Purfled work (Arch.), delicate tracery, especially in Gothic architecture. PURFLING Pur"fling, n. Defn: Ornamentation on the border of a thing; specifically, the inlaid border of a musical instrument, as a violin. PURGAMENT Pur"ga*ment, n. Etym: [L. purgamentum offscourings, washings, expiatory sacrifice. See Purge.] 1. That which is excreted; excretion. [Obs.] 2. (Med.) Defn: A cathartic; a purgative. [Obs.] Bacon. PURGATION Pur*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. purgatio: cf. F. purgation. See Purge.] 1. The act of purging; the act of clearing, cleansing, or putifying, by separating and carrying off impurities, or whatever is superfluous; the evacuation of the bowels. 2. (Law) Defn: The clearing of one's self from a crime of which one was publicly suspected and accused. It was either canonical, which was prescribed by the canon law, the form whereof used in the spiritual court was, that the person suspected take his oath that he was clear of the matter objected against him, and bring his honest neighbors with him to make oath that they believes he swore truly; or vulgar, which was by fire or water ordeal, or by combat. See Ordeal. Wharton. Let him put me to my purgation. Shak. PURGATIVE Pur"ga*tive, a Etym: [L. purgativus: cf. F. purgatif.] Defn: Having the power or quality of purging; cathartic. -- n. (Med.) Defn: A purging medicine; a cathartic. PURGATIVELY Pur"ga*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a purgative manner. PURGATORIAL; PURGATORIAN Pur`ga*to"ri*al, Pur`ga*to"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to purgatory; expiatory. PURGATORIAN Pur`ga*to"ri*an, n. Defn: One who holds to the doctrine of purgatory. Boswell. PURGATORY Pur"ga*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. purgatorius.] Defn: Tending to cleanse; cleansing; expiatory. Burke. PURGATORY Pur"ga*to*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. purgatoire.] Defn: A state or place of purification after death; according to the Roman Catholic creed, a place, or a state believed to exist after death, in which the souls of persons are purified by expiating such offenses committed in this life as do not merit eternal damnation, or in which they fully satisfy the justice of God for sins that have been forgiven. After this purgation from the impurities of sin, the souls are believed to be received into heaven. PURGE Purge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purged; p. pr. & vb. n. Purging.] Etym: [F. purger, L. purgare; purus pure + agere to make, to do. See Pure, and Agent.] 1. To cleanse, clear, or purify by separating and carrying off whatever is impure, heterogeneous, foreign, or superfluous. "Till fire purge all things new." Milton. 2. (Med.) Defn: To operate on as, or by means of, a cathartic medicine, or in a similar manner. 3. To clarify; to defecate, as liquors. 4. To clear of sediment, as a boiler, or of air, as a steam pipe, by driving off or permitting escape. 5. To clear from guilt, or from moral or ceremonial defilement; as, to purge one of guilt or crime. When that he hath purged you from sin. Chaucer. Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean. Ps. li. 7. 6. (Law) Defn: To clear from accusation, or the charge of a crime or misdemeanor, as by oath or in ordeal. 7. To remove in cleansing; to deterge; to wash away; -- often followed by away. Purge away our sins, for thy name's sake. Ps. lxxix. 9. We 'll join our cares to purge away Our country's crimes. Addison. PURGE Purge, v. i. 1. To become pure, as by clarification. 2. To have or produce frequent evacuations from the intestines, as by means of a cathartic. PURGE Purge, n. Etym: [Cf. F. purge. See Purge, v. t.] 1. The act of purging. The preparative for the purge of paganism of the kingdom of Northumberland. Fuller. 2. That which purges; especially, a medicine that evacuates the intestines; a cathartic. Arbuthnot. PURGER Pur"ger, n. Defn: One who, or that which, purges or cleanses; especially, a cathartic medicine. PURGERY Pur"ger*y, n. Defn: The part of a sugarhouse where the molasses is drained off from the sugar. PURGING Pur"ging, a. Defn: That purges; cleansing. Purging flax (Bot.), an annual European plant of the genus Linum (L. catharticum); dwarf wild flax; -- so called from its use as a cathartic medicine. PURGING Pur"ging, n. (Med.) Defn: The act of cleansing; excessive evacuations; especially, diarrhea. PURI Pur"i, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Euxanthin. PURIFICATION Pu`ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [F. purification, L. purificatio. See Purify.] 1. The act of purifying; the act or operation of separating and removing from anything that which is impure or noxious, or heterogeneous or foreign to it; as, the purification of liquors, or of metals. 2. The act or operation of cleansing ceremonially, by removing any pollution or defilement. When the days of her purification according to the law of Moses were accomplished. Luke ii. 22. 3. A cleansing from guilt or the pollution of sin; the extinction of sinful desires, appetites, and inclinations. PURIFICATIVE Pu"ri*fi*ca*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. purificatif.] Defn: Having power to purify; tending to cleanse. [R.] PURIFICATOR Pu"ri*fi*ca`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, purifies; a purifier. PURIFICATORY Pu*rif"i*ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. purificatorius.] Defn: Serving or tending to purify; purificative. PURIFIER Pu"ri*fi`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, purifies or cleanses; a cleanser; a refiner. PURIFORM Pu"ri*form, a. Etym: [L. pus, puris, pus + -form: cf. F. puriforme.] (Med.) Defn: In the form of pus. PURIFY Pu"ri*fy v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purified; p. pr. & vb. n. Purifying.] Etym: [F.purifier, L. purificare; purus pure + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Pure, and -fy.] 1. To make pure or clear from material defilement, admixture, or imperfection; to free from extraneous or noxious matter; as, to purify liquors or metals; to purify the blood; to purify the air. 2. Hence, in figurative uses: (a) To free from guilt or moral defilement; as, to purify the heart. And fit them so Purified to receive him pure. Milton. (b) To free from ceremonial or legal defilement. And Moses took the blood, and put it upon the horns of the altar, . . . and purified the altar. Lev. viii. 15. Purify both yourselves and your captives. Num. xxxi. 19. (c) To free from improprieties or barbarisms; as, to purify a language. Sprat. PURIFY Pu"ri*fy, v. i. Defn: To grow or become pure or clear. PURIM Pu"rim, n. Etym: [Heb. pur, pl. purim, a lot.] Defn: A Jewish festival, called also the Feast of Lots, instituted to commemorate the deliverance of the Jews from the machinations of Haman. Esther ix. 26. PURISM Pur"ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. purisme.] Defn: Rigid purity; the quality of being affectedly pure or nice, especially in the choice of language; over-solicitude as to purity. "His political purism." De Quincey. The English language, however, . . . had even already become too thoroughly and essentially a mixed tongue for his doctrine of purism to be admitted to the letter. Craik. PURIST Pur"ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. puriste.] 1. One who aims at excessive purity or nicety, esp. in the choice of language. He [Fox] . . . purified vocabulary with a scrupulosity unknown to any purist. Macaulay. 2. One who maintains that the New Testament was written in pure Greek. M. Stuart. PURISTIC; PURISTICAL Pu*ris"tic, Pu*ris"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to purists or purism. PURITAN Pu"ri*tan, n. Etym: [From Purity.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One who, in the time of Queen Elizabeth and the first two Stuarts, opposed traditional and formal usages, and advocated simpler forms of faith and worship than those established by law; -- originally, a term of reproach. The Puritans formed the bulk of the early population of New England. Note: The Puritans were afterward distinguished as Political Puritans, Doctrinal Puritans, and Puritans in Discipline. Hume. 2. One who is scrupulous and strict in his religious life; -- often used reproachfully or in contempt; one who has overstrict notions. She would make a puritan of the devil. Shak. PURITAN Pu"ri*tan, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Puritans; resembling, or characteristic of, the Puritans. PURITANIC; PURITANICAL Pu`ri*tan"ic, Pu`ri*tan"ic*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Puritans, or to their doctrines and practice. 2. Precise in observance of legal or religious requirements; strict; overscrupulous; rigid; -- often used by way of reproach or contempt. Paritanical circles, from which plays and novels were strictly excluded. Macaulay. He had all the puritanic traits, both good and evil. Hawthorne. PURITANICALLY Pu`ri*tan"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a puritanical manner. PURITANISM Pu"ri*tan*ism, n. Defn: The doctrines, notions, or practice of Puritans. PURITANIZE Pu"ri*tan*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puritanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Puritanizing.] Defn: To agree with, or teach, the doctrines of Puritans; to conform to the practice of Puritans. Bp. Montagu. PURITY Pu"ri*ty, n. Etym: [OE. purete, purte, OF. purté, F. pureté, from L. puritas, fr. purus pure. See Pure.] Defn: The condition of being pure. Specifically: (a) freedom from foreign admixture or deleterious matter; as, the purity of water, of wine, of drugs, of metals. (b) Cleanness; freedom from foulness or dirt. "The purity of a linen vesture." Holyday. (c) Freedom from guilt or the defilement of sin; innocence; chastity; as, purity of heart or of life. (d) Freedom from any sinister or improper motives or views. (e) Freedom from foreign idioms, or from barbarous or improper words or phrases; as, purity of style. PURKINJE'S CELLS Pur"kin*je's cells`. Etym: [From J. E. Purkinje, their discoverer.] (Anat.) Defn: Large ganglion cells forming a layer near the surface of the cerebellum. PURL Purl, v. t. Etym: [Contr. fr. purfile, purfle. See Purfle.] Defn: To decorate with fringe or embroidery. "Nature's cradle more enchased and purled." B. Jonson. PURL Purl, n. 1. An embroidered and puckered border; a hem or fringe, often of gold or silver twist; also, a pleat or fold, as of a band. A triumphant chariot made of carnation velvet, enriched withpurl and pearl. Sir P. Sidney . 2. An inversion of stitches in knitting, which gives to the work a ribbed or waved appearance. Purl stitch. Same as Purl, n., 2. PURL Purl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Purled; p. pr. & vb. n. Purling.] Etym: [Cf. Sw. porla, and E. pur to murmur as a cat.] 1. To run swiftly round, as a small stream flowing among stones or other obstructions; to eddy; also, to make a murmuring sound, as water does in running over or through obstructions. Swift o'er the rolling pebbles, down the hills, Louder and louder purl the falling rills. Pope. 2. Etym: [Perh. fr. F. perler to pearl, to bead. See Pearl, v. & n.] Defn: To rise in circles, ripples, or undulations; to curl; to mantle. thin winding breath which purled up to the sky. Shak. PURL Purl, n. Etym: [See 3d Purl.] 1. A circle made by the notion of a fluid; an eddy; a ripple. Whose stream an easy breath doth seem to blow, Which on the sparkling gravel runs in purles, As though the waves had been of silver curls. Drayton. 2. A gentle murmur, as that produced by the running of a liquid among obstructions; as, the purl of a brook. 3. Etym: [Perh. from F.perler, v. See Purl to mantle.] Defn: Malt liquor, medicated or spiced; formerly, ale or beer in which wormwood or other bitter herbs had been infused, and which was regarded as tonic; at present, hot beer mixed with gin, sugar, and spices. "Drank a glass of purl to recover appetite." Addison. "Drinking hot purl, and smoking pipes." Dickens. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tern. [Prov. Eng.] PURLIEU Pur"lieu, n. Etym: [Corrupted (by influence of lieu place) fr. OF. puralée, poralée (equiv. to LL. perambulatio a survey of boundaries, originally, a going through); por (L. pro, confused, however, with L. per through) + alée. See Pro-, and Alley.] [Written also pourlieu.] 1. Originally, the ground near a royal forest, which, having been unlawfully added to the forest, was afterwards severed from it, and disafforested so as to remit to the former owners their rights. Then as a tiger, who by chance hath spied In some purlieu two gentle fawns at play. Milton. 2. Hence, the outer portion of any place; an adjacent district; environs; neighborhood. "The purlieus of St. James." brokers had been incessantly plying for custom in the purlieus of the court. Macaulay. PURLIN; PURLINE Pur"lin, Pur"line, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Arch.) Defn: In root construction, a horizontal member supported on the principals and supporting the common rafters. PURLING Purl"ing, n. Etym: [See 3d Purl.] Defn: The motion of a small stream running among obstructions; also, the murmur it makes in so doing. PURLOIN Pur*loin", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purloined; p. pr. & vb. n. Purloining.] Etym: [OF. purloignier, porloignier, to retard, delay; pur, por, pour, for (L. pro) + loin far, far off (L. longe). See Prolong, and cf. Eloign.] Defn: To take or carry away for one's self; hence, to steal; to take by theft; to filch. Had from his wakeful custody purloined The guarded gold. Milton. when did the muse from Fletcher scenes purloin Dryden. PURLOIN Pur*loin", v. i. Defn: To practice theft; to steal. Titus ii. 10. PURLOINER Pur*loin"er, n. Defn: One who purloins. Swift. PURPARTY Pur"par`ty, n. Etym: [OF. pourpartie; pour for + partie a part; cf. OF. purpart a respective part.] (Law) Defn: A share, part, or portion of an estate allotted to a coparcener. [Written also purpart, and pourparty.] I am forced to eat all the game of your purparties, as well as my own thirds. Walpole. PURPLE Pur"ple, n.; pl. Purples. Etym: [OE. purpre, pourpre, OF. purpre, porpre, pourpre, F. pourpre, L. purpura purple fish, purple dye, fr. Gr. furere to rage, E. fury: cf. AS. purpure. Cf. Porphyry, Purpure.] 1. A color formed by, or resembling that formed by, a combination of the primary colors red and blue. Arraying with reflected purple and gold The clouds that on his western throne attend. Milton. Note: The ancient words which are translated purple are supposed to have been used for the color we call crimson. In the gradations of color as defined in art, purple is a mixture of red and blue. When red predominates it is called violet, and when blue predominates, hyacinth. 2. Cloth dyed a purple color, or a garment of such color; especially, a purple robe, worn as an emblem of rank or authority; specifically, the purple rode or mantle worn by Roman emperors as the emblem of imperial dignity; as, to put on the imperial purple. Thou shalt make the tabernacle with ten curtains of fine twined linen, and purple, and scarlet. Ex. xxvi. 1. 3. Hence: Imperial sovereignty; royal rank, dignity, or favor; loosely and colloquially, any exalted station; great wealth. "He was born in the purple." Gibbon. 4. A cardinalate. See Cardinal. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of large butterflies, usually marked with purple or blue, of the genus Basilarchia (formerly Limenitis) as, the banded purple (B. arthemis). See Illust. under Ursula. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any shell of the genus Purpura. 7. pl.(Med.) Defn: See Purpura. 8. pl. Defn: A disease of wheat. Same as Earcockle. Note: Purple is sometimes used in composition, esp. with participles forming words of obvious signification; as, purple-colored, purple- hued, purple-stained, purple-tinged, purple-tinted, and the like. French purple. (Chem.) Same as Cudbear. -- Purple of Cassius. See Cassius. -- Purple of mollusca (Zoöl.), a coloring matter derived from certain mollusks, which dyes wool, etc., of a purple or crimson color, and is supposed to be the substance of the famous Tyrian dye. It is obtained from Ianthina, and from several species of Purpura, and Murex. -- To be born in the purple, to be of princely birth; to be highborn. PURPLE Pur"ple, a. 1. Exhibiting or possessing the color called purple, much esteemed for its richness and beauty; of a deep red, or red and blue color; as, a purple robe. 2. Imperial; regal; -- so called from the color having been an emblem of imperial authority. Hide in the dust thy purple pride. Shelley. 3. Blood-red; bloody. May such purple tears be alway shed. Shak. I view a field of blood, And Tiber rolling with a purple blood. Dryden. Purple bird (Zoöl.), the European purple gallinule. See under Gallinule. -- Purple copper ore. (Min.) See Bornite. -- Purple grackle (Zoöl.), the crow blackbird. See under Crow. -- Purple martin. See under Martin. -- Purple sandpiper. See under Sandpiper. -- Purple shell. See Ianthina. PURPLE Pur"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purpled; p. pr. & vb. n. Purpling.] Defn: To make purple; to dye of purple or deep red color; as, hands purpled with blood. When morn Purples the east. Milton. Reclining soft in blissful bowers, Purpled sweet with springing flowers. Fenton. PURPLEHEART Pur"ple*heart`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A strong, durable, and elastic wood of a purplish color, obtained from several tropical American leguminous trees of the genus Copaifera (C. pubiflora, bracteata, and officinalis). Used for decorative veneering. See Copaiba. PURPLEWOOD Pur"ple*wood`, n. Defn: Same as Purpleheart. PURPLISH Pur"plish, a. Defn: Somewhat purple. Boyle. PURPORT Pur"port, n. Etym: [OF. purport; pur, pour, for (L. pro) + porter to bear, carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. Design or tendency; meaning; import; tenor. The whole scope and purport of that dialogue. Norris. With a look so piteous in purport As if he had been loosed out of hell. Shak. 2. Disguise; covering. [Obs.] For she her sex under that strange purport Did use to hide. Spenser. PURPORT Pur"port, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purported; p. pr. & vb. n. Purporting.] Etym: [OF. purporter, pourporter. See Purport, n.] Defn: To intend to show; to intend; to mean; to signify; to import; - - often with an object clause or infinitive. They in most grave and solemn wise unfolded Matter which little purported. Rowe. PURPORTLESS Pur"port*less, a. Defn: Without purport or meaning. PURPOSE Pur"pose, n. Etym: [OF. purpos, pourpos, propos, L. propositum. See Propound.] 1. That which a person sets before himself as an object to be reached or accomplished; the end or aim to which the view is directed in any plan, measure, or exertion; view; aim; design; intention; plan. He will his firste purpos modify. Chaucer. As my eternal purpose hath decreed. Milton. The flighty purpose never is o'ertook Unless the deed go with it. Shak. 2. Proposal to another; discourse. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. Instance; example. [Obs.] L'Estrange. In purpose, Of purpose, On purpose, with previous design; with the mind directed to that object; intentionally. On purpose is the form now generally used. Syn. -- design; end; intention; aim. See Design. PURPOSE Pur"pose, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Purposing.] Etym: [OF. purposer, proposer. See Propose.] 1. To set forth; to bring forward. [Obs.] 2. To propose, as an aim, to one's self; to determine upon, as some end or object to be accomplished; to intend; to design; to resolve; - - often followed by an infinitive or dependent clause. Chaucer. Did nothing purpose against the state. Shak. I purpose to write the history of England from the accession of King James the Second down to a time which is within the memory of men still living. Macaulay. PURPOSE Pur"pose, v. i. Defn: To have a purpose or intention; to discourse. [Obs.] Spenser. PURPOSEDLY Pur"posed*ly, adv. Defn: In a purposed manner; according to purpose or design; purposely. A poem composed purposedly of the Trojan war. Holland. PURPOSEFUL Pur"pose*ful, a. Defn: Important; material. "Purposeful accounts." Tylor. -- Pur"pose*ful*ly, adv. PURPOSELESS Pur"pose*less, a. Defn: Having no purpose or result; objectless. Bp. Hall. -- Pur"pose*less*ness, n. PURPOSELY Pur"pose*ly, adv. Defn: With purpose or design; intentionally; with predetermination; designedly. In composing this discourse, I purposely declined all offensive and displeasing truths. Atterbury. So much they scorn the crowd, that if the throng By chance go right, they purposely go wrong. Pope. PURPOSER Pur"pos*er, n. 1. One who brings forward or proposes anything; a proposer. [Obs.] 2. One who forms a purpose; one who intends. PURPOSIVE Pur"po*sive, a. Defn: Having or indicating purpose or design. "Purposive characters." Bastian. Purposive modification of structure in a bone. Owen. It is impossible that the frog should perform actions morepurposive than these. Huxley. PURPRE Pur"pre, n. & a. Defn: Purple. [Obs.] Chaucer. PURPRESTURE Pur*pres"ture, n. Etym: [Probably corrupted (see Prest) fr. OF. pourprisure, fr. pourprendre: cf. LL. purprestura. Cf. Purprise.] (Law) Defn: Wrongful encroachment upon another's property; esp., any encroachment upon, or inclosure of, that which should be common or public, as highways, rivers, harbors, forts, etc. [Written also pourpresture.] PURPRISE Pur"prise, n. Etym: [OF. pourpris,fr. pourprendre to take away entirely; pour for + prendre to take.] Defn: A close or inclosure; the compass of a manor. Bacon. PURPURA Pur"pu*ra, n. Etym: [L., purple, purple fish: cf. F. purpura. See Purple.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A disease characterized by livid spots on the skin from extravasated blood, with loss of muscular strength, pain in the limbs, and mental dejection; the purples. Dunglison. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine gastropods, usually having a rough and thick shell. Some species yield a purple dye. PURPURATE Pur"pu*rate, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to purpura. PURPURATE Pur"pu*rate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of purpuric acid. PURPURE Pur"pure, n. Etym: [L. purpura purple. See Purple.] (Her.) Defn: Purple, -- represented in engraving by diagonal lines declining from the right top to the left base of the escutcheon (or from sinister chief to dexter base). PURPUREAL Pur*pu"re*al, a. Defn: Of a purple color; purple. PURPUREO- Pur*pu"re*o-. Defn: A combining form signifying of a purple or purple-red color. Specif. (Chem.), used in designating certain brilliant purple-red compounds of cobaltic chloride and ammonia, similar to the roseocobaltic compounds. See Cobaltic. PURPURIC Pur*pu"ric, a. Etym: [Cf. F. purpurique.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to purpura. Dunglison. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to or designating, a nitrogenous acid contained in uric acid. It is not known in the pure state, but forms well-known purple-red compounds (as murexide), whence its name. Note: Purpuric acid was formerly used to designate murexan. See Murexan. PURPURIN Pur"pu*rin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A dyestuff resembling alizarin, found in madder root, and extracted as an orange or red crystalline substance. PURPURIPAROUS Pur`pu*rip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. purpura purple + parere to produce.] (Biol.) Defn: Producing, or connected with, a purple-colored secretion; as, the purpuriparous gland of certain gastropods. PURPUROGENOUS Pur`pu*rog"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. purpura purple + -genous.] (Biol.) Defn: Having the power to produce a purple color; as, the purpurogenous membrane, or choroidal epithelium, of the eye. See Visual purple, under Visual. PURR Purr, v. i. & t. Defn: To murmur as a cat. See Pur. PURR Purr, n. Defn: The low murmuring sound made by a cat; pur. See Pur. PURRE Purre, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dunlin. [Prov. Eng.] PURREE Pur"ree, n. Etym: [Hind. peori yellow.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow coloring matter. See Euxanthin. PURROCK Pur"rock, n. Defn: See Puddock, and Parrock. PURSE Purse, n. Etym: [OE. purs, pors, OF. burse, borse, bourse, F. bourse, LL. bursa, fr. Gr. Bourse, Bursch, Bursar, Buskin.] 1. A small bag or pouch, the opening of which is made to draw together closely, used to carry money in; by extension, any receptacle for money carried on the person; a wallet; a pocketbook; a portemonnaie. Chaucer. Who steals my purse steals trash. Shak. 2. Hence, a treasury; finances; as, the public purse. 3. A sum of money offered as a prize, or collected as a present; as, to win the purse; to make up a purse. 4. A specific sum of money; as: (a) In Turkey, the sum of 500 piasters. (b) In Persia, the sum of 50 tomans. Light purse, or Empty purse, poverty or want of resources. -- Long purse, or Heavy purse, wealth; riches. -- Purse crab (Zoöl.), any land crab of the genus Birgus, allied to the hermit crabs. They sometimes weigh twenty pounds or more, and are very strong, being able to crack cocoanuts with the large claw. They chiefly inhabit the tropical islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, living in holes and feeding upon fruit. Called also palm crab. -- Purse net, a fishing net, the mouth of which may be closed or drawn together like a purse. Mortimer. Purse pride, pride of money; insolence proceeding from the possession of wealth. Bp. Hall. -- Purse rat. (Zoöl.) See Pocket gopher, under Pocket. -- Sword and purse, the military power and financial resources of a nation. PURSE Purse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pursed; p. pr. & vb. n. Pursing.] 1. To put into a purse. I will go and purse the ducats straight. Shak. 2. To draw up or contract into folds or wrinkles, like the mouth of a purse; to pucker; to knit. Thou . . . didst contract and purse thy brow. Shak. PURSE Purse, v. i. Defn: To steal purses; to rob. [Obs. & R.] I'll purse: . . . I'll bet at bowling alleys. Beau. & Fl. PURSEFUL Purse"ful, n.; pl. Pursefuls (. Defn: All that is, or can be, contained in a purse; enough to fill a purse. PURSE-PROUD Purse"-proud`, a. Defn: Affected with purse pride; puffed up with the possession of riches. PURSER Purs"er, n. Etym: [See Purse, and cf. Bursar.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A commissioned officer in the navy who had charge of the provisions, clothing, and public moneys on shipboard; -- now called paymaster. 2. A clerk on steam passenger vessels whose duty it is to keep the accounts of the vessels, such as the receipt of freight, tickets, etc. 3. Colloquially, any paymaster or cashier. Purser's name (Naut.), a false name. [Slang] PURSERSHIP Purs"er*ship, n. Defn: The office of purser. Totten. PURSET Purs"et, n. Defn: A purse or purse net. B. Jonson. PURSINESS Pur"si*ness, n. Defn: State of being pursy. PURSIVE Pur"sive, a. Defn: Pursy. [Obs.] Holland. PURSIVENESS Pur"sive*ness, n. Defn: Pursiness. [Obs. & R.] PURSLAIN Purs"lain, n. Defn: Same as Purslane. PURSLANE Purs"lane, n. Etym: [OF. porcelaine, pourcelaine (cf. It. porcellana), corrupted fr. L. porcilaca for portulaca.] (Bot.) Defn: An annual plant (Portulaca oleracea), with fleshy, succulent, obovate leaves, sometimes used as a pot herb and for salads, garnishing, and pickling. Flowering purslane, or Great flowered purslane, the Portulaca grandiflora. See Portulaca. -- Purslane tree, a South African shrub (Portulacaria Afra) with many small opposite fleshy obovate leaves. -- Sea purslane, a seashore plant (Arenaria peploides) with crowded opposite fleshy leaves. -- Water purslane, an aquatic plant (Ludwiqia palustris) but slightly resembling purslane. PURSUABLE Pur*su"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being, or fit to be, pursued, followed, or prosecuted. Sherwood. PURSUAL Pur*su"al, n. Defn: The act of pursuit. [R.] PURSUANCE Pur*su"ance, n. Etym: [See Pursuant.] 1. The act of pursuing or prosecuting; a following out or after. Sermons are not like curious inquiries after new nothings, but pursuances of old truths. Jer. Taylor. 2. The state of being pursuant; consequence. In pursuance of, in accordance with; in prosecution or fulfillment of. PURSUANT Pur*su"ant, a. Etym: [From Pursue: cf. OE. poursuiant. Cf. Pursuivant.] Defn: Acting in consequence or in prosecution (of anything); hence, agreeable; conformable; following; according; -- with to or of. The conclusion which I draw from these premises, pursuant to the query laid down, is, etc. Waterland. PURSUANT; PURSUANTLY Pur*su"ant, Pur*su"ant*ly, adv. Defn: Agreeably; conformably. PURSUE Pur*sue", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pursued; p. pr. & vb. n. Pursuing.] Etym: [OE. pursuen, porsuen, OF. porsivre, poursuivre, poursuir, F. poursuivre, fr. L. prosequi; pro forward + sequi to follow. See Sue, and cf. Prosecute, Pursuivant.] 1. To follow with a view to overtake; to follow eagerly, or with haste; to chase; as, to pursue a hare. We happiness pursue; we fly from pain. Prior. The happiness of men lies in purswing, Not in possessing. Longfellow. 2. To seek; to use or adopt measures to obtain; as, to pursue a remedy at law. The fame of ancient matrons you pursue. Dryden. 3. To proceed along, with a view to some and or object; to follow; to go in; as, Captain Cook pursued a new route; the administration pursued a wise course. 4. To prosecute; to be engaged in; to continue. " Insatiate to pursue vain war." Milton. 5. To follow as an example; to imitate. 6. To follow with enmity; to persecute; to call to account. The servant is not greater than his lord. If they have pursued me, they shall pursue you also. Wyclif (John xv. 20). Syn. -- To follow; chase; seek; persist. See Follow. PURSUE Pur*sue", v. i. 1. To go in pursuit; to follow. The wicked flee when no man pursueth. Prov. xxviii. 1. Men hotly pursued after the objects of their ambition. Earle. 2. To go on; to proceed, especially in argument or discourse; to continue. Note: [A Gallicism] I have, pursues Carneades, wondered chemists should not consider. Boyle. 3. (Law) Defn: To follow a matter judicially, as a complaining party; to act as a prosecutor. Burrill. PURSUER Pur*su"er, n. 1. One who pursues or chases; one who follows in haste, with a view to overtake. 2. (Eccl. & Scots Law) Defn: A plaintiff; a prosecutor. PURSUIT Pur*suit", n. Etym: [F. poursuite, fr. poursuivre. See Pursue, v. t.] 1. The act of following or going after; esp., a following with haste, either for sport or in hostility; chase; prosecution; as, the pursuit of game; the pursuit of an enemy. Clarendon. Weak we are, and can not shun pursuit. Shak. 2. A following with a view to reach, accomplish, or obtain; endeavor to attain to or gain; as, the pursuit of knowledge; the pursuit of happiness or pleasure. 3. Course of business or occupation; continued employment with a view to same end; as, mercantile pursuits; a literary pursuit. 4. (Law) Defn: Prosecution. [Obs.] That pursuit for tithes ought, and of ancient time did pertain to the spiritual court. Fuller. Curve of pursuit (Geom.), a curve described by a point which is at each instant moving towards a second point, which is itself moving according to some specified law. PURSUIVANT Pur"sui*vant, n. Etym: [F. poursuivant, fr. poursuivre. See Pursue, and cf. Pursuant.] [Written also poursuivant.] 1. (Heralds' College) Defn: A functionary of lower rank than a herald, but discharging similar duties; -- called also pursuivant at arms; an attendant of the heralds. Also used figuratively. The herald Hope, forerunning Fear, And Fear, the pursuivant of Hope. Longfellow. 2. The king's messenger; a state messenger. One pursuivant who attempted to execute a warrant there was murdered. Macaulay. PURSUIVANT Pur"sui*vant, v. t. Defn: To pursue. [Obs. & R.] Their navy was pursuivanted after with a horrible tempest. Fuller. PURSY Pur"sy, a. Etym: [OF. pourcif, poulsif, poussif, fr. pousser to push, thrust, heave, OF. also poulser: cf. F. pousse the heaves, asthma. See Push.] Defn: Fat and short-breathed; fat, short, and thick; swelled with pampering; as, pursy insolence. Shak. Pursy important he sat him down. Sir W. Scot. PURTENANCE Pur"te*nance, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. appurtenance.] Defn: That which pertains or belongs to something; esp., the heard, liver, and lungs of an animal. [Obs.] " The purtenaunces of purgatory." Piers Plowman. Roast [it] with fire, his head with his legs, and with the purtenance [Rev. Ver., inwards] thereof. Ex. xii. 9. PURULENCE; PURULENCY Pu"ru*lence, Pu"ru*len*cy, n. Etym: [L. purulentia: cf. F. purulence.] (Med.) Defn: The quality or state of being purulent; the generation of pus; also, the pus itself. Arbuthnot. PURULENT Pu"ru*lent, a. Etym: [L. purulentus, fr. pus, puris, pus, matter: cf. F. purulent. See Pus.] (Med.) Defn: Consisting of pus, or matter; partaking of the nature of pus; attended with suppuration; as, purulent inflammation. PURULENTLY Pu"ru*lent*ly, v. Defn: In a purulent manner. PURVEANCE; PURVEIAUNCE Pur"ve*ance, Pur"vei*aunce`, n. Defn: Purveyance. [Obs.] Chaucer. PURVEY Pur*vey", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Purveyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Purveying.] Etym: [OE. purveien, porveien, OF. porveeir, porveoir, F. pourvoir, fr. L. providere. See Provide, and cf. Purview.] 1. To furnish or provide, as with a convenience, provisions, or the like. Give no odds to your foes, but do purvey Yourself of sword before that bloody day. Spenser. 2. To procure; to get. I mean to purvey me a wife after the fashion of the children of Benjamin. Sir W. Scot. PURVEY Pur*vey", v. i. 1. To purchase provisions; to provide; to make provision. Chaucer. Milton. 2. To pander; -- with to. " Their turpitude purveys to their malice." [R.] Burke. PURVEYANCE Pur*vey"ance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pourvoyance.] 1. The act or process of providing or procuring; providence; foresight; preparation; management. Chaucer. The ill purveyance of his page. Spenser. 2. That which is provided; provisions; food. 3. (Eng. Law) Defn: A providing necessaries for the sovereign by buying them at an appraised value in preference to all others, and oven without the owner's consent. This was formerly a royal prerogative, but has long been abolished. Wharton. PURVEYOR Pur*vey"or, n. Etym: [OE. porveour, OF. pourveor, F. pourvoyeur. See Purvey, and cf. Proveditor.] 1. One who provides victuals, or whose business is to make provision for the table; a victualer; a caterer. 2. An officer who formerly provided, or exacted provision, for the king's household. [Eng.] 3. a procurer; a pimp; a bawd. Addison. PURVIEW Pur"view, n. Etym: [OF. purveu, pourveu, F. pourvu, provided, p. p. of OF. porveoir, F. pourvoir. See Purvey, View, and cf. Proviso.] 1. (a) (Law) The body of a statute, or that part which begins with " Be it enacted, " as distinguished from the preamble. Cowell. (b) Hence: Defn: The limit or scope of a statute; the whole extent of its intention or provisions. Marshall. Profanations within the purview of several statutes. Bacon. 2. Limit or sphere of authority; scope; extent. In determining the extent of information required in the exercise of a particular authority, recourse must be had to the objects within the purview of that authority. Madison. PUS Pus, n. Etym: [L., akin to Gr. foul: cf. F. pus. See Foul, a.] (Med.) Defn: The yellowish white opaque creamy matter produced by the process of suppuration. It consists of innumerable white nucleated cells floating in a clear liquid. PUSANE Pu"sane, n. (Anc. Armor) Defn: A piece of armor for the breast; often, an addition to, or reënforcement of. the breastplate; -- called also pesane. PUSEYISM Pu"sey*ism, n. (Ch. of Eng.) Defn: The principles of Dr. Pusey and others at Oxford, England, as exhibited in various publications, esp. in a series which appeared from 1833 to 1841, designated " Tracts for the Times;" tractarianism. See Tractarianism. PUSEYISTIC; PUSEYITE Pu"sey*is"tic, Pu"sey*ite, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Puseyism. PUSEYITE Pu"sey*ite, n. Defn: One who holds the principles of Puseyism; -- often used opprobriously. PUSH Push, n. Etym: [Probably F. poche. See Pouch.] Defn: A pustule; a pimple. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Bacon. PUSH Push, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pushed; p. pr. & vb. n. Pushing.] Etym: [OE. possen, pussen, F. pousser, fr. L. pulsare, v. intens. fr. pellere, pulsum, to beat, knock, push. See Pulse a beating, and cf. Pursy.] 1. To press against with force; to drive or impel by pressure; to endeavor to drive by steady pressure, without striking; -- opposed to draw. Sidelong had pushed a mountain from his seat. Milton. 2. To thrust the points of the horns against; to gore. If the ox shall push a manservant or maidservant, . . . the ox shall be stoned. Ex. xxi. 32. 3. To press or urge forward; to drive; to push an objection too far. " To push his fortune." Dryden. Ambition pushes the soul to such actions as are apt to procure honor to the actor. Spectator. We are pushed for an answer. Swift. 4. To bear hard upon; to perplex; to embarrass. 5. To importune; to press with solicitation; to tease. To push down, to overthrow by pushing or impulse. PUSH Push, v. i. 1. To make a thrust; to shove; as, to push with the horns or with a sword. Shak. 2. To make an advance, attack, or effort; to be energetic; as, a man must push in order to succeed. At the time of the end shall the kind of the south push at him and the king of the north shall come against him. Dan. xi. 40. War seemed asleep for nine long years; at length Both sides resolved to push, we tried our strength. Dryden. 3. To burst pot, as a bud or shoot. To push on, to drive or urge forward; to hasten. The rider pushed on at a rapid pace. Sir W. Scott. PUSH Push, n. 1. A thrust with a pointed instrument, or with the end of a thing. 2. Any thrust. pressure, impulse, or force, or force applied; a shove; as, to give the ball the first push. 3. An assault or attack; an effort; an attempt; hence, the time or occasion for action. Exact reformation is not perfected at the first push. Milton. hen it comes to the push, tic no more than talk. L' Estrange. 4. The faculty of overcoming obstacles; aggressive energy; as, he has push, or he has no push. [Colloq.] Syn. -- See Thrust. PUSH BUTTON Push button. (Elec.) Defn: A simple device, resembling a button in form, so arranged that pushing it closes an electric circuit, as of an electric bell. PUSHER Push"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, pushes. PUSHING Push"ing, a. Defn: Pressing forward in business; enterprising; driving; energetic; also, forward; officious, intrusive. -- Push"ing*ly, adv. PUSHPIN Push"pin`, n. Defn: A child's game played with pins. L. Estrange. PUSIL Pu"sil, a. Etym: [L. pusillus very little.] Defn: Very small; little; petty. [Obs.] Bacon. PUSILLANIMITY Pu`sil*la*nim"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. pusillanimitas: cf. F. pusillanimité.] Defn: The quality of being pusillanimous; weakness of spirit; cowardliness. The badge of pusillanimity and cowardice. Shak. It is obvious to distinguished between an act of . . . pusillanimity and an act of great modesty or humility. South. Syn. -- Cowardliness; cowardice; fear; timidity. PUSILLANIMOUS Pu`sil*lan"i*mous, a. Etym: [L. pusillannimis; pusillus very little (dim. of pusus a little boy; cf. puer a boy, E. puerile) + animus the mind: cf. F. pusillanime. See Animosity.] 1. Destitute of a manly or courageous strength and firmness of mind; of weak spirit; mean-spirited; spiritless; cowardly; -- said of persons, as, a pussillanimous prince. 2. Evincing, or characterized by, weakness of mind, and want of courage; feeble; as, pusillanimous counsels. "A low and pusillanimous spirit." Burke. Syn. -- Cowardly; dastardly; mean-spirited; fainthearted; timid; weak; feeble. PUSILLANIMOUSLY Pu`sil*lan"i*mous*ly, adv. Defn: With pusillanimity. PUSLEY Pus"ley, n. (Bot.) Defn: Purslane. [Colloq. U. S] PUSS Puss (puss), n. Etym: [Cf. D. poes, Ir. & Gael. pus.] 1. A cat; -- a fondling appellation. 2. A hare; -- so called by sportsmen. Puss in the corner, a game in which all the players but one occupy corners of a room, or certain goals in the open air, and exchange places, the one without a corner endeavoring to get a corner while it is vacant, leaving some other without one. -- Puss moth (Zoöl.), any one of several species of stout bombycid moths belonging to Cerura, Harpyia, and allied genera, esp. Harpyia vinuli, of Europe. The larvæ are humpbacked, and have two caudal appendages. PUSSY Pussy, n. Etym: [Dim. of puss.] 1. A pet name for a cat; also, an endearing name for a girl. 2. A catkin of the pussy willow. 3. The game of tipcat; -- also called pussy cat. Pussy willow (Bot.), any kind of willow having large cylindrical catkins clothed with long glossy hairs, especially the American Salix discolor; -- called also glaucous willow, and swamp willow. PUSSY Pus"sy, a. Defn: See Pursy. [Colloq. or Low] PUSTULANT Pus"tu*lant, a. Etym: [L. pustulans, p. pr. See Pustulate, v. t.] (Med.) Defn: Producing pustules. -- n. Defn: A medicine that produces pustules, as croton oil. PUSTULAR Pus"tu*lar, a. Defn: 1. Of or pertaining to pustules; as, pustular prominences; pustular eruptions. 2. Covered with pustulelike prominences; pustulate. PUSTULATE Pus"tu*late, v. t. Etym: [L. pustulatus, p. p. of pustulare to blister, fr. pustula. See Pustule.] Defn: To form into pustules, or blisters. PUSTULATE; PUSTULATED Pus"tu*late, Pus"tu*la`ted, a. Defn: Covered with pustulelike prominences; pustular; pustulous; as, a pustulate leaf; a pustulate shell or coral. PUSTULATION Pus*tu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. pustulatio.] Defn: The act of producing pustules; the state of being pustulated. PUSTULE Pus"tule, n. Etym: [L. pustula, and pusula: cf. F. pustule.] (Med.) Defn: A vesicle or an elevation of the cuticle with an inflamed base, containing pus. Malignant pustule. See under Malignant. PUSTULOUS Pus"tu*lous, a. Etym: [L. pustulosus, fr. pustula a pustule: cf. F. pustuleux.] Defn: Resembling, or covered with, pustules; pustulate; pustular. PUT Put, n. Etym: [See Pit.] Defn: A pit. [Obs.] Chaucer. PUT Put, obs. Defn: 3d pers. sing. pres. of Put, contracted from putteth. Chaucer. PUT Put, n. Etym: [Cf. W. pwt any short thing, pwt o ddyn a squab of a person, pwtog a short, thick woman.] Defn: A rustic; a clown; an awkward or uncouth person. Queer country puts extol Queen Bess's reign. Bramston. What droll puts the citizens seem in it all. F. Harrison. PUT Put, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Put; p. pr. & vb. n. Putting.] Etym: [AS. potian to thrust: cf. Dan. putte to put, to put into, Fries. putje; perh. akin to W. pwtio to butt, poke, thrust; cf. also Gael. put to push, thrust, and E. potter, v. i.] 1. To move in any direction; to impel; to thrust; to push; -- nearly obsolete, except with adverbs, as with by (to put by = to thrust aside; to divert); or with forth (to put forth = to thrust out). His chief designs are . . . to put thee by from thy spiritual employment. Jer. Taylor. 2. To bring to a position or place; to place; to lay; to set; figuratively, to cause to be or exist in a specified relation, condition, or the like; to bring to a stated mental or moral condition; as, to put one in fear; to put a theory in practice; to put an enemy to fight. This present dignity, In which that I have put you. Chaucer. I will put enmity between thee and the woman. Gen. iii. 15. He put no trust in his servants. Job iv. 18. When God into the hands of their deliverer Puts invincible might. Milton. In the mean time other measures were put in operation. Sparks. 3. To attach or attribute; to assign; as, to put a wrong construction on an act or expression. 4. To lay down; to give up; to surrender. [Obs.] No man hath more love than this, that a man put his life for his friends. Wyclif (John xv. 13). 5. To set before one for judgment, acceptance, or rejection; to bring to the attention; to offer; to state; to express; figuratively, to assume; to suppose; -- formerly sometimes followed by that introducing a proposition; as, to put a question; to put a case. Let us now put that ye have leave. Chaucer. Put the perception and you put the mind. Berkeley. These verses, originally Greek, were put in Latin. Milton. All this is ingeniously and ably put. Hare. 6. To incite; to entice; to urge; to constrain; to oblige. These wretches put us upon all mischief. Swift. Put me not use the carnal weapon in my own defense. Sir W. Scott. Thank him who puts me, loath, to this revenge. Milton. 7. To throw or cast with a pushing motion "overhand," the hand being raised from the shoulder; a practice in athletics; as, to put the shot or weight. 8. (Mining) Defn: To convey coal in the mine, as from the working to the tramway. Raymond. Put case, formerly, an elliptical expression for, put or suppose the case to be. Put case that the soul after departure from the body may live. Bp. Hall. -- To put about (Naut.), to turn, or change the course of, as a ship. -- To put away. (a) To renounce; to discard; to expel. (b) To divorce. -- To put back. (a) To push or thrust backwards; hence, to hinder; to delay. (b) To refuse; to deny. Coming from thee, I could not put him back. Shak. (c) To set, as the hands of a clock, to an earlier hour. (d) To restore to the original place; to replace. -- To put by. (a) To turn, set, or thrust, aside. "Smiling put the question by." Tennyson. (b) To lay aside; to keep; to sore up; as, to put by money. -- To put down. (a) To lay down; to deposit; to set down. (b) To lower; to diminish; as, to put down prices. (c) To deprive of position or power; to put a stop to; to suppress; to abolish; to confute; as, to put down rebellion of traitors. Mark, how a plain tale shall put you down. Shak. Sugar hath put down the use of honey. Bacon. (d) To subscribe; as, to put down one's name. -- To put forth. (a) To thrust out; to extend, as the hand; to cause to come or push out; as, a tree puts forth leaves. (b) To make manifest; to develop; also, to bring into action; to exert; as, to put forth strength. (c) To propose, as a question, a riddle, and the like. (d) To publish, as a book. -- To put forward. (a) To advance to a position of prominence responsibility; to promote. (b) To cause to make progress; to aid. (c) To set, as the hands of a clock, to a later hour. -- To put in. (a) To introduce among others; to insert; sometimes, to introduce with difficulty; as, to put in a word while others are discoursing. (b) (Naut.) To conduct into a harbor, as a ship. (c) (Law) To place in due form before a court; to place among the records of a court. Burrill. (d) (Med.) To restore, as a dislocated part, to its place. -- To put off. (a) To lay aside; to discard; as, to put off a robe; to put off mortality. "Put off thy shoes from off thy feet." Ex. iii. 5. (b) To turn aside; to elude; to disappoint; to frustrate; to baffle. I hoped for a demonstration, but Themistius hoped to put me off with an harangue. Boyle. We might put him off with this answer. Bentley. (c) To delay; to defer; to postpone; as, to put off repentance. (d) To get rid of; to dispose of; especially, to pass fraudulently; as, to put off a counterfeit note, or an ingenious theory. (e) To push from land; as, to put off a boat. -- To put on or upon. (a) To invest one's self with, as clothes; to assume. "Mercury . . . put on the shape of a man." L'Estrange. (b) To impute (something) to; to charge upon; as, to put blame on or upon another. (c) To advance; to promote. [Obs.] "This came handsomely to put on the peace." Bacon. (d) To impose; to inflict. "That which thou puttest on me, will I bear." 2 Kings xviii. 14. (e) To apply; as, to put on workmen; to put on steam. (f) To deceive; to trick. "The stork found he was put upon." L'Estrange. (g) To place upon, as a means or condition; as, he put him upon bread and water. "This caution will put them upon considering." Locke. (h) (Law) To rest upon; to submit to; as, a defendant puts himself on or upon the country. Burrill. -- To put out. (a) To eject; as, to put out and intruder. (b) To put forth; to shoot, as a bud, or sprout. (c) To extinguish; as, to put out a candle, light, or fire. (d) To place at interest; to loan; as, to put out funds. (e) To provoke, as by insult; to displease; to vex; as, he was put out by my reply. [Colloq.] (f) To protrude; to stretch forth; as, to put out the hand. (g) To publish; to make public; as, to put out a pamphlet. (h) To confuse; to disconcert; to interrupt; as, to put one out in reading or speaking. (i) (Law) To open; as, to put out lights, that is, to open or cut windows. Burrill. (j) (Med.) To place out of joint; to dislocate; as, to put out the ankle. (k) To cause to cease playing, or to prevent from playing longer in a certain inning, as in base ball. -- To put over. (a) To place (some one) in authority over; as, to put a general over a division of an army. (b) To refer. For the certain knowledge of that knowledge of that truthput you o'er to heaven and to my mother. Shak. (c) To defer; to postpone; as, the court put over the cause to the next term. (d) To transfer (a person or thing) across; as, to put one over the river. -- To put the hand to or unto. (a) To take hold of, as of an instrument of labor; as, to put the hand to the plow; hence, to engage in (any task or affair); as, to put one's hand to the work. (b) To take or seize, as in theft. "He hath not put his hand unto his neighbor's goods." Ex. xxii. 11. -- To put through, to cause to go through all conditions or stages of a progress; hence, to push to completion; to accomplish; as, he put through a measure of legislation; he put through a railroad enterprise. [U.S.] -- To put to. (a) To add; to unite; as, to put one sum to another. (b) To refer to; to expose; as, to put the safety of the state to hazard. "That dares not put it to the touch." Montrose. (c) To attach (something) to; to harness beasts to. Dickens. -- To put to a stand, to stop; to arrest by obstacles or difficulties. -- To put to bed. (a) To undress and place in bed, as a child. (b) To deliver in, or to make ready for, childbirth. -- To put to death, to kill. -- To put together, to attach; to aggregate; to unite in one. -- To put this and that (or two and two) together, to draw an inference; to form a correct conclusion. -- To put to it, to distress; to press hard; to perplex; to give difficulty to. "O gentle lady, do not put me to 't." Shak. -- To put to rights, to arrange in proper order; to settle or compose rightly. -- To put to the sword, to kill with the sword; to slay. -- To put to trial, or on trial, to bring to a test; to try. -- To put trust in, to confide in; to repose confidence in. -- To put up. (a) To pass unavenged; to overlook; not to punish or resent; to put up with; as, to put up indignities. [Obs.] "Such national injuries are not to be put up." Addison. (b) To send forth or upward; as, to put up goods for sale. (d) To start from a cover, as game. "She has been frightened; she has been put up." C. Kingsley. (e) To hoard. "Himself never put up any of the rent." Spelman. (f) To lay side or preserve; to pack away; to store; to pickle; as, to put up pork, beef, or fish. (g) To place out of sight, or away; to put in its proper place; as, put up that letter. Shak. (h) To incite; to instigate; -- followed by to; as, he put the lad up to mischief. (i) To raise; to erect; to build; as, to put up a tent, or a house. (j) To lodge; to entertain; as, to put up travelers. -- To put up a job, to arrange a plot. [Slang] Syn. -- To place; set; lay; cause; produce; propose; state. -- Put, Lay, Place, Set. These words agree in the idea of fixing the position of some object, and are often used interchangeably. To put is the least definite, denoting merely to move to a place. To place has more particular reference to the precise location, as to put with care in a certain or proper place. To set or to lay may be used when there is special reference to the position of the object. PUT Put (put; often pût in def. 3), v. i. 1. To go or move; as, when the air first puts up. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To steer; to direct one's course; to go. His fury thus appeased, he puts to land. Dryden. 3. To play a card or a hand in the game called put. To put about (Naut.), to change direction; to tack. -- To put back (Naut.), to turn back; to return. "The French . . . had put back to Toulon." Southey. -- To put forth. (a) To shoot, bud, or germinate. "Take earth from under walls where nettles put forth." Bacon. (b) To leave a port or haven, as a ship. Shak. -- To put in (Naut.), to enter a harbor; to sail into port. -- To put in for. (a) To make a request or claim; as, to put in for a share of profits. (b) To go into covert; -- said of a bird escaping from a hawk. (c) To offer one's self; to stand as a candidate for. Locke. -- To put off, to go away; to depart; esp., to leave land, as a ship; to move from the shore. -- To put on, to hasten motion; to drive vehemently. -- To put over (Naut.), to sail over or across. -- To put to sea (Naut.), to set sail; to begin a voyage; to advance into the ocean. -- To put up. (a) To take lodgings; to lodge. (b) To offer one's self as a candidate. L'Estrange. -- To put up to, to advance to. [Obs.] "With this he put up to my lord." Swift. -- To put up with. (a) To overlook, or suffer without recompense, punishment, or resentment; as, to put up with an injury or affront. (b) To take without opposition or expressed dissatisfaction; to endure; as, to put up with bad fare. PUT Put, n. 1. The act of putting; an action; a movement; a thrust; a push; as, the put of a ball. "A forced put." L'Estrange. 2. A certain game at cards. Young. 3. A privilege which one party buys of another to "put" (deliver) to him a certain amount of stock, grain, etc., at a certain price and date. [Brokers' Cant] A put and a call may be combined in one instrument, the holder of which may either buy or sell as he chooses at the fixed price. Johnson's Cyc. PUT Put, n. Etym: [OF. pute.] Defn: A prostitute. [Obs.] PUTAGE Pu"tage (; 48), n. Etym: [OF. putage.] Defn: Prostitution or fornication on the part of a woman. PUTAMEN Pu*ta"men, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: The shell of a nut; the stone of a drupe fruit. See Endocarp. PUTANISM Pu"tan*ism, n. Etym: [F. putanisme, fr. putain harlot.] Defn: Habitual lewdness or prostitution of a woman; harlotry. PUTATIVE Pu"ta*tive, a. Etym: [L. putativus, fr. putare, putatum, to reckon, suppose, adjust, prune, cleanse. See Pure, and cf. Amputate, Compute, Dispute, Impute.] Defn: Commonly thought or deemed; supposed; reputed; as, the putative father of a child. "His other putative (I dare not say feigned) friends." E. Hall. Thus things indifferent, being esteemed useful or pious, became customary, and then came for reverence into a putative and usurped authority. Jer. Taylor. PUTCHUCK Put*chuck", n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Pachak. PUTEAL Pu"te*al, n. Etym: [L., fr. puteus well.] (Arch.) Defn: An inclosure surrounding a well to prevent persons from falling into it; a well curb. Weale. PUTELI Put"e*li, n. Defn: Same as Patela. PUTERY Pu"ter*y, n. Etym: [OF. puterie.] Defn: Putage. [Obs.] PUTID Pu"tid, a. Etym: [L. putidus: cf. F. putide. Cf. Putrid.] Defn: Rotten; fetid; stinking; base; worthless. Jer. Taylor. "Thy putid muse." Dr. H. More. PUTIDITY; PUTIDNESS Pu*tid"i*ty, Pu"tid*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being putrid. PUTLOG Put"log`, n. (Arch.) Defn: One of the short pieces of timber on which the planks forming the floor of a scaffold are laid, -- one end resting on the ledger of the scaffold, and the other in a hole left in the wall temporarily for the purpose. Oxf. Gloss. PUT-OFF Put"-off`, n. Defn: A shift for evasion or delay; an evasion; an excuse. L'Estrange. PUTOUR Pu"tour, n. Etym: [See Put a prostitute.] Defn: A keeper of a brothel; a procurer. [Obs.] Chaucer. PUTREDINOUS Pu*tred"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. putredo rottenness, fr. putrere to be rotten. See Putrid.] Defn: Proceeding from putrefaction, or partaking of the putrefactive process; having an offensive smell; stinking; rotten. PUTREFACTION Pu`tre*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. putrefactio: cf. F. putréfaction. See Putrefy.] 1. The act or the process of putrefying; the offensive decay of albuminous or other matter. Note: Putrefaction is a complex phenomenon involving a multiplicity of chemical reactions, always accompanied by, and without doubt caused by, bacteria and vibriones; hence, putrefaction is a form of fermentation, and is sometimes called putrefaction fermentative. Putrefaction is not possible under conditions that preclude the development of living organisms. Many of the products of putrefaction are powerful poisons, and are called cadaveric poisons, or ptomaïnes. 2. The condition of being putrefied; also, that which putrefied. "Putrefaction's breath." Shelley. PUTREFACTIVE Pu`tre*fac"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. putréfactif. See Putrefy.] 1. Of or pertaining to putrefaction; as, the putrefactive smell or process. Wiseman. 2. Causing, or tending to promote, putrefaction. -- Pu``tre*fac"tive*ness, n. PUTREFY Pu"tre*fy, v. t. [Written also putrify.] [imp. & p. p. Putrefied (; p. pr. & vb. n. Putrefying (.] Etym: [F. putréfier; L. putrere to be rotten + -ficare (in. comp.) to make; cf. L. putrefacere. See Putrid, and -fy.] 1. To render putrid; to cause to decay offensively; to cause to be decomposed; to cause to rot. 2. To corrupt; to make foul. Private suits do putrefy the public good. Bacon. They would but stink, and putrefy the air. Shak. 3. To make morbid, carious, or gangrenous; as, to putrefy an ulcer or wound. PUTREFY Pu"tre*fy, v. i. Defn: To become putrid; to decay offensively; to rot. Isa. 1. 6. PUTRESCE Pu*tresce", v. i. [See Putrescent.] Defn: To become putrescent or putrid; to putrefy. Ordinarily sewage does not putresce until from twenty-four to sixty hours after its discharge. Nature. PUTRESCENCE Pu*tres"cence, n. Defn: The state of being putrescent; putrescent matter. PUTRESCENT Pu*tres"cent, a. Etym: [L. putrescens, p. pr.of putrescere to grow rotten, v. incho. fr. putrere to be rotten. See Putrid.] 1. Becoming putrid or rotten. Externally powerful, although putrescent at the core. Motley. 2. Of or pertaining to the process of putrefaction; as, a putrescent smell. PUTRESCIBLE Pu*tres"ci*ble, a. Defn: Capable of putrefaction; liable to become putrid; as, putrescible substances. PUTRESCIBLE Pu*tres"ci*ble, n. Defn: A substance, usually nitrogenous, which is liable to undergo decomposition when in contact with air and moisture at ordinary temperatures. PUTRESCIN Pu*tres"cin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A nontoxic diamine, C4H12N2, formed in the putrefaction of the flesh of mammals and some other animals. PUTRID Pu"trid, a. Etym: [L. putridus, fr. putrere to be rotten, fr.puter, or putris, rotten, fr. putere to stink, to be rotten: cf. F. putride. See Pus, Foul, a.] 1. Tending to decomposition or decay; decomposed; rotten; -- said of animal or vegetable matter; as, putrid flesh. See Putrefaction. 2. Indicating or proceeding from a decayed state of animal or vegetable matter; as, a putrid smell. Putrid fever (Med.), typhus fever; -- so called from the decomposing and offensive state of the discharges and diseased textures of the body. -- Putrid sore throat (Med.), a gangrenous inflammation of the fauces and pharynx. PUTRIDITY Pu*trid"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. putridité.] Defn: The quality of being putrid; putrefaction; rottenness. PUTRIDNESS Pu"trid*ness, n. Defn: Putridity. Floyer. PUTRIFACTED Pu"tri*fac`ted, a. Etym: [See Putrefy.] Defn: Putrefied. [Obs.] What vermin bred of putrifacted slime. Marston. PUTRIFICATION Pu`tri*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: Putrefaction. PUTRIFY Pu"tri*fy, v. t. & i. Defn: To putrefy. PUTRILAGE Pu"tri*lage, n. Etym: [F. putrilage, L. putrilago putrefaction.] Defn: That which is undergoing putrefaction; the products of putrefaction. PUTRY Pu"try, a. Defn: Putrid. [Obs.] Marston. PUTRY Pu"try, n. Defn: Putage. [Obs.] Chaucer. PUTT Putt, n. [Cf. Put, v. t.] (Golf) Defn: A stroke made on the putting green to play the ball into a hole. PUTT Putt, v. i. (Golf) Defn: To make a putt. PUTTEE Put"tee, n. Defn: Same as Putty, a kind of gaiter. PUTTER Put"ter, n. 1. One who puts or plates. 2. Specifically, one who pushes the small wagons in a coal mine, and the like. [Prov. Eng.] PUTTER Put"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Puttered; p. pr. & vb. n. Puttering.] Etym: [See Potter.] Defn: To act inefficiently or idly; to trifle; to potter. PUTTER-ON Put"ter-on`, n. Defn: An instigator. Shak. PUTTIER Put"ti*er, n. Defn: One who putties; a glazier. PUTTING Put"ting, n. Defn: The throwing of a heavy stone, shot, etc., with the hand raised or extended from the shoulder; -- originally, a Scottish game. Putting stone, a heavy stone used in the game of putting. PUTTING GREEN Putt"ing green. (Golf) Defn: The green, or plot of smooth turf, surrounding a hole. "The term putting green shall mean the ground within twenty yards of the hole, excepting hazards." Golf Rules. PUTTOCK Put"tock, n. Etym: [Cf. Pout a young bird, Poult.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European kite. (b) The buzzard. (c) The marsh harrier. [Prov. Eng.] PUTTOCK Put"tock, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Futtock. [Obs.] PUTTY Put"ty, n. Etym: [F. potée, fr. pot pot; what was formerly called putty being a substance resembling what is now called putty powder, and in part made of the metal of old pots. See Pot.] Defn: A kind of thick paste or cement compounded of whiting, or soft carbonate of lime, and linseed oil, when applied beaten or kneaded to the consistence of dough, -- used in fastening glass in sashes, stopping crevices, and for similar purposes. Putty powder, an oxide of tin, or of tin and lead in various proportions, much used in polishing glass, metal, precious stones, etc. PUTTY Put"ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Puttied; p. pr. & vb. n. Puttying.] Defn: To cement, or stop, with putty. PUTTY-FACED Put"ty-faced`, a. Defn: White-faced; -- used contemptuously. Clarke. PUTTYROOT Put"ty*root`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An American orchidaceous plant (Aplectrum hyemale) which flowers in early summer. Its slender naked rootstock produces each year a solid corm, filled with exceedingly glutinous matter, which sends up later a single large oval evergreen plaited leaf. Called also Adam-and-Eve. PUT-UP Put"-up, a. Defn: Arranged; plotted; -- in a bad sense; as, a put-up job. [Colloq.] PUY Pu"y, n. Defn: See Poy. PUZZEL Puz"zel, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pucelle a virgin.] Defn: A harlot; a drab; a hussy. [Obs.] Shak. PUZZLE Puz"zle, n. Etym: [For opposal, in the sense of problem. See Oppose, Pose, v.] 1. Something which perplexes or embarrasses; especially, a toy or a problem contrived for testing ingenuity; also, something exhibiting marvelous skill in making. 2. The state of being puzzled; perplexity; as, to be in a puzzle. PUZZLE Puz"zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Puzzled; p. pr. & vb. n. Puzzling.] 1. To perplex; to confuse; to embarrass; to put to a stand; to nonplus. A very shrewd disputant in those points is dexterous in puzzling others. Dr. H. More. He is perpetually puzzled and perplexed amidst his own blunders. Addison. 2. To make intricate; to entangle. They disentangle from the puzzled skein. Cowper. The ways of Heaven are dark and intricate, Puzzled in mazes, and perplexed with error. Addison. 3. To solve by ingenuity, as a puzzle; -- followed by out; as, to puzzle out a mystery. Syn. -- To embarrass; perplex; confuse; bewilder; confound. See Embarrass. PUZZLE Puz"zle, v. i. 1. To be bewildered, or perplexed. A puzzling fool, that heeds nothing. L'Estrange. 2. To work, as at a puzzle; as, to puzzle over a problem. PUZZLEDOM Puz"zle*dom, n. Defn: The domain of puzzles; puzzles, collectively. C. Kingsley. PUZZLE-HEADED Puz"zle-head`ed, a. Defn: Having the head full of confused notions. Johnson. PUZZLEMENT Puz"zle*ment, n. Defn: The state of being puzzled; perplexity. Miss Mitford. PUZZLER Puz"zler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, puzzles or perplexes. Hebrew, the general puzzler of old heads. Brome. PUZZLINGLY Puz"zling*ly, adv. Defn: In a puzzling manner. PUZZOLAN; PUZZOLANA Puz"zo*lan, Puz`zo*la"na, n. Defn: See Pozzuolana. PYAEMIA Py*æ"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A form of blood poisoning produced by the absorption into the blood of morbid matters usually originating in a wound or local inflammation. It is characterized by the development of multiple abscesses throughout the body, and is attended with irregularly recurring chills, fever, profuse sweating, and exhaustion. PYAEMIC Py*æ"mic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pyæmia; of the nature of pyæmia. PYCNASPIDEAN Pyc`nas*pid"e*an, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the posterior side of the tarsus covered with small irregular scales; -- said of certain birds. PYCNIDIUM Pyc*nid"i*um, n.; pl. Pycnidia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: In certain fungi, a flask-shaped cavity from the surface of the inner walls of which spores are produced. PYCNITE Pyc"nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A massive subcolumnar variety of topaz. PYCNODONT Pyc"no*dont, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: Any fossil fish belonging to the Pycnodontini. They have numerous round, flat teeth, adapted for crushing. PYCNODONTINI Pyc`no*don"ti*ni, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extinct order of ganoid fishes. They had a compressed body, covered with dermal ribs (pleurolepida) and with enameled rhomboidal scales. PYCNOGONID Pyc*nog"o*nid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Pycnogonida. PYCNOGONIDA Pyc`no*gon"i*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of marine arthropods in which the body is small and thin, and the eight legs usually very long; -- called also Pantopoda. Note: The abdomen is rudimentary, and the triangular mouth is at the end of a tubular proboscis. Many of them live at great depths in the sea, and the largest of them measure two feet across the extended legs. PYCNOMETER Pyc*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Physics) Defn: A specific gravity bottle; a standard flask for measuring and comparing the densities of liquids. [Also written pyknometer.] PYCNOSTYLE Pyc"no*style, a. Etym: [Gr. pycnostyle.] (Anc. Arch.) Defn: See under Intercolumniation. -n. Defn: A pycnostyle colonnade. PYE Pye, n. Defn: See 2d Pie (b). PYEBALD Pye"bald`, a. Defn: See Piebald. PYELITIS Py`e*li"tis. n. Etym: [Gr. basin + -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney. PYEMIA Py*e"mi*a, n. (Med.) Defn: See PyÆmia. PYET Py"et, n. Defn: A magpie; a piet. [Prov. Eng.] Here cometh the worthy prelate as pert as a pyet. Sir W. Scott. PYGAL Py"gal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Situated in the region of the rump, or posterior end of the backbone; -- applied especially to the posterior median plates in the carapace of chelonians. PYGARG; PYGARGUS Py"garg, Py*gar"gus,Etym: [L. pygargus, Gr. pygargue.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A quadruped, probably the addax, an antelope having a white rump. Deut. xiv. 5. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The female of the hen harrier. (b) The sea eagle. PYGIDIUM Py*gid"i*um, n.; pl. Pygidia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The caudal plate of trilobites, crustacean, and certain insects. See Illust. of Limulus and Trilobite. PYGMY; PYGMEAN Pyg"my, Pyg*me"an, a. Etym: [L. pygmaeus. See Pygmy.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a pygmy; resembling a pygmy or dwarf; dwarfish; very small. " Like that Pygmean race." Milton. Pygmy antelope (Zoöl.), the kleeneboc. -- Pygmy goose (Zoöl.), any species of very small geese of the genus Nettapus, native of Africa, India, and Australia. -- Pygmy owl (Zoöl.), the gnome. Pygmy parrot (Zoöl.), any one of several species of very small green parrots (Nasiternæ), native of New Guinea and adjacent islands. They are not larger than sparrows. Pygmy chimpanzee, a species of anthropoid ape (Pan paniscus) resembling the chimpanzee, but somewhat smaller; also called bonobo. It is considered (1996) as having the closest genetic relationship to humans of any other animal. It is found in forests in Zaire, and is an endangered species. PYGMY Pyg"my, n.; pl. Pygmies. Etym: [L. pygmaeus, Gr. Pugnacious, Fist.] [Written also pigmy.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: One of a fabulous race of dwarfs who waged war with the cranes, and were destroyed. 2. Hence, a short, insignificant person; a dwarf. Pygmies are pygmies still, though perched on Alps. And pyramids are pyramids in vales. Young. PYGOBRANCHIA Py`go*bran"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. pugh` the rump + (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of opisthobranchiate mollusks having the branchiæ in a wreath or group around the anal opening, as in the genus Doris. PYGOPOD Py"go*pod, n. Etym: [Gr. -pod.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Pygopodes. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of serpentiform lizards of the family Pygopodidæ, which have rudimentary hind legs near the anal cleft, but lack fore legs. PYGOPODES Py*gop"o*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of swimming birds which includes the grebes, divers, auks, etc., in which the legs are placed far back. PYGOPODOUS Py*gop"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Pygopodes. PYGOSTYLE Py"go*style, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The plate of bone which forms the posterior end of the vertebral column in most birds; the plowshare bone; the vomer. It is formed by the union of a number of the last caudal vertebræ, and supports the uropigium. PYIN Py"in, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. (Chem.) Defn: An albuminoid constituent of pus, related to mucin, possibly a mixture of substances rather than a single body. PYJAMA Py*ja"ma, n. Etym: [Hind. pae-jama, literally, leg clothing.] Defn: In India and Persia, thin loose trowsers or drawers; in Europe and America, drawers worn at night, or a kind of nightdress with legs. [Written also paijama.] PYJAMAS; PAJAMAS Py*ja"mas, or, chiefly U. S., Pa*ja"mas, n. pl. Defn: A garment, similar to the Oriental pyjama (which see), adopted among Europeans, Americans, and other Occidentals, for wear in the dressing room and during sleep; also, a suit of drawers and blouse for such wear. PYKAR Pyk"ar, n. Defn: An ancient English fishing boat. PYLA Py"la n.; pl. L. Pylæ, E. Pylas. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The passage between the iter and optocoele in the brain. B. G. Wilder. PYLAGORE Pyl"a*gore, n. Etym: [Gr. pylagore.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: a deputy of a State at the Amphictyonic council. PYLANGIUM Py*lan"gi*um, n.; pl. Pylangia (. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The first and undivided part of the aortic trunk in the amphibian heart. -- Py*lan"gi*al, a. PYLON Py"lon, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (a) A low tower, having a truncated pyramidal form, and flanking an ancient Egyptian gateway. Massive pylons adorned with obelisks in front. J. W. Draper. (b) An Egyptian gateway to a large building (with or without flanking towers). PYLORIC Py*lor"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pylorique.] (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the pylorus; as, the pyloric end of the stomach. PYLORUS Py*lo"rus, n.; pl. Pylori. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Anat.) (a) The opening from the stomach into the intestine. (b) A posterior division of the stomach in some invertebrates. PYNE Pyne, n. & v. Defn: See Pine. [Obs.] Chaucer. PYNOUN Py*noun", n. Defn: A pennant. [Obs.] Chaucer. PYOCYANIN Py`o*cy"a*nin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. (Chem.) Defn: A blue coloring matter found in the pus from old sores, supposed to be formed through the agency of a species of bacterium (Bacillus pyocyaneus).C13H10N2O PYOGENIC Py`o*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Producing or generating pus. PYOID Py"oid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to pus; of the nature of, or like, pus. Pyoid corpuscles (Med.), cells of a size larger than pus corpuscles, containing two or more of the latter. PYOPNEUMOTHORAX Py`op*neu`mo*tho"rax, n. Etym: [Gr. pneumothorax.] (Med.) Defn: Accumulation of air, or other gas, and of pus, in the pleural cavity. PYOT Py"ot, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The magpie. See Piet. PYOXANTHOSE Py`o*xan"those, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. (Chem.) Defn: A greenish yellow crystalline coloring matter found with pyocyanin in pus. PYRACANTH Pyr"a*canth, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The evergreen thorn (Cratægus Pyracantha), a shrub native of Europe. PYRAL Py"ral, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a pyre. [R.] PYRALID Pyr"a*lid, n. Etym: [L. pyralis, -idis, a kind of winged insect.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any moth of the family Pyralidæ. The species are numerous and mostly small, but some of them are very injurious, as the bee moth, meal moth, hop moth, and clover moth. PYRAMID Pyr"a*mid, n. Etym: [L. pyramis, -idis, fr. Gr. pyramide.] 1. A solid body standing on a triangular, square, or polygonal base, and terminating in a point at the top; especially, a structure or edifice of this shape. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A solid figure contained by a plane rectilineal figure as base and several triangles which have a common vertex and whose bases are sides of the base. 3. pl. (Billiards) Defn: The game of pool in which the balls are placed in the form of a triangle at spot. [Eng.] Altitude of a pyramid (Geom.), the perpendicular distance from the vertex to the plane of the base. -- Axis of a pyramid (Geom.), a straight line drawn from the vertex to the center of the base. -- Earth pyramid. (Geol.) See Earth pillars, under Earth. -- Right pyramid (Geom.) a pyramid whose axis is perpendicular to the base. PYRAMIDAL Py*ram`i*dal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pyramidal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a pyramid; in the form of a a pyramid; pyramidical; as, pyramidal cleavage. The mystic obelisks stand up Triangular, pyramidal. Mrs. Browning. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: Same as Tetragonal. Pyramidal numbers (Math.), certain series of figurate numbers expressing the number of balls or points that may be arranged in the form of pyramids. Thus 1, 4, 10, 20, 35, etc., are trangular pyramidal numbers; and 1, 5, 14, 30, 55, etc., are square pyramidal numbers. PYRAMIDAL Py*ram"i*dal, n. (Anat.) Defn: One of the carpal bones. See Cuneiform, n., 2 (b). PYRAMIDALLY Py*ram"i*dal*ly, adv. Defn: Like a pyramid. PYRAMIDIC; PYRAMIDICAL Pyr`a*mid"ic, Pyr`a*mid"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a pyramid; having the form of a pyramid; pyramidal. " A pyramidical rock." Goldsmith. "Gold in pyramidic plenty piled." Shenstone. -- Pyr`a*mid"ic*al*ly, adv. Pyr`a*mild"ic*al*ness, n. PYRAMIDION Pyr`a*mid"i*on, n.; pl. Pyramidia. Etym: [NL., from L. pyramis. See Pyramid.] Defn: The small pyramid which crowns or completes an obelisk. PYRAMIDOID Py*ram"i*doid, n. Etym: [Gr. -id: cf. F. pyramidoïde.] Defn: A solid resembling a pyramid; -- called also pyramoid. Barlow. PYRAMIS Pyr"a*mis, n.; pl. Pyramides. Etym: [L.] Defn: A pyramid. PYRAMOID Pyr"a*moid, n. Defn: See Pyramidoid. PYRARGYRITE Py*rar"gy*rite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Ruby silver; dark red silver ore. It is a sulphide of antimony and silver, occurring in rhombohedral crystals or massive, and is of a dark red or black color with a metallic adamantine luster. PYRAZINE; PYRAZIN Pyr"a*zine, n. Also -zin. [Pyridine + Gr. not + life.] (Org. Chem.) Defn: A feebly basic solid, C4H4N2, obtained by distilling piperazine with zinc dust, and in other ways. Also, by extension, any of various derivatives of the same. PYRE Pyre, n. Etym: [L. pure, Gr. Fire.] Defn: A funeral pile; a combustible heap on which the dead are burned; hence, any pile to be burnt. For nine long nights, through all the dusky air, The pyres thick flaming shot a dismal glare. Pope. PYRENA Py*re"na, n.; pl. Pyrenæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A nutlet resembling a seed, or the kernel of a drupe. Gray. PYRENE Py"rene, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: One of the less volatile hydrocarbons of coal tar, obtained as a white crystalline substance, C16H10. PYRENE Py"rene, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Pyrena. PYRENEAN Pyr`e*ne"an, a. Etym: [L. Pyrenaei (sc. montes) the Pyrenees, fr. Pyrene, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Pyrenees, a range of mountains separating France and Spain. -- n. Defn: The Pyrenees. Shak. PYRENOID Py*re"noid, n. Etym: [Gr. Pyrena, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A transparent body found in the chromatophores of certain Infusoria. PYRETHRIN Pyr"eth*rin, n. Etym: [NL. Pyrethrum, generic name of feverfew, Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A substance resembling, and isomeric with, ordinary camphor, and extracted from the essential oil of feverfew; -- called also Pyrethrum camphor. PYRETHRINE Pyr"eth*rine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid extracted from the root of the pellitory of Spain (Anacyclus pyrethrum). PYRETIC Py*ret"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. pyrétique.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to fever; febrile. PYRETOLOGY Pyr`e*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. pyrétologie.] (Med.) Defn: A discourse or treatise on fevers; the doctrine of fevers. Hooper. PYREXIA Py*rex"i*a, n.; pl. Pyrexiæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The febrile condition. PYREXIAL; PYREXICAL Py*rex"i*al, Py*rex"ic*al, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to fever; feverish. PYRGOM Pyr"gom, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A variety of pyroxene; -- called also fassaite. PYRHELIOMETER Pyr*he`li*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the direct heating effect of the sun's rays. PYRIDIC Py*rid"ic, a. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Related to, or formed from, pyridin or its homologues; as, the pyridic bases. PYRIDINE Pyr"i*dine, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous base, C5H5N, obtained from the distillation of bone oil or coal tar, and by the decomposition of certain alkaloids, as a colorless liquid with a peculiar pungent odor. It is the nucleus of a large number of organic substances, among which several vegetable alkaloids, as nicotine and certain of the ptomaïnes, may be mentioned. See Lutidine. PYRIDYL Pyr"i*dyl, n. Etym: [Pyridine + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical, C5H4N, regarded as the essential residue of pyridine, and analogous to phenyl. PYRIFORM Pyr"i*form, a. Etym: [L. pyrum, pirum, a pear + -form: cf. F. pyriforme, piriforme.] Defn: Having the form of a pear; pear-shaped. PYRITACEOUS Pyr`i*ta"ceous, a. (Min.) Defn: Of or pertaining to pyrites. See Pyritic. PYRITE Pyr"ite, n.; pl. Pyrites. Etym: [Cf. F. pyrite. See Pyrites.] (Min.) Defn: A common mineral of a pale brass-yellow color and brilliant metallic luster, crystallizing in the isometric system; iron pyrites; iron disulphide. Hence sable coal his massy couch extends, And stars of gold the sparkling pyrite blends. E. Darwin. PYRITES Py*ri"tes, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Pyre.] (Min.) Defn: A name given to a number of metallic minerals, sulphides of iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, and tin, of a white or yellowish color. Note: The term was originally applied to the mineral pyrite, or iron pyrites, in allusion to its giving sparks when struck with steel. Arsenical pyrites, arsenopyrite. -- Auriferous pyrites. See under Auriferous. -- Capillary pyrites, millerite. -- Common pyrites, isometric iron disulphide; pyrite. -- Hair pyrites, millerite. -- Iron pyrites. See Pyrite. -- Magnetic pyrites, pyrrhotite. -- Tin pyrites, stannite. -- White iron pyrites, orthorhombic iron disulphide; marcasite. This includes cockscomb pyrites (a variety of marcasite, named in allusion to its form), spear pyrites, etc. -- Yellow, or Copper, pyrites, the sulphide of copper and iron; chalcopyrite. PYRITIC; PYRITICAL Py*rit"ic, Py*rit"ic*al, a. (Min.) Defn: Of or pertaining to pyrites; consisting of, or resembling, pyrites. PYRITIFEROUS Pyr`i*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Pyrites + -ferous.] (Min.) Defn: Containing or producing pyrites. PYRITIZE Pyr"i*tize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. pyritiser.] Defn: To convert into pyrites. PYRITOHEDRAL Pyr`i*to*he"dral, a. Etym: [See Pyritohedron.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Like pyrites in hemihedral form. PYRITOHEDRON Pyr`i*to*he"dron, n. Etym: [Pyrite + Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: The pentagonal dodecahedron, a common form of pyrite. PYRITOID Pyr"i*toid, n. Etym: [Pyrite + -oid.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Pyritohedron. [R.] PYRITOLOGY Pyr`i*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of blowpipe analysis. PYRITOUS Pyr"i*tous, a. Defn: Pyritic. PYRO-; PYR- Pyro-, Pyr-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Combining forms designating fire or heat; specifically (Chem.), used to imply an actual or theoretical derivative by the action of heat; as in pyrophosphoric, pyrosulphuric, pyrotartaric, pyrotungstic, etc. PYRO Py"ro, n. (Photog.) Defn: Abbreviation of pyrogallic acid. [Colloq.] PYROACETIC Pyr`o*a*ce"tic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + acetic: cf. F. pyroacétique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, and designating, a substance (acetone) obtained by the distillation of the acetates. It is now called also pyroacetic ether, and formerly was called pyroacetic spirit. PYROACID Pyr`o*ac"id, n. Etym: [Pyro- + acid.] (Chem.) Defn: An acid obtained by sybjecting another acid to the action of heat. Cf. Pyro-. PYROANTIMONATE Pyr`o*an`ti*mo"nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of pyroantimonic acid. PYROANTIMONIC Pyr`o*an`ti*mon"ic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + antimonic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of antimony analogous to pyrophosphoric acid. PYROARSENATE Pyr`o*ar"se*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of pyroarsenic acid. PYROARSENIC Pyr`o*ar*sen"ic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + arsenic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to or designating, an acid of arsenic analogous to pyrophosphoric acid. PYROBORATE Pyr`o*bo"rate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of pyroboric acid. PYROBORIC Pyr`o*bo"ric, a. Etym: [Pyro- + boric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to derived from, or designating, an acid, H2B4O7 (called also tetraboric acid), which is the acid ingredient of ordinary borax, and is obtained by heating boric acid. PYROCATECHIN Pyr`o*cat"e*chin, n. Etym: [Pyro- + catechu.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance, C6H4(OH)2, of the phenol series, found in various plants; -- so called because first obtained by distillation of gum catechu. Called also catechol, oxyphenol. etc. PYROCHLORE Pyr"o*chlore, n. Etym: [Pyro- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: A niobate of calcium, cerium, and other bases, occurring usually in octahedrons of a yellowish or brownish color and resinous luster; -- so called from its becoming grass-green on being subjected to heat under the blowpipe. PYROCITRIC Pyr`o*cit"ric, a. Etym: [Pyro- + citric: cf. F. pyrocitrique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, any one of three acids obtained by the distillation of citric acid, and called respectively citraconic, itaconic, and mesaconic acid. PYROCOLL Pyr"o*coll, n. Etym: [Puro- + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline substance allied to pyrrol, obtained by the distillation of gelatin. PYROELECTRIC Pyr`o*e*lec"tric, a. Etym: [Pyro- + electric.] (Physics) Defn: Pertaining to, or dependent on, pyroelectricity; receiving electric polarity when heated. PYROELECTRIC Pyr`o*e*lec"tric, n. (Physics) Defn: A substance which becomes electrically polar when heated, exhibiting opposite charges of statical electricity at two separate parts, especially the two extremities. PYROELECTRICITY Pyr`o*e`lec*tric"i*ty, n. (Physics) Defn: Electricity developed by means of heat; the science which treats of electricity thus developed. PYROGALLATE Pyr`o*gal"late, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of pyrogallic acid; an ether of pyrogallol. PYROGALLIC Pyr`o*gal"lic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + gallic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid called pyrogallol. See Pyrogallol. PYROGALLOL Pyr`o*gal"lol, n. Etym: [Pyrogallic + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A phenol metameric with phloroglucin, obtained by the distillation of gallic acid as a poisonous white crystalline substance having acid properties, and hence called also pyrogallic acid. It is a strong reducer, and is used as a developer in photography and in the production of certain dyes. PYROGEN Pyr"o*gen, n. Etym: [See Pyrogenous.] 1. Electricity. [R.] 2. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A poison separable from decomposed meat infusions, and supposed to be formed from albuminous matter through the agency of bacteria. PYROGENIC Pyr`o*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + -gen + -ic.] (Physiol.) Defn: Producing heat; -- said of substances, as septic poisons, which elevate the temperature of the body and cause fever. PYROGENOUS Py*rog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. genous: cf. F. purogène, Gr. Defn: Produced by fire; igneous. Mantell. . PYROGNOSTIC Pyr`og*nos"tic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: Of or pertaining to characters developed by the use of heat; pertaining to the characters of minerals when examined before the blowpipe; as, the pyrognostic characters of galena. PYROGNOSTICS Pyr`og*nos"tics, n. pl. (Min.) Defn: The characters of a mineral observed by the use of the blowpipe, as the degree of fusibility, flame coloration, etc. PYROGRAPH Py"ro*graph, n. Defn: A production of pyrography. PYROGRAPHY Py*rog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Pyro- + -graphy.] Defn: A process of printing, ornamenting, or carving, by burning with heated instruments. PYROGRAVURE Py`ro*gra*vure", n. [Pyro- + F. gravure engraving.] Defn: Pyrography; also, a design or picture made by pyrography. PYROLATOR Py*rol"a*tor, n. Etym: [See Pyrolatry.] Defn: A fire worshiper. [R.] Southey. PYROLATRY Py*rol"a*try, n. Etym: [Pyro- + Gr. pyrolâtrie.] Defn: The worship of fire. Young. PYROLIGNEOUS; PYROLIGNIC Pyr`o*lig"ne*ous, Pyr`o*lig"nic, a. Etym: [Pyro-+ L. lignum wood: cf. F. pyroligneux.] (Old Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, the acid liquid obtained in the distillation of wood, consisting essentially of impure acetic acid. PYROLIGNITE Py`ro*lig"nite, n. Defn: A crude acetate produced by treating pyroligneous acid with a metal or basic compound; as, pyrolignite of iron (iron liquor). PYROLIGNOUS Pyr`o*lig"nous, a. Defn: Same as Pyroligneous. PYROLITHIC Pyr`o*lith"ic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + lithic.] (Old Chem.) Defn: Same as Pyrouric, or Cyanuric. PYROLOGIST Py*rol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who is versed in, or makes a study of, pyrology. PYROLOGY Py*rol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Pyro- + -logy: cf. F. pyrologie.] Defn: That branch of physical science which treats of the properties, phenomena, or effects of heat; also, a treatise on heat. PYROLUSITE Pyr`o*lu"site, n. Etym: [Pyro- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: Manganese dioxide, a mineral of an iron-black or dark steel- gray color and metallic luster, usually soft. Pyrolusite parts with its oxygen at a red heat, and is extensively used in discharging the brown and green tints of glass (whence its name). PYROMAGNETIC Pyr`o*mag*net"ic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + magnetic.] (Physics) Defn: Acting by the agency of heat and magnetism; as, a pyromagnetic machine for producing electric currents. PYROMALATE Pyr`o*ma"late, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of pyromalic acid. [Obs.] PYROMALIC Pyr`o*ma"lic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + malic.] (Old Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid now called maleic acid. PYROMANCY Pyr"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. pyromancie.] Defn: Divination by means of fire. PYROMANIA Pyr"o*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Pyro- + mania.] Defn: An insane disposition to incendiarism. PYROMANTIC Pyr"o*man"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to pyromancy. PYROMANTIC Pyr`o*man"tic, n. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: One who pretends to divine by fire. Sir T. Herbert. PYROMETER Py*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Pyro- + -meter: cf. F. pyromètre.] 1. (Physics) Defn: An instrument used for measuring the expansion of solid bodies by heat. 2. (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring degrees of heat above those indicated by the mercurial thermometer. Note: It is usually constructed so as to register the change which the heat to be measured produces in the length of some expansible substance, as a metallic rod, or in the intensity of a thermo- electric current. PYROMETRIC; PYROMETRICAL Pyr`o*met"ric, Pyr`o*met"ric*al a. Etym: [Cf. F. pyrométrique.] (Physics) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained by, the pyrometer; as, pyrometrical instruments; pyrometrical measurements. PYROMETRY Py*rom"e*try, n. Defn: The art of measuring degrees of heat, or the expansion of bodies by heat. PYROMORPHITE Pyr`o*mor"phite, n. Etym: [G. pyromorphit, from Gr. (Min.) Defn: Native lead phosphate with lead chloride, occurring in bright green and brown hexagonal crystals and also massive; -- so called because a fused globule crystallizes in cooling. PYROMORPHOUS Pyr`o*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Pyro- + -morphous.] (Min.) Defn: Having the property of crystallizing by the agency of fire. PYROMUCATE Pyr`o*mu"cate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of pyromucic acid. PYROMUCIC Pyr`o*mu"cic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + mucic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid obtained as a white crystalline substance by the distillation of mucic acid, or by the oxidation of furfurol. PYRONE Py`rone, n. [G. pyron, an abbr. of pyrokoman.] (Org. Chem.) Defn: An unsaturated cyclic compound, C5H4O2, of which two varieties are known, a and g. g-pyrone is the parent substance of several natural yellow dyestuffs. PYRONOMICS Pyr`o*nom"ics, n. Etym: [Pyro- + Gr. Defn: The science of heat. PYROPE Pyr"ope, n. Etym: [L. pyropus a kind of red bronze, fr. Gr. pyrope.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of garnet, of a poppy or blood-red color, frequently with a tinge of orange. It is used as a gem. See the Note under Garnet. PYROPHANE Pyr"o*phane, n. Etym: [See Pyrophanous.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral which is opaque in its natural state, but is said to change its color and become transparent by heat. PYROPHANOUS Py*roph"a*nous, a. Etym: [Pyro- + Gr. Defn: Rendered transparent by heat. PYROPHONE Pyr"o*phone, n. Etym: [Pyro- + Gr. Defn: A musical instrument in which the tones are produced by flames of hydrogen, or illuminating gas, burning in tubes of different sizes and lengths. PYROPHORIC; PYROPHOROUS Pyr`o*phor"ic, Py*roph"o*rous, a. Etym: [Pyro- + Gr. Defn: Light-producing; of or pertaining to pyrophorus. Pyrophoric iron (Chem.), finely reduced iron, which ignites spontaneously on contact with air. PYROPHORUS Py*roph"o*rus, n. Etym: [NL. See Pyrophorous.] (Old Chem.) Defn: Any one of several substances or mixtures which phosphoresce or ignite spontaneously on exposure to air, as a heated mixture of alum, potash, and charcoal, or a mixture of charcoal and finely divided lead. PYROPHOSPHATE Pyr"o*phos"phate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of pyrophosphoric acid. PYROPHOSPHORIC Pyr`o*phos*phor"ic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + phosphoric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, H4P2O7, which is obtained as a white crystalline substance. Its salts are obtained by heating the phosphates. PYROPHYLLITE Py*roph"yl*lite, n. Etym: [Pyro- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral, usually of a white or greenish color and pearly luster, consisting chiefly of the hydrous silicate of alumina. PYROSCOPE Pyr"o*scope, n. Etym: [Pyro- + -scope: cf. F. pyroscope.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the intensity of heat radiating from a fire, or the cooling influence of bodies. It is a differential thermometer, having one bulb coated with gold or silver leaf. [R.] PYROSIS Py*ro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr Gr. (Med.) Defn: See Water brash, under Brash. PYROSMALITE Py*ros"ma*lite, n. Etym: [Pyro- + Gr. -like. ] (Min.) Defn: A mineral, usually of a pale brown or of a gray or grayish green color, consisting chiefly of the hydrous silicate of iron and manganese; -- so called from the odor given off before the blowpipe. PYROSOME Pyr"o*some, n. Etym: [Pyro- + -some body.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any compound ascidian of the genus Pyrosoma. The pyrosomes form large hollow cylinders, sometimes two or three feet long, which swim at the surface of the sea and are very phosphorescent. PYROSULPHATE Pyr`o*sul"phate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of pyrosulphuric acid. PYROSULPHURIC Pyr`o*sul*phu"ric, a. Etym: [Pyro- + -sulphuric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid called also disulphuric acid) obtained by distillation of certain sulphates, as a colorless, thick, oily liquid, H2S2O7 resembling sulphuric acid. It is used in the solution of indigo, in the manufacture of alizarin, and in dehydration. PYROTARTARIC Pyr`o*tar*tar"ic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + tartaric.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained as a white crystalline substance by the distillation of tartaric acid. PYROTARTRATE Pyr`o*tar"trate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of pyrotartaric acid. PYROTECHNIAN Pyr`o*tech"ni*an, n. Defn: A pyrotechnist. PYROTECHNIC; PYROTECHNICAL Pyr`o*tech"nic, Pyr`o*tech"nic*al, a. Etym: [Pyro- + technic, technical: cf. F. pyrotechnique. See Fire, Technical.] Defn: Of or pertaining to fireworks, or the art of forming them. Pyrotechnical sponge. See under Sponge. PYROTECHNICIAN Pyr`o*tech*ni"cian, n. Defn: A pyrotechnist. PYROTECHNICS Pyr`o*tech"nics, n. Defn: The art of making fireworks; the manufacture and use of fireworks; pyrotechny. PYROTECHNIST Pyr`o*tech"nist, n. Defn: One skilled in pyrotechny; one who manufactures fireworks. Steevens. PYROTECHNY Pyr`o*tech`ny, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pyrotechnie.] 1. The use and application of fire in science and the arts. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 2. Same as Pyrotechnics. PYROTHONIDE Py*roth"o*nide, n. Etym: [Pyro- + Gr. (Med.) Defn: A kind of empyreumatic oil produced by the combustion of textures of hemp, linen, or cotton in a copper vessel, -- formerly used as a remedial agent. Dunglison. PYROTIC Py*rot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. pyrotique.] Defn: Caustic. See Caustic. -- n. (Med.) Defn: A caustic medicine. PYROTRITARTARIC Pyr`o*tri`tar*tar"ic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + tri- + tartaric.] (Chem.) Defn: Designating an acid which is more commonly called uric acid. PYROTUNGSTIC Pyr`o*tung"stic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Polytungstic. See Metatungstic. PYROURIC; PYROUERIC Pyr`o*ü"ric, a. Etym: [Pyro- + uric.] (Old Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid now called cyanuric acid. See Cyanuric. PYROVANADIC Pyr`o*va*nad"ic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + vanadic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of vanadium, analogous to pyrophosphoric acid. PYROXANTHIN Pyr`o*xan"thin, n. Etym: [Pyro- + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline hydrocardon extracted from crude wood spirit; -- called also eblanin. PYROXENE Pyr"ox*ene, n. Etym: [F. pyroxène, from Gr. (Min.) Defn: A common mineral occurring in monoclinic crystals, with a prismatic angle of nearly 90º, and also in massive forms which are often laminated. It varies in color from white to dark green and black, and includes many varieties differing in color and composition, as diopside, malacolite, salite, coccolite, augite, etc. They are all silicates of lime and magnesia with sometimes alumina and iron. Pyroxene is an essential constituent of many rocks, especially basic igneous rocks, as basalt, gabbro, etc. Note: The pyroxene group contains pyroxene proper, also the related orthorhombic species, enstatite, bronzite, hypersthene, and various monoclinic and triclinic species, as rhodonite, etc. PYROXENIC Pyr`ox*en"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. pyroxénique.] Defn: Containing pyroxene; composed chiefly of pyroxene. PYROXENITE Py*rox"e*nite, n. (Min.) Defn: A rock consisting essentially of pyroxene. PYROXYLE Py*rox"yle, n. Etym: [Cf. F. pyroxyle.] Defn: See Pyroxylic, -yl. PYROXYLIC Pyr`ox*yl"ic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + Gr. (Old Chem.) Defn: Derived from wood by distillation; -- formerly used in designating crude wood spirit. PYROXYLIN Py*rox"y*lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance resembling gun cotton in composition and properties, but distinct in that it is more highly nitrified and is soluble in alcohol, ether, etc.; -- called also pyroxyle. PYRRHIC Pyr"rhic, a. Etym: [L. pyrrhichius, Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to an ancient Greek martial dance. " ye have the pyrrhic dance as yet." Byron. 2. (Pros.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a pyrrhic, or to pyrrhics; containing pyrrhic; as, a pyrrhic verse. PYRRHIC Pyr"rhic, n. 1. Etym: [Gr. pyrrhique, fem.] Defn: An ancient Greek martial dance, to the accompaniment of the flute, its time being very quick. 2. Etym: [L. pyrrhichius (sc. pes), Gr. pyrrhique, masc.] (Pros.) Defn: A foot consisting of two short syllables. PYRRHICIST Pyr"rhi*cist, n. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: One two danced the pyrrhic. PYRRHONEAN; PYRRHONIC Pyr*rho"ne*an, Pyr*rhon"ic, a. Etym: [L. Pyrrhonêus: cf. F. pyrrhonien.] Defn: Of or pertaining to pyrrhonism. PYRRHONISM Pyr"rho*nism, n. Etym: [From Pyrrho, the founder of a school of skeptics in Greece (about 300 b. c.): cf. F. pyrrhonisme.] Defn: Skepticism; universal doubt. PYRRHONIST Pyr"rho*nist, n. Defn: A follower of Pyrrho; a skeptic. PYRRHOTINE; PYRRHOTITE Pyr"rho*tine, Pyr"rho*tite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A bronze-colored mineral, of metallic luster. It is a sulphide of iron, and is remarkable for being attracted by the magnet. Called also magnetic pyrites. PYRROL Pyr"rol, n. Etym: [Gr. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous base found in coal tar, bone oil, and other distillates of organic substances, and also produced synthetically as a colorless liquid, C4H5N, having on odor like that of chloroform. It is the nucleus and origin of a large number of derivatives. So called because it colors a splinter of wood moistened with hydrochloric acid a deep red. PYRROLINE Pyr"ro*line, n. (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous base, C4H7N, obtained as a colorless liquid by the reduction of pyrrol. PYRULA Pyr"u*la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. pyrus a pear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large marine gastropods. having a pear-shaped shell. It includes the fig-shells. See Illust. in Appendix. PYRURIC Py*ru"ric, a. Defn: Same as Pyroüric. PYRUS Py"rus, n. Etym: [L. pyrus, or better pirus, pear tree.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of rosaceous trees and shrubs having pomes for fruit. It includes the apple, crab apple, pear, chokeberry, sorb, and mountain ash. PYRUVIC Py*ru"vic, a. Etym: [Pyro- + L. uva a grape.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (called also pyroracemic acid) obtained, as a liquid having a pungent odor, by the distillation of racemic acid. PYRUVIL Py*ru"vil, n. (Chem.) Defn: A complex nitrogenous compound obtained by heating together pyruvic acid and urea. PYTHAGOREAN Pyth`a*go"re*an, a. Etym: [L. Pythagoreus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Pythagoras (a Greek philosopher, born about 582 b. c.), or his philosophy. The central thought of the Pythagorean philosophy is the idea of number, the recognition of the numerical and mathematical relations of things. Encyc. Brit. Pythagorean proposition (Geom.), the theorem that the square described upon the hypothenuse of a plane right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the squares described upon the other two sides. -- Pythagorean system (Astron.), the commonly received system of astronomy, first taught by Pythagoras, and afterward revived by Copernicus, whence it is also called the Copernican system. -- Pythagorean letter. See Y. PYTHAGOREAN Pyth`a*go"re*an, n. Defn: A follower of Pythagoras; one of the school of philosophers founded by Pythagoras. PYTHAGOREANISM Pyth`a*go"re*an*ism, n. Defn: The doctrines of Pythagoras or the Pythagoreans. As a philosophic school Pythagoreanism became extinct in Greece about the middle of the 4th century [B. C.]. Encyc. Brit. PYTHAGORIC; PYTHAGORICAL Pyth`a*gor"ic, Pyth`a*gor"ic*al, a.Etym: [L. Pythagoricus, Gr. pythagorique.] Defn: See Pythagorean, a. PYTHAGORISM Py*thag"o*rism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The doctrines taught by Pythagoras. Note: Pythagoras made numbers the basis of his philosophical system, as well physical as metaphysical. The doctrine of the transmigration of souls (metempsychosis) is associated closely with name of Pythagoras. PYTHAGORIZE Py*thag"o*rize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pythagorized; p. pr. & vb. n. Pythagorizing.] Etym: [Gr. Defn: To speculate after the manner of Pythagoras. PYTHIAD Pyth"i*ad, n. Etym: [See Pythian.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: The period intervening between one celebration of the Pythian games and the next. PYTHIAN Pyth"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Pythius, Gr. pythien.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Delphi, to the temple of Apollo, or to the priestess of Apollo, who delivered oracles at Delphi. Pythian games (Gr. Antiq.), one of the four great national festivals of ancient Greece, celebrated near Delphi, in honor of Apollo, the conqueror of the dragon Python, at first once in eight years, afterward once in four. PYTHOCENIC Pyth`o*cen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Producing decomposition, as diseases which are supposed to be accompanied or caused by decomposition. PYTHON Py"thon, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Python the serpent slain near Delphi by Apollo, Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of very large snakes of the genus Python, and allied genera, of the family Pythonidæ. They are nearly allied to the boas. Called also rock snake. Note: The pythons have small pelvic bones, or anal spurs, two rows of subcaudal scales, and pitted labials. They are found in Africa, Asia, and the East Indies. 2. A diviner by spirits. "[Manasses] observed omens, and appointed pythons." 4 Kings xxi. 6 (Douay version). PYTHONESS Pyth"o*ness, n. Etym: [L. pythonissa: cf. F. pythonisse. See Pythian.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: The priestess who gave oracular answers at Delphi in Greece. 2. Any woman supposed to have a spirit of divination; a sort of witch. Bp. Hall. PYTHONIC Py*thon"ic, a. Etym: [L. pythonicus, Gr. Pythian.] Defn: Prophetic; oracular; pretending to foretell events. PYTHONISM Pyth"o*nism, n. Defn: The art of predicting events after the manner of the priestess of Apollo at Delphi; equivocal prophesying. PYTHONIST Pyth"o*nist, n. Defn: A conjurer; a diviner. PYTHONOMORPHA Pyth`o*no*mor"pha, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Python, and -morphous.] (Paleon.) Defn: Same as Mosasauria. PYURIA Py*u"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition in which pus is discharged in the urine. PYX Pyx, )n. Etym: [L. pyxis a box, Gr. Box a receptacle.] [Written also pix.] 1. ( R. C. Ch.) Defn: The box, case, vase, or tabernacle, in which the host is reserved. 2. A box used in the British mint as a place of deposit for certain sample coins taken for a trial of the weight and fineness of metal before it is sent from the mint. Mushet. 3. (Naut.) Defn: The box in which the compass is suspended; the binnacle. Weale. 4. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Pyxis. Pyx cloth (R. C. Ch., a veil of silk or lace covering the pyx. Trial of the pyx, the annual testing, in the English mint, of the standard of gold and silver coins. Encyc. Brit. PYX Pyx, v. t. Defn: To test as to weight and fineness, as the coins deposited in the pyx. [Eng.] Mushet. PYXIDATE Pyx"i*date, a. Defn: Having a pyxidium. PYXIDIUM Pyx*id"i*um, n.; pl. Pyxidia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Pyx.] (Bot.) (a) A pod which divides circularly into an upper and lower half, of which the former acts as a kind of lid, as in the pimpernel and purslane. (b) The theca of mosses. PYXIE Pyx"ie, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Pixy. PYXIS Pyx*is, n. Etym: [L.] 1. A box; a pyx. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A pyxidium. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The acetabulum. See Acetabulum, 2. Q Defn: , the seventeenth letter of the English alphabet, has but one sound (that of k), and is always followed by u, the two letters together being sounded like kw, except in some words in which the u is silent. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 249. Q is not found in Anglo-Saxon, cw being used instead of qu; as in cwic, quick; cwen, queen. The name (ku) is from the French ku, which is from the Latin name of the same letter; its form is from the Latin, which derived it, through a Greek alphabet, from the Phoenician, the ultimate origin being Egyptian. Etymologically, q or qu is most nearly related to a (ch, tch), p, q, and wh; as in cud, quid, L. equus, ecus, horse, Gr. equine, hippic; L. quod which, E. what; L. aquila, E. eaqle; E. kitchen, OE. kichene, AS. cycene, L. coquina. QUA Qua, conj. Etym: [L., abl. of qui who.] Defn: In so far as; in the capacity or character of; as. It is with Shelley's biographers qua biographers that we have to deal. London Spectator. QUAB Quab, n. Etym: [Cf. D. kwab eelpout, Dan. quabbe, G. quabbe, quappe, LG. quabbe a fat lump of flesh, and L. capito a kind of fish with a large head, fr. caput the head, also E. squab.] Defn: An unfledged bird; hence, something immature or unfinished. Ford. QUAB Quab, v. i. Defn: See Quob, v. i. QUA-BIRD Qua"-bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American night heron. See under Night. QUACHA Qua"cha, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The quagga. QUACK Quack, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Qvacked; p. pr. & vb. n. Quacking.] Etym: [Of imitative origin; cf. D. kwaken, G. quacken, quaken, Icel. kvaka to twitter.] 1. To utter a sound like the cry of a duck. 2. To make vain and loud pretensions; to boast. " To quack of universal cures." Hudibras. 3. To act the part of a quack, or pretender. QUACK Quack, n. 1. The cry of the duck, or a sound in imitation of it; a hoarse, quacking noise. Chaucer. 2. Etym: [Cf. Quacksalver.] Defn: A boastful pretender to medical skill; an empiric; an ignorant practitioner. 3. Hence, one who boastfully pretends to skill or knowledge of any kind not possessed; a charlatan. Quacks political; quacks scientific, academical. Carlyle. QUACK Quack, a. Defn: Pertaining to or characterized by, boasting and pretension; used by quacks; pretending to cure diseases; as, a quack medicine; a quack doctor. QUACKERY Quack"er*y, n.; pl. Quackeries (. Defn: The acts, arts, or boastful pretensions of a quack; false pretensions to any art; empiricism. Carlyle. QUACK GRASS Quack" grass`. (Bot.) Defn: See Quitch grass. QUACKISH Quack"ish, a. Defn: Like a quack; boasting; characterized by quackery. Burke. QUACKISM Quack"ism, n. Defn: Quackery. Carlyle. QUACKLE Quac"kle, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Quackled; p. pr. & vb. n. Quackling.] Etym: [Cf.Querken.] Defn: To suffocate; to choke. [Prov. Eng.] QUACKSALVER Quack"sal*ver, n. Etym: [D. kwakzalver; cf. kwakzalven to quack or boast of one's salves. See Quack, Salve, n.] Defn: One who boasts of his skill in medicines and salves, or of the efficacy of his prescriptions; a charlatan; a quack; a mountebank. [Obs.] Burton. QUAD; QUADE Quad, Quade, a. Etym: [Akin to AS. cwæd, cwead, dung, evil, G. kot, dung, OHG. quat.] Defn: Evil; bad; baffling; as, a quade wind. [Obs.] Sooth play, quad play, as the Fleming saith. Chaucer. QUAD Quad, n. (Print.) Defn: A quadrat. QUAD Quad, n. (Arch.) Defn: A quadrangle; hence, a prison. [Cant or Slang] QUADRA Quad"ra, n.; pl. Quadræ. Etym: [L., a square, the socle, a platband, a fillet.] (Arch.) (a) The plinth, or lowest member, of any pedestal, podium, water table, or the like. (b) A fillet, or listel. QUADRABLE Quad"ra*ble, a.Etym: [See Quadrate.] (Math.) Defn: That may be sqyared, or reduced to an equivalent square; -- said of a surface when the area limited by a curve can be exactly found, and expressed in a finite number of algebraic terms. QUADRAGENARIOUS Quad`ra*ge*na"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. quadragenarius, fr. qyadrageni forty each.] Defn: Consisting of forty; forty years old. QUADRAGENE Quad"ra*gene, n. Etym: [LL. quadragena, fr. L. quadrageni forty each, akin to quadraginta forty.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: An indulgence of forty days, corresponding to the forty days of ancient canonical penance. QUADRAGESIMA Quad`ra*ges"i*ma, n. Etym: [L., fr. quadragesimus the fortieth, fr. quadraginta forty; akin to quattuor four. See Four.] (Eccl.) Defn: The forty days of fast preceding Easter; Lent. Quadragesima Sunday, the first Sunday in Lent, about forty days before Easter. QUADRAGESIMAL Quad`ra*ges"i*mal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. quadragésimal.] Defn: Belonging to Lent; used in Lent; Lenten. QUADRAGESIMALS Quad`ra*ges"i*mals, n. pl. Defn: Offerings formerly made to the mother church of a diocese on Mid-Lent Sunday. QUADRANGLE Quad"ran`gle, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. quadrangulum; quattuor four + angulus an angle. See Four, and Angle a corner.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A plane figure having four angles, and consequently four sides; any figure having four angles. 2. A square or quadrangular space or inclosure, such a space or court surrounded by buildings, esp. such a court in a college or public school in England. QUADRANGULAR Quad*ran"gu*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. quadrangulaire.] Defn: Having four angles, and consequently four sides; tetragonal. -- Quad*ran"gu*lar*ly, adv. QUADRANS Quad"rans, n.; pl. Quadrantes. Etym: [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A fourth part of the coin called an as. See 3d As, 2. 2. The fourth of a penny; a farthing. See Cur. QUADRANT Quad"rant, n. Etym: [L. quadrans, -antis, a fourth part, a fourth of a whole, fr. quattuor four: cf. F. quadrant, cadran. See Four, and cf. Cadrans.] 1. The fourth part; the quarter. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. (Geom.) Defn: The quarter of a circle, or of the circumference of a circle, an arc of 90º, or one subtending a right angle at the center. 3. (Anal. (Geom.) Defn: One of the four parts into which a plane is divided by the coördinate axes. The upper right-hand part is the first quadrant; the upper left-hand part the second; the lower left-hand part the third; and the lower right-hand part the fourth quadrant. 4. An instrument for measuring altitudes, variously constructed and mounted for different specific uses in astronomy, surveying, gunnery, etc., consisting commonly of a graduated arc of 90º, with an index or vernier, and either plain or telescopic sights, and usually having a plumb line or spirit level for fixing the vertical or horizontal direction. Gunner's quadrant, an instrument consisting of a graduated limb, with a plumb line or spirit level, and an arm by which it is applied to a cannon or mortar in adjusting it to the elevation required for attaining the desired range. -- Gunter's quadrant. See Gunter's quadrant, in the Vocabulary. Hadley's quadrant, a hand instrument used chiefly at sea to measure the altitude of the sun or other celestial body in ascertaining the vessel's position. It consists of a frame in the form of an octant having a graduated scale upon its arc, and an index arm, or alidade pivoted at its apex. Mirrors, called the index glass and the horizon glass, are fixed one upon the index arm and the other upon one side of the frame, respectively. When the instrument is held upright, the index arm may be swung so that the index glass will reflect an image of the sun upon the horizon glass, and when the reflected image of the sun coincides, to the observer's eye, with the horizon as seen directly through an opening at the side of the horizon glass, the index shows the sun's altitude upon the scale; -- more properly, but less commonly, called an octant. -- Quadrant of altitude, an appendage of the artificial globe, consisting of a slip of brass of the length of a quadrant of one of the great circles of the globe, and graduated. It may be fitted to the meridian, and being movable round to all points of the horizon, serves as a scale in measuring altitudes, azimuths, etc. QUADRANTAL Quad*ran"tal, a. Etym: [L. quadrantalis containing the fourth fourth part of a measure.] (Geom.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a quadrant; also, included in the fourth part of a circle; as, quadrantal space. Quadrantal triangle, a spherical triangle having one side equal to a quadrant or arc of 90º. -- Quadrantal versor, a versor that expresses rotation through one right angle. QUADRANTAL Quad*ran"tal, n. Etym: [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A cubical vessel containing a Roman cubic foot, each side being a Roman square foot; -- used as a measure. 2. A cube. [R.] QUADRAT Quad"rat, n. Etym: [F. quadrat, cadrat. See Quadrate.] 1. (Print.) Defn: A block of type metal lower than the letters, -- used in spacing and in blank lines. [Abbrev. quad.] 2. An old instrument used for taking altitudes; -- called also geometrical square, and line of shadows. QUADRATE Quad"rate, a. Etym: [L. quadratus squared, p. p. of quadrare to make four-cornered, to make square, to square, to fit, suit, from quadrus square, quattuor four. See Quadrant, and cf. Quadrat, Quarry an arrow, Square.] 1. Having four equal sides, the opposite sides parallel, and four right angles; square. Figures, some round, some triangle, some quadrate. Foxe. 2. Produced by multiplying a number by itself; square. " Quadrate and cubical numbers." Sir T. Browne. 3. Square; even; balanced; equal; exact. [Archaic] " A quadrate, solid, wise man." Howell. 4. Squared; suited; correspondent. [Archaic] " A generical description quadrate to both." Harvey. Quadrate bone (Anat.), a bone between the base of the lower jaw and the skull in most vertebrates below the mammals. In reptiles and birds it articulates the lower jaw with the skull; in mammals it is represented by the malleus or incus. QUADRATE Quad"rate, n. Etym: [L. quadratum. See Quadrate, a.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A plane surface with four equal sides and four right angles; a square; hence, figuratively, anything having the outline of a square. At which command, the powers militant That stood for heaven, in mighty quadrate joined. Milton. 2. (Astrol.) Defn: An aspect of the heavenly bodies in which they are distant from each other 90º, or the quarter of a circle; quartile. See the Note under Aspect, 6. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The quadrate bone. QUADRATE Quad"rate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quadrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Quadrating.] Etym: [See Quadrate, a.] Defn: To square; to agree; to suit; to correspond; -- followed by with. [Archaic] The objections of these speculatists of its forms do not quadrate with their theories. Burke. QUADRATE Quad"rate, v. t. Defn: To adjust (a gun) on its carriage; also, to train (a gun) for horizontal firing. QUADRATIC Quad*rat"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. quadratique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a square, or to squares; resembling a quadrate, or square; square. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: Tetragonal. 3. (Alg.) Defn: Pertaining to terms of the second degree; as, a quadratic equation, in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is a square. QUADRATICS Quad*rat"ics, n. (Alg.) Defn: That branch of algebra which treats of quadratic equations. QUADRATOJUGAL Quad*ra`to*ju"gal, a. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the quadrate and jugal bones. (b) Of or pertaining to the quadratojugal bone. -- n. Defn: The quadratojugal bone. Quadratojugal bone (Anat.), a bone at the base of the lower jaw in many animals. QUADRATRIX Quad*ra"trix, n.; pl. -trixes, or -trices. Etym: [NL.] (Geom.) Defn: A curve made use of in the quadrature of other curves; as the quadratrix, of Dinostratus, or of Tschirnhausen. QUADRATURE Quad"ra*ture, n. Etym: [L. quadratura: cf. F. quadrature. See Quadrate, a.] 1. (Math.) Defn: The act of squaring; the finding of a square having the same area as some given curvilinear figure; as, the quadrature of a circle; the operation of finding an expression for the area of a figure bounded wholly or in part by a curved line, as by a curve, two ordinates, and the axis of abscissas. 2. A quadrate; a square. Milton. 3. (Integral Calculus) Defn: The integral used in obtaining the area bounded by a curve; hence, the definite integral of the product of any function of one variable into the differential of that variable. 4. (Astron.) Defn: The position of one heavenly body in respect to another when distant from it 90º, or a quarter of a circle, as the moon when at an equal distance from the points of conjunction and opposition. Quadrature of the moon (Astron.), the position of the moon when one half of the disk is illuminated. -- Quadrature of an orbit (Astron.), a point in an orbit which is at either extremity of the latus rectum drawn through the empty focus of the orbit. QUADREL Quad"rel, n. Etym: [It. quadrello, LL. quadrellus, fr. L. quadrus square. See Quadrate, and cf. Quarrel an arrow.] 1. A square piece of turf or peat. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A square brick, tile, or the like. QUADRENNIAL Quad*ren"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. quadriennium a space of four years; quattuor four + annus year; cf. L. quadriennis. See Quadrate, and Annual.] 1. Comprising four years; as, a quadrennial period. 2. Occurring once in four years, or at the end of every four years; as, quadrennial games. QUADRENNIALLY Quad*ren"ni*al*ly, adv. Defn: Once in four years. QUADRENNIUM Quad*ren"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Quadrennial.] Defn: A space or period of four years. QUADRI- Quad"ri-. Etym: [L., from quattuor four. See Four.] Defn: A combining form meaning four, four times, fourfold; as, quadricapsular, having four capsules. QUADRIBASIC Quad`ri*ba"sic, a. Etym: [Quadri- + basic.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Tetrabasic. QUADRIBLE Quad"ri*ble, a. Defn: Quadrable. [R.] QUADRIC Quad"ric, a. (Math.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the second degree. QUADRIC Quad"ric, n. (a) (Alg.) A quantic of the second degree. See Quantic. (b) (Geom.) A surface whose equation in three variables is of the second degree. Spheres, spheroids, ellipsoids, paraboloids, hyperboloids, also cones and cylinders with circular bases, are quadrics. QUADRICAPSULAR Quad`ri*cap"su*lar, a. Etym: [Quadri- + capsular.] (Bot.) Defn: Having four capsules. QUADRICEPS Quad"ri*ceps, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. qyattuor four + caput head.] (Anat.) Defn: The great extensor muscle of the knee, divided above into four parts which unite in a single tendon at the knee. QUADRICIPITAL Quad`ri*cip"i*tal, n. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the quadriceps. QUADRICORN Quad"ri*corn, n. Etym: [See Quadricornous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any quadricornous animal. QUADRICORNOUS Quad`ri*cor"nous, a. Etym: [Quadri- + L. cornu horn: cf. F. quadricorne.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having four horns, or hornlike organs; as, a quadricornous beetle. QUADRICOSTATE Quad`ri*cos"tate, a. Etym: [Quadri- + costate.] Defn: Having four ribs. QUADRIDENTATE Quad`ri*den"tate, a. Etym: [Quadri- + dentate.] Defn: Having four teeth; as, a quadridentate leaf. QUADRIENNIAL Quad`ri*en"ni*al, a. Defn: Same as Quadrennial. QUADRIFARIOUS Quad`ri*fa"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. quadrifarius fourfold, fr. quattuor four: cf. F. quadrifarié. Cf. Multifarious.] Defn: Arranged in four rows or ranks; as, quadrifarious leaves. Loudon. QUADRIFID Quad"ri*fid, a. Etym: [L. quadrifidus; quattuor four + findere to cleave: cf. F. quadrifide.] Defn: Divided, or deeply cleft, into four parts; as, a quadrifid perianth; a quadrifid leaf. QUADRIFOIL; QUADRIFOLIATE Quad"ri*foil, Quad`ri*fo"li*ate, a. Etym: [Quadri- + L. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: Four-leaved; having the leaves in whorls of four. QUADRIFURCATED Quad`ri*fur"ca*ted, a. Etym: [Quadri- + furcated.] Defn: Having four forks, or branches. QUADRIGA Quad*ri"ga, n.; pl. Quadrigæ. Etym: [L. See Quadrijugous.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A car or chariot drawn by four horses abreast. QUADRIGEMINAL; QUADRIGEMINOUS Quad`ri*gem"i*nal, Quad`ri*gem"i*nous, a. Etym: [Quadri- + L. gemini twins.] Defn: Fourfold; having four similar parts, or two pairs of similar parts. Quadrigeminal bodies (Anat.), two pairs of lobes, or elevations, on the dorsal side of the midbrain of most mammals; the optic lobes. The anterior pair are called the nates, and the posterior the testes. QUADRIGENARIOUS Quad`ri*ge*na"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. quadrigeni, quadringeni, four hundred each.] Defn: Consisting of four hundred. QUADRIJUGATE Quad*rij"u*gate, a. Defn: Same as Quadrijugous. QUADRIJUGOUS Quad*rij"u*gous, a. Etym: [L. quadrijugus of a team of four; quattuor four + jugum yoke.] (Bot.) Defn: Pinnate, with four pairs of leaflets; as, a quadrijugous leaf. QUADRILATERAL Quad`ri*lat"er*al, a. Etym: [L. quadrilaterus: cf. F. quadrilatère, quadrilatéral. See Quadri- and Lateral.] Defn: Having four sides, and consequently four angles; quadrangular. QUADRILATERAL Quad`ri*lat"er*al, n. 1. (Geom.) Defn: A plane figure having four sides, and consequently four angles; a quadrangular figure; any figure formed by four lines. 2. An area defended by four fortresses supporting each other; as, the Venetian quadrilateral, comprising Mantua, Peschiera, Verona, and Legnano. Complete quadrilateral (Geom.), the figure made up of the six straight lines that can be drawn through four points, A., B, C, I, the lines being supposed to be produced indefinitely. QUADRILATERALNESS Quad`ri*lat"er*al*ness, n. Defn: The property of being quadrilateral. QUADRILITERAL Quad`ri*lit"er*al, a. Etym: [Quadri- + literal.] Defn: Consisting of four letters. QUADRILLE Qua*drille", n. Etym: [F. quadrille, n. fem., fr. Sp. cuadrilla meeting of four or more persons or It. quadriglia a band of soldiers, a sort of dance; dim. fr. L. quadra a square, fr. quattuor four. See Quadrate.] 1. A dance having five figures, in common time, four couples of dancers being in each set. 2. The appropriate music for a quadrille. QUADRILLE Qua*drille", n. Etym: [F. quadrille, n. masc., cf. It. quadriglio; or perhaps from the Spanish. See Quadrille a dance.] Defn: A game played by four persons with forty cards, being the remainder of an ordinary pack after the tens, nines, and eights are discarded. Hoyle. QUADRILLION Quad*ril"lion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. quater four times, akin to quattuor four, E. four; -- formed like million. See Four, Million.] Defn: According to the French notation, which is followed also upon the Continent and in the United States, a unit with fifteen ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, the number produced by involving a million to the fourth power, or the number represented by a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration. QUADRILOBATE; QUADRILOBED Quad`ri*lo"bate, Quad`ri*lobed, a. Etym: [Quadri- + lobe: cf. F. quadrilobé.] Defn: Having four lobes; as, a quadrilobate leaf. QUADRILOCULAR Quad`ri*loc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Quadri- + locular: cf. F. quadriloculaire.] Defn: Having four cells, or cavities; as, a quadrilocular heart. QUADRIN Quad"rin, n. Etym: [OF., fr. L. quadrini four each, fr. quattuor four.] Defn: A small piece of money, in value about a farthing, or a half cent. [Obs.] QUADRINODAL Quad`ri*nod"al, a. Etym: [Quadri- + nodal.] (Math.) Defn: Possessing four nodes; as, quadrinodal curves. QUADRINOMIAL Quad`ri*no"mi*al, n. Etym: [Quadri- + nomial, as in binomial: cf. F. quadrinôme.] (Alg.) Defn: A polynomial of four terms connected by the signs plus or minus. QUADRINOMICAL Quad`ri*nom"ic*al, a. Defn: Quadrinomial. QUADRINOMINAL Quad`ri*nom"i*nal, a. Etym: [Quadri- + nominal.] (Alg.) Defn: Quadrinomial. Sir W. R. Hamilton. QUADRIPARTITE Quad*rip"ar*tite, a. Etym: [L. quadripartitus, p. p. of quadripartire to divide into four parts; quattuor four + partire to divide: cf. F. quadripartite.] Defn: Divided into four parts. QUADRIPARTITELY Quad*rip"ar*tite*ly, adv. Defn: In four parts. QUADRIPARTITION Quad`ri*par*ti"tion, n. Etym: [L. quadripartitio: cf. F. quadripartition.] Defn: A division or distribution by four, or into four parts; also, a taking the fourth part of any quantity or number. QUADRIPENNATE Quad`ri*pen"nate, a. Etym: [Quadri- + pennate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having four wings; -- said of insects. QUADRIPHYLLOUS Quad*riph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Quadri + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having four leaves; quadrifoliate. QUADRIREME Quad"ri*reme, n. Etym: [L. quadriremis; quattuor four + remus an oar: cf. F. quadrirème.] (Antiq.) Defn: A galley with four banks of oars or rowers. QUADRISECTION Quad`ri*sec"tion, n. Etym: [Quadri- + section.] Defn: A subdivision into four parts. QUADRISULCATE Quad`ri*sul"cate, a. Etym: [Quadri + sulcate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having four hoofs; as, a quadrisulcate foot; a quadrisulcate animal. QUADRISYLLABIC; QUADRI-SYLLABICAL Quad`ri*syl*lab"ic, Quad`ri-syl*lab"ic*al, Defn: Having four syllables; of or pertaining to quadrisyllables; as, a quadrisyllabic word. QUADRISYLLABLE Quad`ri*syl"la*ble, n. Etym: [Quadri- + syllable: cf. F. quadrisyllabe.] Defn: A word consisting of four syllables. De Quincey. QUADRIVALENCE Quad*riv"a*lence, n. (Chem.) Defn: The quality or state of being quadrivalent; tetravalence. QUADRIVALENT Quad*riv"a*lent, a. Etym: [Quadri- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Defn: Having a valence of four; capable of combining with, being replaced by, or compared with, four monad atoms; tetravalent; -- said of certain atoms and radicals; thus, carbon and silicon are quadrivalent elements. QUADRIVALVE Quad"ri*valve, a. Etym: [Quadri- + valve: cf. F. quadrivalve.] (Bot.) Defn: Dehiscent into four similar parts; four-valved; as, a quadrivalve pericarp. QUADRIVALVE Quad"ri*valve, n. (Arch.) Defn: A door, shutter, or the like, having four folds. QUADRIVALVULAR Quad`ri*val"vu*lar, a. Defn: Having four valves; quadrivalve. QUADRIVIAL Quad*riv"i*al, a. Etym: [L. quadrivium a place where four ways meet; quattuor four + via way.] Defn: Having four ways meeting in a point. B. Jonson. QUADRIVIAL Quad*riv"i*al, n. Defn: One of the four "liberal arts" making up the quadrivium. QUADRIVIUM Quad*riv"i*um, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: The four "liberal arts," arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy; -- so called by the schoolmen. See Trivium. QUADROON Quad*roon", n. Etym: [F. quarteron, or Sp. cuarteron. See Quarter a fourth part, and cf. Quarteron.] Defn: The offspring of a mulatto and a white person; a person quarter-blooded. [Written also quarteron, quarteroon, and quateron.] QUADROXIDE Quad*rox"ide, n. Etym: [Quadri- + oxide.] (Chem.) Defn: A tetroxide. [R.] QUADRUMANA Quad*ru"ma*na, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Quadrumane.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of the Primates comprising the apes and monkeys; -- so called because the hind foot is usually prehensile, and the great toe opposable somewhat like a thumb. Formerly the Quadrumana were considered an order distinct from the Bimana, which last included man alone. QUADRUMANE Quad"ru*mane, n. Etym: [L. quattuor four + manus a hand: cf. F. quadrumane.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Quadrumana. QUADRUMANOUS Quad*ru"ma*nous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having four hands; of or pertaining to the Quadrumana. QUADRUPED Quad"ru*ped, a. Etym: [L. quadrupes, -pedis; quattuor four + pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. quadrupède. See Quadrate, and Foot.] Defn: Having four feet. QUADRUPED Quad"ru*ped, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal having four feet, as most mammals and reptiles; -- often restricted to the mammals. QUADRUPEDAL Quad*ru"pe*dal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having four feet; of or pertaining to a quadruped. QUADRUPLANE Quad"ru*plane, n. [L. quadru-in comp. + E. plane.] Defn: An aëroplane with four superposed main supporting surfaces. QUADRUPLE Quad"ru*ple, a. Etym: [L. quadruplus, from quattuor four: cf. F. quadruple. See Quadrate, and cf. Double.] Defn: Fourfold; as, to make quadruple restitution; a quadruple alliance. Quadruple time (Mus.), that in which each measure is divided into four equal parts. QUADRUPLE Quad"ru*ple, n. Etym: [Cf. F. quadruple, L. quadruplum.] Defn: four times the sum or number; a fourfold amount; as, to receive to quadruple of the amount in damages. QUADRUPLE Quad"ru*ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quadrupled; p. pr. & vb. n. Quadrupling.] Etym: [L. quadruplare: cf. F. quadrupler.] Defn: To multiply by four; to increase fourfold; to double; to double twice. A. Smith. QUADRUPLE Quad"ru*ple, v. i. Defn: To be multiplied by four; to increase fourfold; to become four times as much. QUADRUPLET Quad"ru*plet, n. [From Quadruple.] 1. A collection or combination of four of a kind. 2. pl. Four children born in the same labor. 3. A cycle for carrying four riders, so arranged that all the reders can assist in the propulsion. QUADRUPLEX Quad"ru*plex, a. Etym: [L., from quattuor four + plicare to fold.] Defn: Fourfold; folded or doubled twice. Quadruplex system (Electric Telegraph), a system by which four messages, two in each direction, may be sent simultaneously over the wire. QUADRUPLICATE Quad*ru"pli*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quadruplicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Quadruplicating.] Etym: [L. quadruplicatus, p. p. of quadruplicare, fr. quadrupleQuadruplex.] Defn: To make fourfold; to double twice; to quadruple. QUADRUPLICATE Quad*ru"pli*cate, a. Etym: [L. quadruplicatus, p. p.] 1. Fourfold; doubled twice; four times repeated; as, a quadruplicate ratio, or a quadruplicate proportion. 2. (Math.) Defn: Raised to the fourth power. [R.] QUADRUPLICATION Quad`ru*pli*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. quadruplicatio: cf. F. quadruplication.] Defn: The act of making fourfold; a taking four times the simple sum or amount. QUADRUPLY Quad"ru*ply, adv. Defn: To a fourfold quantity; so as to be, or cause to be, quadruple; as, to be quadruply recompensed. QUAERE Quæ"re, v. imperative. Etym: [L., imperative of quaerere to seek.] Defn: Inquire; question; see; -- used to signify doubt or to suggest investigation. QUAESTOR Quæs"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Same as Questor. QUAFF Quaff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quaffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Quaffing.] Etym: [For quach, fr. Gael. & Ir. cuach a drinking cup; cf. L. caucus a drinking vessel. Cf. Quaigh.] Defn: To drink with relish; to drink copiously of; to swallow in large draughts. "Quaffed off the muscadel." Shak. They eat, they drink, and in communion sweet Quaff immortality and joy. Milton. QUAFF Quaff, v. i. Defn: To drink largely or luxuriously. Twelve days the gods their solemn revels keep, And quaff with blameless Ethiops in the deep. Dryden. QUAFFER Quaff"er, n. Defn: One who quaffs, or drinks largely. QUAG Quag, n. Defn: A quagmire. [R.] "Crooked or straight, through quags or thorny dells." Cowper. QUAGGA Quag"ga, n. Etym: [Hottentot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South African wild ass (Equus, or Hippotigris, quagga). The upper parts are reddish brown, becoming paler behind and behind and beneath, with dark stripes on the face, neck, and fore part of the body. QUAGGY Quag"gy, a.Etym: [See Quag, Quagmire.] Defn: Of the nature of a quagmire; yielding or trembling under the foot, as soft, wet earth; spongy; boggy. "O'er the watery strath, or quaggy moss." Collins. QUAGMIRE Quag"mire`, n. Etym: [Quake + mire.] Defn: Soft, wet, miry land, which shakes or yields under the feet. "A spot surrounded by quagmires, which rendered it difficult of access." Palfrey. Syn. -- Morass; marsh; bog; swamp; fen; slough. QUAHOG; QUAHAUG Qua"hog, Qua"haug, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. Narragansett Indian poquaûhock.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An American market clam (Venus mercenaria). It is sold in large quantities, and is highly valued as food. Called also round clam, and hard clam. Note: The name is also applied to other allied species, as Venus Mortoni of the Gulf of Mexico. QUAIGH; QUAICH Quaigh, Quaich, n. Etym: [Gael.cuach. Cf. Quaff.] Defn: A small shallow cup or drinking vessel. [Scot.] [Written also quegh.] QUAIL Quail, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Qualled; p. pr. & vb. n. Qualling.] Etym: [AS.cwelan to die, perish; akin to cwalu violent death, D. kwaal pain, G. qual torment, OHG. quelan to suffer torment, Lith. gelti to hurt, gela pain. Cf. Quell.] 1. To die; to perish; hence, to wither; to fade. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To become quelled; to become cast down; to sink under trial or apprehension of danger; to lose the spirit and power of resistance; to lose heart; to give way; to shrink; to cower. The atheist power shall quail, and confess his fears. I. Taylor. Stouter hearts than a woman's have quailed in this terrible winter. Longfellow. Syn. -- to cower; flinch; shrink; quake; tremble; blench; succumb; yield. QUAIL Quail, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Quell.] Defn: To cause to fail in spirit or power; to quell; to crush; to subdue. [Obs.] Spenser. QUAIL Quail, v. i. Etym: [OF. coaillier, F. cailler, from L. coagulare. See Coagulate.] Defn: To curdle; to coagulate, as milk. [Obs.] Holland. QUAIL Quail, n. Etym: [OF. quaille, F. caille, LL. quaquila, qualia, qualea, of Dutch or German origin; cf. D. kwakkel, kwartel, OHG. wahtala, G. wachtel.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any gallinaceous bird belonging to Coturnix and several allied genera of the Old World, especially the common European quail (C. communis), the rain quail (C. Coromandelica) of India, the stubble quail (C. pectoralis), and the Australian swamp quail (Synoicus australis). 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several American partridges belonging to Colinus, Callipepla, and allied genera, especially the bobwhite (called Virginia quail, and Maryland quail), and the California quail (Calipepla Californica). 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of Turnix and allied genera, native of the Old World, as the Australian painted quail (Turnix varius). See Turnix. 4. A prostitute; -- so called because the quail was thought to be a very amorous bird.[Obs.] Shak. Bustard quail (Zoöl.), a small Asiatic quail-like bird of the genus Turnix, as T. taigoor, a black-breasted species, and the hill bustard quail (T. ocellatus). See Turnix. -- Button quail (Zoöl.), one of several small Asiatic species of Turnix, as T. Sykesii, which is said to be the smallest game bird of India. -- Mountain quail. See under Mountain. -- Quail call, a call or pipe for alluring quails into a net or within range. -- Quail dove (Zoöl.), any one of several American ground pigeons belonging to Geotrygon and allied genera. -- Quail hawk (Zoöl.), the New Zealand sparrow hawk (Hieracidea Novæ-Hollandiæ). -- Quail pipe. See Quail call, above. -- Quail snipe (Zoöl.), the dowitcher, or red-breasted snipe; -- called also robin snipe, and brown snipe. -- Sea quail (Zoöl.), the turnstone. [Local, U. S.] QUAILY Quail"y, n. Etym: [Cf. Quail the bird.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The upland plover. [Canadian] QUAINT Quaint, a. Etym: [OE. queint, queynte, coint, prudent, wise, cunning, pretty, odd, OF. cointe cultivated, amiable, agreeable, neat, fr. L. cognitus known, p. p. of cognoscere to know; con + noscere (for gnoscere) to know. See Know, and cf. Acquaint, Cognition.] 1. Prudent; wise; hence, crafty; artful; wily. [Obs.] Clerks be full subtle and full quaint. Chaucer. 2. Characterized by ingenuity or art; finely fashioned; skillfully wrought; elegant; graceful; nice; neat. [Archaic] " The queynte ring." " His queynte spear." Chaucer. " A shepherd young quaint." Chapman. Every look was coy and wondrous quaint. Spenser. To show bow quaint an orator you are. Shak. 3. Curious and fanciful; affected; odd; whimsical; antique; archaic; singular; unusual; as, quaint architecture; a quaint expression. Some stroke of quaint yet simple pleasantry. Macaulay. An old, long-faced, long-bodied servant in quaint livery. W. Irving. Syn. -- Quaint, Odd, Antique. Antique is applied to that which has come down from the ancients, or which is made to imitate some ancient work of art. Odd implies disharmony, incongruity, or unevenness. An odd thing or person is an exception to general rules of calculation and procedure, or expectation and common experience. In the current use of quaint, the two ideas of odd and antique are combined, and the word is commonly applied to that which is pleasing by reason of both these qualities. Thus, we speak of the quaint architecture of many old buildings in London; or a quaint expression, uniting at once the antique and the fanciful. QUAINTISE Quain"tise, n. Etym: [OF. cointise.] 1. Craft; subtlety; cunning. [Obs.] Chaucer. R. of Glouces. 2. Elegance; beauty. [Obs.] Chaucer. QUAINTLY Quaint"ly, adv. Defn: In a quaint manner. Shak. QUAINTNESS Quaint"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being quaint. Pope. QUAIR Quair, n. Etym: [See 3d Quire.] Defn: A quire; a book. [Obs.] " The king's quhair." James I. (of Scotland). QUAKE Quake, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Quaking.] Etym: [AS. cwacian; cf. G. quackeln. Cf. Quagmire.] 1. To be agitated with quick, short motions continually repeated; to shake with fear, cold, etc.; to shudder; to tremble. Quaking for dread." Chaucer. She stood quaking like the partridge on which the hawk is ready to seize. Sir P. Sidney. 2. To shake, vibrate, or quiver, either from not being solid, as soft, wet land, or from violent convulsion of any kind; as, the earth quakes; the mountains quake. " Over quaking bogs." Macaulay. QUAKE Quake, v. t. Etym: [Cf. AS. cweccan to move, shake. See Quake, v. t.] Defn: To cause to quake. [Obs.] Shak. QUAKE Quake, n. Defn: A tremulous agitation; a quick vibratory movement; a shudder; a quivering. QUAKER Quak"er, n. 1. One who quakes. 2. One of a religious sect founded by George Fox, of Leicestershire, England, about 1650, -- the members of which call themselves Friends. They were called Quakers, originally, in derision. See Friend, n., 4. Fox's teaching was primarily a preaching of repentance . . . The trembling among the listening crowd caused or confirmed the name of Quakers given to the body; men and women sometimes fell down and lay struggling as if for life. Encyc. Brit. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The nankeen bird. (b) The sooty albatross. (c) Any grasshopper or locust of the genus (Edipoda; -- so called from the quaking noise made during flight. Quaker buttons. (Bot.) See Nux vomica. -- Quaker gun, a dummy cannon made of wood or other material; -- so called because the sect of Friends, or Quakers, hold to the doctrine, of nonresistance. -- Quaker ladies (Bot.), a low American biennial plant (Houstonia cærulea), with pretty four-lobed corollas which are pale blue with a yellowish center; -- also called bluets, and little innocents. QUAKERESS Quak"er*ess, n. Defn: A woman who is a member of the Society of Friends. QUAKERISH Quak"er*ish, a. Defn: Like or pertaining to a Quaker; Quakerlike. QUAKERISM Quak"er*ism, n. Defn: The peculiar character, manners, tenets, etc., of the Quakers. QUAKERLIKE Quak"er*like, a. Defn: Like a Quaker. QUAKERLY Quak"er*ly, a. Defn: Resembling Quakers; Quakerlike; Quakerish. Macaulay. QUAKERY Quak"er*y, n. Defn: Quakerism. [Obs.] Hallywell. QUAKETAIL Quake"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A wagtail. QUAKINESS Quak"i"ness, n. Defn: The state of being quaky; liability to quake. QUAKING Quak"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Quake, v. Quaking aspen (Bot.), an American species of poplar (Populus tremuloides), the leaves of which tremble in the lightest breeze. It much resembles the European aspen. See Aspen. -- Quaking bog, a bog of forming peat so saturated with water that it shakes when trodden upon. -- Quaking grass. (Bot.) (a) One of several grasses of the genus Briza, having slender-stalked and pendulous ovate spikelets, which quake and rattle in the wind. Briza maxima is the large quaking grass; B. media and B. minor are the smaller kinds. (b) Rattlesnake grass (Glyceria Canadensis). QUAKINGLY Quak"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a quaking manner; fearfully. Sir P. Sidney. QUAKY Quak"y, a. Defn: Shaky, or tremulous; quaking. QUALIFIABLE Qual"i*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being qualified; abatable; modifiable. Barrow. QUALIFICATION Qual`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. qualification. See Qualify.] 1. The act of qualifying, or the condition of being qualified. 2. That which qualifies; any natural endowment, or any acquirement, which fits a person for a place, office, or employment, or which enables him to sustian any character with success; an enabling quality or circumstance; requisite capacity or possession. There is no qualification for government but virtue and wisdom, actual or presumptive. Burke. 3. The act of limiting, or the state of being limited; that which qualifies by limiting; modification; restriction; hence, abatement; diminution; as, to use words without any qualification. QUALIFICATIVE Qual"i*fi*ca*tive, n. Defn: That which qualifies, modifies, or restricts; a qualifying term or statement. How many qualificatives, correctives, and restrictives he inserteth in this relation. Fuller. QUALIFICATOR Qual"i*fi*ca`tor, n. Etym: [LL.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: An officer whose business it is to examine and prepare causes for trial in the ecclesiastical courts. QUALIFIED Qual"i*fied, a. 1. Fitted by accomplishments or endowments. 2. Modified; limited; as, a qualified statement. Qualified fee (Law), a base fee, or an estate which has a qualification annexed to it, the fee ceasing with the qualification, as a grant to A and his heirs, tenants of the manor of Dale. -- Qualified indorsement (Law), an indorsement which modifies the liability of the indorser that would result from the general principles of law, but does not affect the negotiability of the instrument. Story. -- Qualified negative (Legislation), a limited veto power, by which the chief executive in a constitutional government may refuse assent to bills passed by the legislative body, which bills therefore fail to become laws unless upon a reconsideration the legislature again passes them by a certain majority specified in the constitution, when they become laws without the approval of the executive. Qualified property (Law), that which depends on temporary possession, as that in wild animals reclaimed, or as in the case of a bailment. Syn. -- Competent; fit; adapted. -- Qualified, Competent. Competent is most commonly used with respect to native endowments and general ability suited to the performance of a task or duty; qualified with respect to specific acquirements and training. QUALIFIEDLY Qual"i*fied`ly, adv. Defn: In the way of qualification; with modification or qualification. QUALIFIEDNESS Qual"i*fied`ness, n. Defn: The state of being qualified. QUALIFIER Qual"i*fi`er Defn: , One who, or that which, qualifies; that which modifies, reduces, tempers or restrains. QUALIFY Qual"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Qualified; p. pr. & vb. n. Qualifying.] Etym: [F. qualifier, LL. qualificare, fr. L. qualis how constituted, as + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Quality, and -Fy.] 1. To make such as is required; to give added or requisite qualities to; to fit, as for a place, office, occupation, or character; to furnish with the knowledge, skill, or other accomplishment necessary for a purpose; to make capable, as of an employment or privilege; to supply with legal power or capacity. He had qualified himself for municipal office by taking the oaths to the sovereigns in possession. Macaulay. 2. To give individual quality to; to modulate; to vary; to regulate. It hath no larynx . . . to qualify the sound. Sir T. Browne. 3. To reduce from a general, undefined, or comprehensive form, to particular or restricted form; to modify; to limit; to restrict; to restrain; as, to qualify a statement, claim, or proposition. 4. Hence, to soften; to abate; to diminish; to assuage; to reduce the strength of, as liquors. I do not seek to quench your love's hot fire, But qualify the fire's extreme rage. Shak. 5. To soothe; to cure; -- said of persons. [Obs.] In short space he has them qualified. Spenser. Syn. -- To fit; equip; prepare; adapt; capacitate; enable; modify; soften; restrict; restrain; temper. QUALIFY Qual"i*fy, v. i. 1. To be or become qualified; to be fit, as for an office or employment. 2. To obtain legal power or capacity by taking the oath, or complying with the forms required, on assuming an office. QUALITATIVE Qual"i*ta*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. gualitativus, F. qualitatif.] Defn: Relating to quality; having the character of quality. -- Qual"i*ta*tive*ly, adv. Qualitative analysis (Chem.), analysis which merely determines the constituents of a substance without any regard to the quantity of each ingredient; -- contrasted with quantitative analysis. QUALITIED Qual"i*tied, a. Defn: Furnished with qualities; endowed. [Obs.] "He was well qualitied." Chapman. QUALITY Qual"i*ty, n.; pl. Qualities. Etym: [F. qualité, L. qualitas, fr. qualis how constituted, as; akin to E. which. See Which.] 1. The condition of being of such and such a sort as distinguished from others; nature or character relatively considered, as of goods; character; sort; rank. We lived most joyful, obtaining acquaintance with many of the city not of the meanest quality. Bacon 2. Special or temporary character; profession; occupation; assumed or asserted rank, part, or position. I made that inquiry in quality of an antiquary. Gray. 3. That which makes, or helps to make, anything such as it is; anything belonging to a subject, or predicable of it; distinguishing property, characteristic, or attribute; peculiar power, capacity, or virtue; distinctive trait; as, the tones of a flute differ from those of a violin in quality; the great quality of a statesman. Note: Qualities, in metaphysics, are primary or secondary. Primary are those essential to the existence, and even the conception, of the thing, as of matter or spirit Secondary are those not essential to such a conception. 4. An acquired trait; accomplishment; acquisition. He had those qualities of horsemanship, dancing, and fencing which accompany a good breeding. Clarendon. 5. Superior birth or station; high rank; elevated character. "Persons of quality." Bacon. Quality binding, a kind of worsted tape used in Scotland for binding carpets, and the like. The quality, those of high rank or station, as distinguished from the masses, or common people; the nobility; the gentry. I shall appear at the masquerade dressed up in my feathers, that the quality may see how pretty they will look in their traveling habits. Addison. Syn. -- Property; attribute; nature; peculiarity; character; sort; rank; disposition; temper. QUALM Qualm, n. Etym: [AS. cwealm death, slaughter, pestilence, akin to OS. & OHG. qualm. See Quail to cower.] 1. Sickness; disease; pestilence; death. [Obs.] thousand slain and not of qualm ystorve [dead]. Chaucer. 2. A sudden attack of illness, faintness, or pain; an agony. " Qualms of heartsick agony." Milton. 3. Especially, a sudden sensation of nausea. For who, without a qualm, hath ever looked On holy garbage, though by Homer cooked Roscommon. 4. A prick or scruple of conscience; uneasiness of conscience; compunction. Dryden. QUALMISH Qualm"ish, a. Defn: Sick at the stomach; affected with nausea or sickly languor; inclined to vomit. Shak. -- Qualm"ish*ly, adv. -- Qualm"ish*ness, n. QUAMASH Quam"ash, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Camass. QUAMOCLIT Quam"o*clit, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Formerly, a genus of plants including the cypress vine (Quamoclit vulgaris, now called Ipomoea Quamoclit). The genus is now merged in Ipomoea. QUANDARY Quan"da*ry, n.; pl. Quandaries. Etym: [Prob. fr. OE. wandreth adversity, perplexity, Icel. wandræedhi difficulty, trouble, fr. vandr difficult.] Defn: A state of difficulty or perplexity; doubt; uncertainty. QUANDARY Quan"da*ry, v. t. Defn: To bring into a state of uncertainty, perplexity, or difficulty. [Obs.] Otway. QUANDONG Quan"dong, n. (Bot.) Defn: The edible drupaceous fruit of an Australian tree (Fusanus acuminatus) of the Sandalwood family; -- called also quandang. QUANDY Quan"dy, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The old squaw. [Local, U. S.] QUANNET Quan"net, n. Defn: A flat file having the handle at one side, so as to be used like a plane. QUANT Quant, n. Defn: A punting pole with a broad flange near the end to prevent it from sinking into the mud; a setting pole. QUANTIC Quan"tic, n. Etym: [L. quantus how much. See Quantity.] (Math.) Defn: A homogeneous algebraic function of two or more variables, in general containing only positive integral powers of the variables, and called quadric, cubic, quartic, etc., according as it is of the second, third, fourth, fifth, or a higher degree. These are further called binary, ternary, quaternary, etc., according as they contain two, three, four, or more variables; thus, the quantic is a binary cubic. QUANTIFICATION Quan`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [See Quantity.] Defn: Modification by a reference to quantity; the introduction of the element of quantity. The quantification of the predicate belongs in part to Sir William Hamilton; viz., in its extension to negative propositions. De Quincey. QUANTIFY Quan"ti*fy v. t. Etym: [L. quantus now much + -fy.] Defn: To modify or qualify with respect to quantity; to fix or express the quantity of; to rate. QUANTITATIVE Quan"ti*ta*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. quantitatif.] Defn: Relating to quantity. -- Quan"ti*ta*tive*ly, adv. Quantitative analysis (Chem.), analysis which determines the amount or quantity of each ingredient of a substance, by weight or by volume; -- contrasted with qualitative analysis. QUANTITIVE Quan"ti*tive, a. Etym: [See Quantity.] Defn: Estimable according to quantity; quantitative. Sir K. Digby. QUANTITIVELY Quan"ti*tive*ly, adv. Defn: So as to be measurable by quantity; quantitatively. QUANTITY Quan"ti*ty, n.; pl. Quantities. Etym: [F. quantite, L. quantitas, fr. quantus bow great, how much, akin to quam bow, E. how, who. See Who.] 1. The attribute of being so much, and not more or less; the property of being measurable, or capable of increase and decrease, multiplication and division; greatness; and more concretely, that which answers the question "How much"; measure in regard to bulk or amount; determinate or comparative dimensions; measure; amount; bulk; extent; size. Hence, in specific uses: (a) (Logic) The extent or extension of a general conception, that is, the number of species or individuals to which it may be applied; also, its content or comprehension, that is, the number of its constituent qualities, attributes, or relations. (b) (Gram.) The measure of a syllable; that which determines the time in which it is pronounced; as, the long or short quantity of a vowel or syllable. (c) (Mus.) The relative duration of a tone. 2. That which can be increased, diminished, or measured; especially (Math.), anything to which mathematical processes are applicable. Note: Quantity is discrete when it is applied to separate objects, as in number; continuous, when the parts are connected, either in succession, as in time, motion, etc., or in extension, as by the dimensions of space, viz., length, breadth, and thickness. 3. A determinate or estimated amount; a sum or bulk; a certain portion or part; sometimes, a considerable amount; a large portion, bulk, or sum; as, a medicine taken in quantities, that is, in large quantities. The quantity of extensive and curious information which he had picked up during many months of desultory, but not unprofitable, study. Macaulay. Quantity of estate (Law), its time of continuance, or degree of interest, as in fee, for life, or for years. Wharton (Law Dict. ) -- Quantity of matter, in a body, its mass, as determined by its weight, or by its momentum under a given velocity. -- Quantity of motion (Mech.), in a body, the relative amount of its motion, as measured by its momentum, varying as the product of mass and velocity. -- Known quantities (Math.), quantities whose values are given. -- Unknown quantities (Math.), quantities whose values are sought. QUANTIVALENCE Quan*tiv"a*lence, n. Etym: [L. quantus how much + E. valence.] (Chem.) Defn: Valence. [Archaic] QUANTIVALENT Quan*tiv"a*lent, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to quantivalence. [Archaic] QUANTUM Quan"tum, n.; pl. Quanta. Etym: [L., neuter of quantus how great, how much. See Quantity,] 1. Quantity; amount. "Without authenticating . . . the quantum of the charges." Burke. 2. (Math.) Defn: A definite portion of a manifoldness, limited by a mark or by a boundary. W. K. Clifford. Quantum meruit ( Etym: [L., as much as he merited] (Law), a count in an action grounded on a promise that the defendant would pay to the plaintiff for his service as much as he should deserve. -- Quantum sufficit (, or Quantum suff. Etym: [L., as much suffices] (Med.), a sufficient quantity. -- Quantum valebat ( Etym: [L., as much at it was worth] (Law), a count in an action to recover of the defendant, for goods sold, as much as they were worth. Blackstone. QUAP Quap, v. i. Defn: To quaver. [Obs.] See Quob. QUAQUAVERSAL Qua`qua*ver"sal, a. Etym: [L. quaqua wheresoever, whithersoever + versus, p. p. of vertere to turn.] 1. Turning or dipping in any or every direction. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Dipping toward all points of the compass round a center, as beds of lava round a crater. QUAR Quar, n. Defn: A quarry. [Prov. Eng.] B. Jonson. QUARANTINE Quar"an*tine, n. Etym: [F. quarantaine, OF. quaranteine, fr. F. quarante forty, L. quadraginta, akin to quattuor four, and E. four: cf. It. quarantina, quarentine. See Four, and cf. Quadragesima.] 1. A space of forty days; -- used of Lent. 2. Specifically, the term, originally of forty days, during which a ship arriving in port, and suspected of being infected a malignant contagious disease, is obliged to forbear all intercourse with the shore; hence, such restraint or inhibition of intercourse; also, the place where infected or prohibited vessels are stationed. Note: Quarantine is now applied also to any forced stoppage of travel or communication on account of malignant contagious disease, on land as well as by sea. 3. (Eng. Law) Defn: The period of forty days during which the widow had the privilege of remaining in the mansion house of which her husband died seized. Quarantine flag, a yellow flag hoisted at the fore of a vessel or hung from a building, to give warning of an infectious disease; -- called also the yellow jack, and yellow flag. QUARANTINE Quar`an*tine", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quarantined; p. pr. & vb. n. Quarantining.] Defn: To compel to remain at a distance, or in a given place, without intercourse, when suspected of having contagious disease; to put under, or in, quarantine. QUARL Quarl, n. Etym: [Cf. G. qualle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A medusa, or jellyfish. [R.] The jellied quarl that flings At once a thousand streaming stings. J. R. Drake. QUARREL Quar"rel, n. Etym: [OE. quarel, OF. quarrel, F. carreau, LL. quadrellus, from L. quadrus square. See Quadrate, and cf. Quadrel, Quarry an arrow, Carrel.] 1. An arrow for a crossbow; -- so named because it commonly had a square head. [Obs.] To shoot with arrows and quarrel. Sir J. Mandeville. Two arblasts, . . . with windlaces and quarrels. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Any small square or quadrangular member; as: (a) A square of glass, esp. when set diagonally. (b) A small opening in window tracery, of which the cusps, etc., make the form nearly square. (c) A square or lozenge-shaped paving tile. 3. A glazier's diamond. Simmonds. 4. A four-sided cutting tool or chisel having a diamond-shaped end. QUARREL Quar"rel, n. Etym: [OE. querele, OF. querele, F. querelle, fr. L. querela, querella, a complaint, fr. queri to complain. See Querulous.] 1. A breach of concord, amity, or obligation; a falling out; a difference; a disagreement; an antagonism in opinion, feeling, or conduct; esp., an angry dispute, contest, or strife; a brawl; an altercation; as, he had a quarrel with his father about expenses. I will bring a sword upon you that shall avenge the quarrel of my covenant. Lev. xxvi. 25. On open seas their quarrels they debate. Dryden. 2. Ground of objection, dislike, difference, or hostility; cause of dispute or contest; occasion of altercation. Herodias had a quarrel against him, and would have killed him. Mark vi. 19. No man hath any quarrel to me. Shak. He thought he had a good quarrel to attack him. Holinshed. 3. Earnest desire or longing. [Obs.] Holland. To pick a quarrel. See under Pick, v. t. Syn. -- Brawl; broil; squabble; affray; feud; tumult; contest; dispute; altercation; contention; wrangle. QUARREL Quar"rel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quarreled or Quarrelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Quarreling or Quarrelling.] 1. To violate concord or agreement; to have a difference; to fall out; to be or become antagonistic. Our people quarrel with obedience. Shak. But some defect in her Did quarrel with the noblest grace she owed. Shak. 2. To dispute angrily, or violently; to wrangle; to scold; to altercate; to contend; to fight. Beasts called sociable quarrel in hunger and lust. Sir W. Temple. 3. To find fault; to cavil; as, to quarrel with one's lot. I will not quarrel with a slight mistake. Roscommon. QUARREL Quar"rel, v. t. 1. To quarrel with. [R.] "I had quarelled my brother purposely." B. Jonson. 2. To compel by a quarrel; as, to quarrel a man out of his estate or rights. QUARREL Quar"rel, n. Etym: [Written also quarreller.] Defn: One who quarrels or wrangles; one who is quarrelsome. Shak. QUARRELET Quar"rel*et, n. Defn: A little quarrel. See 1st Quarrel, 2. [Obs.] "Quarrelets of pearl [teeth]." Herrick. QUARRELING Quar"rel*ing, a. Defn: Engaged in a quarrel; apt or disposed to quarrel; as, quarreling factions; a quarreling mood. -- Quar"rel*ing*ly, adv. QUARRELLOUS Quar"rel*lous, a. Etym: [OF. querelous, F. querelleux, L. querulosus and querulus, fr. queri to complain. See 2d Quarrel.] Defn: Quarrelsome. [Obs.] [Written also quarrellous.] Shak. QUARRELSOME Quar"rel*some, a. Defn: Apt or disposed to quarrel; given to brawls and contention; easily irritated or provoked to contest; irascible; choleric. Syn. -- Pugnacious; irritable; irascible; brawling; choleric; fiery; petulant. -- Quar"rel*some*ly, adv. -- Quar"rel*some*ness, n. QUARRIED Quar"ried, a. Defn: Provided with prey. Now I am bravely quarried. Beau. & Fl. QUARRIER Quar"ri*er, n. Defn: A worker in a stone quarry. QUARRY Quar"ry, n. Etym: [OE. quarre, OF. quarré square, F. carré, from L. quadratus square, quadrate, quadratum a square. See Quadrate, and cf. Quarrel an arrow.] Defn: Same as 1st Quarrel. [Obs.] Fairfax. QUARRY Quar"ry, a. Etym: [OF. quarré.] Defn: Quadrate; square. [Obs.] QUARRY Quar"ry, n.; pl. Quarries. Etym: [OE. querre, OF. cuiriée, F. curée, fr. cuir hide, leather, fr. L. corium; the quarry given to the dogs being wrapped in the akin of the beast. See Cuirass.] 1. (a) A part of the entrails of the beast taken, given to the hounds. (b) A heap of game killed. 2. The object of the chase; the animal hunted for; game; especially, the game hunted with hawks. "The stone-dead quarry." Spenser. The wily quarry shunned the shock. Sir W. Scott. QUARRY Quar"ry, v. i. Defn: To secure prey; to prey, as a vulture or harpy. L'Estrange. QUARRY Quar"ry, n. Etym: [OE. quarrere, OF. quariere, F. carrière, LL. quadraria a quarry, whence squared (quadrati) stones are dug, fr. quadratus square. See Quadrate.] Defn: A place, cavern, or pit where stone is taken from the rock or ledge, or dug from the earth, for building or other purposes; a stone pit. See 5th Mine (a). QUARRY Quar"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quarried; p. pr. & vb. n. Quarrying.] Defn: To dig or take from a quarry; as, to quarry marble. QUARRY-FACED Quar"ry-faced`, a. (Stone Masonry) Defn: Having a face left as it comes from the quarry and not smoothed with the chisel or point; -- said of stones. QUARRY-MAN Quar"ry-man, n.; pl. Quarrymen (. Defn: A man who is engaged in quarrying stones; a quarrier. QUART Quart, n. Etym: [F. quart, n. masc., fr. L. quartus the fourth, akin to quattuor four. See Four, and cf. 2d Carte, Quarto.] Defn: The fourth part; a quarter; hence, a region of the earth. [Obs.] Camber did possess the western quart. Spenser. QUART Quart, n. Etym: [F. quarte, n. fem., fr. quart fourth. See Quart a quarter.] 1. A measure of capacity, both in dry and in liquid measure; the fourth part of a gallon; the eighth part of a peck; two pints. Note: In imperial measure, a quart is forty English fluid ounces; in wine measure, it is thirty-two American fluid ounces. The United States dry quart contains 67.20 cubic inches, the fluid quart 57.75. The English quart contains 69.32 cubic inches. 2. A vessel or measure containing a quart. QUART Quart, n. Etym: [See Quart a quarter.] Defn: In cards, four successive cards of the same suit. Cf. Tierce, 4. Hoyle. QUARTAN Quar"tan, a. Etym: [F. quartain, in fièvre quartaine, L. quartanus, fr. quartus the fourth. See Quart.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the fourth; occurring every fourth day, reckoning inclusively; as, a quartan ague, or fever. QUARTAN Quar"tan, n. 1. (Med.) Defn: An intermittent fever which returns every fourth day, reckoning inclusively, that is, one in which the interval between paroxysms is two days. 2. A measure, the fourth part of some other measure. QUARTANE Quar"tane, n. Etym: [L. quartus the fourth.] (Chem.) Defn: Butane, each molecule of which has four carbon atoms. QUARTATION Quar*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. quartus the fourth: cf. F. quartation. So called because usually enough silver is added to make the amount of gold in the alloyed button about one fourth.] (Chem. & Assaying) Defn: The act, process, or result (in the process of parting) of alloying a button of nearly pure gold with enough silver to reduce the fineness so as to allow acids to attack and remove all metals except the gold; -- called also inquartation. Compare Parting. QUARTE Quarte, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Same as 2d Carte. QUARTENE Quar"tene, n. Etym: [Ouartane + ethylene.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Butylene. QUARTENYLIC Quar"ten*yl"ic, a. Etym: [Quartene + -yl + -ic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the acrylic acid series, metameric with crotonic acid, and obtained as a colorless liquid; -- so called from having four carbon atoms in the molecule. Called also isocrotonic acid. QUARTER Quar"ter, n. Etym: [F. quartier, L. quartarius a fourth part, fr. quartus the fourth. See Quart.] 1. One of four equal parts into which anything is divided, or is regarded as divided; a fourth part or portion; as, a quarter of a dollar, of a pound, of a yard, of an hour, etc. Hence, specifically: (a) The fourth of a hundred-weight, being 25 or 28 pounds, according as the hundredweight is reckoned at 100 or 112 pounds. (b) The fourth of a ton in weight, or eight bushels of grain; as, a quarter of wheat; also, the fourth part of a chaldron of coal. Hutton. (c) (Astron.) The fourth part of the moon's period, or monthly revolution; as, the first quarter after the change or full. (d) One limb of a quadruped with the adjacent parts; one fourth part of the carcass of a slaughtered animal, including a leg; as, the fore quarters; the hind quarters. (e) That part of a boot or shoe which forms the side, from the heel to the vamp. (f) (Far.) That part on either side of a horse's hoof between the toe and heel, being the side of the coffin. (g) A term of study in a seminary, college, etc, etc.; properly, a fourth part of the year, but often longer or shorter. (h) pl. (Mil.) Defn: The encampment on one of the principal passages round a place besieged, to prevent relief and intercept convoys. (i) (Naut.) The after-part of a vessel's side, generally corresponding in extent with the quarter-deck; also, the part of the yardarm outside of the slings. (j) (Her.) One of the divisions of an escutcheon when it is divided into four portions by a horizontal and a perpendicular line meeting in the fess point. Note: When two coats of arms are united upon one escutcheon, as in case of marriage, the first and fourth quarters display one shield, the second and third the other. See Quarter, v. t., 5. (k) One of the four parts into which the horizon is regarded as divided; a cardinal point; a direction' principal division; a region; a territory. Scouts each coast light-armed scour, Each quarter, to descry the distant foe. Milton. (l) A division of a town, city, or county; a particular district; a locality; as, the Latin quarter in Paris. (m) (Arch.) A small upright timber post, used in partitions; -- in the United States more commonly called stud. (n) (Naut.) The fourth part of the distance from one point of the compass to another, being the fourth part of 11° 15', that is, about 2° 49'; -- called also quarter point. 2. Proper station; specific place; assigned position; special location. Swift to their several quarters hasted then The cumbrous elements. Milton. Hence, specifically: (a) (Naut.) A station at which officers and men are posted in battle; -- usually in the plural. (b) Place of lodging or temporary residence; shelter; entertainment; -- usually in the plural. The banter turned as to what quarters each would find. W. Irving. (c) pl. (Mil.) Defn: A station or encampment occupied by troops; a place of lodging for soldiers or officers; as, winter quarters. (d) Treatment shown by an enemy; mercy; especially, the act of sparing the life a conquered enemy; a refraining from pushing one's advantage to extremes. He magnified his own clemency, now they were at his mercy, to offer them quarter for their lives. Clarendon. Cocks and lambs . . . at the mercy of cats and wolves . . . must never expect better quarter. L'Estrange. 3. Friendship; amity; concord. [Obs.] To keep quarter, to keep one's proper place, and so be on good terms with another. [Obs.] In quarter, and in terms like bride and groom. Shak. I knew two that were competitors for the secretary's place, . . . and yet kept good quarter between themselves. Bacon. False quarter, a cleft in the quarter of a horse's foot. -- Fifth quarter, the hide and fat; -- a butcher's term. -- On the quarter (Naut.), in a direction between abeam and astern; opposite, or nearly opposite, a vessel's quarter. -- Quarter aspect. (Astrol.) Same as Quadrate. -- Quarter back (Football), the player who has position next behind center rush, and receives the ball on the snap back. -- Quarter badge (Naut.), an ornament on the side of a vessel near, the stern. Mar. Dict. -- Quarter bill (Naut.), a list specifying the different stations to be taken by the officers and crew in time of action, and the names of the men assigned to each. -- Quarter block (Naut.), a block fitted under the quarters of a yard on each side of the slings, through which the clew lines and sheets are reeved. R. H. Dana, Jr. -- Quarter boat (Naut.), a boat hung at a vessel's quarter. -- Quarter cloths (Naut.), long pieces of painted canvas, used to cover the quarter netting. -- Quarter day, a day regarded as terminating a quarter of the year; hence, one on which any payment, especially rent, becomes due. In matters influenced by United States statutes, quarter days are the first days of January, April, July, and October. In New York and many other places, as between landlord and tenant, they are the first days of May, August, November, and February. The quarter days usually recognized in England are 25th of March (Lady Day), the 24th of June (Midsummer Day), the 29th of September (Michaelmas Day), and the 25th of December (Christmas Day). -- Quarter face, in fine arts, portrait painting, etc., a face turned away so that but one quarter is visible. -- Quarter gallery (Naut.), a balcony on the quarter of a ship. See Gallery, 4. -- Quarter gunner (Naut.), a petty officer who assists the gunner. -- Quarter look, a side glance. [Obs.] B. Jonson. -- Quarter nettings (Naut.), hammock nettings along the quarter rails. -- Quarter note (Mus.), a note equal in duration to half a minim or a fourth of semibreve; a crochet. -- Quarter pieces (Naut.), several pieces of timber at the after- part of the quarter gallery, near the taffrail. Totten. -- Quarter point. (Naut.) See Quarter, n., 1 (n). -- Quarter railing, or Quarter rails (Naut.), narrow molded planks reaching from the top of the stern to the gangway, serving as a fence to the quarter-deck. -- Quarter sessions (Eng. Law), a general court of criminal jurisdiction held quarterly by the justices of peace in counties and by the recorders in boroughs. -- Quarter square (Math.), the fourth part of the square of a number. Tables of quarter squares have been devised to save labor in multiplying numbers. -- Quarter turn, Quarter turn belt (Mach.), an arrangement in which a belt transmits motion between two shafts which are at right angles with each other. -- Quarter watch (Naut.), a subdivision of the full watch (one fourth of the crew) on a man-of- war. -- To give, or show, quarter (Mil.), to accept as prisoner, on submission in battle; to forbear to kill, as a vanquished enemy. -- To keep quarter. See Quarter, n., 3. QUARTER Quar"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quartered; p. pr. & vb. n. Quartering.] 1. To divide into four equal parts. 2. To divide; to separate into parts or regions. Then sailors quartered heaven. Dryden. 3. To furnish with shelter or entertainment; to supply with the means of living for a time; especially, to furnish shelter to; as, to quarter soldiers. They mean this night in Sardis to be quartered. Shak. 4. To furnish as a portion; to allot. [R.] This isle . . . He quarters to his blue-haired deities. Milton. 5. (Her.) Defn: To arrange (different coats of arms) upon one escutcheon, as when a man inherits from both father and mother the right to bear arms. Note: When only two coats of arms are so combined they are arranged in four compartments. See Quarter, n., 1 (f). QUARTER Quar"ter, v. i. Defn: To lodge; to have a temporary residence. QUARTER Quar"ter, v. i. Etym: [F. cartayer.] Defn: To drive a carriage so as to prevent the wheels from going into the ruts, or so that a rut shall be between the wheels. Every creature that met us would rely on us for quartering. De Quincey. QUARTERAGE Quar"ter*age, n. Defn: A quarterly allowance. QUARTER-DECK Quar"ter-deck`, n. (Naut.) Defn: That part of the upper deck abaft the mainmast, including the poop deck when there is one. Note: The quarter-deck is reserved as a promenade for the officers and (in passenger vessels) for the cabin passengers. QUARTERED Quar"tered, a. 1. Divided into four equal parts or quarters; separated into four parts or regions. 2. Furnished with quarters; provided with shelter or entertainment. 3. Quarter-sawed; -- said of timber, commonly oak. QUARTERFOIL Quar"ter*foil`, n. Etym: [Quarier + foil: cf. F. quatre.] (Arch.) Defn: An ornamental foliation having four lobes, or foils. QUARTERHUNG Quar"ter*hung`, a. (Ordnance) Defn: Having trunnions the axes of which lie below the bore; -- said of a cannon. QUARTERING Quar"ter*ing, a. 1. (Naut.) Defn: Coming from a point well abaft the beam, but not directly astern; -- said of waves or any moving object. 2. (Mach.) Defn: At right angles, as the cranks of a locomotive, which are in planes forming a right angle with each other. QUARTERING Quar"ter*ing, n. 1. A station. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu. 2. Assignment of quarters for soldiers; quarters. 3. (Her.) (a) The division of a shield containing different coats of arms into four or more compartments. (b) One of the different coats of arms arranged upon an escutcheon, denoting the descent of the bearer. 4. (Arch.) Defn: A series of quarters, or small upright posts. See Quarter, n., 1 (m) (Arch.) Gwilt. Quartering block, a block on which the body of a condemned criminal was quartered. Macaulay. QUARTERLY Quar"ter*ly, a. 1. Containing, or consisting of, a fourth part; as, quarterly seasons. 2. Recurring during, or at the end of, each quarter; as, quarterly payments of rent; a quarterly meeting. QUARTERLY Quar"ter*ly, n.; pl. Quarterlies (. Defn: A periodical work published once a quarter, or four times in a year. QUARTERLY Quar"ter*ly, adv. 1. By quarters; once in a quarter of a year; as, the returns are made quarterly. 2. (Her.) Defn: In quarters, or quarterings; as, to bear arms quarterly; in four or more parts; -- said of a shield thus divided by lines drawn through it at right angles. QUARTERMASTER Quar"ter*mas`ter, n. Etym: [Quarter + master: cf. F. quartier- maître.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: An officer whose duty is to provide quarters, provisions, storage, clothing, fuel, stationery, and transportation for a regiment or other body of troops, and superintend the supplies. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A petty officer who attends to the helm, binnacle, signals, and the like, under the direction of the master. Totten. Quartermaster general (Mil.), in the United States a staff officer, who has the rank of brigadier general and is the chief officer in the quartermaster's department; in England, an officer of high rank stationed at the War Office having similar duties; also, a staff officer, usually a general officer, accompanying each complete army in the field. -- Quartermaster sergeant. See Sergeant. QUARTERN Quar"tern, n.Etym: [OE. quarteroun, quartron, F. quarteron, the fourth part of a pound, or of a hundred; cf. L. quartarius a fourth part, quarter of any measure, quartern, gill. See Quarter, and cf. Quarteron, Quadroon.] 1. A quarter. Specifically: (a) The fourth part of a pint; a gill. (b) The fourth part of a peck, or of a stone (14 ibs.). 2. A loaf of bread weighing about four pounds; -- called also quartern loaf. Simmonds. QUARTERON Quar"ter*on, n. Etym: [F. See Quartern.] Defn: A quarter; esp., a quarter of a pound, or a quarter of a hundred. Piers Plowman. QUARTERON; QUARTEROON Quar"ter*on, Quar"ter*oon, n. Defn: A quadroon. QUARTERPACE Quar"ter*pace`, n. (Arch.) Defn: A platform of a staircase where the stair turns at a right angle only. See Halfpace. QUARTER ROUND Quar"ter round`. (Arch.) Defn: An ovolo. QUARTER-SAW Quar"ter-saw`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quarter-sawed -sawn; p. pr. & vb. n. Quarter-sawing.] Defn: To saw (a log) into quarters; specif., to saw into quarters and then into boards, as by cutting alternately from each face of a quarter, to secure lumber that will warp relatively little or show the grain advantageously. QUARTERSTAFF Quar"ter*staff`, n.; pl. Quarterstaves (. Defn: A long and stout staff formerly used as a weapon of defense and offense; -- so called because in holding it one hand was placed in the middle, and the other between the middle and the end. QUARTET; QUARTETTE Quar*tet", Quar*tette", n. Etym: [It. quartetto, dim. of quarto the fourth, a fourth part, fr. L. quartus the fourth. See Quart.] 1. (Mus.) (a) A composition in four parts, each performed by a single voice or instrument. (b) The set of four person who perform a piece of music in four parts. 2. (Poet.) Defn: A stanza of four lines. QUARTIC Quar"tic, a. Etym: [L.quartus fourth.] (Mach.) Defn: Of the fourth degree. QUARTIC Quar"tic, n. (a) (Alg.) A quantic of the fourth degree. See Quantic. (b) (Geom.) A curve or surface whose equation is of the fourth degree in the variables. QUARTILE Quar"tile, n. Etym: [F.quartile aspect, fr. L. quartus the fourth. See Quart.] (Astrol.) Defn: Same as Quadrate. QUARTINE Quar"tine, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. quartus the fourth.] (Bot.) Defn: A supposed fourth integument of an ovule, counting from the outside. QUARTO Quar"to, a. Etym: [L. in quarto in fourth, from quartus the fourth: cf. F. (in) quarto. See Quart.] Defn: Having four leaves to the sheet; of the form or size of a quarto. QUARTO Quar"to, n.; pl. Quartos (. Defn: Originally, a book of the size of the fourth of sheet of printing paper; a size leaves; in present usage, a book of a square or nearly square form, and usually of large size. QUARTRIDGE Quar"tridge, n. Defn: Quarterage. [Obs.] QUARTZ Quartz, n. Etym: [G. quarz.] (Min.) Defn: A form of silica, or silicon dioxide (SiO2), occurring in hexagonal crystals, which are commonly colorless and transparent, but sometimes also yellow, brown, purple, green, and of other colors; also in cryptocrystalline massive forms varying in color and degree of transparency, being sometimes opaque. Note: The crystalline varieties include: amethyst, violet; citrine and false topaz, pale yellow; rock crystal, transparent and colorless or nearly so; rose quartz, rosecolored; smoky quartz, smoky brown. The chief crypto-crystalline varieties are: agate, a chalcedony in layers or clouded with different colors, including the onyx and sardonyx; carnelian and sard, red or flesh-colored chalcedony; chalcedony, nearly white, and waxy in luster; chrysoprase, an apple- green chalcedony; flint, hornstone, basanite, or touchstone, brown to black in color and compact in texture; heliotrope, green dotted with red; jasper, opaque, red yellow, or brown, colored by iron or ferruginous clay; prase, translucent and dull leek-green. Quartz is an essential constituent of granite, and abounds in rocks of all ages. It forms the rocks quartzite (quartz rock) and sandstone, and makes most of the sand of the seashore. QUARTZIFEROUS Quartz*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Quartz + -ferous.] (Min.) Defn: Consisting chiefly of quartz; containing quartz. QUARTZITE Quartz"ite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. quartzite.] (Min.) Defn: Massive quartz occurring as a rock; a metamorphosed sandstone; -- called also quartz rock. QUARTZOID Quartz"oid, n. Etym: [Quartz + -oid.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A form of crystal common with quartz, consisting of two six- sided pyramids, base to base. QUARTZOSE Quartz"ose`, a. Etym: [Cf. F. quartzeux, G. quarzig.] (Min.) Defn: Containing, or resembling, quartz; partaking of the nature or qualities of quartz. QUARTZOUS quartz"ous, a. (Min.) Defn: Quarzose. QUARTZY Quartz"y, a. (Min.) Defn: Quartzose. QUAS Quas, n. Defn: A kind of beer. Same as Quass. QUASCHI; QUASJE Quas"chi, Quas"je, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The brown coati. See Coati. QUASH Quash, n. Defn: Same as Squash. QUASH Quash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Quashing.] Etym: [OF. quasser, F. casser, fr. L. cassare to annihilate, annul, fr. cassus empty, vain, of uncertain origin. The word has been confused with L.quassare to shake, F. casser to break, which is probably of different origin. Cf. Cashier, v. t.] (Law) Defn: To abate, annul, overthrow, or make void; as, to quash an indictment. Blackstone. QUASH Quash, v. t. Etym: [OF. quasser, F. casser, fr. L. quassare to shake, shatter, shiver, v. intens. fr. quatere, quassum, to shake, shatter. Cf. Concussion, Discuss, Rescue, and also Quash to annul.] 1. To beat down, or beat in pieces; to dash forcibly; to crush. The whales Against sharp rocks, like reeling vessels, quashed, Though huge as mountains, are in pieces dashed. Waller. 2. To crush; to subdue; to suppress or extinguish summarily and completely; as, to quash a rebellion. Contrition is apt to quash or allay all worldly grief. Barrow. QUASH Quash, v. i. Defn: To be shaken, or dashed about, with noise. QUASHEE Quash"ee, n. Defn: A negro of the West Indies. QUASI Qua"si. Etym: [L.] Defn: As if; as though; as it were; in a manner sense or degree; having some resemblance to; qualified; -- used as an adjective, or a prefix with a noun or an adjective; as, a quasi contract, an implied contract, an obligation which has arisen from some act, as if from a contract; a quasi corporation, a body that has some, but not all, of the peculiar attributes of a corporation; a quasi argument, that which resembles, or is used as, an argument; quasi historical, apparently historical, seeming to be historical. QUASI CORPORATION Qua"si cor`po*ra"tion. Defn: A corporation consisting of a person or body of persons invested with some of the qualities of an artificial person, though not expressly incorporated, esp. the official of certain municipal divisions such as counties, schools districts, and the towns of some States of the United States, certain church officials, as a churchwarden, etc. QUASIMODO Quas`i*mo"do, n. Etym: [So called from the first words of the Latin introit, quasi modo geniti infantes as newborn babes, 1 Pet. ii. 2.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The first Sunday after Easter; Low Sunday. QUASS Quass, n. Etym: [Russ. kvas'.] Defn: A thin, sour beer, made by pouring warm water on rye or barley meal and letting it ferment, -- much used by the Russians. [written also quas.] QUASSATION Quas*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. quassatio, from quassare to shake. See Quash to crush.] Defn: The act of shaking, or the state of being shaken. Gayton. QUASSIA Quas"si*a, n. Etym: [NL. From the name of a negro, Quassy, or Quash, who prescribed this article as a specific.] Defn: The wood of several tropical American trees of the order Simarubeæ, as Quassia amara, Picræna excelsa, and Simaruba amara. It is intensely bitter, and is used in medicine and sometimes as a substitute for hops in making beer. QUASSIN Quas"sin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. quassine. See Quassia.] (Chem.) Defn: The bitter principle of quassia, extracted as a white crystalline substance; -- formerly called quassite. [Written also quassiin, and quassine.] QUAT Quat, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (a) A pustule. [Obs.] (b) An annoying, worthless person. Shak. QUAT Quat, v. t. Defn: To satiate; to satisfy. [Prov. Eng.] QUATA Qua"ta, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The coaita. QUATCH Quatch, a. Defn: Squat; flat. [Obs.] Shak. QUATER-COUSIN Qua"ter-cous`in, n. Etym: [F. quatre four + cousin, E. cousin.] Defn: A cousin within the first four degrees of kindred. QUATERNARY Qua*ter"na*ry, a. Etym: [L. quaternarius consisting of four each, containing four, fr. quaterni four each, fr. quattuor four: cf. F. quaternaire. See Four.] 1. Consisting of four; by fours, or in sets of four. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Later than, or subsequent to, the Tertiary; Post-tertiary; as, the Quaternary age, or Age of man. QUATERNARY Qua*ter"na*ry, n. Etym: [L. numerus quaternarius: cf. F. quaternaire.] 1. The number four. Boyle. 2. (Geol.) Defn: The Quaternary age, era, or formation. See the Chart of Geology. QUATERNATE Qua*ter"nate, a. Defn: Composed of, or arranged in, sets of four; quaternary; as, quaternate leaves. QUATERNION Qua*ter"ni*on, n. Etym: [L. quaternio, fr.quaterni four each. See Quaternary.] 1. The number four. [Poetic] 2. A set of four parts, things, or person; four things taken collectively; a group of four words, phrases, circumstances, facts, or the like. Delivered him to four quaternions of soldiers. Acts xii. 4. Ye elements, the eldest birth Of Nature's womb, that in quaternion run. Milton. The triads and quaternions with which he loaded his sentences. Sir W. Scott. 3. A word of four syllables; a quadrisyllable. 4. (Math.) Defn: The quotient of two vectors, or of two directed right lines in space, considered as depending on four geometrical elements, and as expressible by an algebraic symbol of quadrinomial form. Note: The science or calculus of quaternions is a new mathematical method, in which the conception of a quaternion is unfolded and symbolically expressed, and is applied to various classes of algebraical, geometrical, and physical questions, so as to discover theorems, and to arrive at the solution of problems. Sir W. R. Hamilton. QUATERNION Qua*ter"ni*on, v. t. Defn: To divide into quaternions, files, or companies. Milton. QUATERNITY Qua*ter"ni*ty, n. Etym: [LL.quaternitas, fr. L. quaterni four each: cf. F. quaternité.] 1. The number four. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. The union of four in one, as of four persons; -- analogous to the theological term trinity. QUATERON Qua"ter*on, n. Defn: See 2d Quarteron. QUATORZAIN Qua*torz"ain, n. Etym: [See Quatorze.] Defn: A poem of fourteen lines; a sonnet. R. H. Stoddard. QUATORZE Qua*torze", n. Etym: [F. quatorze fourteen, L. quattuordecim. See Fourteen.] Defn: The four aces, kings, queens, knaves, or tens, in the game of piquet; -- so called because quatorze counts as fourteen points. QUATRAIN Quat"rain, n. Etym: [F., fr. quatre four, L. quattuor, quatuor. See Four.] (Pros.) Defn: A stanza of four lines rhyming alternately. Dryden. QUATRE Qua"tre, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A card, die. or domino, having four spots, or pips QUATREFEUILLE; QUATREFOIL Qua"tre*feuille, Qua"tre*foil, n. Etym: [F. quatre feuilles.] Defn: Same as Quarterfoil. QUATTROCENTO Quat`tro*cen"to, n. & a. [It., four hundred, used as an abbreviated expression for the dates beginning with fourteen hundred.] Defn: The fifteenth century, when applied to Italian art or literature; as, the sculpture of the quattrocento; quattrocento style. --Quat`tro*cen"tist (#), n. QUATUOR Quat"u*or, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. quattuor, quatuor, four. See Quartet.] (Mus.) Defn: A quartet; -- applied chiefly to instrumental compositions. QUAVE Quave, n. Defn: See Quaver. [Obs.] QUAVE Quave, v. i. Defn: To quaver. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] QUAVEMIRE Quave"mire`, n. Defn: See Quagmire. [Obs.] QUAVER Qua"ver, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quavered; p. pr. & vb. n. Quavering.] Etym: [OE. quaven to shake, to tremble; cf. LG. quabbeln to shake, to be soft, of fat substances, quabbe a fat lump of flesh, a dewlap, D. kwabbe, and E. quiver, v.] 1. To tremble; to vibrate; to shake. Sir I. Newton. 2. Especially, to shake the voice; to utter or form sound with rapid or tremulous vibrations, as in singing; also, to trill on a musical instrument QUAVER Qua"ver, v. t. Defn: To utter with quavers. We shall hear her quavering them . . . to some sprightly airs of the opera. Addison. QUAVER Qua"ver, n. 1. A shake, or rapid and tremulous vibration, of the voice, or of an instrument of music. 2. (Mus.) Defn: An eighth note. See Eighth. QUAVERER Qua"ver*er, n. Defn: One who quavers; a warbler. QUAY Quay, n. Etym: [F. quai. See Key quay.] Defn: A mole, bank, or wharf, formed toward the sea, or at the side of a harbor, river, or other navigable water, for convenience in loading and unloading vessels. [Written also key.] QUAY Quay, v. t. Defn: To furnish with quays. QUAYAGE Quay"age, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Wharfage. [Also keyage.] QUAYD Quayd, Defn: p. p. of Quail. [Obs.] Spenser. QUE Que, n. Etym: [Cf. 3d Cue.] Defn: A half farthing. [Obs.] QUEACH Queach, n. Etym: [Cf. Quick.] Defn: A thick, bushy plot; a thicket. [Obs.] Chapman. QUEACH Queach, v. i. Etym: [Cf. E. quich, v. i., quick, v. i.; or AS. cweccan to shake.] Defn: To stir; to move. See Quick, v. i. [Obs.] QUEACHY Queach"y, a. 1. Yielding or trembling under the feet, as moist or boggy ground; shaking; moving. "The queachy fens." "Godwin's queachy sands." Drayton. 2. Like a queach; thick; bushy. [Obs.] Cockeram. QUEAN Quean, n. Etym: [Originally, a woman, AS. cwene; akin to OS. quena, OHG. quena, Icel. kona, Goth qin, and AS. cwén, also to Gr. gna goddess. Cf. Queen.] 1. A woman; a young or unmarried woman; a girl. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer. 2. A low woman; a wench; a slut. "The dread of every scolding quean." Gay. QUEASILY Quea"si*ly, adv. Defn: In a queasy manner. QUEASINESS Quea"si*ness, n. Defn: The state of being queasy; nausea; qualmishness; squeamishness. Shak. QUEASY Quea"sy, a. Etym: [Icel. kweisa pain; cf. Norw. kveis sickness after a debauch.] 1. Sick at the stomach; affected with nausea; inclined to vomit; qualmish. 2. Fastidious; squeamish; delicate; easily disturbed; unsettled; ticklish. " A queasy question." Shak. Some seek, when queasy conscience has its qualms. Cowper. QUEBEC GROUP Que*bec" group`. (Geol.) Defn: The middle of the three groups into which the rocks of the Canadian period have been divided in the American Lower Silurian system. See the Chart of Geology. QUEBRACHO Que*bra"cho, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Bot.) Defn: A Chilian apocynaceous tree (Aspidosperma Quebracho); also, its bark, which is used as a febrifuge, and for dyspnoea of the lung, or bronchial diseases; -- called also white quebracho, to distinguish it from the red quebracho, a Mexican anacardiaceous tree (Loxopterygium Lorentzii) whose bark is said to have similar properties. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). QUEBRITH Queb"rith, n. Etym: [OE. quebrit, quibrith, Ar. kibrit.] (Alchemy) Defn: Sulphur. [Obs.] QUECH; QUECK Quech, Queck, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Quick, Queach.] Defn: A word occurring in a corrupt passage of Bacon's Essays, and probably meaning, to stir, to move. QUEEN Queen, n. Etym: [OE. quen, quene, queen, quean, AS. cwen wife, queen, woman; akin to OS. quan wife, woman, Icel. kvan wife, queen, Goth. qens. sq. root221. See Quean.] 1. The wife of a king. 2. A woman who is the sovereign of a kingdom; a female monarch; as, Elizabeth, queen of England; Mary, queen of Scots. In faith, and by the heaven's quene. Chaucer. 3. A woman eminent in power or attractions; the highest of her kind; as, a queen in society; -- also used figuratively of cities, countries, etc. " This queen of cities." " Albion, queen of isles." Cowper. 4. The fertile, or fully developed, female of social bees, ants, and termites. 5 5, (Chess) Defn: The most powerful, and except the king the most important, piece in a set of chessmen. 6. A playing card bearing the picture of a queen; as, the queen of spades. Defn: A male homosexual, esp. one who is effeminate or dresses in women's clothing. Sometimes pejorative. Queen apple. Etym: [Cf. OE. quyne aple quince apple.] A kind of apple; a queening. "Queen apples and red cherries." Spenser. -- Queen bee (Zoöl.), a female bee, especially the female of the honeybee. See Honeybee. -- Queen conch (Zoöl.), a very large West Indian cameo conch (Cassis cameo). It is much used for making cameos. -- Queen consort, the wife of a reigning king. Blackstone. -- Queen dowager, the widow of a king. -- Queen gold, formerly a revenue of the queen consort of England, arising from gifts, fines, etc. -- Queen mother, a queen dowager who is also mother of the reigning king or queen. -- Queen of May. See May queen, under May. -- Queen of the meadow (Bot.), a European herbaceous plant (Spiræa Ulmaria). See Meadowsweet. -- Queen of the prairie (Bot.), an American herb (Spiræa lobata) with ample clusters of pale pink flowers. -- Queen pigeon (Zoöl.), any one of several species of very large and handsome crested ground pigeons of the genus Goura, native of New Guinea and the adjacent islands. They are mostly pale blue, or ash- blue, marked with white, and have a large occipital crest of spatulate feathers. Called also crowned pigeon, goura, and Victoria pigeon. -- Queen regent, or Queen regnant, a queen reigning in her own right. -- Queen's Bench. See King's Bench. -- Queen's counsel, Queen's evidence. See King's counsel, King's evidence, under King. -- Queen's delight (Bot.), an American plant (Stillinqia sylvatica) of the Spurge family, having an herbaceous stem and a perennial woody root. -- Queen's metal (Metal.), an alloy somewhat resembling pewter or britannia, and consisting essentially of tin with a slight admixture of antimony, bismuth, and lead or copper. -- Queen's pigeon. (Zoöl.) Same as Queen pigeon, above. -- Queen's ware, glazed English earthenware of a cream color. -- Queen's yellow (Old Chem.), a heavy yellow powder consisting of a basic mercuric sulphate; -- formerly called turpetum minerale, or Turbith's mineral. QUEEN Queen, v. i. Defn: To act the part of a queen. Shak. QUEEN Queen, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Queened; p. pr. & vb. n. Queening.] (Chess.) Defn: To make a queen (or other piece, at the player's discretion) of by moving it to the eighth row; as, to queen a pawn. QUEENCRAFT Queen"craft`, n. Defn: Craft or skill in policy on the part of a queen. Elizabeth showed much queencraft in procuring the votes of the nobility. Fuller. QUEENDOM Queen"dom, n. Defn: The dominion, condition, or character of a queen. Mrs. Browning. QUEENFISH Queen"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A California sciænoid food fish (Seriphys politus). The back is bluish, and the sides and belly bright silvery. Called also kingfish. QUEENHOOD Queen"hood, n. Defn: The state, personality, or character of a queen; queenliness. Tennyson. QUEENING Queen"ing, n. Etym: [See Queen apple.] (Bot.) Defn: Any one of several kinds of apples, as summer queening, scarlet queening, and early queening. An apple called the queening was cultivated in England two hundred years ago. QUEENLINESS Queen"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being queenly; the; characteristic of a queen; stateliness; eminence among women in attractions or power. QUEENLY Queen"ly, a. Etym: [AS. cwenlic feminine.] Defn: Like, becoming, or suitable to, a queen. QUEEN OLIVE Queen olive. [Cf. Sp. aceituna de la Reina olive of the Queen.] (Olive Trade) Defn: Properly, a kind of superior olive grown in the region of Seville, Spain. It is large size and oblong shape with a small but long pit; it is cured when green, keeps well, and has a delicate flavor. Loosely, any olive of similar character. QUEEN-POST Queen"-post`, n. [Arch.] Defn: One of two suspending posts in a roof truss, or other framed truss of similar form. See King-post. QUEENSHIP Queen"ship, n. Defn: The state, rank, or dignity of a queen. QUEENSLAND NUT Queens"land nut`. (Bot.) Defn: The nut of an Australian tree (Macadamia ternifolia). It is about an inch in diameter, and contains a single round edible seed, or sometimes two hemispherical seeds. So called from Queensland in Australia. QUEEN TRUSS Queen" truss. (Arch.) Defn: A truss framed with queen-posts; a queen-post truss. QUEER Queer, a. [Compar. Queerer; superl. Queerest.] Etym: [G. quer cross, oblique, athwart (cf. querkopf a queer fellow), OHG. twer, twerh, dwerah; akin to D. dvars, AS, þweorh thwart, bent, twisted, Icel. þverr thwart, transverse, Goth. þwaìrhs angry, and perh. to L. torqyere to twist, and E. through. Cf. Torture, Through, Thwart, a.] 1. At variance with what is usual or normal; differing in some odd way from what is ordinary; odd; singular; strange; whimsical; as, a queer story or act. " A queer look." W. Irving. 2. Mysterious; suspicious; questionable; as, a queer transaction. [Colloq.] QUEER Queer, n. Defn: Counterfeit money. [Slang] To shove the queer, to put counterfeit money in circulation. [Slang] QUEERISH Queer"ish, a. Defn: Rather queer; somewhat singular. QUEERLY Queer"ly, adv. Defn: In a queer or odd manner. QUEERNESS Queer"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being queer. QUEEST Queest, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kvisa a kind of bird, kvistr a branch of a tree, and E. cushat.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European ringdove (Columba palumbus); the cushat. [Written also quist, queeze, quice, queece.] See Ringdove. QUEGH Quegh, n. Defn: A drinking vessel. See Quaich. QUEINT Queint, a. Defn: See Quaint. [Obs.] QUEINT Queint, obs. Defn: imp. & p. p. of Quench. Chaucer. QUEINTISE Queint"ise, n. Defn: See Quaintise. [Obs.] Chaucer. QUELL Quell, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quelled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Quelling.] Etym: [See Quail to cower.] 1. To die. [Obs.] Yet he did quake and quaver, like to quell. Spenser. 2. To be subdued or abated; to yield; to abate. [R.] Winter's wrath begins to quell. Spenser. QUELL Quell, v. t. Etym: [OE. quellen to kill, AS. cwellan, causative of cwelan to die; akin to OHG. quellen to torment, Icel. kvelja. See Quail to cower.] 1. To take the life of; to kill. [Obs.] Spenser. The ducks cried as [if] men would them quelle. Chaucer. 2. To overpower; to subdue; to put down. The nation obeyed the call, rallied round the sovereign, and enabled him to quell the disaffected minority. Macaulay. Northward marching to quell the sudden revolt. Longfellow. 3. To quiet; to allay; to pacify; to cause to yield or cease; as, to quell grief; to quell the tumult of the soul. Much did his words the gentle lady quell. Spenser. Syn. -- to subdue; crush; overpower; reduce; put down; repress; suppress; quiet; allay; calm; pacify. QUELL Quell, n. Defn: Murder. [Obs.] Shak. QUELLER Quell"er, n. 1. A killer; as, Jack the Giant Queller. [Obs.] Wyclif (Mark vi. 27). 2. One who quells; one who overpowers or subdues. QUELLIO Quel"li*o, n. Etym: [Sp. cuello, L. collum neck.] Defn: A ruff for the neck. [Obs.] B. Jonson. QUELQUECHOSE Quelque"chose`, n. Etym: [F. quelque chose something.] Defn: A trifle; a kickshaw. Donne. QUEME Queme, v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. cweman, akin to cuman to come. sq. root23.] Defn: To please. [Obs.] Chaucer. QUEMEFUL Queme"ful, a. Defn: Kindly; merciful. [Obs.] Wyclif. QUENCH Quench, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quenched; p. pr. & vb. n. Quenching.] Etym: [OE. quenchen, AS. cwencan in acwencan, to extinguish utterly, causative of cwincan, acwincan, to decrease, disappear; cf. AS. cwinan, acwinan, to waste or dwindle away.] 1. To extinguish; to overwhelm; to make an end of; -- said of flame and fire, of things burning, and figuratively of sensations and emotions; as, to quench flame; to quench a candle; to quench thirst, love, hate, etc. Ere our blood shall quench that fire. Shak. The supposition of the lady's death Will quench the wonder of her infamy. Shak. 2. To cool suddenly, as heated steel, in tempering. Syn. -- To extinguish; still; stifle; allay; cool; check. QUENCH Quench, v. i. Defn: To become extinguished; to go out; to become calm or cool. [R.] Dost thou think in time She will not quench! Shak. QUENCHABLE Quench"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being quenched. QUENCHER Quench"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, quenches. Hammond. QUENCHLESS Quench"less, a. Defn: Incapable of being quenched; inextinguishable; as, quenchless fire or fury. "Once kindled, quenchless evermore." Byron. Syn. -- Inextinguishable; unquenchable. -- Quench"less*ly, adv. -- Quench"less*ness, n. QUENELLE Que*nelle", n. Etym: [F.] (Cookery) Defn: A kind of delicate forcemeat, commonly poached and used as a dish by itself or for garnishing. QUENOUILLE TRAINING Que*nouille train"ing. Etym: [F. quenouille distaff.] (Hort.) Defn: A method of training trees or shrubs in the shape of a cone or distaff by tying down the branches and pruning. QUERCITANNIC Quer`ci*tan"nic, a. Etym: [L. quercus an oak + E. tannic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a tannic acid found in oak bark and extracted as a yellowish brown amorphous substance. QUERCITE Quer"cite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance, C6H7(OH)5, found in acorns, the fruit of the oak (Quercus). It has a sweet taste, and is regarded as a pentacid alcohol. QUERCITIN Quer"ci*tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline substance, occurring quite widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom, as is apple-tree bark, horse- chestnut leaves, etc., but originally obtained by the decomposition of quercitrin. Called also meletin. QUERCITRIN Quer"cit*rin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. quercitrin. See Quercitron.] (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside extracted from the bark of the oak (Quercus) as a bitter citron-yellow crystalline substance, used as a pigment and called quercitron. QUERCITRON Quer"cit*ron, n. Etym: [F. quercitron, the name of the name of tree; L. quercus an oak + citrus the citron tree.] 1. The yellow inner bark of the Quercus tinctoria, the American black oak, yellow oak, dyer's oak, or quercitron oak, a large forest tree growing from Maine to eastern Texas. 2. Quercitrin, used as a pigment. See Quercitrin. QUERCUS Quer"cus, n. Etym: [L., an oak.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees constituted by the oak. See Oak. QUERELE Quer"ele, n. Etym: [See 2d Quarrel.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A complaint to a court. See Audita Querela. [Obs.] Ayliffe. QUERENT Que"rent, n. Etym: [L. querens, p. pr. of queri to complain.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A complainant; a plaintiff. QUERENT Que"rent, n. Etym: [L. quaerens, p. pr. of quaerere to search for, to inquire.] Defn: An inquirer. [Obs.] Aubrey. QUERIMONIOUS Quer`i*mo"ni*ous, a. Etym: [L. querimonia a complaint, fr. queri to complain. See Querulous.] Defn: Complaining; querulous; apt to complain. -- Quer`i*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Quer`i*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. QUERIMONY Quer"i*mo*ny, n. Etym: [L. querimonia.] Defn: A complaint or complaining. [Obs.] E. Hall. QUERIST Que"rist, n. Etym: [See Query.] Defn: One who inquires, or asks questions. Swift. QUERKEN Querk"en, v. t. Etym: [Icel. kverk throat. Defn: To stifle or choke. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. QUERL Querl, v. t. Etym: [G. querlen, quirlen, to twirl, to turn round, fr. querl, querl, a twirling stick. Cf. Twirl.] Defn: To twirl; to turn or wind round; to coil; as, to querl a cord, thread, or rope. [Local, U.S.] QUERL Querl, n. Defn: A coil; a twirl; as, the qwerl of hair on the fore leg of a blooded horse. [Local, U. S.] QUERN Quern, n. Etym: [AS. cweorn, cwyrn; akin to D. kweern, OHG. quirn, Icel. kvern, Sw. qvarn, Dan. quærn, Goth. qairnus (in asiluqaírnus), Lith. qìrnos, and perh. E. corn.] Defn: A mill for grinding grain, the upper stone of which was turned by hand; -- used before the invention of windmills and watermills. Shak. They made him at the querne grind. Chaucer. QUERPO Quer"po, n. Defn: The inner or body garments taken together. See Cuerpo. Dryden. QUERQUEDULE Quer"que*dule, n. Etym: [L. querquedula.] (Zool.) (a) A teal. (b) The pintail duck. QUERRY Quer"ry, n. Defn: A groom; an equerry. [Obs.] QUERULENTIAL Quer`u*len"tial, a. Defn: Querulous. [R.] QUERULOUS Quer"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. querulus and querulosus, fr. queri to complain. Cf. Cry, v., Quarrel a brawl, Quarrelous.] 1. Given to quarreling; quarrelsome. [Obs.] land. 2. Apt to find fault; habitually complaining; disposed to murmur; as, a querulous man or people. Enmity can hardly be more annoying that querulous, jealous, exacting fondness. Macaulay. 3. Expressing complaint; fretful; whining; as, a querulous tone of voice. Syn. -- Complaining; bewailing; lamenting; whining; mourning; murmuring; discontented; dissatisfied. -- Quer"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Quer"u*lous*ness, n. QUERY Que"ry, n.; pl. Queries. Etym: [L. quaere, imperative sing. of quaerere, quaesitum to seek or search for, to ask, inquire. Cf. Acquire, Conquer, Exquisite, Quest, Require.] 1. A question; an inquiry to be answered or solved. I shall conclude with proposing only some queries, in order to a . . . search to be made by others. Sir I. Newton. 2. A question in the mind; a doubt; as, I have a query about his sincerity. 3. An interrogation point [] as the sign of a question or a doubt. QUERY Que"ry, v. i. 1. To ask questions; to make inquiry. Each prompt to query, answer, and debate. Pope. 2. To have a doubt; as, I query if he is right. QUERY Que"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Queried; p. pr. & vb. n. Querying.] 1. To put questions about; to elicit by questioning; to inquire into; as, to query the items or the amount; to query the motive or the fact. 2. To address questions to; to examine by questions. 3. To doubt of; to regard with incredulity. 4. To write " query" (qu., qy., or ) against, as a doubtful spelling, or sense, in a proof. See Quære. QUESAL Que*sal", n (Zoöl.) Defn: The long-tailed, or resplendent, trogon (Pharomachus mocinno, formerly Trogon resplendens), native of Southern Mexico and Central America. Called alsoquetzal, and golden trogon. Note: The male is remarkable for the brilliant metallic green and gold colors of his plumage, and for his extremely long plumes, which often exceed three feet in length. QUEST Quest, n. Etym: [OF. queste, F. quête, fr. L. quaerere, quaesitum, to seek for, to ask. Cf. Query, Question.] 1. The act of seeking, or looking after anything; attempt to find or obtain; search; pursuit; as, to rove in quest of game, of a lost child, of property, etc. Upon an hard adventure yet in quest. Spenser. Cease your quest of love. Shak. There ended was his quest, there ceased his care. Milton. 2. Request; desire; solicitation. Gad not abroad at every quest and call Of an untrained hope or passion. Herbert. 3. Those who make search or inquiry, taken collectively. The senate hath sent about three several quests to search you out. Shak. 4. Inquest; jury of inquest. What lawful quest have given their verdict Shak. QUEST Quest, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. quester, F. quêter. See Quest, n.] Defn: To search for; to examine. [R.] Sir T. Herbert. QUEST Quest, v. i. Defn: To go on a quest; to make a search; to go in pursuit; to beg. [R.] If his questing had been unsuccessful, he appeased the rage of hunger with some scraps of broken meat. Macaulay. QUESTANT Quest"ant, n. Etym: [OF. questant, F. guêtant, p. pr.] Defn: One who undertakes a quest; a seeker. [Obs.] Shak. QUESTER Quest"er, n. Defn: One who seeks; a seeker. [Obs.] QUESTION Ques"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. quaestio, fr. quaerere, quaesitum, to seek for, ask, inquire. See Quest, n.] 1. The act of asking; interrogation; inquiry; as, to examine by question and answer. 2. Discussion; debate; hence, objection; dispute; doubt; as, the story is true beyond question; he obeyed without question. There arose a question between some of John's disciples and the Jews about purifying. John iii. 25. It is to be to question, whether it be lawful for Christian princes to make an invasive war simply for the propagation of the faith. Bacon. 3. Examination with reference to a decisive result; investigation; specifically, a judicial or official investigation; also, examination under torture. Blackstone. He that was in question for the robbery. Shak. The Scottish privy council had power to put state prisoners to the question. Macaulay. 4. That which is asked; inquiry; interrogatory; query. But this question asked Puts me in doubt. Lives there who loves his pain Milton. 5. Hence, a subject of investigation, examination, or debate; theme of inquiry; matter to be inquired into; as, a delicate or doubtful question. 6. Talk; conversation; speech; speech.[Obs.] Shak. In question, in debate; in the course of examination or discussion; as, the matter or point in question. -- Leading question. See under Leading. -- Out of question, unquestionably. "Out of question, 't is Maria's hand." Shak. -- Out of the question. See under Out. -- Past question, beyond question; certainly; undoubtedly; unquestionably. -- Previous question, a question put to a parliamentary assembly upon the motion of a member, in order to ascertain whether it is the will of the body to vote at once, without further debate, on the subject under consideration. Note: The form of the question is: "Shall the main question be now put" If the vote is in the affirmative, the matter before the body must be voted upon as it then stands, without further general debate or the submission of new amendments. In the House of Representatives of the United States, and generally in America, a negative decision operates to keep the business before the body as if the motion had not been made; but in the English Parliament, it operates to postpone consideration for the day, and until the subject may be again introduced. In American practice, the object of the motion is to hasten action, and it is made by a friend of the measure. In English practice, the object is to get rid of the subject for the time being, and the motion is made with a purpose of voting against it. Cushing. -- To beg the question. See under Beg. -- To the question, to the point in dispute; to the real matter under debate. Syn. -- Point; topic; subject. QUESTION Ques"tion, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Questioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Questioning.] Etym: [Cf. F. questionner. See Question, n.] 1. To ask questions; to inquire. He that questioneth much shall lean much. Bacon. 2. To argue; to converse; to dispute. [Obs.] I pray you, think you question with the Jew. Shak. QUESTION Ques"tion, v. t. 1. To inquire of by asking questions; to examine by interrogatories; as, to question a witness. 2. To doubt of; to be uncertain of; to query. And most we question what we most desire. Prior. 3. To raise a question about; to call in question; to make objection to. "But have power and right to question thy bold entrance on this place." Milton. 4. To talk to; to converse with. With many holiday and lady terms he questioned me. Shak. Syn. -- To ask; interrogate; catechise; doubt; controvert; dispute. -- Question, Inquire, Interrogate. To inquire is merely to ask for information, and implies no authority in the one who asks. To interrogate is to put repeated questions in a formal or systematic fashion to elicit some particular fact or facts. To question has a wider sense than to interrogate, and often implies an attitude of distrust or opposition on the part of the questioner. QUESTIONABILITY Ques`tion*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or condition of being questionable. Stallo. QUESTIONABLE Ques"tion*a*ble, a. 1. Admitting of being questioned; inviting, or seeming to invite, inquiry. [R.] Thou com'st in such a questionable shape That I will speak to thee. Shak. 2. Liable to question; subject to be doubted or called in question; problematical; doubtful; suspicious. It is questionable whether Galen ever saw the dissection of a human body.T. Baker. Syn. -- Disputable; debatable; uncertain; doubtful; problematical; suspicious. QUESTIONABLENESS Ques"tion*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being questionable, doubtful, or suspicious. QUESTIONABLY Ques"tion*a*bly, adv. Defn: In a questionable manner. QUESTIONARY Ques"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Inquiring; asking questions; testing. "Questionary epistles." Pope. QUESTIONARY Ques"tion*a*ry, n. Defn: One who makes it his business to seek after relics and carry them about for sale. QUESTIONER Ques"tion*er, n. Defn: One who asks questions; an inquirer. "Little time for idle questioners." Tennyson. QUESTIONIST Ques"tion*ist, n. 1. A questioner; an inquirer. [Obs.] 2. (Eng. Univ.) Defn: A candidate for honors or degrees who is near the time of his examination. QUESTIONLESS Ques"tion*less, a. Defn: Unquestioning; incurious. [R.] QUESTIONLESS Ques"tion*less, adv. Defn: Beyond a question or doubt; doubtless; certainly.[R.] South. What it was in the apostles' time, that, questionless, it must be still. Milton. QUESTIONNAIRE Ques`tion`naire", n.; pl. -naires (F. ). [F.] Defn: = Questionary, above. QUESTMAN Quest"man, n.; pl. Questmen (. Defn: One legally empowered to make quest of certain matters, esp. of abuses of weights and measures. Specifically: (a) A churchwarden's assistant; a sidesman. Blount. [Obs.] (b) A collector of parish rents. Blount. [Obs.] QUESTMONGER Quest"mon`ger, n. Defn: One who lays informations, and encourages petty lawsuits. [Obs.] Bacon. QUESTOR Ques"tor, n. Etym: [L. quaestor, contr. fr. quaesitor, fr. quaerere, quaesitum, to seek for, ask: cf. F. questeur.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An officer who had the management of the public treasure; a receiver of taxes, tribute, etc.; treasurer of state. [Written also quæstor.] Note: At an early period there were also public accusers styled questors, but the office was soon abolished. QUESTORSHIP Ques"tor*ship, n. Defn: The office, or the term of office, of a questor. QUESTRIST Quest"rist, n. Etym: [See Quest.] Defn: A seeker; a pursuer. [Obs.] "Hot questrists after him." Shak. QUESTUARY Ques"tu*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. quaestuarius, from quaestus gain, profit, quaerere, quaesitum, to seek for, earn.] Defn: Studious of profit. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. QUESTUARY Ques"tu*a*ry, n. Defn: One employed to collect profits. [R.] "The pope's questuaries." Jer. Taylor. QUET Quet, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common guillemot. [Prov. Eng.] QUEUE Queue, n. Etym: [F. See Cue.] (a) A tail-like appendage of hair; a pigtail. (b) A line of persons waiting anywhere. QUEUE Queue, v. t. Defn: To fasten, as hair, in a queue. QUEY Quey, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. qvie.] Defn: A heifer. [Scot.] QUIB Quib, n. Etym: [Cf. Quip.] Defn: A quip; a gibe. QUIBBLE Quib"ble, n. Etym: [Probably fr. quib, quip, but influenced by quillet, or quiddity.] 1. A shift or turn from the point in question; a trifling or evasive distinction; an evasion; a cavil. Quibbles have no place in the search after truth. I. Watts. 2. A pun; a low conceit. QUIBBLE Quib"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quibbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Quibbling.] 1. To evade the point in question by artifice, play upon words, caviling, or by raising any insignificant or impertinent question or point; to trifle in argument or discourse; to equivocate. 2. To pun; to practice punning. Cudworth. Syn. -- To cavil; shuffle; equivocate; trifle. QUIBBLER Quib"bler, n. Defn: One who quibbles; a caviler; also, a punster. QUIBBLINGLY Quib"bling*ly, adv. Defn: Triflingly; evasively. QUICA Qui"ca, n. Etym: [From the native Brazilian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small South American opossum (Didelphys quica), native of Guiana and Brazil. It feeds upon insects, small birds, and fruit. QUICE Quice, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Queest. QUICH Quich, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Quinch.] Defn: To stir. [Obs.] He could not move nor quich at all. Spenser. QUICHUAN Qui"chuan, a. Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, a linguistic stock of South American Indians, including the majority of the civilized tribes of the ancient Peruvian Empire with some wild tribes never subjugated by the Incas. Most of these Indians are short, but heavy and strong. They are brachycephalic and of remarkably low cranial capacity. Nevertheless, they represent one of the highest of native American civilizations, characterized by agricultural, military, and administrative skill rather than by science or literature, although they were adept potters, weavers, and goldsmiths, and preserved by the aid of the mnemonic quipu a body of legendary lore in part written down since the introduction of writing. QUICK Quick, a. [Compar. Quicker; superl. Quickest.] Etym: [As. cwic, cwicu, cwucu, cucu, living; akin to OS. quik, D. kwik, OHG. quec, chec, G. keck bold, lively, Icel. kvikr living, Goth. qius, Lith. qyvas, Russ. zhivoi, L. vivus living, vivere to live, Gr. bi`os life, Skr. jiva living, jiv to live. Cf. Biography, Vivid, Quitch grass, Whitlow.] 1. Alive; living; animate; -- opposed to dead or inanimate. Not fully quyke, ne fully dead they were. Chaucer. The Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead at his appearing and his kingdom. 2 Tim. iv. 1. Man is no star, but a quick coal Of mortal fire. Herbert. Note: In this sense the word is nearly obsolete, except in some compounds, or in particular phrases. 2. Characterized by life or liveliness; animated; sprightly; agile; brisk; ready. " A quick wit." Shak. 3. Speedy; hasty; swift; not slow; as, be quick Oft he her his charge of quick return Repeated. Milton. 4. Impatient; passionate; hasty; eager; eager; sharp; unceremonious; as, a quick temper. The bishop was somewhat quick with them, and signified that he was much offended. Latimer. 5. Fresh; bracing; sharp; keen. The air is quick there, And it pierces and sharpens the stomach. Shak. 6. Sensitive; perceptive in a high degree; ready; as, a quick ear. "To have an open ear, a quick eye." Shak. They say that women are so quick. Tennyson. 7. Pregnant; with child. Shak. Quick grass. (Bot.) See Quitch grass. -- Quick match. See under Match. -- Quick vein (Mining), a vein of ore which is productive, not barren. -- Quick vinegar, vinegar made by allowing a weak solution of alcohol to trickle slowly over shavings or other porous material. -- Quick water, quicksilver water. -- Quick with child, pregnant with a living child. Syn. -- Speedy; expeditious; swift; rapid; hasty; prompt; ready; active; brisk; nimble; fleet; alert; agile; lively; sprightly. QUICK Quick, adv. Defn: In a quick manner; quickly; promptly; rapidly; with haste; speedily; without delay; as, run quick; get back quick. If we consider how very quick the actions of the mind are performed. Locke. QUICK Quick, n. 1. That which is quick, or alive; a living animal or plant; especially, the hawthorn, or other plants used in making a living hedge. The works . . . are curiously hedged with quick. Evelyn. 2. The life; the mortal point; a vital part; a part susceptible of serious injury or keen feeling; the sensitive living flesh; the part of a finger or toe to which the nail is attached; the tender emotions; as, to cut a finger nail to the quick; to thrust a sword to the quick, to taunt one to the quick; -- used figuratively. This test nippeth, . . . this toucheth the quick. Latimer. How feebly and unlike themselves they reason when they come to the quick of the difference ! Fuller. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Quitch grass. Tennyson. QUICK Quick, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Quicken.] Defn: To revive; to quicken; to be or become alive. [Obs.] Chaucer. QUICKBEAM Quick"beam`, n. Etym: [A. S. cwicbeám.] Defn: See Quicken tree. QUICKEN Quick"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. quickened; p. pr. & vb. n. Quickening.] Etym: [AS. cwician. See Quick, a.] 1. To make alive; to vivify; to revive or resuscitate, as from death or an inanimate state; hence, to excite; to, stimulate; to incite. The mistress which I serve quickens what's dead. Shak. Like a fruitful garden without an hedge, that quickens the appetite to enjoy so tempting a prize. South. 2. To make lively, active, or sprightly; to impart additional energy to; to stimulate; to make quick or rapid; to hasten; to accelerate; as, to quicken one's steps or thoughts; to quicken one's departure or speed. 3. (Shipbuilding) Defn: To shorten the radius of (a curve); to make (a curve) sharper; as, to quicken the sheer, that is, to make its curve more pronounced. Syn. -- To revive; resuscitate; animate; reinvigorate; vivify; refresh; stimulate; sharpen; incite; hasten; accelerate; expedite; dispatch; speed. QUICKEN Quick"en, v. i. 1. To come to life; to become alive; to become vivified or enlivened; hence, to exhibit signs of life; to move, as the fetus in the womb. The heart is the first part that quickens, and the last that dies. Ray. And keener lightnings quicken in her eye. Pope. When the pale and bloodless east began To quicken to the sun. Tennyson. 2. To move with rapidity or activity; to become accelerated; as, his pulse quickened. QUICKENER Quick"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, quickens. QUICKENING Quick"en*ing, n. 1. The act or process of making or of becoming quick. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The first motion of the fetus in the womb felt by the mother, occurring usually about the middle of the term of pregnancy. It has been popularly supposed to be due to the fetus becoming possessed of independent life. QUICKENS Quick"ens, n. (Bot.) Defn: Quitch grass. QUICKEN TREE Quick"en tree`. Etym: [Probably from quick, and first applied to the aspen or some tree with quivering leaves; cf. G. quickenbaum, quizenbaum, quitschenbaum. Cf. Quitch grass.] (Bot.) Defn: The European rowan tree; -- called also quickbeam, and quickenbeam. See Rowan tree. QUICKHATCH Quick"hatch`, n. Etym: [From the American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The wolverine. QUICKLIME Quick"lime, n. Etym: [See Quick, a.] (Chem.) Defn: Calcium oxide; unslacked lime; -- so called because when wet it develops great heat. See 4th Lime, 2. QUICKLY Quick"ly, adv. Defn: Speedily; with haste or celerity; soon; without delay; quick. QUICKNESS Quick"ness, n. 1. The condition or quality of being quick or living; life. [Obs.] Touch it with thy celestial quickness. Herbert. 2. Activity; briskness; especially, rapidity of motion; speed; celerity; as, quickness of wit. This deed . . . must send thee hence With fiery quickness. Shak. His mind had, indeed, great quickness and vigor. Macaulay. 3. Acuteness of perception; keen sensibility. Would not quickness of sensation be an inconvenience to an animal that must lie still Locke 4. Sharpness; pungency of taste. Mortimer. Syn. -- Velocity; celerity; rapidity; speed; haste; expedition; promptness; dispatch; swiftness; nimbleness; fleetness; agility; briskness; liveliness; readiness; sagacity; shrewdness; shrewdness; sharpness; keenness. QUICKSAND Quick"sand`, n. Defn: Sand easily moved or readily yielding to pressure; especially, a deep mass of loose or moving sand mixed with water, sometimes found at the mouth of a river or along some coasts, and very dangerous, from the difficulty of extricating a person who begins sinking into it. Life hath quicksands, -- Life hath snares! Longfellow. QUICK-SCENTED Quick"-scent`ed, a. Defn: Acute of smell. QUICKSET Quick"set`, n. Defn: A living plant set to grow, esp. when set for a hedge; specifically, the hawthorn. QUICKSET Quick"set`, a. Defn: Made of quickset. Dates and pomegranates on the quickset hedges. Walpole. QUICKSET Quick"set`, v. t. Defn: To plant with living shrubs or trees for a hedge; as, to quickset a ditch. Mortimer. QUICK-SIGHTED Quick"-sight`ed, a. Defn: Having quick sight or acute discernment; quick to see or to discern. Locke. --Quick"-sight`ed*ness, n. QUICKSILVER Quick"sil`ver, n. Etym: [Quick living + silver; -- so called from its fluidity; cf. G. quecksilber, L. argentum vivum. See Quick, a.] (Chem.) Defn: The metal mercury; -- so called from its resemblance to liquid silver. Quicksilver horizon, a mercurial artificial horizon. See under Horizon. -- Quicksilver water, a solution of mercury nitrate used in artificial silvering; quick water. QUICKSILVERED Quick"sil`vered, a. Defn: Overlaid with quicksilver, or with an amalgam of quicksilver and tinfoil. QUICKSILVERING Quick"sil`ver*ing, n. Defn: The mercury and foil on the back of a looking-glass. QUICKSTEP Quick"step`, n. (Mus.) Defn: A lively, spirited march; also, a lively style of dancing. QUICK-WITTED Quick"-wit`ted, a. Defn: Having ready wit Shak. QUICK-WITTEDNESS Quick"-wit`ted*ness, n. Defn: Readiness of wit. "Celtic quick-wittedness." M. Arnold. QUICKWORK Quick"work`, n. (Naut.) A term somewhat loosely used to denote: (a) All the submerged section of a vessel's planking. (b) The planking between the spirketing and the clamps. (c) The short planks between the portholes. QUID Quid, n. Etym: [See Cud.] Defn: A portion suitable to be chewed; a cud; as, a quid of tobacco. QUID Quid, v. t. (Man.) Defn: To drop from the mouth, as food when partially chewed; -- said of horses. Youatt. QUIDAM Qui"dam, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Somebody; one unknown. Spenser. QUIDDANY Quid"da*ny, n. Etym: [L. cydoneum quince juice, quince wine. See Quince.] Defn: A confection of quinces, in consistency between a sirup and marmalade. QUIDDATIVE Quid"da*tive, a. Etym: [See Quiddity.] Defn: Constituting, or containing, the essence of a thing; quidditative. QUIDDIT Quid"dit, n. Etym: [Cf. Quiddity, Quillet, and Quibble.] Defn: A subtilty; an equivocation. [Obs.] Shak. By some strange quiddit or some wrested clause. Drayton. QUIDDITATIVE Quid"di*ta*tive, a. Defn: Quiddative. QUIDDITY Quid"di*ty, n.; pl. Quiddities. Etym: [LL. quidditas, fr. L. quid what, neut. of quis who, akin to E. who: cf. F. quiddité.] 1. The essence, nature, or distinctive peculiarity, of a thing; that which answers the question, Quid est or, What is it " The degree of nullity and quiddity." Bacon. The quiddity or characteristic difference of poetry as distinguished from prose. De Quincey. 2. A trifling nicety; a cavil; a quibble. We laugh at the quiddities of those writers now. Coleridge. QUIDDLE Quid"dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quiddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Quiddling.] Etym: [L. quid what.] Defn: To spend time in trifling employments, or to attend to useful subjects in an indifferent or superficial manner; to dawdle. QUIDDLE; QUIDDLER Quid"dle, Quid"dler, n. Defn: One who wastes his energy about trifles. Emerson. QUIDNUNC Quid"nunc, n. Etym: [L., what now] Defn: One who is curious to know everything that passes; one who knows, or pretends to know, all that is going on. "The idle stories of quidnuncs." Motley. QUIESCE Qui*esce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quiesced; p. pr. & vb. n. Quiescing.] Etym: [L. quiescere, akin to quies rest, quiet. See Quiet, a. & n.] Defn: To be silent, as a letter; to have no sound. M. Stuart. QUIESCENCE; QUIESCENCY Qui*es"cence, Qui*es"cen*cy, n. Etym: [L. quiescentia, fr. quiescens, p. pr.; cf. F. quiestence. See Quiesce.] Defn: The state or quality of being quiescent. "Quiescence, bodily and mental." H. Spencer. Deeds will be done; -- while be boasts his quiescence. R. Browning. QUIESCENT Qui*es"cent, a. Etym: [L. quiescens, -entis, p. pr. of quiescere: cf. F. quiescent. See Quiesce.] 1. Being in a state of repose; at rest; still; not moving; as, a quiescent body or fluid. 2. Not ruffed with passion; unagitated; not in action; not excited; quiet; dormant; resting. In times of national security, the feeling of patriotism . . . is so quiescent that it seems hardly to exist. Prof. Wilson. 3. (Gram.) Defn: Not sounded; silent; as, y is quiescent in "day" and "say." QUIESCENT Qui*es"cent, n. (Gram.) Defn: A silent letter. M. Stuart. QUIESCENTLY Qui*es"cent*ly, adv. Defn: In a quiescent manner. QUIET Qui"et, a. [Compar. Quieter; superl. Quietest.] Etym: [L. quietus, p. p. pf quiescere to rest, keep quiet; akin to quies rest, and prob. to E. while, n. See While, and cf. Coy, a., Quiesce, Quietus, Quit, a., Quite, Requiem.] 1. In a state of rest or calm; without stir, motion, or agitation; still; as, a quiet sea; quiet air. They . . . were quiet all the night, saying, In the morning, when it is day, we shall kill him. Judg. xvi. 2. 2. Free from noise or disturbance; hushed; still. 3. Not excited or anxious; calm; peaceful; placid; settled; as, a quiet life; a quiet conscience. " So quiet and so sweet a style." Shak. That son, who on the quiet state of man Such trouble brought. Milton. 4. Not giving offense; not exciting disorder or trouble; not turbulent; gentle; mild; meek; contented. The ornament of a meek and quiet spirit. 1 Pet. iii. 4. I will sit as quiet as a lamb. Shak. 5. Not showy; not such as to attract attention; undemonstrative; as, a quiet dress; quiet colors; a quiet movement. Syn. -- Still; tranquil; calm; unruffled; smooth; unmolested; undisturbed; placid; peaceful; mild; peaceable; meek; contented. QUIET Qui"et n. Etym: [L. quies, -etis. See Quiet, a.] 1. The quality or state of being quiet, or in repose; as an hour or a time of quiet. 2. Freedom from disturbance, noise, or alarm; stillness; tranquillity; peace; security. And join with thee, calm Peace and Quiet. Milton. At quiet, still; peaceful. -- In quiet, quietly. " I will depart in quiet." Shak. -- Out of quiet, disturbed; restless. [Obs.] "She is much out of quiet." Shak. QUIET Qui"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quieted; p. pr. & vb. n. Quieting.] 1. To stop motion in; to still; to reduce to a state of rest, or of silence. 2. To calm; to appease; to pacify; to lull; to allay; to tranquillize; as, to quiet the passions; to quiet clamors or disorders; to quiet pain or grief. Quiet yourselves, I pray, and be at peace. Shak. QUIET Qui"et, v. i. Defn: To become still, silent, or calm; -- often with down; as, be soon quieted down. QUIETAGE Qui"et*age, n. Defn: Quietness. [Obs.] Spenser. QUIETER Qui"et*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, quiets. QUIETISM Qui"et*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. quiétisme.] 1. Peace or tranquillity of mind; calmness; indifference; apathy; dispassion; indisturbance; inaction. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The system of the Quietists, who maintained that religion consists in the withdrawal of the mind from worldly interests and anxieties and its constant employment in the passive contemplation of God and his attributes. QUIETIST Qui"et*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. quiétiste.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect of mystics originated in the seventeenth century by Molinos, a Spanish priest living in Rome. See Quietism. QUIETISTIC Qui`et*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Quietists, or to Quietism. QUIETLY Qui"et*ly, adv. 1. In a quiet state or manner; without motion; in a state of rest; as, to lie or sit quietly. 2. Without tumult, alarm, dispute, or disturbance; peaceably; as, to live quietly; to sleep quietly. 3. Calmly, without agitation or violent emotion; patiently; as, to submit quietly to unavoidable evils. 4. Noiselessly; silently; without remark or violent movement; in a manner to attract little or no observation; as, he quietly left the room. QUIETNESS Qui"et*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being quiet; freedom from noise, agitation, disturbance, or excitement; stillness; tranquillity; calmness. I would have peace and quietness. Shak. QUIETSOME Qui"et*some, a. Defn: Calm; still. [Obs.] Spenser. QUIETUDE Qui"e*tude, n. Etym: [L. quietudo: cf. F. quiétude.] Defn: Rest; repose; quiet; tranquillity. Shelley. QUIETUS Qui*e"tus, n. Etym: [LL. quietus quit, discharged, L., at rest, quiet, dead. See Quiet, a., and cf. Quit, a.] Defn: Final discharge or acquittance, as from debt or obligation; that which silences claims; (Fig.) rest; death. When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin. Shak. QUILL Quill, n. Etym: [Perhaps fr. F. quille ninepin (see Kayless); but cf. also G. kiel a quill. MHG. kil, and Ir. cuille a quill.] 1. One of the large feathers of a bird's wing, or one of the rectrices of the tail; also, the stock of such a feather. 2. A pen for writing made by sharpening and splitting the point or nib of the stock of a feather; as, history is the proper subject of his quill. Sir H. Wotton. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A spine of the hedgehog or porcupine. (b) The pen of a squid. See Pen. 4. (Mus.) (a) The plectrum with which musicians strike the strings of certain instruments. (b) The tube of a musical instrument. He touched the tender stops of various quills. Milton. 5. Something having the form of a quill; as: (a) The fold or plain of a ruff. (b) (Weaving) A spindle, or spool, as of reed or wood, upon which the thread for the woof is wound in a shuttle. (c) (Mach.) A hollow spindle. Quill bit, a bit for boring resembling the half of a reed split lengthways and having its end sharpened like a gouge. -- Quill driver, one who works with a pen; a writer; a clerk. [Jocose] -- Quill nib, a small quill pen made to be used with a holder. Simmonds. QUILL Quill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Quilling.] 1. To plaint in small cylindrical ridges, called quillings; as, to quill a ruffle. His cravat seemed quilled into a ruff. Goldsmith. 2. To wind on a quill, as thread or yarn. Judd. QUILLAIA BARK Quil*la"ia bark`. (Bot.) Defn: The bark of a rosaceous tree (Quillaja Saponaria), native of Chili. The bark is finely laminated, and very heavy with alkaline substances, and is used commonly by the Chilians instead of soap. Also called soap bark. QUILLBACK Quill"back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American fresh-water fish (Ictiobus, or Carpiodes, cyprinus); -- called also carp sucker, sailfish, spearfish, and skimback. QUILLED Quilled, a. Defn: Furnished with quills; also, shaped like quills. "A sharp- quilled porcupine." Shak. Quilled suture (Surg.), a variety of stitch in which the threads after being passed deeply through the edges of a wound are secured about two quills or bodies of similar shape, in order to produce a suitable degree of pressure. QUILLET Quil"let, n. Etym: [L. quidlibet what you please. Cf. Quiddit, and Quibble.] Defn: Subtilty; nicety; quibble. "Nice, sharp quillets of the law." Shak. QUILLING Quill"ing, n. (a) A band of linen, muslin, or the like, fluted, folded, or plaited so as somewhat to resemble a row of quills. (b) One of the rounded plaits or flutings of such a band. QUILLWORT Quill"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant or species of the genus Isoetes, cryptogamous plants with a cluster of elongated four-tubed rushlike leaves, rising from a corm, and containing spores in their enlarged and excavated bases. There are about seventeen American species, usually growing in the mud under still, shallow water. So called from the shape of the shape of the leaves. QUILT Quilt, n. Etym: [OE. quilte, OF. cuilte, L. culcita bed, cushion, mattress. Cf. 2d Counterpoint, Cushion.] Defn: Anything that is quilted; esp., a quilted bed cover, or a skirt worn by women; any cover or garment made by putting wool, cotton, etc., between two cloths and stitching them together; also, any outer bed cover. The beds were covered with magnificent quilts. Arbuthnot. QUILT Quilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quilted; p. pr. & vb. n. Quilting.] 1. To stitch or sew together at frequent intervals, in order to confine in place the several layers of cloth and wadding of which a garment, comforter, etc., may be made; as, to quilt a coat. Dryden. 2. To wad, as a garment, with warm soft material. 3. To stitch or sew in lines or patterns. QUILTER Quilt"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, quilts. QUILTING Quilt"ing, n. 1. The act of stitching or running in patterns, as in making a quilt. 2. A quilting bee. See Bee, 2. 3. The material used for making quilts. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A coating of strands of rope for a water vessel. QUIN Quin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European scallop (Pecten opercularis), used as food. [Prov. Eng.] QUINALDINE Quin*al"dine, n. Etym: [Quinoline + aldehyde + aniline.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless liquid of a slightly pungent odor, C9H6N.CH3, first obtained as a condensation product of aldehyde and aniline, and regarded as a derivative of quinoline; -- called also methyl quinoline. [Written also chinaldine.] QUINARY Qui"na*ry, a. Etym: [L. quinarius, from quini five each, akin to quinque five: cf. F.quinaire. See Five.] Defn: Consisting of five; arranged by fives. Boyle. Quinary system (Zoöl.), a fanciful classification based on the hypothesis that each group contains five types. QUINATE Qui"nate, a. Etym: [L. quini five each.] (Bot.) Defn: Growing in sets of five; -- said especially of leaves composed of five leaflets set at the end of a common petiole. QUINATE Qui"nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of quinic acid. [Written also kinate.] QUINAZOL Quin"a*zol, n. Etym: [Quinoline + azote.] (Chem.) Defn: A complex nitrogenous base related to cinnoline. [Written also chinazol.] QUINCE Quince, n. Etym: [Prob. a pl. from OE. quyne, coin, OF. coin, cooin, F. coing, from L. Cydonius a quince tree, as adj., Cydonian, Gr. Quiddany.] 1. The fruit of a shrub (Cydonia vulgaris) belonging to the same tribe as the apple. It somewhat resembles an apple, but differs in having many seeds in each carpel. It has hard flesh of high flavor, but very acid, and is largely used for marmalade, jelly, and preserves. 2. (Bot.) Defn: a quince tree or shrub. Japan quince (Bot.), an Eastern Asiatic shrub (Cydonia, formerly Pyrus, Japonica) and its very fragrant but inedible fruit. The shrub has very showy flowers, usually red, but sometimes pink or white, and is much grown for ornament. -- Quince curculio (Zoöl.), a small gray and yellow curculio (Conotrachelus cratægi) whose larva lives in quinces. -- Quince tree (Bot.), the small tree (Cydonia vulgaris) which produces the quince. QUINCEWORT Quince"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The squinancy. Called also quinsywort. QUINCH Quinch, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OD. quincken to quiver, shake, Fries. quink hovering. Cf. Quich.] Defn: To stir; to wince. [Obs.] Spenser. QUINCUNCIAL Quin*cun"cial, Etym: [L. quincuncialis, from quincunx. See Quincunx.] 1. Having the form of a quincunx. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having the leaves of a pentamerous calyx or corolla so imbricated that two are exterior, two are interior, and the other has one edge exterior and one interior; as, quincuncial æstivation. Quincuncial phyllotaxy (Bot.), an arrangement of five leaves in a spiral, each leaf two fifths of a circle from the next. QUINCUNCIALLY Quin*cun"cial*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner or order of a quincunx. QUINCUNX Quin"cunx, n. Etym: [L., fr. quingue five + uncia an ounce. The quincunx was marked by five small spots or balls. See Five, and Ounce the weight.] 1. An arrangement of things by fives in a square or a rectangle, one being placed at each corner and one in the middle; especially, such an arrangement of trees repeated indefinitely, so as to form a regular group with rows running in various directions. 2. (Astrol.) Defn: The position of planets when distant from each other five signs, or 150º. Hutton. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A quincuncial arrangement, as of the parts of a flower in æstivation. See Quincuncial, 2. QUINDECAGON Quin*dec"a*gon, n. Etym: [L. quindecim fifteen + Gr. (Geom.) Defn: A plane figure with fifteen angles, and consequently fifteen sides. QUINDECEMVIR Quin`de*cem"vir, n.; pl. E. Quindecemvirs, L. Quindecemviri. Etym: [L., from quindecim fifteen + vir a man.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: One of a sacerdotal college of fifteen men whose chief duty was to take care of the Sibylline books. QUINDECEMVIRATE Quin`de*cem"vi*rate, n. Etym: [L. quindecimviratus.] Defn: The body or office of the quindecemviri. QUINDECONE Quin*dec"one, n. Etym: [L. quindecim fifteen.] (Chem.) Defn: An unsaturated hydrocarbon, C15H26, of the valylene series, produced artificially as an oily liquid. [Written also quindekone.] QUINDECYLIC Quin`de*cyl"ic, n. Etym: [L. quindecim fifteen + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the fatty acid series, containing fifteen atoms of carbon; called also pentadecylic acid. QUINDEM Quin"dem, n. Defn: A fifteenth part. [Obs.] QUINDISM Quin"dism, n. Defn: A fifteenth. [Obs.] Prynne. QUINHYDRONE Quin*hy"drone, n. Etym: [Quinone + hydroquinone.] (Chem.) Defn: A green crystalline substance formed by the union of quinone with hydroquinone, or as an intermediate product in the oxidation of hydroquinone or the reduction of quinone. [Written also chinhydrone.] QUINIA Quin"i*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: Quinine. QUINIBLE Quin"i*ble, n. Etym: [L. quini five each.] (Mus.) Defn: An interval of a fifth; also, a part sung with such intervals. [Obs.] "He sang . . . a loud quynyble." Chaucer. QUINIC Quin"ic, a. Etym: [See Quinine, and cf. Kinic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or connected with, quinine and related compounds; specifically, designating a nonnitrogenous acid obtained from cinchona bark, coffee, beans, etc., as a white crystalline substance. [Written also chinic, kinic.] QUINICINE Quin"i*cine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An uncrystallizable alkaloid obtained by the action of heat from quinine, with which it is isomeric. QUINIDINE Quin"i*dine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid isomeric with, and resembling, quinine, found in certain species of cinchona, from which it is extracted as a bitter white crystalline substance; conchinine. It is used somewhat as a febrifuge. [Written also chinidine.] QUININE Qui"nine, n. Etym: [F. (cf. Sp. quinina), fr. Sp. quina, or quinaquina, Peruvian bark, fr. Peruv. kina, quina, bark. Cf. Kinic.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid extracted from the bark of several species of cinchona (esp. Cinchona Calisaya) as a bitter white crystalline substance, C20H24N2O2. Hence, by extension (Med.), any of the salts of this alkaloid, as the acetate, chloride, sulphate, etc., employed as a febrifuge or antiperiodic. Called also quinia, quinina, etc. [Written also chinine.] QUININIC Qui*nin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a nitrogenous acid obtained as a yellow crystalline substance by the oxidation of quinine. QUININISM; QUINISM Qui"nin*ism, Qui"nism, n. (Med.) Defn: See Cinchonism. QUINIZARIN Qui*niz"a*rin, Etym: [Hydroquinone + alizarin.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline substance produced artificially. It is isomeric with alizarin. QUINIZINE Quin"i*zine, n. Etym: [Quinoline + hydrazine.] (Chem.) Defn: any one of a series of nitrogenous bases, certain of which are used as antipyretics. QUINNAT Quin"nat, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The California salmon (Oncorhynchus choicha); -- called also chouicha, king salmon, chinnook salmon, and Sacramento salmon. It is of great commercial importance. [Written also quinnet.] QUINOA Qui*no"a, n. Defn: The seeds of a kind of goosewort (Chenopodium Quinoa), used in Chili and Peru for making porridge or cakes; also, food thus made. QUINOGEN Quin"o*gen, n. Etym: [Quinine + -gen.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical of quinine and related alkaloids. QUINOIDINE Qui*noid"ine, n. Etym: [Quinine + -oid.] (Med. (Chem.) Defn: A brownish resinous substance obtained as a by-product in the treatment of cinchona bark. It consists of a mixture of several alkaloids. [Written also chinoidine.] QUINOLINE Quin"o*line, n. Etym: [Quinine + L. oleum oil + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous base, C9H7N obtained as a pungent colorless liquid by the distillation of alkaloids, bones, coal tar, etc. It the nucleus of many organic bodies, especially of certain alkaloids and related substances; hence, by extension, any one of the series of alkaloidal bases of which quinoline proper is the type. [Written also chinoline.] QUINOLOGIST Qui*nol"o*gist n. Defn: One who is versed in quinology. QUINOLOGY Qui*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Quinine + -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of the cultivation of the cinchona, and of its use in medicine. QUINONE Qui"none, n. Etym: [Quinine + ketone.] (Chem.) Defn: A crystalline substance, C6H4O2 (called also benzoketone), first obtained by the oxidation of quinic acid and regarded as a double ketone; also, by extension, any one of the series of which quinone proper is the type. [Written also chinone, kinone.] QUINOVIC Qui*no"vic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a crystalline acid obtained from some varieties of cinchona bark. [Written also chinovic, and kinovic.] QUINOVIN Qui*no"vin, n. Etym: [NL. quina nova the tree Cosmibuena magnifolia, whose bark yields quinovin.] (Chem.) Defn: An amorphous bitter glucoside derived from cinchona and other barks. Called also quinova bitter, and quinova. [Written also chinovin, and kinovin.] QUINOXALINE Quin*ox"a*line, n. Etym: [Quinoline + glyoxal.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of complex nitrogenous bases obtained by the union of certain aniline derivatives with glyoxal or with certain ketones. [Written also chinoxaline.] QUINOXYL Quin*ox"yl, n. Etym: [Quinone + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical of certain quinone derivatives related to rhodizonic acid. QUINOYL Qui"noyl, n. Etym: [Quinone + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A radical of which quinone is the hydride, analogous to phenyl. [Written also kinoyl.] QUINQUAGESIMA Quin`qua*ges"i*ma, a. Etym: [L., fr. quinquagesimus the fiftieth, akin to quinquaginta fifty, quinque five. See Five.] Defn: Fiftieth. Quinquagesima Sunday, the Sunday which is the fiftieth day before Easter, both days being included in the reckoning; -- called also Shrove Sunday. QUINQUANGULAR Quin*quan"gu*lar, a. Etym: [L. quinquanqulus; quinque five + angulus ad angle: cf. F. quinquangulaire.] Defn: Having five angles or corners. QUINQUARTICULAR Quin`quar*tic"u*lar, a. Etym: [Quinque- + article.] (Theol.) Defn: Relating to the five articles or points; as, the quinquarticular controversy between Arminians and Calvinists. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. QUINQUE- Quin"que-. Etym: [L. quinque five. See Five.] Defn: A combining form meaning five, five times, fivefold; as, quinquefid, five-cleft; quinquedentate, five-toothed. QUINQUEANGLED Quin"que*an`gled, a. Etym: [Quinque- + angle.] Defn: Having five angles; quinquangular. QUINQUEDENTATE; QUINQUEDENTATED Quin`que*den"tate, Quin`que*den"ta*ted, a. Etym: [Quinque- + dentate, -tated: cf. F. quinquédenté.] Defn: Five-toothed; as, a quinquedentate leaf. QUINQUEFARIOUS Quin`que*fa"ri*ous, a. Etym: [From L. quinque five: cf. F. quinquéfarié. Cf. Bifarious.] (Bot.) Defn: Arranged in five vertical rows; pentastichous. Gray. QUINQUEFID Quin"que*fid, a. Etym: [Quique- + the root of L. findere to cleave: cf. F. quinquéfide.] (Bot.) Defn: Sharply cut about halfway to the middle or base into five segments; as, a quinquefid leaf or corolla. QUINQUEFOLIATE; QUINQUEFOLIATED Quin`que*fo"li*ate, Quin`que*fo"li*a`ted, a. Etym: [Quinque- + foliate, -ated: cf. F. quinquéfolié, L. quinquefolius.] (Bot.) Defn: Having five leaves or leaflets. Gray. QUINQUE FOLIOLATE Quin`que fo"li*o*late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having five leaflets. Gray. QUINQUELITERAL Quin`que*lit"er*al, a. Etym: [Quinque- + literal.] Defn: Consisting of five letters. QUINQUELOBATE; QUINQUELOBARED Quin`que*lo"bate, Quin`que*lo"ba*red, a. Etym: [Quinque- + lobate, - ated: cf. F. quinquélobé.] Defn: Cut less than halfway into portions, usually somewhat rounded; five-lobed; as, a quinquelobate leaf or corolla. QUINQUELOBED Quin"que*lobed`, a. Etym: [Quinque- + lobe.] Defn: Same as Quinquelobate. QUINQUELOCULAR Quin`que*loc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Quinque- + locular: cf. F. quinquéloculaire.] Defn: Having five cells or loculi; five-celled; as, a quinquelocular pericarp. QUINQUENERVED Quin"que*nerved`, a. Etym: [Quinque- + nerve.] (Bot.) Defn: Having five nerves; -- said of a leaf with five nearly equal nerves or ribs rising from the end of the petiole. QUINQUENNALIA Quin`quen*na"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. quinquennalis. See Ouinquennial.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: Public games celebrated every five years. QUINQUENNIAL Quin*quen"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. quinquennalis and quinquennis; quinque five + annus year. See Five, and cf. Biennial.] Defn: Occurring once in five years, or at the end of every five years; also, lasting five years. A quinquennial event. QUINQUENNIUM Quin*quen"ni*um, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Space of five years. QUINQUEPARTITE Quin*quep"ar*tite, a. Etym: [L. quinquepartitus; quinque five + partitus, p. p. of partire to divide: cf. F. quinquépartite.] 1. Consisting of five parts. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Divided into five parts almost to the base. QUINQUEREME Quin"que*reme, n. Etym: [L. quinqueremis; quinque five + remus an oar: cf. F. quinquérème] Defn: A galley having five benches or banks of oars; as, an Athenian quinquereme. QUINQUESYLLABLE Quin"que*syl`la*ble, n. Etym: [Quinque- + syllable.] Defn: A word of five syllables. QUINQUEVALVE; QUINQUEVALVULAR Quin"que*valve, Quin`que*val"vu*lar, a. Etym: [Quinque- + valve, valvular: cf. F. quinquévalve.] (Bot.) Defn: Having five valves, as a pericarp. QUINQUEVIR Quin"que*vir, n.; pl; E. Quinquevirs, L. Quinqueviri. Etym: [L., fr. quinque Five + vir man.] (Bot. Antiq.) Defn: One of five commissioners appointed for some special object. QUINQUINA Quin*qui"na, n. Etym: [NL. & F. See Quinine.] Defn: Peruvian bark. QUINQUIVALENT Quin*quiv"a*lent, a. Etym: [Quinque- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Pentavalent. QUINSY Quin"sy, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. squinancy, F. esquinancie, L. cynanche a sort of sore throat, Gr. synanche sore throat, Gr. Hound, Anger, and Cynanche.] (Med.) Defn: An inflammation of the throat, or parts adjacent, especially of the fauces or tonsils, attended by considerable swelling, painful and impeded deglutition, and accompanied by inflammatory fever. It sometimes creates danger of suffocation; -- called also squinancy, and squinzey. QUINT Quint, n. Etym: [F. quinte, fr. L. quintus, quinta, the fifth, quinque five. See Five.] 1. A set or sequence of five, as in piquet. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The interval of a fifth. QUINTAIN Quin"tain, n. Etym: [F. quintaine, LL. quintana; cf. W. chwintan a kind of hymeneal game.] Defn: An object to be tilted at; -- called also quintel. [Written also quintin.] Note: A common form in the Middle Ages was an upright post, on the top of which turned a crosspiece, having on one end a broad board, and on the other a sand bag. The endeavor was to strike the board with the lance while riding under, and get away without being hit by the sand bag. "But a quintain, a mere lifeless block." Shak. QUINTAL Quin"tal, n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. quintal, fr. Ar. qintar a weight of 100 lbs., prob. fr. L. centenarius consisting of a hundred, fr. centeni a hundred each, fr. centum a hundred. See Hundred, and cf. Kentle.] 1. A hundredweight, either 112 or 100 pounds, according to the scale used. Cf. Cental. [Sometimes written and pronounced kentle.] 2. A metric measure of weight, being 100,000 grams, or 100 kilograms, equal to 220.46 pounds avoirdupois. QUINTAN Quin"tan, a. Etym: [L. quintanus, fr. quintus fifth, quinque five. See Five.] Defn: Occurring as the fifth, after four others also, occurring every fifth day, reckoning inclusively; as, a quintan fever. -- n. (Med.) Defn: An intermittent fever which returns every fifth day, reckoning inclusively, or in which the intermission lasts three days. QUINTEL Quin"tel, n. Defn: See Quintain. QUINTESSENCE Quin*tes"sence, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. quinta essentia fifth essence. See Quint, and Essence.] 1. The fifth or last and highest essence or power in a natural body. See Ferment oils, under Ferment. [Obs.] Note: The ancient Greeks recognized four elements, fire, air, water, and earth. The Pythagoreans added a fifth and called it nether, the fifth essence, which they said flew upward at creation and out of it the stars were made. The alchemists sometimes considered alcohol, or the ferment oils, as the fifth essence. 2. Hence: An extract from anything, containing its rarest virtue, or most subtle and essential constituent in a small quantity; pure or concentrated essence. Let there be light, said God; and forthwith light Ethereal, first of things, quintessence pure, Sprung from the deep. Milton. QUINTESSENCE Quin*tes"sence, v. t. Defn: To distil or extract as a quintessence; to reduce to a quintessence. [R.] Stirling. "Truth quintessenced and raised to the highest power." J. A. Symonds. QUINTESSENTIAL Quin`tes*sen"tial, a. Defn: Of the nature of a quintessence; purest. "Quintessential extract of mediocrity." G. Eliot. QUINTET; QUINTETTE Quin*tet", Quin*tette", n. Etym: [It. quintetto, dim. of quinto the fifth, a fifth part, from L. quintus the fifth: cf. F. quintette. See Quint.] (Mus.) Defn: A composition for five voices or instruments; also, the set of five persons who sing or play five-part music. QUINTIC Quin"tic, a. Etym: [L. quintus fifth, fr. quinque five.] (Alg.) Defn: Of the fifth degree or order. -- n. (Alg.) Defn: A quantic of the fifth degree. See Quantic. QUINTILE Quin"tile, n. Etym: [F. quintil aspect, fr. L. quintus the fifth.] (Astron.) Defn: The aspect of planets when separated the fifth part of the zodiac, or 72º. Hutton. QUINTILLLION Quin*till"lion, n. Etym: [Formed fr. L. quintus the fifth, after the analogy of million: cf. F. quintillion. See Quint.] Defn: According to the French notation, which is used on the Continent and in America, the cube of a million, or a unit with eighteen ciphers annexed; according to the English notation, a number produced by involving a million to the fifth power, or a unit with thirty ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration. QUINTIN Quin"tin, n. Defn: See Quintain. QUINTINE Quin"tine, n. Etym: [L. quintus the fifth: cf. F. quintine.] (Bot.) Defn: The embryonic sac of an ovule, sometimes regarded as an innermost fifth integument. Cf. Quartine, and Tercine. QUINTOLE Quin"tole, n. Etym: [It. quinto fifth.] (Mus.) Defn: A group of five notes to be played or sung in the time of four of the same species. QUINTROON Quin*troon", n. [Sp. quinteron the off-spring of a quadroon and a white.] (Ethnol.) Defn: The off-spring of an octoroon and a white person. QUINTUPLE Quin"tu*ple, a. Etym: [L. quintus fifth: cf. F. quintuple, L. quintuplex. Cf. Quadruple.] Defn: Multiplied by five; increased to five times the amount; fivefold. Quintuple time (Mus.), a time having five beats in a measure. It is seldom used. QUINTUPLE Quin"tu*ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quintupled; p. pr. & vb. n. Quintupling.] Etym: [Cf. F. quintupler.] Defn: To make fivefold, or five times as much or many. QUINTUPLE-NERVED; QUINTUPLE-RIBBED Quin"tu*ple-nerved`, Quin"tu*ple-ribbed`, a. (Bot.) Defn: The same as Quinquenerved. QUINTUPLET Quin"tu*plet, n. [From Quintuple.] 1. A collection or combination of five of a kind. 2. pl. Five children born in the same labor. 3. (Mus.) A group of five connected notes; a turn of five notes. 4. A cycle having five crank shafts and adapted for five riders, all of whom can assist in the propulsion. QUINZAINE Quin"zaine, n. Etym: [F., from quinze fifteen, L. quindecim. See Fifteen.] Defn: The fifteenth day after a feast day, including both in the reckoning. [Written also quinzain.] QUINZE Quinze, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A game at cards in which the object is to make fifteen points. QUIP Quip, n. Etym: [Cf. W. chwip a quick flirt or turn, chwipio to whip, to move briskly, and E. whip. Cf. Quib, Quibble.] Defn: A smart, sarcastic turn or jest; a taunt; a severe retort; a gibe. Quips, and cranks, and wanton wiles. Milton. He was full of joke and jest, But all his merry quips are o'er. Tennyson. QUIP Quip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Quipping.] Defn: To taunt; to treat with quips. The more he laughs, and does her closely quip. Spenser. QUIP Quip, v. i. Defn: To scoff; to use taunts. Sir H. Sidney. QUIPO Qui"po, n. Defn: Same as Quipu. QUIPU Qui"pu, n.; pl. Quipus. Etym: [Peruv.quipu a knot.] Defn: A contrivance employed by the ancient Peruvians, Mexicans, etc., as a substitute for writing and figures, consisting of a main cord, from which hung at certain distances smaller cords of various colors, each having a special meaning, as silver, gold, corn, soldiers. etc. Single, double, and triple knots were tied in the smaller cords, representing definite numbers. It was chiefly used for arithmetical purposes, and to register important facts and events. [Written also quipo.] Tylor. The mysterious science of the quipus . . . supplied the Peruvians with the means of communicating their ideas to one another, and of transmitting them to future generations. Prescott. QUIRBOILLY Quir"boil*ly`, n. Etym: [OE. cuir bouilli.] Defn: Leather softened by boiling so as to take any required shape. Upon drying, it becomes exceedingly hard, and hence was formerly used for armor. [Obs.] "His jambeux were of quyrboilly." Chaucer. QUIRE Quire, n. Defn: See Choir. [Obs.] Spenser. A quire of such enticing birds. Shak. QUIRE Quire, v. i. Defn: To sing in concert. [R.] Shak. QUIRE Quire, n. Etym: [OE. quaer, quair, OF. quayer, cayer, caïer, F. cahier, a book of loose sheets, a quarter of a quire, LL. quaternus, quaternum, sheets of paper packed together, properly, four together, fr. L. quaterni four each, by fours, quattuor, four. See Four and cf. Cahier.] Defn: A collection of twenty-four sheets of paper of the same size and quality, unfolded or having a single fold; one twentieth of a ream. QUIRINAL Quir"i*nal, a. [L. Quirinals, fr. Quirinus, a name of Romulus.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, the hill Collis Quirinalis, now Monte Quirinale (one of the seven hills of Rome), or a modern royal place situated upon it. Also used substantively. QUIRISTER Quir"is*ter, n. Etym: [See Quire, Chorister.] Defn: A chorister. See Chorister. [R.] Thomson. QUIRITATION Quir`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. quiritatio, fr. quiritare to raise a plaintive cry, v. freq. fr. queri to complain.] Defn: A crying for help. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. QUIRITE Qui"rite, n. Defn: One of the Quirites. QUIRITES Qui*ri"tes, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. Cures, a Sabine town.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: Roman citizens. Note: After the Sabines and Romans had united themselves into one community, under Romulus, the name of Quirites was taken in addition to that of Romani, the Romans calling themselves in a civil capacity Quirites, while in a political and military capacity they retained the name of Romani. Andrews. QUIRK Quirk, n. [Written also querk.] Etym: [Cf W. chwiori to turn briskly, or E. queer.] 1. A sudden turn; a starting from the point or line; hence, an artful evasion or subterfuge; a shift; a quibble; as, the quirks of a pettifogger. "Some quirk or . . . evasion." Spenser. We ground the justification of our nonconformity on dark subtilties and intricate quirks. Barrow. 2. A fit or turn; a short paroxysm; a caprice. [Obs.] "Quirks of joy and grief." Shak. 3. A smart retort; a quibble; a shallow conceit. Some odd quirks and remnants of wit. Shak. 4. An irregular air; as, light quirks of music. Pope. 5. (Building) Defn: A piece of ground taken out of any regular ground plot or floor, so as to make a court, yard, etc.; -- sometimes written quink. Gwilt. 6. (Arch.) Defn: A small channel, deeply recessed in proportion to its width, used to insulate and give relief to a convex rounded molding. Quirk molding, a bead between two quirks. QUIRKED Quirked, a. Defn: Having, or formed with, a quirk or quirks. QUIRKISH Quirk"ish Defn: , Consisting of quirks; resembling a quirk. Barrow. QUIRKY Quirk"y, a. Defn: Full of quirks; tricky; as, a quirky lawyer. QUIRL Quirl, n. & v. Defn: See Querl. QUIRPELE Quir"pele, n. Etym: [Tamil kirippillai.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Indian ferret. QUIRT Quirt, n. Defn: A rawhide whip plaited with two thongs of buffalo hide T. Roosevelt. QUISH Quish, n. Defn: See Cuish. QUIT Quit, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small passerine birds native of tropical America. See Banana quit, under Banana, and Guitguit. QUIT Quit, a. Etym: [OE. quite, OF. quite, F. quitte. See Quit, v., Quirt.] Defn: Released from obligation, charge, penalty, etc.; free; clear; absolved; acquitted. Chaucer. The owner of the ox shall be quit. Ex. xxi. 28. Note: This word is sometimes used in the form quits, colloquially; as, to be quits with one, that is, to have made mutual satisfaction of demands with him; to be even with him; hence, as an exclamation: Quits! we are even, or on equal terms. "To cry quits with the commons in their complaints." Fuller. QUIT Quit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quit or Quitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Quitting.] Etym: [OE. quiten, OF. quiter, quitier, cuitier, F. quitter, to acquit, quit, LL. quietare, fr. L. quietare to calm, to quiet, fr. quietus quiet. See Quiet, a., and cf. Quit, a., Quite, Acquit, Requite.] 1. To set at rest; to free, as from anything harmful or oppressive; to relieve; to clear; to liberate. [R.] To quit you of this fear, you have already looked Death in the face; what have you found so terrible in it Wake. 2. To release from obligation, accusation, penalty, or the like; to absolve; to acquit. There may no gold them quyte. Chaucer. God will relent, and quit thee all his debt. Milton. 3. To discharge, as an obligation or duty; to meet and satisfy, as a claim or debt; to make payment for or of; to requite; to repay. The blissful martyr quyte you your meed. Chaucer. Enkindle all the sparks of nature To quit this horrid act. Shak. Before that judge that quits each soul his hire. Fairfax. 4. To meet the claims upon, or expectations entertained of; to conduct; to acquit; -- used reflexively. Be strong, and quit yourselves like men. I Sam. iv. 9. Samson hath guit himself Like Samson. Milton. 5. To carry through; to go through to the end. [Obs.] Never worthy prince a day did quit With greater hazard and with more renown. Daniel. 6. To have done with; to cease from; to stop; hence, to depart from; to leave; to forsake; as, to quit work; to quit the place; to quit jesting. Such a superficial way of examining is to quit truth for appearance. Locke. To quit cost, to pay; to reimburse. -- To quit scores, to make even; to clear mutually from demands. Does not the earth quit scores with all the elements in the noble fruits that issue from it South. Syn. -- To leave; relinquish; resign; abandon; forsake; surrender; discharge; requite. -- Quit, Leave. Leave is a general term, signifying merely an act of departure; quit implies a going without intention of return, a final and absolute abandonment. QUIT Quit, v. i. Defn: To away; to depart; to stop doing a thing; to cease. QUITCH Quitch, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Quitch grass. 2. Figuratively: A vice; a taint; an evil. To pick the vicious quitch Of blood and custom wholly out of him. Tennyson . QUITCH GRASS Quitch" grass`. Etym: [Properly quick grass, being probably so called from its vigorous growth, or from its tenacity of life. See Quick, and cf. Couch grass.] (Bot.) Defn: A perennial grass (Agropyrum repens) having long running rootstalks, by which it spreads rapidly and pertinaciously, and so becomes a troublesome weed. Also called couch grass, quick grass, quick grass, twitch grass. See Illustration in Appendix. QUITCLAIM Quit"claim`, n. Etym: [Quit, a. + claim.] (Law) Defn: A release or relinquishment of a claim; a deed of release; an instrument by which some right, title, interest, or claim, which one person has, or is supposed to have, in or to an estate held by himself or another, is released or relinquished, the grantor generally covenanting only against persons who claim under himself. QUITCLAIM Quit"claim`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quitclaimed; p. pr. & vb. n. Quitclaiming.] (Law) Defn: To release or relinquish a claim to; to release a claim to by deed, without covenants of warranty against adverse and paramount titles. QUITE Quite, v. t. & i. Defn: See Quit. [Obs.] Chaucer. QUITE Quite, adv. Etym: [F. quite discharged, free, clear; cf. OF. quitement freely, frankly, entirely. See Quit, a.] 1. Completely; wholly; entirely; totally; perfectly; as, the work is not quite done; the object is quite accomplished; to be quite mistaken. Man shall not quite be lost, but saved who will. Milton. The same actions may be aimed at different ends, and arise from quite contrary principles. Spectator. 2. To a great extent or degree; very; very much; considerably. "Quite amusing." Macaulay. He really looks quite concerned. Landor. The island stretches along the land and is quite close to it. Jowett (Thucyd. ). QUITLY Quit"ly, adv. Defn: Quite. [Obs.] Chaucer. QUITRENT Quit"rent`, n. Etym: [Quit, a. + rent] (Law) Defn: A rent reserved in grants of land, by the payment of which the tenant is quit from other service. Blackstone. Note: In some of the United States a fee-farm rent is so termed. Burrill. QUITS Quits interj. Defn: See the Note under Quit, a. QUITTABLE Quit"ta*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being quitted. QUITTAL Quit"tal, n. Defn: Return; requital; quittance. [Obs.] QUITTANCE Quit"tance, n. Etym: [OE. quitaunce, OF. quitance, F. quittance. See Quit, v. t.] 1. Discharge from a debt or an obligation; acquittance. Omittance is no quittance. Shak. 2. Recompense; return; repayment. [Obs.] Shak. QUITTANCE Quit"tance, v. t. Defn: To repay; to requite. [Obs.] Shak. QUITTER Quit"ter, n. 1. One who quits. 2. A deliverer. [Obs.] Ainsworth. QUITTOR Quit"tor, n. Etym: [Perhaps for quitture.] (Far.) Defn: A chronic abscess, or fistula of the coronet, in a horse's foot, resulting from inflammation of the tissues investing the coffin bone. QUITTURE Quit"ture, n. Defn: A discharge; an issue. [Obs.] To cleanse the quitture from thy wound. Chapman. QUIVER Quiv"er, a. Etym: [Akin to AS. cwiferlice anxiously; cf. OD. kuiven, kuiveren. Cf. Quaver.] Defn: Nimble; active. [Obs.] " A little quiver fellow." Shak. QUIVER Quiv"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Quivered; p. pr. & vb. n. Quivering.] Etym: [Cf. Quaver.] Defn: To shake or move with slight and tremulous motion; to tremble; to quake; to shudder; to shiver. The green leaves quiver with the cooling wind. Shak. And left the limbs still quivering on the ground. Addison. QUIVER Quiv"er, n. Defn: The act or state of quivering; a tremor. QUIVER Quiv"er, n. Etym: [OF. cuivre, cuevre, coivre, LL. cucurum, fr. OHG. chohhari quiver, receptacle, G. köcher quiver; akin to AS. color, cocur, cocer, D. koker. Cf. Cocker a high shoe.] Defn: A case or sheath for arrows to be carried on the person. Reside him hung his bow And quiver, with three-bolted thunder stored. Milton. QUIVERED Quiv"ered, a. 1. Furnished with, or carrying, a quiver. "Like a quivered nymph with arrows keen." Milton. 2. Sheathed, as in a quiver. "Whose quills stand quivered at his ear." Pope. QUIVERINGLY Quiv"er*ing*ly, adv. Defn: With quivering motion. QUI VIVE Qui` vive". Etym: [F., fr. qui who + vive, pres. subj. of vivre to live.] Defn: The challenge of a French sentinel, or patrol; -- used like the English challenge: "Who comes there" To be on the qui vive, to be on guard; to be watchful and alert, like a sentinel. QUIXOTIC Quix*ot"ic, a. Defn: Like Don Quixote; romantic to extravagance; absurdly chivalric; apt to be deluded. "Feats of quixotic gallantry." Prescott. QUIXOTICALLY Quix*ot"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a quixotic way. QUIXOTISM Quix"ot*ism, n. Defn: That form of delusion which leads to extravagant and absurd undertakings or sacrifices in obedience to a morbidly romantic ideal of duty or honor, as illustrated by the exploits of Don Quixote in knight-errantry. QUIXOTRY Quix"ot*ry, n. Defn: Quixotism; visionary schemes. QUIZ Quiz, n. Etym: [It is said that Daly, the manager of a Dublin playhouse, laid a wager that a new word of no meaning should be the common talk and puzzle of the city in twenty-fours. In consequence of this the letters q u i z were chalked by him on all the walls of Dublin, with an effect that won the wager. Perhaps, however, originally a variant of whiz, and formerly the name of a popular game.] 1. A riddle or obscure question; an enigma; a ridiculous hoax. 2. One who quizzes others; as, he is a great quiz. 3. An odd or absurd fellow. Smart. Thackeray. 4. An exercise, or a course of exercises, conducted as a coaching or as an examination. [Cant, U.S.] QUIZ Quiz, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quizzed; p. pr. & vb. n. Quizzing.] 1. To puzzle; to banter; to chaff or mock with pretended seriousness of discourse; to make sport of, as by obscure questions. He quizzed unmercifully all the men in the room. Thackeray. 2. To peer at; to eye suspiciously or mockingly. 3. To instruct in or by a quiz. See Quiz, n., 4. [U.S.] Quizzing glass, a small eyeglass. QUIZ Quiz, v. i. Defn: To conduct a quiz. See Quiz, n., 4. [U.S.] QUIZZER Quiz"zer, n. Defn: One who quizzes; a quiz. QUIZZICAL Quiz"zic*al, a. Defn: Relating to quizzing: given to quizzing; of the nature of a quiz; farcical; sportive. -- Quiz"zic*al*ly, adv. QUIZZISM Quiz"zism, n. Defn: The act or habit of quizzing. QUOB Quob, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Quaver.] [Written also quop and quab.] Defn: To throb; to quiver. [Local & Vulgar] QUOD Quod, n. Etym: [For quad, abbrev. of quadrangle.] Defn: A quadrangle or court, as of a prison; hence, a prison. [Slang] "Flogged or whipped in quod." T. Hughes. QUOD Quod, v. Defn: Quoth; said. See Quoth. [Obs.] "Let be," quod he, "it shall not be." Chaucer. QUODDIES Quod"dies, n. pl. Defn: Herring taken and cured or smoked near Quoddy Head, Maine, or near the entrance of Passamaquoddy Ray. QUODLIBET Quod"li*bet, n. Etym: [L., what you please.] 1. A nice point; a subtilty; a debatable point. These are your quodlibets, but no learning. P. Fletcher. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A medley improvised by several performers. QUODLIBETARIAN Quod"lib*e*ta"ri*an, n. Defn: One who discusses any subject at pleasure. QUODLIBETICAL Quod"li*bet"ic*al, a. Defn: Not restricted to a particular subject; discussed for curiosity or entertainment. -- Quod`li*bet"ic*al*ly, adv. QUOIF Quoif, n. & v. t. Defn: See Coif. Shak. QUOIFFURE Quoif"fure, n. Defn: See Coiffure. QUOIL Quoil, n. Defn: See Coil. [Obs.] QUOIN Quoin, n. Etym: [See Coin, and cf. Coigne.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: Originally, a solid exterior angle, as of a building; now, commonly, one of the selected pieces of material by which the corner is marked. Note: In stone, the quoins consist of blocks larger than those used in the rest of the building, and cut to dimension. In brickwork, quoins consist of groups or masses of brick laid together, and in a certain imitation of quoins of stone. 2. A wedgelike piece of stone, wood metal, or other material, used for various purposes, as: (a) (Masonry) Defn: to support and steady a stone. (b) (Gun.) To support the breech of a cannon. (c) (Print.) To wedge or lock up a form within a chase. (d) (Naut.) To prevent casks from rolling. Hollow quoin. See under Hollow. -- Quoin post (Canals), the post of a lock gate which abuts against the wall. QUOIT Quoit, n. Etym: [OE. coite; cf. OF. coitier to spur, press, (assumed) LL. coctare, fr. L. coquere, coctum, to cook, burn, vex, harass, E. cook, also W. coete a quoit.] 1. (a) A flattened ring-shaped piece of iron, to be pitched at a fixed object in play; hence, any heavy flat missile used for the same purpose, as a stone, piece of iron, etc. (b) pl. Defn: A game played with quoits. Shak. 2. The discus of the ancients. See Discus. 3. A cromlech. [Prov. Eng.] J. Morley. QUOIT Quoit, v. i. Defn: To throw quoits; to play at quoits. To quoit, to run, and steeds and chariots drive. Dryden. QUOIT Quoit, v. t. Defn: To throw; to pitch. [Obs. or R.] Shak. QUOKE Quoke, obs. Defn: imp. of Quake. Chaucer. QUOLL Quoll, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marsupial of Australia (Dasyurus macrurus), about the size of a cat. QUONDAM Quon"dam, a. Etym: [L., formerly.] Defn: Having been formerly; former; sometime. "This is the quondam king." Shak. QUONDAM Quon"dam, n. Defn: A person dismissed or ejected from a position. [R.] "Make them quondams; . . . cast them out of their office." Latimer. QUOOK Quook, Defn: imp. of Quake. [Obs.] Spenser. QUOP Quop, v. i. Defn: See Quob. QUORUM Quo"rum, n. Etym: [L., of whom, gen. pl. of qui who, akin to E. who. See the Note below.] Defn: Such a number of the officers or members of any body as is competent by law or constitution to transact business; as, a quorum of the House of Representatives; a constitutional quorum was not present. Note: The term arose from the Latin words, Quorum aliquem vestrum . . . unum esse volumus (of whom we wish some one of you to be one), which were used in the commission formerly issued to justices of the peace in England, by which commission it was directed that no business of certain kinds should be done without the presence of one or more of certain justices specially designated. Justice of the peace and of the quorum designates a class of justices of the peace in some of the United States. QUOTA Quo"ta, n. Etym: [LL., fr. L. quota (sc. pars), fr.quotus which or what in number, of what number, how many, fr. quot how many, akin to quis, qui, who: cf. It. quota a share. See Who.] Defn: A proportional part or share; the share or proportion assigned to each in a division. "Quota of troops and money." Motley. QUOTABLE Quot"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable or worthy of being quoted; as, a quotable writer; a quotable sentence. -- Quot`a*bit"i*ty, n. Poe. QUOTATION Quo*ta"tion, n. Etym: [From Quote.] 1. The act of quoting or citing. 2. That which is quoted or cited; a part of a book or writing named, repeated, or adduced as evidence or illustration. Locke. 3. (Com.) Defn: The naming or publishing of the current price of stocks, bonds, or any commodity; also the price named. 4. Quota; share. [Obs.] 5. (print.) Defn: A piece of hollow type metal, lower than type, and measuring two or more pica ems in length and breadth, used in the blank spaces at the beginning and end of chapters, etc. Quotation marks (Print.), two inverted commas placed at the beginning, and two apostrophes at the end, of a passage quoted from an author in his own words. QUOTATIONIST Quo*ta"tion*ist n. Defn: One who makes, or is given to making, quotations. The narrow intellectuals of quotationists. Milton. QUOTE Quote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Quoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Quoting.] Etym: [OF. quoter, F. coter to letter, number, to quote, LL. quotare to divide into chapters and verses, fr. L. quotus. See Quota.] [Formerly written also cote.] 1. To cite, as a passage from some author; to name, repeat, or adduce, as a passage from an author or speaker, by way of authority or illustration; as, to quote a passage from Homer. 2. To cite a passage from; to name as the authority for a statement or an opinion; as, to quote Shakespeare. 3. (Com.) Defn: To name the current price of. 4. To notice; to observe; to examine. [Obs.] Shak. 5. To set down, as in writing. [Obs.] "He's quoted for a most perfidious slave." Shak. Syn. -- To cite; name; adduce; repeat. Quote, Cite. To cite was originally to call into court as a witness, etc., and hence denotes bringing forward any thing or person as evidence. Quote usually signifies to reproduce another's words; it is also used to indicate an appeal to some one as an authority, without adducing his exact words. QUOTE Quote, n. Defn: A note upon an author. [Obs.] Cotgrave. QUOTER Quot"er, n. Defn: One who quotes the words of another. QUOTH Quoth, v. t. Etym: [AS.cweedhan, imp cwæedh, pl. cwædon; akin to OS. queedhan, OHG. quethan, quedan, Icel. kveedha, Goth. qiþan. sq. root22. Cf. Bequeath.] Defn: Said; spoke; uttered; -- used only in the first and third persons in the past tenses, and always followed by its nominative, the word or words said being the object; as, quoth I. quoth he. "Let me not live, quoth he." Shak. QUOTHA Quoth"a, interj. Etym: [For quoth'a, said he, 'a being corrupted from he.] Defn: Indeed; forsooth. To affront the blessed hillside drabs and thieves With mended morals, quotha, -- fine new lives ! Mrs. Browning. QUOTIDIAN Quo*tid"i*an a. Etym: [OE. cotidian, L. quotidianus, fr. quotidie daily; quotus how many + dies day: cf. OF. cotidien, F. quotidien. See Quota, Deity.] Defn: Occurring or returning daily; as, a quotidian fever. QUOTIDIAN Quo*tid"i*an, n. Defn: Anything returning daily; especially (Med.), an intermittent fever or ague which returns every day. Milton. QUOTIENT Quo"tient, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. quoties how often, how many times, fr. quot how many. See Quota.] 1. (Arith.) Defn: The number resulting from the division of one number by another, and showing how often a less number is contained in a greater; thus, the quotient of twelve divided by four is three. 2. (Higher Alg.) Defn: The result of any process inverse to multiplication. See the Note under Multiplication. QUOTIETY Quo*ti"e*ty, n. Etym: [L.quotus of what number, quot how many.] (Scholastic Philos.) Defn: The relation of an object to number. Krauth-Fleming. QUOTUM Quo"tum n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. quotus of what number. See Quota.] Defn: Part or proportion; quota. [R.] "A very small quotum." Max Müller. QUO WARRANTO Quo" war*ran"to. Etym: [So called from the Law L. words quo warranto (by what authority), in the original Latin form of the writ. See Which, and Warrant.] (Law) Defn: A writ brought before a proper tribunal, to inquire by what warrant a person or a corporation acts, or exercises certain powers. Blackstone. Note: An information in the nature of a quo warranto is now common as a substitute for the writ. Wharton. QURAN Qu*ran", n. Defn: See Koran. R R (är). Defn: R, the eighteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a vocal consonant. It is sometimes called a semivowel, and a liquid. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 178, 179, and 250-254. "R is the dog's letter and hurreth in the sound." B. Jonson. In words derived from the Greek language the letter h is generally written after r to represent the aspirated sound of the Greek "r, but does not affect the pronunciation of the English word, as rhapsody, rhetoric. The English letter derives its form from the Greek through the Latin, the Greek letter being derived from the Phonician, which, it is believed, is ultimately of Egyptian origin. Etymologically, R is most closely related to l, s, and n; as in bandore, mandole; purple, L. purpura; E. chapter, F. chapitre, L. capitulum; E. was, were; hare, G. hase; E. order, F. ordre, L. ordo, ordinis; E. coffer, coffin. The three Rs, a jocose expression for reading, (w)riting, and (a)rithmetic, -- the fundamentals of an education. RA- Ra-. Defn: A prefix, from the Latin re and ad combined, coming to us through the French and Italian. See Re-, and Ad-. RA Ra (rä), n. Defn: A roe; a deer. [Obs.] Chaucer. RAASH Raash (räsh), n. [Cf. Ar. ra'ash trembling, tremor.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The electric catfish. [Written also raasch.] RAB Rab (rab), n. Defn: A rod or stick used by masons in mixing hair with mortar. RABAT Rab"at (rab"at), n. [See Rabot.] Defn: A polishing material made of potter's clay that has failed in baking. RABAT Ra`bat", n. [F. Cf. Rabato.] (Eccl.) (a) A clerical linen collar. (b) A kind of clerical scarf fitted to a collar; as, a black silk rabat. RABATE Ra*bate" (ra*bat"), v. t. [F. rabattre to beat down; pref. re- + abattre. See Abate, and cf. Rebate, v.] (Falconry) Defn: To recover to the fist, as a hawk. [Obs.] RABATINE Rab"a*tine (rab"a*tin), n. [See Rabato.] Defn: A collar or cape. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott. RABATO Ra*ba"to (ra*ba"to), n. [F. rabat, fr. rabattre. See Rabate.] Defn: A kind of ruff for the neck; a turned-down collar; a rebato. [Obs.] Shak. RABBATE Rab*bate" (rab*bat"), v. t. [See Rabate.] Defn: To abate or diminish. [Obs.] --n. Defn: Abatement. [Obs.] RABBET Rab"bet (rab"bet), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rabbeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rabbeting.] [F. raboter to plane, plane down,rabot a plane; pref. re- re- + OF. abouter, aboter. See Abut, and cf. Rebut.] 1. To cut a rabbet in; to furnish with a rabbet. 2. To unite the edges of, as boards, etc., in a rabbet joint. RABBET Rab"bet, n. [See Rabbet, v., and cf. Rebate, n.] 1. (Carp.) A longitudinal channel, groove, or recess cut out of the edge or face of any body; especially, one intended to receive another member, so as to break or cover the joint, or more easily to hold the members in place; thus, the groove cut for a panel, for a pane of glass, or for a door, is a rabbet, or rebate. 2. Same as Rabbet joint, below. Rabbet joint (Carp.), a joint formed by fitting together rabbeted boards or timbers; -- called also rabbet. -- Rabbet plane, a joiner's plane for cutting a rabbet. Moxon. RABBI Rab"bi (rab"bi or -bi; 277), n.; pl. Rabbis (-biz or -biz) or Rabbies. [L., fr. Gr. "rabbi`, Heb. rabi my master, from rab master, lord, teacher, akin to Ar. rabb.] Defn: Master; lord; teacher; -- a Jewish title of respect or honor for a teacher or doctor of the law. "The gravest rabbies." Milton. Be not ye called Rabbi, for one is your Master, even Christ, and all ye are brethren. Matt. xxiii. 8. RABBIN Rab"bin (rab"bin), n. [F.] Defn: Same as Rabbi. RABBINIC; RABBINICAL Rab*bin"ic (rab*bin"ik), Rab*bin"ic*al (-i*kal), a. [Cf. F. rabbinique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the rabbins or rabbis, or pertaining to the opinions, learning, or language of the rabbins. "Comments staler than rabbinic." Lowell. We will not buy your rabbinical fumes. Milton. RABBINIC Rab*bin"ic (rab*bin"ik), n. Defn: The language or dialect of the rabbins; the later Hebrew. RABBINICALLY Rab*bin"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a rabbinical manner; after the manner of the rabbins. RABBINISM Rab"bin*ism (rab"bin*iz'm), n. [Cf. F. rabbinisme.] 1. A rabbinic expression or phraseology; a peculiarity of the language of the rabbins. 2. The teachings and traditions of the rabbins. RABBINIST Rab"bin*ist, n. [Cf. F. rabbiniste.] Defn: One among the Jews who adhered to the Talmud and the traditions of the rabbins, in opposition to the Karaites, who rejected the traditions. RABBINITE Rab"bin*ite (-it), n. Defn: Same as Rabbinist. RABBITING Rab"bit*ing, n. Defn: The hunting of rabbits. T. Hughes. RABBITRY Rab"bit*ry (-ry), n. Defn: A place where rabbits are kept; especially, a collection of hutches for tame rabbits. RABBLE Rab"ble (rab"b'l), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Iron Manuf.) Defn: An iron bar, with the end bent, used in stirring or skimming molten iron in the process of puddling. RABBLE Rab"ble, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a rabble; like, or suited to, a rabble; disorderly; vulgar. [R.] Dryden. RABBLE Rab"ble, n. [Probably named from the noise made by it (see Rabble, v. i.); cf. D. rapalje rabble, OF. & Prov. F. rapaille.] 1. A tumultuous crowd of vulgar, noisy people; a mob; a confused, disorderly throng. I saw, I say, come out of London, even unto the presence of the prince, a great rabble of mean and light persons. Ascham. Jupiter, Mercury, Bacchus, Venus, Mars, and the whole rabble of licentious deities. Bp. Warburton. 2. A confused, incoherent discourse; a medley of voices; a chatter. The rabble, the lowest class of people, without reference to an assembly; the dregs of the people. "The rabble call him "lord.'" Shak. RABBLE Rab"ble, v. i. [Akin to D. rabbelen, Prov. G. rabbeln, to prattle, to chatter: cf. L. rabula a brawling advocate, a pettifogger, fr. rabere to rave. Cf. Rage.] Defn: To speak in a confused manner. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] RABBLE Rab"ble, v. t. Defn: To stir or skim with a rabble, as molten iron. RABBLE Rab"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rabbled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Rabbling (-bling).] 1. To insult, or assault, by a mob; to mob; as, to rabble a curate. Macaulay. The bishops' carriages were stopped and the prelates themselves rabbled on their way to the house. J. R. Green. 2. To utter glibly and incoherently; to mouth without intelligence. [Obs. or Scot.] Foxe. 3. To rumple; to crumple. [Scot.] RABBLEMENT Rab"ble*ment (rab"b'l*ment), n. Defn: A tumultuous crowd of low people; a rabble. "Rude rablement." Spenser. And still, as he refused it, the rabblement hooted. Shak. RABBLER Rab"bler (-bler), n. [See 2d Rabble.] (Mech.) Defn: A scraping tool for smoothing metal. RABBLE-ROUT Rab"ble-rout` (-b'l-rout`), n. Defn: A tumultuous crowd; a rabble; a noisy throng. RABDOIDAL Rab*doid"al (rab*doid"al), a. [Gr. "ra`bdos a rod + -oid + -al.] (Anat.) Defn: See Sagittal. [Written also rhabdoidal.] RABDOLOGY Rab*dol"o*gy (-dol"o*jy), n. [Gr. "ra`bdos rod, stick + -logy: cf. F. rabdologie.] Defn: The method or art of performing arithmetical operations by means of Napier's bones. See Napier's bones. [Written also rhabdology.] RABDOMANCY Rab"do*man`cy (rab"do*man`sy), n. [Gr. "ra`bdos rod + -mancy.] Defn: Divination by means of rods or wands. [Written also rhabdomancy.] Sir T. Browne. RABID Rab"id (rab"id), a. [L. rabidus, from rabere to rave. See Rage, n.] 1. Furious; raging; extremely violent. The rabid flight Of winds that ruin ships. Chapman. 2. Extreme, unreasonable, or fanatical in opinion; excessively zealous; as, a rabid socialist. 3. Affected with the distemper called rabies; mad; as, a rabid dog or fox. 4. (Med.) Of or pertaining to rabies, or hydrophobia; as, rabid virus. RABIDITY Ra*bid"i*ty (ra*bid"i*ty), n. Defn: Rabidness; furiousness. RABIDLY Rab"id*ly (rab"id*ly), adv. Defn: In a rabid manner; with extreme violence. RABIDNESS Rab"id*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being rabid. RABIES Ra"bi*es (ra"bi*ez), n. [L. See Rage, n.] Defn: Same as Hydrophobia (b); canine madness. RABINET Rab"i*net (rab"i*net), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Mil.) Defn: A kind of small ordnance formerly in use. [Written also rabanet.] Ainsworth. RABIOUS Ra"bi*ous (ra"bi*us), a. Defn: Fierce. [Obs.] Daniel. RABOT Ra"bot (ra"bot), n. [F.] Defn: A rubber of hard wood used in smoothing marble to be polished. Knight. RACA Ra"ca (ra"ka), a. [Gr. "raka`, from Chaldee reka.] Defn: A term of reproach used by the Jews of our Savior's time, meaning "worthless." Whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council. Matt. v. 22. RACAHOUT Ra`ca`hout" (ra`ka`oo"), n. [F. racahout, probably fr. Ar. raqaut.] Defn: A preparation from acorns used by the Arabs as a substitute for chocolate, and also as a beverage for invalids. RACCOON Rac*coon" (rak*koon"), n. [F. raton, prop., a little rat, fr. rat rat, perhaps of German origin. See Rat.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A North American nocturnal carnivore (Procyon lotor) allied to the bears, but much smaller, and having a long, full tail, banded with black and gray. Its body is gray, varied with black and white. Called also coon, and mapach. Raccoon dog (Zoöl.), the tanate. -- Raccoon fox (Zoöl.), the cacomixle. RACE Race, n. Etym: [OF. raïz, L. radix, -icis. See Radix.] Defn: A root. "A race or two of ginger." Shak. Race ginger, ginger in the root, or not pulverized. RACE Race, n. Etym: [F. race; cf. Pr. & Sp. raza, It. razza; all from OHG. reiza line, akin to E. write. See Write.] 1. The descendants of a common ancestor; a family, tribe, people, or nation, believed or presumed to belong to the same stock; a lineage; a breed. The whole race of mankind. Shak. Whence the long race of Alban fathers come. Dryden. Note: Naturalists and ehnographers divide mankind into several distinct varieties, or races. Cuvier refers them all to three, Pritchard enumerates seven, Agassiz eight, Pickering describes eleven. One of the common classifications is that of Blumenbach, who makes five races: the Caucasian, or white race, to which belong the greater part of the European nations and those of Western Asia; the Mongolian, or yellow race, occupying Tartary, China, Japan, etc.; the Ethiopian, or negro race, occupying most of Africa (except the north), Australia, Papua, and other Pacific Islands; the American, or red race, comprising the Indians of North and South America; and the Malayan, or brown race, which occupies the islands of the Indian Archipelago, etc. Many recent writers classify the Malay and American races as branches of the Mongolian. See Illustration in Appendix. 2. Company; herd; breed. For do but note a wild and wanton herd, Or race of youthful and unhandled colts, Fetching mad bounds. Shak . 3. (Bot.) Defn: A variety of such fixed character that it may be propagated by seed. 4. Peculiar flavor, taste, or strength, as of wine; that quality, or assemblage of qualities, which indicates origin or kind, as in wine; hence, characteristic flavor; smack. "A race of heaven." Shak. Is it [the wine] of the right race Massinqer. 5. Hence, characteristic quality or disposition. [Obs.] And now I give my sensual race the rein. Shak. Some . . . great race of fancy or judgment. Sir W. Temple. Syn. -- Lineage; line; family; house; breed; offspring; progeny; issue. RACE Race, n. Etym: [OE. ras, res, rees, AS. ræs a rush, running; akin to Icel. ras course, race. sq. root118.] 1. A progress; a course; a movement or progression. 2. Esp., swift progress; rapid course; a running. The flight of many birds is swifter than the race of any beasts. Bacon. 3. Hence: The act or process of running in competition; a contest of speed in any way, as in running, riding, driving, skating, rowing, sailing; in the plural, usually, a meeting for contests in the running of horses; as, he attended the races. The race is not to the swift. Eccl. ix. 11. I wield the gauntlet, and I run the race. Pope. 4. Competitive action of any kind, especially when prolonged; hence, career; course of life. My race of glory run, and race of shame. Milton. 5. A strong or rapid current of water, or the channel or passage for such a current; a powerful current or heavy sea, sometimes produced by the meeting of two tides; as, the Portland Race; the Race of Alderney. 6. The current of water that turns a water wheel, or the channel in which it flows; a mill race. Note: The part of the channel above the wheel is sometimes called the headrace, the part below, the tailrace. 7. (Mach.) Defn: A channel or guide along which a shuttle is driven back and forth, as in a loom, sewing machine, etc. Race cloth, a cloth worn by horses in racing, having pockets to hold the weights prescribed. -- Race course. (a) The path, generally circular or elliptical, over which a race is run. (b) Same as Race way, below. -- Race cup, a cup given as a prize to the victor in a race. -- Race glass, a kind of field glass. -- Race horse. (a) A horse that runs in competition; specifically, a horse bred or kept for running races. (b) A breed of horses remarkable for swiftness in running. (c) (Zoöl.) The steamer duck. (d) (Zoöl.) A mantis. -- Race knife, a cutting tool with a blade that is hooked at the point, for marking outlines, on boards or metals, as by a pattern, -- used in shipbuilding. -- Race saddle, a light saddle used in racing. -- Race track. Same as Race course (a), above. -- Race way, the canal for the current that drives a water wheel. RACE Race, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Raced; p. pr. & vb. n. Racing.] 1. To run swiftly; to contend in a race; as, the animals raced over the ground; the ships raced from port to port. 2. (Steam Mach.) Defn: To run too fast at times, as a marine engine or screw, when the screw is lifted out of water by the action of a heavy sea. RACE Race, v. t. 1. To cause to contend in race; to drive at high speed; as, to race horses. 2. To run a race with. RACEABOUT Race"a*bout`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A small sloop-rigged racing yacht carrying about six hundred square feet of sail, distinguished from a knockabout by having a short bowsprit. RACEMATE Ra*ce"mate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of racemic acid. RACEMATION Rac`e*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. racematio a gleaning, fr. racemari to glean, racemus a cluster of grapes. See Raceme.] 1. A cluster or bunch, as of grapes. Sir T. Browne. 2. Cultivation or gathering of clusters of grapes. [R.] RACEME Ra*ceme", n. Etym: [L. racemus a bunch of berries, a cluster of grapes. See Raisin.] (Bot.) Defn: A flower cluster with an elongated axis and many one-flowered lateral pedicels, as in the currant and chokecherry. Compound raceme, one having the lower pedicels developed into secondary racemes. RACEMED Ra*cemed", a. (Bot.) Defn: Arranged in a raceme, or in racemes. RACEMIC Ra*ce"mic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. racémique. See Raceme.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid found in many kinds of grapes. It is also obtained from tartaric acid, with which it is isomeric, and from sugar, gum, etc., by oxidation. It is a sour white crystalline substance, consisting of a combination of dextrorotatory and levorotatory tartaric acids. Gregory. RACEMIFEROUS Rac`e*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. racemifer bearing clusters; racemus cluster + ferre to bear: cf. F. racémifère.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing racemes, as the currant. RACEMIFORM Ra*cem"i*form, a. Defn: Having the form of a raceme. Gray. RACEMOSE Rac"e*mose`, a. Etym: [L. racemosus full of clusters.] Defn: Resembling a raceme; growing in the form of a raceme; as, (Bot.) racemose berries or flowers; (Anat.) the racemose glands, in which the ducts are branched and clustered like a raceme. Gray. RACEMOUS Rac"e*mous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. racémeux.] Defn: See Racemose. RACEMULE Rac"e*mule, n. (Bot.) Defn: A little raceme. RACEMULOSE Ra*cem"u*lose`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Growing in very small racemes. RACER Ra"cer, n. 1. One who, or that which, races, or contends in a race; esp., a race horse. And bade the nimblest racer seize the prize. Pope. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common American black snake. 3. (Mil.) Defn: One of the circular iron or steel rails on which the chassis of a heavy gun is turned. RACE SUICIDE Race suicide. Defn: The voluntary failure of the members of a race or people to have a number of children sufficient to keep the birth rate equal to the death rate. RACH; RACHE Rach, Rache, n. Etym: [AS.ræcc; akin to Icel. rakki.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A dog that pursued his prey by scent, as distinguished from the greyhound.[Obs.] RACHIALGIA Ra"chi*al"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A painful affection of the spine; especially, Pott's disease; also, formerly, lead colic. RACHIDIAN Ra*chid"i*an, a. Etym: [See Rachis.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the rachis; spinal; vertebral. Same as Rhachidian. RACHILLA Ra*chil"la, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Same as Rhachilla. RACHIODONT Ra"chi*o*dont, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Rhachiodont. RACHIS Ra"chis, n.; pl. E. Rachises, L. Rachides. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. [Written also rhachis.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The spine; the vertebral column. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Rhachis. RACHITIC Ra*chit"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rachitique. See Rachitis.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to rachitis; affected by rachitis; rickety. RACHITIS Ra*chi"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. [Written also rhachitis.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Literally, inflammation of the spine, but commonly applied to the rickets. See Rickets. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A disease which produces abortion in the fruit or seeds. Henslow. RACHITOME Ra"chi*tome, n. Etym: [F., fr. Gr. Defn: A dissecting instrument for opening the spinal canal. [Written also rachiotome.] RACIAL Ra"cial, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a race or family of men; as, the racial complexion. RACILY Ra"ci*ly, adv. Defn: In a racy manner. RACINESS Ra"ci*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being racy; peculiar and piquant flavor. The general characteristics of his [Cobbett's] style were perspicuity, unequaled and inimitable; . . . a purity always simple, and raciness often elegant. London Times. RACING Ra"cing, Defn: a. & n. from Race, v. t. & i. Racing crab (Zoöl.), an ocypodian. RACK Rack, n. Defn: Same as Arrack. RACK Rack, n. Etym: [AS. hracca neck, hinder part of the head; cf. AS. hraca throat, G. rachen throat, E. retch.] Defn: The neck and spine of a fore quarter of veal or mutton. RACK Rack, n. Etym: [See Wreck.] Defn: A wreck; destruction. [Obs., except in a few phrases.] Rack and ruin, destruction; utter ruin. [Colloq.] -- To go to rack, to perish; to be destroyed. [Colloq.] "All goes to rack." Pepys. RACK Rack, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. Icel. rek drift, motion, and akin to reka to drive, and E. wrack, wreck. .] Defn: Thin, flying, broken clouds, or any portion of floating vapor in the sky. Shak. The winds in the upper region, which move the clouds above, which we call the rack, . . . pass without noise. Bacon. And the night rack came rolling up. C. Kingsley. RACK Rack, v. i. Defn: To fly, as vapor or broken clouds. RACK Rack, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Racked; p. pr. & vb. n. Racking.] Etym: [See Rack that which stretches, or Rock, v.] Defn: To amble fast, causing a rocking or swaying motion of the body; to pace; -- said of a horse. Fuller. RACK Rack, n. Defn: A fast amble. RACK Rack, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. vin raqué squeezed from the dregs of the grapes.] Defn: To draw off from the lees or sediment, as wine. It is in common practice to draw wine or beer from the lees (which we call racking), whereby it will clarify much the sooner. Bacon. Rack vintage, wine cleansed and drawn from the lees. Cowell. RACK Rack, n. Etym: [Probably fr. D.rek, rekbank, a rack, rekken to stretch; akin to G. reck, reckbank, a rack, recken to stretch, Dan. række, Sw. räcka, Icel. rekja to spread out, Goth. refrakjan to stretch out; cf. L. porrigere, Gr. Right, a., Ratch.] 1. An instrument or frame used for stretching, extending, retaining, or displaying, something. Specifically: (a) An engine of torture, consisting of a large frame, upon which the body was gradually stretched until, sometimes, the joints were dislocated; -- formerly used judicially for extorting confessions from criminals or suspected persons. During the troubles of the fifteenth century, a rack was introduced into the Tower, and was occasionally used under the plea of political necessity. Macaulay. (b) An instrument for bending a bow. (c) A grate on which bacon is laid. (d) A frame or device of various construction for holding, and preventing the waste of, hay, grain, etc., supplied to beasts. (e) A frame on which articles are deposited for keeping or arranged for display; as, a clothes rack; a bottle rack, etc. (f) (Naut.) A piece or frame of wood, having several sheaves, through which the running rigging passes; -- called also rack block. Also, a frame to hold shot. (g) (Mining) A frame or table on which ores are separated or washed. (h) A frame fitted to a wagon for carrying hay, straw, or grain on the stalk, or other bulky loads. (i) A distaff. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A bar with teeth on its face, or edge, to work with those of a wheel, pinion, or worm, which is to drive it or be driven by it. 3. That which is extorted; exaction. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys. Mangle rack. (Mach.) See under Mangle. n. -- Rack block. (Naut.) See def. 1 (f), above. -- Rack lashing, a lashing or binding where the rope is tightened, and held tight by the use of a small stick of wood twisted around. -- Rack rail (Railroads), a toothed rack, laid as a rail, to afford a hold for teeth on the driving wheel of locomotive for climbing steep gradients, as in ascending a mountain. -- Rack saw, a saw having wide teeth. -- Rack stick, the stick used in a rack lashing. -- To be on the rack, to suffer torture, physical or mental. -- To live at rack and manger, to live on the best at another's expense. [Colloq.] -- To put to the rack, to subject to torture; to torment. A fit of the stone puts a kingto the rack, and makes him as miserable as it does the meanest subject. Sir W. Temple. RACK Rack, v. t. 1. To extend by the application of force; to stretch or strain; specifically, to stretch on the rack or wheel; to torture by an engine which strains the limbs and pulls the joints. He was racked and miserably tormented. Pope. 2. To torment; to torture; to affect with extreme pain or anguish. Vaunting aloud but racked with deep despair. Milton. 3. To stretch or strain, in a figurative sense; hence, to harass, or oppress by extortion. The landlords there shamefully rack their tenants. Spenser. They [landlords] rack a Scripture simile beyond the true intent thereof. Fuller. Try what my credit can in Venice do; That shall be racked even to the uttermost. Shak. 4. (Mining) Defn: To wash on a rack, as metals or ore. 5. (Naut.) Defn: To bind together, as two ropes, with cross turns of yarn, marline, etc. To rack one's brains or wits, to exert them to the utmost for the purpose of accomplishing something. Syn. -- To torture; torment; rend; tear. RACKABONES Rack"a*bones`, n. Defn: A very lean animal, esp. a horse. [Colloq. U. S.] RACKAROCK Rack"a*rock`, n. [Rack to stretch, strain + a + rock.] Defn: A Sprengel explosive consisting of potassium chlorate and mono- nitrobenzene. RACKER Rack"er, n. 1. One who racks. 2. A horse that has a racking gait. RACKET Rack"et, n. Etym: [F. raquette; cf. Sp. raquets, It. racchetta, which is perhaps for retichetta, and fr. L. rete a net (cf. Reticule); or perh. from the Arabic; cf. Ar. raha the palm of the hand (used at first to strike the ball), and OF. rachette, rasquette, carpus, tarsus.] [Written also racquet.] 1. A thin strip of wood, having the ends brought together, forming a somewhat elliptical hoop, across which a network of catgut or cord is stretched. It is furnished with a handle, and is used for catching or striking a ball in tennis and similar games. Each one [of the Indians] has a bat curved like a crosier, and ending in a racket. Bancroft. 2. A variety of the game of tennis played with peculiar long-handled rackets; -- chiefly in the plural. Chaucer. 3. A snowshoe formed of cords stretched across a long and narrow frame of light wood. [Canada] 4. A broad wooden shoe or patten for a man horse, to enable him to step on marshy or soft ground. Racket court, a court for playing the game of rackets. RACKET Rack"et, v. t. Defn: To strike with, or as with, a racket. Poor man [is] racketed from one temptation to another. Hewyt. RACKET Rack"et, n. Etym: [Gael. racaid a noise, disturbance.] 1. confused, clattering noise; din; noisy talk or sport. 2. A carouse; any reckless dissipation. [Slang] RACKET Rack"et, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Racketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Racketing.] 1. To make a confused noise or racket. 2. To engage in noisy sport; to frolic. Sterne. 3. To carouse or engage in dissipation. [Slang] RACKETER Rack"et*er, n. Defn: One who makes, or engages in, a racket. RACKETT Rack"ett, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Mus.) Defn: An old wind instrument of the double bassoon kind, having ventages but not keys. RACKET-TAIL Rack"et-tail n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of humming birds of the genus Steganura, having two of the tail feathers very long and racket- shaped. RACKET-TAILED Rack"et-tailed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having long and spatulate, or racket-shaped, tail feathers. RACKETY Rack"et*y, a. Defn: Making a tumultuous noise. RACKING Rack"ing, n. (Naut.) Defn: Spun yarn used in racking ropes. RACK-RENT Rack"-rent`, n. Defn: A rent of the full annual value of the tenement, or near it; an excessive or unreasonably high rent. Blackstone. RACK-RENT Rack"-rent`, v. t. Defn: To subject to rack-rent, as a farm or tenant. RACK-RENTER Rack"-rent`er, n. 1. One who is subjected to playing rack-rent. 2. One who exacts rack-rent. RACKTAIL Rack"tail`, n. (Horol.) Defn: An arm attached to a swinging notched arc or rack, to let off the striking mechanism of a repeating clock. RACKWORK Rack"work`, n. Defn: Any mechanism having a rack, as a rack and pinion. RACLE Ra"cle, a. Defn: See Rakel. [Obs.] Chaucer. RACLENESS Ra"cle*ness, n. Defn: See Rakelness. [Obs.] Chaucer. RACONTEUR Ra`con`teur", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A relater; a storyteller. RACOONDA Ra*coon"da, n. Etym: [From a native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The coypu. RACOVIAN Ra*co"vi*an, n. Etym: [From Racow.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect of Socinians or Unitarians in Poland. RACQUET Rac"quet, n. Defn: See Racket. RACY Ra"cy, a. [Compar. Racier; superl. Raciest.] Etym: [From Race a tribe, family.] 1. Having a strong flavor indicating origin; of distinct characteristic taste; tasting of the soil; hence, fresh; rich. The racy wine, Late from the mellowing cask restored to light. Pope. 2. Hence: Exciting to the mental taste by a strong or distinctive character of thought or language; peculiar and piquant; fresh and lively. Our raciest, most idiomatic popular word. M. Arnold. Burn's English, though not so racy as his Scotch, is generally correct. H. Coleridge. The rich and racy humor of a natural converser fresh from the plow. Prof. Wilson. Syn. -- Spicy; spirited; lively; smart; piquant. -- Racy, Spicy. Racy refers primarily to that peculiar flavor which certain wines are supposed to derive from the soil in which the grapes were grown; and hence we call a style or production racy when it "smacks of the soil," or has an uncommon degree of natural freshness and distinctiveness of thought and language. Spicy, when applied, has reference to a spirit and pungency added by art, seasoning the matter like a condiment. It does not, like racy, suggest native peculiarity. A spicy article in a magazine; a spicy retort. Racy in conversation; a racy remark. Rich, racy verses, in which we The soil from which they come, taste, smell, and see. Cowley. RAD Rad, obs. Defn: imp. & p. p. of Read, Rede. Spenser. RADDE Rad"de, obs. Defn: imp. of Read, Rede. Chaucer. RADDLE Rad"dle, n. Etym: [Cf. G. räder, rädel, sieve, or perhaps E. reed.] 1. A long, flexible stick, rod, or branch, which is interwoven with others, between upright posts or stakes, in making a kind of hedge or fence. 2. A hedge or fence made with raddles; -- called also raddle hedge. Todd. 3. An instrument consisting of a woodmen bar, with a row of upright pegs set in it, used by domestic weavers to keep the warp of a proper width, and prevent tangling when it is wound upon the beam of the loom. RADDLE Rad"dle, v. t. Defn: To interweave or twist together. Raddling or working it up like basket work. De Foe. RADDLE Rad"dle, n. Etym: [Cf. Ruddle.] Defn: A red pigment used in marking sheep, and in some mechanical processes; ruddle. "A ruddle of rouge." Thackeray. RADDLE Rad"dle, v. t. Defn: To mark or paint with, or as with, raddle. "Whitened and raddled old women." Thackeray. RADDOCK Rad"dock, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ruddock. [Prov. Eng.] RADE Rade, n. Defn: A raid. [Scot.] RADEAU Ra`deau", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A float; a raft. Three vessels under sail, and one at anchor, above Split Rock, and behind it the radeau Thunderer. W. Irving. RADIAL Ra"di*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. radial. See Radius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a radius or ray; consisting of, or like, radii or rays; radiated; as, (Bot.) radial projections; (Zoöl.) radial vessels or canals; (Anat.) the radial artery. Radial symmetry. (Biol.) See under Symmetry. RADIALE Ra`di*a"le, n.; pl. Radialia. Etym: [NL. See Radial.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The bone or cartilage of the carpus which articulates with the radius and corresponds to the scaphoid bone in man. 2. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: Radial plates in the calyx of a crinoid. RADIAL ENGINE Radial engine. (Mach.) Defn: An engine, usually an internal-combustion engine of a certain type (the radial type) having several cylinders arranged radially like the spokes of a complete wheel. The semiradial engine has radiating cylinders on only one side of the crank shaft. RADIALLY Ra"di*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a radial manner. RADIAN Ra"di*an, n. Etym: [From Radius.] (Math.) Defn: An arc of a circle which is equal to the radius, or the angle measured by such an arc. RADIANCE; RADIANCY Ra"di*ance, Ra"di*an*cy, n. Defn: The quality of being radiant; brilliancy; effulgence; vivid brightness; as, the radiance of the sun. Girt with omnipotence, with radiance crowned. Milton. What radiancy of glory, What light beyond compare ! Neale. Syn. -- Luster; brilliancy; splendor; glare; glitter. RADIANT Ra"di*ant, a. Etym: [L. radians, -antis, p. pr. of radiare to emit rays or beams, fr. radius ray: cf. F. radiant. See Radius, Ray a divergent line.] 1. Emitting or proceeding as from a center; [U.S.] rays; radiating; radiate. 2. Especially, emitting or darting rays of light or heat; issuing in beams or rays; beaming with brightness; emitting a vivid light or splendor; as, the radiant sun. Mark what radiant state she spreads. Milton. 3. Beaming with vivacity and happiness; as, a radiant face. 4. (Her.) Defn: Giving off rays; -- said of a bearing; as, the sun radiant; a crown radiant. 5. (Bot.) Defn: Having a raylike appearance, as the large marginal flowers of certain umbelliferous plants; -- said also of the cluster which has such marginal flowers. Radiant energy (Physics), energy given out or transmitted by radiation, as in the case of light and radiant heat. -- Radiant heat, proceeding in right lines, or directly from the heated body, after the manner of light, in distinction from heat conducted or carried by intervening media. -- Radiant point. (Astron.) See Radiant, n., 3. RADIANT Ra"di*ant, n. 1. (Opt.) Defn: The luminous point or object from which light emanates; also, a body radiating light brightly. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A straight line proceeding from a given point, or fixed pole, about which it is conceived to revolve. 3. (Astron.) Defn: The point in the heavens at which the apparent paths of shooting stars meet, when traced backward, or whence they appear to radiate. RADIANT ENGINE Radiant engine. (Mach.) Defn: A semiradial engine. See Radial engine, above. RADIANTLY Ra"di*ant*ly, adv. Defn: In a radiant manner; with glittering splendor. RADIARY Ra"di*a*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. radiaire.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A radiate. [Obs.] RADIATA Ra`di*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. radiatus, p. p. See Radiate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive artificial group of invertebrates, having all the parts arranged radially around the vertical axis of the body, and the various organs repeated symmetrically in each ray or spheromere. Note: It includes the coelenterates and the echinoderms. Formerly, the group was supposed to be a natural one, and was considered one of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom. RADIATE Ra"di*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Radiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Radiating.] Etym: [L. radiatus, p. p. of radiare to furnish with spokes or rays, to radiate, fr. radius. See Radius, Ray a divergent line.] 1. To emit rays; to be radiant; to shine. Virtues shine more clear In them [kings], and radiant like the sun at noon. Howell. 2. To proceed in direct lines from a point or surface; to issue in rays, as light or heat. Light radiates from luminous bodies directly to our eyes. Locke. RADIATE Ra"di*ate, v. t. 1. To emit or send out in direct lines from a point or points; as, to radiate heat. 2. To enlighten; to illuminate; to shed light or brightness on; to irradiate. [R.] RADIATE Ra"di*ate, a. Etym: [L. radiatus, p. p.] 1. Having rays or parts diverging from a center; radiated; as, a radiate crystal. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having in a capitulum large ray florets which are unlike the disk florets, as in the aster, daisy, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Radiata. RADIATE Ra"di*ate, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Radiata. RADIATED Ra"di*a`ted, a. 1. Emitted, or sent forth, in rays or direct lines; as, radiated heat. 2. Formed of, or arranged like, rays or radii; having parts or markings diverging, like radii, from a common center or axis; as, a radiated structure; a radiated group of crystals. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Radiata. RADIATELY Ra"di*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In a radiate manner; with radiation or divergence from a center. RADIATE-VEINED Ra"di*ate-veined`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the principal veins radiating, or diverging, from the apex of the petiole; -- said of such leaves as those of the grapevine, most maples, and the castor-oil plant. RADIATIFORM Ra`di*at"i*form, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the marginal florets enlarged and radiating but not ligulate, as in the capitula or heads of the cornflower, Gray. RADIATION Ra`di*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. radiatio: cf. F. radiation.] 1. The act of radiating, or the state of being radiated; emission and diffusion of rays of light; beamy brightness. 2. The shooting forth of anything from a point or surface, like the diverging rays of light; as, the radiation of heat. RADIATIVE Ra"di*a*tive, a. Defn: Capable of radiating; acting by radiation. Tyndall. RADIATOR Ra"di*a`tor, n. Defn: That which radiates or emits rays, whether of light or heat; especially, that part of a heating apparatus from which the heat is radiated or diffused; as, a stream radiator. RADICAL Rad"i*cal, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. radicalis having roots, fr. radix, - icis, a root. See Radix.] 1. Of or pertaining to the root; proceeding directly from the root. 2. Hence: Of or pertaining to the root or origin; reaching to the center, to the foundation to the ultimate sources to the principles, or the like: original; fundamental; thorough-going; unsparing; extreme; as, radical evils; radical reform; a radical party. The most determined exertions of that authority, against them, only showed their radical independence. Burke. 3. (Bot.) (a) Belonging to, or proceeding from, the root of a plant; as, radical tubers or hairs. (b) Proceeding from a rootlike stem, or one which does not rise above the ground; as, the radical leaves of the dandelion and the sidesaddle flower. 4. (Philol.) Defn: Relating, or belonging, to the root, or ultimate source of derivation; as, a radical verbal form. 5. (Math.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a radix or root; as, a radical quantity; a radical sign. See below. Radical axis of two circles. (Geom.) See under Axis. -- Radical pitch, the pitch or tone with which the utterance of a syllable begins. Rush. -- Radical quantity (Alg.), a quantity to which the radical sign is prefixed; specifically, a quantity which is not a perfect power of the degree indicated by the radical sign; a surd. -- Radical sign (Math.), the sign sq. root (originally the letter r, the initial of radix, root), placed before any quantity, denoting that its root is to be extracted; thus, sq. roota, or sq. root(a + b). To indicate any other than the square root, a corresponding figure is placed over the sign; thus cube roota, indicates the third or cube root of a. -- Radical stress (Elocution), force of utterance falling on the initial part of a syllable or sound. -- Radical vessels (Anat.), minute vessels which originate in the substance of the tissues. Syn. -- Primitive; original; natural; underived; fundamental; entire. -- Radical, Entire. These words are frequently employed as interchangeable in describing some marked alternation in the condition of things. There is, however, an obvious difference between them. A radical cure, reform, etc., is one which goes to the root of the thing in question; and it is entire, in the sense that, by affecting the root, it affects in a appropriate degree the entire body nourished by the root; but it may not be entire in the sense of making a change complete in its nature, as well as in its extent. Hence, we speak of a radical change; a radical improvement; radical differences of opinion; while an entire change, an entire improvement, an entire difference of opinion, might indicate more than was actually intended. A certain change may be both radical and entire, in every sense. RADICAL Rad"i*cal, n. 1. (Philol.) (a) A primitive word; a radix, root, or simple, underived, uncompounded word; an etymon. (b) A primitive letter; a letter that belongs to the radix. The words we at present make use of, and understand only by common agreement, assume a new air and life in the understanding, when you trace them to their radicals, where you find every word strongly stamped with nature; full of energy, meaning, character, painting, and poetry. Cleland. 2. (Politics) Defn: One who advocates radical changes in government or social institutions, especially such changes as are intended to level class inequalities; -- opposed to conservative. In politics they [the Independents] were, to use phrase of their own time. "Root-and-Branch men," or, to use the kindred phrase of our own, Radicals. Macaulay. 3. (Chem.) (a) A characteristic, essential, and fundamental constituent of any compound; hence, sometimes, an atom. As a general rule, the metallic atoms are basic radicals, while the nonmetallic atoms are acid radicals. J. P. Cooke. (b) Specifically, a group of two or more atoms, not completely saturated, which are so linked that their union implies certain properties, and are conveniently regarded as playing the part of a single atom; a residue; -- called also a compound radical. Cf. Residue. 4. (Alg.) Defn: A radical quantity. See under Radical, a. An indicated root of a perfect power of the degree indicated is not a radical but a rational quantity under a radical form. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ) 5. (Anat.) Defn: A radical vessel. See under Radical, a. RADICALISM Rad"i*cal*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. radicalisme.] Defn: The quality or state of being radical; specifically, the doctrines or principles of radicals in politics or social reform. Radicalism means root work; the uprooting of all falsehoods and abuses. F. W. Robertson. RADICALITY Rad`i*cal"i*ty, n. 1. Germinal principle; source; origination. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Radicalness; relation to root in essential to a root in essential nature or principle. RADICALLY Rad"i*cal*ly, adv. 1. In a radical manner; at, or from, the origin or root; fundamentally; as, a scheme or system radically wrong or defective. 2. Without derivation; primitively; essentially. [R.] These great orbs thus radically bright. Prior. RADICALNESS Rad"i*cal*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being radical. RADICANT Rad"i*cant, a. Etym: [L. radicans, p. pr.: cf. F. radicant. See Radicate, a.] (Bot.) Defn: Taking root on, or above, the ground; rooting from the stem, as the trumpet creeper and the ivy. RADICATE Rad"i*cate, a. Etym: [L. radicatus, p. p. of radicari to take root, fr. radix. See Radix.] Defn: Radicated. RADICATE Rad"i*cate, v. i. Defn: To take root; to become rooted. Evelyn. RADICATE Rad"i*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Radicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Radicating.] Defn: To cause to take root; to plant deeply and firmly; to root. Time should . . . rather confirm and radicate in us the remembrance of God's goodness. Barrow. RADICATED Rad"i*ca`ted, a. Defn: Rooted; specifically: (a) (Bot.) Having roots, or possessing a well-developed root. (b) (Zoöl.) Having rootlike organs for attachment. RADICATION Rad`i*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. radication.] 1. The process of taking root, or state of being rooted; as, the radication of habits. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The disposition of the roots of a plant. RADICEL Rad"i*cel, n. Etym: [Dim. of radix.] (Bot.) Defn: A small branch of a root; a rootlet. RADICIFLOROUS Ra*dic`i*flo"rous, a. Etym: [L. radix, -icis, root + flos, floris, a flower.] (Bot.) Defn: Rhizanthous. RADICIFORM Ra*dic"i*form, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the nature or appearance of a radix or root. RADICLE Rad"i*cle, n. Etym: [L. radicula, dim. of radix, -icis, root: cf. F. radicule. See Radix.] (Bot.) (a) The rudimentary stem of a plant which supports the cotyledons in the seed, and from which the root is developed downward; the stem of the embryo; the caulicle. (b) A rootlet; a radicel. RADICULAR Ra*dic"u*lar, a. Defn: Of or performance to roots, or the root of a plant. RADICULE Rad"i*cule, n. Defn: A radicle. RADICULOSE Ra*dic"u*lose`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Producing numerous radicles, or rootlets. RADII Ra"di*i, n., Defn: pl. of Radius. RADIO- Ra"di*o-. Defn: A combining form indicating connection with, or relation to, a radius or ray; specifically (Anat.), with the radius of the forearm; as, radio-ulnar, radiomuscular, radiocarpal. RADIO-ACTIVE Ra`di*o-ac"tive, a. [Radio-+ active.] (Physics) Defn: Capable of luminescence under the action of cathode rays, X rays, or any of the allied forms of radiation. -- Ra`di*o- ac*tiv"i*ty, n. RADIOCONDUCTOR Ra`di*o*con*duc"tor, n. (Elec.) Defn: A substance or device that has its conductivity altered in some way by electric waves, as a coherer. RADIO-FLAGELLATA Ra`di*o-flag`el*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Radiate, and Flagellata.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Protozoa having both flagella and pseudopodia. RADIOGRAPH Ra"di*o*graph, n. Etym: [Radio- + -graph.] (Phys.) Defn: A picture produced by the Röntgen rays upon a sensitive surface, photographic or fluorescent, especially a picture of opaque objects traversed by the rays. RADIOGRAPHY Ra`di*og"ra*phy, n. Defn: Art or process of making radiographs. -- Ra`di*o*graph"ic (#), *graph"ic*al (#), a. --Ra`di*o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. RADIOLARIA Ra`di*o*la"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Radioli.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Order of rhizopods, usually having a siliceous skeleton, or shell, and sometimes radiating spicules. The pseudopodia project from the body like rays. It includes the polycystines. See Polycystina. RADIOLARIAN Ra`di*o*la"ri*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Radiolaria. -- n. Defn: One of the Radiolaria. RADIOLI Ra*di"o*li, n. pl.; sing. Radiolus (. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. radius radius: cf. L. radiolus a feeble sunbeam.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The barbs of the radii of a feather; barbules. RADIOLITE Ra"di*o*lite, n. Etym: [L. radius ray + -lite: cf. F. radiolithe.] (Paleon.) Defn: A hippurite. RADIOMETER Ra`di*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. radius radius + -meter: cf. F. radiomètre.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A forestaff. 2. (Physics) Defn: An instrument designed for measuring the mechanical effect of radiant energy. Note: It consists of a number of light discs, blackened on one side, placed at the ends of extended arms, supported on an a pivot in an exhausted glass vessel. When exposed to rays of light or heat, the arms rotate. RADIOMETRY Ra`di*om"e*try, n. (Physics) Defn: The use of the radiometer, or the measurement of radiation. -- Ra`di*o*met"ric (#), a. RADIOMICROMETER Ra`di*o*mi*crom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Radio- + micrometer.] (Physics) Defn: A very sensitive modification or application of the thermopile, used for indicating minute changes of radiant heat, or temperature. RADIOPHARE Ra"di*o*phare, n. [Radio- + phare.] Defn: A radiotelegraphic station serving solely for determining the position of ships. The radius of operation of such stations was restricted by the International Radiotelegraphic Convention (1912) to 30 nautical miles. RADIOPHONE Ra"di*o*phone, Etym: [Radio- + Gr. (Physics) Defn: An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of luminous or thermal rays. It is essentially the same as the photophone. RADIOPHONY Ra`di*oph"o*ny, n. (Physics) Defn: The art or practice of using the radiophone. RADIOPTICON Ra`di*op"ti*con, n. [Radio-+ stereopticon.] Defn: See Projector, above. RADIOSCOPY Ra`di*os"co*py, n. [Radio- + -scopy.] Defn: Direct observation of objects opaque to light by means of some other form of radiant energy, as the Röntgen rays. -- Ra`di*o*scop"ic (#), *scop"ic*al (#), a. RADIOTELEGRAM Ra`di*o*tel"e*gram, n. Defn: A message transmitted by radiotelegraph. RADIOTELEGRAPH Ra`di*o*tel"e*graph, n. [Radio-+ telegraph.] Defn: A wireless telegraph. RADIOTELEGRAPHIC Ra`di*o*tel`e*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to radiotelegraphy; employing, or used or employed in, radiotelegraphy. RADIOTELEGRAPHY Ra`di*o*te*leg"ra*phy, n. [Radio- + telegraphy.] Defn: Telegraphy using the radiant energy of electrical (Hertzian) waves; wireless telegraphy; -- the term adopted for use by the Radiotelegraphic Convention of 1912. RADIOTELEPHONE Ra`di*o*tel"e*phone, n. Defn: A wireless telephone. -- Ra`di*o*te*leph"o*ny (#), n. RADIOTHERAPY Ra`di*o*ther"a*py, n. [Radio-+ therapy.] (Med.) Defn: Treatment of disease by means of Röntgen rays or other forms of radioactivity. RADIOTHORIUM Ra`di*o*tho"ri*um, n. (Chem.) Defn: A radioactive substance apparently formed as a product from thorium. RADIOUS Ra"di*ous, a. Etym: [L. radiosus.] 1. Consisting of rays, and light. [R.] Berkeley. 2. Radiating; radiant. [Obs.] G. Fletcher. RADISH Rad"ish, n. Etym: [F. radis; cf. It. radice, Pr. raditz: all fr. L. radix, -icis, a root, an edible root, especially a radish, akin to E. wort. See Wort, and cf. Eradicate, Race a root, Radix.] (Bot.) Defn: The pungent fleshy root of a well-known cruciferous plant (Paphanus sativus); also, the whole plant. Radish fly (Zoöl.), a small two-winged fly (Anthomyia raphani) whose larvæ burrow in radishes. It resembles the onion fly. -- Rat-tailed radish (Bot.), an herb (Raphanus caudatus) having a long, slender pod, which is sometimes eaten. -- Wild radish (Bot.), the jointed charlock. RADIUM Ra`di*um, n. [NL., fr. L. radius ray.] (Chem.) Defn: An intensely radioactive metallic element found (combined) in minute quantities in pitchblende, and various other uranium minerals. Symbol, Ra; atomic weight, 226.4. Radium was discovered by M. and Mme. Curie, of Paris, who in 1902 separated compounds of it by a tedious process from pitchblende. Its compounds color flames carmine and give a characteristic spectrum. It resembles barium chemically. Radium preparations are remarkable for maintaining themselves at a higher temperature than their surroundings, and for their radiations, which are of three kinds: alpha rays, beta rays, and gamma rays (see these terms). By reason of these rays they ionize gases, affect photographic plates, cause sores on the skin, and produce many other striking effects. Their degree of activity depends on the proportion of radium present, but not on its state of chemical combination or on external conditions.The radioactivity of radium is therefore an atomic property, and is explained as result from a disintegration of the atom. This breaking up occurs in at least seven stages; the successive main products have been studied and are called radium emanation or exradio, radium A, radium B, radium C, etc. (The emanation is a heavy gas, the later products are solids.) These products are regarded as unstable elements, each with an atomic weight a little lower than its predecessor. It is possible that lead is the stable end product. At the same time the light gas helium is formed; it probably consists of the expelled alpha particles. The heat effect mentioned above is ascribed to the impacts of these particles. Radium, in turn, is believed to be formed indirectly by an immeasurably slow disintegration of uranium. RADIUS Ra"di*us, n.; pl. L. Radii; E. Radiuses. Etym: [L., a staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, radius, ray. See Ray a divergent line.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A right line drawn or extending from the center of a circle to the periphery; the semidiameter of a circle or sphere. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The preaxial bone of the forearm, or brachium, corresponding to the tibia of the hind limb. See Illust. of Artiodactyla. Note: The radius is on the same side of the limb as the thumb, or pollex, and in man it so articulated that its lower end is capable of partial rotation about the ulna. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A ray, or outer floret, of the capitulum of such plants as the sunflower and the daisy. See Ray, 2. 4. pl. (Zoöl.) (a) The barbs of a perfect. (b) Radiating organs, or color-markings, of the radiates. 5. The movable limb of a sextant or other angular instrument. Knight. Radius bar (Math.), a bar pivoted at one end, about which it swings, and having its other end attached to a piece which it causes to move in a circular arc. -- Radius of curvature. See under Curvature. RADIUS VECTOR Ra"di*us vec"tor. 1. (Math.) Defn: A straight line (or the length of such line) connecting any point, as of a curve, with a fixed point, or pole, round which the straight line turns, and to which it serves to refer the successive points of a curve, in a system of polar coördinates. See Coördinate, n. 2. (Astron.) Defn: An ideal straight line joining the center of an attracting body with that of a body describing an orbit around it, as a line joining the sun and a planet or comet, or a planet and its satellite. RADIX Ra"dix, n.; pl. Radices, E. Radixes. Etym: [L. radix, -icis, root. See Radish.] 1. (Philol.) Defn: A primitive, from which spring other words; a radical; a root; an etymon. 2. (Math.) (a) A number or quantity which is arbitrarily made the fundamental number of any system; a base. Thus, 10 is the radix, or base, of the common system of logarithms, and also of the decimal system of numeration. (b) (Alg.) A finite expression, from which a series is derived. [R.] Hutton. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The root of a plant. RADULA Rad"u*la, n.; pl. Radulæ. Etym: [L., a scraper, fr. radere to scrape.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The chitinous ribbon bearing the teeth of mollusks; -- called also lingual ribbon, and tongue. See Odontophore. RADULIFORM Ra*du"li*form, a. Etym: [L. radula a scraper + -form.] Defn: Rasplike; as, raduliform teeth. RAFF Raff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Raffing.] Etym: [OF. raffer, of German origin; cf. G. raffen; akin to E. rap to snatch. See Rap, and cf. Riffraff, Rip to tear.] Defn: To sweep, snatch, draw, or huddle together; to take by a promiscuous sweep. [Obs.] Causes and effects which I thus raff up together. Carew. RAFF Raff, n. 1. A promiscuous heap; a jumble; a large quantity; lumber; refuse. "A raff of errors." Barrow. 2. The sweepings of society; the rabble; the mob; -- chiefly used in the compound or duplicate, riffraff. 3. A low fellow; a churl. Raff merchant, a dealer in lumber and odd refuse. [Prov. Eng.] RAFFAELESQUE Raf`fa*el*esque", a. Defn: Raphaelesque. RAFFIA Raf"fi*a, n. (Bot.) Defn: A fibrous material used for tying plants, said to come from the leaves of a palm tree of the genus Raphia. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). RAFFIA PALM Raf"fi*a palm. (a) A pinnate-leaved palm (Raphia ruffia) native of Madagascar, and of considerable economic importance on account of the strong fiber (raffia) obtained from its leafstalks. (b) The jupati palm. RAFFINOSE Raf"fi*nose`, n. Etym: [F. raffiner to refine.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless crystalline slightly sweet substance obtained from the molasses of the sugar beet. RAFFISH Raff"ish, a. Defn: Resembling, or having the character of, raff, or a raff; worthless; low. A sad, raffish, disreputable character. Thackeray. RAFFLE Raf"fle, n. Etym: [F. rafle; faire rafle to sweep stakes, fr. rafter to carry or sweep away, rafler tout to sweep stakes; of German origin; cf. G. raffeln to snatch up, to rake. See Raff, v.] 1. A kind of lottery, in which several persons pay, in shares, the value of something put up as a stake, and then determine by chance (as by casting dice) which one of them shall become the sole possessor. 2. A game of dice in which he who threw three alike won all the stakes. [Obs.] Cotgrave. RAFFLE Raf"fle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Raffled; p. pr. & vb. n. Raffling.] Defn: To engage in a raffle; as, to raffle for a watch. RAFFLE Raf"fle, v. t. Defn: To dispose of by means of a raffle; -- often followed by off; as, to raffle off a horse. RAFFLER Raf"fler, n. Defn: One who raffles. RAFFLESIA Raf*fle"si*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named from its discoverer, Sir S. Raffle.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of stemless, leafless plants, living parasitically upon the roots and stems of grapevines in Malaysia. The flowers have a carrionlike odor, and are very large, in one species (Rafflesia Arnoldi) having a diameter of two or three feet. RAFT Raft, obs. Defn: imp. & p. p. of Reave. Spenser. RAFT Raft, n. Etym: [Originally, a rafter, spar, and fr. Icel. raptr a rafter; akin to Dan. raft, Prov. G. raff a rafter, spar; cf. OHG. rafo, ravo, a beam, rafter, Icel. raf roof. Cf. Rafter, n.] 1. A collection of logs, boards, pieces of timber, or the like, fastened, together, either for their own collective conveyance on the water, or to serve as a support in conveying other things; a float. 2. A collection of logs, fallen trees, etc. (such as is formed in some Western rivers of the United States), which obstructs navigation. [U.S.] 3. Etym: [Perhaps akin to raff a heap.] Defn: A large collection of people or things taken indiscriminately. [Slang, U. S.] "A whole raft of folks." W. D. Howells. Raft bridge. (a) A bridge whose points of support are rafts. (b) A bridge that consists of floating timbers fastened together. -- Raft duck. Etym: [The name alludes to its swimming in dense flocks.] (Zoöl.) (a) The bluebill, or greater scaup duck; -- called also flock duck. See Scaup. (b) The redhead. -- Raft port (Naut.), a large, square port in a vessel's side for loading or unloading timber or other bulky articles; a timber or lumber port. RAFT Raft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rafting.] Defn: To transport on a raft, or in the form of a raft; to make into a raft; as, to raft timber. RAFTE Raf"te, obs. Defn: imp. of Reave. Chaucer. RAFTER Raft"er, n. Defn: A raftsman. RAFTER Raft"er, n. Etym: [AS. ræfter; akin to E. raft, n. See Raft.] (Arch.) Defn: Originally, any rough and somewhat heavy piece of timber. Now, commonly, one of the timbers of a roof which are put on sloping, according to the inclination of the roof. See Illust. of Queen-post. [Courtesy] oft is sooner found in lowly sheds, With smoky rafters, than in tapestry halls. Milton. RAFTER Raft"er, v. t. 1. To make into rafters, as timber. 2. To furnish with rafters, as a house. 3. (Agric.) Defn: To plow so as to turn the grass side of each furrow upon an unplowed ridge; to ridge. [Eng.] RAFTING Raft"ing, n. Defn: The business of making or managing rafts. RAFTSMAN Rafts"man, n.; pl. Raftsmen (. Defn: A man engaged in rafting. RAFTY Raf"ty, a. Etym: [Perhaps akin to G. reif hoarfrost.] Defn: Damp; musty. [Prov. Eng.] RAG Rag, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Icel. rægja to calumniate, OHG, ruogen to accuse, G. rügen to censure, AS. wregan, Goth. wrohjan to accuse.] Defn: To scold or rail at; to rate; to tease; to torment; to banter. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge. RAG Rag, n. Etym: [OE. ragge, probably of Scand, origin; cf. Icel. rögg rough hair. Cf. Rug, n.] 1. A piece of cloth torn off; a tattered piece of cloth; a shred; a tatter; a fragment. Cowls, hoods, and habits, with their wearers, tossed, And fluttered into rags. Milton. Not having otherwise any rag of legality to cover the shame of their cruelty. Fuller. 2. pl. Defn: Hence, mean or tattered attire; worn-out dress. And virtue, though in rags, will keep me warm. Dryden. 3. A shabby, beggarly fellow; a ragamuffin. The other zealous rag is the compositor. B. Jonson. Upon the proclamation, they all came in, both tag and rag. Spenser. 4. (Geol.) Defn: A coarse kind of rock, somewhat cellular in texture. 5. (Metal Working) Defn: A ragged edge. 6. A sail, or any piece of canvas. [Nautical Slang] Our ship was a clipper with every rag set. Lowell. Rag bolt, an iron pin with barbs on its shank to retain it in place. -- Rag carpet, a carpet of which the weft consists of narrow of cloth sewed together, end to end. -- Rag dust, fine particles of ground-up rags, used in making papier-maché and wall papers. -- Rag wheel. (a) A chain wheel; a sprocket wheel. (b) A polishing wheel made of disks of cloth clamped together on a mandrel. -- Rag wool, wool obtained by tearing woolen rags into fine bits, shoddy. RAG Rag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ragged; p. pr. & vb. n. Ragging.] Defn: To become tattered. [Obs.] RAG Rag, v. t. 1. To break (ore) into lumps for sorting. 2. To cut or dress roughly, as a grindstone. RAGABASH; RAGABRASH Rag"a*bash`, Rag"a*brash`, n. Defn: An idle, ragged person. Nares. Grose. RAGAMUFFIN Rag`a*muf"fin, n. Etym: [Cf. Ragamofin, the name of a demon in some of the old mysteries.] 1. A paltry or disreputable fellow; a mean which. Dryden. 2. A person who wears ragged clothing. [Colloq.] 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The long-tailed titmouse. [Prov. Eng.] RAGE Rage, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. rabies, fr. rabere to rave; cf. Skr. rabh to seize, rabhas violence. Cf. Rabid, Rabies, Rave.] 1. Violent excitement; eager passion; extreme vehemence of desire, emotion, or suffering, mastering the will. "In great rage of pain." Bacon. He appeased the rage of hunger with some scraps of broken meat. Macaulay. Convulsed with a rage of grief. Hawthorne. 2. Especially, anger accompanied with raving; overmastering wrath; violent anger; fury. torment, and loud lament, and furious rage. Milton. 3. A violent or raging wind. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. The subject of eager desire; that which is sought after, or prosecuted, with unreasonable or excessive passion; as, to be all the rage. Syn. -- Anger; vehemence; excitement; passion; fury. See Anger. RAGE Rage, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Raged; p. pr. & vb. n. Raging.] Etym: [OF. ragier. See Rage, n.] 1. To be furious with anger; to be exasperated to fury; to be violently agitated with passion. "Whereat he inly raged." Milton. When one so great begins to rage, he a hunted Even to falling. Shak. 2. To be violent and tumultuous; to be violently driven or agitated; to act or move furiously; as, the raging sea or winds. Why do the heathen rage Ps. ii. 1. The madding wheels Of brazen chariots raged; dire was the noise. Milton. 3. To ravage; to prevail without restraint, or with destruction or fatal effect; as, the plague raged in Cairo. 4. To toy or act wantonly; to sport. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. -- To storm; fret; chafe; fume. RAGE Rage, v. t. Defn: To enrage. [Obs.] Shak. RAGEFUL Rage"ful, a. Defn: Full of rage; expressing rage. [Obs.] "Rageful eyes." Sir P. Sidney. RAGERY Ra"ger*y, n. Defn: Wantonness. [Obs.] Chaucer. RAGGED Rag"ged, a. Etym: [From Rag, n.] 1. Rent or worn into tatters, or till the texture is broken; as, a ragged coat; a ragged sail. 2. Broken with rough edges; having jags; uneven; rough; jagged; as, ragged rocks. 3. Hence, harsh and disagreeable to the ear; dissonant. [R.] "A ragged noise of mirth." Herbert. 4. Wearing tattered clothes; as, a ragged fellow. 5. Rough; shaggy; rugged. What shepherd owns those ragged sheep Dryden. Ragged lady (Bot.), the fennel flower (Nigella Damascena). -- Ragged robin (Bot.), a plant of the genus Lychnis (L. Flos- cuculi), cultivated for its handsome flowers, which have the petals cut into narrow lobes. -- Ragged sailor (Bot.), prince's feather (Polygonum orientale). -- Ragged school, a free school for poor children, where they are taught and in part fed; -- a name given at first because they came in their common clothing. [Eng.] -- Rag"ged*ly, adv. -- Rag"ged*ness, n. RAGGIE; RAGGY Rag"gie, or; Rag"gy, a. Defn: Ragged; rough. [Obs.] "A stony and raggie hill." Holland. RAGHUVANSA Ragh`u*van"sa, n. Etym: [Skr. Raguvamsça.] Defn: A celebrated Sanskrit poem having for its subject the Raghu dynasty. RAGING Ra"ging, Defn: a. & n. from Rage, v. i. -- Ra"*ging*ly, adv. RAGIOUS Ra"gious, a. Defn: Raging; furious; rageful. [Obs.] -- Ra"gious*ness, n. [Obs.] RAGLAN Rag"lan, n. Defn: A loose overcoat with large sleeves; -- named from Lord Raglan, an English general. RAGMAN Rag"man, n.; pl. Ragmen (. Defn: A man who collects, or deals in, rags. RAGMAN Rag"man, n. Etym: [See Ragman's roll.] Defn: A document having many names or numerous seals, as a papal bull. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. RAGMAN'S ROLL Rag"man's roll`. Etym: [For ragman roll a long list of names, the devil's roll or list; where ragman is of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. ragmenni a craven person, Sw. raggen the devil. Icel. ragmenni is fr. ragr cowardly (another form of argr, akin to AS. earg cowardly, vile, G. arg bad) + menni (in comp.) man, akin to E. man. See Roll, and cf. Rigmarole.] Defn: The rolls of deeds on parchment in which the Scottish nobility and gentry subscribed allegiance to Edward I. of England, A. D. 1296. [Also written ragman-roll.] RAGNAROK; RAGNAROK Rag"na*rok", Rag"na*rök", n. [Icel., fr. regin, rögn, gods + rök reason, origin, history; confused with ragna-rökr the twilight of the gods.] (Norse Myth.) Defn: The so-called "Twilight of the Gods" (called in German Götterdämmerung), the final destruction of the world in the great conflict between the Æsir (gods) on the one hand, and on the other, the gaints and the powers of Hel under the leadership of Loki (who is escaped from bondage). RAGOUT Ra*gout", n. Etym: [F. ragoût, fr. ragoûter to restore one's appetite, fr. L. pref. re- re- + ad to + gustare to taste, gustus taste. See Gust relish.] Defn: A dish made of pieces of meat, stewed, and highly seasoned; as, a ragout of mutton. RAGPICKER Rag"pick`er, n. Defn: One who gets a living by picking up rags and refuse things in the streets. RAGTIME Rag"time`, n. (Mus.) Defn: Time characterized by syncopation, as in many negro melodies. [Colloq.] RAGULED; RAGGULED Ra*guled", Rag*guled", a. Etym: [Cf. F. raguer to chafe, fret, rub, or E. rag.] (Her.) Defn: Notched in regular diagonal breaks; -- said of a line, or a bearing having such an edge. RAGWEED Rag"weed, n. (Bot.) Defn: A common American composite weed (Ambrosia artemisiæfolia) with finely divided leaves; hogweed. Great ragweed, a coarse American herb (Ambrosia trifida), with rough three-lobed opposite leaves. RAGWORK Rag"work`, n. (Masonry) Defn: A kind of rubblework. In the United States, any rubblework of thin and small stones. RAGWORT Rag"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several species of the composite genus Senecio. Note: Senecio aureus is the golden ragwort of the United States: S. elegans is the purple ragwort of South Africa. RAIA Ra"ia, n. Etym: [L., a ray. Cf. Ray the fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of rays which includes the skates. See Skate. RAIAE Ra"iæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Raia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The order of elasmobranch fishes which includes the sawfishes, skates, and rays; -- called also Rajæ, and Rajii. RAID Raid, n. Etym: [Icel. reiedh a riding, raid; akin to E. road. See Road a way.] 1. A hostile or predatory incursion; an inroad or incursion of mounted men; a sudden and rapid invasion by a cavalry force; a foray. Marauding chief! his sole delight. The moonlight raid, the morning fight. Sir W. Scott. There are permanent conquests, temporary occupation, and occasional raids. H. Spenser. Note: A Scottish word which came into common use in the United States during the Civil War, and was soon extended in its application. 2. An attack or invasion for the purpose of making arrests, seizing property, or plundering; as, a raid of the police upon a gambling house; a raid of contractors on the public treasury. [Colloq. U. S.] RAID Raid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raided; p. pr. & vb. n. Raiding.] Defn: To make a raid upon or into; as, two regiments raided the border counties. RAIDER Raid"er, n. Defn: One who engages in a raid. [U.S.] RAIFFEISEN Raif"fei`sen, a. (Economics) Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, a form of coöperative bank founded among the German agrarian population by Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1818-88); as, Raiffeisen banks, the Raiffeisen system, etc. The banks are unlimited-liability institutions making small loans at a low rate of interest, for a designated purpose, to worthy members only. RAIL Rail, n. Etym: [OE. reil, reýel, AS. hrægel, hrægl a garment; akin to OHG. hregil, OFries. hreil.] Defn: An outer cloak or covering; a neckerchief for women. Fairholt. RAIL Rail, v. i. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: To flow forth; to roll out; to course. [Obs.] Streams of tears from her fair eyes forth railing. Spenser. RAIL Rail, n. Etym: [Akin to LG. & Sw. regel bar, bolt, G. riegel a rail, bar, or bolt, OHG, rigil, rigel, bar, bolt, and possibly to E. row a line.] 1. A bar of timber or metal, usually horizontal or nearly so, extending from one post or support to another, as in fences, balustrades, staircases, etc. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A horizontal piece in a frame or paneling. See Illust. of Style. 3. (Railroad) Defn: A bar of steel or iron, forming part of the track on which the wheels roll. It is usually shaped with reference to vertical strength, and is held in place by chairs, splices, etc. 4. (Naut.) (a) The stout, narrow plank that forms the top of the bulwarks. (b) The light, fencelike structures of wood or metal at the break of the deck, and elsewhere where such protection is needed. Rail fence. See under Fence. -- Rail guard. (a) A device attached to the front of a locomotive on each side for clearing the rail obstructions. (b) A guard rail. See under Guard. -- Rail joint (Railroad), a splice connecting the adjacent ends of rails, in distinction from a chair, which is merely a seat. The two devices are sometimes united. Among several hundred varieties, the fish joint is standard. See Fish joint, under Fish. -- Rail train (Iron & Steel Manuf.), a train of rolls in a rolling mill, for making rails for railroads from blooms or billets. RAIL Rail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Railed; p. pr. & vb. n. Railing.] 1. To inclose with rails or a railing. It ought to be fenced in and railed. Ayliffe. 2. To range in a line. [Obs.] They were brought to London all railed in ropes, like a team of horses in a cart. Bacon. RAIL Rail, n. Etym: [F. râle, fr. râler to have a rattling in the throat; of German origin, and akin to E. rattle. See Rattle, v.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of limicoline birds of the family Rallidæ, especially those of the genus Rallus, and of closely allied genera. They are prized as game birds. Note: The common European water rail (Rallus aquaticus) is called also bilcock, skitty coot, and brook runner. The best known American species are the clapper rail, or salt-marsh hen (Rallus lonqirostris, var. crepitans); the king, or red-breasted, rail (R. elegans) (called also fresh-water marshhen); the lesser clapper, or Virginia, rail (R. Virginianus); and the Carolina, or sora, rail (Porzana Carolina). See Sora. Land rail (Zoöl.), the corncrake. RAIL Rail, v. i. Etym: [F. railler; cf. Sp. rallar to grate, scrape, molest; perhaps fr. (assumed) LL. radiculare, fr. L. radere to scrape, grate. Cf. Rally to banter, Rase.] Defn: To use insolent and reproachful language; to utter reproaches; to scoff; followed by at or against, formerly by on. Shak. And rail at arts he did not understand. Dryden. Lesbia forever on me rails. Swift. RAIL Rail, v. t. 1. To rail at. [Obs.] Feltham. 2. To move or influence by railing. [R.] Rail the seal from off my bond. Shak. RAILER Rail"er, n. Defn: One who rails; one who scoffs, insults, censures, or reproaches with opprobrious language. RAILING Rail"ing, a. Defn: Expressing reproach; insulting. Angels which are greater in power and might, bring not railing accusation against them. 2 Pet. ii. 11. RAILING Rail"ing, n. 1. A barrier made of a rail or of rails. 2. Rails in general; also, material for making rails. RAILINGLY Rail"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With scoffing or insulting language. RAILLERY Rail"ler*y, n. Etym: [F. raillerie, fr. railler. See Rail to scoff.] Defn: Pleasantry or slight satire; banter; jesting language; satirical merriment. Let raillery be without malice or heat. B. Jonson. Studies employed on low objects; the very naming of them is sufficient to turn them into raillery. Addison. RAILLEUR Rail`leur", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A banterer; a jester; a mocker. [R.] Wycherley. RAILROAD; RAILWAY Rail"road`, Rail"way`, n. 1. A road or way consisting of one or more parallel series of iron or steel rails, patterned and adjusted to be tracks for the wheels of vehicles, and suitably supported on a bed or substructure. Note: The modern railroad is a development and adaptation of the older tramway. 2. The road, track, etc., with al the lands, buildings, rolling stock, franchises, etc., pertaining to them and constituting one property; as, certain railroad has been put into the hands of a receiver. Note: Railway is the commoner word in England; railroad the commoner word in the United States. Note: In the following and similar phrases railroad and railway are used interchangeably: --Atmospheric railway, Elevated railway, etc. See under Atmospheric, Elevated, etc. -- Cable railway. See Cable road, under Cable. -- Perry railway, a submerged track on which an elevated platform runs, fro carrying a train of cars across a water course. -- Gravity railway, a railway, in a hilly country, on which the cars run by gravity down gentle slopes for long distances after having been hauled up steep inclines to an elevated point by stationary engines. -- Railway brake, a brake used in stopping railway cars or locomotives. -- Railway car, a large, heavy vehicle with flanged wheels fitted for running on a railway. [U.S.] -- Railway carriage, a railway passenger car. [Eng.] -- Railway scale, a platform scale bearing a track which forms part of the line of a railway, for weighing loaded cars. -- Railway slide. See Transfer table, under Transfer. -- Railway spine (Med.), an abnormal condition due to severe concussion of the spinal cord, such as occurs in railroad accidents. It is characterized by ataxia and other disturbances of muscular function, sensory disorders, pain in the back, impairment of general health, and cerebral disturbance, -- the symptoms often not developing till some months after the injury. -- Underground railroad or railway. (a) A railroad or railway running through a tunnel, as beneath the streets of a city. (b) Formerly, a system of coöperation among certain active antislavery people in the United States, by which fugitive slaves were secretly helped to reach Canada. Note: [In the latter sense railroad, and not railway, was used.] "Their house was a principal entrepôt of the underground railroad." W. D. Howells. RAILROADING Rail"road`ing, n. Defn: The construction of a railroad; the business of managing or operating a railroad. [Colloq. U. S.] RAIMENT Rai"ment, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. arraiment. See Array.] 1. Clothing in general; vesture; garments; -- usually singular in form, with a collective sense. Living, both food and raiment she supplies. Dryden. 2. An article of dress. [R. or Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. RAIN Rain, n. & v. Defn: Reign. [Obs.] Spenser. RAIN Rain, n. Etym: [OF. rein, AS. regen; akin to OFries. rein, D. & G. regen, OS. & OHG. regan, Icel., Dan., & Sw. regn, Goth. rign, and prob. to L. rigare to water, to wet; cf. Gr. Defn: Water falling in drops from the clouds; the descent of water from the clouds in drops. Rain is water by the heat of the sun divided into very small parts ascending in the air, till, encountering the cold, it be condensed into clouds, and descends in drops. Ray. Fair days have oft contracted wind and rain. Milton. Note: Rain is distinguished from mist by the size of the drops, which are distinctly visible. When water falls in very small drops or particles, it is called mist; and fog is composed of particles so fine as to be not only individually indistinguishable, but to float or be suspended in the air. See Fog, and Mist. Rain band (Meteorol.), a dark band in the yellow portion of the solar spectrum near the sodium line, caused by the presence of watery vapor in the atmosphere, and hence sometimes used in weather predictions. -- Rain bird (Zoöl.), the yaffle, or green woodpecker. [Prov. Eng.] The name is also applied to various other birds, as to Saurothera vetula of the West Indies. -- Rain fowl (Zoöl.), the channel-bill cuckoo (Scythrops Novæ- Hollandiæ) of Australia. -- Rain gauge, an instrument of various forms measuring the quantity of rain that falls at any given place in a given time; a pluviometer; an ombrometer. -- Rain goose (Zoöl.), the red-throated diver, or loon. [Prov. Eng.] -- Rain prints (Geol.), markings on the surfaces of stratified rocks, presenting an appearance similar to those made by rain on mud and sand, and believed to have been so produced. -- Rain quail. (Zoöl.) See Quail, n., 1. -- Rain water, water that has fallen from the clouds in rain. RAIN Rain, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rained; p. pr. & vb. n. Raining.] Etym: [AS. regnian, akin to G. regnen, Goth. rignjan. See Rain, n.] 1. To fall in drops from the clouds, as water; used mostly with it for a nominative; as, it rains. The rain it raineth every day. Shak. 2. To fall or drop like water from the clouds; as, tears rained from their eyes. RAIN Rain, v. t. 1. To pour or shower down from above, like rain from the clouds. Then said the Lord unto Moses, Behold, I will rain bread from heaven for you. Ex. xvi. 4. 2. To bestow in a profuse or abundant manner; as, to rain favors upon a person. RAINBOW Rain"bow`, n. Etym: [AS. regenboga, akin to G. regenbogen. See Rain, and Bow anything bent,] Defn: A bow or arch exhibiting, in concentric bands, the several colors of the spectrum, and formed in the part of the hemisphere opposite to the sun by the refraction and reflection of the sun's rays in drops of falling rain. Note: Besides the ordinary bow, called also primary rainbow, which is formed by two refractions and one reflection, there is also another often seen exterior to it, called the secondary rainbow, concentric with the first, and separated from it by a small interval. It is formed by two refractions and two reflections, is much fainter than the primary bow, and has its colors arranged in the reverse order from those of the latter. Lunar rainbow, a fainter arch or rainbow, formed by the moon. -- Marine rainbow, or Sea bow, a similar bow seen in the spray of waves at sea. -- Rainbow trout (Zoöl.), a bright-colored trout (Salmoirideus), native of the mountains of California, but now extensively introduced into the Eastern States. Japan, and other countries; -- called also brook trout, mountain trout, and golden trout. -- Rainbow wrasse. (Zoöl.) See under Wrasse. -- Supernumerary rainbow, a smaller bow, usually of red and green colors only, sometimes seen within the primary or without the secondary rainbow, and in contact with them. RAINBOWED Rain"bowed`, a. Defn: Formed with or like a rainbow. RAINDEER Rain"deer`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Reindeer. [Obs.] RAINDROP Rain"drop`, n. Defn: A drop of rain. RAINFALL Rain"fall`, n. Defn: A fall or descent of rain; the water, or amount of water, that falls in rain; as, the average annual rainfall of a region. Supplied by the rainfall of the outer ranges of Sinchul and Singaleleh. Hooker. RAININESS Rain"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being rainy. RAINLESS Rain"less, a. Defn: Destitute of rain; as, a rainless region. RAIN-TIGHT Rain"-tight`, a. Defn: So tight as to exclude rain as, a rain-tight roof. RAINY Rain"y, a. Etym: [AS. regenig.] Defn: Abounding with rain; wet; showery; as, rainy day or season. RAIP Raip, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. reip rope. Cf. Rope.] Defn: A rope; also, a measure equal to a rod. [Scot.] RAIS Rais, n. Defn: Same as 2d Reis. RAISABLE Rais"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being raised. RAISE Raise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raised; p. pr. & vb. n. Raising.] Etym: [OE. reisen, Icel. reisa, causative of risa to rise. See Rise, and cf. Rear to raise.] 1. To cause to rise; to bring from a lower to a higher place; to lift upward; to elevate; to heave; as, to raise a stone or weight. Hence, figuratively: -- (a) To bring to a higher condition or situation; to elevate in rank, dignity, and the like; to increase the value or estimation of; to promote; to exalt; to advance; to enhance; as, to raise from a low estate; to raise to office; to raise the price, and the like. This gentleman came to be raised to great titles. Clarendon. The plate pieces of eight were raised three pence in the piece. Sir W. Temple. (b) To increase the strength, vigor, or vehemence of; to excite; to intensify; to invigorate; to heighten; as, to raise the pulse; to raise the voice; to raise the spirits or the courage; to raise the heat of a furnace. (c) To elevate in degree according to some scale; as, to raise the pitch of the voice; to raise the temperature of a room. 2. To cause to rise up, or assume an erect position or posture; to set up; to make upright; as, to raise a mast or flagstaff. Hence: -- (a) To cause to spring up from recumbent position, from a state of quiet, or the like; to awaken; to arouse. They shall not awake, nor be raised out of their sleep. Job xiv. 12. (b) To rouse to action; to stir up; to incite to tumult, struggle, or war; to excite. He commandeth, and raiseth the stormy wind. Ps. cvii. 25. Æneas . . . employs his pains, In parts remote, to raise the Tuscan swains. Dryden. (c) To bring up from the lower world; to call up, as a spirit from the world of spirits; to recall from death; to give life to. Why should it be thought a thing incredible with you, that God should raise the dead Acts xxvi. 8. 3. To cause to arise, grow up, or come into being or to appear; to give to; to originate, produce, cause, effect, or the like. Hence, specifically: -- (a) To form by the accumulation of materials or constituent parts; to build up; to erect; as, to raise a lofty structure, a wall, a heap of stones. I will raise forts against thee. Isa. xxxix. 3. (b) To bring together; to collect; to levy; to get together or obtain for use or service; as, to raise money, troops, and the like. "To raise up a rent." Chaucer. (c) To cause to grow; to procure to be produced, bred, or propagated; to grow; as, to raise corn, barley, hops, etc.; toraise cattle. "He raised sheep." "He raised wheat where none grew before." Johnson's Dict. Note: In some parts of the United States, notably in the Southern States, raise in also commonly applied to the rearing or bringing up of children. I was raised, as they say in Virginia, among the mountains of the North. Paulding. (d) To bring into being; to produce; to cause to arise, come forth, or appear; -- often with up. I will raise them up a prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee. Deut. xviii. 18. God vouchsafes to raise another world From him [Noah], and all his anger to forget. Milton. (e) To give rise to; to set agoing; to occasion; to start; to originate; as, to raise a smile or a blush. Thou shalt not raise a false report. Ex. xxiii. 1. (f) To give vent or utterance to; to utter; to strike up. Soon as the prince appears, they raise a cry. Dryden. (g) To bring to notice; to submit for consideration; as, to raise a point of order; to raise an objection. 4. To cause to rise, as by the effect of leaven; to make light and spongy, as bread. Miss Liddy can dance a jig, and raise paste. Spectator. 5. (Naut.) (a) To cause (the land or any other object) to seem higher by drawing nearer to it; as, to raise Sandy Hook light. (b) To let go; as in the command, Raise tacks and sheets, i. e., Let go tacks and sheets. 6. (Law) Defn: To create or constitute; as, to raise a use that is, to create it. Burrill. To raise a blockade (Mil.), to remove or break up a blockade, either by withdrawing the ships or forces employed in enforcing it, or by driving them away or dispersing them. -- To raise a check, note, bill of exchange, etc., to increase fraudulently its nominal value by changing the writing, figures, or printing in which the sum payable is specified. -- To raise a siege, to relinquish an attempt to take a place by besieging it, or to cause the attempt to be relinquished. -- To raise steam, to produce steam of a required pressure. -- To raise the wind, to procure ready money by some temporary expedient. [Colloq.] -- To raise Cain, or To raise the devil, to cause a great disturbance; to make great trouble. [Slang] Syn. -- To lift; exalt; elevate; erect; originate; cause; produce; grow; heighten; aggravate; excite. RAISED Raised, a. 1. Lifted up; showing above the surroundings; as, raised or embossed metal work. 2. Leavened; made with leaven, or yeast; -- used of bread, cake, etc., as distinguished from that made with cream of tartar, soda, etc. See Raise, v. t., 4. Raised beach. See under Beach, n. RAISER Rais"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, raises (in various senses of the verb). RAISIN Rai"sin, n. Etym: [F. raisin grape, raisin, L. racemus cluster of grapes or berries; cf. Gr. Raceme.] 1. A grape, or a bunch of grapes. [Obs.] Cotgrave. 2. A grape dried in the sun or by artificial heat. Raisin tree (Bot.), the common red currant, whose fruit resembles the small raisins of Corinth called currants. [Eng.] Dp. Prior. RAISING Rais"ing, n. 1. The act of lifting, setting up, elevating, exalting, producing, or restoring to life. 2. Specifically, the operation or work of setting up the frame of a building; as, to help at a raising. [U.S.] 3. The operation of embossing sheet metal, or of forming it into cup- shaped or hollow articles, by hammering, stamping, or spinning. Raising bee, a bee for raising the frame of a building. See Bee, n., 2. [U.S.] W. Irving. -- Raising hammer, a hammer with a rounded face, used in raising sheet metal. -- Raising plate (Carp.), the plate, or longitudinal timber, on which a roof is raised and rests. RAISONNE Rai`son`né", a. Etym: [F. raisonné. p. p. of raisonner to reason.] Defn: Arranged systematically, or according to classes or subjects; as, a catalogue raisonné. See under Catalogue. RAIVEL Rai"vel, n. (Weaving) Defn: A separator. [Scot.] RAJ Raj, n. Etym: [See Rajah.] Defn: Reign; rule. [India] RAJA Ra"ja, n. Defn: Same as Rajah. RAJAH Ra"jah, n. Etym: [Hind. raja, Skr. rajan, akin to L. rex, regis. See Regal, a.] Defn: A native prince or king; also, a landholder or person of importance in the agricultural districts. [India] RAJAHSHIP Ra"jah*ship, n. Defn: The office or dignity of a rajah. RAJPOOT; RAJPUT Raj`poot", Raj`put", n. Etym: [Hind. raj-put, Skr. raja-putra king's son.] Defn: A Hindoo of the second, or royal and military, caste; a Kshatriya; especially, an inhabitant of the country of Rajpootana, in northern central India. RAKE Rake, n. Etym: [AS. race; akin to OD. rake, D. reek, OHG, rehho, G. rechen, Icel, reka a shovel, and to Goth. rikan to heap up, collect, and perhaps to Gr. rack to stretch. Cf. Reckon.] 1. An implement consisting of a headpiece having teeth, and a long handle at right angles to it, -- used for collecting hay, or other light things which are spread over a large surface, or for breaking and smoothing the earth. 2. A toothed machine drawn by a horse, -- used for collecting hay or grain; a horserake. 3. Etym: [Perhaps a different word.] (Mining) Defn: A fissure or mineral vein traversing the strata vertically, or nearly so; -- called also rake-vein. Gill rakes. (Anat.) See under 1st Gill. RAKE Rake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raked; p. pr. & vb. n. Raking.] Etym: [AS. racian. See 1st Rake.] 1. To collect with a rake; as, to rake hay; -- often with up; as, he raked up the fallen leaves. 2. Hence: Defn: To collect or draw together with laborious industry; to gather from a wide space; to scrape together; as, to rake together wealth; to rake together slanderous tales; to rake together the rabble of a town. 3. To pass a rake over; to scrape or scratch with a rake for the purpose of collecting and clearing off something, or for stirring up the soil; as, to rake a lawn; to rake a flower bed. 4. To search through; to scour; to ransack. The statesman rakes the town to find a plot. Swift. 5. To scrape or scratch across; to pass over quickly and lightly, as a rake does. Like clouds that rake the mountain summits. Wordsworth. 6. (Mil.) Defn: To enfilade; to fire in a direction with the length of; in naval engagements, to cannonade, as a ship, on the stern or head so that the balls range the whole length of the deck. To rake up. (a) To collect together, as the fire (live coals), and cover with ashes. (b) To bring up; to search out an bring to notice again; as, to rake up old scandals. RAKE Rake, v. i. 1. To use a rake, as for searching or for collecting; to scrape; to search minutely. One is for raking in Chaucer for antiquated words. Dryden. 2. To pass with violence or rapidity; to scrape along. Pas could not stay, but over him did rake. Sir P. Sidney. RAKE Rake, n. Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. raka to reach, and E. reach.] Defn: To inclination of anything from a perpendicular direction; as, the rake of a roof, a staircase, etc.; especially (Naut., Defn: the inclination of a mast or tunnel, or, in general, of any part of a vessel not perpendicular to the keel. RAKE Rake, v. i. Defn: To incline from a perpendicular direction; as, a mast rakes aft. Raking course (Bricklaying), a course of bricks laid diagonally between the face courses in a thick wall, to strengthen. RAKE Rake, n. Etym: [OE. rakel rash; cf. Icel. reikall wandering, unsettled, reika to wander.] Defn: A loose, disorderly, vicious man; a person addicted to lewdness and other scandalous vices; a debauchee; a roué. Am illiterate and frivolous old rake. Macaulay. RAKE Rake, v. i. 1. Etym: [Icel. reika. Cf. Rake a debauchee.] Defn: To walk about; to gad or ramble idly. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Etym: [See Rake a debauchee.] Defn: To act the rake; to lead a dissolute, debauched life. Shenstone. To rake out (Falconry), to fly too far and wide from its master while hovering above waiting till the game is sprung; -- said of the hawk. Encyc. Brit. RAKEHELL Rake"hell`, n. Etym: [See Rakel.] Defn: A lewd, dissolute fellow; a debauchee; a rake. It seldom doth happen, in any way of life, that a sluggard and a rakehell do not go together. Barrow. RAKEHELL; RAKEHELLY Rake"hell`, Rake"hell`y, a. Defn: Dissolute; wild; lewd; rakish. [Obs.] Spenser. B. Jonson. RAKEL Ra"kel, a. Etym: [OE. See Rake a debauchee.] Defn: Hasty; reckless; rash. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Ra"kel*ness, n. [Obs.] Chaucer. RAKER Rak"er, n. Etym: [See 1st Rake.] 1. One who, or that which, rakes; as: (a) A person who uses a rake. (b) A machine for raking grain or hay by horse or other power. (c) A gun so placed as to rake an enemy's ship. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Gill rakers, under 1st Gill. RAKERY Rak"er*y, n. Defn: Debauchery; lewdness. The rakery and intrigues of the lewd town. R. North. RAKESHAME Rake"shame`, n. Etym: [Cf. Rakehell, Ragabash.] Defn: A vile, dissolute wretch. [Obs.] Milton. RAKESTALE Rake"stale`, n. Etym: [Rake the instrument + stale a handle.] Defn: The handle of a rake. That tale is not worth a rakestele. Chaucer. RAKE-VEIN Rake"-vein`, n. Defn: See Rake, a mineral vein. RAKI; RAKEE Ra`ki", Ra`kee", n. [Turk. rakiarrack.] Defn: A kind of ardent spirits used in southern Europe and the East, distilled from grape juice, grain, etc. RAKING Rak"ing, n. 1. The act or process of using a rake; the going over a space with a rake. 2. A space gone over with a rake; also, the work done, or the quantity of hay, grain, etc., collected, by going once over a space with a rake. RAKISH Rak"ish, a. Defn: Dissolute; lewd; debauched. The arduous task of converting a rakish lover. Macaulay. RAKISH Rak"ish, a. (Naut.) Defn: Having a saucy appearance indicative of speed and dash. Ham. Nav. Encyc. RAKISHLY Rak"ish*ly, adv. Defn: In a rakish manner. RAKISHNESS Rak"ish*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being rakish. RAKU WARE Ra"ku ware`. Defn: A kind of earthenware made in Japan, resembling Satsuma ware, but having a paler color. RALE Râle, n. Etym: [F. râle. Cf. Rail the bird.] (Med.) Defn: An adventitious sound, usually of morbid origin, accompanying the normal respiratory sounds. See Rhonchus. Note: Various kinds are distinguished by pathologists; differing in intensity, as loud and small; in quality, as moist, dry, clicking, and sonorous; and in origin, as tracheal, pulmonary, and pleural. RALLENTANDO Ral"len*tan"do, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Slackening; -- a direction to perform a passage with a gradual decrease in time and force; ritardando. RALLIANCE Ral"li*ance, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. raliance. See Rally to reunite.] Defn: The act of rallying. RALLIER Ral"li*er, n. Defn: One who rallies. RALLIES Ral"liés", n. pl. [F., p. p. pl. See Rally, v. t.] Defn: A French political group, also known as the Constitutional Right from its position in the Chambers, mainly monarchists who rallied to the support of the Republic in obedience to the encyclical put forth by Pope Leo XIII. in Feb., 1892. RALLINE Ral"line, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the rails. RALLY Ral"ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rallied; p. pr. & vb. n. Rallying.] Etym: [OF. ralier, F. rallier, fr. L. pref. re- + ad + ligare to bind. See Ra-, and 1st Ally.] Defn: To collect, and reduce to order, as troops dispersed or thrown into confusion; to gather again; to reunite. RALLY Ral"ly, v. i. 1. To come into orderly arrangement; to renew order, or united effort, as troops scattered or put to flight; to assemble; to unite. The Grecians rally, and their powers unite. Dryden. Innumerable parts of matter chanced just then to rally together, and to form themselves into this new world. Tillotson. 2. To collect one's vital powers or forces; to regain health or consciousness; to recuperate. 3. To recover strength after a decline in prices; -- said of the market, stocks, etc. RALLY Ral"ly, n.; pl. Rallies (. 1. The act or process of rallying (in any of the senses of that word). 2. A political mass meeting. [Colloq. U. S.] RALLY Ral"ly, v. t. Etym: [F. railler. See Rail to scoff.] Defn: To attack with raillery, either in good humor and pleasantry, or with slight contempt or satire. Honeycomb . . . raillies me upon a country life. Addison. Strephon had long confessed his amorous pain. Which gay Corinna rallied with disdain. Gay. Syn. -- To banter; ridicule; satirize; deride; mock. RALLY Ral"ly, v. i. Defn: To use pleasantry, or satirical merriment. RALLY Ral"ly, n. Defn: Good-humored raillery. RALPH Ralph, n. Defn: A name sometimes given to the raven. RALSTONITE Ral"ston*ite, n. Etym: [So named after J. G. Ralston of Norristown, Penn.] (Min.) Defn: A fluoride of alumina and soda occurring with the Greenland cryolite in octahedral crystals. RAM Ram, n. Etym: [AS. ramm, ram; akin to OHG. & D. ram, Prov. G. ramm, and perh. to Icel. ramr strong.] 1. The male of the sheep and allied animals. In some parts of England a ram is called a tup. 2. (Astron.) (a) Aries, the sign of the zodiac which the sun enters about the 21st of March. (b) The constellation Aries, which does not now, as formerly, occupy the sign of the same name. 3. An engine of war used for butting or battering. Specifically: (a) In ancient warfare, a long beam suspended by slings in a framework, and used for battering the walls of cities; a battering- ram. (b) A heavy steel or iron beak attached to the prow of a steam war vessel for piercing or cutting down the vessel of an enemy; also, a vessel carrying such a beak. 4. A hydraulic ram. See under Hydraulic. 5. The weight which strikes the blow, in a pile driver, steam hammer, stamp mill, or the like. 6. The plunger of a hydraulic press. Ram's horn. (a) (Fort.) A low semicircular work situated in and commanding a ditch. [Written also ramshorn.] Farrow. (b) (Paleon.) An ammonite. RAM Ram, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rammed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ramming.] 1. To butt or strike against; to drive a ram against or through; to thrust or drive with violence; to force in; to drive together; to cram; as, to ram an enemy's vessel; to ram piles, cartridges, etc. [They] rammed me in with foul shirts, and smocks, socks, foul stockings, greasy napkins. Shak. 2. To fill or compact by pounding or driving. A ditch . . . was filled with some sound materials, and rammed to make the foundation solid. Arbuthnot. RAMADAN Ram`a*dan", n. Etym: [Ar. ramadan, or ramazan, properly, the hot month.] [Written also Ramadhan, Ramadzan, and Rhamadan.] 1. The ninth Mohammedan month. 2. The great annual fast of the Mohammedans, kept during daylight through the ninth month. RAMAGE Ram"age (; 48), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. ramus a branch.] 1. Boughs or branches. [Obs.] Crabb. 2. Warbling of birds in trees. [Obs.] Drummond. RAMAGE Ra*mage", a. Defn: Wild; untamed. [Obs.] RAMAGIOUS Ra*ma"gi*ous, a. Defn: Wild; not tame. [Obs.] Now is he tame that was so ramagious. Remedy of Love. RAMAL Ra"mal, a. Etym: [L. ramus branch.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a ramus, or branch; rameal. RAMAYANA Ra*ma"ya*na, n. Etym: [Skr. Ramayana.] Defn: The more ancient of the two great epic poems in Sanskrit. The hero and heroine are Rama and his wife Sita. RAMBERGE Ram"berge, n. Etym: [F., fr. rame oar + barge barge.] Defn: Formerly, a kind of large war galley. RAMBLE Ram"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rambled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rambling.] Etym: [For rammle, fr. Prov. E. rame to roam. Cf. Roam.] 1. To walk, ride, or sail, from place to place, without any determinate object in view; to roam carelessly or irregularly; to rove; to wander; as, to ramble about the city; to ramble over the world. He that is at liberty to ramble in perfect darkness, what is his liberty better than if driven up and down as a bubble by the wind Locke. 2. To talk or write in a discursive, aimless way. 3. To extend or grow at random. Thomson. Syn. -- To rove; roam; wander; range; stroll. RAMBLE Ram"ble, n. 1. A going or moving from place to place without any determinate business or object; an excursion or stroll merely for recreation. Coming home, after a short Christians ramble. Swift. 2. Etym: [Cf. Rammel.] (Coal Mining) Defn: A bed of shale over the seam. Raymond. RAMBLER Ram"bler, n. Defn: One who rambles; a rover; a wanderer. RAMBLING Ram"bling, a. Defn: Roving; wandering; discursive; as, a rambling fellow, talk, or building. RAMBLINGLY Ram"bling*ly, adv. Defn: In a rambling manner. RAMBOOZE Ram"booze, n. Defn: A beverage made of wine, ale (or milk), sugar, etc. [Obs.] Blount. RAMBUTAN Ram*bu"tan, n. Etym: [Malay rambutan, fr. rambut hair of the head.] (Bot.) Defn: A Malayan fruit produced by the tree Nephelium lappaceum, and closely related to the litchi nut. It is bright red, oval in shape, covered with coarse hairs (whence the name), and contains a pleasant acid pulp. Called also ramboostan. RAMEAL Ra"me*al, a. Defn: Same as Ramal. Gray. RAMEAN Ra"me*an, n. Defn: A Ramist. Shipley. RAMED Ramed, a. Defn: Having the frames, stem, and sternpost adjusted; -- said of a ship on the stocks. RAMEE Ram"ee, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Ramie. RAMEKIN Ram"e*kin, n. Defn: See Ramequin. [Obs.] RAMENT Ram"ent, n. Etym: [L. ramenta, pl.] 1. A scraping; a shaving. [Obs.] RAMENTA Ra*men"ta, n. pl. Etym: [L., scrapings.] (Bot.) Defn: Thin brownish chaffy scales upon the leaves or young shoots of some plants, especially upon the petioles and leaves of ferns. Gray. RAMENTACEOUS Ram`en*ta"ceous, a (Bot.) Defn: Covered with ramenta. RAMEOUS Ra"me*ous, a Etym: [L. rameus, from ramus branch, bough.] (Bot.) Defn: Ramal. RAMEQUIN Ram"e*quin, n. Etym: [F.] (Cookery) Defn: A mixture of cheese, eggs, etc., formed in a mold, or served on bread. [Written also ramekin.] RAMIE Ram"ie, n. Etym: [From Malay.] (Bot.) Defn: The grasscloth plant (Boehmeria nivea); also, its fiber, which is very fine and exceedingly strong; -- called also China grass, and rhea. See Grass-cloth plant, under Grass. RAMIFICATION Ram`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ramification. See Ramify.] 1. The process of branching, or the development or offshoots from a stem; also, the mode of their arrangement. 2. A small branch or offshoot proceeding from a main stock or channel; as, the ramifications of an artery, vein, or nerve. 3. A division into principal and subordinate classes, heads, or departments; also, one of the subordinate parts; as, the ramifications a subject or scheme. 4. The production of branchlike figures. Crabb. RAMIFLOROUS Ram`i*flo"rous, a. Etym: [L. ramus branch + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Defn: Flowering on the branches. RAMIFORM Ram"i*form, a. Etym: [L. ramus branch + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of a branch. RAMIFY Ram"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ramified; p. pr. & vb. n. Ramifying.] Etym: [F. ramifier, LL. ramificare, fr. L. ramus a branch + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: To divide into branches or subdivisions; as, to ramify an art, subject, scheme. RAMIFY Ram"i*fy, v. i. 1. To shoot, or divide, into branches or subdivisions, as the stem of a plant. When they [asparagus plants] . . . begin to ramify. Arbuthnot. 2. To be divided or subdivided, as a main subject. RAMIGEROUS Ra*mig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. ramus a branch + -gerous.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing branches; branched. RAMIPAROUS Ra*mip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. ramus + parere to bear.] (Bot.) Defn: Producing branches; ramigerous. RAMIST Ra"mist, n. Defn: A follower of Pierre Ramé, better known as Ramus, a celebrated French scholar, who was professor of rhetoric and philosophy at Paris in the reign of Henry II., and opposed the Aristotelians. RAMLINE Ram"line, n. Defn: A line used to get a straight middle line, as on a spar, or from stem to stern in building a vessel. RAMMEL Ram"mel, n. Defn: Refuse matter. [Obs.] Filled with any rubbish, rammel and broken stones. Holland. RAMMER Ram"mer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, rams or drives. Specifically: (a) An instrument for driving anything force; as, a rammer for driving stones or piles, or for beating the earth to more solidity. (b) A rod for forcing down the charge of a gun; a ramrod. (c) (Founding) An implement for pounding the sand of a mold to render it compact. RAMMISH Ram"mish, a. Defn: Like a ram; hence, rank; lascivious. "Their savor is so rammish." Chaucer. RAMMISHNESS Ram"mish*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being rammish. RAMMY Ram"my, a. Defn: Like a ram; rammish. Burton. RAMOLLESCENCE Ram`ol*les"cence, n. Etym: [F. ramollir to make soft, to soften; pref. re- re- + amollir to soften; a (L. ad) + mollir to soften, L. mollire, fr. mollis soft.] Defn: A softening or mollifying. [R.] RAMOON Ra*moon", n. (Bot.) Defn: A small West Indian tree (Trophis Americana) of the Mulberry family, whose leaves and twigs are used as fodder for cattle. RAMOSE Ra*mose", a. Etym: [L. ramosus, from ramus a branch.] Defn: Branched, as the stem or root of a plant; having lateral divisions; consisting of, or having, branches; full of branches; ramifying; branching; branchy. RAMOUS Ra"mous, a. Defn: Ramose. RAMP Ramp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ramped; p. pr. & vb. n. Ramping.] Etym: [F. ramper to creep, OF., to climb; of German origin; cf. G. raffen to snatch, LG. & D. rapen. See Rap to snatch, and cf. Romp.] 1. To spring; to leap; to bound; to rear; to prance; to become rampant; hence, to frolic; to romp. 2. To move by leaps, or by leaps; hence, to move swiftly or with violence. Their bridles they would champ, And trampling the fine element would fiercely ramp. Spenser. 3. To climb, as a plant; to creep up. With claspers and tendrils, they [plants] catch hold, . . . and so ramping upon trees, they mount up to a great height. Ray. RAMP Ramp, n. 1. A leap; a spring; a hostile advance. The bold Ascalonite Fled from his lion ramp. Milton. 2. A highwayman; a robber. [Prov. Eng.] 3. A romping woman; a prostitute. [Obs.] Lyly. 4. Etym: [F. rampe.] (Arch.) (a) Any sloping member, other than a purely constructional one, such as a continuous parapet to a staircase. (b) A short bend, slope, or curve, where a hand rail or cap changes its direction. 5. Etym: [F. rampe.] (Fort.) Defn: An inclined plane serving as a communication between different interior levels. RAMPACIOUS Ram*pa"cious, a. Defn: High-spirited; rampageous. [Slang] Dickens. RAMPAGE Ramp"age, n. Etym: [See Ramp, v.] Defn: Violent or riotous behavior; a state of excitement, passion, or debauchery; as, to be on the rampage. [Prov. or Low.] Dickens. RAMPAGE Ramp"age, v. i. Defn: To leap or prance about, as an animal; to be violent; to rage. [Prov. or Low] RAMPAGEOUS Ram*pa"geous, a. Defn: Characterized by violence and passion; unruly; rampant. [Prov. or Low] In the primitive ages of a rampageous antiquity. Galt. RAMPALLIAN Ram*pal"lian, n. Etym: [Cf. ramp a prostitute, or rabble.] Defn: A mean wretch. [Obs.] Shak. RAMPANCY Ramp"an*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being rampant; excessive action or development; exuberance; extravagance. "They are come to this height and rampancy of vice." South. RAMPANT Ramp"ant, a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of ramper to creep. See Ramp, v.] 1. Ramping; leaping; springing; rearing upon the hind legs; hence, raging; furious. The fierce lion in his kind Which goeth rampant after his prey. Gower. [The] lion . . . rampant shakes his brinded mane. Milton. 2. Ascending; climbing; rank in growth; exuberant. The rampant stalk is of unusual altitude. I. Taylor. 3. (Her.) Defn: Rising with fore paws in the air as if attacking; -- said of a beast of prey, especially a lion. The right fore leg and right hind leg should be raised higher than the left. Rampant arch. (a) An arch which has one abutment higher than the other. (b) Same as Rampant vault, below. -- Rampant gardant (Her.), rampant, but with the face turned to the front. -- Rampant regardant, rampant, but looking backward. -- Rampant vault (Arch.), a continuous wagon vault, or cradle vault, whose two abutments are located on an inclined planed plane, such as the vault supporting a stairway, or forming the ceiling of a stairway. RAMPANTLY Ramp"ant*ly, adv. Defn: In a rampant manner. RAMPART Ram"part, n. Etym: [F. rempart, OF. rempar, fr. remparer to fortify, se remparer to fence or intrench one's self; re- re- pref. + pref. en- (L. in) + parer to defend, parry, prepare, L. parare to prepape. See Pare.] 1. That which fortifies and defends from assault; that which secures safety; a defense or bulwark. 2. (Fort.) Defn: A broad embankment of earth round a place, upon which the parapet is raised. It forms the substratum of every permanent fortification. Mahan. Syn. -- Bulwark; fence; security; guard. -- Rampart, Bulwark. These words were formerly interchanged; but in modern usage a distinction has sprung up between them. The rampart of a fortified place is the enceinte or main embankment or wall which surrounds it. The term bulwark is now applied to peculiarly strong outworks which project for the defense of the rampart, or main work. A single bastion is a bulwark. In using these words figuratively, rampart is properly applied to that which protects by walling out; bulwark to that which stands in the forefront of danger, to meet and repel it. Hence, we speak of a distinguished individual as the bulwark, not the rampart, of the state. This distinction, however, is often disregarded. RAMPART Ram"part, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ramparted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ramparting.] Defn: To surround or protect with, or as with, a rampart or ramparts. Those grassy hills, those glittering dells, Proudly ramparted with rocks. Coleridge. Rampart gun (Fort.), a cannon or large gun for use on a rampart and not as a fieldpiece. RAMPE Rampe, n. Etym: [In allusion to its supposed aphrodisiac qualities. See Ramp.] (Bot.) Defn: The cuckoopint. RAMPIER Ram"pier, n. Defn: See Rampart. [Obs.] RAMPION Ram"pi*on, n. Etym: [Cf. F. raiponce, Sp. ruiponce, reponche, L. raperonzo, NL. rapuntium, fr. L. rapum, rapa, a turnip, rape. Cf. Rape a plant.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Campanula Rapunculus) of the Bellflower family, with a tuberous esculent root; -- also called ramps. Note: The name is sometimes given to plants of the genus Phyteuma, herds of the Bellflower family, and to the American evening primrose (Enothera biennis), which has run wild in some parts of Europe. RAMPIRE Ram"pire, n. Defn: A rampart. [Archaic] The Trojans round the place a rampire cast. Dryden. RAMPIRE Ram"pire, v. t. Defn: To fortify with a rampire; to form into a rampire. [Archaic] Chapman. "Rampired walls of gold." R. Browning. RAMPLER Ram"pler, n. Defn: A rambler. RAMPLER Ram"pler, a. Defn: Roving; rambling. [Scot.] RAMROD Ram"rod`, n. Defn: The rod used in ramming home the charge in a muzzle-loading firearm. RAMSHACKLE Ram"shac*kle, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Loose; disjointed; falling to pieces; out of repair. There came . . . my lord the cardinal, in his ramshackle coach. Thackeray. RAMSHACKLE Ram"shac*kle, v. t. Defn: To search or ransack; to rummage. [Prov. Eng.] RAMSON Ram"son, n. Etym: [AS. hramsan, pl., akin to G. rams, Sw. rams, ramslök; cf. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A broad-leaved species of garlic (Allium ursinum), common in European gardens; -- called also buckram. RAMSTED Ram"sted, n. (Bot.) Defn: A yellow-flowered weed; -- so named from a Mr. Ramsted who introduced it into Pennsylvania. See Toad flax. Called also Ramsted weed. RAMTIL Ram"til, n. [Bengali ram-til.] Defn: A tropical African asteraceous shrub (Guizotia abyssinica) cultivated for its seeds (called ramtil, or niger, seeds) which yield a valuable oil used for food and as an illuminant. RAMULOSE Ram"u*lose`, a. Etym: [L. ramulosus, fr. ramulus, dim. of ramus a branch.] (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Having many small branches, or ramuli. RAMULOUS Ram"u*lous, a. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Ramulose. RAMULUS Ram"u*lus, n.; pl. Ramuli (. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small branch, or branchlet, of corals, hydroids, and similar organisms. RAMUS Ra"mus, n.; pl. Rami (. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: A branch; a projecting part or prominent process; a ramification. RAMUSCULE Ra*mus"cule, n. Etym: [L. ramusculus.] (Nat. Hist.) Defn: A small ramus, or branch. RAN Ran, Defn: imp. of Run. RAN Ran, n. Etym: [As. ran.] Defn: Open robbery. [Obs.] Lambarde. RAN Ran, n. (Naut.) Defn: Yarns coiled on a spun-yarn winch. RANA Ra"na, n. Etym: [L., a frog.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of anurous batrachians, including the common frogs. RANAL Ra"nal, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a general affinity to ranunculaceous plants. Ranal alliance (Bot.), a name proposed by Lindley for a group of natural orders, including Ranunculaceæ, Magnoliaceæ, Papaveraceæ, and others related to them. RANCE Rance, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. A prop or shore. [Scot.] 2. A round between the legs of a chair. RANCESCENT Ran*ces"cent, a. Etym: [L. rancescens, p. pr. of rancescere, v. incho. from rancere to be rancid.] Defn: Becoming rancid or sour. RANCH Ranch, v. t. [Written also raunch.] Etym: [Cf. Wrench.] Defn: To wrench; to tear; to sprain; to injure by violent straining or contortion. [R.] Dryden. "Hasting to raunch the arrow out." Spenser. RANCH Ranch, n. Etym: [See Rancho.] Defn: A tract of land used for grazing and rearing of horses, cattle, or sheep. See Rancho, 2. [Western U. S.] RANCHERIA Ran`che*ri"a, n. [Sp. rancheria.] 1. A dwelling place of a ranchero. 2. A small settlement or collection of ranchos, or rude huts, esp. for Indians. [Sp. Amer. & Southern U. S.] 3. Formerly, in the Philippines, a political division of the pagan tribes. RANCHERO Ran*che"ro, n.; pl. Rancheros. Etym: [Sp.] [Mexico & Western U. S.] 1. A herdsman; a peasant employed on a ranch or rancho. 2. The owner and occupant of a ranch or rancho. RANCHMAN Ranch"man, n.; pl. Ranchmen Defn: An owner or occupant of, or laborer on, a ranch; a herdsman. [Western U. S.] RANCHO Ran"cho, n.; pl. Ranchos. Etym: [Sp., properly, a mess, mess room. Cf. 2d Ranch.] 1. A rude hut, as of posts, covered with branches or thatch, where herdsmen or farm laborers may live or lodge at night. 2. A large grazing farm where horses and cattle are raised; -- distinguished from hacienda, a cultivated farm or plantation. [Mexico & California] Bartlett. RANCID Ran"cid, a. Etym: [L. rancidus, fr. rancere to be rancid or rank.] Defn: Having a rank smell or taste, from chemical change or decomposition; musty; as, rancid oil or butter. RANCIDITY Ran*cid"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rancidité.] Defn: The quality or state of being rancid; a rancid scent or flavor, as of old oil. Ure. RANCIDLY Ran"cid*ly, adv. Defn: In a rancid manner. RANCIDNESS Ran"cid*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being rancid. RANCOR Ran"cor, n. [Written also rancour.] Etym: [OE. rancour, OF. rancor, rancur, F. rancune, fr. L. rancor rancidity, rankness; tropically, an old grudge, rancor, fr. rancere to be rank or rancid.] Defn: The deepest malignity or spite; deep-seated enmity or malice; inveterate hatred. "To stint rancour and dissencioun." Chaucer. It would not be easy to conceive the passion, rancor, and malice of their tongues and hearts. Burke. Syn. -- Enmity; hatred; ill will; malice; spite; grudge; animosity; malignity. -- Rancor, Enmity. Enmity and rancor both describe hostile feelings; but enmity may be generous and open, while rancor implies personal malice of the worst and most enduring nature, and is the strongest word in our language to express hostile feelings. Rancor will out; proud prelate, in thy face I see thy fury. Shak. Rancor is that degree of malice which preys upon the possessor. Cogan. RANCOROUS Ran"cor*ous, a. Etym: [OF. rancuros.] Defn: Full of rancor; evincing, or caused by, rancor; deeply malignant; implacably spiteful or malicious; intensely virulent. So flamed his eyes with rage and rancorous ire. Spenser. RANCOROUSLY Ran"cor*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a rancorous manner. RAND Rand, n. Etym: [AS. rand, rond; akin to D., Dan., Sw., & G. rand, Icel. rönd, and probably to E. rind.] 1. A border; edge; margin. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. A long, fleshy piece, as of beef, cut from the flank or leg; a sort of steak. Beau. & Fl. 3. A thin inner sole for a shoe; also, a leveling slip of leather applied to the sole before attaching the heel. RAND Rand, v. i. Etym: [See Rant.] Defn: To rant; to storm. [Obs.] I wept, . . . and raved, randed, and railed. J. Webster. RANDALL GRASS Ran"dall grass`. (Bot.) Defn: The meadow fescue (Festuca elatior). See under Grass. RANDAN Ran"dan, n. Defn: The product of a second sifting of meal; the finest part of the bran. [Prov. Eng.] RANDAN Ran"dan, n. Defn: A boat propelled by three rowers with four oars, the middle rower pulling two. RANDING Rand"ing, n. 1. (Shoemaking) Defn: The act or process of making and applying rands for shoes. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A kind of basket work used in gabions. RANDOM Ran"dom, n. Etym: [OE. randon, OF. randon force, violence, rapidity, a randon, de randon, violently, suddenly, rapidly, prob. of German origin; cf. G. rand edge, border, OHG. rant shield, edge of a shield, akin to E. rand, n. See Rand, n.] 1. Force; violence. [Obs.] For courageously the two kings newly fought with great random and force. E. Hall. 2. A roving motion; course without definite direction; want of direction, rule, or method; hazard; chance; -- commonly used in the phrase at random, that is, without a settled point of direction; at hazard. Counsels, when they fly At random, sometimes hit most happily. Herrick. O, many a shaft, at random sent, Finds mark the archer little meant ! Sir W. Scott. 3. Distance to which a missile is cast; range; reach; as, the random of a rifle ball. Sir K. Digby. 4. (Mining) Defn: The direction of a rake-vein. Raymond. RANDOM Ran"dom, a. Defn: Going at random or by chance; done or made at hazard, or without settled direction, aim, or purpose; hazarded without previous calculation; left to chance; haphazard; as, a random guess. Some random truths he can impart. Wordsworth. So sharp a spur to the lazy, and so strong a bridle to the random. H. Spencer. Random courses (Masonry), courses of unequal thickness. -- Random shot, a shot not directed or aimed toward any particular object, or a shot with the muzzle of the gun much elevated. -- Random work (Masonry), stonework consisting of stones of unequal sizes fitted together, but not in courses nor always with flat beds. RANDOMLY Ran"dom*ly, adv. Defn: In a random manner. RANDON Ran"don, n. Defn: Random. [Obs.] Spenser. RANDON Ran"don, v. i. Defn: To go or stray at random. [Obs.] RANEDEER Rane"deer`, n. Defn: See Reindeer. [Obs.] RANEE Ra"nee, n. Defn: Same as Rani. RANFORCE Ran"force`, n. Etym: [Cf. F. renforcer.] Defn: See Reënforce. [Obs.] Bailey. RANG Rang, Defn: imp. of Ring, v. t. & i. RANGE Range, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ranged; p. pr. & vb. n. Ranging.] Etym: [OE. rengen, OF. rengier, F. ranger, OF. renc row, rank, F. rang; of German origin. See Rane, n.] 1. To set in a row, or in rows; to place in a regular line or lines, or in ranks; to dispose in the proper order; to rank; as, to range soldiers in line. Maccabeus ranged his army by hands. 2 Macc. xii. 20. 2. To place (as a single individual) among others in a line, row, or order, as in the ranks of an army; -- usually, reflexively and figuratively, (in the sense) to espouse a cause, to join a party, etc. It would be absurd in me to range myself on the side of the Duke of Bedford and the corresponding society. Burke. 3. To separate into parts; to sift. [Obs.] Holland. 4. To dispose in a classified or in systematic order; to arrange regularly; as, to range plants and animals in genera and species. 5. To rove over or through; as, to range the fields. Teach him to range the ditch, and force the brake. Gay. 6. To sail or pass in a direction parallel to or near; as, to range the coast. Note: Compare the last two senses (5 and 6) with the French ranger une côte. 7. (Biol.) Defn: To be native to, or to live in; to frequent. RANGE Range, v. i. 1. To rove at large; to wander without restraint or direction; to roam. Like a ranging spaniel that barks at every bird he sees. Burton. 2. To have range; to change or differ within limits; to be capable of projecting, or to admit of being projected, especially as to horizontal distance; as, the temperature ranged through seventy degrees Fahrenheit; the gun ranges three miles; the shot ranged four miles. 3. To be placed in order; to be ranked; to admit of arrangement or classification; to rank. And range with humble livers in content. Shak. 4. To have a certain direction; to correspond in direction; to be or keep in a corresponding line; to trend or run; -- often followed by with; as, the front of a house ranges with the street; to range along the coast. Which way the forests range. Dryden. 5. (Biol.) Defn: To be native to, or live in, a certain district or region; as, the peba ranges from Texas to Paraguay. Syn. -- To rove; roam; ramble; wander; stroll. RANGE Range, n. Etym: [From Range, v.: cf. F. rangée.] 1. A series of things in a line; a row; a rank; as, a range of buildings; a range of mountains. 2. An aggregate of individuals in one rank or degree; an order; a class. The next range of beings above him are the immaterial intelligences. Sir M. Hale. 3. The step of a ladder; a rung. Clarendon. 4. A kitchen grate. [Obs.] He was bid at his first coming to take off the range, and let down the cinders. L'Estrange. 5. Am extended cooking apparatus of cast iron, set in brickwork, and affording conveniences for various ways 6. A bolting sieve to sift meal. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 7. A wandering or roving; a going to and fro; an excursion; a ramble; an expedition. He may take a range all the world over. South. 8. That which may be ranged over; place or room for excursion; especially, a region of country in which cattle or sheep may wander and pasture. 9. Extent or space taken in by anything excursive; compass or extent of excursion; reach; scope; discursive; as, the range of one's voice, or authority. Far as creation's ample range extends. Pope. The range and compass of Hammond's knowledge filled the whole circle of the arts. Bp. Fell. A man has not enough range of thought. Addison. 10. (Biol.) Defn: The region within which a plant or animal naturally lives. 11. (Gun.) (a) The horizontal distance to which a shot or other projectile is carried. (b) Sometimes, less properly, the trajectory of a shot or projectile. (c) A place where shooting, as with cannons or rifles, is practiced. 12. In the public land system of the United States, a row or line of townships lying between two succession meridian lines six miles apart. Note: The meridians included in each great survey are numbered in order east and west from the "principal meridian" of that survey, and the townships in the range are numbered north and south from the "base line," which runs east and west; as, township No. 6, N., range 7, W., from the fifth principal meridian. 13. (Naut.) Defn: See Range of cable, below. Range of accommodation (Optics), the distance between the near point and the far point of distinct vision, -- usually measured and designated by the strength of the lens which if added to the refracting media of the eye would cause the rays from the near point to appear as if they came from the far point. -- Range finder (Gunnery), an instrument, or apparatus, variously constructed, for ascertaining the distance of an inaccessible object, -- used to determine what elevation must be given to a gun in order to hit the object; a position finder. -- Range of cable (Naut.), a certain length of slack cable ranged along the deck preparatory to letting go the anchor. -- Range work (Masonry), masonry of squared stones laid in courses each of which is of even height throughout the length of the wall; -- distinguished from broken range work, which consists of squared stones laid in courses not continuously of even height. -- To get the range of (an object) (Gun.), to find the angle at which the piece must be raised to reach (the object) without carrying beyond. RANGEMENT Range"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rangement.] Defn: Arrangement. [Obs.] Waterland. RANGER Ran"ger, n. 1. One who ranges; a rover; sometimes, one who ranges for plunder; a roving robber. 2. That which separates or arranges; specifically, a sieve. [Obs.] "The tamis ranger." Holland. 3. A dog that beats the ground in search of game. 4. One of a body of mounted troops, formerly armed with short muskets, who range over the country, and often fight on foot. 5. The keeper of a public park or forest; formerly, a sworn officer of a forest, appointed by the king's letters patent, whose business was to walk through the forest, recover beasts that had strayed beyond its limits, watch the deer, present trespasses to the next court held for the forest, etc. [Eng.] RANGERSHIP Ran"ger*ship, n. Defn: The office of the keeper of a forest or park. [Eng.] RANGLE Ran"gle, v. i. Defn: To range about in an irregular manner. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. RANGY Ran"gy, a. [From Range, v. i.] Defn: Inclined or able to range, or rove about, for considerable distances; apt or suited for much roving, --chiefly used of cattle. RANI Ra"ni, n. Etym: [Hind. rani, Skr. rajni. See Rajah.] Defn: A queen or princess; the wife of a rajah. [Written also ranee.] [India] RANINE Ra"nine, a. Etym: [L. rana a frog.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the frogs and toads. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a swelling under the tongue; also, pertaining to the region where the swelling occurs; -- applied especially to branches of the lingual artery and lingual vein. RANK Rank, a. [Compar. Ranker; superl. Rankest.] Etym: [AS. ranc strong, proud; cf. D. rank slender, Dan. rank upright, erect, Prov. G. rank slender, Icel. rakkr slender, bold. The meaning seems to have been influenced by L. rancidus, E. rancid.] 1. Luxuriant in growth; of vigorous growth; exuberant; grown to immoderate height; as, rank grass; rank weeds. And, behold, seven ears of corn came up upon one stalk, rank and good. Gen. xli. 5. 2. Raised to a high degree; violent; extreme; gross; utter; as, rank heresy. "Rank nonsense." Hare. "I do forgive thy rankest fault." Shak. 3. Causing vigorous growth; producing luxuriantly; very rich and fertile; as, rank land. Mortimer. 4. Strong-scented; rancid; musty; as, oil of a rank smell; rank- smelling rue. Spenser. 5. Strong to the taste. "Divers sea fowls taste rank of the fish on which they feed." Boyle. 6. Inflamed with venereal appetite. [Obs.] Shak. Rank modus (Law), an excessive and unreasonable modus. See Modus, 3. -- To set (the iron of a plane, etc.) rank, to set so as to take off a thick shaving. Moxon. RANK Rank, adv. Defn: Rankly; stoutly; violently. [Obs.] That rides so rank and bends his lance so fell. Fairfax. RANK Rank, n. Etym: [OE. renk, reng, OF. renc, F. rang, fr. OHG. hring a circle, a circular row, G. ring. See Ring, and cf. Range, n. & v.] 1. A row or line; a range; an order; a tier; as, a rank of osiers. Many a mountain nigh Rising in lofty ranks, and loftier still. Byron. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A line of soldiers ranged side by side; -- opposed to file. See 1st File, 1 (a). Fierce, fiery warriors fought upon the clouds, In ranks and squadrons and right form of war. Shak. 3. Grade of official standing, as in the army, navy, or nobility; as, the rank of general; the rank of admiral. 4. An aggregate of individuals classed together; a permanent social class; an order; a division; as, ranks and orders of men; the highest and the lowest ranks of men, or of other intelligent beings. 5. Degree of dignity, eminence, or excellence; position in civil or social life; station; degree; grade; as, a writer of the first rank; a lawyer of high rank. These all are virtues of a meaner rank. Addison. 6. Elevated grade or standing; high degree; high social position; distinction; eminence; as, a man of rank. Rank and file. (a) (Mil.) The whole body of common soldiers, including also corporals. In a more extended sense, it includes sergeants also, excepting the noncommissioned staff. (b) See under 1st File. -- The ranks, the order or grade of common soldiers; as, to reduce a noncommissioned officer to the ranks. -- To fill the ranks, to supply the whole number, or a competent number. -- To take rank of, to have precedence over, or to have the right of taking a higher place than.pull rank, to insist on one's own prerogative or plan of action, by right of a higher rank than that of one suggesting a different plan RANK Rank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ranked; p. pr. & vb. n. Ranking,] 1. To place abreast, or in a line. 2. To range in a particular class, order, or division; to class; also, to dispose methodically; to place in suitable classes or order; to classify. Ranking all things under general and special heads. I. Watts. Poets were ranked in the class of philosophers. Broome. Heresy is ranked with idolatry and witchcraft. Dr. H. More. 3. To take rank of; to outrank. [U.S.] RANK Rank, v. i. 1. To be ranged; to be set or disposed, an in a particular degree, class, order, or division. Let that one article rank with the rest. Shak. 2. To have a certain grade or degree of elevation in the orders of civil or military life; to have a certain degree of esteem or consideration; as, he ranks with the first class of poets; he ranks high in public estimation. RANKER Rank"er, n. Defn: One who ranks, or disposes in ranks; one who arranges. RANKLE Ran"kle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rankled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rankling.] Etym: [From Rank, a.] 1. To become, or be, rank; to grow rank or strong; to be inflamed; to fester; -- used literally and figuratively. A malady that burns and rankles inward. Rowe. This would have left a rankling wound in the hearts of the people. Burke. 2. To produce a festering or inflamed effect; to cause a sore; -- used literally and figuratively; as, a splinter rankles in the flesh; the words rankled in his bosom. RANKLE Ran"kle, v. t. Defn: To cause to fester; to make sore; to inflame. [R.] Beau. & Fl. RANKLY Rank"ly, adv. Defn: With rank or vigorous growth; luxuriantly; hence, coarsely; grossly; as, weeds grow rankly. RANKNESS Rank"ness, n. Etym: [AS. rancness pride.] Defn: The condition or quality of being rank. RANNEL Ran"nel, n. Defn: A prostitute. [Obs.] RANNY Ran"ny, n. Etym: [L. araneus mus, a kind of small mouse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The erd shrew. [Scot.] RANSACK Ran"sack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ransacked; p. pr. & vb. n. Ransacking.] Etym: [OE. ransaken, Icel, rannsaka to explore, examine; rann a house (akin to Goth. razn house, AS. ræsn plank, beam) + the root of sækja to seek, akin to E. seek. See Seek, and cf. Rest repose.] 1. To search thoroughly; to search every place or part of; as, to ransack a house. To ransack every corner of their . . . hearts. South. 2. To plunder; to pillage completely. Their vow is made To ransack Troy. Shak. 3. To violate; to ravish; to defiour. [Obs.] Rich spoil of ransacked chastity. Spenser. RANSACK Ran"sack, v. i. Defn: To make a thorough search. To ransack in the tas [heap] of bodies dead. Chaucer. RANSACK Ran"sack, n. Defn: The act of ransacking, or state of being ransacked; pillage. [R.] Even your father's house Shall not be free fromransack. J. Webster. RANSOM Ran"som, n. Etym: [OE. raunson, raunsoun, OF. rançon, raençon, raançon, F. rançon, fr. L. redemptio, fr. redimere to redeem. See Redeem, and cf. Redemption.] 1. The release of a captive, or of captive, or of captured property, by payment of a consideration; redemption; as, prisoners hopeless of ransom. Dryden. 2. The money or price paid for the redemption of a prisoner, or for goods captured by an enemy; payment for freedom from restraint, penalty, or forfeit. Thy ransom paid, which man from death redeems. Milton. His captivity in Austria, and the heavy ransom he paid for his liberty. Sir J. Davies/. 3. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A sum paid for the pardon of some great offense and the discharge of the offender; also, a fine paid in lieu of corporal punishment. Blackstone. Ransom bill (Law), a war contract, valid by the law of nations, for the ransom of property captured at sea and its safe conduct into port. Kent. RANSOM Ran"som, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ransomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ransoming.] Etym: [Cf. F. rançonner. See Ransom, n.] 1. To redeem from captivity, servitude, punishment, or forfeit, by paying a price; to buy out of servitude or penalty; to rescue; to deliver; as, to ransom prisoners from an enemy. 2. To exact a ransom for, or a payment on. [R.] Such lands as he had rule of he ransomed them so grievously, and would tax the men two or three times in a year. Berners. RANSOMABLE Ran"som*a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be ransomed. RANSOMER Ran"som*er, n. Defn: One who ransoms or redeems. RANSOMLESS Ran"som*less, a. Defn: Incapable of being ransomed; without ransom. Shak. RANT Rant, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ranted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ranting.] Etym: [OD. ranten, randen, to dote, to be enraged.] Defn: To rave in violent, high-sounding, or extravagant language, without dignity of thought; to be noisy, boisterous, and bombastic in talk or declamation; as, a ranting preacher. Look where my ranting host of the Garter comes! Shak. RANT Rant, n. Defn: High-sounding language, without importance or dignity of thought; boisterous, empty declamation; bombast; as, the rant of fanatics. This is a stoical rant, without any foundation in the nature of man or reason of things. Atterbury. RANTER Rant"er, n. 1. A noisy talker; a raving declaimer. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) (a) One of a religious sect which sprung up in 1645; -- called also Seekers. See Seeker. (b) One of the Primitive Methodists, who seceded from the Wesleyan Methodists on the ground of their deficiency in fervor and zeal; -- so called in contempt. RANTERISM Rant"er*ism, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The practice or tenets of the Ranters. RANTINGLY Rant"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a ranting manner. RANTIPOLE Rant"i*pole, n. Etym: [Ranty + pole, poll, head.] Defn: A wild, romping young person. [Low] Marrya RANTIPOLE Rant"i*pole, a. Defn: Wild; roving; rakish. [Low] RANTIPOLE Rant"i*pole, v. i. Defn: To act like a rantipole. [Low] She used to rantipole about the house. Arbuthnot. RANTISM Rant"ism, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: Ranterism. RANTY Rant"y, a. Defn: Wild; noisy; boisterous. RANULA Ran"u*la, n. Etym: [L., a little frog, a little swelling on the tongue of cattle, dim. of rana a frog.] (Med.) Defn: A cyst formed under the tongue by obstruction of the duct of the submaxillary gland. RANUNCULACEOUS Ra*nun`cu*la"ceous, a. Etym: [See Ranunculus.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Ranunculaceæ), of which the buttercup is the type, and which includes also the virgin's bower, the monkshood, larkspur, anemone, meadow rue, and peony. RANUNCULUS Ra*nun`cu*lus, n.; pl. E. Ranunculuses, L. Ranunculi. Etym: [L., a little frog, a medicinal plant, perhaps crowfoot, dim. of rana a frog; cf. raccare to roar.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbs, mostly with yellow flowers, including crowfoot, buttercups, and the cultivated ranunculi (R. Asiaticus, R. aconitifolius, etc.) in which the flowers are double and of various colors. RANZ DES VACHES Ranz" des` vaches". Etym: [F., the ranks or rows of cows, the name being given from the fact that the cattle, when answering the musical call of their keeper, move towards him in a row, preceded by those wearing bells.] Defn: The name for numerous simple, but very irregular, melodies of the Swiss mountaineers, blown on a long tube called the Alpine horn, and sometimes sung. RAP Rap, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A lay or skein containing 120 yards of yarn. Knight. RAP Rap, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Rapping.] Etym: [Akin to Sw. rappa to strike, rapp stroke, Dan. rap, perhaps of imitative origin.] Defn: To strike with a quick, sharp blow; to knock; as, to rap on the door. RAP Rap, v. t. 1. To strike with a quick blow; to knock on. With one great peal they rap the door. Prior. 2. (Founding) Defn: To free (a pattern) in a mold by light blows on the pattern, so as to facilitate its removal. RAP Rap, n. Defn: A quick, smart blow; a knock. RAP Rap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rapped, usually written Rapt; p. pr. & vb. n. Rapping.] Etym: [OE. rapen; akin to LG. & D. rapen to snatch, G. raffen, Sw. rappa; cf. Dan. rappe sig to make haste, and Icel. hrapa to fall, to rush, hurry. The word has been confused with L. rapere to seize. Cf. Rape robbery, Rapture, Raff, v., Ramp, v.] 1. To snatch away; to seize and hurry off. And through the Greeks and Ilians they rapt The whirring chariot. Chapman. From Oxford I was rapt by my nephew, Sir Edmund Bacon, to Redgrove. Sir H. Wotton. 2. To hasten. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 3. To seize and bear away, as the mind or thoughts; to transport out of one's self; to affect with ecstasy or rapture; as, rapt into admiration. I'm rapt with joy to see my Marcia's tears. Addison. Rapt into future times, the bard begun. Pope. 4. To exchange; to truck. [Obs. & Law] To rap and ren, To rap and rend. Etym: [Perhaps fr. Icel. hrapa to hurry and ræna plunder, fr. ran plunder, E. ran.] To seize and plunder; to snatch by violence. Dryden. "[Ye] waste all that ye may rape and renne." Chaucer. All they could rap and rend pilfer. Hudibras. -- To rap out, to utter with sudden violence, as an oath. A judge who rapped out a great oath. Addison. RAP Rap, n. Etym: [Perhaps contr. fr. raparee.] Defn: A popular name for any of the tokens that passed current for a half-penny in Ireland in the early part of the eighteenth century; any coin of trifling value. Many counterfeits passed about under the name of raps. Swift. Tie it [her money] up so tight that you can't touch a rap, save with her consent. Mrs. Alexander. Not to care a rap, to care nothing. -- Not worth a rap, worth nothing. RAPACES Ra*pa"ces, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Rapacious.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Accipitres. RAPACIOUS Rapa"cious, a. Etym: [L. rapax, -acis, from rapere to seize and carry off, to snatch away. See Rapid.] 1. Given to plunder; disposed or accustomed to seize by violence; seizing by force. " The downfall of the rapacious and licentious Knights Templar." Motley. 2. Accustomed to seize food; subsisting on prey, or animals seized by violence,; as, a tiger is a rapacious animal; a rapacious bird. 3. Avaricious; grasping; extortionate; also, greedy; ravenous; voracious; as, rapacious usurers; a rapacious appetite. [Thy Lord] redeem thee from Death's rapacious claim Milton . Syn. -- Greedy; grasping; ravenous; voracious. -- Ra*pa"cious*ly, adv. -- Ra*pa"cious*ness, n. RAPACITY Ra*pac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. rapacitas: cf. F. rapacite. See Rapacious.] 1. The quality of being rapacious; rapaciousness; ravenousness; as, the rapacity of pirates; the rapacity of wolves. 2. The act or practice of extorting or exacting by oppressive injustice; exorbitant greediness of gain. "The rapacity of some ages." Sprat. RAPAREE Rap`a*ree", n. Defn: See Rapparee. RAPE Rape (rap), n. Etym: [F. râpe a grape stalk.] 1. Fruit, as grapes, plucked from the cluster. Ray. 2. The refuse stems and skins of grapes or raisins from which the must has been expressed in wine making. 3. A filter containing the above refuse, used in clarifying and perfecting malt, vinegar, etc. Rape wine, a poor, thin wine made from the last dregs of pressed grapes. RAPE Rape, n. Etym: [Akin to rap to snatch, but confused with L. rapere. See Rap to snatch.] 1. The act of seizing and carrying away by force; violent seizure; robbery. And ruined orphans of thy rapes complain. Sandys. 2. (Law) Defn: Sexual connection with a woman without her consent. See Age of consent, under Consent, n. statutory rape. 3. That which is snatched away. [Obs.] Where now are all my hopes O, never more. Shall they revive! nor death her rapes restore. Sandys. 4. Movement, as in snatching; haste; hurry. [Obs.] rape of the land by mining companies. RAPE Rape, v. t. Defn: To commit rape upon; to ravish. raped first by their assailant, and then by the Justice system. Corresponds to 2nd rape, n. 5. To rape and ren. See under Rap, v. t., to snatch. RAPE Rape, v. i. Defn: To rob; to pillage. [Obs.] Heywood. RAPE Rape, n. Etym: [Icel. hreppr village, district; cf. Icel. hreppa to catch, obtain, AS. hrepian, hreppan, to touch.] Defn: One of six divisions of the county of Sussex, England, intermediate between a hundred and a shire. RAPE Rape, n. Etym: [L. rapa, rapum, akin to Gr. rübe.] (Bot.) Defn: A name given to a variety or to varieties of a plant of the turnip kind, grown for seeds and herbage. The seeds are used for the production of rape oil, and to a limited extent for the food of cage birds. Note: These plants, with the edible turnip, have been variously named, but are all now believed to be derived from the Brassica campestris of Europe, which by some is not considered distinct from the wild stock (B. oleracea) of the cabbage. See Cole. Broom rape. (Bot.) See Broom rape, in the Vocabulary. -- Rape cake, the refuse remaining after the oil has been expressed from the seed. -- Rape root. Same as Rape. -- Summer rape. (Bot.) See Colza. RAPEFUL Rape"ful, a. 1. Violent. [Obs.] 2. Given to the commission of rape. Byron. RAPFULLY Rap"ful*ly, adv. Defn: Violently. [Obs.] RAPHAELESQUE Raph`a*el*esque", a. Defn: Like Raphael's works; in Raphael's manner of painting. RAPHAELISM Raph"a*el*ism, n. Defn: The principles of painting introduced by Raphael, the Italian painter. RAPHAELITE Raph"a*el*ite, n. Defn: One who advocates or adopts the principles of Raphaelism. RAPHANY Raph"a*ny, n. Etym: [Cf. F. raphanie.] (Med.) Defn: A convulsive disease, attended with ravenous hunger, not uncommon in Sweden and Germany. It was so called because supposed to be caused by eating corn with which seeds of jointed charlock (Raphanus raphanistrum) had been mixed, but the condition is now known to be a form of ergotism. RAPHE Ra"phe (ra"fe), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: A line, ridge, furrow, or band of fibers, especially in the median line; as, the raphe of the tongue. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Rhaph. RAPHIDES Raph"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [F. raphide.] (Bot.) Defn: See Rhaphides. RAPID Rap"id, a. Etym: [L. rapidus, fr. rapere to seize and carry off, to snatch or hurry away; perhaps akin to Gr. rapide. Cf. Harpy, Ravish.] 1. Very swift or quick; moving with celerity; fast; as, a rapid stream; a rapid flight; a rapid motion. Ascend my chariot; guide the rapid wheels. Milton. 2. Advancing with haste or speed; speedy in progression; in quick sequence; as, rapid growth; rapid improvement; rapid recurrence; rapid succession. 3. Quick in execution; as, a rapid penman. RAPID Rap"id, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rapide. See Rapid, a.] Defn: The part of a river where the current moves with great swiftness, but without actual waterfall or cascade; -- usually in the plural; as, the Lachine rapids in the St. Lawrence. Row, brothers, row the stream runs fast, The rapids are near, and the daylight's past. Moore. RAPID-FIRE; RAPID-FIRING Rap"id-fire`, Rap"id-fir`ing, a. (a) (Gun.) Firing shots in rapid succession. (b) (Ordnance) Capable of being fired rapidly; -- applied to single- barreled guns of greater caliber than small arms, mounted so as to be quickly trained and elevated, with a quick-acting breech mechanism operated by a single motion of a crank or lever (abbr. R. F.); specif.: (1) Defn: In the United States navy, designating such a gun using fixed ammunition or metallic cartridge cases; -- distinguished from breech- loading (abbr. B. L.), applied to all guns loading with the charge in bags, and formerly from quick-fire. Rapid-fire guns in the navy also sometimes include automatic or semiautomatic rapid-fire guns; the former being automatic guns of not less than one inch caliber, firing a shell of not less than one pound weight, the explosion of each cartridge operating the mechanism for ejecting the empty shell, loading, and firing the next shot, the latter being guns that require one operation of the hand at each discharge, to load the gun. (2) Defn: In the United States army, designating such a gun, whether using fixed or separate ammunition, designed chiefly for use in coast batteries against torpedo vessels and the lightly armored batteries or other war vessels and for the protection of defensive mine fields; -- not distinguished from quick-fire. (3) Defn: In Great Britain and Europe used, rarely, as synonymous with quick-fire. RAPID-FIRE MOUNT Rapid-fire mount. (Ordnance) Defn: A mount permitting easy and quick elevation or depression and training of the gun, and fitting with a device for taking up the recoil. RAPIDITY Ra*pid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. rapiditas: cf. F. rapidité.] Defn: The quality or state of being rapid; swiftness; celerity; velocity; as, the rapidity of growth or improvement. Syn. -- -- Rapidness; haste; speed; celerity; velocity; swiftness; fleetness; quickness; agility. RAPIDLY Rap"id*ly, adv. Defn: In a rapid manner. RAPIDNESS Rap"id*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being rapid; rapidity. RAPIER Ra"pi*er, n. Etym: [F. rapière, perhaps for raspière, and ultimately of German origin, akin to E. rasp, v.] Defn: A straight sword, with a narrow and finely pointed blade, used only for thrusting. Rapier fish (Zoöl.), the swordfish. [Obs.] Grew. RAPIERED Ra"pi*ered, a. Defn: Wearing a rapier. "Scarletcoated, rapiered figures." Lowell. RAPILLI Ra*pil"li, n. pl. Etym: [It.] (Min.) Defn: Lapilli. RAPINE Rap"ine, n. Etym: [F. rapine; cf. Pr. & It. rapina; all fr. L. rapina, fr. rapere to seize and carry off by force. See Rapid, and cf. Raven rapine.] 1. The act of plundering; the seizing and carrying away of things by force; spoliation; pillage; plunder. Men who were impelled to war quite as much by the desire of rapine as by the desire of glory. Macaulay. 2. Ravishment; rape. [Obs.] Shak. RAPINE Rap"ine, v. t. Defn: To plunder. Sir G. Buck. RAPINOUS Rap"i*nous, a. Defn: Given to rapine. [Obs.] RAPPAGE Rap"page, n. (Founding) Defn: The enlargement of a molt caused by rapping the pattern. RAPPAREE Rap`pa*ree", n. Defn: A wild Irish plunderer, esp. one of the 17th century; -- so called from his carrying a half-pike, called a rapary. [Written also raparee.] RAPPED Rapped (râpt), Defn: imp. & p. p. of Rap, to strike. RAPPED Rapped, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Rap, to snatch away. RAPPEE Rap*pee", n. Etym: [F. râpé, fr. râper to grate, to rasp. See Rasp, v.] Defn: A pungent kind of snuff made from the darker and ranker kinds of tobacco leaves. RAPPEL Rap"pel, n. Etym: [F. Cf. Repeal.] (Mil.) Defn: The beat of the drum to call soldiers to arms. RAPPER Rap"per, n. Etym: [From Rap.] 1. One who, or that which, raps or knocks; specifically, the knocker of a door. Sterne. 2. A forcible oath or lie. [Slang] Bp. Parker. RAPPORT Rap*port", n. Etym: [F., fr. rapporter to bring again or back, to refer; pref. re- re- + apporter to bring, L. apporter to bring, L. apportare. Cf. Report.] Defn: Relation; proportion; conformity; correspondence; accord. 'T is obvious what rapport there is between the conceptions and languages in every country. Sir W. Temple. En` rap`port" ( Etym: [F.], in accord, harmony, or sympathy; having a mutual, especially a private, understanding; in mesmerism, in that relation of sympathy which permits influence or communication. RAPPROCHEMENT Rap`proche`ment", n. [F., fr. rapprocher to cause to approach again. See Re-; Approach.] Defn: Act or fact of coming or being drawn near or together; establishment or state of cordial relations. He had witnessed the gradual rapprochement between the papacy and Austria. Wilfrid Ward. RAPSCALLION Rap*scal"lion, n. Etym: [See Rascallion.] Defn: A rascal; a good-for-nothing fellow. [Colloq.] Howitt. RAPT Rapt, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Rap, to snatch away. RAPT Rapt, a. 1. Snatched away; hurried away or along. Waters rapt with whirling away. Spenser. 2. Transported with love, admiration, delight, etc.; enraptured. "The rapt musician." Longfellow. 3. Wholly absorbed or engrossed, as in work or meditation. "Rapt in secret studies." Shak. RAPT Rapt, n. Etym: [From F. rapt abduction, rape, L. raptus, fr. rapere to seize and carry off, to transport; or fr. E. rapt, a. See Rapt, a., and Rapid.] 1. An ecstasy; a trance. [Obs.] Bp. Morton. 2. Rapidity. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. RAPT Rapt, v. i. 1. To transport or ravish. [Obs.] Drayton. 2. To carry away by force. [Obs.] Daniel. RAPTER Rap"ter, n. Defn: A raptor. [Obs.] Drayton. RAPTOR Rap"tor, n. Etym: [L. raptor, from rapere to ravish. See Rapid.] Defn: A ravisher; a plunderer. [Obs.] RAPTORES Rap*to"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Raptor.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Accipitres. Called also Raptatores. RAPTORIAL Rap*to"ri*al, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Rapacious; living upon prey; -- said especially of certain birds. (b) Adapted for seizing prey; -- said of the legs, claws, etc., of insects, birds, and other animals. (c) Of or pertaining to the Raptores. See Illust. (f) of Aves. RAPTORIOUS Rap*to"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. raptorius.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Raptorial. RAPTURE Rap"ture, n. Etym: [L. rapere, raptum, to carry off by force. See Rapid.] 1. A seizing by violence; a hurrying along; rapidity with violence. [Obs.] That 'gainst a rock, or flat, her keel did dash With headlong rapture. Chapman. 2. The state or condition of being rapt, or carried away from one's self by agreeable excitement; violence of a pleasing passion; extreme joy or pleasure; ecstasy. Music, when thus applied, raises in the mind of the hearer great conceptions; it strengthens devotion, and advances praise into rapture. Addison. You grow correct that once with rapture writ. Pope. 3. A spasm; a fit; a syncope; delirium. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Bliss; ecstasy; transport; delight; exultation. RAPTURE Rap"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raptured; p. pr. & vb. n. Rapturing.] Defn: To transport with excitement; to enrapture. [Poetic] Thomson. RAPTURIST Rap"tur*ist, n. Defn: An enthusiast. [Obs.] J. Spencer. RAPTURIZE Rap"tur*ize, v. i. & i. Defn: To put, or be put, in a state of rapture. [R.] RAPTUROUS Rap"tur*ous, a. Defn: Ecstatic; transporting; ravishing; feeling, expressing, or manifesting rapture; as, rapturous joy, pleasure, or delight; rapturous applause. RAPTUROUSLY Rap"tur*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a rapturous manner. RARE Rare, a. Etym: [Cf. Rather, Rath.] Defn: Early. [Obs.] Rude mechanicals that rare and late Work in the market place. Chapman. RARE Rare, a. [Compar. Rarer; superl. Rarest.] Etym: [Cf. AS. hrer, or E. rare early.] Defn: Nearly raw; partially cooked; not thoroughly cooked; underdone; as, rare beef or mutton. New-laid eggs, which Baucis' busy care Turned by a gentle fire, and roasted rare. Dryden. Note: This word is in common use in the United States, but in England its synonym underdone is preferred. RARE Rare, a. [Compar. Rarer; superl. Rarest.] Etym: [F., fr. L. rarus thin, rare.] 1. Not frequent; seldom met with or occurring; unusual; as, a rare event. 2. Of an uncommon nature; unusually excellent; valuable to a degree seldom found. Rare work, all filled with terror and delight. Cowley. Above the rest I judge one beauty rare. Dryden. 3. Thinly scattered; dispersed. Those rare and solitary, three in flocks. Milton. 4. Characterized by wide separation of parts; of loose texture; not thick or dense; thin; as, a rare atmosphere at high elevations. Water is nineteen times lighter, and by consequence nineteen times rarer, than gold. Sir I. Newton. Syn. -- Scarce; infrequent; unusual; uncommon; singular; extraordinary; incomparable. -- Rare, Scarce. We call a thing rare when but few examples, specimens, or instances of it are ever to be met with; as, a rare plant. We speak of a thing as scarce, which, though usually abundant, is for the time being to be had only in diminished quantities; as, a bad harvest makes corn scarce. A perfect union of wit and judgment is one of the rarest things in the world. Burke. When any particular piece of money grew very scarce, it was often recoined by a succeeding emperor. Addison. RAREBIT Rare"bit, n. Defn: A dainty morsel; a Welsh rabbit. See Welsh rabbit, under Rabbit. RAREE-SHOW Rar"ee-show`, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. rarity-show.] Defn: A show carried about in a box; a peep show. Pope. RAREFACTION Rar`e*fac"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. raréfaction. See Rarefy.] Defn: The act or process of rarefying; the state of being rarefied; - - opposed to condensation; as, the rarefaction of air. RAREFIABLE Rar"e*fi`a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. raréfiable.] Defn: Capable of being rarefied. Boyle. RAREFY Rar"e*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rarefied; p. pr. & vb. n. Rarefying.] Etym: [F. raréfier; L. rarus rare + -ficare (in comp.) to make; cf. L. rarefacere. See -fy.] Defn: To make rare, thin, porous, or less dense; to expand or enlarge without adding any new portion of matter to; -- opposed to condense. RAREFY Rar"e*fy, v. i. Defn: To become less dense; to become thin and porous. "Earth rarefies to dew." Dryden. RARELY Rare"ly, adv. 1. In a rare manner or degree; seldom; not often; as, things rarely seen. 2. Finely; excellently; with rare skill. See 3d Rare, 2. The person who played so rarely on the flageolet. Sir W. Scott. The rest of the spartments are rarely gilded. Evelyn. RARENESS Rare"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being rare. And let the rareness the small gift commend. Dryden. RARERIPE Rare"ripe`, a. Etym: [Rare early + ripe. Cf. Rathripe.] Defn: Early ripe; ripe before others, or before the usual season. RARERIPE Rare"ripe`, n. Defn: An early ripening fruit, especially a kind of freestone peach. RARIFICATION Rar`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: See Rarefaction. [R.] Am. Chem. Journal. RARITY Rar"i*ty, n.; pl. Rarities. Etym: [L. raritas: cf. F. rareté. See Rare.] 1. The quality or state of being rare; rareness; thinness; as, the rarity (contrasted with the density) of gases. 2. That which is rare; an uncommon thing; a thing valued for its scarcity. I saw three rarities of different kinds, which pleased me more than any other shows in the place. Addison. RAS Ras, n. Defn: See 2d Reis. RASANTE Ra`sante", a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of raser to graze.] (Fort.) Defn: Sweeping; grazing; -- applied to a style of fortification in which the command of the works over each other, and over the country, is kept very low, in order that the shot may more effectually sweep or graze the ground before them. H. L. Scott. RASCAL Ras"cal, n. Etym: [OE. rascaille rabble, probably from an OF. racaille, F. racaille the rabble, rubbish, probably akin to F. racler to scrape, (assumed) LL. rasiculare, rasicare, fr. L. radere, rasum. See Rase, v.] 1. One of the rabble; a low, common sort of person or creature; collectively, the rabble; the common herd; also, a lean, ill- conditioned beast, esp. a deer. [Obs.] He smote of the people seventy men, and fifty thousand of the rascal. Wyclif (1 Kings [1 Samuel] vi. 19). Poor men alone No, no; the noblest deer hath them [horns] as huge as the rascal. Shak. 2. A mean, trickish fellow; a base, dishonest person; a rogue; a scoundrel; a trickster. For I have sense to serve my turn in store, And he's a rascal who pretends to more. Dryden. RASCAL Ras`cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the common herd or common people; low; mean; base. "The rascal many." Spencer. "The rascal people." Shak. While she called me rascal fiddler. Shak. RASCALDOM Ras"cal*dom, n. Defn: State of being a rascal; rascality; domain of rascals; rascals, collectively. Emerson. RASCALESS Ras"cal*ess, n. Defn: A female rascal. [Humorous] RASCALITY Ras*cal`i*ty, n.; pl. Rascalities ( 1. The quality or state of being rascally, or a rascal; mean trickishness or dishonesty; base fraud. 2. The poorer and lower classes of people.[Obs.] The chief heads of their clans with their several rascalities T. Jackson. RASCALLION Ras*cal"lion, n. Etym: [From Rascal] Defn: A low, mean wretch [Written also rascalion.] RASCALLY Ras"cal*ly, a. Defn: Like a rascal; trickish or dishonest; base; worthless; -- often in humorous disparagement, without implication of dishonesty. Our rascally porter is fallen fast asleep. Swift. RASE Rase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rased; p. pr. & vb. n. Rasing.] Etym: [F. raser, LL. rasare to scrape often, v. freq. fr. L. radere, rasum, to scrape, shave; cf. Skr. rad to scratch, gnaw, L. rodere to gnaw. Cf. Raze, Razee, Razor, Rodent.] 1. To rub along the surface of; to graze.[Obsoles.] Was he not in the . . . neighborhood to death and might not the bullet which rased his cheek have gone into his head South. Sometimes his feet rased the surface of water, and at others the skylight almost flattened his nose. Beckford. 2. To rub or scratch out; to erase. [Obsoles.] Except we rase the faculty of memory, root and branch, out of our mind. Fuller. 3. To level with the ground; to overthrow; to destroy; to raze. [In this sense rase is generally used.] Till Troy were by their brave hands rased, They would not turn home. Chapman. Note: This word, rase, may be considered as nearly obsolete; graze, erase, and raze, having superseded it. Rasing iron, a tool for removing old oakum and pitch from the seams of a vessel. Syn. -- To erase; efface; obliterate; expunge; cancel; level; prostrate; overthrow; subvert; destroy; demolish; ruin. RASE Rase, v. i. Defn: To be leveled with the ground; to fall; to suffer overthrow. [Obs.] RASE Rase, n. 1. A scratching out, or erasure. [Obs.] 2. A slight wound; a scratch. [Obs.] Hooker. 3. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A way of measuring in which the commodity measured was made even with the top of the measuring vessel by rasing, or striking off, all that was above it. Burrill. RASH Rash, v. t. Etym: [For arace] 1. To pull off or pluck violently. [Obs.] 2. To slash; to hack; to slice. [Obs.] Rushing of helms and riving plates asunder. Spenser. RASH Rash, n. Etym: [OF. rashe an eruption, scurf, F. rache; fr. (assumed) LL. rasicare to scratch, fr. L. radere, rasum, to scrape, scratch, shave. See Rase, and cf. Rascal.] (Med.) Defn: A fine eruption or efflorescence on the body, with little or no elevation. Canker rash. See in the Vocabulary. -- Nettle rash. See Urticaria. -- Rose rash. See Roseola. -- Tooth rash. See Red-gum. RASH Rash, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ras short-nap cloth, It. & Sp. raso satin (cf. Rase); or cf. It. rascia serge, G. rasch, probably fr. Arras in France (cf. Arras).] Defn: An inferior kind of silk, or mixture of silk and worsted. [Obs.] Donne. RASH Rash, a. [Compar. Rasher; superl. Rashest.] Etym: [Probably of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. & Sw. rask quick, brisk, rash, Icel. röskr vigorous, brave, akin to D. & G. rasch quick, of uncertain origin.] 1. Sudden in action; quick; hasty. [Obs.] "Strong as aconitum or rash gunpowder." Shak. 2. Requiring sudden action; pressing; urgent. [Obs.] I scarce have leisure to salute you, My matter is so rash. Shak. 3. Esp., overhasty in counsel or action; precipitate; resolving or entering on a project or measure without due deliberation and caution; opposed to prudent; said of persons; as, a rash statesman or commander. 4. Uttered or undertaken with too much haste or too little reflection; as, rash words; rash measures. 5. So dry as to fall out of the ear with handling, as corn. [Prov. Eng.] Syn. -- Precipitate; headlong; headstrong; foolhardy; hasty; indiscreet; heedless; thoughtless; incautious; careless; inconsiderate; unwary. -- Rash, Adventurous, Foolhardy. A man is adventurous who incurs risk or hazard from a love of the arduous and the bold. A man is rash who does it from the mere impulse of his feelings, without counting the cost. A man is foolhardy who throws himself into danger in disregard or defiance of the consequences. Was never known a more adventurous knight. Dryden. Her rush hand in evil hour Forth reaching to the fruit, she plucked, she eat. Milton. If any yet to be foolhardy To expose themselves to vain jeopardy; If they come wounded off, and lame, No honors got by such a maim. Hudibras. RASH Rash, v. t. Defn: To prepare with haste. [Obs.] Foxe. RASHER Rash"er, n. Etym: [In sense 1, probably fr. rash, a., as being hastily cooked.] 1. A thin slice of bacon. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A California rockfish (Sebastichthys miniatus). RASHFUL Rash"ful, a. Defn: Rash; hasty; precipitate. [Obs.] RASHLING Rash"ling, n. Defn: A rash person. [Obs.] RASHLY Rash"ly, adv. Defn: In a rush manner; with precipitation. He that doth anything rashly, must do it willingly; for he was free to deliberate or not. L'Estrange. RASHNESS Rash"ness, n. Defn: The quality of state of being rash. We offend . . . by rashness, which is an affirming or denying, before we have sufficiently informed ourselves. South. Syn. -- Temerity; foolhardiness; precipitancy; precipitation; hastiness; indiscretion; heedlessness; inconsideration; carelessness. See Temerity. RASKOLNIK Ras*kol"nik, n. Etym: [Russ. rascolenik' schismatic, heretic.] (Eccl.) Defn: One of the separatists or dissenters from the established or Greek church in Russia. [Written also rascolnik.] RASORES Ra*so`res, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. radere, rasum, to scratch. See Rase, v. t.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of birds; the Gallinæ. Note: Formely, the word Rasores was used in a wider sense, so as to include other birds now widely separated in classification. RASORIAL Ra*so"ri*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Rasores, or gallinaceous birds, as the peacock, domestic fowl, patridge, and the like. RASOUR Ra"sour, n. Defn: Rasor. [Obs.] Chaucer. RASP Rasp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rasped; p. pr. & vb. n. Rasping.] Etym: [OF. rasper, F. râper, to scrape, grate, rasp, fr. OHG. raspon to scrape together, to collect, probably akin to E. rap. Cf. Rap to snatch.] 1. To rub or file with a rasp; to rub or grate with a rough file; as, to rasp wood to make it smooth; to rasp bones to powder. 2. Hence, figuratively: To grate harshly upon; to offend by coarse or rough treatment or language; as, some sounds rasp the ear; his insults rasped my temper. RASP Rasp, n. Etym: [OE. raspe, OF. raspe, F. râpe. See Rasp, v.] 1. A coarse file, on which the cutting prominences are distinct points raised by the oblique stroke of a sharp punch, instead of lines raised by a chisel, as on the true file. 2. The raspberry. [Obs.] "Set sorrel amongst rasps, and the rasps will be smaller." Bacon. Rasp palm (Bot.), a Brazilian palm tree (Iriartea exorhiza) which has strong aërial roots like a screw pine. The roots have a hard, rough surface, and are used by the natives for graters and rasps, whence the common name. RASPATORIUM Ras`pa*to"ri*um, n. Etym: [LL.] Defn: See Raspatory. RASPATORY Rasp"a*to*ry, n. Etym: [LL. raspatorium: cf. F. raspatoir. See Rasp, v.] Defn: A surgeon's rasp. Wiseman. RASPBERRY Rasp"ber*ry, n, Etym: [From E. rasp, in allusion to the apparent roughness of the fruit.] (Bot.) (a) The thimble-shaped fruit of the Rubus Idæus and other similar brambles; as, the black, the red and the white raspberry. (b) The shrub bearing this fruit. Note: Technically, raspberries are those brambles in which the fruit separates readily from the core or receptacle, in this differing from the blackberries, in which the fruit is firmly attached to the receptacle. RASPER Rasp"er, n. Defn: One who, or which, rasps; a scraper. RASPIS Ras"pis, n. Defn: The raspberry. [Obs.] Langham. RASPY Rasp"y, a. Defn: Like a rasp, or the sound made by a rasp; grating. R. D. Blackmore. RASSE Rasse, n. Etym: [Cf. Malay rasa taste, sensation.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A carnivore (Viverricula Mallaccensis) allied to the civet but smaller, native of China and the East Indies. It furnishes a perfume resembling that of the civet, which is highly prized by the Javanese. Called also Malacca weasel, and lesser civet. RASURE Ra"sure, n. Etym: [L. rasura, fr. radere, rasum, to scrape, to shave. See Rase, v.] 1. The act of rasing, scraping, or erasing; erasure; obliteration. 2. A mark by which a letter, word, or any part of a writing or print, is erased, effaced, or obliterated; an erasure. Ayliffe. RAT Rat, n. Etym: [AS. ræt; akin to D. rat, OHG. rato, ratta, G. ratte, ratze, OLG. ratta, LG. & Dan. rotte, Sw. råtta, F. rat, Ir. & Gael radan, Armor. raz, of unknown origin. Cf. Raccoon.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the several species of small rodents of the genus Mus and allied genera, larger than mice, that infest houses, stores, and ships, especially the Norway, or brown, rat (M. Alexandrinus). These were introduced into Anerica from the Old World. 2. A round and tapering mass of hair, or similar material, used by women to support the puffs and rolls of their natural hair. [Local, U.S.] 3. One who deserts his party or associates; hence, in the trades, one who works for lower wages than those prescribed by a trades union. [Cant] Note: "It so chanced that, not long after the accession of the house of Hanover, some of the brown, that is the German or Norway, rats, were first brought over to this country (in some timber as is said); and being much stronger than the black, or, till then, the common, rats, they in many places quite extirpated the latter. The word (both the noun and the verb to rat) was first, as we have seen, leveled at the converts to the government of George the First, but has by degrees obtained a wide meaning, and come to be applied to any sudden and mercenary change in politics." Lord Mahon. Bamboo rat (Zoöl.), any Indian rodent of the genus Rhizomys. -- Beaver rat, Coast rat. (Zoöl.) See under Beaver and Coast. -- Blind rat (Zoöl.), the mole rat. -- Cotton rat (Zoöl.), a long-haired rat (Sigmodon hispidus), native of the Southern United States and Mexico. It makes its nest of cotton and is often injurious to the crop. -- Ground rat. See Ground Pig, under Ground. -- Hedgehog rat. See under Hedgehog. -- Kangaroo rat (Zoöl.), the potoroo. -- Norway rat (Zoöl.), the common brown rat. See Rat. -- Pouched rat. (Zoöl.) (a) See Pocket Gopher, under Pocket. (b) Any African rodent of the genus Cricetomys. Rat Indians (Ethnol.), a tribe of Indians dwelling near Fort Ukon, Alaska. They belong to Athabascan stock. -- Rat mole. (Zoöl.) See Mole rat, under Mole. -- Rat pit, an inclosed space into which rats are put to be killed by a dog for sport. -- Rat snake (Zoöl.), a large colubrine snake (Ptyas mucosus) very common in India and Ceylon. It enters dwellings, and destroys rats, chickens, etc. -- Spiny rat (Zoöl.), any South America rodent of the genus Echinomys. -- To smell a rat. See under Smell. -- Wood rat (Zoöl.), any American rat of the genus Neotoma, especially N. Floridana, common in the Southern United States. Its feet and belly are white. RAT Rat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ratted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ratting.] 1. In English politics, to desert one's party from interested motives; to forsake one's associates for one's own advantage; in the trades, to work for less wages, or on other conditions, than those established by a trades union. Coleridge . . . incurred the reproach of having ratted, solely by his inability to follow the friends of his early days. De Quincey. 2. To catch or kill rats. RATA Ra"ta, n. Etym: [Maori.] (Bot.) Defn: A New Zealand forest tree (Metrosideros robusta), also, its hard dark red wood, used by the Maoris for paddles and war clubs. RATABILITY Rat`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being ratable. RATABLE Rat"a*ble, a. 1. Capable of being rated, or set at a certain value. Twenty oræ were ratable to [at] two marks of silver. Camden. 2. Liable to, or subjected by law to, taxation; as, ratable estate. 3. Made at a proportionate rate; as, ratable payments. -- Rat"a*ble*ness, n. -- Rat"a*bly, adv. RATAFIA Rat`a*fi"a, n. Etym: [F., fr. Malay arak arrack + tafia a spirit distilled from molasses.] Defn: A spirituous liquor flavored with the kernels of cherries, apricots, peaches, or other fruit, spiced, and sweetened with sugar; -- a term applied to the liqueurs called noyau, curaçao, etc. [Written also ratifia and ratafee.] RATAN Ra*tan", n. Defn: See Rattan. RATANY Rat"a*ny, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Rhatany. RATAPLAN Ra`ta`plan", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The iterative sound of beating a drum, or of a galloping horse. RATCH Ratch, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Rotche. RATCH Ratch, n. Etym: [See Rack the instrument, Ratchet.] Defn: A ratchet wheel, or notched bar, with which a pawl or chick works. RATCHEL Ratch"el, n. Defn: Gravelly stone. [Prov. Eng.] RATCHET Ratch"et, n. Etym: [Properly a diminutive from the same word as rack: cf. F. rochet. See 2d Ratch, Rack the instrument.] 1. A pawl, click, or detent, for holding or propelling a ratchet wheel, or ratch, etc. 2. A mechanism composed of a ratchet wheel, or ratch, and pawl. See Ratchet wheel, below, and 2d Ratch. Ratchet brace (Mech.), a boring brace, having a ratchet wheel and pawl for rotating the tool by back and forth movements of the brace handle. -- Ratchet drill, a portable machine for working a drill by hand, consisting of a hand lever carrying at one end a drill holder which is revolved by means of a ratchet wheel and pawl, by swinging the lever back and forth. -- Ratchet wheel (Mach.), a circular wheel having teeth, usually angular, with which a reciprocating pawl engages to turn the wheel forward, or a stationary pawl to hold it from turning backward. Note: In the cut, the moving pawl c slides over the teeth in one direction, but in returning, draws the wheel with it, while the pawl d prevents it from turning in the contrary direction. RATE Rate, v. t. & i. Etym: [Perh. fr. E. rate, v. t., to value at a certain rate, to estimate, but more prob. fr. Sw. rata to find fault, to blame, to despise, to hold cheap; cf. Icel. hrat refuse, hrati rubbish.] Defn: To chide with vehemence; to scold; to censure violently. Spencer. Go, rate thy minions, proud, insulting boy! Shak. Conscience is a check to beginners in sin, reclaiming them from it, and rating them for it. Barrow. RATE Rate, n. Etym: [OF., fr. L. rata (sc. pars), fr. ratus reckoned, fixed by calculation, p. p. of reri to reckon, to calculate. Cf. Reason.] 1. Established portion or measure; fixed allowance. The one right feeble through the evil rate, Of food which in her duress she had found. Spenser. 2. That which is established as a measure or criterion; degree; standard; rank; proportion; ratio; as, a slow rate of movement; rate of interest is the ratio of the interest to the principal, per annum. Heretofore the rate and standard of wit was different from what it is nowadays. South. In this did his holiness and godliness appear above the rate and pitch of other men's, in that he was so . . . merciful. Calamy. Many of the horse could not march at that rate, nor come up soon enough. Clarendon. 3. Variation; prise fixed with relation to a standard; cost; charge; as, high or low rates of transportation. They come at dear rates from Japan. Locke. 4. A tax or sum assessed by authority on property for public use, according to its income or value; esp., in England, a local tax; as, parish rates; town rates. 5. Order; arrangement. [Obs.] Thus sat they all around in seemly rate. Spenser. 6. Ratification; approval. [R.] Chapman. 7. (Horol.) Defn: The gain or loss of a timepiece in a unit of time; as, daily rate; hourly rate; etc. 8. (Naut.) (a) The order or class to which a war vessel belongs, determined according to its size, armament, etc.; as, first rate, second rate, etc. (b) The class of a merchant vessel for marine insurance, determined by its relative safety as a risk, as A1, A2, etc. RATE Rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rated; p. pr. & vb. n. Rating.] 1. To set a certain estimate on; to value at a certain price or degree. To rate a man by the nature of his companions is a rule frequent indeed, but not infallible. South. You seem not high enough your joys to rate. Dryden. 2. To assess for the payment of a rate or tax. 3. To settle the relative scale, rank, position, amount, value, or quality of; as, to rate a ship; to rate a seaman; to rate a pension. 4. To ratify. [Obs.] "To rate the truce." Chapman. To rate a chronometer, to ascertain the exact rate of its gain or loss as compared with true time, so as to make an allowance or computation depended thereon. Syn. -- To value; appraise; estimate; reckon. RATE Rate, v. i. 1. To be set or considered in a class; to have rank; as, the ship rates as a ship of the line. 2. To make an estimate. RATEABLE Rate"a*ble, a. Defn: See Ratable. RATEL Ra"tel, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any carnivore of the genus Mellivora, allied to the weasels and the skunks; -- called also honey badger. Note: Several species are known in Africa and India. The Cape ratel (M. Capensis) and the Indian ratel (M. Indica) are the best known. The back is gray; the lower parts, face, and tail are black. They are fond of honey, and rob the nests of wild bees. RATEPAYER Rate"pay`er, n. Defn: One who pays rates or taxes. RATER Rat"er, n. Defn: One who rates or estimates. RATER Rat"er, n. Defn: One who rates or scolds. RATFISH Rat"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Rat-tail. RATH Rath, n. Etym: [Ir. rath.] 1. A hill or mound. [Ireland] Spencer. 2. A kind of ancient fortification found in Ireland. RATH; RATHE Rath, Rathe, a. Etym: [AS. hræ\'eb, hræd, quick, akin to OHG. hrad, Icel. hrathr.] Defn: Coming before others, or before the usual time; early. [Obs. or Poetic] Bring the rathe primrose that forsaken dies. Milton. RATH; RATHE Rath, Rathe, adv. Defn: Early; soon; betimes. [Obs. or Poetic] Why rise ye up so rathe Chaucer. Too rathe cut off by practice criminal. Spencer. RATHER Rath"er, a. Etym: [Compar. of Rath, a.] Defn: Prior; earlier; former. [Obs.] Now no man dwelleth at the rather town. Sir J. Mandeville. RATHER Rath"er, adv. Etym: [AS. hrathor, compar. of hrathe, hræ\'ebe, quickly, immediately. See Rath, a.] 1. Earlier; sooner; before. [Obs.] Thou shalt, quod he, be rather false than I. Chaucer. A good mean to come the rather to grace. Foxe. 2. More readily or willingly; preferably. My soul chooseth . . . death rather than my life. Job vii. 15. 3. On the other hand; to the contrary of what was said or suggested; instead. Was nothing bettered, but rather grew worse. Mark v. 26. 4. Of two alternatives conceived of, by preference to, or as more likely than, the other; somewhat. He sought throughout the world, but sought in vain, And nowhere finding, rather feared her slain. Dryden. 5. More properly; more correctly speaking. This is an art Which does mend nature, change it rather, but The art itself is nature. Shak. 6. In some degree; somewhat; as, the day is rather warm; the house is rather damp. The rather, the more so; especially; for better reason; for particular cause. You are come to me in happy time, The rather for I have some sport in hand. Shak. -- Had rather, or Would rather, prefer to; prefers to; as, he had, or would, rather go than stay. "I had rather speak five words with my understanding than ten thousands words in an unknown tongue." 1 Cor. xiv. 19. See Had rather, under Had. RATHRIPE Rath"ripe`, a. Defn: Rareripe, or early ripe. -- n. Defn: A rareripe. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Such who delight in rathripe fruits. Fuller. RATHSKELLER Raths"kel`ler (räts"kel*ler), n. [G., also ratskeller, prop., town- hall cellar.] Defn: Orig., in Germany, the cellar or basement of the city hall, usually rented for use as a restaurant where beer is sold; hence, a beer saloon of the German type below the street level, where, usually, drinks are served only at tables and simple food may also be had; -- sometimes loosely used, in English, of what are essentially basement restaurants where liquors are served. RATIFICATION Rat`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ratification.] Defn: The act of ratifying; the state of being ratified; confirmation; sanction; as, the ratification of a treaty. RATIFIER Rat"i*fi`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, ratifies; a confirmer. Shak. RATIFY Rat"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ratified; p. pr. & vb. n. Ratifying.] Etym: [F. ratifier, fr. L. ratus fixed by calculation, firm, valid + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Rate, n., and -fy.] Defn: To approve and sanction; to make valid; to establish; to settle; especially, to give sanction to, as something done by an agent or servant; as, to ratify an agreement, treaty, or contract; to ratify a nomination. It is impossible for the divine power to set a seal to a lie by ratifying an imposture with such a miracle. South. RATIHABITION Rat`i*ha*bi"tion, n. Etym: [L. ratihabitio; ratus fixed, valid + habere to hold.] Defn: Confirmation or approbation, as of an act or contract. [Obs.] Jer. Tailor. RATIO Ra"ti*o, n. Etym: [L., fr. reri, ratus, to reckon, believe, think, judge. See Reason.] 1. (Math.) Defn: The relation which one quantity or magnitude has to another of the same kind. It is expressed by the quotient of the division of the first by the second; thus, the ratio of 3 to 6 is expressed by a to b by a/b; or (less commonly) the second is made the dividend; as, a:b = b/a. Note: Some writers consider ratio as the quotient itself, making ratio equivalent to a number. The term ratio is also sometimes applied to the difference of two quantities as well as to their quotient, in which case the former is called arithmetical ratio, the latter, geometrical ratio. The name ratio is sometimes given to the rule of three in arithmetic. See under Rule. 2. Hence, fixed relation of number, quantity, or degree; rate; proportion; as, the ratio of representation in Congress. Compound ratio, Duplicate ratio, Inverse ratio, etc. See under Compound, Duplicate, etc. -- Ratio of a geometrical progression, the constant quantity by which each term is multiplied to produce the succeeding one. RATIOCINATE Ra`ti*oc"i*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. ratiocinatus, p. p. of ratiocinari, fr. ratio reason. See Ratio.] Defn: To reason, esp. deductively; to offer reason or argument. RATIOCINATION Ra`ti*oc"i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. ratiocinatio: cf. F. ratiocination.] Defn: The process of reasoning, or deducing conclusions from premises; deductive reasoning. RATIOCINATIVE Ra`ti*oc"i*na*tive, a. Etym: [L. ratiocinativus.] Defn: Characterized by, or addicted to, ratiocination; consisting in the comparison of proportions or facts, and the deduction of inferences from the comparison; argumentative; as, a ratiocinative process. The ratiocinative meditativeness of his character. Coleridge. RATIOCINATORY Ra`ti*oc"i*na*to*ry, a. Defn: Ratiocinative. [R.] RATION Ra"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. ratio a reckoning, calculation, relation, reference, LL. ratio ration. See Ratio.] 1. A fixed daily allowance of provisions assigned to a soldier in the army, or a sailor in the navy, for his subsistence. Note: Officers have several rations, the number varying according to their rank or the number of their attendants. 2. Hence, a certain portion or fixed amount dealt out; an allowance; an allotment. RATION Ra"tion, v. t. Defn: To supply with rations, as a regiment. RATIONAL Ra"tion*al, a. Etym: [L. rationalis: cf. F. rationnel. See Ratio, Reason, and cf. Rationale.] 1. Relating to reason; not physical; mental. Moral philosophy was his chiefest end; for the rational, the natural, and mathematics . . . were but simple pastimes in comparison of the other. Sir T. North. 2. Having reason, or the faculty of reasoning; endowed with reason or understanding; reasoning. It is our glory and happiness to have a rational nature. Law. 3. Agreeable to reason; not absurd, preposterous, extravagant, foolish, fanciful, or the like; wise; judicious; as, rational conduct; a rational man. 4. (Chem.) Defn: Expressing the type, structure, relations, and reactions of a compound; graphic; -- said of formulæ. See under Formula. Rational horizon. (Astron.) See Horizon, 2 (b). -- Rational quantity (Alg. ), one that can be expressed without the use of a radical sign, or in extract parts of unity; -- opposed to irrational or radical quantity. -- Rational symptom (Med.), one elicited by the statements of the patient himself and not as the result of a physical examination. Syn. -- Sane; sound; intelligent; reasonable; sensible; wise; discreet; judicious. -- Rational, reasonable. Rational has reference to reason as a faculty of the mind, and is opposed to traditional; as, a rational being, a rational state of mind, rational views, etc. In these cases the speculative reason is more particularly, referred to. Reasonable has reference to the exercise of this faculty for practical purposes, and means, governed or directed by reason; as, reasonable prospect of success. What higher in her society thou find'st Attractive, human, rational, love still. Milton. A law may be reasonable in itself, although a man does not allow it, or does not know the reason of the lawgivers. Swift. RATIONAL Ra"tion*al, n. Defn: A rational being. Young. RATIONALE Ra`tion*a"le, n. Etym: [L. rationalis, neut. rationale. See Rational, a.] Defn: An explanation or exposition of the principles of some opinion, action, hypothesis, phenomenon, or like; also, the principles themselves. RATIONALISM Ra"tion*al*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rationalisme.] 1. (Theol.) Defn: The doctrine or system of those who deduce their religious opinions from reason or the understanding, as distinct from, or opposed to, revelation. 2. (Philos.) Defn: The system that makes rational power the ultimate test of truth; -- opposed to sensualism, or sensationalism, and empiricism. Fleming. RATIONALIST Ra"tion*al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rationaliste.] Defn: One who accepts rationalism as a theory or system; also, disparagingly, a false reasoner. See Citation under Reasonist. RATIONALISTIC; RATIONALISTICAL Ra`tion*al*is"tic, Ra`tion*al*is"tic*al a. Defn: Belonging to, or in accordance with, the principles of rationalism. -- Ra`tion*al*is"tic*al*ly, adv. RATIONALITY Ra`tion*al"i*ty, n.; pl. -ties. Etym: [F. rationalité, or L. rationalitas.] Defn: The quality or state of being rational; agreement with reason; possession of reason; due exercise of reason; reasonableness. When God has made rationality the common portion of mankind, how came it to be thy inclosure Gov. of Tongue. Well-directed intentions, whose rationalities will never bear a rigid examination. Sir T. Browne. RATIONALIZATION Ra`tion*al*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of rationalizing. RATIONALIZE Ra"tion*al*ize, v. t. 1. To make rational; also, to convert to rationalism. 2. To interpret in the manner of a rationalist. 3. To form a rational conception of. 4. (Alg.) Defn: To render rational; to free from radical signs or quantities. RATIONALIZE Ra"tion*al*ize, v. i. Defn: To use, and rely on, reason in forming a theory, belief, etc., especially in matters of religion: to accord with the principles of rationalism. Theodore . . . is just considered the chief rationalizing doctor of antiquity. J. H. Newman. RATIONALLY Ra"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a rational manner. RATIONALNESS Ra"tion*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being rational; rationality. RATITAE Ra*ti"tæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. ratis a raft; cf. L. ratitus marked with the figure of a raft.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of birds in which the wings are small, rudimentary, or absent, and the breastbone is destitute of a keel. The ostrich, emu, and apteryx are examples. RATITATE Rat"i*tate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ratitæ. RATITE Rat"ite, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ratitæ. -- n. Defn: One of the Ratitæ. RATLINES; RATLINS Rat"lines, rat"lins, n. pl. Etym: [Of uncertain origin.] (Naut.) Defn: The small transverse ropes attached to the shrouds and forming the steps of a rope ladder. [Written also ratlings, and rattlings.] Totten. RATON Rat"on, n. Etym: [Cf. Raccoon.] Defn: A small rat. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. RATOON Ra*toon", n. 1. Same as Rattoon, n. 2. A rattan cane. [Obs.] Pepys. RATOON Ra*toon", v. i. Defn: Same as Rattoon, v. i. RATSBANE Rats"bane, n. Etym: [Rat + bane.] Defn: Rat poison; white arsenic. RATSBANED Rats"baned`, a. Defn: Poisoned by ratsbane. RAT-TAIL Rat"-tail`, a. Defn: Like a rat's tale in form; as, a rat-tail file, which is round, slender, and tapering. See Illust. of File. RAT-TAIL Rat"-tail`, n. 1. (Far.) pl. Defn: An excrescence growing from the pastern to the middle of the shank of a horse. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The California chimæra. See Chimæra. (b) Any fish of the genus Macrurus. See Grenadier, 2. RAT-TAILED Rat"-tailed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a long, tapering tail like that of a rat. Rat-tailed larva (Zoöl.), the larva of a fly of the genus Eristalis. See Eristalis. -- Rat-tailed serpent (Zoöl.), the fer-de-lance. -- Rat-tailed shrew (Zoöl.), the musk shrew. RATTAN Rat*tan", n. Etym: [Malay rotan.] [Written also ratan.] (Bot. ) Defn: One of the long slender flexible stems of several species of palms of the genus Calamus, mostly East Indian, though some are African and Australian. They are exceedingly tough, and are used for walking sticks, wickerwork, chairs and seats of chairs, cords and cordage, and many other purposes. RATTEEN Rat*teen", n. Etym: [F. ratine.] Defn: A thick woolen stuff quilled or twilled. RATTEN Rat"ten, v. t. Etym: [Prov. E. ratten a rat, hence the verb literally means, to do mischief like a rat.] Defn: To deprive feloniously of the tools used in one's employment (as by breaking or stealing them), for the purpose of annoying; as, to ratten a mechanic who works during a strike. [Trades-union Cant] J. McCarthy. RATTER Rat"ter, n. 1. One who, or that which, rats, as one who deserts his party. 2. Anything which catches rats; esp., a dog trained to catch rats; a rat terrier. See Terrier. RATTINET Rat`ti*net", n. Defn: A woolen stuff thinner than ratteen. RATTING Rat"ting, n. 1. The conduct or practices of one who rats. See Rat, v. i., 1. Sydney Smith. 2. The low sport of setting a dog upon rats confined in a pit to see how many he will kill in a given time. RATTLE Rat"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rattled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rattling.] Etym: [Akin to D. ratelen, G. rasseln, AS. hrætele a rattle, in hrætelwyrt rattlewort; cf. Gr. Rail a bird.] 1. To make a quick succession of sharp, inharmonious noises, as by the collision of hard and not very sonorous bodies shaken together; to clatter. And the rude hail in rattling tempest forms. Addison. 'T was but the wind, Or the car rattling o'er the stony street. Byron. 2. To drive or ride briskly, so as to make a clattering; as, we rattled along for a couple of miles. [Colloq.] 3. To make a clatter with a voice; to talk rapidly and idly; to clatter; -- with on or away; as, she rattled on for an hour. [Colloq.] RATTLE Rat"tle, v. t. 1. To cause to make a ratting or clattering sound; as, to rattle a chain. 2. To assail, annoy, or stun with a ratting noise. Sound but another [drum], and another shall As loud as thine rattle the welkin's ear. Shak. 3. Hence, to disconcert; to confuse; as, to rattle one's judgment; to rattle a player in a game. [Colloq.] 4. To scold; to rail at. L'Estrange. To rattle off. (a) To tell glibly or noisily; as, to rattle off a story. (b) To rail at; to scold. "She would sometimes rattle off her servants sharply." Arbuthnot. RATTLE Rat"tle, n. 1. A rapid succession of sharp, clattering sounds; as, the rattle of a drum. Prior. 2. Noisy, rapid talk. All this ado about the golden age is but an empty rattle and frivolous conceit. Hakewill. 3. An instrument with which a ratting sound is made; especially, a child's toy that rattle when shaken. The rattles of Isis and the cymbals of Brasilea nearly enough resemble each other. Sir W. Raleigh. Pleased with a rattle, tickled with a straw. Pope. 4. A noisy, senseless talker; a jabberer. It may seem strange that a man who wrote with so much perspicuity, vivacity, and grace, should have been, whenever he took a part in conversation, an empty, noisy, blundering rattle. Macaulay. 5. A scolding; a sharp rebuke. [Obs.] Heylin. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any organ of an animal having a structure adapted to produce a ratting sound. Note: The rattle of the rattlesnake is composed of the hardened terminal scales, loosened in succession, but not cast off, and so modified in form as to make a series of loose, hollow joints. 7. The noise in the throat produced by the air in passing through mucus which the lungs are unable to expel; -- chiefly observable at the approach of death, when it is called the death rattle. See Râle. To spring a rattle, to cause it to sound. -- Yellow rattle (Bot.), a yellow-flowered herb (Rhinanthus Crista- galli), the ripe seeds of which rattle in the inflated calyx. RATTLEBOX Rat"tle*box`, n. 1. A toy that makes a rattle sound; a rattle. 2. (Bot.) (a) An American herb (Crotalaria sagittalis), the seeds of which, when ripe, rattle in the inflated pod. (b) Any species of Crotalaria, a genus of yellow-flowered herbs, with inflated, many-seeded pods. RATTLE-BRAINED Rat"tle-brained`, a. Defn: Giddy; rattle-headed. RATTLEHEAD Rat"tle*head`, n. Defn: An empty, noisy talker. RATTLE-HEADED Rat"tle-head`ed, a. Defn: Noisy; giddy; unsteady. RATTLEMOUSE Rat"tle*mouse`, n. Defn: A bat. [Obs.] Puttenham. RATTLEPATE Rat"tle*pate`, n. Defn: A rattlehead. C. Kingsley. RATTLE-PATED Rat"tle-pat`ed, a. Defn: Rattle-headed. "A noisy, rattle-pated fellow." W. Irving. RATTLER Rat"tler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, rattles. RATTLESNAKE Rat"tle*snake`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of venomous American snakes belonging to the genera Crotalus and Caudisona, or Sistrurus. They have a series of horny interlocking joints at the end of the tail which make a sharp ratting sound when shaken. The common rattlesnake of the Northern United States (Crotalus horridus), and the diamond rattlesnake of the south (C. adamanteus), are the best known. See Illust. of Fang. Ground rattlesnake (Zoöl.), a small rattlesnake (Caudisona, or Sistrurus, miliaria) of the Southern United States, having a small rattle. It has nine large scales on its head. -- Rattlesnake fern (Bot.), a common American fern (Botrychium Virginianum) having a triangular decompound frond and a long-stalked panicle of spore cases rising from the middle of the frond. -- Rattlesnake grass (Bot.), a handsome American grass (Glyceria Canadensis) with an ample panicle of rather large ovate spikelets, each one composed of imbricated parts and slightly resembling the rattle of the rattlesnake. Sometimes called quaking grass. -- Rattlesnake plantain (Bot.), See under Plantain. -- Rattlesnake root (Bot.), a name given to certain American species of the composite genus Prenanthes (P. alba and P. serpentaria), formerly asserted to cure the bite of the rattlesnake. Calling also lion's foot, gall of the earth, and white lettuce. -- Rattlesnake's master (Bot.) (a) A species of Agave (Agave Virginica) growing in the Southern United States. (b) An umbelliferous plant (Eryngium yuccæfolium) with large bristly-fringed linear leaves. (c) A composite plant, the blazing star (Liatris squarrosa). -- Rattlesnake weed (Bot.), a plant of the composite genus Hieracium (H. venosum); -- probably so named from its spotted leaves. See also Snakeroot. RATTLETRAP Rat"tle*trap`, n. Defn: Any machine or vehicle that does not run smoothly. [Colloq.] A. Trollope. RATTLEWEED Rat"tle*weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Astragalus. See Milk vetch. RATTLEWINGS Rat"tle*wings`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The golden-eye. RATTLEWORT Rat"tle*wort`, n. Etym: [AS. hrætelwyrt.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Rattlebox. RATTLINGS Rat"tlings, n. pl. (Naut.) Defn: Ratlines. RATTOON Rat*toon", n. Etym: [Sp. retoño.] Defn: One of the stems or shoots of sugar cane of the second year's growth from the root, or later. See Plant-cane. RATTOON Rat*toon", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rattooned; p. pr. & vb. n. Rattooning.] Etym: [Cf. Sp. retoñar.] Defn: To sprout or spring up from the root, as sugar cane of the previous year's planting. RAUCID Rau"cid, a. Etym: [L. raucus hoarse; cf. LL. raucidus.] Defn: Hoarse; raucous [R.] Lamb. RAUCITY Rau"ci*ty, n. Etym: [L. rausitas, from raucus hoarse: cf. F. raucité.] Defn: Harshness of sound; rough utterance; hoarseness; as, the raucity of a trumpet, or of the human voice. RAUCOUS Rau"cous, a. Etym: [L. raucus.] Defn: Hoarse; harsh; rough; as, a raucous, thick tone. "His voice slightly raucous." Aytoun. -- Rau"cous*ly, adv. RAUGHT Raught, obs. Defn: imp. & p. p. of Reach. Shak. RAUGHT Raught, obs. Defn: imp. & p. p. of Reck. Chaucer. RAUNCH Raunch, v. t. Defn: See Ranch. Spenser. RAUNSOUN Raun*soun", n. Defn: Ransom. [Obs.] Chaucer. RAVAGE Rav"age (; 48), n. Etym: [F., fr. (assumed) L. rapagium, rapaticum, fr. rapere to carry off by force, to ravish. See Rapacious, Ravish.] Defn: Desolation by violence; violent ruin or destruction; devastation; havoc; waste; as, the ravage of a lion; the ravages of fire or tempest; the ravages of an army, or of time. Would one think 't were possible for love To make such ravage in a noble soul Addison. Syn. -- Despoilment; devastation; desolation; pillage; plunder; spoil; waste; ruin. RAVAGE Rav"age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ravaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Ravaging.] Etym: [F. ravager. See Ravage, n.] Defn: To lay waste by force; to desolate by violence; to commit havoc or devastation upon; to spoil; to plunder; to consume. Already Cæsar Has ravaged more than half the globe. Addison. His lands were daily ravaged, his cattle driven away. Macaulay. Syn. -- To despoil; pillage; plunger; sack; spoil; devastate; desolate; destroy; waste; ruin. RAVAGER Rav"a*ger, n. Defn: One who, or that which, ravages or lays waste; spoiler. RAVE Rave, n. Etym: [Prov. E. raves, or rathes, a frame laid on a wagon, for carrying hay, etc.] Defn: One of the upper side pieces of the frame of a wagon body or a sleigh. RAVE Rave, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Raved; p. pr. & vb. n. Raving.] Etym: [F. rêver to rave, to be delirious, to dream; perhaps fr. L. rabere to rave, rage, be mad or furious. Cf. Rage, Reverie.] 1. To wander in mind or intellect; to be delirious; to talk or act irrationally; to be wild, furious, or raging, as a madman. In our madness evermore we rave. Chaucer. Have I not cause to rave and beat my breast Addison. The mingled torrent of redcoats and tartans went raving down the valley to the gorge of Kiliecrankie. Macaulay. 2. To rush wildly or furiously. Spencer. 3. To talk with unreasonable enthusiasm or excessive passion or excitement; -- followed by about, of, or on; as, he raved about her beauty. The hallowed scene Which others rave on, though they know it not. Byron. RAVE Rave, v. t. Defn: To utter in madness or frenzy; to say wildly; as, to rave nonsense. Young. RAVEHOOK Rave"hook, n. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A tool, hooked at the end, for enlarging or clearing seams for the reception of oakum. RAVEL Rav"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raveled or Ravelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Raveling or Ravelling.] Etym: [. ravelen, D. rafelen, akin to LG. rebeln, rebbeln, reffeln.] 1. To separate or undo the texture of; to take apart; to untwist; to unweave or unknit; -- often followed by out; as, to ravel a twist; to ravel out a sticking. Sleep, that knits up the raveled sleave of care. Shak. 2. To undo the intricacies of; to disentangle. 3. To pull apart, as the threads of a texture, and let them fall into a tangled mass; hence, to entangle; to make intricate; to involve. What glory's due to him that could divide Such raveled interests has he not untied Waller. The faith of very many men seems a duty so weak and indifferent, is so often untwisted by violence, or raveled and entangled in weak discourses! Jer. Taylor. RAVEL Rav"el, v. i. 1. To become untwisted or unwoven; to be disentangled; to be relieved of intricacy. 2. To fall into perplexity and confusion. [Obs.] Till, by their own perplexities involved, They ravel more, still less resolved. Milton. 3. To make investigation or search, as by picking out the threads of a woven pattern. [Obs.] The humor of raveling into all these mystical or entangled matters. Sir W. Temple. RAVELER Rav"el*er, n. Etym: [Also raveller.] Defn: One who ravels. RAVELIN Rave"lin, n. Etym: [F.; cf. Sp. rebellin, It. revellino, rivellino; perhaps fr. L. re- again + vallum wall.] (Fort.) Defn: A detached work with two embankments with make a salient angle. It is raised before the curtain on the counterscarp of the place. Formerly called demilune and half-moon. RAVELING Rav"el*ing, n. Etym: [Also ravelling.] 1. The act of untwisting, or of disentangling. 2. That which is raveled out; esp., a thread detached from a texture. RAVEN Ra"ven, n. Etym: [AS. hræfn; akin to raaf, G. rabe, OHG. hraban, Icel. hrafn, Dan. ravn, and perhaps to L. corvus, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large black passerine bird (Corvus corax), similar to the crow, but larger. It is native of the northern part of Europe, Asia and America, and is noted for its sagacity. Sea raven (Zoöl.), the cormorant. RAVEN Ra"ven, a. Defn: Of the color of the raven; jet black; as, raven curls; raven darkness. RAVEN Rav"en, n. Etym: [OF. ravine impetuosity, violence, F. ravine ravine. See Ravine, Rapine.] [Written also ravin, and ravine.] 1. Rapine; rapacity. Ray. 2. Prey; plunder; food obtained by violence. RAVEN Rav"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ravened; p. pr. & vb. n. Ravening.] Etym: [Written also ravin, and ravine.] 1. To obtain or seize by violence. Hakewill. 2. To devoir with great eagerness. Like rats that ravin down their proper bane. Shak. RAVEN Rav"en, v. i. Defn: To prey with rapacity; to be greedy; to show rapacity. [Written also ravin, and ravine.] Benjamin shall raven as a wolf. Gen. xlix. 27. RAVENALA Rav`e*na"la, n. Etym: [Malagasy.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants related to the banana. Note: Ravenala Madagascariensis, the principal species, is an unbranched tree with immense oarlike leaves growing alternately from two sides of the stem. The sheathing bases of the leafstalks collect and retain rain water, which flows freely when they are pierced with a knife, whence the plant is called traveller's tree. RAVENER Rav"en*er, n. 1. One who, or that which, ravens or plunders. Gower. 2. A bird of prey, as the owl or vulture. [Obs.] Holland. RAVENING Rav"en*ing, n. Defn: Eagerness for plunder; rapacity; extortion. Luke xi. 39. RAVENING Rav"en*ing, a. Defn: Greedily devouring; rapacious; as, ravening wolves. -- Rav"en*ing*ly, adv. RAVENOUS Rav"en*ous, a. Etym: [From 2d Raven.] 1. Devouring with rapacious eagerness; furiously voracious; hungry even to rage; as, a ravenous wolf or vulture. 2. Eager for prey or gratification; as, a ravenous appetite or desire. -- Rav"en*ous*ly, adv. -- Rav"en*ous*ness, n. RAVEN'S-DUCK Ra"ven's-duck`, n. Etym: [Cf. G. ravenstuch.] Defn: A fine quality of sailcloth. Ham. Nav. Encyc. RAVER Rav"er, n. Defn: One who raves. RAVIN Rav"in, n. Defn: Ravenous. [Obs.] Shak. RAVIN; RAVINE Rav"in, Ravine, n. Etym: [See 2d Raven.] Defn: Food obtained by violence; plunder; prey; raven. "Fowls of ravyne." Chaucer. Though Nature, red in tooth and claw With ravine, shrieked against his creed. Tennyson. RAVIN; RAVINE Rav"in, Rav"ine, v. t. & i. Defn: See Raven, v. t. & i. RAVINE Ra*vine", n. Etym: [F., a place excavated by a torrent, a ravine, fr. ravir to snatch or tear away, L. rapere; cf. L. rapina rapine. See Ravish, and cf. Rapine, Raven prey.] 1. A torrent of water. [Obs.] Cotgrave. 2. A deep and narrow hollow, usually worn by a stream or torrent of water; a gorge; a mountain cleft. RAVING Rav"ing, a. Defn: Talking irrationally and wildly; as, a raving lunatic. -- Rav"ing*ly, adv. RAVISH Rav"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ravished; p. pr. & vb. n. Ravishing.] Etym: [OE. ravissen, F. ravir, fr. L. rapere to snatch or tear away, to ravish. See Rapacious, Rapid, and -ish.] 1. To seize and carry away by violence; to snatch by force. These hairs which thou dost ravish from my chin Will quicken, and accuse thee. Shak. This hand shall ravish thy pretended right. Dryden. 2. To transport with joy or delight; to delight to ecstasy. "Ravished . . . for the joy." Chaucer. Thou hast ravished my heart. Cant. iv. 9. 3. To have carnal knowledge of (a woman) by force, and against her consent; to rape. Shak. Syn. -- To transport; entrance; enrapture; delight; violate; deflour; force. RAVISHER Rav"ish*er, n. Defn: One who ravishes (in any sense). RAVISHING Rav"ish*ing, a. Defn: Rapturous; transporting. RAVISHINGLY Rav"ish*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a ravishing manner. RAVISHMENT Rav"ish*ment, n. Etym: [F. ravissement. See Ravish.] 1. The act of carrying away by force or against consent; abduction; as, the ravishment of children from their parents, or a ward from his guardian, or of a wife from her husband. Blackstone. 2. The state of being ravished; rapture; transport of delight; ecstasy. Spencer. In whose sight all things joy, with ravishment Attracted by thy beauty still to gaze. Milton. 3. The act of ravishing a woman; rape. RAVISSANT Rav"is*sant, a. Etym: [F.] (Her.) Defn: In a half-raised position, as if about to spring on prey. RAW Raw, a. [Compar Rawer; superl. Rawest.] Etym: [AS. hreáw; akin to D. raauw, LG. rau, G. roh, OHG. ro, Icel. hrar, Dan. raa, Sw. rå, L. crudus, Gr. kre`as flesh, Skr. kravis raw flesh. sq. root18. Cf. Crude, Cruel.] 1. Not altered from its natural state; not prepared by the action of heat; as, raw sienna; specifically, not cooked; not changed by heat to a state suitable for eating; not done; as, raw meat. 2. Hence: Unprepared for use or enjoyment; immature; unripe; unseasoned; inexperienced; unpracticed; untried; as, raw soldiers; a raw recruit. Approved himself to the raw judgment of the multitude. De Quincey. 3. Not worked in due form; in the natural state; untouched by art; unwrought. Specifically: (a) Not distilled; as, raw water. [Obs.] Bacon. (b) Not spun or twisted; as, raw silk or cotton. (c) Not mixed or diluted; as, raw spirits. (d) Not tried; not melted and strained; as, raw tallow. (e) Not tanned; as, raw hides. (f) Not trimmed, covered, or folded under; as, the raw edge of a piece of metal or of cloth. 4. Not covered; bare. Specifically: (a) Bald. [Obs.] "With scull all raw." Spencer (b) Deprived of skin; galled; as, a raw sore. (c) Sore, as if by being galled. And all his sinews waxen weak and raw Through long imprisonment. Spenser. 5. Disagreeably damp or cold; chilly; as, a raw wind. "A raw and gusty day." Shak. Raw material, material that has not been subjected to a (specified) process of manufacture; as, ore is the raw material used in smelting; leather is the raw material of the shoe industry. -- Raw pig, cast iron as it comes from the smelting furnace. RAW Raw, n. Defn: A raw, sore, or galled place; a sensitive spot; as, to touch one on the raw. Like savage hackney coachmen, they know where there is a raw. De Quincey. RAWBONE Raw"bone`, a. Defn: Rawboned. [Obs.] Spencer. RAWBONED Raw"boned`, a. Defn: Having little flesh on the bones; gaunt. Shak. RAWHEAD Raw"head`, n. Defn: A specter mentioned to frighten children; as, rawhead and bloodybones. RAWHIDE Raw"hide`, n. Defn: A cowhide, or coarse riding whip, made of untanned (or raw) hide twisted. RAWISH Raw"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat raw. [R.] Marston. RAWLY Raw"ly, adv. 1. In a raw manner; unskillfully; without experience. 2. Without proper preparation or provision. Shak. RAWNESS Raw"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being raw. RAY Ray, v. t. Etym: [An aphetic form of array; cf. Beray.] 1. To array. [Obs.] Sir T. More. 2. To mark, stain, or soil; to streak; to defile. [Obs.] "The fifth that did it ray." Spenser. RAY Ray, n. Defn: Array; order; arrangement; dress. [Obs.] And spoiling all her gears and goodly ray. Spenser. RAY Ray, n. Etym: [OF. rai, F. rais, fr. L. radius a beam or ray, staff, rod, spoke of a wheel. Cf. Radius.] 1. One of a number of lines or parts diverging from a common point or center, like the radii of a circle; as, a star of six rays. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A radiating part of the flower or plant; the marginal florets of a compound flower, as an aster or a sunflower; one of the pedicels of an umbel or other circular flower cluster; radius. See Radius. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the radiating spines, or cartilages, supporting the fins of fishes. (b) One of the spheromeres of a radiate, especially one of the arms of a starfish or an ophiuran. 4. (Physics) (a) A line of light or heat proceeding from a radiant or reflecting point; a single element of light or heat propagated continuously; as, a solar ray; a polarized ray. (b) One of the component elements of the total radiation from a body; any definite or limited portion of the spectrum; as, the red ray; the violet ray. See Illust. under Light. 5. Sight; perception; vision; -- from an old theory of vision, that sight was something which proceeded from the eye to the object seen. All eyes direct their rays On him, and crowds turn coxcombs as they gaze. Pope. 6. (Geom.) Defn: One of a system of diverging lines passing through a point, and regarded as extending indefinitely in both directions. See Half-ray. Bundle of rays. (Geom.) See Pencil of rays, below. -- Extraordinary ray (Opt.), that one or two parts of a ray divided by double refraction which does not follow the ordinary law of refraction. -- Ordinary ray (Opt.) that one of the two parts of a ray divided by double refraction which follows the usual or ordinary law of refraction. -- Pencil of rays (Geom.), a definite system of rays. -- Ray flower, or Ray floret (Bot.), one of the marginal flowers of the capitulum in such composite plants as the aster, goldenrod, daisy, and sunflower. They have an elongated, strap-shaped corolla, while the corollas of the disk flowers are tubular and five-lobed. -- Ray point (Geom.), the common point of a pencil of rays. -- Röntgen ray ( (Phys.), a kind of ray generated in a very highly exhausted vacuum tube by the electrical discharge. It is capable of passing through many bodies opaque to light, and producing photographic and fluorescent effects by which means pictures showing the internal structure of opaque objects are made, called radiographs, or sciagraphs. So called from the discoverer, W. C. Röntgen. -- X ray, the Röntgen ray; -- so called by its discoverer because of its enigmatical character, x being an algebraic symbol for an unknown quantity. RAY Ray, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Raying.] Etym: [Cf. OF. raier, raiier, rayer, L. radiare to irradiate. See Ray, n., and cf. Radiate.] 1. To mark with long lines; to streak. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Etym: [From Ray, n.] Defn: To send forth or shoot out; to cause to shine out; as, to ray smiles. [R.] Thompson. RAY Ray, v. t. Defn: To shine, as with rays. Mrs. Browning. RAY Ray, n. Etym: [F. raie, L. raia. Cf. Roach.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous elasmobranch fishes of the order Raiæ, including the skates, torpedoes, sawfishes, etc. (b) In a restricted sense, any of the broad, flat, narrow-tailed species, as the skates and sting rays. See Skate. Bishop ray, a yellow-spotted, long-tailed eagle ray (Stoasodon nàrinari) of the Southern United States and the West Indies. -- Butterfly ray, a short-tailed American sting ray (Pteroplatea Maclura), having very broad pectoral fins. -- Devil ray. See Sea Devil. -- Eagle ray, any large ray of the family Myliobatidæ, or Ætobatidæ. The common European species (Myliobatis aquila) is called also whip ray, and miller. -- Electric ray, or Cramp ray, a torpedo. -- Starry ray, a common European skate (Raia radiata). -- Sting ray, any one of numerous species of rays of the family Trygonidæ having one or more large, sharp, barbed dorsal spines on the whiplike tail. Called also stingaree. RAYAH Ra"yah, n. Etym: [Ar. ra'iyah a herd, a subject, fr. ra'a to pasture, guard.] Defn: A person not a Mohammedan, who pays the capitation tax. [Turkey.] RAY GRASS Ray" grass` Etym: [Etymol. of ray is uncertain.] (Bot.) Defn: A perennial European grass (Lolium perenne); -- called also rye grass, and red darnel. See Darnel, and Grass. Italian ray, or rye, grass. See Darnel, and Grass. RAYLESS Ray"less, a. Defn: Destitute of rays; hence, dark; not illuminated; blind; as, a rayless sky; rayless eyes. RAYON Ray"on, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Ray; beam. [Obs.] Spenser. RAYONNANT Ray"on*nant, a. Etym: [F.] (Her.) Defn: Darting forth rays, as the sun when it shines out. RAZE Raze, n. Etym: [See Rack.] Defn: A Shakespearean word (used once) supposed to mean the same as race, a root. RAZE Raze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Razed; p. pr. & vb. n. Razing.] Etym: [F. raser. See Rase, v. t.] [Written also rase.] 1. To erase; to efface; to obliterate. Razing the characters of your renown. Shak. 2. To subvert from the foundation; to lay level with the ground; to destroy; to demolish. The royal hand that razed unhappy Troy. Dryden. Syn. -- To demolish; level; prostrate; overthrow; subvert; destroy; ruin. See Demolish. RAZED Razed, a. Defn: Slashed or striped in patterns. [Obs.] "Two Provincial roses on my razed shoes." Shak. RAZEE Ra*zee", n. Etym: [F. vaisseau rasé, fr. raser to rase, to cut down ships. See Raze, v. t., Rase, v. t.] (Naut.) Defn: An armed ship having her upper deck cut away, and thus reduced to the next inferior rate, as a seventy-four cut down to a frigate. Totten. RAZEE Ra*zee", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Razeed; p. pr. & vb. n. Razeeing.] Defn: To cut down to a less number of decks, and thus to an inferior rate or glass, as a ship; hence, to prune or abridge by cutting off or retrenching parts; as, to razee a book, or an article. RAZOR Ra"zor, n. Etym: [OE. rasour, OF. rasur, LL. rasor: cf. F. rasoir, LL. rasorium. See Raze, v. t., Rase, v. t.] 1. A keen-edged knife of peculiar shape, used in shaving the hair from the face or the head. "Take thee a barber's rasor." Ezek. v. 1. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A task of a wild boar. Razor fish. (Zoöl.) (a) A small Mediterranean fish (Coryphæna novacula), prized for the table. (b) The razor shell. -- Razor grass (Bot.), a West Indian plant (Scleria scindens), the triangular stem and the leaves of which are edged with minute sharp teeth. -- Razor grinder (Zoöl.), the European goat-sucker. -- Razor shell (Zoöl.), any marine bivalve shell belonging to Solen and allied genera, especially Solen, or Ensatella, ensis, and Americana, which have a long, narrow, somewhat curved shell, resembling a razor handle in shape. Called also rasor clam, razor fish, knife handle. -- Razor stone. Same as Novaculite. -- Razor strap, or razor strop, a strap or strop used in sharpening razors. RAZORABLE Ra"zor*a*ble, a. Defn: Ready for the razor; fit to be shaved. [R.] Shak. RAZORBACK Ra"zor*back", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The rorqual. RAZOR-BACKED Ra"zor-backed", a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a sharp, lean, or thin back; as, a razor-backed hog, perch, etc. RAZORBILL Ra"zor*bill, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A species of auk (Alca torda) common in the Arctic seas. See Auk, and Illust. in Appendix. (b) See Cutwater, 3. RAZURE Ra"zure, n. Etym: [See Rasure.] 1. The act of erasing or effacing, or the state of being effaced; obliteration. See Rasure. 2. An erasure; a change made by erasing. RAZZIA Raz"zi*a, n. Etym: [F., fr. Ar. ghazia (pron. razia in Algeria).] Defn: A plundering and destructive incursion; a foray; a rai RE- Re-. Etym: [L. re-, older form (retained before vowels) red-: cf. F. re-, ré-.] Defn: A prefix signifying back, against, again, anew; as, recline, to lean back; recall, to call back; recede; remove; reclaim, to call out against; repugn, to fight against; recognition, a knowing again; rejoin, to join again; reiterate, reassure. Combinations containing the prefix re- are readily formed, and are for the most part of obvious signification. RE Re (ra). Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A syllable applied in solmization to the second tone of the diatonic scale of C; in the American system, to the second tone of any diatonic scale. REABSORB Re`ab*sorb", v. t. Defn: To absorb again; to draw in, or imbibe, again what has been effused, extravasated, or thrown off; to swallow up again; as, to reabsorb chyle, lymph, etc.; -- used esp. of fluids. REABSORPTION Re`ab*sorp"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of rearbsorbing. REACCESS Re`ac*cess", n. Defn: A second access or approach; a return. Hakewill. REACCUSE Re"ac*cuse", v. t. Defn: To accuse again. Cheyne. REACH Reach, n. Defn: An effort to vomit. [R.] REACH Reach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reached (Raught, the old preterit, is obsolete); p. pr. & vb. n. Reaching.] Etym: [OE. rechen, AS. ræcan, ræcean, to extend, stretch out; akin to D. reiken, G. reichen, and possibly to AS. rice powerful, rich, E. rich. sq. root115.] 1. To extend; to stretch; to thrust out; to put forth, as a limb, a member, something held, or the like. Her tresses yellow, and long straughten, Unto her heeles down they raughten. Rom. of R. Reach hither thy hand and thrust it into my side. John xx. 27. Fruit trees, over woody, reached too far Their pampered boughs. Milton. 2. Hence, to deliver by stretching out a member, especially the hand; to give with the hand; to pass to another; to hand over; as, to reach one a book. He reached me a full cap. 2 Esd. xiv. 39. 3. To attain or obtain by stretching forth the hand; too extend some part of the body, or something held by one, so as to touch, strike, grasp, or the like; as, to reach an object with the hand, or with a spear. O patron power, . . . thy present aid afford, Than I may reach the beast. Dryden. 4. To strike, hit, or tough with a missile; as, to reach an object with an arrow, a bullet, or a shell. 5. Hence, to extend an action, effort, or influence to; to penetrate to; to pierce, or cut, as far as. If these examples of grown men reach not the case of children, let them examine. Locke. 6. To extend to; to stretch out as far as; to touch by virtue of extent; as, his hand reaches the river. Thy desire . . . leads to no excess That reaches blame. Milton. 7. To arrive at by effort of any kind; to attain to; to gain; to be advanced to. The best account of the appearances of nature which human penetration can reach, comes short of its reality. Cheyne. 9. To understand; to comprehend. [Obs.] Do what, sir I reach you not. Beau. & Fl. 10. To overreach; to deceive. [Obs.] South. REACH Reach, v. t. 1. To stretch out the hand. Goddess humane, reach, then, and freely taste! Milton. 2. To strain after something; to make efforts. Reaching above our nature does no good. Dryden. 3. To extend in dimension, time, amount, action, influence, etc., so as to touch, attain to, or be equal to, something. And behold, a ladder set upon the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven. Gen. xxviii. 12. The new world reaches quite across the torrid zone. Boyle. 4. (Naut.) Defn: To sail on the wind, as from one point of tacking to another, or with the ind nearly abeam. To reach after or at, to make efforts to attain to or obtain. He would be in the mind reaching after a positive idea of infinity. Locke. REACH Reach, n. 1. The act of stretching or extending; extension; power of reaching or touching with the person, or a limb, or something held or thrown; as, the fruit is beyond my reach; to be within reach of cannon shot. 2. The power of stretching out or extending action, influence, or the like; power of attainment or management; extent of force or capacity. Drawn by others who had deeper reaches than themselves to matters which they least intended. Hayward. Be sure yourself and your own reach to know. Pope. 3. Extent; stretch; expanse; hence, application; influence; result; scope. And on the left hand, hell, With long reach, interposed. Milton. I am to pray you not to strain my speech To grosser issues, nor to larger reach Than to suspicion. Shak. 4. An extended portion of land or water; a stretch; a straight portion of a stream or river, as from one turn to another; a level stretch, as between locks in a canal; an arm of the sea extending up into the land. "The river's wooded reach." Tennyson. The coast . . . is very full of creeks and reaches. Holland. 5. An article to obtain an advantage. The Duke of Parma had particular reaches and ends of his own underhand to cross the design. Bacon. 6. The pole or rod which connects the hind axle with the forward bolster of a wagon. REACHABLE Reach"a*ble, a. Defn: Being within reach. REACHER Reach"er, n. 1. One who reaches. 2. An exaggeration. [Obs.] Fuller. REACHLESS Reach"less, a. Defn: Being beyond reach; lofty. Unto a reachless pitch of praises hight. Bp. Hall. REACT Re*act", v. t. Defn: To act or perform a second time; to do over again; as, to react a play; the same scenes were reacted at Rome. REACT Re*act", v. i. 1. To return an impulse or impression; to resist the action of another body by an opposite force; as, every body reacts on the body that impels it from its natural state. 2. To act upon each other; to exercise a reciprocal or a reverse effect, as two or more chemical agents; to act in opposition. REACTANCE Re*act"ance, n. [React + -ance.] (Elec.) Defn: The influence of a coil of wire upon an alternating current passing through it, tending to choke or diminish the current, or the similar influence of a condenser; inductive resistance. Reactance is measured in ohms. The reactance of a circuit is equal to the component of the impressed electro-motive force at right angles to the current divided by the current, that is, the component of the impedance due to the self-inductance or capacity of the circuit. REACTANCE COIL Reactance coil (Elec.) Defn: A choking coil. REACTION Re*ac"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. réaction.] 1. Any action in resisting other action or force; counter tendency; movement in a contrary direction; reverse action. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The mutual or reciprocal action of chemical agents upon each other, or the action upon such chemical agents of some form of energy, as heat, light, or electricity, resulting in a chemical change in one or more of these agents, with the production of new compounds or the manifestation of distinctive characters. See Blowpipe reaction, Flame reaction, under Blowpipe, and Flame. 3. (Med.) Defn: An action included by vital resistance to some other action; depression or exhaustion of vital force consequent on overexertion or overstimulation; heightened activity and overaction succeeding depression or shock. 4. (Mech.) Defn: The force which a body subjected to the action of a force from another body exerts upon the latter body in the opposite direction. Reaction is always equal and opposite to action, that is to say, the actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal and in opposite directions. Sir I. Newton (3d Law of Motion). 5. (Politics) Defn: Backward tendency or movement after revolution, reform, or great progress in any direction. The new king had, at the very moment at which his fame and fortune reached the highest point, predicted the coming reaction. Macaulay. Reaction time (Physiol.), in nerve physiology, the interval between the application of a stimulus to an end organ of sense and the reaction or resulting movement; -- called also physiological time. -- Reaction wheel (Mech.), a water wheel driven by the reaction of water, usually one in which the water, entering it centrally, escapes at its periphery in a direction opposed to that of its motion by orifices at right angles, or inclined, to its radii. REACTIONARY Re*ac"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Being, causing, or favoring reaction; as, reactionary movements. REACTIONARY Re*ac"tion*a*ry, n.; pl. Reactionaries (. Defn: One who favors reaction, or seeks to undo political progress or revolution. REACTIONIST Re*ac"tion*ist, n. Defn: A reactionary. C. Kingsley. REACTIVE Re*act`ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. réactif.] Defn: Having power to react; tending to reaction; of the nature of reaction. -- Re*act"ive*ly, adv. -- Re*act"ive*ness, n. REACTOR Re*act"or, n. (Elec.) Defn: A choking coil. READ Read, n. Defn: Rennet. See 3d Reed. [Prov. Eng.] READ Read, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Read; p. pr. & vb. n. Reading.] Etym: [OE. reden, ræden, AS. rædan to read, advice, counsel, fr. ræd advise, counsel, rædan (imperf. reord) to advice, counsel, guess; akin to D. raden to advise, G. raten, rathen, Icel. raedha, Goth. redan (in comp.), and perh. also to Skr. radh to succeed. sq. root116. Cf. Riddle.] 1. To advise; to counsel. [Obs.] See Rede. Therefore, I read thee, get to God's word, and thereby try all doctrine. Tyndale. 2. To interpret; to explain; as, to read a riddle. 3. To tell; to declare; to recite. [Obs.] But read how art thou named, and of what kin. Spenser. 4. To go over, as characters or words, and utter aloud, or recite to one's self inaudibly; to take in the sense of, as of language, by interpreting the characters with which it is expressed; to peruse; as, to read a discourse; to read the letters of an alphabet; to read figures; to read the notes of music, or to read music; to read a book. Redeth [read ye] the great poet of Itaille. Chaucer. Well could he rede a lesson or a story. Chaucer. 5. Hence, to know fully; to comprehend. Who is't can read a woman Shak. 6. To discover or understand by characters, marks, features, etc.; to learn by observation. An armed corse did lie, In whose dead face he read great magnanimity. Spenser. Those about her From her shall read the perfect ways of honor. Shak. 7. To make a special study of, as by perusing textbooks; as, to read theology or law. To read one's self in, to read about the Thirty-nine Articles and the Declaration of Assent, -- required of a clergyman of the Church of England when he first officiates in a new benefice. READ Read, v. t. 1. To give advice or counsel. [Obs.] 2. To tell; to declare. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To perform the act of reading; to peruse, or to go over and utter aloud, the words of a book or other like document. So they read in the book of the law of God distinctly, and gave the sense. Neh. viii. 8. 4. To study by reading; as, he read for the bar. 5. To learn by reading. I have read of an Eastern king who put a judge to death for an iniquitous sentence. Swift. 6. To appear in writing or print; to be expressed by, or consist of, certain words or characters; as, the passage reads thus in the early manuscripts. 7. To produce a certain effect when read; as, that sentence reads queerly. To read between the lines, to infer something different from what is plainly indicated; to detect the real meaning as distinguished from the apparent meaning. READ Read, n. Etym: [AS. ræd counsel, fr. rædan to counsel. See Read, v. t.] 1. Saying; sentence; maxim; hence, word; advice; counsel. See Rede. [Obs.] 2. Etym: [Read, v.] Defn: Reading. [Colloq.] Hume. One newswoman here lets magazines for a penny a read. Furnivall. READ Read, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Read, v. t. & i. READ Read, a. Defn: Instructed or knowing by reading; versed in books; learned. A poet . . . well read in Longinus. Addison. READABILITY Read`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of being readable; readableness. READABLE Read"a*ble, a. Defn: Such as can be read; legible; fit or suitable to be read; worth reading; interesting. -- Read"a*ble*ness, n. -- Read"a*bly, adv,. READDRESS Re`ad*dress", v. t. Defn: To address a second time; -- often used reflexively. He readdressed himself to her. Boyle. READEPT Re`a*dept, v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + L. adeptus. p. p. of adipisci to obtain.] Defn: To regain; to recover. [Obs.] READEPTION Re`a*dep"tion, n. Defn: A regaining; recovery of something lost. [Obs.] Bacon. READER Read"er, n. Etym: [AS. rædere.] 1. One who reads. Specifically: (a) One whose distinctive office is to read prayers in a church. (b) (University of Oxford, Eng.) One who reads lectures on scientific subjects. Lyell. (c) A proof reader. (d) One who reads manuscripts offered for publication and advises regarding their merit. 2. One who reads much; one who is studious. 3. A book containing a selection of extracts for exercises in reading; an elementary book for practice in a language; a reading book. READERSHIP Read"er*ship, n. Defn: The office of reader. Lyell. READILY Read"i*ly, adv. 1. In a ready manner; quickly; promptly. Chaucer. 2. Without delay or objection; without reluctance; willingly; cheerfully. How readily we wish time spent revoked! Cowper. READINESS Read"i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being ready; preparation; promptness; aptitude; willingness. They received the word with all readiness of mind. Acts xvii. 11. Syn. -- Facility; quickness; expedition; promptitude; promptness; aptitude; aptness; knack; skill; expertness; dexterity; ease; cheerfulness. See Facility. READING Read"ing, n. 1. The act of one who reads; perusal; also, printed or written matter to be read. 2. Study of books; literary scholarship; as, a man of extensive reading. 3. A lecture or prelection; public recital. The Jews had their weekly readings of the law. Hooker. 4. The way in which anything reads; force of a word or passage presented by a documentary authority; lection; version. 5. Manner of reciting, or acting a part, on the stage; way of rendering. [Cant] 6. An observation read from the scale of a graduated instrument; as, the reading of a barometer. Reading of a bill (Legislation), its normal recital, by the proper officer, before the House which is to consider it. READING Read"ing, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the act of reading; used in reading. 2. Addicted to reading; as, a reading community. Reading book, a book for teaching reading; a reader. -- Reading desk, a desk to support a book while reading; esp., a desk used while reading the service in a church. -- Reading glass, a large lens with more or less magnifying power, attached to a handle, and used in reading, etc. -- Reading man, one who reads much; hence, in the English universities, a close, industrious student. -- Reading room, a room appropriated to reading; a room provided with papers, periodicals, and the like, to which persons resort. READJOURN Re`ad*journ", v. t. Defn: To adjourn a second time; to adjourn again. READJOURNMENT Re`ad*journ"ment, n. Defn: The act of readjourning; a second or repeated adjournment. READJUST Re`ad*just", v. t. Defn: To adjust or settle again; to put in a different order or relation; to rearrange. READJUSTER Re`ad*just"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, readjusts; in some of the States of the United States, one who advocates a refunding, and sometimes a partial repudiation, of the State debt without the consent of the State's creditors. READJUSTMENT Re`ad*just"ment, n. Defn: A second adjustment; a new or different adjustment. READMISSION Re`ad*mis"sion, n. Defn: The act of admitting again, or the state of being readmitted; as, the readmission fresh air into an exhausted receiver; the readmission of a student into a seminary. READMIT Re`ad*mit", v. t. Defn: To admit again; to give entrance or access to again. Whose ear is ever open, and his eye Gracious to readmit the suppliant. Milton. READMITTANCE Re`ad*mit"tance, n. Defn: Allowance to enter again; a second admission. READOPT Re`a*dopt", v. t. Defn: To adopt again. Young. READORN Re`a*dorn", v. t. Defn: To adorn again or anew. READVANCE Re`ad*vance", v. i. Defn: To advance again. READVERTENCY Re`ad*vert"en*cy, n. Defn: The act of adverting to again, or of reviewing. [R.] Norris. READY Read"y, a. [Compar. Readier; superl. Readiest.] Etym: [AS. ræde; akin to D. gereed, bereid, G. bereit, Goth. garáids fixed, arranged, and possibly to E. ride, as meaning originally, prepared for riding. Cf. Array, 1st Curry.] 1. Prepared for what one is about to do or experience; equipped or supplied with what is needed for some act or event; prepared for immediate movement or action; as, the troops are ready to march; ready for the journey. "When she redy was." Chaucer. 2. Fitted or arranged for immediate use; causing no delay for lack of being prepared or furnished. "Dinner was ready." Fielding. My oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all things are ready: come unto the marriage. Matt. xxii. 4. 3. Prepared in mind or disposition; not reluctant; willing; free; inclined; disposed. I am ready not to be bound only, but also to die at Jerusalem, for the name of the Lord Jesus. Acts xxi. 13. If need be, I am ready to forego And quit. Milton. 4. Not slow or hesitating; quick in action or perception of any kind; dexterous; prompt; easy; expert; as, a ready apprehension; ready wit; a ready writer or workman. "Ready in devising expedients." Macaulay. Gurth, whose temper was ready, through surly. Sir W. Scott. 5. Offering itself at once; at hand; opportune; convenient; near; easy. "The readiest way." Milton. A sapling pine he wrenched from out the ground, The readiest weapon that his fury found. Dryden. 6. On the point; about; on the brink; near; -- with a following infinitive. My heart is ready to crack. Shak. 7. (Mil.) Defn: A word of command, or a position, in the manual of arms, at which the piece is cocked and held in position to execute promptly the next command, which is, aim. All ready, ready in every particular; wholly equipped or prepared. "[I] am all redy at your hest." Chaucer. -- Ready money, means of immediate payment; cash. "'Tis all the ready money fate can give." Cowley. -- Ready reckoner, a book of tables for facilitating computations, as of interest, prices, etc. -- To make ready, to make preparation; to get in readiness. Syn. -- Prompt; expeditious; speedy; unhesitating; dexterous; apt; skilful; handy; expert; facile; easy; opportune; fitted; prepared; disposed; willing; free; cheerful. See Prompt. READY Read"y, adv. Defn: In a state of preparation for immediate action; so as to need no delay. We ourselves will go ready armed. Num. xxxii. 17. READY Read"y, n. Defn: Ready money; cash; -- commonly with the; as, he was supplied with the ready. [Slang] Lord Strut was not flush in ready, either to go to law, or to clear old debts. Arbuthnot. READY Read"y, v. t. Defn: To dispose in order. [Obs.] Heywood. READY-MADE Read"y-made`, a. Defn: Made already, or beforehand, in anticipation of need; not made to order; as, ready-made clothing; ready-made jokes. READY-WITTED Read"y-wit`ted, a. Defn: Having ready wit. REAFFIRM Re`af*firm", v. t. Defn: To affirm again. REAFFIRMANCE; REAFFIRMATION Re`af*firm"ance, Re*af`fir*ma"tion n. Defn: A second affirmation. REAFFOREST Re`af*for"est, v. t. Defn: To convert again into the forest, as a region of country. REAFFORESTATION Re`af*for`es*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of converting again into a forest. REAGENT Re*a"gent, n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance capable of producing with another a reaction, especially when employed to detect the presence of other bodies; a test. REAGGRAVATION Re*ag`gra*va"tion, n. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The last monitory, published after three admonitions and before the last excommunication. REAGREE Re`a*gree", v. t. Defn: To agree again. REAK Reak, n. [Wrack seaweed.] Defn: A rush. [Obs.] "Feeds on reaks and reeds." Drant. REAK Reak, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. hrekkr, or E. wreak vengeance.] Defn: A prank. [Obs.] "They play such reaks." Beau & Fl. REAL Re"al, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. real royal, L. regalis. See Regal, and cf. Ree a coin.] Defn: A small Spanish silver coin; also, a denomination of money of account, formerly the unit of the Spanish monetary system. Note: A real of plate (coin) varied in value according to the time of its coinage, from 12real vellon, or money of account, was nearly equal to five cents, or 2 REAL Re*al", a. Defn: Royal; regal; kingly. [Obs.] "The blood real of Thebes." Chaucer. REAL Re"al, a. Etym: [LL. realis, fr. L. res, rei, a thing: cf. F. réel. Cf. Rebus.] 1. Actually being or existing; not fictitious or imaginary; as, a description of real life. Whereat I waked, and found Before mine eyes all real, as the dream Had lively shadowed. Milton. 2. True; genuine; not artificial; counterfeit, or factitious; often opposed to ostensible; as, the real reason; real Madeira wine; real ginger. Whose perfection far excelled Hers in all real dignity. Milton. 5. Relating to things, not to persons. [Obs.] Many are perfect in men's humors that are not greatly capable of the real part of business. Bacon. 4. (Alg.) Defn: Having an assignable arithmetical or numerical value or meaning; not imaginary. 5. (Law) Defn: Pertaining to things fixed, permanent, or immovable, as to lands and tenements; as, real property, in distinction from personal or movable property. Chattels real (Law), such chattels as are annexed to, or savor of, the realty, as terms for years of land. See Chattel. -- Real action (Law), an action for the recovery of real property. -- Real assets (Law), lands or real estate in the hands of the heir, chargeable with the debts of the ancestor. -- Real composition (Eccl. Law), an agreement made between the owner of lands and the parson or vicar, with consent of the ordinary, that such lands shall be discharged from payment of tithes, in consequence of other land or recompense given to the parson in lieu and satisfaction thereof. Blackstone. -- Real estate or property, lands, tenements, and hereditaments; freehold interests in landed property; property in houses and land. Kent. Burrill. -- Real presence (R. C. Ch.), the actual presence of the body and blood of Christ in the eucharist, or the conversion of the substance of the bread and wine into the real body and blood of Christ; transubstantiation. In other churches there is a belief in a form of real presence, not however in the sense of transubstantiation. -- Real servitude, called also Predial servitude (Civil Law), a burden imposed upon one estate in favor of another estate of another proprietor. Erskine. Bouvier. Syn. -- Actual; true; genuine; authentic. -- Real, Actual. Real represents a thing to be a substantive existence; as, a real, not imaginary, occurrence. Actual refers to it as acted or performed; and, hence, when we wish to prove a thing real, we often say, "It actually exists," "It has actually been done." Thus its really is shown by its actually. Actual, from this reference to being acted, has recently received a new signification, namely, present; as, the actual posture of affairs; since what is now in action, or going on, has, of course, a present existence. An actual fact; a real sentiment. For he that but conceives a crime in thought, Contracts the danger of an actual fault. Dryden. Our simple ideas are all real; all agree to the reality of things. Locke. REAL Re"al, n. Defn: A realist. [Obs.] Burton. REALGAR Re*al"gar, n. Etym: [F. réalgar, Sp. rejalgar, Ar. rahj al ghar powder of the mine.] (Min.) Defn: Arsenic sulphide, a mineral of a brilliant red color; red orpiment. It is also an artificial product. REALISM Re"al*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. réalisme.] 1. (Philos.) (a) An opposed to nominalism, the doctrine that genera and species are real things or entities, existing independently of our conceptions. According to realism the Universal exists ante rem (Plato), or in re (Aristotle). (b) As opposed to idealism, the doctrine that in sense perception there is an immediate cognition of the external object, and our knowledge of it is not mediate and representative. 2. (Art & Lit.) Defn: Fidelity to nature or to real life; representation without idealization, and making no appeal to the imagination; adherence to the actual fact. REALIST Re"al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. réaliste.] 1. (Philos.) Defn: One who believes in realism; esp., one who maintains that generals, or the terms used to denote the genera and species of things, represent real existences, and are not mere names, as maintained by the nominalists. 2. (Art. & Lit.) Defn: An artist or writer who aims at realism in his work. See Realism, 2. REALISTIC Re`al*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the realists; in the manner of the realists; characterized by realism rather than by imagination. REALISTICALLY Re`al*is"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the realistic manner. REALITY Re*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Realities. Etym: [Cf. F. réalité, LL. realitas. See 3d Real. and cf. 2d Realty.] 1. The state or quality of being real; actual being or existence of anything, in distinction from mere appearance; fact. A man fancies that he understands a critic, when in reality he does not comprehend his meaning. Addison. 2. That which is real; an actual existence; that which is not imagination, fiction, or pretense; that which has objective existence, and is not merely an idea. And to realities yield all her shows. Milton. My neck may be an idea to you, but it is reality to me. Beattie. 3. Etym: [See 1st Realty, 2.] Defn: Loyalty; devotion. [Obs.] To express our reality to the emperor. Fuller. 4. (Law) Defn: See 2d Realty, 2. REALIZABLE Re"al*i`za*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being realized. REALIZATION Re`al*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. réalisation.] Defn: The act of realizing, or the state of being realized. REALIZE Re"al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Realized; p. pr. & vb. n. Realizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. réaliser.] 1. To make real; to convert from the imaginary or fictitious into the actual; to bring into concrete existence; to accomplish; as, to realize a scheme or project. We realize what Archimedes had only in hypothesis, weighting a single grain against the globe of earth. Glanvill. 2. To cause to seem real; to impress upon the mind as actual; to feel vividly or strongly; to make one's own in apprehension or experience. Many coincidences . . . soon begin to appear in them [Greek inscriptions] which realize ancient history to us. Jowett. We can not realize it in thought, that the object . . . had really no being at any past moment. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. To convert into real property; to make real estate of; as, to realize his fortune. 4. To acquire as an actual possession; to obtain as the result of plans and efforts; to gain; to get; as, to realize large profits from a speculation. Knighthood was not beyond the reach of any man who could by diligent thrift realize a good estate. Macaulay. 5. To convert into actual money; as, to realize assets. REALIZE Re"al*ize, v. t. Defn: To convert any kind of property into money, especially property representing investments, as shares in stock companies, bonds, etc. Wary men took the alarm, and began to realize, a word now first brought into use to express the conversion of ideal property into something real. W. Irving. REALIZER Re"al*i`zer, n. Defn: One who realizes. Coleridge. REALIZING Re"al*i`zing, a. Defn: Serving to make real, or to impress on the mind as a reality; as, a realizing view of the danger incurred. -- Re"al*i`zing*ly, adv. REALLEGE Re`al*lege", v. t. Defn: To allege again. Cotgrave. REALLIANCE Re`al*li"ance, n. Defn: A renewed alliance. RE-ALLY Re"-al*ly", v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + ally, v. t.] Defn: To bring together again; to compose or form anew. Spenser. REALLY Re"al*ly`, adv. Defn: Royally. [Obs.] Chaucer. REALLY Re"al*ly, adv. Defn: In a real manner; with or in reality; actually; in truth. Whose anger is really but a short fit of madness. Swift. Note: Really is often used familiarly as a slight corroboration of an opinion or a declaration. Why, really, sixty-five is somewhat old. Young. REALM Realm, n. Etym: [OE. realme, ream, reaume, OF. reialme, roialme, F. royaume, fr. (assumed) LL. regalimen, from L. regalis royal. See Regal.] 1. A royal jurisdiction or domain; a region which is under the dominion of a king; a kingdom. The absolute master of realms on which the sun perpetually alone. Motley. 2. Hence, in general, province; region; country; domain; department; division; as, the realm of fancy. REALMLESS Realm"less, a. Defn: Destitute of a realm. Keats. REALNESS Re"al*ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being real; reality. REALTY Re"al*ty, n. Etym: [OF. réalté, LL. regalitas, fr. L. regalis. See Regal.] 1. Royalty. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Loyalty; faithfulness. [R.] Milton. REALTY Re"al*ty, n. Etym: [Contr. from 1st Reality.] 1. Realty. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. (Law) (a) Immobility, or the fixed, permanent nature of real property; as, chattels which savor of the realty; -- so written in legal language for reality. (b) Real estate; a piece of real property. Blackstone. REAM Ream, n. Etym: [AS. reám, akin to G. rahm.] Defn: Cream; also, the cream or froth on ale. [Scot.] REAM Ream, v. i. Defn: To cream; to mantle. [Scot.] A huge pewter measuring pot which, in the language of the hostess, reamed with excellent claret. Sir W. Scott. REAM Ream, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Reim.] Defn: To stretch out; to draw out into thongs, threads, or filaments. REAM Ream, n. Etym: [OE. reme, OF. rayme, F. rame (cf. Sp. resma), fr. Ar. rizma a bundle, especially of paper.] Defn: A bundle, package, or quantity of paper, usually consisting of twenty quires or 480 sheets. Printer's ream, twenty-one and a half quires. [Eng.] A common practice is now to count five hundred sheets to the ream. Knight. REAM Ream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Reaming.] Etym: [Cf. G. räumen to remove, to clear away, fr. raum room. See Room.] Defn: To bevel out, as the mouth of a hole in wood or metal; in modern usage, to enlarge or dress out, as a hole, with a reamer. REAME Reame, n. Defn: Realm. [Obs.] Chaucer. REAMER Ream"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, reams; specifically, an instrument with cutting or scraping edges, used, with a twisting motion, for enlarging a round hole, as a bore of a cannon, etc. REAMPUTATION Re*am`pu*ta"tion, n. (Surg.) Defn: The second of two amputations performed upon the same member. REANIMATE Re*an"i*mate, v. t. Defn: To animate anew; to restore to animation or life; to infuse new life, vigor, spirit, or courage into; to revive; to reinvigorate; as, to reanimate a drowned person; to reanimate disheartened troops; to reanimate languid spirits. Glanvill. REANIMATION Re*an"i*ma"tion, n. Defn: The act or operation of reanimating, or the state of being reanimated; reinvigoration; revival. REANNEX Re`an*nex", v. t. Defn: To annex again or anew; to reunite. "To reannex that duchy." Bacon. REANNEXATION Re*an`nex*a"tion, n. Defn: Act of reannexing. REANSWER Re*an"swer, v. t. & i. Defn: To answer in return; to repay; to compensate; to make amends for. Which in weight to reanswer, his pettiness would bow under. Shak. REAP Reap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raped; p. pr. & vb. n. Reaping.] Etym: [OE. repen, AS. ripan to seize, reap; cf. D. rapen to glean, reap, G. raufen to pluck, Goth. raupjan, or E. ripe.] 1. To cut with a sickle, scythe, or reaping machine, as grain; to gather, as a harvest, by cutting. When ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not wholly reap the corners of thy field. Lev. 2. To gather; to obtain; to receive as a reward or harvest, or as the fruit of labor or of works; -- in a good or a bad sense; as, to reap a benefit from exertions. Why do I humble thus myself, and, suing For peace, reap nothing but repulse and hate Milton. 3. To clear or a crop by reaping; as, to reap a field. 4. To deprive of the beard; to shave. [R.] Shak. Reaping hook, an instrument having a hook-shaped blade, used in reaping; a sickle; -- in a specific sense, distinguished from a sickle by a blade keen instead of serrated. REAP Reap, v. i. Defn: To perform the act or operation of reaping; to gather a harvest. They that sow in tears shall reap in joy. Ps. cxxvi. 5. REAP Reap, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. rip harvest. See Reap, v.] Defn: A bundle of grain; a handful of grain laid down by the reaper as it is cut. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Wright. REAPER Reap"er, n. 1. One who reaps. The sun-burned reapers wiping their foreheads. Macaulay. 2. A reaping machine. REAPPAREL Re`ap*par"el, v. t. Defn: To clothe again. REAPPEAR Re`ap*pear, v. i. Defn: To appear again. REAPPEARANCE Re`ap*pear"ance, v. i. Defn: A second or new appearance; the act or state of appearing again. REAPPLICATION Re*ap`pli*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of reapplying, or the state of being reapplied. REAPPLY Re`ap*ply", v. t. & i. Defn: To apply again. REAPPOINT Re`ap*point", v. t. Defn: To appoint again. REAPPOINTMENT Re`ap*point"ment, n. Defn: The act of reappointing, or the state of being reappointed. REAPPORTION Re`ap*por"tion, v. t. Defn: To apportion again. REAPPORTIONMENT Re`ap*por"tion*ment, n. Defn: A second or a new apportionment. REAPPROACH Re`ap*proach", v. i. & t. Defn: To approach again or anew. REAR Rear, adv. Defn: Early; soon. [Prov. Eng.] Then why does Cuddy leave his cot so rear! Gay. REAR Rear, n. Etym: [OF. riere behind, backward, fr. L. retro. Cf. Arrear.] 1. The back or hindmost part; that which is behind, or last on order; -- opposed to Ant: front. Nipped with the lagging rear of winter's frost. Milton. 2. Specifically, the part of an army or fleet which comes last, or is stationed behind the rest. When the fierce foe hung on our broken rear. Milton. REAR Rear, a. Defn: Being behind, or in the hindmost part; hindmost; as, the rear rank of a company. Rear admiral, an officer in the navy, next in rank below a vice admiral, and above a commodore. See Admiral. -- Rear front (Mil.), the rear rank of a body of troops when faced about and standing in that position. -- Rear guard (Mil.), the division of an army that marches in the rear of the main body to protect it; -- used also figuratively. -- Rear line (Mil.), the line in the rear of an army. -- Rear rank (Mil.), the rank or line of a body of troops which is in the rear, or last in order. -- Rear sight (Firearms), the sight nearest the breech. -- To bring up the rear, to come last or behind. REAR Rear, v. t. Defn: To place in the rear; to secure the rear of. [R.] REAR Rear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reared; p. pr. & vb. n. Rearing.] Etym: [AS. ræran to raise, rear, elevate, for ræsan, causative of risan to rise. See Rise, and cf. Raise.] 1. To raise; to lift up; to cause to rise, become erect, etc.; to elevate; as, to rear a monolith. In adoration at his feet I fell Submiss; he reared me. Milton. It reareth our hearts from vain thoughts. Barrow. Mine [shall be] the first hand to rear her banner. Ld. Lytton. 2. To erect by building; to set up; to construct; as, to rear defenses or houses; to rear one government on the ruins of another. One reared a font of stone. Tennyson. 3. To lift and take up. [Obs. or R.] And having her from Trompart lightly reared, Upon his set the lovely load. Spenser. 4. To bring up to maturity, as young; to educate; to instruct; to foster; as, to rear offspring. He wants a father to protect his youth, And rear him up to virtue. Southern. 5. To breed and raise; as, to rear cattle. 6. To rouse; to strip up. [Obs.] And seeks the tusky boar to rear. Dryden. Syn. -- To lift; elevate; erect; raise, build; establish. See the Note under Raise, 3 (c). REAR Rear, v. i. Defn: To rise up on the hind legs, as a horse; to become erect. Rearing bit, a bit designed to prevent a horse from lifting his head when rearing. Knight. REARDORSE; REARDOSS Rear"dorse, Rear"doss, n. Defn: A reredos. REARER Rear"er, n. Defn: One he, or that which, rears. REARGUE Re*ar"gue, v. t. Defn: To argue anew or again. REARGUMENT Re*ar"gu*ment, n. Defn: An arguing over again, as of a motion made in court. REAR-HORSE Rear"-horse`, n. Etym: [So called because it rears up when disturbed.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A mantis. REARLY Rear"ly, adv. Defn: Early. [Obs.] Beau. & Ft. REARMOST Rear"most`, a. Defn: Farthest in the rear; last. REARMOUSE; REREMOUSE Rear"mouse`, Rere"mouse`, n. Etym: [AS. hreremus; probably fr. hreran to agitate, stir (akin to G. rühren, Icel. hræra) + mus mouse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The leather-winged bat (Vespertilio murinus). [Written also reermouse.] REARRANGE Re`ar*range", v. t. Defn: To arrange again; to arrange in a different way. REARRANGEMENT Re`ar*range"ment, n. Defn: The act of rearranging, or the state of being rearranged. REARWARD Rear"ward`, n. Etym: [Rear + ward.] Defn: The last troop; the rear of an army; a rear guard. Also used figuratively. Shak. REARWARD Rear"ward, a. & adv. Defn: At or toward the rear. REASCEND Re`as*cend", v. i. Defn: To rise, mount, or climb again. REASCEND Re`as*cend", v. t. Defn: To ascend or mount again; to reach by ascending again. He mounts aloft, and reascends the skies. Addison. REASCENSION Re`as*cen"sion, n. Defn: The act of reascending; a remounting. REASCENT Re`as*cent", n. Defn: A returning ascent or ascension; acclivity. Cowper. REASON Rea"son, n. Etym: [OE. resoun, F. raison, fr. L. ratio (akin to Goth. rapj number, account, garapjan to count, G. rede speech, reden to speak), fr. reri, ratus, to reckon, believe, think. Cf. Arraign, Rate, Ratio, Ration.] 1. A thought or a consideration offered in support of a determination or an opinion; a just ground for a conclusion or an action; that which is offered or accepted as an explanation; the efficient cause of an occurrence or a phenomenon; a motive for an action or a determination; proof, more or less decisive, for an opinion or a conclusion; principle; efficient cause; final cause; ground of argument. I'll give him reasons for it. Shak. The reason of the motion of the balance in a wheel watch is by the motion of the next wheel. Sir M. Hale. This reason did the ancient fathers render, why the church was called "catholic." Bp. Pearson. Virtue and vice are not arbitrary things; but there is a natural and eternal reason for that goodness and virtue, and against vice and wickedness. Tillotson. 2. The faculty of capacity of the human mind by which it is distinguished from the intelligence of the inferior animals; the higher as distinguished from the lower cognitive faculties, sense, imagination, and memory, and in contrast to the feelings and desires. Reason comprises conception, judgment, reasoning, and the intuitional faculty. Specifically, it is the intuitional faculty, or the faculty of first truths, as distinguished from the understanding, which is called the discursive or ratiocinative faculty. We have no other faculties of perceiving or knowing anything divine or human, but by our five senses and our reason. P. Browne. In common and popular discourse, reason denotes that power by which we distinguish truth from falsehood, and right from wrong, and by which we are enabled to combine means for the attainment of particular ends. Stewart. Reason is used sometimes to express the whole of those powers which elevate man above the brutes, and constitute his rational nature, more especially, perhaps, his intellectual powers; sometimes to express the power of deduction or argumentation. Stewart. By the pure reason I mean the power by which we become possessed of principles. Coleridge. The sense perceives; the understanding, in its own peculiar operation, conceives; the reason, or rationalized understanding, comprehends. Coleridge. 3. Due exercise of the reasoning faculty; accordance with, or that which is accordant with and ratified by, the mind rightly exercised; right intellectual judgment; clear and fair deductions from true principles; that which is dictated or supported by the common sense of mankind; right conduct; right; propriety; justice. I was promised, on a time, To have reason for my rhyme. Spenser. But law in a free nation hath been ever public reason; the enacted reason of a parliament, which he denying to enact, denies to govern us by that which ought to be our law; interposing his own private reason, which to us is no law. Milton. The most probable way of bringing France to reason would be by the making an attempt on the Spanish West Indies. Addison. 4. (Math.) Defn: Ratio; proportion. [Obs.] Barrow. By reason of, by means of; on account of; because of. "Spain is thin sown of people, partly by reason of the sterility of the soil." Bacon. In reason, In all reason, in justice; with rational ground; in a right view. When anything is proved by as good arguments as a thing of that kind is capable of, we ought not, in reason, to doubt of its existence. Tillotson. -- It is reason, it is reasonable; it is right. [Obs.] Yet it were great reason, that those that have children should have greatest care of future times. Bacon. Syn. -- Motive; argument; ground; consideration; principle; sake; account; object; purpose; design. See Motive, Sense. REASON Rea"son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reasoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Reasoning.] Etym: [Cf. F. raisonner. See Reason, n.] 1. To exercise the rational faculty; to deduce inferences from premises; to perform the process of deduction or of induction; to ratiocinate; to reach conclusions by a systematic comparison of facts. 2. Hence: To carry on a process of deduction or of induction, in order to convince or to confute; to formulate and set forth propositions and the inferences from them; to argue. Stand still, that I may reason with you, before the Lord, of all the righteous acts of the Lord. 1 Sam. xii. 7. 3. To converse; to compare opinions. Shak. REASON Rea"son, v. t. 1. To arrange and present the reasons for or against; to examine or discuss by arguments; to debate or discuss; as, I reasoned the matter with my friend. When they are clearly discovered, well digested, and well reasoned in every part, there is beauty in such a theory. T. Burnet. 2. To support with reasons, as a request. [R.] Shak. 3. To persuade by reasoning or argument; as, to reason one into a belief; to reason one out of his plan. Men that will not be reasoned into their senses. L'Estrange. 4. To overcome or conquer by adducing reasons; -- with down; as, to reason down a passion. 5. To find by logical process; to explain or justify by reason or argument; -- usually with out; as, to reason out the causes of the librations of the moon. REASONABLE Rea"son*a*ble, a. Etym: [OE. resonable, F. raisonnable, fr. L. rationabilis. See Reason, n.] 1. Having the faculty of reason; endued with reason; rational; as, a reasonable being. 2. Governed by reason; being under influence of reason; thinking, speaking or acting rationally, or according to the dictates of reason; agreeable to reason; just; rational; as, the measure must satisfy all reasonable men. By indubitable certainty, I mean that which doth not admit of any reasonable cause of doubting. Bp. Wilkins. Men have no right to what is not reasonable. Burke. 3. Not excessive or immoderate; within due limits; proper; as, a reasonable demand, amount, price. Let . . . all things be thought upon That may, with reasonable swiftness, add More feathers to you wings. Shak. Syn. -- Rational; just; honest; equitable; fair; suitable; moderate; tolerable. See Rational. REASONABLE Rea"son*a*ble, adv. Defn: Reasonable; tolerably. [Obs.] I have a reasonable good ear in music. Shak. REASONABLENESS Rea"son*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being reasonable. REASONABLY Rea"son*a*bly, adv. 1. In a reasonable manner. 2. Moderately; tolerably. "Reasonably perfect in the language." Holder. REASONER Rea"son*er, n. Defn: One who reasons or argues; as, a fair reasoner; a close reasoner; a logical reasoner. REASONING Rea"son*ing, n. 1. The act or process of adducing a reason or reasons; manner of presenting one's reasons. 2. That which is offered in argument; proofs or reasons when arranged and developed; course of argument. His reasoning was sufficiently profound. Macaulay. Syn. -- Argumentation; argument. -- Reasoning, Argumentation. Few words are more interchanged than these; and yet, technically, there is a difference between them. Reasoning is the broader term, including both deduction and induction. Argumentation denotes simply the former, and descends from the whole to some included part; while reasoning embraces also the latter, and ascends from a part to a whole. See Induction. Reasoning is occupied with ideas and their relations; argumentation has to do with the forms of logic. A thesis is set down: you attack, I defend it; you insist, I prove; you distinguish, I destroy your distinctions; my replies balance or overturn your objections. Such is argumentation. It supposes that there are two sides, and that both agree to the same rules. Reasoning, on the other hand, is often a natural process, by which we form, from the general analogy of nature, or special presumptions in the case, conclusions which have greater or less degrees of force, and which may be strengthened or weakened by subsequent experience. REASONIST Rea"son*ist, n. Defn: A rationalist. [Obs.] Such persons are now commonly called "reasonists" and "rationalists," to distinguish them from true reasoners and rational inquirers. Waterland. REASONLESS Rea"son*less, a. 1. Destitute of reason; as, a reasonless man or mind. Shak. 2. Void of reason; not warranted or supported by reason; unreasonable. This proffer is absurd and reasonless. Shak. REASSEMBLAGE Re`as*sem"blage, n. Defn: Assemblage a second time or again. REASSEMBLE Re`as*sem"ble, v. t. & i. Defn: To assemble again. REASSERT Re`as*sert", v. t. Defn: To assert again or anew; to maintain after an omission to do so. Let us hope . . . we may have a body of authors who will reassert our claim to respectability in literature. Walsh. REASSERTION Re`as*ser"tion, n. Defn: A second or renewed assertion of the same thing. REASSESSMENT Re`as*sess"ment, n. Defn: A renewed or second assessment. REASSIGN Re`as*sign", v. t. Defn: To assign back or again; to transfer back what has been assigned. REASSIGNMENT Re`as*sign"ment, n. Defn: The act of reassigning. REASSIMILATE Re`as*sim"i*late, v. t. & i. Defn: To assimilate again. -- Re`as*sim`i*la"tion, n. REASSOCIATE Re`as*so"ci*ate, v. t. & i. Defn: To associate again; to bring again into close relatoins. REASSUME Re`as*sume", v. t. Defn: To assume again or anew; to resume. -- Re`as*sump"tion, n. REASSURANCE Re`as*sur"ance, n. 1. Assurance or confirmation renewed or repeated. Prynne. 2. (Law) Defn: Same as Reinsurance. REASSURE Re`as*sure", v. t. 1. To assure anew; to restore confidence to; to free from fear or terror. They rose with fear, . . . Till dauntless Pallas reassured the rest. Dryden. 2. To reinsure. REASSURER Re`as*sur"er, n. Defn: One who reassures. REASTY Reas"ty, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Rusty and rancid; -- applied to salt meat. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Tusser. -- Reas"ti*ness, n. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] REATA Re*a"ta, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A lariat. REATTACH Re`at*tach, v. t. Defn: To attach again. REATTACHMENT Re`at*tach"ment, n. Defn: The act of reattaching; a second attachment. REATTAIN Re`at*tain", v. t. Defn: To attain again. REATTAINMENT Re`at*tain"ment, n. Defn: The act of reattaining. REATTEMPT Re`at*tempt", v. t. Defn: To attempt again. REAUME Re`aume, n. Defn: Realm. [Obs.] Chaucer. REAUMUR Ré`au`mur", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur; conformed to the scale adopted by Réaumur in graduating the thermometer he invented. -- n. Defn: A Réaumur thermometer or scale. Note: The Réaumur thermometer is so graduated that 0º marks the freezing point and 80º the boiling point of water. Frequently indicated by R. Cf. Centigrade, and Fahrenheit. See Illust. of Thermometer. REAVE Reave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reaved, Reft (, or Raft ( (obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Reaving.] Etym: [AS. reáfian, from reáf spoil, plunder, clothing, reófan to break (cf. bireófan to deprive of); akin to G. rauben to rob, Icel. raufa to rob, rjufa to break, violate, Goth. biráubon to despoil, L. rumpere to break; cf. Skr. lup to break. sq. root114. Cf. Bereave, Rob, v. t., Robe, Rove, v. t., Rupture.] Defn: To take away by violence or by stealth; to snatch away; to rob; to despoil; to bereave. [Archaic]. "To reave his life." Spenser. He golden apples raft of the dragon. Chaucer. By privy stratagem my life at home. Chapman. To reave the orphan of his patrimony. Shak. The heaven caught and reft him of his tongue. Tennyson. REAVER Reav"er, n. Defn: One who reaves. [Archaic] REAWAKE Re`a*wake", v. i. Defn: To awake again. REBANISH Re*ban"ish, v. t. Defn: To banish again. REBAPTISATION; REBAPTIZATION Re*bap`ti*sa"tion, Re*bap`ti*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rebaptisation.] Defn: A second baptism. [Obs.] Hooker. REBAPTISM Re*bap"tism, n. Defn: A second baptism. REBAPTIZE Re`bap*tize", v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + baptist: of F. rebaptiser, L. rebaptizare.] Defn: To baptize again or a second time. REBAPTIZER Re`bap*tiz"er, n. Defn: One who rebaptizes. REBARBARIZE Re*bar"ba*rize, v. t. Defn: To reduce again to barbarism. -- Re*bar`ba*ri*za"tion, n. Germany . . . rebarbarized by polemical theology and religious wars. Sir W. Hamilton. REBATE Re*bate", v. t. Etym: [F. rebattre to beat again; pref re- re- + battre to beat, L. batuere to beat, strike. See Abate.] 1. To beat to obtuseness; to deprive of keenness; to blunt; to turn back the point of, as a lance used for exercise. But doth rebate and blunt his natural edge. Shak. 2. To deduct from; to make a discount from, as interest due, or customs duties. Blount. Rebated cross, a cross which has the extremities of the arms bent back at right angles, as in the fylfot. REBATE Re*bate", v. i. Defn: To abate; to withdraw. [Obs.] Foxe. REBATE Re*bate", n. 1. Diminution. 2. (Com.) Defn: Deduction; abatement; as, a rebate of interest for immediate payment; a rebate of importation duties. Bouvier. REBATE Re*bate", n. Etym: [See Rabbet.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A restangular longitudinal recess or groove, cut in the corner or edge of any body; a rabbet. See Rabbet. 2. A piece of wood hafted into a long stick, and serving to beat out mortar. Elmes. 3. An iron tool sharpened something like a chisel, and used for dressing and polishing wood. Elmes. 4. Etym: [Perhaps a different word.] Defn: A kind of hard freestone used in making pavements. [R.] Elmes. REBATE Re*bate", v. t. Defn: To cut a rebate in. See Rabbet, v. REBATEMENT Re*bate"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. rabatement, fr. rabatre to diminish, F. rabatre.] Defn: Same as 3d Rebate, v. REBATO Re*ba"to, n. Defn: Same as Rabato. Burton. REBEC Re"bec, n. Etym: [F., fr. It. ribeca, ribeba, fr. Ar. rabab a musical instrument of a round form.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: An instrument formerly used which somewhat resembled the violin, having three strings, and being played with a bow. [Written also rebeck.] Milton. He turn'd his rebec to a mournful note. Drayton. 2. A contemptuous term applied to an old woman. [Obs.] Chaucer. REBEL Reb"el, a. Etym: [F. rebelle, fr. L. rebellis. See Rebel, v. t.] Defn: Pertaining to rebels or rebellion; acting in revolt; rebellious; as, rebel troops. Whoso be rebel to my judgment. Chaucer. Convict by flight, and rebel to all law. Milton. REBEL Reb"el, n. Etym: [F. rebelle.] Defn: One who rebels. Syn. -- Revolter; insurgent. -- Rebel, Insurgent. Insurgent marks an early, and rebel a more advanced, stage of opposition to government. The former rises up against his rulers, the latter makes war upon them. REBEL Re*bel", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rebelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rebelling.] Etym: [F. rebeller, fr. L. rebellare to make war again; pref. re- again + bellare to make war, fr. bellum war. See Bellicose, and cf. Revel to carouse.] 1. To renounce, and resist by force, the authority of the ruler or government to which one owes obedience. See Rebellion. The murmur and the churl's rebelling. Chaucer. Ye have builded you an altar, that ye might rebel this day against the Lord. Josh. xxii. 16. 2. To be disobedient to authority; to assume a hostile or insubordinate attitude; to revolt. Hoe could my hand rebel against my heart How could you heart rebel against your reason Dryden. REBELDOM Reb"el*dom, n. Defn: A region infested by rebels; rebels, considered collectively; also, conduct o Thackeray. REBELLER Re*bel"ler, n. Defn: One who rebels; a rebel. REBELLION Re*bel"lion, n. Etym: [F. rébellion, L. rebellio. See Rebel, v. t. Among the Romans rebellion was originally a revolt or open resistance to their government by nations that had been subdued in war. It was a renewed war.] 1. The act of rebelling; open and avowed renunciation of the authority of the government to which one owes obedience, and resistances to its officers and laws, either by levying war, or by aiding others to do so; an organized uprising of subjects for the purpose of coercing or overthrowing their lawful ruler or government by force; revolt; insurrection. No sooner is the standard of rebellion displayed than men of desperate principles resort to it. Ames. 2. Open resistances to, or defiance of, lawful authority. Commission of rebellion (Eng. Law), a process of contempt on the nonappearance of a defendant, -- non abolished. Wharton. Burrill. Syn. -- Insurrection; sedition; revolt; mutiny; resistances; contumacy. See Insurrection. REBELLIOUS Re*bel"lious, a. Defn: Engaged in rebellion; disposed to rebel of the nature of rebels or of rebellion; resisting government or lawful authority by force. "Thy rebellious crew." "Proud rebellious arms." Milton. -- Re*bel"lious*ly, adv. -- Re*bel"lious*ness, n. REBELLOW Re*bel"low, v. i. Defn: To bellow again; to repeat or echo a bellow. The cave rebellowed, and the temple shook. Dryden. REBITING Re*bit"ing, n. (Etching) Defn: The act or process of deepening worn lines in an etched plate by submitting it again to the action if acid. Fairholt. REBLOOM Re*bloom", v. i. Defn: To bloom again. Crabbe. REBLOSSOM Re*blos"som, v. i. Defn: To blossom again. REBOANT Re*bo"ant, a. Etym: [L. reboans, p. pr. of reboare; pref. re- re- + boare to cry aloud.] Defn: Rebellowing; resounding loudly. [R.] Mrs. Browning. REBOATION Re`bo*a"tion, n. Defn: Repetition of a bellow. [R.] Bp. Patrick. REBOIL Re*boil", v. t. & i. Etym: [Pref. re- + boil: cf. F. rebouillir.] 1. To boil, or to cause to boil, again. 2. Fig.: To make or to become hot. [Obs.] Some of his companions thereat reboyleth. Sir T. Elyot. REBORN Re*born", p. p. Defn: Born again. REBOUND Re*bound", v. i. Etym: [Pref. re- + bound: cf. F. rebondir.] 1. To spring back; to start back; to be sent back or reverberated by elastic force on collision with another body; as, a rebounding echo. Bodies which are absolutely hard, or so soft as to be void of elasticity, will not rebound from one another. Sir I. Newton. 2. To give back an echo. [R.] T. Warton. 3. To bound again or repeatedly, as a horse. Pope. Rebounding lock (Firearms), one in which the hammer rebounds to half cock after striking the cap or primer. REBOUND Re*bound", v. t. Defn: To send back; to reverberate. Silenus sung; the vales his voice rebound. Dryden. REBOUND Re*bound", n. Defn: The act of rebounding; resilience. Flew . . . back, as from a rock, with swift rebound. Dryden. REBOZO Re*bo"zo, n. [Sp. rebozo.] Defn: A kind of mantilla worn by women over the head and shoulders, and sometimes over part of the face. [Mexico & Sp. Amer.] REBRACE Re*brace", v. t. Defn: To brace again. Gray. REBREATHE Re*breathe", v. t. Defn: To breathe again. REBUCOUS Re*bu"cous, a. Defn: Rebuking. [Obs.] She gave unto him many rebucous words. Fabyan. REBUFF Re*buff", n. Etym: [It. ribuffo, akin to ribuffare to repulse; pref. ri- (L. re-) + buffo puff. Cf. Buff to strike, Buffet a blow.] 1. Repercussion, or beating back; a quick and sudden resistance. The strong rebuff of some tumultuous cloud. Milton. 2. Sudden check; unexpected repulse; defeat; refusal; repellence; rejection of solicitation. REBUFF Re*buff", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rebuffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rebuffing.] Defn: To beat back; to offer sudden resistance to; to check; to repel or repulse violently, harshly, or uncourteously. REBUILD Re*build", v. t. Defn: To build again, as something which has been demolished; to construct anew; as, to rebuild a house, a wall, a wharf, or a city. REBUILDER Re*build"er, n. Defn: One who rebuilds. Bp. Bull. REBUKABLE Re*buk"a*ble, a. Defn: Worthy of rebuke or reprehension; reprehensible. Shak. REBUKE Re*buke", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rebuked; p. pr. & vb. n. Rebuking.] Etym: [OF. rebouquier to dull, blunt, F. reboucher; perhaps fr. pref. re- re- + bouche mouth, OF. also bouque, L. bucca cheek; if so, the original sense was, to stop the mouth of; hence, to stop, obstruct.] Defn: To check, silence, or put down, with reproof; to restrain by expression of disapprobation; to reprehend sharply and summarily; to chide; to reprove; to admonish. The proud he tamed, the penitent he cheered, Nor to rebuke the rich offender feared. Dryden. Syn. -- To reprove; chide; check; chasten; restrain; silence. See Reprove. REBUKE Re*buke", n. 1. A direct and pointed reproof; a reprimand; also, chastisement; punishment. For thy sake I have suffered rebuke. Jer. xv. 15. Why bear you these rebukes and answer not Shak. 2. Check; rebuff. [Obs.] L'Estrange. To be without rebuke, to live without giving cause of reproof or censure; to be blameless. REBUKEFUL Re*buke"ful, a. Defn: Containing rebuke; of the nature of rebuke. [Obs.] -- Re*buke"ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] REBUKER Re*buk"er, n. Defn: One who rebukes. REBUKINGLY Re*buk"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By way of rebuke. REBULLITION Re`bul*li"tion, n. Defn: The act of boiling up or effervescing. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. REBURY Re*bur"y, v. t. Defn: To bury again. Ashmole. REBUS Re"bus, n.; pl. Rebuses. Etym: [L. rebus by things, abl. pl. of res a thing: cf. F. rébus. Cf. 3d things, abl. pl. of res a thing: cf. F. rébus. Cf. 3d Real.] 1. A mode of expressing words and phrases by pictures of objects whose names resemble those words, or the syllables of which they are composed; enigmatical representation of words by figures; hence, a peculiar form of riddle made up of such representations. Note: A gallant, in love with a woman named Rose Hill, had, embroidered on his gown, a rose, a hill, an eye, a loaf, and a well, signifying, Rose Hill I love well. 2. (Her.) Defn: A pictorial suggestion on a coat of arms of the name of the person to whom it belongs. See Canting arms, under Canting. REBUS Re"bus, v. t. Defn: To mark or indicate by a rebus. He [John Morton] had a fair library rebused with More in text and Tun under it. Fuller. REBUT Re*but", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rebutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rebutting.] Etym: [OF. reb to repulse, drive back; pref. re- + bouter to push, thrust. See 1st Butt, Boutade.] 1. To drive or beat back; to repulse. Who him, recount'ring fierce, as hawk in flight, Perforce rebutted back. Spenser. 2. (Law) Defn: To contradict, meet, or oppose by argument, plea, or countervailing proof. Abbott. REBUT Re*but", v. i. 1. To retire; to recoil. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (Law) Defn: To make, or put in, an answer, as to a plaintiff's surrejoinder. The plaintiff may answer the rejoinder by a surrejoinder; on which the defendant. Blackstone. REBUTTABLE Re*but"ta*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being rebutted. REBUTTAL Re*but"tal, n. (Law) Defn: The giving of evidence on the part of a plaintiff to destroy the effect of evidence introduced by the defendant in the same suit. REBUTTER Re*but"ter, n. (Law) Defn: The answer of a defendant in matter of fact to a plaintiff's surrejoinder. RECADENCY Re*ca"den*cy, n. Defn: A falling back or descending a second time; a relapse. W. Montagu. RECALCITRANT Re*cal"ci*trant, a. Etym: [L. recalcitrans, p. pr. of recalcitrare to kick back; pref. re- re- + calcitrare to kick, fr. calx heel. Cf. Inculcate.] Defn: Kicking back; recalcitrating; hence, showing repugnance or opposition; refractory. RECALCITRATE Re*cal"ci*trate, v. t. Defn: To kick against; to show repugnance to; to rebuff. The more heartily did one disdain his disdain, and recalcitrate his tricks. De Quincey. RECALCITRATE Re*cal"ci*trate, v. i. Defn: To kick back; to kick against anything; hence, to express repugnance or opposition. RECALCITRATION Re*cal`ci*tra"tion, n. Defn: A kicking back again; opposition; repugnance; refractoriness. RECALL Re*call", v. t. 1. To call back; to summon to return; as, to recall troops; to recall an ambassador. 2. To revoke; to annul by a subsequent act; to take back; to withdraw; as, to recall words, or a decree. Passed sentence may not be recall'd. Shak. 3. To call back to mind; to revive in memory; to recollect; to remember; as, to recall bygone days. RECALL Re*call", n. 1. A calling back; a revocation. 'T his done, and since 't is done, 't is past recall. Dryden. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A call on the trumpet, bugle, or drum, by which soldiers are recalled from duty, labor, etc. Wilhelm. RECALLABLE Re*call"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being recalled. RECALLMENT Re*call"ment, n. Defn: Recall. [R.] R. Browning. RECANT Re*cant", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Recanting.] Etym: [L. recantare, recantatum, to recall, recant; pref. re- re- + cantare to sing, to sound. See 3d Cant, Chant.] Defn: To withdraw or repudiate formally and publicly (opinions formerly expressed); to contradict, as a former declaration; to take back openly; to retract; to recall. How soon . . . ease would recant Vows made in pain, as violent and void! Milton. Syn. -- To retract; recall; revoke; abjure; disown; disavow. See Renounce. RECANT Re*cant", v. i. Defn: To revoke a declaration or proposition; to unsay what has been said; to retract; as, convince me that I am wrong, and I will recant. Dryden. RECANTATION Re`can*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of recanting; a declaration that contradicts a former one; that which is thus asserted in contradiction; retraction. The poor man was imprisoned for this discovery, and forced to make a public recantation. Bp. Stillingfleet. RECANTER Re*cant"er, n. Defn: One who recants. RECAPACITATE Re`ca*pac"i*tate, v. t. Defn: To qualify again; to confer capacity on again. Atterbury. RECAPITULATE Re*ca*pit"u*late, v. t. Etym: [L. recapitulare, recapitulatum; pref. re- re- + capitulum a small head, chapter, section. See Capitulate.] Defn: To repeat, as the principal points in a discourse, argument, or essay; to give a summary of the principal facts, points, or arguments of; to relate in brief; to summarize. RECAPITULATE Re`ca*pit"u*late, v. i. Defn: To sum up, or enumerate by heads or topics, what has been previously said; to repeat briefly the substance. RECAPITULATION Re`ca*pit`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [LL. recapitulatio: cf. F. recapitulation.] Defn: The act of recapitulating; a summary, or concise statement or enumeration, of the principal points, facts, or statements, in a preceding discourse, argument, or essay. RECAPITULATOR Re`ca*pit"u*la`tor, n. Defn: One who recapitulates. RECAPITULATORY Re`ca*pit"u*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Of the nature of a recapitulation; containing recapitulation. RECAPPER Re*cap"per, n. (Firearms) Defn: A tool used for applying a fresh percussion cap or primer to a cartridge shell in reloading it. RECAPTION Re*cap"tion, n. (Law) Defn: The act of retaking, as of one who has escaped after arrest; reprisal; the retaking of one's own goods, chattels, wife, or children, without force or violence, from one who has taken them and who wrongfully detains them. Blackstone. Writ of recaption (Law), a writ to recover damages for him whose goods, being distrained for rent or service, are distrained again for the same cause.Wharton. RECAPTOR Re*cap"tor, n. Defn: One who recaptures; one who takes a prize which had been previously taken. RECAPTURE Re*cap"ture, n. 1. The act of retaking or recovering by capture; especially, the retaking of a prize or goods from a captor. 2. That which is captured back; a prize retaken. RECAPTURE Re*cap"ture, v. t. Defn: To capture again; to retake. RECARBONIZE Re*car"bon*ize, v. t. (Metal.) Defn: To restore carbon to; as, to recarbonize iron in converting it into steel. RECARNIFY Re*car"ni*fy, v. t. Defn: To convert again into flesh. [Obs.] Howell. RECARRIAGE Re*car"riage, n. Defn: Act of carrying back. RECARRY Re*car"ry, v. t. Defn: To carry back. Walton. RECAST Re*cast", v. t. 1. To throw again. Florio. 2. To mold anew; to cast anew; to throw into a new from a shape; to reconstruct; as, to recast cannon; to recast an argument or a play. 3. To compute, or cast up, a second time. RECCHE Rec"che, v. i. Defn: To reck. [Obs.] Chaucer. RECCHELES Rec"che*les, a. Defn: Reckless. [Obs.] Chaucer. RECEDE Re*cede", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Receded; p. pr. & vb. n. Receding.] Etym: [L. recedere, recessum; pref. re- re- + cedere to go, to go along: cf. F. recéder. See Cede.] 1. To move back; to retreat; to withdraw. Like the hollow roar Of tides receding from the instituted shore. Dryden. All bodies moved circularly endeavor to recede from the center. Bentley. 2. To withdraw a claim or pretension; to desist; to relinquish what had been proposed or asserted; as, to recede from a demand or proposition. Syn. -- To retire; retreat; return; retrograde; withdraw; desist. RECEDE Re*cede", v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + cede. Cf. Recede, v. t.] Defn: To cede back; to grant or yield again to a former possessor; as, to recede conquered territory. RECEIPT Re*ceipt", n. Etym: [OE. receite, OF. recete, recepte, F. recette, fr. L. recipere, receptum, to receive. See Receive.] 1. The act of receiving; reception. "At the receipt of your letter." Shak. 2. Reception, as an act of hospitality. [Obs.] Thy kind receipt of me. Chapman. 3. Capability of receiving; capacity. [Obs.] It has become a place of great receipt. Evelyn. 4. Place of receiving. [Obs.] He saw a man, named Matthew, sitting at the receipt of custom. Matt. ix. 9. 5. Hence, a recess; a retired place. [Obs.] "In a retired receipt together lay." Chapman. 6. A formulary according to the directions of which things are to be taken or combined; a recipe; as, a receipt for making sponge cake. She had a receipt to make white hair black. Sir T. Browne. 7. A writing acknowledging the taking or receiving of goods delivered; an acknowledgment of money paid. 8. That which is received; that which comes in, in distinction from what is expended, paid out, sent away, and the like; -- usually in the plural; as, the receipts amounted to a thousand dollars. Cross receipts. See under Gross, a. RECEIPT Re*ceipt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Receipted; p. pr. & vb. n. Receipting.] 1. To give a receipt for; as, to receipt goods delivered by a sheriff. 2. To put a receipt on, as by writing or stamping; as, to receipt a bill. RECEIPT Re*ceipt", v. i. Defn: To give a receipt, as for money paid. RECEIPTMENT Re*ceipt"ment, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The receiving or harboring a felon knowingly, after the commission of a felony. Burrill. RECEIPTOR Re*ceipt"or, n. Defn: One who receipts; specifically (Law), one who receipts for property which has been taken by the sheriff. RECEIT Re*ceit", n. Defn: Receipt. [Obs.] Chaucer. RECEIVABILITY Re*ceiv`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being receivable; receivableness. RECEIVABLE Re*ceiv"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. recevable.] Defn: Capable of being received. -- Re*ceiv"a*ble*ness, n. Bills receivable. See under 6th Bill. RECEIVE Re*ceive", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Received; p. pr. & vb. n. Receiving.] Etym: [OF. receiver, recevoir, F. recevoir, fr. L. recipere; pref. re- re- + capere to take, seize. See See Capable, Heave, and cf. Receipt, Reception, Recipe.] 1. To take, as something that is offered, given, committed, sent, paid, or the like; to accept; as, to receive money offered in payment of a debt; to receive a gift, a message, or a letter. Receyven all in gree that God us sent. Chaucer. 2. Hence: To gain the knowledge of; to take into the mind by assent to; to give admission to; to accept, as an opinion, notion, etc.; to embrace. Our hearts receive your warnings. Shak. The idea of solidity we receives by our touch. Locke. 3. To allow, as a custom, tradition, or the like; to give credence or acceptance to. Many other things there be which they have received to hold, as the washing of cups, and pots. Mark vii. 4. 4. To give admittance to; to permit to enter, as into one's house, presence, company, and the like; as, to receive a lodger, visitor, ambassador, messenger, etc. They kindled a fire, and received us every one. Acts xxviii. 2. 5. To admit; to take in; to hold; to contain; to have capacity fro; to be able to take in. The brazen altar that was before the Lord was too little to receive the burnt offerings. 1 Kings viii. 64. 6. To be affected by something; to suffer; to be subjected to; as, to receive pleasure or pain; to receive a wound or a blow; to receive damage. Against his will he can receive no harm. Milton. 7. To take from a thief, as goods known to be stolen. 8. (Lawn Tennis) Defn: To bat back (the ball) when served. Receiving ship, one on board of which newly recruited sailors are received, and kept till drafted for service. Syn. -- To accept; take; allow; hold; retain; admit. -- Receive, Accept. To receive describes simply the act of taking. To accept denotes the taking with approval, or for the purposes for which a thing is offered. Thus, we receive a letter when it comes to hand; we receive news when it reaches us; we accept a present when it is offered; we accept an invitation to dine with a friend. Who, if we knew What we receive, would either not accept Life offered, or soon beg to lay it down. Milton. RECEIVE Re*ceive", v. i. 1. To receive visitors; to be at home to receive calls; as, she receives on Tuesdays. 2. (Lawn Tennis) Defn: To return, or bat back, the ball when served; as, it is your turn to receive. RECEIVEDNESS Re*ceiv"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being received, accepted, or current; as, the receivedness of an opinion. Boyle. RECEIVER Re*ceiv"er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. receveur.] 1. One who takes or receives in any manner. 2. (Law) Defn: A person appointed, ordinarily by a court, to receive, and hold in trust, money or other property which is the subject of litigation, pending the suit; a person appointed to take charge of the estate and effects of a corporation, and to do other acts necessary to winding up its affairs, in certain cases. Bouvier. 3. One who takes or buys stolen goods from a thief, knowing them to be stolen. Blackstone. 4. (Chem.) (a) A vessel connected with an alembic, a retort, or the like, for receiving and condensing the product of distillation. (b) A vessel for receiving and containing gases. 5. (Pneumatics) Defn: The glass vessel in which the vacuum is produced, and the objects of experiment are put, in experiments with an air pump. Cf. Bell jar, and see Illust. of Air pump. 6. (Steam Engine) (a) A vessel for receiving the exhaust steam from the high-pressure cylinder before it enters the low-pressure cylinder, in a compound engine. (b) A capacious vessel for receiving steam from a distant boiler, and supplying it dry to an engine. 7. That portion of a telephonic apparatus, or similar system, at which the message is received and made audible; -- opposed to transmitter. Exhausted receiver (Physics), a receiver, as that used with the air pump, from which the air has been withdrawn; a vessel the interior of which is a more or less complete vacuum. RECEIVER'S CERTIFICATE Re*ceiv"er's cer*tif"i*cate. Defn: An acknowledgement of indebtedness made by a receiver under order of court to obtain funds for the preservation of the assets held by him, as for operating a railroad. Receivers' certificates are ordinarily a first lien on the assets, prior to that of bonds or other securities. RECEIVERSHIP Re*ceiv"er*ship, n. Defn: The state or office of a receiver. RECELEBRATE Re*cel"e*brate, v. t. Defn: To celebrate again, or anew. -- Re*cel`e*bra"tion, n. RECENCY Re"cen*cy, n. Etym: [LL. recentia, fr. L. recens. See Recent.] Defn: The state or quality of being recent; newness; new state; late origin; lateness in time; freshness; as, the recency of a transaction, of a wound, etc. RECENSE Re*cense", v. t. Etym: [L. recensere; pref. re- again + censere to value, estimate: cf. F. recenser.] Defn: To review; to revise. [R.] Bentley. RECENSION Re*cen"sion, n. Etym: [L. recensio: cf. F. recension.] 1. The act of reviewing or revising; review; examination; enumeration. Barrow. 2. Specifically, the review of a text (as of an ancient author) by an editor; critical revisal and establishment. 3. The result of such a work; a text established by critical revision; an edited version. RECENSIONIST Re*cen"sion*ist, n. Defn: One who makes recensions; specifically, a critical editor. RECENT Re"cent, a. Etym: [L. recens, -entis: cf. F. récent.] 1. Of late origin, existence, or occurrence; lately come; not of remote date, antiquated style, or the like; not already known, familiar, worn out, trite, etc.; fresh; novel; new; modern; as, recent news. The ancients were of opinion, that a considerable portion of that country [Egypt] was recent, and formed out of the mud discharged into the neighboring sea by the Nile. Woodward. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the present or existing epoch; as, recent shells. RECENTER Re*cen"ter, v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + center.] Defn: To center again; to restore to the center. Coleridge. RECENTLY Re"cent*ly, adv. Defn: Newly; lately; freshly; not long since; as, advices recently received. RECENTNESS Re"cent*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being recent. RECEPTACLE Re*cep"ta*cle, n. Etym: [F. réceptacle, L. receptaculum, fr. receptare, v. intens. fr. recipere to receive. See Receive.] 1. That which serves, or is used, fro receiving and containing something, as a basket, a vase, a bag, a reservoir; a repository. O sacred receptacle of my joys! Shak. 2. (Bot.) (a) The apex of the flower stalk, from which the organs of the flower grow, or into which they are inserted. See Illust. of Flower, and Ovary. (b) The dilated apex of a pedicel which serves as a common support to a head of flowers. (c) An intercellular cavity containing oil or resin or other matters. (d) A special branch which bears the fructification in many cryptogamous plants. RECEPTACULAR Rec`ep*tac"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. réceptaculaire.] (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to the receptacle, or growing on it; as, the receptacular chaff or scales in the sunflower. RECEPTACULUM Rec`ep*tac"u*lum, n.; pl. Receptacula. Etym: [L.] (Anat.) Defn: A receptacle; as, the receptaculum of the chyle. RECEPTARY Rec"ep*ta*ry, a. Defn: Generally or popularly admitted or received. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. RECEPTARY Rec"ep*ta*ry, n. Defn: That which is received. [Obs.] "Receptaries of philosophy." Sir T. Browne. RECEPTIBILITY Re*cep`ti*bil"i*ty, n. 1. The quality or state of being receptible; receivableness. 2. A receptible thing. [R.] Glanvill. RECEPTIBLE Re*cep"ti*ble, a. Etym: [L. receptibilis.] Defn: Such as may be received; receivable. RECEPTION Re*cep"tion, n. Etym: [F. réception, L. receptio, fr. recipere, receptum. See Receive.] 1. The act of receiving; receipt; admission; as, the reception of food into the stomach; the reception of a letter; the reception of sensation or ideas; reception of evidence. 2. The state of being received. 3. The act or manner of receiving, esp. of receiving visitors; entertainment; hence, an occasion or ceremony of receiving guests; as, a hearty reception; an elaborate reception. What reception a poem may find. Goldsmith. 4. Acceptance, as of an opinion or doctrine. Philosophers who have quitted the popular doctrines of their countries have fallen into as extravagant opinions as even common reception countenanced. Locke. 5. A retaking; a recovery. [Obs.] Bacon. RECEPTIVE Re*cep"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. réceptif. See Receive.] Defn: Having the quality of receiving; able or inclined to take in, absorb, hold, or contain; receiving or containing; as, a receptive mind. Imaginary space is receptive of all bodies. Glanvill. RECEPTIVENESS Re*cep"tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being receptive. RECEPTIVITY Rec`ep*tiv"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. réceptivité.] 1. The state or quality of being receptive. 2. (Kantian Philos.) Defn: The power or capacity of receiving impressions, as those of the external senses. RECEPTORY Re*cep"to*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. receptorium a place of shelter.] Defn: Receptacle. [Obs.] Holland. RECESS Re*cess", n. Etym: [L. recessus, fr. recedere, recessum. See Recede.] 1. A withdrawing or retiring; a moving back; retreat; as, the recess of the tides. Every degree of ignorance being so far a recess and degradation from rationality. South. My recess hath given them confidence that I may be conquered. Eikon Basilike. 2. The state of being withdrawn; seclusion; privacy. In the recess of the jury they are to consider the evidence. Sir M. Hale. Good verse recess and solitude requires. Dryden. 3. Remission or suspension of business or procedure; intermission, as of a legislative body, court, or school. The recess of . . . Parliament lasted six weeks. Macaulay. 4. Part of a room formed by the receding of the wall, as an alcove, niche, etc. A bed which stood in a deep recess. W. Irving. 5. A place of retirement, retreat, secrecy, or seclusion. Departure from his happy place, our sweet Recess, and only consolation left. Milton. 6. Secret or abstruse part; as, the difficulties and recesses of science. I. Watts. 7. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: A sinus. RECESS Re*cess", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recessed; p. pr. & vb. n. Recessing.] Defn: To make a recess in; as, to recess a wall. RECESS Re*cess", n. Etym: [G.] Defn: A decree of the imperial diet of the old German empire. Brande & C. RECESSED Re*cessed", a. 1. Having a recess or recesses; as, a recessed arch or wall. 2. Withdrawn; secluded. [R.] "Comfortably recessed from curious impertinents." Miss Edgeworth. Recessed arch (Arch.), one of a series of arches constructed one within another so as to correspond with splayed jambs of a doorway, or the like. RECESSION Re*ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. recessio, fr. recedere, recessum. See Recede.] Defn: The act of receding or withdrawing, as from a place, a claim, or a demand. South. Mercy may rejoice upon the recessions of justice. Jer. Taylor. RECESSION Re*ces"sion, n. Etym: [Pref. re- + cession.] Defn: The act of ceding back; restoration; repeated cession; as, the recession of conquered territory to its former sovereign. RECESSIONAL Re*ces"sion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to recession or withdrawal. Recessional hymn, a hymn sung in a procession returning from the choir to the robing room. RECESSIVE Re*ces"sive, a. Defn: Going back; receding. RECHABITE Re"chab*ite, n. (Jewish Hist.) Defn: One of the descendants of Jonadab, the son of Rechab, all of whom by his injunction abstained from the use of intoxicating drinks and even from planting the vine. Jer. xxxv. 2-19. Also, in modern times, a member of a certain society of abstainers from alcoholic liquors. RECHANGE Re*change", v. t. & i. Defn: To change again, or change back. RECHARGE Re*charge", v. t. & i. Etym: [Pref. re- + charge: cf. F. recharger.] 1. To charge or accuse in return. 2. To attack again; to attack anew. Dryden. RECHARTER Re*char"ter, n. Defn: A second charter; a renewal of a charter. D. Webster. RECHARTER Re*char"ter, v. t. Defn: To charter again or anew; to grant a second or another charter to. RECHASE Re*chase", v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + chase: cf. F. rechasser.] Defn: To chase again; to chase or drive back. RECHAUFFE Ré`chauf`fé", n. [F., orig. p.p. of réchauffer 8warm over. See Chafe, v. t.] Defn: A dish of food that has been warmed again, hence, fig., something made up from old material; a rehash. It is merely a réchauffé of ancient philosophies. F. W. H. Myers. RECHEAT Re*cheat", n. Etym: [F. requêté, fr. requêter to hunt anew. See Request.] (Sporting) Defn: A strain given on the horn to call back the hounds when they have lost track of the game. RECHEAT Re*cheat", v. i. Defn: To blow the recheat. Drayton. RECHERCHE Re*cher`ché", a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Sought out with care; choice. Hence: of rare quality, elegance, or attractiveness; peculiar and refined in kind. RECHLESS Rech"less, a. Defn: Reckless. [Obs.] P. Plowman. RECHOOSE Re*choose", v. t. Defn: To choose again. RECIDIVATE Re*cid"i*vate, v. i. Etym: [LL. recidivare. See Recidivous.] Defn: To baskslide; to fall again. [Obs.] RECIDIVATION Re*cid`i*va"tion, n. Etym: [LL. recidivatio.] Defn: A falling back; a backsliding. Hammond. RECIDIVISM Re*cid"i*vism, n. Defn: The state or quality of being recidivous; relapse, specif. (Criminology), Defn: a falling back or relapse into prior criminal habits, esp. after conviction and punishment. The old English system of recognizances, in which the guilty party deposits a sum of money, is an excellent guarantee to society against recidivism. Havelock Ellis. RECIDIVIST Re*cid"i*vist, n. Defn: One who is recidivous or is characterized by recidivism; an incorrigible criminal. -- Re*cid`i*vis"tic (#), a. The criminal by passion never becomes a recidivist, it is the social, not the antisocial, instincts that are strong within him, his crime is a solitary event in his life. Havelock Ellis. RECIDIVOUS Re*cid"i*vous, a. Etym: [L. r, fr. recidere to fall back.] Defn: Tending or liable to backslide or r RECIPE Rec"i*pe, n.; pl. Recipes. Etym: [L., imperative of recipere to take back, take in, receive. See Receive.] Defn: A formulary or prescription for making some combination, mixture, or preparation of materials; a receipt; especially, a prescription for medicine. RECIPIANGLE Re*cip"i*an`gle, n. Etym: [L. recipere to take + angulus angle.] Defn: An instrument with two arms that are pivoted together at one end, and a graduated arc, -- used by military engineers for measuring and laying off angles of fortifications. RECIPIENCE; RECIPIENCY Re*cip"i*ence, Re*cip"i*en*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being recipient; a receiving; reception; receptiveness. RECIPIENT Re*cip"i*ent, n. Etym: [L. recipiens, -entis, receiving, p. pr. of recipere to receive: cf. F. récipient. See Receive.] Defn: A receiver; the person or thing that receives; one to whom, or that to which, anything is given or communicated; specifically, the receiver of a still. RECIPIENT Re*cip"i*ent, a. Defn: Receiving; receptive. RECIPROCAL Re*cip"ro*cal, a. Etym: [L. reciprocus; of unknown origin.] 1. Recurring in vicissitude; alternate. 2. Done by each to the other; interchanging or interchanged; given and received; due from each to each; mutual; as, reciprocal love; reciprocal duties. Let our reciprocal vows be remembered. Shak. 3. Mutually interchangeable. These two rules will render a definition reciprocal with the thing defined. I. Watts. 4. (Gram.) Defn: Reflexive; -- applied to pronouns and verbs, but sometimes limited to such pronouns as express mutual action. 5. (Math.) Defn: Used to denote different kinds of mutual relation; often with reference to the substitution of reciprocals for given quantities. See the Phrases below. Reciprocal equation (Math.), one which remains unchanged in form when the reciprocal of the unknown quantity is substituted for that quantity. -- Reciprocal figures (Geom.), two figures of the same kind (as triangles, parallelograms, prisms, etc.), so related that two sides of the one form the extremes of a proportion of which the means are the two corresponding sides of the other; in general, two figures so related that the first corresponds in some special way to the second, and the second corresponds in the same way to the first. -- Reciprocal proportion (Math.), a proportion such that, of four terms taken in order, the first has to the second the same ratio which the fourth has to the third, or the first has to the second the same ratio which the reciprocal of the third has to the reciprocal of the fourth. Thus, 2:5: :20:8 form a reciprocal proportion, because 2:5: :1/20:1/8. -- Reciprocal quantities (Math.), any two quantities which produce unity when multiplied together. -- Reciprocal ratio (Math.), the ratio between the reciprocals of two quantities; as, the reciprocal ratio of 4 to 9 is that of ¼ to 1/9. -- Reciprocal terms (Logic), those terms which have the same signification, and, consequently, are convertible, and may be used for each other. Syn. -- Mutual; alternate. -- Reciprocal, Mutual. The distinctive idea of mutual is, that the parties unite by interchange in the same act; as, a mutual covenant; mutual affection, etc. The distinctive idea of reciprocal is, that one party acts by way of return or response to something previously done by the other party; as, a reciprocal kindness; reciprocal reproaches, etc. Love is reciprocal when the previous affection of one party has drawn forth the attachment of the other. To make it mutual in the strictest sense, the two parties should have fallen in love at the same time; but as the result is the same, the two words are here used interchangeably. The ebbing and flowing of the tide is a case where the action is reciprocal, but not mutual. RECIPROCAL Re*cip"ro*cal, n. 1. That which is reciprocal to another thing. Corruption is a reciprocal to generation. Bacon. 2. (Arith. & Alg.) Defn: The quotient arising from dividing unity by any quantity; thus ¼ is the reciprocal of 4; 1/(a + b) is the reciprocal of a + b. The reciprocal of a fraction is the fraction inverted, or the denominator divided by the numerator. RECIPROCALITY Re*cip`ro*cal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being reciprocal; reciprocalness. [R.] RECIPROCALLY Re*cip"ro*cal*ly, adv. 1. In a reciprocal manner; so that each affects the other, and is equally affected by it; interchangeably; mutually. These two particles to reciprocally affect each other with the same force. Bentley. 2. (Math.) Defn: In the manner of reciprocals. Reciprocally proportional (Arith. & Alg.), proportional, as two variable quantities, so that the one shall have a constant ratio to the reciprocal of the other. RECIPROCALNESS Re*cip"ro*cal*ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being reciprocal; mutual return; alternateness. RECIPROCATE Re*cip"ro*cate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reciprocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Reciprocating.] Etym: [L. reciprocatus, p. p. of reciprocare. See Reciprocal.] Defn: To move forward and backward alternately; to recur in vicissitude; to act interchangeably; to alternate. One brawny smith the puffing bellows plies, And draws and blows reciprocating air. Dryden. Reciprocating engine, a steam, air, or gas engine, etc., in which the piston moves back and forth; -- in distinction from a rotary engine, in which the piston travels continuously in one direction in a circular path. -- Reciprocating motion (Mech.), motion alternately backward and forward, or up and down, as of a piston rod. RECIPROCATE Re*cip"ro*cate, v. t. Defn: To give and return mutually; to make return for; to give in return; to unterchange; to alternate; as, to reciprocate favors. Cowper. RECIPROCATION Re*cip`ro*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. reciprocatio: cf. F. reciprocation.] 1. The act of reciprocating; interchange of acts; a mutual giving and returning; as, the reciprocation of kindness. 2. Alternate recurrence or action; as, the reciprocation of the sea in the flow and ebb of tides. Sir T. Browne. RECIPROCITY Rec`i*proc"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. réciprocité. See Reciprocal.] 1. Mutual action and reaction. 2. Reciprocal advantages, obligations, or rights; reciprocation. Reciprocity treaty, or Treaty of reciprocity, a treaty concluded between two countries, conferring equal privileges as regards customs or charges on imports, or in other respects. Syn. -- Reciprocation; interchange; mutuality. RECIPROCORNOUS Re*cip`ro*cor"nous, a. Etym: [L. reciprocus returning, reciprocal + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having horns turning backward and then forward, like those of a ram. [R.] Ash. RECIPROCOUS Re*cip"ro*cous, a. Defn: Reciprocal. [Obs.] RECIPROK Rec"i*prok, a. Etym: [F. réciproque, L. reciprocus.] Defn: Reciprocal. [Obs.] B. Jonson. RECIPROQUE Rec"i*proque, a. & n. Etym: [F. réciproque.] Defn: Reciprocal. Bacon. RECISION Re*ci"sion, n. Etym: [L. recisio, fr. recidere, recisum, to cut off; pref. re- re- + caedere to cut.] Defn: The act of cutting off. Sherwood. RECITAL Re*cit"al, n. Etym: [From Recite.] 1. The act of reciting; the repetition of the words of another, or of a document; rehearsal; as, the recital of testimony. 2. A telling in detail and due order of the particulars of anything, as of a law, an adventure, or a series of events; narration. Addison. 3. That which is recited; a story; a narration. 4. (Mus.) Defn: A vocal or instrumental performance by one person; -- distinguished from concert; as, a song recital; an organ, piano, or violin recital. 5. (Law) Defn: The formal statement, or setting forth, of some matter of fact in any deed or writing in order to explain the reasons on which the transaction is founded; the statement of matter in pleading introductory to some positive allegation. Burn. Syn. -- Account; rehearsal; recitation; narration; description; explanation; enumeration; detail; narrative. See Account. RECITATION Rec`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. recitatio: cf. F. récitation. See Recite.] 1. The act of reciting; rehearsal; repetition of words or sentences. Hammond. 2. The delivery before an audience of something committed to memory, especially as an elocutionary exhibition; also, that which is so delivered. 3. (Colleges and Schools) Defn: The rehearsal of a lesson by pupils before their instructor. RECITATIVE Rec`i*ta*tive", n. Etym: [It. recitativo, or F. récitatif. See Recite.] (Mus.) Defn: A species of musical recitation in which the words are delivered in manner resembling that of ordinary declamation; also, a piece of music intended for such recitation; -- opposed to melisma. RECITATIVE Rec`i*ta*tive", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to recitation; intended for musical recitation or declamation; in the style or manner of recitative. -- Rec`i*ta*tive"ly, adv. RECITATIVO Rec`i*ta*ti"vo, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Recitative. RECITE Re*cite", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recited; p. pr. & vb. n. Reciting.] Etym: [F. réciter, fr. L. recitare, recitatum; pref. re- re- + citare to call or name, to cite. See Cite.] 1. To repeat, as something already prepared, written down, committed to memory, or the like; to deliver from a written or printed document, or from recollection; to rehearse; as, to recite the words of an author, or of a deed or covenant. 2. To tell over; to go over in particulars; to relate; to narrate; as, to recite past events; to recite the particulars of a voyage. 3. To rehearse, as a lesson to an instructor. 4. (Law) Defn: To state in or as a recital. See Recital, 5. Syn. -- To rehearse; narrate; relate; recount; describe; recapitulate; detail; number; count. RECITE Re*cite", v. i. Defn: To repeat, pronounce, or rehearse, as before an audience, something prepared or committed to memory; to rehearse a lesson learned. RECITE Re*cite", n. Defn: A recital. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple. RECITER Re*cit"er, n. Defn: One who recites; also, a book of extracts for recitation. RECK Reck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recked (obs. imp. Roughte); p. pr. & vb. n. Recking.] Etym: [AS. reccan, remccan, to care for; akin to OS. rokian, OHG. ruochan, G. geruhen, Icel. rækja, also to E. reckon, rake an implement. See Rake, and cf. Reckon.] 1. To make account of; to care for; to heed; to regard. [Archaic] This son of mine not recking danger. Sir P. Sidney. And may you better reck the rede Than ever did the adviser. Burns. 2. To concern; -- used impersonally. [Poetic] What recks it them Milton. RECK Reck, v. i. Defn: To make account; to take heed; to care; to mind; -- often followed by of. [Archaic] Then reck I not, when I have lost my life. Chaucer. I reck not though I end my life to-day. Shak. Of me she recks not, nor my vain desire. M. Arnold. RECKLESS Reck"less, a. Etym: [AS. recceleás, receleás.] 1. Inattentive to duty; careless; neglectful; indifferent. Chaucer. 2. Rashly negligent; utterly careless or heedless. It made the king as reckless as them diligent. Sir P. Sidney. Syn. -- Heedless; careless; mindless; thoughtless; negligent; indifferent; regardless; unconcerned; inattentive; remiss; rash. -- Reck"less*ly, adv. -- Reck"less*ness, n. RECKLING Reck"ling, a. Defn: Needing care; weak; feeble; as, a reckling child. H. Taylor. -- n. Defn: A weak child or animal. Tennyson. RECKON Reck"on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reckoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Reckoning.] Etym: [OE. rekenen, AS. gerecenian to explain; akin to D. rekenen to reckon, G. rechnen, OHG. rahnjan), and to E. reck, rake an implement; the original sense probably being, to bring together, count together. See Reck, v. t.] 1. To count; to enumerate; to number; also, to compute; to calculate. The priest shall reckon to him the money according to the years that remain. Lev. xxvii. 18. I reckoned above two hundred and fifty on the outside of the church. Addison. 2. To count as in a number, rank, or series; to estimate by rank or quality; to place by estimation; to account; to esteem; to repute. He was reckoned among the transgressors. Luke xxii. 37. For him I reckon not in high estate. Milton. 3. To charge, attribute, or adjudge to one, as having a certain quality or value. Faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness. Rom. iv. 9. Without her eccentricities being reckoned to her for a crime. Hawthorne. 4. To conclude, as by an enumeration and balancing of chances; hence, to think; to suppose; -- followed by an objective clause; as, I reckon he won't try that again. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] Syn. -- To number; enumerate; compute; calculate; estimate; value; esteem; account; repute. See Calculate, Guess. RECKON Reck"on, v. i. 1. To make an enumeration or computation; to engage in numbering or computing. Shak. 2. To come to an accounting; to make up accounts; to settle; to examine and strike the balance of debt and credit; to adjust relations of desert or penalty. "Parfay," sayst thou, "sometime he reckon shall." Chaucer. To reckon for, to answer for; to pay the account for. "If they fail in their bounden duty, they shall reckon for it one day." Bp. Sanderson. -- To reckon on or upon, to count or depend on. -- To reckon with, to settle accounts or claims with; -- used literally or figuratively. After a long time the lord of those servants cometh, and reckoneth with them. Matt. xxv. 19. -- To reckon without one's host, to ignore in a calculation or arrangement the person whose assent is essential; hence, to reckon erroneously. RECKONER Reck"on*er, n. Defn: One who reckons or computes; also, a book of calculation, tables, etc., to assist in reckoning. Reckoners without their host must reckon twice. Camden. RECKONING Reck"on*ing, n. 1. The act of one who reckons, counts, or computes; the result of reckoning or counting; calculation. Specifically: (a) An account of time. Sandys. (b) Adjustment of claims and accounts; settlement of obligations, liabilities, etc. Even reckoning makes lasting friends, and the way to make reckonings even is to make them often. South. He quitted London, never to return till the day of a terrible and memorable reckoning had arrived. Macaulay. 2. The charge or account made by a host at an inn. A coin would have a nobler use than to pay a reckoning. Addison. 3. Esteem; account; estimation. You make no further reckoning of it [beauty] than of an outward fading benefit nature bestowed. Sir P. Sidney. 4. (Navigation) (a) The calculation of a ship's position, either from astronomical observations, or from the record of the courses steered and distances sailed as shown by compass and log, -- in the latter case called dead reckoning (see under Dead); -- also used fro dead reckoning in contradistinction to observation. (b) The position of a ship as determined by calculation. To be out of her reckoning, to be at a distance from the place indicated by the reckoning; -- said of a ship. RECLAIM Re*claim", v. t. Defn: To claim back; to demand the return of as a right; to attempt to recover possession of. A tract of land [Holland] snatched from an element perpetually reclaiming its prior occupancy. W. Coxe. RECLAIM Re*claim", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reclaimed; p. pr. & vb. n. Reclaiming.] Etym: [F. réclamer, L. reclamare, reclamatum, to cry out against; pref. re- re- + clamare to call or cry aloud. See Claim.] 1. To call back, as a hawk to the wrist in falconry, by a certain customary call. Chaucer. 2. To call back from flight or disorderly action; to call to, for the purpose of subduing or quieting. The headstrong horses hurried Octavius . . . along, and were deaf to his reclaiming them. Dryden. 3. To reduce from a wild to a tamed state; to bring under discipline; -- said especially of birds trained for the chase, but also of other animals. "An eagle well reclaimed." Dryden. 4. Hence: To reduce to a desired state by discipline, labor, cultivation, or the like; to rescue from being wild, desert, waste, submerged, or the like; as, to reclaim wild land, overflowed land, etc. 5. To call back to rectitude from moral wandering or transgression; to draw back to correct deportment or course of life; to reform. It is the intention of Providence, in all the various expressions of his goodness, to reclaim mankind. Rogers. 6. To correct; to reform; -- said of things. [Obs.] Your error, in time reclaimed, will be venial. Sir E. Hoby. 7. To exclaim against; to gainsay. [Obs.] Fuller. Syn. -- To reform; recover; restore; amend; correct. RECLAIM Re*claim", v. i. 1. To cry out in opposition or contradiction; to exclaim against anything; to contradict; to take exceptions. Scripture reclaims, and the whole Catholic church reclaims, and Christian ears would not hear it. Waterland. At a later period Grote reclaimed strongly against Mill's setting Whately above Hamilton. Bain. 2. To bring anyone back from evil courses; to reform. They, hardened more by what might most reclaim, Grieving to see his glory . . . took envy. Milton. 3. To draw back; to give way. [R. & Obs.] Spenser. RECLAIM Re*claim", n. Defn: The act of reclaiming, or the state of being reclaimed; reclamation; recovery. [Obs.] RECLAIMABLE Re*claim"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be reclaimed. RECLAIMANT Re*claim"ant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. réclamant, p. pr.] Defn: One who reclaims; one who cries out against or contradicts. RECLAIMER Re*claim"er, n. Defn: One who reclaims. RECLAIMLESS Re*claim"less, a. Defn: That can not be reclaimed. RECLAMATION Rec`la*ma"tion, n. Etym: [F. réclamation, L. reclamatio. See Reclaim.] 1. The act or process of reclaiming. 2. Representation made in opposition; remonstrance. I would now, on the reclamation both of generosity and of justice, try clemency. Landor. RECLASP Re*clasp", v. i. Defn: To clasp or unite again. RECLINANT Re*clin"ant, a. Etym: [L. reclinans, p. pr. See Recline.] Defn: Bending or leaning backward. RECLINATE Rec"li*nate, a. Etym: [L. reclinatus, p. p.] (Bot.) Defn: Reclined, as a leaf; bent downward, so that the point, as of a stem or leaf, is lower than the base. RECLINATION Rec`li*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. réclinaison.] 1. The act of leaning or reclining, or the state of being reclined. 2. (Dialing) Defn: The angle which the plane of the dial makes with a vertical plane which it intersects in a horizontal line. Brande & C. 3. (Surg.) Defn: The act or process of removing a cataract, by applying the needle to its anterior surface, and depressing it into the vitreous humor in such a way that front surface of the cataract becomes the upper one and its back surface the lower one. Dunglison. RECLINE Re*cline", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reclined; p. pr. & vb. n. Reclining.] Etym: [L. reclinare; pref. re- re- + clinare to lean, incline. See Incline, Lean to incline.] Defn: To cause or permit to lean, incline, rest, etc., to place in a recumbent position; as, to recline the head on the hand. The mother Reclined her dying head upon his breast. Dryden. RECLINE Re*cline", v. i. 1. To lean or incline; as, to recline against a wall. 2. To assume, or to be in, a recumbent position; as, to recline on a couch. RECLINE Re*cline", a. Etym: [L. reclinis. See Recline, v. t.] Defn: Having a reclining posture; leaning; reclining. [R.] They sat, recline On the soft downy bank, damasked with flowers. Milton. RECLINED Re*clined", a. (Bot.) Defn: Falling or turned downward; reclinate. RECLINER Re*clin"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, reclines. RECLINING Re*clin"ing, a. (Bot.) (a) Bending or curving gradually back from the perpendicular. (b) Recumbent. Reclining dial, a dial whose plane is inclined to the vertical line through its center. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.). RECLOSE Re*close", v. t. Defn: To close again. Pope. RECLOTHE Re*clothe", v. t. Defn: To clothe again. RECLUDE Re*clude", v. t. Etym: [L. recludere to unclose, open; pref. re- again, back, un- + claudere to shut.] Defn: To open; to unclose. [R.] Harvey. RECLUSE Re*cluse", a. Etym: [L. reclus, L. reclusus, from recludere, reclusum, to unclose, open, in LL., to shut up. See Close.] Defn: Shut up, sequestered; retired from the world or from public notice; solitary; living apart; as, a recluse monk or hermit; a recluse life In meditation deep, recluse From human converse. J. Philips. RECLUSE Re*cluse", n. Etym: [F. reclus, LL. reclusus. See Recluse, a.] 1. A person who lives in seclusion from intercourse with the world, as a hermit or monk; specifically, one of a class of secluded devotees who live in single cells; usually attached to monasteries. 2. The place where a recluse dwells. [Obs.] Foxe. RECLUSE Re*cluse", v. t. Defn: To shut; to seclude. [Obs.] RECLUSELY Re*cluse"ly, adv. Defn: In a recluse or solitary manner. RECLUSENESS Re*cluse"ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being recluse. RECLUSION Re*clu"sion, n. Etym: [LL. reclusio: cf. F. reclusion.] Defn: A state of retirement from the world; seclusion. RECLUSIVE Re*clu"sive, a. Defn: Affording retirement from society. "Some reclusive and religious life." Shak. RECLUSORY Re*clu"so*ry, n. Etym: [LL. reclosorium.] Defn: The habitation of a recluse; a hermitage. RECOCT Re*coct", v. t. Etym: [L. recoctus, p. p. of recoquere to cook or boil over again. See Re-, and 4th Cook.] Defn: To boil or cook again; hence, to make over; to vamp up; to reconstruct. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. RECOCTION Re*coc"tion, n. Defn: A second coction or preparation; a vamping up. RECOGNITION Rec`og*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L. recognitio: cf. F. recognition. See Recognizance.] Defn: The act of recognizing, or the state of being recognized; acknowledgment; formal avowal; knowledge confessed or avowed; notice. The lives of such saints had, at the time of their yearly memorials, solemn recognition in the church of God. Hooker. RECOGNITOR Re*cog"ni*tor, n. Etym: [LL.] (Law) Defn: One of a jury impaneled on an assize. Blackstone. RECOGNITORY Re*cog"ni*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or connected with, recognition. RECOGNIZABILITY Rec`og*ni`za*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being recognizable. RECOGNIZABLE Rec"og*ni`za*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being recognized. [Written also recognisable.] -- Rec"og*ni`za*bly, adv. RECOGNIZANCE Re*cog"ni*zance, n. Etym: [F. reconnaissance, OF. recognoissance, fr. recognoissant, p. pr. of recognoistre to recognize, F. reconnaître, fr. L. recognoscere; pref. re- re- + cognoscere to know. See Cognizance, Know, and cf. Recognize, Reconnoissance.] [Written also recognisance.] 1. (Law) (a) An obligation of record entered into before some court of record or magistrate duly authorized, with condition to do some particular act, as to appear at the same or some other court, to keep the peace, or pay a debt. A recognizance differs from a bond, being witnessed by the record only, and not by the party's seal. (b) The verdict of a jury impaneled upon assize. Cowell. Note: Among lawyers the g in this and the related words (except recognize) is usually silent. 2. A token; a symbol; a pledge; a badge. That recognizance and pledge of love Which I first gave her. Shak. 3. Acknowledgment of a person or thing; avowal; profession; recognition. RECOGNIZATION Re*cog`ni*za"tion, n. Defn: Recognition. [R.] RECOGNIZE Rec"og*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recognized; p. pr. & vb. n. Recognizing.] Etym: [From Recognizance; see Cognition, and cf. Reconnoiter.] [Written also recognise.] 1. To know again; to perceive the identity of, with a person or thing previously known; to recover or recall knowledge of. Speak, vassal; recognize thy sovereign queen. Harte. 2. To avow knowledge of; to allow that one knows; to consent to admit, hold, or the like; to admit with a formal acknowledgment; as, to recognize an obligation; to recognize a consul. 3. To acknowledge acquaintance with, as by salutation, bowing, or the like. 4. To show appreciation of; as, to recognize services by a testimonial. 5. To review; to reëxamine. [Obs.] South. 6. To reconnoiter. [Obs.] R. Monro. Syn. -- To acknowledge; avow; confess; own; allow; concede. See Acknowledge. RECOGNIZE Rec"og*nize, v. i. (Law) Defn: To enter an obligation of record before a proper tribunal; as, A, B recognized in the sum of twenty dollars. [Written also recognise.] Note: In legal usage in the United States the second syllable is often accented. RECOGNIZEE Re*cog`ni*zee", n. (Law) Defn: The person in whose favor a recognizance is made. [Written also recognisee.] Blackstone. RECOGNIZER Rec"og*ni`zer, n. Defn: One who recognizes; a recognizor. [Written also recogniser.] RECOGNIZOR; RECOGNISOR Re*cog`ni*zor", Re*cog`ni*sor", n. (Law) Defn: One who enters into a recognizance. [Written also recognisor.] Blackstone. RECOGNOSCE Rec"og*nosce, v. t. Etym: [L. recognoscere. See Recognizance.] Defn: To recognize. [R. & Obs.] Boyle. RECOIL Re*coil", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Recoiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Recoiling.] Etym: [OE. recoilen, F. reculer, fr. L. pref. re- re- + culus the fundament. The English word was perhaps influenced in form by accoil.] 1. To start, roll, bound, spring, or fall back; to take a reverse motion; to be driven or forced backward; to return. Evil on itself shall back recoil. Milton. The solemnity of her demeanor made it impossible . . . that we should recoil into our ordinary spirits. De Quincey. 2. To draw back, as from anything repugnant, distressing, alarming, or the like; to shrink. Shak. 3. To turn or go back; to withdraw one's self; to retire. [Obs.] "To your bowers recoil." Spenser. RECOIL Re*coil", v. t. Defn: To draw or go back. [Obs.] Spenser. RECOIL Re*coil", n. 1. A starting or falling back; a rebound; a shrinking; as, the recoil of nature, or of the blood. 2. The state or condition of having recoiled. The recoil from formalism is skepticism. F. W. Robertson. 3. Specifically, the reaction or rebounding of a firearm when discharged. Recoil dynamometer (Gunnery), an instrument for measuring the force of the recoil of a firearm. -- Recoil escapement See the Note under Escapement. RECOILER Re*coil"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, recoils. RECOILINGLY Re*coil"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a recoil. RECOILMENT Re*coil"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. reculement.] Defn: Recoil. [R.] RECOIN Re*coin", v. t. Defn: To coin anew or again. RECOINAGE Re*coin"age, n. 1. The act of coining anew. 2. That which is coined anew. RE-COLLECT Re`-col*lect", v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + collect.] Defn: To collect again; to gather what has been scattered; as, to re- collect routed troops. God will one day raise the dead, re-collecting our scattered dust. Barrow. RECOLLECT Rec`ol*lect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recollected; imp. & p. p. Recollecting.] Etym: [Pref. re- + collect: cf. L. recolligere, recollectum, to collect. Cf. Recollet.] 1. To recover or recall the knowledge of; to bring back to the mind or memory; to remember. 2. Reflexively, to compose one's self; to recover self-command; as, to recollect one's self after a burst of anger; -- sometimes, formerly, in the perfect participle. The Tyrian queen . . . Admired his fortunes, more admired the man; Then recollected stood. Dryden. RECOLLECT Rec"ol*lect, n. Etym: [See Recollet.] (Eccl.) Defn: A friar of the Strict Observance, -- an order of Franciscans. [Written also Recollet.] Addis & Arnold. RECOLLECTION Rec`ol*lec"tion (rk`l*lk"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. récollection.] 1. The act of recollecting, or recalling to the memory; the operation by which objects are recalled to the memory, or ideas revived in the mind; reminiscence; remembrance. 2. The power of recalling ideas to the mind, or the period within which things can be recollected; remembrance; memory; as, an event within my recollection. 3. That which is recollected; something called to mind; reminiscence. "One of his earliest recollections." Macaulay. 4. The act or practice of collecting or concentrating the mind; concentration; self-control. [Archaic] From such an education Charles contracted habits of gravity and recollection. Robertson. Syn. -- Reminiscence; remembrance. See Memory. RECOLLECTIVE Rec`ol*lect"ive (-lk"tv), a. Defn: Having the power of recollecting. J. Foster. RECOLLET Rec"ol*let (rk"l*lt; F. r`k`l"), n. Etym: [F. récollet, fr. L. recollectus, p.p. of recolligere to gather again, to gather up; NL., to collect one's self, esp. for religious contemplation.] (Eccl.) Defn: Same as Recollect, n. RECOLONIZATION Re*col`o*ni*za"tion (r*kl`*n*z"shn), n. Defn: A second or renewed colonization. RECOLONIZE Re*col"o*nize (r*kl"*nz), v. t. Defn: To colonize again. RECOMBINATION Re*com`bi*na"tion (r*km`b*n"shn), n. Defn: Combination a second or additional time. RECOMBINE Re`com*bine" (r`km*bn"), v. t. Defn: To combine again. RECOMFORT Re*com"fort (r*km"frt), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + comfort: cf. F. réconforter.] Defn: To comfort again; to console anew; to give new strength to. Bacon. Gan her recomfort from so sad affright. Spenser. RECOMFORTLESS Re*com"fort*less, a. Defn: Without comfort. [Obs.] RECOMFORTURE Re*com"for*ture (-fr*tr;135), n. Defn: The act of recomforting; restoration of comfort. [Obs.] Shak. RECOMMENCE Re`com*mence" (r`km*mns"), v. i. 1. To commence or begin again. Howell. 2. To begin anew to be; to act again as. [Archaic.] He seems desirous enough of recommencing courtier. Johnson. RECOMMENCE Re`com*mence", v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + commence: cf. F. recommencer.] Defn: To commence again or anew. RECOMMENCEMENT Re`com*mence"ment (-mnt), n. Defn: A commencement made anew. RECOMMEND Rec`om*mend" (rk`m*mnd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recommended; p. pr. & vb. n. Recommending.] Etym: [Pref. re- + commend: cf. F. recommander.] 1. To commend to the favorable notice of another; to commit to another's care, confidence, or acceptance, with favoring representations; to put in a favorable light before any one; to bestow commendation on; as, he recommended resting the mind and exercising the body. Mæcenas recommended Virgil and Horace to Augustus, whose praises . . . have made him precious to posterity. Dryden. 2. To make acceptable; to attract favor to. A decent boldness ever meets with friends, Succeeds, and e'en a stranger recommends. Pope. 3. To commit; to give in charge; to commend. Paul chose Silas and departed, being recommended by the brethren unto the grace of God. Acts xv. 40 . RECOMMENDABLE Rec`om*mend"a*ble (-*b'l), a. Etym: [Cf. F. recommandable.] Defn: Suitable to be recommended; worthy of praise; commendable. Glanvill. -- Rec`om*mend"a*ble*ness, n. -- Rec`om*mend"a*bly, adv. RECOMMENDATION Rec`om*men*da"tion (rk`m*mn*d"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. recommandation.] 1. The act of recommending. 2. That which recommends, or commends to favor; anything procuring, or tending to procure, a favorable reception, or to secure acceptance and adoption; as, he brought excellent recommendations. 3. The state of being recommended; esteem. [R.] The burying of the dead . . . hath always been had in an extraordinary recommendation amongst the ancient. Sir T. North. RECOMMENDATIVE Rec`om*mend"a*tive (-mnd"*tv), n. Defn: That which recommends; a recommendation. [Obs.] RECOMMENDATORY Rec`om*mend"a*to*ry (-*t*r), a. Defn: Serving to recommend; recommending; commendatory. Swift. RECOMMENDER Rec`om*mend"er (-r), n. Defn: One who recommends. RECOMMISSION Re`com*mis"sion (r`km*mshn), v. t. Defn: To commission again; to give a new commission to. Officers whose time of service had expired were to be recommissioned. Marshall. RECOMMIT Re`com*mit" (-mt"), v. t. Defn: To commit again; to give back into keeping; specifically, to refer again to a committee; as, to recommit a bill to the same committee. RECOMMITMENT; RECOMMITTAL Re`com*mit"ment (-mnt), Re`com*mit"tal (-l), n. Defn: A second or renewed commitment; a renewed reference to a committee. RECOMPACT Re`com*pact" (-pkt"), v. t. Defn: To compact or join anew. "Recompact my scattered body." Donne. RECOMPENSATION Re*com`pen*sa"tion (r*km`pn*s"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. LL. recompensatio.] 1. Recompense. [Obs.] 2. (Scots Law) Defn: Used to denote a case where a set-off pleaded by the defendant is met by a set-off pleaded by the plaintiff. RECOMPENSE Rec"om*pense (rèk"òm*pèns), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recompensed (-pnst); p. pr. & vb. n. Recompensing (-pn`sng).] Etym: [F. récompenser, LL. recompensare, fr.L. pref. re- re- + compensare to compensate. See Compensate.] 1. To render an equivalent to, for service, loss, etc.; to requite; to remunerate; to compensate. He can not recompense me better. Shak. 2. To return an equivalent for; to give compensation for; to atone for; to pay for. God recompenseth the gift. Robynson (More's Utopia). To recompense My rash, but more unfortunate, misdeed. Milton. 3. To give in return; to pay back; to pay, as something earned or deserved. [R.] Recompense to no man evil for evil. Rom. xii. 17. Syn. -- To repay; requite; compensate; reward; remunerate. RECOMPENSE Rec"om*pense (rk"m*pns), v. i. Defn: To give recompense; to make amends or requital. [Obs.] RECOMPENSE Rec"om*pense, n. Etym: [Cf. F. récompense.] Defn: An equivalent returned for anything done, suffered, or given; compensation; requital; suitable return. To me belongeth vengeance, and recompense. Deut. xxii. 35. And every transgression and disobedience received a just recompense of reward. Heb. ii. 2. Syn. -- Repayment; compensation; remuneration; amends; satisfaction; reward; requital. RECOMPENSEMENT Rec"om*pense`ment (-pns`mnt), n. Defn: Recompense; requital. [Obs.] Fabyan. RECOMPENSER Rec"om*pen`ser (-pn`sr), n. Defn: One who recompenses. A thankful recompenser of the benefits received. Foxe. RECOMPENSIVE Rec"om*pen`sive (-sv), a. Defn: Of the nature of recompense; serving to recompense. Sir T. Browne. RECOMPILATION Re*com`pi*la"tion (r*km`p*l"tion), n. Defn: A new compilation. RECOMPILE Re`com*pile" (re`kòm*pil"), v. t. Defn: To compile anew. RECOMPILEMENT Re`com*pile"ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act of recompiling; new compilation or digest; as, a recompilement of the laws. Bacon. RECOMPOSE Re`com*pose" (-pz"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recomposed (-pzd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Recomposing.] Etym: [Pref. re- + compose: cf. F. recomposer.] 1. To compose again; to form anew; to put together again or repeatedly. The far greater number of the objects presented to our observation can only be decomposed, but not actually recomposed. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. To restore to composure; to quiet anew; to tranquilize; as, to recompose the mind. Jer. Taylor. RECOMPOSER Re`com*pos"er (-pz"r), n. Defn: One who recomposes. RECOMPOSITION Re*com`po*si"tion (r*km`pzshn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. recomposition.] Defn: The act of recomposing. RECONCENTRADO Re*con`cen*tra"do, n. [Sp., p.p. of reconcentrar to inclose, to reconcentrate.] Defn: Lit., one who has been reconcentrated; specif., in Cuba, the Philippines, etc., during the revolution of 1895-98, one of the rural noncombatants who were concentrated by the military authorities in areas surrounding the fortified towns, and later were reconcentrated in the smaller limits of the towns themselves. RECONCENTRATE Re`con*cen"trate, v. t. & i. Defn: To concentrate again; to concentrate thoroughly. RECONCENTRATION Re*con`cen*tra"tion, n. Defn: The act of reconcentrating or the state of being reconcentrated; esp., the act or policy of concentrating the rural population in or about towns and villages for convenience in political or military administration, as in Cuba during the revolution of 1895-98. RECONCILABLE Rec"on*ci`la*ble (rk"n*s`l*b'l), a. Etym: [Cf. F. réconciliable.] Defn: Capable of being reconciled; as, reconcilable adversaries; an act reconciable with previous acts. The different accounts of the numbers of ships are reconcilable. Arbuthnot. -- Rec"on*ci`la*ble*ness, n. -- Rec"on*ci`la*bly, adv. RECONCILE Rec"on*cile` (-sl`), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reconciled (-sld`); p. pr. & vb. n. Reconciling.] Etym: [F. réconcilier, L. reconciliare; pref. re- re- + conciliare to bring together, to unite. See Conciliate.] 1. To cause to be friendly again; to conciliate anew; to restore to friendship; to bring back to harmony; to cause to be no longer at variance; as, to reconcile persons who have quarreled. Propitious now and reconciled by prayer. Dryden. The church [if defiled] is interdicted till it be reconciled [i.e., restored to sanctity] by the bishop. Chaucer. We pray you . . . be ye reconciled to God. 2 Cor. v. 20. 2. To bring to acquiescence, content, or quiet submission; as, to reconcile one's self to affictions. 3. To make consistent or congruous; to bring to agreement or suitableness; -- followed by with or to. The great men among the ancients understood how to reconcile manual labor with affairs of state. Locke. Some figures monstrous and misshaped appear, Considered singly, or beheld too near; Which, but proportioned to their light or place, Due distance reconciles to form and grace. Pope. 4. To adjust; to settle; as, to reconcile differences. Syn. -- To reunite; conciliate; placate; propitiate; pacify; appease. RECONCILE Rec"on*cile`, v. i. Defn: To become reconciled. [Obs.] RECONCILEMENT Rec"on*cile`ment (-ment), n. Defn: Reconciliation. Milton. RECONCILER Rec"on*ci`ler (-s`lr), n. Defn: One who reconciles. RECONCILIATION Rec`on*cil`i*a"tion (-sl`*"shn), n. Etym: [F. réconciliation, L. reconciliatio.] 1. The act of reconciling, or the state of being reconciled; reconcilenment; restoration to harmony; renewal of friendship. Reconciliation and friendship with God really form the basis of all rational and true enjoyment. S. Miller. 2. Reduction to congruence or consistency; removal of inconsistency; harmony. A clear and easy reconciliation of those seeming inconsistencies of Scripture. D. Rogers. Syn. -- Reconciliment; reunion; pacification; appeasement; propitiation; atonement; expiation. RECONCILIATORY Rec`on*cil"i*a*to*ry (-sl"**t*r), a. Defn: Serving or tending to reconcile. Bp. Hall. RECONDENSATION Re*con`den*sa"tion (r*kn`dn*s"shn), n. Defn: The act or process of recondensing. RECONDENSE Re`con*dense" (r`kn*dns"), v. t. Defn: To condense again. RECONDITE Rec"on*dite (rk"n*dt or r*kn"dt;277), a. Etym: [L. reconditus, p. p. of recondere to put up again, to lay up, to conceal; pref. re- re- + condere to bring or lay together. See Abscond.] 1. Hidden from the mental or intellectual view; secret; abstruse; as, recondite causes of things. 2. Dealing in things abstruse; profound; searching; as, recondite studies. "Recondite learning." Bp. Horsley. RECONDITORY Re*con"di*to*ry (rkn"d*t*r), n. Etym: [LL. reconditorium.] Defn: A repository; a storehouse. [Obs.] Ash. RECONDUCT Re`con*duct" (r`kn*dkt"), v. t. Defn: To conduct back or again. "A guide to reconduct thy steps." Dryden. RECONFIRM Re`con*firm" (-frm"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + confirm: cf. F. reconfirmer.] Defn: To confirm anew. Clarendon. RECONFORT Re`con*fort" (-frt"), v. t. Etym: [F. réconforter.] Defn: To recomfort; to comfort. [Obs.] Chaucer. RECONJOIN Re`con*join" (r`kn*join"), v. t. Defn: To join or conjoin anew. Boyle. RECONNOISSANCE; RECONNAISSANCE Re*con"nois*sance, Re*con"nais*sance (r-kn"ns-sns), n. Etym: [F. See Recognizance.] Defn: The act of reconnoitering; preliminary examination or survey. Specifically: (a) (Geol.) An examination or survey of a region in reference to its general geological character. (b) (Engin.) Defn: An examination of a region as to its general natural features, preparatory to a more particular survey for the purposes of triangulation, or of determining the location of a public work. (c) (Mil.) An examination of a territory, or of an enemy's position, for the purpose of obtaining information necessary for directing military operations; a preparatory expedition. Reconnoissance in force (Mil.), a demonstration or attack by a large force of troops for the purpose of discovering the position and strength of an enemy. RECONNOITER; RECONNOITRE Rec`on*noi"ter, Rec`on*noi"tre (rk`n*noi"tr), v. t. Etym: [F. reconnoitre, a former spelling of reconnaître. See Recognize.] 1. To examine with the eye to make a preliminary examination or survey of; esp., to survey with a view to military or engineering operations. 2. To recognize. [Obs.] Sir H. Walpole. RECONQUER Re*con"quer (r*kn"kr), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + conquer: cf. F. reconquérir.] Defn: To conquer again; to recover by conquest; as, to reconquer a revolted province. RECONQUEST Re*con"quest (-kwst), n. Defn: A second conquest. RECONSECRATE Re*con"se*crate (-kn"s*krt), v. t. Defn: To consecrate anew or again. RECONSECRATION Re*con`se*cra"tion, n. Defn: Renewed consecration. RECONSIDER Re`con*sid"er (r`kn*sd"r), v. t. 1. To consider again; as, to reconsider a subject. 2. (Parliamentary Practice) Defn: To take up for renewed consideration, as a motion or a vote which has been previously acted upon. RECONSIDERATION Re`con*sid`er*a"tion (-"shn), n. Defn: The act of reconsidering, or the state of being reconsidered; as, the reconsideration of a vote in a legislative body. RECONSOLATE Re*con"so*late (r*kn"s*lt), v. t. Defn: To console or comfort again. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. RECONSOLIDATE Re`con*sol"i*date (r`kn*sl"*dt), v. t. Defn: To consolidate anew or again. RECONSOLIDATION Re`con*sol`i*da"tion (-d"shn), n. Defn: The act or process of reconsolidating; the state of being reconsolidated. RECONSTRUCT Re`con*struct" (-strkt"), v. t. Defn: To construct again; to rebuild; to remodel; to form again or anew. Regiments had been dissolved and reconstructed. Macaulay. RECONSTRUCTION Re`con*struc"tion (-strk"shn), n. 1. The act of constructing again; the state of being reconstructed. 2. (U.S. Politics) Defn: The act or process of reorganizing the governments of the States which had passed ordinances of secession, and of reëstablishing their constitutional relations to the national government, after the close of the Civil War. RECONSTRUCTIVE Re`con*struct"ive (-strk"tv), a. Defn: Reconstructing; tending to reconstruct; as, a reconstructive policy. RECONTINUANCE Re`con*tin"u*ance (-tn"*ns), n. Defn: The act or state of recontinuing. RECONTINUE Re`con*tin"ue (-), v. t. & i. Defn: To continue anew. RECONVENE Re`con*vene" (r`kn*vn"), v. t. & i. Defn: To convene or assemble again; to call or come together again. RECONVENTION Re`con*ven"tion (-vn"shn), n. (Civil Law) Defn: A cross demand; an action brought by the defendant against the plaintiff before the same judge. Burrill. Bouvier. RECONVERSION Re`con*ver"sion (-vr"shn), n. Defn: A second conversion. RECONVERT Re`con*vert" (-vrt"), v. t. Defn: To convert again. Milton. RECONVERT Re*con"vert (r*kn"vrt), n. Defn: A person who has been reconverted. Gladstone. RECONVERTIBLE Re`con*vert"i*ble (r`kn*vrt"*b'l), a. (Chem.) Defn: Capable of being reconverted; convertible again to the original form or condition. RECONVEY Re`con*vey" (-v"), v. t. 1. To convey back or to the former place; as, to reconvey goods. 2. To transfer back to a former owner; as, to reconvey an estate. RECONVEYANCE Re`con*vey"ance (-v"ns), n. Defn: Act of reconveying. RECOPY Re*cop"y (r*kp"), v. t. Defn: To copy again. RECORD Re*cord" (r*krd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recorded; p. pr. & vb. n. Recording.] Etym: [OE. recorden to repeat, remind, F. recorder, fr. L. recordari to remember; pref. re- re- + cor, cordis, the heart or mind. See Cordial, Heart.] 1. To recall to mind; to recollect; to remember; to meditate. [Obs.] "I it you record." Chaucer. 2. To repeat; to recite; to sing or play. [Obs.] They longed to see the day, to hear the lark Record her hymns, and chant her carols blest. Fairfax. 3. To preserve the memory of, by committing to writing, to printing, to inscription, or the like; to make note of; to write or enter in a book or on parchment, for the purpose of preserving authentic evidence of; to register; to enroll; as, to record the proceedings of a court; to record historical events. Those things that are recorded of him . . . are written in the chronicles of the kings. 1 Esd. i. 42. To record a deed, mortgage, lease, etc., to have a copy of the same entered in the records of the office designated by law, for the information of the public. RECORD Re*cord", v. i. 1. To reflect; to ponder. [Obs.] Praying all the way, and recording upon the words which he before had read. Fuller. 2. To sing or repeat a tune. [Obs.] Shak. Whether the birds or she recorded best. W. Browne. RECORD Rec"ord (rk"rd), n. Etym: [OF. recort, record, remembrance, attestation, record. See Record, v. t.] 1. A writing by which same act or event, or a number of acts or events, is recorded; a register; as, a record of the acts of the Hebrew kings; a record of the variations of temperature during a certain time; a family record. 2. Especially: (a) An official contemporaneous writing by which the acts of some public body, or public officer, are recorded; as, a record of city ordinances; the records of the receiver of taxes. (b) An authentic official copy of a document which has been entered in a book, or deposited in the keeping of some officer designated by law. (c) An official contemporaneous memorandum stating the proceedings of a court of justice; a judicial record. (d) The various legal papers used in a case, together with memoranda of the proceedings of the court; as, it is not permissible to allege facts not in the record. 3. Testimony; witness; attestation. John bare record, saying. John i. 32 . 4. That which serves to perpetuate a knowledge of acts or events; a monument; a memorial. 5. That which has been, or might be, recorded; the known facts in the course, progress, or duration of anything, as in the life of a public man; as, a politician with a good or a bad record. 6. That which has been publicly achieved in any kind of competitive sport as recorded in some authoritative manner, as the time made by a winning horse in a race. Court of record (pron. rin Eng.), a court whose acts and judicial proceedings are written on parchment or in books for a perpetual memorial. -- Debt of record, a debt which appears to be due by the evidence of a court of record, as upon a judgment or a cognizance. -- Trial by record, a trial which is had when a matter of record is pleaded, and the opposite party pleads that there is no such record. In this case the trial is by inspection of the record itself, no other evidence being admissible. Blackstone. -- To beat, or break, the record (Sporting), to surpass any performance of like kind as authoritatively recorded; as, to break the record in a walking match. RECORDANCE Re*cord"ance (r*krd"ns), n. Defn: Remembrance. [Obs.] RECORDATION Rec`or*da"tion (rk`r*d"shn), n. Etym: [L. recordatio: cf. F. recordation. See Record, v. t.] Defn: Remembrance; recollection; also, a record. [Obs.] Shak. RECORDER Re*cord"er (r*krd"r), n. 1. One who records; specifically, a person whose official duty it is to make a record of writings or transactions. 2. The title of the chief judical officer of some cities and boroughs; also, of the chief justice of an East Indian settlement. The Recorder of London is judge of the Lord Mayor's Court, and one of the commissioners of the Central Criminal Court. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A kind of wind instrument resembling the flageolet. [Obs.] "Flutes and soft recorders." Milton. RECORDERSHIP Re*cord"er*ship, n. Defn: The office of a recorder. RECORDING Re*cord"ing, a. Defn: Keeping a record or a register; as, a recording secretary; -- applied to numerous instruments with an automatic appliance which makes a record of their action; as, a recording gauge or telegraph. RECORPORIFICATION Re`cor*por`i*fi*ca"tion (r`kr*pr`*f*k"shn), n. Defn: The act of investing again with a body; the state of being furnished anew with a body. [R.] Boyle. RECOUCH Re*couch" (r*kouch"), v. i. Etym: [Pref. re- + couch: cf. F. recoucher.] Defn: To retire again to a couch; to lie down again. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. RECOUNT Re*count" (r*kount"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + count.] Defn: To count or reckon again. RECOUNT Re*count", n. Defn: A counting again, as of votes. RECOUNT Re*count" (r*kount"), v. t. Etym: [F. raconter to relate, to recount; pref. re- again + ad.) + conter to relate. See Count, v.] Defn: To tell over; to relate in detail; to recite; to tell or narrate the particulars of; to rehearse; to enumerate; as, to recount one's blessings. Dryden. To all his angels, who, with true applause, Recount his praises. Milton. RECOUNTMENT Re*count`ment (-mnt), n. Defn: Recital. [Obs.] Shak. RECOUP; RECOUPE Re*coup", Re*coupe" (-kp"), v. t. Etym: [F. recouper; pref. re- re- + couper to cut.] 1. (Law) Defn: To keep back rightfully (a part), as if by cutting off, so as to diminish a sum due; to take off (a part) from damages; to deduct; as, where a landlord recouped the rent of premises from damages awarded to the plaintiff for eviction. 2. To get an equivalent or compensation for; as, to recoup money lost at the gaming table; to recoup one's losses in the share market. 3. To reimburse; to indemnify; -- often used reflexively and in the passive. Elizabeth had lost her venture; but if she was bold, she might recoup herself at Philip's cost. Froude. Industry is sometimes recouped for a small price by extensive custom. Duke of Argyll. RECOUPER Re*coup"er (r*kp"r), n. Defn: One who recoups. Story. RECOUPMENT Re*coup"ment (-mnt), n. Defn: The act of recouping. Note: Recoupment applies to equities growing out of the very affair from which thw principal demand arises, set-off to cross-demands which may be independent in origin. Abbott. RECOURSE Re*course" (r*krs"), n. Etym: [F. recours, L. recursus a running back, return, fr. recurrere, recursum, to run back. See Recur.] 1. A coursing back, or coursing again, along the line of a previous coursing; renewed course; return; retreat; recurence. [Obs.] "Swift recourse of flushing blood." Spenser. Unto my first I will have my recourse. Chaucer. Preventive physic . . . preventeth sickness in the healthy, or the recourse thereof in the valetudinary. Sir T. Browne. 2. Recurrence in difficulty, perplexity, need, or the like; access or application for aid; resort. Thus died this great peer, in a time of great recourse unto him and dependence upon him. Sir H. Wotton. Our last recourse is therefore to our art. Dryden. 3. Access; admittance. [Obs.] Give me recourse to him. Shak. Without recourse (Commerce), words sometimes added to the indorsement of a negotiable instrument to protect the indorser from liability to the indorsee and subsequent holders. It is a restricted indorsement. RECOURSE Re*course", v. i. 1. To return; to recur. [Obs.] The flame departing and recoursing. Foxe. 2. To have recourse; to resort. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket. RECOURSEFUL Re*course"ful (-fl), a. Defn: Having recurring flow and ebb; moving alternately. [Obs.] Drayton. RECOVER Re*cov"er (r*kv"r), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + cover: cf. F. recouvrir.] Defn: To cover again. Sir W. Scott. RECOVER Re*cov"er (r*kv"r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recovered (-rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Recovering. ] Etym: [OE. recoveren, OF. recovrer, F. recouvrer, from L. recuperare; pref. re- re + a word of unknown origin. Cf.Recuperate.] 1. To get or obtain again; to get renewed possession of; to win back; to regain. David recovered all that the Amalekites had carried away. 1. Sam. xxx. 18. 2. To make good by reparation; to make up for; to retrieve; to repair the loss or injury of; as, to recover lost time. "Loss of catel may recovered be." Chaucer. Even good men have many failings and lapses to lament and recover. Rogers. 3. To restore from sickness, faintness, or the like; to bring back to life or health; to cure; to heal. The wine in my bottle will recover him. Shak. 4. To overcome; to get the better of, -- as a state of mind or body. I do hope to recover my late hurt. Cowley. When I had recovered a little my first surprise. De Foe. 5. To rescue; to deliver. That they may recover themselves out of the snare of the devil, who are taken captive by him. 2. Tim. ii. 26. 6. To gain by motion or effort; to obtain; to reach; to come to. [Archaic] The forest is not three leagues off; If we recover that, we're sure enough. Shak. Except he could recover one of the Cities of Refuge he was to die. Hales. 7. (Law) Defn: To gain as a compensation; to obtain in return for injury or debt; as, to recover damages in trespass; to recover debt and costs in a suit at law; to obtain title to by judgement in a court of law; as, to recover lands in ejectment or common recovery; to gain by legal process; as, to recover judgement against a defendant. Recover arms (Mil. Drill), a command whereby the piece is brought from the position of "aim" to that of "ready." Syn. -- To regain; repossess; resume; retrieve; recruit; heal; cure. RECOVER Re*cov"er (r*kv"r), v. i. 1. To regain health after sickness; to grow well; to be restored or cured; hence, to regain a former state or condition after misfortune, alarm, etc.; -- often followed by of or from; as, to recover from a state of poverty; to recover from fright. Go, inquire of Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron, whether I shall recover of this disease. 2 Kings i. 2. 2. To make one's way; to come; to arrive. [Obs.] With much ado the Christians recovered to Antioch. Fuller. 3. (Law) Defn: To obtain a judgement; to succeed in a lawsuit; as, the plaintiff has recovered in his suit. RECOVER Re*cov"er, n. Defn: Recovery. Sir T. Malory. RECOVERABLE Re*cov"er*a*ble (-*b'l), a. Etym: [Cf. F. recouvrable.] Defn: Capable of being recovered or regained; capable of being brought back to a former condition, as from sickness, misfortune, etc.; obtainable from a debtor or possessor; as, the debt is recoverable; goods lost or sunk in the ocean are not recoverable. A prodigal course Is like the sun's; but not, like his, recoverable. Shak. If I am recoverable, why am I thus Cowper. -- Re*cov"er*a*ble*ness, n. RECOVERANCE Re*cov"er*ance (ans), n. Defn: Recovery. [Obs.] RECOVEREE Re*cov`er*ee" (-"), n. (Law) Defn: The person against whom a judgment is obtained in common recovery. RECOVERER Re*cov"er*er (r*kv"r*r), n. Defn: One who recovers. RECOVEROR Re*cov`er*or" (-r), n. (Law) Defn: The demandant in a common recovery after judgment. Wharton. RECOVERY Re*cov"er*y (r*kv"r*), n. 1. The act of recovering, regaining, or retaking possession. 2. Restoration from sickness, weakness, faintness, or the like; restoration from a condition of mistortune, of fright, etc. 3. (Law) Defn: The obtaining in a suit at law of a right to something by a verdict and judgment of court. 4. The getting, or gaining, of something not previously had. [Obs.] "Help be past recovery." Tusser. 5. In rowing, the act of regaining the proper position for making a new stroke. Common recovery (Law), a species of common assurance or mode of conveying lands by matter of record, through the forms of an action at law, formerly in frequent use, but now abolished or obsolete, both in England and America. Burrill. Warren. RECREANCE Rec"re*ance (rk"r*ns), n. Defn: Recreancy. RECREANCY Rec"re*an*cy (-an*s), n. Defn: The quality or state of being recreant. RECREANT Rec"re*ant (-ant), a. Etym: [OF., cowardly, fr. recroire, recreire, to forsake, leave, tire, discourage, regard as conquered, LL. recredere se to declare one's self conquered in combat; hence, those are called recrediti or recreanti who are considered infamous; L. pref. re- again, back + credere to believe, to be of opinion; hence, originally, to disavow one's opinion. See Creed.] 1. Crying for mercy, as a combatant in the trial by battle; yielding; cowardly; mean-spirited; craven. "This recreant knight." Spenser. 2. Apostate; false; unfaithful. Who, for so many benefits received, Turned recreant to God, ingrate and false. Milton. RECREANT Rec"re*ant, n. Defn: One who yields in combat, and begs for mercy; a mean-spirited, cowardly wretch. Blackstone. You are all recreants and dastards! Shak. RE-CREATE Re`-cre*ate" (r`kr*t"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + create.] Defn: To create or form anew. On opening the campaign of 1776, instead of reënforcing, it was necessary to re-create, the army. Marshall. RECREATE Rec"re*ate (rk"r*t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recreated (-`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Recreating.] Etym: [L. recreatus, p. p. of recreate to create anew, to refresh; pref. re- re- + creare to create. See Create.] Defn: To give fresh life to; to reanimate; to revive; especially, to refresh after wearying toil or anxiety; to relieve; to cheer; to divert; to amuse; to gratify. Painters, when they work on white grounds, place before them colors mixed with blue and green, to recreate their eyes, white wearying . . . the sight more than any. Dryden. St. John, who recreated himself with sporting with a tame partridge. Jer. Taylor. These ripe fruits recreate the nostrils with their aromatic scent. Dr. H. More. RECREATE Rec"re*ate, v. i. Defn: To take recreation. L. Addison. RECREATION Rec"re*a"tion (-"shn), n. Etym: [F. récréation, L. recreatio.] Defn: The act of recreating, or the state of being recreated; refreshment of the strength and spirits after toil; amusement; diversion; sport; pastime. RE-CREATION Re`-*cre*a"tion (r`kr*shn), n. Etym: [See Re-create.] Defn: A forming anew; a new creation or formation. RE-CREATION Re`-cre*a"tion (r`kr*shn), n. [See Re-create.] Defn: A forming anew; a new creation or formation. RE-CREATIVE Re`-cre*a"tive (-`tv), a. Defn: Creating anew; as, re-creative power. RECREATIVE Rec"re*a`tive (rk"r*`tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. récr. See Recreate.] Defn: Tending to recreate or refresh; recreating; giving new vigor or animation; reinvigorating; giving relief after labor or pain; amusing; diverting. Let the music of them be recreative. Bacon. --- Rec"re*a`tive*ly, adv. -- Rec"re*a`tive*ness, n. RECREMENT Rec"re*ment (rk"r*ment), n. Etym: [L. recrementum; pref. re- re- + cernere, cretum, to separate, sift: cf. F. récrément.] 1. Superfluous matter separated from that which is useful; dross; scoria; as, the recrement of ore. 2. (Med.) (a) Excrement. [Obs.] (a) A substance secreted from the blood and again absorbed by it. RECREMENTAL Rec`re*men"tal (-mn"tal), a. Defn: Recrementitious. RECREMENTITIAL Rec`re*men*ti"tial (-mn*tsh"al), a. Etym: [Cf. F. récrémentitiel.] (Med.) Defn: Of the nature of a recrement. See Recrement,2 (b). "Recrementitial fluids." Dunglison. RECREMENTITIOUS Rec`re*men*ti"tious (-tsh"s), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to recrement; consisting of recrement or dross. Boyle. RECRIMINATE Re*crim"i*nate (r*krm"*nt), v. i. Etym: [Pref. re- + criminate: cf. F. récriminer ,LL. recriminare.] Defn: To return one charge or accusation with another; to chargeback fault or crime upon an accuser. It is not my business to recriminate, hoping sufficiently toBp. Stillingfleet. RECRIMINATE Re*crim"i*nate, v. t. Defn: To accuse in return. South. RECRIMINATION Re*crim`i*na"tion (-n"shn), n. Etym: [F. récrimination, LL. recriminatio.] Defn: The act of recriminating; an accusation brought by the accused against the accuser; a counter accusation. Accusations and recriminations passed back ward and forward between the contending parties. Macaulay. RECRIMINATIVE Re*crim"i*na*tive (-n*tv), a. Defn: Recriminatory. RECRIMINATOR Re*crim"i*na`tor (-n`tr), n. Defn: One who recriminates. RECRIMINATORY Re*crim"i*na*to*ry (-n*t*r), a. Etym: [Cf. F. récriminatoire.] Defn: Having the quality of recrimination; retorting accusation; recriminating. RECROSS Re*cross" (r*krs";115), v. t. Defn: To cross a second time. RECRUDENCY Re*cru"den*cy (r*kr"den*s), n. Defn: Recrudescence. RECRUDESCE Re`cru*desce", v. i. [See Recrudescent.] Defn: To be in a state of recrudescence; esp., to come into renewed freshness, vigor, or activity; to revive. The general influence . . . which is liable every now and then to recrudesce in his absence. Edmund Gurney. RECRUDESCENCE; RECRUDESCENCY Re`cru*des"cence (r`kr*ds"sens), Re`cru*des`cen*cy (-ds"sen*s), n. Etym: [Cf. F. recrudescence.] 1. The state or condition of being recrudescent. A recrudescence of barbarism may condemn it [land] to chronic poverty and waste. Duke of Argyll. 2. (Med.) Defn: Increased severity of a disease after temporary remission. Dunglison. RECRUDESCENT Re`cru*des"cent (-sent), a. Etym: [L. recrudescens, -entis, p.pr. of recrudescere to become raw again; pref. re- re- + crudescere to become hard or raw: cf. F. recrudescent.] 1. Growing raw, sore, or painful again. 2. Breaking out again after temporary abatement or supression; as, a recrudescent epidemic. RECRUIT Re*cruit" (r*krt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Recruited; p. pr. & vb. n. Recruiting.] Etym: [F. recruter, corrupted (under influence of recrue recruiting, recruit, from recro, p.p. recr, to grow again) from an older recluter, properly, to patch, to mend (a garment); pref. re- + OF. clut piece, piece of cloth; cf. Icel. kl kerchief, E. clout.] 1. To repair by fresh supplies, as anything wasted; to remedy lack or deficiency in; as, food recruits the flesh; fresh air and exercise recruit the spirits. Her cheeks glow the brighter, recruiting their color. Glanvill. 2. Hence, to restore the wasted vigor of; to renew in strength or health; to reinvigorate. 3. To supply with new men, as an army; to fill up or make up by enlistment; as, he recruited two regiments; the army was recruited for a campaign; also, to muster; to enlist; as, he recruited fifty men. M. Arnold. RECRUIT Re*cruit", v. i. 1. To gain new supplies of anything wasted; to gain health, flesh, spirits, or the like; to recuperate; as, lean cattle recruit in fresh pastures. 2. To gain new supplies of men for military or other service; to raise or enlist new soldiers; to enlist troops. RECRUIT Re*cruit", n. 1. A supply of anything wasted or exhausted; a reënforcement. The state is to have recruits to its strength, and remedies to its distempers. Burke. 2. Specifically, a man enlisted for service in the army; a newly enlisted soldier. RECRUITER Re*cruit"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, recruits. RECRUITMENT Re*cruit"ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act or process of recruiting; especially, the enlistment of men for an army. RECRYSTALLIZATION Re*crys`tal*li*za"tion (r*krs`tal*z"shn), n. (Chem. & Min.) Defn: The process or recrystallizing. RECRYSTALLIZE Re*crys"tal*lize (r*krs"tal*lz), v. i. & t. (Chem. & Min.) Defn: To crystallize again. Henry. RECTAL Rec"tal (rk"tal), a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the rectum; in the region of the rectum. RECTANGLE Rec"tan`gle (rk"t`g'l), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. rectus right + angulus angle. See Right, and Angle.] (Geom.) Defn: A four-sided figure having only right angles; a right-angled parallelogram. Note: As the area of a rectangle is expressed by the product of its two dimensions, the term rectangle is sometimes used for product; as, the rectangle of a and b, that is, ab. RECTANGLE Rec"tan`gle, a. Defn: Rectangular. [R.] RECTANGLED Rec"tan`gled (-g'ld), a. Defn: Rectangular. Hutton. RECTANGULAR Rec*tan"gu*lar (rk*tn"g*lr), a. Etym: [CF. F. rectangulaire.] Defn: Right-angled; having one or more angles of ninety degrees. -- Rec*tan"gu*lar*ly (r, adv. -- Rec*tan"gu*lar*ness, n. RECTANGULARITY Rec*tan`gu*lar"i*ty (-lr"*t), n. Defn: The quality or condition of being rectangular, or right-angled. RECTI- Rec"ti- (rk"t*). Etym: [L. rectus straight.] Defn: A combining form signifying straight; as, rectilineal, having straight lines; rectinerved. RECTIFIABLE Rec"ti*fi`a*ble (rk"t*f`*b'l), a. 1. Capable of being rectified; as, a rectifiable mistake. 2. (Math.) Defn: Admitting, as a curve, of the construction of a straight l RECTIFICATION Rec`ti*fi*ca"tion (rk`t*f*k1shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. rectification.] 1. The act or operation of rectifying; as, the rectification of an error; the rectification of spirits. After the rectification of his views, he was incapable of compromise with profounder shapes of error. De Quincey. 2. (Geom.) Defn: The determination of a straight line whose length is equal a portion of a curve. Rectification of a globe (Astron.), its adjustment preparatory to the solution of a proposed problem. RECTIFICATOR Rec"ti*fi*ca`tor (rk"t*f*k`tr), n. (Chem.) Defn: That which rectifies or refines; esp., a part of a distilling apparatus in which the more volatile portions are separated from the less volatile by the process of evaporation and condensation; a rectifier. RECTIFIER Rec"ti*fi`er (rk"t*f`r), n. 1. One who, or that which, rectifies. 2. Specifically: (a) (Naut.) An instrument used for determining and rectifying the variations of the compass on board ship. (b) (Chem.) A rectificator. RECTIFY Rec"ti*fy (-f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rectified (-fd); p. pr. & vb. n. Rectifying (-f`ng).] Etym: [F. rectifier, LL. rectificare; L. rectus right + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Right, and -fy.] 1. To make or set right; to correct from a wrong, erroneous, or false state; to amend; as, to rectify errors, mistakes, or abuses; to rectify the will, the judgment, opinions; to rectify disorders. I meant to rectify my conscience. Shak. This was an error of opinion which a conflicting opinion would have rectified. Burke. 2. (Chem.) Defn: To refine or purify by repeated distillation or sublimation, by which the fine parts of a substance are separated from the grosser; as, to rectify spirit of wine. 3. (Com.) Defn: To produce ( as factitious gin or brandy) by redistilling low wines or ardent spirits (whisky, rum, etc.), flavoring substances, etc., being added. To rectify a globe, to adjust it in order to prepare for the solution of a proposed problem. Syn. -- To amend; emend; correct; better; mend; reform; redress; adjust; regulate; improve. See Amend. RECTILINEAL; RECTILINEAR Rec`ti*lin"e*al, Rec`ti*lin"e*ar (-ln"*r), a. Etym: [Recti- + lineal, linear.] Defn: Straight; consisting of a straight line or lines; bounded by straight lines; as, a rectineal angle; a rectilinear figure or course. -- Rec`ti*lin"e*al*ly, adv. -- Rec`ti*lin"e*ar*ly, adv. RECTILINEARITY Rec`ti*lin`e*ar"i*ty (-r"*t), n. Defn: The quality or state of being rectilinear. Coleridge. RECTILINEOUS Rec`ti*lin"e*ous (-s), a. Defn: Rectilinear. [Obs.] Ray. RECTINERVED Rec"ti*nerved` (rk"t*nrrvd`), a. Etym: [Recti- + nerve.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the veins or nerves straight; -- said of leaves. RECTION Rec"tion (rk"shn), n. Etym: [L. rectio, fr. regere to rule or govern.] (Gram.) Defn: See Government, n., 7. Gibbs. RECTIROSTRAL Rec`ti*ros"tral (rk`t*rs"tral), a. Etym: [Recti- + rostral.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a straight beak. RECTISERIAL Rec`ti*se"ri*al (-s"r*al), a. Etym: [Recti- + serial.] (Bot.) Defn: Arranged in exactly vertical ranks, as the leaves on stems of many kinds; -- opposed to curviserial. RECTITIS Rec*ti"tis (rk*t"ts), n. Etym: [NL. See Rectum, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Proctitis. Dunglison. RECTITUDE Rec"ti*tude (rk"t*td), n. Etym: [L. rectitudo, fr. rectus right, straight: cf. F. rectitude. See Right.] 1. Straightness. [R.] Johnson. 2. Rightness of principle or practice; exact conformity to truth, or to the rules prescribed for moral conduct, either by divine or human laws; uprightness of mind; uprightness; integrity; honesty; justice. 3. Right judgment. [R.] Sir G. C. Lewis. Syn. -- See Justice. RECTO- Rec"to- (rk"t*). Defn: A combining form indicating connection with, or relation to, the rectum; as, recto-vesical. RECTO Rec"to, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. LL. breve de recto. See Right.] (Law) Defn: A writ of right. RECTO Rec"to, n. Etym: [Cf. F. recto.] (Print.) Defn: The right-hand page; -- opposed to verso. RECTOR Rec"tor (rk"tr), n. Etym: [L., fr. regere, rectum, to lead straight, to rule: cf. F. recteur. See Regiment, Right.] 1. A ruler or governor.[R.] God is the supreme rector of the world. Sir M. Hale. 2. (a) (Ch. of Eng.) A clergyman who has the charge and cure of a parish, and has the tithes, etc.; the clergyman of a parish where the tithes are not impropriate. See the Note under Vicar. Blackstone. (b) (Prot. Epis. Ch.) Defn: A clergyman in charge of a parish. 3. The head master of a public school. [Scot.] 4. The chief elective officer of some universities, as in France and Scotland; sometimes, the head of a college; as, the Rector of Exeter College, or of Lincoln College, at Oxford. 5. (R.C.CH.) Defn: The superior officer or chief of a convent or religious house; and among the Jesuits the superior of a house that is a seminary or college. RECTORAL Rec"tor*al (-al), a. Etym: [CF. F. rectoral.] Defn: Pertaining to a rector or governor. RECTORATE Rec"tor*ate (-t), n. Etym: [LL. rectoratus: cf. F. rectorat.] Defn: The office, rank, or station of a rector; rectorship. RECTORESS Rec"tor*ess, n. 1. A governess; a rectrix. Drayton. 2. The wife of a rector. Thackeray. RECTORIAL Rec*to"ri*al (rk*t"r*al), a. Defn: Pertaining to a rector or a rectory; rectoral. Shipley. RECTORSHIP Rec"tor*ship (rk"tr*shp), n. 1. Government; guidance. [Obs.] "The rectorship of judgment." Shak. 2. The office or rank of a rector; rectorate. RECTORY Rec"to*ry (-t*r), n.; pl. Rectories (-r. Etym: [Cf. OF. rectorie or rectorerie, LL. rectoria.] 1. The province of a rector; a parish church, parsonage, or spiritual living, with all its rights, tithes, and glebes. 2. A rector's mansion; a parsonage house. RECTO-UTERINE Rec`to-u"ter*ine (-"tr*n or *n), a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both the rectum and the uterus. RECTOVAGINAL Rec`to*vag"i*nal (rk`t*vj"*nal), a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both the rectum and the vagina. RECTO-VESICAL Rec`to-ves"i*cal (-vs"*kal), a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both the rectum and the bladder. RECTRESS Rec"tress (rk"trs), n. Defn: A rectoress. B. Jonson. RECTRIX Rec"trix (-trks), n.; pl. Rectrices (-tr. Etym: [L., fem. of rector.] 1. A governess; a rectoress. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the quill feathers of the tail of a bird. RECTUM Rec"tum (-tm), n. Etym: [NL. (sc. intestinum), fr. L. rectus straight. See Right.] (Anat.) Defn: The terminal part of the large intestine; -- so named because supposed by the old anatomists to be straight. See Illust. under Digestive. RECTUS Rec"tus (-ts), n.; pl. Recti (-t. Etym: [NL., fr. L. regere to keep straight.] (Anat.) Defn: A straight muscle; as, the recti of the eye. RECUBATION Rec`u*ba"tion (rk`*b"shn), n. Etym: [L. recubare to lie upon the back.] Defn: Recumbence. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. RECULE Re*cule" (r*kl"), v. i. Defn: To recoil. [Obs.] Spenser. RECULE; RECULEMENT Re*cule" (r*kl"), Re*cule"ment (-ment), n. Etym: [F. reculement.] Defn: Recoil. [Obs.] RECUMB Re*cumb" (-km"), v. i. Etym: [L. recumbere; pref. re- back + cumbere (in comp.), akin to cubare to lie down.] Defn: To lean; to recline; to repose. [Obs.] J. Allen (1761). RECUMBENCE Re*cum"bence (r*km"bens), n. Defn: The act of leaning, resting, or reclining; the state of being recumbent. RECUMBENCY Re*cum"ben*cy (-ben*s), n. Defn: Recumbence. RECUMBENT Re*cum"bent (-bet), a. Etym: [L. recumbens, -entis, p. pr. of recumbere. See Recumb, Incumbent.] Defn: Leaning; reclining; lying; as, the recumbent posture of the Romans at their meals. Hence, figuratively; Resting; inactive; idle. -- Re*cum"bent*ly, adv. RECUPERABLE Re*cu"per*a*ble (r*k"pr**b'l), a. Etym: [Cf.F. récup. See Recover.] Defn: Recoverable. Sir T. Elyot. RECUPERATE Re*cu"per*ate (-t), v. i. [imp. &. p. p. Recuperated (-`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Recuperating.] Etym: [L.recuperatus,p.p. of recuperare. See Recover to get again.] Defn: To recover health; to regain strength; to convalesce. RECUPERATE Re*cu"per*ate, v. t. Defn: To recover; to regain; as, to recuperate the health or strength. RECUPERATION Re*cu`per*a"tion (-`shn), n.. Etym: [L. recuperatio: cf. F. récup.] Defn: Recovery, as of anything lost, especially of the health or strength. RECUPERATIVE; RECUPERATORY Re*cu"per*a*tive (-*tv), Re*cu"per*a*to*ry (-*t*r), a. Etym: [L. recuperativus, recuperatorius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to recuperation; tending to recovery. RECUPERATOR Re*cu"per*a`tor (r*k"ppr*`tr), n. Etym: [Cf. L. recuperator a recoverer.] (Steel Manuf.) Defn: Same as Regenerator. RECUR Re*cur" (r*kr"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Recurred (-krd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Recurring.] Etym: [L. recurrere; pref.re- re- + currere to run. See Current.] 1. To come back; to return again or repeatedly; to come again to mind. When any word has been used to signify an idea, the old idea will recur in the mind when the word is heard. I. Watts. 2. To occur at a stated interval, or according to some regular rule; as, the fever will recur to-night. 3. To resort; to have recourse; to go for help. If, to avoid succession in eternal existence, they recur to the "punctum stans" of the schools, they will thereby very little help us to a more positive idea of infinite duration. Locke. Recurring decimal (Math.), a circulating decimal. See under Decimal. -- Recurring series (Math.), an algebraic series in which the coefficients of the several terms can be expressed by means of certain preceding coefficients and constants in one uniform manner. RECURE Re*cure" (r*kr"), v. t. Etym: [Cf. Recover.] 1. To arrive at; to reach; to attain. [Obs.] Lydgate. 2. To recover; to regain; to repossess. [Obs.] When their powers, impaired through labor long, With due repast, they had recured well. Spenser. 3. To restore, as from weariness, sickness; or the like; to repair. In western waves his weary wagon did recure. Spenser. 4. To be a cure for; to remedy. [Obs.] No medicine Might avail his sickness to recure. Lydgate. RECURE Re*cure", n. Defn: Cure; remedy; recovery. [Obs.] But whom he hite, without recure he dies. Fairfax. RECURELESS Re*cure"less, a. Defn: Incapable of cure. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. RECURRENCE; RECURRENCY Re*cur"rence, Re*cur"ren*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. récurrence.] Defn: The act of recurring, or state of being recurrent; return; resort; recourse. I shall insensibly go on from a rare to a frequent recurrence to the dangerous preparations. I. Taylor. RECURRENT Re*cur"rent (-rent), a. Etym: [L. recurrens, -entis, p. pr. of recurrere: cf.F. récurrent. See Recur.] 1. Returning from time to time; recurring; as, recurrent pains. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Running back toward its origin; as, a recurrent nerve or artery. Recurrent fever. (Med.) See Relapsing fever, under Relapsing. -- Recurrent pulse (Physiol.), the pulse beat which appears (when the radial artery is compressed at the wrist) on the distal side of the point of pressure through the arteries of the palm of the hand. -- Recurrent sensibility (Physiol.), the sensibility manifested by the anterior, or motor, roots of the spinal cord (their stimulation causing pain) owing to the presence of sensory fibers from the corresponding sensory or posterior roots. RECURSANT Re*cur"sant (r*kr"sant), a. Etym: [L. recursans, -antis, p. pr. of recursare to run back, v. freq. of recurrere. See Recure.] (Her.) Defn: Displayed with the back toward the spectator; -- said especially of an eagle. RECURSION Re*cur"sion (-shn), n. Etym: [L. recursio. See Recur.] Defn: The act of recurring; return. [Obs.] Boyle. RECURVATE Re*cur"vate (r*kr"vt), a. Etym: [L. recurvatus, p. p. of recurvare. See Re-, and Curvate.] (Bot.) Defn: Recurved. RECURVATE Re*cur"vate (-vt), v. t. Defn: To bend or curve back; to recurve. Pennant. RECURVATION Re`cur*va"tion (r`kr*v"shn), n. Defn: The act of recurving, or the state of being recurved; a bending or flexure backward. RECURVE Re*curve" (r*krv"), v. t. Defn: To curve in an opposite or unusual direction; to bend back or down. RECURVED Re*curved" (r*krvd"), a. Defn: Curved in an opposite or uncommon direction; bent back; as, a bird with a recurved bill; flowers with recurved petals. RECURVIROSTER Re*cur`vi*ros"ter (r*kr`v*rs"tr), n. Etym: [L. recurvus bent back + rostrum beack; cf. F. récurvirostre.] (Zool.) Defn: A bird whose beak bends upward, as the avocet. RECURVIROSTRAL Re*cur`vi*ros"tral (-tral), a. Etym: [See Recurviroster.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the beak bent upwards. RECURVITY Re*cur"vi*ty (r*kr"v*t), n. Defn: Recurvation. RECURVOUS Re*cur"vous (-vs), a. Etym: [L. recurvus; pref. re- re + curvus curved.] Defn: Recurved. Derham. RECUSANCY Re*cu"san*cy (r*k"zan*s or rk"-), n. Defn: The state of being recusant; nonconformity. Coke. RECUSANT Re*cu"sant (-zat; 277), a.Etym: [L. recusans, -antis, p.pr. of recure to refuse, to oject to; pref. re- re + causa a cause, pretext: cf. F. récusant. See Cause, and cf. Ruse.] Defn: Obstinate in refusal; specifically, in English history, refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of the king in the churc, or to conform to the established rites of the church; as, a recusant lord. It stated him to have placed his son in the household of the Countess of Derby, a recusant papist. Sir W. Scott. RECUSANT Re*cu"sant, n. 1. One who is obstinate in refusal; one standing out stubbornly against general practice or opinion. The last rebellious recusants among the European family of nations. De Quincey. 2. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: A person who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy of the king in matters of religion; as, a Roman Catholic recusant, who acknowledges the supremacy of the pope. Brande & C. 3. One who refuses communion with the Church of England; a nonconformist. All that are recusants of holy rites. Holyday. RECUSATION Re`cu*sa"tion (rk`*z"shn), n. Etym: [L. recusatio: cf. F. récusation.] 1. Refusal. [Obs.] 2. (Old Law) Defn: The act of refusing a judge or challenging that he shall not try the cause, on account of his supposed partiality. Blackstone. RECUSATIVE Re*cu"sa*tive (r*k"z*tv), a. Defn: Refusing; denying; negative. [R.] Jer. Taylor. RECUSE Re*cuse" (r*kz"), v. t. Etym: [F. récuser, or L. recusare. See Recusant.] (Law) Defn: To refuse or reject, as a judge; to challenge that the judge shall not try the cause. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby. RECUSSION Re*cus"sion (r*ksh"n), n. Etym: [L. recutire, recussum, to beat back; pref. re- re- + quatere to shake.] Defn: The act of beating or striking back. RED Red (rd), obs. Defn: . imp. & p. p. of Read. Spenser. RED Red, v. t. Defn: To put on order; to make tidy; also, to free from entanglement or embarrassement; -- generally with up; as, to red up a house. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] RED Red, a. [Compar. Redder (-dr); superl. Reddest.] Etym: [OE. red, reed, AS. re, re; akin to OS. r, OFries, r, D. rood, G. roht, rot, OHG. r, Dan. & Sw. r, Icel. rau, rj, Goth. r, W. rhudd, Armor. ruz, Ir. & Gael. ruadh, L. ruber, rufus, Gr. , Skr. rudhira, rohita; cf. L. rutilus. sq. root113. Cr. Erysipelas, Rouge, Rubric, Ruby, Ruddy, Russet, Rust.] Defn: Of the color of blood, or of a tint resembling that color; of the hue of that part of the rainbow, or of the solar spectrum, which is furthest from the violet part. "Fresh flowers, white and reede." Chaucer. Your color, I warrant you, is as red as any rose. Shak. Note: Red is a general term, including many different shades or hues, as scarlet, crimson, vermilion, orange red, and the like. Note: Red is often used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, red-breasted, red-cheeked, red-faced, red-haired, red- headed, red-skinned, red-tailed, red-topped, red-whiskered, red- coasted. Red admiral (Zoöl.), a beautiful butterfly (Vanessa Atalanta) common in both Europe and America. The front wings are crossed by a broad orange red band. The larva feeds on nettles. Called also Atlanta butterfly, and nettle butterfly. -- Red ant. (Zoöl.) (a) A very small ant (Myrmica molesta) which often infests houses. (b) A larger reddish ant (Formica sanquinea), native of Europe and America. It is one of the slave-making species. -- Red antimony (Min.), kermesite. See Kermes mineral (b), under Kermes. -- Red ash (Bot.), an American tree (Fraxinus pubescens), smaller than the white ash, and less valuable for timber. Cray. -- Red bass. (Zoöl.) See Redfish (d). -- Red bay (Bot.), a tree (Persea Caroliniensis) having the heartwood red, found in swamps in the Southern United States. -- Red beard (Zoöl.), a bright red sponge (Microciona prolifera), common on oyster shells and stones. [Local, U.S.] -- Red birch (Bot.), a species of birch (Betula nigra) having reddish brown bark, and compact, light-colored wood. Gray. -- Red blindness. (Med.) See Daltonism. -- Red book, a book containing the names of all the persons in the service of the state. [Eng.] -- Red book of the Exchequer, an ancient record in which are registered the names of all that held lands per baroniam in the time of Henry II. Brande & C. -- Red brass, an alloy containing eight parts of copper and three of zinc. -- Red bug. (Zoöl.) (a) A very small mite which in Florida attacks man, and produces great irritation by its bites. (b) A red hemipterous insect of the genus Pyrrhocoris, especially the European species (P. apterus), which is bright scarlet and lives in clusters on tree trunks. (c) See Cotton stainder, under Cotton. -- Red cedar. (Bot.) An evergreen North American tree (Juniperus Virginiana) having a fragrant red-colored heartwood. (b) A tree of India and Australia (Cedrela Toona) having fragrant reddish wood; -- called also toon tree in India. -- Red chalk. See under Chalk. -- Red copper (Min.), red oxide of copper; cuprite. -- Red coral (Zoöl.), the precious coral (Corallium rubrum). See Illusts. of Coral and Gorgonlacea. -- Red cross. The cross of St. George, the national emblem of the English. (b) The Geneva cross. See Geneva convention, and Geneva cross, under Geneva. -- Red currant. (Bot.) See Currant. -- Red deer. (Zoöl.) (a) The common stag (Cervus elaphus), native of the forests of the temperate parts of Europe and Asia. It is very similar to the American elk, or wapiti. (b) The Virginia deer. See Deer. -- Red duck (Zoöl.), a European reddish brown duck (Fuligula nyroca); -- called also ferruginous duck. -- Red ebony. (Bot.) See Grenadillo. -- Red empress (Zoöl.), a butterfly. See Tortoise shell. -- Red fir (Bot.), a coniferous tree (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) found from British Columbia to Texas, and highly valued for its durable timber. The name is sometimes given to other coniferous trees, as the Norway spruce and the American Abies magnifica and A. nobilis. -- Red fire. (Pyrotech.) See Blue fire, under Fire. -- Red flag. See under Flag. -- Red fox (Zoöl.), the common American fox (Vulpes fulvus), which is usually reddish in color. -- Red grouse (Zoöl.), the Scotch grouse, or ptarmigan. See under Ptarmigan. -- Red gum, or Red gum-tree (Bot.), a name given to eight Australian species of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus amygdalina, resinifera, etc.) which yield a reddish gum resin. See Eucalyptus. -- Red hand (Her.), a left hand appaumé, fingers erect, borne on an escutcheon, being the mark of a baronet of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; -- called also Badge of Ulster. -- Red herring, the common herring dried and smoked. -- Red horse. (Zoöl.) (a) Any large American red fresh-water sucker, especially Moxostoma macrolepidotum and allied species. (b) See the Note under Drumfish. -- Red lead. (Chem) See under Lead, and Minium. -- Red-lead ore. (Min.) Same as Crocoite. -- Red liquor (Dyeing), a solution consisting essentially of aluminium acetate, used as a mordant in the fixation of dyestuffs on vegetable fiber; -- so called because used originally for red dyestuffs. Called also red mordant. -- Red maggot (Zoöl.), the larva of the wheat midge. -- Red manganese. (Min.) Same as Rhodochrosite. -- Red man, one of the American Indians; -- so called from his color. -- Red maple (Bot.), a species of maple (Acer rubrum). See Maple. -- Red mite. (Zoöl.) See Red spider, below. -- Red mulberry (Bot.), an American mulberry of a dark purple color (Morus rubra). -- Red mullet (Zoöl.), the surmullet. See Mullet. -- Red ocher (Min.), a soft earthy variety of hematite, of a reddish color. -- Red perch (Zoöl.), the rosefish. -- Red phosphorus. (Chem.) See under Phosphorus. -- Red pine (Bot.), an American species of pine (Pinus resinosa); -- so named from its reddish bark. -- Red precipitate. See under Precipitate. -- Red Republican (European Politics), originally, one who maintained extreme republican doctrines in France, -- because a red liberty cap was the badge of the party; an extreme radical in social reform. [Cant] -- Red ribbon, the ribbon of the Order of the Bath in England. -- Red sanders. (Bot.) See Sanders. -- Red sandstone. (Geol.) See under Sandstone. -- Red scale (Zoöl.), a scale insect (Aspidiotus aurantii) very injurious to the orange tree in California and Australia. -- Red silver (Min.), an ore of silver, of a ruby-red or reddish black color. It includes proustite, or light red silver, and pyrargyrite, or dark red silver. -- Red snapper (Zoöl.), a large fish (Lutlanus aya or Blackfordii) abundant in the Gulf of Mexico and about the Florida reefs. -- Red snow, snow colored by a mocroscopic unicellular alga (Protococcus nivalis) which produces large patches of scarlet on the snows of arctic or mountainous regions. -- Red softening (Med.) a form of cerebral softening in which the affected parts are red, -- a condition due either to infarction or inflammation. -- Red spider (Zoöl.), a very small web-spinning mite (Tetranychus telarius) which infests, and often destroys, plants of various kinds, especially those cultivated in houses and conservatories. It feeds mostly on the under side of the leaves, and causes them to turn yellow and die. The adult insects are usually pale red. Called also red mite. -- Red squirrel (Zoöl.), the chickaree. -- Red tape, the tape used in public offices for tying up documents, etc.; hence, official formality and delay. -- Red underwing (Zoöl.), any species of noctuid moths belonging to Catacola and allied genera. The numerous species are mostly large and handsomely colored. The under wings are commonly banded with bright red or orange. -- Red water, a disease in cattle, so called from an appearance like blood in the urine. RED Red (rd), n. 1. The color of blood, or of that part of the spectrum farthest from violet, or a tint resembling these. "Celestial rosy red, love's proper hue." Milton. 2. A red pigment. 3. (European Politics) Defn: An abbreviation for Red Republican. See under Red, a. [Cant] 4. pl. (Med.) Defn: The menses. Dunglison. English red, a pigment prepared by the Dutch, similar to Indian red. -- Hypericum red, a red resinous dyestuff extracted from Hypericum. -- Indian red. See under Indian, and Almagra. REDACT Re*dact" (r*dkt"), v. t. Etym: [L. redactus, p. p. of redigere; pref. red-, re-, again, back + agere to put in motion, to drive.] Defn: To reduce to form, as literary matter; to digest and put in shape (matter for publication); to edit. REDACTEUR Ré`dac`teur" (ray`dak`ter"), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Redactor. REDACTION Re*dac"tion (r*dk"shn), n. Etym: [F. rédaction.] Defn: The act of redacting; work produced by redacting; a digest. REDACTOR Re*dac"tor (-tr), n. Defn: One who redacts; one who prepares matter for publication; an editor. Carlyle. REDAN Re*dan" (r*dn"), n. Etym: [F., for OF. redent a double notching or jagging, as in the teeth of a saw, fr. L. pref. re- re- + dens, dentis, a tooth. Cf. Redented.] [Written sometimes redent and redens.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A work having two parapets whose faces unite so as to form a salient angle toward the enemy. 2. A step or vertical offset in a wall on uneven ground, to keep the parts level. REDARGUE Red*ar"gue (rd*r"g), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Redargued (-gd); p. pr. & vb. n. Redarguing.] Etym: [L. redarguere; pref. red-, re- re- + arguere to accuse, charge with: cf. F. rédarguer.] Defn: To disprove; to refute; toconfute; to reprove; to convict. [Archaic] How shall I . . . suffer that God should redargue me at doomsday, and the angels reproach my lukewarmness Jer. Taylor. Now this objection to the immediate cognition of external objects has, as far as I know, been redargued in three different ways. Sir W. Hamilton. REDARGUTION Red`ar*gu"tion (rd`r*g"shn), n. Etym: [L. redargutio.] Defn: The act of redarguing; refutation. [Obs. or R.] Bacon. REDARGUTORY Red`ar*gu"to*ry (-t*r), a. Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, redargution; refutatory. [R.] REDBACK Red"back` (rd"bk`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dunlin. [U. S.] REDBELLY Red"bel`ly (-bl`l), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The char. REDBIRD Red"bird` (-brd`), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The cardinal bird. (b) The summer redbird (Piranga rubra). (c) The scarlet tanager. See Tanager. REDBREAST Red"breast` (-brst`), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The European robin. (b) The American robin. See Robin. (c) The knot, or red-breasted snipe; -- called also robin breast, and robin snipe. See Knot. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The long-eared pondfish. See Pondfish. REDBUD Red"bud` (-bd`), n. (Bot.) Defn: A small ornamental leguminous tree of the American species of the genus Cercis. See Judas tree, under Judas. REDCAP Red"cap`, n. 1. (Zoöl) Defn: The European goldfinch. 2. A specter having long teeth, popularly supposed to haunt old castles in Scotland. [Scot.] Jamieson. REDCOAT Red"coat` (-kot`), n. Defn: One who wears a red coat; specifically, a red-coated British soldier. RED CROSS Red Cross. 1. The crusaders or the cause they represented. 2. A hospital or ambulance service established as a result of, though not provided for by, the Geneva convention of 1864; any of the national societies for alleviating the sufferings of the sick and wounded war, also giving aid and relief during great calamities; also, a member or worker of such a society; -- so called from the badge of neutrality; the Geneva cross. REDDE Red"de (-de), Defn: obs. imp. of Read, or Rede. Chaucer. REDDEN Red"den (rd"d'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reddened (-d'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Reddening.] Etym: [From Red, a.] Defn: To make red or somewhat red; to give a red color to. REDDEN Red"den, v. i. Defn: To grow or become red; to blush. Appius reddens at each word you speak. Pope. He no sooner saw that her eye glistened and her cheek reddened than his obstinacy was at once subbued. Sir W. SCott. REDDENDUM Red*den"dum (rd*dn"dm), n. Etym: [Neut. of L. reddendus that must be given back or yielded, gerundive of reddere. See Reddition.] (Law) Defn: A clause in a deed by which some new thing is reserved out of what had been granted before; the clause by which rent is reserved in a lease. Cruise. REDDISH Red"dish (rd"dsh), a. Defn: Somewhat red; moderately red. -- Red"dish*ness, n. REDDITION Red*di"tion (rd*dsh"n), n.Etym: [L. redditio, fr. reddere to give back, to return: cf. F. reddition. See Render.] 1. Restoration: restitution: surrender. Howell. 2. Explanation; representation. [R.] The reddition or application of the comparison. Chapman. REDDITIVE Red"di**tive (rd"d*tv), a. Etym: [L. redditivus.] (Gram.) Defn: Answering to an interrogative or inquiry; conveying a reply; as, redditive words. REDDLE Red"dle (rd"d'l), n. Etym: [From Red; cf. G. r. Cf. Ruddle.] (Min.) Defn: Red chalk. See under Chalk. RED DOG FLOUR; RED-DOG FLOUR Red dog, or Red`-dog" flour. Defn: The lowest grade of flour in milling. It is dark and of little expansive power, is secured largely from the germ or embryo and adjacent parts, and contains a relatively high percentage of protein. It is chiefly useful as feed for farm animals. REDDOUR Red"dour (rd"dr), n. Etym: [F. raideur, fr. raide stiff.] Defn: Rigor; violence. [Obs.] Gower. REDE Rede (rd), v. t. Etym: [See Read, v. t.] 1. To advise or counsel. [Obs. or Scot.] I rede that our host here shall begin. Chaucer. 2. To interpret; to explain. [Obs.] My sweven [dream] rede aright. Chaucer. REDE Rede, n. Etym: [See Read, n.] 1. Advice; counsel; suggestion. [Obs. or Scot.] Burns. There was none other remedy ne reed. Chaucer. 2. A word or phrase; a motto; a proverb; a wise saw. [Obs.] "This rede is rife." Spenser. REDEEM Re*deem" (r*dm"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Redeemed. (-dp. pr. & vb. n. Redeeming.] Etym: [F. r\'82dimer, L. redimere; pref. red-, re- re- + emere, emptum, to buy, originally, to take, cf. OIr. em (in comp.), Lith. imti. Cf. Assume, Consume, Exempt, Premium, Prompt, Ransom.] 1. To purchase back; to regain possession of by payment of a stipulated price; to repurchase. If a man sell a dwelling house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold. Lev. xxv. 29. 2. Hence, specifically: (a) (Law) To recall, as an estate, or to regain, as mortgaged property, by paying what may be due by force of the mortgage. (b) (Com.) To regain by performing the obligation or condition stated; to discharge the obligation mentioned in, as a promissory note, bond, or other evidence of debt; as, to redeem bank notes with coin. 3. To ransom, liberate, or rescue from captivity or bondage, or from any obligation or liability to suffer or to be forfeited, by paying a price or ransom; to ransom; to rescue; to recover; as, to redeem a captive, a pledge, and the like. Redeem Israel, O God, out of all his troubles. Ps. xxv. 22. The Almighty from the grave Hath me redeemed. Sandys. 4. (Theol.) Defn: Hence, to rescue and deliver from the bondage of sin and the penalties of God's violated law. Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us. Gal. iii. 13. 5. To make good by performing fully; to fulfill; as, to redeem one's promises. I will redeem all this on Percy's head. Shak. 6. To pay the penalty of; to make amends for; to serve as an equivalent or offset for; to atone for; to compensate; as, to redeem an error. Which of ye will be mortal, to redeem Man's mortal crime Milton. It is a chance which does redeem all sorrows. Shak. To redeem the time, to make the best use of it. REDEEMABILITY Re*deem`a*bil"i*ty (-*bl"*t), n. Defn: Redeemableness. REDEEMABLE Re*deem"a*ble (-*b;l), a. 1. Capable of being redeemed; subject to repurchase; held under conditions permitting redemption; as, a pledge securing the payment of money is redeemable. 2. Subject to an obligation of redemtion; conditioned upon a promise of redemtion; payable; due; as, bonds, promissory notes, etc. , redeemabble in gold, or in current money, or four months after date. REDEEMABLENESS Re*deem"a*ble*ness (r*dm"*b'l*ns), n. Defn: The quality or state of being redeemable; redeemability. REDEEMER Re*deem"er (r*dm"r), n. 1. One who redeems. 2. Specifically, the Savior of the world, Jesus Christ. REDELESS Rede"less (rd"ls), a. Defn: Without rede or counsel. [Obs.] REDELIBERATE Re`de*lib"er*ate (r`d*lb"r*t), v. t. & i. Defn: To deliberate again; to reconsider. REDELIVER Re`de*liv"er (r`d*lv"r), v. t. 1. To deliver or give back; to return. Ay 2. To deliver or liberate a second time or again. 3. To report; to deliver the answer of. [R.] "Shall I redeliver you e'en so" Shak. REDELIVERANCE Re`de*liv"er*ance (-ans), n. Defn: A second deliverance. REDELIVERY Re`de*liv"er*y (-), n. 1. Act of delivering back. 2. A second or new delivery or liberation. REDEMAND Re`de*mand" (r`d*-mnd"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- back, again + demand: cf. F. redemander.] Defn: To demand back; to demand again. REDEMAND Re`de*mand", n. Defn: A demanding back; a second or renewed demand. REDEMISE Re`de*mise" (-mz"), v. t. Defn: To demise back; to convey or transfer back, as an estate. REDEMISE Re`de*mise", n. (Law) Defn: The transfer of an estate back to the person who demised it; reconveyance; as, the demise and redemise of an estate. See under Demise. REDEMONSTRATE Re*dem"on*strate (r*dm"n*strt or r`d*mn"-strt), v. t. Defn: To demonstrate again, or anew. Every truth of morals must be redemonstrated in the experience of the individual man before he is capable of utilizing it as a constituent of character or a guide in action. Lowell. REDEMPTIBLE Re*demp"ti*ble (r*dmp"t*b'l), a. Defn: Redeemable. RE-DEMPTION Re-demp"tion (-shn), n. Etym: [F. rédemption, L. redemptio. See Redeem, and cf. Ransom.] Defn: The act of redeeming, or the state of being redeemed; repurchase; ransom; release; rescue; deliverance; as, the redemption of prisoners taken in war; the redemption of a ship and cargo. Specifically: (a) (Law) The liberation of an estate from a mortgage, or the taking back of property mortgaged, upon performance of the terms or conditions on which it was conveyed; also, the right of redeeming and reëntering upon an estate mortgaged. See Equity of redemption, under Equity. (b) (Com.) Performance of the obligation stated in a note, bill, bond, or other evidence of debt, by making payment to the holder. (c) (Theol.) The procuring of God's favor by the sufferings and death of Christ; the ransom or deliverance of sinners from the bondage of sin and the penalties of God's violated law. In whom we have redemption through his blood. Eph. i. 7. REDEMPTIONARY Re*demp"tion*a*ry (-*r), n. Defn: One who is, or may be, redeemed. [R.] Hakluyt. REDEMPTIONER Re*demp"tion*er (-r), n. 1. One who redeems himself, as from debt or servitude. 2. Formerly, one who, wishing to emigrate from Europe to America, sold his services for a stipulated time to pay the expenses of his passage. REDEMPTIONIST Re*demp"tion*ist, n. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: A monk of an order founded in 1197; -- so called because the order was especially devoted to the redemption of Christians held in captivity by the Mohammedans. Called also Trinitarian. REDEMPTIVE Re*demp"tive (-tv), a. Defn: Serving or tending to redeem; redeeming; as, the redemptive work of Christ. REDEMPTORIST Re*demp"tor*ist (-tr*st), n. Etym: [F. rédemptoriste, fr. L. redemptor redeemer, from redinere. See Redeem.] (R.C.Ch.) Defn: One of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, founded in Naples in 1732 by St. Alphonsus Maria de Liquori. It was introduced onto the United States in 1832 at Detroit. The Fathers of the Congregation devote themselves to preaching to the neglected, esp. in missions and retreats, and are forbidden by their rule to engage in the instruction of youth. REDEMPTORY Re*demp"to*ry (-t*r), a. Defn: Paid for ransom; serving to redeem. "Hector's redemptory price." Chapman. REDEMPTURE Re*demp"ture (-tr; 135), n. Defn: Redemption. [Obs.] REDENTED Re*dent"ed (r*dnt"d), a. Etym: [From OF. redent. See Redan.] Defn: Formed like the teeth of a saw; indented. REDEPOSIT Re`de*pos"it (r`d*pz"t), v. t. Defn: To deposit again. REDESCEND Re`de*scend" (-snd"), v. i. Etym: [Pref. re- + descend: cf. F. redescendre.] Defn: To descend again. Howell. REDEVELOP Re`de*vel"op, v. t. & i. Defn: To develop again; specif. (Photog.), Defn: to intensify (a developed image), as by bleaching with mercuric chloride and subsequently subjecting anew to a developing agent. -- Re`de*vel"op*er (#), n. --Re`de*vel"op*ment (#), n. REDEYE Red"eye` (rd"`), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The rudd. (b) Same as Redfish. (d). (c) The goggle-eye, or fresh-water rock bass. [Local, U.S.] REDFIN Red"fin` (-fn`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small North American dace (Minnilus cornutus, or Notropis megalops). The male, in the breeding season, has bright red fins. Called also red dace, and shiner. Applied also to Notropis ardens, of the Mississippi valley. REDFINCH Red"finch` (-fînch`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European linnet. REDFISH Red"fish` (rêd"fîsh`), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The blueback salmon of the North Pacific; -- called also nerka. See Blueback. (b). (b) The rosefish. (c) A large California labroid food fish (Trochocopus pulcher); -- called also fathead. (d) The red bass, red drum, or drumfish. See the Note under Drumfish. RED-GUM Red"-gum` (-gm`), n. Etym: [OE. reed gounde; AS. reád red + gund matter, pus.] 1. (Med.) Defn: An eruption of red pimples upon the face, neck, and arms, in early infancy; tooth rash; strophulus. Good. 2. A name of rust on grain. See Rust. RED-HAND; RED-HANDED Red"-hand` (rd"hnd`), Red"-hand`ed (-hnd`d), a. or adv. Defn: Having hands red with blood; in the very act, as if with red or bloody hands; -- said of a person taken in the act of homicide; hence, fresh from the commission of crime; as, he was taken red-hand or red-handed. REDHEAD Red"head` (-hd`), n. 1. A person having red hair. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) An American duck (Aythya Americana) highly esteemed as a game bird. It is closely allied to the canvasback, but is smaller and its head brighter red. Called also red-headed duck. American poachard, grayback, and fall duck. See Illust. under Poachard. (b) The red-headed woodpecker. See Woodpecker. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of milkweed (Asclepias Curassavica) with red flowers. It is used in medicine. REDHIBITION Red`hi*bi"tion (rd`h*bsh"n), n. Etym: [L. redhibitio a taking back.] (Civil Law) Defn: The annulling of a sale, and the return by the buyer of the article sold, on account of some defect. REDHIBITORY Red*hib"i*to*ry (rd*hb"*t*r), a. Etym: [L. redhibitorius.] (Civil Law) Defn: Of or pertaining to redhibition; as, a redhibitory action or fault. REDHOOP Red"hoop` (rd"hp`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The male of the European bullfinch. [Prov. Eng.] REDHORN Red"horn` (-hrn`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of a tribe of butterflies (Fugacia) including the common yellow species and the cabbage butterflies. The antennæ are usually red. RED-HOT Red"-hot` (-ht`), a. Defn: Red with heat; heated to redness; as, red-hot iron; red-hot balls. Hence, figuratively, excited; violent; as, a red-hot radical. Shak. REDIA Re"di*a (r"d*), n.; pl. L. Rediæ (-e), E. Redias (-. Etym: [NL.; of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of larva, or nurse, which is prroduced within the sporocyst of certain trematodes by asexual generation. It in turn produces, in the same way, either another generation of rediæ, or else cercariæ within its own body. Called also proscolex, and nurse. See Illustration in Appendix. REDIENT Re"di*ent (r"d-ent), a. Etym: [L. rediens, p. pr. of redire to return; pref. red- + ire to go.] Defn: Returning. [R.] REDIF Re*dif", n. [Turk. redif, fr. radif, orig., he who rides behind another on the same beast, fr. radaf to follow.] Defn: A reserve force in the Turkish army, or a soldier of the reserve. See Army organization, above. REDIGEST Re`di*gest" (r`d*jst"), v. t. Defn: To digest, or reduce to form, a second time. Kent. REDIMINISH Re`di*min"ish (-mn"sh), v. t. Defn: To diminish again. REDINGOTE Red"in*gote (rd"n*gt), n. Etym: [F., corrupted from E. reding coat.] Defn: A long plain double-breasted outside coat for women. REDINTEGRATE Re*din"te*grate (r*dn"t*grt), a. Etym: [L. redintegratus, p.p. of redintegrare to restore; pref. red-, re-, re- + integrare to make whole, to renew, fr. integer whole. See Integer.] Defn: Restored to wholeness or a perfect state; renewed. Bacon. REDINTEGRATE Re*din"te*grate (-grt), v. t. Defn: To make whole again; a renew; to restore to integrity or soundness. The English nation seems obliterated. What could redintegrate us again Coleridge. REDINTEGRATION Re*din`te*gra"tion (-gr"shn), n. Etym: [L. redintegratio.] 1. Restoration to a whole or sound state; renewal; renovation. Dr. H. More. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Restoration of a mixed body or matter to its former nature and state. [Achaic.] Coxe. 3. (Psychology) Defn: The law that objects which have been previously combined as part of a single mental state tend to recall or suggest one another; -- adopted by many philosophers to explain the phenomena of the association of ideas. REDIRECT Re`di*rect" (r`d*rkt"), a. (Law) Defn: Applied to the examination of a witness, by the party calling him, after the cross-examination. REDISBURSE Re`dis*burse" (r`ds*brs"), v. t. Defn: To disburse anew; to give, or pay, back. Spenser. REDISCOVER Re`dis*cov"er (-kv"r), v. t. Defn: To discover again. REDISPOSE Re`dis*pose" (-pz"), v. t. Defn: To dispose anew or again; to readjust; to rearrange. A. Baxter. REDISSEIZE Re`dis*seize" (-sz"), v. t. (Law) Defn: To disseize anew, or a second time. [Written also redisseise.] REDISSEIZIN Re`dis*sei"zin (-s"zn), n. (Law) Defn: A disseizin by one who once before was adjudged to have dassezed the same person of the same lands, etc.; also, a writ which lay in such a case. Blackstone. REDISSEIZOR Re`dis*sei"zor (-zr), n. (Law) Defn: One who redisseizes. REDISSOLVE Re`dis*solve" (r`dz*zlv"), v. t. Defn: To dissolve again. REDISTILL Re`dis*till" (r`ds*tl"), v. t. Defn: To distill again. REDISTRAINER Re`dis*train"er (-trn"r), n. Defn: One who distrains again. REDISTRIBUTE Re`dis*trib"ute (-trb"t), v. t. Defn: To distribute again. -- Re*dis`tri*bu"tion (-tr, n. REDISTRICT Re*dis"trict (-trkt), v. t. Defn: To divide into new districts. REDITION Re*di"tion (r*dsh"n), n. Etym: [L. reditio, fr. redire. See Redient.] Defn: Act of returning; return. [Obs.] Chapman. REDIVIDE Re`di*vide" (r`d*vd"), v. t. Defn: To divide anew. REDIVIVUS Red`i*vi"vus, a. [L., fr. pref. red-, re-, re- + vivus alive.] Defn: Living again; revived; restored. REDLEG; REDLEGS Red"leg` (rd"lg`), Red`legs` (-lgz`), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The redshank. (b) The turnstone. RED-LETTER Red"-let`ter (-lt`tr), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a red letter; marked by red letters. Red- letter day, a day that is fortunate or auspicious; -- so called in allusion to the custom of marking holy days, or saints' days, in the old calendars with red letters. RED-LIGHT DISTRICT Red-light district. Defn: A district or neighborhood in which disorderly resorts are frequent; -- so called in allusion to the red light kept in front of many such resorts at night. [Colloq. or Cant] REDLY Red"ly, adv. Defn: In a red manner; with redness. REDMOUTH Red"mouth` (-mouth`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of marine food fishes of the genus Diabasis, or Hæmulon, of the Southern United States, having the inside of the mouth bright red. Called also flannelmouth, and grunt. REDNESS Red"ness, n. Etym: [AS. r. See Red.] Defn: The quality or state of being red; red color. REDOLENCE; REDOLENCY Red"o*lence, Red"o*len*cy, n. Defn: The quality of being redolent; sweetness of scent; pleasant odor; fragrance. REDOLENT Red"o*lent (-lent), a. Etym: [L. redolens, -entis, p. pr. of redolere to emit a scent, diffuse an odor; pref. red-, re-, re- + olere to emit a smell. See Odor.] Defn: Diffusing odor or fragrance; spreading sweet scent; scented; odorous; smelling; -- usually followed by of. "Honey redolent of spring." Dryden. -- Red"o*lent*ly, adv. Gales . . . redolent of joy and youth. Gray. REDOUBLE Re*dou"ble (r*db"'l), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + double: cf. F. redoubler. Cf. Reduplicate.] Defn: To double again or repeatedly; to increase by continued or repeated additions; to augment greatly; to multiply. So they Doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe. Shak. n. An optional bid made by the side currently holding the highest bid for the contract, after the opposing side has doubled. This bid increases the score for successfully making the contract, and increases the penalties for failing. The score or penalty depends on the number of tricks over or under the contract, according to a defined schedule, and depending on the vulnerability of the side attempting the contract. REDOUBLE Re*dou"ble, v. i. Defn: To become greatly or repeatedly increased; to be multiplied; to be greatly augmented; as, the noise redoubles. REDOUBT Re*doubt" (r*dout"), n. Etym: [F. redoute, fem., It. ridotto, LL. reductus, literally, a retreat, from L. reductus drawn back, retired, p. p. of reducere to lead or draw back; cf. F. réduit, also fr. LL. reductus. See Reduce, and cf. Reduct, R, Ridotto.] (Fort.) (a) A small, and usually a roughly constructed, fort or outwork of varying shape, commonly erected for a temporary purpose, and without flanking defenses, -- used esp. in fortifying tops of hills and passes, and positions in hostile territory. (b) In permanent works, an outwork placed within another outwork. See F and i in Illust. of Ravelin. [Written also redout.] REDOUBT Re*doubt", v. t. Etym: [F. redouter, formerly also spelt redoubter; fr. L. pref. re- re- + dubitare to doubt, in LL., to fear. See Doubt.] Defn: To stand in dread of; to regard with fear; to dread. [R.] REDOUBTABLE Re*doubt"a*ble (-*b'l), a. Etym: [F. redoutable, formerly also spelt redoubtable.] Defn: Formidable; dread; terrible to foes; as, a redoubtable hero; hence, valiant; -- often in contempt or burlesque. [Written also redoutable.] REDOUBTED Re*doubt"ed, a. Defn: Formidable; dread. "Some redoubled knight." Spenser. Lord regent, and redoubted Burgandy. Shak. REDOUBTING Re*doubt"ing, n. Defn: Reverence; honor. [Obs.] In redoutyng of Mars and of his glory. Chaucer. REDOUND Re*dound" (r*dound"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Redounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Redounding.] Etym: [F. redonder, L. redundare; pref. red-, re-, re- + undare to rise in waves or surges, fr. unda a wave. See Undulate, and cf. Redundant.] 1. To roll back, as a wave or flood; to be sent or driven back; to flow back, as a consequence or effect; to conduce; to contribute; to result. The evil, soon Driven back, redounded as a flood on those From whom it sprung. Milton. The honor done to our religion ultimately redounds to God, the author of it. Rogers. both . . . will devour great quantities of paper, there will no small use redound from them to that manufacture. Addison. 2. To be in excess; to remain over and above; to be redundant; to overflow. For every dram of honey therein found, A pound of gall doth over it redound. Spenser. REDOUND Re*dound", n. 1. The coming back, as of consequence or effect; result; return; requital. We give you welcome; not without redound Of use and glory to yourselves ye come. Tennyson. 2. Rebound; reverberation. [R.] Codrington. REDOWA Red"ow*a (rd"*), n. Etym: [F., fr. Bohemian.] Defn: A Bohemian dance of two kinds, one in triple time, like a waltz, the other in two-four time, like a polka. The former is most in use. REDPOLE Red"pole` (rd"pl`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Redpoll. REDPOLL Red"poll` (-pl`), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of small northern finches of the genus Acanthis (formerly Ægiothus), native of Europe and America. The adults have the crown red or rosy. The male of the most common species (A. linarius) has also the breast and rump rosy. Called also redpoll linnet. See Illust. under Linnet. (b) The common European linnet. (c) The American redpoll warbler (Dendroica palmarum). REDRAFT Re*draft" (re*draft"), v. t. Defn: To draft or draw anew. REDRAFT Re*draft", n. 1. A second draft or copy. 2. (Com.) Defn: A new bill of exchange which the holder of a protected bill draws on the drawer or indorsers, in order to recover the amount of the protested bill with costs and charges. REDRAW Re*draw" (r*dr"), v. t. [imp. Redrew (-dr");p. p. Redrawn (-dr*n"); p. pr. & vb. n. Redrawing.] Defn: To draw again; to make a second draft or copy of; to redraft. REDRAW Re*draw", v. i. (Com.) Defn: To draw a new bill of exchange, as the holder of a protested bill, on the drawer or indorsers. REDRESS Re*dress" (r*drs"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + dress.] Defn: To dress again. REDRESS Re*dress" (r*drs"), v. t. Etym: [F. redresser to straighten; pref. re- re- + dresser to raise, arrange. See Dress.] 1. To put in order again; to set right; to emend; to revise. [R.] The common profit could she redress. Chaucer. In yonder spring of roses intermixed With myrtle, find what to redress till noon. Milton. Your wish that I should redress a certain paper which you had prepared. A. Hamilton. 2. To set right, as a wrong; to repair, as an injury; to make amends for; to remedy; to relieve from. Those wrongs, those bitter injuries, . . . I doubt not but with honor to redress. Shak. 3. To make amends or compensation to; to relieve of anything unjust or oppressive; to bestow relief upon. "'T is thine, O king! the afflicted to redress." Dryden. Will Gaul or Muscovite redress ye Byron. REDRESS Re*dress", n. 1. The act of redressing; a making right; reformation; correction; amendment. [R.] Reformation of evil laws is commendable, but for us the more necessary is a speedy redress of ourselves. Hooker. 2. A setting right, as of wrong, injury, or opression; as, the redress of grievances; hence, relief; remedy; reparation; indemnification. Shak. A few may complain without reason; but there is occasion for redress when the cry is universal. Davenant. 3. One who, or that which, gives relief; a redresser. Fair majesty, the refuge and redress Of those whom fate pursues and wants oppress. Dryden. REDRESSAL Re*dress"al (r*drs"al), n. Defn: Redress. REDRESSER Re*dress"er (-r), n. Defn: One who redresses. REDRESSIBLE Re*dress"i*ble (-*b'l), a. Defn: Such as may be redressed. REDRESSIVE Re*dress"ive (-v), a. Defn: Tending to redress. Thomson. REDRESSLESS Re*dress"less, a. Defn: Not having redress; such as can not be redressed; irremediable. Sherwood. REDRESSMENT Re*dress"ment (-ment), n. Etym: [Cf. F. redressement.] Defn: The act of redressing; redress. Jefferson. RED-RIBAND Red"-rib`and (rd"rb`and), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European red band fish, or fireflame. See Rend fish. REDROOT Red"root` (rd"rt`), n. (Bot.) Defn: A name of several plants having red roots, as the New Jersey tea (see under Tea), the gromwell, the bloodroot, and the Lachnanthes tinctoria, an endogenous plant found in sandy swamps from Rhode Island to Florida. REDSEAR Red`sear" (rd`sr"), v. i. Defn: To be brittle when red-hot; to be red-short. Moxon. REDSHANK Red"shank` (rd"shnk`), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A common Old World limicoline bird (Totanus calidris), having the legs and feet pale red. The spotted redshank (T. fuscus) is larger, and has orange-red legs. Called also redshanks, redleg, and clee. (b) The fieldfare. 2. A bare-legged person; -- a contemptuous appellation formerly given to the Scotch Highlanders, in allusion to their bare legs. Spenser. RED-SHORT Red"-short` (-shrt`), a. (Metal.) Defn: Hot-short; brittle when red-hot; -- said of certain kinds of iron. -- Red"-short`ness, n. REDSKIN Red"skin` (-skn`), n. Defn: A common appellation for a North American Indian; -- so called from the color of the skin. Cooper. REDSTART Red"start` (-strt`), n. Etym: [Red + start tail.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small, handsome European singing bird (Ruticilla phoenicurus), allied to the nightingale; -- called also redtail, brantail, fireflirt, firetail. The black redstart is P.tithys. The name is also applied to several other species of Ruticilla amnd allied genera, native of India. (b) An American fly-catching warbler (Setophaga ruticilla). The male is black, with large patches of orange-red on the sides, wings, and tail. The female is olive, with yellow patches. REDSTREAK Red"streak` (-strk`), n. 1. A kind of apple having the skin streaked with red and yellow, -- a favorite English cider apple. Mortimer. 2. Cider pressed from redstreak apples. REDTAIL Red"tail` (-tl`), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The red-tailed hawk. (b) The European redstart. RED-TAILED Red"-tailed` (-tld`), a. Defn: Having a red tail. Red-tailed hawk (Zoöl.), a large North American hawk (Buteo borealis). When adult its tail is chestnut red. Called also hen hawck, and red-tailed buzzard. RED-TAPE Red"-tape` (-tp`), a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, official formality. See Red tape, under Red, a. RED-TAPISM Red`-tap"ism (rd`tp"z'm), n. Defn: Strict adherence to official formalities. J. C. Shairp. RED-TAPIST Red`-tap"ist, n. Defn: One who is tenacious of a strict adherence to official formalities. Ld. Lytton. REDTHROAT Red"throat` (rd"thrt`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small Australian singing bird (Phyrrholæmus brunneus). The upper parts are brown, the center of the throat red. REDTOP Red"top` (-tp`), n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of grass (Agrostis vulgaris) highly valued in the United States for pasturage and hay for cattle; -- called also English grass, and in some localities herd's grass. See Illustration in Appendix. The tall redtop is Triodia seslerioides. REDUB Re*dub" (r*db"), v. t. Etym: [F. radouber to refit or repair.] Defn: To refit; to repair, or make reparation for; hence, to repay or requite. [Obs.] It shall be good that you redub that negligence. Wyatt. God shall give power to redub it with some like requital to the French. Grafton. REDUCE Re*duce" (re*dus"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reduced (-dust"),; p. pr. & vb. n. Reducing (-du"sîng).] Etym: [L. reducere, reductum; pref. red- . re-, re- + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Redoubt, n.] 1. To bring or lead back to any former place or condition. [Obs.] And to his brother's house reduced his wife. Chapman. The sheep must of necessity be scattered, unless the great Shephered of souls oppose, or some of his delegates reduce and direct us. Evelyn. 2. To bring to any inferior state, with respect to rank, size, quantity, quality, value, etc.; to diminish; to lower; to degrade; to impair; as, to reduce a sergeant to the ranks; to reduce a drawing; to reduce expenses; to reduce the intensity of heat. "An ancient but reduced family." Sir W. Scott. Nothing so excellent but a man may fasten upon something belonging to it, to reduce it. Tillotson. Having reduced Their foe to misery beneath their fears. Milton. Hester Prynne was shocked at the condition to which she found the clergyman reduced. Hawthorne. 3. To bring to terms; to humble; to conquer; to subdue; to capture; as, to reduce a province or a fort. 4. To bring to a certain state or condition by grinding, pounding, kneading, rubbing, etc.; as, to reduce a substance to powder, or to a pasty mass; to reduce fruit, wood, or paper rags, to pulp. It were but right And equal to reduce me to my dust. Milton. 5. To bring into a certain order, arrangement, classification, etc.; to bring under rules or within certain limits of descriptions and terms adapted to use in computation; as, to reduce animals or vegetables to a class or classes; to reduce a series of observations in astronomy; to reduce language to rules. 6. (Arith.) (a) To change, as numbers, from one denomination into another without altering their value, or from one denomination into others of the same value; as, to reduce pounds, shillings, and pence to pence, or to reduce pence to pounds; to reduce days and hours to minutes, or minutes to days and hours. (b) To change the form of a quantity or expression without altering its value; as, to reduce fractions to their lowest terms, to a common denominator, etc. 7. (Chem.) Defn: To bring to the metallic state by separating from impurities; hence, in general, to remove oxygen from; to deoxidize; to combine with, or to subject to the action of, hydrogen; as, ferric iron is reduced to ferrous iron; or metals are reduced from their ores; -- opposed to Ant: oxidize. 8. (Med.) Defn: To restore to its proper place or condition, as a displaced organ or part; as, to reduce a dislocation, a fracture, or a hernia. Reduced iron (Chem.), metallic iron obtained through deoxidation of an oxide of iron by exposure to a current of hydrogen or other reducing agent. When hydrogen is used the product is called also iron by hydrogen. -- To reduce an equation (Alg.), to bring the unknown quantity by itself on one side, and all the known quantities on the other side, without destroying the equation. -- To reduce an expression (Alg.), to obtain an equivalent expression of simpler form. -- To reduce a square (Mil.), to reform the line or column from the square. Syn. -- To diminish; lessen; decrease; abate; shorten; curtail; impair; lower; subject; subdue; subjugate; conquer. REDUCEMENT Re*duce"ment (r*ds"ment), n. Defn: Reduction. Milton. REDUCENT Re*du"cent (r*d"sent), a. Etym: [L. reducens, p. pr. of reducere.] Defn: Tending to reduce. -- n. Defn: A reducent agent. REDUCER Re*du"cer (-sr), n. Defn: One who, or that which, reduces. REDUCIBLE Re*du"ci*ble (-s*b'll), a. Defn: Capable of being reduced. REDUCIBLENESS Re*du"ci*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being reducible. REDUCING Re*du"cing (r*d"sng), Defn: a & n. from Reduce. Reducing furnace (Metal.), a furnace for reducing ores. -- Reducing pipe fitting, a pipe fitting, as a coupling, an elbow, a tee, etc., for connecting a large pipe with a smaller one. -- Reducing valve, a device for automatically maintaining a diminished pressure of steam, air, gas, etc., in a pipe, or other receiver, which is fed from a boiler or pipe in which the pressure is higher than is desired in the receiver. REDUCT Re*duct" (r*dkt"), v. t.. Etym: [L.reductus, p. p. of reducere. See Reduce.] Defn: To reduce. [Obs.] W. Warde. REDUCTIBILITY Re*duc`ti*bil"i*ty (r*dk`t*bl"*t), n. Defn: The quality of being reducible; reducibleness. REDUCTION Re*duc"tion (r*dk"shn), n. Etym: [F. réduction, L. reductio. See Reduce.] 1. The act of reducing, or state of being reduced; conversion to a given state or condition; diminution; conquest; as, the reduction of a body to powder; the reduction of things to order; the reduction of the expenses of government; the reduction of a rebellious province. 2. (Arith. & Alq.) Defn: The act or process of reducing. See Reduce, v. t., 6. and To reduce an equation, To reduce an expression, under Reduce, v. t. 3. (Astron.) (a) The correction of observations for known errors of instruments, etc. (b) The preparation of the facts and measurements of observations in order to deduce a general result. 4. The process of making a copy of something, as a figure, design, or draught, on a smaller scale, preserving the proper proportions. Fairholt. 5. (Logic) Defn: The bringing of a syllogism in one of the so-called imperfect modes into a mode in the first figure. 6. (Chem. & Metal.) Defn: The act, process, or result of reducing; as, the reduction of iron from its ores; the reduction of aldehyde from alcohol. 7. (Med.) Defn: The operation of restoring a dislocated or fractured part to its former place. Reduction ascending (Arith.), the operation of changing numbers of a lower into others of a higher denomination, as cents to dollars. -- Reduction descending (Arith.), the operation of changing numbers of a higher into others of a lower denomination, as dollars to cents. Syn. -- Diminution; decrease; abatement; curtailment; subjugation; conquest; subjection. REDUCTIVE Re*duc"tive (-tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. réductif.] Defn: Tending to reduce; having the power or effect of reducing. -- n. Defn: A reductive agent. Sir M. Hale. REDUCTIVELY Re*duc"tive*ly, adv. Defn: By reduction; by consequence. REDUIT Ré`duit" (r`dw"), n. Etym: [F. See Redoubt, n. ] (Fort.) Defn: A central or retired work within any other work. REDUNDANCE; REDUNDANCY Re*dun"dance, Re*dun"dan*cy, n. Etym: [L. redundantia: cf. F. redondance.] 1. The quality or state of being redundant; superfluity; superabundance; excess. 2. That which is redundant or in excess; anything superfluous or superabundant. Labor . . . throws off redundacies. Addison. 3. (Law) Defn: Surplusage inserted in a pleading which may be rejected by the court without impairing the validity of what remains. REDUNDANT Re*dun"dant (-dant), a. Etym: [L. redundans, -antis, p. pr. of redundare: cf. F. redondant. See Redound.] 1. Exceeding what is natural or necessary; superabundant; exuberant; as, a redundant quantity of bile or food. Notwithstanding the redundant oil in fishes, they do not increase fat so much as flesh. Arbuthnot. 2. Using more worrds or images than are necessary or useful; pleonastic. Where an suthor is redundant, mark those paragraphs to be retrenched. I. Watts. Syn. -- Superfluous; superabundant; excessive; exuberant; overflowing; plentiful; copious. REDUNDANTLY Re*dun"dant*ly (r*dn"dant*l), adv. Defn: In a refundant manner. REDUPLICATE Re*du"pli*cate (r*d"pl*kt), a. Etym: [Pref. re- + duplicate: cf. L. reduplicatus. Cf. Redouble.] 1. Double; doubled; reduplicative; repeated. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Valvate with the margins curved outwardly; -- said of the REDUPLICATE Re*du"pli*cate (-kt), v. t. Etym: [Cf. LL. reduplicare.] 1. To redouble; to multiply; to repeat. 2. (Gram.) Defn: To repeat the first letter or letters of (a word). See Reduplication,3. REDUPLICATION Re*du`pli*ca"tion (-kshn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. réduplication, L. reduplicatio repetition.] 1. The act of doubling, or the state of being doubled. 2. (Pros.) A figure in which the first word of a verse is the same as the last word of the preceding verse. 3. (Philol.) Defn: The doubling of a stem or syllable (more or less modified), with the effect of changing the time expressed, intensifying the meaning, or making the word more imitative; also, the syllable thus added; as, L. tetuli; poposci. REDUPLICATIVE Re*du"pli*ca*tive (-k*tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. réduplicatif.] Defn: Double; formed by reduplication; reduplicate. I. Watts. REDUVID Red"u*vid (rd"*vd), n. Etym: [L. reduvia a hangnail.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any hemipterous insect of the genus Redivius, or family Reduvidæ. They live by sucking the blood of other insects, and some species also attack man. REDWEED Red"weed` (rêd"wed`), n. (Bot.) Defn: The red poppy (Papaver Rhoeas). Dr. Prior. REDWING Red"wing` (-wng`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European thrush (Turdus iliacus). Its under wing coverts are orange red. Called also redwinged thrush. (b) A North American passerine bird (Agelarius phoeniceus) of the family Icteridæ. The male is black, with a conspicuous patch of bright red, bordered with orange, on each wing. Called also redwinged blackbird, red-winged troupial, marsh blackbird, and swamp blackbird. REDWITHE Red"withe` (rd"wth`), n. (Bot.) Defn: A west Indian climbing shrub (Combretum Jacquini) with slender reddish branchlets. REDWOOD Red"wood` (-wood`), n. (Bot.) (a) A gigantic coniferous tree (Sequoia sempervirens) of California, and its light and durable reddish timber. See Sequoia. (b) An East Indian dyewood, obtained from Pterocarpus santalinus, Cæsalpinia Sappan, and several other trees. Note: The redwood of Andaman is Pterocarpus dalbergioides; that of some parts of tropical America, several species of Erythoxylum; that of Brazil, the species of Humirium. REE Ree (re), n. Etym: [Pg. real, pl. reis. See Real the money.] Defn: See Rei. REE Ree, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Prov. G. r, raden, raiten. Cf. Riddle a sieve.] Defn: To riddle; to sift; to separate or throw off. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Mortimer. REEBOK Ree"bok` (r"bk`), n. Etym: [D., literally, roebuck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The peele. [Written also rehboc and rheeboc.] REECHO; RE-ECHO Re*ech"o, v. t. Defn: To echo back; to reverberate again; as, the hills reëcho the roar of cannon. REECHO Re*ëch"o, v. i. Defn: To give echoes; to return back, or be reverberated, as an echo; to resound; to be resonant. And a loud groan reëchoes from the main. Pope. REECHO Re*ëch"o, n. Defn: The echo of an echo; a repeated or second echo. REECHY Reech"y (rch"), a. Etym: [See Reeky.] Defn: Smoky; reeky; hence, begrimed with dirt. [Obs.] REED Reed (rd), a. Defn: Red. [Obs.] Chaucer. REED Reed, v. & n. Defn: Same as Rede. [Obs.] Chaucer. REED Reed, n. Defn: The fourth stomach of a ruminant; rennet. [Prov. Eng. or Scot.] REED Reed, n. Etym: [AS. hre; akin to D. riet, G. riet, ried, OHG. kriot, riot.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to many tall and coarse grasses or grasslike plants, and their slender, often jointed, stems, such as the various kinds of bamboo, and especially the common reed of Europe and North America (Phragmites communis). 2. A musical instrument made of the hollow joint of some plant; a rustic or pastoral pipe. Arcadian pipe, the pastoral reed Of Hermes. Milton. 3. An arrow, as made of a reed. Prior. 4. Straw prepared for thatching a roof. [Prov. Eng.] 5. (Mus.) (a) A small piece of cane or wood attached to the mouthpiece of certain instruments, and set in vibration by the breath. In the clarinet it is a single fiat reed; in the oboe and bassoon it is double, forming a compressed tube. (b) One of the thin pieces of metal, the vibration of which produce the tones of a melodeon, accordeon, harmonium, or seraphine; also attached to certain sets or registers of pipes in an organ. 6. (Weaving) Defn: A frame having parallel flat stripe of metal or reed, between which the warp threads pass, set in the swinging lathe or batten of a loom for beating up the weft; a sley. See Batten. 7. (Mining) Defn: A tube containing the train of powder for igniting the charge in blasting. 8. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Reeding. Egyptian reed (Bot.), the papyrus. -- Free reed (Mus.), a reed whose edges do not overlap the wind passage, -- used in the harmonium, concertina, etc. It is distinguished from the beating or striking reed of the organ and clarinet. -- Meadow reed grass (Bot.), the Glyceria aquatica, a tall grass found in wet places. -- Reed babbler. See Reedbird. -- Reed bunting (Zoöl.) A European sparrow (Emberiza schoeniclus) which frequents marshy places; -- called also reed sparrow, ring bunting. (b) Reedling. -- Reed canary grass (Bot.), a tall wild grass (Phalaris arundinacea). -- Reed grass. (Bot.) (a) The common reed. See Reed, 1. (b) A plant of the genus Sparganium; bur reed. See under Bur. -- Reed organ (Mus.), an organ in which the wind acts on a set of free reeds, as the harmonium, melodeon, concertina, etc. -- Reed pipe (Mus.), a pipe of an organ furnished with a reed. -- Reed sparrow. (Zoöl.) See Reed bunting, above. -- Reed stop (Mus.), a set of pipes in an organ furnished with reeds. -- Reed warbler. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European warbler (Acrocephalus streperus); -- called also reed wren. (b) Any one of several species of Indian and Australian warblers of the genera Acrocephalus, Calamoherpe, and Arundinax. They are excellent singers. -- Sea-sand reed (Bot.), a kind of coarse grass (Ammophila arundinacea). See Beach grass, under Beach. -- Wood reed grass (Bot.), a tall, elegant grass (Cinna arundinacea), common in moist woods. REEDBIRD Reed"bird` (rd"brd`), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The bobolink. (b) One of several small Asiatic singing birds of the genera Schoenicola and Eurycercus; -- called also reed babbler. REEDBUCK Reed"buck" (-bk`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Rietboc. REEDED Reed"ed, a. 1. Civered with reeds; reedy. Tusser. 2. Formed with channels and ridges like reeds. REEDEN Reed"en (rd"'n), a. Defn: Consisting of a reed or reeds. Through reeden pipes convey the golden flood. Dryden. REEDIFICATION Re*ëd`i*fi*ca"tion (r*d`*f*k"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. ré\'82dification. See Reëdify.] Defn: The act reëdifying; the state of being reëdified. REEDIFY Re*ëd"i*fy (r*d"*ff), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + edify: cf. F. ré\'82difier, L. reaedificare.] Defn: To edify anew; to build again after destruction. [R.] Milton. REEDING Reed"ing (rd"ng), n. Etym: [From 4th Reed.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A small convex molding; a reed (see Illust. (i) of Molding); one of several set close together to decorate a surface; also, decoration by means of reedings; -- the reverse of fluting. Note: Several reedings are often placed together, parallel to each other, either projecting from, or inserted into, the adjining surface. The decoration so produced is then called, in general, reeding. 2. The nurling on the edge of a coin; -- commonly called milling. REEDLESS Reed"less, a. Defn: Destitute of reeds; as, reedless banks. REEDLING Reed"ling (-lng), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European bearded titmouse (Panurus biarmicus); -- called also reed bunting, bearded pinnock, and lesser butcher bird. Note: It is orange brown, marked with black, white, and yellow on the wings. The male has a tuft of black feathers on each side of the face. REED-MACE Reed"-mace` (-ms`), n. (Bot.) Defn: The cat-tail. REEDWORK Reed"work` (-wrk`), n. (Mus.) Defn: A collective name for the reed stops of an organ. REEDY Reed"y (-), a. 1. Abounding with reeds; covered with reeds. "A reedy pool." Thomson . 2. Having the quality of reed in tone, that is, REEF Reef (rf), n. Etym: [Akin to D. rif, G. riff, Icel. rif, Dan. rev; cf. Icel. rifa rift, rent, fissure, rifa to rive, bear. Cf. Rift, Rive.] 1. A chain or range of rocks lying at or near the surface of the water. See Coral reefs, under Coral. 2. (Mining.) Defn: A large vein of auriferous quartz; -- so called in Australia. Hence, any body of rock yielding valuable ore. Reef builder (Zoöl.), any stony coral which contributes material to the formation of coral reefs. -- Reef heron (Zoöl.), any heron of the genus Demigretta; as, the blue reef heron (D.jugularis) of Australia. REEF Reef, n. Etym: [Akin to D. reef, G. reff, Sw. ref; cf. Icel. rif reef, rifa to basten together. Cf. Reeve, v. t., River.] (Naut.) Defn: That part of a sail which is taken in or let out by means of the reef points, in order to adapt the size of the sail to the force of the wind. Note: From the head to the first reef-band, in square sails, is termed the first reef; from this to the next is the second reef; and so on. In fore-and-aft sails, which reef on the foot, the first reef is the lowest part. Totten. Close reef, the last reef that can be put in. -- Reef band. See Reef-band in the Vocabulary. -- Reef knot, the knot which is used in tying reef pointss. See Illust. under Knot. -- Reef line, a small rope formerly used to reef the courses by being passed spirally round the yard and through the holes of the reef. Totten. -- Reef pioints, pieces of small rope passing through the eyelet holes of a reef-band, and used reefing the sail. -- Reef tackle, a tackle by which the reef cringles, or rings, of a sail are hauled up to the yard for reefing. Totten. -- To take a reef in, to reduce the size of (a sail) by folding or rolling up a reef, and lashing it to the spar. REEF Reef, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reefed (reft); p. pr. & vb. n. Reefing.] (Naut.) Defn: To reduce the extent of (as a sail) by roiling or folding a certain portion of it and making it fast to the yard or spar. Totten. To reef the paddles, to move the floats of a paddle wheel toward its center so that they will not dip so deeply. REEF-BAND Reef"-band` (rf"bnd`), n. (Naut.) Defn: A piece of canvas sewed across a sail to strengthen it in the part where the eyelet holes for reefing are made. Totten. REEFER Reef"er (-r), n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: One who reefs; -- a name often given to midshipmen. Marryat. 2. A close-fitting lacket or short coat of thick cloth. REEFING Reef"ing, n. (Naut.) Defn: The process of taking in a reef. Reefing bowsprit, a bowsprit so rigged that it can easily be run in or shortened by sliding inboard, as in cutters. REEFY Reef"y (-), a. Defn: Full of reefs or rocks. REEK Reek (rek), n. Defn: A rick. [Obs.] B. Jonson. REEK Reek, n. Etym: [AS. r; akin to OFries. r, LG. & D. rook, G. rauch, OHG. rouh, Dan. rr, Icel. reykr, and to AS. re to reek, smoke, Icel. rj, G. riechen to smell.] Defn: Vapor; steam; smoke; fume. As hateful to me as the reek of a limekiln. Shak. REEK Reek, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reeked (rkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Reeking.] Etym: [As. r. See Reek vapor..] Defn: To emit vapor, usually that which is warm and moist; to be full of fumes; to steam; to smoke; to exhale. Few chimneys reeking you shall espy. Spenser. I found me laid In balmy sweat, which with his beams the sun Soon dried, and on the reeking moisture fed. Milton. The coffee rooms reeked with tobacco. Macualay. REEKY Reek"y (-), a. Etym: [From 2d Reek; cf. Reechy.] 1. Soiled with smoke or steam; smoky; foul. Shak. 2. Emitting reek. "Reeky fen." Sir W. Scott. REEL Reel (rl), n. Etym: [Gael. righil.] Defn: A lively dance of the Highlanders of Scotland; also, the music to the dance; -- often called Scotch reel. Virginia reel, the common name throughout the United States for the old English "country dance," or contradance (contredanse). Bartlett. REEL Reel, n. Etym: [AS. kre: cf. Icel. kr a weaver's reed or sley.] 1. A frame with radial arms, or a kind of spool, turning on an axis, on which yarn, threads, lines, or the like, are wound; as, a log reel, used by seamen; an angler's reel; a garden reel. 2. A machine on which yarn is wound and measured into lays and hanks, -- for cotton or linen it is fifty-four inches in circuit; for worsted, thirty inches. McElrath. 3. (Agric.) Defn: A device consisting of radial arms with horizontal stats, connected with a harvesting machine, for holding the stalks of grain in position to be cut by the knives. Reel oven, a baker's oven in which bread pans hang suspended from the arms of a kind of reel revolving on a horizontal axis. Knight. REEL Reel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reeled (rld); p. pr. & vb. n. Reeling. ] 1. To roll. [Obs.] And Sisyphus an huge round stone did reel. Spenser. 2. To wind upon a reel, as yarn or thread. REEL Reel, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Sw. ragla. See 2d Reel.] 1. To incline, in walking, from one side to the other; to stagger. They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man. Ps. cvii. 27. He, with heavy fumes oppressed, Reeled from the palace, and retired to rest. Pope. The wagons reeling under the yellow sheaves. Macualay. 2. To have a whirling sensation; to be giddy. In these lengthened vigils his brain often reeled. Hawthorne. REEL Reel, n. Defn: The act or motion of reeling or staggering; as, a drunken reel. Shak. REELECT Re`ë*lect" (r`*lkt"), v. t. Defn: To elect again; as, to reëlect the former governor. REELECTION Re`ë*lec"tion (-lk"shn), n. Defn: Election a second time, or anew; as, the reëlection of a former chief. REELER Reel"er (rl"r), n. 1. One who reels. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The grasshopper warbler; -- so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.] REELIGIBLE Re*ël"i*gi*ble (r*l"*b'l), a. Defn: Eligble again; capable of reëlection; as, reëligible to the same office. -- Re*ël`i*gi*bil"i*ty (r, n. REEM Reem (rm), n. Etym: [Heb.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Hebrew name of a horned wild animal, probably the Urus. Note: In King James's Version it is called unicorn; in the Revised Version,wild ox. Job xxxix. 9. REEM Reem, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Ream to make a hole in.] (Naut.) Defn: To open (the seams of a vessel's planking) for the purpose of calking them. Reeming iron (Naut.), an iron chisel for reeming the seams of planks in calking ships. REEMBARK Re`ëm*bark" (r`m*brk"), v. t. & i. Defn: To put, or go, on board a vessel again; to embark again. REEMBARKATION Re*ëm`bar*ka"tion (r*m`br*k"shn), n. Defn: A putting, or going, on board a vessel again. REEMBODY Re`ëm*bod"y (r`m*bd"), v. t. Defn: To embody again. REEMBRACE Re`ëm*brace" (-brs"), v. i. Defn: To embrace again. REEMERGE Re`ë*merge" (r`*mrj"), v. i. Defn: To emerge again. REEMERGENCE Re`ë*mer"gence (-mr"jens), n. Defn: Act of re REENACT Re`ën*act" (r`n*kt") v. t. Defn: To enact again. REENACTION Re`ën*ac"tion (-k"shn), n. Defn: The act of re REENACTMENT Re`ën*act"ment (-kt"ment), n. Defn: The enacting or passing of a law a second time; the renewal of a law. REENCOURAGE Re`ën*cour"age (-kr"j;), v. t. Defn: To encourage again. REENDOW Re`ën*dow" (-dou"), v. t. Defn: To endow again. REENFORCE Re`ën*force" (-frs") v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + enforce: cf. F. renforcer.] Defn: To strengthen with new force, assistance, material, or support; as, to reënforce an argument; to reënforce a garment; especially, to strengthen with additional troops, as an army or a fort, or with additional ships, as a fleet. [Written also reinforce.] REENFORCE Re`ën*force", n. Etym: [See Reënforce, v., and cf. Ranforce, Reinforce.] Defn: Something which reënforces or strengthens. Specifically: (a) That part of a cannon near the breech which is thicker than the rest of the piece, so as better to resist the force of the exploding powder. See Illust. of Cannon. (b) An additional thickness of canvas, cloth, or the like, around an eyelet, buttonhole, etc. REENFORCED CONCRETE Reënforced concrete. Defn: Concrete having within its mass a system of strengthening iron or steel supports. = Ferro-concrete. REENFORCEMENT Re`ën*force"ment (r`n*frs"ment), n. 1. The act of reënforcing, or the state of being reënforced. 2. That which reënforces; additional force; especially, additional troops or force to augment the strength of any army, or ships to strengthen a navy or fleet. REENGAGE Re`ën*gage" (-gj), v. t. & i. Defn: To engage a second time or again. REENGAGEMENT Re`ën*gage"ment (-ment), n. Defn: A renewed or repeated engagement. REENGRAVE Re`ën*grave" (-grv"), v. t. Defn: To engrave anew. REENJOY Re`ën*joy" (-joi"), v. i. Defn: To enjoi anew. Pope. REENJOYMENT Re`ën*joy"ment (-ment), n. Defn: Renewed enjoiment. REENKINDLE Re`ën*kin"dle (-kn"d'l), v. t. Defn: To enkindle again. REENLIST Re`ën*list" (-lst"), v. t. & i. Defn: To enlist again. REENLISTMENT Re`ën*list"ment (-ment), n. Defn: A renewed enlistment. REENSLAVE Re`ën*slave" (-slv") v. t. Defn: To enslave again. REENTER Re*ën"ter (r*n"tr), v. t. 1. To enter again. 2. (Engraving) Defn: To cut deeper, as engraved lines on a plate of metal, when the engraving has not been deep enough, or the plate has become worn in printing. REENTER Re*ën"ter, v. i. Defn: To enter anew or again. Reëntering angle, an angle of a polygon pointing inward, as a, in the cut. -- Reëntering polygon, a polygon having one or more reëntering angles. REENTERING Re*ën"ter*ing, n. (Calico Printing.) Defn: The process of applying additional colors, by applications of printing blocks, to patterns already partly colored. REENTHRONE Re`ën*throne" (-thrn"), v. t. Defn: To enthrone again; to replace on a throne. REENTHRONEMENT Re`ën*throne"ment (-ment), n. Defn: A second enthroning. REENTRANCE Re*ën"trance (r*n"trans), n. Defn: The act entereing again; re Hooker. REENTRANT Re*ën"trant (-trant), a. Defn: Reëntering; pointing or directed inwardds; as, a re angle. REENTRY Re*ën"try (-tr), n. 1. A second or new entry; as, a reëntry into public life. 2. (Law) Defn: A resuming or retaking possession of what one has lately foregone; -- applied especially to land; the entry by a lessor upon the premises leased, on failure of the tenant to pay rent or perform the covenants in the lease. Burrill. Card of reëtry, (Whist), a card that by winning a trick will bring one the lead at an advanced period of the hand. REERECT Re`ë*rect" (r`*rkt"), v. t. Defn: To erect again. REERMOUSE Reer"mouse` (rr"mous`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Rearmouse. REESTABLISH Re`ës*tab"lish (r`s*tb"lsh), v. t. Defn: To establish anew; to fix or confirm again; to restore; as, to reëstablish a covenant; to reëstablish health. REESTABLISHER Re`ës*tab"lish*er (-r), n. Defn: One who establishes again. REESTABLISHMENT Re`ës*tab"lish*ment (-mnt), n. Defn: The act reëstablishing; the state of being reëstablished. Addison. REESTATE Re`ës*tate" (-tt), v. t. Defn: To reëstablish. [Obs.] Walis. REEVE Reeve (rv), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The female of the ruff. REEVE Reeve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rove (rv); p. pr. & vb. n. Reeving.] Etym: [Cf. D. reven. See Reef, n. & v. t.] (Naut.) Defn: To pass, as the end of a pope, through any hole in a block, thimble, cleat, ringbolt, cringle, or the like. REEVE Reeve, n. Etym: [OE. reve, AS. ger. Cf. Sheriff.] Defn: an officer, steward, bailiff, or governor; -- used chiefly in compounds; as, shirereeve, now written sheriff; portreeve, etc. Chaucer. Piers Plowman. REEXAMINABLE Re`ëx*am"i*na*ble (r`gz*m"*n*b'l), a. Defn: Admitting of being reëxamined or reconsidered. Story. REEXAMINATION Re`ëx*am`i*na"tion (-*n"shn), n. Defn: A repeated examination. See under Examination. REEXAMINE Re`ëx*am"ine (--n), v. t. Defn: To examine anew. Hooker. REEXCHANGE Re`ëx*change" (r`ks*chnj"), v. t. Defn: To exchange anew; to reverse (a previous exchange). REEXCHANGE Re`ëx*change" n. 1. A renewed exchange; a reversal of an exchange. 2. (Com.) Defn: The expense chargeable on a bill of exchange or draft which has been dishonored in a foreign country, and returned to the country in which it was made or indorsed, and then taken up. Bouvier. The rate of reëxchange is regulated with respect to the drawer, at the course of exchange between the place where the bill of exchange was payable, and the place where it was drawn. Reëxchange can not be cumulated. Walsh. REEXHIBIT Re`ëx*hib"it (r`gz*b"t or -ks*hb"t) v. t. Defn: To exhibit again. REEXPEL Re`ëx*pel" (r`ks*pl"), v. t. Defn: To expel again. REEXPERIENCE Re`ëx*pe"ri*ence (-p`r-ens), n. Defn: A renewed or repeated experience. REEXPORT Re`ëx*port" (-prt"), v. t. Defn: To export again, as what has been imported. REEXPORT Re*ëx"port (r*ks"prt), n/ Defn: Any commodity reëxported; -- chiefly in the ptural. REEXPORTATION Re*ëx`por*ta"tion (-pr*t"shn), n. Defn: The act of reëxporting, or of exporting an import. A. Smith. REEXPULSION Re`ëx*pul"sion (r`ks*pl"shn), n. Defn: Renewed or repeated expulsion. Fuller. REEXPULSION Re`ëx*pul"sion (r`ks*pl"shn), n. Defn: Renewed or repeated expulsion. Fuller. REEZED Reezed (rzd), a. Defn: Grown rank; rancid; rusty. [Obs.] "Reezed bacon." Marston. REFACTION Re*fac"tion (r*fk"shn), n. Etym: [See Refection.] Defn: Recompense; atonemet; retribution. [Obs.] Howell. REFAIT Re*fait", n. [F.] (Card Playing) Defn: A drawn game; specif. (Trente et quarante), Defn: a state of the game in which the aggregate pip value of cards dealt to red equals that of those dealt to black. All bets are then off; unless the value is 31, in which case the banker wins half the stakes. REFAR Re*far" (r*fr"), v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. refaire to do over again.] Defn: To go over again; to repeat. [Obs.] To him therefore this wonder done refar. Fairfax. REFASHION Re*fash"ion (r*fsh"n), v. t. Defn: To fashion anew; to form or mold into shape a second time. MacKnight. REFASHIONMENT Re*fash"ion*ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act of refashioning, or the state of being refashioned. [R.] Leigh Hunt. REFASTEN Re*fas"ten (r*fs"'n), v. t. Defn: To fasten again. REFECT Re*fect" (r*fkt), v. t. Etym: [L. refectus, p. p. of reficere; pref. re- re- + facere to make.] Defn: To restore after hunger or fatique; to refresh. [Archaic] Sir T. Browne. REFECTION Re*fec"tion (r*fk"shn), n. Etym: [L. refectio: cf. F. réfection. See Refect, Fact.] Defn: Refreshment after hunger or fatique; a repast; a lunch. [His] feeble spirit inly felt refection. Spenser. Those Attic nights, and those refections of the gods. Curran. REFECTIVE Re*fec"tive (r*fk"tv), a. Defn: Refreshing; restoring. REFECTIVE Re*fec"tive, n. Defn: That which refreshes. REFECTORY Re*fec"to*ry (-t*r), n.; pl.; Refectories (-r. Etym: [LL. refectorium: cf. F. réfectoire. See Refection.] Defn: A room for refreshment; originally, a dining hall in monasteries or convents. Note: Sometimes pronounced r, especially when signifying the eating room in monasteries. REFEL Re*fel" (r*fl"), v. t. Etym: [L. refellere; pref. re- re- + fallere to deceive.] Defn: To refute; to disprove; as, to refel the tricks of a sophister. [Obs.] How he refelled me, and how I replied. Shak. REFER Re*fer" (r*fr"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Referred (-frd); p. pr. & vb. n. Referring.] Etym: [F. référer, L. referre; pref. re- re- + ferre to bear. See Bear to carry.] 1. To carry or send back. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Hence: To send or direct away; to send or direct elsewhere, as for treatment, aid, infirmation, decision, etc.; to make over, or pass over, to another; as, to refer a student to an author; to refer a beggar to an officer; to refer a bill to a committee; a court refers a matter of fact to a commissioner for investigation, or refers a question of law to a superior tribunal. 3. To place in or under by a mental or rational process; to assign to, as a class, a cause, source, a motive, reason, or ground of explanation; as, he referred the phenomena to electrical disturbances. To refer one's self, to have recourse; to betake one's self; to make application; to appeal. [Obs.] I'll refer me to all things sense. Shak. REFER Re*fer", v. i. 1. To have recourse; to apply; to appeal; to betake one's self; as, to refer to a dictionary. In suits . . . it is to refer to some friend of trust. Bacon. 2. To have relation or reference; to relate; to point; as, the figure refers to a footnote. Of those places that refer to the shutting and opening the abyss, I take notice of that in Job. Bp. Burnet. 3. To carry the mind or throught; to direct attention; as, the preacher referrd to the late election. 4. To direct inquiry for information or a quarantes of any kind, as in respect to one's integrity, capacity, pecuniary ability, and the like; as, I referred to his employer for the truth of his story. Syn. -- To allude; advert; suggest; appeal. Refer, Allude, Advert. We refer to a thing by specifically and distinctly introducing it into our discourse. We allude to it by introducing it indirectly or indefinitely, as by something collaterally allied to it. We advert to it by turning off somewhat abruptly to consider it more at large. Thus, Macaulay refers to the early condition of England at the opening of his history; he alludes to these statements from time to time; and adverts, in the progress of his work, to various circumstances of pecullar interest, on which for a time he dwells. "But to do good is . . . that that Solomon chiefly refers to in the text." Sharp. "This, I doubt not, was that artificial structure here alluded to." T. Burnet. Now to the universal whole advert: The earth regard as of that whole a part. Blackmore. REFERABLE Ref"er*a*ble (rf"r**b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being referred, or considered in relation to something else; assignable; ascribable. [Written also referrible.] It is a question among philosophers, whether all the attractions which obtain between bodies are referable to one general cause. W. Nicholson. REFEREE Ref`er*ee" (-, n. Defn: One to whom a thing is referred; a person to whom a matter in dispute has been referred, in order that he may settle it. Syn. -- Judge; arbitrator; umpire. See Judge. REFERENCE Ref"er*ence (rf"r-ens), n. Etym: [See Refer.] 1. The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as, reference to a chart for quidance. 2. That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as, a reference in a text-book. 3. Relation; regard; respect. Something that hath a reference to my state. Shak. 4. One who, or that which, is referred to. Specifically; (a) One of whom inquires can be made as to the integrity, capacity, and the like, of another. (b) A work, or a passage in a work, to which one is referred. 5. (Law) (a) The act of submitting a matter in dispute to the judgment of one or more persons for decision. (b) (Equity) Defn: The process of sending any matter, for inquiry in a cause, to a master or other officer, in order that he may ascertain facts and report to the court. 6. Appeal. [R.] "Make your full reference." Shak. Reference Bible, a Bible in which brief explanations, and references to parallel passages, are printed in the margin of the text. REFERENDARY Ref`er*en"da*ry (rf`r*n"d*r), n. Etym: [LL. referendarius, fr. L. referendus to be referred, gerundive of referre: cf. F. référendaire. See Refer.] 1. One to whose decision a cause is referred; a referee. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. An officer who delivered the royal answer to petitions. "Referendaries, or masters of request." Harmar. 3. Formerly, an officer of state charged with the duty of procuring and dispatching diplomas and decrees. REFERENDUM Ref`er*en"dum (rf`r*n"dm), n. Etym: [Gerundive fr. L. referre. See Refer.] 1. A diplomatic agent's note asking for instructions from his government concerning a particular matter or point. 2. The right to approve or reject by popular vote a meassure passed upon by a legislature. REFERENTIAL Ref`er*en"tial (-shal), a. Defn: Containing a reference; pointing to something out of itself; as, notes for referential use. -- Ref`er*en"tial*ly, adv. REFERMENT Re*fer"ment (r*fr"ment), n. Defn: The act of referring; reference. Laud. REFERMENT Re`*fer*ment" (r, v. t. & i. Defn: To ferment, or cause to ferment, again. Blackmore. RE-FERMENT Re`-fer*ment" (r`fr*mnt"), v. t. & i. Defn: To ferment, or cause to ferment, again. Blackmore. REFERRER Re*fer"rer (r*fr"rr), n. Defn: One who refers. REFERRIBLE Re*fer"ri*ble (-r*b'l), a. Defn: Referable. Hallam. REFIGURE Re*fig"ure (r*fg"r), v. t. Defn: To figure again. Shak. REFILL Re*fill" (r*fl"), v. t. & i. Defn: To fill, or become full, again. REFIND Re*find" (r*fnd), v. t. Defn: To find again; to get or experience again. Sandys. REFINE Re*fine" (r*fn"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refined (-find"); p. pr. & vb. n. Refining.] Etym: [Pref. re- + fine to make fine: cf. F. raffiner.] 1. To reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; to free from impurities; to free from dross or alloy; to separate from extraneous matter; to purify; to defecate; as, to refine gold or silver; to refine iron; to refine wine or sugar. I will bring the third part through the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined. Zech. xiii. 9. 2. To purify from what is gross, coarse, vulgar, inelegant, low, and the like; to make elegant or exellent; to polish; as, to refine the manners, the language, the style, the taste, the intellect, or the moral feelings. Love refines The thoughts, and heart enlarges. Milton. Syn. -- To purify; clarify; polish; ennoble. REFINE Re*fine", v. i. 1. To become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter. So the pure, limpid stream, when foul with stains, Works itself clear, and, as it runs, refines. Addison. 2. To improve in accuracy, delicacy, or excellence. Chaucer refined on Boccace, and mended his stories. Dryden. But let a lord once own the happy lines, How the wit brightens! How the style refines! Pope. 3. To affect nicety or subtilty in thought or language. "He makes another paragraph about our refining in controversy." Atterbury. REFINED Re*fined" (-fnd"), a. Defn: Freed from impurities or alloy; purifed; polished; cultured; delicate; as; refined gold; refined language; refined sentiments. Refined wits who honored poesy with their pens. Peacham. -- Re*fin"ed*ly (r, adv. -- Re*fin"ed*ness, n. REFINEMENT Re*fine"ment (r*fn"ment), n. Etym: [Cf. F. raffinement.] 1. The act of refining, or the state of being refined; as, the refinement or metals; refinement of ideas. The more bodies are of kin to spirit in subtilty and refinement, the more diffusive are they. Norris. From the civil war to this time, I doubt whether the corruptions in our language have not equaled its refinements. Swift. 2. That which is refined, elaborated, or polished to excess; an affected subtilty; as, refinements of logic. "The refinements of irregular cunning." Rogers. Syn. -- Purification; polish; politeness; gentility; elegance; cultivation; civilization. REFINER Re*fin"er (-fn"r), n. Defn: One who, or that which, refines. REFINERY Re*fin"er*y (-), n.; pl. Refineries (-. Etym: [Cf. F. raffinerie.] 1. The building and apparatus for refining or purifying, esp. metals and sugar. 2. A furnace in which cast iron is refined by the action of a blast on the molten metal. REFIT Re*fit" (r*ft"), v. t. 1. To fit or prepare for use again; to repair; to restore after damage or decay; as, to refit a garment; to refit ships of war. Macaulay. 2. To fit out or supply a second time. REFIT Re*fit", v. i. Defn: To obtain repairs or supplies; as, the fleet returned to refit. REFITMENT Re*fit"ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act of refitting, or the state of being refitted. REFIX Re*fix" (r*fks"), v. t. Defn: To fix again or anew; to establish anew. Fuller. REFLAME Re*flame" (r*flm"), v. i. Defn: To kindle again into flame. REFLECT Re*flect" (r*flkt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Reflecting.] Etym: [L. reflectere, reflexum; pref. re- re- + flectere to bend or turn. See Flexible, and cf. Reflex, v.] 1. To bend back; to give a backwaas, a mirror reflects rays of light; polished metals reflect heat. Let me mind the reader to reflect his eye on our quotations. Fuller. Bodies close together reflect their own color. Dryden. 2. To give back an image or likeness of; to mirror. Nature is the glass reflecting God, As by the sea reflected is the sun. Young. REFLECT Re*flect" v. i. 1. To throw back light, heat, or the like; to return rays or beams. 2. To be sent back; to rebound as from a surface; to revert; to return. Whose virtues will, I hope, Reflect on Rome, as Titan's rays on earth. Shak. 3. To throw or turn back the thoughts upon anything; to contemplate. Specifically: To attend earnestly to what passes within the mind; to attend to the facts or phenomena of consciousness; to use attention or earnest thought; to meditate; especially, to think in relation to moral truth or rules. We can not be said to reflect upon any external object, except so far as that object has been previously perceived, and its image become part and parcel of our intellectual furniture. Sir W. Hamilton. All men are concious of the operations of their own minds, at all times, while they are awake, but there few who reflect upon them, or make them objects of thought. Reid. As I much reflected, much I mourned. Prior. 4. To cast reproach; to cause censure or dishonor. Errors of wives reflect on husbands still. Dryden. Neither do I reflect in the least upon the memory of his late majesty. Swift. Syn. -- To consider; think; cogitate; mediate; contemplate; ponder; muse; ruminate. REFLECTED Re*flect"ed, a. 1. Thrown back after striking a surface; as, reflected light, heat, sound, etc. 2. Hence: Not one's own; received from another; as, his glory was reflected glory. 3. Bent backward or outward; reflexed. REFLECTENT Re*flect"ent (r*flkt"ent), a. Etym: [L. reflectens, p. pr. of reflectere. See Reflect.] 1. Bending or flying back; reflected. "The ray descendent, and the ray reflectent flying with so great a speed." Sir K. Digby. 2. Reflecting; as, a reflectent body. Sir K. Digby. REFLECTIBLE Re*flect"i*ble (-*b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being reflected, or thrown back; reflexible. REFLECTING Re*flect"ing, a. 1. Throwing back light, heat, etc., as a mirror or other surface. 2. Given to reflection or serious consideration; reflective; contemplative; as, a reflecting mind. Reflecting circle, an astronomical instrument for measuring angless, like the sextant or Hadley's quadrant, by the reflection of light from two plane mirrors which it carries, and differing from the sextant chiefly in having an entire circle. -- Reflecting galvanometer, a galvanometer in which the deflections of the needle are read by means of a mirror attached to it, which reflects a ray of light or the image of a scale; -- called also mirror galvanometer. -- Reflecting goniometer. See under Goniometer. -- Reflecting telescope. See under Telescope. REFLECTINGLY Re*flect"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With reflection; also, with censure; reproachfully. Swift. REFLECTION Re*flec"tion (r*flk"shn), n. Etym: [L. reflexio: cf. F. réflexion. See Riflect.] [Written also reflexion.] 1. The act of reflecting, or turning or sending back, or the state of being reflected. Specifically: (a) The return of rays, beams, sound, or the like, from a surface. See Angle of reflection, below. The eye sees not itself, But by reflection, by some other things. Shak. (b) The reverting of the mind to that which has already occupied it; continued consideration; meditation; contemplation; hence, also, that operation or power of the mind by which it is conscious of its own acts or states; the capacity for judging rationally, especially in view of a moral rule or standard. By reflection, . . . I would be understood to mean, that notice which the mind takes of its own operations, and the manner of them, by reason whereof there come to be ideas of these operations in the understanding. Locke. This delight grows and improves under thought and reflection. South. 2. Shining; brightness, as of the sun. [Obs.] Shak. 3. That which is produced by reflection. Specifically: (a) An image given back from a reflecting surface; a reflected counterpart. As the sun water we can bear, Yet not the sun, but his reflection, there. Dryden. (b) A part reflected, or turned back, at an angle; as, the reflection of a membrane. (c) Result of meditation; thought or opinion after attentive consideration or contemplation; especially, thoughts suggested by truth. Job's reflections on his once flourishing estate did at the same time afflict and encourage him. Atterbury. 4. Censure; reproach cast. He died; and oh! may no reflection shed Its poisonous venom on the royal dead. Prior. 5. (Physiol.) Defn: The transference of an excitement from one nerve fiber to another by means of the nerve cells, as in reflex action. See Reflex action, under Reflex. Angle of reflection, the angle which anything, as a ray of light, on leaving a reflecting surface, makes with the perpendicular to the surface. -- Angle of total reflection. (Opt.) Same as Critical angle, under Critical. Syn. -- Meditation; contemplation; rumination; cogitation; consideration; musing; thinking. REFLECTIVE Re*flect"ive (r*flkt"v), a. Etym: [Cf. F. réflectif. Cf. Reflexive.] 1. Throwing back images; as, a reflective mirror. In the reflective stream the sighing bride, viewing her charms. Prior. 2. Capable of exercising thought or judgment; as, reflective reason. Prior. His perceptive and reflective faculties . . . thus acquired a precocious and extraordinary development. Motley. 3. Addicted to introspective or meditative habits; as, a reflective person. 4. (Gram.) Defn: Reflexive; reciprocal. -- Re*flect"ive*ly, adv. -- Re*flect"ive*ness, n. "Reflectiveness of manner." J. C. Shairp. REFLECTOR Re*flect"or (-er), n. Etym: [Cf. F. réflecteur.] 1. One who, or that which, reflects. Boyle. 2. (Physics) (a) Something having a polished surface for reflecting light or heat, as a mirror, a speculum, etc. (b) A reflecting telescope. (c) A device for reflecting sound. REFLET Re*flet" (re*fle"), n. [F., reflection. See Reflect.] Defn: Luster; special brilliancy of surface; -- used esp. in ceramics to denote the peculiar metallic brilliancy seen in lustered pottery such as majolica; as, silver reflet; gold reflet. REFLEX Re"flex (r"flks), a. Etym: [L. reflexus, p. p. of reflectere: cf. F. réflexe. See Reflect.] 1. Directed back; attended by reflection; retroactive; introspective. The reflex act of the soul, or the turning of the intellectual eye inward upon its own actions. Sir M. Hale. 2. Produced in reaction, in resistance, or in return. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or produced by, stimulus or excitation without the necessary intervention of consciousness. Reflex action (Physiol.), any action performed involuntarily in consequence of an impulse or impression transmitted along afferent nerves to a nerve center, from which it is reflected to an efferent nerve, and so calls into action certain muscles, organs, or cells. -- Reflex nerve (Physiol.), an excito-motory nerve. See Exito- motory. REFLEX Re"flex (r"flks; formerly r*flks"), n. Etym: [L. reflexus a bending back. See Reflect.] 1. Reflection; the light reflected from an illuminated surface to one in shade. Yon gray is not the morning's eye, 'Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow. Shak. On the depths of death there swims The reflex of a human face. Tennyson. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: An involuntary movement produced by reflex action. Patellar reflex. See Knee jerk, under Knee. REFLEX Re*flex" (r*flks"), v. t. Etym: [L. reflexus, p. p. of reflectere. See Reflect.] 1. To reflect. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To bend back; to turn back. J. Gregory. REFLEXED Re*flexed" (r*flkst"), a. Defn: Bent backward or outward. REFLEXIBILITY Re*flex`i*bil"i*ty (r*flks`*bl"*t), n. Etym: [Cf. F. réflexibilité.] Defn: The quality or capability of being reflexible; as, the reflexibility of the rays of light. Sir I. Newton. REFLEXIBLE Re*flex"i*ble (r*flks"*b'l), a. Etym: [CF. F. réflexible.] Defn: Capable of being reflected, or thrown back. The light of the sun consists of rays differently refrangible and reflexible. Cheyne. REFLEXION Re*flex"ion (-flk"shn), n. Defn: See Reflection. Chaucer. REFLEXITY Re*flex"i*ty (r*flks"*t), n. Defn: The state or condition of being reflected. [R.] REFLEXIVE Re*flex"ive (-v), a. 1. Etym: [Cf. F. réflexif.] Defn: Bending or turned backward; reflective; having respect to something past. Assurance reflexive can not be a divine faith. Hammond. 2. Implying censure. [Obs.] "What man does not resent an ugly reflexive word" South. 3. (Gram.) Defn: Having for its direct object a pronoun which refers to the agent or subject as its antecedent; -- said of certain verbs; as, the witness perjured himself; I bethought myself. Applied also to pronouns of this class; reciprocal; reflective. -- Re*flex"ive*ly, adv. -- Re*flex"ive*ness, n. REFLEXIVE Re*flex"ive, adv. Defn: In a reflex manner; reflectively. REFLEXLY Re*flex"ly, adv. Defn: In a reflex manner; reflectively. REFLOAT Re"float (r"flt), n. Defn: Reflux; ebb. [Obs.] Bacon. REFLORESCENCE Re`flo*res"cence (r`fl*rs"sens), n. (Bot.) Defn: A blossoming anew of a plant after it has apparently ceased blossoming for the season. REFLOURISH Re*flour"ish (r*flr"sh), v. t. & i. Defn: To flourish again. REFLOW Re*flow" (r*fl"), v. i. Defn: To flow back; to ebb. REFLOWER Re*flow"er (re*flou"er), v. i. & t. Defn: To flower, or cause to flower, again. Sylvester. REFLUCTUATION Re*fluc`tu*a"tion (r*flk`t*"shn; 135), n. Defn: A flowing back; refluence. REFLUENCE; REFLUENCY Ref"lu*ence, Ref"lu*en*cy, n. Defn: The quality of being refluent; a flowing back. REFLUENT Ref"lu*ent (-ent), a. Etym: [L. refluens, p. pr. of refluere to flow back; pref. re- re- + fluere to flow. See Flurent.] Defn: Flowing back; returning; ebbing. Cowper. And refluent through the pass of fear The battle's tide was poured. Sir W. Scott. REFLUEUS Ref"lu*eus (-s), a. Etym: [L. refluus.] Defn: Refluent. [Obs.] REFLUX Re"flux` (r"flks`), a. Defn: Returning, or flowing back; reflex; as, reflux action. REFLUX Re"flux`, n. Etym: [F. reflux. See Refluent, Flux.] Defn: A flowing back, as the return of a fluid; ebb; reaction; as, the flux and reflux of the tides. All from me Shall with a fierce reflux on me redound. Milton. REFOCILLATE Re*foc"il*late (r*fs"l*lt), v. t. Etym: [L. refocillatus, p. p. of refocillare; pref. re- re- + focillare to revive by warmth.] Defn: To refresh; to revive. [Obs.] Aubrey. REFOCILLATION Re*foc`il*la"tion (-l"shn), n. Defn: Restoration of strength by refreshment. [Obs.] Middleton. REFOLD Re*fold" (r*fld"), v. t. Defn: To fold again. REFOMENT Re`fo*ment" (r`f*mnt"), v. t. Defn: To foment anew. REFOREST Re*for"est, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reforested; p. pr. & vb. n. Reforesting.] Defn: To replant with trees; to reafforest; to reforestize. REFORESTIZATION Re*for`est*i*za`tion (r*fr`st**z"shn), n. Defn: The act or process of reforestizing. REFORESTIZE Re*for"est*ize (r*fr"st*z), v. t. Defn: To convert again into a forest; to plant again with trees. REFORGE Re*forge" (r*frj"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + forge: cf. F. reforger.] Defn: To forge again or anew; hence, to fashion or fabricate anew; to make over. Udall. REFORGER Re*for"ger (r*fr"jr), n. Defn: One who reforges. REFORM Re*form" (r*frm"), v. t. Etym: [F. réformer, L. reformare; pref. re- re- + formare to form, from forma form. See Form.] Defn: To put into a new and improved form or condition; to restore to a former good state, or bring from bad to good; to change from worse to better; to amend; to correct; as, to reform a profligate man; to reform corrupt manners or morals. The example alone of a vicious prince will corrupt an age; but that of a good one will not reform it. Swift. Syn. -- To amend; correct; emend; rectify; mend; repair; better; improve; restore; reclaim. REFORM Re*form", v. i. Defn: To return to a good state; to amend or correct one's own character or habits; as, a man of settled habits of vice will seldom reform. REFORM Re*form", n. Etym: [F. réforme.] Defn: Amendment of what is defective, vicious, corrupt, or depraved; reformation; as, reform of elections; reform of government. Civil service reform. See under Civil. -- Reform acts (Eng. Politics), acts of Parliament passed in 1832, 1867, 1884, 1885, extending and equalizing popular representation in Parliament. -- Reform school, a school established by a state or city government, for the confinement, instruction, and reformation of juvenile offenders, and of young persons of idle, vicious, and vagrant habits. [U. S.] Syn. -- Reformation; amendment; rectification; correction. See Reformation. RE-FORM Re-form" (r*frm"), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Re-formed (-frmd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Re-forming.] Defn: To give a new form to; to form anew; to take form again, or to take a new form; as, to re-form the line after a charge. REFORMABLE Re*form"a*ble (r*frm"*b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being reformed. Foxe. REFORMADE Ref`or*made" (rf`r*md"), n. Defn: A reformado. [Obs.] REFORMADO Ref`or*ma"do (-m"d), n. Etym: [Sp., fr. reformar, L. reformare. SEe Reform, v. t.] 1. A monk of a reformed order. [Obs.] Weever. 2. An officer who, in disgrace, is deprived of his command, but retains his rank, and sometimes his pay. [Obs.] REFORMALIZE Re*form"al*ize (r*frm"al*z), v. i. Defn: To affect reformation; to pretend to correctness. [R.] REFORMATION Ref`or*ma"tion (rf`r*m"shn), n. Etym: [F. réformation, L. reformatio.] 1. The act of reforming, or the state of being reformed; change from worse to better; correction or amendment of life, manners, or of anything vicious or corrupt; as, the reformation of manners; reformation of the age; reformation of abuses. Satire lashes vice into reformation. Dryden. 2. Specifically (Eccl. Hist.), the important religious movement commenced by Luther early in the sixteenth century, which resulted in the formation of the various Protestant churches. Syn. -- Reform; amendment; correction; rectification. -- Reformation, Reform. Reformation is a more thorough and comprehensive change than reform. It is applied to subjects that are more important, and results in changes which are more lasting. A reformation involves, and is followed by, many particular reforms. "The pagan converts mention this great reformation of those who had been the greatest sinners, with that sudden and surprising change which the Christian religion made in the lives of the most profligate." Addison. "A variety of schemes, founded in visionary and impracticable ideas of reform, were suddenly produced." Pitt. RE-FORMATION Re`-for*ma"tion (r`fr*m"shn), n. Defn: The act of forming anew; a second forming in order; as, the reformation of a column of troops into a hollow square. REFORMATIVE Re*form"a*tive (r*frm"*tv), a. Defn: Forming again; having the quality of renewing form; reformatory. Good. REFORMATORY Re*form"a*to*ry (-t*r), a. Defn: Tending to produce reformation; reformative. REFORMATORY Re*form"a*to*ry, n.; pl. -ries (-r. Defn: An institution for promoting the reformation of offenders. Magistrates may send juvenile offenders to reformatories instead of to prisons. Eng. Cyc. REFORMED Re*formed" (r*frmd"), a. 1. Corrected; amended; restored to purity or excellence; said, specifically, of the whole body of Protestant churches originating in the Reformation. Also, in a more restricted sense, of those who separated from Luther on the doctrine of consubstantiation, etc., and carried the Reformation, as they claimed, to a higher point. The Protestant churches founded by them in Switzerland, France, Holland, and part of Germany, were called the Reformed churches. The town was one of the strongholds of the Reformed faith. Macaulay. 2. Amended in character and life; as, a reformed gambler or drunkard. 3. (Mil.) Defn: Retained in service on half or full pay after the disbandment of the company or troop; -- said of an officer. [Eng.] REFORMER Re*form"er (r*frm"r), n. 1. One who effects a reformation or amendment; one who labors for, or urges, reform; as, a reformer of manners, or of abuses. 2. (Eccl.Hist.) Defn: One of those who commenced the reformation of religion in the sixteenth century, as Luther, Melanchthon, Zwingli, and Calvin. REFORMIST Re*form"ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. réformiste.] Defn: A reformer. REFORMLY Re*form"ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a reform; for the purpose of reform. [Obs.] Milton. REFORTIFICATION Re*for`ti*fi*ca"tion (r*fr`t*f*k"shn), n. Defn: A fortifying anew, or a second time. Mitford. REFORTIFY Re*for"ti*fy (r*fr"t*f), v. t. Defn: To fortify anew. REFOSSION Re*fos"sion (r*fsh"n), n. Etym: [L. refodere, refossum, to dig up again. See Fosse.] Defn: The act of digging up again. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. REFOUND Re*found" (r*found"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + found to cast; cf. F. refondare. Cf. Refund.] 1. To found or cast anew. "Ancient bells refounded." T. Warton. 2. To found or establish again; to re REFOUND Re*found", Defn: imp. & p. p. of Refind, v. t. REFOUNDER Re*found"er (-r), n. Defn: One who refounds. REFRACT Re*fract" (r*fr$kt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Refracting.] Etym: [L. refractus, p. p. of refringere; pref. re- re- + frangere to break: cf. F. réfracter. SEe FRacture, and cf. Refrain, n.] 1. To bend sharply and abruptly back; to break off. 2. To break the natural course of, as rays of light orr heat, when passing from one transparent medium to another of different density; to cause to deviate from a direct course by an action distinct from reflection; as, a dense medium refrcts the rays of light as they pass into it from a rare medium. REFRACTABLE Re*fract"a*ble (-*b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being refracted. REFRACTED Re*fract"ed, a. 1. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Bent backward angularly, as if half-broken; as, a refracted stem or leaf. 2. Turned from a direct course by refraction; as, refracted rays of light. REFRACTING Re*fract"ing, a. Defn: Serving or tending to refract; as, a refracting medium. Refracting angle of a prism (Opt.), the angle of a triangular prism included between the two sides through which the refracted beam passes in the decomposition of light. -- Refracting telescope. (Opt.) See under Telescope. REFRACTION Re*frac"tion (r*frk"shn), n. Etym: [F. réfraction.] 1. The act of refracting, or the state of being refracted. 2. The change in the direction of ray of light, heat, or the like, when it enters obliquely a medium of a different density from that through which it has previously moved. Refraction out of the rarer medium into the denser, is made towards the perpendicular. Sir I. Newton. 3. (Astron.) (a) The change in the direction of a ray of light, and, consequently, in the apparent position of a heavenly body from which it emanates, arising from its passage through the earth's atmosphere; -- hence distinguished as atmospheric refraction, or astronomical refraction. (b) The correction which is to be deducted from the apparent altitude of a heavenly body on account of atmospheric refraction, in order to obtain the true altitude. Angle of refraction (Opt.), the angle which a refracted ray makes with the perpendicular to the surface separating the two media traversed by the ray. -- Conical refraction (Opt.), the refraction of a ray of light into an infinite number of rays, forming a hollow cone. This occurs when a ray of light is passed through crystals of some substances, under certain circumstances. Conical refraction is of two kinds; external conical refraction, in which the ray issues from the crystal in the form of a cone, the vertex of which is at the point of emergence; and internal conical refraction, in which the ray is changed into the form of a cone on entering the crystal, from which it issues in the form of a hollow cylinder. This singular phenomenon was first discovered by Sir W. R. Hamilton by mathematical reasoning alone, unaided by experiment. -- Differential refraction (Astron.), the change of the apparent place of one object relative to a second object near it, due to refraction; also, the correction required to be made to the observed relative places of the two bodies. -- Double refraction (Opt.), the refraction of light in two directions, which produces two distinct images. The power of double refraction is possessed by all crystals except those of the isometric system. A uniaxial crystal is said to be optically positive (like quartz), or optically negative (like calcite), or to have positive, or negative, double refraction, according as the optic axis is the axis of least or greatest elasticity for light; a biaxial crystal is similarly designated when the same relation holds for the acute bisectrix. -- Index of refraction. See under Index. -- Refraction circle (Opt.), an instrument provided with a graduated circle for the measurement of refraction. -- Refraction of latitude, longitude, declination, right ascension, etc., the change in the apparent latitude, longitude, etc., of a heavenly body, due to the effect of atmospheric refraction. -- Terrestrial refraction, the change in the apparent altitude of a distant point on or near the earth's surface, as the top of a mountain, arising from the passage of light from it to the eye through atmospheric strata of varying density. REFRACTIVE Re*fract"ive (r*frkt"v), a. Etym: [Cf. F. réfractif. See Refract.] Defn: Serving or having power to refract, or turn from a direct course; pertaining to refraction; as, refractive surfaces; refractive powers. Refractive index. (Opt.) See Index of refraction, under Index. -- Absolute refractive index (Opt.), the index of refraction of a substances when the ray passes into it from a vacuum. -- Relative refractive index (of two media) (Opt.), the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction for a ray passing out of one of the media into the other. REFRACTIVENESS Re*fract"ive*ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being refractive. REFRACTOMETER Re`frac*tom"e*ter (r`frk*tm"*tr), n. Etym: [Refraction + -meter.] (Opt.) Defn: A contrivance for exhibiting and measuring the refraction of light. REFRACTOR Re*fract"or (r, n. Defn: Anything that refracts; specifically: (Opt.) Defn: A refracting telescope, in which the image to be viewed is formed by the refraction of light in passing through a convex lens. REFRACTORILY Re*frac"to*ri*ly (r*frk"t*r*l), adv. Defn: In a refractory manner; perversely; obstinately. REFRACTORINESS Re*frac"to*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being refractory. REFRACTORY Re*frac"to*ry (-r), a. Etym: [L. refractorius, fr. refringere: cf. F. refractaire. See Refract.] 1. Obstinate in disobedience; contumacious; stubborn; unmanageable; as, a refractory child; a refractory beast. Raging appetites that are Most disobedient and refractory. Shak. 2. Resisting ordinary treatment; difficult of fusion, reduction, or the like; -- said especially of metals and the like, which do not readily yield to heat, or to the hammer; as, a refractory ore. Syn. -- Perverse; contumacious; unruly; stubborn; obstinate; unyielding; ungovernable; unmanageable. REFRACTORY Re*frac"to*ry, n. 1. A refractory person. Bp. Hall. 2. Refractoriness. [Obs.] Jer. TAylor. 3. OPottery) A piece of ware covered with a vaporable flux and placed in a kiln, to communicate a glaze to the other articles. Knight. REFRACTURE Re*frac"ture (r*frk"tr;135), n. (Surg.) Defn: A second breaking (as of a badly set bone) by the surgeon. REFRACTURE Re*frac"ture, v. t. (Surg.) Defn: To break again, as a bone. REFRAGABLE Ref"ra*ga*ble (rf"r*g*b'l), a. Etym: [LL. refragabilis, fr. L. refragari to oppose.] Defn: Capable of being refuted; refutable. [R.] -- Ref"ra*ga*ble*ness, n. [R.] -- Ref`*ra*ga*bil"i*ty (-b, n. [R.] REFRAGATE Ref"ra*gate (-gt), v. i. Etym: [L. refragatus, p. p. of refragor.] Defn: To oppose. [R.] Glanvill. REFRAIN Re*frain" (r*frn"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refrained (-frnd"); p. pr. & vb/ n. Refraining.] Etym: [OE. refreinen, OF. refrener, F. refr, fr. L. refrenare; influenced by OF. refraindre to restrain, moderate, fr. LL. refrangere, for L. refringere to break up, break (see Refract). L. refrenare is fr. pref. re- back + frenum bridle; cf. Skr. dh to hold.] 1. To hold back; to restrain; to keep within prescribed bounds; to curb; to govern. His reson refraineth not his foul delight or talent. Chaucer. Refrain thy foot from their path. Prov. i. 15. 2. To abstain from [Obs.] Who, requiring a remedy for his gout, received no other counsel than to refrain cold drink. Sir T. Browne. REFRAIN Re*frain", v. i. Defn: To keep one's self from action or interference; to hold aloof; to forbear; to abstain. Refrain from these men, and let them alone. Acts v. 38. They refrained therefrom [eating flesh] some time after. Sir T. Browne. Syn. -- To hold back; forbear; abstain; withhold. REFRAIN Re*frain", n. Etym: [F. refrain, fr. OF. refraindre; cf. Pr. refranhs a refrain, refranher to repeat. See Refract,Refrain, v.] Defn: The burden of a song; a phrase or verse which recurs at the end of each of the separate stanzas or divisions of a poetic composition. We hear the wild refrain. Whittier. REFRAINER Re*frain"er (r*frn"r), n. Defn: One who refrains. REFRAINMENT Re*frain"ment (-ment), n. Defn: Act of refraining. [R.] REFRAME Re*frame" (r*frm), v. t. Defn: To frame again or anew. REFRANGIBILITY Re*fran`gi*bil"i*ty (r*frn`j*bl"*t), n. Etym: [Cf. F. réfrangibilité.] Defn: The quality of being refrangible. REFRANGIBLE Re*fran"gi*ble (-frn"j*b'l), a. Etym: [Cf. F. réfrangible. See Refract.] Defn: Capable of being refracted, or turned out of a direct course, in passing from one medium to another, as rays of light. -- Re*fran"gi*ble*ness, n. REFRENATION Ref`re*na"tion (rf`r*n"shn), n. Etym: [L. refrenatio. See Refrain, v. t.] Defn: The act of refraining. [Obs.] REFRESH Re*fresh" (r*frsh"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refreshed (-frsht"); p. pr. & vb. n. Refreshing.] Etym: [OE. refreshen, refreschen, OF. refreschir (cf. OF. rafraischir, rafreschir, F. rafra); pref. re- re- + fres fresh. F. frais. See Fresh, a.] 1. To make fresh again; to restore strength, spirit, animation, or the like, to; to relieve from fatigue or depression; to reinvigorate; to enliven anew; to reanimate; as, sleep refreshes the body and the mind. Chaucer. Foer they have refreshed my spirit and yours. 1 Cor. xvi. 18. And labor shall refresh itself with hope. Shak. 2. To make as if new; to repair; to restore. The rest refresh the scaly snakes that folDryden. To refresh the memory, to quicken or strengthen it, as by a reference, review, memorandum, or suggestion. Syn. -- To cool; refrigerate; invigorate; revive; reanimate; renovate; renew; restore; recreate; enliven; cheer. REFRESH Re*fresh", n. Defn: The act of refreshing. [Obs.] Daniel. REFRESHER Re*fresh"er (-r), n. 1. One who, or that which, refreshes. 2. (Law) Defn: An extra fee paid to counsel in a case that has been adjourned from one term to another, or that is unusually protracted. Ten guineas a day is the highest refresher which a counsel can charge. London Truth. REFRESHFUL Re*fresh"ful (-fl), a. Defn: Full of power to refresh; refreshing. -- Re*fresh"ful*ly, adv. REFRESHING Re*fresh"ing, a. Defn: Reviving; reanimating. -- Re*fresh"ing*ly, adv. -- Re*fresh"ing*ness, n. REFRESHMENT Re*fresh"ment (-ment), n. Etym: [CF. OF. refreschissement, F. rafraîchissement.] 1. The act of refreshing, or the state of being refreshed; restoration of strength, spirit, vigor, or liveliness; relief after suffering; new life or animation after depression. 2. That which refreshes; means of restoration or reanimation; especially, an article of food or drink. REFRET Re*fret" (r*frt"), n. Etym: [OF. refret, L. refractus, p. p. See Refrain, n., Refract.] Defn: Refrain. [Obs.] Bailey. REFREYD Re*freyd" (r*frd"), v. t. Etym: [OF. refreidier.] Defn: To chill; to cool. [Obs.] Refreyded by sickness . . . or by cold drinks. Chaucer. REFRICATION Ref`ri*ca"tion (rf`r*k"shn), n. Etym: [L. refricare to rub again.] Defn: A rubbing up afresh; a brightening. [Obs.] A continual refrication of the memory. Bp. Hall. REFRIGERANT Re*frig"er*ant (r*frj"r-ant), a. Etym: [L. refrigerans, p. pr. of refrigerare: cf. F. réfrigérant. See Refrigerate.] Defn: Cooling; allaying heat or fever. Bacon. REFRIGERANT Re*frig"er*ant, n. Defn: That which makes to be cool or cold; specifically, a medicine or an application for allaying fever, or the symptoms of fever; -- used also figuratively. Holland. "A refrigerant to passion." Blair. REFRIGERATE Re*frig"er*ate (-t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refrigerated (-`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Refrigerating.] Etym: [L. refrigeratus, p. p. cf. refrigerare; pref. re- re- + grigerare to make cool, fr. fragus, frigoris, coolness. See Frigid.] Defn: To cause to become cool; to make or keep cold or cool. REFRIGERATION Re*frig`er*a"tion (-"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. réfrigération, L. refrigeratio.] Defn: The act or process of refrigerating or cooling, or the state of being cooled. REFRIGERATIVE Re*frig"er*a*tive (r*frj"r**tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. réfrigératif.] Defn: Cooling; allaying heat. -- n. Defn: A refrigerant. Crazed brains should come under a refrigerative treatment. I. Taylor. REFRIGERATOR Re*frig"er*a`tor (-`tr), n. Defn: That which refrigerates or makes cold; that which keeps cool. Specifically: (a) A box or room for keeping food or other articles cool, usually by means of ice. (b) An apparatus for rapidly cooling heated liquids or vapors, connected with a still, etc. Refrigerator car (Railroad), a freight car constructed as a refrigerator, for the transportation of fresh meats, fish, etc., in a temperature kept cool by ice. REFRIGERATORY Re*frig"er*a*to*ry (-*t*r), a. Etym: [L. refrigeratorius.] Defn: Mitigating heat; cooling. REFRIGERATORY Re*frig"er*a*to*ry, n.; pl. -ries (-fr. Etym: [CF. F. réfrigératoire.] Defn: That which refrigerates or cools. Specifically: (a) In distillation, a vessel filled with cold water, surrounding the worm, the vapor in which is thereby condensed. (b) The chamber, or tank, in which ice is formed, in an ice machine. REFRIGERIUM Ref`ri*ge"ri*um (rf`r*j"r*m), n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Cooling refreshment; refrigeration. [Obs.] South. REFRINGENCY Re*frin"gen*cy (r*frn"jen*s), n. Defn: The power possessed by a substance to refract a ray; as, different substances have different refringencies. Nichol. REFRINGENT Re*frin"gent (-jent), a. Etym: [L. refringens, p. pr. of refringere. See Refract.] Defn: Pertaining to, or possessing, refringency; refractive; refracting; as, a refringent prism of spar. Nichol. REFT Reft (rft), imp. & p. p. of Reave. Defn: Bereft. Reft of thy sons, amid thy foes forlorn. Heber. REFT Reft, n. Defn: A chink; a rift. See Rift. Rom. of R. REFUGE Ref"uge (rf"j), n. Etym: [F. réfuge, L. refugium, fr. refugere to flee back; pref. re- + figere. SEe Fugitive.] 1. Shelter or protection from danger or distress. Rocks, dens, and caves! But I in none of these Find place or refuge. Milton. We might have a strong consolation, who have fled for refuge to lay hold upon the hope set before us. Heb. vi. 18. 2. That which shelters or protects from danger, or from distress or calamity; a stronghold which protects by its strength, or a sanctuary which secures safety by its sacredness; a place inaccessible to an enemy. The high hills are a refuger the wild goats. Ps. civ. 18. The Lord also will be a refuge for the oppressed. Ps. ix. 9. 3. An expedient to secure protection or defense; a device or contrivance. Their latest refuge Was to send him. Shak. Light must be supplied, among gracefulrefuges, by terracing Sir H. Wotton. Cities of refuge (Jewish Antiq.), certain cities appointed as places of safe refuge for persons who had committed homicide without design. Of these there were three on each side of Jordan. Josh. xx. -- House of refuge, a charitable institution for giving shelter and protection to the homeless, destitute, or tempted. Syn. -- Shelter; asylum; retreat; covert. REFUGE Ref"uge (rf"j), v. t. Defn: To shelter; to protect. [Obs.] REFUGEE Ref`u*gee" (rf`*j"), n. Etym: [F. réfugié, fr. se réfugier to take refuge. See Refuge, n.] 1. One who flees to a shelter, or place of safety. 2. Especially, one who, in times of persecution or political commotion, flees to a foreign power or country for safety; as, the French refugees who left France after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. REFULGENCE; REFULGENCY Re*ful"gence, Re*ful"gen*cy, n. Etym: [L. refulgentia. See Refulgent.] Defn: The quality of being refulgent; brilliancy; splender; radiance. REFULGENT Re*ful"gent (r*fl"jent), a. Etym: [L. refulgens, p. pr. of refulgere to flash back, to shine bright; pref. re- re- + fulgere to shine. See Fulgent.] Defn: Casting a bright light; radiant; brilliant; resplendent; shining; splendid; as, refulgent beams. -- Re*ful"gent*ly, adv. So conspicuous and refulgent a truth. Boyle. REFUND Re*fund" (r*fnd"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + fund.] Defn: To fund again or anew; to replace (a fund or loan) by a new fund; as, to refund a railroad loan. REFUND Re*fund" (r*fnd"), v. t. Etym: [L. refundere; pref. re- re- + fundere to pour: cf. F. refondre, refonder. See Fuse to melt, and cf. Refound to cast again, 1st Refuse.] 1. To pour back. [R. & Obs.] Were the humors of the eye tinctured with any color, they would refund that color upon the object. Ray. 2. To give back; to repay; to restore. A governor, that had pillaged the people, was . . . sentenced to refund what he had wrongfully taken. L'Estrange. 3. To supply again with funds; to reimburse. [Obs.] REFUNDER Re*fund"er (-r), n. Defn: One who refunds. REFUNDMENT Re*fund"ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act of refunding; also, that which is refunded. [R.] Lamb. REFURBISH Re*fur"bish (r*fr"bsh), v. t. Defn: To furbish anew. REFURNISH Re*fur"nish (-nsh), v. t. Defn: To furnish again. REFURNISHMENT Re*fur"nish*ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act of refurnishing, or state of being refurnished. The refurnishment was in a style richer than before. L. Wallace. REFUSABLE Re*fus"a*ble (r*fz"*b'l), a. Etym: [Cf. F. refusable. See Refuse.] Defn: Capable of being refused; admitting of refusal. REFUSAL Re*fus"al (-al), n. 1. The act of refusing; denial of anything demanded, solicited, or offered for acceptance. Do they not seek occasion of new quarrels, On my refusal, to distress me more Milton. 2. The right of taking in preference to others; the choice of taking or refusing; option; as, to give one the refusal of a farm; to have the refusal of an employment. REFUSE Re*fuse" (r*fz"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refused (-fzd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Refusing.] Etym: [F. refuser, either from (assumed) LL. refusare to refuse, v. freq. of L. refundere to pour back, give back, restore (see Refund to repay), or. fr. L. recusare to decline, refuse cf. Accuse, Ruse), influenced by L. refutare to drive back, repel, refute. Cf. Refute.] 1. To deny, as a request, demand, invitation, or command; to decline to do or grant. That never yet refused your hest. Chaucer. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To throw back, or cause to keep back (as the center, a wing, or a flank), out of the regular aligment when troops aras, to refuse the right wing while the left wing attacks. 3. To decline to accept; to reject; to deny the request or petition of; as, to refuse a suitor. The cunning workman never doth refuse The meanest tool that he may chance to use. Herbert. 4. To disown. [Obs.] "Refuse thy name." Shak. REFUSE Re*fuse", v. i. Defn: To deny compliance; not to comply. Too proud to ask, too humble to refuse. Garth. If ye refuse . . . ye shall be devoured with the sword. Isa. i. 20. REFUSE Re*fuse", n. Defn: Refusal. [Obs.] Fairfax. REFUSE Ref`use (rf"s;277), n. Etym: [F. refus refusal, also, that which is refused. See Refuse to deny.] Defn: That which is refused or rejected as useless; waste or worthless matter. Syn. -- Dregs; sediment; scum; recrement; dross. REFUSE Ref"use, a. Defn: Refused; rejected; hence; left as unworthy of acceptance; of no value; worthless. Everything that was vile and refuse, that they destroyed utterly. 1. Sam. xv. 9. REFUSER Re*fus"er (r*fz"r), n. Defn: One who refuses or rejects. REFUSION Re*fu"sion (r*f"zhn), n. Etym: [Pref. re-+ fusion.] 1. New or repeated melting, as of metals. 2. Restoration. "This doctrine of the refusion of the soul." Bp. Warbuton. REFUT Ref"ut (rf"t), n. Etym: [OF. refuite.] Defn: Refuge. "Thou haven of refut." [Obs.] Chaucer. REFUTABILITY Re*fut`a*bil"i*ty (r*ft`*bl"*t), n. Defn: The quality of being refutable. REFUTABLE Re*fut"a*ble (r*ft"*b'l;277), a. Etym: [Cf. F. réfutable.] Defn: Admitting of being refuted or disproved; capable of being proved false or erroneous. REFUTAL Re*fut"al (r*ft"al), n. Defn: Act of refuting; refutation. REFUTATION Ref`u*ta"tion (rf`*t"shn), n. Etym: [L. refutatio: cf. F. réfutation.] Defn: The act or process of refuting or disproving, or the state of being refuted; proof of falsehood or error; the overthrowing of an argument, opinion, testimony, doctrine, or theory, by argument or countervailing proof. Same of his blunders seem rather to deserve a flogging than a refutation. Macaulay. REFUTATORY Re*fut"a*to*ry (r*ft"*t*r), a. Etym: [L. refutatorius: cf. F. réfutatoire.] Defn: Tending tu refute; refuting. REFUTE Re*fute" (r*F3t"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Refuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Refuting.] Etym: [F. réfuter, L. refuteare to repel, refute. Cf. Confute, Refuse to deny.] Defn: To disprove and overthrow by argument, evidence, or countervailing proof; to prove to be false or erroneous; to confute; as, to refute arguments; to refute testimony; to refute opinions or theories; to refute a disputant. There were so many witnesses in these two miracles that it is impossible to refute such multitudes. Addison. Syn. -- To confute; disprove. See Confute. REFUTER Re*fut"er (-ft"r), n. Defn: One who, or that which, refutes. REGAIN Re*gain" (r*gn"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + gain: cf. F. regagner.] Defn: To gain anew; to get again; to recover, as what has escaped or been lost; to reach again. Syn. -- To recover; reobtain; repossess; retrieve. REGAL Re"gal (r"gal), a. Etym: [L. regalis, fr. rex, regis, a king. See Royal, and cf. Rajah, Realm, Regalia.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a king; kingly; royal; as, regal authority, pomp, or sway. "The regal title." Shak. He made a scorn of his regal oath. Milton. Syn. -- Kingly; royal. See Kingly. REGAL Re"gal, n. Etym: [F. régale, It. regale. CF. Rigoll.] (Mus.) Defn: A small portable organ, played with one hand, the bellows being worked with the other, -- used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. REGALE Re*ga"le (r*g"l), n. Etym: [LL. regale, pl. regalia, fr. L. regalis: cf. F. régale. See Regal.] Defn: A prerogative of royalty. [R.] Johnson. REGALE Re*gale" (r*gl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regaled (-gld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Regaling.] Etym: [F. régaler, Sp. regalar to regale, to caress, to melt, perhaps fr. L. regalare to thaw (cff. Gelatin), or cf. Sp. gala graceful, pleasing address, choicest part of a thing (cf. Gala), or most likely from OF. galer to rejoice, gale pleasure.] Defn: To enertaas, to regale the taste, the eye, or the ear. REGALE Re*gale", v. i. Defn: To feast; t REGALE Re*gale", n. Etym: [F. régal. See Regale, v. t.] Defn: A sumptuous repast; a banquet. Johnson. Cowper. Two baked custards were produced as additions to the regale. E. E. Hale. REGALEMENT Re*gale"ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act of regaling; anything which regales; refreshment; entertainment. REGALER Re*gal"er (-gl"r), n. Defn: One who regales. REGALIA Re*ga"li*a (r*g"l*), n. pl. Etym: [LL., from L. regalisregal. See Regal.] 1. That which belongs to royalty. Specifically: (a) The rights and prerogatives of a king. (b) Royal estates and revenues. (c) Ensings, symbols, or paraphernalia of royalty. 2. Hence, decorations or insignia of an office or order, as of Freemasons, Odd Fellows,etc. 3. Sumptuous food; delicacies. [Obs.] Cotton. Regalia of a church, the privileges granted to it by kings; sometimes, its patrimony. Brande & C. REGALIA Re*ga"li*a, n. Defn: A kind of cigar of large size and superior quality; also, the size in which such cigars are classed. REGALIAN Re*ga"li*an (-an), a. Defn: Pertaining to regalia; pertaining to the royal insignia or prerogatives. Hallam. REGALISM Re"gal*ism (r"gal*z'm), n. Defn: The doctrine of royal prerogative or supremacy. [R.] Cardinal Manning. REGALITY Re*gal"i*ty (r*gl"*t), n. Etym: [LL. regalitas, from L. regalis regal, royal. See Regal, and cf. Royality.] 1. Royalty; ssovereignty; sovereign jurisdiction. [Passion] robs reason of her due regalitie. Spenser. He came partly in by the sword, and had high courage in all points of regality. Bacon. 2. An ensign or badge of royalty. [Obs.] REGALLY Re"gal*ly (r"gal*l), adv. Defn: In a regal or royal manner. REGARD Re*gard" (r*grd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Regarding.] Etym: [F. regarder; pref. re- re + garder to guard, heed, keep. See Guard, and cf. Reward.] 1. To keep in view; to behold; to look at; to view; to gaze upon. Your niece regards me with an eye of favor. Shak. 2. Hence, to look or front toward; to face. [Obs.] It is peninsula which regardeth the mainland. Sandys. That exceedingly beatiful seat, on the assregarding the river. Evelyn. 3. To look closely at; to observe attentively; to pay attention to; to notice or remark particularly. If much you note him, You offened him; . . . feed, and regard him not. Shak. 4. To look upon, as in a certain relation; to hold as an popinion; to consider; as, to regard abstinence from wine as a duty; to regard another as a friend or enemy. 5. To consider and treat; to have a certain feeling toward; as, to regard one with favor or dislike. His associates seem to have regarded him with kindness. Macaulay. 6. To pay respect to; to treat as something of peculiar value, sanctity, or the like; to care for; to esteem. He that regardeth thae day, regardeth it into the LOrd. Rom. xiv. 6. Here's Beaufort, that regards nor God nor king. Shak. 7. To take into consideration; to take account of, as a fact or condition. "Nether regarding that she is my child, nor fearing me as if II were her father." Shak. 8. To have relation to, as bearing upon; to respect; to relate to; to touch; as, an argument does not regard the question; -- often used impersonally; as, I agree with you as regards this or that. Syn. -- To consider; observe; remark; heed; mind; respect; esteem; estimate; value. See Attend. REGARD Re*gard" (r*grd"), v. i. Defn: To look attentively; to consider; to notice. [Obs.] Shak. REGARD Re*gard", n. Etym: [F. regard See Regard, v. t.] 1. A look; aspect directed to another; view; gaze. But her, with stern regard, he thus repelled. Milton. 2. Attention of the mind with a feeling of interest; observation; heed; notice. Full many a lady I have eyed with best regard. Shak. 3. That view of the mind which springs from perception of value, estimable qualities, or anything that excites admiration; respect; esteem; reverence; affection; as, to have a high regard for a person; -- often in the plural. He has rendered himself worthy of their most favorable regards. A. Smith. Save the long-sought regards of woman, nothing is sweeter than those marks of childish preference. Hawthorne. 4. State of being regarded, whether favorably or otherwise; estimation; repute; note; account. A man of meanest regard amongst them, neither having wealth or power. Spenser. 5. Consideration; thought; reflection; heed. Sad pause and deep regard become the sage. Shak. 6. Matter for conssideration; account; condition. [Obs.] "Reason full of good regard." Shak. 7. Respect; relation; reference. Persuade them to pursue and persevere in virtue, with regard to themselves; in justice and goodness with regard to their neighbors; and piefy toward God. I. Watts. Note: The phrase in regard of was formerly used as equivalent in meaning to on account of, but in modern usage is often improperly substituted for in respect to, or in regard to. G. P. Marsh. Change was thought necessary in regard of the injury the church did receive by a number of things then in use. Hooker. In regard of its security, it had a great advantage over the bandboxes. Dickens. 8. Object of sight; scene; view; aspect. [R.] Throw out our eyes for brave Othello, Even till we make the main and the aërial blue An indistinct regard. Shak. 9. (O.Eng.Law) Defn: Supervision; inspection. At regard of, in consideration of; in comparison with. [Obs.] "Bodily penance is but short and little at regard of the pains of hell." Chaucer. -- Court of regard, a forest court formerly held in England every third year for the lawing, or expeditation, of dogs, to prevent them from running after deer; -- called also survey of dogs. Blackstone. Syn. -- Respect; consideration; notice; observance; heed; care; concern; estimation; esteem; attachment; reverence. REGARDABLE Re*gard"a*ble (-*b'l), a. Defn: Worthy of regard or notice; to be regarded; observable. [R.] Sir T. Browne. REGARDANT Re*gard"ant (-ant), a. Etym: [F. regardant, fr. regarder. See Regard, v. t.] [Written also regardant.] 1. Looking behind; looking backward watchfully. [He] turns thither his regardant eye. Southey. 2. (Her.) Defn: Looking behind or backward; as, a lion regardant. 3. (O.Eng.Law) Defn: Annexed to the land or manor; as, a villain regardant. REGARDER Re*gard"er (r*grd"r), n. 1. One who regards. 2. (Eng. Forest law) Defn: An officer appointed to supervise the forest. Cowell. REGARDFUL Re*gard"ful (-fl), a. Defn: Heedful; attentive; observant. -- Re*gard"ful*ly, adv. Let a man be very tender and regardful of every pious motion made by the Spirit of God to his heart. South. Syn. -- Mindful; heedful; attentive; observant. REGARDING Re*gard"ing, prep. Defn: Concerning; respecting. REGARDLESS Re*gard"less, a. 1. Having no regard; heedless; careless; as, regardless of life, consequences, dignity. Regardless of the bliss wherein he sat. Milton. 2. Not regarded; slighted. [R.] Spectator. Syn. -- Heedless; negligent; careless; indifferent; unconcerned; inattentive; unobservant; neglectful. -- Re*gard"less*ly, adv. -- Re*gard"less*ness, n. REGATHER Re*gath"er (r*gth"r), v. t. Defn: To gather again. REGATTA Re*gat"ta (r*gt"t), n.; pl. Regattas (-t. Etym: [It. regatta, regata.] Defn: Originally, a gondola race in Venice; now, a rowing or sailing race, or a series of such races. REGEL Re"gel (r"gl), n. (Astron.) Defn: See Rigel. REGELATE Re"ge*late (r"j*lt or rj"-), v. i. (Physics) Defn: To freeze together again; to undergo regelation, as ice. REGELATION Re`ge*la"tion (-l"shn), n. Etym: [Pref. re- + L. gelatio a freezing.] (Physics) Defn: The act or process of freezing anew, or together,as two pieces of ice. Note: Two pieces of ice at (or even) 32regelation. Faraday. REGENCE Re"gence (r"jens), n. Defn: Rule. [Obs.] Hudibras. REGENCY Re"gen*cy (r*jen*s), n.; pl. Regencies (-s. Etym: [CF. F. régence, LL. regentia. See Regent, a.] 1. The office of ruler; rule; authority; government. 2. Especially, the office, jurisdiction, or dominion of a regent or vicarious ruler, or of a body of regents; deputed or vicarious government. Sir W. Temple. 3. A body of men intrusted with vicarious government; as, a regency constituted during a king's minority, absence from the kingdom, or other disability. A council or regency consisting of twelve persons. Lowth. REGENERACY Re*gen"er*a*cy (r*jn"r**s), n. Etym: [See Regenerate.] Defn: The state of being regenerated. Hammond. REGENERATE Re*gen"er*ate (-t), a. Etym: [L. regeneratus, p. p. of regenerare to regenerate; pref. re- re- + generare to beget. See Generate.] 1. Reproduced. The earthly author of my blood, Whose youthful spirit, in me regenerate, Doth with a twofold vigor lift me up. Shak. 2. (Theol.) Defn: Born anew; become Christian; renovated in heart; changed from a natural to a spiritual state. REGENERATE Re*gen"er*ate (r*jn"r*t), v. t. 1. To generate or produce anew; to reproduce; to give new life, strength, or vigor to. Through all the soil a genial fferment spreads. Regenerates the plauts, and new adorns the meads. Blackmore. 2. (Theol.) Defn: To cause to be spiritually born anew; to cause to become a Christian; to convert from sin to holiness; to implant holy affections in the heart of. 3. Hence, to make a radical change for the better in the character or condition of; as, to regenerate society. REGENERATENESS Re*gen"er*ate*ness (-t*ns), n. Defn: The quality or state of being rgenerate. REGENERATION Re*gen`er*a"tion (-"shn), n. Etym: [L. regeneratio: cf. F. régéneration.] 1. The act of regenerating, or the state of being regenerated. 2. (Theol.) Defn: The entering into a new spiritual life; the act of becoming, or of being made, Christian; that change by which holy affectations and purposes are substituted for the opposite motives in the heart. He saved us by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Chost. Tit. iii. 5. 3. (Biol.) Defn: The reproduction of a part which has been removed or destroyed; re-formation; -- a process especially characteristic of a many of the lower animals; as, the regeneration of lost feelers, limbs, and claws by spiders and crabs. 4. (Physiol.) (a) The reproduction or renewal of tissues, cells, etc., which have been used up and destroyed by the ordinary processes of life; as, the continual regeneration of the epithelial cells of the body, or the regeneration of the contractile substance of muscle. (b) The union of parts which have been severed, so that they become anatomically perfect; as, the regeneration of a nerve. REGENERATIVE Re*gen"er*a*tive (r*jn"r**tv), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to regeneration; tending to regenerate; as, regenerative influences. H. Bushnell. Regenerative furnace (Metal.), a furnace having a regenerator in which gas used for fuel, and air for supporting combustion, are heated; a Siemens furnace. REGENERATIVELY Re*gen"er*a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: So as to regenerate. REGENERATOR Re*gen"er*a`tor (-`tr), n. 1. One who, or that which, regenerates. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A device used in connection with hot-air engines, gas-burning furnaces, etc., in which the incoming air or gas is heated by being brought into contact with masses of iron, brick, etc., which have been previously heated by the outgoing, or escaping, hot air or gas. REGENERATORY Re*gen"er*a*to*ry (-*t*r), a. Defn: Having power to renew; tending to reproduce; regenerating. G. S. Faber. REGENESIS Re*gen"e*sis (-*ss), n. Defn: New birth; renewal. A continued regenesis of dissenting sects. H. Spenser. REGENT Re"gent (r"jent), a. Etym: [L. regens, -entis, p. pr. of regere to rule: cf. F. régent. See Regiment.] 1. Ruling; governing; regnant. "Some other active regent principle . . . which we call the soul." Sir M. Hale. 2. Exercising vicarious authority. Milton. Queen regent. See under Queen, n. REGENT Re"gent, n. Etym: [F. régent. See Regent, a.] 1. One who rules or reigns; a governor; a ruler. Milton. 2. Especially, one invested with vicarious authority; one who governs a kingdom in the minority, absence, or disability of the sovereign. 3. One of a governing board; a trustee or overseer; a superintendent; a curator; as, the regents of the Smithsonian Institution. 4. (Eng.Univ.) Defn: A resident master of arts of less than five years' standing, or a doctor of less than twwo. They were formerly privileged to lecture in the schools. Regent bird (Zoöl.), a beautiful Australian bower bird (Sericulus melinus). The male has the head, neck, and large patches on the wings, bright golden yellow, and the rest of the plumage deep velvety black; -- so called in honor of the Prince of Wales (afterward George IV.), who was Prince Regent in the reign of George III. -- The Regents of the University of the State of New York, the members of a corporate body called the University of New York. They have a certain supervisory power over the incorporated institution for Academic and higher education in the State. REGENT DIAMOND Re"gent di"a*mond. Defn: A famous diamond of fine quality, which weighs about 137 carats and is among the state jewels of France. It is so called from the Duke of Orleans, Regent of France, to whom it was sold in 1717 by Pitt the English Governor of Madras (whence also called the Pitt diamond), who bought it of an Indian merchant in 1701. REGENTESS Re"gent*ess, n. Defn: A female regent. [R.] Cotgrave. REGENTSHIP Re"gent*ship, n. Defn: The office of a regent; regency. REGERMINATE Re*ger"mi*nate (r*jr"m*nt), v. i. Etym: [Pref. re- + germinate: cf. L. regerminare.] Defn: To germinate again. Perennial plants regerminate several years successively. J. Lee. REGERMINATION Re*ger`mi*na"tion (-n"shn), n. Etym: [L. regerminatio.] Defn: A germinating again or anew. REGEST Re*gest" (r*jst"), n. Etym: [L. regesta, pl.: cf. OF. regestes, pl. See Register.] Defn: A register. [Obs.] Milton. REGET Re*get" (r*gt"), v. t. Defn: To get again. REGIAN Re"gi*an (r"j-an), n. Etym: [L. regius regal.] Defn: An upholder of kingly authority; a royalist. [Obs.] Fuller. REGIBLE Reg"i*ble (rj"*b'l), a. Etym: [L. regibilis, from regere to rule.] Defn: Governable; tractable. [Obs.] REGICIDAL Reg"i*ci`dal (rj"*s`dal), a. Defn: Pertaining to regicide, or to one committing it; having the nature of, or resembling, regicide. Bp. Warburton. REGICIDE Reg"i*cide (rj"*sd), n. Etym: [F. régicide; L. rex, regis, a king + caedere to kill. Cf. Homicide.] 1. One who kills or who murders a king; specifically (Eng.Hist.), one of the judges who condemned Charles I. to death. 2. The killing or the murder of a king. REGIDOR Re`gi*dor", n.; pl. -dores (#). [Sp., fr. regir to rule, L. regere.] Defn: One of a body of officers charged with the government of Spanish municipalities, corresponding to the English alderman. REGIE Ré`gie", n. [F.] 1. Direct management of public finance or public works by agents of the government for government account; -- opposed to the contract system. 2. Specif.: The system of collecting taxes by officials who have either no interest or a very small interest in the proceeds, as distinguished from the ancient system of farming them out. 3. Any kind of government monopoly (tobacco, salt, etc.) used chiefly as a means of taxation. Such monopolies are largely employed in Austria, Italy, France, and Spain. REGILD Re*gild" (r*gld"), v. t. Defn: To gild anew. REGIME Ré`gime" (r`zhm"), n. Etym: [F. See Regimen.] 1. Mode or system of rule or management; character of government, or of the prevailing social system. I dream . . . of the new régime which is to come. H. Kingsley. 2. (Hydraul.) Defn: The condition of a river with respect to the rate of its flow, as measured by the volume of water passing different cross sections in a given time, uniform régime being the condition when the flow is equal and uniform at all the cross sections. The ancient régime, or Ancien régime Etym: [F.], the former political and social system, as distinguished from the modern; especially, the political and social system existing in France before the Revolution of 1789. REGIMEN Reg"i*men (rj"*mn), n. Etym: [L. regimen, -inis, fr. regere to guide, to rule. See Right, and cf. Regal, Régime, Regiment.] 1. Orderly government; system of order; adminisration. Hallam. 2. Any regulation or remedy which is intended to produce beneficial effects by gradual operation; esp. (Med.), Defn: a systematic course of diet, etc., pursed with a view to improving or preserving the health, or for the purpose of attaining some particular effect, as a reduction of flesh; -- sometimes used synonymously with hygiene. 3. (Gram.) (a) A syntactical relation between words, as when one depends on another and is regulated by it in respect to case or mood; government. (b) The word or words governed. REGIMENT Reg"i*ment (-ment), n. Etym: [F. régiment a regiment of men, OF. also government, L. regimentum government, fr. regere to guide, rule. See Regimen.] 1. Government; mode of ruling; rule; authority; regimen. [Obs.] Spenser. "Regiment of health." Bacon. But what are kings, when regiment is gone, But perfect shadows in a sunshine day Marlowe. The law of nature doth now require of necessity some kind of regiment. Hocker. 2. A region or district governed. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. (Mil.) Defn: A body of men, either horse, foot, or artillery, commanded by a colonel, and consisting of a number of companies, usually ten. Note: In the British army all the artillery are included in one regiment, which (reversing the usual practice) is divided into brigades. Regiment of the line (Mil.), a regiment organized for general service; -- in distinction from those (as the Life Guards) whose duties are usually special. [Eng.] REGIMENT Reg"i*ment (-mnt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regimented; p. pr. & vb. n. Regimenting.] Defn: To form into a regiment or into regiments. Washington. REGIMENTAL Reg`i*men"tal (-mn"tal), a. Defn: Belonging to, or concerning, a regiment; as, regimental officers, clothing. Regimental school, in the British army, a school for the instruction of the private soldiers of a regiment, and their children, in the rudimentary branches of education. REGIMENTALLY Reg`i*men"tal*ly, adv. Defn: In or by a regiment or regiments; as, troops classified regimentally. REGIMENTALS Reg`i*men"tals (-talz), n. pl. (Mil.) Defn: The uniform worn by the officers and soldiers of a regiment; military dress; -- formerly used in the singular in the same sense. Colman. REGIMINAL Re*gim"i*nal (r*jm"*nal), a. Defn: Of or relating to regimen; as, regiminal rules. REGION Re"gion (r"jn), n. Etym: [F. région, from L. regio a direction, a boundary line, region, fr. regere to guide, direct. See Regimen.] 1. One of the grand districts or quarters into which any space or surface, as of the earth or the heavens, is conceived of as divided; hence, in general, a portion of space or territory of indefinite extent; country; province; district; tract. If thence he 'scappe, into whatever world, Or unknown region. Milton. 2. Tract, part, or space, lying about and including anything; neighborhood; vicinity; sphere. "Though the fork invade the region of my heart." Shak. Philip, tetrarch of .. the region of Trachonitis. Luke iii. 1. 3. The upper air; the sky; the heavens. [Obs.] Anon the dreadful thunder Doth rend the region. Shak. 4. The inhabitants of a district. Matt. iii. 5. 5. Place; rank; station. [Obs. or R.] He is of too high a region. Shak. REGIONAL Re"gion*al (-al), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a particular region; sectional. REGIOUS Re"gi*ous (-j*s), a. Etym: [L. regius royal, fr. rex, regis, king.] Defn: Regal; royal. [Obs.] Harrington. REGISTER Reg"is*ter (rj"s*tr), n. Etym: [OE. registre, F. registre, LL. registrum,regestum, L. regesta, pl., fr. regerere, regestum, to carry back, to register; pref. re- re- + gerere to carry. See Jest, and cf. Regest.] 1. A written account or entry; an official or formal enumeration, description, or record; a memorial record; a list or roll; a schedule. As you have one eye upon my follies, . . . turn another into the register of your own. Shak. 2. (Com.) (a) A record containing a list and description of the merchant vessels belonging to a port or customs district. (b) A certificate issued by the collector of customs of a port or district to the owner of a vessel, containing the description of a vessel, its name, ownership, and other material facts. It is kept on board the vessel, to be used as an evidence of nationality or as a muniment of title. 3. Etym: [Cf. LL. registrarius. Cf. Regisrar.] Defn: One who registers or records; a registrar; a recorder; especially, a public officer charged with the duty of recording certain transactions or events; as, a register of deeds. 4. That which registers or records. Specifically: (a) (Mech.) A contrivance for automatically noting the performance of a machine or the rapidity of a process. (b) (Teleg.) The part of a telegraphic apparatus which records automatically the message received. (c) A machine for registering automatically the number of persons passing through a gateway, fares taken, etc.; a telltale. 5. A lid, stopper, or sliding plate, in a furnace, stove, etc., for regulating the admission of air to the fuel; also, an arrangement containing dampers or shutters, as in the floor or wall of a room or passage, or in a chimney, for admitting or excluding heated air, or for regulating ventilation. 6. (Print.) (a) The inner part of the mold in which types are cast. (b) The correspondence of pages, columns, or lines on the opposite or reverse sides of the sheet. (c) The correspondence or adjustment of the several impressions in a design which is printed in parts, as in chromolithographic printing, or in the manufacture of paper hangings. See Register, v. i. 2. 7. (Mus.) (a) The compass of a voice or instrument; a specified portion of the compass of a voice, or a series of vocal tones of a given compass; as, the upper, middle, or lower register; the soprano register; the tenor register. Note: In respect to the vocal tones, the thick register properly extends below from the F on the lower space of the treble staff. The thin register extends an octave above this. The small register is above the thin. The voice in the thick register is called the chest voice; in the thin, the head voice. Falsetto is a kind off voice, of a thin, shrull quality, made by using the mechanism of the upper thin register for tones below the proper limit on the scale. E. Behnke. (b) A stop or set of pipes in an organ. Parish register, A book in which are recorded the births, baptisms, marriages, deaths, and burials in a parish. Syn. -- List; catalogue; roll; record; archives; chronicle; annals. See List. REGISTER Reg"is*ter (rj"s*tr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Registere (-trd); p. pr. & vb. n. Registering.] Etym: [Cf. F. regisrer, exregistrer, LL. registrare. See Register, n.] 1. T 2. To enroll; to enter in a list. Such follow him as shall be registered. Milton. Registered letter, a letter, the address of which is, on payment of a special fee, registered in the post office and the transmission and delivery of which are attended to with particular care. REGISTER Reg"is*ter, v. i. 1. To enroll one's name in a register. 2. (Print.) Defn: To correspond in ralative position; as, two pages, columns, etc. , register when the corresponding parts fall in the same line, or when line falls exactly upon line in reverse pages, or (as in chromatic printing) where the various colors of the design are printed consecutively, and perfect adjustment of parts is necessary. REGISTERING Reg"is*ter*ing, a. Defn: Recording; -- applied to instruments; having an apparatus which registers; as, a registering thermometer. See Recording. REGISTERSHIP Reg"is*ter*ship, n. Defn: The office of a register. REGISTRANT Reg"is*trant (-trant), n. Etym: [L. registrans, p. pr.] Defn: One who registers; esp., one who , by virtue of securing an official registration, obtains a certain right or title of possession, as to a trade-mark. REGISTRAR Reg"is*trar (-trr), n. Etym: [LL. registrarius, or F. régistraire. See Register.] Defn: One who registers; a recorder; a keeper of records; as, a registrar of births, deaths, and marriages. See Register, n., 3. REGISTRARSHIP Reg"is*trar*ship, n. Defn: The office of a registrar. REGISTRARY Reg"is*tra*ry (- tr*r), n. Defn: A registrar. [Obs.] REGISTRATE Reg"is*trate (-trt), v. t. Defn: To register. [R.] REGISTRATION Reg`is*tra"tion (-tr"shn), n. Etym: [LL. registratio, or F. régistration. See Register, v.] 1. The act of registering; registry; enrollment. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The art of selecting and combining the stops or registers of an organ. REGISTRY Reg"is*try (rj"s*tr), n. 1. The act of recording or writing in a register; enrollment; registration. 2. The place where a register is kept. 3. A record; an account; a register. Sir W. Temple. REGIUS Re"gi*us (rl"*s), a. Etym: [L. regius, from rex, regis, a king.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a king; royal. Regius professor, an incumbent of a professorship founded by royal bounty, as in an English university. REGIVE Re*give" (r*gv"), v. t. Defn: To give again; to give back. REGLE Re"gle (rg"'l) v. t. Etym: [See Reglement.] Defn: To rule; to govern. [Obs.] "To regle their lives." Fuller. REGLEMENT Re"gle*ment (rg"'l*ment), n. Etym: [F. réglement, fr. régler, L. regulare. See Regulate.] Defn: Regulation. [Obs.] The reformation and reglement of usuary. Bacon. REGLEMENTARY Reg`le*men"ta*ry (-l*mn"t*r), a. Etym: [F. réglementaire, fr. réglement.] Defn: Regulative. [R.] REGLET Reg"let (rg"lt), n. Etym: [F. réglet, dim. of règle a rule, L. regula. See Rule.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A flat, narrow molding, used chiefly to separate the parts or members of compartments or panels from one another, or doubled, turned, and interlaced so as to form knots, frets, or other ornaments. See Illust. (12) of Column. 2. (Print.) Defn: A strip of wood or metal of the height of a quadrat, used for regulating the space between pages in a chase, and also for spacing out title-pages and other open matter. It is graded to different sizes, and designated by the name of the type that it matches; as, nonpareil reglet, pica reglet, and the like. REGMA Reg"ma (rg"m), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of dry fruit, consisting of three or more cells, each which at length breaks open at the inner angle. REGMACARP Reg"ma*carp (-krp), n Etym: [Regma + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Any dry dehiscent fruit. REGNAL Reg"nal (rg"nal), a. Etym: [L. regnum reign.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the reign of a monarch; as, regnal years. REGNANCY Reg"nan*cy (-nan*s), n. Defn: The condition or quality of being regnant; sovereignty; rule. Coleridge. REGNANT Reg"nant (-nant), a. Etym: [L. regnans, -antis, p. pr. of regnare to reign: cf. F régnant. See Reign.] 1. Exercising regal authority; reigning; as, a queen regnant. 2. Having the chief power; ruling; predominant; prevalent. "A traitor to the vices regnant." Swift. REGNATIVE Reg"na*tive (-n*tv), a. Defn: Ruling; governing. [Obs.] REGNE Regne (rn), n. & v. Defn: See Reign. [Obs.] Chaucer. REGORGE Re*gorge" (r*grj"), v. t. Etym: [F. regorder; re- + gorger to gorge. Cf. Regurgitate.] 1. To vomit up; to eject from the stomach; to throw back. Hayward. 2. To swallow again; to swallow back. Tides at highest mark regorge the flood. DRyden. REGRADE Re*grade" (r*grd"), v. i. Etym: [L. re- re- + gradi to go. Cf. Regrede. ] Defn: To retire; to go back. [Obs.] W. Hales. REGRAFT Re*graft" (r*grft"), v. t. Defn: To graft again. REGRANT Re*grant" (r*grnt"), v. t. Defn: To grant back; to grant again or anew. Ayliffe. REGRANT Re*grant", n. 1. The act of granting back to a former proprietor. 2. A renewed of a grant; as, the regrant of a monopoly. REGRATE Re*grate" (r*grt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Regrating.] Etym: [F. regratter, literally, to scrape again. See Re-, and Grate, v. t.] 1. (Masonry) Defn: To remove the outer surface of, as of an old hewn stone, so as to give it a fresh appearance. 2. To offend; to shock. [Obs.] Derham. REGRATE Re*grate", v. t. Etym: [F. regratter to regrate provisions; of uncertain origin.] (Eng.Law) Defn: To buy in large quantities, as corn, provisions, etc., at a market or fair, with the intention of selling the same again, in or near the same place, at a higher price, -- a practice which was formerly treated as a public offense. REGRATER Re*grat"er (-r), n. Etym: [F. regrattier.] Defn: One who regrates. REGRATERY Re*grat"er*y, n. Defn: The act or practice of regrating. REGRATIATORY Re*gra"ti*a*to*ry (r*gr"sh**t*r), n. Defn: A returning or giving of thanks. [Obs.] Skelton. REGRATOR Re*grat"or (r*grt"r), n. Defn: One guilty of regrating. REGREDE Re*grede" (r*grd"), v. i. Etym: [L. regredi to go back. Cf. Regrade, Regress.] Defn: To go back; to retrograde, as the apsis of a planet's orbit. [R.] Todhunter. REGREDIENCE Re*gre"di*ence (r*gr"d-ens), n. Defn: A going back; a retrogression; a return. [R.] Herrick. REGREET Re*greet" (r*grt"), v. t. Defn: To greet again; to resalute; to return a salutation to; to greet. Shak. REGREET Re*greet", n. Defn: A return or exchange of salutation. REGRESS Re"gress (r"grs), n. Etym: [L. regressus, fr. regredi, regressus. See Regrede.] 1. The act of passing back; passage back; return; retrogression. "The progress or regress of man". F. Harrison. 2. The power or liberty of passing back. Shak. REGRESS Re*gress" (r*grs"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Regressed (-grst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Regressing.] Defn: To go back; to return to a former place or state. Sir T. Browne. REGRESSION Re*gres"sion (r*grsh"n), n. Etym: [L. regressio: cf. F. régression.] Defn: The act of passing back or returning; retrogression; retrogradation. Sir T. Browne. Edge of regression (of a surface) (Geom.), the line along which a surface turns back upon itself; -- called also a cuspidal edge. -- Regression point (Geom.), a cusp. REGRESSIVE Re*gress"ive (r*grs"v), a. Etym: [Cf. F. régressif.] 1. Passing back; returning. 2. Characterized by retrogression; retrogressive. Regressive metamorphism. (a) (Biol.) See Retrogression. (b) (Physiol.) See Katabolism. REGRESSIVELY Re*gress"ive*ly, adv. Defn: In a regressive manner. REGRET Re*gret" (r*grt"), n Etym: [F., fr. regretter. See Regret, ] 1. Pain of mind on account of something done or experienced in the past, with a wish that it had been different; a looking back with dissatisfaction or with longing; grief; sorrow; especially, a mourning on account of the loss of some joy, advantage, or satisfaction. "A passionate regret at sin." Dr. H. More. What man does not remember with regret the first time he read Robinson Crusoe Macaulay. Never any prince expressed a more lively regret for the loss of a servant. Clarendon. From its peaceful bosom [the grave] spring none but fond regrets and tender recollections. W. Irving. 2. Dislike; aversion. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. Syn. -- Grief; concern; sorrow; lamentation; repentance; penitence; self- condemnation. -- Regret, Remorse, Compunction, Contrition, Repentance. Regret does not carry with it the energy of remorse, the sting of compunction, the sacredness of contrition, or the practical character of repentance. We even apply the term regret to circumstance over which we have had no control, as the absence of friends or their loss. When connected with ourselves, it relates rather to unwise acts than to wrong or sinful ones. C. J. Smith. REGRET Re*gret", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regretted (-td); p. pr. & vb. n. Regretting.] Etym: [F. regretter, OF. regreter; L. pref. re- re- + a word of Teutonic origin; cf. Goth. gr to weep, Icel. gr. See Greet to lament.] Defn: To experience regret on account of; to lose or miss with a sense of regret; to feel sorrow or dissatisfaction on account of (the happening or the loss of something); as, to regret an error; to regret lost opportunities or friends. Calmly he looked on either life, and here Saw nothing to regret, or there to fear. Pope. In a few hours they [the Israelites] began to regret their slavery, and to murmur against their leader. Macaulay. Recruits who regretted the plow from which they had been violently taken. Macaulay. REGRETFUL Re*gret"ful (-fl), a. Defn: Full of regret; indulging in regrets; repining. -- Re*gret"ful*ly, adv. REGROW Re*grow" (r*gr"), v. i. & t. Defn: To grow again. The snail had power to regrow them all [horns, tongue, etc.] A. B. Buckley. REGROWTH Re*growth" (r*grth"), n. Defn: The act of regrowing; a second or new growth. Darwin. The regrowth of limbs which had been cut off. A. B. Buckley. REGUARDANT Re*guard"ant (r*grd"ant), a. (Her.) Defn: Same as Regardant. REGUERDON Re*guer"don (r*gr"dn), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- re- + guerdon: cf. OF. reguerdonner.] Defn: To reward. [Obs.] Shak. REGULABLE Reg"u*la*ble (rg"*l*b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being regulated. [R.] REGULAR Reg"u*lar (-lr), a. Etym: [L. regularis, fr. regula a rule, fr. regere to guide, to rule: cf. F. régulier. See Rule.] 1. Conformed to a rule; agreeable to an established rule, law, principle, or type, or to established customary forms; normal; symmetrical; as, a regular verse in poetry; a regular piece of music; a regular verb; regular practice of law or medicine; a regular building. 2. Governed by rule or rules; steady or uniform in course, practice, or occurence; not subject to unexplained or irrational variation; returning at stated intervals; steadily pursued; orderlly; methodical; as, the regular succession of day and night; regular habits. 3. Constituted, selected, or conducted in conformity with established usages, rules, or discipline; duly authorized; permanently organized; as, a regular meeting; a regular physican; a regular nomination; regular troops. 4. Belonging to a monastic order or community; as, regular clergy, in distinction dfrom the secular clergy. 5. Thorough; complete; unmitigated; as, a regular humbug. [Colloq.] 6. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Having all the parts of the same kind alike in size and shape; as, a regular flower; a regular sea urchin. 7. (Crystallog.) Defn: Same as Isometric. Regular polygon (Geom.), a plane polygon which is both equilateral and equiangular. -- Regular polyhedron (Geom.), a polyhedron whose faces are equal regular polygons. There are five regular polyhedrons, -- the tetrahedron, the hexahedron, or cube, the octahedron, the dodecahedron, and the icosahedron. -- Regular sales (Stock Exchange), sales of stock deliverable on the day after the transaction. -- Regular troops, troops of a standing or permanent army; -- opposed to militia. Syn. -- Normal; orderly; methodical. See Normal. REGULAR Reg"u*lar (rg"*lr), n. Etym: [LL. regularis: cf. F. régulier. See Regular, a.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A member of any religious order or community who has taken the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and who has been solemnly recognized by the church. Bp. Fitzpatrick. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A soldier belonging to a permanent or standing army; -- chiefly used in the plural. REGULARIA Reg`u*la"ri*a (rg`*l"r*), n.pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Echini which includes the circular, or regular, sea urchins. REGULARITY Reg`u*lar"i*ty (-lr"*t), n. Etym: [Cf. F. régularité.] Defn: The condition or quality of being regular; as, regularity of outline; the regularity of motion. REGULARIZE Reg"u*lar*ize (rg"*lr*z), v. t. Defn: To cause to become regular; to regulate. [R.] REGULARLY Reg"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a regular manner; in uniform order; methodically; in due order or time. REGULARNESS Reg"u*lar*ness, n. Defn: Regularity. Boyle. REGULATE Reg"u*late (-lt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Regulated (-l`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Regulating.] Etym: [L. regulatus, p. p. of regulare, fr. regula. See Regular.] 1. To adjust by rule, method, or established mode; to direct by rule or restriction; to subject to governing principles or laws. The laws which regulate the successions of the seasons. Macaulay. The herdsmen near the frontier adjudicated their own disputes, and regulated their own police. Bancroft. 2. To put in good order; as, to regulate the disordered state of a nation or its finances. 3. To adjust, or maintain, with respect to a desired rate, degree, or condition; as, to regulate the temperature of a room, the pressure of steam, the speed of a machine, etc. To regulate a watch or clock, to adjust its rate of running so that it will keep approximately standard time. Syn. -- To adjust; dispose; methodize; arrange; direct; order; rule; govern. REGULATION Reg`u*la"tion (-l"shn), n. 1. The act of regulating, or the state of being regulated. The temper and regulation of our own minds. Macaulay. 2. A rule or order prescribed for management or government; prescription; a regulating principle; a governing direction; precept; law; as, the regulations of a society or a school. Regulation sword, cap, uniform, etc. (Mil.), a sword, cap, uniform, etc., of the kind or quality prescribed by the official regulations. Syn. -- Law; rule; method; principle; order; precept. See Law. REGULATIVE Reg"u*la*tive (rg"*l*tv), a. 1. Tending to regulate; regulating. Whewell. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: Necessarily assumed by the mind as fundamental to all other knowledge; furnishing fundamental principles; as, the regulative principles, or principles a priori; the regulative faculty. Sir W. Hamilton. Note: These terms are borrowed from Kant, and suggest the thought, allowed by Kant, that possibly these principles are only true for the human mind, the operations and belief of which they regulate. REGULATOR Reg"u*la`tor (-l`tr), n. 1. One who, or that which, regulates. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A contrivance for regulating and controlling motion, as: (a) The lever or index in a watch, which controls the effective length of the hairspring, and thus regulates the vibrations of the balance. (b) The governor of a steam engine. (c) A valve for controlling the admission of steam to the steam chest, in a locomotive. 3. A clock, or other timepiece, used as a standard of correct time. See Astronomical clock (a), under Clock. 4. A member of a volunteer committee which, in default of the lawful authority, undertakes to preserve order and prevent crimes; also, sometimes, one of a band organized for the comission of violent crimes. [U.S.] A few stood neutral, or declared in favor of the Regulators. Bancroft. REGULINE Reg"u*line (rg"*ln), a. Etym: [Cf. F. régulin. See Regulus.] (Chem. & Metal.) Defn: Of or pertaining to regulus. REGULIZE Reg"u*lize (-lz), v. t. (Old Chem.) Defn: To reduce to regulus; to separate, as a metal from extraneous matter; as, to regulize antimony. [Archaic] REGULUS Reg"u*lus (-ls), n.; pl. E. Reguluses (-Reguli (-l. Etym: [L., a petty king, prince, dim. of rex, regis, a king: cf. F. régule. See Regal.] 1. A petty king; a ruler of little power or consequence. 2. (Chem. & Metal.) Defn: The button, globule, or mass of metal, in a more or less impure state, which forms in the bottom of the crucible in smelting and reduction of ores. Note: The name was introduced by the alchemists, and applied by them in the first instance to antimony. Ilittle king; and from the facility with which antimony alloyed with gold, these empirical philosophers had great hopes that this metal, antimony, would lead them to the discovery of the philosopher's stone. Ure. 3. (Astron.) Defn: A star of the first magnitude in the constellation Leo; -- called also the Lion's Heart. REGURGITATE Re*gur"gi*tate (r*gr"j*tt), v. t. Etym: [LL. regurgitare, regurgitatum; L. pref. re- re- + gurges, -itis, a gulf. Cf. Regorge.] Defn: To throw or pour back, as from a deep or hollow place; to pour or throw back in great quantity. REGURGITATE Re*gur"gi*tate, v. i. Defn: To be thrown or poured back; to rush or surge back. The food may regurgitatem the stomach into the esophagus and mouth. Quain. REGURGITATION Re*gur`gi*ta"tion (-t"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. régurgitation.] 1. The act of flowing or pouring back by the orifice of entrance; specifically (Med.), Defn: the reversal of the natural direction in which the current or contents flow through a tube or cavity of the body. Quain. 2. The act of swallowing again; reabsorption. REHABILITATE Re`ha*bil"i*tate (r`h*bl"*tt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rehabilitated (- t`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Rehabilitating.] Etym: [Pref. re- re- + habilitate: cf. LL. rehabilitare, F. réhabiliter.] Defn: To invest or clothe again with some right, authority, or dignity; to restore to a former capacity; to reinstate; to qualify again; to restore, as a delinquent, to a former right, rank, or privilege lost or forfeited; -- a term of civil and canon law. Restoring and rehabilitating the party. Burke. REHABILITATION Re`ha*bil`i*ta"tion (-t"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. LL. rehabilitatio, F. Réhabilitation.] Defn: The act of rehabilitating, or the state of being rehabilitated. Bouvier. Walsh. REHASH Re*hash" (r*hsh"), v. t. Defn: To hash over again; to prepare or use again; as, to rehash old arguments. REHASH Re*hash", n. Defn: Something hashed over, or made up from old materials. REHEAR Re*hear" (r*hr"), v. t. Defn: To hear again; to try a second time; as, to rehear a cause in Chancery. REHEARSAL Re*hears"al (r*hrs"a), n. Defn: The act of rehearsing; recital; narration; repetition; specifically, a private recital, performance, or season of practice, in preparation for a public exhibition or exercise. Chaucer. In rehearsal of our Lord's Prayer. Hooker. Here's marvelous convenient place for our rehearsal. Shak. Dress rehearsal (Theater), a private preparatory performance of a drama, opera, etc., in costume. REHEARSE Re*hearse" (r*hrs"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rehearsed (-hrst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Rehearsing.] Etym: [OE. rehercen, rehersen, OF. reherser, rehercier, to harrow over again; pref. re- re- + hercier to harrow, fr. herce a harrow, F. herse. See Hearse.] 1. To repeat, as what has been already said; to tell over again; to recite. Chaucer. When the words were heard which David spake, they rehearsed them before Saul. 1 Sam. xvii. 31. 2. To narrate; to relate; to tell. Rehearse the righteous acts of the Lord. Judg. . v. 11. 3. To recite or repeat in private for experiment and improvement, before a public representation; as, to rehearse a tragedy. 4. To cause to rehearse; to instruct by rehearsal. [R.] He has been rehearsed by Madame Defarge as to his having seen her. Dickens. Syn. -- To recite; recapitulate; recount; detail; describe; tell; relate; narrate. REHEARSE Re*hearse", v. i. Defn: To recite or repeat something for practice. "There will we rehearse." Shak. REHEARSER Re*hears"er (-r), n. Defn: One who rehearses. REHEAT Re*heat" (r*ht"), v. t. 1. To heat again. 2. To revive; to cheer; to cherish. [Obs.] Rom. of R. REHIBITION Re`hi*bi"tion (r`h*bsh"n), n. Etym: [Pref. re- + L. habere to have.] (Law) Defn: The returning of a thing purchased to the seller, on the ground of defect or frand. REHIBITORY Re*hib"i*to*ry (r*hb"*t*r), a. (Law) Defn: Of or relating to rehibition; as, a rehibitory action. REHIRE Re*hire" (r*hr"), v. t. Defn: To hire again. REHYPOTHECATE Re`hy*poth"e*cate (r`h*pth"*kt), v. t. (Law) Defn: To hypothecate again. -- Re`hy*poth`e*ca"tion, n. REI Rei (r), n.;pl. Reis (ror r. Etym: [Pg. real, pl. reis. See Real a coin.] Defn: A portuguese money of account, in value about one tenth of a cent. [Spelt also ree.] REICHSRATH Reichs"rath` (rks"rt), n. Etym: [G] Defn: The parliament of Austria (exclusive of Hungary, which has its own diet, or parliament). It consists of an Upper and a Lower House, or a House of Lords and a House of Representatives. REICHSSTAND Reichs"stand` (rks"stt`), n. Etym: [G.] Defn: A free city of the former German empire. REICHSTAG Reichs"tag` (rks"tg`), n. Etym: [G.] Defn: The Diet, or House of Representatives, of the German empire, which is composed of members elected for a term of three years by the direct vote of the people. See Bundesrath. REIF Reif (rf), n. Etym: [AS. re.] Defn: Robbery; spoil. [Obs.] REIGLE Rei"gle (r"g'l), n. Etym: [F. règle a rule, fr. L. regula. See Rule.] Defn: A hollow cut or channel for quiding anything; as, the reigle of a side post for a flood gate. Carew. REIGLE Rei"gle, v. t. Defn: To regulate; to govern. [Obs.] REIGLEMENT Rei"gle*ment (-ment), n. Etym: [See Reglement.] Defn: Rule; regulation. [Obs.] Bacon. Jer. Taylor. REIGN Reign (rn), n. Etym: [OE. regne, OF. reigne, regne, F. règne, fr. L. regnum, fr. rex, regis, a king, fr. regere to guide, rule. See Regal, Regimen.] 1. Royal authority; supreme power; sovereignty; rule; dominion. He who like a father held his reign. Pope. Saturn's sons received the threefold reign Of heaven, of ocean,, and deep hell beneath. Prior. 2. The territory or sphere which is reigned over; kingdom; empire; realm; dominion. [Obs.] Spenser. [God] him bereft the regne that he had. Chaucer. 3. The time during which a king, queen, or emperor possesses the supreme authority; as, it happened in the reign of Elizabeth. REIGN Reign (rn), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reigned (rnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Reigning.] Etym: [OE. regnen, reinen, OF. regner, F. régner, fr. L. regnare, fr. regnum. See Reign, n.] 1. To possess or exercise sovereign power or authority; to exercise government, as a king or emperor;; to hold supreme power; to rule. Chaucer. We will not have this man to reign over us. Luke xix. 14. Shall Banquo's issue ever Reign in this kingdom Shak. 2. Hence, to be predominant; to prevail. "Pestilent diseases which commonly reign in summer." Bacon. 3. To have superior or uncontrolled dominion; to rule. Let not sin therefore reign in your mortal body. Rom. vi. 12. Syn. -- To rule; govern; direct; control; prevail. REIGNER Reign"er (rn"r), n. Defn: One who reigns. [R.] REILLUME Re`il*lume" (r`l*lm"), v. t. Defn: To light again; to cause to shine anew; to relume; to reillumine. "Thou must reillume its spark." J. R. Drake. REILLUMINATE Re`il*lu"mi*nate (-l"m*nt), v. t. Defn: To enlighten again; to reillumine. REILLUMINATION Re`il*lu`mi*na"tion (-n"shn), n. Defn: The act or process of enlightening again. REILLUMINE Re`il*lu"mine (-l"mn), v. t. Defn: To illumine again or anew; to reillume. REIM Reim (rm), n. Etym: [D. riem, akin to G riemen; CF. Gr. Defn: A strip of oxhide, deprived of hair, and rendered pliable, -- used for twisting into ropes, etc. [South Africa] Simmonds. REIMBARK Re`im*bark" (r`m*brk"), v. t. & i. Defn: See Re. REIMBODY Re`im*bod"y (-bd"), v. t. & i. Etym: [See Re.] Defn: To imbody again. Boyle. REIMBURSABLE Re`im*burs"a*ble (r`m*brs"*b'l), a. Etym: [CF. F. remboursable.] Defn: Capable of being repaid; repayable. A loan has been made of two millions of dollars, reimbursable in ten years. A. Hamilton. REIMBURSE Re`im*burse" (-brs"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reimbursed (-brst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Reimbursing.] Etym: [Pref. re- + imburse: cf. F. rembourser.] 1. To replace in a treasury or purse, as an equivalent for what has been taken, lost, or expended; to refund; to pay back; to restore; as, to reimburse the expenses of a war. 2. To make restoration or payment of an equivalent to (a person); to pay back to; to indemnify; -- often reflexive; as, to reimburse one's self by successful speculation. Paley. REIMBURSEMENT Re`im*burse"ment (-brs"ment), n. Etym: [Cf. F. rembursement.] Defn: The act reimbursing. A. Hamilton. REIMBURSER Re`im*burs"er (-brs"r), n. Defn: One who reimburses. REIMPLANT Re`im*plant" (-plnt"), v. t. Defn: To implant again. REIMPORT Re`im*port" (-prt"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + import: cf. F. remporter.] Defn: To import again; to import what has been exported; to bring back. Young. REIMPORTATION Re*im`por*ta"tion (r*m`pr*t"shn), n. Defn: The act of reimporting; also, that which is reimported. REIMPORTUNE Re*im`por*tune" (-pr*tn"), v. t. Defn: To importune again. REIMPOSE Re`im*pose" (r`m*pz), v. t. Defn: To impose anew. REIMPREGNATE Re`im*preg"nate (-prg"nt), v. t. Defn: To impregnate again or anew. Sir T. Browne. REIMPRESS Re`im*press" (-prs"), v. t. Defn: To impress anew. REIMPRESSION Re`im*pres"sion (-prsh"n), n. Defn: A second or repeated impression; a reprint. REIMPRINT Re`im*print" (-prnt"), v. t. Defn: To imprint again. REIMPRISON Re`im*pris"on (-prz'n), v. t. Defn: To imprison again. REIMPRISONMENT Re`im*pris"on*ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act of reimprisoning, or the state of being reimprisoned. REIN Rein (rn), n. Etym: [F. rêne, fr. (assumed) LL. retina, fr. L. retinere to hold back. See Retain.] 1. The strap of a bridle, fastened to the curb or snaffle on each side, by which the rider or driver governs the horse. This knight laid hold upon his reyne. Chaucer. 2. Hence, an instrument or means of curbing, restraining, or governing; government; restraint. "Let their eyes rove without rein." Milton. To give rein, To give the rein to, to give license to; to leave withouut restrain. -- To take the reins, to take the guidance or government; to assume control. REIN Rein, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reined (rnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Reining.] 1. To govern or direct with the reins; as, to rein a horse one way or another. He mounts and reins his horse. Chapman. 2. To restrain; to control; to check. Being once chafed, he can not Be reined again to temperance. Shak. To rein in or rein up, to check the speed of, or cause to stop, by drawing the reins. REIN Rein, v. i. Defn: To be guided by reins. [R.] Shak. REINAUGURATE Re`in*au"gu*rate, v. t. Defn: To inaugurate anew. REINCIT Re"in*cit" (-st"), v. t. Defn: To incite again. REINCORPORATE Re`in*cor"po*rate, v. t. Defn: To incorporate again. REINCREASE Re`in*crease" (-krs"), v. t. Defn: To increase again. REINCUR Re`in*cur" (-kr"), v. t. Defn: To incur again. REINDEER Rein"deer` (rn"dr), n. Etym: [Icel. hreinn reindeer + E. deer. Icel. hreinn is of Lapp or Finnish origin; cf. Lappish reino pasturage.] [Formerly written also raindeer, and ranedeer.] (Zool.) Defn: Any ruminant of the genus Rangifer, of the Deer family, found in the colder parts of both the Eastern and Western hemispheres, and having long irregularly branched antlers, with the brow tines palmate. Note: The common European species (R. tarandus) is domesticated in Lapland. The woodland reindeer or caribou (R. caribou) is found in Canada and Maine (see Caribou.) The Barren Ground reindeer or caribou (R. Groelandicus), of smaller size, is found on the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in both hemispheries. Reindeer moss (Bot.), a gray branching lichen (Cladonia rangiferina) which forms extensive patches on the ground in arctic and even in north temperature regions. It is the principal food of the Lapland reindeer in winter. -- Reindeer period (Geol.), a name sometimes given to a part of the Paleolithic era when the reindeer was common over Central Europe. REINDUCE Re`in*duce" (r`n*ds"), v. t. Defn: To induce again. REINETTE Rei*nette" (r*nt"), n. Etym: [F. See 1st Rennet.] (Bot.) Defn: A name given to many different kinds of apples, mostly of French origin. REINFECT Re`in*fect" (r`n*fkt), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + infect: cf. F. réinfecter.] Defn: To infect again. REINFECTIOUS Re`in*fec"tious (-fk"shs), a. Defn: Capable of reinfecting. REINFORCE Re`in*force" (-frs"), v. t. Defn: See Reënforce, v. t. REINFORCE Re`in*force", n. Defn: See Reënforce, n. REINFORCEMENT Re`in*force"ment (-ment), n. Defn: See Reënforcement. REINFUND Re`in*fund" (-fnd"), v. i. Etym: [Pref. re- + L. infundere to pour in.] Defn: To flow in anew. [Obs.] Swift. REINGRATIATE Re`in*gra"ti*ate (-gr"sh*t), v. t. Defn: To ingratiate again or anew. Sir. T. Herbert. REINHABIT Re`in*hab"it (-hb"t), v. t. Defn: To inhabit again. Mede. REINLESS Rein"less (rn"ls), a. Defn: Not having, or not governed by, reins; hence, not checked or restrained. REINS Reins (rnz), n. pl. Etym: [F. rein, pl. reins, fr. L. ren, pl. renes.] 1. The kidneys; also, the region of the kidneys; the loins. 2. The inward impulses; the affections and passions; -- so called because formerly supposed to have their seat in the part of the body where the kidneys are. My reins rejoice, when thy lips speak right things. Prov. xxiii. 16. I am he which searcheth the reins and hearts. Rev. ii. 23. Reins of a vault (Arch.), the parts between the crown andd the spring or abutment, including, and having especial reference to, the loading or filling behind the shell of the vault. The reins are to a vault nearly what the haunches are to an arch, and when a vault gives way by thrusting outward, it is because its reins are not sufficiently filled up. REINSERT Re`in*sert" (r`n*srt"), v. t. Defn: To insert again. REINSERTION Re`in*ser"tion (-sr"shn), n. Defn: The act of reinserting. REINSPECT Re`in*spect" (-spkt"), v. t. Defn: To inspect again. REINSPECTION Re`in*spec"tion (-spk"shn), n. Defn: The act of reinspecting. REINSPIRE Re`in*spire" (-spr"), v. t. Defn: To inspire anew. Milton. REINSPIRIT Re`in*spir"it (-sp`r"t), v. t. Defn: To give fresh spirit to. REINSTALL Re`in*stall" (-stl"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + install: cf. F. réinstaller.] Defn: To install again. Milton. REINSTALLMENT Re`in*stall"ment (ment), n. Defn: A renewed installment. REINSTATE Re`in*state" (-stt"), v. t. Defn: To place again in possession, or in a former state; to restore to a state from which one had been removed; to instate again; as, to reinstate a king in the possession of the kingdom. For the just we have said already thet some of them were reinstated in their pristine happiness and felicity. Glanvill. REINSTATEMENT Re`in*state"ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act of reinstating; the state of being reinstated; re REINSTATION Re`in*sta"tion (-st"shn), n. Defn: Reinstatement. [R.] REINSTRUCT Re`in*struct" (-strkt"), v. t. Defn: To instruct anew. REINSURANCE Re`in*sur"ance (-shr"ans), n. 1. Insurance a second time or again; renewed insurance. 2. A contract by which an insurer is insured wholly or in part against the risk he has incurred in insuring somebody else. See Reassurance. REINSURE Re`in*sure" (-shr"), v. t. 1. To insure again after a former insuranse has ceased; to renew insurance on. 2. To insure, as life or property, in favor of one who has taken an inssurance risk upon it. The innsurer may cause the property insured to be reinsured by other persons. Walsh. REINSURER Re`in*sur"er (-shr"r), n. Defn: One who gives reinsurance. REINTEGRATE Re*in"te*grate (r*n"t*grt), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + integrate. Cf. Redintegrate.] Defn: To renew with regard to any state or quality; to restore; to bring again together into a whole, as the parts off anything; to reas, to reintegrate a nation. Bacon. REINTEGRATION Re*in`te*gra"tion (-gr"shn), n. Defn: A renewing, or making whole again. See Redintegration. REINTER Re`in*ter" (r`n*tr"), v. t. Defn: To inter again. REINTERROGATE Re`in*ter"ro*gate (-tr"r*gt), v. t. Defn: To interrogate again; to question repeatedly. Cotgrave. REINTHRONE Re`in*throne" (-thrn"), v. t. Defn: See Reënthrone. REINTHRONIZE Re`in*thron"ize (-z), v. t. Defn: To enthrone again.[Obs.] REINTRODUCE Re*in`tro*duce" (r*n`tr*ds"), v. t. Defn: To introduce again. -- Re*in`tro*duc"tion (-d, n. REINVEST Re`in*vest" (r`n*vst"), v. t. Defn: To invest again or anew. REINVESTIGATE Re`in*ves"ti*gate (-vs"t*gt), v. t. Defn: To investigate again. -- Re`in*ves`ti*ga"tion (-g, n. REINVESTMENT Re`in*vest"ment (-vst"ment), n. Defn: The act of investing anew; a second or repeated investment. REINVIGORATE Re`in*vig"or*ate (-vg"r*t), v. t. Defn: To invigorate anew. REINVOLVE Re`in*volve" (-vlv"), v. t. Defn: To involve anew. REIS Re`is (r"s or rz), n. Etym: [Pg., pl. of real, an ancient Portuguese coin.] Defn: The word is used as a Portuguese designation of money of account, one hundred reis being about equal in value to eleven cents. REIS Reis (rs), n. Etym: [Ar. ra head, chief, prince.] Defn: A common title in the East for a person in authority, especially the captain of a ship. [Written also rais and ras.] REIS EFFENDI Reis` Ef*fen"di (rs` f*fn"d). Etym: [See 2d Reis, and Effendi.] Defn: A title formerly given to one of the chief Turkish officers of state. He was chancellor of the empire, etc. REISSNER'S MEMBRANE Reiss"ner's mem"brane (rs"nrz mm"brn). Etym: [Named from E. Reissner, A German anatomist.] (Anat.) Defn: The thin membrane which separates the canal of the cochlea from the vestibular scala in the internal ear. REISSUABLE Re*is"su*a*ble (r*sh"**b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being reissued. REISSUE Re*is"sue (r*sh"), v. t. & i. Defn: To issue a second time. REISSUE Re*is"sue, n. Defn: A second or repeated issue. REIT Reit (rt), n. Defn: Sedge; seaweed. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] REITER Rei"ter (r"tr), n. Etym: [G., rider.] Defn: A German cavalry soldier of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. REITERANT Re*it"er*ant (r-t"r-ant), a. Etym: [See Reiterate.] Defn: Reiterating. [R.] Mrs. Browning. REITERATE Re*it"er*ate (-at), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reiterated (-a`têd); p. pr. & vb. n. Reiterating.] Etym: [Pref. re- + iterate: cf. F. réitérer, LL. reiterare to question again.] Defn: To repeat again and again; to say or do repeatedly; sometimes, to repeat. That with reiterated crimes he might Heap on himself damnation. Milton. You never spoke what did become you less Than this; which to reiterate were sin. Shak. Syn. -- To repeat; recapitulate; rehearse. REITERATE Re*it"er*ate (-t), a. Defn: Reiterated; repeated. [R.] REITERATEDLY Re*it"er*a`ted*ly (-`td-l), adv. Defn: Repeatedly. REITERATION Re*it`er*a"tion (-"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. réitération.] Defn: The act of reiterating; that which is reiterated. REITERATIVE Re*it"er*a*tive (r-t"r--tv), n. 1. (Gram.) Defn: A word expressing repeated or reiterated action. 2. A word formed from another, or used to form another, by repetition; as, dillydally. REIVER Reiv"er (rv"r), n. Defn: See Reaver. Ruskin. REJECT Re*ject" (r-jkt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rejected; p. pr. & vb. n. Rejecting.] Etym: [L. rejectus, p. p. of reicere, rejicere; pref. re- re- + jacere to throw: cf. F. rejeter, formerly also spelt rejecter. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. To cast from one; to throw away; to discard. Therefore all this exercise of hunting . . . the Utopians have rejected to their butchers. Robynson (More's Utopia). Reject me not from among thy children. Wisdom ix. 4. 2. To refuse to receive or to acknowledge; to decline haughtily or harshly; to repudiate. That golden scepter which thou didst reject. Milton. Because thou hast rejected knowledge, I will also reject thee, that thou shalt be no priest to me. Hog. iv. 6. 3. To refuse to grant; as, to reject a prayer or request. Syn. -- To repel; renounce; discard; rebuff; refuse; decline. REJECTABLE Re*ject"a*ble (--b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being, or that ought to be, rejected. REJECTAMENTA Re*jec`ta*men"ta (r-jk`t-mn"ta), n.pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. rejectare, v. intens. fr. rejicere. See Reject.] Defn: Things thrown out or away; especially, things excreted by a living organism. J. Fleming. REJECTANEOUS Re`jec*ta"ne*ous (r`jk-t"n-s), a. Etym: [L. rejectaneus.] Defn: Not chosen orr received; rejected. [Obs.] "Profane, rejectaneous, and reprobate people." Barrow. REJECTER Re*ject"er (r-jkt"r), n. Defn: One who rejects. REJECTION Re*jec"tion (r-jk"shn), n. Etym: [L. rejectio: cf. F. réjection.] Defn: Act of rejecting, or state of being rejected. REJECTITIOUS Re`jec*ti"tious (r`jk-tsh"s), a. Defn: Implying or requiring rejection; rejectable. Cudworth. REJECTIVE Re*ject"ive (r-jkt"v), a. Defn: Rejecting, or tending to reject. REJECTMENT Re*ject"ment (-ment), n. Defn: Act of rejecting; matter rejected, or thrown away. Eaton. REJOICE Re*joice" (r-jois"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rejoced (-joist"); p. pr. & vb. n. Rejoicing (-joi"sng).] Etym: [OE.rejoissen, OF. resjouir, resjoir, F. réjouir; pref. re- re- + OF, esjouir, esjoir, F. , to rejoice; pref. es- (L. ex-) + OF. jouir, joir, F. jouir, from L. gaudere to rejoice. See Joy.] Defn: To feel joy; to experience gladness in a high degree; to have pleasurable satisfaction; to be delighted. "O, rejoice beyond a common joy." Shak. I will be glad and rejoice in thy mercy. Ps. xxxi. 7. Syn. To delight; joy; exult; triumph. REJOICE Re*joice", v. t. 1. To enjoy. [Obs.] Bp. Peacock. 2. To give joi to; to make joyful; to gladden. I me rejoysed of my liberty. Chaucer. While she, great saint, rejoices heaven. Prior. Were he [Cain] alive, it would rejoice his soul to see what mischief it had made. Arbuthnot. Syn. -- To please; cheer; exhilarate; delight. REJOICE Re*joice", n. Defn: The act of rejoicing. Sir T. Browne. REJOICEMENT Re*joice"ment (-ment), n. Defn: Rejoicing. [Obs.] REJOICER Re*joi"cer (r-joi"sr), n. Defn: One who rejoices. REJOICING Re*joi"cing (-sng), n. 1. Joy; gladness; delight. We should particularly express our rejoicing by love and charity to our neighbors. R. Nelson. 2. The expression of joy or gladness. The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the tabernacles of the righteous. Ps. cxviii. 15. 3. That which causes to rejoice; occasion of joy. Thy testimonies have I taken as an heritage forever, for they are the rejoicing of my heart. Ps. cxix. 111. REJOICINGLY Re*joi"cing*ly, adv. Defn: With joi or exultation. REJOIN Re*join" (r-join"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rejoined (-joind"); p. pr. & vb. n. Rejoining.] Etym: [F. rejoindre; pref. re- re- + joindre to join. See Join, and cf. Rejoinder.] 1. To join again; to unite after separation. 2. To come, or go, again into the presence of; to join the company of again. Meet and rejoin me, in the pensive grot. Pope. 3. To state in reply; -- followed by an object clause. REJOIN Re*join", v. i. 1. To answer to a reply. 2. (Law) Defn: To answer, as the defendant to the plaintiff's replication. REJOINDER Re*join"der (-dr), n. Etym: [From F. rejoindre, inf., to join again. See Rejoin.] 1. An answer to a reply; or, in general, an answer or reply. 2. (Law) Defn: The defendant's answer to the plaintiff's replication. Syn. -- Reply; ansswer; replication. See Reply. REJOINDER Re*join"der, v. i. Defn: To make a rejoinder. [Archaic] REJOINDURE Re*join"dure (-dr), n. Defn: Act of joining again. [Obs.] "Beguiles our lips of all rejoindure" (i.e., kisses). Shak. REJOINT Re*joint" (re-joint"), v. t. 1. To reunite the joints of; to joint anew. Barrow. 2. Specifically (Arch.), to fill up the joints of, as stones in buildings when the mortar has been dislodged by age and the action of the weather. Gwilt. REJOLT Re*jolt" (r-jlt"), n. Defn: A reacting jolt or shock; a rebound or recoil. [R.] These inward rejolts and recoilings of the mind. South. REJOLT Re*jolt", v. t. Defn: To jolt or shake again. Locke. REJOURN Re*journ" (r-jrn"), v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. réajourner. See Adjourn.] Defn: To adjourn; to put off. [Obs.] Shak. REJOURNMENT Re*journ"ment (-ment), n. Defn: Adjournment. [Obs.] REJUDGE Re*judge" (r-jj"), v. t. Defn: To judge again; to re Rejudge his acts, and dignify disgrace. Pope. REJUVENATE Re*ju"ve*nate (r-j"v-nt), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- re- + L. juventis young, youthful.] Defn: To render young again. REJUVENATED Re*ju"ve*na`ted, p. a. from Rejuvenate. 1. Rendered young again; as, rejuvenated life. 2. (Phys. Geog.) (a) Stimulated by uplift to renewed erosive activity; -- said of streams. (b) Developed with steep slopes inside a district previously worn down nearly to base level; -- said of topography, or features of topography, as valleys, hills, etc. REJUVENATION Re*ju`ve*na"tion (-n"shn), n. Defn: Rejuvenescence. REJUVENESCENCE Re*ju`ve*nes"cence (-ns"sens), n. 1. A renewing of youth; the state of being or growing young again. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A method of cell formation in which the entire protoplasm of an old cell escapes by rupture of the cell wall, and then develops a new cell wall. It is seen sometimes in the formation of zo REJUVENESCENCY Re*ju`ve*nes"cen*cy (-sen-s), n. Defn: Rejuvenescence. REJUVENESCENT Re*ju`ve*nes"cent (-sent), a. Defn: Becoming, or causing to become, rejuvenated; rejuvenating. REJUVENIZE Re*ju`ve*nize (r-j"v-nz), v. t. Defn: To rejuvenate. REKINDLE Re*kin"dle (r-kn"d'l), v. t. & i. Defn: To kindle again. REKNE Rek"ne (rk"ne), v. t. Defn: To reckon. [Obs.] Chaucer. RELADE Re*lade" (r-ld"), v. t. Defn: To lade or load again. RELAID Re*laid" (r-ld), Defn: imp. & p. p. of Relay. RELAIS Re*lais" (re-l"), n. Etym: [F. See Relay, n.] (Fort.) Defn: A narrow space between the foot of the rampart and the scarp of the ditch, serving to receive the earth that may crumble off or be washed down, and prevent its falling into the ditch. Wilhelm. RELAND Re*land" (r-lnd"), v. t. Defn: To land again; to put on land, as that which had been shipped or embarked. RELAND Re*land", v. i. Defn: To go on shore after having embarked; to land again. RELAPSE Re*lapse" (r-lps"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Relapsed (-lpst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Relapsing.] Etym: [L.relapsus, p. p. of relabi to slip back, to relapse; pref. re- re- + labi to fall, slip, slide. See Lapse.] 1. To slip or slide back, in a literal sense; to turn back. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. To slide or turn back into a former state or practice; to fall back from some condition attained; -- generally in a bad sense, as from a state of convalescence or amended condition; as, to relaps into a stupor, into vice, or into barbarism; -- sometimes in a good sense; as, to relapse into slumber after being disturbed. That task performed, [preachers] relapse into themselves. Cowper. 3. (Theol.) Defn: To fall from Christian faith into paganism, heresy, or unbelief; to backslide. They enter into the justified state, and so continue all along, unless they relapse. Waterland. RELAPSE Re*lapse", n. Etym: [For sense 2 cf. F. relaps. See Relapse, v.] 1. A sliding or falling back, especially into a former bad state, either of body or morals; backsliding; the state of having fallen back. Alas! from what high hope to what relapse Unlooked for are we fallen! Milton. 2. One who has relapsed, or fallen back, into error; a backlider; specifically, one who, after recanting error, returns to it again. [Obs.] RELAPSER Re*laps"er (-lps"r), n. Defn: One who relapses. Bp. Hall. RELAPSING Re*laps"ing, a. Defn: Marked by a relapse; falling back; tending to return to a former worse state. Relapsing fever (Med.), an acute, epidemic, contagious fever, which prevails also endemically in Ireland, Russia, and some other regions. It is marked by one or two remissions of the fever, by articular and muscular pains, and by the presence, during the paroxism of spiral bacterium (Spirochæte) in the blood. It is not usually fatal. Called also famine fever, and recurring fever. RELATE Re*late" (r-lt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Related; p. pr. & vb. n. Relating.] Etym: [F. relater to recount, LL. relatare, fr. L. relatus, used as p. p. of referre. See Elate, and cf. Refer.] 1. To bring back; to restore. [Obs.] Abate your zealous haste, till morrow next again Both light of heaven and strength of men relate. Spenser. 2. To refer; to ascribe, as to a source. [Obs. or R.] 3. To recount; to narrate; to tell over. This heavy act with heavy heart relate. Shak. 4. To ally by connection or kindred. To relate one's self, to vent thoughts in words. [R.] Syn. -- To tell; recite; narrate; recount; rehearse; report; detail; describe. RELATE Re*late", v. i. 1. To stand in some relation; to have bearing or concern; to pertain; to refer; -- with to. All negative or privative words relate positive ideas. Locke. 2. To make reference; to take account. [R.& Obs.] Reckoning by the years of their own consecration without relating to any imperial account. Fuller. RELATED Re*lat"ed (-lt"d), p. p. & a. 1. Allied by kindred; connected by blood or alliance, particularly by consanguinity; as, persons related in the first or second degree. 2. Standing in relation or connection; as, the electric and magnetic forcec are closely related. 3. Narrated; told. 4. (Mus.) Defn: Same as Relative, 4. RELATEDNESS Re*lat"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state or condition of being related; relationship; affinity. [R.] Emerson. RELATER Re*lat"er (-r), n. Defn: One who relates or narrates. RELATION Re*la"tion (r-l"shn), n. Etym: [F. relation, L. relatio. See Relate.] 1. The act of relating or telling; also, that which is related; recital; account; narration; narrative; as, the relation of historical events. relation doth well figure them. Bacon. 2. The state of being related or of referring; what is apprehended as appertaining to a being or quality, by considering it in its bearing upon something else; relative quality or condition; the being such and such with regard or respect to some other thing; connection; as, the relation of experience to knowledge; the relation of master to servant. Any sort of connection which is perceived or imagined between two or more things, or any comparison which is made by the mind, is a relation. I. Taylor. 3. Reference; respect; regard. I have been importuned to make some observations on this art in relation to its agreement with poetry. Dryden. 4. Connection by consanguinity or affinity; kinship; relationship; as, the relation of parents and children. Relations dear, and all the charities Of father, son, and brother, first were known. Milton. 5. A person connected by cosanguinity or affinity; a relative; a kinsman or kinswoman. For me . . . my relation does not care a rush. Ld. Lytton. 6. (Law) (a) The carrying back, and giving effect or operation to, an act or proceeding frrom some previous date or time, by a sort of fiction, as if it had happened or begun at that time. In such case the act is said to take effect by relation. (b) The act of a relator at whose instance a suit is begun. Wharton. Burrill. Syn. -- Recital; rehearsal; narration; account; narrative; tale; detail; description; kindred; kinship; consanguinity; affinity; kinsman; kinswoman. RELATIONAL Re*la"tion*al (r-l"shn-al), a. 1. Having relation or kindred; related. We might be tempted to take these two nations for relational stems. Tooke. 2. Indicating or specifying some relation. Relational words, as prepositions, auxiliaries, etc. R. Morris. RELATIONIST Re*la"tion*ist, n. Defn: A relative; a relation. [Obs.] RELATIONSHIP Re*la"tion*ship, n. Defn: The state of being related by kindred, affinity, or other alliance. Mason. RELATIVE Rel"a*tive (rl"-tv), a. Etym: [F. relatif, L. relativus. See Relate.] 1. Having relation or reference; referring; respecting; standing in connection; pertaining; as, arguments not relative to the subject. I'll have grounds More relative than this. Shak. 2. Arising from relation; resulting from connection with, or reference to, something else; not absolute. Every thing sustains both an absolute and a relative capacity: an absolute, as it is such a thing, endued with such a nature; and a relative, as it is a part of the universe, and so stands in such a relations to the whole. South. 3. (Gram.) Defn: Indicating or expressing relation; refering to an antecedent; as, a relative pronoun. 4. (Mus.) Defn: Characterizing or pertaining to chords and keys, which, by reason of the identify of some of their tones, admit of a natural transition from one to the other. Moore (Encyc. of Music). Relative clause (Gram.), a clause introduced by a relative pronoun. -- Relative term, a term which implies relation to, as guardian to ward, matter to servant, husband to wife. Cf. Correlative. RELATIVE Rel"a*tive, n. Defn: One who, or that which, relates to, or is considered in its relation to, something else; a relative object or term; one of two object or term; one of two objects directly connected by any relation. Specifically: (a) A person connected by blood or affinity; strictly, one allied by blood; a relation; a kinsman or kinswoman. "Confining our care . . . to ourselves and relatives." Bp. Fell. (b) (Gram.) A relative prnoun; a word which relates to, or represents, another word or phrase, called its antecedent; as, the relatives " who", "which", "that". RELATIVELY Rel"a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a relative manner; in relation or respect to something else; not absolutely. Consider the absolute affections of any being as it is in itself, before you consider it relatively. I. Watts. RELATIVENESS Rel"a*tive*ness, n Defn: The state of being relative, or having relation; relativity. RELATIVITY Rel`a*tiv"i*ty (-tv"-t), n. Defn: The state of being relative; as, the relativity of a subject. Coleridge. RELATOR Re*lat"or (r-lt"r), n. Etym: [ L.: cf. F. relateur. See Relate.] 1. One who relates; a relater. "The several relators of this history." Fuller. 2. (Law) Defn: A private person at whose relation, or in whose behalf, the attorney-general allows an information in the nature of a quo warranto to be filed. RELATRIX Re*lat"rix (-rks), n. Etym: [L.] (Law) Defn: A female relator. RELAX Re*lax" (r-lks"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relaxed (-lkst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Relaxing.] Etym: [L. relaxare; pref. re- re- + laxare to loose, to slacken, from laxus loose. See Lax, and cf. Relay, n., Release.] 1. To make lax or loose; to make less close, firm, rigid, tense, or the like; to slacken; to loosen; to open; as, to relax a rope or cord; to relax the muscles or sinews. Horror . . . all his joints relaxed. Milton. Nor served it to relax their serried files. Milton. 2. To make less severe or rogorous; to abate the stringency of; to remit in respect to strenuousness, esrnestness, or effort; as, to relax discipline; to relax one's attention or endeavors. The stature of mortmain was at several times relaxed by the legilature. Swift. 3. Hence, to relieve from attention or effort; to ease; to recreate; to divert; as, amusement relaxes the mind. 4. To relieve from constipation; to loosen; to open; as, an aperient relaxes the bowels. Syn. -- To slacken; loosen; loose; remit; abate; mitigate; ease; unbend; divert. RELAX Re*lax", v. i. 1. To become lax, weak, or loose; as, to let one's grasp relax. His knees relax with toil. Pope. 2. To abate in severity; to become less rigorous. In others she relaxed again, And governed with a looser rein. Prior. 3. To remit attention or effort; to become less diligent; to unbend; as, to relax in study. RELAX Re*lax", n. Defn: Relaxation. [Obs.] Feltham. RELAX Re**lax", a. Defn: Relaxed; lax; hence, remiss; careless. RELAXABLE Re*lax"a*ble (--b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being relaxed. RELAXANT Re*lax"ant (r-lks"ant), n. Etym: [L. relaxans, p. pr. of relaxare.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine that relaxes; a laxative. RELAXATION Re`lax*a"tion (r`lks-"shn;277), n. Etym: [L. relaxatio; cf. F. relaxation.] 1. The act or process of relaxing, or the state of being relaxed; as, relaxation of the muscles; relaxation of a law. 2. Remission from attention and effort; indulgence in recreation, diversion, or amusement. "Hours of careless relaxation." Macaulay. RELAXATIVE Re*lax"a*tive (r-lks"-tv), a. Defn: Having the quality of relaxing; laxative. -- n. Defn: A relaxant. B. Jonson. RELAY Re*lay" (r-l"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relaid (-ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Relaying.] Etym: [Pref re- + lay, v.] Defn: To lay again; to lay a second time; as, to relay a pavement. RELAY Re*lay" (r-l"), n. Etym: [F. relais (cf. OF. relais relaxation, discontinuance, It. rilascio release, relief, rilasso relay), fr. OF. relaissier to abandon, release, fr. L. relaxare. See Relax.] 1. A supply of anything arranged beforehand for affording relief from time to time, or at successive stages; provision for successive relief. Specifically: (a) A supply of horses placced at stations to be in readiness to relieve others, so that a trveler may proceed without delay. (b) A supply of hunting dogs or horses kept in readiness at certain places to relive the tired dogs or horses, and to continnue the pursuit of the game if it comes that way. (c) A number of men who relieve others in carrying on some work. 2. (Elec.) Defn: In various forms of telegrapfhic apparatus, a megnet which receives the circuit current, and is caused by it to bring into into action the power of a local battery for performing the work of making the record; also, a similar device by which the current in one circuit is made to open or close another circuit in which a current is passing. Relay battery (Elec.), the local battery which is brought into use by the action of the relay magnet, or relay. RELAY CYLINDER Relay cylinder. Defn: In a variable expansion central-valve engine, a small auxiliary engine for automatically adjusting the steam distribution to the load on the main engine. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] RELAY GOVERNOR Relay governor. Defn: A speed regulator, as a water-wheel governor, embodying the relay principle. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] RELBUN Rel"bun (rl"bn), n. Defn: The roots of the Chilian plant Calceolaria arachnoidea, -- used for dyeing crimson. RELEASABLE Re*leas"a*ble (r-ls"-b'l), a. Defn: That may be released. RELEASE Re*lease" (r-ls"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re + lease to let.] Defn: To lease again; to grant a new lease of; to let back. RELEASE Re*lease" (r-ls"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Released (r*lst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Releasing.] Etym: [OE. relessen, OF. relassier, to release, to let free. See Relay, n., Relax, and cf. Release to lease again.] 1. To let loose again; to set free from restraint, confinement, or servitude; to give liberty to, or to set at liberty; to let go. Now at that feast he released unto them one prisoner, whomsoever they desired. Mark xv. 6. 2. To relieve from something that confines, burdens, or oppresses, as from pain, trouble, obligation, penalty. 3. (Law) Defn: To let go, as a legal claim; to discharge or relinquish a right to, as lands or tenements, by conveying to another who has some right or estate in possession, as when the person in remainder releases his right to the tenant in possession; to quit. 4. To loosen; to relax; to remove the obligation of; as, to release an ordinance. [Obs.] Hooker. A sacred vow that none should aye Spenser. Syn. -- To free; liberate; loose; discharge; disengage; extracate; let go; quit; acquit. RELEASE Re*lease", n. 1. The act of letting loose or freeing, or the state of being let loose or freed; liberation or discharge from restraint of any kind, as from confinement or bondage. "Who boast'st release from hell." Milton. 2. Relief from care, pain, or any burden. 3. Discharge from obligation or responsibility, as from debt, penalty, or claim of any kind; acquittance. 4. (Law) Defn: A giving up or relinquishment of some right or claim; a conveyance of a man's right in lands or tenements to another who has some estate in possession; a quitclaim. Blackstone. 5. (Steam Engine) Defn: The act of opening the exhaust port to allow the steam to escape. Lease and release. (Law) See under Lease. -- Out of release, without cessation. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. -- Liberation; freedom; discharge. See Death. RELEASEE Re*leas`ee" (-"), n. Defn: One to whom a release is given. RELEASEMENT Re*lease"ment (r-ls"ment), n. Defn: The act of releasing, as from confinement or obligation. Milton. RELEASER Re*leas"er (-r), n. Defn: One who releases, or sets free. RELEASOR Re*leas"or (-r), n. Defn: One by whom a release is given. RELEGATE Rel"e*gate (rl"-gt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relegated (-g`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Relegating.] Etym: [L. relegatus, p. p. of relegare; pref. re- re- + legare to send with a commission or charge. See Legate.] Defn: To remove, usually to an inferior position; to consign; to transfer; specifically, to send into exile; to banish. It [the Latin language] was relegated into the study of the scholar. Milman. RELEGATION Rel`e*ga"tion (-g"shn), n. Etym: [L. relegatio: cf. F. rel.] Defn: The act of relegating, or the state of being relegated; removal; banishment; exile. RELENT Re*lent" (r-lnt"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Relented; p. pr. & vb. n. Relenting.] Etym: [F. ralentir, fr. L. pref. re- re- + ad to + lentus pliant, flexible, slow. See Lithe.] 1. To become less rigid or hard; to yield; to dissolve; to melt; to deliquesce. [Obs.] He stirred the coals till relente gan The wax again the fire. Chaucer. [Salt of tartar] placed in a cellar will . . . begin to relent. Boyle. When opening buds salute the welcome day, And earth, relenting, feels the genial ray. Pope. 2. To become less severe or intense; to become less hard, harsh, cruel, or the like; to soften in temper; to become more mild and tender; to feel compassion. Can you . . . behold My sighs and tears, and will not once relent Shak. RELENT Re*lent", v. t. 1. To slacken; to abate. [Obs.] And oftentimes he would relent his pace. Spenser. 2. To soften; to dissolve. [Obs.] 3. To mollify ; to cause to be less harsh or severe. [Obs.] RELENT Re*lent" (r-lnt"), n. Defn: Stay; stop; delay. [Obs.] Nor rested till she came without relent Unto the land of Amazona. Spenser. RELENTLESS Re*lent"less, a. Defn: Unmoved by appeals for sympathy or forgiveness; insensible to the distresses of others; destitute of tenderness; unrelenting; unyielding; unpitying; as, a prey to relentless despotism. For this the avenging power employs his darts,.. Thus will persist, relentless in his ire. Dryden. -- Re*lent"less*ly, adv. -- Re*lent"less*ness, n. RELENTMENT Re*lent"ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act or process of retenting; the state of having relented. Sir T. Browne. RELESSE Re*lesse" (r-ls"), v. t. Defn: To release. [Obs.] Chaucer. RELESSEE Re`les*see" (r`ls-s"), n. Defn: See Releasee. RELESSOR Re`les*sor" (-sr"), n. Defn: See Releasor. RE-LET Re-let" (r-lt"), v. t. Defn: To let anew, as a hous. RELEVANCE; RELEVANCY Rel"e*vance, Rel"e*van*cy, n. 1. The quality or state of being relevant; pertinency; applicability. Its answer little meaning, little relevancy bore. Poe. 2. (Scots Law) Defn: Sufficiency to infer the conclusion. RELEVANT Rel"e*vant (-vant), a. Etym: [F. relevant, p. pr. of relever to raise again, to relieve. See Relieve.] 1. Relieving; lending aid or support. [R.] Pownall. 2. Bearing upon, or properly applying to, the case in hand; pertinent; applicable. Close and relevant arguments have very little hold on the passions. Sydney Smith. 3. (SScots Law) Defn: Sufficient to support the cause. RELEVANTLY Rel"e*vant*ly, adv. Defn: In a relevant manner. RELEVATION Rel`e*va"tion (-v"shn), n. Etym: [L. relevatio, fr. relevare. See Relieve.] Defn: A raising or lifting up. [Obs.] RELIABILITY Re*li`a*bil"i*ty (r-l`-bl"-t), n. Defn: The state or quality of being reliable; reliableness. RELIABLE Re*li"a*ble (r-l"-b'l), a. Defn: Suitable or fit to be relied on; worthy of dependance or reliance; trustworthy. "A reliable witness to the truth of the miracles." A. Norton. The best means, and most reliable pledge, of a higher object. Coleridge. According to General Livingston's humorous account, his own village of Elizabethtown was not much more reliable, being peopled in those agitated times by "unknown, unrecommended strangers, guilty-looking Tories, and very knavish Whigs." W. Irving. Note: Some authors take exception to this word, maintaining that it is unnecessary, and irregular in formation. It is, however, sanctioned by the practice of many careful writers as a most convenient substitute for the phrase to be relied upon, and a useful synonym for trustworthy, which is by preference applied to persons, as reliable is to things, such as an account, statement, or the like. The objection that adjectives derived from neuter verbs do not admit of a passive sense is met by the citation of laughable, worthy of being laughed at, from the neuter verb to laugh; available, fit or able to be availed of, from the neuter verb to avail; dispensable, capable of being dispensed with, from the neuter verb to dispense. Other examples might be added. -- Re*li"a*ble*ness, n. -- Re*li"a*bly, adv. RELIANCE Re*li"ance (-ans), n. Etym: [From Rely.] 1. The act of relying, or the condition or quality of being reliant; dependence; confidence; trust; repose of mind upon what is deemed sufficient support or authority. In reliance on promises which proved to be of very little value. Macaulay. 2. Anything on which to rely; dependence; ground of trust; as, the boat was a poor reliance. Richardson. RELIANT Re*li"ant (-ant), a. Defn: Having, or characterized by, reliance; confident; trusting. RELIC Rel"ic (rl"k), n. Etym: [F. relique, from L. reliquiae, pl., akin to relinquere to leave behind. See Relinquish.] [Formerly written also relique.] 1. That which remains; that which is left after loss or decay; a remaining portion; a remnant. Chaucer. Wyclif. The relics of lost innocence. Kebe. The fragments, scraps, the bits and greasy relics. Shak. 2. The body from which the soul has departed; a corpse; especially, the body, or some part of the body, of a deceased saint or martyr; -- usually in the plural when referring to the whole body. There are very few treasuries of relics in Italy that have not a tooth or a bone of this saint. Addison. Thy relics, Rowe, to this fair urn we trust, And sacred place by Dryden's awful dust. Pope. 3. Hence, a memorial; anything preserved in remembrance; as, relics of youthful days or friendships. The pearis were split; Some lost, some stolen, some as relics kept. Tennyson. RELICLY Rel"ic*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of relics. [Obs.] RELICT Rel"ict (-kt), n. Etym: [L. relicta, fr. of relictus, p. p. of relinquere to leave behind. See Relinquish.] Defn: A woman whose husband is dead; a widow. Eli dying without issue, Jacob was obbliged by law to marry his relict, and so to raise up seed to his brother Eli. South. RELICTED Re*lict"ed (r-lkt"d), a. Etym: [L. relictus, p. p.] (Law) Defn: Left uncovered, as land by recession of water. Bouvier. RELICTION Re*lic"tion (r-lk"shn), n. Etym: [L. relictio a leaving behind.] (Law) Defn: A leaving dry; a recession of the sea or other water, leaving dry land; land left uncovered by such recession. Burrill. RELIEF Re*lief" (r-lf"), n. Etym: [OE. relef, F. relief, properly, a lifting up, a standing out. See Relieve, and cf. Basrelief, Rilievi.] 1. The act of relieving, or the state of being relieved; the removal, or partial removal, of any evil, or of anything oppressive or burdensome, by which some ease is obtained; succor; alleviation; comfort; ease; redress. He seec the dire contagion spread so fast, That, where it seizes, all relief is vain. Dryden. 2. Release from a post, or from the performance of duty, by the intervention of others, by discharge, or by relay; as, a relief of a sentry. For this relief much thanks; ;tis bitter cold. Shak. 3. That which removes or lessenc evil, pain, discomfort, uneasiness, etc.; that which gives succor, aid, or comfort; also, the person who relieves from performance of duty by taking the place of another; a relay. 4. (Feudal Law) Defn: A fine or composition which the heir of a deceased tenant paid to the lord for the privilege of taking up the estate, which, on strict feudal principles, had lapsed or fallen to the lord on the death of the tenant. 5. (Sculp. & Arch.) Defn: The projection of a figure above the ground or plane on wwhich it is formed. Note: Relief is of three kinds, namely, high relief (altorilievo), low relief, (basso-rilievo), and demirelief (mezzo-rilievo). See these terms in the Vocabulary. 6. (Paint.) Defn: The appearance of projection given by shading, shadow, etc., to any figure. 7. (Fort.) Defn: The height to which works are raised above the bottom of the ditch. Wilhelm. 8. (Physical Geog.) Defn: The elevations and surface undulations of a country. Guyot. Relief valve, a valve arranged for relieving pressure of steam, gas, or liquid; an escape valve. Syn. -- Alleviation; mitigation; aid; help; succor; assistance; remedy; redress; indemnification. RELIEFFUL Re*lief"ful (r-lf"fl), a. Defn: Giving relief. [Obs.] RELIEFLESS Re*lief"less, a. Defn: Destitute of relief; also, remediless. RELIER Re*li"er (r-l"r), n. Etym: [From Rely.] Defn: One who relies. RELIEVABLE Re*liev"a*ble (r-lv"-b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being relieved; fitted to recieve relief. Sir M. Hale. RELIEVE Re*lieve" (r-lv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relieved (-lvd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Relieving.] Etym: [OE. releven, F. relever to raise again, discharge, relieve, fr. L. relevare to lift up, raise, make light, relieve; pref. re- re- + levare to raise, fr. levis light. See Levity, and cf. Relevant, Relief.] 1. To lift up; to raise again, as one who has fallen; to cause to rise. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. To cause to seem to rise; to put in relief; to give prominence or conspicuousness to; to Her tall figure relieved against the blue sky; seemed almost of supernatural height. Sir W. Scott. 3. To raise up something in; to introduce a contrast or variety into; to remove the monotony or sameness of. The poet must . . . sometimes relieve the subject with a moral reflection. Addison. 4. To raise or remove, as anything which depresses, weighs down, or cruches; to render less burdensome or afflicting; to allevate; to- abate; to mitigate; to lessen; as, to relieve pain; to relieve the wants of the poor. 5. To free, wholly or partly, from any burden, trial, evil, distress, or the like; to give ease, comfort, or consolation to; to give aid, help, or succor to; to support, strengthen, or deliver; as, to relieve a besieged town. Now lend assistance and relieve the poor. Dryden. 6. To release from a post, station, or duty; to put another in place of, or to take the place of, in the bearing of any burden, or discharge of any duty. Who hath relieved you Shak. 7. To ease of any imposition, burden, wrong, or oppression, by judicial or legislative interposition, as by the removal of a grievance, by indemnification for losses, or the like; to right. Syn. -- To alleviate; assuage; succor; assist; aid; help; support; substain; ease; mitigate; lighten; diminish; remove; free; remedy; redress; indemnify. RELIEVEMENT Re*lieve"ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act of relieving, or the state of being relieved; relief; release. [Archaic.] RELIEVER Re*liev"er (-r), n. Defn: One who, or that which, relieves. RELIEVING Re*liev"ing, a. Defn: Serving or tending to relieve. Relieving arch (Arch.), a discharging arch. See under Discharge, v. t. -- Relieving tackle. (Naut.) (a) A temporary tackle attached to the tiller of a vessel during gales or an action, in case of accident to the tiller ropes. (b) A strong tackle from a wharf to a careened vessel, to prevent her from going over entirely, and to assist in righting her. Totten. Craig. RELIEVO Re*lie"vo (r-l"v), n. Etym: [It. rilievo.] Defn: See Relief, n., 5. RELIGHT Re*light" (r-lt"), v. t. Defn: To light or kindle anew. RELIGIEUSE; RELIGIEUX Re*li`gi`euse", n. f. Re*li`gi`eux", n. m.Etym: [F.] Defn: A person bound by monastic vows; a nun; a monk. RELIGION Re*li"gion (r-lj"n), n. Etym: [F., from L. religio; cf. religens pious, revering the gods, Gr. Neglect.] 1. The outward act or form by which men indicate their recognition of the existence of a god or of gods having power over their destiny, to whom obedience, service, and honor are due; the feeling or expression of human love, fear, or awe of some superhuman and overruling power, whether by profession of belief, by observance of rites and ceremonies, or by the conduct of life; a system of faith and worship; a manifestation of piety; as, ethical religions; monotheistic religions; natural religion; revealed religion; the religion of the Jews; the religion of idol worshipers. An orderly life so far as others are able to observe us is now and then produced by prudential motives or by dint of habit; but without seriousness there can be no religious principle at the bottom, no course of conduct from religious motives; in a word, there can be no religion. Paley. Religion [was] not, as too often now, used as equivalent for godliness; but . . . it expressed the outer form and embodiment which the inward spirit of a true or a false devotion assumed. Trench. Religions, by which are meant the modes of sdivine worship proper to different tribes, nations, or communities, and based on the belief held in common by the members of them severally . . . There is no living religion without something like a doctrine. On the other hand, a doctrine, however elaborate, does not constitute a religion. C. P. Tiele (Encyc. Brit. ). Religion . . . means the conscious relation between man and God, and the expression of that relation in human conduct. J. Köstlin (Schaff- Herzog Encyc. ) After the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisce. Acts xxvi. 5. The image of a brute, adorned With gay religions full of pomp and gold. Milton. 2. Specifically, conformity in faith and life to the precepts inculcated in the Bible, respecting the conduct of life and duty toward God and man; the Christian faith and practice. Let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. Washington. Religion will attend you . . . as pleasant and useful companion in every proper place, and every temperate occupation of life. Buckminster. 3. (R.C.CH.) Defn: A monastic or religious order subject to a regulated mode of life; the religious state; as, to enter religion. Trench. A good man was there of religion. Chaucer. 4. Strictness of fidelity in conforming to any practice, as if it were an enjoined rule of conduct. [R.] Those parts of pleading which in ancient times might perhaps be material, but at this time are become only mere styles and forms, are still continued with much religion. Sir M. Hale. Note: Religion, as distinguished from theology, is subjective, designating the feelings and acts of men which relate to God; while theology is objective, and denotes those ideas which man entertains respecting the God whom he worships, especially his systematized views of God. As distinguished from morality, religion denotes the influences and motives to human duty which are found in the character and will of God, while morality describes the duties to man, to which true religion always influences. As distinguished from piety, religion is a high sense of moral obligation and spirit of reverence or worship which affect the heart of man with respect to the Deity, while piety, which first expressed the feelings of a child toward a parent, is used for that filial sentiment of veneration and love which we owe to the Father of all. As distinguished from sanciti, religion is the means by which sanctity is achieved, sanctity denoting primarily that purity of heart and life which results from habitual communion with God, and a sense of his continual presence. Natural religion, a religion based upon the evidences of a God and his qualities, which is supplied by natural phenomena. See Natural theology, under Natural. -- Religion of humanity, a name sometimes given to a religion founded upon positivism as a philosophical basis. -- Revealed religion, that which is based upon direct communication of God's will to mankind; especially, the Christian religion, based on the revelations recorded in the Old and New Testaments. RELIGIONARY Re*li"gion*a*ry (r-lj"n--r), a. Defn: Relating to religion; pious; as, religionary professions. [Obs.] RELIGIONARY; RELIGIONER Re*li"gion*a*ry, Re*li"gion*er (-r), n. Defn: A religionist. [R.] RELIGIONISM Re*li"gion*ism (-z'm), n. 1. The practice of, or devotion to, religion. 2. Affectation or pretense of religion. RELIGIONIST Re*li"gion*ist, n. Defn: One earnestly devoted or attached to a religion; a religious zealot. The chief actors on one side were, and were to be, the Puritan religionists. Palfrey. It might be that an Antinomian, a Quaker, or other heterodoreligionists, was to be scourged out of the town. Hawthorne. RELIGIONIZE Re*li"gion*ize (-z), v. t. Defn: To bring under the influence of religion. [R.] Mallock. RELIGIONLESS Re*li"gion*less, a. Defn: Destitute of religion. RELIGIOSITY Re*lig`i*os"i*ty (-lj`-s"-t), n. Etym: [L. religiositas: cf. F. religiosit.] Defn: The quality of being religious; religious feeling or sentiment; religiousness. [R.] M. Arnold. RELIGIOUS Re*li"gious (r-lj"s), a. Etym: [OF. religius, religious, F. religieux, from L. religiosus. See Religion.] 1. Of or pertaining to religion; concerned with religion; teaching, or setting forth, religion; set apart to religion; as, a religious society; a religious sect; a religious place; religious subjects, books, teachers, houses, wars. Our law forbids at their religious rites My presence. Milton. 2. Possessing, or conforming to, religion; pious; godly; as, a religious man, life, behavior, etc. Men whose lives Religious titled them the sons of God. Mlton 3. Scrupulously faithful or exact; strict. Thus, Indianlike, Religious in my error, I adore The sun, that looks upon his worshiper. Shak. 4. Belonging to a religious order; bound by vows. One of them is religious. Chaucer. Syn. -- Pious; godly; holy; devout; devotional; conscientious; strict; rogod; exact. RELIGIOUS Re*li"gious, n. Defn: A person bound by monastic vows, or sequestered from secular concern, and devoted to a life of piety and religion; a monk or friar; a nun. Addison. RELIGIOUSLY Re*li"gious*ly, adv. Defn: In a religious manner. Drayton. RELIGIOUSNESS Re*li"gious*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being religious. RELIK Rel"ik (rl"k), n. Defn: Relic. [Obs.] Chaucer. RELINQUENT Re*lin"quent (r-ln"kwent), a. Etym: [L. relinquens, p. pr. of relinqquere. See Relinquish.] Defn: Relinquishing. [R.] RELINQUENT Re*lin"quent, n. Defn: One who relinquishes. [R.] RELINQUISH Re*lin"quish (-kwsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relinquished (-kwsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Relinquishing.] Etym: [OF. relinquir, L. relinquere to leave behind; pref. re- re + linquere to leave. See Loan, and cf. Relic, Relict.] 1. To withdraw from; to leave behind; to desist from; to abandon; to quit; as, to relinquish a pursuit. We ought to relinquish such rites. Hooker. They placed Irish tenants upon the lands relinquished by the English. Sir J. Davies. 2. To give up; to renounce a claim to; resign; as, to relinquish a debt. Syn. -- To resign; leave; quit; forsake; abandon; desert; renounce; forbResign. RELINQUISHER Re*lin"quish*er (-rr), n. Defn: One who relinquishes. RELINQUISHMENT Re*lin"quish*ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act of relinquishing. RELIQUARY Rel"i*qua*ry (rl"-kw-r), n.; pl. -ries (-rîz). Etym: [LL.reliquiarium, reliquiare: cf. F. reliquaire. See Relic.] Defn: A depositary, often a small box or casket, in which relics are kept. RELIQUE Re*lique" (r-lk"), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Relic. Chaucer. RELIQUIAE Re*liq"ui*æ (r-lk"w-), n.pl. Etym: [L. See Relic.] 1. Remains of the dead; organic remains; relics. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Induviæ. RELIQUIAN Re*liq"ui*an (r-lk"w-an), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a relic or relics; of the nature of a relic. [R.] RELIQUIDATE Re*liq"ui*date (r-lk"w-dt), v. t. Defn: To liquidate anew; to adjust a second time. RELIQUIDATION Re*liq`ui*da"tion (-d*"shn), n. Defn: A second or renewed liquidation; a renewed adjustment. A. Hamilton. RELISH Rel"ish (rl"sh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relished (-; p. pr. & vb. n. Relishing.] Etym: [Of. relechier to lick or taste anew; pref. re- re- + lechier to lick, F. l. See Lecher, Lick.] 1. To taste or eat with pleasure; to like the flavor of; to partake of with gratification; hence, to enjoy; to be pleased with or gratified by; to experience pleasure from; as, to relish food. Now I begin to relish thy advice. Shak. He knows how to prize his advantages, and to relish the honors which he enjoys. Atterbury. 2. To give a relish to; to cause to taste agreeably. A savory bit that served to relish wine. Dryden. RELISH Rel"ish, v. i. Defn: To have a pleasing or appetizing taste; to give gratification; to have a flavor. Had I been the finder-out of this secret, it would not have relished among my other discredits. Shak. A theory, which, how much soever it may relish of wit and invention, hath no foundation in nature. Woodward. RELISH Rel"ish, n. 1. A pleasing taste; flavor that gratifies the palate; hence, enjoyable quality; power of pleasing. Much pleasure we have lost while we abstained From this delightful fruit, nor known till now True relish, tasting. Milton. When liberty is gone, Life grows insipid, and has lost its relish. Addison. 2. Savor; quality; characteristic tinge. It preserve some relish of old writing. Pope. 3. A taste for; liking; appetite; fondness. A relish for whatever was excelent in arts. Macaulay. I have a relish for moderate praise, because it bids fair to be jCowper. 4. That which is used to impart a flavor; specifically, something taken with food to render it more palatable or to stimulate the appetite; a condiment. Syn. -- Taste; savor; flavor; appetite; zest; gusto; liking; delight. RELISH Rel"ish, n. (Carp.) Defn: The projection or shoulder at the side of, or around, a tenon, on a tenoned piece. Knight. RELISHABLE Rel"ish*a*ble (--b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being relished; agreeable to the taste; gratifying. RELIVE Re*live" (r-lv"), v. i. Defn: To live again; to revive. RELIVE Re*live", v. t. Defn: To recall to life; to revive. [Obs.] RELOAD Re*load" (r-ld"), v. t. Defn: To load again, as a gun. RELOAN Re*loan" (r-ln"), n. Defn: A second lending of the same thing; a renewal of a loan. RELOCATE Re*lo"cate (r-l"kt), v. t. Defn: To locate again. RELOCATION Re`lo*ca"tion (r`l*-k"shn), n. 1. A second location. 2. (Roman & Scots Law) Defn: Renewal of a lease. RELODGE Re*lodge" (r-lj"), v. t. Defn: To lodge again. RELOVE Re*love" (-lv"), v. t. Defn: To love in return. [Obs.] Boyle. RELUCENT Re*lu"cent (r-l"sent), a. Etym: [L. relucens, p. pr. relucere. See Lucent.] Defn: Reflecting light; shining; glittering; glistening; bright; luminous; splendid. Gorgeous banners to the sun expand Their streaming volumes of relucent gold. Glover. RELUCT Re*luct" (r-lkt"), v. i. Etym: [L. reluctari, p. p. reluctatus, to struggle; pref. re- re- + luctari to struggle, fr. lucia a wresting.] Defn: To strive or struggle against anything; to make resistance; to draw back; to feel or show repugnance or reluctance. Apt to reluct at the excesses of it [passion]. Walton. RELUCTANCE; RELUCTANCY Re*luc"tance, Re*luc"tan*cy, n. Etym: [See Reluctant.] Defn: The state or quality of being reluctant; repugnance; aversion of mind; unwillingness; -- often followed by an infinitive, or by to and a noun, formerly sometimes by against. "Tempering the severity of his looks with a reluctance to the action." Dryden. He had some reluctance to obey the summons. Sir W. Scott. Bear witness, Heaven, with what reluctancy Her helpless innocence I doom to die. Dryden. Syn. See Dislike. RELUCTANT Re*luc"tant (-tant), a. Etym: [L. reluctans, -antis, p. pr. of reluctari. See Reluct.] 1. Striving against; opposed in desire; unwilling; disinclined; loth. Reluctant, but in vain. Milton. Reluctant now I touched the trembling string. Tickell. 2. Proceeding from an unwilling mind; granted with reluctance; as, reluctant obedience. Mitford. Syn. -- Averse; unwilling; loth; disinclined; repugnant; backward; coy. See Averse. RELUCTANTLY Re*luc"tant*ly, adv. Defn: In a reluctant manner. RELUCTATE Re*luc"tate (-tt), v. i. Etym: [See Reluct.] Defn: To struggle against anything; to resist; to oppose. [Obs.] "To delude their reluctating consciences." Dr. H. More. RELUCTATION Rel`uc*ta"tion (rl`k-t"shn), n. Defn: Repugnance; resistance; reluctance. [Obs.] Bacon. RELUCTIVITY Rel`uc*tiv"i*ty, n. (Elec.) Defn: Specific reluctance. RELUME Re*lume" (r-lm"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relumed (-lmd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Reluming.] Etym: [OF. relumer (cf. F. rallumer), L. reluminare; pref. re- re- + luminare to light. Cf. Reillume.] Defn: To rekindle; to light again. Relumed her ancient light, not kindled new. Pope. I know not where is that Promethean heat That can thy light relume. Shak. RELUMINE Re*lu"mine (r-l"mn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Relumined (-mnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Relumining.] Etym: [See Relume.] 1. To light anew; to rekindle. Shak. 2. To illuminate again. RELY Re*ly" (r-l"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Relied (-ld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Relying.] Etym: [Pref. re- + lie to rest.] Defn: To rest with confidence, as when fully satisfied of the veracity, integrity, or ability of persons, or of the certainty of facts or of evidence; to have confidence; to trust; to depend; -- with on, formerly also with in. Go in thy native innocence; rely On what thou hast of virtue. Milton. On some fond breast the parting soul relies. Gray. Syn. -- To trust; depend; confide; repose. REMADE Re*made" (r-md"), Defn: imp. & p. p. of Remake. REMAIN Re*main" (r-mn"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Remained (-mnd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Remaining.] Etym: [OF. remaindre, remanoir, L. remanere; pref. re- re- + manere to stay, remain. See Mansion, and cf. Remainder, Remnant.] 1. To stay behind while others withdraw; to be left after others have been removed or destroyed; to be left after a number or quantity has been subtracted or cut off; to be left as not included or comprised. Gather up the fragments that remain. John vi. 12. Of whom the greater part remain unto this present, but some are fallen asleep. 1 Cor. xv. 6. That . . . remains to be proved. Locke. 2. To continue unchanged in place, form, or condition, or undiminished in quantity; to abide; to stay; to endure; to last. Remain a widow at thy father's house. Gen. xxxviii. 11. Childless thou art; childless remain. Milton. Syn. -- To continue; stay; wait; tarry; rest; sojourn; dwell; abide; last; endure. REMAIN Re*main", v. t. Defn: To await; to be left to. [Archaic] The easier conquest now remains thee. Milton. REMAIN Re*main" n. 1. State of remaining; stay. [Obs.] Which often, since my here remain in England, I 've seen him do. Shak. 2. That which is left; relic; remainder; -- chiefly in the plural. "The remains of old Rome." Addison. When this remain of horror has entirely subsided. Burke. 3. Specif., in the plural: (a) That which is left of a human being after the life is gone; relics; a dead body. Old warriors whose adored remains In weeping vaults her hallowed earth contains! Pope. (b) The posthumous works or productions, esp. literary works, of one who is dead; as, Cecil's Remains. REMAINDER Re*main"der (r-mn"dr), n. Etym: [OF. remaindre, inf. See Remain.] 1. Anything that remains, or is left, after the separation and removal of a part; residue; remnant. "The last remainders of unhappy Troy." Dryden. If these decoctions be repeated till the water comes off clear, the remainder yields no salt. Arbuthnot. 2. (Math.) Defn: The quantity or sum that is left after subtraction, or after any deduction. 3. (Law) Defn: An estate in expectancy, generally in land, which becomes an estate in possession upon the determination of a particular prior estate, created at the same time, and by the same instrument; for example, if land be conveyed to A for life, and on his death to B, A's life interest is a particuar estate, and B's interest is a remainder, or estate in remainder. Syn. -- Balance; rest; residue; remnant; leavings. REMAINDER Re*main"der, a. Defn: Remaining; left; left over; refuse. Which is as dry as the remainder biscuit After a voyage. Shak. REMAINDER-MAN Re*main"der-man (- mân), n.; pl. Remainder-men (-mên). (Law) Defn: One who has an estate after a particular estate is determined. See Remainder, n., 3. Blackstone. REMAKE Re*make" (r-mk"), v. t. Defn: To make anew. REMAND Re*mand" (r-mnd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Remanding.] Etym: [F. remander to send word again, L. remandare; pref. re- re- + mandare to commit, order, send word. See Mandate.] Defn: To recommit; to send back. Remand it to its former place. South. Then were they remanded to the cage again. Bunyan. REMAND Re*mand", n. Defn: The act of remanding; the order for recommitment. REMANDMENT Re*mand"ment (-ment), n. Defn: A remand. REMANENCE; REMANENCY Rem"a*nence, Rem"a*nen*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. remanence, LL. remanentia, fr. L. remanens. See Remanent, a.] Defn: The state of being remanent; continuance; permanence. [R.] Jer. Taylor. The remanence of the will in the fallen spirit. Coleridge. REMANENT Rem"a*nent (-nent), n. Etym: [See Remanent, a.] Defn: That which remains; a remnant; a residue. REMANENT Rem"a*nent, a. Etym: [L. remanens, p. pr. of remanere. See Remain, and cf. Remnant.] Defn: Remaining; residual. That little hope that is remanent hath its degree according to the infancy or growth of the habit. Jer. Taylor. Remanent magnetism (Physics), magnetism which remains in a body that has little coercive force after the magnetizing force is withdrawn, as soft iron; -- called also residual magnetism. REMANET Rem"a*net (-nt), n. Etym: [L., it remains.] (Legal Practice) Defn: A case for trial which can not be tried during the term; a postponed case. [Eng.] RE-MARK Re-mark" (r-mrk"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + mark.] Defn: To mark again, or a second time; to mark anew. REMARK Re*mark" (r-mrk"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remarked (-mrkt"); p. pr. & vb. n. Remarking.] Etym: [F. remarquer; pref. re- re- + marquer to mark, marque a mark, of German origin, akin to E. mark. See Mark, v.& n.] 1. To mark in a notable manner; to distinquish clearly; to make noticeable or conspicuous; to piont out. [Obs.] Thou art a man remarked to taste a mischief. Ford. His manacles remark him; there he sits. Milton. 2. To take notice of, or to observe, mentally; as, to remark the manner of a speaker. 3. To express in words or writing, as observed or noticed; to state; to say; -- often with a substantive clause; as, he remarked that it was time to go. Syn. -- To observe; notice; heed; regard; note; say. -- Remark, Observe, Notice. To observe is to keep or hold a thing distinctly before the mind. To remark is simply to mark or take note of whatever may come up. To notice implies still less continuity of attention. When we turn from these mental states to the expression of them in language, we find the same distinction. An observation is properly the result of somewhat prolonged thought; a remark is usually suggested by some passing occurence; a notice is in most cases something cursory and short. This distinction is not always maintained as to remark and observe, which are often used interchangeably. "Observing men may form many judgments by the rules of similitude and proportion." I. Watts. "He can not distinguish difficult and noble speculations from trifling and vulgar remarks." Collier. "The thing to be regarded, in taking notice of a child's miscarriage, is what root it springs from." Locke. REMARK Re*mark" (r-mrk"), v. i. Defn: To make a remark or remarks; to comment. REMARK Re*mark", n. Etym: [Cf. F. remarque.] 1. Act of remarking or attentively noticing; notice or observation. The cause, though worth the search, may yet elude Conjecture and remark, however shrewd. Cowper. 2. The expression, in speech or writing, of something remarked or noticed; the mention of that which is worthy of attention or notice; hence, also, a casual observation, comment, or statement; as, a pertinent remark. Syn. -- Observation; note; comment; annotation. REMARKABLE Re*mark"a*ble (--b'l), a. Etym: [F. remarquable.] Defn: Worthy of being remarked or noticed; noticeable; conspicuous; hence, uncommon; extraordinary. 'T is remarkable, that they Talk most who have the least to say. Prior. There is nothing left remarlable Beneath the visiting moon. Shak. Syn. -- Observable; noticeable; extraordinary; unusual; rare; strange; wonderful; notable; eminent. -- Re*mark"a*ble*ness, n. -- Re*mark"a*bly, adv. REMARKER Re*mark"er (-r), n. Defn: One who remarks. REMARQUE; REMARK; REMARQUE PROOF Re*marque", n. Also Remark. (Engraving) (a) A small design etched on the margin of a plate and supposed to be removed after the earliest proofs have been taken; also, any feature distinguishing a particular stage of the plate. (b) A print or proof so distinguished; -- commonly called a Remarque proof. REMARRIAGE Re*mar"riage (r-mr"rj), n. Defn: A second or repeated marriage. REMARRY Re*mar"ry (r-mr"rr), v. t. & i. Defn: To marry again. REMAST Re*mast" (r-mst"), v. t. Defn: To furnish with a new mast or set of masts. REMASTICATE Re*mas"ti*cate (r-ms"t-kt), v. t. Defn: To chew or masticate again; to chew over and over, as the cud. REMASTICATION Re*mas`ti*ca"tion (-k"shn), n. Defn: The act of masticating or chewing again or repeatedly. REMBERGE Rem"berge (rm"brj), n. Defn: See Ramberge. REMBLAI Rem`blai" (rn`bl"), n. Etym: [F., fr. remblayer to fill up an excavation, to embank.] (Fort. & Engin.) Defn: Earth or materials made into a bank after having been excavated. REMBLE Rem"ble (r, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. embler to steal, fr. L. involare to fly into or at, to carry off.] Defn: To remove. [Prov.Eng.] Grose. Tennyson. REME Reme (r, n. Defn: Realm. [Obs.] Chaucer. REMEAN Re*mean" (r, v. t. Defn: To give meaning to; to explain the meaning of; to interpret. [Obs.] Wyclif. REMEANT Re"me*ant (rant), a. Etym: [L. remeans, -antis, p. pr. of remeare to go or come back.] Defn: Coming back; returning. [R.] "Like the remeant sun." C. Kingsley. REMEASURE Re*meas"ure (r-mzh"r; 135), v. t. Defn: To measure again; to retrace. They followed him . . . The way they came, their steps remeasured right. Fairfax. REMEDE Re*mede" (r-md"), n. Defn: Remedy. [Obs.] Chaucer. REMEDIABLE Re*me"di*a*ble (r-m"d--b'l), a. Etym: [L. remediabilis: cf. F. remédiable.] Defn: Capable of being remedied or cured. -- Re*me"di*a*ble*ness, n. -Re*me"di*a*bly, adv. REMEDIAL Re*me"di*al (-al), a. Etym: [L. remedialis.] Defn: Affording a remedy; intended for a remedy, or for the removal or abatement of an evil; as, remedial treatment. Statutes are declaratory or remedial. Blackstone. It is an evil not compensated by any beneficial result; it is not remedial, not conservative. I. Taylor. REMEDIALLY Re*me"di*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a remedial manner. REMEDIATE Re*me"di*ate (-t), a. Defn: Remedial. [R.] Shak. REMEDILESS Re*med"i*less (r-md"-ls or rm"-d-ls; 277) a. 1. Not admitting of a remedy; incapable of being restored or corrected; incurable; irreparable; as, a remediless mistake or loss. "Chains remedilesse." Spenser. Hopeless are all my evils, all remediless. Milton. 2. Not answering as a remedy; ineffectual. [Obs.] Forced to forego the attempt remediless. Spenser. Syn. -- Incurable; cureless; irremediable; irrecoverable; irretrievable; irreparable; desperate. -- Re*med"i*less, adv. [Obs.] Udall. -- Re*med"i*less*ly, adv. -- Re*med"i*less*ness, n. REMEDY Rem"e*dy (rm"-d), n.; pl. Remedies (-d. Etym: [L. remedium; pref. re- re- + mederi to heal, to cure: cf. F. remède remedy, remédier to remedy. See Medical.] 1. That which relieves or cures a disease; any medicine or application which puts an end to disease and restores health; -- with for; as, a remedy for the gout. 2. That which corrects or counteracts an evil of any kind; a corrective; a counteractive; reparation; cure; -- followed by for or against, formerly by to. What may else be remedy or cure To evils which our own misdeeds have wrought, He will instruct us. Milton. 3. (Law) Defn: The legal means to recover a right, or to obtain redress for a wrong. Civil remedy. See under Civil. -- Remedy of the mint (Coinage), a small allowed deviation from the legal standard of weight and fineness; -- called also tolerance. Syn. -- Cure; restorative; counteraction; reparation; redress; relief; aid; help; assistance. REMEDY Rem"e*dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remedied (-dd); p. pr. & vb. n. Remedying.] Etym: [L. remediare, remediari: cf. F. rem. See Remedy, n.] Defn: To apply a remedy to; to relieve; to cure; to heal; to repair; to redress; to correct; to counteract. I will remedy this gear ere long. Shak. REMELT Re*melt" (r-mlt"), v. t. Defn: To melt again. REMEMBER Re*mem"ber (r-mm"br), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remembered (-brd); p. pr. & vb. n. Remembering.] Etym: [OF. remebrer, L. rememorari; pref. re- re- + memorare to bring to remembrance, from memor mindful. See Memory, and cf. Rememorate.] 1. To have ( a notion or idea) come into the mind again, as previously perceived, known, or felt; to have a renewed apprehension of; to bring to mind again; to think of again; to recollect; as, I remember the fact; he remembers the events of his childhood; I cannot remember dates. We are said to remember anithing, when the idea of it ariseI. Watts. 2. To be capable of recalling when required; to keep in mind; to be continually aware or thoughtful of; to preserve fresh in the memory; to attend to; to think of with gratitude, affection, respect, or any other emotion. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Ex. xx. 8. That they may have their wages duly paid 'em, And something over to remember me by. Shak. Remember what I warn thee; shun to taste. Milton. 3. To put in mind; to remind; -- also used reflexively and impersonally. [Obs.] "Remembering them the trith of what they themselves known." Milton. My friends remembered me of home. Chapman. Remember you of passed heaviness. Chaucer. And well thou wost [knowest] if it remember thee. Chaucer. 4. To mention. [Obs.] "As in many cases hereafter to be remembered." Ayliffe. 5. To recall to the mind of another, as in the friendly messages, remember me to him, he wishes to be remembered to you, etc. REMEMBER Re*mem"ber (r-mm"br), v. i. Defn: To execise or have the power of memory; as, some remember better than others. Shak. REMEMBERABLE Re*mem"ber*a*ble (--b'l), a. Defn: Capable or worthy of being remembered. -- Re*mem"ber*a*bly, adv. The whole vale of Keswick is so rememberable. Coleridge. REMEMBERER Re*mem"ber*er (-r), n. Defn: One who remembers. REMEMBRANCE Re*mem"brance (-brans), n. Etym: [OF. remembrance.] 1. The act of remembering; a holding in mind, or bringing to mind; recollection. Lest fierce remembrance wake my sudden rage. Milton. Lest the remembrance of his grief should fail. Addison. 2. The state of being remembered, or held in mind; memory; recollection. This, ever grateful, in remembrance bear. Pope. 3. Something remembered; a person or thing kept in memory. Shak. 4. That which serves to keep in or bring to mind; a memorial; a token; a memento; a souvenir; a memorandum or note of something to be remembered. And on his breast a bloody cross he bore, The dear remembrance of his dying Lord. Spenser. Keep this remembrance for thy Julia's sake. Shak. 5. Something to be remembered; counsel; admoni [Obs.] Shak. 6. Power of remembering; reach of personal knowledge; period over which one's memory extends. Thee I have heard relating what was done Ere my remembrance. Milton. Syn. -- Recollection; reminiscence. See Memory. REMEMBRANCER Re*mem"bran*cer (-bran-sr), n. 1. One who, or that which, serves to bring to, or keep in, mind; a memento; a memorial; a reminder. Premature consiolation is but the remembrancer of sorrow. Goldsmith. Ye that are the lord's remembrancers. Isa. lxii. 6. (Rev. Ver. ). 2. A term applied in England to several officers, having various functions, their duty originally being to bring certain matters to the attention of the proper persons at the proper time. "The remembrancer of the lord treasurer in the exchequer." Bacon. REMEMORATE Re*mem"o*rate (--rt), v. i. Etym: [L. rememoratus, p. p. of rememorari. See Remember.] Defn: To recall something by means of memory; to remember. [Obs.] Bryskett. REMEMORATION Re*mem`o*ra"tion (-r"shn), n. Etym: [F. rem, or L. rememoratio.] Defn: A recalling by the faculty of memory; remembrance. [Obs. & R.] Bp. Montagu. REMEMORATIVE Re*mem"o*ra*tive (r-mEm"-r-tv), a. Defn: Tending or serving to remind. [R.] REMENANT Rem"e*nant (rm"-nant), n. Defn: A remnant. [Obs.] REMERCIE; REMERCY Re*mer"cie, Re*mer"cy, v. t. Etym: [F. remercier; pref. re- re- + OF. mercier to thank, from OF. & F. merci. See Mercy.] Defn: To thank. [Obs.] She him remercied as the patron of her life. Spenser. REMERGE Re*merge" (r-mrj"), v. i. Defn: To merge again. "Remerging in the general Soul." Tennyson. REMEVE; REMEWE Re*meve" (r-mEv"), Re*mewe" (r-m"), v. t. & i. Defn: To remove. [Obs.] Chaucer. REMIFORM Rem"i*form (rm"*frm), a. Etym: [L. remus oar + -form.] Defn: Shaped like an oar. REMIGES Rem"i*ges (rm"*jz), n. pl.; sing. Remex. (r. Etym: [L. remex, -igis, an oarsman.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The quill feathers of the wings of a bird. REMIGRATE Rem"i*grate (rm"-grt or r-m"grt; 277), v. i. Etym: [L. remigrare. See Re-, and Migrate.] Defn: To migrate again; to go back; to return. Boyle. REMIGRATION Rem`i*gra"tion (rm`-gr"shn), n. Defn: Migration back to the place from which one came. Sir M. Hale. REMIND Re*mind" (r-mnd"), v. t. Defn: To put (one) in mind of something; to bring to the remembrance of; to bring to the notice or consideration of (a person). When age itself, which will not be defied, shall begin to arrest, seize, and remind us of our mortality. South. REMINDER Re*mind"er (-r), n. Defn: One who, or that which, reminds; that which serves to awaken remembrance. REMINDFUL Re**mind"ful (fl), a. Defn: Tending or adapted to remind; careful to remind. Southey. REMINISCENCE Rem`i*nis"cence (rm`-ns"sens), n. Etym: [F. réminiscence, L. reminiscentia.] 1. The act or power of recalling past experience; the state of being reminiscent; remembrance; memory. The other part of memory, called reminiscence, which is the retrieving of a thing at present forgot, or but confusedly remembered. South. I forgive your want of reminiscence, since it is long since I saw you. Sir W. Scott. 2. That which is remembered, or recalled to mind; a statement or narration of remembered experience; a recollection; as, pleasing or painful reminiscences. Syn. -- Remembrance; recollection. See Memory. REMINISCENCY Rem`i*nis"cen*cy (-sen-s), n. Defn: Reminiscence. [Obs.] REMINISCENT Rem`i*nis"cent (-sent), a. Etym: [L. reminiscens, -entis, p. pr. of reminisci to recall to mind, to recollect; pref.re- re + a word akin to mens mind, memini I remember. See Mind.] Defn: Recalling to mind, or capable of recalling to mind; having remembrance; reminding one of something. Some other of existence of which we have been previously conscious, and are now reminiscent. Sir W. Hamilton. REMINISCENT Rem`i*nis"cent (rm`-ns"sent), n. Defn: One who is addicted to indulging, narrating, or recording reminiscences. REMINISCENTIAL Rem`i*nis*cen"tial (-ns-sn"shal), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to reminiscence, or remembrance. Sir T. Browne. REMIPED Rem"i*ped (rm"-pd), a. Etym: [L. remus oar + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. rémipède.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having feet or legs that are used as oars; -- said of certain crustaceans and insects. REMIPED Rem"i*ped, n. (Zoöl.) (a) An animal having limbs like oars, especially one of certain crustaceans. (b) One of a group of aquatic beetles having tarsi adapted for swimming. See Water beetle. REMISE Re*mise" (r-mz"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remised (-mzd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Remising.] Etym: [F. remise delivery, surrender, fr. remettre to put back, deliver, L. remittere. See Remit.] Defn: To send, give, or grant back; torelease a claim to; to resign or surrender by deed; to return. Blackstone. REMISE Re*mise", n. (Law) Defn: A giving or granting back; surrender; return; release, as of a claim. REMISS Re*miss" (r-ms"), a. Etym: [L. remissus, p. p. of remittere to send back, relax. See Remit.] Defn: Not energetic or exact in duty or business; not careful or prompt in fulfilling engagements; negligent; careless; tardy; behindhand; lagging; slack; hence, lacking earnestness or activity; languid; slow. Thou never wast remiss, I bear thee witness. Milton. These nervous, bold; those languid and remiss. Roscommon. Its motion becomes more languid and remiss. Woodward. Syn. -- Slack; dilatory; slothful; negligent; careless; neglectful; inattentive; heedles; thoughtless. REMISS Re*miss", n. Defn: The act of being remiss; inefficiency; failure. [Obs.] "Remisses of laws." Puttenham. REMISSFUL Re*miss"ful (-fl), a. Defn: Inclined to remit punishment; lenient; clement. Drayton. REMISSIBILITY Re*mis`si*bil"i*ty (r-ms`s-bl"-t), n. Defn: The state or quality of being remissible. Jer. Taylor. REMISSIBLE Re*mis"si*ble (r-ms"s-b'l), a. Etym: [L. remissibilis: cf. F. rémissible. See Remit.] Defn: Capable of being remitted or forgiven. Feltham. REMISSION Re*mis"sion (r-msh"n), n. Etym: [F. rémission, L. remissio. See Remit.] 1. The act of remitting, surrendering, resigning, or giving up. 2. Discharge from that which is due; relinquishment of a claim, right, or obligation; pardon of transgression; release from forfeiture, penalty, debt, etc. This is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins. Matt. xxvi. 28. That ples, therefore, . . . Will gain thee no remission. Milton. 3. Diminution of intensity; abatement; relaxation. 4. (Med.) Defn: A temporary and incomplete subsidence of the force or violence of a disease or of pain, as destinguished from intermission, in which the disease completely leaves the patient for a time; abatement. 5. The act of sending back. [R.] Stackhouse. 6. Act of sending in payment, as money; remittance. REMISSIVE Re*mis"sive (r-ms"sv), a. Etym: [L. remissivus. See Remit.] Defn: Remitting; forgiving; abating. Bp. Hacket. REMISSLY Re*miss"ly (r-ms"l), adv. Defn: In a remiss or negligent manner; carelessly. REMISSNESS Re*miss"ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being remiss. REMISSORY Re*mis"so*ry (r-ms"s-r), a. Defn: Serving or tending to remit, or to secure remission; remissive. "A sacrifice expiatory or remissory." Latimer. REMIT Re*mit" (r-mt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Remitting.] Etym: [L. remittere, remissum, to send back, to slacken, relax; pref. re- re- + mittere to send. See Mission, and cf. Remise, Remiss.] 1. To send back; to give up; to surrender; to resign. In the case the law remits him to his ancient and more certain right. Blackstone. In grevious and inhuman crimes, offenders should be remitted to their prince. Hayward. The prisoner was remitted to the guard. Dryden. 2. To restore. [Obs.] The archbishop was . . . remitted to his liberty. Hayward. 3. (Com.) Defn: To transmit or send, esp. to a distance, as money in payment of a demand, account, draft, etc.; as, he remitted the amount by mail. 4. To send off or away; hence: (a) To refer or direct (one) for information, guidance, help, etc. "Remitting them . . . to the works of Galen." Sir T. Elyot. (b) To submit, refer, or leave (something) for judgment or decision. "Whether the counsel be good Iremit it to the wise readers." Sir T. Elyot. 5. To relax in intensity; to make less violent; to abate. So willingly doth God remit his ire. Milton. 6. To forgive; to pardon; to remove. Whose soever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them. John xx. 23. 7. To refrain from exacting or enforcing; as, to remit the performance of an obligation. "The sovereign was undoubtedly competent to remit penalties." Macaulay. Syn. -- To relax; release; abate; relinguish; forgive; pardon; absolve. REMIT Re*mit", v. i. 1. To abate in force or in violence; to grow less intense; to become moderated; to abate; to relax; as, a fever remits; the severity of the weather remits. 2. To send money, as in payment. Addison. REMITMENT Re*mit"ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act of remitting, or the state of being remitted; remission. Disavowing the remitment of Claudius. Milton. REMITTAL Re*mit"tal (-tal), n. Defn: A remitting; a giving up; surrender; as, the remittal of the first fruits. Swift. REMITTANCE Re*mit"tance (r-mt"tans), n. 1. The act of transmitting money, bills, or the like, esp. to a distant place, as in satisfaction of a demand, or in discharge of an obligation. 2. The sum or thing remitted. Addison. REMITTEE Re*mit`tee" (r-mt`t"), n. (Com.) Defn: One to whom a remittance is sent. REMITTENT Re*mit"tent (r-mt"tent), a. Etym: [L. remittens, p. pr. : cf. F. rémittent.] Defn: Remitting; characterized by remission; having remissions. Remittent fever (Med.), a fever in which the symptoms temporarily abate at regular intervals, but do not wholly cease. See Malarial fever, under Malarial. REMITTER Re*mit"ter (-tr), n. 1. One who remits. Specifically: (a) One who pardons. (b) One who makes remittance. 2. (Law) Defn: The sending or placing back of a person to a title or right he had before; the restitution of one who obtains possession of property under a defective title, to his rights under some valid title by virtue of which he might legally have entered into possession only by suit. Bouvier. REMITTITUR Re*mit"ti*tur (-t-tr), n. Etym: [L., (it) is remitted.] (Law) (a) A remission or surrender, -- remittitur damnut being a remission of excess of damages. (b) A sending back, as when a record is remitted by a superior to an inferior court. Wharton. REMITTOR Re*mit"tor (-tr), n. (Law) Defn: One who makes a remittance; a remitter. REMIX Re*mix" (r-mks"), v. t. Defn: To mix again or repeatedly. REMNANT Rem"nant (rm"nant), a. Etym: [OF. remanant, p. pr. of remanoir, remaindre. See Remanent, Remain.] Defn: Remaining; yet left. [R.] "Because of the remnant dregs of his disease." Fuller. And quiet dedicate her remnant life To the just duties of an humble wife. Prior. REMNANT Rem"nant, n. Etym: [OF.remanant. See Remnant, a.] 1. That which remains after a part is removed, destroyed, used up, performed, etc.; residue. Chaucer. The remnant that are left of the captivity. Neh. i. 3. The remnant of my tale is of a length To tire your patience. Dryden. 2. A small portion; a slight trace; a fragment; a little bit; a scrap. Some odd quirks and remnants of wit. Shak. 3. (Com.) Defn: An unsold end of piece goods, as cloth, ribbons, carpets, etc. Syn. -- Residue; rest; remains; remainder. REMODEL Re*mod"el (r-md"l), v. t. Defn: To model or fashion anew; to change the form of. The corporation had been remodeled. Macaulay. REMODIFICATION Re*mod`i*fi*ca"tion (--f-k"shn), n. Defn: The act of remodifying; the state of being remodified. REMODIFY Re*mod"i*fy (r-md"-f), v. t. Defn: To modify again or anew; to reshape. REMOLADE; REMOULAD Ré`mo`lade", Ré`mou`lad", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A kind of piquant sauce or salad dressing resembling mayonnaise. REMOLADE; REMOULADE Ré`mo`lade", Ré`mou`lade", n. [F.] Defn: An ointment used in farriery. REMOLD; REMOULD Re*mold", Re*mould" (r-mld"), v. t. Defn: To mold or shape anew or again; to reshape. REMOLLIENT Re*mol"lient (r-ml"yent or -l-ent), a. Etym: [L. remolliens, p. pr. of remollire to mollify: cf. F. rémollient. See Mollient.] Defn: Mollifying; softening. [R.] REMONETIZATION Re*mon`e*ti*za"tion (r-mn`-t-z"shn or -mn`-), n. Defn: The act of remonetizing. REMONETIZE Re*mon"e*tize (-tz), v. t. Defn: To restore to use as money; as, to remonetize silver. REMONSTRANCE Re*mon"strance (-mn"strans), n. Etym: [Cf. OF. remonstrance, F. remonstrance. See Remonstrate.] 1. The act of remonstrating; as: (a) A pointing out; manifestation; proof; demonstration. [Obs.] You may marvel why I . . . would not rather Make rash remonstrance of my hidden power Than let him be so lost. Shak. (b) Earnest presentation of reason in opposition to something; protest; expostulation. 2. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: Same as Monstrance. REMONSTRANT Re*mon"strant (-strant), a. Etym: [LL. remonstranc, -antis, p. pr. of remonstrare: cf. OF. remonstrant, F.remontrant.] Defn: Inclined or tending to remonstrate; expostulatory; urging reasons in opposition to something. REMONSTRANT Re*mon"strant, n. Defn: One who remonstrates; specifically (Eccl. Hist.), Defn: one of the Arminians who remonstrated against the attacks of the Calvinists in 1610, but were subsequently condemned by the decisions of the Synod of Dort in 1618. See Arminian. REMONSTRANTLY Re*mon"strant*ly, adv. Defn: In a remonstrant manner. REMONSTRATE Re*mon"strate (-strt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remonstrated (-str; p. pr. & vb. n. Remonstrating.] Etym: [LL. remonstratus, p. p. of remonstrare to remonstrate; L. pref. re- + monstrare to show. See Monster.] Defn: To point out; to show clearly; to make plain or manifest; hence, to prove; to demonstrate. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. I will remonstrate to you the third door. B. Jonson. REMONSTRATE Re*mon"strate, v. i. Defn: To present and urge reasons in opposition to an act, measure, or any course of proceedings; to expostulate; as, to remonstrate with a person regarding his habits; to remonstrate against proposed taxation. It is proper business of a divine to state cases of conscience, and to remonstrate against any growing corruptions in practice, and especially in principles. Waterland. Syn. -- Expostulate, Remonstrate. These words are commonly interchangeable, the principal difference being that expostulate is now used especially to signify remonstrance by a superior or by one in authority. A son remonstrates against the harshness of a father; a father expostulates with his son on his waywardness. Subjects remonstrate with their rulers; sovereigns expostulate with the parliament or the people. REMONSTRATION Re`mon*stra"tion (r`mn*str"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. OF. remonstration, LL. remonstratio.] Defn: The act of remonstrating; remonstrance. [R.] Todd. REMONSTRATIVE Re*mon"stra*tive (r*mn"str*tv), a. Defn: Having the character of a remonstrance; expressing remonstrance. REMONSTRATOR Re*mon"stra*tor (r*mn"str*tr), n. Defn: One who remonstrates; a remonsrant. Bp. Burnet. REMONTANT Re*mon"tant (-tant), a.Etym: [F.] (Hort.) Defn: Rising again; -- applied to a class of roses which bloom more than once in a season; the hybrid perpetual roses, of which the Jacqueminot is a well-known example. REMONTOIR Re*mon`toir" (re-mn"twr"; E. r-mn"twr), n. Etym: [F.] (Horology) Defn: See under Escapement. REMORA Rem"o*ra (rm"*r), n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. rémora.] 1. Delay; obstacle; hindrance. [Obs.] Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of fishes belonging to Echeneis, Remora, and allied genera. Called also sucking fish. Note: The anterior dorsal fin is converted into a large sucking disk, having two transverse rows of lamellæ, situated on the top of the head. They adhere firmly to sharks and other large fishes and to vessels by this curious sucker, letting go at will. The pegador, or remora of sharks (Echeneis naucrates), and the swordfish remora (Remora brachyptera), are common American species. 3. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument formerly in use, intended to retain parts in their places. Dunglison. REMORATE Rem"o*rate (-rt), v. t. Etym: [L. remoratus, p. p. of remorari; pref. re- re- + morari to delay.] Defn: To hinder; to delay. [Obs.] Johnson. REMORD Re*mord" (r-mrd"), v. t. Etym: [L. remordere to bite again, to torment: cf. F. remordre. See Remorse.] Defn: To excite to remorse; to rebuke. [Obs.] Skelton. REMORD Re*mord", v. i. Defn: To feel remorse. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. REMORDENCY Re*mord"en*cy (-en*s), n. Defn: Remorse; compunction; compassion. [Obs.] Killingbeck. REMORSE Re*morse" (r*mrs"), n. Etym: [OE. remors, OF. remors,F. remords, LL. remorsus, fr. L. remordere, remorsum, to bite again or back, to torment; pref. re- re- + mordere to bite. See Morsel.] 1. The anguish, like gnawing pain, excited by a sense of guilt; compunction of conscience for a crime committed, or for the sins of one's past life. "Nero will be tainted with remorse." Shak. 2. Sympathetic sorrow; pity; compassion. Curse on the unpardoning prince, whom tears can draw To no remorse. Dryden. But evermore it seem'd an easier thing At once without remorse to strike her dead. Tennyson. Syn. -- Compunction; regret; anguish; grief; compassion. See Compunction. REMORSED Re*morsed" (r-mrst"), a. Defn: Feeling remorse. [Obs.] REMORSEFUL Re*morse"ful (-mrs"fl), a. 1. Full of remorse. The full tide of remorseful passion had abated. Sir W. Scott. 2. Compassionate; feeling tenderly. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Exciting pity; pitiable. [Obs.] Chapman. -- Re*morse"ful*ly, adv. -- Re*morse"ful*ness, n. REMORSELESS Re*morse"less, a. Defn: Being without remorse; having no pity; hence, destitute of sensibility; cruel; insensible to distress; merciless. "Remorseless adversaries." South. "With remorseless cruelty." Milton. Syn. -- Unpitying; pitiless; relentless; unrelenting; implacable; merciless; unmerciful; savage; cruel. -- Re*morse"less*ly, adv. -- Re*morse"less*ness, n. REMOTE Re*mote" (r-mt"), a. [Compar. Remoter (-r); superl. Remotest.] Etym: [L. remotus, p. p. of removere to remove. See Remove.] 1. Removed to a distance; not near; far away; distant; -- said in respect to time or to place; as, remote ages; remote lands. Places remote enough are in Bohemia. Shak. Remote from men, with God he passed his days. Parnell. 2. Hence, removed; not agreeing, according, or being related; -- in various figurative uses. Specifically: (a) Not agreeing; alien; foreign. "All these propositions, how remote soever from reason." Locke. (b) Not nearly related; not close; as, a remote connection or consanguinity. (c) Separate; abstracted. "Wherever the mind places itself by any thought, either amongst, or remote from, all bodies." Locke. (d) Not proximate or acting directly; primary; distant. "From the effect to the remotest cause." Granville. (e) Not obvious or sriking; as, a remote resemblance. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Separated by intervals greater than usual. -- Re*mote"ly, adv. -- Re*mote"ness, n. REMOTION Re*mo"tion (r-m"shn), n. Etym: [L. remotio. See Remove.] 1. The act of removing; removal. [Obs.] This remotion of the duke and her Is practice only. Shak. 2. The state of being remote; remoteness. [R.] The whitish gleam [of the stars] was the mask conferred by the enormity of their remotion. De Quincey. REMOULD Re*mould" (r-mld"), v. t. Defn: See Remold. REMOUNT Re*mount" (r-mount"), v. t. & i. Defn: To mount again. REMOUNT Re*mount", n. Defn: The opportunity of, or things necessary for, remounting; specifically, a fresh horse, with his equipments; as, to give one a remount. REMOVABLE Re*mov"a*ble (r-mv"-b'l), a. Defn: Admitting of being removed. Ayliffe. -- Re*mov`a*bil"i*ty (-, n. REMOVAL Re*mov"al (-al), n. Defn: The act of removing, or the state of being removed. REMOVE Re*move" (r-mv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Removed (-mvd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Removing.] Etym: [OF. removoir, remouvoir, L. removere, remotum; pref. re- re- + movere to move. See Move.] 1. To move away from the position occupied; to cause to change place; to displace; as, to remove a building. Thou shalt not remove thy neighbor's landmark. Deut. xix. 14. When we had dined, to prevent the ladies' leaving us, I generally ordered the table to be removed. Goldsmith. 2. To cause to leave a person or thing; to cause to cease to be; to take away; hence, to banish; to destroy; to put an end to; to kill; as, to remove a disease. "King Richard thus removed." Shak. 3. To dismiss or discharge from office; as, the President removed many postmasters. Note: See the Note under Remove, v. i. REMOVE Re*move" (r-mv"), v. i. Defn: To change place in any manner, or to make a change in place; to move or go from one residence, position, or place to another. Till Birnam wood remove to Dunsinane, I can not taint with fear. Shak. Note: The verb remove, in some of its application, is synonymous with move, but not in all. Thus we do not apply remove to a mere change of posture, without a change of place or the seat of a thing. A man moves his head when he turns it, or his finger when he bends it, but he does not remove it. Remove usually or always denotes a change of place in a body, but we never apply it to a regular, continued course or motion. We never say the wind or water, or a ship, removes at a certain rate by the hour; but we say a ship was removed from one place in a harbor to another. Move is a generic term, including the sense of remove, which is more generally applied to a change from one station or permanent position, stand, or seat, to another station. REMOVE Re*move", n. 1. The act of removing; a removal. This place should be at once both school and university, not needing a remove to any other house of scholarship. Milton. And drags at each remove a lengthening chain. Goldsmith. 2. The transfer of one's business, or of one's domestic belongings, from one location or dwelling house to another; -- in the United States usually called a move. It is an English proverb that three removes are as bad as a fire. J. H. Newman. 3. The state of being removed. Locke. 4. That which is removed, as a dish removed from table to make room for something else. 5. The distance or space through which anything is removed; interval; distance; stage; hence, a step or degree in any scale of gradation; specifically, a division in an English public school; as, the boy went up two removes last year. A freeholder is but one remove from a legislator. Addison. 6. (Far.) Defn: The act of resetting a horse's shoe. Swift. REMOVED Re*moved" (r-mvd"), a. 1. Changed in place. 2. Dismissed from office. 3. Distant in location; remote. "Something finer than you could purchase in so removed a dwelling." Shak. 4. Distant by degrees in relationship; as, a cousin once removed. -- Re*mov"ed*ness (r, n. Shak. REMOVER Re*mov"er (-r), n. Defn: One who removes; as, a remover of landmarks. Bacon. REMUABLE Re*mu"a*ble (r-m"-b'l), a. Etym: [F.] Defn: That may be removed; removable. [Obs.] Gower. REMUE Re*mue" (r-m"), v. t. Etym: [F. remuer. See Mew to molt.] Defn: To remove. [Obs.] Chaucer. REMUGIENT Re*mu"gi*ent (r-m"j-ent), a. Etym: [L. remugiens, p. pr. of remugire. See Mugient.] Defn: Rebellowing. Dr. H. More. REMUNERABLE Re**mu"ner*a*ble (r-m"nr--b'l), a. Etym: [See Remunerate.] Defn: Admitting, or worthy, of remuneration. -- Re*mu`ner*a*bil"i*ty (r, n. REMUNERATE Re*mu"ner*ate (-t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Remunerated (-"td); p. pr. & vb. n. Remunerating.] Etym: [L. remuneratus, p. p. of remunerare, remunerari; pref. re- re- + munerare, munerari, to give, present, from munus, muneris, a gift, present. Cf. Munificent.] Defn: To pay an equivalent to for any service, loss, expense, or other sacrifice; to recompense; to requite; as, to remunerate men for labor. Syn. -- To reward; recompense; compensate; satisfy; requite; repay; pay; reimburse. REMUNERATION Re*mu`ner*a"tion (-"shn), n. Etym: [L. remuneratio: cf. F. rémunération.] 1. The act of remunerating. 2. That which is given to remunerate; an equivalent given, as for services, loss, or sufferings. Shak. Syn. -- Reward; recompense; compensation; pay; payment; repayment; satisfaction; requital. REMUNERATIVE Re*mu"ner*a*tive (r-m"nr--tv), a. Etym: [Cf.F. rémun.] Defn: Affording remuneration; as, a remunerative payment for services; a remunerative business. -Re*mu"ner*a*tive*ly, adv. -- Re*mu"ner*a*tive*ness, n. REMUNERATORY Re*mu"ner*a*to*ry (-t-r), a. Etym: [Cf. F. rémun.] Defn: Remunerative. Johnson. REMURMUR Re*mur"mur (r-mr"mr), v. t. & i. Etym: [Pref. re- + murmur: cf. F. remurmurare.] Defn: To murmur again; to utter back, or reply, in murmurs. The trembling trees, in every plain and wood, Her fate remurmur to the silver flood. Pope. REN Ren (rn), v. t. & i. Defn: See Renne. [Obs.] Chaucer. REN Ren, n. Defn: A run. [Obs.] Chaucer. RENABLE Ren"a*ble (rn"-b'l), a. Etym: [OF. resnable.] Defn: Reasonable; also, loquacious. [Obs.] "Most renable of tongue." Piers Plowman. -- Ren"a*bly, adv. [Obs.] Chaucer. RENAISSANCE Re*nais`sance" (F. re-n`sns"; E. r-ns"sans), n. Etym: [F., fr. renaître to be born again. Cf. Renascence.] Defn: A new birth, or revival. Specifically: (a) The transitional movement in Europe, marked by the revival of classical learning and art in Italy in the 15th century, and the similar revival following in other countries. (b) The style of art which prevailed at this epoch. The Renaissance was rather the last stage of the Middle Ages, emerging from ecclesiastical and feudal despotism, developing what was original in mediæval ideas by the light of classic arts and letters. J. A. Symonds (Encyc. Brit. ). RENAISSANT Re*nais"sant (r-ns"sant), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Renaissance. RENAL Re"nal (r"nal), a. Etym: [L. renalis, fr. renes the kidneys or reins: cf. F. rénal. See Reins.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the kidneys; in the region of the kidneys. Renal calculus (Med.), a concretion formed in the excretory passages of the kidney. -- Renal capsules or glands, the suprarenal capsules. See under Capsule. -- Renal casts, Renal colic. (Med.) See under Cast, and Colic. RENAL-PORTAL Re"nal-por`tal (r"nal-pr"tal), a. (Anat.) Defn: Both renal and portal. See Portal. RENAME Re*name" (r*nm"), v. t. Defn: To give a new name to. RENARD Ren"ard (rn"rd), n. Etym: [F. renard the fox, the name of the fox in a celebrated epic poem, and of German origin, G. Reinhard, OHG. Reginhard, properly, strong in counsel; regin counsel (akin to Goth. ragin) + hart hard. See Hard.] Defn: A fox; -- so called in fables or familiar tales, and in poetry. [Written also reynard.] RENARDINE Ren"ard*ine (-n), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Renard, the fox, or the tales in which Renard is mentioned. RENASCENCE Re*nas"cence (r-ns"sens), n. Etym: [See Renascent, and cf. Renaissance.] 1. The state of being renascent. Read the Phrenascence is varied. Coleridge. 2. Same as Renaissance. The Renascence . . . which in art, in literature, and in physics, produced such splendid fruits. M. Arnold. RENASCENCY Re*nas"cen*cy (-sen-s), n. Defn: State of being renascent. RENASCENT Re*nas"cent (-sent), a. Etym: [L. renascens, p. pr. of renasci to be born again; pref. re- re- + nasci to be born. See Nascent.] 1. Springing or rising again into being; being born again, or reproduced. 2. See Renaissant. RENASCIBLE Re*nas"ci*ble (-s-b'l), a. Etym: [LL. renascibilis, from L. renasci to be born again.] Defn: Capable of being reproduced; ablle to spring again into being. RENATE Re*nate" (r-nt"), a. Etym: [L. renatus, p. p. of renasci.] Defn: Born again; regenerate; renewed. [Obs.] Beau & Fl. RENAVIGATE Re*nav"i*gate (r-nv"-gt), v. t. Defn: To navigate again. RENAY Re*nay" (r-n"), v. t. Etym: [OF. reneier, F. renier, F. renier; L. pref. re- re- + negare to deny. See Renegade.] Defn: To deny; to disown. [Obs.] RENCONTRE Ren*con"tre (rn-kn"tr; F. rn`kn"tr'), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Same as Rencounter, n. RENCOUNTER Ren*coun"ter (rn-koun"tr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rencountered (-trd); p. pr. & vb/ n. Rencountering.] Etym: [F. rencontrer; pref. re- + OF. encontrer to encounter. See Encounter.] 1. To meet unexpectedly; to encounter. 2. To attack hand to hand. [Obs.] Spenser. RENCOUNTER Ren*coun"ter, v. i. Defn: To meet unexpectedly; to encounter in a hostile manner; to come in collision; to skirmish. RENCOUNTER Ren*coun"ter, n. Etym: [F. rencontre, from renconter to meet.] 1. A meeting of two persons or bodies; a collision; especially, a meetingg in opposition or contest; a combat, action, or engagement. The justling chiefs in rude rencounter join. Granville. 2. A causal combat or action; a sudden contest or fight without premeditation, as between individuals or small parties. The confederates should . . . outnumber the enemy in all rencounters and engagements. Addison. Syn. -- Combat; fight; conflict; collision; clash. REND Rend (rnd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rent (rnt); p. pr. & vb. n. Rending.] Etym: [AS. rendan, hrendan; cf. OFries. renda, randa, Fries.renne to cut, rend, Icel. hrinda to push, thrust, AS. hrindan; or cf. Icel. r to rob, plunder, Ir. rannaim to divide, share, part, W. rhanu, Armor. ranna.] 1. To separate into parts with force or sudden violence; to tear asunder; to split; to burst; as, powder rends a rock in blasting; lightning rends an oak. The dreadful thunder Doth rend the region. Shak. 2. To part or tear off forcibly; to take away by force. An empire from its old foundations rent. Dryden. I will surely rend the kingdom from thee. 1 Kings xi. 11. To rap and rend. See under Rap, v. t., to snatch. Syn. -- To tear; burst; break; rupture; lacerate; fracture; crack; split. REND Rend, v. i. Defn: To be rent or torn; to become parted; to sepparate; to split. Jer. Taylor. RENDER Rend"er (-r), n. Etym: [From Rend.] Defn: One who rends. RENDER Ren"der (rn"dr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rendered (-drd);p. pr. & vb. n. Rendering.] Etym: [F. rendre, LL. rendre, fr. L. reddere; pref. red-, re-, re- + dare to give. See Datetime, and cf. Reddition, Rent.] 1. To return; to pay back; to restore. Whose smallest minute lost, no riches render may. Spenser. 2. To inflict, as a retribution; to requite. I will render vengeance to mine enemies. Deut. xxxii. 41. 3. To give up; to yield; to surrender. I 'll make her render up her page to me. Shak. 4. Hence, to furnish; to contribute. Logic renders its daily service to wisdom and virtue. I. Watts. 5. To furnish; to state; to deliver; as, to render an account; to render judgment. 6. To cause to be, or to become; as, to render a person more safe or more unsafe; to render a fortress secure. 7. To translate from one language into another; as, to render Latin into English. 8. To interpret; to set forth, represent, or exhibit; as, an actor renders his part poorly; a singer renders a passage of music with great effect; a painter renders a scene in a felicitous manner. He did render him the most unnatural That lived amongst men. Shak. 9. To try out or extract (oil, lard, tallow, etc.) from fatty animal substances; as, to render tallow. 10. To plaster, as a wall of masonry, without the use of lath. RENDER Ren"der, v. i. 1. To give an account; to make explanation or confession. [Obs.] 2. (Naut.) Defn: To pass; to run; -- said of the passage of a rope through a block, eyelet, etc.; as, a rope renders well, that is, passes freely; also, to yield or give way. Totten. RENDER Ren"der, n. 1. A surrender. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A return; a payment of rent. In those early times the king's household was supported by specific renders of corn and other victuals from the tenants of the demains. Blackstone. 3. An account given; a statement. [Obs.] Shak. RENDERABLE Ren"der*a*ble (rn"dr--b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being rendered. RENDERER Ren"der*er (-r), n. 1. One who renders. 2. A vessel in which lard or tallow, etc., is rendered. RENDERING Ren"der*ing, n. Defn: The act of one who renders, or that which is rendered. Specifically: (a) A version; translation; as, the rendering of the Hebrew text. Lowth. (b) In art, the presentation, expression, or interpretation of an idea, theme, or part. (c) The act of laying the first coat of plaster on brickwork or stonework. (d) The coat of plaster thus laid on. Gwilt. (e) The process of trying out or extracting lard, tallow, etc., from animal fat. RENDEZVOUS Ren"dez*vous (rn"d*voo or rn"-; 277), n.; pl. Rendezvouses (r. Note: [Rare in the plural.] Etym: [F. rendez-vous, properly, render yourselves, repair to a place. See Render.] 1. A place appointed for a meeting, or at which persons customarily meet. An inn, the free rendezvous of all travelers. Sir W. Scott. 2. Especially, the appointed place for troops, or for the ships of a fleet, to assemble; also, a place for enlistment. The king appointed his whole army to be drawn together to a rendezvous at Marlborough. Clarendon. 3. A meeting by appointment. Sprat. 4. Retreat; refuge. [Obs.] Shak. RENDEZVOUS Ren"dez*vous (rn"d-voo or rn"-; 277), v. i. [imp. &. p. p. Rendezvoused (-vood); p. pr. & vb. n. Rendezvousing (-voo*ng).] Defn: To assemble or meet at a particular place. RENDEZVOUS Ren"dez*vous, v. t. Defn: To bring together at a certain place; to cause to be assembled. Echard. RENDIBLE Rend"i*ble (rnd"-b'l), a. Etym: [From Rend.] Defn: Capable of being rent or torn. RENDIBLE Ren"di*ble (rn"d-b'l), a. Etym: [See Render.] Defn: Capable, or admitting, of being rendered. RENDITION Ren*di"tion (rn-dsh"n), n. Etym: [LL. rendere to render: cf. L. redditio. See Render, and cf. Reddition.] 1. The act of rendering; especially, the act of surrender, as of fugitives from justice, at the claim of a foreign government; also, surrender in war. The rest of these brave men that suffered in cold blood after articles of rendition. Evelyn. 2. Translation; rendering; version. This rendition of the word seems also most naturally to agree with the genuine meaning of some other words in the same verse. South. RENDROCK Rend"rock` (rnd"rk`), n. Defn: A kind of dynamite used in blasting. [U.S.] RENEGADE Ren"e*gade (rn"-gd), n. Etym: [Sp. renegado, LL. renegatus, fr. renegare to deny; L. pref. re- re- + negare to deny. See Negation, and cf. Runagate.] Defn: One faithless to principle or party. Specifically: (a) An apostate from Christianity or from any form of religious faith. James justly regarded these renegades as the most serviceable tools that he could employ. Macaulay. (b) One who deserts from a military or naval post; a deserter. Arbuthnot. (c) A common vagabond; a worthless or wicked fellow. RENEGADO Ren`e*ga"do (rn`-g"d), n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: See Renegade. RENEGAT Ren"e*gat (rn"-gt), n. Etym: [See Runegate.] Defn: A renegade. [Obs.] Chaucer. RENEGATION Ren`e*ga"tion (rn`-ga"shn), n. Defn: A denial. [R.] "Absolute renegation of Christ." Milman. RENEGE Re*nege" (r-nj" or r-ng"), v. t. Etym: [LL. renegare. See Renegade.] Defn: To deny; to disown. [Obs.] Shak. All Europe high (all sorts of rights reneged) Against the trith and thee unholy leagued. Sylvester. RENEGE Re*nege", v. i. 1. To deny. [Obs.] Shak. 2. (Card Playing) Defn: To revoke. [R.] RENERVE Re*nerve" (r-nrv"), v. t. Defn: To nerve again; to give new vigor to; to reinvigorate. RENEW Re*new" (r-n"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reneved (-nd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Renewing.] Etym: [Pref. re- + new. Cf. Renovate.] 1. To make new again; to restore to freshness, perfection, or vigor; to give new life to; to rejuvenate; to re In such a night Medea gathered the enchanted herbs That did renew old Shak. 2. Specifically, to substitute for (an old obligation or right) a new one of the same nature; to continue in force; to make again; as, to renew a lease, note, or patent. 3. To begin again; to recommence. The last great age . . . renews its finished course. Dryden. 4. To repeat; to go over again. The birds-their notes renew. Milton. 5. (Theol.) Defn: To make new spiritually; to regenerate. Be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind. Rom. xii. 2. RENEW Re*new", v. i. Defn: To become new, or as new; to grow or begin again. RENEWABILITY Re*new`a*bil"i*ty (--bl"-t), n. Defn: The quality or state of being renewable. [R.] RENEWABLE Re*new"a*ble (r-n"-b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being renewed; as, a lease renewable at pleasure. Swift. RENEWAL Re*new"al (-al), n. Defn: The act of renewing, or the state of being renewed; as, the renewal of a treaty. RENEWEDLY Re*new"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Again; once more. [U.S.] RENEWEDNESS Re*new"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being renewed. RENEWER Re*new"er (-r), n. Defn: One who, or that which, renews. RENEYE Re*neye" (r-n"), v. t. Etym: [See Renay.] Defn: To deney; to reject; to renounce. [Obs.] For he made every man reneye his law. Chaucer. RENG Reng (rng), n. Etym: [See Rank, n.] 1. A rank; a row. [Obs.] "In two renges fair." Chaucer. 2. A rung or round of a ladder. [Obs.] Chaucer. RENIDIFICATION Re*nid`i*fi*ca"tion (r-nd`-f-k"shn), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The act of rebuilding a nest. RENIFORM Ren"i*form (rn"-frm; 277), a. Etym: [L. renes kidneys + -form: cf. F. réniforme.] Defn: Having the form or shape of a kidney; as, a reniform mineral; a reniform leaf. RENITENCE; RENITENCY Re*ni"tence, Re*ni"ten*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rénitence.] Defn: The state or quality of being renitent; resistance; reluctance. Sterne. We find a renitency in ourselves to ascribe life and irritability to the cold and motionless fibers of plants. E. Darwin. RENITENT Re*ni"tent (-tent), a. Etym: [L. renitens, -entis, p. pr. of renit to strive or struggle against, resist; pref. re- re- + niti to struggle or strive: cf. F. rénitent.] 1. Resisting pressure or the effect of it; acting against impluse by elastic force. "[Muscles] soft and yet renitent." Ray. 2. Persistently opposed. RENNE Ren"ne (rn"ne), v. t. Defn: To plunder; -- only in the phrase "to rape and renne." See under Rap, v. t., to snatch. [Obs.] Chaucer. RENNE Ren"ne, v. i. Defn: To run. [Obs.] Chaucer. RENNER Ren"ner (-nr), n. Defn: A runner. [Obs.] Chaucer. RENNET Ren"net (rn"nt), n. Etym: [F. rainette, reinette, perhaps fr. raine a tree frog, L. rana, because it is spotted like this kind of frog. Cf. Ranunculus.] (Bot.) Defn: A name of many different kinds of apples. Cf. Reinette. Mortimer. RENNET Ren"net, n. Etym: [AS. rinnan, rennan, to run, cf. gerinnan to curdle, coagulate. . See Run, v.] Defn: The inner, or mucous, membrance of the fourth stomach of the calf, or other young ruminant; also, an infusion or preparation of it, used for coagulating milk. [Written also runnet.] Cheese rennet. (Bot.) See under Cheese. -- Rennet ferment (Physiol. Chem.), a ferment, present in rennet and in variable quantity in the gastric juice of most animals, which has the power of curdling milk. The ferment presumably acts by changing the casein of milk from a soluble to an insoluble form. -- Rennet stomach (Anat.), the fourth stomach, or abomasum, of ruminants. RENNETED Ren"net*ed, a. Defn: Provided or treated with rennet. [R.] "Pressed milk renneted." Chapman. RENNETING Ren"net*ing, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as 1st Rennet. RENNING Ren"ning (rn"nng), n. Defn: See 2d Rennet. [Obs.] Asses' milk is holden for to be thickest, and therefore they use it instead of renning, to turn milk. Holland. RENOMEE Re`no*mee" (r`n-m"), n. Etym: [F. renomm.] Defn: Renown. [Obs.] Chaucer. RENOUNCE Re*nounce" (r-nouns"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Renounced (-nounst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Renouncing (-noun"sng).] Etym: [F. renoncer, L. renuntiare to bring back word, announce, revoke, retract, renounce; pref. re- re- + nuntiare to announce, fr. nuncius, a messenger. See Nuncio, and cf. Renunciation.] 1. To declare against; to reject or decline formally; to refuse to own or acknowledge as belonging to one; to disclaim; as, to renounce a title to land or to a throne. 2. To cast off or reject deliberately; to disown; to dismiss; to forswear. This world I do renounce, and in your sights Shake patiently my great affliction off. Shak. 3. (Card Playing) Defn: To disclaim having a card of (the suit led) by playing a card of another suit. To renounce probate (Law), to decline to act as the executor of a will. Mozley & W. Syn. -- To cast off; disavow; disown; disclaim; deny; abjure; recant; abandon; forsake; quit; forego; resign; relinquish; give up; abdicate. -- Renounce, Abjure, Recant. -- To renounce is to make an affirmative declaration of abandonment. To abjure is to renounce with, or as with, the solemnity of an oath. To recant is to renounce or abjure some proposition previously affirmed and maintained. From Thebes my birth I own; . . . since no disgrace Can force me to renounce the honor of my race. Dryden. Either to die the death, or to abjure Forever the society of man. Shak. Ease would recant Vows made in pain, as violent and void. Milton. RENOUNCE Re*nounce", v. i. 1. To make renunciation. [Obs.] He of my sons who fails to make it good, By one rebellious act renounces to my blood. Dryden. 2. (Law) Defn: To decline formally, as an executor or a person entitled to letters of administration, to take out probate or letters. Dryden died without a will, and his widow having renounced, his son Charles administered on June 10. W. D. Christie. RENOUNCE Re*nounce", n. (Card Playing) Defn: Act of renouncing. RENOUNCEMENT Re*nounce"ment (-ment), n. Etym: [Cf. F. renoncement.] Defn: The act of disclaiming or rejecting; renunciation. Shak. RENOUNCER Re*noun"cer (r-noun"sr), n. Defn: One who renounces. RENOVATE Ren"o*vate (rn"-vt), v. t. Etym: [L. renovatus, p. p. of renovare;pref. re- re- + novare to make new, fr. novus new. See New, and Renew.] Defn: To make over again; to restore to freshness or vigor; to renew. All nature feels the reniovating force Of winter. Thomson. RENOVATION Ren`o**va"tion (-v"shn), n. Etym: [L.renovatio: cf. F. rénovation.] Defn: The act or process of renovating; the state of being renovated or renewed. Thomson. There is something inexpressibly pleasing in the annual renovation of the world. Rabbler. RENOVATOR Ren"o*va`tor (rn"-v`tr), n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. rénovateur.] Defn: One who, or that which, renovates. Foster. RENOVEL Re*nov"el (r-nv"el), v. t. Etym: [F. renouveler to renew.] Defn: To renew; to renovate. [Obs.] Chaucer. RENOVELANCE Re*nov"el*ance (-ans), n. Defn: Renewal. [Obs.] Chaucer. RENOWME Re*nowme" (r-noum"), n. Defn: Renown. [Obs.] The glory and renowme of the ancectors. Robynson (More's Utopia). RENOWMED Re*nowmed" (r-noumd"), a. Defn: Renowned. [Obs.] RENOWN Re*nown" (r-noun"), n. Etym: [F. renom. See Noun, and cf. Renown, v.] 1. The state of being much known and talked of; exalted reputation derived from the extensive praise of great achievements or accomplishments; fame; celebrity; -- always in a good sense. Nor envy we Thy great renown, nor grudge thy victory. Dryden. 2. Report of nobleness or exploits; praise. This famous duke of Milan, Of whom so often I have heard renown. Shak. RENOWN Re*nown" (r-noun"), v. t. Etym: [F. renommer to name again, celebrate, make famous; pref. re- re- + nommer to name, L. nominare , fr. nomen a name. See Noun.] Defn: To make famous; to give renown to. [Obs.] For joi to hear me so renown his son. Chapman. The bard whom pilfered pastorals renown. Pope. RENOWNED Re*nowned" (r-nound"), a. Defn: Famous; celebrated for great achievements, for distinguished qualities, or for grandeur; eminent; as, a renowned king. "Some renowned metropolis with glistering spires." Milton. These were the renouwned of the congregation. Num. i. 61. Syn. -- Famous; famed; distinguished; noted; eminent; celebrated; remarkable; wonderful. See Famous. RENOWNEDLY Re*nown"ed*ly (r-noun"d-l), adv. Defn: With renown. RENOWNER Re*nown"er (-r), n. Defn: One who gives renown. [R.] RENOWNFUL Re*nown"ful (-fl), a. Defn: Having great renown; famous. "Renownful Scipio." Marston. RENOWNLESS Re*nown"less, a. Defn: Without renown; inglorius. RENSSELAERITE Rens"se*laer*ite (rns"se-lr-t), n. (Min.) Defn: A soft, compact variety of talc,, being an altered pyroxene. It is often worked in a lathe into inkstands and other articles. RENT Rent (rnt), v. i. Defn: To rant. [R. & Obs.] Hudibras. RENT Rent, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Rend. RENT Rent, n. Etym: [From Rend.] 1. An opening made by rending; a break or breach made by force; a tear. See what a rent the envious Casca made. Shak. 2. Figuratively, a schim; a rupture of harmony; a separation; as, a rent in the church. Syn. -- Fissure; breach; disrupture; rupture; tear; diaceration; break; fracture. RENT Rent, v. t. Defn: To tear. See Rend. [Obs.] Chaucer. RENT Rent, n. Etym: [F. rente, LL. renta, fr. L. reddita, fem. sing. or neut. pl. of redditus, p. p. of reddere to give back, pay. See Render.] 1. Incone; revenue. See Catel. [Obs.] "Catel had they enough and rent." Chaucer. [Bacchus] a waster was and all his rent In wine and bordel he dispent. Gower. So bought an annual rent or two, And liv'd, just as you see I do. Pope. 2. Pay; reward; share; toll. [Obs.] Death, that taketh of high and low his rent. Chaucer. 3. (Law) Defn: A certain periodical profit, whether in money, provisions, chattels, or labor, issuing out of lands and tenements in payment for the use; commonly, a certain pecuniary sum agreed upon between a tenant and his landlord, paid at fixed intervals by the lessee to the lessor, for the use of land or its appendages; as, rent for a farm, a house, a park, etc. Note: The term rent is also popularly applied to compensation for the use of certain personal chattles, as a piano, a sewing machine, etc. Black rent. See Blackmail, 3. -- Forehand rent, rent which is paid in advance; foregift. -- Rent arrear, rent in arrears; unpaid rent. Blackstone. -- Rent charge (Law), a rent reserved on a conveyance of land in fee simple, or granted out of lands by deed; -- so called because, by a covenant or clause in the deed of conveyance, the land is charged with a distress for the payment of it, Bouvier. -- Rent roll, a list or account of rents or income; a rental. -- Rent seck (Law), a rent reserved by deed, but without any clause of distress; barren rent. A power of distress was made incident to rent seck by Statue 4 George II. c. 28. -- Rent service (Eng. Law), rent reserved out of land held by fealty or other corporeal service; -- so called from such service being incident to it. -- White rent, a quitrent when paid in silver; -- opposed to black rent. RENT Rent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rented; p. pr. & vb. n. Renting.] Etym: [F. renter. See Rent, n.] 1. To grant the possession and enjoyment of, for a rent; to lease; as, the owwner of an estate or house rents it. 2. To take and hold under an agreement to pay rent; as, the tennant rents an estate of the owner. RENT Rent, v. i. Defn: To be leased, or let for rent; as, an estate rents for five hundred dollars a year. RENTABLE Rent"a*ble (--b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being rented, or suitable for renting. RENTAGE Rent"age (-j), n. Etym: [Cf. OF. rentage.] Defn: Rent. [Obs.] RENTAL Rent"al (-al), n. Etym: [LL. rentale, fr. renta. See Rent income.] 1. A schedule, account, or list of rents, with the names of the tenants, etc.; a rent roll. 2. A sum total of rents; as, an estate that yields a rental of ten thousand dollars a year. RENTE Rente (rnt), n. Etym: [F. See Rent income.] Defn: In France, interest payable by government on indebtedness; the bonds, shares, stocks, etc.,, which represent government indebtedness. RENTER Rent"er (rnt"r), n. Defn: One who rents or leases an estate; -- usually said of a lessee or tenant. RENTER Ren"ter (rn"tr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rentered (-trd); p. pr. & vb. n. Rentering.] Etym: [F. rentraire; L. pref. re- re- + in into, in + trahere to draw.] 1. To sew together so that the seam is scarcely visible; to sew up with skill and nicety; to finedraw. 2. To restore the original design of, by working in new warp; -- said with reference to tapestry. RENTERER Ren"ter*er (-r), n. Defn: One who renters. RENTIER Ren`tier" (rn`ty"), n. Etym: [F. See 5th Rent.] Defn: One who has a fixed income, as from lands, stocks, or the like. RENUMERATE Re*nu"mer*ate (r-n"mr-t), v. t. Etym: [L. renumeratus, p. p. of renumerare to count over, count up; pref. re- re- + numerare to count. See Numerate.] Defn: To recount. RENUNCIATION Re*nun`ci*a"tion (r-nn`s-"shn or -sh-"shn; 277), n. Etym: [Cf. F. renonciation, L. renuntiatio ann announcement. See Renounce.] 1. The act of renouncing. 2. (Law) Defn: Formal declination to take out letters of administration, or to assume an office, privilege, or right. Syn. -- Renouncement; disownment; disavowal; disavowment; disclaimer; rejection; abjuration; recantation; denial; abandonment; relinquishment. RENUNCIATORY Re*nun"ci*a*to*ry (r-nn"sh--t-r), a. Etym: [Cf. LL. renuntiatorius.] Defn: Pertaining to renunciation; containing or declaring a renunciation; as, renunciatory vows. RENVERSE Ren*verse" (rn-vErs"), v. t. Etym: [F. renverser; L. pref. re- re- + in in, into + versare, v. intens. fr. vertere to turn.] Defn: To reverse. [Obs.] Whose shield he bears renverst. Spenser. RENVERSE; RENVERSE Ren*verse", or; Ren`ver`sé", a. Etym: [F. renversé, p. p. ] (Her.) Defn: Reversed; set with the head downward; turned contrary to the natural position. RENVERSEMENT Ren*verse"ment (-ment), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A reversing. [Obs.] RENVOY Ren*voy" (-voi"), v. t. Etym: [F. renvoyer.] Defn: To send back. [Obs.] "Not dismissing or renvoying her." Bacon. RENVOY Ren*voy", n. Etym: [F. renvoi.] Defn: A sending back. [Obs.] REOBTAIN Re`ob*tain" (r`b-tn"), v. t. Defn: To obtain again. REOBTAINABLE Re`ob*tain"a*ble (--b'l), a. Defn: That may be reobtained. REOCCUPY Re*oc"cu*py (r-k"k-p), v. t. Defn: To occupy again. REOMETER Re*om"e*ter (r-m"-t$r), n. Defn: Same as Rheometer. REOPEN Re*o"pen (r-"p'n), v. t. & i. Defn: To open again. REOPPOSE Re`op*pose" (r`p-pz"), v. t. Defn: To oppose again. REORDAIN Re`or*dain" (r`r-dn"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- re- + ordain: cf. F. réordonner.] Defn: To ordain again, as when the first ordination is considered defective. Bp. Burnet. REORDER Re*or"der (r-r"dr), v. t. Defn: To order a second time. REORDINATION Re*or`di*na"tion, n. Defn: A second ordination. REORGANIZATION Re*or`gan*i*za"tion (-gan--z"shn), n. Defn: The act of reorganizing; a reorganized existence; as, reorganization of the troops. REORGANIZE Re*or"gan*ize (r-r"gan-z), v. t. & i. Defn: To organize again or anew; as, to reorganize a society or an army. REORIENT Re*o"ri*ent (r-"r-ent), a. Defn: Rising again. [R.] The life reorient out of dust. Tennyson. REOSTAT Re"o*stat (r"-stt), n. (Physics) Defn: See Rheostat. REOTROPE Re"o*trope (-trp), n. (Physics) Defn: See Rheotrope. REP Rep (rp), n. Etym: [Prob. a corruption of rib: cf. F. reps.] Defn: A fabric made of silk or wool, or of silk and wool, and having a transversely corded or ribbed surface. REP Rep, a. Defn: Formed with a surface closely corded, or ribbed transversely; - - applied to textile fabrics of silk or wool; as, rep silk. REPACE Re*pace" (r-ps"), v. t. Defn: To pace again; to walk over again in a contrary direction. REPACIFY Re*pac"i*fy (r-ps"-f), v. t. Defn: To pacify again. REPACK Re*pack" (r-pk"), v. t. Defn: To pack a second time or anew; as, to repack beef; to repack a trunk. REPACKER Re*pack"er (-r), n. Defn: One who repacks. REPAGANIZE Re*pa"gan*ize (r-p"gan-z), v. t. Defn: To paganize anew; to bring back to paganism. REPAID Re*paid" (r-pd"), Defn: imp. & p. p. of Repay. REPAINT Re*paint" (r-pnt"), v. t. Defn: To paint anew or again; as, to repaint a house; to repaint the ground of a picture. REPAIR Re*pair" (r-pr"), v. i. Etym: [OE. repairen, OF. repairier to return, fr. L. repatriare to return to one's contry, to go home again; pref. re- re- + patria native country, fr. pater father. See Father, and cf. Repatriate.] 1. To return. [Obs.] I thought . . . that he repaire should again. Chaucer. 2. To go; to betake one's self; to resort; ass, to repair to sanctuary for safety. Chaucer. Go, mount the winds, and to the shades repair. Pope. REPAIR Re*pair", n. Etym: [OF. repaire retreat, asylum, abode. See Repair to go.] 1. The act of repairing or resorting to a place. [R.] Chaucer. The king sent a proclamation for their repair to their houses. Clarendon. 2. Place to which one repairs; a haunt; a resort. [R.] There the fierce winds his tender force assail And beat him downward to his first repair. Dryden. REPAIR Re*pair", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repaired (-prd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Repairing.] Etym: [F. réparer, L. reparare; pref. re- re- + parare to prepare. See Pare, and cf. Reparation.] 1. To restore to a sound or good state after decay, injury, dilapidation, or partial destruction; to renew; to restore; to mend; as, to repair a house, a road, a shoe, or a ship; to repair a shattered fortune. Secret refreshings that repair his strength. Milton. Do thou, as thou art wont, repair My heart with gladness. Wordsworth. 2. To make amends for, as for an injury, by an equivalent; to indemnify for; as, to repair a loss or damage. I 'll repair the misery thou dost bear. Shak. Syn. -- To restore, recover; renew; amend; mend; retrieve; recruit. REPAIR Re*pair", n. 1. Restoration to a sound or good state after decay, waste, injury, or partial restruction; supply of loss; reparation; as, materials are collected for the repair of a church or of a city. Sunk down and sought repair Of sleep, which instantly fell on me. Milton. 2. Condition with respect to soundness, perfectness, etc.; as, a house in good, or bad, repair; the book is out of repair. REPAIRABLE Re*pair"a*ble (-*b'l), a. Defn: Reparable. Gauden. REPAIRER Re*pair"er (-r), n. Defn: One who, or that which, repairs, restores, or makes amends. REPAIRMENT Re*pair"ment, n. Defn: Act of repairing. REPAND Re*pand" (r*pnd), a. Etym: [L. repandus bent backward, turned up; pref. re- re- + pandus bent, crooked.] (Bot. & Zool.) Defn: Having a slightly undulating margin; -- said of leaves. REPARABILITY Rep`a*ra*bil"i*ty (rp`-r-bl"-t), n. Defn: The quality or state of being reparable. REPARABLE Rep"a*ra*ble (rp"-r-b'l), a Etym: [L. reparabilis: cf. F. réparable.] Defn: Capable of being repaired, restored to a sound or good state, or made good; restorable; as, a reparable injury. REPARABLY Rep"a*ra*bly, adv. Defn: In a reparable manner. REPARATION Rep`a*ra"tion (-r"shn), n. Etym: [F. réparation, L. reparatio. See Repair to mend.] 1. The act of renewing, restoring, etc., or the state of being renewed or repaired; as, the reparation of a bridge or of a highway; -- in this sense, repair is oftener used. Arbuthnot. 2. The act of making amends or giving satisfaction or compensation for a wrong, injury, etc.; also, the thing done or given; amends; satisfaction; indemnity. make reparation or reparations. I am sensible of the scandal I have given by my loose writings, and make what reparation I am able. Dryden. Syn. -- Restoration; repair; restitution; compensation; amends; satisfaction. REPARATIVE Re*par"a*tive (r-pr"-tv), a. Defn: Repairing, or tending to repair. Jer. Taylor. REPARATIVE Re*par"a*tive, n. Defn: That which repairs. Sir H. Wotton. REPAREL Re*par"el (-l), n. Etym: [Cf. Reapparel.] Defn: A change of apparel; a second or different suit. [Obs.] Beau & Fl. REPARTEE Rep`ar*tee" (rp`3r-t"), n. Etym: [F. repartie, fr. repartir to reply, depart again; pref. re- re- partir to part, depart. See Part.] Defn: A smart, ready, and witty reply. Cupid was as bad as he; Hear but the youngster's repartee. Prior. Syn. -- Retort; reply. See Retort. REPARTEE Rep`ar*tee", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reparteed (-td"); p. pr. & vb. n. Reparteeing.] Defn: To make smart and witty replies. [R.] Prior. REPARTIMIENTO Re`par*ti`mi*en"to (r`pr-t`m-n"t), n. Etym: [Sp., fr. repartir to divide.] Defn: A partition or distribution, especially of slaves; also, an assessment of taxes. W. Irving. REPARTOTION Re`par*to"tion (r-pr-tsh"n), n. Defn: Another, or an additional, separation into parts. REPASS Re*pass" (r-ps"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + pass: cf. F. repasser. Cf. Repace.] Defn: To pass again; to pass or travel over in the opposite direction; to pass a second time; as, to repass a bridge or a river; to repass the sea. REPASS Re*pass", v. i. Defn: To pass or go back; to move back; as, troops passing and repassing before our eyes. REPASSAGE Re*pas"sage (r-ps"sj;48), n. Defn: The act of repassing; passage back. Hakluyt. REPASSANT Re*pas"sant (r-ps"sant), a. Etym: [Cf. F. repassant, p. pr.] (Her.) Defn: Counterpassant. REPAST Re*past" (r-pst"), n. Etym: [OF. repast, F. repas, LL. repastus, fr. L. repascere to feed again; pref. re- re- + pascere, pastum, to pasture, feed. See Pasture.] 1. The act of taking food. From dance to sweet repast they turn. Milton. 2. That which is taken as food; a meal; figuratively, any refreshment. "Sleep . . . thy best repast." Denham. Go and get me some repast. Shak. REPAST Re*past", v. t. & i. Defn: To supply food to; to feast; to take food. [Obs.] "Repast them with my blood." Shak. He then, also, as before, left arbitrary the dieting and repasting of our minds. Milton. REPASTER Re*past"er (-r), n. Defn: One who takes a repast. [Obs.] REPASTURE Re*pas"ture (-ps"tr;135), n. Etym: [See Repast.] Defn: Food; entertainment. [Obs.] Food for his rage, repasture for his den. Shak. REPATRIATE Re*pa"tri*ate (r-p"tr-t), v. t. Etym: [L. repatriare. See 1st Repair.] Defn: To restore to one's own country. REPATRIATION Re*pa`tri*a"tion (-"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. LL. repatriatio return to one's country.] Defn: Restoration to one's country. REPAY Re*pay" (r-p"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repaid (-pd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Repaying.] Etym: [Pref. re- + pay: cf. F. repayer.] 1. To pay back; to refund; as, to repay money borrowed or advanced. If you repay me not on such a day, In such a place, such sum or sums. Shak. 2. To make return or requital for; to recompense; -- in a good or bad sense; as, to repay kindness; to repay an injury. Benefits which can not be repaid . . . are not commonly found to increase affection. Rambler. 3. To pay anew, or a second time, as a debt. Syn. -- To refund; restore; return; recompense; compensate; remunerate; satisfy; reimburse; requite. REPAYABLE Re*pay"a*ble (--b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being, or proper to be , repaid; due; as, a loan repayable in ten days; services repayable in kind. REPAYMENT Re*pay"ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of repaying; reimbursement. Jer. Taylor. 2. The money or other thing repaid. REPEAL Re*peal" (r-pl"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repealed (-pld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Repealing.] Etym: [OF. repeler to call back, F. rappeler; pref. re- re- + OF. apeler, F. appeler, to call, L. appellare. See Appeal, and. cf. Repel.] 1. To recall; to summon again, as persons. [Obs.] The banished Bolingbroke repeals himself, And with uplifted arms is safe arrived. Shak. 2. To recall, as a deed, will, law, or statute; to revoke; to rescind or abrogate by authority, as by act of the legislature; as, to repeal a law. 3. To suppress; to repel. [Obs.] Whence Adam soon repealed The doubts that in his heart arose. Milton. Syn. -- To abolish; revoke; rescind; recall; annul; abrogate; cancel; reverse. See Abolish. REPEAL Re*peal", n. 1. Recall, as from exile. [Obs.] The tribunes are no soldiers; and their people Will be as rash in the repeal, as hassty To expel him thence. Shak. 2. Revocation; abrogation; as, the repeal of a statute; the repeal of a law or a usage. REPEALABILITY Re*peal`a*bil"i*ty (--bl"-t), n. Defn: The quality or state of being repealable. REPEALABLE Re*peal"a*ble (r-pl"-b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being repealed. -- Re*peal"a*ble*ness, n. Syn. -- Revocable; abrogable; voidable; reversible. REPEALER Re*peal"er (-r), n. Defn: One who repeals; one who seeks a repeal; specifically, an advocate for the repeal of the Articles of Union between Great Britain and Ireland. REPEALMENT Re*peal"ment (-ment), n. Defn: Recall, as from banishment. [Obs.] REPEAT Re*peat" (-pt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repeated; p. pr. & vb. n. Repeating.] Etym: [F. répéter, L. repetere; pref. re- re- + petere to fall upon, attack. See Petition.] 1. To go over again; to attempt, do, make, or utter again; to iterate; to recite; as, to repeat an effort, an order, or a poem. "I will repeat our former communication." Robynson (More's Utopia). Not well conceived of God; who, though his power Creation could repeat, yet would be loth Us to abolish. Milton. 2. To make trial of again; to undergo or encounter again. [Obs.] Waller. 3. (Scots Law) Defn: To repay or refund (an excess received). To repeat one's self, to do or say what one has already done or said. -- To repeat signals, to make the same signals again; specifically, to communicate, by repeating them, the signals shown at headquarters. Syn. -- To reiterate; iterate; renew; recite; relate; rehearse; recapitulate. See Reiterate. REPEAT Re*peat" (r-pt"), n. 1. The act of repeating; repetition. 2. That which is repeated; as, the repeat of a pattern; that is, the repetition of the engraved figure on a roller by which an impression is produced (as in calico printing, etc.). 3. (Mus.) Defn: A mark, or series of dots, placed before and after, or often only at the end of, a passage to be repeated in performance. REPEATEDLY Re*peat"ed*ly, adv. Defn: More than once; again and again; indefinitely. REPEATER Re*peat"er (-r), n. Defn: One who, or that which, repeats. Specifically: (a) A watch with a striking apparatus which, upon pressure of a spring, will indicate the time, usually in hours and quarters. (b) A repeating firearm. (c) (Teleg.) An instrument for resending a telegraphic message automatically at an intermediate point. (d) A person who votes more than once at an election. [U.S.] (e) See Circulating decimal, under Decimal. (f) (Naut.) A pennant used to indicate that a certain flag in a hoist of signal is duplicated. Ham. Nav. Encyc. REPEATING Re*peat"ing, a. Defn: Doing the same thing over again; accomplishing a given result many times in succession; as, a repeating firearm; a repeating watch. Repeating circle. See the Note under Circle, n., 3. -- Repeating decimal (Arith.), a circulating decimal. See under Decimal. -- Repeating firearm, a firearm that may be discharged many times in quick succession; especially: (a) A form of firearm so constructed that by the action of the mechanism the charges are successively introduced from a chamber containing them into the breech of the barrel, and fired. (b) A form in which the charges are held in, and discharged from, a revolving chamber at the breech of the barrel. See Revolver, and Magazine gun, under Magazine. -- Repeating instruments (Astron. & Surv.), instruments for observing angles, as a circle, theodolite, etc., so constructed that the angle may be measured several times in succession, and different, but successive and contiguous, portions of the graduated limb, before reading off the aggregate result, which aggregate, divided by the number of measurements, gives the angle, freed in a measure from errors of eccentricity and graduation. -- Repeating watch. See Repeater (a) REPEDATION Rep"e*da"tion (rp`-da"shn), n. Etym: [L. repedare to step back; pref. re- re- + pes, pedis, foot.] Defn: A stepping or going back. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. REPEL Re**pel" (r-pl"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repelled (-pld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Repelling.] Etym: [L. repellere, repulsum; pref. re- re- + pellere to drive. See Pulse a beating, and cf. Repulse, Repeal.] 1. To drive back; to force to return; to check the advance of; to repulse as, to repel an enemy or an assailant. Hippomedon repelled the hostile tide. Pope. They repelled each other strongly, and yet attracted each other strongly. Macaulay. 2. To resist or oppose effectually; as, to repel an assault, an encroachment, or an argument. [He] gently repelled their entreaties. Hawthorne. Syn. -- Tu repulse; resist; oppose; reject; refuse. REPEL Re*pel", v. i. Defn: To act with force in opposition to force impressed; to exercise repulsion. REPELLENCE; REPELLENCY Re*pel"lence, Re*pel"len*cy, n. Defn: The principle of repulsion; the quality or capacity of repelling; repulsion. REPELLENT Re*pel"lent (-lent), a. Etym: [L. repellens, -entis, p. pr. ] Defn: Driving back; able or tending to repel. REPELLENT Re*pel"lent, n. 1. That which repels. 2. (Med.) Defn: A remedy to repel from a tumefied part the fluids which render it tumid. Dunglison. 3. A kind of waterproof cloth. Knight. REPELLER Re*pel"ler (-lr), n. Defn: One who, or that which, repels. REPENT Re"pent (r"pnt), a. Etym: [L. repens, -entis, creeping, p. pr. of repere to creep.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Prostrate and rooting; -- said of stems. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Reptant. REPENT Re*pent" (r-pnt"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Repented; p. pr. & vb. n. Repenting.] Etym: [F. se repentir; L. pref. re- re- + poenitere to make repent, poenitet me it repents me, I repent. See Penitent.] 1. To feel pain, sorrow, or regret, for what one has done or omitted to do. First she relents With pity; of that pity then repents. Dryden. 2. To change the mind, or the course of conduct, on account of regret or dissatisfaction. Lest, peradventure, the people repent when they see war, and they return to Egypt. Ex. xiii. 17. 3. (Theol.) Defn: To be sorry for sin as morally evil, and to seek forgiveness; to cease to love and practice sin. Except ye repent, ye shall likewise perish. Luke xii. 3. REPENT Re*pent", v. t. 1. To feel pain on account of; to remember with sorrow. I do repent it from my very soul. Shak. 2. To feel regret or sorrow; -- used reflexively. My father has repented him ere now. Dryden. 3. To cause to have sorrow or regret; -- used impersonally. [Archaic] "And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth." Gen. vi. 6. REPENTANCE Re*pent"ance (r-pnt"ans), n. Etym: [F. repentance.] Defn: The act of repenting, or the state of being penitent; sorrow for what one has done or omitted to do; especially, contrition for sin. Chaucer. Godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation. 2. Cor. vii. 20. Repentance is a change of mind, or a conversion from sin to God. Hammond. Repentance is the relinquishment of any practice from the conviction that it has offended God. Sorrow, fear, and anxiety are properly not parts, but adjuncts, of repentance; yet they are too closely connected with it to be easily separated. Rambler. Syn. -- Contrition; regret; penitence; contriteness; compunction. See Contrition. REPENTANT Re*pent"ant (-ant), a. Etym: [F. repentant.] 1. Penitent; sorry for sin. Chaucer. Thus they, in lowliest plight, repentant stood. Millton. 2. Expressing or showing sorrow for sin; as, repentant tears; repentant ashes. "Repentant sighs and voluntary pains." Pope. REPENTANT Re*pent"ant, n. Defn: One who repents, especially one who repents of sin; a penitent. REPENTANTLY Re*pent"ant*ly, adv. Defn: In a repentant manner. REPENTER Re*pent"er (-r), n. Defn: One who repents. REPENTINGLY Re*pent"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With repentance; penitently. REPENTLESS Re*pent"less, a. Defn: Unrepentant. [R.] REPEOPLE Re*peo"ple (r-p"p'l), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + people: cf. F. repeupler.] Defn: To people anew. REPERCEPTION Re`per*cep"tion (r`pr-sp"shn), n. Defn: The act of perceiving again; a repeated perception of the same object. No external praise can give me such a glow as my own solitary reperception and ratification of what is fine. Keats. REPERCUSS Re`per*cuss" (-ks"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repercussed (-kst");p. pr. & vb. n. Repercussing.] Etym: [L. repercusus, p. p. of repercutere to drive back; pref. re- re- + percutere. See Percussion.] Defn: To drive or beat back; hence, to reflect; to reverberate. Perceiving all the subjacent country, . . . to repercuss such a light as I could hardly look against. Evelyn. REPERCUSSION Re`per*cus"sion (-ksh"n), n. Etym: [L. repercussio: cf. F. répercussion.] 1. The act of driving back, or the state of being driven back; reflection; reverberation; as, the repercussion of sound. Ever echoing back in endless repercussion. Hare. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Rapid reiteration of the same sound. 3. (Med.) Defn: The subsidence of a tumor or eruption by the action of a repellent. Dunglison. 4. (Obstetrics) Defn: In a vaginal examination, the act of imparting through the uterine wall with the finger a shock to the fetus, so that it bounds upward, and falls back again against the examining finger. REPERCUSSIVE Re`per*cuss"ive (-ks"v), a. Etym: [Cf. F. répercussif.] 1. Tending or able to repercuss; having the power of sending back; causing to reverberate. Ye repercussive rocks! repeat the sound. W. Pattison. 2. Repellent. [Obs.] "Blood is stanched by astringent and repecussive medicines." Bacon. 3. Driven back; rebounding; reverberated. "Rages loud the repercussive roar." Thomson. REPERCUSSIVE Re`per*cuss"ive, n. Defn: A repellent. [Obs.] Bacon. REPERTITIOUS Rep`er*ti"tious (rp`r-tsh"s), a. Etym: [L. reperticius. See Repertory.] Defn: Found; gained by finding. [Obs.] REPERTOIRE Re`per`toire", n. Etym: [F. See Repertory.] Defn: A list of drams, operas, pieces, parts, etc., which a company or a person has rehearsed and is prepared to perform. REPERTORY Rep"er*to*ry (rp"r-t-r), n. Etym: [L. repertorium, fr. reperire to find again; pref. re- re + parire, parere, to bring forth, procure: cf. F. répertoire. Cf. Parent.] 1. A place in which things are disposed in an orderly manner, so that they can be easily found, as the index of a book, a commonplace book, or the like. 2. A treasury; a magazine; a storehouse. 3. Same as Répertoire. REPERUSAL Re`pe*rus"al (r`p-rz"al), n. Defn: A second or repeated perusal. REPERUSE Re`pe*ruse" (-rz"), v. t. Defn: To peruse again. Ld. Lytton. REPETEND Rep`e*tend (rp`-tnd"), n. Etym: [L. repetendus to be repeated, fr. repetere to repeat.] (Math.) Defn: That part of a circulating decimal which recurs continually, ad infinitum: -- sometimes indicated by a dot over the first and last repetend is 283. REPETITION Rep`e*ti"tion (rp`-tsh"n), n. Etym: [L. repetitio: cf. F. répétition. See Repeat.] 1. The act of repeating; a doing or saying again; iteration. I need not be barren of accusations; he hath faults, with surplus to tire in repetition. Shak. 2. Recital from memory; rehearsal. 3. (Mus.) Defn: The act of repeating, singing, 4. (Rhet.) Defn: Reiteration, or repeating the same word, or the same sense in different words, for the purpose of making a deeper impression on the audience. 5. (Astron. & Surv.) Defn: The measurement of an angle by successive observations with a repeating instrument. Syn. -- Iteration; rehearsal. See Tautology. REPETITIONAL; REPETITIONARY Rep`e*ti"tion*al. Rep`e*ti"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Of the nature of, or containing, repetition. [R.] REPETITIONER Rep`e*ti"tion*er (-r), n. Defn: One who repeats. [Obs.] REPETITIOUS Rep`e*ti"tious (-tsh"s), a. Defn: Repeating; containing repetition. [U.S.] Dr. T. Dwight. REPETITIVE Re*pet"i*tive (r-pt"-tv), a. Defn: Containing repetition; repeating. [R.] REPETITOR Rep"e*ti`tor (rp"-t`tr), n. Etym: [Cf. L. repetitor a reclaimer.] (Ger.Univ.) Defn: A private instructor. REPINE Re*pine" (r-pn"), v. i. Etym: [Pref. re- + pine to languish.] 1. To fail; to wane. [Obs.] "Reppening courage yields no foot to foe." Spenser. 2. To continue pining; to feel inward discontent which preys on the spirits; to indulge in envy or complaint; to murmur. But Lachesis thereat gan to repine. Spenser. What if the head, the eye, or ear repined To serve mere engines to the ruling mind Pope. REPINE Re*pine", n. Defn: Vexation; mortification. [Obs.] Shak. REPINER Re*pin"er (r-pn"r), n. Defn: One who repines. REPININGLY Re*pin"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With repening or murmuring. REPKIE Rep"kie (rp"k), n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any edible sea urchin. [Alaska] REPLACE Re*place" (r-pls"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + place: cf. F. replacer.] 1. To place again; to restore to a former place, position, condition, or the like. The earl . . . was replaced in his government. Bacon. 2. To refund; to repay; to restore; as, to replace a sum of money borrowed. 3. To supply or substitute an equivalent for; as, to replace a lost document. With Israel, religion replaced morality. M. Arnold. 4. To take the place of; to supply the want of; to fulfull the end or office of. This duty of right intention does not replace or supersede the duty of consideration. Whewell. 5. To put in a new or different place. Note: The propriety of the use of replace instead of displace, supersede, take the place of, as in the third and fourth definitions, is often disputed on account of etymological discrepancy; but the use has been sanctioned by the practice of careful writers. Replaced crystal (Crystallog.), a crystal having one or more planes in the place of its edges or angles. REPLACEABILITY Re*place`a*bil"i*ty (--bl"-t), n. Defn: The quality, state, or degree of being replaceable. REPLACEABLE Re*place"a*ble (r-pls"-b'l), a. 1. Capable or admitting of being put back into a place. 2. Admitting of having its place supplied by a like thing or an equivalent; as, the lost book is replaceable. 3. (Chem.) Defn: Capable of being replaced (by), or of being exchanged (for); as, the hydrogen of acids is replaceable by metals or by basic radicals. REPLACEMENT Re*place"ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of replacing. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: The removal of an edge or an angle by one or more planes. REPLAIT Re*plait" (r-plt"), v. t. Defn: To plait or fold again; to fold, as one part over another, again and again. REPLANT Re*plant" (rE-plnt"), v. t. Defn: To plant again. REPLANTABLE Re*plant"a*ble (--b'l), a. Defn: That may be planted again. REPLANTATION Re`plan*ta"tion (r`pln-t"shn), n. Defn: The act of planting again; a replanting. [R.] Hallywell. REPLEAD Re*plead" (r-pld"), v. t. & i. Defn: To plead again. REPLEADER Re*plead"er (-r), n. (Law) Defn: A second pleading, or course of pleadings; also, the right of pleading again. Whenever a repleader is granted, the pleadings must begin de novo. Blackstone. REPLENISH Re*plen"ish (r-pln"sh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Replenished (-sht); p. pr. & vb. n. Replenishing.] Etym: [OE. replenissen, OF. replenir; L. pref. re- re- + plenus full. See Full, -ish, and cf. Replete.] 1. To fill again after having been diminished or emptied; to stock anew; hence, to fill completely; to cause to abound. Multiply and replenish the earth. Gen. i. 28. The waters thus With fish replenished, and the air with fowl. Milton. 2. To finish; to complete; to perfect. [Obs.] We smothered The most replenished sweet work of nature. Shak. REPLENISH Re*plen"ish, v. i. Defn: To recover former fullness. [Obs.] The humors will not replenish so soon. Bacon. REPLENISHER Re*plen"ish*er (-r), n. Defn: One who replenishes. REPLENISHMENT Re*plen"ish*ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of replenishing, or the state of being replenished. 2. That which replenishes; supply. Cowper. REPLETE Re*plete" (r-plt"), a. Etym: [L. repletus, p. p. of replere to fill again, fill up; pref. re- re- + plere to fill, akin to plenus full: cf. F. replet corpulent. See Plenty, Replenish.] Defn: Filled again; completely filled; full; charged; abounding. "His words replete with guile." Milton. When he of wine was replet at his feast. Chaucer. In heads repiete with thoughts of other men. Cowper. REPLETE Re*plete", v. t. Defn: To fill completely, or to satiety. [R.] REPLETENESS Re*plete"ness, n. Defn: The state of being replete. REPLETION Re*ple"tion (r-pl"shn), n. Etym: [L. repletio a filling up: cf. F. réplétion. See Replete.] 1. The state of being replete; superabundant fullness. The tree had too much repletion, and was oppressed with its own sap. Bacon. Replecioun [overeating] ne made her never sick. Chaucer. 2. (Med.) Defn: Fullness of blood; plethora. REPLETIVE Re*ple"tive (-tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. réplétif.] Defn: Tending to make replete; filling. -- Re*ple"tive*ly, adv. REPLETORY Re*ple"to*ry (-t-r), a. Defn: Repletive. [R.] REPLEVIABLE Re*plev"i*a*ble (r-plv"--b'l), a. Etym: [See Replevy.] (Law) Defn: Capable of being replevied. REPLEVIN Re*plev"in (-n), n. Etym: [LL. replevina. See Replevy, and cf. Plevin.] 1. (Law) Defn: A personal action which lies to recover possession of goods and chattle wrongfully taken or detained. Originally, it was a remedy peculiar to cases for wrongful distress, but it may generally now be brought in all cases of wrongful taking or detention. Bouvier. 2. The writ by which goods and chattles are replevied. REPLEVIN Re*plev"in, v. t. (Law) Defn: To replevy. REPLEVISABLE Re*plev"i*sa*ble (--s-b'l), a. Etym: [OF. replevisable.] Defn: Repleviable. Sir M. Hale. REPLEVY Re*plev"y (-), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Replevied (-d); p. pr. & vb. n. Replevying.] Etym: [OF. replevir, LL. replevire. See Pledge, Replevin.] 1. (Law) Defn: To take or get back, by a writ for that purpose (goods and chattels wrongfuly taken or detained), upon giving security to try the right to them in a suit at law, and, if that should be determined against the plaintiff, to return the property replevied. 2. (Old Eng.LAw) Defn: To bail. Spenser. REPLEVY Re*plev"y (r-plv"), n. Defn: Replevin. Mozley & W. REPLICA Rep"li*ca (rp"l-k), n. Etym: [It. See Reply, v. & n.] 1. (Fine Arts) Defn: A copy of a work of art, as of a picture or satue, made by the maker of the original. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Repetition. REPLICANT Rep"li*cant (rp"l-kant), n. Defn: One who replies. REPLICATE Rep"li*cate (--kt), v. t. Defn: To reply. [Obs.] REPLICATE; REPLICATED Rep"li*cate (l-kt), Rep"li*ca`ted (-k`td), a. Etym: [L. replicatus, p. p. of replicare. See Reply.] Defn: Folded over or backward; folded back upon itself; as, a replicate leaf or petal; a replicate margin of a shell. REPLICATION Rep`li*ca"tion (-k"shn), n. Etym: [L. replicatio. See Reply.] 1. An answer; a reply. Shak. Withouten any repplicacioun. Chaucer. 2. (Law Pleadings) Defn: The reply of the plaintiff, in matters of fact, to the defendant's plea. 3. Return or repercussion, as of sound; echo. To hear the replication of your sounds. Shak. 4. A repetition; a copy. Farrar. Syn. -- Answer; response; reply; rejoinder. REPLIER Re*pli"er (r-pl"r), n. Defn: One who replies. Bacon. REPLUM Re"plum (r"plm), n. Etym: [L., doorcase.] (Bot.) Defn: The framework of some pods, as the cress, which remains after the valves drop off. Gray. REPLY Re*ply" (r-pl"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Replied (-pld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Replying.] Etym: [OE. replien, OF. replier, F. répliquer, fr. L. replicare to fold back, make a reply; pref. re- re- + plicare to fold. See Ply, and cf. Replica.] 1. To make a return in words or writing; to respond; to answer. O man, who art thou that repliest against God Rom. ix. 20. 2. (Law) Defn: To answer a defendant's plea. 3. Figuratively, to do something in return for something done; as, to reply to a signal; to reply to the fire of a battery. Syn. -- To answer; respond; rejoin. REPLY Re*ply", v. t. Defn: To return for an answer. Milton. Lords, vouchsafe To give me hearing what I shall reply. Shak. REPLY Re*ply", n.; pl. Replies (-pl. Etym: [See Reply, v. i., and cf. Replica.] Defn: That which is said, written, or done in answer to what is said, written, or done by another; an answer; a response. Syn. -- Answer; rejoinder; response. -- Reply, Rejoinder, Answer. A reply is a distinct response to a formal question or attack in speech or writing. A rejoinder is a second reply (a reply to a reply) in a protracted discussion or controversy. The word answer is used in two senses, namely (1), in the most general sense of a mere response; as, the answer to a question; or (2), in the sense of a decisive and satisfactory confutation of an adversary's argument, as when we speak of a triumphant answer to the speech or accusations of an opponent. Here the noun corresponds to a frequent use of the verb, as when we say. "This will answer (i.e., fully meet) the end in view;" "It answers the purpose." REPLYER Re*ply"er (-r), n. Defn: See Replier. Bacon. REPOLISH Re*pol"ish (r-pl"sh), v. t. Defn: To polish again. REPONE Re*pone" (r-pn"), v. t. Etym: [L. reponere; pref. re- re- + ponere to place.] Defn: To replace. R. Baillie. REPOPULATION Re*pop`u*la"tion (r*pp`*l"shn), n. Defn: The act of repeopling; act of furnishing with a population anew. REPORT Re*port" (r-prt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reported; p. pr. & vb. n. Reporting.] Etym: [F. reporter to carry back, carry (cf. rapporter; see Rapport), L. reportare to bear or bring back; pref. re- re- + portare to bear or bring. See Port bearing, demeanor.] 1. To refer. [Obs.] Baldwin, his son, . . . succeeded his father; so like unto him that we report the reader to the character of King Almeric, and will spare the repeating his description. Fuller. 2. To bring back, as an answer; to announce in return; to relate, as what has been discovered by a person sent to examine, explore, or investigate; as, a messenger reports to his employer what he has seen or ascertained; the committee reported progress. There is no man that may reporten all. Chaucer. 3. To give an account of; to relate; to tell; to circulate publicly, as a story; as, in the common phrase, it is reported. Shak. It is reported among the heathen, and Gashmu saith it, that thou and the Jews think to rebel. Neh. vi. 6. 4. To give an official account or statement of; as, a treasurer reperts the recepts and expenditures. 5. To return or repeat, as sound; to echo. [Obs. or R.] "A church with windowss only form above, that reporteth the voice thirteen times." Bacon. 6. (Parliamentary Practice) Defn: To return or present as the result of an examination or consideration of any matter officially referred; as, the committee reported the bill witth amendments, or reported a new bill, or reported the results of an inquiry. 7. To make minutes of, as a speech, or the doings of a public body; to write down from the lips of a speaker. 8. To write an account of for publication, as in a newspaper; as, to report a public celebration or a horse race. 9. To make a statement of the conduct of, especially in an unfavorable sense; as, to report a servant to his employer. To be reported, or To be reported of, to be spoken of; to be mentioned, whether favorably or unfavorably. Acts xvi. 2. -- To report one's self, to betake one's self, as to a superior or one to whom service is due, and be in readiness to receive orders or do service. Syn. -- To relate; narrate; tell; recite; describe. REPORT Re*port" (r-prt"), v. i. 1. To make a report, or response, in respect of a matter inquired of, a duty enjoined, or information expected; as, the committee will report at twelve o'clock. 2. To furnish in writing an account of a speech, the proceedings at a meeting, the particulars of an occurrence, etc., for publication. 3. To present one's self, as to a superior officer, or to one to whom service is due, and to be in readiness for orders or to do service; also, to give information, as of one's address, condition, etc.; as, the officer reported to the general for duty; to report weekly by letter. REPORT Re*port" (r-prt"), n. Etym: [Cf. F. rapport. See Report.v. t.] 1. That which is reported. Specifically: (a) An account or statement of the results of examination or inquiry made by request or direction; relation. "From Thetis sent as spies to make report." Waller. (b) A story or statement circulating by common talk; a rumor; hence, fame; repute; reputation. It was a true report that I heard in mine own land of thy acts and of thy wisdom. 1 Kings x. 6. Cornelius the centurion, a just man, and . . . of good report among all the nation of the Jews. Acts x. 22. (c) Sound; noise; as, the report of a pistol or cannon. (d) An official statement of facts, verbal or written; especially, a statement in writing of proceedings and facts exhibited by an officer to his superiors; as, the reports of the heads af departments to Congress, of a master in chancery to the court, of committees to a legislative body, and the like. (e) An account or statement of a judicial opinion or decision, or of case argued and determined in a court of law, chancery, etc.; also, in the plural, the volumes containing such reports; as, Coke's Reports. (f) A sketch, or a fully written account, of a speech, debate, or the proceedings of a public meeting, legislative body, etc. 2. Rapport; relation; connection; reference. [Obs.] The corridors worse, having no report to the wings they join to. Evelyn. Syn. -- Account; relation; narration; detail; description; recital; narrative; story; rumor; hearsay. REPORTABLE Re*port"a*ble (--b'l), a. Defn: Capable or admitting of being reported. REPORTAGE Re*port"age (-j), n. Defn: SAme as Report. [Obs.] REPORTER Re*port"er (-r), n. Defn: One who reports. Specifically: (a) An officer or person who makees authorized statements of law proceedings and decisions, or of legislative debates. (b) One who reports speeches, the proceedings of public meetings, news, etc., for the newspapers. Of our tales judge and reportour. Chaucer. REPORTINGLY Re*port"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By report or common fame. REPORTORIAL Re`por*to"ri*al (r`pr-t"r-al), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a reporter or reporters; as, the reportorial staff of a newspaper. REPOSAL Re*pos"al (r-pz"al), n. Etym: [From Repose.] 1. The act or state of reposing; as, the reposal of a trust. Shak. 2. That on which one reposes. [Obs.] Burton. REPOSANCE Re*pos"ance (-ans), n. Defn: Reliance. [Obs.] John Hall. REPOSE Re*pose" (r-pz") v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reposed (-pzd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Reposing.] Etym: [F. reposer; L. pref. re- re- + pausare to pause. See Pause, Pose, v.] 1. To cause to stop or to rest after motion; hence, to deposit; to lay down; to lodge; to reposit. [Obs.] But these thy fortunes let us straight repose In this divine cave's bosom. Chapman. Pebbles reposed in those cliffs amongst the earth . . . are left behind. Woodward. 2. To lay at rest; to cause to be calm or quiet; to compose; to rest, -- often reflexive; as, to repose one's self on a couch. All being settled and reposed, the lord archibishop did present his majesty to the lords and commons. Fuller. After the toil of battle to repose Your wearied virtue. Milton. 3. To place, have, or rest; to set; to intrust. The king reposeth all his confidence in thee. Shak. REPOSE Re*pose", v. i. 1. To lie at rest; to rest. Within a thicket I reposed. Chapman. 2. Figuratively, to remain or abide restfully without anxiety or alarms. It is upon these that the soul may repose. I. Taylor. 3. To lie; to be supported; as, trap reposing on sand. Syn. -- To lie; recline; couch; rest; sleep; settle; lodge; abide. REPOSE Re*pose", n. Etym: [F. repos. See Repose, v.] 1. A lying at rest; sleep; rest; quiet. Shake off the golden slumber of repose. Shak. 2. Rest of mind; tranquillity; freedom from uneasiness; also, a composed manner or deportment. 3. (Poetic) Defn: A rest; a pause. 4. (Fine Arts) Defn: That harmony or moderation which affords rest for the eue; -- opposed to the scattering and division of a subject into too many unconnected parts, and also to anything which is overstrained; as, a painting may want repose. Angle of repose (Physics), the inclination of a plane at which a body placed on the plane would remain at rest, or if in motion would roll or side down with uniform velocity; the angle at which the various kinds of earth will stand when abandoned to themselves. Syn. -- Rest; recumbency; reclination; ease; quiet; quietness; tranquillity; peace. REPOSED Re*posed" (r-pzd"), a. Defn: Composed; calm; tranquil; at rest. Bacon. -- Re*pos"ed*ly (r, adv. -- Re*pos"ed*ness, n. REPOSEFUL Re*pose"ful (r-pz"fl), a. Defn: Full of repose; quiet. REPOSER Re*pos"er (r-pz"r), n. Defn: One who reposes. REPOSIT Re*pos"it (r-pz"t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reposited; p. pr. & vb. n. Repositing.] Etym: [L. repositus, p. p. of reponere to put back; pref. re- re- + ponere to put. See Position.] Defn: To cause to rest or stay; to lay away; to lodge, as for safety or preservation; to place; to store. Others reposit their young in holes. Derham. REPOSITION Re`po*si"tion (r`p*zsh"n), n. Etym: [L. repositio.] Defn: The act of repositing; a laying up. REPOSITOR Re*pos"i*tor (r*pz"*tr), n. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument employed for replacing a displaced organ or part. REPOSITORY Re*pos"i*to*ry (r*pz"*t$*r), n. Etym: [L. repositorium, repostorium: cf. OF. repositoire.] Defn: A place where things are or may be reposited, or laid up, for safety or preservation; a depository. Locke. REPOSSESS Re`pos*sess" (r"pz*zs" or -ps*ss"), v. t. Defn: To possess again; as, to repossess the land. Pope. To repossess one's self of (something), to acquire again (something lost). REPOSSESSION Re`pos*ses"sion (r`pz-zsh"n or -ps ssh"n), n. Defn: The act or the state of possessing again. REPOSURE Re*po"sure (r-p"shr; 135), n. Defn: Rest; quiet. In the reposure of most soft content. Marston. REPOUR Re*pour" (r-pr"), v. t. Defn: To pour again. REPOUSSAGE Re*pous`sage", n. [F. See Repoussé.] (Art) Defn: Art or process of hammering out or pressing thin metal from the reverse side: (1) in producing repoussé work; (2) in leveling up any part of an etched plate that has been worked so as to cause a depression. REPOUSSE Re*pous`sé" (re -p`s"), a. Etym: [F., p. p. of repousser to thrust back; pref re- + pousser to push. See Push.] (a) Formed in relief, as a pattern on metal. (b) Ornamented with patterns in relief made by pressing or hammering on the reverse side; -- said of thin metal, or of a vessel made of thin metal. -- n. Defn: Repoussé work. Repoussé work, ornamentation of metal in relief by pressing or hammering on the reverse side. REPREFE Re*prefe" (r-prf"), n. Defn: Reproof. [Obs.] Chaucer. REPREHEND Rep`re*hend" (rp`r-hnd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Reprehending.] Etym: [L. reprehendere, reprehensum, to hold back, seize, check, blame; pref. re- re- + prehendere to lay hold of. See Prehensile, and cf. Reprisal. ] Defn: To reprove or reprimand with a view of restraining, checking, or preventing; to make charge of fault against; to disapprove of; to chide; to blame; to censure. Chaucer. Aristippus being reprehended of luxury by one that was not rich, for that he gave six crowns for a small fish. Bacon. Pardon me for reprehending thee. Shak. In which satire human vices, ignorance, and errors . . . are severely reprehended. Dryden. I nor advise nor reprehend the choice. J. Philips. REPREHENDER Rep`re*hend"er (-r), n. Defn: One who reprehends. REPREHENSIBLE Rep`re*hen"si*ble (-hn"s-b'l), a. Etym: [L. reprehensibilis: cf. F. répréhensible.] Defn: Worthy of reprehension; culpable; censurable; blamable. -- Rep`re*hen"si*ble*ness, n. -- Rep`re*hen"si*bly, adv. REPREHENSION Rep`re*hen"sion (-shn), n. Etym: [L. reprehensio: cf. F. répréhension.] Defn: Reproof; censure; blame; disapproval. This Basilius took as though his mistress had given him a secret reprehension that he had not showed more gratefulness to Dorus. Sir P. Sidney. Syn. -- Censure; reproof; reprimand. See Admonition. REPREHENSIVE Rep`re*hen"sive (-hn"sv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. répréhensif.] Defn: Containing reprehension; conveying reproof. South. -- Rep`re*hen"sive*ly, adv. REPREHENSORY Rep`re*hen"so*ry (-s-r), a. Defn: Containing reproof; reprehensive; as, reprehensory complaint. Johnson. RE-PRESENT Re`-pre*sent" (r`pr-znt"), v. t. Defn: To present again; as, to re-present the points of an argument. REPRESENT Rep`re*sent" (rp`r-znt"), v. t. Etym: [F. repr, L. repraesentare, repraesentatum; pref. re- re- + preesentare to place before, present. See Present, v. t.] 1. To present again or anew; to present by means of something standing in the place of; to exhibit the counterpart or image of; to typify. Before him burn Seven lamps, as in a zodiac representing The heavenly fires. Milton. 2. To portray by pictoral or plastic art; to delineate; as, to represent a landscape in a picture, a horse in bronze, and the like. 3. To portray by mimicry or action of any kind; to act the part or character of; to personate; as, to represent Hamlet. 4. To stand in the place of; to supply the place, perform the duties, exercise the rights, or receive the share, of; to speak and act with authority in behalf of; to act the part of (another); as, an heir represents his ancestor; an attorney represents his client in court; a member of Congress represents his district in Congress. 5. To exhibit to another mind in language; to show; to give one's own impressions and judgement of; to bring before the mind; to set forth; sometimes, to give an account of; to describe. He represented Rizzio's credit with the queen to be the chief and only obstacle to his success in that demand. Robertson. This bank is thought the greatest load on the Genoese, and the managers of it have been represented as a second kind of senate. Addison. 6. To serve as a sign or symbol of; as, mathematical symbols represent quantities or relations; words represent ideas or things. 7. To bring a sensation of into the mind or sensorium; to cause to be known, felt, or apprehended; to present. Among these. Fancy next Her office holds; of all external things Which he five watchful senses represent, She forms imaginations, aery shapes. Milton. 8. (Metaph.) Defn: To form or image again in consciousness, as an object of cognition or apprehension (something which was originally apprehended by direct presentation). See Presentative,3. The general capability of knowledge necessarily requires that, besides the power of evoking out of unconsciousness one portion of our retained knowledge in preference to another, we posses the faculty of representing in consciousness what is thus evoked . . . This representative Faculty is Imagination or Phantasy. Sir. W. Hamilton. REPRESENTABLE Rep`re*sent"a*ble (--b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being represented. REPRESENTANCE Rep`re*sent"ance (-ans), n. Defn: Representation; likeness. [Obs.] Donne. REPRESENTANT Rep`re*sent"ant (-ant), a. Etym: [Cf. F. repr.] Defn: Appearing or acting for another; representing. REPRESENTANT Rep`re*sent"ant, n. Etym: [F. representant.] Defn: A representative. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. REPRESENTATION Rep`re*sen*ta"tion (-zn-t"shn), n. Etym: [F. repr, L. representatio.] 1. The act of representing, in any sense of the verb. 2. That which represents. Specifically: (a) A likeness, a picture, or a model; as, a representation of the human face, or figure, and the like. (b) A dramatic performance; as, a theatrical representation; a representation of Hamlet. (c) A description or statement; as, the representation of an historian, of a witness, or an advocate. (d) The body of those who act as representatives of a community or society; as, the representation of a State in Congress. (e) (Insurance Law) Any collateral statement of fact, made orally or in writing, by which an estimate of the risk is affected, or either party is influenced. 3. The state of being represented. Syn. -- Description; show; delineaton; portraiture; likeness; resemblance; exhibition; sight. RE-PRESENTATION Re-pres`en*ta"tion (r-prez`n-t"shn), n. Etym: [See Re-present.] Defn: The act of re-presenting, or the state of being presented again; a new presentation; as, re-presentation of facts previously stated. REPRESENTATIONARY Rep`re*sen*ta"tion*a*ry (rp`r--zn-t"shn--r), a. Defn: Implying representation; representative. [R.] REPRESENTATIVE Rep`re*sent"a*tive (-znt`-tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. repr.] 1. Fitted to represent; exhibiting a similitude. 2. Bearing the character or power of another; acting for another or others; as, a council representative of the people. Swift. 3. Conducted by persons chosen to represent, or act as deputies for, the people; as, a representative government. 4. (Nat.Hist.) (a) Serving or fitted to present the full characters of the type of a group; typical; as, a representative genus in a family. (b) Similar in general appearance, structure, and habits, but living in different regions; -- said of certain species and varieties. 5. (Metaph.) Defn: Giving, or existing as, a transcript of what was originally presentative knowledge; as, representative faculties; representative knowledge. See Presentative, 3 and Represent, 8. REPRESENTATIVE Rep`re*sent"a*tive, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. repraesentativus.] 1. One who, or that which, represents (anything); that which exhibits a likeness or similitude. A statute of Rumor, whispering an idiot in the ear, who was the representative of Credulity. Addison. Difficulty must cumber this doctrine which supposes that the perfections of God are the representatives to us of whatever we perceive in the creatures. Locke. 2. An agent, deputy, or substitute, who supplies the place of another, or others, being invested with his or their authority. 3. (Law) Defn: One who represents, or stands in the place of, another. Note: The executor or administrator is ordinarily held to be the representative of a deceased person, and is sometimes called the legal representative, or the personal representative. The heir is sometimes called the real representative of his deceased ancestor. The heirs and executors or administrators of a deceased person are sometimes compendiously described as his real and personal representatives. Wharton. Burrill. 4. A member of the lower or popular house in a State legislature, or in the national Congress. [U.S.] 5. (Nat.Hist.) (a) That which presents the full character of the type of a group. (b) A species or variety which, in any region, takes the place of a similar one in another region. REPRESENTATIVELY Rep`re*sent"a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a representative manner; vicariously. REPRESENTATIVENESS Rep`re*sent"a*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being representative. Dr. Burnet observes, that every thought is attended with conssciousness and representativeness. Spectator. REPRESENTER Rep`re*sent"er (-r), n. 1. One who shows, exhibits, or describes. Sir T. Browne. 2. A representative. [Obs.] Swift. REPRESENTMENT Rep`re*sent"ment (-ment), n. Defn: Representation. [Obs.] REPRESS Re*press" (r-prs"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + press.] Defn: To press again. REPRESS Re*press" (r-prs"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + press: cf. L. reprimere, repressum. Cf. Reprimand.] 1. To press back or down effectually; to crush down or out; to quell; to subdue; to supress; as, to repress sedition or rebellion; to repress the first risings of discontent. 2. Hence, to check; to restrain; to keep back. Desire of wine and all delicious drinks, . . . Thou couldst repress. Milton. Syn. -- To crush; overpower; subdue; suppress; restrain; quell; curb; check. REPRESS Re*press", n. Defn: The act of repressing. [Obs.] REPRESSER Re*press"er (-r), n. Defn: One who, or that which, represses. REPRESSIBLE Re*press"i*ble (--b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being repressed. REPRESSION Re*pres"sion (r-prsh"n), n. Etym: [Cf. F. répression.] 1. The act of repressing, or state of being repressed; as, the repression of evil and evil doers. 2. That which represses; check; restraint. REPRESSIVE Re*press"ive (r-prs"v), a. Etym: [Cf. F. répressif. LL. repressivus.] Defn: Having power, or tending, to repress; as, repressive acts or measures. -- Re*press"ive*ly, adv. REPREVABLE Re*prev"a*ble (r-prv"-b'l), a. Defn: Reprovable. [Obs.] REPREVE Re*preve" (r-prv"), v. t. Etym: [See Reprieve, v. t.] Defn: To reprove. [Obs.] "Repreve him of his vice." Chaucer. REPREVE Re*preve", n. Defn: Reproof. [Obs.] Chaucer. REPRIEFE Re*priefe" (r-prf"), n. Defn: Repreve. [Obs.] Chaucer. REPRIEVAL Re*priev"al (r-prv"al), n. Defn: Reprieve. Overbury. REPRIEVE Re*prieve (r-prv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reprieved (-prvd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Reprieving.] Etym: [OE. repreven to reject, disallow, OF. reprover to blame, reproach, condemn (pres. il reprueve), F. réprouver to disapprove, fr. L. reprobare to reject, condemn; pref. re- re- + probare to try, prove. See Prove, and cf. Reprove, Reprobate.] 1. To delay the punishment of; to suspend the execution of sentence on; to give a respite to; to respite; as, to reprieve a criminal for thirty days. He reprieves the sinnner from time to time. Rogers. 2. To relieve for a time, or temporarily. Company, thought it may reprieve a man from his melaneholy yet can not secure him from his conscience. South. REPRIEVE Re*prieve" (r-prv"), n. 1. A temporary suspension of the execution of a sentence, especially of a sentence of death. The morning Sir John Hotham was to die, a reprieve was sent to suspend the execution for three days. Clarendon. 2. Interval of ease or relief; respite. All that I ask is but a short reprieve, ll I forget to love, and learn to grieve. Denham. REPRIMAND Rep"ri*mand (rp"r-mnd), n. Etym: [F. réprimande, fr. L. reprimendus, reprimenda, that is to be checked or suppressed, fr. reprimere to check, repress; pref. re- re + premere to press. See Press, and cf. Repress.] Defn: Severe or formal reproof; reprehension, private or public. Goldsmith gave his landlady a sharp reprimand for her treatment of him. Macaulay. REPRIMAND Rep"ri*mand, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reprimanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Reprimanding.] Etym: [Cf. F. réprimander. See Reprimand, n.] 1. To reprove severely; to reprehend; to chide for a fault; to consure formally. Germanicus was severely reprimanded by Tiberius for traveling into Egypt without his permission. Arbuthnot. 2. To reprove publicly and officially, in execution of a sentence; as, the court ordered him to be reprimanded. Syn. -- To reprove; reprehend; chide; rebuke; censure; blame. See Reprove. REPRIMANDER Rep"ri*mand`er (-mnd`r), n. Defn: One who reprimands. REPRIMER Re*prim"er (r-prm"r), n. (Firearms) Defn: A machine or implement for applying fresh primers to spent cartridge shells, so that the shells be used again. REPRINT Re*print" (r-prnt"), v. t. 1. To print again; to print a second or a new edition of. 2. To renew the impression of. The whole business of our redemption is . . . to reprint God's image upon the soul. South. REPRINT Re"print` (r"prnt`), n. Defn: A second or a new impression or edition of any printed work; specifically, the publication in one country of a work previously published in another. REPRINTER Re*print"er (r-prnt"r), n. Defn: One who reprints. REPRISAL Re*pris"al (r-priz"al), n. Etym: [F. repr, It. ripresaglia, rappresaglia, LL. reprensaliae, fr. L. reprehendere, reprehensum. See Reprehend, Reprise.] 1. The act of taking from an enemy by way of reteliation or indemnity. Debatable ground, on which incursions and reprisals continued to take place. Macaulay. 2. Anything taken from an enemy in retaliation. 3. The act of retorting on an enemy by inflicting suffering or death on a prisoner taken from him, in retaliation for an act of inhumanity. Vattel (Trans. ) 4. Any act of retaliation. Waterland. Letters of marque and reprisal. See under Marque. REPRISE Re*prise" (r-prz"), n. Etym: [F. reprise, fr. reprendre, repris, to take back, L. reprehendere. See Reprehend.] 1. A taking by way of retaliation. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. pl. (Law) Defn: Deductions and duties paid yearly out of a manor and lands, as rent charge, rent seck, pensions, annuities, and the like. [Written also reprizes.] Burrill. 3. A ship recaptured from an enemy or from a pirate. REPRISE Re*prise", v. t. Etym: [Written also reprize.] 1. To take again; to retake. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To recompense; to pay. [Obs.] REPRISTINATE Re*pris"tin*ate (r-prs"tn-t), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + pristine.] Defn: To restore to an original state. [R.] Shedd. REPRISTINATION Re*pris`ti*na"tion (-t-n"shn), n. Defn: Restoration to an original state; renewal of purity. [R.] R. Browning. REPRIVE Re*prive" (r-prv"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + L. privare to deprive.] Defn: To take back or away. [Obs.] Spenser. REPRIVE Re*prive", v. t. Defn: To reprieve. [Obs.] Howell. REPRIZE Re*prize" (-prz"), v. t. Defn: See Reprise. [Obs.] Spenser. REPRIZES Re*priz"es (-prz"z), n.pl. (Law) Defn: See Repise, n., 2. REPROACH Re*proach" (r-prch"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reproached (-prcht"); p. pr. & vb. n. Reproaching.] Etym: [F. reprocher, OF. reprochier, (assumed) LL. reproriare; L. pref. re- again, against, back + prope near; hence, originally, to bring near to, throw in one's teeth. Cf. Approach.] 1. To come back to, or come home to, as a matter of blame; to bring shame or disgrace upon; to disgrace. [Obs.] I thought your marriage fit; else imputation, For that he knew you, might reproach your life. Shak. 2. To attribute blame to; to allege something disgracefull against; to charge with a fault; to censure severely or contemptuously; to upbraid. If ye be reproached for the name of Christ. 1 Peter iv. 14. That this newcomer, Shame, There sit not, and reproach us as unclean. Milton. Mezentius . . . with his ardor warmed His fainting friends, reproached their shameful flight. Repelled the victors. Dryden. Syn. -- To upbraid; censure; blame; chide; rebuke; condemn; revile; vilify. REPROACH Re*proach", n. Etym: [F. reproche. See Reproach, v.] 1. The act of reproaching; censure mingled with contempt; contumelious or opprobrious language toward any person; abusive reflections; as, severe reproach. No reproaches even, even when pointed and barbed with the sharpest wit, appeared to give him pain. Macaulay. Give not thine heritage to reproach. Joel ii. 17. 2. A cause of blame or censure; shame; disgrace. 3. An object of blame, censure, scorn, or derision. Come, and let us build up the wall of Jerusalem, that we be no more a reproach. Neh. ii. 17. Syn. -- Disrepute; discredit; dishonor; opprobrium; invective; contumely; reviling; abuse; vilification; scurrility; insolence; insult; scorn; contempt; ignominy; shame; scandal;; disgrace; infamy. REPROACHABLR Re*proach"a*blr (--b'l), a. Etym: [Cf. F. reprochable.] 1. Deserving reproach; censurable. 2. Opprobrius; scurrilous. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. -- Re*proach"a*ble*ness, n. -- Re*proach"a*bly, adv. REPROACHER Re*proach"er (-r), n. Defn: One who reproaches. REPROACHFUL Re*proach"ful (-fl), a. 1. Expressing or containing reproach; upbraiding; opprobrious; abusive. The reproachful speeches . . . That he hath breathed in my dishonor here. Shak. 2. Occasioning or deserving reproach; shameful; base; as, a reproachful life. Syn. -- Opprobrious; contumelious; abusive; offensive; insulting; contemptuous; scornful; insolent; scurrilous; disreputable; discreditable; dishonorable; shameful; disgraceful; scandalous; base; vile; infamous. -- Re*proach"ful*ly (r, adv. -- Re*proach"ful*ness, n. REPROACHLESS Re*proach"less, a. Defn: Being without reproach. REPROBACY Rep"ro*ba*cy (rp"r-b-c), n. Defn: Reprobation. [R.] REPROBANCE Rep"ro*bance (-bans), n. Defn: Reprobation. [Obs.] Shak. REPROBATE Rep"ro*bate (-bt), a. Etym: [L. reprobatus, p. p. of reprobare to disapprove, condemn. See Reprieve, Reprove.] 1. Not enduring proof or trial; not of standard purity or fineness; disallowed; rejected. [Obs.] Reprobate silver shall men call them, because the Lord hath rejected them. Jer. vi. 30. 2. Abandoned to punishment; hence, morally abandoned and lost; given up to vice; depraved. And strength, and art, are easily outdone By spirits reprobate. Milton. 3. Of or pertaining to one who is given up to wickedness; as, reprobate conduct. "Reprobate desire." Shak. Syn. -- Abandoned; vitiated; depraved; corrupt; wicked; profligate; base; vile. See Abandoned. REPROBATE Rep"ro*bate, n. Defn: One morally abandoned and lost. I acknowledge myself for a reprobate, a villain, a traitor to the king. Sir W. Raleigh. REPROBATE Rep"ro*bate (-bt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reprobated (-b`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Reprobating.] 1. To disapprove with detestation or marks of extreme dislike; to condemn as unworthy; to disallow; to reject. Such an answer as this is reprobated and disallowed of in law; I do not believe it, unless the deed appears. Ayliffe. Every scheme, every person, recommended by one of them, was reprobated by the other. Macaulay. 2. To abandon to punishment without hope of pardon. Syn. -- To condemn; reprehend; censure; disown; abandon; reject. REPROBATENESS Rep"ro*bate*ness, n. Defn: The state of being reprobate. REPROBATER Rep"ro*ba`ter (-b`tr), n. Defn: One who reprobates. REPROBATION Rep`ro*ba"tion (-b`shn), n. Etym: [F. réprobation, or L. reprobatio.] 1. The act of reprobating; the state of being reprobated; strong disapproval or censure. The profligate pretenses upon which he was perpetually soliciting an increase of his disgraceful stipend are mentioned with becoming reprobation. Jeffrey. Set a brand of reprobation on clipped poetry and false coin. Dryden. 2. (Theol.) Defn: The predestination of a certain number of the human race as reprobates, or objects of condemnation and punishment. REPROBATIONER Rep`ro*ba"tion*er (-r), n. (Theol.) Defn: One who believes in reprobation. See Reprobation,2. South. REPROBATIVE Rep"ro*ba*tive (-b-tv), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to reprobation; expressing reprobation. REPROBATORY Rep"ro*ba`to*ry (-b`t-r), a. Defn: Reprobative. REPRODUCE Re`pro*duce" (r`pr-ds"), v. t. Defn: To produce again. Especially: (a) To bring forward again; as, to reproduce a witness; to reproduce charges; to reproduce a play. (b) To cause to exist again. Those colors are unchangeable, and whenever all those rays with those their colors are mixed again they reproduce the same white light as before. Sir I. Newton. (c) To produce again, by generation or the like; to cause the existence of (something of the same class, kind, or nature as another thing); to generate or beget, as offspring; as, to reproduce a rose; some animals are reproduced by gemmation. (d) To make an image or other representation of; to portray; to cause to exist in the memory or imagination; to make a copy of; as, to reproduce a person's features in marble, or on canvas; to reproduce a design. REPRODUCER Re`pro*du"cer (-d"sr), n. Defn: One who, or that which, reproduces. Burke. REPRODUCTION Re`pro*duc"tion (-dk"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. reproduction.] 1. The act or process of reproducing; the state of being reproduced; specifically (Biol.), Defn: the process by which plants and animals give rise to offspring. Note: There are two distinct methods of reproduction; viz.: asexual reproduction (agamogenesis) and sexual reproduction (gamogenesis). In both cases the new individual is developed from detached portions of the parent organism. In asexual reproduction (gemmation, fission, etc.), the detached portions of the organism develop into new individuals without the intervention of other living matter. In sexual reproduction, the detached portion, which is always a single cell, called the female germ cell, is acted upon by another portion of living matter, the male germ cell, usually from another organism, and in the fusion of the two (impregnation) a new cell is formed, from the development of which arises a new individual. 2. That which is reproduced. REPRODUCTIVE Re`pro*duc"tive (-tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. reproductif.] Defn: Tending, or pertaining, to reproduction; employed in reproduction. Lyell. REPRODUCTORY Re`pro*duc"to*ry (-t-r), a. Defn: Reproductive. REPROOF Re*proof" (r-prf"), n. Etym: [OE. reproef. See Proof, Reprove.] 1. Refutation; confutation; contradiction. [Obs.] 2. An expression of blame or censure; especially, blame expressed to the face; censure for a fault; chiding; reproach. Those best can bear reproof who merit praise. Pope. Syn. -- Admonition; reprehension; chiding; reprimand; rebuke; censure; blame. See Admonition. REPROVABLE Re*prov"a*ble (r-prv"-b'l), a. Etym: [Cf. F. r.] Defn: Worthy of reproof or censure. Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- Blamable; blameworthy; censurable; reprehensible; culpable; rebukable. --Re*prov"a*ble*ness, n. -- Re*prov"a*bly, adv. REPROVAL Re*prov"al (-al), n. Defn: Reproof. Sir P. Sidney. REPROVE Re*prove" (r-prv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reproved (-prvd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Reproving.] Etym: [F. réprouver, OF. reprover, fr. L. reprobare. See Reprieve, Reprobate, and cf. Reproof.] 1. To convince. [Obs.] When he is come, he will reprove the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment. John xvi. 9. 2. To disprove; to refute. [Obs.] Reprove my allegation, if you can. Shak. 3. To chide to the face as blameworthy; to accuse as guilty; to censure. What if thy son Prove disobedient, and, reproved, retort, "Wherefore didst thou beget me" Milton. 4. To express disapprobation of; as, to reprove faults. He neither reproved the ordinance of John, neither plainly condemned the fastings of the other men. Udall. Syn. -- To reprehend; chide; rebuke; scold; blame censure. -- Reprove, Rebuke, Reprimand. These words all signufy the expression of disapprobation. To reprove implies greater calmness and self-possession. To rebuke implies a more excited and personal feeling. A reproof may be administered long after the offience is committed, and is usually intended for the reformation of the offender; a rebuke is commonly given at the moment of the wrong, and is administered by way of punishment and condemnation. A reprimand proceeds from a person invested with authority, and is a formal and offiscial act. A child is reproved for his faults, and rebuked for his impudence. A military officer is reprimanded for neglect or violation of duty. REPROVER Re*prov"er (r-prv"r), n. Defn: One who, or that which, reproves. REPROVINGLY Re*prov"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a reproving manner. REPRUNE Re*prune" (r-prn"), v. t. Defn: To prune again or anew. Yet soon reprunes her wing to soar anew. Young. REP-SILVER Rep"-sil`ver (rp"sl`vr), n. Etym: [See Reap.] Defn: Money anciently paid by servile tenants to their lord, in lieu of the customary service of reaping his corn or grain. REPTANT Rep"tant (rp"tant), a. Etym: [L. reptans, -antis, p. pr. of reptare, v. intens. from repere to creep. See Reptile.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Repent. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Creeping; crawling; -- said of reptiles, worms, etc. REPTANTIA Rep*tan"ti*a (rp-tn"sh-), n.pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A divisiom of gastropods; the Pectinibranchiata. REPTATION Rep*ta"tion (rp-t"shn), n. Etym: [L. reptatio, from reptare: cf. F. reptation.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The act of creeping. REPTATORY Rep"ta*to*ry (rp"t-t-r), a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Creeping. REPTILE Rep"tile (rp"tl;277), a. Etym: [F. reptile, L. reptilis, fr. repere, reptum, to creep; cf. Lith. reploti; perh. akin to L. serpere. Cf. Serpent.] 1. Creeping; moving on the belly, or by means of small and short legs. 2. Hence: Groveling; low; vulgar; as, a reptile race or crew; reptile vices. There is also a false, reptile prudence, the result not of caution, but of fear. Burke. And dislodge their reptile souls From the bodies and forms of men. Coleridge. REPTILE Rep"tile, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal that crawls, or moves on its belly, as snakes,, or by means of small, short legs, as lizards, and the like. An inadvertent step may crush the snail That crawls at evening in the public path; But he that has humanity, forewarned, Will tread aside, and let the reptile live. Cowper. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Reptilia, or one of the Amphibia. Note: The amphibians were formerly classed with Reptilia, and are still popularly called reptiles, though much more closely allied to the fishes. 3. A groveling or very mean person. REPTILIA Rep*til"i*a (rp-tl"-), n.pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of air-breathing oviparous vertebrates, usually covered with scales or bony plates. The heart generally has two auricles and one ventricle. The development of the young is the same as that of birds. Note: It is nearly related in many respects to Aves, or birds. The principal existing orders are Testidunata or Chelonia (turtles), Crocodilia, Lacertilla (lizards), Ophidia (serpents), and Rhynchocephala; the chief extinct orders are Dinosauria, Theremorpha, Mosasauria, Pterosauria, Plesiosauria, Ichtyosauria. REPTILIAN Rep*til"i*an (-an), a. Defn: Belonging to the reptiles. Reptilian age (Geol.), that part of geological time comprising the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods, and distinguished as that era in which the class of reptiles attained its highest expansion; -- called also the Secondary or Mezozoic age. REPTILIAN Rep*til"i*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Reptilia; a reptile. REPUBLIC Re*pub"lic (r-pb"lk), n. Etym: [F. république, L. respublica commonwealth; res a thing, an affair + publicus, publica, public. See Real, a., and Public.] 1. Common weal. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. A state in which the sovereign power resides in the whole body of the people, and is exercised by representatives elected by them; a commonwealth. Cf. Democracy, 2. Note: In some ancient states called republics the sovereign power was exercised by an hereditary aristocracy or a privileged few, constituting a government now distinctively called an aristocracy. In some there was a division of authority between an aristocracy and the whole body of the people except slaves. No existing republic recognizes an exclusive privilege of any class to govern, or tolerates the institution of slavery. Republic of letters, The collective body of literary or learned men. REPUBLICAN Re*pub"lic*an (-l-kan), a. Etym: [F. républicain.] 1. Of or pertaining to a republic. The Roman emperors were republican magistrates named by the senate. Macaulay. 2. Consonant with the principles of a republic; as, republican sentiments or opinions; republican manners. Republican party. (U.S. Politics) (a) An earlier name of the Democratic party when it was opposed to the Federal party. Thomas Jefferson was its great leader. (b) One of the existing great parties. It was organized in 1856 by a combination of voters from other parties for the purpose of opposing the extension of slavery, and in 1860 it elected Abraham Lincoln president. REPUBLICAN Re*pub"lic*an (r-pb"l-kan), n. 1. One who favors or prefers a republican form of government. 2. (U.S.Politics) Defn: A member of the Republican party. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The American cliff swallow. The cliff swallows build their nests side by side, many together. (b) A South African weaver bird (Philetærus socius). These weaver birds build many nests together, under a large rooflike shelter, which they make of straw. Red republican. See under Red. REPUBLICANISM Re*pub"lic*an*ism (-z'm), n. Etym: [Cf. F. républicanisme.] 1. A republican form or system of government; the principles or theory of republican government. 2. Attachment to, or political sympathy for, a republican form of government. Burke. 3. The principles and policy of the Republican party, so called [U.S.] REPUBLICANIZE Re*pub"lic*an*ize (-z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Republicanized (-zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Republicanizing (-`zng).] Etym: [Cf. F. républicaniser.] Defn: To change, as a state, into a republic; to republican principles; as, France was republicanized; to republicanize the rising generation. D. Ramsay. REPUBLICATE Re*pub"li*cate (r*pb"l*kt), v. t. Etym: [Cf. LL. republicare.] Defn: To make public again; to republish. [Obs.] REPUBLICATION Re*pub`li*ca"tion (r-pb`l-k"shn), n. Defn: A second publication, or a new publication of something before published, as of a former will, of a volume already published, or the like; specifically, the publication in one country of a work first issued in another; a reprint. If there be many testaments, the last overthrows all the former; but the republication of a former will revokes one of a later date, and establishes the first. Blackstone. REPUBLISH Re*pub"lish (r-pb"lsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Republished (-lsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Republishing.] Defn: To publish anew; specifically, to publish in one country (a work first published in another); also, to revive (a will) by re Subsecquent to the purchase or contract, the devisor republished his will. Blackstone. REPUBLISHER Re*pub"lish*er (-r), n. Defn: One who republishes. REPUDIABLE Re*pu"di*a*ble (r-p"d--b'l), a. Etym: [See Repudilate.] Defn: Admitting of repudiation; fit or proper to be put away. REPUDIATE Re*pu"di*ate (-t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repudiated (-`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Repudiating.] Etym: [L. repudiatus, p. p. of repudiare to repudiate, reject, fr. repudium separation, divorce; pref. re- re- + pudere to be ashamed.] 1. To cast off; to disavow; to have nothing to do with; to renounce; to reject. Servitude is to be repudiated with greater care. Prynne. 2. To divorce, put away, or discard, as a wife, or a woman one has promised to marry. His separation from Terentis, whom he repudiated not long afterward. Bolingbroke. 3. To refuse to acknowledge or to pay; to disclaim; as, the State has repudiated its debts. REPUDIATION Re*pu`di*a"tion (-*"shn), n. Etym: [Cf.F. répudiation, L. repudiatio.] Defn: The act of repudiating, or the state of being repuddiated; as, the repudiation of a doctrine, a wife, a debt, etc. REPUDIATION Re*pu`di*a"tion, n. Defn: One who favors repudiation, especially of a public debt. REPUDIATOR Re*pu"di*a`tor (r-p"d-`tr), n. Etym: [L., a rejecter, contemner.] Defn: One who repudiates. REPUGN Re*pugn" (r-pn"), v. t. Etym: [F. répugner, L. repugnare, repugnatum; pref. re- + pugnare to fight. See Pugnacious.] Defn: To fight against; to oppose; to resist. [R.] Stubbornly he did repugn the truth. Shak. REPUGNABLE Re*pug"na*ble (r-pg"n-b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being repugned or resisted. [R.] Sir T. North. REPUGNANCE; REPUGNANCY Re*pug"nance, Re*pug"nan*cy, n. Etym: [F. répugnance, L. repugnantia.] Defn: The state or condition of being repugnant; opposition; contrariety; especially, a strong instinctive antagonism; aversion; reluctance; unwillingness, as of mind, passions, principles, qualities, and the like. That which causes us to lose most of our time is the repugnance which we naturally have to labor. Dryden. Let the foes quietly cut their throats, Without repugnancy. Shak. Syn. -- Aversion; reluctance; unwillingness; dislike; antipathy; hatred; hostility; irreconcilableness; contrariety; inconsistency. See Dislike. REPUGNANT Re*pug"nant (-nant), a. Etym: [F. répugnant, or L. repugnans, -antis, p. pr. of repugnare. See Repugn.] Defn: Disposed to fight against; hostile; at war with; being at variance; contrary; inconsistent; refractory; disobedient; also, distasteful in a high degree; offensive; -- usually followed by to, rarely and less properly by with; as, all rudeness was repugnant to her nature. [His sword] repugnant to command. Shak. There is no breach of a divine law but is more or less repugnant unto the will of the Lawgiver, God himself. Perkins. Syn. -- Opposite; opposed; adverse; contrary; inconsistent; irreconcilable; hostile; inimical. REPUGNANTLY Re*pug"nant*ly, adv. Defn: In a repugnant manner. REPUGNATE Re*pug"nate (-nt), v. t. Etym: [From L. repugnare. See Repugn.] Defn: To oppose; to fight against. [Obs.] REPUGNER Re*pugn"er (r-pn"r), n. Defn: One who repugns. REPULLULATE Re*pul"lu*late (r-pl"l-lt), v. i. Etym: [L. repullulare, repullulatum. See Pullulate.] Defn: To bud again. Though tares repullulate, there is wheat still left in the field. Howell. REPULLULATION Re*pul`lu*la"tion (r-pl`l-l"shn), n. Defn: The act of budding again; the state of having budded again. REPULSE Re*pulse" (r-pls"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Repulsed (-plst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Repulsing.] Etym: [L. repulsus, p. p. of repellere. See Repel.] 1. To repel; to beat or drive back; as, to repulse an assault; to repulse the enemy. Complete to have discovered and repulsed Whatever wiles of foe or seeming friend. Milton. 2. To repel by discourtesy, coldness, or denial; to reject; to send away; as, to repulse a suitor or a proffer. REPULSE Re*pulse", n. Etym: [L. repulsa, fr. repellere, repulsum.] 1. The act of repelling or driving back; also, the state of being repelled or driven back. By fate repelled, and with repulses tired. Denham. He received in the repulse of Tarquin seven hurts in the body. Shak. 2. Figuratively: Refusal; denial; rejection; failure. REPULSELESS Re*pulse"less, a. Defn: Not capable of being repulsed. REPULSER Re*puls"er (-r), n. Defn: One who repulses, or drives back. REPULSION Re*pul"sion (r-pl"shn), n. Etym: [L. repulsio: cf. F. répulsion.] 1. The act of repulsing or repelling, or the state of being repulsed or repelled. 2. A feeling of violent offence or disgust; repugnance. 3. (Physics) Defn: The power, either inherent or due to some physical action, by which bodies, or the particles of bodies, are made to recede from each other, or to resist each other's nearer approach; as, molecular repulsion; electrical repulsion. REPULSIVE Re*pul"sive (-sv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. répulsif.] 1. Serving, or able, to repulse; repellent; as, a repulsive force. Repulsive of his might the weapon stood. Pope. 2. Cold; forbidding; offensive; as, repulsive manners. -- Re*pul"sive*ly, adv. -- Re*pul"sive*ness, n. REPULSORY Re*pul"so*ry (-s-r), a. Etym: [L. repulsorius.] Defn: Repulsive; driving back. REPURCHASE Re*pur"chase (r*pr"chs; 48), v. t. Defn: To buy back or again; to regain by purchase. Sir M. Hale. REPURCHASE Re*pur"chase, n. Defn: The act of repurchasing. REPURIFY Re*pu"ri*fy (r-p"r-f), v. t. Defn: To purify again. REPUTABLE Rep"u*ta*ble (rp"-t-b'l), a. Etym: [From Repute.] Defn: Having, or worthy of, good repute; held in esteem; honorable; praiseworthy; as, a reputable man or character; reputable conduct. In the article of danger, it is as reputable to elude an enemy as defeat one. Broome. Syn. -- Respectable; creditable; estimable. -- Rep"u ta*ble*ness, n. -- Rep"u*ta*bly, adv. REPUTATION Rep`u*ta"tion (-t"shn), n. Etym: [F. réputation, L. reputatio a reckoning, consideration. See Repute, v. t.] 1. The estimation in which one is held; character in public opinion; the character attributed to a person, thing, or action; repute. The best evidence of reputation is a man's whole life. Ames. 2. (Law) Defn: The character imputed to a person in the community in which he lives. It is admissible in evidence when he puts his character in issue, or when such reputation is otherwise part of the issue of a case. 3. Specifically: Good reputation; favorable regard; public esteem; general credit; good name. I see my reputation is at stake. Shak. The security of his reputation or good name. Blackstone. 4. Account; value. [Obs.] Chaucer. [/Christ] made himself of no reputation. Phil. ii. 7. Syn. -- Credit; repute; regard; estimation; esteem; honor; fame. See the Note under Character. REPUTATIVELY Re*put"a*tive*ly (r-pt"-tv-l), adv. Defn: By repute. REPUTE Re*pute" (r-pt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reputed; p. pr. & vb. n. Reputing.] Etym: [F. réputer, L. reputare to count over, think over; pref. re- re- + putare to count, think. See Putative.] Defn: To hold in thought; to account; to estimate; to hold; to think; to reckon. Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed vile in your sight Job xviii. 3. The king your father was reputed for A prince most prudent. Shak. REPUTE Re*pute", n. 1. Character reputed or attributed; reputation, whether good or bad; established opinion; public estimate. He who regns Monarch in heaven, till then as one secure Sat on his throne, upheld by old repute. Milton. 2. Specifically: Good character or reputation; credit or honor derived from common or public opinion; -- opposed to disrepute. "Dead stocks, which have been of repute." F. Beaumont. REPUTEDLY Re*put"ed*ly (r-pt"d-l), adv. Defn: In common opinion or estimation; by repute. REPUTELESS Re*pute"less, a. Defn: Not having good repute; disreputable; disgraceful; inglorius. [R.] Shak. REQUERE Re*quere" (r--kwr"), v. t. Defn: To require. [Obs.] REQUEST Re*quest" (r-kw*st"), n. Etym: [OE. requeste, OF. requeste, F. requ, LL. requesta, for requisita, fr. L. requirere, requisitum, to seek again, ask for. See Require, and cf. Quest.] 1. The act of asking for anything desired; expression of desire or demand; solicitation; prayer; petition; entreaty. I will marry her, sir, at your request. Shak. 2. That which is asked for or requested. "He gave them their request." Ps. cvi. 15. I will both hear and grant you your requests. Shak. 3. A state of being desired or held in such estimation as to be sought after or asked for; demand. Knowledge and fame were in as great request as wealth among us now. Sir W. Temple. Court of Requests. (a) A local tribunal, sometimes called Court of Consience, founded by act of Parliament to facilitate the recovery of small debts from any inhabitant or trader in the district defined by the act; -- now mostly abolished. (b) A court of equity for the relief of such persons as addressed the sovereign by supplication; -- now abolished. It was inferior to the Court of Chancery. [Eng.] Brande & C. Syn. -- Asking; solicitation; petition; prayer; supplication; entreaty; suit. REQUEST Re*quest" (r-kwst"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Requested; p. pr. & vb. n. Requesting.] Etym: [Cf. OF. requester, F. requêter.] 1. To ask for (something); to express desire ffor; to solicit; as, to request his presence, or a favor. 2. To address with a request; to ask. I request you To give my poor host freedom. Shak. Syn. -- To ask; solicit; entreat; beseech. See Beg. REQUESTER Re*quest"er (-r), n. Defn: One who requests; a petitioner. REQUICKEN Re*quick"en (r-kwk"'n), v. t. Defn: To quicken anew; to reanimate; to give new life to. Shak. REQUIEM Re"qui*em (r"kw-m;277), n. Etym: [Acc. of L. requies rest, the first words of the Mass being "Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine," give eternal rest to them, O lord; pref. re- re + quies quiet. See Quiet, n., and cf. Requin.] 1. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: A mass said or sung for the repose of a departed soul. We should profane the service of the dead To sing a requiem and such rest to her As to peace-parted souls. Shak. 2. Any grand musical composition, performed in honor of a deceased person. 3. Rest; quiet; peace. [Obs.] Else had I an eternal requiem kept, And in the arms of peace forever slept. Sandys. REQUIETORY Re*qui"e*to*ry (r-kw"-t-r), n. Etym: [L. requietorium, fr. requiescere, requietum, to rest. See Re-, and Quiesce.] Defn: A sepulcher. [Obs.] Weever. REQUIN Re"quin (r"kwn), n. Etym: [F., fr. reqiem a Mass sung for the dead. See Requiem.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The man-eater, or white shark (Carcharodon carcharias); -- so called on account of its causing requiems to be sung. REQUIRABLE Re*quir"a*ble (r-kwr"-b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being required; proper to be required. Sir M. Hale. REQUIRE Re*quire" (r-kwr"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Required (-kwrd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Requiring.] Etym: [OE. requeren, requiren, OF. requerre, F. requ; L. pref. re- re- + quaerere to ask; cf. L. requirere. See Query, and cf. Request, Requisite.] 1. To demand; to insist upon having; to claim as by right and authority; to exact; as, to require the surrender of property. Shall I say to Cæsar What you require of him Shak. By nature did what was by law required. Dryden. 2. To demand or exact as indispensable; to need. just gave what life required, and gave no more. Goldsmith. The two last [biographies] require to be particularly noticed. J. A. Symonds. 3. To ask as a favor; to request. I was ashamed to require of the king a band of soldiers and horsemen to help us against the enemy in the way. Ezra viii. 22. Syn. -- To claim; exact; enjoin; prescribe; direct; order; demand; need. REQUIREMENT Re*quire"ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of requiring; demand; requisition. 2. That which is required; an imperative or authoritative command; an essential condition; something needed or necessary; a need. One of those who believe that they can fill up every requirement contained in the rule of righteousness. J. M. Mason. God gave her the child, and gave her too an instinctive knowledge of its nature and requirements. Hawthorne. REQUIRER Re*quir"er (-kwr"r), n. Defn: One who requires. REQUISITE Req"ui*site (rk"w-zt), n. Defn: That which is required, or is necessary; something indispensable. God, on his part, has declared the requisites on ours; what we must do to obtain blessings, is the great business of us all to know. Wake. REQUISITE Req"ui*site, a. Etym: [L. requisitus, p. p. requirere; pref. re- re- + quaerere to ask. See Require.] Defn: Required by the nature of things, or by circumstances; All truth requisite for men to know. Milton. Syn. -- Necessary; needful; indispensable; essential. -- Req"ui*site*ly, adv. -- Req"ui*site*ness, n. REQUISITION Req`ui*si"tion (rk`w-zsh"n), n.Etym: [Cf. F. réquisition, L. requisitio a searching.] 1. The act of requiring, as of right; a demand or application made as by authority. Specifically: (a) (International Law) Defn: A formal demand made by one state or government upon another for the surrender or extradition of a fugitive from justice. Kent. (b) (Law) A notarial demand of a debt. Wharton. (c) (Mil.) A demand by the invader upon the people of an invaded country for supplies, as of provision, forage, transportation, etc. Farrow. (d) A formal application by one officer to another for things needed in the public service; as, a requisition for clothing, troops, or money. 2. That which is required by authority; especially, a quota of supplies or necessaries. 3. A written or normal call; an invitation; a summons; as, a reqisition for a public meeting. [Eng.] REQUISITION Req`ui*si"tion, v. t. 1. To make a reqisition on or for; as, to requisition a district for forage; to requisition troops. 2. To present a requisition to; to summon request; as, to requisition a person to be a candidate. [Eng.] REQUISITIONIST Req`ui*si"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who makes or signs a requisition. REQUISITIVE Re*quis"i*tive (r-kwz"-tv), a. Defn: Expressing or implying demand. [R.] Harris. REQUISITIVE Re*quis"i*tive, n. Defn: One who, or that which, makes requisition; a requisitionist. [R.] REQUISITOR Re*quis"i*tor (-tr), n. Defn: One who makes reqisition; esp., one authorized by a requisition to investigate facts. REQUISITORY Re*quis"i*to*ry (-t-r), a. Defn: Sought for; demanded. [R.] Summary on Du Bartas (1621). REQUITABLE Re*quit"a*ble (-kwt"-b'l), a. Defn: That may be requited. REQUITAL Re*quit"al (-al), n. Etym: [From Requite.] Defn: The act of requiting; also, that which requites; return, good or bad, for anything done; in a good sense, compensation; recompense; as, the requital of services; in a bad sense, retaliation, or punishment; as, the requital of evil deeds. No merit their aversion can remove, Nor ill requital can efface their love. Waller. Syn. -- Compensation; recompense; remuneration; reward; satisfaction; payment; retribution; retaliation; reprisal; punishment. REQUITE Re"quite" (r-kwt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Requited; p. pr. & vb. n. Requiting.] Etym: [Pref. re- + quit.] Defn: To repay; in a good sense, to recompense; to return (an equivalent) in good; to reward; in a bad sense, to retaliate; to return (evil) for evil; to punish. He can requite thee; for he knows the charma That call fame on such gentle acts as these. Milton. Thou hast seen it; for thou beholdest mischief and spite, to requite it with thy hand. Ps. x. 14. Syn. -- To repay; reward; pay; compensate; remunerate; satisfy; recompense; punish; revenge. REQUITEMENT Re*quite"ment (-ment), n. Defn: Requital [Obs.] E. Hall. REQUITER Re*quit"er (-kwt"r), n. Defn: One who requites. REREBRACE Rere"brace` (rr"brs"), n. Etym: [F. arri.] (Anc. Armor) Defn: Armor for the upper part of the arm. Fairholt. REREDEMAIN Rere`de*main" (-d-mn"), n. Etym: [F. arri back + de of + main hand.] Defn: A backward stroke. [Obs.] REREDOS Rere"dos (rr"ds), n. Etym: [From rear + F. dos back, L. dorsum. Cf. Dorsal.] (Arch.) (a) A screen or partition wall behind an altar. (b) The back of a fireplace. (c) The open hearth, upon which fires were lighted, immediately under the louver, in the center of ancient halls. [Also spelt reredosse.] Fairholt. REREFIEF Rere"fief` (rr"ff`), n. Etym: [F. arrière-fief. See Rear hinder, and Fief.] (Scots Law) Defn: A fief held of a superior feudatory; a fief held by an under tenant. Blackstone. REREIGN Re*reign" (r-rn"), v. i. Defn: To reign again. RE-REITERATE Re`-re*it"er*ate (r`r-t"r-t), v. t. Defn: To reiterate many times. [R.] "My re-reiterated wish." Tennyson. REREMOUSE Rere"mouse` (rr"mous`), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A rearmouse. RE-RESOLVE Re`-re*solve" (r`r-zlv"), v. t. & i. Defn: To resolve again. Resolves, and re-resolves, then dies the same. Young. REREWARD Rere"ward` (rr"wrd`), n. Etym: [See Rearward.] Defn: The rear quard of an army. [Obs.] RES Res (rz), n.; pl. Res. Etym: [L.] Defn: A thing; the particular thing; a matter; a point. Res gestæ Etym: [L., things done] (Law), the facts which form the environment of a litigated issue. Wharton. -- Res judicata [L.] (Law), a thing adjudicated; a matter no longer open to controversy. RESAIL Re*sail" (r-sl"), v. t. & i. Defn: To sail again; also, to sail back, as to a former port. RESALE Re*sale" (r-sl" or r"sl), n. Defn: A sale at second hand, or at retail; also, a second sale. Bacon. RESALGAR Re*sal"gar (r-sl"gr), n. Defn: Realgar. [Obs.] Chaucer. RESALUTE Re`sa*lute" (r`s-lt"), v. t. Defn: To salute again. RESAW Re*saw" (r, v. t. Defn: To saw again; specifically, to saw a balk, or a timber, which has already been squared, into dimension lumber, as joists, boards, etc. RESCAT Res"cat (rs"kt), v. t. Etym: [Sp. rescattar.] Defn: To ransom; to release; to rescue. [Obs.] Howell. RESCAT Res"cat, n. Etym: [Sp. rescate.] Defn: Ransom; release. [Obs.] RESCIND Re*scind" (r-snd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rescinded; p. pr. & vb. n. Rescinding.] Etym: [L. rescindere, rescissum; pref re- re- + scindere to cut, split: cf. F. rescinder. See Shism.] 1. To cut off; to abrogate; to annul. The blessed Jesus . . . did sacramentally rescind the impure relics of Adam and the contraction of evil customs. Jer. Taylor. 2. Specifically, to vacate or make void, as an act, by the enacting authority or by superior authority; to repeal; as, to rescind a law, a resolution, or a vote; to rescind a decree or a judgment. Syn. -- To revoke; repeal; abrogate; annul; recall; reverse; vacate; void. RESCINDABLE Re*scind"a*ble (--b'l), a. Defn: Capable of being rescinded. RESCINDMENT Re*scind"ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act of rescinding; rescission. RESCISSION Re*scis"sion (r-szh"n), n. Etym: [L. rescissio: cf. F. rescission. See Rescind.] Defn: The act of rescinding, abrogating, annulling, or vacating; as, the rescission of a law, decree, or judgment. RESCISSORY Re*scis"so*ry (r-sz"-r or r-ss"-), a. Etym: [L. rescissorius: cf. F. rescisoire.] Defn: Tending to rescind; rescinding. To pass a general act rescissory (as it was called), annulling all the Parliaments that had been held since the year 1633. Bp. Burnet. RESCOUS Res"cous (rs"ks), n. Etym: [OE., fr. OF. rescousse, fr. rescourre, p. p. rescous, to rescue. See Rescue.] 1. Rescue; deliverance. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Law) Defn: See Rescue,2. [Obs.] RESCOWE Res"cowe (rs"kou), v. t. Defn: To rescue. [Obs.] Chaucer. RESCRIBE Re*scribe" (r-skrb"), v. t. Etym: [L. rescribere; pref. re- re- + scribere to write. See Scribe.] 1. To write back; to write in reply. Ayliffe. 2. To write over again. Howell. RESCRIPT Re"script (r"skrpt), n. Etym: [L. rescriptum: cf. F. rescrit, formerly also spelt rescript. See Rescribe,v. t.] 1. (Rom.Antiq.) Defn: The answer of an emperor when formallyconsulted by particular persons on some difficult question; hence, an edict or decree. In their rescripts and other ordinances, the Roman emperors spoke in the plural number. Hare. 2. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: The official written answer of the pope upon a question of canon law, or morals. 3. A counterpart. Bouvier. RESCRIPTION Re*scrip"tion (r-skrp"shn), n. Etym: [L. rescriptio: cf. F. rescription. See Rescribe.] Defn: A writing back; the answering of a letter. Loveday. RESCRIPTIVE Re*scrip"tive (-tv), a. Defn: Pertaining to, or answering the purpose of, a rescript; hence, deciding; settling; determining. RESCRIPTIVELY Re*scrip"tive*ly, adv. Defn: By rescript. Burke. RESCUABLE Res"cu*a*ble (rs"k--b'l), a. Defn: That may be rescued. RESCUE Res"cue (rs"k), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rescued (-kd);p. pr. & vb. n. Rescuing.] Etym: [OE. rescopuen, OF. rescourre, rescurre, rescorre; L. pref. re- re- + excutere to shake or drive out; ex out + quatere to shake. See Qtash to crush, Rercussion.] Defn: To free or deliver from any confinement, violence, danger, or evil; to liberate from actual restraint; to remove or withdraw from a state of exposure to evil; as, to rescue a prisoner from the enemy; to rescue seamen from destruction. Had I been seized by a hungry lion, I would have been a breakfast to the best, Rather than have false Proteus rescue me. Shak. Syn. -- To retake; recapture; free; deliver; liberate; release; save. RESCUE Res"cue (rs"k), n. Etym: [From Rescue, v.; cf. Rescous.] 1. The act of rescuing; deliverance from restraint, violence, or danger; liberation. Spur to the rescue of the noble Talbot. Shak. 2. (Law) (a) The forcible retaking, or taking away, against law, of things lawfully distrained. (b) The forcible liberation of a person from an arrest or imprisonment. (c) The retaking by a party captured of a prize made by the enemy. Bouvier. The rescue of a prisoner from the court is punished with perpetual imprisonment and forfeiture of goods. Blackstone. Rescue grass. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) A tall grass (Ceratochloa unioloides) somewhat resembling chess, cultivated for hay and forage in the Southern States. RESCUELESS Res"cue*less, a. Defn: Without rescue or release. RESCUER Res"cu*er (-k-r), n. Defn: One who rescues. RESCUSSEE Res`cus*see" (rs`ks-s"), n. (O.Eng. Law) Defn: The party in whose favor a rescue is made. Crabb. RESCUSSOR Res*cus"sor (rs-ks"sr), n. Etym: [LL.] (O.Eng.Law) Defn: One who makes an unlawful rescue; a rescuer. Burril. RESE Rese (rz), v. i. Defn: To shake; to quake; to tremble. [Obs.] "It made all the gates for to rese." Chaucer. RE-SEARCH Re-search" (r-srch"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + search.] Defn: To search again; to examine anew. RESEARCH Re*search" (r-srch"), n. Etym: [Pref. re- + search: cf OF. recerche, F. recherche.] Defn: Diligent inquiry or examination in seeking facts or principles; laborius or continued search after truth; as, researches of human wisdom. The dearest interests of parties have frequently been staked on the results of the researches of antiquaries. Macaulay. Syn. -- Investigation; examination; inquiry; scrutiny. RESEARCH Re*search", v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + search: cf. OF. recerchier, F. rechercher.] Defn: To search or examine with continued care; to seek diligently. RESEARCHER Re*search"er (-r), n. Defn: One who researches. RESEARCHFUL Re*search"ful (-fl), a. Defn: Making researches; inquisitive. [R.] Coleridge. RESEAT Re*seat" (r-st"), v. t. 1. To seat or set again, as on a chair, throne, etc. Dryden. 2. To put a new seat, or new seats, in; as, to reseat a theater; to reseat a chair or trousers. RESEAU Ré`seau", n. [F.] A network; specif.: (a) (Astron.) Defn: A system of lines forming small squares of standard size, which is photographed, by a separate exposure, on the same plate with star images to facilitate measurements, detect changes of the film, etc. (b) In lace, a ground or foundation of regular meshes, like network. RESECT Re*sect" (r-skt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resected;p. pr. & vb. n. Resecting.] Etym: [L. resectus, p. p. of resecare to cut off; pref. re- re- + secare to cut.] Defn: To cut or pare off; to remove by cutting. RESECTION Re*sec"tion (r-sk"shn), n. Etym: [L. resectio: cf. F. résection.] 1. The act of cutting or paring off. Cotgrave. 2. (Surg.) Defn: The removal of the articular extremity of a bone, or of the ends of the bones in a false articulation. RESEDA Re*se"da (r-s"d), n. Etym: [L. , a kind of plant.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants, the type of which is mignonette. 2. A grayish green color, like that of the flowers of mignonette. RESEEK Re*seek" (r-sk"), v. t. Defn: To seek again. J. Barlow. RESEIZE Re*seize" (r-sz"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + seize: cf. F. ressaisir.] 1. To seize again, or a second time. 2. To put in possession again; to reinstate. And then therein [in his kingdom] reseized was again. Spenser. 3. (Law) Defn: To take possession of, as lands and tenements which have been disseized. The sheriff is commanded to reseize the land and all the chattels thereon, and keep the same in his custody till the arrival of the justices of assize. Blackstone. RESEIZER Re*seiz"er (-sz"r), n. 1. One who seizes again. 2. (Eng. Law) Defn: The taking of lands into the hands of the king where a general livery, or oustre le main, was formerly mis-sued, contrary to the form and order of law. RESEIZURE Re*sei"zure (r, n. Defn: A second seizure; the act of seizing again. Bacon. RESELL Re*sell" (r-sl"), v. t. Defn: To sell again; to sell what has been bought or sold; to retail. RESEMBLABLE Re*sem"bla*ble (r-zm"bl-b'l), a. Etym: [See Resemble.] Defn: Admitting of being compared; like. [Obs.] Gower. RESEMBLANCE Re*sem"blance (-blans), n. Etym: [Cf. F. ressemblance. See Resemble.] 1. The quality or state of resembling; likeness; similitude; similarity. One main end of poetry and painting is to please; they bear a great resemblance to each other. Dryden. 2. That which resembles, or is similar; a representation; a likeness. These sensible things, which religion hath allowed, are resemblances formed according to things spiritual. Hooker. 3. A comparison; a simile. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. Probability; verisimilitude. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Likeness; similarity; similitude; semblance; representation; image. RESEMBLANT Re*sem"blant (-blant), a. Etym: [F., a . and p. pr. fr. ressembler to resemble. See Resemble.] Defn: Having or exhibiting resemblance; resembling. [R.] Gower. RESEMBLE Re*sem"ble (r-zm"b'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resembled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Resembling (-blng).] Etym: [F. ressembler; pref. re- re- + sembler to seem, resemble, fr. L. similare, simulare, to imitate, fr. similis like, similar. See Similar.] 1. To be like or similar to; to bear the similitude of, either in appearance or qualities; as, these brothers resemble each other. We will resemble you in that. Shak. 2. To liken; to compare; to represent as like. [Obs.] The other . . . He did resemble to his lady bright. Spenser. 3. To counterfeit; to imitate. [Obs.] "They can so well resemble man's speech." Holland. 4. To cause to imitate or be like. [R.] H. Bushnell. RESEMBLER Re*sem"bler (r-zm"blr), n. Defn: One who resembles. RESEMBLINGLY Re*sem"bling*ly (-blng-l), adv. Defn: So as to resemble; with resemblance or likeness. RESEMINATE Re*sem"i*nate (-sm"-nt), v. t. Etym: [L. pref. re- again + seminatus, p. p. of seminare to sow.] Defn: To produce again by means of seed. [Obs.] Sir. T. Browne. RESEND Re*send" (r-snd"), v. t. 1. To send again; as, to resend a message. 2. To send back; as, to resend a gift. [Obs.] Shak. 3. (Telegraphy) Defn: To send on from an intermediate station by means of a repeater. RESENT Re*sent" (r-znt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resented; p. pr. & vb. n. Resenting.] Etym: [F. ressentir; L. pref. re- re- + sentire to feel. See Sense.] 1. To be sensible of; to feel; as: (a) In a good sense, to take well; to receive with satisfaction. [Obs.] Which makes the tragical ends of noble persons more favorably resented by compassionate readers. Sir T. Browne. (b) In a bad sense, to take ill; to consider as an injury or affront; to be indignant at. 2. To express or exhibit displeasure or indignation at, as by words or acts. The good prince King James . . . bore dishonorably what he might have resented safely. Bolingbroke. 3. To recognize; to perceive, especially as if by smelling; -- associated in meaning with sent, the older spelling of scent to smell. See Resent, v. i. [Obs.] This bird of prey resented a worse than earthly savor in the soul of Saul. Fuller. Our King Henry the Seventh quickly resented his drift. Fuller. RESENT Re*sent", v. i. 1. To feel resentment. Swift. 2. To give forth an odor; to smell; to savor. [Obs.] The judicious prelate will prefer a drop of the sincere milk of the word before vessels full of traditionary pottage resenting of the wild gourd of human invention. Fuller. RESENTER Re*sent"er (-r), n. Defn: One who resents. Sir H. Wotton. RESENTFUL Re*sent"ful (-fl), a. Defn: Inclined to resent; easily provoked to anger; irritable. -- Re*sent"ful*ly, adv. RESENTIMENT Re*sent"i*ment (--ment), n. Defn: Resentment. [Obs.] RESENTINGLY Re*sent"ing*ly, adv. 1. With deep sense or strong perception. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. With a sense of wrong or affront; with resentment. RESENTIVE Re*sent"ive (-v), a. Defn: Resentful. [R.] Thomson. RESENTMENT Re*sent"ment (-ment), n. Etym: [F. ressentiment.] 1. The act of resenting. 2. The state of holding something in the mind as a subject of contemplation, or of being inclined to reflect upon something; a state consciousness; conviction; feeling; impression. [Obs.] He retains vivid resentments of the more solid morality. Dr. H. More. It is a greater wonder that so many of them die, with so little resentment of their danger. Jer. Taylor. 3. In a good sense, satisfaction; gratitude. [Obs.] The Council taking notice of the many good services performed by Mr. John Milton, . . . have thought fit to declare their resentment and good acceptance of the same. The Council Book (1651). 4. In a bad sense, strong displeasure; anger; hostility provoked by a wrong or injury experienced. Resentment . . . is a deep, reflective displeasure against the conduct of the offender. Cogan. Syn. -- Anger; irritation; vexation; displeasure; grudge; indignation; choler; gall; ire; wrath; rage; fury. -- Resentment, Anger. Anger is the broader term, denoting a keen sense of disapprobation (usually with a desire to punish) for watever we feel to be wrong, whether directed toward ourselves or others. Reseniment is anger exicted by a sense of personal injury. It is, etymologically, that reaction of the mind which we instinctively feel when we think ourselves wronged. Pride and selfishness are apt to aggravate this feeling until it changes into a criminal animosity; and this is now the more common signification of the term. Being founded in a sense of injury, this feeling is hard to be removed; and hence the expressions bitter or implacable resentment. See Anger. Anger is like A full-hot horse, who being allowed his way, Self- mettle tires him. Shak. Can heavently minds such high resentment show, Or exercise their spite in human woe Dryden. RESERATE Res"er*ate (rs"r-t), v. t. Etym: [L. reseratus, p. p. of reserare to unlock.] Defn: To unlock; to open. [Obs.] Boyle. RESERVANCE Re*serv"ance (r-zrv"ans), n. Defn: Reservation. [R.] RESERVATION Res`er*va"tion (rz`r-v"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. réservation, LL. reservatio. See Reserve.] 1. The act of reserving, or keeping back; concealment, or withholding from disclosure; reserve. A. Smith. With reservation of an hundred knights. Shak. Make some reservation of your wrongs. Shak. 2. Something withheld, either not expressed or disclosed, or not given up or brought forward. Dryden. 3. A tract of the public land reserved for some special use, as for schools, for the use of Indians, etc. [U.S.] 4. The state of being reserved, or kept in store. Shak. 5. (Law) (a) A clause in an instrument by which some new thing is reserved out of the thing granted, and not in esse before. (b) A proviso. Kent. Note: This term is often used in the same sense with exception, the technical distinction being disregarded. 6. (Eccl.) (a) The portion of the sacramental elements reserved for purposes of devotion and for the communion of the absent and sick. (b) A term of canon law, which signifies that the pope reserves to himself appointment to certain benefices. Mental reservation, the withholding, or failing to disclose, something that affects a statement, promise, etc., and which, if disclosed, would materially change its import. RESERVATIVE Re*serv"a*tive (r-zrv"-tv), a. Defn: Tending to reserve or keep; keeping; reserving. RESERVATORY Re*serv"a*to*ry (-t-r), n. Etym: [LL. reservatorium,fr. L. resservare. See Reserve, v. t., and cf. Reservior.] Defn: A place in which things are reserved or kept. Woodward. RESERVE Re*serve" (r-zrv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reserved. (zp. pr. & vb. n. Reserving.] Etym: [F. réserver, L. reservare, reservatum; pref. re- re- + servare to keep. See Serve.] 1. To keep back; to retain; not to deliver, make over, or disclose. "I have reserved to myself nothing." Shak. 2. Hence, to keep in store for future or special use; to withhold from present use for another purpose or time; to keep; to retain. Gen. xxvii. 35. Hast thou seen the treasures of the hail, which I have reserved against the time of trouble Job xxxviii. 22,23. Reserve your kind looks and language for private hours. Swift. 3. To make an exception of; to except. [R.] RESERVE Re*serve", n. Etym: [F. réserve.] 1. The act of reserving, or keeping back; reservation. However any one may concur in the general scheme, it is still with certain reserves and deviations. Addison. 2. That which is reserved, or kept back, as for future use. The virgins, besides the oil in their lamps, carried likewise a reserve in some other vessel for a continual supply. Tillotson. 3. That which is excepted; exception. Each has some darling lust, which pleads for a reserve. Rogers. 4. Restraint of freedom in words or actions; backwardness; caution in personal behavior. My soul, surprised, and from her sex disjoined, Left all reserve, and all the sex, behind. Prior. The clergyman's shy and sensitive reserve had balked this scheme. Hawthorne. 5. A tract of land reserved, or set apart, for a particular purpose; as, the Connecticut Reserve in Ohio, originally set apart for the school fund of Connecticut; the Clergy Reserves in Canada, for the support of the clergy. 6. (Mil.) Defn: A body of troops in the rear of an army drawn up for battle, reserved to support the other lines as occasion may require; a force or body of troops kept for an exigency. 7. (Banking) Defn: Funds kept on hand to meet liabilities. In reserve, in keeping for other or future use; in store; as, he has large quantities of wheat in reserve; he has evidence or arguments in reserve. -- Reserve air. (Physiol.) Same as Supplemental air, under Supplemental. Syn. -- Reservation; retention; limitation; backwardness; reservedness; coldness; restraint; shyness; coyness; modesty. RESERVE CITY Reserve city. (Banking) Defn: In the national banking system of the United States, any of certain cities in which the national banks are required (U. S. Rev. Stat. sec. 5191) to keep a larger reserve (25 per cent) than the minimum (15 per cent) required of all other banks. The banks in certain of the reserve cities (specifically called central reserve cities) are required to keep their reserve on hand in cash; banks in other reserve cities may keep half of their reserve as deposits in these banks (U. S. Rev. Stat. sec. 5195). RESERVED Re*served" (-zrvd"), a. 1. Kept for future or special use, or for an exigency; as, reserved troops; a reserved seat in a theater. 2. Restrained from freedom in words or actions; backward, or cautious, in communicating one's thoughts and feelings; not free or frank. To all obliging, yet reserved to all. Walsh. Nothing reserved or sullen was to see. Dryden. -- Re*serv"ed*ly (r, adv. -- Re*serv"ed*ness, n. RESERVEE Res`er*vee" (rz`r-v"), n. Defn: One to, or for, whom anything is reserved; -- contrasted with reservor. RESERVER Re*serv"er (r-zrv"r), n. Defn: One who reserves. RESERVIST Re*serv"ist, n. Defn: A member of a reserve force of soldiers or militia. [Eng.] RESERVOIR Res"er*voir` (rz"r-vwr`;277), n. Etym: [F. réservoir, fr. LL. reservatorium. See Reservatory.] 1. A place where anything is kept in store; especially, a place where water is collected and kept for use when wanted, as to supply a fountain, a canal, or a city by means of aqueducts, or to drive a mill wheel, or the like. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A small intercellular space, often containing Receiving reservoir (Water Works), a principal reservoir into which an aqueduct or rising main delivers water, and from which a distributing reservoir draws its supply. RESERVOR Re*serv"or (r-zrv"r or rz`r-vr), n. Defn: One who reserves; a reserver. RESET Re*set" (r-st"), v. t. Defn: To set again; as, to reset type; to reset copy; to reset a diamond. RESET Re"set (r"st), n. 1. The act of resetting. 2. (Print.) Defn: That which is reset; matter set up again. RESET Re*set" (r-st"), n. Etym: [OF. recete, recepte, a receiving. Cf. Receipt.] (Scots Law) Defn: The receiving of stolen goods, or harboring an outlaw. Jamieson. RESET Re*set", v. t. (Scots Law) Defn: To harbor or secrete; to hide, as stolen goods or a criminal. We shall see if an English hound is to harbor and reset the Southrons here. Sir. W. Scott. RESETTER Re*set"ter (-tr), n. (Scots Law) Defn: One who receives or conceals, as stolen goods or criminal. RESETTER Re*set"ter (r-St"tr), n. Defn: One who resets, or sets again. RESETTLE Re*set"tle (r-st"t'l), v. t. Defn: To settle again. Swift. RESETTLE Re*set"tle, v. i. Defn: To settle again, or a second time. RESETTLEMENT Re*set"tle*ment (-ment), n. Defn: Act of settling again, or state of being settled again; as, the resettlement of lees. The resettlement of my discomposed soul. Norris. RESHAPE Re*shape" (r-shp"), v. t. Defn: To shape again. RESHIP Re*ship" (r-shp"), v. t. Defn: To ship again; to put on board of a vessel a second time; to send on a second voyage; as, to reship bonded merchandise. RESHIP Re*ship", v. i. Defn: To engage one's self again for service on board of a vessel after having been discharged. RESHIPMENT Re*ship"ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act of reshipping; also, that which is reshippped. RESHIPPER Re*ship"per (-pr), n. Defn: One who reships. RESIANCE Res`i*ance (rz"-ans), n. Etym: [LL. reseantia, reseance.] Defn: Residence; abode. [Obs.] Bacon. RESIANT Res"i*ant (-ant), a. Etym: [OF. reseant, resseant, L. residens. See Resident.] Defn: Resident; present in a place. [Obs.] In which her kingdom's throne is chiefly resiant. Spenser. RESIANT Res"i*ant, n. Defn: A resident. [Obs.] Sir T. More. RESIDE Re*side" (r-zd"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Resided; p. pr. & vb. n. Residing.] Etym: [F. résider, L. residere; pref. re- re- + sedere to sit. See Sit. ] 1. To dwell permanently or for a considerable time; to have a settled abode for a time; to abide continuosly; to have one's domicile of home; to remain for a long time. At the moated grange, resides this dejected Mariana. Shak. In no fixed place the happy souls reside. Dryden. 2. To have a seat or fixed position; to inhere; to lie or be as in attribute or element. In such like acts, the duty and virtue of contentedness doth especially reside. Barrow. 3. To sink; to settle, as sediment. [Obs.] Boyle. Syn. -- To dwell; inhabit; sojourn; abide; remain; live; domiciliate; domicile. RESIDENCE Res"i*dence (rz"-dens), n. Etym: [F. résidence. See Resident.] 1. The act or fact of residing, abiding, or dwelling in a place for some continuance of time; as, the residence of an American in France or Italy for a year. The confessor had often made considerable residences in Normandy. Sir M. Hale. 2. The place where one resides; an abode; a dwelling or habitation; esp., a settled or permanent home or domicile. "Near the residence of Posthumus." Shak. Johnson took up his residence in London. Macaulay. 3. (Eng.Eccl.Law) Defn: The residing of an incumbent on his benefice; -- opposed to nonresidence. 4. The place where anything rests permanently. But when a king sets himself to bandy against the highest court and residence of all his regal power, he then, . . . fights against his own majesty and kingship. Milton. 5. Subsidence, as of a sediment. [Obs.] Bacon. 6. That which falls to the bottom of liquors; sediment; also, refuse; residuum. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- Domiciliation; sojourn; stay; abode; home; dwelling; habitation; domicile; mansion. RESIDENCIA Re`si*den"cia, n. [Sp.] Defn: In Spanish countries, a court or trial held, sometimes as long as six months, by a newly elected official, as the governor of a province, to examine into the conduct of a predecessor. RESIDENCY Res"i*den*cy (-den-s), n. 1. Residence. [Obsoles.] 2. A political agency at a native court in British India, held by an officer styled the Residentl: also, a Dutch commercial colony or province in the East Indies. RESIDENT Res"i*dent (-dent), a. Etym: [F. résident, L. residens, -entis, p. pr. of residere. See Reside.] 1. Dwelling, or having an abode, in a place for a continued length of time; residing on one's own estate; -- opposed to nonresident; as, resident in the city or in the country. 2. Fixed; stable; certain. [Obs.] "Stable and resident like a rock." Jer. TAylor. One there still resident as day and night. Davenant. RESIDENT Res"i*dent, n. 1. One who resides or dwells in a place for some time. 2. A diplomatic representative who resides at a foreign court; -- a term usualy applied to ministers of a rank inferrior to that of ambassadors. See the Note under Minister,4. RESIDENTER Res"i*dent*er (-$r), n. Defn: A resident. [Obs. or Colloq.] RESIDENTIAL Res`i*den""tial (-dn"shal), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a residence or residents; as, residential trade. 2. Residing; residentiary. [R.] RESIDENTIARY Res`i*den"tia*ry (-dn"sh-r; 277), a. Etym: [LL. residentiaris.] Defn: Having residence; as, a canon residentary; a residentiary guardian. Dr. H. More. RESIDENTIARY Res`i*den"tia*ry, n. 1. One who is resident. The residentiary, or the frequent visitor of the favored spot, . . . will discover that both have been there. Coleridge. 2. An ecclesiastic who keeps a certain residence. Syn. -- Inhabitant; inhabiter; dweller; sojourner. RESIDENTIARYSHIP Res`i*den"tia*ry*ship, n. Defn: The office or condition of a residentiary. RESIDENTSHIP Res"i*dent*ship (rz"-dent-shp), n. Defn: The office or condition of a resident. RESIDER Re*sid"er (r-zd"r), n. Defn: One who resides in a place. RESIDUAL Re*sid"u*al (r-zd"-al), a. Etym: [See Residue.] Defn: Pertaining to a residue; remaining after a part is taken. Residual air (Physiol.), that portion of air contained in the lungs which can not be expelled even by the most violent expiratory effort. It amounts to from 75 to 100 cubic inches. Cf. Supplemental air, under Supplemental. -- Residual error. (Mensuration) See Error, 6 (b). -- Residual figure (Geom.), the figure which remains after a less figure has been taken from a greater one. -- Residual magnetism (Physics), remanent magnetism. See under Remanent. -- Residual product, a by product, as cotton waste from a cotton mill, coke and coal tar from gas works, etc. -- Residual quantity (Alg.), a binomial quantity the two parts of which are connected by the negative sign, as a-b. -- Residual root (Alg.), the root of a residual quantity, as sq. root(a-b). RESIDUAL Re*sid"u*al, n. (Math.) (a) The difference of the results obtained by observation, and by computation from a formula. (b) The difference between the mean of several observations and any one of them. RESIDUARY Re*sid"u*a*ry (--r), a. Etym: [See Residue.] Defn: Consisting of residue; as, residuary matter; pertaining to the residue, or part remaining; as, the residuary advantage of an estate. Ayliffe. Residuary clause (Law), that part of the testator's will in which the residue of his estate is disposed of. -- Residuary devise (Law), the person to whom the residue of real estate is devised by a will. -- Residuary legatee (Law), the person to whom the residue of personal estate is bequeathed. RESIDUE Res"i*due (rz"-d), n. Etym: [F. résidu, L. residuum, fr. residuus that is left behind, remaining, fr. residere to remain behind. See Reside, and cf. Residuum.] 1. That which remains after a part is taken, separated, removed, or designated; remnant; remainder. The residue of them will I deliver to the sword. Jer. xv. 9. If church power had then prevailed over its victims, not a residue of English liberty would have been saved. I. Taylor. 2. (Law) Defn: That part of a testeator's estate wwhich is not disposed of in his will by particular and special legacies and devises, and which remains after payment of debts and legacies. 3. (Chem.) Defn: That which remains of a molecule after the removal of a portion of its constituents; hence, an atom or group regarded as a portion of a molecule; -- used as nearly equivalent to radical, but in a more general sense. Note: The term radical is sometimes restricted to groups containing carbon, the term residue being applied to the others. 4. (Theory of Numbers) Defn: Any positive or negative number that differs from a given number by a multiple of a given modulus; thus, if 7 is the modulus, and 9 the given number, the numbers -5, 2, 16, 23, etc., are residues. Syn. -- Rest; remainder; remnant; balance; residuum; remains; leavings; relics. RESIDUOUS Re*sid"u*ous (r-zd"-s), a. Etym: [L. residuus.] Defn: Remaining; residual. Landor. RESIDUUM Re*sid"u*um (-m), n. Etym: [L. See Residue.] Defn: That which is left after any process of separation or purification; that which remains after certain specified deductions are made; residue. "I think so," is the whole residuum . . . after evaporating the prodigious pretensions of the zealot demagogue. L. Taylor. RESIEGE Re*siege" (r-sj"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + siege a seat.] Defn: To seat again; to reinstate. [Obs.] Spenser. RE-SIGN Re-sign" (r-sn"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + sign.] Defn: To affix one's signature to, a second time; to sign again. RESIGN Re*sign" (r-zn"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resigned (-znd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Resigning.] Etym: [F. résigner, L. resignare to unseal, annul, assign, resign; pref. re- re- + signare to seal, stamp. See Sign, and cf. Resignation.] 1. To sign back; to return by a formal act; to yield to another; to surrender; -- said especially of office or emolument. Hence, to give up; to yield; to submit; -- said of the wishes or will, or of something valued; -- also often used reflexively. I here resign my government to thee. Shak. Lament not, Eve, but patiently resign What justly thou hast lost. Milton. What more reasonable, than that we should in all things resign up ourselves to the will of God Tiilotson. 2. To relinquish; to abandon. He soon resigned his former suit. Spenser. 3. To commit to the care of; to consign. [Obs.] Gentlement of quality have been sent beyong the seas, resigned and concredited to the conduct of such as they call governors. Evelyn. Syn. -- To abdicate; surrender; submit; leave; relinquish; forego; quit; forsake; abandon; renounce. -- Resign, Relinquish. To resign is to give up, as if breaking a seal and yielding all it had secured; hence, it marks a formal and deliberate surrender. To relinquish is less formal, but always implies abandonment and that the thing given up has been long an object of pursuit, and, usually, that it has been prized and desired. We resign what we once held or considered as our own, as an office, employment, etc. We speak of relinquishing a claim, of relinquishing some advantage we had sought or enjoyed, of relinquishing seme right, privilege, etc. "Men are weary with the toil which they bear, but can not find it in their hearts to relinquish it." Steele. See Abdicate. RE SIGN Re sign", n. Defn: Resignation. [Obs.] Beau & Fl. RESIGNATION Res`ig*na"tion (rz`g-n"shn), n. Etym: [F. résignation. See Resign.] 1. The act of resigning or giving up, as a claim, possession, office, or the like; surrender; as, the resignation of a crown or comission. 2. The state of being resigned or submissive; quiet or patient submission; unresisting acquiescence; as, resignation to the will and providence of God. Syn. -- Patience; surrender; relinquisment; forsaking; abandonment; abdication; renunciation; submission; acquiescence; endurance. See Patience. RESIGNED Re*signed" (r-znd"), a. Defn: Submissive; yielding; not disposed to resist or murmur. A firm, yet cautious mind; Sincere, thought prudent; constant, yet resigned. Pope. RESIGNEDLY Re*sign"ed*ly (r-zn"d-l), adv. Defn: With submission. RESIGNEE Res`ign*ee" (rz`-n"), n. Defn: One to whom anything is resigned, or in whose favor a resignation is made. RESIGNER Re*sign"er (r-zn"r), n. Defn: One who resigns. RESIGNMENT Re*sign"ment (-ment), n. Defn: The act of resigning. RESILE Re*sile" (r-zl"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Resiled (-zld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Resiling.] Etym: [L. resilire to leap or spring back; pref. re- re- + salire to leap, spring. See Salient.] Defn: To start back; to recoil; to recede from a purpose. J. Ellis. RESILIENCE; RESILIENCY Re*sil"i*ence, Re*sil"i*en*cy, n. 1. The act of resiling, springing back, or rebounding; as, the resilience of a ball or of sound. 2. (Mech. & Engyn.) Defn: The mechanical work required to strain an elastic body, as a deflected beam, stretched spring, etc., to the elastic limit; also, the work performed by the body in recovering from such strain. RESILIENT Re*sil"i*ent (-ent), a. Etym: [L. resiliens, p. pr.] Defn: Leaping back; rebounding; recoling. RESILITION Res`i*li"tion (rz`-lsh"n), n. Defn: Resilience. [R.] RESIN Res"in (rz"n), n. Etym: [F. résine, L. resina; cf. Gr. "rhti`nh Cf. Rosin.] Defn: Any one of a class of yellowish brown solid inflammable substances, of vegetable origin, which are nonconductors of electricity, have a vitreous fracture, and are soluble in ether, alcohol, and essential oils, but not in water; specif., pine resin (see Rosin). Note: Resins exude from trees in combination with essential oils, gums, etc., and in a liquid or semiliquid state. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and are supposed to be formed by the oxidation of the essential oils. Copal, mastic, quaiacum, and colophony or pine resin, are some of them. When mixed with gum, they form the gum resins, like asafetida and gamboge; mixed with essential oils, they frorm balsams, or oleoresins. Highgate resin (Min.), a fossil resin resembling copal, occuring in blue clay at Highgate, near London. -- Resin bush (Bot.), a low composite shrub (Euryops speciosissimus) of South Africa, having smooth pinnately parted leaves and abounding in resin. RESINACEOUS Res`in*a"ceous (-"shs), a. Defn: Having the quality of resin; resinous. RESINATE Res"in*ate (rz"n-t), n. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of the salts the resinic acids. RESINIC Re*sin"ic (r-zn"k), a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, resin; as, the resinic acids. RESINIFEROUS Res`in*if"er*ous (rz`n-f"r-s), a. Etym: [Resin + -ferous: cf. F. résinifère.] Defn: Yielding resin; as, a resiniferous tree or vessel. RESINIFORM Res"in*i*form (rz"n--frm), a. Etym: [Resin + -form: cf. F. résiniforme.] Defn: Having the form of resin. RESINO-ELECTRIC Res`in*o-e*lec"tric (---lk"trk), a. (Elec.) Defn: Containing or exhibiting resinous electricity. RESINOID Res"in*oid (rz"n-oid), a. Defn: Somewhat like resin. RESINOUS Res"in*ous (-s), a. Etym: [L. resinous: cf. F. résineux. See Resin.] Defn: Of or pertaining to resin; of the nature of resin; resembling or obtained from resin. Resinous electricity (Elec.), electricity which is exited by rubbing bodies of the resinous kind. See Negative electricity, under Negative. RESINOUSLY Res"in*ous*ly, adv. Defn: By means, or in the manner, of resin. RESINOUSNESS Res"in*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being resinous. RESINY Res"in*y (-), a. Defn: Like resin; resinous. RESIPISCENCE Res`i*pis"cence (rs`-ps"sens), n. Etym: [L. resipiscentia, from resipiscere to recover one's senses: cf. F. résipiscence.] Defn: Wisdom derived from severe experience; hence, repentance. [R.] Bp. Montagu. RESIST Re*sist" (r-zstt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Resisting.] Etym: [F. résister, L. resistere, pref. re- re- + sistere to stand, cause to stand, v. causative of stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. To stand against; to withstand; to obstruct. That mortal dint, Save He who reigns above, none can resist. Milton. 2. To strive against; to endeavor to counteract, defeat, or frustrate; to act in opposition to; to oppose. God resisteth the proud. James iv. 6. Contrary to his high will Whom we resist. Milton. 3. To counteract, as a force, by inertia or reaction. 4. To be distasteful to. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- To withstand; oppose; hinder; obstruct; counteract; check; thwart; baffle; disappoint. RESIST Re*sist", v. i. Defn: To make opposition. Shak. RESIST Re*sist", n. (Calico Printing) Defn: A substance used to prevent a color or mordant from fixing on those parts to which it has been applied, either by acting machanically in preventing the color, etc., from reaching the cloth, or chemically in changing the color so as to render it incapable of fixing itself in the fibers.. The pastes prepared for this purpose are called resist pastes. F. C. Calvert. RESISTANCE Re*sist"ance (-ans), n. Etym: [F. résistance, LL. resistentia, fr. resistens, - entis, p. pr. See Resist.] 1. The act of resisting; opposition, passive or active. When King Demetrius saw that . . . no resistance was made against him, he sent away all his forces. 1. Macc. xi. 38. 2. (Physics) Defn: The quality of not yielding to force or external pressure; that power of a body which acts in opposition to the impulse or pressure of another, or which prevents the effect of another power; as, the resistance of the air to a body passing through it; the resistance of a target to projectiles. 3. A means or method of resisting; that which resists. Unfold to us some warlike resistance. Shak. 4. (Elec.) Defn: A certain hindrance or opposition to the passage of an electrical current or discharge offered by conducting bodies. It bears an inverse relation to the conductivity, -- good conductors having a small resistance, while poor conductors or insulators have a very high resistance. The unit of resistance is the ohm. Resistance box (Elec.), a rheostat consisting of a box or case containing a number of resistance coils of standard values so arranged that they can be combined in various ways to afford more or less resistance. -- Resistance coil (Elec.), a coil of wire introduced into an electric circuit to increase the resistance. -- Solid of least resistance (Mech.), a solid of such a form as to experience, in moving in a fluid, less resistance than any other solid having the same base, height, and volume. RESISTANCE FRAME Re*sist"ance frame`. (Elec.) Defn: A rheostat consisting of an open frame on which are stretched spirals of wire. Being freely exposed to the air, they radiate heat rapidly. RESISTANT Re*sist"ant (-ant), a. Etym: [F. résistant: cf. L. resistens. See Resist.] Defn: Making resistance; resisting. -- n. Defn: One who, or that which, resists. Bp. Pearson. RESISTER Re*sist"er (-r), n. Defn: One who resists. RESISTFUL Re*sist"ful (-fl), a. Defn: Making much resistance. RESISTIBILITY Re*sist`i*bil"i*ty (--bl"-t), n.. 1. The quality of being resistible; resistibleness. 2. The quality of being resistant; resitstance. The name "body" being the complex idea of extension and resistibility together in the same subject. Locke. RESISTIBLE Re*sist"i*ble (r-zst"-b'l), a. Etym: [Cf. F. résistible.] Defn: Capable of being resisted; as, a resistible force. Sir M. Hale. -- Re*sist"i*ble*ness, n. -- Re*sist"i*bly, adv. RESISTING Re*sist"ing, a. Defn: Making resistance; opposing; as, a resisting medium. -- Re*sist"ing ly, adv. RESISTIVE Re*sist"ive (-v), a. Defn: Serving to resist. B. Jonsosn. RESISTLESS Re*sist"less, a. 1. Having no power to resist; making no opposition. [Obs. or R.] Spenser. 2. Incapable of being resisted; irresistible. Masters' commands come with a power resistless To such as owe them absolute subjection. Milton. -- Re*sist"less*ly, adv. -- Re*sist"less*ness, n. RESOLUBLE Res"o*lu*ble (rz"-l-b'l), a.Etym: [L. resolubolis: cf. F. résoluble. See Resolve, and cf. Resolvable.] Defn: Admitting of being resolved; resolvable; as, bodies resoluble by fire. Boyle. -- Res"o*lu*ble*ness, n. RESOLUTE Res"o*lute (rz"-lt), a. Etym: [Cf. F. résolu. The L. resolutus (p. p. of resolvere) means, relaxed, enervated, effeminate. See Resolve, v. t. & i.] 1. Having a decided purpose; determined; resolved; fixed in a determination; hence, bold; firm; steady. Edward is at hand, Ready to fight; therefore be resolute. Shak. 2. Convinced; satisfied; sure. [Obs.] 3. Resolving, or explaining; as, the Resolute Doctor Durand. [Obs.] Syn. -- Determined; decided; fixed; steadfast; steady; constant; persevering; firm; bold; unshaken. RESOLUTE Res"o*lute (rz"-lt), n. 1. One who [Obs.] Shak. 2. Redelivery; repayment. [Obs.] "Yearly resolutes, deductions, and payments." Bp. Burnet. RESOLUTELY Res"o*lute*ly, adv. Defn: In a resolute manner; with fixed purpose; boldly; firmly; steadily; with perseverance. Some.. facts he examines, some he resolutely denies. Swift. RESOLUTENESS Res"o*lute*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being resolute. RESOLUTION Res`o*lu"tion (-l"shn), n. Etym: [F. résolution. L. resolutio a loosening, solution. See Resolve.] 1. The act, operation, or process of resolving. Specifically: (a) The act of separating a compound into its elements or component parts. (b) The act of analyzing a complex notion, or solving a vexed question or difficult problem. The unraveling and resolution of the difficulties that are met with in the execution of the design are the end of an action. Dryden. 2. The state of being relaxed; relaxation. [Obs.] 3. The state of being resolved, settled, or determined; firmness; steadiness; constancy; determination. Be it with resolution then to fight. Shak. 4. That which is resolved or determined; a settled purpose; determination. Specifically: A formal expression of the opinion or will of an official body or a public assembly, adopted by vote; as, a legislative resolution; the resolutions of a public meeting. 5. The state of being resolved or firm in opinion or thought; conviction; assurance. [Obs.] Little resolution and certainty there is as touching the islands of Mauritania. Holland. 6. (Math.) Defn: The act or process of solving; solution; as, the resolution of an equation or problem. 7. (Med.) Defn: A breaking up, disappearance; or termination, as of a fever, a tumor, or the like. 8. (Mus.) Defn: The passing of a dissonant into a consonant chord by the rising or falling of the note which makes the discord. Joint resolution. See under Joint, a. -- Resolution of a force or motion (Mech.), the separation of a single force or motion into two or more which have different directions, and, taken together, are an equivalent for the single one; -- the opposite of Ant: composition of a force. -- Resolution of a nebula (Astron.), the exhibition of it to the eye by a telescope of such power as to show it to be composed of small stars. Syn. -- Decision; analysis; separation; disentanglement; dissolution; resolvedness; resoluteness; firmness; constancy; perseverance; steadfastness; fortitude; boldness; purpose; resolve. See Decision. RESOLUTIONER Res`o*lu"tion*er (-r), n. Defn: One who makes a resolution; one who joins with others in a declaration or resolution; specifically, one of a party in the Scottish Church in the 17th century. He was sequestrated afterwards as a Resolutioner. Sir W. Scott. RESOLUTIONIST Res`o*lu"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who makes a resolution. RESOLUTIVE Res"o*lu`tive (rz"-lu`tv), a. Etym: [Cf.F. résolutif.] Defn: Serving to dissolve or relax. [R.] Johnson. RESOLUTORY Res"o*lu*to*ry (rz"-l-t-r), a. Defn: Resolutive. [R.] RESOLVABILITY Re*solv`a*bil"i*ty (r-zlv`-bl"-t), n. Defn: The quality or condition of being resolvable; resolvableness. RESOLVABLE Re*solv"a*ble (r-zlv"-b'l), a. Etym: [See Resolve, and cf. Resoluble.] Defn: Admitting of being resolved; admitting separation into constituent parts, or reduction to first principles; admitting solution or explanation; as, resolvable compounds; resolvable ideas or difficulties. RESOLVABLENESS Re*solv"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being resolvable; resolvability. RESOLVE Re*solve" (r*zlv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resolved (-zlvd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Resolving.] Etym: [L. resolvere, resolutum, to untie, loosen, relax, enfeeble; pref. re- re- + solvere to loosen, dissolve: cf. F. résoudare to resolve. See Solve, and cf. Resolve, v. i., Resolute, Resolution.] 1. To separate the component parts of; to reduce to the constituent elements; -- said of compound substances; hence, sometimes, to melt, or dissolve. O, that this too too solid flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew! Shak. Ye immortal souls, who once were men, And now resolved to elements again. Dryden. 2. To reduce to simple or intelligible notions; -- said of complex ideas or obscure questions; to make clear or certain; to free from doubt; to disentangle; to unravel; to explain; hence, to clear up, or dispel, as doubt; as, to resolve a riddle. "Resolve my doubt." Shak. To the resolving whereof we must first know that the Jews were commanded to divorce an unbelieving Gentile. Milton. 3. To cause to perceive or understand; to acquaint; to inform; to convince; to assure; to make certain. Sir, be resolved. I must and will come. Beau & Fl. Resolve me, Reason, which of these is worse, Want with a full, or with an empty purse Pope. In health, good air, pleasure, riches, I am resolved it can not be equaled by any region. Sir W. Raleigh. We must be resolved how the law can be pure and perspicuous, and yet throw a polluted skirt over these Eleusinian mysteries. Milton. 4. To determine or decide in purpose; to make ready in mind; to fix; to settle; as, he was resolved by an unexpected event. 5. To express, as an opinion or determination, by resolution and vote; to declare or decide by a formal vote; -- followed by a clause; as, the house resolved (or, it was resolved by the house) that no money should be apropriated (or, to appropriate no money). 6. To change or convert by resolution or formal vote; -- used only reflexively; as, the house resolved itself into a committee of the whole. 7. (Math.) Defn: To solve, as a problem, by enumerating the several things to be done, in order to obtain what is required; to find the answer to, or the result of. Hutton. 8. (Med.) Defn: To dispere or scatter; to discuss, as an inflammation or a tumor. 9. (Mus.) Defn: To let the tones (as of a discord) follow their several tendencies, resulting in a concord. 10. To relax; to lay at ease. [Obs.] B. Jonson. To resolve a nebula.(Astron.) See Resolution of a nebula, under Resolution. Syn. -- To solve; analyze; unravel; disentangle. RESOLVE Re*solve" (r-zlv"), v. i. Etym: [The sense "to be convinced, to determine" comes from the idea of loosening, breaking up into parts, analyzing, hence, determining.] 1. To be separated into its component parts or distinct principles; to undergo resolution. 2. To melt; to dissolve; to become fluid. When the blood stagnates in any part, it first coagulates, then resolves, and turns alkaline. Arbuthhnot. 3. To be settled in opinion; to be convinced. [R.] Let men resolve of that as they plaease. Locke. 4. To form a purpose; to make a decision; especially, to determine after reflection; as, to resolve on a better course of life. Syn. -- To determine; decide; conclude; purpose. RESOLVE Re*solve", n. 1. The act of resolving or making clear; resolution; solution. "To give a full resolve of that which is so much controverted." Milton. 2. That which has been resolved on or determined; decisive conclusion; fixed purpose; determination; also, legal or official determination; a legislative declaration; a resolution. Nor is your firm resolve unknown. Shak. Cæsar's approach has summoned us together, And Rome attends her fate from our resolves. Addison. RESOLVED Re*solved" (r-zlvd"), p. p. & a. Defn: Having a fixed purpose; determined; resolute; -- usually placed after its noun; as, a man resolved to be rich. That makes him a resolved enemy. Jer. Taylor. I am resolved she shall not settle here. Fielding. RESOLVEDLY Re*solv"ed*ly (rzlv"d-l), adv. 1. So as to resolve or clear up difficulties; clearly. [Obs.] Of that, and all the progress, more or less, Resolvedly more leisure shall express. Shak. 2. Resolutely; decidedly; firmly. Grew. RESOLVEDNESS Re*solv"ed*ness, n. Defn: Fixedness of purpose; firmness; resolution. Dr. H. More. RESOLVENT Re*solv"ent (-ent), a. Defn: Having power to resolve; causing solution; solvent. RESOLVENT Re*solv"ent, n. Etym: [L. resolvens, p. pr. of resolvere: cf. F. résolvant. See Resolve.] 1. That which has the power of resolving, or causing solution; a solvent. 2. (Med.) Defn: That which has power to disperse inflammatory or other tumors; a discutient; anything which aids the absorption of effused products. Coxe. 3. (Math.) Defn: An equation upon whose solution the solution of a given pproblem depends. RESOLVER Re*solv"er (r-zlv"r), n. 1. That which decomposes, or dissolves. Boyle. 2. That which clears up and removes difficulties, and makes the mind certain or determined. Bp. Burnet. 3. One who resolves, or formal a firm purpose. RESONANCE Res"o*nance (rz"-nans), n. Etym: [Cf. F. résonance, L. resonantia an echo.] 1. The act of resounding; the quality or state of being resonant. 2. (Acoustics) Defn: A prolongation or increase of any sound, eithar by reflection, as in a cavern or apartment the walls of which are not distant enough to return a distinct echo, or by the production of vibrations in other bodies, as a sounding-board, or the bodies of musical instruments. Pulmonary resonance (Med.), the sound heard on percussing over the lungs. -- Vocal resonance (Med.), the sound transmitted to the ear when auscultation is made while the patient is speaking. RESONANCY Res"o*nan*cy (-nan-s), n. Defn: Resonance. RESONANT Res"o*nant (-nant), a. Etym: [L. resonans, p. pr. of resonare to resound: cf. F. résonnant. See Resound.] Defn: Returning, or capable of returning, sound; fitted to resound; resounding; echoing back. Through every hour of the golden morning, the streets were resonant with female parties of young and old. De Quincey. RESONANTLY Res"o*nant*ly, adv. Defn: In a reasonant manner. RESONATOR Res"o*na`tor (-n`tr), n. (Acoustics) Defn: Anything which resounds; specifically, a vessel in the form of a cylinder open at one end, or a hollow ball of brass with two apertures, so contrived as to greatly intensify a musical tone by its resonance. It is used for the study and analysis of complex sounds. RESORB Re*sorb" (r-srb"), v. t. Etym: [L. reorbere; pref. re- re- + sorbere to suck or drink in.] Defn: To swallow up. Now lifted by the tide, and now resorbed. Young. RESORBENT Re*sorb"ent (-ent), a. Etym: [L. resorbens, p. pr. of resorbere.] Defn: Swallowing up. Wodhull. RESORCIN Res*or"cin (rz-r"sn), n. Etym: [Resin + orcin. So called because in its higher homologue it resembles orcin.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless crystalline substance of the phenol series, obtained by melting certain resins, as galbanum, asafetida, etc., with caustic potash. It is also produced artificially and used in making certain dyestuffs, as phthaleïn, fluoresceïn, and eosin. RESORCYLIC Res`or*cyl"ic (rz`r-sl"k), a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, or pertaining to, or producing, resorcin; as, resorcylic acid. RESORPTION Re*sorp"tion (r*srp"shn), n. Defn: The act of resorbing; also, the act of absorbing again; reabsorption. RESORT Re*sort" (r*zrt"), n. Etym: [F. ressort.] Defn: Active power or movement; spring. [A Gallicism] [Obs.] Some . . . know the resorts and falls of business that can not sink into the main of it. Bacon. RESORT Re*sort", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Resorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Resorting.] Etym: [OF. resortir to withdraw, take refuge, F. ressortir to be in the jurisdiction, LL. resortire; pref. re- re- + L. sortiri to draw lots, obtain by lot, from sors lot. See Sort. The meaning is first to reobtain (by lot), then to gain by appeal to a higher court (as a law term), to appeal, go for protection or refuge.] 1. To go; to repair; to betake one's self. What men name resort to him Shak. 2. To fall back; to revert. [Obs.] The inheritance of the son never resorted to the mother, or to any of her ancestors. Sir M. Hale. 3. To have recourse; to apply; to one's self for help, relief, or advantage. The king thought it time to resort to other counsels. Clarendon. RESORT Re*sort" (r*zrt"), n. Etym: [Cf. F. ressort jurisdiction. See Resort, v.] 1. The act of going to, or making application; a betaking one's self; the act of visiting or seeking; recourse; as, a place of popular resort; -- often figuratively; as, to have resort to force. Join with me to forbid him her resort. Shak. 2. A place to which one betakes himself habitually; a place of frequent assembly; a haunt. Far from all resort of mirth. Milton. 3. That to which one resorts or looks for help; resource; refuge. Last resort, ultimate means of relief; also, final tribunal; that from which there is no appeal. RESORTER Re*sort"er (-r), n. Defn: One who resorts; a frequenter. RESOUN Re*soun" (r*zn"), n. Defn: Reason. [Obs.] Chaucer. RESOUN Re*soun", v. i. & t. Defn: To resound. [Obs.] Chaucer. RE-SOUND Re-sound" (r*sound"), v. t. & i. Etym: [Pref. re- + sound.] Defn: To sound again or anew. RESOUND Re*sound" (r*zound"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Resounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Resounding.] Etym: [OE. resounen, OF. resoner, F. résonner, from L. resonare; pref. re- re- + sonare to sound, sonus sound. See Sound to make a noise.] 1. To sound loudly; as, his voice resounded far. 2. To be filled with sound; to ring; as, the woods resound with song. 3. To be echoed; to be sent back, as sound. "Common fame . . . resounds back to them again." South. 4. To be mentioned much and loudly. Milton. 5. To echo or reverberate; to be resonant; as, the earth resounded with his praise. RESOUND Re*sound", v. t. 1. To throw back, or return, the sound of; to echo; to reverberate. Albion's cliffs resound the rurPope. 2. To praise or celebrate with the voice, or the sound of instruments; to extol with sounds; to spread the fame of. The man for wisdom's various arts renowned, Long exercised in woes, O muse, resound. Pope. Syn. -- To echo; reëcho; reverberate; sound. RESOUND Re*sound", n. Defn: Return of sound; echo. Beaumont. RESOURCE Re*source" (r*srs"), n. Etym: [F. ressource, fr. OF. ressourdre, resourdre, to spring forth or up again; pref. re- re- + sourdre to spring forth. See Source.] 1. That to which one resorts orr on which one depends for supply or support; means of overcoming a difficulty; resort; expedient. Threat'nings mixed with prayers, his last resource. Dryden. 2. pl. Defn: Pecuniary means; funds; money, or any property that can be converted into supplies; available means or capabilities of any kind. Scotland by no means escaped the fate ordained for every country which is connected, but not incorporated, with another country of greater resources. Macaulay. Syn. -- Expedient; resort; means; contrivance. RESOURCEFUL Re*source"ful (-fl), a. Defn: Full of resources. RESOURCELESS Re*source"less, a. Defn: Destitute of resources. Burke. -- Re*source"less*ness, n. R. Browning. RESOW Re*sow" (r*s"), v. t. Defn: To sow again. Bacon. RESOWN Re*sown" (r*zoun"), v. Defn: To resound. [Obs.] Chaucer. RESPEAK Re*speak" (r*spk"), v. t. 1. To speak or utter again. 2. To answer; to echo. [Obs. or Poetic] Shak. RESPECT Re*spect" (r*spkt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Respected; p. pr. & vb. n. Respecting.] Etym: [L. respectare, v. intens. from respicere, respectum, to look back, respect; pref. re- re- + specere, spicere, to look, to view: cf. F. respecter. See Spy, and cf. Respite.] 1. To take notice of; to regard with special attention; to regard as worthy of special consideration; hence, to care for; to heed. Thou respectest not spilling Edward's blood. Shak. In orchards and gardens, we do not so much respect beauty as variety of ground for fruits, trees, and herbs. Bacon. 2. To consider worthy of esteem; to regard with honor. "I do respect thee as my soul." Shak. 3. To look toward; to front upon or toward. [Obs.] Palladius adviseth the front of his house should so respect the Sir T. Browne. 4. To regard; to consider; to deem. [Obs.] To whom my father gave this name of Gaspar, And as his own respected him to death. B. Jonson. 5. To have regard to; to have reference to; to relateto; as, the treaty particularly respects our commerce. As respects, as regards; with regard to; as to. Macaulay. -- To respect the person or persons, to favor a person, or persons on corrupt grounds; to show partiality. "Ye shall not respect persons in judgment." Deut. i. 17. Syn. -- To regard; esteem; honor; revere; venerate. RESPECT Re*spect", n. Etym: [L. respectus: cf. F. respect. See Respect, v., and cf. Respite.] 1. The act of noticing with attention; the giving particular consideration to; hence, care; caution. But he it well did ward with wise respect. Spenser. 2. Esteem; regard; consideration; honor. Seen without awe, and served without respect. Prior. The same men treat the Lord's Day with as little respect. R. Nelson. 3. pl. Defn: An expression of respect of deference; regards; as, to send one's respects to another. 4. Reputation; repute. [Obs.] Many of the best respect in Rome. Shak. 5. Relation; reference; regard. They believed but one Supreme Deity, which, with respect to the various benefits men received from him, had several titles. Tillotson. 4. Particular; point regarded; point of view; as, in this respect; in any respect; in all respects. Everything which is imperfect, as the world must be acknowledged in many respects. Tillotson. In one respect I'll be thy assistant. Shak. 7. Consideration; motive; interest. [Obs.] "Whatever secret respects were likely to move them." Hooker. To the publik good Private respects must yield. Milton. In respect, in comparison. [Obs.] Shak. -- In respect of. (a) In comparison with. [Obs.] Shak. (b) As to; in regard to. [Archaic] "Monsters in respect of their bodies." Bp. Wilkins. "In respect of these matters." Jowett. (Thucyd. ) -- In, or With, respect to, in relation to; with regard to; as respects. Tillotson. -- To have respect of persons, to regard persons with partiality or undue bias, especially on account of friendship, power, wealth, etc. "It is not good to have respect of persons in judgment." Prov. xxiv. 23. Syn. -- Deference; attention; regard; consideration; estimation. See Deference. RESPECTABILITY Re*spect`a*bil"i*ty (r*spkt`*bl"*t), n. Defn: The state or quality of being respectable; the state or quality which deserves or commands respect. RESPECTABLE Re*spect"a*ble (-, a. Etym: [F. respectable, LL. respectabilis.] 1. Worthy of respect; fitted to awaken esteem; deserving regard; hence, of good repute; not mean; as, a respectable citizen. "The respectable quarter of Sicca." J. H. Newman. No government, any more than an individual, will long be respected, without being truly respectable. Madison. 2. Moderate in degree of excellence or in number; as, a respectable performance; a respectable audience. --Re*spect"a*ble*ness,n. -- Re*spect"a*bly, adv. RESPECTANT Re*spect"ant (-ant), a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of respecter. See Respect.] (Her.) Defn: Placed so as to face one another; -- said of animals. RESPECTER Re*spect"er (-r), n. Defn: One who respects. A respecter of persons, one who regards or judges with partiality. Of a truth I perceive that God is no respecter of persons. Acts x. 34. RESPECTFUL Re*spect"ful (-fl), a. Defn: Marked or characterized by respect; as, respectful deportment. With humble joi and with respectful fear. Prior. -- Re*spect"ful*ly, adv. -- Re*spect"ful*ness, n. RESPECTING Re*spect"ing, prep. Defn: With regard or relation to; regarding; concerning; as, respecting his conduct there is but one opinion. RESPECTION Re*spec"tion (r*spk"shn), n. Etym: [Cf.LL. respectio.] Defn: The act of respecting; respect; regard. [Obs.] Without difference or respection of persons. Tyndale. RESPECTIVE Re*spec"tive (r*spk"tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. respectif, LL. respectivus. See Respect.] 1. Noticing with attention; hence, careful; wary; considerate. [Obs.] If you look upon the church of England with a respective eye, you can not . . . refuse this charge. A 2. Looking towardl having reference to; relative, not absolute; as, the respective connections of society. 3. Relating to particular persons or things, each to each; particular; own; as, they returned to their respective places of abode. 4. Fitted to awaken respect. [Obs.] Shak. 5. Rendering respect; respectful; regardful. [Obs.] With respective shame, rose, took us by the hands. Chapman. With thy equals familiar, yet respective. Lord Burleigh. RESPECTIVELY Re*spec"tive*ly, adv. 1. As relating to each; particularly; as each belongs to each; as each refers to each in order; as, let each man respectively perform his duty. The impressions from the objects or the senses do mingle respectively every one with its kind. Bacon. 2. Relatively; not absolutely. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. 3. Partially; with respect to private views. [Obs.] 4. With respect; regardfully. [Obs.] Shak. RESPECTLESS Re*spect"less (r*spkt"ls), a. Defn: Having no respect; without regard; regardless. Rather than again Endure, respectless, their so moving cChapman. -- Re*spect"less*ness, n. [R.] Shelton. RESPECTUOUS Re*spec"tu*ous (r*spk"t*s;135), a. 1. Respectful; as, a respectuous silence. [Obs.] Boyle. 2. Respectable. [Obs.] Knolles. RESPELL Re*spell" (r*spl"), v. t. Defn: To spell again. RESPERSE Re*sperse" (r*sprs"), v. t. Etym: [L. respersus, p. p. of respergere; pref. re- re- + spargere to srew, sprinkle.] Defn: To sprinkle; to scatter. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. RESPERSION Re*sper"sion (r*spr"shn), n. Etym: [L. respersio.] Defn: The act of sprinkling or scattering. [Obs.] RESPIRABILITY Re*spir`a*bil"i*ty (r*spr`*bl"*t or rs`p*r-), n. Etym: [Cf. F. respirabilit.] Defn: The quality or state of being respirable; respirableness. RESPIRABLE Re*spir"a*ble (r*spr"*b'l or rs"p*r*b'l), a. Etym: [Cf. F. respirable.] Defn: Suitable for being breathed; adapted for respiration. -- Re*spir"a*ble*ness, n. RESPIRATION Res`pi*ra"tion (rs`p*r"shn), n. Etym: [L. respiratio: cf. F. respiration. See Respire.] 1. The act of respiring or breathing again, or catching one's breath. 2. Relief from toil or suffering: rest. [Obs.] Till the day Appear of respiration to the just And vengeance to the wicked. Milton. 3. Interval; intermission. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 4. (Physiol.) Defn: The act of resping or breathing; the act of taking in and giving out air; the aggregate of those processes bu which oxygen is introduced into the system, and carbon dioxide, or carbonic acid, removed. Note: Respiration in the higher animals is divided into: (a) Internal respiration, or the interchange of oxygen and carbonic acid between the cells of the body and the bathing them, which in one sense is a process of nutrition. (b) External respiration, or the gaseous interchange taking place in the special respiratory organs, the lungs. This constitutes respiration proper. Gamgee. In the respiration of plants oxygen is likewise absorbed and carbonic acid exhaled, but in the light this process is obscured by another process which goes on with more vigor, in which the plant inhales and absorbs carbonic acid and exhales free oxygen. RESPIRATIONAL Res`pi*ra"tion*al (rs`p*r"shn-al), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to respiration; as, respirational difficulties. RESPIRATIVE Re*spir"a*tive (r*sp*r*tv), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to respiration; as, respirative organs. RESPIRATOR Res"pi*ra`tor (rs"p*r`tr), n. Etym: [Cf. F. respirateur.] Defn: A divice of gauze or wire, covering the mouth or nose, to prevent the inhalation of noxious substances, as dust or smoke. Being warmed by the breath, it tempers cold air passing through it, and may also be used for the inhalation of medicated vapors. RESPIRATORY Re*spir"a*to*ry (r*spr"*t*r or rs"p*r-), a. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to respiration; serving for respiration; as, the respiratory organs; respiratory nerves; the respiratory function; respiratory changes. Respiratory foods. (Physiol.) See 2d Note under Food, n., 1. -- Respiratory tree (Zoöl.), the branched internal gill of certain holothurians. RESPIRE Re*spire" (r*spr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Respired (-sprd"); p. pr. & vvb. n. Respiring.] Etym: [L. respirare, respiratum; pref. re- re- + spirare to breathe: cf. F. respirer. See Spirit.] 1. To take breath again; hence, to take rest or refreshment. Spenser. Here leave me to respire. Milton. From the mountains where I now respire. Byron. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: To breathe; to inhale air into the lungs, and exhale it from them, successively, for the purpose of maintaining the vitality of the blood. RESPIRE Re*spire", v. t. 1. To breathe in and out; to inspire and expire,, as air; to breathe. A native of the land where I respire The clear air for a while. Byron. 2. To breathe out; to exhale. [R.] B. Jonson. RESPITE Res"pite (rs"pt), n. Etym: [OF. respit, F. répit, from L. respectus respect, regard, delay, in LL., the deferring of a day. See Respect.] 1. A putting off of that which was appointed; a postponement or delay. I crave but four day's respite. Shak. 2. Temporary intermission of labor, or of any process or operation; interval of rest; pause; delay. "Without more respite." Chaucer. Some pause and respite only I require. Denham. 3. (Law) (a) Temporary suspension of the execution of a capital offender; reprieve. (b) The delay of appearance at court granted to a jury beyond the proper term. Syn. -- Pause; interval; stop; cessation; delay; postponement; stay; reprieve. RESPITE Res"pite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Respited; p. pr. & vb. n. Respiting.] Etym: [OF. respiter, LL. respectare. See Respite, n.] Defn: To give or grant a respite to. Specifically: (a) To delay or postpone; to put off. (b) To keep back from execution; to reprieve. Forty days longer we do respite you. Shak. (c) To relieve by a pause or interval of rest. "To respite his day labor with repast." Milton. RESPITELESS Res"pite*less, a. Defn: Without respite. Baxter. RESPLENDENCE; RESPLENDENCY Re*splen"dence, Re*splen"den*cy, n. Etym: [L. resplendentia.] Defn: The quality or state of being resplendent; brilliant luster; vivid brightness; splendor. Son! thou in whom my glory I behold In full resplendence, heir of all my might. Milton. The resplendency of his own almighty goodness. Dr. J. Scott. RESPLENDENT Re*splen"dent (-dent), a. Etym: [L. resplendens, -entis, p. pr. of resplendere to shine brightly; pref. re- re- + splendere to shine. See Splendid.] Defn: Shining with brilliant luster; very bright. -- Re*splen"dent*ly, adv. With royal arras and resplendent gold. Spenser. RESPLENDISHANT Re*splen"dish*ant (-dsh*ant), a. Defn: Resplendent; brilliant. [R. & Obs.] Fabyan. RESPLENDISHING Re*splen"dish*ing, a. Defn: Resplendent. [Obs.] RESPLIT Re*split" (r*splt"), v. t. & i. Defn: To split again. RESPOND Re*spond" (r*spnd"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Responded; p. pr. & vb. n. Responding.] Etym: [OF. respondre, F. répondre, fr. L. respondere, responsum; pref. re- re- + spondere to promise. See Sponsor.] 1. To say somethin in return; to answer; to reply; as, to respond to a question or an argument. 2. To show some effect in return to a force; to act in response; to accord; to correspond; to suit. A new affliction strings a new cord in the heart, which responds to some new note of complaint within the wide scale of human woe. Buckminster. To every theme responds thy various lay. Broome. 3. To render satisfaction; to be answerable; as, the defendant is held to respond in damages. [U.S.] Syn. -- To answer; reply; rejoin. See Reply. RESPOND Re*spond", v. t. 1. To answer; to reply. 2. To suit or accord with; to correspond to. [R.] For his great deeds respond his speeches great. Fairfax. RESPOND Re*spond", n. 1. An answer; a response. [R.] 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A short anthem sung at intervals during the reading of a chapter. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A half pier or pillar attached to a wall to support an arch. Oxf. Gloss. RESPONDENCE; RESPONDENCY Re*spond"ence, Re*spond"en*cy, n. Defn: The act of responding; the state of being respondent; an answering. A. Chalmers. The angelical soft trembling voice made To the instruments divine respondence meet. Spenser. RESPONDENT Re*spond"ent (-ent), a. Etym: [L. respondens, p. pr. of respondere.] Defn: Disposed or expected to respond; answering; according; corresponding. Wealth respondent to payment and contributions. Bacon. RESPONDENT Re*spond"ent, n. Etym: [Cf. F. répondant.] Defn: One who responds. It corresponds in general to defendant. Specifically: (a) (Law) One who answers in certain suits or proceedings, generally those which are not according to the course of the common law, as in equity and admiralty causes, in petitions for partition, and the like; -- distinquished from appellant. (b) One who maintains a thesis in reply, and whose province it is to refute objections, or overthrow arguments; -- distinguished from opponent. I. Watts. RESPONDENTIA Re`spon*den"ti*a (r`spn*dn"sh*), n. Etym: [NL. See Respondence.] (Commercial Law) Defn: A loan upon goods laden on board a ship. It differs from bottomry, which is a loan on the ship itself. Bouvier. RESPONSAL Re*spon"sal (r*spn"sal), a. Defn: Answerable. [Obs.] RESPONSAL Re*spon"sal, n. Etym: [Cf.LL. resposalis.] 1. One who is answerable or responsible. [Obs.] Barrow. 2. Response. [Obs.] Brevint. RESPONSE Re*sponse" (r*spns"), n. Etym: [OF. response, respons, F. réponse, from L. responsum, from respondere. See Respond.] 1. The act of responding. 2. An answer or reply. Specifically: (a) Reply to an objection in formal disputation. I. Watts. (b) (Eccl.) The answer of the people or congregation to the priest or clergyman, in the litany and other parts of divine service. (c) (R.C.Ch.) A kind of anthem sung after the lessons of matins and some other parts of the office. (d) (Mus.) A repetition of the given subject in a fugue by another part on the fifth above or fourth below. Busby. RESPONSELESS Re*sponse"less, a. Defn: Giving no response. RESPONSIBILITY Re*spon`si*bil"i*ty (r*spn`s*bl"*t), n.; pl. -ties (-t. Etym: [Cf. F. responsabilité.] 1. The state of being responsible, accountable, or answerable, as for a trust, debt, or obligation. 2. That for which anyone is responsible or accountable; as, the resonsibilities of power. 3. Ability to answer in payment; means of paying. RESPONSIBLE Re*spon"si*ble (r*spn"s*b'l), a. Etym: [Cf. F. responsable. See Respond.] 1. Liable to respond; likely to be called upon to answer; accountable; answerable; amenable; as, a guardian is responsible to the court for his conduct in the office. 2. Able to respond or answer for one's conduct and obligations; trustworthy, financially or otherwise; as, to have a responsible man for surety. 3. Involving responsibility; involving a degree of accountability on the part of the person concerned; as, a responsible office. Syn. -- Accountable; answerable; amenable. -- Re*spon"si*ble*ness, n. -- Re*spon"si*bly, adv. RESPONSION Re*spon"sion (-shn), n. Etym: [L. responsio. See Respond.] 1. The act of answering. [Obs.] 2. (University of Oxford) Defn: The first university examination; -- called also little go. See under Little, a. RESPONSIVE Re*spon"sive (-sv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. resposif.] 1. That responds; ready or inclined to respond. 2. Suited to something else; correspondent. The vocal lay responsive to the strings. Pope. 3. Responsible. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. -- Re*spon"sive*ly, adv. -- Re*spon"sive*ness, n. RESPONSORIAL Re`spon*so"ri*al (r`spn*s"r-al), a. Defn: Responsory; antiphonal. J. H. Newman. RESPONSORY Re*spon"so*ry (r*spn"s*r), a. Defn: Containing or making answer; answering. Johnson. RESPONSORY Re*spon"so*ry, n.; pl. -ries (-r. Etym: [LL. responsorium.] 1. (Eccl.) (a) The answer of the people to the priest in alternate speaking, in church service. (b) A versicle sung in answer to the priest, or as a refrain. Which, if should repeat again, would turn my answers into responsories, and beget another liturgy. Milton. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: An antiphonary; a response book. RESSALDAR Res"sal*dar (res"sal*där), n. [Hind. risaldar, fr. risala troop of horse + Per. dar holding.] (Mil.) Defn: In the Anglo-Indian army, a native commander of a ressala. REST Rest (rst), v. t. Etym: [For arrest.] Defn: To arrest. [Obs.] REST Rest, n. Etym: [AS. rest, r, rest; akin to D. rust, G. rast. OHG. rasta, Dan. & Sw. rast rest, repose, Icel. r the distance between two resting places, a mole, Goth. rasta a mile, also to Goth. razn house, Icel. rann, and perhaps to G. ruhe rest, repose, AS. r, Gr. Ransack.] 1. A state of quiet or repose; a cessation from motion or labor; tranquillity; as, rest from mental exertion; rest of body or mind. Chaucer. Sleep give thee all his rest! Shak. 2. Hence, freedom from everything which wearies or disturbs; peace; security. And the land had rest fourscore years. Judges iii. 30. 3. Sleep; slumber; hence, poetically, death. How sleep the brave who sink to rest, By all their country's wishes blest. Collins. 4. That on which anything rests or leans for support; as, a rest in a lathe, for supporting the cutting tool or steadying the work. He made narrowed rests round about, that the beams should not be fastened in the walls of the house. 1 Kings vi. 6. 5. (Anc. Armor) Defn: A projection from the right side of the cuirass, serving to support the lance. Their visors closed, their lances in the rest. Dryden. 6. A place where one may rest, either temporarily, as in an inn, or permanently, as, in an abode. "Halfway houses and travelers' rests." J. H. Newman. In dust our final rest, and native home. Milton. Ye are not as yet come to the rest and to the inheritance which the Lord your God giveth you. Deut. xii. 9. 7. (Pros.) Defn: A short pause in reading verse; a cæsura. 8. The striking of a balance at regular intervals in a running account. "An account is said to be taken with annual or semiannual rests." Abbott. 9. A set or game at tennis. [Obs.] 10. (Mus.) Defn: Silence in music or in one of its parts; the name of the character that stands for such silence. They are named as notes are, whole, half, quarter,etc. Rest house, an empty house for the accomodation of travelers; a caravansary. [India] -- To set, or To set up, one's rest, to have a settled determination; -- from an old game of cards, when one so expressed his intention to stand or rest upon his hand. [Obs.] Shak. Bacon. Syn. -- Cessation; pause; intermission; stop; stay; repose; slumber; quiet; ease; quietness; stillness; tranquillity; peacefulness; pease. -- Rest, Repose. Rest is a ceasing from labor or exertion; repose is a mode of resting which gives relief and refreshment after toil and labor. The words are commonly interchangeable. REST Rest (rst), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rested; p. pr. & vb. n. Resting.] Etym: [AS. restan. See Rest, n.] 1. To cease from action or motion, especially from action which has caused weariness; to desist from labor or exertion. God . . . rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. Gen. ii. 2. Six days thou shalt do thy work, and on the seventh day thou shalt rest. Ex. xxiii. 12. 2. To be free from whanever wearies or disturbs; to be quiet or still. There rest, if any rest can harbor there. Milton. 3. To lie; to repose; to recline; to lan; as, to rest on a couch. 4. To stand firm; to be fixed; to be supported; as, a column rests on its pedestal. 5. To sleep; to slumber; hence, poetically, to be dead. Fancy . . . then retries Into her private cell when Nature rests. Milton. 6. To lean in confidence; to trust; to rely; to repose without anxiety; as, to rest on a man's promise. On him I rested, after long debate, And not without considering, fixed Dryden. 7. To be satisfied; to acquiesce. To rest in Heaven's determination. Addison. To rest with, to be in the power of; to depend upon; as, it rests with him to decide. REST Rest, v. t. 1. To lay or place at rest; to quiet. Your piety has paid All needful rites, to rest my wandering shade. Dryden. 2. To place, as on a support; to cause to lean. Her weary head upon your bosom rest. Waller. REST Rest, n. Etym: [F. reste, fr. rester to remain, L. restare to stay back, remain; pref. re- re- + stare to stand, stay. See Stand, and cf. Arrest, Restive.] (With the definite article.) 1. That which is left, or which remains after the separation of a part, either in fact or in contemplation; remainder; residue. Religion gives part of its reward in hand, the present comfort of having done our duty, and, for the rest, it offers us the best security that Heaven can give. Tillotson. 2. Those not included in a proposition or description; the remainder; others. "Plato and the rest of the philosophers." Bp. Stillingfleet. Armed like the rest, the Trojan prince appears. DRyden. 3. (Com.) Defn: A surplus held as a reserved fund by a bank to equalize its dividends, etc.; in the Bank of England, the balance of assets above liabilities. [Eng.] Syn. -- Remainder; overplus; surplus; remnant; residue; reserve; others. REST Rest, v. i. Etym: [F. rester. See Rest remainder.] Defn: To be left; to remain; to continue to be. The affairs of men rest still uncertain. Shak. RESTAGNANT Re*stag"nant (r*stg"nant), a. Etym: [L. restagnans, p. pr. ] Defn: Stagnant; motionless. [Obs.] Boyle. RESTAGNATE Re*stag"nate (-nt), v. i. Etym: [L. restagnare to overflow.] Defn: To stagnate; to cease to flow. [Obs.] Wiseman. RESTAGNATION Re`stag*na"tion (-n"shn), n. Etym: [L. restagnatio aninundation.] Defn: Stagnation. [Obs.] RESTANT Res"tant (rs"tant), a. Etym: [L. restans, p. pr. of restare: cf. F. restant. See Rest remainder.] (Bot.) Defn: Persistent. RESTATE Re*state" (r*stt"), v. t. Defn: To state anew. Palfrey. RESTAURANT Res"tau*rant (rs"t*rnt;277), n. Etym: [F., fr. restaurer. See Restore.] Defn: An eating house. RESTAURATE Res"tau*rate (rs"t*rt), v. t. Etym: [L. restauratus, p. p. of restaurare. See Restore.] Defn: To restore. [Obs.] RESTAURATEUR Re`stau`ra`teur" (r`st`r`tr"), n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The keeper of an eathing house or a restaurant. RESTAURATION Res`tau*ra"tion (rs`t*r"shn), n. Etym: [LL. restauratio: cf. F. restauration.] Defn: Restoration. [Obs.] Cower. REST CURE Rest cure. (Med.) Defn: Treatment of severe nervous disorder, as neurasthenia, by rest and isolation with systematic feeding and the use of massage and electricity. RESTEM Re*stem" (r*stm"), v. t. 1. To force back against the current; as, to restem their backward course. Shak. 2. To stem, or as, to restem a current. RESTFUL Rest"ful (rst"fl), a. 1. Being at rest; quiet. Shak. 2. Giving rest; freeing from toil, trouble, etc. Tired with all these, for restful death I cry. Shak. -- Rest"ful*ly, adv. -- Rest"ful*ness, n. REST-HARROW Rest"-har`row (-hr`r), n. (Bot.) Defn: A European leguminous plant (Ononis arvensis) with long, tough roots. RESTIFF Rest"iff, a. Defn: Restive. [Obs.] RESTIFF Rest"iff, n. Defn: A restive or stubborn horse. [Obs.] RESTIFFNESS Rest"iff*ness, n. Defn: Restiveness. [Obs.] RESTIFORM Res"ti*form (rs"t*frm), a.Etym: [L. restis rope + -form.] (Anat.) Defn: Formed like a rope; -- applied especially to several ropelike bundles or masses of fibers on the dorsal side of the medulla oblongata. RESTILY Rest"i*ly (rst"*l), adv. Defn: In a resty manner. [Obs.] RESTINCTION Re*stinc"tion (r*stnk"shn), n.Etym: [L. restinctio. See Restinguish.] Defn: Act of quenching or extingishing. [Obs.] RESTINESS Rest"i*ness (rst`*ns), n. Defn: The quality or state of being resty; sluggishness. [Obs.] The snake by restiness and lying still all winter. Holland. RESTING Rest"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Rest, v. t. & i. Resting spore (Bot.), a spore in certain orders of algæ, which remains quiescent, retaining its vitality, for long periods of time. C. E. Bessey. RESTINGUISH Re*stin"guish (r*stn"gwsh), v. t. Etym: [L. restinquere, restinctum; pref. re- re- + stinquere to quench.] Defn: To quench or extinguish. [Obs.] R. Field. RESTITUTE Res"ti*tute (rs"t*tt), v. t. Etym: [L. restitutus, p. p. of restituere; pref. re- re- + statuere to put, place. See Statute.] Defn: To restore to a former state. [R.] Dyer. RESTITUTE Res"ti*tute, n. Defn: That which is restored or offered in place of something; a substitute. [R.] RESTITUTION Res`ti*tu"tion (rs`t*t"shn), n. Etym: [F. restitution, L. restitutio. See Restitute, v.] 1. The act of restoring anything to its rightful owner, or of making good, or of giving an equivalent for any loss, damage, or injury; indemnification. A restitution of ancient rights unto the crown. Spenser. He restitution to the value makes. Sandys. 2. That which is offered or given in return for what has been lost, injured, or destroved; compensation. 3. (Physics) Defn: The act of returning to, or recovering, a former state; as, the restitution of an elastic body. 4. (Med.) Defn: The movement of rotetion which usually occurs in childbirth after the head has been delivered, and which causes the latter to point towards the side to which it was directed at the beginning of labor. Syn. -- Restoration; return; indemnification; reparation; compensation; amends; remuneration. RESTITUTOR Res"ti*tu`tor (rs"t*t`tr), n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. restituteur.] Defn: One who makes restitution. [R]. RESTIVE Rest"ive (rst"v), a. Etym: [OF. restif, F. rétif, fr. L. restare to stay back, withstand, resist. See Rest remainder, and cf. Restiff.] . Defn: Unwilling to go on; obstinate in refusing to move forward; stubborn; drawing back. Restive or resty, drawing back, instead of going forward, as some horses do. E. Philips (1658). The people remarked with awe and wonder that the beasts which were to drag him [Abraham Holmes] to the gallows became restive, and went back. Macaulay. 2. Inactive; sluggish. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 3. Impatient under coercion, chastisement, or opposition; refractory. 4. Uneasy; restless; averse to standing still; fidgeting about; -- applied especially to horses. Trench. -- Rest"ive, adv. -- Rest"ive*ness, n. RESTLESS Rest"less, a. Etym: [AS. restleás.] 1. Never resting; unquiet; uneasy; continually moving; as, a restless child. Chaucer. "Restless revolution day by day." Milton. 2. Not satisfied to be at rest or in peace; averse to repose or quiet; eager for change; discontented; as, restless schemers; restless ambition; restless subjects. "Restless at home , and ever prone to range." Dryden. 3. Deprived of rest or sleep. Restless he passed the remnants of the night. Dryden. 4. Passed in unquietness; as, the patient has had a restless night. 5. Not affording rest; as, a restless chair. Cowper. Restless thrush. (Zoöl.) See Grinder, 3. Syn. -- Unquiet; uneasy; disturbed; disquieted; sleepless; agitated; unsettled; roving; wandering. -- Rest"less*ly, adv.- Rest"less*ness, n. RESTORABLE Re*stor"a*ble (r*str"*b'l), a. Defn: Admitting of being restored; capable of being reclaimed; as, restorable land. Swift. -- Re*stor"a*ble*ness, n. RESTORAL Re*stor"al (-al), n. Defn: Restoration. [Obs.] Barrow. RESTORATION Res`to*ra"tion (rs`t*r"shn), n. Etym: [OE. restauracion, F. restauration, fr. L. restauratio. See Restore.] 1. The act of restoring or bringing back to a former place, station, or condition; the fact of being restored; renewal; reëstablishment; as, the restoration of friendship between enemies; the restoration of peace after war. Behold the different climes agree, Rejoicing in thy restoration. Dryden. 2. The state of being restored; recovery of health, strength, etc.; as, restoration from sickness. 3. That which is restored or renewed. The restoration (Eng. Hist.), the return of King Charles II. in 1660, and the reëstablishment of monarchy. -- Universal restoration (Theol.), the final recovery of all men from sin and alienation from God to a state of happiness; universal salvation. Syn. -- Recovery; replacement; renewal; renovation; redintegration; reinstatement; reëstablishment; return; revival; restitution; reparation. RESTORATIONER Res`to*ra"tion*er (-r), n. Defn: A Restorationist. RESTORATIONISM Res`to*ra"tion*ism (-z'm), n. Defn: The belief or doctrines of the Restorationists. RESTORATIONIST Res`to*ra"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who believes in a temporary future punishment and a final restoration of all to the favor and presence of God; a Universalist. RESTORATIVE Re*stor"a*tive (r*str"*tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. restoratif.] Defn: Of or pertaining to restoration; having power to restore. Destroys life's enemy, Hunger, with sweet restorative delight. Milton. RESTORATIVE Re*stor"a*tive, n. Defn: Something which serves to restore; especially, a restorative medicine. Arbuthnot. RESTORATIVELY Re*stor"a*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a restorative manner. RESTORATOR Res"to*ra`tor (rs"t*r`tr), n. Defn: A restaurateur. RESTORATORY Re*stor"a*to*ry (r*str"*t*r), a. Defn: Restorative. [R.] RE-STORE Re-store" (r*str"), v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + store.] Defn: To store again; as, the goods taken out were re-stored. RESTORE Re*store" (r*str"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Restored (r-strd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Restoring.] Etym: [OE. restoren, OF. restorer, F. restaurer, fr. L. restaurare; pref. re- re- + an unused word; cf. Gr. sth fixed, firm. Cf. Restaurant, Store.] Defn: To bring back to its former state; to bring back from a state of ruin, decay, disease, or the like; to repair; to renew; to recover. "To restore and to build Jerusalem." Dan. ix. 25. Our fortune restored after the severest afflictions. Prior. And his hand was restored whole as the other. Mark iii. 5. 2. To give or bring back, as that which has been lost., or taken away; to bring back to the owner; to replace. Now therefore restore the man his wife. Gen. xx. 7. Loss of Eden, till one greater man Restore us, and regain the blissful seat. Milton. The father banished virtue shall restore. Dryden. 3. To renew; to reëstablish; as, to restore harmony among those who are variance. 4. To give in place of, or as satisfaction for. He shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep. Ex. xxii. 1. 5. To make good; to make amends for. But if the while I think on thee, dear friend, All losses are restored, and sorrows end. Shak. 6. (Fine Arts) (a) To bring back from a state of injury or decay, or from a changed condition; as, to restore a painting, statue, etc. (b) To form a picture or model of, as of something lost or mutilated; as, to restore a ruined building, city, or the like. Syn. -- To return; replace; refund; repay; reinstate; rebuild; reëstablish; renew; repair; revive; recover; heal; cure. RESTORE Re*store", n. Defn: Restoration. [Obs.] Spenser. RESTOREMENT Re*store"ment, n. Defn: Restoration. [Obs.] RESTORER Re*stor"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, restores. RESTRAIN Re*strain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Restrained; p. pr. & vb. n. Restraining.] Etym: [OE. restreinen, F. restreindre, fr. L. restringere, restrictum; pref. re- re- + stringere to draw, bind, or press together. See Strain, v. t., and cf. Restrict.] 1. To draw back again; to hold back from acting, proceeding, or advancing, either by physical or moral force, or by any interposing obstacle; to repress or suppress; to keep down; to curb. Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature Gives way to in repose! Shak. 2. To draw back toghtly, as a rein. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To hinder from unlimited enjoiment; to abridge. Though they two were committed, at least restrained of their liberty. Clarendon. 4. To limit; to confine; to restrict. Trench. Not only a metaphysical or natural, but a moral, universality also is to be restrained by a part of the predicate. I. Watts. 5. To withhold; to forbear. Thou restrained prayer before God. Job. xv. 4. Syn. -- To check; hinder; stop; withhold; repress; curb; suppress; coerce; restrict; limit; confine. RESTRAINABLE Re*strain"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being restrained; controllable. Sir T. Browne. RESTRAINEDLY Re*strain"ed*ly, adv. Defn: With restraint. Hammond. RESTRAINER Re*strain"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, restrains. RESTRAINMENT Re*strain"ment, n. Defn: The act of restraining. RESTRAINT Re*straint", n. Etym: [OF. restraincte, fr. restrainct, F. restreint, p. p. of restraindre, restrendre. See Restrain.] 1. The act or process of restraining, or of holding back or hindering from motion or action, in any manner; hindrance of the will, or of any action, physical or mental. No man was altogether above the restrains of law, and no man altogether below its protection. Macaulay. 2. The state of being restrained. 3. That which restrains, as a law, a prohibition, or the like; limitation; restriction. For one restraint, lords of the world besides. Milton. Syn. -- Repression; hindrance; check; stop; curb; RESTRENGTHEN Re*strength"en, v. t. Defn: To strengthen again; to fortify anew. RESTRICT Re*strict", a. Etym: [L. restrictus, p. p. of restringere. See Restrain.] Defn: Restricted. [Obs.] RESTRICT Re*strict", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Restricted; p. pr. & vb. n. Restricting.] Defn: To restrain within bounds; to limit; to confine; as, to restrict worlds to a particular meaning; to restrict a patient to a certain diet. Syn. -- To limit; bound; circumscribe; restrain; repress; curb; coerce. RESTRICTION Re*stric"tion, n. Etym: [F. restriction, L. restrictio.] 1. The act of restricting, or state of being restricted; confinement within limits or bounds. This is to have the same restriction with all other recreations,that it be made a divertisement. Giv. of Tonque. 2. That which restricts; limitation; restraint; as, restrictions on trade. RESTRICTIONARY Re*stric"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Restrictive. [R.] RESTRICTIVE Re*strict"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. restrictif.] 1. Serving or tending to restrict; limiting; as, a restrictive particle; restrictive laws of trade. 2. Astringent or styptic in effect. [Obs.] Wiseman. -- Re*strict"ive*ly, adv. -- Re*strict"ive*ness, n. RESTRINGE Re*stringe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Restringed; p. pr. & vb. n. Restringing.] Etym: [L. restringere. See Restrain.] Defn: To confine; to contract; to stringe. [Obs.] RESTRINGENCY Re*strin"gen*cy, n. Defn: Quality or state of being restringent; astringency. [Obs.] Sir W. Petty. RESTRINGENT Re*strin"gent, a. Etym: [L. restringens, p. pr.: cf. F. restringent.] Defn: Restringing; astringent; styptic. [Obs.] -- n. Defn: A restringent medicine. [Obs.] Harvey. RESTRIVE Re*strive", v. i. Defn: To strive anew. RESTY Rest"y, a. Defn: Disposed to rest; indisposed toexercton; sluggish; also, restive. [Obs.] Burton. Where the master is too resty or too rich to say his own prayers. Milton. RESUBJECTION Re`sub*jec"tion, n. Defn: A second subjection. RESUBLIME Re`sub*lime", v. t. Defn: To sublime again. Newton. -- Re*sub`li*ma"tion, n. RESUDATION Re`su*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. resudare to sweat again. See Sudation.] Defn: Act of sweating again. RESULT Re*sult", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Resulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Resulting.] Etym: [F. résulter, fr. L. resultare, resultarum, to spring or leap back, v. intens. fr. resilire. See Resile.] 1. To leap back; to rebound. [Obs.] The huge round stone, resulting with a bound. Pope. 2. To come out, or have an issue; to terminate; to have consequences; -- followed by in; as, this measure will result in good or in evil. 3. To proceed, spring, or rise, as a consequence, from facts, arguments, premises, combination of circumstances, consultation, thought, or endeavor. Pleasure and peace do naturally result from a holy and good life. Tillotson. Resulting trust (Law), a trust raised by implication for the benefit of a party granting an estate. The phrase is also applied to a trust raised by implication for the benefit of a party who advances the purchase money of an estate, etc. Bouvier. -- Resulting use (Law), a use which, being limited by the deed, expires or can not vest, and thence returns to him who raised it. Bouvier. Syn. -- To proceed; spring; rise; arise; ensue; terminate. RESULT Re*sult", n. 1. A flying back; resilience. [Obs.] Sound is produced between the string and the air by the return or the result of the string. Bacon. 2. That which results; the conclusion or end to which any course or condition of things leads, or which is obtained by any process or operation; consequence or effect; as, the result of a course of action; the result of a mathematical operation. If our proposals once again were heard, We should compel them to a quick result. Milton. 3. The decision or determination of a council or deliberative assembly; a resolve; a decree. Then of their session ended they bid cry With trumpet's regal sound the great result. Milton. Syn. -- Effect; consequence; conclusion; inference; issue; event. See Effect. RESULTANCE Re*sult"ance, n. Defn: The act of resulting; that which results; a result. Donne. RESULTANT Re*sult"ant, a. Etym: [L. resultans, p. pr. : cf. F. résultant.] Defn: Resulting or issuing from a combination; existing or following as a result or consequence. Resultant force or motion (Mech.), a force which is the result of two or more forces acting conjointly, or a motion which is the result of two or more motions combined. See Composition of forces, under Composition. RESULTANT Re*sult"ant, n. Defn: That which results. Specifically: (a) (Mech.) A reultant force or motion. (b) (Math.) An eliminant. The resultant of homogeneous general functions of n variables is that function of their coefficients which, equaled to zero, expresses in the simplest terms the condition of the possibility of their existence. Sylvester. RESULTATE Re*sult"ate, n. Etym: [L. resultatus, p. p. ] Defn: A result. [Obs.] "The resultate of their counsil." BAcon. RESULTFUL Re*sult"ful, a. Defn: HAving results or effects. RESULTIVE Re*sult"ive, a. Defn: Resultant. [Obs.] Fuller. RESULTLESS Re*sult"less, a. Defn: Being without result; as, resultless investigations. RESUMABLE Re*sum"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of, or admitting of, being resumed. Sir M. HAle. RESUME Re`su"mé", n. Etym: [F. See Resume.] Defn: A summing up; a condensed statement; an abridgment or brief recapitulation. The exellent little résumé thereof in Dr. Landsborough's book. C. Kingsley. RESUME Re*sume", v. t. [imp & p. p. Resumed;p. pr. & vb. n. Resuming.] Etym: [L. resumere, resumptum; pref. re- re- + sumere to take: cf. F. résumer. See Assume, Redeem.] 1. To take back. The sun, like this, from which our sight we have, Gazed on too long, resumes the light he gave. Denham. Perhaps God will resume the blessing he has bestowed ere he attains the age of manhood. Sir W. Scott. 2. To enter upon, or take up again. Reason resumed her place, and Passion fled. Dryden. 3. To begin again; to recommence, as something which has been interrupted; as, to resume an argument or discourse. RESUMMON Re*sum"mon, v. t. Defn: To summon again. RESUMMONS Re*sum"mons, n. Defn: A second summons. RESUMPTION Re*sump"tion, n. Etym: [cf. F. résumption, L. resumptio restoration, recovery, fr. resumere. See Resume.] 1. The act of resuming; as, the resumption of a grant, of delegated powers, of an argument, of specie payments, etc. 2. (Eng.Law) Defn: The taking again into the king's hands of such lands or tenements as he had granted to any man on false suggestions or other error. RESUMPTIVE Re*sump"tive, a. Etym: [cf. L. resumptivus restorative.] Defn: Taking back; resuming, or tending toward resumption; as, resumptive measures. RESUPINATE Re*su"pi*nate, a. Etym: [L. resupinatus, p. p. of resupinare to bend back. See Resupine.] Defn: Inverted in position; appearing to be upside down or reversed, as the flowers of the orchis and the leaves of some plants. RESUPINATED Re*su"pi*na`ted, a. Defn: Resupinate. RESUPINATION Re*su`pi*na"tion, n. Defn: The state of luing on the back; the state of being resupinate, or reversed. Our Vitruvius calleth this affection in the eye a resupination of the figure. Sir H. Wotton. RESUPINE Re`su*pine", a. Etym: [L. resupinus; pref.re- re- + supinus bent backward, supine.] Defn: Lying on the back; supine; hence, careless. Sir K. Digby. He spake, and, downward swayed, fell resupine, With his huge neck aslant. Cowper. RESUPPLY Re`sup*ply", v. t. Defn: To supply again. RESURGENCE Re*sur"gence, n. Defn: The act of rising again; resurrection. RESURGENT Re*sur"gent, a. Etym: [L. resurgens, -entis, p. pr. of resurgere. See Resurrection.] Defn: Rising again, as from the dead. Coleridge. RESURGENT Re*sur"gent, n. Defn: One who rises again, as from the dead. [R.] Sydney Smith. RESURRECT Res`ur*rect", v. t. Etym: [See Resurrection.] 1. To take from the grave; to disinter. [Slang] 2. To reanimate; to restore to life; to bring to view (that which was forgotten or lost). [Slang] RESURRECTION Res`ur*rec"tion, n. Etym: [F. résurrection, L. resurrectio, fr. resurgere, resurrectum, to rise again; pref. re- re- + surgere to rise. See Source.] 1. A rising again; the resumption of vigor. 2. Especially, the rising again from the dead; the resumption of life by the dead; as, the resurrection of Jesus Christ; the general resurrection of all the dead at the Day of Judgment. Nor after resurrection shall he stay Longer on earth. Milton. 3. State of being risen from the dead; future state. In the resurrection they neither marry nor are given in marriage. Matt. xxii. 30. 4. The cause or exemplar of a rising from the dead. I am the resurrection, and the life. John xi. 25. Cross of the resurrection, a slender cross with a pennant floating from the junction of the bars. -- Resurrection plant (Bot.), a name given to several species of Selaginella (as S. convoluta and S. lepidophylla), flowerless plants which, when dry, close up so as to resemble a bird's nest, but revive and expand again when moistened. The name is sometimes also given to the rose of Jericho. See under Rose. RESURRECTIONIST Res`ur*rec"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who steals bodies from the grave, as for dissection. [Slang] RESURRECTIONIZE Res`ur*rec"tion*ize, v. t. Defn: To raise from the dead. [R.] Southey. RESURVEY Re`sur*vey", v. t. Defn: To survey again or anew; to review. Shak. RESURVEY Re*sur"vey, n. Defn: A second or new survey. RESUSCITABLE Re*sus"ci*ta*ble, a. Defn: Capable of resuscitation; as, resuscitable plants. Boyle. RESUSCITANT Re*sus"ci*tant, n. Defn: One who, or that which resuscitates. Also used adjectively. RESUSCITATE Re*sus"ci*tate, a. Etym: [L. resuscitatus, p. p. of resuscitare; pref. re- re- + suscitare to raise, rouse. See Suscitate.] Defn: Restored to life. [R.] Bp. Gardiner. RESUSCITATE Re*sus"ci*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Resuscitated;p. pr. & vb. n. Resuscitating.] Defn: To revivify; to revive; especially, to recover or restore from apparent death; as, to resuscitate a drowned person; to resuscitate withered plants. RESUSCITATE Re*sus"ci*tate, v. i. Defn: To come to life again; to revive. These projects, however often slain, always resuscitate. J. S. Mill. RESUSCITATION Re*sus`ci*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. resuscitatio.] Defn: The act of resuscitating, or state of being resuscitated. The subject of resuscitation by his sorceries. Sir W. Scott. RESUSCITATIVE Re*sus"ci*ta*tive, a. Defn: Tending to resuscitate; reviving; revivifying. RESUSCITATOR Re*sus"ci*ta`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who, or that which, resuscitates. RET Ret, v. t. Defn: See Aret. [Obs.] Chaucer. RET Ret, v. t. Etym: [Akin to rot.] Defn: To prepare for use, as flax, by separating the fibers from the woody part by process of soaking, macerating, and other treatment. Ure. RETABLE Re*ta"ble, n. (Eccl.) Defn: A shelf behind the altar, for display of lights, vases of wlowers, etc. RETAIL Re"tail, n. Etym: [F. retaille piece cut off, shred, paring, or OF. retail, from retailler. See Retail, v.] Defn: The sale of commodities in small quantities or parcels; -- opposed to wholesale; sometimes, the sale of commodities at second hand. RETAIL Re"tail, a. Defn: Done at retail; engaged in retailing commodities; as a retail trade; a retail grocer. RETAIL Re*tail", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retailed;p. pr. & vb. n. Retailing.] Etym: [Cf. F. retailler to cut again; pref. re- re + tailler to cut. See Retail, n., Tailor, and cf. Detail.] 1. To sell in small quantities, as by the single yard, pound, gallon, etc.; to sell directly to the consumer; as, to retail cloth or groceries. 2. To sell at second hand. [Obs. or R.] Pope. 3. To distribute in small portions or at second hand; to tell again or to many (what has been told or done); to report; as, to retail slander. "To whom I will retail my conquest won." Shak. He is wit's peddler, and retails his wares At wakes and wassails. Shak. RETAILER Re*tail"er, n. Defn: One who retails anything; as, a retailer of merchandise; a retailer of gossip. RETAILMENT Re*tail"ment, n. Defn: The act of retailing. RETAIN Re*tain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retained; p. pr. & vb. n. Retaining.] Etym: [F. retainir, L. retinere; pref. re- re- + tenere to hold, keep. See Tenable, and cf. Rein of a bridle, Retention, Retinue.] 1. To continue to hold; to keep in possession; not to lose, part with, or dismiss; to retrain from departure, escape, or the like. "Thy shape invisibleretain." Shak. Be obedient, and retain Unalterably firm his love entire. Milton. An executor may retain a debt due to him from the testator. Blackstone. 2. To keep in pay; to employ by a preliminary fee paid; to hire; to engage; as, to retain a counselor. A Benedictine convent has now retained the most learned father of their order to write in its defense. Addison. 3. To restrain; to prevent. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple. Retaining wall (Arch. & Engin.), a wall built to keep any movable backing, or a bank of sand or earth, in its place; -- called also retain wall. Syn. -- To keep; hold; retrain. See Keep. RETAIN Re*tain", v. i. 1. To belong; to pertain. [Obs.] A somewhat languid relish, retaining to bitterness. Boyle. 2. To keep; to continue; to remain. [Obs.] Donne. RETAINABLE Re*tain"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being retained. RETAINAL Re*tain"al, n. Defn: The act of retaining; retention. RETAINER Re*tain"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, retains. 2. One who is retained or kept in service; an attendant; an adherent; a hanger-on. 3. Hence, a servant, not a domestic, but occasionally attending and wearing his master's livery. Cowell. 4. (Law) (a) The act of a client by which he engages a lawyer or counselor to manage his cause. (b) The act of withholding what one has in his hands by virtue of some right. (c) A fee paid to engage a lawyer or counselor to maintain a cause, or to prevent his being employed by the opposing party in the case; -- called also retaining fee. Bouvier. Blackstone. 5. The act of keeping dependents, or the state of being in dependence. Bacon. RETAINMENT Re*tain"ment, n. Defn: The act of retaining; retention. Dr. H. More. RETAKE Re*take", v. t. 1. To take or receive again. 2. To take from a captor; to recapture; as, to retake a ship or prisoners. RETAKER Re*tak"er, n. Defn: One who takes again what has been taken; a recaptor. Kent. RETALIATE Re*tal"i*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retaliated; p. pr. & vb. n. Retaliating.] Etym: [L. retaliatus, p. p. of retaliare to retaliate; pref. re- re- + a word akin to talio talion, retaliation. Cf. Talion.] Defn: To return the like for; to repay or requite by an act of the same kind; to return evil for (evil). [Now seldom used except in a bad sense.] One ambassador sent word to the duke's son that his visit should be retaliated. Sir T. Herbert. It is unlucky to be obliged to retaliate the injuries of authors, whose works are so soon forgotten that we are in danger of appearing the first aggressors. Swift. RETALIATE Re*tal"i*ate, v. i. Defn: To return like for like; specifically, to return evil for evil; as, to retaliate upon an enemy. RETALIATION Re*tal`i*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of retaliating, or of returning like for like; retribution; now, specifically, the return of evil for evil; e.g., an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. God . . . takes what is done to others as done to himself, and by promise obloges himself to full retaliation. Calamy. Syn. -- Requital; reprisal; retribution; punishment. RETALIATIVE Re*tal"i*a*tive, a. Defn: Same as Retaliatory. RETALIATORY Re*tal"i*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to, or involving, retaliation; retaliative; as retaliatory measures. RETARD Re*tard", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Retarding.] Etym: [L. retardare, retardatum; pref. re- re- + tardare to make slow, to delay, fr. tardus slow: cf. F. retarder. See Tardy.] 1. To keep delaying; to continue to hinder; to prevent from progress; to render more slow in progress; to impede; to hinder; as, to retard the march of an army; to retard the motion of a ship; -- opposed to Ant: accelerate. 2. To put off; to postpone; as, to retard the attacks of old age; to retard a rupture between nations. Syn. -- To impede; hinder; obstruct; detain; delay; procrastinate; postpone; defer. RETARD Re*tard", v. i. Defn: To stay back. [Obs.] Sir. T. Browne. RETARD Re*tard", n. Defn: Retardation; delay. Retard, or Age, of the tide, the interval between the transit of the moon at which a tide originates and the appearance of the tide itself. It is found, in general, that any particular tide is not principally due to the moon's transit immediatelly proceeding, but to a transit which has occured some time before, and which is said to correspond to it. The retard of the tide is thus distinguished from the lunitidal interval. See under Retardation. rHam. Nav. Encyc. RETARDATION Re`tar*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. retardatio: cf. F. retardation.] 1. The act of retarding; hindrance; the act of delaying; as, the retardation of the motion of a ship; -- opposed to Ant: acceleration. The retardations of our fluent motion. De Quinsey. 2. That which retards; an obstacle; an obstruction. Hills, sloughs, and other terrestrial retardations. Sir W. Scott. 3. (Mus.) Defn: The keeping back of an approaching consonant chord by prolonging one or more tones of a previous chord into the intermediate chord which follows; -- differing from suspension by resolving upwards instead of downwards. 4. The extent to which anything is retarded; the amount of retarding or delay. Retardation of the tide. (a) The lunitidal interval, or the hour angle of the moon at the time of high tide any port; the interval between the transit of the moon and the time of high tide next following. (b) The age of the tide; the retard of the tide. See under Retard, n. RETARDATIVE Re*tard"a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. retardatif.] Defn: Tending, or serving, to retard. RETARDER Re*tard"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, retards. RETARDMENT Re*tard"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. retardement.] Defn: The act of retarding; retardation. Cowley. RETCH Retch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Retched; p. pr. & vb. n. Retching.] Etym: [AS. hr to clear the throat, hawk, fr. hraca throat; akin to G. rachen, and perhaps to E. rack neck.] Defn: To make an effort to vomit; to strain, as in vomiting. [Written also reach.] Beloved Julia, hear me still beseeching! (Here he grew inarticulate with retching.) Byron. RETCH Retch, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Reck.] Defn: To care for; to heed; to reck. [Obs.] Chaucer. RETCHLESS Retch"less, a. Defn: Careless; reckless. [Obs.] Dryden. --- Retch"less*ly, adv. -- Retch"less*ness, n. [Obs.] RETE Re"te, n. Etym: [L., a net.] (Anat.) Defn: A net or network; a plexus; particularly, a network of blood vessels or nerves, or a part resembling a network. RETECIOUS Re*te"cious, a. Etym: [L. rete a net.] Defn: Resembling network; retiform. RETECTION Re*tec"tion, n. Etym: [L. retegere, retectum, to uncover; pref. re- + tegere to cover.] Defn: Act of disclosing or uncovering something concealed. [Obs.] Boyle. RETELL Re*tell, v. t. Defn: To tell again. RETENE Ret"ene, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline hydrocarbon, polymeric with benzene. It is extracted from pine tar, and is also found in certain fossil resins. RETENT Re*tent", n. Etym: [L. retentum, fr. retentus, p. p. See Retain.] Defn: That which is retained. Hickok. RETENTION Re*ten"tion, n. Etym: [L. retentio: cf. F. rétention. See Retain.] 1. The act of retaining, or the state of being ratined. 2. The power of retaining; retentiveness. No woman's heart So big, to hold so much; they lack retention. Shak. 3. That which contains something, as a tablet; a [R.] Shak. 4. The act of withholding; retraint; reserve. Shak. 5. Place of custody or confinement. 6. (Law) Defn: The right of withholding a debt, or of retaining property until a debt due to the person claiming the right be duly paid; a lien. Erskine. Craig. Retention cyst (Med.), a cyst produced by obstruction of a duct leading from a secreting organ and the consequent retention of the natural secretions. RETENTIVE Re*ten"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rétentif.] Defn: Having power to retain; as, a retentive memory. Nor airless dungeon, nor strong links of iron, Can be retentive to the strength of spirit. Shak. RETENTIVE Re*ten"tive, n. Defn: That which retains or confines; a restraint. [R.] Bp. Hall. RETENTIVELY Re*ten"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a retentive manner. RETENTIVENESS Re*ten"tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being retentive. RETENTIVITY Re`ten*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: The power of retaining; retentive force; as, the retentivity of a magnet. RETENTOR Re*ten"tor, n. Etym: [L., a retainer.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A muscle which serves to retain an organ or part in place, esp. when retracted. See Illust. of Phylactolemata. RETEPORE Re`te*pore, n. Etym: [L. rete a net + porus pore.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of bryozoans of the genus Retepora. They form delicate calcareous corals, usually composed of thin fenestrated fronds. RETEX Re*tex", v. t. Etym: [L. retexere, lit., to unweave; pref. re- re + texere to weave. ] Defn: To annual, as orders. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket. RETEXTURE Re*tex"ture, n. Defn: The act of weaving or forming again. Carlyle. RETHOR Reth"or, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rhéteur. See Rhetor.] Defn: A rhetorician; a careful writer. [Obs.] If a rethor couthe fair endite. Chaucer. RETHORYKE Reth"o*ryke, n. Defn: Rhetoric. [Obs.] Chaucer. RETIARIUS Re`ti*a"ri*us, n. Etym: [L., fr. rete a net.] (Rom.Antiq.) Defn: A gladiator armed with a net for entangling his adversary and a trident for despatching him. RETIARY Re"ti*a*ry, n. Etym: [See Retiarius.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any spider which spins webs to catch its prey. 2. A retiarius. RETIARY Re`ti*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. retiarius.] 1. Netlike. This work is in retiary, or hanging textures. Sir T. Browne. 2. Constructing or using a web, or net, to catch prey; -- said of certain spiders. 3. Armed with a net; hence, skillful to entangle. Scholastic retiary versatility of logic. Coleridge. RETICENCE Ret"i*cence, n. Etym: [L. reticentia: cf. F. réticence.] 1. The quality or state of being reticent, or keeping silence; the state of holding one's tonque; refraining to speak of that which is suggested; uncommunicativeness. Such fine reserve and noble reticence. Tennyson. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which a person really speaks of a thing while he makes a show as if he would say nothingon the subject. RETICENCY Ret"i*cen*cy, n. Defn: Reticence. RETICENT Ret"i*cent, a. Etym: [L. reticens, p. pr. of reticere to keep silence; re- + tacere to be silent. See Tacit.] Defn: Inclined to keep silent; reserved; uncommunicative. RETICLE Ret"i*cle, n. Etym: [See Reticule.] 1. A small net. 2. A reticule. See Reticule,2. [R.] RETICULAR Re*tic"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. réticulaire. See Reticule.] 1. Having the form of a net, or of network; formed with interstices; retiform; as, reticular cartilage; a reticular leaf. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a reticulum. RETICULARIA Re*tic`u*la"ri*a, n.pl. Etym: [NL. See Reticular.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of rhizopods in which the pseudopodia are more or less slender and coalesce at certain points, forming irregular meshes. It includes the shelled Foraminifera, together with some groups which lack a true shell. RETICULARIAN Re*tic`u*la"ri*an, n. (Zoöl). Defn: One of the Reticularia. RETICULARLY Re*tic"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a reticular manner. RETICULATE; RETICULATED Re*tic"u*late, Re*tic"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. reticulatus. See Reticule.] 1. Resembling network; having the form or appearance of a net; netted; as, a reticulated structure. 2. Having veins, fibers, or lines crossing like the threads or fibers of a network; as, a reticulate leaf; a reticulated surface; a reticulated wing of an insect. Reticulated glass, ornamental ware made from glass in which one set of white or colored lines seems to meet and interlace with another set in a different plane. -- Reticulated micrometer, a micrometer for an optical instrument, consisting of a reticule in the focus of an eyepiece. -- Reticulated work (Masonry), work constructed with diamond-shaped stones, or square stones placed diagonally. RETICULATION Re*tic`u*la"tion, n. Defn: The quality or state of being reticulated, or netlike; that which is reticulated; network; an organization resembling a net. The particular net you occupy in the great reticulation. Carlyle. RETICULE Ret"i*cule, n.. Etym: [F. réticule, L. reticulum, dim. of rete a net. Cf.Retina, Reticle.] 1. A little bag, originally of network; a woman's workbag, or a little bag to be carried in the hand. De Quincey. 2. A system of wires or lines in the focus of a telescope or other instrument; a reticle. RETICULOSA Re*tic`u*lo"sa, n.pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Reticularia. RETICULOSE Re*tic"u*lose`, a. Defn: Forming a network; characterized by a reticulated sructure. Reticulose rhizopod (Zoöl.), a rhizopod in which the pseudopodia blend together and form irregular meshes. RETICULUM Re*tic"u*lum, n.;pl. Reticula. Etym: [L. dim. of rete a net.] (Anat.) (a) The second stomach of ruminants, in which folds of the mucous membrane form hexagonal cells; -- also called the honeycomb stomach. (b) The neuroglia. RETIFORM Ret"i*form, a. Etym: [L. rete a net + -form. cf. F. rétiforme.] Defn: Composed of crossing lines and interstices; reticular; netlike; as, the retiform coat of the eye. RETINA Ret"i*na, n. Etym: [NL., from L. rete a net. Cf. Reticule.] (Anat.) Defn: The delicate membrane by which the back part of the globe of the eye is lined, and in which the fibers of the optic nerve terminate. See Eye. Note: The fibers of the optic nerve and the retinal blood vessels spread out upon the front surface of the retina, while the sensory layer (called Jacob's membrane), containing the rods and cones, is on the back side, next the choroid coat. RETINACULUM Ret`i*nac"u*lum, n.; pl. Retinacula. Etym: [L., a holdfast, a band. See Retain.] 1. (Anat.) (a) A connecting band; a frænum; as, the retinacula of the ileocæcal and ileocolic valves. (b) One of the annular ligaments which hold the tendons close to the bones at the larger joints, as at the wrist and ankle. 2. (Zoöl) Defn: One of the retractor muscles of the proboscis of certain worms. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A small gland or process to which bodies are attached; as, the glandular retinacula to which the pollinia of orchids are attached, or the hooks which support the seeds in many acanthaceous plants. RETINAL Ret"i*nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the retina. Retinal purple (Physiol. Chem.), the visual purple. RETINALITE Re*tin"a*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A translucent variety of serpentine, of a honey yellow or greenish yellow color, having a waxy resinlike luster. RETINASPHALT; RETINASPHALTUM Ret`in*as"phalt, Ret`in*as*phal"tum, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Retinite. RETINERVED Ret"i*nerved`, a. Etym: [L. rete a net + E. nerve.] (Bot.) Defn: Having reticulated veins. RETINEUM Ret`i*ne"um, n.; pl. Retinea. Etym: [NL. See Retina.] (Zoöl.) Defn: That part of the eye of an invertebrate which corresponds in function with the retina of a vertebrate. RETINIC Re*tin"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Min. Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to resin; derived from resin; specifically, designating an acid found in certain fossil resins and hydrocarbons. RETINITE Ret"i*nite, n. Etym: [Gr.rétinite.] (Min.) Defn: An inflammable mineral resin, usually of a yellowish brown color, found in roundish masses, sometimes with coal. RETINITIS Ret`i*ni"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. NL. & E. retina + -tis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the retina. RETINOID Ret"i*noid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Resinlike, or resinform; resembling a resin without being such. RETINOL Ret"i*nol, n. Etym: [Gr. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon oil obtained by the distillation of resin, -- used in printer's ink. RETINOPHORA Ret`i*noph"o*ra, n.; pl. Retiniphoræ. Etym: [NL., fr. NL. & E. retina + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of group of two to four united cells which occupy the axial part of the ocelli, or ommatidia, of the eyes of invertebrates, and contain the terminal nerve fibrillæ. See Illust. under Ommatidium. RETINOPHORAL Ret`i*noph"o*ral, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to retinophoræ. RETINOSCOPY Ret`i*nos"co*py, n. Etym: [Retina + -scopy.] (Physiol.) Defn: The study of the retina of the eye by means of the ophthalmoscope. RETINUE Ret"i*nue, n. Etym: [OE. retinue, OF. retinue, fr. retenir to retain, engage, hire. See Retain.] Defn: The body of retainers who follow a prince or other distinguished person; a train of attendants; a suite. Others of your insolent retinue. Shak. What followers, what retinue canst thou gain Milton. To have at one's retinue, to keep or employ as a retainer; to retain. [Obs.] Chaucer. RETINULA Re*tin"u*la, n.; pl. Retinulæ. Etym: [NL., dim. of NL. & E. retina.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the group of pigmented cells which surround the retinophoræ of invertebrates. See Illust. under Ommatidium. RETINULATE Re*tin"u*late, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having, or characterized by, retinul RETIPED Ret`i*ped, n. Etym: [L. rete a net + pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. rétinopède.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird having small polygonal scales covering the tarsi. RETIRACY Re*tir"a*cy, n. Defn: Retirement; -- mostly used in a jocose or burlesque way. [U.S.] Bartlett. What one of our great men used to call dignified retiracy. C. A. Bristed. RETIRADE Ret`i*rade", n. Etym: [F.; cf. Sp. retirada retreat. See Retire.] (Fort.) Defn: A kind of retrenchment, as in the body of a bastion, which may be disputed inch by inch after the defenses are dismantled. It usually consists of two faces which make a reëntering angle. RETIRE Re*tire", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retired; p. pr. & vb. n. Retiring.] Etym: [F. retirer; pref. re- re- + tirer to draw. See Tirade.] 1. To withdraw; to take away; -- sometimes used reflexively. He . . . retired himself, his wife, and children into a forest. Sir P. Sidney. As when the sun is present all the year, And never doth retire his golden ray. Sir J. Davies. 2. To withdraw from circulation, or from the market; to take up and pay; as, to retire bonds; to retire a note. 3. To cause to retire; specifically, to designate as no longer qualified for active service; to place on the retired list; as, to retire a military or naval officer. RETIRE Re*tire", v. i. 1. To go back or return; to draw back or away; to keep aloof; to withdraw or retreat, as from observation; to go into privacy; as, to retire to his home; to retire from the world, or from notice. To Una back he cast him to retire. Spenser. The mind contracts herself, and shrinketh in, And to herself she gladly doth retire. Sir J. Davies. 2. To retreat from action or danger; to withdraw for safety or pleasure; as, to retire from battle. Set Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle, and retire ye from him, that he may be smitten, and die. 2 Sam. xi. 15. 3. To withdraw from a public station, or from business; as, having made a large fortune, he retired. And from Britannia's public posts retire. Addison. 4. To recede; to fall or bend back; as, the shore of the sea retires in bays and gulfs. 5. To go to bed; as, he usually retires early. Syn. -- To withdraw; leave; depart; secede; recede; retreat; retrocede. RETIRE Re*tire", n. 1. The act of retiring, or the state of being retired; also, a place to which one retires. [Obs.] The battle and the retire of the English succors. Bacon. [Eve] discover'd soon the place of her retire. Milton. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A call sounded on a bugle, announcing to skirmishers that they are to retire, or fall back. RETIRED Re*tired", a. 1. Private; secluded; quiet; as, a retired life; a person of retired habits. A retired part of the peninsula. Hawthorne. 2. Withdrawn from active duty or business; as, a retired officer; a retired physician. Retired flank (Fort.), a flank bent inward toward the rear of the work. -- Retired list (Mil. & Naval), a list of officers, who, by reason of advanced age or other disability, are relieved from active service, but still receive a specified amount of pay from the government. -- Re*tired"ly, adv. -- Re*tired"ness, n. RETIREMENT Re*tire"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. retirement.] 1. The act of retiring, or the state of being retired; withdrawal; seclusion; as, the retirement of an officer. O, blest Retirement, friend of life's decline. Goldsmith. Retirement, rural quiet, friendship, books. Thomson. 2. A place of seclusion or privacy; a place to which one withdraws or retreats; a private abode. [Archaic] This coast full of princely retirements for the sumptousness of their buildings and nobleness of the plantations. Evelyn. Caprea had been the retirement of Augustus. Addison. Syn. -- Solitude; withdrawment; departure; retreat; seclusion; privacy. See Solitude. RETIRER Re*tir"er, n. Defn: One who retires. RETIRING Re*tir"ing, a. 1. Reserved; shy; not forward or obtrusive; as, retiring modesty; retiring manners. 2. Of or pertaining to retirement; causing retirement; suited to, or belonging to, retirement. Retiring board (Mil.), a board of officers who consider and report upon the alleged incapacity of an officer for active service. -- Retiring pension, a pension granted to a public officer on his retirement from office or service. RETISTENE Ret"i*stene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline hydrocarbon produced indirectly from retene. RETITELAE Ret`i*te"læ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. rete a net + tela a web.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of spiders which spin irregular webs; -- called also Retitelariæ. RETOLD Re*told", Defn: imp. & p. p. of Retell. RETORSION Re*tor"sion, n. Defn: Same as Retortion. RETORT Re*tort", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Retorting.] Etym: [L. retortus, p. p. of retorquere; pref. re- re- + torquere to turn twist. See Torsion, and cf. Retort, n., 2.] 1. To bend or curve back; as, a retorted line. With retorted head, pruned themselves as they floated. Southey. 2. To throw back; to reverberate; to reflect. As when his virtues, shining upon others, Heat them and they retort that heat again To the first giver. Shak. 3. To return, as an argument, accusation, censure, or incivility; as, to retort the charge of vanity. And with retorted scorn his back he turned. Milton. RETORT Re*tort", v. i. Defn: To return an argument or a charge; to make a severe reply. Pope. RETORT Re*tort", n. Etym: [See Retort, v. t.] 1. The return of, or reply to, an argument, charge, censure, incivility, taunt, or witticism; a quick and witty or severe response. This is called the retort courteous. Shak. 2. Etym: [F. retorte (cf. Sp. retorta), fr. L. retortus, p. p. of retorquere. So named from its bent shape. See Retort, v. t.] (Chem. & the Arts) Defn: A vessel in which substances are subjected to distillation or decomposition by heat. It is made of different forms and materials for different uses, as a bulb of glass with a curved beak to enter a receiver for general chemical operations, or a cylinder or semicylinder of cast iron for the manufacture of gas in gas works. Tubulated retort (Chem.), a retort having a tubulure for the introduction or removal of the substances which are to be acted upon. Syn. -- Repartee; answer. -- Retort, Repartee. A retort is a short and pointed reply, turning back on an assailant the arguments, censure, or derision he had thrown out. A repartee is usually a good-natured return to some witty or sportive remark. RETORTER Re*tort"er, n. Defn: One who retorts. RETORTION Re*tor"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rétorsion. See Retort, v. t.] 1. Act of retorting or throwing back; reflection or turning back. [Written also retorsion.] It was, however, necessary to possess some single term expressive of this intellectual retortion. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. (Law) Defn: Retaliation. Wharton. RETORTIVE Re*tort"ive, a. Defn: Containing retort. RETOSS Re*toss", v. t. Defn: To toss back or again. RETOUCH Re*touch", v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + touch: cf. F. retoucher.] 1. To touch again, or rework, in order to improve; to revise; as, to retouch a picture or an essay. 2. (Photog.) Defn: To correct or change, as a negative, by handwork. RETOUCH Re*touch", n. (Fine Arts) Defn: A partial reworking,as of a painting, a sculptor's clay model, or the like. RETOUCHER Re*touch"er, n. Defn: One who retouches. RETRACE Re*trace", v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + trace: cf. F. retracer. Cf. Retract.] 1. To trace back, as a line. Then if the line of Turnus you retrace, He springs from Inachus of Argive race. Driden. 2. To go back, in or over (a previous course); to go over again in a reverse direction; as, to retrace one's steps; to retrace one's proceedings. 3. To trace over again, or renew the outline of, as a drawing; to draw again. RETRACT Re*tract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Retracting.] Etym: [F. rétracter, L. retractare, retractatum, to handle again, reconsider, retract, fr. retrahere, retractum, to draw back. See Retreat.] 1. To draw back; to draw up or shorten; as, the cat can retract its claws; to retract a muscle. 2. Ti withdraw; to recall; to disavow; to recant; to take back; as, to retract an accusation or an assertion. I would as freely have retracted this charge of idolatry as I ever made it. Bp. Stillingfleet. 3. To take back,, as a grant or favor previously bestowed; to revoke. [Obs.] Woodward. Syn. -- To recal; withdraw; rescind; revoke; unsay; disavow; recant; abjure; disown. RETRACT Re*tract", v. i. 1. To draw back; to draw up; as, muscles retract after amputation. 2. To take back what has been said; to withdraw a concession or a declaration. She will, and she will not; she grants, denies, Consents, retracts, advances, and then files. Granville. RETRACT Re*tract", n. (Far.) Defn: The pricking of a horse's foot in nailing on a shoe. RETRACTABLE Re*tract"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rétractable.] Defn: Capable of being retracted; retractile. RETRACTATE Re*tract"ate, v. t. Etym: [L. retractatus, p. p. of retractare. See Retract.] Defn: To retract; to recant. [Obs.] RETRACTATION Re`trac*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rétractation, L. retractatio a revision, reconsideration. ] Defn: The act of retracting what has been said; recantation. RETRACTIBLE Re*tract"i*ble, a. Defn: Retractable. RETRACTILE Re*tract"ile, a. Etym: [Cf. F. -rétractile.] (Physiol.) Defn: CApable of retraction; capable of being drawn back or up; as, the claws of a cat are retractile. RETRACTION Re*trac"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rétraction, L. retractio a drawing back, hesitation.] 1. The act of retracting, or drawing back; the state of being retracted; as, the retraction of a cat's claws. 2. The act of withdrawing something advanced, stated, claimed, or done; declaration of change of opinion; recantation. Other men's insatiable desire of revenge hath wholly beguiled both church and state of the benefit of all my either retractions or Eikon Basilike. 3. (Physiol.) (a) The act of retracting or shortening; as, the retraction of a severed muscle; the retraction of a sinew. (b) The state or condition of a part when drawn back, or towards the center of the body. RETRACTIVE Re*tract"ive, a. Defn: Serving to retract; of the nature of a retraction. -- Re*tract"ive*ly, adv. RETRACTIVE Re*tract"ive, n. Defn: That which retracts, or withdraws. RETRACTOR Re*tract"or, n. Defn: One who, or that which, retracts. Specifically: (a) In breech-loading firearms, a device for withdrawing a cartridge shell from the barrel. (b) (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for holding apart the edges of a wound during amputation. (c) (Surg.) A bandage to protect the soft parts from injury by the saw during amputation. (d) (Anat. & Zoöl.) Defn: A muscle serving to draw in any organ or part. See Illust. under Phylactolæmata. RETRAICT Re*traict", n. Defn: Retreat. [Obs.] Bacon. RETRAIT Re*trait", n. Etym: [It. ritratto, fr. ritrarre to draw back, draw, fr. L. retrahere. See Retract.] Defn: A portrait; a likeness. [Obs.] Whose fair retrait I in my shield do bear. Spenser. RETRANSFORM Re`trans*form", v. t. Defn: To transform anew or back. -- Re`trans*for*ma"tion, n. RETRANSLATE Re`trans*late", v. t. Defn: To translate anew; especially, to translate back into the original language. RETRAXIT Re*trax"it, n. Etym: [L., (he) has withdrawn. See Retract.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The withdrawing, or open renunciation, of a suit in court by the plaintiff, by which he forever lost his right of action. Blackstone. RETREAD Re*tread", v. t. & i. Defn: To tread again. RETREAT Re*treat", n. Etym: [F. retraite, fr. retraire to withdraw, L. retrahere; pref. re- re- + trahere to draw. See Trace, and cf. Retract, Retrace.] 1. The act of retiring or withdrawing one's self, especially from what is dangerous or disagreeable. In a retreat he oShak. 2. The place to which anyone retires; a place or privacy or safety; a refuge; an asylum. He built his son a house of pleasure, and spared no cost to make a delicious retreat. L'Estrange. That pleasing shade they sought, a soft retreat From sudden April showers, a shelter from the heat. Dryden. 3. (Mil. & Naval.) (a) The retiring of an army or body of men from the face of an enemy, or from any ground occupied to a greater distance from the enemy, or from an advanced position. (b) The withdrawing of a ship or fleet from an enemy for the purpose of avoiding an engagement or escaping after defeat. (c) A signal given in the army or navy, by the beat of a drum or the sounding of trumpet or bugle, at sunset (when the roll is called), or for retiring from action. Note: A retreat is properly an orderly march, in which circumstance it differs from a flight. 4. (Eccl.) (a) A special season of solitude and silence to engage in religious exercises. (b) A period of several days of withdrawal from society to a religious house for exclusive occupation in the duties of devotion; as, to appoint or observe a retreat. Syn. -- Retirement; departure; withdrawment; seclusion; solitude; privacy; asylum; shelter; refuge. RETREAT Re*treat", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Retreated; p. pr. & vb. n. Retreating.] Defn: To make a retreat; to retire from any position or place; to withdraw; as, the defeated army retreated from the field. The rapid currents drive Towards the retreating sea their furious tide. Milton. RETREATFUL Re*treat"ful, a. Defn: Furnishing or serving as a retreat. [R.] "Our retreatful flood." Chapman. RETREATMENT Re*treat"ment, n. Defn: The act of retreating; specifically, the Hegira. [R.] D'Urfey. RETRENCH Re*trench", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retrenched; p. pr. & vb. n. Retrenching.] Etym: [OF. retrenchier, F. retrancher; pref. re- re- + OF. trenchier, F. trancher, to cut. See Trench.] 1. To cut off; to pare away. Thy exuberant parts retrench. Denham. 2. To lessen; to abridge; to curtail; as, to retrench superfluities or expenses. But this thy glory shall be soon retrenched. Milton. 3. To confine; to limit; to restrict. Addison. These figures, ought they then to receive a retrenched interpretation I. Taylor. 4. (Fort.) Defn: To furnish with a retrenchment; as, to retrench bastions. Syn. -- To lesen; diminish; curtail; abridge. RETRENCH Re*trench", v. i. Defn: To cause or suffer retrenchment; specifically, to cut down living expenses; as, it is more reputable to retrench than to live embarrassed. RETRENCHMENT Re*trench"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. retrenchment.] 1. The act or process of retrenching; as, the retrenchment of words in a writing. The retrenchment of my expenses will convince you that Walpole. 2. (Fort.) Defn: A work constructed within another, to prolong the defense of the position when the enemy has gained possession of the outer work; or to protect the defenders till they can retreat or obtain terms for a capitulation. Syn. -- Lessening; curtailment; diminution; reduction; abridgment. RETRIAL Re*tri"al, n. Defn: A secdond trial, experiment, or test; a second judicial trial, as of an accused person. RETRIBUTE Re*trib"ute, v. t. Etym: [L. retributus, p. p. ofretribuere to retribute; pref re- + tribuere to bestow, assign, pay. See Tribute.] Defn: To pay back; to give in return, as payment, reward, or punishment; to requite; as, to retribute one for his kindness; to retribute just punishment to a criminal. [Obs. or R.] Locke. RETRIBUTER Re*trib"u*ter, n. Defn: One who makes retribution. RETRIBUTION Ret`ri*bu"tion, n. Etym: [L. retributio: cf. F. rétribution.] 1. The act of retributing; repayment. In good offices and due retributions, we may not be pinching and niggardly. Bp. Hall. 2. That which is given in repayment or compensation; return suitable to the merits or deserts of, as an action; commonly, condign punishment for evil or wrong. All who have their reward on earth, . . . Naught seeking but the praise of men, here find Fit retribution, empty as their deeds. Milton. 3. Specifically, reward and punishment, as distributed at the general judgment. It is a strong argument for a state of retribution hereafter, that in this world virtuous persons are very often unfortunate, and vicious persons prosperous. Addison. Syn. -- Repayment; requital; recompense; payment; retaliation. RETRIBUTIVE; RETRIBUTORY Re*trib"u*tive, Re*trib"u*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. retributorius worthy of retribution.] Defn: Of or pertaining to retribution; of the nature of retribution; involving retribution or repayment; as, retributive justice; retributory comforts. RETRIEVABLE Re*triev"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Retrieve.] Defn: That may be retrieved or recovered; admitting of retrieval. -- Re*triev"a*ble*ness, n. -- Re*triev"a*bly, adv. RETRIEVAL Re*triev"al, n. Defn: The act retrieving. RETRIEVE Re*trieve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retrieved; p. pr. & vb. n. Retrieving.] Etym: [OE. retreven, OF. retrover to find again, recover (il retroevee finds again), F. retrouver; pref. re- re- + OF. trover to find, F. trouver. See Trover.] 1. To find again; to recover; to regain; to restore from loss or injury; as, to retrieve one's character; to retrieve independence. With late repentance now they would retrieve The bodies they forsook, and wish to live. Dryden 2. To recall; to bring back. To retrieve them from their cold, trivial conceits. Berkeley. 3. To remedy the evil consequence of, to repair, as a loss or damadge. Accept my sorrow, and retrieve my fall. Prior. There is much to be done . . . and much to be retrieved. Burke. Syn. -- To recover; regain; recruit; repair; restore. RETRIEVE Re*trieve", v. i. (Sport.) Defn: To discover and bring in game that has been killed or wounded; as, a dog naturally inclined to retrieve. Walsh. RETRIEVE Re*trieve", n. 1. A seeking again; a discovery. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. The recovery of game once sprung; -- an old sporting term. [Obs.] Nares. RETRIEVEMENT Re*trieve"ment, n. Defn: Retrieval. RETRIEVER Re*triev"er, n. 1. One who retrieves. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A dor, or a breed of dogs, chiefly employed to retrieve, or to find and recover game birds that have been killed or wounded. RETRIM Re*trim", v. t. Defn: To trim again. RETRIMENT Ret"ri*ment, n. Etym: [L. retrimentum.] Defn: Refuse; dregs. [R.] RETRO- Retro-. Etym: [L. retro, adv., backward, back. Cf. Re-.] Defn: A prefix or combining form signifying backward, back; as, retroact, to act backward; retrospect, a looking back. RETROACT Re`tro*act", v. i. Etym: [Pref. retro- + act.] Defn: To act backward, or in return; to act in opposition; to be retrospective. RETROACTION Re`tro*ac"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rétroaction.] 1. Action returned, or action backward. 2. Operation on something past or preceding. RETROACTIVE Re`tro*act"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rétroactif.] Defn: Fitted or designed to retroact; operating by returned action; affecting what is past; retrospective. Beddoes. Retroactive law or statute (Law), one which operates to make criminal or punishable, or in any way expressly to affect, acts done prior to the passing of the law. RETROACTIVELY Re`tro*act"ive*ly, adv. Defn: In a retroactive manner. RETROCEDE Re"tro*cede, v. t. Etym: [Pref. retro- + cede: cf. F. rétrocéder.] Defn: To cede or grant back; as, to retrocede a territory to a former proprietor. RETROCEDE Re"tro*cede, v. i. Etym: [L. retrocedere; retro backward, back + cedere to go. See Cede.] Defn: To go back. RETROCEDENT Re`tro*ced"ent, a. Etym: [L. retrocedens, p. pr.] Defn: Disposed or likely to retrocede; -- said of diseases which go from one part of the body to another, as the gout. RETROCESSION Re`tro*ces"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rétrocession. See Retrocede.] 1. The act of retroceding. 2. The state of being retroceded, or granted back. 3. (Med.) Defn: Metastasis of an eruption or a tumor from the surface to the interior of the body. RETROCHOIR Re"tro*choir, n. Etym: [Pref. retro- + choir.] (Eccl. Arch.) Defn: Any extension of a church behind the higggggggh altar, as a chapel; also, in an apsidal church, all the space beyond the line of the back or eastern face of the altar. RETROCOPULANT Re`tro*cop"u*lant, a. Etym: [See Retrocopulation.] Defn: Copulating backward, or from behind. RETROCOPULATION Re`tro*cop`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. retro- + copulation.] Defn: Copulation from behind. Sir T. Browne. RETRODUCTION Re`tro*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. retroducere, retroductum, to lead or bring back; retro backward + ducere to lead.] Defn: A leading or bringing back. RETROFLEX; RETROFLEXED Re"tro*flex, Re"tro*flexed, a. Etym: [Pref. retro- + L. flectere, flexum, to bend, to turn.] Defn: Reflexed; bent or turned abruptly backward. RETROFLEXION Re`tro*flex"ion, n. Defn: The act of reflexing; the state of being retroflexed. Cf. Retroversion. RETROFRACT; RETROFRACTED Re"tro*fract, Re"tro*fract`ed, a. Etym: [Pref. retro- + L. fractus, p. p. of frangere to break.] (Bot.) Defn: Refracted; as, a retrofract stem. RETROGENERATIVE Re`tro*gen"er*a*tive, a. Etym: [Pref. retro- + generative.] Defn: Begetting young by retrocopulation. RETROGRADATION Re`tro*gra*da"tion, n. Etym: [F. rétrogradation or L. retrogradatio. See Retrograde.] 1. The act of retrograding, or moving backward. 2. The state of being retrograde; decline. RETROGRADE Re"tro*grade, a. Etym: [L. retrogradus, from retrogradi, retrogressus, to retrograde; retro back + gradi to step: cf. F. rétrograde. See Grade.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: Apparently moving backward, and contrary to the succession of the signs, that is, from east to west, as a planet. Hutton. And if he be in the west side in that condition, then is he retrograde. Chaucer. 2. Tending or moving backward; having a backward course; contrary; as, a retrograde motion; -- opposed to Ant: progressive. "Progressive and not retrograde." Bacon. It is most retrograde to our desire. Shak. 3. Declining from a better to a worse state; as, a retrograde people; retrograde ideas, morals, etc. Bacon. RETROGRADE Re"tro*grade, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Retrograded; p. pr. & vb. n. Retrograding.] Etym: [L. retrogradare, retrogradi: cf. F. rétrograder.] 1. To go in a retrograde direction; to move, or appear to move, backward, as a planet. 2. Hence, to decline from a better to a worse condition, as in morals or intelligence. RETROGRADINGLY Re"tro*gra`ding*ly, adv. Defn: By retrograding; so as to retrograde. RETROGRESS Re"tro*gress, n. Etym: [Cf. L. retrogressus.] Defn: Retrogression. [R.] H. Spenser. RETROGRESSION Re`tro*gres"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rétrogression. See Retrograde, and cf. Digression.] 1. The act of retrograding, or going backward; retrogradation. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Backward development; a passing from a higher to a lower state of organization or structure, as when an animal, approaching maturity, becomes less highly organized than would be expected from its earlier stages or known relationship. Called also retrograde development, and regressive metamorphism. RETROGRESSIVE Re`tro*gres"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rétrogressif.] 1. Tending to retrograde; going or moving backward; declining from a better to a worse state. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Passing from a higher to a lower condition; declining from a more perfect state of organization; regressive. RETROGRESSIVELY Re`tro*gres"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In a retrogressive manner. RETROMINGENCY Re`tro*min"gen*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being retromingent. Sir T. Browne. RETROMINGENT Re`tro*min"gent, a. Etym: [Pref. retro- + L. mingens, p. pr. of mingere to urinate.] Defn: Organized so as to discharge the urine backward. -- n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal that discharges its urine backward. RETROPULSIVE Re`tro*pul"sive, a. Etym: [Pref. retro- + L. pellere, pulsum, to impel.] Defn: Driving back; repelling. RETRORSE Re*trorse", a. Etym: [L. retrorsus, retroversus; retro back + vertere, versum, to turn. Cf. Retrovert.] Defn: Bent backward or downward. -- Re*trorse"ly, adv. RETROSPECT Re"tro*spect, v. i. Etym: [L. retrospicere; retro back + specere, spectum, to look. See Spy, and cf. Expect.] Defn: To look backward; hence, to affect or concern what is past. It may be useful to retrospect to an early period. A. Hamilton. RETROSPECT Re"tro*spect, n. Defn: A looking back on things past; view or contemplation of the past. Cowper. We may introduce a song without retrospect to the old comedy. Landor. RETROSPECTION Re`tro*spec"tion, n. Defn: The act, or the faculty, of looking back on things past. RETROSPECTIVE Re`tro*spec"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rétrospectif.] 1. Looking backward; contemplating things past; -- opposed to prospective; as, a retrospective view. The sage, with retrospective eye. Pope. 2. Having reference to what is past; affecting things past; retroactive; as, a retrospective law. Inflicting death by a retrospective enactment. Macaulay. RETROSPECTIVELY Re`tro*spec"tive*ly, adv. Defn: By way of retrospect. RETROUSSE Re*trous`sé", a. [F., p.p. of retrousser to turn up.] Defn: Turned up; -- said of a pug nose. RETROVACCINATION Re`tro*vac`ci*na"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: The inoculation of a cow with human vaccine virus. RETROVERSION Re`tro*ver"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rétroversion. See Retrovert.] Defn: A turning or bending backward; also, the state of being turned or bent backward; displacement backwards; as, retroversion of the uterus. Note: In retroversion the bending is gradual or curved; in retroflexion it is abrupt or angular. RETROVERT Re"tro*vert, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retroverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Retroverting.] Etym: [Pref. retro- + L. vertere, versum, to turn. Cf. Retrorse.] Defn: To turn back. RETROVERTED Re"tro*vert*ed, a. Defn: In a state of retroversion. RETRUDE Re*trude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Retruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Retruding.] Etym: [L. retrudere; re- + trudere to thrust.] Defn: To thrust back. [R.] Dr. H. More. RETRUSE Re*truse", a. Etym: [L. retrusus concealed, p. p. of retrudere.] Defn: Abstruse. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. RETRUSION Re*tru"sion, n. Defn: The act of retruding, or the state of being retruded. In virtue of an endless remotion or retrusion of the constituent cause. Coleridge. RETRY Re*try", v. t. Defn: To try (esp. judicially) a second time; as, to retry a case; to retry an accused person. RETTE Rette, v. t. Defn: See Aret. [Obs.] Chaucer. RETTERY Ret"ter*y, n. Defn: A place or establishment where flax is retted. See Ret. Ure. RETTING Ret"ting, n. 1. The act or process of preparing flax for use by soaking, meceration, and kindred processes; -- also called rotting. See Ret. Ure. 2. A place where flax is retted; a rettery. Ure. RETUND Re*tund", v. t. Etym: [L. retundere, retusum; pref. re- re- + tundere to beat.] Defn: To blunt; to turn, as an edge; figuratively, to cause to be obtuse or dull; as, to retund confidence. Ray. Cudworth. RE-TURN Re-turn", v. t. & i. Defn: To turn again. RETURN Re*turn", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Returned; p. pr. & vb. n. Returning.] Etym: [OE. returnen, retournen, F. retourner; pref. re- re- + tourner to turn. See Turn.] 1. To turn back; to go or come again to the same place or condition. "Return to your father's house." Chaucer. On their embattled ranks the waves return. Milton. If they returned out of bondage, it must be into a state of freedom. Locke. Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return. Gen. iii. 19. 2. To come back, or begin again, after an interval, regular or irregular; to appear again. With the year Seasons return; but not me returns Day or the sweet approach of even or morn. Milton. 3. To speak in answer; to reply; to respond. He said, and thus the queen of heaven returned. Pope. 4. To revert; to pass back into possession. And Jeroboam said in his heart, Now shall the kingdom return to the house of David. 1Kings xii. 26. 5. To go back in thought, narration, or argument. "But to return to my story." Fielding. RETURN Re*turn", v. t. 1. To bring, carry, send, or turn, back; as, to return a borrowed book, or a hired horse. Both fled attonce, ne ever back returned eye. Spenser. 2. To repay; as, to return borrowed money. 3. To give in requital or recompense; to requite. The Lord shall return thy wickedness upon thine own head. 1 Kings ii. 44. 4. To give back in reply; as, to return an answer; to return thanks. 5. To retort; to throw back; as, to return the lie. If you are a malicious reader, you return upon me, that I affect to be thought more impartial than I am. Dryden. 6. To report, or bring back and make known. And all the people answered together, . . . and Moses returned the words of the people unto the Lord. Ex. xix. 8. 7. To render, as an account, usually an official account, to a superior; to report officially by a list or statement; as, to return a list of stores, of killed or wounded; to return the result of an election. 8. Hence, to elect according to the official report of the election officers. [Eng.] 9. To bring or send back to a tribunal, or to an office, with a certificate of what has been done; as, to return a writ. 10. To convey into official custody, or to a general depository. Instead of a ship, he should llevy money, and return the same to the treasurer for his majesty's use. Clarendon. 11. (Tennis) Defn: To bat (the ball) back over the net. 12. (Card Playing) Defn: To lead in response to the lead of one's partner; as, to return a trump; to return a diamond for a club. To return a lead (Card Playing), to lead the same suit led by one's partner. Syn. -- To restore; requite; repay; recompense; render; remit; report. RETURN Re*turn", n. 1. The act of returning (intransitive), or coming back to the same place or condition; as, the return of one long absent; the return of health; the return of the seasons, or of an anniversary. At the return of the year the king of Syria will come up against thee. 1 Kings xx. 22. His personal return was most required and necessary. Shak. 2. The act of returning (transitive), or sending back to the same place or condition; restitution; repayment; requital; retribution; as, the return of anything borrowed, as a book or money; a good return in tennis. You made my liberty your late request: Is no return due from a grateful breast Dryden. 3. That which is returned. Specifically: (a) A payment; a remittance; a requital. I do expect return Of thrice three times the value of this bond. Shak. (b) An answer; as, a return to one's question. (c) An account, or formal report, of an action performed, of a duty discharged, of facts or statistics, and the like; as, election returns; a return of the amount of goods produced or sold; especially, in the plural, a set of tabulated statistics prepared for general information. (d) The profit on, or advantage received from, labor, or an investment, undertaking, adventure, etc. The fruit from many days of recreation is very little; but from these few hours we spend in prayer, the return is great. Jer. Taylor. 4. (Arch.) Defn: The continuation in a different direction, most often at a right angle, of a building, face of a building, or any member, as a molding or mold; -- applied to the shorter in contradistinction to the longer; thus, a facade of sixty feet east and west has a return of twenty feet north and south. 5. (Law) (a) The rendering back or delivery of writ, precept, or execution, to the proper officer or court. (b) The certificate of an officer stating what he has done in execution of a writ, precept, etc., indorsed on the document. (c) The sending back of a commission with the certificate of the commissioners. (d) A day in bank. See Return day, below. Blackstone. 6. (Mil. & Naval) Defn: An official account, report, or statement, rendered to the commander or other superior officer; as, the return of men fit for duty; the return of the number of the sick; the return of provisions, etc. 7. pl. (Fort. & Mining) Defn: The turnings and windings of a trench or mine. Return ball, a ball held by an elastic string so that it returns to the hand from which it is thrown, -- used as a plaything. -- Return bend, a pipe fitting for connecting the contiguous ends of two nearly parallel pipes lying alongside or one above another. -- Return day (Law), the day when the defendant is to appear in court, and the sheriff is to return the writ and his proceedings. -- Return flue, in a steam boiler, a flue which conducts flame or gases of combustion in a direction contrary to their previous movement in another flue. -- Return pipe (Steam Heating), a pipe by which water of condensation from a heater or radiator is conveyed back toward the boiler. RETURNABLE Re*turn"a*ble, a. 1. Capable of, or admitting of, being returned. 2. (Law) Defn: Legally required to be returned, delivered, given, or rendered; as, a writ or precept returnable at a certain day; a verdict returnable to the court. RETURNER Re*turn"er, n. Defn: One who returns. RETURNLESS Re*turn"less, a. Defn: Admitting no return. Chapman. RETUSE Re*tuse", a. Etym: [L. retusus, p. p. : cf. F. rétus. See Retund.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Having the end rounded and slightly indented; as, a retuse leaf. REULE Reule, n.& v. Defn: Rule. [Obs.] REUME Reume, n. Defn: Realm. [Obs.] REUNION Re*un"ion, n. Etym: [Pref. re- + union: cf. F. réunion.] 1. A second union; union formed anew after separation, secession, or discord; as, a reunion of parts or particles of matter; a reunion of parties or sects. 2. An assembling of persons who have been separated, as of a family, or the members of a disbanded regiment; an assembly so composed. REUNITE Re`u*nite", v. t. & i. Defn: To unite again; to join after separation or variance. Shak. REUNITEDLY Re`u*nit"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a reunited manner. REUNITION Re`u*ni"tion, n. Defn: A second uniting. [R.] REURGE Re*urge", v. t. Defn: To urge again. REVACCINATE Re*vac"ci*nate, v. t. Defn: To vaccinate a second time or again. -- Re*vac`ci*na"tion(#), n. REVALESCENCE Rev`a*les"cence, n. Defn: The act of growing well; the state of being revalescent. Would this prove that the patient's revalescence had been independent of the medicines given him Coleridge. REVALESCENT Rev`a*les"cent, a. Etym: [L. revalescens, -entis, p. pr. of revalescere; pref. re- re- + valescere, v. incho. fr. valere to be well.] Defn: Growing well; recovering strength. REVALUATION Re*val`u*a"tion, n. Defn: A second or new valuation. REVAMP Re*vamp", v. t. Defn: To vamp again; hence, topatch up; to reconstruct. REVE Reve, v. t. Defn: To reave. [Obs.] Chaucer. REVE Reve, n. Etym: [See Reeve.] Defn: An officer, steward, or governor. [Usually written reeve.] [Obs.] Piers Plowman. REVEAL Re*veal", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revealed; p. pr. & vb. n. Revealing.] Etym: [F. révéler, L. revelare, revelatum, to unveil, reveal; pref. re- re- + velare to veil; fr. velum a veil. See Veil.] 1. To make known (that which has been concealed or kept secret); to unveil; to disclose; to show. Light was the wound, the prince's care unknown, She might not, would not, yet reveal her own. Waller. 2. Specifically, to communicate (that which could not be known or discovered without divine or supernatural instruction or agency). Syn. -- To communicate; disclose; divulge; unveil; uncover; open; discover; impart; show. See Communicate. -- Reveal, Divulge. To reveal is literally to lift the veil, and thus make known what was previously concealed; to divulge is to scatter abroad among the people, or make publicly known. A mystery or hidden doctrine may be revealed; something long confined to the knowledge of a few is at length divulged. "Time, which reveals all things, is itself not to be discovered." Locke. "A tragic history of facts divulged." Wordsworth. REVEAL Re*veal", n. 1. A revealing; a disclosure. [Obs.] 2. (Arch.) Defn: The side of an opening for a window, doorway, or the like, between the door frame or window frame and the outer surface of the wall; or, where the opening is not filled with a door, etc., the whole thickness of the wall; the jamb. [Written also revel.] REVEALABILITY Re*veal`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being revealable; revealableness. REVEALABLE Re*veal"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being revealed. -- Re*veal"a*ble*ness, n. REVEALER Re*veal"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, reveals. REVEALMENT Re*veal"ment, n. Defn: Act of revealing. [R.] REVEGETATE Re*veg"e*tate, v. i. Defn: To vegetate anew. REVEILLE Re*veil"le, n. Etym: [F. réveil, fr. réveiller to awake; pref. re- re- + pref. es- (L. ex) + veiller to awake, watch, L. vigilare to watch. The English form was prob. taken by mistake from the French imper. réveillez,2d pers. pl. See Vigil.] (Mil.) Defn: The beat of drum, or bugle blast, about break of day, to give notice that it is time for the soldiers to rise, and for the sentinels to forbear challenging. "Sound a reveille." Dryden. For at dawning to assail ye Here no bugles sound reveille. Sir W. Scott. REVEL Rev"el, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Reveal. [R.] REVEL Rev"el, n. Etym: [OF. revel rebellion, disorder, feast, sport. See Revel, v. i.] Defn: A feast with loose and noisy jollity; riotous festivity or merrymaking; a carousal. This day in mirth and revel to dispend. Chaucer. Some men ruin . . . their bodies by incessant revels. Rambler. Master of the revels, Revel master. Same as Lord of misrule, under Lord. REVEL Rev"el, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Reveled or Revelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Reveling or Revelling.] Etym: [OF. reveler to revolt, rebel, make merry, fr. L. rebellare. See Rebel.] 1. To feast in a riotous manner; to carouse; to act the bacchanalian; to make merry. Shak. 2. To move playfully; to indulge without restraint. "Where joy most revels." Shak. REVEL Re*vel", v. t. Etym: [L. revellere; re- + vellere to pluck, pull.] Defn: To draw back; to retract. [Obs.] Harvey. REVELATE Rev"e*late, v. t. Etym: [L. revelatus, p. p. of revelare to reveal.] Defn: To reveal. [Obs.] Frith. Barnes. REVELATION Rev`e*la"tion, n. Etym: [F. révélation, L. revelatio. See Reveal.] 1. The act of revealing, disclosing, or discovering to others what was before unknown to them. 2. That which is revealed. 3. (Theol.) (a) The act of revealing divine truth. (b) That which is revealed by God to man; esp., the Bible. By revelation he made known unto me the mystery, as I wrote afore in few words. Eph. iii. 3. 4. Specifically, the last book of the sacred canon, containing the prophecies of St. John; the Apocalypse. REVELATOR Rev"e*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who makes a revelation; a revealer. [R.] REVELER Rev"el*er, n. Etym: [Written also reveller.] Defn: One who revels. "Moonshine revelers." Shak. REVELLENT Re*vel"lent, a. Etym: [L. revellens, p. pr. of revellere. See Revel, v. t.] Defn: Causing revulsion; revulsive. -- n. (Med.) Defn: A revulsive medicine. REVELMENT Rev"el*ment, n. Defn: The act of reveling. REVELOUS Rev"el*ous, a. Etym: [OF. reveleus.] Defn: Fond of festivity; given to merrymaking or reveling. [Obs.] Companionable and revelous was she. Chaucer. REVEL-ROUT Rev"el-rout`, n. Etym: [See Rout.] 1. Tumultuous festivity; revelry. [Obs.] Rowe. 2. A rabble; a riotous assembly; a mob. [Obs.] REVELRY Rev"el*ry, n. Etym: [See Revel, v. i. & n.] Defn: The act of engaging in a revel; noisy festivity; reveling. And pomp and feast and revelry. Milton. REVENDICATE Re*ven"di*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revendicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Revendicating.]Etym: [Cf. F. revendiquer. See Revenge.] Defn: To reclaim; to demand the restoration of. [R.] Vattel (Trans. ). REVENDICATION Re*ven`di*ca""tion, n. Etym: [F. revendication.] Defn: The act of revendicating. [R.] Vattel (Trans. ) REVENGE Re*venge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revenged, p. pr. & vb. n. Revenging (.] Etym: [OF. revengier, F. revancher; pref. re- re- + OF. vengier to avenge, revenge, F. venger, L. vindicare. See Vindicate, Vengerance, and cf. Revindicate.] 1. To inflict harm in return for, as an injury, insult, etc.; to exact satisfaction for, under a sense of injury; to avenge; -- followed either by the wrong received, or by the person or thing wronged, as the object, or by the reciprocal pronoun as direct object, and a preposition before thewrong done or the wrongdoer. To revenge the death of our fathers. Ld. Berners. The gods are just, and will revenge our cause. Dryden. Come, Antony, and young Octavius, come, Revenge yourselves alone on Cassius. Shak. 2. To inflict injury for, in a spiteful, wrong, or malignant spirit; to wreak vengeance for maliciously. Syn. -- To avenge; vindicate. See Avenge. REVENGE Re*venge", v. i. Defn: To take vengeance; -- with upon. [Obs.] "A bird that will revenge upon you all." Shak. REVENGE Re*venge", n. 1. The act of revenging; vengeance; retaliation; a returning of evil for evil. Certainly, in taking revenge, a man is even with his enemy; but in passing it over he is superior. Bacon. 2. The disposition to revenge; a malignant wishing of evil to one who has done us an injury. Revenge now goes To lay a complot to betray thy foes. Shak. The indulgence of revenge tends to make men more savage and cruel. Kames. REVENGEABLE Re*venge"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being revenged; as, revengeable wrong. Warner. REVENGEANCE Re*venge"ance, n. Defn: Vengeance; revenge. [Obs.] REVENGEFUL Re*venge"ful, a. Defn: Full of, or prone to, revenge; vindictive; malicious; revenging; wreaking revenge. If thy revengeful heart can not forgive. Shak. May my hands . . . Never brandish more rebvengeful steel. Shak. Syn. -- Vindictive; vengeful; resentful; malicious. -- Re*venge"ful*ly, adv. -- Re*venge"ful*ness, n. REVENGELESS Re*venge"less, a. Defn: Unrevenged. [Obs.] Marston. REVENGEMENT Re*venge"ment, n. Defn: Revenge. [Obs.] He 'll breed revengement and a scourge for me. Shak. REVENGER Re*ven"ger, n. Defn: One who revenges. Shak. REVENGING Re*ven"ging, a. Defn: Executing revenge; revengeful. -- Re*ven"ging*ly, adv. Shak. REVENUE Rev"e*nue, n. Etym: [F. revenu, OF. revenue, fr. revenir to return, L. revenire; pref. re- re- + venire to come. See Come.] 1. That which returns, or comes back, from an investment; the annual rents, profits, interest, or issues of any species of property, real or personal; income. Do not anticipate your revenues and live upon air till you know what you are worth. Gray. 2. Hence, return; reward; as, a revenue of praise. 3. The annual yield of taxes, excise, customs, duties, rents, etc., which a nation, state, or municipality collects and receives into the treasury for public use. Revenue cutter, an armed government vessel employed to enforce revenue laws, prevent smuggling, etc. REVERB Re*verb", v. t. Defn: To echo. [Obs.] Shak. REVERBERANT Re*ver"ber*ant, a. Etym: [L. reverberans, p. pr. : cf. F. réverbérant. See Reverberate.] Defn: Having the quality of reverberation; reverberating. REVERBERATE Re*ver"ber*ate, a. Etym: [L. reverberatus, p. p. of reverberare to strike back, repel; pref. re- re- + verberare to lash, whip, beat, fr. verber a lash, whip, rod.] 1. Reverberant. [Obs.] "The reverberate hills." Shak. 2. Driven back, as sound; reflected. [Obs.] Drayton. REVERBERATE Re*ver"ber*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reverberated; p. pr. & vb. n. Reverberating.] 1. To return or send back; to repel or drive back; to echo, as sound; to reflect, as light, as light or heat. Who, like an arch, reverberates The voice again. Shak. 2. To send or force back; to repel from side to side; as, flame is reverberated in a furnace. 3. Hence, to fuse by reverberated heat. [Obs.] "Reverberated into glass." Sir T. Browne. REVERBERATE Re*ver"ber*ate, v. i. 1. To resound; to echo. 2. To be driven back; to be reflected or repelled, as rays of light; to be echoed, as sound. REVERBERATION Re*ver`ber*a"tion, n. Etym: [CF. F. réverbération.] Defn: The act of reverberating; especially, the act of reflecting light or heat, or reëchoing sound; as, the reverberation of rays from a mirror; the reverberation of rays from a mirror; the reverberation of voices; the reverberation of heat or flame in a furnace. REVERBERATIVE Re*ver"ber*a*tive, a. Defn: Of the nature of reverberation; tending to reverberate; reflective. This reverberative influence is that which we have intended above, as the influence of the mass upon its centers. I. Taylor. REVERBERATOR Re*ver"ber*a`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, produces reverberation. REVERBERATORY Re*ver"ber*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Producing reverberation; acting by reverberation; reverberative. Reverberatory furnace. See the Note under Furnace. REVERBERATORY Re*ver"ber*a*to*ry, n. Defn: A reverberatory furnace. REVERDURE Re*ver"dure, v. t. Defn: To cover again with verdure. Ld. Berners. REVERE Re*vere", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revered; p. pr. & vb. n. Revering.] Etym: [L. revereri; pref. re- re- + vereri to fear, perh. akin to E. wary: cf. F. révérer.] Defn: To regard with reverence, or profound respect and affection, mingled with awe or fear; to venerate; to reverence; to honor in estimation. Marcus Aurelius, whom he rather revered as his father than treated as his partner in the empire. Addison. Syn. -- To venerate; adore; reverence. REVERENCE Rev"er*ence, n. Etym: [F. révérence, L. reverentia. See Reverent.] 1. Profound respect and esteem mingled with fear and affection, as for a holy being or place; the disposition to revere; veneration. If thou be poor, farewell thy reverence. Chaucer. Reverence, which is the synthesis of love and fear. Coleridge. When discords, and quarrels, and factions, are carried openly and audaciously, it is a sign the reverence of government islost. Bacon. Note: Formerly, as in Chaucer, reverence denoted "respect" "honor", without awe or fear. 2. The act of revering; a token of respect or veneration; an obeisance. Make twenty reverences upon receiving . . . about twopence. Goldsmith. And each of them doeth all his diligence To do unto the feast reverence. Chaucer. 3. That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state. I am forced to lay my reverence by. Shak. 4. A person entitled to be revered; -- a title applied to priests or other ministers with the pronouns his or your; sometimes poetically to a father. Shak. Save your reverence, Saving your reverence, an apologetical phrase for an unseemly expression made in the presence of a priest or clergyman. -- Sir reverence, a contracted form of Save your reverence. Such a one as a man may not speak of, without he say. "Sir reverence." Shak. -- To do reverence, to show reverence or honor; to perform an act of reverence. Now lies he there, And none so poor to do him reverence. Shak. Syn. -- Awe; honor; veneration; adoratuon; dread. -- Awe, Reverence, Dread, Veneration. Reverence is a strong sentiment of respect and esteem, sometimes mingled slightly with fear; as, reverence for the divine law. Awe is a mixed feeling of sublimity and dread in view of something great or terrible, sublime or sacred; as, awe at the divine presence. It does not necessarily imply love. Dread is an anxious fear in view of an impending evil; as, dread of punishment. Veneration is reverence in its strongest manifestations. It is the highest emotion we can exercise toward human beings. Exalted and noble objects produce reverence; terrific and threatening objects awaken dread; a sense of the divine presence fills us with awe; a union of wisdom and virtue in one who is advanced in years inspires us with veneration. REVERENCE Rev"er*ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reverenced; p. pr. & vb. n. Reverencing.] Defn: To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate. Let . . . the wife see that she reverence her husband. Eph. v. 33. Those that I reverence those I fear, the wise. Shak. REVERENCER Rev"er*en*cer, n. Defn: One who regards with reverence. "Reverencers of crowned heads." Swift. REVEREND Rev"er*end, a. Etym: [F. révérend, L. reverendus, fr. revereri. See Revere.] Defn: Worthy of reverence; entitled to respect mingled with fear and affection; venerable. A reverend sire among them came. Milton. They must give good example and reverend deportment in the face of their children. Jer. Taylor. Note: This word is commonly given as a title of respect to ecclesiastics. A clergyman is styled the reverend; a dean, the very reverend; a bishop, the right reverend; an archbishop, the most reverend. REVERENDLY Rev"er*end*ly, adv. Defn: Reverently. [Obs.] Foxe. REVERENT Rev"er*ent, a. Etym: [L. reverens, -entis, p. pr. of revereri. See Revere.] 1. Disposed to revere; impressed with reverence; submissive; humble; respectful; as, reverent disciples. "They . . . prostrate fell before him reverent." Milton. 2. Expressing reverence, veneration, devotion, or submission; as, reverent words; reverent behavior. Joye. REVERENTIAL Rev`er*en"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. révérenciel. See Reverence.] Defn: Proceeding from, or expressing, reverence; having a reverent quality; reverent; as, reverential fear or awe. "A reverential esteem of things sacred." South. REVERENTIALLY Rev`er*en"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In a reverential manner. REVERENTLY Rev"er*ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a reverent manner; in respectful regard. REVERER Re*ver"er, n. Defn: One who reveres. REVERIE; REVERY Rev"er*ie, Rev"er*y, n.; pl. Reveries. Etym: [F. réverie, fr. rêver to dream, rave, be light-headed. Cf. Rave.] 1. A loose or irregular train of thought occurring in musing or mediation; deep musing; daydream. "Rapt in nameless reveries." Tennyson. When ideas float in our mind without any reflection or regard of the understanding, it is that which the French call revery, our language has scarce a name for it. Locke. 2. An extravagant concient of the fancy; a vision. [R.] There are infinite reveries and numberless extravagancies pass through both [wise and foolish minds]. Addison. REVERS Re*vers", n.sing & pl. [F. See Reverse, n.] (Dressmaking, Tailoring, etc.) Defn: A part turned or folded back so as to show the inside, or a piece put on in imitation of such a part, as the lapel of a coat. REVERSAL Re*ver"sal, a. Etym: [See Reverse.] Defn: Intended to reverse; implying reversal. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet. REVERSAL Re*ver"sal, n. Etym: [From Reverse.] 1. The act of reversing; the causing to move or face in an opposite direction, or to stand or lie in an inverted position; as, the reversal of a rotating wheel; the reversal of objects by a convex lens. 2. A change or overthrowing; as, the reversal of a judgment, which amounts to an official declaration that it is false; the reversal of an attainder, or of an outlawry, by which the sentence is rendered void. Blackstone. REVERSE Re*verse", a. Etym: [OE. revers, OF. revers, L. reversus, p. p. of revertere. See Revert.] 1. Turned backward; having a contrary or opposite direction; hence; opposite or contrary in kind; as, the reverse order or method. "A vice reverse unto this." Gower. 2. Turned upside down; greatly disturbed. [Obs.] He found the sea diverse With many a windy storm reverse. Gower. 3. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Reversed; as, a reverse shell. Reverse bearing (Surv.), the bearing of a back station as observed from the station next in advance. -- Reverse curve (Railways), a curve like the letter S, formed of two curves bending in opposite directions. -- Reverse fire (Mil.), a fire in the rear. -- Reverse operation (Math.), an operation the steps of which are taken in a contrary order to that in which the same or similar steps are taken in another operation considered as direct; an operation in which that is sought which in another operation is given, and that given which in the other is sought; as, finding the length of a pendulum from its time of vibration is the reverse operation to finding the time of vibration from the length. REVERSE Re*verse", n. Etym: [Cf. F. revers. See Reverse, a.] 1. That which appears or is presented when anything, as a lance, a line, a course of conduct, etc., is reverted or turned contrary to its natural direction. He did so with the reverse of the lance. Sir W. Scott. 2. That which is directly opposite or contrary to something else; a contrary; an opposite. Chaucer. And then mistook reverse of wrong for right. Pope. To make everything the reverse of what they have seen, is quite as easy as to destroy. Burke. 3. The act of reversing; complete change; reversal; hence, total change in circumstances or character; especially, a change from better to worse; misfortune; a check or defeat; as, the enemy met with a reverse. The strange reverse of fate you see; I pitied you, now you may pity me. Dryden. By a reverse of fortune, Stephen becomes rich. Lamb. 4. The back side; as, the reverse of a drum or trench; the reverse of a medal or coin, that is, the side opposite to the Ant: obverse. See Obverse. 5. A thrust in fencing made with a backward turn of the hand; a backhanded stroke. [Obs.] Shak. 6. (Surg.) Defn: A turn or fold made in bandaging, by which the direction of the bandage is changed. REVERSE Re*verse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reversed;p. pr. & vb. n. Reversing.] Etym: [See Reverse, a., and cf. Revert.] 1. To turn back; to cause to face in a contrary direction; to cause to depart. And that old dame said many an idle verse, Out of her daughter's heart fond fancies to reverse. Spenser. 2. To cause to return; to recall. [Obs.] And to his fresh remembrance did reverse The ugly view of his deformed crimes. Spenser. 3. To change totally; to alter to the opposite. Reverse the doom of death. Shak. She reversed the conduct of the celebrated vicar of Bray. Sir W. Scott. 4. To turn upside down; to invert. A pyramid reversed may stand upon his point if balanced by admirable skill. Sir W. Temple. 5. Hence, to overthrow; to subvert. These can divide, and these reverse, the state. Pope. Custom . . . reverses even the distinctions of good and evil. Rogers. 6. (Law) Defn: To overthrow by a contrary decision; to make void; to under or annual for error; as, to reverse a judgment, sentence, or decree. Reverse arms (Mil.), a position of a soldier in which the piece passes between the right elbow and the body at an angle of 45°, and is held as in the illustration. -- To reverse an engine or a machine, to cause it to perform its revolutions or action in the opposite direction. Syn. -- To overturn; overset; invert; overthrow; subvert; repeal; annul; revoke; undo. REVERSE Re*verse", v. i. 1. To return; to revert. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To become or be reversed. REVERSED Re*versed", a. 1. Turned side for side, or end for end; changed to the contrary; specifically (Bot. & Zoöl.), sinistrorse or sinistral; as, a reversed, or sinistral, spiral or shell. 2. (Law) Defn: Annulled and the contrary substituted; as, a reversed judgment or decree. Reversed positive or negative (Photog.), a picture corresponding with the original in light and shade, but reversed as to right and left. Abney. REVERSEDLY Re*vers"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a reversed way. REVERSELESS Re*verse"less, a. Defn: Irreversible. [R.] A. SEward. REVERSELY Re*verse"ly, adv. Defn: In a reverse manner; on the other hand; on the opposite. Bp. Pearson. REVERSER Re*vers"er, n. Defn: One who reverses. REVERSIBILITY Re*vers`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being reversible. Tyndall. REVERSIBLE Re*vers"i*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. réversible revertible, reversionary.] 1. Capable of being reversed; as, a chair or seat having a reversible back; a reversible judgment or sentence. 2. Hence, having a pattern or finished surface on both sides, so that either may be used; -- said of fabrics. Reversible lock, a lock that may be applied to a door opening in either direction, or hinged to either jamb. -- Reversible process. See under Process. REVERSIBLY Re*vers"i*bly, adv. Defn: In a reversible manner. REVERSING Re*vers"ing, a. Defn: Serving to effect reversal, as of motion; capable of being reversed. Reversing engine, a steam engine having a reversing gear by means of which it can be made to run in either direction at will. -- Reversing gear (Mach.), gear for reversing the direction of rotation at will. REVERSION Re*ver"sion, n. Etym: [F. réversion, L. reversio a turning back. See Revert.] 1. The act of returning, or coming back; return. [Obs.] After his reversion home, [he] was spoiled, also, of all that he brought with him. Foxe. 2. That which reverts or returns; residue. [Obs.] The small reversion of this great navy which came home might be looked upon by religious eyes as relics. Fuller. 3. (Law) Defn: The returning of an esttate to the grantor or his heirs, by operation of law, after the grant has terminated; hence, the residue of an estate left in the proprietor or owner thereof, to take effect in possession, by operation of law, after the termination of a limited or less estate carved out of it and conveyed by him. Kent. 4. Hence, a right to future possession or enjoiment; succession. For even reversions are all begged before. Dryden. 5. (Annuities) Defn: A payment which is not to be received, or a benefit which does not begin, until the happening of some event, as the death of a living person. Brande &C. 6. (Biol.) Defn: A return towards some ancestral type or character; atavism. Reversion of series (Alg.), the act of reverting a series. See To revert a series, under Revert, v. t. REVERSIONARY Re*ver"sion*a*ry, a. (Law) Defn: Of or pertaining to a reversion; involving a reversion; to be enjoyed in succession, or after the termination of a particular estate; as, a reversionary interest or right. REVERSIONARY Re*ver"sion*a*ry, n. (Law) Defn: That which is to be received in reversion. REVERSIONER Re*ver"sion*er, n. (Law) Defn: One who has a reversion, or who is entitled to lands or tenements, after a particular estate granted is terminated. Blackstone. REVERSIS Re*ver"sis, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A certain game at cards. REVERT Re*vert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Reverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Reverting.] Etym: [L. revertere, reversum; pref. re- re- + vertere to turn: cf. OF. revertir. See Verse, and cf. Reverse.] 1. To turn back, or to the contrary; to reverse. Till happy chance revert the cruel scence. Prior. The tumbling stream . . . Reverted, plays in undulating flow. Thomson. 2. To throw back; to reflect; to reverberate. 3. (Chem.) Defn: To change back. See Revert, v. i. To revert a series (Alg.), to treat a series, as y = a + bx + cx2 + etc., where one variable y is expressed in powers of a second variable x, so as to find therefrom the second variable x, expressed in a series arranged in powers of y. REVERT Re*vert", v. i. 1. To return; to come back. So that my arrows Would have reverted to my bow again. Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: To return to the proprietor after the termination of a particular estate granted by him. 3. (Biol.) Defn: To return, wholly or in part, towards some preëxistent form; to take on the traits or characters of an ancestral type. 4. (Chem.) Defn: To change back, as from a soluble to an insoluble state or the reverse; thus, phosphoric acid in certain fertilizers reverts. REVERT Re*vert", n. Defn: One who, or that which, reverts. An active promoter in making the East Saxons converts, or rather reverts, to the faith. Fuller. REVERTED Re*vert"ed, a. Defn: Turned back; reversed. Specifically: (Her.) Bent or curved twice, in opposite directions, or in the form of an S. REVERTENT Re*vert"ent, n. (Med.) Defn: A remedy which restores the natural order of the inverted irritative motions in the animal system. [Obs.] E. Darwin. REVERTER Re*vert"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, reverts. 2. (Law) Reversion. Burrill. REVERTIBLE Re*vert"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of, or admitting of, reverting or being reverted; as, a revertible estate. REVERTIVE Re*vert"ive, a. Defn: Reverting, or tending to revert; returning. -- Re*vert"ive*ly, adv. The tide revertive, unattracted, leaves A yellow waste of idle sands behind. Thomson. REVERY Rev"er*y, n. Defn: Same as Reverie. REVEST Re*vest", v. t. Etym: [OF reverstir, F. revêtir, L. revestire; pref. re- re- + vestire to clothe, fr. vestis a garment. See Vestry, and cf. Revet.] 1. To clothe again; to cover, as with a robe; to robe. Her, nathless, . . . the enchanterrevest and decked with due habiliments. Spenser. 2. To vest again with possession or office; as, to revest a magistrate with authority. REVEST Re*vest", v. i. Defn: To take effect or vest again, as a title; to revert to former owner; as, the title or right revels in A after alienation. REVESTIARY Re*ves"ti*a*ry, n. Etym: [LL. revestiarium: cf. F. revestiaire. See Revest.] Defn: The apartment, in a church or temple, where the vestments, etc., are kept; -- now contracted into vestry. REVESTRY Re*ves"try, n. Defn: Same as Revestiary. [Obs.] REVESTTURE Re*vest"ture, n. Defn: Vesture. [Obs.] Richrevesture of cloth of gold. E. Hall. REVET Re*vet", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revetted;p. pr. & vb. n. Revetting.] Etym: [See Revetment.] (Mil. & Civil Engineering) Defn: To face, as an embankment, with masonry, wood, or other material. REVETMENT Re*vet"ment, n. Etym: [F. revêtment the lining of a dith, fr. revêtir to clothe, L. revestire. See Revest,v. t.] (Fort. & Engin.) Defn: A facing of wood, stone, or any other material, to sustain an embankment when it receives a slope steeper than the natural slope; also, a retaining wall. [Written also revêtement ( REVIBRATE Re*vi"brate, v. i. Defn: To vibrate back or in return. -- Re`vi*bra"tion, n. REVICT Re*vict", v. t. Etym: [L. revictus, p. p. of revincere to conquer.] Defn: To reconquer. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. REVICTION Re*vic"tion, n. Etym: [From L. revivere, revictum, to live again; pref. re- re- + vivere to live.] Defn: Return to life. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. REVICTUAL Re*vict"ual, v. t. Defn: To victual again. REVIE Re*vie", v. t. 1. To vie with, or rival, in return. 2. (Card Playing) Defn: To meet a wager on, as on the taking of a trick, with a higher wager. [Obs.] B. Jonson. REVIE Re*vie", v. i. 1. To exceed an adversary's wager in card playing. [Obs.] 2. To make a retort; to bandy words. [Obs.] REVIEW Re*view", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Review; p. pr. & vb. n. Reveiwing.] Etym: [Pref. re- + view. Cf. Riview, n. ] 1. To view or see again; to look back on [R.] "I shall review Sicilia." Shak. 2. To go over and examine critically or deliberately. Specifically: (a) To reconsider; to revise, as a manuscript before printing it, or a book for a new edition. (b) To go over with critical examination, in order to discover exellences or defects; hence, to write a critical notice of; as, to review a new novel. (c) To make a formal or official examination of the state of, as troops, and the like; as, to review a regiment. (d) (Law) To reëxamine judically; as, a higher court may review the proceedings and judgments of a lower one. 3. To retrace; to go over again. Shall I the long, laborious scene review Pope. REVIEW Re*view", v. i. Defn: To look back; to make a review. REVIEW Re*view", n. Etym: [F. revue, fr. revu, p. p. of revoir to see again, L. revidere; pref. re- re- + videre to see. See View, and cf. Revise.] 1. A second or repeated view; a reëxamination; a retrospective survey; a looking over again; as, a review of one's studies; a review of life. 2. An examination with a view to amendment or improvement; revision; as, an author's review of his works. 3. A critical examination of a publication, with remarks; a criticism; a critique. 4. A periodical containing critical essays upon matters of interest, as new productions in literature, art, etc. 5. An inspection, as of troops under arms or of a naval force, by a high officer, for the purpose of ascertaining the state of discipline, equipments, etc. 6. (Law) Defn: The judicial examination of the proceedings of a lower court by a higher. 7. A lesson studied or recited for a second time. Bill of review (Equity), a bill, in the nature of proceedings in error, filed to procure an examination and alteration or reversal of a final decree which has been duly signed and enrolled. Wharton. -- Commission of review (Eng. Eccl. Law), a commission formerly granted by the crown to revise the sentence of the court of delegates. Syn. -- Reëxamination; resurvey; retrospect; survey; reconsideration; revisal; revise; revision. REVIEWABLE Re*view"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being reviewed. REVIEWAL Re*view"al, n. Defn: A review. [R.] Southey. REVIEWER Re*view"er, n. Defn: One who reviews or reëxamines; an inspector; one who examines publications critically, and publishes his opinion upon their merits; a professional critic of books. REVIGORATE Re*vig"or*ate, a. Etym: [LL. revigoratus, p. p. of revigorare; L. re- + vigor vigor.] Defn: Having new vigor or strength; invigorated anew. [R.] Southey. REVIGORATE Re*vig"or*ate, v. t. Defn: To give new vigor to. [Obs.] REVILE Re*vile", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Reviled; p. pr. & vb. n. Reviling.] Etym: [Pref. re- + OF. aviler to make vile, depreciate, F. avilir; à (L. ad.) + vil vile. See Vile.] Defn: To address or abuse with opprobrious and contemptuous language; to reproach. "And did not she herself revile me there" Shak. Who, when he was reviled, reviled not again. 1 Pet. ii. 23. Syn. -- To reproach; vilify; upbraid; calumniate. REVILE Re*vile", n. Defn: Reproach; reviling. [Obs.] The gracious Judge, without revile, replied. Milton. REVILEMENT Re*vile"ment, n. Defn: The act of reviling; also, contemptuous language; reproach; abuse. Spenser. REVILER Re*vil"er, n. Defn: One who reviles. 1. Cor. vi. 10. REVILING Re*vil"ing, n. Defn: Reproach; abuse; vilification. Neither be ye afraid of their revilings. Isa. li. 7. REVILING Re*vil"ing, a. Defn: Uttering reproaches; containing reproaches. -- Re*vil"ing*ly, adv. REVINCE Re*vince", v. t. Etym: [See Revict.] Defn: To overcome; to refute, as error. [Obs.] Foxe. REVINDICATE Re*vin"di*cate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + vindicate. Cf. Revindicate, Revenge.] Defn: To vindicate again; to reclaim; to demand and take back. Mitford. REVIRESCENCE Rev`i*res"cence, n. Etym: [L. revirescens, p. pr. of revirescere to grow green again.] Defn: A growing green or fresh again; renewal of youth or vigor. [Obs.] REVISABLE Re*vis"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be revised. REVISAL Re*vis"al, n. Etym: [From Revise.] Defn: The act of revising, or reviewing and reëxamining for correction and improvement; revision; as, the revisal of a manuscript; the revisal of a proof sheet; the revisal of a treaty. REVISE Re*vise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revised; p. pr. & vb. n. Revising.] Etym: [F. reviser, fr. L. revidere, revisum, to see again; pref. re- re- + videre, visum, tosee. See Review, View.] 1. To look at again for the detection of errors; to reëxamine; to review; to look over with care for correction; as, to revise a writing; to revise a translation. 2. (Print.) Defn: To compare (a proof) with a previous proof of the same matter, and mark again such errors as have not been corrected in the type. 3. To review, alter, and amend; as, to revise statutes; to revise an agreement; to revise a dictionary. The Revised Version of the Bible, a version prepared in accordance with a resolution passed, in 1870, by both houses of the Convocation of the Province of Canterbury, England. Both English and American revisers were employed on the work. It was first published in a complete form in 1885, and is a revised form of the Authorized Version. See Authorized Version, under Authorized. REVISE Re*vise", n. 1. A review; a revision. Boyle. 2. (Print.) Defn: A second proof sheet; a proof sheet taken after the first or a subsequent correction. REVISER Re*vis"er, n. Defn: One who revises. REVISION Re*vi"sion, n. Etym: [F. révision, L. revisio.] 1. The act of revising; reëxamination for correction; review; as, the revision of a book or writing, or of a proof sheet; a revision of statutes. 2. That which is made by revising. Syn. -- Reëxamination; revisal; revise; review. REVISIONAL; REVISIONARY Re*vi"sion*al, Re*vi"sion*a*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to revision; revisory. REVISIT Re*vis"it, v. t. 1. To visit again. Milton. 2. To revise. [Obs.] Ld. Berners. REVISITATION Re*vis`it*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of revisiting. REVISORY Re*vi"so*ry, a. Defn: Having the power or purpose to revise; revising. Story. REVITALIZE Re*vi"tal*ize, v. t. Defn: To restore vitality to; to bring back to life. L. S. Beale. REVIVABLE Re*viv"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be revived. REVIVAL Re*viv"al, n. Etym: [From Revive.] Defn: The act of reviving, or the state of being revived. Specifically: (a) Renewed attention to something, as to letters or literature. (b) Renewed performance of, or interest in, something, as the drama and literature. (c) Renewed interest in religion, after indifference and decline; a period of religious awakening; special religious interest. (d) Reanimation from a state of langour or depression; -- applied to the health, spirits, and the like. (e) Renewed pursuit, or cultivation, or flourishing state of something, as of commerce, arts, agriculture. (f) Renewed prevalence of something, as a practice or a fashion. (g) (Law) Restoration of force, validity, or effect; renewal; as, the revival of a debt barred by limitation; the revival of a revoked will, etc. (h) Revivification, as of a metal. See Revivification, 2. REVIVALISM Re*viv"al*ism, n. Defn: The spirit of religious revivals; the methods of revivalists. REVIVALIST Re*viv"al*ist, n. Defn: A clergyman or layman who promotes revivals of religion; an advocate for religious revivals; sometimes, specifically, a clergyman, without a particular charge, who goes about to promote revivals. Also used adjectively. REVIVALISTIC Re*viv`al*is"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to revivals. REVIVE Re*vive", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Revived; p. pr. & vb. n. Reviving.] Etym: [F. revivere, L. revivere; pref. re- re- + vivere to live. See Vivid.] 1. To return to life; to recover life or strength; to live anew; to become reanimated or reinvigorated. Shak. The Lord heard the voice of Elijah; and the soul of the child came into again, and he revived. 1 Kings xvii. 22. 2. Hence, to recover from a state of oblivion, obscurity, neglect, or depression; as, classical learning revived in the fifteenth century. 3. (Old Chem.) Defn: To recover its natural or metallic state, as a metal. REVIVE Re*vive", v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. reviver. See Revive, v. i.] 1. To restore, or bring again to life; to reanimate. Those bodies, by reason of whose mortality we died, shall be revived. Bp. Pearson. 2. To raise from coma,, languor, depression, or discouragement; to bring into action after a suspension. Those gracious words revive my drooping thoughts. Shak. Your coming, friends, revives me. Milton. 3. Hence, to recover from a state of neglect or disuse; as, to revive letters or learning. 4. To renew in the mind or memory; to bring to recollection; to recall attention to; to reawaken. "Revive the libels born to die." Swift. The mind has a power in many cases to revive perceptions which it has once had. Locke. 5. (Old Chem.) Defn: To restore or reduce to its natural or metallic state; as, to revive a metal after calcination. REVIVEMENT Re*vive"ment, n. Defn: Revival. [R.] REVIVER Re*viv"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, revives. REVIVIFICATE Re`vi*vif"i*cate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. re- + vivificate: cf. L. revivificare, revivificatum. Cf. Revivify.] Defn: To revive; to recall or restore to life. [R.] REVIVIFICATION Re*viv`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. révivification.] 1. Renewal of life; restoration of life; the act of recaling, or the state of being recalled, to life. 2. (Old Chem.) Defn: The reduction of a metal from a state of combination to its metallic state. REVIVIFY Re*viv"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. révivifier, L. revivificare. See Vivify.] Defn: To cause to revive. Some association may revivify it enough to make it flash, after a long oblivion, into consciousness. Sir W. Hamilton. REVIVING Re*viv"ing, a. & n. Defn: Returning or restoring to life or vigor; reanimating. Milton. -- Re*viv"ing*ly, adv. REVIVISCENCE; REVIVISCENCY Rev`i*vis"cence, Rev`i*vis"cen*cy, n. Defn: The act of reviving, or the state of being revived; renewal of life. In this age we have a sort of reviviscence, not, I fear, of the power, but of a taste for the power, of the early times. Coleridge. REVIVISCENT Rev`i*vis"cent, a. Etym: [L. reviviscens, p. pr. ofreviviscere to revive; pref. re- re- + viviscere, v. incho. fr. vivere to live.] Defn: Able or disposed to revive; reviving. E. Darwin. REVIVOR Re*viv"or, n. (Eng. Law) Defn: Revival of a suit which is abated by the death or marriage of any of the parties, -- done by a bill of revivor. Blackstone. REVOCABILITY Rev`o*ca*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being revocable; as, the revocability of a law. REVOCABLE Rev"o*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. revocabilis: cf. F. révocable. See Revoke.] Defn: Capable of being revoked; as, a revocable edict or grant; a revocable covenant. -- Rev"o*ca*ble*ness, n. -- Rev"o*ca*bly, adv. REVOCATE Rev"o*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. revocatus, p. p. of revocare. See Revoke.] Defn: To recall; to call back. [Obs.] REVOCATION Rev`o*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. revocatio: cf. F. révocation.] 1. The act of calling back, or the state of being recalled; recall. One that saw the people bent for the revocation of Calvin, gave him notice of their affection. Hooker. 2. The act by which one, having the right, annuls an act done, a power or authority given, or a license, gift, or benefit conferred; repeal; reversal; as, the revocation of an edict, a power, a will, or a license. REVOCATORY Rev"o**ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. revocatorius: cf. F. révocatoire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to revocation; tending to, or involving, a revocation; revoking; recalling. REVOICE Re*voice", v. t. Defn: To refurnish with a voice; to refit, as an organ pipe, so as to restore its tone. REVOKE Re*voke", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revoked;p. pr. & vb. n. Revoking.] Etym: [F. révoquer, L. revocare; pref. re- re- + vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice. See Voice, and cf. Revocate.] 1. To call or bring back; to recall. [Obs.] The faint sprite he did revoke again, To her frail mansion of morality. Spenser. 2. Hence, to annul, by recalling or taking back; to repeal; to rescind; to cancel; to reverse, as anything granted by a special act; as, , to revoke a will, a license, a grant, a permission, a law, or the like. Shak. 3. To hold back; to repress; to restrain. [Obs.] [She] still strove their sudden rages to revoke. Spenser. 4. To draw back; to withdraw. [Obs.] Spenser. 5. To call back to mind; to recollect. [Obs.] A man, by revoking and recollecting within himself former passages, will be still apt to inculcate these sad memoris to his conscience. South. Syn. -- To abolish; recall; repeal; rescind; countermand; annul; abrogate; cancel; reverse. See Abolish. REVOKE Re*voke", v. i. (Card Playing) Defn: To fail to follow suit when holding a card of the suit led, in violation of the rule of the game; to renege. Hoyle. REVOKE Re*voke", n. (Card Playing) Defn: The act of revoking. She [Sarah Battle] never made a revoke. Lamb. REVOKEMENT Re*voke"ment, n. Defn: Revocation. [R.] Shak. REVOKER Re*vok"er, n. Defn: One who revokes. REVOKINGLY Re*vok"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By way of revocation. REVOLT Re*volt", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Revolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Revolting.] Etym: [Cf. F. révoller, It. rivoltare. See Revolt, n.] 1. To turn away; to abandon or reject something; specifically, to turn away, or shrink, with abhorrence. But this got by casting pearl to hogs, That bawl for freedom in their senseless mood, And still revolt when trith would set them free. Milton. HIs clear intelligence revolted from the dominant sophisms of that time. J. Morley. 2. Hence, to be faithless; to desert one party or leader for another; especially, to renounce allegiance or subjection; to rise against a government; to rebel. Our discontented counties do revolt. Shak. Plant those that have revolted in the van. Shak. 3. To be disgusted, shocked, or grossly offended; hence, to feel nausea; -- with at; as, the stomach revolts at such food; his nature revolts at cruelty. REVOLT Re*volt", v. t. 1. To cause to turn back; to roll or drive back; to put to flight. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To do violence to; to cause to turn away or shrink with abhorrence; to shock; as, to revolt the feelings. This abominable medley is made rather to revolt young and ingenuous minds. Burke. To derive delight from what inflicts pain on any sentient creatuure revolted his conscience and offended his reason. J. Morley. REVOLT Re*volt", n. Etym: [F. révolte, It. rivolta, fr. rivolto, p. p. fr. L. revolvere, revolutum. See Revolve.] 1. The act of revolting; an uprising against legitimate authority; especially, a renunciation of allegiance and subjection to a government; rebellion; as, the revolt of a province of the Roman empire. Who first seduced them to that foul revolt Milton. 2. A revolter. [Obs.] "Ingrate revolts." Shak. Syn. -- Insurrection; sedition; rebellion; mutiny. See Insurrection. REVOLTER Re*volt"er, n. Defn: One who revolts. REVOLTING Re*volt"ing, a. Defn: Causing abhorrence mixed with disgust; exciting extreme repugnance; loathsome; as, revolting cruelty. -- Re*volt"ing*ly, adv. REVOLUBLE Rev"o*lu*ble, a. Etym: [L. revolubilis that may be rolled back. See Revolve.] Defn: Capable of revolving; rotatory; revolving. [Obs.] Us, then, to whom the thrice three year Hath filled his revoluble orb since our arrival here, I blame not. Chapman. REVOLUTE Rev"o*lute, a. Etym: [L. revolutus, p. p. of revolvere. See Revolve.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Rolled backward or downward. Note: A revolute leaf is coiled downwards, with the lower surface inside the coil. A leaf with revolute margins has the edges rolled under, as in the Andromeda polifilia. REVOLUTION Rev`o*lu"tion, n. Etym: [F. révolution, L. revolutio. See Revolve.] 1. The act of revolving, or turning round on an axis or a center; the motion of a body round a fixed point or line; rotation; as, the revolution of a wheel, of a top, of the earth on its axis, etc. 2. Return to a point before occupied, or to a point relatively the same; a rolling back; return; as, revolution in an ellipse or spiral. That fear Comes thundering back, with dreadful revolution, On my defenseless head. Milton. 3. The space measured by the regular return of a revolving body; the period made by the regular recurrence of a measure of time, or by a succession of similar events. "The short revolution of a day." Dryden. 4. (Astron.) Defn: The motion of any body, as a planet or satellite, in a curved line or orbit, until it returns to the same point again, or to a point relatively the same; -- designated as the annual, anomalistic, nodical, sidereal, or tropical revolution, according as the point of return or completion has a fixed relation to the year, the anomaly, the nodes, the stars, or the tropics; as, the revolution of the earth about the sun; the revolution of the moon about the earth. Note: The term is sometimes applied in astronomy to the motion of a single body, as a planet, about its own axis, but this motion is usually called rotation. 5. (Geom.) Defn: The motion of a point, line, or surface about a point or line as its center or axis, in such a manner that a moving point generates a curve, a moving line a surface (called a surface of revolution), and a moving surface a solid (called a solid of revolution); as, the revolution of a right-angled triangle about one of its sides generates a cone; the revolution of a semicircle about the diameter generates a sphere. 6. A total or radical change; as, a revolution in one's circumstances or way of living. The ability . . . of the great philosopher speedily produced a complete revolution throughout the department. Macaulay. 7. (Politics) Defn: A fundamental change in political organization, or in a government or constitution; the overthrow or renunciation of one government, and the substitution of another, by the governed. The violence of revolutions is generally proportioned to the degree of the maladministration which has produced them. Macaulay. Note: When used without qualifying terms, the word is often applied specifically, by way of eminence, to: (a) The English Revolution in 1689, when William of Orange and Mary became the reigning sovereigns, in place of James II. (b) The American Revolution, beginning in 1775, by which the English colonies, since known as the United States, secured their independence. (c) The revolution in France in 1789, commonly called the French Revolution, the subsequent revolutions in that country being designated by their dates, as the Revolution of 1830, of 1848, etc. REVOLUTIONARY Rev`o*lu"tion*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. révolutionnaire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a revolution in government; tending to, or promoting, revolution; as, revolutionary war; revolutionary measures; revolutionary agitators. REVOLUTIONARY Rev`o*lu"tion*a*ry, n. Defn: A revolutionist. [R.] Dumfries was a Tory town, and could not tolerate a revolutionary. Prof. Wilson. REVOLUTIONER Rev`o*lu"tion*er, n. Defn: One who is engaged in effecting a revolution; a revolutionist. Smollett. REVOLUTIONISM Rev`o*lu"tion*ism, n. Defn: The state of being in revolution; revolutionary doctrines or principles. REVOLUTIONIST Rev`o*lu"tion*ist, n. Defn: One engaged in effecting a change of government; a favorer of revolution. Burke. REVOLUTIONIZE Rev`o*lu"tion*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Revolutioniezed; p. pr. & vb. n. Revolutionizing().] Defn: To change completely, as by a revolution; as, to revolutionize a government. Ames. The gospel . . . has revolutionized his soul. J. M. Mason. REVOLUTIVE Re*vol"u*tive, a. Defn: Inclined to revolve things in the mind; meditative. [Obs.] Feltham. REVOLVABLE Re*volv"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be revolved. REVOLVE Re*volve", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Revolved(); p. pr. & vb. n. Revolving.] Etym: [L. revolvere, revolutum; pref. re- re- + volvere to roll, turn round. See Voluble, and cf. Revolt, revolution.] 1. To turn or roll round on, or as on, an axis, like a wheel; to rotate, -- which is the more specific word in this sense. If the earth revolve thus, each house pear the equator must move a thousand miles an hour. I. Watts. 2. To move in a curved path round a center; as, the planets revolve round the sun. 3. To pass in cycles; as, the centuries revolve. 4. To return; to pass. [R.] Ayliffe. REVOLVE Re*volve", v. t. 1. To cause to turn, as on an axis. Then in the east her turn she shines, Revolved on heaven's great axile. Milton. 2. Hence, to turn over and over in the mind; to reflect repeatedly upon; to consider all aspects of. This having heard, straight I again revolved The law and prophets. Milton. REVOLVEMENT Re*volve"ment, n. Defn: Act of revolving. [R.] REVOLVENCY Re*volv"en*cy, n. Defn: The act or state of revolving; revolution. [Archaic] Its own revolvency upholds the world. Cowper. REVOLVER Re*volv"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, revolves; specifically, a firearm ( commonly a pistol) with several chambers or barrels so arranged as to revolve on an axis, and be discharged in succession by the same lock; a repeater. REVOLVING Re*volv"ing, a. Defn: Making a revolution or revolutions; rotating; -- used also figuratively of time, seasons, etc., depending on the revolution of the earth. But grief returns with the revolving year. Shelley. Revolving seasons, fruitless as they pass. Cowper. Revolving firearm. See Revolver. -- Revolving light, a light or lamp in a lighthouse so arranged as to appear and disappear at fixed intervals, either by being turned about an axis so as to show light only at intervals, or by having its light occasionally intercepted by a revolving screen. REVULSE Re*vulse", v. t. Etym: [L. revulsus, p. p. of revellere.] Defn: To pull back with force. [R.] Cowper. REVULSION Re*vul"sion, n. Etym: [F. révulsion, L. revulsio, fr. revellere, revulsum, to pluck or pull away; pref. re- re- + vellere to pull. Cf. Convulse.] 1. A strong pulling or drawing back; withdrawal. "Revulsions and pullbacks." SSir T. Brovne. 2. A sudden reaction; a sudden and complete change; -- applied to the feelings. A sudden and violent revulsion of feeling, both in the Parliament and the country, followed. Macaulay. 3. (Med.) Defn: The act of turning or diverting any disease from one part of the body to another. It resembles derivation, but is usually applied to a more active form of counter irritation. REVULSIVE Re*vul"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. révulsif.] Defn: Causing, or tending to, revulsion. REVULSIVE Re*vul"sive, n. Defn: That which causes revulsion; specifically (Med.), a revulsive remedy or agent. REW Rew, n. Etym: [See Row a series.] Defn: A row. [Obs.] Chaucer. "A rew of sundry colored stones." Chapman. REWAKE Re*wake"", v. t. & i. Defn: To wake again. REWARD Re*ward", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rewarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Rewarding.] Etym: [OF. rewarder, another form of regarder, of German origin. The original sense is, to look at, regard, hence, to regard as worthy, give a reward to. See Ward, Regard.] Defn: To give in return, whether good or evil; -- commonly in a good sense; to requite; to recompense; to repay; to compensate. After the deed that is done, one doom shall reward, Mercy or no mercy as truth will accord. Piers Plowman. Thou hast rewarded me good, whereas I have rewarded thee evil. 1 Sam. xxiv. 17. I will render vengeance to mine enemies, and will reward them that hate me. Deut. xxxii. 41. God rewards those that have made use of the single talent. Hammond. REWARD Re*ward", n. Etym: [See Reward, v., and cf. Regard, n.] 1. Regard; respect; consideration. [Obs.] Take reward of thine own value. Chaucer. 2. That which is given in return for good or evil done or received; esp., that which is offered or given in return for some service or attainment, as for excellence in studies, for the return of something lost, etc.; recompense; requital. Thou returnest From flight, seditious angel, to receive Thy merited reward. Milton. Rewards and punishments do always presuppose something willingly done well or ill. Hooker. 3. Hence, the fruit of one's labor or works. The dead know not anything, neither have they any more a reward. Eccl. ix. 5. 4. (Law) Defn: Compensation or remuneration for services; a sum of money paid or taken for doing, or forbearing to do, some act. Burrill. Syn. -- Recompense; compensation; remuneration; pay; requital; retribution; punishment. REWARDABLE Re*ward"a*ble, a. Defn: Worthy of reward. -- Re*ward"a*ble*ness, n. -- Re*ward"a*bly, adv. REWARDER Re*ward"er, n. Defn: One who rewards. REWARDFUL Re*ward"ful, a. Defn: Yielding reward. [R.] REWARDLESS Re*ward"less, a. Defn: Having, or affording, no reward. REWE Rewe, v. t. & i. Defn: Tu rue. [Obs.] Chaucer. REWEL BONE Rew"el bone`. Etym: [Perh. from F. rouelle, dim. of roue a wheel, L. rota.] Defn: An obsolete phrase of disputed meaning, -- perhaps, smooth or polished bone. His saddle was of rewel boon. Chaucer. REWET Rew"et, n. Etym: [See Rouet.] Defn: A gunlock. [R.] REWFUL Rew"ful, a. Defn: Rueful. [Obs.] Chaucer. REWIN Re*win", v. t. Defn: To win again, or win back. The Palatinate was not worth the rewinning. Fuller. REWLE Rewle, n. & v. Defn: Rule. [Obs.] Chaucer. REWME Rewme, n. Defn: Realm. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. REWORD Re*word", v. t. 1. To repeat in the same words; to reëcho. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To alter the wording of; to restate in other words; as, to reword an idea or a passage. REWRITE Re*write", v. t. Defn: To write again. Young. REWTH Rewth, n. Defn: Ruth. [Obs.] Chaucer. REX Rex, n.; pl. Reges. Etym: [L.] Defn: A king. To play rex, to play the king; to domineer. [Obs.] REYN Reyn, n. Defn: Rain or rein. [Obs.] Chaucer. REYNARD Rey"nard, n. Defn: An appelation applied after the manner of a proper name to the fox. Same as Renard. REYSE Reyse, v. t. Defn: To raise. [Obs.] Chaucer. REYSE Reyse, v. i. Etym: [Cf. G. reisen to travel.] Defn: To go on a military expedition. [Obs.] Chaucer. REZ-DE-CHAUSSEE Rez`-de-chaus`sée", n. [F., lit., level of the street. See Raze, v. t., and Causey.] (Arch.) Defn: The ground story of a building, either on a level with the street or raised slightly above it; -- said esp. of buildings on the continent of Europe. Tier above tier of neat apartments rise over the little shops which form the rez-de-chaussée. The Century. RHABARBARATE Rha*bar"ba*rate, a. Etym: [From NL. rhabarbarum, an old name of rhubarb. See Rhubarb.] Defn: Impregnated or tinctured with rhubarb. Floyer. RHABARBARIN; RHABARBARINE Rha*bar"ba*rin, or; Rha*bar"ba*rine, n. (Chem.) Defn: Chrysophanic acid. RHABDITE Rhab"dite, n. Etym: [Gr. "ra`bdos a rod.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A minute smooth rodlike or fusiform structure found in the tissues of many Turbellaria. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the hard parts forming the ovipositor of insects. RHABDOCOELA Rhab`do*coe"la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "ra`bdos a rod + (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Turbellaria including those that have a simple cylindrical, or saclike, stomach, without an intestine. RHABDOCOELOUS Rhab`do*coe"lous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Rhabdocoela. RHABDOIDAL Rhab*doid"al, a. Defn: See Sagittal. RHABDOLITH Rhab"do*lith, n. Etym: [Gr. "ra`bdos a rod + -lith.] Defn: A minute calcareous rodlike structure found both at the surface and the bottom of the ocean; -- supposed by some to be a calcareous alga. RHABDOLOGY Rhab*dol"o*gy, n. Defn: Same as Rabdology. RHABDOM Rhab"dom, n. Etym: [Gr. "ra`bdos a rod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of numerous minute rodlike structures formed of two or more cells situated behind the retinulæ in the compound eyes of insects, etc. See Illust. under Ommatidium. RHABDOMANCY Rhab"do*man`cy, n. Defn: Same as Rabdomancy. RHABDOMERE Rhab"do*mere, n. Etym: [Rhabdom + -mere.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the several parts composing a rhabdom. RHABDOPHORA Rhab*doph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "ra`bdos a rod + (Zoöl.) Defn: An extinct division of Hydrozoa which includes the graptolities. RHABDOPLEURA Rhab`do*pleu"ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "ra`bdos a rod + (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine Bryozoa in which the tubular cells have a centralchitinous axis and the tentacles are borne on a bilobed lophophore. It is the type of the order Pterobranchia, or Podostomata RHABDOSPHERE Rhab"do*sphere, n. Etym: [Gr. "ra`bdos a rod + E. sphere.] Defn: A minute sphere composed of rhabdoliths. RHACHIALGIA Rha`chi*al"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Rachialgia. RHACHIDIAN Rha*chid"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the rhachis; as, the rhachidian teeth of a mollusk. RHACHIGLOSSA Rhach`i*glos"sa, n.pl. Etym: [NL. See Rhachis, and Glossa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of marine gastropods having a retractile proboscis and three longitudinal rows of teeth on the radula. It includes many of the large ornamental shells, as the miters, murices, olives, purpuras, volutes, and whelks. See Illust. in Append. RHACHILLA Rha*chil"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "ra`chis the spine.] (Bot.) Defn: A branch of inflorescence; the zigzag axis on which the florets are arranged in the spikelets of grasses. RHACHIODONT Rha"chi*o*dont, a. Etym: [Gr. "ra`chis, -ios, the spine + (Zoöl.) Defn: Having gular teeth formed by a peculiar modification of the inferior spines of some of the vertebræ, as certain South African snakes (Dasypelits) which swallow birds' eggs and use these gular teeth to crush them. RHACHIS Rha"chis, n.; pl. E. Rhachises, L. Rhachides. Etym: [See Rachis.] [Written also rechis.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The spine. 2. (Bot.) (a) The continued stem or midrib of a pinnately compound leaf, as in a rose leaf or a fern. (b) The principal axis in a raceme, spike, panicle, or corymb. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The shaft of a feather. The rhachis of the after-shaft, or plumule, is called the hyporhachis. (b) The central cord in the stem of a crinoid. (c) The median part of the radula of a mollusk. (d) A central cord of the ovary of nematodes. RHACHITIS Rha*chi"tis, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Rachitis. RHADAMANTHINE Rhad`a*man"thine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Rhadamanthus; rigorously just; as, a Rhadamanthine judgment. RHADAMANTHUS; RHADAMANTHYS Rhad`a*man"thus, Rhad`a*man"thys, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Greek Mythol.) Defn: One of the three judges of the internal regions; figuratively, a strictly just judge. RHAETIAN Rhae"ti*an, a & n. Defn: Rhetian. RHAETIC; RHETIC Rhae"tic, Rhe"tic, a. Etym: [L. Rhaeticus Rhetian.] (Geol.) Defn: Pertining to, or of the same horizon as, certain Mesozoic strata of the Rhetian Alps. These strata are regarded as closing the Triassic period. See the Chart of Geology. RHAETIZITE; RHETIZITE Rhae"ti*zite, Rhe"ti*zite, n. Etym: [So called from L. Rhaetia, Raetia, the Rhetian Alps, where it is found.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of the mineral cyanite. RHAMADAN Rham`a*dan", n. Defn: See Ramadan. RHAMNACEOUS Rham*na"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order of shrubs and trees (Rhamnaceæ, or Rhamneæ) of which the buckthorn (Rhamnus) is the type. It includes also the New Jersey tea, the supple-jack, and one of the plants called lotus (Zizyphus). RHAMNUS Rham"nus, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. rhamnos.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs and small trees; buckthorn. The California Rhamnus Purchianus and the European R. catharticus are used in medicine. The latter is used for hedges. RHAMPHORHYNCHUS Rham`pho*rhyn"chus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of pterodactyls in which the elongated tail supported a leathery expansion at the tip. RHAMPHOTHECA Rham`pho*the"ca, n.; pl. Rhamphothecæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr (Zoöl.) Defn: The horny covering of the bill of birds. RHAPHE Rha"phe, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The continuation of the seed stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule or seed, forming a ridge or seam. [Written also raphe.] Gray. RHAPHIDES Rhaph"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. raphides.] (Bot.) Defn: Minute transparent, often needlle-shaped, crystals found in the tissues of plants. [Written also raphides.] RHAPONTICINE Rha*pon"ti*cine (, n. Etym: [L. rhaponticum rhubarb. See Rhubarb.] (Chem.) Defn: Chrysophanic acid. RHAPSODE Rhap"sode, n. Etym: [Gr. Rhapsody.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A rhapsodist. [R.] Grote. RHAPSODER Rhap"so*der, n. Defn: A rhapsodist. [Obs.] RHAPSODIC; RHAPSODIC Rhap*sod"ic, Rhap*sod"ic a. Etym: [Gr. rhapsodique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to rhapsody; consisting of rhapsody; hence, confused; unconnected. -- Rhap*sod"ic*al*ly, adv. RHAPSODIST Rhap"so*dist, n. Etym: [From Rhapsody.] 1. Anciently, one who recited or composed a rhapsody; especially, one whose profession was to recite the verses of Hormer and other epic poets. 2. Hence, one who recites or sings poems for a livelihood; one who makes and repeats verses extempore. The same populace sit for hours listening to rhapsodists who recite Ariosto. Carlyle. 3. One who writes or speaks disconnectedly and with great excitement or affectation of feeling. I. Watts. RHAPSODIZE Rhap"so*dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rhapsodized; p. pr. & vb. n. Rhapsodizing.] Defn: To utter as a rhapsody, or in the manner of a rhapsody Sterne. RHAPSODIZE Rhap"so*dize, v. i. Defn: To utter rhapsodies. Jefferson. RHAPSODOMANCY Rhap"so*do*man`cy, n. Etym: [Rhapsody + -mancy.] Defn: Divination by means of verses. RHAPSODY Rhap"so*dy, n.; pl. Rhapsodies. Etym: [F. rhapsodie, L. rhapsodia, Gr. Ode.] 1. A recitation or song of a rhapsodist; a portion of an epic poem adapted for recitation, or usually recited, at one time; hence, a division of the Iliad or the Odyssey; -- called also a book. 2. A disconnected series of sentences or statements composed under excitement, and without dependence or natural connection; rambling composition. "A rhapsody of words." Shak. "A rhapsody of tales." Locke. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A composition irregular in form, like an improvisation; as, Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsodies." RHATANY; RHATANHY Rhat"a*ny, Rhat"an*hy, n. Etym: [Sp. ratania, rataña, Peruv. rataña.] Defn: The powerfully astringent root of a half-shrubby Peruvian plant (Krameria triandra). It is used in medicine and to color port wine. [Written also ratany.] Savanilla rhatany, the root of Krameria Ixina, a native of New Granada. RHEA Rhe"a, n. (Bot.) Defn: The ramie or grass-cloth plant. See Grass-cloth plant, under Grass. RHEA Rhe"a, n. Etym: [L., a proper name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of three species of large South American ostrichlike birds of the genera Rhea and Pterocnemia. Called also the American ostrich. Note: The common rhea, or nandou (Rhea Americana), ranges from Brazil to Patagonia. Darwin's rhea (Pterocnemia Darwinii), of Patagonia, is smaller, and has the legs feathered below the knee. RHEAE Rhe"æ, n.pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of struthious birds including the rheas. RHEEBOC Rhee"boc, n. Etym: [D. reebok roebuck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The peele. [Written also reebok.] RHEIC Rhe"ic, a. Etym: [NL. Rheum rhubarb, Gr. Rhubarb.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (commonly called chrysophanic acid) found in rhubarb (Rheum). [Obsoles.] RHEIN Rhe"in, n. (Chem.) Defn: Chrysophanic acid. RHEINBERRY Rhein"ber*ry, n. Etym: [G. rheinbeere.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the berries or drupes of the European buckthorn; also, the buckthorn itself. RHEMATIC Rhe*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Rhetoric.] (Gram.) Defn: Having a verb for its base; derived from a verb; as, rhematic adjectives. Ftzed. Hall. RHEMATIC Rhe*mat"ic, n. Defn: The doctrine of propositions or sentences. Coleridge. RHEMISH Rhemish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Rheimis, or Reima, in France. Rhemish Testament, the English version of the New Testament used by Roman Catholics. See Douay Bible. RHENISH Rhen"ish, a. Etym: [L. Rhenus the Rhine. ] Defn: Of or pertaining to the river Rhine; as, Rhenish wine. -- n. Defn: Rhine wine. RHEOCHORD Rhe"o*chord, n. Etym: [Gr. (Elec.) Defn: A metallic wire used for regulating the resistance of a circuit, or varying the strength of an electric current, by inserting a greater or less length of it in the circuit. RHEOCRAT Rhe"o*crat, n. [Gr. "rei^n to flow + kratei^n to rule.] (Elec.) Defn: A kind of motor speed controller permitting of very gradual variation in speed and of reverse. It is especially suitable for use with motor driven machine tools. RHEOMETER Rhe*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] [Written also reometer.] 1. (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring currents, especially the force or intensity of electrical currents; a galvanometer. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the velocity of the blood current in the arteries. RHEOMETRIC Rhe`o*met"ric, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a rheometer or rheometry. Lardner. RHEOMETRY Rhe*om"e*try, n. 1. The measurement of the force or intensity of currents. 2. (Math.) Defn: The calculus; fluxions. [R.] RHEOMOTOR Rhe"o*mo`tor, n. Etym: [Gr.motor.] (Elec.) Defn: Any apparatus by which an electrical current is originated. [R.] RHEOPHORE Rhe"o*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Elec.) (a) A connecting wire of an electric or voltaic apparatus, traversed by a current. (b) One of the poles of a voltaic battery; an electrode. RHEOSCOPE Rhe"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for detecting the presence or movement of currents, as of electricity. RHEOSTAT Rhe"o*stat, n. Etym: [Gr. (Elec.) Defn: A contrivance for adjusting or regulating the strength of electrical currents, operating usually by the intercalation of resistance which can be varied at will. Wheatstone. --Rhe`o*stat"ic, a. RHEOTOME Rhe"o*tome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Elec.) Defn: An instrument which periodically or otherwise interrupts an electric current. Wheatstone. RHEOTROPE Rhe"o*trope, n. Etym: [Gr. (Elec.) Defn: An instrument for reversing the direction of an electric current. [Written also reotrope.] RHESUS Rhe"sus, n. Etym: [L. Rhesus, a proper name, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A monkey; the bhunder. RHETIAN Rhe"ti*an, a. Etym: [L. Rhaetius, Raetius: cf. F. rhétien.] Defn: Pertaining to the ancient Rhæti, or Rhætians, or to Rhætia, their country; as, the Rhetian Alps, now the country of Tyrol and the Grisons. RHETIC Rhe"tic, a. (Min.) Defn: Same as Rhætic. RHETIZITE Rhe"ti*zite, n. (Min.) Defn: Same as Rhætizite. RHETOR Rhe"tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: A rhetorician. [Obs.] Hammond. RHETORIC Rhet"o*ric, n. Etym: [F. rhétorique, L. rhetorica, Gr. word; cf. 1. The art of composition; especially, elegant composition in prose. 2. Oratory; the art of speaking with propriety, elegance, and force. Locke. 3. Hence, artificial eloquence; fine language or declamation without conviction or earnest feeling. 4. Fig. : The power of persuasion or attraction; that which allures or charms. Sweet, silent rhetoric of persuading eyes. Daniel. RHETORICAL Rhe*tor"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. rhetoricus, Gr. Rhetoric.] Defn: Of or pertaining to rhetoric; according to, or exhibiting, rhetoric; oratorical; as, the rhetorical art; a rhetorical treatise; a rhetorical flourish. They permit him to leave their poetical taste ungratified, provided that he gratifies their rhetorical sense. M. Arnold. -- Rhe*tor"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Rhe*tor"ic*al*ness, n. RHETORICATE Rhe*tor"i*cate, v. i. Etym: [L. rhetoricari. See Rhetoric.] Defn: To play the orator. [Obs.] South. RHETORICATION Rhe*tor`i*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rhétorication.] Defn: Rhetorical amplification. [Obs.] Waterland. RHETORICIAN Rhet`o*ri"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rhétoricien.] 1. One well versed in the rules and principles of rhetoric. The understanding is that by which a man becomes a mere logician and a mere rhetorician. F. W. Robertson. 2. A teacher of rhetoric. The ancient sophists and rhetoricians, which ever had young auditors, lived till they were an hundred years old. Bacon. 3. An orator; specifically, an artificial orator without genuine eloquence; a declaimer. Macaulay. RHETORICIAN Rhet`o*ri"cian, a. Defn: Suitable to a master of rhetoric. "With rhetorician pride." Blackmore. RHETORIZE Rhet"o*rize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rhetorized; p. pr. & vb. n. Rhetorizing.] Defn: To play the orator. Colgrave. RHETORIZE Rhet"o*rize, v. t. Defn: To represent by a figure of rhetoric, or by personification. Milton. RHEUM Rhe"um, n. Etym: [NL., from L. Rha the river Volga, on the banks of which it grows. See Rhubarb.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants. See Rhubarb. RHEUM Rheum, n. Etym: [OF. reume, rheume, F. rhume a cold,, L. rheuma rheum, from Gr. stream. See Stream, n., and cf. Hemorrhoids.] (Med.) Defn: A serous or mucous discharge, especially one from the eves or nose. I have a rheum in mine eyes too. Shak. Salt rheum. (Med.) See Salt rheum, in the Vocab. RHEUMATIC Rheu*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. rheumaticus, F. rhumatique. See Rheum, Rheumatism.] 1. Derived from, or having the character of, rheum; rheumic. [Obs.] 2. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to rheumatism; as, rheumatic pains or affections; affected with rheumatism; as, a rheumatic old man; causing rheumatism; as, a rheumatic day. That rheumatic diseases do abound. Shak. RHEUMATIC Rheu*mat"ic, n. Defn: One affected with rheumatism. RHEUMATISM Rheu"ma*tism, n. Etym: [L. rheumatismus rheum, Gr. rheumatisme. See 2d Rheum.] (Med.) Defn: A general disease characterized by painful, often multiple, local inflammations, usually affecting the joints and muscles, but also extending sometimes to the deeper organs, as the heart. Inflammatory rheumatism (Med.), acute rheumatism attended with fever, and attacking usually the larger joints, which become swollen, hot, and very painful. -- Rheumatism root. (Bot.) See Twinleaf. RHEUMATISMAL Rheu`ma*tis"mal, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to rheumatism. RHEUMATISMOID Rheu`ma*tis"moid, a. Etym: [Rheumatism + -oid.] (Med.) Defn: Of or resembling rheum or rheumatism. RHEUMIC Rheum"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, rheum. Rheumic diathesis. See Dartrous diathesis, under Dartrous. RHEUMIDES Rheu"mi*des, n.pl. Etym: [NL. See Rheum.] (Med.) Defn: The class of skin disease developed by the dartrous diathesis. See under Dartrous. RHEUMY Rheum"y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to rheum; abounding in, or causing, rheum; affected with rheum. His head and rheumy eyes distill in showers. Dryden. And tempt the rheumy and unpurged air To add unto his sickness. Shak. RHIGOLENE Rhig"o*lene, n. Etym: [Gr. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: A mixture of volatile hydrocarbons intermediate between gsolene and cymogene. It is obtained in the purification of crude petroleum, and is used as a refregerant. RHIME Rhime, n. Defn: See Rhyme. [Obs.] RHINAL Rhi"nal, a. Etym: [Gr (Anat.) Defn: Og or pertaining to the nose or olfactory organs. RHINASTER Rhi*nas"ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The borele. RHINE Rhine, n. Etym: [AS. ryne. See Run.] Defn: A water course; a ditch. [Written also rean.] [Prov. Eng.] Macaulay. RHINENCEPHALIC Rhi`nen*ce*phal"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the rhinencephalon. RHINENCEPHALON Rhi`nen*ceph"a*lon, n.; pl. Rhinencephala. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The division of the brain in front of the prosencephalon, consisting of the two olfactory lobes from which the olfactory nerves arise. Note: The term is sometimes used for one of the olfactory lobes, the plural being used for the two taken together. RHINESTONE Rhine"stone`, n. Etym: [Cf. G. rheinkiesel Rhine quartz.] Defn: A colorless stone of high luster, made of paste. It is much used as an inexpensive ornament. RHINITIS Rhi*ni"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Infllammation of the nose; esp., inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nostrils. RHINO Rhi*no, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: Gold and silver, or money. [Cant] W. Wagstaffe. As long as the rhino lasted. Marryat. RHINO- Rhi"no-. Defn: A combining form from Greek the nose, as in rhinolith, rhinology. RHINOCERIAL; RHINOCERICAL Rhi`no*ce"ri*al, Rhi`no*cer"ic*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the rhinoceros; resembling the rhinoceros, or his horn. Tatler. RHINOCEROS Rhi*noc"e*ros, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. rhinocéros. See Horn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any pachyderm belonging to the genera Rhinoceros, Atelodus, and several allied genera of the family Rhinocerotidæ, of which several living, and many extinct, species are known. They are large and powerful, and usually have either one or two stout conical median horns on the snout. Note: The Indian, or white, and the Javan rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros Indicus and R. Sondaicus) have incisor and canine teeth, but only one horn, and the very thick skin forms shieldlike folds. The two or three African species belong to Atelodus, and have two horns, but lack the dermal folds, and the incisor and canine teeth. The two Malay, or East Indian, two-horned species belong to Ceratohinus, in which incisor and canine teeth are present. See Borele, and Keitloa. Rhinoceros auk (Zoöl.), an auk of the North Pacific (Cerorhina monocrata) which has a deciduous horn on top of the bill. -- Rhinoceros beetle (Zoöl.), a very large beetle of the genus Dynastes, having a horn on the head. -- Rhinoceros bird. (Zoöl.) (a) A large hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros), native of the East Indies. It has a large hollow hornlike process on the bill. Called also rhinoceros hornbill. See Hornbill. (b) An African beefeater (Buphaga Africana). It alights on the back of the rhinoceros in search of parasitic insects. RHINOCEROTE Rhi*noc"e*rote, n. Defn: A rhinoceros. [Obs.] B. Jonson. RHINOCEROTIC Rhi*noc`e*rot"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the rhinoceros. [R.] RHINOLITE; RHINOLITH Rhi"no*lite Rhi"no*lith, n. Etym: [Rhino- + -lite, -lith.] (Med.) Defn: A concretion formed within the cavities of the nose. RHINOLOGICAL Rhi`no*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to rhinology. RHINOLOGIST Rhi*nol"o*gist, n. Defn: One skilled in rhinology. RHINOLOGY Rhi*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Rhino- + -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of the nose, and its diseases. RHINOLOPHID Rhi*nol"o*phid, n. Etym: [Rhino- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of the genus Rhinilophus, or family Rhinolophidæ, having a horseshoe-shaped nasal crest; a horseshoe bat. RHINOLOPHINE Rhi*nol"o*phine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the rhinolophids, or horseshoe bats. RHINOPHORE Rhi"no*phore, n. Etym: [Rhino- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the two tentacle-like organs on the back of the head or neck of a nudibranch or tectibranch mollusk. They are usually retractile, and often transversely furrowed or plicate, and are regarded as olfactory organs. Called also dorsal tentacles. See Illust. under Pygobranchia, and Opisthobranchia. RHINOPLASTIC Rhi`no*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Rhino- + -plastic: cf. F. rhinoplastique.] (Surg.) Defn: Of or pertaining to rhinoplasty; as, a rhinoplastic operation. RHINOPLASTY Rhi"no*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Rhino- + -plasty: cf. F. rhinoplastie.] Defn: Plastic surgery of the nose to correct deformity or to replace lost tissue. Tissue may be transplanted from the patient's cheek, forehead, arm, etc., or even from another person. RHINOPOME Rhi"no*pome, n. Etym: [Rhino- + Gr. pw^ma a lid. ] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any old-world bat of the genus Rhinopoma. The rhinopomes have a long tail extending beyond the web, and inhabit caves and tombs. RHINOSCLEROMA Rhi`no*scle*ro"ma, n. Etym: [Rhino- + scleroma.] (Med.) Defn: A rare disease of the skin, characterized by the development of very hard, more or less flattened, prominences, appearing first upon the nose and subsequently upon the neighboring parts, esp. the lips, palate, and throat. J. V. Shoemaker. RHINOSCOPE Rhi"no*scope, n. Etym: [Rhino- + -scope.] Defn: A small mirror for use in rhinoscopy. RHINOSCOPIC Rhi`no*scop"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to rhinoscopy. RHINOSCOPY Rhi*nos"co*py, n. Etym: [Rhino- + -scopy.] (Physiol.) Defn: The examination or study of the soft palate, posterior nares, etc., by means of a laryngoscopic mirror introduced into the pharynx. RHINOTHECA Rhi`no*the"ca, n.; pl. Rhinothecæ. Etym: [NL., from gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sheath of the upper mandible of a bird. RHIPIDOGLOSSA Rhi*pi`do*glos"sa, n.pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of gastropod mollusks having a large number of long, divergent, hooklike, lingual teeth in each transverse row. It includes the scutibranchs. See Illustration in Appendix. RHIPIPTER Rhi*pip"ter, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Rhipiptera, a group of insects having wings which fold like a fan; a strepsipter. RHIPIPTERAN Rhi*pip"ter*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Rhipipter. RHIZANTHOUS Rhi*zan"thous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Producing flowers from a rootstock, or apparently from a root. RHIZINE Rhi"zine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A rootlike filament or hair growing from the stems of mosses or on lichens; a rhizoid. RHIZOCARPOUS Rhi`zo*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having perennial rootstocks or bulbs, but annual flowering stems; -- said of all perennial herbs. RHIZOCEPHALA Rhi`zo*ceph"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Pectostraca including saclike parasites of Crustacea. They adhere by rootlike extensions of the head. See Illusration in Appendix. RHIZODONT Rhiz"o*dont, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A reptile whose teeth are rooted in sockets, as the crocodile. RHIZOGAN Rhiz"o*gan, a. Etym: [Gr. -gen: cf. F. rhizogène.] (Bot.) Defn: Prodicing roots. RHIZOGEN Rhiz"o*gen, n. (Bot.) Defn: One of a proposed class of flowering plants growning on the roots of other plants and destitute of green foliage. RHIZOID Rhi"zoid, n. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Bot.) Defn: A rootlike appendage. RHIZOMA Rhi*zo"ma, n.; pl. Rhizomata. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: SAme as Rhizome. RHIZOMATOUS Rhi*zo"ma*tous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the nature or habit of a rhizome or rootstock. RHIZOME Rhi*zome", n. Etym: [Gr. rhizome.] (Bot.) Defn: A rootstock. See Rootstock. RHIZOPHAGA Rhi*zoph"a*ga, n.pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of marsupials. The wombat is the type. RHIZOPHAGOUS Rhi*zoph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Feeding on roots; root-eating. RHIZOPHORA Rhi*zoph"o*ra, n. Etym: [NL. See Rhizophorous.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees including the mangrove. See Mangrove. RHIZOPHOROUS Rhi*zoph"o*rous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Bearing roots. RHIZOPOD Rhiz"o*pod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Rhizopoda. Note: The rhizopods belonging to the Radiolaria and Foraminifera have been of great geological importance, especially in the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. Chalk is mostly made from the shells of Foraminifera. The nummulites are the principal ingredient of a limestone which is of great extent in Europe and Asia, and is the material of which some of the pyramids of Egypt are made. The shells are abundant in deepsea mud, and are mostly minute, seldom larger than a small grain of sand, except in the case of the nummulities, which are sometimes an inch in diameter. RHIZOPODA Rhi*zop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive class of Protozoa, including those which have pseudopodia, by means of which they move about and take their food. The principal groups are Lobosa (or Amoebea), Helizoa, Radiolaria, and Foraminifera (or Reticularia). See Protozoa. RHIZOPODOUS Rhi*zop"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the rhizopods. RHIZOSTOMATA Rhi`zo*stom"a*ta, n.pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Medusæ which includes very large species without marginal tentacles, but having large mouth lobes closely united at the edges. See Illust. in Appendix. RHIZOSTOME Rhiz"o*stome, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Rhizostomata. RHIZOTAXIS Rhi`zo*tax"is, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The arrangement of the roots of plants. RHOB Rhob, n. Defn: See 1st Rob. RHODAMMONIUM Rho`dam*mo"ni*um, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, rhodium and ammonia; -- said of certain complex compounds. RHODANATE Rho"da*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of rhodanic acid; a sulphocyanate. [Obsoles.] RHODANIC Rho*dan"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (commonly called sulphocyanic acid) which frms a red color with ferric salts. [Obsoles.] RHODEORETIN Rho`de*o*re"tin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Convolvuln. RHODIAN Rho"di*an, a. Etym: [L. Rhodius: cf. F. rhodien.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Rhodes, an island of the Mediterranean. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Rhodes. RHODIC Rho"dic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to rhodium; containing rhodium. RHODIUM Rho"di*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "ro`don the rose. So called from the rose-red color of certain of its solutions. See Rhododendron.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare element of the light platinum group. It is found in platinum ores, and obtained free as a white inert metal which it is very difficult to fuse. Symbol Rh. Atomic weight 104.1. Specific gravity 12. RHODIZONIC Rho`di*zon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a colorless crystalline substance (called rhodizonic acid, and carboxylic acid) obtained from potassium carboxide and from certain quinones. It forms brilliant red, yellow, and purple salts. RHODOCHROSITE Rho`do*chro"site, n. Etym: [Gr. "ro`don the rose + (Min.) Defn: Manganese carbonate, a rose-red mineral sometimes occuring crystallized, but generally massive with rhombohedral cleavage like calcite; -- called also dialogite. RHODOCRINITE Rho*doc"ri*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. "ro`don rose + (Paleon.) Defn: A rose encrinite. RHODODENDRON Rho`do*den"dron, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. "rodo`dendron, literally, rose tree; "ro`don rose + de`ndron tree. See Rose.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs or small trees, often having handsome evergreen leaves, and remarkable for the beauty of their flowers; rosebay. RHODOMONTADE Rhod`o*mon*tade", n. Defn: See Rodomontade. RHODOMONTADER Rhod`o*mon*tad"er, n. Defn: See Rodomontador. RHODONITE Rho"don*ite, n. Etym: [Gr. "ro`don the rose. ] (Min.) Defn: Manganese spar, or silicate of manganese, a mineral occuring crystallised and in rose-red masses. It is often used as an ornamental stone. RHODOPHANE Rho"do*phane, n. Etym: [Gr. "ro`don the rose + (Physiol.) Defn: The red pigment contained in the inner segments of the cones of the retina in animals. See Chromophane. W. KÜhne. RHODOPSIN Rho*dop"sin, n. Etym: [Gr. "ro`don rose + "w`ps eye.] (Physiol.) Defn: The visual purple. See under Visual. RHODOSPERM Rho"do*sperm, n. Etym: [Gr. "ro`don the rose + spe`rma a seed.] (Bot.) Defn: Any seaweed with red spores. Note: As the name of a subclass, Rhodosperms, or Rhodospermeæ, is synonymous with Florideæ (which see.) RHOMB Rhomb, n. Etym: [L. rhombus, Gr. wrench: cf. F. rhombe. Cf. Rhombus, Rhumb.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: An equilateral parallelogram, or quadrilateral figure whose sides are equal and the opposite sides parallel. The angles may be unequal, two being obtuse and two acute, as in the cut, or the angles may be equal, in which case it is usually called a square. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A rhombohedron. Fresnel's rhomb (Opt.), a rhomb or oblique parallelopiped of crown or St. Gobain glass so cut that a ray of light entering one of its faces at right angles shall emerge at right angles at the opposite face, after undergoing within the rhomb, at other faces, two reflections. It is used to produce a ray circularly polarized from a plane-polarized ray, or the reverse. Nichol. RHOMBIC Rhom"bic, a. 1. Shaped like a rhomb. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: Same as Orthorhombic. RHOMBOGANOID Rhom`bo*ga"noid, n. Etym: [Rhomb + ganoid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A ganoid fish having rhombic enameled scales; one of the Rhomboganoidei. RHOMBOGANOIDEI Rhom`bo*ga*noi"de*i, n.pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Ginglymodi. RHOMBOGENE Rhom"bo*gene, n. Etym: [Rhomb + root of Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A dicyemid which produces infusorialike embryos; -- opposed to nematogene. See Dicyemata. [Written also rhombogen.] RHOMBOHEDRAL Rhom`bo*he"dral, a. (Geom. & Crystallog.) Defn: Related to the rhombohedron; presenting the form of a rhombohedron, or a form derivable from a rhombohedron; relating to a system of forms including the rhombohedron and scalenohedron. Rhombohedral iron ore (Min.) See Hematite. -- Rhombohedral system (Crystallog.), a division of the hexagonal system embracing the rhombohedron, scalenohedron, etc. RHOMBOHEDRIC Rhom`bo*hed"ric, a. (Geom. & Crystallog.) Defn: Rhombohedral. RHOMBOHEDRON Rhom`bo*he"dron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Geom. & Crystallog.) Defn: A solid contained by six rhomboids; a parallelopiped. RHOMBOID Rhom"boid, n. Etym: [Gr. rhomboïde.] (Geom.) Defn: An oblique-angled parallelogram like a rhomb, but having only the opposite sides equal, the length and with being different. RHOMBOID Rhom"boid, a. Defn: Same as Rhomboidal. RHOMBOIDAL Rhom*boid"al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rhomboïdal.] Defn: Having, or approaching, the shape of a rhomboid. RHOMBOIDES Rhom*boid"es, n. Defn: A rhomboid. [R.] Milton. RHOMBOID-OVATE Rhom`boid-o"vate, a. Defn: Between rhomboid and ovate, or oval, in shape. RHOMB SPAR Rhomb" spar`. (Min.) Defn: A variety of dolomite. RHOMBUS Rhom"bus, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Same as Rhomb, 1. RHONCHAL Rhon`chal, a. (Med.) Defn: Rhonchial. RHONCHIAL Rhon"chi*al, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a rhonchus; produced by rhonchi. Rhonchial fremitus. Etym: [L. fremitus a dull roaring or murmuring.] (Med.) A vibration of the chest wall that may be felt by the hand laid upon its surface. It is caused in the production of rhonchi in the bronchial tubes. RHONCHISONANT Rhon*chis"o*nant, a. Etym: [L. rhonchus a snoring + sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound.] Defn: Making a snorting noise; snorting. [R.] RHONCHUS Rhon"chus, n.; pl. Rhonchi. Etym: [L., a snoring, a croaking.] (Med.) Defn: An adventitious whistling or snoring sound heard on auscultation of the chest when the air channels are partially obstructed. By some writers the term rhonchus is used as equivalent to râle in its widest sense. See Râle. RHOPALIC Rho*pal"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. rhopalique.] (Pros.) Defn: Applied to a line or verse in which each successive word has one more syllable than the preceding. RHOPALIUM Rho*pa"li*um, n.; pl. Rhopalia. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the marginal sensory bodies of medusæ belonging to the Discophora. RHOPALOCERA Rhop`a*loc"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Lepidoptera including all the butterflies. They differ from other Lepidoptera in having club-shaped antennæ. RHOTACISM Rho"ta*cism, n. Etym: [Gr. "rwtaki`zein to use the letter r (r) overmuch: cf. F. rhotacisme.] Defn: An oversounding, or a misuse, of the letter r; specifically (Phylol.), the tendency, exhibited in the Indo-European languages, to change s to r, as wese to were. RHUBARB Rhu"barb, n. Etym: [F. rhubarbe, OF. rubarbe, rheubarbe, reubarbare, reobarbe, LL. rheubarbarum for rheum barbarum, Gr. Rha (the Volga) on whose banks it grew. Originally, therefore, it was the barbarian plant from the Rha. Cf. Barbarous, Rhaponticine.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The name of several large perennial herbs of the genus Rheum and order Polygonaceæ. 2. The large and fleshy leafstalks of Rheum Rhaponticum and other species of the same genus. They are pleasantly acid, and are used in cookery. Called also pieplant. 3. (Med.) Defn: The root of several species of Rheum, used much as a cathartic medicine. Monk's rhubarb. (Bot.) See under Monk. -- Turkey rhubarb (Med.), the roots of Rheum Emodi. RHUBARBY Rhu"barb*y, a. Defn: Like rhubarb. RHUMB Rhumb, n. Etym: [F. rumb, Sp. rumbo, or Pg. rumbo, rumo, probably fr. Gr. Rhomb.] (Navigation) Defn: A line which crosses successive meridians at a constant angle; -- called also rhumb line, and loxodromic curve. See Loxodromic. To sail on a rhumb, to sail continuously on one course, following a rhumb line. RHUS Rhus, n. Etym: [L., sumac, fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs and small treets. See Sumac. RHUSMA Rhus"ma, n. Etym: [See Rusma.] Defn: A mixtire of caustic lime and orpiment, or tersulphide of arsenic, -- used in the depilation of hides. Knight. RHYME Rhyme, n. Etym: [OE. ryme, rime, AS. rim number; akin to OHG. rim number, succession, series, G. reim rhyme. The modern sense is due to the influence of F. rime, which is of German origin, and originally the same word.] [The Old English spelling rime is becoming again common. See Note under Prime.] 1. An expression of thought in numbers, measure, or verse; a composition in verse; a rhymed tale; poetry; harmony of language. "Railing rhymes." Daniel. A ryme I learned long ago. Chaucer. He knew Himself to sing, and build the lofty rime. Milton. 2. (Pros.) Defn: Correspondence of sound in the terminating words or syllables of two or more verses, one succeeding another immediately or at no great distance. The words or syllables so used must not begin with the same consonant, or if one begins with a vowel the other must begin with a consonant. The vowel sounds and accents must be the same, as also the sounds of the final consonants if there be any. For rhyme with reason may dispense, And sound has right to govern sense. Prior. 3. Verses, usually two, having this correspondence with each other; a couplet; a poem containing rhymes. 4. A word answering in sound to another word. Female rhyme. See under Female. -- Male rhyme. See under Male. -- Rhyme or reason, sound or sense. -- Rhyme royal (Pros.), a stanza of seven decasyllabic verses, of which the first and third, the second, fourth, and fifth, and the sixth and seventh rhyme. RHYME Rhyme, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rhymed;p. pr. & vb. n. Rhyming.] Etym: [OE. rimen, rymen, AS. riman to count: cf. F. rimer to rhyme. See Rhyme, n.] 1. To make rhymes, or verses. "Thou shalt no longer ryme." Chaucer. There marched the bard and blockhead, side by side, Who rhymed for hire, and patronized for pride. Pope. 2. To accord in rhyme or sound. And, if they rhymed and rattled, all was well. Dryden. RHYME Rhyme, v. t. 1. To put into rhyme. Sir T. Wilson. 2. To influence by rhyme. Hearken to a verser, who may chance Rhyme thee to good. Herbert. RHYMELESS Rhyme"less, a. Defn: Destitute of rhyme. Bp. Hall. RHYMER Rhym"er, n. Defn: One who makes rhymes; a versifier; -- generally in contempt; a poor poet; a poetaster. This would make them soon perceive what despicaple creatures our common rhymers and playwriters be. Milton. RHYMERY Rhym"er*y, n. Defn: The art or habit of making rhymes; rhyming; -- in contempt. RHYMESTER Rhyme"ster, n. Defn: A rhymer; a maker of poor poetry. Bp. Hall. Byron. RHYMIC Rhym"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to rhyme. RHYMIST Rhym"ist, n. Defn: A rhymer; a rhymester. Johnston. RHYNCHOBDELLEA Rhyn`chob*del"le*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of leeches including those that have a protractile proboscis, without jaws. Clepsine is the type. RHYNCHOCEPHALA Rhyn`cho*ceph"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of reptiles having biconcave vertebræ, immovable quadrate bones, and many other peculiar osteological characters. Hatteria is the only living genus, but numerous fossil genera are known, some of which are among the earliest of reptiles. See Hatteria. Called also Rhynchocephalia. RHYNCHOCOELA Rhyn`cho*coe"la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Nemertina. -- Rhyn`cho*coe"lous, a. RHYNCHOLITE Rhyn"cho*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lie: cf. F. rhyncholithe.] (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil cephalopod beak. RHYNCHONELLA Rhyn`cho*nel"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of brachiopods of which some species are still living, while many are found fossil. RHYNCHOPHORA Rhyn*choph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Coleoptera having a snoutlike head; the snout beetles, curculios, or weevils. RHYNCHOPHORE Rhyn"cho*phore, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Rhynchophora. RHYNCHOTA Rhyn*cho"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. "ry`gchos snout.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Hemiptera. [Written also Rhyncota.] RHYOLITE Rhy"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A quartzose trachyte, an igneous rock often showing a fluidal structure. -- Rhy`o*lit"ic, a. RHYPAROGRAPHY Rhy`pa*rog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. "ryparo`s filthy, dirty + gra`fein to write, paint.] Defn: In ancient art, the painting of genre or still-life pictures. RHYSIMETER Rhy*sim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: An instrument, acting on the principle of Pitot's tube, for measuring the velocity of a fluid current, the speed of a ship, etc. RHYTHM Rhythm, n. Etym: [F. rhythme, rythme, L. rhythmus, fr. GR. Stream.] 1. In the widest sense, a dividing into short portions by a regular succession of motions, impulses, sounds, accents, etc., producing an agreeable effect, as in music poetry, the dance, or the like. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Movement in musical time, with periodical recurrence of accent; the measured beat or pulse which marks the character and expression of the music; symmetry of movement and accent. Moore (Encyc. ) 3. A division of lines into short portions by a regular succession of arses and theses, or percussions and remissions of voice on words or syllables. 4. The harmonious flow of vocal sounds. RHYTHMER Rhyth"mer, n. Defn: One who writes in rhythm, esp. in poetic rhythm or meter. [R.] One now scarce counted a rhythmer, formerly admitted for a poet. Fuller. RHYTHMIC; RHYTHMICAL Rhyth"mic, Rhyth"mic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. rhythmicus, F. rhythmique.] Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, rhythm DAy and night I worked my rhythmic thought. Mrs. Browning. Rhythmical accent. (Mus.) See Accent, n., 6 (c). RHYTHMICALLY Rhyth"mic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a rhythmical manner. RHYTHMICS Rhyth"mics, n. Defn: The department of musical science which treats of the length of sounds. RHYTHMING Rhyth"ming, a. Defn: Writing rhythm; verse making. "The rhythming monk." Fuller. RHYTHMLESS Rhythm"less, a. Defn: Being without rhythm. Coleridge. RHYTHMOMETER Rhyth*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Rhythm + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for marking time in musical movements. See Metronome. RHYTHMUS Rhyth"mus, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Rhythm. RHYTINA Rhyt"i*na, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Rytina. RIAL Ri"al (, n. Defn: A Spanish coin. See Real. [Obs.] RIAL Ri*al", a. Defn: Royal. [Obs.] Chaucer. RIAL Ri"al, n. Etym: [From Royal.] Defn: A gold coin formerly current in England, of the value of ten shillings sterling in the reign of Henry VI., and of fifteen shillings in the reign of Elizabeth. [Spelt also ryal.] Brande & C. RIANT Ri`ant", a. Etym: [F. riant, p. pr. of rire to laugh, L. ridere.] Defn: Laughing; laughable; exciting gayety; gay; merry; delightful to the view, as a landscape. In such cases the sublimity must be drawn from the other sources, with a strict caution, howewer, against anything light and riant. Burke. RIB Rib, n. Etym: [AS. rib, ribb; akin to D. rib, G. rippe, OHG. rippa, rippi, Dan. ribbe, Icel. rif, Russ. rebro.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the curved bones attached to the vertebral column and supporting the lateral walls of the thorax. Note: In man there are twelve ribs on each side, of which the upper seven are directly connected with the sternum by cartilages, and are called sternal, or true, ribs. The remaining five pairs are called asternal, or false, ribs, and of these each of the three upper pairs is attached to the cartilage of the rib above, while the two lower pairs are free at the ventral ends, and are called floating ribs. See Thorax. 2. That which resembles a rib in form or use. Specifically: (a) (Shipbuilding) One of the timbers, or bars of iron or steel, that branch outward and upward from the keel, to support the skin or planking, and give shape and strength to the vessel. (b) (Mach. & Structures) Defn: A ridge, fin, or wing, as on a plate, cylinder, beam, etc., to strengthen or stiffen it. (c) One of the rods on which the cover of an umbrella is extended. (d) A prominent line or ridge, as in cloth. (e) A longitudinal strip of metal uniting the barrels of a double- barreled gun. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The chief nerve, or one of the chief nerves, of a leaf. (b) Any longitudinal ridge in a plant. 4. (Arch.) (a) In Gothic vaulting, one of the primary members of the vault. These are strong arches, meeting and crossing one another, dividing the whole space into triangles, which are then filled by vaulted construction of lighter material. Hence, an imitation of one of these in wood, plaster, or the like. (b) A projecting mold, or group of moldings, forming with others a pattern, as on a ceiling, ornamental door, or the like. 5. (Mining) (a) Solid coal on the side of a gallery; solid ore in a vein. (b) An elongated pillar of ore or coal left as a support. Raymond. 6. A wife; -- in allusion to Eve, as made out of Adam's rib. [Familiar & Sportive] How many have we known whose heads have been broken with their own rib. Bp. Hall. Chuck rib, a cut of beef immediately in front of the middle rib. See Chuck. -- Fore ribs, a cut of beef immediately in front of the sirloin. -- Middle rib, a cut of beef between the chuck rib and the fore ribs. -- Rib grass. (Bot.) Same as Ribwort. RIB Rib, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ribbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ribbing.] 1. To furnish with ribs; to form with rising lines and channels; as, to rib cloth. 2. To inclose, as with ribs, and protect; to shut in. It [lead] were too gross To rib her cerecloth in the obscure grave. Shak. To rib land, to leave strips of undisturbed ground between the furrows in plowing. RIBALD Rib"ald, n./ Etym: [OE. ribald, ribaud, F. ribaud, OF. ribald, ribault, LL. ribaldus, of German origin; cf. OHG hripa prostitute. For the ending -ald cf. E. Herald.] Defn: A low, vulgar, brutal, foul-mouthed wretch; a lewd fellow. Spenser. Pope. Ribald was almost a class name in the feudal system . . . He was his patron's parasite, bulldog, and tool . . . It is not to be wondered at that the word rapidly became a synonym for everything ruffianly and brutal. Earle. RIBALD Rib"ald, a. Defn: Low; base; mean; filthy; obscene. The busy day, Waked by the lark, hath roused the ribald crows. Shak. RIBALDISH Rib"ald*ish, a. Defn: Like a ribald. Bp. Hall. RIBALDROUS Rib"ald*rous, a. Defn: Of a ribald quality. [R.] RIBALDRY Rib"ald*ry, n. Etym: [OE. ribaldrie, ribaudrie, OF. ribalderie, ribauderie.] Defn: The talk of a ribald; low, vulgar language; indecency; obscenity; lewdness; -- now chiefly applied to indecent language, but formerly, as by Chaucer, also to indecent acts or conduct. The ribaldry of his conversation moved Macaulay. RIBAN Rib"an, n. Defn: See Ribbon. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. RIBAND Rib"and, n. Defn: See Ribbon. Riband jasper (Min.), a variety of jasper having stripes of different colors, as red and green. RIBAND Rib"and, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Rib-band. Totten. RIBANDED Rib"and*ed, a. Defn: Ribboned. B. Jonson. RIBAUD Rib"aud, n. Defn: A ribald. [Obs.] P. Plowman. RIBAUDEQUIN Ri*bau"de*quin, n. Etym: [F.] 1. An engine of war used in the Middle Ages, consisting of a protected elevated staging on wheels, and armed in front with pikes. It was (after the 14th century) furnished with small cannon. 2. A huge bow fixed on the wall of a fortified town for casting javelins. RIBAUDRED; RIBAUDROUS Rib"aud*red, Rib"aud*rous, a. Defn: Filthy; obscene; ribald. [Obs.] RIBAUDRY Rib"aud*ry, n. Defn: Ribaldry. [Obs.] Spenser. RIBAUDY Rib"aud*y, n. Defn: Ribaldry. [Obs.] Chaucer. RIBAULD Rib"auld, n. Defn: A ribald. [Obs.] Spenser. RIBBAND Rib"band, n. Defn: A ribbon. Pope. RIBBAND Rib"*band`, n. Etym: [Rib + band.] Etym: [Written also riband, and ribbon.] (Shipbuilding) Defn: A long, narrow strip of timber bent and bolted longitudinally to the ribs of a vessel, to hold them in position, and give rigidity to the framework. Rib-band lines, oblique longitudinal sectionss of the hull of a vessel. Knight. RIBBED Ribbed, a. 1. Furnished or formed with ribs; as, a ribbed cylinder; ribbed cloth. 2. (Mining) Defn: Intercalated with slate; -- said of a seam of coal. Raymond. RIBBING Rib"bing, n. Defn: An assemblage or arrangement of ribs, as the timberwork for the support of an arch or coved ceiling, the veins in the leaves of some plants, ridges in the fabric of cloth, or the like. RIBBON Rib"bon, n. Etym: [OE. riban, OF. riban, F. ruban, probably of German origin; cf. D. ringband collar, necklace, E. ring circle, and band.] [Written also riband, ribband.] 1. A fillet or narrow woven fabric, commonly of silk, used for trimming some part of a woman's attire, for badges, and other decorative purposes. 2. A narrow strip or shred; as, a steel or magnesium ribbon; sails torn to ribbons. 3. (Shipbuilding) Defn: Same as Rib-band. 4. pl. Defn: Driving reins. [Cant] London Athenæum. 5. (Her.) Defn: A bearing similar to the bend, but only one eighth as wide. 6. (Spinning) Defn: A silver. Note: The blue ribbon, and The red ribbon, are phrases often used to designate the British orders of the Garter and of the Bath, respectively, the badges of which are suspended by ribbons of these colors. See Blue ribbon, under Blue. Ribbon fish. (Zoöl.) (a) Any elongated, compressed, ribbon-shaped marine fish of the family Trachypteridæ, especially the species of the genus Trachypterus, and the oarfish (Regelecus Banksii) of the North Atlantic, which is sometimes over twenty feet long. (b) The hairtail, or bladefish. (c) A small compressed marine fish of the genus Cepola, having a long, slender, tapering tail. The European species (C. rubescens) is light red throughout. Called also band fish. -- Ribbon grass (Bot.), a variety of reed canary grass having the leaves stripped with green and white; -- called also Lady's garters. See Reed grass, under Reed. -- Ribbon seal (Zoöl.), a North Pacific seal (Histriophoca fasciata). The adult male is dark brown, conspicuously banded and striped with yellowish white. -- Ribbon snake (Zoöl.), a common North American snake (Eutainia saurita). It is conspicuously striped with bright yellow and dark brown. -- Ribbon Society, a society in Ireland, founded in the early part of the 19th century in antagonism to the Orangemen. It afterwards became an organization of tennant farmers banded together to prevent eviction by landlords. It took its name from the green ribbon worn by members as a badge. -- Ribborn worm. (Zoöl.) (a) A tapeworm. (b) A nemertean. RIBBON Rib"bon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ribboned; p. pr. & vb. n. Ribboning.] Defn: To adorn with, or as with, ribbons; to mark with stripes resembling ribbons. RIBBONISM Rib"bon*ism, n. Defn: The principles and practices of the Ribbonmen. See Ribbon Society, under Ribbon. RIBBONMAN Rib"bon*man, n; pl. -men. Defn: A member of the Ribbon Society. See Ribbon Society, under Ribbon. RIBBONWOOD Rib"bon*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A malvaceous tree (Hoheria populnea) of New Zealand, the bark of which is used for cordage. RIBES Ri"bes, n.Etym: [NL.; cf. Dan. ribs, and Ar. ribas a plant with an acid juice.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs including gooseberries and currants of many kinds. RIBIBE Rib"ibe, n. Etym: [See Rebec.] 1. A sort of stringed instrument; a rebec. [Obs.] Nares. 2. An old woman; -- in contempt. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A bawd; a prostitute. [Obs.] B. Jonson. RIBIBLE Rib"i*ble, n. Etym: [See Ribibe.] Defn: A small threestringed viol; a rebec. Moore (Encyc. of Music). All can be play on gittern or ribible. Chaucer. RIBLESS Rib"less, a. Defn: Having no ribs. RIBROAST Rib"roast`, v. t. Defn: To beat soundly. [Slang] RIBWORT Rib"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of plantain (Plantago lanceolata) with long, narrow, ribbed leaves; -- called also rib grass, ripple grass, ribwort plantain. -RIC -ric. Etym: [AS rice kingdom, dominion. See Rich.] Defn: A suffix signifying dominion, jurisdiction; as, bishopric, the district over which a bishop exercises authority. RICE Rice, n. Etym: [F. riz (cf. Pr. ris, It. riso), L. oryza, Gr. brizi, akin to Skr. vrihi; or perh. akin to E. rye. Cf. Rye.] (Bot.) Defn: A well-known cereal grass (Oryza sativa) and its seed. This plant is extensively cultivated in warm climates, and the grain forms a large portion of the food of the inhabitants. In America it grows chiefly on low, moist land, which can be overflowed. Ant rice. (Bot.) See under Ant. -- French rice. (Bot.) See Amelcorn. -- Indian rice., a tall reedlike water grass (Zizania aquatica), bearing panicles of a long, slender grain, much used for food by North American Indians. It is common in shallow water in the Northern States. Called also water oat, Canadian wild rice, etc. -- Mountain rice, any species of an American genus (Oryzopsis) of grasses, somewhat resembling rice. -- Rice bunting. (Zoöl.) Same as Ricebird. -- Rice hen (Zoöl.), the Florida gallinule. -- Rice mouse (Zoöl.), a large dark-colored field mouse (Calomys palistris) of the Southern United States. -- Rice paper, a kind of thin, delicate paper, brought from China, - - used for painting upon, and for the manufacture of fancy articles. It is made by cutting the pith of a large herb (Fatsia papyrifera, related to the ginseng) into one roll or sheet, which is flattened out under pressure. Called also pith paper. -- Rice troupial (Zoöl.), the bobolink. -- Rice water, a drink for invalids made by boiling a small quantity of rice in water. -- Rice-water discharge (Med.), a liquid, resembling rice water in appearance, which is vomited, and discharged from the bowels, in cholera. -- Rice weevil (Zoöl.), a small beetle (Calandra, or Sitophilus, oryzæ) which destroys rice, wheat, and Indian corn by eating out the interior; -- called also black weevil. RICEBIRD Rice"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The Java sparrow. (b) The bobolink. RICE-SHELL Rice"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small white polished marine shells of the genus Olivella. RICH Rich, (rîch), a. [Compar. Richer (; superl. Richest.] Etym: [OE. riche, AS. rice rich, powerful; akin to OS. riki, D. rijk, G. reich, OHG. rihhi, Icel. rikr, Sw. rik, Dan. rig, Goth. reiks; from a word meaning, ruler, king, probably borrowed from Celtic, and akin to L. rex, regis, king, regere to guide, rule. sq. root283. See Right, and cf. Derrick, Enrich, Rajah, Riches, Royal.] 1. Having an abundance of material possessions; possessed of a large amount of property; well supplied with land, goods, or money; wealthy; opulent; affluent; -- opposed to Ant: poor. "Rich merchants." Chaucer. The rich [person] hath many friends. Prov. xiv. 20. As a thief, bent to unhoard the cash Of some rich burgher. Milton. 2. Hence, in general, well supplied; abounding; abundant; copious; bountiful; as, a rich treasury; a rich entertainment; a rich crop. If life be short, it shall be glorious; Each minute shall be rich in some great action. Rowe. The gorgeous East with richest hand Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold. Milton. 3. Yielding large returns; productive or fertile; fruitful; as, rich soil or land; a rich mine. 4. Composed of valuable or costly materials or ingredients; procured at great outlay; highly valued; precious; sumptuous; costly; as, a rich dress; rich silk or fur; rich presents. Like to rich and various gems. Milton. 5. Abounding in agreeable or nutritive qualities; -- especially applied to articles of food or drink which are high-seasoned or abound in oleaginous ingredients, or are sweet, luscious, and high- flavored; as, a rich dish; rich cream or soup; rich pastry; rich wine or fruit. Sauces and rich spices are fetched from India. Baker. 6. Not faint or delicate; vivid; as, a rich color. 7. Full of sweet and harmonius sounds; as, a rich voice; rich music. 8. Abounding in beauty; gorgeous; as, a rich landscape; rich scenery. 9. Abounding in humor; exciting amusement; entertaining; as, the scene was a rich one; a rich incident or character. [Colloq.] Thackeray. Note: Rich is sometimes used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, rich-fleeced, rich-jeweled, rich-laden, rich-stained. Syn. -- Wealthy; affluent; opulent; ample; copious; abundant; plentiful; fruitful; costly; sumptuous; precious; generous; luscious. RICH Rich, v. t. Defn: To enrich. [Obs.] Gower. RICHES Rich"es, n. pl. Etym: [OE. richesse, F. richesse, from riche rich, of German origin. See Rich,a.] 1. That which makes one rich; an abundance of land, goods, money, or other property; wealth; opulence; affluence. Riches do not consist in having more gold and silver, but in having more in proportion, than our neighbors. Locke. 2. That which appears rich, sumptuous, precious, or the like. The riche of heaven's pavement, trodden gold. Milton. Note: Richesse, the older form of this word, was in the singular number. The form riches, however, is plural in appearance, and has now come to be used as a plural. Against the richesses of this world shall they have misease of poverty. Chaucer. In one hour so great riches is come to nought. Rev. xviii. 17. And for that riches where is my deserving Shak. Syn. -- Wealth; opulence; affluence; wealthiness; richness; plenty; abundance. RICHESSE Rich"esse, n. Etym: [F. See Riches.] Defn: Wealth; riches. See the Note under Riches. [Obs.] Some man desireth for to have richesse. Chaucer. The richesse of all heavenly grace. Spenser. RICHLY Rich"ly, adv. Defn: In a rich manner. RICHNESS Rich"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being rich (in any sense of the adjective). RICHWEED Rich"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An herb (Pilea pumila) of the Nettle family, having a smooth, juicy, pellucid stem; -- called also clearweed. RICINELAIDIC Ric`in*e`la*id"ic, a. Etym: [Ricinoleic + elaidic.] Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an isomeric modification of ricinoleic acid obtained as a white crystalline solid. RICINELAIDIN Ric`in*e*la"i*din, n. (Chem.) Defn: The glycerin salt of ricinelaidic acid, obtained as a white crystalline waxy substance by treating castor oil with nitrous acid. RICINIC Ri*cin"ic, a. Etym: [L. ricinus castor-oil plant.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, castor oil; formerly, designating an acid now called ricinoleic acid. RICININE Ric"i*nine, n. Etym: [L. ricinus castor-oil plant.] (Chem.) Defn: A bitter white crystalline alkaloid extracted from the seeds of the castor-oil plant. RICINOLEATE Ric`in*o"le*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of ricinoleic acid; -- formerly called palmate. RICINOLEIC Ric`in*o"le*ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a fatty acid analogous to oleic acid, obtained from castor oil as an oily substance, Cricinolic. RICINOLEIN Ric`in*o"le*in, n. Etym: [L. ricinus castor-oil plant + oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: The glycerin salt of ricinoleic acid, occuring as a characteristic constituent of castor oil; -- formerly called palmin. RICINOLIC Ric`i*nol"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Ricinoleic. RICINUS Ric"i*nus (, n. Etym: [L., the castor-oil plant.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants of the Spurge family, containing but one species (R. communis), the castor-oil plant. The fruit is three- celled, and contains three large seeds from which castor oil iss expressed. See Palma Christi. RICK Rick, n. Etym: [OE. reek, rek, AS. hreác a heap; akin to hryce rick, Icel. hraukr.] Defn: A stack or pile, as of grain, straw, or hay, in the open air, usually protected from wet with thatching. Golden clusters of beehive ricks, rising at intervals beyond the hedgerows. G. Eliot. RICK Rick, v. t. Defn: To heap up in ricks, as hay, etc. RICKER Rick"er, n. Defn: A stout pole for use in making a rick, or for a spar to a boat. RICKETISH Rick"et*ish, a. Defn: Rickety. [Obs.] Fuller. RICKETS Rick"ets, n. pl. Etym: [Of uncertain origin; but cf. AS. wrigian to bend, D. wrikken to shake, E. wriggle.] (Med.) Defn: A disease which affects children, and which is characterized by a bulky head, crooked spine and limbs, depressed ribs, enlarged and spongy articular epiphyses, tumid abdomen, and short stature, together with clear and often premature mental faculties. The essential cause of the disease appears to be the nondeposition of earthy salts in the osteoid tissues. Children afflicted with this malady stand and walk unsteadily. Called also rachitis. RICKETY Rick"et*y, a. 1. Affected with rickets. 2. Feeble in the joints; imperfect; weak; shaky. RICKRACK Rick"rack`, n. Defn: A kind of openwork edging made of serpentine braid. RICKSTAND Rick"stand`, n. Defn: A flooring or framework on which a rick is made. RICOCHET Ric`o*chet", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A rebound or skipping, as of a ball along the ground when a gun is fired at a low angle of elevation, or of a fiat stone thrown along the surface of water. Ricochet firing (Mil.), the firing of guns or howitzers, usually with small charges, at an elevation of only a few degrees, so as to cause the balls or shells to bound or skip along the ground. RICOCHET Ric`o*chet", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ricochetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ricochetting.] Defn: To operate upon by ricochet firing. See Ricochet, n. [R.] RICOCHET Ric`o*chet", v. i. Defn: To skip with a rebound or rebounds, as a flat stone on the surface of water, or a cannon ball on the ground. See Ricochet, n. RICTAL Ric"tal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the rictus; as, rictal bristles. RICTURE Ric"ture, n. Etym: [L. ringi, rictus, to open wide the mouth, to gape.] Defn: A gaping. [Obs.] RICTUS Ric"tus, n. Etym: [L., the aperture of the mouth.] Defn: The gape of the mouth, as of birds; -- often resricted to the corners of the mouth. RID Rid, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Ride, v. i. [Archaic] He rid to the end of the village, where he alighted. Thackeray. RID Rid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rid or Ridded; p. pr. & vb. n. Ridding.] Etym: [OE. ridden, redden, AS. hreddan to deliver, liberate; akin to D. & LG. redden, G. retten, Dan. redde, Sw. rädda, and perhaps to Skr. to loosen.] 1. To save; to rescue; to deliver; -- with out of. [Obs.] Deliver the poor and needy; rid them out of the hand of the wicked. Ps. lxxxii. 4. 2. To free; to clear; to disencumber; -- followed by of. "Rid all the sea of pirates." Shak. In never ridded myself of an overmastering and brooding sense of some great calamity traveling toward me. De Quincey. 3. To drive away; to remove by effort or violence; to make away with; to destroy. [Obs.] I will red evil beasts out of the land. Lev. xxvi. 6. Death's men, you have rid this sweet young prince! Shak. 4. To get over; to dispose of; to dispatch; to finish. [R.] "Willingness rids way." Shak. Mirth will make us rid ground faster than if thieves were at our tails. J. Webster. To be rid of, to be free or delivered from. -- To get rid of, to get deliverance from; to free one's self from. RIDABLE Rid"a*ble, a. Defn: Suitable for riding; as, a ridable horse; a ridable road. RIDDANCE Rid"dance, n. 1. The act of ridding or freeing; deliverance; a cleaning up or out. Thou shalt not make clean riddance of the corners of thy field. Lev. xxiii. 22. 2. The state of being rid or free; freedom; escape. "Riddance from all adversity." Hooker. RIDDEN Rid"den, Defn: p. p. of Ride. RIDDER Rid"der, n. Defn: One who, or that which, rids. RIDDLE Rid"dle, n. Etym: [OE. ridil, AS. hridder; akin to G. reiter, L. cribrum, and to Gr. rein clean. See Crisis, Certain.] 1. A sieve with coarse meshes, usually of wire, for separating coarser materials from finer, as chaff from grain, cinders from ashes, or gravel from sand. 2. A board having a row of pins, set zigzag, between which wire is drawn to straighten it. RIDDLE Rid"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Riddling.] 1. To separate, as grain from the chaff, with a riddle; to pass through a riddle; as, riddle wheat; to riddle coal or gravel. 2. To perforate so as to make like a riddle; to make many holes in; as, a house riddled with shot. RIDDLE Rid"dle, n. Etym: [For riddels, s being misunderstood as the plural ending; OE. ridels, redels. AS. rraadsel, G. räthsel; fr. AS. r to counsel or advise, also, to guess. sq. root116. Cf. Read.] Defn: Something proposed to be solved by guessing or conjecture; a puzzling question; an ambiguous proposition; an enigma; hence, anything ambiguous or puzzling. To wring from me, and tell to them, my secret, That solved the riddle which I had proposed. Milton. 'T was a strange riddle of a lady. Hudibras. RIDDLE Rid"dle, v. t. Defn: To explain; to solve; to unriddle. Riddle me this, and guess him if you can. Dryden. RIDDLE Rid"dle, v. i. Defn: To speak ambiguously or enigmatically. "Lysander riddels very prettily." Shak. RIDDLER Rid"dler, n. Defn: One who riddles (grain, sand, etc.). RIDDLER Rid"dler, n. Defn: One who speaks in, or propounds, riddles. RIDDLING Rid"dling, a. Defn: Speaking in a riddle or riddles; containing a riddle. "Riddling triplets." Tennyson. -- Rid"dling, adv. RIDE Ride, v. i. [imp. Rode (rod) (Rid [rîd], archaic); p. p. Ridden ( (Rid, archaic); p. pr. & vb. n. Riding (.] Etym: [AS. ridan; akin to LG. riden, D. rijden, G. reiten, OHG. ritan, Icel. riedha, Sw. rida, Dan. ride; cf. L. raeda a carriage, which is from a Celtic word. Cf. Road.] 1. To be carried on the back of an animal, as a horse. To-morrow, when ye riden by the way. Chaucer. Let your master ride on before, and do you gallop after him. Swift. 2. To be borne in a carriage; as, to ride in a coach, in a car, and the like. See Synonym, below. The richest inhabitants exhibited their wealth, not by riding in gilden carriages, but by walking the streets with trains of servants. Macaulay. 3. To be borne or in a fluid; to float; to lie. Men once walked where ships at anchor ride. Dryden. 4. To be supported in motion; to rest. Strong as the exletree On which heaven rides. Shak. On whose foolish honesty My practices ride easy! Shak. 5. To manage a horse, as an equestrian. He rode, he fenced, he moved with graceful ease. Dryden. 6. To support a rider, as a horse; to move under the saddle; as, a horse rides easy or hard, slow or fast. To ride easy (Naut.), to lie at anchor without violent pitching or straining at the cables. -- To ride hard (Naut.), to pitch violently. -- To ride out. (a) To go upon a military expedition. [Obs.] Chaucer. (b) To ride in the open air. [Colloq.] -- To ride to hounds, to ride behind, and near to, the hounds in hunting. Syn. -- Drive. -- Ride, Drive. Ride originally meant (and is so used throughout the English Bible) to be carried on horseback or in a vehicle of any kind. At present in England, drive is the word applied in most cases to progress in a carriage; as, a drive around the park, etc.; while ride is appropriated to progress on a horse. Johnson seems to sanction this distinction by giving "to travel on horseback" as the leading sense of ride; though he adds "to travel in a vehicle" as a secondary sense. This latter use of the word still occurs to some extent; as, the queen rides to Parliament in her coach of state; to ride in an omnibus. "Will you ride over or drive" said Lord Willowby to his quest, after breakfast that morning. W. Black. RIDE Ride, v. t. 1. To sit on, so as to be carried; as, to ride a horse; to ride a bicycle. [They] rend up both rocks and hills, and ride the air In whirlwind. Milton. 2. To manage insolently at will; to domineer over. The nobility could no longer endure to be ridden by bakers, cobblers, and brewers. Swift. 3. To convey, as by riding; to make or do by riding. Tue only men that safe can ride Mine errands on the Scottish side. Sir W. Scott. 4. (Surg.) Defn: To overlap (each other); -- said of bones or fractured fragments. To ride a hobby, to have some favorite occupation or subject of talk. -- To ride and tie, to take turn with another in labor and rest; -- from the expedient adopted by two persons with one horse, one of whom rides the animal a certain distance, and then ties him for the use of the other, who is coming up on foot. Fielding. -- To ride down. (a) To ride over; to trample down in riding; to overthrow by riding against; as, to ride down an enemy. (b) (Naut.) To bear down, as on a halyard when hoisting a sail. -- To ride out (Naut.), to keep safe afloat during (a storm) while riding at anchor or when hove to on the open sea; as, to ride out the gale. to ride the lightning, (Colloq.) to be executed by electrocution in an electric chair. RIDE Ride, n. 1. The act of riding; an excursion on horseback or in a vehicle. 2. A saddle horse. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 3. A road or avenue cut in a wood, or through grounds, to be used as a place for riding; a riding. RIDEAU Ri*deau", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A small mound of earth; ground slightly elevated; a small ridge. RIDEN Rid"en, obs. Defn: imp. pl. & p. p. of Ride. Chaucer. RIDENT Ri"dent, a. Etym: [L. ridens, p. pr. of ridere to laugh.] Defn: Laughing. [R.] Thackeray. RIDER Rid"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, rides. 2. Formerly, an agent who went out with samples of goods to obtain orders; a commercial traveler. [Eng.] 3. One who breaks or manages a horse. Shak. 4. An addition or amendment to a manuscript or other document, which is attached on a separate piece of paper; in legislative practice, an additional clause annexed to a bill while in course of passage; something extra or burdensome that is imposed. After the third reading, a foolish man stood up to propose a rider. Macaulay. This [question] was a rider which Mab found difficult to answer. A. S. Hardy. 5. (Math.) Defn: A problem of more than usual difficulty added to another on an examination paper. 6. Etym: [D. rijder.] Defn: A Dutch gold coin having the figure of a man on horseback stamped upon it. His moldy money ! half a dozen riders. J. Fletcher. 7. (Mining) Defn: Rock material in a vein of ore, dividing it. 8. (Shipbuilding) Defn: An interior rib occasionally fixed in a ship's hold, reaching from the keelson to the beame of the lower deck, to strengthen her frame. Totten. 9. (Naut.) Defn: The second tier of casks in a vessel's hold. 10. A small forked weight which straddles the beam of a balance, along which it can be moved in the manner of the weight on a steelyard. 11. A robber. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Drummond. Rider's bone (Med.), a bony deposit in the muscles of the upper and inner part of the thigh, due to the pressure and irritation caused by the saddle in riding. RIDERLESS Rid"er*less, a. Defn: Having no rider; as, a riderless horse. H. Kingsley. RIDGE Ridge, n. Etym: [OE. rigge the back, AS. hrycg; akin to D. rug, G. rÜcken, OHG. rucki, hrukki, Icel. hryggr, Sw. rugg, Dan. ryg. sq. root16.] 1. The back, or top of the back; a crest. Hudibras. 2. A range of hills or mountains, or the upper part of such a range; any extended elevation between valleys. "The frozen ridges of the Alps." Shak. Part rise crystal wall, or ridge direct. Milton. 3. A raised line or strip, as of ground thrown up by a plow or left between furrows or ditches, or as on the surface of metal, cloth, or bone, etc. 4. (Arch.) Defn: The intersection of two surface forming a salient angle, especially the angle at the top between the opposite slopes or sides of a roof or a vault. 5. (Fort.) Defn: The highest portion of the glacis proceeding from the salient angle of the covered way. Stocqueler. RIDGE Ridge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ridged; p. pr. & vb. n. Ridging.] 1. To form a ridge of; to furnish with a ridge or ridges; to make into a ridge or ridges. Bristles ranged like those that ridge the back Of chafed wild boars. Milton. 2. To form into ridges with the plow, as land. 3. To wrinkle. "With a forehead ridged." Cowper. RIDGEBAND Ridge"band`, n. Defn: The part of a harness which passes over the saddle, and supports the shafts of a cart; -- called also ridgerope, and ridger. Halliwell. RIDGEBONE Ridge"bone`, n. Defn: The backbone. [Obs.] Blood . . . lying cluttered about the ridgebone. Holland. RIDGEL Ridg"el, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Ridgelling. RIDGELET Ridge"let, n. Defn: A little ridge. RIDGELING Ridge"ling, n. Etym: [Prov. E. riggilt, riggot, ananimal half castrated, a sheep having only one testicle; cf. Prov. G. rigel, rig, a barrow hog, rigler a cock half castrated.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A half-castrated male animal. RIDGEPIECE; RIDGEPLATE Ridge"piece`, Ridge"plate`, n. Defn: See Ridgepole. RIDGEPOLE Ridge"pole`, n. (Arch.) Defn: The timber forming the ridge of a roof, into which the rafters are secured. RIDGEROPE Ridge"rope`, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Life line (a), under Life. RIDGINGLY Ridg"ing*ly, adv. Defn: So as to form ridges. RIDGY Ridg"y, a. Defn: Having a ridge or ridges; rising in a ridge. "Lifted on a ridgy wave." Pope. RIDICLE Rid"i*cle, n. Defn: Ridicule. [Obs.] Foxe. RIDICULE Rid"i*cule, n. Etym: [F. ridicule, L. ridiculum a jest, fr. ridiculus. See Ridiculous.] 1. An object of sport or laughter; a laughingstock; a laughing matter. [Marlborough] was so miserably ignorant, that his deficiencies made him the ridicule of his contemporaries. Buckle. To the people . . . but a trifle, to the king but a ridicule. Foxe. 2. Remarks concerning a subject or a person designed to excite laughter with a degree of contempt; wit of that species which provokes contemptuous laughter; disparagement by making a person an object of laughter; banter; -- a term lighter than derision. We have in great measure restricted the meaning of ridicule, which would properly extend over whole region of the ridiculous, -- the laughable, -- and we have narrowed it so that in common usage it mostly corresponds to "derision", which does indeed involve personal and offensive feelings. Hare. Safe from the bar, the pulpit, and the throne, Yet touched and shamed by ridicule alone. Pope. 3. Quality of being ridiculous; ridiculousness. [Obs.] To see the ridicule of this practice. Addison. Syn. -- Derision; banter; raillery; burlesque; mockery; irony; satire; sarcasm; gibe; jeer; sneer. -- Ridicule, Derision, Both words imply disapprobation; but ridicule usually signifies good-natured, fun-loving opposition without manifest malice, while derision is commonly bitter and scornful, and sometimes malignant. RIDICULE Rid"i*cule, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ridiculed;p. pr. & vb. n. Ridiculing.] Defn: To laugh at mockingly or disparagingly; to awaken ridicule toward or respecting. I 've known the young, who ridiculed his rage. Goldsmith. Syn. -- To deride; banter; rally; burlesque; mock; satirize; lampoon. See Deride. RIDICULE Rid"i*cule, a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Ridiculous. [Obs.] This action . . . became so ridicule. Aubrey. RIDICULER Rid"i*cu`ler, n. Defn: One who ridicules. RIDICULIZE Ri*dic"u*lize, v. t. Defn: To make ridiculous; to ridicule. [Obs.] Chapman. RIDICULOSITY Ri*dic`u*los"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being ridiculous; ridiculousness; also, something ridiculous. [Archaic] Bailey. RIDICULOUS Ri*dic"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. ridiculosus, ridiculus, fr. ridere to laigh. Cf. Risible.] 1. Fitted to excite ridicule; absurd and laughable; unworthy of serious consideration; as, a ridiculous dress or behavior. Agricola, discerning that those little targets and unwieldy glaives ill pointed would soon become ridiculous against the thrust and close, commanded three Batavian cohorts . . . to draw up and come to handy strokes. Milton. 2. Involving or expressing ridicule. [r.] [It] provokes me to ridiculous smiling. Shak. Syn. -- Ludicrous; laughable; risible; droll; comical; absurd; preposterous. See Ludicrous. --- Ri*dic"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Ri*dic"u*lous*ness, n. RIDING Rid"ing, n. Etym: [For thriding, Icel. pr the third part, fr. pri third, akin to E. third. See Third.] Defn: One of the three jurisdictions into which the county of York, in England, is divided; -- formerly under the government of reeve. They are called the North, the East, and the West, Riding. Blackstone. RIDING Rid"ing, a. 1. Employed to travel; traveling; as, a riding clerk. "One riding apparitor." Ayliffe. 2. Used for riding on; as, a riding horse. 3. Used for riding, or when riding; devoted to riding; as, a riding whip; a riding habit; a riding day. Riding clerk. (a) A clerk who traveled for a commercial house. [Obs. Eng.] (b) One of the "six clerks" formerly attached to the English Court of Chancery. -- Riding hood. (a) A hood formerly worn by women when riding. (b) A kind of cloak with a hood. -- Riding master, an instructor in horsemanship. -- Riding rhyme (Pros.), the meter of five accents, with couplet rhyme; -- probably so called from the mounted pilgrims described in the Canterbury Tales. Dr. Guest. -- Riding school, a school or place where the art of riding is taught. RIDING Rid"ing, n. 1. The act or state of one who rides. 2. A festival procession. [Obs.] When there any riding was in Cheap. Chaucer. 3. Same as Ride, n., 3. Sir P. Sidney. 4. A district in charge of an excise officer. [Eng.] RIDOTTO Ri*dot"to, n. Etym: [It., fr. LL. reductus a retreat. See Redoubt.] Defn: A favorite Italian public entertainment, consisting of music and dancing, -- held generally on fast eves. Brande & C. There are to be ridottos at guinea tickets. Walpole. RIDOTTO Ri*dot"to, v. i. Defn: To hold ridottos. [R.] J. G. Cooper. RIE Rie, n. Defn: See Rye. [Obs.] Holland. Rie grass. (Bot.) (a) A kind of wild barley (Hordeum pratense). Dr. Prior. (b) Ray grass. Dr. Prior. RIEF Rief, n. Etym: [See Reave.] Defn: Robbery. [Obs. or Scot.] RIETBOC Riet"boc, n. Etym: [D. riet reed + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The reedbuck, a South African antelope (Cervicapra arundinacea); -- so called from its frequenting dry places covered with high grass or reeds. Its color is yellowish brown. Called also inghalla, and rietbok. RIFACIMENTO Ri*fa`ci*men"to, n.; pl. Rifacimenti (#). [It.] Defn: A remaking or recasting; an adaptation, esp. of a literary work or musical composition. RIFE Rife, a. Etym: [AS. rif abundant, or Icel. rifr munificent; akin to OD. riff, rijve, abundant.] 1. Prevailing; prevalent; abounding. Before the plague of London, inflammations of the lungs were rife and mortal. Arbuthnot. Even now the tumult of loud mirth Was rife, and perfect in may listening ear. Milton. 2. Having power; active; nimble. [Obs.] What! I am rife a little yet. J. Webster. -- Rife"ly, adv. -- Rife"ness, n. RIFFLE Rif"fle, n. Etym: [CF. G. riffeln, riefeln, to groove. Cf. Rifle a gun.] (Mining) Defn: A trough or sluice having cleats, grooves, or steps across the bottom for holding quicksilver and catching particles of gold when auriferous earth is washed; also, one of the cleats, grooves, or steps in such a trough. Also called ripple. RIFFLER Rif"fler, n. Etym: [See Riffle.] Defn: A curved file used in carving wool and marble. RIFFRAFF Riff"raff`, n. Etym: [OE. rif and raf every particle, OF. rif et raf. CF. Raff, and 1st Rifle.] Defn: Sweepings; refuse; the lowest order of society. Beau & Fl. RIFLE Ri"fle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rifled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rifling.] Etym: [F. rifler to rifle, sweep away; of uncertain origin. CF. Raff.] 1. To seize and bear away by force; to snatch away; to carry off. Till time shall rifle every youthful grace. Pope. 2. To strip; to rob; to pillage. Piers Plowman. Stand, sir, and throw us that you have about ye: If not, we'll make you sit and rifle you. Shak. 3. To raffle. [Obs.] J. Webster. RIFLE Ri"fle, v. i. 1. To raffle. [Obs.] Chapman. 2. To commit robbery. [R.] Bp. Hall. RIFLE Ri"fle, n. Etym: [Akin to Dan. rifle, or riffel, the rifle of a gun, a chamfer (cf. riffel, riffelbösse, a rifle gun, rifle to rifle a gun, G. riefeln, riefen, to chamfer, groove), and E. rive. See Rive, and cf. Riffle, Rivel.] 1. A gun, the inside of whose barrel is grooved with spiral channels, thus giving the ball a rotary motion and insuring greater accuracy of fire. As a military firearm it has superseded the musket. 2. pl. (Mil.) Defn: A body of soldiers armed with rifles. 3. A strip of wood covered with emery or a similar material, used for sharpening scythes. Rifle pit (Mil.), a trench for sheltering sharpshooters. RIFLE Ri"fle, v. t. 1. To grove; to channel; especially, to groove internally with spiral channels; as, to rifle a gun barrel or a cannon. 2. To whet with a rifle. See Rifle, n., 3. RIFLEBIRD Ri"fle*bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of beautiful birds of Australia and New Guinea, of the genera Ptiloris and Craspidophora, allied to the paradise birds. Note: The largest and best known species is Ptiloris paradisea of Australia. Its general color is rich velvety brown, glossed with lilac; the under parts are varied with rich olive green, and the head, throat, and two middle tail feathers are brilliant metallic green. RIFLEMAN Ri"fle*man, n.; pl. Rifleman (. (Mil.) Defn: A soldier armed with a rifle. RIFLER Ri"fler, n. Defn: One who rifles; a robber. RIFLING Ri"fling, n. (a) The act or process of making the grooves in a rifled cannon or gun barrel. (b) The system of grooves in a rifled gun barrel or cannon. Shunt rifling, rifling for cannon, in which one side of the groove is made deeper than the other, to facilitate loading with shot having projections which enter by the deeper part of the grooves. RIFT Rift, obs. Defn: p. p. of Rive. Spenser. RIFT Rift, n. [Written also reft.] Etym: [Dan. rift, fr. rieve to rend. See Rive.] 1. An opening made by riving or splitting; a cleft; a fissure. Spenser. 2. A shallow place in a stream; a ford. RIFT Rift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rifting.] Defn: To cleave; to rive; to split; as, to rift an oak or a rock; to rift the clouds. Longfellow. To dwell these rifted rocks between. Wordsworth. RIFT Rift, v. i. 1. To burst open; to split. Shak. Timber . . . not apt to rif with ordnance. Bacon. 2. To belch. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] RIFTER Rift"er, n. Defn: A rafter. [Obs.] Holland. RIG Rig, n. Etym: [See Ridge.] Defn: A ridge. [Prov. or Scott.] RIG Rig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rigged; p. pr. & vb. n. Rigging.] Etym: [Norweg. rigga to bind, particularly, to wrap round, rig; cf. AS. wrihan to cover.] 1. To furnish with apparatus or gear; to fit with tackling. 2. To dress; to equip; to clothe, especially in an odd or fanciful manner; -- commonly followed by out. Jack was rigged out in his gold and silver lace. L'Estrange. To rig a purchase, to adapt apparatus so as to get a purchase for moving a weight, as with a lever, tackle, capstan, etc. -- To rig a ship (Naut.), to fit the shrouds, stays, braces, etc., to their respective masts and yards. RIG Rig, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: The peculiar fitting in shape, number, and arrangement of sails and masts, by which different types of vessels are distinguished; as, schooner rig, ship rig, etc. See Illustration in Appendix. 2. Dress; esp., odd or fanciful clothing. [Colloq.] RIG Rig, n Etym: [Cf. Wriggle.] 1. A romp; a wanton; one given to unbecoming conduct. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. A sportive or unbecoming trick; a frolic. 3. A blast of wind. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. That uncertain season before the rigs of Michaelmas were yet well composed. Burke. To run a rig, to play a trick; to engage in a frolic; to do something strange and unbecoming. He little dreamt when he set out Of running such a rig. Cowper. RIG Rig, v. i. Defn: To play the wanton; to act in an unbecoming manner; to play tricks. "Rigging and rifling all ways." Chapman. RIG Rig, v. t. Defn: To make free with; hence, to steal; to pilfer. [Obs. or Prov.] Tusser. To rig the market (Stock Exchange), to raise or lower market prices, as by some fraud or trick. [Cant] RIGADOON Rig`a*doon", n. Etym: [F. rigadon, rigaudon.] Defn: A gay, lively dance for one couple, -- said to have been borrowed from Provence in France. W. Irving. Whose dancing dogs in rigadoons excel. Wolcott. RIGA FIR Ri"ga fir` Etym: [So called from Riga, a city in Russia.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of pine (Pinus sylvestris), and its wood, which affords a valuable timber; -- called also Scotch pine, and red or yellow deal. It grows in all parts of Europe, in the Caucasus, and in Siberia. RIGARION Ri*ga"rion, n. Etym: [L. rigatio, fr. rigare to water.] Defn: See Irrigation. [Obs.] RIGEL Ri"gel, n. Etym: [Ar. rijl, properly, foot.] (Astron.) Defn: A fixed star of the first magnitude in the left foot of the constellation Orion. [Written also Regel.] RIGESCENT Ri*ges"cent, a. Etym: [L. rigescens, p. pr. fr. rigescere to grow stiff.] Defn: Growing stiff or numb. RIGGER Rig"ger, n. 1. One who rigs or dresses; one whose occupation is to fit the rigging of a ship. 2. A cylindrical pulley or drum in machinery. [R.] RIGGING Rig"ging, n. Defn: DRess; tackle; especially (Naut.), the ropes, chains, etc., that support the masts and spars of a vessel, and serve as purchases for adjusting the sails, etc. See Illustr. of Ship and Sails. Running rigging (Naut.), all those ropes used in bracing the yards, making and shortening sail, etc., such as braces, sheets, halyards, clew lines, and the like. -- Standing rigging (Naut.), the shrouds and stays. RIGGISH Rig"gish, a. Defn: Like a rig or wanton. [Obs.] "Riggish and unmaidenly." Bp. Hall. RIGGLE Rig"gle, v. i. Defn: See Wriggle. RIGGLE Rig"gle, n. Defn: The European lance fish. [Prov. Eng.] RIGHT Right, a. Etym: [OE. right, riht, AS. riht; akin to D. regt, OS. & OHG. reht, G. recht, Dan. ret, Sw. rätt, Icel. rëttr, Goth. raíhts, L. rectus, p. p. of regere to guide, rule; cf. Skr. straight, right. sq. root115. Cf. Adroit,Alert, Correct, Dress, Regular, Rector, Recto, Rectum, Regent, Region, Realm, Rich, Riyal, Rule.] 1. Straight; direct; not crooked; as, a right line. "Right as any line." Chaucer 2. Upright; erect from a base; having an upright axis; not oblique; as, right ascension; a right pyramid or cone. 3. Conformed to the constitution of man and the will of God, or to justice and equity; not deviating from the true and just; according with truth and duty; just; true. That which is conformable to the Supreme Rule is absolutely right, and is called right simply without relation to a special end. Whately. 2. Fit; suitable; proper; correct; becoming; as, the right man in the right place; the right way from London to Oxford. 5. Characterized by reality or genuineness; real; actual; not spurious. "His right wife." Chaucer. In this battle, . . . the Britons never more plainly manifested themselves to be right barbarians. Milton. 6. According with truth; passing a true judgment; conforming to fact or intent; not mistaken or wrong; not erroneous; correct; as, this is the right faith. You are right, Justice, and you weigh this well. Shak. If there be no prospect beyond the grave, the inference is . . . right, "Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die." Locke. 7. Most favorable or convenient; fortunate. The lady has been disappointed on the right side. Spectator. 8. Of or pertaining to that side of the body in man on which the muscular action is usually stronger than on the other side; -- opposed to left when used in reference to a part of the body; as, the right side, hand, arm. Also applied to the corresponding side of the lower animals. Became the sovereign's favorite, his right hand. Longfellow. Note: In designating the banks of a river, right and left are used always with reference to the position of one who is facing in the direction of the current's flow. 9. Well placed, disposed, or adjusted; orderly; well regulated; correctly done. 10. Designed to be placed or worn outward; as, the right side of a piece of cloth. At right angles, so as to form a right angle or right angles, as when one line crosses another perpendicularly. -- Right and left, in both or all directions. [Colloq.] -- Right and left coupling (Pipe fitting), a coupling the opposite ends of which are tapped for a right-handed screw and a left-handed screw, respectivelly. -- Right angle. (a) The angle formed by one line meeting another perpendicularly, as the angles ABD, DBC. (b) (Spherics) A spherical angle included between the axes of two great circles whose planes are perpendicular to each other. -- Right ascension. See under Ascension. -- Right Center (Politics), those members belonging to the Center in a legislative assembly who have sympathies with the Right on political questions. See Center, n., 5. -- Right cone, Right cylinder, Right prism, Right pyramid (Geom.), a cone, cylinder, prism, or pyramid, the axis of which is perpendicular to the base. -- Right line. See under Line. -- Right sailing (Naut.), sailing on one of the four cardinal points, so as to alter a ship's latitude or its longitude, but not both. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Right sphere (Astron. & Geol.), a sphere in such a position that the equator cuts the horizon at right angles; in spherical projections, that position of the sphere in which the primitive plane coincides with the plane of the equator. Note: Right is used elliptically for it is right, what you say is right, true. "Right," cries his lordship. Pope. Syn. -- Straight; direct; perpendicular; upright; lawful; rightful; true; correct; just; equitable; proper; suitable; becoming. RIGHT Right, adv. 1. In a right manner. 2. In a right or straight line; directly; hence; straightway; immediately; next; as, he stood right before me; it went right to the mark; he came right out; he followed right after the guide. Unto Dian's temple goeth she right. Chaucer. Let thine eyes look right on. Prov. iv. 25. Right across its track there lay, Down in the water, a long reef of gold. Tennyson. 3. Exactly; just. [Obs. or Colloq.] Came he right now to sing a raven's note Shak. 4. According to the law or will of God; conforming to the standard of truth and justice; righteously; as, to live right; to judge right. 5. According to any rule of art; correctly. You with strict discipline instructed right. Roscommon. 6. According to fact or truth; actually; truly; really; correctly; exactly; as, to tell a story right. "Right at mine own cost." Chaucer. Right as it were a steed of Lumbardye. Chaucer. His wounds so smarted that he slept right naught. Fairfax. 7. In a great degree; very; wholly; unqualifiedly; extremely; highly; as, right humble; right noble; right valiant. "He was not right fat". Chaucer. For which I should be right sorry. Tyndale. [I] return those duties back as are right fit. Shak. Note: In this sense now chiefly prefixed to titles; as, right honorable; right reverend. Right honorable, a title given in England to peers and peeresses, to the eldest sons and all daughters of such peers as have rank above viscounts, and to all privy councilors; also, to certain civic officers, as the lord mayor of London, of York, and of Dublin. Note: Right is used in composition with other adverbs, as upright, downright, forthright, etc. Right along, without cessation; continuously; as, to work right along for several hours. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Right away, or Right off, at once; straightway; without delay. [Colloq. U.S.] "We will . . . shut ourselves up in the office and do the work right off." D. Webster. RIGHT Right, n. Etym: [AS. right. See Right, a.] 1. That which is right or correct. Specifically: (a) The straight course; adherence to duty; obedience to lawful authority, divine or human; freedom from guilt, -- the opposite of moral wrong. (b) A true statement; freedom from error of falsehood; adherence to truth or fact. Seldom your opinions err; Your eyes are always in the right. Prior. (c) A just judgment or action; that which is true or proper; justice; uprightness; integrity. Long love to her has borne the faithful knight, And well deserved, had fortune done him right. Dryden. 2. That to which one has a just claim. Specifically: (a) That which one has a natural claim to exact. There are no rights whatever, without corresponding duties. Coleridge. (b) That which one has a legal or social claim to do or to exact; legal power; authority; as, a sheriff has a right to arrest a criminal. (c) That which justly belongs to one; that which one has a claim to possess or own; the interest or share which anyone has in a piece of property; title; claim; interest; ownership. Born free, he sought his right. Dryden. Hast thou not right to all created things Milton. Men have no right to what is not reasonable. Burke. (d) Privilege or immunity granted by authority. 3. The right side; the side opposite to the left. Led her to the Souldan's right. Spenser. 4. In some legislative bodies of Europe (as in France), those members collectively who are conservatives or monarchists. See Center, 5. 5. The outward or most finished surface, as of a piece of cloth, a carpet, etc. At all right, at all points; in all respects. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Bill of rights, a list of rights; a paper containing a declaration of rights, or the declaration itself. See under Bill. -- By right, By rights, or By good rights, rightly; properly; correctly. He should himself use it by right. Chaucer. I should have been a woman by right. Shak. -- Divine right, or Divine right of kings, a name given to the patriarchal theory of government, especially to the doctrine that no misconduct and no dispossession can forfeit the right of a monarch or his heirs to the throne, and to the obedience of the people. -- To rights. (a) In a direct line; straight. [R.] Woodward. (b) At once; directly. [Obs. or Colloq.] Swift. -- To set to rights, To put to rights, to put in good order; to adjust; to regulate, as what is out of order. -- Writ of right (Law), a writ which lay to recover lands in fee simple, unjustly withheld from the true owner. Blackstone. RIGHT Right, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Righted; p. pr. & vb. n. Righting.] Etym: [AS. rihtan. See Right, a.] 1. To bring or restore to the proper or natural position; to set upright; to make right or straight (that which has been wrong or crooked); to correct. 2. To do justice to; to relieve from wrong; to restore rights to; to assert or regain the rights of; as, to right the oppressed; to right one's self; also, to vindicate. So just is God, to right the innocent. Shak. All experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. Jefferson. To right a vessel (Naut.), to restore her to an upright position after careening. -- To right the helm (Naut.), to place it in line with the keel. RIGHT Right, v. i. 1. To recover the proper or natural condition or position; to become upright. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Hence, to regain an upright position, as a ship or boat, after careening. RIGHT-ABOUT Right"-a*bout`, n. Etym: [Right, adv. + about, adv.] Defn: A turning directly about by the right, so as to face in the opposite direction; also, the quarter directly opposite; as, to turn to the right-about. To send to the right-about, to cause to turn toward the opposite point or quarter; -- hence, of troops, to cause to turn and retreat. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott. RIGHT-ANGLED Right"-an`gled, a. Defn: Containing a right angle or right angles; as, a right-angled triangle. RIGHTEN Right"en, v. t. Defn: To do justice to. [Obs.] Relieve [marginal reading, righten] the opressed. Isa. i. 17. RIGHTEOUS Right"eous, a. Etym: [OE. rightways, rightwise, AS.rightwis; riht right + wis wise, having wisdom, prudent. See Right, a., Wise, a.] Defn: Doing, or according with, that which is right; yielding to all their due; just; equitable; especially, free from wrong, guilt, or sin; holy; as, a righteous man or act; a righteous retribution. Fearless in his righteous cause. Milton. Syn. -- Upright; just; godly; holy; uncorrupt; virtuous; honest; equitable; rightful. RIGHTEOUSED Right"eoused, a. Defn: Made righteous. [Obs.] RIGHTEOUSLY Right"eous*ly, adv. Etym: [AS. rightwislice.] Defn: In a righteous manner; as, to judge righteously. RIGHTEOUSNESS Right"eous*ness, n. Etym: [AS. rihtwisnes.] 1. The quality or state of being righteous; holiness; purity; uprightness; rectitude. Note: Righteousness, as used in Scripture and theology, in which it chiefly occurs, is nearly equivalent to holiness, comprehending holy principles and affections of heart, and conformity of life to the divine law. 2. A righteous act, or righteous quality. All our righteousnesses are as filthy rags. Isa. lxiv. 6. 3. The act or conduct of one who is righteous. Blessed are they that keep judgment, and he that doeth right at all times. Ps. cvi. 3. 4. (Theol.) Defn: The state of being right with God; justification; the work of Christ, which is the ground justification. There are two kinds of Christian righteousness: the one without us, which we have by imputation; the other in us, which consisteth of faith, hope, and charity, and other Christian virtues. Hooker. Only for the righteousness of Christ imputed to us, and received by faith alone. Westminster Catechism. Syn. -- Uprightness; holiness; godliness; equity; justice; rightfulness; integryty; honesty; faithfulness. RIGHTER Right"er, n. Defn: One who sets right; one who does justice or redresses wrong. Shelton. RIGHTFUL Right"ful, a. 1. Righteous; upright; just; good; -- said of persons. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Consonant to justice; just; as, a rightful cause. 3. Having the right or just claim according to established laws; being or holding by right; as, the rightful heir to a throne or an estate; a rightful king. 4. Belonging, held, or possessed by right, or by just claim; as, a rightful inheritance; rightful authority. Syn. -- Just; lawful; true; honest; equitable; proper. RIGHTFULLY Right"ful*ly, adv. Defn: According to right or justice. RIGHTFULNESS Right"ful*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being rightful; accordance with right and justice. 2. Moral rectitude; righteousness. [Obs.] Wyclif. We fail of perfect rightfulness. Sir P. Sidney. RIGHT-HAND Right"-hand`, a. 1. Situated or being on the right; nearer the right hand than the left; as, the right-hand side, room, or road. 2. Chiefly relied on; almost indispensable. Mr. Alexander Truncheon, who is their right-hand man in the troop. Addison. Right-hand rope, a rope which is laid up and twisted with the sun, that is, in the same direction as plain-laid rope. See Illust. of Cordage. RIGHT-HANDED Right"-*hand`ed, a. 1. Using the right hand habitually, or more easily than the left. 2. Having the same direction or course as the movement of the hands of a watch seen in front; -- said of the motion of a revolving object looked at from a given direction. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the whorls rising from left to right; dextral; -- said of spiral shells. See Illust. of Scalaria. Right-handed screw, a screw, the threads of which, like those of a common wood screw, wind spirally in such a direction that screw advances away from the observer when turned with a right-handed movement in a fixed nut. RIGHT-HANDEDNESS Right"-hand`ed*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being right-handed; hence, skill; dexterity. RIGHT-HEARTED Right"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Having a right heart or disposition. -- Right"-heart`ed*ness, n. RIGHTLESS Right"less, a. Defn: Destitute of right. Sylvester. RIGHT-LINED Right"-lined`, a. Defn: Formed by right lines; rectilineal; as, a right-lined angle. RIGHTLY Right"ly, adv. Etym: [AS. richtlice.] 1. Straightly; directly; in front. [Obs.] Shak. 2. According to justice; according to the divine will or moral rectitude; uprightly; as, duty rightly performed. 3. Properly; fitly; suitably; appropriately. Eve rightly called, Mother of all mankind. Milton. 4. According to truth or fact; correctly; not erroneously; exactly. "I can not rightly say." Shak. Thou didst not rightly see. Dryden. RIGHT-MINDED Right"-mind`ed, a. Defn: Having a right or honest mind. -- Right"-mind`ed*ness, n. RIGHTNESS Right"ness, n. Etym: [AS. richtnes.] . Defn: Straightness; as, the rightness of a line. Bacon. 2. The quality or state of being right; right relation. The craving for rightness with God. J. C. Shairp. RIGHT-RUNNING Right"-run`ning, a. Defn: Straight; direct. RIGHTWARD Right"ward, adv. Defn: Toward the right. Rightward and leftward rise the rocks. Southey. RIGHT WHALE Right" whale`. (Zoöl.) (a) The bowhead, Arctic, or Greenland whale (Balæna mysticetus), from whose mouth the best whalebone is obtained. (b) Any other whale that produces valuable whalebone, as the Atlantic, or Biscay, right whale (Balæna cisarctica), and the Pacific right whale (B. Sieboldii); a bone whale. Pygmy right whale (Zoöl.), a small New Zealand whale (Neobalæna marginata) which is only about sixteen feet long. It produces short, but very elastic and tough, whalebone. RIGHTWISE Right"wise`, a. Defn: Righteous. [Obs.] Wyclif. RIGHTWISE Right"wise`, v. t. Defn: To make righteous. [Obs.] RIGHTWISELY Right"wise`ly, adv. Defn: Righteously. [Obs.] RIGHTWISENESS Right"wise`ness, n. Defn: Righteousness. [Obs.] In doom and eke in rightwisnesse. Chaucer. RIGID Rig"id, a. Etym: [L. rigidus, fr. rigere to be stiff or numb: cf. F. rigide. Cf. Rigor. ] 1. Firm; stiff; unyielding; not pliant; not flexible. Upright beams innumerable Of rigid spears. Milton. 2. Hence, not lax or indulgent; severe; inflexible; strict; as, a rigid father or master; rigid discipline; rigid criticism; a rigid sentence. The more rigid order of principles in religion and government. Hawthorne. Syn. -- Stiff; unpliant; inflexible; unyielding; strict; exact; severe; austere; stern; rigorous; unmitigated. RIGIDITY Ri*gid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. rigiditas: cf. F. rigidité. See Rigid.] 1. The quality or state of being rigid; want of pliability; the quality of resisting change of from; the amount of resistance with which a body opposes change of form; -- opposed to flexibility, ductility, malleability, and softness. 2. Stiffness of appearance or manner; want of ease or elegance. Sir H. Wotton. 3. Severity; rigor. [Obs. orR.] Bp. Burnet. Syn. -- Stiffness; rigidness; inflexibility. RIGIDLY Rig"id*ly, v. Defn: In a rigid manner; stiffly. RIGIDNESS Rig"id*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being rigid. RIGIDULOUS Ri*gid"u*lous, a. Etym: [Dim. from rigid.] (Bot.) Defn: Somewhat rigid or stiff; as, a rigidulous bristle. RIGLET Rig"let, n. (Print.) Defn: See Reglet. RIGMAROLE Rig"ma*role, n. Etym: [For ragman roll. See Ragman's roll.] Defn: A succession of confused or nonsencial statements; foolish talk; nonsense. [Colloq.] Often one's dear friend talks something which one scruples to call rigmarole. De Quincey. RIGMAROLE Rig"ma*role, a. Defn: Consisting of rigmarole; frovolous; nonsensical; foolish. RIGOL Rig"ol, n. Etym: [OE. also ringol. Cf. Ring.] Defn: A circle; hence, a diadem. [Obs.] Shak. RIGOLETTE Rig`o*lette", n. [Prob. fr. Rigolette, name of a girl in Eugene Sue's novel "Mystères de Paris."] Defn: A woman's light scarflike head covering, usually knit or crocheted of wool. RIGOLL Rig"oll, n. Etym: [Corruupted fr. regal.] Defn: A musical instrument formerly in use, consisting of several sticks bound together, but separated by beads, and played with a stick with a ball at its end. Moore (Encyc. of Music. ). RIGOR Ri"gor, n. Etym: [L. See Rigor., below.] 1. Rigidity; stiffness. 2. (ed.) Defn: A sense of chilliness, with contraction of the skin; a convulsive shuddering or tremor, as in the chill preceeding a fever. Rigor caloris ( Etym: [L., rigor of heat] (Physiol.), a form of rigor mortis induced by heat, as when the muscle of a mammal is heated to about 50ºC. -- Rigor mortis ( Etym: [L. , rigor of death] , death stiffening; the rigidity of the muscles that occurs at death and lasts till decomposition sets in. It is due to the formation of myosin by the coagulation of the contents of the individual muscle fibers. RIGOR Rig"or, n. Etym: [OE. rigour, OF. rigour, F. rigueur, from L. rigor, fr. rigere to be stiff. See Rigid.] [Written also rigour.] 1. The becoming stiff or rigid; the state of being rigid; rigidity; stiffness; hardness. The rest his look Bound with Gorgonian rigor not to move. Milton. 2. (Med.) Defn: See 1st Rigor, 2. 3. Severity of climate or season; inclemency; as, the rigor of the storm; the rigors of winter. 4. Stiffness of opinion or temper; rugged sternness; hardness; relentless severity; hard-heartedness; cruelty. All his rigor is turned to grief and pity. Denham. If I shall be condemn'd Upon surmises, . . . I tell you 'T is rigor and not law. Shak. 5. Exactness without allowance, deviation, or indulgence; strictness; as, the rigor of criticism; to execute a law with rigor; to enforce moral duties with rigor; -- opposed to Ant: lenity. 6. Severity of life; austerity; voluntary submission to pain, abstinence, or mortification. The prince lived in this convent with all the rigor and austerity of a capuchin. Addison. 7. Violence; force; fury. [Obs.] Whose raging rigor neither steel nor brass could stay. Spenser. Syn. -- Stiffness; rigidness; inflexibility; severity; austerity; sternness; harshness; strictness; exactness. RIGORISM Rig"or*ism, n. 1. Rigidity in principle or practice; strictness; -- opposed to laxity. 2. Severity, as of style, or the like. Jefferson. RIGORIST Rig"or*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rigoriste.] Defn: One who is rigorous; -- sometimes applied to an extreme Jansenist. RIGOROUS Rig"or*ous, a. Etym: [F. rigoureux, LL. rigorosus. See Rigor.] 1. Manifesting, exercising, or favoring rigor; allowing no abatement or mitigation; scrupulously accurate; exact; strict; severe; relentless; as, a rigorous officer of justice; a rigorous execution of law; a rigorous definition or demonstration. He shall be thrown down the Tarpeian Rock With rigorous hands. Shak. We do not connect the scattered phenomena into their rigorous unity. De Quincey. 2. Severe; intense; inclement; as, a rigorous winter. 3. Violent. [Obs.] "Rigorous uproar." Spenser. Syn. -- Rigid; inflexible; unyielding; stiff; severe; austere; stern; harsh; strict; exact. -- Rig"or*ous*ly, adv. -- Rig"or*ous*ness, n. RIGSDAG Rigs"dag, n. [Dan. Cf. Reichstag.] Defn: See Legislature, Denmark. RIGSDALER Rigs"da`ler, n. Etym: [Dan. See Rix-dollar.] Defn: A Danish coin worth about fifty-four cents. It was former unit of value in Denmark. RIG-VEDA Rig`-Ve"da. Defn: See Veda. RIKSDALER Riks"da`ler, n. Etym: [Sw. See Rix-dollar.] Defn: A Swedish coin worth about twenty-seven cents. It was formerly the unit of value in Sweden. RILE Rile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riled; p. pr. & vb. n. Riling.] Etym: [See Roil.] 1. To render turbid or muddy; to stir up; to roil. 2. To stir up in feelings; to make angry; to vex. Note: In both senses provincial in England and colloquial in the United States. RILIEVO Ri*lie"vo, n.Etym: [It. See Relief.] (Sculp. & Arch.) Defn: Same as Relief, n.,5. RILL Rill, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. rille a small channel or brook, a furrow, a chamfer, OE. rigol a small brook, F. rigole a trench or furrow for water, W. rhill a row, rhigol a little ditch. sq. root11.] 1. A very small brook; a streamlet. 2. (Astron.) Defn: See Rille. RILL Rill, v. i. Defn: To run a small stream. [R.] Prior. RILLE Rille, n. Etym: [G. rille a furrow.] (Astron.) Defn: One of certain narrow, crooked valleys seen, by aid of the telescope, on the surface of the moon. RILLET Rill"et, n. Defn: A little rill. Burton. RILY Ri"ly, a. Defn: Roily. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] RIM Rim, n. Etym: [As. rima, reoma, edge; cf. W. rhim, rhimp, a rim, edge, boundary, termination, Armor, rim. Cf. Rind.] 1. The border, edge, or margin of a thing, usually of something circular or curving; as, the rim of a kettle or basin. 2. The lower part of the abdomen. [Obs.] Shak. Arch rim (Phonetics), the line between the gums and the palate. -- Rim-fire cartridge. (Mil.) See under Cartridge. -- Rim lock. See under Lock. RIM Rim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rimmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rimming.] Defn: To furnish with a rim; to border. RIMA Ri"ma, n.; pl. Rimæ. Etym: [L.] (Anat.) Defn: A narrow and elongated aperture; a cleft; a fissure. RIMAU DAHAN Ri"mau da"han. Etym: [From the native Oriental name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The clouded tiger cat (Felis marmorata) of Southern Asia and the East Indies. RIMBASE Rim"base`, n. (Mil.) Defn: A short cylinder connecting a trunnion with the body of a cannon. See Illust. of Cannon. RIME Rime, n. Etym: [L. rima.] Defn: A rent or long aperture; a chink; a fissure; a crack. Sir T. Browne. RIME Rime, n. Etym: [AS. hrim; akin to D. rijm, Icel. hrim, Dan. rim, Sw. rim; cf. D. rijp, G. reif, OHG. rifo, hrifo.] Defn: White frost; hoarfrost; congealed dew or vapor. The trees were now covered with rime. De Quincey. RIME Rime, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rimed; p. pr. & vb. n. Riming.] Defn: To freeze or congeal into hoarfrost. RIME Rime, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A step or round of a ladder; a rung. RIME Rime, n. Defn: Rhyme. See Rhyme. Coleridge. Landor. Note: This spelling, which is etymologically preferable, is coming into use again. RIME Rime, v. i. & t. Defn: To rhyme. See Rhyme. RIMER Rim"er, n. Defn: A rhymer; a versifier. RIMER Rim"er, n. Defn: A tool for shaping the rimes of a ladder. RIMEY Rim"ey, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. rimoier. See Ryime.] Defn: To compose in rhyme; to versify. [Obs.] [Lays] rimeyed in their first Breton tongue. Chaucer. RIM-FIRE Rim"-fire`, a. Defn: Having the percussion fulminate in a rim surrounding the base, distinguished from center-fire; -- said of cartridges; also, using rim-fire cartridges; as, a rim-fire gun. Such cartridges are now little used. RIMMER Rim"mer, n. Defn: An implement for cutting, trimming, or ornamenting the rim of anything, as the edges of pies, etc.; also, a reamer. Knight. RIMOSE Ri*mose", a. Etym: [L. rimosus, fr. rima a chink: cf. F. rimeux.] 1. Full of rimes, fissures, or chinks. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Having long and nearly parallel clefts or chinks, like those in the bark of trees. RIMOSELY Ri*mose"ly, adv. Defn: In a rimose manner. RIMOSITY Ri*mos"i*ty, n. Defn: State of being rimose. RIMOUS Rim"ous, a. Defn: Rimose. RIMPLE Rim"ple, n. Etym: [AS. hrimpele, or rimpel. See Rumple.] Defn: A fold or wrinkle. See Rumple. RIMPLE Rim"ple, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rimpled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rimpling.] Defn: To rumple; to wrinkle. RIMY Rim"y, a. Defn: Abounding with rime; frosty. RINCON Rin*con", n.; pl. Rincones (#). [Sp. rincón.] Defn: An interior corner; a nook; hence, an angular recess or hollow bend in a mountain, river, cliff, or the like. [Western & Southern U. S.] D. S. Jordan. RIND Rind, n. Etym: [AS. rind bark, crust of bread; akin rinta, G. rinde, and probably to E. rand, rim; cf. Skr. ram to end, rest.] Defn: The external covering or coat, as of flesh, fruit, trees, etc.; skin; hide; bark; peel; shell. Thou canst not touch the freedom of my mind With all thy charms, although this corporal rind Thou hast immanacled. Milton. Sweetest nurind. Shak. RIND Rind, v. t. Defn: To remove the rind of; to bark. [R.] RINDERPEST Rin"der*pest, n. Etym: [G., fr. rind, pl. rinder, cattle + pest pest, plague.] Defn: A highly contagious distemper or murrain, affecting neat cattle, and less commonly sheep and goats; -- called also cattle plague, Russian cattle plague, and steppe murrain. RINDLE Rin"dle, n. Etym: [AS. rynele. sq. root11. See Run.] Defn: A small water course or gutter. Ash. RINDLESS Rind"less, a. Defn: Destitute of a rind. RINDY Rind"y, a. Defn: Having a rind or skin. Ash. RINE Rine, n. Defn: See Rind. [Obs.] Spenser. RINED Rined, a. Defn: Having a rind [Obs.] Milton. RINFORZANDO Rin`for*zan"do, a. Etym: [It., fr. rinfor to reënforce, strengthen.] (Mus.) Defn: Increasing; strengthening; -- a direction indicating a sudden increase of force (abbreviated rf., rfz.) Cf. Forzando, and Sforzando. RING Ring, v. t. [imp. Rang or Rung (; p. p. Rung; p. pr. & vb. n. Ringing.] Etym: [AS. hringan; akin to Icel. hringja, Sw. ringa, Dan. ringe, OD. ringhen, ringkelen. sq. root19.] 1. To cause to sound, especially by striking, as a metallic body; as, to ring a bell. 2. To make (a sound), as by ringing a bell; to sound. The shard-borne beetle, with his drowsy hums, Hath rung night's yawning peal. Shak. 3. To repeat often, loudly, or earnestly. To ring a peal, to ring a set of changes on a chime of bells. -- To ring the changes upon. See under Change. -- To ring in or out, to usher, attend on, or celebrate, by the ringing of bells; as, to ring out the old year and ring in the new. Tennyson. -- To ring the bells backward, to sound the chimes, reversing the common order; -- formerly done as a signal of alarm or danger. Sir W. Scott. RING Ring, v. i. 1. To sound, as a bell or other sonorous body, particularly a metallic one. Now ringen trompes loud and clarion. Chaucer. Why ring not out the bells Shak. 2. To practice making music with bells. Holder. 3. To sound loud; to resound; to be filled with a With sweeter notes each rising temple rung. Pope. The hall with harp and carol rang. Tennyson. My ears still ring with noise. Dryden. 4. To continue to sound or vibrate; to resound. The assertion is still ringing in our ears. Burke. 5. To be filled with report or talk; as, the whole town rings with his fame. RING Ring, n. 1. A sound; especially, the sound of vibrating metals; as, the ring of a bell. 2. Any loud sound; the sound of numerous voices; a sound continued, repeated, or reverberated. The ring of acclamations fresh in his ears. Bacon 3. A chime, or set of bells harmonically tuned. As great and tunable a ring of bells as any in the world. Fuller. RING Ring, n. Etym: [AS. hring, hrinc; akin to Fries. hring, D. & G. ring, OHG. ring, hring, Icel. hringr, DAn. & SW. ring; cf. Russ. krug'. Cf. Harangue, Rank a row,Rink.] Defn: A circle, or a circular line, or anything in the form of a circular line or hoop. 2. Specifically, a circular ornament of gold or other precious material worn on the finger, or attached to the ear, the nose, or some other part of the person; as, a wedding ring. Upon his thumb he had of gold a ring. Chaucer. The dearest ring in Venice will I give you. Shak. 3. A circular area in which races are or run or other sports are performed; an arena. Place me. O, place me in the dusty ring, Where youthful charioteers contened for glory. E. Smith. 4. An inclosed space in which pugilists fight; hence, figuratively, prize fighting. "The road was an institution, the ring was an institution." Thackeray. 5. A circular group of persons. And hears the Muses in a Aye round about Jove's alter sing. Milton. 6. (Geom.) (a) The plane figure included between the circumferences of two concentric circles. (b) The solid generated by the revolution of a circle, or other figure, about an exterior straight line (as an axis) lying in the same plane as the circle or other figure. 7. (Astron. & Navigation) Defn: An instrument, formerly used for taking the sun's altitude, consisting of a brass ring suspended by a swivel, with a hole at one side through which a solar ray entering indicated the altitude on the graduated inner surface opposite. 8. (Bot.) Defn: An elastic band partly or wholly encircling the spore cases of ferns. See Illust. of Sporangium. 9. A clique; an exclusive combination of persons for a selfish purpose, as to control the market, distribute offices, obtain contracts, etc. The ruling ring at Constantinople. E. A. Freeman. Ring armor, armor composed of rings of metal. See Ring mail, below, and Chain mail, under Chain. -- Ring blackbird (Zoöl.), the ring ousel. -- Ring canal (Zoöl.), the circular water tube which surrounds the esophagus of echinoderms. -- Ring dotterel, or Ringed dotterel. (Zoöl.) See Dotterel, and Illust. of Pressiroster. -- Ring dropper, a sharper who pretends to have found a ring (dropped by himself), and tries to induce another to buy it as valuable, it being worthless. -- Ring fence. See under Fence. -- Ring finger, the third finger of the left hand, or the next the little finger, on which the ring is placed in marriage. -- Ring formula (Chem.), a graphic formula in the shape of a closed ring, as in the case of benzene, pyridine, etc. See Illust. under Benzene. -- Ring mail, a kind of mail made of small steel rings sewed upon a garment of leather or of cloth. -- Ring micrometer. (Astron.) See Circular micrometer, under Micrometer. -- Saturn's rings. See Saturn. -- Ring ousel. (Zoöl.) See Ousel. -- Ring parrot (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World parrakeets having a red ring around the neck, especially Palæornis torquatus, common in India, and P. Alexandri of Java. -- Ring plover. (Zoöl.) (a) The ringed dotterel. (b) Any one of several small American plovers having a dark ring around the neck, as the semipalmated plover (Ægialitis semipalmata). -- Ring snake (Zoöl.), a small harmless American snake (Diadophis punctatus) having a white ring around the neck. The back is ash- colored, or sage green, the belly of an orange red. -- Ring stopper. (Naut.) See under Stopper. -- Ring thrush (Zoöl.), the ring ousel. -- The prize ring, the ring in which prize fighters contend; prize fighters, collectively. -- The ring. (a) The body of sporting men who bet on horse races. [Eng.] (b) The prize ring. RING Ring, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ringed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ringing.] 1. To surround with a ring, or as with a ring; to encircle. "Ring these fingers." Shak. 2. (Hort.) Defn: To make a ring around by cutting away the bark; to girdle; as, to ring branches or roots. 3. To fit with a ring or with rings, as the fingers, or a swine's snout. RING Ring, v. i. (Falconry) Defn: To rise in the air spirally. RING ARMATURE Ring armature. (Elec.) Defn: An armature for a dynamo or motor having the conductors wound on a ring. RINGBILL Ring"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ring-necked scaup duck; -- called also ring-billed blackhead. See Scaup. RINGBIRD Ring"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The reed bunting. It has a collar of white feathers. Called also ring bunting. RINGBOLT Ring"bolt`, n. Defn: An eyebolt having a ring through the eye. RINGBONE Ring"bone`, n. (Far.) Defn: A morbid growth or deposit of bony matter between or on the small pastern and the great pastern bones. J. H. Walsh. RINGDOVE Ring"dove`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European wild pigeon (Columba palumbus) having a white crescent on each side of the neck, whence the name. Called also wood pigeon, and cushat. RINGED Ringed, a. 1. Encircled or marked with, or as with, a ring or rings. 2. Wearning a wedding ring; hence, lawfully wedded. "A ringed wife." Tennyson. Ringed seal (Zoöl.), a North Pacific seal (Phoca foetida) having ringlike spots on the body. -- Ringed snake (Zoöl.), a harmless European snake (Tropidonotus natrix) common in England. -- Ringed worm (Zoöl.), an annelid. RINGENT Rin"gent, a. Etym: [L. ringens, -entis, p. pr. of ringi to open wide the mouth: cf. F. ringent.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the lips widely separated and gaping like an open mouth; as a ringent bilabiate corolla. RINGER Ring"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, rings; especially, one who rings chimes on bells. 2. (Mining) Defn: A crowbar. Simmonds. RINGER Ring"er, n. (Horse Racing) Defn: A horse that is not entitled to take part in a race, but is fraudulently got into it. RINGHEAD Ring"head`, n. (Cloth Manuf.) Defn: An instrument used for stretching woolen cloth. RINGING Ring"ing, Defn: a & n. from Ring, v. Ringing engine, a simple form of pile driver in which the monkey is lifted by men pulling on ropes. RINGINGLY Ring"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a ringing manner. RINGLEADER Ring"lead`er, n. 1. The leader of a circle of dancers; hence, the leader of a number of persons acting together; the leader of a herd of animals. A primacy of order, such an one as the ringleader hath in a dance. Barrow. 2. Opprobriously, a leader of a body of men engaged in the violation of law or in an illegal enterprise, as rioters, mutineers, or the like. The ringleaders were apprehended, tried, fined, and imprisoned. Macaulay. RINGLESTONE Ring"le*stone`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ringed dotterel, or ring plover. [Prov.Eng.] RINGLET Ring"let, n. Etym: [Ring + -let.] 1. A small ring; a small circle; specifically, a fairy ring. You demi-puppets, that By moonshine do the green sour ringlets make, Whereof the ewe not bites. Shak. 2. A curl; especially, a curl of hair. [Her golden tresses] in wanton ringlets waved. Milton. RINGMAN Ring"man, n.; pl. Ringmen (. Defn: The ring finger. [Obs.] Ascham RINGMASTER Ring"mas`ter, n. Defn: One in charge of the performances (as of horses) within the ring in a circus. RINGNECK Ring"neck`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small plovers of the genus Ægialitis, having a ring around the neck. The ring is black in summer, but becomes brown or gray in winter. The semipalmated plover (Æ. semipalmata) and the piping plover (Æ. meloda) are common North American species. Called also ring plover, and ring-necked plover. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ring-necked duck. RING-NECKED Ring"-necked`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a well defined ring of color around the neck. Ring- necked duck (Zool.), an American scaup duck (Aythya collaris). The head, neck, and breast of the adult male are black, and a narrow, but conspicuous, red ring encircles the neck. This ring is absent in the female. Called also ring-neck, ring-necked blackhead, ringbill, tufted duck, and black jack. RINGSAIL Ring"sail`, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Ringtail,2. RINGSTRAKED Ring"straked`, a. Defn: Ring-streaked. Cattle ringstraked, speckled, and spotted. Gen. xxx. 39. RING-STREAKED Ring"-streaked`, a. Defn: Having circular streaks or lines on the body; as, ring-streaked goats. RINGTAIL Ring"tail`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird having a distinct band of color across the tail, as the hen harrier. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A light sail set abaft and beyong the leech of a boom-and-gaff sail; -- called also ringsail. Ringtail boom (Naut.), a spar which is rigged on a boom for setting a ringtail. RING-TAILED Ring"-tailed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the tail crossed by conspicuous bands of color. Ring- tailed cat (Zoöl.), the cacomixle. -- Ring-tailed eagle (Zoöl.), a young golden eagle. RINGTOSS Ring"toss`, n. Defn: A game in which the object is to toss a ring so that it will catch upon an upright stick. RING WINDING Ring winding. (Elec.) Defn: Armature winding in which the wire is wound round the outer and inner surfaces alternately of an annular or cylindrical core. RINGWORM Ring"worm", n. (Med.) Defn: A contagious affection of the skin due to the presence of a vegetable parasite, and forming ring-shaped discolored patches covered with vesicles or powdery scales. It occurs either on the body, the face, or the scalp. Different varieties are distinguished as Tinea circinata, Tinea tonsurans, etc., but all are caused by the same parasite (a species of Trichophyton). RINK Rink, n. Etym: [Scot. renk, rink, rynk, a course, a race; probably fr. AS. hring a ring. See Ring.] 1. The smooth and level extent of ice marked off for the game of curling. 2. An artificial sheet of ice, generally under cover, used for skating; also, a floor prepared for skating on with roller skates, or a building with such a floor. RINKER Rink"er, n. Defn: One who skates at a rink. [Colloq.] RINKING Rink"ing, n. Defn: Skating in a rink. [Colloq.] RINSE Rinse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rinsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rinsing.] Etym: [OE., fr. OF. rincer, rimser, reinser, raïncier, F. rincer; of uncertain origin.] 1. To wash lightly; to cleanse with a second or repeated application of water after washing. 2. To cleancse by the introduction of water; -- applied especially to hollow vessels; as, to rinse a bottle. "Like a glass did break i' the rinsing." Shak. RINSE Rinse, n. Defn: The act of rinsing. RINSER Rins"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, rinses. RIOT Ri"ot, n. Etym: [OF. riote, of uncertain origin; cf. OD. revot, ravot.] 1. Wanton or unrestrained behavior; uproar; tumult. His headstrong riot hath no curb. Shak. 2. Excessive and exxpensive feasting; wild and loose festivity; revelry. Venus loveth riot and dispense. Chaucer. The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day. Pope. 3. (Law) Defn: The tumultuous disturbance of the public peace by an unlawful assembly of three or more persons in the execution of some private object. To run riot, to act wantonly or without restraint. RIOT Ri"ot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rioted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rioting.] Etym: [OF. rioter; cf. OD. ravotten.] 1. To engage in riot; to act in an unrestrained or wanton manner; to indulge in excess of luxury, feasting, or the like; to revel; to run riot; to go to excess. Now he exact of all, wastes in delight, Riots in pleasure, and neglects the law. Daniel. No pulse that riots, and no blood that glows. Pope. 2. (Law) Defn: To disturb the peace; to raise an uproar or sedition. See Riot, n., 3. Johnson. RIOT Ri"ot, v. t. Defn: To spend or pass in riot. [He] had rioted his life out. Tennyson. RIOTER Ri"ot*er, n. 1. One who riots; a reveler; a roisterer. Chaucer. 2. (Law) Defn: One who engages in a riot. See Riot, n., 3. RIOTISE Ri"ot*ise, n. Defn: Excess; tumult; revelry. [Obs.] His life he led in lawless riotise. Spenser. RIOTOUR Ri"ot*our (-oor), n. Defn: A rioter. [Obs.] Chaucer. RIOTOUS Ri"ot*ous, a. Etym: [OF. rioteux.] 1. Involving, or engaging in, riot; wanton; unrestrained; luxurious. The younger son . . . took his journey into a far country, and there wasted his substance with riotous living. Luke xv. 13. 2. Partaking of the nature of an unlawful assembly or its acts; seditious. -- Ri"ot*ous*ly, adv. -- Ri"ot*ous*ness, n. RIOTRY Ri"ot*ry, n. Defn: The act or practice of rioting; riot. "Electioneering riotry." Walpole. RIP Rip, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. hrip a box or basket; perhaps akin to E. corb. Cf. Ripier.] Defn: A wicker fish basket. RIP Rip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ripped; p. pr. & vb. n. Ripping.] Etym: [Cf. AS. rypan, also Sw. repa to ripple flax, D. repelen, G. reffen, riffeln, and E. raff, raffle. Cf. Raff, Ripple of flax.] 1. To divide or separate the parts of, by cutting or tearing; to tear or cut open or off; to tear off or out by violence; as, to rip a garment by cutting the stitches; to rip off the skin of a beast; to rip up a floor; -- commonly used with up, open, off. 2. To get by, or as by, cutting or tearing. He 'll rip the fatal secret from her heart. Granville. 3. To tear up for search or disclosure, or for alteration; to search to the bottom; to discover; to disclose; -- usually with up. They ripped up all that had been done from the beginning of the rebellion. Clarendon. For brethern to debate and rip up their falling out in the ear of a common enemy . . . is neither wise nor comely. Milton. 4. To saw (wood) lengthwise of the grain or fiber. Ripping chisel (Carp.), a crooked chisel for cleaning out mortises. Knight. -- Ripping iron. (Shipbuilding) Same as Ravehook. -- Ripping saw. (Carp.) See Ripsaw. -- To rip out, to rap out, to utter hastily and violently; as, to rip out an oath. [Colloq.] See To rap out, under Rap, v. t. RIP Rip, n. 1. A rent made by ripping, esp. by a seam giving way; a tear; a place torn; laceration. 2. Etym: [Perh. a corruption of the first syllable of reprobate.] Defn: A term applied to a mean, worthless thing or person, as to a scamp, a debauchee, or a prostitute, or a worn-out horse. [Slang.] 3. A body of water made rough by the meeting of opposing tides or currents. RIPARIAN Ri*pa"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. riparius, fr. ripa a bank. See River, and cf. Arrive.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the bank of a river; as, riparian rights. RIPARIOUS Ri*pa"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. riparius.] Defn: Growing along the banks of rivers; riparian. RIP CORD Rip cord. (Aëronautics) Defn: A cord by which the gas bag of a balloon may be ripped open for a limited distance to release the gas quickly and so cause immediate descent. RIPE Ripe, n. Etym: [L. ripa.] Defn: The bank of a river. [Obs.] RIPE Ripe, a. [Compar. Riper; superl. Ripest.] Etym: [AS. ripe; akin to OS. ripi, D. rijp, G. rief, OHG. rift; cf. AS. rip harvest, ripan to reap. Cf. Reap.] 1. Ready for reaping or gathering; having attained perfection; mature; -- said of fruits, seeds, etc.; as, ripe grain. So mayst thou live, till, like ripe fruit, thou drop Into thy mother's lap. Milton. 2. Advanced to the state of fitness for use; mellow; as, ripe cheese; ripe wine. 3. Having attained its full development; mature; perfected; consummate. "Ripe courage." Chaucer. He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one. Shak. 4. Maturated or suppurated; ready to discharge; -- said of sores, tumors, etc. 5. Ready for action or effect; prepared. While things were just ripe for a war. Addison. I am not ripe to pass sentence on the gravest public bodies. Burke. 6. Like ripened fruit in ruddiness and plumpness. Those happy smilets, That played on her ripe lip. Shak. 7. Intoxicated. [Obs.] "Reeling ripe." Shak. Syn. -- Mature; complete; finished. See Mature. RIPE Ripe, v. i. Etym: [AS. ripian.] Defn: To ripen; to grow ripe. [Obs.] RIPE Ripe, v. t. Defn: To mature; to ripen. [Obs.] Shak. RIPELY Ripe"ly, adv. Defn: Maturely; at the fit time. Shak. RIPEN Rip"en, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ripened;p. pr. & vb. n. Ripening.] 1. To grow ripe; to become mature, as grain, fruit, flowers, and the like; as, grapes ripen in the sun. 2. To approach or come to perfection. RIPEN Rip"en, v. t. 1. To cause to mature; to make ripe; as, the warm days ripened the corn. 2. To mature; to fit or prepare; to bring to perfection; as, to ripen the judgment. When faith and love, which parted from thee never, Had ripined thy iust soul to dwell with God. Milton. RIPENESS Ripe"ness, n. Etym: [AS. ripness.] Defn: The state or quality of being ripe; maturity;; completeness; perfection; as, the ripeness of grain; ripeness of manhood; ripeness of judgment. Time, which made them their fame outlive, To Cowley scarce did ripeness give. Denham. RIPIDOLITE Ri*pid"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A translucent mineral of a green color and micaceous structure, belonging to the chlorite group; a hydrous silicate of alumina, magnesia, and iron; -- called also clinochlore. RIPIENIST Ri*pi*e"nist, n. (Mus.) Defn: A player in the ripieno portion of an orchestra. See Ripieno. RIPIENO Ri*pi*e"no, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Filling up; supplementary; supernumerary; -- a term applied to those instruments which only swell the mass or tutti of an orchestra, but are not obbligato. RIPLER; RIPPER Rip"ler, Rip"per, n. Etym: [Cf. Rip a basket, or Riparian.] (O.E. Law) Defn: One who brings fish from the seacoast to markets in inland towns. [Obs.] But what's the action we are for now Robbing a ripper of his fish. Beau & Fl. RIPOST Ri*post", n. Etym: [F. riposte.] 1. In fencing, a return thrust after a parry. 2. A quick and sharp refort; a repartee. J. Morley. RIPPER Rip"per, n. 1. One who, or that which, rips; a ripping tool. 2. A tool for trimming the edges of roofing slates. 3. Anything huge, extreme, startling, etc. [Slang.] RIPPER ACT; RIPPER BILL Rip"per act or bill. Defn: An act or a bill conferring upon a chief executive, as a governor or mayor, large powers of appointment and removal of heads of departments or other subordinate officials. [Polit. Cant, U. S.] RIPPING CORD Rip"ping cord. (Aëronautics) Defn: = Rip cord. RIPPING PANEL Ripping panel. (Aëronautics) Defn: A long patch, on a balloon, to be ripped off, by the rip cord, at landing, in order to allow the immediate escape of gas and instant deflation of the bag. RIPPING STRIP Ripping strip. Defn: = Ripping panel. RIPPLE Rip"ple, n. Etym: [FRom Rip, v.] Defn: An implement, with teeth like those of a comb, for removing the seeds and seed vessels from flax, broom corn, etc. RIPPLE Rip"ple, v. t. 1. To remove the seeds from (the stalks of flax, etc.), by means of a ripple. 2. Hence, to scratch or tear. Holland. RIPPLE Rip"ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rippled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rippling.] Etym: [Cf. Rimple, Rumple.] 1. To become fretted or dimpled on the surface, as water when agitated or running over a rough bottom; to be covered with small waves or undulations, as a field of grain. 2. To make a sound as of water running gently over a rough bottom, or the breaking of ripples on the shore. RIPPLE Rip"ple, v. t. Defn: To fret or dimple, as the surface of running water; to cover with small waves or undulations; as, the breeze rippled the lake. RIPPLE Rip"ple, n. 1. The fretting or dimpling of the surface, as of running water; little curling waves. 2. A little wave or undulation; a sound such as is made by little waves; as, a ripple of laughter. Ripple grass. (Bot.) See Ribwort. -- Ripple marks, a system of parallel ridges on sand, produced by wind, by the current of a steam, or by the agitation of wind waves; also (Geol.), a system of parallel ridges on the surface of a sandstone stratum. RIPPLE-MARKED Rip"ple-marked`, a. Defn: HAving ripple marks. RIPPLET Rip"plet, n. Defn: A small ripple. RIPPLINGLY Rip"pling*ly, adv. Defn: In a rippling manner. RIPPLY Rip"ply, a. Defn: Having ripples; as, ripply water; hence, resembling the sound of rippling water; as, ripply laughter; a ripply cove. Keats. RIPRAP Rip"rap`, n. Etym: [Cf. Rap.] (Masonry) Defn: A foundation or sustaining wall of stones thrown together without order, as in deep water or on a soft bottom. RIPRAP Rip"rap`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riprapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Riprapping.] Defn: To form a riprap in or upon. RIPSAW Rip"saw`, Etym: [See Rip, v. t., 4.] (Carp.) Defn: A handsaw with coarse teeth which have but a slight set, used for cutting wood in the direction of the fiber; -- called also ripping saw. RIPTOWEL Rip"tow*el, n. Etym: [AS. rip. harvest + a word of uncertain etymology.] (Feud. Law) Defn: A gratuity given to tenants after they had reaped their lord's corn. [Obs.] RIS Ris, n. Etym: [AS. hris; akin to D. rils, G. reis, OHG. hris.] Defn: A bough or branch; a twig. [Obs.] As white as is the blossom upon the ris. Chaucer. RISE Rise, v. i. [imp. Rose; p. p. Risen; p. pr. & vb. n. Rising.] Etym: [AS. risan; akin to OS. risan, D. rijzen, OHG. risan to rise, fall, Icel. risa, Goth. urreisan, G. reise journey. CF. Arise, Raise, Rear, v.] 1. To move from a lower position to a higher; to ascend; to mount up. Specifically: -- (a) To go upward by walking, climbing, flying, or any other voluntary motion; as, a bird rises in the air; a fish rises to the bait. (b) To ascend or float in a fluid, as gases or vapors in air, cork in water, and the like. (c) To move upward under the influence of a projecting force; as, a bullet rises in the air. (d) To grow upward; to attain a certain heght; as, this elm rises to the height of seventy feet. (e) To reach a higher level by increase of quantity or bulk; to swell; as, a river rises in its bed; the mercury rises in the thermometer. (f) To become erect; to assume an upright position; as, to rise from a chair or from a fall. (g) To leave one's bed; to arise; as, to rise early. He that would thrive, must rise by five. Old Proverb. (h) To tower up; to be heaved up; as, the Alps rise far above the sea. (i) To slope upward; as, a path, a line, or surface rises in this direction. "A rising ground." Dryden. (j) To retire; to give up a siege. He, rising with small honor from Gunza, . . . was gone. Knolles. (k) To swell or puff up in the process of fermentation; to become light, as dough, and the like. 2. To have the aspect or the effect of rising. Specifically: -- (a) To appear above the horizont, as the sun, moon, stars, and the like. "He maketh his sun to rise on the evil and the good." Matt. v. 45. (b) To become apparent; to emerge into sight; to come forth; to appear; as, an eruption rises on the skin; the land rises to view to one sailing toward the shore. (c) To become perceptible to other senses than sight; as, a noise rose on the air; odor rises from the flower. (d) To have a beginning; to proceed; to originate; as, rivers rise in lakes or springs. A scepter shall rise out of Israel. Num. xxiv. 17. Honor and shame from no condition rise. Pope. 3. To increase in size, force, or value; to proceed toward a climax. Specifically: -- (a) To increase in power or fury; -- said of wind or a storm, and hence, of passion. "High winde . . . began to rise, high passions -- anger, hate." Milton. (b) To become of higher value; to increase in price. Bullion is risen to six shillings . . . the ounce. Locke. (c) To become larger; to swell; -- said of a boil, tumor, and the like. (d) To increase in intensity; -- said of heat. (e) To become louder, or higher in pitch, as the voice. (f) To increase in amount; to enlarge; as, his expenses rose beyond his expectations. 4. In various figurative senses. Specifically: -- (a) To become excited, opposed, or hostile; to go to war; to take up arms; to rebel. At our heels all hell should rise With blackest insurrection. Milton. No more shall nation against nation rise. Pope. (b) To attain to a better social position; to be promoted; to excel; to succeed. Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall. Shak. (c) To become more and more dignified or forcible; to increase in interest or power; -- said of style, thought, or discourse; as, to rise in force of expression; to rise in eloquence; a story rises in interest. (d) To come to mind; to be suggested; to occur. A thought rose in me, which often perplexes men of contemplative natures. Spectator. (e) To come; to offer itself. There chanced to the prince's hand to rise An ancient book. Spenser. 5. To ascend from the grave; to come to life. But now is Christ risen from the dead. 1. Cor. xv. 20. 6. To terminate an official sitting; to adjourn; as, the committee rose after agreeing to the report. It was near nine . . . before the House rose. Macaulay. 7. To ascend on a musical scale; to take a higher pith; as, to rise a tone or semitone. 8. (Print.) Defn: To be lifted, or to admit of being lifted, from the imposing stone without dropping any of the type; -- said of a form. Syn. -- To arise; mount; ascend; climb; scale. -- Rise, Appreciate. Some in America use the word appreciate for "rise in value;" as, stocks appreciate, money appreciates, etc. This use is not unknown in England, but it is less common there. It is undesirable, because rise sufficiently expresses the idea, and appreciate has its own distinctive meaning, which ought not to be confused with one so entirely different. RISE Rise, n. 1. The act of rising, or the state of being risen. 2. The distance through which anything rises; as, the rise of the thermometer was ten degrees; the rise of the river was six feet; the rise of an arch or of a step. 3. Land which is somewhat higher than the rest; as, the house stood on a rise of land. [Colloq.] 4. Spring; source; origin; as, the rise of a stream. All wickednes taketh its rise from the heart. R. Nelson. 5. Appearance above the horizon; as, the rise of the sun or of a planet. Shak. 6. Increase; advance; augmentation, as of price, value, rank, property, fame, and the like. The rise or fall that may happen in his constant revenue by a Spanish war. Sir W. Temple. 7. Increase of sound; a swelling of the voice. The ordinary rises and falls of the voice. Bacon. 8. Elevation or ascent of the voice; upward change of key; as, a rise of a tone or semitone. 9. The spring of a fish to seize food (as a fly) near the surface of the water. RISEN Ris"en. 1. p. p. & a. from Rise. "Her risen Son and Lord." Keble. 2. Obs. imp. pl. of Rise. Chaucer. RISER Ris"er, n. 1. One who rises; as, an early riser. 2. (Arch.) (a) The upright piece of a step, from tread to tread. Hence: (b) Any small upright face, as of a seat, platform, veranda, or the like. 3. (Mining) Defn: A shaft excavated from below upward. 4. (Founding) Defn: A feed head. See under Feed, n. RISH Rish, n. Defn: A rush (the plant). [Obs.] Chaucer. RISIBILITY Ris`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [CF. F. risibilité.] Defn: The quality of being risible; as, risibility is peculiar to the human species. A strong and obvious disposition to risibility. Sir W. Scott. RISIBLE Ris"i*ble, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. risibilis, fr. ridere, risum, to laugh. Cf. Ridiculous.] 1. Having the faculty or power of laughing; disposed to laugh. Laughing is our busines, . . . it has been made the definition of man that he is risible. Dr. H. More. 2. Exciting laughter; worthy to be laughed at; amusing. "Risible absurdities." Johnson. I hope you find nothing risible in my complaisance. Sir W. Scott. 3. Used in, or expressing, laughter; as, risible muscles. Note: Risible is sometimes used as a noun, in the plural, for the feeling of amusement and for the muscles and other organs used in laughing, collectively; as, unable to control one's risibles. Syn. -- Ludicrous; laughable; amusing; ridiculous -- Risible, Ludicrous, Ridiculous. Risible differs from ludicrous as species from genus; ludicrous expressing that which is playful and sportive; risible, that which may excite laughter. Risible differs from ridiculous, as the latter implies something contemptuous, and risible does not. --Ris"i*ble*ness(#), n. -- Ris"i*bly, adv. RISING Ris"ing, a. 1. Attaining a higher place; taking, or moving in, an upward direction; appearing above the horizon; ascending; as, the rising moon. 2. Increasing in wealth, power, or distinction; as, a rising state; a rising character. Among the rising theologians of Germany. Hare. 3. Growing; advancing to adult years and to the state of active life; as, the rising generation. RISING Ris"ing, prep. Defn: More than; exceeding; upwards of; as, a horse rising six years of age. [Colloq. & Low, U.S.] RISING Ris"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, rises (in any sense). 2. That which rises; a tumor; a boil. Lev. xiii. 10. Rising main (Waterworks), the pipe through which water from an engine is delivered to an elevated reservoir. RISK Risk, n. Etym: [F. risque; cf. It. risco, risico, rischio, Pg. risco, Sp. riesgo, and also Sp. risco a steep rock; all probably fr. L. resceare to cut off; pref. re- re- + secare to cut; -- the word having been probably first used among sailors. See Section.] 1. Hazard; danger; peril; exposure to loss, injury, or destruction. The imminent and constant risk of assassination, a risk which has shaken very strong nerves. Macaulay. 2. (Com.) Defn: Hazard of loss; liabillity to loss in property. To run a risk, to incur hazard; to encounter danger. Syn. -- Danger; hazard; peril; jeopardy; exposure. See Danger. RISK Risk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Risked; p. pr. & vb. n. Risking.] Etym: [CF. F. risquer. See Risk, n.] 1. To expose to risk, hazard, or peril; to venture; as, to risk goods on board of a ship; to risk one's person in battle; to risk one's fame by a publication. 2. To incur the risk or danger of; as, to risk a battle. Syn. -- To hazard; peril; endanger; jeopard. RISKER Risk"er, n. Defn: One who risks or hazards. Hudibras. RISKFUL Risk"ful, a. Defn: Risky. [R.] Geddes. RISKY Risk"y, a. Defn: Attended with risk or danger; hazardous. "A risky matter." W. Collins. Generalization are always risky. Lowell. RISORIAL Ri*so"ri*al, a.Etym: [L. ridere, risum, to laugh.] Defn: Pertaining to, or producing, laughter; as, the risorial muscles. RISOTTO Ri*sot"to, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A kind of pottage. RISQUE; RISQUEE Ris`qué", a. masc., Ris`quée", a. fem.,. [F., p.p. of risquer to risk.] Defn: Hazardous; risky; esp., fig., verging upon impropriety; dangerously close to, or suggestive of, what is indecent or of doubtful morality; as, a risqué story. Henry Austin. RISSE Risse, obs. Defn: imp. of Rise. B. Jonson. RISSOID Ris"soid, n. Etym: [NL. Rissoa, the typical genus ( fr. A.Risso, an Italian naturalist) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of very numerous species of small spiral gastropods of the genus Rissoa, or family Rissoidæ, found both in fresh and salt water. RISSOLE Ris`sole", n. Etym: [F., fr. rissoler to fry meat till it is brown.] (Cookery) Defn: A small ball of rich minced meat or fish, covered with pastry and fried. RIST Rist, obs. Defn: 3d pers. sing. pres. of Rise, contracted from riseth. Chaucer. RIT Rit, obs. Defn: 3d pers. ssing. pres. of Ride, contracted from rideth. Chaucer. RITARDANDO Ri`tar*dan"do, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Retarding; -- a direction for slower time; rallentado. RITE Rite, n. Etym: [L. ritus; cf. Skr. riti a stream, a running, way, manner, ri to flow: cf. F. rit, rite. CF. Rivulet.] Defn: The act of performing divine or solemn service, as established by law, precept, or custom; a formal act of religion or other solemn duty; a solemn observance; a ceremony; as, the rites of freemasonry. He looked with indifference on rites, names, and forms of ecclesiastical polity. Macaulay. Syn. -- Form; ceremony; observance; ordinance. RITENUTO Ri`te*nu"to, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Held back; holding back; ritardando. RITORNELLE; RITORNELLO Rit`or*nelle", Ri`tor*nel"lo, n. Etym: [It. ritornello, dim. of ritorno return, fr. ritornare to return: cf. F. ritournelle.] (Mus.) (a) A short return or repetition; a concluding symphony to an air, often consisting of the burden of the song. (a) A short intermediate symphony, or instrumental passage, in the course of a vocal piece; an interlude. RITRATTO Ri*trat"to, n.Etym: [It.] Defn: A picture. Sterne. RITUAL Rit"u*al, a.Etym: [L. ritualis, fr. ritus a rite: cf. F. rituel.] Defn: Of or pertaining to rites or ritual; as, ritual service or sacrifices; the ritual law. RITUAL Rit"u*al, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rituel.] 1. A prescribed form of performing divine service in a particular church or communion; as, the Jewish ritual. 2. Hence, the code of ceremonies observed by an organization; as, the ritual of the freemasons. 3. A book containing the rites to be observed. RITUALISM Rit"u*al*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ritualisme.] 1. A system founded upon a ritual or prescribed form of religious worship; adherence to, or observance of, a ritual. 2. Specifically :(a) The principles and practices of those in the Church of England, who in the development of the Oxford movement, so- called, have insisted upon a return to the use in church services of the symbolic ornaments (altar cloths, encharistic vestments, candles, etc.) that were sanctioned in the second year of Edward VI., and never, as they maintain, forbidden by competennt authority, although generally disused. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. (b) Also, the principles and practices of those in the Protestant Episcopal Church who sympathize with this party in the Church of England. RITUALIST Rit"u*al*ist, n. Etym: [CF. F. ritualiste.] Defn: One skilled un, or attached to, a ritual; one who advocates or practices ritualism. RITUALISTIC Rit`u*al*is"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or in accordance with, a ritual; adhering to ritualism. RITUALLY Rit"u*al*ly, adv. Defn: By rites, or by a particular rite. RIVAGE Riv"age, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. ripa bank, shore.] 1. A bank, shore, or coast. [Archaic] Spenser. From the green rivage many a fall Of diamond rillets musical. Tennyson. 2. (O.Eng.Law) Defn: A duty paid to the crown for the passage of vessels on certain rivers. RIVAL Ri"val, n. Etym: [F. rival (cf. It. rivale), L. rivales two neigbors having the same brook in common, rivals, fr. rivalis belonging to a brook, fr. rivus a brook. Cf. Rivulet, Rete.] 1. A person having a common right or privilege with another; a partner. [Obs.] If you do meet Horatio and Marcellus, The rivals of my watch, bid them make haste. Shak. 2. One who is in pursuit of the same object as another; one striving to reach or obtain something which another is attempting to obtain, and which one only can posses; a competitor; as, rivals in love; rivals for a crown. Note: "Rivals, in the primary sense of the word, are those who dwell on the banks of the same stream. But since, as all experience shows, there is no such fruitful source of coutention as a water right, it would continually happen that these occupants of the opposite banks would be at strife with one another in regard of the periods during which they severally had a right to the use of the stream . . . And thus 'rivals' . . . came to be used of any who were on any grounds in more or less unfriendly competition with one another." Trench. Syn. -- Competitor; emulator; antagonist. RIVAL Ri"val, a. Defn: Having the same pretensions or claims; standing in competition for superiority; as, rival lovers; rival claims or pretensions. The strenuous conflicts and alternate victories of two rival confederacies of statesmen. Macaulay. RIVAL Ri"val, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rivaled or Rivalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rivaling or Rivalling.] 1. To stand in competition with; to strive to gain some object in opposition to; as, to rival one in love. 2. To strive to equal or exel; to emulate. To rival thunder in its rapid course. Dryden. RIVAL Ri"val, v. i. Defn: To be in rivalry. [Obs.] Shak. RIVALESS Ri"val*ess, n. Defn: A female rival. [Obs.] Richardson. RIVALITY Ri*val"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. rivalitas: cf. F. rivalité.] 1. Rivalry; competition. [Obs.] 2. Equality, as of right or rank. [Obs.] hak. RIVALRY Ri"val*ry, n.; pl. Rivalries (. Defn: The act of rivaling, or the state of being a rival; a competition. "Keen contention and eager rivalries." Jeffrey. Syn. -- Emulation; competition. See Emulation. RIVALSHIP Ri"val*ship, n. Defn: Rivalry. [R.] B. Jonson. RIVE Rive, v. t. [imp. Rived; p. p. Rived or Riven (; p. pr. & vb. n. Riving.] Etym: [Icel. rifa, akin to Sw. rifva to pull asunder, burst, tear, Dan. rive to rake, pluck, tear. Cf. Reef of land, Rifle a gun, Rift, Rivel.] Defn: To rend asunder by force; to split; to cleave; as, to rive timber for rails or shingles. I shall ryve him through the sides twain. Chaucer. The scolding winds have rived the knotty oaks. Shak. Brutus hath rived my heart. Shak. RIVE Rive, v. i. Defn: To be split or rent asunder. Freestone rives, splits, and breaks in any direction. Woodward. RIVE Rive, n. Defn: A place torn; a rent; a rift. [Prov. Eng.] RIVEL Riv"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riveled;p. pr. & vb. n. Riveling.] Etym: [AS. gerifled, geriflod, gerifod, wrinkled, geriflian, gerifian, to wrinkle. See Rifle a gun, Rive.] Defn: To contract into wrinkles; to shrivel; to shrink; as, riveled fruit; riveled flowers. [Obs.] Pope. "Riveled parchments." Walpole. RIVEL Riv"el, n. Defn: A wrinkle; a rimple. [Obs.] Holland. RIVEN Riv"en, Defn: p. p. & a. from Rive. RIVER Riv"er, n. Defn: One who rives or splits. RIVER Riv"er, n. Etym: [F. rivère a river, LL. riparia river, bank of a river, fr. L. riparius belonging to a bank or shore, fr. ripa a bank or shore; of uncertain origin. Cf. Arrive, Riparian.] 1. A large stream of water flowing in a bed or channel and emptying into the ocean, a sea, a lake, or another stream; a stream larger than a rivulet or brook. Transparent and sparkling rivers, from which it is delightful to drink as they flow. Macaulay. 2. Fig.: A large stream; copious flow; abundance; as, rivers of blood; rivers of oil. River chub (Zoöl.), the hornyhead and allied species of fresh-water fishes. -- River crab (Zoöl.), any species of fresh-water crabs of the genus Thelphusa, as T. depressa of Southern Europe. -- River dragon, a crocodile; -- applied by Milton to the king of Egypt. -- River driver, a lumberman who drives or conducts logs down rivers. Bartlett. -- River duck (Zoöl.), any species of duck belonging to Anas, Spatula, and allied genera, in which the hind toe is destitute of a membranous lobe, as in the mallard and pintail; -- opposed to sea duck. -- River god, a deity supposed to preside over a river as its tutelary divinity. -- River herring (Zoöl.), an alewife. -- River hog. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of African wild hogs of the genus Potamochoerus. They frequent wet places along the rivers. (b) The capybara. -- River horse (Zoöl.), the hippopotamus. -- River jack (Zoöl.), an African puff adder (Clotho nasicornis) having a spine on the nose. -- River limpet (Zoöl.), a fresh-water, air-breathing mollusk of the genus Ancylus, having a limpet-shaped shell. -- River pirate (Zoöl.), the pike. -- River snail (Zoöl.), any species of fresh-water gastropods of Paludina, Melontho, and allied genera. See Pond snail, under Pond. -- River tortoise (Zoöl.), any one of numerous fresh-water tortoises inhabiting rivers, especially those of the genus Trionyx and allied genera. See Trionyx. RIVER Riv"er, v. i. Defn: To hawk by the side of a river; to fly hawks at river fowl. [Obs.] Halliwell. RIVERED Riv"ered, a. Defn: Supplied with rivers; as, a well rivered country. RIVERET Riv"er*et, n. Defn: A rivulet. [Obs.] Drayton. RIVERHOOD Riv"er*hood, n. Defn: The quality or state of being a river. "Useful riverhood." H. Miller. RIVERLING Riv"er*ling, n. Defn: A rivulet. [R.] Sylvester. RIVERSIDE Riv"er*side`, n. Defn: The side or bank of a river. RIVERY Riv"er*y, a. Defn: Having rivers; as, a rivery country. Drayton. RIVET Riv"et, n. Etym: [F., fr. river to rivet; perh. fr. Icel. rifa to fasten together. Cf. Reef part of a sail.] Defn: A metallic pin with a head, used for uniting two plates or pieces of material together, by passing it through them and then beating or pressing down the point so that it shall spread out and form a second head; a pin or bolt headed or clinched at both ends. With busy hammers closing rivets up. Shak. Rivet joint, or Riveted joint, a joint between two or more pieces secured by rivets. RIVET Riv"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Riveted; p. pr. & vb. n. Riveting.] 1. To fasten with a rivet, or with rivets; as, to rivet two pieces of iron. 2. To spread out the end or point of, as of a metallic pin, rod, or bolt, by beating or pressing, so as to form a sort of head. 3. Hence, to fasten firmly; to make firm, strong, or immovable; as, to rivet friendship or affection. Rivet and nail me where I stand, ye powers! Congreve. Thus his confidence was riveted and confirmed. Sir W. Scott. RIVETER Riv"et*er, n. Defn: One who rivets. RIVETING Riv"et*ing, n. 1. The act of joining with rivets; the act of spreading out and clinching the end, as of a rivet, by beating or pressing. 2. The whole set of rivets, collectively. Tomlinsin. Butt riveting, riveting in which the ends or edges of plates form a butt joint, and are fastened together by being riveted to a narrow strip which covers the joint. -- Chain riveting, riveting in which the rivets, in two or more rows along the seam, are set one behind the other. -- Crossed riveting, riveting in which the rivets in one row are set opposite the spaces between the rivets in the next row. -- Double riveting, in lap riveting, two rows of rivets along the seam; in butt riveting, four rows, two on each side of the joint. -- Lap riveting, riveting in which the ends or edges of plates overlap and are riveted together. RIVIERE Ri`vière", n. [F.] Defn: A necklace of diamonds or other precious stones, esp. one of several strings. RIVOSE Ri*vose", a. Etym: [From L. rivus a brook, channel.] Defn: Marked with sinuate and irregular furrows. RIVULET Riv"u*let, n. Etym: [Earlier rivolet, It. rivoletto, a dim. fr. rivolo, L. rivulus, dim. of rivus a brook. CF. Rival, Rite.] Defn: A small stream or brook; a streamlet. By fountain or by shady rivulet He sought them. Milton. RIXATION Rix*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. rixari, p. p. rixatus, to brawl, fr. rixa a quarrel.] Defn: A brawl or quarrel. [Obs.] RIXATRIX Rix*a"trix, n. Etym: [L.] (Old Eng. Law) Defn: A scolding or quarrelsome woman; a scold. Burrill. RIXDALER Rix"da`ler, n. Defn: A Dutch silver coin, worth about $1.00. RIX-DOLLAR Rix"-dol`lar, n. Etym: [Sw. riksdaler, or Dan. rigsdaler, or D. rijksdaalder, or G. reichsthaler, literally, dollar of the empire or realm, fr. words akin to E. rich, and dollar. See Rich, Dollar.] Defn: A name given to several different silver coins of Denmark, Holland, Sweden,, NOrway, etc., varying in value from about 30 cents to $1.10; also, a British coin worth about 36 cents, used in Ceylon and at the Cape of Good Hope. See Rigsdaler, Riksdaler, and Rixdaler. Note: Most of these pieces are now no longer coined, but some remain in circulation. RIZZAR Riz"zar, v. t. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: To dry in the sun; as, rizzared haddock. [Scot.] ROACH Roach, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A cockroach. ROACH Roach, n. Etym: [OE. rroche; cf. AS. reohha, D. rog, roch, G. roche, LG. ruche, Dan. rokke ray, Sw. rocka, and E. ray a fish.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A European fresh-water fish of the Carp family (Leuciscus rutilus). It is silver-white, with a greenish back. (b) An American chub (Semotilus bullaris); the fallfish. (c) The redfin, or shiner. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A convex curve or arch cut in the edge of a sail to prevent chafing, or to secure a better fit. As sound as a roach Etym: [roach perhaps being a corruption of a F. roche a rock], perfectly sound. ROACH Roach, v. t. 1. To cause to arch. 2. To cut off, as a horse's mane, so that the part left shall stand upright. ROACH-BACKED Roach"-backed`, a. Defn: Having a back like that of roach; -- said of a horse whose back a convex instead of a concave curve. ROAD Road, n. Etym: [AS. rad a riding, that on which one rides or travels, a road, fr. ridan to ride. See Ride, and cf. Raid.] 1. A journey, or stage of a journey. [Obs.] With easy roads he came to Leicester. Shak. 2. An inroad; an invasion; a raid. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. A place where one may ride; an open way or public passage for vehicles, persons, and animals; a track for travel, forming a means of communication between one city, town, or place, and another. The most villainous house in all the London road. Shak. Note: The word is generally applied to highways, and as a generic term it includes highway, street, and lane. 4. Etym: [Possibly akin to Icel. reithi the rigging of a ship, E. ready.] Defn: A place where ships may ride at anchor at some distance from the shore; a roadstead; -- often in the plural; as, Hampton Roads. Shak. Now strike your saile, ye jolly mariners, For we be come unto a quiet rode [road]. Spenser. On, or Upon, the road, traveling or passing over a road; coming or going; on the way. My hat and wig will soon be here, They are upon the road. Cowper. -- Road agent, a highwayman, especially on the stage routes of the unsettled western parts of the United States; -- a humorous euphemism. [Western U.S.] The highway robber -- road agent he is quaintly called. The century. -- Road book, a quidebook in respect to roads and distances. -- Road metal, the broken, stone used in macadamizing roads. -- Road roller, a heavy roller, or combinations of rollers, for making earth, macadam, or concrete roads smooth and compact. -- often driven by steam. -- Road runner (Zoöl.), the chaparral cock. -- Road steamer, a locomotive engine adapted to running on common roads. -- To go on the road, to engage in the business of a commercial traveler. [Colloq.] -- To take the road, to begin or engage in traveling. -- To take to the road, to engage in robbery upon the highways. Syn. -- Way; highway; street; lane; pathway; route; passage; course. See Way. ROADBED Road"bed`, n. Defn: In railroads, the bed or foundation on which the superstructure (ties, rails, etc.) rests; in common roads, the whole material laid in place and ready for travel. ROADLESS Road"less, a. Defn: Destitute of roads. ROADMAKER Road"mak`er, n. Defn: One who makes roads. ROADSIDE Road"side`, n. Defn: Land adjoining a road or highway; the part of a road or highway that borders the traveled part. Also used ajectively. ROADSTEAD Road"stead, n. Etym: [Road,4 + stead a place.] Defn: An anchorage off shore. Same as Road, 4. Moored in the neighboring roadstead. Longfellow. ROADSTER Road"ster, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: A clumsy vessel that works its way from one anchorage to another by means of the tides. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 2. A horse that is accustomed to traveling on the high road, or is suitable for use on ordinary roads. A sound, swift, well-fed hunter and roadster. Thackeray. 3. A bicycle or tricycle adapted for common roads rather than for the racing track. 4. One who drives much; a coach driver. [Eng.] 5. A hunter who keeps to the roads instead of following the hounds across country. [Eng. Slang.] ROADWAY Road"way`, n. Defn: A road; especially, the part traveled by carriages. Shak. ROAM Roam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Roaming.] Etym: [OE. romen, ramen; cf. AS. ar to raise, rise, D. ramen to hit, plan, aim, OS. r to strive after, OHG. ramen. But the word was probably influenced by Rome; cf. OF. romier a pilgrim, originally, a pilgrim going to Rome, It. romeo, Sp. romero. Cf. Ramble.] Defn: To go from place to place without any certain purpose or direction; to rove; to wander. He roameth to the carpenter's house. Chaucer. Daphne roaming through a thorny wood. Shak. Syn. -- To wander; rove; range; stroll; ramble. ROAM Roam, v. t. Defn: To range or wander over. And now wild beasts came forth the woods to roam. Milton. ROAM Roam, n. Defn: The act of roaming; a wandering; a ramble; as, he began his roam o'er hill amd dale. Milton. ROAMER Roam"er, n. Defn: One who roams; a wanderer. ROAN Roan, a. Etym: [F. rouan; cf. Sp. roano, ruano, It. rovano, roano.] 1. Having a bay, chestnut, brown, or black color, with gray or white thickly interspersed; -- said of a horse. Give my roan a drench. Shak. 2. Made of the leather called roan; as, roan binding. Roan antelope (Zoöl.), a very large South African antelope (Hippotragus equinus). It has long sharp horns and a stiff bright brown mane. Called also mahnya, equine antelope, and bastard gemsbok. ROAN Roan, n. 1. The color of a roan horse; a roan color. 2. A roan horse. 3. A kind of leather used for slippers, bookbinding, etc., made from sheepskin, tanned with sumac and colored to imitate ungrained morocco. DeColange. Roan tree. (Bot.) See Rowan tree. ROAR Roar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roared; p. pr. & vvb. n. Roaring.] Etym: [OE. roren, raren, AS. rarian; akin to G. röhten, OHG. r. sq. root112.] 1. To cry with a full, loud, continued sound. Specifically: (a) To bellow, or utter a deep, loud cry, as a lion or other beast. Roaring bulls he would him make to tame. Spenser. (b) To cry loudly, as in pain, distress, or anger. Sole on the barren sands, the suffering chief Roared out for anguish, and indulged his grief. Dryden. He scorned to roar under the impressions of a finite anger. South. 2. To make a loud, confused sound, as winds, waves, passing vehicles, a crowd of persons when shouting together, or the like. The brazen throat of war had ceased to roar. Milton. How oft I crossed where carts and coaches roar. Gay. 3. To be boisterous; to be disorderly. It was a mad, roaring time, full of extravagance. Bp. Burnet. 4. To laugh out loudly and continuously; as, the hearers roared at his jokes. 5. To make a loud noise in breathing, as horses having a certain disease. See Roaring, 2. Roaring boy, a roaring, noisy fellow; -- name given, at the latter end Queen Elizabeth's reign, to the riotous fellows who raised disturbances in the street. "Two roaring boys of Rome, that made all split." Beau & Fl. -- Roaring forties (Naut.), a sailor's name for the stormy tract of ocean between 40º and 50º north latitude. ROAR Roar, v. t. Defn: To cry aloud; to proclaim loudly. This last action will roar thy infamy. Ford. ROAR Roar, n. Defn: The sound of roaring. Specifically: (a) The deep, loud cry of a wild beast; as, the roar of a lion. (b) The cry of one in pain, distress, anger, or the like. (c) A loud, continuous, and confused sound; as, the roar of a cannon, of the wind, or the waves; the roar of ocean. Arm! arm! it is, it is the cannon's opening roar! Byron. (d) A boisterous outcry or shouting, as in mirth. Pit, boxes, and galleries were in a constant roar of laughter. Macaulay. ROARER Roar"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, roars. Specifically: (a) A riotous fellow; a roaring boy. A lady to turn roarer, and break glasses. Massinger. (b) (Far.) Defn: A horse subject to roaring. See Roaring, 2. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The barn owl. [Prov.Eng.] ROARING Roar"ing, n. 1. A loud, deep, prolonged sound, as of a large beast, or of a person in distress, anger, mirth, etc., or of a noisy congregation. 2. (Far.) Defn: An affection of the windpipe of a horse, causing a loud, peculiar noise in breathing under exertion; the making of the noise so caused. See Roar, v. i., 5. ROARING FORTIES Roar"ing for"ties. (Naut.) Defn: The middle latitudes of the southern hemisphere. So called from the boisterous and prevailing westerly winds, which are especially strong in the South Indian Ocean up to 50º S. ROARINGLY Roar"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a roaring manner. ROAST Roast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roasting.] Etym: [OE. rosten, OF. rostir, F. rôtir; of German origin; cf. OHG. rosten, G. rösten, fr. OHG. rost, rosta, gridiron, G. rost; cf. AS. hyrstan to roast.] 1. To cook by exposure to radiant heat before a fire; as, to roast meat on a spit, or in an oven open toward the fire and having reflecting surfaces within; also, to cook in a close oven. 2. To cook by surrounding with hot embers, ashes, sand, etc.; as, to roast a potato in ashes. In eggs boiled and roasted there is scarce difference to be discerned. BAcon. 3. To dry and parch by exposure to heat; as, to roast coffee; to roast chestnuts, or peanuts. 4. Hence, to heat to excess; to heat violently; to burn. "Roasted in wrath and fire." Shak. 5. (Metal.) Defn: To dissipate by heat the volatile parts of, as ores. 6. To banter severely. [Colloq.] Atterbury. ROAST Roast, v. i. 1. To cook meat, fish, etc., by heat, as before the fire or in an oven. He could roast, and seethe, and broil, and fry. Chaucer. 2. To undergo the process of being roasted. ROAST Roast, n. Defn: That which is roasted; a piece of meat which has been roasted, or is suitable for being roasted. A fat swan loved he best of any roost [roast]. Chaucer. To rule the roast, to be at the head of affairs. "The new-made duke that rules the roast." Shak. ROAST Roast, a. Etym: [For roasted.] Defn: Roasted; as, roast beef. ROASTER Roast"er, n. 1. One who roasts meat. 2. A contrivance for roasting. 3. A pig, or other article of food fit for roasting. ROASTING Roast"ing, Defn: a. & n., from Roast, v. Roasting ear, an ear of Indian corn at that stage of development when it is fit to be eaten roasted. -- Roasting jack, a machine for turning a spit on which meat is roasted. ROB Rob, n. Etym: [F.; cf. Sp. rob, It. rob, robbo, Pg. robe, arrobe, Ar. rubb, robb, Per. rub.] Defn: The inspissated juice of ripe fruit, obtained by evaporation of the juice over a fire till it acquires the consistence of a sirup. It is sometimes mixed with honey or sugar. [Written also rhob, and rohob.] ROB Rob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Robbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Robbing.] Etym: [OF. rober, of German origin; cf. OHG. roub, G. rauben, and OHG. roub robbing, booty, G. raub. sq. root114. See Reave,and cf. Robe.] 1. To take (something) away from by force; to strip by stealing; to plunder; to pillage; to steal from. Who would rob a hermit of his weeds, His few books, or his beads, or maple dish Milton. He that is robbed, not wanting what is stolen, Let him not know it, and he's not robbed at all. Shak. To be executed for robbing a church. Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: To take the property of (any one) from his person, or in his presence, feloniously, and against his will, by violence or by putting him in fear. 3. To deprive of, or withhold from, unjustly or injuriously; to defraud; as, to rob one of his rest, or of his good name; a tree robs the plants near it of sunlight. I never robbed the soldiers of their pay. Shak. ROB Rob, v. i. Defn: To take that which belongs to another, without right or permission, esp. by violence. I am accursed to rob in that thief's company. Shak. ROBALO; ROBALITO Rob"a*lo, n. [Sp. róbalo.] Defn: Any of several pikelike marine fishes of the West Indies and tropical America constituting the family Oxylabracidæ, esp. the largest species (Oxylabrax, syn. Centropomus, undecimalis), a valuable food fish called also snook, the smaller species being called Rob`a*li"to. ROBAND Rob"and, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Roperand. ROBBER Rob"ber, n. Defn: One who robs; in law, one who feloniously takes goods or money from the person of another by violence or by putting him in fear. Some roving robber calling to his fellows. Milton. Syn. -- Thief; depredator; despoiler; plunderer; pillager; rifler; brigang; freebooter; pirate. See Thief. Robber crab. (Zoöl.) (a) A purse crab. (b) Any hermit crab. -- Robber fly. (Zoöl.) Same as Hornet fly, under Hornet. -- Robber gull (Zoöl.), a jager gull. ROBBERY Rob"ber*y, n.; pl. Robberies. Etym: [OF. roberie.] 1. The act or practice of robbing; theft. Thieves for their robbery have authority When judges steal themselves. Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: The crime of robbing. See Rob, v. t., 2. Note: Robbery, in a strict sense, differs from theft, as it is effected by force or intimidation, whereas theft is committed by stealth, or privately. Syn. -- Theft; depredation; spoliation; despoliation; despoilment; plunder; pillage; rapine; larceny; freebooting; piracy. ROBBIN Rob"bin, n. (Com.) Defn: A kind of package in which pepper and other dry commodities are sometimes exported from the East Indies. The robbin of rice in Malabar weighs about 84 pounds. Simmonds. ROBBIN Rob"bin, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Ropeband. ROBE Robe, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. rauba a gown, dress, garment; originally, booty, plunder. See Rob, v. t., and cf. Rubbish.] 1. An outer garment; a dress of a rich, flowing, and elegant style or make; hence, a dress of state, rank, office, or the like. Through tattered clothes small vices do appear; Robes and furred gowns hide all. Shak. 2. A skin of an animal, especially, a skin of the bison, dressed with the fur on, and used as a wrap. [U.S.] Master of the robes, an officer of the English royal household (when the sovereign is a king) whose duty is supposed to consist in caring for the royal robes. -- Mistress of the robes, a lady who enjoys the highest rank of the ladies in the service of the English sovereign (when a queen), and is supposed to have the care her robes. ROBE Robe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Robed; p. pr. & vb. n. Robing.] Defn: To invest with a robe or robes; to dress; to array; as, fields robed with green. The sage Chaldeans robed in white appeared. Pope. Such was his power over the expression of his countenance, that he could in an instant shake off the sternness of winter, and robe it in the brightest smiles of spring. Wirt. ROBE-DE-CHAMBRE Robe`-de-cham"bre, n. Etym: [F., lit., a chamber gown.] Defn: A dressing gown, or morning gown. ROBERDSMAN; ROBERTSMAN Rob"erds*man, Rob"erts*man, n.; pl. -men. ( (Old Statutes of Eng.) Defn: A bold, stout robber, or night thief; -- said to be so called from Robin Hood. ROBERT Rob"ert, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Herb Robert, under Herb. ROBIN Rob"in, n. Etym: [Properly a pet name for Robert, originally meaning, famebright; F., fron OHG. Roudperht; ruod (in comp.; akin to AS. hr glory, fame, Goth. hr victorius) + beraht bright. See Bright, Hob a clown.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small European singing bird (Erythacus rubecula), having a reddish breast; -- called also robin redbreast, robinet, and ruddock. (b) An American singing bird (Merula migratoria), having the breast chestnut, or dull red. The upper parts are olive-gray, the head and tail blackish. Called also robin redbreast, and migratory thrush. (c) Any one of several species of Australian warblers of the genera Petroica, Melanadrays, and allied genera; as, the scarlet-breasted robin (Petroica mullticolor) (d) Any one of several Asiatic birds; as, the Indian robins. See Indian robin, below. Beach robin (Zoöl.), the robin snipe, or knot. See Knot. -- Blue-throated robin. (Zoöl.) See Bluethroat. -- Canada robin (Zoöl.), the cedar bird. -- Golden robin (Zoöl.), the Baltimore oriole. -- Ground robin (Zoöl.), the chewink. -- Indian robin (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Asiatic saxoline birds of the genera Thamnobia and Pratincola. They are mostly black, usually with some white on the wings. -- Magrie robin (Zoöl.), an Asiatic singing bird (Corsycus saularis), having the back, head, neck, and breast black glossed with blue, the wings black, and the belly white. -- Ragged robin. (Bot.) See under Ragged. -- Robin accentor (Zoöl.), a small Asiatic singing bird (Accentor rubeculoides), somewhat resembling the European robin. -- Robin redbreast. (Zoöl.) (a) The European robin. (b) The American robin. (c) The American bluebird. -- Robin snipe. (Zoöl.) (a) The red-breasted snipe, or dowitcher. (b) The red-breasted sandpiper, or knot. -- Robin's plantain. (Bot.) See under Plantain. -- Sea robin. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of American gurnards of the genus Prionotus. They are excellent food fishes. Called also wingfish. The name is also applied to a European gurnard. (b) The red-breasted merganser, or sheldrake. [Local, U.S.] -- Water robin (Zoöl.), a redstart (Ruticulla fuliginosa), native of India. ROBINET Rob"i*net, n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The chaffinch; -- called also roberd. (b) The European robin. 2. A military engine formerly used for throwing darts and stones. ROBING Rob"ing, n. Defn: The act of putting on a robe. Robing room, a room where official robes are put on, as by judges, etc. ROBIN GOODFELLOW Rob"in Good"fel`low. Defn: A celebrated fairy; Puck. See Puck. Shak. ROBINIA Ro**bin"i*a, n. Etym: [NL. So called after Jean Robin, a French herbalist.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of leguminous trees including the common locust of North America (Robinia Pseudocacia). ROBLE Ro"ble, n. [Sp., oak.] (Bot.) Defn: The California white oak (Quercus lobata). ROBORANT Rob"o*rant, a. Etym: [L. roborans, p. pr. See Roborate.] Defn: Strengthening. -- n. (Med.) Defn: A strengthening medicine; a tonic. ROBORATE Rob"o*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. roboratus, p. pr. of roborare to strengthen, fr. robur, roboris, strength.] Defn: To give strength or support to; to confirm. [Obs.] Fuller. ROBORATION Rob`o*ra"tion, n. Etym: [LL. roboratio.] Defn: The act of strengthening. [Obs.] Coles. ROBOREAN; ROBOREOUS Ro*bo"re*an, Ro*bo"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. roboreus.] Defn: Made of oak. [Obs.] ROBUST Ro*bust", a. Etym: [L. robustus oaken, hard, strong, fr. robur strength, a very hard kind of oak; cf. Skr. rabhas violence: cf. F. robuste.] 1. Evincing strength; indicating vigorous health; strong; sinewy; muscular; vigorous; sound; as, a robust body; robust youth; robust health. 2. Violent; rough; rude. While romp-loving miss Is hauled about in gallantry robust. Thomson. 3. Requiring strength or vigor; as, robust employment. Locke. Syn. -- Strong; lusty; sinewy; sturdy; muscular; hale; hearty; vigorous; forceful; sound. -- Robust, Strong. Robust means, literally, made of oak, and hence implies great compactness and toughness of muscle, connected with a thick-set frame and great powers of endurance. Strong denotes the power of exerting great physical force. The robust man can bear heat or cold, excess or privation, and toil on through every kind of hardship; the strong man can lift a great weight, can give a heavy blow, and a hard gripe. "Robust, tough sinews bred to toil." Cowper. Then 'gan the villain wax so fierce and strong, That nothing may sustain his furious force. Spenser. ROBUSTIOUS Ro*bus"tious, a. Etym: [Cf. L. robusteus of oak.] Defn: Robust. [Obs. or Humorous] W. Irving. In Scotland they had handled the bishops in a more robustious manner. Milton. -- Ro*bus"tious*ly, adv. -- Ro*bus"tious*ness, n. ROBUSTLY Ro*bust"ly, adv. Defn: In a robust manner. ROBUSTNESS Ro*bust"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being robust. ROC Roc, n. Etym: [Ar. & Per. rokh or rukh. Cf. Rook a castle.] Defn: A monstrous bird of Arabian mythology. [Written also rock, and rukh.] Brande & C. ROCAILLE Ro`caille", n. [F. Cf. Rock a stone.] (Art) (a) Artificial rockwork made of rough stones and cement, as for gardens. (b) The rococo system of scroll ornament, based in part on the forms of shells and water-worn rocks. ROCAMBOLE Roc"am*bole, n. Etym: [F.] [Written also rokambole.] (Bot.) Defn: A name of Allium Scorodoprasum and A. Ascalonium, two kinds of garlic, the latter of which is also called shallot. ROCCELLIC Roc*cel"lic, a. Etym: [F. roccellique, fr. roccelle archil, It. & NL. roccella, fr. It. rocca a rock, because archil grows on rock.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a dibasic acid of the oxalic series found in archil (Roccella tinctoria, etc.), and other lichens, and extracted as a white crystalline substance C17H32O4. ROCCELLIN Roc*cel"lin, n. Defn: A red dyestuff, used as a substitute for cochineal, archil, etc. It consists of the sodium salt of a complex azo derivative of naphtol. ROCHE Roche, n. Etym: [See Rock.] Defn: Rock. [Obs.] Chaucer. ROCHE ALUM Roche" al`um. (Chem.) Defn: A kind of alum occuring in small fragments; -- so called from Rocca, in Syria, whence alum is said to have been obtained; -- also called rock alum. ROCHELIME Roche"lime`, n. Etym: [F. roche rock + E. lime.] Defn: Lime in the lump after it is burned; quicklime. [Eng.] ROCHELLE Ro*chelle", n. Defn: A seaport town in France. Rochelle powders. Same as Seidlitz powders. -- Rochelle salt (Chem.), the double tartrate of sodium and potassium, a white crystalline substance. It has a cooling, saline, slightly bitter taste and is employed as a mild purgative. It was discovered by Seignette, an apothecary of Rochelle, and is called also Seignete's salt. ROCHE MOUTONNEE Roche" mou`ton`née". Etym: [F., sheep-shaped rock.] (Geol.) Defn: See Sheepback. ROCHET Roch"et, n. Etym: [F., dim. fr. OHG. rocch coat, G. rock.] 1. (Eccl.) Defn: A linen garment resembling the surplise, but with narrower sleeves, also without sleeves, worn by bishops, and by some other ecclesiastical dignitaries, in certain religious ceremonies. They see no difference between an idler with a hat and national cockade, and an idler in a cowl or in a rochet. Burke. 2. A frock or outer garment worn in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. [Obs.] Rom. of R. ROCHET Roch"et, n. Etym: [Probably corrupted fr. F. rouget the red gurnet, from rouge red. CF. Rouge.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The red gurnard, or gurnet. See Gurnard. ROCHING CASK Roch"ing cask`. Etym: [Probably from F. roche a rock.] Defn: A tank in which alum is crystallized from a solution. ROCK Rock, n. Defn: See Roc. ROCK Rock, n. Etym: [OE. rocke; akin to D. rok, rokken, G. rocken, OHG. roccho, Dan. rok, Icel. rokkr. Cf. Rocket a firework.] Defn: A distaff used in spinning; the staff or frame about which flax is arranged, and from which the thread is drawn in spinning. Chapman. Sad Clotho held the rocke, the whiles the thread By grisly Lachesis was spun with pain, That cruel Atropos eftsoon undid. Spenser. ROCK Rock, n. Etym: [OF. roke, F. roche; cf. Armor. roc'h, and AS. rocc.] 1. A large concreted mass of stony material; a large fixed stone or crag. See Stone. Come one, come all! this rock shall fly From its firm base as soon as I. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Any natural deposit forming a part of the earth's crust, whether consolidated or not, including sand, earth, clay, etc., when in natural beds. 3. That which resembles a rock in firmness; a defense; a support; a refuge. The Lord is my rock, and my fortress. 2 Sam. xxii. 2. 4. Fig.: Anything which causes a disaster or wreck resembling the wreck of a vessel upon a rock. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The striped bass. See under Bass. Note: This word is frequently used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, rock-bound, rock-built, rock-ribbed, rock- roofed, and the like. Rock alum. Etym: [Probably so called by confusion with F. roche a rock.] Same as Roche alum. -- Rock barnacle (Zoöl.), a barnacle (Balanus balanoides) very abundant on rocks washed by tides. -- Rock bass. (Zoöl.) (a) The stripped bass. See under Bass. (b) The goggle-eye. (c) The cabrilla. Other species are also locally called rock bass. -- Rock builder (Zoöl.), any species of animal whose remains contribute to the formation of rocks, especially the corals and Foraminifera. -- Rock butter (Min.), native alum mixed with clay and oxide of iron, usually in soft masses of a yellowish white color, occuring in cavities and fissures in argillaceous slate. -- Rock candy, a form of candy consisting of crystals of pure sugar which are very hard, whence the name. -- Rock cavy. (Zoöl.) See Moco. -- Rock cod (Zoöl.) (a) A small, often reddish or brown, variety of the cod found about rocks andledges. (b) A California rockfish. -- Rock cook. (Zoöl.) (a) A European wrasse (Centrolabrus exoletus). (b) A rockling. -- Rock cork (Min.), a variety of asbestus the fibers of which are loosely interlaced. It resembles cork in its texture. -- Rock crab (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large crabs of the genus Cancer, as the two species of the New England coast (C. irroratus and C. borealis). See Illust. under Cancer. -- Rock cress (Bot.), a name of several plants of the cress kind found on rocks, as Arabis petræa, A. lyrata, etc. -- Rock crystal (Min.), limpid quartz. See Quartz, and under Crystal. -- Rock dove (Zoöl.), the rock pigeon; -- called also rock doo. -- Rock drill, an implement for drilling holes in rock; esp., a machine impelled by steam or compressed air, for drilling holes for blasting, etc. -- Rock duck (Zoöl.), the harlequin duck. -- Rock eel. (Zoöl.) See Gunnel. -- Rock goat (Zoöl.), a wild goat, or ibex. -- Rock hopper (Zoöl.), a penguin of the genus Catarractes. See under Penguin. -- Rock kangaroo. (Zoöl.) See Kangaroo, and Petrogale. -- Rock lobster (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large spinose lobsters of the genera Panulirus and Palinurus. They have no large claws. Called also spiny lobster, and sea crayfish. -- Rock meal (Min.), a light powdery variety of calcite occuring as an efflorescence. -- Rock milk. (Min.) See Agaric mineral, under Agaric. -- Rock moss, a kind of lichen; the cudbear. See Cudbear. -- Rock oil. See Petroleum. -- Rock parrakeet (Zoöl.), a small Australian parrakeet (Euphema petrophila), which nests in holes among the rocks of high cliffs. Its general color is yellowish olive green; a frontal band and the outer edge of the wing quills are deep blue, and the central tail feathers bluish green. -- Rock pigeon (Zoöl.), the wild pigeon (Columba livia) Of Europe and Asia, from which the domestic pigeon was derived. See Illust. under Pigeon. -- Rock pipit. (Zoöl.) See the Note under Pipit. -- Rock plover. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-bellied, or whistling, plover. (b) The rock snipe. -- Rock ptarmigan (Zoöl.), an arctic American ptarmigan (Lagopus rupestris), which in winter is white, with the tail and lores black. In summer the males are grayish brown, coarsely vermiculated with black, and have black patches on the back. -- Rock rabbit (Zoöl.), the hyrax. See Cony, and Daman. -- Rock ruby (Min.), a fine reddish variety of garnet. -- Rock salt (Min.), cloride of sodium (common salt) occuring in rocklike masses in mines; mineral salt; salt dug from the earth. In the United States this name is sometimes given to salt in large crystals, formed by evaporation from sea water in large basins or cavities. -- Rock seal (Zoöl.), the harbor seal. See Seal. -- Rock shell (Zoöl.), any species of Murex, Purpura, and allied genera. -- Rock snake (Zoöl.), any one of several large pythons; as, the royal rock snake (Python regia) of Africa, and the rock snake of India (P. molurus). The Australian rock snakes mostly belong to the allied genus Morelia. -- Rock snipe (Zoöl.), the purple sandpiper (Tringa maritima); -- called also rock bird, rock plover, winter snipe. -- Rock soap (Min.), a kind of clay having a smooth, greasy feel, and adhering to the tongue. -- Rock sparrow. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of Old World sparrows of the genus Petronia, as P. stulla, of Europe. (b) A North American sparrow (Pucæa ruficeps). -- Rock tar, petroleum. -- Rock thrush (Zoöl.), any Old World thrush of the genus Monticola, or Petrocossyphus; as, the European rock thrush (M. saxatilis), and the blue rock thrush of India (M. cyaneus), in which the male is blue throughout. -- Rock tripe (Bot.), a kind of lichen (Umbilicaria Dillenii) growing on rocks in the northen parts of America, and forming broad, flat, coriaceous, dark fuscous or blackish expansions. It has been used as food in cases of extremity. -- Rock trout (Zoöl.), any one of several species of marine food fishes of the genus Hexagrammus, family Chiradæ, native of the North Pacific coasts; -- called also sea trout, boregat, bodieron, and starling. -- Rock warbler (Zoöl.), a small Australian singing bird (Origma rubricata) which frequents rocky ravines and water courses; -- called also cataract bird. -- Rock wren (Zoöl.), any one of several species of wrens of the genus Salpinctes, native of the arid plains of Lower California and Mexico. ROCK Rock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rocked;p. pr. & vb. n. Rocking.] Etym: [AS. roccian; akin to Dan. rokke to move, to snake; cf. Icel. rukkja to pull, move, G. rücken to move, push, pull.] 1. To cause to sway backward and forward, as a body resting on a support beneath; as, to rock a cradle or chair; to cause to vibrate; to cause to reel or totter. A rising earthquake rocked the ground. Dryden. 2. To move as in a cradle; hence, to put to sleep by rocking; to still; to quiet. "Sleep rock thy brain." Shak. Note: Rock differs from shake, as denoting a slower, less violent, and more uniform motion, or larger movements. It differs from swing, which expresses a vibratory motion of something suspended. ROCK Rock, v. i. 1. To move or be moved backward and forward; to be violently agitated; to reel; to totter. The rocking town Supplants their footsteps. J. Philips . 2. To roll or saway backward and forward upon a support; as, to rock in a rocking-chair. ROCKAWAY Rock"a*way, Etym: [Probably from Rockaway beach, where it was used.] Defn: Formerly, a light, low, four-wheeled carriage, with standing top, open at the sides, but having waterproof curtains which could be let down when occasion required; now, a somewhat similar, but heavier, carriage, inclosed, except in front, and having a door at each side. ROCKELAY; ROCKLAY Rock"e*lay, Rock"lay, n. Defn: See Rokelay. [Scot.] ROCKER Rock"er, n. 1. One who rocks; specifically, one who rocks a cradle. It was I, sir, said the rocker, who had the honor, some thirty years since, to attend on your highness in your infancy. Fuller. 2. One of the curving pieces of wood or metal on which a cradle, chair, etc., rocks. 3. Any implement or machine working with a rocking motion, as a trough mounted on rockers for separating gold dust from gravel, etc., by agitation in water. 4. A play horse on rockers; a rocking-horse. 5. A chair mounted on rockers; a rocking-chair. 6. A skate with a curved blade, somewhat resembling in shape the rocker of a cradle. 7. (Mach.) Defn: Same as Rock shaft. Rocker arm (Mach.), an arm borne by a rock shaft. To be off one's rocker, to be insane. ROCKERED Rock"ered, a. (Naut.) Defn: Shaped like a rocker; curved; as, a rockered keel. ROCKERY Rock"er*y, n. (Gardening) Defn: A mound formed of fragments of rock, earth, etc., and set with plants. ROCKET Rock"et, n. Etym: [F. roquette (cf. Sp. ruqueta, It ruchetta), fr. L. eruca.] (Bot.) (a) A cruciferous plant (Eruca sativa) sometimes eaten in Europe as a salad. (b) Damewort. (c) Rocket larkspur. See below. Dyer's Rocket. (Bot.) See Dyer's broom, under Broom. -- Rocket larkspur (Bot.), an annual plant with showy flowers in long racemes (Delphinium Ajacis). -- Sea rocket (Bot.), either of two fleshy cruciferous plants (Cakile maritima and C. Americana) found on the seashore of Europe and America. -- Yellow rocket (Bot.), a common cruciferous weed with yellow flowers (Barbarea vulgaris). ROCKET Rock"et, n. Etym: [It. rocchetta, fr. rocca a distaff, of German origin. Named from the resemblance in shape to a distaff. See Rock a distaff.] 1. An artificial firework consisting of a cylindrical case of paper or metal filled with a composition of combustible ingredients, as niter, charcoal, and sulphur, and fastened to a guiding stick. The rocket is projected through the air by the force arising from the expansion of the gases liberated by combustion of the composition. Rockets are used as projectiles for various purposes, for signals, and also for pyrotechnic display. 2. A blunt lance head used in the joust. Congreve rocket, a powerful form of rocket for use in war, invented by Sir William Congreve. It may be used either in the field or for bombardment; in the former case, it is armed with shells or case shot; in the latter, with a combustible material inclosed in a metallic case, which is inextinguishable when kindled, and scatters its fire on every side. ROCKET Rock"et, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rocketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rocketing.] (Sporting) Defn: To rise straight up; said of birds; usually in the present participle or as an adjective. [Eng.] An old cock pheasant came rocketing over me. H. R. Haggard. ROCKETER Rock"et*er, n. (Sporting) Defn: A bird, especially a pheasant, which, being flushed, rises straight in the air like a rocket. [Eng.] ROCKFISH Rock"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several California scorpænoid food fishes of the genus Sebastichthys, as the red rockfish (S. ruber). They are among the most important of California market fishes. Called also rock cod, and garrupa. (b) The striped bass. See Bass. (c) Any one of several species of Florida and Bermuda groupers of the genus Epinephelus. (d) An American fresh-water darter; the log perch. Note: The term is locally applied to various other fishes. ROCKINESS Rock"i*ness, n. Etym: [From Rocky.] Defn: The state or quality of being rocky. ROCKING Rock"ing, a. Defn: Having a swaying, rolling, or back-and-forth movement; used for rocking. Rocking shaft. (Mach.) See Rock shaft. ROCKING-CHAIR Rock"ing-chair`, n. Defn: A chair mounted on rockers, in which one may rock. ROCKING-HORSE Rock"ing-horse`, n. Defn: The figure of a horse, mounted upon rockers, for children to ride. ROCKING-STONE Rock"ing-stone`, n. Defn: A stone, often of great size and weight, resting upon another stone, and so exactly poised that it can be rocked, or slightly moved, with but little force. ROCKLESS Rock"less, a. Defn: Being without rocks. Dryden. ROCKLING Rock"ling, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of small marine fishes of the genera Onos and Rhinonemus (formerly Motella), allied to the cod. They have three or four barbels. ROCKROSE Rock"rose`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to any species of the genus Helianthemum, low shrubs or herbs with yellow flowers, especially the European H. vulgare and the American frostweed, H. Canadense. Cretan rockrose, a related shrub (Cistus Creticus), one of the plants yielding the fragrant gum called ladanum. ROCK SHAFT Rock" shaft`. Etym: [Cf. Rock, v. i.] (Mach.) Defn: A shaft that oscillates on its journals, instead of revolving, -- usually carrying levers by means of which it receives and communicates reciprocating motion, as in the valve gear of some steam engines; -- called also rocker, rocking shaft, and way shaft. ROCK STAFF Rock" staff`. Etym: [Cf. Rock, v. i.] Defn: An oscillating bar in a machine, as the lever of the bellows of a forge. ROCKSUCKER Rock"suck`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A lamprey. ROCKWEED Rock"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any coarse seaweed growing on sea-washed rocks, especially Fucus. ROCKWOOD Rock"wood`, n. (Min.) Defn: Ligniform asbestus; also, fossil wood. ROCKWORK Rock"work`, n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: Stonework in which the surface is left broken and rough. 2. (Gardening) Defn: A rockery. ROCKY Rock"y, a. 1. Full of, or abounding in, rocks; consisting of rocks; as, a rocky mountain; a rocky shore. 2. Like a rock; as, the rocky orb of a shield. Milton. 3. Fig.: Not easily impressed or affected; hard; unfeeling; obdurate; as, a rocky bosom. Shak. Rocky Mountain locust (Zoöl.), the Western locust, or grasshopper. See Grasshopper. -- Rocky Mountain sheep. (Zoöl.) See Bighorn. ROCOA Ro"coa, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rocou, roicou, Pg. & Braz, urucú.] Defn: The orange-colored pulp covering the seeds of the tropical plant Bixa Orellana, from which annotto is prepared. See Annoto. ROCOCO Ro*co"co, n. Etym: [F.; of uncertain etymology.] Defn: A florid style of ornamentation which prevailed in Europe in the latter part of the eighteenth century. ROCOCO Ro*co"co, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the style called rococo; like rococo; florid; fantastic. ROD Rod, n. Etym: [The same word as rood. See Rood.] 1. A straight and slender stick; a wand; hence, any slender bar, as of wood or metal (applied to various purposes). Specifically: (a) An instrument of punishment or correction; figuratively, chastisement. He that spareth his rod hateth his son. Prov. xiii. 24. (b) A kind of sceptor, or badge of office; hence, figuratively, power; authority; tyranny; oppression. "The rod, and bird of peace." Shak. (c) A support for a fishing line; a fish pole. Gay. (d) (Mach. & Structure) A member used in tension, as for sustaining a suspended weight, or in tension and compression, as for transmitting reciprocating motion, etc.; a connecting bar. (e) An instrument for measuring. 2. A measure of length containing sixteen and a half feet; -- called also perch, and pole. Black rod. See in the Vocabulary. -- Rods and cones (Anat.), the elongated cells or elements of the sensory layer of the retina, some of which are cylindrical, others somewhat conical. RODDY Rod"dy, a. Defn: Full of rods or twigs. RODDY Rod"dy, a. Defn: Ruddy. [Obs.] Chaucer. RODE Rode, n. Etym: [See Rud.] Defn: Redness; complexion. [Obs.] "His rode was red." Chaucer. RODE Rode, Defn: imp. of Ride. RODE Rode, n. Defn: See Rood, the cross. [Obs.] Chaucer. RODENT Ro"dent, a. Etym: [L. rodens, -entis, p. pr. of rodere to gnaw. See Rase, v. t., and cf. Rostrum.] 1. Gnawing; biting; corroding; (Med.) applied to a destructive variety of cancer or ulcer. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Gnawing. (b) Of or pertaining to the Rodentia. RODENT Ro"dent, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Rodentia. RODENTIA Ro*den"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Rodent, a.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of mammals having two (rarely four) large incisor teeth in each jaw, distant from the molar teeth. The rats, squirrels, rabbits, marmots, and beavers belong to this order. Note: The incisor teeth are long, curved, and strongly enameled on the outside, so as to keep a cutting edge. They have a persistent pulp and grow continuously. RODEO Ro*de"o, n. Etym: [SP., a going round.] Defn: A round-up. See Round-up. [Western U.S.] RODGE Rodge, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The gadwall. [Prov.Eng.] RODOMEL Rod"o*mel, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Juice of roses mixed with honey. Simmonds. RODOMONT Rod"o*mont, n. Etym: [F. rodomont, It. rodomonte, fr. Rodomonte, Rodamonte, a boasting hero in the "Orlando Furioso" of Ariosto, and the "Orlando Innamorato" of Bojardo; properly, one who rolls away mountains; Prov. It. rodare to roll away (fr. L. rota a wheel) + It. monte a mountain, L. mons. See Rotary, Mount, n.] Defn: A vain or blustering boaster; a braggart; a braggadocio. Sir T. Herbert. RODOMONT Rod"o*mont, a. Defn: Bragging; vainly boasting. RODOMONTADE Rod`o*mon*tade", n. Etym: [F., fr. It. rodomontana. See Rodomont, n.] Defn: Vain boasting; empty bluster or vaunting; rant. I could show that the rodomontades of Almanzor are neither so irrational nor impossible. Dryden. RODOMONTADE Rod`o*mon*tade", v. i. Defn: To boast; to brag; to bluster; to rant. RODOMONTADIST Rod`o*mon*tad"ist, n. Defn: One who boasts. RODOMONTADO Rod`o*mon*ta"do, n. Defn: Rodomontade. RODOMONTADOR Rod`o*mon*ta"dor, n. Defn: A rodomontadist. RODSMAN Rods"man, n.; pl. Rodsmen (. Defn: One who carries and holds a leveling staff, or rod, in a surveying party. G. W. Cable. RODY Ro"dy, a. Defn: Ruddy. [Obs.] Chaucer. ROE Roe, n. Etym: [OE. ro, AS. rah; akin to D. ree, G. reh, Icel. ra, SW. rå.] (Zoöl.) (a) A roebuck. See Roebuck. (b) The female of any species of deer. ROE Roe, n. Etym: [For roan, OE. rowne, akin to G. rogen, OHG. rogan, Icel. hrogn, Dan. rogn, ravn, Sw. rom; of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. gravel.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ova or spawn of fishes and amphibians, especially when still inclosed in the ovarian membranes. Sometimes applied, loosely, to the sperm and the testes of the male. 2. A mottled appearance of light and shade in wood, especially in mahogany. ROEBUCK Roe"buck`, n. Etym: [1st roe + buck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European and Asiatic deer (Capreolus capræa) having erect, cylindrical, branched antlers, forked at the summit. This, the smallest European deer, is very nimble and graceful. It always prefers a mountainous country, or high grounds. ROED Roed, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Filled with roe. ROEDEER Roe"deer`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The roebuck. ROE, RICHARD Roe, Richard. (Law) Defn: A fictious name for a party, real or fictious, to an act or proceeding. Other names were formerly similarly used, as John-a- Nokes, John o', or of the, Nokes, or Noakes, John-a-Stiles, etc. ROESTONE Roe"stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: Same as Oölite. ROGATION Ro*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. rogatio, fr. rogare, rogatum, to ask, beg, supplicate: cf. F. rogation. Cf. Abrogate, Arrogant, Probogue.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: The demand, by the consuls or tribunes, of a law to be passed by the people; a proposed law or decree. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: Litany; supplication. He perfecteth the rogations or litanies before in use. Hooker. Rogation days (Eccl.), the three days which immediately precede Ascension Day; -- so called as being days on which the people, walking in procession, sang litanies of special supplication. -- Rogation flower (Bot.), a European species of milkwort (Polygala vulgaris); -- so called from its former use for garlands in Rogation week. Dr. Prior. -- Rogation week, the second week before Whitsunday, in which the Rogation days occur. ROGATORY Rog"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [See Rogation.] Defn: Seeking information; authorized to examine witnesses or ascertain facts; as, a rogatory commission. Woolsey. ROGER Rog"er, n. [From a proper name Roger.] Defn: A black flag with white skull and crossbones, formerly used by pirates; -- called also Jolly Roger. ROGUE Rogue, n. Etym: [F. rogue proud, haughty, supercilious; cf. Icel. hr a rook, croaker (cf. Rook a bird), or Armor. rok, rog, proud, arogant.] 1. (Eng.Law) Defn: A vagrant; an idle, sturdy beggar; a vagabond; a tramp. Note: The phrase rogues and vagabonds is applied to a large class of wandering, disorderly, or dissolute persons. They were formerly punished by being whipped and having the gristle of the right ear bored with a hot iron. 2. A deliberately dishonest person; a knave; a cheat. The rogue and fool by fits is fair and wise. Pope. 3. One who is pleasantly mischievous or frolicsome; hence, often used as a term of endearment. Ah, you sweet little rogue, you! Shak. 4. An elephant that has separated from a herd and roams about alone, in which state it is very savage. 5. (Hort.) Defn: A worthless plant occuring among seedlings of some choice variety. Rogues' gallery, a collection of portraits of rogues or criminals, for the use of the police authorities. -- Rogue's march, derisive music performed in driving away a person under popular indignation or official sentence, as when a soldier is drummed out of a regiment. -- Rogue's yarn, yarn of a different twist and color from the rest, inserted into the cordage of the British navy, to identify it if stolen, or for the purpose of tracing the maker in case of defect. Different makers are required to use yarns of different colors. ROGUE Rogue, v. i. Defn: To wander; to play the vagabond; to play knavish tricks. [Obs.] Spenser. ROGUE Rogue, v. t. 1. To give the name or designation of rogue to; to decry. [Obs.] Cudworth. 2. (Hort.) Defn: To destroy (plants that do not come up to a required standard). ROGUERY Rogu"er*y, n. 1. The life of a vargant. [Obs.] 2. The practices of a rogue; knavish tricks; cheating; fraud; dishonest practices. 'Tis no scandal grown, For debt and roguery to quit the town. Dryden. 3. Arch tricks; mischievousness. ROGUESHIP Rogue"ship, n. Defn: The quality or state of being a rogue. [Jocose] "Your rogueship." Dryden. ROGUISH Rogu"ish, a. 1. Vagrant. [Obs.] Spenser. His roguish madness Allows itself to anything. Shak. 2. Resembling, or characteristic of, a rogue; knavish. 3. Pleasantly mischievous; waggish; arch. The most bewitching leer with her eyes, the most roguish cast. Dryden. -- Rogu"ish*ly, adv. -- Rogu"ish*ness, n. ROGUY Rogu"y, a. Defn: Roguish. [Obs.] L'Estrange. ROHOB Ro"hob, n. Defn: An inspissated juice. See Rob. ROIAL Roi"al, a. Defn: Royal. [Obs.] Chaucer. ROIL Roil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Roiling.] Etym: [Cf. OE. roilen to wander; possibly fr. OF. roeler to roll, equiv. to F. rouler. See Roll, v., and cf. Rile.] 1. To render turbid by stirring up the dregs or sediment of; as, to roil wine, cider, etc. , in casks or bottles; to roil a spring. 2. To disturb, as the temper; to ruffle the temper of; to rouse the passion of resentment in; to perplex. That his friends should believe it, was what roiled him [Judge Jeffreys] exceedingly. R. North. Note: Provincial in England and colloquial in the United States. A commoner, but less approved, form is rile. ROIL Roil, v. i. 1. To wander; to roam. [Obs.] 2. To romp. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell. ROILY Roil"y, a. Defn: Turbid; as, roily water. ROIN Roin, v. t. Defn: See Royne. [Obs.] ROIN Roin, n. Etym: [F. rogne. See Roynish.] Defn: A scab; a scurf, or scurfy spot. [Obs.] ROINISH Roin"ish, a. Defn: See Roynish. [Obs.] ROINT Roint, interj. Defn: See Aroint. ROIST Roist, v. i. Defn: See Roister. ROISTER Roist"er, v. i. Etym: [Probably fr. F. rustre boor, a clown, clownish, fr. L. rustucus rustic. See Rustic.] Defn: To bluster; to swagger; to bully; to be bold, noisy, vaunting, or turbulent. I have a roisting challenge sent amongst The dull and factious nobles of the Greeks. Shak. ROISTER Roist"er, n. Defn: See Roisterer. ROISTERER Roist"er*er, n. Defn: A blustering, turbulent fellow. If two roisterers met, they cocked their hats in each other faces. Macaulay. ROISTERLY Roist"er*ly, a. Defn: Blustering; violent. [R.] ROISTERLY Roist"er*ly, adv. Defn: In a roistering manner. [R.] ROKAMBOLE Rok"am*bole, n. Defn: See Rocambole. ROKE Roke, n. Etym: [See Reek.] 1. Mist; smoke; damp [Prov.Eng.] [Written also roak, rook, and rouk.] 2. A vein of ore. [Pov.Eng.] Halliwell. ROKEAGE; ROKEE Roke"age, Rok"ee, n. Etym: [Cf. Nocake.] Defn: Parched Indian corn, pounded up and mixed with sugar; -- called also yokeage. [Local, U.S.] ROKELAY Rok"e*lay, n. Etym: [Cf. Roquelaure.] Defn: A short cloak. [Written also rockelay, rocklay, etc.] [Scot.] ROKY Rok"y, a. Etym: [See Roke.] Defn: Misty; foggy; cloudy. [Prov. Eng.] Ray. ROLE Rôle, n. Etym: [F. See Roll.] Defn: A part, or character, performed by an actor in a drama; hence, a part of function taken or assumed by any one; as, he has now taken the rôle of philanthropist. Title rôle, the part, or character, which gives the title to a play, as the part of Hamlet in the play of that name. ROLL Roll, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rolling.] Etym: [OF. roeler, roler, F. rouler, LL. rotulare, fr. L. royulus, rotula, a little wheel, dim. of rota wheel; akin to G. rad, and to Skr. ratha car, chariot. Cf. Control, Roll, n., Rotary.] 1. To cause to revolve by turning over and over; to move by turning on an axis; to impel forward by causing to turn over and over on a supporting surface; as, to roll a wheel, a ball, or a barrel. 2. To wrap round on itself; to form into a spherical or cylindrical body by causing to turn over and over; as, to roll a sheet of paper; to roll parchment; to roll clay or putty into a ball. 3. To bind or involve by winding, as in a bandage; to inwrap; -- often with up; as, to roll up a parcel. 4. To drive or impel forward with an easy motion, as of rolling; as, a river rolls its waters to the ocean. The flood of Catholic reaction was rolled over Europe. J. A. Symonds. 5. To utter copiously, esp. with sounding words; to utter with a deep sound; -- often with forth, or out; as, to roll forth some one's praises; to roll out sentences. Who roll'd the psalm to wintry skies. Tennyson. 6. To press or level with a roller; to spread or form with a roll, roller, or rollers; as, to roll a field; to roll paste; to roll steel rails, etc. 7. To move, or cause to be moved, upon, or by means of, rollers or small wheels. 8. To beat with rapid, continuous strokes, as a drum; to sound a roll upon. 9. (Geom.) Defn: To apply (one line or surface) to another without slipping; to bring all the parts of (one line or surface) into successive contact with another, in suck manner that at every instant the parts that have been in contact are equal. 10. To turn over in one's mind; to revolve. Full oft in heart he rolleth up and down The beauty of these florins new and bright. Chaucer. To roll one's self, to wallow. -- To roll the eye, to direct its axis hither and thither in quick succession. -- To roll one's r's, to utter the letter r with a trill. [Colloq.] ROLL Roll, v. i. 1. To move, as a curved object may, along a surface by rotation without sliding; to revolve upon an axis; to turn over and over; as, a ball or wheel rolls on the earth; a body rolls on an inclined plane. And her foot, look you, is fixed upon a spherical stone, which rolls, and rolls, and rolls. Shak. 2. To move on wheels; as, the carriage rolls along the street. "The rolling chair." Dryden. 3. To be wound or formed into a cylinder or ball; as, the cloth rolls unevenly; the snow rolls well. 4. To fall or tumble; -- with over; as, a stream rolls over a precipice. 5. To perform a periodical revolution; to move onward as with a revolution; as, the rolling year; ages roll away. 6. To turn; to move circularly. And his red eyeballs roll with living fire. Dryden. 7. To move, as waves or billows, with alternate swell and depression. What different sorrows did within thee roll. Prior. 8. To incline first to one side, then to the other; to rock; as, there is a great difference in ships about rolling; in a general semse, to be tossed about. Twice ten tempestuous nights I rolled. Pope. 9. To turn over, or from side to side, while lying down; to wallow; as, a horse rolls. 10. To spread under a roller or rolling-pin; as, the paste rolls well. 11. To beat a drum with strokes so rapid that they can scarcely be distinguished by the ear. 12. To make a loud or heavy rumbling noise; as, the thunder rolls. To roll about, to gad abroad. [Obs.] Man shall not suffer his wife go roll about. Chaucer. ROLL Roll, n. Etym: [F. rôle a roll (in sense 3), fr. L. rotulus little wheel, LL., a roll, dim. of L. rota a wheel. See Roll, v., and cf. Rôle, Rouleau, Roulette.] 1. The act of rolling, or state of being rolled; as, the roll of a ball; the roll of waves. 2. That which rolls; a roller. Specifically: (a) A heavy cylinder used to break clods. Mortimer. (b) One of a set of revolving cylinders, or rollers, between which metal is pressed, formed, or smoothed, as in a rolling mill; as, to pass rails through the rolls. 3. That which is rolled up; as, a roll of fat, of wool, paper, cloth, etc. Specifically: (a) A document written on a piece of parchment, paper, or other materials which may be rolled up; a scroll. Busy angels spread The lasting roll, recording what we say. Prior. (b) Hence, an official or public document; a register; a record; also, a catalogue; a list. The rolls of Parliament, the entry of the petitions, answers, and transactions in Parliament, are extant. Sir M. Hale. The roll and list of that army doth remain. Sir J. Davies. (c) A quantity of cloth wound into a cylindrical form; as, a roll of carpeting; a roll of ribbon. (d) A cylindrical twist of tobacco. 4. A kind of shortened raised biscuit or bread, often rolled or doubled upon itself. 5. (Naut.) Defn: The oscillating movement of a vessel from side to side, in sea way, as distinguished from the alternate rise and fall of bow and stern called pitching. 6. A heavy, reverberatory sound; as, the roll of cannon, or of thunder. 7. The uniform beating of a drum with strokes so rapid as scarcely to be distinguished by the ear. 8. Part; office; duty; rôle. [Obs.] L'Estrange. Long roll (Mil.), a prolonged roll of the drums, as the signal of an attack by the enemy, and for the troops to arrange themselves in line. -- Master of the rolls. See under Master. -- Roll call, the act, or the time, of calling over a list names, as among soldiers. -- Rolls of court, of parliament (or of any public body), the parchments or rolls on which the acts and proceedings of that body are engrossed by the proper officer, and which constitute the records of such public body. -- To call the roll, to call off or recite a list or roll of names of persons belonging to an organization, in order to ascertain who are present or to obtain responses from those present. Syn. -- List; schedule; catalogue; register; inventory. See List. ROLLABLE Roll"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being rolled. ROLLER Roll"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, rolls; especially, a cylinder, sometimes grooved, of wood, stone, metal, etc., used in husbandry and the arts. 2. A bandage; a fillet; properly, a long and broad bandage used in surgery. 3. (Naut.) Defn: One of series of long, heavy waves which roll in upon a coast, sometimes in calm weather. 4. A long, belt-formed towel, to be suspended on a rolling cylinder; -- called also roller towel. 5. (Print.) Defn: A cylinder coated with a composition made principally of glue and molassess, with which forms of type are inked previously to taking an impression from them. W. Savage. 6. A long cylinder on which something is rolled up; as, the roller of a man. 7. A small wheel, as of a caster, a roller skate, etc. 8. (Zoöl.) Defn: ANy insect whose larva rolls up leaves; a leaf roller. see Tortrix. 9. Etym: [CF. F. rollier.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of Old World picarian birds of the family Coraciadæ. The name alludes to their habit of suddenly turning over or "tumbling" in flight. Note: Many of the species are brilliantly colored. The common European species (Coracias garrula) has the head, neck, and under parts light blue varied with green, the scapulars chestnut brown, and the tail blue, green, and black. The broad-billed rollers of India and Africa belong to the genus Eurystomus, as the oriental roller (E. orientalis), and the Australian roller, or dollar bird (E. Pacificus). The latter is dark brown on the head and neck, sea green on the back, and bright blue on the throat, base of the tail, and parts of the wings. It has a silvery-white spot on the middle of each wing. 10. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of small ground snakes of the family Tortricidæ. Ground roller (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Madagascar rollers belonging to Atelornis and allied genera. They are nocturnal birds, and feed on the ground. -- Roller bolt, the bar in a carriage to which the traces are attached; a whiffletree. [Eng.] -- Roller gin, a cotton gin inn which rolls are used for separating the seeds from the fiber. -- Roller mill. See under Mill. -- Roller skate, a skate which has small wheels in the place of the metallic runner; -- designed for use in skating upon a smooth, hard surface, other than ice. ROLLER BEARING Roll"er bear"ing. (Mach.) Defn: A bearing containing friction rollers. ROLLER COASTER Roller coaster. Defn: An amusement railroad in which cars coast by gravity over a long winding track, with steep pitches and ascents. ROLLEY Rol"ley, n. Etym: [Probably fr. roll.] Defn: A small wagon used for the underground work of a mine. Tomlison. ROLLIC Rol"lic, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rollicked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rollicking.] Etym: [Corrupt. fr. frolic, under the influence of roll.] Defn: To move or play in a careless, swaggering manner, with a frolicsome air; to frolic; to sport; commonly in the form rollicking. [Colloq.] He described his friends as rollicking blades. T. Hook. ROLLICHE; ROLLEJEE; ROLLICHIE Rol"li*che, n. [Also Rol"le*jee, Rol"li*chie.] [D. rolletje a little roll.] Defn: A kind of sausage, made in a bag of tripe, sliced and fried, famous among the Dutch of New Amsterdam and still known, esp. in New Jersey. ROLLING Roll"ing, a. 1. Rotating on an axis, or moving along a surface by rotation; turning over and over as if on an axis or a pivot; as, a rolling wheel or ball. 2. Moving on wheels or rollers, or as if on wheels or rollers; as, a rolling chair. 3. Having gradual, rounded undulations of surface; as, a rolling country; rolling land. [U.S.] Rolling bridge. See the Note under Drawbridge. -- Rolling circle of a paddle wheel, the circle described by the point whose velocity equals the velocity of the ship. J. Bourne. -- Rolling fire (Mil.), a discharge of firearms by soldiers in line, in quick succession, and in the order in which they stand. -- Rolling friction, that resistance to motion experienced by one body rolling upon another which arises from the roughness or other quality of the surfaces in contact. -- Rolling mill, a mill furnished with heavy rolls, between which heated metal is passed, to form it into sheets, rails, etc. -- Rolling press. (a) A machine for calendering cloth by pressure between revolving rollers. (b) A printing press with a roller, used in copperplate printing. -- Rolling stock, or Rolling plant, the locomotives and vehicles of a railway. -- Rolling tackle (Naut.), tackle used to steady the yards when the ship rolls heavily. R. H. Dana, Jr. ROLLING-PIN Roll"ing-pin`, n. Defn: A cylindrical piece of wood or other material, with which paste or dough may be rolled out and reduced to a proper thickness. ROLLWAY Roll"way`, n. Defn: A place prepared for rolling logs into a stream. ROLLY-POLY Roll"y-po`ly, n. Defn: A kind of pudding made of paste spread with fruit, rolled into a cylindrical form, and boiled or steamed. -- a. Defn: Shaped like a rolly-poly; short and stout. [Written also roly- poly.] ROLLY-POOLY Roll"y-pool`y, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A game in which a ball, rolling into a certain place, wins. [Written also rouly-pouly.] ROLY-POLY Ro"ly-po`ly, n. & a. Defn: Rolly-poly. ROMAGE Rom"age, n. & v. Defn: See Rummage. [Obs.] Shak. ROMAIC Ro*ma"ic, a. Etym: [NGr. romaïque. See Roman.] Defn: Of or relating to modern Greece, and especially to its language. -- n. Defn: The modern Greek language, now usually called by the Greeks Hellenic or Neo-Hellenic. Note: The Greeks at the time of the capture of Constantinople were proud of being "Romai^oi, or Romans . . . Hence the term Romaic was the name given to the popular language. . . . The Greek language is now spoken of as the Hellenic language. Encyc. Brit. ROMAJIKAI Ro"ma*ji*ka`i, n. [Jap. romajikai.] Defn: An association, including both Japanese and Europeans, having for its object the changing of the Japanese method of writing by substituting Roman letters for Japanese characters. ROMAN Ro"man, a. Etym: [L. Romanus, fr. Roma Rome: cf. F. romain. Cf. Romaic, Romance, Romantic.] 1. Of or pertaining to Rome, or the Roman people; like or characteristic of Rome, the Roman people, or things done by Romans; as, Roman fortitude; a Roman aqueduct; Roman art. 2. Of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic religion; professing that religion. 3. (Print.) (a) Upright; erect; -- said of the letters or kind of type ordinarily used, as distinguished from Italic characters. (b) Expressed in letters, not in figures, as I., IV., i., iv., etc.; -- said of numerals, as distinguished from the Arabic numerals, 1, 4, etc. Roman alum (Chem.), a cubical potassium alum formerly obtained in large quantities from Italian alunite, and highly valued by dyers on account of its freedom from iron. -- Roman balance, a form of balance nearly resembling the modern steelyard. See the Note under Balance, n., 1. -- Roman candle, a kind of firework (generally held in the hand), characterized by the continued emission of shower of sparks, and the ejection, at intervals, of brilliant balls or stars of fire which are thrown upward as they become ignited. -- Roman Catholic, of, pertaining to, or the religion of that church of which the pope is the spiritual head; as, a Roman Catholic priest; the Roman Catholic Church. -- Roman cement, a cement having the property of hardening under water; a species of hydraulic cement. -- Roman law. See under Law. -- Roman nose, a nose somewhat aquiline. -- Roman ocher, a deep, rich orange color, transparent and durable, used by artists. Ure. -- Roman order (Arch.), the composite order. See Composite, a., 2. ROMAN Ro"man, n. 1. A native, or permanent resident, of Rome; a citizen of Rome, or one upon whom certain rights and privileges of a Roman citizen were conferred. 2. Roman type, letters, or print, collectively; -- in distinction from Italics. ROMAN CALENDAR Roman calendar. Defn: The calendar of the ancient Romans, from which our modern calendars are derived. It is said to have consisted originally of ten months, Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December, having a total of 304 days. Numa added two months, Januarius at the beginning of the year, and Februarius at the end, making in all 355 days. He also ordered an intercalary month, Mercedinus, to be inserted every second year. Later the order of the months was changed so that January should come before February. Through abuse of power by the pontiffs to whose care it was committed, this calendar fell into confusion. It was replaced by the Julian calendar. In designating the days of the month, the Romans reckoned backward from three fixed points, the calends, the nones, and the ides. The calends were always the first day of the month. The ides fell on the 15th in March, May, July (Quintilis), and October, and on the 13th in other months. The nones came on the eighth day (the ninth, counting the ides) before the ides. Thus, Jan. 13 was called the ides of January, Jan. 12, the day before the ides, and Jan. 11, the third day before the ides (since the ides count as one), while Jan. 14 was the 19th day before the calends of February. ROMANCE Ro*mance", n. Etym: [OE. romance, romant, romaunt, OF. romanz, romans, romant, roman, F. roman, romance, fr. LL. Romanice in the Roman language, in the vulgar tongue, i. e., in the vulgar language which sprang from Latin, the language of the Romans, and hence applied to fictitious compositions written in this vulgar tongue; fr. L. Romanicus Roman, fr. Romanus. See Roman, and cf. Romanic, Romaunt, Romansch, Romanza.] 1. A species of fictitious writing, originally composed in meter in the Romance dialects, and afterward in prose, such as the tales of the court of Arthur, and of Amadis of Gaul; hence, any fictitious and wonderful tale; a sort of novel, especially one which treats of surprising adventures usually befalling a hero or a heroine; a tale of extravagant adventures, of love, and the like. "Romances that been royal." Chaucer. Upon these three columns -- chivalry, gallantry, and religion -- repose the fictions of the Middle Ages, especially those known as romances. These, such as we now know them, and such as display the characteristics above mentioned, were originally metrical, and chiefly written by nations of the north of France. Hallam. 2. An adventure, or series of extraordinary events, resembling those narrated in romances; as, his courtship, or his life, was a romance. 3. A dreamy, imaginative habit of mind; a disposition to ignore what is real; as, a girl full of romance. 4. The languages, or rather the several dialects, which were originally forms of popular or vulgar Latin, and have now developed into Italian. Spanish, French, etc. (called the Romanic languages). 5. (Mus.) Defn: A short lyric tale set to music; a song or short instrumental piece in ballad style; a romanza. Syn. -- Fable; novel; fiction; tale. ROMANCE Ro*mance", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the language or dialects known as Romance. ROMANCE Ro*mance", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Romanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Romancing.] Defn: To write or tell romances; to indulge in extravagant stories. A very brave officer, but apt to romance. Walpole. ROMANCER Ro*man"cer, n. Defn: One who romances. ROMANCIST Ro*man"cist, n. Defn: A romancer. [R.] ROMANCY Ro*man"cy, a. Defn: Romantic. [R.] ROMANESQUE Ro`man*esque", a. Etym: [F. romanesque; cf. It. romanesco.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: Somewhat resembling the Roman; -- applied sometimes to the debased style of the later Roman empire, but esp. to the more developed architecture prevailing from the 8th century to the 12th. 2. Of or pertaining to romance or fable; fanciful. Romanesque style (Arch.), that which grew up from the attempts of barbarous people to copy Roman architecture and apply it to their own purposes. This term is loosely applied to all the styles of Western Europe, from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the appearance of Gothic architecture. ROMANESQUE Ro`man*esque", n. Defn: Romanesque style. ROMANIC Ro*man"ic, a. Etym: [L. Romanicus. See Romance, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to Rome or its people. 2. Of or pertaining to any or all of the various languages which, during the Middle Ages, sprung out of the old Roman, or popular form of Latin, as the Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Provencal, etc. 3. Related to the Roman people by descent; -- said especially of races and nations speaking any of the Romanic tongues. Romanic spelling, spelling by means of the letters of the Roman alphabet, as in English; -- contrasted with phonetic spelling. ROMANISH Ro"man*ish, a. Defn: Pertaining to Romanism. ROMANISM Ro"man*ism, n. Defn: The tenets of the Church of Rome; the Roman Catholic religion. ROMANIST Ro"man*ist, n. Defn: One who adheres to Romanism. ROMANIZE Ro"man*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Romanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Romanizing.] 1. To Latinize; to fill with Latin words or idioms. [R.] Dryden. 2. To convert to the Roman Catholic religion. ROMANIZE Ro"man*ize, v. i. 1. To use Latin words and idioms. "Apishly Romanizing." Milton. 2. To conform to Roman Catholic opinions, customs, or modes of speech. ROMANIZER Ro"man*i`zer, n. Defn: One who Romanizes. ROMANSCH Ro*mansch", n. Etym: [Grisons rumansch, rumonsch, romonsch. See Romance.] Defn: The language of the Grisons in Switzerland, a corruption of the Latin. [Written also Romansch, and Rumonsch.] ROMANT Ro*mant", n. Defn: A romaunt. [Obs.] ROMANTIC Ro*man"tic, a. Etym: [F. romantique, fr. OF. romant. See Romance.] 1. Of or pertaining to romance; involving or resembling romance; hence, fanciful; marvelous; extravagant; unreal; as, a romantic tale; a romantic notion; a romantic undertaking. Can anything in nature be imagined more profane and impious, more absurd, and undeed romantic, than such a persuasion South. Zeal for the good of one's country a party of men have represented as chimerical and romantic. Addison. 2. Entertaining ideas and expectations suited to a romance; as, a romantic person; a romantic mind. 3. Of or pertaining to the style of the Christian and popular literature of the Middle Ages, as opposed to the classical antique; of the nature of, or appropriate to, that style; as, the romantic school of poets. 4. Characterized by strangeness or variety; suggestive of adventure; suited to romance; wild; picturesque; -- applied to scenery; as, a romantic landscape. Syn. -- Sentimental; fanciful; fantastic; fictitious; extravagant; wild; chimerical. See Sentimental. The romantic drama. See under Drama. ROMANTICAL Ro*man"tic*al, a. Defn: Romantic. ROMANTICALY Ro*man"tic*al*y, adv. Defn: In a romantic manner. ROMANTICISM Ro*man"ti*cism, n. Etym: [CF. It. romanticismo, F. romantisme, romanticisme.] Defn: A fondness for romantic characteristics or peculiarities; specifically, in modern literature, an aiming at romantic effects; -- applied to the productions of a school of writers who sought to revive certain medi He [Lessing] may be said to have begun the revolt from pseudo- classicism in poetry, and to have been thus unconsciously the founder of romanticism. Lowell. ROMANTICIST Ro*man"ti*cist, n. Defn: One who advocates romanticism in modern literature. J. R. Seeley. ROMANTICLY Ro*man"tic*ly, adv. Defn: Romantically. [R.] Strype. ROMANTICNESS Ro*man"tic*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being romantic; widness; fancifulness. Richardson. ROMANY Rom"a*ny, n. Etym: [Gypsy romano, romani, adj., gypsy; cf. rom husband.] 1. A gypsy. 2. The language spoken among themselves by the gypsies. [Written also Rommany.] ROMANZA Ro*man"za, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: See Romance,5. ROMAUNT Ro*maunt", n. Etym: [See Romance.] Defn: A romantic story in verse; as, the "Romaunt of the Rose." O, hearken, loving hearts and bold, Unto my wild romaunt. Mrs. Browning. ROMBLE Rom"ble, v.& n. Defn: Rumble. [Obs.] Chaucer. ROMBOWLINE Rom*bow"line, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) Defn: Old, condemned canvas, rope, etc., unfit for use except in chafing gear. [Written also rumbowline.] ROMEINE; ROMEITE Ro"me*ine, Ro"me*ite, n. Etym: [F. roméine. So calledafter the French mineralogist Romé L'Isle.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a hyacinth or honey-yellow color, occuring in square octahedrons. It is an antimonate of calcium. ROMEKIN Rome"kin, n. Etym: [CF. Rummer.] Defn: A drinking cup. [Written also romkin.] [Obs.] Halliwell. ROME PENNY; ROME SCOT Rome" pen`ny, or; Rome" scot`. Defn: See Peter pence, under Peter. ROMEWARD Rome"ward, adv. Defn: Toward Rome, or toward the Roman Catholic Church. ROMEWARD Rome"ward, a. Defn: Tending or directed toward Rome, or toward the Roman Catholic Church. To analyze the crisis in its Anglican rather than in its Romeward aspect. Gladstone. ROMIC Rom"ic, n. Defn: A method of notation for all spoken sounds, proposed by Mr. Sweet; -- so called because it is based on the common Roman-letter alphabet. It is like the palæotype of Mr. Ellis in the general plan, but simpler. ROMISH Rom"ish, a. Defn: Belonging or relating to Rome, or to the Roman Catholic Church; -- frequently used in a disparaging sense; as, the Romish church; the Romish religion, ritual, or ceremonies. ROMIST Rom"ist, n. Defn: A Roman Catholic. [R.] South. ROMP Romp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Romped; p. pr. & vb. n. Romping.] Etym: [A variant of ramp. See Ramp to leap, Rampallian.] Defn: To play rudely and boisterously; to leap and frisk about in play. ROMP Romp, n. 1. A girl who indulges in boisterous play. 2. Rude, boisterous play or frolic; rough sport. While romp-loving miss Is hauled about in gallantry robust. Thomson. ROMPING Romp"ing, a. Defn: Inclined to romp; indulging in romps. A little romping girl from boarding school. W. Irving. ROMPINGLY Romp"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a romping manner. ROMPISH Romp"ish, a. Defn: Given to rude play; inclined to romp. --- Romp"ish, adv. -- Romp"ish*ness, n. ROMPU Rom"pu, a. Etym: [F. rompu, p. p. of rompre to breeak, L. rumpere. See Rupture.] (Her.) Defn: Broken, as an ordinary; cut off, or broken at the top, as a chevron, a bend, or the like. RONCADOR Ron`ca*dor", n. Etym: [Sp., a snorer, fr. roncar to snore. So called in allusion to the grunting noise made by them on being taken from the water. ] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of California sciænoid food fishes, especially Roncador Stearnsi, which is an excellent market fish, and the red roncador (Corvina, or Johnius, saturna). RONCHIL Ron"chil, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. ronquillo slightly hoarse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An American marine food fish (Bathymaster signatus) of the North Pacific coast, allied to the tilefish. [Written also ronquil.] RONCO Ron"co, n. Etym: [Sp. ronco hoarse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Croaker, n., 2. (a). [Texas] RONDACHE Ron`dache", n. Etym: [F.] (Anc. Armor.) Defn: A circular shield carried by foot soldiers. RONDE Ronde, n. Etym: [F.] (Print.) Defn: A kind of script in which the heavy strokes are nearly upright, giving the characters when taken together a round look. RONDEAU Ron*deau", n. Etym: [F. See Roundel.] [Written also rondo.] 1. A species of lyric poetry so composed as to contain a refrain or repetition which recurs according to a fixed law, and a limited number of rhymes recurring also by rule. Note: When the rondeau was called the rondel it was mostly written in fourteen octosyllabic lines of two rhymes, as in the rondels of Charles d'Orleans. . . . In the 17th century the approved form of the rondeau was a structure of thirteen verses with a refrain. Encyc. Brit. 2. (Mus.) Defn: See Rondo,1. RONDEL Ron"del, n. Etym: [Cf. Rondeau, Roundel.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A small round tower erected at the foot of a bastion. [Obs.] 2. Etym: [F.] (a) Same as Rondeau. (b) Specifically, a particular form of rondeau containing fourteen lines in two rhymes, the refrain being a repetition of the first and second lines as the seventh and eighth, and again as the thirteenth and fourteenth. E. W. Gosse. RONDELETIA Ron`de*le"ti*a, n. Etym: [NL. So named after William Rondelet, a French naturalist.] (Bot.) Defn: A tropical genus of rubiaceous shrubs which often have brilliant flowers. RONDLE Ron"dle, n. Etym: [Cf. Rondel.] 1. A rondeau. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. A round mass, plate, or disk; especially (Metal.), the crust or scale which forms upon the surface of molten metal in the crucible. RONDO Ron"do, n. Etym: [It. rondò, fr. F. rondeau. See Rondeau.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A composition, vocal or instrumental, commonly of a lively, cheerful character, in which the first strain recurs after each of the other strains. "The Rondo-form was the earliest and most frequent definite mold for musical construction." Grove. 2. (Poetry) Defn: See Rondeau, 1. RONDURE Ron"dure, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rondeur roundness.] 1. A round; a circle. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Roundness; plumpness. [R.] High-kirtled for the chase, and what was shown Of maiden rondure, like the rose half-blown. Lowell. RONG Rong, obs. Defn: imp. & p. p. of Ring. Chaucer. RONG Rong, n. Defn: Rung (of a ladder). [Obs.] Chaucer. RONGEUR Ron`geur", n. Etym: [F., fr. ronger to gnaw.] (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for removing small rough portions of bone. RONIN Ro"nin", n. [Jap. ro-nin, fr. Chin. lang profligate, lawless + jên (old sound nin) man.] Defn: In Japan, under the feudal system, a samurai who had renounced his clan or who had been discharged or ostracized and had become a wanderer without a lord; an outcast; an outlaw. RONION; RONYON Ron"ion, Ron"yon, n. Etym: [F. rogne scab, mange.] Defn: A mangy or scabby creature. "Aroint thee, with!" the rump-fed ronyon cries. Shak. RONNE; RONNEN Ron"ne, Defn: obs. imp. pl., and Ron"nen (, Defn: obs. p. p. of Renne, to run. Chaucer. RONT Ront, n. Etym: [See Runt.] Defn: A runt. [Obs.] Spenser. RONTGEN Rönt"gen, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the German physicist Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen, or the rays discovered by him; as, Röntgen apparatus. RONTGENIZE Rönt"gen*ize, v. t. (Physics) Defn: To render (air or other gas) conducting by the passage of Röntgen rays. RONTGEN RAY Röntgen ray. (Physics) Defn: Any of the rays produced when cathode rays strike upon surface of a solid (as the wall of the vacuum tube). Röntgen rays are noted for their penetration of many opaque substances, as wood and flesh, their action on photographic plates, and their fluorescent effects. They were called X rays by their discoverer, W. K. Röntgen. They also ionize gases, but cannot be reflected, or polarized, or deflected by a magnetic field. They are regarded as nonperiodic, transverse pulses in the ether. They are used in examining opaque objects, as for locating fractures or bullets in the human body. ROOD Rood, n. Etym: [AS. rr, D. roede rod, G. ruthe, rute, OHG. ruota. CF. Rod a measure.] 1. A representation in sculpture or in painting of the cross with Christ hanging on it. Note: Generally, the Trinity is represented, the Father as an elderly man fully clothed, with a nimbus around his head, and holding the cross on which the Son is represented as crucified, the Holy Spirit descending in the form of a dove near the Son's head. Figures of the Virgin Mary and of St. John are often placed near the principal figures. Savior, in thine image seen Bleeding on that precious rood. Wordsworth. 2. A measure of five and a half yards in length; a red; a perch; a pole. [Prov.Eng.] 3. The fourth part of an acre, or forty square rods. By the rood, by the cross; -- a phrase formerly used in swearing. "No, by the road, not so." Shak. -- Rood beam (Arch.), a beam across the chancel of a church, supporting the road. -- Rood loft (Arch.), a loft or gallery, in a church, on which the rood and its appendagess were set up to view. Gwilt. -- Rood screen (Arch.), a screen, between the choir and the body of the church, over which the rood was placed. Fairholt. -- Rood tower (Arch.), a tower at the intersection of the nave and transept of a church; -- when crowned with a spire it was called also rood steeple. Weale. -- Rood tree, the cross. [Obs.] "Died upon the rood tree." Gower. ROODEBOK Roo"de*bok, n. Etym: [D. rood red + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The pallah. ROODY Rood"y, a. Defn: Rank in growth. [Prov.Eng.] ROOF Roof, n. Etym: [OE. rof, AS. hr top, roof; akin to D. roef cabin, Icel. hr a shed under which ships are built or kept; cf. OS. hr roof, Goth. hr. Cf. Roost.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: The cover of any building, including the roofing (see Roofing) and all the materials and construction necessary to carry and maintain the same upon the walls or other uprights. In the case of a building with vaulted ceilings protected by an outer roof, some writers call the vault the roof, and the outer protection the roof mask. It is better, however, to consider the vault as the ceiling only, in cases where it has farther covering. 2. That which resembles, or corresponds to, the covering or the ceiling of a house; as, the roof of a cavern; the roof of the mouth. The flowery roof Showered roses, which the morn repaired. Milton. 3. (Mining.) Defn: The surface or bed of rock immediately overlying a bed of coal or a flat vein. Bell roof, French roof, etc. (Arch.) See under Bell, French, etc. -- Flat roof. (Arch.) (a) A roof actually horizontal and level, as in some Oriental buildings. (b) A roof nearly horizontal, constructed of such material as allows the water to run off freely from a very slight inclination. -- Roof plate. (Arch.) See Plate, n., 10. ROOF Roof, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roofed; p. pr. & vb. n. Roofing.] 1. To cover with a roof. I have not seen the remains of any Roman buildings that have not been roofed with vaults or arches. Addison. 2. To inclose in a house; figuratively, to shelter. Here had we now our country's honor roofed. Shak. ROOFER Roof"er, n. Defn: One who puts on roofs. ROOFING Roof"ing, n. 1. The act of covering with a roof. 2. The materials of which a roof is composed; materials for a roof. Gwilt. 3. Hence, the roof itself; figuratively, shelter. "Fit roofing gave." Southey. 4. (Mining) Defn: The wedging, as of a horse or car, against the top of an underground passage. Raymond. ROOFLESS Roof"less, a. 1. Having no roof; as, a roofless house. 2. Having no house or home; shelterless; homeless. ROOFLET Roof"let, n. Defn: A small roof, covering, or shelter. ROOFTREE Roof"tree`, n. Defn: The beam in the angle of a roof; hence, the roof itself. Now for me the woods may wither, now for me the rooftree fall. Tennyson. ROOFY Roof`y, a. Defn: Having roofs. [R.] Dryden. ROOK Rook, n. Defn: Mist; fog. See Roke. [Obs.] ROOK Rook, v. i. Defn: To squat; to ruck. [Obs.] Shak. ROOK Rook, n. Etym: [F. roc (cf. Sp. roque), fr. Per. & Ar. rokh, or rukh, the rook or castle at chess, also the bird roc (in this sense pehaps a different word); cf. Hind. rath a war chariot, the castle at chess, Skr. ratha a car, a war car. Cf. Roll.] (Chess) Defn: One of the four pieces placed on the corner squares of the board; a castle. ROOK Rook, n. Etym: [AS. hr; akin to OHG. hruoh, ruoh, ruoho, Icel. hr, Sw. roka, Dan. raage; cf. Goth. hrukjan to crow.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European bird (Corvus frugilegus) resembling the crow, but smaller. It is black, with purple and violet reflections. The base of the beak and the region around it are covered with a rough, scabrous skin, which in old birds is whitish. It is gregarious in its habits. The name is also applied to related Asiatic species. The rook . . . should be treated as the farmer's friend. Pennant. 2. A trickish, rapacious fellow; a cheat; a sharper. Wycherley. ROOK Rook, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rooked; p. pr. & vb. n. Rooking.] Defn: To cheat; to defraud by cheating. "A band of rooking officials." Milton. ROOKERY Rook"er*y, n.; pl. Rookeries (. 1. The breeding place of a colony of rooks; also, the birds themselves. Tennyson. 2. A breeding place of other gregarious birds, as of herons, penguins, etc. 3. The breeding ground of seals, esp. of the fur seals. 4. A dilapidated building with many rooms and occupants; a cluster of dilapidated or mean buildings. 5. A brothel. [Low] ROOKY Rook"y, a. Etym: [See Roky.] Defn: Misty; gloomy. [Obs.] Light thickens, and the crow Makes wing to the rooky wood. Shak. Note: Some make this Shakespearean word mean "abounding in rooks." ROOM Room, n. Etym: [OE. roum, rum, space, AS. rum; akin to OS., OFries. & Icel. rum, D. ruim, G. raum, OHG. rum, Sw. & Dan. rum, Goth. rums, and to AS. rum, adj., spacious, D. ruim, Icel. rumr, Goth. rums; and prob. to L. rus country (cf. Rural), Zend ravanh wide, free, open, ravan a plain.] 1. Unobstructed spase; space which may be occupied by or devoted to any object; compass; extent of place, great or small; as, there is not room for a house; the table takes up too much room. Lord, it is done as thou hast commanded, and yet there is room. Luke xiv. 22. There was no room for them in the inn. Luke ii. 7. 2. A particular portion of space appropriated for occupancy; a place to sit, stand, or lie; a seat. If he have but twelve pence in his purse, he will give it for the best room in a playhouse. Overbury. When thou art bidden of any man to a wedding, sit not down in the highest room. Luke xiv. 8. 3. Especially, space in a building or ship inclosed or set apart by a partition; an apartment or chamber. I found the prince in the next room. Shak. 4. Place or position in society; office; rank; post; station; also, a place or station once belonging to, or occupied by, another, and vacated. [Obs.] When he heard that Archelaus did reign in Judea in the room of his father Herod. Matt. ii. 22. Neither that I look for a higher room in heaven. Tyndale. Let Bianca take her sister's room. Shak. 5. Possibility of admission; ability to admit; opportunity to act; fit occasion; as, to leave room for hope. There was no prince in the empire who had room for such an alliance. Addison. Room and space (Shipbuilding), the distance from one side of a rib to the corresponding side of the next rib; space being the distance between two ribs, in the clear, and room the width of a rib. -- To give room, to withdraw; to leave or provide space unoccupied for others to pass or to be seated. -- To make room, to open a space, way, or passage; to remove obstructions; to give room. Make room, and let him stand before our face. Shak. Syn. -- Space; compass; scope; latitude. ROOM Room, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rooming.] Defn: To occupy a room or rooms; to lodge; as, they arranged to room together. ROOM Room, a. Etym: [AS. rum.] Defn: Spacious; roomy. [Obs.] No roomer harbour in the place. Chaucer. ROOMAGE Room"age, n. Etym: [From Room. CF. Rummage.] Defn: Space; place; room. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. ROOMER Room"er, n. Defn: A lodger. [Colloq.] ROOMER Room"er, adv. Etym: [See Room, a.] Defn: At a greater distance; farther off. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington. ROOMFUL Room"ful, a. Defn: Abounding with room or rooms; roomy. "A roomful house." [R.] Donne. ROOMFUL Room"ful, n.; pl. Roomfuls (. Defn: As much or many as a room will hold; as, a roomful of men. Swift. ROOMILY Room"i*ly, adv. Defn: Spaciously. ROOMINESS Room"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being roomy; spaciousness; as, the roominess of a hall. ROOMLESS Room"less, a. Defn: Being without room or rooms. Udall. ROOMMATE Room"mate`, n. Defn: One of twe or more occupying the same room or rooms; one who shares the occupancy of a room or rooms; a chum. ROOMSOME Room"some, a. Defn: Roomy. [Obs.] Evelyn. ROOMTH Roomth, n. Defn: Room; space. [Obs.] Drayton. ROOMTHY Roomth"y, a. Defn: Roomy; spacious. [Obs.] Fuller. ROOMY Room"y, a. Defn: Having ample room; spacious; large; as, a roomy mansion; a roomy deck. Dryden. ROON Roon, a. & n. Defn: Vermilion red; red. [R.] Her face was like the lily roon. J. R. Drake. ROOP Roop, n. Defn: See Roup. [Prov. Eng.] ROORBACK; ROORBACH Roor"back, Roor"bach, n. Defn: A defamatory forgery or falsehood published for purposes of political intrigue. [U.S.] Note: The word originated in the election canvass of 1844, when such a forgery was published, to the detriment of James K. Polk, a candidate for President, purporting to be an extract from the "Travels of Baron Roorbach." ROOSA OIL Roo"sa oil`. Defn: The East Indian name for grass oil. See under Grass. ROOST Roost, n. Defn: Roast. [Obs.] Chaucer. ROOST Roost, v. t. Defn: See Roust, v. t. ROOST Roost, n. Etym: [AS. hrost; akin to OD. roest roost, roesten to roost, and probably to E. roof. Cf. Roof.] 1. The pole or other support on which fowls rest at night; a perch. He clapped his wings upon his roost. Dryden. 2. A collection of fowls roosting together. At roost, on a perch or roost; hence, retired to rest. ROOST Roost, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roosting.] 1. To sit, rest, or sleep, as fowls on a pole, limb of a tree, etc.; to perch. Wordsworth. 2. Fig.; To lodge; to rest; to sleep. O, let me where thy roof my soul hath hid, O, let me roost and nestle there. Herbert. ROOSTCOCK Roost"cock`, n. Defn: The male of the domestic fowl; a cock. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. ROOSTER Roost"er, n. Defn: The male of the domestic fowl; a cock. [U.S.] Nor, when they [the Skinners and Cow Boys] wrung the neck of a rooster, did they trouble their heads whether he crowed for Congress or King George. W. Irving. ROOT Root, v. i. Etym: [AS. wrotan; akin to wrot a snout, trunk, D. wroeten to root, G. rüssel snout, trunk, proboscis, Icel. rota to root, and perhaps to L. rodere to gnaw (E. rodent) or to E. root, n.] 1. To turn up the earth with the snout, as swine. 2. Hence, to seek for favor or advancement by low arts or groveling servility; to fawn servilely. ROOT Root, v. t. Defn: To turn up or to dig out with the snout; as, the swine roots the earth. ROOT Root, n. Etym: [Icel. rot (for vrot); akin to E. wort, and perhaps to root to turn up the earth. See Wort.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The underground portion of a plant, whether a true root or a tuber, a bulb or rootstock, as in the potato, the onion, or the sweet flag. (b) The descending, and commonly branching, axis of a plant, increasing in length by growth at its extremity only, not divided into joints, leafless and without buds, and having for its offices to fix the plant in the earth, to supply it with moisture and soluble matters, and sometimes to serve as a reservoir of nutriment for future growth. A true root, however, may never reach the ground, but may be attached to a wall, etc., as in the ivy, or may hang loosely in the air, as in some epiphytic orchids. 2. An edible or esculent root, especially of such plants as produce a single root, as the beet, carrot, etc.; as, the root crop. 3. That which resembles a root in position or function, esp. as a source of nourishment or support; that from which anything proceeds as if by growth or development; as, the root of a tooth, a nail, a cancer, and the like. Specifically: (a) An ancestor or progenitor; and hence, an early race; a stem. They were the roots out of which sprang two distinct people. Locke. (b) A primitive form of speech; one of the earliest terms employed in language; a word from which other words are formed; a radix, or radical. (c) The cause or occasion by which anything is brought about; the source. "She herself . . . is root of bounty." Chaucer. The love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. 1 Tim. vi. 10 (rev. Ver. ) (d) (Math.) Defn: That factor of a quantity which when multiplied into itself will produce that quantity; thus, 3 is a root of 9, because 3 multiplied into itself produces 9; 3 is the cube root of 27. (e) (Mus.) The fundamental tone of any chord; the tone from whose harmonics, or overtones, a chord is composed. Busby. (f) The lowest place, position, or part. "Deep to the roots of hell." Milton. "The roots of the mountains." Southey. 4. (Astrol.) Defn: The time which to reckon in making calculations. When a root is of a birth yknowe [known]. Chaucer. Aërial roots. (Bot.) (a) Small roots emitted from the stem of a plant in the open air, which, attaching themselves to the bark of trees, etc., serve to support the plant. (b) Large roots growing from the stem, etc., which descend and establish themselves in the soil. See Illust. of Mangrove. -- Multiple primary root (Bot.), a name given to the numerous roots emitted from the radicle in many plants, as the squash. -- Primary root (Bot.), the central, first-formed, main root, from which the rootlets are given off. -- Root and branch, every part; wholly; completely; as, to destroy an error root and branch. -- Root-and-branch men, radical reformers; -- a designation applied to the English Independents (1641). See Citation under Radical, n., 2. -- Root barnacle (Zoöl.), one of the Rhizocephala. -- Root hair (Bot.), one of the slender, hairlike fibers found on the surface of fresh roots. They are prolongations of the superficial cells of the root into minute tubes. Gray. -- Root leaf (Bot.), a radical leaf. See Radical, a., 3 (b). -- Root louse (Zoöl.), any plant louse, or aphid, which lives on the roots of plants, as the Phylloxera of the grapevine. See Phylloxera. -- Root of an equation (Alg.), that value which, substituted for the unknown quantity in an equation, satisfies the equation. -- Root of a nail (Anat.), the part of a nail which is covered by the skin. -- Root of a tooth (Anat.), the part of a tooth contained in the socket and consisting of one or more fangs. -- Secondary roots (Bot.), roots emitted from any part of the plant above the radicle. -- To strike root, To take root, to send forth roots; to become fixed in the earth, etc., by a root; hence, in general, to become planted, fixed, or established; to increase and spread; as, an opinion takes root. "The bended twigs take root." Milton. ROOT Root, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rooting.] 1. To fix the root; to enter the earth, as roots; to take root and begin to grow. In deep grounds the weeds root deeper. Mortimer. 2. To be firmly fixed; to be established. If any irregularity chanced to intervene and to cause misappehensions, he gave them not leave to root and fasten by concealment. Bp. Fell. ROOT Root, v. t. 1. To plant and fix deeply in the earth, or as in the earth; to implant firmly; hence, to make deep or radical; to establish; -- used chiefly in the participle; as, rooted trees or forests; rooted dislike. 2. To tear up by the root; to eradicate; to extirpate; -- with up, out, or away. "I will go root away the noisome weeds." Shak. The Lord rooted them out of their land . . . and cast them into another land. Deut. xxix. 28. ROOTCAP Root"cap`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A mass of parenchym ROOTED Root"ed, a. Defn: Having taken root; firmly implanted; fixed in the heart. "A rooted sorrow." Shak. -- Root"*ed*ly, adv. -- Root"ed*ness, n. ROOTER Rooter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, roots; one that tears up by the roots. ROOTERY Root"er*y, n. Defn: A pile of roots, set with plants, mosses, etc., and used as an ornamental object in gardening. ROOTLESS Root"less, a. Defn: Destitute of roots. ROOTLET Root"let, n. Defn: A radicle; a little root. ROOTSTOCK Root"stock`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A perennial underground stem, producing leafly s ROOTY Root"y, a. Defn: Full of roots; as, rooty ground. ROPALIC Ro*pal"ic, a. Defn: See Rhopalic. ROPE Rope, n. Etym: [AS. rap; akin to D. reep, G. reif ring hoop, Icel. reip rope, Sw. rep, Dan. reb, reeb Goth. skaudaraip latchet.] 1. A large, stout cord, usually one not less than an inch in circumference, made of strands twisted or braided together. It differs from cord, line, and string, only in its size. See Cordage. 2. A row or string consisting of a number of things united, as by braiding, twining, etc.; as, a rope of onions. 3. pl. Defn: The small intestines; as, the ropes of birds. Rope ladder, a ladder made of ropes. -- Rope mat., a mat made of cordage, or strands of old rope. -- Rope of sand, something of no cohession or fiber; a feeble union or tie; something not to be relied upon. -- Rope pump, a pump in which a rapidly running endless rope raises water by the momentum communicated to the water by its adhesion to the rope. -- Rope transmission (Mach.), a method of transmitting power, as between distant places, by means of endless ropes running over grooved pulleys. -- Rope's end, a piece of rope; especially, one used as a lash in inflicting punishment. -- To give one rope, to give one liberty or license; to let one go at will uncheked. ROPE Rope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roped; p. pr. & vb. n. Roping.] Defn: To be formed into rope; to draw out or extend into a filament or thread, as by means of any glutinous or adhesive quality. Let us not hang like ropingicicles Upon our houses' thatch. Shak. ROPE Rope, v. t. 1. To bind, fasten, or tie with a rope or cord; as, to rope a bale of goods. Hence: -- 2. To connect or fasten together, as a party of mountain climbers, with a rope. 3. To partition, separate, or divide off, by means of a rope, so as to include or exclude something; as, to rope in, or rope off, a plot of ground; to rope out a crowd. 4. To lasso (a steer, horse). [Colloq. U.S.] 5. To draw, as with a rope; to entice; to inveigle; to decoy; as, to rope in customers or voters. [Slang, U.S.] 6. To prevent from winning (as a horse), by pulling or curbing. [Racing Slang, Eng.] ROPEBAND Rope"band`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A small piece of spun yarn or marline, used to fasten the head of the sail to the spar. [Written also roband, and robbin.] ROPEDANCER Rope"dan`cer, n. Defn: One who dances, walks, or performs acrobatic feats, on a rope extended through the air at some height. -- Rope"dan`cing, n. ROPER Rop"er, n. 1. A maker of ropes. P. Plowman. 2. One who ropes goods; a packer. 3. One fit to be hanged. [Old Slang] Douce. ROPERY Rop"er*y, n. 1. A place where ropes are made. 2. Tricks deserving the halter; roguery. [Obs.] "Saucy merchant . . . so full of his ropery." Shak. ROPE'S-END Rope's"-end`, v. t. Defn: To punish with a rope's end. ROPEWALK Rope"walk`, a. Defn: A long, covered walk, or a low, level building, where ropes are manufactured. ROPEWALKER Rope"walk`er, n. Defn: A ropedancer. ROPE-YARN Rope"-yarn`, n. Defn: the yarn or thread of any stuff of which the strands of a rope are made. ROPILY Rop"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a ropy manner; in a viscous or glutinous manner. ROPINESS Rop"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being ropy; viscosity. ROPISH Rop"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat ropy. ROPY Rop"y, a. Defn: capable of being drawn into a thread, as a glutinous substance; stringy; viscous; tenacious; glutinous; as ropy sirup; ropy lees. ROQUE Roque (rok), n. [Abbr. fr. Croquet.] Defn: A form of croquet modified for greater accuracy of play. The court has a wood border often faced with rubber, used as a cushion in bank shots. The balls are 3¼ in. in diameter, the cage (center arches or wickets) 3 3/8 in. wide, the other arches 3½ in. wide. ROQUEFORT CHEESE; ROQUEFORT Roque`fort" cheese, or Roque`fort", n. Defn: A highly flavored blue-molded cheese, made at Roquefort, department of Aveyron, France. It is made from milk of ewes, sometimes with cow's milk added, and is cured in caves. Improperly, a cheese made in imitation of it. ROQUELAURE Roq"ue*laure, n. Etym: [F.; so called after Duc de Roquelaure, in the reign of Louis XIV.] Defn: A cloak reaching about to, or just below, the knees, worn in the 18th century. [Written also roquelo.] ROQUET Ro*quet", v. t. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain] (Croquet) Defn: To hit, as another's ball, with one's own ball. ROQUET Ro*quet", v. i. Defn: To hit another's ball with one's own. RORAL Ro"ral, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew.] Defn: Of or pertaining to dew; consisting of dew; dewy. [R.] M. Green. RORATION Ro*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. roratio, fr. rorare to drop dew, fr. ros dew.] Defn: A falling of dew. [R.] RORIC Ro"ric, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew.] Defn: Of or pertaining to dew; resembling dew; dewy. Roric figures (Physics), figures which appear upon a polished surface, as glass, when objects which have been near to, or in contact with, the surface are removed and the surface breathed upon; -- called also Moser's images. RORID Ro"rid, a. Etym: [L. roridus, fr. ros, roris, dew.] Defn: Dewy; bedewed. [R.] T. Granger. RORIFEROUS Ro*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. rorifer; ros, roris, dew + ferre to bear: cf. F. rorifère.] Defn: generating or producing dew. [R.] RORIFLUENT Ro*rif"lu*ent, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew + fluens, p.pr. of fluere to flow.] Defn: Flowing with dew. [R.] RORQUAL Ror"qual, n. Etym: [Norw. rorqualus a whale with folds.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large North Atlantic whalebone whale (Physalus antiquorum, or Balænoptera physalus). It has a dorsal fin, and strong longitudinal folds on the throat and belly. Called also razorback. Note: It is one of the largest of the whales, somethimes becoming nearly one hundred feet long, but it is more slender than the right whales, and is noted for its swiftness. The name is sometimes applied to other related species of finback whales. RORULENT Ro"ru*lent, a. Etym: [L. rorulentus, from ros, roris, dew.] 1. Full of, or abounding in, dew. [R.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the surface appearing as if dusty, or covered with fine dew. RORY Ro"ry, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew.] Defn: Dewy. [R.] And shook his wings with rory May-dew wet. Fairfax. ROSACEOUS Ro*sa"ceous, a. Etym: [L. rosaceus, fr. rosa rose.] 1. (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Rosaceæ) of which the rose is the type. It includes also the plums and cherries, meadowsweet, brambles, the strawberry, the hawthorn, applies, pears, service tress, and quinces. (b) Like a rose in shape or appearance; as, a rosaceous corolla. 2. Of a pure purpish pink color. ROSACIC Ro*sac"ic, a. Etym: [See Rosaceous.] (Old med. Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (called also lithic acid) found in certain red precipitates of urine. See Uric. [Obs.] ROSALGAR Ro*sal"gar, n. Defn: realgar. [Obs.] chaucer. ROSALIA Ro*sa"li*a, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rosalie.] (Mus.) Defn: A form of melody in which a phrase or passage is successively repeated, each time a step or half step higher; a melodic sequence. ROSANILINE Ros*an"i*line ( or ), n. Etym: [Rose + aniline.] (Chem.) Defn: A complex nitrogenous base, C20H21N3O, obtained by oxidizing a mixture of aniline and toluidine, as a colorless crystalline substance which forms red salts. These salts are essential components of many of the socalled aniline dyes, as fuchsine, aniline red, etc. By extension, any one of the series of substances derived from, or related to, rosaniline proper. ROSARIAN Ro*sa"ri*an, n. Defn: A cultivator of roses. ROSARY Ro"sa*ry, n.; pl. Rosaries. Etym: [LL. rosarium a string of beads, L. rosarium a place planted with roses, rosa a rose: cf. F. rosaire. See Rose.] 1. A bed of roses, or place where roses grow. "Thick rosaries of scented thorn." Tennyson. 2. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: A series of prayers (see Note below) arranged to be recited in order, on beads; also, a string of beads by which the prayers are counted. His idolized book, and the whole rosary of his prayers. Milton. Note: A rosary consists of fifteen decades. Each decade contains ten Ave Marias marked by small beads, preceded by a Paternoster, marked by a larger bead, and concluded by a Gloria Patri. Five decades make a chaplet, a third part of the rosary. Bp. Fitzpatrick. 3. A chapelet; a garland; a series or collection, as of beautiful thoughts or of literary selections. Every day propound to yourself a rosary or chaplet of good works to present to God at night. Jer. Taylor. 4. A coin bearing the figure of a rose, fraudulently circulated in Ireland in the 13th century for a penny. Rosary shell (Zoöl.), any marine gastropod shell of the genus Monodonta. They are top-shaped, bright-colored and pearly. ROSCID Ros"cid, a. Etym: [L. roscidus, fr. ros, roris, dew.] Defn: Containing, or consisting of, dew; dewy. [R.] Bacon. ROSCOELITE Ros"coe*lite, n. Etym: [From an English chemist, H.E. Roscoe + - lite.] (Min.) Defn: A green micaceous mineral occurring in minute scales. It is essentially a silicate of aluminia and potash containing vanadium. ROSE Rose, Defn: imp. of Rise. ROSE Rose, n. Etym: [AS. rose, L. rosa, probably akin to Gr. vard, OPer. vareda; and perhaps to E. wort: cf. F. rose, from the Latin. Cf. Copperas, Rhododendron.] 1. A flower and shrub of any species of the genus Rosa, of which there are many species, mostly found in the morthern hemispere Note: Roses are shrubs with pinnate leaves and usually prickly stems. The flowers are large, and in the wild state have five petals of a color varying from deep pink to white, or sometimes yellow. By cultivation and hybridizing the number of petals is greatly increased and the natural perfume enhanced. In this way many distinct classes of roses have been formed, as the Banksia, Baurbon, Boursalt, China, Noisette, hybrid perpetual, etc., with multitudes of varieties in nearly every class. 2. A knot of ribbon formed like a rose; a rose knot; a rosette, esp. one worn on a shoe. Sha. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A rose window. See Rose window, below. 4. A perforated nozzle, as of a pipe, spout, etc., for delivering water in fine jets; a rosehead; also, a strainer at the foot of a pump. 5. (Med.) Defn: The erysipelas. Dunglison. 6. The card of the mariner's compass; also, a circular card with radiating lines, used in other instruments. 7. The color of a rose; rose-red; pink. 8. A diamond. See Rose diamond, below. Cabbage rose, China rose, etc. See under Cabbage, China, etc. -- Corn rose (Bot.) See Corn poppy, under Corn. -- Infantile rose (Med.), a variety of roseola. -- Jamaica rose. (Bot.) See under Jamaica. -- Rose acacia (Bot.), a low American leguminous shrub (Robinia hispida) with handsome clusters of rose-colored blossoms. -- Rose aniline. (Chem.) Same as Rosaniline. -- Rose apple (Bot.), the fruit of the tropical myrtaceous tree Eugenia Jambos. It is an edible berry an inch or more in diameter, and is said to have a very strong roselike perfume. -- Rose beetle. (Zoöl.) (a) A small yellowish or buff longlegged beetle (Macrodactylus subspinosus), which eats the leaves of various plants, and is often very injurious to rosebushes, apple trees, grapevines, etc. Called also rose bug, and rose chafer. (b) The European chafer. -- Rose bug. (Zoöl.) same as Rose beetle, Rose chafer. -- Rose burner, a kind of gas-burner producing a rose-shaped flame. -- Rose camphor (Chem.), a solid odorless substance which separates from rose oil. -- Rose campion. (Bot.) See under Campion. -- Rose catarrh (Med.), rose cold. -- Rose chafer. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European beetle (Cetonia aurata) which is often very injurious to rosebushes; -- called also rose beetle, and rose fly. (b) The rose beetle (a). -- Rose cold (Med.), a variety of hay fever, sometimes attributed to the inhalation of the effluvia of roses. See Hay fever, under Hay. -- Rose color, the color of a rose; pink; hence, a beautiful hue or appearance; fancied beauty, attractiveness, or promise. -- Rose de Pompadour, Rose du Barry, names succesively given to a delicate rose color used on Sèvres porcelain. -- Rose diamond, a diamond, one side of which is flat, and the other cut into twenty-four triangular facets in two ranges which form a convex face pointed at the top. Cf. Brilliant, n. -- Rose ear. See under Ear. -- Rose elder (Bot.), the Guelder-rose. -- Rose engine, a machine, or an appendage to a turning lathe, by which a surface or wood, metal, etc., is engraved with a variety of curved lines. Craig. -- Rose family (Bot.) the Roseceæ. See Rosaceous. -- Rose fever (Med.), rose cold. -- Rose fly (Zoöl.), a rose betle, or rose chafer. -- Rose gall (Zoöl.), any gall found on rosebushes. See Bedeguar. -- Rose knot, a ribbon, or other pliade band plaited so as to resemble a rose; a rosette. -- Rose lake, Rose madder, a rich tint prepared from lac and madder precipitated on an earthy basis. Fairholt. -- Rose mallow. (Bot.) (a) A name of several malvaceous plants of the genus Hibiscus, with large rose-colored flowers. (b) the hollyhock. -- Rose nail, a nail with a convex, faceted head. -- Rose noble, an ancient English gold coin, stamped with the figure of a rose, first struck in the reign of Edward III., and current at 6s. 8d. Sir W. Scott. -- Rose of China. (Bot.) See China rose (b), under China. -- Rose of Jericho (Bot.), a Syrian cruciferous plant (Anastatica Hierochuntica) which rolls up when dry, and expands again when moistened; -- called also resurrection plant. -- Rose of Sharon (Bot.), an ornamental malvaceous shrub (Hibiscus Syriacus). In the Bible the name is used for some flower not yet identified, perhaps a Narcissus, or possibly the great lotus flower. -- Rose oil (Chem.), the yellow essential oil extracted from various species of rose blossoms, and forming the chief part of attar of roses. -- Rose pink, a pigment of a rose color, made by dyeing chalk or whiting with a decoction of Brazil wood and alum; also, the color of the pigment. -- Rose quartz (Min.), a variety of quartz which is rose-red. -- Rose rash. (Med.) Same as Roseola. -- Rose slug (Zoöl.), the small green larva of a black sawfly (Selandria rosæ). These larvæ feed in groups on the parenchyma of the leaves of rosebushes, and are often abundant and very destructive. -- Rose window (Arch.), a circular window filled with ornamental tracery. Called also Catherine wheel, and marigold window. Cf. wheel window, under Wheel. -- Summer rose (Med.), a variety of roseola. See Roseola. -- Under the rose Etym: [a translation of L. sub rosa], in secret; privately; in a manner that forbids disclosure; -- the rose being among the ancients the symbol of secrecy, and hung up at entertainments as a token that nothing there said was to be divulged. -- Wars of the Roses (Eng. Hist.), feuds between the Houses of York and Lancaster, the white rose being the badge of the House of York, and the red rose of the House of Lancaster. ROSE Rose, v. t. 1. To render rose-colored; to redden; to flush. [Poetic] "A maid yet rosed over with the virgin crimson of modesty." Shak. 2. To perfume, as with roses. [Poetic] Tennyson. ROSEAL Ro"se*al, a. Etym: [L. roseus, fr. rosa a rose.] Defn: resembling a rose in smell or color. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. ROSEATE Ro"se*ate, a. Etym: [Cf. L. roseus, rosatus, prepared from roses. See Roseal, Rose.] 1. Full of roses; rosy; as, roseate bowers. 2. resembling a rose in color or fragrance; esp., tinged with rose color; blooming; as, roseate beauty; her roseate lips. Roseate tern (Zoöl.), an American and European tern (Sterna Dougalli) whose breast is roseate in the breeding season. ROSEBAY Rose"bay`, n. (Bot.) (a) the oleander. [Obs.] (b) Any shrub of the genus Rhododendron. [U.S.] (c) An herb (Epilobium spicatum) with showy purple flowers, common in Europe and North America; -- called also great willow herb. ROSEBUD Rose"bud`, n. Defn: The flower of a rose before it opens, or when but partially open. ROSEBUSH Rose"bush`, n. Defn: The bush or shrub which bears roses. ROSE-COLORED Rose"-col`ored, a. 1. Having the color of a pink rose; rose-pink; of a delicate pink color. 2. Uncommonly beautiful; hence, extravagantly fine or pleasing; alluring; as, rose-colored anticipations. ROSE-CUT Rose"-cut`, a. Defn: Cut flat on the reverse, and with a convex face formed of triangular facets in rows; -- said of diamonds and other precious stones. See Rose diamond, under Rose. Cf. Brilliant, n. ROSEDROP Rose"drop`, n. 1. A lozenge having a rose flavor. 2. A kind of earring. Simmonds. 3. (Med.) Defn: A ruddy eruption upon the nose caused by drinking ardent spirits; a grog blossom. ROSEFINCH Rose"finch, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of Asiatic finches of the genera Carpodacus, and Propasser, and allied genera, in which the male is more or less colored with rose red. ROSEFISH Rose"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large marine scorpænoid food fish (Sebastes marinus) found on the northern coasts of Europe and America. called also red perch, hemdurgan, Norway haddok, and also, erroneously, snapper, bream, and bergylt. Note: When full grown it is usually bright rose-red or orange-red; the young are usually mottled with red and ducky brown. ROSEHEAD Rose"head`, n. 1. See Rose, n., 4. 2. A many-sided pyramidal head upon a nail; also a nail with such a head. ROSEINE Ro"se*ine ( or ), n. Defn: See Magenta. ROSELITE Ro"se*lite, n. Etym: [From the German mineralogist G. Rose + -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous arsenite of cobalt, occuring in small red crystals, allied to erythrite. ROSELLA Ro"sel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. rosa rose.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A beautiful Australian parrakeet (Platycercus eximius) often kept as a cage bird. The head and back of the neck are scarlet, the throat is white, the back dark green varied with lighter green, and the breast yellow. ROSELLE Ro*selle", n. (Bot.) Defn: a malvaceous plant (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) cultivated in the east and West Indies for its fleshy calyxes, which are used for making tarts and jelly and an acid drink. ROSEMALOES Rose`mal"oes, n. Etym: [From the native name; cf. Malay rasamala the name of the tree.] Defn: The liquid storax of the East Indian Liquidambar orientalis. ROSEMARY Rose"ma*ry, n. Etym: [OE. rosmarine, L. rosmarinus; ros dew (cf. Russ. rosa, Lith. rasa, Skr. rasa juice) + marinus marine: cf. F. romarin. In English the word has been changed as if it meant the rose of Mary. See Marine.] Defn: A labiate shrub (Rosmarinus officinalis) with narrow grayish leaves, growing native in the southern part of France, Spain, and Italy, also in Asia Minor and in China. It has a fragrant smell, and a warm, pungent, bitterish taste. It is used in cookery, perfumery, etc., and is an emblem of fidelity or constancy. There's rosemary, that's for remembrance. Shak. Marsh rosemary. (a) A little shrub (Andromeda polifolia) growing in cold swamps and having leaves like those of the rosemary. (b) See under Marsh. -- Rosemary pine, the loblolly pine. See under Loblolly. ROSEN Ros"en, a. Defn: Consisting of roses; rosy. [Obs.] ROSENMULLER'S ORGAN; ROSENMUELLER'S ORGAN Ro"sen*mül`ler's or"gan. Defn: [So named from its first describer, J. C. Rosenmüller, a German anatomist.] (Anat.) The parovarium. ROSEO- Ro"se*o-. (Chem.) Defn: A prefix (also used adjectively) signifying rose-red; specifically used to designate certain rose-red compounds (called roseo-cobaltic compounds) of cobalt with ammonia. Cf. Luteo-. ROSEOLA Ro*se"o*la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. rosa a rose.] (med.) Defn: A rose-colored efflorescence upon the skin, occurring in circumscribed patches of little or no elevation and often alternately fading and reviving; also, an acute specific disease which is characterized by an eruption of this character; -- called also rose rash. -- Ro*se"o*lous, a. ROSE-PINK Rose"-pink`, a. 1. Having a pink color like that of the rose, or like the pigment called rose pink. See Rose pink, under Rose. 2. Disposed to clothe everything with roseate hues; hence, sentimental. "Rose-pink piety." C. Kingsley. ROSER Ros"er, n. Defn: A rosier; a rosebush. [Obs.] ROSE-RED Rose"-red`, a. Defn: Red as a rose; specifically (Zoöl.), of a pure purplish red color. Chaucer. ROSE-RIAL Rose"-ri`al, n. Etym: [See Rose, and Royal.] Defn: A name of several English gold coins struck in different reigns and having having different values; a rose noble. ROSEROOT Rose"root`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A fleshy-leaved herb (Rhodiola rosea); rosewort; -- so called because the roots have the odor of roses. ROSERY Ros"er*y, n. Defn: A place where roses are cultivated; a nursery of roses. See Rosary, 1. ROSET Ro"set, n. Etym: [F. rosette. See Rosette.] Defn: A red color used by painters. Peacham. ROSETTA STONE Ro*set"ta stone`. Defn: A stone found at Rosetta, in Egypt, bearing a trilingual inscription, by aid of which, with other inscriptions, a key was obtained to the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt. Brande & C. ROSETTA WOOD Ro*set"ta wood`. Defn: An east Indian wood of a reddish orange color, handsomely veined with darker marks. It is occasionally used for cabinetwork. Ure. ROSETTE Ro*sette, n. Etym: [F., dim. of rose a rose. Cf. Roset.] 1. An imitation of a rose by means of ribbon or other material, -- used as an ornament or a badge. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An ornament in the form of a rose or roundel, -much used in decoration. 3. A red color. See Roset. 4. A rose burner. See under Rose. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) Any structure having a flowerlike form; especially, the group of five broad ambulacra on the upper side of the spatangoid and clypeastroid sea urchins. See Illust. of Spicule, and Sand dollar, under Sand. (b) A flowerlike color marking; as, the rosettes on the leopard. ROSE WATER Rose" wa`ter. Defn: Water tinctured with roses by distillation. ROSE-WATER Rose"-wa`ter, a. Defn: Having the odor of rose water; hence, affectedly nice or delicate; sentimental. "Rose-water philantropy." Carlyle. ROSEWOOD Rose"wood, n. Defn: A valuable cabinet wood of a dark red color, streaked and variegated with black, obtained from several tropical leguminous trees of the genera Dalbergia and Machærium. The finest kind is from Brazil, and is said to be from the Dalbergia nigra. African rosewood, the wood of the leguminous tree Pterocarpus erinaceus. -- Jamaica rosewood, the wood of two West Indian trees (Amyris balsamifera, and Linocieria ligustrina). -- New South Wales rosewood, the wood of Trichilia glandulosa, a tree related to the margosa. ROSEWORM Rose"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of any one of several species of lepidopterous insects which feed upon the leaves, buds, or blossoms of the rose, especially Cacæcia rosaceana, which rolls up the leaves for a nest, and devours both the leaves and buds. ROSEWORT Rose"wort`, n. (Bot.) (a) Roseroot. (b) Any plant nearly related to the rose. Lindley. ROSICRUCIAN Ros`i*cru"cian, n. Etym: [The name is probably due to a German theologian, Johann Valentin Andreä, who in anonymous pamphlets called himself a knight of the Rose Cross (G. Rosenkreuz), using a seal with a St. Andrew's cross and four roses.)] Defn: One who, in the 17th century and the early part of the 18th, claimed to belong to a secret society of philosophers deeply versed in the secrets of nature, -- the alleged society having existed, it was stated, several hundred years. Note: The Rosicrucians also called brothers of the Rosy Cross, Rosy- cross Knights, Rosy-cross philosophers, etc. Among other pretensions, they claimed to be able to transmute metals, to prolong life, to know what is passing in distant places, and to discover the most hidden things by the application of the Cabala and science of numbers. ROSICRUCIAN Ros`i*cru"cian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Rosicrucians, or their arts. ROSIED Ros"ied, a. Defn: Decorated with roses, or with the color of roses. ROSIER Ro"sier, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. rosarius of roses. Cf. Rosary.] Defn: A rosebush; roses, collectively. [Obs.] Crowned with a garland of sweet rosier. Spenser. ROSILY Ros"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a rosy manner. M. Arnold. ROSIN Ros"in, n. Etym: [A variant of resin.] Defn: The hard, amber-colored resin left after distilling off the volatile oil of turpentine; colophony. Rosin oil, an oil obtained from the resin of the pine tree, -- used by painters and for lubricating machinery, etc. ROSIN Ros"in, v. t. Defn: To rub with rosin, as musicians rub the bow of a violin. Or with the rosined bow torment the string. Gay. ROSINESS Ros"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being rosy. ROSINWEED Ros"in*weed`, n. (Bot.) (a) The compass plant. See under Compass. (b) A name given in California to various composite plants which secrete resins or have a resinous smell. ROSINY Ros"in*y, a. Defn: like rosin, or having its qualities. ROSLAND Ros"land, n. Etym: [W. rhos a meadow, a moor + E. land.] Defn: heathy land; land full of heather; moorish or watery land. [prov. Eng.] ROSMARINE Ros"ma*rine`, n. Etym: [OE. See Rosemary.] 1. Dew from the sea; sea dew. [Obs.] That purer brine And wholesome dew called rosmarine. B. Jonson. 2. Rosemary. [Obs.] Spenser. "Biting on anise seed and rosmarine." Bp. Hall. ROSMARINE Ros"ma*rine, n. Etym: [Norw. rosmar a walrus; ros a horse (akin to E. horse) + (probably) mar the sea.] Defn: A fabulous sea animal which was reported to climb by means of its teeth to the tops of rocks to feed upon the dew. And greedly rosmarines with visages deforme. Spenser. ROSOLIC Ro*sol"ic, a. Etym: [Rose + carbolic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a complex red dyestuff (called rosolic acid) which is analogous to rosaniline and aurin. It is produced by oxidizing a mixture of phenol and cresol, as a dark red amorphous mass, C20H16O3, which forms weak salts with bases, and stable ones with acids. Called also methyl aurin, and, formerly, corallin. ROSS Ross; 115), n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: The rough, scaly matter on the surface of the bark of trees. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] ROSS Ross, v. t. Defn: To divest of the ross, or rough, scaly surface; as, to ross bark. [Local, U.S.] ROSSEL Ros"sel, n. Defn: Light land; rosland. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Mortimer. ROSSEL CURRENT Ros"sel cur`rent. [From Rossel Island, in the Louisiade Archipelago.] (Oceanography) Defn: A portion of the southern equatorial current flowing westward from the Fiji Islands to New Guinea. ROSSEL CURRENT Ros"sel cur`rent. [From Rossel Island, in the Louisiade Archipelago.] (Oceanography) Defn: A portion of the southern equatorial current flowing westward from the Fiji Islands to New Guinea. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] ROSSELLY Ros"sel*ly, a. Defn: Loose; light. [Obs.] Mortimer. ROST Rost, n. Defn: See Roust. [Scot.] Jemieson. ROSTEL Ros"tel, n. Etym: [L. rostellum, dim. of rostrum a beak: cf. F. rostelle.] Defn: same as Rostellum. ROSTELLAR Ros*tel"lar, a. Defn: Pertaining to a rostellum. ROSTELLATE Ros"tel*late, a. Etym: [NL. rostellatus.] Defn: Having a rostellum, or small beak; terminating in a beak. ROSTELLIFORM Ros*tel"li*form, a. Defn: Having the form of a rostellum, or small beak. ROSTELLUM Ros*tel"lum, n.; pl. Rostella. Etym: [L. See Rostel.] Defn: A small beaklike process or extension of some part; a small rostrum; as, the rostellum of the stigma of violets, or of the operculum of many mosses; the rostellum on the head of a tapeworm. ROSTER Ros"ter, n. Etym: [Perhaps a corruption of register; or cf. roll.] (Mil.) Defn: A register or roll showing the order in which officers, enlisted men, companies, or regiments are called on to serve. ROSTRA Ros"tra, n. pl. Defn: See Rostrum, 2. ROSTRAL Ros"tral, a. Etym: [L. rostralis, fr. rostrum a beak; cf. F. rostral.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the beak or snout of an animal, or the beak of a ship; resembling a rostrum, esp., the rostra at Rome, or their decorations. [Monuments] adorned with rostral crowns and naval ornaments. Addison. ROSTRATE; ROSTRATED Ros"trate, Ros"tra*ted, a. Etym: [L. rostratus, fr. rostrum a beak. See Rostrum.] 1. Having a process resembling the beak of a bird; beaked; rostellate. 2. Furnished or adorned with beaks; as, rostrated galleys. ROSTRIFERA Ros*trif"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. rostrum beak + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of pectinibranchiate gastropods, having the head prolonged into a snout which is not retractile. ROSTRIFORM Ros"tri*form, a. Etym: [L. rostrum a beak + -form: cf. F. rostrifarme.] Defn: Having the form of a beak. ROSTRULUM Ros"tru*lum, n.; pl. Rostrula. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. rostrum a beak.] Defn: A little rostrum, or beak, as of an insect. ROSTRUM Ros"trum, n.; pl. L. Rostra, E. Rostrums. Etym: [L., beak, ship's beak, fr. rodere, rosum, to gnaw. See Rodent.] 1. The beak or head of a ship. 2. pl. (Rostra) (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: The Beaks; the stage or platform in the forum where orations, pleadings, funeral harangues, etc., were delivered; -- so called because after the Latin war, it was adorned with the beaks of captured vessels; later, applied also to other platforms erected in Rome for the use of public orators. 3. Hence, a stage for public speaking; the pulpit or platform occupied by an orator or public speaker. Myself will mount the rostrum in his favor. Addison. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) Any beaklike prolongation, esp. of the head of an animal, as the beak of birds. (b) The beak, or sucking mouth parts, of Hemiptera. (c) The snout of a gastropod mollusk. See Illust. of Littorina. (d) The anterior, often spinelike, prolongation of the carapace of a crustacean, as in the lobster and the prawn. 5. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Rostellum. 6. (Old Chem.) Defn: The pipe to convey the distilling liquor into its receiver in the common alembic. Quincy. 7. (Surg.) Defn: A pair of forceps of various kinds, having a beaklike form. [Obs.] Coxe. ROSULATE Ro"su*late, a. Etym: [NL. rosulatus, fr. L. rosa a rose.] (Bot.) Defn: Arranged in little roselike clusters; -- said of leaves and bracts. ROSY Ros"y, a. [Compar. Rosier; superl. Rosiest.] Defn: Resembling a rose in color, form, or qualities; blooming; red; blushing; also, adorned with roses. A smile that glowed Celestial rosy-red, love's proper hue. Milton. While blooming youth and gay delight Sit thy rosy cheeks confessed. Prior. Note: Rosy is sometimes used in the formation of selfrosy-bosomed, rosy-colored, rosy-crowned, rosy-fingered, rosy-tinted. Rosy cross. See the Note under Rosicrucian, n. ROT Rot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rotting.] Etym: [OE. rotien, AS. rotian; akin to D. rotten, Prov. G. rotten, OHG. rozz, G. rösten to steep flax, Icel. rotna to rot, Sw. ruttna, Dan. raadne, Icel. rottin rotten. sq. root117. Cf. Ret, Rotten.] 1. To undergo a process common to organic substances by which they lose the cohesion of their parts and pass through certain chemical changes, giving off usually in some stages of the process more or less offensive odors; to become decomposed by a natural process; to putrefy; to decay. Fixed like a plant on his peculiar spot, To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot. Pope. 2. Figuratively: To perish slowly; to decay; to die; to become corrupt. Four of the sufferers were left to rot in irons. Macaulay. Rot, poor bachelor, in your club. Thackeray. Syn. -- To putrefy; corrupt; decay; spoil. ROT Rot, v. t. 1. To make putrid; to cause to be wholly or partially decomposed by natural processes; as, to rot vegetable fiber. 2. To expose, as flax, to a process of maceration, etc., for the purpose of separating the fiber; to ret. ROT Rot, n. 1. Process of rotting; decay; putrefaction. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A disease or decay in fruits, leaves, or wood, supposed to be caused by minute fungi. See Bitter rot, Black rot, etc., below. 3. Etym: [Cf. G. rotz glanders.] Defn: A fatal distemper which attacks sheep and sometimes other animals. It is due to the presence of a parasitic worm in the liver or gall bladder. See 1st Fluke, 2. His cattle must of rot and murrain die. Milton. Bitter rot (Bot.), a disease of apples, caused by the fungus Glæosporium fructigenum. F. L. Scribner. -- Black rot (Bot.), a disease of grapevines, attacking the leaves and fruit, caused by the fungus Læstadia Bidwellii. F. L. Scribner. -- Dry rot (Bot.) See under Dry. -- Grinder's rot (Med.) See under Grinder. -- Potato rot. (Bot.) See under Potato. -- White rot (Bot.), a disease of grapes, first appearing in whitish pustules on the fruit, caused by the fungus Coniothyrium diplodiella. F. L. Scribner. ROTA Ro"ta, n. Etym: [L. rota wheel. The name is said to allude to the design of the floor of the room in which the court used to sit, which was that of a wheel. See Rotary.] 1. An ecclesiastical court of Rome, called also Rota Romana, that takes cognizance of suits by appeal. It consists of twelve members. 2. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: A short-lived political club established in 1659 by J.Harrington to inculcate the democratic doctrine of election of the principal officers of the state by ballot, and the annual retirement of a portion of Parliament. ROTA Ro"ta, n. (Mus.) Defn: A species of zither, played like a guitar, used in the Middle Ages in church music; -- written also rotta. ROTACISM Ro"ta*cism, n. Defn: See Rhotacism. ROTAL Ro"tal, a. Defn: Relating to wheels or to rotary motion; rotary. [R.] ROTALITE Ro"ta*lite, n. Etym: [L. rota wheel + -lite.] (Paleon.) Defn: Any fossil foraminifer of the genus Rotalia, abundant in the chalk formation. See Illust. under Rhizopod. ROTARY Ro"ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. rota a wheel. See Roll, v., and cf. barouche, Rodomontade, Roué, Round, a., Rowel.] Defn: Turning, as a wheel on its axis; pertaining to, or resembling, the motion of a wheel on its axis; rotatory; as, rotary motion. Rotary engine, steam engine in which the continuous rotation of the shaft is produced by the direct action of the steam upon rotating devices which serve as pistons, instead of being derived from a reciprocating motion, as in the ordinary engine; a steam turbine; -- called also rotatory engine. -- Rotary pump, a pump in which the fluid is impelled by rotating devices which take the place of reciprocating buckets or pistons. -- Rotary shears, shears, as for cloth, metal, etc., in which revolving sharp-edged or sharp-cornered wheels do the cutting. -- Rotary valve, a valve acting by continuous or partial rotation, as in the four-way cock. ROTASCOPE Ro"ta*scope, n. Etym: [L. rota a wheel + -scope.] Defn: Same as Gyroscope, 1. ROTATE Ro"tate, a. Etym: [L. rotatus, p.p. of rotare to turn round like a wheel, fr. rota wheel. See Rotary, and cf. Roue.] Defn: Having the parts spreading out like a wheel; wheel-shaped; as, a rotate spicule or scale; a rotate corolla, i.e., a monopetalous corolla with a flattish border, and no tube or a very short one. ROTATE Ro"tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rotated; p. pr. & vb. n. Rotating.] 1. To turn, as a wheel, round an axis; to revolve. 2. To perform any act, function, or operation in turn, to hold office in turn; as, to rotate in office. ROTATE Ro"tate, v. i. 1. To cause to turn round or revolve, as a wheel around an axle. 2. To cause to succeed in turn; esp., to cause to succeed some one, or to be succeeded by some one, in office. [Colloq.] "Both, after a brief service, were rotated out of office." Harper's Mag. ROTATED Ro"ta*ted, a. Defn: Turned round, as a wheel; also, wheel-shaped; rotate. ROTATION Ro*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. rotatio: cf. F. rotation.] 1. The act of turning, as a wheel or a solid body on its axis, as distinguished from the progressive motion of a revolving round another body or a distant point; thus, the daily turning of the earth on its axis is a rotation; its annual motion round the sun is a revolution. 2. Any return or succesion in a series. Moment of rotation. See Moment of inertia, under Moment. -- Rotation in office, the practice of changing public officers at frequent intervals by discharges and substitutions. -- Rotation of crops, the practices of cultivating an orderly succession of different crops on the same land. ROTATION Ro*ta"tion, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resulting from, rotation; of the nature of, or characterized by, rotation; as, rotational velocity. ROTATIVE Ro"ta*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rotatif.] Defn: turning, as a wheel; rotary; rotational. This high rotative velocity of the sun must cause an equatorial rise of the solar atmosphere. Siemens. Rotative engine, a steam engine in which the reciprocating motion of the piston is transformed into a continuous rotary motion, as by means of a connecting rod, a working beam and crank, or an oscillating cylinder. ROTATOR Ro*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: that which gives a rotary or rolling motion, as a muscle which partially rotates or turns some part on its axis. 2. (Metal.) Defn: A revolving reverberatory furnace. ROTATORIA Ro`ta*to"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Rotifera. ROTATORY Ro"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rotatoire. See Rotate, Rotary.] 1. Turning as on an axis; rotary. 2. Going in a circle; following in rotation or succession; as, rotatory assembles. Burke. 3. (Opt.) Defn: Producing rotation of the plane of polarization; as, the rotatory power of bodies on light. See the Note under polarization. Nichol. ROTATORY Ro"ta*to*ry, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A rotifer. [R.] Kirby. ROTCHE Rotche, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very small arctic sea bird (Mergulus alle, or Alle alle) common on both coasts of the Atlantic in winter; -- called also little auk, dovekie, rotch, rotchie, and sea dove. ROTCHET Rotch"et, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European red gurnard (Trigla pini). ROTE Rote, n. Defn: A root. [Obs.] Chaucer. ROTE Rote, n. Etym: [OE. rote, probably of German origin; cf. MHG. rotte, OHG. rota, hrota, LL. chrotta. Cf. Crowd a kind of violin.] (Mus.) Defn: A kind of guitar, the notes of which were produced by a small wheel or wheel-like arrangement; an instrument similar to the hurdy- gurdy. Well could he sing and play on a rote. Chaucer. extracting mistuned dirges from their harps, crowds, and rotes. Sir W. Scott. ROTE Rote, n. Etym: [Cf. Rut roaring.] Defn: The noise produced by the surf of the sea dashing upon the shore. See Rut. ROTE Rote, n. Etym: [OF. rote, F. route, road, path. See Route, and cf. Rut a furrow, Routine.] Defn: A frequent repetition of forms of speech without attention to the meaning; mere repetition; as, to learn rules by rote. Swift. till he the first verse could [i. e., knew] all by rote. Chaucer. Thy love did read by rote, and could not spell. Shak. ROTE Rote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roting.] Defn: To learn or repeat by rote. [Obs.] Shak. ROTE Rote, v. i. Defn: To go out by rotation or succession; to rotate. [Obs.] Z. Grey. ROTELLA Ro*tel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of rota wheel; cf. LL. rotella a little whell.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small, polished, brightcolored gastropods of the genus Rotella, native of tropical seas. ROTGUT Rot"gut, n. 1. Bad small beer. [Slang] 2. Any bad spirituous liquor, especially when adulterated so as to be very deleterious. [Slang] ROTHER Roth"er, a. Etym: [AS. hryedher; cf. D. rund.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Bovine. -- n. Defn: A bovine beast. [Obs.] Shak. Rother beasts, cattle of the bovine genus; black cattle. [Obs.] Golding. -- Rother soil, the dung of rother beasts. ROTHER Roth"er, n. Etym: [OE. See Rudder.] Defn: A rudder. Rother nail, a nail with a very full head, used for fastening the rudder irons of ships; -- so called by shipwrights. ROTIFER Ro"ti*fer, n. Etym: [NL. see Rotifera.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Rotifera. See Illust. in Appendix. ROTIFERA Ro*tif"e*ra, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., from L. rota ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of minute worms which usually have one or two groups of vibrating cilia on the head, which, when in motion, often give an appearance of rapidly revolving wheels. The species are very numerous in fresh waters, and are very diversified in form and habits. ROTIFORM Ro"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. rota wheel + -form.] 1. Wheel-shaped; as, rotiform appendages. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Rotate. ROTOGRAPH Ro"to*graph, n. (Photography) Defn: A photograph printed by a process in which a strip or roll of sensitized paper is automatically fed over the negative so that a series of prints are made, and are then developed, fixed, cut apart, and washed at a very rapid rate. ROTOR Ro"tor, n. (Elec.) Defn: The rotating part of a generator or motor. ROTTA Rot"ta, n. (Mus.) Defn: See Rota. ROTTEN Rot"ten, a. Etym: [Icel. rotinn; akin to Sw. rutten, Dan. radden. See Rot.] Defn: Having rotted; putrid; decayed; as, a rotten apple; rotten meat. Hence: (a) Offensive to the smell; fetid; disgusting. You common cry or curs! whose breath I hate As reek of the rotten fens. Shak. (b) Not firm or trusty; unsound; defective; treacherous; unsafe; as, a rotten plank, bone, stone. "The deepness of the rotten way." Knolles. Rotten borough. See under Borough. -- Rotten stone (Min.), a soft stone, called also Tripoli (from the country from which it was formerly brought), used in all sorts of finer grinding and polishing in the arts, and for cleaning metallic substances. The name is also given to other friable siliceous stones applied to like uses. Syn. -- Putrefied; decayed; carious; defective; unsound; corrupt; deceitful; treacherous. -- Rot"ten*ly, adv. -- Rot"ten*ness, n. ROTULA Rot"u*la, n. Etym: [L., a little wheel; cf. It. rotula.] (Anat.) Defn: The patella, or kneepan. ROTULAR Rot"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. rotula, dim. of rota wheel.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the rotula, or kneepan. ROTUND Ro*tund", a. Etym: [L. rotundus. See Round, and cf. Rotunda.] 1. Round; circular; spherical. 2. Hence; complete; entire. 3. (Bot.) Defn: orbicular, or nearly so. Gray. ROTUND Ro*tund", n. Defn: A rotunds. [Obs.] Burke. ROTUNDA Ro*tun"da, n. Etym: [Cf. It. rotonda, F. rotonde; both fr. L. rotundus round. See Rotund, a.] (Arch.) Defn: A round building; especially, one that is round both on the outside and inside, like the Pantheon at Rome. Less properly, but very commonly, used for a large round room; as, the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington. ROTUNDATE Ro*tund"ate, a. Defn: Rounded; especially, rounded at the end or ends, or at the corners. ROTUNDIFOLIOUS Ro*tund`i*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. rotundus round + folium a leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: Having round leaves. ROTUNDITY Ro*tund"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. rotunditas: cf. F. rotondité.] 1. The state or quality of being rotu Smite flat the thick rotundity o'the world! Shak. 2. Hence, completeness; entirety; roundness. For the more rotundity of the number and grace of the matter, it passeth for a full thousand. Fuller. A boldness and rotundity of speech. Hawthorne. ROTUNDNESS Ro*tund"ness, n. Defn: Roundness; rotundity. ROTUNDO Ro*tun"do, n. Defn: See Rotunda. ROTURE Ro`ture, n. [F.] 1. The condition of being a roturier. 2. (Fr. & Canadian Law) A feudal tenure of lands by one who has no privileges of nobility, but is permitted to discharge all his obligations to his feudal lord or superior by a payment of rent in money or kind and without rendering any personal services. ROTURER Ro*tur"er, n. Defn: A roturier. [Obs.] Howell. ROTURIER Ro`tu`rier", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A person who is not of noble birth; specif., a freeman who during the prevalence of feudalism held allodial land. ROTY Rot"y, v. t. Etym: [See Rot.] Defn: To make rotten. [Obs.] Well bet is rotten apple out of hoard, Than that it roty all the remenant. Chaucer. ROUBLE Rou"ble, n. Defn: A coin. See Ruble. ROUCHE Rouche, n. Defn: See Ruche. ROUE Rou`é", n. Etym: [F., properly p.p. of rouer to break upon the wheel, fr. roue a wheel, L. rota. See Rotate, Rotary.] Defn: One devoted to a life of sensual pleasure; a debauchee; a rake. ROUET Rou`et", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A small wheel formerly fixed to the pan of firelocks for discharging them. Crabb. ROUGE Rouge, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. rubeus red, akin to rubere to be red, ruber red. See Red.] Defn: red. [R.] Rouge et noir ( Etym: [F., red and black], a game at cards in which persons play against the owner of the bank; -- so called because the table around which the players sit has certain compartments colored red and black, upon which the stakes are deposited. Hoyle. ROUGE Rouge, n. Etym: [F.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A red amorphous powder consisting of ferric oxide. It is used in polishing glass, metal, or gems, and as a cosmetic, etc. Called also crocus, jeweler's rouge, etc. 2. A cosmetic used for giving a red color to the cheeks or lips. The best is prepared from the dried flowers of the safflower, but it is often made from carmine. Ure. ROUGE Rouge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rouged; p. pr. & vb. n. Rouging .] Defn: To paint the face or cheeks with rouge. ROUGE Rouge, v. t. Defn: To tint with rouge; as, to rouge the face or the cheeks. ROUGECROIX Rouge`croix" ( or ), n. Etym: [F., literally, red cross.] (Her.) Defn: One of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms. ROUGE DRAGON Rouge" drag`on, n. Etym: [F., literally, red dragon.] (Her.) Defn: One of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms. ROUGH Rough, a. [Compar. Rougher; superl. Roughest.] Etym: [OE. rou, rou, row, rugh, ruh, AS. r; akin to LG. rug, D. rug, D. ruig, ruw, OHG. r, G. rauh, rauch; cf. Lith. raukas wrinkle, rukti to wrinkle. sq. root 18. Cf. Rug, n.] 1. Having inequalities, small ridges, or points, on the surface; not smooth or plain; as, a rough board; a rough stone; rough cloth. Specifically: (a) Not level; having a broken surface; uneven; -- said of a piece of land, or of a road. "Rough, uneven ways." Shak. (b) Not polished; uncut; -- said of a gem; as, a rough diamond. (c) Tossed in waves; boisterous; high; -- said of a sea or other piece of water. More unequal than the roughest sea. T. Burnet. (d) Marked by coarseness; shaggy; ragged; disordered; -- said of dress, appearance, or the like; as, a rough coat. "A visage rough." Dryden. "Roughsatyrs." Milton. 2. Hence, figuratively, lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish. Specifically: (a) Not courteous or kind; harsh; rude; uncivil; as, a rough temper. A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough. Shak. A surly boatman, rough as wayes or winds. Prior. (b) Marked by severity or violence; harsh; hard; as, rough measures or actions. On the rough edge of battle. Milton. A quicker and rougher remedy. Clarendon. Kind words prevent a good deal of that perverseness which rough and imperious usage often produces. Locke. (c) Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating; -- said of sound, voice, and the like; as, a rough tone; rough numbers. Pope. (d) Austere; harsh to the taste; as, rough wine. (e) Tempestuous; boisterous; stormy; as, rough weather; a rough day. He stayeth his rough wind. Isa. xxvii. 8. Time and the hour runs through the roughest day. Shak. (f) Hastily or carelessly done; wanting finish; incomplete; as, a rough estimate; a rough draught. Rough diamond, an uncut diamond; hence, colloquially, a person of intrinsic worth under a rude exterior. -- Rough and ready. (a) Acting with offhand promptness and efficiency. "The rough and ready understanding." Lowell. (b) Produced offhand. "Some rough and ready theory." Tylor. ROUGH Rough, n. 1. Boisterous weather. [Obs.] Fletcher. 2. A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy. In the rough, in an unwrought or rude condition; unpolished; as, a diamond or a sketch in the rough. Contemplating the people in the rough. Mrs. Browning. ROUGH Rough, adv. Defn: In a rough manner; rudely; roughly. Sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats. Sir W. Scott. ROUGH Rough, v. t. 1. To render rough; to roughen. 2. To break in, as a horse, especially for military purposes. Crabb. 3. To cut or make in a hasty, rough manner; -- with out; as, to rough out a carving, a sketch. Roughing rolls, rolls for reducing, in a rough manner, a bloom of iron to bars. -- To rough it, to endure hard conditions of living; to live without ordinary comforts. ROUGHCAST Rough`cast", v. t. 1. To form in its first rudiments, without revision, correction, or polish. Dryden. 2. To mold without nicety or elegance; to form with asperities and inequalities. 3. To plaster with a mixture of lime and shells or pebbles; as, to roughcast a building. ROUGHCAST Rough"cast`, n. 1. A rude model; the rudimentary, unfinished form of a thing. 2. A kind of plastering made of lime, with a mixture of shells or pebbles, used for covering buildings. Shak. ROUGHCASTER Rough"cast`er, n. Defn: One who roughcasts. ROUGHDRAW Rough"draw`, v. t. Defn: To draw or delineate rapidly and by way of a first sketch. ROUGHDRY Rough"dry`, v. t. Defn: in laundry work, to dry without smoothing or ironing. ROUGHEN Rough"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roughened; p. pr. & vb. n. Roughening.] Etym: [From Rough.] Defn: To make rough. ROUGHEN Rough"en, v. i. Defn: To grow or become rough. ROUGH-FOOTED Rough"-foot`ed, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Feather-footed; as, a rough-footed dove. [R.] Sherwood. ROUGH-GRAINED Rough"-grained, a. Defn: Having a rough grain or fiber; hence, figuratively, having coarse traits of character; not polished; brisque. ROUGHHEAD Rough"head`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The redfin. ROUGHHEW Rough"hew`, v. t. 1. To hew coarsely, without smoothing; as, to roughhew timber. 2. To give the first form or shape to; to form rudely; to shape appromaxitely and rudely; to roughcast. There's a divinity that shapes our ends, Roughhew them how we will. Shak. ROUGHHEWER Rough"hew`er, n. Defn: One who roughhews. ROUGHHEWN Rough"hewn`, a. 1. Hewn coarsely without smoothing; unfinished; not polished. 2. Of coarse manners; rude; uncultivated; rough-grained. "A roughhewn seaman." Bacon. ROUGHING-IN Rough"ing-in`, n. Defn: The first coat of plaster laid on brick; also, the process of applying it. ROUGHINGS Rough"ings, n. pl. Defn: Rowen. [Prov. Eng.] ROUGHISH Rough"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat rough. ROUGHLEG Rough"leg`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of large hawks of the genus Archibuteo, having the legs feathered to the toes. Called also rough- legged hawk, and rough-legged buzzard. Note: The best known species is Archibuteo lagopus of Northern Europe, with its darker American variety (Sancti-johannis). The latter is often nearly or quite black. The ferruginous roughleg (Archibuteo ferrugineus) inhabits Western North America. ROUGH-LEGGED Rough"-legged`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the legs covered with feathers; -- said of a bird. rough-legged hawk. (Zoöl.) See Roughleg. ROUGHLY Rough"ly, adv. Defn: In a rough manner; unevenly; harshly; rudely; severely; austerely. ROUGHNESS Rough"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being rough. ROUGHRIDER Rough"rid`er, n. Defn: One who breaks horses; especially (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer in the British cavalry, whose duty is to assist the riding master. ROUGHSCUFF Rough"scuff, n. Etym: [Rough + scuff.] Defn: A rough, coarse fellow; collectively, the lowest class of the people; the rabble; the riffraff. [Colloq. U.S.] ROUGHSETTER Rough"set`ter, n. Defn: A mason who builds rough stonework. ROUGHSHOD Rough"shod, a. Defn: Shod with shoes armed with points or calks; as, a roughshod horse. To ride roughshod, to pursue a course regardless of the pain or distress it may cause others. ROUGHSTRINGS Rough"strings`, n. pl. (Capr.) Defn: Pieces of undressed timber put under the steps of a wooden stair for their support. ROUGHT Rought, obs. Defn: imp. of Reach. ROUGHT Rought, obs. Defn: imp. of Reck, to care. Chaucer. ROUGHTAIL Rough"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of small ground snakes of the family Uropeltidæ; -- so called from their rough tails. ROUGHWORK Rough"work`, v. t. Defn: To work over coarsely, without regard to nicety, smoothness, or finish. Moxon. ROUGHWROUGHT Rough"wrought`, a. Defn: Wrought in a rough, unfinished way; worked over coarsely. ROUK Rouk, v. i. Defn: See 5th Ruck, and Roke. [Obs.] ROULADE Rou`lade", n. Etym: [F.] (Mus.) Defn: A smoothly running passage of short notes (as semiquavers, or sixteenths) uniformly grouped, sung upon one long syllable, as in Handel's oratorios. ROULEAU Rou`leau", n.; pl. F. Rouleaux (F. , E. Rouleaus. Etym: [F., a roll, dim. fr. fr. rôle, formerly also spelt roulle. See Roll.] Defn: A little roll; a roll of coins put up in paper, or something resembling such a roll. ROULETTE Rou*lette", n. Etym: [F., properly, a little wheel or ball. See Rouleau, Roll.] 1. A game of chance, in which a small ball is made to move round rapidly on a circle divided off into numbered red and black spaces, the one on which it stops indicating the result of a variety of wagers permitted by the game. 2. (Fine Arts) (a) A small toothed wheel used by engravers to roll over a plate in order to order to produce rows of dots. (b) A similar wheel used to roughen the surface of a plate, as in making alterations in a mezzotint. 3. (Geom.) Defn: the curve traced by any point in the plane of a given curve when the latter rolls, without sliding, over another fixed curve. See Cycloid, and Epycycloid. ROULY-POULY Rou"ly-pou`ly, n. Defn: See Rolly-pooly. ROUMANIAN Rou*ma"ni*an, a. [Written also Rumanian.] [From Roumania, the name of the country, Roumanian România, fr. Român Roumanian, L. Romanus Roman.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Roumania. ROUMANIAN Rou*ma"ni*an, n. Defn: An inhabitant of Roumania; also, the language of Roumania, one of the Romance or Romanic languages descended from Latin, but containing many words from other languages, as Slavic, Turkish, and Greek. ROUN; ROWN Roun, Rown, v. i. & t. Etym: [AS. r, fr. r a rune, secret, mystery; akin to G. raunen to whisper. See Rune.] Defn: To whisper. [obs.] Gower. Another rouned to his fellow low. Chaucer. ROUNCE Rounce, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ronce bramble, brier, thorn, ranche a round, step, rack, or E. round.] (Print.) Defn: The handle by which the bed of a hand press, holding the form of type, etc., is run in under the platen and out again; -- sometimes applied to the whole apparatus by which the form is moved under the platen. ROUNCEVAL Roun"ce*val, a. Etym: [F. Ronceval, Roncevaux, a town at the foot of the foot of the Pyrenees, Sp. Roncesvalles.] Defn: Large; strong; -- from the gigantic bones shown at Roncesvalles, and alleged to be those of old heroes. [Obs.] ROUNCEVAL Roun"ce*val, n. Defn: A giant; anything large; a kind of pea called also marrowfat. [Obs.] ROUNCY Roun"cy, n. Defn: A common hackney horse; a nag. [Obs.] he rode upon a rouncy as he could. Chaucer. ROUND Round, v. i. & t. Etym: [From Roun.] Defn: To whisper. [obs.] Shak. Holland. The Bishop of Glasgow rounding in his ear, "Ye are not a wise man," . . . he rounded likewise to the bishop, and said, "Wherefore brought ye me here" Calderwood. ROUND Round, a. Etym: [OF. roond, roont, reond, F. rond, fr. L. rotundus, fr. rota wheel. See Rotary, and cf. Rotund, roundel, Rundlet.] 1. Having every portion of the surface or of the circumference equally distant from the center; spherical; circular; having a form approaching a spherical or a circular shape; orbicular; globular; as, a round ball. "The big, round tears." Shak. Upon the firm opacous globe Of this round world. Milton. 2. Having the form of a cylinder; cylindrical; as, the barrel of a musket is round. 3. Having a curved outline or form; especially, one like the arc of a circle or an ellipse, or a portion of the surface of a sphere; rotund; bulging; protuberant; not angular or pointed; as, a round arch; round hills. "Their round haunches gored." Shak. 4. Full; complete; not broken; not fractional; approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.; -- said of numbers. Pliny put a round number near the truth, rather than the fraction. Arbuthnot. 5. Not inconsiderable; large; hence, generous; free; as, a round price. Three thousand ducats; 'tis a good round sum. Shak. Round was their pace at first, but slackened soon. Tennyson. 6. Uttered or emitted with a full tone; as, a round voice; a round note. 7. (Phonetics) Defn: Modified, as a vowel, by contraction of the lip opening, making the opening more or less round in shape; rounded; labialized; labial. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11. 8. Outspoken; plain and direct; unreserved; unqualified; not mincing; as, a round answer; a round oath. "The round assertion." M. Arnold. Sir Toby, I must be round with you. Shak. 9. Full and smoothly expanded; not defective or abrupt; finished; polished; -- said of style, or of authors with reference to their style. [Obs.] In his satires Horace is quick, round, and pleasant. Peacham. 10. Complete and consistent; fair; just; -- applied to conduct. Round dealing is the honor of man's nature. Bacon. At a round rate, rapidly. Dryden. -- In round numbers, approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, etc.; as, a bin holding 99 or 101 bushels may be said to hold in round numbers 100 bushels. -- Round bodies (Geom.), the sphere right cone, and right cylinder. -- Round clam (Zoöl.), the quahog. -- Round dance one which is danced by couples with a whirling or revolving motion, as the waltz, polka, etc. -- Round game, a game, as of cards, in which each plays on his own account. -- Round hand, a style of penmanship in which the letters are formed in nearly an upright position, and each separately distinct; -- distinguished from running hand. -- Round robin. Etym: [Perhaps F. round round + ruban ribbon.] (a) A written petition, memorial, remonstrance, protest, etc., the signatures to which are made in a circle so as not to indicate who signed first. "No round robins signed by the whole main deck of the Academy or the Porch." De Quincey. (b) (Zoöl.) The cigar fish. -- Round shot, a solid spherical projectile for ordnance. -- Round Table, the table about which sat King Arthur and his knights. See Knights of the Round Table, under Knight. -- Round tower, one of certain lofty circular stone towers, tapering from the base upward, and usually having a conical cap or roof, which crowns the summit, -- found chiefly in Ireland. They are of great antiquity, and vary in heigh from thirty-five to one hundred and thiry feet. -- Round trot, one in which the horse throws out his feet roundly; a full, brisk, quick trot. Addison. -- Round turn (Naut.), one turn of a rope round a timber, a belaying pin, etc. -- To bring up with a round turn, to stop abruptly. [Colloq.] Syn. -- Circular; spherical; globular; globase; orbicular; orbed; cylindrical; full; plump; rotund. ROUND Round, n. 1. Anything round, as a circle, round" [the crown]. Shak. In labyrinth of many a round self-rolled. Milton. 2. A series of changes or events ending where it began; a series of like events recurring in continuance; a cycle; a periodical revolution; as, the round of the seasons; a round of pleasures. 3. A course of action or conduct performed by a number of persons in turn, or one after another, as if seated in a circle. Women to cards may be compared: we play A round or two; which used, we throw away. Granville. The feast was served; the bowl was crowned; To the king's pleasure went the mirthful round. Prior. 4. A series of duties or tasks which must be performed in turn, and then repeated. the trivial round, the common task. Keble. 5. A circular dance. Come, knit hands, and beat the ground, In a light fantastic round. Milton. 6. That which goes round a whole circle or company; as, a round of applause. 7. Rotation, as in office; succession. Holyday. 8. The step of a ladder; a rundle or rung; also, a crosspiece which joins and braces the legs of a chair. All the rounds like Jacob's ladder rise. Dryden. 9. A course ending where it began; a circuit; a beat; especially, one freguently or regulary traversed; also, the act of traversing a circuit; as, a watchman's round; the rounds of the postman. 10. (Mil.) (a) A walk performed by a guard or an officer round the rampart of a garrison, or among sentinels, to see that the sentinels are faithful and all things safe; also, the guard or officer, with his attendants, who performs this duty; -- usually in the plural. (b) A general discharge of firearms by a body of troops in which each soldier fires once. (c) Ammunition for discharging a piece or pieces once; as, twenty rounds of ammunition were given out. 11. (Mus.) Defn: A short vocal piece, resembling a catch in which three or four voices follow each other round in a species of canon in the unison. 12. The time during which prize fighters or boxers are in actual contest without an intermission, as prescribed by their rules; a bout. 13. A brewer's vessel in which the fermentation is concluded, the yeast escaping through the bunghole. 14. A vessel filled, as for drinking. [R.] 15. An assembly; a group; a circle; as, a round of politicians. Addison. 16. (Naut.) Defn: See Roundtop. 17. Same as Round of beef, below. Gentlemen of the round. (a) Gentlemen soldiers of low rank who made the rounds. See 10 (a), above. (b) Disbanded soldiers who lived by begging. [Obs.] Worm-eaten gentlemen of the round, such as have vowed to sit on the skirts of the city, let your provost and his half dozen of halberdiers do what they can. B. Jonson. -- Round of beef, the part of the thigh below the aitchbone, or between the rump and the leg. See Illust. of beef. -- Round steak, a beefsteak cut from the round. -- Sculpture in the round, sculpture giving the full form, as of man; statuary, distinguished from relief. ROUND Round, adv. 1. On all sides; around. Round he throws his baleful eyes. Milton. 2. Circularly; in a circular form or manner; by revolving or reversing one's position; as, to turn one's head round; a wheel turns round. 3. In circumference; as, a ball is ten inches round. 4. From one side or party to another; as to come or turn round, -- that is, to change sides or opinions. 5. By or in a circuit; by a course longer than the direct course; back to the starting point. 6. Through a circle, as of friends or houses. The invitations were sent round accordingly. Sir W. Scott. 7. Roundly; fully; vigorously. [Obs.] Chaucer. All round, over the whole place; in every direction. -- All-round, of general capacity; as, an all-round man. [Colloq.] - - To bring one round. (a) To cause one to change his opinions or line of conduct. (b) To restore one to health. [Colloq.] ROUND Round, prep. Defn: On every side of, so as to encompass or encircle; around; about; as, the people atood round him; to go round the city; to wind a cable round a windlass. The serpent Error twines round human hearts. Cowper. Round about, an emphatic form for round or about. "Moses . . . set them [The elders] round about the tabernacle." Num. xi. 24. -- To come round, to gain the consent of, or circumvent, (a person) by flattery or deception. [Colloq.] ROUND Round, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Rounding.] 1. To make circular, spherical, or cylindrical; to give a round or convex figure to; as, to round a silver coin; to round the edges of anything. Worms with many feet, which round themselves into balls, are bred chiefly under logs of timber. Bacon. The figures on our modern medals are raised and rounded to a very great perfection. Addison. 2. To surround; to encircle; to encompass. The inclusive verge Of golden metal that must round my brow. Shak. 3. To bring to fullness or completeness; to complete; hence, to bring to a fit conclusion. We are such stuff As dreams are made on, and our little life Is rounded with a sleep. Shak. 4. To go round wholly or in part; to go about (a corner or point); as, to round a corner; to round Cape Horn. 5. To make full, smooth, and flowing; as, to round periods in writing. Swift. To round in (Naut.) To haul up; usually, to haul the slack of (a rope) through its leading block, or to haul up (a tackle which hangs loose) by its fall. Totten. (b) To collect together (cattle) by riding around them, as on cattle ranches. [Western U.S.] ROUND Round, v. i. 1. To grow round or full; hence, to attain to fullness, completeness, or perfection. The queen your mother rounds apace. Shak. So rounds he to a separate mind, From whence clear memory may begin. Tennyson. 2. To go round, as a guard. [Poetic] They . . . nightly rounding walk. Milton. 3. To go or turn round; to wheel about. Tennyson. To round to (Naut.), to turn the head of a ship toward the wind. ROUNDABOUT Round"a*bout`, a. 1. Circuitous; going round; indirect; as, roundabout speech. We have taken a terrible roundabout road. Burke. 2. Encircling; enveloping; comprehensive. "Large, sound, roundabout sense." Locke. ROUNDABOUT Round"a*bout`, n. 1. A horizontal wheel or frame, commonly with wooden horses, etc., on which children ride; a merry-go-round. Smart. 2. A dance performed in a circle. Goldsmith. 3. A short, close jacket worn by boys, sailors, etc. 4. A state or scene of constant change, or of recurring labor and vicissitude. Cowper. ROUNDABOUTNESS Round"a*bout`ness, n. Defn: The quality of being roundabout; circuitousness. ROUND-ARM Round"-arm`, a. (Cricket) Defn: Applied to the method delivering the ball in bowling, by swinging the arm horizontally. R. A. Proctor. ROUND-BACKED Round"-backed`, a. Defn: Having a round back or shoulders; round-shouldered. ROUNDED Round"ed, a. (Phonetics) Defn: Modified by contraction of the lip opening; labialized; labial. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11. ROUNDEL Roun"del, n. Etym: [OF. rondel a roundelay, F. rondel, rondeau, a dim. fr. rond; for sense 2, cf. F. rondelle a round, a round shield. See Round, a., and cf. Rondel, Rondelay.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A rondelay. "Sung all the roundel lustily." Chaucer. Come, now a roundel and a fairy song. Shak. 2. Anything having a round form; a round figure; a circle. The Spaniards, casting themselves into roundels, . . . made a flying march to Calais. Bacon. Specifically: (a) A small circular shield, sometimes not more than a foot in diameter, used by soldiers in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. (b) (Her.) A circular spot; a sharge in the form of a small circle. (c) (Fort.) A bastion of a circular form. ROUNDELAY Round"e*lay, n. Etym: [OF. rondelet, dim. of rondel. See Roundel, Roundeau, and cf. Roundlet, Rundlet.] 1. (Poetry) Defn: See Rondeau, and Rondel. 2. (Mus.) (a) A tune in which a simple strain is often repeated; a simple rural strain which is short and lively. Spenser. Tennyson. (b) A dance in a circle. 3. Anything having a round form; a roundel. ROUNDER Round"er, n. 1. One who rounds; one who comes about frequently or regularly. 2. A tool for making an edge or surface round. 3. pl. Defn: An English game somewhat resembling baseball; also, another English game resembling the game of fives, but played with a football. Now we play rounders, and then we played prisoner's base. Bagehot. ROUNDFISH Round"fish, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any ordinary market fish, exclusive of flounders, sole, halibut, and other flatfishes. (b) A lake whitefish (Coregonus quadrilateralis), less compressed than the common species. It is very abundant in British America and Alaska. ROUNDHEAD Round"head`, n. (Eng. Hist.) Defn: A nickname for a Puritan. See Roundheads, the, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. Toone. ROUNDHEADED Round"head`ed, a. Defn: Having a round head or top. ROUNDHOUSE Round"house`, n. 1. A constable's prison; a lockup, watch-house, or station house. [Obs.] 2. (Naut.) (a) A cabin or apartament on the after part of the quarter-deck, having the poop for its roof; -- sometimes called the coach. (b) A privy near the bow of the vessel. 3. A house for locomotive engines, built circularly around a turntable. ROUNDING Round"ing, a. Defn: Round or nearly round; becoming round; roundish. ROUNDING Round"ing, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: Small rope, or strands of rope, or spun yarn, wound round a rope to keep it from chafing; -- called also service. 2. (Phonetics) Defn: Modifying a speech sound by contraction of the lip opening; labializing; labialization. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11. ROUNDISH Round"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat round; as, a roundish seed; a roundish figure. -- Round"ish*ness, n. ROUNDLET Round"let, n. Defn: A little circle. J. Gregory. ROUNDLY Round"ly, adv. 1. In a round form or manner. 2. Openly; boldly; peremptorily; plumply. He affirms everything roundly. Addison. 3. Briskly; with speed. locke. Two of the outlaws walked roundly forward. Sir W. Scott. 4. Completely; vigorously; in earnest. Shak. 5. Without regard to detail; in gross; comprehensively; generally; as, to give numbers roundly. In speaking roundly of this period. H. Morley. ROUNDNESS Round"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being round in shape; as, the roundness of the globe, of the orb of the sun, of a ball, of a bowl, a column, etc. 2. Fullness; smoothness of flow; as, the roundness of a period; the roundness of a note; roundness of tone. 3. Openess; plainess; boldness; positiveness; as, the roundness of an assertion. Syn. -- Circularity; sphericity; globosity; globularity; globularness; orbicularness; cylindricity; fullness; plumpness; rotundity. ROUNDRIDGE Round"ridge`, v. t. (Agric.) Defn: To form into round ridges by plowing. B. Edwards. ROUND-SHOULDERED Round"-shoul`dered, a. Defn: Having the shoulders stooping or projecting; round-backed. ROUNDSMAN Rounds"man, n.; pl. Roundsmen (. Defn: A patrolman; also, a policeman who acts as an inspector over the rounds of the patrolmen. ROUNDTOP Round"top`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A top; a platform at a masthead; -- so called because formerly round in shape. ROUND-UP Round"-up`, n. Defn: The act of collecting or gathering together scattered cattle by riding around them and driving them in. [Western U.S.] ROUNDURE Roun"dure, n. Etym: [Cf. Rondure.] Defn: Roundness; a round or circle. [Obs.] Shak. ROUNDWORM Round"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A nematoid worm. ROUNDY Round"y, a. Defn: Round. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. ROUP Roup, v. i. & t. Etym: [Cf. AS. hrrufen, Goth. hr. Cf. Roop.] Defn: To cry or shout; hence, to sell by auction. [Scot.] Jamieson. ROUP Roup, n. 1. An outcry; hence, a sale of gods by auction. [Scot.] Jamieson. To roup, that is, the sale of his crops, was over. J. C. Shairp. 2. A disease in poultry. See Pip. ROUSANT Rous"ant, a. (her.) Defn: Rising; -- applied to a bird in the attitude of rising; also, sometmes, to a bird in profile with wings addorsed. ROUSE Rouse (rouz or rous), v. i. & t. Etym: [Perhaps the same word as rouse to start up, "buckle to."] (Naut.) Defn: To pull or haul strongly and all together, as upon a rope, without the assistance of mechanical appliances. ROUSE Rouse (rouz), n. Etym: [Cf. D. roes drunkeness, icel. r, Sw. rus, G. rauchen, and also E. rouse, v.t., rush, v.i. Cf. Row a disturbance.] 1. A bumper in honor of a toast or health. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A carousal; a festival; a drinking frolic. Fill the cup, and fill the can, Have a rouse before the morn. Tennyson. ROUSE Rouse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roused (rouzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Rousing.] Etym: [Probably of Scan. origin; cf. Sw. rusa to rush, Dan. ruse, AS. hreósan to fall, rush. Cf. Rush, v.] 1. To cause to start from a covert or lurking place; as, to rouse a deer or other animal of the chase. Like wild boars late roused out of the brakes. Spenser. Rouse the fleet hart, and cheer the opening hound. Pope. 2. To wake from sleep or repose; as, to rouse one early or suddenly. 3. To excite to lively thought or action from a state of idleness, languor, stupidity, or indifference; as, to rouse the faculties, passions, or emotions. To rouse up a people, the most phlegmatic of any in Christendom. Atterbury. 4. To put in motion; to stir up; to agitate. Blustering winds, which all night long Had roused the sea. Milton. 5. To raise; to make erect. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak. ROUSE Rouse, v. i. 1. To get or start up; to rise. [Obs.] Night's black agents to their preys do rouse. Shak. 2. To awake from sleep or repose. Morpheus rouses from his bed. Pope. 3. To be exited to thought or action from a state of indolence or inattention. ROUSER Rous"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, rouses. 2. Something very exciting or great. [Colloq.] 3. (Brewing) Defn: A stirrer in a copper for boiling wort. ROUSING Rous"ing, a. 1. Having power to awaken or excite; exciting. I begin to feel Some rousing motions in me. Milton. 2. Very great; violent; astounding; as, a rousing fire; a rousing lie. [Colloq.] ROUSINGLY Rous"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a rousing manner. ROUSSETTE Rous*sette", n. Etym: [F.; -- so called in allusion to the color. See Russet.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fruit bat, especially the large species (Pieropus vulgaris) inhabiting the islands of the Indian ocean. It measures about a yard across the expanded wings. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small shark of the genus Scyllium; -- called also dogfish. See Dogfish. ROUST Roust (roust), v. t. Defn: To rouse; to disturb; as, to roust one out. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] ROUST Roust, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. röst an estuary.] Defn: A strong tide or current, especially in a narrow channel. [Written also rost, and roost.] Jamieson. ROUSTABOUT Roust"a*bout`, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A laborer, especially a deck hand, on a river steamboat, who moves the cargo, loads and unloads wood, and the like; in an opprobrious sense, a shiftless vagrant who lives by chance jobs. [Western U.S.] ROUT Rout (rout), v. i. Etym: [AS. hrutan.] Defn: To roar; to bellow; to snort; to snore loudly. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer. ROUT Rout, n. Defn: A bellowing; a shouting; noise; clamor; uproar; disturbance; tumult. Shak. This new book the whole world makes such a rout about. Sterne. "My child, it is not well," I said, "Among the graves to shout; To laugh and play among the dead, And make this noisy rout." Trench. ROUT Rout, v. t. Etym: [A variant of root.] Defn: To scoop out with a gouge or other tool; to furrow. To rout out (a) To turn up to view, as if by rooting; to discover; to find. (b) To turn out by force or compulsion; as, to rout people out of bed. [Colloq.] ROUT Rout, v. i. Defn: To search or root in the ground, as a swine. Edwards. ROUT Rout, n. Etym: [OF. route, LL. rupta, properly, a breaking, fr. L. ruptus, p.p. of rumpere to break. See Rupture, reave, and cf. Rote repetition of forms, Route. In some senses this word has been confused with rout a bellowing, an uproar.] [Formerly spelled also route.] 1. A troop; a throng; a company; an assembly; especially, a traveling company or throng. [Obs.] "A route of ratones [rats]." Piers Plowman. "A great solemn route." Chaucer. And ever he rode the hinderest of the route. Chaucer. A rout of people there assembled were. Spenser. 2. A disorderly and tumultuous crowd; a mob; hence, the rabble; the herd of common people. the endless routs of wretched thralls. Spenser. The ringleader and head of all this rout. Shak. Nor do I name of men the common rout. Milton. 3. The state of being disorganized and thrown into confusion; -- said especially of an army defeated, broken in pieces, and put to flight in disorder or panic; also, the act of defeating and breaking up an army; as, the rout of the enemy was complete. thy army . . . Dispersed in rout, betook them all to fly. Daniel. To these giad conquest, murderous rout to those. pope. 4. (Law) Defn: A disturbance of the peace by persons assembled together with intent to do a thing which, if executed, would make them rioters, and actually making a motion toward the executing thereof. Wharton. 5. A fashionable assembly, or large evening party. "At routs and dances." Landor. To put to rout, to defeat and throw into confusion; to overthrow and put to flight. ROUT Rout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Routed; p. pr. & vb. n. Routing.] Defn: To break the ranks of, as troops, and put them to flight in disorder; to put to rout. That party . . . that charged the Scots, so totally routed and defeated their whole army, that they fied. Clarendon. Syn. -- To defeat; discomfit; overpower; overthrow. ROUT Rout, v. i. Defn: To assemble in a crowd, whether orderly or disorderly; to collect in company. [obs.] Bacon. In all that land no Christian[s] durste route. Chaucer. ROUT CAKE Rout" cake`. Defn: A kind of rich sweet cake made for routs, or evening parties. Twenty-four little rout cakes that were lying neglected in a plate. Thackeray. ROUTE Route (root or rout; 277), n. Etym: [OE. & F. route, OF. rote, fr. L. rupta (sc. via), fr. ruptus, p.p. of rumpere to break; hence, literally, a broken or beaten way or path. See Rout, and cf. Rut a track.] Defn: The course or way which is traveled or passed, or is to be passed; a passing; a course; a road or path; a march. Wide through the furzy field their route they take. Gay. ROUTER Rout"er, n. (Carp.) (a) A plane made like a spokeshave, for working the inside edges of circular sashes. (b) A plane with a hooked tool protruding far below the sole, for smoothing the bottom of a cavity. ROUTHE Routhe, n. Defn: Ruth; sorrow. [Obs.] Chaucer. ROUTINARY Rou"ti*na*ry, a. Defn: Involving, or pertaining to, routine; ordinary; customary. [R.] Emerson. ROUTINE Rou*tine", n. Etym: [F., fr. route a path, way, road. See Route, Roterepetition.] 1. A round of business, amusement, or pleasure, daily or frequently pursued; especially, a course of business or offical duties regularly or frequently returning. 2. Any regular course of action or procedure rigidly adhered to by the mere force of habit. ROUTINISM Rou*tin""ism, n. Defn: the practice of doing things with undiscriminating, mechanical regularity. ROUTINIST Rou*tin"ist, n. Defn: One who habituated to a routine. ROUTISH Rout"ish, a. Defn: Uproarious; riotous. [Obs.] ROUTOUSLY Rout"ous*ly, adv. (Law) Defn: With that violation of law called a rout. See 5th Rout, 4. ROUX Roux, n. Etym: [F. beurre roux brown butter.] (Cookery) Defn: A thickening, made of flour, for soups and gravies. ROVE Rove, v. t. Etym: [perhaps fr. or akin to reeve.] 1. To draw through an eye or aperture. 2. To draw out into falkes; to card, as wool. Jamieson. 3. To twist slightly; to bring together, as slivers of wool or cotton, and twist slightly before spinning. ROVE Rove, n. 1. A copper washer upon which the end of a nail is clinched in boat building. 2. A roll or sliver of wool or cotton drawn out and ROVE Rove, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roved; p. pr. & vb. n. Roving.] Etym: [Cf. D. rooven to rob; akin to E. reave. See Reave Rob.] 1. To practice robbery on the seas;to wander about on the seas in piracy. [Obs.] Hakluyt. 2. Hence, to wander; to ramble; to rauge; to go, move, or pass without certain direction in any manner, by sailing, walking, riding, flying, or otherwise. For who has power to walk has power to rove. Arbuthnot. 3. (Archery) Defn: To shoot at rovers; hence, to shoot at an angle of elevation, not at point-blank (rovers usually being beyond the point-blank range). Fair Venusson that with thy cruel dart At that good knoght cunningly didst rove. Spenser. Syn. -- To wander; roam; range; ramble stroll. ROVE Rove, v. t. 1. To wander over or through. Roving the field, i chanced A goodly tree far distant to behold. milton. 2. To plow into ridges by turning the earth of two furrows together. ROVE Rove, n. Defn: The act of wandering; a ramble. In thy nocturnal rove one moment halt. Young. Rove beetle (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of beetles of the family Staphylinidæ, having short elytra beneath which the wings are folded transversely. They are rapid runners, and seldom fly. ROVER Rov"er, n. Etym: [D. roover a robber. See Rove, v. i.] 1. One who practices robbery on the seas; a pirate. Yet Pompey the Great deserveth honor more justly for scouring the seas, and taking from the rovers 846 sail of ships. Holland. 2. One who wanders about by sea or land; a wanderer; a rambler. 3. Hence, a fickle, inconstant person. 4. (Croquet) Defn: A ball which has passed through all the hoops and would go out if it hit the stake but is continued in play; also, the player of such a ball. 5. (Archery) (a) Casual marks at uncertain distances. Encyc. Brit. (b) A sort of arrow. [Obs.] All sorts, flights, rovers, and butt shafts. B. Jonson. At rovers, at casual marks; hence, at random; as, shooting at rovers. See def. 5 (a) above. Addison. Bound down on every side with many bands because it shall not run at rovers. Robynson (More's Utopia). ROVING Rov"ing, n. 1. The operatin of forming the rove, or slightly twisted sliver or roll of wool or cotton, by means of a machine for the purpose, called a roving frame, or roving machine. 2. A roll or sliver of wool or cotton drawn out and slightly twisted; a rove. See 2d Rove, 2. Roving frame, Roving machine, a machine for drawing and twisting roves and twisting roves and winding them on bobbin for the spinning machine. ROVING Rov"ing, n. Defn: The act of one who roves or wanders. ROVINGLY Rov"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a wandering manner. ROVINGNESS Rov"ing*ness, n. Defn: The state of roving. ROW Row, a. & adv. Etym: [See Rough.] Defn: Rough; stern; angry. [Obs.] "Lock he never so row." Chaucer. ROW Row, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. rouse, n.] Defn: A noisy, turbulent quarrel or disturbance; a brawl. [Colloq.] Byron. ROW Row, n. Etym: [OE. rowe, rawe, rewe, AS. raw, r; probably akin to D. rij, G. reihe; cf. Skr. r a line, stroke.] Defn: A series of persons or things arranged in a continued line; a line; a rank; a file; as, a row of trees; a row of houses or columns. And there were windows in three rows. 1 Kings vii. 4. The bright seraphim in burning row. Milton. Row culture (Agric.), the practice of cultivating crops in drills. -- Row of points (Geom.), the points on a line, infinite in number, as the points in which a pencil of rays is intersected by a line. ROW Row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rowing.] Etym: [AS. r; akin to D. roeijen, MHG. rüejen, Dan. roe, Sw. ro, Icel. r, L. remus oar, Gr. aritra. sq. root8. Cf. Rudder.] 1. To propel with oars, as a boat or vessel, along the surface of water; as, to row a boat. 2. To transport in a boat propelled with oars; as, to row the captain ashore in his barge. ROW Row, v. i. 1. To use the oar; as, to row well. 2. To be moved by oars; as, the boat rows easily. ROW Row, n. Defn: The act of rowing; excursion in a rowboat. ROWABLE Row"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be rowed, or rowed upon. "That long barren fen, once rowable." B. Jonson. ROWAN Row"an, n. Defn: Rowan tree. Rowan barry, a barry of the rowan tree. ROWAN TREE Row"an tree`. Etym: [Cf. Sw. rönn, Dan. rönne, Icel. reynir, and L. ornus.] (Bot.) Defn: A european tree (Pyrus aucuparia) related to the apple, but with pinnate leaves and flat corymbs of small white flowers followed by little bright red berries. Called also roan tree, and mountain ash. The name is also applied to two American trees of similar habit (Pyrus Americana, and P. sambucifolia). ROWBOAT Row"boat`, n. Defn: A boat designed to be propelled by oars instead of sails. ROWDY Row"dy, n.; pl. Rowdies. Etym: [From Rout, or Row a brawl.] Defn: One who engages in rows, or noisy quarrels; a ruffianly fellow. M. Arnold. ROWDYDOW Row"dy*dow, n. Defn: Hubbub; uproar. [Vulgar] ROWDYDOWDY Row"dy*dow`dy, a. Defn: Uproarious. [Vulgar] ROWDYISH Row"dy*ish, a. Defn: Resembling a rowdy in temper or conduct; characteristic of a rowdy. ROWDYISM Row"dy*ism, n. Defn: the conduct of a rowdy. ROWED Rowed, a. Defn: Formed into a row, or rows; having a row, or rows; as, a twelve-rowed ear of corn. ROWEL Row"el, n. Etym: [OF. roele, rouele, properly, a little wheel, F. rouelle collop, slice, LL. rotella a little wheel, dim. of L. rota a wheel. See Roll, and cf. Rota.] 1. The little wheel of a spur, with sharp points. With sounding whip, and rowels dyed in blood. Cowper. 2. A little flat ring or wheel on horses' bits. The iron rowels into frothy foam he bit. Spenser. 3. (Far.) Defn: A roll of hair, silk, etc., passed through the flesh of horses, answering to a seton in human surgery. ROWEL Row"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roweled or Rowelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Roweling or Rowelling.] (Far.) Defn: To insert a rowel, or roll of hair or silk, into (as the flesh of a horse). Mortimer. ROWEL BONE Row"el bone`. Defn: See rewel bone. [Obs.] ROWEN Row"en, n. Etym: [Cf. E. rough, OE. row, rowe.] [Called also rowet, rowett, rowings, roughings.] 1. A stubble field left unplowed till late in the autumn, that it may be cropped by cattle. Turn your cows, that give milk, into your rowens till snow comes. Mortimer. 2. The second growth of grass in a season; aftermath. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] ROWER Row"er, n. Defn: One who rows with an oar. ROWETT Row"ett, n. Defn: See Rowen. ROWLOCK Row"lock ( colloq. , n. Etym: [For oarlock; AS. *rloc, where the second part is skin to G. loch a hole, E. lock a fastening. See Oar, and Lock.] (Naut.) Defn: A contrivance or arrangement serving as a fulcrum for an oar in rowing. It consists sometimes of a notch in the gunwale of a boat, sometimes of a pair of pins between which the oar rests on the edge of the gunwale, sometimes of a single pin passing through the oar, or of a metal fork or stirrup pivoted in the gunwale and suporting the oar. ROWN Rown, v. i. & t. Defn: see Roun. [Obs.] Chaucer. ROWPORT Row"port, n. (Naut.) Defn: An opening in the side of small vessels of war, near the surface of the water, to facilitate rowing in calm weather. ROXBURGH Rox"burgh (; Scot. , n. Etym: [From the third duke of Roxburgh (Scotland), a noted book collector who had his books so bound.] Defn: A style of bookbinding in which the back is plain leather, the sides paper or cloth, the top gilt-edged, but the front and bottom left uncut. ROY Roy (roi), n. Etym: [F. roi.] Defn: A king. [obs.] ROY Roy, a. Defn: Royal. [Obs.] Chapman. ROYAL Roy"al, a. Etym: [OE. roial, riall, real, OF. roial. reial, F. royal, fr. L. regalis, fr. rex, regis, king. See Rich, and cf. regal, real a coin, Rial.] 1. Kingly; pertaining to the crown or the sovereign; suitable for a king or queen; regal; as, royal power or prerogative; royal domains; the royal family; royal state. 2. Noble; generous; magnificent; princely. How doth that royal merchant, good Antonio Shak. 3. Under the patronage of royality; holding a charter granted by the sovereign; as, the Royal Academy of Arts; the Royal Society. Battle royal. See under Battle. -- Royal bay (Bot.), the classic laurel (Laurus nobilis.) -- Royal eagle. (Zoöl.) See Golden eagle, under Golden. -- Royal fern (Bot.), the handsome fern Osmunda regalis. See Osmund. -- Royal mast (Naut.), the mast next above the topgallant mast and usually the highest on a square-rigged vessel. The royal yard and royal sail are attached to the royal mast. -- Royal metal, an old name for gold. -- Royal palm (Bot.), a magnificent West Indian palm tree (Oreodoxa regia), lately discovered also in Florida. -- Royal pheasant. See Curassow. -- Royal purple, an intense violet color, verging toward blue. -- Royal tern (Zoöl.), a large, crested American tern (Sterna maxima). -- Royal tiger. (Zoöl.) See Tiger. -- Royal touch, the touching of a diseased person by the hand of a king, with the view of restoring to health; -- formerly extensively practiced, particularly for the scrofula, or king's evil. Syn. -- Kingly; regal; monarchical; imperial; kinglike; princely; august; majestic; superb; splendid; illustrious; noble; magnanimous. ROYAL Roy"al, n. 1. Printing and writing papers of particular sizes. See under paper, n. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A small sail immediately above the topgallant sail. Totten. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the upper or distal branches of an antler, as the third and fourth tynes of the antlers of a stag. 4. (Gun.) Defn: A small mortar. 5. (Mil.) Defn: One of the soldiers of the first regiment of foot of the British army, formerly called the Royals, and supposed to be the oldest regular corps in Europe; -- now called the Royal Scots. 6. An old English coin. See Rial. ROYALET Roy"al*et, n. Defn: A petty or powerless king. [R.] there were at this time two other royalets, as only kings by his leave. Fuller. ROYALISM Roy"al*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. royalisme.] Defn: the principles or conduct of royalists. ROYALIST Roy"al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. royaliste.] Defn: An adherent of a king (as of Charles I. in England, or of the Bourbons in france); one attached to monarchical government. Where Ca'ndish fought, the Royalists prevailed. Waller. ROYALIZATION Roy`al*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of making loyal to a king. [R.] Saintsbury. ROYALIZE Roy"al*ize, v. t. Defn: to make royal. Shak. ROYALLY Roy"al*ly, adv. Defn: In a royal or kingly manner; like a king; as becomes a king. His body shall be royally interred. Dryden. ROYAL SPADE Royal spade. (Auction Bridge) Defn: A spade when spades are trumps under the condition that every trick over six taken by the successful bidder has a score value of 9; -- usually in pl. ROYALTY Roy"al*ty, n.; pl. Royalties. Etym: [OF. roialté, royaulté, F. royauté. See Royal, and cf. Regality.] 1. The state of being royal; the condition or quality of a royal person; kingship; kingly office; sovereignty. Royalty by birth was the sweetest way of majesty. Holyday. 2. The person of a king or sovereign; majesty; as, in the presence of royalty. For thus his royalty doth speak. Shak. 3. An emblem of royalty; -- usually in the plural, meaning regalia. [Obs.] Wherefore do I assume These royalties, and not refuse to reign Milton. 4. Kingliness; spirit of regal authority. In his royalty of nature Reigns that which would be fear'd. Shak. 5. Domain; province; sphere. Sir W. Scott. 6. That which is due to a sovereign, as a seigniorage on gold and silver coined at the mint, metals taken from mines, etc.; the tax exacted in lieu of such share; imperiality. 7. A share of the product or profit (as of a mine, forest, etc.), reserved by the owner for permitting another to use the property. 8. Hence (Com.), a duty paid by a manufacturer to the owner of a patent or a copyright at a certain rate for each article manufactured; or, a percentage paid to the owner of an article by one who hires the use of it. ROYNE Royne (roin), v. t. Etym: [F. rogner, OF. rooignier, to clip, pare, scare, fr. L. rotundus round See Rotund.] Defn: To bite; to gnaw. [Written also roin.] [Obs.] Spenser. ROYNISH Royn"ish, a. Etym: [F. rogneux, from rogne scab, mange, itch.] Defn: Mangy; scabby; hence, mean; paltry; troublesome. [Written also roinish.] [Obs.] "The roynish clown." Shak. ROYSTER; ROYSTERER Roys"ter, Roys"ter*er, n. Defn: same as Roister, Roisterer. ROYSTON CROW Roys"ton crow`. Etym: [So called from Royston, a town in England.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Hooded crow, under Hooded. ROYTELET Roy"te*let, n. Etym: [F. roitelet, dim. of roi king.] Defn: A little king. [Archaic] Heylin. Bancroft. ROYTISH Roy"tish, a. Etym: [Prob. for riotish, from riot, like Scot. roytous for riotous.] Defn: Wild; irregular. [Obs.] RUB Rub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rubbing.] Etym: [Probably of Celtic origin; cf. W. rhwbiaw, gael. rub.] 1. To subject (a body) to the action of something moving over its surface with pressure and friction, especially to the action of something moving back and forth; as, to rub the flesh with the hand; to rub wood with sandpaper. It shall be expedient, after that body is cleaned, to rub the body with a coarse linen cloth. Sir T. Elyot. 2. To move over the surface of (a body) with pressure and friction; to graze; to chafe; as, the boat rubs the ground. 3. To cause (a body) to move with pressure and friction along a surface; as, to rub the hand over the body. Two bones rubbed hard against one another. Arbuthnot. 4. To spread a substance thinly over; to smear. The smoothed plank, . . . New rubbed with balm. Milton. 5. To scour; to burnish; to polish; to brighten; to cleanse; -- often with up or over; as, to rub up silver. The whole business of our redemption is to rub over the defaced copy of the creation. South. 6. To hinder; to cross; to thwart. [R.] 'T is the duke's pleasure, Whose disposition, all the world well knows, Will not be rubbed nor stopped. Shak. To rub down. (a) To clean by rubbing; to comb or curry; as, to down a horse. (b) To reduce or remove by rubbing; as, to rub down the rough points. -- To rub off, to clean anything by rubbing; to separate by friction; as, to rub off rust. -- To rub out, to remove or separate by friction; to erase; to obliterate; as, to rub out a mark or letter; to rub out a stain. -- To rub up. (a) To burnish; to polish; to clean. (b) To excite; to awaken; to rouse to action; as, to rub up the memory. RUB Rub, v. i. 1. To move along the surface of a body with pressure; to grate; as, a wheel rubs against the gatepost. 2. To fret; to chafe; as, to rub upon a sore. 3. To move or pass with difficulty; as, to rub through woods, as huntsmen; to rub through the world. To rub along or on, to go on with difficulty; as, they manage, with strict economy, to rub along. [Colloq.] RUB Rub, n. Etym: [Cf. W. rhwb. See Rub, v,t,] 1. The act of rubbing; friction. 2. That which rubs; that which tends to hinder or obstruct motion or progress; hindrance; obstruction, an impediment; especially, a difficulty or obstruction hard to overcome; a pinch. Every rub is smoothed on our way. Shak. To sleep, perchance to dream; ay, there's the rub. Shak. Upon this rub, the English ambassadors thought fit to demur. Hayward. One knows not, certainly, what other rubs might have been ordained for us by a wise Providence. W. Besant. 3. Inequality of surface, as of the ground in the game of bowls; unevenness. Shak. 4. Something grating to the feelings; sarcasm; joke; as, a hard rub. 5. Imperfection; failing; fault. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 6. A chance. [Obs.] Flight shall leave no Greek a rub. Chapman. 7. A stone, commonly flat, used to sharpen cutting tools; a whetstone; -- called also rubstone. Rub iron, an iron guard on a wagon body, against which a wheel rubs when cramped too much. RUBA-DUB Rub"a-dub, n. Defn: The sound of a drum when continuously beaten; hence, a clamorous, repeated sound; a clatter. The rubadub of the abolition presses. D. Webster. RUBAIYAT Ru*bai*yat", n. pl.; sing. Rubai. [Ar. ruba'iyah quatrian, pl. of ruba'iy having four radicals, fr. ruba' four.] Defn: Quatrians; as, the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. Sometimes in pl. construed as sing., a poem in such stanzas. RUBATO Ru*ba"to, a. Etym: [It.] Defn: Robbed; borrowed. Temple rubato. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Borrowed time; -- a term applied to a style of performance in which some tones are held longer than their legitimate time, while others are proportionally curtailed. RUBBAGE Rub"bage (; 48), n. Defn: Rubbish. [Obs.] RUBBER Rub"ber, n. 1. One who, or that which, rubs. Specifically: (a) An instrument or thing used in rubbing, polishing, or cleaning. (b) A coarse file, or the rough part of a file. (c) A whetstone; a rubstone. (d) An eraser, usually made of caoutchouc. (e) The cushion of an electrical machine. (f) One who performs massage, especially in a Turkish bath. (g) Something that chafes or annoys; hence, something that grates on the feelings; a sarcasm; a rub. Thackeray. 2. In some games, as whist, the odd game, as the third or the fifth, when there is a tie between the players; as, to play the rubber; also, a contest determined by the winning of two out of three games; as, to play a rubber of whist. Beaconsfield. "A rubber of cribbage." Dickens. 3. India rubber; caoutchouc. 4. An overshoe made of India rubber. [Colloq.] Antimony rubber, an elastic durable variety of vulcanized caoutchouc of a red color. It contains antimony sulphide as an important constituent. -- Hard rubber, a kind of vulcanized caoutchouc which nearly resembles horn in texture, rigidity, etc. -- India rubber, caoutchouc. See Caoutchouc. -- Rubber cloth, cloth covered with caoutchouc for excluding water or moisture. -- Rubber dam (Dentistry), a shield of thin sheet rubber clasped around a tooth to exclude saliva from the tooth. RUBBERIZE Rub"ber*ize, v. t. Defn: To coat or impregnate with rubber or a rubber solution or preparation, as silk. RUBBIDGE Rub"bidge, n. Defn: Rubbish. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. RUBBING Rub"bing, Defn: a. & n. from Rub, v. RUBBISH Rub"bish, n. Etym: [OE. robows, robeux, rubble, originally an Old French plural from an assumed dim. of robe, probably in the sense of trash; cf. It. robaccia trash, roba stuff, goods, wares, robe. Thus, etymologically rubbish is the pl. of rubble. See Robe, and cf. Rubble.] Defn: Waste or rejected matter; anything worthless; valueless stuff; trash; especially, fragments of building materials or fallen buildings; ruins; débris. What rubbish and what offal! Shak. he saw the town's one half in rubbish lie. Dryden. Rubbish pulley. See Gin block, under Gin. RUBBISH Rub"bish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to rubbish; of the quality of rubbish; trashy. De Quincey. RUBBLE Rub"ble, n. Etym: [From an assumed Old French dim. of robe See Rubbish.] 1. Water-worn or rough broken stones; broken bricks, etc., used in coarse masonry, or to fill up between the facing courses of walls. Inside [the wall] there was rubble or mortar. Jowett (Thucyd. ). 2. Rough stone as it comes from the quarry; also, a quarryman's term for the upper fragmentary and decomposed portion of a mass of stone; brash. Brande & C. 3. (Geol.) Defn: A mass or stratum of fragments or rock lying under the alluvium, and derived from the neighboring rock. Lyell. 4. pl. Defn: The whole of the bran of wheat before it is sorted into pollard, bran, etc. [Prov.Eng.] Simmonds. Coursed rubble, rubble masonry in which courses are formed by leveling off the work at certain heights. RUBBLESTONE Rub"ble*stone`, n. Defn: See Rubble, 1 and 2. RUBBLEWORK Rub"ble*work`, n. Defn: Masonry constructed of unsquared stones that are irregular in size and shape. RUBBLY Rub"bly, a. Defn: Relating to, or containing, rubble. RUBEDINOUS Ru*bed"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. rubedo redness, fr. rubere to be red.] Defn: Reddish. [R.] M. Stuart. RUBEFACIENT Ru`be*fa"cient, a. Etym: [L. rubefaciens, p.pr. of rubefacere to make red; rubere to be red + facere to make.] Defn: Making red. -- n. (Med.) Defn: An external application which produces redness of the skin. RUBEFACTION Ru`be*fac"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of making red. RUBELET Ru"be*let (ru"be*lêt), n. Defn: A little ruby. Herrick. RUBELL; RUBELLE Ru*bell", Ru*belle", n. Etym: [L. rubellus reddish.] Defn: A red color used in enameling. Weale. RUBELLA Ru*bel"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. rubellus reddish.] (Med.) Defn: An acute specific disease with a dusky red cutaneous eruption resembling that of measles, but unattended by catarrhal symptoms; -- called also German measles. RUBELLITE Ru"bel*lite, n. Etym: [L. rubellus reddish, dim. of ruber red.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of tourmaline varying in color from a pale rose to a deep ruby, and containing lithium. RUBEOLA Ru*be"o*la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. ruber red.] (Med.) (a) the measles. (b) Rubella. RUBERYTHRINIC Ru`ber*y*thrin"ic, a. Etym: [L. ruber red + erythrin.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid extracted from madder root. It is a yellow crystalline substance from which alizarin is obtained. RUBESCENCE Ru*bes"cence, n. Defn: The quality or state of being rubescent; a reddening; a flush. RUBESCENT Ru*bes"cent, a. Etym: [L. rubescens, -entis, p.pr. of rubescere to grow red, v. incho from rubere to be red: cf. F. rubescent. See Ruby.] Defn: Growing or becoming red; tending to redness. RUBIACEOUS Ru`bi*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. rubia madder, fr. rubeus red.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a very large natural order of plants (Rubiaceæ) named after the madder (Rubia tinctoria), and including about three hundred and seventy genera and over four thousand species. Among them are the coffee tree, the trees yielding peruvian bark and quinine, the madder, the quaker ladies, and the trees bearing the edible fruits called genipap and Sierre Leone peach, besides many plants noted for the beauty or the fragrance of their blossoms. RUBIACIN Ru"bi*a*cin, n. Etym: [L. rubia madder, fr. rubeus red.] (Chem) Defn: A substance found in madder root, and probably identical with ruberythrinic acid. RUBIAN Ru"bi*an, n. Etym: [L. rubia madder, fr. rubeus red.] (Chem.) Defn: One of several color-producing glycosides found in madder root. RUBIANIC Ru`bi*an"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: pertaining to, or derived from, rubian; specifically, designating an acid called also ruberythrinic acid. [Obs.] RU BIBLE Ru" bi*ble, n. Defn: A ribble. [Obs.] Chaucer. RUBICAN Ru"bi*can, a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Colored a prevailing red, bay, or black, with flecks of white or gray especially on the flanks; -- said of horses. Smart. RUBICELLE Ru"bi*celle, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rubacelle, rubicelle, fr. L. rubeus red, reddish.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of ruby of a yellowish red color, from Brazil. RUBICON Ru"bi*con, n. (Anc. geog.) Defn: A small river which separated Italy from Cisalpine Gaul, the province alloted to Julius Cæsar. Note: By leading an army across this river, contrary to the prohibition of the civil government at Rome, Cæsar precipitated the civil war which resulted in the death of Pompey and the overthrow of the senate; hence, the phrase to pass or cross the Rubicon signifies to take the decisive step by which one is committed to a hazardous enterprise from which there is no retreat. RUBICUND Ru"bi*cund, a. Etym: [L. rubicundus, fr. rubere to be red, akin to ruber red. See Red.] Defn: Inclining to redness; ruddy; red. "His rubicund face." Longfellow. RUBICUNDITY Ru`bi*cun"di*ty, n. Etym: [LL. rubicunditas.] Defn: The quality or state of being rubicund; ruddiness. To parade your rubicundity and gray hairs. Walpole. RUBIDIC Ru*bid"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to rubidium; containing rubidium. RUBIDINE Ru"bi*dine ( or ), n. (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous base homologous with pyridine, obtained from coal tar as an oily liquid, C11H17N; also, any one of the group od metameric compounds of which rubidine is the type. RUBIDIUM Ru*bid"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. rubidus red, fr. rubere to be red. So called from two dark red spectroscopic lines by means of which it was discovered in the lepidolite from Rozena, Moravia. See Rubicund.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element. It occurs quite widely, but in small quantities, and always combined. It is isolated as a soft yellowish white metal, analogous to potassium in most of its properties. Symbol Rb. Atomic weight, 85.2. RUBIFIC Ru*bif"ic, a. Etym: [L. ruber red + facere to make.] Defn: Making red; as, rubific rays. Grew. RUBIFICATION Ru`bi*fic*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rubification.] Defn: The act of making red. Howell. RUBIFORM Ru"bi*form, a. Etym: [L. ruber red + -form.] Defn: Having the nature or quality of red; as, the rubiform rays of the sun. [R.] Sir I. newton. RUBIFY Ru"bi*fy, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. rubéfier. See Rubific.] Defn: To redden. [R.] "Waters rubifying." Chaucer. RUBIGINOSE; RUBIGINOUS Ru*big"i*nose`, Ru*big"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. rubiginosus, fr. rubigo, robigo, rust: cf. F. rubigineux.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the appearance or color of iron rust; rusty-looking. RUBIGO Ru*bi"go, n. Etym: [L. rubigo, robigo, rust of metals, rust, blight.] (bot.) Defn: same as Rust, n., 2. RUBIN Ru"bin, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. rubinus, It. rubino. See Ruby.] Defn: A ruby. [Obs.] Spenser. RUBIOUS Ru"bi*ous, a. Etym: [L. rubeus, fr. rubere to be red. See Rouge.] Defn: Red; ruddy. [Obs.] Shak. RUBIRETIN Ru`bi*re"tin, n. Etym: [Rubian + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: One of the red dye products extracted from madder root, and probably identical with ruberythrinic acid. RUBLE Ru"ble, n. Etym: [Russ. ruble.] Defn: The unit of monetary value in Russia. It is divided into 100 copecks, and in the gold coin of the realm (as in the five and ten ruble pieces) is worth about 77 cents. The silver ruble is a coin worth about 60 cents. [Written also rouble.] RUBRIC Ru"bric, n. Etym: [OE. rubriche, OF. rubriche, F. rubrique ( cf. it. rubrica), fr. L. rubrica red earth for coloring, red chalk, the title of a law (because written in red), fr. ruber red. See red.] Defn: That part of any work in the early manuscripts and typography which was colored red, to distinguish it from other portions. Hence, specifically: (a) A titlepage, or part of it, especially that giving the date and place of printing; also, the initial letters, etc., when printed in red. (b) (Law books) The title of a statute; -- so called as being anciently written in red letters. Bell. (c) (Liturgies) The directions and rules for the conduct of service, formerly written or printed in red; hence, also, an ecclesiastical or episcopal injunction; -- usually in the plural. All the clergy in England solemnly pledge themselves to observe the rubrics. Hook. (d) Hence, that which is established or settled, as by authority; a thing definitely settled or fixed. Cowper. Nay, as a duty, it had no place or rubric in human conceptions before Christianity. De Quincey. RUBRIC Ru"bric, v. t. Defn: To adorn ith red; to redden; to rubricate. [R.] Johnson. RUBRIC; RUBRICAL Ru"bric, Ru"bric*al, a. 1. Colored in, or marked with, red; placed in rubrics. What though my name stood rubric on the walls Or plaistered posts, with claps, in capitals Pope. 2. Of or pertaining to the rubric or rubrics. "Rubrical eccentricities." C. Kingsley. RUBRICATE Ru"bri*cate, a. Etym: [L. rubricatus p.p. of rubricare to color red. See Rubric, n.] Defn: Marked with red. Sp RUBRICATE Ru"bri*cate, v. t. Defn: To mark or distinguished with red; to arrange as in a rubric; to establish in a settled and unchangeable form. Foxe. A system . . . according to which the thoughts of men were to be classed and rubricated forever after. Hare. RUBRICIAN; RUBRICIST Ru*bri"cian, Ru"bri*cist, n. Defn: One skilled in, or tenaciously adhering to, the rubric or rubrics. RUBRICITY Ru*bric"i*ty, n. Defn: Redness. [R.] RUBSTONE Rub"stone`, n. Defn: A stone for scouring or rubbing; a whetstone; a rub. RUBUS Ru"bus, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of rosaceous plants, including the raspberry and blackberry. RUBY Ru"by, n.; pl. Rubies. Etym: [F. rubis (cf. Pr. robi), LL. rubinus, robinus, fr. L. rubeus red, reddish, akin to ruber. See Rouge, red.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A precious stone of a carmine red color, sometimes verging to violet, or intermediate between carmine and hyacinth red. It is a red crystallized variety of corundum. Note: Besides the true or Oriental ruby above defined, there are the balas ruby, or ruby spinel, a red variety of spinel, and the rock ruby, a red variety of garnet. Of rubies, sapphires, and pearles white. Chaucer. 2. The color of a ruby; carmine red; a red tint. The natural ruby of your cheeks. Shak. 3. That which has the color of the ruby, as red wine. Hence, a red blain or carbuncle. 4. (Print.) Defn: See Agate, n., 2. [Eng.] 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of South American humming birds of the genus Clytolæma. The males have a ruby-colored throat or breast. Ruby of arsenic, Ruby of sulphur (Chem.), a glassy substance of a red color and a variable composition, but always consisting chiefly of the disulphide of arsenic; -- called also ruby sulphur. -- Ruby of zinc (Min.), zinc sulphide; the mineral zinc blende or sphalerite. -- Ruby silver (Min.), red silver. See under Red. RUBY Ru"by, a. Defn: Ruby-colored; red; as, ruby lips. RUBY Ru"by, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rubied; p. pr. & vb. n. Rubying.] Defn: To make red; to redden. [R.] Pope. RUBYTAIL Ru"by*tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European gold wasp (Chrysis ignita) which has the under side of the abdomen bright red, and the other parts deep bluish green with a metallic luster. The larva is parasitic in the nests of other wasps and of bees. RUBY-TAILED Ru"by-tailed`, a. Defn: Having the tail, or lower part of the body, bright red. RUBYTHROAT Ru"by*throat`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of humming birds belonging to Trochilus, Calypte, Stellula, and allies, in which the male has on the throat a brilliant patch of red feathers having metallic reflections; esp., the common humming bird of the Eastern United States (Trochilus colubris). RUBYWOOD Ru"by*wood`, n. Defn: red sandalwood. See under Sandalwood. RUCERVINE Ru*cer"vine, a. Etym: [NL. Rucervus, the genus, fr. NL. Rusa a certain genus of deer (Malay r deer) + Cervus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, like, or pertaining to, a deer of the genus Rucervus, which includes the swamp deer of India. RUCHE Ruche, n. Etym: [F. ruche ruche, beehive, OF. rusche a beehive, which was formerly made of the bark of trees; cf. W. rhisg, rhisgl, bark, gael. rusg bark, rind.] 1. A plaited, quilled, or goffered strip of lace, net, ribbon, or other material, -- used in place of collars or cuffs, and as a trimming for women's dresses and bonnets. [Written also rouche.] 2. A pile of arched tiles, used to catch and retain oyster spawn. RUCHING Ruch"ing, n. Defn: A ruche, or ruches collectively. RUCK Ruck, n. Defn: A roc. [Obs. or prov. Eng.] Drayton. RUCK Ruck, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Rucking.] Etym: [Icel hrukkast to wrinkle, hrukka wrinkle, fold.] Defn: To draw into wrinkles or unsightly folds; to crease; as, to ruck up a carpet. Smart. RUCK Ruck, n. Etym: [Icel. hrukka. Cf. Ruck, v. t.] Defn: A wrinkle or crease in a piece of cloth, or in needlework. RUCK Ruck, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Dan. ruge to brood, to hatch.] Defn: To cower; to huddle together; to squat; to sit, as a hen on eggs. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Gower. South. The sheep that rouketh in the fold. Chaucer. RUCK Ruck, n. Etym: [Cf. Ruck.] 1. A heap; a rick. [Prov Eng. & Scot.] 2. The common sort, whether persons or things; as, the ruck in a horse race. [Colloq.] The ruck in society as a whole. Lond. Sat. Rev. RUCTATION Ruc*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. ructatio, fr. ructare to belch: cf. F. ructation.] Defn: The act of belching wind. RUCTION Ruc"tion, n. Defn: An uproar; a quarrel; a noisy outbreak. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] RUD Rud, n. Etym: [AS. rudu, akin to reád red. sq. root113. See Red, and cf. Ruddy.] 1. Redness; blush. [Obs.] 2. Ruddle; red ocher. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The rudd. RUD Rud, v. t. Defn: To make red. [Obs.] Spenser. RUDBECKIA Rud*beck"i*a, n. [NL. So named after Olaf Rudebeck, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of composite plants, the coneflowers, consisting of perennial herbs with showy pedunculate heads, having a hemispherical involucre, sterile ray flowers, and a conical chaffy receptacle. There are about thirty species, exclusively North American. Rudbeckia hirta, the black-eyed Susan, is a common weed in meadows. RUDD Rudd, n. Etym: [See Rud, n.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fresh-water European fish of the Carp family (Leuciscus erythrophthalmus). It is about the size and shape of the roach, but it has the dorsal fin farther back, a stouter body, and red irises. Called also redeye, roud, finscale, and shallow. A blue variety is called azurine, or blue roach. RUDDER Rud"der, n. Defn: A riddle or sieve. [Prov. Eng.] RUDDER Rud"der, n. Etym: [OE. rother, AS. roedher a paddle; akin to D. roer rudder, oar, G. ruder, OHG. roadar, Sw. roder, ror, Dan. roer, ror. sq. root 8. See Row to propel with an oar, and cf. Rother. ] 1. (Naut.) Defn: The mechanical appliance by means of which a vessel is guided or steered when in motion. It is a broad and flat blade made of wood or iron, with a long shank, and is fastened in an upright position, usually by one edge, to the sternpost of the vessel in such a way that it can be turned from side to side in the water by means of a tiller, wheel, or other attachment. 2. Fig.: That which resembles a rudder as a guide or governor; that which guides or governs the course. For rhyme the rudder is of verses. Hudibras. Balance rudder (Naut.), a rudder pivoted near the middle instead of at the edge, -- common on sharpies. -- Drop rudder (Naut.), a rudder extending below the keel so as to be more effective in steering. -- Rudder chain (Naut.), one of the loose chains or ropes which fasten the rudder to the quarters to prevent its loss in case it gets unshipped, and for operating it in case the tiller or the wheel is broken. -- Rudder coat (Naut.), a covering of tarred canvas used to prevent water from entering the rudderhole. -- Rudder fish. (Zoöl.) (a) The pilot fish. (b) The amber fish (Seriola zonata), which is bluish having six broad black bands. (c) A plain greenish black American fish (Leirus perciformis); -- called also black rudder fish, logfish, and barrel fish. The name is also applied to other fishes which follow vessels. -- Rudder pendants (Naut.), ropes connected with the rudder chains. RUDDERHEAD Rud"der*head`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The upper end of the rudderpost, to which the tiller is attashed. RUDDERHOLE Rud"der*hole, n. (Naut.) Defn: The hole in the deck through which the rudderpost passes. RUDDERLESS Rud"der*less, a. Defn: Without a rudder. RUDDERPOST Rud"der*post, n. (Naut.) Defn: The shank of a rudder, having the blade at one end and the attachments for operating it at the other. RUDDERSTOCK Rud"der*stock`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The main part or blade of the rudder, which is connected by hinges, or the like, with the sternpost of a vessel. RUDDIED Rud"died, a. Defn: Made ruddy or red. RUDDILY Rud"di*ly, adv. Defn: In a ruddy manner. Byron. RUDDINESS Rud"di*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being ruddy; as, the ruddiness of the cheeks or the sky. RUDDLE Rud"dle, v. t. Defn: To raddle or twist. [Obs.] RUDDLE Rud"dle, n. Defn: A riddle or sieve. [Obs.] Holland. RUDDLE Rud"dle, n. Etym: [See Rud; cf. Reddle.] (Min.) Defn: A species of red earth colored by iron sesquioxide; red ocher. RUDDLE Rud"dle, v. t. Defn: To mark with ruddle; to raddle; to rouge. "Their ruddled cheeks." Thackeray. A fair sheep newly ruddled. Lady M. W. Montagu. RUDDOCK Rud"dock, n. Etym: [AS. ruddic; cf. W. rhuddog the redbreast. sq. root113. See Rud, n.] [Written also raddock.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European robin. "The tame ruddock and the coward kite." Chaucer. 2. A piece of gold money; -- probably because the gold of coins was often reddened by copper alloy. Called also red ruddock, and golden ruddock. [Obs.] Great pieces of gold . . . red ruddocks. Florio. RUDDY Rud"dy, a. [Compar. Ruddier; superl. Ruddiest.] Etym: [AS. rudig. See Rud, n.] 1. Of a red color; red, or reddish; as, a ruddy sky; a ruddy flame. Milton. They were more ruddy in body than rubies. Lam. iv. 7. 2. Of a lively flesh color, or the color of the human skin in high health; as, ruddy cheeks or lips. Dryden. Ruddy duck (Zoöl.), an American duck (Erismatura rubida) having a broad bill and a wedge- shaped tail composed of stiff, sharp feathers. The adult male is rich brownish red on the back, sides, and neck, black on the top of the head, nape, wings, and tail, and white on the cheeks. The female and young male are dull brown mixed with blackish on the back; grayish below. Called also dunbird, dundiver, ruddy diver, stifftail, spinetail, hardhead, sleepy duck, fool duck, spoonbill, etc. -- Ruddy plover (Zoöl.) the sanderling. RUDDY Rud"dy, v. t. Defn: To make ruddy. [R.] Sir W. Scott. RUDE Rude, a. [Compar. Ruder; superl. Rudest.] Etym: [F., fr. L. rudis.] 1. Characterized by roughness; umpolished; raw; lacking delicacy or refinement; coarse. Such gardening tools as art, yet rude, . . . had formed. Milton. 2. Hence, specifically: (a) Unformed by taste or skill; not nicely finished; not smoothed or polished; -- said especially of material things; as, rude workmanship. "Rude was the cloth." Chaucer. Rude and unpolished stones. Bp. Stillingfleet. The heaven-born child All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies. Milton. (b) Of untaught manners; unpolished; of low rank; uncivil; clownish; ignorant; raw; unskillful; -- said of persons, or of conduct, skill, and the like. "Mine ancestors were rude." Chaucer. He was but rude in the profession of arms. Sir H. Wotton. the rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep. Gray. (c) Violent; tumultuous; boisterous; inclement; harsh; severe; -- said of the weather, of storms, and the like; as, the rude winter. [Clouds] pushed with winds, rude in their shock. Milton. The rude agitation [of water] breaks it into foam. Boyle. (d) Barbarous; fierce; bloody; impetuous; -- said of war, conflict, and the like; as, the rude shock of armies. (e) Not finished or complete; inelegant; lacking chasteness or elegance; not in good taste; unsatisfactory in mode of treatment; -- said of literature, language, style, and the like. "The rude Irish books." Spenser. Rude am I in my speech. Shak. Unblemished by my rude translation. Dryden. Syn. -- Impertinent; rough; uneven; shapeless; unfashioned; rugged; artless; unpolished; uncouth; inelegant; rustic; coarse; vulgar; clownish; raw; unskillful; untaught; illiterate; ignorant; uncivil; impolite; saucy; impudent; insolent; surly; currish; churlish; brutal; uncivilized; barbarous; savage; violent; fierce; tumultuous; turbulent; impetuous; boisterous; harsh; inclement; severe. See Impertiment. -- Rude"ly, adv. -- Rude"ness, n. RUDENTURE Ru"den*ture, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. rudens a rope.] (Arch.) Defn: Cabling. See Cabling. gwilt. RUDERARY Ru"de*ra*ry, a. Etym: [L. ruderarius, fr. rudus, ruderis, stones crushed and mixed with lime, old rubbish.] Defn: Of or pertaining to rubbish.. [Obs.] Bailey. RUDESBY Rudes"by, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: An uncivil, turbulent fellow. [Obs.] Shak. RUDESHEIMER; RUEDESHEIMER Rü"des*heim`er, n. Defn: A German wine made near Rüdesheim, on the Rhine. RUDIMENT Ru"di*ment, n. Etym: [L. rudimentum, fr. rudis unwrought, ignorant, rude: cf. F. rudiment. See Rude.] 1. That which is unformed or undeveloped; the principle which lies at the bottom of any development; an unfinished beginning. but I will bring thee where thou soon shalt quit Those rudiments, and see before thine eyes The monarchies of the earth. Milton. the single leaf is the rudiment of beauty in landscape. I. Taylor. 2. Hence, an element or first principle of any art or science; a beginning of any knowledge; a first step. This boy is forest-born, And hath been tutored in the rudiments of many desperate studies. Shak. There he shall first lay down the rudiments Of his great warfare. Milton. 3. (Biol.) Defn: An imperfect organ or part, or one which is never developed. RUDIMENT Ru"di*ment, v. t. Defn: To furnish with first principles or rules; to insrtuct in the rudiments. Gayton. RUDIMENTAL Ru`di*men"tal, a. Defn: Rudimentary. Addison. RUDIMENTARY Ru`di*men"ta*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rudimentaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to rudiments; consisting in first principles; elementary; initial; as, rudimental essays. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Very imperfectly developed; in an early stage of development; embryonic. RUDISH Rud"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat rude. Foote. RUDISTES Ru*dis"tes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. rudis rough.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct order or suborder of bivalve mollusks characteristic of the Cretaceous period; -- called also Rudista. See Illust. under Hippurite. RUDITY Ru"di*ty, n. Etym: [L. ruditas ignorance, fr. rudis rude, illiterate.] Defn: Rudeness; ignorance. [R.] RUDMASDAY Rud"mas*day, n. Etym: [See Rood, Mass, Day.] (R.C.Ch.) Defn: Either of the feasts of the Holy Cross, occuring on May 3 and September 14, annually. RUDOLPHINE Ru*dolph"ine, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a set of astronomical tables computed by Kepler, and founded on the observations of Tycho Brahe; - - so named from Rudolph II., emperor of Germany. RUE Rue, n. Etym: [F. rue, L. ruta, akin to Gr. r.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A perennial suffrutescent plant (Ruta graveolens), having a strong, heavy odor and a bitter taste; herb of grace. It is used in medicine. Then purged with euphrasy and rue The visual nerve, for he had much to see. Milton. They [the exorcists] are to try the devil by holy water, incense, sulphur, rue, which from thence, as we suppose, came to be called herb of grace. Jer. Taylor. 2. Fig.: Bitterness; disappointment; grief; regret. Goat's rue. See under Goat. -- Rue anemone, a pretty springtime flower (Thalictrum anemonides) common in the United States. -- Wall rue, a little fern (Asplenium Ruta-muraria) common on walls in Europe. RUE Rue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rued; p. pr. & vb. n. Ruing.] Etym: [OE. rewen, reouwen, to grive, make sorry, AS. hreówan; akin to OS. hrewan, D. rouwen, OHG. hriuwan, G. reun, Icel. hruggr grieved, hrugedh sorrow. sq. root 18. Cf. Ruth.] 1. To lament; to regret extremely; to grieve for or over. Chaucer. I wept to see, and rued it from my heart. Chapmen. Thy will Chose freely what it now so justly rues. Milton. 2. To cause to grieve; to afflict. [Obs.] "God wot, it rueth me." Chaucer. 3. To repent of, and withdraw from, as a bargain; to get released from. [Prov. Eng.] RUE Rue, v. i. 1. To have compassion. [Obs.] God so wisly [i. e., truly] on my soul rue. Chaucer. Which stirred men's hearts to rue upon them. Ridley. 2. To feel sorrow and regret; to repent. Work by counsel and thou shalt not rue. Chaucer. Old year, we'll dearly rue for you. Tennyson. RUE Rue, n. Etym: [AS. hreów. See Rue, v. t.] Defn: Sorrow; repetance. [Obs.] Shak. RUEFUL Rue"ful, a. 1. Causing one to rue or lament; woeful; mournful; sorrowful. 2. Expressing sorrow. "Rueful faces." Dryden. Two rueful figures, with long black cloaks. Sir W. Scott. -- Rue"ful*ly, adv. -- Rue"ful*ness, n. RUELL BONE Ru"ell bone`. Defn: See rewel bone. [Obs.] RUELLE Ru*elle" (, n. Etym: [F. ruelle a narrow street, a lanrue a street.] Defn: A private circle or assembly at a private house; a circle. [Obs.] Dryden. RUFESCENT Ru*fes"cent, a. Etym: [L. rufescens, p.pr. of rufescere to become reddish, fr. rufus red: cf. F. rufescent.] Defn: Reddish; tinged with red. RUFF Ruff, n. Etym: [F. ronfle; cf. It. ronfa, Pg. rufa, rifa.] (Card Playing) (a) A game similar to whist, and the predecessor of it. Nares. (b) The act of trumping, especially when one has no card of the suit led. RUFF Ruff, v. i. & t. (Card Playing) Defn: To trump. RUFF Ruff, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin: cf. Icel. r rough, uncombed, Pr. ruf rude, rough, Sp. rufo frizzed, crisp, curled, G. raufen to pluck, fight, rupfen to pluck, pull, E. rough. sq. root18. Cf. Ruffle to wrinkle.] 1. A muslin or linen collar plaited, crimped, or fluted, worn formerly by both sexes, now only by women and children. Here to-morrow with his best ruff on. Shak. His gravity is much lessened since the late proclamation came out against ruffs; . . . they were come to that height of excess herein, that twenty shillings were used to be paid for starching of a ruff. Howell. 2. Something formed with plaits or flutings, like the collar of this name. I reared this flower; . . . Soft on the paper ruff its leaves I spread. Pope. 3. An exhibition of pride or haughtiness. How many princes . . . in the ruff of all their glory, have been taken down from the head of a conquering army to the wheel of the victor's chariot! L'Estrange. 4. Wanton or tumultuous procedure or conduct. [Obs.] To ruffle it out in a riotous ruff. Latimer. 5. (Mil.) Defn: A low, vibrating beat of a drum, not so loud as a roll; a ruffle. 6. (Mach.) Defn: A collar on a shaft ot other piece to prevent endwise motion. See Illust. of Collar. 7. (Zoöl.) Defn: A set of lengthened or otherwise modified feathers round, or on, the neck of a bird. 8. (Zoöl.) (a) A limicoline bird of Europe and Asia (Pavoncella, or Philommachus, pugnax) allied to the sandpipers. The males during the breeding season have a large ruff of erectile feathers, variable in their colors, on the neck, and yellowish naked tubercles on the face. They are polygamous, and are noted for their pugnacity in the breeding season. The female is called reeve, or rheeve. (b) A variety of the domestic pigeon, having a ruff of its neck. RUFF Ruff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ruffing.] 1. To ruffle; to disorder. Spenser. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To beat with the ruff or ruffle, as a drum. 3. (Hawking) Defn: To hit, as the prey, without fixing it. RUFF; RUFFE Ruff, Ruffe, n. Etym: [OE. ruffe.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small freshwater European perch (Acerina vulgaris); -- called also pope, blacktail, and stone, or striped, perch. RUFFED Ruffed, a. Defn: Furnished with a ruff. Ruffed grouse (Zoöl.), a North American grouse (Bonasa umbellus) common in the wooded districts of the Northern United States. The male has a ruff of brown or black feathers on each side of the neck, and is noted for the loud drumming sound he makes during the breeding season. Called also tippet grouse, partridge, birch partridge, pheasant, drummer, and white-flesher. -- ruffed lemur (Zoöl.), a species of lemur (lemur varius) having a conspicuous ruff on the sides of the head. Its color is varied with black and white. Called also ruffed maucaco. RUFFIAN Ruf"fian ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [F. rufien, OF. ruffen, ruffian, pimp. libertine, ake; cf. pr. & Sp. rufian, It. ruffiano; all perhaps of German or Dutch origin; cf. G. raufen to pluck, scuffle, fight, OD. roffen to pander. Cf. Ruffle to grow urbulent.] 1. A pimp; a pander; also, a paramour. [Obs.] he [her husband] is no sooner abroad than she is instantly at home, reveling with her ruffians. Bp. Reynolds. 2. A boisterous, cruel, brutal fellow; a desperate fellow ready for murderous or cruel deeds; a cutthroat. Wilt thou on thy deathbed play the ruffian Shak. RUFFIAN Ruf"fian, a. Defn: brutal; cruel; savagely boisterous; murderous; as, ruffian rage. RUFFIAN Ruf"fian, v. i. Defn: To play the ruffian; to rage; to raise tumult. [R.] Shak. RUFFIANAGE Ruf"fian*age, n. Defn: Ruffians, collectively; a body of ruffians. "The vilest ruffianage." Sir F. Palgrave. RUFFIANISH Ruf"fian*ish, a. Defn: Having the qualities or manners of a ruffian; ruffianly. RUFFIANLIKE Ruf"fian*like`, a. Defn: Ruffianly. Fulke. RUFFIANLY Ruf"fian*ly, a. Defn: Like a ruffian; bold in crimes; characteristic of a ruffian; violent; brutal. RUFFIANOUS Ruf"fian*ous, a. Defn: Ruffianly. [Obs.] Chapman. RUFFIN Ruf"fin, a. Etym: [See Ruffian.] Defn: Disordered. [Obs.] His ruffin rainment all was stained with blood. Spenser. RUFFLE Ruf"fle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruffled; p. pr. & vb. n. Ruffling.] Etym: [From Ruff a plaited collar, a drum beat, a tumult: cf. OD. ruyffelen to wrinkle.] 1. To make into a ruff; to draw or contract into puckers, plaits, or folds; to wrinkle. 2. To furnish with ruffles; as, to ruffle a shirt. 3. To oughen or disturb the surface of; to make uneven by agitation or commotion. The fantastic revelries . . . that so often ruffled the placid bosom of the Nile. I. Taylor. She smoothed the ruffled seas. Dryden. 4. To erect in a ruff, as feathers. [the swan] ruffles her pure cold plume. Tennyson. 5. (Mil.) Defn: To beat with the ruff or ruffle, as a drum. 6. To discompose; to agitate; to disturb. These ruffle the tranquillity of the mind. Sir W. Hamilton. But, ever after, the small violence done Rankled in him and ruffled all his heart. Tennyson. 7. To throw into disorder or confusion. Where best He might the ruffled foe infest. Hudibras. 8. To throw together in a disorderly manner. [R.] I ruffled up falen leaves in heap. Chapman To ruffle the feathers of, to exite the resentment of; to irritate. RUFFLE Ruf"fle, v. i. Etym: [Perhaps of different origin from ruffle to wrinkle; cf. OD. roffeln, roffen, to pander, LG. raffein, Dan. ruffer a pimp. Cf. Rufflan.] 1. To grow rough, boisterous, or turbulent. [R.] The night comes on, and the bleak winds Do sorely ruffle. Shak. 2. To become disordered; to play loosely; to flutter. On his right shoulder his thick mane reclined, Ruffles at speed, and dances in the wind. Dryden. 3. To be rough; to jar; to be in contention; hence, to put on airs; to swagger. They would ruffle with jurors. Bacon. Gallants who ruffled in silk and embroidery. Sir W. Scott. RUFFLE Ruf"fle, n. Etym: [See Ruffle, v. t. & i.] 1. That which is ruffled; specifically, a strip of lace, cambric, or other fine cloth, plaited or gathered on one edge or in the middle, and used as a trimming; a frill. 2. A state of being ruffled or disturbed; disturbance; agitation; commotion; as, to put the mind in a ruffle. 3. (Mil.) Defn: A low, vibrating beat of a drum, not so loud as a roll; -- called also ruff. H. L. Scott. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The connected series of large egg capsules, or oöthecæ, of any one of several species of American marine gastropods of the genus Fulgur. See Oötheca. Ruffle of a boot, the top turned down, and scalloped or plaited. Halliwell. RUFFLELESS Ruf"fle*less, a. Defn: Having no ruffle. RUFFLEMENT Ruf"fle*ment, n. Defn: The act of ruffling. [R.] RUFFLER Ruf"fler, n. 1. One who ruffles; a swaggerer; a bully; a ruffian. Assaults, if not murders, done at his own doors by that crew of rufflers. Milton. 2. That which ruffles; specifically, a sewing machine attachment for making ruffles. RUFIGALLIC Ru`fi*gal"lic, a. Etym: [Rufiopin + gallic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid which is obtained from gallic acid as a brown or red crystalline substance, and is related to rufiopin and anthracene. RUFIOPIN Ru`fi*o"pin, n. Etym: [L. rufus reddish + opianic.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellowish red crystalline substance related to anthracene, and obtained from opianic acid. RUFOL Ru"fol, n. Etym: [L. rufus reddish + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A phenol derivative of anthracene obtained as a white crystalline substance, which on oxidation produces a red dyestuff related to anthraquinone. RUFOUS Ru"fous, a. Etym: [L. rufus.] Defn: Reddish; of a yellowish red or brownish red color; tawny. RUFT Ruft, n. (Med.) Defn: Eructation; belching. [Obs.] RUFTERHOOD Ruf"ter*hood, n. Etym: [Cf. Ruff a plaited collar.] (Falconry) Defn: A kind of hood for a hawk. RUG Rug, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. rugg entanglend hair, ruggig rugged, shaggy, probably akin to E. rough. See Rough, a.] 1. A kind of coarse, heavy frieze, formerly used for garments. They spin the choicest rug in Ireland. A friend of mine . . . repaired to Paris Garden clad in one of these Waterford rugs. The mastiffs, . . . deeming he had been a bear, would fain have baited him. Holinshed. 2. A piece of thick, nappy fabric, commonly made of wool, -- used for various purposes, as for covering and ornamenting part of a bare floor, for hanging in a doorway as a potière, for protecting a portion of carpet, for a wrap to protect the legs from cold, etc. 3. A rough, woolly, or shaggy dog. Rug gown, a gown made of rug, of or coarse, shaggy cloth. B. Johnson. RUG Rug, v. t. Defn: To pull roughly or hastily; to plunder; to spoil; to tear. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. RUGA Ru"ga, n.; pl. Rugæ. Etym: [L.] (Nat. Hist.) Defn: A wrinkle; a fold; as, the rugæ of the stomach. RUGATE Ru"gate, a. Etym: [L. rugatus, p.p. of rugare to wrinkle, fr. ruga a wrinkle.] Defn: Having alternate ridges and depressions; wrinkled. Dana. RUGGED Rug"ged, a. Etym: [See Rug, n.] 1. Full of asperities on the surface; broken into sharp or irregular points, or otherwise uneven; not smooth; rough; as, a rugged mountain; a rugged road. The rugged bark of some broad elm. Milton. 2. Not neat or regular; uneven. His well-proportioned beard made rough and rugged. Shak. 3. Rough with bristles or hair; shaggy. "The rugged Russian bear." Shak. 4. Harsh; hard; crabbed; austere; -- said of temper, character, and the like, or of persons. Neither melt nor endear him, but leave him as hard, rugged, and unconcerned as ever. South. 5. Stormy; turbulent; tempestuous; rude. Milton. 6. Rough to the ear; harsh; grating; -- said of sound, style, and the like. Through the harsh cadence of a rugged line. Dryden. 7. Sour; surly; frowning; wrinkled; -- said of looks, etc. "Sleek o'er your rugged looks." Shak. 8. Violent; rude; boisterrous; -- said of conduct, manners, etc. 9. Vigorous; robust; hardy; -- said of health, physique, etc. [Colloq. U.S.] Syn. -- Rough; uneven; wrinkled; cragged; coarse; rude; harsh; hard; crabbed; severe; austere; surly; sour; frowning; violent; boisterous; tumultuous; turbulent; stormy; tempestuous; inclement. -- Rug"ged*ly, adv. -- Rug"ged*ness, n. RUGGING Rug"ging, n. Defn: A coarse kind of woolen cloth, used for wrapping, blanketing, etc. RUG-GOWNED Rug"-gowned, a. Defn: Wearing a coarse gown or shaggy garment made of rug. Beau. & Fl. RUGGY Rug"gy, a. Defn: Rugged; rough. [Obs.] "With ruggy, ashy hairs." Chaucer. RUG-HEADED Rug"-head`ed, a. Defn: Having shaggy hair; shock-headed. [Obs.] Those rough rug-headed kerns. Shak. RUGIN Rug"in, n. Defn: A nappy cloth. [Obs.] Wiseman. RUGINE Ru"gine, n. Etym: [F.] (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for scraping the periosteum from bones; a raspatory. RUGINE Ru"gine, v. t. Etym: [F. ruginer to scrape.] Defn: To scrape or rasp, as a bone; to scale. [R.] Wiseman. RUGOSA Ru*go"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Rugose.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct tribe of fossil corals, including numerous species, many of them of large size. They are characteristic of the Paleozoic formations. The radiating septs, when present, are usually in multiples of four. See Cyathophylloid. RUGOSE Ru*gose", a. Etym: [L. rugosus, r. ruga a wrinkle.] Defn: Wrinkled; full of wrinkles; specifically (Bot.), having the veinlets sunken and the spaces between them elevated, as the leaves of the sage and horehound. RUGOSITY Ru*gos"i*ty, n. Etym: [l. rugositas: cf. F. rugosité.] Defn: The quality or state of being rugose. RUGOUS Ru"gous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rugueux.] Defn: Wrinkled; rugose. RUGULOSE Ru`gu*lose", a. Defn: Somewhat rugose. RUHMKORFF'S COIL Ruhm"korff's coil`. Etym: [So called from its inventor, Ruhmkorff, a german physicist.] (Elec.) Defn: See Induction coil, under Induction. RUIN Ru"in, n. Etym: [OE. ruine, F. ruine, fr. L. ruina, fr. ruere, rutum, to fall with violence, to rush or tumble down.] 1. The act of falling or tumbling down; fall. [Obs.] "His ruin startled the other steeds." Chapman. 2. Such a change of anything as destroys it, or entirely defeats its object, or unfits it for use; destruction; overthrow; as, the ruin of a ship or an army; the ruin of a constitution or a government; the ruin of health or hopes. "Ruin seize thee, ruthless king!" Gray. 3. That which is fallen down and become worthless from injury or decay; as, his mind is a ruin; especially, in the plural, the remains of a destroyed, dilapidated, or desolate house, fortress, city, or the like. The Veian and the Gabian towers shall fall, And one promiscuous ruin cover all; Nor, after length of years, a stone betray The place where once the very ruins lay. Addison. The labor of a day will not build up a virtuous habit on the ruins of an old and vicious character. Buckminster. 4. The state of being dcayed, or of having become ruined or worthless; as, to be in ruins; to go to ruin. 5. That which promotes injury, decay, or destruction. The errors of young men are the ruin of business. Bacon. Syn. -- Destruction; downfall; perdition; fall; overthrow; subversion; defeat; bane; pest; mischief. RUIN Ru"in, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruined;p. pr. & vb. n. Ruining.] Etym: [Cf. F. ruiner, LL. ruinare. See Ruin, n.] Defn: To bring to ruin; to cause to fall to pieces and decay; to make to perish; to bring to destruction; to bring to poverty or bankruptcy; to impair seriously; to damage essentially; to overthrow. this mortal house I'll ruin. Shak. By thee raised, I ruin all my foes. Milton. The eyes of other people are the eyes that ruin us. Franklin. By the fireside there are old men seated, Seeling ruined cities in the ashes. Longfellow. RUIN Ru"in, v. i. Defn: To fall to ruins; to go to ruin; to become decayed or dilapidated; to perish. [R.] Though he his house of polished marble build, Yet shall it ruin like the moth's frail cell. Sandys. If we are idle, and disturb the industrious in their business, we shall ruin the faster. Locke. RUINABLE Ru"in*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being ruined. RUINATE Ru"in*ate, v. t. Etym: [LL. ruinatus, p.p. of ruinare to ruin. See Ruin.] 1. To demolish; to subvert; to destroy; to reduce to poverty; to ruin. I will not ruinate my fShak. Ruinating thereby the health of their bodies. Burton. 2. To cause to fall; to cast down. On the other side they saw that perilous rock Threatening itself on them to ruinate. Spenser. RUINATE Ru"in*ate, v. i. Defn: To fall; to tumble. [Obs.] RUINATE Ru"in*ate, a. Etym: [L. ruinatus, p.p.] Defn: Involved in ruin; ruined. My brother Edward lives in pomp and state, I in a mansion here all ruinate. J. Webster. RUINATION Ru`in*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. ruinatio.] Defn: The act of ruining, or the state of being ruined. RUINER Ru"in*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, ruins. RUINIFORM Ru"in*i*form, a. Etym: [Ruin + -form: cf. F. ruiniforme.] Defn: Having the appearance of ruins, or of the ruins of houses; -- said of certain minerals. RUINOUS Ru"in*ous, a. Etym: [L. ruinosus: cf. F. ruineux. See Ruin.] 1. Causing, or tending to cause, ruin; destructive; baneful; pernicious; as, a ruinous project. After a night of storm so ruinous. Milton. 2. Characterized by ruin; ruined; dilapidated; as, an edifice, bridge, or wall in a ruinous state. 3. Composed of, or consisting in, ruins. Behold, Damascus . . . shall be a ruinous heap. Isa. xvii. 1. Syn. -- Dilapidated; decayed; demolished; pernicious; destructive; baneful; wasteful; mischievous. -- Ru"in*ous*ly, adv. -- Ru"in*ous*ness, n. RUKH Rukh, n. Etym: [Srr Roc.] 1. The roc. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large bird, supposed by some to be the same as the extinct Epiornis of Madagascar. [Obs.] RULABLE Rul"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be ruled; subject to rule; accordant or conformable to rule. Bacon. RULE Rule, n. Etym: [OE. reule, riule, OF. riule, reule, F. régle, fr. L. regula a ruler, rule, model, fr. regere, rectum, to lead straight, to direct. See Right, a., and cf. Regular.] 1. That which is prescribed or laid down as a guide for conduct or action; a governing direction for a specific purpose; an authoritative enactment; a regulation; a prescription; a precept; as, the rules of various societies; the rules governing a school; a rule of etiquette or propriety; the rules of cricket. We profess to have embraced a religion which contains the most exact rules for the government of our lives. Tillotson. 2. Hence: (a) Uniform or established course of things. 'T is against the rule of nature. Shak. (b) Systematic method or practice; as, my ule is to rise at six o'clock. (c) Ordibary course of procedure; usual way; comon state or condition of things; as, it is a rule to which there are many exeptions. (d) Conduct in general; behavior. [Obs.] This uncivil rule; she shall know of it. Shak. 3. The act of ruling; administration of law; government; empire; authority; control. Obey them that have the rule over you. Heb. xiii. 17. His stern rule the groaning land obeyed. Pope. 4. (Law) Defn: An order regulating the practice of the courts, or an order made between parties to an action or a suit. Wharton. 5. (Math.) Defn: A determinate method prescribed for performing any operation and producing a certain result; as, a rule for extracting the cube root. 6. (Gram.) Defn: A general principle concerning the formation or use of words, or a concise statement thereof; thus, it is a rule in England, that s or es , added to a noun in the singular number, forms the plural of that noun; but "man" forms its plural "men", and is an exception to the rule. 7. (a) A straight strip of wood, metal, or the like, which serves as a guide in drawing a straight line; a ruler. (b) A measuring instrument consisting of a graduated bar of wood, ivory, metal, or the like, which is usually marked so as to show inches and fractions of an inch, and jointed so that it may be folded compactly. A judicious artist will use his eye, but he will trust only to his rule. South. 8. (Print.) (a) A thin plate of metal (usually brass) of the same height as the type, and used for printing lines, as between columns on the same page, or in tabular work. (b) A composing rule. See under Conposing. As a rule, as a general thing; in the main; usually; as, he behaves well, as a rule. -- Board rule, Caliber rule,etc. See under Board, Caliber, etc. -- Rule joint, a knuckle joint having shoulders that abut when the connected pieces come in line with each other, and thus permit folding in one direction only. -- Rule of three (Arith.), that rule which directs, when three terms are given, how to find a fourth, which shall have the same ratio to the third term as the second has to the first; proportion. See Proportion, 5 (b). -- Rule of thumb, any rude process or operation, like that of using the thumb as a rule in measuring; hence, judgment and practical experience as distinguished from scientific knowledge. Syn. -- regulation; law; precept; maxim; guide; canon; order; method; direction; control; government; sway; empire. RULE Rule, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruled; p. pr. & vb. n. Ruling.] Etym: [Cf. OF. riuler, ruiler, L. regulare. See Rule, n., and cf. Regulate.] 1. To control the will and actions of; to exercise authority or dominion over; to govern; to manage. Chaucer. A bishop then must be blameless; . . . one that ruleth well his own house, having his children in subjection. 1 Tim. iii. 2, 4. 2. To control or direct by influence, counsel, or persuasion; to guide; -- used chiefly in the passive. I think she will be ruled In all respects by me. Shak. 3. To establish or settle by, or as by, a rule; to fix by universal or general consent, or by common practice. That's are ruled case with the schoolmen. Atterbury. 4. (Law) Defn: To require or command by rule; to give as a direction or order of court. 5. To mark with lines made with a pen, pencil, etc., guided by a rule or ruler; to print or mark with lines by means of a rule or other contrivance effecting a similar result; as, to rule a sheet of paper of a blank book. Ruled surface (Geom.), any surface that may be described by a straight line moving according to a given law; -- called also a scroll. RULE Rule, v. i. 1. To have power or command; to exercise supreme authority; -- often followed by over. By me princes rule, and nobles. Prov. viii. 16. We subdue and rule over all other creatures. Ray. 2. (Law) Defn: To lay down and settle a rule or order of court; to decide an incidental point; to enter a rule. Burril. Bouvier. 3. (Com.) Defn: To keep within a (certain) range for a time; to be in general, or as a rule; as, prices ruled lower yesterday than the day before. RULELESS Rule"less, a. Defn: Destitute of rule; lawless. Spenser. RULE-MONGER Rule"-mon`ger, n. Defn: A stickler for rules; a slave of rules [R.] Hare. RULER Rul"er, n. 1. One who rules; one who exercises sway or authority; a governor. And he made him ruler over all the land. Gen. xii. 43. A prince and ruler of the land. Shak. 2. A straight or curved strip of wood, metal, etc., with a smooth edge, used for guiding a pen or pencil in drawing lines. Cf. Rule, n., 7 (a). Parallel ruler. See under Parallel. RULING Rul"ing, a. 1. Predominant; chief; reigning; controlling; as, a ruling passion; a ruling sovereign. 2. Used in marking or engraving lines; as, a ruling machine or pen. Syn. -- Predominant; chief; controlling; directing; guilding; governing; prevailing; prevalent. RULING Rul"ing, n. 1. The act of one who rules; ruled lines. 2. (Law) Defn: A decision or rule of a judge or a court, especially an oral decision, as in excluding evidence. RULINGLY Rul"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a ruling manner; so as to rule. RULLICHIES Rul"li*chies, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. D. rolletje alittle roll.] Defn: Chopped meat stuffed into small bags of tripe. They are cut in slices and fried. [Local, New York] RULY Rul"y, a. Etym: [From Rule.] Defn: orderly; easily restrained; -- opposed to Ant: unruly. [Obs.] Gascoigne. RUM Rum, n. Etym: [probably shortened from prov. E. rumbullion a great tumult, formerly applied in the island of Barbadoes to an intoxicating liquor.] Defn: A kind of intoxicating liquor distilled from cane juice, or from the scumming of the boiled juice, or from treacle or molasses, or from the lees of former distillations. Also, sometimes used colloquially as a generic or a collective name for intoxicating liquor. Rum bud, a grog blossom. [Colloq.] -- Rum shrub, a drink composed of rum, water, sugar, and lime juice or lemon juice, with some flavoring extract. RUM Rum, a. Etym: [Formerly rome, a slang word for good; possibly of Gypsy origin; cf. Gypsy rom a husband, a gypsy.] Defn: Old-fashioned; queer; odd; as, a rum idea; a rum fellow. [Slang] Dickens. RUM Rum, n. Defn: A queer or odd person or thing; a country parson. [Slang, Obs.] Swift. RUMBLE Rum"ble, v. i. Etym: [OE. romblen, akin to D. rommeln, G. rumpeln, Dan. rumle; cf. Icel. rumja to roar.] 1. To make a low, heavy, continued sound; as, the thunder rumbles at a distance. In the mean while the skies 'gan rumble sore. Surrey. The people cried and rombled up and down. Chaucer. 2. To murmur; to ripple. To rumble gently down with murmur soft. Spenser. RUMBLE Rum"ble, n. 1. A noisy report; rumor. [Obs.] Delighting ever in rumble that is new. Chaucer. 2. A low, heavy, continuous sound like that made by heavy wagons or the reverberation of thunder; a confused noise; as, the rumble of a railboard train. Clamor and rumble, and ringing and clatter. tennyson. Merged in the rumble of awakening day. H. James. 3. A seat for servants, behind the body of a carriage. Kit, well wrapped, . . . was in the rumble behind. Dickens. 4. A rotating cask or box in which small articles are smoothed or poliched by friction against each other. rumble seat, a seat in the rear of an automobile, outside the passenger cabin, which folds out from the body RUMBLE Rum"ble, v. t. Defn: To cause to pass through a rumble, or shaking machine. See Rumble, n., 4. RUMBLER Rum"bler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, rumbles. RUMBLING Rum"bling, Defn: a. & n. from Rumble, v. i. RUMBLINGLY Rum"bling*ly, adv. Defn: In a rumbling manner. RUMBO Rum"bo, n. Defn: grog. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott. RUMBOWLINE Rum*bow"line, n. (Naut.) Defn: Same as Rombowline. RUMEN Ru"men, n. Etym: [L. rumen, -inis, the throat.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The first stomach of ruminants; the paunch; the fardingbag. See Illust. below. 2. The cud of a ruminant. RUMICIN Ru"mi*cin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline substance found in the root of yellow dock (Rumex crispus) and identical with chrysophanic acid. RUMINAL Rumi*nal, a. Etym: [L. ruminalis.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Ruminant; ruminating. [R.] RUMINANT Ru"mi*nant, a. Etym: [L. ruminans, -antis, p.pr.: cf. F. ruminant. See Ruminate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Chewing the cud; characterized by chewing again what has been swallowed; of or pertaining to the Ruminantia. RUMINANT Ru"mi*nant, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A ruminant animal; one of the Ruminantia. RUMINANTIA Ru`mi*nan"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Artiodactyla having four stomachs. This division includes the camels, deer, antelopes, goats, sheep, neat cattle, and allies. Note: The vegetable food, after the first mastication, enters the first stomach (r). It afterwards passes into the second (n), where it is moistened, and formed into pellets which the animal has the power of bringing back to the mouth to be chewed again, after which it is swallowed into the third stomach (m), whence it passes to the fourth (s), where it is finally digested. RUMINANTLY Ru"mi*nant*ly, adv. Defn: In a ruminant manner; by ruminating, or chewing the cud. RUMINATE Ru"mi*nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ruminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Ruminating.] Etym: [L. ruminatus, p.p. of ruminari, ruminare, fr. rumen, -inis, throat, akin to ructare to belch, erugere to belch out, Gr. roccettan.] 1. To chew the cud; to chew again what has been slightly chewed and swallowed. "Cattle free to ruminate." Wordsworth. 2. Fig.: To think again and again; to muse; to meditate; to ponder; to reflect. Cowper. Apart from the hope of the gospel, who is there that ruminates on the felicity of heaven I. Taylor. RUMINATE Ru"mi*nate, v. t. 1. To chew over again. 2. Fig.: To meditate or ponder over; to muse on. Mad with desire, she ruminates her sin. Dryden. What I know Is ruminated, plotted, and set down. Shak. RUMINATE; RUMINATED Ru"mi*nate, Ru"mi*na`ted, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a hard albumen penetrated by irregular channels filled with softer matter, as the nutmeg and the seeds of the North American papaw. RUMINATION Ru`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. ruminatio: cf. F. rumination.] 1. The act or process of ruminating, or chewing the cud; the habit of chewing the cud. Rumination is given to animals to enable them at once to lay up a great store of food, and afterward to chew it. Arbuthnot. 2. The state of being disposed to ruminate or ponder; deliberate meditation or reflection. Retiring full of rumination sad. Thomson. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: The regurgitation of food from the stomach after it has been swallowed, -- occasionally oberved as a morbid phenomenon in man. RUMINATIVE Ru"mi*na*tive, a. Defn: Inclined to, or engaged in, rumination or meditation. RUMINATOR Ru"mi*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who ruminates or muses; a meditator. RUMKIN Rum"kin, n. Etym: [Cf. Rummer, and see -kin.] Defn: A popular or jocular name for a drinking vessel. [Obs.] RUMMAGE Rum"mage (; 48), n. Etym: [For roomage, fr. room; hence originally, a making room, a packing away closely. See Room.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A place or room for the stowage of cargo in a ship; also, the act of stowing cargo; the pulling and moving about of packages incident to close stowage; -- formerly written romage. [Obs.] 2. A searching carefully by looking into every corner, and by turning things over. He has such a general rummage and reform in the office of matrimony. Walpole. Rummage sale, a clearance sale of unclaimed goods in a public store, or of odds and ends which have accumulated in a shop. Simmonds. RUMMAGE Rum"mage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rummaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Rummaging.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: To make room in, as a ship, for the cargo; to move about, as packages, ballast, so as to permit close stowage; to stow closely; to pack; -- formerly written roomage, and romage. [Obs.] They night bring away a great deal more than they do, if they would take pain in the romaging. Hakluyt. 2. To search or examine thoroughly by looking into every corner, and turning over or removing goods or other things; to examine, as a book, carefully, turning over leaf after leaf. He . . . searcheth his pockets, and taketh his keys, and so rummageth all his closets and trunks. Howell. What schoolboy of us has not rummaged his Greek dictionary in vain for a satisfactory account! M. Arnold. RUMMAGE Rum"mage, v. i. Defn: To search a place narrowly. I have often rummaged for old books in Little Britain and Duck Lane. Swift. [His house] was haunted with a jolly ghost, that . . . . . . rummaged like a rat. Tennyson. RUMMAGER Rum"ma*ger, n. 1. One who rummages. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A person on shipboard whose business was to take charge of stowing the cargo; -- formerly written roomager, and romager. [Obs.] The master must provide a perfect mariner, called a romager, to range and bestow all merchandise. Hakluyt . RUMMER Rum"mer (, n. Etym: [D. roemer, romer, akin to G. römer, Sw. remmare; perhaps properly, Roman.] Defn: A large and tall glass, or drinking cup. [Obs.] J. Philips. RUMMY Rum"my, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to rum; characteristic of rum; as a rummy flavor. RUMMY Rum"my, n.; pl. Rummies (. Defn: One who drinks rum; an habitually intemperate person. [Low] RUMMY Rum"my, a. Etym: [See Rum, a.] Defn: Strange; odd. [Slang] RUMNEY Rum"ney, n. Defn: A sort of Spanish wine. [Obs.] RUMOR Ru"mor, n. Etym: [F. rumeur, L. rumor; cf. rumificare, rumitare to rumor, Skr. ru to cry.] [Written also rumour.] 1. A flying or popular report; the common talk; hence, public fame; notoriety. This rumor of him went forth throughout all Judea, and throughout all the region round about. Luke vii. 17. Great is the rumor of this dreadful knight. Shak. 2. A current story passing from one person to another, without any known authority for its truth; -- in this sense often personified. Rumor next, and Chance, And Tumult, and Confusion, all embroiled. Milton. 3. A prolonged; indistinct noise. [Obs.] Shak. RUMOR Ru"mor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rumored; p. pr. & vb. n. Rumoring.] Defn: To report by rumor; to tell. 'T was rumored My father 'scaped from out the citadel. Dryden. RUMORER Ru"mor*er, n. Defn: A teller of news; especially, one who spreads false reports. Shak. RUMOROUS Ru"mor*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. rumoreux, It. rumoroso, romoroso.] 1. Of or pertaining to a rumor; of the nature of rumors. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 2. Famous; notorious. [Obs.] Bale. 3. Murmuring. [Obs. or Poetic] Drayton. RUMP Rump, n. Etym: [OE. rumpe; akin to D. romp trunk, body, LG. rump, G. rumpf, Dan. rumpe rump, Icel. rumpr, Sw. rumpa rump, tail.] 1. The end of the backbone of an animal, with the parts adjacent; the buttock or buttoks. 2. Among butchers, the piece of beef betwen the sirloin and the aitchbone piece. See Illust. of Beef. 3. Fig.: The hind or tail end; a fag-end; a remnant. Rump Parliament, or The Rump (Eng. Hist.), the remnant of the Long Parliament after the expulsion by Cromwell in 1648 of those who opposed his purposes. It was dissolved by Cromwell in 1653, but twice revived for brief sessions, ending finally in 1659. The rump abolished the House of Lords, the army abolished the Rump, and by this army of saints Cromwell governed. Swift. -- Rump steak, a beefsteak from the rump. Goldsmith. RUMPER Rump"er, n. Defn: A member or a supporter of the Rump Parliament. I. Disraeli. RUMP-FED Rump"-fed, a. Defn: A Shakespearean word of uncertain meaning. Perhaps "fattened in the rump, pampered." "The rump-fed ronyon." RUMPLE Rum"ple, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rumpled p. pr. & vb. n. Rumpling (.] Etym: [Cf. rimple, and D. rimpelen to wrinkle, rompelig rough, uneven, G. rümpgen to wrinkle, MHG. rümphen, OHG. rimpfan, Gr. "ra`mfos the crooked beak of birds of prey, Defn: To make uneven; to form into irregular inequalities; to wrinkle; to crumple; as, to rumple an apron or a cravat. They would not give a dog's ear of their most rumpled and ragged Scoth paper for twenty of your fairest assignats. Burke. RUMPLE Rum"ple, n. Defn: A fold or plait; a wrinkle. Dryden. RUMPLED Rum"pled, a. Defn: Wrinkled; crumpled. Pope. RUMPLESS Rump"less, a. Defn: Destitute of a rump. RUMPLY Rum"ply, a. Defn: Rumpled. Carlyle. RUMPUS Rum"pus, n. Defn: A disturbance; noise and confusion; a quarrel. [Colloq.] RUMSELLER Rum"sell`er, n. Defn: One who sells rum; one who deals in intoxicating liquors; especially, one who sells spirituous beverages at retail. RUN Run, v. i. [imp. Ran or Run; p. p. Run; p. pr. & vb. n. Running.] Etym: [OE. rinnen, rennen (imp. ran, p.p. runnen, ronnen). AS. rinnan to flow (imp. ran, p.p. gerunnen), and iernan, irnan, to run (imp. orn, arn, earn, p.p. urnen); akin to D. runnen, renne, OS. & OHG. rinnan, G. rinnen, rennen, Icel. renna, rinna, Sw. rinna, ränna, Dan. rinde, rende, Goth. rinnan, and perh. to L. oriri to rise, Gr. Origin), or perh. to L. rivus brook (cf. Rival). *11. Cf. Ember, a., Rennet.] 1. To move, proceed, advance, pass, go, come, etc., swiftly, smoothly, or with quick action; -- said of things animate or inanimate. Hence, to flow, glide, or roll onward, as a stream, a snake, a wagon, etc.; to move by quicker action than in walking, as a person, a horse, a dog. Specifically: -- 2. Of voluntary or personal action: (a) To go swiftly; to pass at a swift pace; to hasten. "Ha, ha, the fox!" and after him they ran. Chaucer. (b) To flee, as from fear or danger. As from a bear a man would run for life. Shak. (c) To steal off; to depart secretly. My conscience will serve me to run from this jew. Shak. (d) To contend in a race; hence, to enter into a contest; to become a candidate; as, to run for Congress. Know ye not that they which run in a race run all, but one receiveth the prize So run, that ye may obtain. 1 Cor. ix. 24. (e) To pass from one state or condition to another; to come into a certain condition; -- often with in or into; as, to run into evil practices; to run in debt. Have I not cause to rave and beat my breast, to rend my heart with grief and run distracted Addison. (f) To exert continuous activity; to proceed; as, to run through life; to run in a circle. (g) To pass or go quickly in thought or conversation; as, to run from one subject to another. Virgil, in his first Georgic, has run into a set of precepts foreign to his subject. Addison. (h) To discuss; to continue to think or speak about something; -- with on. (i) To make numerous drafts or demands for payment, as upon a bank; - - with on. (j) To creep, as serpents. 3. Of involuntary motion: (a) To flow, as a liquid; to ascend or descend; to course; as, rivers run to the sea; sap runs up in the spring; her blood ran cold. (b) To proceed along a surface; to extend; to spread. The fire ran along upon the ground. Ex. ix. 23. (c) To become fluid; to melt; to fuse. As wax dissolves, as ice begins to run. Addison. Sussex iron ores run freely in the fire. Woodward. (d) To turn, as a wheel; to revolve on an axis or pivot; as, a wheel runs swiftly round. (e) To travel; to make progress; to be moved by mechanical means; to go; as, the steamboat runs regularly to Albany; the train runs to Chicago. (f) To extend; to reach; as, the road runs from Philadelphia to New York; the memory of man runneth not the contrary. She saw with joy the line immortal run, Each sire impressed, and glaring in his son. Pope. (g) To go back and forth from place to place; to ply; as, the stage runs between the hotel and the station. (h) To make progress; to proceed; to pass. As fast as our time runs, we should be very glad in most part of our lives that it ran much faster. Addison. (i) To continue in operation; to be kept in action or motion; as, this engine runs night and day; the mill runs six days in the week. When we desire anything, our minds run wholly on the good circumstances of it; when it is obtained, our minds run wholly on the bad ones. Swift. (j) To have a course or direction; as, a line runs east and west. Where the generally allowed practice runs counter to it. Locke. Little is the wisdom, where the flight So runs against all reason. Shak. (k) To be in form thus, as a combination of words. The king's ordinary style runneth, "Our sovereign lord the king." Bp. Sanderson. (l) To be popularly known; to be generally received. Men gave them their own names, by which they run a great while in Rome. Sir W. Temple. Neither was he ignorant what report ran of himself. Knolle (m) To have growth or development; as, boys and girls run up rapidly. if the richness of the ground cause turnips to run to leaves. Mortimer. (n) To tend, as to an effect or consequence; to incline. A man's nature runs either to herbs or weeds. Bacon. Temperate climates run into moderate governments. Swift. (o) To spread and blend together; to unite; as, colors run in washing. In the middle of a rainbow the colors are . . . distinguished, but near the borders they run into one another. I. Watts. (p) To have a legal course; to be attached; to continue in force, effect, or operation; to follow; to go in company; as, certain covenants run with the land. Customs run only upon our goods imported or exported, and that but once for all; whereas interest runs as well upon our ships as goods, and must be yearly paid. Sir J. Child. (q) To continue without falling due; to hold good; as, a note has thirty days to run. (r) To discharge pus or other matter; as, an ulcer runs. (s) To be played on the stage a number of successive days or nights; as, the piece ran for six months. (t) (Naut.) To sail before the wind, in distinction from reaching or sailing closehauled; -- said of vessels. 4. Specifically, of horse: To move rapidly in a gait in which each leg acts in turn as a propeller and a supporter, and in which for an instant all the limbs are gathered in the air under the body. Stillman (The Horse in Motion). 5. (Athletics) Defn: To move rapidly by springing steps so that there is an instant in each step when neither foot touches the ground; -- so distinguished from walking in athletic competition. As thing run, according to the usual order, conditions, quality, etc.; on the average; without selection or specification. -- To let run (Naut.), to allow to pass or move freely; to slacken or loosen. -- To run after, to pursue or follow; to search for; to endeavor to find or obtain; as to run after similies. Locke. -- To run away, to flee; to escape; to elope; to run without control or guidance. -- To run away with. (a) To convey away hurriedly; to accompany in escape or elopement. (b) To drag rapidly and with violence; as, a horse runs away with a carriage. -- To run down. (a) To cease to work or operate on account of the exhaustion of the motive power; -- said of clocks, watches, etc. (b) To decline in condition; as, to run down in health. -- To run down a coast, to sail along it. -- To run for an office, to stand as a candidate for an office. -- To run in or into. (a) To enter; to step in. (b) To come in collision with. -- To run in trust, to run in debt; to get credit. [Obs.] -- To run in with. (a) To close; to comply; to agree with. [R.] T. Baker. (b) (Naut.) To make toward; to near; to sail close to; as, to run in with the land. -- To run mad, To run mad after or on. See under Mad. -- To run on. (a) To be continued; as, their accounts had run on for a year or two without a settlement. (b) To talk incessantly. (c) To continue a course. (d) To press with jokes or ridicule; to abuse with sarcasm; to bear hard on. (e) (Print.) To be continued in the same lines, without making a break or beginning a new paragraph. -- To run out. (a) To come to an end; to expire; as, the lease runs out Michaelmas. (b) To extend; to spread. "Insectile animals . . . run all out into legs." Hammond. (c) To expatiate; as, to run out into beautiful digressions. (d) To be wasted or exhausted; to become poor; to become extinct; as, an estate managed without economy will soon run out. And had her stock been less, no doubt She must have long ago run out. Dryden. -- To run over. (a) To overflow; as, a cup runs over, or the liquor runs over. (b) To go over, examine, or rehearse cursorily. (c) To ride or drive over; as, to run over a child. -- To run riot, to go to excess. -- To run through. (a) To go through hastily; as to run through a book. (b) To spend wastefully; as, to run through an estate. -- To run to seed, to expend or exhaust vitality in producing seed, as a plant; figuratively and colloquially, to cease growing; to lose vital force, as the body or mind. -- To run up, to rise; to swell; to grow; to increase; as, accounts of goods credited run up very fast. But these, having been untrimmed for many years, had run up into great bushes, or rather dwarf trees. Sir W. Scott. -- To run with. (a) To be drenched with, so that streams flow; as, the streets ran with blood. (b) To flow while charged with some foreign substance. "Its rivers ran with gold." J. H. Newman. RUN Run (, v. t. 1. To cause to run (in the various senses of Run, v. i.); as, to run a horse; to run a stage; to run a machine; to run a rope through a block. 2. To pursue in thought; to carry in contemplation. To run the world back to its first original. South. I would gladly understand the formation of a soul, and run it up to its "punctum saliens." Collier. 3. To cause to enter; to thrust; as, to run a sword into or through the body; to run a nail into the foot. You run your head into the lion's mouth. Sir W. Scott. Having run his fingers through his hair. Dickens. 4. To drive or force; to cause, or permit, to be driven. They ran the ship aground. Acts xxvii. 41. A talkative person runs himself upon great inconveniences by blabbing out his own or other's secrets. Ray. Others, accustomed to retired speculations, run natural philosophy into metaphysical notions. Locke. 5. To fuse; to shape; to mold; to cast; as, to run bullets, and the like. The purest gold must be run and washed. Felton. 6. To cause to be draw; to mark out; to indicate; to determine; as, to run a line. 7. To cause to pass, to evade, offical restrictions; to smuggle; -- said of contraband or dutiable goods. heavy impositions . . . are a strong temptation of running goods. Swift. 8. To go through or accomplish by running; as, to run a race; to run a certain career. 9. To cause to stand as a candidate for office; to support for office; as, to run some one for Congress. [Colloq. U.S.] 10. To encounter or incur, as a danger or risk; as, to run the risk of losing one's life. See To run the chance, below. "He runneth two dangers." Bacon. 11. To put at hazard; to venture; to risk. He would himself be in the Highlands to receive them, and run his fortune with them. Clarendon. 12. To discharge; to emit; to give forth copiously; to be bathed with; as, the pipe or faucet runs hot water. At the base of Pompey's statua, Which all the while ran blood, great Cæsar fell. Shak. 13. To be charged with, or to contain much of, while flowing; as, the rivers ran blood. 14. To conduct; to manage; to carry on; as, to run a factory or a hotel. [Colloq. U.S.] 15. To tease with sarcasms and ridicule. [Colloq.] 16. To sew, as a seam, by passing the needle through material in a continuous line, generally taking a series of stitches on the needle at the same time. 17. To migrate or move in schools; -- said of fish; esp., to ascend a river in order to spawn. To run a blockade, to get to, or away from, a blockaded port in safety. -- To run down. (a) (Hunting) To chase till the object pursued is captured or exhausted; as, to run down, a stag. (b) (Naut.) To run against and sink, as a vessel. (c) To crush; to overthrow; to overbear. "religion is run down by the license of these times." Berkeley. (d) To disparage; to traduce. F. W. Newman. -- To run hard. (a) To press in competition; as, to run one hard in a race. (b) To urge or press importunately. (c) To banter severely. -- To run into the ground, to carry to an absurd extreme; to overdo. [Slang, U.S.] -- To run off, to cause to flow away, as a charge of molten metal from a furnace. -- To run on (Print.), to carry on or continue, as the type for a new sentence, without making a break or commencing a new paragraph. -- To run out. (a) To thrust or push out; to extend. (b) To waste; to exhaust; as, to run out an estate. (c) (Baseball) To put out while running between two bases. -- To run the chances, or one's chances, to encounter all the risks of a certain course. -- To run through, to transfix; to pierce, as with a sword. "[He] was run through the body by the man who had asked his advice." Addison. -- To run up. (a) To thrust up, as anything long and slender. (b) To increase; to enlarge by additions, as an account.run up a bill (c) To erect hastily, as a building. RUN Run, n. 1. The act of running; as, a long run; a good run; a quick run; to go on the run. 2. A small stream; a brook; a creek. 3. That which runs or flows in the course of a certain operation, or during a certain time; as, a run of must in wine making; the first run of sap in a maple orchard. 4. A course; a series; that which continues in a certain course or series; as, a run of good or bad luck. They who made their arrangements in the first run of misadventure . . . put a seal on their calamities. Burke. 5. State of being current; currency; popularity. it is impossible for detached papers to have a general run, or long continuance, if not diversified with humor. Addison. 6. Continued repetition on the stage; -- said of a play; as, to have a run of a hundred successive nights. A canting, mawkish play . . . had an immense run. Macaulay. 7. A continuing urgent demand; especially, a pressure on a bank or treasury for payment of its notes. 8. A range or extent of ground for feeding stock; as, a sheep run. Howitt. 9. (Naut.) (a) The aftermost part of a vessel's hull where it narrows toward the stern, under the quarter (b) The distance sailed by a ship; as, a good run; a run of fifty miles. (c) A voyage; as, run to China. 10. A pleasure excursion; a trip. [Colloq.] A think of giving her a run in London. Dickens. 11. (Mining) Defn: The horizontal distance to which a drift may be carried, either by license of the proprietor of a mine or by the nature of the formation; also, the direction which a vein of ore or other substance takes. 12. (Mus.) Defn: A roulade, or series of running tones. 13. (Mil.) Defn: The greatest degree of swiftness in marching. It is executed upon the same principles as the double-quick, but with greater speed. 14. The act of migrating, or ascending a river to spawn; -- said of fish; also, an assemblage or school of fishes which migrate, or ascend a river for the purpose of spawning. 15. In baseball, a complete circuit of the bases made by a player, which enables him to score one; in cricket, a passing from one wicket to the other, by which one point is scored; as, a player made three runs; the side went out with two hundred runs. The "runs" are made from wicket to wicket, the batsmen interchanging ends at each run. R. A. Proctor. 16. A pair or set of millstones. At the long run, now, commonly, In the long run, in or during the whole process or course of things taken together; in the final result; in the end; finally. [Man] starts the inferior of the brute animals, but he surpasses them in the long run. J. H. Newman. -- Home run. (a) A running or returning toward home, or to the point from which the start was made. Cf. Home stretch. (b) (Baseball) See under Home. -- The run, or The common run, etc., ordinary persons; the generality or average of people or things; also, that which ordinarily occurs; ordinary current, course, or kind. I saw nothing else that is superior to the common run of parks. Walpole. Burns never dreamed of looking down on others as beneath him, merely because he was conscious of his own vast superiority to the common run of men. Prof. Wilson. His whole appearance was something out of the common run. W. Irving. -- To let go by the run (Naut.), to loosen and let run freely, as lines; to let fall without restraint, as a sail. RUN Run, a. 1. Melted, or made from molten material; cast in a mold; as, run butter; run iron or lead. 2. Smuggled; as, run goods. [Colloq.] Miss Edgeworth. Run steel, malleable iron castings. See under Malleable. Raymond. RUNAGATE Run"a*gate, n. Etym: [F. renégat, Prov. renegat. LL. renegatus; confused with E. run and gate a way. See Renegate.] Defn: A fugitive; a vagabond; an apostate; a renegade. See Renegade. Bunyan. Wretched runagates from the jail. De Quincey. Who has not been a runagate from duty Hare. RUN-AROUND Run"-a*round`, n. (Med.) Defn: A whitlow running around the finger nail, but not affecting the bone. [Colloq.] RUNAWAY Run"a*way`, n. 1. One who, or that which, flees from danger, duty, restraint, etc.; a fugitive. Thou runaway, thou coward, art thou fled Shak. 2. The act of running away, esp. of a horse or teams; as, there was a runaway yesterday. RUNAWAY Run"a*way`, a. 1. Running away; fleeing from danger, duty, restraint, etc.; as, runaway soldiers; a runaway horse. 2. Accomplished by running away or elopment, or during flight; as, a runaway marriage. 3. (a) Won by a long lead; as, a runaway victory. (b) Very successful; accomplishing success quickly; as, a runaway bestseller. RUNCATION Run*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. runcatio, fr. runcareto weed out.] Defn: A weedling. [Obs.] Evelyn. RUNCH Runch, n. (Bot.) Defn: The wild radish. Dr. Prior. RUNCINATE Run"ci*nate, a. Etym: [L. runcinatus, p.p. of runcinareto plane off, fr. runcina a plane.] (Bot.) Defn: Pinnately cut with the lobes pointing downwards, as the leaf of the dandelion. RUNDEL Run"del, n. Etym: [Cf. Rindle.] Defn: A moat with water in it; also, a small stream; a runlet. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. RUNDEL Run"del, n. Etym: [Cf. Rundle.] Defn: A circle. [Prov. Eng.] RUNDLE Run"dle, n. Etym: [E. round. Cf. Rondle.] 1. A round; a step of a ladder; a rung. Duppa. 2. A ball. [Obs.] Holland. 3. Something which rotates about an axis, as a wheel, or the drum of a capstan. "An axis or cylinder having a rundle about it." Bp. Wilkins. 4. (Mach.) Defn: One of the pins or trundles of a lantern wheel. RUNDLET Rund"let, n. Etym: [Dim. of OF. rondele a little tun, fr. rond round. See Round, and cf. Roundlet, Runlet.] Defn: A small barrel of no certain dimensions. It may contain from 3 to 20 gallons, but it usually holds about 14 [Written also runlet.] RUNE Rune (run), n. Etym: [AS. run a rune, a secret, a mystery; akin to Icel. run, OHG. & Goth. runa a secret, secret colloquy, G. & Dan. rune rune, and probably to Gr. 'ereyna^n to search for. Cf. Roun to whisper.] 1. A letter, or character, belonging to the written language of the ancient Norsemen, or Scandinavians; in a wider sense, applied to the letters of the ancient nations of Northern Europe in general. Note: The Norsemen had a peculiar alphabet, consisting of sixteen letters, or characters, called runes, the origin of which is lost in the remotest antiquity. The signification of the word rune (mystery) seems to allude to the fact that originally only a few were acquainted with the use of these marks, and that they were mostly applied to secret tricks, witchcrafts and enchantments. But the runes were also used in communication by writing. 2. pl. Defn: Old Norse poetry expressed in runes. Runes were upon his tongue, As on the warrior's sword. Longfellow. Rune stone, a stone bearing a runic inscription. RUNER Ru"ner, n. Defn: A bard, or learned man, among the ancient Goths. Sir W. Temple. RUNG Rung, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Ring. RUNG Rung, n. Etym: [OE. ronge, AS. hrung, a staff, rod, pole; akin to G. runge a short, thick piece of iron or wood, OD. ronghe a prop, support, Icel. röng a rib in a ship, Goth. Hrugga a staff.] 1. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A floor timber in a ship. 2. One of the rounds of a ladder. 3. One of the stakes of a cart; a spar; a heavy staff. 4. (Mach.) Defn: One of the radial handles projecting from the rim of a steering wheel; also, one of the pins or trundles of a lantern wheel. RUNGHEAD Rung"head`, n. (Shipbuilding) Defn: The upper end of a floor timber in a ship. RUNIC Ru"nic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a rune, to runes, or to the Norsemen; as, runic verses; runic letters; runic names; runic rhyme. Runic staff. See Clog almanac, under Clog. -- Runic wand, a willow wand bearing runes, formerly thought to have been used by the heathen tribes of Northern Europe in magical ceremonies. RUNLET Run"let, n. Etym: [Run + -let.] Defn: A little run or stream; a streamlet; a brook. To trace out to its marshy source every runlet that has cast in its tiny pitcherful with the rest. Lowell. RUNLET Run"let, n. Defn: Same as Rundlet. "A stoup of sack, or a runlet of canary." Sir W. Scott. RUNNEL Run"nel, n. Etym: [From Run. Cf. Rundle.] Defn: A rivulet or small brook. Buddling rundels joined the sound. Collins. By the very sides of the way . . . there are slow runnels, in which one can see the minnows swimming. Masson. RUNNER Run"ner, n. Etym: [From Run.] 1. One who, or that which, runs; a racer. 2. A detective. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens. 3. A messenger. Swift. 4. A smuggler. [Colloq.] R. North. 5. One employed to solicit patronage, as for a steamboat, hotel, shop, etc. [Cant, U.S.] 6. (Bot.) Defn: A slender trailing branch which takes root at the joints or end and there forms new plants, as in the strawberry and the common cinquefoil. 7. The rotating stone of a set of millstones. 8. (Naut.) Defn: A rope through a block and used to increase the mechanical power of a tackle. Totten. 9. One of the pieces on which a sled or sleigh slides; also the part or blade of a skate which slides on the ice. 10. (Founding) (a) A horizontal channel in a mold, through which the metal flows to the cavity formed by the pattern; also, the waste metal left in such a channel. (b) A trough or channel for leading molten metal from a furnace to a ladle, mold, or pig bed. 11. The movable piece to which the ribs of an umbrella are attached. 12. (Zoöl.) Defn: A food fish (Elagatis pinnulatis) of Florida and the West Indies; -- called also skipjack, shoemaker, and yellowtail. The name alludes to its rapid successive leaps from the water. 13. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any cursorial bird. 14. (Mech.) (a) A movable slab or rubber used in grinding or polishing a surface of stone. (b) A tool on which lenses are fastened in a group, for polishing or grinding. RUNNET Run"net, n. Defn: See Rennet. RUNNING Run"ning, a. 1. Moving or advancing by running. Specifically, of a horse; (a) Having a running gait; not a trotter or pacer. (b) trained and kept for running races; as, a running horse. Law. 2. Successive; one following the other without break or intervention; -- said of periods of time; as, to be away two days running; to sow land two years running. 3. Flowing; easy; cursive; as, a running hand. 4. Continuous; keeping along step by step; as, he stated the facts with a running explanation. "A running conquest." Milton. What are art and science if not a running commentary on Nature Hare. 5. (Bot.) Defn: Extending by a slender climbing or trailing stem; as, a running vine. 6. (med.) Defn: Discharging pus; as, a running sore. Running block (Mech.), a block in an arrangement of pulleys which rises or sinks with the weight which is raised or lowered. -- Running board, a narrow platform extending along the side of a locomotive. -- Running bowsprit (Naut.) Same as Reefing bowsprit. -- Running days (Com.), the consecutive days occupied on a voyage under working days. Simmonds. -- Running fire, a constant fire of musketry or cannon. -- Running gear, the wheels and axles of a vehicle, and their attachments, in distinction from the body; all the working parts of a locomotive or other machine, in distinction from the framework. -- Running hand, a style of rapid writing in which the letters are usually slanted and the words formed without lifting the pen; -- distinguished from round hand. -- Running part (Naut.), that part of a rope that is hauled upon, -- in distinction from the standing part. -- Running rigging (Naut.), that part of a ship's rigging or ropes which passes through blocks, etc.; -- is distinction from standing rigging. -- Running title (Print.), the title of a book or chapter continued from page to page on the upper margin. RUNNING Run"ning, n. Defn: The act of one who, or of that which runs; as, the running was slow. 2. That which runs or flows; the quantity of a liquid which flows in a certain time or during a certain operation; as, the first running of a still. 3. The discharge from an ulcer or other sore. At long running, in the long run. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. RUNNING LOAD Run"ning load. (Aëronautics) (a) The air pressure supported by each longitudinal foot segment of a wing. (b) Commonly, the whole weight of aëroplane and load divided by the span, or length from tip to tip. RUNNINGLY Run"ning*ly, adv. Defn: In a running manner. RUNNION Run"nion n. Defn: See Ronion. RUNOLOGY Ru*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Rune + -logy.] Defn: The science of runes. -- Ru*nol"o*gist, n. RUNROUND Run"round`, n. Defn: A felon or whitlow. [Colloq. U.S.] RUNT Runt n. [Written also rant.] Etym: [Scot. runt an old cow. rund a bullock, an ox or Rother, a.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any animal which is unusually small, as compared with others of its kind; -- applied particulary to domestic animals. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of domestic pigeon, related to the barb and carrier. 3. A dwarf; also, a mean, despicable, boorish person; -- used opprobriously. Before I buy a bargain of such runts, I'll buy a college for bears, and live among 'em. Beau. & Fl. 4. The dead stump of a tree; also, the stem of a plant. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Neither young poles nor old runts are durable. Holland. RUNTY Runt"y, a. Defn: Like a runt; diminutive; mean. RUNWAY Run"way`, n. 1. The channel of a stream. 2. The beaten path made, by deer or other animals in passing to and from their feeding grounds. RUPEE Ru*pee", n. Etym: [Hind.r, fr. Skr. r silver, coined silver or gold, handsome.] Defn: A silver coin, and money of account, in the East Indies. Note: The valuation of the rupee of sixteen annas, the standard coin of India, by the United States Treasury departament, varies from time to time with the price silver. In 1889 it was rated at about thirty- two cents. RUPELLARY Ru"pel*la*ry, n. Etym: [From L. rupes a rock.] Defn: Rocky. [Obs.] "This rupellary nidary." Evelyn. RUPERT'S DROP Ru"pert's drop`. Defn: A kind of glass drop with a long tail, made by dropping melted glass into water. It is remarkable for bursting into fragments when the surface is scratched or the tail broken; -- so called from Prince Rupert, nephew of Charles I., by whom they were first brought to England. Called also Rupert's ball, and glass tear. RUPIA Ru"pi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. G. (Med.) Defn: An eruption upon the skin, consisting of vesicles with inflamed base and filled with serous, purulent, or bloody fluid, which dries up, forming a blackish crust. RUPIAL Ru"pi*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to rupia. RUPICOLA Ru*pic"o*la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. rupes, gen. rupis, a rock + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of beautiful South American passerine birds, including the cock of the rock. Note: The species are remarkable for having an elevated fan-shaped crest of feathers on the head, and for the beautiful color of their plumage, which is mostly some delicate shade of yellow or orange. RUPICOLINE Ru*pic"o*line, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Rock-inhabiting. RUPTION Rup"tion, n. Etym: [L. ruptio, fr. rumpere, ruptum to break.] Defn: A breaking or bursting open; breach; rupture. "By ruption or apertion." Wiseman. RUPTUARY Rup"tu*a*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. Roturier.] Defn: One not of noble blood; a plebeian; a roturier. [R.] The exclusion of the French ruptuaries ("roturiers," for history must find a word for this class when it speaks of other nations) from the order of nobility. Chenevix. RUPTURE Rup"ture, n. Etym: [L. ruptura, fr. rumpere, ruptum to break: cf. F. rupture. See Reave, and cf. Rout a defeat.] 1. The act of breaking apart, or separating; the state of being asunder; as, the rupture of the skin; the rupture of a vessel or fiber; the rupture of a lutestring. Arbuthnot. Hatch from the egg, that soon, Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclosed Their callow young. Milton. 2. Breach of peace or concord between individuals; open hostility or war between nations; interruption of friendly relations; as, the parties came to a rupture. He knew that policy would desincline Napoleon from a rupture with his family. E. Everett. 3. (Med.) Defn: Hernia. See Hernia. 4. A bursting open, as of a steam boiler, in a less sudden manner than by explosion. See Explosion. Modulus of rupture. (Engin.) See under Modulus. Syn. -- Fracture; breach; break; burst; disruption; dissolution. See Fracture. RUPTURE Rup"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruptured; p. pr. & vb. n. Rupturing.] 1. To part by violence; to break; to burst; as, to rupture a blood vessel. 2. To produce a hernia in. RUPTURE Rup"ture, v. i. Defn: To suffer a breach or disruption. RUPTURED Rup"tured, a. (Med.) Defn: Having a rupture, or hernia. RUPTUREWORT Rup"ture*wort", n. (Bot.) (a) Same as Burstwort. (b) A West Indian plant (Alternanthera polygonoides) somewhat resembling burstwort. RURAL Ru"ral, a. Etym: [F., fr. L.ruralis, fr. rus, ruris, the country. Cf. Room space, Rustic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the country, as distinguished from a city or town; living in the country; suitable for, or resembling, the country; rustic; as, rural scenes; a rural prospect. Here is a rural fellow; . . . He brings you figs. Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to agriculture; as, rural economy. Rural dean. (Eccl.) See under Dean. -- Rural deanery (Eccl.), the state, office, or residence, of a rural dean. Syn. -- Rustic. -- Rural, Rustic. Rural refers to the country itself; as, rural scenes, prospects, delights, etc. Rustic refers to the character, condition, taste, etc., of the original inhabitans of the country, who were generally uncultivated and rude; as, rustic manners; a rustic dress; a rustic bridge; rustic architecture, etc. We turn To where the silver Thames first rural grows. Thomson. Lay bashfulness, that rustic virtue, by; To manly confidence thy throughts apply. Dryden. RURALES Ru"ra"les, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The gossamer-winged butterflies; a family of small butterflies, including the hairstreaks, violets, and theclas. RURALISM Ru"ral*ism, n. 1. The quality or state of being rural; ruralness. 2. A rural idiom or expression. RURALIST Ru"ral*ist, n. Defn: One who leads a rural life. Coventry. RURALITY Ru*ral"i*ty, n.; pl. -ties. Etym: [Cf. LL. ruralitas.] 1. The quality or state of being rural. 2. A rural place. "Leafy ruralities." Carlyle. RURALIZE Ru"ral*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruralized; p. pr. & vb. n. Ruralizing.] Defn: To render rural; to give a rural appearance to. RURALIZE Ru"ral*ize, v. i. Defn: To become rural; to go into the country; to rusticate. RURALLY Ru"ral*ly, adv. Defn: In a rural manner; as in the country. RURALNESS Ru"ral*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being rural. RURICOLIST Ru*ric"o*list, n. Etym: [L. ruricola; rus, ruris, the country + colere to inhabit.] Defn: An inhabitant of the country. [R.] Bailey. RURIDECANAL Ru`ri*dec"a*nal, a. Etym: [L. rus, ruris the country + decanus the chief of ten. See Dean.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a rural dean; as, a ruridecanal district; the ruridecanal intellect. [R.] RURIGENOUS Ru*rig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. rurigena; rus, ruris, the country + genere, gignere, to bring forth, pass., to be born.] Defn: Born in the country. [Obs.] RUSE Ruse, n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. reüser, rehuser, to turn aside, to shuffle, retreat, fr. L. recusare to refuse; pref. re- again + causa cause. See Cause, and cf. Recusant.] Defn: An artifice; trick; stratagem; wile; fraund; deceit. Ruse de guerre ( Etym: [F.], a stratagem of war. RUSH Rush, n. Etym: [OE. rusche, rische, resche, AS. risce, akin to LG. rusk, risch, D. & G. rusch; all probably fr. L. ruscum butcher's broom; akin to Goth. raus reed, G. rohr.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to many aquatic or marsh-growing endogenous plants with soft, slender stems, as the species of Juncus and Scirpus. Note: Some species are used in bottoming chairs and plaiting mats, and the pith is used in some places for wicks to lamps and rushlights. 2. The merest trifle; a straw. John Bull's friendship is not worth a rush. Arbuthnot. Bog rush. See under Bog. -- Club rush, any rush of the genus Scirpus. -- Flowering rush. See under Flowering. -- Nut rush (a) Any plant of the genus Scleria, rushlike plants with hard nutlike fruits. (b) A name for several species of Cyperus having tuberous roots. -- Rush broom, an Australian leguminous plant (Viminaria denudata), having long, slender branches. Also, the Spanish broom. See under Candle. -- Rush grass, any grass of the genus Vilfa, grasses with wiry stems and one-flowered spikelets. -- Rush toad (Zoöl.), the natterjack. -- Scouring rush (Bot.) Same as Dutch rush, under Dutch. -- Spike rush, any rushlike plant of the genus Eleocharis, in which the flowers grow in dense spikes. -- Sweet rush, a sweet-scented grass of Arabia, etc. (Andropogon schoenanthus), used in Oriental medical practice. -- Wood rush, any plant of the genus Luzula, which differs in some technical characters from Juncus. RUSH Rush, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rushed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Rushing.] Etym: [OE. ruschen; cf. AS. hryscan to make a noise, D. ruischen to rustle, G. rauschen, MHG. r ro rush, to rustle, LG. rusken, OSw. ruska, Icel. & Sw. ruska to shake, Dan. ruske to shake, and E. rouse.] 1. To move forward with impetuosity, violence, and tumultuous rapidity or haste; as, armies rush to battle; waters rush down a precipice. Like to an entered tide, they all rush by. Shak. 2. To enter into something with undue haste and eagerness, or without due deliberation and preparation; as, to rush business or speculation. They . . . never think it to be a part of religion to rush into the office of princes and ministers. Sprat. RUSH Rush, v. t. 1. To push or urge forward with impetuosity or violence; to hurry forward. 2. To recite (a lesson) or pass (an examination) without an error. [College Cant, U.S.] RUSH Rush, n. 1. A moving forward with rapidity and force or eagerness; a violent motion or course; as, a rush of troops; a rush of winds; a rush of water. A gentleman of his train spurred up his horse, and, with a violent rush, severed him from the duke. Sir H. Wotton. 2. Great activity with pressure; as, a rush of business. [Colloq.] 3. A perfect recitation. [College Cant, U.S.] 4. (Football) (a) A rusher; as, the center rush, whose place is in the center of the rush line; the end rush. (b) The act of running with the ball. Bunt rush (Football), a combined rush by main strength. -- Rush line (Football), the line composed of rushers. RUSH-BEARING Rush"-bear`ing, n. Defn: A kind of rural festival at the dedication of a church, when the parishioners brought rushes to strew the church. [Eng.] Nares. RUSHBUCKLER Rush"buc`kler, n. Defn: A bullying and violent person; a braggart; a swashbuckler. [Obs.] That flock of stout, bragging rushbucklers. Robynson (More's Utopia). RUSHED Rushed, a. Defn: Abounding or covered with rushes. RUSHER Rush"er, n. Defn: One who rushes. Whitlock. RUSHER Rush"er, n. Defn: One who strewed rushes on the floor at dances. [Obs.] B. Jonson. RUSHINESS Rush"i*ness, n. Etym: [From Rushy.] Defn: The quality or state of abounding with rushes. RUSHINGLY Rush"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a rushing manner. RUSHLIGHT Rush"light`, n. Defn: A rush candle, or its light; hence, a small, feeble light. RUSHLIKE Rush"like`, a. Defn: Resembling a rush; weak. RUSHY Rush"y, a. 1. Abounding with rushes. 2. Made of rushes. Me rushy couch and frugal fare. Goldsmith. RUSINE Ru"sine, a. Etym: [NL. rusa, the name of the genus, Malay rusa deer.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, like, or pertaining to, a deer of the genus Rusa, which includes the sambur deer (Rusa Aristotelis) of India. Rusine antler (Zoöl.), an antler with the brow tyne simple, and the beam forked at the tip. RUSK Rusk, n. Etym: [Sp. rosca de mar sea rusks, a kind of biscuit, rosca properly meaning, a screw, spiral.] 1. A kind of light, soft bread made with yeast and eggs, often toasted or crisped in an oven; or a kind of sweetened biscuit. 2. A kind of light, hard cake or bread, as for stores Smart. 3. Bread or cake which has been made brown and crisp, and afterwards grated, or pulverized in a mortar. RUSMA Rus"ma, n. Etym: [Corrupt. from Turk. khyryzma a paste used as a depilatory, fr. Gr. rusma.] Defn: A depilatory made of orpiment and quicklime, and used by the Turks. See Rhusma. RUSS Russ, n. sing. & pl. 1. A Russian, or the Russians. [Rare, except in poetry.] 2. The language of the Russians. RUSS Russ, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Russians. RUSSET Rus"set, a. Etym: [F. rousset, dim. of roux red, L. russus (for rudtus, rudhtus), akin to E. red. See Red, and cf. Roussette.] 1. Of a reddish brown color, or (by some called) a red gray; of the color composed of blue, red, and yellow in equal strength, but unequal proportions, namely, two parts of red to one each of blue and yellow; also, of a yellowish brown color. The morn, in russet mantle clad. Shak. Our summer such a russet livery wears. Dryden. 2. Coarse; homespun; rustic. [R.] Shak. RUSSET Rus"set, n. 1. A russet color; a pigment of a russet color. 2. Cloth or clothing of a russet color. 3. A country dress; -- so called because often of a russet color. Dryden. 4. An apple, or a pear, of a russet color; as, the English russet, and the Roxbury russet. RUSSETING Rus"set*ing, n. Defn: See Russet, n., 2 and 4. RUSSETY Rus"set*y, a. Defn: Of a russet color; russet. RUSSIA Rus"sia, n. Defn: A country of Europe and Asia. Russia iron, a kind of sheet iron made in Russia, having a lustrous blue-black surface. -- Russia leather, a soft kind of leather, made originally in Russia but now elsewhere, having a peculiar odor from being impregnated with an oil obtained from birch bark. It is much used in bookbinding, on account of its not being subject to mold, and being proof against insects. -- Russia matting, matting manufactured in Russia from the inner bark of the linden (Tilia Europæa). RUSSIAN Rus"sian ( or ; 277), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Russia, its inhabitants, or language. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Russia; the language of Russia. Russian bath. See under Bath. RUSSIAN CHURCH Rus"sian Church. Defn: The established church of the Russian empire. It forms a portion, by far the largest, of the Eastern Church and is governed by the Holy Synod. The czar is the head of the church, but he has never claimed the right of deciding questions of theology and dogma. RUSSIANIZE Rus"sian*ize, v. t. Defn: To make Russian, or more or less like the Russians; as, to Russianize the Poles. RUSSIFICATION Rus"si*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Russia + L. -ficare (im comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: The act or process of being Russified. RUSSIFY Rus"si*fy, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. russifier. See -fy.] Defn: To Russianize; as, to Russify conquered tribes. RUSSOPHILE; RUSSOPHILIST Rus"so*phile, Rus"soph"i*list, n. Etym: [Russia + Gr. to love: cf. F. russophile.] Defn: One who, not being a Russian, favors Russian policy and aggrandizement. -- Rus*soph"ilism, n. [Chiefly newspaper words.] RUSSOPHOBE; RUSSOPHOBIST Rus"so*phobe, Rus*soph"o*bist, Etym: [Russia + Gr. Defn: One who dreads Russia or Russian influence. [Words sometimes found in the newspapers.] RUSSOPHOBIA Rus`so*pho"bi*a, n. Defn: Morbid dread of Russia or of Russian influence. RUST Rust, n. Etym: [AS. rust; akin to D. roest, G. & Sw. rost, Icel. ryth; -- named from its color, and akin to E. red. *113. See Red.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: The reddish yellow coating formed on iron when exposed to moist air, consisting of ferric oxide or hydroxide; hence, by extension, any metallic film of corrosion. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A minute mold or fungus forming reddish or rusty spots on the leaves and stems of cereal and other grasses (Trichobasis Rubigo- vera), now usually believed to be a form or condition of the corn mildew (Puccinia graminis). As rust, it has solitary reddish spores; as corn mildew, the spores are double and blackish. Note: Rust is also applied to many other minute fungi which infest vegetation, such as the species of Ustilago, Uredo, and Lecythea. 3. That which resembles rust in appearance or effects. Specifically: (a) A composition used in making a rust joint. See Rust joint, below. (b) Foul matter arising from degeneration; as, rust on salted meat. (c) Corrosive or injurious accretion or influence. Sacred truths cleared from all rust and dross of human mixtures. Eikon Basilike. Note: Rust is used in the formation of compounds of obvious meaning; as, rust-colored, rust-consumed, rust-eaten, and the like. Rust joint, a joint made between surfaces of iron by filling the space between them with a wet mixture of cast-iron borings, sal ammoniac, and sulphur, which by oxidation becomes hard, and impervious to steam, water, etc. -- Rust mite (Zoöl.), a minute mite (Phytopius oleivorus) which, by puncturing the rind, causes the rust-colored patches on oranges. RUST Rust, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rusting.] Etym: [AS. rustian.] 1. To contract rust; to be become oxidized. If gold ruste, what shall iron do Chaucer. Our armors now may rust. Dryden. 2. To be affected with the parasitic fungus called rust; also, to acquire a rusty appearance. as plants. 3. Fig.: To degenerate in idleness; to become dull or impaired by inaction. Must I rust in Egypt never more Appear in arms, and be the chief of Greece Dryden. RUST Rust, v. t. 1. To cause to contract rust; to corrode with rust; to affect with rust of any kind. Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them. Shak. 2. Fig.: To impair by time and inactivity. Johmson. RUSTFUL Rust"ful, a. Defn: Full of rust; resembling rust; causing rust; rusty. "Rustful sloth." Quarles. RUSTIC Rus"tic, a. Etym: [L. rusticus, fr. rus, ruris, the country: cf. F. rustique. See Rural.] 1. Of or pertaining to the country; rural; as, the rustic gods of antiquity. Milton. And many a holy text around she strews, That teach the rustic moralist to die. Gray. She had a rustic, woodland air. Wordsworth. 2. Rude; awkward; rough; unpolished; as, rustic manners. "A rustic muse." Spenser. 3. Coarse; plain; simple; as, a rustic entertainment; rustic dress. 4. Simple; artless; unadorned; unaffected. Pope. Rustic moth (Zoöl.), any moth belonging to Agrotis and allied genera. Their larvæ are called cutworms. See Cutworm. -- Rustic work. (a) (Arch.) Cut stone facing which has the joints worked with grooves or channels, the face of each block projecting beyond the joint, so that the joints are very conspicuous. (b) (Arch. & Woodwork) Summer houses, or furniture for summer houses, etc., made of rough limbs of trees fancifully arranged. Syn. -- Rural; rude; unpolished; inelegant; untaught; artless; honest. See Rural. RUSTIC Rus"tic, n. 1. An inhabitant of the country, especially one who is rude, coarse, or dull; a clown. Hence to your fields, you rustics! hence, away. Pope. 2. A rural person having a natural simplicity of character or manners; an artless, unaffected person. [Poetic] RUSTICAL Rus`tic*al, a. Defn: Rustic. "Rustical society." Thackeray. -- Rus"tic*al*ly, adv. -- Rus"tic*al*ness, n. RUSTICATE Rus"ti*cate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rusticated; p. pr. & vb. n. Rusticating.] Etym: [L. rusticaticus, p. p. of rusticari to rusticate. See Rustic.] Defn: To go into or reside in the country; to ruralize. Pope. RUSTICATE Rus"ti*cate, v. t. Defn: To require or compel to reside in the country; to banish or send away temporarily; to impose rustication on. The town is again beginning to be full, and the rusticated beauty sees an end of her banishment. Idler. RUSTICATED Rus"ti*ca`ted, a. (Arch.) Defn: resembling rustic work. See Rustic work (a), under Rustic. RUSTICATION Rus`ti*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. rusticatio.] 1. The act of rusticating, or the state of being rusticated; specifically, the punishment of a student for some offence, by compelling him to leave the institution for a time. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Rustic work. RUSTICITY Rus*tic"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. rusticatus: cf. F. rusticité.] Defn: The quality or state of being rustic; rustic manners; rudeness; simplicity; artlessness. The sweetness and rusticity of a pastoral can not be so well expressed in any other tongue as in the Greek, when rightly mixed and qualified with the Doric dialect. Addison. The Saxons were refined from their rusticity. Sir W. Scott. RUSTICLY Rus"tic*ly, adv. Defn: In a rustic manner; rustically. Chapman. RUSTILY Rust"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a rusty state. RUSTINESS Rust"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being rusty. RUSTLE Rus"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rustled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rustling.] Etym: [AS. hristlan to rustle; or cf. Sw. rusta to stir, make a riot, or E. rush, v.] 1. To make a quick succession of small sounds, like the rubbing or moving of silk cloth or dry leaves. He is coming; I hear his straw rustle. Shak. Prouder than rustling in unpaid-for silk. Shak. 2. To stir about energetically; to strive to succeed; to bustle about. [Slang, Western U.S.] RUSTLE Rus"tle, v. t. Defn: To cause to rustle; as, the wind rustles the leaves. RUSTLE Rus"tle, n. Defn: A quick succession or confusion of small sounds, like those made by shaking leaves or straw, by rubbing silk, or the like; a rustling. When the noise of a torrent, the rustle of a wood, the song of birds, or the play of lambs, had power to fill the attention, and suspend all perception of the course of time. Idler. RUSTLER Rus"tler, n. 1. One who, or that which, rustles. 2. A bovine animal that can care for itself in any circumstances; also, an alert, energetic, driving person. [Slang, Western U.S.] RUSTLESS Rust"less, a. Defn: Free from rust. RUSTY Rust"y, a. Etym: [AS. rustig.] [Compar. Rustier (; superl. Rustiest.] 1. Covered or affected with rust; as, a rusty knife or sword; rusty wheat. 2. Impaired by inaction, disuse, or neglect. [Hector,] in this dull and long-continued truce, Is rusty grown. Shak. 3. Discolored and rancid; reasty; as, rusty bacon. 4. Surly; morose; crusty; sullen. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "Rusty words." Piers Plowman. 5. Rust-colored; dark. "Rusty blood." Spenser. 6. Discolored; stained; not cleanly kept; filthy. The rustly little schooners that bring fire wood from the Brititsh provinces. Hawthorne. 7. (Bot.) Defn: Resembling, or covered with a substance resembling, rust; affected with rust; rubiginous. RUT Rut, n. Etym: [F. rut, OF. ruit, L. ruditus a roaring, fr. rugire to roar; -sp called from the noise made by deer in rutting time.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: Sexual desire or oestrus of deer, cattle, and various other mammals; heat; also, the period during which the oestrus exists. 2. Roaring, as of waves breaking upon the shore; rote. See Rote. RUT Rut, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rutting.] Defn: To have a strong sexual impulse at the reproductive period; -- said of deer, cattle, etc. RUT Rut, v. t. Defn: To cover in copulation. Dryden. RUT Rut, n. Etym: [variant of route.] Defn: A track worn by a wheel or by habitual passage of anything; a groove in which anything runs. Also used figuratively. in a rut. RUT Rut, v. t. Defn: To make a rut or ruts in; -- chiefly used as a past participle or a participial adj; as, a rutted road. RUTA-BAGA Ru`ta-ba"ga, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of turnip commonly with a large and long or ovoid yellowish root; a Swedish turnip. See Turnip. RUTACEOUS Ru*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [L. rutaceous, from ruta rue. See Rue the plant.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to plants of a natural order (Rutacæ) of which the rue is the type, and which includes also the orange, lemon, dittany, and buchu. RUTATE Ru"tate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of rutic acid. RUTH Ruth, n. Etym: [From Rue, v.: cf. Icel. hryggedh, hrygedh.] 1. Sorrow for the misery of another; pity; tenderness. [Poetic] "They weep for ruth." Chaucer. "Have ruth of the poor." Piers Plowman. To stir up gentle ruth, Both for her noble blood, and for her tender youth. Spenser. 2. That which causes pity or compassion; misery; distress; a pitiful. [Obs.] It had been hard this ruth for to see. Chaucer. With wretched miseries and woeful ruth. Spenser. RUTHENIC Ru*then"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, ruthenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which it has a higher valence as contrasted with ruthenious compounds. RUTHENIOUS Ru*the"ni*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, ruthenium; designating those compounds in which it has a lower valence as contrasted with ruthenic compounds. RUTHENIUM Ru*the"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL. So named from the Ruthenians, a Little Russian people, as coming from Russia, the metal having been found in the Ural mountains.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare element of the light platinum group, found associated with platinum ores, and isolated as a hard, brittle steel-gray metal which is very infusible. Symbol Ru. Atomic weight 103.5. Specific gravity 12.26. See Platinum metals, under Platinum. RUTHFUL Ruth"ful, a. Defn: Full of ruth; as: (a) Pitiful; tender. (b) Full of sorrow; woeful. (c) Causing sorrow. Shak. -- Ruth"ful*ly, adv. RUTHLESS Ruth"less, a. Defn: Having no ruth; cruel; pitiless. Their rage the hostile bands restrain, All but the ruthless monarch of the main. Pope. -- Ruth"less*ly, adv. -- Ruth"less*ness, n. RUTIC Ru"tic, a. Etym: [Cf. Rutaceous.] (Chem.) Defn: pertaining to, or obtained from, rue (Ruta); as, rutic acid, now commonly called capric acid. RUTILANT Ru"ti*lant (, a. Etym: [L. rutilans, p. pr. of rutilare to have a reddish glow, fr. rutilus red: cf. F. rutilant.] Defn: Having a reddish glow; shining. Parchments . . . colored with this rutilant mixture. Evelin. RUTILATE Ru"ti*late, v. i. Etym: [L. rutilare, rutilatum.] Defn: To shine; to emit rays of light. [Obs.] Ure. RUTILE Ru"tile, n. Etym: [L. rutilus red, inclining to golden yellow.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral usually of a reddish brown color, and brilliant metallic adamantine luster, occurring in tetragonal crystals. In composition it is titanium dioxide, like octahedrite and brooklite. RUTILIAN Ru*til"i*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of lamellicorn beetles belonging to Rurila and allied genera, as the spotted grapevine beetle (Pelidnota punctata). RUTIN Ru"tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside resembling, but distinct from, quercitrin. Rutin is found in the leaves of the rue (Ruta graveolens) and other plants, and obtained as a bitter yellow crystalline substance which yields quercitin on decomposition. RUTINOSE Rutinose Defn: A disaccharide present in glycosides. Prepared from rutin by hydrolysis with rhamnodiastase. 6-O-a-L-rhamnosyl-D-glucose; C12H22O10. RUTTER Rut"ter, n. Etym: [D. ruiter a rider. Cf. Ruttier.] Defn: A horseman or trooper. [Obs.] Such a regiment of rutters Never defied men braver. Beau. & Fl. RUTTER Rut"ter, n. Etym: [From Rut.] Defn: That which ruts. RUTTERKIN Rut"ter*kin, n. Defn: An old crafty fox or beguiler -- a word of contempt. [Obs.] Cotgrave. RUTTIER Rut"ti*er, n. Etym: [F. routier, fr. route a road. See Route.] Defn: A chart of a course, esp. at sea. [Obs.] RUTTISH Rut"tish, a. Defn: Inclined to rut; lustful; libidinous; salacious. Shak. -- Rut"tish*ness, n. RUTTLE Rut"tle, n. Defn: A rattling sound in the throat arising from difficulty of breathing; a rattle. [Obs.] RUTTY Rut"ty, a. Defn: Ruttish; lustful. RUTTY Rut"ty, a. Defn: Full of ruts; as a rutty road. RUTTY Rut"ty, a. Etym: [See Root.] Defn: Rooty. [Obs.] Spenser. RUTYLENE Ru"ty*lene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon, C10H18, of the acetylene series. It is produced artificially. RYAL Ry"al ( or ), a. Defn: Royal. [Obs.] Chaucer. RYAL Ry"al, n. Defn: See Rial, and old English coin. RYDER Ry"der, n. 1. A clause added to a document; a rider. See Rider. [Obs.] 2. Etym: [D. rijder, properly, a rider.] Defn: A gold coin of Zealand [Netherlands] equal to 14 florins, about $ 5.60. RYE Rye, n. Etym: [OE. rie, reie, AS. ryge; akin to Icel. rugr, Sw. råg, Dan. rug, D. rogge, OHG. rocco, roggo, G. rocken, roggen, Lith. rugei, Russ. roje, and perh. To Gr. 'o`ryza rice. Cf. Rice.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A grain yielded by a hardy cereal grass (Secale cereale), closely allied to wheat; also, the plant itself. Rye constitutes a large portion of the breadstuff used by man. 2. A disease in a hawk. Ainsworth. Rye grass, Italian rye grass, (Bot.) See under Grass. See also Ray grass, and Darnel. -- Wild rye (Bot.), any plant of the genus Elymus, tall grasses with much the appearance of rye. RYND Rynd ( or ), n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A piece of iron crossing the hole in the upper millstone by which the stone is supported on the spindle. RYOT Ry"ot, n. Etym: [Ar. & Hind. ra'iyat, the same word as ra'iyah, a subject, tenant, peasant. See Rayah.] Defn: A peasant or cultivator of the soil. [India] The Indian ryot and the Egyptian fellah work for less pay than any other laborers in the world. The Nation. RYPOPHAGOUS Ry*poph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Eating, or subsisting on, filth. RYS Rys ( or ), n. Defn: A branch. [Obs.] Chaucer. RYSH Rysh, n. Defn: Rush, a plant. [Obs.] Chaucer. RYSIMETER Ry*sim"e*ter, n. Defn: See Rhysimeter. RYTH Ryth, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. ri brook.] Defn: A ford. [Obs.] RYTINA Ryt"i*na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large edentulous sirenians, allied to the dugong and manatee, including but one species (R. Stelleri); -- called also Steller's sea cow. [Written also Rhytina.] Note: * It is now extinct, but was formerly abundant at Behring's Island, near Behring's Straits. It was twenty-five feet or more in length, with a thick, blackish, naked skin. The last were killed in 1768 for their oil and flesh. S Defn: the nineteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a consonanat, and is often called a sibilant, in allusion to its hissing sound. It has two principal sounds; one a more hissing, as in sack, this; the other a vocal hissing (the same as that of z), as in is, wise. Besides these it sometimes has the sounds of sh and zh, as in sure, measure. It generally has its hissing sound at the beginning of words, but in the middle and at the end of words its sound is determined by usage. In a few words it is silent, as in isle, débris. With the letter h it forms the digraph sh. See Guide to pronunciation, t\'c5 255-261. Note: Both the form and the name of the letter S are derived from the Latin, which got the letter through the Greek from the Phænician. the ultimate origin is Egyptian. S is etymologically most nearly related to c, z, t, and r; as, in ice, OE. is; E. hence, OE. hennes; E. rase, raze; erase, razor; that, G. das; E. reason, F. raison, L. ratio; E. was, were; chair, chaise (see C, Z, T, and R.). -S -s. 1. Etym: [OE. es, AS. as.] Defn: The suffix used to form the plural of most words; as in roads, elfs, sides, accounts. 2. Etym: [OE. -s, for older -th, AS. -th.] Defn: The suffix used to form the third person singular indicative of English verbs; as in the falls, tells, sends. 3. An adverbial suffix; as in towards, needs, always, -- originally the genitive, possesive, ending. See -'s. -'S -'s Etym: [OE. -es, AS. -es.] Defn: The suffix used to form the possessive singular of nouns; as, boy's; man's. 'S 's. Defn: A contraction for is or (colloquially) for has. "My heart's subdued." Shak. -'S -'s [OE. -es, AS. -es.] The suffix used to form the possessive singular of nouns; as, boy's; man's. SAADH Sa"adh, n. Defn: See Sadh. SAAN Saan, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: Same as Bushmen. SABADILLA Sab`a*dil"la, n. Etym: [Sp. cebadilla.] (Bot.) Defn: A Mexican liliaceous plant (Schænocaulon officinale); also, its seeds, which contain the alkaloid veratrine. It was formerly used in medicine as an emetic and purgative. SABAEAN Sa*bæ"an, a. & n. Defn: Same as Sabianism. SABAEANISM Sa*bæ"an*ism, n. Defn: Same as Sabianism. SABAEISM; SABAISM Sa"bæ*ism, Sa"ba*ism, n. Defn: See Sabianism. SABAL Sa"bal, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of palm trees including the palmetto of the Southern United States. SABAOTH Sab"a*oth (sâb"ay*ôth or sa"ba*ôth; 277), n. pl. Etym: [Heb. tseba'oth, pl. of tsaba', an army or host, fr. tsaba', to go forth to war.] 1. Armies; hosts. Note: [Used twice in the English Bible, in the phrase "The Lord of Sabaoth."] 2. Incorrectly, the Sabbath. SABBAT Sab"bat, n. Etym: [See Sabbath.] Defn: In mediæval demonology, the nocturnal assembly in which demons and sorcerers were thought to celebrate their orgies. SABBATARIAN Sab`ba*ta"ri*an, n. Etym: [L. Sabbatarius: cf. F. sabbataire. See Sabbath.] 1. One who regards and keeps the seventh day of the week as holy, aggreeably to the letter of the fourth commandment in the Decalogue. Note: There were Christians in the early church who held this opinion, and certain Christians, esp. the Seventh-day Baptists, hold it now. 2. A strict observer of the Sabbath. SABBATARIAN Sab`ba*ta"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Sabbath, or the tenets of Sabbatarians. SABBATARIANISM Sab`ba*ta"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: The tenets of Sabbatarians. Bp. Ward. (1673). SABBATH Sab"bath, n. Etym: [OE. sabat, sabbat, F. sabbat, L. sabbatum, Gr. shabbath, fr. shabath to rest from labor. Cf. Sabbat.] 1. A season or day of rest; one day in seven appointed for rest or worship, the observance of which was enjoined upon the Jews in the Decalogue, and has been continued by the Christian church with a transference of the day observed from the last to the first day of the week, which is called also Lord's Day. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Ex. xx. 8. 2. The seventh year, observed among the Israelites as one of rest and festival. Lev. xxv. 4. 3. Fig.: A time of rest or repose; intermission of pain, effort, sorrow, or the like. Peaceful sleep out the sabbath of the tomb. Pope. Sabbath breaker, one who violates the law of the Sabbath. -- Sabbath breaking, the violation of the law of the Sabbath. -- Sabbath-day's journey, a distance of about a mile, which, under Rabbinical law, the Jews were allowed to travel on the Sabbath. Syn. -- Sabbath, Sunday. Sabbath is not strictly synonymous with Sunday. Sabbath denotes the institution; Sunday is the name of the first day of the week. The Sabbath of the Jews is on Saturday, and the Sabbath of most Christians on Sunday. In New England, the first day of the week has been called "the Sabbath," to mark it as holy time; Sunday is the word more commonly used, at present, in all parts of the United States, as it is in England. "So if we will be the children of our heavenly Father, we must be careful to keep the Christian Sabbathday, which is the Sunday." Homilies. SABBATHLESS Sab"bath*less, a. Defn: Without Sabbath, or intermission of labor; hence, without respite or rest. Bacon. SABBATIC; SABBATICAL Sab*bat"ic, Sab*bat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. sabbatique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Sabbath; resembling the Sabbath; enjoying or bringing an intermission of labor. Sabbatical year (Jewish Antiq.), every seventh year, in which the Israelites were commanded to suffer their fields and vineyards to rest, or lie without tillage. SABBATISM Sab"ba*tism, n. Etym: [L. sabbatismus, Gr. sabbatisme. See Sabbath.] Defn: Intermission of labor, as upon the Sabbath; rest. Dr. H. More. SABBATON Sab"ba*ton, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. zapaton, a large shoe, F. sabot a wooden shoe.] Defn: A round-toed, armed covering for the feet, worn during a part of the sixteenth century in both military and civil dress. SABEAN Sa*be"an, a. & n. Defn: Same as Sabian. SABEISM Sa"be*ism, n. Defn: Same as Sabianism. SABELLA Sa*bel"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. sabulum gravel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of tubiculous annelids having a circle of plumose gills around head. SABELLIAN Sa*bel"li*an, a. Defn: Pertaining to the doctrines or tenets of Sabellius. See Sabellian, n. SABELLIAN Sa*bel"li*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Sabellius, a presbyter of Ptolemais in the third century, who maintained that there is but one person in the Godhead, and that the Son and Holy Spirit are only different powers, operations, or offices of the one God the Father. SABELLIANISM Sa*bel"li*an*ism, n. (Eccl.) Defn: The doctrines or tenets of Sabellius. See Sabellian, n. SABELLOID Sa*bel"loid, a. Etym: [Sabella + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or related to, the genus Sabella. -- Sa*bel"loid, n. SABER; SABRE Sa"ber, Sa"bre, n. Etym: [F. sabre, G. säbel; of uncertain origin; cf. Hung. száblya, Pol. szabla, Russ. sabla, and L. Gr. Defn: A sword with a broad and heavy blade, thick at the back, and usually more or less curved like a scimiter; a cavalry sword. Saber fish, or Sabre fish (Zoöl.), the cutlass fish. SABER; SABRE Sa"ber, Sa"bre, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sabered or Sabred (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sabering or Sabring (.] Etym: [Cf. F. sabrer.] Defn: To strike, cut, or kill with a saber; to cut down, as with a saber. You send troops to saber and bayonet us into submission. Burke. SABERBILL; SABREBILL Sa"ber*bill`, Sa"bre*bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The curlew. SABIAN Sa"bi*an, a. Etym: [L. Sabaeus.] [Written also Sabean, and Sabæanism.] 1. Of or pertaining to Saba in Arabia, celebrated for producing aromatic plants. 2. Relating to the religion of Saba, or to the worship of the heavenly bodies. SABIAN Sa"bi*an, n. Defn: An adherent of the Sabian religion; a worshiper of the heavenly bodies. [Written also Sabæan, and Sabean.] SABIANISM Sa"bi*an*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine of the Sabians; the Sabian religion; that species of idolatry which consists in worshiping the sun, moon, and stars; heliolatry. [Written also Sabæanism.] SABICU Sab"i*cu, n. Defn: The very hard wood of a leguminous West Indian tree (Lysilona Sabicu), valued for shipbuilding. SABINE Sa"bine, a. Etym: [L. Sabinus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the ancient Sabines, a people of Italy. -- n. Defn: One of the Sabine people. SABINE Sab"ine, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. Sabina herba, fr. Sabini the Sabines. Cf. Savin.] (Bot.) Defn: See Savin. SABLE Sa"ble, n. Etym: [OF. sable, F. zibeline sable (in sense 4), LL. sabellum; cf. D. sabel, Dan. sabel, zobel, Sw. sabel, sobel, G. zobel; all fr. Russ. sóbole.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A carnivorous animal of the Weasel family (Mustela zibellina) native of the northern latitudes of Europe, Asia, and America, -- noted for its fine, soft, and valuable fur. Note: The sable resembles the marten, but has a longer head and ears. Its fur consists of a soft under wool, with a dense coat of hair, overtopped by another still longer. It varies greatly in color and quality according to the locality and the season of the year. The darkest and most valuable furs are taken in autumn and winter in the colder parts of Siberia, Russia, and British North America. Note: The American sable, or marten, was formerly considered a distinct species (Mustela Americana), but it differs very little from the Asiatic sable, and is now considered only a geographical variety. 2. The fur of the sable. 3. A mouring garment; a funeral robe; -- generally in the plural. "Sables wove by destiny." Young. 4. (Her.) Defn: The tincture black; -- represented by vertical and horizontal lines each other. SABLE Sa"ble, a. Defn: Of the color of the sable's fur; dark; black; -- used chiefly in poetry. Night, sable goddess! from her ebon throne, In rayless majesty, now stretches forth Her leaden scepter o'er a slumbering world. Young. Sable antelope (Zoöl.), a large South African antelope (Hippotragus niger). Both sexes have long, sharp horns. The adult male is black; the female is dark chestnut above, white beneath. -- Sable iron, a superior quality of Russia iron; -- so called because originally stamped with the figure of a sable. -- Sable mouse (Zoöl.), the lemming. SABLE Sa"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sabled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sabling.] Defn: To render sable or dark; to drape darkly or in black. Sabled all in black the shady sky. G. Fletcher. SABOT Sa`bot", n. Etym: [F.] 1. A kind of wooden shoe worn by the peasantry in France, Belgium, Sweden, and some other European countries. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A thick, circular disk of wood, to which the cartridge bag and projectile are attached, in fixed ammunition for cannon; also, a piece of soft metal attached to a projectile to take the groove of the rifling. SABOTAGE Sa`bo`tage", n. [F.] (a) Scamped work. (b) Malicious waste or destruction of an employer's property or injury to his interests by workmen during labor troubles. SABOTIERE Sa`bo"tière, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A kind of freezer for ices. SABRE Sa"bre, n. & v. Defn: See Saber. SABRETASCHE Sa"bre*tasche`, n. Etym: [F. sabretache, G. säbel, tasche; säbel salber + tasche a pocket.] (Mil.) Defn: A leather case or pocket worn by cavalry at the left side, suspended from the sword belt. Campbell (Dict. Mil. Sci. ). SABRINA WORK Sa*bri"na work`. Defn: A variety of appliqué work for quilts, table covers, etc. Caulfeild & S. (Dict. of Needlework). SABULOSE Sab"u*lose, a. Etym: [L. sabulosus, from sabulum, sabulo, sand.] (Bot.) Defn: Growing in sandy places. SABULOSITY Sab`u*los"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being sabulous; sandiness; grittiness. SABULOUS Sab"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. sabulosus.] Defn: Sandy; gritty. SAC Sac, n. (Ethnol.) Defn: See Sace. SAC Sac, n. Etym: [See Sake, Soc.] (O.Eng. Law) Defn: The privilege formerly enjoyed the lord of a manor, of holding courts, trying causes, and imposing fines. Cowell. SAC Sac, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. saccus a sack. See Sack a bag.] 1. See 2d Sack. 2. (Biol.) Defn: A cavity, bag, or receptacle, usually containing fluid, and either closed, or opening into another cavity to the exterior; a sack. SACALAIT Sac"a*lait, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of fresh-water bass; the crappie. [Southern U.S.] SACAR Sa"car, n. Defn: See Saker. SACCADE Sac*cade", n. Etym: [F.] (Man.) Defn: A sudden, violent check of a horse by drawing or twitching the reins on a sudden and with one pull. SACCATE Sac"cate, a. Etym: [NL. saccatus, fr. L. saccus a sack, bag.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Having the form of a sack or pouch; furnished with a sack or pouch, as a petal. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Saccata, a suborder of ctenophores having two pouches into which the long tentacles can be retracted. SACCHARATE Sac"cha*rate, n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of saccharic acid. (b) In a wider sense, a compound of saccharose, or any similar carbohydrate, with such bases as the oxides of calcium, barium, or lead; a sucrate. SACCHARIC Sac*char"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, saccharine substances; specifically, designating an acid obtained, as a white amorphous gummy mass, by the oxidation of mannite, glucose, sucrose, etc. SACCHARIFEROUS Sac`cha*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. saccharon sugar + -ferous.] Defn: Producing sugar; as, sacchariferous canes. SACCHARIFY Sac*char"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saccharified; p. pr. & vb. n. Saccharifing.] Etym: [L. saccharon sugar + -fy: cf. F. saccharifier.] Defn: Toconvert into, or to impregnate with, sugar. SACCHARILLA Sac`cha*ril"la, n. Defn: A kind of muslin. SACCHARIMETER Sac`cha*rim"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. saccharon sugar + -meter: cf. F. saccharimètre.] Defn: An instrument for ascertain the quantity of saccharine matter in any solution, as the juice of a plant, or brewers' and distillers' worts. [Written also saccharometer.] Note: The common saccharimeter of the brewer is an hydrometer adapted by its scale to point out the proportion of saccharine matter in a solution of any specific gravity. The polarizing saccharimeter of the chemist is a complex optical apparatus, in which polarized light is transmitted through the saccharine solution, and the proportion of sugar indicated by the relative deviation of the plane of polarization. SACCHARIMETRICAL Sac`cha*ri*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to saccharimetry; obtained saccharimetry. SACCHARIMETRY Sac`cha*rim"e*try, n. Defn: The act, process or method of determining the amount and kind of sugar present in sirup, molasses, and the like, especially by the employment of polarizing apparatus. SACCHARIN Sac"cha*rin, n. Etym: [F., from L. saccharon sugar.] (Chem.) Defn: A bitter white crystalline substance obtained from the saccharinates and regarded as the lactone of saccharinic acid; -- so called because formerly supposed to be isomeric with cane sugar (saccharose). SACCHARINATE Sac"cha*ri*nate, n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of saccharinic acid. (b) A salt of saccharine. SACCHARINE Sac"cha*rine ( or ), a. Etym: [F. saccharin, fr. L. saccharob sugar, Gr. çarkara. Cf. Sugar.] Defn: Of or pertaining to sugar; having the qualities of sugar; producing sugar; sweet; as, a saccharine taste; saccharine matter. SACCHARINE Sac"cha*rine ( or ), n. (Chem.) Defn: A trade name for benzoic sulphinide. [Written also saccharin.] C7H5NO3S. SACCHARINIC Sac"cha*rin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, saccharin; specifically, designating a complex acid not known in the free state but well known in its salts, which are obtained by boiling dextrose and levulose (invert sugar) with milk of lime. SACCHARIZE Sac"cha*rize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saccharized; p. pr. & vb. n. Saccharizing.] Defn: To convert into, or to impregnate with, sugar. SACCHAROID; SACCHAROIDAL Sac"cha*roid, Sac`cha*roid"al, a. Etym: [L. saccharon sugar + -oid: cf. F. saccharoïde.] Defn: resembling sugar, as in taste, appearance, consistency, or composition; as, saccharoidal limestone. SACCHAROMETER Sac`cha*rom"e*ter, n. Defn: A saccharimeter. SACCHAROMYCES Sac`cha*ro*my"ces, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A genus of budding fungi, the various species of which have the power, to a greater or less extent, or splitting up sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid. They are the active agents in producing fermentation of wine, beer, etc. Saccharomyces cerevisiæ is the yeast of sedimentary beer. Also called Torula. SACCHAROMYCETES Sac`cha*ro*my*ce"tes, n. pl. (Biol.) Defn: A family of fungi consisting of the one genus Saccharomyces. SACCHARONATE Sac"cha*ro*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of saccharonic acid. SACCHARONE Sac"cha*rone, n. Etym: [Saccharin + lactone,] (Chem.) (a) A white crystalline substance, C6H8O6, obtained by the oxidation of saccharin, and regarded as the lactone of saccharonic acid. (b) An oily liquid, C6H10O2, obtained by the reduction of saccharin. SACCHARONIC Sac`cha*ron"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, saccharone; specifically, designating an unstable acid which is obtained from saccharone (a) by hydration, and forms a well-known series of salts. SACCHAROSE Sac"cha*rose`, n. (Chem.) Defn: Cane sugar; sucrose; also, in general, any one of the group of which saccharose, or sucrose proper, is the type. See Sucrose. SACCHAROUS Sac"cha*rous, a. Defn: Saccharine. SACCHARUM Sac"cha*rum, n. Etym: [NL. See Saccharine.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of tall tropical grasses including the sugar cane. SACCHOLACTATE Sac`cho*lac"tate, n. Etym: [See Saccharolactatic.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of saccholactactic acid; -- formerly called also saccholate. [Obs.] See Mucate. SACCHOLACTIC Sac`cho*lac"tic, a. Etym: [L. saccharon sugar + lac, lactis, milk.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid now called mucic acid; saccholic. [Obs.] SACCHOLIC Sac*chol"ic, a. Defn: Saccholatic. [Obs.] SACCHULMATE Sac*chul"mate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sacchulmic acid. SACCHULMIC Sac*chul"mic, a. Etym: [Saccharine + ulmic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained as a dark amorphous substance by the long-continued boiling of sucrose with very dilute sulphuric acid. It resembles humic acid. [Written also sacculmic.] SACCHULMIN Sac*chul"min, n. (Chem.) Defn: An amorphous huminlike substance resembling sacchulmic acid, and produced together with it. SACCIFEROUS Sac*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. saccus a sack + -ferous.] (Biol.) Defn: Bearing a sac. SACCIFORM Sac"ci*form, a. Etym: [L. saccus a sack + -form.] (Biol.) Defn: Having the general form of a sac. SACCOGLOSSA Sac`co*glos"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. saccus a sack + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Pellibranchiata. SACCULAR Sac"cu*lar, a. Defn: Like a sac; sacciform. SACCULATED Sac"cu*la`ted, a. Defn: Furnished with little sacs. SACCULE Sac"cule, n. Etym: [L. sacculus, dim. of saccus sack.] Defn: A little sac; specifically, the sacculus of the ear. SACCULO-COCHLEAR Sac`cu*lo-coch"le*ar, a. (Anat.) Defn: pertaining to the sacculus and cochlea of the ear. SACCULO-UTRICULAR Sac`cu*lo-u*tric"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the sacculus and utriculus of the ear. SACCULUS Sac"cu*lus, n.; pl. Sacculi. Etym: [L., little sack.] (Anat.) Defn: A little sac; esp., a part of the membranous labyrinth of the ear. See the Note under Ear. SACCUS Sac"cus, n.; pl. Sacci. Etym: [L., a sack.] (Biol.) Defn: A sac. SACELLUM Sa*cel"lum, n.; pl. Sacella. Etym: [L., dim. of sacrum a sacred place.] (a) (Rom. Antiq.) An unroofed space consecrated to a divinity. (b) (Eccl.) A small monumental chapel in a church. Shipley. SACERDOTAL Sac`er*do"tal, a. Etym: [L. sacerdotalis, fr. sacerdos, -otis, a priest, fr.sacer holy, sacred: cf. F. sacerdotal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to priests, or to the order of priests; relating to the priesthood; priesty; as, sacerdotal dignity; sacerdotal functions. The ascendency of the sacerdotal order was long the ascendency which naturally and properly belongs to intellectual superiority. Macaulay. SACERDOTALISM Sac`er*do"tal*ism, m. Defn: The system, style, spirit, or character, of a priesthood, or sacerdotal order; devotion to the interests of the sacerdotal order. SACERDOTALLY Sac`er*do"tal*ly, adv. Defn: In a sacerdotal manner. SACHEL Sach"el, n. Defn: A small bag. See Satchel. SACHEM Sa"chem, n. Defn: A chief of a tribe of the American Indians; a sagamore. SACHEMDOM Sa"chem*dom, n. Defn: The government or jurisdiction of a sachem. Dr. T. Dwight. SACHEMSHIP Sa"chem*ship, n. Defn: Office or condition of a sachem. SACHET Sa`chet", n. Etym: [F., dim. of sac. See Sac.] Defn: A scent bag, or perfume cushion, to be laid among handkerchiefe, garments, etc., to perfume them. SACIETY Sa*ci"e*ty, n. Defn: Satiety. [Obs.] Bacon. SACK Sack, n. Etym: [OE. seck, F. sec dry (cf. Sp. seco, It secco), from L. siccus dry, harsh; perhaps akin to Gr. sikata sand, Ir. sesc dry, W. hysp. Cf. Desiccate.] Defn: A anme formerly given to various dry Spanish wines. "Sherris sack." Shak. Sack posset, a posset made of sack, and some other ingredients. SACK Sack, n. Etym: [OE. sak, sek, AS. sacc, sæcc, L. saccus, Gr. sak; cf. F. sac from the Latin. Cf. Sac, Satchel, Sack to plunder.] 1. A bag for holding and carrying goods of any kind; a receptacle made of some kind of pliable material, as cloth, leather, and the like; a large pouch. 2. A measure of varying capacity, according to local usage and the substance. The American sack of salt is 215 pounds; the sack of wheat, two bushels. McElrath. 3. Etym: [Perhaps a different word.] Defn: Originally, a loosely hanging garnment for women, worn like a cloak about the shoulders, and serving as a decorative appendage to the gown; now, an outer garment with sleeves, worn by women; as, a dressing saek. [Written also sacque.] 4. A sack coat; a kind of coat worn by men, and extending from top to bottom without a cross seam. 5. (Biol.) Defn: See 2d Sac, 2. Sack bearer (Zoöl.). See Basket worm, under Basket. -- Sack tree (Bot.), an East Indian tree (Antiaris saccidora) which is cut into lengths, and made into sacks by turning the bark inside out, and leaving a slice of the wood for a bottom. -- To give the sack to or get the sack, to discharge, or be discharged, from employment; to jilt, or be jilted. [Slang] SACK Sack, v. t. 1. To put in a sack; to bag; as, to sack corn. Bolsters sacked in cloth, blue and crimson. L. Wallace. 2. To bear or carry in a sack upon the back or the shoulders. [Colloq.] SACK Sack, n. Etym: [F. sac plunder, pillage, originally, a pack, packet, booty packed up, fr. L. saccus. See Sack a bag.] Defn: the pillage or plunder, as of a town or city; the storm and plunder of a town; devastation; ravage. The town was stormed, and delivered up to sack, -- by which phrase is to be understood the perpetration of all those outrages which the ruthless code of war allowed, in that age, on the persons and property of the defenseless inhabitants, without regard to sex or age. Prescott. SACK Sack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sacked; p. pr. & vb. n. Sacking.] Etym: [See Sack pillage.] Defn: To plunder or pillage, as a town or city; to devastate; to ravage. The Romans lay under the apprehension of seeing their city sacked by a barbarous enemy. Addison. SACKAGE Sack"age (; 48), n. Defn: The act of taking by storm and pillaging; sack. [R.] H. Roscoe. SACKBUT Sack"but, n. Etym: [F. saquebute, OF. saqueboute a sackbut. earlier, a sort of hook attached to the end of a lance used by foot soldiers to unhorse cavalrymen; prop. meaning, pull and push; fr. saquier, sachier, to pull, draw (perhaps originally, to put into a bag or take out from a bag; see Sack a bag) + bouter to push (see Butt to thrust). The name was given to the musical instrument from its being lengthened and shortened.] (Mus.) Defn: A brass wind instrument, like a bass trumpet, so contrived that it can be lengthened or shortened according to the tone required; -- said to be the same as the trombone. [Written also sagbut.] Moore (Encyc. of Music). Note: The sackbut of the Scriptures is supposed to have been a stringed instrument. SACKCLOTH Sack"cloth`, n. Defn: Linen or cotton cloth such a sacks are made of; coarse cloth; anciently, a cloth or garment worn in mourning, distress, mortification, or penitence. Gird you with sackcloth, and mourn before Abner. 2 Sam. iii. 31. Thus with sackcloth I invest my woe. Sandys. SACKCLOTHED sack"clothed`, a. Defn: Clothed in sackcloth. SACKER Sack"er, n. Defn: One who sacks; one who takes part in the storm and pillage of a town. SACKFUL Sack"ful, n.; pl. Sackfuls (. Defn: As much as a sack will hold. SACKFUL Sack"ful, a. Defn: Bent on plunder. [Obs.] Chapman. SACKING Sack"ing, n. Etym: [AS. sæccing, from sæcc sack, bag.] Defn: Stout, coarse cloth of which sacks, bags, etc., are made. SACKLESS Sack"less, a. Etym: [AS. sacleás; sacu contention + leás loose, free from.] Defn: Quiet; peaceable; harmless; innocent. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SACK-WINGED Sack"-winged`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a peculiar pouch developed near the front edge of the wing; -- said of certain bats of the genus Saccopteryx. SACQUE Sacque, n. Etym: [Formed after the analogy of the French. See 2d Sack.] Defn: Same as 2d Sack, 3. SACRAL Sa"cral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sacrum; in the region of the sacrum. SACRAMENT Sac"ra*ment, n. Etym: [L. sacramentum an oath, a sacred thing, a mystery, a sacrament, fr. sacrare to declare as sacred, sacer sacred: cf. F. sacrament. See Sacred.] 1. The oath of allegiance taken by Roman soldiers; hence, a sacred ceremony used to impress an obligation; a solemn oath-taking; an oath. [Obs.] I'll take the sacrament on't. Shak. 2. The pledge or token of an oath or solemn cobenant; a sacred thing; a mystery. [Obs.] God sometimes sent a light of fire, and pillar of a cloud . . . and the sacrament of a rainbow, to guide his people through their portion of sorrows. Jer. Taylor. 3. (Theol.) Defn: One of the solemn religious ordinances enjoined by Christ, the head of the Christian church, to be observed by his followers; hence, specifically, the eucharist; the Lord's Supper. Syn. -- Sacrament, Eucharist. -- Protestants apply the term sacrament to baptism and the Lord's Supper, especially the latter. The R. Cath. and Greek churches have five other sacraments, viz., confirmation, penance, holy orders, matrimony, and extreme unction. As sacrament denotes an oath or vow, the word has been applied by way of emphasis to the Lord's Supper, where the most sacred vows are renewed by the Christian in commemorating the death of his Redeemer. Eucharist denotes the giving of thanks; and this term also has been applied to the same ordinance, as expressing the grateful remembrance of Christ's sufferings and death. "Some receive the sacrament as a means to procure great graces and blessings; others as an eucharist and an office of thanksgiving for what they have received." Jer. Taylor. SACRAMENT Sac"ra*ment, v. t. Defn: To bind by an oath. [Obs.] Laud. SACRAMENTAL Sac`ra*men"tal, a. Etym: [L. sacramentalis: cf. F. sacramental, sacramentel.] 1. Of or pertaining to a sacrament or the sacraments; of the nature of a sacrament; sacredly or solemny binding; as, sacramental rites or elements. 2. Bound by a sacrament. The sacramental host of God's elect. Cowper. SACRAMENTAL Sac`ra*men"tal, n. Defn: That which relates to a sacrament. Bp. Morton. SACRAMENTALISM Sac`ra*men"tal*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine and use of sacraments; attashment of excessive importance to sacraments. SACRAMENTALIST Sac`ra*men"tal*ist, n. Defn: One who holds the doctrine of the real objective presence of Christ;s body and blood in the holy eucharist. Shipley. SACRAMENTALLY Sac`ra*men"tal*ly, adv. Defn: In a sacrament manner. SACRAMENTARIAN Sac`ra*men*ta"ri*an, n. Etym: [LL. sacramentarius: cf. F. sacramentaire.] 1. (Eccl.) Defn: A name given in the sixteenth century to those German reformers who rejected both the Roman and the Lutheran doctrine of the holy eucharist. 2. One who holds extreme opinions regarding the efficacy of sacraments. SACRAMENTARIAN Sac`ra*men*ta"ri*an, a. 1. Of or pertaining a sacrament, or to the sacramentals; sacramental. 2. Of or pertaining to the Sacramentarians. SACRAMENTARY Sac`ra*men"ta*ry, a. 1. Of or pertaining a sacrament or the sacraments; sacramental. 2. Of or pertaining to the Sacramentarians. SACRAMENTARY Sac`ra*men"ta*ry, n.; pl. -ries. Etym: [LL. sacramentarium: cf. F. sacramentaire.] 1. An ancient book of the Roman Catholic Church, written by Pope Gelasius, and revised, corrected, and abridged by St. Gregory, in which were contained the rites for Mass, the sacraments, the dedication of churches, and other ceremonies. There are several ancient books of the same kind in France and Germany. 2. Same as Sacramentarian, n., 1. Papists, Anabaptists, and Sacramentaries. Jer. Taylor. SACRAMENTIZE Sac"ra*ment*ize, v. i. Defn: To administer the sacraments. [R.] Both to preach and sacramentize. Fuller. SACRARIUM Sa*cra"ri*um, n.; pl. -ria. Etym: [L., fr. sacer sacred.] 1. A sort of family chapel in the houses of the Romans, devoted to a special divinity. 2. The adytum of a temple. Gwilt. 3. In a Christian church, the sanctuary. SACRATE Sa"crate, v. t. Etym: [L. sacratus, p.p. of sacrare. See Sacred.] Defn: To consecrate. [Obs.] SACRATION Sa*cra"tion, n. Defn: Consecration. [Obs.] SACRE Sa"cre, n. Defn: See Sakker. SACRE Sa"cre, v. t. Etym: [F. sacrer. See Sacred.] Defn: To consecrate; to make sacred. [Obs.] Holland. SACRED Sa"cred, a. Etym: [Originally p.p. of OE. sacren to consecrate, F. sacrer, fr. L. sacrare, fr. sacer sacred, holy, cursed. Cf. Consecrate, Execrate, Saint, Sextion.] 1. Set apart by solemn religious ceremony; especially, in a good sense, made holy; set apart to religious use; consecrated; not profane or common; as, a sacred place; a sacred day; sacred service. 2. Relating to religion, or to the services of religion; not secular; religious; as, sacred history. Smit with the love of sacred song. Milton. 3. Designated or exalted by a divine sanction; possessing the highest title to obedience, honor, reverence, or veneration; entitled to extreme reverence; venerable. Such neighbor nearness to our sacred [royal] blood Should nothing privilege him. Shak. Poet and saint to thee alone were given, The two most sacred names of earth and heaven. Cowley. 4. Hence, not to be profaned or violated; inviolable. Secrets of marriage still are sacred held. Dryden. 5. Consecrated; dedicated; devoted; -- with to. A temple, sacred to the queen oflove. Dryden. 6. Solemnly devoted, in a bad sense, as to evil, vengeance, curse, or the like; accursed; baleful. [Archaic] But, to destruction sacred and devote. Milton. Society of the Sacred Heart (R.C. Ch.), a religious order of women, founded in France in 1800, and approved in 1826. It was introduced into America in 1817. The members of the order devote themselves to the higher branches of female education. -- Sacred baboon. (Zoöl.) See Hamadryas. -- Sacred bean (Bot.), a seed of the Oriental lotus (Nelumbo speciosa or Nelimbium speciosum), a plant resembling a water lily; also, the plant itself. See Lotus. -- Sacred beetle (Zoöl.) See Scarab. -- Sacred canon. See Canon, n., 3. -- Sacred fish (Zoöl.), any one of fresh-water African fishes of the family Mormyridæ. Several large species inhabit the Nile and were considered sacred by the ancient Egyptians; especially Mormyris oxyrhynchus. -- Sacred ibis. See Ibis. -- Sacred monkey. (Zoöl.) (a) Any Asiatic monkey of the genus Semnopitchecus, regarded as sacred by the Hindoos; especially, the entellus. See Entellus. (b) The sacred baboon. See Hamadryas. (c) The blunder monkey. -- Sacred place (Civil Law), the place where a deceased person is buried. Syn. -- Holy; divine; hallowed; consecrated; dedicated; devoted; religious; venerable; reverend. -- Sa"cred*ly, adv. -- Sa"cred*ness, n. SACRIFIC; SACRIFICAL Sacrif"ic, Sa*crif"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. sacrificus, sacrificalis. See Sacrifice.] Defn: Employed in sacrifice. [R.] Johnson. SACRIFICABLE Sa*crif"ic*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being offered in sacrifice. [R.] Sir T. Browne. SACRIFICANT Sa*crif"ic*ant, n. Etym: [L. sacrificans, p.pr. See Sacrifice.] Defn: One who offers a sacrifice. [R.] SACRIFICATOR Sac"ri*fi*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A sacrificer; one who offers a sacrifice. [R.] Sir T. Browne. SACRIFICATORY Sa*crif"ic`a*to*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sacrificatoire.] Defn: Offering sacrifice. [R.] Sherwood. SACRIFICE Sac"ri*fice, n. Etym: [OE. sacrifise, sacrifice, F. sacrifice, fr. L. sacrificium; sacer sacer + facere to make. See Sacred, and Fact.] 1. The offering of anything to God, or to a god; consecratory rite. Great pomp, and sacrifice, and praises loud, To Dagon. Milton. 2. Anything consecrated and offered to God, or to a divinity; an immolated victin, or an offering of any kind, laid upon an altar, or otherwise presented in the way of religious thanksgiving, atonement, or conciliation. Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood Of human sacrifice. Milton. My life, if thou preserv's my life, Thy sacrifice shall be. Addison. 3. Destruction or surrender of anything for the sake of something else; devotion of some desirable object in behalf of a higher object, or to a claim deemed more pressing; hence, also, the thing so devoted or given up; as, the sacrifice of interest to pleasure, or of pleasure to interest. 4. A sale at a price less than the cost or the actual value. [Tradesmen's Cant] Burnt sacrifice. See Burnt offering, under Burnt. -- Sacrifice hit (Baseball), in batting, a hit of such a kind that the batter loses his chance of tallying, but enables one or more who are on bases to get home or gain a base. SACRIFICE Sac"ri*fice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sacrificed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sacrificing (.] Etym: [From Sacrifice, n.: cf. F. sacrifier, L. sacrificare; sacer sacred, holy + -ficare (only in comp.) to make. See -fy.] 1. To make an offering of; to consecrate or present to a divinity by way of expiation or propitiation, or as a token acknowledgment or thanksgiving; to immolate on the altar of God, in order to atone for sin, to procure favor, or to express thankfulness; as, to sacrifice an ox or a sheep. Oft sacrificing bullock, lamb, or kid. Milton. 2. Hence, to destroy, surrender, or suffer to be lost, for the sake of obtaining something; to give up in favor of a higher or more imperative object or duty; to devote, with loss or suffering. Condemned to sacrifice his childish years To babbling ignorance, and to empty fears. Prior. The Baronet had sacrificed a large sum . . . for the sake of . . . making this boy his heir. G. Eliot. 3. To destroy; to kill. Johnson. 4. To sell at a price less than the cost or the actual value. [Tradesmen's Cant] SACRIFICE Sac"ri*fice, v. i. Defn: To make offerings to God, or to a deity, of things consumed on the altar; to offer sacrifice. O teacher, some great mischief hath befallen To that meek man, who well had sacrificed. Milton. SACRIFICER Sac"ri*fi`cer, n. Defn: One who sacrifices. SACRIFICIAL Sac`ri*fi"cial, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to sacrifice or sacrifices; consisting in sacrifice; performing sacrifice. "Sacrificial rites." Jer. Taylor. SACRILEGE Sac"ri*lege, n. Etym: [F. sacrilège, L. sacrilegium, from sacrilegus that steals, properly, gathers or picks up, sacred things; sacer sacred + legere to gather, pick up. See Sacred, and Legend.] Defn: The sin or crime of violating or profaning sacred things; the alienating to laymen, or to common purposes, what has been appropriated or consecrated to religious persons or uses. And the hid treasures in her sacred tomb With sacrilege to dig. Spenser. Families raised upon the ruins of churches, and enriched with the spoils of sacrilege. South. SACRILEGIOUS Sac`ri*le"gious, a. Etym: [From sacrilege: cf. L. sacrilegus.] Defn: Violating sacred things; polluted with sacrilege; involving sacrilege; profane; impious. Above the reach of sacrilegious hands. pope. -- Sac`ri*le"gious*ly, adv. -- Sac`ri*le"gious*ness, n. SACRILEGIST Sac"ri*le`gist, n. Defn: One guilty of sacrilege. SACRING Sac"ring, Defn: a. & n. from Sacre. Sacring bell. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus. SACRIST Sa"crist, n. Etym: [LL. sacrista. See Sacristan.] Defn: A sacristan; also, a person retained in a cathedral to copy out music for the choir, and take care of the books. SACRISTAN Sac"ris*tan, n. Etym: [F. sacristian, LL. sacrista, fr. L. sacer. See Sacred, and cf. Sexton.] Defn: An officer of the church who has the care of the utensils or movables, and of the church in general; a sexton. SACRISTY Sac"ris*ty, n.; pl. Sacristies. Etym: [F. sacristie, LL. sacristia, fr. L. sacer. See Sacred.] Defn: A apartment in a church where the sacred utensils, vestments, etc., are kept; a vestry. SACRO- Sa"cro- (. (Anat.) Defn: A combining form denoting connection with, or relation to, the sacrum, as in sacro-coccyageal, sacro-iliac, sacrosciatic. SACROSANCT Sac"ro*sanct, a. Etym: [L. sucrosanctus.] Defn: Sacred; inviolable. [R.] Dr. H. More. SACROSCIATIC Sa`cro*sci*at"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both the sacrum and the hip; as, the sacrosciatic formina formed by the sacrosciatic ligaments which connect the sacrum and hip bone. SACROVERTEBRAL Sa`cro*ver"te*bral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sacrum and that part of the vertebral column immediately anterior to it; as, the sacrovertebral angle. SACRUM sa"crum, n.; pl. sacra (. Etym: [NL., fr. L. sacer sacred, os sacrum the lowest bone of the spine.] (Anat.) Defn: That part of the vertebral column which is directly connected with, or forms a part of, the pelvis. Note: It may consist of a single vertebra or of several more or less consolidated. In man it forms the dorsal, or posterior, wall of the pelvis, and consists of five united vertebræ, which diminish in size very rapidly to the posterior extremity, which bears the coccyx. SACS Sacs, n. pl.; sing. Sac (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians, which, together with the Foxes, formerly occupied the region about Green Bay, Wisconsin. [Written also Sauks.] SAD Sad, a. [Compar. Sadder; supperl. Saddest.] Etym: [OE. sad sated, tired, satisfied, firm, steadfast, AS. sæd satisfied, sated; akin to D. zat, OS. sad, G. tt, OHG. sat, sa, saddr, Goth. saps, Lith. sotus, L. sat, satis, enough, satur sated, Gr. Assets, Sate, Satiate, Satisfy Satire.] 1. Sated; satisfied; weary; tired. [Obs.] Yet of that art they can not waxen sad, For unto them it is a bitter sweet. Chaucer. 2. Heavy; weighty; ponderous; close; hard. [Obs., except in a few phrases; as, sad bread.] His hand, more sad than lump of lead. Spenser. Chalky lands are naturally cold and sad. Mortimer. 3. Dull; grave; dark; somber; -- said of colors. "Sad-colored clothes." Walton. Woad, or wade, is used by the dyers to lay the foundation of all sad colors. Mortimer. 4. Serious; grave; sober; steadfast; not light or frivolous. [Obs.] "Ripe and sad courage." Bacon. Which treaty was wisely handled by sad and discrete counsel of both parties. Ld. Berners. 5. Affected with grief or unhappiness; cast down with affliction; downcast; gloomy; mournful. First were we sad, fearing you would not come; Now sadder, that you come so unprovided. Shak. The angelic guards ascended, mute and sad. Milton. 6. Afflictive; calamitous; causing sorrow; as, a sad accident; a sad misfortune. 7. Hence, bad; naughty; troublesome; wicked. [Colloq.] "Sad tipsy fellows, both of them." I. Taylor. Note: Sad is sometimes used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, sad-colored, sad-eyed, sad-hearted, sad-looking, and the like. Sad bread, heavy bread. [Scot. & Local, U.S.] Bartlett. Syn. -- Sorrowful; mournful; gloomy; dejected; depressed; cheerless; downcast; sedate; serious; grave; grievous; afflictive; calamitous. SAD Sad, v. t. Defn: To make sorrowful; to sadden. [Obs.] How it sadded the minister's spirits! H. Peters. SADDA Sad"da, n. Etym: [Per. sad-dar the hundred gates or ways; sad a hundred + dar door, way.] Defn: A work in the Persian tongue, being a summary of the Zend- Avesta, or sacred books. SADDEN Sad"den, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saddened; p. pr. & vb. n. Saddening.] Defn: To make sad. Specifically: (a) To render heavy or cohesive. [Obs.] Marl is binding, and saddening of land is the great prejudice it doth to clay lands. Mortimer. (b) To make dull- or sad-colored, as cloth. (c) To make grave or serious; to make melancholy or sorrowful. Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene. Pope. SADDEN Sad"den, v. i. Defn: To become, or be made, sad. Tennyson. SADDER Sad"der, n. Defn: Same as Sadda. SADDLE Sad"dle, n. Etym: [OE. sadel, AS. sadol; akin to D. zadel, G. sattel, OHG. satal, satul, Icel. söedhull, Dan. & Sw. sadel; cf. Russ. siedlo; all perh. ultimately from the root of E. sit.] 1. A seat for a rider, -- usually made of leather, padded to span comfortably a horse's back, furnished with stirrups for the rider's feet to rest in, and fastened in place with a girth; also, a seat for the rider on a bicycle or tricycle. 2. A padded part of a harness which is worn on a horse's back, being fastened in place with a girth. It serves various purposes, as to keep the breeching in place, carry guides for the reins, etc. 3. A piece of meat containing a part of the backbone of an animal with the ribs on each side; as, a saddle of mutton, of venison, etc. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A block of wood, usually fastened to some spar, and shaped to receive the end of another spar. 5. (Mach.) Defn: A part, as a flange, which is hollowed out to fit upon a convex surface and serve as a means of attachment or support. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: The clitellus of an earthworm. 7. (Arch.) Defn: The threshold of a door, when a separate piece from the floor or landing; -- so called because it spans and covers the joint between two floors. Saddle bar (Arch.), one the small iron bars to which the lead panels of a glazed window are secured. Oxf. Gloss. -- Saddle gall (Far.), a sore or gall upon a horse's back, made by the saddle. -- Saddle girth, a band passing round the body of a horse to hold the saddle in its place. -- saddle horse, a horse suitable or trained for riding with a saddle. -- Saddle joint, in sheet-metal roofing, a joint formed by bending up the edge of a sheet and folding it downward over the turned-up edge of the next sheet. -- Saddle roof (Arch.), a roof having two gables and one ridge; -- said of such a roof when used in places where a different form is more common; as, a tower surmounted by a saddle roof. Called also saddleback roof. -- Saddle shell (Zoöl.), any thin plicated bivalve shaell of the genera Placuna and Anomia; -- so called from its shape. Called also saddle oyster. SADDLE Sad"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Saddling.] Etym: [AS. sadelian.] 1. To put a saddle upon; to equip (a beast) for riding. "saddle my horse." Shak. Abraham rose up early saddled his ass. Gen. xxii. 3. 2. Hence: To fix as a charge or burden upon; to load; to encumber; as, to saddle a town with the expense of bridges and highways. SADDLEBACK Sad"dle*back`, a. Defn: Same as Saddle-backed. Saddleback roof. (Arch.) See Saddle roof, under Saddle. SADDLEBACK Sad"dle*back`, n. 1. Anything saddle-backed; esp., a hill or ridge having a concave outline at the top. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The harp seal. (b) The great blackbacked gull (Larus marinus). (c) The larva of a bombycid moth (Empretia stimulea) which has a large, bright green, saddle-shaped patch of color on the back. SADDLE-BACKED Sad"dle-backed`, a. 1. Having the outline of the upper part concave like the seat of a saddle. 2. Having a low back and high neck, as a horse. SADDLEBAGS Sad"dle*bags, n. pl. Defn: Bags, usually of leather, united by straps or a band, formerly much used by horseback riders to carry small articles, one bag hanging on each side. SADDLEBOW Sad"dle*bow`, n. Etym: [AS. sadelboga.] Defn: The bow or arch in the front part of a saddle, or the pieces which form the front. SADDLECLOTH Sad"dle*cloth`, n. Defn: A cloth under a saddle, and extending out behind; a housing. SADDLED Sad"dled, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a broad patch of color across the back, like a saddle; saddle-backed. SADDLER Sad"dler, n. . Defn: One who makes saddles. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A harp seal. SADDLERY Sad"dler*y, n. 1. The materials for making saddles and harnesses; the articles usually offered for sale in a saddler's shop. 2. The trade or employment of a saddler. SADDLE-SHAPED Sad"dle-shaped`, a. Defn: Shaped like a saddle. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) Bent down at the sides so as to give the upper part a rounded form. Henslow. (b) (Geol.) Bent on each side of a mountain or ridge, without being broken at top; -- said of strata. SADDLETREE Sad"dle*tree`, n. Defn: The frame of a saddle. For saddletree scarce reached had he, His journey to begin. Cowper. SADDUCAIC Sad`du*ca"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or like, the Sadducees; as, Sadducaic reasonings. SADDUCEE Sad"du*cee, n. Etym: [L. Sadducaei, p., Gr. Tsaddukim; -- so called from Tsadok, the founder of the sect.] Defn: One of a sect among the ancient Jews, who denied the resurrection, a future state, and the existence of angels. -- Sad`du*ce"an, a. SADDUCEEISM; SADDUCISM Sad"du*cee`ism, Sad"du*cism, n. Defn: The tenets of the Sadducees. SADDUCIZE Sad"du*cize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sadducized; p. pr. & vb. n. Sadducizing.] Defn: To adopt the principles of the Sadducees. Atterbury. SADH Sadh, n. Etym: [Skr. sadhu perfect, pure.] Defn: A member of a monotheistic sect of Hindoos. Sadhs resemble the Quakers in many respects. Balfour (cyc. of India). SADIRON Sad"i`ron, n. Etym: [Probably sad heavy + iron.] Defn: An iron for smoothing clothes; a flatiron. SADLY Sad"ly, adv. 1. Wearily; heavily; firmly. [Obs.] In go the spears full sadly in arest. Chaucer. 2. Seriously; soberly; gravely. [Obs.] To tell thee sadly, shepherd, without blame Or our neglect, we lost her as we came. Milton. 3. Grievously; deeply; sorrowfully; miserably. "He sadly suffers in their grief." Dryden. SADNESS Sad"ness, n. 1. Heaviness; firmness. [Obs.] 2. Seriousness; gravity; discretion. [Obs.] Her sadness and her benignity. Chaucer. 3. Quality of being sad, or unhappy; gloominess; sorrowfulness; dejection. Dim sadness did not spare That time celestial visages. Milton. Syn. -- Sorrow; heaviness; dejection. See Grief. SADR Sadr, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Ziziphus (Z. lotus); -- so called by the Arabs of Barbary, who use its berries for food. See Lotus (b). SAENGERBUND Saeng"er*bund`, n.; G. pl. -bünde (#). [G. sängerbund.] (Music) Defn: A singers' union; an association of singers or singing clubs, esp. German. SAENGERFEST Saeng"er*fest, n. Etym: [G. sängerfest.] Defn: A festival of singers; a German singing festival. SAFE Safe, a. [Compar. Safer; superl. Safest.] Etym: [OE. sauf, F. sauf, fr. L. salvus, akin to salus health, welfare, safety. Cf. Salute, Salvation, Sage a plant, Save, Salvo an exception.] 1. Free from harm, injury, or risk; untouched or unthreatened by danger or injury; unharmed; unhurt; secure; whole; as, safe from disease; safe from storms; safe from foes. "And ye dwelled safe." 1 Sam. xii. 11. They escaped all safe all safe to land. Acts xxvii. 44. Established in a safe, unenvied throne. Milton. 2. Conferring safety; securing from harm; not exposing to danger; confining securely; to be relied upon; not dangerous; as, a safe harbor; a safe bridge, etc. "The man of safe discretion." Shak. The King of heaven hath doomed This place our dungeon, not our safe retreat. Milton. 3. Incapable of doing harm; no longer dangerous; in secure care or custody; as, the prisoner is safe. But Banquo's safe Ay, my good lord, safe in a ditch he bides. Shak. Safe hit (Baseball), a hit which enables the batter to get to first base even if no error is made by the other side. Syn. -- Secure; unendangered; sure. SAFE Safe, n. Defn: A place for keeping things in safety. Specifically: (a) A strong and fireproof receptacle (as a movable chest of steel, etc., or a closet or vault of brickwork) for money, valuable papers, or the like. (b) A ventilated or refrigerated chest or closet for securing provisions from noxious animals or insects. SAFE Safe, v. t. Defn: To render safe; to make right. [Obs.] Shak. SAFE-CONDUCT Safe"-con"duct, n. Etym: [Safe + conduct: cf. F. sauf-conduit.] Defn: That which gives a safe, passage; either (a) a convoy or guard to protect a person in an enemy's country or a foreign country, or (b) a writing, pass, or warrant of security, given to a person to enable him to travel with safety. Shak. SAFE-CONDUCT Safe`-con*duct", v. t. Defn: To conduct safely; to give safe-conduct to. [POetic] He him by all the bonds of love besought To safe-conduct his love. Spenser. SAFEGUARD Safe"guard`, n. Etym: [Safe = guard: cf. F. sauvegarde.] 1. One who, or that which, defends or protects; defense; protection. Shak. Thy sword, the safeguard of thy brother's throne. Granwille. 2. A convoy or guard to protect a traveler or property. 3. A pass; a passport; a safe-conduct. Shak. SAFEGUARD Safe"guard`, v. t. Defn: To guard; to protect. Shak. SAFE-KEEPING Safe"-keep"ing, n. Etym: [Safe + keep.] Defn: The act of keeping or preserving in safety from injury or from escape; care; custody. SAFELY Safe"ly, adv. Defn: In a safe manner; danger, injury, loss, or evil consequences. SAFENESS Safe"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being safe; freedom from hazard, danger, harm, or loss; safety; security; as the safeness of an experiment, of a journey, or of a possession. SAFE-PLEDGE Safe"-pledge", n. (Law) Defn: A surety for the appearance of a person at a given time. Bracton. SAFETY Safe"ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sauveté.] 1. The condition or state of being safe; freedom from danger or hazard; exemption from hurt, injury, or loss. Up led by thee, Into the heaven I have presumed, An earthly guest . . . With like safety guided down, Return me to my native element. Milton. 2. Freedom from whatever exposes one to danger or from libility to cause danger or harm; safeness; hence, the quality of making safe or secure, or of giving confidence, justifying trust, insuring against harm or loss, etc. Would there were any safety in thy sex, That I might put a thousand sorrows off. Beau. & Fl. 3. Preservation from escape; close custody. Imprison him, . . . Deliver him to safety; and return. Shak. 4. (Football) Defn: Same as Safety touchdown, below. Safety arch (Arch.), a discharging arch. See under Discharge, v. t. -- Safety belt, a belt made of some buoyant material, or which is capable of being inflated, so as to enable a person to float in water; a life preserver. -- Safety buoy, a buoy to enable a person to float in water; a safety belt. -- Safety cage (Mach.), a cage for an elevator or mine lift, having appliances to prevent it from dropping if the lifting rope should break. -- Safety lamp. (Mining) See under Lamp. -- Safety match, a match which can be ignited only on a surface specially prepared for the purpose. -- Safety pin, a pin made in the form of a clasp, with a guard covering its point so that it will not prick the wearer. -- safety plug. See Fusible plug, under Fusible. -- Safety switch. See Switch. -- Safety touchdown (Football), the act or result of a player's touching to the ground behind his own goal line a ball which received its last impulse from a man on his own side; -- distinguished from touchback. See Touchdown. -- Safety tube (Chem.), a tube to prevent explosion, or to control delivery of gases by an automatic valvular connection with the outer air; especially, a bent funnel tube with bulbs for adding those reagents which produce unpleasant fumes or violent effervescence. -- Safety valve, a valve which is held shut by a spring or weight and opens automatically to permit the escape of steam, or confined gas, water, etc., from a boiler, or other vessel, when the pressure becomes too great for safety; also, sometimes, a similar valve opening inward to admit air to a vessel in which the pressure is less than that of the atmosphere, to prevent collapse. SAFETY BICYCLE Safety bicycle. Defn: A bicycle with equal or nearly equal wheels, usually 28 inches diameter, driven by pedals connected to the rear (driving) wheel by a multiplying gear. SAFETY CHAIN Safety chain. (a) (Railroads) A normally slack chain for preventing excessive movement between a truck and a car body in sluing. (b) An auxiliary watch chain, secured to the clothes, usually out of sight, to prevent stealing of the watch. (c) A chain of sheet metal links with an elongated hole through each broad end, made up by doubling the first link on itself, slipping the next link through and doubling, and so on. SAFFLOW Saf"flow, n. (Bot.) Defn: The safflower. [Obs.] SAFFLOWER Saf"flow`er, n. Etym: [F. safeur, safior, for safran, influenced by fleur flower. See Saffron, and Flower.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An annual composite plant (Carthamus tinctorius), the flowers of which are used as a dyestuff and in making rouge; bastard, or false, saffron. 2. The died flowers of the Carthamus tinctorius. 3. A dyestuff from these flowers. See Safranin (b). Oil of safflower, a purgative oil expressed from the seeds of the safflower. SAFFRON Saf"fron, n. Etym: [OE. saffran, F. safran; cf. It. zafferano, Sp. azafran, Pg. açafrao; all fr. Ar. & Per. za' faran.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A bulbous iridaceous plant (Crocus sativus) having blue flowers with large yellow stigmas. See Crocus. 2. The aromatic, pungent, dried stigmas, usually with part of the stile, of the Crocus sativus. Saffron is used in cookery, and in coloring confectionery, liquors, varnishes, etc., and was formerly much used in medicine. 3. An orange or deep yellow color, like that of the stigmas of the Crocus sativus. Bastard saffron, Dyer's saffron. (Bot.) See Safflower. -- Meadow saffron (Bot.), a bulbous plant (Colchichum autumnate) of Europe, resembling saffron. -- Saffron wood (Bot.), the yellowish wood of a South African tree (Elæodendron croceum); also, the tree itself. -- Saffron yellow, a shade of yellow like that obtained from the stigmas of the true saffron (Crocus sativus). SAFFRON Saf"fron, a. Defn: Having the color of the stigmas of saffron flowers; deep orange-yellow; as, a saffron face; a saffron streamer. SAFFRON Saf"fron, v. t. Defn: To give color and flavor to, as by means of saffron; to spice. [Obs.] And in Latyn I speak a wordes few, To saffron with my predication. Chaucer. SAFFRONY Saf"fron*y, a. Defn: Having a color somewhat like saffron; yellowish. Lord (1630). SAFRANIN Saf"ra*nin, n. (Chem.) (a) An orange-red dyestuff extracted from the saffron. [R.] (b) A red dyestuff extracted from the safflower, and formerly used in dyeing wool, silk, and cotton pink and scarlet; -- called also Spanish red, China lake, and carthamin. (c) An orange-red dyestuff prepared from certain nitro compounds of creosol, and used as a substitute for the safflower dye. SAFRANINE Saf"ra*nine ( or ), n. Etym: [So called because used as a substitute for safranin.] (Chem.) Defn: An orange-red nitrogenous dyestuff produced artificailly by oxidizing certain aniline derivatives, and used in dyeing silk and wool; also, any one of the series of which safranine proper is the type. SAG Sag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Sagging.] Etym: [Akin to Sw. sacka to settle, sink down, LG.sacken, D. zakken. Cf. Sink, v. i.] 1. To sink, in the middle, by its weight or under applied pressure, below a horizontal line or plane; as, a line or cable supported by its ends sags, though tightly drawn; the floor of a room sags; hence, to lean, give way, or settle from a vertical position; as, a building may sag one way or another; a door sags on its hinges. 2. Fig.: To lose firmness or elasticity; to sink; to droop; to flag; to bend; to yield, as the mind or spirits, under the pressure of care, trouble, doubt, or the like; to be unsettled or unbalanced. [R.] the mind I sway by, and the heart I bear, Shall never sag with doubt nor shake with fear. Shak. 3. To loiter in walking; to idle along; to drag or droop heavily. To sag to leeward (Naut.), to make much leeway by reason of the wind, sea, or current; to drift to leeward; -- said of a vessel. Totten. SAG Sag, v. t. Defn: To cause to bend or give way; to load. SAG Sag, n. Defn: State of sinking or bending; sagging. SAGA Sa"ga, n.; pl. Sagas. Etym: [Icel., akin to E. saw a saying. See Say, and cf. Saw.] Defn: A Scandinavian legend, or heroic or mythic tradition, among the Norsemen and kindred people; a northern European popular historical or religious tale of olden time. And then the blue-eyed Norseman told A saga of the days of old. Longfellow. SAGACIOUS Sa*ga"cious, a. Etym: [L. sagax, sagacis, akin to sagire to perceive quickly or keenly, and probably to E. seek. See Seek, and cf. Presage.] 1. Of quick sense perceptions; keen-scented; skilled in following a trail. Sagacious of his quarry from so far. Milton. 2. Hence, of quick intellectual perceptions; of keen penetration and judgment; discerning and judicious; knowing; far-sighted; shrewd; sage; wise; as, a sagacious man; a sagacious remark. Instinct . . . makes them, many times, sagacious above our apprehension. Dr. H. More. Only sagacious heads light on these observations, and reduce them into general propositions. Locke. Syn. -- See Shrewd. -- Sa*ga"cious*ly, adv. -- Sa-ga"cious*ness, n. SAGACITY Sa*gac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. sagacitas. See Sagacious.] Defn: The quality of being sagacious; quickness or acuteness of sense perceptions; keenness of discernment or penetration with soundness of judgment; shrewdness. Some [brutes] show that nice sagacity of smell. Cowper. Natural sagacity improved by generous education. V. Knox. Syn. -- Penetration; shrewdness; judiciousness. -- Sagacity, Penetration. Penetration enables us to enter into the depths of an abstruse subject, to detect motives, plans, etc. Sagacity adds to penetration a keen, practical judgment, which enables one to guard against the designs of others, and to turn everything to the best possible advantage. SAGAMORE Sag"a*more, n. 1. Etym: [Cf. Sachem.] Defn: The head of a tribe among the American Indians; a chief; -- generally used as synonymous with sachem, but some writters distinguished between them, making the sachem a chief of the first rank, and a sagamore one of the second rank. "Be it sagamore, sachem, or powwow." Longfellow. 2. A juice used in medicine. [Obs.] Johnson. SAGAPEN Sag"a*pen, n. Defn: Sagapenum. SAGAPENUM Sag`a*pe"num, n. Etym: [L. sagapenon, sacopenium, Gr. sagapin, gomme sagapin, sagapénum, Ar. sikbinaj, Per. sakbinah, sikbinah.] (Med.) Defn: A fetid gum resin obtained from a species of Ferula. It has been used in hysteria, etc., but is now seldom met with. U. S. Disp. SAGATHY Sag"a*thy, n. Etym: [F. sagatis: cf. Sp. sagatí, saetí.] Defn: A mixed woven fabric of silk and cotton; or silk and wool; sayette; also, a light woolen fabric. SAGE Sage, n. Etym: [OE. sauge, F. sauge, L. salvia, from salvus saved, in allusion to its reputed healing virtues. See Safe.] (Bot.) (a) A suffriticose labiate plant (Salvia officinalis) with grayish green foliage, much used in flavoring meats, etc. The name is often extended to the whole genus, of which many species are cultivated for ornament, as the scarlet sage, and Mexican red and blue sage. (b) The sagebrush. Meadow sage (Bot.), a blue-flowered species of salvia (S. pratensis) growing in meadows in Europe. -- Sage cheese, cheese flavored with sage, and colored green by the juice of leaves of spanish and other plants which are added to the milk. -- Sage cock (Zoöl.), the male of the sage grouse; in a more general sense, the specific name of the sage grouse. -- Sage green, of a dull grayish green color, like the leaves of garden sage. -- Sage grouse (Zoöl.), a very large American grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), native of the dry sagebrush plains of Western North America. Called also cock of the plains. The male is called sage cock, and the female sage hen. -- Sage hare, or Sage rabbit (Zoöl.), a species of hare (Lepus Nuttalli, or artemisia) which inhabits the regions of Western North America and lives among sagebrush. By recent writers it is considered to be merely a variety of the common cottontail, or wood rabbit. -- Sage hen (Zoöl.), the female of the sage grouse. Sage sparrow (Zoöl.), a small sparrow (Amphispiza Belli, var Nevadensis) which inhabits the dry plains of the Rocky Mountain region, living among sagebrush. -- Sage thrasher (Zoöl.), a singing bird (Oroscoptes montanus) which inhabits the sagebrush plains of Western North America. -- Sage willow (Bot.), a species of willow (Salix tristis) forming a low bush with nearly sessile grayish green leaves. SAGE Sage, a. [Compar. Sager; superl. Sagest.] Etym: [F., fr. L. sapius (only in nesapius unwise, foolish), fr. sapere to be wise; perhaps akin to E. sap. Cf. Savor, Sapient, Insipid.] 1. Having nice discernment and powers of judging; prudent; grave; sagacious. All you sage counselors, hence! Shak. 2. Proceeding from wisdom; well judged; shrewd; well adapted to the purpose. Commanders, who, cloaking their fear under show of sage advice, counseled the general to retreat. Milton. 3. Grave; serious; solemn. [R.] "[Great bards.] in sage and solemn tunes have sung." Milton. Syn. -- Wise; sagacious; sapient; grave; prudent; judicious. SAGE Sage, n. Defn: A wise man; a man of gravity and wisdom; especially, a man venerable for years, and of sound judgment and prudence; a grave philosopher. At his birth a star, Unseen before in heaven, proclaims him come, And guides the Eastern sages. Milton. SAGEBRUSH Sage"brush`, n. Defn: A low irregular shrub (Artemisia tridentata), of the order Compositæ, covering vast tracts of the dry alkaline regions of the American plains; -- called also sagebush, and wild sage. SAGEBRUSH STATE Sagebrush State. Defn: Nevada; -- a nickname. SAGELY Sage"ly, adv. Defn: In a sage manner; wisely. SAGENE Sa*gene", n. Etym: [Russ. sajene.] Defn: A Russian measure of length equal to about seven English feet. SAGENESS Sage"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sage; wisdom; sagacity; prudence; gravity. Ascham. SAGENITE Sag"e*nite, n. Etym: [F. sagénite, fr. L. sagena a large net. See Saine.] (Min.) Defn: Acicular rutile occurring in reticulated forms imbedded in quartz. SAGENITIC Sag`e*nit"ic, a. (Min.) Defn: Resembling sagenite; -- applied to quartz when containing acicular crystals of other minerals, most commonly rutile, also tourmaline, actinolite, and the like. SAGGER Sag"ger, n. Etym: [See Segger.] 1. A pot or case of fire clay, in which fine stoneware is inclosed while baking in the kiln; a segga. 2. The clay of which such pots or cases are made. SAGGING Sag"ging, n. Defn: A bending or sinking between the ends of a thing, in consequence of its own, or an imposed, weight; an arching downward in the middle, as of a ship after straining. Cf. Hogging. SAGINATE Sag"i*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. saginatus, p.p. of saginare to fat, fr. sagina stuffing.] Defn: To make fat; to pamper. [R.] "Many a saginated boar." Cowper. SAGINATION Sag`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. saginatio.] Defn: The act of fettening or pampering. [R.] Topsell. SAGITTA Sa*git"ta, n. Etym: [L., an arrow.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: A small constellation north of Aquila; the Arrow. 2. (Arch.) Defn: The keystone of an arch. [R.] gwitt. 3. (Geom.) Defn: The distance from a point in a curve to the chord; also, the versed sine of an arc; -- so called from its resemblance to an arrow resting on the bow and string. [Obs.] 4. (Anat.) Defn: The larger of the two otoliths, or ear bones, found in most fishes. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of transparent, free-swimming marine worms having lateral and caudal fins, and capable of swimming rapidly. It is the type of the class Chætognatha. SAGITTAL Sag"it*tal, a. Etym: [L. sagitta an arrow: cf. F. saguttal.] 1. Of or pertaining to an arrow; resembling an arrow; furnished with an arowlike appendage. 2. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the sagittal suture; in the region of the sagittal suture; rabdoidal; as, the sagittal furrow, or groove, on the inner surface of the roof of the skull. (b) In the mesial plane; as, a sagittal section of an animal. Sagittal suture (Anat.), the suture between the two parietal bones in the top of the skull; -- called also rabdoidal suture, and interparietal suture. SAGITTARIUS Sag`it*ta"ri*us, n. Etym: [L., literally, an archer, fr. sagittarius belonging to an arrow, fr. sagitta an arrow.] (Astron.) (a) The ninth of the twelve signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters about November 22, marked thus [&sagittarius;] in almanacs; the Archer. (b) A zodiacal constellation, represented on maps and globes as a centaur shooting an arrow. SAGITTARY Sag"it*ta"ry, n. Etym: [See Sagittarius.] 1. (Myth.) Defn: A centaur; a fabulous being, half man, half horse, armed with a bow and quiver. Shak. 2. The Arsenal in Venice; -- so called from having a figure of an archer over the door. Shak. SAGITTARY Sag"it*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. sagittarius.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, an arrow. Sir T. Browne. SAGITTATE Sag"it*tate, a. Etym: [NL. sagittatus, fr. L. sagitta an arrow.] Defn: Shaped like an arrowhead; triangular, with the two basal angles prolonged downward. SAGITTATED Sag"it*ta`ted, a. Defn: Sagittal; sagittate. SAGITTOCYST Sag"it*to*cyst, n. Etym: [See Sagitta, and Cyst.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A defensive cell containing a minute rodlike structure which may be expelled. Such cells are found in certain Turbellaria. SAGO Sa"go, n. Etym: [Malay. sagu.] Defn: A dry granulated starch imported from the East Indies, much used for making puddings and as an article of diet for the sick; also, as starch, for stiffening textile fabrics. It is prepared from the stems of several East Indian and Malayan palm trees, but chiefly from the Metroxylon Sagu; also from several cycadaceous plants (Cycas revoluta, Zamia integrifolia, atc.). Portland sago, a kind of sago prepared from the corms of the cuckoopint (Arum maculatum). -- Sago palm. (Bot.) (a) A palm tree which yields sago. (b) A species of Cycas (Cycas revoluta). -- Sago spleen (Med.), a morbid condition of the spleen, produced by amyloid degeneration of the organ, in which a cross section shows scattered gray translucent bodies looking like grains of sago. SAGOIN Sa*goin", n. Etym: [F. sagouin(formed from the native South American name).] (Zoöl.) Defn: A marmoset; -- called also sagouin. SAGUM Sa"gum, n.; pl. Saga. Etym: [L. sagum, sagus; cf. Gr. Say a kind of serge.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: The military cloak of the Roman soldiers. SAGUS sa"gus, n. Etym: [NL. See Sago.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of palms from which sago is obtained. SAGY Sa"gy, a. Defn: Full of sage; seasoned with sage. SAHIB; SAHEB Sa"hib, sa"heb, n. Etym: [Ar. çahib master, lord, fem. çahibah.] Defn: A respectful title or appelation given to Europeans of rank. [India] SAHIBAH Sa"hi*bah, n. Etym: [See Sahib.] Defn: A lady; mistress. [India] SAHIDIC Sa*hid"ic, a. Defn: Same as Thebaic. SAHLITE Sah"lite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Salite. SAHUI Sa*hui", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marmoset. SAI Sa"i, n. Etym: [Cf. Pg. sahi.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Capuchin, 3 (a). SAIBLING Sai"bling, n. Etym: [Dial. G.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European mountain trout (Salvelinus alpinus); -- called also Bavarian charr. SAIC Sa"ic, n. Etym: [F. saïque, turk. shaïka.] (Naut.) Defn: A kind of ketch very common in the Levant, which has neither topgallant sail nor mizzen topsail. SAID Said, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Say. SAID Said, a. Defn: before-mentioned; already spoken of or specified; aforesaid; -- used chiefly in legal style. SAIGA Sai"ga, n. Etym: [Russ. saika.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An antelope (Saiga Tartarica) native of the plains of Siberia and Eastern Russia. The male has erect annulated horns, and tufts of long hair beneath the eyes and ears. SAIKYR Sai"kyr, n. (Mil.) Defn: Same as Saker. [Obs.] SAIL Sail, n. Etym: [OE. seil, AS. segel, segl; akin to D. zeil, OHG. segal, G. & Sw. segel, Icel. segl, Dan. seil. sq. root 153.] 1. An extent of canvas or other fabric by means of which the wind is made serviceable as a power for propelling vessels through the water. Behoves him now both sail and oar. Milton. 2. Anything resembling a sail, or regarded as a sail. 3. A wing; a van. [Poetic] Like an eagle soaring To weather his broad sails. Spenser . 4. the extended surface of the arm of a windmill. 5. A sailing vessel; a vessel of any kind; a craft. Note: In this sense, the plural has usually the same forms as the singular; as, twenty sail were in sight. 6. A passage by a sailing vessel; a journey or excursion upon the water. Note: Sails are of two general kinds, fore-and-aft sails, and square sails. Square sails are always bent to yards, with their foot lying across the line of the vessel. Fore-and-aft sails are set upon stays or gaffs with their foot in line with the keel. A fore-and-aft sail is triangular, or quadrilateral with the after leech longer than the fore leech. Square sails are quardrilateral, but not necessarily square. See Phrases under Fore, a., and Square, a.; also, Bark, Brig, Schooner, Ship, Stay. Sail burton (Naut.), a purchase for hoisting sails aloft for bending. -- Sail fluke (Zoöl.), the whiff. -- Sail hook, a small hook used in making sails, to hold the seams square. -- Sail loft, a loft or room where sails are cut out and made. -- Sail room (Naut.), a room in a vessel where sails are stowed when not in use. -- Sail yard (Naut.), the yard or spar on which a sail is extended. -- Shoulder-of-mutton sail (Naut.), a triangular sail of peculiar form. It is chiefly used to set on a boat's mast. -- To crowd sail. (Naut.) See under Crowd. -- To loose sails (Naut.), to unfurl or spread sails. -- To make sail (Naut.), to extend an additional quantity of sail. -- To set a sail (Naut.), to extend or spread a sail to the wind. -- To set sail (Naut.), to unfurl or spread the sails; hence, to begin a voyage. -- To shorten sail (Naut.), to reduce the extent of sail, or take in a part. -- To strike sail (Naut.), to lower the sails suddenly, as in saluting, or in sudden gusts of wind; hence, to acknowledge inferiority; to abate pretension. -- Under sail, having the sails spread. SAIL Sail, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sailing.] Etym: [AS. segelian, seglian. See Sail, n.] 1. To be impelled or driven forward by the action of wind upon sails, as a ship on water; to be impelled on a body of water by the action of steam or other power. 2. To move through or on the water; to swim, as a fish or a water fowl. 3. To be conveyed in a vessel on water; to pass by water; as, they sailed from London to Canton. 4. To set sail; to begin a voyage. 5. To move smoothly through the air; to glide through the air without apparent exertion, as a bird. As is a winged messenger of heaven, . . . When he bestrides the lazy pacing clouds, And sails upon the bosom of the air. Shak. SAIL Sail, v. t. 1. To pass or move upon, as in a ship, by means of sails; hence, to move or journey upon(the water) by means of steam or other force. A thousand ships were manned to sail the sea. Dryden. 2. To fly through; to glide or move smoothly through. Sublime she sails The aërial space, and mounts the winged gales. Pope. 3. To direct or manage the motion of, as a vessel; as, to sail one's own ship. Totten. SAILABLE Sail"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being sailed over; navigable; as, a sailable river. SAILBOAT Sail"boat`, n. Defn: A boat propelled by a sail or sails. SAILCLOTH Sail"cloth`, n. Defn: Duck or canvas used in making sails. SAILER Sail"er, n. 1. A sailor. [R.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. A ship or other vessel; -- with qualifying words descriptive of speed or manner of sailing; as, a heavy sailer; a fast sailer. SAILFISH Sail"fish, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The banner fish, or spikefish (Histiophorus.) (b) The basking, or liver, shark. (c) The quillback. SAILING Sail"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sails; the motion of a vessel on water, impelled by wind or steam; the act of starting on a voyage. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The art of managing a vessel; seamanship; navigation; as, globular sailing; oblique sailing. Note: For the several methods of sailing, see under Circular, Globular, Oblique, Parallel, etc. Sailing master (U. S. Navy), formerly, a warrant officer, ranking next below a lieutenant, whose duties were to navigate the vessel; and under the direction of the executive officer, to attend to the stowage of the hold, to the cables, rigging, etc. The grade was merged in that of master in 1862. SAILLESS Sail"less, a. Defn: Destitute of sails. Pollok. SAILMAKER Sail"mak`er, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to make or repair sails. -- Sail"mak`ing, n. SAILOR Sail"or, n. Defn: One who follows the business of navigating ships or other vessels; one who understands the practical management of ships; one of the crew of a vessel; a mariner; a common seaman. Syn. -- Mariner; seaman; seafarer. Sailor's choice. (Zoöl.) (a) An excellent marine food fish (Diplodus, or Lagodon, rhomboides) of the Southern United States; -- called also porgy, squirrel fish, yellowtail, and salt-water bream. (b) A species of grunt (Orthopristis, or Pomadasys, chrysopterus), an excellent food fish, common on the southern coasts of the United States; -- called also hogfish, and pigfish. SAILY Sail"y, a. Defn: Like a sail. [R.] Drayton. SAIM Saim, n. Etym: [OF. sain, LL. saginum, fr. L. sagina a fattening.] Defn: Lard; grease. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] SAIMIR Sai*mir", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The squirrel monkey. SAIN Sain, obs. p. p. of Say, for sayen. Defn: Said. Shak. SAIN Sain, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Saint, Sane.] Defn: To sanctify; to bless so as to protect from evil influence. [R.] Sir W. Scott. SAINFOIN Sain"foin, n. Etym: [F., fr. sain wholesome (L. sanus; see Sane.) + foin hay (L. fænum); or perh. fr. saint sacred (L. sanctus; see Saint) + foin hay.] (Bot.) (a) A leguminous plant (Onobrychis sativa) cultivated for fodder. [Written also saintfoin.] (b) A kind of tick trefoil (Desmodium Canadense). [Canada] SAINT Saint, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. santcus sacred, properly p.p. of sancire to render sacred by a religious act, to appoint as sacred; akin to sacer sacred. Cf. Sacred, Sanctity, Sanctum, Sanctus.] 1. A person sanctified; a holy or godly person; one eminent for piety and virtue; any true Christian, as being redeemed and consecrated to God. Them that are sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints. 1 Cor. i. 2. 2. One of the blessed in heaven. Then shall thy saints, unmixed, and from the impure Far separate, circling thy holy mount, Unfeigned hallelujahs to thee sing. Milton. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: One canonized by the church. [Abbrev. St.] Saint Andrew's cross (a) A cross shaped like the letter X. See Illust. 4, under Cross. (b) (Bot.) A low North American shrub (Ascyrum Crux-Andræ, the petals of which have the form of a Saint Andrew's cross. Gray. -- Saint Anthony's cross, a T-shaped cross. See Illust. 6, under Cross. -- Saint Anthony's fire, the erysipelas; -- popularly so called because it was supposed to have been cured by the intercession of Saint Anthony. -- Saint Anthony's nut (Bot.), the groundnut (Bunium flexuosum); -- so called because swine feed on it, and St. Anthony was once a swineherd. Dr. Prior. -- Saint Anthony's turnip (Bot.), the bulbous crowfoot, a favorite food of swine. Dr. Prior. -- Saint Barnaby's thistle (Bot.), a kind of knapeweed (Centaurea solstitialis) flowering on St. Barnabas's Day, June 11th. Dr. Prior. -- Saint Bernard (Zoöl.), a breed of large, handsome dogs celebrated for strength and sagacity, formerly bred chiefly at the Hospice of St. Bernard in Switzerland, but now common in Europe and America. There are two races, the smooth-haired and the rough-haired. See Illust. under Dog. -- Saint Catharine's flower (Bot.), the plant love-a-mist. See under Love. -- Saint Cuthbert's beads (Paleon.), the fossil joints of crinoid stems. -- Saint Dabeoc's heath (Bot.), a heatherlike plant (Dabæcia polifolia), named from an Irish saint. -- Saint Distaff's Day. See under Distaff. -- Saint Elmo's fire, a luminious, flamelike appearance, sometimes seen in dark, tempestuous nights, at some prominent point on a ship, particularly at the masthead and the yardams. It has also been observed on land, and is due to the discharge of electricity from elevated or pointed objects. A single flame is called a Helena, or a Corposant; a double, or twin, flame is called a Castor and Pollux, or a double Corposant. It takes its name from St. Elmo, the patron saint of sailors. -- Saint George's cross (Her.), a Greek cross gules upon a field argent, the field being represented by a narrow fimbriation in the ensign, or union jack, of Great Britain. -- Saint George's ensign, a red cross on a white field with a union jack in the upper corner next the mast. It is the distinguishing badge of ships of the royal navy of England; -- called also the white ensign. Brande & C. -- Saint George's flag, a smaller flag resembling the ensign, but without the union jack; used as the sign of the presence and command of an admiral. [Eng.] Brande & C. -- Saint Gobain glass (Chem.), a fine variety of soda-lime plate glass, so called from St.Gobain in France, where it was manufactured. -- Saint Ignatius's bean (Bot.), the seed of a tree of the Philippines (Strychnos Ignatia), of properties similar to the nux vomica. -- Saint Jame's shell (Zoöl.), a pecten (Vola Jacobæus) worn by piligrims to the Holy Land. See Illust. under Scallop. -- Saint Jame's wort (Bot.), a kind of ragwort (Senecio Jacobæa). -- Saint John's bread. (Bot.) See Carob. -- Saint John's-wort (Bot.), any plant of the genus Hypericum, most species of which have yellow flowers; -- called also John's-wort. -- Saint Leger, the name of a race for three-year-old horses run annually in September at Doncaster, England; -- instituted in 1776 by Col. St. Leger. -- Saint Martin's herb (Bot.), a small tropical American violaceous plant (Sauvagesia erecta). It is very mucilaginous and is used in medicine. -- Saint Martin's summer, a season of mild, damp weather frequently prevailing during late autumn in England and the Mediterranean countries; -- so called from St. Martin's Festival, occuring on November 11. It corresponds to the Indian summer in America. Shak. Whitier. -- Saint Patrick's cross. See Illust 4, under Cross. -- Saint Patrick's Day, the 17th of March, anniversary of the death (about 466) of St. Patrick, the apostle and patron saint of Ireland. -- Saint Peter's fish. (Zoöl.) See John Dory, under John. -- Saint Peter's-wort (Bot.), a name of several plants, as Hypericum Ascyron, H. quadrangulum, Ascyrum stans, etc. -- Saint Peter's wreath (Bot.), a shrubby kind of Spiræa (S. hypericifolia), having long slender branches covered with clusters of small white blossoms in spring. -- Saint's bell. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus. -- Saint Vitus's dance (Med.), chorea; -- so called from the supposed cures wrought on intercession to this saint. SAINT Saint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sainting.] Defn: To make a saint of; to enroll among the saints by an offical act, as of the pope; to canonize; to give the title or reputation of a saint to (some one). A large hospital, erected by a shoemaker who has been beatified, though never sainted. Addison. To saint it, to act as a saint, or with a show of piety. Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it. Shak. SAINT Saint, v. i. Defn: To act or live as a saint. [R.] Shak. SAINTDOM Saint"dom, n. Defn: The state or character of a saint. [R.] Tennyson. SAINTED Saint"ed, a. 1. Consecrated; sacred; holy; pious. "A most sainted king." Shak. Amongst the enthroned gods on sainted seats. Milton. 2. Entered into heaven; -- a euphemism for dead. SAINTESS Saint"ess, n. Defn: A female saint. [R.] Bp. Fisher. SAINTHOOD Saint"hood, n. 1. The state of being a saint; the condition of a saint. Walpole. 2. The order, or united body, of saints; saints, considered collectively. It was supposed he felt no call to anu expedition that might sainthood. Sir W. Scott. SAINTISH Saint"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat saintlike; -- used ironically. SAINTISM Saint"ism, n. Defn: The character or quality of saints; also, hypocritical pretense of holiness. Wood. SAINTLIKE Saint"like`, a. Defn: Resembling a saint; suiting a saint; becoming a saint; saintly. Glossed over only with a saintlike show. Dryden. SAINTLINESS Saint"li*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being saintly. SAINTLY Saint"ly, a. [Compar. Saintlier; superl. Saintliest.] Defn: Like a saint; becoming a holy person. So dear to Heaven is saintly chastity. Milton. SAINTOLOGIST Saint*ol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Saint + -logy + -ist.] (Theol.) Defn: One who writes the lives of saints. [R.] SAINTSHIP Saint"ship, n. Defn: The character or qualities of a saint. SAINT-SIMONIAN Saint`-Si*mo"ni*an, n. Defn: A follower of the Count de St. Simon, who died in 1825, and who maintained that the principle of property held in common, and the just division of the fruits of common labor among the members of society, are the true remedy for the social evils which exist. Brande & C. SAINT-SIMONIANISM Saint`-Si*mo"ni*an*ism, n. Defn: The principles, doctrines, or practice of the Saint-Simonians; -- called also Saint-Simonism. SAINT-SIMONISM Saint-Si"mon*ism, n. Defn: A system of socialism in which the state owns all the property and the laborer is entitled to share according to the quality and amount of his work, founded by Saint Simon (1760-1825). SAITH Saith, Defn: 3d pers. sing. pres. of Say. [Archaic] SAITHE Saithe, n. Etym: [Gael. saoidheam.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The pollock, or coalfish; -- called also sillock. [Scot.] SAIVA Sai"va ( or ), n. Etym: [Skr. çaiva devoted to Siva.] Defn: One of an important religious sect in India which regards Siva with peculiar veneration. SAIVISM Sai"vism, n. Defn: The worship of Siva. SAJENE Sa*jene", n. Defn: Same as Sagene. SAJOU Sa"jou (; F. , n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Sapajou. SAKE Sake, n. Etym: [OE. sake cause, also, lawsuit, fault, AS. sacu strife, a cause or suit at law; akin to D. zaak cause, thing, affair, G. sache thing, cause in law, OHG. sahha, Icel. sök, Sw. sak, Dan. sag, Goth. sakj strife, AS. sacan to contend, strive, Goth. sakan, Icel. saka to contend, strive, blame, OHG. sahhan, MHG. sachen, to contend, strive, defend one's right, accuse, charge in a lawsuit, and also to E. seek. Cf. Seek.] Defn: Final cause; end; purpose of obtaining; cause; motive; reason; interest; concern; account; regard or respect; -- used chiefly in such phrases as, for the sake, for his sake, for man's sake, for mercy's sake, and the like; as, to commit crime for the sake of gain; to go abroad for the sake of one's health. Moved with wrath and shame and ladies; sake. Spenser. I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake. Gen. viii. 21. Will he draw out, For anger's sake, finite to infinite Milton. Knowledge is for the sake of man, and not man for the sake of knowledge. Sir W. Hamilton. Note: The -s of the possessive case preceding sake is sometimes omitted for euphony; as, for goodness sake. "For conscience sake." 1 Cor. x. 28. The plural sakes is often used with a possessive plural. "For both our sakes." Shak. SAKER Sa"ker, n. Etym: [F. sacre (cf. It. sagro, Sp. & Pg. sacre), either fr. L. sacer sacred, holy, as a translation of Gr. hawk.] [Written also sacar, sacre.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) (a) A falcon (Falco sacer) native of Southern Europe and Asia, closely resembling the lanner. Note: The female is called chargh, and the male charghela, or sakeret. (b) The peregrine falcon. [Prov. Eng.] 2. (Mil.) Defn: A small piece of artillery. Wilhelm. On the bastions were planted culverins and sakers. Macaulay. The culverins and sakers showing their deadly muzzles over the rampart. Hawthorne. SAKERET Sa"ker*et, n. Etym: [F. sacret. See Saker.] (Zo\'94l.) Defn: The male of the saker (a). SAKI Sa"ki, n. Etym: [Cf. F. & Pg. saki; probably from the native name.] (Zo\'94l.) Defn: Any one of several species of South American monkeys of the genus Pithecia. They have large ears, and a long hairy tail which is not prehensile. Note: The black saki (Pithecia satanas), the white-headed (P.leucocephala), and the red-backed, or hand-drinking, saki (P.chiropotes), are among the best-known. SAKI Sa"ki, n. Defn: The alcoholic drink of Japan. It is made from rice.sake SAKIEH; SAKIYEH Sak"i*eh, Sak"i*yeh, n. [Ar. saqiah canal, trench.] Defn: A kind of water wheel used in Egypt for raising water, from wells or pits, in buckets attached to its periphery or to an endless rope. SAKTI Sak"ti, n. Etym: [Skr.] (Hind. Myth.) Defn: The divine energy, personified as the wife of a deity (Brahma, Vishnu, Siva, etc.); the female principle. SAL Sal (sall), n. Etym: [Hind. s\'bel, Skr. ç\'bela.] (Bot.) Defn: An East Indian timber tree (Shorea robusta), much used for building purposes. It is of a light brown color, close-grained, and durable. [Written also saul.] SAL Sal (sâl), n. Etym: [L. See Salt.] (Chem. & Pharm.) Defn: Salt. Sal absinthii Etym: [NL.] (Old Chem.), an impure potassium carbonate obtained from the ashes of wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium). -- Sal acetosell\'91 Etym: [NL.] (Old Chem.), salt of sorrel. -- Sal alembroth. (Old Chem.) See Alembroth. -- Sal ammoniac (Chem.), ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, a white crystalline volatile substance having a sharp salty taste, obtained from gas works, from nitrogenous matter, etc. It is largely employed as a source of ammonia, as a reagent, and as an expectorant in bronchitis. So called because originally made from the soot from camel's dung at the temple of Jupiter Ammon in Africa. Called also muriate of ammonia. -- Sal catharticus Etym: [NL.] (Old Med. Chem.), Epsom salts. -- Sal culinarius Etym: [L.] (Old Chem.), common salt, or sodium chloride. -- Sal Cyrenaicus. Etym: [NL.] (Old Chem.) See Sal ammoniac above. -- Sal de duobus, Sal duplicatum Etym: [NL.] (Old Chem.), potassium sulphate; -- so called because erroneously supposed to be composed of two salts, one acid and one alkaline. -- Sal diureticus Etym: [NL.] (Old Med. Chem.), potassium acetate. -- Sal enixum Etym: [NL.] (Old Chem.), acid potassium sulphate. -- Sal gemm\'91 Etym: [NL.] (Old Min.), common salt occuring native. -- Sal Jovis Etym: [NL.] (Old Chem.), salt tin, or stannic chloride; -- the alchemical name of tin being Jove. -- Sal Martis Etym: [NL.] (Old Chem.), green vitriol, or ferrous sulphate; -- the alchemical name of iron being. Mars. -- Sal microcosmicum Etym: [NL.] (Old Chem.) See Microcosmic salt, under Microcosmic. -- Sal plumbi Etym: [NL.] (Old Chem.), sugar of lead. -- Sal prunella. (Old Chem.) See Prunella salt, under 1st Prunella. -- Sal Saturni Etym: [NL.] (Old Chem.), sugar of lead, or lead acetate; -- the alchemical name of lead being Saturn. -- Sal sedativus Etym: [NL.] (Old Chem.), sedative salt, or boric acid. -- Sal Seignette Etym: [F. seignette, sel de seignette] (Chem.), Rochelle salt. -- Sal soda (Chem.), sodium carbonate. See under Sodium. -- Sal vitrioli Etym: [NL.] (Old Chem.), white vitriol; zinc sulphate. -- Sal volatile. Etym: [NL.] (a) (Chem.) See Sal ammoniac, above. (b) Spirits of ammonia. SALAAM Sa*laam", n. Defn: Same as Salam. Finally, Josiah might have made his salaam to the exciseman just as he was folding up that letter. Prof. Wilson. SALAAM Sa*laam", v. i. Defn: To make or perform a salam. I have salaamed and kowtowed to him. H. James. SALABILITY Sal`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being salable; salableness. Duke of Argyll. SALABLE Sal"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Sale.] Defn: Capable of being sold; fit to be sold; finding a ready market. -- Sal"a*ble*ness, n. -- Sal"a*bly, adv. SALACIOUS Sa*la"cious, n. Etym: [L. salax, -acis, fond of leaping, lustful, fr. salire to leap. See Salient.] Defn: Having a propensity to venery; lustful; lecherous. Dryden. -- Sa*la"cious*ly, dv. -- Sa*la"cious*ness, n. SALACITY Sa*lac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. salacitas: cf. F. salacité] Defn: Strong propensity to venery; lust; lecherousness. SALAD Sal"ad, n. Etym: [F. salade, OIt. salata, It. insalata, fr. salare to salt, fr. L. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Slaw.] 1. A preparation of vegetables, as lettuce, celery, water cress, onions, etc., usually dressed with salt, vinegar, oil, and spice, and eaten for giving a relish to other food; as, lettuce salad; tomato salad, etc. Leaves eaten raw termed salad. I. Watts. 2. A dish composed of chopped meat or fish, esp. chicken or lobster, mixed with lettuce or other vegetables, and seasoned with oil, vinegar, mustard, and other condiments; as, chicken salad; lobster salad. Salad burnet (Bot.), the common burnet (Poterium Sanguisorba), sometimes eaten as a salad in Italy. SALADE Sal"ade, n. Defn: A helmet. See Sallet. SALADING Sal"ad*ing, n. Defn: Vegetable for salad. SALAERATUS Sal`æ*ra"tus, n. Defn: See Saleratus. SALAGANE Sal"a*gane, n. Etym: [From the Chinese name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The esculent swallow. See under Esculent. SALAL-BERRY Sal"al-ber`ry, n. Etym: [Probably of American Indian origin.] (Bot.) Defn: The edible fruit of the Gaultheria Shallon, an ericaceous shrub found from California northwards. The berries are about the size of a common grape and of a dark purple color. SALAM Sa*lam (sa*läm"), n. Etym: [Ar. salam peace, safety.] Defn: A salutation or compliment of ceremony in the east by word or act; an obeisance, performed by bowing very low and placing the right palm on the forehead. [Written also salaam.] SALAMANDER Sal"a*man`der, n. Etym: [F. salamandre, L. salamandra, Gr. samander, samandel.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of Urodela, belonging to Salamandra, Amblystoma, Plethodon, and various allied genera, especially those that are more or less terrestrial in their habits. Note: The salamanders have, like lizards, an elongated body, four feet, and a long tail, but are destitute of scales. They are true Amphibia, related to the frogs. Formerly, it was a superstition that the salamander could live in fire without harm, and even extinguish it by the natural coldness of its body. I have maintained that salamander of yours with fire any time this two and thirty years. Shak. Whereas it is commonly said that a salamander extinguisheth fire, we have found by experience that on hot coals, it dieth immediately. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pouched gopher (Geomys tuza) of the Southern United States. 3. A culinary utensil of metal with a plate or disk which is heated, and held over pastry, etc., to brown it. 4. A large poker. [prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 5. (Metal.) Defn: Solidofied material in a furnace hearth. Giant salamander. (Zoöl.) See under Giant. -- Salamander's hair or wool (Min.), a species of asbestus or mineral flax. [Obs.] Bacon. SALAMANDRINA Sal`a*man*dri"na, n.; pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Urodela, comprising salamanders. SALAMANDRINE Sal`a*man"drine, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a salamander; enduring fire. Addison. SALAMANDROID Sal`a*man"droid, a Etym: [Salamander + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the salamanders. SALAMANDROIDEA sal`a*man*droi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Amphibia including the Salamanders and allied groups; the Urodela. SALAMSTONE Sal"am*stone` ( or ), n. (Min.) Defn: A kind of blue sapphire brought from Ceylon. Dana. SALANGANA Sa*lan"ga*na, n. Defn: The salagane. SALARIED Sal"a*ried, a. Defn: Receiving a salary; paid by a salary; having a salary attached; as, a salaried officer; a salaried office. SALARY Sal"a*ry, a. Etym: [L. salarius.] Defn: Saline [Obs.] SALARY Sal"a*ry, n.; pl. Salaries. Etym: [F. salarie, L. salarium, originally, salt money, the money given to the Roman soldiers for salt, which was a part of thir pay, fr. salarius belonging to salt, fr. sal salt. See Salt.] Defn: The recompense or consideration paid, or stipulated to be paid, to a person at regular intervals for services; fixed wages, as by the year, quarter, or month; stipend; hire. This is hire and salary, not revenge. Shak. Note: Recompense for services paid at, or reckoned by, short intervals, as a day or week, is usually called wages. Syn. -- Stipend; pay; wages; hire; allowance. SALARY Sal"a*ry v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salaried; p. pr. & vb. n. Salarying.] Defn: To pay, or agree to pay, a salary to; to attach salary to; as, to salary a clerk; to salary a position. SALE Sale, n. Defn: See 1st Sallow. [Obs.] Spenser. SALE Sale, n. Etym: [Icel. sala, sal, akin to E.sell. See Sell, v. t.] 1. The act of selling; the transfer of property, or a contract to transfer the ownership of property, from one person to another for a valuable consideration, or for a price in money. 2. Opportunity of selling; demand; market. They shall have ready sale for them. Spenser. 3. Public disposal to the highest bidder, or exposure of goods in market; auction. Sir W. Temple. Bill of sale. See under Bill. -- Of sale, On sale, For sale, to be bought or sold; offered to purchasers; in the market. -- To set to sale, to offer for sale; to put up for purchase; to make merchandise of. [Obs.] Milton. SALEABLE; SALEABLY Sale"a*ble, a., Sale"a*bly, adv., etc. Defn: See Salable, Salably, etc. SALEB Sal"eb, n. (Med.) Defn: See Salep. SALEBROSITY Sal`e*bros"i*ty, n. Defn: Roughness or ruggedness. [Obs.] Feltham. SALEBROUS Sal"e*brous, a. Etym: [L. salebosus, fr. salebra a rugged road, fr. salire to leap.] Defn: Rough; rugged. [Obs.] SALEP Sal"ep, n. Etym: [Ar. sahleb, perhaps a corruption of an Arabic word for fox, one Ar. name of the orchis signifying literally, fox's testicles: cf. F. salep.] [Written also saleb, salop, and saloop.] Defn: The dried tubers of various species of Orchis, and Eulophia. It is used to make a nutritious beverage by treating the powdered preparation with hot water. U. S. Disp. SALERATUS Sal`e*ra"tus, n. Etym: [NL. sal aëratus; -- so called because it is a source of fixed air (carbon dioxide). See Sal, and and Aërated.] (Old Chem.) Defn: Aërated salt; a white crystalline substance having an alkaline taste and reaction, consisting of sodium bicarbonate (see under Sodium.) It is lagerly used in cooking, with sour milk (lactic acid) or cream of tartar as a substitute for yeast. It is also an ingridient of most baking powders, and is used in the preparation of effervescing drinks. SALESMAN Sales"man, n.; pl. Salesmen. Etym: [Sale + man.] Defn: One who sells anything; one whose occupation is to sell goods or merchandise. SALESWOMAN Sales"wom`an, n.; pl. Saleswomen (. Defn: A woman whose occupation is to sell goods or merchandise. SALEWORK Sale"work`, n. Defn: Work or things made for sale; hence, work done carelessly or slightingly. Shak. SALIAN Sa"lian, a. Defn: Denoting a tribe of Franks who established themselves early in the fourth century on the river Sala [now Yssel]; Salic. -- n. Defn: A Salian Frank. SALIANT Sa"li*ant, a. (Her.) Defn: Same as Salient. SALIAUNCE Sal"i*aunce, a. Etym: [See Sally.] Defn: Salience; onslaught. [Obs.] "So fierce saliaunce." Spenser. SALIC Sal"ic, a. Etym: [F. salique, fr. the Salian Franks, who, in the fifth century, formed a body of laws called in latin leges Salicæ.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Salian Franks, or to the Salic law so called. [Also salique.] Salic law. (a) A code of laws formed by the Salian Franks in the fifth century. By one provision of this code women were excluded from the inheritance of landed property. (b) Specifically, in modern times, a law supposed to be a special application of the above-mentioned provision, in accordance with which males alone can inherit the throne. This law has obtained in France, and at times in other countries of Europe, as Spain. SALICACEOUS Sal`i*ca"ceous, a. Etym: [L. salix, -icis, the willow.] Defn: Belonging or relating to the willow. SALICIN Sal"i*cin, n. Etym: [L. salix, -icis, a willow: cf. F. salicine. See Sallow the tree.] (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside found in the leaves of several species of willow (Salix) and poplar, and extracted as a bitter white crystalline substance.salicyl alcohol glucoside, salicyl alcohol b-D- glucopyranoside, saligenin b-D-glucopyranoside, C13H18O7. It is used in biochemistry as a standard substrate for evaluating the potency of b-glucosidase in enzymatic preparations. It is also an analgesic. SALICYL Sal"i*cyl, n. Etym: [Salicin + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical of salicylic acid and of certain related compounds. SALICYLAL Sal"i*cyl`al, n. Etym: [Salicylic + aldehide.] (Chem.) Defn: A thin, fragrant, colorless oil, HO.C6H4.CHO, found in the flowers of meadow sweet (Spiræa), and also obtained by oxidation of saligenin, etc. It reddens on exposure. Called also salycylol, salicylic aldehyde, and formerly salicylous, or spiroylous, acid. SALICYLATE Sal"i*cyl`ate (-ayt), n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of salicylic acid. SALICYLIC Sal`i*cyl"ic, n. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid formerly obtained by fusing salicin with potassium hydroxide, and now made in large quantities from phenol (carbolic acid) by the action of carbon dioxide on heated sodium phenolate. It is a white crystalline substance. It is used as an antiseptic, and in its salts in the treatment of rheumatism. Called also hydroxybenzoic acid. SALICYLIDE Sal"i*cyl`ide, n. Etym: [Salicylic + anhydride.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance obtained by dehydration of salicylic acid. SALICYLITE Sal"i*cyl`ite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of salicylal; -- named after the analogy of a salt. SALICYLOL Sal"i*cyl`ol, n. Etym: [Salicylic + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Salicylal. SALICYLOUS Sa*lic"y*lous ( or ), a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a substance called salicylous acid, and now salicylal. [Obs.] SALIENCE Sa"li*ence, n. Etym: [See Salient.] 1. That quality or condition of being salient; a leaping; a springing forward; an assaulting. 2. The quality or state of projecting, or being projected; projection; protrusion. Sir W. Hamilton. SALIENCY Sa"li*en*cy, n. Defn: Quality of being salient; hence, vigor. "A fatal lack of poetic saliency." J. Morley. SALIENT Sa"li*ent, a. Etym: [L. saliens, -entis, p.pr. of salire to leap; cf. F. saillant. See Sally, n. & v. i..] 1. Moving by leaps or springs; leaping; bounding; jumping. "Frogs and salient animals." Sir T. Browne. 2. Shooting out up; springing; projecting. He had in himself a salient, living spring of generous and manly action. Burke. 3. Hence, figuratively, forcing itself on the attention; prominent; conspicuous; noticeable. He [Grenville] had neither salient traits, nor general comprehensiveness of mind. Bancroft. 4. (Math. & Fort.) Defn: Projectiong outwardly; as, a salient angle; -- opposed to reëntering. See Illust. of Bastion. 5. (Her.) Defn: Represented in a leaping position; as, a lion salient. Salient angle. See Salient, a., 4. -- Salient polygon (Geom.), a polygon all of whose angles are salient. -- Salient polyhedron (Geom.), a polyhedron all of whose solid angles are salient. SALIENT Sa"li*ent, a. (Fort.) Defn: A salient angle or part; a projection. SALIENTLY Sa"li*ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a salient manner. SALIFEROUS Sa*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. sal salt + -ferous.] Defn: Producing, or impregnated with, salt. Saliferous rocks (Geol.), the New Red Sandstone system of some geologists; -- so called because, in Europe, this formation contains beds of salt. The saliferous beds of New York State belong largely to the Salina period of the Upper Silurian. See the Chart of Geology. SALIFIABLE Sal"i*fi`a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. salifiable. See Salify.] (Chem.) Defn: Capable of neutralizing an acid to form a salt; -- said of bases; thus, ammonia is salifiable. SALIFICATION Sal`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. salification.] (Chem.) Defn: The act, process, or result of salifying; the state of being salified. SALIFY Sal"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salified; p. pr. & vb. n. Salifying.] Etym: [F. salifier; from L. sal salt + -ficare (only in comp.) to make. See -fy.] (Chem.) (a) To combine or impregnate with a salt. (b) To form a salt with; to convert into a salt; as, to salify a base or an acid. SALIGENIN Sa*lig"e*nin, n. Etym: [Salicin + -gen.] (Chem.) Defn: A phenol alcohol obtained, by the decomposition of salicin, as a white crystalline substance; -- called also hydroxy-benzyl alcohol. SALIGOT Sal"i*got, n. Etym: [F.] (Bot.) Defn: The water chestnut (Trapa natans). SALIMETER Sal*im"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. sal salt + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the amount of salt present in any given solution. [Written also salometer.] SALIMETRY Sal*im"e*try, n. Defn: The art or process of measuring the amount of salt in a substance. SALINA Sa*li"na, n. Etym: [Cf. L. salinae, pl., salt works, from sal salt. See Saline, a.] 1. A salt marsh, or salt pond, inclosed from the sea. 2. Salt works. SALINA PERIOD Sa*li"na pe"ri*od. Etym: [So called from Salina, a town in New York.] (Geol.) Defn: The period in which the American Upper Silurian system, containing the brine-producing rocks of central New York, was formed. See the Chart of Geology. SALINATION Sal`i*na"tion, n. Defn: The act of washing with salt water. [R. & Obs..] Greenhill. SALINE Sa"line ( or ; 277), a. Etym: [F. salin, fr. L. sal salt: cf. L. salinae salt works, salinum saltcellar. See Salt.] 1. Consisting of salt, or containing salt; as, saline particles; saline substances; a saline cathartic. 2. Of the quality of salt; salty; as, a saline taste. SALINE Sa"line ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [Cf. F. saline. See Saline, a.] Defn: A salt spring; a place where salt water is collected in the earth. SALINE Sal"ine, n. 1. (Chem.) Defn: A crude potash obtained from beet-root residues and other similar sources. [Written also salin.] 2. (Med. Chem.) Defn: A metallic salt; esp., a salt of potassium, sodium, lithium, or magnesium, used in medicine. SALINENESS Sa*line"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being salt; saltness. SALINIFEROUS Sal`i*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Saline + -ferous.] Defn: Same as Saliferous. SALINIFORM Sa*lin"i*form, a. Defn: Having the form or the qualities of a salt, especially of common salt. SALINITY Sa*lin"i*ty, n. Defn: Salineness. Carpenter. SALINOMETER Sal`i*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Saline + -meter.] Defn: A salimeter. SALINOUS Sa*lin"ous, a. Defn: Saline. [Obs.] SALIQUE Sal"ique ( or ), a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Salic. Shak. She fulmined out her scorn of laws salique. Tennyson. SALIRETIN Sal`i*re"tin, n. Etym: [Saligenin + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow amorphous resinoid substance obtained by the action of dilute acids on saligenin. SALISBURIA Sal`is*bu"ri*a, n. Etym: [Named after R. A. Salisbury, an English botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: The ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba, or Salisburia adiantifolia). SALITE Sal"ite, v. t. Etym: [L. salitus, p.p. of salire to salt, fr. sal salt.] Defn: To season with salt; to salt. [Obs.] SALITE Sa"lite, n. Etym: [So called from Sala, a town in Sweden.] (Min.) Defn: A massive lamellar variety of pyroxene, of a dingy green color. [Written also sahlite.] SALIVA Sa*li"va, n. Etym: [L.; cf. Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: The secretion from the salivary glands. Note: In man the saliva is a more or less turbid and slighty viscid fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. The secretions from the individual salivary glands have their own special characteristics, and these are not the same in all animals. In man and many animals mixed saliva, i.e., saliva composed of the secretions of all three of the salivary glands, is an important degestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin. SALIVAL Sa*li"val, a. Defn: Salivary. SALIVANT Sal"i*vant, a. Etym: [L. salivans, p.pr. of salivare. See Salivate.] Defn: Producing salivation. SALIVANT Sal"i*vant, n. Defn: That which produces salivation. SALIVARY Sal"i*va*ry, a. Etym: [L. salivarius slimy, clammy: cf. F. salivaire.] (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to saliva; producing or carrying saliva; as, the salivary ferment; the salivary glands; the salivary ducts, etc. SALIVATE Sal"i*vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salivated; p. pr. & vb. n. Salivating.] Etym: [L. salivatus, p.p. of salivare to salivate. See Saliva.] Defn: To produce an abnormal flow of saliva in; to produce salivation or ptyalism in, as by the use of mercury. over.; as, salivate over the prospects of high profits from an enterprise. Note: Probably influenced by the experiments of Pavlov, who trained dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, by previously ringing the bell immediately prior to feeding them. SALIVATION Sal`i*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. salivatio: cf. F. salivation.] (Physiol.) Defn: The act or process of salivating; an excessive secretion of saliva, often accompained with soreness of the mouth and gums; ptyalism. Note: It may be induced by direct chemical or mechanical stimulation, as in mastication of some tasteless substance like rubber, or indirectly by some agent which affects the whole system, as mercury compounds. SALIVOUS Sa*li"vous, a. Etym: [L. salivosus: cf. F. saliveux.] Defn: Pertaining to saliva; of the nature of saliva. SALIX Sa"lix, n.; pl. Salices. Etym: [L., the willow.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of trees or shrubs including the willow, osier, and the like, growing usually in wet grounds. (b) A tree or shrub of any kind of willow. SALLENDERS Sal"len*ders, n. pl. Etym: [F. solandres, solandre.] (Far.) Defn: An eruption on the hind leg of a horse. [Written also sellanders, and sellenders.] On the inside of the hock, or a little below it, as well as at the bend of the knee, there is occasionally a scurfy eruption called "mallenders" in the fore leg, and "sallenders" in the hind leg. Youatt. SALLET Sal"let, n. Etym: [F. salade, Sp. celada, or It. celata, fr. L. (cassis) caelata, fr. caelare, caelatum, to engrave in relief. So called from the figures engraved upon it.] Defn: A light kind of helmet, with or without a visor, introduced during the 15th century. [Written also salade.] Then he must have a sallet wherewith his head may be saved. Latimer. SALLET; SALLETING Sal"let, Sal"let*ing, n. Defn: Salad. [Obs.] Shak. SALLIANCE Sal"li*ance, n. Defn: Salience. [Obs.] SALLOW Sal"low, n. Etym: [OE. salwe, AS. sealth; akin to OHG. salaha, G. salwiede, Icel. selja L. salix, Ir. sail, saileach, Gael. seileach, W. helyg, Gr. 1. The willow; willow twigs. [Poetic] Tennyson. And bend the pliant sallow to a shield. Fawkes. The sallow knows the basketmaker's thumb. Emerson. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to certain species of willow, especially those which do not have flexible shoots, as Salix caprea, S. cinerea, etc. Sallow thorn (Bot.), a European thorny shrub (Hippophae rhamnoides) much like an Elæagnus. The yellow berries are sometimes used for making jelly, and the plant affords a yellow dye. SALLOW Sal"low, a. [Compar. Sallower; superl. Sallowest.] Etym: [AS. salu; akin to D. zaluw, OHG. salo, Icel. sölr yellow.] Defn: Having a yellowish color; of a pale, sickly color, tinged with yellow; as, a sallow skin. Shak. SALLOW Sal"low, v. t. Defn: To tinge with sallowness. [Poetic] July breathes hot, sallows the crispy fields. Lowell. SALLOWISH Sal"low*ish, a. Defn: Somewhat sallow. Dickens. SALLOWNESS Sal"low*ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being sallow. Addison. SALLY Sal"ly, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sallied; p. pr. & vb. n. Sallying.] Etym: [F. saillir, fr. L. salire to leap, spring, akin to gr. Sallient, Assail, Assault, Exult, Insult, Saltation, Saltire.] Defn: To leap or rush out; to burst forth; to issue suddenly; as a body of troops from a fortified place to attack besiegers; to make a sally. They break the truce, and sally out by night. Dryden. The foe retires, -- she heads the sallying host. Byron. SALLY Sal"ly, n.; pl. Sallies. Etym: [F. saillie, fr. sailir. See Sally, v.] 1. A leaping forth; a darting; a spring. 2. A rushing or bursting forth; a quick issue; a sudden eruption; specifically, an issuing of troops from a place besieged to attack the besiegers; a sortie. Sallies were made by the Spaniards, but they were beaten in with loss. Bacon. 3. An excursion from the usual track; range; digression; deviation. Every one shall know a country better that makes often sallies into it, and traverses it up and down, than he that . . . goes still round in the same track. Locke. 4. A flight of fancy, liveliness, wit, or the like; a flashing forth of a quick and active mind. The unaffected mirth with which she enjoyed his sallies. Sir W. Scott. 5. Transgression of the limits of soberness or steadiness; act of levity; wild gayety; frolic; escapade. The excursion was esteemed but a sally of youth. Sir H. Wotton. Sally port. (a) (Fort.) A postern gate, or a passage underground, from the inner to the outer works, to afford free egress for troops in a sortie. (b) (Naval) A large port on each quarter of a fireship, for the escape of the men into boats when the train is fired; a large port in an old-fashioned three-decker or a large modern ironclad. SALLY LUNN Sal"ly Lunn". Etym: [From a woman, Sally Lunn, who is said to have first made the cakes, and sold them in the streets of Bath, Eng.] Defn: A tea cake slighty sweetened, and raised with yeast, baked in the form of biscuits or in a thin loaf, and eaten hot with butter. SALLYMAN Sal"ly*man, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The velella; -- called also saleeman. SALM Salm, n. Defn: Psalm. [Obs.] Piers plowman. SALMAGUNDI Sal`ma*gun"di, n. Etym: [F. salmigondis of uncertain origin; perhaps from L. salgama condita, pl.; salgama pickles + condita preserved (see Condite); or from the Countess Salmagondi, lady of honor to Maria de Medici, who is said to have invented it; or cf. It. salame salt meat, and F. salmis a ragout.] 1. A mixture of chopped meat and pickled herring, with oil, vinegar, pepper, and onions. Johnson. 2. Hence, a mixture of various ingredients; an olio or medley; a potpourri; a miscellany. W. Irving. SALMI Sal"mi, n. (Cookery) Defn: Same as Salmis. SALMIAC Sal"mi*ac, n. Etym: [Cf. F. salmiac, G. salmiak.] (Old Chem.) Defn: Sal ammoniac. See under Sal. SALMIS Sal`mis", n. Etym: [F.] (Cookery) Defn: A ragout or partky roasted game stewed with sauce, wine, bread, and condiments suited to provoke appetite. SALMON Salm"on, n.; pl. Salmons or (collectively) Salmon. Etym: [OE. saumoun, salmon, F. saumon, fr. L. salmo, salmonis perhaps from salire to leap. Cf. Sally, v.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of fishes of the genus Salmo and allied genera. The common salmon (Salmo salar) of Northern Europe and Eastern North America, and the California salmon, or quinnat, are the most important species. They are extensively preserved for food. See Quinnat. Note: The salmons ascend rivers and penetrate to their head streams to spawn. They are remarkably strong fishes, and will even leap over considerable falls which lie in the way of their progress. The common salmon has been known to grow to the weight of seventy-five pounds; more generally it is from fifteen to twenty-five pounds. Young salmon are called parr, peal, smolt, and grilse. Among the true salmons are: Black salmon, or Lake salmon, the namaycush. -- Dog salmon, a salmon of Western North America (Oncorhynchus keta). -- Humpbacked salmon, a Pacific-coast salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). -- King salmon, the quinnat. -- Landlocked salmon, a variety of the common salmon (var. Sebago), long confined in certain lakes in consequence of obstructions that prevented it from returning to the sea. This last is called also dwarf salmon. Among fishes of other families which are locally and erroneously called salmon are: the pike perch, called jack salmon; the spotted, or southern, squeteague; the cabrilla, called kelp salmon; young pollock, called sea salmon; and the California yellowtail. 2. A reddish yellow or orange color, like the flesh of the salmon. Salmon berry (Bot.), a large red raspberry growing from Alaska to California, the fruit of the Rubus Nutkanus. -- Salmon killer (Zoöl.), a stickleback (Gasterosteus cataphractus) of Western North America and Northern Asia. -- Salmon ladder, salmon stair. See Fish ladder, under Fish. -- Salmon peel, a young salmon. -- Salmon pipe, a certain device for catching salmon. Crabb. -- Salmon trout. (Zoöl.) (a) The European sea trout (Salmo trutta). It resembles the salmon, but is smaller, and has smaller and more numerous scales. (b) The American namaycush. (c) A name that is also applied locally to the adult black spotted trout (Salmo purpuratus), and to the steel head and other large trout of the Pacific coast. SALMON Salm"on, a. Defn: Of a reddish yellow or orange color, like that of the flesh of the salmon. SALMONET Salm"on*et, n. Etym: [Cf. Samlet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A salmon of small size; a samlet. SALMONOID Sal"mon*oid, a. Etym: [Salmon + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the Salmonidæ, a family of fishes including the trout and salmon. -- n. Defn: Any fish of the family Salmonidæ. SALOGEN Sal"o*gen, n. Etym: [L. sal salt + -gen.] (Chem.) Defn: A halogen. [Obs.] SALOL Sal"ol, n. Etym: [Salicylic + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance consisting of phenol salicylate. SALOMETER sa*lom"e*ter, n. Defn: See Salimeter. SALOMETRY Sa*lom"e*try, n. Defn: Salimetry. SALON Sa`lon", n. Etym: [F. See Saloon.] Defn: An apartment for the reception of company; hence, in the plural, faschionable parties; circles of fashionable society. SALON Sa`lon", n. Defn: An apartment for the reception and exhibition of works of art; hence, an annual exhibition of paintings, sculptures, etc., held in Paris by the Society of French Artists; -- sometimes called the Old Salon. New Salon is a popular name for an annual exhibition of paintings, sculptures, etc., held in Paris at the Champs de Mars, by the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts (National Society of Fine Arts), a body of artists who, in 1890, seceded from the Société des Artistes Français (Society of French Artists). SALOON Sa*loon", n. Etym: [F. salon (cf. It. salone), fr. F. salle a large room, a hall, of German or Dutch origin; cf. OHG. sal house, hall, G. saal; akin to AS. sæl, sele, D. zaal, Icel. salr, Goth. saljan to dwell, and probably to L. solum ground. Cf. Sole of the foot, Soil ground, earth.] 1. A spacious and elegant apartment for the reception of company or for works of art; a hall of reception, esp. a hall for public entertainments or amusements; a large room or parlor; as, the saloon of a steamboat. The gilden saloons in which the first magnates of the realm . . . gave banquets and balls. Macaulay. 2. Popularly, a public room for specific uses; esp., a barroom or grogshop; as, a drinking saloon; an eating saloon; a dancing saloon. We hear of no hells, or low music halls, or low dancing saloons [at Athens.] J. P. Mahaffy. SALOOP Sa*loop", n. Defn: An aromatic drink prepared from sassafras bark and other ingredients, at one time much used in London. J. Smith (Dict. econ. Plants). Saloop bush (Bot.), an Australian shrub (Rhagodia hastata) of the Goosefoot family, used for fodder. SALP Salp, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Salpa, or of the family Salpidæ. SALPA Sal"pa, n.; pl. L. Salpæ, E. Salpas. Etym: [NL.: cf. L. salpa a kind of stockfish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of transparent, tubular, free-swimming oceanic tunicates found abundantly in all the warmer latitudes. See Illustration in Appendix. Note: Each species exists in two distinct forms, one of which lives solitary, and produces, by budding from an internal organ, a series of the other kind. These are united together, side by side, so as to form a chain, or cluster, often of large size. Each of the individuals composing the chain carries a single egg, which develops into the solitary kind. SALPIAN; SALPID Sal"pi*an, Sal"pid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A salpa. SALPICON Sal"pi*con, n. Etym: [F. salpicon, Sp. salpicon.] Defn: Chopped meat, bread, etc., used to stuff legs of veal or other joints; stuffing; farce. Bacon. SALPINGITIS Sal`pin*gi"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Salpinx, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the salpinx. SALPINX Sal"pinx, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Old Anat.) Defn: The Eustachian tube, or the Fallopian tube. SALSAFY Sal"sa*fy, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Salsify. SALSAMENTARIOUS Sal`sa*men*ta"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. salsamentarius, fr. salsamentum brine, pickled fish, fr. salsus salted, p.p. of salire to salt.] Defn: Salt; salted; saline. [R.] SALSE Salse, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A mud volcano, the water of which is often impregnated with salts, whence the name. SALSIFY Sal"si*fy, n. Etym: [F. salsifis.] (Bot.) Defn: See Oyster plant (a), under Oyster. SALSO-ACID Sal"so-ac`id, a. Etym: [L. salsus salted, salt + acidus acid.] Defn: Having a taste compounded of saltness and acidity; both salt and acid. [R.] SALSODA Sal`so"da, n. Defn: See Sal soda, under Sal. SALSOLA Sal"so*la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. salsus salt, because they contain alkaline salts.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants including the glasswort. See Glasswort. SALSUGINOUS sal*su"gi*nous, a. Etym: [L. salsugo, -ginis, saltness from salsus salted, salt: cf. F. salsugineux.] (Bot.) Defn: Growing in brackish places or in salt marches. SALT Salt, n. Etym: [AS. sealt; akin to OS. & OFries. salt, D. zout, G. salz, Icel., Sw., & Dan. salt, L. sal, Gr. sole, Ir. & Gael. salann, W. halen, of unknown origin. Cf. Sal, Salad, Salary, Saline, Sauce, Sausage.] 1. The chloride of sodium, a substance used for seasoning food, for the preservation of meat, etc. It is found native in the earth, and is also produced, by evaporation and crystallization, from sea water and other water impregnated with saline particles. 2. Hence, flavor; taste; savor; smack; seasoning. Though we are justices and doctors and churchmen . . . we have some salt of our youth in us. Shak. 3. Hence, also, piquancy; wit; sense; as, Attic salt. 4. A dish for salt at table; a saltcellar. I out and bought some things; among others, a dozen of silver salts. Pepys. 5. A sailor; -- usually qualified by old. [Colloq.] Around the door are generally to be seen, laughing and gossiping, clusters of old salts. Hawthorne. 6. (Chem.) Defn: The neutral compound formed by the union of an acid base; thus, sulphuric acid and iron form the salt sulphate of iron or green vitriol. Note: Except in case of ammonium salts, accurately speaking, it is the acid radical which unites with the base or basic radical, with the elimination of hydrogen, of water, or of analogous compounds as side products. In the case of diacid and triacid bases, and of dibasic and tribasic acids, the mutual neutralization may vary in degree, producing respectively basic, neutral, or acid salts See Phrases below. 7. Fig.: That which preserves from corruption or error; that which purifies; a corrective; an antiseptic; also, an allowance or deduction; as, his statements must be taken with a grain of salt. Ye are the salt of the earth. Matt. v. 13. 8. pl. Defn: Any mineral salt used as an aperient or cathartic, especially Epsom salts, Rochelle salt, or Glauber's salt. 9. pl. Defn: Marches flooded by the tide. [Prov. Eng.] Above the salt, Below the salt, phrases which have survived the old custom, in the houses of people of rank, of placing a large saltcellar near the middle of a long table, the places above which were assigned to the guests of distinction, and those below to dependents, inferiors, and poor relations. See Saltfoot. His fashion is not to take knowledge of him that is beneath him in clothes. He never drinks below the salt. B. Jonson. -- Acid salt (Chem.) (a) A salt derived from an acid which has several replaceable hydrogen atoms which are only partially exchanged for metallic atoms or basic radicals; as, acid potassium sulphate is an acid salt. (b) A salt, whatever its constitution, which merely gives an acid reaction; thus, copper sulphate, which is composed of a strong acid united with a weak base, is an acid salt in this sense, though theoretically it is a neutral salt. -- Alkaline salt (Chem.), a salt which gives an alkaline reaction, as sodium carbonate. -- Amphid salt (Old Chem.), a salt of the oxy type, formerly regarded as composed of two oxides, an acid and a basic oxide. [Obsolescent] -- Basic salt (Chem.) (a) A salt which contains more of the basic constituent than is required to neutralize the acid. (b) An alkaline salt. -- Binary salt (Chem.), a salt of the oxy type conveniently regarded as composed of two ingredients (analogously to a haloid salt), viz., a metal and an acid radical. -- Double salt (Chem.), a salt regarded as formed by the union of two distinct salts, as common alum, potassium aluminium sulphate. See under Double. -- Epsom salts. See in the Vocabulary. -- Essential salt (Old Chem.), a salt obtained by crystalizing plant juices. -- Ethereal salt. (Chem.) See under Ethereal. -- Glauber's salt or salts. See in Vocabulary. -- Haloid salt (Chem.), a simple salt of a halogen acid, as sodium chloride. -- Microcosmic salt. (Chem.). See under Microcosmic. -- Neutral salt. (Chem.) (a A salt in which the acid and base (in theory) neutralize each other. (b) A salt which gives a neutral reaction. -- Oxy salt (Chem.), a salt derived from an oxygen acid. -- Per salt (Old Chem.), a salt supposed to be derived from a peroxide base or analogous compound. [Obs.] -- Permanent salt, a salt which undergoes no change on exposure to the air. -- Proto salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a protoxide base or analogous compound. -- Rochelle salt. See under Rochelle. -- Salt of amber (Old Chem.), succinic acid. -- Salt of colcothar (Old Chem.), green vitriol, or sulphate of iron. -- Salt of hartshorn. (Old Chem.) (a) Sal ammoniac, or ammonium chloride. (b) Ammonium carbonate. Cf. Spirit of hartshorn, under Hartshorn. -- Salt of lemons. (Chem.) See Salt of sorrel, below. -- Salt of Saturn (Old Chem.), sugar of lead; lead acetate; -- the alchemical of lead being Saturn. -- Salt of Seignette. Same as Rochelle salt. -- Salt of soda (Old Chem.), sodium carbonate. -- Salt of sorrel (Old Chem.), acid potassium oxalate, or potassium quadroxalate, used as a solvent for ink stains; -- so called because found in the sorrel, or Oxalis. Also sometimes inaccurately called salt of lemon. -- Salt of tartar (Old Chem.), potassium carbonate; -- so called because formerly made by heating cream of tartar, or potassium tartrate. [Obs.] -- Salt of Venus (Old Chem.), blue vitriol; copper sulphate; -- the alchemical name of copper being Venus. -- Salt of wisdom. See Alembroth. -- Sedative salt (Old Med. Chem.), boric acid. -- Sesqui salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a sesquioxide base or analogous compound. -- Spirit of salt. (Chem.) See under Spirit. -- Sulpho salt (Chem.), a salt analogous to an oxy salt, but containing sulphur in place of oxygen. SALT Salt, a. [Compar. Salter; superl. Saltest.] Etym: [AS. sealt, salt. See Salt, n.] 1. Of or relating to salt; abounding in, or containing, salt; prepared or preserved with, or tasting of, salt; salted; as, salt beef; salt water. "Salt tears." Chaucer. 2. Overflowed with, or growing in, salt water; as, a salt marsh; salt grass. 3. Fig.: Bitter; sharp; pungent. I have a salt and sorry rheum offends me. Shak. 4. Fig.: Salacious; lecherous; lustful. Shak. Salt acid (Chem.), hydrochloric acid. -- Salt block, an apparatus for evaporating brine; a salt factory. Knight. -- Salt bottom, a flat piece of ground covered with saline efforescences. [Western U.S.] bartlett. -- Salt cake (Chem.), the white caked mass, consisting of sodium sulphate, which is obtained as the product of the first stage in the manufacture of soda, according to Leblanc's process. -- Salt fish. (a) Salted fish, especially cod, haddock, and similar fishes that have been salted and dried for food. (b) A marine fish. -- Salt garden, an arrangement for the natural evaporation of sea water for the production of salt, employing large shallow basins excavated near the seashore. -- Salt gauge, an instrument used to test the strength of brine; a salimeter. -- Salt horse, salted beef. [Slang] -- Salt junk, hard salt beef for use at sea. [Slang] -- Salt lick. See Lick, n. -- Salt marsh, grass land subject to the overflow of salt water. -- Salt-marsh caterpillar (Zoöl.), an American bombycid moth (Spilosoma acreæ which is very destructive to the salt-marsh grasses and to other crops. Called also wooly bear. See Illust. under Moth, Pupa, and Woolly bear, under Woolly. -- Salt-marsh fleabane (Bot.), a strong-scented composite herb (Pluchea camphorata) with rayless purplish heads, growing in salt marshes. -- Salt-marsh hen (Zoöl.), the clapper rail. See under Rail. -- Salt-marsh terrapin (Zoöl.), the diamond-back. -- Salt mine, a mine where rock salt is obtained. -- Salt pan. (a) A large pan used for making salt by evaporation; also, a shallow basin in the ground where salt water is evaporated by the heat of the sun. (b) pl. Salt works. -- Salt pit, a pit where salt is obtained or made. -- Salt rising, a kind of yeast in which common salt is a principal ingredient. [U.S.] -- Salt raker, one who collects salt in natural salt ponds, or inclosures from the sea. -- Salt sedative (Chem.), boracic acid. [Obs.] -- Salt spring, a spring of salt water. -- Salt tree (Bot.), a small leguminous tree (Halimodendron argenteum) growing in the salt plains of the Caspian region and in Siberia. -- Salt water, water impregnated with salt, as that of the ocean and of certain seas and lakes; sometimes, also tears. Mine eyes are full of tears, I can not see; And yet salt water blinds them not so much But they can see a sort of traitors here. Shak. -- Salt-water sailor, an ocean mariner. -- Salt-water tailor. (Zoöl.) See Bluefish. SALT Salt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salted; p. pr. & vb. n. Salting.] 1. To sprinkle, impregnate, or season with salt; to preserve with salt or in brine; to supply with salt; as, to salt fish, beef, or pork; to salt cattle. 2. To fill with salt between the timbers and planks, as a ship, for the preservation of the timber. To salt a mine, to artfully deposit minerals in a mine in order to deceive purchasers regarding its value. [Cant] -- To salt away, To salt down, to prepare with, or pack in, salt for preserving, as meat, eggs, etc.; hence, colloquially, to save, lay up, or invest sagely, as money. SALT Salt, v. i. Defn: To deposit salt as a saline solution; as, the brine begins to salt. SALT Salt, n. Etym: [L. saltus, fr. salire to leap.] Defn: The act of leaping or jumping; a leap. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SALTANT Sal"tant, a. Etym: [L. saltans, p.pr. of saltare to dance, v. intens. fr. salire to leap: cf. F. sautant. See Sally, v.] 1. Leaping; jumping; dancing. 2. (Her.) Defn: In a leaping position; springing forward; -- applied especially to the squirrel, weasel, and rat, also to the cat, greyhound, monkey, etc. SALTARELLA Sal`ta*rel"la, n. Defn: See Saltarello. SALTARELLO Sal`ta*rel"lo, n. Etym: [It., fr. L. saltare to jump.] Defn: A popular Italian dance in quick 3-4 or 6-8 time, running mostly in triplets, but with a hop step at the beginning of each measure. See Tarantella. SALTATE Sal"tate, v. i. Etym: [See Saltant.] Defn: To leap or dance. [R.] SALTATION Sal*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. saltatio: cf. F. saltation.] 1. A leaping or jumping. Continued his saltation without pause. Sir W. Scott. 2. Beating or palpitation; as, the saltation of the great artery. 3. (Biol.) Defn: An abrupt and marked variation in the condition or appearance of a species; a sudden modification which may give rise to new races. We greatly suspect that nature does make considerable jumps in the way of variation now and then, and that these saltations give rise to some of the gaps which appear to exist in the series of known forms. Huxley. SALTATORIA Sal`ta*to"ri*a, n.; pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Orthoptera including grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets. SALTATORIAL Sal`ta*to"ri*al, a. 1. Relating to leaping; saltatory; as, saltatorial exercises. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Same as Saltatorious. (b) Of or pertaining to the Saltatoria. SALTATORIOUS Sal`ta*to"ri*ous, a. Defn: Capable of leaping; formed for leaping; saltatory; as, a saltatorious insect or leg. SALTATORY Sal"ta*to"ry, a. Etym: [L. saltatorius. See Saltant, and cf. Saltire.] Defn: Leaping or dancing; having the power of, or used in, leaping or dancing. Saltatory evolution (Biol.), a theory of evolution which holds that the transmutation of species is not always gradual, but that there may come sudden and marked variations. See Saltation. -- Saltatory spasm (Med.), an affection in which pressure of the foot on a floor causes the patient to spring into the air, so as to make repeated involuntary motions of hopping and jumping. J. Ross. SALTBUSH Salt"bush`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An Australian plant (Atriplex nummularia) of the Goosefoot family. SALTCAT Salt"cat`, n. Defn: A mixture of salt, coarse meal lime, etc., attractive to pigeons. SALTCELLAR Salt"cel*lar, n. Etym: [OE. saltsaler; salt + F. salière saltcellar, from L. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Salary.] Defn: Formerly a large vessel, now a small vessel of glass or other material, used for holding salt on the table. SALTER Salt"er, n. Defn: One who makes, sells, or applies salt; one who salts meat or fish. SALTERN Salt"ern, n. Defn: A building or place where salt is made by boiling or by evaporation; salt works. SALTFOOT Salt"foot`, n. Defn: A large saltcellar formerly placed near the center of the table. The superior guests were seated above the saltfoot. SALT-GREEN Salt"-green, a. Defn: Sea-green in color. Shak. SALTIE Salt"ie, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European dab. SALTIER Sal"tier, n. Defn: See Saltire. SALTIGRADAE Sal`ti*gra"dæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Saltigrade.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of spiders including those which lie in wait and leap upon their prey; the leaping spiders. SALTIGRADE Sal"ti*grade, a. Etym: [L. saltus a leap + gradi to walk, go: cf. F. saltigrade.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having feet or legs formed for leaping. SALTIGRADE Sal"ti*grade, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Saltigradæ a tribe of spiders which leap to seize their prey. SALTIMBANCO Sal`tim*ban"co, n. Etym: [It., literally, one who leaps or mounts upon a bench; saltare to leap + in in, upon + banco a bench.] Defn: A mountebank; a quack. [Obs.] [Written also santibanco.] Saltimbancos, quacksalvers, and charlatans. Sir T. browne. SALTING Salt"ing, n. 1. The act of sprinkling, impregnating, or furnishing, with salt. 2. A salt marsh. SALTIRE Sal"tire, n. Etym: [F. sautoir, fr. LL. saltatorium a sort of stirrup, fr. L. saltatorius saltatory. See Saltatory, Sally, v.] (Her.) Defn: A St. Andrew's cross, or cross in the form of an X, -- one of the honorable ordinaries. SALTIREWISE Sal"tire*wise`, adv. (Her.) Defn: In the manner of a saltire; -- said especially of the blazoning of a shield divided by two lines drawn in the direction of a bend and a bend sinister, and crossing at the center. SALTISH Salt"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat salt. -- Salt"ish*ly, adv. -- Salt"ish*ness, n. SALTLESS Salt"less, a. Defn: Destitute of salt; insipid. SALTLY Salt"ly, adv. Defn: With taste of salt; in a salt manner. SALTMOUTH Salt"mouth`, n. Defn: A wide-mouthed bottle with glass stopper for holding chemicals, especially crystallized salts. SALTNESS Salt"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being salt, or state of being salt, or impregnated with salt; salt taste; as, the saltness of sea water. SALTPETER; SALTPETRE Salt`pe"ter, Salt`pe"tre, (, n. Etym: [F. salpêtre, NL. sal petrae, literally, rock salt, or stone salt; Salt, and Petrify.] (Chem.) Defn: Potassium nitrate; niter, a white crystalline substance, KNO3, having a cooling saline taste, obtained by leaching from certain soils in which it is produced by the process of nitrification (see Nitrification, 2). It is a strong oxidizer, is the chief constituent of gunpowder, and is also used as an antiseptic in curing meat, and in medicine as a diuretic, diaphoretic, and refrigerant. Chili salpeter (Chem.), sodium nitrate (distinguished from potassium nitrate, or true salpeter), a white crystalline substance, NaNO3, having a cooling, saline, slightly bitter taste. It is obtained by leaching the soil of the rainless districts of Chili and Peru. It is deliquescent and cannot be used in gunpowder, but is employed in the production of nitric acid. Called also cubic niter. -- Saltpeter acid (Chem.), nitric acid; -- sometimes so called because made from saltpeter. SALTPETROUS Salt`pe"trous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. salpêtreux.] Defn: Pertaining to saltpeter, or partaking of its qualities; impregnated with saltpeter. [Obs.] SALT RHEUM Salt" rheum. (Med.) Defn: A popular name, esp. in the United States, for various cutaneous eruptions, particularly for those of eczema. See Eczema. SALTWORT Salt`wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several plants which grow on the seashore, as the Batis maritima, and the glasswort. See Glasswort. Black saltwort, the sea milkwort. SALTY Salt"y, a. Defn: Somewhat salt; saltish. SALUBRIOUS Sa*lu"bri*ous, a. Etym: [L. salubris, or saluber, fr. salus health; akin to salvus safe, sound, well. See Safe.] Defn: Favorable to health; healthful; promoting health; as, salubrious air, water, or climate. Syn. -- Healthful; wholesome; healthy; salutary. -- Sa-lu"bri*ous*ly, adv. -- Sa*lu"bri*ous*ness, n. SALUBRITY Sa*lu"bri*ty, n. Etym: [L. salubritas: cf. F. salubrité See Salubrious.] Defn: The quality of being salubrious; favorableness to the preservation of health; salubriousness; wholesomeness; healthfulness; as, the salubrity of the air, of a country, or a climate. "A sweet, dry small of salubrity." G. W. Cable. SALUE Sa*lue", v. t. Etym: [F. saluer. See Salute.] Defn: To salute. [Obs.] There was no "good day" and no saluyng. Chaucer. SALUTARY Sal"u*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. salutaris, from salus, -utis, health safety: cf. F. salutaire. See Salubrious.] 1. Wholesome; healthful; promoting health; as, salutary exercise. 2. Promotive of, or contributing to, some beneficial purpose; beneficial; advantageous; as, a salutary design. Syn. -- Wholesome; healthful; salubrious; beneficial; useful; advantageous; profitable. -- Sal"u*ta*ri*ly, adv. -- Sal"u*ta*ri*ness, n. SALUTATION Sal`u*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. salutatio: cf. F. salutation. See Salute.] Defn: The act of saluting, or paying respect or reverence, by the customary words or actions; the act of greeting, or expressing good will or courtesy; also, that which is uttered or done in saluting or greeting. In all public meetings or private addresses, use those forms of salutation, reverence, and decency usual amongst the most sober persons. Jer. Taylor. Syn. -- Greeting; salute; address. -- Salutation, Greeting, Salute, Greeting is the general word for all manner of expressions of recognition, agreeable or otherwise, made when persons meet or communicate with each other. A greeting may be hearty and loving, chilling and offensive, or merely formal, as in the opening sentence of legal documents. Salutation more definitely implies a wishing well, and is used of expressions at parting as well as at meeting. It is used especially of uttered expressions of good will. Salute, while formerly and sometimes still in the sense of either greeting or salutation, is now used specifically to denote a conventional demonstration not expressed in words. The guests received a greeting which relieved their embrassment, offered their salutations in well-chosen terms, and when they retired, as when they entered, made a deferential salute. Woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye love the uppermost seats in the synagogues, and greetings in the markets. Luke xi. 43. When Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb. Luke i. 41. I shall not trouble my reader with the first salutes of our three friends. Addison. SALUTATORIAN Sa*lu`ta*to"ri*an, n. Defn: The student who pronounces the salutatory oration at the annual Commencement or like exercises of a college, -- an honor commonly assigned to that member of the graduating class who ranks second in scholarship. [U.S.] SALUTATORILY Sa*lu"ta*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: By way of salutation. SALUTATORY Sa*lu"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. salutatorius. See Salute.] Defn: Containing or expressing salutations; speaking a welcome; greeting; -- applied especially to the oration which introduces the exercises of the Commencements, or similar public exhibitions, in American colleges. SALUTATORY Sa*lu"ta*to*ry, n. 1. A place for saluting or greeting; a vestibule; a porch. [Obs.] Milton. 2. (American Colleges) Defn: The salutatory oration. SALUTE Sa*lute", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Saluting.] Etym: [L. salutare, salutatum, from salus, -utis, health, safety. See Salubrious.] 1. To adress, as with expressions of kind wishes and courtesy; to greet; to hail. I salute you with this kingly title. Shak. 2. Hence, to give a sign of good will; to compliment by an act or ceremony, as a kiss, a bow, etc. You have the prettiest tip of a finger . . . I must take the freedom to salute it. Addison. 3. (Mil. & Naval) Defn: To honor, as some day, person, or nation, by a discharge of cannon or small arms, by dipping colors, by cheers, etc. 4. To promote the welfare and safety of; to benefit; to gratify. [Obs.] "If this salute my blood a jot." Shak. SALUTE Sa*lute", n. Etym: [Cf. F. salut. See Salute, v.] 1. The act of saluting, or expressing kind wishes or respect; salutation; greeting. 2. A sign, token, or ceremony, expressing good will, compliment, or respect, as a kiss, a bow, etc. Tennyson. 3. (Mil. & Naval) Defn: A token of respect or honor for some distinguished or official personage, for a foreign vessel or flag, or for some festival or event, as by presenting arms, by a discharge of cannon, volleys of small arms, dipping the colors or the topsails, etc. SALUTER Sa*lut"er, n. Defn: One who salutes. SALUTIFEROUS Sal`u*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. salutifer; salus, -utis, health + ferre to bring.] Defn: Bringing health; healthy; salutary; beneficial; as, salutiferous air. [R.] Innumerable powers, all of them salutiferous. Cudworth. Syn. -- Healthful; healthy; salutary; salubrious. SALUTIFEROUSLY Sal`u*tif"er*ous*ly, adv. Defn: Salutarily. [R.] SALVABILITY Sal`va*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being salvable; salvableness. [R.] In the Latin scheme of redemption, salvability was not possible outside the communion of the visible organization. A. V. G. Allen. SALVABLE Sal"va*ble, a. Etym: [L. salvare to save, from salvus safe. Cf. Savable.] Defn: Capable of being saved; admitting of salvation. Dr. H. More. -- Sal"va*ble*ness, n. -- Sal"va*bly, adv. SALVAGE Sal"vage (; 48), n. Etym: [F. salvage, OF. salver to save, F. sauver, fr. L. salvare. See Save.] 1. The act of saving a vessel, goods, or life, goods, or life, from perils of the sea. Salvage of life from a british ship, or a foreign ship in British waters, ranks before salvage of goods. Encyc. Brit. 2. (Maritime Law) (a) The compensation allowed to persons who voluntarily assist in saving a ship or her cargo from peril. (b) That part of the property that survives the peril and is saved. Kent. Abbot. SALVAGE Sal"vage, a. & n. Defn: Savage. [Obs.] Spenser. SALVATION Sal*va"tion, n. Etym: [OE. salvacioun, sauvacion, F. salvation, fr. L. salvatio, fr. salvare to save. See Save.] 1. The act of saving; preservation or deliverance from destruction, danger, or great calamity. 2. (Theol.) Defn: The redemption of man from the bondage of sin and liability to eternal death, and the conferring on him of everlasting happiness. To earn salvation for the sons of men. Milton. Godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation. 2. Cor. vii. 10. 3. Saving power; that which saves. Fear ye not; stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord, which he will show to you to-day. Ex. xiv. 13. Salvation Army, an organization for prosecuting the work of Christian evangelization, especially among the degraded populations of cities. It is virtually a new sect founded in London in 1861 by William Booth. The evangelists, male and female, have military titles according to rank, that of the chief being "General." They wear a uniform, and in their phraseology and mode of work adopt a quasi military style. SALVATIONIST Sal*va"tion*ist, n. Defn: An evangelist, a member, or a recruit, of the Salvation Army. SALVATORY Sal"va*to*ry, n. Etym: [LL. salvatorium, fr. salvare to save.] Defn: A place where things are preserved; a repository. [R.] Sir M. Hale. SALVE Sal"ve, interj. Etym: [L., hail, God save you, imperat. of salvere to be well. Cf. Salvo a volley.] Defn: Hail! SALVE Sal"ve ( or ), v. t. Defn: To say "Salve" to; to greet; to salute. [Obs.] By this that stranger knight in presence came, And goodly salved them. Spenser. SALVE Salve, n. Etym: [AS. sealf ointment; akin to LG. salwe, D. zalve, zalf, OHG. salba, Dan. salve, Sw. salva, Goth. salb to anoint, and probably to Gr. (Hesychius) sapris clarified butter. sq. root155, 291.] 1. An adhesive composition or substance to be applied to wounds or sores; a healing ointment. Chaucer. 2. A soothing remedy or antidote. Counsel or consolation we may bring. Salve to thy sores. Milton. Salve bug (Zoöl.), a large, stout isopod crustacean (Æga psora), parasitic on the halibut and codfish, -- used by fishermen in the preparation of a salve. It becomes about two inches in length. SALVE Salve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salved; p. pr. & vb. n. Salving.] Etym: [AS. sealfian to anoint. See Salve, n.] 1. To heal by applications or medicaments; to cure by remedial traetment; to apply salve to; as, to salve a wound. Shak. 2. To heal; to remedy; to cure; to make good; to soothe, as with an ointment, especially by some device, trick, or quibble; to gloss over. But Ebranck salved both their infamies With noble deeds. Spenser. What may we do, then, to salve this seeming inconsistence Milton. SALVE Salve, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Salvage] Defn: To save, as a ship or goods, from the perils of the sea. [Recent] SALVER Salv"er, n. Defn: One who salves, or uses salve as a remedy; hence, a quacksalver, or quack. [Obs.] SALVER Sal"ver, n. Etym: [Cf. Salvage.] Defn: A salvor. Skeat. SALVER Sal"ver, n. Etym: [Sp. salva pregustation, the tasting of viands before they are served, salver, fr. salvar to save, to taste, to prove the food or drink of nobles, from L. salvare to save. See Save.] Defn: A tray or waiter on which anything is presented. SALVER-SHAPED Sal"ver-shaped`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Tubular, with a speading border. See Hypocraterimorphous. SALVIA Sal"vi*a, n. Etym: [L., sage.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants including the sage. See Sage. SALVIFIC Sal*vif"ic, a. Etym: [L. salficus saving; salvus saved, safe + facere to make.] Defn: Tending to save or secure safety. [Obs.] SALVO Sal"vo, n.; pl. Salvos. Etym: [L. salvo jure, literally, the right being reserved. See Safe.] Defn: An exception; a reservation; an excuse. They admit many salvos, cautions, and reservations. Eilon Basilike. SALVO Sal"vo, n. Etym: [F. salve a discharge of heavy cannon, a volley, L. salve hail, imperat. of salvere to be well, akin to salvus well. See Safe.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A concentrated fire from pieces of artillery, as in endeavoring to make a break in a fortification; a volley. 2. A salute paid by a simultaneous, or nearly simultaneous, firing of a number of cannon. SALVOR Sal"vor, n. Etym: [See Salvation, Save] (Law) Defn: One who assists in saving a ship or goods at sea, without being under special obligation to do so. Wheaton. SAM Sam, adv. Etym: [AS. same. See Same, a.] Defn: Together. [Obs.] "All in that city sam." Spenser. SAMARA Sa*ma"ra ( or ), n. Etym: [L. samara, samera, the seed of the elm.] (Bot.) Defn: A dry, indehiscent, usually one-seeded, winged fruit, as that of the ash, maple, and elm; a key or key fruit. SAMARE Sam"are, n. Defn: See Simar. SAMARITAN Sa*mar"i*tan, a. Etym: [L. Samaritanus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Samaria, in Palestine. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Samaria; also, the language of Samaria. SAMARIUM Sa*ma"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. E. samarskite.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element of doubtful identity. Note: Samarium was discovered, by means of spectrum analysis, in certain minerals (samarskite, cerite, etc.), in which it is associated with other elements of the earthy group. It has been confounded with the donbtful elements decipium, philippium, etc., and is possibly a complex mixture of elements not as yet clearly identified. Symbol Sm. Provisional atomic weight 150.2. SAMAROID Sam"a*roid, a. Etym: [Samara + -oid.] (Bot.) Defn: Resembling a samara, or winged seed vessel. SAMARRA Sa*mar"ra, n. Defn: See Simar. SAMARSKITE Sa*mar"skite, a. Etym: [After Samarski, a Russian.] (Min.) Defn: A rare mineral having a velvet-black color and submetallic luster. It is a niobate of uranium, iron, and the yttrium and cerium metals. SAMBO Sam"bo, n. Etym: [Sp. zambo, sambo.] Defn: A colloquial or humorous appelation for a negro; sometimes, the offspring of a black person and a mulatto; a zambo. SAMBOO Sam"boo, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Sumbur. SAMBUCUS Sam*bu"cus, n. Etym: [L., an elder tree.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs and trees; the elder. SAMBUKE Sam"buke, n. Etym: [L. sambuca, Gr. (Mus.) Defn: An ancient stringed instrument used by the Greeks, the particular construction of which is unknown. SAMBUR Sam"bur, n. Etym: [Hind. sambar, sabar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An East Indian deer (Rusa Aristotelis) having a mane on its neck. Its antlers have but three prongs. Called also gerow. The name is applied to other species of the genus Rusa, as the Bornean sambur (R. equina). SAME Same, a. Etym: [AS. same. adv.; akin to OS. sama, samo, adv., OHG. sam, a., sama, adv., Icel. samr, a., Sw. samme, samma, Dan. samme, Goth. sama, Russ. samui, Gr. sama, Gr. simul at the same time, similis like, and E. some, a., -some. sq. root191. Cf. Anomalous, Assemble, Homeopathy, Homily, Seem, v. i., Semi-, Similar, Some.] 1. Not different or other; not another or others; identical; unchanged. Thou art the same, and thy years shall have no end. Ps. cii. 27. 2. Of like kind, species, sort, dimensions, or the like; not differing in character or in the quality or qualities compared; corresponding; not discordant; similar; like. The ethereal vigor is in all the same. Dryden. 3. Just mentioned, or just about to be mentioned. What ye know, the same do I know. Job. xiii. 2. Do but think how well the same he spends, Who spends his blood his country to relieve. Daniel. Note: Same is commonly preceded by the, this, or that and is often used substantively as in the citations above. In a comparative use it is followed by as or with. Bees like the same odors as we do. Lubbock. [He] held the same political opinions with his illustrious friend. Macaulay. SAMELINESS Same"li*ness, n. Defn: Sameness, 2. [R.] Bayne. SAMENESS Same"ness, n. 1. The state of being the same, identity; abscence of difference; near resemblance; correspondence; similarity; as, a sameness of person, of manner, of sound, of appearance, and the like. "A sameness of the terms." Bp. Horsley. 2. Hence, want of variety; tedious monotony. Syn. -- Identity; identicalness; oneness. SAMETTE Sa*mette", n. Defn: See Samite. [Obs.] SAMIAN Sa"mi*an, a. Etym: [L. Samius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the island of Samos. Fill high the cup with Samian wine. Byreon. Samian earth, a species of clay from Samoa, formerly used in medicine as an astringent. SAMIAN Sa"mi*an, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Samos. SAMIEL Sa"mi*el, n. Etym: [Turk. sam-yeli; Ar. samm poison + Turk. yel wind. Cf. Simoom.] Defn: A hot and destructive wind that sometimes blows, in Turkey, from the desert. It is identical with the simoom of Arabia and the kamsin of Syria. SAMIOT Sa"mi*ot, a. & n. Etym: [Cf. F. samiote.] Defn: Samian. SAMISEN Sam"i*sen, n. [Jap.] (Mus.) Defn: A Japanese musical instrument with three strings, resembling a guitar or banjo. SAMITE Sa"mite, a. Etym: [OF. samit, LL. samitum, examitum, from LGr. Six, and cf. Dimity.] Defn: A species of silk stuff, or taffeta, generally interwoven with gold. Tennyson. In silken samite she was light arrayed. Spenser. SAMLET Sam"let, n. Etym: [Cf. Salmonet.] Defn: The parr. SAMMIER Sam"mi*er, n. Defn: A machine for pressing the water from skins in tanning. Knight. SAMOAN Sa*mo"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Samoan Islands (formerly called Navigators' Islands) in the South Pacific Ocean, or their inhabitants. -- n. Defn: An inhabitant of the Samoan Islands. SAMOVAR Sa"mo*var, n. Etym: [Russ. samovar'.] Defn: A metal urn used in Russia for making tea. It is filled with water, which is heated by charcoal placed in a pipe, with chimney attached, which passes through the urn. SAMOYEDES Sam`oy*edes", n. pl.; sing. Samoyede (. (Ethnol.) Defn: An ignorant and degraded Turanian tribe which occupies a portion of Northern Russia and a part of Siberia.Samoyeds. SAMP Samp, n. Etym: [From American Indian sapac, saupac, made soft, or thinned.] Defn: An article of food consisting of maize broken or bruised, which is cooked by by boiling, and usually eaten with milk; coarse hominy. SAMPAN Sam"pan, n. (Naut.) Defn: A Chinese boat from twelve to fifteen feet long, covered with a house, and sometimes used as a permanent habitation on the inland waters. [Written also sanpan.] SAMPHIRE Sam"phire ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [F. l'herbe de Saint Pierre. See Saint, and Petrel.] (Bot.) (a) A fleshy, suffrutescent, umbelliferous European plant (Crithmum maritimum). It grows among rocks and on cliffs along the seacoast, and is used for pickles. Hangs one that gathers samphire, dreadful trade! Scak. (b) The species of glasswort (Salicornia herbacea); -- called in England marsh samphire. (c) A seashore shrub (Borrichia arborescens) of the West Indies. Golden samphire. See under Golden. SAMPLE Sam"ple, n. Etym: [OE. sample, asaumple, OF. essample, example, fr. L. exemplum. See Example, and cf. Ensample, Sampler.] 1. Example; pattern. [Obs.] Spenser. "A sample to the youngest." Shak. Thus he concludes, and every hardy knight His sample followed. Fairfax. 2. A part of anything presented for inspection, or shown as evidence of the quality of the whole; a specimen; as, goods are often purchased by samples. I design this but for a sample of what I hope more fully to discuss. Woodward. Syn. -- Specimen; example. See Specimen. SAMPLE Sam"ple, v. t. 1. To make or show something similar to; to match. Bp. Hall. 2. To take or to test a sample or samples of; as, to sample sugar, teas, wools, cloth. SAMPLER Sam"pler, n. Etym: [See Exampler, Exemplar.] 1. One who makes up samples for inspection; one who examines samples, or by samples; as, a wool sampler. 2. A pattern; a specimen; especially, a collection of needlework patterns, as letters, borders, etc., to be used as samples, or to display the skill of the worker. Susie dear, bring your sampler and Mrs. Schumann will show you how to make that W you bothered over. E. E. Hale. SAMSHOO; SAMSHU Sam"shoo, Sam"shu (, n. Etym: [Chinese san-shao thrice fired.] Defn: A spirituous liquor distilled by the Chinese from the yeasty liquor in which boiled rice has fermented under pressure. S. W. Williams. SAMSON Sam"son, n. Defn: An Israelite of Bible record (see Judges xiii.), distinguished for his great strength; hence, a man of extraordinary physical strength. Samson post. (a) (Naut.) A strong post resting on the keelson, and supporting a beam of the keelson, and supporting a beam of the deck; also, a temporary or movable pilar carrying a leading block or pulley for various purposes. Brande & C. (b) In deepwell boring, the post which supports the walking beam of the apparatus. SAMURAI Sa"mu*rai`, n. pl. & sing. [Jap.] Defn: In the former feudal system of Japan, the class or a member of the class, of military retainers of the daimios, constituting the gentry or lesser nobility. They possessed power of life and death over the commoners, and wore two swords as their distinguishing mark. Their special rights and privileges were abolished with the fall of feudalism in 1871. SANABILITY San`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sanable; sanableness; curableness. SANABLE San"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. sanabilis, fr. sanare to heal, fr. sanus sound, healthy. See Sane.] Defn: Capable of being healed or cured; susceptible of remedy. Syn. -- Remediable; curable; healable. SANABLENESS San"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being sanable. SANATION Sa*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. sanatio. See Sanable.] Defn: The act of healing or curing. [Obs.] Wiseman. SANATIVE San"a*tive, a. Etym: [LL. sanativus.] Defn: Having the power to cure or heal; healing; tending to heal; sanatory. -- San"a*tive*ness, n. SANATORIUM San`a*to"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Sanatory.] Defn: An establishment for the treatment of the sick; a resort for invalids. See Sanitarium. SANATORY San"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [LL. sanatorius, fr. L. sa to heal. See Sanable.] Defn: Conducive to health; tending to cure; healing; curative; sanative. Sanatory ordinances for the protection of public health, such as quarantine, fever hospitals, draining, etc. De Quincey. Note: Sanatory and sanitary should not be confounded. Sanatory signifies conducive to health, while sanitary has the more general meaning of pertaining to health. SANBENITO San`be*ni"to, n. Etym: [Sp. & Pg. sambenito, contr. from L. saccus sack + benedictus blessed.] 1. Anciently, a sackcloth coat worn by penitens on being reconciled to the church. 2. A garnment or cap, or sometimes both, painted with flames, figures, etc., and worn by persons who had been examined by the Inquisition and were brought forth for punishment at the auto-da-fé. SANCE-BELL; SANCTE BELL Sance"-bell", Sanc"te bell", n. Defn: See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus. SANCHO San"cho, n. [Sp., a proper name.] (Card Playing) Defn: The nine of trumps in sancho pedro. SANCHO PEDRO Sancho pedro. [Sp. Pedro Peter.] (Card Playing) Defn: A variety of auction pitch in which the nine (sancho) and five (pedro) of trumps are added as counting cards at their pip value, and the ten of trumps counts game. SANCTIFICATE Sanc"ti*fi*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. sanctificatus, p.p. of sanctificare.] Defn: To sanctify. [Obs.] Barrow. SANCTIFICATION Sanc`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. sanctificatio: cf. F. sanctification.] 1. The act of sanctifying or making holy; the being sanctified or made holy; esp. (Theol.), the act of God's grace by which the affections of men are purified, or alienated from sin and the world, and exalted to, a supreme love to God; also, the state of being thus purified or sanctified. God hath from the baginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth. 2 Thess. ii. 13. 2. The act of consecrating, or of setting apart, for a sacred purpose; consecration. Bp. Burnet. SANCTIFIED Sanc"ti*fied, a. Defn: Made holy; also, made to have the air of sanctity; sanctimonious. SANCTIFIER Sanc"ti*fi`er, n. Defn: One who sanctifies, or makes holy; specifically, the Holy Spirit. SANCTIFY Sanc"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanctified; p. pr. & vb. n. Sanctifying.] Etym: [F. sanctifier, L. sanctificare; sanctus holy + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See Saint, and -fy.] 1. To make sacred or holy; to set apart to a holy or religious use; to consecrate by appropriate rites; to hallow. God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it. Gen. ii. 3. Moses . . . sanctified Aaron and his garnment. Lev. viii. 30. 2. To make free from sin; to cleanse from moral corruption and pollution; to purify. Sanctify them through thy truth. John xvii. 17. 3. To make efficient as the means of holiness; to render productive of holiness or piety. A means which his mercy hath sanctified so to me as to make me repent of that unjust act. Eikon Basilike. 4. To impart or impute sacredness, venerableness, inviolability, title to reverence and respect, or the like, to; to secure from violation; to give sanction to. The holy man, amazed at what he saw, Made haste to sanctify the bliss by law. Dryden. Truth guards the poet, sanctifies the line. Pope. SANCTIFYINGLY Sanc"ti*fy`ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner or degree tending to sanctify or make holy. SANCTILOQUENT Sanc*til"o*quent, a. Etym: [L. sanctus holy + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Defn: Discoursing on heavenly or holy things, or in a holy manner. SANCTIMONIAL Sanc`ti*mo"ni*al, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. sanctimonialis. ] Defn: Sanctimonius. [Obs.] SANCTIMONIOUS Sanc`ti*mo"ni*ous, a. Etym: [See Sanctimony.] 1. Possessing sanctimony; holy; sacred; saintly. Shak. 2. Making a show of sanctity; affecting saintliness; hypocritically devout or pious. "Like the sanctimonious pirate." Shak. -- Sanc`ti*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Sanc`ti*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. SANCTIMONY Sanc"ti*mo*ny, n. Etym: [L. sanctimonia, fr. sanctus holy: cf. OF. sanctimonie. See Saint.] Defn: Holiness; devoutness; scrupulous austerity; sanctity; especially, outward or artificial saintliness; assumed or pretended holiness; hypocritical devoutness. Her pretense is a pilgrimage; . . . which holy undertaking with most austere sanctimony she accomplished. Shak. SANCTION Sanc"tion, n. Etym: [L. sanctio, from sancire, samctum to render sacred or inviolable, to fix unalternably: cf. F. sanction. See Saint.] 1. Solemn or ceremonious ratification; an official act of a superior by which he ratifies and gives validity to the act of some other person or body; establishment or furtherance of anything by authority to it; confirmation; approbation. The strictest professors of reason have added the sanction of their testimony. I. Watts. 2. Anything done or said to enforce the will, law, or authority of another; as, legal sanctions. Syn. -- Ratification; authorization; authoruty; countenance; support. SANCTION Sanc"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanctioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Sanctioning.] Defn: To give sanction to; to ratify; to confirm; to approve. Would have counseled, or even sanctioned, such perilous experiments. De Quincey. Syn. -- To ratify; confirm; authorize; countenance. SANCTIONARY Sanc"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or giving, sanction. SANCTITUDE Sanc"ti*tude, a. Etym: [L. sanctitudo.] Defn: Holiness; sacredness; sanctity. [R.] milton. SANCTITY Sanc"ti*ty, n.; pl. Sanctities. Etym: [L. sanctitas, from sanctus holy. See Saint.] 1. The state or quality of being sacred or holy; holiness; saintliness; moral purity; godliness. To sanctity she made no pretense, and, indeed, narrowly escaped the imputation of irreligion. Macaulay. 2. Sacredness; solemnity; inviolability; religious binding force; as, the sanctity of an oath. 3. A saint or holy being. [R.] About him all the sanctities of heaven. Milton. Syn. -- Holiness; godliness; piety; devotion; goodness; purity; religiousness;sacredness; solemnity. See the Note under Religion. SANCTUARIZE Sanc"tu*a*rize, v. t. Defn: To shelter by means of a sanctuary or sacred privileges. [Obs.] Shak. SANCTUARY Sanc"tu*a*ry, n.; pl. Sanctuaries. Etym: [OE. seintuare, OF. saintuaire, F. sanctuaire, fr. L. sanctuarium, from sanctus sacred, holy. See Saint.] Defn: A sacred place; a consecrated spot; a holy and inviolable site. Hence, specifically: (a) The most retired part of the temple at Jerusalem, called the Holy of Holies, in which was kept the ark of the covenant, and into which no person was permitted to enter except the high priest, and he only once a year, to intercede for the people; also, the most sacred part of the tabernacle; also, the temple at Jerusalem. (b) (Arch.) The most sacred part of any religious building, esp. that part of a Christian church in which the altar is placed. (c) A house consecrated to the worship of God; a place where divine service is performed; a church, temple, or other place of worship. (d) A sacred and inviolable asylum; a place of refuge and protection; shelter; refuge; protection. These laws, whoever made them, bestowed on temples the privelege of sanctuary. Milton . These admirable works of painting were made fuel for the fire; but some relics of it took sanctuary under ground, and escaped the common destiny. Dryden. Wildlife sanctuary, a tract of land set aside by law for the preservation of wildlife, in which no hunting is permitted. SANCTUM Sanc"tum, n. Etym: [L., p.p. of sanctire to consecrate.] Defn: A sacred place; hence, a place of retreat; a room reserved for personal use; as, an editor's sanctum. Sanctum sanctorum Etym: [L.] , the Holy of Holies; the most holy place, as in the Jewish temple. SANCTUS Sanc"tus, n. Etym: [L. sanctus, p.p. of sancire.] 1. (Eccl.) Defn: A part of the Mass, or, in Protestant churches, a part of the communion service, of which the first words in Latin are Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus [Holy, holy, holy]; -- called also Tersanctus. 2. (Mus.) Defn: An anthem composed for these words. Sanctus bell, a small bell usually suspended in a bell cot at the apex of the nave roof, over the chancel arch, in mediæval churches, but a hand bell is now often used; -- so called because rung at the singing of the sanctus, at the conclusion of the ordinary of the Mass, and again at the elevation of the host. Called also Mass bell, sacring bell, saints' bell, sance- bell, sancte bell. SAND Sand, n. Etym: [AS. sand; akin to D. zand, G. sand, OHG. sant, Icel. sandr, Dan. & Sw. sand, Gr. 1. Fine particles of stone, esp. of siliceous stone, but not reduced to dust; comminuted stone in the form of loose grains, which are not coherent when wet. That finer matter, called sand, is no other than very small pebbles. Woodsward. 2. A single particle of such stone. [R.] Shak. 3. The sand in the hourglass; hence, a moment or interval of time; the term or extent of one's life. The sands are numbered that make up my life. Shak. 4. pl. Defn: Tracts of land consisting of sand, like the deserts of Arabia and Africa; also, extensive tracts of sand exposed by the ebb of the tide. "The Libyan sands." Milton. "The sands o'Dee." C. Kingsley. 5. Courage; pluck; grit. [Slang] Sand badger (Zoöl.), the Japanese badger (Meles ankuma). -- Sand bag (a) A bag filled with sand or earth, used for various purposes, as in fortification, for ballast, etc. (b) A long bag filled with sand, used as a club by assassins. -- Sand ball, soap mixed with sand, made into a ball for use at the toilet. -- Sand bath. (a) (Chem.) A vessel of hot sand in a laboratory, in which vessels that are to be heated are partially immersed. (b) A bath in which the body is immersed in hot sand. -- Sand bed, a thick layer of sand, whether deposited naturally or artificially; specifically, a thick layer of sand into which molten metal is run in casting, or from a reducing furnace. -- Sand birds (Zoöl.), a collective name for numerous species of limicoline birds, such as the sandpipers, plovers, tattlers, and many others; -- called also shore birds. -- Sand blast, a process of engraving and cutting glass and other hard substances by driving sand against them by a steam jet or otherwise; also, the apparatus used in the process. -- Sand box. (a) A box with a perforated top or cover, for sprinkling paper with sand. (b) A box carried on locomotives, from which sand runs on the rails in front of the driving wheel, to prevent slipping. -- Sand-box tree (Bot.), a tropical American tree (Hura crepitans). Its fruit is a depressed many-celled woody capsule which, when completely dry, bursts with a loud report and scatters the seeds. See Illust. of Regma. -- Sand bug (Zoöl.), an American anomuran crustacean (Hippa talpoidea) which burrows in sandy seabeaches. It is often used as bait by fishermen. See Illust. under Anomura. -- Sand canal (Zoöl.), a tubular vessel having a calcareous coating, and connecting the oral ambulacral ring with the madreporic tubercle. It appears to be excretory in function. -- Sand cock (Zoöl.), the redshank. [Prov. Eng.] -- Sand collar. (Zoöl.) Same as Sand saucer, below. -- Sand crab. (Zoöl.) (a) The lady crab. (b) A land crab, or ocypodian. -- Sand crack (Far.), a crack extending downward from the coronet, in the wall of a horse's hoof, which often causes lameness. -- Sand cricket (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large terrestrial crickets of the genus Stenophelmatus and allied genera, native of the sandy plains of the Western United States. -- Sand cusk (Zoöl.), any ophidiod fish. See Illust. under Ophidiod. -- Sand dab (Zoöl.), a small American flounder (Limanda ferruginea); -- called also rusty dab. The name is also applied locally to other allied species. -- Sand darter (Zoöl.), a small etheostomoid fish of the Ohio valley (Ammocrypta pellucida). -- Sand dollar (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small flat circular sea urchins, which live on sandy bottoms, especially Echinarachnius parma of the American coast. -- Sand drift, drifting sand; also, a mound or bank of drifted sand. -- Sand eel. (Zoöl.) (a) A lant, or launce. (b) A slender Pacific Ocean fish of the genus Gonorhynchus, having barbels about the mouth. -- Sand flag, sandstone which splits up into flagstones. -- Sand flea. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of flea which inhabits, or breeds in, sandy places, especially the common dog flea. (b) the chigoe. (c) Any leaping amphipod crustacean; a beach flea, or orchestian. See Beach flea, under Beach. -- Sand flood, a vast body of sand borne along by the wind. James Bruce. -- Sand fluke. (Zoöl.) (a) The sandnecker. (b) The European smooth dab (Pleuronectes microcephalus); -- called also kitt, marysole, smear dab, town dab. -- Sand fly (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small dipterous flies of the genus Simulium, abounding on sandy shores, especially Simulium nocivum of the United States. They are very troublesome on account of their biting habits. Called also no-see-um, punky, and midge. -- Sand gall (Geol.) See Sand pipe, below. -- Sand grass (Bot.), any species of grass which grows in sand; especially, a tufted grass (Triplasis purpurea) with numerous bearded joints, and acid awl-shaped leaves, growing on the Atlantic coast. -- Sand grouse (Zoöl.), any one of many species of Old World birds belonging to the suborder Pterocletes, and resembling both grouse and pigeons. Called also rock grouse, rock pigeon, and ganga. They mostly belong to the genus Pterocles, as the common Indian species (P. exustus). The large sand grouse (P. arenarius), the painted sand grouse (P. fasciatus), and the pintail sand grouse (P. alchata) are also found in India. See Illust. under Pterocletes. -- Sand hill, a hill of sand; a dune. -- Sand-hill crane (Zoöl.), the American brown crane (Grus Mexicana). -- Sand hopper (Zoöl.), a beach flea; an orchestian. -- Sand hornet (Zoöl.), a sand wasp. -- Sand lark. (Zoöl.) (a) A small lark (Alaudala raytal), native of India. (b) A small sandpiper, or plover, as the ringneck, the sanderling, and the common European sandpiper. (c) The Australian red-capped dotterel (Ægialophilus ruficapillus); -- called also red- necked plover. -- Sand launce (Zoöl.), a lant, or launce. -- Sand lizard (Zoöl.), a common European lizard (Lacerta agilis). -- Sand martin (Zoöl.), the bank swallow. -- Sand mole (Zoöl.), the coast rat. -- Sand monitor (Zoöl.), a large Egyptian lizard (Monitor arenarius) which inhabits dry localities. -- Sand mouse (Zoöl.), the dunlin. [Prov. Eng.] -- Sand myrtle. (Bot.) See under Myrtle. -- Sand partridge (Zoöl.), either of two small Asiatic partridges of the genus Ammoperdix. The wings are long and the tarsus is spurless. One species (A. Heeji) inhabits Palestine and Arabia. The other species (A. Bonhami), inhabiting Central Asia, is called also seesee partridge, and teehoo. -- Sand picture, a picture made by putting sand of different colors on an adhesive surface. -- Sand pike. (Zoöl.) (a) The sauger. (b) The lizard fish. -- Sand pillar, a sand storm which takes the form of a whirling pillar in its progress in desert tracts like those of the Sahara and Mongolia. -- Sand pipe (Geol.), a tubular cavity, from a few inches to several feet in dept, occurring especially in calcareous rocks, and often filled with gravel, sand, etc.; -- called also sand gall. -- Sand pride (Zoöl.), a small british lamprey now considered to be the young of larger species; -- called also sand prey. -- Sand pump, in artesian well boring, a long, slender bucket with a valve at the bottom for raising sand from the well. -- Sand rat (Zoöl.), the pocket gopher. -- Sand rock, a rock made of cemented sand. -- Sand runner (Zoöl.), the turnstone. -- Sand saucer (Zoöl.), the mass of egg capsules, or oöthecæ, of any mollusk of the genus Natica and allied genera. It has the shape of a bottomless saucer, and is coated with fine sand; -- called also sand collar. -- Sand screw (Zoöl.), an amphipod crustacean (Lepidactylis arenarius), which burrows in the sandy seabeaches of Europe and America. -- Sand shark (Zoöl.), an American shark (Odontaspis littoralis) found on the sandy coasts of the Eastern United States; -- called also gray shark, and dogfish shark. See Illust. under Remora. -- Sand skink (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World lizards belonging to the genus Seps; as, the ocellated sand skink (Seps ocellatus) of Southern Europe. -- Sand skipper (Zoöl.), a beach flea, or orchestian. -- Sand smelt (Zoöl.), a silverside. -- Sand snake. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of harmless burrowing snakes of the genus Eryx, native of Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia, especially E. Jaculus of India and E. Johnii, used by snake charmers. (b) Any innocuous South African snake of the genus Psammophis, especially P. sibilans. -- Sand snipe (Zoöl.), the sandpiper. -- Sand star (Zoöl.), an ophiurioid starfish living on sandy sea bottoms; a brittle star. -- Sand storm, a cloud of sand driven violently by the wind. -- Sand sucker, the sandnecker. -- Sand swallow (Zoöl.), the bank swallow. See under Bank. -- Sand tube, a tube made of sand. Especially: (a) A tube of vitrified sand, produced by a stroke of lightning; a fulgurite. (b) (Zoöl.) Any tube made of cemented sand. (c) (Zoöl. ) In starfishes, a tube having calcareous particles in its wall, which connects the oral water tube with the madreporic plate. -- Sand viper. (Zoöl.) See Hognose snake. -- Sand wasp (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of hymenopterous insects belonging to the families Pompilidæ and Spheridæ, which dig burrows in sand. The female provisions the nest with insects or spiders which she paralyzes by stinging, and which serve as food for her young. SAND Sand, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Sanding.] 1. To sprinkle or cover with sand. 2. To drive upon the sand. [Obs.] Burton. 3. To bury (oysters) beneath drifting sand or mud. 4. To mix with sand for purposes of fraud; as, to sand sugar. [Colloq.] SANDAL San"dal, n. Defn: Same as Sendal. Sails of silk and ropes of sandal. Longfellow. SANDAL San"dal, n. Defn: Sandalwood. "Fans of sandal." Tennyson. SANDAL San"dal, n. Etym: [F. sandale, L. sandalium, Gr. sandal.] (a) A kind of shoe consisting of a sole strapped to the foot; a protection for the foot, covering its lower surface, but not its upper. (b) A kind of slipper. (c) An overshoe with parallel openings across the instep. SANDALED San"daled, a. 1. Wearing sandals. The measured footfalls of his sandaled feet. Longfellow. 2. Made like a sandal. SANDALIFORM San*dal"i*form, a. Etym: [Sandal + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Shaped like a sandal or slipper. SANDALWOOD San"dal*wood, n. Etym: [F. sandal, santal, fr. Ar. çandal, or Gr. sa`ntalon; both ultimately fr. Skr. candana. Cf. Sanders.] (Bot.) (a) The highly perfumed yellowish heartwood of an East Indian and Polynesian tree (Santalum album), and of several other trees of the same genus, as the Hawaiian Santalum Freycinetianum and S. pyrularium, the Australian S. latifolium, etc. The name is extended to several other kinds of fragrant wood. (b) Any tree of the genus Santalum, or a tree which yields sandalwood. (c) The red wood of a kind of buckthorn, used in Russia for dyeing leather (Rhamnus Dahuricus). False sandalwood, the fragrant wood of several trees not of the genus Santalum, as Ximenia Americana, Myoporum tenuifolium of Tahiti. -- Red sandalwood, a heavy, dark red dyewood, being the heartwood of two leguminous trees of India (Pterocarpus santalinus, and Adenanthera pavonina); -- called also red sanderswood, sanders or saunders, and rubywood. SANDARACH; SANDARAC San"da*rach, San"da*rac, (, n. Etym: [L. sandaraca, Gr. 1. (Min.) Defn: Realgar; red sulphide of arsenic. [Archaic] 2. (Bot. Chem.) Defn: A white or yellow resin obtained from a Barbary tree (Callitris quadrivalvis or Thuya articulata), and pulverized for pounce; -- probably so called from a resemblance to the mineral. SANDBAGGER Sand"bag`ger, n. Defn: An assaulter whose weapon is a sand bag. See Sand bag, under Sand. SAND-BLIND Sand"-blind", a. Etym: [For sam blind half blind; AS. sam- half (akin to semi-) + blind.] Defn: Having defective sight; dim-sighted; purblind. Shak. SANDED Sand"ed, a. 1. Covered or sprinkled with sand; sandy; barren. Thomson. 2. Marked with small spots; variegated with spots; speckled; of a sandy color, as a hound. Shak. 3. Short-sighted. [Prov. Eng.] SANDEMANIAN San`de*ma"ni*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Robert Sandeman, a Scotch sectary of the eighteenth century. See Glassite. SANDEMANIANISM San`de*ma"ni*an*ism, n. Defn: The faith or system of the Sandemanians. A. Fuller. SANDERLING San"der*ling, n. Etym: [Sand + 0ling. So called because it obtains its food by searching the moist sands of the seashore.] (Zo\'94l.) Defn: A small gray and brown sandpiper (Calidris arenaria) very common on sandy beaches in America, Europe, and Asia. Called also curwillet, sand lark, stint, and ruddy plover. SANDERS San"ders, n. Etym: [See Sandal.] Defn: An old name of sandalwood, now applied only to the red sandalwood. See under Sandalwood. SANDERS-BLUE San"ders-blue", n. Defn: See Saundersblue. SANDEVER San"de*ver, n. Defn: See Sandiver. [Obs.] SANDFISH Sand"fish`, n. (Zo\'94l.) Defn: A small marine fish of the Pacific coast of North America (Trichodon trichodon) which buries itself in the sand. SANDGLASS Sand"glass`, n. Defn: An instrument for measuring time by the running of sand. See Hourglass. SANDHILLER Sand"hill`er, n. Defn: A nickname given to any "poor white" living in the pine woods which cover the sandy hills in Georgia and South Carolina. [U.S.] SANDINESS Sand"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sandy, or of being of a sandy color. SANDISH Sand"ish, a. Defn: Approaching the nature of sand; loose; not compact. [Obs.] Evelyn. SANDIVER San"di*ver, n. Etym: [Perh. fr. OF. sa\'8bn grease, fat + de of + verre glass (cf. Saim), or fr. F. sel de verre sandiver.] Defn: A whitish substance which is cast up, as a scum, from the materials of glass in fusion, and, floating on the top, is skimmed off; -- called also glass gall. [Formerly written also sandever.] SANDIX San"dix, n. Etym: [L. sandix, sandyx, vermilion, or a color like vermilion, Gr. Defn: A kind of minium, or red lead, made by calcining carbonate of lead, but inferior to true minium. [Written also sandyx.] [Obs.] SAND-LOT Sand"-lot`, a. Defn: Lit., of or pert. to a lot or piece of sandy ground, -- hence, pert. to, or characteristic of, the policy or practices of the socialistic or communistic followers of the Irish agitator Denis Kearney, who delivered many of his speeches in the open sand lots about San Francisco; as, the sand-lot constitution of California, framed in 1879, under the influence of sand-lot agitation. SANDMAN Sand"man`, n. Defn: A mythical person who makes children sleepy, so that they rub their eyes as if there were sand in them. SANDNECKER Sand"neck`er, n. (Zo\'94l.) Defn: A European flounder (Hippoglossoides limandoides); -- called also rough dab, long fluke, sand fluke, and sand sucker. SANDPAPER Sand"pa`per, n. Defn: Paper covered on one side with sand glued fast, -- used for smoothing and polishing. SANDPAPER Sand"pa`per, v. t. Defn: To smooth or polish with sandpaper; as, to sandpaper a door. SANDPIPER Sand"pi`per, n. 1. (Zo\'94l.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small limicoline game birds belonging to Tringa, Actodromas, Ereunetes, and various allied genera of the family Tringid\'91. Note: The most important North American species are the pestoral sandpiper (Tringa maculata), called also browback, grass snipe, and jacksnipe; the red-backed, or black-breasted, sandpiper, or dunlin (T. alpina); the purple sandpiper (T.maritima: the red-breasted sandpiper, or knot (T. canutus); the semipalmated sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus); the spotted sandpiper, or teeter-tail (Actitis macularia); the buff-breasted sandpiper (Tryngites subruficollis), and the Bartramian sandpiper, or upland plover. See under Upland. Among the European species are the dunlin, the knot, the ruff, the sanderling, and the common sandpiper (Actitis, or tringoides, hypoleucus), called also fiddler, peeper, pleeps, weet-weet, and summer snipe. Some of the small plovers and tattlers are also called sandpipers. 2. (Zo\'94l.) Defn: A small lamprey eel; the pride. Curlew sandpiper. See under Curlew. -- Stilt sandpiper. See under Stilt. SANDPIT Sand"pit`, n. Defn: A pit or excavation from which sand is or has been taken. SANDRE San"dre, n. (Zo\'94l.) Defn: A Russian fish (Lucioperca sandre) which yields a valuable oil, called sandre oil, used in the preparation of caviare. SANDSTONE Sand"stone`, n. Defn: A rock made of sand more or less firmly united. Common or siliceous sandstone consists mainly of quartz sand. Note: Different names are aplied to the various kinds of sandstone according to their composition; as, granitic, argillaceous, micaceous, etc. Flexible sandstone (Min.), the finer-grained variety of itacolumite, which on account of the scales of mica in the lamination is quite flexible. -- Red sandstone, a name given to two extensive series of British rocks in which red sandstones predominate, one below, and the other above, the coal measures. These were formerly known as the Old and the New Red Sandstone respectively, and the former name is still retained for the group preceding the Coal and referred to the Devonian age, but the term New Red Sandstone is now little used, some of the strata being regarded as Permian and the remained as Triassic. See the Chart of Geology. SANDWICH Sand"wich, n. Etym: [Named from the Earl of Sandwich.] Defn: Two pieces of bread and butter with a thin slice of meat, cheese, or the like, between them. SANDWICH Sand"wich, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sandwiched; p. pr. & vb. n. Sandwiching.] Defn: To make into a sandwich; also, figuratively, to insert between portions of something dissimilar; to form of alternate parts or things, or alternating layers of a different nature; to interlard. SANDWORM Sand"worm`, n. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Any one of numerous species of annelids which burrow in the sand of the seashore. (b) Any species of annelids of the genus Sabellaria. They construct firm tubes of agglutinated sand on rocks and shells, and are sometimes destructive to oysters. (c) The chigoe, a species of flea. SANDWORT Sand"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Arenaria, low, tufted herbs (order Caryophyllace\'91.) SANDY Sand"y, a. [Compar. Sandier; superl. Sandiest.] Etym: [AS. sandig.] 1. Consisting of, abounding with, or resembling, sand; full of sand; covered or sprinkled with sand; as, a sandy desert, road, or soil. 2. Of the color of sand; of a light yellowish red color; as, sandy hair. SANDYX San"dyx, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Sandix. SANE Sane, a. Etym: [L. sanus; cf. Gr. Sound, a.] 1. Being in a healthy condition; not deranged; acting rationally; -- said of the mind. 2. Mentally sound; possessing a rational mind; having the mental faculties in such condition as to be able to anticipate and judge of the effect of one's actions in an ordinary maner; -- said of persons. Syn. -- Sound; healthy; underanged; unbroken. SANENESS Sane"ness, n. Defn: The state of being sane; sanity. SANG Sang, Defn: imp. of Sing. SANGA; SANGU San"ga, San"gu, n. (Zo\'94l.) Defn: The Abyssinian ox (Bos or Bibos, Africanus), noted for the great length of its horns. It has a hump on its back. SANGAREE San`ga*ree", n. Etym: [Sp. sangria, lit., bleeding, from sangre, blood, L. sanguis.] Defn: Wine and water sweetened and spiced, -- a favorite West Indian drink. SANG-FROID Sang`-froid", n. Etym: [F., cold blood.] Defn: Freedom from agitation or excitement of mind; coolness in trying circumstances; indifference; calmness. Burke. SANGIAC San"gi*ac, n. Defn: See Sanjak. SANGRAAL; SANGREAL San`graal", San"gre*al, n. Etym: [See Saint, and Grail.] Defn: See Holy Grail, under Grail. SANGUIFEROUS San*guif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. sanguis blood + -ferous.] (Physiol.) Defn: Conveying blood; as, sanguiferous vessels, i. e., the arteries, veins, capillaries. SANGUIFICATION San`gui*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sanguification. See Sanguify.] (Physiol.) Defn: The production of blood; the conversion of the products of digestion into blood; hematosis. SANGUIFIER San"gui*fi`er, n. Defn: A producer of blood. SANGUIFLUOUS San*guif"lu*ous, a. Etym: [L. sanguis blood + fluere to flow.] Defn: Flowing or running with blood. SANGUIFY San"gui*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. sanguis blood + -fy: cf. F. sanguifier.] Defn: To produce blood from. SANGUIGENOUS San*guig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. sanguis + -genous.] Defn: Producing blood; as, sanguigenous food. SANGUINACEOUS San`gui*na"ceous, n. Defn: Of a blood-red color; sanguine. SANGUINARIA San`gui*na"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Sanguinary, a. & n.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants of the Poppy family. Note: Sanguinaria Canadensis, or bloodroot, is the only species. It has a perennial rootstock, which sends up a few roundish lobed leaves and solitary white blossoms in early spring. See Bloodroot. 2. The rootstock of the bloodroot, used in medicine as an emetic, etc. SANGUINARILY San"gui*na*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a sanguinary manner. SANGUINARINESS San"gui*na*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sanguinary. SANGUINARY San"gui*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. sanguinarius, fr. sanguis blood: cf. F.sanguinaire.] 1. Attended with much bloodshed; bloody; murderous; as, a sanguinary war, contest, or battle. We may not propagate religion by wars, or by sanguinary persecutions to force consciences. Bacon. 2. Bloodthirsty; cruel; eager to shed blood. Passion . . . makes us brutal and sanguinary. Broome. SANGUINARY San"gui*na*ry, n. Etym: [L. herba sanguinaria an herb that stanches blood: cf. F. sanguinaire. See Sanguinary, a.] (Bot.) (a) The yarrow. (b) The Sanguinaria. SANGUINE San"guine, a. Etym: [F. sanguin, L. sanguineus, fr. sanguis blood. Cf. Sanguineous.] 1. Having the color of blood; red. Of his complexion he was sanguine. Chaucer. Like to that sanguine flower inscribed with woe. Milton. 2. Characterized by abundance and active circulation of blood; as, a sanguine bodily temperament. 3. Warm; ardent; as, a sanguine temper. 4. Anticipating the best; not desponding; confident; full of hope; as, sanguine of success. Syn. -- Warm; ardent; lively; confident; hopeful. SANGUINE San"guine, n. 1. Blood color; red. Spenser. 2. Anything of a blood-red, as cloth. [Obs.] In sanguine and in pes he clad was all. Chaucer. 3. (Min.) Defn: Bloodstone. 4. Red crayon. See the Note under Crayon, 1. SANGUINE San"guine, v. t. Defn: To stain with blood; to impart the color of blood to; to ensanguine. SANGUINE San"guine, adv. Defn: In a sanguine manner. I can not speculate quite so sanguinely as he does. Burke. SANGUINELESS San"guine*less, a. Defn: Destitute of blood; pale. [R.] SANGUINELY San"guine*ly, adv. Defn: In a sanguine manner. I can not speculate quite so sanguinely as he does. Burke. SANGUINENESS San"guine*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being sanguine. SANGUINEOUS San*guin"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. sanguineus. See Sanguine.] 1. Abounding with blood; sanguine. 2. Of or pertaining to blood; bloody; constituting blood. Sir T. Browne. 3. Blood-red; crimson. Keats. SANGUINITY san*guin"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being sanguine; sanguineness. Swift. SANGUINIVOROUS San"gui*niv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. sanguis + vorare to devour.] Defn: Subsisting on blood. SANGUINOLENCY San*guin"o*len*cy, n. Defn: The state of being sanguinolent, or bloody. SANGUINOLENT San*guin"o*lent, a. Etym: [L. sanguinolentus, from sanguis blood: cf. F. sanguinolent.] Defn: Tinged or mingled with blood; bloody; as, sanguinolent sputa. SANGUISUGE San"gui*suge, n. Etym: [L. sanguisuga; sanguis blood + sugere to suck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bloodsucker, or leech. SANGUIVOROUS San*guiv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. sanguis blood + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Subsisting upon blood; -- said of certain blood-sucking bats and other animals. See Vampire. SANHEDRIN; SANHEDRIM San"he*drin, San"he*drim, n. Etym: [Heb. sanhedrin, fr. Gr. Sit.] (Jewish Antiq.) Defn: the great council of the Jews, which consisted of seventy members, to whom the high priest was added. It had jurisdiction of religious matters. SANHEDRIST San"he*drist, n. Defn: A member of the sanhedrin. Schaeffer (Lange's Com. ). SANHITA San"hi*ta, n. Etym: [Skr. samhita, properly, combination.] Defn: A collection of vedic hymns, songs, or verses, forming the first part of each Veda. SANICLE San"i*cle, n. Etym: [F., from L. sanare to heal.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the umbelliferous genus Sanicula, reputed to have healing powers. SANIDINE San"i*dine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A variety of orthoclase feldspar common in certain eruptive rocks, as trachyte; -- called also glassy feldspar. SANIES Sa"ni*es, n. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: A thin, serous fluid commonly discharged from ulcers or foul wounds. SANIOUS Sa"ni*ous, a. Etym: [L. sanious, fr. sanies: cf. F. sanieux.] 1. (Med.) Defn: pertaining to sanies, or partaking of its nature and appearance; thin and serous, with a slight bloody tinge; as, the sanious matter of an ulcer. 2. (med.) Defn: Discharging sanies; as, a sanious ulcer. SANITARIAN San`i*ta"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to health, or the laws of health; sanitary. SANITARIAN San`i*ta"ri*an, n. Defn: An advocate of sanitary measures; one especially interested or versed in sanitary measures. SANITARIST San"i*ta*rist, n. Defn: A sanitarian. SANITARIUM San`i*ta"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Sanitary.] Defn: A health station or retreat; a sanatorium. "A sanitarium for troops." L. Oliphant. SANITARY San"i*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. sanitas health: cf. F. sanitaire. See Sanity.] Defn: Of or pertaining to health; designed to secure or preserve health; relating to the preservation or restoration of health; hygienic; as, sanitary regulations. See the Note under Sanatory. Sanitary Commission. See under Commission. SANITATION San`i*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of rendering sanitary; the science of sanitary conditions; the preservation of health; the use of sanitary measures; hygiene. How much sanitation has advanced during the last half century. H. Hartshorne. SANITY San"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. saniras, from sanus sound, healthy. See Sane.] Defn: The condition or quality of being sane; soundness of health of body or mind, especially of the mind; saneness. SANJAK San"jak, n. Etym: [Turk. sanjag.] Defn: A district or a subvision of a vilayet. [Turkey] SAN JOSE SCALE San Jo*sé" scale. Defn: A very destructive scale insect (Aspidiotus perniciosus) that infests the apple, pear, and other fruit trees. So called because first introduced into the United States at San José, California. SANK Sank, Defn: imp. of Sink. SANKHA Sank"ha, n. Etym: [Skr. çankha a shell.] Defn: A chank shell (Turbinella pyrum); also, a shell bracelet or necklace made in India from the chank shell. SANKHYA Sankh"ya, n. Defn: A Hindoo system of philosophy which refers all things to soul and a rootless germ called prakriti, consisting of three elements, goodness, passion, and darkness. Whitworth. SANNOP San"nop (sân"nôp), n. Defn: same as Sannup. Bancroft. SANNUP San"nup (-nûp), n. Defn: A male Indian; a brave; -- correlative of squaw. SANNY San"ny, n. Defn: The sandpiper. [prov. Eng.] SANS Sans (sän; E. sânz), prep. Etym: [F., from L. sine without.] Defn: Without; deprived or destitute of. Rarely used as an English word. "Sans fail." Chaucer. Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything. Shak. SANSCRIT San"scrit, n. Defn: See Sanskrit. SANS-CULOTTE Sans`-cu`lotte" (F. ; E. , n. Etym: [F., without breeches.] 1. A fellow without breeches; a ragged fellow; -- a name of reproach given in the first French revolution to the extreme republican party, who rejected breeches as an emblem peculiar to the upper classes or aristocracy, and adopted pantaloons. 2. Hence, an extreme or radical republican; a violent revolutionist; a Jacobin. SANS-CULOTTIC Sans`-cu*lot"tic, a. Defn: pertaining to, or involving, sans-culottism; radical; revolutionary; Jacobinical. Carlyle. SANS-CULOTTISM Sans`-cu*lot"tism, n. Etym: [F. sans-culottisme.] Defn: Extreme republican principles; the principles or practice of the sans-culottes. SANSKRIT San"skrit, n. Etym: [Skr. Samskrsta the Sanskrit language, literally, the perfect, polished, or classical language, fr. samskrsta prepared, wrought, made,excellent, perfect; sam together (akin to E. same) + krsta made. See Same, Create.] [Written also Sanscrit.] Defn: The ancient language of the Hindoos, long since obsolete in vernacular use, but preserved to the present day as the literary and sacred dialect of India. It is nearly allied to the Persian, and to the principal languages of Europe, classical and modern, and by its more perfect preservation of the roots and forms of the primitive language from which they are all descended, is a most important assistance in determining their history and relations. Cf. Prakrit, and Veda. SANSKRIT San"skrit, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Sanskrit; written in Sanskrit; as, a Sanskrit dictionary or inscription. SANSKRITIC San*skrit"ic, a. Defn: Sanskrit. SANSKRITIST San"skrit*ist, n. Defn: One versed in Sanskrit. SANS-SOUCI Sans`-sou`ci, adv. Etym: [F.] Defn: Without care; free and easy. SANTAL San"tal, n. Etym: [Santalum + piperonal.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless crystalline substance, isomeric with piperonal, but having weak acid properties. It is extracted from sandalwood. SANTALACEOUS San`ta*la"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Santalaceæ), of which the genus Santalum is the type, and which includes the buffalo nut and a few other North American plants, and many peculiar plants of the southern hemisphere. SANTALIC San*tal"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, sandalwood (Santalum); -- used specifically to designate an acid obtained as a resinous or red crystalline dyestuff, which is called also santalin. SANTALIN San"ta*lin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. santaline.] (Chem.) Defn: Santalic acid. See Santalic. SANTALUM San"ta*lum, n. Etym: [NL. See Sandalwood.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees with entire opposite leaves and small apetalous flowers. There are less than a dozen species, occuring from India to Australia and the Pacific Islands. See Sandalwood. SANTEES San`tees", n. pl.; sing. Santee (. (Ethnol.) Defn: One of the seven confederated tribes of Indians belonging to the Sioux, or Dakotas. SANTER San"ter, v. i. Defn: See Saunter. SANTON San"ton, n. Etym: [Sp. santon, augment fr. santo holy, L. sanctus.] Defn: A Turkish saint; a kind of dervish, regarded by the people as a saint: also, a hermit. SANTONATE San"to*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of santonic acid. SANTONIC San*ton"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid (distinct from santoninic acid) obtained from santonin as a white crystalline substance. SANTONIN San"to*nin, n. Etym: [L. herba santonica, a kind of plant, fr. Santoni a people of Aquitania; cf. Gr. santonine.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance having a bitter taste, extracted from the buds of levant wormseed and used as an anthelmintic. It occassions a peculiar temporary color blindness, causing objects to appear as if seen through a yellow glass. SANTONINATE San"to*nin`ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of santoninic acid. SANTONINIC San`to*nin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to santonin; -- used specifically to designate an acid not known in the free state, but obtained in its salts. SAO Sa"o, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any marine annelid of the genus Hyalinæcia, especially H. tubicola of Europe, which inhabits a transparent movable tube resembling a quill in color and texture. SAP Sap, n. Etym: [AS. sæp; akin to OHG. saf, G. saft, Icel. safi; of uncertain origin; possibly akin to L. sapere to taste, to be wise, sapa must or new wine boiled thick. Cf. Sapid, Sapient.] 1. The juice of plants of any kind, especially the ascending and descending juices or circulating fluid essential to nutrition. Note: The ascending is the crude sap, the assimilation of which takes place in the leaves, when it becomes the elaborated sap suited to the growth of the plant. 2. The sapwood, or alburnum, of a tree. 3. A simpleton; a saphead; a milksop. [Slang] Sap ball (Bot.), any large fungus of the genus Polyporus. See Polyporus. -- Sap green, a dull light green pigment prepared from the juice of the ripe berries of the Rhamnus catharticus, or buckthorn. It is used especially by water-color artists. -- Sap rot, the dry rot. See under Dry. -- Sap sucker (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small American woodpeckers of the genus Sphyrapicus, especially the yellow-bellied woodpecker (S. varius) of the Eastern United States. They are so named because they puncture the bark of trees and feed upon the sap. The name is loosely applied to other woodpeckers. -- Sap tube (Bot.), a vessel that conveys sap. SAP Sap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saped; p. pr. & vb. n. Sapping.] Etym: [F. saper (cf. Sp. zapar, It. zapare), fr. sape a sort of scythe, LL. sappa a sort of mattock.] 1. To subvert by digging or wearing away; to mine; to undermine; to destroy the foundation of. Nor safe their dwellings were, for sapped by floods, Their houses fell upon their household gods. Dryden. 2. (Mil.) Defn: To pierce with saps. 3. To make unstable or infirm; to unsettle; to weaken. Ring out the grief that saps the mind. Tennyson. SAP Sap, v. i. Defn: To proceed by mining, or by secretly undermining; to execute saps. W. P. Craighill. Both assaults carried on by sapping. Tatler. SAP Sap, n. (Mil.) Defn: A narrow ditch or trench made from the foremost parallel toward the glacis or covert way of a besieged place by digging under cover of gabions, etc. Sap fagot (Mil.), a fascine about three feet long, used in sapping, to close the crevices between the gabions before the parapet is made. -- Sap roller (Mil.), a large gabion, six or seven feet long, filled with fascines, which the sapper sometimes rolls along before him for protection from the fire of an enemy. SAPADILLO Sap`a*dil"lo, n. Defn: See Sapodila. SAPAJO Sap"a*jo, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sapajou. SAPAJOU Sap"a*jou, n. Etym: [F. sapajou, sajou, Braz. sajuassu.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of South American monkeys of the genus Cebus, having long and prehensile tails. Some of the species are called also capuchins. The bonnet sapajou (C. subcristatus), the golden-handed sapajou (C. chrysopus), and the white-throated sapajou (C. hypoleucus) are well known species. See Capuchin. SAPAN WOOD Sa*pan" wood. Etym: [Malay sapang.] (Bot.) Defn: A dyewood yielded by Cæsalpinia Sappan, a thorny leguminous tree of Southern Asia and the neighboring islands. It is the original Brazil wood. [Written also sappan wood.] SAPFUL Sap"ful, a. Defn: Abounding in sap; sappy. SAPHEAD Sap"head`, n. Defn: A weak-minded, stupid fellow; a milksop. [Low] SAPHENOUS Sa*phe"nous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) (a) Manifest; -- applied to the two principal superficial veins of the lower limb of man. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the saphenous veins; as, the saphenous nerves; the saphenous opening, an opening in the broad fascia of the thigh through which the internal saphenous vein passes. SAPID Sap"id, a. Etym: [L. sapidus, fr. sapere to taste: cf. F. sapide. See Sapient, Savor.] Defn: Having the power of affecting the organs of taste; possessing savor, or flavor. Camels, to make the water sapid, do raise the mud with their feet. Sir T. Browne. SAPIDITY Sa*pid"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sapidité.] Defn: The quality or state of being sapid; taste; savor; savoriness. Whether one kind of sapidity is more effective than another. M. S. Lamson. SAPIDNESS Sap"id*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being sapid; sapidity. When the Israelites fancied the sapidness and relish of the fleshpots, they longed to taste and to return. Jer. Taylor. SAPIENCE Sa"pi*ence, n. Etym: [L. sapientia: cf. F. sapience. See Sapient..] Defn: The quality of being sapient; wisdom; sageness; knowledge. Cowper. Woman, if I might sit beside your feet, And glean your scattered sapience. Tennyson. SAPIENT Sa"pi*ent, a. Etym: [L. sapiens, -entis, p.pr. of sapere to taste to have sense, to know. See Sage, a.] Defn: Wise; sage; discerning; -- often in irony or contempt. Where the sapient king Held dalliance with his fair Egyptian spouse. Milton. Syn. -- Sage; sagacious; knowing; wise; discerning. SAPIENTIAL Sa`pi*en"tial, a. Etym: [L. sapientialis.] Defn: Having or affording wisdom. -- Sa`pi*en"tial*ly, adv. The sapiential books of the Old [Testament]. Jer. Taylor. SAPIENTIOUS Sa`pi*en"tious, a. Defn: Sapiential. [Obs.] SAPIENTIZE Sa"pi*ent*ize, v. t. Defn: To make sapient. [R.] Coleridge. SAPIENTLY Sa"pi*ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a sapient manner. SAPINDACEOUS Sap`in*da"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an order of trees and shrubs (Sapindaceæ), including the (Typical) genus Sapindus, the maples, the margosa, and about seventy other genera. SAPINDUS Sa*pin"dus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. sapo soap + Indicus Indian.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of tropical and subtropical trees with pinnate leaves and panicled flowers. The fruits of some species are used instead of soap, and their round black seeds are made into necklaces. SAPLESS Sap"less, a. 1. Destitute of sap; not juicy. 2. Fig.: Dry, old; husky; withered; spiritless. "A somewhat sapless womanhood." Lowell. Now sapless on the verge of death he stands. Dryden. SAPLING sap"ling, n. Defn: A young tree. Shak. SAPODILLA Sap`o*dil"la, n. Etym: [Sp. zapote, sapotillo, zapotillo, Mexican cochit-zapotl. Cf. Sapota.] (Bot.) Defn: A tall, evergeen, tropical American tree (Achras Sapota); also, its edible fruit, the sapodilla plum. [Written also sapadillo, sappadilo, sappodilla, and zapotilla.] Sapodilla plum (Bot.), the fruit of Achras Sapota. It is about the size of an ordinary quince, having a rough, brittle, dull brown rind, the flesh being of a dirty yellowish white color, very soft, and deliciously sweet. Called also naseberry. It is eatable only when it begins to be spotted, and is much used in desserts. SAPOGENIN Sa*pog"e*nin, n. Etym: [Saponin + -gen + in.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of saponin. SAPONACEOUS Sap`o*na"ceous, a. Etym: [L. sapo, -onis, soap, of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. soap. See Soap.] Defn: Resembling soap; having the qualities of soap; soapy. Note: Saponaceous bodies are compounds of an acid and a base, and are in reality a kind of salt. SAPONACITY Sap`o*nac"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being saponaceous. SAPONARY Sap"o*na*ry, a. Defn: Saponaceous. Boyle. SAPONIFIABLE Sa*pon*i*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of conversion into soap; as, a saponifiable substance. SAPONIFICATION Sa*pon`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. saponification. See Saponify.] Defn: The act, process, or result, of soap making; conversion into soap; specifically (Chem.), the decomposition of fats and other ethereal salts by alkalies; as, the saponification of ethyl acetate. SAPONIFIER Sa*pon"i*fi`er, n. (Chem.) Defn: That which saponifies; any reagent used to cause saponification. SAPONIFY Sa*pon"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saponified; p. pr. & vb. n. Saponifying.] Etym: [L. sapo, -onis, soap + -fy: cf. F. saponifier.] Defn: To convert into soap, as tallow or any fat; hence (Chem.), to subject to any similar process, as that which ethereal salts undergo in decomposition; as, to saponify ethyl acetate. SAPONIN Sap"o*nin, n. Etym: [L. sapo, -onis soap: cf. F. saponine.] (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous glucoside found in many plants, as in the root of soapwort (Saponaria), in the bark of soap bark (Quillaia), etc. It is extracted as a white amorphus powder, which occasions a soapy lather in solution, and produces a local anæstesia. Formerly called also struthiin, quilaiin, senegin, polygalic acid, etc. By extension, any one of a group of related bodies of which saponin proper is the type. SAPONITE Sap"o*nite, n. Etym: [Sw. saponit, fr. L. sapo, -onis, soap.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous silicate of magnesia and aluminia. It occurs in soft, soapy, amorphous masses, filling veins in serpentine and cavities in trap rock. SAPONUL Sap"o*nul, n. Etym: [F. saponule, fr. L. sapo, -onis, soap.] (Old Chem.) Defn: A soapy mixture obtained by treating an essential oil with an alkali; hence, any similar compound of an essential oil. [Written also saponule.] [Obs.] SAPOR Sa"por, n. Etym: [L. See Savor.] Defn: Power of affecting the organs of taste; savor; flavor; taste. There is some sapor in all aliments. Sir T. Browne. SAPORIFIC Sap`o*rif"ic, a. Etym: [L. sapor taste + facere to make.] Defn: Having the power to produce the sensation of taste; producing taste, flavor, or relish. SAPOROSITY Sap`o*ros"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of a body by which it excites the sensation of taste. SAPOROUS Sap"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. saporius that relishes well, savory, fr. sapor taste.] Defn: Having flavor or taste; yielding a taste. [R.] Bailey. SAPOTA Sa*po"ta, n. Etym: [NL., from Sp. sapote, zapote. See Sapodilla.] (Bot.) Defn: The sapodilla. SAPOTACEOUS Sap`o*ta"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order (Sapotaceæ) of (mostly tropical) trees and shrubs, including the star apple, the Lucuma, or natural marmalade tree, the gutta-percha tree (Isonandra), and the India mahwa, as well as the sapodilla, or sapota, after which the order is named. SAPPAN WOOD Sap*pan" wood". Defn: Sapan wood. SAPPARE Sap"pare, n. Etym: [F. sappare; -- so called by Saussure.] (Min.) Defn: Kyanite. [Written also sappar.] SAPPER Sap"per, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sapeur.] Defn: One who saps; specifically (Mil.), one who is employed in working at saps, building and repairing fortifications, and the like. SAPPHIC Sap"phic, a. Etym: [L. Sapphicus, Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to Sappho, the Grecian poetess; as, Sapphic odes; Sapphic verse. 2. (Pros.) Defn: Belonging to, or in the manner of, Sappho; -- said of a certain kind of verse reputed to have been invented by Sappho, consisting of five feet, of which the first, fourth, and fifth are trochees, the second is a spondee, and the third a dactyl. SAPPHIC Sap"phic, n. (Pros.) Defn: A Sapphic verse. SAPPHIRE Sap"phire ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [OE. saphir, F. saphir, L. sapphirus, Gr. sappir.] 1. (Min.) Defn: Native alumina or aluminium sesquioxide, Al2O3; corundum; esp., the blue transparent variety of corundum, highly prized as a gem. of rubies, sapphires, and of pearlés white. Chaucer. Note: Sapphire occurs in hexagonal crystals and also in granular and massive forms. The name sapphire is usually restricted to the blue crystals, while the bright red crystals are called Oriental rubies (see under Ruby), the amethystine variety Oriental amethyst (see under Amethyst), and the dull massive varieties corundum (a name which is also used as a general term to include all varieties). See Corundum. 2. The color of the gem; bright blue. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any humming bird of the genus Hylocharis, native of South America. The throat and breast are usually bright blue. Star sapphire, or Asteriated sapphire (Min.), a kind of sapphire which exhibits asterism. SAPPHIRE Sap"phire, a. Defn: Of or resembling sapphire; sapphire; blue. "The sapphire blaze." Gray. SAPPHIRINE Sap"phir*ine, n. Defn: Resembling sapphire; made of sapphire; having the color, or any quality of sapphire. "Sapphirine degree of hardness." Boyle. SAPPHO Sap"pho, n. Etym: [See Sapphic.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of brilliant South American humming birds of the genus Sappho, having very bright-colored and deeply forked tails; -- called also firetail. SAPPINESS Sap"pi*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being sappy; juiciness. SAPPODILLA Sap`po*dil"la, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Sapodilla. SAPPY Sap"py, a. [Compar. Sappier; superl. Sappiest.] Etym: [From 1st Sap.] 1. Abounding with sap; full of sap; juisy; succulent. 2. Hence, young, not firm; weak, feeble. When he had passed this weak and sapy age. Hayward. 3. Weak in intellect. [Low] 4. (Bot.) Defn: Abounding in sap; resembling, or consisting lagerly of, sapwood. SAPPY Sap"py, a. [Written also sapy.] Etym: [Cf. L. sapere to taste.] Defn: Musty; tainted. [Obs.] SAPROPHAGAN Sa*proph"a*gan, n. Etym: [Gr. saprophage.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a tribe of beetles which feed upon dacaying animal and vegetable substances; a carrion beetle. SAPROPHAGOUS Sa*proph"a*gous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Feeding on carrion. SAPROPHYTE Sap"ro*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant growing on dacayed animal or vegetable matter, as most fungi and some flowering plants with no green color, as the Indian pipe. SAPROPHYTIC Sap`ro*phyt"ic, a. Defn: Feeding or growing upon decaying anomal or vegetable matter; pertaining to a saprophyte or the saprophytes. SAPROPHYTISM Sap"ro*phyt*ism, n. Defn: State or fact of being saprophytic. SAPSAGO Sap"sa*go, n. Etym: [G. schabzieger; schaben to shave, to scrape + zieger a sort of hey.] Defn: A kind of Swiss cheese, of a greenish color, flavored with melilot. SAPSKULL Sap"skull`, n. Defn: A saphead. [Low] SAPUCAIA Sap`u*ca"ia (; Pg. , n. Etym: [Pg. sapucaya.] (Bot.) Defn: A Brazilian tree. See Lecythis, and Monkey-pot. [Written also sapucaya.] Sapucaia nut (Bot.), the seed of the sapucaia; -- called also paradise nut. SAPWOOD Sap"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The alburnum, or part of the wood on any exogenous tree next to the bark, being that portion of the tree through which the sap flows most freely; -- distinguished from Heartwood. SARABAITE Sar"a*bai*te, n. Etym: [LL. Sarabaïtae, pl.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of certain vagrant or heretical Oriental monks in the early church. SARABAND Sar"a*band, n. Etym: [F. sarabande, Sp. zarabanda, fr. Per. serbend a song.] Defn: A slow Spanish dance of Saracenic origin, to an air in triple time; also, the air itself. She has brought us the newest saraband from the court of Queen Mab. Sir W. Scott. SARACEN Sar"a*cen, n. Etym: [l. Saracenus perhaps fr. Ar. sharqi, pl. sharqiin, Oriental Eastern, fr. sharaga to rise, said of the sun: cf. F. sarrasin. Cf. Sarcenet, Sarrasin, Sirocco.] Defn: Anciently, an Arab; later, a Mussulman; in the Middle Ages, the common term among Christians in Europe for a Mohammedan hostile to the crusaders. Saracen's consound (Bot.), a kind of ragewort (Senecio Saracenicus), anciently used to heal wounds. SARACENIC; SARACENICAL Sar`a*cen"ic, Sar`a*cen"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Saracens; as, Saracenic architecture. "Saracenic music." Sir W. Scott. SARASIN Sar"a*sin, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Sarrasin. SARASWATI Sa`ras*wa"ti, n. Etym: [Skr. Sarasvati.] (Hind. Myth.) Defn: The sakti or wife of Brahma; the Hindoo goddess of learning, music, and poetry. SARCASM Sar"casm, n. Etym: [F. sarcasme, L. sarcasmu, Gr. Defn: A keen, reproachful expression; a satirical remark uttered with some degree of scorn or contempt; a taunt; a gibe; a cutting jest. The sarcasms of those critics who imagine our art to be a matter of inspiration. Sir J. Reynolds. Syn. -- Satire; irony; ridicule; taunt; gibe. SARCASMOUS Sar*cas"mous, a. Defn: Sarcastic. [Obs.] "Sarcasmous scandal." Hubidras. SARCASTIC; SARCASTICAL Sar*cas"tic, Sar*cas"tic*al, a. Defn: Expressing, or expressed by, sarcasm; characterized by, or of the nature of, sarcasm; given to the use of sarcasm; bitterly satirical; scornfully severe; taunting. What a fierce and sarcastic reprehension would this have drawn from the friendship of the world! South. SARCASTICALLY Sar*cas"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a sarcastic manner. SARCEL Sar"cel, n. Etym: [OF. cercel, F. cerceau, L. circellus, dim. of circulus. See Circle.] Defn: One of the outer pinions or feathers of the wing of a bird, esp. of a hawk. SARCELED Sar"celed, a. (her.) Defn: Cut through the middle. SARCELLE Sar`celle", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. querquedula.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The old squaw, or long-tailed duck. SARCENET Sarce"net, n. Etym: [OF. sacenet; cf. LL. saracenium cloth made by Saracens. See Saracen.] Defn: A species of fine thin silk fabric, used for linings, etc. [Written also sarsenet.] Thou green sarcenet flap for a sore eye. Shak. SARCIN Sar"cin, n. Defn: Same as Hypoxanthin. SARCINA Sar*ci"na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A genus of bacteria found in various organic fluids, especially in those those of the stomach, associated with certain diseases. The individual organisms undergo division along two perpendicular partitions, so that multiplication takes place in two directions, giving groups of four cubical cells. Also used adjectively; as, a sarcina micrococcus; a sarcina group. Sarcina form (Biol.), the tetrad form seen in the division of a dumb-bell group of micrococci into four; -- applied particularly to bacteria. See micrococcus. SARCLE Sar"cle, v. t. Etym: [F. sarcler to weed, fr. L. sarculare to hoe, fr. sarculum hoe.] Defn: To weed, or clear of weeds, with a hoe. [Obs.] Ainsworth. SARCO; SARCO- Sar"co. Defn: A combining form from Gr. flesh; as, sarcophagous, flesh- eating; sarcology. SARCOBASIS Sar*cob"a*sis, n.; pl. Sarcobases. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A fruit consisting of many dry indehiscent cells, which contain but few seeds and cohere about a common style, as in the mallows. SARCOBLAST Sar"co*blast, n. Etym: [Sarco- + -blast.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A minute yellowish body present in the interior of certain rhizopods. SARCOCARP Sar"co*carp, n. Etym: [Sacro- + Gr. sarcocarpe.] (Bot.) Defn: the fleshy part of a stone fruit, situated between the skin, or epicarp, and the stone, or endocarp, as in a peach. See Illust. of Endocarp. Note: The term has also been used to denote, any fruit which is fleshy throughout. M. T. Masters. SARCOCELE Sar"co*cele, n. Etym: [Gr. sacrocèle.] (Med.) Defn: Any solid tumor of the testicle. SARCOCOL; SARCOCOLLA Sar"co*col, Sar`co*col"la, n. Etym: [L. sarcoccolla, from Gr. sacrocolle.] Defn: A gum resin obtained from certain shrubs of Africa (Penæa), -- formerly thought to cause healing of wounds and ulcers. SARCODE Sar"code, n. Etym: [Gr. Sarcoid.] (Biol.) Defn: A name applied by Dujardin in 1835 to the gelatinous material forming the bodies of the lowest animals; protoplasm. SARCODERM; SARCODERMA Sar"co*derm, sar`co*der"ma, n. Etym: [NL. sacroderma. See Sarco-, and Derm.] (Bot.) (a) A fleshy covering of a seed, lying between the external and internal integuments. (b) A sarcocarp. SARCODIC Sar*cod"ic ( or ), a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to sarcode. SARCOID Sar"coid, a. Etym: [Gr. Sarcode.] (Biol.) Defn: Resembling flesh, or muscle; composed of sarcode. SARCOLACTIC Sar`co*lac"tic, a. Etym: [Sarco- + lactic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: relating to muscle and milk; as, sarcolactic acid. See Lactic acid, under Lactic. SARCOLEMMA Sar`co*lem"ma, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The very thin transparent and apparently homogenous sheath which incloses a striated muscular fiber; the myolemma. SARCOLINE Sar"co*line, a. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Flesh-colored. SARCOLOGIC; SARCOLOGICAL Sar`co*log"ic, Sar`co*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to sarcology. SARCOLOGY Sar*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Sarco- + -logy: cf. F. sarcologie.] Defn: That part of anatomy which treats of the soft parts. It includes myology, angiology, neurology, and splanchnology. SARCOMA Sar*co"ma, n.; pl. L. Sarcomata (# or #), E. sarcomas. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Med.) Defn: A tumor of fleshy consistence; -- formerly applied to many varieties of tumor, now restricted to a variety of malignant growth made up of cells resembling those of fetal development without any proper intercellular substance. SARCOMATOUS Sar*com"a*tous ( or ), a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to sarcoma; resembling sarcoma. SARCOPHAGA Sar*coph"a*ga, n. pl. Etym: [NL., neut. pl. See Sarcophagus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of carnivorous and insectivorous marsupials including the dasyures and the opossums. SARCOPHAGA Sar*coph"a*ga, n. Etym: [NL., frm. sing. See Sarcophagus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Diptera, including the flesh flies. SARCOPHAGAN Sar*coph"a*gan, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any animal which eats flesh, especially any carnivorous marsupial. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any fly of the genus Sarcophaga. SARCOPHAGOUS Sar*coph"a*gous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Feeding on flesh; flesh-eating; carnivorous. SARCOPHAGUS Sar*coph"a*gus, n.; pl. L. Sarcophagi, E. Sarcophaguses. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Sarcasm.] 1. A species of limestone used among the Greeks for making coffins, which was so called because it consumed within a few weeks the flesh of bodies deposited in it. It is otherwise called lapis Assius, or Assian stone, and is said to have been found at Assos, a city of Lycia. Holland. 2. A coffin or chest-shaped tomb of the kind of stone described above; hence, any stone coffin. 3. A stone shaped like a sarcophagus and placed by a grave as a memorial. SARCOPHAGY Sar*coph"a*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Sarcophagus.] Defn: The practice of eating flesh. SARCOPHILE Sar"co*phile, n. Etym: [Sacro- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A flesh-eating animal, especially any one of the carnivorous marsupials. SARCOPTES Sar*cop"tes, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of parasitic mites including the itch mites. SARCOPTID Sar*cop"tid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of the genus Sarcoptes and related genera of mites, comprising the itch mites and mange mites. -- a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the itch mites. SARCORHAMPHI Sar`co*rham"phi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of raptorial birds composing the vultures. SARCOSEPTUM Sar`co*sep"tum, n.; pl. Sarcosepta. Etym: [Sarco- + septum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the mesenteries of an anthozoan. SARCOSIN Sar"co*sin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A crystalline nitrogenous substance, formed in the decomposition of creatin (one of the constituents of muscle tissue). Chemically, it is methyl glycocoll. SARCOSIS Sar*co"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) Abnormal formation of flesh. (b) Sarcoma. SARCOTIC Sar*cot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. sarcotique.] (Med.) Defn: Producing or promoting the growth of flesh. [R.] -- n. Defn: A sarcotic medicine. [R.] SARCOUS Sar"cous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Fleshy; -- applied to the minute stryctural elements, called sarcous elements, or sarcous disks, of which striated muscular fiber is composed. SARCULATION Sar`cu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. sarculatio. See Sarcle.] Defn: A weeding, as with a hoe or a rake. SARD Sard, n. Etym: [L. sarda, Gr. sarde. Cf. Sardius.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of carnelian, of a rich reddish yellow or brownish red color. See the Note under Chalcedony. SARDACHATE Sar"da*chate, n. Etym: [L. sardachates: cf. F. Sardachate. See Sard, and Agate.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of agate containing sard. SARDAN; SARDEL Sar"dan, Sar"del, n. Etym: [It. sardella. See Sardine a fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A sardine. [Obs.] SARDEL Sar"del, n. Defn: A precious stone. See Sardius. SARDINE Sar"dine ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [F. sardine (cf. Sp. sardina, sarda, It. sardina, sardella), L. sardina, sarda; cf. Gr. sardinia, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several small species of herring which are commonly preserved in olive oil for food, especially the pilchard, or European sardine (Clupea pichardus). The California sardine (Clupea sagax) is similar. The American sardines of the Atlantic coast are mostly the young of the common herring and of the menhaden. SARDINE Sar"dine ( or ; 277), n. Defn: See Sardius. SARDINIAN Sar*din"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Sardinianus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the island, kingdom, or people of Sardinia. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Sardinia. SARDIUS Sar"di*us, n. Etym: [L. sardius, lapis sardinus, Gr. Sard.] Defn: A precious stone, probably a carnelian, one of which was set in Aaron's breastplate. Ex. xxviii. 17. SARDOIN Sar"doin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sardoine.] (Min.) Defn: Sard; carnelian. SARDONIAN Sar*do"ni*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sardonien.] Defn: Sardonic. [Obs.] "With Sardonian smile." Spenser. SARDONIC Sar*don"ic, a. Etym: [F. sardonique, L. sardonius, Gr. Sardinia, Gr. Defn: Forced; unnatural; insincere; hence, derisive, mocking, malignant, or bitterly sarcastic; -- applied only to a laugh, smile, or some facial semblance of gayety. Where strained, sardonic smiles are glozing still, And grief is forced to laugh against her will. Sir H. Wotton. The scornful, ferocious, sardonic grin of a bloody ruffian. Burke. Sardonic grin or laugh, an old medical term for a spasmodic affection of the muscles of the face, giving it an appearance of laughter. SARDONIC Sar*don"ic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a kind of linen made at Colchis. SARDONYX Sar"do*nyx, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Sard, and Onyx.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of onyx consisting of sard and white chalcedony in alternate layers. SAREE Sa"ree, n. Etym: [Hind. Defn: The principal garment of a Hindoo woman. It consists of a long piece of cloth, which is wrapped round the middle of the body, a portion being arranged to hang down in front, and the remainder passed across the bosom over the left shoulder. SARGASSO Sar*gas"so, n. Etym: [Sp. sargazo seaweed.] (Bot.) Defn: The gulf weed. See under Gulf. Sargasso Sea, a large tract of the North Atlantic Ocean where sargasso in great abundance floats on the surface. SARGASSUM Sar*gas"sum, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A genus of algæ including the gulf weed. SARGO Sar"go, n. Etym: [Sp. sargo, L. sargus a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of sparoid fishes belonging to Sargus, Pomodasys, and related genera; -- called also sar, and saragu. SARI Sa"ri, n. Defn: Same as Saree. SARIGUE Sa*rigue", n. Etym: [F., from Braz. çarigueia, çarigueira.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small South American opossum (Didelphys opossum), having four white spots on the face. SARK Sark, n. Etym: [AS. serce, syrce, ashirt; akin to Icel. serkr, Sw. särk.] Defn: A shirt. [Scot.] SARK Sark, v. t. (Carp.) Defn: To cover with sarking, or thin boards. SARKIN Sar"kin, n. Etym: [Gr. ( (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Same as Hypoxanthin. SARKING Sark"ing, n. Etym: [From Sark shirt.] (Carp.) Defn: Thin boards for shealting, as above the rafters, and under the shingles or slates, and for similar purposes. SARLAC; SARLYK Sar"lac, Sar"lyk, n. Etym: [Mongolian sarlyk.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The yak. SARMATIAN; SARMATIC Sar*ma"tian, Sar*mat"ic, a. Etym: [L. Sarmaticus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Sarmatia, or its inhabitants, the ancestors of the Russians und the Poles. SARMENT Sar"ment, n. Etym: [L. sarmentum a twig, fr. sarpere to cut off, to trim: cf. F. sarment.] (Bot.) Defn: A prostrate filiform stem or runner, as of the strawbwrry. See Runner. SARMENTACEOUS Sar`men*ta"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Bearing sarments, or runners, as the strawberry. SARMENTOSE Sar`men*tose" ( or ), a. Etym: [L. sarmentosus: cf. F. sarmenteux. See Sarment.] (Bot.) (a) Long and filiform, and almost naked, or having only leaves at the joints where it strikes root; as, a sarmentose stem. (b) Bearing sarments; sarmentaceous. SARMENTOUS Sar*men"tous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Sarmentose. SARN Sarn, n. Etym: [W. sarn a causeway, paving.] Defn: A pavement or stepping-stone. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson. SARONG Sa"rong, n. Etym: [Malay sarung.] Defn: A sort of petticoat worn by both sexes in Java and the Malay Archipelago. Balfour (Cyc. of India) SAROS Sa"ros, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Astron) Defn: A Chaldean astronomical period or cycle, the length of which has been variously estimated from 3,600 years to 3,600 days, or a little short of 10 years. Brande & C. SARPLAR Sar"plar, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. sarplare. See Sarplier.] Defn: A large bale or package of wool, containing eighty tods, or 2,240 pounds, in weight. [Eng.] SARPLIER Sar"plier, n. Etym: [F. serpillière; cf. Pr. sargelheira, LL. serpelleria, serpleria, Catalan sarpallera, Sp. arpillera.] Defn: A coarse cloth made of hemp, and used for packing goods, etc. [Written also sarpelere.] Tyrwhitt. SARPO Sar"po, n. Etym: [Corruption of Sp. sapo a toad.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large toadfish the Southern United States and the Gulf of Mexico (Batrachus tau, var. pardus). SARRACENIA Sar`ra*ce"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. So named after a Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of American perrenial herbs growing in bogs; the American pitcher plant. Note: They have hollow pitcher-shaped or tubular leaves, and solitary flowers with an umbrella-shaped style. Sarracenia purpurea, the sidesaddle flower, is common at the North; S. flava, rubra, Drummondii, variolaris, and psittacina are Southern species. All are insectivorous, catching and drowning insects in their curious leaves. See Illust. of Sidesaddle flower, under Sidesaddle. SARRASIN; SARRASINE Sar"ra*sin, Sar"ra*sine, n. Etym: [F. sarrasine, LL. saracina. See Saracen.] (Fort.) Defn: A portcullis, or herse. [Written also sarasin.] SARSA Sar"sa, n. Defn: Sarsaparilla. [Written also sarza.] SARSAPARILLA Sar`sa*pa*ril"la, n. Etym: [Sp. zarzaparrilla; zarza a bramble (perhaps fr. Bisc. zartzia) + parra a vine, or Parillo, a physician said to have discovered it.] (Bot.) (a) Any plant of several tropical American species of Smilax. (b) The bitter mucilaginous roots of such plants, used in medicine and in sirups for soda, etc. Note: The name is also applied to many other plants and their roots, especially to the Aralia nudicaulis, the wild sarsaparilla of the United States. SARSAPARILLIN Sar`sa*pa*ril"lin, n. Defn: See Parillin. SARSE Sarse, n. Etym: [F. sas, OF. saas, LL. setatium, fr. L. seta a stiff hair.] Defn: A fine sieve; a searce. [Obs.] SARSE Sarse, v. t. Defn: To sift through a sarse. [Obs.] SARSEN Sar"sen, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain; perhaps for saracen stone, i.e., a heathen or pagan stone or monument.] Defn: One of the large sandstone blocks scattered over the English chalk downs; -- called also sarsen stone, and Druid stone. [Eng.] SARSENET Sarse"net, n. Defn: See Sarcenet. SART Sart, n. Defn: An assart, or clearing. [Obs.] Bailey. SARTORIAL Sar*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [See Sartorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to a tailor or his work. Our legs skulked under the table as free from sartorial impertinences as those of the noblest savages. Lowell. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to thesartorius muscle. SARTORIUS Sar*to"ri*us, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. sartor a patcher, tailor, fr. sarcire, sartum, to patch, mend.] (Anat.) Defn: A muscle of the thigh, called the tailor's muscle, which arises from the hip bone and is inserted just below the knee. So named because its contraction was supposed to produce the position of the legs assumed by the tailor in sitting. SARUM USE Sa"rum use`. (Ch. of Eng.) Defn: A liturgy, or use, put forth about 1087 by St. Osmund, bishop of Sarum, based on Anglo-Saxon and Norman customs. SASH Sash, n. Etym: [Pers. shast a sort of girdle.] Defn: A scarf or band worn about the waist, over the shoulder, or otherwise; a belt; a girdle, -- worn by women and children as an ornament; also worn as a badge of distinction by military officers, members of societies, etc. SASH Sash, v. t. Defn: To adorn with a sash or scarf. Burke. SASH Sash, n. Etym: [F. sh a frame, sash, fr. sh a shrine, reliquary, frame, L. capsa. See Case a box.] 1. The framing in which the panes of glass are set in a glazed window or door, including the narrow bars between the panes. 2. In a sawmill, the rectangular frame in which the saw is strained and by which it is carried up and down with a reciprocating motion; - - also called gate. French sash, a casement swinging on hinges; -- in distinction from a vertical sash sliding up and down. SASH Sash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sashing.] Defn: To furnish with a sash or sashes; as, to sash a door or a window. SASHERY Sash"er*y, n. Etym: [From 1st Sash.] Defn: A collection of sashes; ornamentation by means of sashes. [R.] Distinguished by their sasheries and insignia. Carlyle. SASHOON Sash"oon, n. Etym: [Etymology uncertain.] Defn: A kind of pad worn on the leg under the boot. [Obs.] Nares. SASIN Sa"sin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Indian antelope (Antilope bezoartica, or cervicapra), noted for its beauty and swiftness. It has long, spiral, divergent horns. SASSABY; SASSABYE Sas"sa*by, Sas"sa*bye, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large African antelope (Alcelaphus tunata), similar to the hartbeest, but having its horns regularly curved. SASSAFRAS Sas"sa*fras, n. Etym: [F. sassafras (cf. It. sassafrasso, sassafras, Sp. sasafras, salsafras, salsifrax, salsifragia, saxifragia), fr. L. saxifraga saxofrage. See Saxifrage.] (Bot.) Defn: An American tree of the Laurel family (Sassafras officinale); also, the bark of the roots, which has an aromatic smell and taste. Australian sassafras, a lofty tree (Doryophora Sassafras) with aromatic bark and leaves. -- Chilian sassafras, an aromatic tree (Laurelia sempervirens). -- New Zealand sassafras, a similar tree (Laurelia Novæ Zelandiæ). -- Sassafras nut. See Pichurim bean. -- Swamp sassafras, the sweet bay (Magnolia glauca). See Magnolia. SASSANAGE Sas"sa*nage, n. Etym: [See Sarse a sieve.] Defn: Stones left after sifting. Smart. SASSARARA Sas`sa*ra"ra, n. Etym: [Perh. a corruption of certiorari, the name of a writ.] Defn: A word used to emphasize a statement. [Obs.] Out she shall pack, with a sassarara. Goldsmith. SASSE Sasse, n. Etym: [D. sas, fr. F. sas the basin of a waterfall.] Defn: A sluice or lock, as in a river, to make it more navigable. [Obs.] Pepys. SASSENACH Sas"sen*ach, n. Etym: [Gael. sasunnach.] Defn: A Saxon; an Englishman; a Lowlander. [Celtic] Sir W. Scott. SASSOLIN; SASSOLINE Sas"so*lin, Sas"so*line, n. Etym: [From Sasso, a town in Italy: cf. F. sassolin.] (Min.) Defn: Native boric acid, found in saline incrustations on the borders of hot springs near Sasso, in the territory of Florence. SASSOROL; SASSOROLLA Sas"so*rol, Sas`so*rol"la, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The rock pigeon. See under Pigeon. SASSY BARK Sas"sy bark`. (Bot.) Defn: The bark of a West African leguminous tree (Erythrophlæum Guineense, used by the natives as an ordeal poison, and also medicinally; -- called also mancona bark. SASTRA Sas"tra, n. Defn: Same as Shaster. SASTRUGI Sas*tru"gi. Defn: Incorrect, but common, var. of Zastrugi. SAT Sat, Defn: imp. of Sit. [Written also sate.] SATAN Sa"tan, n. Etym: [Heb. satan an adversary, fr. satan to be adverse, to persecute: cf. GR. Satan, Satanas.] Defn: The grand adversary of man; The Devil, or Prince of darkness; the chief of the fallen angels; the archfiend. I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven. Luke x. 18. SATANIC; SATANICAL Sa*tan"ic, Sa*tan"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. satanique, GR. Defn: Of or pertaining to Satan; having the qualities of Satan; resembling Satan; extremely malicious or wicked; devilish; infernal. "Satanic strength." "Satanic host." Milton. Detest the slander which, with a Satanic smile, exults over the character it has ruined. Dr. T. Dwight. -- Sa*tan"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sa*tan"ic*al*ness, n. SATANISM Sa"tan*ism, n. Defn: The evil and malicious disposition of Satan; a diabolical sprit. [R.] SATANIST Sa"tan*ist, n. Defn: A very wicked-person. [R.] Granger. SATANOPHANY Sa`tan*oph"a*ny, n. Etym: [Satan + Gr. Defn: An incarnation of Satan; a being possessed by a demon. [R.] O. A. Brownson. SATCHEL Satch"el n. Etym: [OF. sachel, fr. L. saccellus, dim. of saccus. See Sack a bag.] Defn: A little sack or bag for carrying papers, books, or small articles of wearing apparel; a hand bag. [Spelled also sachel.] The whining schoolboy with his satchel. Shak. SATE Sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sating.] Etym: [Probably shortened fr. satiate: cf. L. satus full. See Satiate.] Defn: To satisfy the desire or appetite of; to satiate; to glut; to surfeit. Crowds of wanderers sated with the business and pleasure of great cities. Macaulay. SATE Sate, Defn: imp. of Sit. But sate an equal guest at every board. Lowell. SATEEN Sat*een", n. Etym: [Cf. Satin.] Defn: A kind of dress goods made of cotton or woolen, with a glossy surface resembling satin. SATELESS Sate"less, a. Defn: Insatiable. [R.] Young. SATELLITE Sat"el*lite, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. Stelles, -itis, an attendant.] 1. An attendant attached to a prince or other powerful person; hence, an obsequious dependent. "The satellites of power." I. Disraeli. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A secondary planet which revolves about another planet; as, the moon is a satellite of the earth. See Solar system, under Solar. Satellite moth (Zoöl.), a handsome European noctuid moth (Scopelosoma satellitia). SATELLITE Sat"el*lite, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated near; accompanying; as, the satellite veins, those which accompany the arteries. SATELLITIOUS Sat`el*li"tious, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, satellites. [R.] Cheyne. SATHANAS Sath"an*as, n. [L. Satanas. See Satan] Defn: Satan. [Obs.] Chaucer. Wyclif. SATIATE Sa"ti*ate, a. Etym: [L. satiatus, p. p. of satiare to satisfy, from sat, satis, enough. See Sad, a., and cf. Sate.] Defn: Filled to satiety; glutted; sated; -- followed by with or of. "Satiate of applause." Pope. SATIATE Sa"ti*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Satiating.] 1. To satisfy the appetite or desire of; tho feed to the full; to furnish enjoyment to, to the extent of desire; to sate; as, to satiate appetite or sense. These [smells] rather woo the sense than satiate it. Bacon. I may yet survive the malice of my enemies, although they should be satiated with my blood. Eikon Basilike. 2. To full beyond matural desire; to gratify to repletion or loathing; to surfeit; to glut. 3. To saturate. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. Syn. -- To satisfy; sate; suffice; cloy; gorge; overfill; surfeit; glut. -- Satiate, Satisfy, Content. These words differ principally in degree. To Content is to make contented, even though every desire or appetite is not fully gratified. To satisfy is to appease fully the longings of desire. To satiate is to fill so completely that it is not possible to receive or enjoy more; hence, to overfill; to cause disgust in. Content with science in the vale of peace. Pope. His whole felicity is endless strife; No peace, no satisfaction, crowns his life. Beaumont. He may be satiated, but not satisfied. Norris. SATIATION Sa`ti*a"tion, n. Defn: Satiety. SATIETY Sa*ti"e*ty, n. Etym: [L. satietas, from satis, sat, enough: cf. F. satiété.] Defn: The state of being satiated or glutted; fullness of gratification, either of the appetite or of any sensual desire; fullness beyond desire; an excess of gratification which excites wearisomeness or loathing; repletion; satiation. In all pleasures there is satiety. Hakewill. But thy words, with grace divine Imbued, bring to their sweetness no satiety. Milton. Syn. -- Repletion; satiation; surfeit; cloyment. SATIN Sat"in, n. Etym: [F. satin (cf. Pg. setim), fr. It. setino, from seta silk, L. saeta, seta, a thick, stiff hair, a bristle; or possibly ultimately of Chinese origin; cf. Chin. sz-tün, sz-twan. Cf. Sateen.] Defn: A silk cloth, of a thick, close texture, and overshot woof, which has a glossy surface. Cloths of gold and satins rich of hue. Chaucer. Denmark satin, a kind of lasting; a stout worsted stuff, woven with a satin twill, used for women's shoes. -- Farmer's satin. See under Farmer. -- Satin bird (Zoöl.), an Australian bower bird. Called also satin grackle. -- Satin flower (Bot.) See Honesty, 4. -- Satin spar. (Min.) (a) A fine fibrous variety of calcite, having a pearly luster. (b) A similar variety of gypsum. -- Satin sparrow (Zoöl.), the shining flycatcher (Myiagra nitida) of Tasmania and Australia. The upper surface of the male is rich blackish green with a metallic luster. -- Satin stone, satin spar. SATINET Sat`i*net", n. Etym: [F., fr. satin. See Satin.] 1. A thin kind of satin. 2. A kind of cloth made of cotton warp and woolen filling, used chiefly for trousers. SATINETTE Sat`i*nette", n. Defn: One of a breed of fancy frilled pigeons allied to the owls and turbits, having the body white, the shoulders tricolored, and the tail bluish black with a large white spot on each feather. SATIN WEAVE Sat"in weave. Defn: A style of weaving producing smooth-faced fabric in which the warp interlaces with the filling at points distributed over the surface. SATINWOOD sat"in*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The hard, lemon-colored, fragrant wood of an East Indian tree (Chloroxylon Swietnia). It takes a lustrous finish, and is used in cabinetwork. The name is also given to the wood of a species of prickly ash (Xanthoxylum Caribæum) growing in Florida and the West Indies. SATINY Sat"in*y, a. Defn: Like or composed of satin; glossy; as, to have a satiny appearance; a satiny texture. SATION Sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. satio, fr. serere, satum, to sow.] Defn: A sowing or planting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SATIRE Sat"ire (; in Eng. often , n. Etym: [L. satira, satura, fr. satura (sc. lanx) a dish filled with various kinds of fruits, food composed of various ingredients, a mixture, a medley, fr. satur full of food, sated, fr. sat, satis, enough: cf. F. satire. See Sate, Sad, a., and cf. Saturate.] 1. A composition, generally poetical, holding up vice or folly to reprobation; a keen or severe exposure of what in public or private morals deserves rebuke; an invective poem; as, the Satires of Juvenal. 2. Keeness and severity of remark; caustic exposure to reprobation; trenchant wit; sarcasm. Syn. -- Lampoon; sarcasm; irony; ridicule; pasquinade; burlesque; wit; humor. SATIRIC; SATIRICAL Sa*tir"ic, Sa*tir"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. satiricus: cf. F. satirique.] 1. Of or pertaining to satire; of the nature of satire; as, a satiric style. 2. Censorious; severe in language; sarcastic; insulting. "Satirical rogue." Shak. Syn. -- Cutting; caustic; poignant; sarcastic; ironical; bitter; reproachful; abusive. -- Sa*tir"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sa*tir"ic*al*ness, n. SATIRIST Sat"ir*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. satiriste.] Defn: One who satirizes; especially, one who writes satire. The mighty satirist, who . . . had spread through the Whig ranks. Macaulay. SATIRIZE Sat"ir*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satirized; p. pr. & vb. n. Satirizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. satiriser.] Defn: To make the object of satire; to attack with satire; to censure with keenness or severe sarcasm. It is as hard to satirize well a man of distinguished vices, as to praise well a man of distinguished virtues. Swift. SATISFACTION Sat`is*fac"tion, n. Etym: [OE. satisfaccioum, F. satisfaction, fr. L. satisfactio, fr. satisfacere to satisfy. See Satisfy.] 1. The act of satisfying, or the state of being satisfied; gratification of desire; contentment in possession and enjoyment; repose of mind resulting from compliance with its desires or demands. The mind having a power to suspend the execution and satisfaction of any of its desires. Locke. 2. Settlement of a claim, due, or demand; payment; indemnification; adequate compensation. We shall make full satisfaction. Shak. 3. That which satisfies or gratifiles; atonement. Die he, or justice must; unless or him Some other, able, and as willing, pay The rigid satisfaction, death for death. Milton. Syn. -- Contentment; content; gratification; pleasure; recompence; compensation; amends; remuneration; indemnification; atonement. SATISFACTIVE Sat`is*fac"tive, a. Defn: Satisfactory. [Obs.] Satisfactive discernment of fish. Sir T. Browne. SATISFACTORY Sat`is*fac"to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. satisfactoire.] 1. Giving or producing satisfaction; yielding content; especially, relieving the mind from doubt or uncertainty, and enabling it to rest with confidence; sufficient; as, a satisfactory account or explanation. 2. Making amends, indemnification, or recompense; causing to cease from claims and to rest content; compensating; atoning; as, to make satisfactory compensation, or a satisfactory apology. A most wise and sufficient means of redemption and salvation, by the satisfactory and meritorius death and obedience of the incarnate Son of God, Jesus Christ. Bp. Sanderson. -- Sat`is*fac"to*ri*ty, adv. -- Sat`is*fac"to*ri*ness, n. SATISFIABLE Sat"is*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: That may be satisfied. SATISFIER Sat"is*fi`er, n. Defn: One who satisfies. SATISFY Sat"is*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satisfied; p. pr. & vb. n. Satisfying.] Etym: [OF. satisfier; L. satis enough + -ficare (in comp.) to make; cf. F. satisfaire, L. satisfacere. See Sad, a., and Fact.] 1. In general, to fill up the measure of a want of (a person or a thing); hence, to grafity fully the desire of; to make content; to supply to the full, or so far as to give contentment with what is wished for. Death shall . . . with us two Be forced to satisfy his ravenous maw. Milton. 2. To pay to the extent of chaims or deserts; to give what is due to; as, to satisfy a creditor. 3. To answer or discharge, as a claim, debt, legal demand, or the like; to give compensation for; to pay off; to requitte; as, to satisfy a claim or an execution. 4. To free from doubrt, suspense, or uncertainty; to give assurance to; as, to satisfy one's self by inquiry. The standing evidences of the truth of the gospel are in themselves most firm, solid, and satisfying. Atterbury. Syn. -- To satiate; sate; content; grafity; compensate. See Satiate. SATISFY Sat"is*fy, v. i. 1. To give satisfaction; to afford gratification; to leave nothing to be desire. 2. To make payment or atonement; to atone. Milton. SATISFYINGLY Sat"is*fy`ing*ly, adv. Defn: So as to satisfy; satisfactorily. SATIVE Sa"tive, a. Etym: [L. sativus, fr. serere, satum, to sow.] Defn: Sown; propagated by seed. [Obs.] Evelyn. SATLE Sa"tle, v. t. & i. Defn: To settle. [Obs.] Chaucer. SATRAP Sa"trap ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [L. satrapes, Gr. khsatrapavan ruler: cf. F. satrape.] Defn: The governor of a province in ancient Persia; hence, a petty autocrat despot. SATRAPAL Sa"trap*al ( or ), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a satrap, or a satrapy. SATRAPESS Sa"trap*ess ( or ), n. Defn: A female satrap. SATRAPICAL Sa*trap"ic`al, a. Defn: Satrapal. [R.] SATRAPY Sa"trap*y, n.; pl. Satrapies. Etym: [L. satrapia, satrapea, Gr. satrapie.] Defn: The government or jurisdiction of a satrap; a principality. Milton. SATSUMA WARE Sat"su*ma ware" ( or ). (Fine Arts) Defn: A kind of ornamental hard-glazed pottery made at Satsuma in Kiushu, one of the Japanese islands. SATURABLE Sat"u*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. saturabilis: cf. F. saturable.] Defn: Capable of being saturated; admitting of saturation. -- Sat`u*ra*bil"i*ty, n. SATURANT Sat"u*rant, a. Etym: [L. saturans, p. pr. See Saturate.] Defn: Impregnating to the full; saturating. SATURANT Sat"u*rant, n. 1. (Chem.) Defn: A substance used to neutralize or saturate the affinity of another substance. 2. (Med.) Defn: An antacid, as magnesia, used to correct acidity of the stomach. SATURATE Sat"u*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saturated; p. pr. & vb. n. Saturating.] Etym: [L. saturatus, p.p. of saturate to saturate, fr. satur full of food, sated. See Satire.] 1. To cause to become completely penetrated, impregnated, or soaked; to fill fully; to sate. Innumerable flocks and herbs covered that vast expanse of emerald meadow saturated with the moisture of the Atlantic. Macaulay. Fill and saturate each kind With good according to its mind. Emerson. 2. (Chem.) Defn: To satisfy the affinity of; to cause to become inert by chemical combination with all that it can hold; as, to saturate phosphorus with chlorine. SATURATE Sat"u*rate, p. a. Etym: [L. saturatus, p. p.] Defn: Filled to repletion; saturated; soaked. Dries his feathers saturate with dew. Cowper. The sand beneath our feet is saturate With blood of martyrs. Longfellow. SATURATED Sat"u*ra`ted, a. 1. Filled to repletion; holding by absorption, or in solution, all that is possible; as, saturated garments; a saturated solution of salt. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Having its affinity satisfied; combined with all it can hold; - - said of certain atoms, radicals, or compounds; thus, methane is a saturated compound. Contrasted with unsaturated. Note: A saturated compound may exchange certain ingredients for others, but can not take on more without such exchange. Saturated color (Optics), a color not diluted with white; a pure unmixed color, like those of the spectrum. SATURATION Sat`u*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. saturatio: cf. F. saturation.] 1. The act of saturating, or the state of being saturating; complete penetration or impregnation. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The act, process, or result of saturating a substance, or of combining it to its fullest extent. 3. (Optics) Defn: Freedom from mixture or dilution with white; purity; -- said of colors. Note: The degree of saturation of a color is its relative purity, or freedom from admixture with white. SATURATOR sat"u*ra`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who, or that which, saturates. SATURDAY Sat"ur*day (; 48), n. Etym: [OE. Saterday, AS. Sæterdæg, Sæterndæg, Sæternesdæg, literally, Saturn's day, fr. L. Saturnus Saturn + AS. dæg day; cf. L. dies Saturni.] Defn: The seventh or last day of the week; the day following Friday and preceding Sunday. SATURITY Sa*tu"ri*ty, n. Etym: [L. saturitas, fr. satur full of food, sated.] Defn: The state of being saturated; fullness of supply. [Obs.] Warner. SATURN Sa"turn, n. Etym: [L. Saturnus, literally, the saower, fr. serere, satum, to sow. See Season.] 1. (Roman Myth.) Defn: One of the elder and principal deities, the son of Coelus and Terra (Heaven and Earth), anf the father of Jupiter. The corresponding Greek divinity was Kro`nos, later CHro`nos, Time. 2. (Astron.) Defn: One of the planets of the solar system, next in magnitude to Jupiter, but more remote from the sun. Its diameter is seventy thousand miles, its mean distance from the sun nearly eight hundred and eighty millions of miles, and its year, or periodical revolution round the sun, nearly twenty-nine years and a half. It is surrounded by a remarkable system of rings, and has eight satellites. 3. (Alchem.) Defn: The metal lead. [Archaic] SATURNALIA Sat`ur*na"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [L. See Saturn.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: the festival of Saturn, celebrated in December, originally during one day, but afterward during seven days, as a period of unrestrained license and merriment for all classes, extending even to the slaves. 2. Hence: A period or occasion of general licemse, in which the passions or vices have riotous indulgence. SATURNALIAN Sat`ur*na"li*an, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Saturnalia. 2. Of unrestrained and intemperate jollity; riotously merry; dissolute. "Saturnalian amusement." Burke. SATURNIAN Sa*tur"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Saturnius.] 1. (Roman Myth.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Saturn, whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his government, is called the golden age. 2. Hence: Resembling the golden age; distinguished for peacefulness, happiness, contentment. Augustus, born to bring Saturnian times. Pope. 3. (Astron.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the planet Saturn; as, the Saturnian year. Saturnian verse (Pros.), a meter employed by early Roman satirists, consisting of three iambics and an extra syllable followed by three trochees, as in the line: --Thê queen | wâs isn | thê kistch | ên eatîng | bread ând | honêy. SATURNIAN Sa*tur"ni*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of large handsome moths belonging to Saturnia and allied genera. The Luna moth, polyphemus, and promethea, are examples. They belong to the Silkworn family, and some are raised for their silk. See Polyphemus. SATURNICENTRIC Sat`urn*i*cen"tric, a. (Astron.) Defn: Appearing as if seen from the center of the planet Saturn; relating or referred to Saturn as a center. SATURNINE Sat"ur*nine, a. Etym: [L. Saturnus the god Saturn, also, the planet Saturn: cf. F. saturnin of or pertaining to lead (Saturn, in old chemistry, meaning lead),saturnien saturnine, saturnian. See Saturn.] 1. Born under, or influenced by, the planet Saturn. 2. Heavy; grave; gloomy; dull; -- the opposite of mercurial; as, a saturnine person or temper. Addison. 3. (Old Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to lead; characterized by, or resembling, lead, which was formerly called Saturn. [Archaic] Saturnine colic (Med.), lead colic. SATURNISM Sat"ur*nism, n. (Med.) Defn: Plumbum. Quain. SATURNIST Sat"ur*nist, n. Defn: A person of a dull, grave, gloomy temperament. W. browne. SATYR Sa"tyr, n. Etym: [L. satyrus, Gr. satyre.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A sylvan deity or demigod, represented as part man and part goat, and characterized by riotous merriment and lasciviousness. Rough Satyrs danced; and Fauns, with cloven heel, From the glad sound would not be absent long. Milton. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of many species of butterflies belonging to the family Nymphalidæ. Their colors are commonly brown and gray, often with ocelli on the wings. Called also meadow browns. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The orangoutang. SATYRIASIS Sat`y*ri"a*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Satyr.] Defn: Immoderate venereal appetite in the male. Quain. SATYRIC; SATYRICAL Sa*tyr"ic, Sa*tyr"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. satyricus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to satyrs; burlesque; as, satyric tragedy. P. Cyc. SATYRION Sa*tyr"i*on, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Any one of several kinds of orchids. [Obs.] SAUBA ANT Sau"ba ant`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American ant (Ecodoma cephalotes) remarkable for having two large kinds of workers besides the ordinary ones, and for the immense size of its formicaries. The sauba ant cuts off leaves of plants and carries them into its subterranean nests, and thus often does great damage by defoliating trees and cultivated plants. SAUCE Sauce, n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. sausse, LL. salsa, properly, salt pickle, fr. L. salsus salted, salt, p.p. of salire to salt, fr. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Saucer, Souse pickle, Souse to plunge.] 1. A composition of condiments and appetizing ingredients eaten with food as a relish; especially, a dressing for meat or fish or for puddings; as, mint sauce; sweet sauce, etc. "Poignant sauce." Chaucer. High sauces and rich spices fetched from the Indies. Sir S. Baker. 2. Any garden vegetables eaten with meat. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby. Bartlett. Roots, herbs, vine fruits, and salad flowers . . . they dish up various ways, and find them very delicious sauce to their meats, both roasted and boiled, fresh and salt. Beverly. 3. Stewed or preserved fruit eaten with other food as a relish; as, apple sauce, cranberry sauce, etc. [U.S.] "Stewed apple sauce." Mrs. Lincoln (Cook Book). 4. Sauciness; impertinence. [Low.] Haliwell. To serve one the same sauce, to retaliate in the same kind. [Vulgar] SAUCE Sauce, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. saucer.] [imp. & p. p. Sauced (; p. pr. & vb. n. Saucing (.] 1. To accompany with something intended to give a higher relish; to supply with appetizing condiments; to season; to flavor. 2. To cause to relish anything, as if with a sauce; to tickle or gratify, as the palate; to please; to stimulate; hence, to cover, mingle, or dress, as if with sauce; to make an application to. [R.] Earth, yield me roots; Who seeks for better of thee, sauce his palate With thy most operant poison! Shak. 3. To make poignant; to give zest, flavor or interest to; to set off; to vary and render attractive. Then fell she to sauce her desires with threatenings. Sir P. Sidney. 4. To treat with bitter, pert, or tart language; to be impudent or sancy to. [Colloq. or Low] I'll sauce her with bitter words. Shak. SAUCE Sauce, n. Etym: [F.] (Fine Art) Defn: A soft crayon for use in stump drawing or in shading with the stump. SAUCE-ALONE Sauce"-a*lone`, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) Defn: Jack-by-the-hedge. See under Jack. SAUCEBOX Sauce"box`, n. Etym: [See Sauce, and Saucy.] Defn: A saucy, impudent person; especially, a pert child. Saucebox, go, meddle with your lady's fan, And prate not here! A. Brewer. SAUCEPAN Sauce"pan`, n. Defn: A small pan with a handle, in which sauce is prepared over a fire; a stewpan. SAUCER Sau"cer, n. Etym: [F. saucière, from sauce. see Sauce.] 1. A small pan or vessel in which sauce was set on a table. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A small dish, commonly deeper than a plate, in which a cup is set at table. 3. Something resembling a saucer in shape. Specifically: (a) A flat, shallow caisson for raising sunken ships. (b) A shallow socket for the pivot of a capstan. Flying saucer, a type of Unidentified Flying Object, having a biconvex discoid shape; such objects are occasionally reported to have been sighted, but no example of one has been reliably shown to exist. They are believed by ufologists to originate in outer space, but they are generally presumed to be misinterpretations of ordinary phenomena, illusions or imaginary objects. Fraudulent photographs purporting to show flying saucers are published from time to time. SAUCILY Sau"ci*ly, adv. Defn: In a saucy manner; impudently; with impertinent boldness. Addison. SAUCINESS Sau"ci*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being saucy; that which is saucy; impertinent boldness; contempt of superiors; impudence. Your sauciness will jest upon my love. Shak. Syn. -- Impudence; impertinence; rudeness; insolence. see Impudence. SAUCISSON; SAUCISSE Sau`cis`son", Sau`cisse", n. Etym: [F., fr. saucisse sausage. See Sausage.] 1. (Mining or Gun.) Defn: A long and slender pipe or bag, made of cloth well pitched, or of leather, filled with powder, and used to communicate fire to mines, caissons, bomb chests, etc. 2. (Fort.) Defn: A fascine of more than ordinary length. SAUCY Sau"cy, a. [Compar. Saucier; superl. Sauciest.] Etym: [From Sauce.] 1. Showing impertinent boldness or pertness; transgressing the rules of decorum; treating superiors with contempt; impudent; insolent; as, a saucy fellow. Am I not protector, saucy priest Shak. 2. Expressive of, or characterized by, impudence; impertinent; as, a saucy eye; saucy looks. We then have done you bold and sausy wrongs. Shak. Syn. -- Impudent; insolent; impertinent; rude. SAUERKRAUT Sauer"kraut`, n. Etym: [G., fr. sauer sour + kraut herb, cabbage.] Defn: Cabbage cut fine and allowed to ferment in a brine made of its own juice with salt, -- a German dish. SAUF Sauf, a. Defn: Safe. [Obs.] haucer. SAUF Sauf, conj. & prep. Defn: Save; except. [Obs.] "Sauf I myself." Chaucer. SAUFLY Sauf"ly, adv. Defn: Safely. [Obs.] Chaucer. SAUGER Sau"ger, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American fresh-water food fish (Stizostedion Canadense); -- called also gray pike, blue pike, hornfish, land pike, sand pike, pickering, and pickerel. SAUGH; SAUH Saugh, Sauh, obs. Defn: imp. sing. of See. Chaucer. SAUKS Sauks, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: Same as Sacs. SAUL Saul, n. Defn: Soul. [Obs.] SAUL Saul, n. Defn: Same as Sal, the tree. SAULIE Sau"lie, n. Defn: A hired mourner at a funeral. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. SAULT Sault, n. Etym: [OF., F. saut, fr. L. saltus See Salt a leap.] Defn: A rapid in some rivers; as, the Sault Ste. Marie. [U.S.] Bartlett. SAUNDERS Saun"ders, n. Defn: See Sandress. SAUNDERS-BLUE Saun"ders-blue`, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. F. cendres bleues blue ashes.] Defn: A kind of color prepared from calcined lapis lazuli; ultramarine; also, a blue prepared from carbonate of copper. [Written also sanders-blue.] SAUNTER Saun"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sauntered; p. pr. & vb. n. Sauntering.] Etym: [Written also santer.] Etym: [Probably fr. F. s'aventurer to adventure (one's self), through a shortened form s'auntrer. See Adventure, n. & v.] Defn: To wander or walk about idly and in a leisurely or lazy manner; to lounge; to stroll; to loiter. One could lie under elm trees in a lawn, or saunter in meadows by the side of a stream. Masson. Syn. -- To loiter; linger; stroll; wander. SAUNTER Saun"ter, n. Defn: A sauntering, or a sauntering place. That wheel of fops, that saunter of the town. Young. SAUNTERER Saun"ter*er, n. Defn: One who saunters. SAUR Saur, n. Etym: [Contracted from Gael. salachar filth, nastiness, fr. salach nasty, fr. sal filth, refuse.] Defn: Soil; dirt; dirty water; urine from a cowhouse. [Prov. Eng.] SAUREL Sau"rel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any carangoid fish of the genus Trachurus, especially T. trachurus, or T. saurus, of Europe and America, and T. picturatus of California. Called also skipjack, and horse mackarel. SAURIA Sau"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Reptilia formerly established to include the Lacertilia, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, and other groups. By some writers the name is restricted to the Lacertilia. SAURIAN Sau"ri*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, the Sauria. -- n. Defn: One of the Sauria. SAURIOID Sau"ri*oid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Sauroid. SAUROBATRACHIA Sau"ro*ba*tra"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Sauria, and Batrachia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Urodela. SAUROGNATHOUS Sau*rog"na*thous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the bones of the palate arranged as in saurians, the vomer consisting of two lateral halves, as in the woodpeckers. (Pici). SAUROID Sau"roid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid: cf. Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) Like or pertaining to the saurians. (b) Resembling a saurian superficially; as, a sauroid fish. SAUROIDICHNITE Sau`roid*ich"nite, n. Etym: [See Sauroid, and Ichnite.] (Paleon.) Defn: The fossil track of a saurian. SAUROPODA Sau*rop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct order of herbivorous dinosaurs having the feet of a saurian type, instead of birdlike, as they are in many dinosaurs. It includes the Largest Known land animals, belonging to Brontosaurus, Camarasaurus, and alied genera. See Illustration in Appendix. SAUROPSIDA Sau*rop"si*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A comprehensive group of vertebrates, comprising the reptiles and birds. SAUROPTERYGIA Sau*rop`te*ryg"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: Same as Plesiosauria. SAURURAE Sau*ru"ræ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct order of birds having a long vertebrated tail with quills along each side of it. Archæopteryx is the type. See Archæopteryx, and Odontornithes. SAURY Sau"ry, n.; pl. Sauries. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A slender marine fish (Scombresox saurus) of Europe and America. It has long, thin, beaklike jaws. Called also billfish, gowdnook, gawnook, skipper, skipjack, skopster, lizard fish, and Egypt herring. SAUSAGE Sau"sage (; 48), n. Etym: [F. saucisse, LL. salcitia, salcicia, fr. salsa. See Sauce.] 1. An article of food consisting of meat (esp. pork) minced and highly seasoned, and inclosed in a cylindrical case or skin usually made of the prepared intestine of some animal. 2. A saucisson. See Saucisson. Wilhelm. SAUSEFLEM Sau"se*flem, a. Etym: [OF. saus salt (L. salsus) + flemme phlegm.] Defn: Having a red, pimpled face. [Obs.] [Written also sawceflem.] Chaucer. SAUSSURITE Saus"sur*ite, n. Etym: [F. So called from M. Saussure.] (Min.) Defn: A tough, compact mineral, of a white, greenish, or grayish color. It is near zoisite in composition, and in part, at least, has been produced by the alteration of feldspar. SAUT; SAUTE Saut, Saute, n. Defn: An assault. [Obs.] SAUTE Sau`te", Defn: p. p. of Sauter. C. Owen. SAUTER Sau`ter", v. t. Etym: [F., properly, to jump.] Defn: To fry lightly and quickly, as meat, by turning ot tossing it over frequently in a hot pan greased with a little fat. SAUTER Sau"ter, n. Defn: Psalter. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. SAUTERELLE Sau`te*relle, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: An instrument used by masons and others to trace and form angles. SAUTERNE Sau`terne", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A white wine made in the district of sauterne, France. SAUTRIE Sau"trie, n. Defn: Psaltery. [Obs.] Chaucer. SAUVEGARDE Sau`ve*garde", n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The monitor. SAVABLE Sav"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Save. Cf. Salvable.] Defn: capable of, or admitting of, being saved. In the person prayed for there ought to be the great disposition of being in a savable condition. Jer. Taylor. SAVABLENESS Sav"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Capability of being saved. SAVACIOUN Sa*va"ci*oun`, n. Defn: Salvation. [Obs.] SAVAGE Sav"age (; 48), a. Etym: [F. sauvage, OF. salvage, fr. L. silvaticus belonging to a wood, wild, fr. silva a wood. See Silvan, and cf. Sylvatic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the forest; remote from human abodes and cultivation; in a state of nature; nature; wild; as, a savage wilderness. 2. Wild; untamed; uncultivated; as, savage beasts. Cornels, and savage berries of the wood. Dryden. 3. Uncivilized; untaught; unpolished; rude; as, savage life; savage manners. What nation, since the commencement of the Christian era, ever rose from savage to civilized without Christianity E. D. Griffin. 4. Characterized by cruelty; barbarous; fierce; ferocious; inhuman; brutal; as, a savage spirit. Syn. -- Ferocious; wild; uncultivated; untamed; untaught; uncivilized; unpolished; rude; brutish; brutal; heathenish; barbarous; cruel; inhuman; fierce; pitiless; merciless; unmerciful; atrocious. See Ferocious. SAVAGE Sav"age, n. 1. A human being in his native state of rudeness; one who is untaught; uncivilized, or without cultivation of mind or manners. 2. A man of extreme, unfeeling, brutal cruelty; a barbarian. SAVAGE Sav"age (; 48), v. t. Defn: To make savage. [R.] Its bloodhounds, savaged by a cross of wolf. South SAVAGELY Sav"age*ly, adv. Defn: In a savage manner. SAVAGENESS Sav"age*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being savage. Wolves and bears, they say, Casting their savageness aside have done Like offices of pity. Shak. SAVAGERY Sav"age*ry, n. Etym: [F. sauvagerie.] 1. The state of being savage; savageness; savagism. A like work of primeval savagery. C. Kingsley. 2. An act of cruelty; barbarity. The wildest savagery, the vilest stroke, That ever wall-eyed wrath or staring rage Presented to the tears of soft remorse. Shak. 3. Wild growth, as of plants. Shak. SAVAGISM Sav"a*gism, n. Defn: The state of being savage; the state of rude, uncivilized men, or of men in their native wildness and rudeness. SAVANILLA Sav`a*nil"la, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The tarpum. [Local, U.S.] SAVANNA Sa*van"na, n. Etym: [Of American Indian origin; cf. Sp. sabana, F. savane.] Defn: A tract of level land covered with the vegetable growth usually found in a damp soil and warm climate, -- as grass or reeds, -- but destitute of trees. [Spelt also savannah.] Savannahs are clear pieces land without woods. Dampier. Savanna flower (Bot.), a West Indian name for several climbing apocyneous plants of the genus Echites. -- Savanna sparrow (Zoöl.), an American sparrow (Ammodramus sandwichensis or Passerculus savanna) of which several varieties are found on grassy plains from Alaska to the Eastern United States. -- Savanna wattle (Bot.), a name of two West Indian trees of the genus Citharexylum. SAVANT Sa`vant", n.; pl. Savants (F. . Etym: [F., fr. savoir to know, L. sapere. See Sage, a.] Defn: A man of learning; one versed in literature or science; a person eminent for acquirements. SAVE Save, n. Etym: [See Sage the herb.] Defn: The herb sage, or salvia. [Obs.] Chaucer. SAVE Save, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saved; p. pr. & vb. n. Saving.] Etym: [OE. saven, sauven, salven, OF. salver, sauver, F. sauver, L. salvare, fr. salvus saved, safe. See Safe, a.] 1. To make safe; to procure the safety of; to preserve from injury, destruction, or evil of any kind; to rescue from impending danger; as, to save a house from the flames. God save all this fair company. Chaucer. He cried, saying, Lord, save me. Matt. xiv. 30. Thou hast . . . quitted all to save A world from utter loss. Milton. 2. (Theol.) Defn: Specifically, to deliver from and its penalty; to rescue from a state of condemnation and spiritual death, and bring into a state of spiritual life. Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners. 1 Tim. i. 15. 3. To keep from being spent or lost; to secure from waste or expenditure; to lay up; to reserve. Now save a nation, and now save a groat. Pope. 4. To rescue from something undesirable or hurtful; to prevent from doing something; to spare. I'll save you That labor, sir. All's now done. Shak. 5. To hinder from doing, suffering, or happening; to obviate the necessity of; to prevent; to spare. Will you not speak to save a lady's blush Dryden. 6. To hold possession or use of; to escape loss of. Just saving the tide, and putting in a stock of merit. Swift. To save appearance, to preserve a decent outside; to avoid exposure of a discreditable state of things. Syn. -- To preserve; rescue; deliver; protect; spare; reserve; prevent. SAVE Save, v. i. Defn: To avoid unnecessary expense or expenditure; to prevent waste; to be economical. Brass ordnance saveth in the quantity of the material. Bacon. SAVE Save, prep. or conj. Etym: [F. sauf, properly adj., safe. See Safe, a.] Defn: Except; excepting; not including; leaving out; deducting; reserving; saving. Five times received I forty stripes save one. 2 Cor. xi. 24. Syn. -- See Except. SAVE Save, conj. Defn: Except; unless. SAVEABLE Save"a*ble, a. Defn: See Savable. SAVE-ALL Save"-all`, n. Etym: [Save + all.] Defn: Anything which saves fragments, or prevents waste or loss. Specifically: (a) A device in a candlestick to hold the ends of candles, so that they be burned. (b) (Naut.) A small sail sometimes set under the foot of another sail, to catch the wind that would pass under it. Totten. (c) A trough to prevent waste in a paper-making machine. SAVELOY Sav"e*loy, n. Etym: [F. cervelas, It. cervellata, fr. cervello brain, L. cerebellum, dim. of cerebrum brain. See Cerebral.] Defn: A kind of dried sausage. McElrath. SAVELY Save"ly, adv. Defn: Safely. [Obs.] Chaucer. SAVEMENT Save"ment, n. Defn: The act of saving. [Obs.] SAVER Sav"er, n. Defn: One who saves. SAVIN; SAVINE Sav"in, Sav"ine, n. Etym: [OE. saveine, AS. safinæ, savine, L. sabina herba. Cf. Sabine.] [Written also sabine.] (Bot.) (a) A coniferous shrub (Juniperus Sabina) of Western Asia, occasionally found also in the northern parts of the United States and in British America. It is a compact bush, with dark-colored foliage, and produces small berries having a glaucous bloom. Its bitter, acrid tops are sometimes used in medicine for gout, amenorrhoea, etc. (b) The North American red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana.) SAVING Sav"ing, a. Defn: 1. Preserving; rescuing. He is the saving strength of his anointed. Ps. xxviii. 8. 2. Avoiding unnecessary expense or waste; frugal; not lavish or wasteful; economical; as, a saving cook. 3. Bringing back in returns or in receipts the sum expended; incurring no loss, though not gainful; as, a saving bargain; the ship has made a saving voyage. 4. Making reservation or exception; as, a saving clause. Note: saving is often used with a noun to form a compound adjective; as, labor-saving, life-saving, etc. SAVING Sav"ing, prep. or conj.; but properly a participle. Defn: With the exception of; except; excepting; also, without disrespect to. "Saving your reverence." Shak. "Saving your presence." Burns. None of us put off clothes, saving that every one put them off for washing. Neh. iv. 23. And in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it. Rev. ii. 17. SAVING Sav"ing, n. 1. Something kept from being expended or lost; that which is saved or laid up; as, the savings of years of economy. 2. Exception; reservation. Contend not with those that are too strong for us, but still with a saving to honesty. L'Estrange. Savings bank, a bank in which savings or earnings are deposited and put at interest. SAVINGLY Sav"ing*ly, adv. 1. In a saving manner; with frugality or parsimony. 2. So as to be finally saved from eternal death. Savingly born of water and the Spirit. Waterland. SAVINGNESS Sav"ing*ness, n. 1. The quality of being saving; carefulness not to expend money uselessly; frugality; parsimony. Mrs. H. H. Jackson. 2. Tendency to promote salvation. Johnson. SAVIOR Sav"ior, n. Etym: [OE. saveour, OF. salveor, F. sauveur, fr. L. salvator to save. See Save, v.] [Written also saviour.] 1. One who saves, preserves, or delivers from destruction or danger. 2. Specifically: The (or our, your, etc.) Savior, he who brings salvation to men; Jesus Christ, the Redeemer. SAVIORESS Sav"ior*ess, n. Defn: A female savior. [Written also saviouress.] [R.] Bp. Hall. SAVOR Sa"vor, n. Etym: [OE. savour, savor, savur, OF. savor, savour, F. saveur, fr. L. sapor, fr. sapere to taste, savor. See Sage, a., and cf. Sapid, Insipid, Sapor.] [Written also savour.] 1. That property of a thing which affects the organs of taste or smell; taste and odor; flavor; relish; scent; as, the savor of an orange or a rose; an ill savor. I smell sweet savors and I feel soft things. Shak. 2. Hence, specific flavor or quality; characteristic property; distinctive temper, tinge, taint, and the like. Why is not my life a continual joy, and the savor of heaven perpetually upon my spirit Baxter. 3. Sense of smell; power to scent, or trace by scent. [R.] "Beyond my savor." Herbert. 4. Pleasure; delight; attractiveness. [Obs.] She shall no savor have therein but lite. Chaucer. Syn. -- Taste; flavor; relish; odor; scent; smell. SAVOR Sa"vor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Savored; p. pr. & vb. n. Savoring.] Etym: [Cf. OF. savorer, F. savourer. See Savor, n.] [Written also savour.] 1. To have a particular smell or taste; -- with of. 2. To partake of the quality or nature; to indicate the presence or influence; to smack; -- with of. This savors not much of distraction. Shak. I have rejected everything that savors of party. Addison. 3. To use the sense of taste. [Obs.] By sight, hearing, smelling, tasting or savoring, and feeling. Chaucer. SAVOR Sa"vor, v. t. 1. To perceive by the smell or the taste; hence, to perceive; to note. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. To have the flavor or quality of; to indicate the presence of. [R.] That cuts us off from hope, and savors only Rancor and pride, impatience and despite. Milton. 3. To taste or smell with pleasure; to delight in; to relish; to like; to favor. [R.] Shak. SAVORILY Sa"vor*i*ly, adv. Defn: In a savory manner. SAVORINESS Sa"vor*i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being savory. SAVORLESS Sa"vor*less, a. Defn: Having no savor; destitute of smell or of taste; insipid. SAVORLY Sa"vor*ly, a. Defn: Savory. [Obs.] SAVORLY Sa"vor*ly, adv. Defn: In a savory manner. [Obs.] Barrow. SAVOROUS Sa"vor*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. savoureux, OF. saveros, L. saporosus. Cf. Saporous, and see Savor, n.] Defn: Having a savor; savory. [Obs.] Rom. of R. SAVORY Sa"vor*y, a. Etym: [From Savor.] Defn: Pleasing to the organs of taste or smell. [Written also savoury.] The chewing flocks Had ta'en their supper on the savory herb. Milton. SAVORY; SAVOURY Sa"vo*ry, n. Etym: [F. savorée; cf. It. santoreggia, satureja, L. satureia,] (Bot.) Defn: An aromatic labiate plant (Satireia hortensis), much used in cooking; -- also called summer savory. [Written also savoury.] SAVOY Sa*voy", n. Etym: [F. chou de Savoie cabbage of Savoy.] (Bot.) Defn: A variety of the common cabbage (Brassica oleracea major), having curled leaves, -- much cultivated for winter use. SAVOYARD Sav`oy*ard", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A native or inhabitant of Savoy. SAVVY; SAVVEY Sav"vy, Sav"vey, v. t. & i. [Written also savey.] [Sp. saber to know, sabe usted do you know] Defn: To understand; to comprehend; know. [Slang, U. S.] SAVVY; SAVVEY Sav"vy, Sav"vey, n. Defn: Comprehension; knowledge of affairs; mental grasp. [Slang, U. S.] SAW Saw, Defn: imp. of See. SAW Saw, n. Etym: [OE. sawe, AS. sagu; akin to secgan to say. See Say, v. t. and cf. Saga.] 1. Something said; speech; discourse. [Obs.] "To hearken all his sawe." Chaucer. 2. A saying; a proverb; a maxim. His champions are the prophets and apostles, His weapons holy saws of sacred writ. Shak. 3. Dictate; command; decree. [Obs.] [Love] rules the creatures by his powerful saw. Spenser. SAW Saw, n. Etym: [OE. sawe, AS. sage; akin to D. zaag, G. säge, OHG. sega, saga, Dan. sav, sw. såg, Icel. sög, L. secare to cut, securis ax, secula sickle. Cf. Scythe, Sickle, Section, Sedge.] Defn: An instrument for cutting or dividing substances, as wood, iron, etc., consisting of a thin blade, or plate, of steel, with a series of sharp teeth on the edge, which remove successive portions of the material by cutting and tearing. Note: Saw is frequently used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound. Band saw, Crosscut saw, etc. See under Band, Crosscut, etc. -- Circular saw, a disk of steel with saw teeth upon its periphery, and revolved on an arbor. -- Saw bench, a bench or table with a flat top for for sawing, especially with a circular saw which projects above the table. -- Saw file, a three-cornered file, such as is used for sharpening saw teeth. -- Saw frame, the frame or sash in a sawmill, in which the saw, or gang of saws, is held. -- Saw gate, a saw frame. -- Saw gin, the form of cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney, in which the cotton fibers are drawn, by the teeth, of a set of revolving circular saws, through a wire grating which is too fine for the seeds to pass. -- Saw grass (Bot.), any one of certain cyperaceous plants having the edges of the leaves set with minute sharp teeth, especially the Cladium effusum of the Southern United States. Cf. Razor grass, under Razor. -- Saw log, a log of suitable size for sawing into lumber. -- Saw mandrel, a mandrel on which a circular saw is fastened for running. -- Saw pit, a pit over which timbor is sawed by two men, one standing below the timber and the other above. Mortimer. -- Saw sharpener (Zoöl.), the great titmouse; -- so named from its harsh call note. [Prov. Eng.] -- Saw whetter (Zoöl.), the marsh titmouse (Parus palustris); -- so named from its call note. [Prov. Eng.] -- Scroll saw, a ribbon of steel with saw teeth upon one edge, stretched in a frame and adapted for sawing curved outlines; also, a machine in which such a saw is worked by foot or power. SAW Saw, v. t. [imp. Sawed; p. p. Sawed or Sawn (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sawing.] 1. To cut with a saw; to separate with a saw; as, to saw timber or marble. 2. To form by cutting with a saw; as, to saw boards or planks, that is, to saw logs or timber into boards or planks; to saw shingles; to saw out a panel. 3. Also used figuratively; as, to saw the air. SAW Saw, v. i. 1. To use a saw; to practice sawing; as, a man saws well. 2. To cut, as a saw; as, the saw or mill saws fast. 3. To be cut with a saw; as, the timber saws smoothly. SAWARRA NUT Sa*war"ra nut`. Defn: See Souari nut. SAWBELLY Saw"bel`ly, n. Defn: The alewife. [Local, U.S.] SAWBILL Saw"bill`, n. Defn: The merganser. [Prov. Eng.] SAWBONES Saw"bones`, n. Defn: A nickname for a surgeon. SAWBUCK Saw"buck`, n. Defn: A sawhorse. SAWCEFLEM SAw"ce*flem, a. Defn: See Sauseflem. [Obs.] SAWDER Saw"der, n. Defn: A corrupt spelling and pronunciation of solder. Soft sawder, seductive praise; flattery; blarney. [Slang] SAWDUST Saw"dust`, n. Defn: Dust or small fragments of wood 9or of stone, etc.) made by the cutting of a saw. SAWER Saw"er`, n. Defn: One who saws; a sawyer. SAWFISH Saw"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of elasmobranch fishes of the genus Pristis. They have a sharklike form, but are more nearly allied to the rays. The flattened and much elongated snout has a row of stout toothlike structures inserted along each edge, forming a sawlike organ with which it mutilates or kills its prey. SAWFLY Saw"fly`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of hymenopterous insects belonging to the family Tenthredinidæ. The female usually has an ovipositor containing a pair of sawlike organs with which she makes incisions in the leaves or stems of plants in which to lay the eggs. The larvæ resemble those of Lepidoptera. SAWHORSE Saw"horse`, n. Defn: A kind of rack, shaped like a double St. Andrew's cross, on which sticks of wood are laid for sawing by hand; -- called also buck, and sawbuck. SAWMILL Saw"mill`, n. Defn: A mill for sawing, especially one for sawing timber or lumber. SAWNEB Saw"neb`, n. Defn: A merganser. [Prov. Eng.] SAW PALMETTO Saw" pal*met"to. Defn: See under Palmetto. SAW-SET Saw"-set`, n. Defn: An instrument used to set or turn the teeth of a saw a little sidewise, that they may make a kerf somewhat wider than the thickness of the blade, to prevent friction; -- called also saw-wrest. SAWTOOTH Saw"tooth`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An arctic seal (Lobodon carcinophaga), having the molars serrated; -- called also crabeating seal. SAW-TOOTHED Saw"-toothed", a. Defn: Having a tooth or teeth like those of a saw; serrate. SAWTRY Saw"try, n. Defn: A psaltery. [Obs.] Dryden. SAW-WHET saw"-whet`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small North American owl (Nyctale Acadica), destitute of ear tufts and having feathered toes; -- called also Acadian owl. SAW-WORT Saw"-wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the composite genus Serratula; -- so named from the serrated leaves of most of the species. SAW-WREST Saw"-wrest`, n. Defn: See Saw-set. SAWYER Saw"yer, n. Etym: [Saw + -yer, as in lawyer. Cf. Sawer.] 1. One whose occupation is to saw timber into planks or boards, or to saw wood for fuel; a sawer. 2. A tree which has fallen into a stream so that its branches project above the surface, rising and falling with a rocking or swaying motion in the current. [U.S.] 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The bowfin. [Local, U.S.] SAX Sax, n. Etym: [AS. seax a knife.] Defn: A kind of chopping instrument for trimming the edges of roofing slates. SAXATILE Sax"a*tile, a. Etym: [L. saxatilis, fr. saxum a rock: cf. F. saxalite.] Defn: Of or pertaining to rocks; living among rocks; as, a saxatile plant. SAXHORN Sax"horn`, n. (Mus.) Defn: A name given to a numerous family of brass wind instruments with valves, invented by Antoine Joseph Sax (known as Adolphe Sax), of Belgium and Paris, and much used in military bands and in orchestras. SAXICAVA Sax`i*ca"va, n.; pl. E. saxicavas, L. Saxicavæ. Etym: [NL. See Saxicavous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of marine bivalve shells of the genus Saxicava. Some of the species are noted for their power of boring holes in limestone and similar rocks. SAXICAVID Sax`i*ca"vid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the saxicavas. -- n. Defn: A saxicava. SAXICAVOUS Sax`i*ca"vous, a. Etym: [L. saxum rock + cavare to make hollow, fr. cavus hollow: cf. F. saxicave.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Boring, or hollowing out, rocks; -- said of certain mollusks which live in holes which they burrow in rocks. See Illust. of Lithodomus. SAXICOLINE Sax*ic"o*line, a. Etym: [L. saxum a rock + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Stone-inhabiting; pertaining to, or having the characteristics of, the stonechats. SAXICOLOUS Sax*ic"o*lous, a. Etym: [See Saxicoline.] (Bot.) Defn: Growing on rocks. SAXIFRAGA Sax*if"ra*ga, n. Etym: [L., saxifrage. See Saxifrage.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of exogenous polypetalous plants, embracing about one hundred and eighty species. See Saxifrage. SAXIFRAGACEOUS Sax`i*fra*ga"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Saxifragaceæ) of which saxifrage is the type. The order includes also the alum root, the hydrangeas, the mock orange, currants and gooseberries, and many other plants. SAXIFRAGANT Sax*if"ra*gant, a. Etym: [See Saxifrage.] Defn: Breaking or destroying stones; saxifragous. [R.] -- n. Defn: That which breaks or destroys stones. [R.] SAXIFRAGE Sax"i*frage (; 48), n. Etym: [L. saxifraga, from saxifragus stone- breaking; saxum rock + frangere to break: cf. F. saxifrage. See Fracture, and cf. Sassafras, Saxon.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Saxifraga, mostly perennial herbs growing in crevices of rocks in mountainous regions. Burnet saxifrage, a European umbelliferous plant (Pimpinella Saxifraga). -- Golden saxifrage, a low half-sacculent herb (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium) growing in rivulets in Europe; also, C. Americanum, common in the United States. See also under Golden. -- Meadow saxifrage, or Pepper saxifrage. See under Meadow. SAXIFRAGOUS Sax*if"ra*gous, a. Etym: [L. saxifragus: cf. F. saxifrage. See Saxifrage.] Defn: Dissolving stone, especially dissolving stone in the bladder. SAXON Sax"on, n. Etym: [l. Saxo, pl. Saxones, from the Saxon national name; cf. AS. pl. Seaxe, Seaxan, fr. seax a knife, a short sword, a dagger (akin to OHG. sahs, and perhaps to L. saxum rock, stone, knives being originally made of stone); and cf. G. Sachse, pl. Sachsen. Cf. Saxifrage.] 1. (a) One of a nation or people who formerly dwelt in the nothern part of Germany, and who, with other Teutonic tribes, invaded and conquered England in the fifth and sixth centuries. (b) Also used in the sense of Anglo-Saxon. (c) A native or inhabitant of modern Saxony. 2. The language of the Saxons; Anglo-Saxon. old Saxon, the saxon of the continent of Europe in the old form of the language, as shown particularly in the "Heliand", a metrical narration of the gospel history preserved in manuscripts of the 9th century. SAXON Sax"on, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Saxons, their country, or their language. (b) Anglo-Saxon. (c) Of or pertaining to Saxony or its inhabitants. Saxon blue (Dyeing), a deep blue liquid used in dyeing, and obtained by dissolving indigo in concentrated sulphuric acid. Brande & C. -- Saxon green (Dyeing), a green color produced by dyeing with yellow upon a ground of Saxon blue. SAXONIC Sax*on"ic, a. Defn: relating to the saxons or Anglo-Saxons. SAXONISM Sax"on*ism, n. Defn: An idiom of the Saxon or Anglo-Saxon language. T. Warton. SAXONIST Sax"on*ist, n. Defn: One versed in the Saxon language. SAXONITE Sax"on*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Mountain soap, under Mountain. SAXONY Sax"o*ny, n. [So named after the kingdom of Saxony, reputed to produce fine wool.] 1. A kind of glossy woolen cloth formerly much used. 2. Saxony yarn, or flannel made of it or similar yarn. SAXONY YARN Saxony yarn. Defn: A fine grade of woolen yarn twisted somewhat harder and smoother than zephyr yarn. SAXOPHONE Sax"o*phone, n. Etym: [A.A.J. Sax, the inventor (see Saxhorn) + Gr. (Mus.) Defn: A wind instrument of brass, containing a reed, and partaking of the qualities both of a brass instrument and of a clarinet. SAX-TUBA Sax"-tu`ba, n. Etym: [See Saxhorn, and Tube.] (Mus.) Defn: A powerful instrument of brass, curved somewhat like the Roman buccina, or tuba. SAY Say, obs. imp. of See. Defn: Saw. Chaucer. SAY Say, n. Etym: [Aphetic form of assay.] 1. Trial by sample; assay; sample; specimen; smack. [Obs.] if those principal works of God . . . be but certain tastes and saus, as if were, of that final benefit. Hooker. Thy tongue some say of breeding breathes. Shak. 2. Tried quality; temper; proof. [Obs.] he found a sword of better say. Spenser. 3. Essay; trial; attempt. [Obs.] To give a say at, to attempt. B. Jonson. SAY Say, v. t. Defn: To try; to assay. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SAY Say, n. Etym: [OE. saie, F. saie, fr. L. saga, equiv. to sagum, sagus, a coarse woolen mantle; cf. Gr. Sagum.] 1. A kind of silk or satin. [Obs.] Thou say, thou serge, nay, thou buckram lord! Shak. 2. A delicate kind of serge, or woolen cloth. [Obs.] His garment neither was of silk nor say. Spenser. SAY Say, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Said, contracted from sayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Saying.] Etym: [OE. seggen, seyen, siggen, sayen, sayn, AS. secgan; akin to OS. seggian, D. zeggen, LG. seggen, OHG. sag, G. sagen, Icel. segja, Sw. säga, Dan. sige, Lith. sakyti; cf. OL. insece teil, relate, Gr. Saga, Saw a saying.] 1. To utter or express in words; to tell; to speak; to declare; as, he said many wise things. Arise, and say how thou camest here. Shak. 2. To repeat; to rehearse; to recite; to pronounce; as, to say a lesson. Of my instruction hast thou nothing bated In what thou hadst to say Shak. After which shall be said or sung the following hymn. Bk. of Com. Prayer. 3. To announce as a decision or opinion; to state positively; to assert; hence, to form an opinion upon; to be sure about; to be determined in mind as to. But what it is, hard is to say. Milton. 4. To mention or suggest as an estimate, hypothesis, or approximation; hence, to suppose; -- in the imperative, followed sometimes by the subjunctive; as, he had, say fifty thousand dollars; the fox had run, say ten miles. Say, for nonpayment that the debt should double, Is twenty hundred kisses such a trouble Shak. It is said, or They say, it is commonly reported; it is rumored; people assert or maintain. -- That is to say, that is; in other words; otherwise. SAY Say, v. i. Defn: To speak; to express an opinion; to make answer; to reply. You have said; but whether wisely or no, let the forest judge. Shak. To this argument we shall soon have said; for what concerns it us to hear a husband divulge his household privacies Milton. SAY Say, n. Etym: [From Say, v. t.; cf. Saw a saying.] Defn: A speech; something said; an expression of opinion; a current story; a maxim or proverb. [Archaic or Colloq.] He no sooner said out his say, but up rises a cunning snap. L'Estrange. That strange palmer's boding say, That fell so ominous and drear Full on the object of his fear. Sir W. Scott. SAYER Say"er, n. Defn: One who says; an utterer. Mr. Curran was something much better than a sayer of smart sayings. Jeffrey. SAYETTE Sa*yette", n. Etym: [F. Cf. Say a kind of serge.] Defn: A mixed stuff, called also sagathy. See Sagathy. SAYING Say"ing, n. Defn: That which is said; a declaration; a statement, especially a proverbial one; an aphorism; a proverb. Many are the sayings of the wise, In ancient and in modern books enrolled. Milton. Syn. -- Declaration; speech; adage; maxim; aphorism; apothegm; saw; proverb; byword. SAYMAN Say"man, n. Etym: [Say sample + man.] Defn: One who assays. [Obs.] SAYMASTER Say"mas`ter, n. Defn: A master of assay; one who tries or proves. [Obs.] "Great saymaster of state." D. Jonson. SAYND Saynd, Defn: obs. p. p. of Senge, to singe. Chaucer. 'SBLOOD 'Sblood, interj. Defn: An abbreviation of God's blood; -- used as an oath. [Obs.] Shak. SCAB Scab, n. Etym: [OE. scab, scabbe, shabbe; cf. AS. scæb, sceabb, scebb, Dan. & Sw. skab, and also L. scabies, tr. scabere to scratch, akin to E. shave. See Shave, and cf. Shab, Shabby.] 1. An incrustation over a sore, wound, vesicle, or pustule, formed by the drying up of the discharge from the diseased part. 2. The itch in man; also, the scurvy. [Colloq. or Obs.] 3. The mange, esp. when it appears on sheep. Chaucer. 4. A disease of potatoes producing pits in their surface, caused by a minute fungus (Tiburcinia Scabies). 5. (Founding) Defn: A slight iregular protuberance which defaces the surface of a casting, caused by the breaking away of a part of the mold. 6. A mean, dirty, paltry fellow. [Low] Shak. 7. A nickname for a workman who engages for lower wages than are fixed by the trades unions; also, for one who takes the place of a workman on a strike. [Cant] SCAB Scab, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scabbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Scabbing.] Defn: To become covered with a scab; as, the wound scabbed over. SCABBARD Scab"bard, n. Etym: [OE. scaubert, scauberk, OF. escaubers, escauberz, pl., scabbards, probably of German or Scan. origin; cf. Icel. skalpr scabbard, and G. bergen to conceal. Cf. Hauberk.] Defn: The case in which the blade of a sword, dagger, etc., is kept; a sheath. Nor in thy scabbard sheathe that famous blade. Fairfax. Scabbard fish (Zoöl.), a long, compressed, silver-colored tænioid fish (Lepidopus caudatus, or argyreus), found on the European coasts, and more abundantly about New Zealand, where it is called frostfish and considered an excellent food fish. SCABBARD Scab"bard, v. t. Defn: To put in a scabbard. SCABBARD PLANE Scab"bard plane`. Defn: See Scaleboard plane, under Scaleboard. SCABBED Scab"bed ( or ), a. 1. Abounding with scabs; diseased with scabs. 2. Fig.: Mean; paltry; vile; worthless. Bacon. SCABBEDNESS Scab"bed*ness, n. Defn: Scabbiness. SCABBILY Scab"bi*ly, adv. Defn: In a scabby manner. SCABBINESS Scab"bi*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being scabby. SCABBLE Scab"ble, v. t. Defn: See Scapple. SCABBY Scab"by, a. [Compar. Scabbier (; superl. Scabbiest.] 1. Affected with scabs; full of scabs. 2. Diseased with the scab, or mange; mangy. Swift. SCABIES Sca"bi*es, n. (Med.) Defn: The itch. SCABIOUS Sca"bi*ous, a. Etym: [L. scabious, from scabies the scab: cf. F. scabieux.] Defn: Consisting of scabs; rough; itchy; leprous; as, scabious eruptions. Arbuthnot. SCABIOUS Sca"bi*ous, n. Etym: [Cf. F. scabieuse. See Scabious, a.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Scabiosa, several of the species of which are common in Europe. They resemble the Compositæ, and have similar heads of flowers, but the anthers are not connected. Sweet scabious (a) Mourning bride. (b) A daisylike plant (Erigeron annuus) having a stout branching stem. SCABLING Scab"ling, n. Etym: [See Scapple.] Defn: A fragment or chip of stone. [Written also scabline.] SCABREDITY Sca*bred"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. scabredo, fr. scaber rough.] Defn: Roughness; ruggedness. [Obs.] Burton. SCABROUS Sca"brous, a. Etym: [L. scabrosus, fr. scaber rough: cf. F. scabreux.] 1. Rough to the touch, like a file; having small raised dots, scales, or points; scabby; scurfy; scaly. Arbuthnot. 2. Fig.: Harsh; unmusical. [R.] His verse is scabrous and hobbling. Dryden. SCABROUSNESS Sca"brous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being scabrous. SCABWORT Scab"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Elecampane. SCAD Scad, n. Etym: [Gael. & ir. sgadan a herring.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small carangoid fish (Trachurus saurus) abundant on the European coast, and less common on the American. The name is applied also to several allied species. (b) The goggler; -- called also big-eyed scad. See Goggler. (c) The friar skate. [Scot.] (d) The cigar fish, or round robin. SCAFFOLD Scaf"fold, n. Etym: [OF. eschafault, eschafaut, escafaut, escadafaut, F. échafaud; probably oiginally the same word as E. & F. catafalque, It. catafafalco. See Catafalque.] 1. A temporary structure of timber, boards, etc., for various purposes, as for supporting workmen and materials in building, for exhibiting a spectacle upon, for holding the spectators at a show, etc. Pardon, gentles all, The flat, unraised spirits that have dared On this unworthy scaffold to bring forth So great an object. Shak. 2. Specifically, a stage or elevated platform for the execution of a criminal; as, to die on the scaffold. That a scaffold of execution should grow a scaffold of coronation. Sir P. Sidney. 3. (Metal.) Defn: An accumulation of adherent, partly fused material forming a shelf, or dome-shaped obstruction, above the tuyères in a blast furnace. SCAFFOLD Scaf"fold, v. t. Defn: To furnish or uphold with a scaffold. SCAFFOLDAGE Scaf"fold*age, n. Defn: A scaffold. [R.] Shak. SCAFFOLDING Scaf"fold*ing, n. 1. A scaffold; a supporting framework; as, the scaffolding of the body. Pope. 2. Materials for building scaffolds. SCAGLIA Scagl"ia, n. Etym: [It. scaglia a scale, a shell, a ship of marble.] Defn: A reddish variety of limestone. SCAGLIOLA Scagl*io"la, n. Etym: [It. scagliuola, dim. of scaglia. See Scaglia.] Defn: An imitation of any veined and ornamental stone, as marble, formed by a substratum of finely ground gypsum mixed with glue, the surface of which, while soft, is variegated with splinters of marble, spar, granite, etc., and subsequently colored and polished. SCALA Sca"la, n.; pl. Scalæ. Etym: [L., a ladder.] 1. (Surg.) Defn: A machine formerly employed for reducing dislocations of the humerus. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A term applied to any one of the three canals of the cochlea. SCALABLE Scal"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being scaled. SCALADE; SCALADO Sca*lade", Sca*la"do, n. (Mil.) Defn: See Escalade. Fairfax. SCALAR Sca"lar, n. (Math.) Defn: In the quaternion analysis, a quantity that has magnitude, but not direction; -- distinguished from a vector, which has both magnitude and direction. SCALARIA Sca*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [L., flight of steps.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of marine gastropods of the genus Scalaria, or family Scalaridæ, having elongated spiral turreted shells, with rounded whorls, usually crossed by ribs or varices. The color is generally white or pale. Called also ladder shell, and wentletrap. See Ptenoglossa, and Wentletrap. SCALARIFORM Sca*lar"i*form, a. Etym: [L. scalare, scalaria, staircase, ladder + - form: cf. F. scalariforme.] 1. Resembling a ladder in form or appearance; having transverse bars or markings like the rounds of a ladder; as, the scalariform cells and scalariform pits in some plants. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to a scalaria. SCALARY Sca"la*ry, a. Etym: [L. scalaris, fr. scale, pl. scala, staircase, ladder.] Defn: Resembling a ladder; formed with steps. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SCALAWAG Scal"a*wag, n. Defn: A scamp; a scapegrace. [Spelt also scallawag.] [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett. SCALD Scald, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scaled; p. pr. & vb. n. Scalding.] Etym: [OF. eschalder, eschauder, escauder, F. échauder, fr. L. excaldare; ex + caldus, calidus, warm, hot. See Ex, and Calderon.] 1. To burn with hot liquid or steam; to pain or injure by contact with, or imersion in, any hot fluid; as, to scald the hand. Mine own tears Do scald like molten lead. Shak. Here the blue flames of scalding brimstone fall. Cowley. 2. To expose to a boiling or violent heat over a fire, or in hot water or other liquor; as, to scald milk or meat. SCALD Scald, n. Defn: A burn, or injury to the skin or flesh, by some hot liquid, or by steam. SCALD Scald, a. Etym: [For scalled. See Scall.] 1. Affected with the scab; scaby. Shak. 2. Scurry; paltry; as, scald rhymers. [Obs.] Shak. Scald crow (Zoöl.), the hooded crow. [Ireland] -- Scald head (Med.), a name popularly given to several diseases of the scalp characterized by pustules (the dried discharge of which forms scales) and by falling out of the hair. SCALD Scald, n. Defn: Scurf on the head. See Scall. Spenser. SCALD Scald ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [Icel. skald.] Defn: One of the ancient Scandinavian poets and historiographers; a reciter and singer of heroic poems, etc., among the Norsemen; more rarely, a bard of any of the ancient Teutonic tribes. [Written also skald.] A war song such as was of yore chanted on the field of battle by the scalds of the yet heathen Saxons. Sir W. Scott. SCALDER Scald"er, n. Defn: A Scandinavian poet; a scald. SCALDFISH Scald"fish`, n. Etym: [Scald, a. + fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European flounder (Arnoglosus laterna, or Psetta arnoglossa); -- called also megrin, and smooth sole. SCALDIC Scald"ic ( or ), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the scalds of the Norsemen; as, scaldic poetry. SCALE Scale, n. Etym: [AS. scale; perhaps influenced by the kindred Icel. skal balance, dish, akin also to D. schaal a scale, bowl, shell, G. schale, OHG. scala, Dan. skaal drinking cup, bowl, dish, and perh. to E. scale of a fish. Cf. Scale of a fish, Skull the brain case.] 1. The dish of a balance; hence, the balance itself; an instrument or machine for weighing; as, to turn the scale; -- chiefly used in the plural when applied to the whole instrument or apparatus for weighing. Also used figuratively. Long time in even scale The battle hung. Milton. The scales are turned; her kindness weighs no more Now than my vows. Waller. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The sign or constellation Libra. Platform scale. See under Platform. tip the scales, influence an action so as to change an outcome from one likely result to another. SCALE Scale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scaled; p. pr. & vb. n. Scaling.] Defn: To weigh or measure according to a scale; to measure; also, to grade or vary according to a scale or system. Scaling his present bearing with his past. Shak. To scale, or scale down, a debt, wages, etc., to reduce a debt, etc., according to a fixed ratio or scale. [U.S.] SCALE Scale, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. scealu, scalu, a shell, parings; akin to D. schaal, G. schale, OHG. scala, Dan. & Sw. skal a shell, Dan. skiæl a fish scale, Goth. skalja tile, and E. shale, shell, and perhaps also to scale of a balance; butperhaps rather fr. OF. escale, escaile, F. écaille scale of a fish, and écale shell of beans, pease, egs, nuts, of German origin, and akin to Goth. skalja, G. schale. See Shale.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the small, thin, membranous, bony or horny pieces which form the covering of many fishes and reptiles, and some mammals, belonging to the dermal part of the skeleton, or dermoskeleton. See Cycloid, Ctenoid, and Ganoid. Fish that, with their fins and shining scales, Glide under the green wave. Milton. 2. Hence, any layer or leaf of metal or other material, resembling in size and thinness the scale of a fish; as, a scale of iron, of bone, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the small scalelike structures covering parts of some invertebrates, as those on the wings of Lepidoptera and on the body of Thysanura; the elytra of certain annelids. See Lepidoptera. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A scale insect. (See below.) 5. (Bot.) Defn: A small appendage like a rudimentary leaf, resembling the scales of a fish in form, and often in arrangement; as, the scale of a bud, of a pine cone, and the like. The name is also given to the chaff on the stems of ferns. 6. The thin metallic side plate of the handle of a pocketknife. See Illust. of Pocketknife. 7. An incrustation deposit on the inside of a vessel in which water is heated, as a steam boiler. 8. (Metal.) Defn: The thin oxide which forms on the surface of iron forgings. It consists esentially of the magnetic oxide, Fe3O4. Also, a similar coating upon other metals. Covering scale (Zoöl.), a hydrophyllium. -- Ganoid scale (Zoöl.) See under Ganoid. -- Scale armor (Mil.), armor made of small metallic scales overlapping, and fastened upon leather or cloth. -- Scale beetle (Zoöl.), the tiger beetle. -- Scale carp (Zoöl.), a carp having normal scales. -- Scale insect (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small hemipterous insects belonging to the family Coccidæ, in which the females, when adult, become more or less scalelike in form. They are found upon the leaves and twigs of various trees and shrubs, and often do great damage to fruit trees. See Orange scale,under Orange. -- Scale moss (Bot.), any leafy-stemmed moss of the order Hepaticæ; -- so called from the small imbricated scalelike leaves of most of the species. See Hepatica, 2, and Jungermannia. SCALE Scale, v. t. 1. To strip or clear of scale or scales; as, to scale a fish; to scale the inside of a boiler. 2. To take off in thin layers or scales, as tartar from the teeth; to pare off, as a surface. "If all the mountaines were scaled, and the earth made even." T. Burnet. 3. To scatter; to spread. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 4. (Gun.) Defn: To clean, as the inside of a cannon, by the explosion of a small quantity of powder. Totten. SCALE Scale, v. i. 1. To separate and come off in thin layers or laminæ; as, some sandstone scales by exposure. Those that cast their shell are the lobster and crab; the old skins are found, but the old shells never; so it is likely that they scale off. Bacon. 2. To separate; to scatter. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] SCALE Scale, n. Etym: [L. scalae, pl., scala staircase, ladder; akin to scandere to climb. See Scan; cf. Escalade.] 1. A ladder; a series of steps; a means of ascending. [Obs.] 2. Hence, anything graduated, especially when employed as a measure or rule, or marked by lines at regular intervals. Specifically: (a) A mathematical instrument, consisting of a slip of wood, ivory, or metal, with one or more sets of spaces graduated and numbered on its surface, for measuring or laying off distances, etc., as in drawing, plotting, and the like. See Gunter's scale. (b) A series of spaces marked by lines, and representing proportionately larger distances; as, a scale of miles, yards, feet, etc., for a map or plan. (c) A basis for a numeral system; as, the decimal scale; the binary scale, etc. (d) (Mus.) The graduated series of all the tones, ascending or descending, from the keynote to its octave; -- called also the gamut. It may be repeated through any number of octaves. See Chromatic scale, Diatonic scale, Major scale, and Minor scale, under Chromatic, Diatonic, Major, and Minor. 3. Gradation; succession of ascending and descending steps and degrees; progressive series; scheme of comparative rank or order; as, a scale of being. There is a certain scale of duties . . . which for want of studying in right order, all the world is in confusion. Milton. 4. Relative dimensions, without difference in proportion of parts; size or degree of the parts or components in any complex thing, compared with other like things; especially, the relative proportion of the linear dimensions of the parts of a drawing, map, model, etc., to the dimensions of the corresponding parts of the object that is represented; as, a map on a scale of an inch to a mile. Scale of chords, a graduated scale on which are given the lengths of the chords of arcs from 0º to 90º in a circle of given radius, -- used in measuring given angles and in plotting angles of given numbers of degrees. SCALE Scale, v. t. Etym: [Cf. It. scalare, fr. L. scale, scala. See Scale a ladder.] Defn: To climb by a ladder, or as if by a ladder; to ascend by steps or by climbing; to clamber up; as, to scale the wall of a fort. Oft have I scaled the craggy oak. Spenser. SCALE Scale, v. i. Defn: To lead up by steps; to ascend. [Obs.] Satan from hence, now on the lower stair, That scaled by steps of gold to heaven-gate, Looks down with wonder. Milton. SCALEBACK Scale"back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of marine annelids of the family Polynoidæ, and allies, which have two rows of scales, or elytra, along the back. See Illust. under Chætopoda. SCALEBEAM Scale"beam`, n. 1. The lever or beam of a balance; the lever of a platform scale, to which the poise for weighing is applied. 2. A weighing apparatus with a sliding weight, resembling a steelyard. SCALEBOARD Scale"board` (; commonly , n. Etym: [3d scale + board.] 1. (Print.) Defn: A thin slip of wood used to justify a page. [Obs.] Crabb. 2. A thin veneer of leaf of wood used for covering the surface of articles of firniture, and the like. Scaleboard plane, a plane for cutting from a board a wide shaving forming a scaleboard. SCALED Scaled, a. 1. Covered with scales, or scalelike structures; -- said of a fish, a reptile, a moth, etc. 2. Without scales, or with the scales removed; as, scaled herring. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having feathers which in form, color, or arrangement somewhat resemble scales; as, the scaled dove. Scaled dove (Zoöl.), any American dove of the genus Scardafella. Its colored feather tips resemble scales. SCALELESS Scale"less, a. Defn: Destitute of scales. SCALENE Sca*lene", a. Etym: [L. scalenus, Gr. scalène.] 1. (Geom.) (a) Having the sides and angles unequal; -- said of a triangle. (b) Having the axis inclined to the base, as a cone. 2. (Anat.) (a) Designating several triangular muscles called scalene muscles. (b) Of or pertaining to the scalene muscles. Scalene muscles (Anat.), a group of muscles, usually three on each side in man, extending from the cervical vertebræ to the first and second ribs. SCALENE Sca*lene", n. (Geom.) Defn: A triangle having its sides and angles unequal. SCALENOHEDRAL Sca*le`no*he"dral, a. (Crystallog.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a scalenohedron. SCALENOHEDRON Sca*le`no*he"dron, n. Etym: [Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: A pyramidal form under the rhombohedral system, inclosed by twelve faces, each a scalene triangle. SCALER Scal"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, scales; specifically, a dentist's instrument for removing tartar from the teeth. SCALE-WINGED Scale"-winged`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the wings covered with small scalelike structures, as the lepidoptera; scaly-winged. SCALINESS Scal"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being scaly; roughness. SCALING Scal"ing, a. 1. Adapted for removing scales, as from a fish; as, a scaling knife; adapted for removing scale, as from the interior of a steam boiler; as, a scaling hammer, bar, etc. 2. Serving as an aid in clambering; as, a scaling ladder, used in assaulting a fortified place. SCALIOLA Scal*io"la, n. Defn: Same as Scagliola. SCALL Scall, n. Etym: [Icel. skalli a bald head. Cf. Scald, a.] Defn: A scurf or scabby disease, especially of the scalp. It is a dry scall, even a leprosy upon the head. Lev. xiii. 30. SCALL Scall, a. Defn: Scabby; scurfy. [Obs.] Shak. SCALLED Scalled, a. Defn: Scabby; scurfy; scall. [Obs.] "With scalled brows black." Chaucer. Scalled head. (Med.) See Scald head, under Scald, a. SCALLION Scal"lion, n. Etym: [OF. escalone, escaloingne, L. caepa Ascalonius of Ascalon, fr. Ascalo Ascalon, a town in Palestine. Cf. Shallot.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of small onion (Allium Ascalonicum), native of Palestine; the eschalot, or shallot. 2. Any onion which does not "bottom out," but remains with a thick stem like a leek. Amer. Cyc. SCALLOP Scal"lop, n. Etym: [OF. escalope a shell, probably of German or Dutch origin, and akin to E. scale of a fish; cf. D. schelp shell. See Scale of a fish, and cf. Escalop.] [Written also scollop.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of marine bivalve mollusks of the genus Pecten and allied genera of the family Pectinidæ. The shell is usually radially ribbed, and the edge is therefore often undulated in a characteristic manner. The large adductor muscle of some the species is much used as food. One species (Vola Jacobæus) occurs on the coast of Palestine, and its shell was formerly worn by pilgrims as a mark that they had been to the Holy Land. Called also fan shell. See Pecten, 2. Note: The common edible scallop of the Eastern United States is Pecten irradians; the large sea scallop, also used as food, is P. Clontonius, or tenuicostastus. 2. One of series of segments of circles joined at their extremities, forming a border like the edge or surface of a scallop shell. 3. One of the shells of a scallop; also, a dish resembling a scallop shell. SCALLOP Scal"lop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalloped; p. pr. & vb. n. Scalloping.] 1. To mark or cut the edge or border of into segments of circles, like the edge or surface of a scallop shell. See Scallop, n., 2. 2. (Cookery) Defn: To bake in scallop shells or dishes; to prepare with crumbs of bread or cracker, and bake. See Scalloped oysters, below. SCALLOPED Scal"loped, a. 1. Furnished with a scallop; made or done with or in a scallop. 2. Having the edge or border cut or marked with segments of circles. See Scallop, n., 2. 3. (Cookery) Defn: Baked in a scallop; cooked with crumbs. Scalloped oysters (Cookery), opened oysters baked in a deep dish with alternate layers of bread or cracker crumbs, seasoned with pepper, nutmeg, and butter. This was at first done in scallop shells. SCALLOPER Scal"lop*er, n. Defn: One who fishes for scallops. SCALLOPING Scal"lop*ing, n. Defn: Fishing for scallops. SCALP Scalp, n. Etym: [Cf. Scallop.] Defn: A bed of oysters or mussels. [Scot.] SCALP Scalp, n. Etym: [Perhaps akin to D. schelp shell. Cf. Scallop.] 1. That part of the integument of the head which is usually covered with hair. By the bare scalp of Robin Hodd's fat friar, This fellow were a king for our wild faction! Shak. 2. A part of the skin of the head, with the hair attached, cut or torn off from an enemy by the Indian warriors of North America, as a token of victory. 3. Fig.: The top; the summit. Macaulay. Scalp lock, a long tuft of hair left on the crown of the head by the warriors of some tribes of American Indians. SCALP Scalp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalped; p. pr. & vb. n. Scalping.] 1. To deprive of the scalp; to cut or tear the scalp from the head of. 2. (Surg.) Defn: To remove the skin of. We must scalp the whole lid [of the eye]. J. S. Wells. 3. (Milling.) Defn: To brush the hairs of fuzz from, as wheat grains, in the process of high milling. Knight. SCALP Scalp, v. i. Defn: To make a small, quick profit by slight fluctuations of the market; -- said of brokers who operate in this way on their own account. [Cant] SCALPEL Scal"pel, n. Etym: [L scalpellum, dim. of scalprum a knife, akin to scalpere to cut, carve, scrape: cf. F. scalpel.] (Surg.) Defn: A small knife with a thin, keen blade, -- used by surgeons, and in dissecting. SCALPER Scalper, n. 1. One who, or that which, scalps. 2. (Surg.) Defn: Same as Scalping iron, under Scalping. 3. A broker who, dealing on his own account, tries to get a small and quick profit from slight fluctuations of the market. [Cant] 4. A person who buys and sells the unused parts of railroad tickets. [Cant] SCALPING Scalp"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Scalp. Scalping iron (Surg.), an instrument used in scraping foul and carious bones; a raspatory. -- Scalping knife, a knife used by north American Indians in scalping. SCALPRIFORM Scal"pri*form, a. Etym: [L. scalprum chisel, knife + -form.] (Anat.) Defn: Shaped like a chisel; as, the scalpriform incisors of rodents. SCALY Scal"y, a. 1. Covered or abounding with scales; as, a scaly fish. "Scaly crocodile." Milton. 2. Resembling scales, laminæ, or layers. 3. Mean; low; as, a scaly fellow. [Low] 4. (Bot.) Defn: Composed of scales lying over each other; as, a scaly bulb; covered with scales; as, a scaly stem. Scaly ant-eater (Zoöl.), the pangolin. SCALY-WINGED Scal"y-winged`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Scale-winged. SCAMBLE Scam"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scambled; p. pr. & vb. n. Scambling.] Etym: [Cf. OD. schampelen to deviate, to slip, schampen to go away, escape, slip, and E. scamper, shamble.] 1. To move awkwardly; to be shuffling, irregular, or unsteady; to sprawl; to shamble. "Some scambling shifts." Dr. H. More. "A fine old hall, but a scambling house." Evelyn. 2. To move about pushing and jostling; to be rude and turbulent; to scramble. "The scambling and unquiet time did push it out of . . . question." Shak. SCAMBLE Scam"ble, v. t. Defn: To mangle. [Obs.] Mortimer. SCAMBLER Scam"bler, n. Defn: 1. One who scambles. 2. A bold intruder upon the hospitality of others; a mealtime visitor. [Scot.] SCAMBLINGLY Scam"bling*ly, adv. Defn: In a scambling manner; with turbulence and noise; with bold intrusiveness. SCAMELL; SCAMMEL Scam"ell, or; Scam"mel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The female bar-tailed godwit. [Prov. Eng.] Note: Whether this is the scamel mentioned by Shakespeare ["Tempest," ii. 2] is not known. SCAMILLUS Sca*mil"lus, n.; pl. Scamilli. Etym: [L., originally, a little bench, dim. of scamnum bench, stool.] (Arch.) Defn: A sort of second plinth or block, below the bases of Ionic and Corinthian columns, generally without moldings, and of smaller size horizontally than the pedestal. SCAMMONIATE Scam*mo"ni*ate, a. Defn: Made from scammony; as, a scammoniate aperient. SCAMMONY Scam"mo*ny, n. Etym: [F. scammonée, L. scammonia, scammonea, Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A species of bindweed or Convolvulus (C. Scammonia). 2. An inspissated sap obtained from the rot of the Convolvulus Scammonia, of a blackish gray color, a nauseous smell like that of old cheese, and a somewhat acrid taste. It is used in medicine as a cathartic. SCAMP Scamp, n. Etym: [OF. escamper to run away, to make one's escape. originally, one who runs away, a fugitive, a vagabond. See Scamper.] Defn: A rascal; a swindler; a rogue. De Quincey. SCAMP Scamp, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Scamp,n., or Scant, a., and Skimp.] Defn: To perform in a hasty, neglectful, or imperfect manner; to do superficially. [Colloq.] A workman is said to scamp his work when he does it in a superficial, dishonest manner. Wedgwood. Much of the scamping and dawdling complained of is that of men in establishments of good repute. T. Hughes. SCAMPAVIA Scam`pa*vi"a, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A long, low war galley used by the Neapolitans and Sicilians in the early part of the nineteenth century. SCAMPER Scam"per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scampered; p. pr. & vb. n. Scampering.] Etym: [OF. escamper to escape, to save one's self; L. ex from + campus the field (sc. of battle). See Camp, and cf. Decamp, Scamp, n., Shamble, v. t.] Defn: To run with speed; to run or move in a quick, hurried manner; to hasten away. Macaulay. The lady, however, . . . could not help scampering about the room after a mouse. S. Sharpe. SCAMPER Scam"per, n. Defn: A scampering; a hasty flight. SCAMPERER Scam"per*er, n. Defn: One who scampers. Tyndell. SCAMPISH Scamp"ish, a. Defn: Of or like a scamp; knavish; as, scampish conduct. SCAN Scan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scanned; p. pr. & vb. n. Scanning.] Etym: [L. scandere, scansum, to climb, to scan, akin to Skr. skand to spring, leap: cf. F. scander. Cf. Ascend, Descend, Scale a ladder.] 1. To mount by steps; to go through with step by step. [Obs.] Nor stayed till she the highest stage had scand. Spenser. 2. Specifically (Pros.), to go through with, as a verse, marking and distinguishing the feet of which it is composed; to show, in reading, the metrical structure of; to recite metrically. 3. To go over and examine point by point; to examine with care; to look closely at or into; to scrutinize. The actions of men in high stations are all conspicuous, and liable to be scanned and sifted. Atterbury. SCANDAL Scan"dal, n. Etym: [F. scandale, fr. L. scandalum, Gr. scandle, OF. escandle. See Slander.] 1. Offense caused or experienced; reproach or reprobation called forth by what is regarded as wrong, criminal, heinous, or flagrant: opprobrium or disgrace. O, what a scandal is it to our crown, That two such noble peers as ye should jar! Shak. [I] have brought scandal To Israel, diffidence of God, and doubt In feeble hearts. Milton. 2. Reproachful aspersion; opprobrious censure; defamatory talk, uttered heedlessly or maliciously. You must not put another scandal on him. Shak. My known virtue is from scandal free. Dryden. 3. (Equity) Defn: Anything alleged in pleading which is impertinent, and is reproachful to any person, or which derogates from the dignity of the court, or is contrary to good manners. Daniell. Syn. -- Defamation; detraction; slander; calumny; opprobrium; reproach; shame; disgrace. SCANDAL Scan"dal, v. t. 1. To treat opprobriously; to defame; to asperse; to traduce; to slander. [R.] I do faws on men and hug them hard And after scandal them. Shak. 2. To scandalize; to offend. [Obs.] Bp. Story. Syn. -- To defame; traduce; reproach; slander; calumniate; asperse; vilify; disgarce. SCANDALIZE Scan"dal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scandalized (; p. pr. & vb. n. Scandalizing (.] Etym: [F. scandaliser, L. scandalizare, from Gr. skandali`zein.] 1. To offend the feelings of the conscience of (a person) by some action which is considered immoral or criminal; to bring shame, disgrace, or reproach upon. I demand who they are whom we scandalize by using harmless things. Hooker. the congregation looked on in silence, the better class scandalized, and the lower orders, some laughing, others backing the soldier or the minister, as their fancy dictated. Sir W. Scott. 2. To reproach; to libel; to defame; to slander. To tell his tale might be interpreted into scandalizing the order. Sir W. Scott. SCANDALOUS Scan"dal*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. scandaleux.] 1. Giving offense to the conscience or moral feelings; exciting reprobation; calling out condemnation. Nothing scandalous or offensive unto any. Hooker. 2. Disgraceful to reputation; bringing shame or infamy; opprobrious; as, a scandalous crime or vice. 3. Defamatory; libelous; as, a scandalous story. SCANDALOUSLY Scan"dal*ous*ly, adv. 1. In a manner to give offense; shamefully. His discourse at table was scandalously unbecoming the digmity of his station. Swift. 2. With a disposition to impute immorality or wrong. Shun their fault, who, scandalously nice, Will needs mistake an author into vice. Pope. SCANDALOUSNESS Scan"dal*ous*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being scandalous. SCANDALUM MAGNATUM Scan"da*lum mag*na"tum`. Etym: [L., scandal of magnates.] (Law) Defn: A defamatory speech or writing published to the injury of a person of dignity; -- usually abbreviated scan. mag. SCANDENT Scan"dent, a. Etym: [L. scandens, -entis, p.pr. of scandere to climb.] Defn: Climbing. Note: Scandent plants may climb either by twining, as the hop, or by twisted leafstalks, as the clematis, or by tendrils, as the passion flower, or by rootlets, as the ivy. SCANDIA Scan"di*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Scandium.] (Chem.) Defn: A chemical earth, the oxide of scandium. SCANDIC Scan"dic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to scandium; derived from, or containing, scandium. SCANDINAVIAN Scan`di*na"vi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Scandinavia, that is, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Scandinavia. SCANDIUM Scan"di*um, n. Etym: [NL. So called because found in Scandinavian minerals] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element of the boron group, whose existence was predicated under the provisional name ekaboron by means of the periodic law, and subsequently discovered by spectrum analysis in certain rare Scandinavian minerals (euxenite and gadolinite). It has not yet been isolated. Symbol Sc. Atomic weight 44 SCANSION Scan"sion, n. Etym: [L. scansio, fr. scandere, scansum, to climb. See Scan.] (Pros.) Defn: The act of scanning; distinguishing the metrical feet of a verse by emphasis, pauses, or otherwise. SCANSORES Scan*so"res, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. scandere, scansum, to climb.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An artifical group of birds formerly regarded as an order. They are distributed among several orders by modern ornithologists. Note: The toes are in pairs, two before and two behind, by which they are enabled to cling to, and climb upon, trees, as the woodpeckers, parrots, cuckoos, and trogons. See Illust. under Aves. SCANSORIAL Scan*so"ri*al, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Capable of climbing; as, the woodpecker is a scansorial bird; adapted for climbing; as, the scansorial foot. (b) Of or pertaining to the Scansores. See Illust. under Aves. Scansorial tail (Zoöl.), a tail in which the feathers are stiff and sharp at the tip, as in the woodpeckers. SCANT Scant, a. [Compar. Scanter; superl. Scantest.] Etym: [Icel. skamt, neuter of skamr, skammr, short; cf. skamta to dole out, to portion.] 1. Not full, large, or plentiful; scarcely sufficient; less than is wanted for the purpose; scanty; meager; not enough; as, a scant allowance of provisions or water; a scant pattern of cloth for a garment. His sermon was scant, in all, a quarter of an hour. Ridley. 2. Sparing; parsimonious; chary. Be somewhat scanter of your maiden presence. Shak. Syn. -- See under Scanty. SCANT Scant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Scanting.] 1. To limit; to straiten; to treat illiberally; to stint; as, to scant one in provisions; to scant ourselves in the use of necessaries. Where man hath a great living laid together and where he is scanted. Bacon. I am scanted in the pleasure of dwelling on your actions. Dryden. 2. To cut short; to make small, narrow, or scanty; to curtail. "Scant not my cups." Shak. SCANT Scant, v. i. Defn: To fail, of become less; to scantle; as, the wind scants. SCANT Scant, adv. Defn: In a scant manner; with difficulty; scarcely; hardly. [Obs.] Bacon. So weak that he was scant able to go down the stairs. Fuller. SCANT Scant, n. Defn: Scantness; scarcity. [R.] T. Carew. SCANTILY Scant"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a scanty manner; not fully; not plentifully; sparingly; parsimoniously. His mind was very scantily stored with materials. Macaulay. SCANTINESS Scant"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality condition of being scanty. SCANTLE Scan"tle, v. i. Etym: [Dim. of scant, v.] Defn: To be deficient; to fail. [Obs.] Drayton. SCANTLE Scan"tle, v. t. Etym: [OF. escanteler, eschanteler, to break into contles; pref. es- (L. ex) + cantel, chantel, corner, side, piece. Confused with E. scant. See Cantle.] Defn: To scant; to be niggard of; to divide into small pieces; to cut short or down. [Obs.] All their pay Must your discretion scantle; keep it back. J. Webster. SCANTLET Scant"let, n. Etym: [OF. eschantelet corner.] Defn: A small pattern; a small quantity. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. SCANTLING Scant"ling, a. Etym: [See Scant, a.] Defn: Not plentiful; small; scanty. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. SCANTLING Scant"ling, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. eschantillon, F. échantillon, a sample, pattern, example. In some senses confused with scant insufficient. See Scantle, v. t.] 1. A fragment; a bit; a little piece. Specifically: (a) A piece or quantity cut for a special purpose; a sample. [Obs.] Such as exceed not this scantling; -- to be solace to the sovereign and harmless to the people. Bacon. A pretty scantling of his knowledge may taken by his deferring to be baptized so many years. Milton. (b) A small quantity; a little bit; not much. [Obs.] Reducing them to narrow scantlings. Jer. Taylor. 2. A piece of timber sawed or cut of a small size, as for studs, rails, etc. 3. The dimensions of a piece of timber with regard to its breadth and thickness; hence, the measure or dimensions of anything. 4. A rough draught; a rude sketch or outline. 5. A frame for casks to lie upon; a trestle. Knight. SCANTLY Scant"ly, adv. 1. In a scant manner; not fully or sufficiently; narrowly; penuriously. Dryden. 2. Scarcely; hardly; barely. Scantly they durst their feeble eyes dispread Upon that town. Fairfax. We hold a tourney here to-morrow morn, And there is scantly time for half the work. Tennyson. SCANTNESS Scant"ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being scant; narrowness; smallness; insufficiency; scantiness. "Scantness of outward things." Barrow. SCANTY Scant"y, a. [Compar. Scantier; superl. Scantiest.] Etym: [From Scant, a.] 1. Wanting amplitude or extent; narrow; small; not abundant. his dominions were very narrow and scanty. Locke. Now scantier limits the proud arch confine. Pope. 2. Somewhat less than is needed; insufficient; scant; as, a scanty supply of words; a scanty supply of bread. 3. Sparing; niggardly; parsimonius. In illustrating a point of difficulty, be not too scanty of words. I. Watts. Syn. -- Scant; narrow; small; poor; deficient; meager; scarce; chary; sparing; parsimonious; penurious; niggardly; grudging. SCAPE Scape, n. Etym: [L. scapus shaft, stem, stalk; cf. Gr. scape. Cf. Scepter.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A peduncle rising from the ground or from a subterranean stem, as in the stemless violets, the bloodroot, and the like. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The long basal joint of the antennæ of an insect. 3. (Arch.) (a) The shaft of a column. (b) The apophyge of a shaft. SCAPE Scape, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Scaped; p. pr. & vb. n. Scaping.] Etym: [Aphetic form of escape.] Defn: To escape. [Obs. or Poetic.] Milton. Out of this prison help that we may scape. Chaucer. SCAPE Scape, n. 1. An escape. [Obs.] I spake of most disastrous chances, . . . Of hairbreadth scapes in the imminent, deadly breach. Shak. 2. Means of escape; evasion. [Obs.] Donne. 3. A freak; a slip; a fault; an escapade. [Obs.] Not pardoning so much as the scapes of error and ignorance. Milton. 4. Loose act of vice or lewdness. [Obs.] Shak. SCAPEGALLOWS Scape"gal`lows, n. Defn: One who has narrowly escaped the gallows for his crimes. [Colloq.] Dickens. SCAPEGOAT Scape"goat`, n. Etym: [Scape (for escape) + goat.] 1. (Jewish Antiq.) Defn: A goat upon whose head were symbolically placed the sins of the people, after which he was suffered to escape into the wilderness. Lev. xvi. 10. 2. Hence, a person or thing that is made to bear blame for others. Tennyson. SCAPEGRACE Scape"grace`, n. Defn: A graceless, unprincipled person; one who is wild and reckless. Beaconsfield. SCAPELESS Scape"less, a. (Bot.) Defn: Destitute of a scape. SCAPEMENT Scape"ment, n. Etym: [See Scape, v., Escapement.] Defn: Same as Escapement, 3. SCAPE-WHEEL Scape"-wheel`, n. (Horol.) Defn: the wheel in an escapement (as of a clock or a watch) into the teeth of which the pallets play. SCAPHANDER Sca*phan"der, n. Etym: [Gr. scaphandre.] Defn: The case, or impermeable apparel, in which a diver can work while under water. SCAPHISM Scaph"ism, n. Etym: [Gr. ska`fh a trough.] Defn: An ancient mode of punishing criminals among the Persians, by confining the victim in a trough, with his head and limbs smeared with honey or the like, and exposed to the sun and to insects until he died. SCAPHITE Scaph"ite, n. Etym: [L. scapha a boat, fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: Any fossil cephalopod shell of the genus Scaphites, belonging to the Ammonite family and having a chambered boat-shaped shell. Scaphites are found in the Cretaceous formation. SCAPHOCEPHALIC Scaph`o*ce*phal"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or affected with, scaphocephaly. SCAPHOCEPHALY Scaph`o*ceph"a*ly, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A deformed condition of the skull, in which the vault is narrow, clongated, and more or less boat-shaped. SCAPHOCERITE Scaph`o*ce"rite, n. Etym: [Gr. cerite.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A flattened plate or scale attached to the second joint of the antennæ of many Crustacea. SCAPHOGNATHITE Sca*phog"na*thite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A thin leafike appendage (the exopodite) of the second maxilla of decapod crustaceans. It serves as a pumping organ to draw the water through the gill cavity. SCAPHOID Scaph"oid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid: cf. F. scaphoïde.] (Anat.) Defn: Resembling a boat in form; boat-shaped. -- n. Defn: The scaphoid bone. Scaphoid bone (a) One of the carpal bones, which articulates with the radius; the radiale. (b) One of the tarsal bones; the navicular bone. See under Navicular. SCAPHOLUNAR Scaph`o*lu"nar, a. Etym: [Scaphoid + lunar.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the scaphoid and lunar bones of the carpus. -- n. Defn: The scapholunar bone. Scapholunar bone, a bone formed by the coalescence of the scaphoid and lunar in the carpus of carnivora. SCAPHOPODA Sca*phop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A class of marine cephalate Mollusca having a tubular shell open at both ends, a pointed or spadelike foot for burrowing, and many long, slender, prehensile oral tentacles. It includes Dentalium, or the tooth shells, and other similar shells. Called also Prosopocephala, and Solenoconcha. SCAPIFORM Sca"pi*form, a. (Bot.) Defn: Resembling scape, or flower stm. SCAPOLITE Scap"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. scapus a stem, sta-lite: cf. F. scapolite.] (Mon.) Defn: A grayish white mineral occuring in tetragonal crystals and in cleavable masses. It is esentially a silicate of aluminia and soda. Note: The scapolite group includes scapolite proper, or wernerite, also meionite, dipyre, etc. SCAPPLE Scap"ple, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. eskaper, eschapler, to cut, hew, LL. scapellare. Cf. Scabble.] (a) To work roughly, or shape without finishing, as stone before leaving the quarry. (b) To dress in any way short of fine tooling or rubbing, as stone. Gwilt. SCAPULA Scap"u*la, n.; pl. L. Scapulæ, E. Scapuolas. Etym: [L.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The principal bone of the shoulder girdle in mammals; the shoulder blade. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the plates from which the arms of a crinoid arise. SCAPULAR Scap"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. scapulaire. Cf. Scapulary.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the scapula or the shoulder Scapular arch (Anat.), the pectoral arch. See under pectoral. -- Scapular region, or Scapular tract (Zoöl.), a definite longitudinal area over the shoulder and along each side of the back of a bird, from which the scapular feathers arise. SCAPULAR Scap"u*lar, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a special group of feathers which arise from each of the scapular regions and lie along the sides of the back. SCAPULAR; SCAPULARY Scap"u*lar, Scap"u*la*ry, n. Etym: [F. scapulaire, LL. scapularium, scapulare, fr. L.scapula shoulder blade.] 1. (R.C.Ch.) (a) A loose sleeveless vestment falling in front and behind, worn by certain religious orders and devout persons. (b) The name given to two pieces of cloth worn under the ordinary garb and over the shoulders as an act of devotion. Addis & Arnold. 2. (Surg.) Defn: A bandage passing over the shoulder to support it, or to retain another bandage in place. SCAPULARY Scap"u*la*ry, a. Defn: Same as Scapular, a. SCAPULARY Scap"u*la*ry, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as 2d and 3d Scapular. SCAPULET Scap"u*let, n. Etym: [Dim. of scapula.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A secondary mouth fold developed at the base of each of the armlike lobes of the manubrium of many rhizostome medusæ. See Illustration in Appendix. SCAPULO- Scap"u*lo- (. Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the scapula or the shoulder; as, the scapulo- clavicular articulation, the articulation between the scapula and clavicle. SCAPUS Sca"pus, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: See 1st Scape. SCAR Scar, n. Etym: [OF. escare, F. eschare an eschar, a dry slough (cf. It. & Sp. escara), L. eschara, fr. Gr. Eschar.] 1. A mark in the skin or flesh of an animal, made by a wound or ulcer, and remaining after the wound or ulcer is healed; a cicatrix; a mark left by a previous injury; a blemish; a disfigurement. This earth had the beauty of youth, . . . and not a wrinkle, scar, or fracture on all its body. T. Burnet. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A mark left upon a stem or branch by the fall of a leaf, leaflet, or frond, or upon a seed by the separation of its support. See Illust. under Axillary. SCAR Scar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarred; p. pr. & vb. n. Scarring.] Defn: To mark with a scar or scars. Yet I'll not shed her blood; Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow. Shak. His cheeks were deeply scarred. Macaulay. SCAR Scar, v. i. Defn: To form a scar. SCAR Scar, n. Etym: [Scot. scar, scaur, Icel. sker a skerry, an isolated rock in the sea; akin to Dan. skiær, Sw. skär. Cf. Skerry.] Defn: An isolated or protruding rock; a steep, rocky eminence; a bare place on the side of a mountain or steep bank of earth. [Written also scaur.] O sweet and far, from cliff and scar, The horns of Elfland faintly blowing. Tennyson. SCAR Scar, n. Etym: [L. scarus, a kind of fish, Gr. ska`ros.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine food fish, the scarus, or parrot fish. SCARAB; SCARABEE Scar"ab, Scar"a*bee, n. Etym: [L. scarabeus; cf. F. scarabée.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of lamellicorn beetles of the genus Scarabæus, or family Scarabæidæ, especially the sacred, or Egyptian, species (Scarabæus sacer, and S. Egyptiorum). SCARABAEUS Scar`a*bæ"us, n. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Scarab. SCARABOID Scar"a*boid, a. Etym: [Scarab + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the family Scarabæidæ, an extensive group which includes the Egyptian scarab, the tumbleding, and many similar lamellicorn beetles. SCARABOID Scar"a*boid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A scaraboid beetle. SCARAMOUCH Scar"a*mouch`, n. Etym: [F. scaramouche, It.scaramuccio, scaramuccia, originally the name of a celebrated Italian comedian; cf. It. scaramuccia, scaramuccio, F. escarmouche, skirmish. Cf. Skirmish.] Defn: A personage in the old Italian comedy (derived from Spain) characterized by great boastfulness and poltroonery; hence, a person of like characteristics; a buffoon. SCARCE Scarce, a. [Compar. Scarcer; superl. Scarcest.] Etym: [OE. scars, OF. escars, eschars, LL. scarpsus, for L. excerptus, p. p. of excerpere to pick out, and hence to contract, to shorten; ex (see Ex-) + carpere. See Carpet, and cf. Excerp.] 1. Not plentiful or abundant; in small quantity in proportion to the demand; not easily to be procured; rare; uncommon. You tell him silver is scarcer now in England, and therefore risen one fifth in value. Locke. The scarcest of all is a Pescennius Niger on a medallion well preserved. Addison. 2. Scantily supplied (with); deficient (in); -- with of. [Obs.] "A region scarce of prey." Milton. 3. Sparing; frugal; parsimonious; stingy. [Obs.] "Too scarce ne too sparing." Chaucer. To make one's self scarce, to decamp; to depart. [Slang] Syn. -- Rare; infrequent; deficient. See Rare. SCARCE; SCARCELY Scarce, Scarce"ly, adv. 1. With difficulty; hardly; scantly; barely; but just. With a scarce well-lighted flame. Milton. The eldest scarcely five year was of age. Chaucer. Slowly she sails, and scarcely stems the tides. Dryden. He had scarcely finished, when the laborer arrived who had been sent for my ransom. W. Irwing. 2. Frugally; penuriously. [Obs.] haucer. SCARCEMENT Scarce"ment, n. (Arch. & Engin.) Defn: An offset where a wall or bank of earth, etc., retreats, leaving a shelf or footing. SCARCENESS; SCARCITY Scarce"ness, Scar"ci*ty, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being scarce; smallness of quantity in proportion to the wants or demands; deficiency; lack of plenty; short supply; penury; as, a scarcity of grain; a great scarcity of beauties. Chaucer. A scarcity of snow would raise a mutiny at Naples. Addison. Praise . . . owes its value to its scarcity. Rambler. The value of an advantage is enhanced by its scarceness. Collier. Syn. -- Deficiency; lack; want; penury; dearth; rareness; rarity; infrequency. SCARD Scard, n. Defn: A shard or fragment. [Obs.] SCARE Scare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scared; p. pr. & vb. n. Scaring.] Etym: [OE. skerren, skeren, Icel. skirra to bar, prevent, skirrask to shun , shrink from; or fr. OE. skerre, adj., scared, Icel. skjarr; both perhaps akin to E. sheer to turn.] Defn: To frighten; to strike with sudden fear; to alarm. The noise of thy crossbow Will scare the herd, and so my shoot is lost. Shak. To scare away, to drive away by frightening. -- To scare up, to find by search, as if by beating for game. [Slang] Syn. -- To alarm; frighten; startle; affright; terrify. SCARE Scare, n. Defn: Fright; esp., sudden fright produced by a trifling cause, or originating in mistake. [Colloq.] SCARECROW Scare"crow`, n. 1. Anything set up to frighten crows or other birds from cornfields; hence, anything terifying without danger. A scarecrow set to frighten fools away. Dryden. 2. A person clad in rags and tatters. No eye hath seen such scarecrows. I'll not march with them through Coventry, that's flat. Shak. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The black tern. [Prov. Eng.] SCAREFIRE Scare"fire`, n. 1. An alarm of fire. [Obs.] 2. A fire causing alarm. [Obs.] Fuller. SCARF Scarf, n. Etym: [Icel. skarfr.] Defn: A cormorant. [Scot.] SCARF Scarf, n.; pl. Scarfs, rarely Scarves. Etym: [Cf. OF. escharpe a piligrim's scrip, or wallet (handing about the neck.), F. écharpe sash, scarf; probably from OHG. scharpe pocket; also (from the French) Dan. skiærf; Sw. skärp, Prov. G. schärfe, LG. scherf, G. schärpe; and also AS. scearf a fragment; possibly akin to E. scrip a wallet. Cf. Scarp a scarf.] Defn: An article of dress of a light and decorative character, worn loosely over the shoulders or about the neck or the waist; a light shawl or handkerchief for the neck; also, a cravat; a neckcloth. Put on your hood and scarf. Swift. With care about the banners, scarves, and staves. R. Browning. SCARF Scarf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarfed; p. pr. & vb. n. Scarfing.] 1. To throw on loosely; to put on like a scarf. "My sea-gown scarfed about me." Shak. 2. To dress with a scarf, or as with a scarf; to cover with a loose wrapping. Shak. SCARF Scarf, v. t. Etym: [Sw. skarfva to eke out, to join together, skarf a seam, joint; cf. Dan. skarre to joint, to unite timber, Icel. skara to clinich the planks of a boat, G. scharben to chop, to cut small.] (a) To form a scarf on the end or edge of, as for a joint in timber, metal rods, etc. (b) To unite, as two pieces of timber or metal, by a scarf joint. SCARF Scarf, n. (a) In a piece which is to be united to another by a scarf joint, the part of the end or edge that is tapered off, rabbeted, or notched so as to be thinner than the rest of the piece. (b) A scarf joint. Scarf joint (a) A joint made by overlapping and bolting or locking together the ends of two pieces of timber that are halved, notched, or cut away so that they will fit each other and form a lengthened beam of the same size at the junction as elsewhere. (b) A joint formed by welding, riveting, or brazing together the overlapping scarfed ends, or edges, of metal rods, sheets, etc. -- Scarf weld. See under Weld. SCARFSKIN Scarf"skin`, n. (Anat.) Defn: See Epidermis. SCARIFICATION Scar`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. scarificatio: cf. F. scarification.] Defn: The act of scarifying. SCARIFICATOR Scar"i*fi*ca`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. scarificateur.] (Surg.) Defn: An instrument, principally used in cupping, containing several lancets moved simultaneously by a spring, for making slight incisions. SCARIFIER Scar"i*fi`er, n. 1. One who scarifies. 2. (Surg.) Defn: The instrument used for scarifying. 3. (Agric.) Defn: An implement for stripping and loosening the soil, without bringing up a fresh surface. You have your scarifiers to make the ground clean. Southey. SCARIFY Scar"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarified; p. pr. & vb. n. Scarifying.] Etym: [F. scarifier, L. scarificare, scarifare, fr. Gr. 1. To scratch or cut the skin of; esp. (Med.), to make small incisions in, by means of a lancet or scarificator, so as to draw blood from the smaller vessels without opening a large vein. 2. (Agric.) Defn: To stir the surface soil of, as a field. SCARIOSE; SCARIOUS Sca"ri*ose, Sca"ri*ous, a. Etym: [F. scarieux, NL. scariosus. Cf. Scary.] (Bot.) Defn: Thin, dry, membranous, and not green. Gray. SCARLATINA Scar`la*ti"na, n. Etym: [NL.: cf. F. scarlatine. See Scarlet.] (Med.) Defn: Scarlet fever. -- Scar`la*ti"nal, a. -- Scar*lat"i*nous (# or #), a. SCARLESS Scar"less, a. Defn: Free from scar. Drummond. SCARLET Scar"let, n. Etym: [OE. scarlat, scarlet, OF. escarlate, F. écarlate (cf. Pr. escarlat, escarlata, Sp. & Pg. escarlata, It. scarlatto, LL. scarlatum), from Per. sakirlat.] Defn: A deep bright red tinged with orange or yellow, -- of many tints and shades; a vivid or bright red color. 2. Cloth of a scarlet color. All her household are clothed with scarlet. Prov. xxxi. 21. SCARLET Scar"let, a. Defn: Of the color called scarlet; as, a scarlet cloth or thread. Scarlet admiral (Zoöl.), the red admiral. See under Red. -- Scarlet bean (Bot.), a kind of bean (Phaseolus multiflorus) having scarlet flowers; scarlet runner. -- Scarlet fever (Med.), a contagious febrile disease characterized by inflammation of the fauces and a scarlet rash, appearing usually on the second day, and ending in desquamation about the sixth or seventh day. -- Scarlet fish (Zoöl.), the telescope fish; -- so called from its red color. See under Telescope. -- Scarlet ibis (Zoöl.) See under Ibis. -- Scarlet maple (Bot.), the red maple. See Maple. -- Scarlet mite (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of bright red carnivorous mites found among grass and moss, especially Thombidium holosericeum and allied species. The young are parasitic upon spiders and insects. -- Scarlet oak (Bot.), a species of oak (Quercus coccinea) of the United States; -- so called from the scarlet color of its leaves in autumn. -- Scarlet runner (Bot.), the scarlet bean. -- Scarlet tanager. (Zoöl.) See under Tanager. SCARLET Scar"let, v. t. Defn: To dye or tinge with scarlet. [R.] The ashy paleness of my cheek Is scarleted in ruddy flakes of wrath. Ford. SCARMAGE; SCARMOGE Scar"mage, Scar"moge, n. Defn: A slight contest; a skirmish. See Skirmish. [Obs.] Such cruel game my scarmoges disarms. Spenser. SCARN Scarn, n. Etym: [Icel. skarn; akin to AS. scearn. Cf. Shearn.] Defn: Dung. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray. Scarn bee (Zoöl.), a dung beetle. SCAROID Sca"roid, a. Etym: [Scarus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Scaridæ, a family of marine fishes including the parrot fishes. SCARP Scarp, n. Etym: [OF. escharpe. See 2d Scarf.] (Her.) Defn: A band in the same position as the bend sinister, but only half as broad as the latter. SCARP Scarp, n. Etym: [Aphetic form of Escarp.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: The slope of the ditch nearest the parapet; the escarp. 2. A steep descent or declivity. SCARP Scarp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarped; p. pr. & vb. n. Scarping.] Defn: To cut down perpendicularly, or nearly so; as, to scarp the face of a ditch or a rock. From scarped cliff and quarried stone. Tennyson. Sweep ruins from the scarped mountain. Emerson. SCARRING Scar"ring, n. Defn: A scar; a mark. We find upon the limestone rocks the scarrings of the ancient glacier which brought the bowlder here. Tyndall. SCARRY Scar"ry, a. Defn: Bearing scars or marks of wounds. SCARRY Scar"ry, a. Etym: [See 4th Scar.] Defn: Like a scar, or rocky eminence; containing scars. Holinshed. SCARUS Sca"rus, n. Etym: [L. See Scar a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A Mediterranean food fish (Sparisoma scarus) od excellent quality and highly valued by the Romans; -- called also parrot fish. SCARY Sca"ry, n. Etym: [Prov. E. scare scraggy.] Defn: Barren land having only a thin coat of grass. [Prov. Eng.] SCARY Scar"y, a. Etym: [From Scare.] 1. Subject to sudden alarm. [Colloq.U.S.] Whittier. 2. Causing fright; alarming. [Colloq.U.S.] SCASELY Scase"ly, adv. Defn: Scarcely; hardly. [Obs. or Colloq.] Robynson (More's Utopia) SCAT Scat, interj. Defn: Go away; begone; away; -- chiefly used in driving off a cat. SCAT; SCATT Scat, Scatt, n. Etym: [Icel. scattr.] Defn: Tribute. [R.] "Seizing scatt and treasure." Longfellow. SCAT Scat, n. Defn: A shower of rain. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. SCATCH Scatch, n. Etym: [F. escache.] Defn: A kind of bit for the bridle of a horse; -- called also scatchmouth. Bailey. SCATCHES Scatch"es, n.; pl. Etym: [OF. eschaces, F. échasses, fr. D. schaats a high-heeled shoe, a skate. See Skate, for the foot.] Defn: Stilts. [Prov. Eng.] SCATE Scate, n. Defn: See Skate, for the foot. SCATEBROUS Scat"e*brous, a. Etym: [L. scatebra a gushing up of water, from scatere to bubble, gush.] Defn: Abounding with springs. [Obs.] SCATH Scath, n. Etym: [Icel. skathi; akin to Dan. skade, Sw. skada, AS. sceatha, scatha, foe, injurer, OS. skatho, D. schade, schaden; cf. Gr. Scathe, v.] Defn: Harm; damage; injury; hurt; waste; misfortune. [Written also scathe.] But she was somedeal deaf, and that was skathe. Chaucer. Great mercy, sure, for to enlarge a thrall, Whose freedom shall thee turn to greatest scath. Spenser. Wherein Rome hath done you any scath, Let him make treble satisfaction. Shak. SCATHE; SCATH Scathe, Scath, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scathed; p. pr. & vb. n. Scathing.] Etym: [Icel. skatha; akin to AS. sceathan, sceth\'eban, Dan. skade, Sw. skada, D. & G. schaden, OHG. scadon, Goth. skaÞjan.] Defn: To do harm to; to injure; to damage; to waste; to destroy. As when heaven's fire Hath scathed the forest oaks or mountain pines. Milton. Strokes of calamity that scathe and scorch the soul. W. Irwing. SCATHFUL Scath"ful, a. Defn: Harmful; doing damage; pernicious. Shak. -- Scath"ful*ness, n. SCATHLESS Scath"less, a. Defn: Unharmed. R. L. Stevenson. He, too, . . . is to be dismissed scathless. Sir W. Scott. SCATHLY Scath"ly, a. Defn: Injurious; scathful. [Obs.] SCATTER Scat"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scattered; p. pr. & vb. n. Scattering.] Etym: [OE. scateren. See Shatter.] 1. To strew about; to sprinkle around; to throw down loosely; to deposit or place here and there, esp. in an open or sparse order. And some are scattered all the floor about. Chaucer. Why should my muse enlarge on Libyan swains, Their scattered cottages, and ample plains Dryden. Teach the glad hours to scatter, as they fly, Soft quiet, gentle love, and endless joy. Prior. 2. To cause to separate in different directions; to reduce from a close or compact to a loose or broken order; to dissipate; to disperse. Scatter and disperse the giddy Goths. Shak. 3. Hence, to frustrate, disappoint, and overthrow; as, to scatter hopes, plans, or the like. Syn. -- To disperse; dissipate; spread; strew. SCATTER Scat"ter, v. i. Defn: To be dispersed or dissipated; to disperse or separate; as, clouds scatter after a storm. SCATTER-BRAIN Scat"ter-brain`, n. Defn: A giddy or thoughtless person; one incapable of concentration or attention. [Written also scatter-brains.] SCATTER-BRAINED Scat"ter-brained`, a. Defn: Giddy; thoughtless. SCATTERED Scat"tered, a. 1. Dispersed; dissipated; sprinkled, or loosely spread. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Irregular in position; having no regular order; as, scattered leaves. -- Scat"tered*ly, adv. -- Scat"tered*ness, n. SCATTERGOOD Scat"ter*good`, n. Defn: One who wastes; a spendthrift. SCATTERING Scat"ter*ing, a. Defn: Going or falling in various directions; not united or agregated; divided among many; as, scattering votes. SCATTERING Scat"ter*ing, n. Defn: Act of strewing about; something scattered. South. SCATTERINGLY Scat"ter*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a scattering manner; dispersedly. SCATTERLING Scat"ter*ling, n. Etym: [Scatter + -ling.] Defn: One who has no fixed habitation or residence; a vagabond. [Obs.] "Foreign scatterlings." Spenser. SCATURIENT Sca*tu"ri*ent, a.Etym: [L. scaturiens, p.pr. of scaturire gush out, from scatere to bubble, gush.] Defn: Gushing forth; full to overflowing; effusive. [R.] A pen so scaturient and unretentive. Sir W. Scott. SCATURIGINOUS Scat`u*rig"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. skaturiginosus, fr. scaturigo gushing water. See Scaturient.] Defn: Abounding with springs. [Obs.] SCAUP Scaup, n. Etym: [See Scalp a bed of oysters or mussels.] 1. A bed or stratum of shellfish; scalp. [Scot.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A scaup duck. See below. Scaup duck (Zoöl.), any one of several species of northern ducks of the genus Aythya, or Fuligula. The adult males are, in large part, black. The three North American species are: the greater scaup duck (Aythya marila, var. nearctica), called also broadbill, bluebill, blackhead, flock duck, flocking fowl, and raft duck; the lesser scaup duck (A. affinis), called also little bluebill, river broadbill, and shuffler; the tufted, or ring-necked, scaup duck (A. collaris), called also black jack, ringneck, ringbill, ringbill shuffler, etc. See Illust. of Ring-necked, under Ring- necked. The common European scaup, or mussel, duck (A.marila), closely resembles the American variety. SCAUPER Scaup"er, n. Etym: [Cf. Scalper.] Defn: A tool with a semicircular edge, -- used by engravers to clear away the spaces between the lines of an engraving. Fairholt. SCAUR Scaur, n. Defn: A precipitous bank or rock; a scar. SCAVAGE Scav"age (; 48), n. Etym: [LL. scavagium, fr. AS. sceáwian to lock at to inspect. See Show.] (O.Eng. Law) Defn: A toll duty formerly exacted of merchant strangers by mayors, sheriffs, etc., for goods shown or offered for sale within their precincts. Cowell. SCAVENGE Scav"enge, v. t. Defn: To cleanse, as streets, from filth. C. Kingsley. SCAVENGER Scav"en*ger, n. Etym: [OE. scavager an officer with various duties, orginally attending to scavage, fr. OE. & E. scavage. See Scavage, Show, v.] Defn: A person whose employment is to clean the streets of a city, by scraping or sweeping, and carrying off the fifth. The name is also applied to any animal which devours refuse, carrion, or anything injurious to health. Scavenger beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle which feeds on decaying substances, as the carrion beetle. -- Scavanger crab (Zoöl.), any crab which feeds on dead animals, as the spider crab. -- Scavenger's daughter Etym: [corrupt. of Skevington's daughter], an instrument of torture invented by Sir W. Skevington, which so compressed the body as to force the blood to flow from nostrils. and sometimes from the hands and feet. Am. Cyc. SCAVENGING Scav"eng*ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of Scavenge. Hence, n. (Internal- combustion Engines) Defn: Act or process of expelling the exhaust gases from the cylinder by some special means, as, in many four-cycle engines, by utilizing the momentum of the exhaust gases in a long exhaust pipe. SCAZON Sca"zon, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. to limp.] (Lat. Pros.) Defn: A choliamb. SCELERAT Scel"er*at, n. Etym: [F. scéléra from L. sceleratus, p.p. of scelerare to pollute, from scelus, sceleris, a crime.] Defn: A villian; a criminal. [Obs.] Cheyne. SCELESTIC Sce*les"tic, a. Etym: [L. scelestus, from scelus wickedness.] Defn: Evil; wicked; atrocious. [Obs.] "Scelestic villainies." Feltham. SCELET Scel"et, n. Etym: [See Skeleton.] Defn: A mummy; a skeleton. [Obs.] olland. SCENA Sce"na, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) (a) A scene in an opera. (b) An accompanied dramatic recitative, interspersed with passages of melody, or followed by a full aria. Rockstro. SCENARIO Sce*na"ri*o, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A preliminary sketch of the plot, or main incidents, of an opera. SCENARY Scen"a*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. L. scenarius belonging to the stage.] Defn: Scenery. [Obs.] Dryden. SCENE Scene, n. Etym: [L. scaena, scena, Gr. 1. The structure on which a spectacle or play is exhibited; the part of a theater in which the acting is done, with its adjuncts and decorations; the stage. 2. The decorations and fittings of a stage, representing the place in which the action is supposed to go on; one of the slides, or other devices, used to give an appearance of reality to the action of a play; as, to paint scenes; to shift the scenes; to go behind the scenes. 3. So much of a play as passes without change of locality or time, or important change of character; hence, a subdivision of an act; a separate portion of a play, subordinate to the act, but differently determined in different plays; as, an act of four scenes. My dismal scene I needs must act alone. Shak. 4. The place, time, circumstance, etc., in which anything occurs, or in which the action of a story, play, or the like, is laid; surroundings amid which anything is set before the imagination; place of occurence, exhibition, or action. "In Troy, there lies the scene." Shak. The world is a vast scene of strife. J. M. Mason. 5. An assemblage of objects presented to the view at once; a series of actions and events exhibited in their connection; a spectacle; a show; an exhibition; a view. Through what new scenes and changes must we pass! Addison. 6. A landscape, or part of a landscape; scenery. A sylvan scene with various greens was drawn, Shades on the sides, and in the midst a lawn. Dryden. 7. An exhibition of passionate or strong feeling before others; often, an artifical or affected action, or course of action, done for effect; a theatrical display. Probably no lover of scenes would have had very long to wait De Quincey. Behind the scenes, behind the scenery of a theater; out of the view of the audience, but in sight of the actors, machinery, etc.; hence, conversant with the hidden motives and agencies of what appears to public view. SCENE Scene, v. t. Defn: To exhibit as a scene; to make a scene of; to display. [Obs.] Abp. Sancroft. SCENEFUL Scene"ful, a. Defn: Having much scenery. [R.] SCENEMAN Scene"man, n.; pl. Scenemen (. Defn: The man who manages the movable scenes in a theater. SCENERY Scen"er*y, n. 1. Assemblage of scenes; the scenes of a play; the disposition and arrangement of the scenes in which the action of a play, poem, etc., is laid; representation of place of action or occurence. 2. Sum of scenes or views; general aspect, as regards variety and beauty or the reverse, in a landscape; combination of natural views, as woods, hills, etc. Never need an American look beyond his own country for the sublime and beautiful of natural scenery. W. Irving. SCENESHIFTER Scene"shift`er, n. Defn: One who moves the scenes in a theater; a sceneman. SCENIC; SCENICAL Scen"ic, Scen"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. scaenicus, scenicus, Gr. scénique. See Scene.] Defn: Of or pertaining to scenery; of the nature of scenery; theatrical. All these situations communicate a scenical animation to the wild romance, if treated dramatically. De Quincey. SCENOGRAPH Scen"o*graph, n. Etym: [See Scenography.] Defn: A perspective representation or general view of an object. SCENOGRAPHIC; SCENOGRAPHICAL Scen`o*graph"ic, Scen`o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. scénographique, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to scenography; drawn in perspective. -- Scen`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. SCENOGRAPHY Sce*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [L. scenographia, Gr. scénographie.] Defn: The art or act of representing a body on a perspective plane; also, a representation or description of a body, in all its dimensions, as it appears to the eye. Greenhill. SCENT Scent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scented; p. pr. & vb. n. Scenting.] Etym: [Originally sent, fr. F. sentir to feel, to smell. See Sense.] 1. To perceive by the olfactory organs; to smell; as, to scent game, as a hound does. Methinks I scent the morning air. Shak. 2. To imbue or fill with odor; to perfume. Balm from a silver box distilled around, Shall all bedew the roots, and scent the sacred ground. Dryden. SCENT Scent, v. i. 1. To have a smell. [Obs.] Thunderbolts . . . do scent strongly of brimstone. Holland. 2. To hunt animals by means of the sense of smell. SCENT Scent, n. 1. That which, issuing from a body, affects the olfactory organs of animals; odor; smell; as, the scent of an orange, or of a rose; the scent of musk. With lavish hand diffuses scents ambrosial. prior. 2. Specifically, the odor left by an animal on the ground in passing over it; as, dogs find or lose the scent; hence, course of pursuit; track of discovery. He gained the observations of innumerable ages, and traveled upon the same scent into Ethiopia. Sir W. Temple. 3. The power of smelling; the sense of smell; as, a hound of nice scent; to divert the scent. I. Watts. SCENTFUL Scent"ful, a. 1. Full of scent or odor; odorous. "A scentful nosegay." W. Browne. 2. Of quick or keen smell. The scentful osprey by the rock had fished. W. Browne. SCENTINGLY Scent"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By scent. [R.] Fuller. SCENTLESS Scent"less, a. Defn: Having no scent. The scentless and the scented rose. Cowper. SCEPSIS Scep"sis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. skepsis. See Skeptic.] Defn: Skepticism; skeptical philosophy. [R.] Among their products were the system of Locke, the scepsis of Hume, the critical philosophy of kant. J. martineau. SCEPTER; SCEPTRE Scep"ter, Scep"tre, n. Etym: [F. sceptre, L. sceptrum, from Gr. shaft. See Shaft, and cf. Scape a stem, shaft.] 1. A staff or baton borne by a sovereign, as a ceremonial badge or emblem of authority; a royal mace. And the king held out Esther the golden scepter that was in his hand. Esther v. 2. 2. Hence, royal or imperial power or authority; sovereignty; as, to assume the scepter. The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shilon come. Gen. xlix. 10. SCEPTER; SCEPTRE Scep"ter, Scep"tre, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sceptered or Sceptred (p. pr. & vb. n. Sceptering or Sceptring (.] Defn: To endow with the scepter, or emblem of authority; to invest with royal authority. To Britain's queen the sceptered suppliant bends. Tickell. SCEPTERELLATE Scep`ter*el"late, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a straight shaft with whorls of spines; -- said of certain sponge spicules. See Illust. under Spicule. SCEPTERLESS; SCEPTRELESS Scep"ter*less, Scep"tre*less, a. Defn: Having no scepter; without authority; powerless; as, a scepterless king. SCEPTIC; SCEPTICAL; SCEPTICISM Scep"tic, Scep"tic*al, Scep"ti*cism, Defn: etc. See Skeptic, Skeptical, Skepticism, etc. SCEPTRAL Scep"tral, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a scepter; like a scepter. SCERN Scern, v. t. Defn: To discern; to perceive. [Obs.] SCHADE Schade, n. Defn: Shade; shadow. [Obs.] Note: English words now beginning with sh, like shade, were formerly often spelled with a c between the s and h; as, schade; schame; schape; schort, etc. SCHAH Schah, n. Defn: See Shah. SCHAPPE Schap"pe, n. [G. dial. (Swiss), waste, impurity.] Defn: A silk yarn or fabric made out of carded spun silk. SCHATCHEN Schat"chen, n. [Yiddish, fr. NHeb. shadkhan, fr. shadakh to bring about a marriage, orig., to persuade.] Defn: A person whose business is marriage brokage; a marriage broker, esp. among certain Jews. SCHEDIASM Sche"di*asm, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Cursory writing on a loose sheet. [R.] SCHEDULE Sched"ule (; in England commonly ; 277), n. Etym: [F. cédule, formerly also spelt schedule, L. schedula, dim. of scheda, scida, a strip of papyrus bark, a leaf of paper; akin to (or perh. from) Gr. scindere to cleave, Gr. Schism, and cf. Cedule.] Defn: A written or printed scroll or sheet of paper; a document; especially, a formal list or inventory; a list or catalogue annexed to a larger document, as to a will, a lease, a statute, etc. Syn. -- Catalogue; list; inventory. see List. SCHEDULE Sched"ule, v. t. Defn: To form into, or place in, a schedule. SCHEELE'S GREEN Scheele's" green`. Etym: [See Scheelite.] (Chem.) Defn: See under Green. SCHEELIN Scheel"in, n. (Chem.) Defn: Scheelium. [Obs.] SCHEELITE Scheel"ite (, n. Etym: [From C.W.Scheele, a Swedish chemist.] (Min.) Defn: Calcium tungstate, a mineral of a white or pale yellowish color and of the tetragonal system of crystallization. SCHEELIUM Schee"li*um, n. Etym: [NL. From C.W.Scheele, who discovered it.] (Chem.) Defn: The metal tungsten. [Obs.] SCHEIK Scheik (shek or shak), n. Defn: See Sheik. SCHELLY Schel"ly, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The powan. [Prov. Eng.] SCHEMA Sche"ma, n.; pl. Schemata, E. Schemas. Etym: [G. See Scheme.] (Kantian Philos.) Defn: An outline or image universally applicable to a general conception, under which it is likely to be presented to the mind; as, five dots in a line are a schema of the number five; a preceding and succeeding event are a schema of cause and effect. SCHEMATIC Sche*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a scheme or a schema. SCHEMATISM Sche"ma*tism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. schématisme (cf. L. schematismos florid speech), fr. Gr. Scheme.] 1. (Astrol.) Defn: Combination of the aspects of heavenly bodies. 2. Particular form or disposition of a thing; an exhibition in outline of any systematic arrangement. [R.] SCHEMATIST Sche"ma*tist, n. Defn: One given to forming schemes; a projector; a schemer. Swift. SCHEMATIZE Sche"ma*tize, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. schématiser, Gr. Defn: To form a scheme or schemes. SCHEME Scheme, n. Etym: [L. schema a rhetorical figure, a shape, figure, manner, Gr. sah to be victorious, to endure, to hold out, AS. sige victory, G. sieg. Cf. Epoch, Hectic, School.] 1. A combination of things connected and adjusted by design; a system. The appearance and outward scheme of things. Locke. Such a scheme of things as shall at once take in time and eternity. Atterbury. Arguments . . . sufficient to support and demonstrate a whole scheme of moral philosophy. J. Edwards. The Revolution came and changed his whole scheme of life. Macaulay. 2. A plan or theory something to be done; a design; a project; as, to form a scheme. The stoical scheme of supplying our wants by lopping off our desires, is like cuttig off our feet when we want shoes. Swift. 3. Any lineal or mathematical diagram; an outline. To draw an exact scheme of Constantinople, or a map of France. South. 4. (Astrol.) Defn: A representation of the aspects of the celestial bodies for any moment o at a given event. A blue case, from which was drawn a scheme of nativity. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- Plan; project; contrivance; purpose; device; plot. -- Scheme, Plan. Scheme and plan are subordinate to design; they propose modes of carrying our designs into effect. Scheme is the least definite of the two, and lies more in speculation. A plan is drawn out into details with a view to being carried into effect. As schemes are speculative, they often prove visionary; hence the opprobrious use of the words schemer and scheming. Plans, being more practical, are more frequently carried into effect. He forms the well-concerted scheme of mischief; 'T is fixed, 't is done, and both are doomed to death. Rowe. Artists and plans relieved my solemn hours; I founded palaces, and planted bowers. prior. SCHEME Scheme, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Schemed; p. pr. & vb. n. Scheming.] Defn: To make a scheme of; to plan; to design; to project; to plot. That wickedness which schemed, and executed, his destruction. G. Stuart. SCHEME Scheme, v. i. Defn: To form a scheme or schemes. SCHEMEFUL Scheme"ful, a. Defn: Full of schemes or plans. SCHEMER Schem"er, n. Defn: One who forms schemes; a projector; esp., a plotter; an intriguer. Schemers and confederates in guilt. Paley. SCHEMING Schem"ing, a. Defn: Given to forming schemes; artful; intriguing. -- Schem"ing*ly, adv. SCHEMIST Schem"ist, n. Defn: A schemer. [R.] Waterland. SCHENE Schene, n. Etym: [L. schoenus, Gr. schène.] (Antiq.) Defn: An Egyptian or Persian measure of length, varying from thirthy- two to sixty stadia. SCHENKBEER Schenk"beer`, n. Etym: [G. schenkbier; schenken to pour out + bier beer; -- so called because put on draught soon after it is made.] Defn: A mild German beer. SCHERBET Scher"bet, n. Defn: See Sherbet. SCHERIF Scher"if ( or ), n. Defn: See Sherif. SCHERZANDO Scher*zan"do, adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: In a playful or sportive manner. SCHERZO Scher"zo, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A playful, humorous movement, commonly in 3-4 measure, which often takes the place of the old minuet and trio in a sonata or a symphony. SCHESIS Sche"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Scheme.] 1. General state or disposition of the body or mind, or of one thing with regard to other things; habitude. [Obs.] Norris. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure of speech whereby the mental habitude of an adversary or opponent is feigned for the purpose of arguing against him. Crabb. SCHETIC; SCHETICAL Schet"ic, Schet"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the habit of the body; constitutional. [Obs.] Cudworth. SCHIEDAM Schie*dam", n. Etym: [Short for Schiedam schnapps.] Defn: Holland gin made at Schiedam in the Netherlands. SCHILLER Schil"ler, n. Etym: [G., play of colors.] (Min.) Defn: The peculiar bronzelike luster observed in certain minerals, as hypersthene, schiller spar, etc. It is due to the presence of minute inclusions in parallel position, and in sometimes of secondary origin. Schiller spar (Min.), an altered variety of enstatite, exhibiting, in certain positions, a bronzelike luster. SCHILLERIZATION Schil`ler*i*za"tion, n. (Min.) Defn: The act or process of producing schiller in a mineral mass. SCHILLING Schil"ling, n. Etym: [G. See Shilling.] Defn: Any one of several small German and Dutch coins, worth from about one and a half cents to about five cents. SCHINDYLESIS Schin`dy*le"sis, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A form of articulation in which one bone is received into a groove or slit in another. SCHIRRHUS Schir"rhus, n. Defn: See Scirrhus. SCHISM Schism, n. Etym: [OE. scisme, OF. cisme, scisme, F. schisme, L. schisma, Gr. scindere, Skr. child, and prob. to E. shed, v.t. (which see); cf. Rescind, Schedule, Zest.] Defn: Division or separation; specifically (Eccl.), permanent division or separation in the Christian church; breach of unity among people of the same religious faith; the offense of seeking to produce division in a church without justifiable cause. Set bounds to our passions by reason, to our errors by truth, and to our schisms by charity. Eikon Basilike. Greek schism (Eccl.), the separation of the Greek and Roman churches. -- Great schism, or Western schism (Eccl.) a schism in the church in the latter part of the 14th century, on account of rival claimants to the papal throne. -- Schism act (Law), an act of the English Parliament requiring all teachers to conform to the Established Church, -- passed in 1714, repealed in 1719. SCHISMA Schis"ma, n. Etym: [L., a spilt, separation, Gr. schisma. See Schism.] (Anc. Mus.) Defn: An interval equal to half a comma. SCHISMATIC Schis*mat"ic (sîz*mât"îk; so nearly all orthoëpists), a. Etym: [L. schismaticus, Gr. schismatique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to schism; implying schism; partaking of the nature of schism; tending to schism; as, schismatic opinions or proposals. SCHISMATIC Schis*mat"ic, n. Defn: One who creates or takes part in schism; one who separates from an established church or religious communion on account of a difference of opinion. "They were popularly classed together as canting schismatics." Macaulay. Syn. -- Heretic; partisan. See Heretic. SCHISMATICAL Schis*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Same as Schismatic. -- Schismat"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Schis*mat"ic*al*ness, n. SCHISMATIZE Schis"ma*tize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Schismatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Schismatizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. schismatiser.] Defn: To make part in schism; to make a breach of communion in the church. SCHISMLESS Schism"less, a. Defn: Free from schism. SCHIST Schist (shîst), n. Etym: [Gr. schiste. See Schism.] (Geol.) Defn: Any crystalline rock having a foliated structure (see Foliation) and hence admitting of ready division into slabs or slates. The common kinds are mica schist, and hornblendic schist, consisting chiefly of quartz with mica or hornblende and often feldspar. SCHISTACEOUS Schis*ta"ceous, a. Defn: Of a slate color. SCHISTIC Schist"ic, a. Defn: Schistose. SCHISTOSE; SCHISTOUS Schis*tose", Schist*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. schisteux.] (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to schist; having the structure of a schist. SCHISTOSITY Schis*tos"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. schistosité.] (Geol.) Defn: The quality or state of being schistose. SCHIZO- Schiz"o-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A combining form denoting division or cleavage; as, schizogenesis, reproduction by fission or cell division. SCHIZOCARP Schiz"o*carp, n. Etym: [Schizo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A dry fruit which splits at maturity into several closed one- seeded portions. SCHIZOCOELE Schiz"o*coele, n. Etym: [Schizo- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: See Enterocoele. SCHIZOCOELOUS Schiz`o*coe"lous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a schizocoele. SCHIZOGENESIS Schiz`o*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Schizo- + genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: reproduction by fission. Haeckel. SCHIZOGNATH Schiz"og*nath, n. Etym: [See Schizognathous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird with a schizognathous palate. SCHIZOGNATHAE Schi*zog"na*thæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The schizognathous birds. SCHIZOGNATHISM Schi*zog"na*thism, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: the condition of having a schizognathous palate. SCHIZOGNATHOUS Schi*zog"na*thous, a. Etym: [Schize- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the maxillo-palatine bones separate from each other and from the vomer, which is pointed in front, as in the gulls, snipes, grouse, and many other birds. SCHIZOMYCETES Schiz`o*my*ce"tes, n. pl., Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: An order of Schizophyta, including the so-called fission fungi, or bacteria. See Schizophyta, in the Supplement. SCHIZONEMERTEA Schiz`o*ne*mer"te*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Schizo-, and Nemertes.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of nemerteans comprising those having a deep slit along each side of the head. See Illust. in Appendix. SCHIZONT Schi"zont (ski"zont or skiz"ont), n. [Gr. , , p.pr., cleaving.] (Zoöl.) Defn: In certain Sporozoa, a cell formed by the growth of a sporozoite or merozoite (in a cell or corpuscle of the host) which segment by superficial cleavage, without encystment or conjugation, into merozoites. SCHIZOPELMOUS Schiz`o*pel"mous, a. Etym: [Schizo- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the two flexor tendons of the toes entirely separate, and the flexor hallicus going to the first toe only. SCHIZOPHYTE Schiz"o*phyte, n. Etym: [Schizo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: One of a class of vegetable organisms, in the classification of Cohn, which includes all of the inferior forms that multiply by fission, whether they contain chlorophyll or not. SCHIZOPOD Schiz"o*pod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: one of the Schizopoda. Also used adjectively. SCHIZOPOD; SCHIZOPODOUS Schiz"o*pod, Schi*zop"o*dous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a schizopod, or the Schizopoda. SCHIZOPODA Schi*zop"o*da, n. pl., Etym: [NL. See Schizo-, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of shrimplike Thoracostraca in which each of the thoracic legs has a long fringed upper branch (exopodite) for swimming. SCHIZORHINAL Schiz`o*rhi"nal, a. Etym: [Schizo- + rhinal.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Having the nasal bones separate. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the anterior nostrils prolonged backward in the form of a slit. SCHLICH Schlich, n. Etym: [G.; akin to LG. slik mud, D. slijk, MHG. sl.] (Metal.) Defn: The finer portion of a crushed ore, as of gold, lead, or tin, separated by the water in certain wet processes. [Written also slich, slick.] SCHMELZE Schmel"ze, n. Etym: [G. schmelz, schmelzglas.] Defn: A kind of glass of a red or ruby color, made in Bohemia. SCHNAPPS Schnapps, n. Etym: [G., a dram of spirits.] Defn: Holland gin. [U.S.] SCHNEIDERIAN Schnei*de"ri*an (, a. (Anat.) Defn: Discovered or described by C. V. Schneider, a German anatomist of the seventeenth century. Schneiderian membrane, the mucous membrane which lines the nasal chambers; the pituitary membrane. SCHNORRER Schnor"rer, n. [Yiddish, fr. G. schnurrer, fr. schnurren to hum, whir, hence, from the sound of the musical instrument used by strolling beggars, to beg.] Defn: Among the Jews, a beggar. SCHOHARIE GRIT Scho*har"ie grit`. (Geol.) Defn: The formation belonging to the middle of the three subdivisions of the Corniferous period in the American Devonian system; -- so called from Schoharie, in New York, where it occurs. See the Chart of Geology. SCHOLAR Schol"ar, n. Etym: [OE. scoler, AS. scolere, fr. L. scholaris belonging to a school, fr. schola a school. See School.] 1. One who attends a school; one who learns of a teacher; one under the tuition of a preceptor; a pupil; a disciple; a learner; a student. I am no breeching scholar in the schools. Shak. 2. One engaged in the pursuits of learning; a learned person; one versed in many branches, of knowledge; a person of high literary or scientific attainments; a savant. Shak. Locke. 3. A man of books. Bacon. 4. In English universities, an undergraduate who belongs to the foundation of a college, and receives support in part from its revenues. Syn. -- Pupil; learner; disciple. -- Scholar, Pupil. Scholar refers to the instruction, and pupil to the care and government, of a teacher. A scholar is one who is under instruction; a pupil is one who is under the immediate and personal care of an instructor; hence we speak of a bright scholar, and an obedient pupil. SCHOLARITY Scho*lar"i*ty, n. Etym: [OF. scholarité, or LL. scholaritias.] Defn: Scholarship. [Obs.] . Jonson. SCHOLARLIKE Schol"ar*like`, a. Defn: Scholarly. Bacon. SCHOLARLY Schol"ar*ly, a. Defn: Like a scholar, or learned person; showing the qualities of a scholar; as, a scholarly essay or critique. -- adv. Defn: In a scholarly manner. SCHOLARSHIP Schol"ar*ship, n. 1. The character and qualities of a scholar; attainments in science or literature; erudition; learning. A man of my master's . . . great scholarship. Pope. 2. Literary education. [R.] Any other house of scholarship. Milton. 3. Maintenance for a scholar; a foundation for the support of a student. T. Warton. Syn. -- Learning; erudition; knowledge. SCHOLASTIC Scho*las"tic, a. Etym: [L. scholasticus, Gr. scholastique, scolastique. See School.] 1. Pertaining to, or suiting, a scholar, a school, or schools; scholarlike; as, scholastic manners or pride; scholastic learning. Sir K. Digby. 2. Of or pertaining to the schoolmen and divines of the Middle Ages (see Schoolman); as, scholastic divinity or theology; scholastic philosophy. Locke. 3. Hence, characterized by excessive subtilty, or needlessly minute subdivisions; pedantic; formal. SCHOLASTIC Scho*las"tic, n. 1. One who adheres to the method or subtilties of the schools. Milton. 2. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: See the Note under Jesuit. SCHOLASTICAL Scho*las"tic*al, a. & n. Defn: Scholastic. SCHOLASTICALLY Scho*las"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a scholastic manner. SCHOLASTICISM Scho*las"ti*cism, n. Defn: The method or subtitles the schools of philosophy; scholastic formality; scholastic doctrines or philosophy. The spirit of the old scholasticism . . . spurned laborious investigation and slow induction. J. P. Smith. SCHOLIA Scho"li*a, n. pl. Defn: See Scholium. SCHOLIAST Scho"li*ast, n. Etym: [Gr. scoliate. See Scholium.] Defn: A maker of scholia; a commentator or annotator. No . . . quotations from Talmudists and scholiasts . . . ever marred the effect of his grave temperate discourses. Macaulay. SCHOLIASTIC Scho`li*as"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a scholiast, or his pursuits. Swift. SCHOLIAZE Scho"li*aze, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: To write scholia. [Obs.] Milton. SCHOLICAL Schol"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. scholicus, Gr. School.] Defn: Scholastic. [Obs.] ales. SCHOLION Scho"li*on, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A scholium. A judgment which follows immediately from another is sometimes called a corollary, or consectary . . . One which illustrates the science where it appears, but is not an integral part of it, is a scholion. Abp. Thomson (Laws of Thought). SCHOLIUM Scho"li*um, n.; pl. L. Scholia, E. Scholiums. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. School.] 1. Marginal anotation; an explanatory remark or comment; specifically, an explanatory comment on the text of a classic author by an early grammarian. 2. A remark or observation subjoined to a demonstration or a train of reasoning. SCHOLY Scho"ly, n. Defn: A scholium. [Obs.] Hooker. SCHOLY Scho"ly, v. i. & t. Defn: To write scholia; to annotate. [Obs.] SCHOOL School, n. Etym: [For shool a crowd; prob. confuced with school for learning.] Defn: A shoal; a multitude; as, a school of fish. SCHOOL School, n. Etym: [OE. scole, AS. sc, L. schola, Gr. Scheme.] 1. A place for learned intercourse and instruction; an institution for learning; an educational establishment; a place for acquiring knowledge and mental training; as, the school of the prophets. Disputing daily in the school of one Tyrannus. Acts xix. 9. 2. A place of primary instruction; an establishment for the instruction of children; as, a primary school; a common school; a grammar school. As he sat in the school at his primer. Chaucer. 3. A session of an institution of instruction. How now, Sir Hugh! No school to-day Shak. 4. One of the seminaries for teaching logic, metaphysics, and theology, which were formed in the Middle Ages, and which were characterized by academical disputations and subtilties of reasoning. At Cambridge the philosophy of Descartes was still dominant in the schools. Macaulay. 5. The room or hall in English universities where the examinations for degrees and honors are held. 6. An assemblage of scholars; those who attend upon instruction in a school of any kind; a body of pupils. What is the great community of Christians, but one of the innumerable schools in the vast plan which God has instituted for the education of various intelligences Buckminster. 7. The disciples or followers of a teacher; those who hold a common doctrine, or accept the same teachings; a sect or denomination in philosophy, theology, science, medicine, politics, etc. Let no man be less confident in his faith . . . by reason of any difference in the several schools of Christians. Jer. Taylor. 8. The canons, precepts, or body of opinion or practice, sanctioned by the authority of a particular class or age; as, he was a gentleman of the old school. His face pale but striking, though not handsome after the schools. A. S. Hardy. 9. Figuratively, any means of knowledge or discipline; as, the school of experience. Boarding school, Common school, District school, Normal school, etc. See under Boarding, Common, District, etc. -- High school, a free public school nearest the rank of a college. [U.S.] -- School board, a corporation established by law in every borough or parish in England, and elected by the burgesses or ratepayers, with the duty of providing public school accomodation for all children in their dictrict. -- School commitee, School board, an elected commitee of citizens having charge and care of the public schools in any district, town, or city, and responsible control of the money appropriated for school purposes. [U.S.] -- School days, the period in which youth are sent to school. -- School district, a division of a town or city for establishing and conducting schools. [U.S.] -- Sunday school, or Sabbath school, a school held on Sunday for study of the Bible and for religious instruction; the pupils, or the teachers and pupils, of such a school, collectively. SCHOOL School, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Schooled; p. pr. & vb. n. Schooling.] 1. To train in an institution of learning; to educate at a school; to teach. He's gentle, never schooled, and yet learned. Shak. 2. To tutor; to chide and admonish; to reprove; to subject to systematic disciplene; to train. It now remains for you to school your child, And ask why God's Anointed be reviled. Dryden. The mother, while loving her child with the intensity of a sole affection, had schooled herself to hope for little other return than the waywardness of an April breeze. Hawthorne. SCHOOLBOOK School"book`, n. Defn: A book used in schools for learning lessons. SCHOOLBOY School"boy`, n. Defn: A boy belonging to, or attending, a school. SCHOOLDAME School"dame`. n. Defn: A schoolmistress. SCHOOLERY School"er*y (, n. Defn: Something taught; precepts; schooling. [Obs.] penser. SCHOOLFELLOW School"fel`low, n. Defn: One bred at the same school; an associate in school. SCHOOLGIRL School"girl`, n. Defn: A girl belonging to, or attending, a school. SCHOOLHOUSE School"house`, n. Defn: A house appropriated for the use of a school or schools, or for instruction. SCHOOLING School"ing, n. 1. Instruction in school; tuition; education in an institution of learning; act of teaching. 2. Discipline; reproof; reprimand; as, he gave his son a good schooling. Sir W. Scott. 3. Compensation for instruction; price or reward paid to an instructor for teaching pupils. SCHOOLING School"ing, a. Etym: [See School a shoal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Collecting or running in schools or shoals. Schooling species like the herring and menhaden. G. B. Goode. SCHOOLMA'AM School"ma'am, n. Defn: A schoolmistress. [Colloq.U.S.] SCHOOLMAID School"maid`, n. Defn: A schoolgirl. Shak. SCHOOLMAN School"man`, n.; pl. Schoolmen (. Defn: One versed in the niceties of academical disputation or of school divinity. Note: The schoolmen were philosophers and divines of the Middle Ages, esp. from the 11th century to the Reformation, who spent much time on points of nice and abstract speculation. They were so called because they taught in the mediæval universities and schools of divinity. SCHOOLMASTER School"mas`ter, n. 1. The man who presides over and teaches a school; a male teacher of a school. Let the soldier be abroad if he will; he can do nothing in this age. There is another personage abroad, -- a person less imposing, -- in the eyes of some, perhaps, insignificant. The schoolmaster is abroad; and I trust to him, armed with his primer, against the soldier in full military array. Brougham. 2. One who, or that which, disciplines and directs. The law was our schoolmaster, to bring us into Christ. Gal. iii. 24. SCHOOLMATE School"mate`, n. Defn: A pupil who attends the same school as another. SCHOOLMISTRESS School"mis`tress, n. Defn: A woman who governs and teaches a school; a female school- teacher. SCHOOLROOM School"room`, n. Defn: A room in which pupils are taught. SCHOOLSHIP School"ship`, n. Defn: A vessel employed as a nautical training school, in which naval apprentices receive their education at the expense of the state, and are trained for service as sailors. Also, a vessel used as a reform school to which boys are committed by the courts to be disciplined, and instructed as mariners. SCHOOL-TEACHER School"-teach`er, n. Defn: One who teaches or instructs a school. -- School"-teach`ing, n. SCHOOLWARD School"ward, adv. Defn: Toward school. Chaucer. SCHOONER Schoon"er, n. Etym: [See the Note below. Cf. Shun.] (Naut.) Defn: Originally, a small, sharp-built vessel, with two topsails on one or both masts and was called a topsail schooner. About 1840, longer vesels with three masts, fore-and-aft rigged, came into use, and since that time vesels with four masts and even with six masts, so rigged, are built. Schooners with more than two masts are designated three-masted schooners, four-masted schooners, etc. See Illustration in Appendix. Note: The fist schooner ever constructed is said to have between built in Gloucester, Massachusetts, about theyar 1713, by a Captain Andrew Robinson, and to have received its name from the following trivial circumstance: When the vessel went off the stocks into the water, a bystander cried out,"O, how she scoons!" Robinson replied, " A scooner let her be;" and, from that time, vessels thus masted and rigged have gone by this name. The word scoon is popularly used in some parts of New England to denote the act of making stones skip along the surface of water. The Scottish scon means the same thing. Both words are probably allied to the Icel. skunda, skynda, to make haste, hurry, AS. scunian to avoid, shun, Prov. E. scun. In the New England records, the word appears to have been originally written scooner. Babson, in his "History of Gloucester," gives the following extract from a letter written in that place Sept. 25, 1721, by Dr. Moses Prince, brother of the Rev. Thomas Prince, the annalist of New England: "This gentleman (Captain Robinson) was first contriver of schooners, and built the first of that sort about eight years since." SCHOONER Schoon"er, n. Etym: [D.] Defn: A large goblet or drinking glass, -- used for lager beer or ale. [U.S.] SCHORL Schorl (shôrl), n. Etym: [G. schörl; cf. Sw. skörl.] (Min.) Defn: Black tourmaline. [Written also shorl.] SCHORLACEOUS Schor*la"ceous, a. Defn: Partaking of the nature and character of schorl; resembling schorl. SCHORLOUS Schorl"ous, a. Defn: Schorlaceous. SCHORLY Schorl"y, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, schorl; as, schorly granite. SCHOTTISH; SCHOTTISCHE Schot"tish, Schot"tische, (, n. Etym: [F. schottish, schotisch from G. schottisch Scottish, Scotch.] Defn: A Scotch round dance in 2-4 time, similar to the polka, only slower; also, the music for such a dance; -- not to be confounded with the Écossaise. SCHREIBERSITE Schrei"bers*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Carl von Schreibers, of Vienna.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in steel-gray flexible folia. It contains iron, nickel, and phosphorus, and is found only in meteoric iron. SCHRODE Schrode, n. Defn: See Scrod. SCHWANN'S SHEATH Schwann's" sheath`. Etym: [So called from Theodor Schwann, a German anatomist of the 19th century.] (Anat.) Defn: The neurilemma. SCHWANN'S WHITE SUBSTANCE Schwann's white" sub"stance. (Anat.) Defn: The substance of the medullary sheath. SCHWANPAN Schwan"pan`, n. Defn: Chinese abacus. SCHWEITZERKASE; SCHWEITZERKAESE Schweit"zer*kä"se, n. Etym: [G. schweizerkäse Swiss cheese.] Defn: Gruyère cheese. SCHWENKFELDER; SCHWENKFELDIAN Schwenk"feld`er, Schwenk"feld`i*an, n. Defn: A member of a religious sect founded by Kaspar von Schwenkfeld, a Silesian reformer who disagreed with Luther, especially on the deification of the body of Christ. SCIAENOID Sci*æ"noid, a. Etym: [L. sciæna a kind of fish (fr. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Sciænidæ, a family of marine fishes which includes the meagre, the squeteague, and the kingfish. SCIAGRAPH Sci"a*graph, n. Etym: [See Sciagraphy.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: An old term for a vertical section of a building; -- called also sciagraphy. See Vertical section, under Section. 2. (Phys.) Defn: A radiograph. [Written also skiagraph.] SCIAGRAPHICAL Sci`a*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sciagraphique, Gr. Defn: Pertaining to sciagraphy. -- Sci`a*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. SCIAGRAPHY Sci*ag"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. sciagraphie.] 1. The art or science of projecting or delineating shadows as they fall in nature. Gwilt. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Siagraph. SCIAMACHY Sci*am"a*chy, n. Defn: See Sciomachy. SCIATHERIC; SCIATHERICAL Sci`a*ther"ic, Sci`a*ther"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Belonging to a sundial. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. -- Sci`a*ther"ic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] J. Gregory. SCIATIC Sci*at"ic, a. Etym: [F. sciatique, LL. sciaticus, from L. inschiadicus, Gr. Ischiadic.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the hip; in the region of, or affecting, the hip; ischial; ischiatic; as, the sciatic nerve, sciatic pains. SCIATIC Sci*at"ic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sciatique.] (Med.) Defn: Sciatica. SCIATICA Sci*at"i*ca, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve, an affection characterized by paroxysmal attacks of pain in the buttock, back of the thing, or in the leg or foot, following the course of the branches of the sciatic nerve. The name is also popularly applied to various painful affections of the hip and the parts adjoininhg. See Ischiadic passion, under Ischiadic. SCIATICAL Sci*at"ic*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Sciatic. SCIATICALLY Sci*at"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: With, or by means of, sciatica. SCIBBOLETH Scib"bo*leth, n. Defn: Shibboleth. [Obs.] SCIENCE Sci"ence, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. scientia, fr. sciens, -entis, p.pr. of scire to know. Cf. Conscience, Conscious, Nice.] 1. Knowledge; knowledge of principles and causes; ascertained truth of facts. If we conceive God's or science, before the creation, to be extended to all and every part of the world, seeing everything as it is, . . . his science or sight from all eternity lays no necessity on anything to come to pass. Hammond. Shakespeare's deep and accurate science in mental philosophy. Coleridge. 2. Accumulated and established knowledge, which has been systematized and formulated with reference to the discovery of general truths or the operation of general laws; knowledge classified and made available in work, life, or the search for truth; comprehensive, profound, or philosophical knowledge. All this new science that men lere [teach]. Chaucer. Science is . . . a complement of cognitions, having, in point of form, the character of logical perfection, and in point of matter, the character of real truth. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. Especially, such knowledge when it relates to the physical world and its phenomena, the nature, constitution, and forces of matter, the qualities and function of living tissues, etc.; -- called also natural science, and physical science. Voltaire hardly left a single corner of the field entirely unexplored in science, poetry, history, philosophy. J. Morley. 4. Any branch or departament of systematized knowledge considered as a distinct field of investigation or object of study; as, the science of astronomy, of chemistry, or of mind. Note: The ancients reckoned seven sciences, namely, grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy; -- the first three being included in the Trivium, the remaining four in the Quadrivium. Good sense, which only is the gift of Heaven, And though no science, fairly worth the seven. Pope. 5. Art, skill, or expertness, regarded as the result of knowledge of laws and principles. His science, coolness, and great strength. G. A. Lawrence. Note: Science is applied or pure. Applied science is a knowledge of facts, events, or phenomena, as explained, accounted for, or produced, by means of powers, causes, or laws. Pure science is the knowledge of these powers, causes, or laws, considered apart, or as pure from all applications. Both these terms have a similar and special signification when applied to the science of quantity; as, the applied and pure mathematics. Exact science is knowledge so systematized that prediction and verification, by measurement, experiment, observation, etc., are possible. The mathematical and physical sciences are called the exact sciences. Comparative sciences, Inductive sciences. See under Comparative, and Inductive. Syn. -- Literature; art; knowledge. -- Science, Literature, Art. Science is literally knowledge, but more usually denotes a systematic and orderly arrangement of knowledge. In a more distinctive sense, science embraces those branches of knowledge of which the subject-matter is either ultimate principles, or facts as explained by principles or laws thus arranged in natural order. The term literature sometimes denotes all compositions not embraced under science, but usually confined to the belles-lettres. [See Literature.] Art is that which depends on practice and skill in performance. "In science, scimus ut sciamus; in art, scimus ut producamus. And, therefore, science and art may be said to be investigations of truth; but one, science, inquires for the sake of knowledge; the other, art, for the sake of production; and hence science is more concerned with the higher truths, art with the lower; and science never is engaged, as art is, in productive application. And the most perfect state of science, therefore, will be the most high and accurate inquiry; the perfection of art will be the most apt and efficient system of rules; art always throwing itself into the form of rules." Karslake. SCIENCE Sci"ence, v. t. Defn: To cause to become versed in science; to make skilled; to instruct. [R.] Francis. SCIENT Sci"ent, a. Etym: [L. sciens, -entis, p.pr.] Defn: Knowing; skillful. [Obs.] Cockeram. SCIENTER Sci*en"ter, adv. Etym: [L.] (Law) Defn: Knowingly; willfully. Bouvier. SCIENTIAL Sci*en"tial, a. Etym: [LL. scientialis, fr. L. scientic.] Defn: Pertaining to, or producing, science. [R.] Milton. SCIENTIFIC Sci`en*tif"ic, a. Etym: [F. scientifique; L. scientia science + facere to make.] 1. Of or pertaining to science; used in science; as, scientific principles; scientific apparatus; scientific observations. 2. Agreeing with, or depending on, the rules or principles of science; as, a scientific classification; a scientific arrangement of fossils. 3. Having a knowledge of science, or of a science; evincing science or systematic knowledge; as, a scientific chemist; a scientific reasoner; a scientific argument. Bossuet is as scientific in the structure of his sentences. Lander. Scientific method, the method employed in exact science and consisting of: (a) Careful and abundant observation and experiment. (b) generalization of the results into formulated "Laws" and statements. SCIENTIFICAL Sci`en*tif"ic*al, a. Defn: Scientific. Locke. SCIENTIFICALLY Sci`en*tif"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a scientific manner; according to the rules or principles of science. It is easier to believe than to be scientifically instructed. Locke. SCIENTIST Sci"en*tist, n. Defn: One learned in science; a scientific investigator; one devoted to scientific study; a savant. [Recent] Note: Twenty years ago I ventured to propose one [a name for the class of men who give their lives to scientific study] which has been slowly finding its way to general adoption; and the word scientist, though scarcely euphonious, has gradually assumed its place in our vocabulary. B. A. Gould (Address, 1869). SCILICET Scil"i*cet, adv. Etym: [L., fr. scire licet you may know.] Defn: To wit; namely; videlicet; -- often abbreviated to sc., or ss. SCILLAIN Scil"la*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside extracted from squill (Scilla) as a light porous substance. SCILLITIN Scil"li*tin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. scilistine.] (Chem.) Defn: A bitter principle extracted from the bulbs of the squill (Scilla), and probably consisting of a complex mixture of several substances. SCIMITER; SCIMITAR Scim"i*ter , Scim"i*tar, n. Etym: [F. cimeterre, cf. It. scimitarra, Sp. cimitarra; fr. Biscayan cimetarry with a sharp edge; or corrupted from Per. shimshir.] 1. A saber with a much curved blade having the edge on the convex side, -- in use among Mohammedans, esp., the Arabs and persians. [Written also cimeter, and scymetar.] 2. A long-handled billhook. See Billhook. Scimiter pods (Bot.), the immense curved woody pods of a leguminous woody climbing plant (Entada scandens) growing in tropical India and America. They contain hard round flattish seeds two inches in diameter, which are made into boxes. SCINCOID Scin"coid, a. Etym: [L. scincus a kind of lizard (fr. Gr. -oid. Cf. Skink.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the family Scincidæ, or skinks. -- n. Defn: A scincoidian. SCINCOIDEA Scin*coi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of lizards including the skinks. See Skink. SCINCOIDIAN Scin*coid"i*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of lizards of the family Scincidæ or tribe Scincoidea. The tongue is not extensile. The body and tail are covered with overlapping scales, and the toes are margined. See Illust. under Skink. SCINIPH Scin"iph, n. Etym: [L. scinifes, cinifes, or ciniphes, pl., Gr. Defn: Some kind of stinging or biting insect, as a flea, a gnat, a sandly, or the like. Ex. viii. 17 (Douay version). SCINK Scink, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A skink. SCINK Scink, n. Defn: A slunk calf. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SCINTILLA Scin*til"la, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A spark; the least particle; an iota; a tittle. R. North. SCINTILLANT Scin"til*lant, a. Etym: [L. scintillans, p.pr. of scintillare to sparkle. See Scintillate.] Defn: Emitting sparks, or fine igneous particles; sparkling. M. Green. SCINTILLATE Scin"til*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scintillated; p. pr. & vb. n. Scintillating.] Etym: [L. scintillare, scintillatum, from scintilla a spark. Cf. Stencil.] 1. To emit sparks, or fine igneous particles. As the electrical globe only scintillates when rubbed against its cushion. Sir W. Scott. 2. To sparkle, as the fixed stars. SCINTILLATION Scin`til*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. scintillatio: cf. F. scintillation.] 1. The act of scintillating. 2. A spark of flash emitted in scintillating. These scintillations are . . . the inflammable effluences discharged from the bodies collided. Sir T. Browne. SCINTILLOUS Scin"til*lous, a. Defn: Scintillant. [R.] SCINTILLOUSLY Scin"til*lous*ly, adv. Defn: In a scintillant manner. [R.] SCIOGRAPHY Sci*og"ra*phy, n. Defn: See Sciagraphy. SCIOLISM Sci"o*lism, n. Etym: [See Sciolist.] Defn: The knowledge of a sciolist; superficial knowledge. SCIOLIST Sci"o*list, n. Etym: [L. sciolus. See Sciolous.] Defn: One who knows many things superficially; a pretender to science; a smatterer. These passages in that book were enough to humble the presumption of our modern sciolists, if their pride were not as great as their ignorance. Sir W. Temple. A master were lauded and scolists shent. R. Browning. SCIOLISTIC Sci`o*lis"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to sciolism, or a sciolist; partaking of sciolism; resembling a sciolist. SCIOLOUS Sci"o*lous, a. Etym: [L. scilus, dim. of scius knowing, fr. scire to know. See Science.] Defn: Knowing superficially or imperfectly. Howell. SCIOMACHY Sci*om"a*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. sciomachie, sciamachie.] Defn: A fighting with a shadow; a mock contest; an imaginary or futile combat. [Written also scimachy.] Cowley. SCIOMANCY Sci"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy: cf. F. sciomance, scaimancie.] Defn: Divination by means of shadows. SCION Sci"on, n. Etym: [OF. cion, F. scion, probably fron scier to saw, fr. L. secare to cut. Cf. Section.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A shoot or sprout of a plant; a sucker. (b) A piece of a slender branch or twig cut for grafting. [Formerly written also cion, and cyon.] 2. Hence, a descendant; an heir; as, a scion of a royal stock. SCIOPTIC Sci*op"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. scioptique. See Optic.] (Opt.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an optical arrangement for forming images in a darkened room, usually called scioptic ball. Scioptic ball (Opt.), the lens of a camera obscura mounted in a wooden ball which fits a socket in a window shutter so as to be readily turned, like the eye, to different parts of the landscape. SCIOPTICON Sci*op"ti*con, n. Etym: [NL. See Scioptic.] Defn: A kind of magic lantorn. SCIOPTICS Sci*op"tics, n. Defn: The art or process of exhibiting luminous images, especially those of external objects, in a darkened room, by arrangements of lenses or mirrors. SCIOPTRIC Sci*op"tric, a. (Opt.) Defn: Scioptic. SCIOT Sci"ot, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the island Scio (Chio or Chios). -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Scio. [Written also Chiot.] SCIOTHERIC Sci`o*ther"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. L. sciothericon Sciatheric.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a sundial. Sciotheric telescope (Dialing), an instrument consisting of a horizontal dial, with a telescope attached to it, used for determining the time, whether of day or night. SCIOUS Sci"ous, a. Etym: [L. scius.] Defn: Knowing; having knowledge. "Brutes may be and are scious." Coleridge. SCIRE FACIAS Sci`re fa"ci*as. Etym: [L., do you cause to know.] (Law) Defn: A judicial writ, founded upon some record, and requiring the party proceeded against to show cause why the party bringing it should not have advantage of such record, or (as in the case of scire facias to repeal letters patent) why the record should not be annulled or vacated. Wharton. Bouvier. SCIRRHOID Scir"rhoid, a. Etym: [Scirhus + -oid.] Defn: Resembling scirrhus. Dungliston. SCIRRHOSITY Scir*rhos"i*ty, n. (Med.) Defn: A morbid induration, as of a gland; stste of being scirrhous. SCIRRHOUS Scir"rhous, a. Etym: [NL. scirrhosus.] (Med.) Defn: Proceeding from scirrhus; of the nature of scirrhus; indurated; knotty; as, scirrhous affections; scirrhous disease. [Written also skirrhous.] SCIRRHUS Scir"rhus, n.; pl. L. Scirrhi, E. Scirrhuses. Etym: [NL., from L. scirros, Gr. (Med.) (a) An indurated organ or part; especially, an indurated gland. [Obs.] (b) A cancerous tumor which is hard, translucent, of a gray or bluish color, and emits a creaking sound when incised. [Sometimes incorrectly written schirrus; written also skirrhus.] SCISCITATION Scis`ci*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. sciscitatio, fr. sciscere to seek to know, v. incho. from scire to know.] Defn: The act of inquiring; inquiry; demand. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. SCISE Scise, v. i. Etym: [L. scindere, scissum, to cut, split.] Defn: To cut; to penetrate. [Obs.] The wicked steel scised deep in his right side. Fairfax. SCISSEL Scis"sel, n. Etym: [Cf. Scissile.] 1. The clippings of metals made in various mechanical operations. 2. The slips or plates of metal out of which circular balnks have been cut for the purpose of coinage. SCISSIBLE Scis"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. scindere, scissum, to Defn: Capable of being cut or divided by a sharp instrument. [R.] con. SCISSIL Scis"sil, n. Defn: See Scissel. SCISSILE Scis"sile, a. Etym: [L. scissilis, fr. scindere, scissum, to cut, to split: cf. F. scissile. See Schism.] Defn: Capable of being cut smoothly; scissible. [R.] Arbuthnot. SCISSION Scis"sion, n. Etym: [L. scissio, fr. scindere, scis, to cut, to split: cf. F. scission.] Defn: The act of dividing with an instrument having a sharp edge. Wiseman. SCISSIPARITY Scis`si*par"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. scissus (p.p. of scindere to split) + parere to bring forth: cf.F. scissiparité.] (Biol.) Defn: Reproduction by fission. SCISSOR Scis"sor, v. t. Defn: To cut with scissors or shears; to prepare with the aid of scissors. Massinger. SCISSORS Scis"sors, n. pl. Etym: [OE. sisoures, OF. cisoires (cf. F. ciseaux), probably fr. LL. cisorium a cutting instrument, fr. L. caedere to cut. Cf. Chisel, Concise. The modern spelling is due to a mistaken derivation from L. scissor one who cleaves or divides, fr. scindere, scissum, to cut, spilt.] Defn: A cutting instrument resembling shears, but smaller, consisting of two cutting blades with handles, movable on a pin in the center, by which they are held together. Often called a pair of scissors. [Formerly written also cisors, cizars, and scissars.] Scissors grinder (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker. [Prov. Eng.] SCISSORSBILL Scis"sors*bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Skimmer. SCISSORSTAIL Scis"sors*tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tyrant flycatcher (Milvulus forficatus) of the Southern United States and Mexico, which has a deeply forked tail. It is light gray above, white beneath, salmon on the flanks, and fiery red at the base of the crown feathers. SCISSORS-TAILED Scis"sors-tailed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the outer feathers much the longest, the others decreasing regularly to the median ones. SCISSURE Scis"sure, n. Etym: [L. scissura, from scindere, scissum, to cut, spilt.] Defn: A longitudinal opening in a body, made by cutting; a cleft; a fissure. Hammond. SCITAMINEOUS Scit`a*min"e*ous, a. Etym: [NL. sciamineosus, fr. Scitamineze, fr. L. scitamentum a delicacy, dainty.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Scitamimeæ), mostly tropical herbs, including the ginger, Indian shot, banana, and the plants producing turmeric and arrowroot. SCIURINE Sci"u*rine, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sciurien. See Sciurus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Squirrel family. -- n. Defn: A rodent of the Squirrel family. SCIUROID Sci"u*roid, a. Etym: [Sciurus + -oid.] (Bot.) Defn: Resembling the tail of a squirrel; -- generally said of branches which are close and dense, or of spikes of grass like barley. SCIUROMORPHA Sci`u*ro*mor"pha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. sciurus squirrel + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of rodents containing the squirrels and allied animals, such as the gophers, woodchucks, beavers, and others. SCIURUS Sci*u"rus, n. Etym: [L., a squirrel, Gr. Squirrel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of reodents comprising the common squirrels. SCLAFF Sclaff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sclaffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sclaffing.] [Orig. uncert.] 1. To scuff or shuffle along. [Scot.] 2. (Golf) To scrape the ground with the sole of the club, before striking the ball, in making a stroke. SCLAFF Sclaff, n. [Scot.] 1. A slight blow; a slap; a soft fall; also, the accompanying noise. 2. (Golf) The stroke made by one who sclaffs. 3. A thin, solid substance, esp. a thin shoe or slipper. SCLAFF Sclaff, v. t. (Golf) Defn: To scrape (the club) on the ground, in a stroke, before hitting the ball; also, to make (a stroke) in that way. SCLAUNDRE Sclaun"dre, n. Defn: Slander. [Obs.] Chaucer. SCLAV; SCLAVE Sclav, Sclave, n. Defn: Same as Slav. SCLAVIC Sclav"ic, a. Defn: Same as Slavic. SCLAVISM Sclav"ism, n. Defn: Same as Slavism. SCLAVONIAN Scla*vo"nian, a. & n. Defn: Same as Slavonian. SCLAVONIC Scla*von"ic, a. Defn: Same as Slavonic. SCLENDER Sclen"der, a. Defn: Slender. [Obs.] Chaucer. SCLERAGOGY Scler"a*go`gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Severe discipline. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket. SCLEREMA Scle*re"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Induration of the cellular tissue. Sclerema of adults. See Scleroderma. -- Sclerema neonatorum ( Etym: [NL., of the newborn], an affection characterized by a peculiar hardening and rigidity of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues in the newly born. It is usually fatal. Called also skinbound disease. SCLERENCHYMA Scle*ren"chy*ma, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -enchyma as in parenchyma.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Vegetable tissue composed of short cells with thickened or hardened walls, as in nutshells and the gritty parts of a pear. See Sclerotic. Note: By recent german writers and their English translation, this term is used for liber cells. Goodale. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hard calcareous deposit in the tissues of Anthozoa, constituing the stony corals. SCLERENCHYMATOUS Scler`en*chym"a*tous, a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or composed of, sclerenchyma. SCLERENCHYME Scle*ren"chyme, n. Defn: Sclerenchyma. SCLERIASIS Scle*ri"a*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. (Med.) (a) A morbid induration of the edge of the eyelid. (b) Induration of any part, including scleroderma. SCLERITE Scle"rite, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A hard chitinous or calcareous process or corpuscle, especially a spicule of the Alcyonaria. SCLERITIS Scle*ri"tis, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Sclerottis. SCLEROBASE Scler"o*base ( or ), n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The calcareous or hornlike coral forming the central stem or axis of most compound alcyonarians; -- called also foot secretion. See Illust. under Gorgoniacea, and Coenenchyma. -- Scler`o*ba"sic, a. SCLERODERM Scler"o*derm ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [Gr. scléroderme.] (a) (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of plectognath fishes (Sclerodermi) having the skin covered with hard scales, or plates, as the cowfish and the trunkfish. (b) One of the Sclerodermata. (c) Hardened, or bony, integument of various animals. SCLERODERMA Scler`o*der"ma, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: A disease of adults, characterized by a diffuse rigidity and hardness of the skin. SCLERODERMATA Scler`o*der"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The stony corals; the Madreporaria. SCLERODERMIC; SCLERODERMOUS Scler`o*der"mic, Scler`o*der"mous, (Zoöl.) (a) Having the integument, or skin, hard, or covered with hard plates. (b) Of or pertaining to the Sclerodermata. SCLERODERMITE Scler`o*der"mite, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The hard integument of Crustacea. (b) Sclerenchyma. SCLEROGEN Scler"o*gen ( or ), n. Etym: [Gr. sklhro`s hard + -gen.] (Bot.) Defn: The thickening matter of woody cells; lignin. SCLEROGENOUS Scle*rog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. sklhro`s hard + -genous.] (Anat.) Defn: Making or secreting a hard substance; becoming hard. SCLEROID Scle"roid, a. Etym: [Gr. sklhro`s hard + (Bot.) Defn: Having a hard texture, as nutshells. SCLEROMA Scle*ro"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. sklhro`s hard + -oma.] (Med.) Defn: Induration of the tissues. See Sclerma, Scleroderma, and Sclerosis. SCLEROMETER Scle*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. sklhro`s hard + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for determining with accuracy the degree of hardness of a mineral. SCLEROSED Scle*rosed", a. Defn: Affected with sclerosis. SCLEROSIS Scle*ro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (sklhro`s hard.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Induration; hardening; especially, that form of induration produced in an organ by increase of its interstitial connective tissue. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Hardening of the cell wall by lignification. Cerebro-spinal sclerosis (Med.), an affection in which patches of hardening, produced by increase of the neuroglia and atrophy of the true nerve tissue, are found scattered throughout the brain and spinal cord. It is associated with complete or partial paralysis, a peculiar jerking tremor of the muscles, headache, and vertigo, and is usually fatal. Called also multiple, disseminated, or insular, sclerosis. SCLEROSKELETON Scle`ro*skel"e*ton, n. Etym: [Gr. skeleton.] (Anat.) Defn: That part of the skeleton which is developed in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses. SCLEROTAL Scle*ro"tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Sclerotic. -- n. Defn: The optic capsule; the sclerotic coat of the eye. Owen. SCLEROTIC Scle*rot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. sclérotique.] 1. Hard; firm; indurated; -- applied especially in anatomy to the firm outer coat of the eyeball, which is often cartilaginous and sometimes bony. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sclerotic coat of the eye; sclerotical. 3. (Med.) Affected with sclerosis; sclerosed. Sclerotic parenchyma (Bot.), sclerenchyma. By some writers a distinction is made, sclerotic parenchyma being applied to tissue composed of cells with the walls hardened but not thickened, and sclerenchyma to tissue composed of cells with the walls both hardened and thickened. SCLEROTIC Scle*rot"ic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sclérotique.] (Anat.) Defn: The sclerotic coat of the eye. See Illust. of Eye (d). SCLEROTIC Scle*rot"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from ergot or the sclerotium of a fungus growing on rye. SCLEROTICAL Scle*rot"ic*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Sclerotic. SCLEROTITIS Scler`o*ti"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Sclerotic, and -rris.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the sclerotic coat. SCLEROTIUM Scle*ro"ti*um, n.; pl. Sclerotia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A hardened body formed by certain fungi, as by the Claviceps purpurea, which produced ergot. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The nature or resting stage of a plasmodium. SCLEROTOME Scler"o*tome ( or ), n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the bony, cartilaginous, or membranous partitoins which separate the myotomes. -- Scler`o*tom"ic, a. SCLEROUS Scle"rous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Hard; indurated; sclerotic. SCOAT Scoat, v. t. Defn: To prop; to scotch. [Prov. Eng.] SCOBBY Scob"by, n. Defn: The chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.] SCOBIFORM Scob"i*form, a. Etym: [L. scobs, or scobis, sawdust, scrapings + - form: cf. F. scobiforme.] Defn: Having the form of, or resembling, sawdust or raspings. SCOBS Scobs, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [L. scobs, or scobis, fr. scabere to scrape.] 1. Raspings of ivory, hartshorn, metals, or other hard substance. Chambers. 2. The dross of metals. SCOFF Scoff, n. Etym: [OE. scof; akin to OFries. schof, OHG. scoph, Icel. skaup, and perh. to E. shove.] 1. Derision; ridicule; mockery; derisive or mocking expression of scorn, contempt, or reproach. With scoffs, and scorns, and contumelious taunts. Shak. 2. An object of scorn, mockery, or derision. The scoff of withered age and beardless youth. Cowper. SCOFF Scoff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scoffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Scoffing.] Etym: [Cf. Dan. skuffe to deceive, delude, Icel. skopa to scoff, OD. schoppen. See Scoff, n.] Defn: To show insolent ridicule or mockery; to manifest contempt by derisive acts or language; -- often with at. Thuth from his lips prevailed with double sway, And fools who came to scoff, remained to pray. Goldsmith. Syn. -- To sneer; mock; gibe; jeer. See Sneer. SCOFF Scoff, v. t. Defn: To treat or address with derision; to assail scornfully; to mock at. To scoff religion is ridiculously proud and immodest. Glanwill. SCOFFER Scoff"er, n. Defn: One who scoffs. 2 Pet. iii. 3. SCOFFERY Scoff"er*y, n. Defn: The act of scoffing; scoffing conduct; mockery. Holinshed. SCOFFINGLY Scoff"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a scoffing manner. Broome. SCOKE Scoke, n. (Bot.) Defn: Poke (Phytolacca decandra). SCOLAY Sco*lay", v. i. Defn: See Scoley. [Obs.] SCOLD Scold, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Scolding.] Etym: [Akin to D. schelden, G. schelten, OHG. sceltan, Dan. skielde.] Defn: To find fault or rail with rude clamor; to brawl; to utter harsh, rude, boisterous rebuke; to chide sharply or coarsely; -- often with at; as, to scold at a servant. Pardon me, lords, 't is the first time ever I was forced to scold. Shak. SCOLD Scold, v. t. Defn: To chide with rudeness and clamor; to rate; also, to rebuke or reprove with severity. SCOLD Scold, n. 1. One who scolds, or makes a practice of scolding; esp., a rude, clamorous woman; a shrew. She is an irksome, brawling scold. Shak. 2. A scolding; a brawl. SCOLDER Scold"er, n. 1. One who scolds. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The oyster catcher; -- so called from its shrill cries. (b) The old squaw. [Local U.S.] SCOLDING Scold"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Scold, v. Scolding bridle, an iron frame. See Brank, n., 2. SCOLDINGLY Scold"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a scolding manner. SCOLE Scole, n. Defn: School. [Obs.] Chaucer. SCOLECIDA Sco*le"ci*da ( or ), n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Scolex.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Helminthes. SCOLECITE Scol"e*cite ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A zeolitic mineral occuring in delicate radiating groups of white crystals. It is a hydrous silicate of aluminia and lime. Called also lime mesotype. SCOLECOMORPHA Sco*le`co*mor"pha (, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Solex, -morphous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Scolecida. SCOLEX Sco"lex, n.; pl. Scoleces. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) The embryo produced directly from the egg in a metagenetic series, especially the larva of a tapeworm or other parasitic worm. See Illust. of Echinococcus. (b) One of the Scolecida. SCOLEY Sco*ley", v. i. Etym: [Cf. OF. escoler to teach. See School.] Defn: To go to school; to study. [Obs.] Chaucer. SCOLIOSIS Sco`li*o"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A lateral curvature of the spine. SCOLITHUS Scol"i*thus ( or ), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A tubular structure found in Potsdam sandstone, and believed to be the fossil burrow of a marine worm. SCOLLOP Scol"lop, n. & v. Defn: See Scallop. SCOLOPACINE Scol`o*pa"cine, a. Etym: [L. scolopax a snipe, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Scolopacidæ, or Snipe family. SCOLOPENDRA Scol`o*pen"dra, n. Etym: [L., a kind of multiped, fr. Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of venomous myriapods including the centipeds. See Centiped. 2. A sea fish. [R.] Spenser. SCOLOPENDRINE Scol`o*pen"drine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the Scolopendra. SCOLYTID Scol"y*tid, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small bark-boring beetles of the genus Scolytus and allied genera. Also used adjectively. SCOMBER Scom"ber, n. Etym: [L., a mackerel, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of acanthopterygious fishes which includes the common mackerel. SCOMBEROID Scom"ber*oid, a. & n. Etym: [Cf. F. scomnéroïde.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Scombroid. SCOMBRIFORMES Scom`bri*for"mes, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of fishes including the mackerels, tunnies, and allied fishes. SCOMBROID Scom"broid, a. Etym: [Scomber + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the Mackerel family. -- n. Defn: Any fish of the family Scombridæ, of which the mackerel (Scomber) is the type. SCOMFISH Scom"fish ( or ), v. t. & i. Defn: To suffocate or stifle; to smother. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] SCOMFIT Scom"fit, n. & v. Defn: Discomfit. [Obs.] SCOMM Scomm, n. Etym: [L. scomma a taunt, jeer, scoff, Gr. 1. A bufoon. [Obs.] L'Estrange. 2. A flout; a jeer; a gibe; a taunt. [Obs.] Fortherby. SCONCE Sconce, n. Etym: [D. schans, OD. schantse, perhaps from OF. esconse a hiding place, akin to esconser to hide, L. absconsus, p. p. of abscondere. See Abscond, and cf. Ensconce, Sconce a candlestick.] 1. A fortification, or work for defense; a fort. No sconce or fortress of his raising was ever known either to have been forced, or yielded up, or quitted. Milton. 2. A hut for protection and shelter; a stall. One that . . . must raise a sconce by the highway and sell switches. Beau. & Fl. 3. A piece of armor for the head; headpiece; helmet. I must get a sconce for my head. Shak. 4. Fig.: The head; the skull; also, brains; sense; discretion. [Colloq.] To knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel. Shak. 5. A poll tax; a mulct or fine. Johnson. 6. Etym: [OF. esconse a dark lantern, properly, a hiding place. See Etymol. above.] Defn: A protection for a light; a lantern or cased support for a candle; hence, a fixed hanging or projecting candlestick. Tapers put into lanterns or sconces of several-colored, oiled paper, that the wind might not annoy them. Evelyn. Golden sconces hang not on the walls. Dryden. 7. Hence, the circular tube, with a brim, in a candlestick, into which the candle is inserted. 8. (Arch.) Defn: A squinch. 9. A fragment of a floe of ice. Kane. 10. Etym: [Perhaps a different word.] Defn: A fixed seat or shelf. [Prov. Eng.] SCONCE Sconce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sconced; p. pr. & vb. n. Sconcing.] 1. To shut up in a sconce; to imprison; to insconce. [Obs.] Immure him, sconce him, barricade him in 't. Marston. 2. To mulct; to fine. [Obs.] Milton. SCONCHEON Scon"cheon, n. (Arch.) Defn: A squinch. SCONE Scone, n. Defn: A cake, thinner than a bannock, made of wheat or barley or oat meal. [Written variously, scon, skone, skon, etc.] [Scot.] Burns. SCOOP Scoop, n. Etym: [OE. scope, of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. skopa, akin to D. schop a shovel, G. schüppe, and also to E. shove. See Shovel.] 1. A large ladle; a vessel with a long handle, used for dipping liquids; a utensil for bailing boats. 2. A deep shovel, or any similar implement for digging out and dipping or shoveling up anything; as, a flour scoop; the scoop of a dredging machine. 3. (Surg.) Defn: A spoon-shaped instrument, used in extracting certain substances or foreign bodies. 4. A place hollowed out; a basinlike cavity; a hollow. Some had lain in the scoop of the rock. J. R. Drake. 5. A sweep; a stroke; a swoop. 6. The act of scooping, or taking with a scoop or ladle; a motion with a scoop, as in dipping or shoveling. Scoop net, a kind of hand net, used in fishing; also, a net for sweeping the bottom of a river. -- Scoop wheel, a wheel for raising water, having scoops or buckets attached to its circumference; a tympanum. SCOOP Scoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scooped; p. pr. & vb. n. Scooping.] Etym: [OE. scopen. See Scoop, n.] 1. To take out or up with, a scoop; to lade out. He scooped the water from the crystal flood. Dryden. 2. To empty by lading; as, to scoop a well dry. 3. To make hollow, as a scoop or dish; to excavate; to dig out; to form by digging or excavation. Those carbuncles the Indians will scoop, so as to hold above a pint. Arbuthnot. SCOOPER Scoop"er, n. 1. One who, or that which scoops. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The avocet; -- so called because it scoops up the mud to obtain food. SCOOT Scoot, v. i. Defn: To walk fast; to go quickly; to run hastily away. [Colloq. & Humorous, U.S.] SCOPARIN Sco"pa*rin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow gelatinous or crystalline substance found in broom (Cytisus scoparius) accompanying sparteïne. SCOPATE Sco"pate, a. Etym: [L. scopae, scopa, a broom.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the surface closely covered with hairs, like a brush. -SCOPE -scope (. Etym: [Gr. skopo`s a watcher, spy. See Scope.] Defn: A combining form usually signifying an instrument for viewing (with the eye) or observing (in any way); as in microscope, telescope, altoscope, anemoscope. SCOPE Scope, n. Etym: [It. scopo, L. scopos a mark, aim, Gr. skopo`s, a watcher, mark, aim; akin to spy. Cf. Skeptic, Bishop.] 1. That at which one aims; the thing or end to which the mind directs its view; that which is purposed to be reached or accomplished; hence, ultimate design, aim, or purpose; intention; drift; object. "Shooting wide, do miss the marked scope." Spenser. Your scope is as mine own, So to enforce or quality the laws As to your soul seems good. Shak. The scope of all their pleading against man's authority, is to overthrow such laws and constitutions in the church. Hooker. 2. Room or opportunity for free outlook or aim; space for action; amplitude of opportunity; free course or vent; liberty; range of view; intent, or action. Give him line and scope. Shak. In the fate and fortunes of the human race, scope is given to the operation of laws which man must always fail to discern the reasons of. I. Taylor. Excuse me if I have given too much scope to the reflections which have arisen in my mind. Burke. An intellectual cultivation of no moderate depth or scope. Hawthorne. 3. Extended area. [Obs.] "The scopes of land granted to the first adventurers." Sir J. Davies. 4. Length; extent; sweep; as, scope of cable. v. t. To look at for the purpose of evaluation; usu with out; as, to scope out the area as a camping site. SCOPELINE Sco"pe*line, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Scopeloid. SCOPELOID Sco"pe*loid, a. Etym: [NL. Scopelus, typical genus (fr. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to fishes of the genus Scopelus, or family Scopelodæ, which includes many small oceanic fishes, most of which are phosphorescent. -- n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any fish of the family Scopelidæ. SCOPIFEROUS Sco*pif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. scopae, scopa + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Bearing a tuft of brushlike hairs. SCOPIFORM Sco"pi*form, a. Etym: [L. scopae, scopa, a broom + -form.] Defn: Having the form of a broom or besom. "Zeolite, stelliform or scopiform." Kirwan. SCOPIPED Sco"pi*ped, n. Etym: [L. scopae, scopa, a broom + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Scopuliped. SCOPPET Scop"pet, v. t. Etym: [From Scoop, v. t.] Defn: To lade or dip out. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. SCOPS OWL Scops" owl`. Etym: [NL. scops, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small owls of the genus Scops having ear tufts like those of the horned owls, especially the European scops owl (Scops giu), and the American screech owl. (S. Asio). SCOPTIC; SCOPTICAL Scop"tic, Scop"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Jesting; jeering; scoffing. [Obs.] South. -- Scop"tic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] SCOPULA Scop"u*la, n.; pl. E. Scopulas, L. Scopulæ. Etym: [L. scopulae, pl. a little broom.] (Zoöl.) (a) A peculiar brushlike organ found on the foot of spiders and used in the construction of the web. (b) A special tuft of hairs on the leg of a bee. SCOPULIPED Scop"u*li*ped, n. Etym: [L. scopulae, pl., a little broom (fr. scopae a broom) + pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of bee which has on the hind legs a brush of hairs used for collecting pollen, as the hive bees and bumblebees. SCOPULOUS Scop"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. scopulosus, fr. scopulus a rock, Gr. Defn: Full of rocks; rocky. [Obs.] SCORBUTE Scor"bute, n. Etym: [LL. scorbutus: cf. F. scorbut. See Scurvy, n.] Defn: Scurry. [Obs.] Purchas. SCORBUTIC; SCORBUTICAL Scor*bu"tic, Scor*bu"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. scorbutique.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to scurvy; of the nature of, or resembling, scurvy; diseased with scurvy; as, a scorbutic person; scorbutic complaints or symptoms. -- Scor*bu"tic*al*ly, adv. SCORBUTUS Scor*bu"tus, n. Etym: [LL. See Scorbute.] (Med.) Defn: Scurvy. SCORCE Scorce, n. Defn: Barter. [Obs.] See Scorse. SCORCH Scorch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorched; p. pr. & vb. n. Scorching.] Etym: [OE. scorchen, probably akin to scorcnen; cf. Norw. skrokken shrunk up, skrekka, skrökka, to shrink, to become wrinkled up, dial. Sw. skråkkla to wrinkle (see Shrug); but perhaps influenced by OF. escorchier to strip the bark from, to flay, to skin, F. écorcher, LL. excorticare; L. ex from + cortex, -icis, bark (cf. Cork); because the skin falls off when scorched.] 1. To burn superficially; to parch, or shrivel, the surface of, by heat; to subject to so much heat as changes color and texture without consuming; as, to scorch linen. Summer drouth or singed air never scorch thy tresses fair. Milton. 2. To affect painfully with heat, or as with heat; to dry up with heat; to affect as by heat. Lashed by mad rage, and scorched by brutal fires. Prior. 3. To burn; to destroy by, or as by, fire. Power was given unto him to scorch men with fire. Rev. xvi. 8. The fire that scorches me to death. Dryden. SCORCH Scorch, v. i. 1. To be burnt on the surface; to be parched; to be dried up. Scatter a little mungy straw or fern amongst your seedlings, to prevent the roots from scorching. Mortimer. 2. To burn or be burnt. he laid his long forefinger on the scarlet letter, which forthwith seemed to scoch into Hester's breast, as if it had been red hot. Hawthorne. SCORCHING Scorch"ing, a. Defn: Burning; parching or shriveling with heat. -- Scorch"ing*ly, adv. -- Scorch"ing*ness, n. SCORE Score, n. Etym: [AS. scor twenty, fr. sceran, scieran, to shear, cut, divice; or rather the kindred Icel. skor incision, twenty, akin to Dan. skure a notch, Sw. skåra. See Shear.] 1. A notch or incision; especially, one that is made as a tally mark; hence, a mark, or line, made for the purpose of account. Whereas, before, our forefathers had no other books but the score and the tally, thou hast caused printing to be used. Shak. 2. An account or reckoning; account of dues; bill; hence, indebtedness. He parted well, and paid his score. Shak. 3. Account; reason; motive; sake; behalf. But left the trade, as many more Have lately done on the same score. Hudibras. You act your kindness in Cydria's score. Dryden. 4. The number twenty, as being marked off by a special score or tally; hence, in pl., a large number. Amongst three or four score hogsheads. Shak. At length the queen took upon herself to grant patents of monopoly by score. Macaulay. 5. A distance of twenty yards; -- a term used in ancient archery and gunnery. Halliwell. 6. A weight of twenty pounds. [Prov. Eng.] 7. The number of points gained by the contestants, or either of them, in any game, as in cards or cricket. 8. line drawn; a groove or furrow. 9. (Mus.) Defn: The original and entire draught, or its transcript, of a composition, with the parts for all the different instruments or voices written on staves one above another, so that they can be read at a glance; -- so called from the bar, which, in its early use, was drawn through all the parts. Moore (Encyc. of Music). In score (Mus.), having all the parts arranged and placed in juxtaposition. Smart. -- To quit scores, to settle or balance accounts; to render an equivalent; to make compensation. Does not the earth quit scores with all the elements in the noble fruits that issue from it South. SCORE Score, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scored; p. pr. & vb. n. Scoring.] 1. To mark with lines, scratches, or notches; to cut notches or furrows in; to notch; to scratch; to furrow; as, to score timber for hewing; to score the back with a lash. Let us score their backs. Shak. A briar in that tangled wilderness Had scored her white right hand. M. Arnold. 2. Especially, to mark with significant lines or notches, for indicating or keeping account of something; as, to score a tally. 3. To mark or signify by lines or notches; to keep record or account; to set down; to record; to charge. Madam, I know when, Instead of five, you scored me ten. Swift. Nor need I tallies thy dear love to score. Shak. 4. To engrave, as upon a shield. [R.] Spenser. 5. To make a score of, as points, runs, etc., in a game. 6. (Mus.) Defn: To write down in proper order and arrangement; as, to score an overture for an orchestra. See Score, n., 9. 7. (Geol.) Defn: To mark with parallel lines or scratches; as, the rocks of New England and the Western States were scored in the drift epoch. SCORER Scor"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, scores. SCORIA Sco"ri*a, n.; pl. Scorlæ. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. The recrement of metals in fusion, or the slag rejected after the eduction of metallic ores; dross. 2. Cellular slaggy lava; volcanic cinders. SCORIAC Sco"ri*ac, a. Defn: Scoriaceous. E. A. Poe. SCORIACEOUS Sco`ri*a"ceous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. scoriacé.] Defn: Of or pertaining to scoria; like scoria or the recrement of metals; partaking of the nature of scoria. SCORIE Sco"rie, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The young of any gull. [Written also scaurie.] [prov. Eng.] SCORIFICATION Sco`ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. scorification. See Scorify.] (Chem.) Defn: The act, process, or result of scorifying, or reducing to a slag; hence, the separation from earthy matter by means of a slag; as, the scorification of ores. SCORIFIER Sco"ri*fi`er, n. (Chem.) Defn: One who, or that which, scorifies; specifically, a small flat bowl-shaped cup used in the first heating in assaying, to remove the earth and gangue, and to concentrate the gold and silver in a lead button. SCORIFORM Sco"ri*form, a. Defn: In the form of scoria. SCORIFY Sco"ri*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorified; p. pr. & vb. n. Scorifying.] Etym: [Scoria + -fy: cf. F. scorifier.] (Chem.) Defn: To reduce to scoria or slag; specifically, in assaying, to fuse so as to separate the gangue and earthy material, with borax, lead, soda, etc., thus leaving the gold and silver in a lead button; hence, to separate from, or by means of, a slag. SCORIOUS Sco"ri*ous, a. Defn: Scoriaceous. Sir T. Browne. SCORN Scorn, n. Etym: [OE. scorn, scarn, scharn, OF. escarn, escharn, eschar, of German origin; cf. OHG. skern mockery, skern to mock; but cf. also OF. escorner to mock.] 1. Extreme and lofty contempt; haughty disregard; that disdain which aprings from the opinion of the utter meanness and unworthiness of an object. Scorn at first makes after love the more. Shak. And wandered backward as in scorn, To wait an æon to be born. Emerson. 2. An act or expression of extreme contempt. Every sullen frown and bitter scorn But fanned the fuel that too fast did burn. Dryden. 3. An object of extreme disdain, contempt, or derision. Thou makest us a reproach to our neighbors, a scorn and a derision to them that are round about us. Ps. xliv. 13. To think scorn, to regard as worthy of scorn or contempt; to disdain. "He thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone." Esther iii. 6. -- To laugh to scorn, to deride; to make a mock of; to redicule as contemptible. Syn. -- Contempt; disdain; derision; contumely; despite; slight; dishonor; mockery. SCORN Scorn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorned; p. pr. & vb. n. Scoring.] Etym: [OE. scornen, scarnen, schornen, OF. escarning, escharnir. See Scorn, n.] 1. To hold in extreme contempt; to reject as unworthy of regard; to despise; to contemn; to disdain. I scorn thy meat; 't would choke me. Shak. This my long sufference, and my day of grace, Those who neglect and scorn shall never taste. Milton. We scorn what is in itself contemptible or disgraceful. C. J. Smith. 2. To treat with extreme contempt; to make the object of insult; to mock; to scoff at; to deride. His fellow, that lay by his bed's side, Gan for to laugh, and scorned him full fast. Chaucer. To taunt and scorn you thus opprobriously. Shak. Syn. -- To contemn; despise; disdain. See Contemn. SCORN Scorn, v. i. Defn: To scoff; to act disdainfully. He said mine eyes were black and my hair black, And, now I remembered, scorned at me. Shak. SCORNER Scorn"er, n. Defn: One who scorns; a despiser; a contemner; specifically, a scoffer at religion. "Great scorners of death." Spenser. Superly he scorneth the scorners: but he giveth grace unto the lowly. Prov. iii. 34. SCORNFUL Scorn"ful, a. 1. Full of scorn or contempt; contemptuous; disdainful. Scornful of winter's frost and summer's sun. Prior. Dart not scornful glances from those eyes. Shak. 2. Treated with scorn; exciting scorn. [Obs.] The scornful mark of every open eye. Shak. Syn. -- Contemptuous; disdainful; contumelious; reproachful; insolent. -- Scorn"ful*ly, adv. -- Scorn"ful*ness, n. SCORNY Scorn"y, a. Defn: Deserving scorn; paltry. [Obs.] SCORODITE Scor"o*dite, n. Etym: [G. scorodit; -- so called in allusion to its smell under the blowpipe, from Gr. (Min.) Defn: A leek-green or brownish mineral occurring in orthorhombic crystals. It is a hydrous arseniate of iron. [Written also skorodite.] SCORPAENOID Scor*pæ"noid, a. Etym: [NL. Scorpaena, a typical genus (see Scorpene) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the family Scorpænidæ, which includes the scorpene, the rosefish, the California rockfishes, and many other food fishes. [Written also scorpænid.] See Illust. under Rockfish. SCORPENE Scor"pene, n. Etym: [F. scorpène, fr. L. scorpaena a kind of fish, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine food fish of the genus Scorpæna, as the European hogfish (S. scrofa), and the California species (S. guttata). SCORPER Scor"per, n. Defn: Same as Scauper. SCORPIO Scor"pi*o, n.; pl. Scorpiones. Etym: [L.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A scorpion. 2. (Astron.) (a) The eighth sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about the twenty-third day of October, marked thus [scorpio] in almanacs. (b) A constellation of the zodiac containing the bright star Antares. It is drawn on the celestial globe in the figure of a scorpion. SCORPIODEA Scor`pi*o"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Scorpiones. SCORPIOID; SCORPIOIDAL Scor"pi*oid, Scor`pi*oid"al, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Having the inflorescence curved or circinate at the end, like a scorpion's tail. SCORPION Scor"pi*on, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. scorpio, scorpius, Gr. sharp.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of pulmonate arachnids of the order scorpiones, having a suctorial mouth, large claw-bearing palpi, and a caudal sting. Note: Scorpions have a flattened body, and a long, slender post- abdomen formed of six movable segments, the last of which terminates in a curved venomous sting. The venom causes great pain, but is unattended either with redness or swelling, except in the axillary or inguinal glands, when an extremity is affected. It is seldom if ever destructive of life. Scorpions are found widely dispersed in the warm climates of both the Old and New Worlds. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pine or gray lizard (Sceloporus undulatus). [Local, U.S.] 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: the scorpene. 4. (Script.) Defn: A painful scourge. My father hath chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions. 1 Kings xii. 11. 5. (Astron.) Defn: A sign and constellation. See Scorpio. 6. (Antiq.) Defn: An ancient military engine for hurling stones and other missiles. Book scorpion. (Zoöl.) See under Book. -- False scorpion. (Zoöl.) See under False, and Book scorpion. -- Scorpion bug, or Water scorpion (Zoöl.) See Nepa. -- Scorpion fly (Zoöl.), a neuropterous insect of the genus Panorpa. See Panorpid. -- Scorpion grass (Bot.), a plant of the genus Myosotis. M. palustris is the forget-me-not. -- Sorpion senna (Bot.), a yellow-flowered leguminous shrub (Coronilla Emerus) having a slender joined pod, like a scorpion's tail. The leaves are said to yield a dye like indigo, and to be used sometimes to adulterate senna. -- Scorpion shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the genus Pteroceras. See Pteroceras. -- Scorpion spiders. (Zoöl.), any one of the Pedipalpi. -- Scorpion's tail (Bot.), any plant of the leguminous genus Scorpiurus, herbs with a circinately coiled pod; -- also called caterpillar. -- Scorpion's thorn (Bot.), a thorny leguminous plant (Genista Scorpius) of Southern Europe. -- The Scorpion's Heart (Astron.), the star Antares in the constellation Scorpio. SCORPIONES Scor`pi*o"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of arachnids comprising the scorpions. SCORPIONIDEA Scor`pi*o*nid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Scorpiones. SCORPIONWORT Scor"pi*on*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous plant (Ornithopus scorpides) of Southern Europe, having curved pods. SCORSE Scorse ( or ), n. Etym: [Cf. It. scorsa a course, and E. discourse.] Defn: Barter; exchange; trade. [Obs.] And recompensed them with a better scorse. Spenser. SCORSE Scorse, v. t. Etym: [Written also scourse, and scoss.] 1. To barter or exchange. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To chase. [Obs.] Spenser. SCORSE Scorse, v. i. Defn: To deal for the purchase of anything; to practice barter. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SCORTATORY Scor"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. scorator a fornicator, from scortari to fornicate, scortum a prostitute.] Defn: Pertaining to lewdness or fornication; lewd. SCOT Scot, n. Defn: A name for a horse. [Obs.] Chaucer. SCOT Scot, n. Etym: [Cf. L. Skoti, pl., AS. Scotta, pl. Skottas, Sceottas.] Defn: A native or inhabitant of Scotland; a Scotsman, or Scotchman. SCOT Scot, n. Etym: [Icel. skot; or OF. escot, F. écot, LL. scottum, scotum, from a kindred German word; akin to AS. scot, and E. shot, shoot; cf. AS. sceótan to shoot, to contribute. See Shoot, and cf. Shot.] Defn: A portion of money assessed or paid; a tax or contribution; a mulct; a fine; a shot. Scot and lot, formerly, a parish assessment laid on subjects according to their ability. [Eng.] Cowell. Now, a phrase for obligations of every kind regarded collectivelly. Experienced men of the world know very well that it is best to pay scot and lot as they go along. Emerson. SCOTAL; SCOTALE Scot"al, Scot"ale, n. Etym: [Scot + ale.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The keeping of an alehouse by an officer of a forest, and drawing people to spend their money for liquor, for fear of his displeasure. SCOTCH Scotch, a. Etym: [Cf. Scottish.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Scotland, its language, or its inhabitants; Scottish. Scotch broom (Bot.), the Cytisus scoparius. See Broom. -- Scotch dipper, or Scotch duck (Zoöl.), the bufflehead; -- called also Scotch teal, and Scotchman. -- Scotch fiddle, the itch. [Low] Sir W. Scott. -- Scotch mist, a coarse, dense mist, like fine rain. -- Scotch nightingale (Zoöl.), the sedge warbler. [Prov. Eng.] -- Scotch pebble. See under pebble. -- Scotch pine (Bot.) See Riga fir. -- Scotch thistle (Bot.), a species of thistle (Onopordon acanthium); -- so called from its being the national emblem of the Scotch. SCOTCH Scotch, n. 1. The dialect or dialects of English spoken by the people of Scotland. 2. Collectively, the people of Scotland. SCOTCH Scotch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scotched; p. pr. & vb. n. Scotching.] Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. scole a prop, and Walloon ascot a prop, ascoter to prop, F. accoter, also Armor. skoaz the shoulder, skoazia to shoulder up, to prop, to support, W. ysgwydd a shoulder, ysgwyddo to shoulder. Cf. Scoat.] [Written also scoatch, scoat.] Defn: To shoulder up; to prop or block with a wedge, chock, etc., as a wheel, to prevent its rolling or slipping. SCOTCH Scotch, n. Defn: A chock, wedge, prop, or other support, to prevent slipping; as, a scotch for a wheel or a log on inclined ground. SCOTCH Scotch, v. t. Etym: [Probably the same word as scutch; cf. Norw. skoka, skoko, a swingle for flax; perhaps akin to E. shake.] Defn: To cut superficially; to wound; to score. We have scotched the snake, not killed it. Shak. Scotched collops (Cookery), a dish made of pieces of beef or veal cut thin, or minced, beaten flat, and stewed with onion and other condiments; -- called also Scotch collops. [Written also scotcht collops.] SCOTCH Scotch, n. Defn: A slight cut or incision; a score. Walton. SCOTCH-HOPPER Scotch"-hop`per, n. Defn: Hopscotch. SCOTCHING Scotch"ing, n. (Masonry) Defn: Dressing stone with a pick or pointed instrument. SCOTCHMAN Scotch"man, n.; pl. Scotchmen (. 1. A native or inhabitant of Scotland; a Scot; a Scotsman. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A piece of wood or stiff hide placed over shrouds and other rigging to prevent chafe by the running gear. Ham. Nav. Encyc. SCOTCH RITE Scotch rite. (Freemasonry) Defn: The ceremonial observed by one of the Masonic systems, called in full the Ancient and Accepted Scotch Rite; also, the system itself, which confers thirty-three degrees, of which the first three are nearly identical with those of the York rite. SCOTCH TERRIER Scotch terrier. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a breed of small terriers with long, rough hair. SCOTER Sco"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. scote to plow up.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of northern sea ducks of the genus Oidemia. Note: The European scoters are Oidemia nigra, called also black duck, black diver, surf duck; and the velvet, or double, scoter (O. fusca). The common American species are the velvet, or white-winged, scoter (O. Deglandi), called also velvet duck, white-wing, bull coot, white- winged coot; the black scoter (O. Americana), called also black coot, butterbill, coppernose; and the surf scoter, or surf duck (O. perspicillata), called also baldpate, skunkhead, horsehead, patchhead, pishaug, and spectacled coot. These birds are collectively called also coots. The females and young are called gray coots, and brown coots. SCOT-FREE Scot"-free" [], a. Defn: Free from payment of scot; untaxed; hence, unhurt; clear; safe. Do as much for this purpose, and thou shalt pass scot-free. Sir W. Scott. Then young Hay escaped scot-free to Holland. A. Lang. SCOTH Scoth, v. t. Defn: To clothe or cover up. [Obs.] SCOTH Scoth, v. t. Defn: To clothe or cover up. [Obs.] SCOTIA Sco"ti*a, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. skoti`a darkness, a sunken molding in the base of a pillar, so called from the dark shadow it casts, from sko`tos darkness.] (Arch.) Defn: A concave molding used especially in classical architecture. SCOTIA Sco"ti*a, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Scotland [Poetic] O Scotia! my dear, my native soil! Burns. SCOTIST Sco"tist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of (Joannes) Duns Scotus, the Franciscan scholastic (d. 1308), who maintained certain doctrines in philosophy and theology, in opposition to the Thomists, or followers of Thomas Aquinas, the Dominican scholastic. SCOTOGRAPH Scot"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. sko`tos darkness + -graph.] Defn: An instrument for writing in the dark, or without seeing. Maunder. SCOTOMA Sco*to"ma, n. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: Scotomy. SCOTOMY Scot"o*my, n. Etym: [NL. scotomia, from Gr. sko`tos darkness: cf. F. scotomie.] 1. Dizziness with dimness of sight. [Obs.] Massinger. 2. (Med.) Defn: Obscuration of the field of vision due to the appearance of a dark spot before the eye. SCOTOSCOPE Sco"to*scope ( or ), n. Etym: [Gr. sko`tos darkness + -scope.] Defn: An instrument that discloses objects in the dark or in a faint light. [Obs.] Pepys. SCOTS Scots, a. Etym: [For older Scottis Scottish. See Scottish.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Scotch; Scotch; Scottish; as, Scots law; a pound Scots (1s. 8d.). SCOTSMAN Scots"man (-man), n. Defn: See Scotchman. SCOTTERING Scot"ter*ing, n. Defn: The burning of a wad of pease straw at the end of harvest. [Prov. Eng.] SCOTTICISM Scot"ti*cism, n. Defn: An idiom, or mode of expression, peculiar to Scotland or Scotchmen. That, in short, in which the Scotticism of Scotsmen most intimately consists, is the habit of emphasis. Masson. SCOTTICIZE Scot"ti*cize, v. t. Defn: To cause to become like the Scotch; to make Scottish. [R.] SCOTTISH Scot"tish, a. Etym: [From Scot a Scotchman: cf. AS. Scyttisc, and E. Scotch, a., Scots, a.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of Scotland, their country, or their language; as, Scottish industry or economy; a Scottish chief; a Scottish dialect. SCOTTISH TERRIER Scot"tish ter"ri*er. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Scotch terrier. SCOUNDREL Scoun"drel, n. Etym: [Probably from Prov. E. & Scotch scunner, scouner, to loathe, to disgust, akin to AS. scunian to shun. See Shun.] Defn: A mean, worthless fellow; a rascal; a villain; a man without honor or virtue. Go, if your ancient, but ignoble blood Has crept through soundrels ever since the flood. Pope. SCOUNDREL Scoun"drel, a. Defn: Low; base; mean; unprincipled. SCOUNDRELDOM Scoun"drel*dom, n. Defn: The domain or sphere of scoundrels; scoundrels, collectively; the state, ideas, or practices of scoundrels. Carlyle. SCOUNDRELISM Scoun"drel*ism, n. Defn: The practices or conduct of a scoundrel; baseness; rascality. Cotgrave. SCOUR Scour, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scoured; p. pr. & vb. n. Scouring.] Etym: [Akin to LG. schüren, D. schuren, schueren, G. scheuern, Dan. skure; Sw. skura; all possibly fr. LL. escurare, fr. L. ex + curare to take care. Cf. Cure.] 1. To rub hard with something rough, as sand or Bristol brick, especially for the purpose of cleaning; to clean by friction; to make clean or bright; to cleanse from grease, dirt, etc., as articles of dress. 2. To purge; as, to scour a horse. 3. To remove by rubbing or cleansing; to sweep along or off; to carry away or remove, as by a current of water; -- often with off or away. [I will] stain my favors in a bloody mask, Which, washed away, shall scour my shame with it. Shak. 4. Etym: [Perhaps a different word; cf. OF. escorre, escourre, It. scorrere, both fr. L. excurrere to run forth. Cf. Excursion.] Defn: To pass swiftly over; to brush along; to traverse or search thoroughly; as, to scour the coast. Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain. Pope. Scouring barrel, a tumbling barrel. See under Tumbling. -- Scouring cinder (Metal.), a basic slag, which attacks the lining of a shaft furnace. Raymond. -- Scouring rush. (Bot.) See Dutch rush, under Dutch. -- Scouring stock (Woolen Manuf.), a kind of fulling mill. SCOUR Scour, v. i. 1. To clean anything by rubbing. Shak. 2. To cleanse anything. Warm water is softer than cold, for it scoureth better. Bacon. 3. To be purged freely; to have a diarrhoea. 4. To run swiftly; to rove or range in pursuit or search of something; to scamper. So four fierce coursers, starting to the race, Scour through the plain, and lengthen every pace. Dryden. SCOUR Scour, n. Defn: Diarrhoea or dysentery among cattle. SCOURAGE Scour"age (; 48), n. Defn: Refuse water after scouring. SCOURER Scour"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, scours. 2. A rover or footpad; a prowling robber. In those days of highwaymen and scourers. Macaulay. SCOURGE Scourge, n. Etym: [F. escourgée, fr. L. excoriata (sc. scutica) a stripped off (lash or whip), fr. excoriate to strip, to skin. See Excoriate.] 1. A lash; a strap or cord; especially, a lash used to inflict pain or punishment; an instrument of punishment or discipline; a whip. Up to coach then goes The observed maid, takes both the scourge and reins. Chapman. 2. Hence, a means of inflicting punishment, vengeance, or suffering; an infliction of affliction; a punishment. Sharp scourges of adversity. Chaucer. What scourge for perjury Can this dark monarchy afford false Clarence Shak. SCOURGE Scourge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scourged; p. pr. & vb. n. Scourging.] Etym: [From Scourge, n.: cf. OF. escorgier.] 1. To whip severely; to lash. is it lawful for you to scourge a . . . Roman Acts xxii. 25. 2. To punish with severity; to chastise; to afflict, as for sins or faults, and with the purpose of correction. Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth. Heb. xii. 6. 3. To harass or afflict severely. To scourge and impoverish the people. Brougham. SCOURGER Scour"ger, n. Defn: One who scourges or punishes; one who afflicts severely. The West must own the scourger of the world. Byron. SCOURSE Scourse, v. t. Defn: See Scorse. [Obs.] SCOUSE Scouse, n. (Naut.) Defn: A sailor's dish. Bread scouse contains no meat; lobscouse contains meat, etc. See Lobscouse. Ham. Nav. Encyc. SCOUT Scout, n. Etym: [Icel. sk a small craft or cutter.] Defn: A swift sailing boat. [Obs.] So we took a scout, very much pleased with the manner and conversation of the passengers. Pepys. SCOUT Scout, n. Etym: [Icel. skuta to jut out. Cf. Scout to reject.] Defn: A projecting rock. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. SCOUT Scout, v. t. Etym: [Icel. sk a taunt; cf. Icel. skuta to jut out, skota to shove, skj to shoot, to shove. See Shoot.] Defn: To reject with contempt, as something absurd; to treat with ridicule; to flout; as, to scout an idea or an apology. "Flout 'em and scout 'em." Shak. SCOUT Scout, n. Etym: [OF. escaute scout, spy, fr. escouter, escolter, to listen, to hear, F. écouter, fr. L. auscultare, to hear with attention, to listen to. See Auscultation.] 1. A person sent out to gain and bring in tidings; especially, one employed in war to gain information of the movements and condition of an enemy. Scouts each coast light-armèd scour, Each quarter, to descry the distant foe. Milton. 2. A college student's or undergraduate's servant; -- so called in Oxford, England; at Cambridge called a gyp; and at Dublin, a skip. [Cant] 3. (Criket) Defn: A fielder in a game for practice. 4. The act of scouting or reconnoitering. [Colloq.] While the rat is on the scout. Cowper. Syn. -- Scout, Spy. -- In a military sense a scout is a soldier who does duty in his proper uniform, however hazardous his adventure. A spy is one who in disguise penetrates the enemies' lines, or lurks near them, to obtain information. SCOUT Scout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Scouting.] 1. To observe, watch, or look for, as a scout; to follow for the purpose of observation, as a scout. Take more men, And scout him round. Beau. & Fl. 2. To pass over or through, as a scout; to reconnoiter; as, to scout a country. SCOUT Scout, v. i. Defn: To go on the business of scouting, or watching the motions of an enemy; to act as a scout. With obscure wing Scout far and wide into the realm of night. Milton. SCOVEL Scov"el, n. Etym: [OF. escouve, escouvette, broom, L. scopae, or cf. W. ysgubell, dim. of ysgub a broom.] Defn: A mop for sweeping ovens; a malkin. SCOW Scow, n. Etym: [D. schouw.] (Naut.) Defn: A large flat-bottomed boat, having broad, square ends. SCOW Scow, v. t. Defn: To transport in a scow. SCOWL Scowl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scowled; p. pr. & vb. n. Scowling.] Etym: [Akin to Dan. skule; cf. Icel. skolla to skulk, LG. schulen to hide one's self, D. schuilen, G. schielen to squint, Dan. skele, Sw. skela, AS. sceolh squinting. Cf. Skulk.] 1. To wrinkle the brows, as in frowning or displeasure; to put on a frowning look; to look sour, sullen, severe, or angry. She scowled and frowned with froward countenance. Spenser. 2. Hence, to look gloomy, dark, or threatening; to lower. "The scowling heavens." Thomson. SCOWL Scowl, v. t. 1. To look at or repel with a scowl or a frown. Milton. 2. To express by a scowl; as, to scowl defiance. SCOWL Scowl, n. 1. The wrinkling of the brows or face in frowing; the expression of displeasure, sullennes, or discontent in the countenance; an angry frown. With solemn phiz, and critic scowl. Lloyd. 2. Hence, gloom; dark or threatening aspect. Burns. A ruddy storm, whose scowl Made heaven's radiant face look foul. Crashaw. SCOWLINGLY Scowl"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a scowling manner. SCRABBED EGGS Scrab"bed eggs`. Etym: [CF. Scramble.] Defn: A Lenten dish, composed of eggs boiled hard, chopped, and seasoned with butter, salt, and pepper. Halliwell. SCRABBLE Scrab"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrabbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Scrabbling.] Etym: [Freq. of scrape. Cf. Scramble, Scrawl, v. t.] 1. To scrape, paw, or scratch with the hands; to proceed by clawing with the hands and feet; to scramble; as, to scrabble up a cliff or a tree. Now after a while Little-faith came to himself, and getting up made shift to scrabble on his way. Bunyan. 2. To make irregular, crooked, or unmeaning marks; to scribble; to scrawl. David . . . scrabbled on the doors of the gate. 1. Sam. xxi. 13. SCRABBLE Scrab"ble, v. t. Defn: To mark with irregular lines or letters; to scribble; as, to scrabble paper. SCRABBLE Scrab"ble, n. Defn: The act of scrabbing; a moving upon the hands and knees; a scramble; also, a scribble. SCRABER Scra"ber, n. Etym: [Cf. Scrabble.] (Zoöl.) (a) The Manx shearwater. (b) The black guillemot. SCRAFFLE Scraf"fle, v. i. Etym: [See Scramble: cf. OD. schraeffelen to scrape.] Defn: To scramble or struggle; to wrangle; also, to be industrious. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SCRAG Scrag, n. Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. skraka a great dry tree, a long, lean man, Gael. sgreagach dry, shriveled, rocky. See Shrink, and cf. Scrog, Shrag, n.] 1. Something thin, lean, or rough; a bony piece; especially, a bony neckpiece of meat; hence, humorously or in contempt, the neck. Lady MacScrew, who . . . serves up a scrag of mutton on silver. Thackeray. 2. A rawboned person. [Low] Halliwell. 3. A ragged, stunted tree or branch. Scrag whale (Zoöl.), a North Atlantic whalebone whale (Agaphelus giddosus). By some it is considered the young of the right whale. SCRAGGED Scrag"ged, a. 1. Rough with irregular points, or a broken surface; scraggy; as, a scragged backbone. 2. Lean and rough; scraggy. SCRAGGEDNESS Scrag"ged*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being scragged. SCRAGGILY Scrag"gi*ly, adv. Defn: in a scraggy manner. SCRAGGINESS Scrag"gi*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being scraggy; scraggedness. SCRAGGY Scrag"gy, a. [Compar. Scragger; superl. Scraggiest.] 1. Rough with irregular points; scragged. "A scraggy rock." J. Philips. 2. Lean and rough; scragged. "His sinewy, scraggy neck." Sir W. Scott. SCRAGLY Scrag"ly, a. Defn: See Scraggy. SCRAG-NECKED Scrag"-necked`, a. Defn: Having a scraggy neck. SCRAMBLE Scram"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrambled; p. pr. & vb. n. Scrambling.] Etym: [Freq. of Prov. E. scramb to rake together with the hands, or of scramp to snatch at. cf. Scrabble.] 1. To clamber with hands and knees; to scrabble; as, to scramble up a cliff; to scramble over the rocks. 2. To struggle eagerly with others for something thrown upon the ground; to go down upon all fours to seize something; to catch rudely at what is desired. Of other care they little reckoning make, Than how to scramble at the shearer's feast. Milton. SCRAMBLE Scram"ble, v. t. 1. To collect by scrambling; as, to scramble up wealth. Marlowe. 2. To prepare (eggs) as a dish for the table, by stirring the yolks and whites together while cooking. SCRAMBLE Scram"ble, n. 1. The act of scrambling, climbing on all fours, or clambering. 2. The act of jostling and pushing for something desired; eager and unceremonious struggle for what is thrown or held out; as, a scramble for office. Scarcity [of money] enhances its price, and increases the scramble. Locke. SCRAMBLED EGGS Scram"bled eggs. Defn: Eggs of which the whites and yolks are stirred together while cooking, or eggs beaten slightly, often with a little milk, and stirred while cooking. SCRAMBLER Scram"bler, n. 1. One who scrambles; one who climbs on all fours. 2. A greedy and unceremonious contestant. SCRAMBLING Scram"bling, a. Defn: Confused and irregular; awkward; scambling. -- Scram"bling*ly, adv. A huge old scrambling bedroom. Sir W. Scott. SCRANCH Scranch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scranched; p. pr. & vb. n. Scranching.] Etym: [Cf. D. schransen to eat greedily, G. schranzen. Cf. Crunch, Scrunch.] Defn: To grind with the teeth, and with a crackling sound; to craunch. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] SCRANKY Scrank"y, a. Defn: Thin; lean. [Scot.] SCRANNEL Scran"nel, a. Etym: [Cf. Scrawny.] Defn: Slight; thin; lean; poor. Having Grate on their scranned pipes of wretched straw. Milton. SCRANNY Scran"ny, a. Etym: [See Scrannel.] Defn: Thin; lean; meager; scrawny; scrannel. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SCRAP Scrap, n. Etym: [OE. scrappe, fr. Icel. skrap trifle, cracking. See Scrape, v. t.] 1. Something scraped off; hence, a small piece; a bit; a fragment; a detached, incomplete portion. I have no materials -- not a scrap. De Quincey. 2. Specifically, a fragment of something written or printed; a brief excerpt; an unconnected extract. 3. pl. Defn: The crisp substance that remains after trying out animal fat; as, pork scraps. 4. pl. Defn: Same as Scrap iron, below. Scrap forgings, forgings made from wrought iron scrap. -- Scrap iron. (a) Cuttings and waste pieces of wrought iron from which bar iron or forgings can be made; -- called also wrought-iron scrap. (b) Fragments of cast iron or defective castings suitable for remelting in the foundry; -- called also founding scrap, or cast scrap. SCRAPBOOK Scrap"book`, n. Defn: A blank book in which extracts cut from books and papers may be pasted and kept. SCRAPE Scrape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scraped; p. pr. & vb. n. Scraping.] Etym: [Icel. skrapa; akin to Sw. skrapa, Dan. skrabe, D. schrapen, schrabben, G. schrappen, and prob. to E. sharp.] 1. To rub over the surface of (something) with a sharp or rough instrument; to rub over with something that roughens by removing portions of the surface; to grate harshly over; to abrade; to make even, or bring to a required condition or form, by moving the sharp edge of an instrument breadthwise over the surface with pressure, cutting away excesses and superfluous parts; to make smooth or clean; as, to scrape a bone with a knife; to scrape a metal plate to an even surface. 2. To remove by rubbing or scraping (in the sense above). I will also scrape her dust from her, and make her like the top of a rock. Ezek. xxvi. 4. 3. To collect by, or as by, a process of scraping; to gather in small portions by laborius effort; hence, to acquire avariciously and save penuriously; -- often followed by together or up; as, to scrape money together. The prelatical party complained that, to swell a number the nonconformists did not choose, but scrape, subscribers. Fuller. 4. To express disapprobation of, as a play, or to silence, as a speaker, by drawing the feet back and forth upon the floor; -- usually with down. Macaulay. To scrape acquaintance, to seek acquaintance otherwise than by an introduction. Farquhar. He tried to scrape acquaintance with her, but failed ignominiously. G. W. Cable. SCRAPE Scrape, v. i. 1. To rub over the surface of anything with something which roughens or removes it, or which smooths or cleans it; to rub harshly and noisily along. 2. To occupy one's self with getting laboriously; as, he scraped and saved until he became rich. "[Spend] their scraping fathers' gold." Shak. 3. To play awkwardly and inharmoniously on a violin or like instrument. 4. To draw back the right foot along the ground or floor when making a bow. SCRAPE Scrape, n. 1. The act of scraping; also, the effect of scraping, as a scratch, or a harsh sound; as, a noisy scrape on the floor; a scrape of a pen. 2. A drawing back of the right foot when bowing; also, a bow made with that accompaniment. H. Spencer. 3. A disagreable and embrassing predicament, as it were, a painful rubbing or scraping; a perplexity; a difficulty. The too eager pursuit of this his old enemy through thick and thin has led him into many of these scrapes. Bp. Warburton. SCRAPEPENNY Scrape"pen`ny, n. Defn: One who gathers and hoards money in trifling sums; a miser. SCRAPER Scrap"er, n. 1. An instrument with which anything is scraped. Specifically: (a) An instrument by which the soles of shoes are cleaned from mud and the like, by drawing them across it. (b) An instrument drawn by oxen or horses, used for scraping up earth in making or repairing roads, digging cellars, canals etc. (c) (Naut.) An instrument having two or three sharp sides or edges, for cleaning the planks, masts, or decks of a ship. (d) (Lithography) In the printing press, a board, or blade, the edge of which is made to rub over the tympan sheet and thus produce the impression. 2. One who scrapes. Specifically: (a) One who plays awkwardly on a violin. (b) One who acquires avariciously and saves penuriously. SCRAPING Scrap"ing, n. 1. The act of scraping; the act or process of making even, or reducing to the proper form, by means of a scraper. 2. Something scraped off; that which is separated from a substance, or is collected by scraping; as, the scraping of the street. SCRAPING Scrap"ing, a. Defn: Resembling the act of, or the effect produced by, one who, or that which, scrapes; as, a scraping noise; a scraping miser. -- Scrap"ing*ly, adv. SCRAPPILY Scrap"pi*ly, adv. Defn: In a scrappy manner; in scraps. Mary Cowden Clarke. SCRAPPLE Scrap"ple, n. [Dim. of scrap.] Defn: An article of food made by boiling together bits or scraps of meat, usually pork, and flour or Indian meal. SCRAPPY Scrap"py, a. Defn: Consisting of scraps; fragmentary; lacking unity or consistency; as, a scrappy lecture. A dreadfully scrappy dinner. Thackeray. SCRAT Scrat, v. t. Etym: [OE. scratten. Cf. Scratch.] Defn: To scratch. [Obs.] Burton. SCRAT Scrat, v. i. Defn: To rake; to search. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag. SCRAT Scrat, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. scritta an hermaphrodite, Ir. scrut a scrub, a low, mean person, Gael. sgrut, sgruit, an old, shriveled person.] Defn: An hermaphrodite. [Obs.] Skinner. SCRATCH Scratch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scratched; p. pr. & vb. n. Scratching.] Etym: [OE. cracchen (perhaps influenced by OE. scratten to scratch); cf. OHG. chrazz, G. kratzen, OD. kratsen, kretsen, D. krassen, Sw. kratsa to scrape, kratta to rake, to scratch, Dan. kradse to scratch, to scrape, Icel. krota to engrave. Cf. Grate to rub.] 1. To rub and tear or mark the surface of with something sharp or ragged; to scrape, roughen, or wound slightly by drawing something pointed or rough across, as the claws, the nails, a pin, or the like. Small sand-colored stones, so hard as to scratch glass.Grew. Be mindful, when invention fails., To scratch your head, and bite your nails.Swift. 2. To write or draw hastily or awkwardly. Scratch out a pamphlet." Swift. 3. To cancel by drawing one or more lines through, as the name of a candidate upon a ballot, or of a horse in a list; hence, to erase; to efface; -- often with out. 4. To dig or excavate with the claws; as, some animals scratch holes, in which they burrow. To scratch a ticket, to cancel one or more names of candidates on a party ballot; to refuse to vote the party ticket in its entirety. [U.S.] SCRATCH Scratch, v. i. 1. To use the claws or nails in tearing or in digging; to make scratches. Dull, tame things, . . . that will neither bite nor scratch. Dr. H. More. 2. (Billiards) Defn: To score, not by skillful play but by some fortunate chance of the game. [Cant, U.S.] SCRATCH Scratch, n. 1. A break in the surface of a thing made by scratching, or by rubbing with anything pointed or rough; a slight wound, mark, furrow, or incision. The coarse file . . . makes deep scratches in the work. Moxon. These nails with scratches deform my breast. Prior. God forbid a shallow scratch should drive The prince of Wales from such a field as this. Shak. 2. (Pugilistic Matches) Defn: A line across the prize ring; up to which boxers are brought when they join fight; hence, test, trial, or proof of courage; as, to bring to the scratch; to come up to the scratch. [Cant] Grose. 3. pl. (Far.) Defn: Minute, but tender and troublesome, excoriations, covered with scabs, upon the heels of horses which have been used where it is very wet or muddy. Law (Farmer's Veter. Adviser). 4. A kind of wig covering only a portion of the head. 5. (Billiards) Defn: A shot which scores by chance and not as intended by the player; a fluke. [Cant, U.S.] Scratch cradle. See Cratch cradle, under Cratch. -- Scratch grass (Bot.), a climbing knotweed (Polygonum sagittatum) with a square stem beset with fine recurved prickles along the angles. -- Scratch wig. Same as Scratch, 4, above. Thackeray. SCRATCH Scratch, a. Defn: Made, done, or happening by chance; arranged with little or no preparation; determined by circumstances; haphazard; as, a scratch team; a scratch crew for a boat race; a scratch shot in billiards. [Slang] Scratch race, one without restrictions regarding the entrance of competitors; also, one for which the competitors are chosen by lot. SCRATCHBACK Scratch"back`, n. Defn: A toy which imitates the sound of tearing cloth, -- used by drawing it across the back of unsuspecting persons. [Eng.] SCRATCHBRUSH Scratch"brush`, n. Defn: A stiff wire brush for cleaning iron castings and other metal. SCRATCH COAT Scratch" coat`. Defn: The first coat in plastering; -- called also scratchwork. See Pricking-up. SCRATCHER Scratch"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, scratches; specifically (Zoöl.), any rasorial bird. SCRATCHING Scratch"ing, adv. Defn: With the action of scratching. SCRATCH PLAYER; SCRATCH RUNNER Scratch player, runner, etc. Defn: One that starts from the scratch; hence, one of first-rate ability. SCRATCHWEED Scratch"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Cleavers. SCRATCHWORK Scratch"work`, n. Defn: See Scratch coat. SCRATCHY Scratch"y, a. Defn: Characterized by scratches. SCRAW Scraw, n. Etym: [Ir. scrath a turf, sgraith a turf, green sod; akin to Gael. sgrath, sgroth, the outer skin of anything, a turf, a green sod.] Defn: A turf. [Obs.] Swift. SCRAWL Scrawl, v. i. Defn: See Crawl. [Obs.] Latimer. SCRAWL Scrawl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrawled; p. pr. & vb. n. Scrawling.] Etym: [Probably corrupted from scrabble.] Defn: To draw or mark awkwardly and irregularly; to write hastily and carelessly; to scratch; to scribble; as, to scrawl a letter. His name, scrawled by himself. Macaulay. SCRAWL Scrawl, v. i. Defn: To write unskillfully and inelegantly. Though with a golden pen you scrawl. Swift. SCRAWL Scrawl, n. Defn: Unskillful or inelegant writing; that which is unskillfully or inelegantly written. The left will make such a scrawl, that it will not be legible. Arbuthnot. You bid me write no more than a scrawl to you. Gray. SCRAWLER Scrawl"er, n. Defn: One who scrawls; a hasty, awkward writer. SCRAWNY Scraw"ny, a. Etym: [Cf. Scrannel.] Defn: Meager; thin; rawboned; bony; scranny. SCRAY Scray, n. Etym: [Cf. W. ysgräen, ysgräell, a sea swallow, Armor. skrav.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tern; the sea swallow. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also sgraye.] SCREABLE Scre"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. screare to hawk, spit out.] Defn: Capable of being spit out. [Obs.] Bailey. SCREAK Screak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Screaking.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. skrækja to screech. Cf. Creak, v., Screech.] Defn: To utter suddenly a sharp, shrill sound; to screech; to creak, as a door or wheel. SCREAK Screak, n. Defn: A creaking; a screech; a shriek. Bp. Bull. SCREAM Scream, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Screaming.] Etym: [Icel. skræma to scare, terrify; akin to Sw. skräma, Dan. skræmme. Cf. Screech.] Defn: To cry out with a shrill voice; to utter a sudden, sharp outcry, or shrill, loud cry, as in fright or extreme pain; to shriek; to screech. I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry. Shak. And scream thyself as none e'er screamed before. Pope. SCREAM Scream, n. Defn: A sharp, shrill cry, uttered suddenly, as in terror or in pain; a shriek; a screech. "Screams of horror." Pope. SCREAMER Scream"er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of three species of South American birds constituting the family Anhimidæ, and the suborder Palamedeæ. They have two spines on each wing, and the head is either crested or horned. They are easily tamed, and then serve as guardians for other poultry. The crested screamers, or chajas, belong to the genus Chauna. The horned screamer, or kamichi, is Palamedea cornuta. SCREAMING Scream"ing, a. 1. Uttering screams; shrieking. 2. Having the nature of a scream; like a scream; shrill; sharp. The fearful matrons raise a screaming cry. Dryden. SCREE Scree, n. Defn: A pebble; a stone; also, a heap of stones or rocky débris. [Prov. Eng.] Southey. SCREECH Screech, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screeched; p. pr. & vb. n. Screeching.] Etym: [Also formerly, scritch, OE. skriken, skrichen, schriken, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. skrækja to shriek, to screech, skrija to titter, Sw. skrika to shriek, Dan. skrige; also Gael. sgreach, sgreuch, W. ysgrechio, Skr. kharj to creak. Cf. Shriek, v., Scream, v.] Defn: To utter a harsh, shrill cry; to make a sharp outcry, as in terror or acute pain; to scream; to shriek. "The screech owl, screeching loud." Shak. SCREECH Screech, n. Defn: A harsh, shrill cry, as of one in acute pain or in fright; a shriek; a scream. Screech bird, or Screech thrush (Zoöl.), the fieldfare; -- so called from its harsh cry before rain. -- Screech rain. -- Screech hawk (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker; -- so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.] -- Screech owl. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American owl (Scops asio), either gray or reddish in color. (b) The European barn owl. The name is applied also to other species. SCREECHERS Screech"ers, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: The picarian birds, as distinguished from the singing birds. SCREECHY Screech"y, a. Defn: Like a screech; shrill and harsh. SCREED Screed, n. Etym: [Prov. E., a shred, the border of a cap. See Shred.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A strip of plaster of the thickness proposed for the coat, applied to the wall at intervals of four or five feet, as a guide. (b) A wooden straightedge used to lay across the plaster screed, as a limit for the thickness of the coat. 2. A fragment; a portion; a shred. [Scot.] SCREED Screed, n. Etym: [See 1st Screed. For sense 2 cf. also Gael. sgread an outcry.] 1. A breach or rent; a breaking forth into a loud, shrill sound; as, martial screeds. 2. An harangue; a long tirade on any subject. The old carl gae them a screed of doctrine; ye might have heard him a mile down the wind. Sir W. Scott. SCREEN Screen, n. Etym: [OE. scren, OF. escrein, escran, F. écran, of uncertain origin; cf. G. schirm a screen, OHG. scrim, scern a protection, shield, or G. schragen a trestle, a stack of wood, or G. schranne a railing.] 1. Anything that separates or cuts off inconvience, injury, or danger; that which shelters or conceals from view; a shield or protection; as, a fire screen. Your leavy screens throw down. Shak. Some ambitious men seem as screens to princes in matters of danger and envy. Bacon. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A dwarf wall or partition carried up to a certain height for separation and protection, as in a church, to separate the aisle from the choir, or the like. 3. A surface, as that afforded by a curtain, sheet, wall, etc., upon which an image, as a picture, is thrown by a magic lantern, solar microscope, etc. 4. A long, coarse riddle or sieve, sometimes a revolving perforated cylinder, used to separate the coarser from the finer parts, as of coal, sand, gravel, and the like. SCREEN Screen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Screened; p. pr. & vb. n. Screening.] 1. To provide with a shelter or means of concealment; to separate or cut off from inconvience, injury, or danger; to shelter; to protect; to protect by hiding; to conceal; as, fruits screened from cold winds by a forest or hill. They were encouraged and screened by some who were in high comands. Macaulay. 2. To pass, as coal, gravel, ashes, etc., through a screen in order to separate the coarse from the fine, or the worthless from the valuable; to sift. SCREENINGS Screen"ings, n. pl. Defn: The refuse left after screening sand, coal, ashes, etc. SCREW Screw, n. Etym: [OE. scrue, OF. escroue, escroe, female screw, F. écrou, L. scrobis a ditch, trench, in LL., the hole made by swine in rooting; cf. D. schroef a screw, G. schraube, Icel. skr.] 1. A cylinder, or a cylindrical perforation, having a continuous rib, called the thread, winding round it spirally at a constant inclination, so as to leave a continuous spiral groove, between one turn and the next, -- used chiefly for producing, when revolved, motion or pressure in the direction of its axis, by the sliding of the threads of the cylinder in the grooves between the threads of the perforation adapted to it, the former being distinguished as the external, or male screw, or, more usually the screw; the latter as the internal, or female screw, or, more usually, the nut. Note: The screw, as a mechanical power, is a modification of the inclined plane, and may be regarded as a right-angled triangle wrapped round a cylinder, the hypotenuse of the marking the spiral thread of the screw, its base equaling the circumference of the cylinder, and its height the pitch of the thread. 2. Specifically, a kind of nail with a spiral thread and a head with a nick to receive the end of the screw-driver. Screws are much used to hold together pieces of wood or to fasten something; -- called also wood screws, and screw nails. See also Screw bolt, below. 3. Anything shaped or acting like a screw; esp., a form of wheel for propelling steam vessels. It is placed at the stern, and furnished with blades having helicoidal surfaces to act against the water in the manner of a screw. See Screw propeller, below. 4. A steam vesel propelled by a screw instead of wheels; a screw steamer; a propeller. 5. An extortioner; a sharp bargainer; a skinflint; a niggard. Thackeray. 6. An instructor who examines with great or unnecessary severity; also, a searching or strict examination of a student by an instructor. [Cant, American Colleges] 7. A small packet of tobacco. [Slang] Mayhew. 8. An unsound or worn-out horse, useful as a hack, and commonly of good appearance. Ld. Lytton. 9. (Math.) Defn: A straight line in space with which a definite linear magnitude termed the pitch is associated (cf. 5th Pitch, 10 (b)). It is used to express the displacement of a rigid body, which may always be made to consist of a rotation about an axis combined with a translation parallel to that axis. 10. (Zoöl.) Defn: An amphipod crustacean; as, the skeleton screw (Caprella). See Sand screw, under Sand. Archimedes screw, Compound screw, Foot screw, etc. See under Archimedes, Compound, Foot, etc. -- A screw loose, something out of order, so that work is not done smoothly; as, there is a screw loose somewhere. H. Martineau. -- Endless, or perpetual screw, a screw used to give motion to a toothed wheel by the action of its threads between the teeth of the wheel; -- called also a worm. -- Lag screw. See under Lag. -- Micrometer screw, a screw with fine threads, used for the measurement of very small spaces. -- Right and left screw, a screw having threads upon the opposite ends which wind in opposite directions. -- Screw alley. See Shaft alley, under Shaft. -- Screw bean. (Bot.) (a) The curious spirally coiled pod of a leguminous tree (Prosopis pubescens) growing from Texas to California. It is used for fodder, and ground into meal by the Indians. (b) The tree itself. Its heavy hard wood is used for fuel, for fencing, and for railroad ties. -- Screw bolt, a bolt having a screw thread on its shank, in distinction from a key bolt. See 1st Bolt, 3. -- Screw box, a device, resembling a die, for cutting the thread on a wooden screw. -- Screw dock. See under Dock. -- Screw engine, a marine engine for driving a screw propeller. -- Screw gear. See Spiral gear, under Spiral. -- Screw jack. Same as Jackscrew. -- Screw key, a wrench for turming a screw or nut; a spanner wrench. -- Screw machine. (a) One of a series of machines employed in the manufacture of wood screws. (b) A machine tool resembling a lathe, having a number of cutting tools that can be caused to act on the work successively, for making screws and other turned pieces from metal rods. -- Screw pine (Bot.), any plant of the endogenous genus Pandanus, of which there are about fifty species, natives of tropical lands from Africa to Polynesia; -- named from the spiral arrangement of the pineapple-like leaves. -- Screw plate, a device for cutting threads on small screws, consisting of a thin steel plate having a series of perforations with internal screws forming dies. -- Screw press, a press in which pressure is exerted by means of a screw. -- Screw propeller, a screw or spiral bladed wheel, used in the propulsion of steam vessels; also, a steam vessel propelled by a screw. -- Screw shell (Zoöl.), a long, slender, spiral gastropod shell, especially of the genus Turritella and allied genera. See Turritella. -- Screw steamer, a steamship propelled by a screw. -- Screw thread, the spiral which forms a screw. -- Screw stone (Paleon.), the fossil stem of an encrinite. -- Screw tree (Bot.), any plant of the genus Helicteres, consisting of about thirty species of tropical shrubs, with simple leaves and spirally twisted, five-celled capsules; -- also called twisted-horn, and twisty. -- Screw valve, a stop valve which is opened or closed by a screw. -- Screw worm (Zoöl.), the larva of an American fly (Compsomyia macellaria), allied to the blowflies, which sometimes deposits its eggs in the nostrils, or about wounds, in man and other animals, with fatal results. -- Screw wrench. (a) A wrench for turning a screw. (b) A wrench with an adjustable jaw that is moved by a screw. -- To put the screw, or screws, on, to use pressure upon, as for the purpose of extortion; to coerce. -- To put under the screw or screws, to subject to presure; to force. -- Wood screw, a metal screw with a sharp thread of coarse pitch, adapted to holding fast in wood. See Illust. of Wood screw, under Wood. SCREW Screw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Screwed; p. pr. & vb. n. Screwing.] 1. To turn, as a screw; to apply a screw to; to press, fasten, or make firm, by means of a screw or screws; as, to screw a lock on a door; to screw a press. 2. To force; to squeeze; to press, as by screws. But screw your courage to the sticking place, And we'll not fail. Shak. 3. Hence: To practice extortion upon; to oppress by unreasonable or extortionate exactions. Our country landlords, by unmeasureable screwing and racking their tenants, have already reduced the miserable people to a worse condition than the peasants in France. swift. 4. To twist; to distort; as, to screw his visage. He screwed his face into a hardened smile. Dryden. 5. To examine rigidly, as a student; to subject to a severe examination. [Cant, American Colleges] To screw out, to press out; to extort. -- To screw up, to force; to bring by violent pressure. Howell. -- To screw in, to force in by turning or twisting. SCREW Screw, v. i. 1. To use violent mans in making exactions; to be oppressive or exacting. Howitt. 2. To turn one's self uneasily with a twisting motion; as, he screws about in his chair. SCREW-CUTTING Screw"-cut`ting, a. Defn: Adapted for forming a screw by cutting; as, a screw-cutting lathe. SCREW-DRIVER Screw"-driv`er, n. Defn: A tool for turning screws so as to drive them into their place. It has a thin end which enters the nick in the head of the screw. SCREWER Screw"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, screws. SCREWING Screw"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Screw, v. t. Screwing machine. See Screw machine, under Screw. SCRIBABLE Scrib"a*ble, a. Etym: [See Scribe.] Defn: Capable of being written, or of being written upon. [R.] SCRIBATIOUS Scri*ba"tious, a. Etym: [See Scribe.] Defn: Skillful in, or fond of, writing. [Obs.] Barrow. SCRIBBET Scrib"bet, n. Defn: A painter's pencil. SCRIBBLE Scrib"ble, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Scrabble.] (Woolen Manuf.) Defn: To card coarsely; to run through the scribling machine. SCRIBBLE Scrib"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scribbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Scribling.] Etym: [From Scrible.] 1. To write hastily or carelessly, without regard to correctness or elegance; as, to scribble a letter. 2. To fill or cover with careless or worthless writing. SCRIBBLE Scrib"ble, v. i. Defn: To write without care, elegance, or value; to scrawl. If Mævius scribble in Apollo's spite. Pope. SCRIBBLE Scrib"ble, n. Defn: Hasty or careless writing; a writing of little value; a scrawl; as, a hasty scribble. Boyle. Neither did I but vacant seasons spend In this my scribble. Bunyan. SCRIBBLEMENT Scrib"ble*ment, n. Defn: A scribble. [R.] oster. SCRIBBLER Scrib"bler, n. Defn: One who scribles; a literary hack. The scribbler, pinched with hunger, writes to dine. Granville. SCRIBBLER Scrib"bler, n. Defn: A scribbling machine. SCRIBBLING Scrib"bling, n. Etym: [See 1st Scribble.] Defn: The act or process of carding coarsely. Scribbing machine, the machine used for the first carding of wool or other fiber; -- called also scribbler. SCRIBBLING Scrib"bling, a. Defn: Writing hastily or poorly. Ye newspaper witlings! ye pert scribbling folks! Goldsmith. SCRIBBLING Scrib"bling, n. Defn: The act of writing hastily or idly. SCRIBBLINGLY Scrib"bling*ly, adv. Defn: In a scribbling manner. SCRIBE Scribe, n. Etym: [L. scriba, fr. scribere to write; cf. Gr. scarify. Cf. Ascribe, Describe, Script, Scrivener, Scrutoire.] 1. One who writes; a draughtsman; a writer for another; especially, an offical or public writer; an amanuensis or secretary; a notary; a copyist. 2. (Jewish Hist.) Defn: A writer and doctor of the law; one skilled in the law and traditions; one who read and explained the law to the people. SCRIBE Scribe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scribed; p. pr. & vb. n. Scribing.] 1. To write, engrave, or mark upon; to inscribe. Spenser. 2. (Carp.) Defn: To cut (anything) in such a way as to fit closely to a somewhat irregular surface, as a baseboard to a floor which is out of level, a board to the curves of a molding, or the like; -- so called because the workman marks, or scribe, with the compasses the line that he afterwards cuts. 3. To score or mark with compasses or a scribing iron. Scribing iron, an iron-pointed instrument for scribing, or marking, casks and logs. SCRIBE Scribe, v. i. Defn: To make a mark. With the separated points of a pair of spring dividers scribe around the edge of the templet. A. M. Mayer. SCRIBER Scrib"er, n. Defn: A sharp-pointed tool, used by joiners for drawing lines on stuff; a marking awl. SCRIBISM Scrib"ism, n. Defn: The character and opinions of a Jewish scribe in the time of Christ. F. W. Robertson. SCRID Scrid, n. Defn: A screed; a shred; a fragment. [R.] SCRIGGLE Scrig"gle, v. i. Defn: To wriggle. [Prov. Eng.] SCRIM Scrim, n. 1. A kind of light cotton or linen fabric, often woven in openwork patterns, -- used for curtains, etc,; -- called also India scrim. 2. pl. Defn: Thin canvas glued on the inside of panels to prevent shrinking, checking, etc. SCRIMER Scri"mer, n. Etym: [F. escrimeur. See Skirmish.] Defn: A fencing master. [Obs.] Shak. SCRIMMAGE Scrim"mage (; 48), n. Etym: [A corruption of skirmish. "Sore scrymmishe." Ld. Berners.]] [Written also scrummage.] 1. Formerly, a skirmish; now, a general row or confused fight or struggle. 2. (Football) Defn: The struggle in the rush lines after the ball is put in play. SCRIMP Scrimp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrimped; p. pr. & vb. n. Scrimping.] Etym: [Cf. Dan. skrumpe, G. schrumpfen, D. krimpen. Cf. Shrimp, Shrine.] Defn: To make too small or short; to limit or straiten; to put on short allowance; to scant; to contract; to shorten; as, to scrimp the pattern of a coat. SCRIMP Scrimp, a. Defn: Short; scanty; curtailed. SCRIMP Scrimp, n. Defn: A pinching miser; a niggard. [U.S.] SCRIMPING Scrimp"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Scrimp, v. t. Scrimping bar, a device used in connection with a calico printing machine for stretching the fabric breadthwise so that it may be smooth for printing. Knight. SCRIMPINGLY Scrimp"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a scrimping manner. SCRIMPNESS Scrimp"ness, n. Defn: The state of being scrimp. SCRIMPTION Scrimp"tion, n. Defn: A small portion; a pittance; a little bit. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SCRIMSHAW Scrim"shaw`, v. t. Defn: To ornament, as shells, ivory, etc., by engraving, and (usually) rubbing pigments into the incised lines. [Sailor's cant. U.S.] SCRIMSHAW Scrim"shaw`, n. Defn: A shell, a whale's tooth, or the like, that is scrimshawed. [Sailor's cant, U.S.] SCRINE Scrine, n. Etym: [L. scrinium a case for books, letters, etc.: cf. OF. escrin, F. écrin. See Shrine.] Defn: A chest, bookcase, or other place, where writings or curiosities are deposited; a shrine. [Obs.] But laid them up in immortial scrine. Spenser. SCRINE Scrine, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scringed; p. pr. & vb. n. Scringing.] Etym: [Cf. Cringe.] Defn: To cringe. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] SCRINGE Scringe, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scringed; p. pr. & vb. n. Scringing.] [Cf. Cringe.] Defn: To cringe. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] SCRIP Scrip, n. Etym: [OE. scrippe, probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. & OSw. skreppa, and also LL. scrippum, OF. esquerpe, escrepe, F. écharpe scarf. Cf. Scarp, Scarf a piece of dress.] Defn: A small bag; a wallet; a satchel. [Archaic] Chaucer. And in requital ope his leathern scrip. Milton. SCRIP Scrip, n. Etym: [From script.] 1. A small writing, certificate, or schedule; a piece of paper containing a writing. Call them generally, man by man, according to the scrip. Shak. Bills of exchange can not pay our debts abroad, till scrips of paper can be made current coin. Locke. 2. A preliminary certificate of a subscription to the capital of a bank, railroad, or other company, or for a share of other joint property, or a loan, stating the amount of the subscription and the date of the payment of the installments; as, insurance scrip, consol scrip, etc. When all the installments are paid, the scrip is exchanged for a bond share certificate. 3. Paper fractional currency. [Colloq.U.S.] SCRIPPAGE Scrip"page (; 48), n. Defn: The contents of a scrip, or wallet. [Obs.] Shak. SCRIPT Script, n. Etym: [OE. scrit, L. scriptum something written, fr. scribere, scriptum to write: cf. OF. escript, , F. écrit. See Scribe, and cf. Scrip a writing.] 1. A writing; a written document. [Obs.] aucer. 2. (Print.) Defn: Type made in imitation of handwriting. 3. (Law) Defn: An original instrument or document. 4. Written characters; style of writing. SCRIPTORIUM Scrip*to"ri*um, n.; pl. Scriptoria. Etym: [LL. See Scriptory.] Defn: In an abbey or monastery, the room set apart for writing or copying manuscripts; in general, a room devoted to writing. Writing rooms, or scriptoria, where the chief works of Latin literature . . . were copied and illuminated. J. R. Green. SCRIPTORY Scrip"to*ry, a. Etym: [L. scriptorius, fr. scribere, scriptum to write.] Defn: Of or pertaining to writing; expressed in writing; used in writing; as, scriptory wills; a scriptory reed. [R.] Swift. SCRIPTURAL Scrip"tur*al, a. Defn: Contained in the Scriptures; according to the Scriptures, or sacred oracles; biblical; as, a scriptural doctrine. SCRIPTURALISM Scrip"tur*al*ism, n. Defn: The quality or state of being scriptural; literal adherence to the Scriptures. SCRIPTURALIST Scrip"tur*al*ist, n. Defn: One who adheres literally to the Scriptures. SCRIPTURALLY Scrip"tur*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a scriptural manner. SCRIPTURALNESS Scrip"tur*al*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being scriptural. SCRIPTURE Scrip"ture, n. Etym: [L. scriptura, fr. scribere, scriptum, to write: cf. OF. escripture, escriture, F. écriture. See Scribe.] 1. Anything written; a writing; a document; an inscription. I have put it in scripture and in remembrance. Chaucer. Then the Lord of Manny read the scripture on the tomb, the which was in Latin. Ld. Berners. 2. The books of the Old and the new Testament, or of either of them; the Bible; -- used by way of eminence or distinction, and chiefly in the plural. There is not any action a man ought to do, or to forbear, but the Scripture will give him a clear precept or prohibition for it. South. Compared with the knowledge which the Scripteres contain, every other subject of human inquiry is vanity. Buckminster. 3. A passage from the Bible;; a text. The devil can eite Scripture for his purpose. Shak. Hanging by the twined thread of one doubtful Scripture. Milton. SCRIPTURIAN Scrip*tu"ri*an, n. Defn: A Scripturist. [Obs.] SCRIPTURIST Scrip"tur*ist, n. Defn: One who is strongly attached to, or versed in, the Scriptures, or who endeavors to regulate his life by them. The Puritan was a Scripturist with all his heart, if as yet with imperfect intelligence . . . he cherished the scheme of looking to the Word of God as his sole and universal directory. Palfrey. SCRIT Scrit, n. Etym: [See Script.] Defn: Writing; document; scroll. [Obs.] "Of every scrit and bond." Chaucer. SCRITCH Scritch, n. Defn: A screech. [R.] Perhaps it is the owlet's scritch. Coleridge. SCRIVENER Scrive"ner ( or ), n. Etym: [From older scrivein, OF. escrivain, F. écrivain, LL. scribanus, from L. scribere to write. See Scribe.] 1. A professional writer; one whose occupation is to draw contracts or prepare writings. Shak. The writer better scrivener than clerk. Fuller. 2. One whose business is to place money at interest; a broker. [Obs.] ryden. 3. A writing master. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Scrivener's palsy. See Writer's cramp, under Writer. SCROBICULA Scro*bic"u*la, n.; pl. Scrobiculæ. Etym: [NL. See Scrobiculate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the smooth areas surrounding the tubercles of a sea urchin. SCROBICULAR Scro*bic"u*lar, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or surrounding, scrobiculæ; as, scrobicular tubercles. SCROBICULATE; SCROBICULATED Scro*bic"u*late, Scro*bic"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. scrobiculus, dim. of scrobis a ditch or trench.] (Bot.) Defn: Having numerous small, shallow depressions or hollows; pitted. SCROD; SCRODE Scrod, Scrode, n. Defn: A young codfish, especially when cut open on the back and dressed. [Written also escrod.] [Local, U.S.] SCRODDLED WARE Scrod"dled ware`. Defn: Mottled pottery made from scraps of differently colored clays. SCROFULA Scrof"u*la, n. Etym: [L. scrofulae, fr. scrofa a breeding sow, because swine were supposed to be subject to such a complaint, or by a fanciful comparison of the glandular swellings to little pigs; perhaps akin to Gr. scrofules. Cf. Scroyle.] (Med.) Defn: A constitutional disease, generally hereditary, especially manifested by chronic enlargement and cheesy degeneration of the lymphatic glands, particularly those of the neck, and marked by a tendency to the development of chronic intractable inflammations of the skin, mucous membrane, bones, joints, and other parts, and by a diminution in the power of resistance to disease or injury and the capacity for recovery. Scrofula is now generally held to be tuberculous in character, and may develop into general or local tuberculosis (consumption). SCROFULIDE Scrof"u*lide ( or ), n. (Med.) Defn: Any affection of the skin dependent on scrofula. SCROFULOUS Scrof"u*lous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. scrofuleux.] 1. Pertaining to scrofula, or partaking of its nature; as, scrofulous tumors; a scrofulous habit of body. 2. Diseased or affected with scrofula. Scrofulous persons can never be duly nourished. Arbuthnot. -- Scorf"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Scrof"u*lous*ness, n. SCROG Scrog, n. Etym: [Cf. Scrag, or Gael. sgrogag anything shriveled, from sgrag to compress, shrivel.] Defn: A stunted shrub, bush, or branch. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SCROGGY Scrog"gy, a. Defn: Abounding in scrog; also, twisted; stunted. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. SCROLL Scroll, n. Etym: [A dim. of OE. scroue, scrowe (whence E. escrow), OF. escroe, escroue, F. écrou entry in the jail book, LL. scroa scroll, probably of Teutonic origin; cf. OD. schroode a strip, shred, slip of paper, akin to E. shred. Cf. Shred, Escrow.] 1. A roll of paper or parchment; a writing formed into a roll; a schedule; a list. The heavens shall be rolled together as a scroll. Isa. xxxiv. 4. Here is the scroll of every man's name. Shak. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An ornament formed of undulations giving off spirals or sprays, usually suggestive of plant form. Roman architectural ornament is largely of some scroll pattern. 3. A mark or flourish added to a person's signature, intended to represent a seal, and in some States allowed as a substitute for a seal. [U.S.] Burrill. 4. (Geom.) Defn: Same as Skew surface. See under Skew. Linen scroll (Arch.) See under Linen. -- Scroll chuck (Mach.), an adjustable chuck, applicable to a lathe spindle, for centering and holding work, in which the jaws are adjusted and tightened simultaneously by turning a disk having in its face a spiral groove which is entered by teeth on the backs of the jaws. -- Scroll saw. See under Saw. SCROLLED Scrolled, a. Defn: Formed like a scroll; contained in a scroll; adorned with scrolls; as, scrolled work. SCROPHULARIA Scroph`u*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. So called because it was reputed to be remedy for scrofula.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of coarse herbs having small flowers in panicled cymes; figwort. SCROPHULARIACEOUS Scroph`u*la`ri*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a very large natural order of gamopetalous plants (Scrophulariaceæ, or Scrophularineæ), usually having irregular didynamous flowers and a two-celled pod. The order includes the mullein, foxglove, snapdragon, figwort, painted cup, yellow rattle, and some exotic trees, as the Paulownia. SCROTAL Scro"tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the scrotum; as, scrotal hernia. SCROTIFORM Scro"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. scrotum scrotum + -form.] Defn: Purse-shaped; pouch-shaped. SCROTOCELE Scro"to*cele, n. Etym: [Scrotum + Gr. scrotocéle.] (Med.) Defn: A rupture or hernia in the scrotum; scrotal hernia. SCROTUM Scro"tum, n. Etym: [L.] (Anat.) Defn: The bag or pouch which contains the testicles; the cod. SCROUGE Scrouge, v. t. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: To crowd; to squeeze. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] SCROW Scrow ( or ), n. Etym: [See Escrow, Scroll.] 1. A scroll. [Obs.] Palsgrave. 2. A clipping from skins; a currier's cuttings. SCROYLE Scroyle, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. escrouselle a kind of vermin, escrouelles, pl., scrofula, F. écrouelles, fr. (assumed) LL. scrofulae. See Scrofula, and cf. Cruels.] Defn: A mean fellow; a wretch. [Obs.] hak. SCRUB Scrub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Scrubbing.] Etym: [OE. scrobben, probably of Dutch or Scand. origin; cf. Dan. sckrubbe, Sw. skrubba, D. schrobben, LG. schrubben.] Defn: To rub hard; to wash with rubbing; usually, to rub with a wet brush, or with something coarse or rough, for the purpose of cleaning or brightening; as, to scrub a floor, a doorplate. SCRUB Scrub, v. i. Defn: To rub anything hard, especially with a wet brush; to scour; hence, to be diligent and penurious; as, to scrub hard for a living. SCRUB Scrub, n. 1. One who labors hard and lives meanly; a mean fellow. "A sorry scrub." Bunyan. We should go there in as proper a manner possible; nor altogether like the scrubs about us. Goldsmith. 2. Something small and mean. 3. A worn-out brush. Ainsworth. 4. A thicket or jungle, often specified by the name of the prevailing plant; as, oak scrub, palmetto scrub, etc. 5. (Stock Breeding) Defn: One of the commen live stock of a region of no particular breed or not of pure breed, esp. when inferior in size, etc. [U.S.] Scrub bird (Zoöl.), an Australian passerine bird of the family Atrichornithidæ, as Atrichia clamosa; -- called also brush bird. -- Scrub oak (Bot.), the popular name of several dwarfish species of oak. The scrub oak of New England and the Middle States is Quercus ilicifolia, a scraggy shrub; that of the Southern States is a small tree (Q. Catesbæi); that of the Rocky Mountain region is Q. undulata, var. Gambelii. -- Scrub robin (Zoöl.), an Australian singing bird of the genus Drymodes. SCRUB Scrub, a. Defn: Mean; dirty; contemptible; scrubby. How solitary, how scrub, does this town lokk! Walpole. No little scrub joint shall come on my board. Swift. Scrub game, a game, as of ball, by unpracticed players. -- Scrub race, a race between scrubs, or between untrained animals or contestants. SCRUBBED Scrub"bed, a. Defn: Dwarfed or stunted; scrubby. SCRUBBER Scrub"ber, n. 1. One who, or that which, scrubs; esp., a brush used in scrubbing. 2. (Gas Manuf.) Defn: A gas washer. See under Gas. SCRUBBOARD Scrub"board`, n. Defn: A baseboard; a mopboard. SCRUBBY Scrub"by, a. [Compar. Scrubbier; superl. Scrubbiest.] Defn: Of the nature of scrub; small and mean; stunted in growth; as, a scrubby cur. "Dense, scrubby woods." Duke of Argull. SCRUBSTONE Scrub"stone`, n. Defn: A species of calciferous sandstone. [Prov. Eng.] SCRUFF Scruff, n. Etym: [See Scurf.] Defn: Scurf. [Obs.] SCRUFF Scruff, n. Etym: [Cf. Scuff.] Defn: The nape of the neck; the loose outside skin, as of the back of the neck. SCRUMMAGE Scrum"mage (; 43), n. Defn: See Scrimmage. SCRUMPTIOUS Scrump"tious, a. Defn: Nice; particular; fastidious; excellent; fine. [Slang] SCRUNCH Scrunch, v. t. & v. i. Etym: [Cf. Scranch, Crunch.] Defn: To scranch; to crunch. Dickens. SCRUPLE Scru"ple, n. Etym: [L. scrupulus a small sharp or pointed stone, the twenty-fourth part of an ounce, a scruple, uneasiness, doubt, dim. of scrupus a rough or sharp stone, anxiety, uneasiness; perh. akin to Gr. kshura: cf. F. scrupule.] 1. A weight of twenty grains; the third part of a dram. 2. Hence, a very small quantity; a particle. I will not bate thee a scruple. Shak. 3. Hesitation as to action from the difficulty of determining what is right or expedient; unwillingness, doubt, or hesitation proceeding from motives of conscience. He was made miserable by the conflict between his tastes and his scruples. Macaulay. To make scruple, to hesitate from conscientious motives; to scruple. Locke. SCRUPLE Scru"ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrupled; p. pr. & vb. n. Skrupling.] Defn: To be reluctant or to hesitate, as regards an action, on account of considerations of conscience or expedience. We are often over-precise, scrupling to say or do those things which lawfully we may. Fuller. Men scruple at the lawfulness of a set form of divine worship. South. SCRUPLE Scru"ple, v. t. 1. To regard with suspicion; to hesitate at; to question. Others long before them . . . scrupled more the books of hereties than of gentiles. Milton. 2. To excite scruples in; to cause to scruple. [R.] Letters which did still scruple many of them. E. Symmons. SCRUPLER Scru"pler, n. Defn: One who scruples. SCRUPULIST Scru"pu*list, n. Defn: A scrupler. [Obs.] SCRUPULIZE Scru"pu*lize, v. t. Defn: To perplex with scruples; to regard with scruples. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu. SCRUPULOSITY Scru`pu*los"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. scrupulositas.] Defn: The quality or state of being scruppulous; doubt; doubtfulness respecting decision or action; caution or tenderness from the far of doing wrong or ofending; nice regard to exactness and propierty; precision. The first sacrilege is looked on with horror; but when they have made the breach, their scrupulosity soon retires. Dr. H. More. Careful, even to scrupulosity, . . . to keep their Sabbath. South. SCRUPULOUS Scru"pu*lous, a. Etym: [L. scrupulosus: cf. F. scrupuleux.] 1. Full ofscrupules; inclined to scruple; nicely doubtful; hesitating to determine or to act, from a fear of offending or of doing wrong. Abusing their liberty, to the offense of their weak brethren which were scrupulous. Hooker. 2. Careful; cautious; exact; nice; as, scrupulous abstinence from labor; scrupulous performance of duties. 3. Given to making objections; captious. [Obs.] Equality of two domestic powers Breed scrupulous faction. Shak. 4. Liable to be doubted; doubtful; nice. [Obs.] The justice of that cause ought to be evident; not obscrure, not scrupulous. Bacon. Syn. -- Cautious; careful; conscientious; hesitating. -- Scru"pu*lous*ly, adv. -- Scru"pu*lous*ness, n. SCRUTABLE Scru"ta*ble, a. Defn: Discoverable by scrutiny, inquiry, or critical examination. [R.] r. H. More. SCRUTATION Scru*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. scrutatio.] Defn: Search; scrutiny. [Obs.] SCRUTATOR Scru*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who scrutinizes; a close examiner or inquirer. Ayliffe. SCRUTIN DE LISTE Scru`tin" de liste" (skrus`taN" de lest). [F., voting by list.] Defn: Voting for a group of candidates for the same kind of office on one ticket or ballot, containing a list of them; -- the method, used in France, as from June, 1885, to Feb., 1889, in elections for the Chamber of Deputies, each elector voting for the candidates for the whole department in which he lived, as disting. from scrutin d'arrondissement (da`rôN`des`mäN"), or voting by each elector for the candidate or candidates for his own arrondissement only. SCRUTINEER Scru`ti*neer, n. Defn: A scrutinizer; specifically, an examiner of votes, as at an election. SCRUTINIZE Scru"ti*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrutinized; p. pr. & vb. n. Scrutinizing.] Etym: [From Scrutiny.] Defn: To examine closely; to inspect or observe with critical attention; to regard narrowly; as, to scrutinize the measures of administration; to scrutinize the conduct or motives of individuals. Whose votes they were obliged to scrutinize. Ayliffe. Thscrutinized his face the closest. G. W. Cable. SCRUTINIZE Scru"ti*nize, v. i. Defn: To make scrutiny. SCRUTINIZER Scru"ti*ni`zer, n. Defn: One who scrutinizes. SCRUTINOUS Scru"ti*nous, a. Defn: Closely examining, or inquiring; careful; sctrict. -- Scru"ti*nous*ly, adv. SCRUTINY Scru"ti*ny, n. Etym: [L. scrutinium, fr. scrutari to search carefuly, originally, to search even to the rags, fr. scruta trash, trumpery; perhaps akin to E. shred: cf. AS. scrudnian to make scrutiny.] 1. Close examination; minute inspection; critical observation. They that have designed exactness and deep scrutiny have taken some one part of nature. Sir M. Hale. Thenceforth I thought thee worth my nearer view And narrower scrutiny. Milton. 2. (Anc. Church) Defn: An examination of catechumens, in the last week of Lent, who were to receive baptism on Easter Day. 3. (Canon Law) Defn: A ticket, or little paper billet, on which a vote is written. 4. (Parliamentary Practice) Defn: An examination by a committee of the votes given at an election, for the purpose of correcting the poll. Brande & C. SCRUTINY Scru"ti*ny, v. t. Defn: To scrutinize. [Obs.] SCRUTOIRE Scru*toire", n. Etym: [OF. escritoire. See Escritoire.] Defn: A escritoire; a writing desk. SCRUZE Scruze, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Excruciate.] Defn: To squeeze, compress, crush, or bruise. [Obs. or Low] Spenser. SCRY Scry, v. t. Defn: To descry. [Obs.] Spenser. SCRY Scry, n. Etym: [From Scry, v.] Defn: A flock of wild fowl. SCRY Scry, n. Etym: [OE. ascrie, fr. ascrien to cry out, fr. OF. escrier, F. s'écrier. See Ex-, and Cry.] Defn: A cry or shout. [Obs.] Ld. Berners. SCUD Scud, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scudded; p. pr. & vb. n. Scudding.] Etym: [Dan. skyde to shoot, shove, push, akin to skud shot, gunshot, a shoot, young bough, and to E. shoot. sq. root159. See Shoot.] 1. To move swiftly; especially, to move as if driven forward by something. The first nautilus that scudded upon the glassy surface of warm primeval oceans. I. Taylor. The wind was high; the vast white clouds scudded over the blue heaven. Beaconsfield. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To be driven swiftly, or to run, before a gale, with little or no sail spread. SCUD Scud, v. t. Defn: To pass over quickly. [R.] Shenstone. SCUD Scud, n. 1. The act of scudding; a driving along; a rushing with precipitation. 2. Loose, vapory clouds driven swiftly by the wind. Borne on the scud of the sea. Longfellow. The scud was flying fast above us, throwing a veil over the moon. Sir S. Baker. 3. A slight, sudden shower. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small flight of larks, or other birds, less than a flock. [Prov. Eng.] 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any swimming amphipod crustacean. Storm scud. See the Note under Cloud. SCUDDLE Scud"dle, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of scud: cf. Scuttle to hurry.] Defn: To run hastily; to hurry; to scuttle. SCUDO Scu"do, n.; pl. Scudi. Etym: [It., a crown, a dollar, a shield, fr. L. scutum a shield. Cf. Scute.] (Com.) (a) A silver coin, and money of account, used in Italy and Sicily, varying in value, in different parts, but worth about 4 shillings sterling, or about 96 cents; also, a gold coin worth about the same. (b) A gold coin of Rome, worth 64 shillings 11 pence sterling, or about $ 15.70. SCUFF Scuff, n. Etym: [Cf. D. schoft shoulder, Goth. skuft hair of the head. Cf. Scruff.] Defn: The back part of the neck; the scruff. [Prov. Eng.] Ld. Lytton. SCUFF Scuff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scuffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Scuffing.] Etym: [See Scuffle.] Defn: To walk without lifting the feet; to proceed with a scraping or dragging movement; to shuffle. SCUFFLE Scuf"fle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scuffled; p. pr. & vb. n. Scuffling.] Etym: [Freq. of scuff, v.i.; cf. Sw. skuffa to push, shove, skuff a push, Dan. skuffe a drawer, a shovel, and E. shuffle, shove. See Shove, and cf. Shuffle.] 1. To strive or struggle with a close grapple; to wrestle in a rough fashion. 2. Hence, to strive or contend tumultuously; to struggle confusedly or at haphazard. A gallant man had rather fight to great disadvantage in the field, in an orderly way, than scuffle with an undisciplined rabble. Eikon Basilike. SCUFFLE Scuf"fle, n. 1. A rough, haphazard struggle, or trial of strength; a disorderly wrestling at close quarters. 2. Hence, a confused contest; a tumultuous struggle for superiority; a fight. The dog leaps upon the serpent, and tears it to pieces; but in the scuffle the cradle happened to be overturned. L'Estrange. 3. A child's pinafore or bib. [Prov. Eng.] 4. A garden hoe. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SCUFFLER Scuf"fler, n. 1. One who scuffles. 2. An agricultural implement resembling a scarifier, but usually lighter. SCUG Scug, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Dan. skugge to darken, a shade, SW. skugga to shade, a shade, Icel. skuggja to shade, skuggi a shade.] Defn: To hide. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SCUG Scug, n. Defn: A place of shelter; the declivity of a hill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SCULK; SCULKER Sculk, Sculk"er. Defn: See Skulk, Skulker. SCULL Scull, n. (Anat.) Defn: The skull. [Obs.] SCULL Scull, n. Etym: [See 1st School.] Defn: A shoal of fish. Milton. SCULL Scull, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin; cf. Icel. skola to wash.] 1. (Naut.) (a) A boat; a cockboat. See Sculler. (b) One of a pair of short oars worked by one person. (c) A single oar used at the stern in propelling a boat. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common skua gull. [Prov. Eng.] SCULL Scull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sculled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sculling.] (Naut.) Defn: To impel (a boat) with a pair of sculls, or with a single scull or oar worked over the stern obliquely from side to side. SCULL Scull, v. i. Defn: To impel a boat with a scull or sculls. SCULLER Scull"er, n. 1. A boat rowed by one man with two sculls, or short oars. [R.] Dryden. 2. One who sculls. SCULLERY Scul"ler*y, n.; pl. Sculleries. Etym: [Probably originally, a place for washing dishes, and for swillery, fr. OE. swilen to wash, AS. swilian (see Swill to wash, to drink), but influenced either by Icel. skola, skyla, Dan. skylle, or by OF. escuelier a place for keeping dishes, fr. escuele a dish, F. écuelle, fr. L. scutella a salver, waiter (cf. Scuttle a basket); or perhaps the English word is immediately from the OF. escuelier; cf. OE. squyllare a dishwasher.] 1. A place where dishes, kettles, and culinary utensils, are cleaned and kept; also, a room attached to the kitchen, where the coarse work is done; a back kitchen. 2. Hence, refuse; fifth; offal. [Obs.] auden. SCULLION Scul"lion, n. (Bot.) Defn: A scalion. SCULLION Scul"lion, n. Etym: [OF. escouillon (Cot.) a dishclout, apparently for escouvillon, F. écouvillon a swab; cf. also OF. souillon a servant employed for base offices. Cf. Scovel.] Defn: A servant who cleans pots and kettles, and does other menial services in the kitchen. The meanest scullion that followed his camp. South. SCULLIONLY Scul"lion*ly, a. Defn: Like a scullion; base. [Obs.] Milton. SCULP Sculp, v. t. Etym: [See Sculptor.] Defn: To sculpture; to carve; to engrave. [Obs. or Humorous.] Sandys. SCULPIN Scul"pin, n. Etym: [Written also skulpin.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of marine cottoid fishes of the genus Cottus, or Acanthocottus, having a large head armed with sharp spines, and a broad mouth. They are generally mottled with yellow, brown, and black. Several species are found on the Atlantic coasts of Europe and America. (b) A large cottoid market fish of California (Scorpænichthys marmoratus); -- called also bighead, cabezon, scorpion, salpa. (c) The dragonet, or yellow sculpin, of Europe (Callionymus lura). Note: The name is also applied to other related California species. Deep-water sculpin, the sea raven. SCULPTILE Sculp"tile, a. Etym: [L. sculptilis. See Sculptor.] Defn: Formed by carving; graven; as, sculptile images. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SCULPTOR Sculp"tor, n. Etym: [L. sculptor, fr. sculpere, sculptum, to carve; cf. scalpere to cut, carve, scratch, and Gr. sculpteur.] 1. One who sculptures; one whose occupation is to carve statues, or works of sculpture. 2. Hence, an artist who designs works of sculpture, his first studies and his finished model being usually in a plastic material, from which model the marble is cut, or the bronze is cast. SCULPTRESS Sculp"tress, n. Defn: A female sculptor. SCULPTURAL Sculp"tur*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to sculpture. G. Eliot. SCULPTURE Sculp"ture, n. Etym: [L. sculptura: cf. F. sculpture.] 1. The art of carving, cutting, or hewing wood, stone, metal, etc., into statues, ornaments, etc., or into figures, as of men, or other things; hence, the art of producing figures and groups, whether in plastic or hard materials. 2. Carved work modeled of, or cut upon, wood, stone, metal, etc. There, too, in living sculpture, might be seen The mad affection of the Cretan queen. Dryden. SCULPTURE Sculp"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sculptured (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sculpturing.] Defn: To form with the chisel on, in, or from, wood, stone, or metal; to carve; to engrave. Sculptured tortoise (Zoöl.), a common North American wood tortoise (Glyptemys insculpta). The shell is marked with strong grooving and ridges which resemble sculptured figures. SCULPTURESQUE Sculp`tur*esque", a. Defn: After the manner of sculpture; resembling, or relating to, sculpture. SCUM Scum, n. Etym: [Of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. & Sw. skum, Icel. sk, LG. schum, D. schuim, OHG. sc, G. schaum; probably from a root meaning, to cover. sq. root158. Cf. Hide skin, Meerschaum, Skim, v., Sky.] 1. The extraneous matter or impurities which rise to the surface of liquids in boiling or fermentation, or which form on the surface by other means; also, the scoria of metals in a molten state; dross. Some to remove the scum it did rise. Spenser. 2. refuse; recrement; anything vile or worthless. The great and innocent are insulted by the scum and refuse of the people. Addison. SCUM Scum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scummed; p. pr. & vb. n. Scumming.] 1. To take the scum from; to clear off the impure matter from the surface of; to skim. You that scum the molten lead. Dryden & Lee. 2. To sweep or range over the surface of. [Obs.] Wandering up and down without certain seat, they lived by scumming those seas and shores as pirates. Milton. SCUM Scum, v. i. Defn: To form a scum; to become covered with scum. Also used figuratively. Life, and the interest of life, have stagnated and scummed over. A. K. H. Boyd. SCUMBER Scum"ber, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Discumber.] Defn: To void excrement. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Massinger. SCUMBER Scum"ber, n. Defn: Dung. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SCUMBLE Scum"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scumbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Scumbling.] Etym: [Freq. of scum. sq. root 158.] (Fine Arts) Defn: To cover lighty, as a painting, or a drawing, with a thin wash of opaque color, or with color-crayon dust rubbed on with the stump, or to make any similar additions to the work, so as to produce a softened effect. SCUMBLING Scum"bling, n. 1. (Fine Arts) (a) A mode of obtaining a softened effect, in painting and drawing, by the application of a thin layer of opaque color to the surface of a painting, or part of the surface, which is too bright in color, or which requires harmonizing. (b) In crayon drawing, the use of the stump. 2. The color so laid on. Also used figuratively. Shining above the brown scumbling of leafless orchards. L. Wallace. SCUMMER Scum"mer, v. i. Defn: To scumber. [Obs.] Holland. SCUMMER Scum"mer, n. Defn: Excrement; scumber. [Obs.] SCUMMER Scum"mer, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. escumoire, F. écumoire. See Scum, and cf. Skimmer.] Defn: An instrument for taking off scum; a skimmer. SCUMMING Scum"ming, n. (a) The act of taking off scum. (b) That which is scummed off; skimmings; scum; -- used chiefly in the plural. SCUMMY Scum"my, a. Defn: Covered with scum; of the nature of scum. Sir P. Sidney. SCUNNER Scun"ner, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Shun.] Defn: To cause to loathe, or feel disgust at. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] SCUNNER Scun"ner, v. i. Defn: To have a feeling of loathing or disgust; hence, to have dislike, prejudice, or reluctance. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley. SCUNNER Scun"ner, n. Defn: A feeling of disgust or loathing; a strong prejudice; abhorrence; as, to take a scunner against some one. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Carlyle. SCUP Scup, n. Etym: [D. schop.] Defn: A swing. [Local, U.S.] SCUP Scup, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. American Indian mishcùp, fr. mishe-kuppi large, thick-scaled.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine sparoid food fish (Stenotomus chrysops, or S. argyrops), common on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It appears bright silvery when swimming in the daytime, but shows broad blackish transverse bands at night and when dead. Called also porgee, paugy, porgy, scuppaug. Note: The same names are also applied to a closely allied Southern species. (Stenotomus Gardeni). SCUPPAUG Scup"paug, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. Amer. Indian mishcuppauog, pl. of mishcup.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See 2d Scup. SCUPPER Scup"per, n. Etym: [OF. escopir, escupir, to spit, perhaps for escospir, L. ex + conspuere to spit upon; pref. con- + spuere to spit. Cf. Spit, v.] (Naut.) Defn: An opening cut through the waterway and bulwarks of a ship, so that water falling on deck may flow overboard; -- called also scupper hole. Scupper hose (Naut.), a pipe of leather, canvas, etc., attached to the mouth of the scuppers, on the outside of a vessel, to prevent the water from entering. Totten. -- Scupper nail (Naut.), a nail with a very broad head, for securing the edge of the hose to the scupper. -- Scupper plug (Naut.), a plug to stop a scupper. Totten. SCUPPERNONG Scup"per*nong, n. Etym: [Probably of American Indian origin.] (Bot.) Defn: An American grape, a form of Vitis vulpina, found in the Southern Atlantic States, and often cultivated. SCUR Scur, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Scour to run.] Defn: To move hastily; to scour. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SCURF Scurf, n. Etym: [AS. scurf, sceorf, or from Scand.; cf. Sw. skorf, Dan. skurv, Icel. skurfur, D. schurft, G. schorf; all akin to AS. scurf, and to AS. sceorfan to scrape, to gnaw, G. schürfen to scrape, and probably also to E. scrape. Cf. Scurvy.] 1. Thin dry scales or scabs upon the body; especially, thin scales exfoliated from the cuticle, particularly of the scalp; dandruff. 2. Hence, the foul remains of anything adherent. The scurf is worn away of each committed crime. Dryden. 3. Anything like flakes or scales adhering to a surface. There stood a hill not far, whose grisly top Belched fire and rolling smoke; the rest entire Shone with a glossy scurf. Milton. 4. (Bot.) Defn: Minute membranous scales on the surface of some leaves, as in the goosefoot. Gray. SCURFF Scurff, n. Defn: The bull trout. [Prov. Eng.] SCURFINESS Scurf"i*ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being scurfy. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Scurf. SCURFY Scurf"y, a. [Compar. Scurfier; superl. Scurfiest.] Defn: Having or producing scurf; covered with scurf; resembling scurf. SCURRIER Scur"ri*er, n. Defn: One who scurries. SCURRILE Scur"rile, a. Etym: [L. scurrilis, fr. scurra a bufoon, jester: cf. F. scurrile.] Defn: Such as befits a buffoon or vulgar jester; grossly opprobrious or loudly jocose in language; scurrilous; as, scurrile taunts. The wretched affectation of scurrile laughter. Cowley. A scurrile or obscene jest will better advance you at the court of Charles than father's ancient name. Sir W. Scott. SCURRILITY Scur*ril"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. scurrilitas: cf. F.scurrilité.] 1. The quality or state of being scurrile or scurrilous; mean, vile, or obscene jocularity. Your reasons . . . have been sharp and sententious, pleasant without scurrility. Shak. 2. That which is scurrile or scurrilous; gross or obscene language; low buffoonery; vulgar abuse. Interrupting prayers and sermons with clamor and scurrility. Macaulay. Syn. -- Scurrilousness; abuse; insolence; vulgarity; indecency. SCURRILOUS Scur"ril*ous, a. Etym: [See Scurrile.] 1. Using the low and indecent language of the meaner sort of people, or such as only the license of buffoons can warrant; as, a scurrilous fellow. 2. Containing low indecency or abuse; mean; foul; vile; obscenely jocular; as, scurrilous language. The absurd and scurrilous sermon which had very unwisely been honored with impeachment. Macaulay. Syn. -- Opprobrious; abusive; reproachful; insulting; insolent; offensive; gross; vile; vulgar; low; foul; foul-mounthed; indecent; scurrile; mean. -- Scur"ril*ous*ly, adv. -- Scur"ril*ous*ness, n. SCURRIT Scur"rit, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: the lesser tern (Sterna minuta). [Prov. Eng.] SCURRY Scur"ry, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Scur, Skirr.] Defn: To hasten away or along; to move rapidly; to hurry; as, the rabbit scurried away. SCURRY Scur"ry, n. Defn: Act of scurring; hurried movement. SCURVILY Scur"vi*ly, adv. Defn: In a scurvy manner. SCURVINESS Scur"vi*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being scurvy; vileness; meanness. SCURVY Scur"vy, a. [Compar. Scurvier; superl. Scurviest.] Etym: [From Scurf; cf. Scurvy, n.] 1. Covered or affected with scurf or scabs; scabby; scurfy; specifically, diseased with the scurvy. "Whatsoever man . . . be scurvy or scabbed." lev. xxi. 18, 20. 2. Vile; mean; low; vulgar; contemptible. "A scurvy trick." Ld. Lytton. That scurvy custom of taking tobacco. Swift. [He] spoke spoke such scurvy and provoking terms. Shak. SCURVY Scur"vy, n. Etym: [Probably from the same source as scirbute, but influenced by scurf, scurfy, scurvy, adj.; cf. D. scheurbuik scurvy, G. scharbock, LL. scorbutus. Cf. Scorbute.] (Med.) Defn: A disease characterized by livid spots, especially about the thighs and legs, due to extravasation of blood, and by spongy gums, and bleeding from almost all the mucous membranes. It is accompanied by paleness, languor, depression, and general debility. It is occasioned by confinement, innutritious food, and hard labor, but especially by lack of fresh vegetable food, or confinement for a long time to a limited range of food, which is incapable of repairing the waste of the system. It was formerly prevalent among sailors and soldiers. Scurvy grass Etym: [Scurvy + grass; or cf. Icel. skarfakal scurvy grass.] (Bot.) A kind of cress (Cochlearia officinalis) growing along the seacoast of Northern Europe and in arctic regions. It is a remedy for the scurvy, and has proved a valuable food to arctic explorers. The name is given also to other allied species of plants. SCUT Scut, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. skott a fox's tail. sq. root 159.] [Obs.] Defn: The tail of a hare, or of a deer, or other animal whose tail is short, sp. when carried erect; hence, sometimes, the animal itself. "He ran like a scut." Skelton. How the Indian hare came to have a long tail, wheras that part in others attains no higher than a scut. Sir T. Browne. My doe with the black scut. Shak. SCUTA Scu"ta, n. pl. Defn: See Scutum. SCUTAGE Scu"tage (; 48), n. Etym: [LL. scutagium, from L. scutum a shield.] (Eng. Hist.) Defn: Shield money; commutation of service for a sum of money. See Escuage. SCUTAL Scu"tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a shield. A good example of these scutal monstrosities. Cussans. SCUTATE Scu"tate, a. Etym: [L. scutatus armed with a shield, from scutum a shield.] 1. Buckler-shaped; round or nearly round. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Protected or covered by bony or horny plates, or large scales. SCUTCH Scutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scutched; p. pr. & vb. n. Scutching.] Etym: [See Scotch to cut slightly.] 1. To beat or whip; to drub. [Old or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 2. To separate the woody fiber from (flax, hemp, etc.) by beating; to swingle. 3. To loosen and dress the fiber of (cotton or silk) by beating; to free (fibrous substances) from dust by beating and blowing. Scutching machine, a machine used to scutch cotton, silk, or flax; -- called also batting machine. SCUTCH Scutch, n. 1. A wooden instrument used in scutching flax and hemp. 2. The woody fiber of flax; the refuse of scutched flax. "The smoke of the burning scutch." Cuthbert Bede. SCUTCHEON Scutch"eon, n. Etym: [Aphetic form of escutcheon.] 1. An escutcheon; an emblazoned shield. Bacon. The corpse lay in state, with all the pomp of scutcheons, wax lights, black hangings, and mutes. Macaulay. 2. A small plate of metal, as the shield around a keyhole. See Escutcheon, 4. SCUTCHEONED Scutch"eoned, a. Defn: Emblazoned on or as a shield. Scutcheoned panes in cloisters old. Lowell. SCUTCHER Scutch"er, n. 1. One who scutches. 2. An implement or machine for scutching hemp, flax, or cotton; etc.; a scutch; a scutching machine. SCUTCH GRASS Scutch" grass`. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of pasture grass (Cynodon Dactylon). See Bermuda grass: also Illustration in Appendix. SCUTE Scute, n. Etym: [L. scutum a shield, a buckler. See Scudo.] 1. A small shield. [Obs.] Skelton. 2. An old French gold coin of the value of 3s. 4d. sterling, or about 80 cents. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bony scale of a reptile or fish; a large horny scale on the leg of a bird, or on the belly of a snake. SCUTELLA Scu*tel"la, n. pl. Defn: See Scutellum. SCUTELLA Scu*tel"la, n.; pl. Scutelle. Etym: [NL., fem. dim. of L. scutum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Scutellum, n., 2. SCUTELLATE; SCUTELLATED Scu"tel*late, Scu"tel*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. scutella a dish, salver. Cf. Scuttle a basket.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Formed like a plate or salver; composed of platelike surfaces; as, the scutellated bone of a sturgeon. Woodward. 2. Etym: [See Scutellum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the tarsi covered with broad transverse scales, or scutella; -- said of certain birds. SCUTELLATION Scu`tel*la"tion, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: the entire covering, or mode of arrangement, of scales, as on the legs and feet of a bird. SCUTELLIFORM Scu*tel"li*form, a. Etym: [L. scutella a dish + -form.] 1. Scutellate. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of a scutellum. SCUTELLIPLANTAR Scu*tel`li*plan"tar, a. Etym: [L. scutellus a shield + planta foot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having broad scutella on the front, and small scales on the posterior side, of the tarsus; -- said of certain birds. SCUTELLUM Scu*tel"lum, n.; pl. Scutella. Etym: [NL., neut. dim. of L. scutum a shield.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A rounded apothecium having an elevated rim formed of the proper thallus, the fructification of certain lichens. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The third of the four pieces forming the upper part of a thoracic segment of an insect. It follows the scutum, and is followed by the small postscutellum; a scutella. See Thorax. (b) One of the transverse scales on the tarsi and toes of birds; a scutella. SCUTIBRANCH Scu"ti*branch, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Scutibranchiate. -- n. Defn: One of the Scutibranchiata. SCUTIBRANCHIA Scu`ti*bran"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Scutibranchiata. SCUTIBRANCHIAN Scu`ti*bran"chi*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Scutibranchiata. SCUTIBRANCHIATA Scu`ti*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Scutum, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of gastropod Mollusca having a heart with two auricles and one ventricle. The shell may be either spiral or shieldlike. Note: It is now usually regarded as including only the Rhipidoglossa and the Docoglossa. When originally established, it included a heterogenous group of mollusks having shieldlike shells, such as Haliotis, Fissurella, Carinaria, etc. SCUTIBRANCHIATE Scu`ti*bran"chi*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the gills protected by a shieldlike shell; of or pertaining to the Scutibranchiata. -- n. Defn: One of the Scutibranchiata. SCUTIFEROUS Scu*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. scutum shield + -ferous.] Defn: Carrying a shield or buckler. SCUTIFORM Scu"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. scutum shield + -form: cf. F. scutiforme.] Defn: Shield-shaped; scutate. SCUTIGER Scu"ti*ger, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. scutum shield + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of chilopod myriapods of the genus Scutigera. They sometimes enter buildings and prey upon insects. SCUTIPED Scu"ti*ped, a. Etym: [L. scutum a shield + pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. scutipède.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the anterior surface of the tarsus covered with scutella, or transverse scales, in the form of incomplete bands terminating at a groove on each side; -- said of certain birds. SCUTTER Scut"ter, v. i. [Cf. Scuttle, v. i.] Defn: To run quickly; to scurry; to scuttle. [Prov. Eng.] A mangy little jackal . . . cocked up his ears and tail, and scuttered across the shallows. Kipling. SCUTTLE Scut"tle, n. Etym: [AS. scutel a dish, platter; cf. Icel. skutill; both fr. L. scutella, dim. of scutra, scuta, a dish or platter; cf. scutum a shield. Cf. Skillet.] 1. A broad, shallow basket. 2. A wide-mouthed vessel for holding coal: a coal hod. SCUTTLE Scut"tle, v. i. Etym: [For scuddle, fr. scud.] Defn: To run with affected precipitation; to hurry; to bustle; to scuddle. With the first dawn of day, old Janet was scuttling about the house to wake the baron. Sir W. Scott. SCUTTLE Scut"tle, n. Defn: A quick pace; a short run. Spectator. SCUTTLE Scut"tle, n. Etym: [OF. escoutille, F. éscoutille, cf. Sp. escotilla; probably akin to Sp. escoter to cut a thing so as to make it fit, to hollow a garment about the neck, perhaps originally, to cut a bosom- shaped piece out, and of Teutonic origin; cf. D. schoot lap, bosom, G. schoss, Goth. skauts the hem of a garnment. Cf. Sheet an expanse.] 1. A small opening in an outside wall or covering, furnished with a lid. Specifically: (a) (Naut.) A small opening or hatchway in the deck of a ship, large enough to admit a man, and with a lid for covering it, also, a like hole in the side or bottom of a ship. (b) An opening in the roof of a house, with a lid. 2. The lid or door which covers or closes an opening in a roof, wall, or the like. Scuttle butt, or Scuttle cask (Naut.), a butt or cask with a large hole in it, used to contain the fresh water for daily use in a ship. Totten. SCUTTLE Scut"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scuttled; p. pr. & vb. n. Scuttling.] 1. To cut a hole or holes through the bottom, deck, or sides of (as of a ship), for any purpose. 2. To sink by making holes through the bottom of; as, to scuttle a ship. SCUTUM Scu"tum, n.; pl. Scuta. Etym: [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An oblong shield made of boards or wickerwork covered with leather, with sometimes an iron rim; -- carried chiefly by the heavy- armed infantry. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A penthouse or awning. [Obs.] Burrill. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) The second and largest of the four parts forming the upper surface of a thoracic segment of an insect. It is preceded by the prescutum and followed by the scutellum. See the Illust. under Thorax. (b) One of the two lower valves of the operculum of a barnacle. SCYBALA Scyb"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Hardened masses of feces. SCYE Scye, n. Defn: Arm scye, a cutter's term for the armhole or part of the armhole of the waist of a garnment. [Cant] SCYLE Scyle, v. t. Etym: [AS. scylan to withdraw or remowe.] Defn: To hide; to secrete; to conceal. [Obs.] SCYLLA Scyl"la, n. Defn: A dangerous rock on the Italian coast opposite the whirpool Charybdis on the coast of Sicily, -- both personified in classical literature as ravenous monsters. The passage between them was formerly considered perilous; hence, the saying "Between Scylla and Charybdis," signifying a great peril on either hand. SCYLLAEA Scyl*læ"a, n. Etym: [NL. See Scylla.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of oceanic nudibranchiate mollusks having the small branched gills situated on the upper side of four fleshy lateral lobes, and on the median caudal crest. Note: In color and form these mollusks closely imitate the fronds of sargassum and other floathing seaweeds among which they live. SCYLLARIAN Scyl*la"ri*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a family (Scyllaridæ) of macruran Crustacea, remarkable for the depressed form of the body, and the broad, flat antennæ. Also used adjectively. SCYLLITE Scyl"lite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance of a sweetish taste, resembling inosite and metameric with dextrose. It is extracted from the kidney of the dogfish (of the genus Scylium), the shark, and the skate. SCYMETAR Scym"e*tar, n. Defn: See Scimiter. SCYPHA Scy"pha, n.; pl. Scyphae. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: See Scyphus, 2 (b). SCYPHIFORM Scy"phi*form, a. Etym: [L. scyphus a cup + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Cup-shaped. SCYPHISTOMA Scy*phis"to*ma, n.; pl. Scyphistomata, Scyphistomæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The young attached larva of Discophora in the stage when it resembles a hydroid, or actinian. SCYPHOBRANCHII Scy`pho*bran"chi*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes including the blennioid and gobioid fishes, and other related families. SCYPHOMEDUSA; SCYPHOMEDUSAE Scy`pho*me*du"sa, Scy`pho*me*du"sae, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. medusa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Acraspeda, or Discophora. SCYPHOPHORI Scy*phoph"o*ri, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fresh-water fishes inhabiting tropical Africa. They have rudimentary electrical organs on each side of the tail. SCYPHUS Scy"phus, n.; pl. Scyphi. Etym: [L., a cup, Gr. 1. (Antiq.) Defn: A kind of large drinking cup, -- used by Greeks and Romans, esp. by poor folk. 2. (Bot.) (a) The cup of a narcissus, or a similar appendage to the corolla in other flowers. (b) A cup-shaped stem or podetium in lichens. Also called scypha. See Illust. of Cladonia pyxidata, under Lichen. SCYTHE Scythe (sith), n. Etym: [OE. sithe, AS. si\'ebe, sigthe; akin to Icel. sigthr a sickle, LG. segd, seged, seed, seid, OHG. segansa sickle, scythe, G. sense scythe, and to E. saw a cutting instrument. See Saw.] [Written also sithe and sythe.] 1. An instrument for mowing grass, grain, or the like, by hand, composed of a long, curving blade, with a sharp edge, made fast to a long handle, called a snath, which is bent into a form convenient for use. The sharp-edged scythe shears up the spiring grass. Dryden. The scythe of Time mows down. Milton. 2. (Antiq.) Defn: A scythe-shaped blade attached to ancient war chariots. SCYTHE Scythe, v. t. Defn: To cut with a scythe; to cut off as with a scythe; to mow. [Obs.] Time had not scythed all that youth begun. Shak. SCYTHED Scythed, a. Defn: Armed scythes, as a chariot. Chariots scythed, On thundering axles rolled. Glover. SCYTHEMAN Scythe"man, n.; pl. Scythemen (. Defn: One who uses a scythe; a mower. Macaulay. SCYTHESTONE Scythe"stone`, n. Defn: A stone for sharpening scythes; a whetstone. SCYTHEWHET Scythe"whet`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Wilson's thrush; -- so called from its note. [Local, U.S.] SCYTHIAN Scyth"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Scythia (a name given to the northern part of Asia, and Europe adjoining to Asia), or its language or inhabitants. Scythian lamb. (Bot.) See Barometz. SCYTHIAN Scyth"i*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Scythia; specifically (Ethnol.), one of a Slavonic race which in early times occupied Eastern Europe. 2. The language of the Scythians. SCYTODERMATA Scy`to*der"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Holothurioidea. SDAIN Sdain, v. & n. Defn: Disdain. [Obs.] Spenser. 'SDEATH 'Sdeath, interj. Etym: [Corrupted fr. God's death.] Defn: An exclamation expressive of impatience or anger. Shak. SDEIGN Sdeign, v. t. Defn: To disdain. [Obs.] But either sdeigns with other to partake. Spenser. SEA Sea, n. Etym: [OE. see, AS. sæ; akin to D. zee, OS. & OHG. seo, G. see, OFries. se, Dan. sö, Sw. sjö, Icel. sær, Goth. saiws, and perhaps to L. saevus firce, savage. sq. root 151 a.] 1. One of the larger bodies of salt water, less than an ocean, found on the earth's surface; a body of salt water of second rank, generally forming part of, or connecting with, an ocean or a larger sea; as, the Mediterranean Sea; the Sea of Marmora; the North Sea; the Carribean Sea. 2. An inland body of water, esp. if large or if salt or brackish; as, the Caspian Sea; the Sea of Aral; sometimes, a small fresh-water lake; as, the Sea of Galilee. 3. The ocean; the whole body of the salt water which covers a large part of the globe. I marvel how the fishes live in the sea. Shak. Ambiguous between sea and land The river horse and scaly crocodile. Milton. 4. The swell of the ocean or other body of water in a high wind; motion of the water's surface; also, a single wave; a billow; as, there was a high sea after the storm; the vessel shipped a sea. 5. (Jewish Antiq.) Defn: A great brazen laver in the temple at Jerusalem; -- so called from its size. He made a molten sea of ten cubits from brim to brim, round in compass, and five cubits the height thereof. 2 Chron. iv. 2. 6. Fig.: Anything resembling the sea in vastness; as, a sea of glory. Shak. All the space . . . was one sea of heads. Macaulay. Note: Sea is often used in the composition of words of obvious signification; as, sea-bathed, sea-beaten, sea-bound, sea-bred, sea- circled, sealike, sea-nursed, sea-tossed, sea-walled, sea-worn, and the like. It is also used either adjectively or in combination with substantives; as, sea bird, sea-bird, or seabird, sea acorn, or sea- acorn. At sea, upon the ocean; away from land; figuratively, without landmarks for guidance; lost; at the mercy of circumstances. "To say the old man was at sea would be too feeble an expression." G. W. Cable -- At full sea at the height of flood tide; hence, at the height. "But now God's mercy was at full sea." Jer. Taylor. -- Beyond seas, or Beyond the sea or the seas (Law), out of the state, territory, realm, or country. Wharton. -- Half seas over, half drunk. [Colloq.] Spectator. -- Heavy sea, a sea in which the waves run high. -- Long sea, a sea characterized by the uniform and steady motion of long and extensive waves. -- Short sea, a sea in which the waves are short, broken, and irregular, so as to produce a tumbling or jerking motion. -- To go to sea, a adopt the calling or occupation of a sailor. SEA ACORN Sea" a"corn. (Zoöl.) Defn: An acorn barnacle (Balanus). SEA ADDER Sea" ad"der. (Zoöl.) (a) The European fifteen-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus spinachia); -- called also bismore. (b) The European tanglefish, or pipefish (Syngnathus acus). SEA ANCHOR Sea" an"chor. (Naut.) Defn: See Drag sail, under 4th Drag. SEA ANEMONE Sea" a*nem"o*ne. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of soft-bodied Anthozoa, belonging to the order Actrinaria; an actinian. Note: They have the oral disk surrounded by one or more circles of simple tapering tentacles, which are often very numerous, and when expanded somewhat resemble the petals of flowers, with colors varied and often very beautiful. SEA APE Sea" ape`. (Zoöl.) (a) The thrasher shark. (b) The sea otter. SEA APPLE Sea" ap"ple. (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of a West Indian palm (Manicaria Plukenetii), often found floating in the sea. A. Grisebach. SEA ARROW Sea" ar"row. (Zoöl.) Defn: A squid of the genus Ommastrephes. See Squid. SEA BANK Sea" bank`. 1. The seashore. Shak. 2. A bank or mole to defend against the sea. SEA-BAR Sea"-bar`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tern. SEA BARROW Sea" bar"row. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sea purse. SEA BASS Sea" bass`. Defn: ((Zoöl.) (a) A large marine food fish (Serranus, or Centropristis, atrarius) which abounds on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It is dark bluish, with black bands, and more or less varied with small white spots and blotches. Called also, locally, blue bass, black sea bass, blackfish, bluefish, and black perch. (b) A California food fish (Cynoscion nobile); -- called also white sea bass, and sea salmon. SEA BAT Sea" bat`. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Batfish (a). SEABEACH Sea"beach`, n. Defn: A beach lying along the sea. "The bleak seabeach." Longfellow. SEA BEAN Sea" bean. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Florida bean. SEA BEAR Sea" bear`. (Zoöl.) (a) Any fur seal. See under Fur. (b) The white bear. SEABEARD Sea"beard`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A green seaweed (Cladophora rupestris) growing in dense tufts. SEA BEAST Sea" beast`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any large marine mammal, as a seal, walrus, or cetacean. SEA BIRD Sea" bird`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any swimming bird frequenting the sea; a sea fowl. SEA BLITE Sea" blite`. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Suæda maritima) of the Goosefoot family, growing in salt marches. SEA-BLUBBER Sea"-blub"ber, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A jellyfish. SEABOARD Sea"board`, n. Etym: [Sea + board, F. bord side.] Defn: The seashore; seacoast. Ld. Berners. SEABOARD Sea"board`, a. Defn: Bordering upon, or being near, the sea; seaside; seacoast; as, a seaboard town. SEABOARD Sea"board`, adv. Defn: Toward the sea. [R.] SEABOAT Sea"boat`. Etym: [AS. sæbat.] 1. A boat or vessel adapted to the open sea; hence, a vessel considered with reference to her power of resisting a storm, or maintaining herself in a heavy sea; as, a good sea boat. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A chitin. SEABORD Sea"bord`, n. & a. Defn: See Seaboard. SEA-BORDERING Sea"-bor"der*ing, a. Defn: Bordering on the sea; situated beside the sea. Drayton. SEA-BORN Sea"-born`, a. 1. Born of the sea; produced by the sea. "Neptune and his sea-born niece." Waller. 2. Born at sea. SEABOUND Sea"bound`, a. Defn: Bounded by the sea. SEA BOW Sea" bow`. Defn: See Marine rainbow, under Rainbow. SEA BOY Sea" boy`. Defn: A boy employed on shipboard. SEA BREACH Sea" breach`. Defn: A breaking or overflow of a bank or a dike by the sea. L'Estrange. SEA BREAM Sea" bream`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of sparoid fishes, especially the common European species (Pagellus centrodontus), the Spanish (P. Oweni), and the black sea bream (Cantharus lineatus); -- called also old wife. SEA BRIEF Sea" brief`. Defn: Same as Sea letter. SEA BUG Sea" bug`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A chiton. SEA-BUILT Sea"-built`, a. Defn: Built at, in, or by the sea. SEA BUTTERFLY Sea" but"ter*fly`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A pteropod. SEA CABBAGE Sea" cab"bage (; 48). (Bot.) Defn: See Sea kale, under Kale. SEA CALF Sea" calf`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common seal. SEA CANARY Sea" ca*na"ry. Etym: [So called from a whistling sound which it makes.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The beluga, or white whale. SEA CAPTAIN Sea" cap"tain. Defn: The captain of a vessel that sails upon the sea. SEA CARD Sea" card`. Defn: Mariner's card, or compass. SEA CATFISH; SEA CAT Sea" cat`fish. Sea" cat`. (Zoöl.) (a) The wolf fish. (b) Any marine siluroid fish, as Ælurichthys marinus, and Arinus felis, of the eastern coast of the United States. Many species are found on the coasts of Central and South America. SEA CHART Sea" chart`. Defn: A chart or map on which the lines of the shore, islands, shoals, harbors, etc., are delineated. SEA CHICKWEED Sea" chick"weed`. (Bot.) Defn: A fleshy plant (Arenaria peploides) growing in large tufts in the sands of the northern Atlantic seacoast; -- called also sea sandwort, and sea purslane. SEA CLAM Sea" clam`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of the large bivalve mollusks found on the open seacoast, especially those of the family Mactridæ, as the common American species. (Mactra, or Spisula, solidissima); -- called also beach clam, and surf clam. SEA COAL Sea" coal`. Defn: Coal brought by sea; -- a name by which mineral coal was formerly designated in the south of England, in distinction from charcoal, which was brought by land. Sea-coal facing (Founding), facing consisting of pulverized bituminous coal. SEACOAST Sea"coast`, n. Defn: The shore or border of the land adjacent to the sea or ocean. Also used adjectively. SEA COB Sea" cob`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The black-backed gull. SEA COCK Sea" cock`. 1. In a steamship, a cock or valve close to the vessel's side, for closing a pipe which communicates with the sea. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-bellied plover. (b) A gurnard, as the European red gurnard (Trigla pini). SEA COCOA Sea" co"coa. (Bot.) Defn: A magnificent palm (Lodoicea Sechellarum) found only in the Seychelles Islands. The fruit is an immense two-lobed nut. It was found floating in the Indian Ocean before the tree was known, and called sea cocoanut, and double cocoanut. SEA COLANDER Sea" col"an*der. (Bot.) Defn: A large blackfish seaweed (Agarum Turneri), the frond of which is punctured with many little holes. SEA COLEWORT Sea" cole"wort`. (Bot.) Defn: Sea cabbage. SEA COMPASS Sea" com"pass. Defn: The mariner's compass. See under Compass. SEA COOT Sea" coot`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A scoter duck. SEA CORN Sea" corn`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A yellow cylindrical mass of egg capsule of certain species of whelks (Buccinum), which resembles an ear of maize. SEA COW Sea" cow`. (Zoöl.) (a) The mantee. (b) The dugong. (c) The walrus. SEA CRAWFISH; SEA CRAYFISH Sea" craw"fish`. Sea" cray"fish`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any crustacean of the genus Palinurus and allied genera, as the European spiny lobster (P. vulgaris), which is much used as an article of food. See Lobster. SEA CROW Sea" crow`. (Zoöl.) (a) The chough. [Ireland] (b) The cormorant. (c) The blackheaded pewit, and other gulls. (d) The skua. (e) The razorbill. [Orkney Islands] (f) The coot. SEA CUCUMBER Sea" cu"cum*ber. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any large holothurian, especially one of those belonging to the genus Pentacta, or Cucumaria, as the common American and European species. (P. frondosa). SEA DACE Sea" dace`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European sea perch. SEA DAFFODIL Sea" daf"fo*dil. (Bot.) Defn: A European amarylidaceous plant (Pancratium maritimum). SEA DEVIL Sea" dev`il (Zoöl.) (a) Any very large ray, especially any species of the genus Manta or Cepholoptera, some of which become more than twenty feet across and weigh several tons. See also Ox ray, under Ox. (b) Any large cephalopod, as a large Octopus, or a giant squid (Architeuthis). See Devilfish. (c) The angler. SEA DOG Sea" dog`. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dogfish. (b) The common seal. 2. An old sailor; a salt. [Colloq.] SEA DOTTEREL Sea" dot"ter*el. (Zoöl.) Defn: The turnstone. SEA DOVE Sea" dove`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The little auk, or rotche. See Illust. of Rotche. SEA DRAGON Sea" drag"on. (Zoöl.) (a) A dragonet, or sculpin. (b) The pegasus. SEA DRAKE Sea" drake`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pewit gull. SEA DUCK Sea" duck`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of ducks which frequent the seacoasts and feed mainly on fishes and mollusks. The scoters, eiders, old squaw, and ruddy duck are examples. They may be distinguished by the lobate hind toe. SEA EAGLE Sea" ea"gle. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of fish-eating eagles of the genus Haliæetus and allied genera, as the North Pacific sea eagle. (H. pelagicus), which has white shoulders, head, rump, and tail; the European white-tailed eagle (H. albicilla); and the Indian white- tailed sea eagle, or fishing eagle (Polioaëtus ichthyaëtus). The bald eagle and the osprey are also sometimes classed as sea eagles. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The eagle ray. See under Ray. SEA-EAR Sea"-ear`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of ear-shaped shells of the genus Haliotis. See Abalone. SEA EEL Sea" eel`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The conger eel. SEA EGG Sea" egg`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sea urchin. SEA ELEPHANT Sea" el"e*phant. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large seal (Macrorhinus proboscideus) of the Antarctic seas, much hunted for its oil. It sometimes attains a length of thirty feet, and is remarkable for the prolongation of the nose of the adult male into an erectile elastic proboscis, about a foot in length. Another species of smaller size (M. angustirostris) occurs on the coast of Lower California, but is now nearly extinct. SEA FAN Sea" fan". (Zoöl.) Defn: Any gorgonian which branches in a fanlike form, especially Gorgonia flabellum of Florida and the West Indies. SEAFARER Sea"far`er, n. Etym: [Sea + fare.] Defn: One who follows the sea as a business; a mariner; a sailor. SEAFARING Sea"far`ing, a. Defn: Following the business of a mariner; as, a seafaring man. SEA FEATHER Sea" feath"er. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any gorgonian which branches in a plumelike form. SEA FENNEL Sea" fen"nel. (Bot.) Defn: Samphire. SEA FERN Sea" fern". (Zoöl.) Defn: Any gorgonian which branches like a fern. SEA FIGHT Sea" fight`. Defn: An engagement between ships at sea; a naval battle. SEA FIR Sea" fir`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sertularian hydroid, especially Sertularia abietina, which branches like a miniature fir tree. SEA FLOWER Sea" flow"er. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sea anemone, or any related anthozoan. SEA FOAM Sea" foam`. 1. Foam of sea water. 2. (Min.) Defn: Meerschaum; -- called also sea froth. SEA FOWL Sea" fowl`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird which habitually frequents the sea, as an auk, gannet, gull, tern, or petrel; also, all such birds, collectively. SEA FOX Sea" fox`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The thrasher shark. See Thrasher. SEA FROTH Sea" froth`. Defn: See Sea foam, 2. SEA-GATE; SEA-GAIT Sea"-gate`, Sea"-gait`, n. Defn: A long, rolling swell of the sea. Ham. Nav. Encyc. SEA GAUGE Sea" gauge`. Defn: See under Gauge, n. SEA GHERKIN; SEA GIRKIN Sea" gher`kin, or; Sea" gir"kin. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small holothurian resembling in form a gherkin. SEA GINGER Sea" gin"ger. (Zoöl.) Defn: A hydroid coral of the genus Millepora, especially M. alcicornis, of the West Indies and Florida. So called because it stings the tongue like ginger. See Illust. under Millepore. SEA GIRDLES Sea" gir"dles. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of kelp (Laminaria digitata) with palmately cleft fronds; -- called also sea wand, seaware, and tangle. SEAGIRT Sea"girt`, a. Defn: Surrounded by the water of the sea or ocean; as, a seagirt isle. Milton. SEA GOD Sea" god`. Defn: A marine deity; a fabulous being supposed to live in, or have dominion over, the sea, or some particular sea or part of the sea, as Neptune. SEA GODDESS Sea" god"dess. Defn: A goddess supposed to live in or reign over the sea, or some part of the sea. SEAGOING Sea"go`ing, a. Defn: Going upon the sea; especially, sailing upon the deep sea; -- used in distinction from coasting or river, as applied to vessels. SEA GOOSE Sea" goose`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A phalarope. SEA GOWN Sea" gown`. Defn: A gown or frock with short sleeves, formerly worn by mariners. Shak. SEA GRAPE Sea" grape`. 1. (Bot.) (a) The gulf weed. See under Gulf. (b) A shrubby plant (Coccoloba uvifera) growing on the sandy shores of tropical America, somewhat resembling the grapevine. 2. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: The clusters of gelatinous egg capsules of a squid (Loligo). SEA GRASS Sea" grass`. (Bot.) Defn: Eelgrass. SEA GREEN Sea" green`. Defn: The green color of sea water. SEA-GREEN Sea"-green`, a. Defn: Of a beautiful bluish green color, like sea water on soundings. SEA GUDGEON Sea" gud"geon. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European black goby (Gobius niger). SEA GULL Sea" gull`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any gull living on the seacoast. SEAH Se"ah, n. Defn: A Jewish dry measure containing one third of an an ephah. SEA HARE Sea" hare`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any tectibranchiate mollusk of the genus Aplysia. See Aplysia. SEA HAWK Sea" hawk`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A jager gull. SEA HEATH Sea" heath`. (Bot.) Defn: A low perennial plant (Frankenia lævis) resembling heath, growing along the seashore in Europe. SEA HEDGEHOG Sea" hedge"hog`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sea urchin. SEA HEN Sea" hen`. (Zoöl.) Defn: the common guillemot; -- applied also to various other sea birds. SEA HOG Sea" hog`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The porpoise. SEA HOLLY Sea" hol"ly. (Bot.) Defn: An evergeen seashore plant (Eryngium maritimum). See Eryngium. SEA HOLM Sea" holm`. Defn: A small uninhabited island. SEA HOLM Sea" holm`. (Bot.) Defn: Sea holly. SEA HORSE Sea" horse`. 1. A fabulous creature, half horse and half fish, represented in classic mythology as driven by sea dogs or ridden by the Nereids. It is also depicted in heraldry. See Hippocampus. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The walrus. (b) Any fish of the genus Hippocampus. Note: In a passage of Dryden's, the word is supposed to refer to the hippopotamus. SEA HULVER Sea" hul"ver. (Bot.) Defn: Sea holly. SEA-ISLAND Sea"-is`land, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to certain islands along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia; as, sea-island cotton, a superior cotton of long fiber produced on those islands. SEA JELLY Sea" jel"ly. (Zoöl.) Defn: A medusa, or jellyfish. SEAK Seak, n. Defn: Soap prepared for use in milling cloth. SEA KALE Sea" kale". (Bot.) Defn: See under Kale. SEA KING Sea" king`. Defn: One of the leaders among the Norsemen who passed their lives in roving the seas in search of plunder and adventures; a Norse pirate chief. See the Note under Viking. SEAL Seal, n. Etym: [OE. sele, AS. seolh; akin to OHG. selah, Dan. sæl, Sw. själ, Icel. selr.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any aquatic carnivorous mammal of the families Phocidæ and Otariidæ. Note: Seals inhabit seacoasts, and are found principally in the higher latitudes of both hemispheres. There are numerous species, bearing such popular names as sea lion, sea leopard, sea bear, or ursine seal, fur seal, and sea elephant. The bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), the hooded seal (Cystophora crustata), and the ringed seal (Phoca foetida), are northern species. See also Eared seal, Harp seal, and Fur seal, under Eared, Harp, Monk, and Fur. Seals are much hunted for their skins and fur, and also for their oil, which in some species is very abundant. Harbor seal (Zoöl.), the common seal (Phoca vitulina). It inhabits both the North Atlantic and the North Pacific Ocean, and often ascends rivers; -- called also marbled seal, native seal, river seal, bay seal, land seal, sea calf, sea cat, sea dog, dotard, ranger, selchie, tangfish. SEAL Seal, n. Etym: [OE. seel, OF. seel, F. sceau, fr. L. sigillum a little figure or image, a seal, dim. of signum a mark, sign, figure, or image. See Sign, n., and cf. Sigil.] 1. An engraved or inscribed stamp, used for marking an impression in wax or other soft substance, to be attached to a document, or otherwise used by way of authentication or security. 2. Wax, wafer, or other tenacious substance, set to an instrument, and impressed or stamped with a seal; as, to give a deed under hand and seal. Till thou canst rail the seal from off my bond Thou but offend;st thy lungs to speak so loud. Shak. 3. That which seals or fastens; esp., the wax or wafer placed on a letter or other closed paper, etc., to fasten it. 4. That which confirms, ratifies, or makes stable; that which authenticates; that which secures; assurance. "under the seal of silence." Milton. Like a red seal is the setting sun On the good and the evil men have done. Lonfellow. 5. An arrangement for preventing the entrance or return of gas or air into a pipe, by which the open end of the pipe dips beneath the surface of water or other liquid, or a deep bend or sag in the pipe is filled with the liquid; a draintrap. Great seal. See under Great. -- Privy seal. See under Privy, a. -- Seal lock, a lock in which the keyhole is covered by a seal in such a way that the lock can not be opened without rupturing the seal. Seal manual. See under Manual, a. -- Seal ring, a ring having a seal engraved on it, or ornamented with a device resembling a seal; a signet ring. Shak. SEAL Seal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sealed; p. pr. & vb. n. Skaling.] Etym: [OE. selen; cf. OF. seeler, seieler, F. sceller, LL. sigillare. See Seal a stamp.] 1. To set or affix a seal to; hence, to authenticate; to confirm; to ratify; to establish; as, to seal a deed. And with my hand I seal my true heart's love. Shak. 2. To mark with a stamp, as an evidence of standard exactness, legal size, or merchantable quality; as, to seal weights and measures; to seal silverware. 3. To fasten with a seal; to attach together with a wafer, wax, or other substance causing adhesion; as, to seal a letter. 4. Hence, to shut close; to keep close; to make fast; to keep secure or secret. Seal up your lips, and give no words but "mum". Shak. 5. To fix, as a piece of iron in a wall, with cement, plaster, or the like. Gwilt. 6. To close by means of a seal; as, to seal a drainpipe with water. See 2d Seal, 5. 7. Among the Mormons, to confirm or set apart as a second or additional wife. [Utah, U.S.] If a man once married desires a second helpmate . . . she is sealed to him under the solemn sanction of the church. H. Stansbury. SEAL Seal, v. i. Defn: To affix one's seal, or a seal. [Obs.] I will seal unto this bond. Shak. SEA LACES Sea" la"ces. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of seaweed (Chorda Filum) having blackish cordlike fronds, often many feet long. SEA LAMPREY Sea" lam"prey. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common lamprey. SEA LANGUAGE Sea" lan"guage. Defn: The peculiar language or phraseology of seamen; sailor's cant. SEA LARK Sea" lark`. (Zoöl.) (a) The rock pipit (Anthus obscurus). (b) Any one of several small sandpipers and plovers, as the ringed plover, the turnstone, the dunlin, and the sanderling. SEA LAVENDER Sea" lav"en*der. (Bot.) Defn: See Marsh rosemary, under Marsh. SEA LAWYER Sea" law"yer. (Zoöl.) Defn: The gray snapper. See under Snapper. SEAL-BROWN Seal"-brown`, a. Defn: Of a rich dark brown color, like the fur of the fur seal after it is dyed. SEA LEGS Sea" legs`. Defn: Legs able to maintain their possessor upright in stormy weather at sea, that is, ability stand or walk steadily on deck when a vessel is rolling or pitching in a rough sea. [Sailor's Cant] Totten. SEA LEMON Sea" lem"on. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of nudibranchiate mollusks of the genus Doris and allied genera, having a smooth, thick, convex yellow body. SEA LEOPARD Sea" leop"ard. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of spotted seals, especially Ogmorhinus leptonyx, and Leptonychotes Weddelli, of the Antarctic Ocean. The North Pacific sea leopard is the harbor seal. SEALER Seal"er, n. Defn: One who seals; especially, an officer whose duty it is to seal writs or instruments, to stamp weights and measures, or the like. SEALER Sealer, n. Defn: A mariner or a vessel engaged in the business of capturing seals. SEA LETTER Sea" let"ter. (Mar. Law.) Defn: The customary certificate of national character which neutral merchant vessels are bound to carry in time of war; a passport for a vessel and cargo. SEA LETTUCE Sea" let"tuce. (Bot.) Defn: The green papery fronds of several seaweeds of the genus Ulva, sometimes used as food. SEA LEVEL Sea" lev"el. Defn: The level of the surface of the sea; any surface on the same level with the sea. SEALGH; SELCH Sealgh, Selch, n.. (Zoöl.) Defn: A seal. [Scotch] SEA LILY Sea" lil"y. (Zoöl.) Defn: A crinoid. SEALING WAX Seal"ing wax`. Defn: A compound of the resinous materials, pigments, etc., used as a material for seals, as for letters, documents, etc. SEA LION Sea" li"on. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several large species of seals of the family Otariidæ native of the Pacific Ocean, especially the southern sea lion (Otaria jubata) of the South American coast; the northern sea lion (Eumetopias Stelleri) found from California to Japan; and the black, or California, sea lion (Zalophus Californianus), which is common on the rocks near San Francisco. SEA LOACH Sea" loach". (Zoöl.) Defn: The three-bearded rockling. See Rockling. SEA LOUSE Sea" louse`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of isopod crustaceans of Cymothoa, Livoneca, and allied genera, mostly parasites on fishes. SEALSKIN Seal"skin`, n. Defn: The skin of a seal; the pelt of a seal prepared for use, esp. of the fur seal; also, a garment made of this material. SEAM Seam, n. Etym: [See Saim.] Defn: Grease; tallow; lard. [Obs. or prov. Eng.] Shak. Dryden. SEAM Seam, n. Etym: [OE. seem, seam, AS. seám; akin to D. zoom, OHG. soum, G. saum, LG. soom, Icel. saumr, Sw. & Dan. söm, and E. sew. sq. root 156. See Sew to fasten with thread.] 1. The fold or line formed by sewing together two pieces of cloth or leather. 2. Hence, a line of junction; a joint; a suture, as on a ship, a floor, or other structure; the line of union, or joint, of two boards, planks, metal plates, etc. Precepts should be so finely wrought together . . . that no coarse seam may discover where they join. Addison. 3. (geol. & Mining) Defn: A thin layer or stratum; a narrow vein between two thicker strata; as, a seam of coal. 4. A line or depression left by a cut or wound; a scar; a cicatrix. Seam blast, a blast by putting the powder into seams or cracks of rocks. -- Seam lace, a lace used by carriage makers to cover seams and edges; -- called also seaming lace. -- Seam presser. (Agric.) (a) A heavy roller to press down newly plowed furrows. (b) A tailor's sadiron for pressing seams. Knight. -- Seam set, a set for flattering the seams of metal sheets, leather work, etc. SEAM Seam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Seaming.] 1. To form a seam upon or of; to join by sewing together; to unite. 2. To mark with something resembling a seam; to line; to scar. Seamed o'Pope. 3. To make the appearance of a seam in, as in knitting a stocking; hence, to knit with a certain stitch, like that in such knitting. SEAM Seam, v. i. Defn: To become ridgy; to crack open. Later their lips began to parch and seam. L. Wallace. SEAM Seam, n. Etym: [AS. seám, LL. sauma, L. sagma a packsaddle, fr. Gr. Sumpter.] Defn: A denomination of weight or measure. Specifically: (a) The quantity of eight bushels of grain. "A seam of oats." P. Plowman. (b) The quantity of 120 pounds of glass. [Eng.] SEA-MAID Sea"-maid`, n. 1. The mermaid. 2. A sea nymph. SEA-MAIL Sea"-mail`, n. Etym: [Sea + (perhaps) Mall Mally, for Mary; hence, Prov. E. mally a hare.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A gull; the mew. SEAMAN Sea"man, n.; pl. Seamen (. Defn: A merman; the male of the mermaid. [R.] "Not to mention mermaids or seamen." Locke. SEAMAN Sea"man, n.; pl. Seamen. Etym: [AS. sæman.] Defn: One whose occupation is to assist in the management of ships at sea; a mariner; a sailor; -- applied both to officers and common mariners, but especially to the latter. Opposed to landman, or landsman. Able seaman, a sailor who is practically conversant with all the duties of common seamanship. -- ordinary seaman. See Ordinary. SEAMANLIKE Sea"man*like`, a. Defn: Having or showing the skill of a practical seaman. SEAMANSHIP Sea"man*ship, n. Defn: The skill of a good seaman; the art, or skill in the art, of working a ship. SEA MANTIS Sea" man"tis. (Zoöl.) Defn: A squilla. SEA MARGE Sea" marge`. Defn: Land which borders on the sea; the seashore. Shak. You are near the sea marge of a land teeming with life. J. Burroughs. SEAMARK Sea"mark`, n. Defn: Any elevated object on land which serves as a guide to mariners; a beacon; a landmark visible from the sea, as a hill, a tree, a steeple, or the like. Shak. SEA MAT Sea" mat`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bryozoan of the genus Flustra or allied genera which form frondlike corals. SEA MAW Sea" maw`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sea mew. SEAMED Seamed, a. (Falconry) Defn: Out of condition; not in good condition; -- said of a hawk. SEA-MELL Sea"-mell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sea mew. SEA MEW Sea" mew`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A gull; the mew. SEA MILE Sea" mile`. Defn: A geographical mile. See Mile. SEA MILKWORT Sea" milk"wort`. (Bot.) Defn: A low, fleshy perennial herb (Glaux maritima) found along northern seashores. SEAMING Seam"ing, n. 1. The act or process of forming a seam or joint. 2. (Fishing) Defn: The cord or rope at the margin of a seine, to which the meshes of the net are attached. Seaming machine, a machine for uniting the edges of sheet-metal plates by bending them and pinching them together. SEAMLESS Seam"less, a. Defn: Without a seam. Christ's seamless coat, all of a piece. Jer. Taylor. SEA MONK Sea" monk`. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Monk seal, under Monk. SEA MONSTER Sea" mon"ster. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any large sea animal. SEA MOSS Sea" moss`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any branched marine bryozoan resembling moss. SEA MOUSE Sea" mouse`. (Zoöl.) (a) A dorsibranchiate annelid, belonging to Aphrodite and allied genera, having long, slender, hairlike setæ on the sides. (b) The dunlin. SEAMSTER Seam"ster, n. Etym: [See Seamstress.] Defn: One who sews well, or whose occupation is to sew. [Obs.] SEAMSTRESS Seam"stress, n. Etym: [From older seamster, properly fem., AS. seámestre. See Seam.] Defn: A woman whose occupation is sewing; a needlewoman. SEAMSTRESSY Seam"stress*y, n. Defn: The business of a seamstress. SEA MUD Sea" mud`. Defn: A rich slimy deposit in salt marshes and along the seashore, sometimes used as a manure; -- called also sea ooze. SEAMY Seam"y, a. Defn: Having a seam; containing seams, or showing them. "Many a seamy scar." Burns. Everything has its fair, as well as its seamy, side. Sir W. Scott. SEAN Sean, n. Defn: A seine. See Seine. [Prov. Eng.] SEANCE Sé`ance", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. sedens, -entis, p.pr. of sedere to sit. See Sit.] Defn: A session, as of some public body; especially, a meeting of spiritualists to receive spirit communication, so called. SEA NEEDLE Sea" nee"dle. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Garfish (a). SEA NETTLE Sea" net`tle. Defn: A jellyfish, or medusa. SEANNACHIE Sean"na*chie, n. Etym: [Gael. seanachaidh.] Defn: A bard among the Highlanders of Scotland, who preserved and repeated the traditions of the tribes; also, a genealogist. [Written also senachy.] [Scot.] SEA ONION Sea" on"ion. (Bot.) Defn: The officinal squill. See Squill. SEA OOZE Sea" ooze`. Defn: Same as Sea mud. Mortimer. SEA ORANGE Sea" or"ange. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large American holothurian (Lophothuria Fabricii) having a bright orange convex body covered with finely granulated scales. Its expanded tentacles are bright red. SEA-ORB Sea"-orb`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A globefish. SEA OTTER Sea" ot"ter. (Zoöl.) Defn: An aquatic carnivore (Enhydris lutris, or marina) found in the North Pacific Ocean. Its fur is highly valued, especially by the Chinese. It is allied to the common otter, but is larger, with feet more decidedly webbed. Sea-otter's cabbage (Bot.), a gigantic kelp of the Pacific Ocean (Nereocystis Lutkeana). See Nereocystis. SEA OWL Sea" owl`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lumpfish. SEA PAD Sea" pad`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The puffin. SEA PARROT Sea" par"rot (se" par"rut). (Zoöl.) Defn: The puffin. SEA PARTRIDGE Sea" par"tridge. (Zoöl.) Defn: The gilthead (Crenilabrus melops), a fish of the British coasts. SEA PASS Sea" pass`. Defn: A document carried by neutral merchant vessels in time of war, to show their nationality; a sea letter or passport. See Passport. SEA PEACH Sea" peach`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A beautiful American ascidian (Cynthia, or Halocynthia, pyriformis) having the size, form, velvety surface, and color of a ripe peach. SEA PEAR Sea" pear`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A pedunculated ascidian of the genus Boltonia. SEA-PEN Sea"-pen", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A pennatula. SEA PERCH Sea" perch`. (Zoöl.) (a) The European bass (Roccus, or Labrax, lupus); -- called also sea dace. (b) The cunner. (c) The sea bass. (d) The name is applied also to other species of fishes. SEA PHEASANT Sea" pheas"ant. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pintail duck. SEA PIE Sea" pie. (Zoöl.) Defn: The oyster catcher, a limicoline bird of the genus Hæmatopus. SEA PIE Sea" pie`. Defn: A dish of crust or pastry and meat or fish, etc., cooked together in alternate layers, -- a common food of sailors; as, a three-decker sea pie. SEAPIECE Sea"piece`, n. Defn: A picture representing a scene at sea; a marine picture. Addison. SEA PIET Sea" pi"et. (Zoöl.) Defn: See 1st Sea pie. SEA PIG Sea" pig`. (Zoöl.) (a) A porpoise or dolphin. (b) A dugong. SEA PIGEON Sea" pi"geon. Defn: The common guillemot. SEA PIKE Sea" pike`. (Zoöl.) (a) The garfish. (b) A large serranoid food fish (Centropomus undecimalis) found on both coasts of America; -- called also robalo. (c) The merluce. SEA PINCUSHION Sea" pin`cush`ion. (Zoöl.) (a) A sea purse. (b) A pentagonal starfish. SEA PINK Sea" pink`. (Bot.) Defn: See Thrift. SEA PLOVER Sea" plov"er. Defn: the black-bellied plover. SEA POACHER; SEA POKER Sea" poach"er. Sea" pok"er. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lyrie. SEA POOL Sea" pool`. Defn: A pool of salt water. Spenser. SEA POPPY Sea" pop"py. (Bot.) Defn: The horn poppy. See under Horn. SEA PORCUPINE Sea" por"cu*pine. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any fish of the genus Diodon, and allied genera, whose body is covered with spines. See Illust. under Diodon. SEA PORK Sea" pork`. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American compound ascidian (Amoræcium stellatum) which forms large whitish masses resembling salt pork. SEA PORT Sea" port`, n. Defn: A port on the seashore, or one accessible for seagoing vessels. Also used adjectively; as, a seaport town. SEAPOY Sea"poy, n. Defn: See Sepoy. SEA PUDDING Sea" pud"ding. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any large holothurian. [Prov. Eng.] SEA PURSE Sea" purse`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The horny egg case of a skate, and of certain sharks. SEA PURSLANE Sea" purs"lane. (Bot.) Defn: See under Purslane. SEA PYE Sea" pye`. (Zoöl.) Defn: See 1st Sea pie. SEA PYOT Sea" py"ot. (Zoöl.) Defn: See 1st Sea pie. SEA QUAIL Sea" quail`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The turnstone. SEAQUAKE Sea"quake`, n. Defn: A quaking of the sea. SEAR; SERE Sear, Sere, a. Defn: [OE. seer, AS. seár (assumed) fr. seárian to wither; akin to D. zoor dry, LG. soor, OHG. soren to to wither, Gr. sush) to dry, to wither, Zend hush to dry. sq. root152. Cf. Austere, Sorrel, a.] Dry; withered; no longer green; -- applied to leaves. Milton. I have lived long enough; my way of life Is fall'n into the sear, the yellow leaf. Shak. SEAR Sear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seared; p. pr. & vb. n. Searing.] Etym: [OE.seeren, AS. seárian. See Sear, a.] 1. To wither; to dry up. Shak. 2. To burn (the surface of) to dryness and hardness; to cauterize; to expose to a degree of heat such as changes the color or the hardness and texture of the surface; to scorch; to make callous; as, to sear the skin or flesh. Also used figuratively. I'm seared with burning steel. Rowe. It was in vain that the amiable divine tried to give salutary pain to that seared conscience. Macaulay. The discipline of war, being a discipline in destruction of life, is a discipline in callousness. Whatever sympathies exist are seared. H. Spencer. Note: Sear is allied to scorch in signification; but it is applied primarily to animal flesh, and has special reference to the effect of heat in marking the surface hard. Scorch is applied to flesh, cloth, or any other substance, and has no reference to the effect of hardness. To sear, to close by searing. "Cherish veins of good humor, and sear up those of ill." Sir W. Temple. SEAR Sear, n. Etym: [F. serre a grasp, pressing, fr. L. sera. See Serry.] Defn: The catch in a gunlock by which the hammer is held cocked or half cocked. Sear spring, the spring which causes the sear to catch in the notches by which the hammer is held. SEA RAT Sea" rat`. 1. A pirate. [R.] Massinger. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chimæra. SEA RAVEN Sea" ra"ven. (Zoöl.) (a) An American cottoid fish (Hemitripterus Americanus) allied to the sculpins, found on the northeren Atlantic coasts. (b) The cormorant. SEARCE Searce, n. Etym: [See Sarse.] Defn: A fine sieve. [Obs.] SEARCE Searce, v. t. Defn: To sift; to bolt. [Obs.] Mortimer. SEARCER Sear"cer, n. 1. One who sifts or bolts. [Obs.] 2. A searce, or sieve. [Obs.] Holland. SEARCH Search, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Searched; p. pr. & vb. n. Searching.] Etym: [OE. serchen, cerchen, OF. cerchier, F. chercher, L. circare to go about, fr. L. circum, circa, around. See Circle.] 1. To look over or through, for the purpose of finding something; to examine; to explore; as, to search the city. "Search the Scriptures." John v. 39. They are come to search the house. Shak. Search me, O God, and know my heart. Ps. cxxxix. 23. 2. To inquire after; to look for; to seek. I will both search my sheep, and seek them out. Ezek. xxxiv. 11. Enough is left besides to search and know. Milton. 3. To examine or explore by feeling with an instrument; to probe; as, to search a wound. 4. To examine; to try; to put to the test. To search out, to seek till found; to find by seeking; as, to search out truth. Syn. -- To explore; examine; scrutinize; seek; investigate; pry into; inquire. SEARCH Search, v. i. Defn: To seek; to look for something; to make inquiry, exploration, or examination; to hunt. Once more search with me. Shak. It sufficeth that they have once with care sifted the matter, and searched into all the particulars. Locke. SEARCH Search, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. cerche. See Search, v. t.] Defn: The act of seeking or looking for something; quest; inquiry; pursuit for finding something; examination. Thus the orb he roamed With narrow search, and with inspection deep Considered every creature. Milton. Nor did my search of liberty begin Till my black hairs were changed upon my chin. Dryden. Right of search (Mar. Law), the right of the lawfully commissioned cruisers of belligerent nations to examine and search private merchant vessels on the high seas, for the enemy's property or for articles contraband of war. -- Search warrant (Law), a warrant legally issued, authorizing an examination or search of a house, or other place, for goods stolen, secreted, or concealed. Syn. -- Scrutiny; examination; exploration; investigation; research; inquiry; quest; pursuit. SEARCHABLE Search"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being searched. SEARCHABLENESS Search"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being searchable. SEARCHER Search"er, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. cercheor inspector.] Defn: One who, or that which, searhes or examines; a seeker; an inquirer; an examiner; a trier. Specifically: (a) Formerly, an officer in London appointed to examine the bodies of the dead, and report the cause of death. Graunt. (b) An officer of the customs whose business it is to search ships, merchandise, luggage, etc. (c) An inspector of leather. [Prov. Eng.] (d) (Gun.) An instrument for examining the bore of a cannon, to detect cavities. (e) An implement for sampling butter; a butter trier. (j) (Med.) An instrument for feeling after calculi in the bladder, etc. SEARCHING Search"ing, a. Defn: Exploring thoroughly; scrutinizing; penetrating; trying; as, a searching discourse; a searching eye. "Piercing, searching, biting, cold." Dickens. -- Search"ing*ly, adv. -- Search"ing*ness, n. SEARCHLESS Search"less, a. Defn: Impossible to be searched; inscrutable; impenetrable. SEARCHLIGHT Search"light`, n. (a) An apparatus for projecting a powerful beam of light of approximately parallel rays, usually devised so that it can be swiveled about. (b) The beam of light projecting by this apparatus. SEARCLOTH Sear"cloth`, n. Defn: Cerecloth. Mortimer. SEARCLOTH Sear"cloth, v. t. Defn: To cover, as a sore, with cerecloth. SEARED Seared, a. Defn: Scorched; cauterized; hence, figuratively, insensible; not susceptible to moral influences. A seared conscience and a remorseless heart. Macaulay. SEAREDNESS Sear"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being seared or callous; insensibility. Bp. Hall. SEA REED Sea" reed`. (Bot.) Defn: The sea-sand reed. See under Reed. SEA RISK Sea" risk. Defn: Risk of injury, destruction, or loss by the sea, or while at sea. SEA ROBBER Sea" rob"ber. Defn: A pirate; a sea rover. SEA ROBIN Sea" rob"in. Defn: See under Robin, and Illustration in Appendix. SEA ROCKET Sea" rock"et.(Bot.) Defn: See under Rocket. SEA ROOM Sea" room`. (Naut.) Defn: Room or space at sea for a vessel to maneuver, drive, or scud, without peril of running ashore or aground. Totten. SEA ROVER Sea" rov"er. Defn: One that cruises or roves the sea for plunder; a sea robber; a pirate; also, a piratical vessel. SEA-ROVING Sea"-rov"ing Defn: , a. Cruising at random on the ocean. SEA SALMON Sea" salm"on. (Zoöl.) (a) A young pollock. (b) The spotted squeteague. (c) See Sea bass (b). SEA SALT Sea" salt`. Defn: Common salt, obtained from sea water by evaporation. SEA SANDPIPER Sea" sand"pi`per. (Zoöl.) Defn: The purple sandpiper. SEA SANDWORT Sea" sand"wort`. (Bot.) Defn: See Sea chickweed. SEA SAURIAN Sea" sau"ri*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any marine saurian; esp. (Paleon.) the large extinct species of Mosasaurus, Icthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus, and related genera. SEASCAPE Sea"scape, n. Etym: [Cf. Landscape.] Defn: A picture representing a scene at sea. [Jocose] Thackeray. SEA SCORPION Sea" scor"pi*on. (Zoöl.) (a) A European sculpin (Cottus scorpius) having the head armed with short spines. (b) The scorpene. SEA SCURF Sea" scurf`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bryozoan which forms rounded or irregular patches of coral on stones, seaweeds, etc. SEA SERPENT Sea" ser`pent. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any marine snake. See Sea snake. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large marine animal of unknown nature, often reported to have been seen at sea, but never yet captured. Note: Many accounts of sea serpents are imaginary or fictitious; others are greatly exaggerated and distorted by incompetent observers; but a number have been given by competent and trustworthy persons, which indicate that several diverse animals have been called sea serpents. Among these are, apparently, several large snakelike fishes, as the oar fish, or ribbon fish (Regalecus), and huge conger eels. Other accounts probably refer to the giant squids (Architeuthis). Some of the best accounts seem to describe a marine saurian, like the fossil Mosasauri, which were large serpentlike creatures with paddles. SEASHELL Sea"shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The shell of any marine mollusk. SEASHORE Sea"shore`, n. 1. The coast of the sea; the land that lies adjacent to the sea or ocean. 2. (Law) Defn: All the ground between the ordinary highwater and low-water marks. SEASICK Sea"sick`, a. Defn: Affected with seasickness. SEASICKNESS Sea"sick`ness, n. Defn: The peculiar sickness, characterized by nausea and prostration, which is caused by the pitching or rolling of a vessel. SEASIDE Sea"side`, n. Defn: The land bordering on, or adjacent to, the sea; the seashore. Also used adjectively. SEA SLATER Sea" slat"er. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any isopod crustacean of the genus Ligia. SEA SLUG Sea" slug`. (Zoöl.) (a) A holothurian. (b) A nudibranch mollusk. SEA SNAIL Sea" snail`. (Zoöl.) (a) A small fish of the genus Liparis, having a ventral sucker. It lives among stones and seaweeds. (b) Any small creeping marine gastropod, as the species of Littorina, Natica, etc. SEA SNAKE Sea" snake`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of many species of venomous aquatic snakes of the family Hydrophidæ, having a flattened tail and living entirely in the sea, especially in the warmer parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They feed upon fishes, and are mostly of moderate size, but some species become eight or ten feet long and four inches broad. SEA SNIPE Sea" snipe`. (Zoöl.) (a) A sandpiper, as the knot and dunlin. (b) The bellows fish. SEASON Sea"son, n. Etym: [OE. sesoun, F. saison, properly, the sowing time, fr. L. satio a sowing, a planting, fr. serere, satum, to sow, plant; akin to E. sow, v., to scatter, as seed.] 1. One of the divisions of the year, marked by alternations in the length of day and night, or by distinct conditions of temperature, moisture, etc., caused mainly by the relative position of the earth with respect to the sun. In the north temperate zone, four seasons, namely, spring, summer, autumn, and winter, are generally recognized. Some parts of the world have three seasons, -- the dry, the rainy, and the cold; other parts have but two, -- the dry and the rainy. The several seasons of the year in their beauty. Addison. 2. Hence, a period of time, especially as regards its fitness for anything contemplated or done; a suitable or convenient time; proper conjuncture; as, the season for planting; the season for rest. The season, prime for sweetest scents and airs. Milton. 3. A period of time not very long; a while; a time. Thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season. Acts xiii. 11. 4. That which gives relish; seasoning. [Obs.] You lack the season of all natures, sleep. Shak. In season, in good time, or sufficiently early for the purpose. -- Out of season, beyond or out of the proper time of the usual or appointed time. SEASON Sea"son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seasoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Seasoning.] 1. To render suitable or appropriate; to prepare; to fit. He is fit and seasoned for his passage. Shak. 2. To fit for any use by time or habit; to habituate; to accustom; to inure; to ripen; to mature; as, to season one to a climate. 3. Hence, to prepare by drying or hardening, or removal of natural juices; as, to season timber. 4. To fit for taste; to render palatable; to give zest or relish to; to spice; as, to season food. 5. Hence, to fit for enjoyment; to render agrecable. You season still with sports your serious hours. Dryden. The proper use of wit is to season conversation. Tillotson. 6. To qualify by admixture; to moderate; to temper. "When mercy seasons justice." Shak. 7. To imbue; to tinge or taint. "Who by his tutor being seasoned with the love of the truth." Fuller. Season their younger years with prudent and pious principles. Jer. Taylor. 8. To copulate with; to impregnate. [R.] Holland. SEASON Sea"son, v. i. 1. To become mature; to grow fit for use; to become adapted to a climate. 2. To become dry and hard, by the escape of the natural juices, or by being penetrated with other substance; as, timber seasons in the sun. 3. To give token; to savor. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. SEASONABLE Sea"son*a*ble, a. Defn: Occurring in good time, in due season, or in proper time for the purpose; suitable to the season; opportune; timely; as, a seasonable supply of rain. Mercy is seasonable in the time of affliction. Ecclus. xxxv. 20. -- Sea"son*a*ble*ness, n. -- Sea"son*a*bly, adv. SEASONAGE Sea"son*age, n. Defn: A seasoning. [Obs.] outh. SEASONAL Sea"son*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the seasons. Seasonal dimorphism (Zoöl.), the condition of having two distinct varieties which appear at different seasons, as certain species of butterflies in which the spring brood differs from the summer or autumnal brood. SEASONER Sea"son*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, seasons, or gives a relish; a seasoning. SEASONING Sea"son*ing, n. 1. The act or process by which anything is seasoned. 2. That which is added to any species of food, to give it a higher relish, as salt, spices, etc.; a condiment. 3. Hence, something added to enhance enjoyment or relieve dullness; as, wit is the seasoning of conversation. Political speculations are of so dry and austere a nature, that they will not go down with the public without frequent seasonings. Addison. Seasoning tub (Bakery), a trough in which dough is set to rise. Knight. SEASONLESS Sea"son*less, a. Defn: Without succession of the seasons. SEA SPIDER Sea" spi"der. (Zoöl.) (a) Any maioid crab; a spider crab. See Maioid, and Spider crab, under Spider. (b) Any pycnogonid. SEA SQUIRT Sea" squirt`. (Zoöl.) Defn: An ascidian. See Illust. under Tunicata. SEA STAR Sea" star`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A starfish, or brittle star. SEA SURGEON Sea" sur"geon. (Zoöl.) Defn: A surgeon fish. SEA SWALLOW Sea" swal"low. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The common tern. (b) The storm petrel. (c) The gannet. 2. (Her.) Defn: See Cornish chough, under Chough. SEAT Seat, n. Etym: [OE. sete, Icel. sæti; akin to Sw. säte, Dan. sæde, MHG. saze, AS. set, setl, and E. sit. sq. root154. See Sit, and cf. Settle, n.] 1. The place or thing upon which one sits; hence; anything made to be sat in or upon, as a chair, bench, stool, saddle, or the like. And Jesus . . . overthrew the tables of the money changers, and the seats of them that sold doves. Matt. xxi. 12. 2. The place occupied by anything, or where any person or thing is situated, resides, or abides; a site; an abode, a station; a post; a situation. Where thou dwellest, even where Satan's seat is. Rev. ii. 13. He that builds a fair house upon an ill seat committeth himself to prison. Bacon. A seat of plenty, content, and tranquillity. Macaulay. 3. That part of a thing on which a person sits; as, the seat of a chair or saddle; the seat of a pair of pantaloons. 4. A sitting; a right to sit; regular or appropriate place of sitting; as, a seat in a church; a seat for the season in the opera house. 5. Posture, or way of sitting, on horseback. She had so good a seat and hand she might be trusted with any mount. G. Eliot. 6. (Mach.) Defn: A part or surface on which another part or surface rests; as, a valve seat. Seat worm (Zoöl.), the pinworm. SEAT Seat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seated; p. pr. & vb. n. Seating.] 1. To place on a seat; to cause to sit down; as, to seat one's self. The guests were no sooner seated but they entered into a warm debate. Arbuthnot. 2. To cause to occupy a post, site, situation, or the like; to station; to establish; to fix; to settle. Thus high . . . is King Richard seated. Shak. They had seated themselves in New Guiana. Sir W. Raleigh. 3. To assign a seat to, or the seats of; to give a sitting to; as, to seat a church, or persons in a church. 4. To fix; to set firm. From their foundations, loosening to and fro, They plucked the seated hills. Milton. 5. To settle; to plant with inhabitants; as to seat a country. [Obs.] W. Stith. 6. To put a seat or bottom in; as, to seat a chair. SEAT Seat, v. i. Defn: To rest; to lie down. [Obs.] Spenser. SEA TANG Sea" tang`. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of seaweed; tang; tangle. To their nests of sedge and sea tang. Longfellow. SEA TERM Sea" term`. Defn: A term used specifically by seamen; a nautical word or phrase. SEA THIEF Sea" thief`. Defn: A pirate. Drayton. SEA THONGS Sea" thongs`. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of blackish seaweed (Himanthalia lorea) found on the northern coasts of the Atlantic. It has a thonglike forking process rising from a top-shaped base. SEATING Seat"ing, n. 1. The act of providong with a seat or seats; as, the seating of an audience. 2. The act of making seats; also, the material for making seats; as, cane seating. SEA TITLING Sea" tit"ling. (Zoöl.) Defn: The rock pipit. SEATLESS Seat"less, a. Defn: Having no seat. SEA TOAD Sea" toad`. (Zoöl.) (a) A sculpin. (b) A toadfish. (c) The angler. SEA TROUT Sea" trout`. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of true trouts which descend rivers and enter the sea after spawning, as the European bull trout and salmon trout, and the eastern American spotted trout. (b) The common squeteague, and the spotted squeteague. (c) A California fish of the family Chiridæ, especially Hexagrammus decagrammus; -- called also spotted rock trout. See Rock trout, under Rock. (d) A California sciænoid fish (Cynoscion nobilis); -- called also white sea bass. SEA TRUMPET Sea" trum"pet. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A great blackish seaweed of the Southern Ocean, having a hollow and expanding stem and a pinnate frond, sometimes twenty feet long. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any large marine univalve shell of the genus Triton. See Triton. SEA TURN Sea" turn`. Defn: A breeze, gale, or mist from the sea. Ham. Nav. Encyc. SEA TURTLE Sea" tur"tle. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several very large species of chelonians having the feet converted into paddles, as the green turtle, hawkbill, loggerhead, and leatherback. They inhabit all warm seas. (b) The sea pigeon, or guillemot. SEA UNICORN Sea" u"ni*corn. (Zoöl.) Defn: The narwhal. SEA URCHIN Sea" ur"chin. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of echinoderms of the order Echinoidea. Note: When living they are covered with movable spines which are often long and sharp. SEAVE Seave, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. siv, Sw. säf, Icel. sef.] Defn: A rush. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SEAVY Seav`y, a. Defn: Overgrown with rushes. [Prov. Eng.] SEA WALL Sea" wall`. Etym: [AS. sæweall.] Defn: A wall, or embankment, to resist encroachments of the sea. SEA-WALLED Sea"-walled`, a. Defn: Surrounded, bounded, or protected by the sea, as if by a wall. Shak. SEAWAN; SEAWANT Sea"wan, Sea"want, n. Defn: The name used by the Algonquin Indians for the shell beads which passed among the Indians as money. Note: Seawan was of two kinds; wampum, white, and suckanhock, black or purple, -- the former having half the value of the latter. Many writers, however, use the terms seawan and wampum indiscriminately. Bartlett. SEAWAND Sea"wand` . (Bot.) Defn: See Sea girdles. SEAWARD Sea"ward, a. Defn: Directed or situated toward the sea. Donne. Two still clouds . . . sparkled on their seaward edges like a frosted fleece. G. W. Cable. SEAWARD Sea"ward, adv. Defn: Toward the sea. Drayton. SEAWARE Sea"ware`, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. sæwar seaweed.] (Bot.) Defn: Seaweed; esp., coarse seaweed. See Ware, and Sea girdles. SEAWEED Sea"weed`, n. 1. Popularly, any plant or plants growing in the sea. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Any marine plant of the class Algæ, as kelp, dulse, Fucus, Ulva, etc. SEA WHIP Sea" whip`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A gorgonian having a simple stem. SEA WIDGEON Sea" wid"geon. (Zoöl.) (a) The scaup duck. (b) The pintail duck. SEAWIFE Sea"wife`, n.; pl. Seawives (. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European wrasse (Labrus vetula). SEA WILLOW Sea" wil"low. (Zoöl.) Defn: A gorgonian coral with long flexible branches. SEA WING Sea" wing`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A wing shell (Avicula). SEA WITHWIND Sea" with"wind`. Defn: (Bot.) A kind of bindweed (Convolvulus Soldanella) growing on the seacoast of Europe. SEA WOLF Sea" wolf`. (Zoöl.) (a) The wolf fish. (b) The European sea perch. (c) The sea elephant. (d) A sea lion. SEA WOODCOCK Sea" wood"cock`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The bar-tailed godwit. SEA WOOD LOUSE Sea" wood louse`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sea slater. SEA WORMWOOD Sea" worm"wood`. (Bot.) Defn: A European species of wormwood (Artemisia maritima) growing by the sea. SEAWORTHINESS Sea"wor`thi*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being seaworthy, or able to resist the ordinary violence of wind and weather. Kent. SEAWORTHY Sea"wor`thy, a. Defn: Fit for a voyage; worthy of being trusted to transport a cargo with safety; as, a seaworthy ship. SEA WRACK Sea" wrack`. (Bot.) Defn: See Wrack. SEBACEOUS Se*ba"ceous, a. Etym: [NL. sebaceus, from L. sebum tallow, grease.] (Physiol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or secreting, fat; composed of fat; having the appearance of fat; as, the sebaceous secretions of some plants, or the sebaceous humor of animals. Sebaceous cyst (Med.), a cyst formed by distention of a sebaceous gland, due to obstruction of its excretory duct. -- Sebaceous glands (Anat.), small subcutaneous glands, usually connected with hair follicles. They secrete an oily semifluid matter, composed in great part of fat, which softens and lubricates the hair and skin. SEBACIC Se*bac"ic, a. Etym: [L. sebum tallow: cf. F. sébacique.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to fat; derived from, or resembling, fat; specifically, designating an acid (formerly called also sebic, and pyroleic, acid), obtained by the distillation or saponification of certain oils (as castor oil) as a white crystalline substance. SEBAT Se"bat, n. Etym: [Heb. shèbat.] Defn: The eleventh month of the ancient Hebrew year, approximately corresponding with February. W. Smith (Bibl. Dict. ). SEBATE Se"bate (se"b\ddt), n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sebacic acid. SEBESTEN Se*bes"ten, n. Etym: [Ar. sebestan the tree: cf. Sp. sebesten.] (Bot.) Defn: The mucilaginous drupaceous fruit of two East Indian trees (Cordia Myxa, and C. latifolia), sometimes used medicinally in pectoral diseases. Note: In the West Indies the name is given to the similar fruit of Cordia Sebestana. SEBIC Se"bic, a. Defn: See Sebacic. [Obs.] SEBIFEROUS Se*bif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. sebum tallow + -ferous.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Producing vegetable tallow. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Producing fat; sebaceous; as, the sebiferous, or sebaceous, glands. SEBIPAROUS Se*bip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. sebum tallow + parere to bring forth.] (Physiol.) Defn: Same as Sebiferous. SEBORRHEA Seb"or*rhe*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. sebum tallow + Gr. (Med.) Defn: A morbidly increased discharge of sebaceous matter upon the skin; stearrhea. SECALE Se*ca"le, n. Etym: [L., a kind of grain.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of cereal grasses including rye. SECANCY Se"can*cy, n. Etym: [See Secant.] Defn: A cutting; an intersection; as, the point of secancy of one line by another. [R.] Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ). SECANT Se"cant, a. Etym: [L. secans, -antis, p.pr. of secare to cut. See Section.] Defn: Cutting; divivding into two parts; as, a secant line. SECANT Secant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sécante. See Secant, a.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A line that cuts another; especially, a straight line cutting a curve in two or more points. 2. (Trig.) Defn: A right line drawn from the center of a circle through one end of a circular arc, and terminated by a tangent drawn from the other end; the number expressing the ratio line of this line to the radius of the circle. See Trigonometrical function, under Function. SECCO Sec"co, a. Etym: [It.] Defn: Dry. Secco painting, or Painting in secco, painting on dry plaster, as distinguished from fresco painting, which is on wet or fresh plaster. SECEDE Se"cede", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seceding.] Etym: [L. secedere, secessum; pref se- aside + cedere to go, move. See Cede.] Defn: To withdraw from fellowship, communion, or association; to separate one's self by a solemn act; to draw off; to retire; especially, to withdraw from a political or religious body. SECEDER Se*ced"er, n. 1. One who secedes. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a numerous body of Presbyterians in Scotland who seceded from the communion of the Established Church, about the year 1733, and formed the Secession Church, so called. SECERN Se*cern", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secerned; p. pr. & vb. n. Secerning.] Etym: [L. secernere. See Secrete.] 1. To separate; to distinguish. Averroes secerns a sense of titillation, and a sense of hunger and thirst. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: To secrete; as, mucus secerned in the nose. Arbuthnot. SECERNENT Se*cern"ent, a. Etym: [L. secernens, p.pr.] (Physiol.) Defn: Secreting; secretory. SECERNENT Se*cern"ent, n. 1. That which promotes secretion. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A vessel in, or by means of, which the process of secretion takes place; a secreting vessel. SECERNMENT Se*cern"ment, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The act or process of secreting. SECESS Se*cess", n. Etym: [L. secessus. See Secede.] Defn: Retirement; retreat; secession. [Obs.] R. H. More. SECESSION Se*ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. secessio: cf. F. sécession. See Secede.] 1. The act of seceding; separation from fellowship or association with others, as in a religious or political organization; withdrawal. 2. (U.S. Hist.) Defn: The withdrawal of a State from the national Union. Secession Church (in Scotland). See Seceder. SECESSIONISM Se*ces"sion*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine or policy of secession; the tenets of secession; the tenets of secessionists. SECESSIONIST Se*ces"sion*ist, n. 1. One who upholds secession. 2. (U.S. Hist.) Defn: One who holds to the belief that a State has the right to separate from the Union at its will. SECHE Seche, v. t. & i. Defn: To seek. [Obs.] Chaucer. SECHIUM Se"chi*um, n. Etym: [NL.: cf. F. séchion; perhaps formed fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The edible fruit of a West Indian plant (Sechium edule) of the Gourd family. It is soft, pear-shaped, and about four inches long, and contains a single large seed. The root of the plant resembles a yam, and is used for food. SECK Seck, a. Etym: [F. sec, properly, dry, L. siccua.] Defn: Barren; unprofitable. See Rent seck, under Rent. SECKEL Seck"el, n. (Bot.) Defn: A small reddish brown sweet and juicy pear. It originated on a farm near Philadelphia, afterwards owned by a Mr. Seckel. SECLE Se"cle, n. Etym: [L. saeculum: cf. F. siècle. See Secular.] Defn: A century. [Obs.] Hammond. SECLUDE Se*clude, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Secluding.] Etym: [L. secludere, seclusum pref. se- aside + claudere to shut. See Close, v. t.] 1. To shut up apart from others; to withdraw into, or place in, solitude; to separate from society or intercourse with others. Let Eastern tyrants from the light of heaven Seclude their bosom slaves. Thomson. 2. To shut or keep out; to exclude. [Obs.] Evelyn. -- Se*clud"ed*ly, adv. -- Se*clud"ed*ness, n. SECLUSION Se*clu"sion, n. Etym: [See Seclude.] Defn: The act of secluding, or the state of being secluded; separation from society or connection; a withdrawing; privacy; as, to live in seclusion. O blest seclusion from a jarring world, which he, thus occupied, enjoys! Cowper. Syn. -- Solitude; separation; withdrawment; retirement; privacy. See Solitude. SECLUSIVE Se*clu"sive, a. Defn: Tending to seclude; keeping in seclusion; secluding; sequestering. SECOND Sec"ond, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. secundus second, properly, following, fr. sequi to follow. See Sue to follow, and cf. Secund.] 1. Immediately following the first; next to the first in order of place or time; hence, occuring again; another; other. And he slept and dreamed the second time. Gen. xli. 5. 2. Next to the first in value, power, excellence, dignity, or rank; secondary; subordinate; inferior. May the day when we become the second people upon earth . . . be the day of our utter extirpation. Landor. 3. Being of the same kind as another that has preceded; another, like a protype; as, a second Cato; a second Troy; a second deluge. A Daniel, still say I, a second Daniel! Shak. Second Adventist. See Adventist. -- Second cousin, the child of a cousin. -- Second-cut file. See under File. -- Second distance (Art), that part of a picture between the foreground and the background; -- called also middle ground, or middle distance. [R.] -- Second estate (Eng.), the House of Peers. -- Second girl, a female house-servant who does the lighter work, as chamber work or waiting on table. -- Second intention. See under Intention. -- Second story, Story floor, in America, the second range of rooms from the street level. This, in England, is called the first floor, the one beneath being the ground floor. -- Second thought or thoughts, consideration of a matter following a first impulse or impression; reconsideration. On second thoughts, gentlemen, I don't wish you had known him. Dickens. SECOND Sec"ond, n. 1. One who, or that which, follows, or comes after; one next and inferior in place, time, rank, importance, excellence, or power. Man an angel's second, nor his second long. Young. 2. One who follows or attends another for his support and aid; a backer; an assistant; specifically, one who acts as another's aid in a duel. Being sure enough of seconds after the first onset. Sir H. Wotton. 3. Aid; assistance; help. [Obs.] Give second, and my love Is everlasting thine. J. Fletcher. 4. pl. Defn: An article of merchandise of a grade inferior to the best; esp., a coarse or inferior kind of flour. 5. Etym: [F. seconde. See Second, a.] Defn: The sixtieth part of a minute of time or of a minute of space, that is, the second regular subdivision of the degree; as, sound moves about 1,140 English feet in a second; five minutes and ten seconds north of this place. 6. In the duodecimal system of mensuration, the twelfth part of an inch or prime; a line. See Inch, and Prime, n., 8. 7. (Mus.) (a) The interval between any tone and the tone which is represented on the degree of the staff next above it. (b) The second part in a concerted piece; -- often popularly applied to the alto. Second hand, the hand which marks the seconds on the dial of a watch or a clock. SECOND Sec"ond, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seconded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seconding.] Etym: [Cf. F. seconder, L. secundare, from secundus. See Second, a.] 1. To follow in the next place; to succeed; to alternate. [R.] In the method of nature, a low valley is immediately seconded with an ambitious hill. Fuller. Sin is seconded with sin. South. 2. To follow or attend for the purpose of assisting; to support; to back; to act as the second of; to assist; to forward; to encourage. We have supplies to second our attempt. Shak. In human works though labored on with pain, A thousand movements scarce one purpose gain; In God's, one single can its end produce, Yet serves to second too some other use. Pope. 3. Specifically, to support, as a motion or proposal, by adding one's voice to that of the mover or proposer. SECONDARILY Sec"ond*a*ri*ly, adv. 1. In a secondary manner or degree. 2. Secondly; in the second place. [Obs.] God hath set some in the church, first apostels, secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers. 1 Cor. xii. 28. SECONDARINESS Sec"ond*a*ri*ness, n. Defn: The state of being secondary. Full of a girl's sweet sense of secondariness to the object of her love. Mrs. Oliphant. SECONDARY Sec"ond*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. secondaire, L. secundaire. See Second, a.] 1. Suceeding next in order to the first; of second place, origin, rank, rank, etc.; not primary; subordinate; not of the first order or rate. Wheresoever there is normal right on the one hand, no secondary right can discharge it. L'Estrange. Two are the radical differences; the secondary differences are as four. Bacon. 2. Acting by deputation or delegated authority; as, the work of secondary hands. 3. (Chem.) Defn: Possessing some quality, or having been subject to some operation (as substitution), in the second degree; as, a secondary salt, a secondary amine, etc. Cf. primary. 4. (Min.) Defn: Subsequent in origin; -- said of minerals produced by alteertion or deposition subsequent to the formation of the original rocks mass; also of characters of minerals (as secondary cleavage, etc.) developed by pressure or other causes. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the second joint of the wing of a bird. 6. (Med.) Defn: Dependent or consequent upon another disease; as, Bright's disease is often secondary to scarlet fever. (b) Occuring in the second stage of a disease; as, the secondary symptoms of syphilis. Secondary accent. See the Note under Accent, n., 1. -- Secondary age. (Geol.) The Mesozoic age, or age before the Tertiary. See Mesozoic, and Note under Age, n., 8. -- Secondary alcohol (Chem.), any one of a series of alcohols which contain the radical CH.OH united with two hydrocarbon radicals. On oxidation the secondary alcohols form ketones. -- Secondary amputation (Surg.), an amputation for injury, performed after the constitutional effects of the injury have subsided. -- Secondary axis (Opt.), any line which passes through the optical center of a lens but not through the centers of curvature, or, in the case of a mirror, which passes through the center of curvature but not through the center of the mirror. -- Secondary battery. (Elec.) See under Battery, n., 4. -- Secondary circle (Geom. & Astron.), a great circle passes through the poles of another great circle and is therefore perpendicular to its plane. -- Secondary circuit, Secondary coil (Elec.), a circuit or coil in which a current is produced by the induction of a current in a neighboring circuit or coil called the primary circuit or coil. -- Secondary color, a color formed by mixing any two primary colors in equal proportions. -- Secondary coverts (Zoöl.), the longer coverts which overlie the basal part of the secondary quills of a bird. See Illust. under Bird. -- Secondary crystal (Min.), a crystal derived from one of the primary forms. -- Secondary current (Elec.), a momentary current induced in a closed circuit by a current of electricity passing through the same or a contiguous circuit at the beginning and also at the end of the passage of the primary current. -- Secondary evidence, that which is admitted upon failure to obtain the primary or best evidence. -- Secondary fever (Med.), a fever coming on in a disease after the subsidence of the fever with which the disease began, as the fever which attends the outbreak of the eruption in smallpox. -- Secondary hemorrhage (Med.), hemorrhage occuring from a wounded blood vessel at some considerable time after the original bleeding has ceased. -- Secondary planet. (Astron.) See the Note under Planet. -- Secondary qualities, those qualities of bodies which are not inseparable from them as such, but are dependent for their development and intensity on the organism of the percipient, such as color, taste, odor, etc. -- Secondary quills or remiges (Zoöl.), the quill feathers arising from the forearm of a bird and forming a row continuous with the primaries; -- called also secondaries. See Illust. of Bird. -- Secondary rocks or strata (Geol.), those lying between the Primary, or Paleozoic, and Tertiary (see Primary rocks, under Primary); -- later restricted to strata of the Mesozoic age, and at but little used. -- Secondary syphilis (Med.), the second stage of syphilis, including the period from the first development of constitutional symptoms to the time when the bones and the internal organs become involved. -- Secondary tint, any subdued tint, as gray. -- Secondary union (Surg.), the union of wounds after suppuration; union by the second intention. Syn. -- Second; second-rate; subordinate; inferior. SECONDARY Sec"ond*a*ry, n.; pl. Secondaries (. 1. One who occupies a subordinate, inferior, or auxiliary place; a delegate deputy; one who is second or next to the chief officer; as, the secondary, or undersheriff of the city of London. Old Escalus . . . is thy secondary. Shak. 2. (Astron.) (a) A secondary circle. (b) A satellite. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A secondary quill. SECOND-CLASS Sec"ond-class`, a. Defn: Of the rank or degree below the best highest; inferior; second- rate; as, a second-class house; a second-class passage. SECONDER Sec"ond*er, n. Defn: One who seconds or supports what another attempts, affirms, moves, or proposes; as, the seconder of an enterprise or of a motion. SECONDHAND Sec"ond*hand`, a. 1. Not original or primary; received from another. They have but a secondhand or implicit knowledge. Locke. 2. Not new; already or previously or used by another; as, a secondhand book, garment. At second hand. See Hand, n., 10. SECONDLY Sec"ond*ly, adv. Defn: In the second place. SECONDO Se*con"do (; It.), n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: The second part in a concerted piece. SECOND-RATE Sec"ond-rate`, a. Defn: Of the second size, rank, quality, or value; as, a second-rate ship; second-rate cloth; a second-rate champion. Dryden. SECOND-SIGHT Sec"ond-sight`, n. Defn: The power of discerning what is not visible to the physical eye, or of foreseeing future events, esp. such as are of a disastrous kind; the capacity of a seer; prophetic vision. he was seized with a fit of second-sight. Addison. Nor less availed his optic sleight, And Scottish gift of second- sight. Trumbull. SECOND-SIGHTED Sec"ond-sight`ed, a. Defn: Having the power of second-sight. Addison. SECRE Se"cre ( or ), a. Defn: Secret; secretive; faithful to a secret. [Obs.] To be holden stable and secre. Chaucer. SECRE Se"cre, n. Defn: A secret. [Obs.] Chaucer. SECRECY Se"cre*cy, n.; pl. Secrecies. Etym: [From Secret.] 1. The state or quality of being hidden; as, his movements were detected in spite of their secrecy. The Lady Anne, Whom the king hath in secrecy long married. Shak. 2. That which is concealed; a secret. [R.] Shak. 3. Seclusion; privacy; retirement. "The pensive secrecy of desert cell." Milton. 4. The quality of being secretive; fidelity to a secret; forbearance of disclosure or discovery. It is not with public as with private prayer; in this, rather secrecy is commanded than outward show. Hooker. SECRELY Se"cre*ly, adv. Defn: Secretly. [Obs.] Chaucer. SECRENESS Se"cre*ness, n. Defn: Secrecy; privacy. [Obs.] Chaucer. SECRET Se"cret, a. Etym: [F. secret (cf. Sp.& Pg. secreto, It. secreto, segreto), fr. L. secretus, p.p. of secrernere to put apart, to separate. See Certain, and cf. Secrete, Secern.] 1. Hidden; concealed; as, secret treasure; secret plans; a secret vow. Shak. The secret things belong unto the Lord our God; but those things which are revealed belong unto us. Deut. xxix. 29. 2. Withdraw from general intercourse or notice; in retirement or secrecy; secluded. There, secret in her sapphire cell, He with the Naïs wont to dwell. Fenton. 3. Faithful to a secret; not inclined to divulge or betray confidence; secretive. [R.] Secret Romans, that have spoke the word, And will not palter. Shak. 4. Separate; distinct. [Obs.] They suppose two other divine hypostases superior thereunto, which were perfectly secret from matter. Cudworth. Syn. -- Hidden; concealed; secluded; retired; unseen; unknown; private; obscure; recondite; latent; covert; clandestine; privy. See Hidden. SECRET Se"cret, n. Etym: [F. secret (cf. Pr. secret, Sp. & Pg. secreto, It. secreto, segreto), from L. secretum. See Secret, a.] 1. Something studiously concealed; a thing kept from general knowledge; what is not revealed, or not to be revealed. To tell our secrets is often folly; to communicate those of others is treachery. Rambler. 2. A thing not discovered; what is unknown or unexplained; a mystery. All secrets of the deep, all nature's works. Milton 3. pl. Defn: The parts which modesty and propriety require to be concealed; the genital organs. In secret, in a private place; in privacy or secrecy; in a state or place not seen; privately. Bread eaten in secret is pleasant. Prov. ix. 17. SECRET Se"cret, v. t. Defn: To keep secret. [Obs.] Bacon. SECRETAGE Se"cret*age, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A process in which mercury, or some of its salts, is employed to impart the property of felting to certain kinds of furs. Ure. SECRETARIAL Sec`re*ta"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a secretary; befitting a secretary. [R.] Secretarial, diplomatic, or other official training. Carlyle. SECRETARIAT; SECRETARIATE Sec`re*ta"ri*at, Sec`re*ta"ri*ate, n. Etym: [F. secrétariat.] Defn: The office of a secretary; the place where a secretary transacts business, keeps records, etc. SECRETARY Sec"re*ta*ry, n.; pl. Secretaries. Etym: [F. secrétaire (cf. Pr. secretari, Sp. & Pg. secretario, It. secretario, segretario) LL. secretarius, originally, a confidant, one intrusted with secrets, from L. secretum a secret. See Secret, a. & n.] 1. One who keeps, or is intrusted with, secrets. [R.] 2. A person employed to write orders, letters, dispatches, public or private papers, records, and the like; an official scribe, amanuensis, or writer; one who attends to correspondence, and transacts other business, for an association, a public body, or an individual. That which is most of all profitable is acquaintance with the secretaries, and employed men of ambassadors. Bacon. 3. An officer of state whose business is to superintend and manage the affairs of a particular department of government, and who is usually a member of the cabinet or advisory council of the chief executive; as, the secretary of state, who conducts the correspondence and attends to the relations of a government with foreign courts; the secretary of the treasury, who manages the department of finance; the secretary of war, etc. 4. A piece of furniture, with conveniences for writing and for the arrangement of papers; an escritoire. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The secretary bird. Secretary Bird. Etym: [So called in allusion to the tufts of feathers at the back of its head, which were fancifully thought to resemble pens stuck behind the ear.] (Zoöl.) A large long-legged raptorial bird (Gypogeranus serpentarius), native of South Africa, but now naturalized in the West Indies and some other tropical countries. It has a powerful hooked beak, a crest of long feathers, and a long tail. It feeds upon reptiles of various kinds, and is much prized on account of its habit of killing and devouring snakes of all kinds. Called also serpent eater. Syn. -- See the Note under Clerk, n., 4. SECRETARYSHIP Sec"re*ta*ry*ship, n. Defn: The office, or the term of office, of a secretary. SECRETE Se*crete", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Secreting.] Etym: [L. secretus separated, secret, hidden, p. p. of secernere. See Secret, and cf. Discrete, Discreet.] 1. To deposit in a place of hiding; to hide; to conceal; as, to secrete stolen goods; to secrete one's self. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: To separate from the blood and elaborate by the process of secretion; to elaborate and emit as a secretion. See Secretion. Why one set of cells should secrete bile, another urea, and so on, we do not known. Carpenter. Syn. -- To conceal; hide. See Conceal. SECRETION Se*cre"tion, n. Etym: [L. secretio: cf. F. sécrétion.] 1. The act of secreting or concealing; as, the secretion of dutiable goods. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The act of secreting; the process by which material is separated from the blood through the agency of the cells of the various glands and elaborated by the cells into new substances so as to form the various secretions, as the saliva, bile, and other digestive fluids. The process varies in the different glands, and hence are formed the various secretions. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: Any substance or fluid secreted, or elaborated and emitted, as the gastric juice. SECRETIST Se"cret*ist, n. Defn: A dealer in secrets. [Obs.] SECRETITIOUS Se`cre*ti"tious, a. Defn: Parted by animal secretion; as, secretitious humors. Floyer. SECRETIVE Se*cret"ive, a. Defn: Tending to secrete, or to keep secret or private; as, a secretive disposition. SECRETIVENESS Se*cret"ive*ness, n. 1. The quality of being secretive; disposition or tendency to conceal. 2. (Phren.) Defn: The faculty or propensity which impels to reserve, secrecy, or concealment. SECRETLY Se"cret*ly, adv. Defn: In a secret manner. SECRETNESS Se"cret*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being secret, hid, or concealed. 2. Secretiveness; concealment. Donne. SECRETO-MOTORY Se*cre`to-*mo"to*ry, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Causing secretion; -- said of nerves which go to glands and influence secretion. SECRETORY Se*cre"to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sécrétoire. See Secrete.] (Physiol.) Defn: Secreting; performing, or connected with, the office secretion; secernent; as, secretory vessels, nerves. -- n. Defn: A secretory vessel; a secernent. SECRET SERVICE Se"cret serv"ice. Defn: The detective service of a government. In the United States, in time of peace the bureau of secret service is under the treasury department, and in time of war it aids the war department in securing information concerning the movements of the enemy. SECT Sect, n. Etym: [L. secare, sectum, to cut.] Defn: A cutting; a scion. [Obs.] Shak. SECT Sect, n. Etym: [F. secte, L. sects, fr. sequi to follew; often confused with L. secare, sectum, to cut. See Sue to follow, and cf. Sept, Suit, n.] Defn: Those following a particular leader or authority, or attached to a certain opinion; a company or set having a common belief or allegiance distinct from others; in religion, the believers in a particular creed, or upholders of a particular practice; especially, in modern times, a party dissenting from an established church; a denomination; in philosophy, the disciples of a particular master; a school; in society and the state, an order, rank, class, or party. He beareth the sign of poverty, And in that sect our Savior saved all mankind. Piers Plowman. As of the sect of which that he was born, He kept his lay, to which that he was sworn. Chaucer. The cursed sect of that detestable and false prophet Mohammed. Fabyan. As concerning this sect [Christians], we know that everywhere it is spoken against. Acts xxviii. 22. SECTANT Sec"tant, n. Etym: [L. secare, sectum, to cut.] Defn: One of the portions of space bounded by the three coordinate planes. Specif. (Crystallog.), one of the parts of a crystal into which it is divided by the axial planes. SECTARIAN Sec*ta"ri*an, n. Defn: Pertaining to a sect, or to sects; peculiar to a sect; bigotedly attached to the tenets and interests of a denomination; as, sectarian principles or prejudices. SECTARIAN Sec*ta"ri*an, n. Defn: One of a sect; a member or adherent of a special school, denomination, or religious or philosophical party; one of a party in religion which has separated itself from established church, or which holds tenets different from those of the prevailing denomination in a state. Syn. -- See Heretic. SECTARIANISM Sec*ta"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: The quality or character of a sectarian; devotion to the interests of a party; excess of partisan or denominational zeal; adherence to a separate church organization. SECTARIANIZE Sec*ta"ri*an*ize, v. t. Defn: To imbue with sectarian feelings; to subject to the control of a sect. SECTARISM Sec"ta*rism, n. Defn: Sectarianism. [Obs.] SECTARIST Sec"ta*rist, n. Defn: A sectary. [R.] T. Warton. SECTARY Sec"ta*ry, n.;pl. Sectaries. Etym: [F. sectaire. See Sect.] Defn: A sectarian; a member or adherent of a sect; a follower or disciple of some particular teacher in philosophy or religion; one who separates from an established church; a dissenter. I never knew that time in England when men of truest religion were not counted sectaries. Milton. SECTATOR Sec*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. sectari, v. intens. fr. sequi to follow. See Sue to follow.] Defn: A follower; a disciple; an adherent to a sect. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. SECTILE Sec"tile, a. Etym: [L. sectilis, fr. secare, sectum, to cut: cf. F. sectile. See Section.] Defn: Capable of being cut; specifically (Min.), capable of being severed by the knife with a smooth cut; -- said of minerals. SECTILITY Sec*til"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being sectile. SECTION Sec"tion, n. Etym: [L. sectio, fr. secare, sectum, to cut; akin to E. saw a cutting instrument: cf. F. section. See Saw, and cf. Scion, Dissect, Insect, Secant, Segment.] 1. The act of cutting, or separation by cutting; as, the section of bodies. 2. A part separated from something; a division; a portion; a slice. Specifically: -- (a) A distinct part or portion of a book or writing; a subdivision of a chapter; the division of a law or other writing; a paragraph; an article; hence, the character §, often used to denote such a division. It is hardly possible to give a distinct view of his several arguments in distinct sections. Locke. (b) A distinct part of a country or people, community, class, or the like; a part of a territory separated by geographical lines, or of a people considered as distinct. The extreme section of one class consists of bigoted dotards, the extreme section of the other consists of shallow and reckless empirics. Macaulay. (c) One of the portions, of one square mile each, into which the public lands of the United States are divided; one thirty-sixth part of a township. These sections are subdivided into quarter sections for sale under the homestead and preëmption laws. 3. (Geom.) Defn: The figure made up of all the points common to a superficies and a solid which meet, or to two superficies which meet, or to two lines which meet. In the first case the section is a superficies, in the second a line, and in the third a point. 4. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: A division of a genus; a group of species separated by some distinction from others of the same genus; -- often indicated by the sign §. 5. (Mus.) Defn: A part of a musical period, composed of one or more phrases. See Phrase. 6. The description or representation of anything as it would appear if cut through by any intersecting plane; depiction of what is beyond a plane passing through, or supposed to pass through, an object, as a building, a machine, a succession of strata; profile. Note: In mechanical drawing, as in these Illustrations of a cannon, a longitudinal section (a) usually represents the object as cut through its center lengthwise and vertically; a cross or transverse section (b), as cut crosswise and vertically; and a horizontal section (c), as cut through its center horizontally. Oblique sections are made at various angles. In architecture, a vertical section is a drawing showing the interior, the thickness of the walls, ets., as if made on a vertical plane passed through a building. Angular sections (Math.), a branch of analysis which treats of the relations of sines, tangents, etc., of arcs to the sines, tangents, etc., of their multiples or of their parts. [R.] -- Conic sections. (Geom.) See under Conic. -- Section liner (Drawing), an instrument to aid in drawing a series of equidistant parallel lines, -- used in representing sections. -- Thin sections, a section or slice, as of mineral, animal, or vegetable substance, thin enough to be transparent, and used for study under the microscope. Syn. -- Part; portion; division. -- Section, Part. The English more commonly apply the word section to a part or portion of a body of men; as, a section of the clergy, a small section of the Whigs, etc. In the United States this use is less common, but another use, unknown or but little known in England, is very frequent, as in the phrases "the eastern section of our country," etc., the same sense being also given to the adjective sectional as, sectional feelings, interests, etc. SECTIONAL Sec"tion*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a sections or distinct part of larger body or territory; local. All sectional interests, or party feelings, it is hoped, will hereafter yield to schemes of ambition. Story. 2. Consisting of sections, or capable of being divided into sections; as, a sectional steam boiler. SECTIONALISM Sec"tion*al*ism, n. Defn: A disproportionate regard for the interests peculiar to a section of the country; local patriotism, as distinguished from national. [U. S.] SECTIONALITY Sec"tion*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The state or quality of being sectional; sectionalism. SECTIONALIZE Sec"tion*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To divide according to gepgraphical sections or local interests. [U. S.] The principal results of the struggle were to sectionalize parties. Nicilay & Hay (Life of Lincoln). SECTIONALLY Sec"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a sectional manner. SECTIONIZE Sec"tion*ize, v. t. Defn: To form into sections. [R.] SECTISM Sect"ism, n. Defn: Devotion to a sect. [R.] SECTIST Sect"ist, n. Defn: One devoted to a sect; a soetary. [R.] SECTIUNCLE Sect"i*un`cle, n. Defn: A little or petty sect. [R.] "Some new sect or sectiuncle." J. Martineau. SECTOR Sec"tor, n. Etym: [L., properly, a cutter, fr. secare, sectum, to cut: cf. F. secteur. See Section.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A part of a circle comprehended between two radii and the included arc. 2. A mathematical instrument, consisting of two rulers connected at one end by a joint, each arm marked with several scales, as of equal parts, chords, sines, tangents, etc., one scale of each kind on each arm, and all on lines radiating from the common center of motion. The sector is used for plotting, etc., to any scale. 3. An astronomical instrument, the limb of which embraces a small portion only of a circle, used for measuring differences of declination too great for the compass of a micrometer. When it is used for measuring zenith distances of stars, it is called a zenith sector. Dip sector, an instrument used for measuring the dip of the horizon. -- Sector of a sphere, or Spherical sector, the solid generated by the revolution of the sector of a circle about one of its radii, or, more rarely, about any straight line drawn in the plane of the sector through its vertex. SECTORAL Sec"tor*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a sector; as, a sectoral circle. SECTORIAL Sec*to"ri*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Adapted for cutting. -- n. Defn: A sectorial, or carnassial, tooth. SECULAR Sec"u*lar, a. Etym: [OE. secular, seculer. L. saecularis, fr. saeculum a race, generation, age, the times, the world; perhaps akin to E. soul: cf. F. séculier.] 1. Coming or observed once in an age or a century. The secular year was kept but once a century. Addison. 2. Pertaining to an age, or the progress of ages, or to a long period of time; accomplished in a long progress of time; as, secular inequality; the secular refrigeration of the globe. 3. Of or pertaining to this present world, or to things not spiritual or holy; relating to temporal as distinguished from eternal interests; not immediately or primarily respecting the soul, but the body; worldly. New foes arise, Threatening to bind our souls with secular chains. Milton. 4. (Eccl.) Defn: Not regular; not bound by monastic vows or rules; not confined to a monastery, or subject to the rules of a religious community; as, a secular priest. He tried to enforce a stricter discipline and greater regard for morals, both in the religious orders and the secular clergy. Prescett. 5. Belonging to the laity; lay; not clerical. I speak of folk in secular estate. Chaucer. Secular equation (Astron.), the algebraic or numerical expression of the magnitude of the inequalities in a planet's motion that remain after the inequalities of a short period have been allowed for. -- Secular games (Rom. Antiq.), games celebrated, at long but irregular intervals, for three days and nights, with sacrifices, theatrical shows, combats, sports, and the like. -- Secular music, any music or songs not adapted to sacred uses. -- Secular hymn or poem, a hymn or poem composed for the secular games, or sung or rehearsed at those games. SECULAR Sec"u*lar, n. 1. (Eccl.) Defn: A secular ecclesiastic, or one not bound by monastic rules. Burke. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A church official whose functions are confined to the vocal department of the choir. Busby. 3. A layman, as distinguished from a clergyman. SECULARISM Sec"u*lar*ism, n. 1. The state or quality of being secular; a secular spirit; secularity. 2. The tenets or principles of the secularists. SECULARIST Sec"u*lar*ist, n. Defn: One who theoretically rejects every form of religious faith, and every kind of religious worship, and accepts only the facts and influences which are derived from the present life; also, one who believes that education and other matters of civil policy should be managed without the introduction of a religious element. SECULARITY Sec`u*lar"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf.F. sécularité, LL. saecularitas.] Defn: Supreme attention to the things of the present life; worldliness. A secularity of character which makes Christianity and its principal doctrines distasteful or unintelligible. I. Taylor. SECULARIZATION Sec`u*lar*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sécularisation.] Defn: The act of rendering secular, or the state of being rendered secular; conversion from regular or monastic to secular; conversion from religious to lay or secular possession and uses; as, the secularization of church property. SECULARIZE Sec"u*lar*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secularized; p. pr. & vb. n. Secularizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. séculaiser.] 1. To convert from regular or monastic into secular; as, to secularize a priest or a monk. 2. To convert from spiritual or common use; as, to secularize a church, or church property. At the Reformation the abbey was secularized. W. Coxe. 3. To make worldly or unspiritual. Bp. Horsley. SECULARLY Sec"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a secular or worldly manner. SECULARNESS Sec"u*lar*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being secular; worldliness; worldly- minded-ness. SECUND Se"cund, a. Etym: [L. secundus following the course or current of wind of water. See Second, a.] (Bot.) Defn: Arranged on one side only, as flowers or leaves on a stalk. Gray. SECUNDATE Se*cun"date, v. t. Etym: [L.secundatus, p. p. of secundare to direct faverably.] Defn: To make prosperous. [R.] SECUNDATION Sec`un*da"tion, n. Defn: Prosperity. [R.] SECUNDINE Sec"un*dine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. secondine.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The second coat, or integument, of an ovule, lying within the primine. Note: In the ripened seed the primine and secundine are usually united to form the testa, or outer seed coat. When they remain distinct the secundine becomes the mesosperm, as in the castor bean. 2. Etym: [Cf. F. secondines.] Defn: The afterbirth, or placenta and membranes; -- generally used in the plural. SECUNDO-GENITURE Se*cun`do-gen"i*ture, n. Etym: [L. secundus second + genitura a begetting, generation.] Defn: A right of inheritance belonging to a second son; a property or possession so inherited. The kingdom of Naples . . . was constituted a secundo-geniture of Spain. Bancroft. SECURABLE Se*cur"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be secured. SECURE Se*cure", a. Etym: [L. securus; pref. se- without + cura care. See Cure care, and cf. Sure, a.] 1. Free from fear, care, or anxiety; easy in mind; not feeling suspicion or distrust; confident. But thou, secure of soul, unbent with woes. DRyden. 2. Overconfident; incautious; careless; -- in a bad sense. Macaulay. 3. Confident in opinion; not entertaining, or not having reason to entertain, doubt; certain; sure; -- commonly with of; as, secure of a welcome. Confidence then bore thee on, secure Either to meet no danger, or to find Matter of glorious trial. Milton. 4. Net exposed to danger; safe; -- applied to persons and things, and followed by against or from. "Secure from fortune's blows." Dryden. Syn. -- Safe; undisturbed; easy; sure; certain; assured; confident; careless; heedless; inattentive. SECURE Se*cure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secured; p. pr. & vb. n. Securing.] 1. To make safe; to relieve from apprehensions of, or exposure to, danger; to guard; to protect. I spread a cloud before the victor's sight, Sustained the vanquished, and secured his flight. Dryden. 2. To put beyond hazard of losing or of not receiving; to make certain; to assure; to insure; -- frequently with against or from, rarely with of; as, to secure a creditor against loss; to secure a debt by a mortgage. It secures its possessor of eternal happiness. T. Dick. 3. To make fast; to close or confine effectually; to render incapable of getting loose or escaping; as, to secure a prisoner; to secure a door, or the hatches of a ship. 4. To get possession of; to make one's self secure of; to acquire certainly; as, to secure an estate. Secure arms (Mil.), a command and a position in the manual of arms, used in wet weather, the object being to guard the firearm from becoming wet. The piece is turned with the barrel to the front and grasped by the right hand at the lewer band, the muzzle is dropped to the front, and the piece held with the guard under the right arm, the hand supported against the hip, and the thumb on the rammer. SECURELY Se*cure"ly, adv. Defn: In a secure manner; without fear or apprehension; without danger; safely. His daring foe . . . securely him defied. Milton. SECUREMENT Se*cure"ment, n. Defn: The act of securing; protection. [R.] Society condemns the securement in all cases of perpetual protection by means of perpetual imprisonment. C. A. Ives. SECURENESS Se*cure"ness, n. Defn: The condition or quality of being secure; exemption from fear; want of vigilance; security. SECURER Se*cur"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, secures. SECURIFERA Sec`u*rif"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. securis an ax + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Serrifera. SECURIFORM Se*cu"ri*form, a. Etym: [L. securis an ax or hatchet + -form: cf. F. sécuriforme.] (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Having the form of an ax hatchet. SECURIPALP Se*cu"ri*palp, n. Etym: [L. securis ax, hatchet + E. palp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a family of beetles having the maxillary palpi terminating in a hatchet-shaped joint. SECURITY Se*cu"ri*ty, n.; pl. Securities. Etym: [L. securitas: cf. F. sécurité. See Secure, and cf. Surety.] 1. The condition or quality of being secure; secureness. Specifically: (a) Freedom from apprehension, anxiety, or care; confidence of power of safety; hence, assurance; certainty. His trembling hand had lost the ease, Which marks security to please. Sir W. Scott. (b) Hence, carelessness; negligence; heedlessness. He means, my lord, that we are too remiss, Whilst Bolingbroke, through our security, Grows strong and great in substance and in power. Shak. (c) Freedom from risk; safety. Give up yourself merely to chance and hazard, From firm security. Shak. Some . . . alleged that we should have no security for our trade. Swift. 2. That which secures or makes safe; protection; guard; defense. Specifically: (a) Something given, deposited, or pledged, to make certain the fulfillment of an obligation, the performance of a contract, the payment of a debt, or the like; surety; pledge. Those who lent him money lent it on no security but his bare word. Macaulay. (b) One who becomes surety for another, or engages himself for the performance of another's obligation. 3. An evidence of debt or of property, as a bond, a certificate of stock, etc.; as, government securities. Syn. -- Protection; defense; guard; shelter; safety; certainty; ease; assurance; carelessness; confidence; surety; pledge; bail. SEDAN Se*dan", n. Etym: [Said to be named from Sedan, in France, where it was first made, and whence it was introduced into England in the time of King Charles I.] Defn: A portable chair or covered vehicle for carrying a single person, -- usually borne on poles by two men. Called also sedan chair. SEDATE Se*date", a. Etym: [L. sedatus, p. p. of sedare, sedatum, to allay, calm, causative of sedere to sit. See Sit.] Defn: Undisturbed by passion or caprice; calm; tranquil; serene; not passionate or giddy; composed; staid; as, a sedate soul, mind, or temper. Disputation carries away the mind from that calm and sedate temper which is so necessary to contemplate truth. I. Watts. Whatsoever we feel and know Too sedate for outward show. Wordsworth. Syn. -- Settled; composed; calm; quiet; tranquil; still; serene; unruffled; undisturbed; conteplative; sober; serious. -- Se*date"ly, adv. -- Se*date"ness, n. SEDATION Se*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. sedatio.] Defn: The act of calming, or the state of being calm. [R.] Coles. SEDATIVE Sed"a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sédatif.] Defn: Tending to calm, moderate, or tranquilize; specifically (Med.), allaying irritability and irritation; assuaging pain. SEDATIVE Sed"a*tive, n. (Med.) Defn: A remedy which allays irritability and irritation, and irritative activity or pain. SEDENT Se"dent, a. Etym: [L. sedens, -entis, p. pr. of sedere to sit. See Sit.] Defn: Sitting; inactive; quiet. [R.] SEDENTARILY Sed"en*ta*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a sedentary manner. SEDENTARINESS Sed"en*ta*r*i*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being sedentary. SEDENTARY Sed"en*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. sedentarius, fr. sedere to sit: cf. F. seédentaire. See Sedent.] 1. Accustomed to sit much or long; as, a sedentary man. "Sedentary, scholastic sophists." Bp. Warburton. 2. Characterized by, or requiring, much sitting; as, a sedentary employment; a sedentary life. Any education that confined itself to sedentary pursuits was essentially imperfect. Beaconsfield. 3. Inactive; motionless; sluggish; hence, calm; tranquil. [R.] "The sedentary earth." Milton. The soul, considered abstractly from its passions, is of a remiss, sedentary nature. Spectator. 4. Caused by long sitting. [Obs.] "Sedentary numbness." Milton. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: Remaining in one place, especially when firmly attached to some object; as, the oyster is a sedentary mollusk; the barnacles are sedentary crustaceans. Sedentary spider (Zoöl.), one of a tribe of spiders which rest motionless until their prey is caught in their web. SEDERUNT Se*de"runt, n. Etym: [L., they sat, fr. sedere to sit.] Defn: A sitting, as of a court or other body. 'T is pity we have not Burn's own account of that long sederunt. Prof. Wilson. Acts of sederunt (Scots Law), ordinances of the Court of Session for the ordering of processes and expediting of justice. Bell. SEDGE Sedge, n. Etym: [OE. segge, AS. secg; akin to LG. segge; -- probably named from its bladelike appearance, and akin to L. secare to cut, E. saw a cutting instrument; cf. Ir. seisg, W. hesg. Cf. Hassock, Saw the instrument.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Carex, perennial, endogenous herbs, often growing in dense tufts in marshy places. They have triangular jointless stems, a spiked inflorescence, and long grasslike leaves which are usually rough on the margins and midrib. There are several hundred species. Note: The name is sometimes given to any other plant of the order Cyperaceæ, which includes Carex, Cyperus, Scirpus, and many other genera of rushlike plants. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A flock of herons. Sedge ken (Zoöl.), the clapper rail. See under 5th Rail. -- Sedge warbler (Zoöl.), a small European singing bird (Acrocephalus phragmitis). It often builds its nest among reeds; -- called also sedge bird, sedge wren, night warbler, and Scotch nightingale. SEDGED Sedged, a. Defn: Made or composed of sedge. With your sedged crowns and ever-harmless looks. Shak. SEDGY Sedg"y, a. Defn: Overgrown with sedge. On the gentle Severn''s sedgy bank. Shak. SEDILIA Se*dil"i*a, n. pl.; sing. Sedile (. Etym: [L. sedile a seat.] (Arch.) Defn: Seats in the chancel of a church near the altar for the officiating clergy during intervals of service. Hook. SEDIMENT Sed"i*ment, n. Etym: [F. sédiment, L. sedimentum a settling, fr. sedere to sit, to settle. See Sit.] 1. The matter which subsides to the bottom, frrom water or any other liquid; settlings; lees; dregs. 2. (Geol.) Defn: The material of which sedimentary rocks are formed. SEDIMENTAL Sed`i*men"tal, a. Defn: Sedimentary. SEDIMENTARY Sed`i*men"ta*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sédimentaire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to sediment; formed by sediment; containing matter that has subsided. Sedimentary rocks. (Geol.) See Aqueous rocks, under Aqueous. SEDIMENTATION Sed`i*men*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of depositing a sediment; specifically (Geol.), the deposition of the material of which sedimentary rocks are formed. SEDITION Se*di"tion, n. Etym: [OE. sedicioun, OF. sedition, F. sédition, fr. L. seditio, originally, a going aside; hence, an insurrectionary separation; pref. se-, sed-, aside + itio a going, fr. ire, itum, to go. Cf. Issue.] 1. The raising of commotion in a state, not amounting to insurrection; conduct tending to treason, but without an overt act; excitement of discontent against the government, or of resistance to lawful authority. In soothing them, we nourish 'gainst our senate The cockle of rebellion, insolence, sedition. Shak. Noisy demagogues who had been accused of sedition. Macaulay. 2. Dissension; division; schism. [Obs.] Now the works of the flesh are manifest, . . . emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies. Gal. v. 19, 20. Syn. -- Insurrection; tumult; uproar; riot; rebellion; revolt. See Insurrection. SEDITIONARY Se*di"tion*a*ry, n. Defn: An inciter or promoter of sedition. Bp. Hall. SEDITIOUS Se*di"tious, a.Etym: [L. seditiosus: cf. F. séditieux.] 1. Of or pertaining to sedition; partaking of the nature of, or tending to excite, sedition; as, seditious behavior; seditious strife; seditious words. 2. Disposed to arouse, or take part in, violent opposition to lawful authority; turbulent; factious; guilty of sedition; as, seditious citizens. -- Se*di"tious*ly, adv. -- Se*di"tious*ness, n. SEDLITZ Sed"litz, a. Defn: Same as Seidlitz. SEDUCE Se*duce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seduced; p. pr. & vb. n. Seducing.] Etym: [L. seducere, seductum; pref. se- aside + ducere to lead. See Duke.] 1. To draw aside from the path of rectitude and duty in any manner; to entice to evil; to lead astray; to tempt and lead to iniquity; to corrupt. For me, the gold of France did not seduce. Shak. 2. Specifically, to induce to surrender chastity; to debauch by means of solicitation. Syn. -- To allure; entice; tempt; attract; mislead; decoy; inveigle. See Allure. SEDUCEMENT Se*duce"ment, n. 1. The act of seducing. 2. The means employed to seduce, as flattery, promises, deception, etc.; arts of enticing or corrupting. Pope. SEDUCER Se*du"cer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, seduces; specifically, one who prevails over the chastity of a woman by enticements and persuasions. He whose firm faith no reason could remove, Will melt before that soft seducer, love. Dryden. SEDUCIBLE Se*du"ci*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being seduced; corruptible. SEDUCING Se*du"cing, a. Defn: Seductive. "Thy sweet seducing charms." Cowper. -- Se*du"cing*ly, adv. SEDUCTION Se*duc*tion, n. Etym: [L. seductio: cf. F. séduction. See Seduce.] 1. The act of seducing; enticement to wrong doing; specifically, the offense of inducing a woman to consent to unlawful sexual intercourse, by enticements which overcome her scruples; the wrong or crime of persuading a woman to surrender her chastity. 2. That which seduces, or is adapted to seduce; means of leading astray; as, the seductions of wealth. SEDUCTIVE Se*duc"tive, a. Defn: Tending to lead astray; apt to mislead by flattering appearances; tempting; alluring; as, a seductive offer. This may enable us to understand how seductive is the influence of example. Sir W. Hamilton. SEDUCTIVELY Se*duc"tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a seductive manner. SEDUCTRESS Se*duc"tress, n. Defn: A woman who seduces. SEDULITY Se*du"li*ty, n. Etym: [L. sedulitas. See Sedulous.] Defn: The quality or state of being sedulous; diligent and assiduous application; constant attention; unremitting industry; sedulousness. The industrious bee, by his sedulity in summer, lives in honey all the winter. Feltham. SEDULOUS Sed"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. sedulus, perhaps from sedere to sit, and so akin to E. sit.] Defn: Diligent in application or pursuit; constant, steady, and persevering in business, or in endeavors to effect an object; steadily industrious; assiduous; as, the sedulous bee. What signifies the sound of words in prayer, without the affection of the heart, and a sedulous application of the proper means that may naturally lead us to such an end L'Estrange. Syn. -- Assiduous; diligent; industrious; laborious; unremitting; untiring; unwearied; persevering. -- Sed"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Sed"u*lous*ness, n. SEDUM Se"dum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. sedere to sit; so called in allusion to the manner in which the plants attach themselves to rocks and walls.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants, mostly perennial, having succulent leaves and cymose flowers; orpine; stonecrop. Gray. SEE See, n. Etym: [OE. se, see, OF. se, sed, sied, fr. L. sedes a seat, or the kindred sedere to sit. See Sit, and cf. Siege.] 1. A seat; a site; a place where sovereign power is exercised. [Obs.] Chaucer. Jove laughed on Venus from his sovereign see. Spenser. 2. Specifically: (a) The seat of episcopal power; a diocese; the jurisdiction of a bishop; as, the see of New York. (b) The seat of an archibishop; a province or jurisdiction of an archibishop; as, an archiepiscopal see. (c) The seat, place, or office of the pope, or Roman pontiff; as, the papal see. (d) The pope or his court at Rome; as, to appeal to the see of Rome. Apostolic see. See under Apostolic. SEE See, v. t. [imp. Saw; p. p. Seen; p. pr. & vb. n. Seeing.] Etym: [OE. seen, sen, seon, As. seón; akin to OFries. sia, D. zien, OS. & OHG. sehan, G. sehen, Icel. sja, Sw. se, Dan. see, Goth. saíhwan, and probably to L. sequi to follow (and so originally meaning, to follow with the eyes). Gr. sac. Cf. Sight, Sun to follow.] 1. To perceive by the eye; to have knowledge of the existence and apparent qualities of by the organs of sight; to behold; to descry; to view. I will new turn aside, and see this great sight. Ex. iii. 3. 2. To perceive by mental vision; to form an idea or conception of; to note with the mind; to observe; to discern; to distinguish; to understand; to comprehend; to ascertain. Go, I pray thee, see whether it be well with thy brethren. Gen. xxxvii. 14. Jesus saw that he answered discreetly. Mark xii. 34. Who 's so gross That seeth not this palpable device Shak. 3. To follow with the eyes, or as with the eyes; to watch; to regard attentivelly; to look after. Shak. I had a mind to see him out, and therefore did not care for centradicting him. Addison. 4. To have an interview with; especially, to make a call upon; to visit; as, to go to see a friend. And Samuel came no more to see Saul untill the day of his death. 1 Sam. xv. 35. 5. To fall in with; to have intercourse or communication with; hence, to have knowledge or experience of; as, to see military service. Make us glad according to the days wherein thou hast afflicted us, and the years wherein we have seen evil. Ps. xc. 15. Verily, verily, I say unto you, if a man keep my saying, he shall never see death. John viii. 51. Improvement in visdom and prudence by seeing men. Locke. 6. To accompany in person; to escort; to wait upon; as, to see one home; to see one aboard the cars. God you (him, or me, etc.) see, God keep you (him, me, etc.) in his sight; God protect you. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To see (anything) out, to see (it) to the end; to be present at, or attend, to the end. -- To see stars, to see flashes of light, like stars; -- sometimes the result of concussion of the head. [Colloq.] -- To see (one) through, to help, watch, or guard (one) to the end of a course or an undertaking. SEE See, v. i. 1. To have the power of sight, or of perceiving by the proper organs; to possess or employ the sense of vision; as, he sees distinctly. Whereas I was blind, now I see. John ix. 25. 2. Figuratively: To have intellectual apprehension; to perceive; to know; to understand; to discern; -- often followed by a preposition, as through, or into. For judgment I am come into this world, that they which see not might see; and that they which see might be made blind. John ix. 39. Many sagacious persons will find us out, . . . and see through all our fine pretensions. Tillotson. 3. To be attentive; to take care; to give heed; -- generally with to; as, to see to the house. See that ye fall not out by the way. Gen. xiv. 24. Note: Let me see, Let us see, are used to express consideration, or to introduce the particular consideration of a subject, or some scheme or calculation. Cassio's a proper man, let me see now, -To get his place. Shak. Note: See is sometimes used in the imperative for look, or behold. "See. see! upon the banks of Boyne he stands." Halifax. To see about a thing, to pay attention to it; to consider it. -- To see on, to look at. [Obs.] "She was full more blissful on to see." Chaucer. -- To see to. (a) To look at; to behold; to view. [Obs.] "An altar by Jordan, a great altar to see to" Josh. xxii. 10. (b) To take care about; to look after; as, to see to a fire. SEECATCH See"catch, n. [Russ. siekach.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A full-grown male fur seal. [Alaska] SEED Seed, n.; pl. Seed or Seeds. Etym: [OE. seed, sed, AS. s, fr. sawan to sow; akin to D. zaad seed, G. saat, Icel. sa, s, Goth. manas seed of men. world. See Sow to scatter seed, and cf. Colza.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A ripened ovule, consisting of an embryo with one or more integuments, or coverings; as, an apple seed; a currant seed. By germination it produces a new plant. (b) Any small seedlike fruit, though it may consist of a pericarp, or even a calyx, as well as the seed proper; as, parsnip seed; thistle seed. And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself. Gen. i. 11. Note: The seed proper has an outer and an inner coat, and within these the kernel or nucleus. The kernel is either the embryo alone, or the embryo inclosed in the albumen, which is the material for the nourishment of the developing embryo. The scar on a seed, left where the stem parted from it, is called the hilum, and the closed orifice of the ovule, the micropyle. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The generative fluid of the male; semen; sperm; -- not used in the plural. 3. That from which anything springs; first principle; original; source; as, the seeds of virtue or vice. 4. The principle of production. Praise of great acts he scatters as a seed, Which may the like in coming ages breed. Waller. 5. Progeny; offspring; children; descendants; as, the seed of Abraham; the seed of David. Note: In this sense the word is applied to one person, or to any number collectively, and admits of the plural form, though rarely used in the plural. 6. Race; generation; birth. Of mortal seed they were not held. Waller. Seed bag (Artesian well), a packing to prevent percolation of water down the bore hole. It consists of a bag encircling the tubing and filled with flax seed, which swells when wet and fills the space between the tubing and the sides of the hole. -- Seed bud (Bot.), the germ or rudiment of the plant in the embryo state; the ovule. -- Seed coat (Bot.), the covering of a seed. -- Seed corn, or Seed grain (Bot.), corn or grain for seed. -- Seed down (Bot.), the soft hairs on certain seeds, as cotton seed. -- Seed drill. See 6th Drill, 2 (a). -- Seed eater (Zoöl.), any finch of the genera Sporophila, and Crithagra. They feed mainly on seeds. -- Seed gall (Zoöl.), any gall which resembles a seed, formed, on the leaves of various plants, usually by some species of Phylloxera. -- Seed leaf (Bot.), a cotyledon. -- Seed lobe (Bot.), a cotyledon; a seed leaf. -- Seed oil, oil expressed from the seeds of plants. -- Seed oyster, a young oyster, especially when of a size suitable for transplantation to a new locality. -- Seed pearl, a small pearl of little value. -- Seed plat, or Seed plot, the ground on which seeds are sown, to produce plants for transplanting; a nursery. -- Seed stalk (Bot.), the stalk of an ovule or seed; a funicle. -- Seed tick (Zoöl.), one of several species of ticks resembling seeds in form and color. -- Seed vessel (Bot.), that part of a plant which contains the seeds; a pericarp. -- Seed weevil (Zoöl.), any one of numerous small weevels, especially those of the genus Apion, which live in the seeds of various plants. -- Seed wool, cotton wool not yet cleansed of its seeds. [Southern U.S.] SEED Seed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seeding.] 1. To sprinkle with seed; to plant seeds in; to sow; as, to seed a field. 2. To cover thinly with something scattered; to ornament with seedlike decorations. A sable mantle seeded with waking eyes. B. Jonson. To seed down, to sow with grass seed. SEEDBOX Seed"box`, n. (Bot.) (a) A capsule. (b) A plant (Ludwigia alternifolia) which has somewhat cubical or box-shaped capsules. SEEDCAKE Seed"cake`, n. Defn: A sweet cake or cooky containing aromatic seeds, as caraway. Tusser. SEEDCOD Seed"cod`, n. Defn: A seedlip. [Prov. Eng.] SEEDER Seed"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, sows or plants seed. SEEDINESS Seed`i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being seedy, shabby, or worn out; a state of wretchedness or exhaustion. [Colloq.] G. Eliot. What is called seedness, after a debauch, is a plain proof that nature has been outraged. J. S. Blackie. SEED-LAC Seed"-lac`, n. Defn: A species of lac. See the Note under Lac. SEEDLESS Seed"less, a. Defn: Without seed or seeds. SEEDLING Seed"ling, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant reared from the seed, as distinguished from one propagated by layers, buds, or the like. SEEDLIP; SEEDLOP Seed"lip`, Seed"lop`, n. Etym: [AS. s; s seed + leáp basket.] Defn: A vessel in which a sower carries the seed to be scattered. [Prov. Eng.] SEEDMAN Seed"man, See Defn: Seedsman. SEEDNESS Seed"ness, n. Defn: Seedtime. [Obs.] Shak. SEEDSMAN Seeds"man, n.; pl. Seedsmen (. 1. A sower; one who sows or scatters seed. The seedsman Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain. Shak. 2. A person who deals in seeds. SEEDTIME Seed"time`, n. Etym: [AS. s.] Defn: The season proper for sowing. While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night, shall not cease. Gen. viii. 22. SEEDY Seed"y, a. [Compar. Seedier; superl. Seediest.] 1. Abounding with seeds; bearing seeds; having run to seeds. 2. Having a peculiar flavor supposed to be derived from the weeds growing among the vines; -- said of certain kinds of FRench brandy. 3. Old and worn out; exhausted; spiritless; also, poor and miserable looking; shabily clothed; shabby looking; as, he looked seedy coat. [Colloq.] Little Flanigan here . . . is a little seedy, as we say among us that practice the law. Goldsmith. Seedy toe, an affection of a horse's foot, in which a cavity filled with horn powder is formed between the laminæ and the wall of the hoof. SEEING See"ing, conj. Defn: (but originally a present participle). In view of the fact (that); considering; taking into account (that); insmuch as; since; because; -- followed by a dependent clause; as, he did well, seeing that he was so young. Wherefore come ye to me, seeing ye hate me Gen. xxvi. 27. SEEK Seek, a. Defn: Sick. [Obs.] Chaucer. SEEK Seek, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sought; p. pr. & vb. n. Seeking.] Etym: [OE, seken, AS. s, s; akin to OS. s, LG. söken, D. zoeken, OHG. suohhan, G. suchen, Icel. s, Sw. söka, Dan. söge, Goth. s, and E. sake. Cf. Beseech, Ransack, Sagacious, Sake, Soc.] 1. To go in search of; to look for; to search for; to try to find. The man saked him, saying, What seekest thou And he said, I seek my brethren. Gen. xxxvii. 15,16. 2. To inquire for; to ask for; to solicit; to bessech. Others, tempting him, sought of him a sign. Luke xi. 16. 3. To try to acquire or gain; to strive after; to aim at; as, to seek wealth or fame; to seek one's life. 4. To try to reach or come to; to go to; to resort to. Seek not Bethel, nor enter into Gilgal. Amos v. 5. Since great Ulysses sought the Phrygian plains. Pope. SEEK Seek, v. i. Defn: To make search or inquiry: to endeavor to make discovery. Seek ye out of the book of the Lord, and read. Isa. xxxiv. 16. To seek, needing to seek or search; hence, unpreparated. "Unpracticed, unpreparated, and still to seek." Milton. [Obs] -- To seek after, to make pursuit of; to attempt to find or take. -- To seek for, to endeavor to find. -- To seek to, to apply to; to resort to; to court. [Obs.] "All the earth sought to Solomon, to hear his wisdom." 1. Kings x. 24. -- To seek upon, to make strict inquiry after; to follow up; to persecute. [Obs.] To seek Upon a man and do his soul unrest. Chaucer. SEEKER Seek"er, n. 1. One who seeks; that which is used in seeking or searching. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: One of a small heterogeneous sect of the 17th century, in Great Britain, who professed to be seeking the true church, ministry, and sacraments. A skeptic [is] ever seeking and never finds, like our new upstart sect of Seekers. Bullokar. SEEK-NO-FURTHER Seek"-no-fur`ther, n. Defn: A kind of choice winter apple, having a subacid taste; -- formerly called go-no-further. SEEK-SORROW Seek"-sor`row, n. Defn: One who contrives to give himself vexation. [Archaic.] Sir P. Sidney. SEEL Seel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seeled; p. pr. & vb. n. Seeling.] Etym: [F.siller, ciller, fr. cil an eyelash, L. cilium.] 1. (Falconry) Defn: To close the eyes of (a hawk or other bird) by drawing through the lids threads which were fastened over the head. Bacon. Fools climbs to fall: fond hopes, like seeled doves for want of better light, mount till they end their flight with falling. J. Reading. 2. Hence, to shut or close, as the eyes; to blind. Come, seeling night, Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day. Shak. Gold death, with a violent fate, his sable eyes did seel. Chapman. SEEL Seel, v. i. Etym: [Cf. LG. sielen to lead off water, F. siller to run ahead, to make headway, E. sile, v.t.] Defn: To incline to one side; to lean; to roll, as a ship at sea. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. SEEL; SEELING Seel, Seel"ing, n. Defn: The rolling or agitation of a ship in a sterm. [Obs.] Sandys. SEEL Seel, n. Etym: [AS. s, from s good, prosperous. See Silly.] 1. Good fortune; favorable opportunity; prosperity. [Obs.] "So have I seel". Chaucer. 2. Time; season; as, hay seel. [Prov. Eng.] SEELILY Seel"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a silly manner. [Obs.] SEELY Seel"y, a. Defn: See Silly. [Obs.] Spenser. SEEM Seem, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seemed; p. pr. & vb. n. Seeming.] Etym: [OE. semen to seem, to become, befit, AS. s to satisfy, pacify; akin to Icel. s to honor, to bear with, conform to, s becoming, fit, s to beseem, to befit, sama to beseem, semja to arrange, settle, put right, Goth. samjan to please, and to E. same. The sense is probably due to the adj. seemly. sq. root191. See Same, a., and cf. Seemly.] Defn: To appear, or to appear to be; to have a show or semblance; to present an appearance; to look; to strike one's apprehension or fancy as being; to be taken as. "It now seemed probable." Macaulay. Thou picture of what thou seem'st. Shak. All seemed well pleased; all seemed, but were not all. Milton. There is a way which seemeth right unto a man; but the end thereof are the ways of death. Prov. xiv. 12. It seems, it appears; it is understood as true; it is said. A prince of Italy, it seems, entertained his misstress on a great lake. Addison. Syn. -- To appear; look. -- Seem, Appear. To appear has reference to a thing's being presented to our view; as, the sun appears; to seem is connected with the idea of semblance, and usually implies an inference of our mind as to the probability of a thing's being so; as, a storm seems to be coming. "The story appears to be true," means that the facts, as presented, go to show its truth; "the story seems to be true," means that it has the semblance of being so, and we infer that it is true. "His first and principal care being to appear unto his people such as he would have them be, and to be such as he appeared." Sir P. Sidney. Ham. Ay, madam, it is common. Queen. If it be, Why seems it so particular with thee Ham. Seems, madam! Nay, it is; I know not "seems." Shak. SEEM Seem, v. t. Defn: To befit; to beseem. [Obs.] Spenser. SEEMER Seem"er, n. Defn: One who seems; one who carries or assumes an appearance or semblance. Hence shall we see, If power change purpose, what our seemers be. Shak. SEEMING Seem"ing, a. Defn: Having a semblance, whether with or without reality; apparent; specious; befitting; as, seeming friendship; seeming truth. My lord, you have lost a friend indeed; And I dare swear you borrow not that face Of seeming sorrow, it is sure your own. Shak. SEEMING Seem"ing, n. 1. Appearance; show; semblance; fair appearance; speciousness. These keep Seeming and savor all the winter long. Shak. 2. Apprehension; judgment. [Obs.] Chaucer. Nothing more clear unto their seeming. Hooker. His persuasive words, impregned With reason, to her seeming. Milton. SEEMINGLY Seem"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In appearance; in show; in semblance; apparently; ostensibly. This the father seemingly complied with. Addison. SEEMINGNESS Seem"ing*ness, n. Defn: Semblance; fair appearance; plausibility. Sir K. Digby. SEEMLESS Seem"less, a. Defn: Unseemly. [Obs.] Spenser. SEEMLILY Seem"li*ly, adv. Defn: In a seemly manner. [Obs.] SEEMLINESS Seem"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being seemly: comeliness; propriety. SEEMLY Seem"ly, a. [Compar.Seemlier (; superl. Seeliest.] Etym: [Icel. s, fr. s becoming, fit; akin to samr same, E. same; the sense being properly, the same or like, hence, fitting. See Seem, v. i.] Defn: Suited to the object, occasion, purpose, or character; suitable; fit; becoming; comely; decorous. He had a seemly nose. Chaucer. I am a woman, lacking wit To make a seemly answer to such persons. Shak. Suspense of judgment and exercise of charity were safer and seemlier for Christian men than the hot pursuit of these controversies. Hooker. Syn. -- Becoming; fit; suitable; proper; appropriate; congruous; meet; decent; decorous. SEEMLY Seem"ly, adv. [Compar. Seemlier; superl. Seemliest.] Defn: In a decent or suitable manner; becomingly. Suddenly a men before him stood, Not rustic as before, but seemlier clad, As one in city or court or place bred. Milton. SEEMLYHED Seem"ly*hed, n. Etym: [See -hood.] Defn: Comely or decent appearance. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Spenser. SEEN Seen, p. p. Defn: of See. SEEN Seen, a. Defn: Versed; skilled; accomplished. [Obs.] Well seen in every science that mote be. Spenser. Noble Boyle, not less in nature seen, Than his great brother read in states and men. Dryden. SEEP; SIPE Seep, or; Sipe, v. i. Etym: [AS. sipan to distill.] Defn: To run or soak through fine pores and interstices; to ooze. [Scot. & U. S.] Water seeps up through the sidewalks. G. W. Cable. SEEPAGE; SIPAGE Seep"age, or; Sip"age, n. Defn: Water that seeped or oozed through a porous soil. [Scot. & U. S.] SEEPY; SIPY Seep"y, or; Sip"y, a. Defn: Oozy; -- applied to land under cultivation that is not well drained. SEER Seer, a. Defn: Sore; painful. [Prov. Eng.] Ray. SEER Se"er, n. Defn: One who sees. Addison. SEER Seer, n. Etym: [From See.] Defn: A person who foresees events; a prophet. Milton. SEERESS Seer"ess, n. Defn: A female seer; a prophetess. SEERFISH Seer"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A scombroid food fish of Maderia (Cybium Commersonii). SEERHAND Seer"hand, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A kind of muslin of a texture between nainsook and mull. SEERSHIP Seer"ship, n. Defn: The office or quality of a seer. SEERSUCKER Seer"suck`er, n. Defn: A light fabric, originally made in the East Indies, of silk and linen, usually having alternating stripes, and a slightly craped or puckered surface; also, a cotton fabric of similar appearance. SEERWOOD Seer"wood`, n. Etym: [See Sear.] Defn: Dry wood. [Written also searwood.] [Obs.] Dryden. SEESAW See"saw`, n. Etym: [Probably a reduplication of saw, to express the alternate motion to and fro, as in the act of sawing.] 1. A play among children in which they are seated upon the opposite ends of a plank which is balanced in the middle, and move alternately up and down. 2. A plank or board adjusted for this play. 3. A vibratory or reciprocating motion. He has been arguing in a circle; there is thus a seesaw between the hypothesis and fact. Sir W. Hamilton. 4. (Whist.) Defn: Same as Crossruff. SEESAW See"saw`, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seesawad; p. pr. & vb. n. Seesawing.] Defn: To move with a reciprocating motion; to move backward and forward, or upward and downward. SEESAW See"saw`, v. t. Defn: To cause to move backward and forward in seesaw fashion. He seesaws himself to and fro. Ld. Lytton. SEESAW See"saw`, a. Defn: Moving up and down, or to and fro; having a reciprocating motion. SEET Seet, obs. imp. of Sit. Defn: Sate; sat. Chaucer. SEETH Seeth, obs. Defn: imp. of Seethe. Chaucer. SEETHE Seethe, v. t. [imp. Seethed (Sod (, obs.); p. p. Seethed, Sodden (; p. pr. & vb. n. Seething.] Etym: [OE. sethen, AS. seó; akin to D. sieden, OHG. siodan, G. sieden, Icel. sj, Sw. sjuda, Dan. syde, Goth. saubs a burnt offering. Cf. Sod, n., Sodden, Suds.] Defn: To decoct or prepare for food in hot liquid; to boil; as, to seethe flesh. [Written also seeth.] Set on the great pot, and seethe pottage for the sons of the prophets. 2 Kings iv. 38. SEETHE Seethe, v. i. Defn: To be a state of ebullition or violent commotion; to be hot; to boil. 1 Sam. ii. 13. A long Pointe, round which the Mississippi used to whirl, and seethe, and foam. G. W. Cable. SEETHER Seeth"er, n. Defn: A pot for boiling things; a boiler. Like burnished gold the little seether shone. Dryden. SEG Seg, n. Etym: [See Sedge.] (Bot.) 1. Sedge. [Obs.] 2. The gladen, and other species of Iris. Prior. SEG Seg, n. Etym: [Probably from the root of L. secare to cut.] Defn: A castrated bull. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. SEGAR Se*gar", n. Defn: See Cigar. SEGGAR Seg"gar, n. Etym: [Prov. E. saggard a seggar, seggard a sort of riding surtout, contr. fr. safeguard.] Defn: A case or holder made of fire clay, in which fine pottery is inclosed while baking in the kin. [Written also saggar, sagger, and segger.] Ure. SEGGE Segge, n. (Zoöl. Defn: The hedge sparrow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SEGMENT Seg"ment, n. Etym: [L. segmentum, fr. secare to cut, cut off: cf. F. segment. See Saw a cutting instrument.] 1. One of the parts into which any body naturally separates or is divided; a part divided or cut off; a section; a portion; as, a segment of an orange; a segment of a compound or divided leaf. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A part cut off from a figure by a line or plane; especially, that part of a circle contained between a chord and an arc of that circle, or so much of the circle as is cut off by the chord; as, the segment acb in the Illustration. 3. (Mach.) (a) A piece in the form of the sector of a circle, or part of a ring; as, the segment of a sectional fly wheel or flywheel rim. (b) A segment gear. 4. (Biol.) (a) One of the cells or division formed by segmentation, as in egg cleavage or in fissiparous cell formation. (b) One of the divisions, rings, or joints into which many animal bodies are divided; a somite; a metamere; a somatome. Segment gear, a piece for receiving or communicating reciprocating motion from or to a cogwheel, consisting of a sector of a circular gear, or ring, having cogs on the periphery, or face. -- Segment of a line, the part of a line contained between two points on it. -- Segment of a sphere, the part of a sphere cut off by a plane, or included between two parallel planes. -- Ventral segment. (Acoustics) See Loor, n., 5. SEGMENT Seg"ment, v. i. (Biol.) Defn: To divide or separate into parts in growth; to undergo segmentation, or cleavage, as in the segmentation of the ovum. SEGMENTAL Seg*men"tal, a. 1. Relating to, or being, a segment. 2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) (a) Of or pertaining to the segments of animals; as, a segmental duct; segmental papillæ. (b) Of or pertaining to the segmental organs. Segmental duct (Anat.), the primitive duct of the embryonic excretory organs which gives rise to the Wolffian duct and ureter; the pronephric duct. -- Segmental organs. (a) (Anat.) The embryonic excretory organs of vertebrates, consisting primarily of the segmental tubes and segmental ducts. (b) (Zoöl.) The tubular excretory organs, a pair of which often occur in each of several segments in annelids. They serve as renal organs, and often, also, as oviducts and sperm ducts. See Illust. under Sipunculacea. -- Segmental tubes (Anat.), the tubes which primarily open into the segmental duct, some of which become the urinary tubules of the adult. SEGMENTATION Seg`men*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of dividing into segments; specifically (Biol.), a self-division into segments as a result of growth; cell cleavage; cell multiplication; endogenous cell formation. Segmentation cavity (Biol.), the cavity formed by the arrangement of the cells in segmentation or cleavage of the ovum; the cavity of the blastosphere. In the gastrula stage, the segmentation cavity in which the mesoblast is formed lies between the entoblast and ectoblast. See Illust. of Invagination. -- Segmentation nucleus (Biol.), the body formed by fusion of the male and female pronucleus in an impregnated ovum. See the Note under Pronucleus. -- Segmentation of the ovum, or Egg cleavage (Biol.), the process by which the embryos of all the higher plants and animals are derived from the germ cell. In the simplest case, that of small ova destitute of food yolk, the ovum or egg divides into two similar halves or segments (blastomeres), each of these again divides into two, and so on, thus giving rise to a mass of cells (mulberry mass, or morula), all equal and similar, from the growth and development of which the future animal is to be formed. This constitutes regular segmentation. Quite frequently, however, the equality and regularity of cleavage is interfered with by the presence of food yolk, from which results unequal segmentation. See Holoblastic, Meroblastic, Alecithal, Centrolecithal, Ectolecithal, and Ovum. -- Segmentation sphere (Biol.), the blastosphere, or morula. See Morula. SEGMENTED Seg"ment*ed, a. Defn: Divided into segments or joints; articulated. SEGNITUDE; SEGNITY Seg"ni*tude, Seg"ni*ty, n. Etym: [L. segnitas, fr. segnis slow, sluggish.] Defn: Sluggishness; dullness; inactivity. [Obs.] SEGNO Se"gno, n. Etym: [It. See Sign.] (Mus.) Defn: A sign. See Al segno, and Dal segno. SEGO Se"go, n. (Bot.) Defn: A liliaceous plant (Calochortus Nuttallii) of Western North America, and its edible bulb; -- so called by the Ute Indians and the Mormons. SEGREGATE Seg"re*gate, a. Etym: [L. segregatus, p. p. of segregare to separate; pref. se- aside + grex, gregis, a flock or herd. See Gregarious.] 1. Separate; select. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Separated from others of the same kind. SEGREGATE Seg"re*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Segregated; p. pr. & vb. n. Segregating.] Defn: To separate from others; to set apart. They are still segregated, Christians from Christians, under odious designations. I. Taylor. SEGREGATE Seg"re*gate, v. i. (Geol.) Defn: To separate from a mass, and collect together about centers or along lines of fracture, as in the process of crystallization or solidification. SEGREGATION Seg`re*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. segregatio: cf. F. ségrégation.] 1. The act of segregating, or the state of being segregated; separation from others; a parting. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Separation from a mass, and gathering about centers or into cavities at hand through cohesive attraction or the crystallizing process. SEICHES Seiches, n. pl. Etym: [F.] (Geol.) Defn: Local oscillations in level observed in the case of some lakes, as Lake Geneva. SEID Seid, n. Etym: [Ar seyid prince.] Defn: A descendant of Mohammed through his daughter Fatima and nephew Ali. SEIDLITZ Seid"litz, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Seidlitz, a village in Bohemia. [Written also Sedlitz.] Seidlitz powders, effervescing salts, consisting of two separate powders, one of which contains forty grains of sodium bicarbonate mixed with two drachms of RochellRochelle powders. -- Seidlitz water, a natural water from Seidlitz, containing magnesium, sodium, calcium, and potassium sulphates, with calcium carbonate and a little magnesium chloride. It is used as an aperient. SEIGH Seigh, Defn: obs. imp. sing. of See. Saw. Chaucer. SEIGNEURIAL Seign*eu"ri*al, a. Etym: [F., fr. seigneur. See Seignior.] 1. Of or pertaining to the lord of a manor; manorial. Sir W. Temple. 2. Vested with large powers; independent. SEIGNIOR Seign"ior, n. Etym: [OF. seignor, F. seigneur, cf. It. signore, Sp. señor from an objective case of L. senier elder. See Senior.] 1. A lord; the lord of a manor. 2. A title of honor or of address in the South of Europe, corresponding to Sir or Mr. in English. Grand Seignior, the sultan of Turkey. SEIGNIORAGE Seign"ior*age, n. Etym: [F. seigneuriage, OF. seignorage.] 1. Something claimed or taken by virtue of sovereign prerogative; specifically, a charge or toll deducted from bullion brought to a mint to be coined; the difference between the cost of a mass of bullion and the value as money of the pieces coined from it. If government, however, throws the expense of coinage, as is reasonable, upon the holders, by making a charge to cover the expense (which is done by giving back rather less in coin than has been received in bullion, and is called "levying a seigniorage"), the coin will rise to the extent of the seigniorage above the value of the bullion. J. S. Mill. 2. A share of the receipts of a business taken in payment for the use of a right, as a copyright or a patent. SEIGNIORAL Seign"ior*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a seignior; seigneurial. "Kingly or seignioral patronage." Burke. SEIGNIORALTY Seign"ior*al*ty, n. Defn: The territory or authority of a seignior, or lord. Milman. SEIGNIORIAL Seign*io"ri*al, a. Defn: Same as Seigneurial. SEIGNIORIZE Seign"ior*ize, v. t. Defn: To lord it over. [Obs.] As proud as he that seigniorizeth hell. Fairfax. SEIGNIORY Seign"ior*y, n.; pl. -ies. Etym: [OE. seignorie, OF. seigneurie, F. seigneurie; cf. It. signoria.] 1. The power or authority of a lord; dominion. O'Neal never had any seigniory over that country but what by encroachment he got upon the English. Spenser. 2. The territory over which a lord holds jurisdiction; a manor. [Written also seigneury, and seignory.] SEINE Seine, n. Etym: [F. seine, or AS. segene, bsagena, Gr. (Fishing.) Defn: A large net, one edge of which is provided with sinkers, and the other with floats. It hangs vertically in the water, and when its ends are brought together or drawn ashore incloses the fish. Seine boat, a boat specially constructed to carry and pay out a seine. SEINER Sein"er, n. Defn: One who fishes with a seine. SEINING Sein"ing, n. Defn: Fishing with a seine. SEINT Seint, n. Etym: [See Cincture.] Defn: A girdle. [Obs.] "Girt with a seint of silk." Chaucer. SEINT Seint, n. Defn: A saint. [Obs.] Chaucer. SEINTUARY Sein"tu*a*ry, n. Defn: Sanctuary. [Obs.] SEIRFISH Seir"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Seerfish. SEIROSPORE Sei"ro*spore, n. Etym: [Gr. spore.] (Bot.) Defn: One of several spores arranged in a chain as in certain algæ of the genus Callithamnion. SEISE Seise, v. t. Defn: See Seize. Spenser. Note: This is the common spelling in the law phrase to be seised of (an estate). SEISIN Sei"sin, n. Defn: See Seizin. Spenser. SEISMIC; SEISMAL Seis"mic, Seis"mal, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to an earthquake; caused by an earthquake. Seismic vertical, the point upon the earth's surface vertically over the center of effort or focal point whence the earthquake's impulse proceeds, or the vertical line connecting these two points. SEISMOGRAM Seis"mo*gram, n. [Gr. earthquake + -gram.] (Physics) Defn: The trace or record of an earth tremor, made by means of a seismograph. SEISMOGRAPH Seis"mo*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] (Physics) Defn: An apparatus for registering the shocks and undulatory motions of earthquakes. SEISMOGRAPHIC Seis`mo*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a seismograph; indicated by a seismograph. SEISMOGRAPHY Seis*mog"ra*phy, n. 1. A writing about, or a description of, earthquakes. 2. The art of registering the shocks and undulatory movements of earthquakes. SEISMOLOGICAL Seis`mo*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to seismology. -- Seis`mo*log"ic*al*ly, adv. SEISMOLOGY Seis*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of earthquakes. SEISMOMETER Seis*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the direction, duration, and force of earthquakes and like concussions. SEISMOMETRIC Seis`mo*met"ric, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to seismometry, or seismometer; as, seismometric instruments; seismometric measurements. SEISMOMETRY Seis*mom"e*try, n. Defn: The mensuration of such phenomena of earthquakes as can be expressed in numbers, or by their relation to the coördinates of space. SEISMOSCOPE Seis"mo*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Physics) Defn: A seismometer. SEITY Se"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. se one's self.] Defn: Something peculiar to one's self. [R.] Tatler. SEIZABLE Seiz"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be seized. SEIZE Seize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seized; p. pr. & vb. n. Seizing.] Etym: [OE. seisen, saisen, OF. seisir, saisir, F. saisir, of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. set. The meaning is properly, to set, put, place, hence, to put in possession of. See Set, v. t.] 1. To fall or rush upon suddenly and lay hold of; to gripe or grasp suddenly; to reach and grasp. For by no means the high bank he could seize. Spenser. Seek you to seize and gripe into your hands The royalties and rights of banished Hereford Shak. 2. To take possession of by force. At last they seize The scepter, and regard not David's sons. Milton. 3. To invade suddenly; to take sudden hold of; to come upon suddenly; as, a fever seizes a patient. Hope and deubt alternate seize her seul. Pope. 4. (law) Defn: To take possession of by virtue of a warrant or other legal authority; as, the sheriff seized the debtor's goods. 5. To fasten; to fix. [Obs.] As when a bear hath seized her cruel claws Upon the carcass of some beast too weak. Spenser. 6. To grap with the mind; to comprehend fully and distinctly; as, to seize an idea. 7. (Naut.) Defn: To bind or fasten together with a lashing of small stuff, as yarn or marline; as, to seize ropes. Note: This word, by writers on law, is commonly written seise, in the phrase to be seised of (an estate), as also, in composition, disseise, disseisin. To be seized of, to have possession, or right of possession; as, A B was seized and possessed of the manor of Dale. "Whom age might see seized of what youth made prize." Chapman. -- To seize on or upon, to fall on and grasp; to take hold on; to take possession of suddenly and forcibly. Syn. -- To catch; grasp; clutch; snatch; apprehend; arrest; take; capture. SEIZER Seiz"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, seizes. SEIZIN Sei"zin, n. Etym: [F. saisine. See Seize.] 1. (Law) Defn: Possession; possession of an estate of froehold. It may be either in deed or in law; the former when there is actual possession, the latter when there is a right to such possession by construction of law. In some of the United States seizin means merely ownership. Burrill. 2. The act of taking possession. [Obs.] 3. The thing possessed; property. Sir M. Halle. Note: Commonly spelt by writers on law seisin. Livery of seizin. (Eng. Law) See Note under Livery, 1. SEIZING Seiz"ing, n. 1. The act of taking or grasping suddenly. 2. (Naut.) (a) The operation of fastening together or lashing. (b) The cord or lashing used for such fastening. SEIZOR Sei"zor, n. (Law) Defn: One who seizes, or takes possession. SEIZURE Sei"zure, n. 1. The act of seizing, or the state of being seized; sudden and violent grasp or gripe; a taking into possession; as, the seizure of a thief, a property, a throne, etc. 2. Retention within one's grasp or power; hold; possession; ownership. Make o'er thy honor by a deed of trust, And give me seizure of the mighty wealth. Dryden. 3. That which is seized, or taken possession of; a thing laid hold of, or possessed. SEJANT; SEJEANT Se"jant, Se"jeant, a. Etym: [F. séant, p. pr. of seoir to sit, L. sedere.] (Her.) Defn: Sitting, as a lion or other beast. Sejant rampant, sitting with the forefeet lifted up. Wright. SEJEIN Se*jein", v. t. Etym: [L. sejungere; pref. se- aside + jungere to join. See Join.] Defn: To separate. [Obs.] SEJUNCTION Se*junc"tion, n. Etym: [L. sejunctio. See Sejoin.] Defn: The act of disjoining, or the state of being disjoined. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. SEJUNGIBLE Se*jun"gi*ble, a. Etym: [See Sejoin.] Defn: Capable of being disjoined. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. SEKE Seke, a. Defn: Sick. [Obs.] Chaucer. SEKE Seke, v. t. & i. Defn: To seek. [Obs.] Chaucer. SEKES Se"kes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Arch.) Defn: A place in a pagan temple in which the images of the deities were inclosed. SELACHIAN Se*la"chi*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Selachii. See Illustration in Appendix. SELACHII Se*la"chi*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of elasmobranchs including the sharks and rays; the Plagiostomi. Called also Selacha, Selache, and Selachoidei. SELACHOIDEI Sel`a*choi"de*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Selachii, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Selachii. SELACHOSTOMI Sel`a*chos"to*mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Selachii, and Stoma.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of ganoid fishes which includes the paddlefish, in which the mouth is armed with small teeth. SELAGINELLA Sel`a*gi*nel"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. selago, -inis, a kind of plant.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of cryptogamous plants resembling Lycopodia, but producing two kinds of spores; also, any plant of this genus. Many species are cultivated in conservatories. SELAH Se"lah, n. Etym: [Heb. selah.] (Script.) Defn: A word of doubtful meaning, occuring frequently in the Psalms; by some, supposed to signify silence or a pause in the musical performance of the song. Beyond the fact that Selach is a musical term, we know absolutely nothing about it. Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.) SELCOUTH Sel"couth, n. Etym: [AS. selc, seldc; seld rare + c known. See Uncouth.] Defn: Rarely known; unusual; strange. [Obs.] [She] wondered much at his so selcouth case. Spenser. SELD Seld, a. Etym: [See Seldom.] Defn: Rare; uncommon; unusual. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. SELD Seld, adv. Defn: Rarely; seldom. [Obs.] Chaucer. SELDEN Sel"den, adv. Defn: Seldom. [Obs.] Chaucer. SELDOM Sel"dom, adv. [Usually, compar. More seldom (; superl. Most seldom (; but sometimes also, Seldomer (, Seldomest.] Etym: [AS. seldan, seldon, seldum, fr. seld rare; akin to OFries. sielden, D. zelden, G. selten, OHG. seltan, Icel. sjaldan, Dan. sielden, Sw. sällan, Goth. sildaleiks marvelous.] Defn: Rarely; not often; not frequently. Wisdom and youth are seldom joined in one. Hooker. SELDOM Sel"dom, a. Defn: Rare; infrequent. [Archaic.] "A suppressed and seldom anger." Jer. Taylor. SELDOMNESS Sel"dom*ness, n. Defn: Rareness. Hooker. SELDSEEN Seld"seen`, a. Etym: [AS. seldsiene.] Defn: Seldom seen. [Obs.] Drayton. SELDSHEWN Seld"shewn`, a. Etym: [Seld + shown.] Defn: Rarely shown or exhibited. [Obs.] Shak. SELECT Se*lect", a. Etym: [L. selectus, p. p. of seligere to select; pref. se- aside + levere to gather. See Legend.] Defn: Taken from a number by preferance; picked out as more valuable or exellent than others; of special value or exellence; nicely chosen; selected; choice. A few select spirits had separated from the crowd, and formed a fit audience round a far greater teacher. Macaulay. SELECT Se*lect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Selected; p. pr. & vb. n. Selecting.] Defn: To choose and take from a number; to take by preference from among others; to pick out; to cull; as, to select the best authors for perusal. "One peculiar nation to select." Milton. The pious chief . . . A hundred youths from all his train selects. Dryden. SELECTEDLY Se*lect"ed*ly, adv. Defn: With care and selection. [R.] SELECTION Se*lec"tion, n. Etym: [L. selectio: cf. F. sélection.] . Defn: The act of selecting, or the state of being selected; choice, by preference. 2. That which is selected; a collection of things chosen; as, a choice selection of books. Natural selection. (Biol.) See under Natural. SELECTIVE Se*lect"ive, a. Defn: Selecting; tending to select. This selective providence of the Almighty. Bp. Hall. SELECTMAN Se*lect"man, n.; pl. Selectmen (. Defn: One of a board of town officers chosen annually in the New England States to transact the general public business of the town, and have a kind of executive authority. The number is usually from three to seven in each town. The system of delegated town action was then, perhaps, the same which was defined in an "order made in 1635 by the inhabitants of Charlestown at a full meeting for the government of the town, by selectmen;" the name presently extended throughout New England to municipal governors. Palfrey. SELECTNESS Se*lect"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being select. SELECTOR Se*lect"or, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who selects. SELENATE Sel"e*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of selenic acid; -- formerly called also seleniate. SELENHYDRIC Sel`en*hy"dric, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, hydrogen selenide, H2Se, regarded as an acid analogous to sulphydric acid. SELENIC Se*len"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sélénique.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to selenium; derived from, or containing, selenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with selenious compounds. SELENIDE Sel"e*nide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of selenium, or a compound regarded as binary; as, ethyl selenide. SELENIFEROUS Sel`e*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Selenium + -ferous. ] Defn: Containing, or impregnated with, selenium; as, seleniferous pyrites. SELENIO- Se*le"ni*o- (. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of selenium or its compounds; as, selenio-phosphate, a phosphate having selenium in place of all, or a part, of the oxygen. SELENIOUS Se*le"ni*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sélénieux.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, selenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with selenic compounds. SELENITE Sel"e*nite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of selenious acid. SELENITE Sel"e*nite, n. Etym: [L. selenites, Gr. (Min.) Defn: A variety of gypsum, occuring in transparent crystals or crystalline masses. SELENITIC; SELENITICAL Sel`e*nit"ic, Sel`e*nit"ic*al, a. (Min.) Defn: Of or pertaining to selenite; resembling or containing selenite. SELENIUM Se*le"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. tellurium (from L. tellus the earth), being, as it were, a companion to it.] (Chem.) Defn: A nonmetallic element of the sulphur group, and analogous to sulphur in its compounds. It is found in small quantities with sulphur and some sulphur ores, and obtained in the free state as a dark reddish powder or crystalline mass, or as a dark metallic- looking substance. It exhibits under the action of light a remarkable variation in electric conductivity, and is used in certain electric apparatus. Symbol Se. Atomic weight 78.9. SELENIURET Sel`e*ni"u*ret, n. (CHem.) Defn: A selenide. [Obs.] SELENIURETED Sel`e*ni"u*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Defn: Combined with selenium as in a selenide; as, seleniureted hydrogen. [Written also seleniuretted.] [Obsoles.] SELENOCENTRIC Se*le`no*cen"tric, a. Etym: [Gr. centric.] (Astron.) Defn: As seen or estimated from the center of the moon; with the moon central. SELENOGRAPH Se*le"no*graph Defn: , n. A picture or delineation of the moon's surface, or of any part of it. SELENOGRAPHER Sel`e*nog"ra*pher, n. Defn: One skilled in selenography. Wright. SELENOGRAPHIC; SELENOGRAPHICAL Sel`e*no*graph"ic, Sel`e*no*graph"i*cal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sélénographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to selenography. SELENOGRAPHIST Sel`e*nog"ra*phist, n. Defn: A selenographer. SELENOGRAPHY Sel`e*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: The science that treats of the physical features of the moon; - - corresponding to physical geography in respect to the earth. "Accurate selenography, or description of the moon." Sir T. Browne. SELENOLOGY Sel`e*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr.-logy.] Defn: That branch of astronomy which treats of the moon. -- Sel`e*no*log"i*cal, a. SELENONIUM Sel`e*no"ni*um, n. Etym: [Selenium + sulphonium.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical of selenium, analogous to sulphonium. [R.] SELF Self, a. Etym: [AS. self, seolf, sylf; akin to OS. self, OFries. self, D. zelf, G. selb, selber, selbst, Dan. selv. Sw. sjelf, Icel. sjalfr, Goth. silba. Cf. Selavage.] Defn: Same; particular; very; identical. [Obs., except in the compound selfsame.] "On these self hills." Sir. W. Raleigh. To shoot another arrow that self way Which you did shoot the first. Shak. At that self moment enters Palamon. Dryden. SELF Self, n.; pl. Selves (. 1. The individual as the object of his own reflective consciousness; the man viewed by his own cognition as the subject of all his mental phenomena, the agent in his own activities, the subject of his own feelings, and the possessor of capacities and character; a person as a distinct individual; a being regarded as having personality. "Those who liked their real selves." Addison. A man's self may be the worst fellow to converse with in the world. Pope. The self, the I, is recognized in every act of intelligence as the subject to which that act belongs. It is I that perceive, I that imagine, I that remember, I that attend, I that compare, I that feel, I that will, I that am conscious. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. Hence, personal interest, or love of private interest; selfishness; as, self is his whole aim. 3. Personification; embodiment. [Poetic.] She was beauty's self. Thomson. Note: Self is united to certain personal pronouns and pronominal adjectives to express emphasis or distinction. Thus, for emphasis; I myself will write; I will examine for myself; thou thyself shalt go; thou shalt see for thyself; you yourself shall write; you shall see for yourself; he himself shall write; he shall examine for himself; she herself shall write; she shall examine for herself; the child itself shall be carried; it shall be present itself. It is also used reflexively; as, I abhor myself; thou enrichest thyself; he loves himself; she admires herself; it pleases itself; we walue ourselves; ye hurry yourselves; they see themselves. Himself, herself, themselves, are used in the nominative case, as well as in the objective. "Jesus himself baptized not, but his disciples." John iv. 2. Note: Self is used in the formation of innumerable compounds, usually of obvious signification, in most of which it denotes either the agent or the object of the action expressed by the word with which it is joined, or the person in behalf of whom it is performed, or the person or thing to, for, or towards whom or which a quality, attribute, or feeling expressed by the following word belongs, is directed, or is exerted, or from which it proceeds; or it denotes the subject of, or object affected by, such action, quality, attribute, feeling, or the like; as, self-abandoning, self-abnegation, self- abhorring, self-absorbed, self-accusing, self-adjusting, self- balanced, self-boasting, self-canceled, self-combating, self- commendation, self-condemned, self-conflict, self-conquest, self- constituted, self-consumed, self-contempt, self-controlled, self- deceiving, self-denying, self-destroyed, self-disclosure, self- display, self-dominion, self-doomed, self-elected, self-evolved, self-exalting, self-excusing, self-exile, self-fed, self-fulfillment, self-governed, self-harming, self-helpless, self-humiliation, self- idolized, self-inflicted, self-improvement, self-instruction, self- invited, self-judging, self-justification, self-loathing, self- loving, self-maintenance, self-mastered, self-nourishment, self- perfect, self-perpetuation, self-pleasing, self-praising, self- preserving, self-questioned, self-relying, self-restraining, self- revelation, self-ruined, self-satisfaction, self-support, self- sustained, self-sustaining, self-tormenting, self-troubling, self- trust, self-tuition, self-upbraiding, self-valuing, self-worshiping, and many others. SELF-ABASED Self`-a*based", a. Defn: Humbled by consciousness of inferiority, unworthiness, guilt, or shame. SELF-ABASEMENT Self`-a*base"ment, n. 1. Degradation of one's self by one's own act. 2. Humiliation or abasement proceeding from consciousness of inferiority, guilt, or shame. SELF-ABASING Self`-a*bas"ing, a. Defn: Lowering or humbling one's self. SELF-ABHORRENCE Self`-ab*hor"rence, n. Defn: Abhorrence of one's self. SELF-ABNEGATION Self`-ab`ne*ga"tion, n. Defn: Self-denial; self-renunciation; self-sacrifice. SELF-ABUSE Self`-abuse", n. 1. The abuse of one's own self, powers, or faculties. 2. Self-deception; delusion. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Masturbation; onanism; self-pollution. SELF-ACCUSED Self"-ac*cused", a. Defn: Accused by one's self or by one's conscience. "Die self- accused." Cowper. SELF-ACTING Self`-act"ing, a. Defn: Acting of or by one's self or by itself; -- said especially of a machine or mechanism which is made to perform of or for itself what is usually done by human agency; automatic; as, a self-acting feed apparatus; a self-acting mule; a self-acting press. SELF-ACTION Self`-ac"tion, n. Defn: Action by, or originating in, one's self or itself. SELF-ACTIVE Self`-ac"tive, a. Defn: Acting of one's self or of itself; acting without depending on other agents. SELF-ACTIVITY Self`-ac*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being self-active; self-action. SELF-ADJUSTING Self`-ad*just"ing, a. (Mach.) Defn: Capable of assuming a desired position or condition with relation to other parts, under varying circumstances, without requiring to be adjusted by hand; -- said of a piece in machinery. Self-adjusting bearing (Shafting), a bearing which is supported in such a manner that it may tip to accomodate flexure or displacement of the shaft. SELF-ADMIRATION Self`-ad`mi*ra"tion, n. Defn: Admiration of one's self. SELF-AFFAIRS Self`-af*fairs", n. pl. Defn: One's own affairs; one's private business. [Obs.] Shak. SELF-AFFRIGHTED Self`-af*fright"ed, a. Defn: Frightened at or by one's self. Shak. SELF-AGGRANDIZEMENT Self`-ag*gran"dize*ment, n. Defn: The aggrandizement of one's self. SELF-ANNIHILATED Self`-an*ni"hi*la`ted, a. Defn: Annihilated by one's self. SELF-ANNIHILATION Self`-an*ni`hi*la"tion, n. Defn: Annihilation by one's own acts; annihilation of one's desires. Addison. SELF-APPLAUSE Self`-ap*plause", n. Defn: Applause of one's self. SELF-APPLYING Self`-ap*ply"ing, a. Defn: Applying to or by one's self. SELF-APPROVING Self`-ap*prov"ing, a. Defn: Approving one's own action or character by one's own judgment. One self-approving hour whole years outweighs Of stupid starers and of loud huzzas. Pope. SELF-ASSERTING Self`-as*sert"ing, a. Defn: asserting one's self, or one's own rights or claims; hence, putting one's self forward in a confident or assuming manner. SELF-ASSERTION Self`-as*ser"tion, n. Defn: The act of asserting one's self, or one's own rights or claims; the quality of being self-asserting. SELF-ASSERTIVE Self`-as*sert"ive, a. Defn: Disposed to self-assertion; self-asserting. SELF-ASSUMED Self`-as*sumed`, a. Defn: Assumed by one's own act, or without authority. SELF-ASSURED Self`-as*sured`, a. Defn: Assured by or of one's self; self-reliant; complacent. SELF-BANISHED Self`-ban"ished, a. Defn: Exiled voluntarily. SELF-BEGOTTEN Self"-be*got"ten, a. Defn: Begotten by one's self, or one's own powers. SELF-BINDER Self`-bind"er, n. Defn: A reaping machine containing mechanism for binding the grain into sheaves. SELF-BORN Self"-born`, a. Defn: Born or produced by one's self. SELF-CENTERED; SELF-CENTRED Self`-cen"tered, Self`-cen"tred, a. Defn: Centered in itself, or in one's self. There hangs the ball of earth and water mixt, Self-centered and unmoved. Dryden. SELF-CENTERING; SELF-CENTRING Self`-cen"ter*ing, Self`-cen"tring a. Defn: Centering in one's self. SELF-CENTRATION Self`-cen*tra"tion, n. Defn: The quality or state of being self-centered. SELF-CHARITY Self`-char"i*ty, n. Defn: Self-love. [Obs.] Shak. SELF-COLOR Self"-col`or, n. Defn: A color not mixed or variegated. SELF-COLORED Self`-col"ored, a. Defn: Being of a single color; -- applied to flowers, animals, and textile fabrics. SELF-COMMAND Self`-com*mand", n. Defn: Control over one's own feelings, temper, etc.; self-control. SELF-COMMUNE Self`-com*mune", n. Defn: Self-communion. [R.] SELF-COMMUNICATIVE Self`-com*mu"ni*ca*tive, a. Defn: Imparting or communicating by its own powers. SELF-COMMUNION Self`-com*mun"ion, n. Defn: Communion with one's self; thoughts about one's self. SELF-COMPLACENCY Self`-com*pla"cen*cy, n. Defn: The quality of being self-complacent. J. Foster. SELF-COMPLACENT Self`-com*pla"cent, a. Defn: Satisfied with one's own character, capacity, and doings; self- satisfied. SELF-CONCEIT Self`-con*ceit", n. Defn: Conceit of one's self; an overweening opinion of one's powers or endowments. Syn. -- See Egotism. SELF-CONCEITED Self`-con*ceit"ed, a. Defn: Having an overweening opinion of one's own powers, attainments; vain; conceited. -- Self`-con*ceit"ed*ness, n. SELF-CONCERN Self`-con*cern", n. Defn: Concern for one's self. SELF-CONDEMNATION Self`-con`dem*na"tion, n. Defn: Condemnation of one's self by one's own judgment. SELF-CONFIDENCE Self`-con"fi*dence, n. Defn: The quality or state of being self-confident; self-reliance. A feeling of self-confidence which supported and sustained him. Beaconsfield. SELF-CONFIDENT Self`-con"fi*dent, a. Defn: Confident of one's own strength or powers; relying on one's judgment or ability; self-reliant. -- Self`-con"fi*dent*ly, adv. SELF-CONJUGATE Self`-con"ju*gate, a. (Geom.) Defn: Having the two things that are conjugate parts of the same figure; as, self-conjugate triangles. SELF-CONSCIOUS Self`-con"scious, a. 1. Conscious of one's acts or state as belonging to, or originating in, one's self. "My self-conscious worth." Dryden. 2. Conscious of one's self as an object of the observation of others; as, the speaker was too self-conscious. SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS Self`-con"scious*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being self-conscious. SELF-CONSIDERING Self`-con*sid"er*ing, a. Defn: Considering in one's own mind; deliberating. Pope. SELF-CONSISTENCY Self`-con*sist"en*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being self-consistent. SELF-CONSISTENT Self`-con*sist"ent, a. Defn: Consistent with one's self or with itself; not deviation from the ordinary standard by which the conduct is guided; logically consistent throughout; having each part consistent with the rest. SELF-CONSUMING Self`-con*sum"ing, a. Defn: Consuming one's self or itself. SELF-CONTAINED Self`-con*tained", a. 1. Having self-control; reserved; uncommunicative; wholly engrossed in one's self. 2. (Mach.) Defn: Having all the essential working parts connected by a bedplate or framework, or contained in a case, etc., so that mutual relations of the parts do not depend upon fastening outside of the machine itself. Self-contained steam engine. (a) A steam engine having both bearings for the crank shaft attached to the frame of the engine. (b) A steam engine and boiler combined and fastened together; a portable steam engine. SELF-CONTRADICTION Self`-con`tra*dic"tion, n. Defn: The act of contradicting one's self or itself; repugnancy in conceptions or in terms; a proposition consisting of two members, one of which contradicts the other; as, to be and not to be at the same time is a self-contradiction. SELF-CONTRADICTORY Self`-con`tra*dict"o*ry, a. Defn: Contradicting one's self or itself. SELF-CONTROL Self`-con*trol", n. Defn: Control of one's self; restraint exercised over one's self; self-command. SELF-CONVICTED Self`-con*vict"ed, a. Defn: Convicted by one's own consciousness, knowledge, avowal, or acts. SELF-CONVICTION Self`-con*vic"tion, n. Defn: The act of convicting one's self, or the state of being self- convicted. SELF-CREATED Self`-cre*at"ed, a. Defn: Created by one's self; not formed or constituted by another. SELF-CULTURE Self`-cul"ture, n. Defn: Culture, training, or education of one's self by one's own efforts. SELF-DECEIT Self`-de*ceit", n. Defn: The act of deceiving one's self, or the state of being self- deceived; self-deception. SELF-DECEIVED Self`-de*ceived", a. Defn: Deceived or misled respecting one's self by one's own mistake or error. SELF-DECEPTION Self`-de*cep"tion, n. Defn: Self-deceit. SELF-DEFENCE Self`-de*fence", n. Defn: See Self-defense. SELF-DEFENSE Self`-de*fense", n. Defn: The act of defending one's own person, property, or reputation. In self-defense (Law), in protection of self, -- it being permitted in law to a party on whom a grave wrong is attempted to resist the wrong, even at the peril of the life of the assailiant. Wharton. SELF-DEFENSIVE Self`-de*fen"sive, a. Defn: Defending, or tending to defend, one's own person, property, or reputation. SELF-DEGRADATION Self`-deg`ra*da"tion, n. Defn: The act of degrading one's self, or the state of being so degraded. SELF-DELATION Self`-de*la"tion, n. Defn: Accusation of one's self. [R.] Milman. SELF-DELUSION Self`-de*lu"sion, n. Defn: The act of deluding one's self, or the state of being thus deluded. SELF-DENIAL Self`-de*ni"al, n. Defn: The denial of one's self; forbearing to gratify one's own desires; self-sacrifice. SELF-DENYING Self`-de*ny"ing, a. Defn: Refusing to gratify one's self; self-sacrificing. -- Self`-de*ny"ing*ly, adv. SELF-DEPENDENT Self`-de*pend"ent, a. Defn: Dependent on one's self; self-depending; self-reliant. SELF-DEPENDING Self`-de*pend"ing, a. Defn: Depending on one's self. SELF-DEPRAVED Self`-de*praved", a. Defn: Corrupted or depraved by one's self. Milton. SELF-DESTROYER Self`-de*stroy"er, n. Defn: One who destroys himself; a suicide. SELF-DESTRUCTION Self`-de*struc"tion, n. Defn: The destruction of one's self; self-murder; suicide. Milton. SELF-DESTRUCTIVE Self`-de*struc"tive, a. Defn: Destroying, or tending to destroy, one's self or itself; rucidal. SELF-DETERMINATION Self`-de*ter`mi*na"tion, n. Defn: Determination by one's self; or, determination of one's acts or states without the necessitating force of motives; -- applied to the voluntary or activity. SELF-DETERMINING Self`-de*ter"min*ing, a. Defn: Capable of self-determination; as, the self-determining power of will. SELF-DEVISED Self`-de*vised", a. Defn: Devised by one's self. SELF-DEVOTED Self`-de*vot"ed, a. Defn: Devoted in person, or by one's own will. Hawthorne. SELF-DEVOTEMENT Self`-de*vote"ment, n. Defn: Self-devotion. [R.] SELF-DEVOTION Self`-de*vo"tion, n. Defn: The act of devoting one's self, or the state of being self- devoted; willingness to sacrifice one's own advantage or happiness for the sake of others; self-sacrifice. SELF-DEVOURING Self`-de*vour"ing, a. Defn: Devouring one's self or itself. Danham. SELF-DIFFUSIVE Self`-dif*fu"sive, a. Defn: Having power to diffuse itself; diffusing itself. Norris. SELF-DISCIPLINE Self`-dis"ci*pline, n. Defn: Correction or government of one's self for the sake of improvement. SELF-DISTRUST Self`-dis*trust", n. Defn: Want of confidence in one' self; diffidence. SELF-EDUCATED Self`-ed"u*ca`ted, a. Defn: Educated by one's own efforts, without instruction, or without pecuniary assistance from others. SELF-ELECTIVE Self`-e*lect"ive, a. Defn: Having the right of electing one's self, or, as a body, of electing its own members. SELF-ENJOYMENT Self`-en*joy"ment, n. Defn: Enjoyment of one's self; self-satisfaction. SELF-ESTEEM Self`-es*teem", n. Defn: The holding a good opinion of one's self; self-complacency. SELF-ESTIMATION Self`-es`ti*ma"tion, n. Defn: The act of estimating one's self; self-esteem. SELF-EVIDENCE Self`-ev"i*dence, n. Defn: The quality or state of being self-evident. Locke. SELF-EVIDENT Self`-ev"i*dent, a. Defn: Evident without proof or reasoning; producing certainty or conviction upon a bare presentation to the mind; as, a self-evident proposition or truth. -- Self`-ev"i*dent*ly, adv. SELF-EVOLUTION Self`-ev`o*lu"tion, n. Defn: Evolution of one's self; development by inherent quality or power. SELF-EXALTATION Self`-ex`al*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of exalting one's self, or the state of being so exalted. SELF-EXAMINANT Self`-ex*am"i*nant, n. Defn: One who examines himself; one given to self-examination. The humiliated self-examinant feels that there is evil in our nature as well as good. Coleridge. SELF-EXAMINATION Self`-ex*am`i*na"tion, n. Defn: An examination into one's own state, conduct, and motives, particularly in regard to religious feelings and duties. SELF-EXCITE Self`-ex*cite", v. t. (Elec.) Defn: To energize or excite (the field magnets of a dynamo) by induction from the residual magnetism of its cores, leading all or a part of the current thus produced through the field-magnet coils. SELF-EXISTENCE Self`-ex*ist"ence, n. Defn: Inherent existence; existence possessed by virtue of a being's own nature, and independent of any other being or cause; -- an attribute peculiar to God. Blackmore. SELF-EXISTENT Self`-ex*ist"ent, a. Defn: Existing of or by himself,independent of any other being or cause; -- as, God is the only self-existent being. SELF-EXPLAINING self`-ex*plain"ing, a. Defn: Explaining itself; capable of being understood without explanation. SELF-EXPOSURE Self`-ex*po"sure, n. Defn: The act of exposing one's self; the state of being so exposed. SELF-FERTILIZATION Self`-fer`ti*li*za"tion, n. (Bot.) Defn: The fertilization of a flower by pollen from the same flower and without outer aid; autogamy. SELF-FERTILIZED Self`-fer"ti*lized, a. (Bot.) Defn: Fertilized by pollen from the same flower. SELF-GLORIOUS Self`-glo"ri*ous, a. Defn: Springing from vainglory or vanity; vain; boastful. Dryden. SELF-GOVERNMENT Self`-gov"ern*ment, n. 1. The act of governing one's self, or the state of being governed by one's self; self-control; self-command. 2. Hence, government of a community, state, or nation by the joint action of the mass of people constituting such a civil body; also, the state of being so governed; democratic government; democracy. It is to self-government, the great principle of popular representation and administration, -- the system that lets in all to participate in the councels that are to assign the good or evil to all, -- that we may owe what we are and what we hope to be. D. Webster. SELF-GRATULATION Self`-grat`u*la"tion, n. Defn: Gratulation of one's self. SELF-HARDENING Self`-hard"en*ing, a. (Metal.) Defn: Designating, or pert. to, any of various steels that harden when heated to above a red heat and cooled in air, usually in a blast of cold air with moderate rapidity, without quenching. Such steels are alloys of iron and carbon with manganese, tungsten and manganese, chromium, molybdenum and manganese, etc. They are chiefly used as high-speed steels. -- Self`-hard"en*ed, a. SELF-HEAL Self`-heal", n. (Bot.) Defn: A blue-flowered labiate plant (Brunella vulgaris); the healall. SELF-HEALING Self`-heal"ing, a. Defn: Having the power or property of healing itself. SELF-HELP Self`-help", n. Defn: The act of aiding one's self, without depending on the aid of others. SELF-HOMICIDE Self`-hom"i*cide, n. Defn: The act of killing one's self; suicide. Hakewill. SELFHOOD Self"hood, n. Defn: Existence as a separate self, or independent person; conscious personality; individuality. Bib. Sacra. SELF-IGNORANCE Self`-ig"no*rance, n. Defn: Ignorance of one's own character, powers, and limitations. SELF-IGNORANT Self`-ig"no*rant, a. Defn: Ignorant of one's self. SELF-IMPARTING Self`-im*part"ing, a. Defn: Imparting by one's own, or by its own, powers and will. Norris. SELF-IMPORTANCE Self`-im*por"tance, n. Defn: An exaggerated estimate of one's own importance or merit, esp. as manifested by the conduct or manners; self-conceit. SELF-IMPORTANT Self`-im*por"tant, a. Defn: Having or manifesting an exaggerated idea of one's own importance or merit. SELF-IMPOSED Self`-im*posed", a. Defn: Voluntarily taken on one's self; as, self-imposed tasks. SELF-IMPOSTURE Self`-im*pos"ture, n. Defn: Imposture practiced on one's self; self-deceit. South. SELF-INDIGNATION Self`-in`dig*na"tion, n. Defn: Indignation at one's own character or actions. Baxter. SELF-INDUCTION Self`-in*duc"tion, n. (Elec.) Defn: Induction in a circuit due to the action of one portion of a current upon an adjacent portion during periods of varying current strength. The nature of the induction is such as to oppose the action which produces it. SELF-INDULGENCE Self`-in*dul"gence, n. Defn: Indulgence of one's appetites, desires, or inclinations; -- the opposite of self-restraint, and self-denial. SELF-INDULGENT Self`-in*dul"gent, a. Defn: Indulging one's appetites, desires, etc., freely. SELF-INTEREST Self`-in"ter*est, n. Defn: Private interest; the interest or advantage of one's self. SELF-INTERESTED Self`-in"ter*est*ed, a. Defn: Particularly concerned for one's own interest or happiness. SELF-INVOLUTION Self`-in`vo*lu"tion, n. Defn: Involution in one's self; hence, abstraction of thought; reverie. SELFISH Self"ish, a. 1. Caring supremely or unduly for one's self; regarding one's own comfort, advantage, etc., in disregard, or at the expense, of those of others. They judge of things according to their own private appetites and selfish passions. Cudworth. In that throng of selfish hearts untrue. Keble. 2. (Ethics) Defn: Believing or teaching that the chief motives of human action are derived from love of self. Hobbes and the selfish school of philosophers. Fleming. SELFISHLY Self"ish*ly, adv. Defn: In a selfish manner; with regard to private interest only or chiefly. SELFISHNESS Self"ish*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being selfish; exclusive regard to one's own interest or happiness; that supreme self-love or self- preference which leads a person to direct his purposes to the advancement of his own interest, power, or happiness, without regarding those of others. Selfishness,- a vice utterly at variance with the happiness of him who harbors it, and, as such, condemned by self-love. Sir J. Mackintosh. Syn. -- See Self-love. SELFISM Self"ism, n. Defn: Concentration of one's interests on one's self; self-love; selfishness. Emerson. SELFIST Self"ist, n. Defn: A selfish person. [R.] I. Taylor. SELF-JUSTIFIER Self`-jus"ti*fi`er, n. Defn: One who excuses or justifies himself. J. M. Mason. SELF-KINDLED Self`-kin"dled, a. Defn: Kindled of itself, or without extraneous aid or power. Dryden. SELF-KNOWING Self`-know"ing, a. 1. Knowing one's self, or one's own character, powers, and limitations. 2. Knowing of itself, without help from another. SELF-KNOWLEDGE Self`-knowl"edge, n. Defn: Knowledge of one's self, or of one's own character, powers, limitations, etc. SELFLESS Self"less, a. Defn: Having no regard to self; unselfish. Lo now, what hearts have men! they never mount As high as woman in her selfless mood. Tennyson. SELFLESSNESS Self"less*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being selfless. SELF-LIFE Self"-life`, n. Defn: Life for one's self; living solely or chiefly for one's own pleasure or good. SELF-LOVE Self`-love`, n. Defn: The love of one's self; desire of personal happiness; tendency to seek one's own benefit or advantage. Shak. Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul. Pope. Syn. -- Selfishness. -- Self-love, Selfishness. The term self-love is used in a twofold sense: 1. It denotes that longing for good or for well-being which actuates the breasts of all, entering into and characterizing every special desire. In this sense it has no moral quality, being, from the nature of the case, neither good nor evil. 2. It is applied to a voluntary regard for the gratification of special desires. In this sense it is morally good or bad according as these desires are conformed to duty or opposed to it. Selfishness is always voluntary and always wrong, being that regard to our own interests, gratification, etc., which is sought or indulged at the expense, and to the injury, of others. "So long as self-love does not degenerate into selfishness, it is quite compatible with true benevolence." Fleming. "Not only is the phrase self-love used as synonymous with the desire of happiness, but it is often confounded with the word selfishness, which certainly, in strict propriety, denotes a very different disposition of mind." Slewart. SELF-LUMINOUS Self`-lu"mi*nous, a. Defn: Possessing in itself the property of emitting light. Sir D. Brewster. SELF-MADE Self"-made`, a. Defn: Made by one's self. Self-made man, a man who has risen from poverty or obscurity by means of his own talentss or energies. SELF-METTLE Self"-met`tle, n Defn: Inborn mettle or courage; one's own temper. [Obs.] Shak. SELF-MOTION Self`-mo"tion, n. Defn: Motion given by inherent power, without external impulse; spontaneus or voluntary motion. Matter is not induced with self-motion. Cheyne. SELF-MOVED Self`-moved", a. Defn: Moved by inherent power., without the aid of external impulse. SELF-MOVING Self`-mov"ing, a. Defn: Moving by inherent power, without the aid of external impulse. SELF-MURDER Self`-mur"der, a. Defn: Suicide. SELF-MURDERER Self`-mur"der*er, n. Defn: A suicide. SELF-NEGLECTING Self`-neg*lect"ing, n. Defn: A neglecting of one's self, or of one's own interests. Self-love, my liege, is not so vile a sin As self-neglecting. Shak. SELFNESS Self"ness, n. Defn: Selfishness. [Obs.] Sir. P. Sidney. SELF-ONE Self`-one", a. Defn: Secret. [Obs.] Marston. SELF-OPINION Self`-o*pin"ion, n. Defn: Opinion, especially high opinion, of one's self; an overweening estimate of one's self or of one's own opinion. Collier. SELF-OPINIONED Self`-o*pin"ioned, a. Defn: Having a high opinion of one's self; opinionated; conceited. South. SELF-ORIGINATING Self`-o*rig"i*na`ting, a. Defn: Beginning wwith, or springing from, one's self. SELF-PARTIALITY Self`-par`ti*al"i*ty, n. Defn: That partiality to himself by which a man overrates his own worth when compared with others. Kames. SELF-PERPLEXED Self`-per*plexed", a. Defn: Perplexed by doubts originating in one's own mind. SELF-POSITED Self`-pos"it*ed, a. Defn: Disposed or arranged by an action originating in one's self or in itself. These molecular blocks of salt are self-posited. Tyndall. SELF-POSITING Self`-pos"it*ing, a. Defn: The act of disposing or arranging one's self or itself. The self-positing of the molecules. R. Watts. SELF-POSSESSED Self"-pos*sessed", a. Defn: Composed or tranquill in mind, manner, etc.; undisturbed. SELF-POSSESSION Self`-pos*ses"sion, n. Defn: The possession of one's powers; calmness; self-command; presence of mind; composure. SELF-PRAISE Self"-praise`, n. Defn: Praise of one's self. SELF-PRESERVATION Self`-pres`er*va"tion, n. Defn: The preservation of one's self from destruction or injury. SELF-PROPAGATING Self`-prop"a*ga`ting, a. Defn: Propagating by one's self or by itself. SELF-REGISTERING Self`-reg"is*ter*ing, a. Defn: Registering itself; -- said of any instrument so contrived as to record its own indications of phenomena, whether continuously or at stated times, as at the maxima and minima of variations; as, a self-registering anemometer or barometer. SELF-REGULATED Self`-reg"u*la`ted, a. Defn: Regulated by one's self or by itself. SELF-REGULATIVE Self`-reg"u*la*tive, a. Defn: Tending or serving to regulate one's self or itself. Whewell. SELF-RELIANCE Self`-re*li"ance, n. Defn: Reliance on one's own powers or judgment; self-trust. SELF-RELIANT Self`-re*li"ant, a. Defn: Reliant upon one's self; trusting to one's own powers or judgment. SELF-RENUNCIATION Self`-re*nun`ci*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of renouncing, or setting aside, one's own wishes, claims, etc.; self-sacrifice. SELF-REPELLENCY Self`-re*pel"len*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being self-repelling. SELF-REPELLING Self`-re*pel"ling, ( a. Defn: Made up of parts, as molecules or atoms, which mutually repel each other; as, gases are self-repelling. SELF-REPETITION Self`-rep`e*ti"tion, n. Defn: Repetition of one's self or of one's acts; the saying or doing what one has already said or done. SELF-REPROACH Self`-re*proach", n. Defn: The act of reproaching one's self; censure by one's own conscience. SELF-REPROACHED Self`-re*proached", a. Defn: Reproached by one's own conscience or judgment. SELF-REPROACHING Self`-re*proach"ing, a. Defn: Reproaching one's self. -- Self`-re*proach"ing*ly, adv. SELF-REPROOF Self`-re*proof", n. Defn: The act of reproving one's self; censure of one's conduct by one's own judgment. SELF-REPROVED Self`-re*proved", a. Defn: Reproved by one's own conscience or one's own sense of guilt. SELF-REPROVING Self`-re*prov"ing, a. Defn: Reproving one's self; reproving by consciousness of guilt. SELF-REPROVINGLY Self`-re*prov"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a self-reproving way. SELF-REPUGNANT Self`-re*pug"nant, a. Defn: Self-contradictory; inconsistent. Brougham. SELF-REPULSIVE Self`-re*pul"sive, a. Defn: Self-repelling. SELF-RESPECT Self`-re*spect", n. Defn: Respect for one's self; regard for one's character; laudable self-esteem. SELF-RESTRAINED Self`-re*strained", a. Defn: Restrained by one's self or itself; restrained by one's own power or will. SELF-RESTRAINT Self`-re*straint", n. Defn: Restraint over one's self; self-control; self-command. SELF-REVERENCE Self`-rev"er*ence, n. Defn: A reverent respect for one's self. Tennyson. SELF-RIGHTEOUS Self`-right"eous, a. Defn: Righteous in one's own esteem; pharisaic. SELF-RIGHTEOUSNESS Self`-right"eous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being self-righteous; pharisaism. SELF-SACRIFICE Self`-sac"ri*fice, n. Defn: The act of sacrificing one's self, or one's interest, for others; self-devotion. SELF-SACRIFICING Self`-sac"ri*fi`cing, a. Defn: Yielding up one's own interest, ffeelings, etc; sacrificing one's self. SELFSAME Self"same, a. Etym: [Self, a. + same.] Defn: Precisely the same; the very same; identical. His servant was healed in the selfsame hour. Matt. viii. 13. SELF-SATISFACTION Self`-sat`is*fac"tion, n. Defn: The quality or state of being self-satisfied. SELF-SATISFIED Self`-sat"is*fied, a. Defn: Satisfied with one's self or one's actions; self-complacent. SELF-SATISFYING Self`-sat"is*fy`ing, a. Defn: Giving satisfaction to one's self. SELF-SEEKER Self"-seek`er, n. Defn: One who seeks only his own interest, advantage, or pleasure. SELF-SEEKING Self"-seek`ing, a. Defn: Seeking one's own interest or happiness; selfish. Arbuthnot. SELF-SEEKING Self"-seek`ing, n. Defn: The act or habit of seeking one's own interest or happiness; selfishness. SELF-SLAUGHTER Self`-slaugh"ter, n. Defn: Suicide. Shak. SELF-STARTER Self`-start"er, n. Defn: A mechanism (usually one operated by electricity, compressed air, a spring, or an explosive gas), attached to an internal- combustion engine, as on an automobile, and used as a means of starting the engine without cranking it by hand. SELF-SUFFICIENCY Self`-suf*fi"cien*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being self-sufficient. SELF-SUFFICIENT Self`-suf*fi"cient, a. 1. Sufficient for one's self without external aid or coöperation. Neglect of friends can never be proved rational till we prove the person using it omnipotent and self-sufficient, and such as can never need any mortal assistance. South. 2. Having an overweening confidence in one's own abilities or worth; hence, haughty; overbearing. "A rash and self-sufficient manner." I. Watts. SELF-SUFFICING Self`-suf*fi"cing, a. Defn: Sufficing for one's self or for itself, without needing external aid; self-sufficient. -- Self`-suf*fi"cing*ness, n. J. C. Shairp. SELF-SUSPENDED Self`-sus*pend"ed, a. Defn: Suspended by one's self or by itself; balanced. Southey. SELF-SUSPICIOUS Self`-sus*pi"cious, a. Defn: Suspicious or distrustful of one's self. Baxter. SELF-TAUGHT Self"-taught`, a. Defn: Taught by one's own efforts. SELF-TORMENTOR Self`-tor*ment"or, n. Defn: One who torments himself. SELF-TORTURE Self`-tor"ture, n. Defn: The act of inflicting pain on one's self; pain inflicted on one's self. SELF-TRUST Self"-trust`, n. Defn: Faith in one's self; self-reliance. SELF-UNED Self`-uned", a. Etym: [E. self + L. unus one.] Defn: One with itself; separate from others. [Obs.] Sylvester. SELF-VIEW Self"-view`, n. Defn: A view if one's self; specifically, carefulness or regard for one's own interests SELF-WILL Self`-will", n. Etym: [AS. selfwill.] Defn: One's own will, esp. when opposed to that of others; obstinacy. SELF-WILLED Self`-willed", a. Defn: Governed by one's own will; not yielding to the wishes of others; obstinate. SELF-WILLEDNESS Self`-willed"ness, n. Defn: Obstinacy. Sir W. Scott. SELF-WORSHIP Self"-wor`ship, n. Defn: The idolizing of one's self; immoderate self-conceit. SELF-WRONG Self"-wrong`, n. Defn: Wrong done by a person himself. Shak. SELION Sel"ion, n. Etym: [OF. seillon a measure of land, F. sillon a ridge, furrow, LL. selio a measure of land.] Defn: A short piece of land in arable ridges and furrows, of uncertain quantity; also, a ridge of land lying between two furrows. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SELJUKIAN Sel*juk"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Seljuk, a Tartar chief who embraced Mohammedanism, and began the subjection of Western Asia to that faith and rule; of or pertaining to the dynasty founded by him, or the empire maintained by his descendants from the 10th to the 13th century. J. H. Newman. SELJUKIAN; SELJUCKIAN Sel*juk"i*an, Sel*juck"i*an, n. Defn: A member of the family of Seljuk; an adherent of that family, or subject of its government; (pl.) the dynasty of Turkish sultans sprung from Seljuk. SELL Sell, n. Defn: Self. [Obs. or Scot.] B. Jonson. SELL Sell, n. Defn: A sill. [Obs.] Chaucer. SELL Sell, n. Defn: A cell; a house. [Obs.] Chaucer. SELL Sell, n. Etym: [F. selle, L. sella, akin to sedere to sit. See Sit.] 1. A saddle for a horse. [Obs.] He left his lofty steed with golden self. Spenser. 2. A throne or lofty seat. [Obs.] Fairfax. SELL Sell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sold; p. pr. & vb. n. Selling.] Etym: [OE. sellen, sillen, AS. sellan, syllan, to give, to deliver; akin to OS. sellian, OFries. sella, OHG. sellen, Icel. selja to hand over, to sell, Sw. sälja to sell, Dan. s, Goth. saljan to offer a sacrifice; all from a noun akin to E. sale. Cf. Sale.] 1. To transfer to another for an equivalent; to give up for a valuable consideration; to dispose of in return for something, especially for money. If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor. Matt. xix. 21. I am changed; I'll go sell all my land. Shak. Note: Sell is corellative to buy, as one party buys what the other sells. It is distinguished usually from exchange or barter, in which one commodity is given for another; whereas in selling the consideration is usually money, or its representative in current notes. 2. To make a matter of bargain and sale of; to accept a price or reward for, as for a breach of duty, trust, or the like; to betray. You would have sold your king to slaughter. Shak. 3. To impose upon; to trick; to deceive; to make a fool of; to cheat. [Slang] Dickens. To sell one's life dearly, to cause much loss to those who take one's life, as by killing a number of one's assailants. -- To sell (anything) out, to dispose of it wholly or entirely; as, he had sold out his corn, or his interest in a business. SELL Sell, v. i. 1. To practice selling commodities. I will buy with you, sell with you; . . . but I will not eat with you. Shak. 2. To be sold; as, corn sells at a good price. To sell out, to sell one's whole stockk in trade or one's entire interest in a property or a business. SELL Sell, n. Defn: An imposition; a cheat; a hoax. [Colloq.] SELLANDERS; SELLENDERS Sel"lan*ders, Sel"len*ders, n. pl. (Far.) Defn: See Sallenders. SELLER Sell"er, n. Defn: One who sells. Chaucer. SELTERS WATER Sel"ters wa"ter. Defn: A mineral water from Sellers, in the district of Nassan, Germany, containing much free carbonic acid. SELTZER WATER Selt"zer wa"ter. Defn: See Selters water. SELTZO-GENE Selt"zo-gene, n. Etym: [Seltzer water + the root of Gr. Defn: A gazogene. SELVAGE; SELVEDGE Sel"vage, Sel"vedge, n. Etym: [Self + edge, i. e., its own proper edge; cf. OD. selfegge.] 1. The edge of cloth which is woven in such a manner as to prevent raveling. 2. The edge plate of a lock, through which the bolt passes. Knight. 3. (Mining.) Defn: A layer of clay or decomposed rock along the wall of a vein. See Gouge, n., 4. Raymond. SELVAGED; SELVEDGED Sel"vaged, Sel"vedged, a. Defn: Having a selvage. SELVAGEE Sel`va*gee", n. (Naut.) Defn: A skein or hank of rope yarns wound round with yarns or marline, -- used for stoppers, straps, etc. SELVE Selve, a. Defn: Self; same. [Obs.] Chaucer. SELVES Selves, n., Defn: pl. of Self. SELY Se"ly, a. Defn: Silly. [Obs.] Chaucer. Wyclif. SEMAEOSTOMATA Se*mæ`o*stom"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Discophora having large free mouth lobes. It includes Aurelia, and Pelagia. Called also Semeostoma. See Illustr. under Discophora, and Medusa. SEMAPHORE Sem"a*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. sémaphore.] Defn: A signal telegraph; an apparatus for giving signals by the disposition of lanterns, flags, oscillating arms, etc. SEMAPHORIC; SEMAPHORICAL Sem`a*phor"ic, Sem`a*phor"ic*al a. Etym: [Cf. F. sémaphorique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a semaphore, or semaphores; telegraphic. SEMAPHORICALLY Sem`a*phor"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By means a semaphore. SEMAPHORIST Se*maph"o*rist, n. Defn: One who manages or operates a semaphore. SEMASIOLOGY Se*ma`si*ol"o*gy, n. [Gr. signification + -logy.] (Philol.) Defn: The science of meanings or sense development (of words); the explanation of the development and changes of the meanings of words. --Se*ma`si*o*log"ic*al (#), a. SEMATIC Se*mat"ic, a. [Gr. , , sign, token.] Defn: Significant; ominous; serving as a warning of danger; --applied esp. to the warning colors or forms of certain animals. SEMATOLOGY Sem`a*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The doctrine of signs as the expression of thought or reasoning; the science of indicating thought by signs. Smart. SEMATROPE Sem"a*trope, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An instrument for signaling by reflecting the rays of the sun in different directions. Knight. SEMBLABLE Sem"bla*ble, a. Etym: [F., from sembler to seem, resemble, L. similare, simulare. See Simulate.] Defn: Like; similar; resembling. [Obs.] Chaucer. SEMBLABLE Sem"bla*ble, n. Defn: Likeness; representation. [Obs.] SEMBLABLY Sem"bla*bly, adv. Defn: In like manner. [Obs.] Shak. SEMBLANCE Sem"blance, n. Etym: [F. See Semblable, a.] 1. Seeming; appearance; show; figure; form. Thier semblance kind, and mild their gestures were. Fairfax. 2. Likeness; resemblance, actual or apparent; similitude; as, the semblance of worth; semblance of virtue. Only semblances or imitations of shells. Woodward. SEMBLANT Sem"blant, a. Etym: [F. semblant, p. pr.] 1. Like; resembling. [Obs.] Prior. 2. Seeming, rather than real; apparent. [R.] Carlyle. SEMBLANT Sem"blant, n. Etym: [F.] 1. Show; appearance; figure; semblance. [Obs.] Spenser. His flatterers made semblant of weeping. Chaucer. 2. The face. [Obs.] Wyclif (Luke xxiv. 5). SEMBLATIVE Sem"bla*tive, a. Defn: Resembling. [Obs.] And all is semblative a woman's part. Shak. SEMBLE Sem"ble, v. i. Etym: [F. sembler. See Semblable, a.] 1. To imitate; to make a representation or likeness. [Obs.] Where sembling art may carve the fair effect. Prior. 2. (Law) Defn: It seems; -- chiefly used impersonally in reports and judgments to express an opinion in reference to the law on some point not necessary to be decided, and not intended to be definitely settled in the cause. SEMBLE Sem"ble, a. Defn: Like; resembling. [Obs.] T. Hudson. SEMBLING Sem"bling, n. Etym: [Cf. Assemble.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The practice of attracting the males of Lepidoptera or other insects by exposing the female confined in a cage. Note: It is often adopted by collectors in order to procure specimens of rare species. SEME Se*mé", a. Etym: [F. semé, fr. semer to sow.] (Her.) Defn: Sprinkled or sown; -- said of field, or a charge, when strewed or covered with small charges. SEMEIOGRAPHY; SEMIOGRAPHY Se`mei*og"ra*phy, or; Se`mi*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. shmei^on sign + -graphy.] (Med.) Defn: A description of the signs of disease. SEMEIOLOGICAL; SEMIOLOGIOAL Se`mei*o*log"ic*al, or; Se`mi*o*log"io*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the science of signs, or the systematic use of signs; as, a semeiological classification of the signs or symptoms of disease; a semeiological arrangement of signs used as signals. SEMEIOLOGY; SEMIOLOGY Se`mei*ol"o*gy, or Se`mi*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. shmei^on a mark, a sign + -logy.] Defn: The science or art of signs. Specifically: (a) (Med.) The science of the signs or symptoms of disease; symptomatology. (b) The art of using signs in signaling. SEMEIOTIC; SEMIOTIC Se`mei*ot"ic, or Se`mi*ot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. shmei^on a mark, a sign.] 1. Relating to signs or indications; pertaining to the language of signs, or to language generally as indicating thought. 2. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the signs or symptoms of diseases. SEMEIOTICS; SEMIOTICS Se`mei*ot"ics, or Se`mi*ot"ics, n. Defn: Semeiology. SEMELE Sem"e*le, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: A daughter of Cadmus, and by Zeus mother of Bacchus. SEMEN Se"men, n.; pl. Semina. Etym: [L., from the root of serere, satum, to sow. See Sow to scatter seed.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The seed of plants. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The seed or fecundating fluid of male animals; sperm. It is a white or whitish viscid fluid secreted by the testes, characterized by the presence of spermatozoids to which it owes its generative power. Semen contra, or Semen cinæ or cynæ, a strong aromatic, bitter drug, imported from Aleppo and Barbary, said to consist of the leaves, peduncles, and unexpanded flowers of various species of Artemisia; wormseed. SEMENIFEROUS Sem`e*nif"er*ous, a. (Biol.) Defn: Seminiferous. SEMESTER Se*mes"ter, n. Etym: [G., from L. semestris half-yearly; sex six + mensis a month.] Defn: A period of six months; especially, a term in a college or uneversity which divides the year into two terms. SEMI- Sem"i-. Etym: [L. semi; akin to Gr. sami-, AS. sam-, and prob. to E. same, from the division into two parts of the same size. Cf. Hemi-, Sandelend.] Defn: A prefix signifying half, and sometimes partly or imperfectly; as, semiannual, half yearly; semitransparent, imperfectly transparent. Note: The prefix semi is joined to another word either with the hyphen or without it. In this book the hyphen is omitted except before a capital letter; as, semiacid, semiaquatic, semi-Arian, semiaxis, semicalcareous. SEMIACID Sem`i*ac"id, a. Defn: Slightly acid; subacid. SEMIACIDIFIED Sem`i*a*cid"i*fied, a. Defn: Half acidified. SEMIADHERENT Sem`i*ad*her"ent, a. Defn: Adherent part way. SEMIAMPLEXICAUL Sem`i*am*plex"i*caul, a. (Bot.) Defn: Partially amplexicaul; embracing the stem half round, as a leaf. SEMIANGLE Sem"i*an`gle, n. (Geom.) Defn: The half of a given, or measuring, angle. SEMIANNUAL Sem`i*an"nu*al, a. Defn: Half-yearly. SEMIANNUALLY Sem`i*an"nu*al*ly, adv. Defn: Every half year. SEMIANNULAR Sem`i*an"nu*lar, a. Defn: Having the figure of a half circle; forming a semicircle. Grew. SEMI-ARIAN Sem`i-A"ri*an, n. Etym: [See Arian.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A member of a branch of the Arians which did not acknowledge the Son to be consubstantial with the Father, that is, of the same substance, but admitted him to be of a like substance with the Father, not by nature, but by a peculiar privilege. SEMI-ARIAN Sem"i-A"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Semi-Arianism. SEMI-ARIANISM Sem`i-A"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: The doctrines or tenets of the Semi-Arians. SEMIAXIS Sem`i*ax"is, n. (Geom.) Defn: One half of the axis of an SEMIBARBARIAN Sem`i*bar*ba"ri*an, a. Defn: Half barbarous; partially civilized. -- n. Defn: One partly civilized. SEMIBARBARIC Sem`i*bar*bar"ic, a. Defn: Half barbarous or uncivilized; as, semibarbaric display. SEMIBARBARISM Sem`i*bar"ba*rism, n. Defn: The quality or state of being half barbarous or uncivilized. SEMIBARBAROUS Sem`i*bar"ba*rous, a. Defn: Half barbarous. SEMIBREVE Sem"i*breve`, n. Etym: [Pref. semi- + breve: cf. F. semi-breve, It. semibreve.] [Formerly written semibref.] (Mus.) Defn: A note of half the time or duration of the breve; -- now usually called a whole note. It is the longest note in general use. SEMIBRIEF Sem"i*brief`, n. (Mus.) Defn: A semibreve. [R.] SEMIBULL Sem"i*bull`, n. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: A bull issued by a pope in the period between his election and coronation. SEMICALCAREOUS Sem`i*cal*ca"re*ous, a. Defn: Half or partially calcareous; as, a semicalcareous plant. SEMICALCINED Sem`i*cal*cined", a. Defn: Half calcined; as, semicalcined iron. SEMICASTRATE Sem`i*cas"trate, v. t. Defn: To deprive of one testicle. -- Sem`i*cas*tra"tion,n. SEMICENTENNIAL Sem`i*cen*ten"ni*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to half of a century, or a period of fifty years; as, a semicentennial commemoration. SEMICENTENNIAL Sem`i*cen*ten"ni*al, n. Defn: A fiftieth anniversary. SEMICHAOTIC Sem`i*cha*ot"ic, a. Defn: Partially chaotic. SEMICHORUS Sem"i*cho`rus, n. (Mus.) Defn: A half chorus; a passage to be sung by a selected portion of the voices, as the female voices only, in contrast with the full choir. SEMI-CHRISTIANIZED Sem`i-Chris"tian*ized, a. Defn: Half Christianized. SEMICIRCLE Sem"i*cir`cle, n. 1. (a) The half of a circle; the part of a circle bounded by its diameter and half of its circumference. (b) A semicircumference. 2. A body in the form of half of a circle, or half of a circumference. 3. An instrument for measuring angles. SEMICIRCLED Sem"i*cir`cled, a. Defn: Semicircular. Shak. SEMICIRCULAR Sem`i*cir"cu*lar, a. Defn: Having the form of half of a circle. Addison. Semicircular canals (Anat.), certain canals of the inner ear. See under Ear. SEMI CIRCUMFERENCE Sem`i cir*cum"fer*ence, n. Defn: Half of a circumference. SEMICIRQUE Sem"i*cirque, n. Defn: A semicircular hollow or opening among trees or hills. Wordsworth. SEMICOLON Sem"i*co`lon, n. Defn: The punctuation mark [;] indicating a separation between parts or members of a sentence more distinct than that marked by a comma. SEMICOLUMN Sem"i*col`umn, n. Defn: A half column; a column bisected longitudinally, or along its axis. SEMICOLUMNAR Sem`i*co*lum"nar, a. Defn: Like a semicolumn; flat on one side and round on the other; imperfectly columnar. SEMICOMPACT Sem`i*com*pact", a. Defn: Half compact; imperfectly indurated. SEMICONSCIOUS Sem`i*con"scious, a. Defn: Half conscious; imperfectly conscious. De Quincey. SEMICOPE Sem"i*cope`, n. Defn: A short cope, or an inferier kind of cope. [Obs.] Chaucer. SEMI CRUSTACEOUS Sem`i crus*ta"ceous, a. Defn: Half crustaceous; partially crustaceous. SEMICRYSTALLINE Sem`i*crys"tal*line, a. (Min.) Defn: Half crystalline; -- said of certain cruptive rocks composed partly of crystalline, partly of amorphous matter. SEMICUBICAL Sem`i*cu"bic*al, a. (Math.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the square root of the cube of a quantity. Semicubical parabola, a curve in which the ordinates are proportional to the square roots of the cubes of the abscissas. SEMICUBIUM; SEMICUPIUM Sem`i*cu"bi*um, Sem`i*cu"pi*um, n. Etym: [LL., fr. L. semi half + cupa tub, cask.] Defn: A half bath, or one that covers only the lewer extremities and the hips; a sitz-bath; a half bath, or hip bath. SEMICYLINDRIC; SEMICYLYNDRICAL Sem`i*cy*lin"dric, Sem`i*cy*lyn"dric*al a. Defn: Half cylindrical. SEMIDEISTICAL Sem`i*de*is"tic*al, a. Defn: Half deisticsl; bordering on deism. S. Miller. SEMIDEMIQUAVER Sem`i*dem"i*qua`ver, n. (Mus.) Defn: A demisemiquaver; a thirty-second note. SEMIDETACHED Sem`i*de*tached", a. Defn: Half detached; partly distinct or separate. Semidetached house, one of two tenements under a single roof, but separated by a party wall. [Eng.] SEMIDIAMETER Sem`i*di*am"e*ter, n. (Math.) Defn: Half of a diameter; a right line, or the length of a right line, drawn from the center of a circle, a sphere, or other curved figure, to its circumference or periphery; a radius. SEMIDIAPASON Sem`i*di`a*pa"son, n. (Mus.) Defn: An imperfect octave. SEMIDIAPENTE Sem`i*di`a*pen"te, n. (Mus.) Defn: An imperfect or diminished fifth. Busby. SEMIDIAPHANEITY Sem`i*di`a*pha*ne"i*ty, n. Defn: Half or imperfect transparency; translucency. [R.] Boyle. SEMIDIAPHANOUS Sem`i*di*aph"a*nous, a. Defn: Half or imperfectly transparent; translucent. Woodward. SEMIDIATESSARON Sem`i*di`a*tes"sa*ron, n. (Mus.) Defn: An imperfect or diminished fourth. [R.] SEMI-DIESEL Sem`i-Die"sel, a. Defn: Designating an internal-combustion engine of a type resembling the Diesel engine in using as fuel heavy oil which is injected in a spray just before the end of the compression stroke and is fired without electrical ignition. The fuel is sprayed into an iron box (called a hot bulb or hot pot) opening into the combustion chamber, and heated for ignition by a blast-lamp until the engine is running, when it is, ordinarily, kept red hot by the heat of combustion. SEMIDITONE Sem`i*di"tone`, n. Etym: [Pref. semi- + ditone: cf. It. semiditono. Cf. Hemiditone.] (Gr. Mus.) Defn: A lesser third, having its terms as 6 to 5; a hemiditone. [R.] SEMIDIURNAL Sem`i*di*ur"nal, a. 1. Pertaining to, or accomplished in, half a day, or twelve hours; occurring twice every day. 2. Pertaining to, or traversed in, six hours, or in half the time between the rising and setting of a heavenly body; as, a semidiurnal arc. SEMIDOME Sem"i*dome`, n. (Arch.) Defn: A roof or ceiling covering a semicircular room or recess, or one of nearly that shape, as the apse of a church, a niche, or the like. It is approximately the quarter of a hollow sphere. SEMIDOUBLE Sem"i*dou`ble, n. (Eccl.) Defn: An office or feast celebrated with less solemnity than the double ones. See Double, n., 8. SEMIDOUBLE Sem`i*dou"ble, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the outermost stamens converted into petals, while the inner ones remain perfect; -- said of a flower. SEMIFABLE Sem"i*fa`ble, n. Defn: That which is part fable and part truth; a mixture of truth and fable. De Quincey. SEMIFLEXED Sem"i*flexed`, a. Defn: Half bent. SEMIFLORET Sem"i*flo`ret, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Semifloscule. SEMIFLOSCULAR Sem`i*flos"cu*lar, a. Defn: Semiflosculous. SEMIFLOSCULE Sem"i*flos`cule, n. (Bot.) Defn: A floscule, or florest, with its corolla prolonged into a strap-shaped petal; -- called also semifloret. SEMIFLOSCULOUS Sem`i*flos"cu*lous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having all the florets ligulate, as in the dandelion. SEMIFLUID Sem`i*flu"id, a. Defn: Imperfectly fluid. -- n. Defn: A semifluid substance. SEMIFORM Sem"i*form`, n. Defn: A half form; an imperfect form. SEMIFORMED Sem"i*formed`, a. Defn: Half formed; imperfectly formed; as, semiformed crystals. SEMIGLUTIN Sem`i*glu"tin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A peptonelike body, insoluble in alcohol, formed by boiling collagen or gelatin for a long time in water. Hemicollin, a like body, is also formed at the same time, and differs from semiglutin by being partly soluble in alcohol. SEMIHISTORICAL Sem`i*his*tor"i*cal, a. Defn: Half or party historical. Sir G. C. Lewis. SEMIHORAL Sem`i*ho"ral, a. Defn: Half-hourly. SEMIINDURATED Sem`i*in"du*ra`ted, a. Defn: Imperfectly indurated or hardened. SEMILAPIDIFIED Sem`i*la*pid"i*fied, a. Defn: Imperfectly changed into stone. Kirwan. SEMILENS Sem"i*lens`, n. (Opt.) Defn: The half of a lens divided along a plane passing through its axis. SEMILENTICULAR Sem`i*len*tic"u*lar, a. Defn: Half lenticular or convex; imperfectly resembling a lens. Kirwan. SEMILIGNEOUS Sem`i*lig"ne*ous, a. Defn: Half or partially ligneous, as a stem partly woody and partly herbaceous. SEMILIQUID Sem`i*liq"uid, a. Defn: Half liquid; semifluid. SEMILIQUIDITY Sem`i*li*quid"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being semiliquid; partial liquidity. SEMILOGICAL Sem`i*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Half logical; partly logical; said of fallacies. Whately. SEMILOR Sem"i*lor, n. Etym: [Cf. G. similor, semilor.] Defn: A yellowish alloy of copper and zinc. See Simplor. SEMILUNAR Sem`i*lu"nar, a. Defn: Shaped like a half moon. Semilunar bone (Anat.), a bone of the carpus; the lunar. See Lunar, n. -- Semilunar, or Sigmoid, valves (Anat.), the valves at the beginning of the aorta and of the pulmonary artery which prevent the blood from flowing back into the ventricle. SEMILUNAR Sem`i*lu"nar, n. (Anat.) Defn: The semilunar bone. SEMILUNARY Sem`i*lu"na*ry, a. Defn: Semilunar. SEMILUNATE Sem`i*lu"nate, a. Defn: Semilunar. SEMILUNE Sem"i*lune`, n. (Geom.) Defn: The half of a lune. SEMIMETAL Sem"i*met`al, n. (Chem.) Defn: An element possessing metallic properties in an inferior degree and not malleable, as arsenic, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, uranium, etc. [Obs.] SEMIMETALLIC Sem`i*me*tal"lic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a semimetal; possessing metallic properties in an inferior degree; resembling metal. SEMIMONTHLY Sem`i*month"ly a. Defn: Coming or made twice in a month; as, semimonthly magazine; a semimonthly payment. -- n. Defn: Something done or made every half month; esp., a semimonthly periodical. -- adv. Defn: In a semimonthly manner; at intervals of half a month. SEMIMUTE Sem`i*mute", a. Defn: Having the faculty of speech but imperfectly developed or partially lost. SEMIMUTE Sem"i*mute`, n. Defn: A semimute person. SEMINAL Sem"i*nal, a. Etym: [L. seminalis, fr. semen, seminis, seed, akin to serere to sow: cf. F. seminal. See Sow to scatter seed.] 1. Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, seed or semen; as, the seminal fluid. 2. Contained in seed; holding the relation of seed, source, or first principle; holding the first place in a series of developed results or consequents; germinal; radical; primary; original; as, seminal principles of generation; seminal virtue. The idea of God is, beyond all question or comparison, the one great seminal principle. Hare. Seminal leaf (Bot.), a seed leaf, or cotyleden. -- Seminal receptacle. (Zoöl.) Same as Spermatheca. SEMINAL Sem"i*nal, n. Defn: A seed. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SEMINALITY Sem`i*nal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being seminal. Sir T. Browne. SEMINAR Sem`i*nar", n. [G. See Seminary, n.] Defn: A group of students engaged, under the guidance of an instructor, in original research in a particular line of study, and in the exposition of the results by theses, lectures, etc.; -- called also seminary. SEMINARIAN; SEMINARIST Sem`i*na"ri*an, Sem"i*na*rist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. séminariste.] Defn: A member of, or one educated in, a seminary; specifically, an ecclesiastic educated for the priesthood in a seminary. SEMINARY Sem"i*na*ry, n.; pl. Seminaries. Etym: [L. seminarium, fr. seminarius belonging to seed, fr. semon, seminis, seed. See Seminal.] 1. A piece of ground where seed is sown for producing plants for transplantation; a nursery; a seed plat. [Obs.] Mortimer. But if you draw them [seedling] only for the thinning of your seminary, prick them into some empty beds. Evelyn. 2. Hence, the place or original stock whence anything is brought or produced. [Obs.] Woodward. 3. A place of education, as a scool of a high grade, an academy, college, or university. 4. Seminal state. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 5. Fig.: A seed bed; a source. [Obs.] Harvey. 6. A Roman Catholic priest educated in a foreign seminary; a seminarist. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. SEMINARY Sem"i*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. seminarius.] Defn: Belonging to seed; seminal. [R.] SEMINATE Sem"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Seminating.] Etym: [L. seminatus, p. p. of seminare to sow, fr. semen, seminis, seed.] Defn: To sow; to spread; to propagate. [R.] Waterhouse. SEMINATION Sem`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. seminatio: cf. F. sémination.] 1. The act of sowing or spreading. [R.] 2. (Bot.) Defn: Natural dispersion of seeds. Martyn. SEMINED Sem"ined, a. Etym: [See Semen.] Defn: Thickly covered or sown, as with seeds. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SEMINIFEROUS Sem`i*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. semen, semenis, seed -ferous.] (Biol.) Defn: Seed-bearing; producing seed; pertaining to, or connected with, the formation of semen; as, seminiferous cells or vesicles. SEMINIFIC; SEMINIFICAL Sem`i*nif"ic, Sem`i*nif"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. semen, seminis, seed + facere to make.] (Biol.) Defn: Forming or producing seed, or the male generative product of animals or of plants. SEMINIFICATION Sem`i*ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: Propagation from seed. [R.] Sir M. Hale. SEMINIST Sem"i*nist, n. (Biol.) Defn: A believer in the old theory that the newly created being is formed by the admixture of the seed of the male with the supposed seed of the female. SEMINOLES Sem"i*noles, n. pl.; sing. Seminole (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians who formerly occupied Florida, where some of them still remain. They belonged to the Creek Confideration. SEMINOSE Sem"i*nose`, n. Etym: [L. semen seed + glucose.] (Chem.) Defn: A carbohydrate of the glucose group found in the thickened endosperm of certain seeds, and extracted as yellow sirup having a sweetish-bitter taste. SEMINUDE Sem`i*nude", a. Defn: Partially nude; half naked. SEMINYMPH Sem"i*nymph`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pupa of insects which undergo only a slight change in passing to the imago state. SEMIOCCASIONALLY Sem`i*oc*ca"sion*al*ly, adv. Defn: Once in a while; on rare occasions. [Colloq. U. S.] SEMIOFFICIAL Sem`i*of*fi"cial, a. Defn: Half official; having some official authority or importance; as, a semiofficial statement. -- Sem`i*of*fi"cial*ly, adv. SEMIOGRAPHY; SEMIOLOGY; SEMIOLOGICAL Se`mi*og"ra*phy, Se`mi*ol"o*gy, Se`mi*o*log"ic*al. Defn: Same as Semeiography, Semeiology, Semeiological. SEMIOPACOUS Sem`i*o*pa"cous, a. Defn: Semiopaque. SEMIOPAL Sem"i*o`pal, n. (Min.) Defn: A variety of opal not possessing opalescence. SEMIOPAQUE Sem`i*o*paque", a. Defn: Half opaque; only half transparent. SEMIORBICULAR Sem`i*or*bic"u*lar, a. Defn: Having the shape of a half orb or sphere. SEMIOTIC Se`mi*ot"ic, a. Defn: Same as Semeiotic. SEMIOTICS Se`mi*ot"ics, n. Defn: Same as Semeiotics. SEMIOVAL Sem`i*o"val, a. Defn: Half oval. SEMIOVATE Sem`i*o"vate, a. Defn: Half ovate. SEMIOXYGENATED Sem`i*ox"y*gen*a`ted, a. Defn: Combined with oxygen only in part. Kirwan. SEMIPAGAN Sem`i*pa"gan, a. Defn: Half pagan. SEMIPALMATE; SEMIPALMATED Sem`i*pal"mate, Sem`i*pal"ma*ted, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the anterior toes joined only part way down with a web; half-webbed; as, a semipalmate bird or foot. See Illust. k under Aves. SEMIPARABOLA Sem`i*pa*rab"o*la, n. (Geom.) Defn: One branch of a parabola, being terminated at the principal vertex of the curve. SEMIPED Sem"i*ped, n. Etym: [L. semipes, semipedis; pref. semi- half + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Pros.) Defn: A half foot in poetry. SEMIPEDAL Se*mip"e*dal, a. (Pres.) Defn: Containing a half foot. SEMI-PELAGIAN Sem`i-Pe*la"gi*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of John Cassianus, a French monk (died about 448), who modified the doctrines of Pelagius, by denying human merit, and maintaining the necessity of the Spirit's influence, while, on the other hand, he rejected the Augustinian doctrines of election, the inability of man to do good, and the certain perseverance of the saints. SEMI-PELAGIAN Sem`i-Pe*la"gi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Semi-Pelagians, or their tenets. SEMI-PELAGIANISM Sem`i-Pe*la"gi*an*ism, n. Defn: The doctrines or tenets of the Semi-Pelagians. SEMIPELLUCID Sem`i*pel*lu"cid, a. Defn: Half clear, or imperfectly transparent; as, a semipellucid gem. SEMIPELLUCIDITY Sem`i*pel`lu*cid"i*ty, n. Defn: The qualiti or state of being imperfectly transparent. SEMIPENNIFORM Sem`i*pen"ni*form, a. (Anat.) Defn: Half or partially penniform; as, a semipenniform muscle. SEMIPERMANENT Sem`i*per"ma*nent, n. Defn: Half or partly permanent. SEMIPERSPICUOUS Sem`i*per*spic"u*ous, a. Defn: Half transparent; imperfectly clear; semipellucid. SEMIPHLOGISTICATED Sem`i*phlo*gis"ti*ca`ted, a. (Old Chem.) Defn: Partially impregnated with phlogiston. SEMIPLUME Sem"i*plume`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A feather which has a plumelike web, with the shaft of an ordinary feather. SEMIPRECIOUS Sem`i*pre"cious, a. Defn: Somewhat precious; as, semiprecious stones or metals. SEMIPROOF Sem"i*proof`, n. Defn: Half proof; evidence from the testimony of a single witness. [Obs.] Bailey. SEMI PUPA Sem`i pu"pa, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The young of an insect in a stage between the larva and pupa. SEMIQUADRATE; SEMIQUARTILE Sem"i*quad`rate, Sem"i*quar"tile, n. (Astrol.) Defn: An aspect of the planets when distant from each other the half of a quadrant, or forty-five degrees, or one sign and a half. Hutton. SEMIQUAVER Sem"i*qua`ver, n. (Mus.) Defn: A note of half the duration of the quaver; -- now usually called a sixsteenth note. SEMIQUINTILE Sem"i*quin`tile, n. (Astrol.) Defn: An aspect of the planets when distant from each other half of the quintile, or thirty-six degrees. SEMIRADIAL Sem`i*ra"di*al, a. Defn: Half radial. SEMIRADIAL ENGINE Semiradial engine. (Mach.) Defn: See Radial engine, above. SEMIRECONDITE Sem`i*rec"on*dite, a. (Zool.) Defn: Half hidden or half covered; said of the head of an insect when half covered by the shield of the thorax. SEMIRING Sem"i*ring`, n. (Anat.) Defn: One of the incomplete rings of the upper part of the bronchial tubes of most birds. The semerings form an essential part of the syrinx, or musical organ, of singing birds. SEMISAVAGE Sem`i*sav"age, a. Defn: Half savage. SEMISAVAGE Sem"i*sav`age, n. Defn: One who is half savage. SEMI-SAXON Sem`i-Sax"on, a. Defn: Half Saxon; -- specifically applied to the language intermediate between Saxon and English, belonging to the period 1150- 1250. SEMISEXTILE Sem"i*sex"tile, n. (Astrol.) Defn: An aspect of the planets when they are distant from each other the twelfth part of a circle, or thirty degrees. Hutton. SEMISOLID Sem`i*sol"id, a. Defn: Partially solid. SEMISOUN Sem"i*soun (-soon), n. Defn: A half sound; a low tone. [Obs.] "Soft he cougheth with a semisoun." Chaucer. SEMISPHERIC; SEMISPHERICAL Sem`i*spher"ic, Sem`i*spher"ic*al, a. Defn: Having the figure of a half sphere. Kirwan. SEMISPHEROIDAL Sem`i*sphe*roid"al, a. Defn: Formed like a half spheroid. SEMISTEEL Sem"i*steel` (, n. Defn: Puddled steel. [U. S. ] SEMITA Sem"i*ta, n.; pl. Semitæ. Etym: [L., a path.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fasciole of a spatangoid sea urchin. SEMITANGENT Sem"i*tan`gent, n. (Geom.) Defn: The tangent of half an arc. SEMITE Sem"ite, n. Defn: One belonging to the Semitic race. Also used adjectively. [Written also Shemite.] SEMITERETE Sem`i*te*rete", a. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Half terete. SEMITERTIAN Sem`i*ter"tian, a. (Med.) Defn: Having the characteristics of both a tertian and a quotidian intermittent. -- n. Defn: An intermittent combining the characteristics of a tertian and a quotidian. SEMITIC Sem*it"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Shem or his descendants; belonging to that division of the Caucasian race which includes the Arabs, Jews, and related races. [Written also Shemitic.] Semitic language, a name used to designate a group of Asiatic and African languages, some living and some dead, namely: Hebrew and Phoenician, Aramaic, Assyrian, Arabic, Ethiopic (Geez and Ampharic). Encyc. Brit. SEMITISM Sem"i*tism, n. Defn: A Semitic idiom; a word of Semitic origin. [Written also Shemitism.] SEMITONE Sem"i*tone, n. Etym: [Pref. semi- + tone. CF. Hemitone.] (Mus.) Defn: Half a tone; -- the name commonly applied to the smaller intervals of the diatonic scale. Note: There is an impropriety in the use of this word, and half step is now preferred. See Tone. J. S. Dwight. SEMITONIC Sem`i*ton"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a semitone; consisting of a semitone, or of semitones. SEMITONTINE Sem`i*ton*tine", a. (LIfe Insurance) Defn: Lit., half-tontine; -- used to designate a form of tontine life insurance. See Tontine insurance. --Sem`i*ton*tine", n. SEMITRANSEPT Sem"i*tran`sept, n. (Arch.) Defn: The half of a transept; as, the north semitransept of a church. SEMITRANSLUCENT Sem`i*trans*lu"cent, a. Defn: Slightly clear; transmitting light in a slight degree. SEMITRANSPARENCY Sem`i*trans*par"en*cy, n. Defn: Imperfect or partial transparency. SEMITRANSPARENT Sem`i*trans*par"ent, a. Defn: Half or imperfectly transparent. SEMIVERTICILLATE Sem`i*ver*tic"il*late, ( a. Defn: Partially verticillate. SEMIVIF Sem"i*vif, a. Etym: [L. semivivus.] Defn: Only half alive. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. SEMIVITREOUS Sem`i*vit"re*ous, a. Defn: Partially vitreous. SEMIVITRIFICATION Sem`i*vit"ri*fi*ca"tion, n. 1. The quality or state of being semivitrified. 2. A substance imperfectly vitrified. SEMIVITRIFIED Sem`i*vit"ri*fied, a. Defn: Half or imperfectly vitrified; partially converted into glass. SEMIVOCAL Sem`i*vo"cal, a. (Phon.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a semivowel; half cocal; imperfectly sounding. SEMIVOWEL Sem"i*vow`el, n. (Phon.) (a) A sound intermediate between a vowel and a consonant, or partaking of the nature of both, as in the English w and y. (b) The sign or letter representing such a sound. SEMIWEEKLY Sem`i*week"ly, a. Defn: Coming, or made, or done, once every half week; as, a semiweekly newspaper; a semiweekly trip. -- n. Defn: That which comes or happens once every half week, esp. a semiweekly periodical. -- adv. Defn: At intervals of half a week each. SEMOLELLA Sem`o*lel"la, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: See Semolina. SEMOLINA Sem`o*li"na, n. Etym: [It. semolino, from semola bran, L. simila the finest wheat flour. Cf. Semoule, Simnel.] Defn: The fine, hard parts of wheat, rounded by the attrition of the millstones, -- used in cookery. SEMOLINO Sem`o*li"no, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: Same as Semolina. SEMOULE Se*moule", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Same as Semolina. SEMPERVIRENT Sem`per*vi"rent, a. Etym: [L. semper always + virens, p. pr. of virere to be green.] Defn: Always fresh; evergreen. [R.] Smart. SEMPERVIVE Sem"per*vive, n. Etym: [L. semperviva, sempervivum, fr. sempervivus ever-living; semper always + vivus living.] (Bot.) Defn: The houseleek. SEMPERVIVUM Sem`per*vi"vum, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of fleshy-leaved plants, of which the houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) is the commonest species. SEMPITERNAL Sem`pi*ter"nal, a. Etym: [L. sempiternus, fr. semper always: cf. F. sempiternel.] 1. Of neverending duration; everlasting; endless; having beginning, but no end. Sir M. Hale. 2. Without beginning or end; eternal. Blackmore. SEMPITERNE Sem"pi*terne, a. Defn: Sempiternal. [Obs.] SEMPITERNITY Sem`pi*ter"ni*ty, n. Etym: [L. sempiternitas.] Defn: Future duration without end; the relation or state of being sempiternal. Sir M. Hale. SEMPRE Sem"pre, adv. Etym: [It., fr. L. semper.] (Mus.) Defn: Always; throughout; as, sempre piano, always soft. SEMPSTER Semp"ster, n. Defn: A seamster. [Obs.] SEMPSTRESS Semp"stress, n. Defn: A seamstress. Two hundred sepstress were employed to make me shirts. Swift. SEMPSTRESSY Semp"stress*y, n. Defn: Seamstressy. SEMSTER Sem"ster, n. Defn: A seamster. [Obs.] SEMUNCIA Se*mun"ci*a, n. Etym: [L., fr. semi half + uncia ounce.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A Roman coin equivalent to one twenty-fourth part of a Roman pound. SEN Sen, n. Defn: A Japanese coin, worth about one half of a cent. SEN Sen, adv., prep., & conj. Etym: [See Since.] Defn: Since. [Obs.] SENARY Sen"a*ry, a. Etym: [L. senarius, fr. seni six each, fr. sex six. See Six.] Defn: Of six; belonging to six; containing six. Dr. H. More. SENATE Sen"ate, n. Etym: [OE. senat, F. sénat, fr. L. senatus, fr. senex, gen. senis, old, an old man. See Senior, Sir.] 1. An assembly or council having the highest deliberative and legislative functions. Specifically: (a) (Anc. Rom.) Defn: A body of elders appointed or elected from among the nobles of the nation, and having supreme legislative authority. The senate was thus the medium through which all affairs of the whole government had to pass. Dr. W. Smith. (b) The upper and less numerous branch of a legislature in various countries, as in France, in the United States, in most of the separate States of the United States, and in some Swiss cantons. (c) In general, a legislative body; a state council; the legislative department of government. 2. The governing body of the Universities of Cambridge and London. [Eng.] 3. In some American colleges, a council of elected students, presided over by the president of the college, to which are referred cases of discipline and matters of general concern affecting the students. [U. S.] Senate chamber, a room where a senate meets when it transacts business. -- Senate house, a house where a senate meets when it transacts business. SENATOR Sen"a*tor, n. Etym: [OE. senatour, OF. senatour, F. sénateur, fr. L. senator.] 1. A member of a senate. The duke and senators of Venice greet you. Shak. Note: In the United States, each State sends two senators for a term of six years to the national Congress. 2. (O.Eng.Law) Defn: A member of the king's council; a king's councilor. Burrill. SENATORIAL Sen`a*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [F. sénatorial, or L. senatorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to a senator, or a senate; becoming to a senator, or a senate; as, senatorial duties; senatorial dignity. 2. Entitled to elect a senator, or by senators; as, the senatorial districts of a State. [U. S.] SENATORIALLY Sen`a*to"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a senatorial manner. SENATORIAN Sen`a*to"ri*an, a. Defn: Senatorial. [R.] De Quincey. SENATORIOUS Sen`a*to"ri*ous, a. Defn: Senatorial. [Obs.] SENATORSHIP Sen"a*tor*ship, n. Defn: The office or dignity of a senator. Carew. SENATUSCONSULT Se*na`tus*con*sult", n. Etym: [L. senatus consultum.] Defn: A decree of the Roman senate. SEND Send, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sent (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sending.] Etym: [AS. sendan; akin to OS. sendian, D. zenden, G. senden, OHG. senten, Icel. senda, Sw. sända, Dan. sende, Goth. sandjan, and to Goth. sinp a time (properly, a going), gasinpa companion, OHG. sind journey, AS. si, Icel. sinni a walk, journey, a time. W. hynt a way, journey, OIr. s. Cf. Sense.] 1. To cause to go in any manner; to dispatch; to commission or direct to go; as, to send a messenger. I have not sent these prophets, yet they ran. Jer. xxiii. 21. I proceeded forth and came from God; neither came I of myself, but he sent me. John viii. 42. Servants, sent on messages, stay out somewhat longer than the message requires. Swift. 2. To give motion to; to cause to be borne or carried; to procure the going, transmission, or delivery of; as, to send a message. He . . . sent letters by posts on horseback. Esther viii. 10. O send out thy light an thy truth; let them lead me. Ps. xliii. 3. 3. To emit; to impel; to cast; to throw; to hurl; as, to send a ball, an arrow, or the like. 4. To cause to be or to happen; to bestow; to inflict; to grant; -- sometimes followed by a dependent proposition. "God send him well!" Shak. The Lord shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke. Deut. xxviii. 20. And sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust. Matt. v. 45. God send your mission may bring back peace. Sir W. Scott. SEND Send, v. i. 1. To dispatch an agent or messenger to convey a message, or to do an errand. See ye how this son of a murderer hath sent to take away my head 2 Kings vi. 32. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To pitch; as, the ship sends forward so violently as to endanger her masts. Totten. To send for, to request or require by message to come or be brought. SEND Send, n. (Naut.) Defn: The impulse of a wave by which a vessel is carried bodily. [Written also scend.] W. C. Russell. "The send of the sea". Longfellow. SENDAL Sen"dal, n. Etym: [OF. cendal (cf. Pr. & Sp. cendal, It. zendale), LL. cendallum, Gr. Defn: A light thin stuff of silk. [Written also cendal, and sendal.] Chaucer. Wore she not a veil of twisted sendal embroidered with silver Sir W. Scott. SENDER Send"er, n. Defn: One who sends. Shak. SENECAS Sen"e*cas, n. pl.; sing. Seneca (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited a part of Western New York. This tribe was the most numerous and most warlike of the Five Nations. Seneca grass(Bot.), holy grass. See under Holy. -- Seneca eil, petroleum or naphtha. -- Seneca root, or Seneca snakeroot (Bot.), the rootstock of an American species of milkworth (Polygala Senega) having an aromatic but bitter taste. It is often used medicinally as an expectorant and diuretic, and, in large doses, as an emetic and cathartic. [Written also Senega root, and Seneka root.] SENECIO Se*ne"ci*o, n. Etym: [L., groundsel, lit., an old man. So called in allusion to the hoary appearance of the pappus.] (Bot.) Defn: A very large genus of composite plants including the groundsel and the golden ragwort. SENECTITUDE Se*nec"ti*tude, n. Etym: [L. senectus aged, old age, senex old.] Defn: Old age. [R.] "Senectitude, weary of its toils." H. Miller. SENEGA Sen"e*ga, n. (Med.) Defn: Seneca root. SENEGAL Sen"e*gal, n. Defn: Gum senegal. See under Gum. SENEGIN Sen"e*gin, n. (Med. Chem.) Defn: A substance extracted from the rootstock of the Polygala Senega (Seneca root), and probably identical with polygalic acid. SENESCENCE Se*nes"cence, n. Etym: [See Senescent.] Defn: The state of growing old; decay by time. SENESCENT Se*nes"cent, a. Etym: [L. senescent, p. pr. of senescere to grow old, incho. fr. senere to be old.] Defn: Growing old; decaying with the lapse of time. "The night was senescent." Poe. "With too senescent air." Lowell. SENESCHAL Sen"es*chal, n. Etym: [OF. seneschal, LL. seniscalcus, of Teutonic origin; cf. Goth. sineigs old, skalks, OHG. scalch, AS. scealc. Cf. Senior, Marshal.] Defn: An officer in the houses of princes and dignitaries, in the Middle Ages, who had the superintendence of feasts and domestic ceremonies; a steward. Sometimes the seneschal had the dispensing of justice, and was given high military commands. Then marshaled feast Served up in hall with sewers and seneschale. Milton. Philip Augustus, by a famous ordinance in 1190, first established royal courts of justice, held by the officers called baitiffs, or seneschals, who acted as the king's lieutenants in his demains. Hallam. SENESCHALSHIP Sen"es*chal*ship, n. Defn: The office, dignity, or jurisdiction of a seneschal. SENGE Senge, v. t. Defn: To singe. [Obs.] Chaucer. SENGREEN Sen"green, n.Etym: [AS. singr, properly, evergreen, fr. sin (in composition) always + grëne green; akin to OHG. sin- ever, L. semper.] (Bot.) Defn: The houseleek. SENILE Se"nile, a. Etym: [L. senilis, from senex, gen. senis, old, an old man: cf. F. sénile. See Senior.] Defn: Of or pertaining to old age; proceeding from, or characteristic of, old age; affected with the infirmities of old age; as, senile weakness. "Senile maturity of judgment." Boyle. Senile gangrene (Med.), a form of gangrene occuring particularly in old people, and caused usually by insufficient blood supply due to degeneration of the walls of the smaller arteries. SENILITY Se*nil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sénilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being senile; old age. SENIOR Sen"ior, a. Etym: [L. senior, compar. of senex, gen. senis, old. See Sir.] 1. More advanced than another in age; prior in age; elder; hence, more advanced in dignity, rank, or office; superior; as, senior member; senior counsel. 2. Belonging to the final year of the regular course in American colleges, or in professional schools. SENIOR Sen"ior, n. 1. A person who is older than another; one more advanced in life. 2. One older in office, or whose entrance upon office was anterior to that of another; one prior in grade. 3. An aged person; an older. Dryden. Each village senior paused to scan, And speak the lovely caravan. Emerson. 4. One in the fourth or final year of his collegiate course at an American college; -- originally called senior sophister; also, one in the last year of the course at a professional schools or at a seminary. SENIORITY Sen*ior"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being senior. SENIORIZE Sen"ior*ize, v. i. Defn: To exercise authority; to rule; to lord it. [R.] Fairfax. SENIORY Sen"ior*y, n. Defn: Seniority. [Obs.] Shak. SENNA Sen"na, n. Etym: [Cf. It. & Sp. sena, Pg. sene, F. séné; all fr. Ar. sana.] 1. (Med.) Defn: The leaves of several leguminous plants of the genus Cassia. (C. acutifolia. C. angustifolia, etc.). They constitute a valuable but nauseous cathartic medicine. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The plants themselves, native to the East, but now cultivated largely in the south of Europe and in the West Indies. Bladder senna. (Bot.) See under Bladder. -- Wild senna (Bot.), the Cassia Marilandica, growing in the United States, the leaves of which are used medicinally, like those of the officinal senna. SENNACHY Sen"na*chy, n. Defn: See Seannachie. SENNET Sen"net, n. Etym: [Properly, a sign given for the entrance or exit of actors, from OF. sinet, signet, dim. of signe. See Signet.] Defn: A signal call on a trumpet or cornet for entrance or exit on the stage. [Obs.] SENNET Sen"net, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The barracuda. SENNIGHT Sen"night, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. sevennight.] Defn: The space of seven nights and days; a week. [Written also se'nnight.] [Archaic.] Shak. Tennyson. SENNIT Sen"nit, n. Etym: [Seven + knit.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A braided cord or fabric formed by plaiting together rope yarns or other small stuff. 2. Plaited straw or palm leaves for making hats. SENOCULAR Se*noc"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. seni six each (fr. sex six) + oculus eye.] Defn: Having six eyes. [R.] Derham. SENONIAN Se*no"ni*an, a. Etym: [F. sénonien, from the district of Sénonais, in France.] (Geol.) Defn: In european geology, a name given to the middle division of the Upper Cretaceous formation. SENOR; SENHOR Se*ñor", n. Etym: [Sp. Cf. Senior.] Defn: A Spanish title of courtesy corresponding to the English Mr. or Sir; also, a gentleman. SENORA; SENHORA Se*ño"ra, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A Spanish title of courtesy given to a lady; Mrs.; Madam; also, a lady. SENORITA; SENHORITA Se`ño*ri"ta, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A Spanish title of courtesy given to a young lady; Miss; also, a young lady. SENS Sens, adv. Etym: [See Since.] Defn: Since. [Obs.] Spenser. SENSATE Sen"sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sensating.] Etym: [See Sensated.] Defn: To feel or apprehend more or less distinctly through a sense, or the senses; as, to sensate light, or an odor. As those of the one are sensated by the ear, so those of the other are by the eye. R. Hooke. SENSATE; SENSATED Sen"sate, Sen"sa*ted, a. Etym: [L. sensatus gifted with sense, intelligent, fr. sensus sense. See Sense.] Defn: Felt or apprehended through a sense, or the senses. [R.] Baxter. SENSATION Sen*sa"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sensation. See Sensate.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: An impression, or the consciousness of an impression, made upon the central nervous organ, through the medium of a sensory or afferent nerve or one of the organs of sense; a feeling, or state of consciousness, whether agreeable or disagreeable, produced either by an external object (stimulus), or by some change in the internal state of the body. Perception is only a special kind of knowledge, and sensation a special kind of feeling. . . . Knowledge and feeling, perception and sensation, though always coexistent, are always in the inverse ratio of each other. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. A purely spiritual or psychical affection; agreeable or disagreeable feelings occasioned by objects that are not corporeal or material. 3. A state of excited interest or feeling, or that which causes it. The sensation caused by the appearance of that work is still remembered by many. Brougham. Syn. -- Perception. -- Sensation, Perseption. The distinction between these words, when used in mental philosophy, may be thus stated; if I simply smell a rose, I have a sensation; if I refer that smell to the external object which occasioned it, I have a perception. Thus, the former is mere feeling, without the idea of an object; the latter is the mind's apprehension of some external object as occasioning that feeling. "Sensation properly expresses that change in the state of the mind which is produced by an impression upon an organ of sense (of which change we can conceive the mind to be conscious, without any knowledge of external objects). Perception, on the other hand, expresses the knowledge or the intimations we obtain by means of our sensations concerning the qualities of matter, and consequently involves, in every instance, the notion of externality, or outness, which it is necessary to exclude in order to seize the precise import of the word sensation." Fleming. SENSATIONAL Sen*sa"tion*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to sensation; as, sensational nerves. 2. Of or pertaining to sensationalism, or the doctrine that sensation is the sole origin of knowledge. 3. Suited or intended to excite temporarily great interest or emotion; melodramatic; emotional; as, sensational plays or novels; sensational preaching; sensational journalism; a sensational report. SENSATIONALISM Sen*sa"tion*al*ism, n. 1. (Metaph.) Defn: The doctrine held by Condillac, and by some ascribed to Locke, that our ideas originate solely in sensation, and consist of sensations transformed; sensualism; -- opposed to intuitionalism, and rationalism. 2. The practice or methods of sensational writing or speaking; as, the sensationalism of a novel. SENSATIONALIST Sen*sa"tion*al*ist, n. 1. (Metaph.) Defn: An advocate of, or believer in, philosophical sensationalism. 2. One who practices sensational writing or speaking. SENSE Sense, n. Etym: [L. sensus, from sentire, sensum, to perceive, to feel, from the same root as E. send; cf. OHG. sin sense, mind, sinnan to go, to journey, G. sinnen to meditate, to think: cf. F. sens. For the change of meaning cf. See, v. t. See Send, and cf. Assent, Consent, Scent, v. t., Sentence, Sentient.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: A faculty, possessed by animals, of perceiving external objects by means of impressions made upon certain organs (sensory or sense organs) of the body, or of perceiving changes in the condition of the body; as, the senses of sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch. See Muscular sense, under Muscular, and Temperature sense, under Temperature. Let fancy still my sense in Lethe steep. Shak. What surmounts the reach Of human sense I shall delineate. Milton. The traitor Sense recalls The soaring soul from rest. Keble. 2. Perception by the sensory organs of the body; sensation; sensibility; feeling. In a living creature, though never so great, the sense and the affects of any one part of the body instantly make a transcursion through the whole. Bacon. 3. Perception through the intellect; apprehension; recognition; understanding; discernment; appreciation. This Basilius, having the quick sense of a lover. Sir P. Sidney. High disdain from sense of injured merit. Milton. 4. Sound perception and reasoning; correct judgment; good mental capacity; understanding; also, that which is sound, true, or reasonable; rational meaning. "He speaks sense." Shak. He raves; his words are loose As heaps of sand, and scattering wide from sense. Dryden. 5. That which is felt or is held as a sentiment, view, or opinion; judgment; notion; opinion. I speak my private but impartial sense With freedom. Roscommon. The municipal council of the city had ceased to speak the sense of the citizens. Macaulay. 6. Meaning; import; signification; as, the true sense of words or phrases; the sense of a remark. So they read in the book in the law of God distinctly, and gave the sense. Neh. viii. 8. I think 't was in another sense. Shak. 7. Moral perception or appreciation. Some are so hardened in wickedness as to have no sense of the most friendly offices. L' Estrange. 8. (Geom.) Defn: One of two opposite directions in which a line, surface, or volume, may be supposed to be described by the motion of a point, line, or surface. Common sense, according to Sir W. Hamilton: (a) "The complement of those cognitions or convictions which we receive from nature, which all men possess in common, and by which they test the truth of knowledge and the morality of actions." (b) "The faculty of first principles." These two are the philosophical significations. (c) "Such ordinary complement of intelligence, that,if a person be deficient therein, he is accounted mad or foolish." (d) When the substantive is emphasized: "Native practical intelligence, natural prudence, mother wit, tact in behavior, acuteness in the observation of character, in contrast to habits of acquired learning or of speculation." -- Moral sense. See under Moral, (a). -- The inner, or internal, sense, capacity of the mind to be aware of its own states; consciousness; reflection. "This source of ideas every man has wholly in himself, and though it be not sense, as having nothing to do with external objects, yet it is very like it, and might properly enough be called internal sense." Locke. -- Sense capsule (Anat.), one of the cartilaginous or bony cavities which inclose, more or less completely, the organs of smell, sight, and hearing. -- Sense organ (Physiol.), a specially irritable mechanism by which some one natural force or form of energy is enabled to excite sensory nerves; as the eye, ear, an end bulb or tactile corpuscle, etc. -- Sense organule (Anat.), one of the modified epithelial cells in or near which the fibers of the sensory nerves terminate. Syn. -- Understanding; reason. -- Sense, Understanding, Reason. Some philosophers have given a technical signification to these terms, which may here be stated. Sense is the mind's acting in the direct cognition either of material objects or of its own mental states. In the first case it is called the outer, in the second the inner, sense. Understanding is the logical faculty, i. e., the power of apprehending under general conceptions, or the power of classifying, arranging, and making deductions. Reason is the power of apprehending those first or fundamental truths or principles which are the conditions of all real and scientific knowledge, and which control the mind in all its processes of investigation and deduction. These distinctions are given, not as established, but simply because they often occur in writers of the present day. SENSE Sense, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sensing.] Defn: To perceive by the senses; to recognize. [Obs. or Colloq.] Is he sure that objects are not otherwise sensed by others than they are by him Glanvill. SENSEFUL Sense"ful, a. Defn: Full of sense, meaning, or reason; reasonable; judicious. [R.] "Senseful speech." Spenser. "Men, otherwise senseful and ingenious." Norris. SENSELESS Sense"less, a. Defn: Destitute of, deficient in, or contrary to, sense; without sensibility or feeling; unconscious; stupid; foolish; unwise; unreasonable. You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things. Shak. The ears are senseless that should give us hearing. Shak. The senseless grave feels not your pious sorrows. Rowe. They were a senseless, stupid race. Swift. They would repent this their senseless perverseness when it would be too late. Clarendon. --- Sense"less*ly, adv. -- Sense"less*ness, n. SENSIBILITY Sen`si*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Sensibilities. Etym: [Cf. F. sensibilité, LL. sensibilitas.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: The quality or state of being sensible, or capable of sensation; capacity to feel or perceive. 2. The capacity of emotion or feeling, as distinguished from the intellect and the will; peculiar susceptibility of impression, pleasurable or painful; delicacy of feeling; quick emotion or sympathy; as, sensibility to pleasure or pain; sensibility to shame or praise; exquisite sensibility; -- often used in the plural. "Sensibilities so fine!" Cowper. The true lawgiver ought to have a heart full of sensibility. Burke. His sensibilities seem rather to have been those of patriotism than of wounded pride. Marshall. 3. Experience of sensation; actual feeling. This adds greatly to my sensibility. Burke. 4. That quality of an instrument which makes it indicate very slight changes of condition; delicacy; as, the sensibility of a balance, or of a thermometer. Syn. -- Taste; susceptibility; feeling. See Taste. SENSIBLE Sen"si*ble, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. sensibilis, fr. sensus sense.] 1. Capable of being perceived by the senses; apprehensible through the bodily organs; hence, also, perceptible to the mind; making an impression upon the sense, reason, or understanding; sensible resistance. Air is sensible to the touch by its motion. Arbuthnot. The disgrace was more sensible than the pain. Sir W. Temple. Any very sensible effect upon the prices of things. A. Smith. 2. Having the capacity of receiving impressions from external objects; capable of perceiving by the instrumentality of the proper organs; liable to be affected physsically or mentally; impressible. Would your cambric were sensible as your finger. Shak. 3. Hence: Liable to impression from without; easily affected; having nice perception or acute feeling; sensitive; also, readily moved or affected by natural agents; delicate; as, a sensible thermometer. "With affection wondrous sensible." Shak. 4. Perceiving or having perception, either by the senses or the mind; cognizant; perceiving so clearly as to be convinced; satisfied; persuaded. He [man] can not think at any time, waking or sleeping, without being sensible of it. Locke. They are now sensible it would have been better to comply than to refuse. Addison. 5. Having moral perception; capable of being affected by moral good or evil. 6. Possessing or containing sense or reason; giftedwith, or characterized by, good or common sense; intelligent; wise. Now a sensible man, by and by a fool. Shak. Sensible note or tone (Mus.), the major seventh note of any scale; -- so called because, being but a half step below the octave, or key tone, and naturally leading up to that, it makes the ear sensible of its approaching sound. Called also the leading tone. -- Sensible horizon. See Horizon, n., 2. (a). Syn. -- Intelligent; wise. -- Sensible, Intelligent. We call a man sensible whose judgments and conduct are marked and governed by sound judgment or good common semse. We call one intelligent who is quick and clear in his understanding, i. e., who discriminates readily and nicely in respect to difficult and important distinction. The sphere of the sensible man lies in matters of practical concern; of the intelligent man, in subjects of intellectual interest. "I have been tired with accounts from sensible men, furnished with matters of fact which have happened within their own knowledge." Addison. "Trace out numerous footsteps . . . of a most wise and intelligent architect throughout all this stupendous fabric." Woodward. SENSIBLE Sen"si*ble, n. 1. Sensation; sensibility. [R.] "Our temper changed . . . which must needs remove the sensible of pain." Milton. 2. That which impresses itself on the sense; anything perceptible. Aristotle distinguished sensibles into common and proper. Krauth- Fleming. 3. That which has sensibility; a sensitive being. [R.] This melancholy extends itself not to men only, but even to vegetals and sensibles. Burton. SENSIBLENESS Sen"si*ble*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being sensible; sensibility; appreciation; capacity of perception; susceptibility. "The sensibleness of the eye." Sharp. "Sensibleness and sorrow for sin." Hammond. The sensibleness of the divine presence. Hallywell. 2. Intelligence; reasonableness; good sense. SENSIBLY Sen"si*bly, adv. 1. In a sensible manner; so as to be perceptible to the senses or to the mind; appreciably; with perception; susceptibly; sensitively. What remains past cure, Bear not too sensibly. Milton. 2. With intelligence or good sense; judiciously. SENSIFACIENT Sen`si*fa"cient, a. Etym: [L. sensus sense + facere to make.] Defn: Converting into sensation. Huxley. SENSIFEROUS Sen*sif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. sensifer; sensus sense + ferre to bear.] Defn: Exciting sensation; conveying sensation. Huxley. SENSIFIC Sen*sif"ic, a. Etym: [L. sensificus; sensus sense + facere to make.] Defn: Exciting sensation. SENSIFICATORY Sen*sif"i*ca*to*ry, a. Defn: Susceptible of, or converting into, sensation; as, the sensificatory part of a nervous system. Huxley. SENSIGENOUS Sen*sig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. sensus sense + -genous.] Defn: Causing or exciting sensation. Huxley. SENSISM Sens"ism, n. Defn: Same as Sensualism, 2 & 3. SENSIST Sens"ist, n. Defn: One who, in philosophy, holds to sensism. SENSITIVE Sen"si*tive, a. Etym: [F. sensitif. See Sense.] 1. Having sense of feeling; possessing or exhibiting the capacity of receiving impressions from external objects; as, a sensitive soul. 2. Having quick and acute sensibility, either to the action of external objects, or to impressions upon the mind and feelings; highly susceptible; easily and acutely affected. She was too sensitive to abuse and calumny. Macaulay. 3. (a) (Mech.) Having a capacity of being easily affected or moved; as, a sensitive thermometer; sensitive scales. (b) (Chem. & Photog.) Readily affected or changed by certain appropriate agents; as, silver chloride or bromide, when in contact with certain organic substances, is extremely sensitive to actinic rays. 4. Serving to affect the sense; sensible. [R.] A sensitive love of some sensitive objects. Hammond. 5. Of or pertaining to sensation; depending on sensation; as, sensitive motions; sensitive muscular motions excited by irritation. E. Darwin. Sensitive fern (Bot.), an American fern (Onoclea sensibilis), the leaves of which, when plucked, show a slight tendency to fold together. -- Sensitive flame (Physics), a gas flame so arranged that under a suitable adjustment of pressure it is exceedingly sensitive to sounds, being caused to roar, flare, or become suddenly shortened or extinguished, by slight sounds of the proper pitch. -- Sensitive joint vetch (Bot.), an annual leguminous herb (Æschynomene hispida), with sensitive foliage. -- Sensitive paper, paper prepared for photographic purpose by being rendered sensitive to the effect of light. -- Sensitive plant. (Bot.) (a) A leguminous plant (Mimosa pudica, or M. sensitiva, and other allied species), the leaves of which close at the slightest touch. (b) Any plant showing motions after irritation, as the sensitive brier (Schrankia) of the Southern States, two common American species of Cassia (C. nictitans, and C. Chamæcrista), a kind of sorrel (Oxalis sensitiva), etc. -- Sen"si*tive*ly, adv. -- Sen"si*tive*ness, n. SENSITIVITY Sen`si*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sensitive; -- used chiefly in science and the arts; as, the sensitivity of iodized silver. Sensitivity and emotivity have also been used as the scientific term for the capacity of feeling. Hickok. SENSITIZE Sen"si*tize, v. t. (Photog.) Defn: To render sensitive, or susceptible of being easily acted on by the actinic rays of the sun; as, sensitized paper or plate. SENSITIZER Sen"si*ti`zer, n. (Photog.) Defn: An agent that sensitizes. The sensitizer should be poured on the middle of the sheet. Wilis & Clements (The Platinotype). SENSITOMETER Sen`si*tom"e*ter, n. [See Sensitive; -meter.] (Photog.) Defn: An instrument or apparatus for comparing and grading the sensitiveness of plates, films, etc., as a screen divided into squares of different shades or colors, from which a picture is made on the plate to be tested. SENSITORY Sen"si*to*ry, n. Defn: See Sensory. SENSIVE Sens"ive, a. Defn: Having sense or sensibility; sensitive. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. SENSOR Sen"sor, a. Defn: Sensory; as, the sensor nerves. SENSORIAL Sen*so"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sensorial. See Sensorium.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the sensorium; as, sensorial faculties, motions, powers. A. Tucker. SENSORIUM Sen*so"ri*um, n.; pl. E. Sensoriums, L. Sensoria. Etym: [L., fr. sentire, sensum, to discern or perceive by the senses.] (Physiol.) Defn: The seat of sensation; the nervous center or centers to which impressions from the external world must be conveyed before they can be perceived; the place where external impressions are localized, and transformed into sensations, prior to being reflected to other parts of the organism; hence, the whole nervous system, when animated, so far as it is susceptible of common or special sensations. SENSORI-VOLITIONAL Sen*so`ri-vo*li"tion*al, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Concerned both in sensation and volition; -- applied to those nerve fibers which pass to and from the cerebro-spinal axis, and are respectively concerned in sensation and volition. Dunglison. SENSORY Sen"so*ry, n.; pl. Sensories (. (Physiol.) Defn: Same as Sensorium. SENSORY Sen"so*ry, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sensorium or sensation; as, sensory impulses; -- especially applied to those nerves and nerve fibers which convey to a nerve center impulses resulting in sensation; also sometimes loosely employed in the sense of afferent, to indicate nerve fibers which convey impressions of any kind to a nerve center. SENSUAL Sen"su*al, a. Etym: [L. sensualis, from sensus sense: cf. F. sensuel.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting in, or affecting, the sense, or bodily organs of perception; relating to, or concerning, the body, in distinction from the spirit. Pleasing and sensual rites and ceremonies. Bacon. Far as creation's ample range extends, The scale of sensual, mental powers ascends. Pope. 2. Hence, not spiritual or intellectual; carnal; fleshly; pertaining to, or consisting in, the gratification of the senses, or the indulgence of appetites; wordly. These be they who separate themselves, sensual, having not the Spirit. Jude 19. The greatest part of men are such as prefer . . . that good which is sensual before whatsoever is most divine. Hooker. 3. Devoted to the pleasures of sense and appetite; luxurious; voluptuous; lewd; libidinous. No small part of virtue consists in abstaining from that wherein sensual men place their felicity. Atterbury. 4. Pertaining or peculiar to the philosophical doctrine of sensualism. SENSUALISM Sen"su*al*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sensualisme.] 1. The condition or character of one who is sensual; subjection to sensual feelings and appetite; sensuality. 2. (Philos.) Defn: The doctrine that all our ideas, or the operations of the understanding, not only originate in sensation, but are transformed sensations, copies or relics of sensations; sensationalism; sensism. 3. (Ethics) Defn: The regarding of the gratification of the senses as the highest good. Krauth-Fleming. SENSUALIST Sen"su*al*ist, n. Etym: [CF. F. sensualiste.] 1. One who is sensual; one given to the indulgence of the appetites or senses as the means of happiness. 2. One who holds to the doctrine of sensualism. SENSUALISTIC Sen`su*al*is"tic, a. 1. Sensual. 2. Adopting or teaching the doctrines of sensualism. SENSUALITY Sen`su*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [CF. F. sensualité, L. sensualitas sensibility, capacity for sensation.] Defn: The quality or state of being sensual; devotedness to the gratification of the bodily appetites; free indulgence in carnal or sensual pleasures; luxuriousness; voluptuousness; lewdness. Those pampered animals That rage in savage sensuality. Shak. They avoid dress, lest they should have affections tainted by any sensuality. Addison. SENSUALIZATION Sen`su*al*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of sensualizing, or the state of being sensualized. SENSUALIZE Sen"su*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensualized; p. pr. & vb. n. Sensualizing.] Defn: To make sensual; to subject to the love of sensual pleasure; to debase by carnal gratifications; to carnalize; as, sensualized by pleasure. Pope. By the neglect of prayer, the thoughts are sensualized. T. H. Skinner. SENSUALLY Sen"su*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a sensual manner. SENSUALNESS Sen"su*al*ness, n. Defn: Sensuality; fleshliness. SENSUISM Sen"su*ism, n. Defn: Sensualism. SENSUOSITY Sen`su*os"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sensuous; sensuousness. [R.] SENSUOUS Sen"su*ous, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the senses, or sensible objects; addressing the senses; suggesting pictures or images of sense. To this poetry would be made precedent, as being less subtle and fine, but more simple, sensuous, and passionate. Milton. 2. Highly susceptible to influence through the senses. -- Sen"su*ous*ly, adv. -- Sen"su*ous*ness, n. SENT Sent, v. & n. Defn: See Scent, v. & n. [Obs.] Spenser. SENT Sent, Defn: obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Send, for sendeth. SENT Sent, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Send. SENTENCE Sen"tence, n. Etym: [F., from L. sententia, for sentientia, from sentire to discern by the senses and the mind, to feel, to think. See Sense, n., and cf. Sentiensi.] 1. Sense; meaning; significance. [Obs.] Tales of best sentence and most solace. Chaucer. The discourse itself, voluble enough, and full of sentence. Milton. 2. (a) An opinion; a decision; a determination; a judgment, especially one of an unfavorable nature. My sentence is for open war. Milton. That by them [Luther's works] we may pass sentence upon his doctrines. Atterbury. (b) A philosophical or theological opinion; a dogma; as, Summary of the Sentences; Book of the Sentences. 3. (Law) Defn: In civil and admiralty law, the judgment of a court pronounced in a cause; in criminal and ecclesiastical courts, a judgment passed on a criminal by a court or judge; condemnation pronounced by a judgical tribunal; doom. In common law, the term is exclusively used to denote the judgment in criminal cases. Received the sentence of the law. Shak. 4. A short saying, usually containing moral instruction; a maxim; an axiom; a saw. Broome. 5. (Gram.) Defn: A combination of words which is complete as expressing a thought, and in writing is marked at the close by a period, or full point. See Proposition, 4. Note: Sentences are simple or compound. A simple sentence consists of one subject and one finite verb; as, "The Lord reigns." A compound sentence contains two or more subjects and finite verbs, as in this verse: - He fills, he bounds, connects, and equals all. Pope. Dark sentence, a saving not easily explained. A king . . . understanding dark sentences. Dan. vii. 23. SENTENCE Sen"tence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sentenced; p. pr. & vb. n. Sentencing.] 1. To pass or pronounce judgment upon; to doom; to condemn to punishment; to prescribe the punishment of. Nature herself is sentenced in your doom. Dryden. 2. To decree or announce as a sentence. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To utter sentenciously. [Obs.] Feltham. SENTENCE METHOD Sen"tence meth`od. (Education) Defn: A method of teaching reading by giving first attention to phrases and sentences and later analyzing these into their verbal and alphabetic components; -- contrasted with alphabet and word methods. SENTENCER Sen"ten*cer, n. Defn: One who pronounced a sentence or condemnation. SENTENTIAL sen*ten"tial, a. 1. Comprising sentences; as, a sentential translation. Abp. Newcome. 2. Of or pertaining to a sentence, or full period; as, a sentential pause. SENTENTIALLY Sen*ten"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In a sentential manner. SENTENTIARIST Sen*ten"ti*a*rist, n. Defn: A sententiary. Barnas Sears (Life of Luther). SENTENTIARY Sen*ten"ti*ary, n. Etym: [LL. sententiarius.] Defn: One who read lectures, or commented, on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, Bishop of Paris (1159-1160), a school divine. R. Henry. SENTENTIOSITY Sen*ten`ti*os"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sententious. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SENTENTIOUS Sen*ten"tious, a.Etym: [L. sentenciosus: cf. F. sentencieux.] 1. Abounding with sentences, axioms, and maxims; full of meaning; terse and energetic in expression; pithy; as, a sententious style or discourse; sententious truth. How he apes his sire, Ambitiously sententious! Addison. 2. Comprising or representing sentences; sentential. [Obs.] "Sententious marks." Grew. --- Sen*ten"tious*ly, adv. -- Sen*ten"tious*ness, n. SENTERY Sen"ter*y, n. Defn: A sentry. [Obs.] Milton. SENTEUR Sen"teur, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Scent. [Obs.] Holland. SENTIENCE; SENTIENCY Sen"ti*ence, Sen"ti*en*cy, n. Etym: [See Sentient, Sentence.] Defn: The quality or state of being sentient; esp., the quality or state of having sensation. G. H. Lewes An example of harmonious action between the intelligence and the sentieny of the mind. Earle. SENTIENT Sen"ti*ent, a. Etym: [L. sentiens, -entis, p. pr. of sentire to discern or perceive by the senses. See Sense.] Defn: Having a faculty, or faculties, of sensation and perception. Specif. (Physiol.), especially sensitive; as, the sentient extremities of nerves, which terminate in the various organs or tissues. SENTIENT Sen"ti*ent, n. Defn: One who has the faculty of perception; a sentient being. SENTIENTLY Sen"ti*ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a sentient or perceptive way. SENTIMENT Sen"ti*ment, n. Etym: [OE. sentement, OF. sentement, F. sentiment, fr. L. sentire to perceive by the senses and mind, to feel, to think. See Sentient, a.] 1. A thought prompted by passion or feeling; a state of mind in view of some subject; feeling toward or respecting some person or thing; disposition prompting to action or expression. The word sentiment, agreeably to the use made of it by our best English writers, expresses, in my own opinion very happily, those complex determinations of the mind which result from the coöperation of our rational powers and of our moral feelings. Stewart. Alike to council or the assembly came, With equal souls and sentiments the same. Pope. 2. Hence, generally, a decision of the mind formed by deliberation or reasoning; thought; opinion; notion; judgment; as, to express one's sentiments on a subject. Sentiments of philosophers about the perception of external objects. Reid. Sentiment, as here and elsewhere employed by Reid in the meaning of opinion (sententia), is not to be imitated. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. A sentence, or passage, considered as the expression of a thought; a maxim; a saying; a toast. 4. Sensibility; feeling; tender susceptibility. Mr. Hume sometimes employs (after the manner of the French metaphysicians) sentiment as synonymous with feeling; a use of the word quite unprecedented in our tongue. Stewart. Less of sentiment than sense. Tennyson. Syn. -- Thought; opinion; notion; sensibility; feeling. -- Sentiment, Opinion, Feeling. An opinion is an intellectual judgment in respect to any and every kind of truth. Feeling describes those affections of pleasure and pain which spring from the exercise of our sentient and emotional powers. Sentiment (particularly in the plural) lies between them, denoting settled opinions or principles in regard to subjects which interest the feelings strongly, and are presented more or less constantly in practical life. Hence, it is more appropriate to speak of our religious sentiments than opinions, unless we mean to exclude all reference to our feelings. The word sentiment, in the singular, leans ordinarily more to the side of feeling, and denotes a refined sensibility on subjects affecting the heart. "On questions of feeling, taste, observation, or report, we define our sentiments. On questions of science, argument, or metaphysical abstraction, we define our opinions. The sentiments of the heart. The opinions of the mind . . . There is more of instinct in sentiment, and more of definition in opinion. The admiration of a work of art which results from first impressions is classed with our sentiments; and, when we have accounted to ourselves for the approbation, it is classed with our opinions." W. Taylor. SENTIMENTAL Sen`ti*men"tal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sentimental.] 1. Having, expressing, or containing a sentiment or sentiments; abounding with moral reflections; containing a moral reflection; didactic. [Obsoles.] Nay, ev'n each moral sentimental stroke, Where not the character, but poet, spoke, He lopped, as foreign to his chaste design, Nor spared a useless, though a golden line. Whitehead. 2. Inclined to sentiment; having an excess of sentiment or sensibility; indulging the sensibilities for their own sake; artificially or affectedly tender; -- often in a reproachful sense. A sentimental mind is rather prone to overwrought feeling and exaggerated tenderness. Whately. 3. Addressed or pleasing to the emotions only, usually to the weaker and the unregulated emotions. Syn. -- Romantic. -- Sentimental, Romantic. Sentimental usually describes an error or excess of the sensibilities; romantic, a vice of the imagination. The votary of the former gives indulgence to his sensibilities for the mere luxury of their excitement; the votary of the latter allows his imagination to rove for the pleasure of creating scenes of ideal enjoiment. "Perhaps there is no less danger in works called sentimental. They attack the heart more successfully, because more cautiously." V. Knox. "I can not but look on an indifferency of mind, as to the good or evil things of this life, as a mere romantic fancy of such who would be thought to be much wiser than they ever were, or could be." Bp. Stillingfleet. SENTIMENTALISM Sen`ti*men"tal*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sentimentalisme.] Defn: The quality of being sentimental; the character or behavior of a sentimentalist; sentimentality. SENTIMENTALIST Sen`ti*men"tal*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sentimentaliste.] Defn: One who has, or affects, sentiment or fine feeling. SENTIMENTALITY Sen`ti*men*tal"i*ty, n. Etym: [CF. F. sentimentalité.] Defn: The quality or state of being sentimental. SENTIMENTALIZE Sen`ti*men"tal*ize, v. t. Defn: To regard in a sentimental manner; as, to sentimentalize a subject. SENTIMENTALIZE Sen`ti*men"tal*ize, v. i. Defn: To think or act in a sentimental manner, or like a sentimentalist; to affect exquisite sensibility. C. Kingsley. SENTIMENTALLY Sen`ti*men"tal*ly, adv. Defn: In a sentimental manner. SENTINE Sen"tine, n. Etym: [L. sentina bilge water, hold of a ship, dregs: cf. F. sentine.] Defn: A place for dregs and dirt; a sink; a sewer. [Obs.] Latimer. SENTINEL Sen"ti*nel, n. Etym: [F. sentinelle (cf. It. sentinella); probably originally, a litle path, the sentinel's beat,, and a dim. of a word meaning, path; cf. F. sente path. L. semita; and OF. sentine, sentele, senteret, diminutive words. Cf. Sentry.] 1. One who watches or guards; specifically (Mil.), a soldier set to guard an army, camp, or other place, from surprise, to observe the approach of danger, and give notice of it; a sentry. The sentinels who paced the ramparts. Macaulay. 2. Watch; guard. [Obs.] "That princes do keep due sentinel." Bacon. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine crab (Podophthalmus vigil) native of the Indian Ocean, remarkable for the great length of its eyestalks; -- called also sentinel crab. SENTINEL Sen"ti*nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sentineled or Sentinelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sentineling or Sentinelling.] 1. To watch over like a sentinel. "To sentinel enchanted land." [R.] Sir W. Scott. 2. To furnish with a sentinel; to place under the guard of a sentinel or sentinels. SENTISECTION Sen`ti*sec"tion, n. Etym: [L. sentire to feel + E. section.] Defn: Painful vivisection; -- opposed to callisection. B. G. Wilder. SENTRY Sen"try, n.; pl. Sentires. Etym: [Probably from OF. senteret a little patch; cf. F. sentier path, and OF. sente. See Sentinel.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A soldier placed on guard; a sentinel. 2. Guard; watch, as by a sentinel. Here toils, and death, and death's half-brother, sleep, Forms terrible to view, their sentry keep. Dryden. Sentry box, a small house or box to cover a sentinel at his post, and shelter him from the weather. SENZA Sen"za, prep. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Without; as, senza stromenti, without instruments. SEOR Se*ñor", n. [Sp. Cf. Senior.] Defn: A Spanish title of courtesy corresponding to the English Mr. or Sir; also, a gentleman. SEORA Se*ño"ra, n. [Sp.] Defn: A Spanish title of courtesy given to a lady; Mrs.; Madam; also, a lady. SEORITA Se`ño*ri"ta, n. [Sp.] Defn: A Spanish title of courtesy given to a young lady; Miss; also, a young lady. SEPAL Se"pal, n. Etym: [NL. sepalum, formed in imitation of NL. petalum, petal, to denote one of the divisions of the calyx: cf. F. sépale.] (Bot.) Defn: A leaf or division of the calyx. Note: When the calyx consists of but one part, it is said to be monosepalous; when of two parts, it is said to be disepalous; when of a variable and indefinite number of parts, it is said to be polysepalous; when of several parts united, it is properly called gamosepalous. SEPALED Se"paled, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having one or more sepals. SEPALINE Sep"al*ine, a. (Bot.) Defn: Relating to, or having the nature of, sepals. SEPALODY Se*pal"o*dy, n. Etym: [Sepal + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The metamorphosis of other floral organs into sepals or sepaloid bodies. SEPALOID Sep"al*oid, a. Etym: [Sepal + -oid.] (Bot.) Defn: Like a sepal, or a division of a calyx. SEPALOUS Sep"al*ous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having, or relating to, sepals; -- used mostly in composition. See under Sepal. SEPARABILITY Sep`a*ra*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Quality of being separable or divisible; divisibility; separableness. SEPARABLE Sep"a*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. separabilis: cf. F. séparable.] Defn: Capable of being separated, disjoined, disunited, or divided; as, the separable parts of plants; qualities not separable from the substance in which they exist. -- Sep"a*ra*ble*ness, n. -- Sep"a*ra*bly, adv. Trials permit me not to doubt of the separableness of a yellow tincture from gold. Boyle. SEPARATE Sep"a*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Separated (; p. pr. & vb. n. Separating.] Etym: [L. separatus, p. p. of separare to separate; pfref. se- aside + parare to make ready, prepare. See Parade, and cf. Sever.] 1. To disunite; to divide; to disconnect; to sever; to part in any manner. From the fine gold I separate the alloy. Dryden. Separate thyself, I pray thee, from me. Gen. xiii. 9. Who shall separate us from the love of Christ Rom. viii. 35. 2. To come between; to keep apart by occupying the space between; to lie between; as, the Mediterranean Sea separates Europe and Africa. 3. To set apart; to select from among others, as for a special use or service. Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called thaem. Acts xiii. 2. Separated flowers (Bot.), flowers which have stamens and pistils in separate flowers; diclinous flowers. Gray. SEPARATE Sep"a*rate, v. i. Defn: To part; to become disunited; to be disconnected; to withdraw from one another; as, the family separated. SEPARATE Sep"a*rate, p. a. Etym: [L. separatus, p. p. ] 1. Divided from another or others; disjoined; disconnected; separated; -- said of things once connected. Him that was separate from his brethren. Gen. xlix. 26. 2. Unconnected; not united or associated; distinct; -- said of things that have not been connected. For such an high priest became us, who is holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinnere. Heb. vii. 26. 3. Disunited from the body; disembodied; as, a separate spirit; the separate state of souls. Separate estate (Law), an estate limited to a married woman independent of her husband. -- Separate maintenance (Law), an allowance made to a wife by her husband under deed of separation. -- Sep"a*rate*ly, adv. -- Sep"a*rate*ness, n. SEPARATICAL Sep`a*rat"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to separatism in religion; schismatical. [R.] Dr. T. Dwight. SEPARATING Sep"a*ra`ting, a. Defn: Designed or employed to separate. Separating funnel (Chem.), a funnel, often globe-shaped, provided with a stopcock for the separate drawing off of immiscible liquids of different specific gravities. SEPARATION Sep`a*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. separatio: cf. F. séparation.] Defn: The act of separating, or the state of being separated, or separate. Specifically: (a) Chemical analysis. (b) Divorce. (c) (Steam Boilers) The operation of removing water from steam. Judicial separation (Law), a form of divorce; a separation of man and wife which has the effect of making each a single person for all legal purposes but without ability to contract a new marriage. Mozley & W. SEPARATISM Sep"a*ra*tism, n. Etym: [CF. F. séparatisme.] Defn: The character or act of a separatist; disposition to withdraw from a church; the practice of so withdrawing. SEPARATIST Sep`a*ra*tist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. séparatiste.] Defn: One who withdraws or separates himself; especially, one who withdraws from a church to which he has belonged; a seceder from an established church; a dissenter; a nonconformist; a schismatic; a sectary. Heavy fines on divines who should preach in any meeting of separatist . Macaulay. SEPARATISTIC Sep`a*ra*tis"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to separatists; characterizing separatists; schismatical. SEPARATIVE Sep"a*ra*tive, a. Etym: [L. separativus.] Defn: Causing, or being to cause, separation. "Separative virtue of extreme cold." Boyle. SEPARATOR Sep"a*ra`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who, or that which, separates. Specifically: (a) (Steam Boilers) A device for depriving steam of particles of water mixed with it. (b) (Mining) An apparatus for sorting pulverized ores into grades, or separating them from gangue. (c) (Weaving) Defn: An instrument used for spreading apart the threads of the warp in the loom, etc. SEPARATORY Sep"a*ra*to*ry, a. Defn: Separative. Cheyne. SEPARATORY Sep"a*ra*to*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. séparatoire.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: An apparatus used in separating, as a separating funnel. 2. (Surg.) Defn: A surgical instrument for separating the pericranium from the cranium. [Obs.] SEPARATRIX Sep`a*ra"trix, n.; pl. L. -trices, E. -trixes. Etym: [L., she that separates.] (Arith.) Defn: The decimal point; the dot placed at the left of a decimal fraction, to separate it from the whole number which it follows. The term is sometimes also applied to other marks of separation. SEPAWN Se*pawn", n. Defn: See Supawn. [Local, U.S.] SEPELIBLE Sep"e*li*ble, a. Etym: [L. sepelibilis, fr. sepelire to bury.] Defn: Admitting of burial. [Obs.] Bailey. SEPELITION Sep`e*li"tion, n. Defn: Burial. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. SEPHARDIC Se*phar"dic, a. [From Sephardim, a name applied to the Spanish Jews, fr. Sephard, name of a place where Jews were held in captivity (Ob. 20).] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, the Jews (the Sephardim, also called Spanish or Portuguese Jews) descended from Jewish families driven from Spain by the Inquisition. SEPHARDIM Se*phar"dim, n. pl. [NHeb.; orig. uncert.] Defn: Jews who are descendants of the former Jews of Spain and Portugal. They are as a rule darker than the northern Jews, and have more delicate features. SEPHEN Se"phen, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large sting ray of the genus Trygon, especially T. sephen of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. The skin is an article of commerce. SEPIA Se"pi*a, n.; pl. E. Sepias, L. Sepiæ. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The common European cuttlefish. (b) A genus comprising the common cuttlefish and numerous similar species. See Illustr. under Cuttlefish. 2. A pigment prepared from the ink, or black secretion, of the sepia, or cuttlefish. Treated with caustic potash, it has a rich brown color; and this mixed with a red forms Roman sepia. Cf. India ink, under India. Sepia drawing or picture, a drawing in monochrome, made in sepia alone, or in sepia with other brown pigments. SEPIA Se"pi*a, a. Defn: Of a dark brown color, with a little red in its composition; also, made of, or done in, sepia. SEPIC Se"pic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to sepia; done in sepia; as, a sepic drawing. SEPIDACEOUS Sep`i*da"ceous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the cuttlefishes of the genus Sepia. SEPIMENT Sep"i*ment, n. Etym: [L. sepimentum, saepimentum, from sepire, saepire, to hedge in.] Defn: Something that separates; a hedge; a fence. [R.] Bailey. SEPIOLITE Se"pi*o*lite`, n. Etym: [Septa + -lite.] (Min.) Defn: Meerschaum. See Meerschaum. SEPIOSTARE Se"pi*o*stare`, n. Etym: [Sepia + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The bone or shell of cuttlefish. See Illust. under Cuttlefish. SEPON Se*pon", n. Defn: See Supawn. [Local, U.S.] SEPOSE Se*pose", v. t. Etym: [L. pref se- aside + E. pose.] Defn: To set apart. [Obs.] Donne. SEPOSIT Se*pos"it, v. t. Etym: [L. sepositus, p. p. of seponere to set aside.] Defn: To set aside; to give up. [Obs.] SEPOSITION Sep`o*si"tion (, n. Etym: [L. sepositio.] Defn: The act of setting aside, or of giving up. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. SEPOY Se"poy, n. Etym: [Per. sipahi, fr. sipah an army. Cf. Spahi.] Defn: A native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power, esp. of Great Britain; an Oriental soldier disciplined in the European manner. SEPPUKU Sep*pu"ku, n. Defn: Same as Hara-kiri. Seppuku, or hara-kiri, also came into vogue. W. E. Griffis. SEPSIN Sep"sin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A soluble poison (ptomaine) present in putrid blood. It is also formed in the putrefaction of proteid matter in general. SEPSIS Sep"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: The poisoning of the system by the introduction of putrescent material into the blood. SEPT Sept, n. Etym: [A corruption of sect, n.] Defn: A clan, tribe, or family, proceeding from a common progenitor; -- used especially of the ancient clans in Ireland. The chief, struck by the illustration, asked at once to be baptized, and all his sept followed his example. S. Lover. SEPTAEMIA Sep*tæ"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Septicæmia. SEPTAL Sep"tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a septum or septa, as of a coral or a shell. SEPTANE Sep"tane, n. Etym: [L. septem seven.] (Chem.) Defn: See Heptane. [R.] SEPTANGLE Sep"tan`gle, n. Etym: [Septi- + angle.] (Geom.) Defn: A figure which has seven angles; a heptagon. [R.] SEPTANGULAR Sep*tan"gu*lar, a. Defn: Heptagonal. SEPTARIUM Sep*ta"ri*um, n.;pl. Septaria. Etym: [NL., fr. L. septum, saeptum, an inclosure, a partition, fr. sepire, saepire, to inclose.] (Geol.) Defn: A flattened concretionary nodule, usually of limestone, intersected within by cracks which are often filled with calcite, barite, or other minerals. SEPTATE Sep"tate, a. Etym: [L. septum, saeptum, partition.] Defn: Divided by partition or partitions; having septa; as, a septate pod or shell. SEPTEMBER Sep*tem"ber, n. Etym: [L., fr. septem seven, as being the seventh month of the Roman year, which began with March: cf. F. septembre. See Seven.] Defn: The ninth month of the year, containing thurty days. SEPTEMBERER Sep*tem"ber*er, n. Defn: A Setembrist. Carlyle. SEPTEMBRIST Sep*tem"brist, n. Etym: [F. septembriste.] Defn: An agent in the massacres in Paris, committed in patriotic frenzy, on the 22d of September, 1792. SEPTEMFLUOUS Sep*tem"flu*ous, a.Etym: [L. septemfluus; septem seven + fluere to flow.] Defn: Flowing sevenfold; divided into seven streams or currents. [R.] Fuller. SEPTEMPARTITE Sep*tem"par*tite, a. Etym: [L. septem seven + E. partite.] Defn: Divided nearly to the base into seven parts; as, a septempartite leaf. SEPTEMTRIOUN Sep*tem"tri*oun, n. Defn: Septentrion. [Obs.] SEPTEMVIR Sep*tem"vir, n.; pl. E. Septemvirs, L. Septemviri. Etym: [L. septemviri, pl.; septem seven + viri, pl. of vir man.] (Rom. Hist.) Defn: One of a board of seven men associated in some office. SEPTEMVIRATE Sep*tem"vi*rate, n.Etym: [L. septemviratus.] Defn: The office of septemvir; a government by septimvirs. SEPTENARY Sep"ten*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. septenairus, from septeni seven each, septem seven: cf. F. septénaire. See Seven. ] 1. Consisting of, or relating to, seven; as, a septenary number. I. Watts. 2. Lasting seven years; continuing seven years. "Septenary penance." Fuller. SEPTENARY Sep"ten*a*ry, n. Defn: The number seven. [R.] Holinshed. SEPTENATE Sep"ten*ate, a. Etym: [L. septeni seven each.] (Bot.) Defn: Having parts in sevens; heptamerous. SEPTENNATE Sep*ten"nate, n. Etym: [F. septennat.] Defn: A period of seven years; as, the septennate during which the President of the French Republic holds office. SEPTENNIAL Sep*ten"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. septennium a period of seven years; septem seven + annus year. See Seven, and Annual.] 1. Lasting or continuing seven years; as, septennial parliaments. 2. Happening or returning once in every seven years; as, septennial elections in England. SEPTENNIALLY Sep*ten"ni*al*ly, adv. Defn: Once in seven years. SEPTENTRIAL Sep*ten"tri*al, a. Defn: Septentrional. Drayton. SEPTENTRIO Sep*ten"tri*o, n. Etym: [L. See Septentrion.] (Astron.) Defn: The constellation Ursa Major. SEPTENTRION Sep*ten"tri*on, n. Etym: [L. septentrio the northern regions, the north, fr. septentriones the seven stars near the north pole, called Charles's Wain, or the Great Bear, also those called the Little Bear; properly, the seven plow oxen; septem seven + trio, orig., a plow ox: cf. F. septentrion.] Defn: The north or northern regions. Shak. Both East West, South and Septentrioun. Chaucer. SEPTENTRION; SEPTENTRIONAL Sep*ten"tri*on, Sep*ten"tri*on*al, a. Etym: [L. septentrionalis: cf. F. septentrional.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the north; northern. "From cold septentrion blasts." Milton. SEPTENTRIONALITY Sep*ten`tri*on*al"i*ty, n. Defn: Northerliness. SEPTENTRIONALLY Sep*ten"tri*on*al*ly, adv. Defn: Northerly. SEPTENTRIONATE Sep*ten"tri*on*ate, v. i. Defn: To tend or point toward the north; to north. Sir T. Browne. SEPTET; SEPTETTE Sep*tet", Sep*tette", n. Etym: [From L. septem seven, like duet, from L. duo.] 1. A set of seven persons or objects; as, a septet of singers. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A musical composition for seven instruments or seven voices; -- called also septuor. SEPTFOIL Sept"foil, n. Etym: [F. sept seven (L. septem) + E. foil leaf: cf. L. septifolium.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A European herb, the tormentil. See Tormentil. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An ornamental foliation having seven lobes. Cf. Cinquefoil, Quarterfoil, and Trefoil. 3. (Eccl.Art.) Defn: A typical figure, consisting of seven equal segments of a circle, used to denote the gifts of the Holy Chost, the seven sacraments as recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, etc. [R.] SEPTI- Sep"ti-, Etym: [L. septem seven.] Defn: A combining form meaning seven; as, septifolious, seven-leaved; septi-lateral, seven-sided. SEPTIC Sep"tic, a. Etym: [Septi- + -ic.] (Math.) Defn: Of the seventh degree or order. -- n. (Alg.) Defn: A quantic of the seventh degree. SEPTIC; SEPTICAL Sep"tic, Sep"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. septicus, Gr. septique.] Defn: Having power to promote putrefaction. SEPTIC Sep"tic, n. Defn: A substance that promotes putrefaction. SEPTICAEMIA Sep`ti*cæ"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Med.) Defn: A poisoned condition of the blood produced by the absorption into it of septic or putrescent material; blood poisoning. It is marked by chills, fever, prostration, and inflammation of the different serous membranes and of the lungs, kidneys, and other organs. SEPTICALLY Sep"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a septic manner; in a manner tending to promote putrefaction. SEPTICIDAL Sep"ti*ci`dal, a. Etym: [Septum + L. caedere to cut: cf. F. septicide.] (Bot.) Defn: Dividing the partitions; -- said of a method of dehiscence in which a pod splits through the partitions and is divided into its component carpels. SEPTICITY Sep*tic"i*ty, n. Etym: [See Septic.] Defn: Tendency to putrefaction; septic quality. SEPTIFARIOUS Sep`ti*fa"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. septifariam sevenfold. Cf. Bifarious.] (Bot.) Defn: Turned in seven different ways. SEPTIFEROUS Sep*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Septum + -ferous: cf. F. septifère.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing a partition; -- said of the valves of a capsule. SEPTIFEROUS Sep*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. -ferous.] Defn: Conveying putrid poison; as, the virulence of septiferous matter. SEPTIFLUOUS Sep*tif"lu*ous, a. Etym: [CF. Septemfluous.] Defn: Flowing in seven streams; septemfluous. SEPTIFOLIOUS Sep`ti*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [Septi- + L. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: Having seven leaves. SEPTIFORM Sep"ti*form, a. Etym: [Septum + -form.] Defn: Having the form of a septum. SEPTIFRAGAL Sep*tif"ra*gal, a. Etym: [Septum + L. frangere, fractum, to break.] (Bot.) Defn: Breaking from the partitions; -- said of a method of dehiscence in which the valves of a pod break away from the partitions, and these remain attached to the common axis. SEPTILATERAL Sep`ti*lat"er*al, a. Etym: [Septi- + lateral.] Defn: Having seven sides; as, a septilateral figure. SEPTILLION Sep*til"lion, n. Etym: [F. septilion, formed fr. L. septem seven, in imitation of million.] Defn: According to the French method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. According to the English method, the number expressed by a unit with forty-two ciphers annexed. See Numeration. SEPTIMOLE Sep"ti*mole, n. Etym: [L. septem seven.] (Mus.) Defn: A group of seven notes to be played in the time of four or six. SEPTINSULAR Sep*tin"su*lar, a. Etym: [Septi- + insular.] Defn: Consisting of seven islands; as, the septinsular republic of the Ionian Isles. SEPTISYLLABLE Sep"ti*syl`la*ble, n. Etym: [Septi- + syllable.] Defn: A word of seven syllables. SEPTOIC Sep*to"ic, a. Etym: [L. septem seven.] (Chem.) Defn: See Heptoic. [R.] SEPTOMAXILLARY Sep`to*max"il*la*ry, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the nasal septum and the maxilla; situated in the region of these parts. -- n. Defn: A small bone between the nasal septum and the maxilla in many reptiles and amphibians. SEPTUAGENARIAN Sep`tu*a*ge*na"ri*an, n. Defn: A person who is seventy years of age; a septuagenary. SEPTUAGENARY Sep`tu*ag"e*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. septuagenarius, fr. septuageny seventy each; akin to septuaginta seventy, septem seven. See Seven.] Defn: Consisting of seventy; also, seventy years old. -- n. Defn: A septuagenarian. SEPTUAGESIMA Sep`tu*a*ges"i*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. septuagesimus the seventieth, fr. septuaginta seventy.] (Eccl.) Defn: The third Sunday before Lent; -- so called because it is about seventy days before Easter. SEPTUAGESIMAL Sep`tu*a*ges"i*mal, a. Defn: Consisting of seventy days, years, etc.; reckoned by seventies. Our abridged and septuagesimal age. Sir T. Browne. SEPTUAGINT Sep"tu*a*gint, n. Etym: [From L. septuaginta seventy.] Defn: A Greek version of the Old Testament; -- so called because it was believed to be the work of seventy (or rather of seventy-two) translators. Note: The causes which produced it [the Septuagint], the number and names of the translators, the times at which different portions were translated, are all uncertain. The only point in which all agree is that Alexandria was the birthplace of the version. On one other point there is a near agreement, namely, as to time, that the version was made, or at least commenced, in the time of the early Ptolemies, in the first half of the third century b.c. Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.) Septuagint chronology, the chronology founded upon the dates of the Septuagint, which makes 1500 years more from the creation to Abraham than the Hebrew Bible. SEPTUARY Sep"tu*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. septem seven.] Defn: Something composed of seven; a week. [R.] Ash. SEPTULATE Sep"tu*late, a. Etym: [Dim. fr. septum.] (Bot.) Defn: Having imperfect or spurious septa. SEPTULUM Sep"tu*lum, n.; pl. Septula. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. septum septum.] (Anat.) Defn: A little septum; a division between small cavities or parts. SEPTUM Sep"tum, n.; pl. Septa. Etym: [L. septum, saeptum, an inclosure, hedge, fence, fr. sepire, saepire, to hedge in, inclose.] 1. A wall separating two cavities; a partition; as, the nasal septum. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A partition that separates the cells of a fruit. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the radial calcareous plates of a coral. (b) One of the transverse partitions dividing the shell of a mollusk, or of a rhizopod, into several chambers. See Illust. under Nautilus. (c) One of the transverse partitions dividing the body cavity of an annelid. SEPTUOR Sep"tu*or, n. Etym: [F.] (Mus.) Defn: A septet. SEPTUPLE Sep"tu*ple, a. Etym: [LL. septuplus; cf. Gr. septuple. Cf. Double, Quadruple.] Defn: Seven times as much; multiplied by seven; sevenfold. SEPTUPLE Sep"tu*ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Septupled; p. pr. & vb. n. Septupling.] Defn: To multiply by seven; to make sevenfold. Sir J. Herschel. SEPULCHER; SEPULCHRE Sep"ul*cher, Sep"ul*chre, n. Etym: [OE. sepulcre, OF. sepulcre, F. sépulcre, fr. L. sepulcrum, sepulchrum, fr. sepelire to bury.] Defn: The place in which the dead body of a human being is interred, or a place set apart for that purpose; a grave; a tomb. The stony entrance of this sepulcher. Shak. The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulcher. John xx. 1. A whited sepulcher. Fig.: Any person who is fair outwardly but unclean or vile within. See Matt. xxiii.27. SEPULCHER; SEPULCHRE Sep"ul*cher, Sep"ul*chre, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sepulchered or Sepulchred (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sepulchering or Sepulchring (.] Defn: To bury; to inter; to entomb; as, obscurely sepulchered. And so sepulchered in such pomp dost lie That kings for such a tomb would wish to die. Milton. SEPULCHRAL Se*pul"chral, a. Etym: [L. sepulcralis: cf. F. sépulcral.] 1. Of or pertaining to burial, to the grave, or to monuments erected to the memory of the dead; as, a sepulchral stone; a sepulchral inscription. 2. Unnaturally low and grave; hollow in tone; -- said of sound, especially of the voice. This exaggerated dulling of the voice . . . giving what is commonly called a sepulchral tone. H. Sweet. SEPULTURE Sep"ul*ture, n. Etym: [F. sépulture, L. sepultura, fr. sepelire, sepultum, to bury.] 1. The act of depositing the dead body of a human being in the grave; burial; interment. Where we may royal sepulture prepare. Dryden. 2. A sepulcher; a grave; a place of burial. Drunkeness that the horrible sepulture of man's reason. Chaucer. SEQUACIOUS Se*qua"cious, a. Etym: [L. sequax, -acis, fr. suquit to follow. See Sue to follow. ] 1. Inclined to follow a leader; following; attendant. Trees uprooted left their place, Sequacious of the lyre. Dryden. 2. Hence, ductile; malleable; pliant; manageable. In the greater bodies the forge was easy, the matter being ductile and sequacious. Ray. 3. Having or observing logical sequence; logically consistent and rigorous; consecutive in development or transition of thought. The scheme of pantheistic omniscience so prevalent among the sequacious thinkers of the day. Sir W. Hamilton. Milton was not an extensive or discursive thinker, as Shakespeare was; for the motions of his mind were slow, solemn, and sequacious, like those of the planets. De Quincey. SEQUACIOUSNESS Se*qua"cious*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being sequacious. SEQUACITY Se*quac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. sequacitas.] Defn: Quality or state of being sequacious; sequaciousness. Bacon. SEQUEL Se"quel, n. Etym: [L. sequela, fr. sequit to follow: cf. F. séquelle a following. See Sue to follow.] 1. That which follows; a succeeding part; continuation; as, the sequel of a man's advantures or history. O, let me say no more! Gather the sequel by that went before. Shak. 2. Consequence; event; effect; result; as, let the sun cease, fail, or swerve, and the sequel would be ruin. 3. Conclusion; inference. [R.] Whitgift. SEQUELA Se*que"la, n.; pl. Sequelæ. Etym: [L., a follower, a result, from sequit to follow.] Defn: One who, or that which, follows. Specifically: (a) An adherent, or a band or sect of adherents. "Coleridge and his sequela." G. P. Marsh. (b) That which follows as the logical result of reasoning; inference; conclusion; suggestion. Sequelæ, or thoughts suggested by the preceding aphorisms. Coleridge. (c) (Med.) Defn: A morbid phenomenon left as the result of a disease; a disease resulting from another. SEQUENCE Se"quence, n. Etym: [F. séquence, L. sequentia, fr. sequens. See Sequent.] 1. The state of being sequent; succession; order of following; arrangement. How art thou a king But by fair sequence and succession Shak. Sequence and series of the seasons of the year. Bacon. 2. That which follows or succeeds as an effect; sequel; consequence; result. The inevitable sequences of sin and punishment. Bp. Hall. 3. (Philos.) Defn: Simple succession, or the coming after in time, without asserting or implying causative energy; as, the reactions of chemical agents may be conceived as merely invariable sequences. 4. (Mus.) (a) Any succession of chords (or harmonic phrase) rising or falling by the regular diatonic degrees in the same scale; a succession of similar harmonic steps. (b) A melodic phrase or passage successively repeated one tone higher; a rosalia. 5. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: A hymn introduced in the Mass on certain festival days, and recited or sung immediately before the gospel, and after the gradual or introit, whence the name. Bp. Fitzpatrick. Originally the sequence was called a Prose, because its early form was rhythmical prose. Shipley. 6. (Card Playing) (a) (Whist) Three or more cards of the same suit in immediately consecutive order of value; as, ace, king, and queen; or knave, ten, nine, and eight. (b) (Poker) All five cards, of a hand, in consecutive order as to value, but not necessarily of the same suit; when of one suit, it is called a sequence flush. SEQUENT Se"quent, a. Etym: [L. sequens, -entis, p. pr. of sequi to follow. See Sue to follow.] 1. Following; succeeding; in continuance. What to this was sequent Thou knowest already. Shak. 2. Following as an effect; consequent. SEQUENT Se"quent, n. 1. A follower. [R.] Shak. 2. That which follows as a result; a sequence. SEQUENTIAL Se*quen"tial, a. Defn: Succeeding or following in order. -- Se*quen"tial*ly, adv. SEQUESTER Se*ques"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sequestered; p. pr. & vb. n. Sequestering.] Etym: [F. séquestrer, L. sequestrare to give up for safe keeping, from sequester a depositary or trustee in whose hands the thing contested was placed until the dispute was settled. Cf. Sequestrate.] 1. (Law) Defn: To separate from the owner for a time; to take from parties in controversy and put into the possession of an indifferent person; to seize or take possession of, as property belonging to another, and hold it till the profits have paid the demand for which it is taken, or till the owner has performed the decree of court, or clears himself of contempt; in international law, to confiscate. Formerly the goods of a defendant in chancery were, in the last resort, sequestered and detained to enforce the decrees of the court. And now the profits of a benefice are sequestered to pay the debts of ecclesiastics. Blackstone. 2. To cause (one) to submit to the process of sequestration; to deprive (one) of one's estate, property, etc. It was his tailor and his cook, his fine fashions and his French ragouts, which sequestered him. South. 3. To set apart; to put aside; to remove; to separate from other things. I had wholly sequestered my civil affairss. Bacon. 4. To cause to retire or withdraw into obscurity; to seclude; to withdraw; -- often used reflexively. When men most sequester themselves from action. Hooker. A love and desire to sequester a man's self for a higher conversation. Bacon. SEQUESTER Se*ques"ter, v. i. 1. To withdraw; to retire. [Obs.] To sequester out of the world into Atlantic and Utopian politics. Milton. 2. (Law) Defn: To renounce (as a widow may) any concern with the estate of her husband. SEQUESTER Se*ques"ter, n. 1. Sequestration; separation. [R.] 2. (Law) Defn: A person with whom two or more contending parties deposit the subject matter of the controversy; one who mediates between two parties; a mediator; an umpire or referee. Bouvier. 3. (Med.) Defn: Same as Sequestrum. SEQUESTERED Se*ques"tered, a. Defn: Retired; secluded. "Sequestered scenes." Cowper. Along the cool, sequestered vale of life. Gray. SEQUESTRABLE Se*ques"tra*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being sequestered; subject or liable to sequestration. SEQUESTRAL Se*ques"tral, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a sequestrum. Quian. SEQUESTRATE Se*ques"trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sequestrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sequestrating.] Defn: To sequester. SEQUESTRATION Seq`ues*tra"tion, n. Etym: [L. sequestratio: cf. F. séquestration.] 1. (a) (Civil & Com. Law) The act of separating, or setting aside, a thing in controversy from the possession of both the parties that contend for it, to be delivered to the one adjudged entitled to it. It may be voluntary or involuntary. (b) (Chancery) A prerogative process empowering certain commissioners to take and hold a defendant's property and receive the rents and profits thereof, until he clears himself of a contempt or performs a decree of the court. (c) (Eccl. Law) A kind of execution for a rent, as in the case of a beneficed clerk, of the profits of a benefice, till he shall have satisfied some debt established by decree; the gathering up of the fruits of a benefice during a vacancy, for the use of the next incumbent; the disposing of the goods, by the ordinary, of one who is dead, whose estate no man will meddle with. Craig. Tomlins. Wharton. (d) (Intrnat. Law) The seizure of the property of an individual for the use of the state; particularly applied to the seizure, by a belligerent power, of debts due from its subjects to the enemy. Burrill. 2. The state of being separated or set aside; separation; retirement; seclusion from society. Since Henry Monmouth first began to reign, . . . This loathsome sequestration have I had. Shak. 3. Disunion; disjunction. [Obs.] Boyle. SEQUESTRATOR Seq"ues*tra`tor, n. Etym: [L., one that hinders or impedes.] (Law) (a) One who sequesters property, or takes the possession of it for a time, to satisfy a demand out of its rents or profits. (b) One to whom the keeping of sequestered property is committed. SEQUESTRUM Se*ques"trum, n.; pl. Sequestra. Etym: [NL. See Sequester.] (Med.) Defn: A portion of dead bone which becomes separated from the sound portion, as in necrosis. SEQUIN Se"quin, n. Etym: [F. sequin, It. zecchino, from zecca the mint, fr. Ar. sekkah, sikkah, a die, a stamp. Cf. Zechin.] Defn: An old gold coin of Italy and Turkey. It was first struck at Venice about the end of the 13th century, and afterward in the other Italian cities, and by the Levant trade was introduced into Turkey. It is worth about 9s. 3d. sterling, or about $2.25. The different kinds vary somewhat in value. [Written also chequin, and zequin.] SEQUOIA Se*quoi"a, n. Etym: [NL. So called by Dr. Endlicher in honor of Sequoyah, who invented the Cherokee alphabet.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of coniferous trees, consisting of two species, Sequoia Washingtoniana, syn. S. gigantea, the "big tree" of California, and S. sempervirens, the redwood, both of which attain an immense height. SEQUOIENE Se*quoi"ëne, n. (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon (C13H10) obtained in white fluorescent crystals, in the distillation products of the needles of the California "big tree" (Sequoia gigantea). SERAC Sé`rac", n. [F. (in the Alps), orig., a kind of solid cheese.] Defn: A pinnacle of ice among the crevasses of a glacier; also, one of the blocks into which a glacier breaks on a steep grade. SERAGLIO Se*ragl"io, n. Etym: [It. serraglio, originally, an inclosure of palisades, afterwards also, a palace, seraglio (by confusion with Per. sera\'8ba a palace, an entirely different word), fr. serrare to shut, fr. LL. serra a bar for fastening doors, L. sera. See Serry, Series.] 1. An inclosure; a place of separation. [Obs.] I went to the Ghetto, where the Jews dwell as in a suburb, by themselves. I passed by the piazza Judea, where their seraglio begins. Evelyn. 2. The palace of the Grand Seignior, or Turkish sultan, at Constantinople, inhabited by the sultan himself, and all the officers and dependents of his court. In it are also kept the females of the harem. 3. A harem; a place for keeping wives or concubines; sometimes, loosely, a place of licentious pleasure; a house of debauchery. SERAI Se*ra"i, n. Etym: [Per. sera\'8b, or saraï, a palace, a king's court, a seraglio, an inn. Cf. Caravansary.] Defn: A palace; a seraglio; also, in the East, a place for the accommodation of travelers; a caravansary, or rest house. SERALBUMEN Ser`al*bu"men, n. (Physiol. CHem.) Defn: Serum albumin. SERANG Se*rang", n. Etym: [Per. sarhang a commander.] Defn: The boatswain of a Lascar or East Ondian crew. SERAPE Se*ra"pe, n. Etym: [Sp. Amer. sarape.] Defn: A blanket or shawl worn as an outer garment by the Spanish Americans, as in Mexico. SERAPH Ser"aph, n.; pl. E. Seraphs, Heb. Seraphim. Etym: [Heb. seraphim, pl.] Defn: One of an order of celestial beings, each having three pairs of wings. In ecclesiastical art and in poetry, a seraph is represented as one of a class of angels. Isa. vi. 2. As full, as perfect, in vile man that mourns, As the rapt seraph that adores and burns. Pope. Seraph moth (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of geometrid moths of the genus Lobophora, having the hind wings deeply bilobed, so that they seem to have six wings. SERAPHIC; SERAPHICAL Se*raph"ic, Se*raph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. séraphique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a seraph; becoming, or suitable to, a seraph; angelic; sublime; pure; refined. "Seraphic arms and trophies." Milton. "Seraphical fervor." Jer. Taylor. -- Se*raph"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Se*raph"ic*al*ness, n. SERAPHICISM Se*raph"i*cism, n. Defn: The character, quality, or state of a seraph; seraphicalness. [R.] Cudworth. SERAPHIM Ser"a*phim, n. Defn: The Hebrew plural of Seraph. Cf. Cherubim. Note: The double plural form seraphims is sometimes used, as in the King James version of the Bible, Isa. vi. 2 and 6. SERAPHINA Ser`a*phi"na, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A seraphine. SERAPHINE Ser"a*phine, n. Etym: [From Seraph.] (Mus.) Defn: A wind instrument whose sounding parts are reeds, consisting of a thin tongue of brass playing freely through a slot in a plate. It has a case, like a piano, and is played by means of a similar keybord, the bellows being worked by the foot. The melodeon is a portable variety of this instrument. SERAPIS Se*ra"pis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Myth.) Defn: An Egyptian deity, at first a symbol of the Nile, and so of fertility; later, one of the divinities of the lower world. His worship was introduced into Greece and Rome. SERASKIER Se*ras"kier, n. Etym: [Turk., fr. Per. ser head, chief + Ar. 'asker an army.] Defn: A general or commander of land forces in the Turkish empire; especially, the commander-in-chief of minister of war. SERASKIERATE Se*ras"kier*ate, n. Defn: The office or authority of a seraskier. SERBONIAN Ser*bo"ni*an, a. Defn: Relating to the lake of Serbonis in Egypt, which by reason of the sand blowing into it had a deceptive appearance of being solid land, but was a bog. A gulf profound as that Serbonian bog . . . Where armies whole have sunk. Milton. SERE Sere, a. Defn: Dry; withered. Same as Sear. But with its sound it shook the sails That were so thin and sere. Coleridge. SERE Sere, n. Etym: [F. serre.] Defn: Claw; talon. [Obs.] Chapman. SEREIN Se*rein", n. Etym: [F. Cf. Serenade, n.] (Meteorol.) Defn: A mist, or very fine rain, which sometimes falls from a clear sky a few moments after sunset. Tyndall. SERENADE Ser`*enade", n. Etym: [F. sérénade, It. serenata, probably fr. L. serenus serene (cf. Serene), misunderstood as a derivative fr. L. serus late. Cf. Soirée.] (Mus.) (a) Music sung or performed in the open air at nights; -- usually applied to musical entertainments given in the open air at night, especially by gentlemen, in a spirit of gallantry, under the windows of ladies. (b) A piece of music suitable to be performed at such times. SERENADE Ser`e*nade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Serenaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Serenading.] Defn: To entertain with a serenade. SERENADE Ser`e*nade", v. i. Defn: To perform a serenade. SERENADER Ser`e*nad"er, n. Defn: One who serenades. SERENATA; SERENATE Ser`e*na"ta, Ser"e*nate, n. Etym: [It. serenata. See Serenade.] (Mus.) Defn: A piece of vocal music, especially one on an amoreus subject; a serenade. Or serenate, which the starved lover sings To his pround fair. Milton. Note: The name serenata was given by Italian composers in the time of Handel, and by Handel himself, to a cantata of a pastoreal of dramatic character, to a secular ode, etc.; also by Mozart and others to an orchectral composition, in several movements, midway between the suite of an earlier period and the modern symphony. Grove. SERENE Se*rene", a. Etym: [L. serenus to grow dry, Gr. 1. Bright; clear; unabscured; as, a serene sky. The moon serene in glory mounts the sky. Pope. Full many a gem of purest ray serene The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear. Gray. 2. Calm; placid; undisturbed; unruffled; as, a serene aspect; a serene soul. Milton. Note: In several countries of Europe, Serene is given as a tittle to princes and the members of their families; as, His Serene Highness. Drop serene. (Med.) See Amaurosis. Milton. SERENE Se*rene", n. 1. Serenity; clearness; calmness. [Poetic.] "The serene of heaven." Southey. To their master is denied To share their sweet serene. Young. 2. Etym: [F. serein evening dew or damp. See Serein.] Defn: Evening air; night chill. [Obs.] "Some serene blast me." B. Jonson. SERENE Se*rene", v. t. Etym: [L. serenare.] Defn: To make serene. Heaven and earth, as if contending, vie To raise his being, and serene his soul. Thomson. SERENELY Se*rene"ly, adv. 1. In a serene manner; clearly. Now setting Phoebus shone serenely bright. Pope. 2. With unruffled temper; coolly; calmly. Prior. SERENENESS Se*rene"ness, n. Defn: Serenity. Feltham. SERENITUDE Se*ren"i*tude, n. Defn: Serenity. [Obs.] SERENITY Se*ren"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. serenuas: cf. F. sérénité.] 1. The quality or state of being serene; clearness and calmness; quietness; stillness; peace. A general peace and serenity newly succeeded a general trouble. Sir W. Temple. 2. Calmness of mind; eveness of temper; undisturbed state; coolness; composure. I can not see how any men should ever transgress those moral rules with confidence and serenity. Locke. Note: Serenity is given as a title to the members of certain princely families in Europe; as, Your Serenity. SERF Serf, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. serus servant, slave; akin to servare to protect, preserve, observe, and perhaps originally, a client, a man under one's protection. Cf. Serve, v. t.] Defn: A servant or slave employed in husbandry, and in some countries attached to the soil and transferred with it, as formerly in Russia. In England, at least from the reign of Henry II, one only, and that the inferior species [of villeins], existed . . . But by the customs of France and Germany, persons in this abject state seem to have been called serfs, and distinguished from villeins, who were only bound to fixed payments and duties in respect of their lord, though, as it seems, without any legal redress if injured by him. Hallam. Syn. -- Serf, Slave. A slave is the absolute property of his master, and may be sold in any way. A serf, according to the strict sense of the term, is one bound to work on a certain estate, and thus attached to the soil, and sold with it into the service of whoever purchases the land. SERFAGE; SERFDOM Serf"age, Serf"dom, n. Defn: The state or condition of a serf. SERFHOOD; SERFISM Serf"hood, Serf"ism (, n. Defn: Serfage. SERGE Serge, n. Etym: [F. serge, sarge, originally, a silken stuff, fr. L. serica, f. or neut. pl. of sericus silken. See Sericeous, Silk.] Defn: A woolen twilled stuff, much used as material for clothing for both sexes. Silk serge, a twilled silk fabric used mostly by tailors for lining parts of gentlemen's coats. SERGE Serge, n. Etym: [F. cierge.] Defn: A large wax candle used in the ceremonies of various churches. SERGEANCY Ser"gean*cy, n.; pl. Sergeancies. Etym: [Cf. Sergeanty.] Defn: The office of a sergeant; sergeantship. [Written also serjeancy.] SERGEANT Ser"geant, n. Etym: [F. sergent, fr. L. serviens, -entis, p. pr. of servire to serve. See Serve, and cf. Servant.] [Written also serjeant. Both spellings are authorized. In England serjeant is usually preferred, except for military officers. In the United States sergeant is common for civil officers also.] 1. Formerly, in England, an officer nearly answering to the more modern bailiff of the hundred; also, an officer whose duty was to attend on the king, and on the lord high steward in court, to arrest traitors and other offenders. He is now called sergeant-at-arms, and two of these officers, by allowance of the sovereign, attend on the houses of Parliament (one for each house) to execute their commands, and another attends the Court Chancery. The sergeant of the town of Rome them sought. Chaucer. The magistrates sent the serjeant, saying, Let those men go. Acts xvi. 35. This fell sergeant, Death, Is strict in his arrest. Shak. 2. (Mil.) In a company, battery, or troop, a noncommissioned officer next in rank above a corporal, whose duty is to instruct recruits in discipline, to form the ranks, etc. Note: In the United States service, besides the sergeants belonging to the companies there are, in each regiment, a sergeant major, who is the chief noncommissioned officer, and has important duties as the assistant to the adjutant; a quartermaster sergeant, who assists the quartermaster; a color sergeant, who carries the colors; and a commissary sergeant, who assists in the care and distribution of the stores. Ordnance sergeants have charge of the ammunition at military posts. 3. (Law) Defn: A lawyer of the highest rank, answering to the doctor of the civil law; -- called also serjeant at law. [Eng.] Blackstone. 4. A title sometimes given to the servants of the sovereign; as, sergeant surgeon, that is, a servant, or attendant, surgeon. [Eng.] 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The cobia. Drill sergeant. (Mil.) See under Drill. -- Sergeant-at-arms, an officer of a legislative body, or of a deliberative or judicial assembly, who executes commands in preserving order and arresting offenders. See Sergeant, 1. -- Sergeant major. (a) (Mil.) See the Note under def. 2, above. (b) (Zoöl.) The cow pilot. SERGEANTCY Ser"geant*cy, n. Defn: Same as Sergeancy. SERGEANTRY Ser"geant*ry, n. Etym: [CF. OF. sergenteric.] Defn: See Sergeanty. [R.] [Written also serjeantry.] SERGEANTSHIP Ser"geant*ship, n. Defn: The office of sergeant. SERGEANTY Ser"geant*y, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. sergentie, LL. sergentia. See Sergeant.] (Eng. Law) Defn: Tenure of lands of the crown by an honorary kind of service not due to any lord, but to the king only. [Written also serjeanty.] Grand sergeanty, a particular kind of tenure by which the tenant was bound to do some special honorary service to the king in person, as to carry his banner, his sword, or the like. Tomlins. Cowell. Blackstone. -- Petit sergeanty. See under Petit. SERIAL Se"ri*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a series; consisting of a series; appearing in successive parts or numbers; as, a serial work or publication. "Classification . . . may be more or less serial." H. Spencer. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to rows. Gray. Serial homology. (Biol.) See under Homology. -- Serial symmetry. (Biol.) See under Symmetry. SERIAL Se"ri*al, n. Defn: A publication appearing in a series or succession of part; a tale, or other writing, published in successive numbers of a periodical. SERIALITY Se`ri*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of succession in a series; sequence. H. Spenser. SERIALLY Se"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a series, or regular order; in a serial manner; as, arranged serially; published serially. SERIATE Se"ri*ate, a. Defn: Arranged in a series or succession; pertaining to a series. -- Se"ri*ate*ly, adv. SERIATIM Se`ri*a"tim, adv. Etym: [NL.] Defn: In regular order; one after the other; severally. SERIATION Se`ri*a"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: Arrangement or position in a series. SERICEOUS Se*ri"ceous, a. Etym: [L. sericus silken, sericum Seric stuff, silk, fr. Sericus belonging to the Seres, Gr. Silk, Serge a woolen stuff.] 1. Of or pertaining to silk; consisting of silk; silky. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Covered with very soft hairs pressed close to the surface; as, a sericeous leaf. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a silklike luster, usually due to fine, close hairs. SERICIN Ser"i*cin, n. Etym: [L. sericus silken.] (Chem.) Defn: A gelatinous nitrogenous material extracted from crude silk and other similar fiber by boiling water; -- called also silk gelatin. SERICITE Ser"i*cite, n. Etym: [L. sericus silken.] (Min.) Defn: A kind of muscovite occuring in silky scales having a fibrous structure. It is characteristic of sericite schist. SERICTERIUM Ser`ic*te"ri*um, n. Etym: [See Sericeous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A silk gland, as in the silkworms. SERICULTURE Ser"i*cul`ture, n. Etym: [See Sericeous, and Culture.] Defn: The raising of silkworms. SERIE Se"rie, n. Etym: [Cf. F. série.] Defn: Series. [Obs.] SERIEMA Ser`i*e"ma, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large South American bird (Dicholophus, or Cariama cristata) related to the cranes. It is often domesticated. Called also cariama. SERIES Se"ries, n. Etym: [L. series, fr. serere, sertum, to join or bind together; cf. Gr. sarit thread. Cf. Assert, Desert a solitude, Exert, Insert, Seraglio.] 1. A number of things or events standing or succeeding in order, and connected by a like relation; sequence; order; course; a succession of things; as, a continuous series of calamitous events. During some years his life a series of triumphs. Macaulay. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Any comprehensive group of animals or plants including several subordinate related groups. Note: Sometimes a series includes several classes; sometimes only orders or families; in other cases only species. 3. (Math.) Defn: An indefinite number of terms succeeding one another, each of which is derived from one or more of the preceding by a fixed law, called the law of the series; as, an arithmetical series; a geometrical series. SERIES DYNAMO Series dynamo. (Elec.) (a) A series-wound dynamo. (b) A dynamo running in series with another or others. SERIES MOTOR Series motor. (Elec.) (a) A series-wound motor. (b) A motor capable of being used in a series circuit. SERIES TURNS Series turns. (Elec.) Defn: The turns in a series circuit. SERIES WINDING Series winding. (Elec.) Defn: A winding in which the armature coil and the field-magnet coil are in series with the external circuits; -- opposed to shunt winding. --Se"ries-wound`, a. SERIGRAPH Ser`i*graph, n. [L. sericum silk + E. -graph.] Defn: An autographic device to test the strength of raw silk. SERIN Ser"in, n. Etym: [F. serin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European finch (Serinus hortulanus) closely related to the canary. SERINE Ser"ine, n. Etym: [L. sericus silken.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline nitrogenous substance obtained by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on silk gelatin. SERIO-COMIC; SERIO-COMICAL Se`ri*o-com"ic, Se`ri*o-com"ic*al, a. Defn: Having a mixture of seriousness and sport; serious and comical. SERIOUS Se"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. serius: cf. F. sérieux, LL. seriosus.] 1. Grave in manner or disposition; earnest; thoughtful; solemn; not light, gay, or volatile. He is always serious, yet there is about his manner a graceful ease. Macaulay. 2. Really intending what is said; being in earnest; not jesting or deceiving. Beaconsfield. 3. Important; weighty; not trifling; grave. The holy Scriptures bring to our ears the most serious things in the world. Young. 4. Hence, giving rise to apprehension; attended with danger; as, a serious injury. Syn. -- Grave; solemn; earnest; sedate; important; weighty. See Grave. -- Se"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Se"ri*ous*ness, n. SERIPH Ser"iph, n. (Type Founding) Defn: See Ceriph. SERJEANT; SERJEANTCY Ser"jeant, Ser"jeant*cy, etc. Defn: See Sergeant, Sergeantcy, etc. Serjeant-at-arms. See Sergeant- at-arms, under Sergeant. SERMOCINATION Ser*moc`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. sermocinatio. See Sermon.] Defn: The making of speeches or sermons; sermonizing. [Obs.] Peacham. SERMOCINATOR Ser*moc"i*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who makes sermons or speeches. [Obs.] Howell. SERMON Ser"mon, n. Etym: [OE. sermoun, sermun, F. sermon, fr. L. sermo, - onis, a speaking, discourse, probably fr. serer, sertum, to join, connect; hence, a connected speech. See Series.] 1. A discourse or address; a talk; a writing; as, the sermens of Chaucer. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Specifically, a discourse delivered in public, usually by a clergyman, for the purpose of religious instruction and grounded on some text or passage of Scripture. This our life exempt from public haunts Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, Sermons in stones and good in everything. Shak. His preaching much, but more his practice, wrought, A living sermon of the truths he taught. Dryden. 3. Hence, a serious address; a lecture on one's conduct or duty; an exhortation or reproof; a homily; -- often in a depreciatory sense. SERMON Ser"mon, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OF. sermoner, F. sermonner to lecture one.] Defn: To speak; to discourse; to compose or deliver a sermon. [Obs.] Holinshed. What needeth it to sermon of it more Chaucer. SERMON Ser"mon, v. t. 1. To discourse to or of, as in a sermon. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To tutor; to lecture. [Poetic] Shak. SERMONEER Ser`mon*eer", n. Defn: A sermonizer. B. Jonson. SERMONER Ser"mon*er, n. Defn: A preacher; a sermonizer. [Derogative or Jocose.] Thackeray. SERMONET Ser`mon*et", n. Defn: A short sermon. [Written also sermonette.] SERMONIC; SERMONICAL Ser*mon"ic, Ser*mon"ic*al, a. Defn: Like, or appropriate to, a sermon; grave and didactic. [R.] "Conversation . . . satirical or sermonic." Prof. Wilson. "Sermonical style." V. Knox. SERMONING Ser"mon*ing, n. Defn: The act of discoursing; discourse; instruction; preaching. [Obs.] Chaucer. SERMONISH Ser"mon*ish, a. Defn: Resembling a sermon. [R.] SERMONIST Ser"mon*ist, n. Defn: See Sermonizer. SERMONIZE Ser"mon*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sermonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Sermonizing.] 1. To compose or write a sermon or sermons; to preach. 2. To inculcate rigid rules. [R.] Chesterfield. SERMONIZE Ser"mon*ize, v. t. Defn: To preach or discourse to; to affect or influence by means of a sermon or of sermons. [R.] Which of us shall sing or sermonize the other fast asleep Landor. SERMONIZER Ser"mon*i`zer, n. Defn: One who sermonizes. SEROLIN Ser"o*lin, n. Etym: [Serum + L. oleum oil.] (Physiol. Chem.) (a) A peculiar fatty substance found in the blood, probably a mixture of fats, cholesterin, etc. (b) A body found in fecal matter and thought to be formed in the intestines from the cholesterin of the bile; -- called also stercorin, and stercolin. SERON; SEROON Se*ron", Se*roon", n. Etym: [Sp. seron a kind of hamper or pannier, aug. of sera a large pannier or basket.] Defn: Same as Ceroon. Note: This word as expressing a quantity or weight has no definite signification. McElrath. SEROSE Se"rose`, a. Defn: Serous. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. SEROSITY Se*ros"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. serosité. See Serous.] 1. The quality or state of being serous. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: A thin watery animal fluid, as synovial fluid and pericardial fluid. SEROTHERAPY Se`ro*ther"a*py, n. (Med.) (a) Serum-therapy. (b) The whey cure. SEROTINE Ser"o*tine, n. Etym: [F. sérotine, fr. L. serotinus that comes or happens late.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European long-eared bat (Vesperugo serotinus). SEROTINOUS Se*rot"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. serotinus, fr. serus late.] (Biol.) Defn: Appearing or blossoming later in the season than is customary with allied species. SEROUS Se"rous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. séreux. See Serum.] (Physiol.) (a) Thin; watery; like serum; as the serous fluids. (b) Of or pertaining to serum; as, the serous glands, membranes, layers. See Serum. Serous membrane. (Anat.) See under Membrane. SEROW; SURROW Ser"ow, Sur"row, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The thar. SERPENS Ser"pens, n. Etym: [L. See Serpent.] (Astron.) Defn: A constellation represented as a serpent held by Serpentarius. SERPENT Ser"pent, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. serpens, -entis (sc. bestia), fr. serpens, p. pr. of serpere to creep; akin to Gr. sarp, and perhaps to L. repere, E. reptile. Cf. Herpes.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any reptile of the order Ophidia; a snake, especially a large snake. See Illust. under Ophidia. Note: The serpents are mostly long and slender, and move partly by bending the body into undulations or folds and pressing them against objects, and partly by using the free edges of their ventral scales to cling to rough surfaces. Many species glide swiftly over the ground, some burrow in the earth, others live in trees. A few are entirely aquatic, and swim rapidly. See Ophidia, and Fang. 2. Fig.: A subtle, treacherous, malicious person. 3. A species of firework having a serpentine motion as it passess through the air or along the ground. 4. (Astron.) Defn: The constellation Serpens. 5. (Mus.) Defn: A bass wind instrument, of a loud and coarse tone, formerly much used in military bands, and sometimes introduced into the orchestra; -- so called from its form. Pharaoh's serpent (Chem.), mercuric sulphocyanate, a combustible white substance which in burning gives off a poisonous vapor and leaves a peculiar brown voluminous residue which is expelled in a serpentine from. It is employed as a scientific toy. -- Serpent cucumber (Bot.), the long, slender, serpentine fruit of the cucurbitaceous plant Trichosanthes colubrina; also, the plant itself. -- Serpent eage (Zoöl.), any one of several species of raptorial birds of the genera Circaëtus and Spilornis, which prey on serpents. They inhabit Africa, Southern Europe, and India. The European serpent eagle is Circaëtus Gallicus. -- Serpent eater. (Zoöl.) (a) The secretary bird. (b) An Asiatic antelope; the markhoor. -- Serpent fish (Zoöl.), a fish (Cepola rubescens) with a long, thin, compressed body, and a band of red running lengthwise. -- Serpent star (Zoöl.), an ophiuran; a brittle star. -- Serpent's tongue (Paleon.), the fossil tooth of a shark; -- so called from its resemblance to a tongue with its root. -- Serpent withe (Bot.), a West Indian climbing plant (Aristolochia odoratissima). -- Tree serpent (Zoöl.), any species of African serpents belonging to the family Dendrophidæ. SERPENT Ser"pent, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Serpented; p. pr. & vb. n. Serpenting.] Defn: To wind like a serpent; to crook about; to meander. [R.] "The serpenting of the Thames." Evelyn. SERPENT Ser"pent, v. t. Defn: To wind; to encircle. [R.] Evelyn. SERPENTARIA Ser`pen*ta"ri*a, a.Etym: [L. (sc. herba), fr. serpens serpent.] (Med.) Defn: The fibrous aromatic root of the Virginia snakeroot (Aristolochia Serpentaria). SERPENTARIUS Ser`pen*ta"ri*us, n.Etym: [NL., fr. L. serpens serpent.] (Astron.) Defn: A constellation on the equator, lying between Scorpio and Hercules; -- called also Ophiuchus. SERPENTIFORM Ser*pen"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. serpens a serpent + -form.] Defn: Having the form of a serpent. SERPENTIGENOUS Ser`pen*tig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. serpens, -entis, a serpent + - genous: cf. L. serpentigena.] Defn: Bred of a serpent. SERPENTINE Ser"pen*tine, a. Etym: [L. serpentinus: cf. F. serpentin.] Defn: Resembling a serpent; having the shape or qualities of a serpent; subtle; winding or turning one way and the other, like a moving serpent; anfractuous; meandering; sinuous; zigzag; as, serpentine braid. Thy shape Like his, and color serpentine. Milton. SERPENTINE Ser"pen*tine, n. Etym: [Cf. (for sense 1) F. serpentine, (for sense 2) serpentin.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A mineral or rock consisting chiefly of the hydrous silicate of magnesia. It is usually of an obscure green color, often with a spotted or mottled appearance resembling a serpent's skin. Precious, or noble, serpentine is translucent and of a rich oil-green color. Note: Serpentine has been largely produced by the alteration of other minerals, especially of chrysolite. 2. (Ordnance) Defn: A kind of ancient cannon. SERPENTINE Ser"pen*tine, v. i. Defn: To serpentize. [R.] Lyttleton. SERPENTINELY Ser"pen*tine*ly, adv. Defn: In a serpentine manner. SERPENTINIAN Ser`pen*tin"i*an, n. (Eccl.) Defn: See 2d Ophite. SERPENTINIZE Ser"pen*tin*ize, v. t. (Min.) Defn: To convert (a magnesian silicate) into serpentine. -- Ser`pen*tin`i*za"tion, n. SERPENTINOUS Ser"pen*ti`nous, a. Defn: Relating to, or like, serpentine; as, a rock serpentinous in character. SERPENTIZE Ser"pent*ize, v. i. Defn: To turn or bend like a serpent, first in one direction and then in the opposite; to meander; to wind; to serpentine. [R.] The river runs before the door, and serpentizes more than you can conceive. Walpole. SERPENTRY Ser"pent*ry, n. 1. A winding like a serpent's. 2. A place inhabited or infested by serpents. SERPENT-TONGUED Ser"pent-tongued`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a forked tongue, like a serpent. SERPET Ser"pet, n. Etym: [L. sirpus, scirpus, a rush, bulrush.] Defn: A basket. [Obs.] Ainsworth. SERPETTE Ser*pette", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A pruning knife with a curved blade. Knight. SERPIGINOUS Ser*pig"i*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. serpigineux.] (Med.) Defn: Creeping; -- said of lesions which heal over one portion while continuing to advance at another. SERPIGO Ser*pi"go, n. Etym: [LL., fr. L. serpere to creep.] (Med.) Defn: A dry, scaly eruption on the skin; especially, a ringworm. SERPOLET Ser"po*let, n. Etym: [F.] (Bot.) Defn: Wild thyme. SERPULA Ser"pu*la, n.; pl. Serpulæ, E. Serpulas. Etym: [L., a little snake. See Serpent.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of tubicolous annelids of the genus Serpula and allied genera of the family Serpulidæ. They secrete a calcareous tube, which is usually irregularly contorted, but is sometimes spirally coiled. The worm has a wreath of plumelike and often bright-colored gills around its head, and usually an operculum to close the aperture of its tube when it retracts. SERPULIAN; SERPULIDAN Ser*pu"li*an, Ser*pu"li*dan, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A serpula. SERPULITE Ser"pu*lite, n. Defn: A fossil serpula shell. SERR Serr, v. t. Etym: [F. serrer. See Serry.] Defn: To crowd, press, or drive together. [Obs.] Bacon. SERRANOID Ser*ra"noid, n. Etym: [NL. Serranus, a typical genus (fr. L. serra a saw) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any fish of the family Serranidæ, which includes the striped bass, the black sea bass, and many other food fishes. -- a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Serranidæ. SERRATE; SERRATED Ser"rate, Ser"ra*ted, a. Etym: [L. serratus, fr. serra a saw; perhaps akin to secare to cut, E. saw a cutting instrument. Cf. Sierra.] 1. Notched on the edge, like a saw. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Beset with teeth pointing forwards or upwards; as, serrate leaves. Doubly serrate, having small serratures upon the large ones, as the leaves of the elm. -- Serrate-ciliate, having fine hairs, like the eyelashes, on the serratures; -- said of a leaf. -- Serrate-dentate, having the serratures toothed. SERRATION Ser*ra"tion, n. 1. Condition of being serrate; formation in the shape of a saw. 2. One of the teeth in a serrate or serrulate margin. SERRATIROSTRAL Ser*ra`ti*ros"tral, a. Etym: [Serrate + rostral.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a toothed bill, like that of a toucan. SERRATOR Ser*ra"tor, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The ivory gull (Larus eburneus). SERRATURE Ser"ra*ture, n. Etym: [L. serratura a sawing, fr. serrare to saw.] 1. A notching, like that between the teeth of a saw, in the edge of anything. Martyn. 2. One of the teeth in a serrated edge; a serration. SERRICATED Ser"ri*ca`ted, a. Etym: [See Sericeous.] Defn: Covered with fine silky down. SERRICORN Ser"ri*corn, a. Etym: [L. serra saw + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having serrated antenn SERRICORN Ser"ri*corn, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of a numerous tribe of beetles (Serricornia). The joints of the antennæ are prominent, thus producing a serrate appearance. See Illust. under Antenna. SERRIED Ser"ried, a. Etym: [See Serry.] Defn: Crowded; compact; dense; pressed together. Nor seemed it to relax their serried files. Milton. SERRIFERA Ser*rif"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. serra saw + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Hymenoptera comprising the sawflies. SERRIROSTRES Ser`ri*ros"tres, n. pl. Etym: [NL. fr. L. serra saw + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Lamellirostres. SERROUS Ser"rous, a. Etym: [L. serra a saw.] Defn: Like the teeth off a saw; jagged. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SERRULA Ser"ru*la, n. Etym: [L., a little saw.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The red-breasted merganser. SERRULATE; SERRULATED Ser"rulate, Ser"ru*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. serrula a lttle saw, dim. of serra a saw.] Defn: Finely serrate; having very minute teeth. SERRULATION Ser`ru*la"tion, n. 1. The state of being notched minutely, like a fine saw. Wright. 2. One of the teeth in a serrulate margin. SERRY Ser"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Serried; p. pr. & vb. n. Serrying.] Etym: [F. serrer, LL. serrare, serare, from L. sera a bar, bolt; akin to serere to join or bind together. See Serries.] Defn: To crowd; to press together. Note: [Now perhaps only in the form serried, p. p. or a.] SERTULARIA Ser`tu*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., dim. fr. L. serta a garland.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of delicate branching hydroids having small sessile hydrothecæ along the sides of the branches. SERTULARIAN Ser`tu*la"ri*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Sertularia, or of Sertularidæ, a family of hydroids having branched chitinous stems and simple sessile hydrothecæ. Also used adjectively. SERUM Se"rum, n. Etym: [L., akin to Gr. sara curd.] (Physiol.) (a) The watery portion of certain animal fluids, as blood, milk, etc. (b) A thin watery fluid, containing more or less albumin, secreted by the serous membranes of the body, such as the pericardium and peritoneum. Blood serum, the pale yellowish fluid which exudes from the clot formed in the coagulation of the blood; the loquid portion of the blood, after removal of the blood corpuscles and the fibrin. -- Muscle serum, the thin watery fluid which separates from the muscles after coagulation of the muscle plasma; the watery portion of the plasma. See Muscle plasma, under Plasma. -- Serum albumin (Physiol. Chem.), an albuminous body, closely related to egg albumin, present in nearly all serous fluids; esp., the albumin of blood serum. -- Serum globulin (Physiol. Chem.), paraglobulin. -- Serum of milk (Physiol. Chem.), the whey, or fluid portion of milk, remaining after removal of the casein and fat. SERUM-THERAPY Se"rum-ther`a*py, n. (Med.) Defn: The treatment of disease by the injection of blood serum from immune animals. SERVABLE Serv"a*ble, a. Etym: [See Serve.] 1. Capable of being served. 2. Etym: [L. servabilis.] Defn: Capable of being preserved. [R.] SERVAGE Serv"age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. servage.] Defn: Serfage; slavery; servitude. [Obs.] Chaucer. SERVAL Ser"val, n. Etym: [Cf. F. serval.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An African wild cat (Felis serval) of moderate size. It has rather long legs and a tail of moderate length. Its color is tawny, with black spots on the body and rings of black on the tail. SERVALINE Ser"val*ine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Related to, or resembling, the serval. SERVANT Serv"ant, n. Etym: [OE. servant, servaunt, F. servant, a & p. pr. of servir to serve, L. servire. See Serve, and cf. Sergeant.] 1. One who serves, or does services, voluntarily or on compulsion; a person who is employed by another for menial offices, or for other labor, and is subject to his command; a person who labors or exerts himself for the benefit of another, his master or employer; a subordinate helper. "A yearly hired servant." Lev. xxv. 53. Men in office have begun to think themselves mere agents and servants of the appointing power, and not agents of the government or the country. D. Webster. Note: In a legal sense, stewards, factors, bailiffs, and other agents, are servants for the time they are employed in such character, as they act in subordination to others. So any person may be legally the servant of another, in whose business, and under whose order, direction, and control, he is acting for the time being. Chitty. 2. One in a state of subjection or bondage. Thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt. Deut. v. 15. 3. A professed lover or suitor; a gallant. [Obs.] In my time a servant was I one. Chaucer. Servant of servants, one debased to the lowest condition of servitude. -- Your humble servant, or Your obedient servant, phrases of civility often used in closing a letter. Our betters tell us they are our humble servants, but understand us to be their slaves. Swift. SERVANT Serv"ant, v. t. Defn: To subject. [Obs.] Shak. SERVANTESS Serv"ant*ess, n. Defn: A maidservant. [Obs.] Wyclif. SERVANTRY Serv"ant*ry, n. Defn: A body of servants; servants, collectively. [R.] SERVE Serve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Served; p. pr. & vb. n. Serving.] Etym: [OE. serven, servien, OF. & F. servir, fr. L. servire; akin to servus a servant or slave, servare to protect, preserve, observe; cf. Zend har to protect, haurva protecting. Cf. Conserve, Desert merit, Dessert, Observe, Serf, Sergeant.] 1. To work for; to labor in behalf of; to exert one's self continuously or statedly for the benefit of; to do service for; to be in the employment of, as an inferior, domestic, serf, slave, hired assistant, official helper, etc.; specifically, in a religious sense, to obey and worship. God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit. Rom. i. 9. Jacob loved Rachel; and said, I will serve thee seven years for Rachel thy younger daughter. Gen. xxix. 18. No man can serve two masters. Matt. vi. 24. Had I but served my God with half the zeal I served my king, he would not in mine age Have left me naked to mine enemies. Shak. 2. To be subordinate to; to act a secondary part under; to appear as the inferior of; to minister to. Bodies bright and greater should not serve The less not bright. Milton. 3. To be suitor to; to profess love to. [Obs.] To serve a lady in his beste wise. Chaucer. 4. To wait upon; to supply the wants of; to attend; specifically, to wait upon at table; to attend at meals; to supply with food; as, to serve customers in a shop. Others, pampered in their shameless pride, Are served in plate and in their chariots ride. Dryden. 5. Hence, to bring forward, arrange, deal, or distribute, as a portion of anything, especially of food prepared for eating; -- often with up; formerly with in. Bid them cover the table, serve in the meat, and we will come in to dinner. Shak. Some part he roasts, then serves it up so dressed. Dryde. 6. To perform the duties belonging to, or required in or for; hence, to be of use to; as, a curate may serve two churches; to serve one's country. 7. To contribute or conduce to; to promote; to be sufficient for; to satisfy; as, to serve one's turn. Turn it into some advantage, by observing where it can serve another end. Jer. Taylor. 8. To answer or be (in the place of something) to; as, a sofa serves one for a seat and a couch. 9. To treat; to behave one's self to; to requite; to act toward; as, he served me very ill. 10. To work; to operate; as, to serve the guns. 11. (Law) (a) To bring to notice, deliver, or execute, either actually or constructively, in such manner as the law requires; as, to serve a summons. (b) To make legal service opon (a person named in a writ, summons, etc.); as, to serve a witness with a subpoena. 12. To pass or spend, as time, esp. time of punishment; as, to serve a term in prison. 13. To copulate with; to cover; as, a horse serves a mare; -- said of the male. 14. (Tennis) Defn: To lead off in delivering (the ball). 15. (Naut.) Defn: To wind spun yarn, or the like, tightly around (a rope or cable, etc.) so as to protect it from chafing or from the weather. See under Serving. To serve an attachment or a writ of attachment (Law), to levy it on the person or goods by seizure, or to seize. -- To serve an execution (Law), to levy it on a lands, goods, or person, by seizure or taking possession. -- To serve an office, to discharge a public duty. -- To serve a process (Law), in general, to read it, so as to give due notice to the party concerned, or to leave an attested copy with him or his attorney, or his usual place of abode. -- To serve a warrant, to read it, and seize the person against whom it is issued. -- To serve a writ (Law), to read it to the defendant, or to leave an attested copy at his usual place of abode. -- To serve one out, to retaliate upon; to requite. "I'll serve you out for this." C. Kingsley. -- To serve one right, to treat, or cause to befall one, according to his deserts; -- used commonly of ill deserts; as, it serves the scoundrel right; -- To serve one's self of, to avail one's self of; to make use of. [A Gallicism] I will serve myself of this concession. Chillingworth. -- To serve out, to distribute; as, to serve out rations. -- To serve the time or the hour, to regulate one's actions by the requirements of the time instead of by one's duty; to be a timeserver. [Obs.] They think herein we serve the time, because thereby we either hold or seek preferment. Hooker. Syn. -- To obey; minister to; subserve; promote; aid; help; assist; benefit; succor. SERVE Serve, v. i. 1. To be a servant or a slave; to be employed in labor or other business for another; to be in subjection or bondage; to render menial service. The Lord shall give thee rest . . . from the hard bondage wherein thou wast made to serve. Isa. xiv. 3. 2. To perform domestic offices; to be occupied with household affairs; to prepare and dish up food, etc. But Martha . . . said, Lord, dost thou not care that my sister hath left me to serve alone Luke x. 40. 3. To be in service; to do duty; to discharge the requirements of an office or employment. Specifically, to act in the public service, as a soldier, seaman. etc. Many . . . who had before been great commanders, but now served as private gentlemen without pay. Knolles. 4. To be of use; to answer a purpose; to suffice; to suit; to be convenient or favorable. This little brand will serve to light your fire. Dryden. As occasion serves, this noble queen And prince shall follow with a fresh supply. Shak. 5. (Tennis) Defn: To lead off in delivering the ball. SERVER Serv"er, n. 1. One who serves. 2. A tray for dishes; a salver. Randolph. SERVIAN Ser"vi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Servia, a kingdom of Southern Europe. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Servia. SERVICE; SERVICE Serv"ice, n., or Serv"ice. Etym: [Properly, the tree which bears serve, OE. serves, pl., service berries, AS. syrfe service tree; akin to L. sorbus.] (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several trees and shrubs of the genus Pyrus, as Pyrus domestica and P. torminalis of Europe, the various species of mountain ash or rowan tree, and the American shad bush (see Shad bush, under Shad). They have clusters of small, edible, applelike berries. Service berry (Bot.), the fruit of any kind of service tree. In British America the name is especially applied to that of the several species or varieties of the shad bush (Amelanchier.) SERVICE Serv"ice, n. Etym: [OE. servise, OF. servise, service, F. service, from L. servitium. See Serve.] 1. The act of serving; the occupation of a servant; the performance of labor for the benefit of another, or at another's command; attendance of an inferior, hired helper. slave, etc., on a superior, employer, master, or the like; also, spiritual obedience and love. "O God . . . whose service is perfect freedom." Bk. of Com. Prayer. Madam, I entreat true peace of you, Which I will purchase with my duteous service. Shak. God requires no man's service upon hard and unreasonable terms. Tillotson. 2. The deed of one who serves; labor performed for another; duty done or required; office. I have served him from the hour of my nativity, . . . and have nothing at his hands for my service but blows. Shak. This poem was the last piece of service I did for my master, King Charles. Dryden. To go on the forlorn hope is a service of peril; who will understake it if it be not also a service of honor Macaulay. 3. Office of devotion; official religious duty performed; religious rites appropriate to any event or ceremonial; as, a burial service. The outward service of ancient religion, the rites, ceremonies, and ceremonial vestments of the old law. Coleridge. 4. Hence, a musical composition for use in churches. 5. Duty performed in, or appropriate to, any office or charge; official function; hence, specifically, military or naval duty; performance of the duties of a soldier. When he cometh to experience of service abroad . . . ne maketh a worthy soldier. Spenser. 6. Useful office; advantage conferred; that which promotes interest or happiness; benefit; avail. The stork's plea, when taken in a net, was the service she did in picking up venomous creatures. L'Estrange. 7. Profession of respect; acknowledgment of duty owed. "Pray, do my service to his majesty." Shak. 8. The act and manner of bringing food to the persons who eat it; order of dishes at table; also, a set or number of vessels ordinarily used at table; as, the service was tardy and awkward; a service of plate or glass. There was no extraordinary service seen on the board. Hakewill. 9. (Law) Defn: The act of bringing to notice, either actually or constructively, in such manner as is prescribed by law; as, the service of a subpoena or an attachment. 10. (Naut.) Defn: The materials used for serving a rope, etc., as spun yarn, small lines, etc. 11. (Tennis) Defn: The act of serving the ball. 12. Act of serving or covering. See Serve, v. t., 13. Service book, a prayer book or missal. -- Service line (Tennis), a line parallel to the net, and at a distance of 21 feet from it. -- Service of a writ, process, etc. (Law), personal delivery or communication of the writ or process, etc., to the party to be affected by it, so as to subject him to its operation; the reading of it to the person to whom notice is intended to be given, or the leaving of an attested copy with the person or his attorney, or at his usual place of abode. -- Service of an attachment (Law), the seizing of the person or goods according to the direction. -- Service of an execution (Law), the levying of it upon the goods, estate, or person of the defendant. -- Service pipe, a pipe connecting mains with a dwelling, as in gas pipes, and the like. Tomlinson. -- To accept service. (Law) See under Accept. -- To see service (Mil.), to do duty in the presence of the enemy, or in actual war. SERVICEABLE Serv"ice*a*ble, a. 1. Doing service; promoting happiness, interest, advantage, or any good; useful to any end; adapted to any good end use; beneficial; advantageous. "Serviceable to religion and learning". Atterbury. "Serviceable tools." Macaulay. I know thee well, a serviceable villain. Shak. 2. Prepared for rendering service; capable of, or fit for, the performance of duty; hence, active; diligent. Courteous he was, lowly, and servysable. Chaucer. Bright-hearnessed angels sit in order serviceable. Milton. Seeing her so sweet and serviceable. Tennnyson. -- Serv"ice*a*ble*ness, n. -- Serv"ice*a*bly, adv. SERVICEAGE Serv"ice*age, n. Defn: Servitude. [Obs.] Fairfax. SERVICE CAP; SERVICE HAT Serv"ice cap or hat. (Mil.) Defn: A cap or hat worn by officers or enlisted men when full-dress uniform, or dress uniform, is not worn. In the United States army the service cap is round, about 3½ inches high, flat-topped, with a visor. The service hat is of soft felt of khaki color, with broad brim and high crown, creased down the middle. SERVICE UNIFORM Service uniform. (Mil. & Nav.) Defn: The uniform prescribed in regulations for active or routine service, in distinction from dress, full dress, etc. In the United States army it is of olive-drab woolen or khaki-colored cotton, with all metal attachments of dull-finish bronze, with the exceptional of insignia of rank, which are of gold or silver finish. SERVIENT Serv"i*ent, a. Etym: [L. serviens, -entis, p. pr. See Serve.] Defn: Subordinate. [Obs. except in law.] Dyer. Servient tenement or estate (Law), that on which the burden of a servitude or an easement is imposed. Cf. Dominant estate, under Dominant. Gale & Whately. SERVIETTE Ser`viette", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A table napkin. SERVILE Serv"ile, a. Etym: [L. servile, fr. servus a servant or slave: cf. F. servile. See Serve.] 1. Of or pertaining to a servant or slave; befitting a servant or a slave; proceeding from dependence; hence, meanly submissive; slavish; mean; cringing; fawning; as, servile flattery; servile fear; servile obedience. She must bend the servile knee. Thomson. Fearing dying pays death servile breath. Shak. 2. Held in subjection; dependent; enslaved. Even fortune rules no more, O servile land! Pope. 3. (Gram.) (a) Not belonging to the original root; as, a servile letter. (b) Not itself sounded, but serving to lengthen the preceeding vowel, as e in tune. SERVILE Serv"ile, n. (Gram.) Defn: An element which forms no part of the original root; -- opposed to radical. SERVILELY Serv"ile*ly, adv. Defn: In a servile manner; slavishly. SERVILENESS Serv"ile*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being servile; servility. SERVILITY Ser*vil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. servilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being servile; servileness. To be a queen in bondage is more vile Than is a slave in base servility. Shak. SERVING Serv"ing, Defn: a & n. from Serve. Serving board (Naut.), a flat piece of wood used in serving ropes. -- Serving maid, a female servant; a maidservant. -- Serving mallet (Naut.), a wooden instrument shaped like a mallet, used in serving ropes. -- Serving man, a male servant, or attendant; a manservant. -- Serving stuff (Naut.), small lines for serving ropes. SERVITE Serv"ite, n. Etym: [It. servita.] (R.C.Ch.) Defn: One of the order of the Religious Servants of the Holy Virgin, founded in Florence in 1223. SERVITOR Serv"i*tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. servire to serve: cf. F. serviteur.] 1. One who serves; a servant; an attendant; one who acts under another; a follower or adherent. Your trusty and most valiant servitor. Shak. 2. (Univ. of Oxford, Eng.) Defn: An undergraduate, partly supported by the college funds, whose duty it formerly was to wait at table. A servitor corresponded to a sizar in Cambridge and Dublin universities. SERVITORSHIP Serv"i*tor*ship, n. Defn: The office, rank, or condition of a servitor. Boswell. SERVITUDE Serv"i*tude, n. Etym: [L. servitudo: cf. F. servitude.] 1. The state of voluntary or compulsory subjection to a master; the condition of being bound to service; the condition of a slave; slavery; bondage; hence, a state of slavish dependence. You would have sold your king to slaughter, His princes and his peers to servitude. Shak. A splendid servitude; . . . for he that rises up early, and goeSouth. 2. Servants, collectively. [Obs.] After him a cumbrous train Of herds and flocks, and numerous servitude. Milton. 3. (Law) Defn: A right whereby one thing is subject to another thing or person for use or convenience, contrary to the common right. Note: The object of a servitude is either to suffer something to be done by another, or to omit to do something, with respect to a thing. The easements of the English correspond in some respects with the servitudes of the Roman law. Both terms are used by common law writers, and often indiscriminately. The former, however, rather indicates the right enjoyed, and the latter the burden imposed. Ayliffe. Erskine. E. Washburn. Penal servitude. See under Penal. -- Personal servitude (Law), that which arises when the use of a thing is granted as a real right to a particular individual other than the proprietor. -- Predial servitude (Law), that which one estate owes to another estate. When it related to lands, vineyards, gardens, or the like, it is called rural; when it related to houses and buildings, it is called urban. SERVITURE Serv"i*ture, n. Defn: Servants, collectively. [Obs.] SERVITUTE Serv"i*tute, n. Etym: [L. servitus.] Defn: Servitude. [Obs.] SERVO-MOTOR Ser`vo-mo"tor, n. [Sometimes erroneously spelt serro-motor.] [F. servo-moteur. See Serf; Motor.] (Mach.) Defn: A relay apparatus; specif.: (a) An auxiliary motor, regulated by a hand lever, for quickly and easily moving the reversing gear of a large marine engine into any desired position indicated by that of the hand lever, which controls the valve of the motor. (b) In a Whitehead torpedo, a compressed-air motor, for moving the rudders so as to correct deviations from the course. SERYE Se"rye, n. Defn: A series. [Obs.] Chaucer. SESAME Ses"a*me, n. Etym: [L. sesamum, sesama, Gr. sésame.] (Bot.) Defn: Either of two annual herbaceous plants of the genus Sesamum (S. Indicum, and S. orientale), from the seeds of which an oil is expressed; also, the small obovate, flattish seeds of these plants, sometimes used as food. See Benne. Open Sesame, the magical command which opened the door of the robber's den in the Arabian Nights' tale of "The Forty Thieves;" hence, a magical password. -- Sesame grass. (Bot.) Same as Gama grass. SESAMOID Ses"a*moid, a. Etym: [Gr. sésamoïde.] 1. Resembling in shape the seeds of sesame. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sesamoid bones or cartilages; sesamoidal. Sesamoid bones, Sesamoid cartilages (Anat.), small bones or cartilages formed in tendons, like the patella and pisiform in man. SESAMOID Ses"a*moid, n. (Anat.) Defn: A sesamoid bone or cartilage. SESAMOIDAL Ses`a*moid"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Sesamoid. SESBAN Ses"ban, n. Etym: [F., fr. Ar. saisaban, seiseban, a kind of tree, fr. Per. sisaban seed of cinquefoil.] (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous shrub (Sesbania aculeata) which furnishes a fiber used for making ropes. Note: The name is applied also to the similar plant, Sesbania Ægyptiaca, and other species of the same genus. SESQUI- Ses`qui-. Etym: [L., one half more, one and a half.] (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting that three atoms or equivalents of the substance to the name of which it is prefixed are combined with two of some other element or radical; as, sesquibromide, sesquicarbonate, sesquichloride, sesquioxide. Note: Sesquidupli- is sometimes, but rarely, used in the same manner to denote the proportions of two and a half to one, or rather of five to two. SESQUIALTER Ses`qui*al"ter, a. Defn: Sesquialteral. SESQUIALTER; SESQUIALTERA Ses`qui*al"ter, Ses`qui*al"ter*a, n. Etym: [NL. sesquialtera.] (Mus.) Defn: A stop on the organ, containing several ranks of pipes which reënforce some of the high harmonics of the ground tone, and make the sound more brilliant. SESQUIALTERAL; SESQUIALTERATE Ses`qui*al"ter*al, Ses`qui*al"ter*ate, a. Etym: [L. sesquialter once and a half; sesqui- + alter other: cf. F. sesquialtére.] Defn: Once and a half times as great as another; having the ratio of one and a half to one. Sesquialteral ratio (Math.), the ratio of one and a half to one; thus, 9 and 6 are in a sequialteral ratio. SESQUIALTEROUS Ses`qui*al"ter*ous, a. Defn: Sesquialteral. SESQUIBASIC Ses`qui*ba"sic, a. Etym: [Sesqui- + basic.] (Chem.) Defn: Containing, or acting as, a base in the proportions of a sesqui compound. SESQUIDUPLICATE Ses`qui*du"pli*cate, a. Etym: [Sesqui- + duplicate.] Defn: Twice and a half as great (as another thing); having the ratio of two and a half to one. Sesquiduplicate ratio (Math.), the ratio of two and a half to one, or one in which the greater term contains the lesser twice and a half, as that of 50 to 20. SESQUIOXIDE Ses`qui*ox"ide, n. Etym: [Sesqui- + oxide.] (Chem.) Defn: An oxide containing three atoms of oxygen with two atoms (or radicals) of some other substance; thus, alumina, Al2O3 is a sesquioxide. SESQUIPEDAL; SESQUIPEDALIAN Ses*quip"e*dal, Ses`qui*pe*da"li*an, a. Etym: [Sesqui- + pedal: cf. F. sesquipédal, L. sesquipedalis.] Defn: Measuring or containing a foot and a half; as, a sesquipedalian pygmy; -- sometimes humorously applied to long words. SESQUIPEDALIANISM; SESQUIPEDALISM Ses`qui*pe*da"li*an*ism, Ses*quip"e*dal*ism, n. Defn: Sesquipedality. SESQUIPEDALITY Ses`qui*pe*dal"i*ty, n. 1. The quality or condition of being sesquipedal. Sterne. 2. The use of sesquipedalian words; style characterized by the use of long words; sesquipedalism. SESQUIPLICATE Ses*quip"li*cate, a. Etym: [Sesqui- + plicate.] (Math.) Defn: Subduplicate of the triplicate; -- a term applied to ratios; thus, a and a' are in the sesquiplicate ratio of b and b', when a is to a' as the square root of the cube of b is to the square root of the cube of b', or a:a'::sq. rootb3:sq. rootb'3. The periodic times of the planets are in the sesquiplicate ratio of their mean distances. Sir I. Newton. SESQUISALT Ses"qui*salt, n. Etym: [Sesqui- + salt.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt derived from a sesquioxide base, or made up on the proportions of a sesqui compound. SESQUISULPHIDE Ses`qui*sul"phide, n. Etym: [Sesqui- + sulphide.] (Chem.) Defn: A sulphide, analogous to a sesquioxide, containing three atoms of sulphur to two of the other ingredient; -- formerly called also sesquisulphuret; as, orpiment, As2S3 is arsenic sesquisulphide. SESQUITERTIAL Ses`qui*ter"tial, a. Defn: Sesquitertian. SESQUITERTIAN; SESQUITERTIANAL Ses`qui*ter"tian, Ses`qui*ter"tian*al, a. Etym: [Sesqui- + L. tertianus belonging to the third. Cf. Tertian.] (Math.) Defn: Having the ratio of one and one third to one (as 4 : 3). SESQUITONE Ses"qui*tone, n. Etym: [Sesqui- + tone.] (Mus.) Defn: A minor third, or interval of three semitones. SESS Sess, v. t. Etym: [Aphetic form of assess. See Assess, Cess.] Defn: To lay a tax upon; to assess. [Obs.] SESS Sess, n. Defn: A tax; an assessment. See Cess. [Obs.] SESSA Ses"sa, interj. Defn: Hurry; run. [Obs.] Shak. SESSILE Ses"sile, a. Etym: [L. sessilis low, dwarf, from sedere, sessum, to sit: cf. F. sessile.] 1. Attached without any sensible projecting support. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Resting directly upon the main stem or branch, without a petiole or footstalk; as, a sessile leaf or blossom. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Permanently attached; -- said of the gonophores of certain hydroids which never became detached. SESSILE-EYED Ses"sile-eyed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having eyes which are not elevated on a stalk; -- opposed to stalk-eyed. Sessile-eyed Crustacea, the Arthrostraca. SESSION Ses"sion, n. Etym: [L. sessio, fr. sedere, sessum, to sit: cf. F. session. See Sit.] 1. The act of sitting, or the state of being seated. [Archaic] So much his ascension into heaven and his session at the right hand of God do import. Hooker. But Viven, gathering somewhat of his mood, . . . Leaped from her session on his lap, and stood. Tennyson. 2. The actual sitting of a court, council, legislature, etc., or the actual assembly of the members of such a body, for the transaction of business. It's fit this royal session do proceed. Shak. 3. Hence, also, the time, period, or term during which a court, council, legislature, etc., meets daily for business; or, the space of time between the first meeting and the prorogation or adjournment; thus, a session of Parliaments is opened with a speech from the throne, and closed by prorogation. The session of a judicial court is called a term. It was resolved that the convocation should meet at the beginning of the next session of Parliament. Macaulay. Note: Sessions, in some of the States, is particularly used as a title for a court of justices, held for granting licenses to innkeepers, etc., and for laying out highways, and the like; it is also the title of several courts of criminal jurisdiction in England and the United States. Church session, the lowest court in the Presbyterian Church, composed of the pastor and a body of elders elected by the members of a particular church, and having the care of matters pertaining to the religious interests of that church, as the admission and dismission of members, discipline, etc. -- Court of Session, the supreme civil court of Scotland. -- Quarter sessions. (Eng.Law) See under Quarter. -- Sessions of the peace, sittings held by justices of the peace. [Eng.] SESSIONAL Ses"sion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a session or sessions. SESSPOOL Sess"pool`, n. Etym: [Prov. E. suss hogwash, soss a dirty mess, a puddle + E. pool a puddle; cf. Gael. ses a coarse mess.] Defn: Same as Cesspool. SESTERCE Ses"terce, n. Etym: [L. sestertius (sc. nummus), fr. sestertius two and a half; semis half + tertius third: cf. F. sesterce.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A Roman coin or denomination of money, in value the fourth part of a denarius, and originally containing two asses and a half, afterward four asses, -- equal to about two pence sterling, or four cents. Note: The sestertium was equivalent to one thousand sesterces, equal to £8 17s 1d. sterling, or about $43, before the reign of Augustus. After his reign its value was about £7 16s. 3d. sterling. The sesterce was originally coined only in silver, but later both in silver and brass. SESTET Ses*tet", n. Etym: [It. sestetto, fr. sesto sixth, L. sextus, fr. sex six.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A piece of music composed for six voices or six instruments; a sextet; -- called also sestuor. [Written also sestett, sestette.] 2. (Poet.) Defn: The last six lines of a sonnet. SESTETTO Ses*tet"to, n.Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A sestet. SESTINE Ses"tine, n. Defn: See Sextain. SESTUOR Ses"tu*or, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A sestet. SET Set, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Set; p. pr. & vb. n. Setting.] Etym: [OE. setten, AS. setton; akin to OS. settian, OFries. setta, D. zetten, OHG. sezzen, G. setzen, Icel. setja, Sw. sätta, Dan. s, Goth. satjan; causative from the root of E. sit. Sit, and cf. Seize.] 1. To cause to sit; to make to assume a specified position or attitude; to give site or place to; to place; to put; to fix; as, to set a house on a stone foundation; to set a book on a shelf; to set a dish on a table; to set a chest or trunk on its bottom or on end. I do set my bow in the cloud. Gen. ix. 13. 2. Hence, to attach or affix (something) to something else, or in or upon a certain place. Set your affection on things above. Col. iii. 2. The Lord set a mark upon Cain. Gen. iv. 15. 3. To make to assume specified place, condition, or occupation; to put in a certain condition or state (described by the accompanying words); to cause to be. The Lord thy God will set thee on hihg. Deut. xxviii. 1. I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother. Matt. x. 35. Every incident sets him thinking. Coleridge. 4. To fix firmly; to make fast, permanent, or stable; to render motionless; to give an unchanging place, form, or condition to. Specifically: -- (a) To cause to stop or stick; to obstruct; to fsten to a spot; hence, to occasion difficulty to; to embarrass; as, to set a coach in the mud. They show how hard they are set in this particular. Addison. (b) To fix beforehand; to determine; hence, to make unyielding or obstinate; to render stiff, unpliant, or rigid; as, to set one's countenance. His eyes were set by reason of his age. 1 Kings xiv. 4. On these three objects his heart was set. Macaulay. Make my heart as a millstone, set my face as a flint. Tennyson. (c) To fix in the ground, as a post or a tree; to plant; as, to set pear trees in an orchard. (d) To fix, as a precious stone, in a border of metal; to place in a setting; hence, to place in or amid something which serves as a setting; as, to set glass in a sash. And him too rich a jewel to be set In vulgar metal for a vulgar use. Dryden. (e) To render stiff or solid; especially, to convert into curd; to curdle; as, to set milk for cheese. 5. To put into a desired position or condition; to adjust; to regulate; to adapt. Specifically: -- (a) To put in order in a particular manner; to prepare; as, to set (that is, to hone) a razor; to set a saw. Tables for to sette, and beddes make. Chaucer. (b) To extend and bring into position; to spread; as, to set the sails of a ship. (c) To give a pitch to, as a tune; to start by fixing the keynote; as, to set a psalm. Fielding. (d) To reduce from a dislocated or fractured state; to replace; as, to set a broken bone. (e) To make to agree with some standard; as, to set a watch or a clock. (f) (Masonry) To lower into place and fix silidly, as the blocks of cut stone in a structure. 6. To stake at play; to wager; to risk. I have set my life upon a cast, And I will stand the hazard of the die. Shak. 7. To fit with music; to adapt, as words to notes; to prepare for singing. Set thy own songs, and sing them to thy lute. Dryden. 8. To determine; to appoint; to assign; to fix; as, to set a time for a meeting; to set a price on a horse. 9. To adorn with something infixed or affixed; to stud; to variegate with objects placed here and there. High on their heads, with jewels richly set, Each lady wore a radiant coronet. Dryden. Pastoral dales thin set with modern farms. Wordsworth. 10. To value; to rate; -- with at. Be you contented, wearing now the garland, To have a son set your decrees at naught. Shak. I do not set my life at a pin's fee. Shak. 11. To point out the seat or position of, as birds, or other game; -- said of hunting dogs. 12. To establish as a rule; to furnish; to prescribe; to assign; as, to set an example; to set lessons to be learned. 13. To suit; to become; as, it sets him ill. [Scot.] 14. (Print.) Defn: To compose; to arrange in words, lines, etc.; as, to set type; to set a page. To set abroach. See Abroach. [Obs.] Shak. -- To set against, to oppose; to set in comparison with, or to oppose to, as an equivalent in exchange; as, to set one thing against another. -- To set agoing, to cause to move. -- To set apart, to separate to a particular use; to separate from the rest; to reserve. -- To set a saw, to bend each tooth a little, every alternate one being bent to one side, and the intermediate ones to the other side, so that the opening made by the saw may be a little wider than the thickness of the back, to prevent the saw from sticking. -- To set aside. (a) To leave out of account; to pass by; to omit; to neglect; to reject; to annul. Setting aside all other considerations, I will endeavor to know the truth, and yield to that. Tillotson. (b) To set apart; to reserve; as, to set aside part of one's income. (c) (Law) See under Aside. -- To set at defiance, to defy. -- To set at ease, to quiet; to tranquilize; as, to set the heart at ease. -- To set at naught, to undervalue; to contemn; to despise. "Ye have set at naught all my counsel." Prov. i. 25. -- To set a trap, snare, or gin, to put it in a proper condition or position to catch prey; hence, to lay a plan to deceive and draw another into one's power. -- To set at work, or To set to work. (a) To cause to enter on work or action, or to direct how tu enter on work. (b) To apply one's self; -- used reflexively. -- To set before. (a) To bring out to view before; to exhibit. (b) To propose for choice to; to offer to. -- To set by. (a) To set apart or on one side; to reject. (b) To attach the value of (anything) to. "I set not a straw by thy dreamings." Chaucer. -- To set by the compass, to observe and note the bearing or situation of by the compass. -- To set case, to suppose; to assume. Cf. Put case, under Put, v. t. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To set down. (a) To enter in writing; to register. Some rules were to be set down for the government of the army. Clarendon. (b) To fix; to establish; to ordain. This law we may name eternal, being that order which God . . . hath set down with himself, for himself to do all things by. Hooker. (c) To humiliate. -- To set eyes on, to see; to behold; to fasten the eyes on. -- To set fire to, or To set on fire, to communicate fire to; fig., to inflame; to enkindle the passions of; to irritate. -- To set flying (Naut.), to hook to halyards, sheets, etc., instead of extending with rings or the like on a stay; -- said of a sail. -- To set forth. (a) To manifest; to offer or present to view; to exhibt; to display. (b) To publish; to promulgate; to make appear. Waller. (c) To send out; to prepare and send. [Obs.] The Venetian admiral had a fleet of sixty galleys, set forth by the Venetians. Knolles. -- To set forward. (a) To cause to advance. (b) To promote. -- To set free, to release from confinement, imprisonment, or bondage; to liberate; to emancipate. -- To set in, to put in the way; to begin; to give a start to. [Obs.] If you please to assist and set me in, I will recollect myself. Collier. -- To set in order, to adjust or arrange; to reduce to method. "The rest will I set in order when I come." 1 Cor. xi. 34. -- To set milk. (a) To expose it in open dishes in order that the cream may rise to the surface. (b) To cause it to become curdled as by the action of rennet. See 4 (e). -- To set much, or little, by, to care much, or little, for. -- To set of, to value; to set by. [Obs.] "I set not an haw of his proverbs." Chaucer. -- To set off. (a) To separate from a whole; to assign to a particular purpose; to portion off; as, to set off a portion of an estate. (b) To adorn; to decorate; to embellish. They . . . set off the worst faces with the best airs. Addison. (c) To give a flattering description of. -- To set off against, to place against as an equivalent; as, to set off one man's services against another's. -- To set on or upon. (a) To incite; to instigate. "Thou, traitor, hast set on thy wife to this." Shak. (b) To employ, as in a task. " Set on thy wife to observe." Shak. (c) To fix upon; to attach strongly to; as, to set one's heart or affections on some object. See definition 2, above. -- To set one's cap for. See under Cap, n. -- To set one's self against, to place one's self in a state of enmity or opposition to. -- To set one's teeth, to press them together tightly. -- To set on foot, to set going; to put in motion; to start. -- To set out. (a) To assign; to allot; to mark off; to limit; as, to set out the share of each proprietor or heir of an estate; to set out the widow's thirds. (b) To publish, as a proclamation. [Obs.] (c) To adorn; to embellish. An ugly woman, in rich habit set out with jewels, nothing can become. Dryden. (d) To raise, equip, and send forth; to furnish. [R.] The Venetians pretend they could set out, in case of great necessity, thirty men-of-war. Addison. (e) To show; to display; to recommend; to set off. I could set out that best side of Luther. Atterbury. (f) To show; to prove. [R.] "Those very reasons set out how heinous his sin was." Atterbury. (g) (Law) To recite; to state at large. -- To set over. (a) To appoint or constitute as supervisor, inspector, ruler, or commander. (b) To assign; to transfer; to convey. -- To set right, to correct; to put in order. -- To set sail. (Naut.) See under Sail, n. -- To set store by, to consider valuable. -- To set the fashion, to determine what shall be the fashion; to establish the mode. -- To set the teeth on edge, to affect the teeth with a disagreeable sensation, as when acids are brought in contact with them. -- To set the watch (Naut.), to place the starboard or port watch on duty. -- To set to, to attach to; to affix to. "He . . . hath set to his seal that God is true." John iii. 33. -- To set up. (a) To erect; to raise; to elevate; as, to set up a building, or a machine; to set up a post, a wall, a pillar. (b) Hence, to exalt; to put in power. "I will . . . set up the throne of David over Israel." 2 Sam. iii. 10. (c) To begin, as a new institution; to institute; to establish; to found; as, to set up a manufactory; to set up a school. (d) To enable to commence a new business; as, to set up a son in trade. (e) To place in view; as, to set up a mark. (f) To raise; to utter loudly; as, to set up the voice. I'll set up such a note as she shall hear. Dryden. (g) To advance; to propose as truth or for reception; as, to set up a new opinion or doctrine. T. Burnet. (h) To raise from depression, or to a sufficient fortune; as, this good fortune quite set him up. (i) To intoxicate. [Slang] (j) (Print.) To put in type; as, to set up copy; to arrange in words, lines, etc., ready for printing; as, to set up type. -- To set up the rigging (Naut.), to make it taut by means of tackles. R. H. Dana, Jr. Syn. -- See Put. SET Set, v. i. 1. To pass below the horizon; to go down; to decline; to sink out of sight; to come to an end. Ere the weary sun set in the west. Shak. Thus this century sets with little mirth, and the next is likely to arise with more mourning. Fuller. 2. To fit music to words. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To place plants or shoots in the ground; to plant. "To sow dry, and set wet." Old Proverb. 4. To be fixed for growth; to strike root; to begin to germinate or form; as, cuttings set well; the fruit has set well (i. e., not blasted in the blossom). 5. To become fixed or rigid; to be fastened. A gathering and serring of the spirits together to resist, maketh the teeth to set hard one against another. Bacon. 6. To congeal; to concrete; to solidify. That fluid substance in a few minutes begins to set. Boyle. 7. To have a certain direction in motion; to flow; to move on; to tend; as, the current sets to the north; the tide sets to the windward. 8. To begin to move; to go out or forth; to start; -- now followed by out. The king is set from London. Shak. 9. To indicate the position of game; -- said of a dog; as, the dog sets well; also, to hunt game by the aid of a setter. 10. To apply one's self; to undertake earnestly; -- now followed by out. If he sets industriously and sincerely to perform the commands of Christ, he can have no ground of doubting but it shall prove successful to him. Hammond. 11. To fit or suit one; to sit; as, the coat sets well. Note: [Colloquially used, but improperly, for sit.] Note: The use of the verb set for sit in such expressions as, the hen is setting on thirteen eggs; a setting hen, etc., although colloquially common, and sometimes tolerated in serious writing, is not to be approved. To set about, to commence; to begin. -- To set forward, to move or march; to begin to march; to advance. -- To set forth, to begin a journey. -- To set in. (a) To begin; to enter upon a particular state; as, winter set in early. (b) To settle one's self; to become established. "When the weather was set in to be very bad." Addyson. (c) To flow toward the shore; -- said of the tide. -- To set off. (a) To enter upon a journey; to start. (b) (Typog.) To deface or soil the next sheet; -- said of the ink on a freshly printed sheet, when another sheet comes in contract with it before it has had time to dry. -- To set on or upon. (a) To begin, as a journey or enterprise; to set about. He that would seriously set upon the search of truth. Locke. (b) To assault; to make an attack. Bacon. Cassio hath here been set on in the dark. Shak. -- To set out, to begin a journey or course; as, to set out for London, or from London; to set out in business;to set out in life or the world. -- To set to, to apply one's self to. -- To set up. (a) To begin business or a scheme of life; as, to set up in trade; to set up for one's self. (b) To profess openly; to make pretensions. Those men who set up for mortality without regard to religion, are generally but virtuous in part. Swift. SET Set, a. 1. Fixed in position; immovable; rigid; as, a set line; a set countenance. 2. Firm; unchanging; obstinate; as, set opinions or prejudices. 3. Regular; uniform; formal; as, a set discourse; a set battle. "The set phrase of peace." Shak. 4. Established; prescribed; as, set forms of prayer. 5. Adjusted; arranged; formed; adapted. Set hammer. (a) A hammer the head of which is not tightly fastened upon the handle, but may be reversed. Knight. (b) A hammer with a concave face which forms a die for shaping anything, as the end of a bolt, rivet, etc. -- Set line, a line to which a number of baited hooks are attached, and which, supported by floats and properly secured, may be left unguarded during the absence of the fisherman. -- Set nut, a jam nut or lock nut. See under Nut. -- Set screw (Mach.), a screw, sometimes cupped or printed at one end, and screwed through one part, as of a machine, tightly upon another part, to prevent the one from slipping upon the other. -- Set speech, a speech carefully prepared before it is delivered in public; a formal or methodical speech. SET Set, n. 1. The act of setting, as of the sun or other heavenly body; descent; hence, the close; termination. "Locking at the set of day." Tennyson. The weary sun hath made a golden set. Shak. 2. That which is set, placed, or fixed. Specifically: -- (a) A young plant for growth; as, a set of white thorn. (b) That which is staked; a wager; a venture; a stake; hence, a game at venture. [Obs. or R.] We will in France, by God's grace, play a set Shall strike his father's crown into the hazard. Shak. That was but civil war, an equal set. Dryden. (c) (Mech.) Defn: Permanent change of figure in consequence of excessive strain, as from compression, tension, bending, twisting, etc.; as, the set of a spring. (d) A kind of punch used for bending, indenting, or giving shape to, metal; as, a saw set. (e) (Pile Driving) Defn: A piece placed temporarily upon the head of a pile when the latter cannot be reached by the weight, or hammer, except by means of such an intervening piece. [Often incorrectly written sett.] (f) (Carp.) Defn: A short steel spike used for driving the head of a nail below the surface. 3. Etym: [Perhaps due to confusion with sect, sept.] Defn: A number of things of the same kind, ordinarily used or classed together; a collection of articles which naturally complement each other, and usually go together; an assortment; a suit; as, a set of chairs, of china, of surgical or mathematical instruments, of books, etc. [In this sense, sometimes incorrectly written sett.] 4. A number of persons associated by custom, office, common opinion, quality, or the like; a division; a group; a clique. "Others of our set." Tennyson. This falls into different divisions, or sets, of nations connected under particular religions. R. P. Ward. 5. Direction or course; as, the set of the wind, or of a current. 6. In dancing, the number of persons necessary to execute a quadrille; also, the series of figures or movements executed. 7. The deflection of a tooth, or of the teeth, of a saw, which causes the the saw to cut a kerf, or make an opening, wider than the blade. 8. (a) A young oyster when first attached. (b) Collectively, the crop of young oysters in any locality. 9. (Tennis) Defn: A series of as many games as may be necessary to enable one side to win six. If at the end of the tenth game the score is a tie, the set is usually called a deuce set, and decided by an application of the rules for playing off deuce in a game. See Deuce. 10. (Type Founding) Defn: That dimension of the body of a type called by printers the width. Dead set. (a) The act of a setter dog when it discovers the game, and remains intently fixed in pointing it out. (b) A fixed or stationary condition arising from obstacle or hindrance; a deadlock; as, to be at a dead set. (c) A concerted scheme to defraud by gaming; a determined onset. -- To make a dead set, to make a determined onset, literally or figuratively. Syn. -- Collection; series; group. See Pair. SETA Se"ta, n.; pl. Setæ. Etym: [L. seta, saeta, a bristle.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: Any slender, more or less rigid, bristlelike organ or part; as the hairs of a caterpillar, the slender spines of a crustacean, the hairlike processes of a protozoan, the bristles or stiff hairs on the leaves of some plants, or the pedicel of the capsule of a moss. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the movable chitinous spines or hooks of an annelid. They usually arise in clusters from muscular capsules, and are used in locomotion and for defense. They are very diverse in form. (b) One of the spinelike feathers at the base of the bill of certain birds. SETACEOUS Se*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [L. seta a bristle: cf. F. sétacé.] 1. Set with, or consisting of, bristles; bristly; as, a stiff, setaceous tail. 2. Bristelike in form or texture; as, a setaceous feather; a setaceous leaf. SETBACK Set"back`, n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: Offset, n., 4. 2. A backset; a countercurrent; an eddy. [U. S.] 3. A backset; a check; a repulse; a reverse; a relapse. [Colloq. U.S.] SETBOLT Set"bolt`, n. (Shipbuilding) 1. An iron pin, or bolt, for fitting planks closely together. Craig. 2. A bolt used for forcing another bolt out of its hole. SET CHISEL Set chisel. (Mech.) Defn: A kind of chisel or punch, variously shaped, with a broad flat end, used for stripping off rivet heads, etc. SETDOWN Set"down`, n. Defn: The humbling of a person by act or words, especially by a retort or a reproof; the retort or the reproof which has such effect. SETEE Set*ee", n. (Naut.) Defn: See 2d Settee. SETEN Set"en, Defn: obs. imp. pl. of Sit. Sat. Chaucer. SETEWALE Set"e*wale, n. Defn: See Cetewale. [Obs.] SET-FAIR Set"-fair`, n. Defn: In plastering, a particularly good troweled surface. Knight. SETFOIL Set"foil`, n. Defn: See Septfoil. SETHEN Seth"en, adv. & conj. Defn: See Since. [Obs.] SETHIC Seth"ic, a. Defn: See Sothic. SETIFEROUS Se*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. seta a bristle + -ferous.] Defn: Producing, or having one or more, bristles. SETIFORM Se"ti*form, a. Etym: [Seta + -form: cf. F. sétiforme.] Defn: Having the form or structure of setæ. SETIGER Se"ti*ger, n. Etym: [NL. See Setigerous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An annelid having setæ; a chætopod. SETIGEROUS Se*tig"er*ous, a. Etym: [Seta + -gerous.] Defn: Covered with bristles; having or bearing a seta or setæ; setiferous; as, setigerous glands; a setigerous segment of an annelid; specifically (Bot.), tipped with a bristle. SETIM Se"tim, n. Defn: See Shittim. SETIPAROUS Se*tip"a*rous, a. Etym: [Seta + L. papere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing setæ; -- said of the organs from which the setæ of annelids arise. SETIREME Se"ti*reme, n. Etym: [Seta + L. remus an oar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A swimming leg (of an insect) having a fringe of hairs on the margin. SETNESS Set"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being set; formality; obstinacy. "The starched setness of a sententious writer." R. Masters. SET-OFF Set"-off`, n. Etym: [Set + off.] 1. That which is set off against another thing; an offset. I do not contemplate such a heroine as a set-off to the many sins imputed to me as committed against woman. D. Jerrold. 2. That which is used to improve the appearance of anything; a decoration; an ornament. 3. (Law) Defn: A counterclaim; a cross debt or demand; a distinct claim filed or set up by the defendant against the plaintiff's demand. Note: Set-off differs from recoupment, as the latter generally grows out of the same matter or contract with the plaintiff's claim, while the former grows out of distinct matter, and does not of itself deny the justice of the plaintiff's demand. Offset is sometimes improperly used for the legal term set-off. See Recoupment. 4. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Offset, n., 4. 5. (Print.) Defn: See Offset, 7. Syn. -- Set-off, Offset. -- Offset originally denoted that which branches off or projects, as a shoot from a tree, but the term has long been used in America in the sense of set-off. This use is beginning to obtain in England; though Macaulay uses set-off, and so, perhaps, do a majority of English writers. SETON Se"ton, n. Etym: [F. séton (cf. It. setone), from L. seta a thick, stiff hair, a bristle.] (Med. & Far.) Defn: A few silk threads or horsehairs, or a strip of linen or the like, introduced beneath the skin by a knife or needle, so as to form an issue; also, the issue so formed. SETOSE; SETOUS Se*tose", Se"tous, a. Etym: [L. setosus, saetosus, from seta, saeta, bristle: cf. F. séteux.] Defn: Thickly set with bristles or bristly hairs. SETOUT Set"out`, n. Defn: A display, as of plate, equipage, etc.; that which is displayed. [Coloq.] Dickens. SET-STITCHED Set"-stitched`, a. Defn: Stitched according to a formal pattern. "An old set-stiched chair, valanced, and fringed with party-colored worsted bobs." Sterne. SETT Sett, n. Defn: See Set, n., 2 (e) and 3. SETTEE Set*tee", n. Etym: [From Set; cf. Settle a seat.] Defn: A long seat with a back, -- made to accommodate several persons at once. SETTEE Set*tee", n. Etym: [F. scétie, scitie.] (Naut.) Defn: A vessel with a very long, sharp prow, carrying two or three masts with lateen sails, -- used in the Mediterranean. [Written also setee.] SETTER Set"ter, n. 1. One who, or that which, sets; -- used mostly in composition with a noun, as typesetter; or in combination with an adverb, as a setter on (or inciter), a setter up, a setter forth. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A hunting dog of a special breed originally derived from a cross between the spaniel and the pointer. Modern setters are usually trained to indicate the position of game birds by standing in a fixed position, but originally they indicated it by sitting or crouching. Note: There are several distinct varieties of setters; as, the Irish, or red, setter; the Gordon setter, which is usually red or tan varied with black; and the English setter, which is variously colored, but usually white and tawny red, with or without black. 3. One who hunts victims for sharpers. Shak. 4. One who adapts words to music in composition. 5. An adornment; a decoration; -- with off. [Obs.] They come as . . . setters off of thy graces. Whitlock. 6. (Pottery) Defn: A shallow seggar for porcelain. Ure. SETTER Set"ter, v. t. Defn: To cut the dewlap (of a cow or an ox), and to insert a seton, so as to cause an issue. [Prov. Eng.] SETTERWORT Set"ter*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The bear's-foot (Helleborus foetidus); -- so called because the root was used in settering, or inserting setons into the dewlaps of cattle. Called also pegroots. Dr. Prior. SETTING Set"ting, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sets; as, the setting of type, or of gems; the setting of the sun; the setting (hardening) of moist plaster of Paris; the setting (set) of a current. 2. The act of marking the position of game, as a setter does; also, hunting with a setter. Boyle. 3. Something set in, or inserted. Thou shalt set in it settings of stones. Ex. xxviii. 17. 4. That in which something, as a gem, is set; as, the gold setting of a jeweled pin. Setting coat (Arch.), the finishing or last coat of plastering on walls or ceilings. -- Setting dog, a setter. See Setter, n., 2. -- Setting pole, a pole, often iron-pointed, used for pushing boats along in shallow water. -- Setting rule. (Print.) A composing rule. SETTING-UP EXERCISE Set`ting-up" ex"er*cise. Defn: Any one of a series of gymnastic exercises used, as in drilling recruits, for the purpose of giving an erect carriage, supple muscles, and an easy control of the limbs. SETTLE Set"tle, n. Etym: [OE. setel, setil, a seat, AS. setl: akin to OHG. sezzal, G. sessel, Goth. sitls, and E. sit. sq. root154. See Sit.] 1. A seat of any kind. [Obs.] "Upon the settle of his majesty" Hampole. 2. A bench; especially, a bench with a high back. 3. A place made lower than the rest; a wide step or platform lower than some other part. And from the bottom upon the ground, even to the lower settle, shall be two cubits, and the breadth one cubit. Ezek. xliii. 14. Settle bed, a bed convertible into a seat. [Eng.] SETTLE Set"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Settled; p. pr. & vb. n. Settling.] Etym: [OE. setlen, AS. setlan. sq. root154. See Settle, n. In senses 7, 8, and 9 perhaps confused with OE. sahtlen to reconcile, AS. sahtlian, fr. saht reconciliation, sacon to contend, dispute. Cf. Sake.] 1. To place in a fixed or permanent condition; to make firm, steady, or stable; to establish; to fix; esp., to establish in life; to fix in business, in a home, or the like. And he settled his countenance steadfastly upon him, until he was ashamed. 2 Kings viii. 11. (Rev. Ver.) The father thought the time drew on Of setting in the world his only son. Dryden. 2. To establish in the pastoral office; to ordain or install as pastor or rector of a church, society, or parish; as, to settle a minister. [U. S.] 3. To cause to be no longer in a disturbed condition; to render quiet; to still; to calm; to compose. God settled then the huge whale-bearing lake. Chapman. Hoping that sleep might settle his brains. Bunyan. 4. To clear of dregs and impurities by causing them to sink; to render pure or clear; -- said of a liquid; as, to settle coffee, or the grounds of coffee. 5. To restore or bring to a smooth, dry, or passable condition; -- said of the ground, of roads, and the like; as, clear weather settles the roads. 6. To cause to sink; to lower; to depress; hence, also, to render close or compact; as, to settle the contents of a barrel or bag by shaking it. 7. To determine, as something which is exposed to doubt or question; to free from unscertainty or wavering; to make sure, firm, or constant; to establish; to compose; to quiet; as, to settle the mind when agitated; to settle questions of law; to settle the succession to a throne; to settle an allowance. It will settle the wavering, and confirm the doubtful. Swift. 8. To adjust, as something in discussion; to make up; to compose; to pacify; as, to settle a quarrel. 9. To adjust, as accounts; to liquidate; to balance; as, to settle an account. 10. Hence, to pay; as, to settle a bill. [Colloq.] Abbott. 11. To plant with inhabitants; to colonize; to people; as, the French first settled Canada; the Puritans settled New England; Plymouth was settled in 1620. To settle on or upon, to confer upon by permanent grant; to assure to. "I . . . have settled upon him a good annuity." Addison. -- To settle the land (Naut.), to cause it to sink, or appear lower, by receding from it. Syn. -- To fix; establish; regulate; arrange; compose; adjust; determine; decide. SETTLE Set"tle, v. i. 1. To become fixed or permanent; to become stationary; to establish one's self or itself; to assume a lasting form, condition, direction, or the like, in place of a temporary or changing state. The wind came about and settled in the west. Bacon. Chyle . . . runs through all the intermediate colors until it settles in an intense red. Arbuthnot. 2. To fix one's residence; to establish a dwelling place or home; as, the Saxons who settled in Britain. 3. To enter into the married state, or the state of a householder. As people marry now and settle. Prior. 4. To be established in an employment or profession; as, to settle in the practice of law. 5. To become firm, dry, and hard, as the ground after the effects of rain or frost have disappeared; as, the roads settled late in the spring. 6. To become clear after being turbid or obscure; to clarify by depositing matter held in suspension; as, the weather settled; wine settles by standing. A government, on such occasions, is always thick before it settles. Addison. 7. To sink to the bottom; to fall to the bottom, as dregs of a liquid, or the sediment of a reserveir. 8. To sink gradually to a lower level; to subside, as the foundation of a house, etc. 9. To become calm; to cease from agitation. Till the fury of his highness settle, Come not before him. Shak. 10. To adjust differences or accounts; to come to an agreement; as, he has settled with his creditors. 11. To make a jointure for a wife. He sighs with most success that settles well. Garth. SETTLEDNESS Set"tled*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being settled; confirmed state. [R.] Bp. Hall. SETTLEMENT Set"tle*ment, n. 1. The act of setting, or the state of being settled. Specifically: - - (a) Establishment in life, in business, condition, etc.; ordination or installation as pastor. Every man living has a design in his head upon wealth power, or settlement in the world. L'Estrange. (b) The act of peopling, or state of being peopled; act of planting, as a colony; colonization; occupation by settlers; as, the settlement of a new country. (c) The act or process of adjusting or determining; composure of doubts or differences; pacification; liquidation of accounts; arrangement; adjustment; as, settlement of a controversy, of accounts, etc. (d) Bestowal, or giving possession, under legal sanction; the act of giving or conferring anything in a formal and permanent manner. My flocks, my fields, my woods, my pastures take, With settlement as good as law can make. Dryden. (e) (Law) Defn: A disposition of property for the benefit of some person or persons, usually through the medium of trustees, and for the benefit of a wife, children, or other relatives; jointure granted to a wife, or the act of granting it. 2. That which settles, or is settled, established, or fixed. Specifically: -- (a) Matter that subsides; settlings; sediment; lees; dregs. [Obs.] Fuller's earth left a thick settlement. Mortimer. (b) A colony newly established; a place or region newly settled; as, settlement in the West. (c) That which is bestowed formally and permanently; the sum secured to a person; especially, a jointure made to a woman at her marriage; also, in the United States, a sum of money or other property formerly granted to a pastor in additional to his salary. 3. (Arch.) (a) The gradual sinking of a building, whether by the yielding of the ground under the foundation, or by the compression of the joints or the material. (b) pl. Defn: Fractures or dislocations caused by settlement. 4. (Law) Defn: A settled place of abode; residence; a right growing out of residence; legal residence or establishment of a person in a particular parish or town, which entitles him to maintenance if a pauper, and subjects the parish or town to his support. Blackstone. Bouvier. Act of settlement (Eng. Hist.), the statute of 12 and 13 William III, by which the crown was limited to the present reigning house (the house of Hanover). Blackstone. SETTLER Set"tler, n. 1. One who settles, becomes fixed, established, etc. 2. Especially, one who establishes himself in a new region or a colony; a colonist; a planter; as, the first settlers of New England. 3. That which settles or finishes; hence, a blow, etc., which settles or decides a contest. [Colloq.] 4. A vessel, as a tub, in which something, as pulverized ore suspended in a liquid, is allowed to settle. SETTLING Set"tling, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, settles; the act of establishing one's self, of colonizing, subsiding, adjusting, etc. 2. pl. Defn: That which settles at the bottom of a liquid; lees; dregs; sediment. Milton. Settling day, a day for settling accounts, as in the stock market. SET-TO Set"-to`, n. Defn: A contest in boxing, in an argument, or the like. [Colloq.] Halliwell. SETULA Set"u*la, n.; pl. Setulæ. Etym: [L. setula, saetula, dim. of seta, saeta, bristle.] Defn: A small, short hair or bristle; a small seta. SETULE Set"ule, n. Etym: [See Setula.] Defn: A setula. SETULOSE Set"u*lose`, a. Defn: Having small bristles or setæ. SETWALL Set"wall`, n. Etym: [CF. Cetewale.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant formerly valued for its restorative qualities (Valeriana officinalis, or V. Pyrenaica). [Obs.] [Written also setwal.] Chaucer. SEVEN Sev"en, a. Etym: [OE. seven, seoven, seofen, AS. seofon, seofan, seofen; akin to D. zeven, OS., Goth., & OHG. sibun, G. sieben, Icel. sjau, sjö, Sw. sju, Dan. syv, Lith. septyni, Russ. seme, W. saith, Gael. seachd, Ir. seacht, L. septem, Gr. saptan. sq. root305. Cf. Hebdomad, Heptagon, September.] Defn: One more than six; six and one added; as, seven days make one week. Seven sciences. See the Note under Science, n., 4. -- Seven stars (Astron.), the Pleiades. -- Seven wonders of the world. See under Wonders. -- Seven-year apple (Bot.), a rubiaceous shrub (Genipa clusiifolia) growing in the West Indies; also, its edible fruit. -- Seven-year vine (Bot.), a tropical climbing plant (Ipomoea tuberosa) related to the morning-glory. SEVEN Sev"en, n. 1. The number greater by one than six; seven units or objects. Of every beast, and bird, and insect small, Game sevens and pairs. Milton. 2. A symbol representing seven units, as 7, or vii. SEVENFOLD Sev"en*fold`, a. Defn: Repeated seven times; having seven thicknesses; increased to seven times the size or amount. "Sevenfold rage." Milton. SEVENFOLD Sev"en*fold`, adv. Defn: Seven times as much or as often. Whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold. Gen. iv. 15. SEVENNIGHT Seven"night, n. Defn: A week; any period of seven consecutive days and nights. See Sennight. SEVENSCORE Sev"en*score`, n. & a. Defn: Seven times twenty, that is, a hundred and forty. The old Countess of Desmond . . . lived sevenscore years. Bacon. SEVEN-SHOOTER Sev"en-shoot`er, n. Defn: A firearm, esp. a pistol, with seven barrels or chambers for cartridges, or one capable of firing seven shots without reloading. [Colloq.] SEVENTEEN Sev"en*teen`, a. Etym: [OE. seventene, AS. seofontyne, i. e., seven- ten. Cf. Seventy.] Defn: One more than sixteen; ten and seven added; as, seventeen years. SEVENTEEN Sev"en*teen`, n. 1. The number greater by one than sixteen; the sum of ten and seven; seventeen units or objects. 2. A symbol denoting seventeen units, as 17, or xvii. SEVENTEENTH Sev"en*teenth`, a. Etym: [From Seventeen: cf. AS. seofonteóedha, seofonteogeedha.] 1. Next in order after the sixteenth; coming after sixteen others. In . . . the seventeenth day of the month . . . were all the fountains of the great deep broken up. Gen. vii. 11. 2. Constituting or being one of seventeen equal parts into which anything is divided. SEVENTEENTH Sev"en*teenth`, n. 1. The next in order after the sixteenth; one coming after sixteen others. 2. The quotient of a unit divided by seventeen; one of seventeen equal parts or divisions of one whole. 3. (Mus.) Defn: An interval of two octaves and a third. SEVENTH Sev"enth, a. Etym: [From Seven: cf. AS. seofoedha.] 1. Next in order after the sixth;; coming after six others. On the seventh day, God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. Gen. ii. 2. 2. Constituting or being one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided; as, the seventh part. Seventh day, the seventh day of the week; Saturday. -- Seventh-day Baptists. See under Baptist. SEVENTH Sev"enth, n. 1. One next in order after the sixth; one coming after six others. 2. The quotient of a unit divided by seven; one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided. 3. (Mus.) (a) An interval embracing seven diatonic degrees of the scale. (b) A chord which includes the interval of a seventh whether major, minor, or diminished. SEVEN-THIRTIES Sev`en-thir"ties, n. pl. Defn: A name given to three several issues of United States Treasury notes, made during the Civil War, in denominations of $50 and over, bearing interest at the rate of seven and three tenths (thirty hundredths) per cent annually. Within a few years they were all redeemed or funded. SEVENTHLY Sev"enth*ly, adv. Defn: In the seventh place. SEVENTIETH Sev"en*ti*eth, a. Etym: [AS. hund-seofontigoedha.] 1. Next in order after the sixty-ninth; as, a man in the seventieth year of his age. 2. Constituting or being one of seventy equal parts. SEVENTIETH Sev"en*ti*eth, n. 1. One next in order after the sixty-ninth. 2. The quotient of a unit divided by seventy; one of seventy equal parts or fractions. SEVENTY Sev"en*ty, a. Etym: [AS. hund-seofontig. See Seven, and Ten, and cf. Seventeen, Sixty.] Defn: Seven times ten; one more than sixty-nine. SEVENTY Sev"en*ty, n.; pl. Seventies (. 1. The sum of seven times ten; seventy units or objects. 2. A symbol representing seventy units, as 70, or lxx. The Seventy, the translators of the Greek version of the Old Testament called the Septuagint. See Septuagint. SEVENTY-FOUR Sev`en*ty-four", n. (Naut.) Defn: A naval vessel carrying seventy-four guns. SEVEN-UP Sev"en-up`, n. Defn: The game of cards called also all fours, and old sledge. [U. S.] SEVER Sev"er, v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Severed; p. pr. & vb. n. Severing.] Etym: [OF. sevrer, severer, to separate, F. sevrer to wean, fr. L. separare. See Separate, and cf. Several.] 1. To separate, as one from another; to cut off from something; to divide; to part in any way, especially by violence, as by cutting, rending, etc.; as, to sever the head from the body. The angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the just. Matt. xiii. 49. 2. To cut or break open or apart; to divide into parts; to cut through; to disjoin; as, to sever the arm or leg. Our state can not be severed; we are one. Milton. 3. To keep distinct or apart; to except; to exempt. I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there. Ex. viii. 22. 4. (Law) Defn: To disunite; to disconnect; to terminate; as, to sever an estate in joint tenancy. Blackstone. SEVER Sev"er, v. i. 1. To suffer disjunction; to be parted, or rent asunder; to be separated; to part; to separate. Shak. 2. To make a separation or distinction; to distinguish. The Lord shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt. Ex. ix. 4. They claimed the right of severing in their challenge. Macaulay. SEVERABLE Sev"er*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being severed. Encyc. Dict. SEVERAL Sev"er*al, a. Etym: [OF., fr. LL. separalis, fr. L. separ separate, different. See Sever, Separate.] 1. Separate; distinct; particular; single. Each several ship a victory did gain. Dryden. Each might his several province well command, Would all but stoop to what they understand. Pope. 2. Diverse; different; various. Spenser. Habits and faculties, several, and to be distinguished. Bacon. Four several armies to the field are led. Dryden. 3. Consisting of a number more than two, but not very many; divers; sundry; as, several persons were present when the event took place. SEVERAL Sev"er*al, adv. Defn: By itself; severally. [Obs.] Every kind of thing is laid up several in barns or storehoudses. Robynson (More's Utopia). SEVERAL Sev"er*al, n. 1. Each particular taken singly; an item; a detail; an individual. [Obs.] There was not time enough to hear . . . The severals. Shak. 2. Persons oe objects, more than two, but not very many. Several of them neither rose from any conspicuous family, nor left any behind them. Addison. 3. An inclosed or separate place; inclosure. [Obs.] They had their several for heathen nations, their several for the people of their own nation. Hooker. In several, in a state of separation. [R.] "Where pastures in several be." Tusser. SEVERALITY Sev`er*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Severalities (. Defn: Each particular taken singly; distinction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. SEVERALIZE Sev"er*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To distinguish. [Obs.] SEVERALLY Sev"er*al*ly, adv. Defn: Separately; distinctly; apart from others; individually. There must be an auditor to check and revise each severally by itself. De Quincey. SEVERALTY Sev"er*al*ty, n. Defn: A state of separation from the rest, or from all others; a holding by individual right. Forests which had never been owned in severalty. Bancroft. Estate in severalty (Law), an estate which the tenant holds in his own right, without being joined in interest with any other person; -- distinguished from joint tenancy, coparcenary, and common. Blackstone. SEVERANCE Sev"er*ance, n. 1. The act of severing, or the state of being severed; partition; separation. Milman. 2. (Law) Defn: The act of dividing; the singling or severing of two or more that join, or are joined, in one writ; the putting in several or separate pleas or answers by two or more disjointly; the destruction of the unity of interest in a joint estate. Bouvier. SEVERE Se*vere", a. [Compar. Severer; superl. Severest.] Etym: [L. severus; perhaps akin to Gr. swikns innocent, chaste: cf. F. sévère. Cf. Asseverate, Persevere.] 1. Serious in feeeling or manner; sedate; grave; austere; not light, lively, or cheerful. Your looks alter, as your subject does, From kind to fierce, from wanton to severe. Waller. 2. Very strict in judgment, discipline, or government; harsh; not mild or indulgent; rigorous; as, severe criticism; severe punishment. "Custody severe." Milton. Come! you are too severe a moraler. Shak. Let your zeal, if it must be expressed in anger, be always more severe against thyself than against others. Jer. Taylor. 3. Rigidly methodical, or adherent to rule or principle; exactly conformed to a standard; not allowing or employing unneccessary ornament, amplification, etc.; strict; -- said of style, argument, etc. "Restrained by reason and severe principles." Jer. Taylor. The Latin, a most severe and compendious language. Dryden. 4. Sharp; afflictive; distressing; violent; extreme; as, severe pain, anguish, fortune; severe cold. 5. Difficult to be endured; exact; critical; rigorous; as, a severe test. Syn. -- Strict; grave; austere; stern; morose; rigid; exact; rigorous; hard; rough; harsh; censorious; tart; acrimonious; sarcastic; satirical; cutting; biting; keen; bitter; cruel. See Strict. -- Se*vere"ly, adv. -- Se*vere"ness, n. SEVERITY Se*ver"i*ty, n.; pl. Severities. Etym: [L. severitas: cf. F. sévérité.] Defn: The quality or state of being severe. Specifically: -- (a) Gravity or austerity; extreme strictness; rigor; harshness; as, the severity of a reprimand or a reproof; severity of discipline or government; severity of penalties. "Strict age, and sour severity." Milton. (b) The quality or power of distressing or paining; extreme degree; extremity; intensity; inclemency; as, the severity of pain or anguish; the severity of cold or heat; the severity of the winter. (c) Harshness; cruel treatment; sharpness of punishment; as, severity practiced on prisoners of war. (d) Exactness; rigorousness; strictness; as, the severity of a test. Confining myself to the severity of truth. Dryden. SEVERY Sev"er*y, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupted fr. ciborium. Oxf. Gloss.] (Arch.) Defn: A bay or compartment of a vaulted ceiling. [Written also civery.] SEVOCATION Sev`o*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. sevocare, sevocatum, to call aside.] Defn: A calling aside. [Obs.] SEVRES BLUE Sè"vres blue`. Defn: A very light blue. SEVRES WARE Sè"vres ware`. Defn: Porcelain manufactured at Sèvres, France, ecpecially in the national factory situated there. SEW Sew, n.Etym: [OE. See Sewer household officer.] Defn: Juice; gravy; a seasoned dish; a delicacy. [Obs.] Gower. I will not tell of their strange sewes. Chaucer. SEW Sew, v. t. Etym: [See Sue to follow.] Defn: To follow; to pursue; to sue. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. SEW Sew, v. t. [imp. Sewed; p. p. Sewed, rarely Sewn (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sewing.] Etym: [OE. sewen, sowen, AS. siówian, siwian; akin to OHG. siuwan, Icel. s, Sw. sy, Dan. sye, Goth. siujan, Lith. siuti, Russ, shite, L. ssuere, Gr. siv. sq. root156. Cf. Seam a suture, Suture.] 1. To unite or fasten together by stitches, as with a needle and thread. No man also seweth a piece of new cloth on an old garment. Mark ii. 21. 2. To close or stop by ssewing; -- often with up; as, to sew up a rip. 3. To inclose by sewing; -- sometimes with up; as, to sew money in a bag. SEW Sew, v. i. Defn: To practice sewing; to work with needle and thread. SEW Sew, v. t. Etym: [sq. root151 b. See Sewer a drain.] Defn: To drain, as a pond, for taking the fish. [Obs.] Tusser. SEWAGE Sew"age, n. 1. The contents of a sewer or drain; refuse liquids or matter carried off by sewers 2. Sewerage, 2. SEWE Sewe, v. i. Defn: To perform the duties of a sewer. See 3d Sewer. [Obs.] SEWEL Sew"el, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A scarecrow, generally made of feathers tied to a string, hung up to prevent deer from breaking into a place. Halliwell. SEWELLEL Se*wel"lel, n. Etym: [Of American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar gregarious burrowing rodent (Haplodon rufus), native of the coast region of the Northwestern United States. It somewhat resembles a muskrat or marmot, but has only a rudimentary tail. Its head is broad, its eyes are small and its fur is brownish above, gray beneath. It constitutes the family Haplodontidæ. Called also boomer, showt'l, and mountain beaver. SEWEN Sew"en, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A British trout usually regarded as a variety (var. Cambricus) of the salmon trout. SEWER Sew"er, n. 1. One who sews, or stitches. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small tortricid moth whose larva sews together the edges of a leaf by means of silk; as, the apple-leaf sewer (Phoxopteris nubeculana) SEWER Sew"er, n. Etym: [OF. sewiere, seuwiere, ultimately fr. L. ex out + a derivative of aqua water; cf. OF. essevour a drain, essever, esseuwer, essiaver, to cause to flow, to drain, to flow, LL. exaquatorium a channel through which water runs off. Cf. Ewer, Aquarium.] Defn: A drain or passage to carry off water and filth under ground; a subterraneous channel, particularly in cities. SEWER Sew"er, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. assewer, and asseour, OF. asseour, F. asseoir to seat, to set, L. assidere to sit by; ad + sedere to sit (cf. Sit); or cf. OE. sew pottage, sauce, boiled meat, AS. seáw juice, Skr. su to press out.] Defn: Formerly, an upper servant, or household officer, who set on and removed the dishes at a feast, and who also brought water for the hands of the guests. Then the sewer Poured water from a great and golden ewer, That from their hands to a silver caldron ran. Chapman. SEWERAGE Sew"er*age, n. 1. The construction of a sewer or sewers. 2. The system of sewers in a city, town, etc.; the general drainage of a city or town by means of sewers. 3. The material collected in, and discharged by, sewers. [In this sense sewage is preferable and common.] SEWIN Sew"in, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Sewen. SEWING Sew"ing, n. 1. The act or occupation of one who sews. 2. That which is sewed with the needle. Sewing horse (Harness making), a clamp, operated by the foot, for holding pieces of leather while being sewed. -- Sewing machine, a machine for sewing or stitching. -- Sewing press, or Sewing table (Bookbinding), a fixture or table having a frame in which are held the cords to which the back edges of folded sheets are sewed to form a book. SEWSTER Sew"ster, n. Defn: A seamstress. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SEX- Sex-. Etym: [L. sex six. See Six.] Defn: A combining form meaning six; as, sexdigitism; sexennial. SEX Sex, n. Etym: [L. sexus: cf. F. sexe.] 1. The distinguishing peculiarity of male or female in both animals and plants; the physical difference between male and female; the assemblage of properties or qualities by which male is distinguished from female. 2. One of the two divisions of organic beings formed on the distinction of male and female. 3. (Bot.) (a) The capability in plants of fertilizing or of being fertilized; as, staminate and pistillate flowers are of opposite sexes. (b) One of the groups founded on this distinction. The sex, the female sex; women, in general. SEXAGENARIAN Sex`a*ge*na"ri*an, n. Etym: [See Sexagenary.] Defn: A person who is sixty years old. SEXAGENARY Sex*ag"e*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. sexagenarius, fr. sexageni sixty each, akin to sexaginta sixty, sex six: cf. sexagénaire. See Six.] Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, the number sixty; poceeding by sixties; sixty years old. Sexagenary arithmetic. See under Sexagesimal. -- Sexagenary, or Sexagesimal, scale (Math.), a scale of numbers in which the modulus is sixty. It is used in treating the divisions of the circle. SEXAGENARY Sex*ag"e*na*ry, n. 1. Something composed of sixty parts or divisions. 2. A sexagenarian. Sir W. Scott. SEXAGESIMA Sex`a*ges"i*ma, n. Etym: [L., fem. of sexagesimus sixtieth, fr. sexaginta sixty.] (Eccl.) Defn: The second Sunday before Lent; -- so called as being about the sixtieth day before Easter. SEXAGESIMAL Sex`a*ges"i*mal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sexagésimal.] Defn: Pertaining to, or founded on, the number sixty. Sexagesimal fractions or numbers (Arith. & Alg.), those fractions whose denominators are some power of sixty; as, astronomical fractions, because formerly there were no others used in astronomical calculations. -- Sexagesimal, or Sexagenary, arithmetic, the method of computing by the sexagenary scale, or by sixties. -- Sexagesimal scale (Math.), the sexagenary scale. SEXAGESIMAL Sex`a*ges"i*mal, n. Defn: A sexagesimal fraction. SEXANGLE Sex"an`gle, n. Etym: [L. sexangulus sexangular; sex six + angulus angle: cf. F. sexangle. Cf. Hexangular.] (Geom.) Defn: A hexagon. [R.] Hutton. SEXANGLED; SEXANGULAR Sex"an`gled, Sex*an"gu*lar a. Etym: [Cf. F. sexangulaire.] Defn: Having six angles; hexagonal. [R.] Dryden. SEXANGULARLY Sex*an"gu*lar*ly, adv. Defn: Hexagonally. [R.] SEXAVALENT Sex*av"a*lent, a. Defn: See Sexivalent. [R.] SEXDIGITISM Sex*dig"it*ism, n. Etym: [Sex- + digit.] Defn: The state of having six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot. SEXDIGITIST Sex*dig"it*ist, n. Defn: One who has six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot. SEXED Sexed, a. Defn: Belonging to sex; having sex; distinctively male of female; as, the sexed condition. SEXENARY Sex"e*na*ry, a. Defn: Proceeding by sixes; sextuple; -- applied especially to a system of arithmetical computation in which the base is six. SEXENNIAL Sex*en"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. sexennium a period of six years, sexennis of six years; sex six + annus a year. See Six, and Annual.] Defn: Lasting six years, or happening once in six years. -- n. Defn: A sexennial event. SEXENNIALLY Sex*en"ni*al*ly, adv. Defn: Once in six years. SEXFID; SEXIFID Sex"fid, Sex"i*fid, a. Etym: [Sex- + root of L. findere to split: cf. F. sexfide.] (Bot.) Defn: Six-cleft; as, a sexfid calyx or nectary. SEXISYLLABIC Sex`i*syl*lab"ic, a. Etym: [Sex- + syllabic.] Defn: Having six syllables. Emerson. SEXISYLLABLE Sex"i*syl`la*ble, n. Etym: [Sex- + syllable.] Defn: A word of six syllables. SEXIVALENT Sex*iv"a*lent, a. Etym: [Sex- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (hem.) Defn: Hexavalent. [R.] SEXLESS Sex"less, a. Defn: Having no sex. SEXLOCULAR Sex`loc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Sex- + locular: cf. F. sexloculaire.] (Bot.) Defn: Having six cells for seeds; six-celled; as, a sexlocular pericarp. SEXLY Sex"ly, a. Defn: Pertaining to sex. [R.] Should I ascribe any of these things unto myself or my sexly weakness, I were not worthy to live. Queen Elizabeth. SEXRADIATE Sex*ra"di*ate, a. Etym: [Sex- + radiate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having six rays; -- said of certain sponge spicules. See Illust. of Spicule. SEXT Sext, n. Etym: [L. sexta, fem. of sextus sixtt, fr. sex six: cf. F. sexte.] (R.C.Ch.) (a) The office for the sixth canonical hour, being a part of the Breviary. (b) The sixth book of the decretals, added by Pope Boniface VIII. SEXTAIN Sex"tain, n. Etym: [L. sextus sixth, fr. sex six: cf. It. sestina.] (Pros.) Defn: A stanza of six lines; a sestine. SEXTANS Sex"tans, n. Etym: [L. See Sextant.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A Roman coin, the sixth part of an as. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A constellation on the equator south of Leo; the Sextant. SEXTANT Sex"tant, n. Etym: [L. sextans, -antis, the sixth part of an as, fr. sextus sixth, sex six. See Six.] 1. (Math.) Defn: The sixth part of a circle. 2. An instrument for measuring angular distances between objects, -- used esp. at sea, for ascertaining the latitude and longitude. It is constructed on the same optical principle as Hadley's quadrant, but usually of metal, with a nicer graduation, telescopic sight, and its arc the sixth, and sometimes the third, part of a circle. See Quadrant. 3. (Astron.) Defn: The constellation Sextans. Box sextant, a small sextant inclosed in a cylindrical case to make it more portable. SEXTARY Sex"ta*ry, n.; pl. Sextaries. Etym: [L. sextarius the sixth part of a measure, weight, etc., fr. sextus sixth, sex six.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An ancient Roman liquid and dry measure, about equal to an English pint. SEXTARY Sex"ta*ry, n. Etym: [For sextonry.] Defn: A sacristy. [Obs.] SEXTET; SEXTETTO Sex*tet", Sex*tet"to, n. (Mus.) Defn: See Sestet. SEXTEYN Sex"teyn, n. Defn: A sacristan. [Obs.] Chaucer. SEXTIC Sex"tic, a. Etym: [L. sextus sixth.] (Math.) Defn: Of the sixth degree or order. -- n. (Alg.) Defn: A quantic of the sixth degree. SEXTILE Sex"tile, a. Etym: [F. sextil, fr. L. sextus the sixth, from sex six. See Six.] (Astrol.) Defn: Measured by sixty degrees; fixed or indicated by a distance of sixty degrees. Glanvill. SEXTILE Sex"tile, n. Etym: [Cf. F. aspect sextil.] (Astrol.) Defn: The aspect or position of two planets when distant from each other sixty degrees, or two signs. This position is marked thus: Hutton. SEXTILLION Sex*til"lion, n. Etym: [Formed (in imitation of million) fr. L. sextus sixth, sex six: cf. F. sextilion.] Defn: According to the method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-one ciphers annexed. According to the English method, a million raised to the sixth power, or the number expressed by a unit with thirty-six ciphers annexed. See Numeration. SEXTO Sex"to, n.; pl. Sextos. Etym: [L. sextus sixth.] Defn: A book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into six leaves. SEXTODECIMO Sex`to*dec"i*mo, a. Etym: [L. sextus-decimus the sixteenth; sextus the sixth (fr. sex six) + decimus the tenth, from decem ten. See - mo.] Defn: Having sixteen leaves to a sheet; of, or equal to, the size of one fold of a sheet of printing paper when folded so as to make sixteen leaves, or thirty-two pages; as, a sextodecimo volume. SEXTODECIMO Sex`to*dec"imo, n.; pl. Sextodecimos (. Defn: A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into sixteen leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of a book; -- usually written 16mo, or 16º. SEXTOLET Sex"to*let, n. (Mus.) Defn: A double triplet; a group of six equal notes played in the time of four. SEXTON Sex"ton, n. Etym: [OE. sextein, contr. fr. sacristan.] Defn: An under officer of a church, whose business is to take care of the church building and the vessels, vestments, etc., belonging to the church, to attend on the officiating clergyman, and to perform other duties pertaining to the church, such as to dig graves, ring the bell, etc. Sexton beetle (Zoöl.), a burying beetle. SEXTONESS Sex"ton*ess, n. Defn: A female sexton; a sexton's wife. SEXTONRY Sex"ton*ry, n. Defn: Sextonship. [Obs.] Ld. Bernes. SEXTONSHIP Sex"ton*ship, n. Defn: The office of a sexton. Swift. SEXTRY Sex"try, n. Defn: See Sacristy. [Obs.] SEXTUPLE Sex"tu*ple, a. Etym: [Formed (in imitation of quadruple) fr. L. sextus sixth: cf. F. sextuple.] 1. Six times as much; sixfold. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Divisible by six; having six beats; as, sixtuple measure. SEXUAL Sex"u*al, a. Etym: [L. sexualis, fr. sexus sex: cf. F. sexuel.] Defn: Of or pertaining to sex, or the sexes; distinguishing sex; peculiar to the distinction and office of male or female; relating to the distinctive genital organs of the sexes; proceeding from, or based upon, sex; as, sexual characteristics; sexual intercourse, connection, or commerce; sexual desire; sexual diseases; sexual generation. Sexual dimorphism (Biol.), the condition of having one of the sexes existing in two forms, or varieties, differing in color, size, etc., as in many species of butterflies which have two kinds of females. -- Sexual method (Bot.), a method of classification proposed by Linnæus, founded mainly on difference in number and position of the stamens and pistils of plants. -- Sexual selection (Biol.), the selective preference of one sex for certain characteristics in the other, such as bright colors, musical notes, etc.; also, the selection which results from certain individuals of one sex having more opportunities of pairing with the other sex, on account of greater activity, strength, courage, etc.; applied likewise to that kind of evolution which results from such sexual preferences. Darwin. In these cases, therefore, natural selection seems to have acted independently of sexual selection. A. R. Wallace. SEXUALIST Sex"u*al*ist, n. (Bot.) Defn: One who classifies plants by the sexual method of Linnæus. SEXUALITY Sex`u*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being distinguished by sex. Lindley. SEXUALIZE Sex"u*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To attribute sex to. SEXUALLY Sex"u*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a sexual manner or relation. SEY; SEYH Sey, Seyh, obs. imp. sing. & 2d pers. pl. Defn: of See. Chaucer. SEYE; SEYEN Seye, Seyen, obs. imp. pl. & p. p. Defn: of See. SEYND Seynd, obs. p. p. Defn: of Senge, to singe. Chaucer. SEYNT Seynt, n. Defn: A gridle. See 1st Seint. [Obs.] SFORZANDO; SFORZATO Sfor*zan"do, Sfor*za"to, a. Etym: [It. sforzando, p. pr., and sforzato, p. p. of sforzare to force.] (Mus.) Defn: Forcing or forced; -- a direction placed over a note, to signify that it must be executed with peculiar emphasis and force; -- marked fz (an abbreviation of forzando), sf, sfz, or SFUMATO Sfu*ma"to, a. Etym: [It.] (Paint.) Defn: Having vague outlines, and colors and shades so mingled as to give a misty appearance; -- said of a painting. SGRAFFITO Sgraf*fi"to, a. Etym: [It.] (Paint.) Defn: Scratched; -- said of decorative painting of a certain style, in which a white overland surface is cut or scratched through, so as to form the design from a dark ground underneath. SHAB Shab, n. Etym: [OE. shabbe, AS. sc. See Scab.] Defn: The itch in animals; also, a scab. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SHAB Shab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shabbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shabbing.] Etym: [See Scab, 3.] Defn: To play mean tricks; to act shabbily. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] SHAB Shab, v. t. Defn: To scratch; to rub. [Obs.] Farquhar. SHABBED Shab"bed, a. Defn: Shabby. [Obs.] Wood. SHABBILY Shab"bi*ly, adv. Defn: In a shabby manner. SHABBINESS Shab"bi*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sghabby. SHABBLE; SHABBLE Shab"ble, Shab"ble, n.Etym: [Cf. D. sabel, and G. säbel.] Defn: A kind of crooked sword or hanger. [Scot.] SHABBY Shab"by, a. [Compar. Shabbier; superl. Shabbiest.] Etym: [See Shab, n., Scabby, and Scab.] 1. Torn or worn to rage; poor; mean; ragged. Wearing shabby coats and dirty shirts. Macaulay. 2. Clothed with ragged, much worn, or soiled garments. "The dean was so shabby." Swift. 3. Mean; paltry; despicable; as, shabby treatment. "Very shabby fellows." Clarendon. SHABRACK Shab"rack, n. Etym: [Turk. tshaprak, whence F. chabraque, G. shabracke.] (Mil.) Defn: The saddlecloth or housing of a cavalry horse. SHACK Shack, v. t. Etym: [Prov. E., to shake, to shed. See Shake.] 1. To shed or fall, as corn or grain at harvest. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. 2. To feed in stubble, or upon waste corn. [Prov. Eng.] 3. To wander as a vagabond or a tramp. [Prev.Eng.] SHACK Shack, n. Etym: [Cf. Scot. shag refuse of barley or oats.] 1. The grain left after harvest or gleaning; also, nuts which have fallen to the ground. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Liberty of winter pasturage. [Prov. Eng.] 3. A shiftless fellow; a low, itinerant beggar; a vagabond; a tramp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby. All the poor old shacks about the town found a friend in Deacon Marble. H. W. Beecher. Common of shack (Eng.Law), the right of persons occupying lands lying together in the same common field to turn out their cattle to range in it after harvest. Cowell. SHACKATORY Shack"a*to*ry, n. Defn: A hound. [Obs.] SHACKLE Shac"kle, n. Defn: Stubble. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge. SHACKLE Shac"kle, n. Etym: [Generally used in the plural.] Etym: [OE. schakkyll, schakle, AS. scacul, sceacul, a shackle, fr. scacan to shake; cf. D. schakel a link of a chain, a mesh, Icel. skökull the pole of a cart. See Shake.] 1. Something which confines the legs or arms so as to prevent their free motion; specifically, a ring or band inclosing the ankle or wrist, and fastened to a similar shackle on the other leg or arm, or to something else, by a chain or a strap; a gyve; a fetter. His shackles empty left; himself escaped clean. Spenser. 2. Hence, that which checks or prevents free action. His very will seems to be in bonds and shackles. South. 3. A fetterlike band worn as an ornament. Most of the men and women . . . had all earrings made of gold, and gold shackles about their legs and arms. Dampier. 4. A link or loop, as in a chain, fitted with a movable bolt, so that the parts can be separated, or the loop removed; a clevis. 5. A link for connecting railroad cars; -- called also drawlink, draglink, etc. 6. The hinged and curved bar of a padlock, by which it is hung to the staple. Knight. Shackle joint (Anat.), a joint formed by a bony ring passing through a hole in a bone, as at the bases of spines in some fishes. SHACKLE Shac"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shackled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shackling.] 1. To tie or confine the limbs of, so as to prevent free motion; to bind with shackles; to fetter; to chain. To lead him shackled, and exposed to scorn Of gathering crowds, the Britons' boasted chief. J. Philips. 2. Figuratively: To bind or confine so as to prevent or embarrass action; to impede; to cumber. Shackled by her devotion to the king, she seldom could pursue that object. Walpole. 3. To join by a link or chain, as railroad cars. [U. S.] Shackle bar, the coupling between a locomotive and its tender. [U.S.] -- Shackle bolt, a shackle. Sir W. Scott. SHACKLOCK Shack"lock`, n. Defn: A sort of shackle. [Obs.] SHACKLY Shack"ly, a. Defn: Shaky; rickety. [Colloq. U. S.] SHAD Shad, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [AS. sceadda a kind of fish, akin to Prov. G. schade; cf. Ir. & Gael. sgadan a herring, W. ysgadan herrings; all perhaps akin to E. skate a fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of food fishes of the Herring family. The American species (Clupea sapidissima), which is abundant on the Atlantic coast and ascends the larger rivers in spring to spawn, is an important market fish. The European allice shad, or alose (C. alosa), and the twaite shad. (C. finta), are less important species. [Written also chad.] Note: The name is loosely applied, also, to several other fishes, as the gizzard shad (see under Gizzard), called also mud shad, white- eyed shad, and winter shad. Hardboaded, or Yellow-tailed, shad, the menhaden. -- Hickory, or Tailor, shad, the mattowacca. -- Long-boned shad, one of several species of important food fishes of the Bermudas and the West Indies, of the genus Gerres. -- Shad bush (Bot.), a name given to the North American shrubs or small trees of the rosaceous genus Amelanchier (A. Canadensis, and A. alnifolia) Their white racemose blossoms open in April or May, when the shad appear, and the edible berries (pomes) ripen in June or July, whence they are called Juneberries. The plant is also called service tree, and Juneberry. -- Shad frog, an American spotted frog (Rana halecina); -- so called because it usually appears at the time when the shad begin to run in the rivers. -- Trout shad, the squeteague. -- White shad,the common shad. SHADBIRD Shad"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The American, or Wilson's, snipe. See under Snipe. So called because it appears at the same time as the shad. (b) The common European sandpiper. [Prov. Eng.] SHADD Shadd, n. (Mining.) Defn: Rounded stones containing tin ore, lying at the surface of the ground, and indicating a vein. Raymond. SHADDE Shad"de, Defn: obs. imp. of Shed. Chaucer. SHADDOCK Shad"dock, n. Etym: [Said to be so called from a Captain Shaddock, who first brought this fruit from the East Indies.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree (Citrus decumana) and its fruit, which is a large species of orange; -- called also forbidden fruit, and pompelmous. SHADE Shade, n. Etym: [OE. shade, shadewe, schadewe, AS. sceadu, scead; akin to OS. skado, D. schaduw, OHG. scato, (gen. scatewes), G. schatten, Goth. skadus, Ir. & Gael. sgath, and probably to Gr. Shadow, Shed a hat.] 1. Comparative obscurity owing to interception or interruption of the rays of light; partial darkness caused by the intervention of something between the space contemplated and the source of light. Note: Shade differs from shadow as it implies no particular form or definite limit; whereas a shadow represents in form the object which intercepts the light. When we speak of the shade of a tree, we have no reference to its form; but when we speak of measuring a pyramid or other object by its shadow, we have reference to its form and extent. 2. Darkness; obscurity; -- often in the plural. The shades of night were falling fast. Longfellow. 3. An obscure place; a spot not exposed to light; hence, a secluded retreat. Let us seek out some desolate shade, and there Weep our sad bosoms empty. Shak. 4. That which intercepts, or shelters from, light or the direct rays of the sun; hence, also, that which protects from heat or currents of air; a screen; protection; shelter; cover; as, a lamp shade. The Lord is thy shade upon thy right hand. Ps. cxxi. 5. Sleep under a fresh tree's shade. Shak. Let the arched knife well sharpened now assail the spreading shades of vegetables. J. Philips. 5. Shadow. [Poetic.] Envy will merit, as its shade, pursue. Pope. 6. The soul after its separation from the body; -- so called because the ancients it to be perceptible to the sight, though not to the touch; a spirit; a ghost; as, the shades of departed heroes. Swift as thought the flitting shade Thro' air his momentary journey made. Dryden. 7. (Painting, Drawing, etc.) Defn: The darker portion of a picture; a less illuminated part. See Def. 1, above. 8. Degree or variation of color, as darker or lighter, stronger or paler; as, a delicate shade of pink. White, red, yellow, blue, with their several degrees, or shades and mixtures, as green only in by the eyes. Locke. 9. A minute difference or variation, as of thought, belief, expression, etc.; also, the quality or degree of anything which is distinguished from others similar by slight differences; as, the shades of meaning in synonyms. New shades and combinations of thought. De Quincey. Every shade of religious and political opinion has its own headquarters. Macaulay. The Shades, the Nether World; the supposed abode of souls after leaving the body. SHADE Shade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shading.] 1. To shelter or screen by intercepting the rays of light; to keep off illumination from. Milton. I went to crop the sylvan scenes, And shade our altars with their leafy greens. Dryden. 2. To shelter; to cover from injury; to protect; to screen; to hide; as, to shade one's eyes. Ere in our own house I do shade my head. Shak. 3. To obscure; to dim the brightness of. Thou shad'st The full blaze of thy beams. Milton. 4. To pain in obscure colors; to darken. 5. To mark with gradations of light or color. 6. To present a shadow or image of; to shadow forth; to represent. [Obs.] [The goddess] in her person cunningly did shade That part of Justice which is Equity. Spenser. SHADEFUL Shade"ful, a. Defn: Full of shade; shady. SHADELESS Shade"less, a. Defn: Being without shade; not shaded. SHADER Shad"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, shades. SHADILY Shad"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a shady manner. SHADINESS Shad"i*ness Defn: , n. Quality or state of being shady. SHADING Shad"ing, n. 1. Act or process of making a shade. 2. That filling up which represents the effect of more or less darkness, expressing rotundity, projection, etc., in a picture or a drawing. SHADOOF Sha*doof", n. Etym: [Ar. shad.] Defn: A machine, resembling a well sweep, used in Egypt for raising water from the Nile for irrigation. SHADOW Shad"ow, n. Etym: [Originally the same word as shade. sq. root162. See Shade.] 1. Shade within defined limits; obscurity or deprivation of light, apparent on a surface, and representing the form of the body which intercepts the rays of light; as, the shadow of a man, of a tree, or of a tower. See the Note under Shade, n., 1. 2. Darkness; shade; obscurity. Night's sable shadows from the ocean rise. Denham. 3. A shaded place; shelter; protection; security. In secret shadow from the sunny ray, On a sweet bed of lilies softly laid. Spenser. 4. A reflected image, as in a mirror or in water. Shak. 5. That which follows or attends a person or thing like a shadow; an inseparable companion; hence, an obsequious follower. Sin and her shadow Death. Milton. 6. A spirit; a ghost; a shade; a phantom. "Hence, horrible shadow!" Shak. 7. An imperfect and faint representation; adumbration; indistinct image; dim bodying forth; hence, mystical reprresentation; type. The law having a shadow of good things to come. Heb. x. 1. [Types] and shadows of that destined seed. Milton. 8. A small degree; a shade. "No variableness, neither shadow of turning." James i. 17. 9. An uninvited guest coming with one who is invited. [A Latinism] Nares. I must not have my board pastered with shadows That under other men's protection break in Without invitement. Massinger. Shadow of death, darkness or gloom like that caused by the presence or the impending of death. Ps. xxiii. 4. SHADOW Shad"ow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shadowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shadowing.] Etym: [OE. shadowen, AS. sceadwian. See adow, n.] 1. To cut off light from; to put in shade; to shade; to throw a shadow upon; to overspead with obscurity. The warlike elf much wondered at this tree, So fair and great, that shadowed all the ground. Spenser. 2. To conceal; to hide; to screen. [R.] Let every soldier hew him down a bough. And bear't before him; thereby shall we shadow The numbers of our host. Shak. 3. To protect; to shelter from danger; to shroud. Shadoving their right under your wings of war. Shak. 4. To mark with gradations of light or color; to shade. 5. To represent faintly or imperfectly; to adumbrate; hence, to represent typically. Augustus is shadowed in the person of Dryden. 6. To cloud; to darken; to cast a gloom over. The shadowed livery of the burnished sun. Shak. Why sad I must not see the face O love thus shadowed. Beau & Fl. 7. To attend as closely as a shadow; to follow and watch closely, especially in a secret or unobserved manner; as, a detective shadows a criminal. SHADOWINESS Shad"ow*i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being shadowy. SHADOWING Shad"ow*ing, n. 1. Shade, or gradation of light and color; shading. Feltham. 2. A faint representation; an adumbration. There are . . . in savage theology shadowings, quaint or majestic, of the conception of a Supreme Deity. Tylor. SHADOWISH Shad"ow*ish, a. Defn: Shadowy; vague. [Obs.] Hooker. SHADOWLESS Shad"ow*less, a. Defn: Having no shadow. SHADOWY Shad"ow*y, a. 1. Full of shade or shadows; causing shade or shadow. "Shadowy verdure." Fenton. This shadowy desert, unfrequented woods. Shak. 2. Hence, dark; obscure; gloomy; dim. "The shadowy past." Longfellow. 3. Not brightly luminous; faintly light. The moon . . . with more pleasing light, Shadowy sets off the face things. Milton. 4. Faintly representative; hence, typical. From sshadowy types to truth, from flesh to spirit. Milton. 5. Unsubstantial; unreal; as, shadowy honor. Milton has brought into his poems two actors of a shadowy and fictitious nature, in the persons of Sin and Death. Addison. SHADRACH Sha"drach, n. (Metal.) Defn: A mass of iron on which the operation of smelting has failed of its intended effect; -- so called from Shadrach, one of the three Hebrews who came forth unharmed from the fiery furnace of Nebuchadnezzar. (See Dan. iii. 26, 27.) SHAD-SPIRIT Shad"-spir`it, n. Defn: See Shadbird (a) SHAD-WAITER Shad"-wait`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A lake whitefish; the roundfish. See Roundfish. SHADY Shad"y, a. [Compar. Shadier; superl. Shadiest.] 1. Abounding in shade or shades; overspread with shade; causing shade. The shady trees cover him with their shadow. Job. xl. 22. And Amaryllis fills the shady groves. Dryden. 2. Sheltered from the glare of light or sultry heat. Cast it also that you may have rooms shady for summer and warm for winter. Bacon. 3. Of or pertaining to shade or darkness; hence, unfit to be seen or known; equivocal; dubious or corrupt. [Colloq.] "A shady business." London Sat. Rev. Shady characters, disreputable, criminal. London Spectator. On the shady side of, on the thither side of; as, on the shady side of fifty; that is, more than fifty. [Colloq.] -- To keep shady, to stay in concealment; also, to be reticent. [Slang] SHAFFLE Shaf"fle, v. i. Etym: [See Shuffle.] Defn: To hobble or limp; to shuffle. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] SHAFFLER Shaf"fler, n. Defn: A hobbler; one who limps; a shuffer. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] SHAFIITE Sha"fi*ite, n. Defn: A member of one of the four sects of the Sunnites, or Orthodox Mohammedans; -- so called from its founder, Mohammed al-Shafeï. SHAFT Shaft, n. Etym: [OE. shaft, schaft, AS. sceaft; akin to D. schacht, OHG. scaft, G. schaft, Dan. & Sw. skaft handle, haft, Icel. skapt, and probably to L. scapus, Gr. Scape, Scepter, Shave.] 1. The slender, smooth stem of an arrow; hence, an arrow. His sleep, his meat, his drink, is him bereft, That lean he wax, and dry as is a shaft. Chaucer. A shaft hath three principal parts, the stele [stale], the feathers, and the head. Ascham. 2. The long handle of a spear or similar weapon; hence, the weapon itself; (Fig.) anything regarded as a shaft to be thrown or darted; as, shafts of light. And the thunder, Winged with red lightning and impetuous rage, Perhaps hath spent his shafts. Milton. Some kinds of literary pursuits . . . have been attacked with all the shafts of ridicule. V. Knox. 3. That which resembles in some degree the stem or handle of an arrow or a spear; a long, slender part, especially when cylindrical. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) The trunk, stem, or stalk of a plant. (b) (Zoöl.) The stem or midrib of a feather. See Illust. of Feather. (c) The pole, or tongue, of a vehicle; also, a thill. (d) The part of a candlestick which supports its branches. Thou shalt make a candlestick of pure gold . . . his shaft, and his branches, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, shall be of the same. Ex. xxv. 31. (e) The handle or helve of certain tools, instruments, etc., as a hammer, a whip, etc. (f) A pole, especially a Maypole. [Obs.] Stow. (g) (Arch.) The body of a column; the cylindrical pillar between the capital and base (see Illust. of Column). Also, the part of a chimney above the roof. Also, the spire of a steeple. [Obs. or R.] Gwilt. (h) A column, an obelisk, or other spire-shaped or columnar monument. Bid time and nature gently spare The shaft we raise to thee. Emerson. (i) (Weaving) Defn: A rod at the end of a heddle. (j) (Mach.) A solid or hollow cylinder or bar, having one or more journals on which it rests and revolves, and intended to carry one or more wheels or other revolving parts and to transmit power or motion; as, the shaft of a steam engine. See Illust. of Countershaft. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A humming bird (Thaumastura cora) having two of the tail feathers next to the middle ones very long in the male; -- called also cora humming bird. 5. Etym: [Cf. G. schacht.] (Mining) Defn: A well-like excavation in the earth, perpendicular or nearly so, made for reaching and raising ore, for raising water, etc. 6. A long passage for the admission or outlet of air; an air shaft. 7. The chamber of a blast furnace. Line shaft (Mach.), a main shaft of considerable length, in a shop or factory, usually bearing a number of pulleys by which machines are driven, commonly by means of countershafts; -- called also line, or main line. -- Shaft alley (Naut.), a passage extending from the engine room to the stern, and containing the propeller shaft. -- Shaft furnace (Metal.), a furnace, in the form of a chimney, which is charged at the top and tapped at the bottom. SHAFTED Shaft"ed, a. 1. Furnished with a shaft, or with shafts; as, a shafted arch. 2. (Her.) Defn: Having a shaft; -- applied to a spear when the head and the shaft are of different tinctures. SHAFTING Shaft"ing, n. (Mach.) Defn: Shafts, collectivelly; a system of connected shafts for communicating motion. SHAFTMAN; SHAFTMENT Shaft"man, Shaft"ment, n. Etym: [AS. sceaftmund.] Defn: A measure of about six inches. [Obs.] SHAG Shag, n. Etym: [AS. sceacga a bush of hair; akin to Icel. skegg the beard, Sw. skägg, Dan. skj. Cf. Schock of hair.] 1. Coarse hair or nap; rough, woolly hair. True Witney broadcloth, with its shag unshorn. Gay. 2. A kind of cloth having a long, coarse nap. 3. (Com.) Defn: A kind of prepared tobacco cut fine. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of cormorant. SHAG Shag, a. Defn: Hairy; shaggy. Shak. SHAG Shag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Shagging.] Defn: To make hairy or shaggy; hence, to make rough. Shag the green zone that bounds the boreal skies. J. Barlow. SHAGBARK Shag"bark`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A rough-barked species of hickory (Carya alba), its nut. Called also shellbark. See Hickory. (b) The West Indian Pithecolobium micradenium, a legiminous tree with a red coiled-up pod. SHAGEBUSH Shage"bush`, n. Defn: A sackbut. [Obs.] SHAGGED Shag"ged, a. Defn: Shaggy; rough. Milton. -- Shag"ged*ness, n. Dr. H. More. SHAGGINESS Shag"gi*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being shaggy; roughness; shaggedness. SHAGGY Shag"gy, a. [Compar. Shaggier; superl. Shaggiest.] Etym: [From Shag, n.] Defn: Rough with long hair or wool. About his shoulders hangs the shaggy skin. Dryden. 2. Rough; rugged; jaggy. Milton. [A rill] that winds unseen beneath the shaggy fell. Keble. SHAG-HAIRED Shag"-haired`, a. Defn: Having shaggy hair. Shak. SHAG-RAG Shag"-rag`, n. Defn: The unkempt and ragged part of the community. [Colloq. or Slang.] R. Browning. SHAGREEN Sha*green", v. t. Defn: To chagrin. [Obs.] SHAGREEN Sha*green", n. Etym: [F. chagrin, It. zigrino, fr. Turk. saghri the back of a horse or other beast of burden, shagreen. Cf. Chagrin.] 1. A kind of untanned leather prepared in Russia and the East, from the skins of horses, asses, and camels, and grained so as to be covered with small round granulations. This characteristic surface is produced by pressing small seeds into the grain or hair side when moist, and afterward, when dry, scraping off the roughness left between them, and then, by soaking, causing the portions of the skin which had been compressed or indented by the seeds to swell up into relief. It is used for covering small cases and boxes. 2. The skin of various small sharks and other fishes when having small, rough, bony scales. The dogfishes of the genus Scyllium furnish a large part of that used in the arts. SHAGREEN; SHAGREENED Sha*green", Sha*greened" a. 1. Made or covered with the leather called shagreen. "A shagreen case of lancets." T. Hook. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Covered with rough scales or points like those on shagreen. SHAH Shah, n. Etym: [Per. shah a king, sovereign, prince. Cf. Checkmate, Chess, Pasha.] Defn: The title of the supreme ruler in certain Eastern countries, especially Persia. [Written also schah.] Shah Nameh. Etym: [Per., Book of Kings.] A celebrated historical poem written by Firdousi, being the most ancient in the modern Persian language. Brande & C. SHAHIN Sha*hin", n. Etym: [Ar. shahin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large and swift Asiatic falcon (Falco pregrinator) highly valued in falconry. SHAIK Shaik, n. Defn: See Sheik. SHAIL Shail, v. i. Etym: [Cf. AS. sceolh squinting, Icel. skjagr wry, oblique, Dan. skele to squint.] Defn: To walk sidewise. [Obs.] L'Estrange. SHAITAN; SHEITAN Shai"tan, Shei"tan, n. [Written also sheytan.] [Hind. shaitan, fr. Ar. shaitsan.] 1. Among Mohammedans: (a) An evil spirit; the evil one; the devil. (b) One of bad disposition; a fiend. [Colloq.] 2. (Meteor.) A dust storm. [India] SHAKE Shake, Defn: obs. p. p. of Shake. Chaucer. SHAKE Shake, v. t. [imp. Shook; p. p. Shaken, (Shook, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaking.] Etym: [OE. shaken, schaken, AS. scacan, sceacan; akin to Icel. & Sw. skaka, OS. skakan, to depart, to flee. sq. root161. Cf. Shock, v.] 1. To cause to move with quick or violent vibrations; to move rapidly one way and the other; to make to tremble or shiver; to agitate. As a fig tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is shaken of a mighty wind. Rev. vi. 13. Ascend my chariot; guide the rapid wheels That shake heaven's basis. Milton. 2. Fig.: To move from firmness; to weaken the stability of; to cause to waver; to impair the resolution of. When his doctrines grew too strong to be shook by his enemies, they persecuted his reputation. Atterbury. Thy equal fear that my firm faith and love Can by his fraud be shaken or seduced. Milton. 3. (Mus.) Defn: To give a tremulous tone to; to trill; as, to shake a note in music. 4. To move or remove by agitating; to throw off by a jolting or vibrating motion; to rid one's self of; -- generally with an adverb, as off, out, etc.; as, to shake fruit down from a tree. Shake off the golden slumber of repose. Shak. 'Tis our fast intent To shake all cares and business from our age. Shak. I could scarcely shake him out of my company. Bunyan. To shake a cask (Naut.), to knock a cask to pieces and pack the staves. -- To shake hands, to perform the customary act of civility by clasping and moving hands, as an expression of greeting, farewell, good will, agreement, etc. -- To shake out a reef (Naut.), to untile the reef points and spread more canvas. -- To shake the bells. See under Bell. -- To shake the sails (Naut.), to luff up in the wind, causing the sails to shiver. Ham. Nav. Encyc. SHAKE Shake, v. i. Defn: To be agitated with a waving or vibratory motion; to tremble; to shiver; to quake; to totter. Under his burning wheels The steadfast empyrean shook throughout, All but the throne itself of God. Milton. What danger Who 's that that shakes behind there Beau & FL. Shaking piece, a name given by butchers to the piece of beef cut from the under side of the neck. See Illust. of Beef. SHAKE Shake, n. 1. The act or result of shaking; a vacillating or wavering motion; a rapid motion one way and other; a trembling, quaking, or shivering; agitation. The great soldier's honor was composed Of thicker stuff, which could endure a shake. Herbert. Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting of many kind shakes of the hand. Addison. 2. A fissure or crack in timber, caused by its being dried too suddenly. Gwilt. 3. A fissure in rock or earth. 4. (Mus.) Defn: A rapid alternation of a principal tone with another represented on the next degree of the staff above or below it; a trill. 5. (Naut.) Defn: One of the staves of a hogshead or barrel taken apart. Totten. 6. A shook of staves and headings. Knight. 7. (Zoöl.) Defn: The redshank; -- so called from the nodding of its head while on the ground. [Prov. Eng.] No great shakes, of no great importance. [Slang] Byron. -- The shakes, the fever and ague. [Colloq. U.S.] SHAKEDOWN Shake"down`, n. Defn: A temporary substitute for a bed, as one made on the floor or on chairs; -- perhaps originally from the shaking down of straw for this purpose. Sir W. Scott. SHAKEFORK Shake"fork`, n. Defn: A fork for shaking hay; a pitchfork. [Obs.] SHAKEN Shak"en, a. 1. Caused to shake; agitated; as, a shaken bough. 2. Cracked or checked; split. See Shake, n., 2. Nor is the wood shaken or twisted. Barroe. 3. Impaired, as by a shock. SHAKER Shak"er, n. 1. A person or thing that shakes, or by means of which something is shaken. 2. One of a religious sect who do not marry, popularly so called from the movements of the members in dancing, which forms a part of their worship. Note: The sect originated in England in 1747, and came to the United States in 1774, under the leadership of Mother Ann Lee. The Shakers are sometimes nicknamed Shaking Quakers, but they differ from the Quakers in doctrine and practice. They style themselves the "United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing." The sect is now confined in the United States. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of pigeon. P. J. Selby. SHAKERESS Shak"er*ess, n. Defn: A female Shaker. SHAKERISM Shak"er*ism, n. Defn: Doctrines of the Shakers. SHAKESPEAREAN Shake*spear"e*an, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or in the style of, Shakespeare or his works. [Written also Shakespearian, Shakspearean, Shakspearian, Shaksperean, Shaksperian.etc.] SHAKINESS Shak"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being shaky. SHAKINGS Shak"ings, n. pl. (Naut.) Defn: Deck sweepings, refuse of cordage, canvas, etc. Ham. Nav. Encyc. SHAKO Shak"o, n. Etym: [Hung. csákó: cf. F. shako, schako.] Defn: A kind of military cap or headress. SHAKUDO Shak"u*do", n. [Jap.] Defn: An alloy of copper, invented by the Japanese, having a very dark blue color approaching black. SHAKY Shak"y, a. [Compar. Shakier; superl. Shakiest.] 1. Shaking or trembling; as, a shaky spot in a marsh; a shaky hand. Thackeray. 2. Full of shakes or cracks; cracked; as, shaky timber. Gwilt. 3. Easily shaken; tottering; unsound; as, a shaky constitution; shaky business credit. [Colloq.] SHALE Shale, n. Etym: [AS. scealy, scalu. See Scalme, and cf. Shell.] 1. A shell or husk; a cod or pod. "The green shales of a bean." Chapman. 2. Etym: [G. shale.] (Geol.) Defn: A fine-grained sedimentary rock of a thin, laminated, and often friable, structure. Bituminous shale. See under Bituminous. SHALE Shale, v. t. Defn: To take off the shell or coat of; to shell. Life, in its upper grades, was bursting its shell, or was shaling off its husk. I. Taylor. SHALL Shall, v. i. & auxiliary. [imp. Should.] Etym: [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen, pres. zal, imp. zoude, zou, OHG. solan, scolan, pres. scal, sol. imp. scolta, solta, G. sollen, pres. soll, imp. sollte, Icel. skulu, pres. skal, imp. skyldi, SW. skola, pres. skall, imp. skulle, Dan. skulle, pres. skal, imp. skulde, Goth. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skulda, and to AS. scyld guilt, G. schuld guilt, fault, debt, and perhaps to L. scelus crime.] Note: [Shall is defective, having no infinitive, imperative, or participle.] 1. To owe; to be under obligation for. [Obs.] "By the faith I shall to God" Court of Love. 2. To be obliged; must. [Obs.] "Me athinketh [I am sorry] that I shall rehearse it her." Chaucer. 3. As an auxiliary, shall indicates a duty or necessity whose obligation is derived from the person speaking; as, you shall go; he shall go; that is, I order or promise your going. It thus ordinarily expresses, in the second and third persons, a command, a threat, or a promise. If the auxillary be emphasized, the command is made more imperative, the promise or that more positive and sure. It is also employed in the language of prophecy; as, "the day shall come when . . . , " since a promise or threat and an authoritative prophecy nearly coincide in significance. In shall with the first person, the necessity of the action is sometimes implied as residing elsewhere than in the speaker; as, I shall suffer; we shall see; and there is always a less distinct and positive assertion of his volition than is indicated by will. "I shall go" implies nearly a simple futurity; more exactly, a foretelling or an expectation of my going, in which, naturally enough, a certain degree of plan or intention may be included; emphasize the shall, and the event is described as certain to occur, and the expression approximates in meaning to our emphatic "I will go." In a question, the relation of speaker and source of obligation is of course transferred to the person addressed; as, "Shall you go" (answer, "I shall go"); "Shall he go" i. e., "Do you require or promise his going" (answer, "He shall go".) The same relation is transferred to either second or third person in such phrases as "You say, or think, you shall go;" "He says, or thinks, he shall go." After a conditional conjunction (as if, whether) shall is used in all persons to express futurity simply; as, if I, you, or he shall say they are right. Should is everywhere used in the same connection and the same senses as shall, as its imperfect. It also expresses duty or moral obligation; as, he should do it whether he will or not. In the early English, and hence in our English Bible, shall is the auxiliary mainly used, in all the persons, to express simple futurity. (Cf. Will, v. t.) Shall may be used elliptically; thus, with an adverb or other word expressive of motion go may be omitted. "He to England shall along with you." Shak. Note: Shall and will are often confounded by inaccurate speakers and writers. Say: I shall be glad to see you. Shall I do this Shall I help you (not Will I do this) See Will. SHALLI Shal"li, n. Defn: See Challis. SHALLON Shal"lon, n. (Bot.) Defn: An evergreen shrub (Gaultheria Shallon) of Northwest America; also, its fruit. See Salal-berry. SHALLOON Shal*loon", n. Etym: [F. chalon, from Châlons, in France, where it was first made.] Defn: A thin, loosely woven, twilled worsted stuff. In blue shalloon shall Hannibal be clad. Swift. SHALLOP Shal"lop, n. Etym: [F. chaloupe, probably from D. sloep. Cf. Sloop.] (Naut.) Defn: A boat. [She] thrust the shallop from the floating strand. Spenser. Note: The term shallop is applied to boats of all sizes, from a light canoe up to a large boat with masts and sails. SHALLOT Shal*lot", n. Etym: [OF. eschalote (for escalone), F. échalote. See Scallion, and cf. Eschalot.] (Bot.) Defn: A small kind of onion (Allium Ascalonicum) growing in clusters, and ready for gathering in spring; a scallion, or eschalot. SHALLOW Shal"low, a. [Compar. Shallower; superl. Shallowest.] Etym: [OE. schalowe, probably originally, sloping or shelving; cf. Icel. skjalgr wry, squinting, AS. sceolh, D. & G. scheel, OHG. schelah. Cf. Shelve to slope, Shoal shallow.] 1. Not deep; having little depth; shoal. "Shallow brooks, and rivers wide." Milton. 2. Not deep in tone. [R.] The sound perfecter and not so shallow and jarring. Bacon. 3. Not intellectually deep; not profound; not penetrating deeply; simple; not wise or knowing; ignorant; superficial; as, a shallow mind; shallow learning. The king was neither so shallow, nor so ill advertised, as not to perceive the intention of the French king. Bacon. Deep versed in books, and shallow in himself. Milton. SHALLOW Shal"low, n. 1. A place in a body of water where the water is not deep; a shoal; a flat; a shelf. A swift stream is not heard in the channel, but upon shallows of gravel. Bacon. Dashed on the shallows of the moving sand. Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The rudd. [Prov. Eng.] SHALLOW Shal"low, v. t. Defn: To make shallow. Sir T. Browne. SHALLOW Shal"low, v. i. Defn: To become shallow, as water. SHALLOW-BODIED Shal"low-bod`ied, a. (Naut.) Defn: Having a moderate depth of hold; -- said of a vessel. SHALLOW-BRAINED Shal"low-brained`, a. Defn: Weak in intellect; foolish; empty-headed. South. SHALLOW-HEARTED Shal"low-heart`ed, a. Defn: Incapable of deep feeling. Tennyson. SHALLOWLY Shal"low*ly, adv. Defn: In a shallow manner. SHALLOWNESS Shal"low*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being shallow. SHALLOW-PATED Shal"low-pat`ed, a. Defn: Shallow-brained. SHALLOW-WAISTED Shal"low-waist`ed, a. (Naut.) Defn: Having a flush deck, or with only a moderate depression amidships; -- said of a vessel. SHALM Shalm, n. Defn: See Shawm. [Obs.] Knolles. SHALT Shalt, Defn: 2d per. sing. of Shall. SHALY Shal"y, a. Defn: Resembling shale in structure. SHAM Sham, n. Etym: [Originally the same word as shame, hence, a disgrace, a trick. See Shame, n.] 1. That which deceives expectation; any trick, fraud, or device that deludes and disappoint; a make-believe; delusion; imposture, humbug. "A mere sham." Bp. Stillingfleet. Believe who will the solemn sham, not I. Addison. 2. A false front, or removable ornamental covering. Pillow sham, a covering to be laid on a pillow. SHAM Sham, a. Defn: False; counterfeit; pretended; feigned; unreal; as, a sham fight. They scorned the sham independence proffered to them by the Athenians. Jowett (Thucyd) SHAM Sham, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shammed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shamming.] 1. To trick; to cheat; to deceive or delude with false pretenses. Fooled and shammed into a conviction. L'Estrange. 2. To obtrude by fraud or imposition. [R.] We must have a care that we do not . . . sham fallacies upon the world for current reason. L'Estrange. 3. To assume the manner and character of; to imitate; to ape; to feign. To sham Abram or Abraham, to feign sickness; to malinger. Hence a malingerer is called, in sailors' cant, Sham Abram, or Sham Abraham. SHAM Sham, v. i. Defn: To make false pretenses; to deceive; to feign; to impose. Wondering . . . whether those who lectured him were such fools as they professed to be, or were only shamming. Macaulay. SHAMA Sha"ma, n. Etym: [Hind. shama.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A saxicoline singing bird (Kittacincla macroura) of India, noted for the sweetness and power of its song. In confinement it imitates the notes of other birds and various animals with accuracy. Its head, neck, back, breast, and tail are glossy black, the rump white, the under parts chestnut. SHAMAN Sha"man, n. Etym: [From the native name.] Defn: A priest of Shamanism; a wizard among the Shamanists. SHAMANIC Sha*man"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Shamanism. SHAMANISM Sha"man*ism, n. Defn: The type of religion which once prevalied among all the Ural- Altaic peoples (Tungusic, Mongol, and Turkish), and which still survives in various parts of Northern Asia. The Shaman, or wizard priest, deals with good as well as with evil spirits, especially the good spirits of ancestors. Encyc. Brit. SHAMANIST Sha"man*ist, n. Defn: An adherent of Shamanism. SHAMBLE Sham"ble, n. Etym: [OE. schamel a bench, stool, AS. scamel, sceamol, a bench, form, stool, fr. L. scamellum, dim. of scamnum a bench, stool.] 1. (Mining) Defn: One of a succession of niches or platforms, one above another, to hold ore which is thrown successively from platform to platform, and thus raised to a higher level. 2. pl. Defn: A place where butcher's meat is sold. As summer flies are in the shambles. Shak. 3. pl. Defn: A place for slaughtering animals for meat. To make a shambles of the parliament house. Shak. SHAMBLE Sham"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shambled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shambling.] Etym: [Cf. OD. schampelen to slip, schampen to slip away, escape. Cf. Scamble, Scamper.] Defn: To walk awkwardly and unsteadily, as if the knees were weak; to shuffle along. SHAMBLING Sham"bling, a. Defn: Characterized by an awkward, irregular pace; as, a shambling trot; shambling legs. SHAMBLING Sham"bling, n. Defn: An awkward, irregular gait. SHAME Shame, n. Etym: [OE. shame, schame, AS. scamu, sceamu; akin to OS. & OHG. scama, G. scham, Icel. skömm, shkamm, Sw. & Dan. skam, D. & G. schande, Goth. skanda shame, skaman sik to be ashamed; perhaps from a root skam meaning to cover, and akin to the root (kam) of G. hemd shirt, E. chemise. Cf. Sham.] 1. A painful sensation excited by a consciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of having done something which injures reputation, or of the exposure of that which nature or modesty prompts us to conceal. HIde, for shame, Romans, your grandsires' images, That blush at their degenerate progeny. Dryden. Have you no modesty, no maiden shame Shak. 2. Reproach incurred or suffered; dishonor; ignominy; derision; contempt. Ye have borne the shame of the heathen. Ezek. xxxvi. 6. Honor and shame from no condition rise. Pope. And every woe a tear can claim Except an erring sister's shame. Byron. 3. The cause or reason of shame; that which brings reproach, and degrades a person in the estimation of others; disgrace. O Cshame is this! Shak. Guides who are the shame of religion. Shak. 4. The parts which modesty requires to be covered; the private parts. Isa. xlvii. 3. For shame! you should be ashamed; shame on you! -- To put to shame, to cause to feel shame; to humiliate; to disgrace. "Let them be driven backward and put to shame that wish me evil." Ps. xl. 14. SHAME Shame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shaming.] 1. To make ashamed; to excite in (a person) a comsciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of conduct derogatory to reputation; to put to shame. Were there but one righteous in the world, he would . . . shame the world, and not the world him. South. 2. To cover with reproach or ignominy; to dishonor; to disgrace. And with foul cowardice his carcass shame. Spenser. 3. To mock at; to deride. [Obs. or R.] Ye have shamed the counsel of the poor. Ps. xiv. 6. SHAME Shame, v. i. Etym: [AS. scamian, sceamian. See Shame, n.] Defn: To be ashamed; to feel shame. [R.] I do shame To think of what a noble strain you are. Shak. SHAMEFACED Shame"faced`, a. Etym: [For shamefast; AS. scamf. See Shame, n., and Fast firm.] Defn: Easily confused or put out of countenance; diffident; bashful; modest. Your shamefaced virtue shunned the people's prise. Dryden. Note: Shamefaced was once shamefast, shamefacedness was shamefastness, like steadfast and steadfastness; but the ordinary manifestations of shame being by the face, have brought it to its present orthography. Trench. -- Shame"faced, adv. -- Shame"faced`ness, n. SHAMEFAST Shame"fast, a. Etym: [AS. scamfæst.] Defn: Modest; shamefaced. -- Shame"fast*ly, adv. -- Shame"fast*ness, n. [Archaic] See Shamefaced. Shamefast she was in maiden shamefastness. Chaucer. [Conscience] is a blushing shamefast spirit. Shak. Modest apparel with shamefastness. 1 Tim. ii. 9 (Rev. Ver.). SHAMEFUL Shame"ful, a. 1. Bringing shame or disgrace; injurious to reputation; disgraceful. His naval preparations were not more surprising than his quick and shameful retreat. Arbuthnot. 2. Exciting the feeling of shame in others; indecent; as, a shameful picture; a shameful sight. Spenser. Syn. -- Disgraceful; reproachful; indecent; unbecoming; degrading; scandalous; ignominious; infamous. -- Shame"ful*ly, adv. -- Shame"ful*ness, n. SHAMELESS Shame"less, a. Etym: [AS. scamleás.] 1. Destitute of shame; wanting modesty; brazen-faced; insensible to disgrace. "Such shameless bards we have." Pope. Shame enough to shame thee, wert thou not shameless. Shak. 2. Indicating want of modesty, or sensibility to disgrace; indecent; as, a shameless picture or poem. Syn. -- Impudent; unblushing; audacious; immodest; indecent; indelicate. -- Shame"less*ly, adv. -- Shame"less*ness, n. SHAME-PROOF Shame"-proof`, n. Defn: Shameless. Shak. SHAMER Sham"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, disgraces, or makes ashamed. Beau & Fl. SHAMMER Sham"mer, n. Defn: One who shams; an impostor. Johnson. SHAMMY Sham"my, n. Etym: [F. chamious a chamois, shammy leather. See Chamois.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chamois. 2. A soft, pliant leather, prepared originally from the skin of the chamois, but now made also from the skin of the sheep, goat, kid, deer, and calf. See Shamoying. [Written also chamois, shamoy, and shamois.] SHAMOIS; SHAMOY Sham"ois, Sham"oy, n. Defn: See Shammy. SHAMOYING Sha*moy"ing, n. Etym: [See Shammy.] Defn: A process used in preparing certain kinds of leather, which consists in frizzing the skin, and working oil into it to supply the place of the astringent (tannin, alum, or the like) ordinarily used in tanning. SHAMPOO Sham*poo", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shampooed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shampooing.] Etym: [Hind. champna to press, to squeeze.] [Writing also champoo.] 1. To press or knead the whole surface of the body of (a person), and at the same time to stretch the limbs and joints, in connection with the hot bath. 2. To wash throughly and rub the head of (a person), with the fingers, using either soap, or a soapy preparation, for the more thorough cleansing. SHAMPOO Sham*poo", n. Defn: The act of shampooing. SHAMPOOER Sham*poo"er, n. Defn: One who shampoos. SHAMROCK Sham"rock, n. Etym: [L. seamrog, seamar, trefoil, white clover, white honeysuckle; akin to Gael. seamrag.] (Bot.) Defn: A trifoliate plant used as a national emblem by the Irish. The legend is that St. Patrick once plucked a leaf of it for use in illustrating the doctrine of the trinity. Note: The original plant was probably a kind of wood sorrel (Oxalis Acetocella); but now the name is given to the white clover (Trifolium repens), and the black medic (Medicago lupulina). SHANDRYDAN Shan"dry*dan, n. Defn: A jocosely depreciative name for a vehicle. [Ireland] SHANDYGAFF Shan"dy*gaff (, n. Defn: A mixture of strong beer and ginger beer. [Eng.] SHANGHAI Shang`hai", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shanghaied; p. pr. & vb. n. Shanghaiing.] Defn: To intoxicate and ship (a person) as a sailor while in this condition. [Written also shanghae.] [Slang, U.S.] SHANGHAI Shang`hai", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large and tall breed of domestic fowl. SHANK Shank, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Chank. SHANK Shank, n. Etym: [OE. shanke, schanke, schonke, AS. scanca, sceanca, sconca, sceonca; akin to D. schonk a bone, G. schenkel thigh, shank, schinken ham, OHG. scincha shank, Dan. & Sw. skank. sq. root161. Cf. Skink, v.] 1. The part of the leg from the knee to the foot; the shin; the shin bone; also, the whole leg. His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide For his shrunk shank. Shak. 2. Hence, that part of an instrument, tool, or other thing, which connects the acting part with a handle or other part, by which it is held or moved. Specifically: (a) That part of a key which is between the bow and the part which enters the wards of the lock. (b) The middle part of an anchor, or that part which is between the ring and the arms. See Illustr. of Anchor. (c) That part of a hoe, rake, knife, or the like, by which it is secured to a handle. (d) A loop forming an eye to a button. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The space between two channels of the Doric triglyph. Gwilt. 4. (Founding) Defn: A large ladle for molten metal, fitted with long bars for handling it. 5. (Print.) Defn: The body of a type. 6. (Shoemaking) Defn: The part of the sole beneath the instep connecting the broader front part with the heel. 7. (Zoöl.) Defn: A wading bird with long legs; as, the green-legged shank, or knot; the yellow shank, or tattler; -- called also shanks. 8. pl. Defn: Flat-nosed pliers, used by opticians for nipping off the edges of pieces of glass to make them round. Shank painter (Naut.), a short rope or chain which holds the shank of an anchor against the side of a vessel when it is secured for a voyage. -- To ride shank's mare, to go on foot; to walk. SHANK Shank, v. i. Defn: To fall off, as a leaf, flower, or capsule, on account of disease affecting the supporting footstalk; -- usually followed by off. Darwin. SHANKBEER Shank"beer`, n. Defn: See Schenkbeer. SHANKED Shanked, a. Defn: Having a shank. SHANKER Shank"er, n. (Med.) Defn: See Chancre. SHANNY Shan"ny, n.; pl. Shannies. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European smooth blenny (Blennius pholis). It is olive-green with irregular black spots, and without appendages on the head. SHAN'T Shan't. Defn: A contraction of shall not. [Colloq.] SHANTY Shan"ty, a. Defn: Jaunty; showy. [Prov. Eng.] SHANTY Shan"ty, n.;pl. Shanties. Etym: [Said to be fr. Ir. sean old + tig. a house.] Defn: A small, mean dwelling; a rough, slight building for temporary use; a hut. SHANTY Shan"ty, v. i. Defn: To inhabit a shanty. S. H. Hammond. SHAPABLE Shap"a*ble, a. 1. That may be shaped. 2. Shapely. [R.] "Round and shapable." De Foe. SHAPE Shape, v. t. [imp. Shaped; p. p. Shaped or Shapen; p. pr. & vb. n. Shaping.] Etym: [OE. shapen, schapen, AS. sceapian. The p. p. shapen is from the strong verb, AS. scieppan, scyppan, sceppan, p. p. sceapen. See Shape, n.] 1. To form or create; especially, to mold or make into a particular form; to give proper form or figure to. I was shapen in iniquity. Ps. li. 5. Grace shaped her limbs, and beauty decked her face. Prior. 2. To adapt to a purpose; to regulate; to adjust; to direct; as, to shape the course of a vessel. To the stream, when neither friends, nor force, Nor spead nor art avail, he shapes his course. Denham. Charmed by their eyes, their manners I acqire, And shape my foolishness to their desire. Prior. 3. To image; to conceive; to body forth. Oft my jealousy Shapes faults that are not. Shak. 4. To design; to prepare; to plan; to arrange. When shapen was all this conspiracy, From point to point. Chaucer. Shaping machine. (Mach.) Same as Shaper. -- To shape one's self, to prepare; to make ready. [Obs.] I will early shape me therefor. Chaucer. SHAPE Shape, v. i. Defn: To suit; to be adjusted or conformable. [R.] Shak. SHAPE Shape, n. Etym: [OE. shap, schap, AS. sceap in gesceap creation, creature, fr. the root of scieppan, scyppan, sceppan, to shape, to do, to effect; akin to OS. giskeppian, OFries. skeppa, D. scheppen, G. schaffen, OHG. scaffan, scepfen, skeffen, Icer. skapa, skepja, Dan. skabe, skaffe, Sw. skapa, skaffa, Goth. gaskapjan, and perhaps to E. shave, v. Cf. -ship.] 1. Character or construction of a thing as determining its external appearance; outward aspect; make; figure; form; guise; as, the shape of a tree; the shape of the head; an elegant shape. He beat me grievously, in the shape of a woman. Shak. 2. That which has form or figure; a figure; an appearance; a being. Before the gates three sat, On either side, a formidable shape. Milton. 3. A model; a pattern; a mold. 4. Form of embodiment, as in words; form, as of thought or conception; concrete embodiment or example, as of some quality. Milton. 5. Dress for disguise; guise. [Obs.] Look better on this virgin, and consider This Persian shape laid by, and she appearing In a Greekish dress. Messinger. 6. (Iron Manuf.) (a) A rolled or hammered piece, as a bar, beam, angle iron, etc., having a cross section different from merchant bar. (b) A piece which has been roughly forged nearly to the form it will receive when completely forged or fitted. To take shape, to assume a definite form. SHAPELESS Shape"less, a. Defn: Destitute of shape or regular form; wanting symmetry of dimensions; misshapen; -- opposed to Ant: shapely. -- Shape"less*ness, n. The shapeless rock, or hanging precipice. Pope. SHAPELINESS Shape"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being shapely. SHAPELY Shape"ly, a. [Compar. Shapelier; superl. Shapeliest.] 1. Well-formed; having a regular shape; comely; symmetrical. T. Warton. Waste sandy valleys, once perplexed with thorn, The spiry fir and shapely box adorn. Pope. Where the shapely column stood. Couper. 2. Fit; suitable. [Obs.] Shaply for to be an alderman. Chaucer. SHAPER Shap"er, n. 1. One who shapes; as, the shaper of one's fortunes. The secret of those old shapers died with them. Lowell. 2. That which shapes; a machine for giving a particular form or outline to an object. Specifically; (a) (Metal Working) A kind of planer in which the tool, instead of the work, receives a reciprocating motion, usually from a crank. (b) (Wood Working) A machine with a vertically revolving cutter projecting above a flat table top, for cutting irregular outlines, moldings, etc. SHAPOO Sha"poo, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The oörial. SHAPS Shaps, n. pl. [Shortened fr. chaparajos. Cf. Chaps.] Defn: Chaparajos. [Western U. S.] A pair of gorgeous buckskin shaps, embroidered up the sides and adorned with innumerable ermine skins. The Century. SHARD Shard, n. Defn: A plant; chard. [Obs.] Dryden. SHARD Shard, n. Etym: [AS. sceard, properly a p. p. from the root of scearn to shear, to cut; akin to D. schaard a fragment, G. scharte a notch, Icel. skar. See Shear, and cf. Sherd.] [Written also sheard, and sherd.] 1. A piece or fragment of an earthen vessel, or a like brittle substance, as the shell of an egg or snail. Shak. The precious dish Broke into shards of beauty on the board. E. Arnold. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hard wing case of a beetle. They are his shards, and he their beetle. Shak. 3. A gap in a fence. [Obs.] Stanyhurst. 4. A boundary; a division. [Obs. & R.] Spenser. SHARD-BORNE Shard"-borne`, a. Defn: Borne on shards or scaly wing cases. "The shard-borne beetle." Shak. SHARDED Shard"ed, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having elytra, as a beetle. SHARDY Shard"y, a. Defn: Having, or consisting of, shards. SHARE Share, n. Etym: [OE. schar, AS. scear; akin to OHG. scaro, G. schar, pflugshar, and E. shear, v. See Shear.] 1. The part (usually an iron or steel plate) of a plow which cuts the ground at the bottom of a furrow; a plowshare. 2. The part which opens the ground for the reception of the seed, in a machine for sowing seed. Knight. SHARE Share, n. Etym: [OE. share, AS. scearu, scaru, fr. sceran to shear, cut. See Shear, v.] 1. A certain quantity; a portion; a part; a division; as, a small share of prudence. 2. Especially, the part allotted or belonging to one, of any property or interest owned by a number; a portion among others; an apportioned lot; an allotment; a dividend. "My share of fame." Dryden. 3. Hence, one of a certain number of equal portions into which any property or invested capital is divided; as, a ship owned in ten shares. 4. The pubes; the sharebone. [Obs.] Holland. To go shares, to partake; to be equally concerned. -- Share and share alike, in equal shares. SHARE Share, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shared; p. pr. & vb. n. Sharing.] 1. To part among two or more; to distribute in portions; to divide. Suppose I share my fortune equally between my children and a stranger. Swift. 2. To partake of, use, or experience, with others; to have a portion of; to take and possess in common; as, to share a shelter with another. While avarice and rapine share the land. Milton. 3. To cut; to shear; to cleave; to divide. [Obs.] The shared visage hangs on equal sides. Dryden. SHARE Share, v. i. Defn: To have part; to receive a portion; to partake, enjoy, or suffer with others. A right of inheritance gave every one a title to share in the goods of his father. Locke. SHAREBEAM Share"beam`, n. Defn: The part of the plow to which the share is attached. SHAREBONE Share"bone`, n. (Anat.) Defn: The public bone. SHAREBROKER Share"bro`ker, n. Defn: A broker who deals in railway or other shares and securities. SHAREHOLDER Share"hold`er, n. Defn: One who holds or owns a share or shares in a joint fund or property. SHARER Shar"er, n. Defn: One who shares; a participator; a partaker; also, a divider; a distributer. SHAREWORT Share"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A composite plant (Aster Tripolium) growing along the seacoast of Europe. SHARK Shark, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin; perhaps through OF. fr. carcharus a kind of dogfish, Gr. Shark, v. t.&i.); cf. Corn. scarceas.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of elasmobranch fishes of the order Plagiostomi, found in all seas. Note: Some sharks, as the basking shark and the whale shark, grow to an enormous size, the former becoming forty feet or more, and the latter sixty feet or more, in length. Most of them are harmless to man, but some are exceedingly voracious. The man-eating sharks mostly belong to the genera Carcharhinus, Carcharodon, and related genera. They have several rows of large sharp teeth with serrated edges, as the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias, or Rondeleti) of tropical seas, and the great blue shark (Carcharhinus glaucus) of all tropical and temperate seas. The former sometimes becomes thirty-six feet long, and is the most voracious and dangerous species known. The rare man-eating shark of the United States coast (Charcarodon Atwoodi) is thought by some to be a variety, or the young, of C. carcharias. The dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus), and the smaller blue shark (C. caudatus), both common species on the coast of the United States, are of moderate size and not dangerous. They feed on shellfish and bottom fishes. 2. A rapacious, artful person; a sharper. [Colloq.] 3. Trickery; fraud; petty rapine; as, to live upon the shark. [Obs.] South. Baskin shark, Liver shark, Nurse shark, Oil shark, Sand shark, Tiger shark, etc. See under Basking, Liver, etc. See also Dogfish, Houndfish, Notidanian, and Tope. -- Gray shark, the sand shark. -- Hammer-headed shark. See Hammerhead. -- Port Jackson shark. See Cestraciont. -- Shark barrow, the eggcase of a shark; a sea purse. -- Shark ray. Same as Angel fish (a), under Angel. -- Thrasher shark, or Thresher shark, a large, voracious shark. See Thrasher. -- Whale shark, a huge harmless shark (Rhinodon typicus) of the Indian Ocean. It becomes sixty feet or more in length, but has very small teeth. SHARK Shark, v. t. Etym: [Of uncertain origin; perhaps fr. shark, n., or perhaps related to E. shear (as hearken to hear), and originally meaning, to clip off. Cf. Shirk.] Defn: To pick or gather indiscriminately or covertly. [Obs.] Shak. SHARK Shark, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sharked; p. pr. & vb. n. Sharking.] 1. To play the petty thief; to practice fraud or trickery; to swindle. Neither sharks for a cup or a reckoning. Bp. Earle. 2. To live by shifts and stratagems. Beau & Fl. SHARKER Shark"er, n. Defn: One who lives by sharking. SHARKING Shark"ing, n. Defn: Petty rapine; trick; also, seeking a livelihood by shifts and dishonest devices. SHAROCK Shar"ock, n. Defn: An East Indian coin of the value of 12 SHARP Sharp, a. [Compar. Sharper; superl. Sharpest.] Etym: [OE. sharp, scharp, scarp, AS. scearp; akin to OS. skarp, LG. scharp, D. scherp, G. scharf, Dan. & Sw. skarp, Icel. skarpr. Cf. Escarp, Scrape, Scorpion.] 1. Having a very thin edge or fine point; of a nature to cut or pierce easily; not blunt or dull; keen. He dies upon my scimeter's sharp point. Shak. 2. Terminating in a point or edge; not obtuse or rounded; somewhat pointed or edged; peaked or ridged; as, a sharp hill; sharp features. 3. Affecting the sense as if pointed or cutting, keen, penetrating, acute: to the taste or smell, pungent, acid, sour, as ammonia has a sharp taste and odor; to the hearing, piercing, shrill, as a sharp sound or voice; to the eye, instantaneously brilliant, dazzling, as a sharp flash. 4. (Mus.) (a) High in pitch; acute; as, a sharp note or tone. (b) Raised a semitone in pitch; as, C sharp (C#), which is a half step, or semitone, higher than C. (c) So high as to be out of tune, or above true pitch; as, the tone is sharp; that instrument is sharp. Opposed in all these senses to Ant: flat. 5. Very trying to the feelings; pierching; keen; severe; painful; distressing; as, sharp pain, weather; a sharp and frosty air. Sharp misery had worn him to the bones. Shak. The morning sharp and clear. Cowper. In sharpest perils faithful proved. Keble. 6. Cutting in language or import; biting; sarcastic; cruel; harsh; rigorous; severe; as, a sharp rebuke. "That sharp look." Tennyson. To that place the sharp Athenian law Can not pursue us. Shak. Be thy words severe, Sharp as merits but the sword forbear. Dryden. 7. Of keen perception; quick to discern or distinguish; having nice discrimination; acute; penetrating; sagacious; clever; as, a sharp eye; sharp sight, hearing, or judgment. Nothing makes men sharper . . . than want. Addison. Many other things belong to the material world, wherein the sharpest philosophers have never yeL. Watts. 8. Eager in pursuit; keen in quest; impatient for gratification; keen; as, a sharp appetite. 9. Fierce; ardent; fiery; violent; impetuous. "In sharp contest of battle." Milton. A sharp assault already is begun. Dryden. 10. Keenly or unduly attentive to one's own interest; close and exact in dealing; shrewd; as, a sharp dealer; a sharp customer. The necessity of being so sharp and exacting. Swift. 11. Composed of hard, angular grains; gritty; as, sharp sand. Moxon. 12. Steep; precipitous; abrupt; as, a sharp ascent or descent; a sharp turn or curve. 13. (Phonetics) Defn: Uttered in a whisper, or with the breath alone, without voice, as certain consonants, such as p, k, t, f; surd; nonvocal; aspirated. Note: Sharp is often used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, sharp-cornered, sharp-edged, sharp-pointed, sharp- tasted, sharp-visaged, etc. Sharp practice, the getting of an advantage, or the attempt to do so, by a tricky expedient. -- To brace sharp, or To sharp up (Naut.), to turn the yards to the most oblique position possible, that the ship may lie well up to the wind. Syn. -- Keen; acute; piercing; penetrating; quick; sagacious; discerning; shrewd; witty; ingenious; sour; acid; tart; pungent; acrid; severe; poignant; biting; acrimonious; sarcastic; cutting; bitter; painful; afflictive; violent; harsh; fierce; ardent; fiery. SHARP Sharp, adv. 1. To a point or edge; piercingly; eagerly; sharply. M. Arnold. The head [of a spear] full sharp yground. Chaucer. You bite so sharp at reasons. Shak. 2. Precisely; exactly; as, we shall start at ten o'clock sharp. [Colloq.] Look sharp, attend; be alert. [Colloq.] SHARP Sharp, n. 1. A sharp tool or weapon. [Obs.] If butchers had but the manners to go to sharps, gentlemen would be contented with a rubber at cuffs. Collier. 2. (Mus.) (a) The character [#] used to indicate that the note before which it is placed is to be raised a half step, or semitone, in pitch. (b) A sharp tone or note. Shak. 3. A portion of a stream where the water runs very rapidly. [Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley. 4. A sewing needle having a very slender point; a needle of the most pointed of the three grades, blunts, betweens, and sharps. 5. pl. Defn: Same as Middlings, 1. 6. An expert. [Slang] SHARP Sharp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sharped; p. pr. & vb. n. Sharping.] 1. To sharpen. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (Mus.) Defn: To raise above the proper pitch; to elevate the tone of; especially, to raise a half step, or semitone, above the natural tone. SHARP Sharp, v. i. 1. To play tricks in bargaining; to act the sharper. L'Estrange. 2. (Mus.) Defn: To sing above the proper pitch. SHARP-CUT Sharp-cut`, a. Defn: Cut sharply or definitely, or so as to make a clear, well- defined impression, as the lines of an engraved plate, and the like; clear-cut; hence, having great distinctness; well-defined; clear. SHARPEN Sharp"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sarpened; p. pr. & vb. n. Sharpening.] Etym: [See Sharp, a.] Defn: To make sharp. Specifically: (a) To give a keen edge or fine point to; to make sharper; as, to sharpen an ax, or the teeth of a saw. (b) To render more quick or acute in perception; to make more ready or ingenious. The air . . . sharpened his visual ray To objects distant far. Milton. He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our skill. Burke. (c) To make more eager; as, to sharpen men's desires. Epicurean cooks Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite. Shak. (d) To make more pungent and intense; as, to sharpen a pain or disease. (e) To make biting, sarcastic, or severe. "Sharpen each word." E. Smith. (f) To render more shrill or piercing. Inclosures not only preserve sound, but increase and sharpen it. Bacon. (g) To make more tart or acid; to make sour; as, the rays of the sun sharpen vinegar. (h) (Mus. ) To raise, as a sound, by means of a sharp; to apply a sharp to. SHARPEN Sharp"en, v. i. Defn: To grow or become sharp. SHARPER Sharp"er, n. Defn: A person who bargains closely, especially, one who cheats in bargains; a swinder; also, a cheating gamester. Sharpers, as pikes, prey upon their own kind. L'Estrange. Syn. -- Swindler; cheat; deceiver; trickster; rogue. See Swindler. SHARPIE Sharp"ie, n. (Naut.) Defn: A long, sharp, flat-bottomed boat, with one or two masts carrying a triangular sail. They are often called Fair Haven sharpies, after the place on the coast of Connecticut where they originated. [Local, U.S.] SHARPLING Sharp"ling, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A stickleback. [Prov. Eng.] SHARPLY Sharp"ly, adv. Defn: In a sharp manner,; keenly; acutely. They are more sharply to be chastised and reformed than the rude Irish. Spenser. The soldiers were sharply assailed with wants. Hayward. You contract your eye when you would see sharply. Bacon. SHARPNESS Sharp"ness, n. Etym: [AS. scearpness.] Defn: The quality or condition of being sharp; keenness; acuteness. SHARPSAW Sharp"saw`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The great titmouse; -- so called from its harsh call notes. [Prov. Eng.] SHARP-SET Sharp"-set`, a. Defn: Eager in appetite or desire of gratification; affected by keen hunger; ravenous; as, an eagle or a lion sharp-set. The town is sharp-set on new plays. Pope. SHARPSHOOTER Sharp"shoot`er, n. Defn: One skilled in shooting at an object with exactness; a good marksman. SHARPSHOOTING Sharp"shoot`ing, n. Defn: A shooting with great precision and effect; hence, a keen contest of wit or argument. SHARP-SIGHTED Sharp"-sight`ed, a. Defn: Having quick or acute sight; -- used literally and figuratively. -- Sharp`-sight`ed*ness, n. SHARPTAIL Sharp"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail duck. (b) The pintail grouse, or prairie chicken. SHARP-WITTED Sharp"-wit`ted, a. Defn: Having an acute or nicely discerning mind. SHASH Shash, n. Etym: [See Sash.] 1. The scarf of a turban. [Obs.] Fuller. 2. A sash. [Obs.] SHASTA Shas"ta, n. Defn: A mountain peak, etc., in California. SHASTA DAISY Shasta daisy. Defn: A large-flowered garden variety of the oxeye daisy. SHASTA FIR Shasta fir. Defn: A Californian fir (Abies shastensis). SHASTA SAM Shasta Sam. (Card Playing) Defn: A game like California Jack, except that the pack drawn from is turned face down. SHASTER; SHASTRA Shas"ter, Shas"tra, n. Etym: [Skr. castra an order or command, a sacred book, fr. cas to order, instruct, govern. Cf. Sastra.] Defn: A treatise for authoritative instruction among the Hindoos; a book of institutes; especially, a treatise explaining the Vedas. [Written also sastra.] SHATHMONT Shath"mont (, n. Defn: A shaftment. [Scot.] SHATTER Shat"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shattered; p. pr. & vb. n. Shattering.] Etym: [OE. schateren, scateren, to scatter, to dash, AS. scateran; cf. D. schateren to crack, to make a great noise, OD. schetteren to scatter, to burst, to crack. Cf. Scatter.] 1. To break at once into many pieces; to dash, burst, or part violently into fragments; to rend into splinters; as, an explosion shatters a rock or a bomb; too much steam shatters a boiler; an oak is shattered by lightning. A monarchy was shattered to pieces, and divided amongst revolted subjects. Locke. 2. To disorder; to derange; to render unsound; as, to be shattered in intellect; his constitution was shattered; his hopes were shattered. A man of a loose, volatile, and shattered humor. Norris. 3. To scatter about. [Obs.] Shatter your leaves before the mellowing year. Milton. SHATTER Shat"ter, v. i. Defn: To be broken into fragments; to fal Some fragile bodies break but where the force is; some shatter and fly in many places. Bacon. SHATTER Shat"ter, n. Defn: A fragment of anything shattered; -- used chiefly or soley in the phrase into shatters; as, to break a glass into shatters. Swift. SHATTER-BRAINED; SHATTER-PATED Shat"ter-brained`, Shat"ter-pat`ed, a. Defn: Disordered or wandering in intellect; hence, heedless; wild. J. Goodman. SHATTERY Shat"ter*y, a. Defn: Easily breaking into pieces; not compact; loose of texture; brittle; as, shattery spar. SHAVE Shave, Defn: obs. p. p. of Shave. Chaucer. His beard was shave as nigh as ever he can. Chaucer. SHAVE Shave, v. t. [imp. Shaved;p. p. Shaved or Shaven (; p. pr. & vb. n. Shaving.] Etym: [OE. shaven, schaven, AS. scafan, sceafan; akin to D. schaven, G. schaben, Icel. skafa, Sw. skafva, Dan. skave, Goth. scaban, Russ. kopate to dig, Gr. scabere to scratch, to scrape. Cf. Scab, Shaft, Shape.] 1. To cut or pare off from the surface of a body with a razor or other edged instrument; to cut off closely, as with a razor; as, to shave the beard. 2. To make bare or smooth by cutting off closely the surface, or surface covering, of; especially, to remove the hair from with a razor or other sharp instrument; to take off the beard or hair of; as, to shave the face or the crown of the head; he shaved himself. I'll shave your crown for this. Shak. The laborer with the bending scythe is seen Shaving the surface of the waving green. Gay. 3. To cut off thin slices from; to cut in thin slices. Plants bruised or shaven in leaf or root. Bacon. 4. To skim along or near the surface of; to pass close to, or touch lightly, in passing. Now shaves with level wing the deep. Milton. 5. To strip; to plunder; to fleece. [Colloq.] To shave a note, to buy it at a discount greater than the legal rate of interest, or to deduct in discounting it more than the legal rate allows. [Cant, U.S.] SHAVE Shave, v. i. Defn: To use a razor for removing the beard; to cut closely; hence, to be hard and severe in a bargain; to practice extortion; to cheat. SHAVE Shave, n. Etym: [AS. scafa, sceafa, a sort of knife. See Shave, v. t.] 1. A thin slice; a shaving. Wright. 2. A cutting of the beard; the operation of shaving. 3. (a) An exorbitant discount on a note. [Cant, U.S.] (b) A premium paid for an extension of the time of delivery or payment, or for the right to vary a stock contract in any particular. [Cant, U.S.] N. Biddle. 4. A hand tool consisting of a sharp blade with a handle at each end; a drawing knife; a spokeshave. 5. The act of passing very near to, so as almost to graze; as, the bullet missed by a close shave. [Colloq.] Shave grass (Bot.), the scouring rush. See the Note under Equisetum. -- Shave hook, a tool for scraping metals, consisting of a sharp- edged triangular steel plate attached to a shank and handle. SHAVELING Shave"ling, n. Defn: A man shaved; hence, a monk, or other religious; -- used in contempt. I am no longer a shaveling than while my frock is on my back. Sir W. Scott. SHAVER Shav"er, n. 1. One who shaves; one whose occupation is to shave. 2. One who is close in bargains; a sharper. Swift. 3. One who fleeces; a pillager; a plunderer. By these shavers the Turks were stripped. Knolles. 4. A boy; a lad; a little fellow. [Colloq.] "These unlucky little shavers." Salmagundi. As I have mentioned at the door to this young shaver, I am on a chase in the name of the king. Dickens. 5. (Mech.) Defn: A tool or machine for shaving. A note shaver, a person who buys notes at a discount greater than the legal rate of interest. [Cant, U.S.] SHAVING Shav"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, shaves; specifically, the act of cutting off the beard with a razor. 2. That which is shaved off; a thin slice or strip pared off with a shave, a knife, a plane, or other cutting instrument. "Shaving of silver." Chaucer. Shaving brush, a brush used in lathering the face preparatory to shaving it. SHAW Shaw, n. Etym: [OE. schawe, scha, thicket, grove, AS. scaga; akin to Dan. skov, Sw. skog, Icel. sk.] 1. A thicket; a small wood or grove. [Obs. or Prov.Eng. & Scot.] Burns. Gaillard he was as goldfinch in the shaw. Chaucer. The green shaws, the merry green woods. Howitt. 2. pl. Defn: The leaves and tops of vegetables, as of potatoes, turnips, etc. [Scot.] Jamieson. SHAWFOWL Shaw"fowl`, n. Etym: [Scot. schaw, shaw, show + fowl.] Defn: The representation or image of a fowl made by fowlers to shoot at. Johnson. SHAWL Shawl, n. Etym: [Per. & Hind. shal: cf. F. châle.] Defn: A square or oblong cloth of wool, cotton, silk, or other textile or netted fabric, used, especially by women, as a loose covering for the neck and shoulders. India shawl, a kind of rich shawl made in India from the wool of the Cashmere goat. It is woven in pieces, which are sewed together. -- Shawl goat (Zoöl.), the Cashmere goat. SHAWL Shawl, v. t. Defn: To wrap in a shawl. Thackeray. SHAWM Shawm, n. Etym: [OE. shalmie, OF. chalemie; cf. F. chalumeau shawm, chaume haulm, stalk; all fr. L. calamus a reed, reed pipe. See Haulm, and cf. Calumet.] (Mus.) Defn: A wind instrument of music, formerly in use, supposed to have resembled either the clarinet or the hautboy in form. [Written also shalm, shaum.] Otway. Even from the shrillest shaum unto the cornamute. Drayton. SHAWNEES Shaw`nees", n. pl.; sing. Shawnee (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of North American Indians who occupied Western New York and part of Ohio, but were driven away and widely dispersed by the Iroquois. SHAY Shay, n. Defn: A chaise. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] SHE She, pron. [sing. nom. She; poss. Her. ( or Hers (; obj. Her; pl. nom. They; poss. Their or Theirs (; obj. Them.] Etym: [OE. she, sche, scheo, scho, AS. seó, fem. of the definite article, originally a demonstrative pronoun; cf. OS. siu, D. zij, G. sie, OHG. siu, si, si, Icel. su, sja, Goth. si she, so, fem. article, Russ. siia, fem., this, Gr. sa, sya. The possessive her or hers, and the objective her, are from a different root. See Her.] 1. This or that female; the woman understood or referred to; the animal of the female sex, or object personified as feminine, which was spoken of. She loved her children best in every wise. Chaucer. Then Sarah denied, . . . for she was afraid. Gen. xviii. 15. 2. A woman; a female; -- used substantively. [R.] Lady, you are the cruelest she alive. Shak. Note: She is used in composition with nouns of common gender, for female, to denote an animal of the female sex; as, a she-bear; a she- cat. SHEADING Shead"ing, n. Etym: [From AS. scadan, sceádan, to separate, divide. See Shed, v. t.] Defn: A tithing, or division, in the Isle of Man, in which there is a coroner, or chief constable. The island is divided into six sheadings. SHEAF Sheaf, n. (Mech.) Defn: A sheave. [R.] SHEAF Sheaf, n.; pl. Sheaves. Etym: [OE. sheef, shef, schef, AS. sceáf; akin to D. schoof, OHG. scoub, G. schaub, Icel. skauf a fox's brush, and E. shove. See Shove.] 1. A quantity of the stalks and ears of wheat, rye, or other grain, bound together; a bundle of grain or straw. The reaper fills his greedy hands, And binds the golden sheaves in brittle bands. Dryden. 2. Any collection of things bound together; a bundle; specifically, a bundle of arrows sufficient to fill a quiver, or the allowance of each archer, -- usually twenty-four. The sheaf of arrows shook and rattled in the case. Dryden. SHEAF Sheaf, v. t. Defn: To gather and bind into a sheaf; to make into sheaves; as, to sheaf wheat. SHEAF Sheaf, v. i. Defn: To collect and bind cut grain, or the like; to make sheaves. They that reap must sheaf and bind. Shak. SHEAFY Sheaf"y, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, a sheaf or sheaves; resembling a sheaf. SHEAL Sheal, n. Defn: Same as Sheeling. [Scot.] SHEAL Sheal, v. t. Defn: To put under a sheal or shelter. [Scot.] SHEAL Sheal, v. t. Etym: [See Shell.] Defn: To take the husks or pods off from; to shell; to empty of its contents, as a husk or a pod. [Obs. or Prov.Eng. & Scot.] Jamieson. That's a shealed peascod. Shak. SHEAL Sheal, n. Defn: A shell or pod. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] SHEALING Sheal"ing, n. Defn: The outer husk, pod, or shell, as of oats, pease, etc.; sheal; shell. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SHEALING Sheal"ing, n. Defn: Same as Sheeling. [Scot.] SHEAR Shear, v. t. [imp. Sheared or Shore (;p. p. Sheared or Shorn (; p. pr. & vb. n. Shearing.] Etym: [OE. sheren, scheren, to shear, cut, shave, AS. sceran, scieran, scyran; akin to D. & G. scheren, Icel. skera, Dan. ski, Gr. Jeer, Score, Shard, Share, Sheer to turn aside.] 1. To cut, clip, or sever anything from with shears or a like instrument; as, to shear sheep; to shear cloth. Note: It is especially applied to the cutting of wool from sheep or their skins, and the nap from cloth. 2. To separate or sever with shears or a similar instrument; to cut off; to clip (something) from a surface; as, to shear a fleece. Before the golden tresses . . . were shorn away. Shak. 3. To reap, as grain. [Scot.] Jamieson. 4. Fig.: To deprive of property; to fleece. 5. (Mech.) Defn: To produce a change of shape in by a shear. See Shear, n., 4. SHEAR Shear, n. Etym: [AS. sceara. See Shear, v. t.] 1. A pair of shears; -- now always used in the plural, but formerly also in the singular. See Shears. On his head came razor none, nor shear. Chaucer. Short of the wool, and naked from the shear. Dryden. 2. A shearing; -- used in designating the age of sheep. After the second shearing, he is a two-sher ram; . . . at the expiration of another year, he is a three-shear ram; the name always taking its date from the time of shearing. Youatt. 3. (Engin.) Defn: An action, resulting from applied forces, which tends to cause two contiguous parts of a body to slide relatively to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact; -- also called shearing stress, and tangential stress. 4. (Mech.) Defn: A strain, or change of shape, of an elastic body, consisting of an extension in one direction, an equal compression in a perpendicular direction, with an unchanged magnitude in the third direction. Shear blade, one of the blades of shears or a shearing machine. -- Shear hulk. See under Hulk. -- Shear steel, a steel suitable for shears, scythes, and other cutting instruments, prepared from fagots of blistered steel by repeated heating, rolling, and tilting, to increase its malleability and fineness of texture. SHEAR Shear, v. i. 1. To deviate. See Sheer. 2. (Engin.) Defn: To become more or less completely divided, as a body under the action of forces, by the sliding of two contiguous parts relatively to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact. SHEARBILL Shear"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The black skimmer. See Skimmer. SHEARD Sheard, n. Defn: See Shard. [Obs.] SHEARER Shear"er, n. 1. One who shears. Like a lamb dumb before his shearer. Acts viii. 32. 2. A reaper. [Scot.] Jamieson. SHEARING Shear"ing, n. 1. The act or operation of clipping with shears or a shearing machine, as the wool from sheep, or the nap from cloth. 2. The product of the act or operation of clipping with shears or a shearing machine; as, the whole shearing of a flock; the shearings from cloth. 3. Same as Shearling. Youatt. 4. The act or operation of reaping. [Scot.] 5. The act or operation of dividing with shears; as, the shearing of metal plates. 6. The process of preparing shear steel; tilting. 7. (Mining) Defn: The process of making a vertical side cutting in working into a face of coal. Shearing machine. (a) A machine with blades, or rotary disks, for dividing plates or bars of metal. (b) A machine for shearing cloth. SHEARLING Shear"ling, n. Defn: A sheep but once sheared. SHEARMAN Shear"man, n.; pl. Shearmen (. Defn: One whose occupation is to shear cloth. SHEARN Shearn, n. Etym: [AS. scearn. Cf. Scarn.] Defn: Dung; excrement. [Obs.] [Written also shern.] Holland. SHEARS Shears, n. pl. Etym: [Formerly used also in the singular. See Shear, n.,1.] 1. A cutting instrument. Specifically: (a) An instrument consisting of two blades, commonly with bevel edges, connected by a pivot, and working on both sides of the material to be cut, -- used for cutting cloth and other substances. Fate urged the shears, and cut the sylph in twain. Pope. (b) A similar instrument the blades of which are extensions of a curved spring, -- used for shearing sheep or skins. (c) A shearing machine; a blade, or a set of blades, working against a resisting edge. 2. Anything in the form of shears. Specifically: (a) A pair of wings. [Obs.] Spenser. (b) An apparatus for raising heavy weights, and especially for stepping and unstepping the lower masts of ships. It consists of two or more spars or pieces of timber, fastened together near the top, steadied by a guy or guys, and furnished with the necessary tackle. [Written also sheers.] 3. (Mach.) Defn: The bedpiece of a machine tool, upon which a table or slide rest is secured; as, the shears of a lathe or planer. See Illust. under Lathe. Rotary shears. See under Rotary. SHEAR STEEL Shear steel. Defn: See under Shear. SHEARTAIL Shear"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common tern. (b) Any one of several species of humming birds of the genus Thaumastura having a long forked tail. SHEARWATER Shear"wa`ter, n. Etym: [Shear + water; cf. G. wassersherer; -- so called from its running lightly along the surface of the water.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of long-winged oceanic birds of the genus Puffinus and related genera. They are allied to the petrels, but are larger. The Manx shearwater (P. Anglorum), the dusky shearwater (P. obscurus), and the greater shearwater (P. major), are well-known species of the North Atlantic. See Hagdon. SHEATFISH Sheat"fish`, n. Etym: [Cf. dial. G. scheid, schaid, schaiden.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European siluroid fish (Silurus glanis) allied to the cat- fishes. It is the largest fresh-water fish of Europe, sometimes becoming six feet or more in length. See Siluroid. SHEATH Sheath, n. Etym: [OE. schethe, AS. scæedh, sceáedh, sceedh; akin to OS. skeedhia, D. scheede, G. scheide, OHG. sceida, Sw. skida, Dan. skede, Icel. skeiedhir, pl., and to E. shed, v.t., originally meaning, to separate, to part. See Shed.] 1. A case for the reception of a sword, hunting knife, or other long and slender instrument; a scabbard. The dead knight's sword out of his sheath he drew. Spenser. 2. Any sheathlike covering, organ, or part. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) The base of a leaf when sheathing or investing a stem or branch, as in grasses. (b) (Zoöl.) One of the elytra of an insect. Medullary sheath. (Anat.) See under Medullary. -- Primitive sheath. (Anat.) See Neurilemma. -- Sheath knife, a knife with a fixed blade, carried in a sheath. -- Sheath of Schwann. (Anat.) See Schwann's sheath. SHEATHBILL Sheath"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Either one of two species of birds composing the genus Chionis, and family Chionidæ, native of the islands of the Antarctic.seas. Note: They are related to the gulls and the plovers, but more nearly to the latter. The base of the bill is covered with a saddle-shaped horny sheath, and the toes are only slightly webbed. The plumage of both species is white. SHEATHE Sheathe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheathed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sheating.] Etym: [Written also sheath.] 1. To put into a sheath, case, or scabbard; to inclose or cover with, or as with, a sheath or case. The leopard . . . keeps the claws of his fore feet turned up from the ground, and sheathed in the skin of his toes. Grew. 'T is in my breast she sheathes her dagger now. Dryden. 2. To fit or furnish, as with a sheath. Shak. 3. To case or cover with something which protects, as thin boards, sheets of metal, and the like; as, to sheathe a ship with copper. 4. To obtund or blunt, as acrimonious substances, or sharp particles. [R.] Arbuthnot. To sheathe the sword, to make peace. SHEATHED Sheathed, a. 1. Povided with, or inclosed in, sheath. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Invested by a sheath, or cylindrical membranaceous tube, which is the base of the leaf, as the stalk or culm in grasses; vaginate. SHEATHER Sheath"er, n. Defn: One who sheathes. SHEATHFISH Sheath"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Sheatfish. SHEATHING Sheath"ing, p. pr. & a. Defn: from Sheathe. Inclosing with a sheath; as, the sheathing leaves of grasses; the sheathing stipules of many polygonaceous plants. SHEATHING Sheath"ing, n. Defn: That which sheathes. Specifically: (a) The casing or covering of a ship's bottom and sides; the materials for such covering; as, copper sheathing. (b) (Arch.) The first covering of boards on the outside wall of a frame house or on a timber roof; also, the material used for covering; ceiling boards in general. SHEATHLESS Sheath"less, a. Defn: Without a sheath or case for covering; unsheathed. SHEATH-WINGED Sheath"-winged`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having elytra, or wing cases, as a beetle. SHEATHY Sheath"y, a. Defn: Forming or resembling a sheath or case. Sir T. Browne. SHEA TREE She"a tree`. (Bot.) Defn: An African sapotaceous tree (Bassia, or Butyrospermum, Parkii), from the seeds of which a substance resembling butter is obtained; the African butter tree. SHEAVE Sheave, n. Etym: [Akin to OD. schijve orb, disk, wheel, D. schiff, G. scheibe, Icel. skifa a shaving, slice; cf. Gr. Shift, v., Shive.] Defn: A wheel having a groove in the rim for a rope to work in, and set in a block, mast, or the like; the wheel of a pulley. Sheave hole, a channel cut in a mast, yard, rail, or other timber, in which to fix a sheave. SHEAVE Sheave, v. t. Etym: [See Sheaf of straw.] Defn: To gather and bind into a sheaf or sheaves; hence, to collect. Ashmole. SHEAVED Sheaved, a. Defn: Made of straw. [Obs.] Shak. SHEBANDER Sheb"an*der, n. Etym: [Per. shahbandar.] Defn: A harbor master, or ruler of a port, in the East Indies. [Written also shebunder.] SHEBANG She*bang", n. Etym: [Cf. Shebeen.] Defn: A jocosely depreciative name for a dwelling or shop. [Slang,U.S.] SHEBEEN She*been", n. Etym: [Of Irish origin; cf. Ir. seapa a shop.] Defn: A low public house; especially, a place where spirits and other excisable liquors are illegally and privately sold. [Ireland] SHECHINAH She*chi"nah, n. Defn: See Shekinah. SHECKLATON Sheck"la*ton, n. Etym: [Cf. Ciclatoun.] Defn: A kind of gilt leather. See Checklaton. [Obs.] Spenser. SHED Shed, n. Etym: [The same word as shade. See Shade.] Defn: A slight or temporary structure built to shade or shelter something; a structure usually open in front; an outbuilding; a hut; as, a wagon shed; a wood shed. The first Aletes born in lowly shed. Fairfax. Sheds of reeds which summer's heat repel. Sandys. SHED Shed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shedding.] Etym: [OE. scheden, sch, to pour, to part, AS. scadan, sceádan, to pert, to separate; akin to OS. sk, OFries. skscheiden, OHG. sceidan, Goth. skaidan, and probably to Lith. skëdu I part, separate, L. scindere to cleave, to split, Gr. chid, and perch. also to L. caedere to cut. sq. root159. Cf. Chisel, Concise, Schism, Sheading, Sheath, Shide.] 1. To separate; to divide. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] Robert of Brunne. 2. To part with; to throw off or give forth from one's self; to emit; to diffuse; to cause to emanate or flow; to pour forth or out; to spill; as, the sun sheds light; she shed tears; the clouds shed rain. Did Romeo's hand shed Tybalt's blood Shak. Twice seven consenting years have shed Their utmost bounty on thy head. Wordsworth. 3. To let fall; to throw off, as a natural covering of hair, feathers, shell; to cast; as, fowls shed their feathers; serpents shed their skins; trees shed leaves. 4. To cause to flow off without penetrating; as, a tight roof, or covering of oiled cloth, sheeds water. 5. To sprinkle; to intersperse; to cover. [R.] "Her hair . . . is shed with gray." B. Jonson. 6. (Weaving) Defn: To divide, as the warp threads, so as to form a shed, or passageway, for the shuttle. SHED Shed, v. i. 1. To fall in drops; to pour. [Obs.] Such a rain down from the welkin shadde. Chaucer. 2. To let fall the parts, as seeds or fruit; to throw off a covering or envelope. White oats are apt to shed most as they lie, and black as they stand. Mortimer. SHED Shed, n. 1. A parting; a separation; a division. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] They say also that the manner of making the shed of newwedded wives' hair with the iron head of a javelin came up then likewise. Sir T. North. 2. The act of shedding or spilling; -- used only in composition, as in bloodshed. 3. That which parts, divides, or sheds; -- used in composition, as in watershed. 4. (Weaving) Defn: The passageway between the threads of the warp through which the shuttle is thrown, having a sloping top and bottom made by raising and lowering the alternate threads. SHEDDER Shed"der, n. 1. One who, or that which, sheds; as, a shedder of blood; a shedder of tears. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A crab in the act of casting its shell, or immediately afterwards while still soft; -- applied especially to the edible crabs, which are most prized while in this state. SHEDDING Shed"ding, n. 1. The act of shedding, separating, or casting off or out; as, the shedding of blood. 2. That which is shed, or cast off. [R.] Wordsworth. SHEELFA; SHILFA Sheel"fa, Shil"fa, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chaffinch; -- so named from its call note. [Prov. Eng.] SHEELING Sheel"ing, n. Etym: [Icel. skj a shelter, a cover; akin to Dan. & Sw. skjul.] Defn: A hut or small cottage in an expessed or a retired place (as on a mountain or at the seaside) such as is used by shepherds, fishermen, sportsmen, etc.; a summer cottage; also, a shed. [Written also sheel, shealing, sheiling, etc.] [Scot.] SHEELY Sheel"y, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Sheelfa. SHEEN Sheen, a. Etym: [OE. sehene, AS. sciéne, sc, sc, splendid, beautiful; akin to OFries. sk, sk, OS. sc, D. schoon, G. schön, OHG. sc, Goth, skanus, and E. shew; the original meaning being probably, visible, worth seeing. It is not akin to E. shine. See Shew, v. t.] Defn: Bright; glittering; radiant; fair; showy; sheeny. [R., except in poetry.] This holy maiden, that is so bright and sheen. Chaucer. Up rose each warrier bold and brave, Glistening in filed steel and armor sheen. Fairfax. SHEEN Sheen, v. i. Defn: To shine; to glisten. [Poetic] This town, That, sheening far, celestial seems to be. Byron. SHEEN Sheen, n. Defn: Brightness; splendor; glitter. "Throned in celestial sheen." Milton. SHEENLY Sheen""ly, adv. Defn: Brightly. [R.] Mrs. Browning. SHEENY Sheen"y, a. Defn: Bright; shining; radiant; sheen. "A sheeny summer morn." Tennyson. SHEEP Sheep, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [OE. shep, scheep, AS. sc, sceáp; akin to OFries. sk, LG. & D. schaap, G. schaf, OHG. scaf, Skr. chaga. sq. root295. Cf. Sheepherd.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of ruminants of the genus Ovis, native of the higher mountains of both hemispheres, but most numerous in Asia. Note: The domestic sheep (Ovis aries) varies much in size, in the length and texture of its wool, the form and size of its horns, the length of its tail, etc. It was domesticated in prehistoric ages, and many distinct breeds have been produced; as the merinos, celebrated for their fine wool; the Cretan sheep, noted for their long horns; the fat-tailed, or Turkish, sheep, remarkable for the size and fatness of the tail, which often has to be supported on trucks; the Southdowns, in which the horns are lacking; and an Asiatic breed which always has four horns. 2. A weak, bashful, silly fellow. Ainsworth. 3. pl. Defn: Fig.: The people of God, as being under the government and protection of Christ, the great Shepherd. Rocky mountain sheep.(Zoöl.) See Bighorn. -- Maned sheep. (Zoöl.) See Aoudad. -- Sheep bot (Zoöl.), the larva of the sheep botfly. See Estrus. -- Sheep dog (Zoöl.), a shepherd dog, or collie. -- Sheep laurel (Bot.), a small North American shrub (Kalmia angustifolia) with deep rose-colored flowers in corymbs. -- Sheep pest (Bot.), an Australian plant (Acæna ovina) related to the burnet. The fruit is covered with barbed spines, by which it adheres to the wool of sheep. -- Sheep run, an extensive tract of country where sheep range and graze. -- Sheep's beard (Bot.), a cichoraceous herb (Urospermum Dalechampii) of Southern Europe; -- so called from the conspicuous pappus of the achenes. -- Sheep's bit (Bot.), a European herb (Jasione montana) having much the appearance of scabious. -- Sheep pox (Med.), a contagious disease of sheep, characterixed by the development of vesicles or pocks upon the skin. -- Sheep scabious. (Bot.) Same as Sheep's bit. -- Sheep shears, shears in which the blades form the two ends of a steel bow, by the elasticity of which they open as often as pressed together by the hand in cutting; -- so called because used to cut off the wool of sheep. -- Sheep sorrel. (Bot.), a prerennial herb (Rumex Acetosella) growing naturally on poor, dry, gravelly soil. Its leaves have a pleasant acid taste like sorrel. -- Sheep's-wool (Zoöl.), the highest grade of Florida commercial sponges (Spongia equina, variety gossypina). -- Sheep tick (Zoöl.), a wingless parasitic insect (Melophagus ovinus) belonging to the Diptera. It fixes its proboscis in the skin of the sheep and sucks the blood, leaving a swelling. Called also sheep pest, and sheep louse. -- Sheep walk, a pasture for sheep; a sheep run. -- Wild sheep. (Zoöl.) See Argali, Mouflon, and Oörial. SHEEPBACK Sheep"back`, n. (Geol.) Defn: A rounded knoll of rock resembling the back of a sheep. -- produced by glacial action. Called also roche moutonnée; -- usually in the plural. SHEEPBERRY Sheep"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The edible fruit of a small North American tree of the genus Viburnum (V. Lentago), having white flowers in flat cymes; also, the tree itself. Called also nannyberry. SHEEPBITE Sheep"bite`, v. i. Defn: To bite or nibble like a sheep; hence, to practice petty thefts. [Obs.] Shak. SHEEPBITER Sheep"bit`er, n. Defn: One who practices petty thefts. [Obs.] Shak. There are political sheepbiters as well as pastoral; betrayers of public trusts as well as of private. L'Estrange. SHEEPCOT; SHEEPCOTE Sheep"cot`, Sheep"cote`, n. Defn: A small inclosure for sheep; a pen; a fold. SHEEP-FACED Sheep"-faced`, a. Defn: Over-bashful; sheepish. SHEEPFOLD Sheep"fold`, n. Defn: A fold or pen for sheep; a place where sheep are collected or confined. SHEEP-HEADED Sheep"-head`ed, a. Defn: Silly; simple-minded; stupid. Taylor (1630) SHEEPHOOK Sheep"hook`, n. Defn: A hook fastened to pole, by which shepherds lay hold on the legs or necks of their sheep; a shepherd's crook. Dryden. SHEEPISH Sheep"ish, a. 1. Of or pertaining to sheep. [Obs.] 2. Like a sheep; bashful; over-modest; meanly or foolishly diffident; timorous to excess. Wanting change of company, he will, when he comes abroad, be a sheepish or conceited creature. Locke. -- Sheep"ish*ly, adv. -- Sheep"ish*ness, n. SHEEPMASTER Sheep"mas`ter, n. Defn: A keeper or feeder of sheep; also, an owner of sheep. 2 Kings iii. 4. SHEEPRACK Sheep"rack`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The starling. SHEEP'S-EYE Sheep's"-eye`, n. Defn: A modest, diffident look; a loving glance; -- commonly in the plural. I saw her just now give him the languishing eye, as they call it; . . . of old called the sheep's-eye. Wycherley. SHEEP'S-FOOT Sheep's-foot`, n. Defn: A printer's tool consisting of a metal bar formed into a hammer head at one end and a claw at the other, -- used as a lever and hammer. SHEEPSHANK Sheep"shank`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A hitch by which a rope may be temporarily shortened. SHEEPSHEAD Sheeps"head` (, n. Etym: [So called because of the fancied resemblance of its head and front teeth to those of a sheep.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large and valuable sparoid food fish (Archosargus, or Diplodus, probatocephalus) found on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It often weighs from ten to twelve pounds. Note: The name is also locally, in a loose way, applied to various other fishes, as the butterfish, the fresh-water drumfish, the parrot fish, the porgy, and the moonfish. SHEEP-SHEARER Sheep"-shear`er, n. Defn: One who shears, or cuts off the wool from, sheep. SHEEP-SHEARING Sheep"-shear`ing, n. 1. Act of shearing sheep. 2. A feast at the time of sheep-shearing. Shak. SHEEPSKIN Sheep"skin`, n. 1. The skin of a sheep; or, leather prepared from it. 2. A diploma; -- so called because usually written or printed on parchment prepared from the skin of the sheep. [College Cant] SHEEPSPLIT Sheep"split`, n. Defn: A split of a sheepskin; one of the thin sections made by splitting a sheepskin with a cutting knife or machine. SHEEPY Sheep"y, a. Defn: Resembling sheep; sheepish. Testament of Love. SHEER Sheer, a. Etym: [OE. shere, skere, pure, bright, Icel. sk; akin to skirr, AS. scir, OS. skiri, MHG. schir, G. schier, Dan. sk, Sw. skär, Goth. skeirs clear, and E. shine. sq. root157. See Shine, v. i.] 1. Bright; clear; pure; unmixed. "Sheer ale." Shak. Thou sheer, immaculate, and silver fountain. Shak. 2. Very thin or transparent; -- applied to fabrics; as, sheer muslin. 3. Being only what it seems to be; obvious; simple; mere; downright; as, sheer folly; sheer nonsense. "A sheer impossibility." De Quincey. It is not a sheer advantage to have several strings to one's bow. M. Arnold. 4. Stright up and down; vertical; prpendicular. A sheer precipice of a thousand feet. J. D. Hooker. It was at least Nine roods of sheer ascent. Wordsworth. SHEER Sheer, adv. Defn: Clean; quite; at once. [Obs.] Milton. SHEER Sheer, v. t. Etym: [See Shear.] Defn: To shear. [Obs.] Dryden. SHEER Sheer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sheered; p. pr. & vb. n. Sheering.] Etym: [D. sheren to shear, cut, withdraw, warp. See Shear.] Defn: To decline or deviate from the line of the proper course; to turn aside; to swerve; as, a ship sheers from her course; a horse sheers at a bicycle. To sheer off, to turn or move aside to a distance; to move away. -- To sheer up, to approach obliquely. SHEER Sheer, n. 1. (Naut.) (a) The longitudinal upward curvature of the deck, gunwale, and lines of a vessel, as when viewed from the side. (b) The position of a vessel riding at single anchor and swinging clear of it. 2. A turn or change in a course. Give the canoe a sheer and get nearer to the shore. Cooper. 3. pl. Defn: Shears See Shear. Sheer batten (Shipbuilding), a long strip of wood to guide the carpenters in following the sheer plan. -- Sheer boom, a boom slanting across a stream to direct floating logs to one side. -- Sheer hulk. See Shear hulk, under Hulk. -- Sheer plan, or Sheer draught (Shipbuilding), a projection of the lines of a vessel on a vertical longitudinal plane passing through the middle line of the vessel. -- Sheer pole (Naut.), an iron rod lashed to the shrouds just above the dead-eyes and parallel to the ratlines. -- Sheer strake (Shipbuilding), the strake under the gunwale on the top side. Totten. -- To break sheer (Naut.), to deviate from sheer, and risk fouling the anchor. SHEERLY Sheer"ly, adv. Defn: At once; absolutely. [Obs.] SHEERWATER Sheer"wa`ter, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The shearwater. SHEET Sheet, n. Etym: [OE. shete, schete, AS. sc, sc, fr. sceát a projecting corner, a fold in a garment (akin to D. schoot sheet, bosom, lap, G. schoss bosom, lap, flap of a coat, Icel. skaut, Goth. skauts the hem of a garment); originally, that which shoots out, from the root of AS. sceótan to shoot. sq. root159. See Shoot, v. t.] Defn: In general, a large, broad piece of anything thin, as paper, cloth, etc.; a broad, thin portion of any substance; an expanded superficies. Specifically: (a) A broad piece of cloth, usually linen or cotton, used for wrapping the body or for a covering; especially, one used as an article of bedding next to the body. He fell into a trance, and saw heaven opened, and a certain vessel descending unto him, as it had been a great sheet knit at the four corners. Acts x. 10, 11. If I do die before thee, prithee, shroud me In one of those same sheets. Shak. (b) A broad piece of paper, whether folded or unfolded, whether blank or written or printed upon; hence, a letter; a newspaper, etc. (c) A single signature of a book or a pamphlet; in pl., the book itself. To this the following sheets are intended for a full and distinct answer. Waterland. (d) A broad, thinly expanded portion of metal or other substance; as, a sheet of copper, of glass, or the like; a plate; a leaf. (e) A broad expanse of water, or the like. "The two beautiful sheets of water." Macaulay. (f) A sail. Dryden. (g) (Geol.) An extensive bed of an eruptive rock intruded between, or overlying, other strata. 2. Etym: [AS. sceáta. See the Etymology above.] (Naut.) (a) A rope or chain which regulates the angle of adjustment of a sail in relation in relation to the wind; -- usually attached to the lower corner of a sail, or to a yard or a boom. (b) pl. Defn: The space in the forward or the after part of a boat where there are no rowers; as, fore sheets; stern sheets. Note: Sheet is often used adjectively, or in combination, to denote that the substance to the name of which it is prefixed is in the form of sheets, or thin plates or leaves; as, sheet brass, or sheet-brass; sheet glass, or sheet-glass; sheet gold, or sheet-gold; sheet iron, or sheet-iron, etc. A sheet in the wind, half drunk. [Sailors' Slang] -- Both sheets in the wind, very drunk. [Sailors' Slang] -- In sheets, lying flat or expanded; not folded, or folded but not bound; -- said especially of printed sheets. -- Sheet bend (Naut.), a bend or hitch used for temporarily fastening a rope to the bight of another rope or to an eye. -- Sheet lightning, Sheet piling, etc. See under Lightning, Piling, etc. SHEET Sheet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sheeting.] 1. To furnish with a sheet or sheets; to wrap in, or cover with, a sheet, or as with a sheet. "The sheeted dead." "When snow the pasture sheets." Shak. 2. To expand, as a sheet. The star shot flew from the welkin blue, As it fell from the sheeted sky. J. R. Drake. To sheet home (Naut.), to haul upon a sheet until the sail is as flat, and the clew as near the wind, as possible. SHEET ANCHOR Sheet" an"chor. Etym: [OE. scheten to shoot, AS. sceótan; cf. OE. shoot anchor. See Shoot, v. t.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A large anchor stowed on shores outside the waist of a vessel; -- called also waist anchor. See the Note under Anchor. 2. Anything regarded as a sure support or dependence in danger; the best hope or refuge. SHEET CABLE Sheet" ca"ble. (Naut.) Defn: The cable belonging to the sheet anchor. SHEET CHAIN Sheet" chain". (Naut.) Defn: A chain sheet cable. SHEETFUL Sheet"ful, n.; pl. Sheetfuls (. Defn: Enough to fill a sheet; as much as a sheet can hold. SHEETING Sheet"ing, n. 1. Cotton or linen cloth suitable for bed sheets. It is sometimes made of double width. 2. (Hydraul. Engin.) Defn: A lining of planks or boards (rarely of metal) for protecting an embankment. 3. The act or process of forming into sheets, or flat pieces; also, material made into sheets. SHEIK Sheik, n. Etym: [Ar. sheikh, shaykh, a venerable old man, a chief, fr. shakha to grow or be old.] Defn: The head of an Arab family, or of a clan or a tribe; also, the chief magistrate of an Arab village. The name is also applied to Mohammedan ecclesiastics of a high grade. [Written also scheik, shaik, sheikh.] SHEIL; SHEILING Sheil, Sheil"ing, n. Defn: See Sheeling. SHEKEL Shek"el, n. Etym: [Heb. shegel, fr. shagal to weigh.] 1. An ancient weight and coin used by the Jews and by other nations of the same stock. Note: A common estimate makes the shekel equal in weight to about 130 grains for gold, 224 grains for silver, and 450 grains for copper, and the approximate values of the coins are (gold) $5.00, (silver) 60 cents, and (copper half shekel), one and one half cents. 2. pl. Defn: A jocose term for money. SHEKINAH She*ki"nah, n. Etym: [Heb Talmud shekinah, fr. shakan to inhabit.] Defn: The visible majesty of the Divine Presence, especially when resting or dwelling between the cherubim on the mercy seat, in the Tabernacle, or in the Temple of Solomon; -- a term used in the Targums and by the later Jews, and adopted by Christians. [Written also Shechinah.] Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.) SHELD Sheld, a. Etym: [OE., fr. sheld a shield, probably in allusion to the ornamentation of shields. See Shield.] Defn: Variegated; spotted; speckled; piebald. [Prov. Eng.] SHELDAFLE; SHELDAPLE Sheld"a*fle, Sheld"a*ple, n. Etym: [Perhaps for sheld dapple. Cf. Sheldrake.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A chaffinch. [Written also sheldapple, and shellapple.] SHELDFOWL Sheld"fowl`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common sheldrake. [Prov. Eng.] SHELDRAKE Shel"drake`, n. Etym: [Sheld + drake.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of large Old World ducks of the genus Tadorna and allied genera, especially the European and Asiatic species. (T. cornuta, or tadorna), which somewhat resembles a goose in form and habit, but breeds in burrows. Note: It has the head and neck greenish black, the breast, sides, and forward part of the back brown, the shoulders and middle of belly black, the speculum green, and the bill and frontal bright red. Called also shelduck, shellduck, sheldfowl, skeelduck, bergander, burrow duck, and links goose. Note: The Australian sheldrake (Tadorna radja) has the head, neck, breast, flanks, and wing coverts white, the upper part of the back and a band on the breast deep chestnut, and the back and tail black. The chestnut sheldrake of Australia (Casarca tadornoides) is varied with black and chestnut, and has a dark green head and neck. The ruddy sheldrake, or Braminy duck (C. rutila), and the white-winged sheldrake (C. leucoptera), are related Asiatic species. 2. Any one of the American mergansers. Note: The name is also loosely applied to other ducks, as the canvasback, and the shoveler. SHELDUCK Shel"duck`, n. Etym: [Sheld variegated + duck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The sheldrake. [Written also shellduck.] SHELF Shelf, n.; pl. Shelves. Etym: [OE. shelfe, schelfe, AS. scylfe; akin to G. schelfe, Icel. skjalf. In senses 2 & 3, perhaps a different word (cf. Shelve, v. i.).] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A flat tablet or ledge of any material set horizontally at a distance from the floor, to hold objects of use or ornament. 2. A sand bank in the sea, or a rock, or ledge of rocks, rendering the water shallow, and dangerous to ships. On the tawny sands and shelves. Milton. On the secret shelves with fury cast. Dryden. 3. (Mining) Defn: A stratum lying in a very even manner; a flat, projecting layer of rock. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A piece of timber running the whole length of a vessel inside the timberheads. D. Kemp. To lay on the shelf, to lay aside as unnecessary or useless; to dismiss; to discard. SHELFY Shelf"y, a. 1. Abounding in shelves; full of dangerous shallows. "A shelfy coast." Dryden. 2. Full of strata of rock. [Obs.] The tillable fields are in some places . . . so shelfy that the corn hath much ado to fasten its root. Carew. SHELL Shell, n. Etym: [OE. shelle, schelle, AS. scell, scyll; akin to D. shel, Icel. skel, Goth. skalja a tile, and E. skill. Cf. Scale of fishes, Shale, Skill.] 1. A hard outside covering, as of a fruit or an animal. Specifically: (a) The covering, or outside part, of a nut; as, a hazelnut shell. (b) A pod. (c) The hard covering of an egg. Think him as a serpent's egg, . . . And kill him in the shell. Shak. (d) (Zoöl.) Defn: The hard calcareous or chitinous external covering of mollusks, crustaceans, and some other invertebrates. In some mollusks, as the cuttlefishes, it is internal, or concealed by the mantle. Also, the hard covering of some vertebrates, as the armadillo, the tortoise, and the like. (e) (Zoöl.) Hence, by extension, any mollusks having such a covering. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A hollow projectile, of various shapes, adapted for a mortar or a cannon, and containing an explosive substance, ignited with a fuse or by percussion, by means of which the projectile is burst and its fragments scattered. See Bomb. 3. The case which holds the powder, or charge of powder and shot, used with breechloading small arms. 4. Any slight hollow structure; a framework, or exterior structure, regarded as not complete or filled in; as, the shell of a house. 5. A coarse kind of coffin; also, a thin interior coffin inclosed in a more substantial one. Knight. 6. An instrument of music, as a lyre, -- the first lyre having been made, it is said, by drawing strings over a tortoise shell. When Jubal struck the chorded shell. Dryden. 7. An engraved copper roller used in print works. 8. pl. Defn: The husks of cacao seeds, a decoction of which is often used as a substitute for chocolate, cocoa, etc. 9. (Naut.) Defn: The outer frame or case of a block within which the sheaves revolve. 10. A light boat the frame of which is covered with thin wood or with paper; as, a racing shell. Message shell, a bombshell inside of which papers may be put, in order to convey messages. -- Shell bit, a tool shaped like a gouge, used with a brace in boring wood. See Bit, n., 3. -- Shell button. (a) A button made of shell. (b) A hollow button made of two pieces, as of metal, one for the front and the other for the back, -- often covered with cloth, silk, etc. -- Shell cameo, a cameo cut in shell instead of stone. -- Shell flower. (Bot.) Same as Turtlehead. -- Shell gland. (Zoöl.) (a) A glandular organ in which the rudimentary shell is formed in embryonic mollusks. (b) A glandular organ which secretes the eggshells of various worms, crustacea, mollusks, etc. -- Shell gun, a cannon suitable for throwing shells. -- Shell ibis (Zoöl.), the openbill of India. -- Shell jacket, an undress military jacket. -- Shell lime, lime made by burning the shells of shellfish. -- Shell marl (Min.), a kind of marl characterized by an abundance of shells, or fragments of shells. -- Shell meat, food consisting of shellfish, or testaceous mollusks. Fuller. -- Shell mound. See under Mound. -- Shell of a boiler, the exterior of a steam boiler, forming a case to contain the water and steam, often inclosing also flues and the furnace; the barrel of a cylindrical, or locomotive, boiler. -- Shell road, a road of which the surface or bed is made of shells, as oyster shells. -- Shell sand, minute fragments of shells constituting a considerable part of the seabeach in some places. SHELL Shell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shelling.] 1. To strip or break off the shell of; to take out of the shell, pod, etc.; as, to shell nuts or pease; to shell oysters. 2. To separate the kernels of (an ear of Indian corn, wheat, oats, etc.) from the cob, ear, or husk. 3. To throw shells or bombs upon or into; to bombard; as, to shell a town. To shell out, to distribute freely; to bring out or pay, as money. [Colloq.] SHELL Shell, v. i. 1. To fall off, as a shell, crust, etc. 2. To cast the shell, or exterior covering; to fall out of the pod or husk; as, nuts shell in falling. 3. To be disengaged from the ear or husk; as, wheat or rye shells in reaping. SHELLAC; SHELL-LAC Shel"lac`, Shell"-lac`, n. Etym: [Shell + lac a resinous substance; cf. D. shellak, G. schellack.] Defn: See the Note under 2d Lac. SHELLAPPLE Shell"ap`ple, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Sheldafle. SHELLBARK Shell"bark`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of hickory (Carya alba) whose outer bark is loose and peeling; a shagbark; also, its nut. SHELLED Shelled, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a shell. SHELLER Shell"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, shells; as, an oyster sheller; a corn sheller. SHELLFISH Shell"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any aquatic animal whose external covering consists of a shell, either testaceous, as in oysters, clams, and other mollusks, or crustaceous, as in lobsters and crabs. SHELLING Shell"ing, n. Defn: Groats; hulled oats. Simmonds. SHELL-LESS Shell"-less Defn: , a. Having no shell. J. Burroughs. SHELLPROOF Shell"proof`, a. Defn: Capable of resisting bombs or other shells; bombproof. SHELLWORK Shell"work`, n. Defn: Work composed of shells, or adorned with them. Cotgrave. SHELLY Shell"y, a. Defn: Abounding with shells; consisting of shells, or of a shell. "The shelly shore." Prior. Shrinks backward in his shelly cave. Shak. SHELTER Shel"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. scheltrun, shiltroun, schelltrome, scheldtrome, a guard, squadron, AS. scildtruma a troop of men with shields; scild shield + truma a band of men. See Shield, n.] 1. That which covers or defends from injury or annoyance; a protection; a screen. The sick and weak the healing plant shall aid, From storms a shelter, and from heat a shade. Pope. 2. One who protects; a guardian; a defender. Thou [God] hast been a shelter for me. Ps. lxi. 3. 3. The state of being covered and protected; protection; security. Who into shelter takes their tender bloom. Young. Shelter tent,a small tent made of pieces of cotton duck arranged to button together. In field service the soldiers carry the pieces. Syn. -- Asylum; refuge; retreat; covert; sanctuary; protection; defense; security. SHELTER Shel"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheltered; p. pr. & vb. n. Sheltering.] 1. To be a shelter for; to provide with a shelter; to cover from injury or annoyance; to shield; to protect. Those ruins sheltered once his sacred head. Dryden. You have no convents . . . in which such persons may be received and sheltered. Southey. 2. To screen or cover from notice; to disguise. In vain I strove to cheek my growing flame, Or shelter passion under friendship's name. Prior. 3. To betake to cover, or to a safe place; -- used reflexively. They sheltered themselves under a rock. Abp. Abbot. SHELTER Shel"ter, v. i. Defn: To take shelter. There oft the Indian herdsman, shunning heat, Shelters in cool. Milton. SHELTERLESS Shel"ter*less, a. Defn: Destitute of shelter or protection. Now sad and shelterless perhaps she lies. Rowe. SHELTERY Shel"ter*y, a. Defn: Affording shelter. [R.] SHELTIE; SHELTY Shel"tie, Shel"ty, n. Defn: A Shetland pony. SHELVE Shelve, v. t. 1. To furnish with shelves; as, to shelve a closet or a library. 2. To place on a shelf. Hence: To lay on the shelf; to put aside; to dismiss from service; to put off indefinitely; as, to shelve an officer; to shelve a claim. SHELVE Shelve, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shelved; p. pr. & vb. n. Shelving.] Etym: [Perhapss originally from the same source as shallow, but influenced by shelf a ledge, a platform.] Defn: To incline gradually; to be slopping; as, the bottom shelves from the shore. SHELVING Shelv"ing, a. Defn: Sloping gradually; inclining; as, a shelving shore. Shak. "Shelving arches." Addison. SHELVING Shelv"ing, n. 1. The act of fitting up shelves; as, the job of shelving a closet. 2. The act of laying on a shelf, or on the shelf; putting off or aside; as, the shelving of a claim. 3. Material for shelves; shelves, collectively. SHELVY Shelv"y, a. Defn: Sloping gradually; shelving. The shore was shelving and shallow. Shak. SHEMITE Shem"ite, n. Defn: A descendant of Shem. SHEMITIC; SHEMITISH Shem*it"ic, Shem"i*tish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Shem, the son of Noah, or his descendants. See Semitic. SHEMITISM Shem"i*tism, n. Defn: See Semitism. SHEND Shend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shent; p. pr. & vb. n. Shending.] Etym: [AS. scendan to disgrace, bring to shame, from sceand, sceond, disgrace, dishonor, shame; akin to G. schande, Goth. skanda. See Shame, n.] 1. To injure, mar, spoil, or harm. [Obs.] "Loss of time shendeth us." Chaucer. I fear my body will be shent. Dryden. 2. To blame, reproach, or revile; to degrade, disgrace, or put to shame. [Archaic] R. Browning. The famous name of knighthood foully shend. Spenser. She passed the rest as Cynthia doth shend The lesser stars. Spenser. SHENDFUL Shend"ful, a. Defn: Destructive; ruinous; disgraceful. [Obs.] -- Shend"ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] Fabyan. SHENDSHIP Shend"ship, n. Defn: Harm; ruin; also, reproach; disgrace. [Obs.] Chaucer. SHENT Shent, Defn: obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Shend, for shendeth. Chaucer. SHENT Shent, v. t. Defn: To shend. [Obs.] Chaucer. SHEOL She"ol, n. Etym: [Heb. sh.] Defn: The place of departed spirits; Hades; also, the grave. For thou wilt not leave my soul to sheel. Ps. xvi. 10. (Rev. Ver.) SHEPEN Shep"en, n. Defn: A stable; a shippen. [Obs.] The shepne brenning with the blacke smoke. Chaucer. SHEPHERD Shep"herd, n. Etym: [OE. schepherde, schephirde, AS. sceáphyrde; sceáp sheep + hyrde, hirde, heorde, a herd, a guardian. See Sheep, and Herd.] 1. A man employed in tending, feeding, and guarding sheep, esp. a flock grazing at large. 2. The pastor of a church; one with the religious guidance of others. Shepherd bird (Zoöl.), the crested screamer. See Screamer. -- Shepherd dog (Zoöl.), a breed of dogs used largely for the herding and care of sheep. There are several kinds, as the collie, or Scotch shepherd dog, and the English shepherd dog. Called also shepherd's dog. -- Shepherd dog, a name of Pan. Keats. -- Shepherd kings, the chiefs of a nomadic people who invaded Egypt from the East in the traditional period, and conquered it, at least in part. They were expelled after about five hundred years, and attempts have been made to connect their expulsion with narrative in the book of Exodus. -- Shepherd's club (Bot.), the common mullein. See Mullein. -- Shepherd's crook, a long staff having the end curved so as to form a large hook, -- used by shepherds. -- Shepherd's needle (Bot.), the lady's comb. -- Shepherd's plaid, a kind of woolen cloth of a checkered black and white pattern. -- Shephered spider (Zoöl.), a daddy longlegs, or harvestman. -- Shepherd's pouch, or Shepherd's purse (Bot.), an annual cruciferous plant (Capsella Bursapastoris) bearing small white flowers and pouchlike pods. See Illust. of Silicle. -- Shepherd's rod, or Shepherd's staff (Bot.), the small teasel. SHEPHERD Shep"herd, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shepherded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shepherding.] Defn: To tend as a shepherd; to guard, herd, lead, or drive, as a shepherd. [Poetic] White, fleecy clouds . . . Shepherded by the slow, unwilling wind. Shelley. SHEPHERDESS Shep"herd*ess, n. Defn: A woman who tends sheep; hence, a rural lass. She put herself into the garb of a shepherdess. Sir P. Sidney. SHEPHERDIA Shep*her"di*a, n.; pl. Shepherdias. Etym: [NL. So called from John Shepherd, an English botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs having silvery scurfy leaves, and belonging to the same family as Elæagnus; also, any plant of this genus. See Buffalo berry, under Buffalo. SHEPHERDISH Shep"herd*ish, n. Defn: Resembling a shepherd; suiting a shepherd; pastoral. Sir T. Sidney. SHEPHERDISM Shep"herd*ism, n. Defn: Pastoral life or occupation. SHEPHERDLING Shep"herd*ling, n. Defn: A little shepherd. SHEPHERDLY Shep"herd*ly, a. Defn: Resembling, or becoming to, a shepherd; pastoral; rustic. [R.] Jer. Taylor. SHEPSTER Shep"ster, n. Defn: A seamstress. [Obs.] Caxton. SHERARDIZE Sher"ard*ize, v. t. [From Sherard Cowper-Coles, the inventor.] (Metal.) Defn: To subject to the process of vapor galvanizing (which see, below). SHERBET Sher"bet, n. Etym: [Ar. sherbet, shorbet, sharbat, properly, one drink or sip, a draught, beverage, from shariba to drink. Cf. Sorbet, Sirup, Shrub a drink.] 1. A refreshing drink, common in the East, made of the juice of some fruit, diluted, sweetened, and flavored in various ways; as, orange sherbet; lemon sherbet; raspberry sherbet, etc. 2. A flavored water ice. 3. A preparation of bicarbonate of soda, tartaric acid, sugar, etc., variously flavored, for making an effervescing drink; -- called also sherbet powder. SHERD Sherd, n. Defn: A fragment; -- now used only in composition, as in potsherd. See Shard. The thigh . . . which all in sherds it drove. Chapman. SHEREEF; SHERIF Sher"eef, Sher"if, n. Etym: [Ar. sherif noble, holy, n., a prince.] Defn: A member of an Arab princely family descended from Mohammed through his son-in-law Ali and daughter Fatima. The Grand Shereef is the governor of Mecca. SHERIAT Sher"i*at, n. Etym: [Turk. sheri 'at] Defn: The sacred law of the Turkish empire. SHERIFF Sher"iff, n. Etym: [OE. shereve, AS. scir-ger; scir a shire + ger a reeve. See Shire, and Reeve, and cf. Shrievalty.] Defn: The chief officer of a shire or county, to whom is intrusted the execution of the laws, the serving of judicial writs and processes, and the preservation of the peace. Note: In England, sheriffs are appointed by the king. In the United States, sheriffs are elected by the legislature or by the citizens, or appointed and commissioned by the executive of the State. The office of sheriff in England is judicial and ministerial. In the United States, it is mainly ministerial. The sheriff, by himself or his deputies, executes civil and criminal process throughout the county, has charge of the jail and prisoners, attends courts, and keeps the peace. His judicial authority is generally confined to ascertaining damages on writs of inquiry and the like. Sheriff, in Scotland, called sheriff depute, is properly a judge, having also certain ministerial powers. Sheriff clerk is the clerk of the Sheriff's Court in Scotland. Sheriff's Court in London is a tribunal having cognizance of certain personal actions in that city. Wharton, Tomlins. Erskine. SHERIFFALTY; SHERIFFDOM; SHERIFFRY; SHERIFFSHIP; SHERIFFWICK Sher"iff*al*ty, Sher"iff*dom, Sher"iff*ry, Sher"iff*ship, Sher"iff*wick, n. Defn: The office or jurisdiction of sheriff. See Shrievalty. SHERN Shern, n. Defn: See Shearn. [Obs.] SHERRIS Sher"ris, n. Defn: Sherry. [Obs.] Shak. SHERRY Sher"ry, n. Etym: [So called from Xeres, a Spanish town near Cadiz, x in Spanish having been formerly pronounced like sh in English.] Defn: A Spanish light-colored dry wine, made in Andalusia. As prepared for commerce it is colored a straw color or a deep amber by mixing with it cheap wine boiled down. Sherry cobbler, a beverage prepared with sherry wine, water, lemon or orange, sugar, ice, etc., and usually imbided through a straw or a glass tube. SHERRYVALLIES Sher"ry*val`lies, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. Sp. zaraquelles wide breeches or overalls.] Defn: Trousers or overalls of thick cloth or leather, buttoned on the outside of each leg, and generally worn to protect other trousers when riding on horseback. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. SHET Shet, v. t. & i. [imp. Shet. (Obs. Shette (); p. pr. Shet; p. pr. & vb. n. Shetting.] Defn: To shut. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. SHETE Shete, v. t. & i. Defn: To shoot. [Obs.] Chaucer. SHETH Sheth, n. Defn: The part of a plow which projects downward beneath the beam, for holding the share and other working parts; -- also called standard, or post. SHETLAND PONY Shet"land po"ny. Defn: One of a small, hardy breed of horses, with long mane and tail, which originated in the Shetland Islands; a sheltie. SHEW Shew, v. t. & i. Defn: See Show. SHEW Shew, n. Defn: Show. [Obs. except in shewbread.] SHEWBREAD Shew"bread`. Defn: See Showbread. SHEWEL Shew"el, n. Defn: A scarecrow. [Obs.] Trench. SHEWER Shew"er, n. Defn: One who shews. See Shower. SHEWN Shewn, Defn: p. p. of Shew. SHIAH Shi"ah, n. Defn: Same as Shiite. SHIBBOLETH Shib"bo*leth, n. Etym: [Heb. shibboleth an ear of corn, or a stream, a flood.] 1. A word which was made the criterion by which to distinguish the Ephraimites from the Gileadites. The Ephraimites, not being able to pronounce sh, called the word sibboleth. See Judges xii. Without reprieve, adjudged to death, For want of well pronouncing shibboleth. Milton. Defn: Also in an extended sense. The th, with its twofold value, is . . . the shibboleth of foreigners. Earle. 2. Hence, the criterion, test, or watchword of a party; a party cry or pet phrase. SHICER Shi"cer (shi"ser), n. [Prob. fr. G. scheisser one who dungs.] (Mining) Defn: An unproductive mine; a duffer. [Australia] SHIDE Shide, n. Etym: [OE. shide, schide, AS. scide; akin to OHG. scit, G. scheit, Icel. ski, and E. shed, v.t.] Defn: A thin board; a billet of wood; a splinter. [Prov. Eng.] SHIE Shie, v. t. Defn: See Shy, to throw. SHIED Shied, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Shy. SHIEL Shiel, n. Defn: A sheeling. [Scot.] Burns. SHIELD Shield, n. Etym: [OE. sheld, scheld, AS. scield, scild, sceld, scyld; akin to OS. scild, OFries. skeld, D. & G. schild, OHG. scilt, Icel. skjöldr, Sw. sköld, Dan. skiold, Goth. skildus; of uncertain origin. Cf. Sheldrake.] 1. A broad piece of defensive armor, carried on the arm, -- formerly in general use in war, for the protection of the body. See Buckler. Now put your shields before your hearts and fight, With hearts more proof than shields. Shak. 2. Anything which protects or defends; defense; shelter; protection. "My council is my shield." Shak. 3. Figuratively, one who protects or defends. Fear not, Abram; I am thy shield, and thy exceeding great reward. Gen. xv. 1. 4. (Bot.) Defn: In lichens, a Hardened cup or disk surrounded by a rim and containing the fructification, or asci. 5. (Her.) Defn: The escutcheon or field on which are placed the bearings in coats of arms. Cf. Lozenge. See Illust. of Escutcheon. 6. (Mining & Tunneling) Defn: A framework used to protect workmen in making an adit under ground, and capable of being pushed along as excavation progresses. 7. A spot resembling, or having the form of, a shield. "Bespotted as with shields of red and black." Spenser. 8. A coin, the old French crown, or écu, having on one side the figure of a shield. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shield fern (Bot.), any fern of the genus Aspidium, in which the fructifications are covered with shield-shaped indusia; -- called also wood fern. See Illust. of Indusium. SHIELD Shield, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shielded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shielding.] Etym: [AS. scidan, scyldan. See Shield, n.] 1. To cover with, or as with, a shield; to cover from danger; to defend; to protect from assault or injury. Shouts of applause ran ringing through the field, To see the son the vanquished father shield. Dryden. A woman's shape doth shield thee. Shak. 2. To ward off; to keep off or out. They brought with them their usual weeds, fit to shield the cold to which they had been inured. Spenser. 3. To avert, as a misfortune; hence, as a supplicatory exclamation, forbid! [Obs.] God shield that it should so befall. Chaucer. God shield I should disturb devotion! Shak. SHIELD-BEARER Shield"-bear`er, n. 1. One who, or that which, carries a shield. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small moth of the genus Aspidisca, whose larva makes a shieldlike covering for itself out of bits of leaves. SHIELDDRAKE Shield"drake`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sheldrake. SHIELDLESS Shield"less, a. Defn: Destitute of a shield, or of protection. -- Shield"less*ly, adv. -- Shield"less*ness, n. SHIELDTAIL Shield"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of small burrowing snakes of the family Uropeltidæ, native of Ceylon and Southern Asia. They have a small mouth which can not be dilated. SHIELING Shiel"ing, n. Defn: A hut or shelter for shepherds of fishers. See Sheeling. [Scot.] SHIFT Shift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shifting.] Etym: [OE. shiften, schiften, to divide, change, remove. AS. sciftan to divide; akin to LG. & D. schiften to divide, distinguish, part Icel. skipta to divide, to part, to shift, to change, Dan skifte, Sw. skifta, and probably to Icel. skifa to cut into slices, as n., a slice, and to E. shive, sheave, n., shiver, n.] 1. To divide; to distribute; to apportion. [Obs.] To which God of his bounty would shift Crowns two of flowers well smelling. Chaucer. 2. To change the place of; to move or remove from one place to another; as, to shift a burden from one shoulder to another; to shift the blame. Hastily he schifte him[self]. Piers Plowman. Pare saffron between the two St. Mary's days, Or set or go shift it that knowest the ways. Tusser. 3. To change the position of; to alter the bearings of; to turn; as, to shift the helm or sails. Carrying the oar loose, [they] shift it hither and thither at pleasure. Sir W. Raleigh. 4. To exchange for another of the same class; to remove and to put some similar thing in its place; to change; as, to shift the clothes; to shift the scenes. I would advise you to shift a shirt. Shak. 5. To change the clothing of; -- used reflexively. [Obs.] As it were to ride day and night; and . . . not to have patience to shift me. Shak. 6. To put off or out of the way by some expedient. "I shifted him away." Shak. To shift off, to delay; to defer; to put off; to lay aside. -- To shift the scene, to change the locality or the surroundings, as in a play or a story. Shift the scene for half an hour; Time and place are in thy power. Swift. SHIFT Shift, v. i. 1. To divide; to distribute. [Obs.] Some this, some that, as that him liketh shift. Chaucer. 2. To make a change or changes; to change position; to move; to veer; to substitute one thing for another; -- used in the various senses of the transitive verb. The sixth age shifts Into the lean and slippered pantaloon. Shak. Here the Baillie shifted and fidgeted about in his seat. Sir W. Scott. 3. To resort to expedients for accomplishing a purpose; to contrive; to manage. Men in distress will look to themselves, and leave their companions to schift as well as they can. L'Estrange. 4. To practice indirect or evasive methods. All those schoolmen, though they were exceeding witty, yet better teach all their followers to shift, than to resolve by their distinctions. Sir W. Raleigh. 5. (Naut.) Defn: To slip to one side of a ship, so as to destroy the equilibrum; -- said of ballast or cargo; as, the cargo shifted. SHIFT Shift, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel skipti. See Shift, v. t.] 1. The act of shifting. Specifically: (a) The act of putting one thing in the place of another, or of changing the place of a thing; change; substitution. My going to Oxford was not merely for shift of air. Sir H. Wotton. (b) A turning from one thing to another; hence, an expedient tried in difficalty; often, an evasion; a trick; a fraud. "Reduced to pitiable shifts." Macaulay. I 'll find a thousand shifts to get away. Shak. Little souls on little shifts rely. Dryden. 2. Something frequently shifted; especially, a woman's under-garment; a chemise. 3. The change of one set of workmen for another; hence, a spell, or turn, of work; also, a set of workmen who work in turn with other sets; as, a night shift. 4. In building, the extent, or arrangement, of the overlapping of plank, brick, stones, etc., that are placed in courses so as to break joints. 5. (Mining) Defn: A breaking off and dislocation of a seam; a fault. 6. (Mus.) Defn: A change of the position of the hand on the finger board, in playing the violin. To make shift, to contrive or manage in an exigency. "I shall make shift to go without him." Shak. [They] made a shift to keep their own in Ireland. Milton. SHIFTABLE Shift"a*ble, a. Defn: Admitting of being shifted. SHIFTER Shift"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, shifts; one who plays tricks or practices artifice; a cozener. 'T was such a shifter that, if truth were known, Death was half glad when he had got him down. Milton. 2. (Naut.) Defn: An assistant to the ship's cook in washing, steeping, and shifting the salt provisions. 3. (Mach.) (a) An arrangement for shifting a belt sidewise from one pulley to another. (b) (Knitting Mach.) A wire for changing a loop from one needle to another, as in narrowing, etc. SHIFTINESS Shift"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being shifty. Diplomatic shiftiness and political versatility. J. A. Syminds. SHIFTING Shift"ing, a. 1. Changing in place, position, or direction; varying; variable; fickle; as, shifting winds; shifting opinions or principles. 2. Adapted or used for shifting anything. Shifting backstays (Naut.), temporary stays that have to be let go whenever the vessel tacks or jibes. -- Shifting ballast, ballast which may be moved from one side of a vessel to another as safety requires. -- Shifting center. See Metacenter. -- Shifting locomotive. See Switching engine, under Switch. SHIFTINGLY Shift"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a shifting manner. SHIFTLESS Shift"less, a. Defn: Destitute of expedients, or not using successful expedients; characterized by failure, especially by failure to provide for one's own support, through negligence or incapacity; hence, lazy; improvident; thriftless; as, a shiftless fellow; shiftless management. -- Shift"less*ly, adv. -- Shift"less*ness, n. SHIFTY Shift"y, a. Defn: Full of, or ready with, shifts; fertile in expedients or contrivance. Wright. Shifty and thrifty as old Greek or modern Scot, there were few things he could not invent, and perhaps nothing he could not endure. C. Kingsley. SHIITE; SHIAH Shi"ite, Shi"ah, n. Etym: [Ar. shi'aia follower of the sect of Ali, fr. shi'at, shi'ah, a multitude following one another in pursuit of the same object, the sect of Ali, fr. sha'a to follow.] Defn: A member of that branch of the Mohammedans to which the Persians belong. They reject the first three caliphs, and consider Ali as being the first and only rightful successor of Mohammed. They do not acknowledge the Sunna, or body of traditions respecting Mohammed, as any part of the law, and on these accounts are treated as heretics by the Sunnites, or orthodox Mohammedans. SHIKAREE; SHIKARI Shi*ka"ree, Shi*ka"ri n. Etym: [Hind.] Defn: A sportsman; esp., a native hunter. [India] SHILF Shilf, n. Etym: [CF. G. shilf sedge.] Defn: Straw. [Obs.] SHILL Shill, v. t. Defn: To shell. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SHILL Shill, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Sheal.] Defn: To put under cover; to sheal. [Prov.ng.] Brockett. SHILLALAH; SHILLELAH Shil*la"lah, Shil*le"lah, n. Defn: An oaken sapling or cudgel; any cudgel; -- so called from Shillelagh, a place in Ireland of that name famous for its oaks. [Irish] [Written also shillaly, and shillely.] SHILLING Shil"ling, n. Etym: [OE. shilling, schilling, AS. scilling; akin to D. schelling, OS. & OHG. scilling, G. schilling, Sw. & Dan. skilling, Icel. skillingr, Goth. skilliggs, and perh. to OHG. scellan to sound, G. schallen.] 1. A silver coin, and money of account, of Great Britain and its dependencies, equal to twelve pence, or the twentieth part of a pound, equivalent to about twenty-four cents of the United States currency. 2. In the United States, a denomination of money, differing in value in different States. It is not now legally recognized. Note: Many of the States while colonies had issued bills of credit which had depreciated in different degrees in the different colonies. Thus, in New England currency (used also in Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida), after the adoption of the decimal system, the pound in paper money was worth only $3.333, and the shilling 16 Am. Cyc. 3. The Spanish real, of the value of one eight of a dollar, or 12 York shilling. Same as Shilling, 3. SHILL-I-SHALL-I; SHILLY-SHALLY Shill"-I-shall`-I, Shil"ly-shal`ly, adv. Etym: [A reduplication of shall I.] Defn: In an irresolute, undecided, or hesitating manner. I am somewhat dainty in making a resolution, because when I make it, I keep it; I don't stand shill-I-shall-I then; if I say 't, I'll do 't. Congreve. SHILLY-SHALLY Shil"ly-shal`ly, v. i. Defn: To hesitate; to act in an irresolute manner; hence, to occupy one's self with trifles. SHILLY-SHALLY Shil"ly-shal`ly, n. Defn: Irresolution; hesitation; also, occupation with trifles. She lost not one of her forty-five minutes in picking and choosing, - - no shilly-shally in Kate. De Quincey. SHILOH Shi"loh (shi\'b6lo), n. Etym: [Heb. shiloh, literally, quiet, rest, fr. shalah to rest.] (Script.) Defn: A word used by Jacob on his deathbed, and interpreted variously, as "the Messiah," or as the city "Shiloh," or as "Rest." SHILY Shi"ly, adv. Defn: See Shyly. SHIM Shim, n. 1. A kind of shallow plow used in tillage to break the ground, and clear it of weeds. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A thin piece of metal placed between two parts to make a fit. SHIMMER Shim"mer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shimmered; p. pr. & vb. n. Shimmering.] Etym: [OE. schimeren, AS. scimerian; akin to scimian, sciman, to glitter, D. schemeren, G. schimmern, Dan. skimre, Sw. skimra, AS. scima a light, brightness, Icel. skima, Goth. skeima a torch, a lantern, and E. shine. sq. root157. See Shine, v. i.] Defn: To shine with a tremulous or intermittent light; to shine faintly; to gleam; to glisten; to glimmer. The shimmering glimpses of a stream. Tennyson. SHIMMER Shim"mer, n. Defn: A faint, tremulous light; a gleaming; a glimmer. TWo silver lamps, fed with perfumed oil, diffused . . . a trembling twilight-seeming shimmer through the quiet apartment. Sir W. Scott. SHIMMERING Shim"mer*ing, n. Defn: A gleam or glimmering. "A little shimmering of a light." Chaucer. SHIMMY Shim"my, n. Defn: A chemise. [Colloq.] SHIN Shin, n. Etym: [OE. shine, schine, AS. scina; akin to D. scheen, OHG. scina, G. schiene, schienbein, Dan. skinnebeen, Sw. skenben. Cf. Chine.] 1. The front part of the leg below the knee; the front edge of the shin bone; the lower part of the leg; the shank. "On his shin." Chaucer. 2. (Railbroad) Defn: A fish plate for rails. Knight. Shin bone (Anat.), the tibia. -- Shin leaf (Bot.), a perennial ericaceous herb (Pyrola elliptica) with a cluster of radical leaves and a raceme of greenish white flowers. SHIN Shin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shinned; p. pr. & vb. n. Shinning.] 1. To climb a mast, tree, rope, or the like, by embracing it alternately with the arms and legs, without help of steps, spurs, or the like; -- used with up; as, to shin up a mast. [Slang] 2. To run about borrowing money hastily and temporarily, as for the payment of one's notes at the bank. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett. SHIN Shin, v. t. Defn: To climb (a pole, etc.) by shinning up. [Slang] SHINDLE Shin"dle, n. Etym: [See 2d Shingle.] Defn: A shingle; also, a slate for roofing. [Obs.] Holland. SHINDLE Shin"dle, v. t. Defn: To cover or roof with shindles. [Obs.] SHINDY Shin"dy, n.; pl. Shindies. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain; cf. Shinney, Shinty.] 1. An uproar or disturbance; a spree; a row; a riot. [Slang] Thackeray. 2. Hockey; shinney. Bartlett. 3. A fancy or liking. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. SHINE Shine, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shone ( (archaic Shined (); p. pr. & vb. n. Shining.] Etym: [OE. shinen, schinen, AS. scinan; akin to D. schijnen, OFries. skina, OS. & OHG. scinan, G. scheinen, Icel.skina, Sw. skina, Dan. skinne, Goth. skeinan, and perh. to Gr. Sheer pure, and Shimmer.] 1. To emit rays of light; to give light; to beam with steady radiance; to exhibit brightness or splendor; as, the sun shines by day; the moon shines by night. Hyperion's quickening fire doth shine. Shak. God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Cghrist. 2 Cor. iv. 6. Let thine eyes shine forth in their full luster. Denham. 2. To be bright by reflection of light; to gleam; to be glossy; as, to shine like polished silver. 3. To be effulgent in splendor or beauty. "So proud she shined in her princely state." Spenser. Once brightest shined this child of heat and air. Pope. 4. To be eminent, conspicuous, or distinguished; to exhibit brilliant intellectual powers; as, to shine in courts; to shine in conversation. Few are qualified to shine in company; but it in most men's power to be agreeable. Swift. To make, or cause, the face to shine upon, to be propitious to; to be gracious to. Num. vi. 25. SHINE Shine, v. t. 1. To cause to shine, as a light. [Obs.] He [God] doth not rain wealth, nor shine honor and virtues, upon men equally. Bacon. 2. To make bright; to cause to shine by reflected light; as, in hunting, to shine the eyes of a deer at night by throwing a light on them. [U. S.] Bartlett. SHINE Shine, n. 1. The quality or state of shining; brightness; luster, gloss; polish; sheen. Now sits not girt with taper's holy shine. Milton. Fair opening to some court's propitious shine. Pope. The distant shine of the celestial city. Hawthorne. 2. Sunshine; fair weather. Be it fair or foul, or rain or shine. Dryden. 3. A liking for a person; a fancy. [Slang, U.S.] 4. Caper; antic; row. [Slang] To cut up shines, to play pranks. [Slang, U.S.] SHINE Shine, a. Etym: [AS. scin. See Shine, v. i.] Defn: Shining; sheen. [Obs.] Spenser. SHINER Shin"er, n. Defn: That which shines. Specifically: (a) A luminary. (b) A bright piece of money. [Slang] Has she the shiners, d' ye think Foote. black eye. (c) (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small freshwater American cyprinoid fishes, belonging to Notropis, or Minnilus, and allied genera; as the redfin (Notropis megalops), and the golden shiner (Notemigonus chrysoleucus) of the Eastern United States; also loosely applied to various other silvery fishes, as the dollar fish, or horsefish, menhaden, moonfish, sailor's choice, and the sparada. (d) (Zoöl.) Defn: The common Lepisma, or furniture bug. Blunt-nosed shiner (Zoöl.), the silver moonfish. SHINESS Shi"ness, n. Defn: See Shyness. SHINGLE Shin"gle, n. Etym: [Prob. from Norw. singl, singling, coarse gravel, small round stones.] (Geol.) Defn: Round, water-worn, and loose gravel and pebbles, or a collection of roundish stones, such as are common on the seashore and elsewhere. SHINGLE Shin"gle, n. Etym: [OE. shingle, shindle, fr. L. scindula, scandula; cf. scindere to cleave, to split, E. shed, v.t., Gr. 1. A piece of wood sawed or rived thin and small, with one end thinner than the other, -- used in covering buildings, especially roofs, the thick ends of one row overlapping the thin ends of the row below. I reached St. Asaph, . . . where there is a very poor cathedral church covered with shingles or tiles. Ray. 2. A sign for an office or a shop; as, to hang out one's shingle. [Jocose, U. S.] Shingle oak (Bot.), a kind of oak (Quercus imbricaria) used in the Western States for making shingles. SHINGLE Shin"gle, v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Shingled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shingling.] 1. To cover with shingles; as, to shingle a roof. They shingle their houses with it. Evelyn. 2. To cut, as hair, so that the ends are evenly exposed all over the head, as shingles on a roof. SHINGLE Shin"gle, v. t. Defn: To subject to the process of shindling, as a mass of iron from the pudding furnace. SHINGLER Shin"gler, n. 1. One who shingles. 2. A machine for shingling puddled iron. SHINGLES Shin"gles, n. Etym: [OF. cengle a girth, F. sangle, fr. L. cingulum a girdle, fr. cingere to gird. Cf. Cincture, Cingle, Surcingle.] (Med.) Defn: A kind of herpes (Herpes zoster) which spreads half way around the body like a girdle, and is usually attended with violent neuralgic pain. SHINGLING Shin"gling, n. 1. The act of covering with shingles; shingles, collectively; a covering made of shingles. 2. (Metal) Defn: The process of expelling scoriæ and other impurities by hammering and squeezing, in the production of wrought iron. Shingling hammer, a ponderous hammer moved by machinery, used in shingling puddled iron. -- Shingling mill, a mill or forge where puddled iron is shingled. SHINGLY Shin"gly, a. Defn: Abounding with shingle, or gravel. SHINHOPPLE Shin"hop`ple, n. Defn: The hobblebush. SHINING Shin"ing, a. 1. Emitting light, esp. in a continuous manner; radiant; as, shining lamps; also, bright by the reflection of light; as, shining armor. "Fish . . . with their fins and shining scales." Milton. 2. Splendid; illustrious; brilliant; distinguished; conspicious; as, a shining example of charity. 3. Having the surface smooth and polished; -- said of leaves, the surfaces of shells, etc. Syn. -- Glistening; bright; radiant; resplendent; effulgent; lustrous; brilliant; glittering; splendid; illustrious. -- Shining, Brilliant, Sparking. Shining describes the steady emission of a strong light, or the steady reflection of light from a clear or polished surface. Brilliant denotes a shining of great brightness, but with gleams or flashes. Sparkling implies a fitful, intense shining from radiant points or sparks, by which the eye is dazzled. The same distinctions obtain when these epithets are figuratively applied. A man of shining talents is made conspicious by possessing them; if they flash upon the mind with a peculiarly striking effect, we call them brilliant; if his brilliancy is marked by great vivacity and occasional intensity, he is sparkling. True paradise . . . inclosed with shining rock. Milton. Some in a brilliant buckle bind her waist, Some round her neck a circling light display. Gay. His sparkling blade about his head he blest. Spenser. SHINING Shin"ing, n. Defn: Emission or reflection of light. SHININGNESS Shin"ing*ness, n. Defn: Brightness. J. Spence. SHINNEY Shin"ney, n. Etym: [CF. Shindy.] Defn: The game of hockey; -- so called because of the liability of the players to receive blows on the shin. Halliwell. SHINPLASTER Shin"plas`ter, n. Defn: Formerly, a jocose term for a bank note greatly depreciated in value; also, for paper money of a denomination less than a dollar. [U. S.] SHIN SHU Shin Shu. [Jap., lit., true sect.] Defn: The leading and most progressive Buddhist sect of Japan, resting its faith rather upon Amida than Gautama Buddha. Rites and ceremonies are held useless without uprightness. SHINTIYAN; SHINTYAN Shin"ti*yan (shin"ti*yan), Shin"ty*an (shin"ti*an), n. [Ar. shintian.] Defn: A kind of wide loose drawers or trousers worn by women in Mohammedan countries. SHINTO; SHINTIISM Shin"to, Shin"ti*ism, n. Etym: [Chin. shin god + tao way, doctrine.] Defn: One of the two great systems of religious belief in Japan. Its essence is ancestor worship, and sacrifice to dead heroes. [Written also Sintu, and Sintuism.] SHINTOIST Shin"to*ist, n. Defn: An adherent of Shintoism. SHINTY Shin"ty, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. sinteag a skip, a bound.] Defn: A Scotch game resembling hockey; also, the club used in the game. Jamieson. SHINY Shin"y, a. [Compar. Shinier; superl. Shiniest.] Defn: Bright; luminous; clear; unclouded. Like distant thunder on a shiny day. Dryden. -SHIP -ship. Etym: [OE. -schipe, AS. -scipe; akin to OFries. -skipe, OLG. - skepi, D. -schap, OHG. -scaf, G. -schaft. Cf. Shape, n., and Landscape.] Defn: A suffix denoting state, office, dignity, profession, or art; as in lordship, friendship, chancellorship, stewardship, horsemanship. SHIP Ship, n. Etym: [AS. scipe.] Defn: Pay; reward. [Obs.] In withholding or abridging of the ship or the hire or the wages of servants. Chaucer. SHIP Ship, n. Etym: [OE. ship, schip, AS. scip; akin to OFries. skip, OS. scip, D. schip, G. schiff, OHG. scif, Dan. skib, Sw. skeep, Icel. & Goth. skip; of unknown origin. Cf. Equip, Skiff, Skipper.] 1. Any large seagoing vessel. Like a stately ship . . . With all her bravery on, and tackle trim, Sails filled, and streamers waving. Milton. Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State! Longfellow. 2. Specifically, a vessel furnished with a bowsprit and three masts (a mainmast, a foremast, and a mizzenmast), each of which is composed of a lower mast, a topmast, and a topgallant mast, and square-rigged on all masts. See Illustation in Appendix. l Port or Larboard Side; s Starboard Side; 1 Roundhouse or Deck House; 2 Tiller; 3 Grating; 4 Wheel; 5 Wheel Chains; 6 Binnacle; 7 Mizzenmast; 8 Skylight; 9 Capstan; 10 Mainmast; 11 Pumps; 12 Galley or Caboose; 13 Main Hatchway; 14 Windlass; 15 Foremast; 16 Fore Hatchway; 17 Bitts; 18 Bowsprit; 19 Head Rail; 20 Boomkins; 21 Catheads on Port Bow and Starboard Bow; 22 Fore Chains; 23 Main Chains; 24 Mizzen Chains; 25 Stern. 1 Fore Royal Stay; 2 Flying Jib Stay; 3 Fore Topgallant Stay;4 Jib Stay; 5 Fore Topmast Stays; 6 Fore Tacks; 8 Flying Martingale; 9 Martingale Stay, shackled to Dolphin Striker; 10 Jib Guys; 11 Jumper Guys; 12 Back Ropes; 13 Robstays; 14 Flying Jib Boom; 15 Flying Jib Footropes; 16 Jib Boom; 17 Jib Foottropes; 18 Bowsprit; 19 Fore Truck; 20 Fore Royal Mast; 21 Fore Royal Lift; 22 Fore Royal Yard; 23 Fore Royal Backstays; 24 Fore Royal Braces; 25 Fore Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 26 Fore Topgallant Lift; 27 Fore Topgallant Yard; 28 Fore Topgallant Backstays; 29 Fore Topgallant Braces; 30 Fore Topmast and Rigging; 31 Fore Topsail Lift; 32 Fore Topsail Yard; 33 Fore Topsail Footropes; 34 Fore Topsail Braces; 35 Fore Yard; 36 Fore Brace; 37 Fore Lift; 38 Fore Gaff; 39 Fore Trysail Vangs; 40 Fore Topmast Studding-sail Boom; 41 Foremast and Rigging; 42 Fore Topmast Backstays; 43 Fore Sheets; 44 Main Truck and Pennant; 45 Main Royal Mast and Backstay; 46 Main Royal Stay; 47 Main Royal Lift; 48 Main Royal Yard; 49 Main Royal Braces; 50 Main Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 51 Main Topgallant Lift; 52 Main Topgallant Backstays; 53 Main Topgallant Yard; 54 Main Topgallant Stay; 55 Main Topgallant Braces; 56 Main Topmast and Rigging; 57 Topsail Lift; 58 Topsail Yard; 59 Topsail Footropes; 60 Topsail Braces; 61 Topmast Stays; 62 Main Topgallant Studding-sail Boom; 63 Main Topmast Backstay; 64 Main Yard; 65 Main Footropes; 66 Mainmast and Rigging; 67 Main Lift; 68 Main Braces; 69 Main Tacks; 70 Main Sheets; 71 Main Trysail Gaff; 72 Main Trysail Vangs; 73 Main Stays; 74 Mizzen Truck; 75 Mizzen Royal Mast and Rigging; 76 Mizzen Royal Stay; 77 Mizzen Royal Lift; 78 Mizzen Royal Yard; 79 Mizzen Royal Braces; 80 Mizzen Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 81 Mizzen Topgallant Lift; 82 Mizzen Topgallant Backstays; 83 Mizzen Topgallant Braces; 84 Mizzen Topgallant Yard; 85 Mizzen Topgallant Stay; 86 Mizzen Topmast and Rigging; 87 Mizzen Topmast Stay; 88 Mizzen Topsail Lift; 89 Mizzen Topmast Backstays; 90 Mizzen Topsail Braces; 91 Mizzen Topsail Yard; 92 Mizzen Topsail Footropes; 93 Crossjack Yard; 94 Crossjack Footropes; 95 Crossjack Lift; 96 Crossjack Braces; 97 Mizzenmast and Rigging; 98 Mizzen Stay; 99 Spanker Gaff; 100 Peak Halyards; 101 Spanker Vangs; 102 Spanker Boom; 103 Spanker Boom Topping Lift; 104 Jacob's Ladder, or Stern Ladder; 105 Spanker Sheet; 106 Cutwater; 107 Starboard Bow; 108 Starboard Beam; 109 Water Line; 110 Starboard Quarter; 111 Rudder. 3. A dish or utensil (originally fashioned like the hull of a ship) used to hold incense. [Obs.] Tyndale. Armed ship, a private ship taken into the service of the government in time of war, and armed and equipped like a ship of war. [Eng.] Brande & C. -- General ship. See under General. -- Ship biscuit, hard biscuit prepared for use on shipboard; -- called also ship bread. See Hardtack. -- Ship boy, a boy who serves in a ship. "Seal up the ship boy's eyes." Shak. -- Ship breaker, one who breaks up vessels when unfit for further use. -- Ship broker, a mercantile agent employed in buying and selling ships, procuring cargoes, etc., and generally in transacting the business of a ship or ships when in port. -- Ship canal, a canal suitable for the passage of seagoing vessels. -- Ship carpenter, a carpenter who works at shipbuilding; a shipwright. -- Ship chandler, one who deals in cordage, canvas, and other, furniture of vessels. -- Ship chandlery, the commodities in which a ship chandler deals; also, the business of a ship chandler. -- Ship fever (Med.), a form of typhus fever; -- called also putrid, jail, or hospital fever. -- Ship joiner, a joiner who works upon ships. -- Ship letter, a letter conveyed by a ship not a mail packet. -- Ship money (Eng. Hist.), an imposition formerly charged on the ports, towns, cities, boroughs, and counties, of England, for providing and furnishing certain ships for the king's service. The attempt made by Charles I. to revive and enforce this tax was resisted by John Hampden, and was one of the causes which led to the death of Charles. It was finally abolished. -- Ship of the line. See under Line. -- Ship pendulum, a pendulum hung amidships to show the extent of the rolling and pitching of a vessel. -- Ship railway. (a) An inclined railway with a cradelike car, by means of which a ship may be drawn out of water, as for repairs. (b) A railway arranged for the transportation of vessels overland between two water courses or harbors. -- Ship's company, the crew of a ship or other vessel. -- Ship's days, the days allowed a vessel for loading or unloading. -- Ship's husband. See under Husband. -- Ship's papers (Mar. Law), papers with which a vessel is required by law to be provided, and the production of which may be required on certain occasions. Among these papers are the register, passport or sea letter, charter party, bills of lading, invoice, log book, muster roll, bill of health, etc. Bouvier. Kent. -- To make ship, to embark in a ship or other vessel. SHIP Ship, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Shipping.] 1. To put on board of a ship, or vessel of any kind, for transportation; to send by water. The timber was . . . shipped in the bay of Attalia, from whence it was by sea transported to Pelusium. Knolles. 2. By extension, in commercial usage, to commit to any conveyance for transportation to a distance; as, to ship freight by railroad. 3. Hence, to send away; to get rid of. [Colloq.] 4. To engage or secure for service on board of a ship; as, to ship seamen. 5. To receive on board ship; as, to ship a sea. 6. To put in its place; as, to ship the tiller or rudder. SHIP Ship, v. i. 1. To engage to serve on board of a vessel; as, to ship on a man-of- war. 2. To embark on a ship. Wyclif (Acts xxviii. 11) SHIPBOARD Ship"board`, n. Etym: [Ship + board. See Board, n., 8] Defn: A ship's side; hence, by extension, a ship; -- found chiefly in adverbial phrases; as, on shipboard; a shipboard. SHIPBUILDER Ship"build`er, n. Defn: A person whose occupation is to construct ships and other vessels; a naval architect; a shipwright. SHIPBUILDING Ship"build`ing, n. Defn: Naval architecturel the art of constructing ships and other vessels. SHIPFUL Ship"ful, n.; pl. Shipfuls (. Defn: As much or as many as a ship will hold; enough to fill a ship. SHIPHOLDER Ship"hold`er, n. Defn: A shipowner. SHIPLESS Ship"less, a. Defn: Destitute of ships. Gray. SHIPLET Ship"let, n. Defn: A little ship. [R.] Holinshed. SHIPLOAD Ship"load`, n. Defn: The load, or cargo, of a ship. SHIPMAN Ship"man, n.; pl. Shipmen (. Defn: A seaman, or sailor. [Obs. or Poetic] Chaucer. R. Browning. About midnight the shipmen deemed that they drew near to some country. Acts xxvii. 27. Shipman's card, the mariner's compass. [Obs.] Shak. SHIPMASTER Ship"mas`ter, n. Defn: The captain, master, or commander of a ship. Jonah i. 6. SHIPMATE Ship"mate`, n. Defn: One who serves on board of the same ship with another; a fellow sailor. SHIPMENT Ship"ment, n. 1. The act or process of shipping; as, he was engaged in the shipment of coal for London; an active shipment of wheat from the West. 2. That which is shipped. The question is, whether the share of M. in the shipment is exempted from condemnation by reason of his neutral domicle. Story. SHIPOWNER Ship"own`er, n. Defn: Owner of a ship or ships. SHIPPEN Ship"pen, n. Etym: [AS. scypen. Cf. Shop, Shepen.] Defn: A stable; a cowhouse. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] SHIPPER Ship"per, n. Etym: [See Ship, n., and cf. Skipper.] Defn: One who sends goods from one place to another not in the same city or town, esp. one who sends goods by water. SHIPPING Ship"ping, a. 1. Relating to ships, their ownership, transfer, or employment; as, shiping concerns. 2. Relating to, or concerned in, the forwarding of goods; as, a shipping clerk. SHIPPING Ship"ping, n. 1. The act of one who, or of that which, ships; as, the shipping of flour to Liverpool. 2. The collective body of ships in one place, or belonging to one port, country, etc.; vessels, generally; tonnage. 3. Navigation. "God send 'em good shipping." Shak. Shipping articles, articles of agreement between the captain of a vessel and the seamen on board, in respect to the amount of wages, length of time for which they are shipping, etc. Bouvier. -- To take shipping, to embark; to take ship. [Obs.] John vi.24. Shak. SHIPPING NOTE Ship"ping note. (Com.) Defn: A document used in shipping goods by sea. In the case of free goods the shipping notes are the receiving note, addressed by the shipper to the chief officer of the vessel, requesting him to receive on board specified goods, and a receipt for the mate to sign, on receiving whose signature it is called the mate's receipt, and is surrendered by the shipper for the bills of lading. SHIPPO Ship*po", n. [Jap. shippo seven precious things; Chin. ts'ih seven + pao gem.] (Japanese Art) Defn: Cloisonné enamel on a background of metal or porcelain. SHIPPON Ship"pon, n. Defn: A cowhouse; a shippen. [Prov. Eng.] Bessy would either do fieldwork, or attend to the cows, the shippon, or churn, or make cheese. Dickens. SHIP RAILWAY Ship railway. (a) An inclined railway running into the water with a cradelike car on which a vessel may be drawn out on land, as for repairs. (b) A railway on which to transport vessels overland between bodies of water. SHIP-RIGGED Ship"-rigged`, a. (Naut.) Defn: Rigged like a ship, that is, having three masts, each with square sails. SHIPSHAPE Ship"shape`, a. Defn: Arranged in a manner befitting a ship; hence, trim; tidy; orderly. Even then she expressed her scorn for the lubbery executioner's mode of tying a knot, and did it herself in a shipshape orthodox manner. De Quincey. Keep everything shipshape, for I must go Tennyson. SHIPSHAPE Ship"shape`, adv. Defn: In a shipshape or seamanlike manner. SHIPWORM Ship"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any long, slender, worm-shaped bivalve mollusk of Teredo and allied genera. The shipworms burrow in wood, and are destructive to wooden ships, piles of wharves, etc. See Teredo. SHIPWRECK Ship"wreck`, n. 1. The breaking in pieces, or shattering, of a ship or other vessel by being cast ashore or driven against rocks, shoals, etc., by the violence of the winds and waves. 2. A ship wrecked or destroyed upon the water, or the parts of such a ship; wreckage. Dryden. 3. Fig.: Destruction; ruin; irretrievable loss. Holding faith and a good conscience, which some having put away concerning faith have made shipwreck. 1 Tim. 1. 19. It was upon an Indian bill that the late ministry had made shipwreck. J. Morley. SHIPWRECK Ship"wreck`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shipwrecked; p. pr. & vb. n. Shipwrecking.] 1. To destroy, as a ship at sea, by running ashore or on rocks or sandbanks, or by the force of wind and waves in a tempest. Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break. Shak. 2. To cause to experience shipwreck, as sailors or passengers. Hence, to cause to suffer some disaster or loss; to destroy or ruin, as if by shipwreck; to wreck; as, to shipwreck a business. Addison. SHIPWRIGHT Ship"wright`, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to construct ships; a builder of ships or other vessels. SHIPYARD Ship"yard`, n. Defn: A yard, place, or inclosure where ships are built or repaired. SHIRAZ Shi*raz", n. Defn: A kind of Persian wine; -- so called from the place whence it is brought. SHIRE Shire, n. Etym: [AS. scire, scir, a division, province, county. Cf. Sheriff.] 1. A portion of Great Britain originally under the supervision of an earl; a territorial division, usually identical with a county, but sometimes limited to a smaller district; as, Wiltshire, Yorkshire, Richmondshire, Hallamshire. An indefinite number of these hundreds make up a county or shire. Blackstone. 2. A division of a State, embracing several contiguous townships; a county. [U. S.] Note: Shire is commonly added to the specific designation of a county as a part of its name; as, Yorkshire instead of York shire, or the shire of York; Berkshire instead of Berks shire. Such expressions as the county of Yorkshire, which in a strict sense are tautological, are used in England. In the United States the composite word is sometimes the only name of a county; as, Berkshire county, as it is called in Massachusetts, instead of Berks county, as in Pensylvania. The Tyne, Tees, Humber, Wash, Yare, Stour, and Thames separate the counties of Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, etc. Encyc. Brit. Knight of the shire. See under Knight. -- Shire clerk, an officer of a county court; also, an under sheriff. [Eng.] -- Shire mote (Old. Eng. Law), the county court; sheriff's turn, or court. [Obs.] Cowell. Blackstone. -- Shire reeve (Old Eng. Law), the reeve, or bailiff, of a shire; a sheriff. Burrill. -- Shire town, the capital town of a county; a county town. -- Shire wick, a county; a shire. [Obs.] Holland. SHIRE HORSE Shire horse. Defn: One of an English breed of heavy draft horses believed to be descended largely from the horses used in war in the days of heavy armor. They are the largest of the British draft breeds, and have long hair on the back of the cannons and fetlocks. Brown or bay with white on the face and legs is now the commonest color. SHIRK Shirk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shirked; p. pr. & vb. n. Shirking.] Etym: [Probably the same word as shark. See Shark, v. t.] 1. To procure by petty fraud and trickery; to obtain by mean solicitation. You that never heard the call of any vocation, . . . that shirk living from others, but time from Yourselves. Bp. Rainbow. 2. To avoid; to escape; to neglect; -- implying unfaithfulness or fraud; as, to shirk duty. The usual makeshift by which they try to shirk difficulties. Hare. SHIRK Shirk, v. i. 1. To live by shifts and fraud; to shark. 2. To evade an obligation; to avoid the performance of duty, as by running away. One of the cities shirked from the league. Byron. SHIRK Shirk, n. Defn: One who lives by shifts and tricks; one who avoids the performance of duty or labor. SHIRKER Shirk"er, n. Defn: One who shirks. Macaulay. SHIRKY Shirk"y, a. Defn: Disposed to shirk. [Colloq.] SHIRL Shirl, a. Defn: Shrill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SHIRL Shirl, n. (Min.) Defn: See Schorl. SHIRLEY Shir"ley, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The bullfinch. SHIRR Shirr, n. (Sewing) Defn: A series of close parallel runnings which are drawn up so as to make the material between them set full by gatherings; -- called also shirring, and gauging. SHIRRED Shirred, a. 1. (Sewing) Defn: Made or gathered into a shirr; as, a shirred bonnet. 2. (Cookery) Defn: Broken into an earthen dish and baked over the fire; -- said of eggs. SHIRT Shirt, n. Etym: [OE. schirte, sherte, schurte; akin to Icel. skyrta, Dan. skiorte, Sw. skjorta, Dan. skiört a petticoat, D. schort a petticoat, an argon, G. schurz, schürze, an argon; all probably from the root of E. short, as being originally a short garment. See Short, and cf. Skirt.] Defn: A loose under-garment for the upper part of the body, made of cotton, linen, or other material; -- formerly used of the under- garment of either sex, now commonly restricted to that worn by men and boys. Several persons in December had nothing over their shoulders but their shirts. Addison. She had her shirts and girdles of hair. Bp. Fisher. SHIRT Shirt, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Shirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shirting.] Defn: To cover or clothe with a shirt, or as with a shirt. Dryden. SHIRTING Shirt"ing, n. Defn: Cloth, specifically cotton cloth, suitable for making shirts. SHIRTLESS Shirt"less, a. Defn: Not having or wearing a shirt. Pope. -- Shirt"less*ness, n. SHIRT WAIST Shirt waist. Defn: A belted waist resembling a shirt in plainness of cut and style, worn by women or children; -- in England called a blouse. SHIRT-WAIST SUIT Shirt-waist suit. Defn: A costume consisting of a plain belted waist and skirt of the same material. SHIST; SHISTOSE Shist, Shis*tose". Defn: See Shist, Schistose. SHITTAH; SHITTAH TREE Shit"tah, Shit"tah tree`, n. Etym: [Heb. shittah, pl. shittim.] Defn: A tree that furnished the precious wood of which the ark, tables, altars, boards, etc., of the Jewish tabernacle were made; -- now believed to have been the wood of the Acacia Seyal, which is hard, fine grained, and yellowish brown in color. SHITTIM; SHITTIM WOOD Shit"tim, Shit"tim wood`, n. Defn: The wood of the shittah tree. SHITTLE Shit"tle, n. Etym: [See Shuttle.] Defn: A shuttle. [Obs.] Chapman. SHITTLE Shit"tle, a. Defn: Wavering; unsettled; inconstant. [Obs.] Holland. SHITTLECOCK Shit"tle*cock`, n. Defn: A shuttlecock. [Obs.] SHITTLENESS Shit"tle*ness, n. Defn: Instability; inconstancy. [Obs.] The vain shittlenesse of an unconstant head. Baret. SHIVE Shive, n. Etym: [See Sheave, n.] 1. A slice; as, a shive of bread. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shak. 2. A thin piece or fragment; specifically, one of the scales or pieces of the woody part of flax removed by the operation of breaking. 3. A thin, flat cork used for stopping a wide-mouthed bottle; also, a thin wooden bung for casks. SHIVER Shiv"er, n. Etym: [OE. schivere, fr. shive; cf. G. schifer a splinter, slate, OHG. scivere a splinter, Dan. & Sw. skifer a slate. See Shive, and cf. Skever.] 1. One of the small pieces, or splinters, into which a brittle thing is broken by sudden violence; -- generally used in the plural. "All to shivers dashed." Milton. 2. A thin slice; a shive. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "A shiver of their own loaf." Fuller. Of your soft bread, not but a shiver. Chaucer. 3. (Geol.) Defn: A variety of blue slate. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A sheave or small wheel in a pulley. 5. A small wedge, as for fastening the bolt of a window shutter. 6. A spindle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SHIVER Shiv"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shivered; p. pr. & vb. n. Shivering.] Etym: [OE. schiveren, scheveren; cf. OD. scheveren. See Shiver a fragment.] Defn: To break into many small pieces, or splinters; to shatter; to dash to pieces by a blow; as, to shiver a glass goblet. All the ground With shivered armor strown. Milton. SHIVER Shiv"er, v. i. Defn: To separate suddenly into many small pieces or parts; to be shattered. There shiver shafts upon shields thick. Chaucer The natural world, should gravity once cease, . . . would instantly shiver into millions of atoms. Woodward. SHIVER Shiv"er, v. i. Etym: [OE. chiveren, cheveren; of uncertain origin. This word seems to have been confused with shiver to shatter.] Defn: To tremble; to vibrate; to quiver; to shake, as from cold or fear. Prometheus is laid On icy Caucasus to shiver. Swift. The man that shivered on the brink of sin, Thus steeled and hardened, ventures boldly in. Creech. SHIVER Shiv"er, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To cause to shake or tremble, as a sail, by steering close to the wind. SHIVER Shiv"er, n. Defn: The act of shivering or trembling. SHIVERINGLY Shiv"er*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a shivering manner. SHIVER-SPAR Shiv"er-spar`, n. Etym: [Cf. G. schiefer-spath.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of calcite, so called from its slaty structure; -- called also slate spar. SHIVERY Shiv"er*y, a. 1. Tremulous; shivering. Mallet. 2. Easily broken; brittle; shattery. SHIZOKU Shi*zo"ku, n. sing. & pl. [Jap. shi-zoku, fr. Chin. ch' (chi) branch, posterity + tsu kindered, class.] Defn: The Japanese warrior gentry or middle class, formerly called samurai; also, any member of this class. SHOAD Shoad, n. Etym: [Cf. G. schutt rubbish.] (Mining) Defn: A train of vein material mixed with rubbish; fragments of ore which have become separated by the action of water or the weather, and serve to direct in the discovery of mines. [Written also shode.] SHOADING Shoad"ing, n. (Mining) Defn: The tracing of veins of metal by shoads. [Written also shoding.] Pryce. SHOAL Shoal, n. Etym: [AS. scolu, sceolu, a company, multitude, crowd, akin to OS. skola; probably originally, a division, and akin to Icel. skilja to part, divide. See Skill, and cf. School. of fishes.] Defn: A great multitude assembled; a crowd; a throng; -- said especially of fish; as, a shoal of bass. "Great shoals of people." Bacon. Beneath, a shoal of silver fishes glides. Waller. SHOAL Shoal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shoaled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoaling.] Defn: To assemble in a multitude; to throng; as, the fishes shoaled about the place. Chapman. SHOAL Shoal, a. Etym: [Cf. Shallow; or cf. G. scholle a clod, glebe, OHG. scollo, scolla, prob. akin to E. shoal a multitude.] Defn: Having little depth; shallow; as, shoal water. SHOAL Shoal, n. 1. A place where the water of a sea, lake, river, pond, etc., is shallow; a shallow. The depth of your pond should be six feet; and on the sides some shoals for the fish to lay their span. Mortimer. Wolsey, that once trod the ways of glory, And sounded all the depths and shoals of honor. Shak. 2. A sandbank or bar which makes the water shoal. The god himself with ready trident stands, And opes the deep, and spreads the moving sands, Then heaves them off the shoals. Dryden. SHOAL Shoal, v. i. Defn: To become shallow; as, the color of the water shows where it shoals. SHOAL Shoal, v. t. Defn: To cause to become more shallow; to come to a more shallow part of; as, a ship shoals her water by advancing into that which is less deep. Marryat. SHOALINESS Shoal"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being shoaly; little depth of water; shallowness. SHOALING Shoal"ing, a. Defn: Becoming shallow gradually. "A shoaling estuary." Lyell. SHOALY Shoal"y, a. Defn: Full of shoals, or shallow places. The tossing vessel sailed on shoaly ground. Dryden. SHOAR Shoar (shor), n. Defn: A prop. See 3d Shore. SHOAT Shoat (shot), n. Defn: A young hog. Same as Shote. SHOCK Shock, n. Etym: [OE. schokke; cf. OD schocke, G. schock a heap, quantity, threescore, MHG. schoc, Sw. skok, and also G. hocke a heap of hay, Lith. kugis.] 1. A pile or assemblage of sheaves of grain, as wheat, rye, or the like, set up in a field, the sheaves varying in number from twelve to sixteen; a stook. And cause it on shocks to be by and by set. Tusser. Behind the master walks, builds up the shocks. Thomson. 2. Etym: [G. schock.] (Com.) Defn: A lot consisting of sixty pieces; -- a term applied in some Baltic ports to loose goods. SHOCK Shock, v. t. Defn: To collect, or make up, into a shock or shocks; to stook; as, to shock rye. SHOCK Shock, v. i. Defn: To be occupied with making shocks. Reap well, scatter not, gather clean that is shorn, Bind fast, shock apace. Tusser. SHOCK Shock, n. Etym: [Cf. D. schok a bounce, jolt, or leap, OHG. scoc a swing, MHG. schoc, Icel. skykkjun tremuously, F. choc a shock, collision, a dashing or striking against, Sp. choque, It. ciocco a log. sq. root161. Cf. Shock to shake.] 1. A quivering or shaking which is the effect of a blow, collision, or violent impulse; a blow, impact, or collision; a concussion; a sudden violent impulse or onset. These strong, unshaken mounds resist the shocks Of tides and seas tempestuous. Blackmore. He stood the shock of a whole host of foes. Addison. 2. A sudden agitation of the mind or feelings; a sensation of pleasure or pain caused by something unexpected or overpowering; also, a sudden agitating or overpowering event. "A shock of pleasure." Talfourd. 3. (Med.) Defn: A sudden depression of the vital forces of the entire body, or of a port of it, marking some profound impression produced upon the nervous system, as by severe injury, overpowering emotion, or the like. 4. (Elec.) Defn: The sudden convulsion or contraction of the muscles, with the feeling of a concussion, caused by the discharge, through the animal system, of electricity from a charged body. Syn. -- Concussion, Shock. Both words signify a sudden violent shaking caused by impact or colision; but concussion is restricted in use to matter, while shock is used also of mental states. SHOCK Shock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shocked; p. pr. & vb. n. Shocking.] Etym: [OE. schokken; cf. D. schokken, F. choquer, Sp. chocar. sq. root161. Cf. Chuck to strike, Jog, Shake, Shock a striking, Shog, n. & v.] 1. To give a shock to; to cause to shake or waver; hence, to strike against suddenly; to encounter with violence. Come the three corners of the world in arms, And we shall shock them. Shak. A shall never forget the force with which he shocked De Vipont. Sir W. Scott. 2. To strike with surprise, terror, horror, or disgust; to cause to recoil; as, his violence shocked his associates. Advise him not to shock a father's will. Dryden. SHOCK Shock, v. i. Defn: To meet with a shock; to meet in violent encounter. "They saw the moment approach when the two parties would shock together." De Quincey. SHOCK Shock, n. Etym: [Cf. Shag.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A dog with long hair or shag; -- called also shockdog. 2. A thick mass of bushy hair; as, a head covered with a shock of sandy hair. SHOCK Shock, a. Defn: Bushy; shaggy; as, a shock hair. His red shock peruke . . . was laid aside. Sir W. Scott. SHOCKDOG Shock"dog`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See 7th Shock, 1. SHOCK-HEAD Shock"-head`, a. Defn: Shock-headed. Tennyson. SHOCK-HEADED Shock"-head`ed, a. Defn: Having a thick and bushy head of hair. SHOCKING Shock"ing, a. Defn: Causing to shake or tremble, as by a blow; especially, causing to recoil with horror or disgust; extremely offensive or disgusting. The grossest and most shocking villainies. Secker. -- Shock"ing*ly, adv. -- Shock"ing*ness, n. SHOD Shod, imp. & p. p. Defn: f Shoe. SHODDY Shod"dy, n. Etym: [Perhaps fr. Shed, v. t.; as meaning originally, waste stuff shedor thrown off.] 1. A fibrous material obtained by "deviling," or tearing into fibers, refuse woolen goods, old stockings, rags, druggets, etc. See Mungo. 2. A fabric of inferior quality made of, or containing a large amount of, shoddy. Note: The great quantity of shoddy goods furnished as army supplies in the late Civil War in the United States gave wide currency to the word, and it came to be applied to persons who pretend to a higher position in society than that to which their breeding or worth entitles them. SHODDY Shod"dy, a. Defn: Made wholly or in part of shoddy; containing shoddy; as, shoddy cloth; shoddy blankets; hence, colloquially, not genuine; sham; pretentious; as, shoddy aristocracy. Shoddy inventions designed to bolster up a factitious pride. Compton Reade. SHODDY FEVER Shoddy fever. (Med.) Defn: A febrile disease characterized by dyspnoa and bronchitis caused by inhaling dust. SHODDYISM Shod"dy*ism, n. Defn: The quality or state of being shoddy. [Colloq.] See the Note under Shoddy, n. SHODE Shode, n. Etym: [AS. scade, fr. sceádan. See Shed, v. t.] 1. The parting of the hair on the head. [Obs.] Full straight and even lay his jolly shode. Chaucer. 2. The top of the head; the head. [Obs.] Chaucer. SHODE; SHODING Shode, Shod"ing. Defn: See Shoad, Shoading. SHODER Sho"der, n. Defn: A package of gold beater's skins in which gold is subjected to the second process of beating. SHOE Shoe, n.; pl. Shoes, formerly Shoon, now provincial. Etym: [OE. sho, scho, AS. sc, sceóh; akin to OFries. sk, OS. sk, D. schoe, schoen, G. schuh, OHG. scuoh, Icel. sk, Dan. & Sw. sko, Goth. sk; of unknown origin.] 1. A covering for the human foot, usually made of leather, having a thick and somewhat stiff sole and a lighter top. It differs from a boot on not extending so far up the leg. Your hose should be ungartered, . . . yourshoe untied. Shak. Spare none but such as go in clouted shoon. Shak. 2. Anything resembling a shoe in form, position, or use. Specifically: (a) A plate or rim of iron nailed to the hoof of an animal to defend it from injury. (b) A band of iron or steel, or a ship of wood, fastened to the bottom of the runner of a sleigh, or any vehicle which slides on the snow. (c) A drag, or sliding piece of wood or iron, placed under the wheel of a loaded vehicle, to retard its motion in going down a hill. (d) The part of a railroad car brake which presses upon the wheel to retard its motion. (e) (Arch.) A trough-shaped or spout-shaped member, put at the bottom of the water leader coming from the eaves gutter, so as to throw the water off from the building. (f) (Milling.) The trough or spout for conveying the grain from the hopper to the eye of the millstone. (g) An inclined trough in an ore-crushing mill. (h) An iron socket or plate to take the thrust of a strut or rafter. (i) An iron socket to protect the point of a wooden pile. (j) (Mach.) A plate, or notched piece, interposed between a moving part and the stationary part on which it bears, to take the wear and afford means of adjustment; -- called also slipper, and gib. Note: Shoe is often used adjectively, or in composition; as, shoe buckle, or shoe-buckle; shoe latchet, or shoe-latchet; shoe leathet, or shoe-leather; shoe string, shoe-string, or shoestring. Shoe of an anchor. (Naut.) (a) A small block of wood, convex on the back, with a hole to receive the point of the anchor fluke, -- used to prevent the anchor from tearing the planks of the vessel when raised or lowered. (b) A broad, triangular piece of plank placed upon the fluke to give it a better hold in soft ground. -- Shoe block (Naut.), a block with two sheaves, one above the other, and at right angles to each other. -- Shoe bolt, a bolt with a flaring head, for fastening shoes on sleigh runners. -- Shoe pac, a kind of moccasin. See Pac. -- Shoe stone, a sharpening stone used by shoemakers and other workers in leather. SHOE Shoe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shod; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoeing.] Etym: [AS. sc, sce. See Shoe, n.] 1. To furnish with a shoe or shoes; to put a shoe or shoes on; as, to shoe a horse, a sled, an anchor. 2. To protect or ornament with something which serves the purpose of a shoe; to tip. The sharp and small end of the billiard stick, which is shod with brass or silver. Evelyn. SHOEBILL Shoe"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large African wading bird (Balæniceps rex) allied to the storks and herons, and remarkable for its enormous broad swollen bill. It inhabits the valley of the White Nile. See Illust. (l.) of Beak. SHOEBLACK Shoe"black`, n. Defn: One who polishes shoes. SHOEFLY Shoe"fly`, n. 1. (Railroading) A contrivance for throwing the track temporarily to one side for convenience in filling washouts or effecting other repairs. [Cant, U. S.] 2. (Print.) In some cylinder presses, a device with long fingers for freeing the sheet from the cylinder. SHOEHORN; SHOEING-HORN Shoe"horn`, Shoe"ing-horn`, n. 1. A curved piece of polished horn, wood, or metal used to facilitate the entrance of the foot into a shoe. 2. Figuratively: (a) Anything by which a transaction is facilitated; a medium; -- by way of contempt. Spectator. (b) Anything which draws on or allures; an inducement. [Low] Beau & Fl. SHOELESS Shoe"less, a. Defn: Destitute of shoes. Addison. SHOEMAKER Shoe"mak`er, n. 1. One whose occupation it is to make shoes and boots. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The threadfish. (b) The runner, 12. SHOEMAKING Shoe"mak`ing, n. Defn: The business of a shoemaker. SHOER Sho"er, n. Defn: One who fits shoes to the feet; one who furnishes or puts on shoes; as, a shoer of horses. SHOG Shog, n. Etym: [See Shock a striking.] Defn: A shock; a jog; a violent concussion or impulse. [R. or Scot.] SHOG Shog, v. t. Defn: To shake; to shock. [R. or Scot.] SHOG Shog, v. i. Etym: [Cf. W. ysgogi to wag, to stir. Cf. Jog.] Defn: To jog; to move on. [R. or Scot.] Beau & Fl. SHOGGLE Shog"gle, v. t. Etym: [See Shog, Joggle.] Defn: To joggle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Pegge. SHOGUN Sho"gun, n. Etym: [Chin. tsiang kiÜn commander in chief.] Defn: A title originally conferred by the Mikado on the military governor of the eastern provinces of Japan. By gradual usurpation of power the Shoguns (known to foreigners as Tycoons) became finally the virtual rulers of Japan. The title was abolished in 1867. [Written variously, Shiogun, Shiogoon, etc.] SHOGUNATE Sho*gun"ate, n. Defn: The office or dignity of a Shogun. [Written also Siogoonate.] SHOLA Sho"la, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Sola. SHOLE Shole, n. Defn: A plank fixed beneath an object, as beneath the rudder of a vessel, to protect it from injury; a plank on the ground under the end of a shore or the like. SHOLE Shole, n. Defn: See Shoal. [Obs.] SHONDE Shonde, n. Etym: [AS. sceond. Cf. Shend.] Defn: Harm; disgrace; shame. [Obs.] Chaucer. SHONE Shone, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Shine. SHOO Shoo, interj. Etym: [Cf. G. scheuchen to scare, drive away.] Defn: Begone; away; -- an expression used in frightening away animals, especially fowls. SHOOI Sho"oi, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Richardson's skua (Stercorarius parasiticus);- so called from its cry. [Prov. Eng.] SHOOK Shook, Defn: imp. & obs. or poet. p. p. of Shake. SHOOK Shook, n. Etym: [Cf. Shock a bundle of sheaves.] (Com.) (a) A set of staves and headings sufficient in number for one hogshead, cask, barrel, or the like, trimmed, and bound together in compact form. (b) A set of boards for a sugar box. (c) The parts of a piece of house furniture, as a bedstead, packed together. SHOOK Shook, v. t. Defn: To pack, as staves, in a shook. SHOON Shoon, n., Defn: pl. of Shoe. [Archaic] Chaucer. They shook the snow from hats and shoon. Emerson. SHOOP Shoop, obs. Defn: imp. of Shape. Shaped. Chaucer. SHOOT Shoot, n. Etym: [F. chute. See Chute. Confused with shoot to let fly.] Defn: An inclined plane, either artificial or natural, down which timber, coal, etc., are caused to slide; also, a narrow passage, either natural or artificial, in a stream, where the water rushes rapidly; esp., a channel, having a swift current, connecting the ends of a bend in the stream, so as to shorten the course. [Written also chute, and shute.] [U. S.] To take a shoot, to pass through a shoot instead of the main channel; to take the most direct course. [U.S.] SHOOT Shoot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shot; p. pr. & vb. n. Shooting. The old participle Shotten is obsolete. See Shotten.] Etym: [OE. shotien, schotien, AS. scotian, v. i., sceótan; akin to D. schieten, G. schie, OHG. sciozan, Icel. skj, Sw. skjuta, Dan. skyde; cf. Skr. skund to jump. sq. root159. Cf. Scot a contribution, Scout to reject, Scud, Scuttle, v. i., Shot, Sheet, Shut, Shuttle, Skittish, Skittles.] 1. To let fly, or cause to be driven, with force, as an arrow or a bullet; -- followed by a word denoting the missile, as an object. If you please To shoot an arrow that self way. Shak. 2. To discharge, causing a missile to be driven forth; -- followed by a word denoting the weapon or instrument, as an object; -- often with off; as, to shoot a gun. The two ends od a bow, shot off, fly from one another. Boyle. 3. To strike with anything shot; to hit with a missile; often, to kill or wound with a firearm; -- followed by a word denoting the person or thing hit, as an object. When Roger shot the hawk hovering over his master's dove house. A. Tucker. 4. To send out or forth, especially with a rapid or sudden motion; to cast with the hand; to hurl; to discharge; to emit. An honest weaver as ever shot shuttle. Beau & Fl. A pit into which the dead carts had nightly shot corpses by scores. Macaulay. 5. To push or thrust forward; to project; to protrude; -- often with out; as, a plant shoots out a bud. They shoot out the lip, they shake the head. Ps. xxii. 7. Beware the secret snake that shoots a sting. Dryden. 6. (Carp.) Defn: To plane straight; to fit by planing. Two pieces of wood that are shot, that is, planed or else pared with a paring chisel. Moxon. 7. To pass rapidly through, over, or under; as, to shoot a rapid or a bridge; to shoot a sand bar. She . . . shoots the Stygian sound. Dryden. 8. To variegate as if by sprinkling or intermingling; to color in spots or patches. The tangled water courses slept, Shot over with purple, and green, and yellow. Tennyson. To be shot of, to be discharged, cleared, or rid of. [Colloq.] "Are you not glad to be shot of him" Sir W. Scott. SHOOT Shoot, v. i. 1. To cause an engine or weapon to discharge a missile; -- said of a person or an agent; as, they shot at a target; he shoots better than he rides. The archers have . . . shot at him. Gen. xlix. 23. 2. To discharge a missile; -- said of an engine or instrument; as, the gun shoots well. 3. To be shot or propelled forcibly; -- said of a missile; to be emitted or driven; to move or extend swiftly, as if propelled; as, a shooting star. There shot a streaming lamp along the sky. Dryden. 4. To penetrate, as a missile; to dart with a piercing sensation; as, shooting pains. Thy words shoot through my heart. Addison. 5. To feel a quick, darting pain; to throb in pain. These preachers make His head to shoot and ache. Herbert. 6. To germinate; to bud; to sprout. Onions, as they hang, will shoot forth. Bacon. But the wild olive shoots, and shades the ungrateful plain. Dryden. 7. To grow; to advance; as, to shoot up rapidly. Well shot in years he seemed. Spenser. Delightful task! to rear the tender thought, To teach the young idea how to shoot. Thomson. 8. To change form suddenly; especially, to solidify. If the menstruum be overcharged, metals will shoot into crystals. Bacon. 9. To protrude; to jut; to project; to extend; as, the land shoots into a promontory. There shot up against the dark sky, tall, gaunt, straggling houses. Dickens. 10. (Naut.) Defn: To move ahead by force of momentum, as a sailing vessel when the helm is put hard alee. To shoot ahead, to pass or move quickly forward; to outstrip others. SHOOT Shoot, n. 1. The act of shooting; the discharge of a missile; a shot; as, the shoot of a shuttle. The Turkish bow giveth a very forcible shoot. Bacon. One underneath his horse to get a shoot doth stalk. Drayton. 2. A young branch or growth. Superfluous branches and shoots of this second spring. Evelyn. 3. A rush of water; a rapid. 4. (Min.) Defn: A vein of ore running in the same general direction as the lode. Knight. 5. (Weaving) Defn: A weft thread shot through the shed by the shuttle; a pick. 6. Etym: [Perh. a different word.] Defn: A shoat; a young hog. SHOOTER Shoot"er, n. 1. One who shoots, as an archer or a gunner. 2. That which shoots. Specifically: (a) A firearm; as, a five-shooter. [Colloq. U.S.] (b) A shooting star. [R.] SHOOTING Shoot"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, shoots; as, the shooting of an archery club; the shooting of rays of light. 2. A wounding or killing with a firearm; specifically (Sporting), the killing of game; as, a week of shooting. 3. A sensation of darting pain; as, a shooting in one's head. SHOOTING Shoot"ing, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to shooting; for shooting; darting. Shooting board (Joinery), a fixture used in planing or shooting the edge of a board, by means of which the plane is guided and the board held true. -- Shooting box, a small house in the country for use in the shooting season. Prof. Wilson. -- Shooting gallery, a range, usually covered, with targets for practice with firearms. -- Shooting iron, a firearm. [Slang, U.S.] -- Shooting star. (a) (Astron.) A starlike, luminous meteor, that, appearing suddenly, darts quickly across some portion of the sky, and then as suddenly disappears, leaving sometimes, for a few seconds, a luminous train, - - called also falling star. Shooting stars are small cosmical bodies which encounter the earth in its annual revolution, and which become visible by coming with planetary velocity into the upper regions of the atmosphere. At certain periods, as on the 13th of November and 10th of August, they appear for a few hours in great numbers, apparently diverging from some point in the heavens, such displays being known as meteoric showers, or star showers. These bodies, before encountering the earth, were moving in orbits closely allied to the orbits of comets. See Leonids, Perseids. (b) (Bot.) The American cowslip (Dodecatheon Meadia). See under Cowslip. -- Shooting stick (Print.), a tapering piece of wood or iron, used by printers to drive up the quoins in the chase. Hansard. SHOOTY Shoot"y, a. Defn: Sprouting or coming up freely and regularly. [Prev. Eng.] Grose. SHOP Shop, obs. Defn: imp. of Shape. Shaped. Chaucer. SHOP Shop, n. Etym: [OE. shoppe, schoppe, AS. sceoppa a treasury, a storehouse, stall, booth; akin to scypen a shed, LG. schup a shed, G. schoppen, schuppen, a shed, a coachhouse, OHG. scopf.] 1. A building or an apartment in which goods, wares, drugs, etc., are sold by retail. From shop to shop Wandering, and littering with unfolded silks The polished counter. Cowper. 2. A building in which mechanics or artisans work; as, a shoe shop; a car shop. A tailor called me in his shop. Shak. Note: Shop is often used adjectively or in composition; as, shop rent, or shop-rent; shop thief, or shop-thief; shop window, or shop- window, etc. To smell of the shop, to indicate too distinctively one's occupation or profession. -- To talk shop, to make one's business the topic of social conversation; also, to use the phrases peculiar to one's employment. [Colloq.] Syn. -- Store; warehouse. See Store. SHOP Shop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shopped; p. pr. & vb. n. Shopping.] Defn: To visit shops for the purpose of purchasing goods. He was engaged with his mother and some ladies to go shopping. Byron. SHOPBOARD Shop"board`, n. Defn: A bench or board on which work is performed; a workbench. South. SHOPBOOK Shop"book`, n. Defn: A book in which a tradesman keeps his accounts. Locke. SHOPBOY Shop"boy`, n. Defn: A boy employed in a shop. SHOPEN Sho"pen, obs. Defn: p. p. of Shape. Chaucer. SHOPGIRL Shop"girl`, n. Defn: A girl employed in a shop. SHOPKEEPER Shop"keep`er, n. Defn: A trader who sells goods in a shop, or by retail; -- in distinction from one who sells by wholesale. Addison. SHOPLIFTER Shop"lift`er, n. Etym: [Shop + lift. See Lift to steal.] Defn: One who steals anything in a shop, or takes goods privately from a shop; one who, under pretense of buying goods, takes occasion to steal. SHOPLIFTING Shop"lift`ing, n. Defn: Larceny committed in a shop; the stealing of anything from a shop. SHOPLIKE Shop"like`, a. Defn: Suiting a shop; vulgar. B. Jonson. SHOPMAID Shop"maid`, n. Defn: A shopgirl. SHOPMAN Shop"man, n.; pl. Shopmen (. 1. A shopkeeper; a retailer. Dryden. 2. One who serves in a shop; a salesman. 3. One who works in a shop or a factory. SHOPPER Shop"per, n. Defn: One who shops. SHOPPISH Shop"pish, a. Defn: Having the appearance or qualities of a shopkeeper, or shopman. SHOPPY Shop"py, a. 1. Abounding with shops. [Colloq.] 2. Of or pertaining to shops, or one's own shop or business; as, shoppy talk. [Colloq.] Mrs. Gaskell. SHOPSHIFT Shop"shift`, n. Defn: The trick of a shopkeeper; deception. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SHOPWALKER Shop"walk`er, n. Defn: One who walks about in a shop as an overseer and director. Cf. Floorwalker. SHOPWOMAN Shop"wom`an, n.; pl. Shopwomen (. Defn: A woman employed in a shop. SHOPWORN Shop"worn`, a. Defn: Somewhat worn or damaged by having been kept for a time in a shop. SHORAGE Shor"age, n. Defn: Duty paid for goods brought on shore. Grabb. SHORE Shore, Defn: imp. of Shear. Chaucer. SHORE Shore, n. Defn: A sewer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SHORE Shore, n. Etym: [OE. schore; akin to LG. schore, D. schoor, OD. schoore, Icel. skor, and perhaps to E. shear, as being a piece cut off.] Defn: A prop, as a timber, placed as a brace or support against the side of a building or other structure; a prop placed beneath anything, as a beam, to prevent it from sinking or sagging. [Written also shoar.] SHORE Shore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shored; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoring.] Etym: [OE. schoren. See Shore a prop.] Defn: To support by a shore or shores; to prop; -- usually with up; as, to shore up a building. SHORE Shore, n. Etym: [OE. schore, AS. score, probably fr. scieran, and so meaning properly, that which is shorn off, edge; akin to OD. schoore, schoor. See Shear, v. t.] Defn: The coast or land adjacent to a large body of water, as an ocean, lake, or large river. Michael Cassio, Lieutenant to the warlike Moor Othello, Is come shore. Shak. The fruitful shore of muddy Nile. Spenser. In shore, near the shore. Marryat. -- On shore. See under On. -- Shore birds (Zoöl.), a collective name for the various limicoline birds found on the seashore. -- Shore crab (Zoöl.), any crab found on the beaches, or between tides, especially any one of various species of grapsoid crabs, as Heterograpsus nudus of California. -- Shore lark (Zoöl.), a small American lark (Otocoris alpestris) found in winter, both on the seacoast and on the Western plains. Its upper parts are varied with dark brown and light brown. It has a yellow throat, yellow local streaks, a black crescent on its breast, a black streak below each eye, and two small black erectile ear tufts. Called also horned lark. -- Shore plover (Zoöl.), a large-billed Australian plover (Esacus magnirostris). It lives on the seashore, and feeds on crustaceans, etc. -- Shore teetan (Zoöl.), the rock pipit (Anthus obscurus). [Prov. Eng.] SHORE Shore, v. t. Defn: To set on shore. [Obs.] Shak. SHORELESS Shore"less, a. Defn: Having no shore or coast; of indefinite or unlimited extent; as, a shoreless ocean. Young. SHORELING Shore"ling, n. Defn: See Shorling. SHORER Shor"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, shores or props; a prop; a shore. SHOREWARD Shore"ward, adv. Defn: Toward the shore. SHORING Shor"ing, n. 1. The act of supporting or strengthening with a prop or shore. 2. A system of props; props, collectively. SHORL; SHORLACEOUS Shorl, n., Shor*la"ceous (,a. (Min.) Defn: See Schorl, Schorlaceous. SHORLING Shor"ling, n. 1. The skin of a sheen after the fleece is shorn off, as distinct from the morling, or skin taken from the dead sheep; also, a sheep of the first year's shearing. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A person who is shorn; a shaveling; hence, in contempt, a priest. [Obs.] Halliwell. SHORN Shorn (, Defn: p. p. of Shear. SHORT Short, a. [Compar. Shorter; superl. Shortest.] Etym: [OE. short, schort, AS. scort, sceort; akin to OHG. scurz, Icel. skorta to be short of, to lack, and perhaps to E. shear, v. t. Cf. Shirt.] 1. Not long; having brief length or linear extension; as, a short distance; a short piece of timber; a short flight. The bed is shorter than that a man can stretch himself on it. Isa. xxviii. 20. 2. Not extended in time; having very limited duration; not protracted; as, short breath. The life so short, the craft so long to learn. Chaucer. To short absense I could yield. Milton. 3. Limited in quantity; inadequate; insufficient; scanty; as, a short supply of provisions, or of water. 4. Insufficiently provided; inadequately supplied; scantily furnished; lacking; not coming up to a resonable, or the ordinary, standard; -- usually with of; as, to be short of money. We shall be short in our provision. Shak. 5. Deficient; defective; imperfect; not coming up, as to a measure or standard; as, an account which is short of the trith. 6. Not distant in time; near at hand. Marinell was sore offended That his departure thence should be so short. Spenser. He commanded those who were appointed to attend him to be ready by a short day. Clarendon. 7. Limited in intellectual power or grasp; not comprehensive; narrow; not tenacious, as memory. Their own short understandings reach No farther than the present. Rowe. 8. Less important, efficaceous, or powerful; not equal or equivalent; less (than); -- with of. Hardly anything short of an invasion could rouse them again to war. Landor. 9. Abrupt; brief; pointed; petulant; as, he gave a short answer to the question. 10. (Cookery) Defn: Breaking or crumbling readily in the mouth; crisp; as, short pastry. 11. (Metal) Defn: Brittle. Note: Metals that are brittle when hot are called ; as, cast iron may be hot-short, owing to the presence of sulphur. Those that are brittle when cold are called cold-short; as, cast iron may be cold- short, on account of the presence of phosphorus. 12. (Stock Exchange) Defn: Engaging or engaged to deliver what is not possessed; as, short contracts; to be short of stock. See The shorts, under Short, n., and To sell short, under Short, adv. Note: In mercantile transactions, a note or bill is sometimes made payable at short sight, that is, in a little time after being presented to the payer. 13. (Phon.) Defn: Not prolonged, or relatively less prolonged, in utterance; -- opposed to long, and applied to vowels or to syllables. In English, the long and short of the same letter are not, in most cases, the long and short of the same sound; thus, the i in ill is the short sound, not of i in isle, but of ee in eel, and the e in pet is the short sound of a in pate, etc. See Quantity, and Guide to Pronunciation, §§22, 30. Note: Short is much used with participles to form numerous self- explaining compounds; as, short-armed, short-billed, short-fingered, short-haired, short-necked, short-sleeved, short-tailed, short- winged, short-wooled, etc. At short notice, in a brief time; promptly. -- Short rib (Anat.), one of the false ribs. -- Short suit (Whist), any suit having only three cards, or less than three. R. A. Proctor. -- To come short, To cut short, To fall short, etc. See under Come, Cut, etc. SHORT Short, n. 1. A summary account. The short and the long is, our play is preferred. Shak. 2. pl. Defn: The part of milled grain sifted out which is next finer than the bran. The first remove above bran is shorts. Halliwell. 3. pl. Defn: Short, inferior hemp. 4. pl. Defn: Breeches; shortclothes. [Slang] Dickens. 5. (Phonetics) Defn: A short sound, syllable, or vowel. If we compare the nearest conventional shorts and longs in English, as in "bit" and "beat," "not" and "naught," we find that the short vowels are generally wide, the long narrow, besides being generally diphthongic as well. Hence, originally short vowels can be lengthened and yet kept quite distinct from the original longs. H. Sweet. In short, in few words; in brief; briefly. -- The long and the short, the whole; a brief summing up. -- The shorts (Stock Exchange), those who are unsupplied with stocks which they contracted to deliver. SHORT Short, adv. Defn: In a short manner; briefly; limitedly; abruptly; quickly; as, to stop short in one's course; to turn short. He was taken up very short, and adjudged corrigible for such presumptuous language. Howell. To sell short (Stock Exchange), to sell, for future delivery, what the party selling does not own, but hopes to buy at a lower rate. SHORT Short, v. t. Etym: [AS. sceortian.] Defn: To shorten. [Obs.] SHORT Short, v. i. Defn: To fail; to decrease. [Obs.] SHORTAGE Short"age, n. Defn: Amount or extent of deficiency, as determined by some requirement or standard; as, a shortage in money accounts. SHORT-BREATHED Short"-breathed`, a. 1. Having short-breath, or quick respiration. 2. Having short life. SHORTCAKE Short"cake`, n. Defn: An unsweetened breakfast cake shortened with butter or lard, rolled thin, and baked. SHORT CIRCUIT Short" cir"cuit. (Elec.) Defn: A circuit formed or closed by a conductor of relatively low resistance because shorter or of relatively great conductivity. SHORT-CIRCUIT Short"-cir`cuit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Short-circuited; p. pr. & vb. n. Short-circuiting.] (Elec.) Defn: To join, as the electrodes of a battery or dynamo or any two points of a circuit, by a conductor of low resistance. SHORTCLOTHES Short"clothes`, n. Defn: Coverings for the legs of men or boys, consisting of trousers which reach only to the knees, -- worn with long stockings. SHORTCOMING Short"com`ing, n. Defn: The act of falling, or coming short; as: (a) The failure of a crop, or the like. (b) Neglect of, or failure in, performance of duty. SHORT-DATED Short"-dat`ed, a. Defn: Having little time to run from the date. "Thy short-dated life." Sandys. SHORTEN Short"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shortened ; p. pr. & vb. n. Shortening.] Etym: [See Short, a.] 1. To make short or shorter in measure, extent, or time; as, to shorten distance; to shorten a road; to shorten days of calamity. 2. To reduce or diminish in amount, quantity, or extent; to lessen; to abridge; to curtail; to contract; as, to shorten work, an allowance of food, etc. Here, where the subject is so fruitful, I am shortened by my chain. Dryden. 3. To make deficient (as to); to deprive; -- with of. Spoiled of his nose, and shortened of his ears. Dryden. 4. To make short or friable, as pastry, with butter, lard, pot liquor, or the like. To shorten a rope (Naut.), to take in the slack of it. -- To shorten sail (Naut.), to reduce sail by taking it in. SHORTEN Short"en, v. i. Defn: To become short or shorter; as, the day shortens in northern latitudes from June to December; a metallic rod shortens by cold. SHORTENER Short"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, shortens. SHORTENING Short"en*ing, n. 1. The act of making or becoming short or shorter. 2. (Cookery) Defn: That which renders pastry short or friable, as butter, lard, etc. SHORTHAND Short"hand`, n. Defn: A compendious and rapid method or writing by substituting characters, abbreviations, or symbols, for letters, words, etc.; short writing; stenography. See Illust. under Phonography. SHORT-HANDED Short`-hand"ed, a. Defn: Short of, or lacking the regular number of, servants or helpers. SHORTHEAD Short"head`, n. Defn: A sucking whale less than one year old; -- so called by sailors. SHORTHORN Short"horn`, a. Defn: One of a breed of large, heavy domestic cattle having short horns. The breed was developed in England. SHORT-JOINTED Short"-joint`ed, a. Defn: Having short intervals between the joints; -- said of a plant or an animal, especially of a horse whose pastern is too short. SHORT-LIVED Short"-lived`, a. Defn: Not living or lasting long; being of short continuance; as, a short-lived race of beings; short-lived pleasure; short-lived passion. SHORTLY Short"ly, adv. Etym: [AS. sceortlice.] 1. In a short or brief time or manner; soon; quickly. Chaucer. I shall grow jealous of you shortly. Shak. The armies came shortly in view of each other. Clarendon. 2. In few words; briefly; abruptly; curtly; as, to express ideas more shortly in verse than in prose. SHORTNESS Short"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being short; want of reach or extension; brevity; deficiency; as, the shortness of a journey; the shortness of the days in winter; the shortness of an essay; the shortness of the memory; a shortness of provisions; shortness of breath. SHORTSIGHTED Short"sight`ed, a. 1. Not able to see far; nearsighted; myopic. See Myopic, and Myopia. 2. Fig.: Not able to look far into futurity; unable to understand things deep; of limited intellect. 3. Having little regard for the future; heedless. -- Short"sight`ed*ly, adv. -- Short"sight`ed*ness, n. Cunning is a kind of shortsightedness. Addison. SHORT-SPOKEN Short"-spo`ken, a. Defn: Speaking in a quick or short manner; hence, gruff; curt. [Colloq.] SHORTSTOP Short"stop`, n. (Baseball) Defn: The player stationed in the field bewtween the second and third bases. SHORT-WAISTED Short"-waist`ed, a. Defn: Having a short waist. SHORT-WINDED Short"-wind`ed, a. Defn: Affected with shortness of breath; having a quick, difficult respiration, as dyspnoic and asthmatic persons. May. SHORTWING Short"wing`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small wrenlike Asiatic birds having short wings and a short tail. They belong to Brachypterix, Callene, and allied genera. SHORT-WITED Short"-wit`ed, a. Defn: Having little wit; not wise; having scanty intellect or judgment. SHORY Shor"y, a. Defn: Lying near the shore. [Obs.] SHOSHONES Sho*sho"nes, n. pl.; sing. Shoshone (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A linguistic family or stock of North American Indians, comprising many tribes, which extends from Montana and Idaho into Mexico. In a restricted sense the name is applied especially to the Snakes, the most northern of the tribes. SHOT Shot, Defn: imp. & p. p. Shoot. SHOT Shot, a. Defn: Woven in such a way as to produce an effect of variegation, of changeable tints, or of being figured; as, shot silks. See Shoot, v. t., 8. SHOT Shot, n. Etym: [AS. scot, sceot, fr. sceótan to shoot; akin to D. sschot, Icel. skot. sq. root159. See Scot a share, Shoot, v. t., and cf. Shot a shooting.] Defn: A share or proportion; a reckoning; a scot. Here no shots are where all shares be. Chapman. A man is never . . . welcome to a place till some certain shot be paid and the hostess say "Welcome." Shak. SHOT Shot, n.; pl. Shotor Shots. Etym: [OE. shot, schot, AS. gesceot a missile; akin to D. schot a shot, shoot, G. schuss, geschoss a missile, Icel. skot a throwing, a javelin, and E. shoot, v.t. sq. root159. See Shoot, and cf. Shot a share.] 1. The act of shooting; discharge of a firearm or other weapon which throws a missile. He caused twenty shot of his greatest cannon to be made at the king's army. Clarendon. 2. A missile weapon, particularly a ball or bullet; specifically, whatever is discharged as a projectile from firearms or cannon by the force of an explosive. Note: Shot used in war is of various kinds, classified according to the material of which it is composed, into lead, wrought-iron, and cast-iron; according to form, into spherical and oblong; according to structure and modes of operation, into solid, hollow, and case. See Bar shot, Chain shot, etc., under Bar, Chain, etc. 3. Small globular masses of lead, of various sizes, -- used chiefly for killing game; as, bird shot; buckshot. 4. The flight of a missile, or the distance which it is, or can be, thrown; as, the vessel was distant more than a cannon shot. 5. A marksman; one who practices shooting; as, an exellent shot. Shot belt, a belt having a pouch or compartment for carrying shot. -- Shot cartridge, a cartridge containing powder and small shot, forming a charge for a shotgun. -- Shot garland (Naut.), a wooden frame to contain shot, secured to the coamings and ledges round the hatchways of a ship. -- Shot gauge, an instrument for measuring the diameter of round shot. Totten. -- shot hole, a hole made by a shot or bullet discharged. -- Shot locker (Naut.), a strongly framed compartment in the hold of a vessel, for containing shot. -- Shot of a cable (Naut.), the splicing of two or more cables together, or the whole length of the cables thus united. -- Shot prop (Naut.), a wooden prop covered with tarred hemp, to stop a hole made by the shot of an enemy in a ship's side. -- Shot tower, a lofty tower for making shot, by dropping from its summit melted lead in slender streams. The lead forms spherical drops which cool in the descent, and are received in water or other liquid. -- Shot window, a window projecting from the wall. Ritson, quoted by Halliwell, explains it as a window that opens and shuts; and Wodrow describes it as a window of shutters made of timber and a few inches of glass above them. SHOT Shot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shotting.] Defn: To load with shot, as a gun. Totten. SHOT-CLOG Shot"-clog`, n. Defn: A person tolerated only because he pays the shot, or reckoning, for the rest of the company, otherwise a mere clog on them. [Old Slang] Thou common shot-clog, gull of all companies. Chapman. SHOTE Shote, n. Etym: [AS. sceóta a darting fish, a trout, fr. sceótan. See Shoot, v. t.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish resembling the trout. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Garew. 2. Etym: [Perh. a different word.] Defn: A young hog; a shoat. SHOT-FREE Shot"-free`, a. Defn: Not to be injured by shot; shot-proof. [Obs.] Feltham. SHOT-FREE Shot"-free`, a. Defn: Free from charge or expense; hence, unpunished; scot-free. [Obs.] Shak. SHOTGUN Shot"gun`, n. Defn: A light, smooth-bored gun, often double-barreled, especially designed for firing small shot at short range, and killing small game. SHOT-PROOF Shot"-proof`, a. Defn: Impenetrable by shot. SHOTS Shots, n. pl. Defn: The refuse of cattle taken from a drove. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SHOT SAMPLES Shot samples. (Metal.) Defn: Samples taken for assay from a molten metallic mass pouring a portion into water, to granulate it. SHOTTED Shot"ted, a. 1. Loaded with shot. 2. (Med.) Defn: Having a shot attached; as, a shotten suture. SHOTTEN Shot"ten, n. Etym: [Properly p. p. of shoot; AS. scoten, sceoten, p. p. of sceótan.] 1. Having ejected the spawn; as, a shotten herring. Shak. 2. Shot out of its socket; dislocated, as a bone. SHOUGH Shough, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A shockdog. SHOUGH Shough, interj. Defn: See Shoo. Beau & Fl. SHOULD Should, imp. of Shall. Etym: [OE. sholde, shulde, scholde, schulde, AS. scolde, sceolde. See Shall.] Defn: Used as an auxiliary verb, to express a conditional or contingent act or state, or as a supposition of an actual fact; also, to express moral obligation (see Shall); e. g.: they should have come last week; if I should go; I should think you could go. "You have done that you should be sorry for." Shak. Syn. -- See Ought. SHOULDER Shoul"der, n. Etym: [OE. shulder, shuldre, schutder, AS. sculdor; akin to D. schoulder, G. schulter, OHG. scultarra, Dan. skulder, Sw. skuldra.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The joint, or the region of the joint, by which the fore limb is connected with the body or with the shoulder girdle; the projection formed by the bones and muscles about that joint. 2. The flesh and muscles connected with the shoulder joint; the upper part of the back; that part of the human frame on which it is most easy to carry a heavy burden; -- often used in the plural. Then by main force pulled up, and on his shoulders bore The gates of Azza. Milton. Adown her shoulders fell her length of hair. Dryden. 3. Fig.: That which supports or sustains; support. In thy shoulder do I build my seat. Shak. 4. That which resembles a human shoulder, as any protuberance or projection from the body of a thing. The north western shoulder of the mountain. Sir W. Scott. 5. The upper joint of the fore leg and adjacent parts of an animal, dressed for market; as, a shoulder of mutton. 6. (Fort.) Defn: The angle of a bastion included between the face and flank. See Illust. of Bastion. 7. An abrupt projection which forms an abutment on an object, or limits motion, etc., as the projection around a tenon at the end of a piece of timber, the part of the top of a type which projects beyond the base of the raised character, etc. Shoulder belt, a belt that passes across the shoulder. -- Shoulder blade (Anat.), the flat bone of the shoulder, to which the humerus is articulated; the scapula. -- Shoulder block (Naut.), a block with a projection, or shoulder, near the upper end, so that it can rest against a spar without jamming the rope. -- Shoulder clapper, one who claps another on the shoulder, or who uses great familiarity. [Obs.] Shak. -- Shoulder girdle. (Anat.) See Pectoral girdle, under Pectoral. -- Shoulder knot, an ornamental knot of ribbon or lace worn on the shoulder; a kind of epaulet or braided ornament worn as part of a military uniform. -- Shoulder-of-mutton sail (Naut.), a triangular sail carried on a boat's mast; -- so called from its shape. -- Shoulder slip, dislocation of the shoulder, or of the humerous. Swift. -- Shoulder strap, a strap worn on or over the shoulder. Specifically (Mil. & Naval), a narrow strap worn on the shoulder of a commissioned officer, indicating, by a suitable device, the rank he holds in the service. See Illust. in App. SHOULDER Shoul"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shouldered; p. pr. & vb. n. Shouldering.] 1. To push or thrust with the shoulder; to push with violence; to jostle. As they the earth would shoulder from her seat. Spenser. Around her numberless the rabble flowed, Shouldering each other, crowding for a view. Rowe. 2. To take upon the shoulder or shoulders; as, to shoulder a basket; hence, to assume the burden or responsibility of; as, to shoulder blame; to shoulder a debt. As if Hercules Or burly Atlas shouldered up their state. Marston. Right shoulder arms (Mil.), a position in the Manual of Arms which the piece is placed on the right shoulder, with the lock plate up, and the muzzle elevated and inclined to the left, and held as in the illustration. SHOULDERED Shoul"dered, a. Defn: Having shoulders; -- used in composition; as, a broad- shouldered man. "He was short-shouldered." Chaucer. SHOULDER-SHOTTEN Shoul"der-shot`ten, a. Defn: Sprained in the shoulder, as a horse. Shak. SHOUT Shout, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shouting.] Etym: [OE. shouten, of unknown origin; perhaps akin to shoot; cf. Icel. sk, sk, a taunt.] Defn: To utter a sudden and loud outcry, as in joy, triumph, or exultation, or to attract attention, to animate soldiers, etc. Shouting of the men and women eke. Chaucer. They shouted thrice: what was the last cry for Shak. To shout at, to utter shouts at; to deride or revile with shouts. SHOUT Shout, v. t. 1. To utter with a shout; to cry; -- sometimes with out; as, to shout, or to shout out, a man's name. 2. To treat with shouts or clamor. Bp. Hall. SHOUT Shout, n. Defn: A loud burst of voice or voices; a vehement and sudden outcry, especially of a multitudes expressing joy, triumph, exultation, or animated courage. The Rhodians, seeing the enemy turn their backs, gave a great shout in derision. Knolles. SHOUTER Shout"er, n. Defn: One who shouts. SHOVE Shove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shoved; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoving.] Etym: [OE. shoven, AS. scofian, fr. sc; akin to OFries. sk, D. schuiven, G. schieben, OHG. scioban, Icel. sk, sk, Sw. skuffa, Dan. skuffe, Goth. afskiuban to put away, cast away; cf. Skr. kshubh to become agitated, to quake, Lith. skubrus quick, skubinti to hasten. sq. root160. Cf. Sheaf a bundle of stalks, Scoop, Scuffle.] 1. To drive along by the direct and continuous application of strength; to push; especially, to push (a body) so as to make it move along the surface of another body; as, to shove a boat on the water; to shove a table across the floor. 2. To push along, aside, or away, in a careless or rude manner; to jostle. And shove away the worthy bidden guest. Milton. He used to shove and elbow his fellow servants. Arbuthnot. SHOVE Shove, v. i. 1. To push or drive forward; to move onward by pushing or jostling. 2. To move off or along by an act pushing, as with an oar a pole used by one in a boat; sometimes with off. He grasped the oar,shoved from shore. Garth. SHOVE Shove, n. Defn: The act of shoving; a forcible push. I rested . . . and then gave the boat another shove. Swift. Syn. -- See Thrust. SHOVE Shove, obs. Defn: p. p. of Shove. Chaucer. SHOVEBOARD; SHOVEGROAT Shove"board`, Shove"groat`, n. Defn: The same as Shovelboard. SHOVEL Shov"el, n. Etym: [OE. shovele, schovele, AS. scoft, sceoft; akin to D. schoffel, G. schaufel, OHG. sc, Dan. skovl, Sw. skofvel, skyffel, and to E. shove. sq. root160. See Shove, v. t.] Defn: An implement consisting of a broad scoop, or more or less hollow blade, with a handle, used for lifting and throwing earth, coal, grain, or other loose substances. Shovel hat, a broad-brimmed hat, turned up at the sides, and projecting in front like a shovel, - - worn by some clergy of the English Church. [Colloq.] -- Shovelspur (Zoöl.), a flat, horny process on the tarsus of some toads, -- used in burrowing. -- Steam shovel, a machine with a scoop or scoops, operated by a steam engine, for excavating earth, as in making railway cuttings. SHOVEL Shov"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shoveled or Shovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoveling or Shovelling.] 1. To take up and throw with a shovel; as, to shovel earth into a heap, or into a cart, or out of a pit. 2. To gather up as with a shovel. SHOVELARD Shov"el*ard, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Shoveler. [Prov. Eng.] SHOVELBILL Shov"el*bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The shoveler. SHOVELBOARD Shov"el*board`, n. 1. A board on which a game is played, by pushing or driving pieces of metal or money to reach certain marks; also, the game itself. Called also shuffleboard, shoveboard, shovegroat, shovelpenny. 2. A game played on board ship in which the aim is to shove or drive with a cue wooden disks into divisions chalked on the deck; -- called also shuffleboard. SHOVELER Shov"el*er, n. Etym: [Also shoveller.] 1. One who, or that which, shovels. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A river duck (Spatula clypeata), native of Europe and America. It has a large bill, broadest towards the tip. The male is handsomely variegated with green, blue, brown, black, and white on the body; the head and neck are dark green. Called also broadbill, spoonbill, shovelbill, and maiden duck. The Australian shoveler, or shovel-nosed duck (S. rhynchotis), is a similar species. SHOVELFUL Shov"el*ful, n.; pl. Shovelfuls (. Defn: As much as a shovel will hold; enough to fill a shovel. SHOVELHEAD Shov"el*head`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A shark (Sphryna tiburio) allied to the hammerhead, and native of the warmer parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans; -- called also bonnet shark. SHOVELNOSE Shov"el*nose`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common sand shark. See under Snad. (b) A small California shark (Heptranchias maculatus), which is taken for its oil. (c) A Pacific Ocean shark (Hexanchus corinus). (d) A ganoid fish of the Sturgeon family (Scaphirhynchus platyrhynchus) of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers; -- called also white sturgeon. SHOVEL-NOSED Shov"el-nosed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a broad, flat nose; as, the shovel-nosed duck, or shoveler. SHOVEN Shov"en, obs. Defn: p. p. of Shove. Chaucer. SHOW Show, v. t. [imp. Showed; p. p. Shown or Showed; p. pr. & vb. n. Showing. It is sometimes written shew, shewed, shewn, shewing.] Etym: [OE. schowen, shewen, schewen, shawen, AS. sceáwian, to look, see, view; akin to OS. scaw, OFries. skawia, D. schouwen, OHG. scouw, G. schauen, Dan. skue, Sw. sk, Icel. sko, Goth. usskawjan to waken, skuggwa a mirror, Icel. skuggy shade, shadow, L. cavere to be on one's guard, Gr. kavi wise. Cf. Caution, Scavenger, Sheen.] 1. To exhibit or present to view; to place in sight; to display; -- the thing exhibited being the object, and often with an indirect object denoting the person or thing seeing or beholding; as, to show a house; show your colors; shopkeepers show customers goods (show goods to customers). Go thy way, shew thyself to the priest. Matt. viii. 4. Nor want we skill or art from whence to raise Magnificence; and what can heaven show more Milton. 2. To exhibit to the mental view; to tell; to disclose; to reveal; to make known; as, to show one's designs. Shew them the way wherein they must walk. Ex. xviii. 20. If it please my father to do thee evil, then I will shew it thee, and send thee away. 1 Sam. xx. 13. 3. Specifically, to make known the way to (a person); hence, to direct; to guide; to asher; to conduct; as, to show a person into a parlor; to show one to the door. 4. To make apparent or clear, as by evidence, testimony, or reasoning; to prove; to explain; also, to manifest; to evince; as, to show the truth of a statement; to show the causes of an event. I 'll show my duty by my timely care. Dryden. 5. To bestow; to confer; to afford; as, to show favor. Shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me. Ex. xx. 6. To show forth, to manifest; to publish; to proclaim. -- To show his paces, to exhibit the gait, speed, or the like; -- said especially of a horse. -- To show off, to exhibit ostentatiously. -- To show up, to expose. [Colloq.] SHOW Show, v. i. Etym: [Written also shew.] 1. To exhibit or manifest one's self or itself; to appear; to look; to be in appearance; to seem. Just such she shows before a rising storm. Dryden. All round a hedge upshoots, and shows At distance like a little wood. Tennyson. 2. To have a certain appearance, as well or ill, fit or unfit; to become or suit; to appear. My lord of York, it better showed with you. Shak. To show off, to make a show; to display one's self. SHOW Show, n. Etym: [Formerly written also shew.] 1. The act of showing, or bringing to view; exposure to sight; exhibition. 2. That which os shown, or brought to view; that which is arranged to be seen; a spectacle; an exhibition; as, a traveling show; a cattle show. As for triumphs, masks, feasts, and such shows. Bacon. 3. Proud or ostentatious display; parade; pomp. I envy none their pageantry and show. Young. 4. Semblance; likeness; appearance. He through the midst unmarked, In show plebeian angel militant Of lowest order, passed. Milton. 5. False semblance; deceitful appearance; pretense. Beware of the scribes, . . . which devour widows' houses, and for a shew make long prayers. Luke xx. 46. 47. 6. (Med.) Defn: A discharge, from the vagina, of mucus streaked with blood, occuring a short time before labor. 7. (Mining) Defn: A pale blue flame, at the top of a candle flame, indicating the presence of fire damp. Raymond. Show bill, a broad sheet containing an advertisement in large letters. -- Show box, a box xontaining some object of curiosity carried round as a show. -- Show card, an advertising placard; also, a card for displaying samples. -- Show case, a gla -- Show glass, a glass which displays objects; a mirror. -- Show of hands, a raising of hands to indicate judgment; as, the vote was taken by a show of hands. -- Show stone, a piece of glass or crystal supposed to have the property of exhibiting images of persons or things not present, indicating in that way future events. SHOWBREAD Show"bread`, n. (Jewish Antiq.) Defn: Bread of exhibition; loaves to set before God; -- the term used in translating the various phrases used in the Hebrew and Greek to designate the loaves of bread which the priest of the week placed before the Lord on the golden table in the sanctuary. They were made of fine flour unleavened, and were changed every Sabbath. The loaves, twelve in number, represented the twelve tribes of Israel. They were to be eaten by the priests only, and in the Holy Place. [Written also shewbread.] Mark ii. 26. SHOWER Show"er, n. 1. One who shows or exhibits. 2. That which shows; a mirror. [Obs.] Wyclif. SHOWER Show"er, n. Etym: [OE. shour, schour, AS. se; akin to D. schoer, G. schauer, OHG. sc, Icel. sk, Sw. skur, Goth. sk a storm of wind; of uncertain origin.] 1. A fall or rain or hail of short duration; sometimes, but rarely, a like fall of snow. In drought or else showers. Chaucer. Or wet the thirsty earth with falling showers. Milton. 2. That which resembles a shower in falling or passing through the air copiously and rapidly. With showers of stones he drives them far away. Pope. 3. A copious supply bestowed. [R.] He and myself Have travail'd in the great shower of your gifts. Shak. Shower bath, a bath in which water is showered from above, and sometimes from the sides also. SHOWER Show"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Showered; p. pr. & vb. n. Showering.] 1. To water with a shower; to Lest it again dissolve and shower the earth. Milton. 2. To bestow liberally; to destribute or scatter in Shak. Cshowers down greatness on his friends. Addison. SHOWER Show"er, v. i. Defn: To rain in showers; to fall, as in a hower or showers. Shak. SHOWERFUL Show"er*ful, a. Defn: Full of showers. Tennyson. SHOWERINESS Show"er*i*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being showery. SHOWERLESS Show"er*less, a. Defn: Rainless; freo from showers. SHOWERY Show"er*y, a. 1. Raining in showers; abounding with frequent showers of rain. 2. Of or pertaining to a shower or showers. "Colors of the showery arch." Milton. SHOWILY Show"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a showy manner; pompously; with parade. SHOWINESS Show"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being showy; pompousness; great parade; ostentation. SHOWING Show"ing, n. 1. Appearance; display; exhibition. 2. Presentation of facts; statement. J. S. Mill. SHOWISH Show"ish, a. Defn: Showy; ostentatious. Swift. SHOWMAN Show"man, n.; pl. Showmen. Defn: One who exhibits a show; a proprietor of a show. SHOWN Shown, Defn: p. p. of Show. SHOWROOM Show"room`, n. Defn: A room or apartment where a show is exhibited. 2. A room where merchandise is exposed for sale, or where samples are displayed. SHOWY Show"y Defn: , a. Etym: [Compar. Showier (; superl. Showiest.] Defn: Making a show; attracting attention; presenting a marked appearance; ostentatious; gay; gaudy. A present of everything that was rich and showy. Addison. Syn. -- Splendid; gay; gaudy; gorgeous; fine; magnificent; grand; stately; sumptuous; pompous. SHRAG Shrag, n. Etym: [CF. Scrag.] Defn: A twig of a tree cut off. [Obs.] SHRAG Shrag, v. t. Defn: To trim, as trees; to lop. [Obs.] SHRAGGER Shrag"ger, n. Defn: One who lops; one who trims trees. [Obs.] Huloet. SHRAM Shram, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Shrink.] Defn: To cause to shrink or shrivel with cold; to benumb. [Prov. Eng.] SHRANK Shrank, Defn: imp. of Shrink. SHRAP; SHRAPE Shrap, Shrape, n. Etym: [Cf. Scrap, and Scrape.] Defn: A place baited with chaff to entice birds. [Written also scrap.] [Obs.] Bp. Bedell. SHRAPNEL Shrap"nel, a. Defn: Applied as an appellation to a kind of shell invented by Gen. H. Shrapnel of the British army. -- n. Defn: A shrapnel shell; shrapnel shells, collectively. Shrapnel shell (Gunnery), a projectile for a cannon, consisting of a shell filled with bullets and a small bursting charge to scatter them at any given point while in flight. See the Note under Case shot. SHRED Shred, n. Etym: [OE. shrede, schrede, AS. screáde; akin to OD. schroode, G. schrot a piece cut off, Icel. skrjothr a shred, and to E. shroud. Cf. Screed, Scroll, Scrutiny.] 1. A long, narrow piece cut or torn off; a strip. "Shreds of tanned leather." Bacon. 2. In general, a fragment; a piece; a particle. Shak. SHRED Shred, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shred or Shredded (; p. pr. & vb. n. Shredding.] Etym: [OE. shreden, schreden, AS. screádian; akin to OD. schrooden, OHG. scr, G. schroten. See Shred, n.] 1. To cut or tear into small pieces, particularly narrow and long pieces, as of cloth or leather. Chaucer. 2. To lop; to prune; to trim. [Obs.] SHREDCOOK Shred"cook`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The fieldfare; -- so called from its harsh cry before rain. [Prov. Eng.] SHREDDING Shred"ding, n. 1. The act of cutting or tearing into shreds. 2. That which is cut or torn off; a piece. Hooker. SHREDDY Shred"dy, a. Defn: Consisting of shreds. SHREDLESS Shred"less, a. Defn: Having no shreds; without a shred. And those which waved are shredless dust ere now. Byron. SHREW Shrew, a. Etym: [OE. shrewe, schrewe. Cf. Shrewd.] Defn: Wicked; malicious. [Obs.] Chaucer. SHREW Shrew, n. Etym: [See Shrew, a.] 1. Originally, a brawling, turbulent, vexatious person of either sex, but now restricted in use to females; a brawler; a scold. A man . . . grudgeth that shrews [i. e., bad men] have prosperity, or else that good men have adversity. Chaucer. A man had got a shrew to his wife, and there could be no quiet in the house for her. L'Estrange. 2. Etym: [AS. screáwa; -- so called because supposed to be venomous. ] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small insectivore of the genus Sorex and several allied genera of the family Sorecidæ. In form and color they resemble mice, but they have a longer and more pointed nose. Some of them are the smallest of all mammals. Note: The common European species are the house shrew (Crocidura araneus), and the erd shrew (Sorex vulgaris) (see under Erd.). In the United States several species of Sorex and Blarina are common, as the broadnosed shrew (S. platyrhinus), Cooper's shrew (S. Cooperi), and the short-tailed, or mole, shrew (Blarina brevicauda). Th American water, or marsh, shrew (Neosorex palustris), with fringed feet, is less common. The common European water shrews are Crossopus fodiens, and the oared shrew (see under Oared). Earth shrew, any shrewlike burrowing animal of the family Centetidæ, as the tendrac. -- Elephant shrew, Jumping shrew, Mole shrew. See under Elephant, Jumping, etc. -- Musk shrew. See Desman. -- River shrew, an aquatic West African insectivore (Potamogale velox) resembling a weasel in form and size, but having a large flattened and crested tail adapted for rapid swimming. It feeds on fishes. -- Shrew mole, a common large North American mole (Scalops aquaticus). Its fine, soft fur is gray with iridescent purple tints. SHREW Shrew, v. t. Etym: [See Shrew, a., and cf. Beshrew.] Defn: To beshrew; to curse. [Obs.] "I shrew myself." Chaucer. SHREWD Shrewd, a. [Compar. Shrewder; superl. Shrewdest.] Etym: [Originally the p. p. of shrew, v.t.] 1. Inclining to shrew; disposing to curse or scold; hence, vicious; malicious; evil; wicked; mischievous; vexatious; rough; unfair; shrewish. [Obs.] Chaucer. [Egypt] hath many shrewd havens, because of the great rocks that ben strong and dangerous to pass by. Sir J. Mandeville. Every of this happy number That have endured shrewd days and nights with us. Shak. 2. Artful; wily; cunning; arch. These women are shrewd tempters with their tongues. Shak. 3. Able or clever in practical affairs; sharp in business; astute; sharp-witted; sagacious; keen; as, a shrewd observer; a shrewd design; a shrewd reply. Professing to despise the ill opinion of mankind creates a shrewd suspicion that we have deserved it. Secker. Syn. -- Keen; critical; subtle; artful; astute; sagacious; discerning; acute; penetrating. -- Shrewd, Sagacious. One who is shrewd is keen to detect errors, to penetrate disguises, to foresee and guard against the selfishness of others. Shrewd is a word of less dignity than sagacious, which implies a comprehensive as well as penetrating mind, whereas shrewd does not. -- Shrewd"ly, adv. -- Shrewd"ness, n. SHREWISH Shrew"ish, a. Defn: having the qualities of a shrew; having a scolding disposition; froward; peevish. My wife is shrewish when I keep not hours. Shak. -- Shrew"ish*ly, adv. -- Shrew"ish*ness, n. SHREWMOUSE Shrew"mouse`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A shrew; especially, the erd shrew. SHRIEK Shriek, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shrieked; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrieking.] Etym: [OE. shriken, originallythe same word as E. screech. See Screech, and cf. Screak.] Defn: To utter a loud, sharp, shrill sound or cry, as do some birds and beasts; to scream, as in a sudden fright, in horror or anguish. It was the owl that shrieked. Shak. At this she shrieked aloud; the mournful train Echoed her grief. Dryden. SHRIEK Shriek, v. t. Defn: To utter sharply and shrilly; to utter in or with a shriek or shrieks. On top whereof aye dwelt the ghostly owl, Shrieking his baleful note. Spenser. She shrieked his name To the dark woods. Moore. SHRIEK Shriek, n. Defn: A sharp, shrill outcry or scream; a shrill wild cry such as is caused by sudden or extreme terror, pain, or the like. Shrieks, clamors, murmurs, fill the frighted town. Dryden. Shriek owl. (Zoöl.) (a) The screech owl. (b) The swift; -- so called from its cry. SHRIEKER Shriek"er, n. Defn: One who utters a shriek. SHRIEVAL Shriev"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a sheriff. SHRIEVALTY Shriev"al*ty, n. Etym: [Contr. from sheriffalty. See Shrieve, n. Sheriff.] Defn: The office, or sphere of jurisdiction, of a sheriff; sheriffalty. It was ordained by 28 Edward I that the people shall have election of sheriff in every shire where the shrievalty is not of inheritance. Blackstone. SHRIEVE Shrieve, n. Etym: [Contr. from OE. shereve. See Sheriff.] Defn: A sheriff. [Obs.] Shak. SHRIEVE Shrieve, v. t. Defn: To shrive; to question. [Obs.] "She gan him soft to shrieve." Spenser. SHRIFT Shrift, n. Etym: [OE. shrift, schrift, AS. scrift, fr. scrifan to shrive. See Shrive.] 1. The act of shriving. In shrift and preaching is my diligence. Chaucer. 2. Confession made to a priest, and the absolution consequent upon it. Chaucer. Have you got leave to go to shrift to-day Shak. Therefore, my lord, address you to your shrift, And be yourself; for you must die this instant. Rowe. Shrift father, a priest to whom confession is made. SHRIGHT Shright, obs. Defn: imp. & p. p. of Shriek. She cried alway and shright. Chaucer. SHRIGHT Shright, n. Etym: [See Shriek.] Defn: A shriek; shrieking. [Obs] Spenser. "All hoarse for shright." Chaucer. SHRIKE Shrike, n. Etym: [Akin to Icel. skrikja a shrieker, the shrike, and E. shriek; cf. AS. scric a thrush. See Shriek, v. i.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of oscinine birds of the family Laniidæ, having a strong hooked bill, toothed at the tip. Most shrikes are insectivorous, but the common European gray shrike (Lanius excubitor), the great northern shrike (L. borealis), and several others, kill mice, small birds, etc., and often impale them on thorns, and are, on that account called also butcher birds. See under Butcher. Note: The ant shrikes, or bush shrikes, are clamatorial birds of the family Formicaridæ. The cuckoo shrikes of the East Indies and Australia are Oscines of the family Campephagidæ. The drongo shrikes of the same regions belong to the related family Dicruridæ. See Drongo. Crow shrike. See under Crow. -- Shrike thrush. (a) Any one of several species of Asiatic timaline birds of the genera Thamnocataphus, Gampsorhynchus, and allies. (b) Any one of several species of shrikelike Australian singing birds of the genus Colluricincla. -- Shrike tit. (a) Any one of several Australian birds of the genus Falcunculus, having a strong toothed bill and sharp claws. They creep over the bark of trees, like titmice, in search of insects. (b) Any one of several species of small Asiatic birds belonging to Allotrius, Pteruthius, Cutia, Leioptila, and allied genera, related to the true tits. Called also hill tit. -- Swallow shrike. See under Swallow. SHRILL Shrill, a. [Compar. Shriller; superl. Shrillest.] Etym: [OE. shril, schril; akin to LG. schrell, G. schrill. See Shrill,v. i.] Defn: Acute; sharp; piercing; having or emitting a sharp, piercing tone or sound; -- said a sound, or of that which produces a sound. Hear the shrill whistle which doth order give To sounds confused. Shak. Let winds be shrill, let waves roll high. Byron. SHRILL Shrill, n. Defn: A shrill sound. [Obs.] Spenser. SHRILL Shrill, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shrilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrilling.] Etym: [OE. schrillen, akin to G. schrillen; cf. AS. scralletan to resound loudly, Icel. skrölta to jolt, Sw. skrälla to shrill, Norw. skryla, skr. Cf. Skirl.] Defn: To utter an acute, piercing sound; to sound with a sharp, shrill tone; to become shrill. Break we our pipes, that shrilledloud as lark. Spenser. No sounds were heard but of the shrilling cock. Goldsmith. His voice shrilled with passion. L. Wallace. SHRILL Shrill, v. t. Defn: To utter or express in a shrill tone; to cause to make a shrill sound. How poor Andromache shrills her dolors forth. Shak. SHRILL-GORGED Shrill"-gorged`, a. Defn: Having a throat which produces a shrill note. [R.] Shak. SHRILLNESS Shrill"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being shrill. SHRILL-TONGUED Shrill"-tongued`, a. Defn: Having a shrill voice. "When shrill-tongued Fulvia scolds." Shak. SHRILLY Shril"ly, adv. Defn: In a shrill manner; acutely; with a sharp sound or voice. SHRILLY Shril"ly, a. Defn: Somewhat shrill. [Poetic] Sir W. Scott. Some kept up a shrilly mellow sound. Keats. SHRIMP Shrimp, v. t. Etym: [Cf. AS. scrimman to dry up, wither, MHG. schrimpfen to shrink, G. schrumpfen, Dan. skrumpe, skrumpes, Da. & Sw. skrumpen shriveled. Cf. Scrimp, Shrink, Shrivel.] Defn: To contract; to shrink. [Obs.] SHRIMP Shrimp, n. Etym: [OE. shrimp; -- probably so named from its shriveled appearance. See Shrimp, v.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of macruran Crustacea belonging to Crangon and various allied genera, having a slender body and long legs. Many of them are used as food. The larger kinds are called also prawns. See Illust. of Decapoda. (b) In a more general sense, any species of the macruran tribe Caridea, or any species of the order Schizopoda, having a similar form. (c) In a loose sense, any small crustacean, including some amphipods and even certain entomostracans; as, the fairy shrimp, and brine shrimp. See under Fairy, and Brine. 2. Figuratively, a little wrinkled man; a dwarf; -- in contempt. This weak and writhled shrimp. Shak. Opossum shrimp. (Zoöl.) See under Opossum. -- Spector shrimp, or Skeleton shrimp (Zoöl.), any slender amphipod crustacean of the genus Caprella and allied genera. See Illust. under Læmodopoda. -- Shrimp catcher (Zoöl.), the little tern (Sterna minuta). -- Shrimp net, a dredge net fixed upon a pole, or a sweep net dragged over the fishing ground. SHRIMPER Shrimp"er, n. Defn: One who fishes for shrimps. SHRINE Shrine, n. Etym: [OE. schrin, AS. scrin, from L. scrinium a case, chest, box.] 1. A case, box, or receptacle, especially one in which are deposited sacred relics, as the bones of a saint. 2. Any sacred place, as an altar, tromb, or the like. Too weak the sacred shrine guard. Byron. 3. A place or object hallowed from its history or associations; as, a shrine of art. SHRINE Shrine, v. t. Defn: To enshrine; to place reverently, as in a shrine. "Shrined in his sanctuary." Milton. SHRINK Shrink, v. i. [imp. Shrank or Shrunk p. p. Shrunk or Shrunken (, but the latter is now seldom used except as a participial adjective; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrinking.] Etym: [OE. shrinken, schrinken, AS. scrincan; akin to OD. schrincken, and probably to Sw. skrynka a wrinkle, skrynkla to wrinkle, to rumple, and E. shrimp, n. & v., scrimp. CF. Shrimp.] 1. To wrinkle, bend, or curl; to shrivel; hence, to contract into a less extent or compass; to gather together; to become compacted. And on a broken reed he still did stay His feeble steps, which shrunk when hard thereon he lay. Spenser. I have not found that water, by mixture of ashes, will shrink or draw into less room. Bacon. Against this fire do I shrink up. Shak. And shrink like parchment in consuming fire. Dryden. All the boards did shrink. Coleridge. 2. To withdraw or retire, as from danger; to decline action from fear; to recoil, as in fear, horror, or distress. What happier natures shrink at with affright, The hard inhabitant contends is right. Pope. They assisted us against the Thebans when you shrank from the task. Jowett (Thucyd.) 3. To express fear, horror, or pain by contracting the body, or part of it; to shudder; to quake. [R.] Shak. SHRINK Shrink, v. t. 1. To cause to contract or shrink; as, to shrink finnel by imersing it in boiling water. 2. To draw back; to withdraw. [Obs.] The Libyc Hammon shrinks his horn. Milton. To shrink on (Mach.), to fix (one piece or part) firmly around (another) by natural contraction in cooling, as a tire on a wheel, or a hoop upon a cannon, which is made slightly smaller than the part it is to fit, and expanded by heat till it can be slipped into place. SHRINK Shrink, n. Defn: The act shrinking; shrinkage; contraction; also, recoil; withdrawal. Yet almost wish, with sudden shrink, That I had less to praise. Leigh Hunt. SHRINKAGE Shrink"age, n. 1. The act of shrinking; a contraction into less bulk or measurement. 2. The amount of such contraction; the bulk or dimension lost by shrinking, as of grain, castings, etc. 3. Decrease in value; depreciation. [Colloq.] SHRINKER Shrink"er, n. Defn: One who shrinks; one who withdraws from danger. SHRINKING Shrink"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Shrink. Shrinking head (Founding), a body of molten metal connected with a mold for the purpose of supplying metal to compensate for the shrinkage of the casting; -- called also sinking head, and riser. SHRINKINGLY Shrink"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a shrinking manner. SHRIVALTY Shriv"al*ty, n. Defn: Shrievalty. Johnson. SHRIVE Shrive, v. t. [imp. Shrived or Shrove (; p. p. Shriven or Shrived; p. pr. & vb. n. Shriving.] Etym: [OE. shriven, schriven, AS. scrivan to shrive, to impose penance or punishment; akin to OFries. skriva to impose punishment; cf. OS. biskriban to be troubled. Cf. Shrift, Shrovetide.] 1. To hear or receive the confession of; to administer confession and absolution to; -- said of a priest as the agent. That they should shrive their parishioners. Piers Plowman. Doubtless he shrives this woman, . . . Else ne'er could he so long protract his speech. Shak. Till my guilty soul be shriven. Longfellow. 2. To confess, and receive absolution; -- used reflexively. Get you to the church and shrive yourself. Beau & Fl. SHRIVE Shrive, v. i. Defn: To receive confessions, as a priest; to administer confession and absolution. Spenser. SHRIVEL Shriv"el, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shriveled or Shrivelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shriveling or Shrivelling.] Etym: [Probably akin to shrimp, shrink; cf. dial. AS. screpa to pine away, Norw. skrypa to waste, skryp, skryv, transitory, frail, Sw. skröpling feeble, Dan. skröbelig, Icel. skrj brittle, frail.] Defn: To draw, or be drawn, into wrinkles; to shrink, and form corrugations; as, a leaf shriveles in the hot sun; the skin shrivels with age; -- often with up. SHRIVEL Shriv"el, v. t. Defn: To cause to shrivel or contract; to cause to shrink onto corruptions. SHRIVEN Shriv"en, Defn: p. p. of Shrive. SHRIVER Shriv"er, n. Defn: One who shrives; a confessor. SHRIVING Shriv"ing, n. Defn: Shrift; confession. Spenser. SHROFF Shroff, n. Etym: [Ar. sarraf.] Defn: A banker, or changer of money. [East Indies] SHROFFAGE Shroff"age, n. Defn: The examination of coins, and the separation of the good from the debased. [East Indies] SHROOD Shrood, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Shroud.] [Written also shroud, and shrowd.] Defn: To trim; to lop. [Prov. Eng.] SHROPSHIRE Shrop"shire, n. [From Shropshire, country of England.] Defn: An English breed of black-faced hornless sheep similar to the Southdown, but larger, now extensively raised in many parts of the world. SHROUD Shroud, n. Etym: [OE. shroud, shrud, schrud, AS. scr a garment, clothing; akin to Icel. skru the shrouds of a ship, furniture of a church, a kind of stuff, Sw. skrud dress, attire, and E. shred. See Shred, and cf. Shrood.] 1. That which clothes, covers, conceals, or protects; a garment. Piers Plowman. Swaddled, as new born, in sable shrouds. Sandys. 2. Especially, the dress for the dead; a winding sheet. "A dead man in his shroud." Shak. 3. That which covers or shelters like a shroud. Jura answers through her misty shroud. Byron. 4. A covered place used as a retreat or shelter, as a cave or den; also, a vault or crypt. [Obs.] The shroud to which he won His fair-eyed oxen. Chapman. A vault, or shroud, as under a church. Withals. 5. The branching top of a tree; foliage. [R.] The Assyrian wad a cedar in Lebanon, with fair branches and with a shadowing shroad. Ezek. xxxi. 3. 6. pl. (Naut.) Defn: A set of ropes serving as stays to support the masts. The lower shrouds are secured to the sides of vessels by heavy iron bolts and are passed around the head of the lower masts. 7. (Mach.) Defn: One of the two annular plates at the periphery of a water wheel, which form the sides of the buckets; a shroud plate. Bowsprit shrouds (Naut.), ropes extending from the head of the bowsprit to the sides of the vessel. -- Futtock shrouds (Naut.), iron rods connecting the topmast rigging with the lower rigging, passing over the edge of the top. -- Shroud plate. (a) (Naut.) An iron plate extending from the dead- eyes to the ship's side. Ham. Nav. Encyc. (b) (Mach.) A shroud. See def. 7, above. SHROUD Shroud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shrouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrouding.] Etym: [Cf. AS. scr. See Shroud, n.] 1. To cover with a shroud; especially, to inclose in a winding sheet; to dress for the grave. The ancient Egyptian mummies were shrouded in a number of folds of linen besmeared with gums. Bacon. 2. To cover, as with a shroud; to protect completely; to cover so as to conceal; to hide; to veil. One of these trees, with all his young ones, may shroud four hundred horsemen. Sir W. Raleigh. Some tempest rise, And blow out all the stars that light the skies, To shroud my shame. Dryden. SHROUD Shroud, v. i. Defn: To take shelter or harbor. [Obs.] If your stray attendance be yet lodged, Or shroud within these limits. Milton. SHROUD Shroud, v. t. Defn: To lop. See Shrood. [Prov. Eng.] SHROUDED Shroud"ed, a. Defn: Provided with a shroud or shrouds. Shrouded gear (Mach.), a cogwheel or pinion having flanges which form closed ends to the spaces between the teeth and thus strengthen the teeth by tying them together. SHROUDING Shroud"ing, n. Defn: The shrouds. See Shroud, n., 7. SHROUD-LAID Shroud"-laid`, a. Defn: Composed of four strands, and laid right-handed with a heart, or center; -- said of rope. See Illust. under Cordage. SHROUDLESS Shroud"less, a. Defn: Without a shroud. SHROUDY Shroud"y, a. Defn: Affording shelter. [R.] Milton. SHROVE Shrove, Defn: imp. of Shrive. Shrove Sunday, Quinguagesima Sunday. -- Shrove Tuesday, the Tuesday following Quinguagesima Sunday, and preceding the first day of Lent, or Ash Wednesday. Note: It was formerly customary in England, on this day, for the people to confess their sins to their parish priests, after which they dined on pancakes, or fritters, and the occasion became one of merriment. The bell rung on this day is popularly called Pancake Bell, and the day itself Pancake Tuesday. P. Cyc. SHROVE Shrove, v. i. Defn: To join in the festivities of Shrovetide; hence, to make merry. [Obs.] J. Fletcher. SHROVETIDE Shrove"tide`, n. Etym: [From shrive to take a confession (OE. imp. shrof, AS. scraf) + tide.] Defn: The days immediately preceding Ash Widnesday, especially the period between the evening before Quinguagesima Sunday and the morning of Ash Wednesday. SHROVING Shrov"ing, n. Defn: The festivity of Shrovetide. [Obs.] SHROW Shrow, n. Defn: A shrew. [Obs.] Shak. SHROWD Shrowd, v. t. Defn: See Shrood. [Prov. Eng.] SHRUB Shrub, n. Etym: [Ar. shirb, shurb, a drink, beverage, fr. shariba to drink. Cf. Sirup, Sherbet.] Defn: A liquor composed of vegetable acid, especially lemon juice, and sugar, with spirit to preserve it. SHRUB Shrub, n. Etym: [OE. schrob, AS. scrob, scrobb; akin to Norw. skrubba the dwarf cornel tree.] (Bot.) Defn: A woody plant of less size than a tree, and usually with several stems from the same root. SHRUB Shrub, v. t. Defn: To lop; to prune. [Obs.] Anderson (1573). SHRUBBERY Shrub"ber*y, n.; pl. Shrubberies (. 1. A collection of shrubs. 2. A place where shrubs are planted. Macaulay. SHRUBBINESS Shrub"bi*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being shrubby. SHRUBBY Shrub"by, a. [Compar. Shrubbier; superl. Shrubbiest.] 1. Full of shrubs. 2. Of the nature of a shrub; resembling a shrub. "Shrubby browse." J. Philips. SHRUBLESS Shrub"less, a. Defn: having no shrubs. Byron. SHRUFF Shruff, n. Etym: [Cf. Scruff, Scurf.] Defn: Rubbish. Specifically: (a) Dross or refuse of metals. [Obs.] (b) Light, dry wood, or stuff used for fuel. [Prov. Eng.] SHRUG Shrug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shrugged; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrugging.] Etym: [Probably akin to shrink, p. p. shrunk; cf. Dan. skrugge, skrukke, to stoop, dial. Sw. skrukka, skruga, to crouch.] Defn: To draw up or contract (the shoulders), especially by way of expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like. He shrugs his shoulders when you talk of securities. Addison. SHRUG Shrug, v. i. Defn: To raise or draw up the shoulders, as in expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like. They grin, they shrug. They bow, they snarl, they snatch, they hug. Swift. SHRUG Shrug, n. Defn: A drawing up of the shoulders, -- a motion usually expressing dislike, dread, or doubt. The Spaniards talk in dialogues Of heads and shoulders, nods and shrugs. Hudibras. SHRUNKEN Shrunk"en, p. p. & a. Defn: from Shrink. SHUCK Shuck, n. Defn: A shock of grain. [Prev.Eng.] SHUCK Shuck, n. Etym: [Perhaps akin to G. shote a husk, pod, shell.] 1. A shell, husk, or pod; especially, the outer covering of such nuts as the hickory nut, butternut, peanut, and chestnut. 2. The shell of an oyster or clam. [U. S.] SHUCK Shuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Shucking.] Defn: To deprive of the shucks or husks; as, to shuck walnuts, Indian corn, oysters, etc. SHUCKER Shuck"er, n. Defn: One who shucks oysters or clams SHUDDER Shud"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shuddered;p. pr. & vb. n. Shuddering.] Etym: [OE. shoderen, schuderen; akin to LG. schuddern, D. schudden to shake, OS. skuddian, G. schaudern to shudder, schütteln to shake, schütten to pour, to shed, OHG. scutten, scuten, to shake.] Defn: To tremble or shake with fear, horrer, or aversion; to shiver with cold; to quake. "With shuddering horror pale." Milton. The shuddering tennant of the frigid zone. Goldsmith. SHUDDER Shud"der, n. Defn: The act of shuddering, as with fear. Shak. SHUDDERINGLY Shud"der*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a shuddering manner. SHUDE Shude, n. Defn: The husks and other refuse of rice mills, used to adulterate oil cake, or linseed cake. SHUFFLE Shuf"fle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shuffled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shuffling.] Etym: [Originally the same word as scuffle, and properly a freq. of shove. See Shove, and Scuffle.] 1. To shove one way and the other; to push from one to another; as, to shuffle money from hand to hand. 2. To mix by pushing or shoving; to confuse; to throw into disorder; especially, to change the relative positions of, as of the cards in a pack. A man may shuffle cards or rattle dice from noon to midnight without tracing a new idea in his mind. Rombler. 3. To remove or introduce by artificial confusion. It was contrived by your enemies, and shuffled into the papers that were seizen. Dryden. To shuffe off, to push off; to rid one's self of. -- To shuffe up, to throw together in hastel to make up or form in confusion or with fraudulent disorder; as, he shuffled up a peace. SHUFFLE Shuf"fle, v. i. 1. To change the relative position of cards in a pack; as, to shuffle and cut. 2. To change one's position; to shift ground; to evade questions; to resort to equivocation; to prevaricate. I muself, . . . hiding mine honor in my necessity, am fain to shuffle. Shak. 3. To use arts or expedients; to make shift. Your life, good master, Must shuffle for itself. Shak. 4. To move in a slovenly, dragging manner; to drag or scrape the feet in walking or dancing. The aged creature came Shuffling along with ivory-headed wand. Keats. Syn. -- To equivicate; prevaricate; quibble; cavil; shift; siphisticate; juggle. SHUFFLE Shuf"fle, n. 1. The act of shuffling; a mixing confusedly; a slovenly, dragging motion. The unguided agitation and rude shuffles of matter. Bentley. 2. A trick; an artifice; an evasion. The gifts of nature are beyond all shame and shuffles. L'Estrange. SHUFFLEBOARD Shuf"fle*board`, n. Defn: See Shovelboard. SHUFFLECAP Shuf"fle*cap` Defn: ,.A play performed by shaking money in a hat or cap. [R.] Arbuthnot. SHUFFLER Shuf"fler, n. 1. One who shuffles. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Either one of the three common American scaup ducks. See Scaup duck, under Scaup. SHUFFLEWING Shuf"fle*wing`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hedg sparrow. [Prov. Eng.] SHUFFLING Shuf"fling, a. 1. Moving with a dragging, scraping step. "A shuffling nag." Shak. 2. Evasive; as, a shuffling excuse. T. Burnet. SHUFFLING Shuf"fling, v. Defn: In a shuffling manner. SHUG Shug, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Shrug.] 1. To writhe the body so as to produce friction against one's clothes, as do those who have the itch. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. Hence, to crawl; to sneak. [Obs.] There I 'll shug in and get a noble countenance. Ford. SHUMAC Shu"mac, n. (Bot.) Defn: Sumac. SHUN Shun, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shunned; p. pr. & vb. n. Shunning.] Etym: [OE. shunien, schunien, schonien, AS. scunian, sceonian; cf. D. schuinen to slepe, schuin oblique, sloping, Icel. skunda, skynda, to hasten. Cf. Schooner, Scoundrel, Shunt.] Defn: To avoid; to keep clear of; to get out of the way of; to escape from; to eschew; as, to shun rocks, shoals, vice. I am pure from the blood of all men. For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God. Acts xx. 26,27. Scarcity and want shall shun you. Shak. Syn. -- See Avoid. SHUNLESS Shun"less, a. Defn: Not to be shunned; inevitable; unavoidable. [R.] "Shunless destiny." Shak. SHUNT Shunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shunting.] Etym: [Prov. E., to move from, to put off, fr. OE. shunten, schunten, schounten; cf. D. schuinte a slant, slope, Icel. skunda to hasten. Cf. Shun.] 1. To shun; to move from. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. To cause to move suddenly; to give a sudden start to; to shove. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] Ash. 3. To turn off to one side; especially, to turn off, as a grain or a car upon a side track; to switch off; to shift. For shunting your late partner on to me. T. Hughes. 4. (Elec.) Defn: To provide with a shunt; as, to shunt a galvanometer. SHUNT Shunt, v. i. Defn: To go aside; to turn off. SHUNT Shunt, n. Etym: [Cf. D. schuinte slant, slope, declivity. See Shunt, v. t.] 1. (Railroad) Defn: A turning off to a side or short track, that the principal track may be left free. 2. (Elec.) Defn: A conducting circuit joining two points in a conductor, or the terminals of a galvanometer or dynamo, so as to form a parallel or derived circuit through which a portion of the current may pass, for the purpose of regulating the amount passing in the main circuit. 3. (Gunnery) Defn: The shifting of the studs on a projectile from the deep to the shallow sides of the grooves in its discharge from a shunt gun. Shunt dynamo (Elec.), a dynamo in which the field circuit is connected with the main circuit so as to form a shunt to the letter, thus employing a portion of the current from the armature to maintain the field. -- Shunt gun, a firearm having shunt rifling. See under Rifling. SHUNTER Shunt"er, n. (Railroad) Defn: A person employed to shunt cars from one track to another. SHUNTING Shunt"ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of Shunt. Specif.: vb. n. (a) (Railroads) Switching; as, shunting engine, yard, etc. [British] (b) (Finance) Arbitrage conducted between certain local markets without the necessity of the exchange involved in foreign arbitrage. [Great Britain] SHUNT VALVE Shunt valve. (Mach.) Defn: A valve permitting a fluid under pressure an easier avenue of escape than normally; specif., a valve, actuated by the governor, used in one system of marine-engine governing to connect both ends of the low-pressure cylinder as a supplementary control. SHUNT WINDING Shunt winding. (Elec.) Defn: A winding so arranged as to divide the armature current and lead a portion of it around the field-magnet coils; -- opposed to series winding. --Shunt"-wound` (#), a. SHUT Shut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shut; p. pr. & vb. n. Shutting.] Etym: [OE. shutten, schutten, shetten, schitten, AS. scyttan to shut or lock up (akin to D. schutten, G. schützen to protect), properly, to fasten with a bolt or bar shot across, fr. AS. sceótan to shoot. sq. root159. See Shoot.] 1. To close so as to hinder ingress or egress; as, to shut a door or a gate; to shut one's eyes or mouth. 2. To forbid entrance into; to prohibit; to bar; as, to shut the ports of a country by a blockade. Shall that be shut to man which to the beast Is open Milton. 3. To preclude; to exclude; to bar out. "Shut from every shore." Dryden. 4. To fold together; to close over, as the fingers; to close by bringing the parts together; as, to shut the hand; to shut a book. To shut in. (a) To inclose; to confine. "The Lord shut him in." Cen. vii. 16. (b) To cover or intercept the view of; as, one point shuts in another. -- To shut off. (a) To exclude. (b) To prevent the passage of, as steam through a pipe, or water through a flume, by closing a cock, valve, or gate. -- To shut out, to preclude from entering; to deny admission to; to exclude; as, to shut out rain by a tight roof. -- To shut together, to unite; to close, especially to close by welding. -- To shut up. (a) To close; to make fast the entrances into; as, to shut up a house. (b) To obstruct. "Dangerous rocks shut up the passage." Sir W. Raleigh. (c) To inclose; to confine; to imprison; to fasten in; as, to shut up a prisoner. Before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed. Gal. iii. 23. (d) To end; to terminate; to conclude. When the scene of life is shut up, the slave will be above his master if he has acted better. Collier. (e) To unite, as two pieces of metal by welding. (f) To cause to become silent by authority, argument, or force. SHUT Shut, v. i. Defn: To close itself; to become closed; as, the door shuts; it shuts hard. To shut up, to cease speaking. [Colloq.] T. Hughes. SHUT Shut, a. 1. Closed or fastened; as, a shut door. 2. Rid; clear; free; as, to get shut of a person. [Now dialectical or local, Eng. & U.S.] L'Estrange. 3. (Phon.) (a) Formed by complete closure of the mouth passage, and with the nose passage remaining closed; stopped, as are the mute consonants, p, t, k, b, d, and hard g. H. Sweet. (b) Cut off sharply and abruptly by a following consonant in the same syllable, as the English short vowels, â, ê, î, ô, û, always are. SHUT Shut, n. Defn: The act or time of shutting; close; as, the shut of a door. Just then returned at shut of evening flowers. Milton. 2. A door or cover; a shutter. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. 3. The line or place where two pieces of metal are united by welding. Cold shut, the imperfection in a casting caused by the flowing of liquid metal upon partially chilled metal; also, the imperfect weld in a forging caused by the inadequate heat of one surface under working. SHUTE Shute, n. Defn: Same as Chute, or Shoot. SHUTTER Shut"ter, n. 1. One who shuts or closes. 2. A movable cover or screen for a window, designed to shut out the light, to obstruct the view, or to be of some strength as a defense; a blind. 3. A removable cover, or a gate, for closing an aperture of any kind, as for closing the passageway for molten iron from a ladle. SHUTTERED Shut"tered, a. Defn: Furnished with shutters. SHUTTLE Shut"tle, n. Etym: [Also shittle, OE. schitel, scytyl, schetyl; cf. OE. schitel a bolt of a door, AS. scyttes; all from AS. sceótan to shoot; akin to Dan. skyttel, skytte, shuttle, dial. Sw. skyttel, sköttel. sq. root159. See Shoot, and cf. Shittle, Skittles.] 1. An instrument used in weaving for passing or shooting the thread of the woof from one side of the cloth to the other between the threads of the warp. Like shuttles through the loom, so swiftly glide My feathered hours. Sandys. 2. The sliding thread holder in a sewing machine, which carries the lower thread through a loop of the upper thread, to make a lock stitch. 3. A shutter, as for a channel for molten metal. [R.] Shuttle box (Weaving), a case at the end of a shuttle race, to receive the shuttle after it has passed the thread of the warp; also, one of a set of compartments containing shuttles with different colored threads, which are passed back and forth in a certain order, according to the pattern of the cloth woven. -- Shutten race, a sort of shelf in a loom, beneath the warp, along which the shuttle passes; a channel or guide along which the shuttle passes in a sewing machine. -- Shuttle shell (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of marine gastropods of the genus Volva, or Radius, having a smooth, spindle- shaped shell prolonged into a channel at each end. SHUTTLE Shut"tle, v. i. Defn: To move backwards and forwards, like a shuttle. I had to fly far and wide, shutting athwart the big Babel, wherever his calls and pauses had to be. Carlyle. SHUTTLECOCK Shut"tle*cock`, n. Defn: A cork stuck with feathers, which is to be struck by a battledoor in play; also, the play itself. SHUTTLECOCK Shut"tle*cock, v. t. Defn: To send or toss to and fro; to bandy; as, to shuttlecock words. Thackeray. SHUTTLECORK Shut"tle*cork`, n. Defn: See Shuttlecock. SHUTTLEWISE Shut"tle*wise`, adv. Defn: Back and forth, like the movement of a shuttle. SHWAN-PAN Shwan"-pan, n. Defn: See Schwan-pan. SHY Shy, a. [Compar. Shier or Shyer; superl. Shiest or Shyest.] Etym: [OE. schey, skey, sceouh, AS. sceóh; akin to Dan. sky, Sw. skygg, D. schuw, MHG. schiech, G. scheu, OHG. sciuhen to be or make timid. Cf. Eschew.] 1. Easily frightened; timid; as, a shy bird. The horses of the army . . . were no longer shy, but would come up to my very feet without starting. Swift. 2. Reserved; coy; disinclined to familiar approach. What makes you so shy, my good friend There's nobody loves you better than I. Arbuthnot. The embarrassed look of shy distress And maidenly shamefacedness. Wordsworth. 3. Cautious; wary; suspicious. I am very shy of using corrosive liquors in the preparation of medicines. Boyle. Princes are, by wisdom of state, somewhat shy of thier successors. Sir H. Wotton. To fight shy. See under Fight, v. i. SHY Shy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shied; p. pr. & vb. n. Shying.] Etym: [From Shy, a.] Defn: To start suddenly aside through fright or suspicion; -- said especially of horses. SHY Shy, v. t. Defn: To throw sidewise with a jerk; to fling; as, to shy a stone; to shy a slipper. T. Hughes. SHY Shy, n. 1. A sudden start aside, as by a horse. 2. A side throw; a throw; a fling. Thackeray. If Lord Brougham gets a stone in his hand, he must, it seems, have a shy at somebody. Punch. SHYLY Shy"ly, adv. Defn: In a shy or timid manner; not familiarly; with reserve. [Written also shily.] SHYNESS Shy"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being shy. [Written also shiness.] Frequency in heavenly contemplation is particularly important to prevent a shyness bewtween God and thy soul. Baxter. Syn. -- Bashfulness; reserve; coyness; timidity; diffidence. See Bashfulness. SHYSTER Shy"ster, n. Etym: [Perh. from G. scheisse excrement.] Defn: A trickish knave; one who carries on any business, especially legal business, in a mean and dishonest way. [Slang, U.S.] SI Si. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A syllable applied, in solmization, to the note B; more recently, to the seventh tone of any major diatonic scale. It was added to Guido's scale by Le Maire about the end of the 17th century. SIAGA Si*a"ga, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ahu, or jairou. SIALOGOGUE Si*al"o*gogue, n. Etym: [Gr. si`alon saliva + sialagogue.] (Med.) Defn: An agent which promotes the flow of saliva. SIAMANG Si"a*mang`, n. Etym: [Malay siamang.] (Zool.) Defn: A gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus), native of Sumatra. It has the second and third toes partially united by a web. SIAMESE Si`a*mese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Siam, its native people, or their language. SIAMESE Si`a*mese`, n. sing. & pl. 1. A native or inhabitant of Siam; pl., the people of Siam. 2. sing. Defn: The language of the Siamese. SIB Sib, n. Etym: [AS. sibb alliance, gesib a relative. sq. root289. See Gossip.] Defn: A blood relation. [Obs.] Nash. SIB Sib, a. Defn: Related by blood; akin. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott. Your kindred is but . . . little sib to you. Chaucer. [He] is no fairy birn, ne sib at all To elfs, but sprung of seed terrestrial. Spenser. SIBBENS Sib"bens, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Med.) Defn: A contagious disease, endemic in Scotland, resembling the yaws. It is marked by ulceration of the throat and nose and by pustules and soft fungous excrescences upon the surface of the body. In the Orkneys the name is applied to the itch. [Written also sivvens.] SIBERIAN Si*be"ri*an, a. Etym: [From Siberia, Russ. Sibire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Siberia, a region comprising all northern Asia and belonging to Russia; as, a Siberian winter. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Siberia. Siberian crab (Bot.), the Siberian crab apple. See Crab apple, under Crab. -- Siberian dog (Zoöl.), one of a large breed of dogs having erect ears and the hair of the body and tail very long. It is distinguished for endurance of fatigue when used for the purpose of draught. -- Siberian pea tree (Bot.), a small leguminous tree (Cragana arborescens) with yellow flowers. It is a native of Siberia. SIBILANCE; SIBILANCY Sib"i*lance, Sib"i*lan*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sibilant; sibilation. Milton would not have avoided them for their sibilancy, he who wrote . . . verses that hiss like Medusa's head in wrath. Lowell. SIBILANT Sib"i*lant, a. Etym: [L. sibilans, -antis, p. pr. of sibilare to hiss: cf. F. sibilant.] Defn: Making a hissing sound; uttered with a hissing sound; hissing; as, s, z, sh, and zh, are sibilant elementary sounds. -- n. Defn: A sibiliant letter. SIBILATE Sib"i*late, v. t. & i. Defn: To pronounce with a hissing sound, like that of the letter s; to mark with a character indicating such pronunciation. SIBILATION Sib`i*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. sibilatio.] Defn: Utterance with a hissing sound; also, the sound itself; a hiss. He, with a long, low sibilation, stared. Tennyson. SIBILATORY Sib"i*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Hissing; sibilant. SIBILOUS Sib"i*lous, a. Etym: [L. sibilus.] Defn: Having a hissing sound; hissing; sibilant. [R.] Pennant. SIBYL Sib"yl, n. Etym: [L. sibylla, Gr. 1. (Class. Antiq.) Defn: A woman supposed to be endowed with a spirit of prophecy. Note: The number of the sibyls is variously stated by different authors; but the opinion of Varro, that there were ten, is generally adopted. They dwelt in various parts of Persia, Greece, and Italy. 2. A female fortune teller; a pythoness; a prophetess. "An old highland sibyl." Sir W. Scott. SIBYLIST Sib"yl*ist, n. Defn: One who believes in a sibyl or the sibylline prophecies. Cudworth. SIBYLLINE Sib"yl*line, a. Etym: [L. sibyllinus.] Defn: Pertaining to the sibyls; uttered, written, or composed by sibyls; like the productions of sibyls. Sibylline books. (a) (Rom. Antiq.) Books or documents of prophecies in verse concerning the fate of the Roman empire, said to have been purchased by Tarquin the Proud from a sibyl. (b) Certain Jewish and early Christian writings purporting to have been prophetic and of sibylline origin. They date from 100 b. c. to a. d. 500. SIC Sic, a. Defn: Such. [Scot.] SIC Sic, adv. Etym: [L.] Defn: Thus. Note: This word is sometimes inserted in a quotation [sic], to call attention to the fact that some remarkable or inaccurate expression, misspelling, or the like, is literally reproduced. SICAMORE Sic"a*more, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Sycamore. SICCA Sic"ca, n. Etym: [Ar. sikka.] Defn: A seal; a coining die; -- used adjectively to designate the silver currency of the Mogul emperors, or the Indian rupee of 192 grains. Sicca rupee, an East Indian coin, valued nominally at about two shillings sterling, or fifty cents. SICCATE Sic"cate, v. t. Etym: [L. siccatus, p. p. of siccare to dry, fr. siecus dry.] Defn: To dry. [R.] SICCATION Sic*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. siccatio.] Defn: The act or process of drying. [R.] Bailey. SICCATIVE Sic"ca*tive, a. Etym: [L. siccativus.] Defn: Drying; causing to dry. -- n. Defn: That which promotes drying. SICCIFIC Sic*cif"ic, a.Etym: [L. siccificus; siccus dry + facere to make. See -fy.] Defn: Causing dryness. SICCITY Sic"ci*ty, n. Etym: [L. siccitas, fr. siccus dry.] Defn: Dryness; aridity; destitution of moisture. [Obs.] The siccity and dryness of its flesh. Sir T. Browne. SICE Sice, n. Etym: [F. six, fr. L. sex six. See Six.] Defn: The number six at dice. SICER Si"cer, n. Etym: [L. sicera. See Cider.] Defn: A strong drink; cider. [Obs.] Chaucer. SICH Sich, a. Defn: Such. [Obs. or Colloq.] Spenser. SICILIAN Si*cil"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Sicily or its inhabitants. Sicilian vespers, the great massacre of the French in Sicily, in the year 1282, on the evening of Easter Monday, at the hour of vespers. SICILIAN Si*cil"i*an, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Sicily. SICILIANO Si*ci`li*a"no, n. Etym: [It., Sicilian.] Defn: A Sicilian dance, resembling the pastorale, set to a rather slow and graceful melody in 12-8 or 6-8 measure; also, the music to the dance. SICILIENNE Si`ci`lienne", n. Etym: [F., fem. of sicilien Sicilian.] Defn: A kind of rich poplin. SICK Sick, a. [Compar. Sicker; superl. Sickest.] Etym: [OE. sek, sik, ill, AS. seóc; akin to OS. siok, seoc, OFries. siak, D. ziek, G. siech, OHG. sioh, Icel. sj, Sw. sjuk, Dan. syg, Goth. siuks ill, siukan to be ill.] 1. Affected with disease of any kind; ill; indisposed; not in health. See the Synonym under Illness. Simon's wife's mother lay sick of a fever. Mark i. 30. Behold them that are sick with famine. Jer. xiv. 18. 2. Affected with, or attended by, nausea; inclined to vomit; as, sick at the stomach; a sick headache. 3. Having a strong dislike; disgusted; surfeited; -- with of; as, to be sick of flattery. He was not so sick of his master as of his work. L'Estrange. 4. Corrupted; imperfect; impaired; weakned. So great is his antipathy against episcopacy, that, if a seraphim himself should be a bishop, he would either find or make some sick feathers in his wings. Fuller. Sick bay (Naut.), an apartment in a vessel, used as the ship's hospital. -- Sick bed, the bed upon which a person lies sick. -- Sick berth, an apartment for the sick in a ship of war. -- Sick headache (Med.), a variety of headache attended with disorder of the stomach and nausea. -- Sick list, a list containing the names of the sick. -- Sick room, a room in which a person lies sick, or to which he is confined by sickness. Note: [These terms, sick bed, sick berth, etc., are also written both hyphened and solid.] Syn. -- Diseased; ill; disordered; distempered; indisposed; weak; ailing; feeble; morbid. SICK Sick, n. Defn: Sickness. [Obs.] Chaucer. SICK Sick, v. i. Defn: To fall sick; to sicken. [Obs.] Shak. SICK-BRAINED Sick"-brained`, a. Defn: Disordered in the brain. SICKEN Sick"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sickened; p. pr. & vb. n. Sickening.] 1. To make sick; to disease. Raise this strength, and sicken that to death. Prior. 2. To make qualmish; to nauseate; to disgust; as, to sicken the stomach. 3. To impair; to weaken. [Obs.] Shak. SICKEN Sick"en, v. i. 1. To become sick; to fall into disease. The judges that sat upon the jail, and those that attended, sickened upon it and died. Bacon. 2. To be filled to disgust; to be disgusted or nauseated; to be filled with abhorrence or aversion; to be surfeited or satiated. Mine eyes did sicken at the sight. Shak. 3. To become disgusting or tedious. The toiling pleasure sickens into pain. Goldsmith. 4. To become weak; to decay; to languish. All pleasures sicken, and all glories sink. Pope. SICKENING Sick"en*ing, a. Defn: Causing sickness; specif., causing surfeit or disgust; nauseating. -- Sick"en*ing*ly, adv. SICKER Sick"er, v. i. Etym: [AS. sicerian.] (Mining) Defn: To percolate, trickle, or ooze, as water through a crack. [Also written sigger, zigger, and zifhyr.] [Prov. Eng.] SICKER; SIKER Sick"er, Sik"er, a. Etym: [OE. siker; cf. OS. sikur, LG. seker, D. zeker, Dan. sikker, OHG. sihhur, G. sicher; all fr. L. securus. See Secure, Sure.] Defn: Sure; certain; trusty. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns. When he is siker of his good name. Chaucer. SICKER; SIKER Sick"er, Sik"er, adv. Defn: Surely; certainly. [Obs.] Believe this as siker as your creed. Chaucer. Sicker, Willye, thou warnest well. Spenser. SICKERLY; SIKERLY Sick"er*ly, Sik"er*ly, adv. Defn: Surely; securely. [Obs.] But sikerly, withouten any fable. Chaucer. SICKERNESS; SIKERNESS Sick"er*ness, Sik"er*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sicker, or certain. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. SICKISH Sick"ish, a. 1. Somewhat sick or diseased. 2. Somewhat sickening; as, a sickish taste. -- Sick"ish*ly, adv. -- Sick"ish*ness, n. SICKLE Sic"kle, n. Etym: [OE. sikel, AS. sicol; akin to D. sikkel, G. sichel, OHG. sihhila, Dan. segel, segl, L. secula, fr. secare to cut; or perhaps from L. secula. See Saw a cutting instrument.] 1. A reaping instrument consisting of a steel blade curved into the form of a hook, and having a handle fitted on a tang. The sickle has one side of the blade notched, so as always to sharpen with a serrated edge. Cf. Reaping hook, under Reap. When corn has once felt the sickle, it has no more benefit from the sunshine. Shak. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A group of stars in the constellation Leo. See Illust. of Leo. Sickle pod (Bot.), a kind of rock cress (Arabis Canadensis) having very long curved pods. SICKLEBILL Sic"kle*bill`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of three species of humming birds of the genus Eutoxeres, native of Central and South America. They have a long and strongly curved bill. Called also the sickle-billed hummer. (b) A curlew. (c) A bird of the genus Epimachus and allied genera. SICKLED Sic"kled, a. Defn: Furnished with a sickle. SICKLEMAN Sic"kle*man, n.; pl. Sicklemen (. Defn: One who uses a sickle; a reaper. You sunburned sicklemen, of August weary. Shak. SICKLER Sic"kler, n. Defn: One who uses a sickle; a sickleman; a reaper. SICKLESS Sick"less, a. Defn: Free from sickness. [R.] Give me long breath, young beds, and sickless ease. Marston. SICKLEWORT Sic"kle*wort`, n. Etym: [AS. sicolwyrt.] (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Coronilla (C. scorpioides); -- so named from its curved pods. (b) The healall (Brunella vulgaris). SICKLIED Sick"lied, a. Defn: Made sickly. See Sickly, v. SICKLINESS Sick"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sickly. SICKLY Sick"ly, a. [Compar. Sicklier; superl. Sickliest.] 1. Somewhat sick; disposed to illness; attended with disease; as, a sickly body. This physic but prolongs thy sickly days. Shak. 2. Producing, or tending to, disease; as, a sickly autumn; a sickly climate. Cowper. 3. Appearing as if sick; weak; languid; pale. The moon grows sickly at the sight of day. Dryden. Nor torrid summer's sickly smile. Keble. 4. Tending to produce nausea; sickening; as, a sickly smell; sickly sentimentality. Syn. -- Diseased; ailing; infirm; weakly; unhealthy; healthless; weak; feeble; languid; faint. SICKLY Sick"ly, adv. Defn: In a sick manner or condition; ill. My people sickly [with ill will] beareth our marriage. Chaucer. SICKLY Sick"ly, v. t. Defn: To make sick or sickly; -- with over, and probably only in the past participle. [R.] Sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought. Shak. Sentiments sicklied over . . . with that cloying heaviness into which unvaried sweetness is too apt to subside. Jeffrey. SICKNESS Sick"ness, n. Etym: [AS. seócness.] 1. The quality or state of being sick or diseased; illness; sisease or malady. I do lament the sickness of the king. Shak. Trust not too much your now resistless charms; Those, age or sickness soon or late disarms. Pope. 2. Nausea; qualmishness; as, sickness of stomach. Syn. -- Illness; disease; malady. See Illness. SICLE Si"cle, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. silcus, Heb. shegel. See Shekel.] Defn: A shekel. [Obs.] The holy mother brought five sicles and a pair of turtledoves to redeem the Lamb of God. Jer. Taylor. SIDA Si"da, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of malvaceous plants common in the tropics. All the species are mucilaginous, and some have tough ligneous fibers which are used as a substitute for hemp and flax. Balfour (Cyc. of India). SIDDOW Sid"dow, a. Defn: Soft; pulpy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SIDE Side, n. Etym: [AS. side; akin to D. zijde, G. seite, OHG. sita, Icel. si, Dan. side, Sw. sida; cf. AS. sid large, spacious, Icel. si long, hanging.] 1. The margin, edge, verge, or border of a surface; especially (when the thing spoken of is somewhat oblong in shape), one of the longer edges as distinguished from the shorter edges, called ends; a bounding line of a geometrical figure; as, the side of a field, of a square or triangle, of a river, of a road, etc. 3. Any outer portion of a thing considered apart from, and yet in relation to, the rest; as, the upper side of a sphere; also, any part or position viewed as opposite to or contrasted with another; as, this or that side. Looking round on every side beheld A pathless desert. Milton. 4. (a) One of the halves of the body, of an animals or man, on either side of the mesial plane; or that which pertains to such a half; as, a side of beef; a side of sole leather. (b) The right or left part of the wall or trunk of the body; as, a pain in the side. One of the soldiers with a spear pierced his side. John xix. 34. 5. A slope or declivity, as of a hill, considered as opposed to another slope over the ridge. Along the side of yon small hill. Milton. 6. The position of a person or party regarded as opposed to another person or party, whether as a rival or a foe; a body of advocates or partisans; a party; hence, the interest or cause which one maintains against another; a doctrine or view opposed to another. God on our side, doubt not of victory. Shak. We have not always been of the . . . same side in politics. Landor. Sets the passions on the side of truth. Pope. 7. A line of descent traced through one parent as distinguished from that traced through another. To sit upon thy father David's throne, By mother's side thy father. Milton. 8. Fig.: Aspect or part regarded as contrasted with some other; as, the bright side of poverty. By the side of, close at hand; near to. -- Exterior side. (Fort.) See Exterior, and Illust. of Ravelin. -- Interior side (Fort.), the line drawn from the center of one bastion to that of the next, or the line curtain produced to the two oblique radii in front. H. L. Scott. -- Side by side, close together and abreast; in company or along with. -- To choose sides, to select those who shall compete, as in a game, on either side. -- To take sides, to attach one's self to, or give assistance to, one of two opposing sides or parties. SIDE Side, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a side, or the sides; being on the side, or toward the side; lateral. One mighty squadron with a side wind sped. Dryden. 2. Hence, indirect; oblique; collateral; incidental; as, a side issue; a side view or remark. The law hath no side respect to their persons. Hooker. 3. Etym: [AS. sid. Cf Side, n.] Defn: Long; large; extensive. [Obs. or Scot.] Shak. His gown had side sleeves down to mid leg. Laneham. Side action, in breech-loading firearms, a mechanism for operating the breech block, which is moved by a lever that turns sidewise. -- Side arms, weapons worn at the side, as sword, bayonet, pistols, etc. -- Side ax, an ax of which the handle is bent to one side. -- Side-bar rule (Eng. Law.), a rule authorized by the courts to be granted by their officers as a matter of course, without formal application being made to them in open court; -- so called because anciently moved for by the attorneys at side bar, that is, informally. Burril. -- Side box, a box or inclosed seat on the side of a theater. To insure a side-box station at half price. Cowper. -- Side chain, one of two safety chains connecting a tender with a locomotive, at the sides. -- Side cut, a canal or road branching out from the main one. [U.S.] -- Side dish, one of the dishes subordinate to the main course. -- Side glance, a glance or brief look to one side. -- Side hook (Carp.), a notched piece of wood for clamping a board to something, as a bench. -- Side lever, a working beam of a side-lever engine. -- Side-lever engine, a marine steam engine having a working beam of each side of the cylinder, near the bottom of the engine, communicating motion to a crank that is above them. -- Side pipe (Steam Engine), a steam or exhaust pipe connecting the upper and lower steam chests of the cylinder of a beam engine. -- Side plane, a plane in which the cutting edge of the iron is at the side of the stock. -- Side posts (Carp.), posts in a truss, usually placed in pairs, each post set at the same distance from the middle of the truss, for supporting the principal rafters, hanging the tiebeam, etc. -- Side rod. (a) One of the rods which connect the piston-rod crosshead with the side levers, in a side-lever engine. (b) See Parallel rod, under Parallel. -- Side screw (Firearms), one of the screws by which the lock is secured to the side of a firearm stock. -- Side table, a table placed either against the wall or aside from the principal table. -- Side tool (Mach.), a cutting tool, used in a lathe or planer, having the cutting edge at the side instead of at the point. -- Side wind, a wind from one side; hence, an indirect attack, or indirect means. Wright. SIDE Side, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sided; p. pr.& vb. n. Siding.] 1. To lean on one side. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. To embrace the opinions of one party, or engage in its interest, in opposition to another party; to take sides; as, to side with the ministerial party. All side in parties, and begin the attack. Pope. SIDE Side, v. t. 1. To be or stand at the side of; to be on the side toward. [Obs.] His blind eye that sided Paridell. Spenser. 2. To suit; to pair; to match. [Obs.] Clarendon. 3. (Shipbuilding) Defn: To work (a timber or rib) to a certain thickness by trimming the sides. 4. To furnish with a siding; as, to side a house. SIDEBOARD Side"board`, n. Defn: A piece of dining-room furniture having compartments and shelves for keeping or displaying articles of table service. At a stately sideboard, by the wine, That fragrant smell diffused. Milton. SIDEBONE Side"bone`, n. (Far.) Defn: A morbid growth or deposit of bony matter and at the sides of the coronet and coffin bone of a horse. J. H. Walsh. SIDE-CHAIN THEORY Side"-chain` the`o*ry. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A theory proposed by Ehrlich as a chemical explanation of immunity phenomena. In brief outline it is as follows: Animal cells and bacteria are complex aggregations of molecules, which are themselves complex. Complex molecules react with one another through certain of their side chains, but only when these side chains have a definite correspondence in structure (this account for the specific action of antitoxins). SIDED Sid"ed, a. Defn: Having (such or so many) sides; -- used in composition; as, one-sided; many-sided. SIDEFLASH Side"flash`, n. (Elec.) Defn: A disruptive discharge between a conductor traversed by an oscillatory current of high frequency (as lightning) and neighboring masses of metal, or between different parts of the same conductor. SIDEHILL Side"hill`, n. Defn: The side or slope of a hill; sloping ground; a descent. [U. S.] SIDE LINE Side line. 1. (a) A line pert. or attached to the side of a thing. (b) Specif., a line for hobbling an animal by connecting the fore and the hind feet of the same side. 2. (a) A line of goods sold in addition to one's principal articles of trade; a course of business pursued aside from one's regular occupation. (b) A secondary road; esp., a byroad at right angles to a main road. [Canada] SIDELING Side"ling, adv. Etym: [OE. sideling, fr. side side. See Side, and cf. Sidelong, Headlong.] Defn: Sidelong; on the side; laterally; also, obliquely; askew. A fellow nailed up maps . . . some sideling, and others upside down. Swift. SIDELING Side"ling, a. Defn: Inclining to one sidel directed toward one side; sloping; inclined; as, sideling ground. SIDELONG Side"long`, adv. Etym: [See Sideling, adv.] 1. Laterally; obliquely; in the direction of the side. 2. On the side; as, to lay a thing sidelong. Note: [See Sideling, adv. ] Evelyn. SIDELONG Side"long`, a. Defn: Lateral; oblique; not being directly in front; as, a sidelong glance. The bashful virgin's sidelong looks of love. Goldsmith. SIDEPIECE Side"piece`, n. (Joinery) Defn: The jamb, or cheek, of an opening in a wall, as of door or window. SIDER Sid"er, n. Defn: One who takes a side. SIDER Si"der, n. Defn: Cider. [Obs.] SIDERAL Sid"er*al, a. Etym: [L. sideralis. See Sidereal.] 1. Relating to the stars. 2. (Astrol.) Defn: Affecting unfavorably by the supposed influence of the stars; baleful. "Sideral blast." Milton. SIDERATED Sid"er*a`ted, a. Etym: [L. sideratus, p. p. of siderari to be blasted by a constellation, fr. sidus, sideris, a constellation.] Defn: Planet-struck; blasted. [Obs.] SIDERATION Sid`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. sideratio.] Defn: The state of being siderated, or planet-struck; esp., blast in plants; also, a sudden and apparently causeless stroke of disease, as in apoplexy or paralysis. [Obs.] Ray. SIDEREAL Si*de"re*al, a. Etym: [L. sidereus, from sidus, sideris, a constellation, a star. Cf. Sideral, Consider, Desire.] 1. Relating to the stars; starry; astral; as, sidereal astronomy. 2. (Astron.) Defn: Measuring by the apparent motion of the stars; designated, marked out, or accompanied, by a return to the same position in respect to the stars; as, the sidereal revolution of a planet; a sidereal day. Sidereal clock, day, month, year. See under Clock, Day, etc. -- Sideral time, time as reckoned by sideral days, or, taking the sidereal day as the unit, the time elapsed since a transit of the vernal equinox, reckoned in parts of a sidereal day. This is, strictly, apparent sidereal time, mean sidereal time being reckoned from the transit, not of the true, but of the mean, equinoctial point. SIDEREALIZE Si*de"re*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To elevate to the stars, or to the region of the stars; to etherealize. German literature transformed, siderealized, as we see it in Goethe, reckons Winckelmann among its initiators. W. Pater. SIDEREOUS Si*de"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. sidereus.] Defn: Sidereal. [Obs.] SIDERITE Sid"er*ite, n. Etym: [L. sideritis loadstone, Gr. 1. (Min.) (a) Carbonate of iron, an important ore of iron occuring generally in cleavable masses, but also in rhombohedral crystals. It is of a light yellowish brown color. Called also sparry iron, spathic iron. (b) A meteorite consisting solely of metallic iron. (c) An indigo-blue variety of quartz. (d) Formerly, magnetic iron ore, or loadstone. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Sideritis; ironwort. SIDEROGRAPHIC; SIDEROGRAPHICAL Sid`er*o*graph"ic, Sid`er*o*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to siderography; executed by engraved plates of steel; as, siderographic art; siderographic impressions. SIDEROGRAPHIST Sid`er*og"ra*phist, n. Defn: One skilled in siderography. SIDEROGRAPHY Sid`er*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: The art or practice of steel engraving; especially, the process, invented by Perkins, of multiplying facsimiles of an engraved steel plate by first rolling over it, when hardened, a soft steel cylinder, and then rolling the cylinder, when hardened, over a soft steel plate, which thus becomes a facsimile of the original. The process has been superseded by electrotypy. SIDEROLITE Sid"er*o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] Defn: A kind of meteorite. See under Meteorite. SIDEROMANCY Sid"er*o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by burning straws on red-hot iron, and noting the manner of their burning. Craig. SIDEROSCOPE Sid"er*o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] Defn: An instrument for detecting small quantities of iron in any substance by means of a very delicate combination of magnetic needles. SIDEROSIS Sid`e*ro"sis, n.Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A sort of pneumonia occuring in iron workers, produced by the inhalation of particles of iron. SIDEROSTAT Sid"er*o*stat, n. Etym: [L. sidus, sideris, a star + Gr. (Astron.) Defn: An apparatus consisting essentially of a mirror moved by clockwork so as to throw the rays of the sun or a star in a fixed direction; -- a more general term for heliostat. SIDEROXYLON Sid`e*rox"y*lon, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of tropical sapotaceous trees noted for their very hard wood; ironwood. SIDESADDLE Side"sad`dle, n. Defn: A saddle for women, in which the rider sits with both feet on one side of the animal mounted. Sidesaddle flower (Bot.), a plant with hollow leaves and curiously shaped flowers; -- called also huntsman's cup. See Sarracenia. SIDE SLIP Side slip. Defn: See Skid, below. SIDE-SLIP Side"-slip`, v. i. Defn: See Skid, below. SIDESMAN Sides"man, n.; pl. Sidesmen (. 1. A party man; a partisan. Milton. 2. An assistant to the churchwarden; a questman. SIDE-TAKING Side"-tak`ing, n. Defn: A taking sides, as with a party, sect, or faction. Bp. Hall. SIDETRACK Side"track`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sidetracked; p. pr. & vb. n. Sidetracking.] 1. (Railroads) To transfer to a siding from a main line of track. 2. Hence, fig., to divert or reduce to a position or condition that is relatively secondary or subordinate in activity, importance, effectiveness, or the like; to switch off; to turn aside, as from a purpose. [Colloq.] Such a project was, in fact, sidetracked in favor of the census of school children. Pop. Sci. Monthly. SIDEWALK Side"walk`, n. Defn: A walk for foot passengers at the side of a street or road; a foot pavement. [U.S.] SIDEWAYS Side"ways`, adv. Defn: Toward the side; sidewise. A second refraction made sideways. Sir I. Newton. His beard, a good palm's length, at least, . . . Shot sideways, like a swallow's wings. Longfellow. SIDE-WHEEL Side"-wheel`, a. Defn: Having a paddle wheel on each side; -- said of steam vessels; as, a side-wheel steamer. SIDEWINDER Side"wind`er, n. 1. (Zoöl.) See Horned rattler, under Horned. 2. A heavy swinging blow from the side, which disables an adversary. [Slang.] SIDEWISE Side"wise`, adv. Defn: On or toward one side; laterally; sideways. I saw them mask their awful glance Sidewise meek in gossamer lids. Emerson. SIDING Sid"ing, n. 1. Attaching one's self to a party. 2. A side track, as a railroad; a turnout. 3. (Carp.) Defn: The covering of the outside wall of a frame house, whether made of weatherboards, vertical boarding with cleats, shingles, or the like. 4. (Shipbuilding) Defn: The thickness of a rib or timber, measured, at right angles with its side, across the curved edge; as, a timber having a siding of ten inches. SIDLE Si"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sidled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sidling.] Etym: [From Side.] Defn: To go or move with one side foremost; to move sidewise; as, to sidle through a crowd or narrow opening. Swift. He . . . then sidled close to the astonished girl. Sir W. Scott. SIEGE Siege, n. Etym: [OE. sege, OF. siege, F. siège a seat, a siege; cf. It. seggia, seggio, zedio, a seat, asseggio, assedio, a siege, F. assiéger to besiege, It. & LL. assediare, L. obsidium a siege, besieging; all ultimately fr. L. sedere to sit. See Sit, and cf. See, n.] 1. A seat; especially, a royal seat; a throne. [Obs.] "Upon the very siege of justice." Shak. A stately siege of sovereign majesty, And thereon sat a woman gorgeous gay. Spenser. In our great hall there stood a vacant chair . . . And Merlin called it "The siege perilous." Tennyson. 2. Hence, place or situation; seat. [Obs.] Ah! traitorous eyes, come out of your shameless siege forever. Painter (Palace of Pleasure). 3. Rank; grade; station; estimation. [Obs.] I fetch my life and being From men of royal siege. Shak. 4. Passage of excrements; stool; fecal matter. [Obs.] The siege of this mooncalf. Shak. 5. The sitting of an army around or before a fortified place for the purpose of compelling the garrison to surrender; the surrounding or investing of a place by an army, and approaching it by passages and advanced works, which cover the besiegers from the enemy's fire. See the Note under Blockade. 6. Hence, a continued attempt to gain possession. Love stood the siege, and would not yield his breast. Dryden. 7. The floor of a glass-furnace. 8. A workman's bench. Knught. Siege gun, a heavy gun for siege operations. -- Siege train, artillery adapted for attacking fortified places. SIEGE Siege, v. t. Defn: To besiege; to beset. [R.] Through all the dangers that can siege The life of man. Buron. SIEGEWORK Siege"work`, n. Defn: A temporary fort or parallel where siege guns are mounted. SIEMENS-MARTIN PROCESS Sie"mens-Mar`tin proc"ess. Defn: See Open-hearth process, etc., under Open. SIEMENS-MARTIN STEEL Sie"mens-Mar"tin steel. Defn: See Open-hearth steel, under Open. SIENITE Si"e*nite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Syenite. SIENITIC Si`e*nit"ic, a. Defn: See Syenitic. SIENNA Si*en"na, n. Etym: [It. terra di Siena, fr. Siena in Italy.] (Chem.) Defn: Clay that is colored red or brown by the oxides of iron or manganese, and used as a pigment. It is used either in the raw state or burnt. Burnt sienna, sienna made of a much redder color by the action of fire. -- Raw sienna, sienna in its natural state, of a transparent yellowish brown color. SIENNESE Si`en*nese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Sienna, a city of Italy. SIERRA Si*er"ra, n. Etym: [Sp., properly, a saw, fr. L. serra a saw. See Serrate.] Defn: A ridge of mountain and craggy rocks, with a serrated or irregular outline; as, the Sierra Nevada. The wild sierra overhead. Whitter. SIESTA Si*es"ta, n. Etym: [Sp., probably fr. L. sessitare to sit much or long, v. freq. of sedere, sessum, to sit. See Sit.] Defn: A short sleep taken about the middle of the day, or after dinner; a midday nap. SIEUR Sieur, n. Etym: [F., abbrev. from seigneur. Cf. Monsieur, Seignior.] Defn: Sir; -- a title of respect used by the French. SIEVA Sie"va, n. (Bot.) Defn: A small variety of the Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus). SIEVE Sieve, n. Etym: [OE. sive, AS. sife; akin to D. zeef, zift, OHG. sib, G. sieb. sq. root151a. Cf. Sift.] 1. A utensil for separating the finer and coarser parts of a pulverized or granulated substance from each other. It consist of a vessel, usually shallow, with the bottom perforated, or made of hair, wire, or the like, woven in meshes. "In a sieve thrown and sifted." Chaucer. 2. A kind of coarse basket. Simmonds. Sieve cells (Bot.), cribriform cells. See under Cribriform. SIFAC Si"fac, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The white indris of Madagascar. It is regarded by the natives as sacred. SIFFLEMENT Sif"fle*ment, n. Etym: [F., a whistling or hissing.] Defn: The act of whistling or hissing; a whistling sound; sibilation. [Obs.] A. Brewer. SIFILET Sif"i*let, n. Etym: [Cf. F. siflet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The six-shafted bird of paradise. See Paradise bird, under Paradise. SIFT Sift, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sifting.] Etym: [AS. siftan, from sife sieve. sq. root151a. See Sieve.] 1. To separate with a sieve, as the fine part of a substance from the coarse; as, to sift meal or flour; to sift powder; to sift sand or lime. 2. To separate or part as if with a sieve. When yellow sands are sifted from below, The glittering billows give a golden show. Dryden. 3. To examine critically or minutely; to scrutinize. Sifting the very utmost sentence and syllable. Hooker. Opportunity I here have had To try thee, sift thee. Milton. Let him but narrowly sift his ideas. I. Taylor. To sift out, to search out with care, as if by sifting. SIFTER Sift"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, sifts. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any lamellirostral bird, as a duck or goose; -- so called because it sifts or strains its food from the water and mud by means of the lamell SIG Sig, n. Etym: [Akin to AS. sigan to fall. sq. root151a. See Sink, v. t.] Defn: Urine. [Prov. Eng.] SIGAULTIAN Si*gaul"ti*an, a. (Surg.) Defn: Pertaining to Sigault, a French physician. See Symphyseotomy. SIGGER Sig"ger, v. i. Defn: Same as Sicker. [Prov. Eng.] SIGH Sigh, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sighed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sighing.] Etym: [OE. sighen, si; cf. also OE. siken, AS. sican, and OE. sighten, si, sichten, AS. siccettan; all, perhaps, of imitative origin.] 1. To inhale a larger quantity of air than usual, and immediately expel it; to make a deep single audible respiration, especially as the result or involuntary expression of fatigue, exhaustion, grief, sorrow, or the like. 2. Hence, to lament; to grieve. He sighed deeply in his spirit. Mark viii. 12. 3. To make a sound like sighing. And the coming wind did roar more loud, And the sails did sigh like sedge. Coleridge. The winter winds are wearily sighing. Tennyson. Note: An extraordinary pronunciation of this word as sith is still heard in England and among the illiterate in the United States. SIGH Sigh, v. t. 1. To exhale (the breath) in sighs. Never man sighed truer breath. Shak. 2. To utter sighs over; to lament or mourn over. Ages to come, and men unborn, Shall bless her name, and sigh her fate. Pior. 3. To express by sighs; to utter in or with sighs. They . . . sighed forth proverbs. Shak. The gentle swain . . . sighs back her grief. Hoole. SIGH Sigh, n. Etym: [OE. sigh; cf. OE. sik. See Sigh, v. i.] 1. A deep and prolonged audible inspiration or respiration of air, as when fatigued or grieved; the act of sighing. I could drive the boat with my sighs. Shak. 2. Figuratively, a manifestation of grief; a lan With their sighs the air Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite. Milton. SIGH-BORN Sigh"-born`, a. Defn: Sorrowful; mournful. [R.] "Sigh-born thoughts." De Quincey. SIGHER Sigh"er, n. Defn: One who sighs. SIGHING Sigh"ing, a. Defn: Uttering sighs; grieving; lamenting. "Sighing millions." Cowper. -- Sigh"ing*ly, adv. SIGHT Sight, n. Etym: [OE. sight, si, siht, AS. siht, gesiht, gesih, gesieh, gesyh; akin to D. gezicht, G. sicht, gesicht, Dan. sigte, Sw. sigt, from the root of E. see. See See, v. t.] 1. The act of seeing; perception of objects by the eye; view; as, to gain sight of land. A cloud received him out of their sight. Acts. i. 9. 2. The power of seeing; the faculty of vision, or of perceiving objects by the instrumentality of the eyes. Thy sight is young, And thou shalt read when mine begin to dazzle. Shak. O loss of sight, of thee I most complain! Milton. 3. The state of admitting unobstructed vision; visibility; open view; region which the eye at one time surveys; space through which the power of vision extends; as, an object within sight. 4. A spectacle; a view; a show; something worth seeing. Moses said, I will now turn aside and see this great sight, why the bush is not burnt. Ex. iii. 3. They never saw a sight so fair. Spenser. 5. The instrument of seeing; the eye. Why cloud they not their sights Shak. 6. Inspection; examination; as, a letter intended for the sight of only one person. 7. Mental view; opinion; judgment; as, in their sight it was harmless. Wake. That which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God. Luke xvi. 15. 8. A small aperture through which objects are to be seen, and by which their direction is settled or ascertained; as, the sight of a quadrant. Thier eyes of fire sparking through sights of steel. Shak. 9. A small piece of metal, fixed or movable, on the breech, muzzle, center, or trunnion of a gun, or on the breech and the muzzle of a rifle, pistol, etc., by means of which the eye is guided in aiming. Farrow. 10. In a drawing, picture, etc., that part of the surface, as of paper or canvas, which is within the frame or the border or margin. In a frame or the like, the open space, the opening. 11. A great number, quantity, or sum; as, a sight of money. [Now colloquial] Note: Sight in this last sense was formerly employed in the best usage. "A sight of lawyers." Latimer. A wonder sight of flowers. Gower. At sight, as soon as seen, or presented to sight; as, a draft payable at sight: to read Greek at sight; to shoot a person at sight. -- Front sight (Firearms), the sight nearest the muzzle. -- Open sight. (Firearms) (a) A front sight through which the objects aimed at may be seen, in distinction from one that hides the object. (b) A rear sight having an open notch instead of an aperture. -- Peep sight, Rear sight. See under Peep, and Rear. -- Sight draft, an order, or bill of exchange, directing the payment of money at sight. -- To take sight, to take aim; to look for the purpose of directing a piece of artillery, or the like. Syn. -- Vision; view; show; spectacle; representation; exhibition. SIGHT Sight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sighting.] 1. To get sight of; to see; as, to sight land; to sight a wreck. Kane. 2. To look at through a sight; to see accurately; as, to sight an object, as a star. 3. To apply sights to; to adjust the sights of; also, to give the proper elevation and direction to by means of a sight; as, to sight a rifle or a cannon. SIGHT Sight, v. i. (Mil.) Defn: To take aim by a sight. SIGHTED Sight"ed, a. Defn: Having sight, or seeing, in a particular manner; -- used in composition; as, long-sighted, short-sighted, quick-sighted, sharp- sighted, and the like. SIGHTFUL Sight"ful, a. Defn: Easily or clearly seen; distinctly visible; perspicuous. [Obs.] Testament of Love. SIGHTFULNESS Sight"ful*ness, n. Defn: The state of being sightful; perspicuity. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. SIGHT-HOLE Sight"-hole`, n. Defn: A hole for looking through; a peephole. "Stop all sight-holes." Shak. SIGHTING Sight"ing, a & n. Defn: from Sight, v. t. Sighting shot, a shot made to ascertain whether the sights of a firearm are properly adjusted; a trial shot. SIGHTLESS Sight"less, a. 1. Wanting sight; without sight; blind. Of all who blindly creep or sightless soar. Pope. 2. That can not be seen; invisible. [Obs.] The sightless couriers of the air. Shak. 3. Offensive or unpleasing to the eye; unsightly; as, sightless stains. [R.] Shak. -- Sight"less*ly, adv.- Sight"less*ness, n. SIGHTLINESS Sight"li*ness, n. Defn: The state of being sightly; comeliness; conspicuousness. SIGHTLY Sight"ly, a. 1. Pleasing to the sight; comely. "Many brave, sightly horses." L'Estrange. 2. Open to sight; conspicuous; as, a house stands in a sightly place. SIGHTPROOF Sight"proof`, a. Defn: Undiscoverable to sight. Hidden in their own sightproof bush. Lowell. SIGHT-SEEING Sight"-see`ing, a. Defn: Engaged in, or given to, seeing sights; eager for novelties or curiosities. SIGHT-SEEING Sight"-see`ing, n. Defn: The act of seeing sights; eagerness for novelties or curiosities. SIGHT-SEER Sight"-se`er, n. Defn: One given to seeing sights or noted things, or eager for novelties or curiosities. SIGHT-SHOT Sight"-shot`, n. Defn: Distance to which the sight can reach or be thrown. [R.] Cowley. SIGHTSMAN Sights"man, n.; pl. Sightsmen (. (Mus.) Defn: One who reads or performs music readily at first sight. [R.] Busby. SIGIL Sig"il, n. Etym: [L. sigillum. See Seal a stamp.] Defn: A seal; a signature. Dryden. Of talismans and sigils knew the power. Pope. SIGILLARIA Sig`il*la"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [L., from sigillum a seal. See Sigil.] (Rom. Antic.) Defn: Little images or figures of earthenware exposed for sale, or given as presents, on the last two days of the Saturnalia; hence, the last two, or the sixth and seventh, days of the Saturnalia. SIGILLARIA Sig`il*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fem sing. fr. L. sigillum a seal.] (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of fossil trees principally found in the coal formation; -- so named from the seallike leaf scars in vertical rows on the surface. SIGILLARID Sig`il*la"rid, n. (Paleon.) Defn: One of an extinct family of cryptagamous trees, including the genus Sigillaria and its allies. SIGILLATED Sig"il*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. sigillatus adorned with little images.] Defn: Decorated by means of stamps; -- said of pottery. SIGILLATIVE Sig"il*la*tive, a. Etym: [L. sigillum a seal: cf. OF. sigillatif.] Defn: Fit to seal; belonging to a seal; composed of wax. [R.] SIGILLUM Si*gil"lum, n.; pl. Sigilla. Etym: [L.] (Rom. & Old Eng. Law) Defn: A seal. SIGLA Sig"la, n. pl. Etym: [L.] Defn: The signs, abbreviations, letters, or characters standing for words, shorthand, etc., in ancient manuscripts, or on coins, medals, etc. W. Savage. SIGMA Sig"ma, n.; pl. Sigmas. Etym: [L., from Gr. Defn: The Greek letter S, or s). It originally had the form of the English C. SIGMODONT Sig"mo*dont, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of a tribe (Sigmodontes) of rodents which includes all the indigenous rats and mice of America. So called from the form of the ridges of enamel on the crowns of the worn molars. Also used adjectively. SIGMOID; SIGMOIDAL Sig"moid, Sig*moid"al, a. Etym: [Gr. sigmoïde.] Defn: Curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek s. Sigmoid flexure (Anat.), the last curve of the colon before it terminates in the rectum. See Illust. under Digestive. -- Sigmoid valves. (Anat.) See Semilunar valves, under Semilunar. SIGMOIDALLY Sig*moid"al*ly, adv. Defn: In a sigmoidal manner. SIGN Sign, n. Etym: [F. signe, L. signum; cf. AS. segen, segn, a sign, standard, banner, also fr. L. signum. Cf. Ensign, Resign, Seal a stamp, Signal, Signet.] Defn: That by which anything is made known or represented; that which furnishes evidence; a mark; a token; an indication; a proof. Specifically: (a) A remarkable event, considered by the ancients as indicating the will of some deity; a prodigy; an omen. (b) An event considered by the Jews as indicating the divine will, or as manifesting an interposition of the divine power for some special end; a miracle; a wonder. Through mighty signs and wonders, by the power of the Spirit of God. Rom. xv. 19. It shall come to pass, if they will not believe thee, neither hearken to the voice of the first sign, that they will believe the voice of the latter sign. Ex. iv. 8. (c) Something serving to indicate the existence, or preserve the memory, of a thing; a token; a memorial; a monument. What time the fire devoured two hundred and fifty men, and they became a sign. Num. xxvi. 10. (d) Any symbol or emblem which prefigures, typifles, or represents, an idea; a type; hence, sometimes, a picture. The holy symbols, or signs, are not barely significative; but what they represent is as certainly delivered to us as the symbols themselves. Brerewood. Saint George of Merry England, the sign of victory. Spenser. (e) A word or a character regarded as the outward manifestation of thought; as, words are the sign of ideas. (f) A motion, an action, or a gesture by which a thought is expressed, or a command or a wish made known. They made signs to his father, how he would have him called. Luke i. 62. (g) Hence, one of the gestures of pantomime, or of a language of a signs such as those used by the North American Indians, or those used by the deaf and dumb. Note: Educaters of the deaf distinguish between natural signs, which serve for communicating ideas, and methodical, or systematic, signs, adapted for the dictation, or the rendering, of written language, word by word; and thus the signs are to be distinguished from the manual alphabet, by which words are spelled on the fingers. (h) A military emblem carried on a banner or a standard. Milton. (i) A lettered board, or other conspicuous notice, placed upon or before a building, room, shop, or office to advertise the business there transacted, or the name of the person or firm carrying it on; a publicly displayed token or notice. The shops were, therefore, distinguished by painted signs, which gave a gay and grotesque aspect to the streets. Macaulay. (j) (Astron.) Defn: The twelfth part of the ecliptic or zodiac. Note: The signs are reckoned from the point of intersection of the ecliptic and equator at the vernal equinox, and are named, respectively, Aries (Taurus (Gemini (II), Cancer (Leo (Virgo (Libra (Scorpio (Sagittarius (Capricornus (Aquarius (Pisces ( (k) (Alg.) A character indicating the relation of quantities, or an operation performed upon them; as, the sign + (plus); the sign -- (minus); the sign of division ÷, and the like. (l) (Med.) An objective evidence of disease; that is, one appreciable by some one other than the patient. Note: The terms symptom and and sign are often used synonymously; but they may be discriminated. A sign differs from a symptom in that the latter is perceived only by the patient himself. The term sign is often further restricted to the purely local evidences of disease afforded by direct examination of the organs involved, as distinguished from those evidence of general disturbance afforded by observation of the temperature, pulse, etc. In this sense it is often called physical sign. (m) (Mus.) Any character, as a flat, sharp, dot, etc. (n) (Theol.) That which, being external, stands for, or signifies, something internal or spiritual; -- a term used in the Church of England in speaking of an ordinance considered with reference to that which it represents. An outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace. Bk. of Common Prayer. Note: See the Table of Arbitrary Signs, p. 1924. Sign manual. (a) (Eng. Law) The royal signature superscribed at the top of bills of grants and letter patent, which are then sealed with the privy signet or great seal, as the case may be, to complete their validity. (b) The signature of one's name in one's own handwriting. Craig. Tomlins. Wharton. Syn. -- Token; mark; note; symptom; indication; signal; symbol; type; omen; prognostic; presage; manifestation. See Emblem. SIGN Sign, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signed; p. pr. & vb. n. Signing.] Etym: [OE. seinen to bless, originally, to make the sign of the cross over; in this sense fr. ASS. segnian (from segn, n.), or OF. seignier, F. signer, to mark, to sign (in sense 3), fr. L. signare to mark, set a mark upon, from signum. See Sign, n.] 1. To represent by a sign; to make known in a typical or emblematic manner, in distinction from speech; to signify. I signed to Browne to make his retreat. Sir W. Scott. 2. To make a sign upon; to mark with a sign. We receive this child into the congregation of Christ's flock, and do sign him with the sign of the cross. Bk. of Com Prayer. 3. To affix a signature to; to ratify by hand or seal; to subscribe in one's own handwriting. Inquire the Jew's house out, give him this deed, And let him sign it. Shak. 4. To assign or convey formally; -- used with away. 5. To mark; to make distinguishable. Shak. SIGN Sign, v. i. 1. To be a sign or omen. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To make a sign or signal; to communicate directions or intelligence by signs. 3. To write one's name, esp. as a token of assent, responsibility, or obligation. SIGNABLE Sign"a*ble, a. Defn: Suitable to be signed; requiring signature; as, a legal document signable by a particular person. SIGNAL Sig"nal, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. signale, fr. L. signum. See Sign, n.] 1. A sign made for the purpose of giving notice to a person of some occurence, command, or danger; also, a sign, event, or watchword, which has been agreed upon as the occasion of concerted action. All obeyed The wonted signal and superior voice Of this great potentate. Milton. 2. A token; an indication; a foreshadowing; a sign. The weary sun . . . Gives signal of a goodly day to-morrow. Shak. There was not the least signal of the calamity to be seen. De Foc. SIGNAL Sig"nal, a. Etym: [From signal, n.: cf. F. signalé.] 1. Noticeable; distinguished from what is ordinary; eminent; remarkable; memorable; as, a signal exploit; a signal service; a signal act of benevolence. As signal now in low, dejected state As erst in highest, behold him where he lies. Milton. 2. Of or pertaining to signals, or the use of signals in conveying information; as, a signal flag or officer. The signal service, a bureau of the government (in the United States connected with the War Department) organized to collect from the whole country simultaneous raports of local meteorological conditions, upon comparison of which at the central office, predictions concerning the weather are telegraphed to various sections, where they are made known by signals publicly displayed. -- Signal station, the place where a signal is displayed; specifically, an observation office of the signal service. Syn. -- Eminent; remarkable; memorable; extraordinary; notable; conspicuous. SIGNAL Sig"nal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signaled ( or Signalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Signaling or Signalling.] 1. To communicate by signals; as, to signal orders. 2. To notify by a signals; to make a signal or signals to; as, to signal a fleet to anchor. M. Arnold. SIGNALIST Sig"nal*ist, n. Defn: One who makes signals; one who communicates intelligence by means of signals. SIGNALITY Sig*nal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being signal or remarkable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SIGNALIZE Sig"nal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Signalizing.] Etym: [From Signal, a.] 1. To make signal or eminent; to render distinguished from what is common; to distinguish. It is this passion which drives men to all the ways we see in use of signalizing themselves. Burke. 2. To communicate with by means of a signal; as, a ship signalizes its consort. 3. To indicate the existence, presence, or fact of, by a signal; as, to signalize the arrival of a steamer. SIGNALLY Sig"nal*ly, adv. Defn: In a signal manner; eminently. SIGNALMAN Sig"nal*man, n.; pl. -men (. Defn: A man whose business is to manage or display signals; especially, one employed in setting the signals by which railroad trains are run or warned. SIGNALMENT Sig"nal*ment, n. Defn: The act of signaling, or of signalizing; hence, description by peculiar, appropriate, or characteristic marks. Mrs. Browning. SIGNATE Sig"nate, a. Etym: [L. signatus, p. p. See Sign, v. t.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having definite color markings. SIGNATION Sig*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. signatio. See Sign, v. t.] Defn: Sign given; marking. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SIGNATORY Sig"na*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. signatorius.] 1. Relating to a seal; used in sealing. [Obs.] Bailey. 2. Signing; joining or sharing in a signature; as, signatory powers. SIGNATORY Sig"na*to*ry, n.; pl. -ries (. Defn: A signer; one who signs or subscribes; as, a conference of signatories. SIGNATURE Sig"na*ture, n. Etym: [F. (cf. It. signatura, segnatura, Sp. & LL. signatura), from L. signare, signatum. See Sign, v. t.] 1. A sign, stamp, or mark impressed, as by a seal. The brain, being well furnished with various traces, signatures, and images. I. Watts. The natural and indelible signature of God, which human souls . . . are supposed to be stamped with. Bentley. 2. Especially, the name of any person, written with his own hand, employed to signify that the writing which precedes accords with his wishes or intentions; a sign manual; an autograph. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: An outward mark by which internal characteristics were supposed to be indicated. Some plants bear a very evident signature of their nature and use. Dr. H. More. 4. (Old Med.) Defn: A resemblance between the external characters of a disease and those of some physical agent, for instance, that existing between the red skin of scarlet fever and a red cloth; -- supposed to indicate this agent in the treatment of the disease. 5. (Mus.) Defn: The designation of the key (when not C major, or its relative, A minor) by means of one or more sharps or flats at the beginning of the staff, immediately after the clef, affecting all notes of the same letter throughout the piece or movement. Each minor key has the same signature as its relative major. 6. (Print.) (a) A letter or figure placed at the bottom of the first page of each sheet of a book or pamphlet, as a direction to the binder in arranging and folding the sheets. (b) The printed sheet so marked, or the form from which it is printed; as, to reprint one or more signatures. Note: Star signatures (as A*, 1*) are the same characters, with the addition of asterisks, used on the first pages of offcuts, as in 12mo sheets. 7. (Pharm.) Defn: That part of a prescription which contains the directions to the patient. It is usually prefaced by S or Sig. (an abbreviation for the Latin signa, imperative of signare to sign or mark). SIGNATURE Sig"na*ture, v. t. Defn: To mark with, or as with, a signature or signatures. SIGNATURIST Sig"na*tur`ist, n. Defn: One who holds to the doctrine of signatures impressed upon objects, indicative of character or qualities. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SIGNBOARD Sign"board`, n. Defn: A board, placed on or before a shop, office, etc., on which ssome notice is given, as the name of a firm, of a business, or the like. SIGNER Sign"er, n. Defn: One who signs or subscribes his name; as, a memorial with a hundred signers. SIGNET Sig"net, n. Etym: [OF. signet a signet, F., a bookmark, dim. of signe. See Sign, n., and cf. Sennet.] Defn: A seal; especially, in England, the seal used by the sovereign in sealing private letters and grants that pass by bill under the sign manual; -- called also privy signet. I had my father's signet in my purse. Shak. Signet ring, a ring containing a signet or private seal. -- Writer to the signet (Scots Law), a judicial officer who prepares warrants, writs, etc.; originally, a clerk in the office of the secretary of state. SIGNETED Sig"net*ed, a. Defn: Stamped or marked with a signet. SIGNIFER Sig"ni*fer, a. Etym: [L., from signum sign + ferre to bear.] Defn: Bearing signs. [Obs.] "The signifer sphere, or zodiac." Holland. SIGNIFICANCE; SIGNIFICANCY Sig*nif"i*cance, Sig*nif"i*can*cy, n. Etym: [L. significantia.] 1. The quality or state of being significant. 2. That which is signified; meaning; import; as, the significance of a nod, of a motion of the hand, or of a word or expression. 3. Importance; moment; weight; consequence. With this brain I must work, in order to give significancy and value to the few facts which I possess. De Quincey. SIGNIFICANT Sig*nif"i*cant, a. Etym: [L. significans, -antis, p. pr. of significare. See Signify.] 1. Fitted or designed to signify or make known somethingl having a meaning; standing as a sign or token; expressive or suggestive; as, a significant word or sound; a significant look. It was well said of Plotinus, that the stars were significant, but not efficient. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Deserving to be considered; important; momentous; as, a significant event. Significant figures (Arith.), the figures which remain to any number, or decimal fraction, after the ciphers at the right or left are canceled. Thus, the significant figures of 25,000, or of .0025, are 25. SIGNIFICANT Sig*nif"i*cant, n. Defn: That which has significance; a sign; a token; a symbol. Wordsworth. In dumb significants proclaim your thoughts. Shak. SIGNIFICANTLY Sig*nif"i*cant*ly, adv. Defn: In a significant manner. SIGNIFICATE Sig*nif"i*cate, n. Etym: [L. significatus, p. p. of significare. See Signify.] (Logic) Defn: One of several things signified by a common term. Whately. SIGNIFICATION Sig`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [F. signification, L. significatio.] 1. The act of signifying; a making known by signs or other means. A signification of being pleased. Landor. All speaking or signification of one's mind implies an act or addres of one man to another. South. 2. That which is signified or made known; that meaning which a sign, character, or token is intended to convey; as, the signification of words. SIGNIFICATIVE Sig*nif"i*ca*tive, a. Etym: [L. significativus: cf. F. significatif.] 1. Betokening or representing by an external sign. The holy symbols or signs are not barely significative. Brerewood. 2. Having signification or meaning; expressive of a meaning or purpose; significant. Neither in the degrees of kindred they were destitute of significative words. Camden. -- Sig*nif"i*ca*tive*ly, adv. -- Sig*nif"i*ca*tive*ness, n. SIGNIFICATOR Sig"ni*fi*ca`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. significateur.] Defn: One who, or that which, signifies. In this diagram there was one significator which pressed remarkably upon our astrologer's attention. Sir W. Scott. SIGNIFICATORY Sig*nif"i*ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. significatorius.] Defn: Significant. -- n. Defn: That which is significatory. SIGNIFICAVIT Sig`ni*fi*ca"vit, n. Etym: [L., (he) has signified, perf. ind. of significare to signify.] (Eng. Eccl. Law) Defn: Formerly, a writ issuing out of chancery, upon certificate given by the ordinary, of a man's standing excommunicate by the space of forty days, for the laying him up in prison till he submit himself to the authority of the church. Crabb. SIGNIFY Sig"ni*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Signified; p. pr. & vb. n. Signifying.] Etym: [F. signifier, L. significare; signum a sign + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See Sign, n., and -fy.] 1. To show by a sign; to communicate by any conventional token, as words, gestures, signals, or the like; to announce; to make known; to declare; to express; as, a signified his desire to be present. I 'll to the king; and signify to him That thus I have resign'd my charge to you. Shak. The government should signify to the Protestants of Ireland that want of silver is not to be remedied. Swift. 2. To mean; to import; to denote; to betoken. He bade her tell him what it signified. Chaucer. A tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Shak. Note: Signify is often used impersonally; as, it signifies nothing, it does not signify, that is, it is of no importance. Syn. -- To express; manifest; declare; utter; intimate; betoken; denote; imply; mean. SIGNIOR Sign"ior, n. Defn: Sir; Mr. The English form and pronunciation for the Italian Signor and the Spanish Señor. SIGNIORIZE Sign"ior*ize, v. t. Etym: [See Seigniorize.] Defn: To exercise dominion over; to lord it over. [Obs.] Shelton. SIGNIORIZE Sign"ior*ize, v. i. Defn: To exercise dominion; to signiorize. [Obs.] Hewyt. SIGNIORSHIP Sign"ior*ship, n. Defn: State or position of a signior. SIGNIORY Sign"ior*y, n. Defn: Same as Seigniory. SIGNOR; SIGNORE Si*gnor", Si*gno"re, n. Etym: [It. See Seignior.] Defn: Sir; Mr; -- a title of address or respect among the Italians. Before a noun the form is Signor. SIGNORA Si*gno"ra, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: Madam; Mrs; -- a title of address or respect among the Italians. SIGNORINA Si`gno*ri"na, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: Miss; -- a title of address among the Italians. SIGNPOST Sign"post`, n. Defn: A post on which a sign hangs, or on which papers are placed to give public notice of anything. SIK; SIKE Sik, Sike, a. Defn: Such. See Such. [Obs.] "Sike fancies weren foolerie." Spenser. SIKE Sike, n. Etym: [AS. sic. Cf. Sig.] Defn: A gutter; a stream, such as is usually dry in summer. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SIKE Sike, n. Etym: [See Sick.] Defn: A sick person. [Prov. Eng.] SIKE Sike, v. i. Defn: To sigh. [Obs.] That for his wife weepeth and siketh sore. Chaucer. SIKE Sike, n. Defn: A sigh. [Obs.] Chaucer. SIKER; SIKERLY; SIKERNESS Sik"er, a. & adv., Sik"er*ly, adv., Sik"er*ness, n., etc. Defn: See 2d Sicker, Sickerly, etc. [Obs.] SIKHS Sikhs, n. pl.; sing. Sikh (. Etym: [Hind. Sikh, properly, a disciple.] Defn: A religious sect noted for warlike traits, founded in the Punjab at the end of the 15th century. SILAGE Si"lage, n. & v. Defn: Short for Ensilage. SILE Sile, v. t. Etym: [Akin to Sw. sila to strain, sil sieve, G. sielen to draw away or lead off water. sq. root151a. See Silt.] Defn: To strain, as fresh milk. [Prov. Eng.] SILE Sile, v. i. Defn: To drop; to flow; to fall. [Prov. Eng.] SILE Sile, n. 1. A sieve with fine meshes. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Filth; sediment. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SILE Sile, n. Etym: [Icel. sild herring; akin to Sw. sill, Dan. sild. Cf. Sill the young of a herring.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young or small herring. [Eng.] Pennant. SILENCE Si"lence, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. silentium. See Silent.] 1. The state of being silent; entire absence of sound or noise; absolute stillness. I saw and heared; for such a numerous host Fled not in silence through the frighted deep. Milton. 2. Forbearance from, or absence of, speech; taciturnity; muteness. 3. Secrecy; as, these things were transacted in silence. The administration itself keeps a profound silence. D. Webster. 4. The cessation of rage, agitation, or tumilt; calmness; quiest; as, the elements were reduced to silence. 5. Absence of mention; oblivion. And what most merits fame, in silence hid. Milton. SILENCE Si"lence, interj. Defn: Be silent; -- used elliptically for let there be silence, or keep silence. Shak. SILENCE Si"lence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silenced; p. pr. & vb. n. Silencing.] 1. To compel to silence; to cause to be still; to still; to hush. Silence that dreadful bell; it frights the isle. Shak. 2. To put to rest; to quiet. This would silence all further opposition. Clarendon. These would have silenced their scruples. Rogers. 3. To restrain from the exercise of any function, privilege of instruction, or the like, especially from the act of preaching; as, to silence a minister of the gospel. The Rev. Thomas Hooker of Chelmsford, in Essex, was silenced for nonconformity. B. Trumbull. 4. To cause to cease firing, as by a vigorous cannonade; as, to silence the batteries of an enemy. SILENCER Si"lenc*er, n. One that silences; specif.: (a) The muffler of an internal-combustion engine. (b) Any of various devices to silence the humming noise of telegraph wires. (c) A device for silencing the report of a firearm shooting its projectiles singly, as a tubular attachment for the muzzle having circular plates that permit the passage of the projectile but impart a rotary motion to, and thus retard, the exploding gases. SILENE Si*le"ne, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Silenus, the attendant of Bacchus.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of caryophyllaceous plants, usually covered with a viscid secretion by which insects are caught; catchfly. Bon Silène. See Silène, in the Vocabulary. SILENT Si"lent, a. Etym: [L. silens, -entis, p. pr. of silere to be silent; akin to Goth. ana-silan.] 1. Free from sound or noise; absolutely still; perfectly quiet. How silent is this town! Shak. 2. Not speaking; indisposed to talk; speechless; mute; taciturn; not loquacious; not talkative. Ulysses, adds he, was the most eloquent and most silent of men. Broome. This new-created world, whereof in hell Fame is not silent. Milton. 3. Keeping at rest; inactive; calm; undisturbed; as, the wind is silent. Parnell. Sir W. Raleigh. 4. (Pron.) Defn: Not pronounced; having no sound; quiescent; as, e is silent in "fable." 5. Having no effect; not operating; inefficient. [R.] Cause . . . silent, virtueless, and dead. Sir W. Raleigh. Silent partner. See Dormant partner, under Dormant. Syn. -- Mute; taciturn; dumb; speechless; quiet; still. See Mute, and Taciturn. SILENT Si"lent, n. Defn: That which is silent; a time of silence. [R.] "The silent of the night." Shak. SILENTIARY Si*len"ti*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. silentiarius: cf. F. silenciaire. See Silence.] Defn: One appointed to keep silence and order in court; also, one sworn not to divulge secre SILENTIOUS Si*len"tious, a. Etym: [L. silentiosus: cf. F. silencieux.] Defn: Habitually silent; taciturn; reticent. [R.] SILENTLY Si"lent*ly, adv. Defn: In a silent manner. SILENTNESS Si"lent*ness, n. Defn: State of being silent; silence. SILENUS Si*le"nus, n. Etym: [L. Silenus the tutor and attendant of Bacchus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wanderoo. SILESIA Si*le"si*a, n. 1. A kind of linen cloth, originally made in Silesia, a province of Prussia. 2. A twilled cotton fabric, used for dress linings. SILESIAN Si*le"si*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Silesia. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Silesia. SILEX Si"lex, n. Etym: [L., a finit, a pebblestone.] (Min.) Defn: Silica, SiO2 as found in nature, constituting quarz, and most sands and sandstones. See Silica, and Silicic. SILHOUETTE Sil`hou*ette", n. Etym: [F.; -- so called from Etienne de Silhoutte, a French minister of finance in 1759, whise diversion it was to make such portraits on the walls of his apartments.] Defn: A representation of the outlines of an object filled in with a black color; a profile portrait in black, such as a shadow appears to be. SILHOUETTE Sil`hou*ette", v. t. Defn: To represent by a silhouette; to project upon a background, so as to be like a silhouette. [Recent] A flock of roasting vultures silhouetted on the sky. The Century. SILICA Sil"i*ca, n. Etym: [NL., from L. silex, silics, a flint.] (Chem.) Defn: Silicon dioxide, SiO SILICATE Sil"i*cate, n.Etym: [Cf. F. silicate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of silicic acid. Note: In mineralogical chemistry the silicates include; the unisilicates or orthosilicates, salts of orthosilicic acid; the bisilicates or metasilicates, salts of metasilicic acid; the polysilicates or acid silicates, salts of the polysilicic acids; the basic silicates or subsilicates, in which the equivalent of base is greater than would be required to neutralize the acid; and the hydrous silicates, including the zeolites and many hydrated decomposition products. SILICATED Sil"i*ca`ted, a. (Chem.) Defn: Combined or impregnated with silicon or silica; as, silicated hydrogen; silicated rocks. Silicated soap, a hard soap containing silicate of soda. SILICATIZATION Sil`i*ca*ti*za"tion, n. Defn: Silicification. SILICEA Si*lic"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Silicoidea. SILICEOUS Si*li"ceous, a. Etym: [L. siliceus, fr. silex, silicis, a flint.] Defn: Of or pertaining to silica; containing silica, or partaking of its nature. [Written also silisious.] SILICIC Si*lic"ic, a. Etym: [L. silex, silicis, a flint: cf. F. silicique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, silica; specifically, designating compounds of silicon; as, silicic acid. Silicic acid (Chem.), an amorphous gelatinous substance, Si(HO)4, very unstable and easily dried to silica, but forming many stable salts; -- called also orthosilicic, or normal silicic, acid. SILICICALCAREOUS Si*lic`i*cal*ca"re*ous, a. Defn: Consisting of silica and calcareous matter. SILICIDE Sil"i*cide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of silicon, or one regarded as binary. [R.] Hydrogen silicide (Chem.), a colorless, spontaneously inflammable gas, SiH4, produced artifically from silicon, and analogous to methane; -- called also silico-methane, silicon hydride, and formerly siliciureted hydrogen. SILICIFEROUS Sil`i*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. silex, silicis, a flint + -ferous.] Defn: Producing silica; united with silica. SILICIFICATION Si*lic`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [See Silicify.] (Chem.) Defn: Thae act or process of combining or impregnating with silicon or silica; the state of being so combined or impregnated; as, the silicification of wood. SILICIFIED Si*lic"i*fied, a. (Chem.) Defn: Combined or impregnated with silicon or silica, especially the latter; as, silicified wood. SILICIFY Si*lic"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silicified; p. pr. & vb. n. Silicifying.] Etym: [L. silex, silicis, a flint + -fy: cf. F. silicifier.] (Chem.) Defn: To convert into, or to impregnate with, silica, or with the compounds of silicon. The specimens found . . . are completely silicified. Say. Note: The silica may take the form of agate, chalcedony, flint, hornstone, or crystalline quartz. SILICIFY Si*lic"i*fy, v. i. Defn: To become converted into silica, or to be impregnated with silica. SILICIOIDEA Sil`i*ci*oi"de*a, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Silicoidea. SILICIOUS Si*li"cious, a. Defn: See Siliceous. SILICISPONGIAE Sil`i*ci*spon"gi*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Silex, and Sponge.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Silicoidea. SILICITED Si*lic"it*ed, a. Defn: Silicified. [Obs.] SILICIUM Si*lic"i*um, n. Defn: See Silicon. SILICIURETED Si*lic"i*u*ret`ed, a. [Written also siliciuretted.] (Old. Chem.) Defn: Combined or impregnated with silicon. [Obsoles.] Siliciureted hydrogen. (Chem.) Hydrogen silicide. [Obs.] SILICLE Sil"i*cle, n. Etym: [L. silicula, dim. of siliqua a pod or husk: cf. F. silicule.] (Bot.) Defn: A seed vessel resembling a silique, but about as broad as it is long. See Silique. SILICO- Sil"i*co-. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of silicon or its compounds; as, silicobenzoic, silicofluoride, etc. SILICOFLUORIC Sil`i*co*flu*or"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Containing, or composed of, silicon and fluorine; especially, denoting the compounds called silicofluorides. Silicofluoric acid (Chem.), a compound of hydrofluoric acid and silicon fluoride, known only in watery solution. It is produced by the action of silicon fluoride on water, and is regarded as an acid, H2SiF6, and the type and origin of the silicofluorides. SILICOFLUORIDE Sil`i*co*flu"or*ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A fluosilicate; a salt of silicofluoric acid. SILICOIDEA Sil`i*coi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Silex, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive order of Porifera, which includes those that have the skeleton composed mainly of siliceous fibers or spicules. SILICON Sil"i*con, n. Etym: [See Silica.] (Chem.) Defn: A nonmetalic element analogous to carbon. It always occurs combined in nature, and is artificially obtained in the free state, usually as a dark brown amorphous powder, or as a dark crystalline substance with a meetallic luster. Its oxide is silica, or common quartz, and in this form, or as silicates, it is, next to oxygen, the most abundant element of the earth's crust. Silicon is characteristically the element of the mineral kingdom, as carbon is of the organic world. Symbol Si. Atomic weight 28. Called also silicium. SILICOTUNGSTIC Sil`i*co*tung"stic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, any one of a series of double acids of silicon and tungsten, known in the free state, and also in their salts (called silicotungstates). SILICULA Si*lic"u*la, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: A silicle. SILICULE Sil"i*cule, n. (Bot.) Defn: A silicle. SILICULOSE Si*lic"u*lose`, a. Etym: [NL. siliculosus, fr. L. silicula: cf. F. siliculeux. See Silicle.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Bearing silicles; pertaining to, or resembling, silicles. 2. Full of, or consisting of, husks; husky. [Obs.] SILIGINOSE Si*lig"i*nose`, a.Etym: [L. siligineus, fr. siligo, -inis, fine and very white wheat.] Defn: Made of fine wheat. [Obs.] Bailey. SILING Sil"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Sile to strain. [Obs. or Prov.Eng.] Siling dish, a colander. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SILIQUA Sil"i*qua, n.; pl. Siliquæ. Etym: [L. See Silique.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Silique. 2. A weight of four grains; a carat; -- a term used by jewelers, and refiners of gold. SILIQUE Sil"ique, n. Etym: [L. siliqua a pod or husk, a very small weight or measure: cf. F. silique.] (Bot.) Defn: An oblong or elongated seed vessel, consisting of two valves with a dissepiment between, and opening by sutures at either margin. The seeds are attached to both edges of the dissepiment, alternately upon each side of it. SILIQUIFORM Sil"i*qui*form, a. Etym: [Silique + -form: cf. F. siliquiforme.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of a silique. SILIQUOSA Sil`i*quo"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Siliquose.] (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan order of plants including those which bear siliques. SILIQUOSE; SILIQUOUS Sil"i*quose`, Sil"i*quous, a. Etym: [NL. siliquosus: cf. F. siliqueux.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing siliques; as, siliquose plants; pertaining to, or resembling, siliques; as, siliquose capsules. SILK Silk, n. Etym: [OE. silk, selk, AS. seolc, seoloc; akin to Icel. silki, SW. & Dan. silke; prob. through Slavic from an Oriental source; cf. Lith. szilkai, Russ. shelk', and also L. sericum Seric stuff, silk. Cf. Sericeous. Serge a woolen stuff.] 1. The fine, soft thread produced by various species of caterpillars in forming the cocoons within which the worm is inclosed during the pupa state, especially that produced by the larvæ of Bombyx mori. 2. Hence, thread spun, or cloth woven, from the above-named material. 3. That which resembles silk, as the filiform styles of the female flower of maize. Raw silk, silk as it is wound off from the cocoons, and before it is manufactured. -- Silk cotton, a cottony substance enveloping the seeds of the silk-cotton tree. -- Silk-cotton tree (Bot.), a name for several tropical trees of the genera Bombax and Eriodendron, and belonging to the order Bombaceæ. The trees grow to an immense size, and have their seeds enveloped in a cottony substance, which is used for stuffing cushions, but can not be spun. -- Silk flower. (Bot.) (a) The silk tree. (b) A similar tree (Calliandra trinervia) of Peru. -- Silk fowl (Zoöl.), a breed of domestic fowls having silky plumage. -- Silk gland (Zoöl.), a gland which secretes the material of silk, as in spider or a silkworm; a sericterium. -- Silk gown, the distinctive robe of a barrister who has been appointed king's or queen's counsel; hence, the counsel himself. Such a one has precedence over mere barristers, who wear stuff gowns. [Eng.] -- Silk grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Stipa comata) of the Western United States, which has very long silky awns. The name is also sometimes given to various species of the genera Aqave and Yucca. -- Silk moth (Zoöl.), the adult moth of any silkworm. See Silkworm. -- Silk shag, a coarse, rough-woven silk, like plush, but with a stiffer nap. -- Silk spider (Zoöl.), a large spider (Nephila plumipes), native of the Southern United States, remarkable for the large quantity of strong silk it produces and for the great disparity in the sizes of the sexes. -- Silk thrower, Silk throwster, one who twists or spins silk, and prepares it for weaving. Brande & C. -- Silk tree (Bot.), an Asiatic leguminous tree (Albizzia Julibrissin) with finely bipinnate leaves, and large flat pods; -- so called because of the abundant long silky stamens of its blossoms. Also called silk flower. -- Silk vessel. (Zoöl.) Same as Silk gland, above. -- Virginia silk (Bot.), a climbing plant (Periploca Græca) of the Milkweed family, having a silky tuft on the seeds. It is native in Southern Europe. SILKEN Silk"en, a. Etym: [AS. seolcen, seolocen.] 1. Of or pertaining to silk; made of, or resembling, silk; as, silken cloth; a silken veil. 2. Fig.: Soft; delicate; tender; smooth; as, silken language. "Silken terms precise." Shak. 3. Dressed in silk. "A . . . silken wanton." Shak. SILKEN Silk"en, v. t. Defn: To render silken or silklike. Dyer. SILKINESS Silk"i*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being silky or silken; softness and smoothness. 2. Fig.: Effeminacy; weakness. [R.] B. Jonson. SILKMAN Silk"man, n.; pl. Silkmen (. Defn: A dealer in silks; a silk mercer. Shak. SILKNESS Silk"ness, n. Defn: Silkiness. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SILK-STOCKING Silk"-stock`ing, a. Defn: Wearing silk stockings (which among men were formerly worn chiefly by the luxurious or aristocratic); hence, elegantly dressed; aristocratic; luxurious; -- chiefly applied to men, often by way of reproach. [They] will find their levees crowded with silk-stocking gentry, but no yeomanry; an army of officers without soldiers. Jefferson. SILKWEED Silk"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genera Asclepias and Acerates whose seed vessels contain a long, silky down; milkweed. SILKWORM Silk"worm`, n. Etym: [AS. seolcwyrm.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of any one of numerous species of bombycid moths, which spins a large amount of strong silk in constructing its cocoon before changing to a pupa. Note: The common species (Bombyx mori) feeds onm the leaves of the white mulberry tree. It is native of China, but has long been introduced into other countries of Asia and Europe, and is reared on a large scale. In America it is reared only to small extent. The Ailanthus silkworm (Philosamia cynthia) is a much larger species, of considerable importance, which has been introduced into Europe and America from China. The most useful American species is the Polyphemus. See Polyphemus. Pernyi silkworm, the larva of the Pernyi moth. See Pernyi moth. -- Silkworm gut, a substance prepared from the contents of the silk glands of silkworms and used in making lines for angling. See Gut. -- Silkworm rot, a disease of silkworms; muscardine. SILKY Silk"y, a. [Compar. Silkier; superl. Silkiest.] 1. Of or pertaining to silk; made of, or resembling, silk; silken; silklike; as, a silky luster. 2. Hence, soft and smooth; as, silky wine. 3. Covered with soft hairs pressed close to the surface, as a leaf; sericeous. Silky oak (Bot.), a lofty Australian tree (Grevillea robusta) with silky tomentose lobed or incised leaves. It furnishes a valuable timber. SILL Sill, n. Etym: [OE. sille, sylle, AS. syl, syll; akin to G. schwelle, OHG. swelli, Icel. syll, svill, Sw. syll, Dan. syld, Goth. gasuljan to lay a foundation, to found.] Defn: The basis or foundation of a thing; especially, a horizontal piece, as a timber, which forms the lower member of a frame, or supports a structure; as, the sills of a house, of a bridge, of a loom, and the like. Hence: (a) The timber or stone at the foot of a door; the threshold. (b) The timber or stone on which a window frame stands; or, the lowest piece in a window frame. (c) The floor of a gallery or passage in a mine. (d) A piece of timber across the bottom of a canal lock for the gates to shut against. Sill course (Arch.), a horizontal course of stone, terra cotta, or the like, built into a wall at the level of one or more window sills, these sills often forming part of it. SILL Sill, n. Etym: [Cf. Thill.] Defn: The shaft or thill of a carriage. [Prov. Eng.] SILL Sill, n. Etym: [Cf. 4th Sile.] Defn: A young herring. [Eng.] SILLABUB Sil"la*bub, n. Etym: [Cf. sile to strain, and bub liquor, also Prov. E. sillibauk.] Defn: A dish made by mixing wine or cider with milk, and thus forming a soft curd; also, sweetened cream, flavored with wine and beaten to a stiff froth. [Written also syllabub.] SILLER Sil"ler, n. Defn: Silver. [Scot.] SILLILY Sil"li*ly, adv. Etym: [From Silly.] Defn: In a silly manner; foolishly. Dryden. SILLIMANITE Sil"li*man*ite, n. Etym: [After Benjamin Siliman, an American meneralogist.] (Min.) Defn: Same as Fibrolite. SILLINESS Sil"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being silly. SILLOCK Sil"lock, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pollock, or coalfish. SILLON Sil"lon, n. Etym: [F., a furrow.] (Fort.) Defn: A work raised in the middle of a wide ditch, to defend it. Crabb. SILLY Sil"ly, a. [Compar. Sillier; superl. Silliest.] Etym: [OE. seely, sely, AS. s, ges, happy, good, fr. s, s, good, happy, s good fortune, happines; akin to OS. salig, a, good, happy, D. zalig blessed, G. selig, OHG. salig, Icel. s, Sw. säll, Dan. salig, Goth. s good, kind, and perh. also to L. sollus whole, entire, Gr. sarva. Cf. Seel, n.] 1. Happy; fortunate; blessed. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Harmless; innocent; inoffensive. [Obs.] "This silly, innocent Custance." Chaucer. The silly virgin strove him to withstand. Spenser. A silly, innocent hare murdered of a dog. Robynson (More's Utopia). 3. Weak; helpless; frail. [Obs.] After long storms . . . With which my silly bark was tossed sore. Spenser. The silly buckets on the deck. Coleridge. 4. Rustic; plain; simple; humble. [Obs.] A fourth man, in a sillyhabit. Shak. All that did their silly thoughts so busy keep. Milton. 5. Weak in intellect; destitute of ordinary strength of mind; foolish; witless; simple; as, a silly woman. 6. Proceeding from want of understanding or common judgment; characterized by weakness or folly; unwise; absurd; stupid; as, silly conduct; a silly question. Syn. -- Simple; brainless; witless; shallow; foolish; unwise; indiscreet. See Simple. SILLYHOW Sil"ly*how, n. Etym: [Prov. E. silly-hew; cf. AS. sælig happy, good, and hufe a cap, hood. See Silly, a.] Defn: A caul. See Caul, n., 3. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SILO Si"lo, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A pit or vat for packing away green fodder for winter use so as to exclude air and outside moisture. See Ensilage. SILT Silt, n. Etym: [OE. silte gravel, fr. silen to drain, E. sile; probably of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. sila, prob. akin to AS. seón to filter, sigan to fall, sink, cause to sink, G. seihen to strain, to filter, OHG. sihan, Icel.sia, Skr. sic to pour; cf. Gr. Sig, Sile.] Defn: Mud or fine earth deposited from running or standing water. SILT Silt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silted; p. pr. & vb. n. Silting.] Defn: To choke, fill, or obstruct with silt or mud. SILT Silt, v. i. Defn: To flow through crevices; to percolate. SILTY Silt"y, a. Defn: Full of silt; resembling silt. SILUNDUM Si*lun"dum, n. [Trade name] Defn: A form of silicon carbide, produced in the electric furnace, possessing great hardness, and high electrical resistance, and not subject to oxidation below 2880º F., or 1600º C. SILURE Si*lure", n. Etym: [L. silurus a sort of river fish, Gr. silure.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish of the genus Silurus, as the sheatfish; a siluroid. SILURIAN Si*lu"ri*an, a. Etym: [From L. Silures, a people who anciently inhabited a part of England and Wales.] (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the country of the ancient Silures; -- a term applied to the earliest of the Paleozoic eras, and also to the strata of the era, because most plainly developed in that country. Note: The Silurian formation, so named by Murchison, is divided into the Upper Silurian and Lower Silurian. The lower part of the Lower Silurian, with some underlying beds, is now separated under the name Cambrian, first given by Sedwick. Recently the term Ordovician has been proposed for the Lower Silurian, leawing the original word to apply only to the Upper Silurian. SILURIAN Si*lu"ri*an, n. Defn: The Silurian age. SILURIDAN Si*lu"ri*dan, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any fish of the family Silurid or of the order Siluroidei. SILUROID Si*lu"roid, n. Etym: [Silurus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Siluroidei, or Nematognathi, an order of fishes including numerous species, among which are the American catfishes and numerous allied fresh-water species of the Old World, as the sheatfish (Silurus glanis) of Europe. -- n. Defn: A siluroid fish. SILUROIDEI Sil`u*roi"de*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes, the Nematognathi. SILURUS Si*lu"rus, n. Etym: [L. See Silure.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large malacopterygious fishes of the order Siluroidei. They inhabit the inland waters of Europe and Asia. SILVA Sil"va, n.; pl. E. Silvas, L. Silvae (. Etym: [L., properly, a wood, forest.] [Written also sylva.] (Bot.) (a) The forest trees of a region or country, considered collectively. (b) A description or history of the forest trees of a country. SILVAN Sil"van, a. Etym: [L. silva, less correctly sylva, a wood or grove, perh. akin to Gr. "y`lh; cf. L. Silvanus Silvanus the god of woods: cf. F. sylvain silvan. Cf. Savage.] Defn: Of or pertaining to woods; composed of woods or groves; woody. [Written also sylvan.] Betwixt two rows of rocks, a silvan scene Appears above, and groves forever green. Dryden. SILVAN Sil"van, n. (Old Chem.) Defn: See Sylvanium. [Obs.] SILVANITE Sil"van*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Sylvanite. SILVAS; SELVAS Sil"vas or Sel"vas, n. pl. Etym: [L. silva a forest, Sp. selva.] Defn: Vast woodland plains of South America. SILVATE Sil"vate, n. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Sylvate. SILVER Sil"ver, n. Etym: [OE. silver, selver, seolver, AS. seolfor, siolfur, siolufr, silofr, sylofr; akin to OS. silubar, OFries. selover, D. zilver, LG. sulver, OHG. silabar, silbar, G. silber, Icel. silfr, Sw. silfver, Dan. sölv, Goth. silubr, Russ. serebro, Lith. sidabras; of unknown origin.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A soft white metallic element, sonorous, ductile, very malleable, and capable of a high degree of polish. It is found native, and also combined with sulphur, arsenic, antimony, chlorine, etc., in the minerals argentite, proustite, pyrargyrite, ceragyrite, etc. Silver is one of the "noble" metals, so-called, not being easily oxidized, and is used for coin, jewelry, plate, and a great variety of articles. Symbol Ag (Argentum). Atomic weight 107.7. Specific gravity 10.5. Note: Silver was known under the name of luna to the ancients and also to the alchemists. Some of its compounds, as the halogen salts, are remarkable for the effect of light upon them, and are used in photography. 2. Coin made of silver; silver money. 3. Anything having the luster or appearance of silver. 4. The color of silver. Note: Silver is used in the formation of many compounds of obvious meaning; as, silver-armed, silver-bright, silver-buskined, silver- coated, silver-footed, silver-haired, silver-headed, silver-mantled, silver-plated, silver-slippered, silver-sounding, silver-studded, silver-tongued, silver-white. See Silver, a. Black silver (Min.), stephanite; -- called also brittle silver ore, or brittle silver glance. -- Fulminating silver. (Chem.) (a) A black crystalline substance, Ag2O.(NH3)2, obtained by dissolving silver oxide in aqua ammonia. When dry it explodes violently on the slightest percussion. (b) Silver fulminate, a white crystalline substance, Ag2C2N2O2, obtained by adding alcohol to a solution of silver nitrate. When dry it is violently explosive. -- German silver. (Chem.) See under German. -- Gray silver. (Min.) See Freieslebenite. -- Horn silver. (Min.) See Cerargyrite. -- King's silver. (O. Eng. Law) See Postfine. -- Red silver, or Ruby silver. (Min.) See Proustite, and Pyrargyrite. -- Silver beater, one who beats silver into silver leaf or silver foil. -- Silver glance, or Vitreous silver. (Min.) See Argentine. SILVER Sil"ver, a. 1. Of or pertaining to silver; made of silver; as, silver leaf; a silver cup. 2. Resembling silver. Specifically: (a) Bright; resplendent; white. "Silver hair." Shak. Others, on silver lakes and rivers, bathed Their downy breast. Milton. (b) Precious; costly. (c) Giving a clear, ringing sound soft and clear. "Silver voices." Spenser. (d) Sweet; gentle; peaceful. "Silver slumber." Spenser. American silver fir (Bot.), the balsam fir. See under Balsam. -- Silver age (Roman Lit.), the latter part (a. d. 14-180) of the classical period of Latinity, -- the time of writers of inferior purity of language, as compared with those of the previous golden age, so-called. -- Silver-bell tree (Bot.), an American shrub or small tree (Halesia tetraptera) with white bell-shaped flowers in clusters or racemes; the snowdrop tree. -- Silver bush (Bot.), a shrubby leguminous plant (Anthyllis Barba- Jovis) of Southern Europe, having silvery foliage. -- Silver chub (Zoöl.), the fallfish. -- Silver eel. (Zoöl.) (a) The cutlass fish. (b) A pale variety of the common eel. -- Silver fir (Bot.), a coniferous tree (Abies pectinata) found in mountainous districts in the middle and south of Europe, where it often grows to the height of 100 or 150 feet. It yields Burgundy pitch and Strasburg turpentine. -- Silver foil, foil made of silver. -- Silver fox (Zoöl.), a variety of the common fox (Vulpes vulpes, variety argenteus) found in the northern parts of Asia, Europe, and America. Its fur is nearly black, with silvery tips, and is highly valued. Called also black fox, and silver-gray fox. -- Silver gar. (Zoöl.) See Billfish (a) -- Silver grain (Bot.), the lines or narrow plates of cellular tissue which pass from the pith to the bark of an exogenous stem; the medullary rays. In the wood of the oak they are much larger than in that of the beech, maple, pine, cherry, etc. -- Silver grebe (Zoöl.), the red-throated diver. See Illust. under Diver. -- Silver hake (Zoöl.), the American whiting. -- Silver leaf, leaves or sheets made of silver beaten very thin. -- Silver lunge (Zoöl.), the namaycush. -- Silver moonfish.(Zoöl.) See Moonfish (b). -- Silver moth (Zoöl.), a lepisma. -- Silver owl (Zoöl.), the barn owl. -- Silver perch (Zoöl.), the mademoiselle, 2. -- Silver pheasant (Zoöl.), any one of several species of beautiful crested and long-tailed Asiatic pheasants, of the genus Euplocamus. They have the tail and more or less of the upper parts silvery white. The most common species (E. nychtemerus) is native of China. -- Silver plate, domestic utensils made of silver. -- Silver plover (Zoöl.), the knot. -- Silver salmon (Zoöl.), a salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) native of both coasts of the North Pacific. It ascends all the American rivers as far south as the Sacramento. Called also kisutch, whitefish, and white salmon. -- Silver shell (Zoöl.), a marine bivalve of the genus Anomia. See Anomia. -- Silver steel, an alloy of steel with a very small proportion of silver. -- Silver stick, a title given to the title field officer of the Life Guards when on duty at the palace. [Eng.] Thackeray. -- Silver tree (Bot.), a South African tree (Leucadendron argenteum) with long, silvery, silky leaves. -- Silver trout, (Zoöl.) See Trout. -- Silver wedding. See under Wedding. -- Silver whiting (Zoöl.), a marine sciænoid food fish (Menticirrus littoralis) native of the Southern United States; -- called also surf whiting. -- Silver witch (Zoöl.), A lepisma. SILVER Sil"ver, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silvered; p. pr. & vb. n. Silvering.] 1. To cover with silver; to give a silvery appearance to by applying a metal of a silvery color; as, to silver a pin; to silver a glass mirror plate with an amalgam of tin and mercury. 2. To polish like silver; to impart a brightness to, like that of silver. And smiling calmness silvered o'er the deep. Pope. 3. To make hoary, or white, like silver. His head was silvered o'er with age. Gay. SILVER Sil"ver, v. i. Defn: To acquire a silvery color. [R.] The eastern sky began to silver and shine. L. Wallace. SILVERBACK Sil"ver*back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The knot. SILVERBERRY Sil"ver*ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tree or shrub (Elæagnus argentea) with silvery foliage and fruit. Gray. SILVERBILL Sil"ver*bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Old World finch of the genus Minia, as the M. Malabarica of India, and M. cantans of Africa. SILVERBOOM Sil"ver*boom`, n. Etym: [D. zilver silver + boom tree.] (Bot.) Defn: See Leucadendron. SILVER CERTIFICATE Sil"ver cer*tif"i*cate. Defn: A certificate issued by a government that there has been deposited with it silver to a specified amount, payable to the bearer on demand. In the United States and its possessions, it is issued against the deposit of silver coin, and is not legal tender, but is receivable for customs, taxes, and all public dues. SILVERFIN Sil"ver*fin`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small North American fresh-water cyprinoid fish (Notropis Whipplei). SILVERFISH Sil"ver*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The tarpum. (b) A white variety of the goldfish. Lepisma saccharina, which may infest houses, and eats starched clothing and sized papers. See Lepisma. SILVER-GRAY Sil"ver-gray`, a. Defn: Having a gray color with a silvery luster; as, silver-gray hair. SILVERINESS Sil"ver*i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being silvery. SILVERING Sil"ver*ing, n. (Metal.) Defn: The art or process of covering metals, wood, paper, glass, etc., with a thin film of metallic silver, or a substance resembling silver; also, the firm do laid on; as, the silvering of a glass speculum. SILVERITE Sil"ver*ite, n. Defn: One who favors the use or establishment of silver as a monetary standard; -- so called by those who favor the gold standard. [Colloq. or Cant] SILVERIZE Sil"ver*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Silverized; p. pr. & vb. n. Silverizing.] Defn: To cover with silver. SILVERLESS Sil"ver*less, a. Defn: Having no silcver; hence, without money; impecunious. Piers Plowman. SILVERLING Sil"ver*ling, n. Defn: A small silver coin. [Obs.] A thousand vines at a thousand silverings. Isa. vii. 23. SILVERLY Sil"ver*ly, adv. Defn: Like silver in appearance or in sound. Let me wipe off this honorable dew, That silverly doth progress on thy cheeks. Shak. SILVERN Sil"vern, a. Etym: [AS. seolfern, sylfren.] Defn: Made of silver. [Archaic.] Wyclif (Acts xix. 24). Speech is silvern; silence is golden. Old Proverb. SILVERSIDES Sil"ver*sides`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small fishes of the family Atherinidæ, having a silvery stripe along each side of the body. The common species of the American coast (Menidia notata) is very abundant. Called also silverside, sand smelt, friar, tailor, and tinker. Brook silversides (Zoöl.), a small fresh-water North American fish (Labadesthes sicculus) related to the marine silversides. SILVERSMITH Sil"ver*smith`, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to manufacture utensils, ornaments, etc., of silver; a worker in silver. SILVERSPOT Sil"ver*spot`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of butterflies of the genus Argynnis and allied genera, having silvery spots on the under side of the wings. See Illust. under Aphrodite. SILVER STATE Silver State. Defn: Nevada; -- a nickname alluding to its silver mines. SILVERWARE Sil"ver*ware`, n. Defn: Dishes, vases, ornaments, and utensils of various sorts, made of silver. SILVERWEED Sil"ver*weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A perennial rosaceous herb (Potentilla Anserina) having the leaves silvery white beneath. SILVERY Sil"ver*y, a. 1. Resembling, or having the luster of, silver; grayish white and lustrous; of a mild luster; bright. All the enameled race, whose silvery wing Waves to the tepid zephyrs of the spring. Pope. 2. Besprinkled or covered with silver. 3. Having the clear, musical tone of silver; soft and clear in sound; as, silvery voices; a silvery laugh. Silvery iron (Metal.), a peculiar light-gray fine-grained cast iron, usually obtained from clay iron ore. SILVICS Sil"vics, n. 1. The science treating of the life of trees in the forest. 2. Habit or behavior of a forest tree. SILVICULTURE Sil"vi*cul`ture, n. Etym: [Cf. F. silviculture.] Defn: See Sylviculture. SIMA Si"ma, n. (Arch.) Defn: A cyma. SIMAGRE Sim"a*gre, n. Etym: [F. simagrée.] Defn: A grimace. [Obs.] Dryden. SIMAR Si*mar", n. Etym: [F. simarre. See Chimere.] Defn: A woman's long dress or robe; also light covering; a scarf. [Written also cimar, cymar, samare, simare.] SIMARRE Si`marre". Etym: [F.] Defn: See Simar. Sir W. Scott. SIMBLOT Sim"blot, n. Etym: [F. simbleau.] Defn: The harness of a drawloom. SIMIA Sim"i*a, n. Etym: [L., an ape; cf. simus flatnosed, snub-nosed, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A Linnæan genus of Quadrumana which included the types of numerous modern genera. By modern writers it is usually restricted to the genus which includes the orang-outang. SIMIAL Sim"i*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Simian; apelike. SIMIAN Sim"i*an, a. Etym: [L. simia an ape.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the family Simiadæ, which, in its widest sense, includes all the Old World apes and monkeys; also, apelike. -- n. Defn: Any Old World monkey or ape. SIMILAR Sim"i*lar, a. Etym: [F. similaire, fr. L. similis like, similar. See Same, a., and cf. Simulate.] 1. Exactly corresponding; resembling in all respects; precisely like. 2. Nearly corresponding; resembling in many respects; somewhat like; having a general likeness. 3. Homogenous; uniform. [R.] Boyle. Similar figures (Geom.), figures which differ from each other only in magnitude, being made up of the same number of like parts similarly situated. -- Similar rectilineal figures, such as have their several angles respectively equal, each to each, and their sides about the equal angles proportional. -- Similar solids, such as are contained by the same number of similar planes, similarly situated, and having like inclination to one another. SIMILAR Sim"i*lar, n. Defn: That which is similar to, or resembles, something else, as in quality, form, etc. SIMILARITY Sim`i*lar"i*ty, n.; pl. -ties. Etym: [Cf. F. similarité.] Defn: The quality or state of being similar; likeness; resemblance; as, a similarity of features. Hardly is there a similarity detected between two or three facts, than men hasten to extend it to all. Sir W. Hamilton. SIMILARLY Sim"i*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a similar manner. SIMILARY Sim"i*lar*y, a. Defn: Similar. [Obs.] Rhyming cadences of similarly words. South. SIMILATIVE Sim"i*la*tive, a. Defn: Implying or indicating likeness or resemblance. [R.] In similative or instrumental relation to a pa. pple. [past participle], as almond-leaved, -scented, etc. New English Dict. SIMILE Simi"*le, n.; pl. Similes. Etym: [L., from similis. See Similar.] (Rhet.) Defn: A word or phrase by which anything is likened, in one or more of its aspects, to something else; a similitude; a poetical or imaginative comparison. A good swift simile, but something currish. Shak. SIMILITER Si*mil"i*ter, n. Etym: [L., in like manner.] (Law) Defn: The technical name of the form by which either party, in pleading, accepts the issue tendered by his opponent; -- called sometimes a joinder in issue. SIMILITUDE Si*mil"i*tude, n. Etym: [F. similitude, L. similitudo, from similis similar. See Similar.] 1. The quality or state of being similar or like; resemblance; likeness; similarity; as, similitude of substance. Chaucer. Let us make now man in our image, man In our similitude. Milton. If fate some future bard shall join In sad similitude of griefs to mine. Pope. 2. The act of likening, or that which likens, one thing to another; fanciful or imaginative comparison; a simile. Tasso, in his similitudes, never departed from the woods; that is, all his comparisons were taken from the country. Dryden. 3. That which is like or similar; a representation, semblance, or copy; a facsimile. Man should wed his similitude. Chaucer. SIMILITUDINARY Si*mil`i*tu"di*na*ry, a. Defn: Involving or expressing similitude. [Obs.] Coke. SIMILIZE Sim"i*lize, v. t. Defn: To liken; to compare; as, to similize a person, thing, or act. Lowell. SIMILOR Sim"i*lor, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. similus similar + F. or gold, L. aurum. Cf. Semilor.] Defn: An alloy of copper and zinc, resembling brass, but of a golden color. Ure. SIMIOUS Sim"i*ous, a.Etym: [L. simia an ape.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Simian. That strange simious, schoolboy passion of giving pain to others. Sydney Smith. SIMITAR Sim"i*tar, n. Defn: See Scimiter. SIMMER Sim"mer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Simmered; p. pr. & vb. n. Simmering.] Etym: [Prov. E. also simper; -- an onomatopoetic word.] Defn: To boil gently, or with a gentle hissing; to begin to boil. I simmer as liquor doth on the fire before it beginneth to boil. Palsgrave. SIMMER Sim"mer, v. t. Defn: To cause to boil gently; to cook in liquid heated almost or just to the boiling point. SIMNEL Sim"nel, n. Etym: [OF. simenel cake or bread of wheat flour, LL. simenellus wheat bread, fr. L. simila the finest wheat flour. Cf. Semolina.] 1. A kind of cake made of fine flour; a cracknel. [Obs.] Not common bread, but vastel bread, or simnels. Fuller. 2. A kind of rich plum cake, eaten especially on Mid-Lent Sunday. [Eng.] Herrick. SIMONIAC Si*mo"ni*ac, n. Etym: [LL. simoniacus. See Simony.] Defn: One who practices simony, or who buys or sells preferment in the church. Ayliffe. SIMONIACAL Sim`o*ni"a*cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to simony; guilty of simony; consisting of simony. -- Sim"o*ni`a*cal*ly, adv. The flagitious profligacy of their lives, and the simoniacal arts by which they grasped at the popedom. J. S. Harford. SIMONIAL Si*mo"ni*al, a. Defn: Simoniacal. [Obs.] SIMONIAN Si*mo"ni*an, n.Etym: [See Simony.] Defn: One of the followers of Simon Magus; also, an adherent of certain heretical sects in the early Christian church. SIMONIOUS Si*mo"ni*ous, a. Defn: Simoniacal. [Obs.] Milton. SIMONIST Sim"o*nist, n. Defn: One who practices simony. SIMON-PURE Si"mon-pure", a. Defn: Genuine; true; real; authentic; -- a term alluding to the comedy character Simon Pure, who is impersonated by another and is obliged to prove himself to be the "real Simon Pure." SIMONY Sim"o*ny, n. Etym: [F. simonie, LL. simonia, fr. Simon Magus, who wished to purchase the power of conferring the Holy Spirit. Acts viii.] Defn: The crime of buying or selling ecclesiastical preferment; the corrupt presentation of any one to an ecclesiastical benefice for money or reward. Piers Plowman. SIMOOM; SIMOON Si*moom", Si*moon", n. Etym: [Ar. sam, fr. samma to poison. Cf. Samiel.] Defn: A hot, dry, suffocating, dust-laden wind, that blows occasionally in Arabia, Syria, and neighboring countries, generated by the extreme heat of the parched deserts or sandy plains. SIMOUS Si"mous, a.Etym: [L. simus, Gr. Defn: Having a very flat or snub nose, with the end turned up. SIMPAI Sim"pai, n.Etym: [Malay simpei.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A long-tailed monkey (Semnopitchecus melalophus) native of Sumatra. It has a crest of black hair. The forehead and cheeks are fawn color, the upper parts tawny and red, the under parts white. Called also black-crested monkey, and sinpæ. SIMPER Sim"per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Simpered; p. pr. & vb. n. Simpering.] Etym: [Cf. Norw. semper fine, smart, dial. Dan. semper, simper, affected, coy, prudish, OSw. semper one who affectedly refrains from eating, Sw. sipp finical, prim, LG. sipp.] 1. To smile in a silly, affected, or conceited manner. Behold yond simpering dame. Shak. With a made countenance about her mouth, between simpering and smiling. ir. P. Sidney. 2. To glimmer; to twinkle. [Obs.] Yet can I mark how stars above Simper and shine. Herbert. SIMPER Sim"per, n. Defn: A constrained, self-conscious smile; an affected, silly smile; a smirk. The conscious simper, and the jealous leer. Pope. SIMPERER Sim"per*er, n. Defn: One who simpers. Sir W. Scott. A simperer that a court affords. T. Nevile. SIMPERING Sim"per*ing, a. &. n. Defn: from Simper, v. SIMPERINGLY Sim"per*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a simpering manner. SIMPLE Sim"ple, a. [Compar. Simpler; superl. Simplest.] Etym: [F., fr. L. simplus, or simplex, gen. simplicis. The first part of the Latin words is probably akin to E. same, and the sense, one, one and the same; cf. L. semel once, singuli one to each, single. Cg. Single, a., Same, a., and for the last part of the word cf. Double, Complex.] 1. Single; not complex; not infolded or entangled; uncombined; not compounded; not blended with something else; not complicated; as, a simple substance; a simple idea; a simple sound; a simple machine; a simple problem; simple tasks. 2. Plain; unadorned; as, simple dress. "Simple truth." Spenser. "His simple story." Burns. 3. Mere; not other than; being only. A medicine . . . whose simple touch Is powerful to araise King Pepin. Shak. 4. Not given to artifice, stratagem, or duplicity; undesigning; sincere; true. Full many fine men go upon my score, as simple as I stand here, and I trust them. Marston. Must thou trust Tradition's simple tongue Byron. To be simple is to be great. Emerson. 5. Artless in manner; unaffected; unconstrained; natural; inartificial;; straightforward. In simple manners all the secret lies. Young. 6. Direct; clear; intelligible; not abstruse or enigmatical; as, a simple statement; simple language. 7. Weak in intellect; not wise or sagacious; of but moderate understanding or attainments; hence, foolish; silly. "You have simple wits." Shak. The simple believeth every word; but the prudent man looketh well to his going. Prov. xiv. 15. 8. Not luxurious; without much variety; plain; as, a simple diet; a simple way of living. Thy simple fare and all thy plain delights. Cowper. 9. Humble; lowly; undistinguished. A simple husbandman in garments gray. Spenser. Clergy and laity, male and female, gentle and simple made the fuel of the same fire. Fuller. 10. (BOt.) Defn: Without subdivisions; entire; as, a simple stem; a simple leaf. 11. (Chem.) Defn: Not capable of being decomposed into anything more simple or ultimate by any means at present known; elementary; thus, atoms are regarded as simple bodies. Cf. Ultimate, a. Note: A simple body is one that has not as yet been decomposed. There are indications that many of our simple elements are still compound bodies, though their actual decomposition into anything simpler may never be accomplished.fundamental particle 12. (Min.) Defn: Homogenous. 13. (Zoöl.) Defn: Consisting of a single individual or zooid; as, a simple ascidian; -- opposed to compound. Simple contract (Law), any contract, whether verbal or written, which is not of record or under seal. J. W. Smith. Chitty. -- Simple equation (Alg.), an eqyation containing but one unknown quantity, and that quantity only in the first degree. -- Simple eye (Zoöl.), an eye having a single lens; -- opposed to Ant: compound eye. -- Simple interest. See under Interest. -- Simple larceny. (Law) See under Larceny. -- Simple obligation (Rom. Law), an obligation which does not depend for its execution upon any event provided for by the parties, or is not to become void on the happening of any such event. Burrill. Syn. -- Single; uncompounded; unmingled; unmixed; mere; uncombined; elementary; plain; artless; sincere; harmless; undesigning; frank; open; unaffected; inartificial; unadorned; credulous; silly; foolish; shallow; unwise. -- Simple, Silly. One who is simple is sincere, unaffected, and inexperienced in duplicity, -- hence liable to be duped. A silly person is one who is ignorant or weak and also self-confident; hence, one who shows in speech and act a lack of good sense. Simplicity is incompatible with duplicity, artfulness, or vanity, while silliness is consistent with all three. Simplicity denotes lack of knowledge or of guile; silliness denotes want of judgment or right purpose, a defect of character as well as of education. I am a simple woman, much too weak To oppose your cunning. Shak. He is the companion of the silliest people in their most silly pleasure; he is ready for every impertinent entertainment and diversion. Law. SIMPLE Sim"ple, n. Etym: [F. See Simple, a.] 1. Something not mixed or compounded. "Compounded of many simples." Shak. 2. (Med.) Defn: A medicinal plant; -- so called because each vegetable was supposed to possess its particular virtue, and therefore to constitute a simple remedy. What virtue is in this remedy lies in the naked simple itself as it comes over from the Indies. Sir W. Temple. 3. (Weaving) (a) A drawloom. (b) A part of the apparatus for raising the heddles of a drawloom. 4. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A feast which is not a double or a semidouble. SIMPLE Sim"ple, v. i. Defn: To gather simples, or medicinal plants. As simpling on the flowery hills she [Circe] strayed. Garth. SIMPLE-HEARTED Sim"ple-heart`ed, a. Defn: Sincere; inguenuous; guileless. Sir W. Scott. SIMPLE-MINDED Sim"ple-mind`ed, a. Defn: Artless; guileless; simple-hearted; undesigning; unsuspecting; devoid of duplicity. Blackstone. -- Sim"ple-mind`ed*ness, n. SIMPLENESS Sim"ple*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being simple; simplicity. Shak. SIMPLER Sim"pler, n. Defn: One who collects simples, or medicinal plants; a herbalist; a simplist. Simpler's joy. (Bot.) Vervain. SIMPLESS Sim"pless, n. Etym: [F. simplesse.] Defn: Simplicity; silliness. [Obs.] Spenser. SIMPLETON Sim"ple*ton, n. Etym: [Cf. F. simplet, It. semplicione.] Defn: A person of weak intellect; a silly person. SIMPLICIAN Sim*pli"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. simplicien.] Defn: One who is simple. [Obs.] Arnway. SIMPLICITY Sim*plic"i*ty, n. Etym: [F. simplicité, L. simplicitas. See Simple.] 1. The quality or state of being simple, unmixed, or uncompounded; as, the simplicity of metals or of earths. 2. The quality or state of being not complex, or of consisting of few parts; as, the simplicity of a machine. 3. Artlessness of mind; freedom from cunning or duplicity; lack of acuteness and sagacity. Marquis Dorset, a man, for his harmless simplicity neither misliked nor much regarded. Hayward. In wit a man; simplicity a child. Pope. 4. Freedom from artificial ornament, pretentious style, or luxury; plainness; as, simplicity of dress, of style, or of language; simplicity of diet; simplicity of life. 5. Freedom from subtlety or abstruseness; clearness; as, the simplicity of a doctrine; the simplicity of an explanation or a demonstration. 6. Weakness of intellect; silliness; folly. How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity and the scorners delight in their scorning Prov. i. 22. SIMPLIFICATION Sim`pli*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. simplification.] Defn: The act of simplifying. A. Smith. SIMPLIFY Sim"pli*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Simplified; p. pr. & vb. n. Simplifying.] Etym: [Cf. F. simplifier, LL. simplificare. See Simple, and -fy.] Defn: To make simple; to make less complex; to make clear by giving the explanation for; to show an easier or shorter process for doing or making. The collection of duties is drawn to a point, and so far simplified. A. Hamilton. It is important, in scientific pursuits, to be caitious in simplifying our deductions. W. Nicholson. SIMPLIST Sim"plist, n. Defn: One skilled in simples, or medicinal plants; a simpler. Sir T. Browne. SIMPLISTIC Sim*plis"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to simples, or a simplist. [R.] Wilkinson. SIMPLITY Sim"pli*ty, n. Defn: Simplicity. [Obs.] SIMPLOCE Sim"plo*ce, n. (Gram.) Defn: See Symploce. SIMPLY Sim"ply, adv. 1. In a simple manner or state; considered in or by itself; without addition; along; merely; solely; barely. [They] make that now good or evil, . . . which otherwise of itself were not simply the one or the other. Hooker. Simply the thing I am Shall make me live. Shak. 2. Plainly; without art or subtlety. Subverting worldly strong and worldly wise By simply meek. Milton. 3. Weakly; foolishly. Johnson. SIMULACHER; SIMULACHRE Sim"u*la`cher, Sim"u*la`chre, n. Etym: [Cf. F. simulacre.] Defn: See Simulacrum. [Obs.] SIMULACRUM Sim`u*la"crum, n.; pl. Simulacra. Etym: [L. See Simulate.] Defn: A likeness; a semblance; a mock appearance; a sham; -- now usually in a derogatory sense. Beneath it nothing but a great simulacrum. Thackeray. SIMULAR Sim"u*lar, n. Etym: [Cf. L. simulator, F. simulateur. See Simulate.] Defn: One who pretends to be what he is not; one who, or that which, simulates or counterfeits something; a pretender. [Obs.] Shak. Christ calleth the Pharisees hypocrites, that is to say, simulars, and painted sepulchers. Tyndale. SIMULAR Sim"u*lar, a. Defn: False; specious; counterfeit. [R. & Obs.] "Thou simular man of virtue." Shak. SIMULATE Sim"u*late, a. Etym: [L. simulatus, p. p. of simulare to simulate; akin to simul at the same time, together, similis like. See Similar, and cf. Dissemble, Semblance.] Defn: Feigned; pretended. Bale. SIMULATE Sim"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Simulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Simulating.] Defn: To assume the mere appearance of, without the reality; to assume the signs or indications of, falsely; to counterfeit; to feign. The Puritans, even in the depths of the dungeons to which she had sent them, prayed, and with no simulated fervor, that she might be kept from the dagger of the assassin. Macaulay. SIMULATION Sim`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [F. simulation, L. simulatio.] Defn: The act of simulating, or assuming an appearance which is feigned, or not true; -- distinguished from dissimulation, which disguises or conceals what is true. Syn. -- Counterfeiting; feint; pretense. SIMULATOR Sim"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who simulates, or feigns. De Quincey. SIMULATORY Sim"u*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Simulated, or capable of being simulated. Bp. Hall. SIMULTANEITY Si`mul*ta*ne"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being simultaneous; simultaneousness. SIMULTANEOUS Si`mul*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [LL. simultim at the same time, fr. L. simul. See Simulate.] Defn: Existing, happening, or done, at the same time; as, simultaneous events. -- Si`mul*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Si`mul*ta"ne*ous*ness, n. Simultaneous equations (Alg.), two or more equations in which the values of the unknown quantities entering them are the same at the same time in both or in all. SIMULTY Sim"ul*ty, n. Etym: [L. simultas a hostile encounter, drudge, originally, a (hostile) coming together, fr. simul together: cf. OF. simulté.] Defn: Private grudge or quarrel; as, domestic simulties. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SIN Sin, adv., prep., & conj. Defn: Old form of Since. [Obs. or Prov.Eng. & Scot.] Sin that his lord was twenty year of age. Chaucer. SIN Sin, n. Etym: [OE. sinne, AS. synn, syn; akin to D. zonde, OS. sundia, OHG. sunta, G. sünde, Icel., Dan. & Sw. synd, L. sons, sontis, guilty, perhaps originally from the p. pr. of the verb signifying, to be, and meaning, the one who it is. Cf. Authentic, Sooth.] 1. Transgression of the law of God; disobedience of the divine command; any violation of God's will, either in purpose or conduct; moral deficiency in the character; iniquity; as, sins of omission and sins of commission. Whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin. John viii. 34. Sin is the transgression of the law. 1 John iii. 4. I think 't no sin. To cozen him that would unjustly win. Shak. Enthralled By sin to foul, exorbitant desires. Milton. 2. An offense, in general; a violation of propriety; a misdemeanor; as, a sin against good manners. I grant that poetry's a crying sin. Pope. 3. A sin offering; a sacrifice for sin. He hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin. 2 Cor. v. 21. 4. An embodiment of sin; a very wicked person. [R.] Thy ambition, Thou scarlet sin, robbed this bewailing land Of noble Buckingham. Shak. Note: Sin is used in the formation of some compound words of obvious signification; as, sin-born; sin-bred, sin-oppressed, sin-polluted, and the like. Actual sin, Canonical sins, Original sin, Venial sin. See under Actual, Canonical, etc. -- Deadly, or Mortal, sins (R. C. Ch.), willful and deliberate transgressions, which take away divine grace; -- in distinction from vental sins. The seven deadly sins are pride, covetousness, lust, wrath, gluttony, envy, and sloth. -- Sin eater, a man who (according to a former practice in England) for a small gratuity ate a piece of bread laid on the chest of a dead person, whereby he was supposed to have taken the sins of the dead person upon himself. -- Sin offering, a sacrifice for sin; something offered as an expiation for sin. Syn. -- Iniquity; wickedness; wrong. See Crime. SIN Sin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sinned; p. pr. & vb. n. Sinning.] Etym: [OE. sinnen, singen, sinegen, AS. syngian. See Sin, n.] 1. To depart voluntarily from the path of duty prescribed by God to man; to violate the divine law in any particular, by actual transgression or by the neglect or nonobservance of its injunctions; to violate any known rule of duty; -- often followed by against. Against thee, thee only, have I sinned. Ps. li. 4. All have sinned, and come short of the glory of God. Rom. iii. 23. 2. To violate human rights, law, or propriety; to commit an offense; to trespass; to transgress. I am a man More sinned against than sinning. Shak. Who but wishes to invert the laws Of order, sins against the eternal cause. Pope. SINAIC; SINAITIC Si*na"ic, Si`na*it"ic, a. Etym: [From Mount Sinai.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Mount Sinai; given or made at Mount Sinai; as, the Sinaitic law. Sinaitic manuscript, a fourth century Greek manuscript of the part Bible, discovered at Mount Sinai (the greater part of it in 1859) by Tisschendorf, a German Biblical critic; -- called also Codex Sinaiticus. SINALBIN Sin*al"bin, n. Etym: [From L. Sinapis + alba.] (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside found in the seeds of white mustard (Brassica alba, formerly Sinapis alba), and extracted as a white crystalline substance. SINAMINE Sin*am"ine, n. Etym: [Sinapis + melamine.] (Chem.) Defn: A bitter white crystalline nitrogenous substance, obtained indirectly from oil of mustard and ammonia; -- called also allyl melamine. SINAPATE Sin"a*pate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sinapic acid. SINAPIC Sin"a*pic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to sinapine; specifically, designating an acid (C11H12O5) related to gallic acid, and obtained by the decomposition of sinapine, as a white crystalline substance. SINAPINE Sin"a*pine, n. Etym: [L. sinapi, sinapis, mustard, Gr. sinapine.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid occuring in the seeds of mustard. It is extracted, in combination with sulphocyanic acid, as a white crystalline substance, having a hot, bitter taste. When sinapine is isolated it is unstable and undergoes decomposition. SINAPIS Si*na"pis, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: A disused generic name for mustard; -- now called Brassica. SINAPISIN Sin"a*pis`in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance extracted from mustard seed and probably identical with sinalbin. [Obs.] SINAPISM Sin"a*pism, n. Etym: [L. sinapismus, Gr. (Med.) Defn: A plaster or poultice composed principally of powdered mustard seed, or containing the volatile oil of mustard seed. It is a powerful irritant. SINAPOLEIC Sin`a*po*le"ic, a. Etym: [Sinapis + oleic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to mustard oil; specifically, designating an acid of the oleic acid series said to occur in mistard oil. SINAPOLINE Si*nap"o*line, n. Etym: [Sinapis + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous base, CO.(NH.C3H5)2, related to urea, extracted from mustard oil, and also produced artifically, as a white crystalline substance; -- called also diallyl urea. SINCALINE Sin"ca*line, n. Etym: [So called because obtained by the action of alkalies on sinapine.] (Chem.) Defn: Choline. [Written also sinkaline.] SINCE Since, adv. Etym: [For sins, contr. fr. OE. sithens, sithenes, formed by an adverbial ending (cf. Besides) from OE. sithen, also shortened into sithe, sin, AS. si, sy, seo, afterward, then, since, after; properly, after that; fr. sisi afterward, since, OHG. sid, G. seit since, Goth. seipus late, ni sei no longer) + instrumental of the demonstrative and article. See That.] 1. From a definite past time until now; as, he went a month ago, and I have not seen him since. We since become the slaves to one man's lust. B. Jonson. 2. In the time past, counting backward from the present; before this or now; ago. w many ages since has Virgil writ Roscommon. About two years since, it so fell out, that he was brought to a great lady's house. Sir P. Sidney. 3. When or that. [Obs.] Do you remember since we lay all night in the windmill in St. George's field Shak. SINCE Since, prep. Defn: From the time of; in or during the time subsequent to; subsequently to; after; -- usually with a past event or time for the object. The Lord hath blessed thee, since my coming. Gen. xxx. 30. I have a model by which he build a nobler poem than any extant since the ancients. Dryden. SINCE Since, conj. Defn: Seeing that; because; considering; -- formerly followed by that. Since that my penitence comes after all, Imploring pardon. Shak. Since truth and constancy are vain, Since neither love, nor sense of pain, Nor force of reason, can persuade, Then let example be obeyed. Granville. Syn. -- Because; for; as; inasmuch as; considering. See Because. SINCERE Sin*cere", a. [Compar. Sincerer; superl. Sincerest.] Etym: [L. sincerus, of uncertain origin; the first part perhaps akin to sin- in singuli (see Single), and the second to cernere to separate (cf. Discern): cf. F. sincère.] 1. Pure; unmixed; unadulterated. There is no sincere acid in any animal juice. Arbuthnot. A joy which never was sincere till now. Dryden. 2. Whole; perfect; unhurt; uninjured. [Obs.] The inviolable body stood sincere. Dryden. 3. Being in reality what it appears to be; having a character which corresponds with the appearance; not falsely assumed; genuine; true; real; as, a sincere desire for knowledge; a sincere contempt for meanness. A sincere intention of pleasing God in all our actions. Law. 4. Honest; free from hypocrisy or dissimulation; as, a sincere friend; a sincere person. The more sincere you are, the better it will fare with you at the great day of account. Waterland. Syn. -- Honest; unfeigned; unvarnished; real; true; unaffected; inartificial; frank; upright. See Hearty. SINCERELY Sin*cere"ly, adv. Defn: In a sincere manner. Specifically: (a) Purely; without alloy. Milton. (b) Honestly; unfeignedly; without dissimulation; as, to speak one's mind sincerely; to love virtue sincerely. SINCERENESS Sin*cere"ness, n. Defn: Same as Sincerity. Beau & Fl. SINCERITY Sin*cer"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. sinceritas: cf. F. sincérité.] Defn: The quality or state of being sincere; honesty of mind or intention; freedom from simulation, hypocrisy, disguise, or false pretense; sincereness. I protest, in the sincerity of love. Shak. Sincerity is a duty no less plain than important. Knox. SINCH Sinch, n. Etym: [See Cinch.] Defn: A saddle girth made of leather, canvas, woven horsehair, or woven grass. [Western U.S.] SINCH Sinch, v. t. Defn: To gird with a sinch; to tighten the sinch or girth of (a saddle); as, to sinch up a sadle. [Western U.S.] SINCIPITAL Sin*cip"i*tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sinciput; being in the region of the sinciput. SINCIPUT Sin"ci*put, n. Etym: [L., half a head; semihalf + caput the head.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The fore part of the head. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The part of the head of a bird between the base of the bill and the vertex. SINDI Sind"i, n. [Ar. Sindi, fr. Sind Indian, Skr. sindhu river, sea, the river Indus, the country along the Indus. Cf. Indian, Hindoo.] (Ethnol.) Defn: A native of Sind, India, esp. one of the native Hindoo stock. SINDON Sin"don, n. Etym: [L., a kind of fine Indian cotton stuff, Gr. 1. A wrapper. [Obs.] "Wrapped in sindons of linen." Bacon. 2. (Surg.) Defn: A small rag or pledget introduced into the hole in the cranium made by a trephine. Dunglison. SINE Sine, n. Etym: [LL. sinus a sine, L. sinus bosom, used in translating the Ar. jaib, properly, bosom, but probably read by mistake (the consonants being the same) for an original jiba sine, from Skr. jiva bowstring, chord of an arc, sine.] (Trig.) (a) The length of a perpendicular drawn from one extremity of an arc of a circle to the diameter drawn through the other extremity. (b) The perpendicular itself. See Sine of angle, below. Artificial sines, logarithms of the natural sines, or logarithmic sines. -- Curve of sines. See Sinusoid. -- Natural sines, the decimals expressing the values of the sines, the radius being unity. -- Sine of an angle, in a circle whose radius is unity, the sine of the arc that measures the angle; in a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the given angle divided by the hypotenuse. See Trigonometrical function, under Function. -- Versed sine, that part of the diameter between the sine and the arc. SINE Si"ne, prep. Etym: [L.] Defn: Without. SINECURAL Si"ne*cu`ral, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a sinecure; being in the nature of a sinecure. SINECURE Si`ne*cure, n. Etym: [L. sine without + cura care, LL., a cure. See Cure.] 1. An ecclesiastical benefice without the care of souls. Ayliffe. 2. Any office or position which requires or involves little or no responsibility, labor, or active service. A lucrative sinecure in the Excise. Macaulay. SINECURE Si"ne*cure, v. t. Defn: To put or place in a sinecure. SINECURISM Si"ne*cu*rism, n. Defn: The state of having a sinecure. SINECURIST Si"ne*cu*rist, n. Defn: One who has a sinecure. SINEW Sin"ew, n. Etym: [OE. sinewe, senewe, AS. sinu, seonu; akin to D. zenuw, OHG. senawa, G. sehne, Icel. sin, Sw. sena, Dan. sene; cf. Skr. snava. sq. root290.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A tendon or tendonous tissue. See Tendon. 2. Muscle; nerve. [R.] Sir J. Davies. 3. Fig.: That which supplies strength or power. The portion and sinew of her fortune, her marriage dowry. Shak. The bodies of men, munition, and money, may justly be called the sinews of war. Sir W. Raleigh. Note: Money alone is often called the sinews of war. SINEW Sin"ew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sinewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sinewing.] Defn: To knit together, or make strong with, or as with, sinews. Shak. Wretches, now stuck up for long tortures . . . might, if properly treated, serve to sinew the state in time of danger. Goldsmith. SINEWED Sin"ewed, a. 1. Furnished with sinews; as, a strong-sinewed youth. 2. Fig.: Equipped; strengthened. When he sees Ourselves well sinewed to our defense. Shak. SINEWINESS Sin"ew*i*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being sinewy. SINEWISH Sin"ew*ish, a. Defn: Sinewy. [Obs.] Holinshed. SINEWLESS Sin"ew*less, a. Defn: Having no sinews; hence, having no strength or vigor. SINEWOUS Sin"ew*ous, a. Defn: Sinewy. [Obs.] Holinshed. SINEW-SHRUNK Sin"ew-shrunk`, a. (Far.) Defn: Having the sinews under the belly shrunk by excessive fatigue. SINEWY Sin"ew*y, a. 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling, a sinew or sinews. The sinewy thread my brain lets fall. Donne. 2. Well braced with, or as if with, sinews; nervous; vigorous; strong; firm; tough; as, the sinewy Ajax. A man whose words . . . were so close and sinewy. Hare. SINFUL Sin"ful, a. Etym: [AAS. synfull.] Defn: Tainted with, or full of, sin; wicked; iniquitous; criminal; unholy; as, sinful men; sinful thoughts. Piers Plowman. Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity. Isa. i. 4. -- Sin"ful*ly, adv. -- Sin"ful*ness, n. SING Sing, v. i. [imp. Sung or Sang (; p. p. Sung; p. pr. & vb. n. Singing.] Etym: [AS. singan; akin to D. zingen, OS. & OHG. singan, G. singen, Icel. syngja, Sw. sjunga, Dan. synge, Goth. siggwan, and perhaps to E. say, v.t., or cf. Gr. Singe, Song.] 1. To utter sounds with musical inflections or melodious modulations of voice, as fancy may dictate, or according to the notes of a song or tune, or of a given part (as alto, tenor, etc.) in a chorus or concerted piece. The noise of them that sing do I hear. Ex. xxxii. 18. 2. To utter sweet melodious sounds, as birds do. On every bough the briddes heard I sing. Chaucer. Singing birds, in silver cages hung. Dryden. 3. To make a small, shrill sound; as, the air sings in passing through a crevice. O'er his head the flying spear Sang innocent, and spent its force in air. Pope. 4. To tell or relate something in numbers or verse; to celebrate something in poetry. Milton. Bid her . . . sing Of human hope by cross event destroyed. Prior. 5. Ti cry out; to complain. [Obs.] They should sing if thet they were bent. Chaucer. SING Sing, v. t. 1. To utter with musical infections or modulations of voice. And they sing the song of Moses, the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb. Rev. xv. 3. And in the darkness sing your carol of high praise. Keble. 2. To celebrate is song; to give praises to in verse; to relate or rehearse in numbers, verse, or poetry. Milton. Arms and the man I sing. Dryden. The last, the happiest British king, Whom thou shalt paint or I shall sing. Addison. 3. To influence by singing; to lull by singing; as, to sing a child to sleep. 4. To accompany, or attend on, with singing. I heard them singing home the bride. Longfellow. SINGE Singe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Singed; p. pr. & vb. n. Singeing.] Etym: [OE. sengen, AS. sengan in besengan (akin to D. zengen, G. sengen), originally, to cause to sing, fr. AS. singan to sing, in allusion to the singing or hissing sound often produced when a substance is singed, or slightly burned. See Sing.] 1. To burn slightly or superficially; to burn the surface of; to burn the ends or outside of; as, to singe the hair or the skin. You sulphurous and thought-executing fires, . . . Singe my white head! Shak. I singed the toes of an ape through a burning glass. L'Estrange. 2. (a) To remove the nap of (cloth), by passing it rapidly over a red- hot bar, or over a flame, preliminary to dyeing it. (b) To remove the hair or down from (a plucked chicken or the like) by passing it over a flame. SINGE Singe, n. Defn: A burning of the surface; a slight burn. SINGER Sin"ger, n. Etym: [From Singe.] Defn: One who, or that which, singes. Specifically: (a) One employed to singe cloth. (b) A machine for singeing cloth. SINGER Sing"er, n. Etym: [From Sing.] Defn: One who sings; especially, one whose profession is to sing. SINGERESS Sing"er*ess, n. Defn: A songstress. [Obs.] Wyclif. SINGHALESE Sin`gha*lese", n. & a. Etym: [Skr.Si Ceylon.] (Ethnol.) Defn: Same as Cingalese. SINGING Sing"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Sing, v. Singing bird. (Zoöl.) (a) Popularly, any bird that sings; a song bird. (b) Specifically, any one of the Oscines. -- Singing book, a book containing music for singing; a book of tunes. -- Singing falcon or hawk. (Zoöl.) See Chanting falcon, under Chanting. -- Singing fish (Zoöl.), a California toadfish (Porichthys porosissimus). -- Singing flame (Acoustics), a flame, as of hydrogen or coal gas, burning within a tube and so adjusted as to set the air within the tube in vibration, causing sound. The apparatus is called also chemical harmonicon. -- Singing master, a man who teaches vocal music. -- Singing school, a school in which persons are instructed in singing. SINGINGLY Sing"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With sounds like singing; with a kind of tune; in a singing tone. G. North (1575). SINGLE Sin"gle, a. Etym: [L. singulus, a dim. from the root in simplex simple; cf. OE. & OF. sengle, fr. L. singulus. See Simple, and cf. Singular.] 1. One only, as distinguished from more than one; consisting of one alone; individual; separate; as, a single star. No single man is born with a right of controlling the opinions of all the rest. Pope. 2. Alone; having no companion. Who single hast maintained, Against revolted multitudes, the cause Of truth. Milton. 3. Hence, unmarried; as, a single man or woman. Grows, lives, and dies in single blessedness. Shak. Single chose to live, and shunned to wed. Dryden. 4. Not doubled, twisted together, or combined with others; as, a single thread; a single strand of a rope. 5. Performed by one person, or one on each side; as, a single combat. These shifts refuted, answer thy appellant, . . . Who now defles thee thrice ti single fight. Milton. 6. Uncompounded; pure; unmixed. Simple ideas are opposed to complex, and single to compound. I. Watts. 7. Not deceitful or artful; honest; sincere. I speak it with a single heart. Shak. 8. Simple; not wise; weak; silly. [Obs.] He utters such single matter in so infantly a voice. Beau & Fl. Single ale, beer, or drink, small ale, etc., as contrasted with double ale, etc., which is stronger. [Obs.] Nares. -- Single bill (Law), a written engagement, generally under seal, for the payment of money, without a penalty. Burril. -- Single court (Lawn Tennis), a court laid out for only two players. -- Single-cut file. See the Note under 4th File. -- Single entry. See under Bookkeeping. -- Single file. See under 1st File. -- Single flower (Bot.), a flower with but one set of petals, as a wild rose. -- Single knot. See Illust. under Knot. -- Single whip (Naut.), a single rope running through a fixed block. SINGLE Sin"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Singled; p. pr. & vb. n. Singling.] 1. To select, as an individual person or thing, from among a number; to choose out from others; to separate. Dogs who hereby can single out their master in the dark. Bacon. His blood! she faintly screamed her mind Still singling one from all mankind. More. 2. To sequester; to withdraw; to retire. [Obs.] An agent singling itself from consorts. Hooker. 3. To take alone, or one by one. Men . . . commendable when they are singled. Hooker. SINGLE Sin"gle, v. i. Defn: To take the irrregular gait called single-foot;- said of a horse. See Single-foot. Many very fleet horses, when overdriven, adopt a disagreeable gait, which seems to be a cross between a pace and a trot, in which the two legs of one side are raised almost but not quite, simultaneously. Such horses are said to single, or to be single-footed. W. S. Clark. SINGLE Sin"gle, n. 1. A unit; one; as, to score a single. 2. pl. Defn: The reeled filaments of silk, twisted without doubling to give them firmness. 3. A handful of gleaned grain. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 4. (Law Tennis) Defn: A game with but one player on each side; -- usually in the plural. 5. (Baseball) Defn: A hit by a batter which enables him to reach first base only. SINGLE-ACTING Sin"gle-act`ing, a. Defn: Having simplicity of action; especially (Mach.), acting or exerting force during strokes in one direction only; -- said of a reciprocating engine, pump, etc. SINGLE-BREASTED Sin"gle-breast`ed, a. Defn: Lapping over the breast only far enough to permit of buttoning, and having buttons on one edge only; as, a single-breasted coast. SINGLE-FOOT Sin"gle-foot`, n. Defn: An irregular gait of a horse; -- called also single-footed pace. See Single, v. i. Single-foot is an irregular pace, rather rare, distinguished by the posterior extremities moving in the order of a fast walk, and the anterior extremities in that of a slow trot. Stillman (The Horse in Motion.) SINGLE-HANDED Sin"gle-hand"ed, a. Defn: Having but one hand, or one workman; also, alone; unassisted. SINGLE-HEARTED Sin"gle-heart"ed, a. Defn: Having an honest heart; free from duplicity. -- Sin"gle-heart"ed*ly, adv. SINGLE-MINDED Sin"gle-mind"ed, a. Defn: Having a single purpose; hence, artless; guileless; single- hearted. SINGLENESS Sin"gle*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being single, or separate from all others; the opposite of doubleness, complication, or multiplicity. 2. Freedom from duplicity, or secondary and selfish ends; purity of mind or purpose; simplicity; sincerity; as, singleness of purpose; singleness of heart. SINGLES Sin"gles, n. pl. Defn: See Single, n., 2. SINGLESTICK Sin"gle*stick`, n. (a) In England and Scotland, a cudgel used in fencing or fighting; a backsword. (b) The game played with singlesticks, in which he who first brings blood from his adversary's head is pronounced victor; backsword; cudgeling. SINGLE-SURFACED Sin"gle-sur"faced, a. Defn: Having one surface; -- said specif. of aëroplanes or aërocurves that are covered with fabric, etc., on only one side. SINGLET Sin"glet, n. Defn: An unlined or undyed waistcoat; a single garment; -- opposed to doublet. [Prov. Eng.] SINGLE TAX Sin"gle tax`. (Pol. Econ.) Defn: A tax levied upon land alone, irrespective of improvements, -- advocated by certain economists as the sole source of public revenue. Whatever may be thought of Henry George's single-tax theory as a whole, there can be little question that a relatively higher assessment of ground rent, with corresponding relief for those who have made improvements, is a much-needed reform. A. T. Hadley. SINGLETON Sin"gle*ton, n. Defn: In certain games at cards, as whist, a single card of any suit held at the deal by a player; as, to lead a singleton. SINGLETREE Sin"gle*tree`, n. Etym: [Cf. Swingletree.] Defn: The pivoted or swinging bar to which the traces of a harnessed horse are fixed; a whiffletree. Note: When two horses draw abreast, a singletree is fixed at each end of another crosspiece, called the doubletree. SINGLY Sin"gly, adv. 1. Individually; particularly; severally; as, to make men singly and personally good. 2. Only; by one's self; alone. Look thee, 't is so! Thou singly honest man. Shak. 3. Without partners, companions, or associates; single-handed; as, to attack another singly. At omber singly to decide their doom. Pope. 4. Honestly; sincerely; simply. [R.] Johnson. 5. Singularly; peculiarly. [Obs.] Milton. SING-SING Sing"-sing`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The kob. SINGSONG Sing"song`, n. 1. Bad singing or poetry. 2. A drawling or monotonous tone, as of a badly executed song. SINGSONG Sing"song`, a. Defn: Drawling; monotonous. SINGSONG Sing"song`, v. i. Defn: To write poor poetry. [R.] Tennyson. SINGSPIEL Sing"spiel`, n. [G.; singen to sing + spiel to play.] (Music) Defn: A dramatic work, partly in dialogue and partly in song, of a kind popular in Germany in the latter part of the 18th century. It was often comic, had modern characters, and patterned its music on folk song with strictly subordinated accompaniment. SINGSTER Sing"ster, n. Defn: A songstress. [Obs.] Wyclif. SINGULAR Sin"gu*lar, a. Etym: [OE. singuler, F. singulier, fr. L. singularius, singularis, fr. singulus single. See Single, a.] 1. Separate or apart from others; single; distinct. [Obs.] Bacon. And God forbid that all a company Should rue a singular man's folly. Chaucer. 2. Engaged in by only one on a side; single. [Obs.] To try the matter thus together in a singular combat. Holinshed. 3. (Logic) Defn: Existing by itself; single; individual. The idea which represents one . . . determinate thing, is called a singular idea, whether simple, complex, or compound. I. Watts. 4. (Law) Defn: Each; individual; as, to convey several parcels of land, all and singular. 5. (Gram.) Defn: Denoting one person or thing; as, the singular number; -- opposed to dual and Ant: plural. 6. Standing by itself; out of the ordinary course; unusual; uncommon; strange; as, a singular phenomenon. So singular a sadness Must have a cause as strange as the effect. Denham. 7. Distinguished as existing in a very high degree; rarely equaled; eminent; extraordinary; exceptional; as, a man of singular gravity or attainments. 8. Departing from general usage or expectations; odd; whimsical; -- often implying disapproval or consure. His zeal None seconded, as out of season judged, Or singular and rash. Milton. To be singular in anything that is wise and worthy, is not a disparagement, but a praise. Tillotson. 9. Being alone; belonging to, or being, that of which there is but one; unique. These busts of the emperors and empresses are all very scarce, and some of them almost singular in their kind. Addison. Singular point in a curve (Math.), a point at which the curve possesses some peculiar properties not possessed by other points of the curve, as a cusp point, or a multiple point. -- Singular proposition (Logic), a proposition having as its subject a singular term, or a common term limited to an individual by means of a singular sign. Whately. -- Singular succession (Civil Law), division among individual successors, as distinguished from universal succession, by which an estate descended in intestacy to the heirs in mass. -- Singular term (Logic), a term which represents or stands for a single individual. Syn. -- Unexampled; unprecedented; eminent; extraordinary; remarkable; uncommon; rare; unusual; peculiar; strange; odd; eccentric; fantastic. SINGULAR Sin"gu*lar, n. 1. An individual instance; a particular. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. (Gram) Defn: The singular number, or the number denoting one person or thing; a word in the singular number. SINGULARIST Sin"gu*lar*ist, n. Defn: One who affects singularity. [Obs.] A clownish singularist, or nonconformist to ordinary usage. Borrow. SINGULARITY Sin`gu*lar"i*ty, n.; pl. Singularities. Etym: [L. singularitas: cf. F. singularité.] 1. The quality or state of being singular; some character or quality of a thing by which it is distinguished from all, or from most, others; peculiarity. Pliny addeth this singularity to that soil, that the second year the very falling down of the seeds yieldeth corn. Sir. W. Raleigh. I took notice of this little figure for the singularity of the instrument. Addison. 2. Anything singular, rare, or curious. Your gallery Have we passed through, not without much content In many singularities. Shak. 3. Possession of a particular or exclusive privilege, prerogative, or distinction. No bishop of Rome ever took upon him this name of singularity [universal bishop]. Hooker. Catholicism . . . must be understood in opposition to the legal singularity of the Jewish nation. Bp. Pearson. 4. Celibacy. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. SINGULARIZE Sin"gu*lar*ize, v. t. Defn: To make singular or single; to distinguish. [R.] SINGULARLY Sin"gu*lar*ly, adv. 1. In a singular manner; in a manner, or to a degree, not common to others; extraordinarily; as, to be singularly exact in one's statements; singularly considerate of others. "Singularly handsome." Milman. 2. Strangely; oddly; as, to behave singularly. 3. So as to express one, or the singular number. SINGULT Sin"gult, n.Etym: [L. singultus.] Defn: A sigh or sobbing; also, a hiccough. [Obs.] Spenser. W. Browne. SINGULTOUS Sin*gul"tous, a. (Med.) Defn: Relating to, or affected with, hiccough. Dunglison. SINGULTUS Sin*gul"tus, n. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: Hiccough. SINIC Sin"ic, a. [See Sinologue.] (Ethnol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Chinese and allied races; Chinese. SINICAL Sin"i*cal, a. Etym: [From Sine.] (Trig.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a sine; employing, or founded upon, sines; as, a sinical quadrant. SINICISM Sin"i*cism, n. (Ethnol.) Defn: Anything peculiar to the Chinese; esp., a Chinese peculiarity in manners or customs. SINIGRIN Sin"i*grin, n. Etym: [From NL. Sinapis nigra.] (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside found in the seeds of black mustard (Brassica nigra, formerly Sinapis nigra) It resembles sinalbin, and consists of a potassium salt of myronic acid. SINISTER Sin"is*ter, a. Etym: [Accented on the middle syllable by the older poets, as Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden.] Etym: [L. sinister: cf. F. sinistre.] 1. On the left hand, or the side of the left hand; left; -- opposed to dexter, or right. "Here on his sinister cheek." Shak. My mother's blood Runs on the dexter cheek, and this sinister Bounds in my father's Shak. Note: In heraldy the sinister side of an escutcheon is the side which would be on the left of the bearer of the shield, and opposite the right hand of the beholder. 2. Unlucky; inauspicious; disastrous; injurious; evil; -- the left being usually regarded as the unlucky side; as, sinister influences. All the several ills that visit earth, Brought forth by night, with a sinister birth. B. Jonson. 3. Wrong, as springing from indirection or obliquity; perverse; dishonest; corrupt; as, sinister aims. Nimble and sinister tricks and shifts. Bacon. He scorns to undermine another's interest by any sinister or inferior arts. South. He read in their looks . . . sinister intentions directed particularly toward himself. Sir W. Scott. 4. Indicative of lurking evil or harm; boding covert danger; as, a sinister countenance. Bar sinister. (Her.) See under Bar, n. -- Sinister aspect (Astrol.), an appearance of two planets happening according to the succession of the signs, as Saturn in Aries, and Mars in the same degree of Gemini. -- Sinister base, Sinister chief. See under Escutcheon. SINISTER-HANDED Sin"is*ter-hand"ed, a. Defn: Left-handed; hence, unlucky. [Obs.] Lovelace. SINISTERLY Sin"is*ter*ly, adv. Defn: In a sinister manner. Wood. SINISTRAD Sin"is*trad, adv. Etym: [L. sinistra the left hand + ad tp.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) Defn: Toward the left side; sinistrally. SINISTRAL Sin"is*tral, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the left, inclining to the left; sinistrous; - - opposed to dextral. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the whorls of the spire revolving or rising to the left; reversed; -- said of certain spiral shells. SINISTRALITY Sin`is*tral"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sinistral. SINISTRALLY Sin"is*tral*ly, adv. Defn: Toward the left; in a sinistral manner. J. Le Conte. SINISTRIN Sin"is*trin, n. Etym: [L. sinister left.] (Chem.) Defn: A mucilaginous carbohydrate, resembling achroödextrin, extracted from squill as a colorless amorphous substance; -- so called because it is levorotatory. SINISTRORSAL Sin`is*tror"sal, a. Etym: [L.sinistrorsus, sinistroversus, turned toward the left side; sinister left + vertere, vortere, versum, vorsum, to turn.] Defn: Rising spirally from right to left (of the spectator); sinistrorse. SINISTRORSE Sin"is*trorse`, a. Etym: [See Sinistrolsal.] Defn: Turning to the left (of the spectator) in the ascending line; - - the opposite of dextrorse. See Dextrorse. SINISTROUS Sin"is*trous, a. Etym: [See Sinister.] 1. Being on the left side; inclined to the left; sinistral. "Sinistrous gravity." Sir T. Browne. 2. Wrong; absurd; perverse. A knave or fool can do no harm, even by the most sinistrous and absurd choice. Bentley. SINISTROUSLY Sin"is*trous*ly, adv. 1. In a sinistrous manner; perversely; wrongly; unluckily. 2. With a tendency to use the left hand. Many, in their infancy, are sinistrously disposed, and divers continue all their life left-handed. Sir T. Browne. SINK Sink, v. i. [imp. Sunk, or (Sank (); p. p. Sunk (obs. Sunken, -- now used as adj.); p. pr. & vb. n. Sinking.] Etym: [OE. sinken, AS. sincan; akin to D. zinken, OS. sincan, G. sinken, Icel. sökkva, Dan. synke, Sw. sjunka, Goth. siggan, and probably to E. silt. Cf. Silt.] 1. To fall by, or as by, the force of gravity; to descend lower and lower; to decline gradually; to subside; as, a stone sinks in water; waves rise and sink; the sun sinks in the west. I sink in deep mire. Ps. lxix. 2. 2. To enter deeply; to fall or retire beneath or below the surface; to penetrate. The stone sunk into his forehead. 1 San. xvii. 49. 3. Hence, to enter so as to make an abiding impression; to enter completely. Let these sayings sink down into your ears. Luke ix. 44. 4. To be overwhelmed or depressed; to fall slowly, as so the ground, from weakness or from an overburden; to fail in strength; to decline; to decay; to decrease. I think our country sinks beneath the yoke. Shak. He sunk down in his chariot. 2 Kings ix. 24. Let not the fire sink or slacken. Mortimer. 5. To decrease in volume, as a river; to subside; to become diminished in volume or in apparent height. The Alps and Pyreneans sink before him. Addison. Syn. -- To fall; subside; drop; droop; lower; decline; decay; decrease; lessen. SINK Sink, v. t. 1. To cause to sink; to put under water; to immerse or submerge in a fluid; as, to sink a ship. [The Athenians] fell upon the wings and sank a single ship. Jowett (Thucyd.). 2. Figuratively: To cause to decline; to depress; to degrade; hence, to ruin irretrievably; to destroy, as by drowping; as, to sink one's reputation. I raise of sink, imprison or set free. Prior. If I have a conscience, let it sink me. Shak. Thy cruel and unnatural lust of power Has sunk thy father more than all his years. Rowe. 3. To make (a depression) by digging, delving, or cutting, etc.; as, to sink a pit or a well; to sink a die. 4. To bring low; to reduce in quantity; to waste. You sunk the river repeated draughts. Addison. 5. To conseal and appropriate. [Slang] If sent with ready money to buy anything, and you happen to be out of pocket, sink the money, and take up the goods on account. Swift. 6. To keep out of sight; to suppress; to ignore. A courtly willingness to sink obnoxious truths. Robertson. 7. To reduce or extinguish by payment; as, to sink the national debt. SINK Sink, n. 1. A drain to carry off filthy water; a jakes. 2. A shallow box or vessel of wood, stone, iron, or other material, connected with a drain, and used for receiving filthy water, etc., as in a kitchen. 3. A hole or low place in land or rock, where waters sink and are lost; -- called also sink hole. [U. S.] Sink hole. (a) The opening to a sink drain. (b) A cesspool. (c) Same as Sink, n., 3. SINKER Sink"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, sinks. Specifically: (a) A weight on something, as on a fish line, to sink it. (b) In knitting machines, one of the thin plates, blades, or other devices, that depress the loops upon or between the needles. Dividing sinker, in knitting machines, a sinker between two jack sinkers and acting alternately with them. -- Jack sinker. See under Jack, n. -- Sinker bar. (a) In knitting machines, a bar to which one set of the sinkers is attached. (b) In deep well boring, a heavy bar forming a connection between the lifting rope and the boring tools, above the jars. SINKING Sink"ing, a & n. Defn: from Sink. Sinking fund. See under Fund. -- Sinking head (Founding), a riser from which the mold is fed as the casting shrinks. See Riser, n., 4. -- Sinking pump, a pump which can be lowered in a well or a mine shaft as the level of the water sinks. SINLESS Sin"less, a. Defn: Free from sin. Piers Plowman. -- Sin"less*ly, adv. -- Sin"less*ness, n. SINNER Sin"ner, n. Defn: One who has sinned; especially, one who has sinned without repenting; hence, a persistent and incorrigible transgressor; one condemned by the law of God. SINNER Sin"ner, v. i. Defn: To act as a sinner. [Humorous] Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it. Pope. SINNERESS Sin"ner*ess, n. Defn: A woman who sins. [Obs.] SINNET Sin"net, n. Defn: See Sennit . SINOLOGICAL Sin`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [See Sinilogue.] Defn: Relating to the Chinese language or literature. SINOLOGIST Si*nol"o*gist, n. Defn: A sinilogue. SINOLOGUE Sin"o*logue, n. Etym: [From L. Sinae, an Oriental people mentioned by Ptolemy, or Ar. Sin China or the Chinese + Gr. theologue: cf. F. sinologue.] Defn: A student of Chinese; one versed in the Chinese language, literature, and history. SINOLOGY Si*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sinologie.] Defn: That branch of systemized knowledge which treats of the Chinese, their language, literature, etc. SINOPER Sin"o*per, n. (Min.) Defn: Sinople. SINOPIA; SINOPIS Si*no"pi*a, Si*no"pis, n. Defn: A red pigment made from sinopite. SINOPITE Sin"o*pite, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. sinopis (sc. terra), a red earth or ocher found in Sinope, a town in Paphlagoma, on the Black Sea, Gr. (Min.) Defn: A brickred ferruginous clay used by the ancients for red paint. SINOPLE Sin"o*ple, n. (Min.) Defn: Ferruginous quartz, of a blood-red or brownish red color, sometimes with a tinge of yellow. SINOPLE Sin"o*ple, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. sinopis. See Sinople a mineral.] (Her.) Defn: The tincture vert; green. SINQUE Sinque, n. Defn: See Cinque. [Obs.] Beau & Fl. SINSRING Sins"ring, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Banxring. SINTER Sin"ter, n. Etym: [G. Cf. Cinder.] (Min.) Defn: Dross, as of iron; the scale which files from iron when hammered; -- applied as a name to various minerals. Calcareous sinter, a loose banded variety of calcite formed by deposition from lime-bearing waters; calcareous tufa; travertine. -- Ceraunian sinter, fulgurite. -- Siliceous sinter, a light cellular or fibrous opal; especially, geyserite (see Geyserite). It has often a pearly luster, and is then called pearl sinter. SINTO; SINTU; SINTOISM; SINTOIST Sin"to, or Sin"tu, Sin"to*ism, Sin"to*ist. Defn: See Shinto, etc. SINTOC Sin"toc, n. Defn: A kind of spice used in the East Indies, consisting of the bark of a species of Cinnamomum. [Written also sindoc.] SINUATE Sin"u*ate, a. Etym: [L. sinuatus, p. p. of sinuare to wind, bend, fr. sinus a bend.] Defn: Having the margin alternately curved inward and outward; having rounded lobes separated by rounded sinuses; sinuous; wavy. SINUATE Sin"u*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sinuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sinuating.] Defn: To bend or curve in and out; to wind; to turn; to be sinusous. Woodward. SINUATED Sin"u*a`ted, a. Defn: Same as Sinuate. SINUATION Sin`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. sinuatio.] Defn: A winding or bending in and out. SINUOSE Sin"u*ose`, a. Defn: Sinuous. Loudon. SINUOSITY Sin`u*os"i*ty, n.; pl. Sinuosities. Etym: [Cf. F. sinuosité.] 1. Quality or state of being sinuous. 2. A bend, or a series of bends and turns; a winding, or a series of windings; a wave line; a curve. A line of coast certainly amounting, with its sinuosities, to more than 700 miles. Sydney Smith. SINUOUS Sin"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. sinuosus, fr. sinus a bent surface, a curve: cf. F. sinueux. See Sinus.] Defn: Bending in and out; of a serpentine or undulating form; winding; crooked. -- Sin"u*ous*ly, adv. Streaking the ground with sinuous trace. Milton. Gardens bright with sinuous rills. Coleridge. SINUPALLIATE Si`nu*pal"li*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a pallial sinus. See under Sinus. SINUS Si"nus, n.; pl. L. Sinus, E. Sinuses. Etym: [L., a bent surface, a curve, the folds or bosom of a garment, etc., a bay. Cf. Sine, n.] 1. An opening; a hollow; a bending. 2. A bay of the sea; a recess in the shore. 3. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Defn: A cavity; a depression. Specifically: (a) A cavity in a bone or other part, either closed or with a narrow opening. (b) A dilated vessel or canal. 4. (Med.) Defn: A narrow, elongated cavity, in which pus is collected; an elongated abscess with only a small orifice. 5. (Bot.) Defn: A depression between adjoining lobes. Note: A sinus may be rounded, as in the leaf of the white oak, or acute, as in that of the red maple. Pallial sinus. (Zoöl.) See under Pallial. -- Sinus venosus. Etym: [L., venous dilatation.] (Anat.) (a) The main part of the cavity of the right auricle of the heart in the higher vertebrates. (b) In the lower vertebrates, a distinct chamber of the heart formed by the union of the large systematic veins and opening into the auricle. SINUSOID Si"nus*oid, n. Etym: [Sinus + -oid.] (Geom.) Defn: The curve whose ordinates are proportional to the sines of the abscissas, the equation of the curve being y = a sin x. It is also called the curve of sines. SINUSOIDAL Si`nus*oid"al, a. (Geom.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a sinusoid; like a sinusoid. SIOGOON Sio"goon, n. Defn: See Shogun. SIOGOONATE Sio*goon"ate, n. Defn: See Shogunate. SIOUX Sioux, n. sing. & pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: See Dakotas. SIOUX STATE Sioux State. Defn: North Dakota; -- a nickname. SIP Sip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Sipping.] Etym: [OE. sippen; akin to OD. sippen, and AS. s to sip, suck up, drink. See Sup, v. t.] 1. To drink or imbibe in small quantities; especially, to take in with the lips in small quantities, as a liquid; as, to sip tea. "Every herb that sips the dew." Milton. 2. To draw into the mouth; to suck up; as, a bee sips nectar from the flowers. 3. To taste the liquor of; to drink out of. [Poetic] They skim the floods, and sip the purple flowers. Dryden. SIP Sip, v. i. Defn: To drink a small quantity; to take a fluid with the lips; to take a sip or sips of something. [She] raised it to her mouth with sober grace; Then, sipping, offered to the next in place. Dryden. SIP Sip, n. 1. The act of sipping; the taking of a liquid with the lips. 2. A small draught taken with the lips; a slight taste. One sip of this Will bathe the drooping spirits in delight Beyond the bliss of dreams. Milton. A sip is all that the public ever care to take from reservoirs of abstract philosophy. De Quincey. SIPAGE Sip"age, n. Defn: See Seepage. [Scot. & U.S.] SIPE Sipe, v. i. Defn: See Seep. [Scot. & U.S.] SIPHILIS Siph"i*lis, n. (Med.) Defn: Syphilis. SIPHOID Si"phoid, n. Etym: [L. sipho a siphon + -oid: cf. F. vase siphoïde.] Defn: A siphon bottle. See under Siphon, n. SIPHON Si"phon, n. Etym: [F. siphon, L. sipho, -onis, fr. Gr. 1. A device, consisting of a pipe or tube bent so as to form two branches or legs of unequal length, by which a liquid can be transferred to a lower level, as from one vessel to another, over an intermediate elevation, by the action of the pressure of the atmosphere in forcing the liquid up the shorter branch of the pipe immersed in it, while the continued excess of weight of the liquid in the longer branch (when once filled) causes a continuous flow. The flow takes place only when the discharging extremity of the pipe ia lower than the higher liquid surface, and when no part of the pipe is higher above the surface than the same liquid will rise by atmospheric pressure; that is, about 33 feet for water, and 30 inches for mercury, near the sea level. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the tubes or folds of the mantle border of a bivalve or gastropod mollusk by which water is conducted into the gill cavity. See Illust. under Mya, and Lamellibranchiata. (b) The anterior prolongation of the margin of any gastropod shell for the protection of the soft siphon. (c) The tubular organ through which water is ejected from the gill cavity of a cephaloid. It serves as a locomotive organ, by guiding and confining the jet of water. Called also siphuncle. See Illust. under Loligo, and Dibranchiata. (d) The siphuncle of a cephalopod shell. (e) The sucking proboscis of certain parasitic insects and crustaceans. (f) A sproutlike prolongation in front of the mouth of many gephyreans. (g) A tubular organ connected both with the esophagus and the intestine of certain sea urchins and annelids. 3. A siphon bottle. Inverted siphon, a tube bent like a siphon, but having the branches turned upward; specifically (Hydraulic Engineering), a pipe for conducting water beneath a depressed place, as from one hill to another across an intervening valley, following the depression of the ground. -- Siphon barometer. See under Barometer. -- Siphon bottle, a bottle for holding aërated water, which is driven out through a bent tube in the neck by the gas within the bottle when a valve in the tube is opened; -- called also gazogene, and siphoid. -- Siphon condenser, a condenser for a steam engine, in which the vacuum is maintained by the downward flow of water through a vertical pipe of great height. -- Siphon cup, a cup with a siphon attached for carrying off any liquid in it; specifically (Mach.), an oil cup in which oil is carried over the edge of a tube in a cotton wick, and so reaches the surface to be lubricated. -- Siphon gauge. See under Gauge. -- Siphon pump, a jet pump. See under Jet, n. SIPHON Si"phon, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To convey, or draw off, by means of a siphon, as a liquid from one vessel to another at a lower level. SIPHONAGE Si"phon*age, n. Defn: The action of a siphon. SIPHONAL Si"phon*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a siphon; resembling a siphon. Siphonal stomach (Zoöl.), a stomach which is tubular and bent back upon itself, like a siphon, as in the salmon. SIPHONARID Si`pho*na"rid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of limpet-shaped pulmonate gastropods of the genus Siphonaria. They cling to rocks between high and low water marks and have both lunglike organs and gills. -- Si`pho*na"rid, a. SIPHONATA Si`pho*na"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of bivalve mollusks in which the posterior mantle border is prolonged into two tubes or siphons. Called also Siphoniata. See Siphon, 2 (a), and Quahaug. SIPHONATE Si"phon*ate, a. 1. Having a siphon or siphons. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Siphonata. SIPHONET Si"phon*et, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the two dorsal tubular organs on the hinder part of the abdomen of aphids. They give exit to the honeydew. See Illust. under Aphis. SIPHONIA Si*pho"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A former name for a euphorbiaceous genus (Hevea) of South American trees, the principal source of caoutchouc. SIPHONIATA Si*pho`ni*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Siphonata. SIPHONIC Si*phon"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a siphon. SIPHONIFER Si*phon"i*fer, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. sipho, -onis, siphon + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any cephalopod having a siphonate shell. SIPHONIFEROUS Si"phon*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Siphon + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Siphon-bearing, as the shell of the nautilus and other cephalopods. SIPHONIUM Si*pho"ni*um, n.; pl. Siphonia. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Siphon.] (Anat.) Defn: A bony tube which, in some birds, connects the tympanium with the air chambers of the articular piece of the mandible. SIPHONOBRANCHIATA Si`pho*no*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Siphon, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of gastropods having the mantle border, on one or both sides, prolonged in the form of a spout through which water enters the gill cavity. The shell itself is not always siphonostomatous in this group. SIPHONOBRANCHIATE Si`pho*no*bran"chi*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a siphon, or siphons, to convey water to the gills; belonging or pertaining to the Siphonobranchiata. -- n. Defn: One of the Siphonobranchiata. SIPHONOGLYPHE Si`pho*nog"ly*phe, n. Etym: [Siphon + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A gonidium. SIPHONOPHORA Si`pho*noph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of pelagic Hydrozoa including species which form complex free-swimming communities composed of numerous zooids of various kinds, some of which act as floats or as swimming organs, others as feeding or nutritive zooids, and others as reproductive zooids. See Illust. under Physallia, and Porpita. SIPHONOPHORAN Si`pho*noph"o*ran, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Belonging to the Siphonophora. -- n. Defn: One of the Siphonophora. SIPHONOPHORE Si*phon"o*phore, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Siphonophora. SIPHONOPODA Si`pho*nop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Siphon, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Scaphopoda including those in which the foot terminates in a circular disk. SIPHONOSTOMATA Si`pho*no*stom"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Siphon, and Stoma.] (Zoöl.) (a) A tribe of parasitic copepod Crustacea including a large number of species that are parasites of fishes, as the lerneans. They have a mouth adapted to suck blood. (b) An artificial division of gastropods including those that have siphonostomatous shells. SIPHONOSTOMATOUS Si`pho*no*stom"a*tous, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the front edge of the aperture of the shell prolonged in the shape of a channel for the protection of the siphon; -- said of certain gastropods. (b) Pertaining to the Siphonostomata. SIPHONOSTOME Si`pho*nos"tome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) Any parasitic entomostracan of the tribe Siphonostomata. (b) A siphonostomatous shell. SIPHORHINAL Si`pho*rhi"nal, a. Etym: [Siphon + rhinal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having tubular nostrils, as the petrels. SIPHORHINIAN Si`pho*rhin"i*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A siphorhinal bird. SIPHUNCLE Si"phun`cle, n. Etym: [L. siphunculus, sipunculus, dim. of sipho. See Siphon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The tube which runs through the partitions of chambered cephalopod shells. SIPHUNCLED Si"phun`cled, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a siphuncle; siphunculated. SIPHUNCULAR Si*phun"cu*lar, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the siphuncle. SIPHUNCULATED Si*phun"cu*la`ted, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a siphuncle. Huxley. SIPID Sip"id, a. Etym: [See Insipid, Sapid.] Defn: Having a taste or flavorl savory; sapid. [Obs.] Cockeram. SIPPER Sip"per, n. Defn: One whi sips. SIPPET Sip"pet, n. Etym: [See Sip, Sop.] Defn: A small sop; a small, thin piece of toasted bread soaked in milk, broth, or the like; a small piece of toasted or fried bread cut into some special shape and used for garnishing. Your sweet sippets in widows' houses. Milton. SIPPLE Sip"ple, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of sip.] Defn: To sip often. [Obs. or Scot.] SIPPLING Sip"pling, a. Defn: Sipping often. [Obs.] "Taken after a sippling sort." Holland. SIPUNCULACEA Si*pun`cu*la"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Sipunculus, the typical genus. See Siphuncle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Gephyrea, including those which have the body unarmed and the intestine opening anteriorly. SIPUNCULOID Si*pun"cu*loid, a. Etym: [NL. Sipunculus, the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Sipunculoidea. -- n. Defn: One of the Sipunculoidea. SIPUNCULOIDEA Si*pun`cu*loi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) (a) Same as Gephyrea. (b) In a restricted sense, same as Sipunculacea. SI QUIS Si` quis". Etym: [L., if any one (the first words of the notice in Latin).] (Ch. of Eng.) Defn: A notification by a candidate for orders of his intention to inquire whether any impediment may be alleged against him. SIR Sir, n. Etym: [OE. sire, F. sire, contr. from the nominative L. senior an elder, elderly person, compar. of senex,senis, an aged person; akin to Gr. sana, Goth. sineigs old, sinista eldest, Ir. & Gael. sean old, W. hen. Cf. Seignior, Senate, Seneschal, Senior, Senor, Signor, Sire, Sirrah.] 1. A man of social authority and dignity; a lord; a master; a gentleman; -- in this sense usually spelled sire. [Obs.] He was crowned lord and sire. Gower. In the election of a sir so rare. Shak. 2. A title prefixed to the Christian name of a knight or a baronet. Sir Horace Vere, his brother, was the principal in the active part. Bacon. 3. An English rendering of the LAtin Dominus, the academical title of a bachelor of arts; -- formerly colloquially, and sometimes contemptuously, applied to the clergy. Nares. Instead of a faithful and painful teacher, they hire a Sir John, which hath better skill in playing at tables, or in keeping of a garden, than in God's word. Latimer. 4. A respectful title, used in addressing a man, without being prefixed to his name; -- used especially in speaking to elders or superiors; sometimes, also, used in the way of emphatic formality. "What's that to you, sir" Sheridan. Note: Anciently, this title, was often used when a person was addressed as a man holding a certain office, or following a certain business. "Sir man of law." "Sir parish priest." Chaucer. Sir reverance. See under Reverence, n. SIRASKIER Si*ras"kier, n. Defn: See Seraskier. SIRASKIERATE Si*ras"kier*ate, n. Defn: See Seraskierate. SIRBONIAN Sir*bo"ni*an, a. Defn: See Serbonian. SIRCAR Sir*car", n. Etym: [Hind. & Per. sarkar a superintendant, overseer, chief; Per. sar the head + kar action, work.] 1. A Hindoo clerk or accountant. [India] 2. A district or province; a circar. [India] 3. The government; the supreme authority of the state. [India] SIRDAR Sir*dar", n Etym: [Hind. & Per. sardar a chief, general; sar the head, top + dar holding, possessing.] Defn: A native chief in Hindostan; a headman. Malcom. SIRE Sire, n. Etym: [F. sire, originally, an older person. See Sir.] 1. A lord, master, or other person in authority. See Sir. [Obs.] Pain and distress, sickness and ire, And melancholy that angry sire, Be of her palace senators. Rom. of R. 2. A tittle of respect formerly used in speaking to elders and superiors, but now only in addressing a sovereign. 3. A father; the head of a family; the husband. Jankin thet was our sire [i.e., husband]. Chaucer. And raise his issue, like a loving sire. Shak. 4. A creator; a maker; an author; an originator. [He] was the sire of an immortal strain. Shelley. 5. The male parent of a beast; -- applied especially to horses; as, the horse had a good sire. Note: Sire is often used in composition; as in grandsire, grandfather; great-grandsire, great-grandfather. SIRE Sire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sired; p. pr. & vb. n. Siring.] Defn: To beget; to procreate; -- used of beasts, and especially of stallions. SIREDON Si*re"don, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larval form of any salamander while it still has external gills; especially, one of those which, like the axolotl (Amblystoma Mexicanum), sometimes lay eggs while in this larval state, but which under more favorable conditions lose their gills and become normal salamanders. See also Axolotl. SIREN Si"ren, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. sirène.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: One of three sea nymphs, -- or, according to some writers, of two, -- said to frequent an island near the coast of Italy, and to sing with such sweetness that they lured mariners to destruction. Next where the sirens dwell you plow the seas; Their song is death, and makes destruction please. Pope. 2. An enticing, dangerous woman. Shak. 3. Something which is insidious or deceptive. Consumption is a siren. W. Irving. 4. A mermaid. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any long, slender amphibian of the genus Siren or family Sirenidæ, destitute of hind legs and pelvis, and having permanent external gills as well as lungs. They inhabit the swamps, lagoons, and ditches of the Southern United States. The more common species (Siren lacertina) is dull lead-gray in color, and becames two feet long. 6. Etym: [F. sirène, properly, a siren in sense 1.] (Acoustics) Defn: An instrument for producing musical tones and for ascertaining the number of sound waves or vibrations per second which produce a note of a given pitch. The sounds are produced by a perforated rotating disk or disks. A form with two disks operated by steam or highly compressed air is used sounding an alarm to vessels in fog. [Written also sirene, and syren.] SIREN Si"ren, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a siren; bewitching, like a siren; fascinating; alluring; as, a siren song. SIRENE Si*rene", n. Defn: See Siren, 6. SIRENIA Si*re"ni*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of large aquatic herbivorous mammals, including the manatee, dugong, rytina, and several fossil genera. Note: The hind limbs are either rudimentary or wanting, and the front ones are changed to paddles. They have horny plates on the front part of the jaws, and usually flat-crowned molar teeth. The stomach is complex and the intestine long, as in other herbivorous mammals. See Cetacea (b). SIRENIAN Si*re"ni*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Sirenia. SIRENICAL Si*ren"ic*al, a. Defn: Like, or appropriate to, a siren; fascinating; deceptive. Here's couple of sirenical rascals shall enchant ye. Marton. SIRENIZE Si"ren*ize, v. i. Defn: To use the enticements of a siren; to act as a siren; to fascinate. SIRIASIS Si*ri"a*sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) A sunstroke. (b) The act of exposing to a sun bath. [Obs.] Cf. Insolation. SIRIUS Sir"i*us, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Astron.) Defn: The Dog Star. See Dog Star. SIRKEER Sir"keer, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of Asiatic cuckoos of the genus Taccocua, as the Bengal sirkeer (T. sirkee). SIRLOIN Sir"loin`, n. Etym: [A corruption of surloin. Not so called because this cut of beaf was once jocosely knighted (dubbed Sir Loin) by an English king, as according to a popular story.] Defn: A loin of beef, or a part of a loin. [Written also surloin.] SIRNAME Sir"name`, n. Defn: See Surname. SIROC Si"roc, n. Defn: See Sirocco. [Poetic] Emerson. SIROCCO Si*roc"co, n.; pl. Siroccos(). Etym: [It. sirocco, scirocco, Ar. shorug, fr. sharq the rising of the sun, the east, fr, sharaca to rise as the sun. Cf. Saracen.] Defn: An oppressive, relaxing wind from the Libyan deserts, chiefly experienced in Italy, Malta, and Sicily. SIRRAH Sir"rah, n. Etym: [Probably from Icel. sira, fr. F. sire. See Sir.] Defn: A term of address implying inferiority and used in anger, contempt, reproach, or disrespectful familiarity, addressed to a man or boy, but sometimes to a woman. In sililoquies often preceded by ah. Not used in the plural. "Ah, sirrah mistress." Beau & Fl. Go, sirrah, to my cell. Shak. SIRT Sirt, n. Etym: [See Syrt.] Defn: A quicksand. [Obs.] SIRUP; SYRUP Sir"up Syr"up, n. Etym: [F. sirop (cf. It. siroppo, Sp. jarabe, jarope, LL. siruppus, syrupus), fr. Ar. sharab a drink, wine, coffee, sirup. Cf. Sherbet.] 1. A thick and viscid liquid made from the juice of fruits, herbs, etc., boiled with sugar. 2. A thick and viscid saccharine solution of superior quality (as sugarhouse sirup or molasses, maple sirup); specifically, in pharmacy and often in cookery, a saturated solution of sugar and water (simple sirup), or such a solution flavored or medicated. Lucent sirups tinct with cinnamon. Keats. Mixing sirup. See the Note under Dextrose. SIRUPED; SYRUPED Sir"uped, Syr"uped, a. Defn: Moistened, covered, or sweetened with sirup, or sweet juice. SIRUPY; SYRUPY Sir"up*y, Syr"up*y, a. Defn: Like sirup, or partaking of its qualities. Mortimer. SIRVENTE Sir`vente", n. Etym: [F. sirvente, fr. Pr. sirventes, sirventesc, originally, the poem of, or concerning, a sirvent, fr. sirvent, properly, serving, n., one who serves (e. g., as a soldier), fr. servir to serve, L. servire.] Defn: A peculiar species of poetry, for the most part devoted to moral and religious topics, and commonly satirical, -- often used by the troubadours of the Middle Ages. SIS Sis, n. Defn: A colloquial abbreviation of Sister. SIS Sis, n. Defn: Six. See Sise. [Obs.] Chaucer. SISAL GRASS; SISAL HEMP Si*sal" grass`, Si*sal" hemp`, Defn: The prepared fiber of the Agave Americana, or American aloe, used for cordage; -- so called from Sisal, a port in Yucatan. See Sisal hemp, under Hemp. SISCOWET Sis"co*wet, n. Etym: [OF American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, fat variety of the namaycusa found in Lake Superior; - - called also siskawet, siskiwit. SISE Sise, n. Etym: [From Assize.] Defn: An assize. [Obs.] SISE Sise, n. Etym: [See Sice.] Defn: Six; the highest number on a die; the cast of six in throwing dice. In the new casting of a die, when ace is on the top, sise must needs be at the bottom. Fuller. SISEL Sis"el, n. Etym: [Cf. G. ziesel. Cf. Zizel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The suslik. SISER Si"ser, n. Defn: Cider. See Sicer. [Obs.] Chaucer. SISERARA; SISERARY Sis"e*ra*ra, Sis"e*ra*ry, n. Defn: A hard blow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SISKIN Sis"kin, n. Etym: [Dan. sisgen; cf. Sw. siska, G. zeisig, D. sijsje; of Slav. origin; cf. Pol. czy.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small green and yellow European finch (Spinus spinus, or Carduelis spinus); -- called also aberdevine. (b) The American pinefinch (S. pinus); -- called also pine siskin. See Pinefinch. Note: The name is applied also to several other related species found in Asia and South America. Siskin green, a delicate shade of yellowish green, as in the mineral torbernite. SISKIWIT Sis"ki*wit, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The siscowet. SISMOGRAPH Sis"mo*graph, n. Defn: See Seismograph. SISMOMETER Sis*mom"e*ter, n. Defn: See Seismometer. SISS Siss, v. i. Etym: [Of imitative origin; cf. D. sissen, G. zischen.] Defn: To make a hissing sound; as, a flatiron hot enough to siss when touched with a wet finger. [Colloq. U. S.; Local, Eng.] SISS Siss, n. Defn: A hissing noise. [Colloq. U. S.] SISSOO Sis*soo", n. Etym: [Hind. sis.] (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous tree (Dalbergia Sissoo) of the northern parts of India; also, the dark brown compact and durable timber obtained from it. It is used in shipbuilding and for gun carriages, railway ties, etc. SIST Sist, v. t. Etym: [L. sistere to bring to a stand, to stop.] 1. (Scots Law) Defn: To stay, as judicial proceedings; to delay or suspend; to stop. 2. To cause to take a place, as at the bar of a court; hence, to cite; to summon; to bring into court. [Scot.] Some, however, have preposterously sisted nature as the first or generative principle. Sir W. Hamilton. SIST Sist, n. (Scots Law) Defn: A stay or suspension of proceedings; an order for a stay of proceedings. Burril. SISTER Sis"ter, n. Etym: [OE. sister, fr. Icel. systir; also suster, from AS. sweostor, sweoster, swuster, akin to OFries. sweester, suster, LG. süster, suster, D. zuster, OS. & OHG. swestar, G. schwester, Icel. systir, Sw. syster, Dan. söster, Goth. swistar, Lith. ses, Russ. sestra, Pol. siostra, L. soror, Skr. svasr. sq. root298. Cf. Cousin.] 1. A female who has the same parents with another person, or who has one of them only. In the latter case, she is more definitely called a half sister. The correlative of brother. I am the sister of one Claudio. Shak. 2. A woman who is closely allied to, or assocciated with, another person, as in the sdame faith, society, order, or community. James ii. 15. 3. One of the same kind, or of the same condition; -- generally used adjectively; as, sister fruits. Pope. Sister Block (Naut.), a tackle block having two sheaves, one above the other. -- Sister hooks, a pair of hooks fitted together, the shank of one forming a mousing for the other; -- called also match hook. -- Sister of charity, Sister of mercy. (R. C. Ch.) See under Charity, and Mercy. SISTER Sis"ter, v. t. Defn: To be sister to; to resemble closely. [Obs.] Shak. SISTERHOOD Sis"ter*hood, n. Etym: [Sister + hood.] 1. The state or relation of being a sister; the office or duty of a sister. She . . . abhorr'd Her proper blood, and left to do the part Of sisterhood, to do that of a wife. Daniel. 2. A society of sisters; a society of women united in one faith or order; sisters, collectively. "A sisterhood of holy nuns." Shak. The fair young flowers . . . a beauteous sisterhood. Bryant. SISTERING Sis"ter*ing, a. Defn: Contiguous. [Obs.] Shak. SISTER-IN-LAW Sis"ter-in-law`, n; pl. Sisters-in-law( Defn: The sister of one's husband or wife; also, the wife of one's brother; sometimes, the wife of one's husband's or wife's brother. SISTERLY Sis"ter*ly, a. Defn: Like a sister; becoming a sister, affectionate; as, sisterly kindness; sisterly remorse. Shak. SISTINE Sis"tine, a.Etym: [It. sistino.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Pope Sixtus. Sistine chapel, a chapel in the Vatican at Rome, built by Pope Sixtus IV., and decorated with frescoes by Michael Angelo and others. SISTREN Sis"tren, n. pl. Defn: Sisters. [Obs.] Chaucer. SISTRUM Sis"trum, Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Mus.) Defn: An instrument consisting of a thin metal frame, through which passed a number of metal rods, and furnished with a handle by which it was shaken and made to rattle. It was peculiarly Egyptian, and used especially in the worship of Isis. It is still used in Nubia. SISYPHEAN Sis`y*phe"an, a. Defn: Relating to Sisyphus; incessantly recurring; as, Sisyphean labors. SISYPHUS Sis"y*phus, n. Etym: [L. Sisyphus, Sisyphus, fr. Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: A king of Corinth, son of Æolus, famed for his cunning. He was killed by Theseus, and in the lower world was condemned by Pluto to roll to the top of a hill a huge stone, which constantly rolled back again, making his task incessant. SIT Sit, Defn: obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Sit, for sitteth. SIT Sit, v. i. [imp. Sat (Sate, archaic); p. p. Sat (Sitten, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Sitting.] Etym: [OE. sitten, AS. sittan; akin to OS. sittian, OFries. sitta, D. zitten, G. sitzen, OHG. sizzen, Icel. sitja, SW. sitta, Dan. sidde, Goth. sitan, Russ. sidiete, L. sedere, Gr. sad. sq. root154. Cf. Assess,Assize, Cathedral, Chair, Dissident, Excise, Insidious, Possess, Reside, Sanhedrim, Seance, Seat, n., Sedate, 4th Sell, Siege, Session, Set, v. t., Sizar, Size, Subsidy.] 1. To rest upon the haunches, or the lower extremity of the trunk of the body; -- said of human beings, and sometimes of other animals; as, to sit on a sofa, on a chair, or on the ground. And he came and took the book put of the right hand of him that sate upon the seat. Bible (1551) (Rev. v. 7.) I pray you, jest, sir, as you sit at dinner. Shak. 2. To perch; to rest with the feet drawn up, as birds do on a branch, pole, etc. 3. To remain in a state of repose; to rest; to abide; to rest in any position or condition. And Moses said to . . . the children of Reuben, Shall your brothren go to war, and shall ye sit here Num. xxxii. 6. Like a demigod here sit I in the sky. Shak. 4. To lie, rest, or bear; to press or weigh; -- with on; as, a weight or burden sits lightly upon him. The calamity sits heavy on us. Jer. Taylor. 5. To be adjusted; to fit; as, a coat sts well or ill. This new and gorgeous garment, majesty, Sits not so easy on me as you think. Shak. 6. To suit one well or ill, as an act; to become; to befit; -- used impersonally. [Obs.] Chaucer. 7. To cover and warm eggs for hatching, as a fowl; to brood; to incubate. As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them not. Jer. xvii. 11. 8. To have position, as at the point blown from; to hold a relative position; to have direction. Like a good miller that knows how to grind, which way soever the wind sits. Selden. Sits the wind in that quarter Sir W. Scott. 9. To occupy a place or seat as a member of an official body; as, to sit in Congress. 10. To hold a session; to be in session for official business; -- said of legislative assemblies, courts, etc.; as, the court sits in January; the aldermen sit to-night. 11. To take a position for the purpose of having some artistic representation of one's self made, as a picture or a bust; as, to sit to a painter. To sit at, to rest under; to be subject to. [Obs.] "A farmer can not husband his ground so well if he sit at a great rent". Bacon. -- To sit at meat or at table, to be at table for eating. -- To sit down. (a) To place one's self on a chair or other seat; as, to sit down when tired. (b) To begin a siege; as, the enemy sat down before the town. (c) To settle; to fix a permanent abode. Spenser. (d) To rest; to cease as satisfied. "Here we can not sit down, but still proceed in our search." Rogers. -- To sit for a fellowship, to offer one's self for examination with a view to obtaining a fellowship. [Eng. Univ.] -- To sit out. (a) To be without engagement or employment. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. (b) To outstay. -- To sit under, to be under the instruction or ministrations of; as, to sit under a preacher; to sit under good preaching. -- To sit up, to rise from, or refrain from, a recumbent posture or from sleep; to sit with the body upright; as, to sit up late at night; also, to watch; as, to sit up with a sick person. "He that was dead sat up, and began to speak." Luke vii. 15. SIT Sit, v. t. 1. To sit upon; to keep one's seat upon; as, he sits a horse well. Hardly the muse can sit the headstrong horse. Prior. 2. To cause to be seated or in a sitting posture; to furnish a seat to; -- used reflexively. They sat them down to weep. Milton. Sit you down, father; rest you. Shak. 3. To suit (well or ill); to become. [Obs. or R.] SITE Site, n. Etym: [L. situs, fr. sinere, situm, to let, p. p. situs placed, lying, situate: cf. F. site. Cf. Position.] 1. The place where anything is fixed; situation; local position; as, the site of a city or of a house. Chaucer. 2. A place fitted or chosen for any certain permanent use or occupation; as, a site for a church. 3. The posture or position of a thing. [R.] The semblance of a lover fixed In melancholy site. Thomson. SITED Sit"ed, a. Defn: Having a site; situated. [Obs.] [The garden] sited was in fruitful soil. Chaucer. SITFAST Sit"fast`, a. Etym: [Sit + fast.] Defn: Fixed; stationary; immovable. [R.] 'T is good, when you have crossed the sea and back, To find the sitfast acres where you left them. Emerson. SITFAST Sit"fast`, n. (Far.) Defn: A callosity with inflamed edges, on the back of a horse, under the saddle. SITH Sith, prep., adv., & conj. Etym: [See Since.] Defn: Since; afterwards; seeing that. [Obs.] We need not fear them, sith Christ is with us. Latimer. Sith thou art rightful judge. Chaucer. SITH; SITHE Sith, Sithe, n. Etym: [AS. Defn: Time. [Obs.] Chaucer. And humbly thanked him a thousand sithes. Spenser. SITHE Sithe, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Sigh.] Defn: To sigh. Note: [A spelling of a corrupt and provincial pronunciation.] SITHE Sithe, n. Defn: A scythe. [Obs.] Milton. SITHE Sithe, v. t. Defn: To cut with a scythe; to scythe. [Obs.] SITHED Sithed, a. Defn: Scythed. [Obs.] T. Warton. SITHEMAN Sithe"man, n. Defn: A mower. [Obs.] Marston. SITHEN Sith"en, adv. & conj. Etym: [See Since.] Defn: Since; afterwards. See 1st Sith. [Obs.] Fortune was first friend and sithen foe. Chaucer. SITHENCE; SITHENS Sith"ence, Sith"ens, adv. & conj. Defn: Since. See Sith, and Sithen. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. SITHTHEN Sith"then, adv. & conj. Defn: See Sithen. [Obs.] Siththen that the world began. Chaucer. SITOLOGY Si*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: A treatise on the regulation of the diet; dietetics. [Written also sitiology.] SITOPHOBIA Si`to*pho"bi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A version to food; refusal to take nourishment. [Written also sitiophobia.] SITTEN Sit"ten, obs. Defn: p. p. of Sit, for sat. SITTER Sit"ter, n. 1. One who sits; esp., one who sits for a portrait or a bust. 2. A bird that sits or incubates. SITTINE Sit"tine, a. Etym: [NL. sitta the nuthatch, from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the family Sittidæ, or nuthatches. SITTING Sit"ting, a. Defn: Being in the state, or the position, of one who, or that which, sits. SITTING Sit"ting, n. 1. The state or act of one who sits; the posture of one who occupies a seat. 2. A seat, or the space occupied by or allotted for a person, in a church, theater, etc.; as, the hall has 800 sittings. 3. The act or time of sitting, as to a portrait painter, photographer, etc. 4. The actual presence or meeting of any body of men in their seats, clothed with authority to transact business; a session; as, a sitting of the judges of the King's Bench, or of a commission. The sitting closed in great agitation. Macaulay. 5. The time during which one sits while doing something, as reading a book, playing a game, etc. For the understanding of any one of St. Paul's Epistles I read it all through at one sitting. Locke. 6. A brooding over eggs for hatching, as by fowls. The male bird . . . amuses her [the female] with his songs during the whole time of her sitting. Addison. Sitting room, an apartment where the members of a family usually sit, as distinguished from a drawing-room, parlor, chamber, or kitchen. SITUATE; SITUATED Sit"u*ate, Sit"u*a`ted, a. Etym: [LL. situatus, from situare to place, fr. L. situs situation, site. See Site.] 1. Having a site, situation, or location; being in a relative position; permanently fixed; placed; located; as, a town situated, or situate, on a hill or on the seashore. 2. Placed; residing. Pleasure situate in hill and dale. Milton. Note: Situate is now less used than situated, but both are well authorized. SITUATE Sit"u*ate, v. t. Defn: To place. [R.] Landor. SITUATION Sit`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. situatio: cf. F. situation.] 1. Manner in which an object is placed; location, esp. as related to something else; position; locality site; as, a house in a pleasant situation. 2. Position, as regards the conditions and circumstances of the case. A situation of the greatest ease and tranquillity. Rogers. 3. Relative position; circumstances; temporary state or relation at a moment of action which excites interest, as of persons in a dramatic scene. There's situation for you! there's an heroic group! Sheridan. 4. Permanent position or employment; place; office; as, a situation in a store; a situation under government. Syn. -- State; position; seat; site; station; post; place; office; condition; case; plight. See State. SITUS Si"tus, n. Etym: [L., situation.] (Bot.) Defn: The method in which the parts of a plant are arranged; also, the position of the parts. Henslow. SITZ BATH Sitz" bath`. Etym: [G. sitzbad.] Defn: A tub in which one bathes in a sitting posture; also, a bath so taken; a hip bath. SIVA Si"va, n. Etym: [Skr. Civa, properly, kind, gracious.] (Hindoo Myth.) Defn: One of the triad of Hindoo gods. He is the avenger or destroyer, and in modern worship symbolizes the reproductive power of nature. SIVAN Si"van, n. Etym: [Heb. sivan.] Defn: The third month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year; -- supposed to correspond nearly with our month of June. SIVATHERIUM Siv`a*the"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., from E. Siva + Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of very large extinct ruminants found in the Tertiary formation of India. The snout was prolonged in the form of a proboscis. The male had four horns, the posterior pair being large and branched. It was allied to the antelopes, but very much larger than any exsisting species. SIVER Siv"er, v. i. Defn: To simmer. [Obs.] Holland. SIVVENS Siv"vens (, n. (Med.) Defn: See Sibbens. SIWIN Si"win, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Sewen. SIX Six, a. Etym: [AS. six, seox, siex; akin to OFries. sex, D. zes, OS. & OHG. sehs, G. sechs, Icel., Sw., & Dan. sex, Goth. saíhs, Lith. szeszi, Russ. sheste, Gael. & Ir. se, W. chwech, L. sex, Gr. shesh, Skr. shash. sq. root304. Cf. Hexagon, Hexameter, Samite, Senary, Sextant, Sice.] Defn: One more than five; twice three; as, six yards. Six Nations (Ethnol.), a confederation of North American Indians formed by the union of the Tuscaroras and the Five Nations. -- Six points circle. (Geom.) See Nine points circle, under Nine. SIX Six, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than five; the sum of three and three; six units or objects. 2. A symbol representing six units, as 6, vi., or VI. To be at six and seven or at sixes and sevens, to be in disorder. Bacon. Shak. Swift. SIXFOLD Six"fold`, a. Etym: [AS. sixfealand.] Defn: Six times repeated; six times as much or as many. SIX-FOOTER Six"-foot`er, n. Defn: One who is six feet tall. [Colloq. U.S.] SIXPENCE Six"pence, n.; pl. Sixpences (. Defn: An English silver coin of the value of six pennies; half a shilling, or about twelve cents. SIXPENNY Six"pen`ny, a. Defn: Of the value of, or costing, sixpence; as, a sixpenny loaf. SIXSCORE Six"score`, a. & n. Etym: [Six + score, n.] Defn: Six times twenty; one hundred and twenty. SIX-SHOOTER Six"-shoot`er, n. Defn: A pistol or other firearm which can be fired six times without reloading especially, a six-chambered revolver. [Colloq. U.S.] SIXTEEN Six"teen`, a. Etym: [AS. sixt, sixt. See Six, and Ten, and cf. Sixty.] Defn: Six and ten; consisting of six and ten; fifteen and one more. SIXTEEN Six"teen`, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than fifteen; the sum of ten and six; sixteen units or objects. 2. A symbol representing sixteen units, as 16, or xvi. SIXTEENMO Six*teen"mo, n.; pl. Sixteenmos (. Defn: See Sextodecimo. SIXTEENTH Six"teenth`, a. Etym: [From Sixteen: cf. AS. sixteó.] 1. Sixth after the tenth; next in order after the fifteenth. 2. Constituting or being one of sixteen equal parts into which anything is divided. Sixteenth note (Mus.), the sixteenth part of a whole note; a semiquaver. SIXTEENTH Six"teenth`, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by sixteen; one of sixteen equal parts of one whole. 2. The next in order after the fifteenth; the sixth after the tenth. 3. (Mus.) Defn: An interval comprising two octaves and a second. Moore (Encyc. of Music.) SIXTH Sixth, a. Etym: [From Six: cf. AS. sixta, siexta.] 1. First after the fifth; next in order after the fifth. 2. Constituting or being one of six equal parts into which anything is divided. SIXTH Sixth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by six; one of six equal parts which form a whole. 2. The next in order after the fifth. 3. (Mus.) Defn: The interval embracing six diatonic degrees of the scale. SIXTHLY Sixth"ly, adv. Defn: In the sixth place. Bacon. SIXTIETH Six"ti*eth, a. Etym: [As. sixtiogoedha, sixtigoedha.] 1. Next in order after the fifty-ninth. 2. Constituting or being one one of sixty equal parts into which anything is divided. SIXTIETH Six"ti*eth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by sixty; one of sixty equal parts forming a whole. 2. The next in order after the fifty-ninth; the tenth after the fiftieth. SIXTY Six"ty, a. Etym: [AS. siextig; akin to G. sechzig, Goth. saíhs tigjus. See Six, Ten, and cf. Sixteen.] Defn: Six times ten; fifty-nine and one more; threescore. SIXTY Six"ty, n.; pl. Sixties (. 1. The sum of six times ten; sixty units or objects. 2. A symbol representing sixty units, as 60, lx., or LX. SIXTY-FOURTH Six`ty-fourth", a. Defn: Constituting or being one of sixty-four equal parts into which a thing is divided. Sixty-fourth note (Mus.), the sixty-fourth part of a whole note; a hemi-demi-semiquaver. SIZABLE Siz"a*ble, a. 1. Of considerable size or bulk. "A sizable volume." Bp. Hurd. 2. Being of reasonable or suitable size; as, sizable timber; sizable bulk. Arbuthnot. SIZAR Si"zar, n. Defn: One of a body of students in the universities of Cambridge (Eng.) and Dublin, who, having passed a certain examination, are exempted from paying college fees and charges. A sizar corresponded to a servitor at Oxford. The sizar paid nothing for food and tuition, and very little for lodging. Macaulay. Note: They formerly waited on the table at meals; but this is done away with. They were probably so called from being thus employed in distributing the size, or provisions. See 4th Size, 2. SIZARSHIP Si"zar*ship, n. Defn: The position or standing of a sizar. SIZE Size, n. Etym: [See Sice, and Sise.] Defn: Six. SIZE Size, n. Etym: [OIt. sisa glue used by painters, shortened fr. assisa, fr. assidere, p. p. assiso, to make to sit, to seat, to place, L. assidere to sit down; ad + sidere to sit down, akin to sedere to sit. See Sit, v. i., and cf. Assize, Size bulk.] 1. A thin, weak glue used in various trades, as in painting, bookbinding, paper making, etc. 2. Any viscous substance, as gilder's varnish. SIZE Size, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sized; p. pr. & vb. n. Sizing.] Defn: To cover with size; to prepare with size. SIZE Size, n. Etym: [Abbrev. from assize. See Assize, and cf. Size glue.] 1. A settled quantity or allowance. See Assize. [Obs.] "To scant my sizes." Shak. 2. (Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) Defn: An allowance of food and drink from the buttery, aside from the regular dinner at commons; -- corresponding to battel at Oxford. 3. Extent of superficies or volume; bulk; bigness; magnitude; as, the size of a tree or of a mast; the size of a ship or of a rock. 4. Figurative bulk; condition as to rank, ability, character, etc.; as, the office demands a man of larger size. Men of a less size and quality. L'Estrange. The middling or lower size of people. Swift. 5. A conventional relative measure of dimension, as for shoes, gloves, and other articles made up for sale. 6. An instrument consisting of a number of perforated gauges fastened together at one end by a rivet, -- used for ascertaining the size of pearls. Knight. Size roll, a small piese of parchment added to a roll. -- Size stick, a measuring stick used by shoemakers for ascertaining the size of the foot. Syn. -- Dimension; bigness; largeness; greatness; magnitude. SIZE Size, v. t. 1. To fix the standard of. "To size weights and measures." [R.] Bacon. 2. To adjust or arrange according to size or bulk. Specifically: (a) (Mil.) To take the height of men, in order to place them in the ranks according to their stature. (b) (Mining) To sift, as pieces of ore or metal, in order to separate the finer from the coarser parts. 3. To swell; to increase the bulk of. Beau. & Fl. 4. (Mech.) Defn: To bring or adjust anything exactly to a required dimension, as by cutting. To size up, to estimate or ascertain the character and ability of. See 4th Size, 4. [Slang, U.S.] We had to size up our fellow legislators. The Century. SIZE Size, v. i. 1. To take greater size; to increase in size. Our desires give them fashion, and so, As they wax lesser, fall, as they size, grow. Donne. 2. (Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) Defn: To order food or drink from the buttery; hence, to enter a score, as upon the buttery book. SIZED Sized, a. 1. Adjusted according to size. 2. Having a particular size or magnitude; -- chiefly used in compounds; as, large-sized; common-sized. SIZEL Si"zel, n. Defn: Same as Scissel, 2. SIZER Siz"er, n. 1. See Sizar. 2. (Mech.) (a) An instrument or contrivance to size articles, or to determine their size by a standard, or to separate and distribute them according to size. (b) An instrument or tool for bringing anything to an exact size. SIZINESS Siz"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sizy; viscousness. SIZING Siz"ing, n. 1. Act of covering or treating with size. 2. A weak glue used in various trades; size. SIZING Siz"ing, n. 1. The act of sorting with respect to size. 2. The act of bringing anything to a certain size. 3. (Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) Defn: Food and drink ordered from the buttery by a student. SIZY Siz"y, a. Etym: [From 2d Size.] Defn: Sizelike; viscous; glutinous; as, sizy blood. Arbuthnot. SIZZLE Siz"zle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sizzled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sizzling.] Etym: [See Siss.] Defn: To make a hissing sound; to fry, or to dry and shrivel up, with a hissing sound. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] Forby. SIZZLE Siz"zle, n. Defn: A hissing sound, as of something frying over a fire. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] SIZZLING Siz"zling, a. & n. Defn: from Sizzle. SKADDLE Skad"dle, n. Etym: [Dim. of scath.] Defn: Hurt; damage. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray. SKADDLE Skad"dle, a. Defn: Hurtful. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray. SKADDON Skad"don, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of a bee. [Prov. Eng.] SKAG Skag, n. (Naut.) Defn: An additional piece fastened to the keel of a boat to prevent lateral motion. See Skeg. SKAIN Skain, n. Defn: See Skein. [Obs.] SKAIN Skain, n. Defn: See Skean. Drayton. SKAINSMATE Skains"mate`, n. Etym: [Perhaps originally, a companion in winding thread (see Skein), or a companion in arms, from skain a sword (see Skean).] Defn: A messmate; a companion. [Obs.] Scurvy knave! I am none of his firt-gills; I am none of his skainsmates. Shak. SKAITH Skaith, n. Defn: See Scatch. [Scot.] SKALD Skald, n. Defn: See 5th Scald. SKALDIC Skald"ic, a. Defn: See Scaldic. Max Müller. SKALL Skall, v. t. Defn: To scale; to mount. [Obs.] SKAR; SKARE Skar, Skare, a. Etym: [From the root of scare.] Defn: Wild; timid; shy. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SKART Skart, n. Etym: [Cf. Scarf a cormorant.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The shag. [Prov. Eng.] SKAT Skat (skät), n. [G., fr. It. scartare to discard.] 1. A three-handed card game played with 32 cards, of which two constitute the skat (sense 2), or widow. The players bid for the privilege of attempting any of several games or tasks, in most of which the player undertaking the game must take tricks counting in aggregate at least 61 (the counting cards being ace 11, ten 10, king 4, queen 3, jack 2). The four jacks are the best trumps, ranking club, spade, heart, diamond, and ten outranks king or queen (but when the player undertakes to lose all the tricks, the cards rank as in whist). The value of hands depends upon the game played, trump suit, points taken, and number of matadores. 2. (Skat) A widow of two cards. SKATE Skate, n. Etym: [D. schaats. Cf. Scatches.] Defn: A metallic runner with a frame shaped to fit the sole of a shoe, -- made to be fastened under the foot, and used for moving rapidly on ice. Batavia rushes forth; and as they sweep, On sounding skates, a thousand different ways, In circling poise, swift as the winds, along, The then gay land is maddended all to joy. Thomson. Roller skate. See under Roller. SKATE Skate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skated; p. pr. & vb. n. Skating.] Defn: To move on skates. SKATE Skate, n. Etym: [Icel. skata; cf. Prov. G. schatten, meer-schatten, L. squatus, squatina, and E. shad.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of large, flat elasmobranch fishes of the genus Raia, having a long, slender tail, terminated by a small caudal fin. The pectoral fins, which are large and broad and united to the sides of the body and head, give a somewhat rhombic form to these fishes. The skin is more or less spinose. Note: Some of the species are used for food, as the European blue or gray skate (Raia batis), which sometimes weighs nearly 200 pounds. The American smooth, or barn-door, skate (R. lævis) is also a large species, often becoming three or four feet across. The common spiny skate (R. erinacea) is much smaller. Skate's egg. See Sea purse. -- Skate sucker, any marine leech of the genus Pontobdella, parasitic on skates. SKATER Skat"er, n. 1. One who skates. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of hemipterous insects belonging to Gerris, Pyrrhocoris, Prostemma, and allied genera. They have long legs, and run rapidly over the surface of the water, as if skating. SKATOL Ska"tol, n. Etym: [Gr. -ol.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A constituent of human fæces formed in the small intestines as a product of the putrefaction of albuminous matter. It is also found in reduced indigo. Chemically it is methyl indol, C9H9N. SKAYLES Skayles, n. Defn: [sq. root159.] Skittles. [Obs.] SKEAN Skean, n. Etym: [Ir sgian; akin to Gael. sgian, W. ysgien a large knife, a scimiter.] Defn: A knife or short dagger, esp. that in use among the Highlanders of Scotland. [Variously spelt.] "His skean, or pistol." Spenser. SKEDADDLE Ske*dad"dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skedaddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Skedaddling.] Etym: [Of uncertain etymology.] Defn: To betake one's self to flight, as if in a panic; to flee; to run away. [Slang, U. S.] SKEE Skee, n. Etym: [Dan. ski; Icel. ski a billet of wood. See Skid.] Defn: A long strip of wood, curved upwards in front, used on the foot for sliding. SKEED Skeed, n. Defn: See Skid. SKEEL Skeel, n. Etym: [Icel. skj a pail, bucket.] Defn: A shallow wooden vessel for holding milk or cream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Grose. SKEELDUCK; SKEELGOOSE Skeel"duck`, Skeel"goose`, n. Etym: [See Sheldrake.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The common European sheldrake. [Prov. Eng.] SKEET Skeet, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) Defn: A scoop with a long handle, used to wash the sides of a vessel, and formerly to wet the sails or deck. SKEG Skeg, n. Etym: [Prov. E., also a stump of a branch, a wooden peg; cf. Icel. sk a wood, Sw. skog. Cf. Shaw.] 1. A sort of wild plum. [Obs.] Holland. 2. pl. Defn: A kind of oats. Farm. Encyc. 3. (Naut.) Defn: The after part of the keel of a vessel, to which the rudder is attached. SKEGGER Skeg"ger, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The parr. Walton. SKEIN Skein, n. Etym: [OE. skeyne, OF. escaigne, F. écagne, probably of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. sgainne, Gael. sgeinnidh thread, small twine; or perhaps the English word is immediately from Celtic.] 1. A quantity of yarn, thread, or the like, put up together, after it is taken from the reel, -- usually tied in a sort of knot. Note: A skein of cotton yarn is formed by eighty turns of the thread round a fifty-four inch reel. 2. (Wagon Making) Defn: A metallic strengthening band or thimble on the wooden arm of an axle. Knight. SKEIN Skein, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A flight of wild fowl (wild geese or the like). [Prov. Eng.] SKEINE Skeine, n. Defn: See Skean. SKELDER Skel"der, v. t. & i. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: To deceive; to cheat; to trick. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SKELDER Skel"der, n. Defn: A vagrant; a cheat. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SKELDRAKE; SKIELDRAKE Skel"drake`, or Skiel"drake`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common European sheldrake. (b) The oyster catcher. SKELET Skel"et, n. Defn: A skeleton. See Scelet. SKELETAL Skel"e*tal, a. Defn: Pertaining to the skeleton. SKELETOGENOUS Skel`e*tog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Skeleton + -genous.] Defn: Forming or producing parts of the skeleton. SKELETOLOGY Skel`e*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Skeleton + -logy.] Defn: That part of anatomy which treats of the skeleton; also, a treatise on the skeleton. SKELETON Skel"e*ton, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Anat.) (a) The bony and cartilaginous framework which supports the soft parts of a vertebrate animal. Note: [See Illust. of the Human Skeleton, in Appendix.] (b) The more or less firm or hardened framework of an invertebrate animal. Note: In a wider sense, the skeleton includes the whole connective- tissue framework with the integument and its appendages. See Endoskeleton, and Exoskeleton. 2. Hence, figuratively: (a) A very thin or lean person. (b) The framework of anything; the principal parts that support the rest, but without the appendages. The great skeleton of the world. Sir M. Hale. (c) The heads and outline of a literary production, especially of a sermon. SKELETON Skel"e*ton, a. Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, a skeleton; consisting merely of the framework or outlines; having only certain leading features of anything; as, a skeleton sermon; a skeleton crystal. Skeleton bill, a bill or draft made out in blank as to the amount or payee, but signed by the acceptor. [Eng.] -- Skeleton key, a key with nearly the whole substance of the web filed away, to adapt it to avoid the wards of a lock; a master key; -- used for opening locks to which it has not been especially fitted. -- Skeleton leaf, a leaf from which the pulpy part has been removed by chemical means, the fibrous part alone remaining. -- Skeleton proof, a proof of a print or engraving, with the inscription outlined in hair strokes only, such proofs being taken before the engraving is finished. -- Skeleton regiment, a regiment which has its complement of officers, but in which there are few enlisted men. -- Skeleton shrimp (Zoöl.), a small crustacean of the genus Caprella. See Illust. under Læmodipoda. SKELETONIZE Skel"e*ton*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skeletonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Skeletonizing.] Defn: To prepare a skeleton of; also, to reduce, as a leaf, to its skeleton. Pop. Sci. Monthly. SKELETONIZER Skel"e*ton*i`zer, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small moth whose larva eats the parenchyma of leaves, leaving the skeleton; as, the apple-leaf skeletonizer. SKELLUM Skel"lum, n. Etym: [Dan. schelm, fr. G. schelm.] Defn: A scoundrel. [Obs. or Scot.] Pepys. Burns. SKELLY Skel"ly, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Dan. skele, Sw. skela.] Defn: To squint. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott. SKELLY Skel"ly, n. Defn: A squint. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SKELP Skelp, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. skelp to kick severely, to move rapidly; Gael. sgealp, n., a slap with the palm of the hand, v., to strike with the palm of the hand.] 1. A blow; a smart stroke. [Prov. Eng.] Brockett. 2. A squall; also, a heavy fall of rain. [Scot.] SKELP Skelp, v. t. Defn: To strike; to slap. [Scot.] C. Reade. SKELP Skelp, n. Defn: A wrought-iron plate from which a gun barrel or pipe is made by bending and welding the edges together, and drawing the thick tube thus formed. SKELTER Skel"ter, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Helter-skelter.] Defn: To run off helter-skelter; to hurry; to scurry; -- with away or off. [Colloq.] A. R. Wallace. SKEN Sken, v. i. Defn: To squint. [Prov. Eng.] SKENE Skene, n. Defn: See Skean. C. Kingsley. SKEP Skep, n. Etym: [Icel. skeppa a measure, bushel; cf. Gael. sgeap a basket, a beehive.] 1. A coarse round farm basket. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Tusser. 2. A beehive. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SKEPTIC Skep"tic, n. Etym: [Gr. skeptiko`s thoughtful, reflective, fr. ske`ptesqai to look carefully or about, to view, consider: cf. L. scepticus, F. sceptique. See Scope.] [Written also sceptic.] 1. One who is yet undecided as to what is true; one who is looking or inquiring for what is true; an inquirer after facts or reasons. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: A doubter as to whether any fact or truth can be certainly known; a universal doubter; a Pyrrhonist; hence, in modern usage, occasionally, a person who questions whether any truth or fact can be established on philosophical grounds; sometimes, a critical inquirer, in opposition to a dogmatist. All this criticism [of Hume] proceeds upon the erroneous hypothesis that he was a dogmatist. He was a skeptic; that is, he accepted the principles asserted by the prevailing dogmatism: and only showed that such and such conclusions were, on these principles, inevitable. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. (Theol.) Defn: A person who doubts the existence and perfections of God, or the truth of revelation; one who disbelieves the divine origin of the Christian religion. Suffer not your faith to be shaken by the sophistries of skeptics. S. Clarke. Note: This word and its derivatives are often written with c instead of k in the first syllable, -- sceptic, sceptical, scepticism, etc. Dr. Johnson, struck with the extraordinary irregularity of giving c its hard sound before e, altered the spelling, and his example has been followed by most of the lexicographers who have succeeded him; yet the prevalent practice among English writers and printers is in favor of the other mode. In the United States this practice is reversed, a large and increasing majority of educated persons preferring the orthography which is most in accordance with etymology and analogy. Syn. -- Infidel; unbeliever; doubter. -- See Infidel. SKEPTIC; SKEPTICAL Skep"tic, Skep"tic*al, a. Etym: [Written also sceptic, sceptical.] 1. Of or pertaining to a sceptic or skepticism; characterized by skepticism; hesitating to admit the certainly of doctrines or principles; doubting of everything. 2. (Theol.) Defn: Doubting or denying the truth of revelation, or the sacred Scriptures. The skeptical system subverts the whole foundation of morals. R. Hall. -- Skep"tac*al*ly, adv. -- Skep"tic*al*ness, n. SKEPTICISM Skep"ti*cism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. scepticisme.] [Written also scepticism.] 1. An undecided, inquiring state of mind; doubt; uncertainty. That momentary amazement, and irresolution, and confusion, which is the result of skepticism. Hune. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: The doctrine that no fact or principle can be certainly known; the tenet that all knowledge is uncertain; Pyrrohonism; universal doubt; the position that no fact or truth, however worthy of confidence, can be established on philosophical grounds; critical investigation or inquiry, as opposed to the positive assumption or assertion of certain principles. 3. (Theol.) Defn: A doubting of the truth of revelation, or a denial of the divine origin of the Christian religion, or of the being, perfections, or truth of God. Let no . . . secret skepticism lead any one to doubt whether this blessed prospect will be realized. S. Miller. SKEPTICIZE Skep"ti*cize, v. i. Defn: To doubt; to pretend to doubt of everything. [R.] To skepticize, where no one else will . . . hesitate. Shaftesbury. SKERRY Sker"ry, n.; pl. Skerries. Etym: [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. sker, Sw. skär, Dan. ski. Cf. Scar a bank.] Defn: A rocky isle; an insulated rock. [Scot.] SKETCH Sketch, n. Etym: [D. schets, fr. It. schizzo a sketch, a splash (whence also F. esquisse; cf. Esquisse.); cf. It. schizzare to splash, to sketch.] Defn: An outline or general delineation of anything; a first rough or incomplete draught or plan of any design; especially, in the fine arts, such a representation of an object or scene as serves the artist's purpose by recording its chief features; also, a preliminary study for an original work. Syn. -- Outline; delineation; draught; plan; design. -- Sketch, Outline, Delineation. An outline gives only the bounding lines of some scene or picture. A sketch fills up the outline in part, giving broad touches, by which an imperfect idea may be conveyed. A delineation goes further, carrying out the more striking features of the picture, and going so much into detail as to furnish a clear conception of the whole. Figuratively, we may speak of the outlines of a plan, of a work, of a project, etc., which serve as a basis on which the subordinate parts are formed, or of sketches of countries, characters, manners, etc., which give us a general idea of the things described. Crabb. SKETCH Sketch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sketched; p. pr. & vb. n. Sketching.] Etym: [Cf D. schetsen, It. schizzare. See Sketch, n.] 1. To draw the outline or chief features of; to make a rought of. 2. To plan or describe by giving the principal points or ideas of. Syn. -- To delineate; design; draught; depict. SKETCH Sketch, v. i. Defn: To make sketches, as of landscapes. SKETCHBOOK Sketch"book`, n. Defn: A book of sketches or for sketches. SKETCHER Sketch"er, n. Defn: One who sketches. SKETCHILY Sketch"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a sketchy or incomplete manner. "Sketchily descriptive." Bartlett. SKETCHINESS Sketch"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sketchy; lack of finish; incompleteness. SKETCHY Sketch"y, a. Defn: Containing only an outline or rough form; being in the manner of a sketch; incomplete. The execution is sketchy throughout; the head, in particular, is left in the rough. J. S. Harford. SKEW Skew, adv. Etym: [Cf. D. scheef. Dan. ski, Sw. skef, Icel. skeifr, G. schief, also E. shy, a. & v. i.] Defn: Awry; obliquely; askew. SKEW Skew, a. Defn: Turned or twisted to one side; situated obliquely; skewed; -- chiefly used in technical phrases. Skew arch, an oblique arch. See under Oblique. -- Skew back. (Civil Engin.) (a) The course of masonry, the stone, or the iron plate, having an inclined face, which forms the abutment for the voussoirs of a segmental arch. (b) A plate, cap, or shoe, having an inclined face to receive the nut of a diagonal brace, rod, or the end of an inclined strut, in a truss or frame. -- Skew bridge. See under Bridge, n. -- Skew curve (Geom.), a curve of double curvature, or a twisted curve. See Plane curve, under Curve. -- Skew gearing, or Skew bevel gearing (Mach.), toothed gearing, generally resembling bevel gearing, for connecting two shafts that are neither parallel nor intersecting, and in which the teeth slant across the faces of the gears. -- Skew surface (Geom.), a ruled surface such that in general two successive generating straight lines do not intersect; a warped surface; as, the helicoid is a skew surface. -- Skew symmetrical determinant (Alg.), a determinant in which the elements in each column of the matrix are equal to the elements of the corresponding row of the matrix with the signs changed, as in (1), below. (1) 0 2 -3-2 0 53 -5 0 (2) 4 -1 71 8 -2-7 2 1 Note: This requires that the numbers in the diagonal from the upper left to lower right corner be zeros. A like determinant in which the numbers in the diagonal are not zeros is a skew determinant, as in (2), above. SKEW Skew, n. (Arch.) Defn: A stone at the foot of the slope of a gable, the offset of a buttress, or the like, cut with a sloping surface and with a check to receive the coping stones and retain them in place. SKEW Skew, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Skewing.] 1. To walk obliquely; to go sidling; to lie or move obliquely. Child, you must walk straight, without skewing. L'Estrange. 2. To start aside; to shy, as a horse. [Prov. Eng.] 3. To look obliquely; to squint; hence, to look slightingly or suspiciously. Beau & Fl. SKEW Skew, v. t. Etym: [See Skew, adv.] 1. To shape or form in an oblique way; to cause to take an oblique position. 2. To throw or hurl obliquely. SKEWBALD Skew"bald`, a. Defn: Marked with spots and patches of white and some color other than black; -- usually distinguished from piebald, in which the colors are properly white and black. Said of horses. SKEWER Skew"er, n. Etym: [Probably of Scand, origin; cf. Sw. & Dan. skifer a slate. Cf. Shuver a fragment.] Defn: A pin of wood or metal for fastening meat to a spit, or for keeping it in form while roasting. Meat well stuck with skewers to make it look round. Swift. SKEWER Skew"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skewered; p. pr. & vb. n. Skewering.] Defn: To fasten with skewers. SKI Ski, n. Defn: Same as Skee. SKIAGRAPH; SKIAGRAPHY Ski"a*graph, n. Ski*ag"ra*phy, n., etc. Defn: See Sciagraph, Sciagraphy, etc. SKIASCOPE; SCIASCOPE Ski"a*scope, Sci"a*scope, n. [Gr. a shadow + -scope.] (Med.) Defn: A device for determining the refractive state of the eye by observing the movements of the retinal lights and shadows. -- Ski*as"co*py (#), Ski*as"co*py (#), n. SKID Skid, n. Etym: [Icel. ski a billet of wood. See Shide.] [Written also skeed.] 1. A shoe or clog, as of iron, attached to a chain, and placed under the wheel of a wagon to prevent its turning when descending a steep hill; a drag; a skidpan; also, by extension, a hook attached to a chain, and used for the same purpose. 2. A piece of timber used as a support, or to receive pressure. Specifically: (a) pl. (Naut.) Defn: Large fenders hung over a vessel's side to protect it in handling a cargo. Totten. (b) One of a pair of timbers or bars, usually arranged so as to form an inclined plane, as form a wagon to a door, along which anything is moved by sliding or rolling. (c) One of a pair of horizontal rails or timbers for supporting anything, as a boat, a barrel, etc. SKID Skid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skidded; p. pr. & vb. n. Skidding.] 1. To protect or support with a skid or skids; also, to cause to move on skids. 2. To check with a skid, as wagon wheels. Dickens. SKIDDAW Skid"daw`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The black guillemot. [Prov. Eng.] SKIDDER Skid"der, n. One that skids; one that uses a skid; specif.: (Logging) (a) One that skids logs. (b) An engine for hauling the cable used in skidding logs. (c) The foreman of a construction gang making a skid road. SKIDPAN Skid"pan`, n. Defn: See Skid, n., 1. [Eng.] SKID ROAD Skid road. (Logging) (a) A road along which logs are dragged to the skidway or landing; - - called also travois, or travoy, road. (b) A road having partly sunken transverse logs (called skids) at intervals of about five feet. SKIED Skied, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Sky, v. t. SKIEY Ski"ey, a. Defn: See Skyey. Shelley. SKIFF Skiff, n. Etym: [F. esquif, fr. OHG. skif, G. schiff. See Ship.] Defn: A small, light boat. The pilot of some small night-foundered skiff. Milton. Skiff caterpillar (Zoöl.), the larva of a moth (Limacodes scapha); -- so called from its peculiar shape. SKIFF Skiff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skiffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Skiffing.] Defn: To navigate in a skiff. [R.] SKIFFLING Skif"fling, n. (Quarrying) Defn: Rough dressing by knocking off knobs or projections; knobbing. SKILDER Skil"der, v. i. Defn: To beg; to pilfer; to skelder. [Prov. Eng.& Scot.] Sir W. Scott. SKILFUL Skil"ful, a. Defn: See Skilful. SKILL Skill, n. Etym: [Icel. skil a distinction, discernment; akin to skilja to separate, divide, distinguish, Sw. skilja,. skille to separate, skiel reason, right, justice, Sw. skäl reason, Lith. skelli to cleave. Cf. Shell, Shoal, a multitude.] 1. Discrimination; judgment; propriety; reason; cause. [Obs.] Shak. "As it was skill and right." Chaucer. For great skill is, he prove that he wrought. Chaucer. [For with good reason he should test what he created.] 2. Knowledge; understanding. [Obsoles.] That by his fellowship he color mightskill of any wight. Spenser. Nor want we skill or art. Milton. 3. The familiar knowledge of any art or science, united with readiness and dexterity in execution or performance, or in the application of the art or science to practical purposes; power to discern and execute; ability to perceive and perform; expertness; aptitude; as, the skill of a mathematician, physician, surgeon, mechanic, etc. Phocion, . . . by his great wisdom and skill at negotiations, diverted Alexander from the conquest of Athens. Swift. Where patience her sweet skill imparts. Keble. 4. Display of art; exercise of ability; contrivance; address. [Obs.] Richard . . . by a thousand princely skills, gathering so much corn as if he meant not to return. Fuller. 5. Any particular art. [Obs.] Learned in one skill, and in another kind of learning unskillful. Hooker. Syn. -- Dexterity; adroitness; expertness; art; aptitude; ability. -- Skill, Dexterity, Adroitness. Skill is more intelligent, denoting familiar knowledge united to readiness of performance. Dexterity, when applied to the body, is more mechanical, and refers to habitual ease of execution. Adroitness involves the same image with dexterity, and differs from it as implaying a general facility of movement (especially in avoidance of danger or in escaping from a difficalty). The same distinctions apply to the figurative sense of the words. A man is skillful in any employment when he understands both its theory and its practice. He is dexterous when he maneuvers with great lightness. He is adroit in the use od quick, sudden, and well- directed movements of the body or the mind, so as to effect the object he has in view. SKILL Skill, v. t. Defn: To know; to understand. [Obs.] To skill the arts of expressing our mind. Barrow. SKILL Skill, v. i. 1. To be knowing; to have understanding; to be dexterous in performance. [Obs.] I can not skill of these thy ways. Herbert. 2. To make a difference; to signify; to matter; -- used impersonally. Spenser. What skills it, if a bag of stones or gold About thy neck do drown thee Herbert. It skills not talking of it. Sir W. Scott. SKILLED Skilled, a. Defn: Having familiar knowledge united with readiness and dexterity in its application; familiarly acquainted with; expert; skillful; -- often followed by in; as, a person skilled in drawing or geometry. SKILLET Skil"let, n. Etym: [OF. escuelette, dim. of escuelle a porringer, F. ecuelle, fr. L. scutella, dim. of scutra, scuta, a dish. Cf. Scuttle a basket.] Defn: A small vessel of iron, copper, or other metal, with a handle, used for culinary purpose, as for stewing meat. SKILLFUL Skill"ful, a. Etym: [Written also skilful.] 1. Discerning; reasonable; judicious; cunning. [Obs.] "Of skillful judgment." Chaucer. 2. Possessed of, or displaying, skill; knowing and ready; expert; well-versed; able in management; as, a skillful mechanic; -- often followed by at, in, or of; as, skillful at the organ; skillful in drawing. And they shall call the husbandman to mourning, and such as are skillful of lamentations to wailing. Amos v. 16. Syn. -- Expert; skilled; dexterous; adept; masterly; adroit; clever; cunning. -- Skill"ful*ly, adv. -- Skill"ful*ness, n. SKILLIGALEE Skil`li*ga*lee", n. Defn: A kind of thin, weak broth or oatmeal porridge, served out to prisoners and paupers in England; also, a drink made of oatmeal, sugar, and water, sometimes used in the English navy or army. [Written also skilligolee, skillygalee, etc.] SKILLING Skil"ling, n. Etym: [Cf. Sheeling.] Defn: A bay of a barn; also, a slight addition to a cottage. [Prov. Eng.] SKILLING Skil"ling, n. Etym: [Sw. & Dan. See Shilling.] Defn: A money od account in Sweden, Norwey, Denmark, and North Germany, and also a coin. It had various values, from three fourths of a cent in Norway to more than two cents in Lübeck. SKILL-LESS Skill"-less, a. Defn: Wanting skill. Shak. SKILTS Skilts, n. pl. Defn: A kind of large, coarse, short trousers formerly worn. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. SKILTY Skil"ty, n. Defn: The water rail. [Prov. Eng.] SKIM Skim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skimmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Skimming.] Etym: [Cf. Sw. skymma to darken. sq. root158. See Scum.] 1. To clear (a liquid) from scum or substance floating or lying thereon, by means of a utensil that passes just beneath the surface; as, to skim milk; to skim broth. 2. To take off by skimming; as, to skim cream. 3. To pass near the surface of; to brush the surface of; to glide swiftly along the surface of. Homer describes Mercury as flinging himself from the top of Olympus, and skimming the surface of the ocean. Hazlitt. 4. Fig.: To read or examine superficially and rapidly, in order to cull the principal facts or thoughts; as, to skim a book or a newspaper. SKIM Skim, v. i. 1. To pass lightly; to glide along in an even, smooth course; to glide along near the surface. Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain, Flies o'er the unbending corn, and skims along the main. Pope. 2. To hasten along with superficial attention. They skim over a science in a very superficial survey. I. Watts. 3. To put on the finishing coat of plaster. SKIM Skim, a. Defn: Contraction of Skimming and Skimmed. Skim coat, the final or finishing coat of plaster. -- Skim colter, a colter for paring off the surface of land. -- Skim milk, skimmed milk; milk from which the cream has been taken. SKIM Skim, n. Defn: Scum; refuse. Bryskett. SKIMBACK Skim"back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The quillback. [Local, U.S.] SKIMBLE-SCAMBLE Skim"ble-scam`ble, a. Etym: [A reduplication of scamble.] Defn: Rambling; disorderly; unconnected. [Colloq.] Such a deal of skimble-scamble stuff. Shak. SKIMITRY Skim"i*try, n. Defn: See Skimmington. SKIMMER Skim"mer, n. 1. One who, or that which, skims; esp., a utensil with which liquids are skimmed. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of longwinged marine birds of the genus Rhynchops, allied to the terns, but having the lower mandible compressed and much longer than the upper one. These birds fly rapidly along the surface of the water, with the lower mandible immersed, thus skimming out small fishes. The American species (R. nigra) is common on the southern coasts of the United States. Called also scissorbill, and shearbill. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several large bivalve shells, sometimes used for skimming milk, as the sea clams, and large scallops. SKIMMERTON Skim"mer*ton, n. Defn: See Skimmington. SKIMMING Skim"ming, n. 1. The act of one who skims. 2. That which is skimmed from the surface of a liquid; -- chiefly used in the plural; as, the skimmings of broth. SKIMMINGLY Skim"ming*ly, adv. Defn: In a skimming manner. SKIMMINGTON Skim"ming*ton, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain. Perhaps the name of some notorius scold.] Defn: A word employed in the phrase, To ride Skimmington; that is to ride on a horse with a woman, but behind her, facing backward, carrying a distaff, and accompanied by a procession of jeering neighbors making mock music; a cavalcade in ridicule of a henpecked man. The custom was in vogue in parts of England. SKIMP Skimp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skimped; p. pr. & vb. n. Skimping.] Etym: [Cf. Skinch, Scamp, v. t.] 1. To slight; to do carelessly; to scamp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] 2. To make insufficient allowance for; to scant; to scrimp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] SKIMP Skimp, v. i. Defn: To save; to be parsimonious or niggardly. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] SKIMP Skimp, a. Defn: Scanty. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] SKIN Skin, n. Etym: [Icel. skinn; akin to Sw. skinn, Dan. skind, AS. scinn, G. schined to skin.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The external membranous integument of an animal. Note: In man, and the vertebrates generally, the skin consist of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis, cuticle, or skarfskin, composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial, layers; and an inner sensitive, and vascular dermis, cutis, corium, or true skin, composed mostly of connective tissue. 2. The hide of an animal, separated from the body, whether green, dry, or tanned; especially, that of a small animal, as a calf, sheep, or goat. 3. A vessel made of skin, used for holding liquids. See Bottle, 1. "Skins of wine." Tennyson. 4. The bark or husk of a plant or fruit; the exterior coat of fruits and plants. 5. (Naut.) (a) That part of a sail, when furled, which remains on the outside and covers the whole. Totten. (b) The covering, as of planking or iron plates, outside the framing, forming the sides and bottom of a vessel; the shell; also, a lining inside the framing. Skin friction, Skin resistance (Naut.), the friction, or resistance, caused by the tendency of water to adhere to the immersed surface (skin) of a vessel. -- Skin graft (Surg.), a small portion of skin used in the process of grafting. See Graft, v. t., 2. -- Skin moth (Zoöl.), any insect which destroys the prepared skins of animals, especially the larva of Dermestes and Anthrenus. -- Skin of the teeth, nothing, or next to nothing; the least possible hold or advantage. Job xix. 20. -- Skin wool, wool taken from dead sheep. SKIN Skin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skinned; p. pr. & vb. n. Skinning.] 1. To strip off the skin or hide of; to flay; to peel; as, to skin an animal. 2. To cover with skin, or as with skin; hence, to cover superficially. It will but skin and film the ulcerous place. Shak. 3. To strip of money or property; to cheat. [Slang] SKIN Skin, v. i. 1. To become covered with skin; as, a wound skins over. 2. To produce, in recitation, examination, etc., the work of another for one's own, or to use in such exercise cribs, memeoranda, etc., which are prohibited. [College Cant, U.S.] SKINBOUND Skin"bound`, a. Defn: Having the skin adhering closely and rigidly to the flesh; hidebound. Skinbound disease. (Med.) See Sclerema neonatorum, under Sclerema. SKINCH Skinch, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Skinched; p. pr. & vb. n. Skinching.] Etym: [Cf. Scant.] Defn: To give scant measure; to squeeze or pinch in order to effect a saving. [Prev. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] SKIN-DEEP Skin"-deep`, a. Defn: Not deeper than the skin; hence, superficial. Lowell. SKINFLINT Skin"flint`, n. Etym: [Skin + flint.] Defn: A penurious person; a miser; a niggard. Sir W. Scott. SKINFUL Skin"ful, n.; pl. Skinfuls (. Defn: As much as a skin can hold. SKINK Skink, n. Etym: [L. scincus, Gr. [Written also scink.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of regularly scaled harmless lizards of the family Scincidæ, common in the warmer parts of all the continents. Note: The officinal skink (Scincus officinalis) inhabits the sandy plains of South Africa. It was believed by the ancients to be a specific for various diseases. A common slender species (Seps tridactylus) of Southern Europe was formerly believed to produce fatal diseases in cattle by mere contact. The American skinks include numerous species of the genus Eumeces, as the blue-tailed skink (E. fasciatus) of the Eastern United States. The ground skink, or ground lizard (Oligosoma laterale) inhabits the Southern United States. SKINK Skink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skinked; p. pr. & vb. n. Skinking.] Etym: [Icel. skenja; akin to Sw. skäka, Dan. skienke, AS. scencan, D. & G. schenken. As. scencan is usually derived from sceonc, sceanc, shank, a hollow bone being supposed to have been used to draw off liquor from a cask. sq. root161. See Shank, and cf. Nunchion.] Defn: To draw or serve, as drink. [Obs.] Bacchus the wine them skinketh all about. Chaucer. Such wine as Ganymede doth skink to Jove. Shirley. SKINK Skink, v. i. Defn: To serve or draw liquor. [Obs.] SKINK Skink, n. Defn: Drink; also, pottage. [Obs.] Bacon. SKINKER Skink"er, n. Defn: One who serves liquor; a tapster. SKINLESS Skin"less, a. Defn: Having no skin, or a very thin skin; as, skinless fruit. SKINNER Skin"ner, n. 1. One who skins. 2. One who deals in skins, pelts, or hides. SKINNINESS Skin"ni*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being skinny. SKINNY Skin"ny, a. Defn: Consisting, or chiefly consisting, of skin; wanting flesh. "Her skinny lips." Shak. He holds him with a skinny hand. Coleridge. SKIP Skip, n. Etym: [See Skep.] 1. A basket. See Skep. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 2. A basket on wheels, used in cotton factories. 3. (Mining) Defn: An iron bucket, which slides between guides, for hoisting mineral and rock. 4. (Sugar Manuf.) Defn: A charge of sirup in the pans. 5. A beehive; a skep. SKIP Skip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Skipping.] Etym: [OE. skippen, of uncertain origin; cf. Icel. skopa run, skoppa to spin like a top, OSw. & dial. Sw. skimmpa to run, skimpa, skompa, to hop, skip; or Ir. sgiob to snatch, Gael. sgiab to start or move suddenly, to snatch, W. ysgipio to snatch.] 1. To leap lightly; to move in leaps and hounds; -- commonly implying a sportive spirit. The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day, Had he thy reason, would he skip and play Pope. So she drew her mother away skipping, dancing, and frisking fantastically. Hawthorne. 2. Fig.: To leave matters unnoticed, as in reading, speaking, or writing; to pass by, or overlook, portions of a thing; -- often followed by over. SKIP Skip, v. t. 1. To leap lightly over; as, to skip the rope. 2. To pass over or by without notice; to omit; to miss; as, to skip a line in reading; to skip a lesson. They who have a mind to see the issue may skip these two chapters. Bp. Burnet. 3. To cause to skip; as, to skip a stone. [Colloq.] SKIP Skip, n. 1. A light leap or bound. 2. The act of passing over an interval from one thing to another; an omission of a part. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A passage from one sound to another by more than a degree at once. Busby. Skip kennel, a lackey; a footboy. [Slang.] Swift. -- Skip mackerel. (Zoöl.) See Bluefish, 1. SKIPJACK Skip"jack`, n. 1. An upstart. [Obs.] Ford. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An elater; a snap bug, or snapping beetle. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A name given to several kinds of a fish, as the common bluefish, the alewife, the bonito, the butterfish, the cutlass fish, the jurel, the leather jacket, the runner, the saurel, the saury, the threadfish, etc. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A shallow sailboat with a rectilinear or V-shaped cross section. SKIPPER Skip"per, n. 1. One who, or that which, skips. 2. A young, thoughtless person. Shak. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The saury (Scomberesox saurus). 4. The cheese maggot. See Cheese fly, under Cheese. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small butterflies of the family Hesperiadæ; -- so called from their peculiar short, jerking flight. SKIPPER Skip"per, n. Etym: [D. schipper. See Shipper, and Ship.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: The master of a fishing or small trading vessel; hence, the master, or captain, of any vessel. 2. A ship boy. [Obs.] Congreve. SKIPPET Skip"pet, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. skip, E. skipper. See Ship.] 1. A small boat; a skiff. [Obs.] A little skippet floating did appear. Spenser. 2. A small round box for keeping records. [Obs.] SKIPPINGLY Skip"ping*ly, adv. Defn: In a skipping manner; by skips, or light leaps. SKIRL Skirl, v. t.& i. Etym: [Of Scand. origin, and originally the same word as E. shrill.] Defn: To utter in a shrill tone; to scream. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SKIRL Skirl, n. Defn: A shrill cry or sound. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SKIRLCOCK Skirl"cock`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The missel thrush; -- so called from its harsh alarm note. [Prev. Eng.] SKIRLCRAKE Skirl"crake`, n. Defn: The turnstone. [Prev. Eng.] SKIRLING Skirl"ing, n. Defn: A shrill cry or sound; a crying shrilly; a skirl. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott. When the skirling of the pipes cleft the air his cold eyes softened. Mrs. J. H. Ewing. SKIRLING Skirl"ing, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small trout or salmon; -- a name used loosely. [Prov. Eng.] SKIRMISH Skir"mish, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skirmished; p. pr. & vb. n. Skirmishing.] Etym: [OE. skirmishen, scarmishen, OF. escremir, eskermir, to fence, fight, F. escrimer, of German origin; cf. OHG. scirmen to protect, defend, G. schirmen, OHG. scirm, scerm, protection, shield, G. schirm; perhaps akin to Gr. Scaramouch, Scrimmage.] Defn: To fight slightly or in small parties; to engage in a skirmish or skirmishes; to act as skirmishers. SKIRMISH Skir"mish, n.Etym: [OE. scarmishe, scrymishe. See Skirmish, v. i.] 1. A slight fight in war; a light or desultory combat between detachments from armies, or between detached and small bodies of troops. 2. A slight contest. They never meet but there's a skirmish of wit. Shak. SKIRMISHER Skir"mish*er, n. Defn: One who skirmishes. Specifically: pl. (Mil.) Defn: Soldiers deployed in loose order, to cover the front or flanks of an advancing army or a marching column. SKIRR Skirr, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Scur, Scurry.] Defn: To ramble over in order to clear; to scour. [Archaic] Shak. SKIRR Skirr, v. i. Defn: To scour; to scud; to run. [Archaic] SKIRR Skirr, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tern. [Prov. Eng.] SKIRRET Skir"ret, n. Etym: [A corrupted form equivalent to sugarwort.] (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous plant (Sium, or Pimpinella, Sisarum). It is a native of Asia, but has been long cultivated in Europe for its edible clustered tuberous roots, which are very sweet. SKIRRHUS Skir"rhus, n. (Med.) Defn: See Scirrhus. SKIRT Skirt, n. Etym: [OE. skyrt, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. skyrta a shirt, Sw. skört a skirt, skjorta a shirt. See Shirt.] 1. The lower and loose part of a coat, dress, or other like garment; the part below the waist; as, the skirt of a coat, a dress, or a mantle. 2. A loose edging to any part of a dress. [Obs.] A narrow lace, or a small skirt of ruffled linen, which runs along the upper part of the stays before, and crosses the breast, being a part of the tucker, is called the modesty piece. Addison. 3. Border; edge; margin; extreme part of anything "Here in the skirts of the forest." Shak. 4. A petticoat. 5. The diaphragm, or midriff, in animals. Dunglison. SKIRT Skirt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Skirting.] 1. To cover with a skirt; to surround. Skirted his loins and thighs with downy gold. Milton. 2. To border; to form the border or edge of; to run along the edge of; as, the plain was skirted by rows of trees. "When sundown skirts the moor." Tennyson. SKIRT Skirt, v. t. Defn: To be on the border; to live near the border, or extremity. Savages . . . who skirt along our western frontiers. S. S. Smith. SKIRTING Skirt"ing, n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: A skirting board. [R.] 2. Skirts, taken collectivelly; material for skirts. Skirting board, the board running around a room on the wall next the floor; baseboard. SKIT Skit, v. t. Etym: [Prov. E. skitto slide, as adj., hasty, precipitate, of Scand. origin, and akin to E. shoot, v.t.; cf. Icel. skyti, skytja, skytta, a marksman, shooter, skjota to shoot, skuta a taunt. sq. root159. See Shoot.] Defn: To cast reflections on; to asperse. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Crose. SKIT Skit, n. 1. A reflection; a jeer or gibe; a sally; a brief satire; a squib. Tooke. A similar vein satire upon the emptiness of writers is given in his "Tritical Essay upon the Faculties of the Human Mind;" but that is a mere skit compared with this strange performance. Leslie Stephen. 2. A wanton girl; a light wench. [Obs.] SKITTER Skit"ter, v. t. [Cf. Skit, v. t.] Defn: To move or pass (something) over a surface quickly so that it touches only at intervals; to skip. The angler, standing in the bow, 'skitters' or skips the spoon over the surface. James A. Henshall. SKITTER Skit"ter, v. i. Defn: To pass or glide lightly or with quick touches at intervals; to skip; to skim. Some kinds of ducks in lighting strike the water with their tails first, and skitter along the surface for a feet before settling down. T. Roosevelt. SKITTISH Skit"tish, a. Etym: [See Skit, v. t.] 1. Easily frightened; timorous; shy; untrustworthy; as, a skittish colt. "A restiff, skittish jade." L'Estrange. 2. Wanton; restive; freakish; volatile; changeable; fickle. "Skittish Fortune's hall." Shak. -- Skit"tish*ly, adv. -- Skit"tish*ness, n. SKITTLE Skit"tle, a. Defn: Pertaining to the game of skittles. Skittle alley, an alley or court in which the game of skittles is played. -- Skittle ball, a disk or flattish ball of wood for throwing at the pins in the game of skittles. SKITTLE-DOG Skit"tle-dog`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The piked dogfish. SKITTLES Skit"tles, n. pl. Etym: [Of Scand. origin. sq. root159. See Shoot, v. t., and cf. Shuttle, Skit, v. t.] Defn: An English game resembling ninepins, but played by throwing wooden disks, instead of rolling balls, at the pins. SKITTY Skit"ty, n. Etym: [Cf. Skittish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A rail; as, the water rail (called also skitty cock, and skitty coot); the spotted crake (Porzana maruetta), and the moor hen. [Prov. Eng.] SKIVE Skive, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. skifa a shaving, slice, E. shive, sheave.] Defn: The iron lap used by diamond polishers in finishing the facets of the gem. SKIVE Skive, v. t. Defn: To pare or shave off the rough or thick parts of (hides or leather). SKIVER Skiv"er, n. Etym: [Cf. Skewer, Shiver a fragment.] 1. An inferior quality of leather, made of split sheepskin, tanned by immersion in sumac, and dyed. It is used for hat linings, pocketbooks, bookbinding, etc. 2. The cutting tool or machine used in splitting leather or skins, as sheepskins. SKIVING Ski"ving, n. 1. The act of paring or splitting leather or skins. 2. A piece made in paring or splitting leather; specifically, the part from the inner, or flesh, side. SKLAYRE Sklayre, n. Etym: [Cf. G. schleier.] Defn: A vell. [Obs.] SKLERE Sklere, v. t. Defn: To shelter; to cover. [Obs.] SKOLECITE; SKOLEZITE Skol"e*cite, Skol"e*zite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Scolecite. SKONCE Skonce, n. Defn: See Sconce. SKOPSTER Skop"ster, n. Defn: The saury. [Prov. Eng.] SKOPTSY Skop*tsy", n. pl. Defn: See Raskolnik. SKORODITE Skor"o*dite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Scorodite. SKOUT Skout, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A guillemot. SKOWITZ Sko"witz, n. Etym: [Nisqually (American Indian) name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The silver salmon. SKREEN Skreen, n. & v. Defn: See Screen. [Obs.] SKRIKE Skrike, v. i. & t. Defn: To shriek. [Obs.] Chaucer. SKRIKE Skrike, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The missel thrush. [Prov. Eng.] SKRIMMAGE Skrim"mage, n. Defn: See Scrimmage. SKRIMP Skrimp, v. t. Defn: See Scrimp. SKRINGE Skringe, v. i. Defn: See Scringe. SKRITE Skrite, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The skrike. [Prov. Eng.] SKUA Sku"a, n. Etym: [Icel. sk, sk.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any jager gull; especially, the Megalestris skua; -- called also boatswain. SKUE Skue, a. & n. Defn: See Skew. SKULK Skulk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Skulked; p. pr. & vb. n. Skulking.] Etym: [Of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. skulke to spare or save one's self, to play the truant, Sw. skolka to be at leisure, to shirk, Icel. skolla. Cf. Scowl.] Defn: To hide, or get out of the way, in a sneaking manner; to lie close, or to move in a furtive way; to lurk. "Want skulks in holes and crevices." W. C. Bryant. Discovered and defeated of your prey, You skulked behind the fence, and sneaked away. Dryden. SKULK Skulk, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. skollr, skolli, a fox, and E. skulk, v.i.] Defn: A number of foxes together. Wright. SKULK; SKULKER Skulk, Skulk"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, skulks. SKULKINGLY Skulk"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a skulking manner. SKULL Skull, n. Etym: [See School a multitude.] Defn: A school, company, or shoal. [Obs.] A knavish skull of boys and girls did pelt at him. Warner. These fishes enter in great flotes and skulls. Holland. SKULL Skull, n. Etym: [OE. skulle, sculle, scolle; akin to Scot. skull, skoll, a bowl, Sw. skalle skull, skal a shell, and E. scale; cf. G. hirnschale, Dan. hierneskal. Cf. Scale of a balance.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The skeleton of the head of a vertebrate animal, including the brain case, or cranium, and the bones and cartilages of the face and mouth. See Illusts. of Carnivora, of Facial angles under Facial, and of Skeleton, in Appendix. Note: In many fishes the skull is almost wholly cartilaginous but in the higher vertebrates it is more or less completely ossified, several bones are developed in the face, and the cranium is made up, wholly or partially, of bony plates arranged in three segments, the frontal, parietal, and occipital, and usually closely united in the adult. 2. The head or brain; the seat of intelligence; mind. Skulls that can not teach, and will not learn. Cowper. 3. A covering for the head; a skullcap. [Obs. & R.] Let me put on my skull first. Beau & Fl. 4. A sort of oar. See Scull. Skull and crossbones, a symbol of death. See Crossbones. SKULLCAP Skull"cap`, n. 1. A cap which fits the head closely; also, formerly, a headpiece of iron sewed inside of a cap for protection. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the labiate genus Scutellaria, the calyx of whose flower appears, when inverted, like a helmet with the visor raised. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Lophiomys. Mad-dog skullcap (Bot.), an American herb (Scetellaria lateriflora) formerly prescribed as a cure for hydrophobia. SKULLFISH Skull"fish`, n. Defn: A whaler's name for a whale more than two years old. SKULPIN Skul"pin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Sculpin. SKUN Skun, n. & v. Defn: See Scum. SKUNK Skunk, n. Etym: [Contr. from the Abenaki (American Indian) seganku.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of American musteline carnivores of the genus Mephitis and allied genera. They have two glands near the anus, secreting an extremely fetid liquid, which the animal ejects at pleasure as a means of defense. Note: The common species of the Eastern United States (Mephitis mephitica) is black with more or less white on the body and tail. The spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius), native of the Southwestern United States and Mexico, is smaller than the common skunk, and is variously marked with black and white. Skunk bird, Skunk blackbird (Zoöl.), the bobolink; -- so called because the male, in the breeding season, is black and white, like a skunk. -- Skunk cabbage (Bot.), an American aroid herb (Symplocarpus foetidus) having a reddish hornlike spathe in earliest spring, followed by a cluster of large cabbagelike leaves. It exhales a disagreeable odor. Also called swamp cabbage. -- Skunk porpoise. (Zoöl.) See under Porpoise. SKUNK Skunk, v. t. Defn: In games of chance and skill: To defeat (an opponent) (as in cards) so that he fails to gain a point, or (in checkers) to get a king. [Colloq. Defn: U. S.] SKUNKBALL Skunk"ball`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The surf duck. SKUNKHEAD Skunk"head`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The surf duck. (b) A duck (Camptolaimus Labradorus) which formerly inhabited the Atlantic coast of New England. It is now supposed to be extinct. Called also Labrador duck, and pied duck. SKUNKISH Skunk"ish, a. Defn: Like the skunk, especially in odor. SKUNKTOP Skunk"top`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The surf duck. SKUNKWEED Skunk"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Skunk cabbage. SKURRY Skur"ry, n. & v. Defn: See Scurry. SKUTE Skute, n. Etym: [Icel. sk; akin to Sw. skuta, Dan. skude, D. schuit, Lg. schüte, and E. schoot, v.t.] Defn: A boat; a small vessel. [Obs.] Sir R. Williams. SKUTTERUDITE Skut"ter*ud*ite, n. Etym: [From Skuttertid, in Norway, whence it is ibtained.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a bright metallic luster and tin-white to pale lead-gray color. It consist of arsenic and cobalt. SKY Sky, n.; pl. Skies. Etym: [OE. skie a cloud, Icel. sk; akin to Sw. & Dan. sky; cf. AS. sc, sc, shadow, Icel. skuggi; probably from the same root as E. scum. sq. root158. See Scum, and cf. Hide skin, Obscure.] 1. A cloud. [Obs.] [A wind] that blew so hideously and high, That it ne lefte not a sky In all the welkin long and broad. Chaucer. 2. Hence, a shadow. [Obs.] She passeth as it were a sky. Gower. 3. The apparent arch, or vault, of heaven, which in a clear day is of a blue color; the heavens; the firmament; -- sometimes in the plural. The Norweyan banners flout the sky. Shak. 4. The wheather; the climate. Thou wert better in thy grave than to answer with thy uncovered body this extremity of the skies. Shak. Note: Sky is often used adjectively or in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, sky color, skylight, sky-aspiring, sky- born, sky-pointing, sky-roofed, etc. Sky blue, an azure color. -- Sky scraper (Naut.), a skysail of a triangular form. Totten. -- Under open sky, out of doors. "Under open sky adored." Milton. SKY Sky, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Skied or Skyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Skying.] 1. To hang (a picture on exhibition) near the top of a wall, where it can not be well seen. [Colloq.] Brother Academicians who skied his pictures. The Century. 2. To throw towards the sky; as, to sky a ball at cricket. [Colloq.] SKY-BLUE Sky"-blue, a. Defn: Having the blue color of the sky; azure; as, a sky-blue stone. Wordsworth. SKYED Skyed, a. Defn: Surrounded by sky. [Poetic & R.] "The skyed mountain." Thomson. SKYE TERRIER Skye" ter"ri*er. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Terrier. SKYEY Sky"ey, a. Defn: Like the sky; ethereal; being in the sky. "Skyey regions." Thackeray. Sublime on the towers of my skyey bowers, Lightning, my pilot, sits. Shelley. SKY-HIGH Sky"-high` Defn: , adv. & a. Very high. [Colloq.] SKYISH Sky"ish, a. Defn: Like the sky, or approaching the sky; lofty; ethereal. [R.] Shak. SKYLARK Sky"lark`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A lark that mounts and sings as it files, especially the common species (Alauda arvensis) found in Europe and in some parts of Asia, and celebrated for its melodious song; -- called also sky laverock. See under Lark. Note: The Australian skylark (Cincloramphus cantillans) is a pipit which has the habit of ascending perpendicularly like a skylark, but it lacks the song of a true lark. The Missouri skylark is a pipit (Anthus Spraguei) of the Western United States, resembling the skylark in habit and song. SKYLARKING Sky"lark"ing, n. Defn: The act of running about the rigging of a vessel in sport; hence, frolicking; scuffing; sporting; carousing. [Colloq.] SKYLIGHT Sky"light`, n. Defn: A window placed in the roof of a building, in the ceiling of a room, or in the deck of a ship, for the admission of light from above. SKYMAN Sky"man, n.; pl. -men. Defn: An aëronaut. [Slang] SKY PILOT Sky pilot. (Aëronautics) Defn: A person licensed as a pilot. [Slang] SKYROCKET Sky"rock`et, n. Defn: A rocket that ascends high and burns as it flies; a species of fireworks. SKYSAIL Sky"sail, n. (Naut.) Defn: The sail set next above the royal. See Illust. under Sail. SKYSCRAPER Sky"scrap`er, n. (a) (Naut.) (1) A skysail of a triangular form. [Rare] (2) Defn: A name for the one of the fancy sails alleged to have been sometimes set above the skysail. [Obs.] (b) A very tall building. (c) Hence, anything usually large, high, or excessive. [Slang or Colloq.] SKYWARD Sky"ward, a. & adv. Defn: Toward the sky. SLAB Slab, n. Etym: [OE. slabbe, of uncertain origin; perhaps originally meaning, a smooth piece, and akin to slape, Icel. sleipr slippery, and E. slip, v. i.] 1. A thin piece of anything, especially of marble or other stone, having plane surfaces. Gwilt. 2. An outside piece taken from a log or timber in sawing it into boards, planks, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wryneck. [Prov. Eng.] 4. (Naut.) Defn: The slack part of a sail. Slab line (Naut.), a line or small rope by which seamen haul up the foot of the mainsail or foresail. Totten. SLAB Slab, a. Etym: [Cf. Gael. & Ir. slaib mud, mire left on a river strand, and E. slop puddle.] Defn: Thick; viscous. [Obs.] Make the gruel thick and slab. Shak. SLAB Slab, n. Defn: That which is slimy or viscous; moist earth; mud; also, a puddle. [Obs.] Evelyn. SLABBER Slab"ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slabbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Slabbering.] Etym: [OE. slaberen; akin to LG. & D. slabbern, G. schlabbern, LG. & D. slabben, G. schlabben, Icel. slafra. Cf. Slaver, Slobber, Slubber.] Defn: To let saliva or some liquid fall from the mouth carelessly, like a child or an idiot; to drivel; to drool. [Written also slaver, and slobber.] SLABBER Slab"ber, v. t. 1. To wet and foul spittle, or as if with spittle. He slabbered me over, from cheek to cheek, with his great tongue. Arbuthnot. 2. To spill liquid upon; to smear carelessly; to spill, as liquid foed or drink, in careless eating or drinking. The milk pan and cream pot so slabbered and tost That butter is wanting and cheese is half lost. Tusser. SLABBER Slab"ber, n. Defn: Spittle; saliva; slaver. SLABBER Slab"ber, n. Etym: [See 1st Slab.] (Mach.) (a) A saw for cutting slabs from logs. (b) A slabbing machine. SLABBERER Slab"ber*er, n. Defn: One who slabbers, or drools; hence, an idiot. SLABBERY Slab"ber*y, a. Defn: Like, or covered with, slabber or slab; slippery; sloppy. SLABBINESS Slab"bi*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being slabby. SLABBING Slab"bing, a. Etym: [See 1st Slab.] Defn: Adapted for forming slabs, or for dressing flat surfaces. Slabbing machine, a milling machine. SLABBY Slab"by, a. [Compar. Slabbier; superl. Slabbiest.] Etym: [See Slab, a.] 1. Thick; viscous. They present you with a cup, and you must drink of a slabby stuff. Selden. 2. Sloppy; slimy; miry. See Sloppy. Gay. SLAB-SIDED Slab"-sid`ed, a. Defn: Having flat sides; hence, tall, or long and lank. [Colloq. U. S.] SLACK Slack, n. Etym: [Cf. Slag.] Defn: Small coal; also, coal dust; culm. Raymond. SLACK Slack, n. Etym: [Icel. slakki a slope on a mountain edge.] Defn: A valley, or small, shallow dell. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. SLACK Slack, a. [Compar. Slacker; superl. Slackest.] Etym: [OE. slak, AS. sleac; akin to OS. slak, OHG. slah, Prov. G. schlack, Icel. slakr, Sw. slak; cf. Skr. srsj to let loose, to throw. Cf. Slake.] Defn: Lax; not tense; not hard drawn; not firmly extended; as, a slack rope. 2. Weak; not holding fast; as, a slack hand. Milton. 3. Remiss; backward; not using due diligence or care; not earnest or eager; as, slack in duty or service. The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count slackness. 2 Pet. iii. 9. 4. Not violent, rapid, or pressing; slow; moderate; easy; as, business is slack. "With slack pace." Chaucer. Cslack southwest, at midnight was becalmed. Milton. Slack in stays (Naut.), slow in going about, as a ship. -- Slack water, the time when the tide runs slowly, or the water is at rest; or the interval between the flux and reflux of the tide. -- Slack-water navigation, navigation in a stream the depth of which has been increased, and the current diminished, by a dam or dams. Syn. -- Loose; relaxed; weak; remiss; backward; abated; diminished; inactive; slow; tardy; dull. SLACK Slack, adv. Defn: Slackly; as, slack dried hops. SLACK Slack, n. Defn: The part of anything that hangs loose, having no strain upon it; as, the slack of a rope or of a sail. SLACK; SLACKEN Slack, Slack"en, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slacked, Slackened (; p. pr. & vb. n. Slacking, Slackening.] Etym: [See Slack, a.] 1. To become slack; to be made less tense, firm, or rigid; to decrease in tension; as, a wet cord slackens in dry weather. 2. To be remiss or backward; to be negligent. 3. To lose cohesion or solidity by a chemical combination with water; to slake; as, lime slacks. 4. To abate; to become less violent. Whence these raging fires Will slacken, if his breath stir not their flames. Milton. 5. To lose rapidity; to become more slow; as, a current of water slackens. 6. To languish; to fail; to flag. 7. To end; to cease; to desist; to slake. [Obs.] That through your death your lineage should slack. Chaucer. They will not of that firste purpose slack. Chaucer. SLACK; SLACKEN Slack, Slack"en, v. t. 1. To render slack; to make less tense or firm; as, to slack a rope; to slacken a bandage. Wycklif (Acts xxvii. 40) 2. To neglect; to be remiss in. [Obs.] Shak. Slack not the pressage. Dryden. 3. To deprive of cohesion by combining chemically with water; to slake; as, to slack lime. 4. To cause to become less eager; to repress; to make slow or less rapid; to retard; as, to slacken pursuit; to slacken industry. "Rancor for to slack." Chaucer. I should be grieved, young prince, to think my presence Unbent your thoughts, and slackened 'em to arms. Addison. In this business of growing rich, poor men should slack their pace. South. With such delay Well plased, they slack their course. Milton. 5. To cause to become less intense; to mitigate; to abate; to ease. To respite, or deceive, or slack thy pain Of this ill mansion. Milton. Air-slacked lime, lime slacked by exposure to the air, in consequence of the absorption of carton dioxide and water, by which it is converted into carbonate of lime and hydrate of lime. SLACKEN Slack"en, n. (Metal.) Defn: A spongy, semivitrifled substance which miners or smelters mix with the ores of metals to prevent their fusion. [Written also slakin.] SLACKLY Slack"ly, adv. Defn: In a slack manner. Trench. SLACKNESS Slack"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being slack. SLADE Slade, n. Etym: [AS. sl.] 1. A little dell or valley; a flat piece of low, moist ground. [Obs.] Drayton. 2. The sole of a plow. SLAG Slag, n. Etym: [Sw. slagg, or LG. slacke, whence G. schlacke; originally, perhaps, the splinters struck off from the metal by hammering. See Slay, v. t.] 1. The dross, or recrement, of a metal; also, vitrified cinders. 2. The scoria of a volcano. Slag furnace, or Slag hearth (Metal.), a furnace, or hearth, for extracting lead from slags or poor ore. -- Slag wool, mineral wool. See under Mineral. SLAGGY Slag"gy, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to slag; resembling slag; as, slaggy cobalt. SLAIE Slaie, n. Etym: [See Sley.] Defn: A weaver's reed; a sley. SLAKE Slake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Slaking.] Etym: [OE. slaken to render slack, to slake, AS. sleacian, fr. sleac slack. See Slack, v. & a.] 1. To allay; to quench; to extinguish; as, to slake thirst. "And slake the heavenly fire." Spenser. It could not slake mine ire nor ease my heart. Shak. 2. To mix with water, so that a true chemical combination shall take place; to slack; as, to slake lime. SLAKE Slake, v. i. 1. To go out; to become extinct. "His flame did slake." Sir T. Browne. 2. To abate; to become less decided. [R.] Shak. 3. To slacken; to become relaxed. "When the body's strongest sinews slake." [R.] Sir J. Davies. 4. To become mixed with water, so that a true chemical combination takes place; as, the lime slakes. Slake trough, a trough containing water in which a blacksmith cools a forging or tool. SLAKELESS Slake"less, a. Defn: Not capable of being slaked. SLAKIN Slak"in, n. (Metal.) Defn: Slacken. SLAM Slam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slammed; p. pr. & vb. n. Slamming.] Etym: [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. slamra, slambra, sl, Norw. slemba, slemma, dial. Sw. slämma.] 1. To shut with force and a loud noise; to bang; as, he slammed the door. 2. To put in or on some place with force and loud noise; -- usually with down; as, to slam a trunk down on the pavement. 3. To strike with some implement with force; hence, to beat or cuff. [Prov. Eng.] 4. To strike down; to slaughter. [Prov. Eng.] 5. To defeat (opponents at cards) by winning all the tricks of a deal or a hand. Hoyle. To slam to, to shut or close with a slam. "He slammed to the door." W. D. Howells. SLAM Slam, v. i. Defn: To come or swing against something, or to shut, with sudden force so as to produce a shock and noise; as, a door or shutter slams. SLAM Slam, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, slams. 2. The shock and noise produced in slamming. The slam and the scowl were lost upon Sam. Dickens. 3. (Card Playing) Defn: Winning all the tricks of a deal. 4. The refuse of alum works. [Prov. Eng.] SLAM-BANG Slam"-bang`, adv. Defn: With great violence; with a slamming or banging noise. [Colloq.] SLAMKIN; SLAMMERKIN Slam"kin, Slam"mer*kin, n. Etym: [Cf. G. schlampe, schlamp, dim. schlämpchen; schlampen to dangle, to be slovenly in one's dress.] Defn: A slut; a slatternly woman. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SLANDER Slan"der, n. Etym: [OE. sclandere, OF. esclandre, esclandle, escandre, F. esclandre, fr. L. scandalum, Gr. skand to spring, leap. See Scan, and cf. Scandal.] 1. A false tale or report maliciously uttered, tending to injure the reputation of another; the malicious utterance of defamatory reports; the dissemination of malicious tales or suggestions to the injury of another. Whether we speak evil of a man to his face or behind his back; the former way, indeed, seems to be the most generous, but yet is a great fault, and that which we call "reviling;" the latter is more mean and base, and that which we properly call "slander", or "Backbiting." Tillotson. [We] make the careful magistrate The mark of slander. B. Jonson. 2. Disgrace; reproach; dishonor; opprobrium. Thou slander of thy mother's heavy womb. Shak. 3. (Law) Defn: Formerly, defamation generally, whether oral or written; in modern usage, defamation by words spoken; utterance of false, malicious, and defamatory words, tending to the damage and derogation of another; calumny. See the Note under Defamation. Burril. SLANDER Slan"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slandered; p. pr. & vb. n. Slandering.] 1. To defame; to injure by maliciously uttering a false report; to tarnish or impair the reputation of by false tales maliciously told or propagated; to calumniate. O, do not slander him, for he is kind. Shak. 2. To bring discredit or shame upon by one's acts. Tax not so bad a voice To slander music any more than once. Shak. Syn. -- To asperse; defame; calumniate; vilify; malign; belie; scandalize; reproach. See Asperse. SLANDERER Slan"der*er, n. Defn: One who slanders; a defamer; a calumniator. Jer. Taylor. SLANDEROUS Slan"der*ous, a. 1. Given or disposed to slander; uttering slander. "Slanderous tongue." Shak. 2. Embodying or containing slander; calumnious; as, slanderous words, speeches, or reports. -- Slan"der*ous*ly, adv. -- Slan"der*ous*ness, n. SLANG Slang, Defn: imp. of Sling. Slung. [Archaic] SLANG Slang, n. Defn: Any long, narrow piece of land; a promontory. [Local, Eng.] Holland. SLANG Slang, n. Etym: [Cf. Sling.] Defn: A fetter worn on the leg by a convict. [Eng.] SLANG Slang, n. Etym: [Said to be of Gypsy origin; but probably from Scand., and akin to E. sling; cf. Norw. sleng a slinging, an invention, device, slengja to sling, to cast, slengja kjeften (literally, to sling the jaw) to use abusive language, to use slang, slenjeord (ord = word) an insulting word, a new word that has no just reason for being.] Defn: Low, vulgar, unauthorized language; a popular but unauthorized word, phrase, or mode of expression; also, the jargon of some particular calling or class in society; low popular cant; as, the slang of the theater, of college, of sailors, etc. SLANG Slang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slanged; p. pr. & vb. n. Slanging.] Defn: To address with slang or ribaldry; to insult with vulgar language. [Colloq.] Every gentleman abused by a cabman or slanged by a bargee was bound there and then to take off his coat and challenge him to fisticuffs. London Spectator. SLANGINESS Slang"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being slangy. SLANGOUS Slan"gous, a. Defn: Slangy. [R.] John Bee. SLANG-WHANGER Slang"-whang`er, n. Etym: [Slang + whang to beat.] Defn: One who uses abusive slang; a ranting partisan. [Colloq. or Humorous] W. Irving. SLANGY Slang"y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to slang; of the nature of slang; disposed to use slang. [Written also slangey.] SLANK Slank, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Slink. SLANT Slant, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Slanting.] Etym: [OE. slenten to slope, slide; cf. Sw. slinta to slide.] Defn: To be turned or inclined from a right line or level; to lie obliquely; to slope. On the side of younder slanting hill. Dodsley. SLANT Slant, v. t. Defn: To turn from a direct line; to give an oblique or sloping direction to; as, to slant a line. SLANT Slant, n. 1. A slanting direction or plane; a slope; as, it lies on a slant. 2. An oblique reflection or gibe; a sarcastic remark. Slant or wind, a local variation of the wind from its general direction. SLANT Slant, a. Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. slant. See Slant, v. i.] Defn: Inclined from a direct line, whether horizontal or perpendicular; sloping; oblique. "The slant lightning." Milton. SLANTING Slant"ing, a. Defn: Oblique; sloping. -- Slant"ing*ly, adv. SLANTWISE; SLANTLY Slant"wise`, Slant"ly, adv. Defn: In an inclined direction; obliquely; slopingly. SLAP Slap, n. Etym: [OE. slappe; akin to LG. slappe, G. schlappe; probably of imitative origin.] Defn: A blow, esp. one given with the open hand, or with something broad. SLAP Slap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Slapping.] Defn: To strike with the open hand, or with something broad. SLAP Slap, adv. Etym: [Cf. LG. slap, G. schlapp. See Slap, n.] Defn: With a sudden and violent blow; hence, quickly; instantly; directly. [Colloq.] "The railroad cars drive slap into the city." Thackeray. SLAPDASH Slap"dash`, adv. Etym: [Slap + dash.] 1. In a bold, careless manner; at random. [Colloq.] 2. With a slap; all at once; slap. [Colloq.] Prior. SLAPDASH Slap"dash`, v. t. Defn: To apply, or apply something to, in a hasty, careless, or rough manner; to roughcast; as, to slapdash mortar or paint on a wall, or to slapdash a wall. [Colloq.] Halliwell. SLAPE Slape, a. Etym: [Icel. sleipr slippery; akin to E. slip.] Defn: Slippery; smooth; crafty; hypocritical. [Prov. Eng.] Slape ale, plain ale, as opposed to medicated or mixed ale. [Prov. Eng.] SLAPEFACE Slape"face`, n. Defn: A soft-spoken, crafty hypocrite. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SLAPJACK Slap"jack`, n. Defn: A flat batter cake cooked on a griddle; a flapjack; a griddlecake. [Local, U.S.] SLAPPER Slap"per, n. 1. One who, or that which, slaps. 2. Anything monstrous; a whopper. [Slang] Grose. SLAPPER; SLAPPING Slap"per, Slap"ping, a. Defn: Very large; monstrous; big. [Slang.] SLASH Slash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Slashing.] Etym: [OE. slaschen, of uncertain origin; cf. OF. esclachier to break, esclechier, esclichier, to break, and E. slate, slice, slit, v. t.] 1. To cut by striking violently and at random; to cut in long slits. 2. To lash; to ply the whip to. [R.] King. 3. To crack or snap, as a whip. [R.] Dr. H. More. SLASH Slash, v. i. Defn: To strike violently and at random, esp. with an edged instrument; to lay about one indiscriminately with blows; to cut hastily and carelessly. Hewing and slashing at their idle shades. Spenser. SLASH Slash, n. 1. A long cut; a cut made at random. 2. A large slit in the material of any garment, made to show the lining through the openings. 3. Etym: [Cf. Slashy.] pl. Defn: Swampy or wet lands overgrown with bushes. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. SLASHED Slashed, a. 1. Marked or cut with a slash or slashes; deeply gashed; especially, having long, narrow openings, as a sleeve or other part of a garment, to show rich lining or under vesture. A gray jerkin, with scarlet and slashed sleeves. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Divided into many narrow parts or segments by sharp incisions; laciniate. SLASHER Slash"er, n. (Textile Manuf.) Defn: A machine for applying size to warp yarns. SLASH PINE Slash" pine". (Bot.) Defn: A kind of pine tree (Pinus Cubensis) found in Southern Florida and the West Indies; -- so called because it grows in "slashes." SLASHY Slash"y, a. Etym: [Cf. Sw. slaska to dabble in water. Cf. Slush.] Defn: Wet and dirty; slushy. [Prov. Eng.] SLAT Slat, n. Etym: [CF. Slot a bar.] Defn: A thin, narrow strip or bar of wood or metal; as, the slats of a window blind. SLAT Slat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Slatting.] Etym: [OE. slatten; cf. Icel. sletta to slap, to dab.] 1. To slap; to strike; to beat; to throw down violently. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] How did you kill him Slat[t]ed his brains out. Marston. 2. To split; to crack. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 3. To set on; to incite. See 3d Slate. [Prov. Eng.] SLATCH Slatch, n. Etym: [See Slack.] (Naut.) (a) The period of a transitory breeze. (b) An interval of fair weather. (c) The loose or slack part of a rope; slack. SLATE Slate, n. Etym: [OE. slat, OF. esclat a shiver, splinter, F. éclat, fr. OF. esclater to shiver, to chip, F. éclater, fr. OHG. sliezen to tear, slit, split, fr. slizan to slit, G. schleissen. See Slit, v. t., and cf. Eclat.] 1. (Min.) Defn: An argillaceous rock which readily splits into thin plates; argillite; argillaceous schist. 2. Any rock or stone having a slaty structure. 3. A prepared piece of such stone. Especially: (a) A thin, flat piece, for roofing or covering houses, etc. (b) A tablet for writing upon. 4. An artificial material, resembling slate, and used for the above purposes. 5. A thin plate of any material; a flake. [Obs.] 6. (Politics) Defn: A list of candidates, prepared for nomination or for election; a list of candidates, or a programme of action, devised beforehand. [Cant, U.S.] Bartlett. Adhesive slate (Min.), a kind of slate of a greenish gray color, which absorbs water rapidly, and adheres to the tongue; whence the name. -- Aluminous slate, or Alum slate (Min.), a kind of slate containing sulphate of alumina, -- used in the manufacture of alum. -- Bituminous slate (Min.), a soft species of sectile clay slate, impregnated with bitumen. -- Hornblende slate (Min.), a slaty rock, consisting essentially of hornblende and feldspar, useful for flagging on account of its toughness. -- Slate ax or axe, a mattock with an ax end, used in shaping slates for roofs, and making holes in them for the nails. -- Slate clay (Geol.), an indurated clay, forming one of the alternating beds of the coal measures, consisting of an infusible compound of alumina and silica, and often used for making fire bricks. Tomlinson. -- Slate globe, a globe the surface of which is made of an artificial slatelike material. -- Slate pencil, a pencil of slate, or of soapstone, used for writing on a slate. -- Slate rocks (Min.), rocks which split into thin laminæ, not necessarily parallel to the stratification; foliated rocks. -- Slate spar (Min.), a variety of calcite of silvery white luster and of a slaty structure. -- Transparent slate, a plate of translucent material, as ground glass, upon which a copy of a picture, placed beneath it, can be made by tracing. SLATE Slate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slated; p. pr. & vb. n. Slating.] 1. To cover with slate, or with a substance resembling slate; as, to slate a roof; to slate a globe. 2. To register (as on a slate and subject to revision), for an appointment. [Polit. Cant] SLATE Slate, v. t. Etym: [Cf. AS. slæting a privilege of hunting.] Defn: To set a dog upon; to bait; to slat. See 2d Slat, 3. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] [Written also slete.] Ray. SLATE-COLOR Slate"-col`or. Defn: A dark bluish gray color. SLATE-GRAY Slate"-gray`, a. Defn: Of a dark gray, like slate. SLATER Slat"er, n. Defn: One who lays slates, or whose occupation is to slate buildings. SLATER Slat"er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any terrestrial isopod crustacean of the genus Porcellio and allied genera; a sow bug. SLATING Slat"ing, n. 1. The act of covering with slate, slates, or a substance resembling slate; the work of a slater. 2. Slates, collectively; also, material for slating. SLATT Slatt, n. Etym: [See Slat a strip of board.] Defn: A slab of stone used as a veneer for coarse masonry. Knight. SLATTER Slat"ter, v. i. Etym: [E. slat to throw or dash about.] Defn: To be careless, negligent, or aswkward, esp. with regard to dress and neatness; to be wasteful. Ray. SLATTERN Slat"tern, n. Defn: A woman who is negligent of her dress or house; one who is not neat and nice. SLATTERN Slat"tern, a. Defn: Resembling a slattern; sluttish; slatterny. "The slattern air." Gay. SLATTERN Slat"tern, v. t. Defn: To consume carelessly or wastefully; to waste; -- with away. [R.] Chesterfield. SLATTERNLINESS Slat"tern*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being slatternly; slovenliness; untidiness. SLATTERNLY Slat"tern*ly, a. Defn: Resembling a slattern; sluttish; negligent; dirty. -- adv. Defn: In a slatternly manner. SLATTERPOUCH Slat"ter*pouch`, n. Defn: A dance or game played by boys, requiring active exercise. [Obs.] Gayton. SLATTING Slat"ting, Defn: Slats, collectively. SLATTING Slat"ting, n. Defn: The violent shaking or flapping of anything hanging loose in the wind, as of a sail, when being hauled down. SLATY Slat"y, a. Etym: [From Slate.] Defn: Resembling slate; having the nature, appearance, or properties, of slate; composed of thin parallel plates, capable of being separated by splitting; as, a slaty color or texture. Slaty cleavage (Min.), cleavage, as of rocks, into thin leaves or plates, like those of slate; -- applied especially to those cases in which the planes of cleavage are not parallel to the planes of stratification. It is now believed to be caused by the compression which the strata have undergone. -- Slaty gneiss (Min.), a variety of gneiss in which the scales of mica or crystals of hornblende, which are usually minute, form thin laminæ, rendering the rock easily cleavable. SLAUGHTER Slaugh"ter, n. Etym: [OE. slautir, slaughter, slaghter, Icel. slatr slain flesh, modified by OE. slaught, slaht, slaughter, fr. AS. sleaht a stroke, blow; both from the root of E. slay. See Slay, v. t., and cf. Onslaught.] Defn: The act of killing. Specifically: (a) The extensive, violent, bloody, or wanton destruction of life; carnage. On war and mutual slaughter bent. Milton. (b) The act of killing cattle or other beasts for market. Syn. -- Carnage; massacre; butchery; murder; havoc. SLAUGHTER Slaugh"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slaughtered; p. pr. & vb. n. Slaughtering.] 1. To visit with great destruction of life; to kill; to slay in battle. Your castle is surprised; your wife and babes Savagely slaughtered. Shak. 2. To butcher; to kill for the market, as beasts. SLAUGHTERER Slaugh"ter*er, n. Defn: One who slaughters. SLAUGHTERHOUSE Slaugh"ter*house`, n. Defn: A house where beasts are butchered for the market. SLAUGHTERMAN Slaugh"ter*man, n.; pl. Slaughtermen (. Defn: One employed in slaughtering. Shak. SLAUGHTEROUS Slaugh"ter*ous, a. Defn: Destructive; murderous. Shak. M. Arnold. -- Slaugh"ter*ous*ly, adv. SLAV Slav, n.;pl. Slavs. Etym: [A word originally meaning, intelligible, and used to contrast the people so called with foreigners who spoke languages unintelligible to the Slavs; akin to OSlav. slovo a word, slava fame, Skr. çru to hear. Cf. Loud.] (Ethnol.) Defn: One of a race of people occupying a large part of Eastern and Northern Europe, including the Russians, Bulgarians, Roumanians, Servo-Croats, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Wends or Sorbs, Slovaks, etc. [Written also Slave, and Sclav.] SLAVE Slave, n. Defn: See Slav. SLAVE Slave, n. Etym: [Cf. F. esclave, D. slaaf, Dan. slave, sclave, Sw. slaf, all fr. G. sklave, MHG. also slave, from the national name of the Slavonians, or Sclavonians (in LL. Slavi or Sclavi), who were frequently made slaves by the Germans. See Slav.] 1. A person who is held in bondage to another; one who is wholly subject to the will of another; one who is held as a chattel; one who has no freedom of action, but whose person and services are wholly under the control of another. thou our slave, Our captive, at the public mill our drudge Milton. 2. One who has lost the power of resistance; one who surrenders himself to any power whatever; as, a slave to passion, to lust, to strong drink, to ambition. 3. A drudge; one who labors like a slave. 4. An abject person; a wretch. Shak. Slave ant (Zoöl.), any species of ants which is captured and enslaved by another species, especially Formica fusca of Europe and America, which is commonly enslaved by Formica sanguinea. -- Slave catcher, one who attempted to catch and bring back a fugitive slave to his master. -- Slave coast, part of the western coast of Africa to which slaves were brought to be sold to foreigners. -- Slave driver, one who superintends slaves at their work; hence, figuratively, a cruel taskmaster. -- Slave hunt. (a) A search after persons in order to reduce them to slavery. Barth. (b) A search after fugitive slaves, often conducted with bloodhounds. -- Slave ship, a vessel employed in the slave trade or used for transporting slaves; a slaver. -- Slave trade, the busines of dealing in slaves, especially of buying them for transportation from their homes to be sold elsewhere. -- Slave trader, one who traffics in slaves. Syn. -- Bond servant; bondman; bondslave; captive; henchman; vassal; dependent; drudge. See Serf. SLAVE Slave, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slaved; p. pr. & vb. n. Slaving.] Defn: To drudge; to toil; to labor as a slave. SLAVE Slave, v. t. Defn: To enslave. Marston. SLAVEBORN Slave"born`, a. Defn: Born in slavery. SLAVEHOLDER Slave"hold`er, n. Defn: One who holds slaves. SLAVEHOLDING Slave"hold`ing, a. Defn: Holding persons in slavery. SLAVEOCRACY Slave*oc"ra*cy, n. Defn: See Slavocracy. SLAVER Slav"er, n. 1. A vessel engaged in the slave trade; a slave ship. 2. A person engaged in the purchase and sale of slaves; a slave merchant, or slave trader. The slaver's hand was on the latch, He seemed in haste to go. Longfellow. SLAVER Slav"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slavered; p. pr. & vb. n. Slavering.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. slafra. See Slabber.] 1. To suffer spittle, etc., to run from the mouth. 2. To be besmeared with saliva. Shak. SLAVER Slav"er, v. t. Defn: To smear with saliva issuing from the mouth; to defile with drivel; to slabber. SLAVER Slav"er, n. Defn: Saliva driveling from the mouth. Of all mad creatures, if the learned are right, It is the slaver kills, and not the bite. Pope. SLAVERER Slav"er*er, n. Defn: A driveler; an idiot. SLAVERING Slav"er*ing, a. Defn: Drooling; defiling with saliva. -- Slav"er*ing*ly, adv. SLAVERY Slav"er*y, n.; pl. Slaveries. Etym: [See 2d Slave.] 1. The condition of a slave; the state of entire subjection of one person to the will of another. Disguise thyself as thou wilt, still, slavery, said I, still thou art a bitter draught! Sterne. I wish, from my soul, that the legislature of this state [Virginia] could see the policy of a gradual abolition of slavery. It might prevent much future mischief. Washington. 2. A condition of subjection or submission characterized by lack of freedom of action or of will. The vulgar slaveries rich men submit to. C. Lever. There is a slavery that no legislation can abolish, -- the slavery of caste. G. W. Cable. 3. The holding of slaves. Syn. -- Bondage; servitude; inthrallment; enslavement; captivity; bond service; vassalage. SLAVEY Slav"ey, n. Defn: A maidservant. [Colloq. & Jocose Eng.] SLAVIC Slav"ic, a. Defn: Slavonic. -- n. Defn: The group of allied languages spoken by the Slavs. SLAVISH Slav"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to slaves; such as becomes or befits a slave; servile; excessively laborious; as, a slavish life; a slavish dependance on the great. -- Slav"ish*ly, adv. -- Slav"ish*ness, n. SLAVISM Slav"ism, n. Defn: The common feeling and interest of the Slavonic race. SLAVOCRACY Slav*oc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Slave + -cracy, as in democracy.] Defn: The persons or interest formerly representing slavery politically, or wielding political power for the preservation or advancement of slavery. [U. S.] SLAVONIAN; SLAVONIC Sla*vo"ni*an, Sla*von"ic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to Slavonia, or its inhabitants. 2. Of or pertaining to the Slavs, or their language. SLAVONIAN Sla*vo"ni*an, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Slavonia; ethnologically, a Slav. SLAVOPHIL; SLAVOPHILE Slav"o*phil, Slav"o*phile, n. Etym: [Slavic + Gr. Defn: One, not being a Slav, who is interested in the development and prosperity of that race. SLAW Slaw, n. Etym: [D. sla, contr. fr. salade, OD. salaet, salad. See Salad.] Defn: Sliced cabbage served as a salad, cooked or uncooked. SLAW; SLAWEN Slaw, Slaw"en, obs. Defn: p. p. of Slee, to slay. With a sword drawn out he would have slaw himself. Wyclif (Acts xvi. 27.) SLAY Slay, v. t. [imp. Slew; p. p. Slain; p. pr. & vb. n. Slaying.] Etym: [OE. slan, sl, sleen, slee, AS. sleán to strike, beat, slay; akin to OFries. sla, D. slaan, OS. & OHG. slahan, G. schlagen, Icel. sla, Dan. slaae, Sw. sl, Goth. slahan; perhaps akin to L. lacerare to tear to pieces, Gr. lacerate. Cf. Slaughter, Sledge a hammer, Sley.] Defn: To put to death with a weapon, or by violence; hence, to kill; to put an end to; to destroy. With this sword then will I slay you both. Chaucer. I will slay the last of them with the sword. Amos ix. 1. I'll slay more gazers than the basilisk. Shak. Syn. -- To kill; murder; slaughter; butcher. SLAYER Slay"er, n. Defn: One who slays; a killer; a murderer; a destrroyer of life. SLAZY Sla"zy, a. Defn: See Sleazy. SLE Sle, v. t. Defn: To slay. [Obs.] Chaucer. SLEAVE Sleave, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. slöif, a knot loop, Sw. slejf, G. schleife a knot, silding knot, and E. slip, v.i.] (a) The knotted or entangled part of silk or thread. (b) Silk not yet twisted; floss; -- called also sleave silk. Sleep that knits up the ravell'd sleave of care. Shak. SLEAVE Sleave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sleaved; p. pr. & vb. n. Sleaving.] Defn: To separate, as threads; to divide, as a collection of threads; to sley; -- a weaver's term. SLEAVED Sleaved, a. Defn: Raw; not spun or wrought; as, sleaved thread or silk. Holinshed. SLEAZINESS Slea"zi*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being sleazy. SLEAZY Slea"zy, a. Etym: [Cf. G. schleissig worn out, threadbare, from schleissen to slit, split, decay, or E. leasy.] Defn: Wanting firmness of texture or substance; thin; flimsy; as, sleazy silk or muslin. [Spelt also slazy.] SLED Sled, n. Etym: [Akin to D. slede, G. schlitten, OHG. slito, Icel. sle, Sw. släde, Dan. sl, and E. slide, v. See Slide, and cf. Sledge a vehicle, Sleigh.] 1. A vehicle on runners, used for conveying loads over the snow or ice; -- in England called sledge. 2. A small, light vehicle with runners, used, mostly by young persons, for sliding on snow or ice. SLED Sled, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sledded; p. pr. & vb. n. Sledding.] Defn: To convey or transport on a sled; as, to sled wood or timber. SLEDDING Sled"ding, n. 1. The act of transporting or riding on a sled. 2. The state of the snow which admits of the running of sleds; as, the sledding is good. SLEDGE Sledge, n. Etym: [Perhaps from sleds, pl. of sled, confused with sledge a hammer. See Sled, n.] 1. A strong vehicle with low runners or low wheels; or one without wheels or runners, made of plank slightly turned up at one end, used for transporting loads upon the snow, ice, or bare ground; a sled. 2. A hurdle on which, formerly, traitors were drawn to the place of execution. [Eng.] Sir W. Scott. 3. A sleigh. [Eng.] 4. A game at cards; -- called also old sledge, and all fours. SLEDGE Sledge, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Sledged; p. pr. & vb. n. Sledging.] Defn: To travel or convey in a sledge or sledges. Howitt. SLEDGE Sledge, n. Etym: [AS. slecge,from sleán to strike, beat. See Slay, v. t.] Defn: A large, heavy hammer, usually wielded with both hands; -- called also sledge hammer. With his heavy sledge he can it beat. Spenser. SLEE Slee, v. t. Etym: [See Slay.] Defn: To slay. [Obs.] Chaucer. SLEEK Sleek, a. [Compar. Sleeker; superl. Sleekest.] Etym: [OE. slik; akin to Icel. slikr, and OE. sliken to glide, slide, G. schleichen, OHG. slihhan, D. slik, slijk, mud, slime, and E. slink. Cf. Slick, Slink.] 1. Having an even, smooth surface; smooth; hence, glossy; as, sleek hair. Chaucer. So sleek her skin, so faultless was her make. Dryden. 2. Not rough or harsh. Those rugged names to our like mouths grow sleek. Milton. SLEEK Sleek, adv. Defn: With ease and dexterity. [Low] SLEEK Sleek, n. Defn: That which makes smooth; varnish. [R.] SLEEK Sleek, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sleeked;p. pr. & vb. n. Sleeking.] Defn: To make even and smooth; to render smooth, soft, and glossy; to smooth over. Sleeking her soft alluring locks. Milton. Gentle, my lord, sleek o'er your rugged looks. Shak. SLEEKLY Sleek"ly, adv. Defn: In a sleek manner; smoothly. SLEEKNESS Sleek"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sleek; smoothness and glossiness of surface. SLEEKY Sleek"y, a. 1. Of a sleek, or smooth, and glossy appearance. Thomson. 2. Fawning and deceitful; sly. [Scot.] SLEEP Sleep, obs. Defn: imp. of Sleep. Slept. Chaucer. SLEEP Sleep, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slept; p. pr. & vb. n. Sleeping.] Etym: [OE. slepen, AS. sl; akin to OFries. sl, OS. slapan, D. slapen, OHG. slafan, G. schlafen, Goth. sl, and G. schlaff slack, loose, and L. labi to glide, slide, labare to totter. Cf. Lapse.] 1. To take rest by a suspension of the voluntary exercise of the powers of the body and mind, and an apathy of the organs of sense; to slumber. Chaucer. Watching at the head of these that sleep. Milton. 2. Figuratively: (a) To be careless, inattentive, or uncouncerned; not to be vigilant; to live thoughtlessly. We sleep over our happiness. Atterbury. (b) To be dead; to lie in the grave. Them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with him. 1 Thess. iv. 14. (c) To be, or appear to be, in repose; to be quiet; to be unemployed, unused, or unagitated; to rest; to lie dormant; as, a question sleeps for the present; the law sleeps. How sweet the moonlight sleep upon this bank! Shak. SLEEP Sleep, v. t. 1. To be slumbering in; -- followed by a cognate object; as, to sleep a dreamless sleep. Tennyson. 2. To give sleep to; to furnish with accomodations for sleeping; to lodge. [R.] Blackw. Mag. To sleep away, to spend in sleep; as, to sleep away precious time. -- To sleep off, to become free from by sleep; as, to sleep off drunkeness or fatigue. SLEEP Sleep, n. Etym: [AS. sl; akin to OFries. sl, OS. slap, D. slaap, OHG. slaf, G. schlaf, Goth. sl. See Sleep, v. i.] Defn: A natural and healthy, but temporary and periodical, suspension of the functions of the organs of sense, as well as of those of the voluntary and rational soul; that state of the animal in which there is a lessened acuteness of sensory perception, a confusion of ideas, and a loss of mental control, followed by a more or less unconscious state. "A man that waketh of his sleep." Chaucer. O sleep, thou ape of death. Shak. Note: Sleep is attended by a relaxation of the muscles, and the absence of voluntary activity for any rational objects or purpose. The pulse is slower, the respiratory movements fewer in number but more profound, and there is less blood in the cerebral vessels. It is susceptible of greater or less intensity or completeness in its control of the powers. Sleep of plants (Bot.), a state of plants, usually at night, when their leaflets approach each other, and the flowers close and droop, or are covered by the folded leaves. Syn. -- Slumber; repose; rest; nap; doze; drowse. SLEEP-AT-NOON Sleep"-at-noon", n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Tragopogon pratensis) which closes its flowers at midday; a kind of goat's beard. Dr. Prior. SLEEP-CHARGED Sleep"-charged`, a. Defn: Heavy with sleep. SLEEPER Sleep"er, n. 1. One who sleeps; a slumberer; hence, a drone, or lazy person. 2. That which lies dormant, as a law. [Obs.] Bacon. 3. A sleeping car. [Colloq. U.S.] 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal that hibernates, as the bear. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) A large fresh-water gobioid fish (Eleotris dormatrix). (b) A nurse shark. See under Nurse. SLEEPER Sleep"er, n. Etym: [Cf. Norw. sleip a sleeper (a timber), as adj., slippery, smooth. See Slape.] Defn: Something lying in a reclining posture or position. Specifically: -- (a) One of the pieces of timber, stone, or iron, on or near the level of the ground, for the support of some superstructure, to steady framework, to keep in place the rails of a railway, etc.; a stringpiece. (b) One of the joists, or roughly shaped timbers, laid directly upon the ground, to receive the flooring of the ground story. [U.S.] (c) (Naut.) One of the knees which connect the transoms to the after timbers on the ship's quarter. (d) (Naut. ) The lowest, or bottom, tier of casks. SLEEPFUL Sleep"ful, a. Defn: Strongly inclined to sleep; very sleepy. -- Sleep"ful*ness, n. SLEEPILY Sleep"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a sleepy manner; drowsily. SLEEPINESS Sleep"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sleepy. SLEEPING Sleep"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Sleep. Sleeping car, a railway car or carrriage, arranged with apartments and berths for sleeping. -- Sleeping partner (Com.), a dormant partner. See under Dormant. -- Sleeping table (Mining), a stationary inclined platform on which pulverized ore is washed; a kind of buddle. SLEEPISH Sleep"ish, a. Defn: Disposed to sleep; sleepy; drowsy. Your sleepish, and more than sleepish, security. Ford. SLEEPLESS Sleep"less, a. 1. Having no sleep; wakeful. 2. Having no rest; perpetually agitated. "Biscay's sleepless bay." Byron. -- Sleep"less*ly, adv. -- Sleep"less*ness, n. SLEEPMARKEN Sleep"mark`en, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See 1st Hag, 4. SLEEPWAKER Sleep"wak`er, n. Defn: On in a state of magnetic or mesmeric sleep. SLEEPWAKING Sleep"wak`ing, n. Defn: The state of one mesmerized, or in a partial and morbid sleep. SLEEPWALKER Sleep"walk`er, n. Defn: One who walks in his sleep; a somnambulist. SLEEPWALKING Sleep"walk`ing, n. Defn: Walking in one's sleep. SLEEPY Sleep"y, a. [Compar. Sleepier; superl. Sleepiest.] Etym: [AS. sl. See Sleep, n.] 1. Drowsy; inclined to, or overcome by, sleep. Shak. She waked her sleepy crew. Dryden. 2. Tending to induce sleep; soporiferous; somniferous; as, a sleepy drink or potion. Chaucer. 3. Dull; lazy; heavy; sluggish. Shak. 'Tis not sleepy business; But must be looked to speedily and strongly. Shak. 4. Characterized by an absence of watchfulness; as, sleepy security. Sleepy duck (Zoöl.), the ruddy duck. SLEEPYHEAD Sleep"y*head`, n. 1. A sleepy person. To bed, to bed, says Sleepyhead. Mother Goose. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ruddy duck. SLEER Sle"er, n. Defn: A slayer. [Obs.] Chaucer. SLEET Sleet, n. (Gun.) Defn: The part of a mortar extending from the chamber to the trunnions. SLEET Sleet, n. Etym: [OE. sleet; akin to MHG. sl, sl hailstone, G. schlosse; of uncertain origin.] Defn: Hail or snow, mingled with rain, usually falling, or driven by the wind, in fine particles. SLEET Sleet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sleeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sleeting.] Defn: To snow or hail with a mixture of rain. SLEETCH Sleetch, n. Etym: [Cf. Slush, Slutch.] Defn: Mud or slime, such as that at the bottom of rivers. [Scot.] SLEETINESS Sleet"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being sleety. SLEETY Sleet"y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to sleet; characterized by sleet; as, a sleety storm; sleety weather. SLEEVE Sleeve, n. Defn: See Sleave, untwisted thread. SLEEVE Sleeve, n. Etym: [OE. sleeve, sleve, AS. sl, sl; akin to sl to put on, to clothe; cf. OD. sloove the turning up of anything, sloven to turn up one's sleeves, sleve a sleeve, G. schlaube a husk, pod.] 1. The part of a garment which covers the arm; as, the sleeve of a coat or a gown. Chaucer. 2. A narrow channel of water. [R.] The Celtic Sea, called oftentimes the Sleeve. Drayton. 3. (Mach.) (a) A tubular part made to cover, sustain, or steady another part, or to form a connection between two parts. (b) A long bushing or thimble, as in the nave of a wheel. (c) A short piece of pipe used for covering a joint, or forming a joint between the ends of two other pipes. Sleeve button, a detachable button to fasten the wristband or cuff. -- Sleeve links, two bars or buttons linked together, and used to fasten a cuff or wristband. -- To laugh in the sleeve, to laugh privately or unperceived, especially while apparently preserving a grave or serious demeanor toward the person or persons laughed at; that is, perhaps, originally, by hiding the face in the wide sleeves of former times. -- To pin, or hang, on the sleeve of, to be, or make, dependent upon. SLEEVE Sleeve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sleeved; p. pr. & vb. n. Sleeving.] Defn: To furnish with sleeves; to put sleeves into; as, to sleeve a coat. SLEEVED Sleeved, a. Defn: Having sleeves; furnished with sleeves; -- often in composition; as, long-sleeved. SLEEVEFISH Sleeve"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A squid. SLEEVEHAND Sleeve"hand`, n. Defn: The part of a sleeve nearest the hand; a cuff or wristband. [Obs.] Shak. SLEEVELESS Sleeve"less, a. Etym: [AS. sl.] 1. Having no sleeves. 2. Wanting a cover, pretext, or palliation; unreasonable; profitless; bootless; useless. [Obs.] Shak. The vexation of a sleeveless errand. Bp. Warburton. SLEID Sleid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sleided; p. pr. & vb. n. Sleiding.] Etym: [See Sley.] Defn: To sley, or prepare for use in the weaver's sley, or slaie. Shak. SLEIGH Sleigh, a. Defn: Sly. [Obs.] Chaucer. SLEIGH Sleigh, n. Etym: [Cf. D. & LG. slede, slee, Icel. sle. See Sled.] Defn: A vehicle moved on runners, and used for transporting persons or goods on snow or ice; -- in England commonly called a sledge. Sleigh bell, a small bell attached either to a horse when drawing a slegh, or to the sleigh itself; especially a globular bell with a loose ball which plays inside instead of a clapper. SLEIGHING Sleigh"ing, n. 1. The act of riding in a sleigh. 2. The state of the snow or ice which admits of running sleighs. SLEIGHT Sleight, n. Etym: [OE. sleighte, sleihte, sleithe, Icel. sl (for sl) slyness, cunning, fr. sl (for sl) sly, cunning. See Sly.] 1. Cunning; craft; artful practice. [Obs.] "His sleight and his covin." Chaucer. 2. An artful trick; sly artifice; a feat so dexterous that the manner of performance escapes observation. The world hath many subtle sleights. Latimer. 3. Dexterous practice; dexterity; skill. Chaucer. "The juggler's sleight." Hudibras. Sleight of hand, legerdemain; prestidigitation. SLEIGHTFUL Sleight"ful, a. Defn: Cunning; dexterous. [Obs.] SLEIGHTLY Sleight"ly, adv. Defn: Cunningly. [Obs.] Huloet. SLEIGHTY Sleight"y, a. Defn: Cunning; sly. [Obs.] Huloet. SLENDER Slen"der, a. [Compar. Slenderer; superl. Slenderest.] Etym: [OE. slendre, sclendre, fr. OD. slinder thin, slender, perhaps through a French form; cf. OD. slinderen, slidderen, to creep; perh. akin to E. slide.] 1. Small or narrow in proportion to the length or the height; not thick; slim; as, a slender stem or stalk of a plant. "A slender, choleric man." Chaucer. She, as a veil down to the slender waist, Her unadorned golden tresses wore. Milton. 2. Weak; feeble; not strong; slight; as, slender hope; a slender constitution. Mighty hearts are held in slender chains. Pope. They have inferred much from slender premises. J. H. Newman. The slender utterance of the consonants. J. Byrne. 3. Moderate; trivial; inconsiderable; slight; as, a man of slender intelligence. A slender degree of patience will enable him to enjoy both the humor and the pathos. Sir W. Scott. 4. Small; inadequate; meager; pitiful; as, slender means of support; a slender pittance. Frequent begging makes slender alms. Fuller. 5. Spare; abstemious; frugal; as, a slender diet. The good Ostorius often deigned To grace my slender table with his presence. Philips. 6. (Phon.) Defn: Uttered with a thin tone; -- the opposite of broad; as, the slender vowels long e and i. -- Slen"der*ly, adv. -- Slen"der*ness, n. SLENT Slent, n. & v. Defn: See Slant. [Obs.] SLEP Slep, obs. Defn: imp. of Sleep. Slept. Chaucer. SLEPEZ Sle*pez", n. Etym: [Russ. sliepets'.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A burrowing rodent (Spalax typhlus), native of Russia and Asia Minor. It has the general appearance of a mole, and is destitute of eyes. Called also mole rat. SLEPT Slept, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Sleep. SLEUTH Sleuth, n. Etym: [Icel. sloedh. See Slot a track.] Defn: The track of man or beast as followed by the scent. [Scot.] Halliwell. SLEUTHHOUND Sleuth"hound`, n. Etym: [See Sleuth, and cf. Slothound.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A hound that tracks animals by the scent; specifically, a bloodhound. [Spelt variously slouthhound, sluthhound, etc.] SLEW Slew, Defn: imp. of Slay. SLEW Slew, v. t. Defn: See Slue. SLEWED Slewed, a. Defn: Somewhat drunk. [Slang] SLEWTH Slewth, n. Defn: Sloth; idleness. [Obs.] Chaucer. SLEY Sley, n. Etym: [AS. sl, fr. sleán to strike. See Slay, v. t.] 1. A weaver's reed. [Spelt also slaie.] 2. A guideway in a knitting machine. Knight. SLEY Sley, v. t. Defn: To separate or part the threads of, and arrange them in a reed; -- a term used by weavers. See Sleave, and Sleid. SLIBBER Slib"ber, a. Defn: Slippery. [Obs.] Holland. SLICE Slice, n. Etym: [OE. slice, sclice, OF. esclice, from esclicier, esclichier, to break to pieces, of German origin; cf. OHG. slizan to split, slit, tear, G. schleissen to slit. See Slit, v. t.] 1. A thin, broad piece cut off; as, a slice of bacon; a slice of cheese; a slice of bread. 2. That which is thin and broad, like a slice. Specifically: (a) A broad, thin piece of plaster. (b) A salver, platter, or tray. [Obs.] (c) A knife with a thin, broad blade for taking up or serving fish; also, a spatula for spreading anything, as paint or ink. (d) A plate of iron with a handle, forming a kind of chisel, or a spadelike implement, variously proportioned, and used for various purposes, as for stripping the planking from a vessel's side, for cutting blubber from a whale, or for stirring a fire of coals; a slice bar; a peel; a fire shovel. [Cant] (e) (Shipbuilding) One of the wedges by which the cradle and the ship are lifted clear of the building blocks to prepare for launching. (f) (Printing) A removable sliding bottom to galley. Slice bar, a kind of fire iron resembling a poker, with a broad, flat end, for stirring a fire of coals, and clearing it and the grate bars from clinkers, ashes, etc.; a slice. SLICE Slice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sliced; p. pr. & vb. n. Slicing.] 1. To cut into thin pieces, or to cut off a thin, broad piece from. 2. To cut into parts; to divide. 3. To clear by means of a slice bar, as a fire or the grate bars of a furnace. SLICER Sli"cer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, slices; specifically, the circular saw of the lapidary. SLICH; SLICK Slich, Slick, n. (Metal.) Defn: See Schlich. SLICK Slick, a. Etym: [See Sleek.] Defn: Sleek; smooth. "Both slick and dainty." Chapman. SLICK Slick, v. t. Defn: To make sleek or smoth. "Slicked all with sweet oil." Chapman. SLICK Slick, n. (Joinery) Defn: A wide paring chisel. SLICKEN Slick"en, a. Defn: Sleek; smooth. [Prov. Eng.] SLICKENS Slick"ens, n. Etym: [Cf. Slick, n.] (Mining) Defn: The pulverized matter from a quartz mill, or the lighter soil of hydraulic mines. [Local, U. S.] SLICKENSIDES Slick"en*sides`, n. 1. The smooth, striated, or partially polished surfaces of a fissure or seam, supposed to have been produced by the sliding of one surface on another. 2. A variety of galena found in Derbyshire, England. SLICKER Slick"er, n. Defn: That which makes smooth or sleek. Specifically: (a) A kind of burnisher for leather. (b) (Founding) A curved tool for smoothing the surfaces of a mold after the withdrawal of the pattern. SLICKER Slick"er, n. Defn: A waterproof coat. [Western U.S.] SLICKING Slick"ing, n. 1. The act or process of smoothing. 2. pl. (Min.) Defn: Narrow veins of ore. SLICKNESS Slick"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being slick; smoothness; sleekness. SLID Slid, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Slide. SLIDDEN Slid"den, Defn: p. p. of Slide. SLIDDER Slid"der, v. t. Etym: [AS. sliderian. See Slide, v. t.] Defn: To slide with interruption. [Obs.] Dryden. SLIDDER; SLIDDERLY; SLIDDERY Slid"der, Slid"der*ly, Slid"der*y, a. Etym: [AS. slidor. See Slide, v. t.] Defn: Slippery. [Obs.] To a drunk man the way is slidder. Chaucer. SLIDE Slide, v. t. [imp. Slid; p. p. Slidden, Slid; p. pr. & vb. n. Slidding.] Etym: [OE. sliden, AS. slidan; akin to MHG. sliten, also to AS. slidor slippery, E. sled, Lith. slidus slippery. Cf. Sled.] 1. To move along the surface of any body by slipping, or without walking or rolling; to slip; to glide; as, snow slides down the mountain's side. 2. Especially, to move over snow or ice with a smooth, uninterrupted motion, as on a sled moving by the force of gravity, or on the feet. They bathe in summer, and in winter slide. Waller. 3. To pass inadvertently. Beware thou slide not by it. Ecclus. xxviii. 26. 4. To pass along smoothly or unobservedly; to move gently onward without friction or hindrance; as, a ship or boat slides through the water. Ages shall slide away without perceiving. Dryden. Parts answering parts shall slide into a whole. Pope. 5. To slip when walking or standing; to fall. Their foot shall slide in due time. Deut. xxxii. 35. 6. (Mus.) Defn: To pass from one note to another with no perceptible cassation of sound. 7. To pass out of one's thought as not being of any consequence. [Obs. or Colloq.] With good hope let he sorrow slide. Chaucer. With a calm carelessness letting everything slide. Sir P. Sidney. SLIDE Slide, v. t. 1. To cause to slide; to thrust along; as, to slide one piece of timber along another. 2. To pass or put imperceptibly; to slip; as, to slide in a word to vary the sense of a question. SLIDE Slide, n. Etym: [AS. slide.] 1. The act of sliding; as, a slide on the ice. 2. Smooth, even passage or progress. A better slide into their business. Bacon. 3. That on which anything moves by sliding. Specifically: (a) An inclined plane on which heavy bodies slide by the force of gravity, esp. one constructed on a mountain side for conveying logs by sliding them down. (b) A surface of ice or snow on which children slide for amusement. 4. That which operates by sliding. Specifically: (a) A cover which opens or closes an aperture by sliding over it. (b) (Mach.) A moving piece which is guided by a part or parts along which it slides. (c) A clasp or brooch for a belt, or the like. 5. A plate or slip of glass on which is a picture or delineation to be exhibited by means of a magic lantern, stereopticon, or the like; a plate on which is an object to be examined with a microscope. 6. The descent of a mass of earth, rock, or snow down a hill or mountain side; as, a land slide, or a snow slide; also, the track of bare rock left by a land slide. 7. (Geol.) Defn: A small dislocation in beds of rock along a line of fissure. Dana. 8. (Mus.) (a) A grace consisting of two or more small notes moving by conjoint degrees, and leading to a principal note either above or below. (b) An apparatus in the trumpet and trombone by which the sounding tube is lengthened and shortened so as to produce the tones between the fundamental and its harmonics. 9. (Phonetics) Defn: A sound which, by a gradual change in the position of the vocal organs, passes imperceptibly into another sound. 10. (Steam Engine) (a) Same as Guide bar, under Guide. (b) A slide valve. Slide box (Steam Engine), a steam chest. See under Steam. -- Slide lathe, an engine lathe. See under Lathe. -- Slide rail, a transfer table. See under Transfer. -- Slide rest (Turning lathes), a contrivance for holding, moving, and guiding, the cutting tool, made to slide on ways or guides by screws or otherwise, and having compound motion. -- Slide rule, a mathematical instrument consisting of two parts, one of which slides upon the other, for the mechanical performance of addition and subtraction, and, by means of logarithmic scales, of multiplication and division. -- Slide valve. (a) Any valve which opens and closes a passageway by sliding over a port. (b) A particular kind of sliding valve, often used in steam engines for admitting steam to the piston and releasing it, alternately, having a cuplike cavity in its face, through which the exhaust steam passes. It is situated in the steam chest, and moved by the valve gear. It is sometimes called a D valve, -- a name which is also applied to a semicylindrical pipe used as a sliding valve. In the illustration, a is the cylinder of a steam engine, in which plays the piston p; b the steam chest, receiving its supply from the pipe i, and containing the slide valve s, which is shown as admitting steam to one end of the cylinder through the port e, and opening communication between the exhaust passage f and the port c, for the release of steam from the opposite end of the cylinder. SLIDEGROAT Slide"groat, n. Defn: The game of shovelboard. [Obs.] SLIDER Slid"er, a. Defn: See Slidder. [Obs.] Chaucer. SLIDER Slid"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, slides; especially, a sliding part of an instrument or machine. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The red-bellied terrapin (Pseudemys rugosa). [Local, U. S. ] Slider pump, a form of rotary pump. SLIDEWAY Slide"way`, n. Defn: A way along which something slides. SLIDING Slid"ing, a. 1. That slides or slips; gliding; moving smoothly. 2. Slippery; elusory. [Obs.] That sliding science hath me made so bare. Chaucer. Sliding friction (Mech.), the resistance one body meets with in sliding along the surface of another, as distinguished from rolling friction. -- Sliding gunter (Naut.), a topmast arranged with metallic fittings so as to be hoisted and lowered by means of halyards. -- Sliding keel (Naut), a movable keel, similar to a centeboard. -- Sliding pair. (Mech.) See the Note under Pair, n., 7. -- Sliding rule. Same as Slide rule, under Slide, n. -- Sliding scale. (a) A scale for raising or lowering imposts in proportion to the fall or rise of prices. (b) A variable scale of wages or of prices. (c) A slide rule. -- Sliding ways (Naut.), the timber guides used in launching a vessel. SLIDOMETER Sli*dom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Slide + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for indicating and recording shocks to railway cars occasioned by sudden stopping. SLIGHT Slight, n. Defn: Sleight. Spenser. SLIGHT Slight, v. t. Etym: [Cf. D. slechten to level, to demolish.] 1. To overthrow; to demolish. [Obs.] Clarendon. 2. To make even or level. [Obs.] Hexham. 3. To throw heedlessly. [Obs.] The rogue slighted me into the river. Shak. SLIGHT Slight, a. [Compar. Slighter; superl. Slightest.] Etym: [OE. sli, sleght, probably from OD. slicht, slecht, simple, plain, D. slecht; akin to OFries. sliucht, G. schlecht, schlicht, OHG. sleht smooth, simple, Icel. sl smooth, Sw. slät, Goth. slaíhts; or uncertain origin.] 1. Not decidedly marked; not forcible; inconsiderable; unimportant; insignificant; not severe; weak; gentle; -- applied in a great variety of circumstances; as, a slight (i. e., feeble) effort; a slight (i. e., perishable) structure; a slight (i. e., not deep) impression; a slight (i. e., not convincing) argument; a slight (i. e., not thorough) examination; slight (i. e., not severe) pain, and the like. "At one slight bound." Milton. Slight is the subject, but not so the praise. Pope. Some firmly embrace doctrines upon slight grounds. Locke. 2. Not stout or heavy; slender. His own figure, which was formerly so slight. Sir W. Scott. 3. Foolish; silly; weak in intellect. Hudibras. SLIGHT Slight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Slighting.] Defn: To disregard, as of little value and unworthy of notice; to make light of; as, to slight the divine commands. Milton. The wretch who slights the bounty of the skies. Cowper. To slight off, to treat slightingly; to drive off; to remove. [R.] -- To slight over, to run over in haste; to perform superficially; to treat carelessly; as, to slight over a theme. "They will but slight it over." Bacon. Syn. -- To neglect; disregard; disdain; scorn. -- Slight, Neglect. To slight is stronger than to neglect. We may neglect a duty or person from inconsiderateness, or from being over- occupied in other concerns. To slight is always a positive and intentional act, resulting from feelings of dislike or contempt. We ought to put a kind construction on what appears neglect on the part of a friend; but when he slights us, it is obvious that he is our friend no longer. Beware . . . lest the like befall . . . If they transgress and slight that sole command. Milton. This my long-sufferance, and my day of grace, Those who neglect and scorn shall never taste. Milton. SLIGHT Slight, n. Defn: The act of slighting; the manifestation of a moderate degree of contempt, as by neglect or oversight; neglect; indignity. Syn. -- Neglect; disregard; inattention; contempt; disdain; scorn; disgrace; indignity; disparagement. SLIGHT Slight, adv. Defn: Slightly. [Obs. or Poetic] Think not so slight of glory. Milton. SLIGHTEN Slight"en, v. t. Defn: To slight. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SLIGHTER Slight"er, n. Defn: One who slights. SLIGHTFUL Slight"ful, a. Defn: See Sleightful. [Obs.] SLIGHTING Slight"ing, a. Defn: Characterized by neglect or disregard. SLIGHTINGLY Slight"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a slighting manner. SLIGHTLY Slight"ly, adv. 1. In a slight manner. 2. Slightingly; negligently. [Obs.] Shak. SLIGHTNESS Slight"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being slight; slenderness; feebleness; superficiality; also, formerly, negligence; indifference; disregard. SLIGHTY Slight"y, a. Defn: Slight. [Obs.] Echard. SLIK Slik, a. Etym: [See Such.] Defn: Such. [Obs. or Scot.] Note: Used by Chaucer as of the Northern dialect. SLIKENSIDES Slik"en*sides`, n. Defn: Same as Slickensides. SLILY Sli"ly, adv. Defn: See Slyly. South. SLIM Slim, a. [Compar. Slimmer; superl. Slimmest.] Etym: [Formerly, bad, worthless, weak, slight, awry, fr. D. slim; akin to G. schlimm, MHG. slimp oblique, awry; of uncertain origin. The meaning of the English word seems to have been influenced by slender.] 1. Worthless; bad. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 2. Weak; slight; unsubstantial; poor; as, a slim argument. "That was a slim excuse." Barrow. 3. Of small diameter or thickness in proportion to the height or length; slender; as, a slim person; a slim tree. Grose. SLIME Slime, n. Etym: [OE. slim, AS. slim; akin to D. slijm, G. schleim, MHG. slimen to make smooth, Icel. slim slime, Dan. sliim; cf. L. limare to file, polish, levis smooth, Gr. limus mud.] 1. Soft, moist earth or clay, having an adhesive quality; viscous mud. As it [Nilus] ebbs, the seedsman Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain. Shak. 2. Any mucilaginous substance; any substance of a dirty nature, that is moist, soft, and adhesive. 3. (Script.) Defn: Bitumen. [Archaic] Slime had they for mortar. Gen. xi. 3. 4. pl. (Mining) Defn: Mud containing metallic ore, obtained in the preparatory dressing. Pryce. 5. (Physiol.) Defn: A mucuslike substance which exudes from the bodies of certain animals. Goldsmith. Slime eel. (Zoöl.) See 1st Hag, 4. -- Slime pit, a pit for the collection of slime or bitumen. SLIME Slime, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slimed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sliming.] Defn: To smear with slime. Tennyson. SLIMILY Slim"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a slimy manner. SLIMINESS Slim"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being slimy. SLIMLY Slim"ly, adv. Defn: In a state of slimness; in a slim manner; slenderly. SLIMNESS Slim"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being slim. SLIMSY Slim"sy, a. Defn: Flimsy; frail. [Colloq. U.S.] SLIMY Slim"y, a. [Compar. Slimier; superl. Slimiest.] Defn: Of or pertaining to slime; resembling slime; of the nature of slime; viscous; glutinous; also, covered or daubed with slime; yielding, or abounding in, slime. Slimy things did crawl with legs Upon the slimy sea. Coleridge. SLINESS Sli"ness, n. Defn: See Slyness. SLING Sling, n. Etym: [OE. slinge; akin to OD. slinge, D. slinger, OHG. slinga; cf. OF. eslingue, of German origin. See Sling, v. t.] 1. An instrument for throwing stones or other missiles, consisting of a short strap with two strings fastened to its ends, or with a string fastened to one end and a light stick to the other. The missile being lodged in a hole in the strap, the ends of the string are taken in the hand, and the whole whirled rapidly round until, by loosing one end, the missile is let fly with centrifugal force. 2. The act or motion of hurling as with a sling; a throw; figuratively, a stroke. The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune. Shak. At one sling Of thy victorius arm, well-pleasing Son. Milton. 3. A contrivance for sustaining anything by suspension; as: (a) A kind of hanging bandage put around the neck, in which a wounded arm or hand is supported. (b) A loop of rope, or a rope or chain with hooks, for suspending a barrel, bale, or other heavy object, in hoisting or lowering. (c) A strap attached to a firearm, for suspending it from the shoulder. (d) (Naut.) A band of rope or iron for securing a yard to a mast; -- chiefly in the plural. Sling cart, a kind of cart used to transport cannon and their carriages, large stones, machines, etc., the objects transported being slung, or suspended by a chain attached to the axletree. -- Sling dog, one of a pair of iron hooks used as part of a sling. See def. 3 (b) above. SLING Sling, v. t. [imp. Slung, Archaic Slang (; p. p. Slung; p. pr. & vb. n. Slinging.] Etym: [AS. slingan; akin to D. slingeren, G. schlingen, to wind, to twist, to creep, OHG. slingan to wind, to twist, to move to and fro, Icel. slyngva, slöngva, to sling, Sw. slunga, Dan. slynge, Lith. slinkti to creep.] 1. To throw with a sling. "Every one could sling stones at an hairbreadth, and not miss." Judg. xx. 16. 2. To throw; to hurl; to cast. Addison. 3. To hang so as to swing; as, to sling a pack. 4. (Naut) Defn: To pass a rope round, as a cask, gun, etc., preparatory to attaching a hoisting or lowering tackle. SLING Sling, n. Etym: [Cf. G. schlingen to swallow.] Defn: A drink composed of spirit (usually gin) and water sweetened. sling. SLINGER Sling"er, n. Defn: One who slings, or uses a sling. SLINK Slink, v. t. [imp. Slunk, Archaic Slank (; p. p. Slunk; p. pr. & vb. n. Slinking.] Etym: [AS. slincan; probably akin to G. schleichen, E. sleek. See Sleek, a.] 1. To creep away meanly; to steal away; to sneak. "To slink away and hide." Tale of Beryn. Back to the thicket slunk The guilty serpent. Milton. There were some few who slank obliquely from them as they passed. Landor. 2. To miscarry; -- said of female beasts. SLINK Slink, v. t. Defn: To cast prematurely; -- said of female beasts; as, a cow that slinks her calf. SLINK Slink, a. 1. Produced prematurely; as, a slink calf. 2. Thin; lean. [Scot.] SLINK Slink, n. 1. The young of a beast brought forth prematurely, esp. a calf brought forth before its time. 2. A thievish fellow; a sneak. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SLINKY Slink"y, a. Defn: Thin; lank. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.] SLIP Slip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Slipping.] Etym: [OE. slippen; akin to LG. & D. slippen, MHG. slipfen (cf. Dan. slippe, Sw. slippa, Icel. sleppa), and fr. OE. slipen, AS. slipan (in comp.), akin to G. schleifen to slide, glide, drag, whet, OHG. slifan to slide, glide, make smooth, Icel. slipa to whet; cf. also AS. sl, Goth. sliupan, OS. slopian, OHG. sliofan, G. schliefen, schl, which seem to come from a somewhat different root form. Cf. Slope, n.] 1. To move along the surface of a thing without bounding, rolling, or stepping; to slide; to glide. 2. To slide; to lose one's footing or one's hold; not to tread firmly; as, it is necessary to walk carefully lest the foot should slip. 3. To move or fly (out of place); to shoot; -- often with out, off, etc.; as, a bone may slip out of its place. 4. To depart, withdraw, enter, appear, intrude, or escape as if by sliding; to go or come in a quiet, furtive manner; as, some errors slipped into the work. Thus one tradesman slips away, To give his partner fairer play. Prior. Thrice the flitting shadow slipped away. Dryden. 5. To err; to fall into error or fault. There is one that slippeth in his speech, but not from his heart. Ecclus. xix. 16. To let slip, to loose from the slip or noose, as a hound; to allow to escape. Cry, "Havoc," and let slip the dogs of war. Shak. SLIP Slip, v. t. 1. To cause to move smoothly and quickly; to slide; to convey gently or secretly. He tried to slip a powder into her drink. Arbuthnot. 2. To omit; to loose by negligence. And slip no advantage That my secure you. B. Jonson. 3. To cut slips from; to cut; to take off; to make a slip or slips of; as, to slip a piece of cloth or paper. The branches also may be slipped and planted. Mortimer. 4. To let loose in pursuit of game, as a greyhound. Lucento slipped me like his greyhound. Shak. 5. To cause to slip or slide off, or out of place; as, a horse slips his bridle; a dog slips his collar. 6. To bring forth (young) prematurely; to slink. To slip a cable. (Naut.) See under Cable. -- To slip off, to take off quickly; as, to slip off a coat. -- To slip on, to put on in haste or loosely; as, to slip on a gown or coat. SLIP Slip, n. Etym: [AS. slipe, slip.] 1. The act of slipping; as, a slip on the ice. 2. An unintentional error or fault; a false step. This good man's slip mended his pace to martyrdom. Fuller. 3. A twig separated from the main stock; a cutting; a scion; hence, a descendant; as, a slip from a vine. A native slip to us from foreign seeds. Shak. The girlish slip of a Sicilian bride. R. Browning. 4. A slender piece; a strip; as, a slip of paper. Moonlit slips of silver cloud. Tennyson. A thin slip of a girl, like a new moon Sure to be rounded into beauty soon. Longfellow. 5. A leash or string by which a dog is held; -- so called from its being made in such a manner as to slip, or become loose, by relaxation of the hand. We stalked over the extensive plains with Killbuck and Lena in the slips, in search of deer. Sir S. Baker. 6. An escape; a secret or unexpected desertion; as, to give one the slip. Shak. 7. (Print.) Defn: A portion of the columns of a newspaper or other work struck off by itself; a proof from a column of type when set up and in the galley. 8. Any covering easily slipped on. Specifically: (a) A loose garment worn by a woman. (b) A child's pinafore. (c) An outside covering or case; as, a pillow slip. (d) The slip or sheath of a sword, and the like. [R.] 9. A counterfeit piece of money, being brass covered with silver. [Obs.] Shak 10. Matter found in troughs of grindstones after the grinding of edge tools. [Prov. Eng.] Sir W. Petty. 11. Potter's clay in a very liquid state, used for the decoration of ceramic ware, and also as a cement for handless and other applied parts. 12. A particular quantity of yarn. [Prov. Eng.] 13. An inclined plane on which a vessel is built, or upon which it is hauled for repair. 14. An opening or space for vessels to lie in, between wharves or in a dock; as, Peck slip. [U. S.] 15. A narrow passage between buildings. [Eng.] 16. A long seat or narrow pew in churches, often without a door. [U. S.] 17. (Mining.) Defn: A dislocation of a lead, destroying continuity. Knight. 18. (Engin.) Defn: The motion of the center of resistance of the float of a paddle wheel, or the blade of an oar, through the water horozontally, or the difference between a vessel's actual speed and the speed which she would have if the propelling instrument acted upon a solid; also, the velocity, relatively to still water, of the backward current of water produced by the propeller. 19. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish, the sole. 20. (Cricket) Defn: A fielder stationed on the off side and to the rear of the batsman. There are usually two of them, called respectively short slip, and long slip. To give one the slip, to slip away from one; to elude one. -- Slip dock. See under Dock. -- Slip link (Mach.), a connecting link so arranged as to allow some play of the parts, to avoid concussion. -- Slip rope (Naut.), a rope by which a cable is secured preparatory to slipping. Totten. -- Slip stopper (Naut.), an arrangement for letting go the anchor suddenly. SLIPBOARD Slip"board`, n. Defn: A board sliding in grooves. SLIPCOAT CHEESE Slip"coat` cheese". Defn: A rich variety of new cheese, resembling butter, but white. Halliwell. SLIPES Slipes, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. Slip, v.] Defn: Sledge runners on which a skip is dragged in a mine. SLIPKNOT Slip"knot`, n. Defn: knot which slips along the rope or line around which it is made. SLIP-ON Slip"-on`, n. Defn: A kind of overcoat worn upon the shoulders in the manner of a cloak. [Scot.] SLIPPAGE Slip"page, n. Defn: The act of slipping; also, the amount of slipping. SLIPPER Slip"per, n. 1. One who, or that which, slips. 2. A kind of light shoe, which may be slipped on with ease, and worn in undress; a slipshoe. 3. A kind of apron or pinafore for children. 4. A kind of brake or shoe for a wagon wheel. 5. (Mach.) Defn: A piece, usually a plate, applied to a sliding piece, to receive wear and afford a means of adjustment; -- also called shoe, and gib. Slipper animalcule (Zoöl.), a ciliated infusorian of the genus Paramecium. -- Slipper flower.(Bot.) Slipperwort. -- Slipper limpet, or Slipper shell (Zoöl.), a boat shell. SLIPPER Slip"per, a. Etym: [AS. slipur.] Defn: Slippery. [Obs.] O! trustless state of earthly things, and slipper hope Of mortal men. Spenser. SLIPPERED Slip"pered, a. Defn: Wearing slippers. Shak. SLIPPERILY Slip"per*i*ly, adv. Defn: In a slippery manner. SLIPPERINESS Slip"per*i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being slippery. SLIPPERNESS Slip"per*ness, n. Defn: Slipperiness. [Obs.] SLIPPERWORT Slip"per*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Calceolaria. SLIPPERY Slip"per*y, a. Etym: [See Slipper, a.] 1. Having the quality opposite to adhesiveness; allowing or causing anything to slip or move smoothly, rapidly, and easily upon the surface; smooth; glib; as, oily substances render things slippery. 2. Not affording firm ground for confidence; as, a slippery promise. The slippery tops of human state. Cowley. 3. Not easily held; liable or apt to slip away. The slippery god will try to loose his hold. Dryden. 4. Liable to slip; not standing firm. Shak. 5. Unstable; changeable; mutable; uncertain; inconstant; fickle. "The slippery state of kings." Denham. 6. Uncertain in effect. L'Estrange. 7. Wanton; unchaste; loose in morals. Shak. Slippery elm. (Bot.) (a) An American tree (Ulmus fulva) with a mucilagenous and slightly aromatic inner bark which is sometimes used medicinally; also, the inner bark itself. (b) A malvaceous shrub (Fremontia Californica); -- so called on the Pacific coast. SLIPPINESS Slip"pi*ness, n. Defn: Slipperiness. [R.] "The slippiness of the way." Sir W. Scott. SLIPPY Slip"py, a. Etym: [AS. slipeg.] Defn: Slippery. SLIPSHOD Slip"shod`, a. 1. Wearing shoes or slippers down at the heel. The shivering urchin bending as he goes, With slipshod heels. Cowper. 2. Figuratively: Careless in dress, manners, style, etc.; slovenly; shuffling; as, slipshod manners; a slipshod or loose style of writing. Thy wit shall ne'er go slipshod. Shak. SLIPSHOE Slip"shoe`, n. Defn: A slipper. Halliwell. SLIPSKIN Slip"skin`, a. Defn: Evasive. [Obs.] Milton. SLIPSLOP Slip"slop`, n. Etym: [A reduplication of slop.] Defn: Weak, poor, or flat liquor; weak, profitless discourse or writing. SLIPSTRING Slip"string`, n. Defn: One who has shaken off restraint; a prodigal. [Obs.] Cotgrave. SLIPTHRIFT Slip"thrift`, n. Defn: A spendthrift. [Obs.] SLISH Slish, n. Etym: [A corruption of slash.] Defn: A cut; as, slish and slash. [Colloq.] Shak. SLIT Slit, obs. Defn: 3d. pers. sing. pres. of Slide. Chaucer. SLIT Slit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slit or Slitted (; p. pr. & vb. n. Slitting.] Etym: [OE. slitten, fr. sliten, AS. stitan to tear; akin to D. slijten to wear out, G. schleissen to slit, split, OHG. slizan to split, tear, wear out, Icel. stita to break, tear, wear out, Sw. slita, Dan. slide. Cf. Eclat, Slate, n., Slice.] 1. To cut lengthwise; to cut into long pieces or strips; as, to slit iron bars into nail rods; to slit leather into straps. 2. To cut or make a long fissure in or upon; as, to slit the ear or the nose. 3. To cut; to sever; to divide. [Obs.] And slits the thin-spun life. Milton. SLIT Slit, n. Etym: [AS. slite.] Defn: A long cut; a narrow opening; as, a slit in the ear. Gill slit. (Anat.) See Gill opening, under Gill. SLITHER Slith"er, v. i. Etym: [Cf. G. schlittern, LG. schliddern. See Slide.] Defn: To slide; to glide. [Prov. Eng.] SLIT-SHELL Slit"-shell", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Pleurotomaria, a genus of beautiful, pearly, spiral gastropod shells having a deep slit in the outer lip. Many fossil species are known, and a few living ones are found in deep water in tropical seas. SLITTER Slit"ter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, slits. SLITTING Slit"ting, a. & n. Defn: from Slit. Slitting file. See Illust. (i) of File. -- Slitting mill. (a) A mill where iron bars or plates are slit into narrow strips, as nail rods, and the like. (b) A machine used by lapidaries for slicing stones, usually by means of a revolving disk, called a slicer, supplied with diamond powder. -- Slitting roller, one of a pair of rollers furnished with ribs entering between similar ribs in the other roller, and cutting like shears, -- used in slitting metals. SLIVE Slive, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Slip.] Defn: To sneak. [Prov. Eng.] SLIVE Slive, v. t. Etym: [OE. sliven to split, cleave, AS. slifan.] Defn: To cut; to split; to separate. [Obs.] Holland. SLIVER Sliv"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slivered; p. pr. & vb. n. Slivering.] Etym: [See Slive, v. t.] Defn: To cut or divide into long, thin pieces, or into very small pieces; to cut or rend lengthwise; to slit; as, to sliver wood. Shak. They 'll sliver thee like a turnip. Sir W. Scott. SLIVER Sliv"er, n. 1. A long piece cut ot rent off; a sharp, slender fragment; a splinter. 2. A strand, or slender roll, of cotton or other fiber in a loose, untwisted state, produced by a carding machine and ready for the roving or slubbing which preceeds spinning. 3. pl. Defn: Bait made of pieces of small fish. Cf. Kibblings. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. SLOAKAN Sloak"an, n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of seaweed. [Spelled also slowcawn.] See 3d Laver. SLOAM Sloam, n. (Mining) Defn: A layer of earth between coal seams. SLOAT Sloat, n. Etym: [See Slot a bar.] Defn: A narrow piece of timber which holds together large pieces; a slat; as, the sloats of a cart. SLOBBER Slob"ber, v. t. & i. Defn: See Slabber. SLOBBER Slob"ber, n. 1. See Slabber. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A jellyfish. [Prov. Eng.] 3. pl. (Vet.) Defn: Salivation. SLOBBERER Slob"ber*er, n. 1. One who slobbers. 2. A slovenly farmer; a jobbing tailor. [Prov. Eng.] SLOBBERY Slob"ber*y, a. Defn: Wet; sloppy, as land. Shak. SLOCK; SLOCKEN Slock, Slock"en, v. t. Defn: To quench; to allay; to slake. See Slake. [Obs. or Scot.] SLOCKING Slock"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Slock. Slocking stone, a rich piece of ore displayed in order to tempt persons to embark in a mining enterprise. SLOE Sloe, n. Etym: [OE. slo, AS. sla; akin to D. slee, G. schlehe, OHG. sl$ha, Dan. slaaen, Sw. sl, perhaps originally, that which blunts the teeth, or sets them on edge (cf. Slow); cf. Lith. sliwa a plum, Russ. sliva.] (Bot.) Defn: A small, bitter, wild European plum, the fruit of the blackthorn (Prunus spinosa); also, the tree itself. SLOG Slog, v. t. & i. [Cf. Slug, v. t.] Defn: To hit hard, esp. with little attention to aim or the like, as in cricket or boxing; to slug. [Cant or Slang] SLOGAN Slo"gan, n. Etym: [Gael. sluagh-ghairm, i.e., an army cry; sluagh army + gairm a call, calling.] Defn: The war cry, or gathering word, of a Highland clan in Scotland; hence, any rallying cry. Sir W. Scott. SLOGGER Slog"ger, n. Defn: A hard hitter; a slugger. [Cant or Slang] T. Hughes. SLOGGY Slog"gy, a. Defn: Sluggish. [Obs.] Somnolence that is sloggy slumbering Chaucer. SLOKE Sloke, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Sloakan. SLOO; SLUE Sloo, or Slue, n. Defn: A slough; a run or wet place. See 2d Slough, 2. SLOOM Sloom, n. Defn: Slumber. [Prov. Eng.] SLOOMY Sloom"y, a. Defn: Sluggish; slow. [Prov. Eng.] SLOOP Sloop, n.Etym: [D. sloep, of uncertain origin. Cf. Shallop.] (Naut.) Defn: A vessel having one mast and fore-and-aft rig, consisting of a boom-and-gaff mainsail, jibs, staysail, and gaff topsail. The typical sloop has a fixed bowsprit, topmast, and standing rigging, while those of a cutter are capable of being readily shifted. The sloop usually carries a centerboard, and depends for stability upon breadth of beam rather than depth of keel. The two types have rapidly approximated since 1880. One radical distinction is that a slop may carry a centerboard. See Cutter, and Illustration in Appendix. Sloop of war, formerly, a vessel of war rigged either as a ship, brig, or schooner, and mounting from ten to thirty-two guns; now, any war vessel larger than a gunboat, and carrying guns on one deck only. SLOP Slop, n. Etym: [OE. sloppe a pool; akin to As. sloppe, slyppe, the sloppy droppings of a cow; cf. AS. sl to slip, and E. slip, v.i. Cf. Cowslip.] 1. Water or other liquid carelessly spilled or thrown aboyt, as upon a table or a floor; a puddle; a soiled spot. 2. Mean and weak drink or liquid food; -- usually in the plural. 3. pl. Defn: Dirty water; water in which anything has been washed or rinsed; water from wash-bowls, etc. Slop basin, or Slop bowl, a basin or bowl for holding slops, especially for receiving the rinsings of tea or coffee cups at the table. -- Slop molding (Brickmaking), a process of manufacture in which the brick is carried to the drying ground in a wet mold instead of on a pallet. SLOP Slop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slopped; p. pr. & vb. n. Slopping.] 1. To cause to overflow, as a liquid, by the motion of the vessel containing it; to spill. 2. To spill liquid upon; to soil with a liquid spilled. SLOP Slop, v. i. Defn: To overflow or be spilled as a liquid, by the motion of the vessel containing it; -- often with over. SLOP Slop, n. Etym: [AS. slop a frock or over-garment, fr. sl to slip, to slide; akin to Icel sloppr a thin garment; cf. OHG. slouf a garment. Cf. Slip, v. i.] 1. Any kind of outer garment made of linen or cotton, as a night dress, or a smock frock. [Obs.] Halliwell. 2. A loose lower garment; loose breeches; chiefly used in the plural. "A pair of slops." Sir P. Sidney. There's a French salutation to your French slop. Shak. 3. pl. Defn: Ready-made clothes; also, among seamen, clothing, bedding, and other furnishings. SLOPE Slope, n. Etym: [Formed (like abode fr. abide) from OE. slipen. See Slip, v. i.] 1. An oblique direction; a line or direction including from a horizontal line or direction; also, sometimes, an inclination, as of one line or surface to another. 2. Any ground whose surface forms an angle with the plane of the horizon. buildings the summit and slope of a hill. Macaulay. Under the slopes of Pisgah. Deut. iv. 49. (Rev. Ver.). Note: A slope, considered as descending, is a declivity; considered as ascending, an acclivity. Slope of a plane (Geom.), the direction of the plane; as, parallel planes have the same slope. SLOPE Slope, a. Defn: Sloping. "Down the slope hills." Milton. A bank not steep, but gently slope. Bacon. SLOPE Slope, adv. Defn: In a sloping manner. [Obs.] Milton. SLOPE Slope, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sloped; p. pr. & vb. n. Sloping.] Defn: To form with a slope; to give an oblique or slanting direction to; to direct obliquely; to incline; to slant; as, to slope the ground in a garden; to slope a piece of cloth in cutting a garment. SLOPE Slope, v. i. 1. To take an oblique direction; to be at an angle with the plane of the horizon; to incline; as, the ground slopes. 2. To depart; to disappear suddenly. [Slang] SLOPENESS Slope"ness, n. Defn: State of being slope. Sir H. Wotton. SLOPEWISE Slope"wise`, adv. Defn: Obliquely. [Obs.] Carew. SLOPING Slop"ing, a. Defn: Inclining or inclined from the plane of the horizon, or from a horizontal or other right line; oblique; declivous; slanting. -- Slop"ing*ly, adv. The sloping land recedes into the clouds. Cowper. SLOPPINESS Slop"pi*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sloppy; muddiness. SLOPPY Slop"py, a. [Compar. Sloppier; superl. Sloppiest.] Etym: [From Slop.] Defn: Wet, so as to spatter easily; wet, as with something slopped over; muddy; plashy; as, a sloppy place, walk, road. SLOPSELLER Slop"sell`er, n. Defn: One who sells slops, or ready-made clothes. See 4th Slop, 3. SLOPSHOP Slop"shop`, n. Defn: A shop where slops. or ready-made clothes, are sold. SLOPWORK Slop"work`, n. Defn: The manufacture of slops, or cheap ready-made clothing; also, such clothing; hence, hasty, slovenly work of any kind. No slopwork ever dropped from his [Carlyle's] pen. Froude. SLOPY Slop"y, a. Defn: Sloping; inclined. SLOSH; SLOSHY Slosh, Slosh"y. Defn: See Slush, Slushy. SLOT Slot, n. Etym: [LG. & D. slot a lock, from a verb meaning to close., to shut, D. sluiten; akin to G. schliessen, OHG. sliozan, OFries. sl, and probably to L. claudere. Cf. Close, Sluice.] 1. A broad, flat, wooden bar; a slat or sloat. 2. A bolt or bar for fastening a door. [Prov. Eng.] 3. A narrow depression, perforation, or aperture; esp., one for the reception of a piece fitting or sliding in it. SLOT Slot, v. t. Etym: [See Slot a bar.] Defn: To shut with violence; to slam; as, to slot a door. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SLOT Slot, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. sl, and E. sleuth.] Defn: The track of a deer; hence, a track of any kind. Milton. As a bloodhound follows the slot of a hurt deer. Sir W. Scott. SLOTH Sloth, n. Etym: [OE. slouthe, sleuthe, AS. sl, fr. slaw slow. See Slow.] 1. Slowness; tardiness. These cardinals trifle with me; I abhor This dilatory sloth and tricks of Rome. Shak. 2. Disinclination to action or labor; sluggishness; laziness; idleness. [They] change their course to pleasure, ease, and sloth. Milton. Sloth, like rust, consumes faster than labor wears. Franklin. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of arboreal edentates constituting the family Bradypodidæ, and the suborder Tardigrada. They have long exserted limbs and long prehensile claws. Both jaws are furnished with teeth (see Illust. of Edentata), and the ears and tail are rudimentary. They inhabit South and Central America and Mexico. Note: The three-toed sloths belong to the genera Bradypus and Arctopithecus, of which several species have been described. They have three toes on each foot. The best-known species are collared sloth (Bradypus tridactylus), and the ai (Arctopitheus ai). The two- toed sloths, consisting the genus Cholopus, have two toes on each fore foot and three on each hind foot. The best-known is the unau (Cholopus didactylus) of South America. See Unau. Another species (C. Hoffmanni) inhabits Central America. Various large extinct terrestrial edentates, such as Megatherium and Mylodon, are often called sloths. Australian, or Native sloth (Zoöl.), the koala. -- Sloth animalcule (Zoöl.), a tardigrade. -- Sloth bear (Zoöl.), a black or brown long-haired bear (Melursus ursinus, or labiatus), native of India and Ceylon; -- called also aswail, labiated bear, and jungle bear. It is easily tamed and can be taught many tricks. -- Sloth monkey (Zoöl.), a loris. SLOTH Sloth, v. i. Defn: To be idle. [Obs.] Gower. SLOTHFUL Sloth"ful, a. Defn: Addicted to sloth; inactive; sluggish; lazy; indolent; idle. He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster. Prov. xviii. 9. -- Sloth"ful*ly, adv. -- Sloth"ful*ness, n. SLOTHHOUND Sloth"hound`, n. Etym: [See Slot a track, and cf. Sleuthhound.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Sleuthhound. SLOT MACHINE Slot" ma*chine". Defn: A machine the operation of which is started by dropping a coin into a slot, for delivering small articles of merchandise, showing one's weight, exhibiting pictures, throwing dice, etc. SLOTTED Slot"ted, a. Defn: Having a slot. SLOTTING Slot"ting, n. Defn: The act or process of making slots, or mortises. SLOUCH Slouch, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. sla slouching felloew, and E. slack, slug, a lazy fellow.] 1. A hanging down of the head; a drooping attitude; a limp appearance; an ungainly, clownish gait; a sidewise depression or hanging down, as of a hat brim. 2. An awkward, heavy, clownish fellow. [Colloq.] Slouth hat, a soft, limp hat of unstiffened cloth or felt. SLOUCH Slouch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slouched; p. pr. & vb. n. Slouching.] 1. To droop, as the head. 2. To walk in a clumsy, lazy manner. [Colloq.] SLOUCH Slouch, v. t. Defn: To cause to hang down; to depress at the side; as, to slouth the hat. SLOUCHING Slouch"ing, a. Defn: Hanging down at the side; limp; drooping; without firmness or shapeliness; moving in an ungainly manner. SLOUCHY Slouch"y, a. Defn: Slouching. [Colloq.] SLOUGH Slough, a. Defn: Slow. [Obs.] Chaucer. SLOUGH Slough, n. Etym: [OE. slogh, slough, AS. sloh a hollow place; cf. MHG. sluch an abyss, gullet, G. schlucken to swallow; also Gael. & Ir. sloc a pit, pool. ditch, Ir. slug to swallow. Gr. 1. A place of deep mud or mire; a hole full of mire. Chaucer. He's here stuck in a slough. Milton. 2. [Pronounced sloo.] Defn: A wet place; a swale; a side channel or inlet from a river. Note: [In this sense local or provincial; also spelt sloo, and slue.] Slough grass (Bot.), a name in the Mississippi valley for grasses of the genus Muhlenbergia; -- called also drop seed, and nimble Will. SLOUGH Slough, obs. Defn: imp. of Slee, to slay. Slew. Chaucer. SLOUGH Slough, n. Etym: [OE. slugh, slouh; cf. MHG. sl the skin of a serpent, G. schlauch a skin, a leather bag or bottle.] 1. The skin, commonly the cast-off skin, of a serpent or of some similar animal. 2. (Med.) Defn: The dead mass separating from a foul sore; the dead part which separates from the living tissue in mortification. SLOUGH Slough, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sloughed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sloughing.] (Med.) Defn: To form a slough; to separate in the form of dead matter from the living tissues; -- often used with off, or away; as, a sloughing ulcer; the dead tissues slough off slowly. SLOUGH Slough, v. t. Defn: To cast off; to discard as refuse. New tint the plumage of the birds, And slough decay from grazing herds. Emerson. SLOUGHING Slough"ing, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The act of casting off the skin or shell, as do insects and crustaceans; ecdysis. SLOUGHY Slough"y, a. Defn: Full of sloughs, miry. SLOUGHY Slough"y, a. Defn: Resembling, or of the nature of, a slough, or the dead matter which separates from living flesh. SLOVEN Slov"en, n. Etym: [D. slaf careless, negligent, a sloven; akin to LG. sluf slovenly.] Defn: A man or boy habitually negligent of neathess and order; -- the correlative term to slattern, or slut. Pope. He became a confirmed sloven. Macaulay. SLOVENLINESS Slov"en*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being slovenly. SLOVENLY Slov"en*ly, a. 1. Having the habits of a sloven; negligent of neatness and order, especially in dress. A slovenly, lazy fellow, bolling at his ease. L'Estrange. 2. Characteristic of a solven; lacking neatness and order; evincing negligence; as, slovenly dress. SLOVENLY Slov"en*ly, adv. Defn: a slovenly manner. SLOVENNESS Slov"en*ness, n. Defn: Slovenliness. [Obs.] Fuller. SLOVENRY Slov"en*ry, n. Defn: Slovenliness. [Obs.] Shak. SLOW Slow, obs. Defn: imp. of Slee, to slay. Slew. Chaucer. SLOW Slow, a. [Compar. Slower; superl. Slowest.] Etym: [OE. slow, slaw, AS. slaw; akin to OS. sl blunt, dull, D. sleeuw, slee, sour, OHG. sl blunt, dull, Icel. sl, sl, Dan. slöv, Sw. slö. Cf. Sloe, and Sloth.] 1. Moving a short space in a relatively long time; not swift; not quick in motion; not rapid; moderate; deliberate; as, a slow stream; a slow motion. 2. Not happening in a short time; gradual; late. These changes in the heavens, though slow, produced Like change on sea and land, sidereal blast. Milton. 3. Not ready; not prompt or quick; dilatory; sluggish; as, slow of speech, and slow of tongue. Fixed on defense, the Trojans are not slow To guard their shore from an expected foe. Dryden. 4. Not hasty; not precipitate; acting with deliberation; tardy; inactive. He that is slow to wrath is of great understanding. Prov. xiv. 29. 5. Behind in time; indicating a time earlier than the true time; as, the clock or watch is slow. 6. Not advancing or improving rapidly; as, the slow growth of arts and sciences. 7. Heavy in wit; not alert, prompt, or spirited; wearisome; dull. [Colloq.] Dickens. Thackeray. Note: Slow is often used in the formation of compounds for the most part self-explaining; as, slow-gaited, slow-paced, slow-sighted, slow-winged, and the like. Slow coach, a slow person. See def.7, above. [Colloq.] -- Slow lemur, or Slow loris (Zoöl.), an East Indian nocturnal lemurine animal (Nycticebus tardigradus) about the size of a small cat; -- so called from its slow and deliberate movements. It has very large round eyes and is without a tail. Called also bashful Billy. -- Slow match. See under Match. Syn. -- Dilatory; late; lingering; tardy; sluggish; dull; inactive. -- Slow, Tardy, Dilatory. Slow is the wider term, denoting either a want of rapid motion or inertness of intellect. Dilatory signifies a proneness to defer, a habit of delaying the performance of what we know must be done. Tardy denotes the habit of being behind hand; as, tardy in making up one's acounts. SLOW Slow, adv. Defn: Slowly. Let him have time to mark how slow time goes In time of sorrow. Shak. SLOW Slow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Slowing.] Defn: To render slow; to slacken the speed of; to retard; to delay; as, to slow a steamer. Shak. SLOW Slow, v. i. Defn: To go slower; -- often with up; as, the train slowed up before crossing the bridge. SLOW Slow, n. Defn: A moth. [Obs.] Rom. of R. SLOWBACK Slow"back`, n. Defn: A lubber; an idle fellow; a loiterer. [Old Slang] Dr. Favour. SLOWH Slowh, obs. Defn: imp. of Slee,to slay. Chaucer. SLOWHOUND Slow"hound`, n. Defn: A sleuthhound. [R.] SLOWLY Slow"ly, adv. Defn: In a slow manner; moderately; not rapidly; not early; not rashly; not readly; tardly. SLOWNESS Slow"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being slow. SLOWS Slows, n. (Med.) Defn: Milk sickness. SLOW-WITTED Slow"-wit`ted, a. Defn: Dull of apprehension; not possessing quick intelligence. SLOWWORM Slow"worm`, n. Etym: [AS. slawyrm; the first part is probably akin to sleán to strike, the reptile being supposed to be very poisonous. See Slay, v. t., and Worm.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A lecertilian reptile; the blindworm. SLOYD Sloyd, n. [Written also slojd, and sloid.] [Sw. slöjd skill, dexterity, esp. skilled labor, hence, manufacture, wood carving.] Defn: Lit., skilled mechanical work, such as that required in wood carving; trade work; hence, a system (usually called the sloyd system) of manual training in the practical use of the tools and materials used in the trades, and of instruction in the making and use of the plans and specifications connected with trade work. The sloyd system derives its name from the fact that it was adopted or largely developed from a similar Swedish system, in which wood carving was a chief feature. Its purpose is not only to afford practical skill in some trade, but also to develop the pupils mentally and physically. SLUB Slub, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A roll of wool slightly twisted; a rove; -- called also slubbing. SLUB Slub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Slubbing.] Defn: To draw out and twist slightly; -- said of slivers of wool. SLUBBER Slub"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slubbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Slubbering.] Etym: [Cf. Dan. slubbreto swallow, to sup up, D. slobberen to lap, to slabber. Cf. Slabber.] 1. To do lazily, imperfectly, or coarsely. Slubber not business for my sake. Shak. 2. To daub; to stain; to cover carelessly. There is no art that hath more . . . slubbered with aphorisming pedantry than the art of policy. Milton. SLUBBER Slub"ber, n. Defn: A slubbing machine. SLUBBERDEGULLION Slub"ber*de*gul`lion, n. Etym: [Slubber + Prov. E. gullion a wretch.] Defn: A mean, dirty wretch. [Low] SLUBBERINGLY Slub"ber*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a slovenly, or hurried and imperfect, manner. [Low] Drayton. SLUBBING Slub"bing, a. & n. Defn: from Slub. Slubbing billy, or Slubbing machine, the machine by which slubs are formed. SLUDGE Sludge, n. Etym: [CF. Slush.] 1. Mud; mire; soft mud; slush. Mortimer. Tennyson. 2. Small floating pieces of ice, or masses of saturated snow. Kane. 3. (Mining) Defn: See Slime, 4. Sludge hole, the hand-hole, or manhole, in a steam boiler, by means of which sediment can be removed. SLUDGE ACID Sludge acid. Defn: Impure dark-colored sulphuric acid that has been used in the refining of petroleum. SLUDGER Slud"ger, n. Defn: A bucket for removing mud from a bored hole; a sand pump. SLUDGER Sludg"er, n. Defn: A shovel for sludging out drains, etc. SLUDY Slud"y, a. Defn: Miry; slushy. SLUE Slue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slued (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sluing (.] Etym: [Prov. E. slew to turn round, Scot. to lean or incline to a side; cf. Icel. sn to turn, bend.] [Written also slew.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: To turn about a fixed point, usually the center or axis, as a spar or piece of timber; to turn; -- used also of any heavy body. 2. In general, to turn about; to twist; -- often used reflexively and followed by round. [Colloq.] They laughed, and slued themselves round. Dickens. SLUE Slue, v. i. Defn: To turn about; to turn from the course; to slip or slide and turn from an expected or desired course; -- often followed by round. SLUE Slue, n. Defn: See Sloough, 2. [Local] SLUG Slug, n. Etym: [OE. slugge slothful, sluggen to be slothful; cf. LG. slukk low-spirited, sad, E. slack, slouch, D. slak, slek, a snail.] 1. A drone; a slow, lazy fellow; a sluggard. Shak. 2. A hindrance; an obstruction. [Obs.] Bacon. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of terrestrial pulmonate mollusks belonging to Limax and several related genera, in which the shell is either small and concealed in the mantle, or altogether wanting. They are closely allied to the land snails. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any smooth, soft larva of a sawfly or moth which creeps like a mollusk; as, the pear slug; rose slug. 5. A ship that sails slowly. [Obs.] Halliwell. His rendezvous for his fleet, and for all slugs to come to, should be between Calais and Dover. Pepys. 6. Etym: [Perhaps a different word.] Defn: An irregularly shaped piece of metal, used as a missile for a gun. 7. (Print.) Defn: A thick strip of metal less than type high, and as long as the width of a column or a page, -- used in spacing out pages and to separate display lines, etc. Sea slug. (Zoöl.) (a) Any nudibranch mollusk. (b) A holothurian. -- Slug caterpillar. Same as Slugworm. SLUG Slug, v. i. Defn: To move slowly; to lie idle. [Obs.] To slug in sloth and sensual delight. Spenser. SLUG Slug, v. t. Defn: To make sluggish. [Obs.] Milton. SLUG Slug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slugged; p. pr. & vb. n. Slugging.] 1. To load with a slug or slugs; as, to slug a gun. 2. To strike heavily. [Cant or Slang] SLUG Slug, v. i. Defn: To become reduced in diameter, or changed in shape, by passing from a larger to a smaller part of the bore of the barrel; -- said of a bullet when fired from a gun, pistol, or other firearm. SLUGABED Slug"a*bed`, n. Defn: One who indulges in lying abed; a sluggard. [R.] "Fie, you slugabed!" Shak. SLUGGARD Slug"gard, n. Etym: [Slug + -ard.] Defn: A person habitually lazy, idle, and inactive; a drone. Go to the ant, thou sluggard; considered her ways, and be wise. Prov. vi. 6. SLUGGARD Slug"gard, a. Defn: Sluggish; lazy. Dryden. SLUGGARDIZE Slug"gard*ize, v. t. Defn: To make lazy. [R.] Shak. SLUGGARDY Slug"gard*y, n. Etym: [OE. sloggardye.] Defn: The state of being a sluggard; sluggishness; sloth. Gower. Idleness is rotten sluggardy. Chaucer. SLUGGER Slug"ger, n. Defn: One who strikes heavy blows; hence, a boxer; a prize fighter. [Cant or Slang] SLUGGING MATCH Slug"ging match. (a) A boxing match or prize fight marked rather by heavy hitting than skill. [Cant or Slang] (b) A ball game, esp. a baseball game, in which there is much hard hitting of the ball. [Slang, U. S.] SLUGGISH Slug"gish, a. 1. Habitually idle and lazy; slothful; dull; inactive; as, a sluggish man. 2. Slow; having little motion; as, a sluggish stream. 3. Having no power to move one's self or itself; inert. Matter, being impotent, sluggish, and inactive, hath no power to stir or move itself. Woodward. And the sluggish land slumbers in utter neglect. Longfellow. 4. Characteristic of a sluggard; dull; stupid; tame; simple. [R.] "So sluggish a conceit." Milton. Syn. -- Inert; idle; lazy; slothful; indolent; dronish; slow; dull; drowsy; inactive. See Inert. -- Slug"gish*ly, adv. -- Slug"gish*ness, n. SLUGGY Slug"gy, a. Defn: Sluggish. [Obs.] Chaucer. SLUG-HORN Slug"-horn`, a. Defn: An erroneous form of the Scotch word slughorne, or sloggorne, meaning slogan. SLUGS Slugs, n. pl. (Mining) Defn: Half-roasted ore. SLUGWORM Slug"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any caterpillar which has the general appearance of a slug, as do those of certain moths belonging to Limacodes and allied genera, and those of certain sawflies. SLUICE Sluice, n. Etym: [OF. escluse, F. écluse, LL. exclusa, sclusa, from L. excludere, exclusum, to shut out: cf. D. sluis sluice, from the Old French. See Exclude.] 1. An artifical passage for water, fitted with a valve or gate, as in a mill stream, for stopping or regulating the flow; also, a water gate of flood gate. 2. Hence, an opening or channel through which anything flows; a source of supply. Each sluice of affluent fortune opened soon. Harte. This home familiarity . . . opens the sluices of sensibility. I. Taylor. 3. The stream flowing through a flood gate. 4. (Mining) Defn: A long box or trough through which water flows, -- used for washing auriferous earth. Sluice gate, the sliding gate of a sluice. SLUICE Sluice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sluiced; p. pr. & vb. n. Sluicing.] 1. To emit by, or as by, flood gates. [R.] Milton. 2. To wet copiously, as by opening a sluice; as, to sluice meadows. Howitt. He dried his neck and face, which he had been sluicing with cold water. De Quincey. 3. To wash with, or in, a stream of water running through a sluice; as, to sluice eart or gold dust in mining. SLUICEWAY Sluice"way`, n. Defn: An artificial channel into which water is let by a sluice; specifically, a trough constructed over the bed of a stream, so that logs, lumber, or rubbish can be floated down to some convenient place of delivery. SLUICY Slui`cy, a. Defn: Falling copiously or in streams, as from a sluice. And oft whole sheets descend of sluicy rain. Dryden. SLUM Slum, n. Etym: [CF. Slump, n.] 1. A foul back street of a city, especially one filled with a poor, dirty, degraded, and often vicious population; any low neighborhood or dark retreat; -- usually in the plural; as, Westminster slums are haunts for theives. Dickens. 2. pl. (Mining) Defn: Same as Slimes. SLUMBER Slum"ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slumbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Slumbering.] Etym: [OE. slombren, slumberen, slumeren, AS. slumerian, fr. sluma slumber; akin to D. sluimeren to slumber, MHG. slummern, slumen, G. schlummern, Dan. slumre, Sw. slumra, Goth. slawan to be silent.] 1. To sleep; especially, to sleep lightly; to doze. Piers Plowman. He that keepeth Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep. Ps. cxxi. 4. 2. To be in a state of negligence, sloth, supineness, or inactivity. "Why slumbers Pope" Young. SLUMBER Slum"ber, v. t. 1. To lay to sleep. [R.] Wotton. 2. To stun; to stupefy. [Obs.] Spenser. SLUMBER Slum"ber, n. Defn: Sleep; especially, light sleep; sleep that is not deep or sound; repose. He at last fell into a slumber, and thence into a fast sleep, which detained him in that place until it was almost night. Bunyan. Fast asleep It is no matter; Enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber. Shak. Rest to my soul, and slumber to my eyes. Dryden. SLUMBERER Slum"ber*er, n. Defn: One who slumbers; a sleeper. SLUMBERINGLY Slum"ber*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a slumbering manner. SLUMBERLESS Slum"ber*less, a. Defn: Without slumber; sleepless. SLUMBEROUS Slum"ber*ous, a. 1. Inviting slumber; soporiferous. "Pensive in the slumberous shade." Pope. 2. Being in the repose of slumber; sleepy; drowsy. His quiet and almost slumberous countenance. Hawthorne. SLUMBERY Slum"ber*y, a. Defn: Sleepy. [Obs.] Chaucer. SLUMBROUS Slum"brous, a. Defn: Slumberous. Keats. SLUMGUM Slum"gum`, n. Defn: The impure residue, consisting of cocoons, propolis, etc., remaining after the wax is extracted from honeycombs. SLUMMING Slum"ming, vb. n. Defn: Visiting slums. SLUMP Slump, n. Etym: [Cf. D. slomp a mass, heap, Dan. slump a quantity, and E. slump, v.t.] Defn: The gross amount; the mass; the lump. [Scot.] SLUMP Slump, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Lump; also Sw. slumpa to bargain for the lump.] Defn: To lump; to throw into a mess. These different groups . . . are exclusively slumped together under that sense. Sir W. Hamilton. SLUMP Slump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Slumped; p. pr. & vb. n. Slumping.] Etym: [Scot. slump a dull noise produced by something falling into a hole, a marsh, a swamp.] Defn: To fall or sink suddenly through or in, when walking on a surface, as on thawing snow or ice, partly frozen ground, a bog, etc., not strong enough to bear the person. The latter walk on a bottomless quag, into which unawares they may slump. Barrow. SLUMP Slump, n. 1. A boggy place. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 2. The noise made by anything falling into a hole, or into a soft, miry place. [Scot.] SLUMPY Slump"y, a. Defn: Easily broken through; boggy; marshy; swampy. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. SLUNG Slung, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Sling. Slung shot, a metal ball of small size, with a string attached, used by ruffians for striking. SLUNK Slunk, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Slink. SLUR Slur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slurred; p. pr. & vb. n. Slurring.] Etym: [Cf. OE. sloor mud, clay, Icel. sl, slo, to trail or drag one's self along, D. sleuren, sloren, to train, to drag, to do negligently and slovenly, D. sloor, sloerie, a sluttish girl.] 1. To soil; to sully; to contaminate; to disgrace. Cudworth. 2. To disparage; to traduce. Tennyson. 3. To cover over; to disguise; to conceal; to pass over lightly or with little notice. With periods, points, and tropes, he slurs his crimes. Dryden. 4. To cheat, as by sliding a die; to trick. [R.] To slur men of what they fought for. Hudibras. 5. To pronounce indistinctly; as, to slur syllables. 6. (Mus.) Defn: To sing or perform in a smooth, gliding style; to connect smoothly in performing, as several notes or tones. Busby. 7. (Print.) Defn: To blur or double, as an impression from type; to mackle. SLUR Slur, n. 1. A mark or stain; hence, a slight reproach or disgrace; a stigma; a reproachful intimation; an innuendo. "Gaining to his name a lasting slur." South. 2. A trick played upon a person; an imposition. [R.] 3. (Mus.) Defn: A mark, thus [&upslur; or ], connecting notes that are to be sung to the same syllable, or made in one continued breath of a wind instrument, or with one stroke of a bow; a tie; a sign of legato. 4. In knitting machines, a contrivance for depressing the sinkers successively by passing over them. SLURRED Slurred, a. (Mus.) Defn: Marked with a slur; performed in a smooth, gliding style, like notes marked with a slur. SLUSH Slush, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. slaska to paddle in water, slask wet, filth.] [Written also slosh.] 1. Soft mud. 2. A mixture of snow and water; half-melted snow. 3. A soft mixture of grease and other materials, used for lubrication. 4. The refuse grease and fat collected in cooking, especially on shipboard. 5. (Mach.) Defn: A mixture of white lead and lime, with which the bright parts of machines, such as the connecting rods of steamboats, are painted to be preserved from oxidation. SLUSH Slush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Slushed; p. pr. & vb. n. Slushing.] 1. To smear with slush or grease; as, to slush a mast. 2. To paint with a mixture of white lead and lime. SLUSHY Slush"y, a. Defn: Abounding in slush; characterized by soft mud or half-melted snow; as, the streets are slushy; the snow is slushy. "A dark, drizzling, slushy day." Blackw. Mag. SLUT Slut, n. Etym: [OE. slutte; cf. OD. slodde a slut, Icel. slöttr a heavy, loglike fellow, slota to droop.] 1. An untidy woman; a slattern. Sluts are good enough to make a sloven's porridge. Old Proverb. 2. A servant girl; a drudge. [Obs.] Our little girl Susan is a most admirable slut, and pleases us mightly, doing more service than both the others. Pepys. 3. A female dog; a bitch. SLUTCH Slutch, n. Etym: [CF. Sludge.] Defn: Slush. [Prov. Eng.] SLUTCHY Slutch"y, a. Defn: Slushy. [Prov. Eng.] Pennant. SLUTHHOUND Sluth"hound`, n. Defn: Sleuthhound. SLUTTERY Slut"ter*y, n. Defn: The qualities and practices of a slut; sluttishness; slatternlines. Drayton. SLUTTISH Slut"tish, a. Defn: Like a slut; untidy; indecently negligent of cleanliness; disorderly; as, a sluttish woman. Why is thy lord so slutish, I thee pray. Chaucer. An air of liberal, though sluttish, plenty, indicated the wealthy farmer. Sir W. Scott. -- Slut"tish*ly, adv. -- Slut"tish*ness, n. SLY Sly, a. [Compar. Slier or Slyer; superl. Sliest or Slyest.] Etym: [OE. sli, slegh, sleih, Icel sl, for sl; akin to Sw. slug, Dan. slu, LG. slou, G. schlau; probably to E. slay, v.t.; cf. G. verschlagen sly. See Slay, v. t., and cf. Sleight.] 1. Dexterous in performing an action, so as to escape notice; nimble; skillful; cautious; shrewd; knowing; -- in a good sense. Be ye sly as serpents, and simple as doves. Wyclif (Matt. x. 16). Whom graver age And long experience hath made wise and sly. Fairfax. 2. Artfully cunning; secretly mischievous; wily. For my sly wiles and subtle craftiness, The litle of the kingdom I possess. Spenser. 3. Done with, and marked by, artful and dexterous secrecy; subtle; as, a sly trick. Envy works in a sly and imperceptible manner. I. Watts. 4. Light or delicate; slight; thin. [Obs.] By the sly, or On the sly, in a sly or secret manner. [Colloq.] "Gazed on Hetty's charms by the sly." G. Eliot. -- Sly goose (Zoöl.), the common sheldrake; -- so named from its craftiness. Syn. -- Cunning; crafty; subtile; wily. See Cunning. SLY Sly, adv. Defn: Slyly. [Obs. or Poetic] Spenser. SLYBOOTS Sly"boots`, n. Defn: A humerous appellation for a sly, cunning, or waggish person. Slyboots was cursedly cunning to hide 'em. Goldsmith. SLYLY Sly"ly, adv. Defn: In a sly manner; shrewdly; craftily. Honestly and slyly he it spent. Chaucer. SLYNESS Sly"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sly. SLYPE Slype, n. Etym: [Cf. D. sluipen to sneak.] (Arch.) Defn: A narrow passage between two buildings, as between the transept and chapter house of a monastery. [Eng.] SMACK Smack, n. Etym: [D. smak; akin to LG. smack, smak, Dan. smakke, G. schmacke, F. semaque.] (Naut.) Defn: A small sailing vessel, commonly rigged as a sloop, used chiefly in the coasting and fishing trade. SMACK Smack, n. Etym: [OE. smak, AS. ssm taste, savor; akin to D. smaak, G. geschmack, OHG. smac; cf. Lith. smagus pleasant. Cf. Smack, v. i.] 1. Taste or flavor, esp. a slight taste or flavor; savor; tincture; as, a smack of bitter in the medicine. Also used figuratively. So quickly they have taken a smack in covetousness. Robynson (More's Utopia). They felt the smack of this world. Latimer. 2. A small quantity; a taste. Dryden. 3. A loud kiss; a buss. "A clamorous smack." Shak. 4. A quick, sharp noise, as of the lips when suddenly separated, or of a whip. 5. A quick, smart blow; a slap. Johnson. SMACK Smack, adv. Defn: As if with a smack or slap. [Colloq.] SMACK Smack, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smacked; p. pr. & vb. n. Smacking.] Etym: [OE. smaken to taste, have a taste, -- from the noun; cf. AS. smecan taste; akin to D. smaken, G. schmecken, OHG. smechen to taste, smachschmatzen to smack the lips, to kiss with a sharp noise, MHG. smatzen, smackzeen), Icel smakka to taste, Sw. smaka, Dan. smage. See 2d Smack, n.] 1. To have a smack; to be tinctured with any particular taste. 2. To have or exhibit indications of the presence of any character or quality. All sects, all ages, smack of this vice. Shak. 3. To kiss with a close compression of the lips, so as to make a sound when they separate; to kiss with a sharp noise; to buss. 4. To make a noise by the separation of the lips after tasting anything. SMACK Smack, v. t. 1. To kiss with a sharp noise; to buss. 2. To open, as the lips, with an inarticulate sound made by a quick compression and separation of the parts of the mouth; to make a noise with, as the lips, by separating them in the act of kissing or after tasting. Drinking off the cup, and smacking his lips with an air of ineffable relish. Sir W. Scott. 3. To make a sharp noise by striking; to crack; as, to smack a whip. "She smacks the silken thong." Young. SMACKING Smack"ing, n. Defn: A sharp, quick noise; a smack. Like the faint smacking of an after kiss. Dryden. SMACKING Smack"ing, a. Defn: Making a sharp, brisk sound; hence, brisk; as, a smacking breeze. SMALL Small, a. [Compar. Smaller; superl. Smallest.] Etym: [OE. small, AS. sm$l; akin to D. smal narrow, OS. & OHG. smal small, G. schmal narrow, Dan. & Sw. smal, Goth. smals small, Icel. smali smal cattle, sheep, or goats; cf. Gr. 1. Having little size, compared with other things of the same kind; little in quantity or degree; diminutive; not large or extended in dimension; not great; not much; inconsiderable; as, a small man; a small river. To compare Great things with small. Milton. 2. Being of slight consequence; feeble in influence or importance; unimportant; trivial; insignificant; as, a small fault; a small business. 3. Envincing little worth or ability; not large-minded; -- sometimes, in reproach, paltry; mean. A true delineation of the smallest man is capable of interesting the reatest man. Carlyle. 4. Not prolonged in duration; not extended in time; short; as, after a small space. Shak. 5. Weak; slender; fine; gentle; soft; not loud. "A still, small voice." 1 Kings xix. 12. Great and small,of all ranks or degrees; -- used especially of persons. "His quests, great and small." Chaucer. -- Small arms, muskets, rifles, pistols, etc., in distinction from cannon. -- Small beer. See under Beer. -- Small coal. (a) Little coals of wood formerly used to light fires. Gay. (b) Coal about the size of a hazelnut, separated from the coarser parts by screening. -- Small craft (Naut.), a vessel, or vessels in general, of a small size. -- Small fruits. See under Fruit. -- Small hand, a certain size of paper. See under Paper. -- Small hours. See under Hour. -- Small letter. (Print.), a lower-case letter. See Lower-case, and Capital letter, under Capital, a. -- Small piece, a Scotch coin worth about 2 -- Small register. See the Note under 1st Register, 7. -- Small stuff (Naut.), spun yarn, marline, and the smallest kinds of rope. R. H. Dana, Jr. -- Small talk, light or trifling conversation; chitchat. -- Small wares (Com.), various small textile articles, as tapes, braid, tringe, and the like. M`Culloch. SMALL Small, adv. 1. In or to small extent, quantity, or degree; little; slightly. [Obs.] "I wept but small." Chaucer. "It small avails my mood." Shak. 2. Not loudly; faintly; timidly. [Obs. or Humorous] You may speak as small as you will. Shak. SMALL Small, n. 1. The small or slender part of a thing; as, the small of the leg or of the back. 2. pl. Defn: Smallclothes. [Colloq.] Hood. Dickens. 3. pl. Defn: Same as Little go. See under Little, a. SMALL Small, v. t. Defn: To make little or less. [Obs.] SMALLAGE Small"age, n. Etym: [Small + F. ache smallage. See Ach parsley.] (Bot.) Defn: A biennial umbelliferous plant (Apium graveolens) native of the seacoats of Europe and Asia. When deprived of its acrid and even poisonous properties by cultivation, it becomes celery. SMALLCLOTHES Small"clothes`, n. pl. Defn: A man's garment for the hips and thighs; breeches. See Breeches. SMALLISH Small"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat small. G. W. Cable. SMALLNESS Small"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being small. SMALLPOX Small"pox`, n. Etym: [Small + pox, pocks.] (Med.) Defn: A contagious, constitutional, febrile disease characterized by a peculiar eruption; variola. The cutaneous eruption is at first a collection of papules which become vesicles (first flat, subsequently umbilicated) and then pustules, and finally thick crusts which slough after a certain time, often leaving a pit, or scar. SMALLS Smalls, n. pl. Defn: See Small, n., 2, 3. SMALLSWORD Small"sword`, n. Defn: A light sword used for thrusting only; especially, the sword worn by civilians of rank in the eighteenth century. SMALLY Smal"ly, adv. Defn: In a small quantity or degree; with minuteness. [R.] Ascham. SMALT Smalt, n. Etym: [It. smalto, LL. smaltum; of Teutonic origin; cf. OHG. smalz grease, butter, G. schmalz grease, OHG. smelzan to melt, G. schmelzen. See Smelt, v. t., and cf. Amel, Enamel.] Defn: A deep blue pigment or coloring material used in various arts. It is a vitreous substance made of cobalt, potash, and calcined quartz fused, and reduced to a powder. SMALT-BLUE Smalt"-blue`, a. Defn: Deep blue, like smalt. SMALTINE; SMALTITE Smalt"ine, Smalt"ite, n. Etym: [See Smalt.] (Min.) Defn: A tin-white or gray mineral of metallic luster. It is an arsenide of cobalt, nickel, and iron. Called also speiskobalt. SMARAGD Smar"agd, n. Etym: [L. smaragdus. See Emerald.] Defn: The emerald. [Obs.] Bale. SMARAGDINE Sma*rag"dine, a. Etym: [L. smaragdinus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to emerald; resembling emerald; of an emerald green. SMARAGDITE Sma*rag"dite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. smaragdite; -- so called from its emerald-green color. See Smaragd.] (Min.) Defn: A green foliated kind of amphibole, observed in eclogite and some varietis of gabbro. SMART Smart, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smarted; p. pr. & vb. n. Smarting.] Etym: [OE. smarten, AS. smeortan; akin to D. smarten, smerten, G. schmerzen, OHG. smerzan, Dan. smerte, SW. smärta, D. smart, smert, a pain, G. schmerz, Ohg. smerzo, and probably to L. mordere to bite; cf. Gr. m to rub, crush. Cf. Morsel.] 1. To feel a lively, pungent local pain; -- said of some part of the body as the seat of irritation; as, my finger smarts; these wounds smart. Chaucer. Shak. 2. To feel a pungent pain of mind; to feel sharp pain or grief; to suffer; to feel the sting of evil. No creature smarts so little as a fool. Pope. He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it. Prov. xi. 15. SMART Smart, v. t. Defn: To cause a smart in. "A goad that . . . smarts the flesh." T. Adams. SMART Smart, n. Etym: [OE. smerte. See Smart, v. i.] 1. Quick, pungent, lively pain; a pricking local pain, as the pain from puncture by nettles. "In pain's smart." Chaucer. 2. Severe, pungent pain of mind; pungent grief; as, the smart of affliction. To stand 'twixt us and our deserved smart. Milton. Counsel mitigates the greatest smart. Spenser. 3. A fellow who affects smartness, briskness, and vivacity; a dandy. [Slang] Fielding. 4. Smart money (see below). [Canf] SMART Smart, a. [Compar. Smarter; superl. Smartest.] Etym: [OE. smerte. See Smart, v. i.] 1. Causing a smart; pungent; pricking; as, a smart stroke or taste. How smart lash that speech doth give my conscience. Shak. 2. Keen; severe; poignant; as, smart pain. 3. Vigorous; sharp; severe. "Smart skirmishes, in which many fell." Clarendon. 4. Accomplishing, or able to accomplish, results quickly; active; sharp; clever. [Colloq.] 5. Efficient; vigorous; brilliant. "The stars shine smarter." Dryden. 6. Marked by acuteness or shrewdness; quick in suggestion or reply; vivacious; witty; as, a smart reply; a smart saying. Who, for the poor renown of being smart Would leave a sting within a brother's heart Young. A sentence or two, . . . which I thought very smart. Addison. 7. Pretentious; showy; spruce; as, a smart gown. 8. Brisk; fresh; as, a smart breeze. Smart money. (a) Money paid by a person to buy himself off from some unpleasant engagement or some painful situation. (b) (Mil.) Money allowed to soldiers or sailors, in the English service, for wounds and injures received; also, a sum paid by a recruit, previous to being sworn in, to procure his release from service. (c) (Law) Vindictive or exemplary damages; damages beyond a full compensation for the actual injury done. Burrill. Greenleaf. -- Smart ticket, a certificate given to wounded seamen, entitling them to smart money. [Eng.] Brande & C. Syn. -- Pungent; poignant; sharp; tart; acute; quick; lively; brisk; witty; clever; keen; dashy; showy. -- Smart, Clever. Smart has been much used in New England to describe a person who is intelligent, vigorous, and active; as, a smart young fellow; a smart workman, etc., conciding very nearly with the English sense of clever. The nearest approach to this in England is in such expressions as, he was smart (pungent or witty) in his reply, etc.; but smart and smartness, when applied to persons, more commonly refer to dress; as, a smart appearance; a smart gown, etc. SMARTEN Smart"en, v. t. Defn: To make smart or spruce; -- usually with up. [Colloq.] She had to go and smarten herself up somewhat. W. Black. SMARTLE Smar"tle, v. i. Defn: To waste away. [Prov. Eng.] SMARTLY Smart"ly, adv. Defn: In a smart manner. SMARTNESS Smart"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being smart. SMARTWEED Smart"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An acrid plant of the genus Polygonum (P. Hydropiper), which produces smarting if applied where the skin is tender. SMASH Smash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smashed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Smashing.] Etym: [Cf. Sw. smisk a blow, stroke, smiska to strike, dial. Sw. smaske to kiss with a noise, and E. smack a loud kiss, a slap.] Defn: To break in pieces by violence; to dash to pieces; to crush. Here everything is broken and smashed to pieces. Burke. SMASH Smash, v. i. Defn: To break up, or to pieces suddenly, as the result of collision or pressure. SMASH Smash, n. 1. A breaking or dashing to pieces; utter destruction; wreck. 2. Hence, bankruptcy. [Colloq.] SMASHER Smash"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, smashes or breaks things to pieces. 2. Anything very large or extraordinary. [Slang] 3. One who passes counterfeit coin. [Cant, Eng.] SMATCH Smatch, n. Etym: [OE. smach, smak. See Smack taste.] Defn: Taste; tincture; smack. [Obs.] Thy life hath had some smatch of honor in it. Shak. SMATCH Smatch, v. i. Defn: To smack. [Obs.] Banister (1578). SMATTER Smat"ter, v. i. Etym: [OE. smateren to make a noise; cf. Sw. smattra to clatter, to crackle, G. schmettern to dash, crash, to warble, quaver.] 1. To talk superficially or ignorantly; to babble; to chatter. Of state affairs you can not smatter. Swift. 2. To have a slight taste, or a slight, superficial knowledge, of anything; to smack. SMATTER Smat"ter, v. t. 1. To talk superficially about. 2. To gain a slight taste of; to acquire a slight, superficial knowledge of; to smack. Chaucer. SMATTER Smat"ter, n. Defn: Superficial knowledge; a smattering. SMATTERER Smat"ter*er, n. Defn: One who has only a slight, superficial knowledge; a sciolist. SMATTERING Smat"ter*ing, n. Defn: A slight, superficial knowledge of something; sciolism. I had a great desire, not able to attain to a superficial skill in any, to have some smattering in all. Burton. SMEAR Smear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smeared; p. pr. & vb. n. Smearing.] Etym: [OE. smeren, smerien, AS. smierwan, smyrwan, fr. smeoru fat, grease; akin to D. smeren, OHG. smirwen, G. schmieren, Icel. smyrja to anoint. See Smear, n.] 1. To overspread with anything unctuous, viscous, or adhesive; to daub; as, to smear anything with oil. "Smear the sleepy grooms with blood." Shak. 2. To soil in any way; to contaminate; to pollute; to stain morally; as, to be smeared with infamy. Shak. SMEAR Smear, n. Etym: [OE. smere,. smeoru fat, grease; akin to D. smeer, G. schmeer, OHG. smero, Icel. smjör, Sw. & Dan. smör butter, Goth. smaír fatness, smarna dung; cf. Lith. smarsas fat. Cf. Smirch.] 1. A fat, oily substance; oinment. Johnson. 2. Hence, a spot made by, or as by, an unctuous or adhesive substance; a blot or blotch; a daub; a stain. Slow broke the morn, All damp and rolling vapor, with no sun, But in its place a moving smear of light. Alexander Smith. SMEARCASE Smear"case`, n. [G. schmierkäse; schmier grease (or schmieren to smear) + käse cheese.] Defn: Cottage cheese. [Local, U. S.] SMEAR DAB Smear" dab". (Zoöl.) Defn: The sand fluke (b). [Prov. Eng.] SMEARED Smeared, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the color mark ings ill defined, as if rubbed; as, the smeared dagger moth (Apatela oblinita). SMEARY Smear"y, a. Defn: Tending to smear or soil; adhesive; viscous. Rowe. SMEATH Smeath, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The smew. [Prov. Eng.] SMECTITE Smec"tite, n. Etym: [G. smectit, fr. Gr. (Min.) Defn: A hydrous silicate of alumina, of a greenish color, which, in certain states of humidity, appears transparent and almost gelatinous. SMEE Smee, n. Etym: [Cf. Smew.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail duck. (b) The widgeon. (c) The poachard. (d) The smew. [Prov. Eng.] SMEETH Smeeth, v. t. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: To smoke; to blacken with smoke; to rub with soot. [Obs.] SMEETH Smeeth, v. t. Etym: [OE. sme, AS. sm. See Smooth.] Defn: To smooth. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SMEGMA Smeg"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: The matter secreted by any of the sebaceous glands. Specifically: (a) The soapy substance covering the skin of newborn infants. (b) The cheesy, sebaceous matter which collects between the glans penis and the foreskin. SMEGMATIC Smeg*mat"ic, a. Defn: Being of the nature of soap; soapy; cleansing; detersive. SMEIR Smeir, n. Defn: A salt glaze on pottery, made by adding common salt to an earthenware glaze. SMELL Smell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smelled, Smelt (; p. pr. & vb. n. Smelling.] Etym: [OE. smellen, smillen, smullen; cf. LG. smellen, smelen, smölen, schmelen, to smoke, to reek, D. smeulen to smolder, and E. smolder. Cf. Smell, n.] 1. To perceive by the olfactory nerves, or organs of smell; to have a sensation of, excited through the nasal organs when affected by the appropriate materials or qualities; to obtain the scent of; as, to smell a rose; to smell perfumes. 2. To detect or perceive, as if by the sense of smell; to scent out; -- often with out. "I smell a device." Shak. Can you smell him out by that Shak. 3. To give heed to. [Obs.] From that time forward I began to smellthe Word of God, and forsook the school doctors. Latimer. To smell a rat, to have a sense of something wrong, not clearly evident; to have reason for suspicion. [Colloq.] -- To smell out, to find out by sagacity. [Colloq.] SMELL Smell, v. i. 1. To affect the olfactory nerves; to have an odor or scent; -- often followed by of; as, to smell of smoke, or of musk. 2. To have a particular tincture or smack of any quality; to savor; as, a report smells of calumny. Praises in an enemy are superfluous, or smell of craft. Milton. 3. To exercise the sense of smell. Ex. xxx. 38. 4. To exercise sagacity. Shak. SMELL Smell, n. Etym: [OE. smel, smil, smul, smeol. See Smell, v. t.] (Physiol.) 1. The sense or faculty by which certain qualities of bodies are perceived through the instrumentally of the olfactory nerves. See Sense. 2. The quality of any thing or substance, or emanation therefrom, which affects the olfactory organs; odor; scent; fragrance; perfume; as, the smell of mint. Breathing the smell of field and grove. Milton. That which, above all others, yields the sweetest smell in the air, is the violent. Bacon. Syn. -- Scent; odor; perfume; fragrance. SMELLER Smell"er, n. 1. One who smells, or perceives by the sense of smell; one who gives out smell. 2. The nose. [Pugilists' Slang] SMELL-FEAST Smell"-feast`, n. 1. One who is apt to find and frequent good tables; a parasite; a sponger. The epicure and the smell-feast. South. 2. A feast at which the guests are supposed to feed upon the odors only of the viands. SMELLING Smell"ing, n. 1. The act of one who smells. 2. The sense by which odors are perceived; the sense of smell. Locke. Smelling bottle, a small bottle filled with something suited to stimulate the sense of smell, or to remove faintness, as spirits of ammonia. SMELLING SALTS Smell"ing salts. Defn: An aromatic preparation of carbonate of ammonia and, often, some scent, to avoid or relieve faintness, headache, or the like. SMELL-LESS Smell"-less, a. Defn: Destitute of smell; having no odor. Daisies smell-less, yet most quaint. Beau & Fl. SMELT Smelt, imp. & p. p. Defn: of Smell. SMELT Smelt, n. Etym: [AS. smelt, smylt; akin to Dan. smelt.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small silvery salmonoid fishes of the genus Osmerus and allied genera, which ascend rivers to spawn, and sometimes become landlocked in lakes. They are esteemed as food, and have a peculiar odor and taste. Note: The most important species are the European smelt (Osmerus eperlans) (called also eperlan, sparling, and spirling), the Eastern American smelt (O. mordax), the California smelt (O. thalichthys), and the surf smelt (Hypomesus olidus). The name is loosely applied to various other small fishes, as the lant, the California tomcod, the spawn eater, the silverside. 2. Fig.: A gull; a simpleton. [Obs.] eau & Fl. Sand smelt (Zoöl.), the silverside. SMELT Smelt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smelted; p. pr. & vb. n. Smelting.] Etym: [Of foreign origin; cf. Sw. smälta, D. smelten, Dan. smelte, Icel. smelta, G. schmelzen OHG. smelzan, smelzen; probably akin to Gr. Enamel, Melt, Mute, v. i., Smalt.] (Metal.) Defn: To melt or fuse, as, ore, for the purpose of separating and refining the metal; hence, to reduce; to refine; to flux or scorify; as, to smelt tin. SMELTER Smelt"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, smelts. SMELTERY Smelt"er*y, n. Defn: A house or place for smelting. SMELTIE Smelt"ie, n. Defn: A fish, the bib. [Prov. Eng.] SMELTING Smelt"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Smelt. Smelting furnace (Metal.), a furnace in which ores are smelted or reduced. SMERK Smerk, n. & v. Defn: See Smirk. SMERK; SMERKY Smerk, Smerk"y, a. Defn: Smart; jaunty; spruce. See Smirk, a. [Obs.] So smerk, so smooth, his pricked ears. Spenser. SMERLIN Smer"lin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small loach. SMEW Smew, n. Etym: [Perhaps for ice-mew.] (Zoöl.) (a) small European merganser (Mergus albellus) which has a white crest; -- called also smee, smee duck, white merganser, and white nun. (b) The hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.] SMICKER Smick"er, v. i. Etym: [Akin to Sw. smickra to flatter, Dan. smigre, and perhaps to G. schmeicheln, and E. smile. Cf. Smicker, a.] Defn: To look amorously or wantonly; to smirk. SMICKER Smick"er, a. Etym: [AS. smicere tasteful, trim. See Smicker, v.] Defn: Amorous; wanton; gay; spruce. [Obs.] SMICKERING Smick"er*ing, n. Defn: Amorous glance or inclination. [Obs.] "A smickering to our young lady." Dryden. SMICKET Smick"et, n. Etym: [Dim. of smock.] Defn: A woman's under-garment; a smock. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Johnson. SMICKLY Smick"ly, adv. Defn: Smugly; finically. [Obs.] Ford. SMIDDY Smid"dy, n. Etym: [See Smithy.] Defn: A smithy. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SMIFT Smift, n. Defn: A match for firing a charge of powder, as in blasting; a fuse. SMIGHT Smight, v. t. Defn: To smite. [Obs.] Spenser. SMILACIN Smil"a*cin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. similacine. See Smilax.] (Chem.) Defn: See Parrilin. SMILAX Smi"lax, n. Etym: [L., bindweed, Gr. (Bot.) (a) A genus of perennial climbing plants, usually with a prickly woody stem; green brier, or cat brier. The rootstocks of certain species are the source of the medicine called sarsaparilla. (b) A delicate trailing plant (Myrsiphyllum asparagoides) much used for decoration. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. SMILE Smile, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Smiling.] Etym: [OE. smilen; akin to Dan. smile, Sw. smila, MHG. smielen, smieren, L. mirari to wonder at, Skr. smi to smile; and probably to E. smicker. sq. root173. Cf. Admire, Marvel, Smirk.] 1. To express amusement, pleasure, moderate joy, or love and kindness, by the features of the face; to laugh silently. He doth nothing but frown . . . He hears merry tales and smiles not. Shak. She led to see the doughty hero slain. Pope. When last I saw thy young blue eyes, they smiled. Byron. 2. To express slight contempt by a look implying sarcasm or pity; to sneer. 'T was what I said to Craggs and Child, Who praised my modesty, and smiled. Pope. 3. To look gay and joyous; to have an appearance suited to excite joy; as, smiling spring; smilimg plenty. The desert smiled, And paradise was opened in the wild. Pope. 4. To be propitious or favorable; to favor; to countenance; -- often with on; as, to smile on one's labors. SMILE Smile, v. t. 1. To express by a smile; as, to smile consent; to smile a welcome to visitors. 2. To affect in a certain way with a smile. [R.] And sharply smile prevailing folly dead. Young. SMILE Smile, n. Etym: [CF. Dan. smiil, Sw. smil. See Smile, v. i.] 1. The act of smiling; a peculiar change or brightening of the face, which expresses pleasure, moderate joy, mirth, approbation, or kindness; -- opposed to frown. Sweet intercourse Of looks and smiles: for smiles from reason flow. Milton. 2. A somewhat similar expression of countenance, indicative of satisfaction combined with malevolent feelings, as contempt, scorn, etc; as, a scornful smile. 3. Favor; countenance; propitiousness; as, the smiles of Providence. "The smile of heaven." Shak. 4. Gay or joyous appearance; as, the smiles of spring. The brightness of their [the flowers'] smile was gone. Bryant. SMILELESS Smile"less, a. Defn: Not having a smile. SMILER Smil"er, n. Defn: One who smiles. Tennyson. SMILET Smil"et, n. Defn: A little smile. [R.] Those happy smilets That played on her ripe lip. Shak. SMILINGLY Smil"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a smiling manner. Shak. SMILINGNESS Smil"ing*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being smiling. And made despair a smilingness assume. Byron. SMILODON Smi"lo*don, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of saber-toothed tigers. See Mach. SMILT Smilt, v. i. Defn: To melt. [Obs.] Mortimer. SMINTHURID Smin*thu"rid, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous small species of springtails, of the family Sminthurid, -- usually found on flowers. See Illust. under Collembola. SMIRCH Smirch, v. t. Etym: [From the root of smear.] Defn: To smear with something which stains, or makes dirty; to smutch; to begrime; to soil; to sully. I'll . . . with a kind of umber smirch my face. Shak. SMIRCH Smirch, n. Defn: A smutch; a dirty stain. SMIRK Smirk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smirked; p. pr. & vb. n. Smirking.] Etym: [OE. smirken, ASS. smercian, smearcian; cf. MHG. smieren, smielen, to smile. See Smile, v. i.] Defn: To smile in an affected or conceited manner; to smile with affected complaisance; to simper. SMIRK Smirk, n. Defn: A forced or affected smile; a simper. The bride, all smirk and blush, had just entered. Sir W. Scott. SMIRK Smirk, a. Defn: Nice,; smart; spruce; affected; simpering. "So smirk, so smooth." Spenser. SMIRKINGLY Smirk"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With smirking; with a smirk. SMIRKY Smirk"y, a. Defn: Smirk; smirking. SMIT Smit, rare Defn: imp. & p. p. of Smite. Spenser. Smit with the beauty of so fair a scene. Cowper. SMIT Smit, obs. Defn: 3d. pers. sing. pres. of Smite. Chaucer. SMITE Smite, v. t. [imp. Smoth, rarely Smit (; p. p. Smitten, rarely Smit, or Smote; p. pr. & vb. n. Smiting.] Etym: [AS. smitan to smite, to soil, pollute; akin to OFries. smita to smite, LG. smiten, D. smijten, G. schmeissen, OHG. smizan to smear, stroke, OSw. & dial. Sw. smita to smite, Dan. smiide to throw, Goth. bismeitan, to anoint, besmear; cf. Skr. m to be fat. The original sense seems to have been, to daub on, to smear. Cf. Smut.] 1. To strike; to inflict a blow upon with the hand, or with any instrument held in the hand, or with a missile thrown by the hand; as, to smite with the fist, with a rod, sword, spear, or stone. Whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also. Matt. v. 39. And David . . . took thence a stone, and slang it, and smote the Philistine in his forehead. 1 Sam. xvii. 49. 2. To cause to strike; to use as an instrument in striking or hurling. Profpesy, and smite thine hands together. Ezek. xxi. 14. Saul . . . smote the javelin into the wall. 1 Sam. xix. 10. 3. To destroy the life of by beating, or by weapons of any kind; to slay by a blow; to kill; as, to smite one with the sword, or with an arrow or other instrument. 4. To put to rout in battle; to overthrow by war. 5. To blast; to destroy the life or vigor of, as by a stroke or by some visitation. The flax and the barely was smitten. Ex. ix. 31. 6. To afflict; to chasten; to punish. Let us not mistake God's goodness, nor imagine, because he smites us, that we are forsaken by him. Wake. 7. To strike or affect with passion, as love or fear. The charms that smite the simple heart. Pope. Smith with the love of sister arts we came. Pope. To smite off, to cut off. -- To smite out, to knock out, as a tooth. Exod,xxi.27. -- To smite with the tongue, to reproach or upbarid; to revile. [Obs.] Jer. xviii. 18. SMITE Smite, v. i. Defn: To strike; to collide; to beat. [Archaic] The heart meleth, and the knees smite together. Nah. ii. 10. SMITE Smite, n. Defn: The act of smiting; a blow. SMITER Smit"er, n. Defn: One who smites. I give my back to the smiters. Isa. l. 6. SMITH Smith, n. Etym: [AS. smi; akin to D. smid, G. schmied, OHG. smid, Icel. smi, Dan. & Sw. smed, Goth. smi (in comp.); cf. Gr. 1. One who forgess with the hammer; one who works in metals; as, a blacksmith, goldsmith, silversmith, and the like. Piers Plowman. Nor yet the smith hath learned to form a sword. Tate. 2. One who makes or effects anything. [R.] Dryden. SMITH Smith, v. t. Etym: [AS. smi. See Smith, n.] Defn: To beat into shape; to fprge. [Obs.] Chaucer. What smith that any [weapon] smitheth. Piers Plowman. SMITHCRAFT Smith"craft`, n. Defn: The art or occupation of a smith; smithing. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh. SMITHER Smith"er, n. 1. Light, fine rain. [Prov. Eng.] 2. pl. Defn: Fragments; atoms; finders. [Prov. Eng.] Smash the bottle to smithers. Tennyson. SMITHEREENS Smith`er*eens", n. pl. Defn: Fragments; atoms; smithers. [Colloq.] W. Black. SMITHERY Smith"er*y, n.; pl. -ies (. 1. The workshop of a smith; a smithy or stithy. 2. Work done by a smith; smithing. The din of all his smithery may some time or other possibly wake this noble duke. Burke. SMITHING Smith"ing, n. Defn: The act or art of working or forging metals, as iron, into any desired shape. Moxon. SMITHSONIAN Smith*so"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Englishman J.L.M. Smithson, or to the national institution of learning which he endowed at Washington, D.C.; as, the Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Reports. -- n. Defn: The Smithsonian Institution. SMITHSONITE Smith"son*ite, n. Etym: [See Smithsonian.] (Min.) Defn: Native zinc carbonate. It generally occurs in stalactitic, reniform, or botryoidal shapes, of a white to gray, green, or brown color. See Note under Calamine. SMITHY Smith"y, n. Etym: [AS. smi, fr. smi; akin to D. smidse, smids, OHG. smitta, G. schmiede, Icel. smi. See Smith, n.] Defn: The workshop of a smith, esp. a blacksmith; a smithery; a stithy. [Written also smiddy.] Under a spreading chestnut tree The village smithy stands. Lonfellow. SMITT Smitt, n. Etym: [CF. G. schmitz a stain, schmitzen besmear. See Smite, v. t.] Defn: Fine clay or ocher made up into balls, used for marking sheep. [Eng.] Woodsward. SMITTEN Smit"ten, Defn: p. p. of Smite. SMITTLE Smit"tle, v. t. Etym: [Freq. fr. OE. smitten to befoul. See Smite, v. t.] Defn: To infect. [Prov. Eng.] SMITTLE Smit"tle, n. Defn: Infection. [Pov. Eng.] Wright. SMITTLE; SMITTLISH Smit"tle, Smit"tlish, a. Defn: Infectious; catching. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] H. Kingsley. SMOCK Smock, n. Etym: [AS. smoc; akin to OHG. smocho, Icel. smokkr, and from the root of AS. sm to creep, akin to G. schmiegen to cling to, press close. MHG. smiegen, Icel. smj to creep through, to put on a garment which has a hole to put the head through; cf. Lith. smukti to glide. Cf. Smug, Smuggle.] 1. A woman's under-garment; a shift; a chemise. In her smock, with head and foot all bare. Chaucer. 2. A blouse; a smoock frock. Carlyle. SMOCK Smock, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a smock; resembling a smock; hence, of or pertaining to a woman. Smock mill, a windmill of which only the cap turns round to meet the wind, in distinction from a post mill, whose whole building turns on a post. -- Smock race, a race run by women for the prize of a smock. [Prov. Eng.] SMOCK Smock, v. t. Defn: To provide with, or clothe in, a smock or a smock frock. Tennyson. SMOCK-FACED Smock"-faced`, a. Defn: Having a feminine countenance or complexion; smooth-faced; girlish. Fenton. SMOCK FROCK Smock" frock`. Defn: A coarse frock, or shirt, worn over the other dress, as by farm laborers. Macaulay. SMOCKLESS Smock"less, a. Defn: Wanting a smock. Chaucer. SMOKABLE Smok"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being smoked; suitable or ready to be smoked; as, smokable tobacco. SMOKE Smoke, n. Etym: [AS. smoca, fr. smeócan to smoke; akin to LG. & D. smook smoke, Dan. smög, G. schmauch, and perh. to Gr. smaugti to choke.] 1. The visible exhalation, vapor, or substance that escapes, or expelled, from a burning body, especially from burning vegetable matter, as wood, coal, peat, or the like. Note: The gases of hydrocarbons, raised to a red heat or thereabouts, without a mixture of air enough to produce combustion, disengage their carbon in a fine powder, forming smoke. The disengaged carbon when deposited on solid bodies is soot. 2. That which resembles smoke; a vapor; a mist. 3. Anything unsubstantial, as idle talk. Shak. 4. The act of smoking, esp. of smoking tobacco; as, to have a smoke. [Colloq.] Note: Smoke is sometimes joined with other word. forming self- explaining compounds; as, smoke-consuming, smoke-dried, smoke- stained, etc. Smoke arch, the smoke box of a locomotive. -- Smoke ball (Mil.), a ball or case containing a composition which, when it burns, sends forth thick smoke. -- Smoke black, lampblack. [Obs.] -- Smoke board, a board suspended before a fireplace to prevent the smoke from coming out into the room. -- Smoke box, a chamber in a boiler, where the smoke, etc., from the furnace is collected before going out at the chimney. -- Smoke sail (Naut.), a small sail in the lee of the galley stovepipe, to prevent the smoke from annoying people on deck. -- Smoke tree (Bot.), a shrub (Rhus Cotinus) in which the flowers are mostly abortive and the panicles transformed into tangles of plumose pedicels looking like wreaths of smoke. -- To end in smoke, to burned; hence, to be destroyed or ruined; figuratively, to come to nothing. Syn. -- Fume; reek; vapor. SMOKE Smoke, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smoked; p. pr. & vb n. Smoking.] Etym: [AS. smocian; akin to D. smoken, G. schmauchen, Dan. smöge. See Smoke, n.] 1. To emit smoke; to throw off volatile matter in the form of vapor or exhalation; to reek. Hard by a cottage chimney smokes. Milton. 2. Hence, to burn; to be kindled; to rage. The anger of the Lord and his jealousy shall smoke agains. that man. Deut. xxix. 20. 3. To raise a dust or smoke by rapid motion. Proud of his steeds, he smokes along the field. Dryden. 4. To draw into the mouth the smoke of tobacco burning in a pipe or in the form of a cigar, cigarette, etc.; to habitually use tobacco in this manner. 5. To suffer severely; to be punished. Some of you shall smoke for it in Rome. Shak. SMOKE Smoke, v. t. 1. To apply smoke to; to hang in smoke; to disinfect, to cure, etc., by smoke; as, to smoke or fumigate infected clothing; to smoke beef or hams for preservation. 2. To fill or scent with smoke; hence, to fill with incense; to perfume. "Smoking the temple." Chaucer. 3. To smell out; to hunt out; to find out; to detect. I alone Smoked his true person, talked with him. Chapman. He was first smoked by the old Lord Lafeu. Shak. Upon that . . . I began to smoke that they were a parcel of mummers. Addison. 4. To ridicule to the face; to quiz. [Old Slang] 5. To inhale and puff out the smoke of, as tobacco; to burn or use in smoking; as, to smoke a pipe or a cigar. 6. To subject to the operation of smoke, for the purpose of annoying or driving out; -- often with out; as, to smoke a woodchuck out of his burrow. SMOKE BALL Smoke ball. Defn: Same as Puffball. SMOKE-DRY Smoke"-dry`, v. t. Defn: To dry by or in smoke. SMOKEHOUSE Smoke"house`, n. Defn: A building where meat or fish is cured by subjecting it to a dense smoke. SMOKEJACK Smoke"jack`, n. Defn: A contrivance for turning a spit by means of a fly or wheel moved by the current of ascending air in a chimney. SMOKELESS Smoke"less, a. Defn: Making or having no smoke. "Smokeless towers." Pope. SMOKELESS POWDER Smoke"less pow"der. Defn: A high-explosive gunpowder whose explosion produces little, if any, smoke. SMOKER Smok"er, n. 1. One who dries or preserves by smoke. 2. One who smokes tobacco or the like. 3. A smoking car or compartment. [U. S.] SMOKESTACK Smoke"stack`, n. Defn: A chimney; esp., a pipe serving as a chimney, as the pipe which carries off the smoke of a locomotive, the funnel of a steam vessel, etc. SMOKILY Smok"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a smoky manner. SMOKINESS Smok"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being smoky. SMOKING Smok"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Smoke. Smoking bean (Bot.), the long pod of the catalpa, or Indian-bean tree, often smoked by boys as a substitute for cigars. -- Smoking car, a railway car carriage reserved for the use of passengers who smoke tobacco. SMOKY Smok"y, a. [Compar. Smokier; superl. Smokiest.] 1. Emitting smoke, esp. in large quantities or in an offensive manner; fumid; as, smoky fires. 2. Having the appearance or nature of smoke; as, a smoky fog. "Unlustrous as the smoky light." Shak. 3. Filled with smoke, or with a vapor resembling smoke; thick; as, a smoky atmosphere. 4. Subject to be filled with smoke from chimneys or fireplace; as, a smoky house. 5. Tarnished with smoke; noisome with smoke; as, smoky rafters; smoky cells. 6. Suspicious; open to suspicion. [Obs.] Foote. Smoky quartz (Min.), a variety of quartz crystal of a pale to dark smoky-brown color. See Quartz. SMOLDER; SMOULDER Smol"der, Smoul"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Smoldered or Smouldered; p. pr. & vb. n. Smoldering or Smouldering.] Etym: [OE. smolderen; cf. Prov. G. smölen, smelen, D. smeulen. Cf. Smell.] 1. To burn and smoke without flame; to waste away by a slow and supressed combustion. The smoldering dust did round about him smoke. Spenser. 2. To exist in a state of suppressed or smothered activity; to burn inwardly; as, a smoldering feud. SMOLDER; SMOULDER Smol"der, Smoul"der, v. t. Defn: To smother; to suffocate; to choke. [Obs.] Holinshed. Palsgrave. SMOLDER; SMOULDER Smol"der, Smoul"der, n. Defn: Smoke; smother. [Obs.] The smolder stops our nose with stench. Gascoigne. SMOLDERING; SMOULDERING Smol"der*ing, Smoul"der*ing, a. Defn: Being in a state of suppressed activity; quiet but not dead. Some evil chance Will make the smoldering scandal break and blaze. Tennyson. SMOLDERINGNESS; SMOULDERINGNESS Smol"der*ing*ness, Smoul"der*ing*ness, n. Defn: The state of smoldering. SMOLDRY; SMOULDRY Smol"dry, Smoul"dry, a. Defn: Smoldering; suffocating; smothery. [Obs.] A flaming fire ymixt with smoldry smoke. Spenser. SMOLT Smolt, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young salmon two or three years old, when it has acquired its silvery color. SMOOCH Smooch, v. t. Defn: See Smutch. SMOOR Smoor, v. t. Etym: [AS. smorian; akin to D. & LG. smoren, G. schmoren to stew. Cf. Smother.] Defn: To suffocate or smother. [Written also smore.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir T. More. Burns. SMOOTH Smooth, a. [Compar. Smoother; superl. Smoothest.] Etym: [OE. smothe, smethe, AS. smeedhe, smoeedte, where e, oe, come from an older o; cf. LG. smöde, smöe, smödig; of uncertain origin.] 1. Having an even surface, or a surface so even that no roughness or points can be perceived by the touch; not rough; as, smooth glass; smooth porcelain. Chaucer. The outlines must be smooth, imperceptible to the touch, and even, without eminence or cavities. Dryden. 2. Evenly spread or arranged; sleek; as, smooth hair. 3. Gently flowing; moving equably; not ruffled or obstructed; as, a smooth stream. 4. Flowing or uttered without check, obstruction, or hesitation; not harsh; voluble; even; fluent. The only smooth poet of those times. Milton. Waller was smooth; but Dryden taught to join The varying verse, the full-resounding line. Pope. When sage Minerva rose, From her sweet lips smooth elocution flows. Gay. 5. Bland; mild; smoothing; fattering. This smooth discourse and mild behavior oft Conceal a traitor. Addison. 6. (Mech. & Physics) Defn: Causing no resistance to a body sliding along its surface; frictionless. Note: Smooth is often used in the formation of selfexplaining compounds; as, smooth-bodied, smooth-browed, smooth-combed, smooth- faced, smooth-finished, smooth-gliding, smooth-grained, smooth- leaved, smooth-sliding, smooth-speaking, smooth-woven, and the like. Syn. -- Even; plain; level; flat; polished; glossy; sleek; soft; bland; mild; soothing; voluble; flattering; adulatory; deceptive. SMOOTH Smooth, adv. Defn: Smoothly. Chaucer. Smooth runs the water where the brook is deep. Shak. SMOOTH Smooth, n. 1. The act of making smooth; a stroke which smooths. Thackeray. 2. That which is smooth; the smooth part of anything. "The smooth of his neck." Gen. xxvii. 16. SMOOTH Smooth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smoothed (smoothd); p. pr. & vb. n. Smoothing.] Etym: [OE. smothen, smethen, AS. smeedhian; cf. LG. smöden. See Smooth, a.] Defn: To make smooth; to make even on the surface by any means; as, to smooth a board with a plane; to smooth cloth with an iron. Specifically: -- (a) To free from obstruction; to make easy. Thou, Abelard! the last sad office pay, And smooth my passage to the realms of day. Pope. (b) To free from harshness; to make flowing. In their motions harmony divine So smooths her charming tones that God's own ear Listens delighted. Milton. (c) To palliate; to gloze; as, to smooth over a fault. (d) To give a smooth or calm appearance to. Each perturbation smoothed with outward calm. Milton. (e) To ease; to regulate. Dryden. SMOOTH Smooth, v. i. Defn: To flatter; to use blandishment. Because I can not flatter and speak fair, Smile in men's faces, smooth, deceive and cog. Shak. SMOOTHBORE Smooth"bore`, a. (Gun.) Defn: Having a bore of perfectly smooth surface; -- distinguished from rifled. -- n. Defn: A smoothbore firearm. SMOOTH-CHINNED Smooth"-chinned`, a. Defn: Having a smooth chin; beardless. Drayton. SMOOTHEN Smooth"en, v. t. Defn: To make smooth. [Obs.] SMOOTHER Smooth"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, smooths. SMOOTHING Smooth"ing, a. & n. Defn: fr. Smooth, v. Smoothing iron, an iron instrument with a polished face, for smoothing clothes; a sadiron; a flatiron. -- Smoothing plane, a short, finely set plane, for smoothing and finishing work. SMOOTHLY Smooth"ly, adv. Defn: In a smooth manner. SMOOTHNESS Smooth"ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being smooth. SMOOTH-SPOKEN Smooth"-spo`ken, a. Defn: Speaking smoothly; plausible; flattering; smooth-tongued. SMOOTH-TONGUED Smooth"-tongued`, a. Defn: Having a smooth tongue; plausible; flattering. SMORE Smore, v. t. Defn: To smother. See Smoor. [Obs.] Some dying vomit blood, and some were smored. Du Bartas. SMORZANDO; SMORSATO Smor*zan"do, Smor*sa"to, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Growing gradually fainter and softer; dying away; morendo. SMOTE Smote, Defn: imp. (and rare p. p.) of Smite. SMOTERLICH Smo"ter*lich, a. Etym: [CF. Smut.] Defn: Dirty foul. [Obs.] Chaucer. SMOTHER Smoth"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smothered; p. pr. & vb. n. Smothering.] Etym: [OE. smotheren; akin to E. smoor. See Smoor.] 1. To destroy the life of by suffocation; to deprive of the air necessary for life; to cover up closely so as to prevent breathing; to suffocate; as, to smother a child. 2. To affect as by suffocation; to stife; to deprive of air by a thick covering, as of ashes, of smoke, or the like; as, to smother a fire. 3. Hence, to repress the action of; to cover from public view; to suppress; to conceal; as, to smother one's displeasure. SMOTHER Smoth"er, v. i. 1. To be suffocated or stifled. 2. To burn slowly, without sufficient air; to smolder. SMOTHER Smoth"er, n. Etym: [OE. smorther. See Smother, v. t.] 1. Stifling smoke; thick dust. Shak. 2. A state of suppression. [Obs.] Not to keep their suspicions in smother. Bacon. Smother fly (Zoöl.), an aphid. SMOTHERED MATE Smoth"ered mate. (Chess) Defn: Checkmate given when movement of the king is completely obstructed by his own men. SMOTHERINESS Smoth"er*i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being smothery. SMOTHERINGLY Smoth"er*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a smothering manner. SMOTHERY Smoth"er*y, a. Defn: Tending to smother; stifling. SMOUCH Smouch, v. t. Etym: [Akin to smack.] Defn: To kiss closely. [Obs.] P. Stubbes. SMOUCH Smouch, v. t. Etym: [See Smutch.] Defn: To smutch; to soil; as, to smouch the face. SMOUCH Smouch, n. Defn: A dark soil or stain; a smutch. SMOULDER Smoul"der, v. i. Defn: See Smolder. SMOULDRY Smoul"dry, a. Defn: See Smoldry. SMUDGE Smudge, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. smuds smut, E. smutch, or smoke.] 1. A suffocating smoke. Grose. 2. A heap of damp combustibles partially ignited and burning slowly, placed on the windward side of a house, tent, or the like, in order, by the thick smoke, to keep off mosquitoes or other insects. [U. S.] Bartlett. 3. That which is smeared upon anything; a stain; a blot; a smutch; a smear. SMUDGE Smudge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smudged; p. pr. & vb. n. Smudging.] 1. To stifle or smother with smoke; to smoke by means of a smudge. 2. To smear; to smutch; to soil; to blacken with smoke. SMUDGINESS Smudg"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being smudged, soiled, or blurred. C. A. Young. SMUG Smug, a. Etym: [Of. Scand. or Low German origin; cf. LG. smuck, G. schmuck, Dan. smuk, OSw. smuck, smöck, and E. smock, smuggle; cf. G. schmuck ornament. See Smock.] Defn: Studiously neat or nice, especially in dress; spruce; affectedly precise; smooth and prim. They be so smug and smooth. Robynson (More's Utopia). The smug and scanty draperies of his style. De Quincey. A young, smug, handsome holiness has no fellow. Beau & Fl. SMUG Smug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smugged; p. pr. & vb. n. Smugging.] Defn: To make smug, or spruce. [Obs.] Thus said, he smugged his beard, and stroked up fair. Dryton. SMUGGLE Smug"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smuggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Smuggling.] Etym: [Of Low German or Scand. origin; cf. LG. smuggeln, D. smokkelen, G. schmuggeln, Dan. smugle, Sw. smyga to introduce or convey secretly, Dan. i smug secretly, D. smuigen to eat in secret, AS. smgan to creep. See Smock.] 1. To import or export secretly, contrary to the law; to import or export without paying the duties imposed by law; as, to smuggle lace. 2. Fig.: To convey or introduce clandestinely. SMUGGLE Smug"gle, v. i. Defn: To import or export in violation of the customs laws. SMUGGLER Smug"gler, n. 1. One who smuggles. 2. A vessel employed in smuggling. SMUGLY Smug"ly, adv. Defn: In a smug manner. [R.] Gay. SMUGNESS Smug"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being smug. SMUT Smut, n. Etym: [Akin to Sw. smuts, Dan. smuds, MHG. smuz, G. schmutz, D. smet a spot or stain, smoddig, smodsig, smodderig, dirty, smodderen to smut; and probably to E. smite. See Smite, v. t., and cf. Smitt, Smutch.] 1. Foul matter, like soot or coal dust; also, a spot or soil made by such matter. 2. (Mining) Defn: Bad, soft coal, containing much earthy matter, found in the immediate locality of faults. 3. (Bot.) Defn: An affection of cereal grains producing a swelling which is at length resolved into a powdery sooty mass. It is caused by parasitic fungi of the genus Ustilago. Ustilago segetum, or U. Carbo, is the commonest kind; that of Indian corn is Ustilago maydis. 4. Obscene language; ribaldry; obscenity. He does not stand upon decency . . . but will talk smut, though a priest and his mother be in the room. Addison. Smut mill, a machine for cleansing grain from smut. SMUT Smut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Smutting.] 1. To stain or mark with smut; to blacken with coal, soot, or other dirty substance. 2. To taint with mildew, as grain. Bacon. 3. To blacken; to sully or taint; to tarnish. 4. To clear of smut; as, to smut grain for the mill. SMUT Smut, v. i. 1. To gather smut; to be converted into smut; to become smutted. Mortimer. 2. To give off smut; to crock. SMUTCH Smutch, n. Etym: [Prob. for smuts. See Smut, n.] Defn: A stain; a dirty spot. B. Jonson. SMUTCH Smutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Smutched; p. pr. & vb. n. Smutching.] Defn: To blacken with smoke, soot, or coal. [Written also smooch.] B. Jonson. SMUTCHIN Smutch"in, n. Defn: Snuff. [Obs.] Howell. SMUTTY Smut"ty, a. [Compar. Smuttier; superl. Smuttiest.] 1. Soiled with smut; smutted. 2. Tainted with mildew; as, smutty corn. 3. Obscene; not modest or pure; as, a smutty saying. The smutty joke, ridiculously lewd. Smollett. -- Smut"ti*ly, adv. -- Smut"ti*ness, n. SMYRNIOT Smyr"ni*ot, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Smyrna. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Smyrna. SNACK Snack, n. Etym: [See Snatch, v. t.] 1. A share; a part or portion; -- obsolete, except in the colloquial phrase, to go snacks, i. e., to share. At last he whispers, "Do, and we go snacks." Pope. 2. A slight, hasty repast. [Colloq.] SNACKET Snack"et, n. Defn: See Snecket. [Prov. Eng.] SNACOT Snac"ot, n. Etym: [Said to be corrupted fr. NL. syngnathus, fr. Gr. sy`n together + gna`qos jaw, because the jaws can be only slightly separated.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A pipefish of the genus Syngnathus. See Pipefish. SNAFFLE Snaf"fle, n. Etym: [D. snavel a beak, bill, snout; akin to G. schnabel, OHG. snabul,. sneb, snebbe, OFries. snavel mouth, Dan. & Sw. snabel beak, bill, Lith. snapas, and to E. snap, v. See Snap, and cf. Neb.] Defn: A kind of bridle bit, having a joint in the part to be placed in the mouth, and rings and cheek pieces at the ends, but having no curb; -- called also snaffle bit. SNAFFLE Snaf"fle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snaffled; p. pr. & vb. n. Snaffling.] Defn: To put a snaffle in the mouth of; to subject to the snaffle; to bridle. SNAG Snag, n. Etym: [Prov. E., n., a lump on a tree where a branch has been cut off; v., to cut off the twigs and small branches from a tree, of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. snaigh, snaidh, to cut down, to prune, to sharpen, p. p. snaighte, snaidhte, cut off, lopped, Ir. snaigh a hewing, cutting.] 1. A stump or base of a branch that has been lopped off; a short branch, or a sharp or rough branch; a knot; a protuberance. The coat of arms Now on a naked snag in triumph borne. Dryden. 2. A tooth projecting beyond the rest; contemptuously, a broken or decayed tooth. Prior. 3. A tree, or a branch of a tree, fixed in the bottom of a river or other navigable water, and rising nearly or quite to the surface, by which boats are sometimes pierced and sunk. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the secondary branches of an antler. Snag boat, a steamboat fitted with apparatus for removing snags and other obstructions in navigable streams. [U.S.] -- Snag tooth. Same as Snag, 2. How thy snag teeth stand orderly, Like stakes which strut by the water side. J. Cotgrave. SNAG Snag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Snagging.] 1. To cut the snags or branches from, as the stem of a tree; to hew roughly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. To injure or destroy, as a steamboat or other vessel, by a snag, or projecting part of a sunken tree. [U. S.] SNAGGED Snag"ged, a. Defn: Full of snags; snaggy. SNAGGY Snag"gy, a. 1. Full of snags; full of short, rough branches or sharp points; abounding with knots. "Upon a snaggy oak." Spenser. 2. Snappish; cross; ill-tempered. [Prov. Eng.] SNAIL Snail, n. Etym: [OE. snaile, AS. sn, snegel, sn; akin to G. schnecke, OHG. snecko, Dan. snegl, Icel. snigill.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of terrestrial air-breathing gastropods belonging to the genus Helix and many allied genera of the family Helicidæ. They are abundant in nearly all parts of the world except the arctic regions, and feed almost entirely on vegetation; a land sanil. (b) Any gastropod having a general resemblance to the true snails, including fresh-water and marine species. See Pond snail, under Pond, and Sea snail. 2. Hence, a drone; a slow-moving person or thing. 3. (Mech.) Defn: A spiral cam, or a flat piece of metal of spirally curved outline, used for giving motion to, or changing the position of, another part, as the hammer tail of a striking clock. 4. A tortoise; in ancient warfare, a movable roof or shed to protect besiegers; a testudo. [Obs.] They had also all manner of gynes [engines] . . . that needful is [in] taking or sieging of castle or of city, as snails, that was naught else but hollow pavises and targets, under the which men, when they fought, were heled [protected], . . . as the snail is in his house; therefore they cleped them snails. Vegetius (Trans.). 5. (Bot.) Defn: The pod of the sanil clover. Ear snail, Edible snail, Pond snail, etc. See under Ear, Edible, etc. -- Snail borer (Zoöl.), a boring univalve mollusk; a drill. -- Snail clover (Bot.), a cloverlike plant (Medicago scuttellata, also, M. Helix); -- so named from its pods, which resemble the shells of snails; -- called also snail trefoil, snail medic, and beehive. -- Snail flower (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Phaseolus Caracalla) having the keel of the carolla spirally coiled like a snail shell. -- Snail shell (Zoöl.), the shell of snail. -- Snail trefoil. (Bot.) See Snail clover, above. SNAILFISH Snail"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Sea snail (a). SNAIL-LIKE Snail"-like`, a. Defn: Like or suiting a snail; as, snail-like progress. SNAIL-LIKE Snail"-like`, adv. Defn: In the manner of a snail; slowly. SNAIL-PACED Snail"-paced`, a. Defn: Slow-moving, like a snail. Bid the snail-paced Ajax arm for shame. Shak. 'SNAILS 'Snails, interj. Defn: God's nails, or His nails, that is, the nails with which the Savior was fastened to the cross; -- an ancient form of oath, corresponding to 'Od's bodikins (dim. of body, i.e., God's dear body). Beau & Fl. SNAKE Snake, n. Etym: [AS. snaca; akin to LG. snake, schnake, Icel. snakr, sn, Dan. snog, Sw. snok; of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of the order Ophidia; an ophidian; a serpent, whether harmless or venomous. See Ophidia, and Serpent. Note: Snakes are abundant in all warm countries, and much the larger number are harmless to man. Blind snake, Garter snake, Green snake, King snake, Milk snake, Rock snake, Water snake, etc. See under Blind, Garter, etc. -- Fetich snake (Zoöl.), a large African snake (Python Sebæ) used by the natives as a fetich. -- Ringed snake (Zoöl.), a common European columbrine snake (Tropidonotus natrix). -- Snake eater. (Zoöl.) (a) The markhoor. (b) The secretary bird. -- Snake fence, a worm fence (which see). [U.S.] -- Snake fly (Zoöl.), any one of several species of neuropterous insects of the genus Rhaphidia; -- so called because of their large head and elongated neck and prothorax. -- Snake gourd (Bot.), a cucurbitaceous plant (Trichosanthes anguina) having the fruit shorter and less snakelike than that of the serpent cucumber. -- Snake killer. (Zoöl.) (a) The secretary bird. (b) The chaparral cock. -- Snake moss (Bot.), the common club moss (Lycopodium clavatum). See Lycopodium. -- Snake nut (Bot.), the fruit of a sapindaceous tree (Ophiocaryon paradoxum) of Guiana, the embryo of which resembles a snake coiled up. -- Tree snake (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of colubrine snakes which habitually live in trees, especially those of the genus Dendrophis and allied genera. SNAKE Snake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Snaking.] 1. To drag or draw, as a snake from a hole; -- often with out. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To wind round spirally, as a large rope with a smaller, or with cord, the small rope lying in the spaces between the strands of the large one; to worm. SNAKE Snake, v. i. Defn: To crawl like a snake. SNAKEBIRD Snake"bird`, n. Etym: [So named from its snakelike neck.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of four species of aquatic birds of the genus Anhinga or Plotus. They are allied to the gannets and cormorants, but have very long, slender, flexible necks, and sharp bills. Note: The American species (Anhinga, or Plotus, anhinga) inhabits the Southern United States and tropical America; -- called also darter, and water turkey. The Asiatic species (A. melanogaster) is native of Southern Asia and the East Indies. Two other species inhabit Africa and Australia respectively. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wryneck. SNAKEFISH Snake"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The band fish. (b) The lizard fish. SNAKEHEAD Snake"head`, n. 1. A loose, bent-up end of one of the strap rails, or flat rails, formerly used on American railroads. It was sometimes so bent by the passage of a train as to slip over a wheel and pierce the bottom of a car. 2. (Bot.) (a) The turtlehead. (b) The Guinea-hen flower. See Snake's-head, and under Guinea. SNAKENECK Snake"neck`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The snakebird, 1. SNAKEROOT Snake"root`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any one of several plants of different genera and species, most of which are (or were formerly) reputed to be efficacious as remedies for the bites of serpents; also, the roots of any of these. Note: The Virginia snakeroot is Aristolochia Serpentaria; black snakeroot is Sanicula, esp. S. Marilandica, also Cimicifuga racemosa; Seneca snakeroot is Polygala Senega; button snakeroot is Liatris, also Eryngium; white snakeroot is Eupatorium ageratoides. The name is also applied to some others besides these. SNAKE'S-HEAD Snake's"-head`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The Guinea-hen flower; -- so called in England because its spotted petals resemble the scales of a snake's head. Dr. Prior. Snake's-head iris (Bot.), an iridaceous plant (Hermodactylus tuberosus) of the Mediterranean region. The flowers slightly resemble a serpent's open mouth. SNAKESTONE Snake"stone`, n. 1. A kind of hone slate or whetstone obtained in Scotland. 2. (Paleon.) Defn: An ammonite; -- so called from its form, which resembles that of a coiled snake. SNAKE'S-TONGUE Snake's-tongue`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Adder's-tongue. SNAKEWEED Snake"weed`, n. (Bot.) (a) A kind of knotweed (Polygonum Bistorta). (b) The Virginia snakeroot. See Snakeroot. SNAKEWOOD Snake"wood`, n. (Bot.) (a) An East Indian climbing plant (Strychnos colubrina) having a bitter taste, and supposed to be a remedy for the bite of the hooded serpent. (b) An East Indian climbing shrub (Ophioxylon serpentinum) which has the roots and stems twisted so as to resemble serpents. (c) Same as Trumpetwood. (d) A tropical American shrub (Plumieria rubra) which has very fragrant red blossoms. (e) Same as Letterwood. SNAKISH Snak"ish, a. Defn: Having the qualities or characteristics of a snake; snaky. SNAKY Snak"y, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a snake or snakes; resembling a snake; serpentine; winding. The red light playing upon its gilt and carving gave it an appearance of snaky life. L. Wallace. 2. Sly; cunning; insinuating; deceitful. So to the coast of Jordan he directs His easy steps, girded with snaky wiles. Milton. 3. Covered with serpents; having serpents; as, a snaky rod or wand. Dryden. That snaky-headed, Gorgon shield. Milton. SNAP Snap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Snapping.] Etym: [LG. or D. snappen to snap up, to snatch; akin to G. schnappen, MHG. snaben, Dan. snappe, and to D. snavel beak, bill. Cf. Neb, Snaffle, n.] 1. To break at once; to break short, as substances that are brittle. Breaks the doors open, snaps the locks. Prior. 2. To strike, to hit, or to shut, with a sharp sound. 3. To bite or seize suddenly, especially with the teeth. He, by playing too often at the mouth of death, has been snapped by it at last. South. 4. To break upon suddenly with sharp, angry words; to treat snappishly; -- usually with up. Granville. 5. To crack; to cause to make a sharp, cracking noise; as, to snap a whip. MacMorian snapped his fingers repeatedly. Sir W. Scott. 6. To project with a snap. To snap back (Football), to roll the ball back with the foot; -- done only by the center rush, who thus delivers the ball to the quarter back on his own side when both sides are ranged in line. -- To snap off. (a) To break suddenly. (b) To bite off suddenly. SNAP Snap, v. i. 1. To break short, or at once; to part asunder suddenly; as, a mast snaps; a needle snaps. But this weapon will snap short, unfaithful to the hand that employs it. Burke. 2. To give forth, or produce, a sharp, cracking noise; to crack; as, blazing firewood snaps. 3. To make an effort to bite; to aim to seize with the teeth; to catch eagerly (at anything); -- often with at; as, a dog snapsat a passenger; a fish snaps at the bait. 4. To utter sharp, harsh, angry words; -- often with at; as, to snap at a child. 5. To miss fire; as, the gun snapped. SNAP Snap, n. Etym: [Cf. D. snap a snatching. See Snap, v. t.] 1. A sudden breaking or rupture of any substance. 2. A sudden, eager bite; a sudden seizing, or effort to seize, as with the teeth. 3. A sudden, sharp motion or blow, as with the finger sprung from the thumb, or the thumb from the finger. 4. A sharp, abrupt sound, as that made by the crack of a whip; as, the snap of the trigger of a gun. 5. A greedy fellow. L'Estrange. 6. That which is, or may be, snapped up; something bitten off, seized, or obtained by a single quick movement; hence, a bite, morsel, or fragment; a scrap. He's a nimble fellow, And alike skilled in every liberal science, As having certain snaps of all. B. Jonson. 7. A sudden severe interval or spell; -- applied to the weather; as, a cold snap. Lowell. 8. A small catch or fastening held or closed by means of a spring, or one which closes with a snapping sound, as the catch of a bracelet, necklace, clasp of a book, etc. 9. (Zoöl.) Defn: A snap beetle. 10. A thin, crisp cake, usually small, and flavored with ginger; -- used chiefly in the plural. 11. Briskness; vigor; energy; decision. [Colloq.] 12. Any circumstance out of which money may be made or an advantage gained. [Slang] Snap back (Football), the act of snapping back the ball. -- Snap beetle, or Snap bug (Zoöl.), any beetle of the family Elateridæ, which, when laid on its back, is able to leap to a considerable height by means of a thoracic spring; -- called also snapping beetle. -- Snap flask (Molding), a flask for small work, having its sides separable and held together by latches, so that the flask may be removed from around the sand mold. -- Snap judgment, a judgment formed on the instant without deliberation. -- Snap lock, a lock shutting with a catch or snap. -- Snap riveting, riveting in which the rivets have snapheads formed by a die or swaging tool. -- Snap shot, a quick offhand shot, without deliberately taking aim. SNAPDRAGON Snap"drag`on, n. 1. (Bot.) (a) Any plant of the scrrophulariaceous genus Antirrhinum, especially the cultivated A. majus, whose showy flowers are fancifully likened to the face of a dragon. (b) A West Indian herb (Ruellia tuberosa) with curiously shaped blue flowers. 2. A play in which raisins are snatched from a vessel containing burning brandy, and eaten; also, that which is so eaten. See Flapdragon. Swift. SNAPE Snape, v. t. (Shipbuilding) Defn: To bevel the end of a timber to fit against an inclined surface. SNAPHANCE Snap"hance`, n. Etym: [D. snaphaan a gun, originally, the snapping cock of a gun. See Snap, and Hen.] 1. A spring lock for discharging a firearm; also, the firearm to which it is attached. [Obs.] 2. A trifling or second-rate thing or person. [Obs.] SNAPHEAD Snap"head`, n. Defn: A hemispherical or rounded head to a rivet or bolt; also, a swaging tool with a cavity in its face for forming such a rounded head. SNAPPER Snap"per, n. 1. One who, or that which, snaps; as, a snapper up of trifles; the snapper of a whip. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of large sparoid food fishes of the genus Lutjanus, abundant on the southern coasts of the United States and on both coasts of tropical America. Note: The red snapper (Lutjanus aya, or Blackfordi) and the gray, or mangrove, snapper (L. griseus) are large and abundant species. The name is loosely applied to various other fishes, as the bluefish, the rosefish, the red grouper, etc. See Rosefish. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A snapping turtle; as, the alligator snapper. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The green woodpecker, or yaffle. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A snap beetle. SNAPPING Snap"ping, Defn: a. & n. from Snap, v. Snapping beetle. (Zoöl.) See Snap beetle, under Snap. -- Snapping turtle. (Zoöl.) (a) A large and voracious aquatic turtle (Chelydra serpentina) common in the fresh waters of the United States; -- so called from its habit of seizing its prey by a snap of its jaws. Called also mud turtle. (b) See Alligator snapper, under Alligator. SNAPPISH Snap"pish, a. 1. Apt to snap at persons or things; eager to bite; as, a snapping cur. 2. Sharp in reply; apt to speak angrily or testily; easily provoked; tart; peevish. The taunting address of a snappish missanthrope. Jeffrey. -- Snap"pish*ly, adv. -- Snap"pish*ness, n. SNAPPY Snap"py, a. Defn: Snappish. [Colloq.] SNAPSACK Snap"sack`, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. snappsäck, G. schnappsack.] Defn: A knapsack. [Obs.] South. SNAPSHOT; SNAP SHOT Snap"shot`, n. 1. Commonly Snap shot. (a) A quick offhand shot, made without deliberately taking aim over the sights. (b) (Photog.) Act of taking a snapshot (in sense 2). 2. An instantaneous photograph made, usually with a hand camera, without formal posing of, and often without the foreknowledge of, the subject. SNAPWEED Snap"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Impatiens. SNAR Snar, v. i. Etym: [Akin to LG. & OD. snarren, G. schnarren, E. snore. See Snore, and cf. Snarl to growl.] Defn: To snarl. [Obs.] Spenser. SNARE Snare, n. Etym: [AS. sneara cord, a string; akin to D. snoer, G. schnur, OHG. snour a cord, snarahha a noose, Dan. snare, Sw. & Icel. snara, Goth. sn a basket; and probably also to E. needle. See Needle, and cf. Snarl to entangle.] 1. A contrivance, often consisting of a noose of cord, or the like, by which a bird or other animal may be entangled and caught; a trap; a gin. 2. Hence, anything by which one is entangled and brought into trouble. If thou retire, the Dauphin, well appointed, Stands with the snares of war to tangle thee. Shak. 3. The gut or string stretched across the lower head of a drum. 4. (Med.) Defn: An instrument, consisting usually of a wireloop or noose, for removing tumors, etc., by avulsion. Snare drum, the smaller common military drum, as distinguished from the bass drum; -- so called because (in order to render it more resonant) it has stretched across its lower head a catgut string or strings. SNARE Snare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snared; p. pr. & vb. n. Snaring.] Defn: To catch with a snare; to insnare; to entangle; hence, to bring into unexpected evil, perplexity, or danger. Lest that too heavenly form . . . snare them. Milton. The mournful crocodile With sorrow snares relenting passengers. Shak. SNARER Snar"er, n. Defn: One who lays snares, or entraps. SNARL Snarl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snarled; p. pr. & vvb. n. Snarling.] Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: To form raised work upon the outer surface of (thin metal ware) by the repercussion of a snarling iron upon the inner surface. SNARL Snarl, v. t. Etym: [From Snare, v. t.] 1. To entangle; to complicate; to involve in knots; as, to snarl a skein of thread. "Her snarled hair." Spenser. 2. To embarrass; to insnare. [The] question that they would have snarled him with. Latimer. SNARL Snarl, n. Defn: A knot or complication of hair, thread, or the like, difficult to disentangle; entanglement; hence, intricate complication; embarrassing difficulty. SNARL Snarl, v. i. Etym: [From Snar.] 1. To growl, as an angry or surly dog; to gnarl; to utter grumbling sounds. "An angry cur snarls while he feeds." Dryden & Lee. 2. To speak crossly; to talk in rude, surly terms. It is malicious and unmanly to snarl at the little lapses of a pen, from which Virgil himself stands not exempted. Dryden. SNARL Snarl, n. Defn: The act of snarling; a growl; a surly or peevish expression; an angry contention. SNARLER Snarl"er, n. Defn: One who snarls; a surly, growling animal; a grumbling, quarrelsome fellow. SNARLER Snarl"er, n. Defn: One who makes use of a snarling iron. SNARLING Snarl"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Snarl, v. Snarling iron, a tool with a long beak, used in the process of snarling. When one end is held in a vise, and the shank is struck with a hammer, the repercussion of the other end, or beak, within the article worked upon gives the requisite blow for producing raised work. See 1st Snarl. SNARY Snar"y, a. Etym: [From Snare.] Defn: Resembling, or consisting of, snares; entangling; insidious. Spiders in the vault their snary webs have spread. Dryden. SNAST Snast, n. Etym: [Cf. Snite, v. t.] Defn: The snuff, or burnt wick, of a candle. [Obs.] Bacon. SNATCH Snatch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snatched; p. pr. & vb. n. Snatching.] Etym: [OE. snachen, snechen; akin to D. snakken to gasp, to long (for), to desire. Cf. Snack, n., Sneck.] 1. To take or seize hastily, abruptly, or without permission or ceremony; as, to snatch a loaf or a kiss. When half our knowledge we must snatch, not take. Pope. 2. To seize and transport away; to rap. "Snatch me to heaven." Thomson. Syn. -- To twitch; pluck; grab; catch; grasp; gripe. SNATCH Snatch, v. i. Defn: To attempt to seize something suddenly; to catch; -- often with at; as, to snatch at a rope. SNATCH Snatch, n. 1. A hasty catching or seizing; a grab; a catching at, or attempt to seize, suddenly. 2. A short period of vigorous action; as, a snatch at weeding after a shower. Tusser. They move by fits and snatches. Bp. Wilkins. 3. A small piece, fragment, or quantity; a broken part; a scrap. We have often little snatches of sunshine. Spectator. Leave me your snatches, and yield me a direct answer. Shak. SNATCH BLOCK Snatch block (Naut.), Defn: a kind of block with an opening in one side to receive the bight of a rope. SNATCHER Snatch"er, n. Defn: One who snatches, or takes abruptly. SNATCHINGLY Snatch"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By snatching; abruptly. SNATH Snath, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. sni to cut, to mow, sn a bite, bit snip.] Defn: The handle of a scythe; a snead. [Variously written in England snead, sneed, sneath, sneeth, snathe, etc.; in Scotland written sned.] SNATH Snath (snath), n. [Cf. AS. sniðan to cut, to mow, snaed a bite, bit, snip.] Defn: The handle of a scythe; a snead. [Variously written in England snead, sneed, sneath, sneeth, snathe, etc.; in Scotland written sned.] SNATHE Snathe, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Icel. snei to cut into alices, sni to cut; akin to AS. besn, sni, G. schneiden, OHG. snidan, Goth. snei to cut, to reap, and E. snath, snithe.] Defn: To lop; to prune. [Prov. Eng.] SNATTOCK Snat"tock, n. Etym: [See Snathe.] Defn: A chip; a alice. [Prov. Eng.] Gayton. SNAW Snaw, n. Defn: Snow. [Obs. or Scot.] Burns. SNEAD Snead, n. Etym: [See Snatch.] 1. A snath. 2. A line or cord; a string. [Prov. Eng.] SNEAK Sneak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sneaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Sneaking.] Etym: [OE. sniken, AS. snican to creep; akin to Dan. snige sig; cf. Icel. snikja to hanker after.] 1. To creep or steal (away or about) privately; to come or go meanly, as a person afraid or ashamed to be seen; as, to sneak away from company. imp. & p. p. "snuck" is more common now, but not even mentioned here. In MW10, simply "sneaked or snuck" You skulked behind the fence, and sneaked away. Dryden. 2. To act in a stealthy and cowardly manner; to behave with meanness and servility; to crouch. SNEAK Sneak, v. t. Defn: To hide, esp. in a mean or cowardly manner. [Obs.] "[Slander] sneaks its head." Wake. SNEAK Sneak, n. 1. A mean, sneaking fellow. A set of simpletons and superstitious sneaks. Glanvill. 2. (Cricket) Defn: A ball bowled so as to roll along the ground; -- called also grub. [Cant] R. A. Proctor. SNEAK-CUP Sneak"-cup`, n. Defn: One who sneaks from his cups; one who balks his glass. [Obs.] Shak. SNEAK CURRENT Sneak current. (Elec.) Defn: A current which, though too feeble to blow the usual fuse or to injure at once telegraph or telephone instruments, will in time burn them out. SNEAKER Sneak"er, n. 1. One who sneaks. Lamb. 2. A vessel of drink. [Prov. Eng.] A sneaker of five gallons. Spectator. SNEAKINESS Sneak"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being sneaky. SNEAKING Sneak"ing, a. Defn: Marked by cowardly concealment; deficient in openness and courage; underhand; mean; crouching. -- Sneak"ing*ly, adv. -- Sneak"ing*ness, n. SNEAKSBY Sneaks"by, n. Defn: A paltry fellow; a sneak. [Obs.] "Such a bashful sneaksby." Barrow. SNEAKY Sneak"y, n. Defn: Like a sneak; sneaking. SNEAP Sneap, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Icel. sneypa to dishonor, disgrace, chide, but also E. snip, and snub.] 1. To check; to reprimand; to rebuke; to chide. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. To nip; to blast; to blight. [Obs.] Biron is like an envious, sneaping frost. Shak. SNEAP Sneap, n. Defn: A reprimand; a rebuke. [Obs.] My lord, I will not undergo this sneap without reply. Shak. SNEATH; SNEATHE Sneath, Sneathe, n. Defn: See Snath. SNEB Sneb, v. t. Etym: [See Snib.] Defn: To reprimand; to sneap. [Obs.] "Scold and sneb the good oak." Spenser. SNECK Sneck, v. t. Etym: [See Snatch.] Defn: To fasten by a hatch; to latch, as a door. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Sneck up, be silent; shut up; hold your peace. Shak. SNECK Sneck, n. Defn: A door latch. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Sneck band, a latchstring. Burns. -- Sneck drawer, a latch lifter; a bolt drawer; hence, a sly person; a cozener; a cheat; -- called also sneckdraw. -- Sneck drawing, lifting the latch. SNECKET Sneck"et, n. Defn: A door latch, or sneck. [Prov. Eng.] SNED Sned, v. t. Defn: To lop; to snathe. [Prov. Eng.] SNED; SNEED Sned, Sneed, n. Defn: See Snath. SNEER Sneer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sneered; p. pr. & vb. n. Sneering.] Etym: [OE. sneren, Dan. sn to snarl or grin (like a dog); cf. Prov. E. sneer to grin, sner to snort, snert to sneer at. See Snore, v. i.] 1. To show contempt by turning up the nose, or by a particular facial expression. 2. To inssinuate contempt by a covert expression; to speak derisively. I could be content to be a little sneared at. Pope. 3. To show mirth awkwardly. [R.] Tatler. Syn. -- To scoff; gibe; jeer. -- Sneer, Scoff, Jeer. The verb to sneer implies to cast contempt indirectly or by covert expressions. To jeer is stronger, and denotes the use of several sarcastic reflections. To scoff is stronger still, implying the use of insolent mockery and derision. And sneers as learnedly as they, Like females o'er their morning tea. Swift. Midas, exposed to all their jeers, Had lost his art, and kept his ears. Swift. The fop, with learning at defiance, Scoffs at the pedant and science. Gay. SNEER Sneer, v. t. 1. To utter with a grimace or contemptuous expression; to utter with a sneer; to say sneeringly; as, to sneer fulsome lies at a person. Congreve. "A ship of fools," he sneered. Tennyson. 2. To treat with sneers; to affect or move by sneers. Nor sneered nor bribed from virtue into shame. Savage. SNEER Sneer, n. 1. The act of sneering. 2. A smile, grin, or contortion of the face, indicative of contempt; an indirect expression or insinuation of contempt. "Who can refute a sneer" Raley. SNEERER Sneer"er, n. Defn: One who sneers. SNEERFUL Sneer"ful, a. Defn: Given to sneering. [Obs.] SNEERINGLY Sneer"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a sneering manner. SNEEZE Sneeze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sneezed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sneezing.] Etym: [OE. snesen; of uncertain origin; cf. D. snuse to sniff, E. neese, and AS. fneósan.] Defn: To emit air, chiefly through the nose, audibly and violently, by a kind of involuntary convulsive force, occasioned by irritation of the inner membrane of the nose. Not to be sneezed at, not to be despised or contemned; not to be treated lightly. [Colloq.] "He had to do with old women who were not to be sneezed at." Prof. Wilson. SNEEZE Sneeze, n. Defn: A sudden and violent ejection of air with an audible sound, chiefly through the nose. SNEEZEWEED Sneeze"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A yellow-flowered composite plant (Helenium autumnale) the odor of which is said to cause sneezing. SNEEZEWOOD Sneeze"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The wood of a South African tree. See Neishout. SNEEZEWORT Sneeze"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A European herbaceous plant (Achillea Ptarmica) allied to the yarrow, having a strong, pungent smell. SNEEZING Sneez"ing, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The act of violently forcing air out through the nasal passages while the cavity of the mouth is shut off from the pharynx by the approximation of the soft palate and the base of the tongue. SNELL Snell, a. Etym: [AS. snell; akin to D. snel, G. schnell, OHG. snel, Icel. snjallr valiant.] Defn: Active; brisk; nimble; quick; sharp. [Archaic or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] That horny-handed, snell, peremptory little man. Dr. J. Brown. SNELL Snell, n. Defn: A short line of horsehair, gut, etc., by which a fishhook is attached to a longer line. SNET Snet, n. Etym: [Cf. G. schnitt that which is cut, fr. schneiden to cut, E. snath.] Defn: The fat of a deer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SNET Snet, v. t. Etym: [See Snot.] Defn: The clear of mucus; to blow. [Obs.] "Snetting his nose." Holland. SNEW Snew, v. i. Defn: To snow; to abound. [Obs.] It snewed in his house of meat and drink. Chaucer. SNIB Snib, v. t. Etym: [OE. snibben; cf. Dan. snibbe, and E. snub, v. t.] Defn: To check; to sneap; to sneb. [Obs.] Him would he snib sharply for the nones. Chaucer. SNIB Snib, n. Defn: A reprimand; a snub. [Obs.] Marston. SNICK Snick, n. Etym: [Prov. E. snick a notch; cf. Icel. snikka nick, cut.] 1. A small cut or mark. 2. (Cricket) Defn: A slight hit or tip of the ball, often unintentional. 3. (Fiber) Defn: A knot or irregularity in yarn. Knight. 4. (Furriery) Defn: A snip or cut, as in the hair of a beast. Snick and snee Etym: [cf. D. snee, snede, a cut], a combat with knives. [Obs.] Wiseman. SNICK Snick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snicked; p. pr. & vb. n. Snicking.] 1. To cut slightly; to strike, or strike off, as by cutting. H. Kingsley. 2. (Cricket) Defn: To hit (a ball) lightly. R. A. Proctor. SNICK Snick, n. & v. t. Defn: See Sneck. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Snick up, shut up; silenced. See Sneck up, under Sneck. Give him money, George, and let him go snick up. Beau & Fl. SNICKER Snick"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snickered; p. pr. & vb. n. Snickering.] Etym: [Cf. D. snikken to sob, to sigh.] [Written also snigger.] 1. To laugh slyly; to laugh in one's sleeve. 2. To laugh with audible catches of voice, as when persons attempt to suppress loud laughter. SNICKER Snick"er, n. Defn: A half suppressed, broken laugh. [Written also snigger.] SNIDE Snide, a. Defn: Tricky; deceptive; contemptible; as, a snide lawyer; snide goods. [Slang] SNIDER RIFLE; SNIDER Sni"der ri"fle, or Sni"der, n. (Mil.) Defn: A breech-loading rifle formerly used in the British service; -- so called from the inventor. SNIFF Sniff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sniffed or Snift; p. pr. & vb. n. Sniffing.] Etym: [OE. sneven; akin to snivel, snuff; cf. Dan. snive to sniff. See Snuff, v. t.] Defn: To draw air audibly up the nose; to snuff; -- sometimes done as a gesture of suspicion, offense, or contempt. So ye grow squeamish, gods, and sniff at heaven. M. Arnold. SNIFF Sniff, v. t. 1. To draw in with the breath through the nose; as, to sniff the air of the country. 2. To perceive as by sniffing; to snuff, to scent; to smell; as, to sniff danger. SNIFF Sniff, n. Defn: The act of sniffing; perception by sniffing; that which is taken by sniffing; as, a sniff of air. SNIFFING Sniff"ing, n. (Physiol.) Defn: A rapid inspiratory act, in which the mouth is kept shut and the air drawn in through the nose. SNIFFLE Snif"fle, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of sniff. See Snivel.] Defn: To snuffle, as one does with a catarrh. [Prov. Eng.] SNIFT Snift, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Snifting.] Etym: [From Sniff.] 1. To snort. [Obs.] "Resentment expressed by snifting." Johnson. 2. To sniff; to snuff; to smell. It now appears that they were still snifing and hankering after their old quarters. Landor. SNIFT Snift, n. 1. A moment. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. Slight snow; sleet. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SNIFTING Snift"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Snift. Snifting valve, a small valve opening into the atmosphere from the cylinder or condenser of a steam engine, to allow the escape of air when the piston makes a stroke; -- so called from the noise made by its action. SNIG Snig, v. t. Etym: [See Snick a small cut.] Defn: To chop off; to cut. [Prov. Eng.] SNIG Snig, v. i. Etym: [See Sneak.] Defn: To sneak. [Prov. Eng.] SNIG; SNIGG Snig, Snigg, n. Etym: [Cf. Sneak.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small eel. [Prov. Eng.] SNIGGER Snig"ger, v. i. Defn: See Snicker. Thackeray. SNIGGER Snig"ger, n. Defn: See Snicker. Dickens. SNIGGLE Snig"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sniggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sniggling().] Etym: [See Snig a kind of eel.] Defn: To fish for eels by thrusting the baited hook into their holes or hiding places. Walton. SNIGGLE Snig"gle, v. t. Defn: To catch, as an eel, by sniggling; hence, to hook; to insnare. Beau & Fl. SNIP Snip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Snipping.] Etym: [D. snippen; akin to G. schnippen.] Defn: To cut off the nip or neb of, or to cut off at once with shears or scissors; to clip off suddenly; to nip; hence, to break off; to snatch away. Curbed and snipped in my younger years by fear of my parents from those vicious excrescences to which that age was subject. Fuller. The captain seldom ordered anything out of the ship's stores . . . but I snipped some of it for my own share. De Foe. SNIP Snip, n. 1. A single cut, as with shears or scissors; a clip. Shak. 2. A small shred; a bit cut off. Wiseman. 3. A share; a snack. [Obs.] L'Estrange 4. A tailor. [Slang] Nares. C. Kingsley. 5. Small hand shears for cutting sheet metal. SNIPE Snipe, n. Etym: [OE. snipe; akin to D. snep, snip, LG. sneppe, snippe, G. schnepfe, Icel. snipa (in comp.), Dan. sneppe, Sw. snäppa a sanpiper, and possibly to E. snap. See Snap, Snaffle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of limicoline game birds of the family Scolopacidæ, having a long, slender, nearly straight beak. Note: The common, or whole, snipe (Gallinago coelestis) and the great, or double, snipe (G. major), are the most important European species. The Wilson's snipe (G. delicata) (sometimes erroneously called English snipe) and the gray snipe, or dowitcher (Macrohamphus griseus), are well-known American species. 2. A fool; a blockhead. [R.] Shak. Half snipe, the dunlin; the jacksnipe. -- Jack snipe. See Jacksnipe. -- Quail snipe. See under Quail. -- Robin snipe, the knot. -- Sea snipe. See in the Vocabulary. -- Shore snipe, any sandpiper. -- Snipe hawk, the marsh harrier. [Prov. Eng.] -- Stone snipe, the tattler. -- Summer snipe, the dunlin; the green and the common European sandpipers. -- Winter snipe. See Rock snipe, under Rock. -- Woodcock snipe, the great snipe. SNIPEBILL Snipe"bill`, n. 1. A plane for cutting deep grooves in moldings. 2. A bolt by which the body of a cart is fastened to the axle. [Local, U.S.] SNIPEFISH Snipe"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The bellows fish. (b) A long, slender deep-sea fish (Nemichthys scolopaceus) with a slender beak. SNIPPACK Snip"pack, n. Etym: [Cf. Snipe.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The common snipe. [Prov. Eng.] SNIPPER Snip"per, n. Defn: One who snips. SNIPPER-SNAPER Snip"per-snap`er, n. Defn: A small, insignificant fellow. [Colloq.] SNIPPET Snip"pet, n. Defn: A small part or piece. To be cut into snippets and shreds. F. Harrison. SNIPPETY Snip"pet*y, a. Defn: Ridiculously small; petty. "Snippety facts." London Spectator. SNIP-SNAP Snip"-snap`, n. Etym: [Reduplication of snap.] Defn: A tart dialogue with quick replies. [R.] Pope. SNIP-SNAP Snip"-snap`, a. Defn: Quick; short; sharp; smart. Shak. SNIPY Snip"y, a. Defn: Like a snipe. SNITE Snite, n. Defn: A snipe. [Obs. or Scot.] Carew. SNITE Snite, v. t. Etym: [Icel. snifa. See Snout.] Defn: To blow, as the nose; to snuff, as a candle. [Obs. or Scot.] SNITHE; SNITHY Snithe, Snith"y, a. Etym: [AS. sni to cut. See Snathe.] Defn: Sharp; piercing; cutting; -- applied to the wind. [Prov. Eng.] SNIVEL Sniv"el, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sniveled or Snivelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sniveling or Snivelling.] Etym: [OE. snivelen, snevelen, snuvelen, freg. of sneven. See Sniff, and cf. Snuffle.] 1. To run at the nose; to make a snuffling noise. 2. To cry or whine with snuffling, as children; to cry weakly or whiningly. Put stop to thy sniveling ditty. Sir W. Scott. SNIVEL Sniv"el, n. Etym: [AS. snofel. Cf. Snivel, v. i.] Defn: Mucus from the nose; snot. SNIVELER Sniv"el*er, n. Etym: [Written also sniveller.] Defn: One who snivels, esp. one who snivels habitually. SNIVELY Sniv"el*y, a. Defn: Running at the nose; sniveling pitiful; whining. SNOB Snob, n. Etym: [Icel. snapr a dolt, impostor, charlatan. Cf. Snub.] 1. A vulgar person who affects to be better, richer, or more fashionable, than he really is; a vulgar upstart; one who apes his superiors. Thackeray. Essentially vulgar, a snob. -- a gilded snob, but none the less a snob. R. G. White. 2. (Eng. Univ.) Defn: A townsman. [Canf] 3. A journeyman shoemaker. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 4. A workman who accepts lower than the usual wages, or who refuses to strike when his fellows do; a rat; a knobstick. Those who work for lower wages during a strike are called snobs, the men who stand out being "nobs" De Quincey. SNOBBERY Snob"ber*y, n. Defn: The quality of being snobbish; snobbishness. SNOBBISH Snob"bish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a snob; characteristic of, or befitting, a snob; vulgarly pretentious. -- Snob"bish*ly, adv. SNOBBISHNESS Snob"bish*ness, n. Defn: Vulgar affectation or ostentation; mean admiration of mean things; conduct or manners of a snob. SNOBBISM Snob"bism, n. Defn: Snobbery. SNOBBY Snob"by, a. Defn: Snobbish. [R.] E. B. Ramsay. SNOBLING Snob"ling, n. Defn: A little snob. [Jocose] Thackeray. SNOBOCRACY Snob*oc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Snob + -cracy, as in aristocracy, mobocracy.] Defn: Snobs, collectively. [Hybrid & Recent] C. Kingsley. SNOD Snod, n. Etym: [See Snood.] Defn: A fillet; a headband; a snood. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SNOD Snod, a. Etym: [Scot. snod to prune, put in order.] Defn: Trimmed; smooth; neat; trim; sly; cunning; demure. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SNOFF Snoff, n. Etym: [Cf. Snuff.] (Mining) Defn: A short candle end used for igniting a fuse. Raymond. SNOOD Snood, n. Etym: [AS. sn. Cf. Snare.] 1. The fillet which binds the hair of a young unmarried woman, and is emblematic of her maiden character. [Scot.] And seldom was a snood amid Such wild, luxuriant ringlets hid. Sir W. Scott. 2. A short line (often of horsehair) connecting a fishing line with the hook; a snell; a leader. SNOOD Snood, v. t. Defn: To bind or braid up, as the hair, with a snood. [Scot.] SNOODED Snood"ed, a. Defn: Wearing or having a snood. "The snooded daughter." Whittier. SNOOK Snook, v. i. Etym: [Prov. E. snook to search out, to follow by the scent; cf. Sw. snoka to lurk, LG. snöggen, snuckern, snökern, to snuffle, to smell about, to search for.] Defn: To lurk; to lie in ambush. [Obs.] SNOOK Snook, n. Etym: [D. snoek.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large perchlike marine food fish (Centropomus undecimalis) found both on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical America; -- called also ravallia, and robalo. (b) The cobia. (c) The garfish. SNOOZE Snooze, n. Etym: [Scot. snooze to sleep; cf. Dan. & Sw. snus snuff.] Defn: A short sleep; a nap. [Colloq.] SNOOZE Snooze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snoozed; p. pr. & vb. n. Snoozing.] Defn: To doze; to drowse; to take a short nap; to slumber. [Colloq.] SNORE Snore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snored; p. pr. & vb. n. Snoring.] Etym: [OE. snoren, AS. snora a snoring; akin to LG. snoren, snorken, snurken, to snore, D. snorken, G. schnarchen to snore, schnarren to rattle, MHG. snarren, Sw. snarka to snore, Icel. snarka to sputter, fizzle. Cf. Snarl to growl, Sneer, Snort. See Snoring.] Defn: To breathe with a rough, hoarse, nasal voice in sleep. SNORE Snore, n. Defn: A harsh nasal noise made in sleep. SNORER Snor"er, n. Defn: One who snores. SNORING Snor"ing, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The act of respiring through the open mouth so that the currents of inspired and expired air cause a vibration of the uvula and soft palate, thus giving rise to a sound more or less harsh. It is usually unvoluntary, but may be produced voluntarily. SNORT Snort, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Snorting.] Etym: [OE. snorten; akin to snoren. See Snore.] 1. To force the air with violence through the nose, so as to make a noise, as do high-spirited horsed in prancing and play. Fairfax. 2. To snore. [R.] "The snorting citizens." Shak. 3. To laugh out loudly. [Colloq.] Halliwell. SNORT Snort, n. Defn: The act of snorting; the sound produced in snorting. SNORT Snort, v. t. Defn: To expel throught the nostrils with a snort; to utter with a snort. Keats. SNORTER Snort"er, n. 1. One who snorts. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wheather; -- so called from its cry. [Prov. Eng.] SNOT Snot, n. Etym: [AS. snot; akin to D. snot, LG. snotte, Dan. snot, and to E. snout. See Snout.] 1. Mucus secreted in, or discharged from, the nose. [Low] 2. A mean, insignificant fellow. [Low] SNOT Snot, v. t. Defn: To blow, wipe, or clear, as the nose. SNOTTER Snot"ter, v. i. Etym: [From Snot.] Defn: To snivel; to cry or whine. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. SNOTTER Snot"ter, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) Defn: A rope going over a yardarm, used to bend a tripping line to, in sending down topgallant and royal yards in vessels of war; also, the short line supporting the heel of the sprit in a small boat. SNOTTERY Snot"ter*y, n. Defn: Filth; abomination. [Obs.] To purge the snottery of our slimy time. Marston. SNOTTY Snot"ty, a. Defn: Foul with snot; hence, mean; dirty. -- Snort"ti*ly, adb. -- Snot"ti*ness, n. SNOUT Snout, n. Etym: [OE. snoute, probably of Scand, or Low German origin; cf. LG. snute, D. snuit, G. schnauze, Sw. snut, snyte, Dan. snude, Icel. sn to blow the nose; probably akin to E. snuff, v.t. Cf. Snite, Snot, Snuff.] 1. The long, projecting nose of a beast, as of swine. 2. The nose of a man; -- in contempt. Hudibras. 3. The nozzle of a pipe, hose, etc. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior prolongation of the head of a gastropod; -- called also rostrum. (b) The anterior prolongation of the head of weevils and allied beetles. Snout beetle (Zoöl.), any one of many species of beetles having an elongated snout and belonging to the tribe Rhynchophora; a weevil. -- Snout moth (Zoöl.), any pyralid moth. See Pyralid. SNOUT Snout, v. t. Defn: To furnish with a nozzle or point. SNOUTY Snout"y, a. Defn: Resembling a beast's snout. The nose was ugly, long, and big, Broad and snouty like a pig. Otway. SNOW Snow, n. Etym: [LG. snaue, or D. snaauw, from LG. snau a snout, a beak.] (Naut.) Defn: A square-rigged vessel, differing from a brig only in that she has a trysail mast close abaft the mainmast, on which a large trysail is hoisted. SNOW Snow, n. Etym: [OE. snow, snaw, AS. snaw; akin to D. sneeuw, OS. & OHG. sneo, G. schnee, Icel. snær, snjor, snajar, Sw. snö, Dan. snee, Goth. snaiws, Lith. snëgas, Russ. snieg', Ir. & Gael. sneachd, W. nyf, L. nix, nivis, Gr. acc. ni`fa, also AS. sniwan to snow, G. schneien, OHG. sniwan, Lith. snigti, L. ningit it snows, Gr. ni`fei, Zend snizh to snow; cf. Skr. snih to be wet or sticky. sq. root172.] 1. Watery particles congealed into white or transparent crystals or flakes in the air, and falling to the earth, exhibiting a great variety of very beautiful and perfect forms. Note: Snow is often used to form compounds, most of which are of obvious meaning; as, snow-capped, snow-clad, snow-cold, snow-crowned, snow-crust, snow-fed, snow-haired, snowlike, snow-mantled, snow- nodding, snow-wrought, and the like. 2. Fig.: Something white like snow, as the white color (argent) in heraldry; something which falls in, or as in, flakes. The field of snow with eagle of black therein. Chaucer. Red snow. See under Red. Snow bunting. (Zoöl.) See Snowbird, 1. -- Snow cock (Zoöl.), the snow pheasant. -- Snow flea (Zoöl.), a small black leaping poduran (Achorutes nivicola) often found in winter on the snow in vast numbers. -- Snow flood, a flood from melted snow. -- Snow flower (Bot.), the fringe tree. -- Snow fly, or Snow insect (Zoöl.), any one of several species of neuropterous insects of the genus Boreus. The male has rudimentary wings; the female is wingless. These insects sometimes appear creeping and leaping on the snow in great numbers. -- Snow gnat (Zoöl.), any wingless dipterous insect of the genus Chionea found running on snow in winter. -- Snow goose (Zoöl.), any one of several species of arctic geese of the genus Chen. The common snow goose (Chen hyperborea), common in the Western United States in winter, is white, with the tips of the wings black and legs and bill red. Called also white brant, wavey, and Texas goose. The blue, or blue-winged, snow goose (C. coerulescens) is varied with grayish brown and bluish gray, with the wing quills black and the head and upper part of the neck white. Called also white head, white-headed goose, and bald brant. -- Snow leopard (Zool.), the ounce. -- Snow line, lowest limit of perpetual snow. In the Alps this is at an altitude of 9,000 feet, in the Andes, at the equator, 16,000 feet. -- Snow mouse (Zoöl.), a European vole (Arvicola nivalis) which inhabits the Alps and other high mountains. -- Snow pheasant (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large, handsome gallinaceous birds of the genus Tetraogallus, native of the lofty mountains of Asia. The Himalayn snow pheasant (T.Himalayensis) in the best-known species. Called also snow cock, and snow chukor. -- Snow partridge. (Zoöl.) See under Partridge. -- Snow pigeon (Zoöl.), a pigeon (Columba leuconota) native of the Himalaya mountains. Its back, neck, and rump are white, the top of the head and the ear coverts are black. -- Snow plant (Bot.), a fleshy parasitic herb (Sarcodes sanguinea) growing in the coniferous forests of California. It is all of a bright red color, and is fabled to grow from the snow, through which it sometimes shoots up. SNOW Snow, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snowed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Snowing.] Defn: To fall in or as snow; -- chiefly used impersonally; as, it snows; it snowed yesterday. SNOW Snow, v. t. Defn: To scatter like snow; to cover with, or as with, snow. Donne. Shak. SNOWBALL Snow"ball`, n. 1. A round mass of snow pressed or roller together, or anything resembling such a mass. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The Guelder-rose. Snowball tree (Bot.), the Guelder-rose. SNOWBALL Snow"ball`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snowballed; p. pr. & vb. n. Snowballing.] Defn: To pelt with snowballs; to throw snowballs at. SNOWBALL Snow"ball`, v. i. Defn: To throw snowballs. SNOW BANNER Snow banner. Defn: A bannerlike stream of snow blown into the air from a mountain peak, often having a pinkish color and extending horizontally for several miles across the sky. SNOWBERRY Snow"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name of several shrubs with white berries; as, the Symphoricarpus racemosus of the Northern United States, and the Chiococca racemosa of Florida and tropical America. Creeping snowberry. (Bot.) See under Creeping. SNOWBIRD Snow"bird, n. (Zoöl.) (a) An arctic finch (Plectrophenax, or Plectrophanes, nivalis) common, in winter, both in Europe and the United States, and often appearing in large flocks during snowstorms. It is partially white, but variously marked with chestnut and brown. Called also snow bunting, snowflake, snowfleck, and snowflight. (b) Any finch of the genus Junco which appears in flocks in winter time, especially J. hyemalis in the Eastern United States; -- called also blue snowbird. See Junco. (c) The fieldfare. [Prov. Eng.] SNOW-BLIND Snow"-blind`, a. Defn: Affected with blindness by the brilliancy of snow. -- Snow"-blind`ness, n. SNOW-BOUND Snow"-bound`, a. Defn: Enveloped in, or confined by, snow. Whittier. SNOW-BROTH Snow"-broth`, n. Defn: Snow and water mixed, or snow just melted; very cold liquor. Shak. SNOWCAP Snow"cap`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very small humming bird (Microchæra albocoronata) native of New Grenada. Note: The feathers of the top of the head are white and snining, the body blue black with a purple and bronzy luster. The name is applied also to Microchæra parvirostris of Central America, which is similar in color. SNOW-CAPPED Snow"-capped`, a. Defn: Having the top capped or covered with snow; as, snow-capped mountains. SNOWDRIFT Snow"drift`, n. Defn: A bank of drifted snow. SNOWDROP Snow"drop`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A bulbous plant (Galanthus nivalis) bearing white flowers, which often appear while the snow is on the ground. It is cultivated in gardens for its beauty. Snowdrop tree. See Silver-bell tree, under Silver, a. SNOWFLAKE Snow"flake`, n. 1. A flake, or small filmy mass, of snow. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Snowbird, 1. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several bulbous plants of the genus Leucoium (L. vernum, æstivum, etc.) resembling the snowdrop, but having all the perianth leaves of equal size. SNOWFLECK Snow"fleck`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Snowbird, 1. SNOWL Snowl, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.] SNOWLESS Snow"less, a. Defn: Destitute of snow. SNOWPLOW; SNOWPLOUGH Snow"plow`, Snow"plough`, n. Defn: An implement operating like a plow, but on a larger scale, for clearing away the snow from roads, railways, etc. SNOWSHED Snow"shed, n. Defn: A shelter to protect from snow, esp. a long roof over an exposed part of a railroad. SNOWSHOE Snow"shoe`, n. Defn: A slight frame of wood three or four feet long and about one third as wide, with thongs or cords stretched across it, and having a support and holder for the foot; -- used by persons for walking on soft snow. SNOWSHOEING Snow"shoe`ing, n. Defn: Traveling on snowshoes. SNOWSHOER Snow"sho`er, n. Defn: One who travels on snowshoes; an expert in using snowshoes. W. G. Beers. SNOWSLIP Snow"slip`, n. Defn: A large mass or avalanche of snow which slips down the side of a mountain, etc. SNOWSTORM Snow"storm`, n. Defn: A storm with falling snow. SNOW-WHITE Snow"-white`, a. Defn: White as snow; very white. "Snow-white and rose-red" Chaucer. SNOWY Snow"y, a. 1. White like snow. "So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows." Shak. 2. Abounding with snow; covered with snow. "The snowy top of cold Olympus." Milton. 3. Fig.: Pure; unblemished; unstained; spotless. There did he lose his snowy innocence. J. Hall (1646). Snowy heron (Zoöl.), a white heron, or egret (Ardea candidissima), found in the Southern United States, and southward to Chili; -- called also plume bird. -- Snowy lemming (Zoöl.), the collared lemming (Cuniculus torquatus), which turns white in winter. -- Snowy owl (Zoöl.), a large arctic owl (Nyctea Scandiaca, or N. nivea) common all over the northern parts of the United States and Europe in winter time. Its plumage is sometimes nearly pure white, but it is usually more or less marked with blackish spots. Called also white owl. -- Snowy plover (Zoöl.), a small plover (Ægialitis nivosa) of the western parts of the United States and Mexico. It is light gray above, with the under parts and portions of the head white. SNUB Snub, v. i. Etym: [Cf. D. snuiven to snort, to pant, G. schnauben, MHG. snuben, Prov. G. schnupfen, to sob, and E. snuff, v.t.] Defn: To sob with convulsions. [Obs.] Bailey. SNUB Snub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Snubbing.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. ssnubba to snub, chide, Sw. snubba, Icel. snubbottr snubbed, nipped, and E. snib.] 1. To clip or break off the end of; to check or stunt the growth of; to nop. 2. To check, stop, or rebuke, with a tart, sarcastic reply or remark; to reprimand; to check. J. Foster. 3. To treat with contempt or neglect, as a forward or pretentious person; to slight designedly. To snub a cable or rope (Naut.), to check it suddenly in running out. Totten. SNUB Snub, n. 1. A knot; a protuberance; a song. [Obs.] [A club] with ragged snubs and knotty grain. Spenser. 2. A check or rebuke; an intended slight. J. Foster. Snub nose, a short or flat nose. -- Snub post, or Snubbing post (Naut.), a post on a dock or shore, around which a rope is thrown to check the motion of a vessel. SNUB-NOSED Snub"-nosed`, a. Defn: Having a short, flat nose, slightly turned up; as, the snub- nosed eel. Snub-nosed cachalot (Zoöl.), the pygmy sperm whale. SNUDGE Snudge, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Snug.] Defn: To lie snug or quiet. [Obs.] Herbert. SNUDGE Snudge, n. Defn: A miser; a sneaking fellow. [Obs.] SNUFF Snuff, n. Etym: [Cf. G. schnuppe candle snuff, schnuppen to snuff a candle (see Snuff, v. t., to snuff a candle), or cf. Snub, v. t.] Defn: The part of a candle wick charred by the flame, whether burning or not. If the burning snuff happens to get out of the snuffers, you have a chance that it may fall into a dish of soup. Swift. SNUFF Snuff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snuffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Snuffing.] Etym: [OE. snuffen. See Snuff of a candle Snuff to sniff.] Defn: To crop the snuff of, as a candle; to take off the end of the snuff of. To snuff out, to extinguish by snuffing. SNUFF Snuff, v. t.Etym: [Akin to D. snuffen, G. schnupfen, schnuppen, to snuff, schnupfen a cold in the head, schnuppen to snuff (air), also, to snuff (a candle). Cf. Sniff, Snout, Snub, v. i.] 1. To draw in, or to inhale, forcibly through the nose; to sniff. He snuffs the wind, his heels the sand excite. Dryden. 2. To perceive by the nose; to scent; to smell. SNUFF Snuff, v. i. 1. To inhale air through the nose with violence or with noise, as do dogs and horses. Dryden. 2. To turn up the nose and inhale air, as an expression of contempt; hence, to take offense. Do the enemies of the church rage and snuff Bp. Hall. SNUFF Snuff, n. 1. The act of snuffing; perception by snuffing; a sniff. 2. Pulverized tobacco, etc., prepared to be taken into the nose; also, the amount taken at once. 3. Resentment, displeasure, or contempt, expressed by a snuffing of the nose. [Obs.] Snuff dipping. See Dipping, n., 5. -- Snuff taker, one who uses snuff by inhaling it through the nose. -- To take it in snuff, to be angry or offended. Shak. -- Up to snuff, not likely to be imposed upon; knowing; acute. [Slang] SNUFFBOX Snuff"box`, n. Defn: A small box for carrying snuff about the person. SNUFFER Snuff"er, n. 1. One who snuffs. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common porpoise. SNUFFERS Snuff"ers, n. pl. Defn: An instrument for cropping and holding the snuff of a candle. SNUFFINGLY Snuff"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a snuffing manner. SNUFFLE Snuf"fle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snuffled(); p. pr. & vb. n. Snuffling.] Etym: [Freq. of snuff, v.i.; akin to LG. snuffeln, G. schnüffeln, D. snuffeln, Dan. snövle. Cf. Sniffle.] Defn: To speak through the nose; to breathe through the nose when it is obstructed, so as to make a broken sound. One clad in purple Eats, and recites some lamentable rhyme . . . Snuffling at nose, and croaking in his throat. Dryden. SNUFFLE Snuf"fle, n. 1. The act of snuffing; a sound made by the air passing through the nose when obstructed. This dread sovereign, Breath, in its passage, gave a snort or snuffle. Coleridge. 2. An affected nasal twang; hence, cant; hypocrisy. 3. pl. Defn: Obstruction of the nose by mucus; nasal catarrh of infants or children. [Colloq.] SNUFFLER Snuf"fler, n. Defn: One who snuffles; one who uses cant. SNUFFY Snuff"y, a. 1. Soiled with snuff. 2. Sulky; angry; vexed. [Obs. or Scot.] Jamieson. SNUG Snug, a. [Compar. Snugger; superl. Snuggest.] Etym: [Prov. E. snug tight, handsome; cf. Icel. snöggr smooth, ODan. snög neat, Sw. snugg.] 1. Close and warm; as, an infant lies snug. 2. Close; concealed; not exposed to notice. Lie snug, and hear what critics say. Swift. 3. Compact, convenient, and comfortable; as, a snug farm, house, or property. SNUG Snug, n. (Mach.) Defn: Same as Lug, n., 3. SNUG Snug, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Snugged; p. pr. & vb. n. Snugging().] Defn: To lie close; to snuggle; to snudge; -- often with up, or together; as, a child snugs up to its mother. SNUG Snug, v. t. 1. To place snugly. [R.] Goldsmith. 2. To rub, as twine or rope, so as to make it smooth and improve the finish. SNUGGERY Snug"ger*y, n.; pl. Snuggeries (. Defn: A snug, cozy place. [Colloq.] Dickens. SNUGGLE Snug"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Snuggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Snuggling.] Etym: [Freq. of snug.] Defn: To move one way and the other so as to get a close place; to lie close for comfort; to cuddle; to nestle. SNUGLY Snug"ly, adv. Defn: In a snug manner; closely; safely. SNUGNESS Snug"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being snug. SNY Sny, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. snua to turn.] Defn: An upward bend in a piece of timber; the sheer of a vessel. SNYING Sny"ing, n. (Naut.) Defn: A curved plank, placed edgewise, to work in the bows of a vessel. R. H. Dana, Jr. SO So, adv. Etym: [OE. so, sa, swa, AS. swa; akin to OFries, sa, s, D. zoo, OS. & OHG. s, G. so, Icel. sva, sv, svo, so, Sw. s, Dan. saa, Goth. swa so, sw as; cf. L. suus one's own, Skr. sva one's own, one's self. sq. root192. Cf. As, Custom, Ethic, Idiom, Such.] 1. In that manner or degree; as, indicated (in any way), or as implied, or as supposed to be known. Why is his chariot so long in coming Judges v. 28. 2. In like manner or degree; in the same way; thus; for like reason; whith equal reason; -- used correlatively, following as, to denote comparison or resemblance; sometimes, also, following inasmuch as. As a war should be undertaken upon a just motive, so a prince ought to consider the condition he is in. Swift. 3. In such manner; to such degree; -- used correlatively with as or that following; as, he was so fortunate as to escape. I viewed in may mind, so far as I was able, the beginning and progress of a rising world. T. Burnet. He is very much in Sir Roger's esteem, so that he lives in the family rather as a relation than dependent. Addison. 4. Very; in a high degree; that is, in such a degree as can not well be expressed; as, he is so good; he planned so wisely. 5. In the same manner; as has been stated or suggested; in this or that condition or state; under these circumstances; in this way; -- with reflex reference to something just asserted or implied; used also with the verb to be, as a predicate. Use him [your tutor] with great respect yourself, and cause all your family to do so too. Locke. It concerns every man, with the greatest seriousness, to inquire into those matters, whether they be so or not. Tillotson. He is Sir Robert's son, and so art thou. Shak. 6. The case being such; therefore; on this account; for this reason; on these terms; -- used both as an adverb and a conjuction. God makes him in his own image an intellectual creature, and so capable of dominion. Locke. Here, then, exchange we mutually forgiveness; So may the guilt of all my broken vows, My perjuries to thee, be all forgotten. Rowe. 7. It is well; let it be as it is, or let it come to pass; -- used to express assent. And when 't is writ, for my sake read it over, And if it please you, so; if not, why, so. Shak. There is Percy; if your father will do me any honor, so; if not, let him kill the next Percy himself. Shak. 8. Well; the fact being as stated; -- used as an expletive; as, so the work is done, is it 9. Is it thus do you mean what you say -- with an upward tone; as, do you say he refuses So [Colloq.] 10. About the number, time, or quantity specified; thereabouts; more or less; as, I will spend a week or so in the country; I have read only a page or so. A week or so will probably reconcile us. Gay. Note: See the Note under Ill, adv. So . . . as. So is now commonly used as a demonstrative correlative of as when it is the puprpose to emphasize the equality or comparison suggested, esp. in negative assertions, and questions implying a negative answer. By Shakespeare and others so . . . as was much used where as . . . as is now common. See the Note under As, 1. So do, as thou hast said. Gen. xviii. 5. As a flower of the field, so he flourisheth. Ps. ciii. 15. Had woman been so strong as men. Shak. No country suffered so much as England. Macaulay. -- So far, to that point or extent; in that particular. "The song was moral, and so far was right." Cowper. -- So far forth, as far; to such a degree. Shak. Bacon. -- So forth, further in the same or similar manner; more of the same or a similar kind. See And so forth, under And. -- So, so, well, well. "So, so, it works; now, mistress, sit you fast." Dryden. Also, moderately or tolerably well; passably; as, he succeeded but so so. "His leg is but so so." Shak. -- So that, to the end that; in order that; with the effect or result that. -- So then, thus then it is; therefore; the consequence is. SO So, conj. Defn: Provided that; on condition that; in case that; if. Though all the winds of doctrine were let loose play upon the earth, so truth be in the field, we do injuriously, by licensing and prohibiting, to misdoubt her strength. Milton. SO So, interj. Defn: Be as you are; stand still; stop; that will do; right as you are; -- a word used esp. to cows; also used by sailors. SOAK Soak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Soaking.] Etym: [OE. soken, AS. socian to sioak, steep, fr. s, s, to suck. See Suck.] 1. To cause or suffer to lie in a fluid till the substance has imbibed what it can contain; to macerate in water or other liquid; to steep, as for the purpose of softening or freshening; as, to soak cloth; to soak bread; to soak salt meat, salt fish, or the like. 2. To drench; to wet thoroughly. Their land shall be soaked with blood. Isa. xxiv. 7. 3. To draw in by the pores, or through small passages; as, a sponge soaks up water; the skin soaks in moisture. 4. To make (its way) by entering pores or interstices; -- often with through. The rivulet beneath soaked its way obscurely through wreaths of snow. Sir W. Scott. 5. Fig.: To absorb; to drain. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. SOAK Soak, v. i. 1. To lie steeping in water or other liquid; to become sturated; as, let the cloth lie and soak. 2. To enter (into something) by pores or interstices; as, water soaks into the earth or other porous matter. 3. To drink intemperately or gluttonously. [Slang] SOAKAGE Soak"age, n. Defn: The act of soaking, or the state of being soaked; also, the quantity that enters or issues by soaking. SOAKER Soak"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, soaks. 2. A hard drinker. [Slang] South. SOAKING Soak"ing, a. Defn: Wetting thoroughly; drenching; as, a soaking rain. -- Soak"ing*ly, adv. SOAKY Soak"y, a. Defn: Full of moisture; wet; soppy. SOAL Soal, n. 1. The sole of a shoe. [Obs. or R.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Sole, the fish. [Obs.] SOAL Soal, n. Etym: [AS. sol mire. Cf. Sully.] Defn: A dirty pond. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SOAM Soam, n. Defn: A chain by which a leading horse draws a plow. Knight. SOAP Soap, n. Etym: [OE. sope, AS. sape; akin to D. zeep, G. seife, OHG. seifa, Icel. sapa, Sw. s, Dan. s, and perhaps to AS. sipan to drip, MHG. sifen, and L. sebum tallow. Cf. Saponaceous.] Defn: A substance which dissolves in water, thus forming a lather, and is used as a cleansing agent. Soap is produced by combining fats or oils with alkalies or alkaline earths, usually by boiling, and consists of salts of sodium, potassium, etc., with the fatty acids (oleic, stearic, palmitic, etc.). See the Note below, and cf. Saponification. By extension, any compound of similar composition or properties, whether used as a cleaning agent or not. Note: In general, soaps are of two classes, hard and soft. Calcium, magnesium, lead, etc., form soaps, but they are insoluble and useless. The purifying action of soap depends upon the fact that it is decomposed by a large quantity of water into free alkali and an insoluble acid salt. The first of these takes away the fatty dirt on washing, and the latter forms the soap lather which envelops the greasy matter and thus tends to remove it. Roscoe & Schorlemmer. Castile soap, a fine-grained hard soap, white or mottled, made of olive oil and soda; -- called also Marseilles, or Venetian, soap. -- Hard soap, any one of a great variety of soaps, of different ingredients and color, which are hard and compact. All solid soaps are of this class. -- Lead soap, an insoluble, white, pliable soap made by saponifying an oil (olive oil) with lead oxide; -- used externally in medicine. Called also lead plaster, diachylon, etc. -- Marine soap. See under Marine. -- Pills of soap (Med.), pills containing soap and opium. -- Potash soap, any soap made with potash, esp. the soft soaps, and a hard soap made from potash and castor oil. -- Pumice soap, any hard soap charged with a gritty powder, as silica, alumina, powdered pumice, etc., which assists mechanically in the removal of dirt. -- Resin soap, a yellow soap containing resin, -- used in bleaching. -- Silicated soap, a cheap soap containing water glass (sodium silicate). -- Soap bark. (Bot.) See Quillaia bark. -- Soap bubble, a hollow iridescent globe, formed by blowing a film of soap suds from a pipe; figuratively, something attractive, but extremely unsubstantial. This soap bubble of the metaphysicians. J. C. Shairp. -- Soap cerate, a cerate formed of soap, olive oil, white wax, and the subacetate of lead, sometimes used as an application to allay inflammation. -- Soap fat, the refuse fat of kitchens, slaughter houses, etc., used in making soap. -- Soap liniment (Med.), a liniment containing soap, camphor, and alcohol. -- Soap nut, the hard kernel or seed of the fruit of the soapberry tree, -- used for making beads, buttons, etc. -- Soap plant (Bot.), one of several plants used in the place of soap, as the Chlorogalum pomeridianum, a California plant, the bulb of which, when stripped of its husk and rubbed on wet clothes, makes a thick lather, and smells not unlike new brown soap. It is called also soap apple, soap bulb, and soap weed. -- Soap tree. (Bot.) Same as Soapberry tree. -- Soda soap, a soap containing a sodium salt. The soda soaps are all hard soaps. -- Soft soap, a soap of a gray or brownish yellow color, and of a slimy, jellylike consistence, made from potash or the lye from wood ashes. It is strongly alkaline and often contains glycerin, and is used in scouring wood, in cleansing linen, in dyehouses, etc. Figuratively, flattery; wheedling; blarney. [Colloq.] -- Toilet soap, hard soap for the toilet, usually colored and perfumed. SOAP Soap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soaped; p. pr. & vb. n. Soaping.] 1. To rub or wash over with soap. 2. To flatter; to wheedle. [Slang] SOAPBERRY TREE Soap"ber`ry tree`. (Bot.) Defn: Any tree of the genus Sapindus, esp. Sapindus saponaria, the fleshy part of whose fruit is used instead of soap in washing linen; -- also called soap tree. SOAPFISH Soap"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any serranoid fish of the genus Rhypticus; -- so called from the soapy feeling of its skin. SOAPINESS Soap"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being soapy. SOAPROOT Soap"root`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A perennial herb (Gypsophila Struthium) the root of which is used in Spain as a substitute for soap. SOAPSTONE Soap"stone`, n. Defn: See Steatite, and Talc. SOAPSUDS Soap"suds`, n. pl. Defn: Suds made with soap. SOAPWORT Soap"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A common plant (Saponaria officinalis) of the Pink family; -- so called because its bruised leaves, when agitated in water, produce a lather like that from soap. Called also Bouncing Bet. SOAPY Soap"y, a. [Compar. Soapier; superl. Soapiest.] 1. Resembling soap; having the qualities of, or feeling like, soap; soft and smooth. 2. Smeared with soap; covered with soap. SOAR Soar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Soared; p. pr. & vb. n. Soaring.] Etym: [F. s'essorer to soar, essorer to dry (by exposing to the air), fr. L. ex out + aura the air, a breeze; akin to Gr. 1. To fly aloft, as a bird; to mount upward on wings, or as on wings. Chaucer. When soars Gaul's vulture with his wings unfurled. Byron. 2. Fig.: To rise in thought, spirits, or imagination; to be exalted in mood. Where the deep transported mind may soar. Milton. Valor soars above What the world calls misfortune. Addison. SOAR Soar, n. Defn: The act of soaring; upward flight. This apparent soar of the hooded falcon. Coleridge. SOAR Soar, a. Defn: See 3d Sore. [Obs.] SOAR Soar, a. Defn: See Sore, reddish brown. Soar falcon. (Zoöl.) See Sore falcon, under Sore. SOARING Soar"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Soar. -- Soar"ing*ly, adv. SOAVE So*a"ve, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Sweet. SOAVEMENTE So*a`ve*men"te, adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Sweetly. SOB Sob, v. t. Etym: [See Sop.] Defn: To soak. [Obs.] Mortimer. SOB Sob, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sobbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sobbing.] Etym: [OE. sobben; akin to AS. seófian, siófian, to complain, bewail, seófung, siófung, sobbing, lamentation; cf. OHG. s, s, to sigh, MHG. siuften, siufzen, G. seufzen, MHG. s a sigh, properly, a drawing in of breath, from s to drink, OHG. s. Cf. Sup.] Defn: To sigh with a sudden heaving of the breast, or with a kind of convulsive motion; to sigh with tears, and with a convulsive drawing in of the breath. Sobbing is the same thing [as sighing], stronger. Bacon. She sighed, she sobbed, and, furious with despair. She rent her garments, and she tore her hair. Dryden. SOB Sob, n. 1. The act of sobbing; a convulsive sigh, or inspiration of the breath, as in sorrow. Break, heart, or choke with sobs my hated breath. Dryden. 2. Any sorrowful cry or sound. The tremulous sob of the complaining owl. Wordsworth. SOBBING Sob"bing, n. Defn: A series of short, convulsive inspirations, the glottis being suddenly closed so that little or no air enters into the lungs. SOBER Sober, a. [Compar. Soberer; superl. Soberest.] Etym: [OE. sobre, F. sobre, from L. sobrius, probably from a prefix so- expressing separation + ebrius drunken. Cf. Ebriety.] 1. Temperate in the use of spirituous liquors; habitually temperate; as, a sober man. That we may hereafter live a godly, righteous, and sober life, to the glory of Thy holy name. Bk. of Com. Prayer. 2. Not intoxicated or excited by spirituous liquors; as, the sot may at times be sober. 3. Not mad or insane; not wild, visionary, or heated with passion; exercising cool, dispassionate reason; self-controlled; self- possessed. There was not a sober person to be had; all was tempestuous and blustering. Druden. No sober man would put himself into danger for the applause of escaping without breaking his neck. Dryden. 4. Not proceeding from, or attended with, passion; calm; as, sober judgment; a man in his sober senses. 5. Serious or subdued in demeanor, habit, appearance, or color; solemn; grave; sedate. What parts gay France from sober Spain Prior. See her sober over a sampler, or gay over a jointed baby. Pope. Twilight gray Had in her sober livery all things clad. Milton. Syn. -- Grave; temperate; abstinent; abstemious; moderate; regular; steady; calm; quiet; cool; collected; dispassionate; unimpassioned; sedate; staid; serious; solemn; somber. See Grave. SOBER So"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sobered; p. pr. & vb. n. Sobering.] Defn: To make sober. There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, And drinking largely sobers us again. Pope. SOBER So"ber, v. i. Defn: To become sober; -- often with down. Vance gradually sobered down. Ld. Lytton. SOBERIZE So"ber*ize, v. t. & i. Defn: To sober. [R.] Crabbe. SOBERLY So"ber*ly, adv. Defn: In a sober manner; temperately; cooly; calmly; gravely; seriously. SOBERLY So"ber*ly, a. Defn: Grave; serious; solemn; sad. [Obs.] [He] looked hollow and thereto soberly. Chaucer. SOBER-MINDED So"ber-mind`ed, a. Defn: Having a disposition or temper habitually sober. -- So"ber-mind`ed*ness, n. SOBERNESS So"ber*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sober. SOBOLES Sob"o*les, n. Etym: [L., a short.] (Bot.) (a) A shoot running along under ground, forming new plants at short distances. (b) A sucker, as of tree or shrub. SOBOLIFEROUS Sob`o*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. soboles + -ferous.] (Bot.) Defn: Producing soboles. See Illust. of Houseleek. SOBRANJE So*bran"je, n. [Bulgarian, lit., assembly.] Defn: The unicameral national assembly of Bulgaria, elected for a term of five years by universal suffrage of adult males. SOBRIETY So*bri"e*ty, n. Etym: [L. sobrietas: cf. F. sobriété. See Sober.] 1. Habitual soberness or temperance as to the use of spirituous liquors; as, a man of sobriety. Public sobriety is a relative duty. Blackstone. 2. Habitual freedom from enthusiasm, inordinate passion, or overheated imagination; calmness; coolness; gravity; seriousness; as, the sobriety of riper years. Mirth makes them not mad, Nor sobriety sad. Denham. Syn. -- Soberness; temperance; abstinence; abstemiousness; moderation; regularity; steadness; calmness; coolness; sober-mindeness; sedateness; staidness; gravity; seriousness; solemnity. SOBRIQUET So`bri`quet" (so`bre`kay"), n.Etym: [F. sobriquet, OF. soubzbriquet, soubriquet, a chuck under the chin, hence, an affront, a nickname; of uncertain origin; cf. It. sottobecco a chuck under the chin.] Defn: An assumed name; a fanciful epithet or appellation; a nickname. [Sometimes less correctly written soubriquet.] SOC Soc (sôk), n. Etym: [AS. s the power of holding court, sway, domain, properly, the right of investigating or seeking; akin to E. sake, seek. Sake, Seek, and cf. Sac, and Soke.] [Written also sock, and soke.] 1. (O. Eng. Law) (a) The lord's power or privilege of holding a court in a district, as in manor or lordship; jurisdiction of causes, and the limits of that jurisdiction. (b) Liberty or privilege of tenants excused from customary burdens. 2. An exclusive privilege formerly claimed by millers of grrinding all the corn used within the manor or township which the mill stands. [Eng.] Soc and sac (O. Eng. Law), the full right of administering justice in a manor or lordship. SOCAGE Soc"age, n.Etym: [From Soc; cf. LL. socagium.] (O.Eng. Law) Defn: A tenure of lands and tenements by a certain or determinate service; a tenure distinct from chivalry or knight's service, in which the obligations were uncertain. The service must be certain, in order to be denominated socage, as to hold by fealty and twenty shillings rent. [Written also soccage.] Note: Socage is of two kinds; free socage, where the services are not only certain, but honorable; and villein socage, where the services, though certain, are of a baser nature. Blackstone. SOCAGER Soc"a*ger, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A tennant by socage; a socman. SO-CALLED So"-called`, a. Defn: So named; called by such a name (but perhaps called thus with doubtful propriety). SOCIABILITY So`cia*bil"i*ty, n.Etym: [Cf. F. sociabilité.] Defn: The quality of being sociable; sociableness. SOCIABLE So"cia*ble, a.Etym: [F., fr. L. sociabilis, fr. sociare to associate, fr. socius a companion. See Social.] 1. Capable of being, or fit to be, united in one body or company; associable. [R.] They are sociable parts united into one body. Hooker. 2. Inclined to, or adapted for, society; ready to unite with others; fond of companions; social. Society is no comfort to one not sociable. Shak. What can be uneasy to this sociable creature than the dry, pensive retirements of solitude South. 3. Ready to converse; inclined to talk with others; not taciturn or reserved. 4. Affording opportunites for conversation; characterized by much conversation; as, a sociable party. 5. No longer hostile; friendly. [Obs.] Beau & Fl. Sociable bird, or Sociable weaver (Zoöl.), a weaver bird which builds composite nests. See Republican, n., 3. (b). Syn. -- Social; companionable; conversible; friendly; familiar; communicative; accessible. SOCIABLE So"cia*ble, n. 1. A gathering of people for social purposes; an informal party or reception; as, a church sociable. [Colloq. U. S.] 2. A carriage having two double seats facing each other, and a box for the driver. Miss Edgeworth. SOCIABLENESS So"cia*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being sociable. SOCIABLY So"cia*bly, adv. Defn: In a sociable manner. SOCIAL So"cial, a. Etym: [L. socialis, from socius a companion; akin to sequi to follow: cf. F. social. See Sue to follow.] 1. Of or pertaining to society; relating to men living in society, or to the public as an aggregate body; as, social interest or concerns; social pleasure; social benefits; social happiness; social duties. "Social phenomena." J. S. Mill. 2. Ready or disposed to mix in friendly converse; companionable; sociable; as, a social person. 3. Consisting in union or mutual intercourse. Best with thyself accompanied, seek'st not Social communication. Milton. 4. (Bot.) Defn: Naturally growing in groups or masses; -- said of many individual plants of the same species. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) Living in communities consisting of males, females, and neuters, as do ants and most bees. (b) Forming compound groups or colonies by budding from basal processes or stolons; as, the social ascidians. Social science, the science of all that relates to the social condition, the relations and institutions which are involved in man's existence and his well- being as a member of an organized community; sociology. It concerns itself with questions of the public health, education, labor, punishment of crime, reformation of criminals, and the like. -- Social whale (Zoöl.), the blackfish. -- The social evil, prostitution. Syn. -- Sociable; companionable; conversible; friendly; familiar; communicative; convival; festive. SOCIALISM So"cial*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. socialisme.] Defn: A theory or system of social reform which contemplates a complete reconstruction of society, with a more just and equitable distribution of property and labor. In popular usage, the term is often employed to indicate any lawless, revolutionary social scheme. See Communism, Fourierism, Saint-Simonianism, forms of socialism. [Socialism] was first applied in England to Owen's theory of social reconstruction, and in France to those also of St. Simon and Fourier . . . The word, however, is used with a great variety of meaning, . . . even by economists and learned critics. The general tendency is to regard as socialistic any interference undertaken by society on behalf of the poor, . . . radical social reform which disturbs the present system of private property . . . The tendency of the present socialism is more and more to ally itself with the most advanced democracy. Encyc. Brit. We certainly want a true history of socialism, meaning by that a history of every systematic attempt to provide a new social existence for the mass of the workers. F. Harrison. SOCIALIST So"cial*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. socialiste.] Defn: One who advocates or practices the doctrines of socialism. SOCIALIST; SOCIALISTIC So"cial*ist, So`cial*is"tic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, socialism. SOCIALITY So`ci*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. socialisté, L. socialitas.] Defn: The quality of being social; socialness. SOCIALIZE So"cial*ize, v. t. 1. To render social. 2. To subject to, or regulate by, socialism. SOCIALLY So"cial*ly, adv. Defn: In a social manner; sociably. SOCIALNESS So"cial*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being social. SOCIATE So"ci*ate, a. Etym: [L. sociatus, p. p. of sociare to associate, fr. socius companion.] Defn: Associated. [Obs.] SOCIATE So"ci*ate, n. Defn: An associate. [Obs.] As for you, Dr. Reynolds, and your sociates. Fuller. SOCIATE So"ci*ate, v. i. Defn: To associate. [Obs.] Shelford. SOCIETARIAN So*ci`e*ta"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to society; social. The all-sweeping besom of societarian reformation. Lamb. SOCIETARY So*ci"e*ta*ry, a. Defn: Societarian. [R.] SOCIETY So*ci"e*ty, n.; pl. Societies. Etym: [L. societas, fr. socius a companion: cf. F. société. See Social.] 1. The relationship of men to one another when associated in any way; companionship; fellowship; company. "Her loved society." Milton. There is society where none intrudes By the deep sea, and music in its roar. Byron. 2. Connection; participation; partnership. [R.] The meanest of the people and such as have the least society with the acts and crimes of kings. Jer. Taylor. 3. A number of persons associated for any temporary or permanent object; an association for mutual or joint usefulness, pleasure, or profit; a social union; a partnership; as, a missionary society. 4. The persons, collectively considered, who live in any region or at any period; any community of individuals who are united together by a common bond of nearness or intercourse; those who recognize each other as associates, friends, and acquaintances. 5. Specifically, the more cultivated portion of any community in its social relations and influences; those who mutually give receive formal entertainments. Society of Jesus. See Jesuit. -- Society verses Etym: [a translation of F. vers de société], the lightest kind of lyrical poetry; verses for the amusement of polite society. SOCINIAN So*cin"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Socinus, or the Socinians. SOCINIAN So*cin"i*an, n. Defn: One of the followers of Socinus; a believer in Socinianism. SOCINIANISM So*cin"i*an*ism, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The tenets or doctrines of Faustus Socinus, an Italian theologian of the sixteenth century, who denied the Trinity, the deity of Christ, the personality of the Devil, the native and total depravity of man, the vicarious atonement, and the eternity of future punishment. His theory was, that Christ was a man divinely commissioned, who had no existence before he was conceived by the Virgin Mary; that human sin was the imitation of Adam's sin, and that human salvation was the imitation and adoption of Christ's virtue; that the Bible was to be interpreted by human reason; and that its language was metaphorical, and not to be taken literally. SOCINIANIZE So*cin"i*an*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Socinianized; p. pr. & vb. n. Socinianizing.] Defn: To cause to conform to Socinianism; to regulate by, or imbue with, the principles of Socinianism. SOCIOLOGIC; SOCIOLOGICAL So`ci*o*log"ic, So`ci*o*log"ic*al a. Defn: Of or pertaining to sociology, or social science. -- So`ci*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. SOCIOLOGIST So`ci*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who treats of, or devotes himself to, the study of sociology. J. S. Mill. SOCIOLOGY So`ci*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. socius a companion + -logy.] Defn: That branch of philosophy which treats of the constitution, phenomena, and development of human society; social science. H. Spencer. SOCK Sock, n. Etym: [F. soc, LL. soccus, perhaps of Celtic origin.] Defn: A plowshare. Edin. Encyc. SOCK Sock, n. Etym: [OE. sock, AS. socc, fr. L. soccus a kind of low- heeled, light shoe. Cf. Sucket.] 1. The shoe worn by actors of comedy in ancient Greece and Rome, -- used as a sumbol of comedy, of the comic drams, as distinguished from tragedy, which is symbolized by the buskin. Great Fletcher never treads in buskin here, Nor greater Jonson dares in socks appear. Dryden. 2. A knit or woven covering for the foot and lower leg; a stocking with a short leg. 3. A warm inner sole for a shoe. Simmonds. SOCKDOLAGER Sock*dol"a*ger, n. Etym: [A corruption of doxology.] [Written also sockdologer.] 1. That which finishes or ends a matter; a settler; a poser, as a heavy blow, a conclusive answer, and the like. [Slang, U.S.] 2. (Angling) Defn: A combination of two hooks which close upon each other, by means of a spring, as soon as the fish bites. [U. S.] SOCKET Sock"et, n. Etym: [OE. soket, a dim. through OF. fr. L. soccus. See Sock a covering for the foot.] 1. An opening into which anything is fitted; any hollow thing or place which receives and holds something else; as, the sockets of the teeth. His eyeballs in their hollow sockets sink. Dryden. 2. Especially, the hollow tube or place in which a candle is fixed in the candlestick. And in the sockets oily bubbles dance. Dryden. Socket bolt (Mach.), a bolt that passes through a thimble that is placed between the parts connected by the bolt. -- Socket chisel. Same as Framing chisel. See under Framing. -- Socket pipe, a pipe with an expansion at one end to receive the end of a connecting pipe. -- Socket pole, a pole armed with iron fixed on by means of a socket, and used to propel boats, etc. [U.S.] -- Socket wrench, a wrench consisting of a socket at the end of a shank or rod, for turning a nut, bolthead, etc., in a narrow or deep recess. SOCKETED Sock"et*ed, a. Defn: Having a socket. Dawkins. SOCKLESS Sock"less, a. Defn: Destitute of socks or shoes. B. & Fl. SOCKY Sock"y, a. Defn: Wet; soaky. [Prov. Eng.] SOCLE So"cle, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. socculus, dim. of soccus. See Sock a covering for the foot. Cf. Zocco.] (Arch.) (a) A plain block or plinth forming a low pedestal; any base; especially, the base of a statue, column, or the like. See Plinth. (b) A plain face or plinth at the lower part of a wall. Oxf. Gloss. SOCMAN Soc"man, n.; pl. Socmen. Etym: [See Socage.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: One who holds lands or tenements by socage; a socager. Cowell. SOCMANRY Soc"man*ry, n. (O.E. Law) Defn: Tenure by socage. SOCOME Soc"ome, n. Etym: [AS. socen, socn, searching, or the right of searching, the lord's court. See Soc.] (O.Eng. Law) Defn: A custom of tenants to grind corn at the lord's mill. Cowell. SOCOTRINE Soc"o*trine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Socotra, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the east coast of Africa. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Socotra. SOCRATIC; SOCRATICAL So*crat"ic, So*crat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. Socraticus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Socrates, the Grecian sage and teacher. (b. c. 469-399), or to his manner of teaching and philosophizing. Note: The Socratic method of reasoning and instruction was by a series of questions leading the one to whom they were addressed to perceive and admit what was true or false in doctrine, or right or wrong in conduct. SOCRATICALLY So*crat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the Socratic method. SOCRATISM Soc"ra*tism, n. Defn: The philosophy or the method of Socrates. SOCRATIST Soc"ra*tist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A disciple or follower of Socrates. SOD Sod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The rock dove. [Prov. Eng.] SOD Sod, obs. Defn: imp. of Seethe. SOD Sod, n. Etym: [Akin to LG. sode, D. zode, OD. sode, soode, OFries. satha, and E. seethe. So named from its sodden state in wet weather. See Seethe.] Defn: That stratum of the surface of the soil which is filled with the roots of grass, or any portion of that surface; turf; sward. She there shall dress a sweeter sod Than Fancy's feet have ever trod. Collins. SOD Sod, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sodden; p. pr. & vb. n. Sodding.] Defn: To cover with sod; to turf. SODA So"da, n. Etym: [It., soda, in OIt., ashes used in making glass, fr. L. solida, fem. of solidus solid; solida having probably been a name of glasswort. See Solid.] (Chem.) (a) Sodium oxide or hydroxide. (b) Popularly, sodium carbonate or bicarbonate. Caustic soda, sodium hydroxide. -- Cooking soda, sodium bicarbonate. [Colloq.] -- Sal soda. See Sodium carbonate, under Sodium. -- Soda alum (Min.), a mineral consisting of the hydrous sulphate of alumina and soda. -- Soda ash, crude sodium carbonate; -- so called because formerly obtained from the ashes of sea plants and certain other plants, as saltwort (Salsola). See under Sodium. -- Soda fountain, an apparatus for drawing soda water, fitted with delivery tube, faucets, etc. -- Soda lye, a lye consisting essentially of a solution of sodium hydroxide, used in soap making. -- Soda niter. See Nitratine. -- Soda salts, salts having sodium for the base; specifically, sodium sulphate or Glauber's salts. -- Soda waste, the waste material, consisting chiefly of calcium hydroxide and sulphide, which accumulates as a useless residue or side product in the ordinary Leblanc process of soda manufacture; -- called also alkali waste. -- Soda water, originally, a beverage consisting of a weak solution of sodium bicarbonate, with some acid to cause effervescence; now, in common usage, a beverage consisting of water highly charged with carbon dioxide (carbonic acid). Fruit sirups, cream, etc., are usually added to give flavor. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic. -- Washing soda, sodium carbonate. [Colloq.] SODAIC So*da"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, soda. "Sodaic powder." Ure. SODALITE So"da*lite, n. Etym: [Soda + -lite: cf. F. sodalithe.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a white to blue or gray color, occuring commonly in dodecahedrons, also massive. It is a silicate of alumina and soda with some chlorine. SODALITY So*dal"i*ty, n.; pl. Sodalities. Etym: [L. sodalitas, fr. sodalis a comrade.] 1. A fellowship or fraternity; a brotherhood. 2. (R.C.Ch.) Defn: Specifically, a lay association for devotion or for charitable purposes. SODAMIDE Sod*am"ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A greenish or reddish crystalline substance, NaNH2, obtained by passing ammonia over heated sodium. SODDEN Sod"den, a. [p. p. of Seethe.] Defn: Boiled; seethed; also, soaked; heavy with moisture; saturated; as, sodden beef; sodden bread; sodden fields. SODDEN Sod"den, v. i. Defn: To be seethed; to become sodden. SODDEN Sod"den, v. t. Defn: To soak; to make heavy with water. SODDEN-WITTED Sod"den-wit`ted, a. Defn: Heavy; dull. Shak. SODDY Sod"dy, a. Etym: [From Sod.] Defn: Consisting of sod; covered with sod; turfy. Cotgrave. SODER Sod"er, n. & v. t. Defn: See Solder. SODGER So"dger, n. & v. i. Defn: Var. of Soldier. [Dial. or Slang] SODIC So"dic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to sodium; containing sodium. SODIO- So"di*o-. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of sodium or one of its compounds. SODIUM So"di*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr.E. soda.] (Chem.) Defn: A common metallic element of the alkali group, in nature always occuring combined, as in common salt, in albite, etc. It is isolated as a soft, waxy, white, unstable metal, so readily oxidized that it combines violently with water, and to be preserved must be kept under petroleum or some similar liquid. Sodium is used combined in many salts, in the free state as a reducer, and as a means of obtaining other metals (as magnesium and aluminium) is an important commercial product. Symbol Na (Natrium). Atomic weight 23. Specific gravity 0.97. Sodium amalgam, an alloy of sodium and mercury, usually produced as a gray metallic crystalline substance, which is used as a reducing agent, and otherwise. -- Sodium bicarbonate, a white crystalline substance, HNaCO3, with a slight alkaline taste resembling that of sodium carbonate. It is found in many mineral springs and also produced artificially,. It is used in cookery, in baking powders, and as a source of carbonic acid gas (carbon dioxide) for soda water. Called also cooking soda, saleratus, and technically, acid sodium carbonate, primary sodium carbonate, sodium dicarbonate, etc. -- Sodium carbonate, a white crystalline substance, Na2CO3.10H2O, having a cooling alkaline taste, found in the ashes of many plants, and produced artifically in large quantities from common salt. It is used in making soap, glass, paper, etc., and as alkaline agent in many chemical industries. Called also sal soda, washing soda, or soda. Cf. Sodium bicarbonate, above and Trona. Sodium chloride, common, or table, salt, NaCl. -- Sodium hydroxide, a white opaque brittle solid, NaOH, having a fibrous structure, produced by the action of quicklime, or of calcium hydrate (milk of lime), on sodium carbonate. It is a strong alkali, and is used in the manufacture of soap, in making wood pulp for paper, etc. Called also sodium hydrate, and caustic soda. By extension, a solution of sodium hydroxide. SODIUM SULPHATE So"di*um sul"phate. Defn: A salt well known as a catharic under the name of Glauber's salt, which term is properly applied to the hydrate, Na2SO4.10H2O. SODOMITE Sod"om*ite, n. 1. An inhabitant of Sodom. 2. One guilty of sodomy. SODOMITICAL Sod`om*it"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, sodomy. -- Sod`om*it"ic*al*ly, adv. SODOMY Sod"om*y, n. Etym: [From Sodom. a country mentioned in the Bible: cf. F. sodomite.] Defn: Carnal copulation in a manner against nature; buggery. Gen. xix. 5. SOE Soe, n. Etym: [Scot. sae, say, saye; cf. Icel. sar a large cask, Sw. s a tub.] Defn: A large wooden vessel for holding water; a cowl. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Dr. H. More. SOEVER So*ev"er. Defn: A word compounded of so and ever, used in composition with who, what, where, when, how, etc., and indicating any out of all possible or supposable persons, things, places, times, ways, etc. It is sometimes used separate from the pronoun or adverb. For unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be much required. Luke xii. 48. What great thing soever a man proposed to do in his life, he should think of achieving it by fifty. Sir W. Temple. SOFA So"fa, n.; pl. Sofas. Etym: [Ar. soffah, from saffa to dispose in order: cf. F. sofa, It.sofà.] Defn: A long seat, usually with a cushioned bottom, back, and ends; - - much used as a comfortable piece of furniture. Let fall the curtains, wheel the sofa round. Cowper. Sofa bed, a sofa so contrived that it may be extended to form a bed; -- called also sofa bedstead. SOFFIT Sof"fit, n. Etym: [It. soffitta, soffitto, fr. soffiggere to hide, properly, to fix or fasten under, L. suffigere to fasten beneath or below; sub under, beneath + figere to fix, faste: cf. F. soffite.] (Arch.) Defn: The under side of the subordinate parts and members of buildings, such as staircases, entablatures, archways, cornices, or the like. See Illust. of Lintel. SOFI So"fi, n.; pl. Sofis (. Defn: Same as Sufi. SOFISM So"fism, n. Defn: Same as Sufism. SOFT Soft, a. [Compar. Softer; superl. Softest.] Etym: [OE. softe, AS. s, properly adv. of s, adj.; akin to OS. safto, adv., D. zacht, OHG. samfto, adv., semfti, adj., G. sanft, LG. sacht; of uncertain origin.] 1. Easily yielding to pressure; easily impressed, molded, or cut; not firm in resisting; impressible; yielding; also, malleable; -- opposed to Ant: hard; as, a soft bed; a soft peach; soft earth; soft wood or metal. 2. Not rough, rugged, or harsh to the touch; smooth; delicate; fine; as, soft silk; a soft skin. They that wear soft clothing are in king's houses. Matt. xi. 8. 3. Hence, agreeable to feel, taste, or inhale; not irritating to the tissues; as, a soft liniment; soft wines. "The soft, delicious air." Milton. 4. Not harsh or offensive to the sight; not glaring; pleasing to the eye; not exciting by intensity of color or violent contrast; as, soft hues or tints. The sun, shining upon the upper part of the clouds . . . made the softest lights imaginable. Sir T. Browne. 5. Not harsh or rough in sound; gentle and pleasing to the ear; flowing; as, soft whispers of music. Her voice was ever soft, Gentle, and low, -- an excellent thing in woman. Shak. Soft were my numbers; who could take offense Pope. 6. Easily yielding; susceptible to influence; flexible; gentle; kind. I would to God my heart were flint, like Edward's; Or Edward's soft and pitiful, like mine. Shak. The meek or soft shall inherit the earth. Tyndale. 7. Expressing gentleness, tenderness, or the like; mild; conciliatory; courteous; kind; as, soft eyes. A soft answer turneth away wrath. Prov. xv. 1. A face with gladness overspread, Soft smiles, by human kindness bred. Wordsworth. 8. Effeminate; not courageous or manly, weak. A longing after sensual pleasures is a dissolution of the spirit of a man, and makes it loose, soft, and wandering. Jer. Taylor. 9. Gentle in action or motion; easy. On her soft axle, white she paces even, And bears thee soft with the smooth air along. Milton. 10. Weak in character; impressible. The deceiver soon found this soft place of Adam's. Glanvill. 11. Somewhat weak in intellect. [Colloq.] He made soft fellows stark noddies, and such as were foolish quite mad. Burton. 12. Quiet; undisturbed; paceful; as, soft slumbers. 13. Having, or consisting of, a gentle curve or curves; not angular or abrupt; as, soft outlines. 14. Not tinged with mineral salts; adapted to decompose soap; as, soft water is the best for washing. 15. (Phonetics) (a) Applied to a palatal, a sibilant, or a dental consonant (as g in gem, c in cent, etc.) as distinguished from a guttural mute (as g in go, c in cone, etc.); -- opposed to hard. (b) Belonging to the class of sonant elements as distinguished from the surd, and considered as involving less force in utterance; as, b, d, g, z, v, etc., in contrast with p, t, k, s, f, etc. Soft clam (Zoöl.), the common or long clam (Mya arenaria). See Mya. -- Soft coal, bituminous coal, as distinguished from anthracite, or hard, coal. -- Soft crab (Zoöl.), any crab which has recently shed its shell. -- Soft dorsal (Zoöl.), the posterior part of the dorsal fin of fishes when supported by soft rays. -- Soft grass. (Bot.) See Velvet grass. -- Soft money, paper money, as distinguished from coin, or hard money. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Soft mute. (Phonetics) See Media. -- Soft palate. See the Note under Palate. -- Soft ray (Zoöl.), a fin ray which is articulated and usually branched. -- Soft soap. See under Soap. -- Soft-tack, leavened bread, as distinguished from hard-tack, or ship bread. -- Soft tortoise (Zoöl.), any river tortoise of the genus Trionyx. See Trionyx. SOFT Soft, n. Defn: A soft or foolish person; an idiot. [Colloq.] G. Eliot. SOFT Soft, adv. Defn: Softly; without roughness or harshness; gently; quietly. Chaucer. A knight soft riding toward them. Spenser. SOFT Soft, interj. Defn: Be quiet; hold; stop; not so fast. Soft, you; a word or two before you go. Shak. SOFTA Sof"ta, n. Etym: [Corruption of Per. s one who burns, is ardent or zealous.] Defn: Any one attached to a Mohammedan mosque, esp. a student of the higher branches of theology in a mosque school. [Written also sophta.] SOFTEN Sof"ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Softened; p. pr. & vb. n. Softening.] Defn: To make soft or more soft. Specifically: -- (a) To render less hard; -- said of matter. Their arrow's point they soften in the flame. Gay. (b) To mollify; to make less fierce or intractable. Diffidence conciliates the proud, and softens the severe. Rambler. (c) To palliate; to represent as less enormous; as, to soften a fault. (d) To compose; to mitigate; to assuage. Music can soften pain to ease. Pope. (e) To make calm and placid. All that cheers or softens life. Pope. (f) To make less harsh, less rude, less offensive, or less violent, or to render of an opposite quality. He bore his great commision in his look, But tempered awe, and softened all he spoke. Dryden. (g) To make less glaring; to tone down; as, to soften the coloring of a picture. (h) To make tender; to make effeminate; to enervate; as, troops softened by luxury. (i) To make less harsh or grating, or of a quality the opposite; as, to soften the voice. SOFTEN Sof"ten, v. i. Defn: To become soft or softened, or less rude, harsh, severe, or obdurate. SOFTENER Sof"ten*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, softens. [Written also, less properly, softner.] SOFTENING Sof"ten*ing, a. & n. Defn: from Soften, v. Softening of the brain, or Cerebral softening (Med.), a localized softening of the brain substance, due to hemorrhage or inflammation. Three varieties, distinguished by their color and representing different stages of the morbid process, are known respectively as red, yellow, and white, softening. SOFT-FINNED Soft"-finned`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the fin rays cartilaginous or flexible; without spines; -- said of certain fishes. SOFT-HEADED Soft"-head`ed, a. Defn: Weak in intellect. SOFT-HEARTED Soft"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Having softness or tenderness of heart; susceptible of pity or other kindly affection; gentle; meek. -- Soft"-heart`ed*ness, n. SOFTISH Soft"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat soft. De Witt Clinton. SOFTLING Soft"ling, n. Defn: A soft, effeminate person; a voluptuary. [R.] Bp. Woolton. . SOFTLY Soft"ly, adv. Defn: In a soft manner. SOFTNER Soft"ner, n. Defn: See Softener. SOFTNESS Soft"ness, n. Etym: [AS. s, s.] Defn: The quality or state of being soft; -- opposed to Ant: hardness, and used in the various specific senses of the adjective. SOFT-SHELL; SOFT-SHELLED Soft"-shell`, Soft"-shelled`, a. Defn: Having a soft or fragile shell. Soft-shell clam (Zoöl.), the long clam. See Mya. -- Soft-shelled crab. (Zoöl.) See the Note under Crab, 1. -- Soft-shelled turtle. (Zoöl.) Same as Soft tortoise, under Soft. SOFT-SPOKEN Soft"-spo`ken, a. Defn: Speaking softly; having a mild or gentle voice; hence, mild; affable. SOFT STEEL Soft steel. Defn: Steel low in carbon; mild steel; ingot iron. SOGER So"ger, n. & v. i. Defn: Var. of Soldier. [Dial. or Slang] R. H. Dana, Jr. SOGGINESS Sog"gi*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being soggy; soddenness; wetness. SOGGY Sog"gy, a. [Compar. Soggier; superl. Soggiest.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. söggr damp, wet, or E. soak.] Defn: Filled with water; soft with moisture; sodden; soaked; wet; as, soggy land or timber. SOHO So*ho", interj. Defn: Ho; -- a word used in calling from a distant place; a sportsman's halloo. Shak. SOI-DISANT Soi`-di`sant", a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Calling himself; self-styled; pretended; would-be. SOIL Soil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Soiling.] Etym: [OF. saoler, saouler, to satiate, F. soûler, L. satullare, fr. satullus, dim. of satur sated. See Satire.] Defn: To feed, as cattle or horses, in the barn or an inclosure, with fresh grass or green food cut for them, instead of sending them out to pasture; hence (such food having the effect of purging them), to purge by feeding on green food; as, to soil a horse. SOIL Soil, n. Etym: [OE. soile, F. sol, fr. L. solum bottom, soil; but the word has probably been influenced in form by soil a miry place. Cf. Saloon, Soil a miry place, Sole of the foot.] 1. The upper stratum of the earth; the mold, or that compound substance which furnishes nutriment to plants, or which is particularly adapted to support and nourish them. 2. Land; country. Must I thus leave thee, Paradise thus leave Thee, native soil Milton. 3. Dung; fæces; compost; manure; as, night soil. Improve land by dung and other sort of soils. Mortimer. Soil pipe, a pipe or drain for carrying off night soil. SOIL Soil, v. t. Defn: To enrich with soil or muck; to manure. Men . . . soil their ground, not that they love the dirt, but that they expect a crop. South. SOIL Soil, n. Etym: [OF. soil, souil, F. souille, from OF. soillier, F. souiller. See Soil to make dirty.] Defn: A marshy or miry place to which a hunted boar resorts for refuge; hence, a wet place, stream, or tract of water, sought for by other game, as deer. As deer, being stuck, fly through many soils, Yet still the shaft sticks fast. Marston. To take soil, to run into the mire or water; hence, to take refuge or shelter. O, sir, have you taken soil here It is well a man may reach you after three hours' running. B. Jonson. SOIL Soil, v. t.Etym: [OE. soilen, OF. soillier, F. souiller, (assumed) LL. suculare, fr. L. sucula a little pig, dim. of sus a swine. See Sow, n.] 1. To make dirty or unclean on the surface; to foul; to dirty; to defile; as, to soil a garment with dust. Our wonted ornaments now soiled and stained. Milton. 2. To stain or mar, as with infamy or disgrace; to tarnish; to sully. Shak. Syn. -- To foul; dirt; dirty; begrime; bemire; bespatter; besmear; daub; bedaub; stain; tarnish; sully; defile; pollute. SOIL Soil, v. i. Defn: To become soiled; as, light colors soil sooner than dark ones. SOIL Soil, n. Etym: [See Soil to make dirty, Soil a miry place.] Defn: That which soils or pollutes; a soiled place; spot; stain. A lady's honor . . . will not bear a soil. Dryden. SOILINESS Soil"i*ness, n. Defn: Stain; foulness. [R.] Bacon. SOILLESS Soil"less, a. Defn: Destitute of soil or mold. SOIL PIPE Soil pipe. Defn: A pipe or drain for carrying off night soil. SOILURE Soil"ure, n. Etym: [OF. soillure, F. souillure. See Soil to make dirty.] Defn: Stain; pollution. Shak. Then fearing rust or soilure, fashioned for it A case of silk. Tennyson. SOILY Soil"y, a. Defn: Dirty; soiled. [Obs.] Fuller. SOIREE Soi`ree", n. Etym: [F., fr. soir evening, fr. L. serus late, serum late time. Cf. Serenade.] Defn: An evening party; -- distinguished from levee, and matinée. SOJA So"ja (so"ja or so"ya), n. (Bot.) Defn: An Asiatic leguminous herb (Glycine Soja) the seeds of which are used in preparing the sauce called soy. SOJER So"jer, n. & v. i. Defn: Var. of Soldier. [Dial. or Slang] SOJOURN So"journ, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sojourned; p. pr. & vb. n. Sojourning.] Etym: [OE. sojornen, sojournen, OF. sojorner, sejorner, F. séjourner, fr. L. sub under, about + diurnus belonging to the day. See Journal, Diurnal.] Defn: To dwell for a time; to dwell or live in a place as a temporary resident or as a stranger, not considering the place as a permanent habitation; to delay; to tarry. Abram went down into Egypt to sojourn there. Gen. xii. 30. Home he goeth, he might not longer sojourn. Chaucer. The soldiers first assembled at Newcastle, and there sojourned three days. Hayward. SOJOURN So"journ, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. sujurn, sujur, sejor, F. séjour. See Sojourn, v. i.] Defn: A temporary residence, as that of a traveler in a foreign land. Though long detained In that obscure sojourn. Milton. SOJOURNER So"journ*er, n. Defn: One who sojourns. We are strangers before thee, and sojourners. 1. Chron. xxix. 15. SOJOURNING So"journ*ing, n. Defn: The act or state of one who sojourns. SOJOURNMENT So"journ*ment, n. Defn: Temporary residence, as that of a stranger or a traveler. [R.] SOKE Soke, n. 1. (Eng. Law) Defn: See Soc. 2. One of the small territorial divisions into which Lincolnshire, England, is divided. SOKEMAN Soke"man, n. Defn: See Socman. SOKEMANRY Soke"man*ry, n. Defn: See Socmanry. SOKEN Sok"en, n. Etym: [Cf. Socome.] 1. A toll. See Soc, n., 2. [Obs.] Great sooken had this miller, out of doubt. Chaucer. 2. A district held by socage. SOKO So"ko, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An African anthropoid ape, supposed to be a variety of the chimpanzee. SOL Sol, n. Etym: [L.] 1. The sun. 2. (Alchem.) Defn: Gold; -- so called from its brilliancy, color, and value. Chaucer. SOL Sol, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) (a) A syllable applied in solmization to the note G, or to the fifth tone of any diatonic scale. (b) The tone itself. SOL Sol, n. Etym: [See Sou.] 1. A sou. 2. A silver and gold coin of Peru. The silver sol is the unit of value, and is worth about 68 cents. SOLA So"la, a. Etym: [L., fem. of solus.] Defn: See Solus. SOLA So"la, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous plant (Æschynomene aspera) growing in moist places in Southern India and the East Indies. Its pithlike stem is used for making hats, swimming-jackets, etc. [Written also solah, shola.] SOLACE Sol"ace, n. Etym: [OF. solas, ssoulaz, L. solacium, solatium, fr. solari to comfort, console. Cf. Console, v. t.] 1. Comfort in grief; alleviation of grief or anxiety; also, that which relieves in distress; that which cheers or consoles; relief. In business of mirth and of solace. Chaucer. The proper solaces of age are not music and compliments, but wisdom and devotion. Rambler. 2. Rest; relaxation; ease. [Obs.] To make his steed some solace. Chaucer. Syn. -- Comfort; consolation; alleviation; relief. SOLACE Sol"ace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solaced; p. pr. & vb. n. Solacing.] Etym: [OF. solacier, soulacier, F. solacier, LL. solatiare. See Solace, n.] 1. To cheer in grief or under calamity; to comfort; to relieve in affliction, solitude, or discomfort; to console; -- applied to persons; as, to solace one with the hope of future reward. 2. To allay; to assuage; to soothe; as, to solace grief. Syn. -- To comfort; assuage; allay. See Comfort. SOLACE Sol"ace, v. i. Defn: To take comfort; to be cheered. Shak. SOLACEMENT Sol"ace*ment, n. Defn: The act of solacing, or the state of being solaced; also, that which solaces. [R.] SOLACIOUS So*la"cious, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. solacieux.] Defn: Affording solace; as, a solacious voice. [Obs.] Bale. SOLANACEOUS Sol`a*na"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to plants of the natural order Solanaceæ, of which the nightshade (Solanum) is the type. The order includes also the tobacco, ground cherry, tomato, eggplant, red pepper, and many more. SOLAND So"land, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A solan goose. SOLANDER So*lan"der, n. Defn: See Sallenders. SOLAN GOOSE So"lan goose`. Etym: [Icel. s; akin to Norw. sula.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The common gannet. SOLANIA So*la"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: Solanine. SOLANICINE So*lan"i*cine, n. Etym: [See Solanine.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid produced by the action of hydrochloric acid on solanidine, as a tasteless yellow crystalline substance. SOLANIDINE So*lan"i*dine, n. Etym: [See Solanine.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid produced by the decomposition of solanine, as a white crystalline substance having a harsh bitter taste. SOLANINE Sol"a*nine, n. Etym: [L. solanum nightshade.] (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous alkaloid glucoside extracted from the berries of common nightshade (Solanum nigrum), and of bittersweet, and from potato sprouts, as a white crystalline substance having an acrid, burning taste; -- called also solonia, and solanina. SOLANO So*la"no, Etym: [Sp., fr. L. solanussc. ventus), from sol the sun.] Defn: A hot, oppressive wind which sometimes blows in the Mediterranean, particularly on the eastern coast of Spain. SOLANOID Sol"a*noid, a. Etym: [Solanum + -oid.] (Med.) Defn: Resembling a potato; -- said of a kind of cancer. SOLANUM So*la"num, n. Etym: [L., nightshade.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants comprehending the potato (S. tuberosum), the eggplant (S. melongena, and several hundred other species; nightshade. SOLAR So"lar, n. Etym: [OE. soler, AS. solere, L. solarium, from sol the sun. See Solar, a.] Defn: A loft or upper chamber; a garret room. [Obs.] [Written also soler, solere, sollar.] Oxf. Gloss. SOLAR So"lar, a. Etym: [L. solaris, fr. sol the sun; akin to As. s, Icel. s, Goth. sauil, Lith. saule, W. haul,. sul, Skr. svar, perhaps to E. sun:F. solaire. Cf. Parasol. Sun.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sun; proceeding from the sun; as, the solar system; solar light; solar rays; solar influence. See Solar system, below. 2. (Astrol.) Defn: Born under the predominant influence of the sun. [Obs.] And proud beside, as solar people are. Dryden. 3. Measured by the progress or revolution of the sun in the ecliptic; as, the solar year. 4. Produced by the action of the sun, or peculiarly affected by its influence. They denominate some herbs solar, and some lunar. Bacon. Solar cycle. See under Cycle. -- Solar day. See Day, 2. -- Solar engine, an engine in which the energy of solar heat is used to produce motion, as in evaporating water for a steam engine, or expanding air for an air engine. -- Solar flowers (Bot.), flowers which open and shut daily at certain hours. -- Solar lamp, an argand lamp. -- Solar microscope, a microscope consisting essentially, first, of a mirror for reflecting a beam of sunlight through the tube, which sometimes is fixed in a window shutter; secondly, of a condenser, or large lens, for converging the beam upon the object; and, thirdly, of a small lens, or magnifier, for throwing an enlarged image of the object at its focus upon a screen in a dark room or in a darkened box. -- Solar month. See under Month. -- Solar oil, a paraffin oil used an illuminant and lubricant. -- Solar phosphori (Physics), certain substances, as the diamond, siulphide of barium (Bolognese or Bologna phosphorus), calcium sulphide, etc., which become phosphorescent, and shine in the dark, after exposure to sunlight or other intense light. -- Solar plexus (Anat.), a nervous plexus situated in the dorsal and anterior part of the abdomen, consisting of several sympathetic ganglia with connecting and radiating nerve fibers; -- so called in allusion to the radiating nerve fibers. -- Solar spots. See Sun spots, under Sun. -- Solar system (Astron.), the sun, with the group of celestial bodies which, held by its attraction, revolve round it. The system comprises the major planets, with their satellites; the minor planets, or asteroids, and the comets; also, the meteorids, the matter that furnishes the zodiacal light, and the rings of Saturn. The satellites that revolve about the major planets are twenty-two in number, of which the Earth has one (see Moon.), Mars two, Jupiter five, Saturn nine, Uranus four, and Neptune one. The asteroids, between Mars and Jupiter, thus far discovered (1900), number about five hundred, the first four of which were found near the beginning of the century, and are called Ceres, Pallas, Juno, and Vesta. Note: The principal elements of the major planets, and of the comets seen at more than one perihelion passage, are exhibited in the following tables: -- I. -- Major Planets. Symbol.Name.Mean distance -- that of the Earth being unity.Period in days.Eccentricity.Inclination of orbit.Diameter in miles II. -- Periodic Comets. Name.Greatest distance from sun.Least distance from sun.Inclination of orbit.Perihelion passage. º min 54 Encke's3.314.100.34212 541885.2 -- Solar telegraph, telegraph for signaling by flashes of reflected sunlight. -- Solar time. See Apparent time, under Time. SOLARIUM So*la"ri*um, n.; pl. Solaria. Etym: [L. See Solar, n.] 1. An apartment freely exposed to the sun; anciently, an apartment or inclosure on the roof of a house; in modern times, an apartment in a hospital, used as a resort for convalescents. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of handsome marine spiral shells of the genus Solarium and allied genera. The shell is conical, and usually has a large, deep umbilicus exposing the upper whorls. Called also perspective shell. SOLARIZATION So`lar*i*za"tion, n. (Photog.) Defn: Injury of a photographic picture caused by exposing it for too long a time to the sun's light in the camera; burning; excessive insolation. SOLARIZE So"lar*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solarized; p. pr. & vb. n. Solarizing.] (Photog.) Defn: To injure by too long exposure to the light of the sun in the camera; to burn. SOLARIZE So"lar*ize, v. i. (Photog.) Defn: To become injured by undue or too long exposure to the sun's rays in the camera. SOLAR MYTH So"lar myth. Defn: A myth which essentially consists of allegory based upon ideas as to the sun's course, motion, influence, or the like. SOLAR PARALLAX Solar parallax. Defn: The parallax of the sun, that is, the angle subtended at the sun by the semidiameter of the earth. It is 8."80, and is the fundamental datum. SOLARY So"la*ry, a. Defn: Solar. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SOLAS Sol"as, n. Defn: Solace. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOLATIUM So*la"ti*um, n. Etym: [L. See Solace, n.] Defn: Anything which alleviates or compensates for suffering or loss; a compensation; esp., an additional allowance, as for injured feelings. SOLD Sold, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Sell. SOLD Sold, n. Etym: [F. solde. See Soldier, and cf. Sou.] Defn: Solary; military pay. [Obs.] Spenser. SOLDAN Sol"dan, n.Etym: [OE. soudan, F. soudan, from the Arabic. See Sultan.] Defn: A sultan. [Obs.] Milton. SOLDANEL Sol"da*nel, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Soldanella, low Alpine herbs of the Primrose family. SOLDANRIE Sol"dan*rie, n. Defn: The country ruled by a soldan, or sultan. [Poet.] Sir W. Scott. SOLDER Sol"der, n. Etym: [Formerly soder; F. soudure, OF. soudeure, fr. OF. & F. souder to solder, L. solidare to fasten, to make solid. See Solid, and cf. Sawder.] Defn: A metal or metallic alloy used when melted for uniting adjacent metallic edges or surfaces; a metallic coment. Hence, anything which unites or cements. Hard solder, a solder which fuses only at a red heat, as one composed of zinc and copper, or silver and copper, etc. -- Soft solder, a solder fusible at comparatively low temperatures; as, plumbers' solder, consisting of two parts lead and one part tin, is a soft solder. SOLDER Sol"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soldered; p. pr. & vb. n. Soldering.] Etym: [Formerlysoder. See Solder, n.] 1. To unite (metallic surfaces or edges) by the intervention of a more fusible metal or metallic alloy applied when melted; to join by means of metallic cement. 2. To mend; to patch up. "To solder up a broken cause." Hooker. SOLDERER Sol"der*er, n. Defn: One who solders. SOLDERING Sol"der*ing, a. & n. Defn: from Solder, v. t. Soldering iron, Soldering tool, an instrument for soldering, consisting of a bit or bolt of copper having a pointed or wedge-shaped end, and furnished with a handle. SOLDIER Sol"dier, n. Etym: [OE. souldier, soudiour, souder, OF. soldier, soldoier, soldeier, sodoier, soudoier, soudier, fr. L. solidus a piece of money (hence applied to the pay of a soldier), fr. solidus solid. See Solid, and cf. Sold, n.] 1. One who is engaged in military service as an officer or a private; one who serves in an army; one of an organized body of combatants. I am a soldier and unapt to weep. Shak. 2. Especially, a private in military service, as distinguished from an officer. It were meet that any one, before he came to be a captain, should have been a soldier. Spenser. 3. A brave warrior; a man of military experience and skill, or a man of distinguished valor; -- used by way of emphasis or distinction. Shak. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The red or cuckoo gurnard (Trigla pini.) [Prov. Eng.] 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the asexual polymorphic forms of white ants, or termites, in which the head and jaws are very large and strong. The soldiers serve to defend the nest. See Termite. Soldier beetle (Zoöl.), an American carabid beetle (Chauliognathus Americanus) whose larva feeds upon other insects, such as the plum curculio. -- Soldier bug (Zoöl.), any hemipterous insect of the genus Podisus and allied genera, as the spined soldier bug (Podius spinosus). These bugs suck the blood of other insects. -- Soldier crab (Zoöl.) (a) The hermit crab. (b) The fiddler crab. -- Soldier fish (Zoöl.), a bright-colored etheostomoid fish (Etheostoma coeruleum) found in the Mississippi River; -- called also blue darter, and rainbow darter. -- Soldier fly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small dipterous flies of the genus Stratyomys and allied genera. They are often bright green, with a metallic luster, and are ornamented on the sides of the back with markings of yellow, like epaulets or shoulder straps. -- Soldier moth (Zoöl.), a large geometrid moth (Euschema militaris), having the wings bright yellow with bluish black lines and spots. -- Soldier orchis (Bot.), a kind of orchis (Orchis militaris). SOLDIER Sol"dier, v. i. 1. To serve as a soldier. 2. To make a pretense of doing something, or of performing any task. [Colloq.U.S.] Note: In this sense the vulgar pronounciation (so"jer) is jocosely preserved. It needs an opera glass to discover whether the leaders are pulling, or only soldiering. C. D. Warner. SOLDIERESS Sol"dier*ess, n. Defn: A female soldier. [Obs.] SOLDIERING Sol"dier*ing, n. 1. The act of serving as a soldier; the state of being a soldier; the occupation of a soldier. 2. The act of feigning to work. See the Note under Soldier, v. i., 2. [Colloq. U.S.] SOLDIERLIKE Sol"dier*like", a. Defn: Like a soldier; soldierly. SOLDIERLY Sol"dier*ly, a. Defn: Like or becoming a real soldier; brave; martial; heroic; honorable; soldierlike. "Soldierly discipline." Sir P. Sidney. SOLDIERSHIP Sol"dier*ship, n. Defn: Military qualities or state; martial skill; behavior becoming a soldier. [R.] Shak. SOLDIERWOOD Sol"dier*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A showy leguminous plant (Calliandra purpurea) of the West Indies. The flowers have long tassels of purple stamens. SOLDIERY Sol"dier*y, n. 1. A body of soldiers; soldiers, collectivelly; the military. A camp of faithful soldiery. Milton. 2. Military service. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. SOLDO Sol"do, n.; pl. Soldi. Etym: [It. See Sou.] Defn: A small Italian coin worth a sou or a cent; the twentieth part of a lira. SOLE Sole, n. Etym: [F. sole, L. solea; -- so named from its flat shape. See Sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of flatfishes of the genus Solea and allied genera of the family Soleidæ, especially the common European species (Solea vulgaris), which is a valuable food fish. (b) Any one of several American flounders somewhat resembling the true sole in form or quality, as the California sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata), the long-finned sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus), and other species. Lemon, or French, sole (Zoöl.), a European species of sole (Solea pegusa). -- Smooth sole (Zoöl.), the megrim. SOLE Sole, n. Etym: [AS. sole, fr. L. soolea (or rather an assumed L. sola), akin to solumround, soil, sole of the foot. Cf. Exile, Saloon, Soil earth, Sole the fish.] 1. The bottom of the foot; hence, also, rarely, the foot itself. The dove found no rest for the sole of her foot. Gen. viii. 9. Hast wandered through the world now long a day, Yet ceasest not thy weary soles to lead. Spenser. 2. The bottom of a shoe or boot, or the piece of leather which constitutes the bottom. The "caliga" was a military shoe, with a very thick sole, tied above the instep. Arbuthnot. 3. The bottom or lower part of anything, or that on which anything rests in standing. Specifially: (a) (Agric.) Defn: The bottom of the body of a plow; -- called also slade; also, the bottom of a furrow. (b) (Far.) The horny substance under a horse's foot, which protects the more tender parts. (c) (Fort.) The bottom of an embrasure. (d) (Naut.) A piece of timber attached to the lower part of the rudder, to make it even with the false keel. Totten. (e) (Mining) The seat or bottom of a mine; -- applied to horizontal veins or lodes. Sole leather, thick, strong, used for making the soles of boots and shoes, and for other purposes. SOLE Sole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soled; p. pr. & vb. n. Soling.] Defn: To furnish with a sole; as, to sole a shoe. SOLE Sole, a. Etym: [L. solus, or OF. sol, F. seul (fr. L. solus; cf. L. sollus whole, entire. Cf. Desolate, Solemn, Solo, Sullen.] 1. Being or acting without another; single; individual; only. "The sole son of my queen." Shak. He, be sure . . . first and last will reign Sole king. Milton. 2. (Law) Defn: Single; unmarried; as, a feme sole. Corporation sole. See the Note under Corporation. Syn. -- Single; individual; only; alone; solitary. SOLECISM Sol"e*cism, n.Etym: [F. solécisme, L. soloecismus, Gr. soloikismo`s, fr. soloiki`zein to speak or write incorrectly, fr. so`loikos speaking incorrectly, from the corruption of the Attic dialect among the Athenian colonists of So`loi in Cilicia.] 1. An impropriety or incongruity of language in the combination of words or parts of a sentence; esp., deviation from the idiom of a language or from the rules of syntax. A barbarism may be in one word; a solecism must be of more. Johnson. 2. Any inconsistency, unfitness, absurdity, or impropriety, as in deeds or manners. Cæsar, by dismissing his guards and retaining his power, committed a dangerous solecism in politics. C. Middleton. The idea of having committed the slightest solecism in politeness was agony to him. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- Barbarism; impropriety; absurdity. SOLECIST Sol"e*cist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who commits a solecism. Blackwall. SOLECISTIC Sol`e*cis"tic, a. Defn: Solecistical. SOLECISTICAL Sol`e*cis"tic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or involving, a solecism; incorrect. "He thought it made the language solecistical and absurd." Blackwall. SOLECISTICALLY Sol`e*cis"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a solecistic manner. SOLECIZE Sol"e*cize, v. i. Etym: [Gr. Defn: To commit a solecism. [R.] Dr. H. More. SOLELY Sole"ly, adv. Defn: Singly; alone; only; without another; as, to rest a cause solely one argument; to rely solelyn one's own strength. SOLEMN Sol"emn, a. Etym: [OE. solempne, OF. solempne, L. solemnis, solennis, sollemnis, sollennis; sollus all, entire + annus a year; properly, that takes place every year; -- used especially of religious solemnities. Cf. Silly, Annual.] 1. Marked with religious rites and pomps; enjoined by, or connected with, religion; sacred. His holy rites and solemn feasts profaned. Milton. The worship of this image was advanced, and a solemn supplication observed everry year. Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. Pertaining to a festival; festive; festal. [Obs.] "On this solemn day." Chaucer. 3. Stately; ceremonious; grand. [Archaic] His feast so solemn and so rich. Chaucer. To-night we hold a splemn supper. Shak. 4. Fitted to awaken or express serious reflections; marked by seriousness; serious; grave; devout; as, a solemn promise; solemn earnestness. Nor wanting power to mitigate and swage With solemn touches troubled thoughts. Milton. There reigned a solemn silence over all. Spenser. 5. Real; earnest; downright. [Obs. & R.] Frederick, the emperor, . . . has spared no expense in strengthening this city; since which time we find no solemn taking it by the Turks. Fuller. 6. Affectedly grave or serious; as, to put on a solemn face. "A solemn coxcomb." Swift. 7. (Law) Defn: Made in form; ceremonious; as, solemn war; conforming with all legal requirements; as, probate in solemn form. Burrill. Jarman. Greenleaf. Solemn League and Covenant. See Covenant, 2. Syn. -- Grave; formal; ritual; ceremonial; sober; serious; reverential; devotional; devout. See Grave. SOLEMNESS Sol"em*ness, n. Defn: Solemnness. Some think he wanted solemnes. Sir H. Wotton. SOLEMNITY So*lem"ni*ty, n.; pl. Solemnities. Etym: [L. solemnitas, solennitas: cf. F. solennité, solemnité, OF. also sollempnité.] 1. A rite or ceremony performed with religious reverence; religious or ritual ceremony; as, the solemnity of a funeral, a sacrament. Great was the cause; our old solemnities From no blind zeal or fond tradition rise, But saved from death, our Argives yearly pay These grateful honors to the god of day. Pope. 2. ceremony adapted to impress with awe. The forms and solemnities of the last judgment. Atterburry. 3. Ceremoniousness; impressiveness; seriousness; grave earnestness; formal dignity; gravity. With much glory and great solemnity. Chaucer. The statelines and gravity of the Spaniards shows itself in the solemnity of their language. Addison. These promises were often made with great solemnity and confirmed with an oath. J. Edwards. 4. Hence, affected gravity or seriousness. Solemnity 's a cover for a sot. Young. 5. Solemn state or feeling; awe or reverence; also, that which produces such a feeling; as, the solemnity of an audience; the solemnity of Westminster Abbey. 6. (Law) Defn: A solemn or formal observance; proceeding according to due form; the formality which is necessary to render a thing done valid. SOLEMNIZATE So*lem"ni*zate, v. t. Defn: To solemnize; as, to solemnizate matrimony. [R.] Bp. Burnet. SOLEMNIZATION Sol`em*ni*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. solemnisation, solennisation.] Defn: The act of solemnizing; celebration; as, the solemnization of a marriage. SOLEMNIZE Sol"em*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solemnized; p. pr. & vb. n. Solemnizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. solemniser, sollemniser.] 1. To perform with solemn or ritual ceremonies, or according to legal forms. Baptism to be administered in one place, and marriage solemnized in another. Hooker. 2. To dignify or honor by ceremonies; to celebrate. Their choice nobility and flowers . . . Met from all parts to solemnize this feast. Milton. 3. To make grave, serious, and reverential. Wordsworth was solemnizzed and elevated by this his first look on Yarrow. J. C. Shairp. Every Israelite . . . arose, solemnized his face, looked towards Jerusalem . . . and prayed. L. Wallace. SOLEMNIZE Sol"em*nize, n. Defn: Solemnization. [R.] Though spoused, yet wanting wedlock's solemnize. Spenser. SOLEMNIZER Sol"em*ni`zer, n. Defn: One who solemnizes. SOLEMNLY Sol"emn*ly, adv. Defn: In a solemn manner; with gravity; seriously; formally. There in deaf murmurs solemnly are wise. Dryden. I do solemnly assure the reader. Swift. SOLEMNNESS Sol"emn*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being solemn; solemnity; impressiveness; gravity; as, the solemnness of public worship. [Written also solemness.] SOLEMPNE So*lemp"ne, a. Etym: [See Solemn.] Defn: Solemn; grand; stately; splendid; magnificent. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOLEN So"len, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: A cradle, as for a broken limb. See Cradle, 6. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any marine bivalve mollusk belonging to Solen or allied genera of the family Solenidæ; a razor shell. SOLENACEAN Sol`e*na"cean, n. (Zoöl). Defn: Any species of marine bivalve shells belonging to the family Solenidæ. SOLENACEOUS Sol`e*na"ceous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the solens or family Solenidæ. SOLENESS Sole"ness, n. Defn: The state of being sole, or alone; singleness. [R.] Chesterfield. SOLENETTE Sole*nette", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European sole (Solea minuta). SOLENOCONCHA So*le`no*con"cha, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Solen, and Conch.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Scaphopoda. SOLENODON So*le"no*don, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Either one of two species of singular West Indian insectivores, allied to the tenrec. One species (Solendon paradoxus), native of St. Domingo, is called also agouta; the other (S. Cubanus), found in Cuba, is called almique. SOLENOGASTRA So*le`no*gas"tra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of lowly organized Mollusca belonging to the Isopleura. A narrow groove takes the place of the foot of other gastropods. SOLENOGLYPH So*le"no*glyph, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to the Selenoglypha. See Ophidia. -- n. Defn: One of the Selenoglypha. SOLENOGLYPHA So`le*nog"ly*pha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of serpents including those which have tubular erectile fangs, as the viper and rattlesnake. See Fang. SOLENOID So"len*oid, n.Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Elec.) Defn: An electrodynamic spiral having the conjuctive wire turned back along its axis, so as to neutralize that component of the effect of the current which is due to the length of the spiral, and reduce the whole effect to that of a series of equal and parallel circular currents. When traversed by a current the solenoid exhibits polarity and attraction or repulsion, like a magnet. SOLENOSTOMI So`le*nos"to*mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of lophobranch fishes having a tubular snout. The female carries the eggs in a ventral pouch. SOLEPLATE Sole"plate`, n. (Mach.) (a) A bedplate; as, the soleplate of a steam engine. (b) The plate forming the back of a waterwheel bucket. SOLER; SOLERE So"ler, So"lere, n. Etym: [OE. See Solar, n.] Defn: A loft or garret. See Solar, n. Sir W. Scott. SOLERT So"lert, a. Etym: [L. solers, sollers, -ertis,clever, skillful.] Defn: Skillful; clever; crafty. [Obs.] Cudworth. SOLERTIOUSNESS So*ler"tious*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being solert. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket. SOLESHIP Sole"ship, n. Defn: The state of being sole, or alone; soleness. [R.] Sir E. Dering. SOLE TRADER Sole trader. Defn: A feme sole trader. SOL-FA Sol`-fa", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sol-faed;p. pr. & vb. n. Sol-faing.] Etym: [It. solfa the gamut, from the syllables fa, sol.] Defn: To sing the notes of the gamut, ascending or descending; as, do or ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do, or the same in reverse order. Yet can I neither solfe ne sing. Piers Plowman. SOL-FA Sol"-fa", n. Defn: The gamut, or musical scale. See Tonic sol-fa, under Tonic, n. SOLFANARIA Sol`fa*na"ri*a, n. Etym: [It., from solfo sulphur.] Defn: A sulphur mine. SOLFATARA Sol`fa*ta"ra, n.Etym: [It., from solfo brimstone, sulphur, L. sulfur, E. sulphur.] (Geol.) Defn: A volcanic area or vent which yields only sulphur vapors, steam, and the like. It represents the stages of the volcanic activity. SOLFEGGIARE Sol`feg*gia"re, v. i.Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: To sol-fa. See Sol-fa, v. i. SOLFEGGIO Sol*feg"gio, n.Etym: [It., fr. solfa the gamut.] (Mus.) Defn: The system of arranging the scale by the names do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, by which singing is taught; a singing exercise upon these syllables. SOLFERINO Sol`fe*ri"no, n. Defn: A brilliant deep pink color with a purplish tinge, one of the dyes derived from aniline; -- so called from Solferino in Italy, where a battle was fought about the time of its discovery. SOLI So"li, n., Defn: pl. of Solo. SOLICIT So*lic"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solicited; p. pr. & vb. n. Soliciting.] Etym: [F. sollicier, L. sollicitare, solicitare, -atum, fr. sollicitus wholly (i. e., violently) moved; sollus whole + citus, p. p. of ciere to move, excite. See Solemn, Cite.] 1. To ask from with earnestness; to make petition to; to apply to for obtaining something; as, to solicit person for alms. Did I solicit thee From darkness to promote me Milton. 2. To endeavor to obtain; to seek; to plead for; as, to solicit an office; to solicit a favor. I view my crime, but kindle at the view, Repent old pleasures, and solicit new. Pope. 3. To awake or excite to action; to rouse desire in; to summon; to appeal to; to invite. That fruit . . . solicited her longing eye. Milton. Sounds and some tangible qualities solicit their proper senses, and force an entrance to the mind. Locke. 4. To urge the claims of; to plead; to act as solicitor for or with reference to. [Obs.] Should My brother henceforth study to forget The vow that he hath made thee, I would ever Solicit thy deserts. Ford. 5. To disturb; to disquiet; -- a Latinism rarely used. Hath any ill solicited thine ears Chapman. But anxious fears solicit my weak breast. Dryden. Syn. To beseech; ask; request; crave; supplicate; entreat; beg; implore; importune. See Beseech. SOLICITANT So*lic"it*ant, n.Etym: [L. solicitans, p. pr. ] Defn: One who solicits. SOLICITATE So*lic"it*ate, a. Defn: Solicitous. [Obs.] Eden. SOLICITATION So*lic`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [F. solicitation, or L. sollicitatio.] 1. The act of soliciting; earnest request; persistent asking; importunity. 2. Excitement; invitation; as, the solicitation of the senses. Locke. SOLICITOR So*lic"it*or, n. Etym: [F. soliciteur, L. solicitator.] 1. One who solicits. 2. (Law) (a) An attorney or advocate; one who represents another in court; -- formerly, in English practice, the professional designation of a person admitted to practice in a court of chancery or equity. See the Note under Attorney. (b) The law officer of a city, town, department, or government; as, the city solicitor; the solicitor of the treasury. SOLICITOR-GENERAL So*lic"it*or-gen"er*al, n. Defn: The second law officer in the government of Great Britain; also, a similar officer under the United States government, who is associated with the attorney-general; also, the chief law officer of some of the States. SOLICITOUS So*lic"it*ous, a.Etym: [L. sollicitus, solicitus. See Solicit, v. t.] Defn: Disposed to solicit; eager to obtain something desirable, or to avoid anything evil; concerned; anxious; careful. "Solicitous of my reputation." Dryden. "He was solicitous for his advice." Calerendon. Enjoy the present, whatsoever it be, and be not solicitous about the future. Jer. Taylor. The colonel had been intent upon other things, and not enough solicitous to finish the fortifications. Clarendon. -- So*lic"it*ous*ly, adv. -- So*lic"it*ous*ness, n. SOLICITRESS So*lic"it*ress, n. Defn: A woman who solicits. SOLICITUDE So*lic"i*tude, n. Etym: [F. sollicitude,r L. sollicitudo.] Defn: The state of being solicitous; uneasiness of mind occasioned by fear of evil or desire good; anxiety. The many cares and great labors of worldly men, their solicitude and outward shows. Sir W. Raleigh. The mother looked at her with fond solicitude. G. W. Cable. Syn. -- Carefulness; concern; anxiety. See Care. SOLID Sol"id, a. Etym: [L. solidus, probably akin to sollus whole, entire, Gr. solide. Cf. Consolidate,Soda, Solder, Soldier, Solemn.] 1. Having the constituent parts so compact, or so firmly adhering, as to resist the impression or penetration of other bodies; having a fixed form; hard; firm; compact; -- opposed to fluid and liquid or to plastic, like clay, or to incompact, like sand. 2. Not hollow; full of matter; as, a solid globe or cone, as distinguished from a Ant: hollow one; not spongy; dense; hence, sometimes, heavy. 3. (Arith.) Defn: Having all the geometrical dimensions; cubic; as, a solid foot contains 1,728 solid inches. Note: In this sense, cubics now generally used. 4. Firm; compact; strong; stable; unyielding; as, a solid pier; a solid pile; a solid wall. 5. Applied to a compound word whose parts are closely united and form an unbroken word; -- opposed to hyphened. 6. Fig.: Worthy of credit, trust, or esteem; substantial, as opposed to frivolous or fallacious; weighty; firm; strong; valid; just; genuine. The solid purpose of a sincere and virtuous answer. Milton. These, wanting wit, affect gravity, and go by the name of solid men. Dryden. The genius of the Italians wrought by solid toil what the myth-making imagination of the Germans had projected in a poem. J. A. Symonds. 7. Sound; not weakly; as, a solid constitution of body. I. Watts. 8. (Bot.) Defn: Of a fleshy, uniform, undivided substance, as a bulb or root; not spongy or hollow within, as a stem. 9. (Metaph.) Defn: Impenetrable; resisting or excluding any other material particle or atom from any given portion of space; -- applied to the supposed ultimate particles of matter. 10. (Print.) Defn: Not having the lines separated by leads; not open. 11. United; without division; unanimous; as, the delegation is solid for a candidate. [Polit. Cant. U.S.] Solid angle. (Geom.) See under Angle. -- Solid color, an even color; one not shaded or variegated. -- Solid green. See Emerald green (a), under Green. -- Solid measure (Arith.), a measure for volumes, in which the units are each a cube of fixed linear magnitude, as a cubic foot, yard, or the like; thus, a foot, in solid measure, or a solid foot, contains 1,728 solid inches. -- Solid newel (Arch.), a newel into which the ends of winding stairs are built, in distinction from a hollow newel. See under Hollow, a. -- Solid problem (Geom.), a problem which can be construed geometrically, only by the intersection of a circle and a conic section or of two conic sections. Hutton. -- Solid square (Mil.), a square body or troops in which the ranks and files are equal. Syn. -- Hard; firm; compact; strong; substantial; stable; sound; real; valid; true; just; weighty; profound; grave; important. -- Solid, Hard. These words both relate to the internal constitution of bodies; but hardnotes a more impenetrable nature or a firmer adherence of the component parts than solid. Hard is opposed to soft, and solid to fluid, liquid, open, or hollow. Wood is usually solid; but some kinds of wood are hard, and others are soft. Repose you there; while I [return] to this hard house, More harder than the stones whereof 't is raised. Shak. I hear his thundering voice resound, And trampling feet than shake the solid ground. Dryden. SOLID Sol"id, n. 1. A substance that is held in a fixed form by cohesion among its particles; a substance not fluid. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A magnitude which has length, breadth, and thickness; a part of space bounded on all sides. Solid of revolution. (Geom.) See Revolution, n., 5. SOLIDAGO Sol`i*da"go, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. solidare to strengthen, unite; -- so called in allusion to its reputed healing qualities.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of yellow-flowered composite perennial herbs; golden- rod. SOLIDARE Sol"i*dare, n. Etym: [LL. solidus. Cf. Sou.] Defn: A small piece of money. [Obs.] Shak. SOLIDARITY Sol`i*dar"i*ty, n. Etym: [F. solidarité, fr. solide. See Solid.] Defn: An entire union or consolidation of interests and responsibilities; fellowship; community. Solidarity [a word which we owe to the French Communists], signifies a fellowship in gain and loss, in honor and dishonor, in victory and defeat, a being, so to speak, all in the same boat. Trench. The solidarity . . . of Breton and Welsh poetry. M. Arnold. SOLIDARY Sol"i*da*ry, a. Defn: Having community of interests and responsibilities. Men are solidary, or copartners; and not isolated. M. Arnold. SOLIDATE Sol"i*date, v. t. Etym: [L. solidatus, p. p. of solidare. See Solder.] Defn: To make solid or firm. [Obs.] Cowley. SOLID-DRAWN Sol"id-drawn`, a. Defn: Drawn out from a heated solid bar, as by a process of spiral rolling which first hollows the bar and then expands the cavity by forcing the bar over a pointed mandrel fixed in front of the rolls; - - said of a weldless tube. SOLIDIFIABLE So*lid"i*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being solidified. SOLIDIFICATION So*lid`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. solidification.] Defn: Act of solidifying, or state of being solidified. SOLIDIFY So*lid"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solidified; p. pr. & vb. n. Solidifying.] Etym: [Solid + -fy: cf. F. solidifier.] Defn: To make solid or compact. Every machine is a solidified mechanical theorem. H. Spencer. SOLIDIFY So*lid"i*fy, v. i. Defn: To become solid; to harden. SOLIDISM Sol"id*ism, n. (Med.) Defn: The doctrine that refers all diseases to morbid changes of the solid parts of the body. It rests on the view that the solids alone are endowed with vital properties, and can receive the impression of agents tending to produce disease. SOLIDIST Sol"id*ist, n. (Med.) Defn: An advocate of, or believer in, solidism. Dunglison. SOLIDITY So*lid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. soliditas: cf. F. solidité.] 1. The state or quality of being solid; density; consistency, -- opposed to fluidity; compactness; fullness of matter, -- opposed to openness or hollowness; strength; soundness, -- opposed to weakness or instability; the primary quality or affection of matter by which its particles exclude or resist all others; hardness; massiveness. That which hinders the approach of two bodies when they are moving one toward another, I call solidity. Locke. 2. Moral firmness; soundness; strength; validity; truth; certainty; - - as opposed to weakness or fallaciousness; as, the solidity of arguments or reasoning; the solidity of principles, triuths, or opinions. 3. (Geom.) Defn: The solid contents of a body; volume; amount of inclosed space. Syn. -- Firmness; solidness; hardness; density; compactness; strength; soundness; validity; certainty. SOLIDLY Sol"id*ly, adv. Defn: In a solid manner; densely; compactly; firmly; truly. SOLIDNESS Sol"id*ness, n. 1. State or quality of being solid; firmness; compactness; solidity, as of material bodies. 2. Soundness; strength; truth; validity, as of arguments, reasons, principles, and the like. SOLIDUNGULA Sol`id*un"gu*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. solidus solid + ungula a hoof.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of ungulates which includes the horse, ass, and related species, constituting the family Equidæ. SOLIDUNGULAR Sol`id*un"gu*lar, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Solipedous. SOLIDUNGULATE Sol`id*un"gu*late, n. Etym: [Solid + ungulate.] (Zool.) Defn: Same as Soliped. SOLIDUNGULOUS Sol`id*un"gu*lous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Solipedous. SOLIFIDIAN Sol`i*fid"i*an, n. Etym: [L. solus alone + fides faith.] (Eccl.) Defn: One who maintains that faith alone, without works, is sufficient for justification; -- opposed to nullifidian. Hammond. SOLIFIDIAN Sol`i*fid"i*an, a. Defn: Holding the tenets of Solifidians; of or pertaining to the solifidians. SOLIFIDIANISM Sol`i*fid"i*an*ism, n. Defn: The state of Solifidians. SOLIFORM Sol"i*form, a. Etym: [L. sol sun + -form.] Defn: Like the sun in form, appearance, or nature; resembling the sun. [R.] "Soliform things." Cudworth. SOLIFUGAE So*lif"u*gæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. solifuga (better solipuga), a kind of venomous ant, or spider.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of arachnids having large, powerful fangs and a segmented abdomen; -- called also Solpugidea, and Solpugides. SOLILOQUIZE So*lil"o*quize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Soliloquized; p. pr. & vb. n. Soliloquizing.] Defn: To utter a soliloquy; to talk to one's self. SOLILOQUY So*lil"o*quy, n.; pl. Soliloquies. Etym: [L. soliloquium; solus alone + loqui to speak. See Sole ly, and Loquacious.] 1. The act of talking to one's self; a discourse made by one in solitude to one's self; monologue. Lovers are always allowed the comfort of soliloquy. Spectator. 2. A written composition, reciting what it is supposed a person says to himself. The whole poem is a soliloquy. Prior. SOLIPED Sol"i*ped, n. Etym: [Cf. F. solipède, It. solipede, Sp. solipedo; apparently fr. L. solus alone + pes, pedis, a foot; but probably fr. L. solidipes solid-footed, whole-hoofed. See Solid, and Pedal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A mammal having a single hoof on each foot, as the horses and asses; a solidungulate. [Written also solipede.] The solipeds, or firm-hoofed animals, as horses, asses, and mules, etc., -- they are, also, in mighty number. Sir T. Browne. SOLIPEDOUS So*lip"e*dous, a. Defn: Having single hoofs. SOLIPSISM So*lip"sism, n. Etym: [L. solus alone + ipse self.] 1. (Ethics) Defn: Egotism. Krauth-Fleming. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: Egoism. Krauth-Fleming. SOLISEQUIOUS Sol`i*se"qui*ous, a. Etym: [L. sol sun + sequi to follow.] Defn: Following the course of the sun; as, solisequious plants. [R.] Sir T. Browne. SOLITAIRE Sol`i*taire", n. Etym: [F. See Solitary.] 1. A person who lives in solitude; a recluse; a hermit. Pope. 2. A single diamond in a setting; also, sometimes, a precious stone of any kind set alone. Diamond solitaires blazing on his breast and wrists. Mrs. R. H. Davis. 3. A game which one person can play alone; -- applied to many games of cards, etc.; also, to a game played on a board with pegs or balls, in which the object is, beginning with all the places filled except one, to remove all but one of the pieces by "jumping," as in draughts. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) A large extinct bird (Pezophaps solitaria) which formerly inhabited the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigeuz. It was larger and taller than the wild turkey. Its wings were too small for flight. Called also solitary. (b) Any species of American thrushlike birds of the genus Myadestes. They are noted their sweet songs and retiring habits. Called also fly-catching thrush. A West Indian species (Myadestes sibilans) is called the invisible bird. SOLITARIAN Sol`i*ta"ri*an, n. Etym: [See Solitary.] Defn: A hermit; a solitary. [Obs.] Sir R. Twisden. SOLITARIETY Sol`i*ta*ri"e*ty, n. Defn: The state of being solitary; solitariness. [Obs.] Cudworth. SOLITARILY Sol"i*ta*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a solitary manner; in solitude; alone. Mic. vii. 14. SOLITARINESS Sol"i*ta*ri*ness, n. Defn: Condition of being solitary. SOLITARY Sol"i*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. solitarius, fr. solus alone: cf. F. solitaire. See Sole, a., and cf. Solitaire.] 1. Living or being by one's self; having no companion present; being without associates; single; alone; lonely. Those rare and solitary, these in flocks. Milton. Hie home unto my chamber, Where thou shalt find me, sad and solitary. Shak. 2. Performed, passed, or endured alone; as, a solitary journey; a solitary life. Satan . . . explores his solitary flight. Milton. 3. ot much visited or frequented remote from society; retired; lonely; as, a solitary residence or place. 4. Not inhabited or occupied; without signs of inhabitants or occupation; desolate; deserted; silent; still; hence, gloomy; dismal; as, the solitary desert. How doth the city sit solitary, that was full of people. Lam. i. 1. Let that night be solitary; let no joyful voice come therein. Job iii. 7. 5. Single; individual; sole; as, a solitary instance of vengeance; a solitary example. 6. (Bot.) Defn: Not associated with others of the same kind. Solitary ant (Zoöl.), any solitary hymenopterous insect of the family Mutillidæ. The female of these insects is destitute of wings and has a powerful sting. The male is winged and resembles a wasp. Called also spider ant. -- Solitary bee (Zoöl.), any species of bee which does not form communities. -- Solitary sandpiper (Zoöl.), an American tattler (Totanus solitarius). -- Solitary snipe (Zoöl.), the great snipe. [Prov. Eng.] -- Solitary thrush (Zoöl.) the starling. [Prov. Eng.] SOLITARY Sol"i*ta*ry, n. Defn: One who lives alone, or in solitude; an anchoret; a hermit; a recluse. SOLITUDE Sol"i*tude, n. Etym: [F., from L. solitudo, solus alone. See Sole, a.] 1. state of being alone, or withdrawn from society; a lonely life; loneliness. Whosoever is delighted with solitude is either a wild beast or a god. Bacon. O Solitude! where are the charms That sages have seen in thy face Cowper. 2. Remoteness from society; destitution of company; seclusion; -- said of places; as, the solitude of a wood. The solitude of his little parish is become matter of great comfort to him. Law. 3. solitary or lonely place; a desert or wilderness. In these deep solitudes and awful cells Where heavenly pensive contemplation dwells. Pope. Syn. Loneliness; soitariness; loneness; retiredness; recluseness. -- Solitude, Retirement, Seclusion, Loneliness. Retirement is a withdrawal from general society, implying that a person has been engaged in its scenes. Solitude describes the fact that a person is alone; seclusion, that he is shut out from others, usually by his own choice; loneliness, that he feels the pain and oppression of being alone. Hence, retirement is opposed to a gay, active, or public life; solitude, to society; seclusion, to freedom of access on the part of others; and loneliness, enjoyment of that society which the heart demands. O blest retirement, friend to life's decline. Goldsmith. Such only can enjoy the country who are capable of thinking when they are there; then they are prepared for solitude; and in that [the country] solitude is prepared for them. Dryden. It is a place of seclusion from the external world. Bp. Horsley. These evils . . . seem likely to reduce it [a city] ere long to the loneliness and the insignificance of a village. Eustace. SOLIVAGANT So*liv"a*gant, a. Etym: [L. solus alone + vagans wandering.] Defn: Wandering alone. [R.] T. Grander. SOLIVAGOUS So*liv"a*gous, a. Etym: [L. solivagus.] Defn: Solivagant. SOLLAR Sol"lar, n. 1. See Solar, n. [Obs.] 2. (Mining) Defn: A platform in a shaft, especially one of those between the series of ladders in a shaft. SOLLAR Sol"lar, v. t. Defn: To cover, or provide with, a sollar. SOLLEIN Sol"lein, a. Defn: Sullen; sad. [Obs.] Spenser. SOLLERET Sol*ler*et", n. Etym: [F. soleretim. fr. OF. soler shoe.] Defn: A flexible steel shoe (or one of the plates forming such a shoe), worn with mediæval armor. SOLMIZATION Sol`mi*za"tion, n. Etym: [F. solmisation, fr. solmiser to sol-fa; -- called from the musical notes sol, mi. See Sol-fa.] (Mus.) Defn: The act of sol-faing. [Written also solmisation.] Note: This art was practiced by the Greeks; but six of the seven syllables now in use are generally attributed to Guido d' Arezzo, an Italian monk of the eleventh century, who is said to have taken them from the first syllables of the first six lines of the following stanza of a monkish hymn to St. John the Baptist. -- Ut queant laxis Resonare fibris Mira gestorum Famuli tuorum Solve polluti Labii reatum, Sancte Joannes. Professor Skeat says the name of the seventh note, si, was also formed by him [Guido] from the initials of the two words of the last line; but this is disputed, Littré attributing the first use of it to Anselm of Flanders long afterwards. The syllable do is often substituted for ut. SOLO So"lo, n.; pl. E. Solos, It. Soli. Etym: [It., from L. solus alone. See Sole, a.] (Mus.) Defn: A tune, air, strain, or a whole piece, played by a single person on an instrument, or sung by a single voice. SOLOIST So"lo*ist, n. (Mus.) Defn: One who sings or plays a solo. SOLOMON Sol"o*mon, n. Defn: One of the kings of Israel, noted for his superior wisdom and magnificent reign; hence, a very wise man. -- Sol`o*mon"ic, a. Solomon's seal (Bot.), a perennial liliaceous plant of the genus Polygonatum, having simple erect or curving stems rising from thick and knotted rootstocks, and with white or greenish nodding flowers. The commonest European species is Polygonatum multiflorum. P. biflorum and P. giganteum are common in the Eastern United States. See Illust. of Rootstock. False Solomon's seal (Bot.), any plant of the liliaceous genus Smilacina having small whitish flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. SOLOMON'S SEAL Sol"o*mon's seal. Defn: A mystic symbol consisting of two interlaced triangles forming a star with six points, often with one triangle dark and one light, symbolic of the union of soul and body. SOLON So"lon, n. Defn: A celebrated Athenian lawmaker, born about 638 b. c.; hence, a legislator; a publicist; -- often used ironically. SOLO WHIST Solo whist. Defn: A card game played with the full pack ranking as at whist, each player declaring for which of seven different points he proposes to play. SOLPUGID Sol*pu"gid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Solifugæ. -- n. Defn: One of the Solifugæ. SOLPUGIDEA Sol`pu*gid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Solifugæ.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Solifugæ. SOLSTICE Sol"stice, n.Etym: [L. solstitium; sol the sun + sistere to cause to stand, akin to stare to stand: cf. F. solstice. See Solar, a., Stand, v. i.] 1. A stopping or standing still of the sun. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. (Astron.) (a) The point in the ecliptic at which the sun is farthest from the equator, north or south, namely, the first point of the sign Cancer and the first point of the sign Capricorn, the former being the summer solstice, latter the winter solstice, in northern latitudes; - - so called because the sun then apparently stands still in its northward or southward motion. (b) The time of the sun's passing the solstices, or solstitial points, namely, about June 21 and December 21. See Illust. in Appendix. SOLSTITIAL Sol*sti"tial, a. Etym: [L. solstitialis: cf. F. solsticial.] 1. Of or pertaining to a solstice. 2. Happening at a solstice; esp. (with reference to the northern hemisphere), happening at the summer solstice, or midsummer. "Solstitial summer's heat." Milton. SOLUBILITY Sol`u*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. solubilité.] 1. The quality, condition, or degree of being soluble or solvable; as, the solubility of a salt; the solubility of a problem or intricate difficulty. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The tendency to separate readily into parts by spurious articulations, as the pods of tick trefoil. SOLUBLE Sol"u*ble, a. Etym: [L. solubilis, fr. solvere, solutum, to loosen, to dissolve: cf. F. soluble. See Solve, and cf. Solvable.] 1. Susceptible of being dissolved in a fluid; capable of solution; as, some substances are soluble in alcohol which are not soluble in water. Sugar is . . . soluble in water and fusible in fire. Arbuthnot. 2. Susceptible of being solved; as, a soluble algebraic problem; susceptible of being disentangled, unraveled, or explained; as, the mystery is perhaps soluble. "More soluble is this knot." Tennyson. 3. Relaxed; open or readily opened. [R.] "The bowels must be kept soluble." Dunglison. Soluble glass. (Chem.) See under Glass. SOLUBLENESS Sol"u*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being soluble. SOLUS; SOLA So"lus, masc. a., So"la, fem. a. Etym: [L.] Defn: Alone; -- chiefly used in stage directions, and the like. SOLUTE So*lute", a. Etym: [L. solutus, p.p. of solvere to loosen. See Solve.] 1. Loose; free; liberal; as, a solute interpretation. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Relaxed; hence; merry; cheerful. [R.] A brow solute, and ever-laughing eye. Young. 3. Soluble; as, a solute salt. [Obs.] 4. (Bot.) Defn: Not adhering; loose; -- opposed to adnate; as, a solute stipule. SOLUTE So*lute", v. t. 1. To dissolve; to resolve. [Obs.] 2. To absolve; as, to solute sin. [Obs.] Bale. SOLUTION So*lu"tion, n. Etym: [OE. solucion, OF. solucion, F. solution, fr. L. solutio, fr. solvere, solutum, to loosen, dissolve. See Solve.] 1. The act of separating the parts of any body, or the condition of undergoing a separation of parts; disruption; breach. In all bodies there is an appetite of union and evitation of solution of continuity. Bacon. 2. The act of solving, or the state of being solved; the disentanglement of any intricate problem or difficult question; explanation; clearing up; -- used especially in mathematics, either of the process of solving an equation or problem, or the result of the process. 3. The state of being dissolved or disintegrated; resolution; disintegration. It is unquestionably an enterprise of more promise to assail the nations in their hour of faintness and solution, than at a time when magnificent and seductive systems of worship were at their height of energy and splendor. I. Taylor. 4. (Chem.Phys.) Defn: The act or process by which a body (whether solid, liquid, or gaseous) is absorbed into a liquid, and, remaining or becoming fluid, is diffused throughout the solvent; also, the product reulting from such absorption. Note: When a solvent will not take in any more of a substance the solution is said to be saturated. Solution is two kinds; viz.: (a) Mechanical solution, in which no marked chemical change takes place, and in which, in the case of solids, teh dissolved body can be regained by evaporation, as in the solution of salt or sugar in water. (b) Chemical solution, in which there is involved a decided chemical change, as when limestone or zinc undergoes solution in hydrochloric acid. Mechanical solution is regarded as a form of molecular or atomic attraction, and is probably occasioned by the formation of certain very weak and unstable compounds which are easily dissociated and pass into new and similar compounds. Note: This word is not used in chemistry or mineralogy for fusion, or the melting of bodies by the heat of fire. 5. release; deliverance; disharge. [Obs.] Barrow. 6. (Med.) (a) The termination of a disease; resolution. (b) A crisis. (c) A liquid medicine or preparation (usually aqueous) in which the solid ingredients are wholly soluble. U. S. Disp. Fehling's solution (Chem.), a standardized solution of cupric hydrate in sodium potassium tartrate, used as a means of determining the reducing power of certain sugars and sirups by the amount of red cuprous oxide thrown down. -- Heavy solution (Min.), a liquid of high density, as a solution of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide (called the Sonstadt or Thoulet solution) having a maximum specific gravity of 3.2, or of borotungstate of cadium (Klein solution, specific gravity 3.6), and the like. Such solutions are much used in determining the specific gravities of minerals, and in separating them when mechanically mixed as in a pulverized rock. -- Nessler's solution. See Nesslerize. -- Solution of continuity, the separation of connection, or of connected substances or parts; -- applied, in surgery, to a facture, laceration, or the like. "As in the natural body a wound, or solution of continuity, is worse than a corrupt humor, so in the spiritual." Bacon. -- Standardized solution (Chem.), a solution which is used as a reagent, and is of a known and standard strength; specifically, a normal solution, containing in each cubic centimeter as many milligrams of the element in question as the number representing its atomic weight; thus, a normal solution of silver nitrate would contain 107.7 mgr. of silver nitrate in each cubic centimeter. SOLUTIVE Sol"u*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. solutif.] Defn: Tending to dissolve; loosening; laxative. Bacon. SOLVABILITY Solv`a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [F. solvabilité.] 1. The quality or state of being solvable; as, the solvability of a difficulty; the solvability of a problem. 2. The condition of being solvent; ability to pay all just debts; solvency; as, the solvability of a merchant. SOLVABLE Solv"a*ble, a. Etym: [F. solvable. See Solve, and cf. Soluble, Solvible.] 1. Susceptible of being solved, resolved, or explained; admitting of solution. 2. Capable of being paid and discharged; as, solvable obligations. Tooke. 3. Able to pay one's debts; solvent. [Obs.] Fuller. SOLVABLENESS Solv"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being solvable. SOLVE Solve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Solved; p. pr. & vb. n. Solving.] Etym: [L. solvere, solutum; from a prefix so- expressing separation (cf. Sober) + luere to loosen; cf. OF. soldre, soudre. See Loose, and cf. Absolve.] Defn: To explain; to resolve; to unfold; to clear up out to a result or conclusion; as, to solve a doubt; to solve difficulties; to solve a problem. True piety would effectually solve such scruples. South. God shall solve the dark decrees of fate. Tickell. Syn. -- To explain; resolve; unfold; clear up. SOLVE Solve, n. Defn: A solution; an explanation. [Obs.] Shak. SOLVENCY Sol"ven*cy, n. Etym: [See Solvent.] Defn: The quality or state of being solvent. SOLVEND Sol"vend, n. Etym: [L. solvendus to be loosened or dissolved, fr. solvere. See Solution.] Defn: A substance to be dissolved. [R.] SOLVENT Sol"vent, a. Etym: [L. solvens, p.pr. of solvere. See Solvable.] 1. Having the power of dissolving; dissolving; as, a solvent fluid. "the solvent body." Boyle. 2. Able or sufficient to pay all just debts; as, a solvent merchant; the estate is solvent. SOLVENT Sol"vent, n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance (usually liquid) suitable for, or employed in, solution, or in dissolving something; as, water is the appropriate solvent of most salts, alcohol of resins, ether of fats, and mercury or acids of metal, etc. 2. That which resolves; as, a solvent of mystery. SOLVER Sol"ver, n. Defn: One who, or that which, solves. SOLVIBLE Solv"i*ble, a. Defn: See Solvable. SOLY Sol"y, adv. Defn: Solely. [Obs.] Spenser. SOMA So"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The whole axial portion of an animal, including the head, neck, trunk, and tail. B. G. Wilder. SOMAJ; SAMAJ So"maj", Sa*maj", n. Defn: A society; a congregation; a worshiping assembly, or church, esp. of the Brahmo-somaj. [India] SOMALI; SOMAL So*ma"li, So*mal", n. (Ethnol.) Defn: A Hamitic people of East Central Africa. SOMATIC So*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to the body as a whole; corporeal; as, somatic death; somatic changes. 2. Of or pertaining to the wall of the body; somatopleuric; parietal; as, the somatic stalk of the yolk sac of an embryo. Somatic death. See the Note under Death, n., 1. SOMATICAL So*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Somatic. SOMATICS So*mat"ics, n. Defn: The science which treats of the general properties of matter; somatology. SOMATIST So"ma*tist, n. Defn: One who admits the existence of material beings only; a materialist. Glanvill. SOMATOCYST So"ma*to*cyst, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A cavity in the primary nectocalyx of certain Siphonophora. See Illust. under Nectocalyx. SOMATOLOGY So`ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] 1. The dictrine or the science of the general properties of material substances; somatics. 2. A treatise on the human body; anatomy. Dunglison. SOMATOME So"ma*tome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat. & (Zoöl.) Defn: See Somite. SOMATOPLEURE So"ma*to*pleure, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The outer, or parietal, one of the two lamellæ into which the vertebrate blastoderm divides on either side of the notochord, and from which the walls of the body and the amnion are developed. See Splanchopleure. SOMATOPLEURIC So`ma*to*pleu"ric, a. (Anat.) Defn: of or pertaining to the somatopleure. SOMATOTROPISM So`ma*tot"ro*pism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A directive influence exercised by a mass of matter upon growing organs. Encyc. Brit. SOMBER; SOMBRE Som"ber, Som"bre, a. Etym: [F. sombre; cf. Sp. sombra, shade, prob. from LL. subumbrare to put in the shade; L. sub under + umbra shade. See Umbrage.] 1. Dull; dusky; somewhat dark; gloomy; as, a somber forest; a somber house. 2. Melancholy; sad; grave; depressing; as, a somber person; somber reflections. The dinner was silent and somber; happily it was also short. Beaconsfield. SOMBER; SOMBRE Som"ber, Som"bre, v. t. Defn: To make somber, or dark; to make shady. [R.] SOMBER; SOMBRE Som"ber, Som"bre, n. Defn: Gloom; obscurity; duskiness; somberness. [Obs.] SOMBERLY; SOMBRELY Som"ber*ly, Som"bre*ly, adv. Defn: In a somber manner; sombrously; gloomily; despondingly. SOMBERNESS; SOMBRENESS Som"ber*ness, Som"bre*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being somber; gloominess. SOMBRERO Som*bre"ro, n. Etym: [Sp., from sombra shade. See Sombre.] Defn: A kind of broad-brimmed hat, worn in Spain and in Spanish America. Marryat. SOMBROUS Som"brous, a. Etym: [Cf. Sp. sombroso.] Defn: Gloomy; somber. "Tall and sombrous pines." Longfellow. -- Som"brous*ly, adv. -- Som"brous*ness, n. -SOME -some (-som). Defn: A combining form or suffix from Gr. sw^ma (gen. sw`matos) the body; as in merosome, a body segment; cephalosome, etc. -SOME -some (-sûm). Etym: [AS. -sum; akin to G. & OHG. -sam, Icel. samr, Goth. lustusams longed for. See Same, a., and cf. Some, a.] Defn: An adjective suffix having primarily the sense of like or same, and indicating a considerable degree of the thing or quality denoted in the first part of the compound; as in mettlesome, full of mettle or spirit; gladsome, full of gladness; winsome, blithesome, etc. SOME Some, a. Etym: [OE. som, sum, AS. sum; akin to OS., OFries., & OHG. sum, OD. som, D. sommig, Icel. sumr, Dan. somme (pl.), Sw. somlige (pl.), Goth. sums, and E. same. sq. root191. See Same, a., and cf. - some.] 1. Consisting of a greater or less portion or sum; composed of a quantity or number which is not stated; -- used to express an indefinite quantity or number; as, some wine; some water; some persons. Used also pronominally; as, I have some. Some theoretical writers allege that there was a time when there was no such thing as society. Blackstone. 2. A certain; one; -- indicating a person, thing, event, etc., as not known individually, or designated more specifically; as, some man, that is, some one man. "Some brighter clime." Mrs. Barbauld. Some man praiseth his neighbor by a wicked intent. Chaucer. Most gentlemen of property, at some period or other of their lives, are ambitious of representing their county in Parliament. Blackstone. 3. Not much; a little; moderate; as, the censure was to some extent just. 4. About; near; more or less; -- used commonly with numerals, but formerly also with a singular substantive of time or distance; as, a village of some eighty houses; some two or three persons; some hour hence. Shak. The number slain on the rebel's part were some two thousand. Bacon. 5. Considerable in number or quality. "Bore us some leagues to sea." Shak. On its outer point, some miles away. The lighthouse lifts its massive masonry. Longfellow. 6. Certain; those of one part or portion; -- in distinct from other or others; as, some men believe one thing, and others another. Some [seeds] fell among thorns; . . . but other fell into good ground. Matt. xiii. 7, 8. 7. A part; a portion; -- used pronominally, and followed sometimes by of; as, some of our provisions. Your edicts some reclaim from sins, But most your life and blest example wins. Dryden. All and some, one and all. See under All, adv. [Obs.] Note: The illiterate in the United States and Scotland often use some as an adverb, instead of somewhat, or an equivalent expression; as, I am some tired; he is some better; it rains some, etc. Some . . . some, one part . . . another part; these . . . those; -- used distributively. Some to the shores do fly, Some to the woods, or whither fear advised. Daniel. Note: Formerly used also of single persons or things: this one . . . that one; one . . . another. Some in his bed, some in the deep sea. Chaucer. SOMEBODY Some"bod*y, n. 1. A person unknown or uncertain; a person indeterminate; some person. Jesus said, Somebody hath touched me. Luke viii. 46. We must draw in somebody that may stand "Twixt us and danger." Denham. 2. A person of consideration or importance. Before these days rose up Theudas, boasting himself to be somebody. Acts v. 36. SOMEDEAL Some"deal`, adv. Defn: In some degree; somewhat. [Written also sumdel, sumdeale, and sumdele.] [Obs.] "She was somedeal deaf." Chaucer. Thou lackest somedeal their delight. Spenser. SOMEHOW Some"how`, adv. Defn: In one way or another; in some way not yet known or designated; by some means; as, the thing must be done somehow; he lives somehow. By their action upon one another they may be swelled somehow, so as to shorten the length. Cheyne. Note: The indefiniteness of somehow is emphasized by the addition of or other. Although youngest of the familly, he has somehow or other got the entire management of all the others. Sir W. Scott. SOMERSAULT; SOMERSET Som"er*sault, Som"er*set, n. Etym: [F. soubresaut a jump, leap, OF. soubresault, It. soprassalto an overleap, fr. L. supra over + saltus a leap, fr. salire to leap; or the French may be from Sp. sobresalto a sudden asault, a surprise. See Supra, and Salient.] Defn: A leap in which a person turns his heels over his head and lights upon his feet; a turning end over end. [Written also summersault, sommerset, summerset, etc.] "The vaulter's sombersalts." Donne. Now I'll only Make him break his neck in doing a sommerset. Beau. & Fl. SOMETHING Some"thing, n. 1. Anything unknown, undetermined, or not specifically designated; a certain indefinite thing; an indeterminate or unknown event; an unspecified task, work, or thing. There is something in the wind. Shak. The whole world has something to do, something to talk of, something to wish for, and something to be employed about. Pope. Something attemped, something done, Has earned a night's repose. Longfellow. 2. A part; a portion, more or less; an indefinite quantity or degree; a little. Something yet of doubt remains. Milton. Something of it arises from our infant state. I. Watts. 3. A person or thing importance. If a man thinketh himself to be something, when he is nothing, he deceiveth himself. Gal. vi. 3. SOMETHING Some"thing Defn: , adv. In some degree; somewhat; to some exrent; at some distance. Shak. I something fear my father's wrath. Shak. We have something fairer play than a reasoner could have expected formerly. Burke. My sense of touch is something coarse. Tennyson. It must be done to-night, And something from the palace. Shak. SOMETIME Some"time`, adv. 1. At a past time indefinitely referred to; once; formerly. Did they not sometime cry "All hail" to me Shak. 2. At a time undefined; once in a while; now and then; sometimes. Sometime we see a cloud that's dragonish, A vapor sometime like a bear or lion. Shak. 3. At one time or other hereafter; as, I will do it sometime. "Sometime he reckon shall." Chaucer. SOMETIME Some"time`, a. Defn: Having been formerly; former; late; whilom. Our sometime sister, now our queen. Shak. Ion, our sometime darling, whom we prized. Talfourd. SOMETIMES Some"times`, adv. Etym: [Sometime + adverbial ending -s, as in - wards.] 1. Formerly; sometime. [Obs.] That fair and warlike form In which the majesty of buried Denmark Did sometimes march. Shak. 2. At times; at intervals; now and then;occasionally. It is good that we sometimes be contradicted. Jer. Taylor. Sometimes . . . sometimes, at certain times . . . at certain other times; as, sometimes he is earnest, sometimes he is frivolous. SOMETIMES Some"times`, a. Defn: Former; sometime. [Obs.] Thy sometimes brother's wife. Shak. SOMEWHAT Some"what`, n. 1. More or less; a certain quantity or degree; a part, more or less; something. These salts have somewhat of a nitrous taste. Grew. Somewhat of his good sense will suffer, in this transfusion, and much of the beauty of his thoughts will be lost. Dryden. 2. A person or thing of importance; a somebody. Here come those that worship me. They think that I am somewhat. Tennyson. SOMEWHAT Some"what`, adv. Defn: In some degree or measure; a little. His giantship is gone, somewhat crestfallen. Milton. Somewhat back from the village street. Longfellow. SOMEWHEN Some"when`, adv. Defn: At some indefinite time. [R.] SOMEWHERE Some"where`, adv. Defn: In some place unknown or not specified; in one place or another. "Somewhere nigh at hand." Milton. SOMEWHILE Some"while`, adv. Defn: Once; for a time. Though, under color of shepherds, somewhile There crept in wolves, full of fraund and guile. Spenser. SOMEWHITHER Some"whith`er, adv. Defn: To some indeterminate place; to some place or other. Driven by the winds of temptation somewhither. Barrow. SOMITE So"mite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.& Zoöl.) Defn: One of the actual or ideal serial segments of which an animal, esp. an articulate or vertebrate, is composed; somatome; metamere. -- So*mit`ic, a. SOMMEIL Som`meil", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Slumber; sleep. SOMMERSET Som"mer*set, n. Defn: See Somersault. SOMNAMBULAR Som*nam"bu*lar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to somnambulism; somnambulistic. Mrs. Browning. SOMNAMBULATE Som*nam"bu*late, v. i. & t. Defn: To walk when SOMNAMBULATION Som*nam`bu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. somnus sleep + ambulatio a walking about, from ambulare to walk. See Somnolent, Amble.] Defn: The act of walking in sleep. SOMNAMBULATOR Som*nam"bu*la`tor, n. Defn: A somnambulist. SOMNAMBULE Som*nam"bule, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A somnambulist. SOMNAMBULIC Som*nam"bu*lic, a. Defn: Somnambulistic. SOMNAMBULISM Som*nam"bu*lism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. somnambulisme. See Somnambulation.] Defn: A condition of the nervous system in which an individual during sleep performs actions approppriate to the waking state; a state of sleep in which some of the senses and voluntary powers are partially awake; noctambulism. SOMNAMBULIST Som*nam"bu*list, n. Defn: A person who is subject to somnambulism; one who walks in his sleep; a sleepwalker; a noctambulist. SOMNAMBULISTIC Som*nam`bu*lis"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a somnambulist or somnambulism; affected by somnambulism; appropriate to the state of a somnambulist. Whether this was an intentional and waking departure, or a somnambulistic leave-taking and waking in her sleep, may remain a subject of contention. Dickens. SOMNE Som"ne, v. t. Defn: To summon. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOMNER Som"ner, n. Defn: A summoner; esp., one who summons to an ecclesiastical court. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. SOMNIAL Som"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. spmnialis dream bringing, fr. somnium dream, fr. somnus sleep.] Defn: Of or pertaining to sleep or dreams. The somnial magic superinducted on, without suspending, the active powers of the mind. Coleridge. SOMNIATIVE Som"ni*a*tive, a. Defn: Somnial; somniatory. [R.] SOMNIATORY Som"ni*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to sleep or dreams; somnial. [Obs. or R.] Urquhart. SOMNICULOUS Som*nic"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. somniculosus.] Defn: Inclined to sleep; drowsy; sleepy. [Obs.] SOMNIFEROUS Som*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. somnifer; somnus sleep + ferre to bring.] Defn: Causing or inducing sleep; soporific; dormitive; as, a somniferous potion. Walton. SOMNIFIC Som*nif"ic, a. Etym: [L. somnificus; somnus sleep + facere to make.] Defn: Causing sleep; somniferous. SOMNIFUGOUS Som*nif"u*gous, a. Etym: [L. somnus sleep + fugare to put to flight.] Defn: Driving away sleep. [Obs.] SOMNILOQUENCE Som*nil"o*quence, n. Defn: The act of talking in one's sleep; somniloquism. SOMNILOQUISM Som*nil"o*quism, n. Defn: The act or habit of talking in one's sleep; somniloquy. Coleridge. SOMNILOQUIST Som*nil"o*quist, n. Defn: One who talks in his sleep. SOMNILOQUOUS Som*nil"o*quous, a. Etym: [L. somnus sleep + loqui to speak.] Defn: Apt to talk in sleep. SOMNILOQUY Som*nil"o*quy, n. Defn: A talking in sleep; the talking of one in a state of somnipathy. [R.] Coleridge. SOMNIPATHIST Som*nip"a*thist, n. Defn: A person in a state of somniapathy. SOMNIPATHY Som*nip"a*thy, n. Etym: [L. somnus sleep + Gr. Defn: Sleep from sympathy, or produced by mesmerism or the like. [Written also somnopathy.] SOMNOLENCE; SOMNOLENCY Som"no*lence, Som"no*len*cy, n. Etym: [L. somnolentia: cf. F. somnolence.] Defn: Sleepiness; drowsiness; inclination to sleep. SOMNOLENT Som"no*lent, a. Etym: [F. somnolent, L. somnolentus, from somnus sleep, akin to Gr. svapna sleep, dream, svap to sleep, Icel. sofa, AS. swefn sleep. Cf. Hypnotic, Somnambulism, Soporific.] Defn: Sleepy; drowsy; inclined to sleep. -- Som"no*lent*ly, adv. He had no eye for such phenomens, because he had a somnolent want of interest in them. De Quincey. SOMNOLISM Som"no*lism, n. Defn: The somnolent state induced by animal magnetism. Thomas (Med. Dict.). SOMNOPATHY Som*nop"a*thy, n. Defn: Somnipathy. SOMNOUR Som"nour, n. Defn: A summoner; an apparitor; a sompnour. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. SOMONAUNCE; SOMONCE Som"on*aunce, Som"once, n. Etym: [See Summon, Summons.] Defn: A summons; a citation. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOMONOUR Som"on*our, n. Defn: A summoner. [Obs.] SOMPNE Somp"ne ( or ), v. t. Defn: To summon; to cite. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOMPNOUR Somp"nour, n. Defn: A summoner. [Obs.] Chaucer. SON Son, n. Etym: [OE. sone, sune, AS. sunu; akin to D. zoon, OS., OFries., & OHG. sunu, G. sohn, Icel. sonr, Sw. son, Dan. sön, Goth. sunus, Lith. sunus, Russ. suin', Skr. sunu (from su to beget, to bear), and Gr. Sow, n.] 1. A male child; the male issue, or offspring, of a parent, father or mother. Sarah conceived, and bare Abraham a son. Gen. xxi. 2. 2. A male descendant, however distant; hence, in the plural, descendants in general. I am the son of the wise, the son of ancient kings. Isa. xix. 11. I am the Lord, I change not; therefore ye sons of Jacob are not consumed. Mal. iii. 6. 3. Any young male person spoken of as a child; an adopted male child; a pupil, ward, or any other male dependent. The child grew, and she brought him unto Pharaoh's daughter, and he became her son. Ex. ii. 10. Be plain, good son, and homely in thy drift. Shak. 4. A native or inhabitant of some specified place; as, sons of Albion; sons of New England. 5. The produce of anything. Earth's tall sons, the cedar, oak, and pine. Blackmore. 6. (Commonly with the def. article) Defn: Jesus Christ, the Savior; -- called the Son of God, and the Son of man. We . . . do testify that the Father sent the Son to be the Savior of the world. 1 John iv. 14. Who gave His Son sure all has given. Keble. Note: The expressions son of pride, sons of light, son of Belial, are Hebraisms, which denote persons possessing the qualitites of pride, of light, or of Belial, as children inherit the qualities of their ancestors. Sons of the prophets. See School of the prophets, under Prophet. SONANCE So"nance, n. 1. A sound; a tune; as, to sound the tucket sonance. [Obs.] Shak. 2. The quality or state of being sonant. SONANT So"nant, a. Etym: [L. sonans, -antis, p.pr. of sonare to sound. See Sound a noise.] 1. Of or pertaining to sound; sounding. 2. (Phonetics) Defn: Uttered, as an element of speech, with tone or proper vocal sound, as distinguished from mere breath sound; intonated; voiced; tonic; the opposite of nonvocal, or surd; -- sid of the vowels, semivowels, liquids, and nasals, and particularly of the consonants b, d, g hard, v, etc., as compared with their cognates p, t, k, f, etc., which are called nonvocal, surd, or aspirate. -- n. Defn: A sonant letter. SONATA So*na"ta, n. Etym: [It., fr. It. & L. sonare to sound. See Sound a noise.] (Mus.) Defn: An extended composition for one or two instruments, consisting usually of three or four movements; as, Beethoven's sonatas for the piano, for the violin and piano, etc. Note: The same general structure prevails in symphonies, instrumental trios, quartets, etc., and even in classical concertos. The sonata form, distinctively, characterizes the quick opening movement, which may have a short, slow introduction; the second, or slow, movement is either in the song or variation form; third comes the playful minuet of the more modern scherzo; then the quick finale in the rondo form. But both form and order are sometimes exceptional. SONATINA So`na*ti"na, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A short and simple sonata. SONCY; SONSY Son"cy, Son"sy, a. Etym: [Scot. sonce, sons, prosperity, happiness, fr. Gael. & Ir. sonas.] Defn: Lucky; fortunate; thriving; plump. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SOND; SONDE Sond, Sonde, n. Etym: [AS. sand. See Send, v. t.] Defn: That which is sent; a message or messenger; hence, also, a visitation of providence; an affliction or trial. [Obs.] Ye have enough, parde, of Goddes sond. Chaucer. SONDELI Son"de*li, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The musk shrew. See under Musk. SONDERCLASS Son"der*class`, n. [G. sonderklasse special class.] (Yachting) Defn: A special class of small yachts developed in Germany under the patronage of Emperor William and Prince Henry of Prussia, and so called because these yachts do not conform to the restrictions for the regular classes established by the rules of the International Yacht Racing Union. In yachts of the sonderclass, as prescribed for the season of 1911, the aggregate of the length on water line, extreme beam, and extreme draft must be not more than 32 feet; the weight, not less than 4,035 pounds (without crew); the sail area, not more than 550 square yards; and the cost of construction (for American boats) not more than $2400. The crew must be amateurs and citizens of the country in which the yacht was built. SONG Song, n. Etym: [AS. song, sang, fr. singan to sing; akin to D. zang, G. sang, Icel. söngr, Goeth. sagws. See Sing.] 1. That which is sung or uttered with musical modulations of the voice, whether of a human being or of a bird, insect, etc. "That most ethereal of all sounds, the song of crickets." Hawthorne. 2. A lyrical poem adapted to vocal music; a ballad. 3. More generally, any poetical strain; a poem. The bard that first adorned our native tongue Tuned to his British lyre this ancient song. Dryden. 4. Poetical composition; poetry; verse. This subject for heroic song. Milton. 5. An object of derision; a laughingstock. And now am I their song. yea, I am their byword. Job xxx. 9. 6. A trifle. "The soldier's pay is a song." Silliman. Old song, a trifle; nothing of value. "I do not intend to be thus put off with an old song." Dr. H. More. -- Song bird (Zoöl.), any singing bird; one of the Oscines. -- Song sparrow (Zoöl.), a very common North American sparrow (Melospiza fasciata, or M. melodia) noted for the sweetness of its song in early spring. Its breast is covered with dusky brown streaks which form a blotch in the center. -- Song thrush (Zoöl.), a common European thrush (Turdus musicus), noted for its melodius song; -- called also mavis, throsite, and thrasher. Syn. -- Sonnet; ballad; canticle; carol; canzonet; ditty; hymn; descant; lay; strain; poesy; verse. SONGCRAFT Song"craft`, n. Defn: The art of making songs or verse; metrical composition; versification. A half-effected inscription. Written with little skill of songcraft. Longfellow. SONGFUL Song"ful, a. Defn: Disposed to sing; full of song. SONGISH Song"ish, a. Defn: Consisting of songs. [R.] Dryden. SONGLESS Song"less, a. Defn: Destitute of the power of song; without song; as, songless birds; songless woods. SONGSTER Song"ster, n. Etym: [AS. sangestre a female singer.] 1. One who sings; one skilled in singing; -- not often applied to human beings. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A singing bird. SONGSTRESS Song"stress, n. Etym: [See Songster, and -ess.] Defn: A woman who sings; a female singing bird. Thomson. SONIFER Son"i*fer, n. Etym: [NL. See Soniferous.] Defn: A kind of ear trumpet for the deaf, or the partially deaf. SONIFEROUS So*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. sonus sound + -ferous.] Defn: Sounding; producing sound; conveying sound. SONIFICATION Son`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. sonus sound + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: The act of producing sound, as the stridulation of insects. SON-IN-LAW Son"-in-law`, n.; pl. Sons-in-law (. Defn: The husband of one's daughter; a man in his relationship to his wife's parents. To take me as for thy son in lawe. Chaucer. SONLESS Son"less, a. Defn: Being without a son. Marston. As no baron who was sonless could give a husband to his daughter, save with his lord's consent. J. R. Green. SONNET Son"net, n. Etym: [F., fr. It. sonetto, fr. suono a sound, a song, fr. L. sonus a sound. See Sound noise.] 1. A short poem, -- usually amatory. [Obs.] Shak. He had a wonderful desire to chant a sonnet or hymn unto Apollo Pythius. Holland. 2. A poem of fourteen lines, -- two stanzas, called the octave, being of four verses each, and two stanzas, called the sestet, of three verses each, the rhymes being adjusted by a particular rule. Note: In the proper sonnet each line has five accents, and the octave has but two rhymes, the second, third, sixth, and seventh lines being of one thyme, and the first, fourth, fifth, and eighth being of another. In the sestet there are sometimes two and sometimes three rhymes; but in some way its two stazas rhyme together. Often the three lines of the first stanza rhyme severally with the three lines of the second. In Shakespeare's sonnets, the first twelve lines rhymed alternately, and the last two rhyme together. SONNET Son"net, v. i. Defn: To compose sonnets. "Strains that come almost to sonneting." Milton. SONNETEER Son`net*eer", n. Defn: A composer of sonnets, or small poems; a small poet; -- usually in contempt. What woful stuff this madrigal would be In some starved hackney sonneteer or me! Pope. SONNETEER Son`net*eer", v. i. Defn: To compose sonnets. Lowell. SONNETER Son"net*er, n. Defn: A composer of sonnets. SONNETIST Son"net*ist, n. Defn: A sonneter, or sonneteer. Bp. Hall. SONNETIZE Son"net*ize, v. i. Defn: To compose sonnets. SONNISH Son"nish, a. Defn: Like the sun; sunny; golden. [Obs.] "Her sonnish hairs." Chaucer. SONNITE Son"nite, n. Defn: See Sunnite. SONOMETER So*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. sonus a sound + -meter.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for exhibiting the transverse vibrations of cords, and ascertaining the relations between musical notes. It consists of a cord stretched by weight along a box, and divided into different lengths at pleasure by a bridge, the place of which is determined by a scale on the face of the box. 2. An instrument for testing the hearing capacity. SONORAN So*no"ran, a. (Biogeography) Defn: Pertaining to or designating the arid division of the Austral zone, including the warmer parts of the western United States and central Mexico. It is divided into the Upper Sonoran, which lies next to the Transition zone, and the Lower Sonoran, next to the Tropical. SONORIFIC Son`o*rif"ic, a. Etym: [L. sonor, -oris, a sound + facere to make. See Sonorous.] Defn: Producing sound; as, the sonorific quality of a body. [R.] I. Watts. SONORITY So*nor"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. sonoritas.] Defn: The quality or state of being sonorous; sonorousness. SONOROUS So*no"rous, a. Etym: [L. sonorus, fr. sonor, -oris, a sound, akin to sonus a sound. See Sound.] 1. Giving sound when struck; resonant; as, sonorous metals. 2. Loud-sounding; giving a clear or loud sound; as, a sonorous voice. 3. Yielding sound; characterized by sound; vocal; sonant; as, the vowels are sonorous. 4. Impressive in sound; high-sounding. The Italian opera, amidst all the meanness and familiarty of the thoughts, has something beautiful and sonorous in the expression. Addison. There is nothing of the artificial Johnsonian balance in his style. It is as often marked by a pregnant brevity as by a sonorous amplitude. E. Everett. 5. (Med.) Defn: Sonant; vibrant; hence, of sounds produced in a cavity, deep- toned; as, sonorous rhonchi. Sonorous figures (Physics), figures formed by the vibrations of a substance capable of emitting a musical tone, as when the bow of a violin is drawn along the edge of a piece of glass or metal on which sand is strewed, and the sand arranges itself in figures according to the musical tone. Called also acoustic figures. -- Sonorous tumor (Med.), a tumor which emits a clear, resonant sound on percussion. -- So*no"rous*ly, adv. -- So*no"rous*ness, n. SONSHIP Son"ship, n. Defn: The state of being a son, or of bearing the relation of a son; filiation. Dr. H. More. SONSY Son"sy, a. Defn: See Soncy. [Scot.] Burns. SONTAG Son"tag, n. Etym: [So called from from Mme. Henriette Sontag, a famous singer.] Defn: A knitted worsted jacket, worn over the waist of a woman's dress. SONTIES Son"ties, n. Defn: Probably from "saintes" saints, or from sanctities; -- used as an oath. [Obs.] Shak. SOOCHONG Soo*chong", n. Defn: Same as Souchong. SOODRA Soo"dra. Defn: Same as Sudra. SOOFEE; SOOFEEISM Soo"fee, Soo"fee*ism. Defn: Same as Sufi, Sufism. SOOJEE Soo"jee, n. Defn: Same as Suji. SOON Soon, adv. Etym: [OE. sone, AS. s; cf. OFries. s, OS. sana, sano, OHG. sar, Goth. suns.] 1. In a short time; shortly after any time specified or supposed; as, soon after sunrise. "Sooner said than done." Old Proverb. "As soon as it might be." Chaucer. She finished, and the subtle fiend his lore Soon learned. Milton. 2. Without the usual delay; before any time supposed; early. How is it that ye are come so soon to-day Ex. ii. 18. 3. Promptly; quickly; easily. Small lights are soon blown out, huge fires abide. Shak. 4. Readily; willingly; -- in this sense used with would, or some other word expressing will. I would as soon see a river winding through woods or in meadows, as when it is tossed up in so many whimsical figures at Versailles. Addison. As soon as, or So soon as, imediately at or after another event. "As soon as he came nigh unto the camp . . . he saw the calf, and the dancing." Ex. xxxii. 19. See So . . . as, under So. -- Soon at, as soon as; or, as soon as the time referred to arrives. [Obs.] "I shall be sent for soon at night." Shak. -- Sooner or later, at some uncertain time in the future; as, he will discover his mistake sooner or later. -- With the soonest, as soon as any; among the earliest; too soon. [Obs.] Holland. SOON Soon, a. Defn: Speedy; quick. [Obs.] Shak. SOONEE Soo"nee, n. Defn: See Sunnite. SOONER Soon"er, n. Defn: In the western United States, one who settles on government land before it is legally open to settlement in order to gain the prior claim that the law gives to the first settler when the land is opened to settlement; hence, any one who does a thing prematurely or anticipates another in acting in order to gain an unfair advantage. SOONER STATE Sooner State. Defn: Oklahoma; -- a nickname. SOONLY Soon"ly, adv. Defn: Soon. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. SOORD Soord, n. Defn: Skin of bacon. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. SOORMA Soor"ma, n. Etym: [Hind. & Per. surma.] Defn: A preparation of antimony with which Mohammedan men anoint their eyelids. SOOSHONG Soo*shong", n. Defn: See Souchong. SOOSOO Soo"soo, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of dolphin (Platanista Gangeticus) native of the river Ganges; the Gangetic dolphin. It has a long, slender, somewhat spatulate beak. [Written also susu.] SOOT Soot ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [OE. sot, AS. s; akin to Icel. s, Sw. sot, Dan. sod, OD. soet, Lith. s; cf. Gael. suith, Ir. suth.] Defn: A black substance formed by combustion, or disengaged from fuel in the process of combustion, which rises in fine particles, and adheres to the sides of the chimney or pipe conveying the smoke; strictly, the fine powder, consisting chiefly of carbon, which colors smoke, and which is the result of imperfect combustion. See Smoke. SOOT Soot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sooting.] Defn: To cover or dress with soot; to smut with, or as with, soot; as, to soot land. Mortimer. SOOT; SOOTE Soot, Soot"e, a. Etym: [See Sweet.] Defn: Sweet. [Obs.] "The soote savour of the vine." Chaucer. SOOTERKIN Soot"er*kin, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. G. suttern to boil gently.] Defn: A kind of false birth, fabled to be produced by Dutch women from sitting over their stoves; also, an abortion, in a figurative sense; an abortive scheme. Fruits of dull heat, and sooterkins of wit. Pope. SOOTH Sooth, a.; also adv. [Compar. Soother; superl. Soothest.] Etym: [OE. soth, AS. s, for san; akin to OS. s, OHG. sand, Icel. sannr, Sw. sann, Dan. sand, Skr. sat, sant, real, genuine, present, being; properly p. pr. from a root meaning, to be, Skr. as, L. esse; also akin to Goth. sunjis true, Gr. satya. Absent, Am, Essence, Is, Soothe, Sutee.] 1. True; faithful; trustworthy. [Obs. or Scot.] The sentence [meaning] of it sooth is, out of doubt. Chaucer. That shall I sooth (said he) to you declare. Spensser. 2. Pleasing; delightful; sweet. [R.] The soothest shepherd that ever piped on plains. Milton. With jellies soother than the creamy curd. Keats. SOOTH Sooth, n. Etym: [AS. s. See Sooth, a.] 1. Truth; reality. [Archaic] The sooth it this, the cut fell to the knight. Chaucer. In sooth, I know not why I am so sad. Shak. In good sooth, Its mystery is love, its meaninng youth. Longfellow. 2. Augury; prognostication. [Obs.] The soothe of birds by beating of their wings. Spenser. 3. Blandishment; cajolery. [Obs.] Shak. SOOTHE Soothe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soothed; p. pr. & vb. n. Soothing.] Etym: [Originally, to assent to as true; OE. so to verify, AS. ges to prove the truth of, to bear witness. See Sooth, a.] 1. To assent to as true. [Obs.] Testament of Love. 2. To assent to; to comply with; to gratify; to humor by compliance; to please with blandishments or soft words; to flatter. Good, my lord, soothe him, let him take the fellow. Shak. I've tried the force of every reason on him, Soothed and caressed, been angry, soothed again. Addison. 3. To assuage; to mollify; to calm; to comfort; as, to soothe a crying child; to soothe one's sorrows. Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast, To soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak. Congreve. Though the sound of Fame May for a moment soothe, it can not slake The fever of vain longing. Byron. Syn. -- To soften; assuage; allay; compose; mollify; tranquilize; pacify; mitigate. SOOTHER Sooth"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, soothes. SOOTHFAST Sooth"fast`, a. Etym: [Sooth + fast, that is, fast or firm with respect to truth.] Defn: Firmly fixed in, or founded upon, the thruth; true; genuine; real; also, truthful; faithful. [Archaic] -- Sooth"fast`ness, n. [Archaic] "In very soothfastness." Chaucer. Why do not you . . . bear leal and soothfast evidence in her behalf, as ye may with a clear conscience! Sir W. Scott. SOOTHFAST Sooth"fast`, adv. Defn: Soothly; really; in fact. [Archaic] I care not if the pomps you show Be what they soothfast appear. Emerson. SOOTHING Sooth"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Soothe, v. SOOTHINGLY Sooth"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a soothing manner. SOOTHLY Sooth"ly, adv. Defn: In truth; truly; really; verily. [Obs.] "Soothly for to say." Chaucer. SOOTHNESS Sooth"ness, n. Defn: Truth; reality. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOOTHSAY Sooth"say`, v. i. Etym: [Sooth + say; properly to say truth, tell the truth.] Defn: To foretell; to predict. "You can not soothsay." Shak. "Old soothsaying Glaucus' spell." Milton. SOOTHSAY Sooth"say`, n. 1. A true saying; a proverb; a prophecy. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Omen; portent. Having God turn the same to good soothsay. Spenser. SOOTHSAYER Sooth"say`er, n. 1. One who foretells events by the art of soothsaying; a prognosticator. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A mantis. SOOTHSAYING Sooth"say`ing, n. 1. A true saying; truth. [Obs.] 2. The act of one who soothsays; the foretelling of events; the art or practice of making predictions. A damsel, possessed with a spirit of divination . . . which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying. Acts xvi. 16. 3. A prediction; a prophecy; a prognostication. Divinations and soothsayings and dreams are vain. Eclus. xxxiv. 5. SOOTINESS Soot"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sooty; fuliginousness. Johnson. SOOTISH Soot"ish, a. Defn: Sooty. Sir T. Browne. SOOTY Soot"y, a. [Compar Sootier; superl. Sootiest.] Etym: [AS. s. See Soot.] 1. Of or pertaining to soot; producing soot; soiled by soot. "Fire of sooty coal." Milton. 2. Having a dark brown or black color like soot; fuliginous; dusky; dark. "The grisly legions that troop under the sooty flag of Acheron." Milton. Sooty albatross (Zoöl.), an albatross (Phoebetria fuliginosa) found chiefly in the Pacific Ocean; -- called also nellie. -- Sooty tern (Zoöl.), a tern (Sterna fuliginosa) found chiefly in tropical seas. SOOTY Soot"y, v. t. Defn: To black or foul with soot. [R.] Sootied with noisome smoke. Chapman. SOP Sop, n. Etym: [OE. sop, soppe; akin to AS. s to sup, to sip, to drink, D. sop sop, G. suppe soup, Icel. soppa sop. See Sup, v. t., and cf. Soup.] 1. Anything steeped, or dipped and softened, in any liquid; especially, something dipped in broth or liquid food, and intended to be eaten. He it is to whom I shall give a sop, when I have dipped it. John xiii. 26. Sops in wine, quantity, inebriate more than wine itself. Bacon. The bounded waters Should lift their bosoms higher than the shores, And make a sop of all this solid globe. Shak. 2. Anything given to pacify; -- so called from the sop given to Cerberus, as related in mythology. All nature is cured with a sop. L'Estrange. 3. A thing of little or no value. [Obs.] P. Plowman. Sops in wine (Bot.), an old name of the clove pink, alluding to its having been used to flavor wine. Garlands of roses and sops in wine. Spenser. -- Sops of wine (Bot.), an old European variety of apple, of a yellow and red color, shading to deep red; -- called also sopsavine, and red shropsavine. SOP Sop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sopped; p. pr. & vb. n. Sopping.] Defn: To steep or dip in any liquid. SOPE Sope, n. Defn: See Soap. [Obs.] SOPH Soph, n. (Eng. Univ.) Defn: A contraction of Soph ister. [Colloq.] SOPH Soph, n. (Amer. Colleges) Defn: A contraction of Sophomore. [Colloq.] SOPHI So"phi, n.; pl. Sophis (. Defn: See Sufi. SOPHIC; SOPHICAL Soph"ic, Soph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Teaching wisdom. [Obs.] S. Harris. SOPHIME So*phime" ( or ), n. Etym: [OF. soffime, sophisme.] Defn: Sophism. [Obs.] I trow ye study aboute some sophime. Chaucer. SOPHISM Soph"ism, n. Etym: [F. sophisme, L. sophisma, fr. Gr. Defn: The doctrine or mode of reasoning practiced by a sophist; hence, any fallacy designed to deceive. When a false argument puts on the appearance of a true one, then it is properly called a sophism, or "fallacy". I. Watts. Let us first rid ourselves of sophisms, those of depraved men, and those of heartless philosophers. I. Taylor. SOPHIST Soph"ist, n. Etym: [F. sophiste, L. sophistes, fr. Gr. Sophism.] 1. One of a class of men who taught eloquence, philosophy, and politics in ancient Greece; especially, one of those who, by their fallacious but plausible reasoning, puzzled inquirers after truth, weakened the faith of the people, and drew upon themselves general hatred and contempt. Many of the Sophists doubdtless card not for truth or morality, and merely professed to teach how to make the worse appear the better reason; but there scems no reason to hold that they were a special class, teaching special opinions; even Socrates and Plato were sometimes styled Sophists. Liddell & Scott. 2. Hence, an impostor in argument; a captious or fallacious reasoner. SOPHISTER Soph"ist*er, n. 1. A sophist. See Sophist. [Obs.] Hooker. 2. (Eng. Univ.) Defn: A student who is advanced beyond the first year of his residence. Note: The entire course at the university consists of three years and one term, during which the students have the titles of first-year men, or freshmen; second-year men or junior sophs or sophisters; third-year men, or senior sophs or sophisters; and, in the last term, questionists, with reference to the approaching examination. In the older American colleges, the junior and senior classes were originally called, and in some of them are still called, junior sophisters and senior sophisters. SOPHISTER Soph"ist*er, v. t. Defn: To maintain by sophistry, or by a fallacious argument. [Obs.] obham. SOPHISTIC; SOPHISTICAL So*phis"tic, So*phis"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. sophisticus, Gr. sophistique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a sophist; embodying sophistry; fallaciously subtile; not sound. His argument . . . is altogether sophistical. Macaulay. -- So*phis"tic*al*ly, adv. -- So*phis"tic*al*ness, n. SOPHISTICATE So*phis"ti*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sophisticated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sophisticating.] Etym: [LL. sophisticatus, p.p. of sophisticare to sophisticate.] Defn: To render worthless by admixture; to adulterate; to damage; to pervert; as, to sophisticate wine. Howell. To sophisticate the understanding. Southey. Yet Butler professes to stick to plain facts, not to sophisticate, not to refine. M. Arnold. They purchase but sophisticated ware. Dryden. Syn. -- To adulterate; debase; corrupt; vitiate. SOPHISTICATE; SOPHISTICATED So*phis"ti*cate, So*phis"ti*ca`ted, a. Defn: Adulterated; not pure; not genuine. So truth, while only one supplied the state, Grew scare and dear, and yet sophisticate. Dryden. SOPHISTICATION So*phis`ti*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. sophisticatio, F. sophistication.] Defn: The act of sophisticating; adulteration; as, the sophistication of drugs. Boyle. SOPHISTICATOR So*phis"ti*ca`tor, n. Defn: One who sophisticates. SOPHISTRY Soph"ist*ry, n. Etym: [OE. sophistrie, OF. sophisterie.] 1. The art or process of reasoning; logic. [Obs.] 2. The practice of a sophist; fallacious reasoning; reasoning sound in appearance only. The juggle of sophistry consists, for the most part, in usig a word in one sense in the premise, and in another sense in the conclusion. Coleridge. Syn. -- See Fallacy. SOPHOMORE Soph"o*more, n. Etym: [Probably fr. soph or sophister + Gr. Soph-Mor as "the next distinctive appellation to Freshman," but the term has now almost ceased to be known at the English university from whence it came.] Defn: One belonging to the second of the four classes in an American college, or one next above a freshman. [Formerly written also sophimore.] SOPHOMORIC; SOPHOMORICAL Soph`o*mor"ic, Soph`o*mor"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a sophomore; resembling a sophomore; hence, pretentious; inflated in style or manner; as, sophomoric affectation. [U. S.] SOPHORA So*pho"ra, n. Etym: [Ar. .] (Bot.) (a) A genus of leguminous plants. (b) A tree (Sophora Japonica) of Eastern Asia, resembling the common locust; occasionally planted in the United States. SOPHTA Soph"ta, n. Defn: See Softa. SOPITE So"pite, v. t. Etym: [L. sopitus, p.p. of sopire to put to sleep; akin to sopor a sleeping draught, a heavy sleep.] Defn: To lay asleep; to put to sleep; to quiet. [Obs.] The king's declaration for the sopiting of all Arminian heresies. Fuller. SOPITION So*pi"tion, n. Defn: The act of putting to sleep, or the state of being put to sleep; sleep. [Obs.] Dementation and sopition of reason. Sir T. Browne. SOPOR So"por, n. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: Profound sleep from which a person can be roused only with difficulty. SOPORATE Sop"o*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. soporatus, p.p. or soporare to put to sleep, fr. sopor a heavy sleep.] Defn: To lay or put to sleep; to stupefy. [Obs.] Cudworth. SOPORIFEROUS Sop`o*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. soparifer; sopor a heavy sleep + ferere to bring.] Defn: Causing sleep; somniferous; soporific. "Soporiferous medicine." Swift. --- Sop`o*rif"er*ous*ly, adv. -- Sop`o*rif"er*ous*ness, n. SOPORIFIC Sop`o*rif"ic, a. Etym: [L. sopor a heavy sleep (akin to somnus sleep) + facere to make. See Somnolent, Fact.] Defn: Causing sleep; tending to cause sleep; soporiferous; as, the soporific virtues of opium. Syn. -- Somniferous; narcotic; opiate; anodyne. SOPORIFIC Sop`o*rif"ic, n. Defn: A medicine, drug, plant, or other agent that has the quality of inducing sleep; a narcotic. SOPOROSE; SOPOROUS Sop"o*rose`, Sop"o*rous, a. Etym: [From Sopor; cf. L. soporus, fr. sopor a heavy sleep; F. soporeux.] Defn: Causing sleep; sleepy. SOPPER Sop"per, n. Defn: One who sops. Johnson. SOPPING sopping Defn: more recent version of soppy. Used esp. in phrase sopping wet. SOPPY Sop"py, a. Defn: Soaked or saturated with liquid or moisture; very wet or sloppy. It [Yarmouth] looked rather spongy and soppy. Dickens. SOPRA So"pra, adv. Etym: [It., from L. supra above.] (Mus.) Defn: Above; before; over; upon. SOPRANIST So*pra"nist, n. (Mus.) Defn: A treble singer. SOPRANO So*pra"no, n.; pl. E. Sopranos, It. Soprani. Etym: [It., fr. soprano superior, highest, fr. sopra above, L. supra. See Sovereign.] (Mus.) (a) The treble; the highest vocal register; the highest kind of female or boy's voice; the upper part in harmony for mixed voices. (b) A singer, commonly a woman, with a treble voice. SOPSAVINE Sops"a*vine, n. Defn: See Sops of wine, under Sop. SORA So"ra, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A North American rail (Porzana Carolina) common in the Eastern United States. Its back is golden brown, varied with black and white, the front of the head and throat black, the breast and sides of the head and neck slate-colored. Called also American rail, Carolina rail, Carolina crake, common rail, sora rail, soree, meadow chicken, and orto. King sora, the Florida gallinule. SORANCE Sor"ance ( or ), n. Defn: Soreness. [Obs.] SORB Sorb, n.Etym: [L. sorbus the tree, sorbum the fruit; cf. F. sorbe. See Service tree.] (Bot.) (a) The wild service tree (Pyrus torminalis) of Europe; also, the rowan tree. (b) The fruit of these trees. Sorb apple, the fruit of the sorb, or wild service tree. -- Sorb tree, the wild service tree. SORBATE Sor"bate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sorbate. See Sorbic.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sorbic acid. SORBEFACIENT Sor`be*fa"cient, a. Etym: [L. sorbere to suck in, absorb + faciens, p.pr. of facere to make.] (Med.) Defn: Producing absorption. -- n. Defn: A medicine or substance which produces absorption. SORBENT Sorb"ent, n. Etym: [L. sorbens, p.pr. of sorbere to suck in, to absorb.] Defn: An absorbent. [R.] SORBET Sor"bet, n. Etym: [F. sorbet or It. sorbetto or Sp. sorbete, from the same source as E. sherbet. See Sherbet.] Defn: A kind of beverage; sherbet. Smolett. SORBIC Sor"bic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sorbique. See Sorb.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, the rowan tree, or sorb; specifically, designating an acid, C SORBILE Sor"bile, a. Etym: [L. sorbilis, fr. sorbere to suck in, to drink down.] Defn: Fit to be drunk or sipped. [Obs.] SORBIN Sor"bin, n. (Chem.) Defn: An unfermentable sugar, isomeric with glucose, found in the ripe berries of the rowan tree, or sorb, and extracted as a sweet white crystalline substance; -- called also mountain-ash sugar. SORBITE Sor"bite, n. Etym: [L. sorbus service tree.] (Chem.) Defn: A sugarlike substance, isomeric with mannite and dulcite, found with sorbin in the ripe berries of the sorb, and extracted as a sirup or a white crystalline substance. -- Sor*bit"ic, a. SORBITION Sor*bi"tion, n. Etym: [L. sorbitio.] Defn: The act of drinking or sipping. [Obs.] SORBONICAL Sor*bon"ic*al, a. Defn: Belonging to the Sorbonne or to a Sorbonist. Bale. SORBONIST Sor"bon*ist, n. Etym: [F. sorboniste.] Defn: A doctor of the Sorbonne, or theological college, in the University of Paris, founded by Robert de Sorbon, a. d. 1252. It was suppressed in the Revolution of 1789. SORCERER Sor"cer*er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sorcier. See Sorcery.] Defn: A conjurer; an enchanter; a magician. Bacon. Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers. Ex. vii. 11. SORCERESS Sor"cer*ess, n. Defn: A female sorcerer. SORCERING Sor"cer*ing, n. Defn: Act or practice of using sorcery. SORCEROUS Sor"cer*ous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to sorcery. SORCERY Sor"cer*y, n.; pl. Sorceries. Etym: [OE. sorcerie, OF. sorcerie, fr. OF. & F. sorcier a sorcerer, LL. sortiarius, fr. L. sors, sortis, a lot, decision by lot, fate, destiny. See Sort, n.] Defn: Divination by the assistance, or supposed assistance, of evil spirits, or the power of commanding evil spirits; magic; necromancy; witchcraft; enchantment. Adder's wisdom I have learned, To fence my ear against thy sorceries. Milton. SORD Sord ( or ), n. Defn: See Sward. [R.] Milton. SORDES Sor"des, n. Etym: [L., fr. sordere to be dirty or foul.] Defn: Foul matter; excretion; dregs; filthy, useless, or rejected matter of any kind; specifically (Med.), the foul matter that collects on the teeth and tongue in low fevers and other conditions attended with great vital depression. SORDET Sor"det, n. Etym: [See Sordine.] (Mus.) Defn: A sordine. SORDID Sor"did, a. Etym: [L. sordidus, fr. sordere to be filthy or dirty; probably akin to E. swart: cf. F. sordide. See Swart, a.] 1. Filthy; foul; dirty. [Obs.] A sordid god; down from his hoary chin A length of beard descends, uncombed, unclean. Dryden. 2. Vile; base; gross; mean; as, vulgar, sordid mortals. "To scorn the sordid world." Milton. 3. Meanly avaricious; covetous; niggardly. He may be old, And yet sordid, who refuses gold. Sir J. Denham. SORDIDLY Sor*did"ly, n. Defn: Sordidness. [Obs.] SORDIDLY Sor"did*ly, adv. Defn: In a sordid manner. SORDIDNESS Sor"did*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sordid. SORDINE Sor"dine ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [It. sordina, sordino, from sordo deaf, dull-sounding, L. surdus. See Surd.] (Mus.) Defn: See Damper, and 5th Mute. SORE Sore, a. Etym: [F. saure, sore, sor; faucon sor a sore falcon. See Sorrel, n.] Defn: Reddish brown; sorrel. [R.] Sore falcon. (Zoöl.) See Sore, n., 1. SORE Sore, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young hawk or falcon in the first year. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young buck in the fourth year. See the Note under Buck. SORE Sore, a. [Compar. Sorer (; superl. Sorest.] Etym: [OE. sor, sar, AS. sar; akin to D. zeer, OS. & OHG. s, G. sehr very, Icel. sarr, Sw. sår, Goth. sair pain. Cf. Sorry.] 1. Tender to the touch; susceptible of pain from pressure; inflamed; painful; -- said of the body or its parts; as, a sore hand. 2. Fig.: Sensitive; tender; easily pained, grieved, or vexed; very susceptible of irritation. Malice and hatred are very fretting and vexatious, and apt to make our minds sore and uneasy. Tillotson. 3. Severe; afflictive; distressing; as, a sore disease; sore evil or calamity. Shak. 4. Criminal; wrong; evil. [Obs.] Shak. Sore throat (Med.), inflammation of the throat and tonsils; pharyngitis. See Cynanche. -- Malignant, Ulcerated or Putrid, sore throat. See Angina, and under Putrid. SORE Sore, n. Etym: [OE. sor, sar, AS. sar. See Sore, a.] 1. A place in an animal body where the skin and flesh are ruptured or bruised, so as to be tender or painful; a painful or diseased place, such as an ulcer or a boil. The dogs came and licked his sores. Luke xvi. 21. 2. Fig.: Grief; affliction; trouble; difficulty. Chaucer. I see plainly where his sore lies. Sir W. Scott. Gold sore. (Med.) See under Gold, n. SORE Sore, adv. Etym: [AS. sare. See Sore, a.] 1. In a sore manner; with pain; grievously. Thy hand presseth me sore. Ps. xxxviii. 2. 2. Greatly; violently; deeply. [Hannah] prayed unto the Lord and wept sore. 1 Sam. i. 10. Sore sighed the knight, who this long sermon heard. Dryden. SOREDIA So*re"di*a, n., Defn: pl. of Soredium. SOREDIATE So*re"di*ate, a. (Bot.) Defn: Sorediïferous. SOREDIFEROUS; SOREDIIFEROUS Sore*dif"er*ous, or Sore*di*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Soredium + -ferous.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing soredia; sorediate. SOREDIUM So*re"di*um, n.; pl. Soredia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A patch of granular bodies on the surface of the thallus of lichens. SOREE So"ree (, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Sora. SOREHEAD Sore"head`, n. Defn: One who is disgruntled by a failure in politics, or the like. [Slang, U.S.] SOREHON Sore"hon, n. Etym: [Corrupted from sojourn, Scot. soirne, sorn.] Defn: Formerly, in Ireland, a kind of servile tenure which subjected the tenant to maintain his chieftain gratuitously whenever he wished to indulge in a revel. Spenser. SOREL Sor"el, n. Etym: [A diminutive. See Sore reddish brown.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young buck in the third year. See the Note under Buck. Shak. 2. A yellowish or reddish brown color; sorrel. SORELY Sore"ly, adv. Defn: In a sore manner; grievously; painfully; as, to be sorely afflicted. SOREMA So*re"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A heap of carpels belonging to one flower. SORENESS Sore"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sore; tenderness; painfull; as, the soreness of a wound; the soreness of an affliction. SOREX So"rex, n. Etym: [L., a shrew.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small Insectivora, including the common shrews. SORGHE Sor"ghe, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The three-beared rocking, or whistlefish. [Prov. Eng.] SORGHUM Sor"ghum, n. Etym: [NL., probably of Chinese origin.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of grasses, properly limited to two species, Sorghum Halepense, the Arabian millet, or Johnson grass (see Johnson grass), and S. vulgare, the Indian millet (see Indian millet, under Indian). (b) A variety of Sorghum vulgare, grown for its saccharine juice; the Chinese sugar cane. SORGO Sor"go, n. Etym: [Cf. It. sorgo. See Sorghum.] (Bot.) Defn: Indian millet and its varieties. See Sorghum. SORI So"ri, n., Defn: pl. of Sorus. SORICINE So"ri*cine, a. Etym: [L. sorricinus, fr. sorex a shrew.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Shrew family (Soricidæ); like a shrew in form or habits; as, the soricine bat (Glossophaga soricina). SORITES So*ri"tes, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. swrei`ths (sc. syllogismo`s), properly, heaped up (hence, a heap of syllogisms), fr. swro`s a heap.] (Logic) Defn: An abridged form of stating of syllogisms in a series of propositions so arranged that the predicate of each one that precedes forms the subject of each one that follows, and the conclusion unites the subject of the first proposition with the predicate of the last proposition, as in following example; -- The soul is a thinking agent; A thinking agent can not be severed into parts; That which can not be severed can not be destroyed; Therefore the soul can not be destroyed. Note: When the series is arranged in the reverse order, it is called the Goclenian sorites, from Goclenius, a philosopher of the sixteenth century. Destructive sorities. See under Destructive. SORITICAL So"rit"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a sorites; resembling a sorites. SORN Sorn, v. i. Etym: [See Sorehon.] Defn: To obtrude one's self on another for bed and board. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. SORNER Sorn"er, n. Defn: One who obtrudes himself on another for bed and board. [Scot.] De Quncey. SORORAL So*ro"ral, a. Etym: [L. soror sister: cf. F. sororal.] Defn: Relating to a sister; sisterly. [R.] SORORICIDE So*ror"i*cide, n. Etym: [L. sororocida, and sororicidium; soror a sister + caedere to kill.] Defn: The murder of one's sister; also, one who murders or kills one's own sister. Johnson. SORORIZE So*ro"rize ( or ), v. i. Etym: [L. soror, sororis, a sister.] Defn: To associate, or hold fellowship, as sisters; to have sisterly feelings; -- analogous to fraternize. [Recent & R.] SOROSIS So*ro"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Sororize.] Defn: A woman's club; an association of women. [U. S.] SOROSIS So*ro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A fleshy fruit formed by the consolidation of many flowers with their receptacles, ovaries, etc., as the breadfruit, mulberry, and pineapple. SORRAGE Sor"rage (; 48), n. Etym: [Cf. Sorrel, n.] Defn: The blades of green or barley. [Obs.] Bailey. SORRANCE Sor"rance, n. Defn: Same as Sorance. [Obs.] SORREL Sor"rel, a. Etym: [F. saur, saure, OF. sor, sore, probably of Teutonic origin; cf. D. zoor dry, LG. soor; the meaning probably coming from the color of dry leaves. See Sear, a., and cf. Sorel.] Defn: Of a yellowish or redish brown color; as, a sorrel horse. SORREL Sor"rel, n. Defn: A yellowish or redish brown color. SORREL Sor"rel, n. Etym: [F. surelle, fr. sur sour, fr. OHG. s sour. See Sour.] (Bot.) Defn: One of various plants having a sour juice; especially, a plant of the genus Rumex, as Rumex Acetosa, Rumex Acetosella, etc. Mountain sorrel. (Bot.) See under Mountain. -- Red sorrel. (Bot.) (a) A malvaceous plant (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) whose acid calyxes and capsules are used in the West Indies for making tarts and acid drinks. (b) A troublesome weed (Rumex Acetosella), also called sheep sorrel. -- Salt of sorrel (Chem.), binoxalate of potassa; -- so called because obtained from the juice of Rumex Acetosella, or Rumex Axetosa. -- Sorrel tree (Bot.), a small ericaceous tree (Oxydendrum arboreum) whose leaves resemble those of the peach and have a sour taste. It is common along the Alleghanies. Called also sourwood. -- Wood sorrel (Bot.), any plant of the genus Oxalis. SORRENTO WORK Sor"ren"to work`. Defn: Ornamental work, mostly carved in olivewood, decorated with inlay, made at or near Sorrento, Italy. Hence, more rarely, jig-saw work and the like done anywhere. SORRILY Sor"ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a sorry manner; poorly. Thy pipe, O Pan, shall help, though I sing sorrily. Sir P. Sidney. SORRINESS Sor"ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sorry. SORROW Sor"row, n. Etym: [OE. sorwe, sorewe, sor, AS. sorg, sorh; akin to D. zorg care, anxiety, OS. sorga, OHG. sorga, soraga, suorga, G. sorge, Icel., Sw., & Dan. sorg, Goth. saúrga; of unknown origin.] Defn: The uneasiness or pain of mind which is produced by the loss of any good, real or supposed, or by diseappointment in the expectation of good; grief at having suffered or occasioned evil; regret; unhappiness; sadness. Milton. How great a sorrow suffereth now Arcite! Chaucer. The safe and general antidote against sorrow is employment. Rambler. Syn. -- Grief; unhappiness; regret; sadness; heaviness; mourning; affliction. See Affliction, and Grief. SORROW Sor"row, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sorrowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sorrowing.] Etym: [OE. sorowen, sorwen, sorhen, AS. sorgian; akin to Goth. saúrgan. See Sorrow, n.] Defn: To feel pain of mind in consequence of evil experienced, feared, or done; to grieve; to be sad; to be sorry. Sorrowing most of all . . . that they should see his face no more. Acts xx. 38. I desire no man to sorrow for me. Sir J. Hayward. SORROWED Sor"rowed (, a. Defn: Accompanied with sorrow; sorrowful. [Obs.] Shak. SORROWFUL Sor"row*ful, a. Etym: [OE. sorweful, AS. sorgful.] 1. Full of sorrow; exhibiting sorrow; sad; dejected; distressed. "This sorrowful prisoner." Chaucer. My soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death. Matt. xxvi. 38. 2. Producing sorrow; exciting grief; mournful; lamentable; grievous; as, a sorrowful accident. Syn. -- Sad; mournful; dismal; disconsolate; drear; dreary; grievous; lamentable; doleful; distressing. -- Sor"row*ful*ly, adv. -- Sor"row*ful*ness, n. SORROWLESS Sor"row*less, a. Defn: Free from sorrow. SORRY Sor"ry, a. [Compar. Sorrier; superl. Sorriest.] Etym: [OE. sory, sary, AS. sarig, fr. sar, n., sore. See Sore, n. & a. The original sense was, painful; hence. miserable, sad.] 1. Grieved for the loss of some good; pained for some evil; feeling regret; -- now generally used to express light grief or affliction, but formerly often used to express deeper feeling. "I am sorry for my sins." Piers Plowman. Ye were made sorry after a godly manner. 2 Cor. vii. 9. I am sorry for thee, friend; 't is the duke's pleasure. Shak. She entered, were he lief or sorry. Spenser. 2. Melancholy; dismal; gloomy; mournful. Spenser. All full of chirking was this sorry place. Chaucer. 3. Poor; mean; worthless; as, a sorry excuse. "With sorry grace." Chaucer. Cheeks of sorry grain will serve. Milton. Good fruit will sometimes grow on a sorry tree. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- Hurt; afflicted; mortified; vexed; chagrined; melancholy; dismal; poor; mean; pitiful. SORS Sors, n.; pl. Sortes. Etym: [L.] Defn: A lot; also, a kind of divination by means of lots. Sortes Homericæ or Virgilianæ Etym: [L., Homeric or Virgilian lots], a form of divination anciently practiced, which consisted in taking the first passage on which the eye fell, upon opening a volume of Homer or Virgil, or a passage drawn from an urn which several were deposited, as indicating future events, or the proper course to be pursued. In later times the Bible was used for the same purpose by Christians. SORT Sort, n. Etym: [F. sorl, L. sors, sortis. See Sort kind.] Defn: Chance; lot; destiny. [Obs.] By aventure, or sort, or cas [chance]. Chaucer. Let blockish Ajax draw The sort to fight with Hector. Shak. SORT Sort, n. Etym: [F. sorie (cf. It. sorta, sorte), from L. sors, sorti, a lot, part, probably akin to serere to connect. See Series, and cf. Assort, Consort, Resort, Sorcery, Sort lot.] 1. A kind or species; any number or collection of individual persons or things characterized by the same or like qualities; a class or order; as, a sort of men; a sort of horses; a sort of trees; a sort of poems. 2. Manner; form of being or acting. Which for my part I covet to perform, In sort as through the world I did proclaim. Spenser. Flowers, in such sort worn, can neither be smelt nor seen well by those that wear them. Hooker. I'll deceive you in another sort. Shak. To Adam in what sort Shall I appear Milton. I shall not be wholly without praise, if in some sort I have copied his style. Dryden. 3. Condition above the vulgar; rank. [Obs.] Shak. 4. A chance group; a company of persons who happen to be together; a troop; also, an assemblage of animals. [Obs.] "A sort of shepherds." Spenser. "A sort of steers." Spenser. "A sort of doves." Dryden. "A sort of rogues." Massinger. A boy, a child, and we a sort of us, Vowed against his voyage. Chapman. 5. A pair; a set; a suit. Johnson. 6. pl. (Print.) Defn: Letters, figures, points, marks, spaces, or quadrats, belonging to a case, separately considered. Out of sorts (Print.), with some letters or sorts of type deficient or exhausted in the case or font; hence, colloquially, out of order; ill; vexed; disturbed. -- To run upon sorts (Print.), to use or require a greater number of some particular letters, figures, or marks than the regular proportion, as, for example, in making an index. Syn. -- Kind; species; rank; condition. -- Sort, Kind. Kind originally denoted things of the same family, or bound together by some natural affinity; and hence, a class. Sort signifies that which constitutes a particular lot of parcel, not implying necessarily the idea of affinity, but of mere assemblage. the two words are now used to a great extent interchangeably, though sort (perhaps from its original meaning of lot) sometimes carries with it a slight tone of disparagement or contempt, as when we say, that sort of people, that sort of language. As when the total kind Of birds, in orderly array on wing, Came summoned over Eden to receive Their names of there. Milton. None of noble sort Would so offend a virgin. Shak. SORT Sort, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sorting.] 1. To separate, and place in distinct classes or divisions, as things having different qualities; as, to sort cloths according to their colors; to sort wool or thread according to its fineness. Rays which differ in refrangibility may be parted and sorted from one another. Sir I. Newton. 2. To reduce to order from a confused state. Hooker. 3. To conjoin; to put together in distribution; to class. Shellfish have been, by some of the ancients, compared and sorted with insects. Bacon. She sorts things present with things past. Sir J. Davies. 4. To choose from a number; to select; to cull. That he may sort out a worthy spouse. Chapman. I'll sort some other time to visit you. Shak. 5. To conform; to adapt; to accommodate. [R.] I pray thee, sort thy heart to patience. Shak. SORT Sort, v. i. 1. To join or associate with others, esp. with others of the same kind or species; to agree. Nor do metals only sort and herd with metals in the earth, and minerals with minerals. Woodward. The illiberality of parents towards children makes them base, and sort with any company. Bacon. 2. To suit; to fit; to be in accord; to harmonize. They are happy whose natures sort with their vocations. Bacon. Things sort not to my will. herbert. I can not tell you precisely how they sorted. Sir W. Scott. SORTABLE Sort"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sortable suitable.] 1. Capable of being sorted. 2. Suitable; befitting; proper. [Obs.] con. SORTABLY Sort"a*bly, adv. Defn: Suitable. [Obs.] otgrave. SORTAL Sort"al, a. Defn: Pertaining to a sort. [Obs.] Locke. SORTANCE Sort"ance, n. Etym: [From Sort, v. i.] Defn: Suitableness; agreement. [Obs.] hak. SORTER Sort"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, sorts. SORTES Sor"tes, n., Defn: pl. of Sors. SORTIE Sor"tie, n. Etym: [F., fr. sortir to go out, to issue, probably fr. L. sortus, for surrectus, p.p. of surgere to raise up, to rise up. See Source.] (Mil.) Defn: The sudden issuing of a body of troops, usually small, from a besieged place to attack or harass the besiegers; a sally. SORTILEGE Sor"ti*lege, n. Etym: [F. sortilège, fr. L. sors, sortis, a lot + legere to gather, to select.] Defn: The act or practice of drawing lots; divination by drawing lots. A woman infamous for sortileges and witcheries. Sir W. Scott. SORTILEGIOUS Sor`ti*le"gious, a. Defn: Pertaining to sortilege. SORTILEGY Sor"til"e*gy, n. Defn: Sortilege. [R.] De Quincey. SORTITA Sor*ti"ta, n. [It., a coming out.] 1. The air sung by any of the principal characters in an opera on entering. 2. A closing voluntary; a postlude. SORTITION Sor*ti"tion, n. Etym: [L. sortitio, from sortiri to draw or cast lots, fr. sors, sortis, a lot.] Defn: Selection or appointment by lot. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. SORTMENT Sort"ment, n. Defn: Assortiment. [Obs.] SORUS So"rus, n.; pl. Sori. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: One of the fruit dots, or small clusters of sporangia, on the back of the fronds of ferns. SORWE Sor"we, n. & v. Defn: Sorrow. [Obs.] Chaucer. SORWEFUL Sor"we*ful, a. Defn: Sorrowful. [Obs.] Chaucer. SORY So"ry, n. Etym: [L. sory, Gr. (Old Min. Chem.) Defn: Green vitriol, or some earth imregnated with it. SOS SOS. Defn: The letters signified by the signal ( . . . ---. . . ) prescribed by the International Radiotelegraphic Convention of 1912 for use by ships in distress. SO-SO So"-so`, a. Etym: [So + so.] Defn: Neither very good nor very bad; middling; passable; tolerable; indifferent. In some Irish houses, where things are so-so, One gammon of bacon hangs up for a show. Goldsmith. He [Burns] certainly wrote some so-so verses to the Tree of Liberty. Prof. Wilson. SO-SO So"-so`, adv. Defn: Tolerably; passably. H. James. SOSS Soss, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Souse.] Defn: To fall at once into a chair or seat; to sit lazily. [Obs.] Swift. SOSS Soss, v. t. Defn: To throw in a negligent or careless manner; to toss. [Obs.] Swift. SOSS Soss, n. 1. A lazy fellow. [Obs.] Cotgrave. 2. A heavy fall. [Prov. Eng.] Hallowell. SOSS Soss, n. Etym: [See Sesspol.] Defn: Anything dirty or muddy; a dirty puddle. [Prov. Eng.] SOSTENUTO Sos`te*nu"to, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Sustained; -- applied to a movement or passage the sounds of which are to sustained to the utmost of the nominal value of the time; also, to a passage the tones of which are to be somewhat prolonged or protacted. SOT Sot, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. sottus; of unknown origin, cf. Ir. sotal pride, soithir proud, or Chald. & NHeb. shoten foolish.] 1. A stupid person; a blockhead; a dull fellow; a dolt. [Obs.] outh. In Egypt oft has seen the sot bow down, And reverence some dOldham. 2. A person stupefied by excessive drinking; an habitual drunkard. "A brutal sot." Granville. Every sign That calls the staring sots to nasty wine. Roscommon. SOT Sot, a. Defn: Sottish; foolish; stupid; dull. [Obs.] "Rich, but sot." Marston. SOT Sot, v. t. Defn: To stupefy; to infatuate; to besot. [R.] I hate to see a brave, bold fellow sotted. Dryden. SOT Sot, v. i. Defn: To tipple to stupidity. [R.] Goldsmith. SOTADEAN So`ta*de"an, a. Defn: Sotadic. SOTADIC So*tad"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the lascivious compositions of the Greek poet Sotades. -- n. Defn: A Sotadic verse or poem. SOTE Sote, a. Defn: Sweet. [Obs.] Chaucer. Fairfax. SOTEL; SOTIL So"tel, So"til, a. Defn: Subtile. [Obs.] SOTERIOLOGY So*te`ri*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] 1. A discourse on health, or the science of promoting and preserving health. 2. (Theol.) Defn: The doctrine of salvation by Jesus Christ. SOTHE Sothe ( or ), a. Defn: Sooth. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOTHIAC; SOTHIC So"thi*ac, Soth"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Sothis, the Egyptian name for the Dog Star; taking its name from the Dog Star; canicular. Sothiac, or Sothic, year (Chronol.), the Egyptian year of 365 days and 6 hours, as distinguished from the Egyptian vague year, which contained 365 days. The Sothic period consists of 1,460 Sothic years, being equal to 1,461 vague years. One of these periods ended in July, a. d. 139. SOTILTE So"til*te, n. Defn: Subtlety. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOTTED Sot"ted, Defn: a. & p. p. of Sot. Befooled; deluded; besotted. [Obs.] "This sotted priest." Chaucer. SOTTERY Sot"ter*y, n. Defn: Folly. [Obs.] Gauden. SOTTISH Sot"tish, a. Etym: [From Sot.] Defn: Like a sot; doltish; very foolish; drunken. How ignorant are sottish pretenders to astrology! Swift. Syn. -- Dull; stupid; senseless; doltish; infatuate. -- Sot"tish*ly, adv. -- Sot"tish*ness, n. SOTTO VOCE Sot`to vo"ce. Etym: [It.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: With a restrained voice or moderate force; in an undertone. 2. Spoken low or in an undertone. SOU Sou, n.; pl. Sous or. Etym: [F. sou, OF. sol, from L. solidus a gold coin, in LL., a coin of less value. See Sold, n., Solid, and and cf. Sol, Soldo.] Defn: An old French copper coin, equivalent in value to, and now displaced by, the five-centime piece (sou. SOUARI NUT Sou*a"ri nut`. (Bot.) Defn: The large edible nutlike seed of a tall tropical American tree (Caryocar nuciferum) of the same natural order with the tea plant; -- also called butternut. [Written also sawarra nut.] SOUBAH Sou"bah, n. Defn: See Subah. SOUBAHDAR Sou"bah*dar, n. Defn: See Subahdar. SOUBISE Sou`bise" (soo`bez"), n. 1. [F.] A sauce made of white onions and melted butter mixed with velouté sauce. 2. A kind of cravat worn by men in the late 18th century. SOUBRETTE Sou`brette", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A female servant or attendant; specifically, as a term of the theater, a lady's maid, in comedies, who acts the part of an intrigante; a meddlesome, mischievous female servant or young woman. SOUBRIQUET Sou`bri`quet", n. Defn: See Sobriquet. SOUCE Souce, n. Defn: See 1st Souse. SOUCE Souce, v. t. & i. Defn: See Souse. [Obs.] penser. SOUCHONG Sou*chong", n. Etym: [Chin. seou chong little plant or sort.] Defn: A kind of black tea of a fine quality. SOUDAN Sou*dan", n.Etym: [F.] Defn: A sultan. [Obs.] SOUDED; SOUDET Soud"ed, Soud"et, a. Etym: [See Solder.] Defn: United; consolidated; made firm; strengthened. [Obs.] O martyr souded for virginity! Chaucer. SOUFFLE Souf"fle, n. Etym: [F.] (Med.) Defn: A murmuring or blowing sound; as, the uterine souffle heard over the pregnant uterus. SOUFFLE Souf"flé, n. Etym: [F., fr. soufflé, p.p. of souffler to puff.] (Cookery) Defn: A side dish served hot from the oven at dinner, made of eggs, milk, and flour or other farinaceous substance, beaten till very light, and flavored with fruits, liquors, or essence. SOUFFLEE Soufflée. Defn: Filled with air by beating, and baked; as, an omelette soufflé. SOUGH Sough, n. Defn: A sow. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOUGH Sough, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A small drain; an adit. [Prov. Eng.] W. M. Buchanan. SOUGH Sough, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. s (in comp.) a rushing sound, or OE. swough, swogh, a sound, AS. sw to rustle. Cf. Surf, Swoon, v. i.] 1. The sound produced by soughing; a hollow murmur or roaring. The whispering leaves or solemn sough of the forest. W. Howitt. 2. Hence, a vague rumor or flying report. [Scot.] 3. A cant or whining mode of speaking, especially in preaching or praying. [Scot.] Jamieson. SOUGH Sough, v. i. Defn: To whistle or sigh, as the wind. SOUGHT Sought, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Seek. SOUKE Souke, v. t. & i. Defn: To suck. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOUL Soul, a. Defn: Sole. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOUL Soul, a. Defn: Sole. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOUL Soul, v. i. Etym: [F. soûler to satiate. See Soil to feed.] Defn: To afford suitable sustenance. [Obs.] Warner. SOUL Soul, n. Etym: [OE. soule, saule, AS. sawel, sawl; akin to OFries. s, OS. s, D. ziel, G. seele, OHG. s, s, Icel. sala, Sw. själ, Dan. siæl, Goth. saiwala; of uncertain origin, perhaps akin to L. saeculum a lifetime, age (cf. Secular.)] 1. The spiritual, rational, and immortal part in man; that part of man which enables him to think, and which renders him a subject of moral government; -- sometimes, in distinction from the higher nature, or spirit, of man, the so-called animal soul, that is, the seat of life, the sensitive affections and phantasy, exclusive of the voluntary and rational powers; -- sometimes, in distinction from the mind, the moral and emotional part of man's nature, the seat of feeling, in distinction from intellect; -- sometimes, the intellect only; the understanding; the seat of knowledge, as distinguished from feeling. In a more general sense, "an animating, separable, surviving entity, the vehicle of individual personal existence." Tylor. The eyes of our souls only then begin to see, when our bodily eyes are closing. Law. 2. The seat of real life or vitality; the source of action; the animating or essential part. "The hidden soul of harmony." Milton. Thou sun, of this great world both eye and soul. Milton. 3. The leader; the inspirer; the moving spirit; the heart; as, the soul of an enterprise; an able gemeral is the soul of his army. He is the very soul of bounty! Shak. 4. Energy; courage; spirit; fervor; affection, or any other noble manifestation of the heart or moral nature; inherent power or goodness. That he wants algebra he must confess; But not a soul to give our arms success. Young. 5. A human being; a person; -- a familiar appellation, usually with a qualifying epithet; as, poor soul. As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. Prov. xxv. 25. God forbid so many simple souls Should perish by the aword! Shak. Now mistress Gilpin (careful soul). Cowper. 6. A pure or disembodied spirit. That to his only Son . . . every soul in heaven Shall bend the knee. Milton. Note: Soul is used in the formation of numerous compounds, most of which are of obvious signification; as, soul-betraying, soul- consuming, soul-destroying, soul-distracting, soul-enfeebling, soul- exalting, soul-felt, soul-harrowing, soul-piercing, soul-quickening, soul-reviving, soul-stirring, soul-subduing, soul-withering, etc. Syn. -- Spirit; life; courage; fire; ardor. Cure of souls. See Cure, n., 2. -- Soul bell, the passing bell. Bp. Hall. -- Soul foot. See Soul scot, below. [Obs.] -- Soul scot or Soul shot. Etym: [Soul + scot, or shot; cf. AS. sawelsceat.] (O. Eccl. Law) A funeral duty paid in former times for a requiem for the soul. Ayliffe. SOUL Soul, v. t. Defn: To indue with a soul; to furnish with a soul or mind. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOULED Souled, a. Defn: Furnished with a soul; possessing soul and feeling; -- used chiefly in composition; as, great-souled Hector. "Grecian chiefs . . . largely souled." Dryden. SOULILI Sou"li*li`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A long-tailed, crested Javan monkey (Semnopithecus mitratus). The head, the crest, and the upper surface of the tail, are black. SOULLESS Soul"less, a. Defn: Being without a soul, or without greatness or nobleness of mind; mean; spiritless. Slave, souless villain, dog! Shak. SOULLESSLY Soul"less*ly, adv. Defn: In a soulless manner. Tylor. SOUN Soun, n. & v. Defn: Sound. [Obs.] aucer. SOUND Sound, n. Etym: [AS. sund a swimming, akin to E. swim. See Swim.] Defn: The air bladder of a fish; as, cod sounds are an esteemed article of food. SOUND Sound, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A cuttlefish. [Obs.] Ainsworth. SOUND Sound, a. [Compar. Sounder; superl. Soundest.] Etym: [OE. sound, AS. sund; akin to D. gezond, G. gesund, OHG. gisunt, Dan. & Sw. sund, and perhaps to L. sanus. Cf. Sane.] 1. Whole; unbroken; unharmed; free from flaw, defect, or decay; perfect of the kind; as, sound timber; sound fruit; a sound tooth; a sound ship. 2. Healthy; not diseased; not being in a morbid state; -- said of body or mind; as, a sound body; a sound constitution; a sound understanding. 3. Firm; strong; safe. The brasswork here, how rich it is in beams, And how, besides, it makes the whole house sound. Chapman. 4. Free from error; correct; right; honest; true; faithful; orthodox; -- said of persons; as, a sound lawyer; a sound thinker. Do not I know you a favorer Of this new seat Ye are nor sound. Shak. 5. Founded in truth or right; supported by justice; not to be overthrown on refuted; not fallacious; as, sound argument or reasoning; a sound objection; sound doctrine; sound principles. Hold fast the form of sound words, which thou hast heard of me. 2 Tim. i. 13. 6. heavy; laid on with force; as, a sound beating. 7. Undisturbed; deep; profound; as, sound sleep. 8. Founded in law; legal; valid; not defective; as, a sound title to land. Note: Sound is sometimes used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, sound-headed, sound-hearted, sound-timbered, etc. Sound currency (Com.), a currency whose actual value is the same as its nominal value; a currency which does not deteriorate or depreciate or fluctuate in comparision with the standard of values. SOUND Sound, adv. Defn: Soundly. So sound he slept that naught might him awake. Spenser. SOUND Sound, n. Etym: [AS. sund a narrow sea or strait; akin to Icel., Sw., Dan. & G. sund, probably so named because it could be swum across. See Swim.] (Geog.) Defn: A narrow passage of water, or a strait between the mainland and an island; also, a strait connecting two seas, or connecting a sea or lake with the ocean; as, the Sound between the Baltic and the german Ocean; Long Island Sound. The Sound of Denmark, where ships pay toll. Camden. Sound dues, tolls formerly imposed by Denmark on vessels passing through the Baltic Sound. SOUND Sound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Sounding.] Etym: [F. sonder; cf. AS. sundgyrd a sounding rod, sundline a sounding line (see Sound a narrow passage of water).] 1. To measure the depth of; to fathom; especially, to ascertain the depth of by means of a line and plummet. 2. Fig.: To ascertain, or try to ascertain, the thoughts, motives, and purposes of (a person); to examine; to try; to test; to probe. I was in jest, And by that offer meant to sound your breast. Dryden. I've sounded my Numidians man by man. Addison. 3. (Med.) Defn: To explore, as the bladder or urethra, with a sound; to examine with a sound; also, to examine by auscultation or percussion; as, to sound a patient. SOUND Sound, v. i. Defn: To ascertain the depth of water with a sounding line or other device. I sound as a shipman soundeth in the sea with his plummet to know the depth of sea. Palsgrave. SOUND Sound, n. Etym: [F. sonde. See Sound to fathom.] (Med.) Defn: Any elongated instrument or probe, usually metallic, by which cavities of the body are sounded or explored, especially the bladder for stone, or the urethra for a stricture. SOUND Sound, n. Etym: [OE. soun, OF. son, sun, F. son, fr. L. sonus akin to Skr. svana sound, svan to sound, and perh. to E. swan. Cf. Assonant, Consonant, Person, Sonata, Sonnet, Sonorous, Swan.] 1. The peceived object occasioned by the impulse or vibration of a material substance affecting the ear; a sensation or perception of the mind received through the ear, and produced by the impulse or vibration of the air or other medium with which the ear is in contact; the effect of an impression made on the organs of hearing by an impulse or vibration of the air caused by a collision of bodies, or by other means; noise; report; as, the sound of a drum; the sound of the human voice; a horrid sound; a charming sound; a sharp, high, or shrill sound. The warlike sound Of trumpets loud and clarions. Milton. 2. The occasion of sound; the impulse or vibration which would occasion sound to a percipient if present with unimpaired; hence, the theory of vibrations in elastic media such cause sound; as, a treatise on sound. Note: In this sense, sounds are spoken of as audible and inaudible. 3. Noise without signification; empty noise; noise and nothing else. Sense and not sound . . . must be the principle. Locke. Sound boarding, boards for holding pugging, placed in partitions of under floors in order to deaden sounds. -- Sound bow, in a series of transverse sections of a bell, that segment against which the clapper strikes, being the part which is most efficacious in producing the sound. See Illust. of Bell. -- Sound post. (Mus.) See Sounding post, under Sounding. SOUND Sound, v. i. Etym: [OE. sounen, sownen, OF. soner, suner, F. sonner, from L. sonare. See Sound a noise.] 1. To make a noise; to utter a voice; to make an impulse of the air that shall strike the organs of hearing with a perceptible effect. "And first taught speaking trumpets how to sound." Dryden. How silver-sweet sound lovers' tongues! Shak. 2. To be conveyed in sound; to be spread or published; to convey intelligence by sound. From you sounded out the word of the Lord. 1 Thess. i. 8. 3. To make or convey a certain impression, or to have a certain import, when heard; hence, to seem; to appear; as, this reproof sounds harsh; the story sounds like an invention. Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear Things that do sound so fair Shak. To sound in or into, to tend to; to partake of the nature of; to be consonant with. [Obs., except in the phrase To sound in damages, below.] Soun[d]ing in moral virtue was his speech. Chaucer. -- To sound in damages (Law), to have the essential quality of damages. This is said of an action brought, not for the recovery of a specific thing, as replevin, etc., but for damages only, as trespass, and the like. SOUND Sound, v. t. 1. To causse to make a noise; to play on; as, to sound a trumpet or a horn. A bagpipe well could he play and soun[d]. Chaucer. 2. To cause to exit as a sound; as, to sound a note with the voice, or on an instrument. 3. To order, direct, indicate, or proclain by a sound, or sounds; to give a signal for by a certain sound; as, to sound a retreat; to sound a parley. The clock sounded the hour of noon. G. H. Lewes. 4. To celebrate or honor by sounds; to cause to be reported; to publish or proclaim; as, to sound the praises of fame of a great man or a great exploit. 5. To examine the condition of (anything) by causing the same to emit sounds and noting their character; as, to sound a piece of timber; to sound a vase; to sound the lungs of a patient. 6. To signify; to import; to denote. [Obs.] Milton. Soun[d]ing alway the increase of his winning. Chaucer. SOUNDABLE Sound"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being sounded. SOUNDAGE Sound"age (; 48), n. Defn: Dues for soundings. SOUND-BOARD Sound"-board`, n. Defn: A sounding-board. To many a row of pipes the sound-board breathes. Milton. SOUNDER Sound"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which; sounds; specifically, an instrument used in telegraphy in place of a register, the communications being read by sound. SOUNDER Sound"er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A herd of wild hogs. SOUNDING Sound"ing, a. Defn: Making or emitting sound; hence, sonorous; as, sounding words. Dryden. SOUNDING Sound"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sounds (in any of the senses of the several verbs). 2. (Naut.) Etym: [From Sound to fathom.] (a) measurement by sounding; also, the depth so ascertained. (b) Any place or part of the ocean, or other water, where a sounding line will reach the bottom; -- usually in the plural. (c) The sand, shells, or the like, that are brought up by the sounding lead when it has touched bottom. Sounding lead, the plummet at the end of a sounding line. -- Sounding line, a line having a plummet at the end, used in making soundings. -- Sounding post (Mus.), a small post in a violin, violoncello, or similar instrument, set under the bridge as a support, for propagating the sounds to the body of the instrument; -- called also sound post. -- Sounding rod (Naut.), a rod used to ascertain the depth of water in a ship's hold. -- In soundings, within the eighty-fathom line. Ham. Nav. Encyc. SOUNDING BALLOON Sound"ing bal*loon". Defn: An unmanned balloon sent aloft for meteorological or aëronautic purposes. SOUNDING-BOARD Sound"ing-board`, n. 1. (Mus.) Defn: A thin board which propagates the sound in a piano, in a violin, and in some other musical instruments. 2. A board or structure placed behind or over a pulpit or rostrum to give distinctness to a speaker's voice. 3. pl. Defn: See Sound boarding, under Sound, a noise. SOUNDLESS Sound"less, a. Defn: Not capable of being sounded or fathomed; unfathomable. Shak. SOUNDLESS Sound"less, a. Defn: Having no sound; noiseless; silent. -- Sound"less*ly, adv. -- Sound"less*ness, n. SOUNDLY Sound"ly, adv. Defn: In a sound manner. SOUNDNESS Sound"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sound; as, the soundness of timber, of fruit, of the teeth, etc.; the soundness of reasoning or argument; soundness of faith. Syn. -- Firmness; strength; solidity; healthiness; truth; rectitude. SOUNE Soune, v. t. & i. Defn: To sound. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOUNST Sounst, a. Defn: Soused. See Souse. [Obs.] SOUP Soup, n. Etym: [F. soupe, OF. sope, supe, soupe, perhaps originally, a piece of bread; probably of Teutonic origin; cf. D. sop sop, G. suppe soup. See Sop something dipped in a liquid, and cf. Supper.] Defn: A liquid food of many kinds, usually made by boiling meat and vegetables, or either of them, in water, -- commonly seasoned or flavored; strong broth. Soup kitchen, an establishment for preparing and supplying soup to the poor. -- Soup ticket, a ticket conferring the privilege of receiving soup at a soup kitchen. SOUP Soup, v. t. Defn: To sup or swallow. [Obs.] Wyclif. SOUP Soup, v. t. Defn: To breathe out. [Obs.] amden. SOUP Soup, v. t. Defn: To sweep. See Sweep, and Swoop. [Obs.] SOUPCON Soup`çon", n. [F.] Defn: A suspicion; a suggestion; hence, a very small portion; a taste; as, coffee with a soupçon of brandy; a soupçon of coquetry. SOUPE-MAIGRE Soupe`-mai"gre, n. Etym: [F.] (Cookery) Defn: Soup made chiefly from vegetables or fish with a little butter and a few condiments. SOUPLE Sou"ple, n. Defn: That part of a flail which strikes the grain. Knight. SOUPY Soup"y, a. Defn: Resembling soup; souplike. SOUR Sour, a. [Compar. Sourer; superl. Sourest.] Etym: [OE. sour, sur, AS. s; akin to D. zuur, G. sauer, OHG. s, Icel. s, Sw. sur, Dan. suur, Lith. suras salt, Russ. surovui harsh, rough. Cf. Sorrel, the plant.] 1. Having an acid or sharp, biting taste, like vinegar, and the juices of most unripe fruits; acid; tart. All sour things, as vinegar, provoke appetite. Bacon. 2. Changed, as by keeping, so as to be acid, rancid, or musty, turned. 3. Disagreeable; unpleasant; hence; cross; crabbed; peevish; morose; as, a man of a sour temper; a sour reply. "A sour countenance." Swift. He was a scholar . . . Lofty and sour to them that loved him not, But to those men that sought him sweet as summer. Shak. 4. Afflictive; painful. "Sour adversity." Shak. 5. Cold and unproductive; as, sour land; a sour marsh. Sour dock (Bot.), sorrel. -- Sour gourd (Bot.), the gourdlike fruit Adansonia Gregorii, and A. digitata; also, either of the trees bearing this fruit. See Adansonia. -- Sour grapes. See under Grape. -- Sour gum (Bot.) See Turelo. -- Sour plum (Bot.), the edible acid fruit of an Australian tree (Owenia venosa); also, the tree itself, which furnished a hard reddish wood used by wheelwrights. Syn. -- Acid; sharp; tart; acetous; acetose; harsh; acrimonious; crabbed; currish; peevish. SOUR Sour, n. Defn: A sour or acid substance; whatever produces a painful effect. Spenser. SOUR Sour, v. t. Etym: [AS. s to sour, to become sour.] 1. To cause to become sour; to cause to turn from sweet to sour; as, exposure to the air sours many substances. So the sun's heat, with different powers, Ripens the grape, the liquor sours. Swift. 2. To make cold and unproductive, as soil. Mortimer. 3. To make unhappy, uneasy, or less agreeable. To sour your happiness I must report, The queen is dead. Shak. 4. To cause or permit to become harsh or unkindly. "Souring his cheeks." Shak. Pride had not sour'd nor wrath debased my heart. Harte. 5. To macerate, and render fit for plaster or mortar; as, to sour lime for business purposes. SOUR Sour, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Soured; p. pr. & vb. n. Souring.] Defn: To become sour; to turn from sweet to sour; as, milk soon sours in hot weather; a kind temper sometimes sours in adversity. They keep out melancholy from the virtuous, and hinder the hatred of vice from souring into severity. Addison. SOURCE Source, n. Etym: [OE. sours, OF. sourse, surse, sorse, F. source, fr. OF. sors, p.p. of OF. sordre, surdre, sourdre, to spring forth or up, F. sourdre, fr. L. surgere to lift or raise up, to spring up. See Surge, and cf. Souse to plunge or swoop as a bird upon its prey.] 1. The act of rising; a rise; an ascent. [Obs.] Therefore right as an hawk upon a sours Up springeth into the air, right so prayers . . . Maken their sours to Goddes ears two. Chaucer. 2. The rising from the ground, or beginning, of a stream of water or the like; a spring; a fountain. Where as the Poo out of a welle small Taketh his firste springing and his sours. Chaucer. Kings that rule Behind the hidden sources of the Nile. Addison. 3. That from which anything comes forth, regarded as its cause or origin; the person from whom anything originates; first cause. This source of ideas every man has wholly in himself. Locke. The source of Newton's light, of Bacon's sense. Pope. Syn. -- See Origin. SOURCROUT Sour"crout`, n. Defn: See Sauerkraut. SOURDE Sourde, v. i. Etym: [F. sourdre. See Source.] Defn: To have origin or source; to rise; to spring. [Obs.] Now might men ask whereof that pride sourdeth. Chaucer. SOURING Sour"ing, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any sour apple. SOURISH Sour"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat sour; moderately acid; as, sourish fruit; a sourish taste. SOURKROUT Sour"krout`, n. Defn: Same as Sauerkraut. SOURLY Sour"ly, adv. Defn: In a sour manner; with sourness. SOURNESS Sour"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sour. SOURS Sours, n. Defn: Source. See Source. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOURSOP Sour"sop`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The large succulent and slightly acid fruit of a small tree (Anona muricata) of the West Indies; also, the tree itself. It is closely allied to the custard apple. SOURWOOD Sour"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The sorrel tree. SOUS; SOUSE Sous, Souse (F. soo; colloq. Eng. sous), n. Defn: A corrupt form of Sou. [Obs.] Colman, the Elder. SOUSE Souse, n. Etym: [OF. sausse. See Sauce.] [Written also souce, sowce, and sowse.] 1. Pickle made with salt. 2. Something kept or steeped in pickle; esp., the pickled ears, feet, etc., of swine. And he that can rear up a pig in his house, Hath cheaper his bacon, and sweeter his souse. Tusser. 3. The ear; especially, a hog's ear. [Prov. Eng.] 4. The act of sousing; a plunging into water. SOUSE Souse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soused; p. pr. & vb. n. Sousing.] Etym: [Cf. F. saucer to wet with sauce. See Souse pickle.] 1. To steep in pickle; to pickle. "A soused gurnet." Shak. 2. To plunge or immerse in water or any liquid. They soused me over head and ears in water. Addison. 3. To drench, as by an immersion; to wet throughly. Although I be well soused in this shower. Gascoigne. SOUSE Souse, v. i. Etym: [Probably fr. OF. sors, p.p. of sordre to rise, and first used of an upward swood, then of a swoop in general, but also confused with Souse, v. t. See Source.] Defn: To swoop or plunge, as a bird upon its prey; to fall suddenly; to rush with speed; to make a sudden attack. For then I viewed his plunge and souse Into the foamy main. Marston. Jove's bird will souse upon the timorous hare. J. Dryden. Jr. SOUSE Souse, v. t. Defn: To pounce upon. [R.] [The gallant monarch] like eagle o'er his serie towers, To souse annoyance that comes near his nest. Shak. SOUSE Souse, n. Defn: The act of sousing, or swooping. As a falcon fair That once hath failed or her souse full near. Spenser. SOUSE Souse, adv. Defn: With a sudden swoop; violently. Young. SOUSLIK Sous"lik, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Suslik. SOUT Sout, n. Defn: Soot. [Obs.] Spenser. SOUTACHE Sou`tache", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A kind of narrow braid, usually of silk; -- also known as Russian braid. SOUTAGE Sout"age ( or ; 48), n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: That in which anything is packed; bagging, as for hops. [Obs.] Halliwell. SOUTANE Sou`tane", n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. sotana, or It. sottana, LL. subtana, fr. L. subtus below, beneath, fr. sub under.] (Eccl. Costume) Defn: A close garnment with straight sleeves, and skirts reaching to the ankles, and buttoned in front from top to bottom; especially, the black garment of this shape worn by the clergy in France and Italy as their daily dress; a cassock. SOUTER Sou"ter, n. Etym: [AS. s, fr. It. sutor, fr. suere to sew.] Defn: A shoemaker; a cobbler. [Obs.] Chaucer. There is no work better than another to please God: . . . to wash dishes, to be a souter, or an apostle, -- all is one. Tyndale. SOUTERLY Sou"ter*ly, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a cobbler or cobblers; like a cobbler; hence, vulgar; low. [Obs.] SOUTERRAIN Sou"ter*rain, n. Etym: [F. See Subterranean.] Defn: A grotto or cavern under ground. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. SOUTH South (; by sailors sou), n. Etym: [OE. south, suþ, AS. suedh for sunedh; akin to D. zuid, OHG. sund, G. süd, süden, Icel. suedhr, sunnr, Dan. syd, sönden, Sw. syd, söder, sunnan; all probably akin to E. sun, meaning, the side towards the sun. sq. root297. See Sun.] 1. That one of the four cardinal points directly opposite to the north; the region or direction to the right or direction to the right of a person who faces the east. 2. A country, region, or place situated farther to the south than another; the southern section of a country. "The queen of the south." Matt. xii. 42. 3. Specifically: That part of the United States which is south of Mason and Dixon's line. See under Line. 4. The wind from the south. [Obs.] Shak. SOUTH South, a. Defn: Lying toward the south; situated at the south, or in a southern direction from the point of observation or reckoning; proceeding toward the south, or coming from the south; blowing from the south; southern; as, the south pole. "At the south entry." Shak. South-Sea tea (Bot.) See Yaupon. SOUTH South Defn: , adv. 1. Toward the south; southward. 2. From the south; as, the wind blows south. Bacon. SOUTH South, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Southed; p. pr. & vb. n. Southing.] 1. To turn or move toward the south; to veer toward the south. 2. (Astron.) Defn: To come to the meridian; to cross the north and south line; -- said chiefly of the moon; as, the moon souths at nine. SOUTHCOTTIAN South*cot"ti*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Joanna Southcott (1750-1814), an Englishwoman who, professing to have received a miraculous calling, preached and prophesied, and committed many impious absurdities. SOUTHDOWN South"down`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the South Downs, a range of pasture hills south of the Thames, in England. Southdown sheep (Zoöl.), a celebrated breed of shortwooled, hornless sheep, highly valued on account of the delicacy of their flesh. So called from the South Downs where the breed originated. SOUTHDOWN South"down`, n. Defn: A Southdown sheep. SOUTHEAST South`east" (; by sailors sou"-), n. Defn: The point of the compass equally distant from the south and the east; the southeast part or region. SOUTHEAST South`east (; by sailors sou"-), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the southeast; proceeding toward, or coming from, the southeast; as, a southeast course; a southeast wind. SOUTHEASTER South`east"er, n. Defn: A storm, strong wind, or gale coming from the southeast. SOUTHEASTER South`east"er, adv. Defn: Toward the southeast. SOUTHEASTERN South`east"ern, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the southeast; southeasterly. SOUTHEASTWARD; SOUTHEASTWARDLY South`east"ward, South`east"ward*ly, adv. Defn: Toward the southeast. SOUTHER South"er, n. Defn: A strong wind, gale, or storm from the south. SOUTHERLINESS South"er*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being southerly; direction toward the south. SOUTHERLY South"er*ly, a. Defn: Southern. SOUTHERN South"ern, a. Etym: [AS. s. See South.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the south; situated in, or proceeding from, the south; situated or proceeding toward the south. Southern Cross (Astron.), a constellation of the southern hemisphere containing several bright stars so related in position as to resemble a cross. -- Southern Fish (Astron.), a constelation of the southern hemisphere (Piscis Australis) containing the bright star Fomalhaut. -- Southern States (U.S. Hist. & Geog.), the States of the American Union lying south of Pennsylvania and the Ohio River, with Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. Before the Civil War, Missouri also, being a slave State, was classed as one of the Southern States. SOUTHERN South"ern, n. Defn: A Southerner. [R.] SOUTHERNER South"ern*er, n. Defn: An inhabitant or native of the south, esp. of the Southern States of North America; opposed to Northerner. SOUTHERNLINESS South"ern*li*ness, n. Defn: Southerliness. SOUTHERNLY South"ern*ly, a. Defn: Somewhat southern. -- adv. Defn: In a southerly manner or course; southward. SOUTHERNMOST South"ern*most`, a. Defn: Farthest south. SOUTHERNWOOD South"ern*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A shrubby species of wormwood (Artemisia Abrotanum) having aromatic foliage. It is sometimes used in making beer. SOUTHING South"ing, n. 1. Tendency or progress southward; as, the southing of the sun. Emerson. 2. The time at which the moon, or other heavenly body, passes the meridian of a place. 3. (Astron.) Defn: Distance of any heavenly body south of the equator; south declination; south latitude. 4. (Surv. & Navigation) Defn: Distance southward from any point departure or of reckoning, measured on a meridian; -- opposed to northing. SOUTHLY South"ly, adv. Defn: Southerly. [Obs. & R.] SOUTHMOST South"most`, a. Defn: Farthest toward the south; southernmost. [R.] Milton. SOUTHNESS South"ness, n. Defn: A tendency in the end of a magnetic needle to point toward the south pole. Faraday. SOUTHPAW South"paw`, a. (Baseball) Defn: Using the left hand in pitching; said of a pitcher. [Cant] SOUTHPAW South"paw`, n. Defn: A pitcher who pitches with the left hand. [Cant] SOUTHREN South"ren, a. Defn: Southern. [Obs.] "I am a Southren man." Chaucer. SOUTHRON South"ron, n. Defn: An inhabitant of the more southern part of a country; formerly, a name given in Scotland to any Englishman. SOUTHSAY South"say`, v. i. Defn: See Soothsay. [Obs.] SOUTHSAYER South"say`er, n. Defn: See Soothsayer. [Obs.] SOUTH; SOUTHERLY South` south"er*ly. (Zoöl.) Defn: the old squaw; -- so called in imitation of its cry. Called also southerly, and southerland. See under Old. SOUTHWARD; SOUTHWARDS South"ward, South"wards, adv. Defn: Toward the south, or toward a point nearer the south than the east or west point; as, to go southward. SOUTHWARD South"ward, a. Defn: Toward the south. SOUTHWARD South"ward, n. Defn: The southern regions or countries; the south. Sir W. Raleigh. SOUTHWARDLY South"ward*ly, adv. Defn: In a southern direction. SOUTHWEST South`west (; colloq. sou"-.), n. Defn: The point of the compass equally from the south and the west; the southwest part or region. SOUTHWEST South`west", a. Defn: Pertaining to, or in the direction of, the southwest; proceeding toward the southwest; coming from the southwest; as, a southwest wind. SOUTHWESTER South`west"er (; colloq. , n. 1. A storm, gale, or strong wind from the southwest. 2. A hat made of painted canvas, oiled cloth, or the like, with a flap at the back, -- worn in stormy weather. SOUTHWESTERLY South`west"er*ly, a. Defn: To ward or from the southwest; as, a southwesterly course; a southwesterly wind. SOUTHWESTERN South`west"ern, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the southwest; southwesterly; as, to sail a southwestern course. SOUTHWESTWARD; SOUTHWESTWARDLY South`west"ward, South`west"ward*ly, adv. Defn: Toward the southwest. SOUVENANCE; SOVENAUNCE Sou"ve*nance, So"ve*naunce, n. Etym: [F. souvenance.] Defn: Remembrance. [Obs.] Of his way he had no sovenance. Spenser. SOUVENIR Sou`ve*nir ( or ), n. Etym: [F., fr. souvenir to remember, fr. L. subvenire to come up, come to mind; sub under + venire to come, akin to E. come. See Come, and cf. Subvention.] Defn: That which serves as a reminder; a remembrancer; a memento; a keepsake. SOVEREIGN Sov"er*eign ( or ; 277), a. Etym: [OE. soverain, sovereyn, OF. soverain, suvrain, F. souverain, LL. superanus, fr. L. superus that is above, upper, higher, fr. super above. See Over, Super, and cf. Soprano. The modern spelling is due to a supposed connection with reign.] 1. Supreme or highest in power; superior to all others; chief; as, our sovereign prince. 2. Independent of, and unlimited by, any other; possessing, or entitled to, original authority or jurisdiction; as, a sovereign state; a sovereign discretion. 3. Princely; royal. "Most sovereign name." Shak. At Babylon was his sovereign see. Chaucer. 4. Predominant; greatest; utmost; paramount. We acknowledge him [God] our sovereign good. Hooker. 5. Efficacious in the highest degree; effectual; controlling; as, a sovereign remedy. Dryden. Such a sovereign influence has this passion upon the regulation of the lives and actions of men. South. Sovereign state, a state which administers its own government, and is not dependent upon, or subject to, another power. SOVEREIGN Sov"er*eign ( or ; 277), n. 1. The person, body, or state in which independent and supreme authority is vested; especially, in a monarchy, a king, queen, or emperor. No question is to be made but that the bed of the Mississippi belongs to the sovereign, that is, to the nation. Jefferson. 2. A gold coin of Great Britain, on which an effigy of the head of the reigning king or queen is stamped, valued at one pound sterling, or about $4.86. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any butterfly of the tribe Nymphalidi, or genus Basilarchia, as the ursula and the viceroy. Syn. -- King; prince; monarch; potentate; emperor. SOVEREIGNIZE Sov"er*eign*ize, v. i. Defn: To exercise supreme authority. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. SOVEREIGNLY Sov"er*eign*ly, adv. Defn: In a sovereign manner; in the highest degree; supremely. Chaucer. SOVEREIGNTY Sov"er*eign*ty, n.; pl. Sovereignties. Etym: [OE. soverainetee, OF. sovraineté, F. souveraineté.] Defn: The quality or state of being sovereign, or of being a sovereign; the exercise of, or right to exercise, supreme power; dominion; sway; supremacy; independence; also, that which is sovereign; a sovereign state; as, Italy was formerly divided into many sovereignties. Woman desiren to have sovereignty As well over their husband as over their love. Chaucer. SOVRAN Sov"ran, a. Defn: A variant of Sovereign. [Poetic] On thy bald, awful head, O sovran Blanc. Coleridge. SOW Sow, v. i. Defn: To sew. See Sew. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOW Sow, n. Etym: [OE. sowe, suwe, AS. sugu, akin to su, D. zog, zeug, OHG. su, G. sau, Icel. syr, Dan. so, Sw. sugga, so, L. sus. Gr. "y^s, sy^s, Zend. hu boar; probably from the root seen in Skr. su to beget, to bear; the animal being named in allusion to its fecundity. sq. root294. Cf. Hyena, Soil to stain, Son, Swine.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The female of swine, or of the hog kind. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sow bug. 3. (Metal.) (a) A channel or runner which receives the rows of molds in the pig bed. (b) The bar of metal which remains in such a runner. (c) A mass of solidified metal in a furnace hearth; a salamander. 4. (Mil.) Defn: A kind of covered shed, formerly used by besiegers in filling up and passing the ditch of a besieged place, sapping and mining the wall, or the like. Craig. Sow bread. (Bot.) See Cyclamen. -- Sow bug, or Sowbug (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of terrestrial Isopoda belonging to Oniscus, Porcellio, and allied genera of the family Oniscidæ. They feed chiefly on decaying vegetable substances. -- Sow thistle Etym: [AS. sugepistel] (Bot.), a composite plant (Sonchus oleraceus) said to be eaten by swine and some other animals. SOW Sow, v. t. [imp. Sowed; p. p. Sown or Sowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sowing.] Etym: [OE. sowen, sawen, AS. sawan; akin to OFries. s, D. zaaijen, OS. & HG. sajan, G. säen, Icel. sa, Sw. så, Dan. saae, Goth. saian, Lith. seti, Russ. sieiate, L. serere, sevi. Cf. Saturday, Season, Seed, Seminary.] 1. To scatter, as seed, upon the earth; to plant by strewing; as, to sow wheat. Also used figuratively: To spread abroad; to propagate. "He would sow some difficulty." Chaucer. A sower went forth to sow; and when he sowed, some seeds fell by the wayside. Matt. xiii. 3, 4. And sow dissension in the hearts of brothers. Addison. 2. To scatter seed upon, in, or over; to supply or stock, as land, with seeds. Also used figuratively: To scatter over; to besprinkle. The intellectual faculty is a goodly field, . . . and it is the worst husbandry in the world to sow it with trifles. Sir M. Hale. [He] sowed with stars the heaven. Milton. Now morn . . . sowed the earth with orient pearl. Milton. SOW Sow, v. i. Defn: To scatter seed for growth and the production of a crop; -- literally or figuratively. They that sow in tears shall reap in joi. Ps. cxxvi. 5. SOWANS Sow"ans ( or ), n. pl. Defn: See Sowens. SOWAR Sow"ar, n. Etym: [Per. sawar a horseman.] Defn: In India, a mounted soldier. SOWBANE Sow"bane`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The red goosefoot (Chenopodium rubrum), -- said to be fatal to swine. SOWCE Sowce, n. & v. Defn: See Souse. [Obs.] SOWDAN Sow"dan, n. Etym: [F. soudan. See Soldan.] Defn: Sultan. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOWDANESSE Sow"dan*esse`, n. Defn: A sultaness. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOWENS Sow"ens ( or ), n. pl. Etym: [Scottish; cf. AS. seáw juice, glue, paste.] Defn: A nutritious article of food, much used in Scotland, made from the husk of the oat by a process not unlike that by which common starch is made; -- called flummery in England. [Written also sowans, and sowins.] SOWER Sow"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, sows. SOWINS Sow"ins ( or ), n. pl. Defn: See Sowens. SOWL; SOWLE Sowl, Sowle, v. t. Etym: [Cf. prov. G. zaulen, zauseln, G. zausen to tug, drag.] Defn: To pull by the ears; to drag about. [Obs.] hak. SOWL Sowl, v. i. Defn: See Soul, v. i. [Obs.] SOWN Sown, Defn: p. p. of Sow. SOWNE Sowne, v. t. & i. Defn: To sound. [Obs.] Chaucer. SOWSE Sowse, n. & v. Defn: See Souse. [Obs.] ryden. SOWTER Sow"ter, n. Defn: See Souter. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SOY Soy, n. Etym: [Chinese shoyu.] 1. A Chinese and Japanese liquid sauce for fish, etc., made by subjecting boiled beans (esp. soja beans), or beans and meal, to long fermentation and then long digestion in salt and water. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The soja, a kind of bean. See Soja. SOYLE Soyle, v. t. Etym: [Aphetic form of assoil.] Defn: To solve, to clear up; as, to soyl all other texts. [Obs.] Tyndate. SOYLE Soyle, n. Etym: [Cf. Soil to feed.] Defn: Prey. [Obs.] Spenser. SOYNED Soyn"ed ( or ), a. Etym: [F. soigner to care.] Defn: Filled with care; anxious. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag. SOZZLE Soz"zle, v. t. Etym: [Freq. from soss, v.] 1. To splash or wet carelessly; as, to sozzle the feet in water. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. 2. To heap up in confusion. [Prov. Eng.] Forby. SOZZLE Soz"zle, n. 1. One who spills water or other liquids carelessly; specifically, a sluttish woman. [Local, U.S.] 2. A mass, or heap, confusedly mingled. [Prov. Eng.] SPA Spa, n. Defn: A spring or mineral water; -- so called from a place of this name in Belgium. SPAAD Spaad, n. Etym: [Cf. G. spath spar. See Spar the mineral.] (Min.) Defn: A kind of spar; earth flax, or amianthus. [Obs.] oodward. SPACE Space, n. Etym: [OE. space, F. espace, from L. spatium space; cf. Gr. span. Cf. Expatiate.] 1. Extension, considered independently of anything which it may contain; that which makes extended objects conceivable and possible. Pure space is capable neither of resistance nor motion. Locke. 2. Place, having more or They gave him chase, and hunted him as hare; Long had he no space to dwell [in]. R. of Brunne. While I have time and space. Chaucer. 3. A quantity or portion of extension; distance from one thing to another; an interval between any two or more objects; as, the space between two stars or two hills; the sound was heard for the space of a mile. Put a space betwixt drove and drove. Gen. xxxii. 16. 4. Quantity of time; an interval between two points of time; duration; time. "Grace God gave him here, this land to keep long space." R. of brunne. Nine times the space that measures day and night. Milton. God may defer his judgments for a time, and give a people a longer space of repentance. Tillotson. 5. A short time; a while. [R.] "To stay your deadly strife a space." Spenser. 6. Walk; track; path; course. [Obs.] This ilke [same] monk let old things pace, And held after the new world the space. Chaucer. 7. (print.) (a) A small piece of metal cast lower than a face type, so as not to receive the ink in printing, -- used to separate words or letters. (b) The distance or interval between words or letters in the lines, or between lines, as in books. Note: Spaces are of different thicknesses to enable the compositor to arrange the words at equal distances from each other in the same line. 8. (Mus.) Defn: One of the intervals, or open places, between the lines of the staff. Absolute space, Euclidian space, etc. See under Absolute, Euclidian, etc. -- Space line (Print.), a thin piece of metal used by printers to open the lines of type to a regular distance from each other, and for other purposes; a lead. Hansard. -- Space rule (Print.), a fine, thin, short metal rule of the same height as the type, used in printing short lines in tabular matter. SPACE Space, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OF. espacier, L. spatiari. See Space, n.] Defn: To walk; to rove; to roam. [Obs.] And loved in forests wild to space. Spenser. SPACE Space, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spaced; p. pr. & vb. n. Spacong.] Etym: [Cf. F. espacer. See Space, n.] (Print.) Defn: To arrange or adjust the spaces in or between; as, to space words, lines, or letters. SPACE BAR; SPACE KEY Space bar or key. (Mach.) Defn: A bar or key, in a typewriter or typesetting machine, used for spacing between letters. SPACEFUL Space"ful, a. Defn: Wide; extensive. Sandys. SPACELESS Space"less, a. Defn: Without space. Coleridge. SPACIAL Spa"cial, a. Defn: See Spatial. SPACIALLY Spa"cial*ly, adv. Defn: See Spatially. Sir W,Hamilton. SPACIOUS Spa"cious, a. Etym: [L. spatiousus: cf. F. spacieux. See Space, n.] 1. Extending far and wide; vast in extent. "A spacious plain outstretched in circuit wide." Milton. 2. Inclosing an extended space; having large or ample room; not contracted or narrow; capacious; roomy; as, spacious bounds; a spacious church; a spacious hall. -- Spa"cious*ly, adv. -- Spa"cious*ness, n. SPAD Spad, n. (Mining) Defn: A nail one or two inches long, of iron, brass, tin, or tinner iron, with a hole through the flattened head, used to mark stations in underground surveying. SPADASSIN Spa`das`sin", n. Etym: [F., fr. It. spadaccino a swordsman, from spada a sword.] Defn: A bravo; a bully; a duelist. Ld. Lytton. SPADDLE Spad"dle, n. Defn: A little spade. [Obs.] SPADE Spade, n. Etym: [Cf. Spay, n.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A hart or stag three years old. [Written also spaid, spayade.] 2. Etym: [Cf. L. spado.] Defn: A castrated man or beast. SPADE Spade, n. Etym: [AS. spæd; spada; akin to D. spade, G. spaten, Icel. spaedhi, Dan. & Sw. spade, L. spatha a spatula, a broad two-edged sword, a spathe, Gr. spa`qh. Cf. Epaulet, Spade at cards, Spathe, Spatula.] 1. An implement for digging or cutting the ground, consisting usually of an oblong and nearly rectangular blade of iron, with a handle like that of a shovel. "With spade and pickax armed." Milton. 2. Etym: [Sp. espada, literally, a sword; -- so caused because these cards among the Spanish bear the figure of a sword. Sp. espada is fr. L. spatha, Gr. spa`qh. See the Etymology above.] Defn: One of that suit of cards each of which bears one or more figures resembling a spade. "Let spades be trumps!" she said. Pope. 3. A cutting instrument used in flensing a whale. Spade bayonet, a bayonet with a broad blade which may be used digging; -- called also trowel bayonet. -- Spade handle (Mach.), the forked end of a connecting rod in which a pin is held at both ends. See Illust. of Knuckle joint, under Knuckle. SPADE Spade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Spading.] Defn: To dig with a spade; to pare off the sward of, as land, with a spade. SPADEBONE Spade"bone` (, n. Defn: Shoulder blade. [Prov. Eng.] SPADEFISH Spade"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American market fish (Chætodipterus faber) common on the southern coasts; -- called also angel fish, moonfish, and porgy. SPADEFOOT Spade"foot`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of burrowing toads of the genus Scaphiopus, esp. S. Holbrookii, of the Eastern United States; -- called also spade toad. SPADEFUL Spade"ful, n.; pl. Spadefuls. Etym: [Spade + full.] Defn: As much as a spade will hold or lift. SPADER Spad"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, spades; specifically, a digging machine. SPADICEOUS Spa*di"ceous, a. Etym: [L. spadix, -icis, a date-brown or nut-brown color. See Spadix.] 1. Of a bright clear brown or chestnut color. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Bearing flowers on a spadix; of the nature of a spadix. SPADICOSE Spa"di*cose`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Spadiceous. SPADILLE Spa*dille", n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. espadilla, dim. of espada. See Spade a card.] (Card Playing) Defn: The ace of spades in omber and quadrille. SPADIX Spa"dix, n.; pl. L. Spadices, E. Spadixes. Etym: [L., a palm branch broken off, with its fruit, Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A fleshy spike of flowers, usually inclosed in a leaf called a spathe. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A special organ of the nautilus, due to a modification of the posterior tentacles. SPADO Spa"do, n.; pl. Spadones. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. Same as Spade, 2. 2. (Law) Defn: An impotent person. SPADROON Spa*droon", n. Etym: [Cf. F. & Sp. espadon, It. spadone. See Espadon, Spade.] Defn: A sword, especially a broadsword, formerly used both to cut and thrust. SPAE Spae, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spaed; p. pr. & vb. n. Spaeing.] Etym: [Scot. spae, spay, to foretell, to divine, Icel. spa.] Defn: To foretell; to divine. [Scot.] SPAEMAN Spae"man, n. Defn: A prophet; a diviner. [Scot.] SPAEWIFE Spae"wife`, n. Defn: A female fortune teller. [Scot.] SPAGHETTI Spa*ghet"ti, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A variety or macaroni made in tubes of small diameter. SPAGYRIC; SPAGYRICAL Spa*gyr"ic, Spa*gyr"ic*al, a. Etym: [LL. sparygicus, fr. Gr. spagirique.] Defn: Chemical; alchemical. [Obs.] SPAGYRIC Spa*gyr"ic, n. Defn: A spagyrist. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. SPAGYRIST Spag"y*rist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. spagiriste.] 1. A chemist, esp. one devoted to alchemistic pursuits. [Obs.] 2. One of a sect which arose in the days of alchemy, who sought to discover remedies for disease by chemical means. The spagyrists historically preceded the iatrochemists. Encyc. Brit. SPAHI; SPAHEE Spa"hi, Spa"hee, n. Etym: [Per., Turk., & Hind. sipahi: cf. F. spahi. See Seroy.] 1. Formerly, one of the Turkish cavalry. 2. An Algerian cavalryman in the French army. SPAID Spaid, n. Defn: See 1st Spade. SPAKE Spake, archaic Defn: imp. of Speak. SPAKENET Spake"net`, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A net for catching crabs. Halliwell. SPAKY Spak"y, a. Defn: Specky. [Obs.] hapman. SPALDING KNIFE Spald"ing knife`. Defn: A spalting knife. SPALE Spale, n. Etym: [Cf. Spell a splinter.] 1. A lath; a shaving or chip, as of wood or stone. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 2. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A strengthening cross timber. SPALL Spall, n. Etym: [OF. espaule; cf. It. spalla. See Epaule.] Defn: The shoulder. [Obs.] Spenser. SPALL Spall, n. Etym: [Prov. E. spall, spell. See Spale, Spell a splinter.] Defn: A chip or fragment, especially a chip of stone as struck off the block by the hammer, having at least one feather-edge. SPALL Spall, v. t. 1. (Mining) Defn: To break into small pieces, as ore, for the purpose of separating from rock. Pryce. 2. (Masonry) Defn: To reduce, as irregular blocks of stone, to an approximately level surface by hammering. SPALL Spall, v. i. Defn: To give off spalls, or wedge-shaped chips; -- said of stone, as when badly set, with the weight thrown too much on the outer surface. SPALPEEN Spal"peen, n. Etym: [Ir. spailpin, fr. spailp a beau, pride, self- conceit.] Defn: A scamp; an Irish term for a good-for-nothing fellow; -- often used in good-humored contempt or ridicule. [Colloq.] SPALT Spalt, n. Etym: [Cf. G. spaltstein, from spalten to split. See 1st Spell.] (Metal.) Defn: Spelter. [Colloq.] SPALT Spalt, a. Etym: [See 1st Spell.] 1. Liable to break or split; brittle; as, spalt timber. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. Heedless; clumsy; pert; saucy. [Prov. Eng.] SPALT Spalt, v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. OE. spalden. See Spalt, a.] Defn: To split off; to cleave off, as chips from a piece of timber, with an ax. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] SPALTING KNIFE Spalt"ing knife`. Defn: A knife used in splitting codfish. [Written also spalding knife.] SPAN Span, archaic Defn: imp. & p. p. of Spin. SPAN Span, n. Etym: [AS. spann; akin to D. span, OHG. spanna, G. spanne, Icel. spönn. sq. root170. See Span, v. t. ] 1. The space from the thumb to the end of the little finger when extended; nine inches; eighth of a fathom. 2. Hence, a small space or a brief portion of time. Yet not to earth's contracted span Thy goodness let me bound. Pope. Life's but a span; I'll every inch enjoy. Farquhar. 3. The spread or extent of an arch between its abutments, or of a beam, girder, truss, roof, bridge, or the like, between its supports. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A rope having its ends made fast so that a purchase can be hooked to the bight; also, a rope made fast in the center so that both ends can be used. 5. Etym: [Cf. D. span, Sw. spann, Dan. spænd, G. gespann. See Span, v. t. ] Defn: A pair of horses or other animals driven together; usually, such a pair of horses when similar in color, form, and action. Span blocks (Naut.), blocks at the topmast and topgallant-mast heads, for the studding-sail halyards. -- Span counter, an old English child's game, in which one throws a counter on the ground, and another tries to hit it with his counter, or to get his counter so near it that he can span the space between them, and touch both the counters. Halliwell. "Henry V., in whose time boys went to span counter for French crowns." Shak. -- Span iron (Naut.), a special kind of harpoon, usually secured just below the gunwale of a whaleboat. -- Span roof, a common roof, having two slopes and one ridge, with eaves on both sides. Gwilt. -- Span shackle (Naut.), a large bolt driven through the forecastle deck, with a triangular shackle in the head to receive the heel of the old-fashioned fish davit. Ham. Nav. Encyc. SPAN Span, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spanned; p. pr. & vb. n. Spanning.] Etym: [AS. pannan; akin to D. & G. spannen, OHG. spannan, Sw. spänna, Dan. spænde, Icel. spenna, and perh. to Gr. spatium space. sq. root170. Cf. Spin, v. t., Space, Spasm.] 1. To measure by the span of the hand with the fingers extended, or with the fingers encompassing the object; as, to span a space or distance; to span a cylinder. My right hand hath spanned the heavens. Isa. xiviii. 13. 2. To reach from one side of to the order; to stretch over as an arch. The rivers were spanned by arches of solid masonry. prescott. 3. To fetter, as a horse; to hobble. SPAN Span, v. i. Defn: To be matched, as horses. [U. S.] SPANAEMIA Spa*næ"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A condition of impoverishment of the blood; a morbid state in which the red corpuscles, or other important elements of the blood, are deficient. SPANAEMIC Spa*næ"mic ( or ), a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to spanæmia; having impoverished blood. SPANCEL Span"cel, n. Etym: [Perhaps span + AS. sal a rope.] Defn: A rope used for tying or hobbling the legs of a horse or cow. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] Grose. SPANCEL Span"cel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spanceled or Spancelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Spanceling or Spancelling.] Defn: To tie or hobble with a spancel. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] Malone. SPANDOGS Span"dogs`, n. pl. Defn: A pair of grappling dogs for hoisting logs and timber. SPANDREL Span"drel, n. Etym: [From Span.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: The irregular triangular space between the curve of an arch and the inclosing right angle; or the space between the outer moldings of two contiguous arches and a horizontal line above them, or another arch above and inclosing them. 2. A narrow mat or passe partout for a picture. [Cant] SPANE Spane, v. t. Etym: [Akin to G. spänen, LG. & D. spennen, AS. spanu a teat.] Defn: To wean. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SPANG Spang, v. t. Defn: To spangle. [Obs.] SPANG Spang, v. i. Defn: To spring; to bound; to leap. [Scot.] But when they spang o'er reason's fence, We smart for't at our own expense. Ramsay. SPANG Spang, n. Defn: A bound or spring. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. SPANG Spang, n. Etym: [AS. spange a clasp or fastening; akin to D. spang, G. spange, OHG. spanga, Icel. spöng a spangle.] Defn: A spangle or shining ornament. [Obs.] With glittering spangs that did like stars appear. Spenser. SPANGLE Span"gle, n. Etym: [OE. spangel, dim. of AS. spange. See Spang a spangle.] 1. A small plate or boss of shining metal; something brilliant used as an ornament, especially when stitched on the dress. 2. Figuratively, any little thing that sparkless. "The rich spangles that adorn the sky." Waller. Oak spangle. See under Oak. SPANGLE Span"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Spangling.] Defn: To set or sprinkle with, or as with, spangles; to adorn with small, distinct, brilliant bodies; as, a spangled breastplate. Donne. What stars do spangle heaven with such beauty Shak. Spangled coquette (Zoöl.), a tropical humming bird (Lophornis reginæ). See Coquette, 2. SPANGLE Span"gle, v. i. Defn: To show brilliant spots or points; to glisten; to glitter. Some men by feigning words as dark as mine Make truth to spangle, and its rays to shine. Bunyan. SPANGLER Span"gler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, spangles. SPANGLY Span"gly, a. Defn: Resembling, or consisting of, spangles; glittering; as, spangly light. SPANIARD Span"iard, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Spain. SPANIEL Span"iel, n. Etym: [OF. espagneul, F. épagneul, espagnol Spanish, Sp. españnol, fr. España Spain, from L. Hispania.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a breed of small dogs having long and thick hair and large drooping ears. The legs are usually strongly feathered, and the tail bushy. See Illust. under Clumber, and Cocker. Note: There are several varieties of spaniels, some of which, known as field spaniels, are used in hunting; others are used for toy or pet dogs, as the Blenheim spaniel, and the King Charles spaniel (see under Blenheim). Of the field spaniels, the larger kinds are called springers, and to these belong the Sussex, Norfolk, and Clumber spaniels (see Clumber). The smaller field spaniels, used in hunting woodcock, are called cocker spaniels (see Cocker). Field spaniels are remarkable for their activity and intelligence. As a spaniel she will on him leap. Chaucer. 2. A cringing, fawning person. Shak. SPANIEL Span"iel, a. Defn: Cringing; fawning. Shak. SPANIEL Span"iel, v. i. Defn: To fawn; to cringe; to be obsequious. [R.] Churchill. SPANIEL Span"iel, v. t. Defn: To follow like a spaniel. [R.] SPANISH Span"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Spain or the Spaniards. Spanish bayonet (Bot.), a liliaceous plant (Yucca alorifolia) with rigid spine-tipped leaves. The name is also applied to other similar plants of the Southwestern United States and mexico. Called also Spanish daggers. -- Spanish bean (Bot.) See the Note under Bean. -- Spanish black, a black pigment obtained by charring cork. Ure. -- Spanish broom (Bot.), a leguminous shrub (Spartium junceum) having many green flexible rushlike twigs. -- Spanish brown, a species of earth used in painting, having a dark reddish brown color, due to the presence of sesquioxide of iron. -- Spanish buckeye (Bot.), a small tree (Ungnadia speciosa) of Texas, New Mexico, etc., related to the buckeye, but having pinnate leaves and a three-seeded fruit. -- Spanish burton (Naut.), a purchase composed of two single blocks. A double Spanish burton has one double and two single blocks. Luce (Textbook of Seamanship). -- Spanish chalk (Min.), a kind of steatite; -- so called because obtained from Aragon in Spain. -- Spanish cress (Bot.), a cruciferous plant (lepidium Cadamines), a species of peppergrass. -- Spanish curiew (Zoöl.), the long-billed curlew. [U.S.] -- Spanish daggers (Bot.) See Spanish bayonet. -- Spanish elm (Bot.), a large West Indian tree (Cordia Gerascanthus) furnishing hard and useful timber. -- Spanish feretto, a rich reddish brown pigment obtained by calcining copper and sulphur together in closed crucibles. -- Spanish flag (Zoöl.), the California rockfish (Sebastichthys rubrivinctus). It is conspicuously colored with bands of red and white. -- Spanish fly (Zoöl.), a brilliant green beetle, common in the south of Europe, used for raising blisters. See Blister beetle under Blister, and Cantharis. -- Spanish fox (Naut.), a yarn twisted against its lay. -- Spanish grass. (Bot.) See Esparto. -- Spanish juice (Bot.), licorice. -- Spanish leather. See Cordwain. -- Spanish mackerel. (Zoöl.) (a) A species of mackerel (Scomber colias) found both in Europe and America. In America called chub mackerel, big-eyed mackerel, and bull mackerel. (b) In the United States, a handsome mackerel having bright yellow round spots (Scomberomorus maculatus), highly esteemed as a food fish. The name is sometimes erroneously applied to other species. See Illust. under Mackerel. -- Spanish main, the name formerly given to the southern portion of the Caribbean Sea, together with the contiguous coast, embracing the route traversed by Spanish treasure ships from the New to the Old World. -- Spanish moss. (Bot.) See Tillandsia. -- Spanish needles (Bot.), a composite weed (Bidens bipinnata) having achenia armed with needlelike awns. -- Spanish nut (Bot.), a bulbous plant (Iris Sisyrinchium) of the south of Europe. -- Spanish potato (Bot.), the sweet potato. See under Potato. -- Spanish red, an ocherous red pigment resembling Venetian red, but slightly yellower and warmer. Fairholt. -- Spanish reef (Naut.), a knot tied in the head of a jib-headed sail. -- Spanish sheep (Zoöl.), a merino. -- Spanish white, an impalpable powder prepared from chalk by pulverizing and repeated washings, -- used as a white pigment. -- Spanish windlass (Naut.), a wooden roller, with a rope wound about it, into which a marline spike is thrust to serve as a lever. SPANISH Span"ish, n. Defn: The language of Spain. SPANK Spank (, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spanked (; p. pr. & vb. n. Spanking.] Etym: [Of unknown origin; cf. LG. spakken, spenkern, to run and spring about quickly.] Defn: To strike, as the breech, with the open hand; to slap. SPANK Spank, n. Defn: A blow with the open hand; a slap. SPANK Spank, v. i. Defn: To move with a quick, lively step between a trot and gallop; to move quickly. Thackeray. SPANKER Spank"er, n. 1. One who spanks, or anything used as an instrument for spanking. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The after sail of a ship or bark, being a fore-and-aft sail attached to a boom and gaff; -- sometimes called driver. See Illust. under Sail. Totten. 3. One who takes long, quick strides in walking; also, a fast horse. [Colloq.] 4. Something very large, or larger than common; a whopper, as a stout or tall person. [Colloq.] Spanker boom (Naut.), a boom to which a spanker sail is attached. See Illust. of Ship. SPANKER Spank"er, n. Defn: A small coin. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SPANKING Spank"ing, a. 1. Moving with a quick, lively pace, or capable of so doing; dashing. Four spanking grays ready harnessed. G. Colman, the Younger. 2. Large; considerable. [Colloq.] SPANKING BREEZE Spanking breeze (Naut.), Defn: a strong breeze. SPANLESS Span"less, a. Defn: Incapable of being spanned. SPANNER Span"ner, n. 1. One who, or that which, spans. 2. The lock of a fusee or carbine; also, the fusee or carbine itself. [Obs.] 3. An iron instrument having a jaw to fit a nut or the head of a bolt, and used as a lever to turn it with; a wrench; specifically, a wrench for unscrewing or tightening the couplings of hose. 4. pl. Defn: A contrivance in some of the ealier steam engines for moving the valves for the alternate admission and shutting off of the steam. SPAN-NEW Span"-new`, a. Etym: [Icel. spann, properly, new as a ship just split; spann chip + n new. See Spoon, and New.] Defn: Quite new; brand-new; fire-new. "A span-new archbishop's chair." Fuller. SPANNISHING Span"nish*ing, n. Etym: [From OF. espanir to spread, F. épanou. See Expand.] Defn: The full blooming of a flower. [Obs.] Rom. of R. SPANPIECE Span"piece, n. (Arch.) Defn: The collar of a roof; sparpiece. SPANWORM Span"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of any geometrid moth, as the cankeworm; a geometer; a measuring worm. SPAR Spar, n. Etym: [AS. spær in spærstan chalkstone; akin to MHG. spar, G. sparkalk plaster.] (Min.) Defn: An old name for a nonmetallic mineral, usually cleavable and somewhat lustrous; as, calc spar, or calcite, fluor spar, etc. It was especially used in the case of the gangue minerals of a metalliferous vein. Blue spar, Cube spar, etc. See under Blue, Cube, etc. SPAR Spar, n. Etym: [OE. sparre; akin to D. spar, G. sparren, OHG. sparro, Dan.& Sw. sparre, Icel. sparri; of uncertain origin. Spar, v. t. ] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A general term any round piece of timber used as a mast, yard, boom, or gaff. 2. (Arch.) Defn: Formerly, a piece of timber, in a general sense; -- still applied locally to rafters. 3. The bar of a gate or door. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spar buoy (Naut.), a buoy anchored by one end so that the other end rises above the surface of the water. -- Spar deck (Naut.), the upper deck of a vessel; especially, in a frigate, the deck which is continued in a straight line from the quarter-deck to the forecastle, and on which spare spars are usually placed. See under Deck. -- Spar torpedo (Naut.), a torpedo carried on the end of a spar usually projecting from the bow of a vessel, and intended to explode upon contact with an enemy's ships. SPAR Spar, v. t. Etym: [OE. sparren, AS. sparrian; akin to G. sperren, Icel. sperra; from the noun. sq. root171. See Spara beam, bar.] 1. To bolt; to bar. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To To supply or equip with spars, as a vessel. Note: A vessel equipped with spars that are too large or too small is said to be oversparred or undersparred. SPAR Spar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sparred; p. pr. & vb. n. Sparring.] Etym: [Of uncertain origin; cf. OF. esparer to kick, F. éparer, or Icel. sperra to stretch out the legs, to struggle.] 1. To strike with the feet or spurs, as cocks do. 2. To use the fists and arms scientifically in attack or defense; to contend or combat with the fists, as for exercise or amusement; to box. Made believe to spar at Paul with great science. Dickens. 3. To contest in words; to wrangle. [Colloq.] SPAR Spar, n. 1. A contest at sparring or boxing. 2. A movement of offense or defense in boxing. SPARABLE Spar"a*ble, n. Etym: [Corrupted from sparrow bill.] Defn: A kind of small nail used by shoemakers. SPARADA Spar"a*da, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small California surf fish (Micrometrus aggregatus); -- called also shiner. SPARADRAP Spar"a*drap, n. Etym: [F. sparadrap; cf. It. sparadrappo, NL. sparadrapa.] 1. A cerecloth. [Obs.] 2. (Med.) Defn: Any adhesive plaster. SPARAGE; SPARAGUS; SPARAGRASS Spar"age, Spar"a*gus, Spar"a*grass`, n. Defn: Obs. or corrupt forms of Asparagus. SPARBLE Spar"ble, v. t. Etym: [OF. esparpiller to scatter, F. éparpiller.] Defn: To scatter; to disperse; to rout. [Obs.] The king's host was sparbled and chased. Fabyan. SPARE Spare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spared; p. pr. & vb. n.n Sparing.] Etym: [AS. sparian, fr. spær spare, sparing, saving; akin to D. & G. sparen, OHG. spar, Icel. & Sw. spara, Dan. spare See Spare, a.] 1. To use frugally or stintingly, as that which is scarce or valuable; to retain or keep unused; to save. "No cost would he spare." Chaucer. [Thou] thy Father's dreadful thunder didst not spare. Milton. He that hath knowledge, spareth his words. Prov. xvii. 27. 2. To keep to one's self; to forbear to impart or give. Be pleased your plitics to spare. Dryden. Spare my sight the pain Of seeing what a world of tears it costs you. Dryden. 3. To preserve from danger or punishment; to forbear to punish, injure, or harm; to show mercy to. Spare us, good Lord. Book of Common Prayer. Dim sadness did not spare That time celestial visages. Milton. Man alone can whom he conquers spare. Waller. 4. To save or gain, as by frugality; to reserve, as from some occupation, use, or duty. All the time he could spare from the necessary cares of his weighty charge, he Knolles. 5. To deprive one's self of, as by being frugal; to do without; to dispense with; to give up; to part with. Where angry Jove did never spare One breath of kind and temperate air. Roscommon. I could have better spared a better man. Shak. To spare one's self. (a) To act with reserve. [Obs.] Her thought that a lady should her spare. Chaucer. (b) To save one's self labor, punishment, or blame. SPARE Spare, v. i. 1. To be frugal; not to be profuse; to live frugally; to be parsimonious. I, who at some times spend, at others spare, Divided between carelessness and care. Pope. 2. To refrain from inflicting harm; to use mercy or forbearance. He will not spare in the day of vengeance. Prov. vi. 34. 3. To desist; to stop; to refrain. [Obs.] Chaucer. SPARE Spare, a. [Compar. Sparer; superl. Sparest; -- not used in all the senses of the word.] Etym: [AS. spær sparing. Cf. Spare, v. t. ] 1. Scanty; not abundant or plentiful; as, a spare diet. 2. Sparing; frugal; parsimonious; chary. He was spare, but discreet of speech. Carew. 3. Being over and above what is necessary, or what must be used or reserved; not wanted, or not used; superfluous; as, I have no spare time. If that no spare clothes he had to give. Spenser. 4. Held in reserve, to be used in an emergency; as, a spare anchor; a spare bed or room. 5. Lean; wanting flesh; meager; thin; gaunt. O, give me the spare men, and spare me the great ones. Shak. 6. Slow. [Obs. or prov. Eng.] Grose. SPARE Spare, n. 1. The act of sparing; moderation; restraint. [Obs.] Killing for sacrifice, without any spare. Holland. 2. Parsimony; frugal use. [Obs.] Bacon. Poured out their plenty without spite or spare. Spenser. 3. An opening in a petticoat or gown; a placket. [Obs.] 4. That which has not been used or expended. 5. (Tenpins) Defn: The right of bowling again at a full set of pins, after having knocked all the pins down in less than three bowls. If all the pins are knocked down in one bowl it is a double spare; in two bowls, a single spare. SPAREFUL Spare"ful, a. Defn: Sparing; chary. [Obs.] Fairfax. -- Spare"ful*ness, n. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. SPARELESS Spare"less, a. Defn: Unsparing. Sylvester. SPARELY Spare"ly, adv. Defn: In a spare manner; sparingly. SPARENESS Spare"ness, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. spærnis frugality.] Defn: The quality or state of being lean or thin; leanness. SPARER Spar"er, n. Defn: One who spares. SPARERIB Spare"rib`, n. Etym: [Spare, a. + rib.] Defn: A piece of pork, consisting or ribs with little flesh on them. SPARGE Sparge, v. t. Etym: [L. spargere; cf. F. asperger.] Defn: To sprinkle; to moisten by sprinkling; as, to sparge paper. SPARGEFACTION Spar`ge*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. spargere to strew + facere, factum, to make.] Defn: The act of sprinkling. [Obs.] Swift. SPARGER Spar"ger, n. Etym: [Cf. F. asperger to sprinkle, L. aspergere, spargere.] Defn: A vessel with a perforated cover, for sprinkling with a liquid; a sprinkler. SPARHAWK Spar"hawk`, n. Etym: [OE. sperhauke.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The sparrow hawk. [Prov. Eng.] SPAR-HUNG Spar"-hung`, a. Defn: Hung with spar, as a cave. SPARING Spar"ing, a. Defn: Spare; saving; frugal; merciful. Bacon. -- Spar"ing*ly, adv. -- Spar"ing*ness, n. SPARK Spark, n. Etym: [OE. sparke, AS. spearca; akin to D. spark, sperk; cf. Icel. spraka to crackle, Lith. spragëti, Gr. sph to crackle, to thunder. Cf. Speak.] 1. A small particle of fire or ignited substance which is emitted by a body in combustion. Man is born unto trouble, as hte sparks fly upward. Job v. 7. 2. A small, shining body, or transient light; a sparkle. 3. That which, like a spark, may be kindled into a flame, or into action; a feeble germ; an elementary principle. "If any spark of life be yet remaining." Shak. "Small intellectual spark." Macaulay. "Vital spark of heavenly flame." Pope. We have here and there a little clear light, some sparks of bright knowledge. Locke. Bright gem instinct with music, vocal spark. Wordsworth. Spark arrester, a contrivance to prevent the escape of sparks while it allows the passage of gas, -- chiefly used in the smokestack of a wood-burning locomotive. Called also spark consumer. [U.S.] SPARK Spark, n. Etym: [Icel. sparkr lively, sprightly.] 1. A brisk, showy, gay man. The finest sparks and cleanest beaux. Prior. 2. A lover; a gallant; a beau. SPARK Spark, v. i. Defn: To sparkle. [Obs.] Spenser. SPARK Spark, v. i. Defn: To play the spark, beau, or lover. A sure sign that his master was courting, or, as it is termed, sparking, within. W. Irwing. SPARK COIL Spark coil. (Elec.) (a) An induction coil, esp. of an internal-combustion engine, wireless telegraph apparatus, etc. (b) A self-induction coil used to increase the spark in an electric gas-lighting apparatus. SPARKER Spark"er, n. Defn: A spark arrester. SPARKFUL Spark"ful, a. Defn: Lively; brisk; gay. [Obs.] "Our sparkful youth." Camden. SPARK GAP Spark gap. (Elec.) Defn: The space filled with air or other dielectric between high potential terminals (as of an electrostatic machine, induction coil, or condenser), through which the discharge passes; the air gap of a jump spark. SPARKISH Spark"ish, a. 1. Like a spark; airy; gay. W. Walsh. 2. Showy; well-dresed; fine. L'Estrange. SPARKLE Spar"kle, n. Etym: [Dim. of spark.] 1. A little spark; a scintillation. As fire is wont to quicken and go From a sparkle sprungen amiss, Till a city brent up is. Chaucer. The shock was sufficiently strong to strike out some sparkles of his fiery temper. Prescott. 2. Brilliancy; luster; as, the sparkle of a diamond. SPARKLE Spar"kle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sparkled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sparkling.] Etym: [See Sparkle, n., Spark of fire.] 1. To emit sparks; to throw off ignited or incandescent particles; to shine as if throwing off sparks; to emit flashes of light; to scintillate; to twinkle; as, the blazing wood sparkles; the stars sparkle. A mantelet upon his shoulder hanging Bretful of rubies red, as fire sparkling. Chaucer. 2. To manifest itself by, or as if by, emitting sparks; to glisten; to flash. I see bright honor sparkle through your eyes. Milton. 3. To emit little bubbles, as certain kinds of liquors; to effervesce; as, sparkling wine. Syn. -- To shine; glisten; scintillate; radiate; coruscate; glitter; twinkle. SPARKLE Spar"kle, v. t. Defn: To emit in the form or likeness of sparks. "Did sparkle forth great light." Spenser. SPARKLE Spar"kle, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Sparble.] 1. To disperse. [Obs.] The Landgrave hath sparkled his army without any further enterprise. State Papers. 2. To scatter on or over. [Obs.] Purchas. SPARKLER Spar"kler, n. Defn: One who scatters; esp., one who scatters money; an improvident person. [Obs.] SPARKLER Spar"kler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, sparkles. SPARKLER Spar"kler, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tiger beetle. SPARKLET Spark"let, n. Defn: A small spark. [Obs.] SPARKLINESS Spark"li*ness, n. Defn: Vivacity. [Obs.] Aubrey. SPARKLING Spar"kling, a. Defn: Emitting sparks; glittering; flashing; brilliant; lively; as, sparkling wine; sparkling eyes. -- Spar"kling*ly, adv. -- Spar"kling*ness, n. Syn. -- Brilliant; shining. See Shining. SPARK PLUG Spark plug. Defn: In internal-combustion engines with electric ignition, a plug, screwed into the cylinder head, having through it an insulated wire which is connected with the induction coil or magneto circuit on the outside, and forms, with another terminal on the base of the plug, a spark gap inside the cylinder. SPARLING Spar"ling, n. Etym: [Akin to G. spierling, spiering, D. spiering: cf. F. éperlan.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus). (b) A young salmon. (c) A tern. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] SPARLYRE Spar"lyre`, n. Etym: [AS. spear-lira.] Defn: The calf of the leg. [Obs.] Wyclif (Deut. xxviii. 35). SPAROID Spa"roid, a. Etym: [L. sparus the gilthead + -oid: cf. F. sparoïde.] (Zoöl.) Defn: of or pertaining to the Sparidæ, a family of spinous-finned fishes which includes the scup, sheepshead, and sea bream. -- n. Defn: One of the Sparidæ. SPARPIECE Spar"piece`, n. (Arch.) Defn: The collar beam of a roof; the spanpiece. Gwilt. SPARPOIL Spar"poil, v. t. Etym: [See Sparble.] Defn: To scatter; to spread; to disperse. [Obs.] SPARROW Spar"row, n. Etym: [OE. sparwe, AS. spearwa; akin to OHG. sparo, G. sperling, Icel. spörr, Dan. spurv, spurre, Sw. sparf, Goth. sparwa; - - originally, probably, the quiverer or flutterer, and akin to E. spurn. See Spurn, and cf. Spavin.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of many species of small singing birds of the family Fringilligæ, having conical bills, and feeding chiefly on seeds. Many sparrows are called also finches, and buntings. The common sparrow, or house sparrow, of Europe (Passer domesticus) is noted for its familiarity, its voracity, its attachment to its young, and its fecundity. See House sparrow, under House. Note: The following American species are well known; the chipping sparrow, or chippy, the sage sparrow, the savanna sparrow, the song sparrow, the tree sparrow, and the white-throated sparrow (see Peabody bird). See these terms under Sage, Savanna, etc. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several small singing birds somewhat resembling the true sparrows in form or habits, as the European hedge sparrow. See under Hedge. He that doth the ravens feed, Yea, providently caters for the sparrow, Be comfort to my age! Shak. Field sparrow, Fox sparrow, etc. See under Field, Fox, etc. -- Sparrow bill, a small nail; a castiron shoe nail; a sparable. -- Sparrow hawk. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European hawk (Accipiter nisus) or any of the allied species. (b) A small American falcon (Falco sparverius). (c) The Australian collared sparrow hawk (Accipiter torquatus). Note: The name is applied to other small hawks, as the European kestrel and the New Zealand quail hawk. -- Sparrow owl (Zoöl.), a small owl (Glaucidium passerinum) found both in the Old World and the New. The name is also applied to other species of small owls. -- Sparrow spear (Zoöl.), the female of the reed bunting. [Prov. Eng.] SPARROWGRASS Spar"row*grass`, n. Etym: [Corrupted from asparagus.] Defn: Asparagus. [Colloq.] See the Note under Asparagus. SPARROWWORT Spar"row*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An evergreen shrub of the genus Erica (E. passerina). SPARRY Spar"ry, a. Etym: [From Spar.] Defn: Resembling spar, or consisting of spar; abounding with spar; having a confused crystalline structure; spathose. Sparry iron (Min.), siderite. See Siderite (a). -- Sparry limestone (Min.), a coarsely crystalline marble. SPARSE Sparse, a. [Compar. Sparser; superl. Sparsest.] Etym: [L. sparsus, p.p. of spargere to strew, scatter. Cf. Asperse, Disperse.] 1. Thinly scattered; set or planted here and there; not being dense or close together; as, a sparse population. Carlyle. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Placed irregularly and distantly; scattered; -- applied to branches, leaves, peduncles, and the like. SPARSE Sparse, v. t. Etym: [L. sparsus, p.p. of spargere to scatter.] Defn: To scatter; to disperse. [Obs.] Spenser. SPARSEDLY Spars"ed*ly, adv. Defn: Sparsely. [Obs.] SPARSELY Sparse"ly, adv. Defn: In a scattered or sparse manner. SPARSENESS Sparse"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sparse; as, sparseness of population. SPARSIM Spar"sim, adv. Etym: [L., fr. spargere to scatter.] Defn: Sparsely; scatteredly; here and there. SPARTAN Spar"tan, a. Etym: [L. Spartanus.] Defn: of or pertaining to Sparta, especially to ancient Sparta; hence, hardy; undaunted; as, Spartan souls; Spartan bravey. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Sparta; figuratively, a person of great courage and fortitude. SPARTEINE Spar"te*ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A narcotic alkaloid extracted from the tops of the common broom (Cytisus scoparius, formerly Spartium scoparium), as a colorless oily liquid of aniline-like odor and very bitter taste. SPARTERIE Spar"ter*ie, n. Etym: [F., from Sp. esparto esparto, L. spartum, Gr. Defn: Articles made of the blades or fiber of the Lygeum Spartum and Stipa (or Macrochloa) tenacissima, kinds of grass used in Spain and other countries for making ropes, mats, baskets, nets, and mattresses. Loudon. SPARTH Sparth, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. spar.] Defn: An Anglo-Saxon battle-ax, or halberd. [Obs.] He hath a sparth of twenty pound of weight. Chaucer. SPARVE Sparve, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hedge sparrow. [Prov. Eng.] SPARY Spar"y, a. Defn: Sparing; parsimonious. [Obs.] SPASM Spasm, n. Etym: [F. spasme, L. spasmus, Gr. Span, v. t.] 1. (Med.) Defn: An involuntary and unnatural contraction of one or more muscles or muscular fibers. Note: Spasm are usually either clonic or tonic. In clonic spasm, the muscles or muscular fibers contract and relax alternately in very quick succession. In tonic spasm, the contraction is steady and uniform, and continues for a comparatively long time, as in tetanus. 2. A sudden, violent, and temporary effort or emotion; as, a spasm of repentance. Cynic spasm (Med.) See under Cynic. -- Spasm of the chest. See Angina pectoris, under Angina. SPASMATICAL Spas*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Spasmodic. [Obs.] SPASMODIC Spas"mod"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. spasmotique.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to spasm; consisting in spasm; occuring in, or characterized by, spasms; as, a spasmodic asthma. 2. Soon relaxed or exhausted; convulsive; intermittent; as, spasmodic zeal or industry. Spasmodic croup (Med.), an affection of childhood characterized by a stoppage of brathing developed suddenly and without fever, and produced by spasmodic contraction of the vocal cords. It is sometimes fatal. Called also laryngismus stridulus, and childcrowing. -- Spasmodic stricture, a stricture caused by muscular spasm without structural change. See Organic stricture, under Organic. SPASMODIC Spas*mod"ic, n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine for spasm. SPASMODICAL Spas*mod"ic*al, a. Defn: Same as Spasmodic, a. -- Spas*mod"ic*al*ly, adv. SPASTIC Spas"tic, a. Etym: [L. spasticus, Gr. spastique. See Spasm.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to spasm; spasmodic; especially, pertaining to tonic spasm; tetanic. SPASTICALLY Spas"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Spasmodically. SPASTICITY Spas*tic"i*ty, n. 1. A state of spasm. 2. The tendency to, or capability of suffering, spasm. SPAT Spat, Defn: imp. of Spit. [Obs. or R.] SPAT Spat, n. Etym: [From the root of spit; hence, literally, that which is ejected.] Defn: A young oyster or other bivalve mollusk, both before and after it first becomes adherent, or such young, collectively. SPAT Spat, v. i. & t. Defn: To emit spawn; to emit, as spawn. SPAT Spat, n. Etym: [Cf. Pat.] 1. A light blow with something flat. [U.S. & Prov. Eng.] 2. Hence, a petty combat, esp. a verbal one; a little quarrel, dispute, or dissension. [U. S.] SPAT Spat, v. i. Defn: To dispute. [R.] Smart. SPAT Spat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spatting.] Defn: To slap, as with the open hand; to clap together; as the hands. [Local, U.S.] Little Isabel leaped up and down, spatting her hands. Judd. SPATANGOID Spa*tan"goid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Spatangoidea. -- n. Defn: One of the Spatangoidea. SPATANGOIDEA Spat`an*goi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Spatangus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of irregular sea urchins, usually having a more or less heart-shaped shell with four or five petal-like ambulacra above. The mouth is edentulous and situated anteriorly, on the under side. SPATANGUS Spa*tan"gus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. spatangius a kind of sea urchin, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of heart-shaped sea urchins belonging to the Spatangoidea. SPATCHCOCK Spatch"cock`, n. Defn: See Spitchcock. SPATE Spate, n. Etym: [Of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. speid.] Defn: A river flood; an overflow or inundation. Burns. Gareth in a showerful spring Stared at the spate. Tennyson. SPATHA Spa"tha, n,; pl. Spathæ. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: A spathe. SPATHACEOUS Spa*tha"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a spathe; resembling a spathe; spathal. SPATHAL Spa"thal, a. (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with a spathe; as, spathal flowers. Howitt. SPATHE Spathe, n. Etym: [L. spatha, Gr. spathe. See Spade for digging.] (Bot.) Defn: A special involucre formed of one leaf and inclosing a spadix, as in aroid plants and palms. See the Note under Bract, and Illust. of Spadix. Note: The name is also given to the several-leaved involucre of the iris and other similar plants. SPATHED Spathed, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having a spathe or calyx like a sheath. SPATHIC Spath"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. spathique, fr. F. & G. spath spar.] Defn: Like spar; foliated or lamellar; spathose. Spathic iron (Min.), siderite. See Siderite (a). SPATHIFORM Spath"i*form, a. Etym: [F. spathiforme.] Defn: Resembling spar in form. "The ocherous, spathiform, and mineralized forms of uranite." Lavoisier (Trans.). SPATHOSE Spath"ose`, a. (Min.) Defn: See Spathic. SPATHOSE Spath"ose`, a. Etym: [See Spathe.] (Bot.) Defn: Having a spathe; resembling a spathe; spatheceous; spathal. SPATHOUS Spath"ous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Spathose. SPATHULATE Spath"u*late, a. Defn: See Spatulate. SPATIAL Spa"tial, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to space. "Spatial quantity and relations." L. H. Atwater. SPATIALLY Spa"tial*ly, adv. Defn: As regards space. SPATIATE Spa"ti*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. spatiatus, p.p. of spatiari, fr. spatiatum. See Space.] Defn: To rove; to ramble. [Obs.] Bacon. SPATTER Spat"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spattered; p. pr. & vb. n. Spattering.] Etym: [From the root of spit salvia.] 1. To sprinkle with a liquid or with any wet substance, as water, mud, or the like; to make wet of foul spots upon by sprinkling; as, to spatter a coat; to spatter the floor; to spatter boots with mud. Upon any occasion he is to be spattered over with the blood of his people. Burke. 2. To distribute by sprinkling; to sprinkle around; as, to spatter blood. Pope. 3. Fig.: To injure by aspersion; to defame; to soil; also, to throw out in a defamatory manner. SPATTER Spat"ter, v. i. Defn: To throw something out of the mouth in a scattering manner; to sputter. That mind must needs be irrecoverably depraved, which, . . . tasting but once of one just deed, spatters at it, and abhors the relish ever after. Milton. SPATTERDASHED Spat"ter*dashed`, a. Defn: Wearing spatterdashes. [Colloq.] Thackeray. SPATTERDASHES Spat"ter*dash`es, n. pl. Etym: [Spatter + dash.] Defn: Coverings for the legs, to protect them from water and mud; long gaiters. SPATTER-DOCK Spat`ter-dock`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The common yellow water lily (Nuphar advena). SPATTLE Spat"tle, n. Defn: Spawl; spittle. [Obs.] Bale. SPATTLE Spat"tle, n. 1. A spatula. 2. (Pottery) Defn: A tool or implement for mottling a molded article with coloring matter Knoght. SPATTLING-POPPY Spat"tling-pop"py, n. Etym: [Prov. E. spattle to spit + E. poppy.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of catchfly (Silene inflata) which is sometimes frothy from the action of captured insects. SPATULA Spat"u*la, n. Etym: [L. spatula, spathula, dim. of spatha a spatula: F. spatule. See Spade for digging.] Defn: An implement shaped like a knife, flat, thin, and somewhat flexible, used for spreading paints, fine plasters, drugs in compounding prescriptions, etc. Cf. Palette knife, under Palette. SPATULATE Spat"u*late, a. Etym: [NL. spatulatus.] (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Shaped like spatula, or like a battledoor, being roundish, with a long, narrow, linear base. [Also written spathulate.] SPAULD Spauld, n. Etym: [See Spall the shoulder.] Defn: The shoulder. [Scot.] SPAVIN Spav"in, n. Etym: [OE. spaveyne, OF. esparvain, F. éparvin; akin to OF. espervier a sparrow hawk, F. épervier, fr. OHG. sparwari (G. sperber), fr. OHG. sparo sparrow, because this disease makes the horse raise the infirm leg in the manner of a sparrow hawk or sparrow. See Sparrow.] (Far.) Defn: A disease of horses characterized by a bony swelling developed on the hock as the result of inflammation of the bones; also, the swelling itself. The resulting lameness is due to the inflammation, and not the bony tumor as popularly supposed. Harbaugh. Bog spavin, a soft swelling produced by distention of the capsular ligament of the hock; -- called also blood spavin. -- Bone spavin, spavin attended with exostosis; ordinary spavin. SPAVINED Spav"ined, a. Defn: Affected with spavin. SPAW Spaw, n. Defn: See Spa. SPAWL Spawl, n. Defn: A splinter or fragment, as of wood or stone. See Spall. SPAWL Spawl, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. spatl, fr. spætan to spit; probably akin to spiwan, E. spew. Cf. Spew.] Defn: Scattered or ejected spittle. SPAWL Spawl, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Spawled; p. pr. & vb. n. Spawling.] Etym: [Cf. AS. spatlian.] Defn: To scatter spittle from the mouth; to spit, as saliva. Why must he sputter, spawl, and slaver it In vain, against the people's favorite. Swift. SPAWLING Spawl"ing, n. Defn: That which is spawled, or spit out. SPAWN Spawn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spawned; p. pr. & vb. n. Spawning.] Etym: [OE. spanen, OF. espandre, properly, to shed, spread, L. expandere to spread out. See Expand.] 1. To produce or deposit (eggs), as fishes or frogs do. 2. To bring forth; to generate; -- used in contempt. One edition [of books] spawneth another. Fuller. SPAWN Spawn, v. i. 1. To deposit eggs, as fish or frogs do. 2. To issue, as offspring; -- used contemptuously. SPAWN Spawn, n. Etym: [sq. root170. See Spawn, v. t.] 1. The ova, or eggs, of fishes, oysters, and other aquatic animals. 2. Any product or offspring; -- used contemptuously. 3. (Hort.) Defn: The buds or branches produced from underground stems. 4. (Bot.) Defn: The white fibrous matter forming the matrix from which fungi. Spawn eater (Zoöl.), a small American cyprinoid fish (Notropis Hudsonius) allied to the dace. SPAWNER Spawn"er, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A mature female fish. The barbel, for the preservation or their seed, both the spawner and the milter, cover their spawn with sand. Walton. 2. Whatever produces spawn of any kind. SPAY Spay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Spaying.] Etym: [Cf. Armor. spac'hein, spaza to geld, W. dyspaddu to geld, L. spado a eunuch, Gr. Defn: To remove or extirpate the ovaries of, as a sow or a bitch; to castrate (a female animal). SPAY Spay, n. Etym: [Cf. Spade a spay, Spay, v. t.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The male of the red deer in his third year; a spade. SPAYAD; SPAYADE Spay"ad, Spay"ade, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A spay. SPEAK Speak, v. i. [imp. Spoke (Spake ( Archaic); p. p. Spoken (Spoke, Obs. or Colloq.); p. pr. & vb. n. Speaking.] Etym: [OE. speken, AS. specan, sprecan; akin to OF.ries. spreka, D. spreken, OS. spreken, G. sprechen, OHG. sprehhan, and perhaps to Skr. sphurj to crackle, to thunder. Cf. Spark of fire, Speech.] 1. To utter words or articulate sounds, as human beings; to express thoughts by words; as, the organs may be so obstructed that a man may not be able to speak. Till at the last spake in this manner. Chaucer. Speak, Lord; for thy servant heareth. 1 Sam. iii. 9. 2. To express opinions; to say; to talk; to converse. That fluid substance in a few minutes begins to set, as the tradesmen speak. Boyle. An honest man, is able to speak for himself, when a knave is not. Shak. During the century and a half which followed the Conquest, there is, to speak strictly, no English history. Macaulay. 3. To utter a speech, discourse, or harangue; to adress a public assembly formally. Many of the nobility made themselves popular by speaking in Parliament against those things which were most grateful to his majesty. Clarendon. 4. To discourse; to make mention; to tell. Lycan speaks of a part of Cæsar's army that came to him from the Leman Lake. Addison. 5. To give sound; to sound. Make all our trumpets speak. Shak. 6. To convey sentiments, ideas, or intelligence as if by utterance; as, features that speak of self-will. Thine eye begins to speak. Shak. To speak of, to take account of, to make mention of. Robynson (More's Utopia). -- To speak out, to speak loudly and distinctly; also, to speak unreservedly. -- To speak well for, to commend; to be favorable to. -- To speak with, to converse with. "Would you speak with me" Shak. Syn. -- To say; tell; talk; converse; discourse; articulate; pronounce; utter. SPEAK Speak, v. t. 1. To utter with the mouth; to pronounce; to utter articulately, as human beings. They sat down with him upn ground seven days and seven nights, and none spake a word unto him. Job. ii. 13. 2. To utter in a word or words; to say; to tell; to declare orally; as, to speak the truth; to speak sense. 3. To declare; to proclaim; to publish; to make known; to exhibit; to express in any way. It is my father;s muste To speak your deeds. Shak. Speaking a still good morrow with her eyes. Tennyson. And for the heaven's wide circuit, let it speak The maker's high magnificence. Milton. Report speaks you a bonny monk. Sir W. Scott. 4. To talk or converse in; to utter or pronounce, as in conversation; as, to speak Latin. And French she spake full fair and fetisely. Chaucer. 5. To address; to accost; to speak to. [He will] thee in hope; he will speak thee fair. Ecclus. xiii. 6. each village senior paused to scan And speak the lovely caravan. Emerson. To speak a ship (Naut.), to hail and speak to her captain or commander. SPEAKABLE Speak"a*ble, a. 1. Capable of being spoken; fit to be spoken. Ascham. 2. Able to speak. Milton. SPEAKER Speak"er, n. 1. One who speaks. Specifically: (a) One who utters or pronounces a discourse; usually, one who utters a speech in public; as, the man is a good speaker, or a bad speaker. (b) One who is the mouthpiece of others; especially, one who presides over, or speaks for, a delibrative assembly, preserving order and regulating the debates; as, the Speaker of the House of Commons, originally, the mouthpiece of the House to address the king; the Speaker of a House of Representatives. 2. A book of selections for declamation. [U. S.] SPEAKERSHIP Speak"er*ship, n. Defn: The office of speaker; as, the speakership of the House of Representatives. SPEAKING Speak"ing, a. 1. Uttering speech; used for conveying speech; as, man is a speaking animal; a speaking tube. 2. Seeming to be capable of speech; hence, lifelike; as, a speaking likeness. A speaking acquaintance, a slight acquaintance with a person, or one which merely permits the exchange of salutations and remarks on indifferent subjects. -- Speaking trumpet, an instrument somewhat resembling a trumpet, by which the sound of the human voice may be so intensified as to be conveyed to a great distance. -- Speaking tube, a tube for conveying speech, especially from one room to another at a distance. -- To be on speaking terms, to be slightly acquainted. SPEAKING Speak"ing, n. 1. The act of uttering words. 2. Public declamation; oratory. SPEAR Spear, n. Etym: [OE. spere, AS. spere; akin to D. & G. speer, OS. & OHS. sper, Icel. spjör, pl., Dan. spær, L. sparus.] 1. A long, pointed weapon, used in war and hunting, by thrusting or throwing; a weapon with a long shaft and a sharp head or blade; a lance. Note: [See Illust. of Spearhead.] "A sharp ground spear." Chaucer. They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks. Micah iv. 3. 2. Fig.: A spearman. Sir W. Scott. 3. A sharp-pointed instrument with barbs, used for stabbing fish and other animals. 4. A shoot, as of grass; a spire. 5. The feather of a horse. See Feather, n., 4. 6. The rod to which the bucket, or plunger, of a pump is attached; a pump rod. Spear foot, the off hind foot of a horse. -- Spear grass. (Bot.) (a) The common reed. See Reed, n., 1. (b) meadow grass. See under Meadow. -- Spear hand, the hand in which a horseman holds a spear; the right hand. Crabb. -- Spear side, the male line of a family. Lowell. -- Spear thistle (Bot.), the common thistle (Cnicus lanceolatus). SPEAR Spear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Speared; p. pr. & vb. n. Spearing.] Defn: To pierce with a spear; to kill with a spear; as, to spear a fish. SPEAR Spear, v. i. Defn: To shoot into a long stem, as some plants. See Spire. Mortimer. SPEARER Spear"er, n. Defn: One who uses a spear; as, a spearer of fish. SPEARFISH Spear"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large and powerful fish (Tetrapturus albidus) related to the swordfish, but having scales and ventral fins. It is found on the American coast and the Mediterranean. (b) The carp sucker. SPEARHEAD Spear"head`, n. Defn: The pointed head, or end, of a spear. SPEARMAN Spear"man, n.; pl. Spearmen (. Defn: One who is armed with a spear. Acts xxiii. 23. SPEARMINT Spear"mint`, n. Etym: [So named from its spiry, not capitate, inflorescence. Dr. Prior.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of mint (Mentha viridis) growing in moist soil. It vields an aromatic oil. See Mint, and Mentha. SPEARWOOD Spear"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An Australian tree (Acacia Doratoxylon), and its tough wood, used by the natives for spears. SPEARWORT Spear"wort`, n. Etym: [AS. sperewyrt.] (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several species of crowfoot (Ranunculus) which have spear-shaped leaves. SPEARY Spear"y, a. Defn: Having the form of a spear. SPECE Spece, n. Defn: Species; kind. [Obs.] Chaucer. SPECHT Specht, n. Etym: [See Speight.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A woodpecker. [Obs. or prov. Eng.] Sherwood. SPECIAL Spe"cial, a. Etym: [L. specialis, fr. species a particular sort, kind, or quality: cf. F. spécial. See Species, and cf. Especial.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; constituting a species or sort. A special is called by the schools a "species". I. Watts. 2. Particular; peculiar; different from others; extraordinary; uncommon. Our Savior is represented everywhere in Scripture as the special patron of the poor and the afficted. Atterbury. To this special evil an improvement of style would apply a special redress. De Quincey. 3. Appropriate; designed for a particular purpose, occasion, or person; as, a special act of Parliament or of Congress; a special sermon. 4. Limited in range; confined to a definite field of action, investigation, or discussion; as, a special dictionary of commercial terms; a special branch of study. 5. Chief in excellence. [Obs.] The king hath drawn The special head of all the land together. Shak. Special administration (Law), an administration limited to certain specified effects or acts, or one granted during a particular time or the existence of a special cause, as during a controversy respecting the probate of a will, or the right of administration, etc. -- Special agency, an agency confined to some particular matter. -- Special bail, Bail above, or Bail to the action (Law), sureties who undertake that, if the defendant is convicted, he shall satisfy the plaintiff, or surrender himself into custody. Tomlins. Wharton (Law Dict.). -- Special constable. See under Constable. Bouvier. -- Special damage (Law), a damage resulting from the act complained of, as a natural, but not the necessary, consequence of it. -- Special demurrer (Law), a demurrer for some defect of form in the opposite party pleading, in which the cause of demurrer is particularly stated. -- Special deposit, a deposit made of a specific thing to be kept distinct from others. -- Special homology. (Biol.) See under Homology. -- Special injuction (Law), an injuction granted on special grounds, arising of the circumstances of the case. Daniell. -- Special issue (Law), an issue produced upon a special plea. Stephen. -- Special jury (Law), a jury consisting of persons of some particular calling, station, or qualification, which is called upon motion of either party when the cause is supposed to require it; a struck jury. -- Special orders (Mil.), orders which do not concern, and are not published to, the whole command, such as those relating to the movement of a particular corps, a detail, a temporary camp, etc. -- Special partner, a limited partner; a partner with a limited or restricted responsibility; -- unknown at common law. -- Special partnership, a limited or particular partnership; -- a term sometimes applied to a partnership in a particular business, operation, or adventure. -- Special plea in bar (Law), a plea setting forth particular and new matter, distinguished from the general issue. Bouvier. -- Special pleader (Law), originally, a counsel who devoted himself to drawing special counts and pleas; in a wider sense, a lawyer who draws pleadings. -- Special pleading (Law), the allegation of special or new matter, as distingiushed from a direct denial of matter previously alleged on the side. Bouvier. The popular denomination of the whole science of pleading. Stephen. The phrase is sometimes popularly applied to the specious, but unsound, argumentation of one whose aim is victory, and not truth. Burrill. -- Special property (Law), a qualified or limited ownership possession, as in wild animals, things found or bailed. -- Special session, an extraordinary session; a session at an unusual time or for an unusual purpose; as, a special session of Congress or of a legislature. -- Special statute, or Special law, an act of the legislature which has reference to a particular person, place, or interest; -- in distinction from a general law. -- Special verdict (Law), a special finding of the facts of the case, leaving to the court the application of the law to them. Wharton (Law Dict.). Syn. -- Peculiar; appropriate; specific; dictinctive; particular; exceptional; singular. See Peculiar. SPECIAL Spe"cial, n. 1. A particular. [Obs.] Hammond. 2. One appointed for a special service or occasion. In special, specially; in particular. Chaucer. SPECIALISM Spe"cial*ism, n. Defn: Devotion to a particular and restricted part or branch of knowledge, art, or science; as, medical specialism. SPECIALIST Spe"cial*ist, n. Defn: One who devotes himself to some specialty; as, a medical specialist, one who devotes himself to diseases of particular parts of the body, as the eye, the ear, the nerves, etc. SPECIALITY Spe`ci*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Specialities. Etym: [See Special, and Specialty.] 1. A particular or peculiar case; a particularity. Sir M. Hale. 2. (Law) Defn: See Specialty, 3. 3. The special or peculiar mark or characteristic of a person or thing; that for which a person is specially distinguished; an object of special attention; a special occupation or object of attention; a specialty. On these two general heads all other specialities are depedent. Hooker. Strive, while improving your one talent, to enrich your whole capital as a man. It is in this way that you escape from the wretched narrow- mindedness which is the characteristic of every one who cultivates his speciality. Ld. Lytton. We 'll say, instead, the inconsequent creature man, -For that'a his speciality. Mrs. Browning. Think of this, sir, . . . remote from the impulses of passion, and apart from the specialities -- if I may use that strong remark -- of prejudice. Dickens. 4. An attribute or quality peculiar to a species. SPECIALIZATION Spe`cial*i*za"tion, n. 1. The act of specializing, or the state of being spezialized. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The setting spart of a particular organ for the performance of a particular function. Darwin. SPECIALIZE Spe"cial*ize, v. t. 1. To mention specialy; to particularize. 2. To apply to some specialty or limited object; to assign to a specific use; as, specialized knowledge. 3. (Biol.) Defn: To supply with an organ or organs having a special function or functions. SPECIALLY Spe"cial*ly, adv. 1. In a special manner; partcularly; especially. Chaucer. 2. For a particular purpose; as, a meeting of the legislature is specially summoned. SPECIALTY Spe"cial*ty, n.; pl. Specialties. Etym: [F. spécialité. Cf. Speciality.] 1. Particularity. Specialty of rule hath been neglected. Shak. 2. A particular or peculiar case. [Obs.] 3. (Law) Defn: A contract or obligation under seal; a contract by deed; a writing, under seal, given as security for a debt particularly specified. Chitty. Bouvier. Wharton (Law Dict.). Let specialties be therefore drawn between us. Shak. 4. That for which a person is distinguished, in which he is specially versed, or which he makes an object of special attention; a speciality. Men of boundless knowledge, like Humbold, must have had once their specialty, their pet subject. C. Kingsley. SPECIE Spe"ci*e, Defn: abl. of L. species sort, kind. Used in the phrase in specie, that is, in sort, in kind, in (its own) form. "[The king] expects a return in specie from them" [i. e., kindness for kindness]. Dryden. In specie (Law), in precise or definite form; specifically; according to the exact terms; of the very thing. SPECIE Spe"cie, n. Etym: [Formed as a singular from species, in sense 5.] Defn: Coin; hard money. SPECIES Spe"cies, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [L., a sight, outward appearance, shape, form, a particular sort, kind, or quality, a species. See Spice, n., and cf. Specie, Special.] 1. Visible or sensible presentation; appearance; a sensible percept received by the imagination; an image. [R.] "The species of the letters illuminated with indigo and violet." Sir I. Newton. Wit, . . . the faculty of imagination in the writer, which searches over all the memory for the species or ideas of those things which it designs to represent. Dryden. Note: In the scholastic philosophy, the species was sensible and intelligible. The sensible species was that in any material, object which was in fact discerned by the mind through the organ of perception, or that in any object which rendered it possible that it should be perceived. The sensible species, as apprehended by the understanding in any of the relations of thought, was called an intelligible species. "An apparent diversity between the species visible and audible is, that the visible doth not mingle in the medium, but the audible doth." Bacon. 2. (Logic) Defn: A group of individuals agreeing in common attributes, and designated by a common name; a conception subordinated to another conception, called a genus, or generic conception, from which it differs in containing or comprehending more attributes, and extending to fewer individuals. Thus, man is a species, under animal as a genus; and man, in its turn, may be regarded as a genus with respect to European, American, or the like, as species. 3. In science, a more or less permanent group of existing things or beings, associated according to attributes, or properties determined by scientific observation. Note: In mineralogy and chemistry, objects which possess the same definite chemical structure, and are fundamentally the same in crystallization and physical characters, are classed as belonging to a species. In zoölogy and botany, a species is an ideal group of individuals which are believed to have descended from common ancestors, which agree in essential characteristics, and are capable of indefinitely continued fertile reproduction through the sexes. A species, as thus defined, differs from a variety or subspecies only in the greater stability of its characters and in the absence of individuals intermediate between the related groups. 4. A sort; a kind; a variety; as, a species of low cunning; a species of generosity; a species of cloth. 5. Coin, or coined silver, gold, ot other metal, used as a circulating medium; specie. [Obs.] There was, in the splendor of the Roman empire, a less quantity of current species in Europe than there is now. Arbuthnot. 6. A public spectacle or exhibition. [Obs.] Bacon. 7. (Pharmacy) (a) A component part of compound medicine; a simple. (b) (Med.) An officinal mixture or compound powder of any kind; esp., one used for making an aromatic tea or tisane; a tea mixture. Quincy. 8. (Civil Law) Defn: The form or shape given to materials; fashion or shape; form; figure. Burill. Incipient species (Zoöl.), a subspecies, or variety, which is in process of becoming permanent, and thus changing to a true species, usually by isolation in localities from which other varieties are excluded. SPECIFIABLE Spec"i*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: Admitting specification; capable of being specified. SPECIFIC Spe*cif"ic, a. Etym: [F. spécifique, or NL. cpesificus; L. species a particular sort or kind + facere to make. Cf. Specify.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; characterizing or constituting a species; possessing the peculiar property or properties of a thing which constitute its species, and distinguish it from other things; as, the specific form of an animal or a plant; the specific qualities of a drug; the specific distinction between virtue and vice. Specific difference is that primary attribute which distinguishes each species from one another. I. Watts. 2. Specifying; definite, or making definite; limited; precise; discriminating; as, a specific statement. 3. (Med.) Defn: Exerting a peculiar influence over any part of the body; preventing or curing disease by a peculiar adaption, and not on general principles; as, quinine is a specific medicine in cases of malaria. In fact, all medicines will be found specific in the perfection of the science. Coleridge. Specific character (Nat. Hist.), a characteristic or characteristics distinguishing one species from every other species of the same genus. -- Specific disease (Med.) (a) A disease which produces a determinate definite effect upon the blood and tissues or upon some special tissue. (b) A disease which is itself uniformly produced by a definite and peculiar poison or organism. -- Specific duty. (Com.) See under Duty. -- Specific gravity. (Physics) See under Gravity. -- Specific heat (Physics), the quantity of heat required to raise temperature of a body one degree, taking as the unit of measure the quantity required to raise the same weight of water from zero to one degree; thus, the specific heat of mercury is 0.033, that of water being 1.000. -- Specific inductive capacity (Physics), the effect of a dielectric body in producing static electric induction as compared with that of some other body or bodies referred to as a standard. -- Specific legacy (Law), a bequest of a particular thing, as of a particular animal or piece of furniture, specified and distinguished from all others. Wharton. Burrill. -- Specific name (Nat., Hist.), the name which, appended to the name of the genus, constitutes the distinctive name of the species; -- originally applied by Linnæus to the essential character of the species, or the essential difference. The present specific name he at first called the trivial name. -- Specific performance (Law), the peformance of a contract or agreement as decreed by a court of equity. SPECIFIC Spe*cif"ic, n. 1. (Med.) Defn: A specific remedy. See Specific, a., 3. His parents were weak enough to believe that the royal touch was a specific for this malady. Macaulay. 2. Anything having peculiar adaption to the purpose to which it is applied. Dr. H. More. SPECIFICAL Spe*cif"ic*al, a. Defn: Specific. Bacon. SPECIFICALLY Spe*cif"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a specific manner. SPECIFICALNESS Spe*cif"ic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being specific. SPECIFICATE Spe*cif"i*cate, v. t. Etym: [See Specify.] Defn: To show, mark, or designate the species, or the distinguishing particulars of; to specify. [Obs.] ir M. Hale. SPECIFICATION Spec`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. spécification, LL. specificatio.] 1. The act of specifying or determining by a mark or limit; notation of limits. This specification or limitation of the question hinders the disputers from wandering away from the precise point of inquiry. I. Watts. 2. The designation of particulars; particular mention; as, the specification of a charge against an officer. 3. A written statement containing a minute description or enumeration of particulars, as of charges against a public officer, the terms of a contract, the description of an invention, as in a patent; also, a single article, item, or particular, an allegation of a specific act, as in a charge of official misconduct. SPECIFICNESS Spe*cif"ic*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being specific. SPECIFY Spec"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Specified; p. pr. & vb. n. Specifying.] Etym: [F. spécifier, or OF. especifier, fr. LL. specificare. See Species, -fy.] Defn: To mention or name, as a particular thing; to designate in words so as to distinguish from other things; as, to specify the uses of a plant; to specify articles purchased. He has there given us an exact geography of Greece, where the countries and the uses of their soils are specified. Pope. SPECILLUM Spe*cil"lum, n. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: See Stylet, 2. SPECIMEN Spec"i*men, n. Etym: [L., fr. specere to look, to behold. See Spy.] Defn: A part, or small portion, of anything, or one of a number of things, intended to exhibit the kind and quality of the whole, or of what is not exhibited; a sample; as, a specimen of a man's handwriting; a specimen of painting; aspecimen of one's art. Syn. -- Sample; model; pattern. -- Specimen, Sample. A specimen is a representative of the class of things to which it belongs; as, a specimen of photography. A sample is a part of the thing itself, designed to show the quality of the whole; as, a sample of sugar or of broadcloth. A cabinet of minerals consists of specimens; if a part be broken off from any one of these, it is a sample of the mineral to which it belongs. "Several persons have exhibited specimens of this art before multitudes of beholders." Addison. "I design this but for a sample of what I hope more fully to discuss." Woodward. SPECIOSITY Spe`ci*os"i*ty, n.; pl. Speciocities. Etym: [Cf. LL. speciositas.] 1. The quality or state of being specious; speciousness. Professions built so largely on speciosity, instead of performance. Carlyle. 2. That which is specious. Dr. H. More. SPECIOUS Spe"cious, a. Etym: [L. speciosusgood-looking, beautiful, specious, fr. species look, show, appearance; cf. F. spécoeux. See Species.] 1. Presenting a pleasing appearance; pleasing in form or look; showy. Some [serpents] specious and beautiful to the eye. Bp. Richardson. The rest, far greater part, Will deem in outward rites and specious forms Religion satisfied. Milton. 2. Apparently right; superficially fair, just, or correct, but not so in reality; appearing well at first view; plausible; as, specious reasoning; a specious argument. Misled for a moment by the specious names of religion, liberty, and property. Macaulay. In consequence of their greater command of specious expression. J. Morley. Syn. -- Plausible; showy; ostensible; colorable; feasible. See Plausible. -- Spe"xious*ly, adv. -- Spe"cious*ness, n. SPECK Speck, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. spik blubber, AS. spic, D. spek, G. speck.] Defn: The blubber of whales or other marine mammals; also, the fat of the hippopotamus. Speck falls (Naut.), falls or ropes rove through blocks for hoisting the blubber and bone of whales on board a whaling vessel. SPECK Speck, n. Etym: [OE. spekke, AS. specca; cf. LG. spaak.] 1. A small discolored place in or on anything, or a small place of a color different from that of the main substance; a spot; a stain; a blemish; as, a speck on paper or loth; specks of decay in fruit. "Gray sand, with black specks." Anson. 2. A very small thing; a particle; a mite; as, specks of dust; he has not a speck of money. Many bright specks bubble up along the blue Egean. Landor. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small etheostomoid fish (Ulocentra stigmæa) common in the Eastern United States. SPECK Speck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Specked; p. pr. & vb. n. Specking.] Defn: To cause the presence of specks upon or in, especially specks regarded as defects or blemishes; to spot; to speckle; as, paper specked by impurities in the water used in its manufacture. Carnation, purple, azure, or specked with gold. Milton. SPECKLE Spec"kle, n. Etym: [Dim. of speck; cf. D. spikkel.] Defn: A little or spot in or anything, of a different substance or color from that of the thing itself. An huge great serpent, all with speckles pied. Spebser. SPECKLE Spec"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Speckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Speckling.] Defn: To mark with small spots of a different color from that of the rest of the surface; to variegate with spots of a different color from the ground or surface. SPECKLED Spec"kled, a. Defn: Marked or variegated with small spots of a different color from that of the rest of the surface. Speckled Indians (Ethnol.), the Pintos. -- Speckled trout. (Zoöl.) (a) The common American brook trout. See Trout. (b) The rainbow trout. SPECKLED-BELLY Spec"kled-bel`ly, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The gadwall. [Local, U.S.] SPECKLED-BILL Spec"kled-bill", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons). SPECKLEDNESS Spec"kled*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being speckled. SPECKSIONEER Speck`sion*eer", n. Defn: The chief harpooner, who also directs in cutting up the speck, or blubber; -- so called among whalers. SPECKT Speckt, n. Defn: A woodpecker. See Speight. SPECTACLE Spec"ta*cle, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. spectaculum, fr. spectare to look at, to behold, v. intens. fr. specere. See Spy.] 1. Something exhibited to view; usually, something presented to view as extraordinary, or as unusual and worthy of special notice; a remarkable or noteworthy sight; a show; a pageant; a gazingstock. O, piteous spectacle O, bloody times! Shak. 2. A spy-glass; a looking-glass. [Obs.] Poverty a spectacle is, as thinketh me, Through which he may his very friends see. Chaucer. 3. pl. Defn: An optical instrument consisting of two lenses set in a light frame, and worn to assist sight, to obviate some defect in the organs of vision, or to shield the eyes from bright light. 4. pl. Defn: Fig.: An aid to the intellectual sight. Shakespeare . . . needed not the spectacles of books to read nature. Dryden. Syn. -- Show; sight; exhibition; representation; pageant. SPECTACLED Spec"ta*cled, a. 1. Furnished with spectacles; wearing spectacles. As spectacled she sits in chimney nook. Keats. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the eyes surrounded by color markings, or patches of naked skin, resembling spectacles. Spectacled bear (Zoöl.), a South American bear (Tremarclos ornatus) which inhabits the high mountains of Chili and Peru. It has a light-colored ring around each eye. -- Spectacled coot, or Spectacled duck (Zoöl.), the surf scoter, or surf duck. [Local, U.S.] -- Spectacled eider (Zoöl.) See Eider. -- Spectacled goose (Zoöl.), the gannet. -- Spectacled snake (Zoöl.), the cobra de capello. SPECTACULAR Spec*tac"u*lar, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a shows; of the nature of a show. "Spectacular sports." G. Hickes. 2. Adapted to excite wonder and admiration by a display of pomp or of scenic effects; as, a spectacular celebration of some event; a spectacular play. 3. Pertaining to spectacles, or glasses for the eyes. SPECTANT Spec"tant, a. Etym: [L. spectans, p.pr. of spectare to look at.] Defn: Looking forward. SPECTATION Spec*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. spectatio.] Defn: Regard; aspect; appearance. Harvey. SPECTATOR Spec*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L. spectator: cf. F. spectateur. See Spectacle.] Defn: One who on; one who sees or beholds; a beholder; one who is personally present at, and sees, any exhibition; as, the spectators at a show. "Devised and played to take spectators." Shak. Syn. -- Looker-on; beholder; observer; witness. SPECTATORIAL Spec`ta*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a spectator. Addison. SPECTATORSHIP Spec*ta"tor*ship, n. 1. The office or quality of a spectator. [R.] Addison. 2. The act of beholding. [Obs.] Shak. SPECTATRESS; SPECTATRIX Spec*ta"tress, Spec*ta"trix, n. Etym: [L. spectatrix.] Defn: A female beholder or looker-on. "A spectatress of the whole scene." Jeffrey. SPECTER; SPECTRE Spec"ter, Spec"tre, n. Etym: [F. spectre, fr. L. spectrum an appearance, image, specter, fr. specere to look. See Spy, and cf. Spectrum.] 1. Something preternaturally visible; an apparition; a ghost; a phantom. The ghosts of traitors from the bridge descend, With bold fanatic specters to rejoice. Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The tarsius. (b) A stick insect. Specter bat (Zoöl.), any phyllostome bat. -- Specter candle (Zoöl.), a belemnite. -- Specter shrimp (Zoöl.), a skeleton shrimp. See under Skeleton. SPECTIONEER Spec`tion*eer", n. Defn: Same as Specsioneer. SPECTRAL Spec"tral, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a specter; ghosty. He that feels timid at the spectral form of evil is not the man to spread light. F. W. Robertson. 2. (Opt.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the spectrum; made by the spectrum; as, spectral colors; spectral analysis. Spectral lemur. (Zoöl.) See Tarsius. SPECTRALLY Spec"tral*ly, adv. Defn: In the form or manner of a specter. SPECTRE Spec"tre, n. Defn: See Specter. SPECTROBOLOMETER Spec`tro*bo*lom"e*ter, n. (Physics) Defn: A combination of spectroscope and bolometer for determining the distribution of energy in a spectrum. --Spec`tro*bo`lo*met"ric (#), a. SPECTROELECTRIC Spec`tro*e*lec"tric, a. Defn: Pert. to or designating any form of spark tube the electric discharge within which is used in spectroscopic observations. SPECTROGRAM Spec"tro*gram, n. [Spectrum + -gram.] (Physics) Defn: A photograph, map, or diagram of a spectrum. SPECTROGRAPH Spec"tro*graph, n. [Spectrum + graph.] (Physics) (a) An apparatus for photographing or mapping a spectrum. (b) A photograph or picture of a spectrum. -- Spec`tro*graph"ic (#), a. --Spec`tro*graph"ic*al*ly (#), adv. --Spec*trog"ra*phy (#), n. SPECTROHELIOGRAM Spec`tro*he"li*o*gram`, n. [Spectrum + heloi- + -gram.] (Astrophysics) Defn: A photograph of the sun made by monochromatic light, usually of the calcium line (k), and showing the sun's faculæ and prominences. SPECTROHELIOGRAPH Spec`tro*he"li*o*graph, n. (Astrophysics) Defn: An apparatus for making spectroheliograms, consisting of a spectroscopic camera used in combination with a telescope, and provided with clockwork for moving the sun's image across the slit. -- Spec`tro*he`li*o*graph"ic (#), a. SPECTROLOGICAL Spec`tro*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to spectrology; as, spectrological studies or experiments. -- Spec`tro*log"ic*al*ly, adv. SPECTROLOGY Spec*trol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Spectrum + -logy.] (Chem.Phys.) Defn: The science of spectrum analysis in any or all of its relations and applications. SPECTROMETER Spec*trom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Spectrum + -meter.] (Physics) Defn: A spectroscope fitted for measurements of the luminious spectra observed with it. SPECTROMETRY Spec*trom"e*try, n. (Physics) Defn: Art or process of using the spectrometer, or of measuring wave lengths of rays of a spectrum. -- Spec`tro*met"ric (#), a. SPECTROPHONE Spec"tro*phone, n. [Spectrum + Gr. sound.] Defn: An instrument constructed on the principle of the photophone and used in spectrum analysis as an adjunct to the spectroscope. -- Spec`tro*phon"ic (#), a. SPECTROPHOTOMETER Spec`tro*pho*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Spectrum + photometer.] (Opt.) Defn: An instrument for measuring or comparing the intensites of the colors of the spectrum. SPECTROPHOTOMETRY Spec`tro*pho*tom"e*try, n. Defn: The art of comparing, photometrically, the brightness of two spectra, wave length by wave length; the use of the spectrophotometer. --Spec`tro*pho`to*met"ric (#), a. SPECTROSCOPE Spec"tro*scope, n. Etym: [Spectrum + -scope.] (Physics) Defn: An optical instrument for forming and examining spectra (as that of solar light, or those produced by flames in which different substances are volatilized), so as to determine, from the position of the spectral lines, the composition of the substance. SPECTROSCOPIC; SPECTROSCOPICAL Spec`tro*scop"ic, Spec`tro*scop"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a spectroscope, or spectroscopy. -- Spec`tro*scop"ic*al*ly, adv. SPECTROSCOPIST Spec*tros"co*pist ( or ), n. Defn: One who investigates by means of a spectroscope; one skilled in the use of the spectroscope. SPECTROSCOPY Spec*tros"co*py, n. Defn: The use of the spectroscope; investigations made with the spectroscope. SPECTRUM Spec"trum, n.; pl. Spectra. Etym: [L. See Specter.] 1. An apparition; a specter. [Obs.] 2. (Opt.) (a) The several colored and other rays of which light is composed, separated by the refraction of a prism or other means, and observed or studied either as spread out on a screen, by direct vision, by photography, or otherwise. See Illust. of Light, and Spectroscope. (b) A luminous appearance, or an image seen after the eye has been exposed to an intense light or a strongly illuminated object. When the object is colored, the image appears of the complementary color, as a green image seen after viewing a red wafer lying on white paper. Called also ocular spectrum. Absorption spectrum, the spectrum of light which has passed through a medium capable of absorbing a portion of the rays. It is characterized by dark spaces, bands, or lines. -- Chemical spectrum, a spectrum of rays considered solely with reference to their chemical effects, as in photography. These, in the usual photogrophic methods, have their maximum influence at and beyond the violet rays, but are not limited to this region. -- Chromatic spectrum, the visible colored rays of the solar spectrum, exhibiting the seven principal colors in their order, and covering the central and larger portion of the space of the whole spectrum. -- Continous spectrum, a spectrum not broken by bands or lines, but having the colors shaded into each other continously, as that from an incandescent solid or liquid, or a gas under high pressure. -- Diffraction spectrum, a spectrum produced by diffraction, as by a grating. -- Gaseous spectrum, the spectrum of an incandesoent gas or vapor, under moderate, or especially under very low, pressure. It is characterized by bright bands or lines. -- Normal spectrum, a representation of a spectrum arranged upon conventional plan adopted as standard, especially a spectrum in which the colors are spaced proportionally to their wave lengths, as when formed by a diffraction grating. -- Ocular spectrum. See Spectrum, 2 (b), above. -- Prismatic spectrum, a spectrum produced by means of a prism. -- Solar spectrum, the spectrum of solar light, especially as thrown upon a screen in a darkened room. It is characterized by numerous dark lines called Fraunhofer lines. -- Spectrum analysis, chemical analysis effected by comparison of the different relative positions and qualities of the fixed lines of spectra produced by flames in which different substances are burned or evaporated, each substance having its own characteristic system of lines. -- Thermal spectrum, a spectrum of rays considered solely with reference to their heating effect, especially of those rays which produce no luminous phenomena. SPECULAR Spec"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. specularis (cf., from the same root, specula a lookout, watchtower): cf. F. spéculaire. See Speculum.] 1. Having the qualities of a speculum, or mirror; having a smooth, reflecting surface; as, a specular metal; a specular surface. 2. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a speculum; conducted with the aid of a speculum; as, a specular examination. 3. Assisting sight, as a lens or the like. [Obs.] Thy specular orb Apply to well-dissected kernels; lo! In each observe the slender threads Of first-beginning trees. J. Philips. 4. Affording view. [R.] "Look once more, ere we leave this specular mount." Milton. Specular iron. (Min.) See Hematite. SPECULATE Spec"u*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Speculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Speculating.] Etym: [L. speculatus, p.p. of speculari to spy out, observe, fr. specula a lookout, fr. specere to look. See Spy.] 1. To consider by turning a subject in the mind, and viewing it in its different aspects and relations; to meditate; to contemplate; to theorize; as, to speculate on questions in religion; to speculate on political events. It is remarkable that persons who speculate the most boldly often conform with the most pefect quietude to the external regulations of society. Hawthorne. 2. (Philos.) Defn: To view subjects from certain premises given or assumed, and infer conclusions respecting them a priori. 3. (Com.) Defn: To purchase with the expectation of a contingent advance in value, and a consequent sale at a profit; -- often, in a somewhat depreciative sense, of unsound or hazardous transactions; as, to speculate in coffee, in sugar, or in bank stock. SPECULATE Spec"u*late, v. t. Defn: To consider attentively; as, to speculate the nature of a thing. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton. SPECULATION Spec`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. speculatio a spying out, observation: cf. F. spéculation.] 1. The act of speculating. Specifically: -- (a) Examination by the eye; view. [Obs.] (b) Mental view of anything in its various aspects and relations; contemplation; intellectual examination. Thenceforth to speculations high or deep I turned my thoughts. Milton. (c) (Philos.) Defn: The act or process of reasoning a priori from premises given or assumed. (d) (Com.) The act or practice of buying land, goods, shares, etc., in expectation of selling at a higher price, or of selling with the expectation of repurchasing at a lower price; a trading on anticipated fluctuations in price, as distinguished from trading in which the profit expected is the difference between the retail and wholesale prices, or the difference of price in different markets. 1 year) is considered investment. Sudden fortunes, indeed, are sometimes made in such places, by what is called the trade of speculation. A. Smith. Speculation, while confined within moderate limits, is the agent for equalizing supply and demand, and rendering the fluctuations of price less sudden and abrupt than they would otherwise be. F. A. Walker. (e) Any business venture in involving unusual risks, with a chance for large profits. 2. A conclusion to which the mind comes by speculating; mere theory; view; notion; conjecture. From him Socrates derived the principles of morality, and most part of his natural speculations. Sir W. temple. To his speculations on these subjects he gave the lofty name of the "Oracles of Reason." Macaulay. 3. Power of sight. [Obs.] Thou hast no speculation in those eyes. Shak. 4. A game at cards in which the players buy from one another trumps or whole hands, upon a chance of getting the highest trump dealt, which entitles the holder to the pool of stakes. SPECULATIST Spec"u*la*tist, n. Defn: One who speculates, or forms theories; a speculator; a theorist. The very ingenious speculatist, Mr. Hume. V. Knox. SPECULATIVE Spec"u*la*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. spéculatif, L. speculativus.] 1. Given to speculation; contemplative. The mind of man being by nature speculative. Hooker. 2. Involving, or formed by, speculation; ideal; theoretical; not established by demonstration. Cudworth. 3. Of or pertaining to vision; also, prying; inquisitive; curious. [R.] Bacon. 4. Of or pertaining to speculation in land, goods, shares, etc.; as, a speculative dealer or enterprise. The speculative merchant exercises no one regular, established, or well-known branch of business. A. Smith. -- Spec"u*la*tive*ly, adv. -- Spec"u*la*tive*ness, n. SPECULATOR Spec"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [L., a spy, explorer, investigator: cf. F. spéculateur.] Defn: One who speculates. Specifically: (a) An observer; a contemplator; hence, a spy; a watcher. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. (b) One who forms theories; a theorist. A speculator who had dared to affirm that the human soul is by nature mortal. Macaulay. (c) (Com.) Defn: One who engages in speculation; one who buys and sells goods, land, etc., with the expectation of deriving profit from fluctuations in price. SPECULATORIAL Spec`u*la*to"ri*al, a. Defn: Speculatory; speculative. [Obs.] SPECULATORY Spec"u*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. speculatorius belonging to spies or scouts.] 1. Intended or adapted for viewing or espying; having oversight. T. Warton. 2. Exercising speculation; speculative. T. Carew. SPECULIST Spec"u*list, n. Defn: One who observes or considers; an observer. [R.] Goldsmith. SPECULUM Spec"u*lum, n.; pl. L. Specula, E. Speculum. Etym: [L., fr. specere to look, behold. See Spy.] 1. A mirror, or looking-glass; especially, a metal mirror, as in Greek and Roman archæology. 2. A reflector of polished metal, especially one used in reflecting telescopes. See Speculum metal, below. 3. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for dilating certain passages of the body, and throwing light within them, thus facilitating examination or surgical operations. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bright and lustrous patch of color found on the wings of ducks and some other birds. It is usually situated on the distal portions of the secondary quills, and is much more brilliant in the adult male than in the female. Speculum metal, a hard, brittle alloy used for making the reflectors of telescopes and other instruments, usually consisting of copper and tin in various proportions, one of the best being that in which there are 126.4 parts of copper to 58.9 parts of tin, with sometimes a small proportion of arsenic, antimony, or zinc added to improve the whiteness. SPED Sped, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Speed. SPEECE Speece, n. Defn: Species; sort. [Obs.] SPEECH Speech, n. Etym: [OE. speche, AS. sp, spr, fr. specan, sprecan, to speak; akin to D. spraak speech, OHG. sprahha, G. sprache, Sw. spr, Dan. sprog. See Speak.] 1. The faculty of uttering articulate sounds or words; the faculty of expressing thoughts by words or articulate sounds; the power of speaking. There is none comparable to the variety of instructive expressions by speech, wherewith man alone is endowed for the communication of his thoughts. Holder. 2. he act of speaking; that which is spoken; words, as expressing ideas; language; conversation. Note: Speech is voice modulated by the throat, tongue, lips, etc., the modulation being accomplished by changing the form of the cavity of the mouth and nose through the action of muscles which move their walls. O goode God! how gentle and how kind Ye seemed by your speech and your visage The day that maked was our marriage. Chaucer. The acts of God . . . to human ears Can nort without process of speech be told. Milton. 3. A particular language, as distinct from others; a tongue; a dialect. People of a strange speech and of an hard language. Ezek. iii. 6. 4. Talk; mention; common saying. The duke . . . did of me demand What was the speech among the Londoners Concerning the French journey. Shak. 5. formal discourse in public; oration; harangue. The constant design of these orators, in all their speeches, was to drive some one particular point. Swift. 6. ny declaration of thoughts. I. with leave of speech implored, . . . replied. Milton. Syn. Harangue; language; address; oration. See Harangue, and Language. SPEECH Speech, v. i. & t. Defn: To make a speech; to harangue. [R.] SPEECHFUL Speech"ful, a. Defn: Full of speech or words; voluble; loquacious. [R.] SPEECHIFICATION Speech`i*fi*ca"tion, n.Etym: [See Spechify.] Defn: The act of speechifying. [Used humorously or in contempt.] SPEECHIFIER Speech"i*fi`er, n. Defn: One who makes a speech or speeches; an orator; a declaimer. [Used humorously or in contempt.] G. Eliot. SPEECHIFY Speech"i*fy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Speechified; p. pr. & vb. n. Speechifying.] Etym: [Speech + -fy.] Defn: To make a speech; to harangue. [Used derisively or humorously.] SPEECHIFYING Speech"i*fy`ing, n. Defn: The act of making a speech or speeches. [Used derisively or humorously.] The dinner and speechifying . . . at the opening of the annual season for the buckhounds. M. Arnold. SPEECHING Speech"ing, n. Defn: The act of making a speech. [R.] SPEECHLESS Speech"less, a. 1. Destitute or deprived of the faculty of speech. 2. Not speaking for a time; dumb; mute; silent. Speechless with wonder, and half dead with fear. Addison. -- Speech"less*ly, adv. -- Speech"less*ness, n. SPEECHMAKER Speech"mak`er, n. Defn: One who makes speeches; one accustomed to speak in a public assembly. SPEED Speed, n. Etym: [AS. sp success, swiftness, from sp to succeed; akin to D. spoedd, OHG. spuot success, spuot to succees, Skr. spha to increase, grow fat. sq. root170b.] 1. Prosperity in an undertaking; favorable issue; success. "For common speed." Chaucer. O Lord God of my master Abraham, I pray thee, send me good speed this day. Gen. xxiv. 12. 2. The act or state of moving swiftly; swiftness; velocity; rapidly; rate of motion; dispatch; as, the speed a horse or a vessel. Speed, to describe whose swiftness number fails. Milton. Note: In kinematics, speedis sometimes used to denote the amount of velocity without regard to direction of motion, while velocity is not regarded as known unless both the direction and the amount are known. 3. One who, or that which, causes or promotes speed or success. [Obs.] "Hercules be thy speed!" Shak. God speed, Good speed; prosperity. See Godspeed. -- Speed gauge, Speed indicator, and Speed recorder (Mach.), devices for indicating or recording the rate of a body's motion, as the number of revolutions of a shaft in a given time. -- Speed lathe (Mach.), a power lathe with a rapidly revolving spindle, for turning small objects, for polishing, etc.; a hand lathe. -- Speed pulley, a cone pulley with steps. Syn. -- Haste; swiftness; celerity; quickness; dispatch; expedition; hurry; acceleration. See Haste. SPEED Speed, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sped, Speeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Speeding.] Etym: [AS. sp, fr. sp, n.; akin to D. spoeden, G. sich sputen. See Speed, n.] 1. To go; to fare. [Obs.] To warn him now he is too farre sped. Remedy of Love. 2. To experience in going; to have any condition, good or ill; to fare. Shak. Ships heretofore in seas lke fishes sped; The mightiest still upon the smallest fed. Waller. 3. To fare well; to have success; to prosper. Save London, and send true lawyers their meed! For whoso wants money with them shall not speed! Lydgate. I told ye then he should prevail, and speed On his bad errand. Milton. 4. To make haste; to move with celerity. I have speeded hither with the very extremest inch of possibility. Shak. 5. To be expedient. [Obs.] Wyclif (2 Cor. xii. 1.) SPEED Speed, v. t. 1. To cause to be successful, or to prosper; hence, to aid; to favor. "Fortune speed us!" Shak. With rising gales that speed their happy flight. Dryden. 2. To cause to make haste; to dispatch with celerity; to drive at full speed; hence, to hasten; to hurry. He sped him thence home to his habitation. Fairfax. 3. To hasten to a conclusion; to expedite. Judicial acts . . . are sped in open court at the instance of one or both of the parties. Ayliffe. 4. To hurry to destruction; to put an end to; to ruin; to undo. "Sped with spavins." Shak. A dire dilemma! either way I 'm sped. If foes, they write, if friends, they read, me dead. Pope. 5. To wish success or god fortune to, in any undertaking, especially in setting out upon a journey. Welkome the coming, speed the parting guest. Pope. God speed you, them, etc., may God speed you; or, may you have good speed. Syn. -- To depatch; hasten; expedite; accelerate; hurry. SPEED COUNTER Speed counter. (Mach.) Defn: A device for automatically counting the revolutions or pulsations of an engine or other machine; -- called also simply counter. SPEEDER Speed"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, speeds. 2. (Spinning) Defn: A machine for drawing and twisting slivers to form rovings. SPEEDFUL Speed"ful, a. Defn: Full of speed (in any sense). [Obs.] SPEEDFULLY Speed"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a speedful manner. [Obs.] SPEEDILY Speed"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a speedy manner. SPEEDINESS Speed"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being speedy. SPEEDLESS Speed"less, a. Defn: Being without speed. SPEEDWELL Speed"well, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Veronica, mostly low herbs with pale blue corollas, which quickly fall off. SPEEDY Speed"y, a. [Compar. Speedier; superl. Speediest.] Etym: [AS. sp.] Defn: Not dilatory or slow; quick; swift; nimble; hasty; rapid in motion or performance; as, a speedy flight; on speedy foot. I will wish her speedy strength. Shak. Darts, which not the good could shun, The speedy ould outfly. Dryden. SPEER Speer, n. Defn: A sphere. [Obs.] Chaucer. SPEER Speer, v. t. Defn: To ask. [Scot.] See Spere. SPEET Speet, v. t. Etym: [Cf. D. speten. See Spit an iron prong.] Defn: To stab. [Obs.] Gammer Gurton's Needle. SPEIGHT Speight, n. Etym: [G. specht, probably akin to L. picus: cf. D. specht. sq. root169. See Pie a magpie.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A woodpecker; -- called also specht, spekt, spight. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SPEIR Speir, v. i. Defn: To ask. See Spere. Sir W. Scott. SPEISKOBALT Speis`ko"balt, n. Etym: [G.] Defn: Smaltite. SPEISS Speiss, n. Etym: [Cf. G. speise food, mixed metal for bells, etc.] (Metal.) Defn: A regulus consisting essentially of nickel, obtained as a residue in fusing cobalt and nickel ores with silica and sodium carbonate to make smalt. SPEKBOOM Spek"boom, n. Etym: [D., lit. fat tree.] (Bot.) Defn: The purslane tree of South Africa, -- said to be the favorite food of elephants. Balfour (Cyc. of India). SPEKE Speke, v. i. & t. Defn: To speak. [Obs.] Chaucer. SPEKEHOUSE Speke"house`, n. Defn: The parlor or reception room of a convent. [Obs.] SPELDING Spel"ding, n. Etym: [Scot. speld to spread out, spelder to split. spread open; cf. G. spalten split.] Defn: A haddock or other small fish split open and dried in the sun; -- called also speldron. [Scot.] SPELICANS Spel"i*cans, n. pl. Defn: See Spilikin. SPELK Spelk, n. Etym: [AS. spelc, spilc, a little rod by which a thing is kept straight, a splint for binding up broken bones, akin to Icel. spelkur, pl., a splint. Cf. Spell a splinter.] Defn: A small stick or rod used as a spike in thatching; a splinter. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. SPELL Spell, n. Etym: [OE. speld, AS. speld a spill to light a candle with; akin to D. speld a pin, OD. spelle, G. spalten to split, OHG. spaltan, MHG. spelte a splinter, Icel. spjald a square tablet, Goth. spilda a writing tablet. Cf. Spillsplinter, roll of paper, Spell to tell the letters of.] Defn: A spelk, or splinter. [Obs.] Holland. SPELL Spell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Spelling.] Etym: [AS. spelian to supply another's place.] Defn: To supply the place of for a time; to take the turn of, at work; to relieve; as, to spell the helmsman. SPELL Spell, n. 1. The relief of one person by another in any piece of work or wathing; also, a turn at work which is carried on by one person or gang relieving another; as, a spellat the pumps; a spell at the masthead. A spell at the wheel isc called a trick. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 2. The time during which one person or gang works until relieved; hence, any relatively short period of time, whether a few hours, days, or weeks. Nothing new hass happened in this quarter, except the setting in of a severe spell of cold weather. Washington. 3. One of two or more persons or gangs who work by spells. [R.] Their toil is so extreme that they can not endure it above four hours in a day, but are succeeded by spells. Garew. 4. A gratuitous helping forward of another's work; as, a logging spell. [Local, U.S.] SPELL Spell, n.Etym: [AS. spell a saying, tale, speech; akin to OS. & OHG. spel, Icel. spjall,Goth. spill. Cf. Gospel, Spell to tell the letters of.] 1. A story; a tale. [Obs.] "Hearken to my spell." Chaucer. 2. A stanza, verse, or phrase supposed to be endowed with magical power; an incantation; hence, any charm. Start not; her actions shall be holy as You hear my spell is lawful. Shak. SPELL Spell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spelled ( or Spelt (; p. pr. & vb. n. Spelling.] Etym: [OE. spellen, spellien, tell, relate, AS. spellian, fr. spell a saying, tale; akin to MHG. spellen to relate, Goth. spill.e Spell a tale. In sense 4 and those following, OE. spellen, perhaps originally a different word, and from or influenced by spell a splinter, from the use of a piece of wood to point to the letters in schools: cf. D. spellen to spell. Cf. Spell splinter.] 1. To tell; to relate; to teach. [Obs.] Might I that legend find, By fairies spelt in mystic rhymes. T. Warton. 2. To put under the influence of a spell; to affect by a spell; to bewitch; to fascinate; to charm. "Spelled with words of power." Dryden. He was much spelled with Eleanor Talbot. Sir G. Buck. 3. To constitute; to measure. [Obs.] The Saxon heptarchy, when seven kings put together did spell but one in effect. Fuller. 4. To tell or name in their proper order letters of, as a word; to write or print in order the letters of, esp. the proper letters; to form, as words, by correct orthography. The word "satire" ought to be spelled with i, and not with y. Dryden. 5. To discover by characters or marks; to read with difficulty; -- usually with out; as, to spell out the sense of an author; to spell out a verse in the Bible. To spell out a God in the works of creation. South. To sit spelling and observing divine justice upon every accident. Milton. SPELL Spell, v. i. 1. To form words with letters, esp. with the proper letters, either orally or in writing. When what small knowledge was, in them did dwell, And he a god, who could but read or spell. Dryden. 2. To study by noting characters; to gain knowledge or learn the meaning of anything, by study. [Obs.] Where I may sit and rightly spell Of every star that heaven doth shew, And every herb that sips the dew. Milton. SPELLABLE Spell"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being spelt. Carlyle. SPELLBIND Spell"bind`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spellbound; p. pr. & vb. n. Spellbinding.] Defn: To bind or hold by, or as if by, a spell or charm; to fascinate, esp. by eloquence of speech, as in a political campaign. - - Spell"bind`er (#), n. SPELLBOUND Spell"bound`, a. Defn: Bound by, or as by, a spell. SPELLER Spell"er, n. 1. One who spells. 2. A spelling book. [U. S.] SPELLFUL Spell"ful, a. Defn: Abounding in spells, or charms. Here, while his eyes the learned leaves peruse, Each spellful mystery explained he views. Hoole. SPELLING Spell"ing, n. Defn: The act of one who spells; formation of words by letters; orthography. SPELLING Spell"ing, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to spelling. Spelling bee, a spelling match. [U.S.] -- Spelling book, a book with exercises for teaching children to spell; a speller. -- Spelling match, a contest of skill in spelling words, between two or more persons. SPELLKEN Spell"ken, n. Defn: A theater. [Slang] Byron. SPELLWORK Spell"work`, n. Defn: Power or effect of magic; that which is wrought by magic; enchantment. Like those Peri isles of light That hang by spellwork in the air. Moore. SPELT Spelt, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Spell. Spelled. SPELT Spelt, n. Etym: [AS. spelt, fr. L. spelta.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of grain (Triticum Spelta) much cultivated for food in Germany and Switzerland; -- called also German wheat. SPELT Spelt, n. Etym: [See Spalt.] (Metal.) Defn: Spelter. [Colloq.] SPELT Spelt, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Spell a splinter.] Defn: To split; to break; to spalt. [Obs.] Mortimer. SPELTER Spel"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. spialter, G. & D. spiauter. Cf. Pewter.] (Metal.) Defn: Zinc; -- especially so called in commerce and arts. SPELUNC Spe*lunc", n. Etym: [L. spelunca cave.] Defn: A cavern; a cave. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. SPENCE Spence, n. Etym: [OF. despense, F. dépense, buffet, buttery, fr. OF. despendre to spend, distribute, L. dispendere, dispensum. See Dispense, Spend.] 1. A place where provisions are kept; a buttery; a larder; a pantry. Chiefly Brit. dial. [MW10] In . . . his spence, or "pantry" were hung the carcasses of a sheep or ewe, and two cows lately slaughtered. Sir W. Scott. Bluff Harry broke into the spence, And turned the cowls adrift. Tennyson. 2. The inner apartment of a country house; also, the place where the family sit and eat. [Scot.] Jamieson. SPENCER Spen"cer, n. Etym: [OF. despensier. See Spence, and cf. Dispenser.] Defn: One who has the care of the spence, or buttery. [Obs.] Promptorium Parvulorum. SPENCER Spen"cer, n. Etym: [From the third Earl Spencer, who first wore it, or brought it into fashion.] Defn: A short jacket worn by men and by women. Ld. Lutton. SPENCER Spen"cer, n. (Naut.) Defn: A fore-and-aft sail, abaft the foremast or the mainmast, hoisted upon a small supplementary mast and set with a gaff and no boom; a trysail carried at the foremast or mainmast; -- named after its inventor, Knight Spencer, of England [1802]. Spencer mast, a small mast just abaft the foremast or mainmast, for hoisting the spencer. R. H. Dana, Jr. SPEND Spend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spent; p. pr. & vb. n. Spending.] Etym: [AS. spendan (in comp.), fr. L. expendere or dispendere to weigh out, to expend, dispense. See Pendant, and cf. Dispend, Expend, Spence, Spencer.] 1. To weigh or lay out; to dispose of; to part with; as, to spend money for clothing. Spend thou that in the town. Shak. Wherefore do ye spend money for that which is not bread Isa. lv. 2. 2. To bestow; to employ; -- often with on or upon. I . . . am never loath To spend my judgment. Herbert. 3. To consume; to waste; to squander; to exhaust; as, to spend an estate in gaming or other vices. 4. To pass, as time; to suffer to pass away; as, to spend a day idly; to spend winter abroad. We spend our years as a tale that is told. Ps. xc. 9. 5. To exhaust of force or strength; to waste; to wear away; as, the violence of the waves was spent. Their bodies spent with long labor and thirst. Knolles. SPEND Spend, v. i. 1. To expend money or any other possession; to consume, use, waste, or part with, anything; as, he who gets easily spends freely. He spends as a person who knows that he must come to a reckoning. South. 2. To waste or wear away; to be consumed; to lose force or strength; to vanish; as, energy spends in the using of it. The sound spendeth and is dissipated in the open air. Bacon. 3. To be diffused; to spread. The vines that they use for wine are so often cut, that their sap spendeth into the grapes. Bacon. 4. (Mining) Defn: To break ground; to continue working. SPENDER Spen"der, n. Defn: One who spends; esp., one who spends lavishly; a prodigal; a spendthrift. SPENDING Spend"ing, n. Defn: The act of expending; expenditure. Spending money, money set apart for extra (not necessary) personal expenses; pocket money. [Colloq.] SPENDTHRIFT Spend"thrift`, n. Defn: One who spends money profusely or improvidently; a prodigal; one who lavishes or wastes his estate. Also used figuratively. A woman who was a generous spendthrift of life. Mrs. R. H. Davis. SPENDTHRIFT Spend"thrift, a. Defn: Prodigal; extravagant; wasteful. SPENDTHRIFTY Spend"thrift`y, a. Defn: Spendthrift; prodigal. [R.] SPENSERIAN Spen*se"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the English poet Spenser; -- specifically applied to the stanza used in his poem "The Faërie Queene." SPENT Spent, a. 1. Exhausted; worn out; having lost energy or motive force. Now thou seest me Spent, overpowered, despairing of success. Addison. Heaps of spent arrows fall and strew the ground. Dryden. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Exhausted of spawn or sperm; -- said especially of fishes. Spent ball, a ball shot from a firearm, which reaches an object without having sufficient force to penetrate it. SPER; SPERRE Sper, Sperre, v. t. Etym: [See Spar bar.] Defn: To shut in; to support; to inclose; to fasten. [Obs.] "To sperre the gate." Spenser. SPERABLE Spe"ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. spearabilis, fr. sperare to hope.] Defn: Within the range of hpe; proper to be hoped for. [Obs.] Bacon. SPERABLE Sper"a*ble, n. Defn: See Sperable. SPERAGE Sper"age, n. Defn: Asperagus. [Obs.] Sylvester. SPERATE Spe"rate, a. Etym: [L. speratus, p. p. of sperare to hope.] Defn: Hoped for, or to be hoped for. [R.] Bouvier. SPERE Spere, v. i. Etym: [AS. spyrian to inquire, properly, to follow the track; akin to D. speuren, G. spüren, Icel. spyrja. sq. root171. See Spoor.] Defn: To search; to pry; to ask; to inquire. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] [Written also speer, speir.] Jamieson. SPERE Spere, n. Etym: [See Sphere.] Defn: A sphere. [Obs.] Chaucer. SPERGE Sperge, n. (Distilling) Defn: A charge of wash for the still. Knight. SPERLING Sper"ling, n. Etym: [See Sparling.] (Zoöl.) (a) A smelt; a sparling. [Prov. Eng.] (b) A young herring. [Local, U.S.] SPERM Sperm, n.Etym: [F. sperme, L. sperma, Gr. Spore.] (Physiol.) Defn: The male fecundating fluid; semen. See Semen. Sperm cell (Physiol.), one of the cells from which the spermatozoids are developed. -- Sperm morula. (Biol.) Same as Spermosphere. SPERM Sperm, n.Etym: [Contr. fr. spermaceti.] Defn: Spermaceti. Sperm oil, a fatty oil found as a liquid, with spermaceti, in the head cavities of the sperm whale. -- Sperm whale. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary. SPERMACETI Sper`ma*ce"ti, n. Etym: [L. sperma sperm + cetus,gen. ceti, any large sea animal, a whale, Gr. Sperm, Cetaceous.] Defn: A white waxy substance obtained from cavities in the head of the sperm whale, and used making candles, oilments, cosmetics, etc. It consists essentially of ethereal salts of palmitic acid with ethal and other hydrocarbon bases. The substance of spermaceti after the removal of certain impurities is sometimes called cetin. Spermaceti whale (Zoöl.), the sperm whale. SPERMALIST Sper"mal*ist, n. (Biol.) Defn: See Spermist. SPERMAPHORE Sper"ma*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: That part of the ovary from which the ovules arise; the placenta. SPERMARY Sper"ma*ry, n. (Anat.) Defn: An organ in which spermatozoa are developed; a sperm gland; a testicle. SPERMATHECA Sper`ma*the"ca, n.; pl. Spermathecæ. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small sac connected with the female reproductive organs of insects and many other invertebrates, serving to receive and retain the spermatozoa. SPERMATIC Sper*mat"ic, a. Etym: [L. spermaticus, Gr. spermatique. See Sperm.] (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to semen; as, the spermatic fluid, the spermatic vessels, etc. Spermatic cord (Anat.), the cord which suspends the testicle within the scrotum. It is made up of a connective tissue sheath inclosing the spermatic duct and accompanying vessels and nerves. SPERMATICAL Sper"mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Spermatic. SPERMATIN Sper"ma*tin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A substance allied to alkali albumin and to mucin, present in semen, to which it is said to impart the mucilaginous character. SPERMATISM Sper"ma*tism, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The emission of sperm, or semen. SPERMATIUM Sper*ma"ti*um, n.; pl. Spermatia. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the motionless spermatozoids in the conceptacles of certain fungi. J. H. Balfour. SPERMATIZE Sper"ma*tize, v. i. Etym: [Gr. Sperm.] Defn: To yield seed; to emit seed, or sperm. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SPERMATO-; SPERMO- Sper"ma*to-, Sper"mo-. Defn: Combining forms from Gr. seed, sperm, semen (of plants or animals); as, spermatoblast, spermoblast. SPERMATOBLAST Sper"ma*to*blast, n. Defn: Same as Spermoblast. SPERMATOCYTE Sper"ma*to*cyte, n. Etym: [Spermato- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Same as Spermoblast. SPERMATOGEMMA Sper`ma*to*gem"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Spermato-, and Gemma.] (Physiol.) Defn: Same as Spermosphere. SPERMATOGENESIS Sper`ma*to*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Spermato- + genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: The development of the spermatozoids. SPERMATOGENETIC Sper`ma*to*ge*net"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Relating to, or connected with, spermatogenesis; as, spermatogenetic function. SPERMATOGENOUS Sper`ma*tog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Spermato- + -genous.] (Physiol.) Defn: Sperm-producing. SPERMATOGONIUM Sper`ma*to*go"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A primitive seminal cell, occuring in masses in the seminal tubules. It divides into a mass (spermosphere) of small cells (spermoblast), which in turn give rise to spermatozoids. SPERMATOID Sper"ma*toid, a. Etym: [Spermato- + -oid.] (Physiol.) Defn: Spermlike; resembling sperm, or semen. SPERMATOON; SPERMATOOEN Sper`ma*to"ön, n.; pl. Spermatoa. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A spermoblast. -- Sper`ma*to"al, a. Owen. SPERMATOPHORE Sper"ma*to*phore, n. Etym: [Spermato- + Gr. 1. (Physiol.) Defn: Same as Spermospore. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A capsule or pocket inclosing a number of spermatozoa. They are present in many annelids, brachiopods, mollusks, and crustaceans. In cephalopods the structure of the capsule is very complex. SPERMATOPHOROUS Sper`ma*toph"o*rous, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Producing seed, or sperm; seminiferous; as, the so-called spermatophorous cells. SPERMATOPHYTA Sper`ma*toph"y*ta, n. pl. [NL.; spermato- + Gr. plant.] (Bot.) Defn: A phylum embracing the highest plants, or those that produce seeds; the seed plants, or flowering plants. They form the most numerous group, including over 120,000 species. In general, the group is characterized by the marked development of the sporophyte, with great differentiation of its parts (root, stem, leaves, flowers, etc.); by the extreme reduction of the gametophyte; and by the development of seeds. All the Spermatophyta are heterosporous; fertilization of the egg cell is either through a pollen tube emitted by the microspore or (in a few gymnosperms) by spermatozoids. The phrase "flowering plants" is less distinctive than "seed plants," since the conifers, grasses, sedges, oaks, etc., do not produce flowers in the popular sense. For this reason the terms Anthrophyta, Phænogamia, and Panerogamia have been superseded as names of the phylum by Spermatophyta. SPERMATOPHYTE Sper"ma*to"phyte`, n. Defn: Any plant of the phylum Spermatophyta. -- Sper`ma*to*phyt"ic (#), a. SPERMATORRHEA; SPERMATORRHOEA Sper`ma*tor*rhe"a, Sper`ma*tor*rhoe"a, (, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Abnormally frequent involuntary emission of the semen without copulation. SPERMATOSPORE Sper"ma*to*spore, n. Defn: Same as Spermospore. SPERMATOZOID Sper`ma*to*zo"id, n. Etym: [Spermatozoön + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The male germ cell in animals and plants, the essential element in fertilization; a microscopic animalcule-like particle, usually provided with one or more cilia by which it is capable of active motion. In animals, the familiar type is that of a small, more or less ovoid head, with a delicate threadlike cilium, or tail. Called also spermatozoön. In plants the more usual term is antherozoid. SPERMATOZOOID Sper`ma*to*zo"oid n. (Biol.) Defn: A spermatozoid. SPERMATOZOON; SPERMATOZOOEN Sper`ma*to*zo"ön, n.; pl. Spermatozoa. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Spermatozoid. SPERMIC Sper"mic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to sperm, or semen. SPERMIDIUM Sper*mid"i*um, n.; pl. Spermidia. Etym: [Nl., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: An achenium. SPERMISM Sperm"ism, n. [Gr. seed, sperm + -ism.] (Biol.) Defn: The theory, formerly held by many, that the sperm or spermatozoön contains the germ of the future embryo; animalculism. SPERMIST Sperm"ist, n. (Biol.) Defn: A believer in the doctrine, formerly current, of encasement in the male (see Encasement), in which the seminal thread, or spermatozoid, was considered as the real animal germ, the head being the true animal head and the tail the body. SPERMOBLAST Sper"mo*blast, n. Etym: [Spermo- + -blast.] (Physiol.) Defn: One of the cells formed by the diivision of the spermospore, each of which is destined to become a spermatozoid; a spermatocyte; a spermatoblast. SPERMOCOCCUS Sper`mo*coc"cus, n. Etym: [NL. See Spermo-, and Coccus.] (Physiol.) Defn: The nucleus of the sperm cell. SPERMODERM Sper"mo*derm, n. Etym: [Spermo- + derm: cf. F. spermoderme.] (Bot.) Defn: The covering of a seed; -- sometimes limited to the outer coat or testa. Lindley. SPERMOGONIUM Sper`mo*go"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL.; spermo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A conceptacle of certain lichens, which contains spermatia. SPERMOLOGIST Sper*mol"o*gist, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: One who treats of, or collects, seeds. Bailey. SPERMOPHILE Sper"mo*phile, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any ground squirrel of the genus Spermophilus; gopher. See Illust. under Gopher. SPERMOPHORE Sper"mo*phore, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A spermatophore. SPERMOPHYTA Sper*moph"y*ta, n. pl. Etym: [Nl., from Gr. Defn: Plants which produce seed; phænogamia. These plants constitute the highest grand division of the vegetable kingdom. SPERMOPHYTE Sper"mo*phyte, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant which produces true seeds; -- a term recently proposed to replace phænogam. SPERMOPHYTIC Sper`mo*phyt"ic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Capable of producing seeds; phænogamic. SPERMOPLASMA Sper`mo*plas"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Spermo-, and Plasma.] (Physiol.) Defn: The protoplasm of the sperm cell. Haeckel. SPERMOSPHERE Sper"mo*sphere, n. Etym: [Spermo- + sphere.] (Physiol.) Defn: A mass or ball of cells formed by the repeated division of a male germinal cell (spermospore), each constituent cell (spermoblast) of which is converted into a spermatozoid; a spermatogemma. SPERMOSPORE Sper"mo*spore, n. Etym: [Spermo- + spore.] (Physiol.) Defn: The male germinal or seminal cell, from the breaking up of which the spermoblasts are formed and ultimately the spermatozoids; a spermatospore. Balfour. SPERMULE Sper"mule, n. Etym: [Dim. fr. sperm.] (Physiol.) Defn: A sperm cell. Haeckel. SPERM WHALE Sperm" whale`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large toothed whale (Physeter macrocephalus), having a head of enormous size. The upper jaw is destitute of teeth. In the upper part of the head, above the skull, there is a large cavity, or case, filled with oil and spermaceti. This whale sometimes grows to the length of more than eighty feet. It is found in the warmer parts of all the oceans. Called also cachalot, and spermaceti whale. Pygmy sperm whale (Zoöl.), a small whale (Kogia breviceps), seldom twenty feet long, native of tropical seas, but occasionally found on the American coast. Called also snub-nosed cachalot. -- Sperm-whale porpoise (Zoöl.), a toothed cetacean (Hyperoödon bidens), found on both sides of the Atlantic and valued for its oil. The adult becomes about twenty-five feet long, and its head is very large and thick. Called also bottle-nosed whale. SPERRYLITE Sper"ry*lite, n.Etym: [Named after F. L. Sperry, who discovered it.] (Min.) Defn: An arsenide of platinum occuring in grains and minute isometric crystals of tin-white color. It is found near Sudbury, Ontario Canada, and is the only known compound of platinum occuring in nature. SPERSE Sperse, v. t. Defn: To disperse. [Obs.] Spenser. SPESSARTITE Spes"sart*ite, n.Etym: [From Spessart, in Germany.] (Min.) Defn: A manganesian variety of garnet. SPET Spet, v. t. Etym: [AS. sp. See Spit.] Defn: To spit; to throw out. [Obs.] SPET Spet, n. Defn: Spittle. [Obs.] SPETCHES Spetch"es, n. pl. Defn: Parings and refuse of hides, skins, etc., from which glue is made. SPEW Spew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spewed; p. pr.& vb. n. Spewing.] Etym: [OE. spewen, speowen, AS. spiwan;n to D. spuwen to spit. OS & OHG. spiwan, G. speien, Icel. sp to spew, Sw. spy, Dan. spye, Goth. spiewan, th. spjauti, L. spuere to split, Gr. shtiv, shthiv. Cf. Pyke, Spit.] [Written also spue.] 1. To eject from the stomach; to vomit. 2. To cast forth with abhorrence or disgust; to eject. Because thou art lukewarm, and neither hot nor cold, I will spew thee out of my mouth. Rev. ii. 16. SPEW Spew, v. i. 1. To vomit. Chaucer. 2. To eject seed, as wet land swollen with frost. SPEW Spew, n. Defn: That which is vomited; vomit. SPEWER Spew"er, n. Defn: One who spews. SPEWINESS Spew"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being spewy. SPEWY Spew"y, a. Defn: Wet; soggy; inclined to spew. SPHACEL Sphac"el, n. Etym: [Gr. sphacèle.] (Med.) Defn: Gangrene. SPHACELATE Sphac"e*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sphacelated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sphacelating.] Etym: [NL. sphacelare, sphacelatum, mortify: cf. F. sphacéler. See Sphacelus.] (Med.) Defn: To die, decay, or become gangrenous, as flesh or bone; to mortify. SPHACELATE Sphac"e*late, v. t. (Med.) Defn: To affect with gangrene. SPHACELATE; SPHACELATED Sphac"e*late, Sphac"e*la`ted, a. (Med.) Defn: Affected with gangrene; mortified. SPHACELATION Sphac`e*la"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: The process of becoming or making gangrenous; mortification. SPHACELUS Sphac"e*lus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Gangrenous part; gangrene; slough. SPHAERENCHYMA Sphæ*ren"chy*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -enchyma as in parenchima.] (Bot.) Defn: Vegetable tissue composed of thin-walled rounded cells, -- a modification of parenchyma. SPHAERIDIUM Sphæ*rid"i*um, n.; pl. Sphæridia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar sense organ found upon the exterior of most kinds of sea urchins, and consisting of an oval or sherical head surmounting a short pedicel. It is generally supposed to be an olfactory organ. SPHAEROSPORE Sphæ"ro*spore, n. Etym: [Gr. spore.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the nonsexual spores found in red algæ; a tetraspore. SPHAERULITE Sphær"u*lite, n. (Min.) Defn: Same as Spherulite. SPHAGNICOLOUS Sphag*nic"o*lous, a. Etym: [Sphagnum + L. colere to inhabit.] (Bot.) Defn: Growing in moss of the genus Sphagnum. SPHAGNOUS Sphag"nous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Pertaining to moss of the genus Sphagnum, or bog moss; abounding in peat or bog moss. SPHAGNUM Sphag"num, n. Etym: [NL., fr/ Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of mosses having white leaves slightly tinged with red or green and found growing in marshy places; bog moss; peat moss. SPHALERITE Sphal"er*ite, n. Etym: [Gr. Blende.] (Min.) Defn: Zinc sulphide; -- called also blende, black-jack, false galena, etc. See Blende (a). SPHENE Sphene, n. Etym: [F. sphène, fr. Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral found usually in thin, wedge-shaped crystals of a yellow or green to black color. It is a silicate of titanium and calcium; titanite. SPHENETHMOID Sphe*neth"moid, a. Etym: [Sphenoid + ethmoid.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both the sphenoidal and the ethmoidal regions of the skull, or the sphenethmoid bone; sphenethmoidal. Sphenethmoid bone (Anat.), a bone of the skull which surrounds the anterior end of the brain in many amphibia; the girdle bone. SPHENETHMOID Sphe*neth"moid, n. (Anat.) Defn: The sphenethmoid bone. SPHENETHMOIDAL Sphe`neth*moid"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Relating to the sphenoethmoid bone; sphenoethmoid. SPHENISCAN Sphe*nis"can, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of penguin. SPHENO- Sphe"no-. Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the sphenoid bone; as in sphenomaxillary, sphenopalatine. SPHENODON Sphe"no*don, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Hatteria. SPHENOETHMOIDAL Sphe"no*eth*moid`al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Sphenethmoid. SPHENOGRAM Sphe"no*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. -gram.] Defn: A cuneiform, or arrow-headed, character. SPHENOGRAPHER Sphe*nog"ra*pher, n. Defn: One skilled in sphenography; a sphenographist. SPHENOGRAPHIC Sphe`no*graph"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to sphenography. SPHENOGRAPHIST Sphe*nog"ra*phist, n. Defn: A sphenographer. SPHENOGRAPHY Sphe*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: The art of writing in cuneiform characters, or of deciphering inscriptions made in such characters. SPHENOID Sphe"noid, a. Etym: [Gr. sphénoïde.] 1. Wedge-shaped; as, a sphenoid crystal. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sphenoid bone. Sphenoid bone (Anat.), an irregularly shaped bone in front of the occipital in the base of the skull of the higher vertebrates. It is composed of several fetal bones which become united the adult. See Alisphenoid, Basisphenoid, Orbitosphenoid, Presphenoid. SPHENOID Sphe"noid, n. 1. (Crystallog.) Defn: A wedge-shaped crystal bounded by four equal isosceles triangles. It is the hemihedral form of a square pyramid. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The sphenoid bone. SPHENOIDAL Sphe*noid"al, a. 1. Sphenoid. 2. (Crystalloq.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a sphenoid. SPHENOTIC Sphe*not"ic, a. Etym: [Spheno- + (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, the sphenotic bone. Sphenotic bone (Anat.), a bone on the anterior side of the auditory capsule of many fishes, and connected with, or adjoining, the sphenoid bone. SPHENOTIC Sphe*not"ic, n. (Anat.) Defn: The sphenotic bone. SPHERAL Spher"al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a sphere or the spheres. 2. Rounded like a sphere; sphere-shaped; hence, symmetrical; complete; perfect. SPHERE Sphere, n. Etym: [OE. spere, OF. espere, F. sphère, L. sphaera,. Gr. 1. (Geom.) Defn: A body or space contained under a single surface, which in every part is equally distant from a point within called its center. 2. Hence, any globe or globular body, especially a celestial one, as the sun, a planet, or the earth. Of celestial bodies, first the sun, A mighty sphere, he framed. Milton. 3. (Astron.) (a) The apparent surface of the heavens, which is assumed to be spherical and everywhere equally distant, in which the heavenly bodies appear to have their places, and on which the various astronomical circles, as of right ascension and declination, the equator, ecliptic, etc., are conceived to be drawn; an ideal geometrical sphere, with the astronomical and geographical circles in their proper positions on it. (b) In ancient astronomy, one of the concentric and eccentric revolving spherical transparent shells in which the stars, sun, planets, and moon were supposed to be set, and by which they were carried, in such a manner as to produce their apparent motions. 4. (Logic) Defn: The extension of a general conception, or the totality of the individuals or species to which it may be applied. 5. Circuit or range of action, knowledge, or influence; compass; province; employment; place of existence. To be called into a huge sphere, and not to be seen to move in 't. Shak. Taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity, and inclosing her in a sphere by herself. Hawthorne. Each in his hidden sphere of joy or woe Our hermit spirits dwell. Keble. 6. Rank; order of society; social positions. 7. An orbit, as of a star; a socket. [R.] Shak. Armillary sphere, Crystalline sphere, Oblique sphere,. See under Armillary, Crystalline,. -- Doctrine of the sphere, applications of the principles of spherical trigonometry to the properties and relations of the circles of the sphere, and the problems connected with them, in astronomy and geography, as to the latitudes and longitudes, distance and bearing, of places on the earth, and the right ascension and declination, altitude and azimuth, rising and setting, etc., of the heavenly bodies; spherical geometry. -- Music of the spheres. See under Music. Syn. -- Globe; orb; circle. See Globe. SPHERE Sphere, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sphered; p. pr. & vb. n. Sphering.] 1. To place in a sphere, or among the spheres; to insphere. The glorious planet Sol In noble eminence enthroned and sphered Amidst the other. Shak. 2. To form into roundness; to make spherical, or spheral; to perfect. Tennyson. SPHERICAL; SPHERIC Spher"ic*al, Spher"ic, a. Etym: [L. sphaericus, Gr. sphérique.] 1. Having the form of a sphere; like a sphere; globular; orbicular; as, a spherical body. 2. Of or pertaining to a sphere. 3. Of or pertaining to the heavenly orbs, or to the sphere or spheres in which, according to ancient astronomy and astrology, they were set. Knaves, thieves, and treachers by spherical predominance. Shak. Though the stars were suns, and overburned Their spheric limitations. Mrs. Browning. Spherical angle, Spherical coördinate, Spherical excess, etc. See under Angle, Coordinate, etc. -- Spherical geometry, that branch of geometry which treats of spherical magnitudes; the doctrine of the sphere, especially of the circles described on its surface. -- Spherical harmonic analysis. See under Harmonic, a. -- Spherical lune,portion of the surface of a sphere included between two great semicircles having a common diameter. -- Spherical opening, the magnitude of a solid angle. It is measured by the portion within the solid angle of the surface of any sphere whose center is the angular point. -- Spherical polygon,portion of the surface of a sphere bounded by the arcs of three or more great circles. -- Spherical projection, the projection of the circles of the sphere upon a plane. See Projection. -- Spherical sector. See under Sector. -- Spherical segment, the segment of a sphere. See under Segment. -- Spherical triangle,re on the surface of a sphere, bounded by the arcs of three great circles which intersect each other. -- Spherical trigonometry. See Trigonometry. -- Spher"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Spher"ic*al*ness, n. SPHERICITY Sphe*ric"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sphéricité.] Defn: The quality or state of being spherial; roundness; as, the sphericity of the planets, or of a drop of water. SPHERICLE Spher"i*cle, n. Defn: A small sphere. SPHERICS Spher"ics, n. (Math.) Defn: The doctrine of the sphere; the science of the properties and relations of the circles, figures, and other magnitudes of a sphere, produced by planes intersecting it; spherical geometry and trigonometry. SPHEROBACTERIA Sphe`ro*bac*te"ri*a, n. pl.; sing. Spherobacterium (. Etym: [NL. See Sphere, and Bacterium.] (Biol.) Defn: See the Note under Microbacteria. SPHEROCONIC Sphe`ro*con"ic, n. (Geom.) Defn: A nonplane curve formed by the intersection of the surface of an oblique cone with the surface of a sphere whose center is at the vertex of the cone. SPHEROGRAPH Spher"o*graph, n. Etym: [Sphere + -graph.] Defn: An instrument for facilitating the practical use of spherics in navigation and astronomy, being constructed of two cardboards containing various circles, and turning upon each other in such a manner that any possible spherical triangle may be readily found, and the measures of the parts read off by inspection. SPHEROID Sphe"roid, n. Etym: [L. spheroides ball-like, spherical, Gr. sphéroïde.] Defn: A body or figure approaching to a sphere, but not perfectly spherical; esp., a solid generated by the revolution of an ellipse about one of its axes. Oblate spheroid, Prolate spheroid. See Oblate, Prolate, and Ellipsoid. SPHEROIDAL Sphe*roid"al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sphéroïdal.] Defn: Having the form of a spheroid. -- Sphe*roid"al*ly, adv. Spheroidal state (Physics.), the state of a liquid, as water, when, on being thrown on a surface of highly heated metal, it rolls about in spheroidal drops or masses, at a temperature several degrees below ebullition, and without actual contact with the heated surface, -- a phenomenon due to the repulsive force of heat, the intervention of a cushion of nonconducting vapor, and the cooling effect of evaporation. SPHEROIDIC; SPHEROIDICAL Sphe*roid"ic, Sphe*roid"ic*al, a. Defn: See Spheroidal. Cheyne. SPHEROIDICITY; SPHEROIDITY Sphe`roi*dic"i*ty, Sphe*roid"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being spheroidal. SPHEROMERE Sphe"ro*mere, n. Etym: [Sphere + -mere.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of the several symmetrical segments arranged around the central axis and composing the body of a radiate anmal. SPHEROMETER Sphe*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Sphere + -meter: cf. F. sphéromètre.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the curvature of spherical surface, as of lenses for telescope, etc. SPHEROSIDERITE Spher`o*sid"er*ite, n. Etym: [Sphere + siderite.] (Min.) Defn: Siderite occuring in spheroidal masses. SPHEROSOME Sphe"ro*some, n. Etym: [Sphere + -some body.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The body wall of any radiate animal. SPHERULATE Spher"u*late, a. Defn: Covered or set with spherules; having one or more rows of spherules, or minute tubercles. SPHERULE Spher"ule, n. Etym: [L. spherula: cf. F. sphérule.] Defn: A little sphere or spherical body; as, quicksilver, when poured upon a plane, divides itself into a great number of minute spherules. SPHERULITE Spher"u*lite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sphérulite.] (Min.) Defn: A minute spherical crystalline body having a radiated structure, observed in some vitreous volcanic rocks, as obsidian and pearlstone. SPHERULITIC Spher`u*lit"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a spherulite; characterized by the presence of spherulites. SPHERY Spher"y, a. 1. Round; spherical; starlike. [R.] "Hermia's sphery eyne." Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to the spheres. [R.] She can teach ye how to climb Higher than the sphery chime. Milton. SPHEX Sphex, n.Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of sand wasps of the genus Sphex and allied genera. These wasps have the abdomen attached to the thorax by a slender pedicel. See Illust. of Sand wasp, under Sand. Sphex fly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small dipterous flies of the genus Conops and allied genera. The form of the body is similar to that of a sphex. SPHIGMOMETER Sphig*mom"e*ter, n. Defn: See Sphygmometer. SPHINCTER Sphinc"ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. (Anat.) Defn: A muscle which surrounds, and by its contraction tends to close, a natural opening; as, the sphincter of the bladder. SPHINCTER Sphinc"ter, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sphincter; as, a sphincter muscle. SPHINGID Sphin"gid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sphinx. SPHINGID Sphin"gid, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a sphinx, or the family Sphingidæ. SPHINX Sphinx, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. sfi`gx, usually derived from sfi`ggein to bind tight or together, as if the Throttler.] 1. (a) In Egyptian art, an image of granite or porphyry, having a human head, or the head of a ram or of a hawk, upon the wingless body of a lion. The awful ruins of the days of old . . . Or jasper tomb, or mutilated sphinx. Shelley. (b) On Greek art and mythology, a she-monster, usually represented as having the winged body of a lion, and the face and breast of a young woman. Note: The most famous Grecian sphinx, that of Thebes in Boeotia, is said to have proposed a riddle to the Thebans, and killed those who were unable to guess it. The enigma was solved by "Subtle as sphinx." Shak. 2. Hence: A person of enigmatical character and purposes, especially in politics and diplomacy. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of large moths of the family Sphingidæ; -- called also hawk moth. Note: The larva is a stout naked caterpillar which, when at rest, often assumes a position suggesting the Egyptian sphinx, whence the name. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Guinea, or sphinx, baboon (Cynocephalus sphinx). Sphinx baboon (Zoöl.), a large West African baboon (Cynocephalus sphinx), often kept in menageries. -- Sphinx moth. (Zoöl.) Same as Sphinx, 3. SPHRAGIDE Sphrag"ide, n.Etym: [L. sphragis, -idis, Lemnian earth, fr. Gr. (Min.) Defn: Lemnian earth. SPHRAGISTICS Sphra*gis"tics, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The science of seals, their history, age, distinctions, etc., esp. as verifying the age and genuiness of documents. SPHRIGOSIS Sphri*go"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A condition of vegetation in which there is too abundant growth of the stem and leaves, accompanied by deficiency of flowers and fruit. SPHYGMIC Sphyg"mic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the pulse. SPHYGMOGRAM Sphyg"mo*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. -gram.] (Physiol.) Defn: A tracing, called a pulse tracing, consisting of a series of curves corresponding with the beats of the heart, obtained by the application of the sphygmograph. SPHYGMOGRAPH Sphyg"mo*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument which, when applied over an artery, indicates graphically the movements or character of the pulse. See Sphygmogram. SPHYGMOGRAPHIC Sphyg`mo*graph"ic, a. (Phusiol.) Defn: Relating to, or produced by, a sphygmograph; as, a sphygmographic tracing. SPHYGMOMETER Sphyg*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the strength of the pulse beat; a sphygmograph. SPHYGMOPHONE Sphyg"mo*phone, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: An electrical instrument for determining by the ear the rhythm of the pulse of a person at a distance. SPHYGMOSCOPE Sphyg"mo*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Physiol.) Defn: Same as Sphygmograph. SPHYRAENOID Sphy*ræ"noid, a.Etym: [L. sphyraena a kind of sea fish (Gr. sfy`raina) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Sphyrænidæ, a family of marine fishes including the barracudas. SPIAL Spi"al, n. Defn: A spy; a scout. [Obs.] Bacon. SPICA Spi"ca, n.; pl. Spicæ. Etym: [L., an ear, as of corn.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A kind of bandage passing, by successive turns and crosses, from an extremity to the trunk; -- so called from its resemblance to a spike of a barley. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A star of the first magnitude situated in the constellation Virgo. SPICATE; SPICATED Spi"cate, Spi"ca*ted, a. Etym: [L. spicatus, p. p. of spicare furnish with spikes, or ears, fr. spica a spike, or ear.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of a spike, or ear; arranged in a spike or spikes. Lee. SPICCATO Spic*ca"to, a. Etym: [It., p. p. of spicare to detach, to separate.] (Mus.) Defn: Detached; separated; -- a term indicating that every note is to be performed in a distinct and pointed manner. SPICE Spice, n. Etym: [OE. spice, spece, spice, species, OF. espice, espece, F. épice spice, espèce species, fr. L. species particular sort or kind, a species, a sight, appearance, show, LL., spices, drugs, etc., of the same sort, fr. L. specere to look. See Spy, and cf. Species.] 1. Species; kind. [Obs.] The spices of penance ben three. Chaucer. Abstain you from all evil spice. Wyclif (1. Thess,v. 22). Justice, although it be but one entire virtue, yet is described in two kinds of spices. The one is named justice distributive, the other is called commutative. Sir T. Elyot. 2. A vegetable production of many kinds, fragrant or aromatic and pungent to the taste, as pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, allspice, ginger, cloves, etc., which are used in cookery and to flavor sauces, pickles, etc. Hast thou aught in thy purse [bag] any hot spices Piers Plowman. 3. Figuratively, that which enriches or alters the quality of a thing in a small degree, as spice alters the taste of food; that which gives zest or pungency; a slight flavoring; a relish; hence, a small quantity or admixture; a sprinkling; as, a spice of mischief. So much of the will, with a spice of the willful. Coleridge. SPICE Spice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spiced; p. p. & vb. n. Spicing.] 1. To season with spice, or as with spice; to mix aromatic or pungent substances with; to flavor; to season; as, to spice wine; to spice one's words with wit. She 'll receive thee, but will spice thy bread With flowery poisons. Chapman. 2. To fill or impregnate with the odor of spices. In the spiced Indian air, by night. Shak. 3. To render nice or dainty; hence, to render scrupulous. [Obs.] "A spiced conscience." Chaucer. SPICEBUSH Spice"bush`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Spicewood. SPICENUT Spice"nut`. Defn: A small crisp cake, highly spiced. SPICER Spi"cer, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. espicier, F. épicier.] 1. One who seasons with spice. 2. One who deals in spice. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. SPICERY Spi"cer*y, n. Etym: [OF. espicerie, F. épicerie.] 1. Spices, in general. Chaucer. 2. A repository of spices. Addison. SPICEWOOD Spice"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An American shrub (Lindera Benzoin), the bark of which has a spicy taste and odor; -- called also Benjamin, wild allspice, and fever bush. SPICIFEROUS Spi*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. spicifer bearing spikes, or ears; spica ear + ferre to bear.] Defn: Bearing ears, or spikes; spicate. [Obs.] Bailey. SPICIFORM Spi"ci*form, a. Etym: [L. spica a spike, ear + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Spike-shaped. Gray. SPICILY Spi"ci*ly, adv. Defn: In a spicy manner. SPICINESS Spi"ci*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being spicy. SPICK Spick, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. spik. See Spike a nail.] Defn: A spike or nail. [Prov. Eng.] Spick and span, quite new; that is, as new as a spike or nail just made and a chip just split; brand- new; as, a spick and span novelty. See Span-new. Howell. SPICKNEL Spick"nel, n. Etym: [Contr. from spike nail a large, long nail; -- so called in allusion to the shape of its capillary leaves.] (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous herb (Meum Athamanticum) having finely divided leaves, common in Europe; -- called also baldmoney, mew, and bearwort. [Written also spignel.] SPICOSE Spi*cose", a. Etym: [L. spica a spike, or ear.] (Bot.) Defn: Having spikes, or ears, like corn spikes. SPICOSITY Spi*cos"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of having, or being full of, ears like corn. [R.] Bailey. SPICOUS Spi"cous, a. (Bot.) Defn: See Spicose. SPICULA Spic"u*la, n.; pl. Spiculæ. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. spica a spike, ear.] (Bot.) (a) A little spike; a spikelet. (b) A pointed fleshy appendage. SPICULAR Spic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. spiculum a dart: cf. F. spiculaire.] Defn: Resembling a dart; having sharp points. SPICULATE Spic"u*late, a. Etym: [L. spiculatus, p. p. of spiculare to sharpen, to point, fr. spiculum a dart.] 1. Covered with, or having, spicules. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Covered with minute spiculæ, or pointed fleshy appendages; divided into small spikelets. SPICULATE Spic"u*late, v. t. Defn: To sharpen to a point. [R.] "With spiculated paling." Mason. SPICULE Spic"ule, n. Etym: [L. spiculum a little point, a dart.] 1. A minute, slender granule, or point. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Spicula. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small calcareous or siliceous body found in the tissues of various invertebrate animals, especially in sponges and in most Alcyonaria. Note: Spicules vary exceedingly in size and shape, and some of those found in siliceous sponges are very complex in structure and elegant in form. They are of great use in classification. Description of the Illustration: a Acerate; b Tricurvate, or Bowshaped; c d Hamate; e Broomshaped; f Scepterellate; g Spinispirulate; h Inequi-anchorate; i Sexradiate; j A Trichite Sheaf; k Six-rayed Capitate; l Rosette of Esperia; m Equi- anchorate. SPICULIFORM Spi*cu"li*form, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the shape of a spicule. SPICULIGENOUS Spic`u*lig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. spiculum + -genous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing or containing spicules. SPICULISPONGIAE Spic`u*li*spon"gi*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of sponges including those which have independent siliceous spicules. SPICULUM Spic"u*lum, n.; pl. Spicula. Etym: [L., a little point.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Spicule. SPICY Spi"cy, a. [Compar. Spicier; superl. Spiciest.] Etym: [From Spice.] 1. Flavored with, or containing, spice or spices; fragrant; aromatic; as, spicy breezes. "The spicy nut-brown ale." Milton. Led by new stars, and borne by spicy gales. Pope. 2. Producing, or abounding with, spices. In hot Ceylon spicy forests grew. Dryden. 3. Fig.: Piquant; racy; as, a spicy debate. Syn. -- Aromatic; fragrant; smart; pungent; pointed; keen. See Racy. SPIDER Spi"der, n.Etym: [OE. spi, fr. AS. spinnan to spin; -- so named from spinning its web; cf. D. spin a spider, G. spinne, Sw. spindel. Seee Spin.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of arachnids comprising the order Araneina. Spiders have the mandibles converted into poison fangs, or falcers. The abdomen is large and not segmented, with two or three pairs of spinnerets near the end, by means of which they spin threads of silk to form cocoons, or nests, to protect their eggs and young. Many species spin also complex webs to entrap the insects upon which they prey. The eyes are usually eight in number (rarely six), and are situated on the back of the cephalothorax. See Illust. under Araneina. Note: Spiders are divided into two principal groups: the Dipneumona, having two lungs: and the Tetrapneumona, having four lungs. See Mygale. The former group includes several tribes; as, the jumping spiders (see Saltigradæ), the wolf spiders, or Citigradæ (see under Wolf), the crab spiders, or Laterigradæ (see under Crab), the garden, or geometric, spiders, or Orbitellæ (see under Geometrical, and Garden), and others. See Bird spider, under Bird, Grass spider, under Grass, House spider, under House, Silk spider, under Silk. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of various other arachnids resembling the true spiders, especially certain mites, as the red spider (see under Red). 3. An iron pan with a long handle, used as a kitchen utensil in frying food. Originally, it had long legs, and was used over coals on the hearth. 4. A trevet to support pans or pots over a fire. 5. (Mach.) Defn: A skeleton, or frame, having radiating arms or members, often connected by crosspieces; as, a casting forming the hub and spokes to which the rim of a fly wheel or large gear is bolted; the body of a piston head; a frame for strengthening a core or mold for a casting, etc. Spider ant. (Zoöl.) Same as Solitary ant, under Solitary. -- Spider crab (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of maioid crabs having a more or less triangular body and ten long legs. Some of the species grow to great size, as the great Japanese spider crab (Macrocheira Kempferi), measuring sometimes more than fifteen feet across the legs when they are extended. -- Spider fly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of parasitic dipterous insects of the family Hippoboscidæ. They are mostly destitute of wings, and live among the feathers of birds and the hair of bats. Called also bird tick, and bat tick. -- Spider hunter (Zoöl.), any one of several species of East Indian sunbirds of the genus Arachnothera. -- Spider lines, filaments of a spider's web crossing the field of vision in optical instruments; -- used for determining the exact position of objects and making delicate measurements. Fine wires, silk fibers, or lines on glass similarly placed, are called spider lines. -- Spider mite. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of parasitic mites of the genus Argas and allied genera. See Argas. (b) Any one of numerous small mites injurious to plants. -- Spider monkey (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of South American monkeys of the genus Ateles, having very long legs and a long prehensile tail. -- Spider orchis (Bot.), a European orchidaceous plant (Ophrys aranifera), having flowers which resemble spiders. -- Spider shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the genus Pteroceras. See Pteroceras. SPIDERED Spi"dered, a. Defn: Infested by spiders; cobwebbed. Wolcott. SPIDERLIKE Spi"der*like`, a. Defn: Like a spider. Shak. SPIDER STITCH Spi"der stitch. Defn: A stitch in lace making used to fill in open spaces with threads resembling a cobweb. SPIDER WEB; SPIDER'S WEB Spi"der web", or Spi"der's web". (Zoöl.) Defn: The silken web which is formed by most kinds of spiders, particularly the web spun to entrap their prey. See Geometric spider, Triangle spider, under Geometric, and Triangle. SPIDERWORT Spi"der*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An American endogenous plant (Tradescantia Virginica), with long linear leaves and ephemeral blue flowers. The name is sometimes extended to other species of the same genus. SPIED Spied, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Spy. SPIEGELEISEN Spie"gel*ei`sen, n. Etym: [G. spiegel mirror + eisen iron.] Defn: See Spiegel iron. SPIEGEL IRON Spie"gel i`ron. Etym: [G. spiegel mirror + E. iron.] (Metal.) Defn: A fusible white cast iron containing a large amount of carbon (from three and a half to six per cent) and some manganese. When the manganese reaches twenty-five per cent and upwards it has a granular structure, and constitutes the alloy ferro manganese, largely used in the manufacture of Bessemer steel. Called also specular pig iron, spiegel, and spiegeleisen. SPIGHT Spight, n. & v. Defn: Spite. [Obs.] Spenser. SPIGHT Spight, n. Defn: A woodpecker. See Speight. [Obs.] SPIGNEL Spig"nel, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Spickenel. SPIGNET Spig"net, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. spikenard.] (Bot.) Defn: An aromatic plant of America. See Spikenard. SPIGOT Spig"ot, n. Etym: [From spick,or spike; cf. Ir. & Gael. spiocaid a spigot, Ir. spice a spike. See Spike.] Defn: A pin or peg used to stop the vent in a cask; also, the plug of a faucet or cock. Spigot and faucet joint, a joint for uniting pipes, formed by the insertion of the end of one pipe, or pipe fitting, into a socket at the end of another. SPIGURNEL Spi*gur"nel, n. (Eng. Law) Defn: Formerly the title of the sealer of writs in chancery. Mozley & W. SPIKE Spike, n. Etym: [Akin to LG. spiker, spieker, a large nail, D. spijker, Sw. spik, Dan. spiger, Icel. spik; all perhaps from L. spica a point, an ear of grain; but in the sense of nail more likely akin to E. spoke of a wheel. Cf. Spine.] 1. A sort of very large nail; also, a piece of pointed iron set with points upward or outward. 2. Anything resembling such a nail in shape. He wears on his head the corona radiata . . . ; the spikes that shoot out represent the rays of the sun. Addison. 3. An ear of corn or grain. 4. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of flower cluster in which sessile flowers are arranged on an unbranched elongated axis. Spike grass (Bot.), either of two tall perennial American grasses (Uniola paniculata, and U. latifolia) having broad leaves and large flattened spikelets. -- Spike rush. (Bot.) See under Rush. -- Spike shell (Zoöl.), any pteropod of the genus Styliola having a slender conical shell. -- Spike team, three horses, or a horse and a yoke of oxen, harnessed together, a horse leading the oxen or the span. [U.S.] SPIKE Spike, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spiked; p. pr. & vb. n. Spiking.] 1. To fasten with spikes, or long, large nails; as, to spike down planks. 2. To set or furnish with spikes. 3. To fix on a spike. [R.] Young. 4. To stop the vent of (a gun or cannon) by driving a spike nail, or the like into it. SPIKE Spike, n. Etym: [Cf. G. spieke, L. spica an ear of grain. See Spikenard.] (Bot.) Defn: Spike lavender. See Lavender. Oil of spike (Chem.), a colorless or yellowish aromatic oil extracted from the European broad-leaved lavender, or aspic (Lavendula Spica), used in artist's varnish and in veterinary medicine. It is often adulterated with oil of turpentine, which it much resembles. SPIKEBILL Spike"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The hooded merganser. (b) The marbled godwit (Limosa fedoa). SPIKED Spiked, a. Defn: Furnished or set with spikes, as corn; fastened with spikes; stopped with spikes. A youth, leaping over the spiked pales, . . . was caught by those spikes. Wiseman. SPIKEFISH Spike"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Sailfish (a) SPIKELET Spike"let, n. (Bot.) Defn: A small or secondary spike; especially, one of the ultimate parts of the in florescence of grasses. See Illust. of Quaking grass. SPIKENARD Spike"nard, n.Etym: [For spiked nard; cf. G. spieknarde, NL. spica nardi. See Spike an ear, and Nard.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An aromatic plant. In the United States it is the Aralia racemosa, often called spignet, and used as a medicine. The spikenard of the ancients is the Nardostachys Jatamansi, a native of the Himalayan region. From its blackish roots a perfume for the hair is still prepared in India. 2. A fragrant essential oil, as that from the Nardostachys Jatamansi. SPIKETAIL Spike"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pintail duck. [Local, U.S.] SPIKY Spik"y, a. 1. Like a spike; spikelike. These spiky, vivid outbursts of metallic vapors. C. A. Young. 2. Having a sharp point, or sharp points; furnished or armed with spikes. Or by the spiky harrow cleared away. Dyer. The spiky wheels through heaps of carnage tore. Pope. SPILE Spile, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. spile, dial. G. speil, speiler, D. spijl. *170.] 1. A small plug or wooden pin, used to stop a vent, as in a cask. 2. A small tube or spout inserted in a tree for conducting sap, as from a sugar maple. 3. A large stake driven into the ground as a support for some superstructure; a pile. Spile hole, a small air hole in a cask; a vent. SPILE Spile, v. t. Defn: To supply with a spile or a spigot; to make a small vent in, as a cask. SPILIKIN Spil"i*kin, n. Etym: [OD. spelleken a small pin. See Spill a splinter.] Defn: One of a number of small pieces or pegs of wood, ivory, bone, or other material, for playing a game, or for counting the score in a game, as in cribbage. In the plural (spilikins), a game played with such pieces; pushpin. [Written also spillikin, spilliken.] SPILL Spill, n. Etym: [sq. root170. Cf. Spell a splinter.] 1. A bit of wood split off; a splinter. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. A slender piece of anything. Specifically: -- (a) A peg or pin for plugging a hole, as in a cask; a spile. (b) A metallic rod or pin. (c) A small roll of paper, or slip of wood, used as a lamplighter, etc. (d) (Mining) One of the thick laths or poles driven horizontally ahead of the main timbering in advancing a level in loose ground. 3. A little sum of money. [Obs.] Ayliffe. SPILL Spill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spilt; p. pr. & vb. n. Spilling.] Defn: To cover or decorate with slender pieces of wood, metal, ivory, etc.; to inlay. [Obs.] Spenser. SPILL Spill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spilled, or Spilt (; p. pr. & vb. n. Spilling.] Etym: [OE. spillen,sually, to destroy, AS. spillan, spildan, to destroy; akin to Icel. spilla to destroy, Sw. spilla to spill, Dan. spilde,G. & D. spillen to squander, OHG. spildan.] 1. To destroy; to kill; to put an end to. [Obs.] And gave him to the queen, all at her will To choose whether she would him save or spill. Chaucer. Greater glory think [it] to save than spill. Spenser. 2. To mar; to injure; to deface; hence, to destroy by misuse; to waste. [Obs.] They [the colors] disfigure the stuff and spill the whole workmanship. Puttenham. Spill not the morning, the quintessence of day, in recreations. Fuller. 3. To suffer to fall or run out of a vessel; to lose, or suffer to be scattered; -- applied to fluids and to substances whose particles are small and loose; as, to spill water from a pail; to spill quicksilver from a vessel; to spill powder from a paper; to spill sand or flour. Note: Spill differs from pour in expressing accidental loss, -- a loss or waste contrary to purpose. 4. To cause to flow out and be lost or wasted; to shed, or suffer to be shed, as in battle or in manslaughter; as, a man spills another's blood, or his own blood. And to revenge his blood so justly spilt. Dryden. 5. (Naut.) Defn: To relieve a sail from the pressure of the wind, so that it can be more easily reefed or furled, or to lessen the strain. Spilling line (Naut.), a rope used for spilling, or dislodging, the wind from the belly of a sail. Totten. SPILL Spill, v. i. 1. To be destroyed, ruined, or wasted; to come to ruin; to perish; to waste. [Obs.] That thou wilt suffer innocents to spill. Chaucer. 2. To be shed; to run over; to fall out, and be lost or wasted. "He was so topful of himself, that he let it spill on all the company." I. Watts. SPILLER Spill"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, spills. 2. A kind of fishing line with many hooks; a boulter. SPILLET FISHING; SPILLIARD FISHING Spil"let fish`ing, Spil"liard fish`ing, Defn: A system or method of fishing by means of a number of hooks set on snoods all on one line; -- in North America, called trawl fishing, bultow, or bultow fishing, and long-line fishing. SPILLIKIN Spil"li*kin, n. Defn: See Spilikin. SPILLWAY Spill"way`, n. Defn: A sluiceway or passage for superfluous water in a reservoir, to prevent too great pressure on the dam. SPILT Spilt, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Spill. Spilled. SPILTER Spil"ter, n. Etym: [From Spill, n.] Defn: Any one of the small branches on a stag's head. [Obs.] Howell. SPILTH Spilth, n. Etym: [From Spill.] Defn: Anything spilt, or freely poured out; slop; effusion. [Archaic] "With drunken spilth of wine." Shak. Choicest cates, and the flagon's best spilth. R. Browning. SPIN Spin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spun (Archaic imp. Span (); p. pr. & vb. n. Spinning.] Etym: [AS. spinnan; akin to D. & G. spinnen, Icel. & Sw. spinna, Dan. spinde, Goth. spinnan, and probably to E. span. sq. root170. Cf. Span, v. t., Spider.] 1. To draw out, and twist into threads, either by the hand or machinery; as, to spin wool, cotton, or flax; to spin goat's hair; to produce by drawing out and twisting a fibrous material. All the yarn she [Penelope] spun in Ulysses' absence did but fill Ithaca full of moths. Shak. 2. To draw out tediously; to form by a slow process, or by degrees; to extend to a great length; -- with out; as, to spin out large volumes on a subject. Do you mean that story is tediously spun out Sheridan. 3. To protract; to spend by delays; as, to spin out the day in idleness. By one delay after another they spin out their whole lives. L'Estrange. 4. To cause to turn round rapidly; to whirl; to twirl; as, to spin a top. 5. To form (a web, a cocoon, silk, or the like) from threads produced by the extrusion of a viscid, transparent liquid, which hardens on coming into contact with the air; -- said of the spider, the silkworm, etc. 6. (Mech.) Defn: To shape, as malleable sheet metal, into a hollow form, by bending or buckling it by pressing against it with a smooth hand tool or roller while the metal revolves, as in a lathe. To spin a yarn (Naut.), to tell a story, esp. a long or fabulous tale. -- To spin hay (Mil.), to twist it into ropes for convenient carriage on an expedition. -- To spin street yarn, to gad about gossiping. [Collog.] SPIN Spin, v. i. 1. To practice spinning; to work at drawing and twisting threads; to make yarn or thread from fiber; as, the woman knows how to spin; a machine or jenny spins with great exactness. They neither know to spin, nor care to toll. Prior. 2. To move round rapidly; to whirl; to revolve, as a top or a spindle, about its axis. Round about him spun the landscape, Sky and forest reeled together. Longfellow. With a whirligig of jubilant mosquitoes spinning about each head. G. W. Cable. 3. To stream or issue in a thread or a small current or jet; as, blood spinsfrom a vein. Shak. 4. To move swifty; as, to spin along the road in a carriage, on a bicycle, etc. [Colloq.] SPIN Spin, n. 1. The act of spinning; as, the spin of a top; a spin a bicycle. [Colloq.] 2. (Kinematics) Defn: Velocity of rotation about some specified axis. go for a spin take a spin, take a trip in a wheeled vehicle, usu. an automobile. SPINA BIFIDA Spi"na bif"i*da. (Med.) Etym: [L., cleft spine.] Defn: A congenital malformation in which the spinal column is cleft at its lower portion, and the membranes of the spinal cord project as an elastic swelling from the gap thus formed. SPINACEOUS Spi*na"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the plant spinach, or the family of plants to which it belongs. SPINACH; SPINAGE Spin"ach, Spin"age, n. Etym: [OF. espinache, espinoche, F. épinard; cf. F. spinace, Sp. espinaca; all fr. Ar. isfanaj, isfinaj, aspanakh, probably of Persian origin.] (Bot.) Defn: A common pot herb (Spinacia oleracea) belonging to the Goosefoot family. Mountain spinach. See Garden orache, under Orache. -- New Zealand spinach (Bot.), a coarse herb (Tetragonia expansa), a poor substitute for spinach. Note: Various other pot herbs are locally called spinach. SPINAL Spi"nal, a. Etym: [L. spinalis, fr. spina the spine: cf. F. spinal. See Spine.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the backbone, or vertebral column; rachidian; vertebral. 2. Of or pertaining to a spine or spines. Spinal accessory nerves, the eleventh pair of cranial nerves in the higher vertebrates. They originate from the spinal cord and pass forward into the skull, from which they emerge in company with the pneumogastrics. -- Spinal column, the backbone, or connected series or vertebræ which forms the axis of the vertebrate skeleton; the spine; rachis; vertebral column. -- Spinal cord, the great nervous cord extending backward from the brain along the dorsal side of the spinal column of a vertebrate animal, and usually terminating in a threadlike appendage called the filum terminale; the spinal, or vertebral, marrow; the myelon. The nervous tissue consists of nerve fibers and nerve cells, the latter being confined to the so-called gray matter of the central portions of the cord, while the peripheral white matter is composed of nerve fibers only. The center of the cord is traversed by a slender canal connecting with the ventricles of the brain. SPINATE Spi"nate, a. Defn: Bearing a spine; spiniform. SPINDLE Spin"dle, n. Etym: [AS. spinal, fr. spinnan to spin; akin to D. spil, G. spille, spindel, OHG. spinnala. sq. root170. See Spin.] 1. The long, round, slender rod or pin in spinning wheels by which the thread is twisted, and on which, when twisted, it is wound; also, the pin on which the bobbin is held in a spinning machine, or in the shuttle of a loom. 2. A slender rod or pin on which anything turns; an axis; as, the spindle of a vane. Specifically: --(a) (Mach.) Defn: The shaft, mandrel, or arbor, in a machine tool, as a lathe or drilling machine, etc., which causes the work to revolve, or carries a tool or center, etc. (b) (Mach.) The vertical rod on which the runner of a grinding mill turns. (c) (Founding) A shaft or pipe on which a core of sand is formed. 3. The fusee of a watch. 4. A long and slender stalk resembling a spindle. 5. A yarn measure containing, in cotton yarn, 15,120 yards; in linen yarn, 14,400 yards. 6. (Geom.) Defn: A solid generated by the revolution of a curved line about its base or double ordinate or chord. 7. (Zoöl.) (a) Any marine univalve shell of the genus Rostellaria; -- called also spindle stromb. (b) Any marine gastropod of the genus Fusus. Dead spindle (Mach.), a spindle in a machine tool that does not revolve; the spindle of the tailstock of a lathe. -- Live spindle (Mach.), the revolving spindle of a machine tool; the spindle of the headstock of a turning lathe. -- Spindle shell. (Zoöl.) See Spindle, 7. above. -- Spindle side, the female side in descent; in the female line; opposed to spear side. Ld. Lytton. [R.] "King Lycaon, grandson, by the spindle side, of Oceanus." Lowell. -- Spindle tree (Bot.), any shrub or tree of the genus Eunymus. The wood of E. Europæus was used for spindles and skewers. See Prickwood. SPINDLE Spin"dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spindled(); p. pr. & vb. n. Spindling.] Defn: To shoot or grow into a long, slender stalk or body; to become disproportionately tall and slender. It has begun to spindle into overintellectuality. Lowell. SPINDLE-LEGGED Spin"dle-legged`, a. Defn: Having long, slender legs. SPINDLELEGS Spin"dle*legs`, n. Defn: A spindlehanks. SPINDLE-SHANKED Spin"dle-shanked`, a. Defn: Having long, slender legs. Addison. SPINDLESHANKS Spin"dle*shanks`, n. Defn: A person with slender shanks, or legs; -- used humorously or in contempt. SPINDLE-SHAPED Spin"dle-shaped`, a. 1. Having the shape of a spindle. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Thickest in the middle, and tapering to both ends; fusiform; -- applied chiefly to roots. SPINDLETAIL Spin"dle*tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pintail duck. [Local, U.S.] SPINDLEWORM Spin"dle*worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larva of a noctuid mmoth (Achatodes zeæ) which feeds inside the stalks of corn (maize), sometimes causing much damage. It is smooth, with a black head and tail and a row of black dots across each segment. SPINDLING Spin"dling, a. Defn: Long and slender, or disproportionately tall and slender; as, a spindling tree; a spindling boy. SPINDRIFT Spin"drift, n. Defn: Same as Spoondrift. The ocean waves are broken up by wind, ultimately producing the storm wrack and spindrift of the tempest-tossed sea. J. E. Marr. SPINE Spine, n. Etym: [L. spina thorn, the spine; akin to spica a point: cf. OF. espine, F. épine. Cf. Spike, Spinet a musical instrument, Spinny.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A sharp appendage to any of a plant; a thorn. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A rigid and sharp projection upon any part of an animal. (b) One of the rigid and undivided fin rays of a fish. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The backbone, or spinal column, of an animal; -- so called from the projecting processes upon the vertebræ. 4. Anything resembling the spine or backbone; a ridge. SPINEBACK Spine"back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fish having spines in, or in front of, the dorsal fins. SPINEBILL Spine"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Australian birds of the genus Acanthorhynchus. They are related to the honey eaters. SPINED Spined, a. Defn: Furnished with spines; spiny. SPINE-FINNED Spine"-finned`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having fine supported by spinous fin rays; -- said of certain fishes. SPINEL; SPINELLE Spi*nel", Spi*nelle", n. Etym: [F. spinelle, or LL. spinellus, perhaps from L. spina a thorn, a prickle, in allusion to its pointed crystals.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occuring in octahedrons of great hardness and various colors, as red, green, blue, brown, and black, the red variety being the gem spinel ruby. It consist essentially of alumina and magnesia, but commonly contains iron and sometimes also chromium. Note: The spinel group includes spinel proper, also magnetite, chromite, franklinite, gahnite, etc., all of which may be regarded as composed of a sesquioxide and a protoxide in equal proportions. SPINEL Spin"el, n. Defn: Bleached yarn in making the linen tape called inkle; unwrought inkle. Knight. SPINELESS Spine"less, a. Defn: Having no spine. SPINESCENCE Spi*nes"cence, n. Defn: The state or quality of being spinescent or spiny; also, a spiny growth or covering, as of certain animals. SPINESCENT Spi*nes"cent, a.Etym: [L. spinescens, -entis, p. pr. of spinescere to know to grow thorny, fr. spina a thorn: cf. F. spinescent.] (Bot.) Defn: Becoming hard and thorny; tapering gradually to a rigid, leafless point; armed with spines. Gray. SPINET Spin"et, n. Etym: [OF. espinete, F. épinette (cf. It. spinetta), fr. L. spina a thorn; -- so called because its quills resemble thorns. See Spine.] (Mus.) Defn: A keyed instrument of music resembling a harpsichord, but smaller, with one string of brass or steel wire to each note, sounded by means of leather or quill plectrums or jacks. It was formerly much used. Dumb spinet. (Mus.) See Manichordon. SPINET Spi"net, n. Etym: [L. spinetum. See Spinny.] Defn: A spinny. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SPINETAIL Spine"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one or several species of swifts of the genus Acanthylis, or Chætura, and allied genera, in which the shafts of the tail feathers terminate in rigid spines. (b) Any one of several species of South American and Central American clamatorial birds belonging to Synallaxis and allied genera of the family Dendrocolaptidæ. They are allied to the ovenbirds. (c) The ruddy duck. [Local, U.S.] SPINE-TAILED Spine"-tailed, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the tail quills ending in sharp, naked tips. Spine- tailed swift. (Zoöl.) See Spinetail (a). SPINETED Spin"et*ed, a. Defn: Slit; cleft. [Obs. & R.] SPINIFEROUS Spi*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. spinifer; spina thorn + ferre to produce.] Defn: Producing spines; bearing thorns or spines; thorny; spiny. SPINIFEX Spin"i*fex, n. [NL.; L. spina spine + facere to make.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of chiefly Australian grasses, the seeds of which bear an elastic spine. S. hirsutus (black grass) and S. longifolius are useful as sand binders. S. paradoxusis a valuable perennial fodder plant. Also, a plant of this genus. 2. Any of several Australian grasses of the genus Tricuspis, which often form dense, almost impassable growth, their leaves being stiff and sharp-pointed. SPINIFORM Spin"i*form, a. Defn: Shaped like a spine. SPINIGEROUS Spi*nig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. spiniger; spina spine + gerere to bear.] Defn: Bearing a spine or spines; thorn-bearing. SPININESS Spin"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being spiny. SPINI-SPIRULATE Spin`i-*spir"u*late, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having spines arranged spirally. See Spicule. SPINK Spink, n. Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. spink a kind of small bird, Gr. finch.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The chaffinch. SPINNAKER Spin"na*ker, n. (Naut.) Defn: A large triangular sail set upon a boom, -- used when running before the wind. SPINNER Spin"ner, n. 1. One who, or that which, spins one skilled in spinning; a spinning machine. 2. A spider. "Long-legged spinners." Shak. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A goatsucker; -- so called from the peculiar noise it makes when darting through the air. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A spinneret. Ring spinner, a machine for spinning, in which the twist, given to the yarn by a revolving bobbin, is regulated by the drag of a small metal loop which slides around a ring encircling the bobbin, instead of by a throstle. SPINNERET Spin"ner*et, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the special jointed organs situated on the under side, and near the end, of the abdomen of spiders, by means of which they spin their webs. Most spiders have three pairs of spinnerets, but some have only two pairs. The ordinary silk line of the spider is composed of numerous smaller lines jointed after issuing from the spinnerets. SPINNERULE Spin"ner*ule, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the numerous small spinning tubes on the spinnerets of spiders. SPINNEY Spin"ney, n.; pl. Spinneys (. Defn: Same as Spinny. T. Hughes. SPINNING Spin"ning, a. & n. Defn: from Spin. Spinning gland (Zoöl.), one of the glands which form the material for spinning the silk of silkworms and other larvæ. -- Spinning house, formerly a common name for a house of correction in England, the women confined therein being employed in spinning. -- Spinning jenny (Mach.), an engine or machine for spinning wool or cotton, by means of a large number of spindles revolving simultaneously. -- Spinning mite (Zoöl.), the red spider. -- Spinning wheel, a machine for spinning yarn or thread, in which a wheel drives a single spindle, and is itself driven by the hand, or by the foot acting on a treadle. SPINNY Spin"ny, n.; pl. Spinnies. Etym: [OF. espinaye,espinoye, espinei, espanoi, F. épinaie, from L. spinetum a thicket of thorns, fr. spina a thorn. See Spine.] Defn: A small thicket or grove with undergrowth; a clump of trees. [Written also spinney, and spinny.] The downs rise steep, crowned with black fir spinnies. C. Kingsley. SPINNY Spin"ny, a. Etym: [Cf. Spiny, a.] Defn: Thin and long; slim; slender. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SPINOSE Spi*nose", a.Etym: [L. spinosus, from spina a thorn.] Defn: Full of spines; armed with thorns; thorny. SPINOSITY Spi*nos"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being spiny or thorny; spininess. SPINOUS Spi"nous, a. 1. Spinose; thorny. 2. Having the form of a spine or thorn; spinelike. Spinous process of a vertebra (Anat.), the dorsal process of the neural arch of a vertebra; a neurapophysis. SPINOZISM Spi*no"zism, n. Defn: The form of Pantheism taught by Benedict Spinoza, that there is but one substance, or infinite essence, in the universe, of which the so-called material and spiritual beings and phenomena are only modes, and that one this one substance is God. [Written also Spinosism.] SPINOZIST Spi*no"zist, n. Defn: A believer in Spinozism. SPINSTER Spin"ster, n. Etym: [Spin + -ster.] 1. A woman who spins, or whose occupation is to spin. She spake to spinster to spin it out. Piers Plowman. The spinsters and the knitters in the sun. Shak. 2. A man who spins. [Obs.] Shak. 3. (Law) Defn: An unmarried or single woman; -- used in legal proceedings as a title, or addition to the surname. If a gentlewoman be termed a spinster, she may abate the writ. Coke. 4. A woman of evil life and character; -- so called from being forced to spin in a house of correction. [Obs.] SPINSTRESS Spin"stress, n. Defn: A woman who spins. T. Brown. SPINSTRY Spin"stry, n. Defn: The business of one who spins; spinning. [Obs.] Milton. SPINTHARISCOPE Spin*thar"i*scope, n. [Gr. spinqari`s spark + -scope.] Defn: A small instrument containing a minute particle of a radium compound mounted in front of a fluorescent screen and viewed with magnifying lenses. The tiny flashes produced by the continual bombardment of the screen by the a rays are thus rendered visible. -- Spin*thar`i*scop"ic (#), a. SPINULE Spin"ule, n. Etym: [L. spinula, dim. of spina a spine: cf. F. spinule.] Defn: A minute spine. Dana. SPINULESCENT Spin`u*les"cent, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having small spines; somewhat thorny. SPINULOSE; SPINULOUS Spin"u*lose`, Spin"u*lous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. spinuleux.] Defn: Covered with small spines. SPINY Spin"y, a. Etym: [From Spine.] 1. Full of spines; thorny; as, a spiny tree. 2. Like a spine in shape; slender. "Spiny grasshoppers sit chirping." Chapman. 3. Fig.: Abounding with difficulties or annoyances. The spiny deserts of scholastic philosophy. Bp. Warburton. Spiny lobster. (Zoöl.) Same as Rock lobster, under Rock. See also Lobster. SPINY Spin"y, n. Defn: See Spinny. SPIODEA Spi*o"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Spio the typical genus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of marine Annelida, including those that are without oral tentacles or cirri, and have the gills, when present, mostly arranged along the sides of the body. They generally live in burrows or tubes. SPIRABLE Spi"ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. spirabilis.] Defn: Capable of being breathed; respirable. [Obs.] Nash. SPIRACLE Spir"a*cle, n.Etym: [L. spiraculum, fr. spirare to breathe: cf. F. spiracule. See Spirit.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The nostril, or one of the nostrils, of whales, porpoises, and allied animals. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the external openings communicating with the air tubes or tracheæ of insects, myriapods, and arachnids. They are variable in number, and are usually situated on the sides of the thorax and abdomen, a pair to a segment. These openings are usually elliptical, and capable of being closed. See Illust. under Coleoptera. (a) A tubular orifice communicating with the gill cavity of certain ganoid and all elasmobranch fishes. It is the modified first gill cleft. 3. Any small aperture or vent for air or other fluid. SPIRACULAR Spi*rac"u*lar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a spiracle. SPIRAEA Spi*ræ"a, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs or perennial herbs including the meadowsweet and the hardhack. SPIRAEIC Spi*ræ"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the meadowsweet (Spiræa); formerly, designating an acid which is now called salicylic acid. SPIRAL Spi"ral, a. Etym: [Cf. F. spiral. See Spire a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring. 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis, and at the same time rising or advancing forward; winding like the thread of a screw; helical. 3. (Geom.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a spiral; like a spiral. Spiral gear, or Spiral wheel (Mach.), a gear resembling in general a spur gear, but having its teeth cut at an angle with its axis, or so that they form small portions of screws or spirals. -- Spiral gearing, a kind of gearing sometimes used in light machinery, in which spiral gears, instead of bevel gears, are used to transmit motion between shafts that are not parallel. -- Spiral operculum, an operculum whih has spiral lines of growth. -- Spiral shell, any shell in which the whorls form a spiral or helix. -- Spiral spring. See the Note under Spring, n., 4. SPIRAL Spi"ral, n. Etym: [Cf. F. spirale. See Spiral, a.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A plane curve, not reëntrant, described by a point, called the generatrix, moving along a straight line according to a mathematical law, while the line is revolving about a fixed point called the pole. Cf. Helix. 2. Anything which has a spiral form, as a spiral shell. Equiangular spiral,a plane curve which cuts all its generatrices at the same angle. Same as Logarithmic spiral, under Logarithmic. -- Spiral of Archimedes, a spiral the law of which is that the generatrix moves uniformly along the revolving line, which also moves uniformly. SPIRALITY Spi*ral"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or states of being spiral. SPIRALLY Spi"ral*ly, adv. Defn: In a spiral form, manner, or direction. SPIRALOZOOID Spi*ra`lo*zo"oid, n. Etym: [Spiral + zooid. So called because they often have a spiral form when contracted.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the special defensive zooids of certain hydroids. They have the form of long, slender tentacles, and bear lasso cells. SPIRANT Spi"rant, n. Etym: [L. spirans, -antis, p. pr. of spirare to breathe. See Spirit.] (Phon.) Defn: A term used differently by different authorities; -- by some as equivalent to fricative, -- that is, as including all the continuous consonants, except the nasals m, n, ng; with the further exception, by others, of the liquids r, l, and the semivowels w, y; by others limited to f, v, th surd and sonant, and the sound of German ch, -- thus excluding the sibilants, as well as the nasals, liquids, and semivowels. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 197-208. SPIRANTHY Spi*ran"thy, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The occasional twisted growth of the parts of a flower. SPIRATION Spi*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. spiratio, fr. spirare to breathe.] Defn: The act of breathing. [Obs.] Barrow. SPIRE Spire, v. i. Etym: [L. spirare to breathe. See Spirit.] Defn: To breathe. [Obs.] Shenstone. SPIRE Spire, n. Etym: [OE. spire, spir, a blade of grass, a young shoot, AS. spir; akin to G. spier a blade of grass, Dan. spire a sprout, sprig, Sw. spira a spar, Icel. spira.] 1. A slender stalk or blade in vegetation; as, a spire grass or of wheat. An oak cometh up a little spire. Chaucer. 2. A tapering body that shoots up or out to a point in a conical or pyramidal form. Specifically (Arch.), the roof of a tower when of a pyramidal form and high in proportion to its width; also, the pyramidal or aspiring termination of a tower which can not be said to have a roof, such as that of Strasburg cathedral; the tapering part of a steeple, or the steeple itself. "With glistering spires and pinnacles adorned." Milton. A spire of land that stand apart, Cleft from the main. Tennyson. Tall spire from which the sound of cheerful bells Just undulates upon the listening ear. Cowper. 3. (Mining) Defn: A tube or fuse for communicating fire to the chargen in blasting. 4. The top, or uppermost point, of anything; the summit. The spire and top of praises. Shak. SPIRE Spire, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spired; p. pr. & vb. n. Spiring.] Defn: To shoot forth, or up in, or as if in, a spire. Emerson. It is not so apt to spire up as the other sorts, being more inclined to branch into arms. Mortimer. SPIRE Spire, n. Etym: [L. spira coil, twist; akin to Gr. spire.] 1. A spiral; a curl; a whorl; a twist. Dryden. 2. (Geom.) Defn: The part of a spiral generated in one revolution of the straight line about the pole. See Spiral, n. Spire bearer. (Paleon.) Same as Spirifer. SPIRED Spired, a. Defn: Having a spire; being in the form of a spire; as, a spired steeple. Mason. SPIRICLE Spi"ri*cle, n. Etym: [Dim., fr. L. spira a coil.] (Bot.) Defn: One of certain minute coiled threads in the coating of some seeds. When moistened these threads protrude in great numbers. Gray. SPIRIFER Spi"ri*fer, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. spira a coil + ferreto bear.] (Paleon.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of fossil brachipods of the genus Spirifer, or Delthyris, and allied genera, in which the long calcareous supports of the arms form a large spiral, or helix, on each side. SPIRILLUM Spi*ril"lum, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. spira a coil.] (Biol.) Defn: A genus of common motile microörganisms (Spirobacteria) having the form of spiral-shaped filaments. One species is said to be the cause of relapsing fever. SPIRING Spir"ing, a. Defn: Shooting up in a spire or spires. "The spiring grass." Dryton. SPIRIT Spir"it, n. Etym: [OF. espirit, esperit, F. esprit, L. spiritus, from spirare to breathe, to blow. Cf. Conspire, Expire, Esprit, Sprite.] 1. Air set in motion by breathing; breath; hence, sometimes, life itself. [Obs.] "All of spirit would deprive." Spenser. The mild air, with season moderate, Gently attempered, and disposed eo well, That still it breathed foorth sweet spirit. Spenser. 2. A rough breathing; an aspirate, as the letter h; also, a mark to denote aspiration; a breathing. [Obs.] Be it a letter or spirit, we have great use for it. B. Jonson. 3. Life, or living substance, considered independently of corporeal existence; an intelligence conceived of apart from any physical organization or embodiment; vital essence, force, or energy, as distinct from matter. 4. The intelligent, immaterial and immortal part of man; the soul, in distinction from the body in which it resides; the agent or subject of vital and spiritual functions, whether spiritual or material. There is a spirit in man; and the inspiration of the Almighty giveth them understanding. Job xxxii. 8. As the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without works is dead also. James ii. 26. Spirit is a substance wherein thinking, knowing, doubting, and a power of moving, do subsist. Locke. 5. Specifically, a disembodied soul; the human soul after it has left the body. Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was, and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it. Eccl. xii. 7. Ye gentle spirits far away, With whom we shared the cup of grace. Keble. 6. Any supernatural being, good or bad; an apparition; a specter; a ghost; also, sometimes, a sprite,; a fairy; an elf. Whilst young, preserve his tender mind from all impressions of spirits and goblins in the dark. Locke. 7. Energy, vivacity, ardor, enthusiasm, courage, etc. "Write it then, quickly," replied Bede; and summoning all his spirits together, like the last blaze of a candle going out, he indited it, and expired. Fuller. 8. One who is vivacious or lively; one who evinces great activity or peculiar characteristics of mind or temper; as, a ruling spirit; a schismatic spirit. Such spirits as he desired to please, such would I choose for my judges. Dryden. 9. Temper or disposition of mind; mental condition or disposition; intellectual or moral state; -- often in the plural; as, to be cheerful, or in good spirits; to be downhearted, or in bad spirits. God has . . . made a spirit of building succeed a spirit of pulling down. South. A perfect judge will read each work of wit With the same spirit that its author writ. Pope. 10. Intent; real meaning; -- opposed to the letter, or to formal statement; also, characteristic quality, especially such as is derived from the individual genius or the personal character; as, the spirit of an enterprise, of a document, or the like. 11. Tenuous, volatile, airy, or vapory substance, possessed of active qualities. All bodies have spirits . . . within them. Bacon. 12. Any liquid produced by distillation; especially, alcohol, the spirits, or spirit, of wine (it having been first distilled from wine): -- often in the plural. 13. pl. Defn: Rum, whisky, brandy, gin, and other distilled liquors having much alcohol, in distinction from wine and malt liquors. 14. (Med.) Defn: A solution in alcohol of a volatile principle. Cf. Tincture. U. S. Disp. 15. (Alchemy) Defn: Any one of the four substances, sulphur, sal ammoniac, quicksilver, or arsenic (or, according to some, orpiment). The four spirits and the bodies seven. Chaucer. 16. (Dyeing) Defn: Stannic chloride. See under Stannic. Note: Spirit is sometimes joined with other words, forming compounds, generally of obvious signification; as, spirit-moving, spirit- searching, spirit-stirring, etc. Astral spirits, Familiar spirits, etc. See under Astral, Familiar, etc. -- Animal spirits. (a) (Physiol.) The fluid which at one time was supposed to circulate through the nerves and was regarded as the agent of sensation and motion; -- called also the nervous fluid, or nervous principle. (b) Physical health and energy; frolicsomeness; sportiveness. -- Ardent spirits, strong alcoholic liquors, as brandy, rum, whisky, etc., obtained by distillation. -- Holy Spirit, or The Spirit (Theol.), the Spirit of God, or the third person of the Trinity; the Holy Ghost. The spirit also signifies the human spirit as influenced or animated by the Divine Spirit. -- Proof spirit. (Chem.) See under Proof. -- Rectified spirit (Chem.), spirit rendered purer or more concentrated by redistillation, so as to increase the percentage of absolute alcohol. -- Spirit butterfly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of delicate butterflies of tropical America belonging to the genus Ithomia. The wings are gauzy and nearly destitute of scales. -- Spirit duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The buffle-headed duck. (b) The golden- eye. -- Spirit lamp (Art), a lamp in which alcohol or methylated spirit is burned. -- Spirit level. See under Level. -- Spirit of hartshorn. (Old Chem.) See under Hartshorn. -- Spirit of Mindererus (Med.), an aqueous solution of acetate of ammonium; -- named after R. Minderer, physician of Augsburg. -- Spirit of nitrous ether (Med. Chem.), a pale yellow liquid, of a sweetish taste and a pleasant ethereal odor. It is obtained by the distillatin of alcohol with nitric and sulphuric acids, and consists essentially of ethyl nitrite with a little acetic aldehyde. It is used a diaphoretic, diuretic, antispasmodic, etc. Called also sweet spirit of niter. -- Spirit of salt (Chem.), hydrochloric acid; -- so called because obtained from salt and sulphuric acid. [Obs.] -- Spirit of sense, the utmost refinement of sensation. [Obs.] Shak. -- Spirits, or Spirit, of turpentine (Chem.), rectified oil of turpentine, a transparent, colorless, volatile, and very inflammable liquid, distilled from the turpentine of the various species of pine; camphine. See Camphine. -- Spirit of vitriol (Chem.), sulphuric acid; -- so called because formerly obtained by the distillation of green vitriol. [Obs.] -- Spirit of vitriolic ether (Chem.) ether; -- often but incorrectly called sulphuric ether. See Ether. [Obs.] -- Spirits, or Spirit, of wine (Chem.), alcohol; -- so called because formerly obtained by the distillation of wine. -- Spirit rapper, one who practices spirit rapping; a "medium" so called. -- Spirit rapping, an alleged form of communication with the spirits of the dead by raps. See Spiritualism, 3. -- Sweet spirit of niter. See Spirit of nitrous ether, above. Syn. -- Life; ardor; energy; fire; courage; animatioon; cheerfulness; vivacity; enterprise. SPIRIT Spir"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spirited; p. pr. & vb. n. Spiriting.] 1. To animate with vigor; to excite; to encourage; to inspirit; as, civil dissensions often spirit the ambition of private men; -- sometimes followed by up. Many officers and private men spirit up and assist those obstinate people to continue in their rebellion. Swift . 2. To convey rapidly and secretly, or mysteriously, as if by the agency of a spirit; to kidnap; -- often with away, or off. The ministry had him spirited away, and carried abroad as a dangerous person. Arbuthnot & Pope. I felt as if I had been spirited into some castle of antiquity. Willis. Spiriting away (Law), causing to leave; the offense of inducing a witness to leave a jurisdiction so as to evade process requiring attendance at trial. SPIRITALLY Spir"it*al*ly, adv.Etym: [L. spiritalis belonging to breathing.] Defn: By means of the breath. [Obs.] Holder. SPIRITED Spir"it*ed, a. 1. Animated or possessed by a spirit. [Obs.] "So talked the spirited, sly snake." Milton. 2. Animated; full of life or vigor; lively; full of spirit or fire; as, a spirited oration; a spirited answer. Note: Spirited is much used in composition; as in high-spirited, low- spirited, mean-spirited, etc. Syn. -- Lively; vivacious; animated; ardent; active; bold; courageous. -- Spir"it*ed*ly, adv. -- Spir"it*ed*ness, n. SPIRITFUL Spir"it*ful, a. Defn: Full of spirit; spirited. [R.] The spiritful and orderly life of our own grown men. Milton. -- Spir"it*ful*ly, adv. -- Spir"it*ful*ness, n. SPIRITISM Spir"it*ism, n. Defn: Spiritualsm. SPIRITIST Spir"it*ist, n. Defn: A spiritualist. SPIRITLESS Spir"it*less, a. 1. Destitute of spirit; wanting animation; wanting cheerfulness; dejected; depressed. 2. Destitute of vigor; wanting life, courage, or fire. A men so faint, so spiritless, So dull, so dead in lock, so woebegone. Shak. 3. Having no breath; extinct; dead. "The spiritless body." Greenhill. -- Spir"it*less*ly, adv. -- Spir"it*less*ness, n. SPIRITOSO Spi`ri*to"so, a. & adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Spirited; spiritedly; -- a direction to perform a passage in an animated, lively manner. SPIRITOUS Spir"it*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. Spirituous.] 1. Like spirit; refined; defecated; pure. [R.] More refined, more spirituous and pure. Milton. 2. Ardent; active. [R.] SPIRITOUSNESS Spir"it*ous*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being spiritous. [R.] SPIRITUAL Spir"it*u*al, a. Etym: [L. spiritualis: cf. F. spirituel. See Spirit.] 1. Consisting of spirit; not material; incorporeal; as, a spiritual substance or being. It is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body. 1 Cor. xv. 44. 2. Of or pertaining to the intellectual and higher endowments of the mind; mental; intellectual. 3. Of or pertaining to the moral feelings or states of the soul, as distinguished from the external actions; reaching and affecting the spirits. God's law is spiritual; it is a transcript of the divine nature, and extends its authority to the acts of the soul of man. Sir T. Browne. 4. Of or pertaining to the soul or its affections as influenced by the Spirit; controlled and inspired by the divine Spirit; proceeding from the Holy Spirit; pure; holy; divine; heavenly-minded; -- opposed to carnal. That I may impart unto you some spiritual gift. Rom. i. ll. Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath blessed us with all spiritual blessings. Eph. i. 3. If a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual, restore such an one. Gal. vi. 1. 5. Not lay or temporal; relating to sacred things; ecclesiastical; as, the spiritual functions of the clergy; lords spiritual and temporal; a spiritual corporation. Spiritual coadjuctor. (Eccl.) See the Note under Jesuit. -- Spiritual court (Eccl. Law), an ecclesiastical court, or a court having jurisdiction in ecclesiastical affairs; a court held by a bishop or other ecclesiastic. SPIRITUAL Spir"it*u*al, n. Defn: A spiritual function, office, or affair. See Spirituality, 2. He assigns supremacy to the pope in spirituals, and to the emperor in temporals. Lowell. SPIRITUALISM Spir"it*u*al*ism, n. 1. The quality or state of being spiritual. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The doctrine, in opposition to the materialists, that all which exists is spirit, or soul -- that what is called the external world is either a succession of notions impressed on the mind by the Deity, as maintained by Berkeley, or else the mere educt of the mind itself, as taught by Fichte. 3. A belief that departed spirits hold intercourse with mortals by means of physical phenomena, as by rappng, or during abnormal mental states, as in trances, or the like, commonly manifested through a person of special susceptibility, called a medium; spiritism; the doctrines and practices of spiritualists. What is called spiritualism should, I think, be called a mental species of materialism. R. H. Hutton. SPIRITUALIST Spir"it*u*al*ist, n. 1. One who professes a regard for spiritual things only; one whose employment is of a spiritual character; an ecclesiastic. 2. One who maintains the doctrine of spiritualism. 3. One who believes in direct intercourse with departed spirits, through the agency of persons commonly called mediums, by means of physical phenomena; one who attempts to maintain such intercourse; a spiritist. SPIRITUALIST Spir"it*u*al*ist, a. Defn: Spiritualistic. Taylor. SPIRITUALISTIC Spir`it*u*al*is"tic, a. Defn: Relating to, or connected with, spiritualism. SPIRITUALITY Spir`it*u*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Spiritualities. Etym: [L. spiritualitas: cf. F. spiritualité.] 1. The quality or state of being spiritual; incorporeality; heavenly- mindedness. A pleasure made for the soul, suitable to its spirituality. South. If this light be not spiritual, yet it approacheth nearest to spirituality. Sir W. Raleigh. Much of our spirituality and comfort in public worship depends on the state of mind in which we come. Bickersteth. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: That which belongs to the church, or to a person as an ecclesiastic, or to religion, as distinct from temporalities. During the vacancy of a see, the archbishop is guardian of the spiritualities thereof. Blackstone. 3. An ecclesiastical body; the whole body of the clergy, as distinct from, or opposed to, the temporality. [Obs.] Five entire subsidies were granted to the king by the spirituality. Fuller. SPIRITUALIZATION Spir`it*u*al*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of spiritualizing, or the state of being spiritualized. SPIRITUALIZE Spir"it*u*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spiritualized; p. pr. & vb. n. Spiritualizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. spiritualiser.] 1. To refine intellectiually or morally; to purify from the corrupting influence of the world; to give a spiritual character or tendency to; as, to spiritualize soul. This seen in the clear air, and the whole spiritualized by endless recollections, fills the eye and the heart more forcibly than I can find words to say. Carlyle. 2. To give a spiritual meaning to; to take in a spiritual sense; -- opposed to literalize. 3. (Old Chem.) Defn: To extract spirit from; also, to convert into, or impregnate with, spirit. SPIRITUALIZER Spir"it*u*al*i`zer, n. Defn: One who spiritualizes. SPIRITUALLY Spir"it*u*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a spiritual manner; with purity of spirit; like a spirit. SPIRITUAL-MINDED Spir"it*u*al-mind`ed, a. Defn: Having the mind set on spiritual things, or filled with holy desires and affections. -- Spir"it*u*al-mind`ed*ness, n. SPIRITUALNESS Spir"it*u*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being spiritual or spiritual-minded; spirituality. SPIRITUALTY Spir"it*u*al*ty, n. Etym: [See Spirituality.] (Eccl.) Defn: An ecclesiastical body; a spirituality. Shak. SPIRITUELLE Spi`ri`tu`elle", a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Of the nature, or having the appearance, of a spirit; pure; refined; ethereal. SPIRITUOSITY Spir`it*u*os"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being spirituous; spirituousness. [R.] SPIRITUOUS Spir"it*u*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. (for sense 2) F. spiritueux. Cf. Spiritous.] 1. Having the quality of spirit; tenuous in substance, and having active powers or properties; ethereal; immaterial; spiritual; pure. 2. Containing, or of the nature of, alcoholic (esp. distilled) spirit; consisting of refined spirit; alcoholic; ardent; as, spirituous liquors. 3. Lively; gay; vivid; airy. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. The mind of man is of that spirituous, stirring nature, that it is perpetually at work. South. SPIRITUOUSNESS Spir"it*u*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being spirituous. [R.] Boyle. SPIRKETING Spirk"et*ing, n. (Naut.) Defn: The planking from the waterways up to the port sills. Totten. SPIRLING Spirl"ing, n. Defn: Sparling. [Prov. Eng.] SPIROBACTERIA Spi`ro*bac*te"ri*a, n. pl.; sing. Spirobacterium (. Etym: [NL. See 4th Spire, and Bacterium.] (Biol.) Defn: See the Note under Microbacteria. SPIROCHAETA; SPIROCHAETE Spi`ro*chæ"ta, Spi`ro*chæ"te, n. Etym: [L. spira a coil + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A genus of Spirobacteria similar to Spirillum, but distinguished by its motility. One species, the Spirochæte Obermeyeri, is supposed to be the cause of relapsing fever. SPIROGRAPH Spi"ro*graph, n. Etym: [L. spirare to breathe + -graph.] (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for recording the respiratory movements, as the sphygmograph does those of the pulse. SPIROMETER Spi*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. spirare to breathe + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs, or the volume of air which can be expelled from the chest after the deepest possible inspiration. Cf. Pneumatometer. SPIROMETRY Spi*rom"e*try, n. Defn: The act or process of measuring the chest capacity by means of a spirometer. SPIROSCOPE Spi"ro*scope, n. Etym: [L. spirare to breathe + -scope.] (Physiol.) Defn: A wet meter used to determine the breathing capacity of the lungs. SPIROYLIC; SPIROYLOUS Spi*royl"ic, Spi*royl"ous, a. Etym: [NL. Spir meadowsweet (a source of salicylal) + -yl + -ic, -ous.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a substance now called salicylal. [Obs.] SPIRT Spirt, v. & n. Defn: Same as Spurt. SPIRTLE Spir"tle, v. t. Defn: To spirt in a scattering manner. SPIRULA Spir"u*la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. spira a coil.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of cephalopods having a multilocular, internal, siphunculated shell in the form of a flat spiral, the coils of which are not in contact. SPIRULATE Spir"u*late, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the color spots, or structural parts, arranged spirally. SPIRY Spir"y, a. Etym: [From Spire a winding line.] Defn: Of a spiral form; wreathed; curled; serpentine. Hid in the spiry volumes of the snake. Dryden. SPIRY Spir"y, a. Etym: [FR. Spire a steeple.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a spire; like a spire, tall, slender, and tapering; abounding in spires; as, spiry turrets. "Spiry towns." Thomson. SPISS Spiss, a. Etym: [L. spissus.] Defn: Thick; crowded; compact; dense. [Obs.] This spiss and . . . copious, yet concise, treatise. Brerewood. SPISSATED Spis"sa*ted, a. Defn: Rendered dense or compact, as by evaporation; inspissated; thickened. [R.] The spissated juice of the poppy. Bp. Warburton. SPISSITUDE Spis"si*tude, n. Etym: [L. spissitudo.] Defn: The quality or state of being spissated; as, the spissitude of coagulated blood, or of any coagulum. Arbuthnot. SPIT Spit, n. Etym: [OE. spite, AS. spitu; akin to D. spit, G. spiess, OHG. spiz, Dan. spid. Sw. spett, and to G. spitz pointed. sq. root170.] 1. A long, slender, pointed rod, usually of iron, for holding meat while roasting. 2. A small point of land running into the sea, or a long, narrow shoal extending from the shore into the sea; as, a spit of sand. Cook. 3. The depth to which a spade goes in digging; a spade; a spadeful. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SPIT Spit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spitting.] Etym: [From Spit, n.; cf. Speet.] 1. To thrust a spit through; to fix upon a spit; hence, to thrust through or impale; as, to spit a loin of veal. "Infants spitted upon pikes." Shak. 2. To spade; to dig. [Prov. Eng.] SPIT Spit, v. i. Defn: To attend to a spit; to use a spit. [Obs.] She's spitting in the kitchen. Old Play. SPIT Spit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spit (Spat, archaic); p. pr. & vb. n. Spitting.] Etym: [AS. spittan; akin to G. spützen, Dan. spytte, Sw. spotta,Icel. sp, and prob. E. spew. The past tense spat is due to AS. sp, from sp to spit. Cf. Spat, n., Spew, Spawl, Spot, n.] 1. To eject from the mouth; to throw out, as saliva or other matter, from the mouth. "Thus spit I out my venom." Chaucer. 2. To eject; to throw out; to belch. Note: Spitted was sometimes used as the preterit and the past participle. "He . . . shall be mocked, and spitefully entreated, and spitted on." Luke xviii. 32. SPIT Spit, n. Defn: The secretion formed by the glands of the mouth; spitle; saliva; sputum. SPIT Spit, v. i. 1. To throw out saliva from the mouth. 2. To rain or snow slightly, or with sprinkles. It had been spitting with rain. Dickens. To spit on or upon, to insult grossly; to treat with contempt. "Spitting upon all antiquity." South. SPITAL Spit"al, n. Etym: [Abbreviated from hospital.] [Written also spittle.] Defn: A hospital. [Obs.] Shak. SPITALHOUSE Spit"al*house`, n. Defn: A hospital. [Obs.] SPITBALL Spit"ball`, n. Defn: Paper chewed, and rolled into a ball, to be thrown as a missile. SPIT BALL Spit ball. (Baseball) Defn: A pitched ball in throwing which the pitcher grips the ball between two, or three, fingers on one side (which is made slippery, as by saliva) and the thumb on the other side, and delivers it so that it slips off the fingers with the least possible friction. When pitched directly overhand a spit ball darts downward, when pitched with the arm extended sidewise it darts down and out. [Cant] -- Spit baller. SPITBOX Spit"box`, n. Defn: A vessel to receive spittle. SPITCHCOCK Spitch"cock`, v. t. Etym: [1st spit + cock.] (Cookery) Defn: To split (as an eel) lengthwise, and broil it, or fry it in hot fat. SPITCHCOCK Spitch"cock`, n. (Cookery) Defn: An eel split and broiled. SPITCHCOCKED Spitch"cocked`, a. (Cookery) Defn: Broiled or fried after being split lengthwise; -- said of eels. SPIT CURL Spit" curl`. Defn: A little lock of hair, plastered in a spiral form on the temple or forehead with spittle, or other adhesive substance. [Colloq.] SPITE Spite, n. Etym: [Abbreviated fr. despite.] 1. Ill-will or hatred toward another, accompanied with the disposition to irritate, annoy, or thwart; petty malice; grudge; rancor; despite. Pope. This is the deadly spite that angers. Shak. 2. Vexation; chargrin; mortification. [R.] Shak. In spite of, or Spite of, in opposition to all efforts of; in defiance or contempt of; notwithstanding. "Continuing, spite of pain, to use a knee after it had been slightly ibnjured." H. Spenser. "And saved me in spite of the world, the devil, and myself." South. "In spite of all applications, the patient grew worse every day." Arbuthnot. See Syn. under Notwithstanding. -- To owe one a spite, to entertain a mean hatred for him. Syn. -- Pique, rancor; malevolence; grudge. -- Spite, Malice. Malice has more reference to the disposition, and spite to the manifestation of it in words and actions. It is, therefore, meaner than malice, thought not always more criminal. " Malice . . . is more frequently employed to express the dispositions of inferior minds to execute every purpose of mischief within the more limited circle of their abilities." Cogan. "Consider eke, that spite availeth naught." Wyatt. See Pique. SPITE Spite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spited; p. pr. & vb. n. Spiting.] 1. To be angry at; to hate. [Obs.] The Danes, then . . . pagans, spited places of religion. Fuller. 2. To treat maliciously; to try to injure or thwart. 3. To fill with spite; to offend; to vex. [R.] Darius, spited at the Magi, endeavored to abolish not only their learning, but their language. Sir. W. Temple. SPITEFUL Spite"ful, a. Defn: Filled with, or showing, spite; having a desire to vex, annoy, or injure; malignant; malicious; as, a spiteful person or act. Shak. -- Spite"ful*ly, adv. Spite"ful*ness, n. SPITFIRE Spit"fire`, n. Defn: A violent, irascible, or passionate person. [Colloq.] Grose. SPITFUL Spit"ful, n.; pl. Spitfuls (. Defn: A spadeful. [Prov. Eng.] SPITOUS Spit"ous, a. Defn: Having spite; spiteful. [Obs.] SPITOUSLY Spit"ous*ly, adv. Defn: Spitefully. [Obs.] Chaucer. SPITSCOCKED Spits"cocked`, a. Defn: Spitchcocked. SPITTED Spit"ted, a. Etym: [From Spit.] 1. Put upon a spit; pierced as if by a spit. 2. Shot out long; -- said of antlers. Bacon. SPITTED Spit"ted, Defn: p. p. of Spit, v. i., to eject, to spit. [Obs.] SPITTER Spit"ter, n. Etym: [See Spit to eject from the mouth.] Defn: One who ejects saliva from the mouth. SPITTER Spit"ter, n. Etym: [See Spit an iron prong.] 1. One who puts meat on a spit. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young deer whose antlers begin to shoot or become sharp; a brocket, or pricket. SPITTLE Spit"tle, n. Defn: See Spital. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SPITTLE Spit"tle, v. t. Etym: [See Spit to spade.] Defn: To dig or stir with a small spade. [Prov. Eng.] SPITTLE Spit"tle, n. Defn: A small sort of spade. [Prov. Eng.] SPITTLE Spit"tle, n. Etym: [From Spit to eject from the mouth: cf. Spattle, and AS. spatl.] Defn: The thick, moist matter which is secreted by the salivary glands; saliva; spit. Spittle insect. (Zoöl.) See Cuckoo spit (b), under Cuckoo. SPITTLY Spit"tly, a. Defn: Like spittle; slimy. [Obs.] SPITTOON Spit*toon", n. Defn: A spitbox; a cuspidor. SPIT-VENOM Spit"-ven"om, n. Defn: Poison spittle; poison ejected from the mouth. [R.] Hooker. SPITZ DOG Spitz" dog". Etym: [G. spitz, spitzhund.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A breed of dogs having erect ears and long silky hair, usually white; -- called also Pomeranian dog, and louploup. SPITZENBURGH Spitz"en*burgh, n. Defn: A kind of red and yellow apple, of medium size and spicy flavor. It originated at Newtown, on Long Island. SPLANCHNAPOPHYSIS Splanch`napoph"y*sis, n.; pl. Splanchnapophyses. Etym: [NL. See Splanchnic, and Apophysis.] (Anat.) Defn: Any element of the skeleton in relation with the alimentary canal, as the jaws and hyoidean apparatus. -- Splanch`nap`o*phys"i*al, a. Mivart. SPLANCHNIC Splanch"nic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the viscera; visceral. SPLANCHNOGRAPHY Splanch*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: Splanchnology. SPLANCHNOLOGY Splanch*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: That part of anatomy which treats of the viscera; also, a treatise on the viscera. SPLANCHNOPLEURE Splanch"no*pleure, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The inner, or visceral, one of the two lamellæ into which the vertebrate blastoderm divides on either side of the notochord, and from which the walls of the enteric canal and the umbilical vesicle are developed. See Somatopleure. -- Splanch`no*pleu"ric, a. SPLANCHNO-SKELETON Splanch`no-skel"e*ton, n. Etym: [Gr. skeleton.] (Anat.) Defn: That part of the skeleton connected with the sense organs and the viscera. Owen. SPLANCHNOTOMY Splanch*not"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The dissection, or anatomy, of the viscera. SPLANDREL Splan"drel, n. Defn: See Spandrel. [R.] SPLASH Splash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Splashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Splashing.] Etym: [Akin to plash.] 1. To strike and dash about, as water, mud, etc.; to plash. 2. To spatter water, mud, etc., upon; to wet. SPLASH Splash, v. i. Defn: To strike and dash about water, mud, etc.; to dash in such a way as to spatter. SPLASH Splash, n. 1. Water, or water and dirt, thrown upon anything, or thrown from a puddle or the like; also, a spot or daub, as of matter which wets or disfigures. 2. A noise made by striking upon or in a liquid. SPLASHBOARD Splash"board`, n. Defn: A guard in the front part of vehicle, to prevent splashing by a mud or water from the horse's heels; -- in the United States commonly called dashboard. SPLASHER Splash"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, splashes. 2. One of the guarde over the wheels, as of a carriage, locomotive, etc. Weale. 3. A guard to keep off splashes from anything. SPLASHY Splash"y, a. Defn: Full of dirty water; wet and muddy, so as be easily splashed about; slushy. SPLATTER Splat"ter, v. i. & t. Defn: To spatter; to splash. SPLATTERDASH Splat"ter*dash`, n . Defn: Uproar. Jamieson. SPLAY Splay, v. t. Etym: [Abbrev. of display.] 1. To display; to spread. [Obs.] "Our ensigns splayed." Gascoigne. 2. To dislocate, as a shoulder bone. 3. To spay; to castrate. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 4. To turn on one side; to render oblique; to slope or slant, as the side of a door, window, etc. Oxf. Gloss. SPLAY Splay, a. Defn: Displayed; spread out; turned outward; hence, flat; ungainly; as, splay shoulders. Sonwthing splay, something blunt-edged, unhandy, and infelicitous. M. Arnold. SPLAY Splay, a. (Arch.) Defn: A slope or bevel, especially of the sides of a door or window, by which the opening is made larged at one face of the wall than at the other, or larger at each of the faces than it is between them. SPLAYFOOT Splay"foot`, n.; pl. Splayfeet (. Defn: A foot that is abnormally flattened and spread out; flat foot. SPLAYFOOT; SPLAYFOOTED Splay"foot`, Splay"foot`ed a. Defn: Having a splayfoot or splayfeet. SPLAYMOUTH Splay"mouth`, n.; pl. Splaymouths (. Defn: A wide mouth; a mouth stretched in derision. Dryden. SPLAYMOUTHED Splay`mouthed", a. Defn: Having a splaymouth. T. Brown. SPLEEN Spleen, n. Etym: [L. splen, Gr. lien, plihan, plihan.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A peculiar glandlike but ductless organ found near the stomach or intestine of most vertebrates and connected with the vascular system; the milt. Its exact function in not known. 2. Anger; latent spite; ill humor; malice; as, to vent one's spleen. In noble minds some dregs remain, Not yet purged off, of spleen and sour disdain. Pope. 3. A fit of anger; choler. Shak. 4. A sudden motion or action; a fit; a freak; a whim. [Obs. or R.] A thousand spleens bear her a thousand ways. Shak. 5. Melancholy; hypochondriacal affections. Bodies changed to various forms by spleen. Pope. There is a luxury in self-dispraise: And inward self-disparagement affords To meditative spleen a grateful feast. Wordsworth. 6. A fit of immoderate laughter or merriment. [Obs.] Thy silly thought enforces my spleen. Shak. SPLEEN Spleen, v. t. Defn: To dislke. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket. SPLEENED Spleened, a. 1. Deprived of the spleen. 2. Angered; annoyed. [Obs.] R. North. SPLEENFUL Spleen"ful, a. Defn: Displaying, or affected with, spleen; angry; fretful; melancholy. Myself have calmed their spleenful mutiny. Shak. Then rode Geraint, a little spleenful yet, Across the bridge that spann'd the dry ravine. Tennyson. SPLEENISH Spleen"ish, a. Defn: Spleeny; affected with spleen; fretful. -- Spleen"ish*ly, adv. -- Spleen"ish*ness, n. SPLEENLESS Spleen"less, a. Defn: Having no spleen; hence, kind; gentle; mild. [Obs.] Chapman. SPLEENWORT Spleen"wort`, n. Etym: [Spleen + wort; cf. L. splenium, asplenium, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Any fern of the genus Asplenium, some species of which were anciently used as remedies for disorders of the spleen. SPLEENY Spleen"y, a. 1. Irritable; peevish; fretful. Spleeny Lutheran, and not wholesome to Our cause. Shak. 2. Affected with nervous complaints; melancholy. SPLEGET Spleg"et, n. Etym: [Cf. Pledget.] (Med.) Defn: A cloth dipped in a liquid for washing a sore. Crabb. SPLENALGIA Sple*nal"gi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Pain over the region of the spleen. SPLENCULUS Splen"cu*lus, n.; pl. Splenculi. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. splen.] (Anat.) Defn: A lienculus. SPLENDENT Splen"dent, a. Etym: [L. splendens, -entis, p. pr. of splendere to shine.] 1. Shining; glossy; beaming with light; lustrous; as, splendent planets; splendent metals. See the Note under 3d Luster, 4. 2. Very conspicuous; illustrious. "Great and splendent fortunes." Sir H. Wotton. SPLENDID Splen"did, a. Etym: [L. splendidus, fr. splendere shine; cf. Lith. splendëti: cf. F. splendide.] 1. Possessing or displaying splendor; shining; very bright; as, a splendid sun. 2. Showy; magnificent; sumptuous; pompous; as, a splendid palace; a splendid procession or pageant. 3. Illustrious; heroic; brilliant; celebrated; famous; as, a splendid victory or reputation. SPLENDIDIOUS Splen*did"i*ous, a. Defn: Splendid. [Obs.] SPLENDIDLY Splen"did*ly, adv. Defn: In a splendid manner; magnificently. SPLENDIDNESS Splen"did*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being splendid. SPLENDIDOUS Splen"did*ous, a. Defn: Splendid. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SPLENDIFEROUS Splen*dif"er*ous, a. Defn: Splendor-bearing; splendid. Bale (1538). "A splendiferous woman." Haliburton. [Now used humorously.] SPLENDOR Splen"dor, n.Etym: [L. fr. splendere to shine: cf. F. splendeur.] 1. Great brightness; brilliant luster; brilliancy; as, the splendor ot the sun. B. Jonson. 2. Magnifience; pomp; parade; as, the splendor of equipage, ceremonies, processions, and the like. "Rejoice in splendor of mine own." Shak. 3. Brilliancy; glory; as, the splendor of a victory. Syn. -- Luster; brilliancy; magnifience; gorgeousness; display; showiness; pomp; parade; grandeur. SPLENDROUS; SPLENDOROUS Splen"drous, Splen"dor*ous, a. Defn: Splendid. Drayton. SPLENETIC Splen"e*tic, a. Etym: [L. spleneticus: cf. F. splénétique. See Spleen.] Defn: Affected with spleen; malicious; spiteful; peevish; fretful. "Splenetic guffaw." G. Eliot. You humor me when I am sick; Why not when I am splenetic Pope. Syn. -- Morese; gloomy; sullen; peevish; fretful. SPLENETIC Splen"e*tic, n. Defn: A person affected with spleen. SPLENETICAL Sple*net"ic*al, a. Defn: Splenetic. SPLENETICALLY Sple*net"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a splenetical manner. SPLENIAL Sple"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. splenium a plaster, a patch, Gr. (Anat.) (a) Designating the splenial bone. (b) Of or pertaining to the splenial bone or splenius muscle. Splenial bone (Anat.), a thin splintlike bone on the inner side of the proximal portion of the mandible of many vertebrates. SPLENIAL Sple"ni*al, n. (Anat.) Defn: The splenial bone. SPLENIC Splen"ic, a. Etym: [L. splenicus, Gr. splénique.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the spleen; lienal; as, the splenic vein. Splenic apoplexy or fever. (Med.) See Anthrax, n., 3. SPLENICAL Splen"ic*al, a. Defn: Splenic. SPLENISH Splen"ish, a. Defn: Spleenish. [Obs.] Drayton. SPLENITIS Sple*ni"tis, n.Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the spleen. SPLENITIVE Splen"i*tive, a. Defn: Splenetic. Shak. Even and smooth as seemed the temperament of the nonchalant, languid Virginian -- not splenitive or rash. T. N. Page. SPLENIUM Sple"ni*um, n.Etym: [L., a plaster, a patch, from Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The thickened posterior border of the corpus callosum; -- so called in allusion to its shape. SPLENIUS Sple"ni*us, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: A flat muscle of the back of the neck. SPLENIZATION Splen`i*za"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: A morbid state of the lung produced by inflammation, in which its tissue resembles that of the spleen. SPLENOCELE Splen"o*cele, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Hernia formed by the spleen. SPLENOGRAPHY Sple*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A description of the spleen. SPLENOID Sple"noid, a.Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Anat.) Defn: Resembling the spleen; spleenlike. SPLENOLOGY Sple*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The branch of science which treats of the spleen. SPLENOTOMY Sple*not"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (a) (Anat.) Dissection or anatomy of the spleen. (b) (Med.) An incision into the spleen; removal of the spleen by incision. SPLENT Splent, n. 1. See Splent. 2. See Splent coal, below. Splent coal, an inferior kind of cannel coal from Scotch collieries; -- called also splent, splint, and splint coal. SPLEUCHAN Spleu"chan, n. Etym: [Gael. spliuchan.] Defn: A pouch, as for tobacco. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. SPLICE Splice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spliced; p. pr. & vb. n. Splicing.] Etym: [D. splitsen, splitten; akin to G. splissen, Sw. splissa, Dan. splisse, and E. split; -- from the dividing or splitting the ends into separate strands. See Split, v. t.] 1. To unite, as two ropes, or parts of a rope, by a particular manner of interweaving the strands, -- the union being between two ends, or between an end and the body of a rope. 2. To unite, as spars, timbers, rails, etc., by lapping the two ends together, or by applying a piece which laps upon the two ends, and then binding, or in any way making fast. 3. To unite in marrige. [Slang] Splice grafting.ee under Grafting. -- To splice the main brace (Naut.), to give out, or drink, an extra allowance of spirits on occasion of special exposure to wet or cold, or to severe fatigue; hence, to take a dram. SPLICE Splice, n. Defn: A junction or joining made by splicing. SPLINE Spline, n. 1. A rectangular piece fitting grooves like key seats in a hub and a shaft, so that while the one may slide endwise on the other, both must revolve together; a feather; also, sometimes, a groove to receive such a rectangular piece. 2. A long, flexble piece of wood sometimes used as a ruler. SPLINING Splin"ing, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a spline. Splining machine, a machine tool for cutting grooves, key seats, or slots; a slotting machine. SPLINT Splint, n. Etym: [Akin to D. splinter,G. splinter, splitter, Dan. splint, Sw. splint a kind of spike, a forelock (in nautical use), Sw. splintato splint, splinter, Dan. splinte, and E. split. See Split, v. t., and cf. Splent.] 1. A piece split off; a splinter. 2. (Surg.) Defn: A thin piece of wood, or other substance, used to keep in place, or protect, an injured part, especially a broken bone when set. 3. (Anat.) Defn: A splint bone. 4. (Far.) Defn: A disease affecting the splint bones, as a callosity or hard excrescence. 5. (Anc. Armor.) Defn: One of the small plates of metal used in making splint armor. See Splint armor, below. The knees and feet were defended by splints, or thin plates of steel. Sir. W. Scott. 6. Splint, or splent, coal. See Splent coal, under Splent. Splint armor,a kind of ancient armor formed of thin plates of metal, usually overlapping each other and allowing the limbs to move freely. -- Splint bone (Anat.), one of the rudimentary, splintlike metacarpal or metatarsal bones on either side of the cannon bone in the limbs of the horse and allied animals. -- Splint coal. See Splent coal, under Splent. SPLINT Splint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Splinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Splinting.] Defn: To split into splints, or thin, slender pieces; to splinter; to shiver. [Obs. or R.] Florio. 2. To fasten or confine with splints, as a broken limb. See Splint, n., 2. [R.] Shak. SPLINTER Splin"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Splintered; p. pr. & vb. n. Splintering.] Etym: [Cf. LG. splittern, splinteren. See Splint, n., Split.] 1. To split or rend into long, thin pieces; to shiver; as, the lightning splinters a tree. After splintering their lances, they wheeled about, and . . . abandoned the field to the enemy. Prescott. 2. To fasten or confine with splinters, or splints, as a broken limb. Bp. Wren. SPLINTER Splin"ter, v. i. Defn: To become split into long pieces. SPLINTER Splin"ter, n. Etym: [See Splinter, v., or Splint, n.] Defn: A thin piece split or rent off lengthwise, as from wood, bone, or other solid substance; a thin piece; a sliver; as, splinters of a ship's mast rent off by a shot. Splinter bar. (a) A crossbar in a coach, which supports the springs. (b) The bar to which the traces are attached; a roller bolt; a whiffletree. SPLINTERPROOF Splin"ter*proof` (splîn"ter*proof`), a. (Mil.) Defn: Proof against the splinters, or fragments, of bursting shells. SPLINTERY Splin"ter*y (-y), a. Defn: Consisting of splinters; resembling splinters; as, the splintery fracture of a mineral. SPLIT Split (splît), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Split (Splitted, R.); p. pr. & vb. n. Splitting.] Etym: [Probably of Scand. or Low german origin; cf. Dan. splitte, LG. splitten, OD. splitten, spletten, D. splijten, G. spleissen, MHG. splizen. Cf. Splice, Splint, Splinter.] 1. To divide lengthwise; to separate from end to end, esp. by force; to divide in the direction of the grain layers; to rive; to cleave; as, to split a piece of timber or a board; to split a gem; to split a sheepskin. Cold winter split the rocks in twain. Dryden. 2. To burst; to rupture; to rend; to tear asunder. A huge vessel of exceeding hard marble split asunder by congealed water. Boyle. 3. To divide or break up into parts or divisions, as by discord; to separate into parts or parties, as a political party; to disunite. [Colloq.] South. 4. (Chem.) Defn: To divide or separate into components; -- often used with up; as, to split up sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid. To split hairs, to make distinctions of useless nicety. SPLIT Split, v. i. 1. To part asunder; to be rent; to burst; as, vessels split by the freezing of water in them. 2. To be broken; to be dashed to pieces. The ship splits on the rock. Shak. 3. To separate into parties or factions. [Colloq.] 4. To burst with laughter. [Colloq.] Each had a gravity would make you split. Pope. 5. To divulge a secret; to betray confidence; to peach. [Slang] Thackeray. To split on a rock, to err fatally; to have the hopes and designs frustrated. SPLIT Split, n. Defn: A crack, or longitudinl fissure. 2. A breach or separation, as in a political party; a division. [Colloq.] 3. A piece that is split off, or made thin, by splitting; a splinter; a fragment. 4. Specif (Leather Manuf.), one of the sections of a skin made by dividing it into two or more thicknesses. 5. (Faro) Defn: A division of a stake happening when two cards of the kind on which the stake is laid are dealt in the same turn. SPLIT Split, a. 1. Divided; cleft. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Divided deeply; cleft. Split pease, hulled pease split for making soup, etc. -- Split pin (Mach.), a pin with one end split so that it may be spread open to secure it in its place. -- Split pulley, a parting pulley. See under Pulley. -- Split ring, a ring with overlapped or interlocked ends which may be sprung apart so that objects, as keys, may be strung upon the ring or removed from it. -- Split ticket, a ballot containing the names of only a portion of the candidates regularly nominated by one party, other names being substituted for those omitted. [U.S.] SPLIT DYNAMOMETER Split dynamometer. (Elec.) Defn: An electric dynamometer having two coils so arranged that one carries the primary current, and the other the secondary current, of a transformer. SPLITFEET Split"feet`, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Fissipedia. SPLIT INFINITIVE Split infinitive. (Gram.) Defn: A simple infinitive with to, having a modifier between the verb and the to; as in, to largely decrease. Called also cleft infinitive. SPLIT KEY Split key. (Mach.) Defn: A key split at one end like a split pin, for the same purpose. SPLIT SHOT; SPLIT STROKE Split shot or stroke . Defn: In croquet, etc., a shot or stroke in which one drives in different directions one's own and the opponent's ball placed in contact. SPLIT STITCH Split stitch. Defn: A stitch used in stem work to produce a fine line, much used in old church embroidery to work the hands and faces of figures. SPLIT STUFF Split stuff. Defn: Timber sawn into lengths and then split. SPLIT SWITCH Split switch. (Railroading) Defn: = Point switch. SPLIT-TAIL Split"-tail`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A california market fish (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) belonging to the Carp family. (b) The pintail duck. SPLITTER Split"ter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, splits. SPLIT-TONGUED Split"-tongued`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a forked tongue, as that of snakes and some lizards. SPLIT WHEEL Split wheel. Defn: = Split pulley. SPLOTCH Splotch, n. Etym: [Cf. Splash.] Defn: A spot; a stain; a daub. R. Browning. SPLOTCHY Splotch"y, a. Defn: Covered or marked with splotches. SPLURGE Splurge, n. Defn: A blustering demonstration, or great effort; a great display. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett. SPLURGE Splurge, v. i. Defn: To make a great display in any way, especially in oratory. [Slang, U.S.] splurge on a new hi-fi system. SPLUTTER Splut"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spluttered; p. pr. & vb. n. Spluttering.] Etym: [Prov. E. splutter, eqivalent to sputter. Cf. Sputter.] Defn: To speak hastily and confusedly; to sputter. [Colloq.] Carleton. SPLUTTER Splut"ter, n. Defn: A confused noise, as of hasty speaking. [Colloq.] SPLUTTERER Splut"ter*er, n. Defn: One who splutters. SPODOMANCY Spod"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. spodo`s ashes + -mancy.] Defn: Divination by means of ashes. SPODOMANTIC Spod`o*man"tic, a. Defn: Relating to spodomancy, or divination by means of ashes. C. Kingsley. SPODUMENE Spod"u*mene, n. Etym: [Gr. spodo`s ashes; cf. F. spodumène.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a white to yellowish, purplish, or emerald-green color, occuring in prismatic crystals, often of great size. It is a silicate of aluminia and lithia. See Hiddenite. SPOFFISH Spof"fish, a. Etym: [probably from Prov. E. spoffle to be spoffish.] Defn: Earnest and active in matters of no moment; bustling. [Colloq. Eng.] Dickens. SPOIL Spoil (, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spoiled or Spoilt; p. pr. & vb. n. Spoiling.] Etym: [F. spolier, OF. espoilelier, fr. L. spoliare, fr. spolium spoil. Cf. Despoil, Spoliation.] 1. To plunder; to strip by violence; to pillage; to rob; -- with of before the name of the thing taken; as, to spoil one of his goods or possession. "Ye shall spoil the Egyptians." Ex. iii. 22. My sons their old, unhappy sire despise, Spoiled of his kingdom, and deprived of eues. Pope. 2. To seize by violence;; to take by force; to plunder. No man can enter into a strong man's house, and spoil his goods, except he will first bind the strong man. Mark iii. 27. 3. To cause to decay and perish; to corrput; to vitiate; to mar. Spiritual pride spils many graces. Jer. Taylor. 4. To render useless by injury; to injure fatally; to ruin; to destroy; as, to spoil paper; to have the crops spoiled by insects; to spoil the eyes by reading. SPOIL Spoil, v. i. 1. To practice plunder or robbery. Outlaws, which, lurking in woods, used to break forth to rob and spoil. Spenser. 2. To lose the valuable qualities; to be corrupted; to decay; as, fruit will soon spoil in warm weather. SPOIL Spoil, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. espoille, L. spolium.] 1. That which is taken from another by violence; especially, the plunder taken from an enemy; pillage; booty. Gentle gales, Fanning their odoriferous wings, dispense Native perfumes, and whisper whence they stole Those balmy spoils. Milton. 2. Public offices and their emoluments regarded as the peculiar property of a successful party or faction, to be bestowed for its own advantage; -- commonly in the plural; as to the victor belong the spoils. From a principle of gratitude I adhered to the coalition; my vote was counted in the day of battle, but I was overlooked in the division of the spoil. Gibbon. 3. That which is gained by strength or effort. each science and each art his spoil. Bentley. 4. The act or practice of plundering; robbery; aste. The man that hath no music in himself, Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, Is fit for treason, stratagems, and spoil. Shak. 5. Corruption; cause of corruption. [Archaic] Villainous company hath been the spoil of me. Shak. 6. The slough, or cast skin, of a serpent or other animal. [Obs.] Bacon. Spoil bank, a bank formed by the earth taken from an excavation, as of a canal. -- The spoils system, the theory or practice of regarding public and their emoluments as so much plunder to be distributed among their active partisans by those who are chosen to responsible offices of administration. SPOILABLE Spoil"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being spoiled. SPOILER Spoil"er, n. 1. One who spoils; a plunderer; a pillager; a robber; a despoiler. 2. One who corrupts, mars, or renders useless. SPOILFIVE Spoil"five`, n. Defn: A certain game at cards in which, if no player wins three of the five tricks possible on any deal, the game is said to be spoiled. SPOILFUL Spoil"ful, a. Defn: Wasteful; rapacious. [Poetic] SPOILSMAN Spoils"man, n.; pl. Spoilsmen (. Defn: One who serves a cause or a party for a share of the spoils; in United States politics, one who makes or recognizes a demand for public office on the ground of partisan service; also, one who sanctions such a policy in appointments to the public service. SPOILSMONGER Spoils"mon`ger, n. Defn: One who promises or distributes public offices and their emoluments as the price of services to a party or its leaders. SPOKE Spoke, Defn: imp. of Speak. SPOKE Spoke, n. Etym: [OE. spoke, spake, AS, spaca; akin to D. speek, LG. speke, OHG. speihha, G. speiche. sq. root170. Cf. Spike a nail.] 1. The radius or ray of a wheel; one of the small bars which are inserted in the hub, or nave, and which serve to support the rim or felly. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A projecting handle of a steering wheel. 3. A rung, or round, of a ladder. 4. A contrivance for fastening the wheel of a vehicle, to prevent it from turning in going down a hill. To put a spoke in one's wheel, to thwart or obstruct one in the execution of some design. SPOKE Spoke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spoked; p. pr. & vb. n. Spoking.] Defn: To furnish with spokes, as a wheel. SPOKEN Spo"ken, a. Etym: [p.p. of Speak.] 1. Uttered in speech; delivered by word of mouth; oral; as, a spoken narrative; the spoken word. 2. Characterized by a certain manner or style in speaking; -- often in composition; as, a pleasant-spoken man. Methinks you 're better spoken. Shak. SPOKESHAVE Spoke"shave`, n. Defn: A kind of drawing knife or planing tool for dressing the spokes of wheels, the shells of blocks, and other curved work. SPOKESMAN Spokes"man, n.; pl. Spokesmen. Etym: [Speak, spoke + man.] Defn: One who speaks for another. He shall be thy spokesman unto the people. Ex. iv. 16. SPOLIATE Spo"li*ate, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Spoliated; p. pr. & vb. n. Spoliating.] Etym: [L. spoliatus, p.p. of spoliare spoil. See Spoil, v. t.] Defn: To plunder; to pillage; to despoil; to rob. SPOLIATION Spo`li*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. spoliatio; cf. F. spoliation. See Spoil, v. t.] 1. The act of plundering; robbery; deprivation; despoliation. Legal spoliation, which will impoverish one part of the community in order to corrupt the remainder. Sir G. C. Lewis. 2. Robbery or plunder in war; especially, the authorized act or practice of plundering neutrals at sea. 3. (Eccl. Law) (a) The act of an incumbent in taking the fruits of his benefice without right, but under a pretended title. Blackstone. (b) A process for possession of a church in a spiritual court. 4. (Law) Defn: Injury done to a document. SPOLIATIVE Spo"li*a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. spoliatif.] Defn: Serving to take away, diminish, or rob; esp. (Med.), serving to diminish sensibily the amount of blood in the body; as, spoliative bloodletting. SPOLIATOR Spo"li*a`tor, n. Defn: One who spoliates; a spoiler. SPOLIATORY Spo"li*a*to*ry, a. Defn: Tending to spoil; destructive; spoliative. SPONDAIC; SPONDAICAL Spon*da"ic, Spon*da"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. spondaicus, spondiacus, Gr. spondaïque.] 1. Or of pertaining to a spondee; consisting of spondees. 2. Containing spondees in excess; marked by spondees; as, a spondaic hexameter, i. e., one which has a spondee instead of a dactyl in the fifth foot. SPONDEE Spon"dee, n. Etym: [L. spondeus, Gr. spondée. So called because at libations slow, solemn melodies were used, chiefly in this meter.] (pros.) Defn: A poetic foot of two long syllables, as in the Latin word leges. SPONDULICS Spon*du"lics, n. Defn: Money. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett. SPONDYL; SPONDYLE Spon"dyl, Spon"dyle, n. Etym: [L. spondylus, Gr. spondyle.] (Anat.) Defn: A joint of the backbone; a vertebra. SPONG Spong, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: An irregular, narrow, projecting part of a field. [Prov. Eng.] SPONGE Sponge, n. Etym: [OF. esponge, F. éponge, L. spongia, Gr. Fungus, Spunk.] [Formerly written also spunge.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of Spongiæ, or Porifera. See Illust. and Note under Spongiæ. 2. The elastic fibrous skeleton of many species of horny Spongiæ (keratosa), used for many purposes, especially the varieties of the genus Spongia. The most valuable sponges are found in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, and on the coasts of Florida and the West Indies. 3. Fig.: One who lives upon others; a pertinaceous and indolent dependent; a parasite; a sponger. 4. Any spongelike substance. Specifically: (a) Dough before it is kneaded and formed into loaves, and after it is converted into a light, spongy mass by the agency of the yeast or leaven. (b) Iron from the puddling furnace, in a pasty condition. (c) Iron ore, in masses, reduced but not melted or worked. 5. (Gun.) Defn: A mop for cleaning the bore of a cannon after a discharge. It consists of a cylinder of wood, covered with sheepskin with the wool on, or cloth with a heavy looped nap, and having a handle, or staff. 6. (Far.) Defn: The extremity, or point, of a horseshoe, answering to the heel. Bath sponge, any one of several varieties of coarse commercial sponges, especially Spongia equina. -- Cup sponge, a toilet sponge growing in a cup-shaped form. -- Glass sponge. See Glass-sponge, in the Vocabulary. -- Glove sponge, a variety of commercial sponge (Spongia officinalis, variety tubulufera), having very fine fibers, native of Florida, and the West Indies. -- Grass sponge, any one of several varieties of coarse commercial sponges having the surface irregularly tufted, as Spongia graminea, and S. equina, variety cerebriformis, of Florida and the West Indies. -- Horse sponge, a coarse commercial sponge, especially Spongia equina. -- Platinum sponge. (Chem.) See under Platinum. -- Pyrotechnical sponge, a substance made of mushrooms or fungi, which are boiled in water, dried, and beaten, then put in a strong lye prepared with saltpeter, and again dried in an oven. This makes the black match, or tinder, brought from Germany. -- Sheep's-wool sponge, a fine and durable commercial sponge (Spongia equina, variety gossypina) found in Florida and the West Indies. The surface is covered with larger and smaller tufts, having the oscula between them. -- Sponge cake, a kind of sweet cake which is light and spongy. -- Sponge lead, or Spongy lead (Chem.), metallic lead brought to a spongy form by reduction of lead salts, or by compressing finely divided lead; -- used in secondary batteries and otherwise. -- Sponge tree (Bot.), a tropical leguminous tree (Acacia Farnesiana), with deliciously fragrant flowers, which are used in perfumery. -- Toilet sponge, a very fine and superior variety of Mediterranean sponge (Spongia officinalis, variety Mediterranea); -- called also turkish sponge. -- To set a sponge (Cookery), to leaven a small mass of flour, to be used in leavening a larger quantity. -- To throw up the sponge, to give up a contest; to acknowledge defeat; -- from a custom of the prize ring, the person employed to sponge a pugilist between rounds throwing his sponge in the air in token of defeat. [Cant or Slang] "He was too brave a man to throw up the sponge to fate." Lowell. -- Vegetable sponge. (Bot.) See Loof. -- Velvet sponge, a fine, soft commercial sponge (Spongia equina, variety meandriniformis) found in Florida and the West Indies. -- Vitreous sponge. See Glass-sponge. -- Yellow sponge, a common and valuable commercial sponge (Spongia agaricina, variety corlosia) found in Florida and the West Indies. SPONGE Sponge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sponged; p. pr. & vb. n. Sponging.] 1. To cleanse or wipe with a sponge; as, to sponge a slate or a cannon; to wet with a sponge; as, to sponge cloth. 2. To wipe out with a sponge, as letters or writing; to efface; to destroy all trace of. Hooker. 3. Fig.: To deprive of something by imposition. "How came such multitudes of our nation . . . to be sponged of their plate and their money" South. 4. Fig.: To get by imposition or mean arts without cost; as, to sponge a breakfast. Swift. SPONGE Sponge, v. i. 1. To suck in, or imbile, as a sponge. 2. Fig.: To gain by mean arts, by intrusion, or hanging on; as, an idler sponges on his neighbor. E. Eggleston. The fly is an intruder, and a common smell-feast, that sponges upon other people's trenchers. L'Estrange. 3. To be converted, as dough, into a light, spongy mass by the agency of yeast, or leaven. SPONGELET Sponge"let, n. Defn: See Spongiole. SPONGEOUS Spon"geous, a. Etym: [See Spongious.] Defn: Resembling sponge; having the nature or qualities of sponge. SPONGER Spon"ger, n. 1. One who sponges, or uses a sponge. 2. One employed in gathering sponges. 3. Fig.: A parasitical dependent; a hanger-on. SPONGIAE Spon"gi*æ, n. pl. Etym: [See Sponge.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The grand division of the animal kingdom which includes the sponges; -- called also Spongida, Spongiaria, Spongiozoa, and Porifera. Note: In the Spongiæ, the soft sarcode of the body is usually supported by a skeleton consisting of horny fibers, or of silleceous or calcareous spicules. The common sponges contain larger and smaller cavities and canals, and numerous small ampullæ which which are lined with ciliated cells capable of taking in solid food. The outer surface usually has minute pores through which water enters, and large openings for its exit. Sponges produce eggs and spermatozoa, and the egg when fertilized undergoes segmentation to form a ciliated embryo. SPONGIDA Spon"gi*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Spongiæ. SPONGIFORM Spon"gi*form, a. Defn: Resembling a sponge; soft and porous; porous. SPONGILLA Spon*gil"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of spongia a sponge.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of siliceous spongea found in fresh water. SPONGIN Spon"gin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The chemical basis of sponge tissue, a nitrogenous, hornlike substance which on decomposition with sulphuric acid yields leucin and glycocoll. SPONGINESS Spon"gi*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being spongy. Dr. H. More. SPONGING Spon"ging, Defn: a. & n. from Sponge, v. Sponging house (Eng. Law), a bailiff's or other house in which debtors are put before being taken to jail, or until they compromise with their creditors. At these houses extortionate charges are commonly made for food, lodging, etc. SPONGIOLE Spon"gi*ole, n. Etym: [L. spongiola a rose gall, small roots, dim. of spongia: cf. F. spongiole.] (Bot.) Defn: A supposed spongelike expansion of the tip of a rootlet for absorbing water; -- called also spongelet. SPONGIOLITE Spon"gi*o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Paleon.) Defn: One of the microsporic siliceous spicules which occur abundantly in the texture of sponges, and are sometimes found fossil, as in flints. SPONGIOPILIN Spon`gi*o*pi"lin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A kind of cloth interwoven with small pieces of sponge and rendered waterproof on one side by a covering of rubber. When moistend with hot water it is used as a poultice. SPONGIOSE; SPONGIOUS Spon"gi*ose`, Spon"gi*ous, a. Etym: [L. spongious, spongeosus: cf. F. spongieux. See Sponge.] Defn: Somewhat spongy; spongelike; full of small cavities like sponge; as, spongious bones. SPONGIOZOA Spon`gi*o*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Sponglæ. SPONGOBLAST Spon"go*blast, n. Etym: [Gr. -blast.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the cells which, in sponges, secrete the spongin, or the material of the horny fibers. SPONGOID Spon"goid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Resembling sponge; like sponge. SPONGY Spon"gy, a. 1. Soft, and full of cavities; of an open, loose, pliable texture; as, a spongy excrescence; spongy earth; spongy cake; spongy bones. 2. Wet; drenched; soaked and soft, like sponge; rainy. "Spongy April." Shak. 3. Having the quality of imbibing fluids, like a sponge. Spongy lead (Chem.), sponge lead. See under Sponge. -- Spongy platinum. See under Platinum. SPONK Sponk, n. Defn: See Spunk. SPONSAL Spon"sal, a. Etym: [L. sponsalis, fr. sponsus a betrothal, fr. spondere, sponsum, to betroth. See Spouse, and cf. Esousal, Spousal.] Defn: Relating to marriage, or to a spouse; spousal. SPONSIBLE Spon"si*ble, a. Etym: [Abbrev. from responsible.] Defn: responsible; worthy of credit. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SPONSION Spon"sion, n. Etym: [L. sonsio, fr. spondere, sponsum, to promise solemnly.] 1. The act of becoming surety for another. 2. (Internat. Law) Defn: An act or engagement on behalf of a state, by an agent not specially authorized for the purpose, or by one who exceeds the limits of authority. SPONSIONAL Spon"sion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a pledge or agreement; responsible. [R.] He is righteous even in that representative and sponsional person he put on. Abp. Leighton. SPONSON Spon"son, n. (Shipbuilding) (a) One of the triangular platforms in front of, and abaft, the paddle boxes of a steamboat. (b) One of the slanting supports under the guards of a steamboat. (c) One of the armored projections fitted with gun ports, used on modern war vessels. SPONSOR Spon"sor, n. Etym: [L., from spondere, sponsum, to engage one's self. See Spose.] 1. One who binds himself to answer for another, and is responsible for his default; a surety. 2. One who at the baptism of an infant professore the christian faith in its name, and guarantees its religious education; a godfather or godmother. SPONSORIAL Spon*so"ri*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to a sponsor. SPONSORSHIP Spon"sor*ship, n. Defn: State of being a sponsor. SPONTANEITY Spon`ta*ne"i*ty, n.; pl. Spontaneities. Etym: [Cf. F. spontanéité.] 1. The quality or state of being spontaneous, or acting from native feeling, proneness, or temperament, without constraint or external force. Romney Leigh, who lives by diagrams, And crosses not the spontaneities Of all his individual, personal life With formal universals. Mrs. Browning. 2. (Biol.) (a) The tendency to undergo change, characteristic of both animal and vegetable organisms, and not restrained or cheked by the environment. (b) The tendency to activity of muscular tissue, including the voluntary muscles, when in a state of healthful vigor and refreshment. SPONTANEOUS Spon*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. spontaneus, fr. sponte of free will, voluntarily.] 1. Proceding from natural feeling, temperament, or disposition, or from a native internal proneness, readiness, or tendency, without constraint; as, a spontaneous gift or proportion. 2. Proceeding from, or acting by, internal impulse, energy, or natural law, without external force; as, spontaneous motion; spontaneous growth. 3. Produced without being planted, or without human labor; as, a spontaneous growth of wood. Spontaneous combustion, combustion produced in a substance by the evolution of heat through the chemical action of its own elements; as, the spontaneous combustion of waste matter saturated with oil. -- Spontaneous generation. (Biol.) See under Generation. Syn. -- Voluntary; uncompelled; willing. -- Spontaneous, Voluntary. What is voluntary is the result of a volition, or act of choice; it therefore implies some degree of consideration, and may be the result of mere reason without excited feeling. What is spontaneous springs wholly from feeling, or a sudden impulse which admits of no reflection; as, a spontaneous burst of applause. Hence, the term is also applied to things inanimate when they are produced without the determinate purpose or care of man. "Abstinence which is but voluntary fasting, and . . . exercise which is but voluntary labor." J. Seed. Spontaneous joys, where nature has its play, The soul adopts, and owns their firstborn away. Goldsmith. -- Spon*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Spon*ta"ne*ous*ness, n. SPONTOON Spon*toon", n. Etym: [F. sponton, esponton, it. spontone, spuntone.] (Mil.) Defn: A kind of half-pike, or halberd, formerly borne by inferior officers of the British infantry, and used in giving signals to the soldiers. SPOOK Spook, n. Etym: [D. spook; akin to G. spuk, Sw. spöke, Dan. spögelse a specter, spöge to play, sport, joke, spög a play, joke.] 1. A spirit; a ghost; an apparition; a hobgoblin. [Written also spuke.] Ld. Lytton. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chimæra. SPOOL Spool, n. Etym: [OE. spole, OD. spoele, D. spoel; akin to G. spule, OHG. spuola, Dan. & Sw. spole.] Defn: A piece of cane or red with a knot at each end, or a hollow cylinder of wood with a ridge at each end, used to wind thread or yarn upon. Spool stand, an article holding spools of thread, turning on pins, -- used by women at their work. SPOOL Spool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spooled; p. pr. & vb. n. Spooling.] Defn: To wind on a spool or spools. SPOOLER Spool"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, spools. SPOOM Spoom, v. i. Etym: [Probably fr. spum foam. See Spume.] (Naut.) Defn: To be driven steadily and swiftly, as before a strong wind; to be driven before the wind without any sail, or with only a part of the sails spread; to scud under bare poles. [Written also spoon.] When virtue spooms before a prosperous gale, My heaving wishes help to fill the sail. Dryden. SPOON Spoon, v. i. (Naut.) Defn: See Spoom. [Obs.] We might have spooned before the wind as well as they. Pepys. SPOON Spoon, n. Etym: [OE. spon, AS. sp, a chip; akin to D. spaan, G. span, Dan. spaan, Sw. spån, Icel. spánn, spónn, a chip, a spoon. sq. root170. Cf. Span-new.] 1. An implement consisting of a small bowl (usually a shallow oval) with a handle, used especially in preparing or eating food. "Therefore behoveth him a full long spoon That shall eat with a fiend," thus heard I say. Chaucer. He must have a long spoon that must eat with the devil. Shak. 2. Anything which resembles a spoon in shape; esp. (Fishing), a spoon bait. 3. Fig.: A simpleton; a spooney. [Slang] Hood. Spoon bait (Fishing), a lure used in trolling, consisting of a glistening metallic plate shaped like the bowl of a spoon with a fishhook attached. -- Spoon bit, a bit for boring, hollowed or furrowed along one side. -- Spoon net, a net for landing fish. -- Spoon oar. see under Oar. SPOON Spoon, v. t. Defn: To take up in, a spoon. SPOON Spoon, v. i. Defn: To act with demonstrative or foolish fondness, as one in love. [Colloq.] SPOONBILL Spoon"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of wading birds of the genera Ajaja and Platalea, and allied genera, in which the long bill is broadly expanded and flattened at the tip. Note: The roseate spoonbill of America (Ajaja ajaja), and the European spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) are the best known. The royal spoonbill (P. regia) of Australia is white, with the skin in front of the eyes naked and black. The male in the breeding season has a fine crest. (b) The shoveler. See Shoveler, 2. (c) The ruddy duck. See under Ruddy. (d) The paddlefish. SPOON-BILLED Spoon"-billed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the bill expanded and spatulate at the end. SPOONDRIFT Spoon"drift, n. Etym: [Spoom + drift.] Defn: Spray blown from the tops waves during a gale at sea; also, snow driven in the wind at sea; -- written also spindrift. SPOONEY Spoon"ey, a. Defn: Weak-minded; demonstratively fond; as, spooney lovers. [Spelt also spoony.] [Colloq.] SPOONEY Spoon"ey, n.; pl. Spooneye (. Defn: A weak-minded or silly person; one who is foolishly fond. [Colloq.] There is no doubt, whatever, that I was a lackadaisical young spooney. Dickens. SPOONFLOWER Spoon"flow`er, n. Defn: The yautia. SPOONFUL Spoon"ful, n.; pl. Spoonfuls (. 1. The quantity which a spoon contains, or is able to contain; as, a teaspoonful; a tablespoonful. 2. Hence, a small quantity. Arbuthnot. SPOONILY Spoon"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a spoony manner. SPOON-MEAT Spoon"-meat`, n. Defn: Food that is, or must be, taken with a spoon; liquid food. "Diet most upon spoon-meats." Harvey. SPOONWOOD Spoon"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia). SPOONWORM Spoon"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A gephyrean worm of the genus Thalassema, having a spoonlike probiscis. SPOONWORT Spoon"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Scurvy grass. SPOONY Spoon"y, a. & n. Defn: Same as Spooney. SPOOR Spoor, n. Etym: [D. spoor; akin to AS. spor, G. spur, and from the root of E. spur. sq. root171. See Spur.] Defn: The track or trail of any wild animal; as, the spoor of an elephant; -- used originally by travelers in South Africa. SPOOR Spoor, v. i. Defn: To follow a spoor or trail. [R.] SPORADES Spor"a*des, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. spora`des. Cf. Sporadic.] (Astron.) Defn: Stars not included in any constellation; -- called also informed, or unformed, stars. SPORADIAL Spo*ra"di*al, a. Defn: Sporadic. [R.] SPORADIC Spo*rad"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. sporadique. See Spore.] Defn: Occuring singly, or apart from other things of the same kind, or in scattered instances; separate; single; as, a sporadic fireball; a sporadic case of disease; a sporadic example of a flower. Sporadic disease (Med.), a disease which occurs in single and scattered cases. See the Note under Endemic, a. SPORADICAL Spo*rad"ic*al, a. Defn: Sporadic. SPORADICALLY Spo*rad"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a sporadic manner. SPORANGIOPHORE Spo*ran"gi*o*phore, n. Etym: [Sporangium + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The axis or receptacle in certain ferns (as Trichomanes), which bears the sporangia. SPORANGIUM Spo*ran"gi*um, n.; pl. Sporangia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A spore case in the cryptogamous plants, as in ferns, etc. SPORE Spore, n. Etym: [Gr. Sperm.] 1. (Bot.) (a) One of the minute grains in flowerless plants, which are analogous to seeds, as serving to reproduce the species. Note: Spores are produced differently in the different classes of cryptogamous plants, and as regards their nature are often so unlike that they have only their minuteness in common. The peculiar spores of diatoms (called auxospores) increase in size, and at length acquire a siliceous coating, thus becoming new diatoms of full size. Compare Macrospore, Microspore, Oöspore, Restingspore, Sphærospore, Swarmspore, Tetraspore, Zoöspore, and Zygospore. (b) An embryo sac or embryonal vesicle in the ovules of flowering plants. 2. (Biol.) (a) A minute grain or germ; a small, round or ovoid body, formed in certain organisms, and by germination giving rise to a new organism; as, the reproductive spores of bacteria, etc. (b) One of the parts formed by fission in certain Protozoa. See Spore formation, belw. Spore formation. (a) (Biol) A mode of reproduction resembling multitude fission, common among Protozoa, in which the organism breaks up into a number of pieces, or spores, each of which eventually develops into an organism like the parent form. Balfour. (b) The formation of reproductive cells or spores, as in the growth of bacilli. SPORID Spo"rid, n. (Bot.) Defn: A sporidium. Lindley. SPORIDIFEROUS Spo`ri*dif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Sporidium + -ferous.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing sporidia. SPORIDIUM Spo*rid"i*um, n.; pl. Sporidia. Etym: [NL. See Spore.] (Bot.) (a) A secondary spore, or a filament produced from a spore, in certain kinds of minute fungi. (b) A spore. SPORIFEROUS Spo*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Spore + -ferous.] (Biol.) Defn: Bearing or producing spores. SPORIFICATION Spo`ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Spore + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] (Biol.) Defn: Spore formation. See Spore formation (b), under Spore. SPOROCARP Spo"ro*carp, n. Etym: [Spore + Gr. (Bot.) (a) A closed body or conceptacle containing one or more masses of spores or sporangia. (b) A sporangium. SPOROCYST Spo"ro*cyst, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: An asexual zooid, usually forming one of a series of larval forms in the agamic reproduction of various trematodes and other parasitic worms. The sporocyst generally develops from an egg, but in its turn produces other larvæ by internal budding, or by the subdivision of a part or all of its contents into a number of minute germs. See Redia. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any protozoan when it becomes encysted produces germs by sporulation. SPOROGENESIS Spo`ro*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Spore + genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: reproduction by spores. SPOROGONY Spo*rog"o*ny, n. Etym: [Spore + root of Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The growth or development of an animal or a zooid from a nonsexual germ. SPOROPHORE Spo"ro*phore, n. Etym: [Spore + Gr. (Bot.) (a) A placenta. (b) That alternately produced form of certain cryptogamous plants, as ferns, mosses, and the like, which is nonsexual, but produces spores in countless numbers. In ferns it is the leafy plant, in mosses the capsule. Cf. Oöphore. SPOROPHORIC Spo`ro*phor"ic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the nature of a sporophore. SPOROPHYTE Spo"ro*phyte, n. [Spore + Gr. plant.] (Bot.) Defn: In plants exhibiting alternation of generations, the generation which bears asexual spores; -- opposed to gametophyte. It is not clearly differentiated in the life cycle of the lower plants. -- Spo`ro*phyt"ic (#), a. SPOROSAC Spo"ro*sac, n. Etym: [Spore + sac.] (Zoöl.) (a) A hydrozoan reproductive zooid or gonophore which does not become medusoid in form or structure. See Illust. under Athecata. (b) An early or simple larval stage of trematode worms and some other invertebrates, which is capable or reproducing other germs by asexual generation; a nurse; a redia. SPOROZOA Spo`ro*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. a spore + (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of parasitic Protozoa, which increase by sporulation. It includes the Gregarinida. SPOROZOID Spo`ro*zo"id, n. Etym: [Spore + Gr. .] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Zoöspore. SPOROZOITE Spo`ro*zo"ite, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: In certain Sporozoa, a small active, usually elongate, sickle- shaped or somewhat amoboid spore, esp. one of those produced by division of the passive spores into which the zygote divides. The sporozoites reproduce asexually. SPORRAN Spor"ran, n. Etym: [Gael. sporan.] Defn: A large purse or pouch made of skin with the hair or fur on, worn in front of the kilt by Highlanders when in full dress. SPORT Sport, n. Etym: [Abbreviated frm disport.] 1. That which diverts, and makes mirth; pastime; amusement. It is as sport a fool do mischief. prov. x. 23. Her sports were such as carried riches of knowledge upon the stream of delight. Sir P. Sidney. Think it but a minute spent in sport. Shak. 2. Mock; mockery; contemptuous mirth; derision. Then make sport at me; then let me be your jest.Shak. 3. That with which one plays, or which is driven about in play; a toy; a plaything; an object of mockery. Flitting leaves, the sport of every wind. Dryden. Never does man appear to greater disadvantage than when he is the sport of his own ungoverned pasions. John Clarke. 4. Play; idle jingle. An author who should introduce such a sport of words upon our stage would meet with small applause. Broome. 5. Diversion of the field, as fowling, hunting, fishing, racing, games, and the like, esp. when money is staked. 6. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: A plant or an animal, or part of a plant or animal, which has some peculiarity not usually seen in the species; an abnormal variety or growth. See Sporting plant, under Sporting. 7. A sportsman; a gambler. [Slang] In sport, in jest; for play or diversion. "So is the man that deceiveth his neighbor, and saith, Am not I in sport" Prov. xxvi. 19. Syn. -- Play; game; diversion; frolic; mirth; mock; mockery; jeer. SPORT Sport, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sported; p. pr. & vb. n. Sporting.] 1. To play; to frolic; to wanton. [Fish], sporting with quick glance, Show to the sun their waved coats dropt with gold. Milton. 2. To practice the diversions of the field or the turf; to be given to betting, as upon races. 3. To trifle. "He sports with his own life." Tillotson. 4. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: To assume suddenly a new and different character from the rest of the plant or from the type of the species; -- said of a bud, shoot, plant, or animal. See Sport, n., 6. Darwin. Syn. -- To play; frolic; game; wanton. SPORT Sport, v. t. 1. To divert; to amuse; to make merry; -- used with the reciprocal pronoun. Against whom do ye sport yourselves Isa. lvii. 4. 2. To represent by any knd of play. Now sporting on thy lyre the loves of youth. Dryden. 3. To exhibit, or bring out, in public; to use or wear; as, to sport a new equipage. [Colloq.] Grose. 4. To give utterance to in a sportive manner; to throw out in an easy and copious manner; -- with off; as, to sport off epigrams. Addison. To sport one's oak. See under Oak, n. SPORTABILITY Sport`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Sportiveness. [Obs.] SPORTAL Sport"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to sports; used in sports. [R.] "Sportal arms." Dryden. SPORTER Sport"er, n. Defn: One who sports; a sportsman. As this gentleman and I have been old fellow sporters, I have a frienship for him. Goldsmith. SPORTFUL Sport"ful, a. 1. Full of sport; merry; frolicsome; full of jesting; indulging in mirth or play; playful; wanton; as, a sportful companion. Down he alights among the sportful herd. Milton. 2. Done in jest, or for mere play; sportive. They are no sportful productions of the soil. Bentley. -- Sport"ful*ly, adv. -- Sport"ful*ness, n. SPORTING Sport"ing, a. Defn: Of pertaining to, or engaging in, sport or sporrts; exhibiting the character or conduct of one who, or that which, sports. Sporting book, a book containing a record of bets, gambling operations, and the like. C. Kingsley. -- Sporting house, a house frequented by sportsmen, gamblers, and the like. -- Sporting man, one who practices field sports; also, a horse racer, a pugilist, a gambler, or the like. -- Sporting plant (Bot.), a plant in which a single bud or offset suddenly assumes a new, and sometimes very different, character from that of the rest of the plant. Darwin. SPORTINGLY Sport"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In sport; sportively. The question you there put, you do it, I suppose, but sportingly. Hammond. SPORTIVE Sport"ive, a. Defn: Tending to, engaged in, or provocate of, sport; gay; froliscome; playful; merry. Is it I That drive thee from the sportive court Shak. -- Sport"ive*ly, adv. -- Sport"ive*ness, n. SPORTLESS Sport"less, a. Defn: Without sport or mirth; joyless. SPORTLING Sport"ling, n. Defn: A little person or creature engaged in sports or in play. When again the lambkins play --Pretty sportlings, full of May. Philips. SPORTSMAN Sports"man, n.;pl. Sportsmen (. Defn: One who pursues the sports of the field; one who hunts, fishes, etc. SPORTSMANSHIP Sports"man*ship, n. Defn: The practice of sportsmen; skill in field sports. SPORTULA Spor"tu*la, n.; pl. Sportulæ (. Etym: [L.] Defn: A gift; a present; a prize; hence, an alms; a largess. To feed luxuriously, to frequent sports and theaters, to run for the sportula. South. SPORTULARY Spor"tu*la*ry, a. Defn: Subsisting on alms or charitable contributions. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. SPORTULE Spor"tule, n. Etym: [L. sportula a little basket, a gift, dim. of sporta a basket: cf. F. sortule.] Defn: A charitable gift or contribution; a gift; an alms; a dole; a largess; a sportula. [Obs.] Ayliffe. SPORULATION Spor`u*la"tion, n. (Biol.) Defn: The act or process of forming spores; spore formation. See Illust. of Bacillus, b. SPORULE Spor"ule, n. Etym: [Dim. of spore.] (Biol.) Defn: A small spore; a spore. SPORULIFEROUS Spor`u*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Sporule + -ferous.] (Biol.) Defn: Producing sporules. SPOT Spot, n. Etym: [Cf. Scot. & D. spat, Dan. spette, Sw. spott spittle, slaver; from the root of E. spit. See Spit to eject from the mouth, and cf. Spatter.] 1. A mark on a substance or body made by foreign matter; a blot; a place discolored. Out, damned spot! Out, I say! Shak. 2. A stain on character or reputation; something that soils purity; disgrace; reproach; fault; blemish. Yet Chloe, sure, was formed without a spot. Pope. 3. A small part of a different color from the main part, or from the ground upon which it is; as, the spots of a leopard; the spots on a playing card. 4. A small extent of space; a place; any particular place. "Fixed to one spot." Otway. That spot to which I point is Paradise. Milton. "A jolly place," said he, "in times of old! But something ails it now: the spot is cursed." Wordsworth. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of the common domestic pigeon, so called from a spot on its head just above its beak. 6. (Zoöl.) (a) A sciænoid food fish (Liostomus xanthurus) of the Atlantic coast of the United States. It has a black spot behind the shoulders and fifteen oblique dark bars on the sides. Called also goody, Lafayette, masooka, and old wife. (b) The southern redfish, or red horse, which has a spot on each side at the base of the tail. See Redfish. 7. pl. Defn: Commodities, as merchandise and cotton, sold for immediate delivery. [Broker's Cant] Crescent spot (Zoöl.), any butterfly of the family Melitæidæ having crescent-shaped white spots along the margins of the red or brown wings. -- Spot lens (Microscopy), a condensing lens in which the light is confined to an annular pencil by means of a small, round diaphragm (the spot), and used in dark-field ilumination; -- called also spotted lens. -- Spot rump (Zoöl.), the Hudsonian godwit (Limosa hæmastica). -- Spots on the sun. (Astron.) See Sun spot, ander Sun. -- On, or Upon, the spot, immediately; before moving; without changing place. It was determined upon the spot. Swift. Syn. -- Stain; flaw; speck; blot; disgrace; reproach; fault; blemish; place; site; locality. SPOT Spot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spotting.] 1. To make visible marks upon with some foreign matter; to discolor in or with spots; to stain; to cover with spots or figures; as, to spot a garnment; to spot paper. 2. To mark or note so as to insure recognition; to recognize; to detect; as, to spot a criminal. [Cant] 3. To stain; to blemish; to taint; to disgrace; to tarnish, as reputation; to asperse. My virgin life no spotted thoughts shall stain. Sir P. Sidney. If ever I shall close these eyes but once, May I live spotted for my perjury. Beau. & Fl. To spot timber, to cut or chip it, in preparation for hewing. SPOT Spot, v. i. Defn: To become stained with spots. SPOT CASH Spot cash. (Com.) Defn: Cash paid or ready for payment at once upon delivery of property purchased. SPOTLESS Spot"less, a. Defn: Without a spot; especially, free from reproach or impurity; pure; untained; innocent; as, a spotless mind; spotless behavior. A spotless virgin, and a faultless wife. Waller. Syn. -- Blameless; unspotted; unblemished; pure; immaculate; irreproachable. See Blameless. -- Spot"less*ly, adv. -- Spot"less*ness, n. SPOTLIGHT Spot"light`, n. Defn: The projected spot or circle of light used to illuminate brilliantly a single person or object or group on the stage; leaving the rest of the stage more or less unilluminated; hence, conspicuous public notice. [Cant or Colloq.] SPOT STROKE Spot stroke. (Eng. Billiards) Defn: The pocketing of the red ball in a top corner pocket from off its own spot so as to leave the cue ball in position for an easy winning hazard in either top corner pocket. SPOTTED Spot"ted, a. Defn: Marked with spots; as, a spotted garment or character. "The spotted panther." Spenser. Spotted fever (Med.), a name applied to various eruptive fevers, esp. to typhus fever and cerebro-spinal meningitis. -- Spotted tree (Bot.), an Australian tree (Flindersia maculosa); -- so called because its bark falls off in spots. SPOTTEDNESS Spot"ted*ness, n. Defn: State or quality of being spotted. SPOTTER Spot"ter, n. Defn: One who spots. SPOTTINESS Spot"ti*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being spotty. SPOTTY Spot"ty, a. Defn: Full of spots; marked with spots. SPOUSAGE Spous"age (; 48), n. Etym: [OF. espousaige, from espouser. See Spouse, v. t.] Defn: Espousal. [Obs.] Bale. SPOUSAL Spous"al, a. Etym: [See Espousal, Sponsal, and Spouse.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a spouse or marriage; nuptial; matrimonial; conjugal; bridal; as, spousal rites; spousal ornaments. Wordsworth. SPOUSAL Spous"al, n. Etym: [See Espousal, Spouse.] Defn: Marriage; nuptials; espousal; -- generally used in the plural; as, the spousals of Hippolita. Dryden. Boweth your head under that blissful yoke . . . Which that men clepeth spousal or wedlock. Chaucer. the spousals of the newborn year. Emerson. SPOUSE Spouse, n. Etym: [OF. espous, espos, fem. espouse, F. époux, épouse, fr. L. sponsus, sponsa, prop. p.p. of spondere, sponsum, to promise solemnly, to engage one's self. Cf. Despond, Espouse, respond, Sponsor.] 1. A man or woman engaged or joined in wedlock; a married person, husband or wife. At last such grace I found, and means I wrought, That that lady to my spouse had won. Spenser. 2. A married man, in distinct from a spousess or married woman; a bridegroom or husband. [Obs.] At which marriage was [were] no person present but the spouse, the spousess, the Duchess of Bedford her mother, the priest, two gentlewomen, and a young man. Fabyan. SPOUSE Spouse, v. t. Etym: [See Espouse, and Spouse, n.] Defn: To wed; to espouse. [Obs.] This markis hath her spoused with a ring. Chaucer. Though spoused, yet wanting wedlock's solemnize. Spenser. She was found again, and spoused to Marinell. Spenser. SPOUSE-BREACH Spouse"-breach`, n. Defn: Adultery. [Obs.] SPOUSELESS Spouse"less, a. Defn: Destitute of a spouse; unmarried. SPOUSESS Spous"ess, n. Defn: A wife or bride. [Obs.] Fabyan. SPOUT Spout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spouting.] Etym: [Cf. Sw. sputa, spruta, to spout, D. spuit a spout, spuiten to spout, and E. spurt, sprit, v., sprout, sputter; or perhaps akin to E. spit to eject from the mouth.] 1. To throw out forcibly and abudantly, as liquids through an office or a pipe; to eject in a jet; as, an elephant spouts water from his trunk. Who kept Jonas in the fish's maw Till he was spouted up at Ninivee Chaucer. Next on his belly floats the mighty whale . . . He spouts the tide. Creech. 2. To utter magniloquently; to recite in an oratorical or pompous manner. Pray, spout some French, son. Beau. & Fl. 3. To pawn; to pledge; as, spout a watch. [Cant] SPOUT Spout, v. i. 1. To issue with with violence, or in a jet, as a liquid through a narrow orifice, or from a spout; as, water spouts from a hole; blood spouts from an artery. All the glittering hill Is bright with spouting rills. Thomson. 2. To eject water or liquid in a jet. 3. To utter a speech, especially in a pompous manner. SPOUT Spout, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. spruta a squirt, a syringe. See Spout, v. t.] 1. That through which anything spouts; a discharging lip, pipe, or orifice; a tube, pipe, or conductor of any kind through which a liquid is poured, or by which it is conveyed in a stream from one place to another; as, the spout of a teapot; a spout for conducting water from the roof of a building. Addison. "A conduit with three issuing spouts." Shak. In whales . . . an ejection thereof [water] is contrived by a fistula, or spout, at the head. Sir T. Browne. From silver spouts the grateful liquors glide. Pope. 2. A trough for conducting grain, flour, etc., into a receptacle. 3. A discharge or jet of water or other liquid, esp. when rising in a column; also, a waterspout. To put, shove, or pop, up the spout, to pawn or pledge at a pawnbroker's; -- in allusion to the spout up which the pawnbroker sent the ticketed articles. [Cant] SPOUTER Spout"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, spouts. SPOUTFISH Spout"fish, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine animal that spouts water; -- applied especially to certain bivalve mollusks, like the long clams (Mya), which spout, or squirt out, water when retiring into their holes. SPOUTLESS Spout"less, a. Defn: Having no spout. Cowper. SPOUTSHELL Spout"shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any marine gastropod shell of the genus Apporhais having an elongated siphon. See Illust. under Rostrifera. SPRACK Sprack, a. Etym: [Cf. Icel. spækr sprightly, dial. Sw. spräk, spräg, spirited, mettlesome; or Gael. spraic vigor.] Defn: Quick; lively' alert. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] SPRAD Sprad, obs. Defn: p. p. of Spread. Chaucer. SPRADDE Sprad"de, obs. Defn: imp. of Spread. Chaucer. SPRAG Sprag, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. spraka a small flounder.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young salmon. [Prov. Eng.] SPRAG Sprag, n. Etym: [See Spray a branch.] Defn: A billet of wood; a piece of timber used as a prop. SPRAG Sprag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spragged; p. pr. & vb. n. Spragging.] 1. To check the motion of, as a carriage on a steep grade, by putting a sprag between the spokes of the wheel. R. S. Poole. 2. To prop or sustain with a sprag. SPRAG Sprag, a. Defn: See Sprack, a. Shak. SPRAIN Sprain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sprained; p. pr. & vb. n. Spraining.] Etym: [OF. espreindreto press, to force out, F. épreindre, fr. L. exprimere. See Express, v. t., and cf. Spraints.] Defn: To weaken, as a joint, ligament, or muscle, by sudden and excessive exertion, as by wrenching; to overstrain, or stretch injuriously, but without luxation; as, to sprain one's ankle. SPRAIN Sprain, n. Defn: The act or result of spraining; lameness caused by spraining; as, a bad sprain of the wrist. Sprain fracture (Med.), the separation of a tendon from its point of insertion, with the detachment of a shell of bone to which the tendon is attached. SPRAINTS Spraints, n. pl. Etym: [OF. espraintes, espreintes, F. épreintes from espreinte a desire to go to stool, from espreindre. See Sprain, v. t.] Defn: The dung of an otter. SPRANG Sprang, Defn: imp. of Spring. SPRAT Sprat, n. Etym: [OE. sprot, sprotte, D. sprot; akin to G. sprotte.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small European herring (Clupea sprattus) closely allied to the common herring and the pilchard; -- called also garvie. The name is also applied to small herring of different kinds. (b) A California surf-fish (Rhacochilus toxotes); -- called also alfione, and perch. Sprat borer (Zoöl.), the red-throated diver; -- so called from its fondness for sprats. See Diver. -- Sprat loon. (Zoöl.) (a) The young of the great northern diver. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The red-throated diver. See Diver. -- Sprat mew (Zoöl.), the kittiwake gull. SPRAWL Sprawl (sprall), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sprawled (spralld); p. pr. & vb. n. Sprawling.] Etym: [OE. spraulen; cf. Sw. sprattla to sprawl, dial. Sw. spralla, Dan. spælle, sprælde, D. spartelen, spertelen, to flounder, to struggle.] 1. To spread and stretch the body or limbs carelessly in a horizontal position; to lie with the limbs stretched out ungracefully. 2. To spread irregularly, as vines, plants, or tress; to spread ungracefully, as chirography. 3. To move, when lying down, with awkward extension and motions of the limbs; to scramble in creeping. The birds were not fledged; but upon sprawling and struggling to get clear of the flame, down they tumbled. L'Estrange. SPRAWLS Sprawls, n. pl. Defn: Small branches of a tree; twigs; sprays. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SPRAY Spray, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. sprag. See Sprig.] 1. A small shoot or branch; a twig. Chaucer. The painted birds, companions of the spring, Hopping from spray, were heard to sing. Dryden. 2. A collective body of small branches; as, the tree has a beautiful spray. And from the trees did lop the needless spray. Spenser. 3. (Founding) (a) A side channel or branch of the runner of a flask, made to distribute the metal in all parts of the mold. (b) A group of castings made in the same mold and connected by sprues formed in the runner and its branches. Knight. Spray drain (Agric.), a drain made by laying under earth the sprays or small branches of trees, which keep passages open. SPRAY Spray, n. Etym: [probably from a Dutch or Low German form akin to E. spread. See Spread, v. t.] 1. Water flying in small drops or particles, as by the force of wind, or the dashing of waves, or from a waterfall, and the like. 2. (Med.) (a) A jet of fine medicated vapor, used either as an application to a diseased part or to charge the air of a room with a disinfectant or a deodorizer. (b) An instrument for applying such a spray; an atomizer. Spray condenser (Steam Engine) an injection condenser in which the steam is condensed by a spray of water which mingles with it. SPRAY Spray, v. t. 1. To let fall in the form of spray. [Poetic] M. Arnold. 2. To throw spray upon; to treat with a liquid in the form of spray; as, to spray a wound, or a surgical instrument, with carbolic acid. SPRAYBOARD Spray`board, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Dashboard, n., 2 (b). SPRAYER Spray"er, n. Defn: One that sprays; any instrument for vaporizing and spraying liquids. SPREAD Spread, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spread; p. pr. & vb. n. Spreading.] Etym: [OE. spreden, AS. sprædan; akin to D. spreiden, spreijen, LG. spreden, spreen, spreien, G. spreiten, Dan. sprede, Sw. sprida. Cf. Spray water flying in drops.] 1. To extend in length and breadth, or in breadth only; to stretch or expand to a broad or broader surface or extent; to open; to unfurl; as, to spread a carpet; to spread a tent or a sail. He bought a parcel of a field where he had spread his tent. Gen. xxxiii. 19. Here the Rhone Hath spread himself a couch. Byron. 2. To extend so as to cover something; to extend to a great or grater extent in every direction; to cause to fill or cover a wide or wider space. Rose, as in a dance, the stately trees, and spread Their branches hung with copious fruit. Milton. 3. To divulge; to publish, as news or fame; to cause to be more extensively known; to disseminate; to make known fully; as, to spread a report; -- often acompanied by abroad. They, when they were departed, spread abroad his fame in all that country. Matt. ix. 31. 4. To propagate; to cause to affect great numbers; as, to spread a disease. 5. To diffuse, as emanations or effluvia; to emit; as, odoriferous plants spread their fragrance. 6. To strew; to scatter over a surface; as, to spread manure; to spread lime on the ground. 7. To prepare; to set and furnish with provisions; as, to spread a table. Boiled the flesh, and spread the board. Tennyson. To sprad cloth, to unfurl sail. [Obs.] Evelyn. Syn. -- To diffuse; propogate; disperse; publish; distribute; scatter; circulate; disseminate; dispense. SPREAD Spread, v. i. 1. To extend in length and breadth in all directions, or in breadth only; to be extended or stretched; to expand. Plants, if they spread much, are seldom tall. Bacon. Govrnor Winthrop, and his associates at Charlestown, had for a church a large, spreading tree. B. Trumbull. 2. To be extended by drawing or beating; as, some metals spread with difficulty. 3. To be made known more extensively, as news. 4. To be propagated from one to another; as, the disease spread into all parts of the city. Shak. SPREAD Spread, n. 1. Extent; compass. I have got a fine spread of improvable land. Addison. 2. Expansion of parts. No flower hath spread like that of the woodbine. Bacon. 3. A cloth used as a cover for a table or a bed. 4. A table, as spread or furnished with a meal; hence, an entertainment of food; a feast. [Colloq.] 5. A privilege which one person buys of another, of demanding certain shares of stock at a certain price, or of delivering the same shares of stock at another price, within a time agreed upon. [Broker's Cant] 6. (Geom.) Defn: An unlimited expanse of discontinuous points. SPREAD Spread, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Spread, v. Spread eagle. (a) An eagle with outspread wings, the national emblem of the United States. (b) The figure of an eagle, with its wings elevated and its legs extended; often met as a device upon military ornaments, and the like. (c) (Her.) An eagle displayed; an eagle with the wings and legs extended on each side of the body, as in the double-headed eagle of Austria and Russia. See Displayed, 2. SPREAD-EAGLE Spread"-ea`gle, a. Defn: Characterized by a pretentious, boastful, exaggerated style; defiantly or extravagantly bombastic; as, a spread-eagle orator; a spread-eagle speech. [Colloq.& Humorous] SPREAD-EAGLE Spread"-ea`gle v. i. Defn: To assume a spread-eagled position; -- it may be done reclining, for relaxation, or momentarily, as an exhibitionary maneuver in a sport. SPREAD-EAGLED Spread"-ea`gled v.tr. Defn: 1. To place in a spread-eagle position, especially as a means of punishment. 2. being in a position with the arms and legs extended fully. SPREADER Spread"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, spreads, expands, or propogates. 2. A machine for combining and drawing fibers of flax to form a sliver preparatory to spinning. SPREADINGLY Spread"ing*ly Defn: , adv. Increasingly. The best times were spreadingly infected. Milton. SPRECHERY Sprech"er*y, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. spreidh catle.] Defn: Movables of an inferior description; especially, such as have been collected by depredation. [Scot] SPREE Spree, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. spre a spark, animation, spirit, Gael. spraic. Cf. Sprack.] Defn: A merry frolic; especially, a drinking frolic; a carousal. [Colloq.] SPRENGE Sprenge, v. t. Etym: [OE. sprengen, p.p. sprent, spreint, from AS. sprengen to sprinkle. See Sprinkle.] Defn: To sprinkle; to scatter. [Obs.] Wyclif (1 Pet. i. 2). SPRENGEL PUMP Spreng"el pump`. (Physics) Defn: A form of air pump in which exhaustion is produced by a stream of mercury running down a narrow tube, in the manner of an aspirator; -- named from the inventor. SPRENT Sprent, obs. Defn: p. p. of Sprenge. Sprinkled. All the ground with purple blood was sprent. Spenser. SPREW Sprew, n. Etym: [Cf. D. sprouw, spruw.] (Med.) Defn: Thrush. [Local, U.S.] SPREYND Spreynd, obs. Defn: p. p. of Sprenge. Sprinkled. When spreynd was holy water. Chaucer. SPRIG Sprig, n. Etym: [AS. sprec; akin to Icel. sprek a stick. Cf. Spray a branch.] 1. A small shoot or twig of a tree or other plant; a spray; as, a sprig of laurel or of parsley. 2. A youth; a lad; -- used humorously or in slight disparagement. A sprig whom I remember, with a whey-face and a satchel, not so many years ago. Sir W. Scott. 3. A brad, or nail without a head. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A small eyebolt ragged or barbed at the point. SPRIG Sprig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sprigged; p. pr. & vb. n. Sprigging.] Defn: To mark or adorn with the representation of small branches; to work with sprigs; as, to sprig muslin. SPRIGGED Sprigged, a. Defn: Having sprigs. SPRIGGY Sprig"gy, a. Defn: Full of sprigs or small branches. SPRIGHT Spright, n. Etym: [See Sprite.] 1. Spirit; mind; soul; state of mind; mood. [Obs.] "The high heroic spright." Spenser. Wondrous great grief groweth in my spright. Spenser. 2. A supernatural being; a spirit; a shade; an apparition; a ghost. Forth he called, out of deep darkness dread, Legions of sprights. Spenser. To thee, O Father, Son, and Sacred Spright. Fairfax. 3. A kind of short arrow. [Obs.] Bacon. SPRIGHT Spright, v. t. Defn: To haunt, as a spright. [Obs.] Shak. SPRIGHTFUL Spright"ful, a. Etym: [Spright sprite + full.] Defn: Full of spirit or of life; earnest; vivacious; lively; brisk; nimble; gay. [Obs.] -- Spright"ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] Shak. -- Spright"ful*ness, n. [Obs.] Spoke like a sprightful gentlemen. Shak. Steeds sprightful as the light. Cowley. SPRIGHTLESS Spright"less, a. Defn: Destitute of life; dull; sluggish. SPRIGHTLINESS Spright"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sprightly; liveliness; life; briskness; vigor; activity; gayety; vivacity. In dreams, observe with what a sprightliness and alacrity does she [the soul] exert herself! Addison. SPRIGHTLY Spright"ly, a. [Compar. Sprightlier; superl. Sprightliest.] Etym: [See Sprite.] Defn: Sprightlike, or spiritlike; lively; brisk; animated; vigorous; airy; gay; as, a sprightly youth; a sprightly air; a sprightly dance. "Sprightly wit and love inspires." Dryden. The sprightly Sylvia trips along the green. Pope. SPRIGTAIL Sprig"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail duck; -- called also sprig, and spreet-tail. [Local, U.S.] (b) The sharp-tailed grouse. [Local, U.S.] SPRING Spring, v. i. [imp. Sprang or Sprung (; p. p. Sprung; p. pr. & vb. n. Springing.] Etym: [AS. springan; akin to D. & G. springen, OS. & OHG. springan, Icel. & Sw. springa, Dan. springe; cf. Gr. Springe, Sprinkle.] 1. To leap; to bound; to jump. The mountain stag that springs From height to height, and bounds along the plains. Philips. 2. To issue with speed and violence; to move with activity; to dart; to shoot. And sudden light Sprung through the vaulted roof. Dryden. 3. To start or rise suddenly, as from a covert. Watchful as fowlers when their game will spring. Otway. 4. To fly back; as, a bow, when bent, springs back by its elastic power. 5. To bend from a straight direction or plane surface; to become warped; as, a piece of timber, or a plank, sometimes springs in seasoning. 6. To shoot up, out, or forth; to come to the light; to begin to appear; to emerge; as a plant from its seed, as streams from their source, and the like; -often followed by up, forth, or out. Till well nigh the day began to spring. Chaucer. To satisfy the desolate and waste ground, and to cause the bud of the tender herb to spring forth. Job xxxviii. 27. Do not blast my springing hopes. Rowe. O, spring to light; auspicious Babe, be born. Pope. 7. To issue or proceed, as from a parent or ancestor; to result, as from a cause, motive, reason, or principle. [They found] new hope to spring Out of despair, joy, but with fear yet linked. Milton. 8. To grow; to prosper. What makes all this, but Jupiter the king, At whose command we perish, and we spring Dryden. To spring at, to leap toward; to attempt to reach by a leap. -- To spring forth, to leap out; to rush out. -- To spring in, to rush in; to enter with a leap or in haste. -- To spring on or upon, to leap on; to rush on with haste or violence; to assault. SPRING Spring, v. t. 1. To cause to spring up; to start or rouse, as game; to cause to rise from the earth, or from a covert; as, to spring a pheasant. 2. To produce or disclose suddenly or unexpectedly. She starts, and leaves her bed, amd springs a light. Dryden. The friends to the cause sprang a new project. Swift. 3. To cause to explode; as, to spring a mine. 4. To crack or split; to bend or strain so as to weaken; as, to spring a mast or a yard. 5. To cause to close suddenly, as the parts of a trap operated by a spring; as, to spring a trap. 6. To bend by force, as something stiff or strong; to force or put by bending, as a beam into its sockets, and allowing it to straighten when in place; -- often with in, out, etc.; as, to spring in a slat or a bar. 7. To pass over by leaping; as, to spring a fence. To spring a butt (Naut.), to loosen the end of a plank in a ship's bottom. -- To spring a leak (Naut.), to begin to leak. -- To spring an arch (Arch.), to build an arch; -- a common term among masons; as, to spring an arcg over a lintel. -- To spring a rattle, to cause a rattle to sound. See Watchman's rattle, under Watchman. -- To spring the luff (Naut.), to ease the helm, and sail nearer to the wind than before; -- said of a vessel. Mar. Dict. -- To spring a mast or spar (Naut.), to strain it so that it is unserviceable. SPRING Spring, n. Etym: [AS. spring a fountain, a leap. See Spring, v. i.] 1. A leap; a bound; a jump. The prisoner, with a spring, from prison broke. Dryden. 2. A flying back; the resilience of a body recovering its former state by elasticity; as, the spring of a bow. 3. Elastic power or force. Heavens! what a spring was in his arm! Dryden. 4. An elastic body of any kind, as steel, India rubber, tough wood, or compressed air, used for various mechanical purposes, as receiving and imparting power, diminishing concussion, regulating motion, measuring weight or other force. Note: The principal varieties of springs used in mechanisms are the spiral spring (Fig. a), the coil spring (Fig. b), the elliptic spring (Fig. c), the half-elliptic spring (Fig. d), the volute spring, the India-rubber spring, the atmospheric spring, etc. 5. Any source of supply; especially, the source from which a stream proceeds; as issue of water from the earth; a natural fountain. "All my springs are in thee." Ps. lxxxvii. 7. "A secret spring of spiritual joy." Bentley. "The sacred spring whence and honor streams." red rose of the House of Lancaster. Sir J. Davies. 6. Any active power; that by which action, or motion, is produced or propagated; cause; origin; motive. Our author shuns by vulgar springs to move The hero's glory, or the virgin's love. Pope. 7. That which springs, or is originated, from a source; as: (a) A race; lineage. [Obs.] Chapman. (b) A youth; a springal. [Obs.] Spenser. (c) A shoot; a plant; a young tree; also, a grove of trees; woodland. [Obs.] Spenser. Milton. 8. That which causes one to spring; specifically, a lively tune. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 9. The season of the year when plants begin to vegetate and grow; the vernal season, usually comprehending the months of March, April, and May, in the middle latitudes north of the equator. "The green lap of the new-come spring." Shak. Note: Spring of the astronomical year begins with the vernal equinox, about March 21st, and ends with the summer solstice, about June 21st. 10. The time of growth and progress; early portion; first stage. "The spring of the day." 1 Sam. ix. 26. O how this spring of love resembleth The uncertain glory of an April day. Shak. 11. (Naut.) (a) A crack or fissure in a mast or yard, running obliquely or transversely. (b) A line led from a vessel's quarter to her cable so that by tightening or slacking it she can be made to lie in any desired position; a line led diagonally from the bow or stern of a vessel to some point upon the wharf to which she is moored. Air spring, Boiling spring, etc. See under Air, Boiling, etc. -- Spring back (Bookbinding), a back with a curved piece of thin sheet iron or of stiff pasteboard fastened to the inside, the effect of which is to make the leaves of a book thus bound (as a ledger or other account or blank book) spring up and lie flat. -- Spring balance, a contrivance for measuring weight or force by the elasticity of a spiral spring of steel. -- Spring beam, a beam that supports the side of a paddle box. See Paddle beam, under Paddle, n. -- Spring beauty. (a) (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Claytonia, delicate herbs with somewhat fleshy leaves and pretty blossoms, appearing in springtime. (b) (Zoöl.) A small, elegant American butterfly (Erora læta) which appears in spring. The hind wings of the male are brown, bordered with deep blue; those of the female are mostly blue. -- Spring bed, a mattress, under bed, or bed bottom, in which springs, as of metal, are employed to give the required elasticity. -- Spring beetle (Zoöl.), a snapping beetle; an elater. -- Spring box, the box or barrel in a watch, or other piece of mechanism, in which the spring is contained. -- Spring fly (Zoöl.), a caddice fly; -- so called because it appears in the spring. -- Spring grass (Bot.), a vernal grass. See under Vernal. -- Spring gun, a firearm disharged by a spring, when this is trodden upon or is otherwise moved. -- Spring hook (Locomotive Engines), one of the hooks which fix the driving-wheel spring to the frame. -- Spring latch, a latch that fastens with a spring. -- Spring lock, a lock that fastens with a spring. -- Spring mattress, a spring bed. -- Spring of an arch (Arch.) See Springing line of an arch, under Springing. -- Spring of pork, the lower part of a fore quarter, which is divided from the neck, and has the leg and foot without the shoulder. [Obs.] Nares. Sir, pray hand the spring of pork to me. Gayton. -- Spring pin (Locomotive Engines), an iron rod fitted between the springs and the axle boxes, to sustain and regulate the pressure on the axles. -- Spring rye, a kind of rye sown in the spring; -- in distinction from winter rye, sown in autumn. -- Spring stay (Naut.), a preventer stay, to assist the regular one. R. H. Dana, Jr. -- Spring tide, the tide which happens at, or soon after, the new and the full moon, and which rises higher than common tides. See Tide. -- Spring wagon, a wagon in which springs are interposed between the body and the axles to form elastic supports. -- Spring wheat, any kind of wheat sown in the spring; -- in distinction from winter wheat, which is sown in autumn. SPRINGAL; SPRINGALD; SPRINGALL Spring"al, Spring"ald, Spring"all, a. Etym: [Scot. springald, springel, fr. Scot. & E. spring.] Defn: An active, springly young man. [Obs.] "There came two springals of full tender years." Spenser. Joseph, when he was sold to Potiphar, that great man, was a fair young springall. Latimer. SPRINGAL Spring"al, n. Etym: [OF. espringale; of Teutonic origin, akin to E. spring.] Defn: An ancient military engine for casting stones and arrows by means of a spring. SPRINGBOARD Spring"board`, n. Defn: An elastic board, secured at the ends, or at one end, often by elastic supports, used in performing feats of agility or in exercising. SPRINGBOK; SPRINGBUCK Spring"bok`, Spring"buck`, n. Etym: [D. springbok; springen to spring, leap + bok a he-goat, buck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South African gazelle (Gazella euchore) noted for its graceful form and swiftness, and for its peculiar habit of springing lighty and suddenly into the air. It has a white dorsal stripe, expanding into a broad patch of white on the rump and tail. Called also springer. [Written also springboc, and springbock.] SPRINGE Springe, n. Etym: [From Spring, v. i.: cf. G. sprenkel, Prov. E. springle.] Defn: A noose fastened to an elastic body, and drawn close with a sudden spring, whereby it catches a bird or other animal; a gin; a snare. As a woodcock to mine own springe. Shak. SPRINGE Springe, v. t. Defn: To catch in a springe; to insnare. [R.] SPRINGE Spring"e ( or ), v. t. Etym: [OE. sprengen. See Sprinkle.] Defn: To sprinkle; to scatter. [Obs.] He would sowen some difficulty, Or springen cockle in our cleane corn. Chaucer. SPRINGER Spring"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, springs; specifically, one who rouses game. 2. A young plant. [Obs.] Evelyn. 3. (Arch.) (a) The impost, or point at which an arch rests upon its support, and from which it seems to spring. Hence: (b) The bottom stone of an arch, which lies on the impost. The skew back is one form of springer. (c) The rib of a groined vault, as being the solid abutment for each section of vaulting. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The grampus. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of the field spaniel. See Spaniel. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of antelope; the sprinkbok. SPRINGHALT Spring"halt`, n. (Far.) Defn: A kind of lameness in horse. See Stringhalt. Shak. SPRINGHEAD Spring"head`, n. Defn: A fountain or source. SPRINGINESS Spring"i*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being springly. Boyle. SPRINGING Spring"ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, springs. 2. Growth; increase; also, that which springs up; a shoot; a plant. Thou blessest the springing thereof. Ps. lxv. 10. Springing line of an arch (Arch.), the horizontal line drawn through the junction of the vertical face of the impost with the curve of the intrados; -- called also spring of an arch. SPRINGLE Sprin"gle, n. Defn: A springe. [Prov. Eng.] SPRINGLET Spring"let, n. Defn: A little spring. But yet from out the little hill Oozes the slender springlet still. Sir W. Scott. SPRING STEEL Spring steel. Defn: A variety of steel, elastic, strong, and tough, rolled for springs, etc. SPRINGTAIL Spring"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small apterous insects belonging to the order Thysanura. They have two elastic caudal stylets which can be bent under the abdomen and then suddenly extended like a spring, thus enabling them to leap to a considerable distance. See Collembola, and Podura. SPRINGTIDE Spring"tide, n. Defn: The time of spring; springtime. Thomson. SPRINGTIME Spring"time`, n. Defn: The season of spring; springtide. SPRINGY Spring"y, a. [Compar. Springier; superl. Springiest.] Etym: [From Spring.] 1. Resembling, having the qualities of, or pertaining to, a spring; elastic; as, springy steel; a springy step. Though her little frame was slight, it was firm and springy. Sir W. Scott. 2. Abounding with springs or fountains; wet; spongy; as, springy land. SPRINKLE Sprin"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sprinkled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sprinkling.] Etym: [OE. sprenkelen, freq. of sprengen to sprinkle, to scatter, AS. sprengan, properly, to make to spring, causative of springan to spring; akin to D. sprenkelen to sprinkle, G. sprengen. See Spring, v. i., and cf. Sprent.] 1. To scatter in small drops or particles, as water, seed, etc. 2. To scatter on; to disperse something over in small drops or particles; to besprinkle; as, to sprinkle the earth with water; to sprinkle a floor with sand. 3. To baptize by the application of a few drops, or a small quantity, of water; hence, to cleanse; to purify. Having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience. Heb. x. 22. SPRINKLE Sprin"kle, v. i. 1. To scatter a liquid, or any fine substance, so that it may fall in particles. And the priest shall . . . sprinkle of the oil with his finger seven times before the Lord. Lev. xiv. 16. 2. To rain moderately, or with scattered drops falling now and then; as, it sprinkles. 3. To fly or be scattered in small drops or particles. SPRINKLE Sprin"kle, n. 1. A small quantity scattered, or sparsely distributed; a sprinkling. 2. A utensil for sprinkling; a sprinkler. [Obs.] SPRINKLER Sprin"kler, n. 1. One who sprinkles. 2. An instrument or vessel used in sprinkling; specifically, a watering pot. SPRINKLING Sprin"kling, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sprinkles. Baptism may well enough be performed by sprinkling or effusion of water. Ayliffe. 2. A small quantity falling in distinct drops or particles; as, a sprinkling of rain or snow. 3. Hence, a moderate number or quantity distributed like drops. Craik. SPRINT Sprint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sprinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sprinting.] Etym: [Cf. Sprunt.] Defn: To run very rapidly; to run at full speed. A runner [in a quarter-mile race] should be able to sprint the whole way. Encyc. Brit. SPRINT Sprint, n. Defn: The act of sprinting; a run of a short distance at full speed. Sprint race, a foot race at the highest running speed; -- usually limited to distance under a quarter of a mile. SPRINTER Sprint"er, n. Defn: One who sprints; one who runs in sprint races; as, a champion sprinter. SPRIT Sprit, v. t. Etym: [Akin to G. spritzen, sprützen. See Sprit, v. i.] Defn: To throw out with force from a narrow orifice; to eject; to spurt out. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SPRIT Sprit, v. i. Etym: [AS. spryttan to sprout, but. See Sprout, v. i., and cf. Spurt, v. t., Sprit a spar.] Defn: To sprout; to bud; to germinate, as barley steeped for malt. SPRIT Sprit, n. Defn: A shoot; a sprout. [Obs.] Mortimer. SPRIT Sprit, n. Etym: [OE. spret, AS. spreót a sprit; spear; akin to D. spriet, and E. sprout, sprit, v.t. & i. See Sprout, v. i.] (Naut.) Defn: A small boom, pole, or spar, which crosses the sail of a boat diagonally from the mast to the upper aftmost corner, which it is used to extend and elevate. SPRITE Sprite, n. Etym: [OE. sprit, F. esprit, fr. L. spiritus. See Spirit, and cf. Sprightly.] 1. A spirit; a soul; a shade; also, an apparition. See Spright. Gaping graves received the wandering, guilty sprite. Dryden. 2. An elf; a fairy; a goblin. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The green woodpecker, or yaffle. SPRITEFUL; SPRITEFULLY; SPRITELINESS; SPRITELY Sprite"ful, a. Sprite"ful*ly, adv., Sprite"li*ness (, n., Sprite"ly, a., etc. Defn: See Sprightful, Sprightfully, Sprightliness, Sprightly, etc. SPRITSAIL Sprit"sail ( or ), n. (Naut.) (a) A sail extended by a sprit. (b) A sail formerly hung under the bowsprit, from the spritsail yard. SPROCKET WHEEL Sprock"et wheel`. Etym: [Etymology of sprocket is uncertain.] (Mach.) Defn: Same as Chain wheel. SPROD Sprod, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. & Ir. bradan a salmon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A salmon in its second year. [Prov. Eng.] SPRONG Sprong, obs. Defn: imp. of Spring. Sprung. SPROUT Sprout, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sprouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sprouting.] Etym: [OE. sprouten, spruten; akin to OFries. spr, AS. spreótan, D. spruiten, G. spriessen, Sw. spruta to squirt, to spout. Cf. Sprit, v. t. & i., Sprit a spar, Spout, v. t., Spurt.] 1. To shoot, as the seed of a plant; to germinate; to push out new shoots; hence, to grow like shoots of plants. 2. To shoot into ramifications. [Obs.] Bacon. SPROUT Sprout, v. t. 1. To cause to sprout; as, the rain will sprout the seed. 2. To deprive of sprouts; as, to sprout potatoes. SPROUT Sprout, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. sprote a sprout, sprig; akin to Icel. sproti, G. sprosse. See Sprout, v. i.] 1. The shoot of a plant; a shoot from the seed, from the stump, or from the root or tuber, of a plant or tree; more rarely, a shoot from the stem of a plant, or the end of a branch. 2. pl. Defn: Young coleworts; Brussels sprouts. Johnson. Brussels sprouts (Bot.) See under Brussels. SPRUCE Spruce, n. Etym: [OE. Spruce or Pruse, Prussia, Prussian. So named because it was first known as a native of Prussia, or because its sprouts were used for making, spruce beer. Cf. Spruce beer, below, Spruce, a.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any coniferous tree of the genus Picea, as the Norway spruce (P. excelsa), and the white and black spruces of America (P. alba and P. nigra), besides several others in the far Northwest. See Picea. 2. The wood or timber of the spruce tree. 3. Prussia leather; pruce. [Obs.] Spruce, a sort of leather corruptly so called for Prussia leather. E. Phillips. Douglas spruce (Bot.), a valuable timber tree (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) of Northwestern America. -- Essence of spruce, a thick, dark-colored, bitterish, and acidulous liquid made by evaporating a decoction of the young branches of spruce. -- Hemlock spruce (Bot.), a graceful coniferous tree (Tsuga Canadensis) of North America. Its timber is valuable, and the bark is largely used in tanning leather. -- Spruce beer. Etym: [G. sprossenbier; sprosse sprout, shoot (akin to E. sprout, n.) + bier beer. The word was changed into spruce because the beer came from Prussia (OE. Spruce), or because it was made from the sprouts of the spruce. See Sprout, n., Beer, and cf. Spruce, n.] A kind of beer which is tinctured or flavored with spruce, either by means of the extract or by decoction. -- Spruce grouse. (Zoöl.) Same as Spruce partridge, below. -- Spruce leather. See Spruce, n., 3. -- Spruce partridge (Zoöl.), a handsome American grouse (Dendragapus Canadensis) found in Canada and the Northern United States; -- called also Canada grouse. SPRUCE Spruce, a. [Compar. Sprucer; superl. Sprucest] Etym: [Perhaps fr. spruce a sort of leather from Prussia, which was an article of finery. See Spruce, n.] 1. Neat, without elegance or dignity; -- formerly applied to things with a serious meaning; now chiefly applied to persons. "Neat and spruce array." Remedy of Love. 2. Sprightly; dashing. [Obs.] "Now, my spruce companions." Shak. He is so spruce that he can never be genteel. Tatler. Syn. -- Finical; neat; trim. See Finical. -- Sruce"ly, adv. -- Spruce"ness, n. SPRUCE Spruce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spruced; p. pr. & vb. n. Sprucing.] Defn: To dress with affected neatness; to trim; to make spruce. SPRUCE Spruce, v. i. Defn: To dress one's self with affected neatness; as, to spruce up. SPRUE Sprue, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. (Founding) (a) Strictly, the hole through which melted metal is poured into the gate, and thence into the mold. (b) The waste piece of metal cast in this hole; hence, dross. 2. (Med.) Defn: Same as Sprew. SPRUG Sprug, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. sprug up to dress neatly, sprag to prop, a., lively.] Defn: To make smart. [Obs.] SPRUNG Sprung, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Spring. SPRUNG Sprung, a. (Naut.) Defn: Said of a spar that has been cracked or strained. SPRUNT Sprunt, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Sprout, v. i.] Defn: To spring up; to germinate; to spring forward or outward. [Obs.] To sprunt up, to draw one's self up suddenly, as in anger or defiance; to bristle up. [Local, U.S.] SPRUNT Sprunt, n. 1. Anything short and stiff. [Obs.] 2. A leap; a spring. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 3. A steep ascent in a road. [Prov. Eng.] SPRUNT Sprunt, a. Defn: Active; lively; vigorous. [Obs.] Kersey. SPRUNTLY Sprunt"ly, adv. Defn: In a sprunt manner; smartly; vigorously; youthfully. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SPRY Spry, a. [Compar. Sprier or Spryer (; superl. Spriest or Spryest.] Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. sprygg lively, skittish, and E. sprag.] Defn: Having great power of leaping or running; nimble; active. [U.S. & Local Eng.] She is as spry as a cricket. S. Judd (Margaret). If I'm not so large as you, You are not so small as I, And not half so spry. Emerson. SPUD Spud, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. spyd a spear.] 1. A sharp, narrow spade, usually with a long handle, used by farmers for digging up large-rooted weeds; a similarly shaped implement used for various purposes. My spud these nettles from the stone can part. Swyft. 2. A dagger. [Obs.] olland. 3. Anything short and thick; specifically, a piece of dough boiled in fat. [Local, U.S.] SPUE Spue, v. t. & i. Defn: See Spew. SPUILZIE Spuil"zie, n. Defn: See Spulzie. SPUKE Spuke, n. Defn: See Spook. SPULLER Spul"ler (, n. [For spooler.] Etym: [See Spool.] Defn: One employed to inspect yarn, to see that it is well spun, and fit for the loom. [Prov. Eng.] SPULZIE Spul"zie, n. Etym: [Cf. Spoil.] Defn: Plunder, or booty. [Written also spuilzie, and spulye.] Sir W. Scott. SPUME Spume, n. Etym: [L. spuma. Cf. Pumice, Spoom.] Defn: Frothy matter raised on liquids by boiling, effervescence, or agitation; froth; foam; scum. Materials dark and crude, Of spiritous and fiery spume. Milton. SPUME Spume, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spumed; p. pr. & vb. n. Spuming.] Etym: [L. spumare.] Defn: To froth; to foam. SPUMEOUS Spume"ous, a. Defn: Spumous. [Obs.] r. H. More. SPUMESCENCE Spu*mes"cence, n. Etym: [See Spumescent.] Defn: The state of being foamy; frothiness. SPUMESCENT Spu*mes"cent, a. Etym: [L. spumescens, p.pr. of spumescere to grow foamy, from spuma foam.] Defn: Resembling froth or foam; foaming. SPUMID Spum"id, a. Etym: [L. spumidis.] Defn: Spumous; frothy. [Obs.] SPUMIFEROUS Spu*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. spumifier; spuma foam + ferra bear.] Defn: Producing foam. SPUMINESS Spum"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being spumy; spumescence. SPUMOUS; SPUMY Spum"ous, Spum"y, a. Etym: [L. spumosus, spuma foam: cf. F. spumeux.] Defn: Consisting of, containing, or covered with, froth, scum, or foam; frothy; foamy. The spumous and florid state of the blood. Arbuthnot. The spumy waves proclaim the watery war. Dryden. SPUN Spun, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Spin. Spun hay, hay twisted into ropes for convenient carriage, as on a military expedition. -- Spun silk, a cheap article produced from floss, or short-fibered, broken, and waste silk, carded and spun, in distinction from the long filaments wound from the cocoon. It is often mixed with cotton. -- Spun yarn (Naut.), a line formed of two or more rope-yarns loosely twisted. SPUNGE Spunge (spûnj), n. Defn: A sponge. [Obs.] SPUNK Spunk (spûnk), n. Etym: [Gael. spong, or Ir. sponc, tinder, sponge; cf. AS. sponge a sponge (L. spongia), spon a chip. Cf. Sponge, Punk.] [Written also sponk.] 1. Wood that readily takes fire; touchwood; also, a kind of tinder made from a species of fungus; punk; amadou. Sir T. Browne. 2. An inflammable temper; spirit; mettle; pluck; as, a man of spunk. [Colloq.] A lawless and dangerous set, men of spunk, and spirit, and power, both of mind and body. Prof. Wilson. SPUNKY Spunk"y, a. [Compar. Spunkier; superl. Spunkiest.] Defn: Full of spunk; quick; spirited. [Colloq.] SPUR Spur, n. Etym: [See Sparrow.] (Zoöl.) (a) A sparrow. [Scot.] (b) A tern. [Prov. Eng.] SPUR Spur, n. Etym: [OE. spure, AS. spura, spora; akin to D. spoor, G. sporn, OHG. sporo, Icel. spori, Dan. spore, Sw. sporre, and to AS. spor a trace, footstep, spyrian to trace, track, examine, and E. spurn. sq. root171. Cf. Sparrow, Spere, Spoor, Spurn.] 1. An implement secured to the heel, or above the heel, of a horseman, to urge the horse by its pressure. Modern spurs have a small wheel, or rowel, with short points. Spurs were the badge of knighthood. And on her feet a pair of spurs large. Chaucer. 2. That which goads to action; an incitement. Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise (That last infirmity of noble mind) To scorn delights and live laborious days. Milton. 3. Something that projects; a snag. 4. One of the large or principal roots of a tree. Shak. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any stiff, sharp spine, as on the wings and legs of certain burds, on the legs of insects, etc.; especially, the spine on a cock's leg. 6. A mountain that shoots from any other mountain, or range of mountains, and extends to some distance in a lateral direction, or at right angles. 7. A spiked iron worn by seamen upon the bottom of the boot, to enable them to stand upon the carcass of a whale, to strip off the blubber. 8. (Carp.) Defn: A brace strengthening a post and some connected part, as a rafter or crossbeam; a strut. 9. (Arch.) (a) The short wooden buttress of a post. (b) A projection from the round base of a column, occupying the angle of a square plinth upon which the base rests, or bringing the bottom bed of the base to a nearly square form. It is generally carved in leafage. 10. (Bot.) (a) Any projecting appendage of a flower looking like a spur. Gray. (b) Ergotized rye or other grain. [R.] 11. (Fort.) Defn: A wall that crosses a part of a rampart and joins to an inner wall. 12. (Shipbuilding) (a) A piece of timber fixed on the bilge ways before launching, having the upper ends bolted to the vessel's side. (b) A curved piece of timber serving as a half to support the deck where a whole beam can not be placed. Spur fowl (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Asiatic gallinaceous birds of the genus Galloperdix, allied to the jungle fowl. The males have two or more spurs on each leg. -- Spur gear (Mach.), a cogwheel having teeth which project radially and stand parallel to the axis; a spur wheel. -- Spur gearing, gearing in which spur gears are used. See under Gearing. -- Spur pepper. (Bot.) See the Note under Capsicum. -- Spur wheel. Same as Spur gear, above. SPUR Spur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spurred; p. pr. & vb. n. Spurring.] 1. To prick with spurs; to incite to a more hasty pace; to urge or goad; as, to spur a horse. 2. To urge or encourage to action, or to a more vigorous pursuit of an object; to incite; to stimulate; to instigate; to impel; to drive. Love will not be spurred to what it loathes. Shak. 3. To put spurs on; as, a spurred boot. SPUR Spur, v. i. Defn: To spur on one's horse; to travel with great expedition; to hasten; hence, to press forward in any pursuit. "Now spurs the lated traveler." Shak. The Parthians shall be there, And, spurring from the fight, confess their fear. Dryden. The roads leading to the capital were covered with multitudes of yeomen, spurring hard to Westminster. Macaulay. Some bold men, . . . by spurring on, refine themselves. Grew. SPURGALL Spur"gall`, n. Defn: A place galled or excoriated by much using of the spur. SPURGALL Spur"gall`, v. t. Defn: To gall or wound with a spur. SPURGE Spurge, v. t. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: To emit foam; to froth; -- said of the emission of yeast from beer in course of fermentation. [Obs.] W. Cartright. SPURGE Spurge, n. Etym: [OF. espurge, F. épurge, from OF. espurgier to purge, L. expurgare. See Expurgate, Purge.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Euphobia. See Euphorbia. Spurge flax, an evergreen shrub (Daphne Gnidium) with crowded narrow leaves. It is native of Southern Europe. -- Spurge laurel, a European shrub (Daphne Laureola) with oblong evergreen leaves. -- Spurge nettle. See under Nettle. -- Spurge olive, an evergreen shrub (Daphne oleoides) found in the Mediterranean region. SPURGEWORT Spurge"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any euphorbiaceous plant. Lindley. SPURGING Spur"ging, n. Etym: [See 2d Spurge.] Defn: A purging. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SPURIOUS Spu"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. spurius.] 1. Not proceeding from the true source, or from the source pretended; not genuine; false; adulterate. 2. Not legitimate; bastard; as, spurious issue. "Her spurious firstborn." Milton. Spurious primary, or Spurious quill (Zoöl.), the first, or outer, primary quill when rudimentary or much reduced in size, as in certain singing birds. -- Spurious wing (Zoöl.), the bastard wing, or alula. Syn. -- Counterfeit; false; adulterate; supposititious; fictitious; bastard. -- Spu"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Spu"ri*ous*ness, n. SPURLESS Spur"less, a. Defn: Having no spurs. SPURLING Spur"ling, n. Etym: [See Sparling.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tern. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Tusser. SPURLING-LINE Spur"ling-line`, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. spurling the rut of a wheel, a cart rut, AS. spor a track, trace, E. spoor. Scot. spurl to sprawl.] (Naut.) Defn: The line which forms the communication between the steering wheel and the telltale. SPURN Spurn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spurned; p. pr. & vb. n. Spurning.] Etym: [OE. spurnen to kick against, to stumble over, AS. spurnan to kick, offend; akin to spura spur, OS. & OHG. spurnan to kick, Icel. spyrna, L. spernere to despise, Skr. sphur to jerk, to push. sq. root171. See Spur.] 1. To drive back or away, as with the foot; to kick. [The bird] with his foot will spurn adown his cup. Chaucer. I spurn thee like a cur out of my way. Shak. 2. To reject with disdain; to scorn to receive or accept; to treat with contempt. What safe and nicely I might well delay By rule of knighthood, I disdain and spurn. Shak. Domestics will pay a more cheerful service when they find themselves not spurned because fortune has laid them at their master's feet. Locke. SPURN Spurn, v. i. 1. To kick or toss up the heels. The miller spurned at a stone. Chaucer. The drunken chairman in the kennel spurns. Gay. 2. To manifest disdain in rejecting anything; to make contemptuous opposition or resistance. Nay, more, to spurn at your most royal image. Shak. SPURN Spurn, n. 1. A kick; a blow with the foot. [R.] What defence can properly be used in such a despicable encounter as this but either the slap or the spurn Milton. 2. Disdainful rejection; contemptuous tratment. The insolence of office and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes. Shak. 3. (Mining) Defn: A body of coal left to sustain an overhanding mass. SPURNER Spurn"er, n. Defn: One who spurns. SPURN-WATER Spurn"-wa`ter, n. (Naut.) Defn: A channel at the end of a deck to restrain the water. SPURRED Spurred, a. 1. Wearing spurs; furnished with a spur or spurs; having shoots like spurs. 2. Affected with spur, or ergot; as, spurred rye. Spurred corolla (Bot.), a corolla in which there are one or more petals with a spur. SPURRER Spur"rer, n. Defn: One who spurs. SPURREY Spur"rey, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Spurry. SPURRIER Spur"ri*er, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to make spurs. B. Jonson. "The saddlers and spurriers would be ruined by thousands." Macaulay. SPUR-ROYAL Spur"-roy`al, n. Defn: A gold coin, first made in the reign of Edward IV., having a star on the reverse resembling the rowel of a spur. In the reigns of Elizabeth and of James I., its value was fifteen shillings. [Written also spur-rial, and spur-ryal.] SPURRY Spur"ry, n. Etym: [D. or OF. spurrie; cf. G. spergel, NL. spergula.] (Bot.) Defn: An annual herb (Spergula arvensis) with whorled filiform leaves, sometimes grown in Europe for fodder. [Written also spurrey.] Sand spurry (Bot.), any low herb of the genus Lepigonum, mostly found in sandy places. SPUR-SHELL Spur"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of handsome gastropod shells of the genus Trochus, or Imperator. The shell is conical, with the margin toothed somewhat like the rowel of a spur. SPURT Spurt, v. i. Etym: [Written also spirt, and originally the same word as sprit; OE. sprutten to sprout, AS. spryttan. See Sprit, v. i., Sprout, v. i.] Defn: To gush or issue suddenly or violently out in a stream, as liquor from a cask; to rush from a confined place in a small stream or jet; to spirt. Thus the small jet, which hasty hands unlock, Spurts in the gardener's eyes who turns the cock. Pope. SPURT Spurt, v. t. Defn: To throw out, as a liquid, in a stream or jet; to drive or force out with violence, as a liquid from a pipe or small orifice; as, to spurt water from the mouth. SPURT Spurt, n. 1. A sudden or violent ejection or gushing of a liquid, as of water from a tube, orifice, or other confined place, or of blood from a wound; a jet; a spirt. 2. A shoot; a bud. [Obs.] Holland. 3. Fig.: A sudden outbreak; as, a spurt of jealousy. Spurt grass (Bot.), a rush fit for basket work. Dr. Prior. SPURT Spurt, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. sprette a spurt, spring, run, spretta to sprit, spring.] Defn: A sudden and energetic effort, as in an emergency; an increased exertion for a brief space. The long, steady sweep of the so-called "paddle" tried him almost as much as the breathless strain of the spurt. T. Hughes. SPURT Spurt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Spurted; p. pr. & vb. n. Spurting.] Defn: To make a sudden and violent exertion, as in an emergency. SPURTLE Spur"tle, v. t. Etym: [Freq. of spurt.] Defn: To spurt or shoot in a scattering manner. [Obs.] Drayton. SPURWAY Spur"way`, n. Etym: [Prov. E. spoor a track, trace (AS. spor) + way.] Defn: A bridle path. [R.] SPUR-WINGED Spur"-winged`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having one or more spurs on the bend of the wings. Spur-winged goose (Zoöl.), any one of several species of long-legged African geese of the genus Plectropterus and allied genera, having a strong spur on the bend of the wing, as the Gambo goose (P. Gambensis) and the Egyptian, or Nile, goose (Alopochen Ægyptiaca). -- Spur-winged plover (Zoöl.), an Old World plover (Hoplopterus spinosus) having a sharp spur on the bend of the wing. It inhabits Northern Africa and the adjacent parts of Asia and Europe. SPUT Sput, n. (Steam Boiler) Defn: An annular reënforce, to strengthen a place where a hole is made. SPUTATION Spu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. sputare to spit, v. intens. fr. spuere to spit: cf. F. sputation.] Defn: The act of spitting; expectoration. Harvey. SPUTATIVE Spu"ta*tive, a. Defn: Inclined to spit; spitting much. Sir H. Wotton. SPUTE Spute, v. t. Etym: [Abbrev. from dispute.] Defn: To dispute; to discuss. [Obs.] Wyclif. SPUTTER Sput"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sputtered; p. pr. & vb. n. Sputtering.] Etym: [From the root of spout or spit to eject from the mputh. Cf. Splutter.] 1. To spit, or to emit saliva from the mouth in small, scattered portions, as in rapid speaking. 2. To utter words hastily and indistinctly; to speak so rapidly as to emit saliva. They could neither of them speak their rage, and so fell a sputtering at one another, like two roasting apples. Congreve. 3. To throw out anything, as little jets of steam, with a noise like that made by one sputtering. Like the green wood . . . sputtering in the flame. Dryden. SPUTTER Sput"ter, v. t. Defn: To spit out hastily by quick, successive efforts, with a spluttering sound; to utter hastily and confusedly, without control over the organs of speech. In the midst of caresses, and without the last pretend incitement, to sputter out the basest accusations. Swift. SPUTTER Sput"ter, n. Defn: Moist matter thrown out in small detached particles; also, confused and hasty speech. SPUTTERER Sput"ter*er, n. Defn: One who sputters. SPUTUM Spu"tum, n.; pl. Sputa. Etym: [L., from spuere, sputum, to spit.] Defn: That which is expectorated; a salival discharge; spittle; saliva. SPY Spy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Spied; p. pr. & vb. n. Spying.] Etym: [OE. spien, espien, OF. espier, F. épier, OHG. speh, G. spähen; akin to L. specere to see, Skr. spa(Espy, v.t., Aspect, Auspice, Circumspect, Conspicuouc, Despise, Frontispiece, Inspect, Prospect, Respite, Scope, Scecimen, Spectacle, Specter, Speculate, Spice, Spite, Suspicion.] Defn: To gain sight of; to discover at a distance, or in a state of concealment; to espy; to see. One in reading, skipped over all sentences where he spied a note of admiration. Swift. 2. To discover by close search or examination. Look about with yout eyes; spy what things are to be reformed in the church of England. Latimer. 3. To explore; to view; inspect; and examine secretly, as a country; -- usually with out. Moses sent to spy Jaazer, and they took the villages thereof. Num. xxi. 32. SPY Spy, v. i. Defn: To search narrowly; to scrutinize. It is my nature's plague To spy into abuses. Shak. SPY Spy, n.; pl. Spies. Etym: [See Spy, v., and cf. Espy, n.] 1. One who keeps a constant watch of the conduct of others. "These wretched spies of wit." Dryden. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A person sent secretly into an enemy's camp, territory, or fortifications, to inspect his works, ascertain his strength, movements, or designs, and to communicate such intelligence to the proper officer. Spy money, money paid to a spy; the reward for private or secret intelligence regarding the enemy. -- Spy Wednesday (Eccl.), the Wednesday immediately preceding the festival of Easter; -- so called in allusion to the betrayal of Christ by Judas Iscariot. Syn. -- See Emissary, and Scout. SPYBOAT Spy"boat`, n. Defn: A boat sent to make discoveries and bring intelligence. Arbuthnot. SPYGLASS Spy"glass, n. Defn: A small telescope for viewing distant terrestrial objects. SPYISM Spy"ism Defn: , n. Act or business of spying. [R.] SPYNACE; SPYNE Spy"nace, Spyne, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Pinnace, n., 1 (a). SQUAB Squab, a. Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. sqvabb a soft and fat body, sqvabba a fat woman, Icel. kvap jelly, jellylike things, and and E. quab.] 1. Fat; thick; plump; bulky. Nor the squab daughter nor the wife were nice. Betterton. 2. Unfledged; unfeathered; as, a squab pigeon. King. SQUAB Squab, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A neatling of a pigeon or other similar bird, esp. when very fat and not fully fledged. 2. A person of a short, fat figure. Gorgonious sits abdominous and wan, Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan. Cowper. 3. A thickly stuffed cushion; especially, one used for the seat of a sofa, couch, or chair; also, a sofa. Punching the squab of chairs and sofas. Dickens. On her large squab you find her spread. Pope. SQUAB Squab, adv. Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. squapp, a word imitative of a splash, and E. squab fat, unfledged.] Defn: With a heavy fall; plump. [Vulgar] The eagle took the tortoise up into the air, and dropped him down, squab, upon a rock. L'Estrange. SQUAB Squab, v. i. Defn: To fall plump; to strike at one dash, or with a heavy stroke. [Obs.] SQUABASH Squa*bash", v. t. Defn: To crush; to quash; to squash. [Colloq. or Slang, Scot.] Sir W. Scott. SQUABBISH Squab"bish, a. Defn: Thick; fat; heavy. SQUABBLE Squab"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squabbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Squabbling.] Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. skvabbel a dispute, skvappa to chide.] 1. To contend for superiority in an unseemly maner; to scuffle; to struggle; to wrangle; to quarrel. 2. To debate peevishly; to dispute. The sense of these propositions is very plain, though logicians might squabble a whole day whether they should rank them under negative or affirmative. I. Watts. Syn. -- To dispute; contend; scuffle; wrangle; quarrel; struggle. SQUABBLE Squab"ble, v. t. (Print.) Defn: To disarrange, so that the letters or lines stand awry or are mixed and need careful readjustment; -- said of type that has been set up. SQUABBLE Squab"ble, n. Defn: A scuffle; a wrangle; a brawl. SQUABBLER Squab"bler, n. Defn: One who squabbles; a contentious person; a brawler. SQUABBY Squab"by, a. Defn: Short and thick; suqabbish. SQUAB-CHICK Squab"-chick`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young chicken before it is fully fledged. [Prov. Eng.] SQUACCO Squac"co, n.; pl. Squaccos (. (Zoöl.) Defn: A heron (Ardea comata) found in Asia, Northern Africa, and Southern Europe. SQUAD Squad, n. Etym: [F. escouade, fr. Sp. escuadra, or It. squadra, (assumed) LL. exquadrare to square; L. ex + quadra a square. See Square.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A small party of men assembled for drill, inspection, or other purposes. 2. Hence, any small party. SQUAD Squad, n. Defn: Sloppy mud. [Prov. Eng.] Tennyson. SQUADRON Squad"ron, n. Etym: [F. escadron, formerly also esquadron, or It. squadrone. See Squad.] 1. Primarily, a square; hence, a square body of troops; a body of troops drawn up in a square. [R.] Those half-rounding quards Just met, and, closing, stood in squadron joined. Milton. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A body of cavarly comparising two companies or troops, and averging from one hundred and twenty to two hundred men. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A detachment of vessels employed on any particular service or station, under the command of the senior officer; as, the North Atlantic Squadron. Totten. Flying squadron, a squadron of observation or practice, that cruises rapidly about from place to place. Ham. Nav. Encyc. SQUADRONED Squad"roned, a. Defn: Formed into squadrons, or squares. [R.] Milton. SQUAIL Squail, v. i. Defn: To throw sticls at cocks; to throw anything about awkwardly or irregularly. [Prov. Eng.] Southey. SQUAIMOUS Squai"mous, a. Defn: Squeamish. [Obs.] SQUALI Squa"li, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. squalus a kind of sea fish.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The suborder of elasmobranch fishes which comprises the sharks. SQUALID Squal"id, a. Etym: [L. squalidus, fr. squalere to be foul or filthy.] Defn: Dirty through neglect; foul; filthy; extremely dirty. Uncomed his locks, and squalid his attrie. Dryden. Those squalid dens, which are the reproach of large capitals. Macaulay. SQUALIDITY Squa*lid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. squaliditas.] Defn: The quality or state of being squalid; foulness; filthiness. SQUALIDLY Squal"id*ly, adv. Defn: In a squalid manner. SQUALIDNESS Squal"id*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being squalid. SQUALL Squall, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. sqval an impetuous running of water, sqvalregn a violent shower of rain, sqala to stream, to gush.] Defn: A sudden violent gust of wind often attended with rain or snow. The gray skirts of a lifting squall. Tennyson. Black squall, a squall attended with dark, heavy clouds. -- Thick squall, a black squall accompanied by rain, hail, sleet, or snow. Totten. -- White squall, a squall which comes unexpectedly, without being marked in its approach by the clouds. Totten. SQUALL Squall, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Squalling.] Etym: [Icel. skvala. Cf. Squeal.] Defn: To cry out; to scream or cry violently, as a woman frightened, or a child in anger or distress; as, the infant squalled. SQUALL Squall, n. Defn: A loud scream; a harsh cry. There oft are heard the notes of infant woe, -The short, thick sob, loud scream, and shriller squall. Pope. SQUALLER Squall"er, n. Defn: One who squalls; a screamer. SQUALLY Squall"y, a. 1. Abounding with squalls; disturbed often with sudden and violent gusts of wind; gusty; as, squally weather. 2. (Agric.) Defn: Interrupted by unproductive spots; -- said of a flied of turnips or grain. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 3. (Weaving) Defn: Not equally good throughout; not uniform; uneven; faulty; -- said of cloth. SQUALODON Squa"lo*don, n. Etym: [NL. Squalus a genus of sharks + Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of fossil whales belonging to the Phocodontia; -- so called because their are serrated, like a shark's. SQUALODONT Squa"lo*dont, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to Squalodon. SQUALOID Squa"loid, a. Etym: [NL. Squalus a genus of sharks (fr. L. squalus a kind of sea fish) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to a shark or sharks. SQUALOR Squa"lor, n. Etym: [L., fr. squalere to be foul or filthy.] Defn: Squalidness; foulness; filthness; squalidity. The heterogenous indigent multitude, everywhere wearing nearly the same aspect of squalor. Taylor. To bring this sort of squalor among the upper classes. Dickens. SQUAM Squam, n. [From Squam, shortened fr. Annisquam, name of a village on the coast of Massachusetts.] Defn: An oilskin hat or southwester; -- a fisherman's name. [U. S.] SQUAMA Squa"ma, n.; pl. Squamæ. Etym: [L. a scale.] (Med.) Defn: A scale cast off from the skin; a thin dry shred consisting of epithelium. SQUAMACEOUS Squa*ma"ceous, a. Defn: Squamose. SQUAMATA Squa*ma"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. squamatus scaly.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of edentates having the body covered with large, imbricated horny scales. It includes the pangolins. SQUAMATE; SQUAMATED Squa"mate, Squa"ma*ted, a. Etym: [L. squamatus.] Defn: Same as Squamose. SQUAMDUCK Squam"duck`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American eider duck. [Local, U.S.] SQUAME Squame, n. Etym: [L. squama scale.] 1. A scale. [Obs.] "iron squames." Chaucer. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The scale, or exopodite, of an antenna of a crustacean. SQUAMELLA Squa*mel"la, n.; pl. Squamellæ. Etym: [NL., dim. fr. L. squama a scale.] (Bot.) Defn: A diminutive scale or bractlet, such as those found on the receptacle in many composite plants; a palea. SQUAMELLATE Squa*mel"late, a. Defn: Furnished or covered with little scales; squamulose. SQUAMIFORM Squa"mi*form, a.Etym: [L. squama a scale + -form.] Defn: Having the shape of a scale. SQUAMIGEROUS Squa*mig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. squamiger; squama a scale + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Bearing scales. SQUAMIPEN Squam"i*pen ( or ), n. ;pl. Squamipennes. Etym: [L. squama a scale + penna a fin: cf. F. squamipenne.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of a group of fishes having the dorsal and anal fins partially covered with scales. Note: They are compressed and mostly, bright-colored tropical fishes, belonging to Chætodon and allied genera. Many of them are called soral fishes, and angel fishes. SQUAMOID Squa"moid, a. Etym: [L. squama scale + -oid.] Defn: Resembling a scale; also, covered with scales; scaly. SQUAMOSAL Squa*mo"sal, a. (Anat.) (a) Scalelike; squamous; as, the squamosal bone. (b) Of or pertaining to the squamosal bone. -- n. Defn: The squamous part of the temporal bone, or a bone correspondending to it, under Temporal. SQUAMOSE; SQUAMOUS Squa*mose" or, Squa"mous, Etym: [L. squamosus, fr. squama a scale: cf. F. squameux.] 1. Covered with, or consisting of, scales; resembling a scale; scaly; as, the squamose cones of the pine; squamous epithelial cells; the squamous portion of the temporal bone, which is so called from a fancied resemblance to a scale. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the squamosal bone; squamosal. SQUAMOZYGOMATIC Squa`mo*zyg`o*mat"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both the squamosal and zygomatic bones; -- applied to a bone, or a center of ossification, in some fetal skulls. -- n. Defn: A squamozygomatic bone. SQUAMULA Squam"u*la ( or ), n.; pl. Squamulæ. Etym: [L., dim. of squama a scale.] (Bot.) Defn: One of the little hypogynous scales found in the flowers of grasses; a lodicule. SQUAMULATE Squam"u*late, a. Defn: Same as Squamulose. SQUAMULE Squam"ule, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Squamula. SQUAMULOSE Squam"u*lose`, a. Defn: Having little scales; squamellate; squamulate. SQUANDER Squan"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squandered; p. pr. & vb. n. Squandering.] Etym: [Cf. Scot. squatter to splash water about, to scatter, to squander, Prov. E. swatter, Dan. sqvatte, Sw. sqvätta to squirt, sqvättra to squander, Icel. skvetta to squirt out, to throw out water.] 1. To scatter; to disperse. [Obs.] Our squandered troops he rallies. Dryden. 2. To spend lavishly or profusely; to spend prodigally or wastefully; to use without economy or judgment; to dissipate; as, to squander an estate. The crime of squandering health is equal to the folly. Rambler. Syn. -- To spend; expend; waste; scatter; dissipate. SQUANDER Squan"der, v. i. 1. To spend lavishly; to be wasteful. They often squandered, but they never gave. Savage. 2. To wander at random; to scatter. [R.] The wise man's folly is anatomized Even by squandering glances of the fool. Shak. SQUANDER Squan"der, n. Defn: The act of squandering; waste. SQUANDERER Squan"der*er, n. Defn: One who squanders. SQUANDERINGLY Squan"der*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a squandering manner. SQUARE Square, n. Etym: [OF. esquarre, esquierre, F. équerre a carpenter's square (cf. It. squadra), fr. (assumed) LL. exquadrare to make square; L. ex + quadrus a square, fr. quattuor four. See Four, and cf. Quadrant, Squad, Squer a square.] 1. (Geom.) (a) The corner, or angle, of a figure. [Obs.] (b) A parallelogram having four equal sides and four right angles. 2. Hence, anything which is square, or nearly so; as: (a) A square piece or fragment. He bolted his food down his capacious throat in squares of three inches. Sir W. Scott. (b) A pane of glass. (c) (Print.) A certain number of lines, forming a portion of a column, nearly square; -- used chiefly in reckoning the prices of advertisements in newspapers. (d) (Carp.) One hundred superficial feet. 3. An area of four sides, generally with houses on each side; sometimes, a solid block of houses; also, an open place or area for public use, as at the meeting or intersection of two or more streets. The statue of Alexander VII. stands in the large square of the town. Addison. 4. (Mech. & Joinery) Defn: An instrument having at least one right angle and two or more straight edges, used to lay out or test square work. It is of several forms, as the T square, the carpenter's square, the try-square., etc. 5. Hence, a pattern or rule. [Obs.] 6. (Arith. & Alg.) Defn: The product of a number or quantity multiplied by itself; thus, 64 is the square of 8, for 8 × 8 = 64; the square of a + b is a2 + 2ab + b2. 7. Exact proportion; justness of workmanship and conduct; regularity; rule. [Obs.] They of Galatia [were] much more out of square. Hooker. I have not kept my square. Shak. 8. (Mil.) Defn: A body of troops formed in a square, esp. one formed to resist a charge of cavalry; a squadron. "The brave squares of war." Shak. 9. Fig.: The relation of harmony, or exact agreement; equality; level. We live not on the square with such as these. Dryden. 10. (Astrol.) Defn: The position of planets distant ninety degrees from each other; a quadrate. [Obs.] 11. The act of squaring, or quarreling; a quarrel. [R.] 12. The front of a woman's dress over the bosom, usually worked or embroidered. [Obs.] Shak. Geometrical square. See Quadrat, n., 2. -- Hollow square (Mil.), a formation of troops in the shape of a square, each side consisting of four or five ranks, and the colors, officers, horses, etc., occupying the middle. -- Least square, Magic square, etc. See under Least, Magic, etc. -- On the square, or Upon the square, in an open, fair manner; honestly, or upon honor. [Obs. or Colloq.] -- On, or Upon, the square with, upon equality with; even with. Nares. -- To be all squares, to be all settled. [Colloq.] Dickens. -- To be at square, to be in a state of quarreling. [Obs.] Nares. -- To break no square, to give no offense; to make no difference. [Obs.] -- To break squares, to depart from an accustomed order. To see how the squares go, to see how the game proceeds; -- a phrase taken from the game of chess, the chessboard being formed with squares. [Obs.] L'Estrange. SQUARE Square, a. 1. (Geom.) Defn: Having four equal sides and four right angles; as, a square figure. 2. Forming a right angle; as, a square corner. 3. Having a shape broad for the height, with rectilineal and angular rather than curving outlines; as, a man of a square frame. 4. Exactly suitable or correspondent; true; just. She's a most truimphant lady, if report be square to her. Shak. 5. Rendering equal justice; exact; fair; honest, as square dealing. 6. Even; leaving no balance; as, to make or leave the accounts square. 7. Leaving nothing; hearty; vigorous. By Heaven, square eaters. More meat, I say. Beau. & Fl. 8. (Naut.) Defn: At right angles with the mast or the keel, and parallel to the horizon; -- said of the yards of a square-rigged vessel when they are so braced. Note: Square is often used in self-explaining compounds or combination, as in square-built, square-cornered, square-cut, square- nosed, etc. Square foot, an area equal to that of a square the sides of which are twelwe inches; 144 square inches. -- Square knot, a knot in which the terminal and standing parts are parallel to each other; a reef knot. See Illust. under Knot. -- Square measure, the measure of a superficies or surface which depends on the length and breadth taken conjointly. The units of square measure are squares whose sides are the linear measures; as, square inches, square feet, square meters, etc. -- Square number. See square, n., 6. -- Square root of a number or quantity (Math.), that number or quantity which, multiplied by itself produces the given number or quantity. -- Square sail (Naut.), a four-sided sail extended upon a yard suspended by the middle; sometimes, the foresail of a schooner set upon a yard; also, a cutter's or sloop's sail boomed out. See Illust of Sail. -- Square stern (Naut.), a stern having a transom and joining the counter timbers at an angle, as distinguished from a round stern, which has no transom. -- Three-square, Five-square, etc., having three, five, etc., equal sides; as, a three-square file. -- To get square with, to get even with; to pay off. [Colloq.] SQUARE Square, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squared; p. pr. & vb. n. Squaring.] Etym: [Cf. OF. escarrer, esquarrer. See Square, n.] 1. To form with four sides and four right angles. Spenser. 2. To form with right angles and straight lines, or flat surfaces; as, to square mason's work. 3. To compare with, or reduce to, any given measure or standard. Shak. 4. To adjust; to regulate; to mold; to shape; to fit; as, to square our actions by the opinions of others. Square my trial To my proportioned strength. Milton. 5. To make even, so as leave no remainder of difference; to balance; as, to square accounts. 6. (Math.) Defn: To multiply by itself; as, to square a number or a quantity. 7. (Astrol.) Defn: To hold a quartile position respecting. The icy Goat and Crab that square the Scales. Creech. 8. (Naut.) Defn: To place at right angles with the keel; as, to square the yards. To square one's shoulders, to raise the shoulders so as to give them a square appearance, -- a movement expressing contempt or dislike. Sir W. Scott. -- To square the circle (Math.), to determine the exact contents of a circle in square measure. The solution of this famous problem is now generally admitted to be impossible. SQUARE Square, v. i. 1. To accord or agree exactly; to be consistent with; to conform or agree; to suit; to fit. No works shall find acceptamce . . . That square not truly with the Scripture plan. Cowper. 2. To go to opposite sides; to take an attitude of offense or defense, or of defiance; to quarrel. [Obs.] Are you such fools To square for this Shak. 3. To take a boxing attitude; -- often with up, sometimes with off. [Colloq.] Dickens. SQUARELY Square"ly, adv. Defn: In a square form or manner. SQUARENESS Square"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being square; as, an instrument to try the squareness of work. SQUARER Squar"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, squares. 2. One who squares, or quarrels; a hot-headed, contentious fellow. [Obs.] Shak. SQUARE-RIGGED Square"-rigged` (skwâr"rîgd`), a. (Naut.) Defn: Having the sails extended upon yards suspended horizontally by the middle, as distinguished from fore-and-aft sails; thus, a ship and a brig are square-rigged vessels. SQUARE-TOED Square"-toed` (-tod`), n. Defn: Having the toe square. Obsolete as fardingales, ruffs, and square-toed shoes. V. Knox. SQUARE-TOES Square"-toes`, n. Defn: A precise person; -- used contemptuously or jocularly. Thackeray. SQUARISH Squar"ish, a. Defn: Nearly square. Pennant. SQUARROSE Squar*rose" ( or ; 277), a. Etym: [L. squarrosus (perhaps) scurfy, scabby.] Defn: Ragged or full of lose scales or projecting parts; rough; jagged; as: (a) (Bot. & Zoöl.) Consisting of scales widely divaricating; having scales, small leaves, or other bodies, spreading widely from the axis on which they are crowded; -- said of a calyx or stem. (b) (Bot.) Defn: Divided into shreds or jags, raised above the plane of the leaf, and not parallel to it; said of a leaf. (c) (Zoöl.) Having scales spreading every way, or standing upright, or at right angles to the surface; -- said of a shell. Squarrose- slashed (Bot.), doubly slashed, with the smaller divisions at right angles to the others, as a leaf. Landley. SQUARROSO-DENTATE Squar*ro`so-den"tate, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the teeth bent out of the plane of the lamina; -- said of a leaf. SQUARROUS Squar"rous ( or ), a. Defn: Squarrose. SQUARRULOSE Squar"ru*lose`, a. Etym: [Dim. of squarrose.] (Bot.) Defn: Somewhat squarrose; slightly squarrose. Gray. SQUASH Squash, n. Etym: [Cf. Musquash.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An American animal allied to the weasel. [Obs.] Goldsmith. SQUASH Squash, n. Etym: [Massachusetts Indian asq, pl. asquash, raw, green, immaturate, applied to fruit and vegetables which were used when green, or without cooking; askutasquash vine apple.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant and its fruit of the genus Cucurbita, or gourd kind. Note: The species are much confused. The long-neck squash is called Cucurbita verrucosa, the Barbary or China squash, C. moschata, and the great winter squash, C. maxima, but the distinctions are not clear. Squash beetle (Zoöl.), a small American beetle (Diabrotica, or Galeruca vittata) which is often abundant and very injurious to the leaves of squash, cucumber, etc. It is striped with yellow and black. The name is applied also to other allied species. -- Squash bug (Zoöl.), a large black American hemipterous insect (Coreus, or Anasa, tristis) injurious to squash vines. SQUASH Squash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Squashing.] Etym: [OE. squashen, OF. escachier, esquachier, to squash, to crush, F. écacher, perhaps from (assumed) LL. excoacticare, fr. L. ex + coactare to constrain, from cogere, coactum, to compel. Cf. Cogent, Squat, v. i.] Defn: To beat or press into pulp or a flat mass; to crush. SQUASH Squash, n. 1. Something soft and easily crushed; especially, an unripe pod of pease. Not yet old enough for a man, nor young enough for a boy; as a squash is before 't is a peascod. Shak. 2. Hence, something unripe or soft; -- used in contempt. "This squash, this gentleman." Shak. 3. A sudden fall of a heavy, soft body; also, a shock of soft bodies. Arbuthnot. My fall was stopped by a terrible squash. Swift. SQUASHER Squash"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, squashes. SQUASHINESS Squash"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being squashy, or soft. SQUASHY Squash"y, a. Defn: Easily squashed; soft. SQUAT Squat, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The angel fish (Squatina angelus SQUAT Squat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Squatting.] Etym: [OE. squatten to crush, OF. esquater, esquatir (cf. It. quatto squat, cowering), perhaps fr. L. ex + coactus, p. p. cogere to drive or urge together. See Cogent, Squash, v. t.] 1. To sit down upon the hams or heels; as, the savages squatted near the fire. 2. To sit close to the ground; to cower; to stoop, or lie close, to escape observation, as a partridge or rabbit. 3. To settle on another's land without title; also, to settle on common or public lands. SQUAT Squat, v. t. Defn: To bruise or make flat by a fall. [Obs.] SQUAT Squat, a. 1. Sitting on the hams or heels; sitting close to the ground; cowering; crouching. Him there they found, Squat like a toad, close at the ear of Eve. Milton. 2. Short and thick, like the figure of an animal squatting. "The round, squat turret." R. Browning. The head [of the squill insect] is broad and squat. Grew. SQUAT Squat, n. 1. The posture of one that sits on his heels or hams, or close to the ground. 2. A sudden or crushing fall. [Obs.] erbert. 3. (Mining) (a) A small vein of ore. (b) A mineral consisting of tin ore and spar. Halliwell. Woodward. Squat snipe (Zoöl.), the jacksnipe; -- called also squatter. [Local, U.S.] SQUATEROLE Squat"er*ole, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The black-bellied plover. SQUATTER Squat"ter, n. 1. One who squats; specifically, one who settles unlawfully upon land without a title. In the United States and Australia the term is sometimes applied also to a person who settles lawfully upon government land under permission and restrictions, before acquiring title. In such a tract, squatters and trespassers were tolerated to an extent now unknown. Macaulay. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Squat snipe, under Squat. Squatter sovereignty, the right claimed by the squatters, or actual residents, of a Territory of the United States to make their own laws. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. SQUATTY Squat"ty, a. Defn: Squat; dumpy. J. Burroughs. SQUAW Squaw, n. Etym: [Massachusetts Indian squa, eshqua; Narragansett squâws; Delaware ochqueu, and khqueu; used also in compound words (as the names of animals) in the sense of female.] Defn: A female; a woman; -- in the language of Indian tribes of the Algonquin family, correlative of sannup. Old squaw. (Zoöl.) See under Old. SQUAWBERRY Squaw"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: A local name for the partridge berry; also, for the deerberry. [U. S.] SQUAWK Squawk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squawked; p. pr. & vb. n. Squawking.] Etym: [See Squeak.] Defn: To utter a shrill, abrupt scream; to squeak harshly. Squawking thrush (Zoöl.), the missel turush; -- so called from its note when alarmed. [Prov. Eng.] SQUAWK Squawk, n. 1. Act of squawking; a harsh squeak. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American night heron. See under Night. Squawk duck (Zoöl.), the bimaculate duck (Anas glocitans). It has patches of reddish brown behind, and in front of, each eye. [Prov. Eng.] SQUAWL Squawl, v. i. Defn: See Squall. SQUAW MAN Squaw man. Defn: A white man who has married an Indian squaw; sometimes, one who has gained tribal rights by such a marriage; -- often a term of contempt. [Western U. S.] SQUAWROOT Squaw"root`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A scaly parasitic plant (Conopholis Americana) found in oak woods in the United States; -- called also cancer root. SQUAW VINE Squaw vine. (Bot.) Defn: The partridge berry (Mitchella repens). SQUAWWEED Squaw"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The golden ragwort. See under Ragwort. SQUEAK Squeak, v. i. [imp.& p. p. Squaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Squeaking.] Etym: [Probably of imitative origin; cf. Sw. sqväka to croak, Icel. skvakka to give a sound as of water shaken in a bottle.] 1. To utter a sharp, shrill cry, usually of short duration; to cry with an acute tone, as an animal; or, to make a sharp, disagreeable noise, as a pipe or quill, a wagon wheel, a door; to creak. Who can endure to hear one of the rough old Romans squeaking through the mouth of an eunuch Addison. Zoilus calls the companions of Ulysses the "squeaking pigs" of Homer. Pope. 2. To break silence or secrecy for fear of pain or punishment; to speak; to confess. [Colloq.] If he be obstinate, put a civil question to him upon the rack, and he squeaks, I warrant him. Dryden. SQUEAK Squeak, n. Defn: A sharp, shrill, disagreeable sound suddenly utered, either of the human voice or of any animal or instrument, such as is made by carriage wheels when dry, by the soles of leather shoes, or by a pipe or reed. SQUEAKER Squeak"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, squeaks. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Australian gray crow shrile (Strepera anaphonesis); -- so called from its note. SQUEAKINGLY Squeak"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a squeaking manner. SQUEAL Squeal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squealed; p. pr. & vb. n. Squealing.] Etym: [Of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. sqväla, Norw. skvella. Cf. Squeak, Squall.] 1. To cry with a sharp, shrill, prolonged sound, as certain animals do, indicating want, displeasure, or pain. 2. To turn informer; to betray a secret. [Slang] SQUEAL Squeal, n. Defn: A shrill, somewhat prolonged cry. SQUEALER Squeal"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, squeals. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The European swift. (b) The harlequin duck. (c) The American golden plover. SQUEAMISH Squeam"ish, a. Etym: [OE. squaimous, sweymous, probably from OE. sweem, swem, dizziness, a swimming in the head; cf. Icel. svemr a bustle, a stir, Norw. sveim a hovering about, a sickness that comes upon one, Icel. svimi a giddiness, AS. swimi. The word has been perhaps confused witrh qualmish. Cf. Swim to be dizzy.] Defn: Having a stomach that is easily or nauseated; hence, nice to excess in taste; fastidious; easily disgusted; apt to be offended at trifling improprieties. Quoth he, that honor's very squeamish That takes a basting for a blemish. Hudibras. His muse is rustic, and perhaps too plain The men of squeamish taste to entertain. Southern. So ye grow squeamish, Gods, and sniff at heaven. M. Arnold. Syn. -- Fastidious; dainty; overnice; scrupulous. See Fastidious. -- Squeam"ish*ly, adv. -- Squeam"ish*ness, n. SQUEAMOUS Squeam"ous, a. Defn: Squeamish. [Obs.] SQUEASINESS Squea"si*ness, n. Defn: Queasiness. [Obs.] SQUEASY Squea"sy, a. Defn: Queasy; nice; squeamish; fastidious; scrupulous. [Obs.] Bp. Earle. SQUEEGEE Squee"gee, n. Defn: Same as Squilgee. SQUEEGEE ROLLER Squeegee roller. Defn: A small India-rubber roller with a handle, used esp. in printing and photography as a squeegee. SQUEEZE Squeeze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squeezed; p. pr. & vb. n. Squeezing.] Etym: [OE. queisen, AS. cwesan, cwysan, cwisan, of uncertain origin. The s- was probably prefixed through the influence of squash, v.t.] 1. To press between two bodies; to press together closely; to compress; often, to compress so as to expel juice, moisture, etc.; as, to squeeze an orange with the fingers; to squeeze the hand in friendship. 2. Fig.: To oppress with hardships, burdens, or taxes; to harass; to crush. In a civil war, people must expect to be crushed and squeezed toward the burden. L'Estrange. 3. To force, or cause to pass, by compression; often with out, through, etc.; as, to squeeze water through felt. Syn. -- To compress; hug; pinch; gripe; crowd. SQUEEZE Squeeze, v. i. Defn: To press; to urge one's way, or to pass, by pressing; to crowd; -- often with through, into, etc.; as, to squeeze hard to get through a crowd. SQUEEZE Squeeze, n. 1. The act of one who squeezes; compression between bodies; pressure. 2. A facsimile impression taken in some soft substance, as pulp, from an inscription on stone. SQUEEZER Squeez"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, squeezes; as, a lemon squeezer. 2. (Forging) (a) A machine like a large pair of pliers, for shingling, or squeezing, the balls of metal when puddled; -- used only in the plural. (b) A machine of several forms for the same purpose; -- used in the singular. SQUEEZING Squeez"ing, n. 1. The act of pressing; compression; oppression. 2. pl. Defn: That which is forced out by pressure; dregs. 3. Same as Squeeze, n., 2. SQUELCH Squelch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squelched; p. pr. & vb. n. Squelching.] Etym: [Cf. prov. E. quelch a blow, and quel to crush, to kill.] Defn: To quell; to crush; to silence or put down. [Colloq.] Oh 't was your luck and mine to be squelched. Beau. & Fl. If you deceive us you will be squelched. Carlyle. SQUELCH Squelch, n. Defn: A heavy fall, as of something flat; hence, also, a crushing reply. [Colloq.] Hudibras. SQUETEAGUE Sque*teague" (skwe*teg"), n. Etym: [from the North American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An American sciænoid fish (Cynoscion regalis), abundant on the Atlantic coast of the United States, and much valued as a food fish. It is of a bright silvery color, with iridescent reflections. Called also weakfish, squitee, chickwit, and sea trout. The spotted squeteague (C. nebulosus) of the Southern United States is a similar fish, but the back and upper fins are spotted with black. It is called also spotted weakfish, and, locally, sea trout, and sea salmon. SQUIB Squib, n. Etym: [OE. squippen, swippen, to move swiftky, Icel. svipa to swoop, flash, dart, whip; akin to AS. swipian to whip, and E. swift, a. See Swift, a.] 1. A little pipe, or hollow cylinder of paper, filled with powder or combustible matter, to be thrown into the air while burning, so as to burst there with a crack. Lampoons, like squibs, may make a present blaze. Waller. The making and selling of fireworks, and squibs . . . is punishable. Blackstone. 2. (Mining) Defn: A kind of slow match or safety fuse. 3. A sarcastic speech or publication; a petty lampoon; a brief, witty essay. Who copied his squibs, and reëchoed his jokes. Goldsmith. 4. A writer of lampoons. [Obs.] The squibs are those who in the common phrase of the world are called libelers, lampooners, and pamphleteers. Tatler. 5. A paltry fellow. [Obs.] Spenser. SQUIB Squib, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squibbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Squibbing.] Defn: To throw squibs; to utter sarcatic or severe reflections; to contend in petty dispute; as, to squib a little debate. [Colloq.] SQUID Squid, n. Etym: [Cf. Squirt.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of ten-armed cephalopods having a long, tapered body, and a caudal fin on each side; especially, any species of Loligo, Ommastrephes, and related genera. See Calamary, Decacerata, Dibranchiata. Note: Some of these squids are very abundant on the Atlantic coast of North America, and are used in large quantities for bait, especially in the cod fishery. The most abundant of the American squids are the northern squid (Ommastrephes illecebrosus), ranging from Southern New England to Newfoundland, and the southern squid (Loligo Pealii), ranging from Virginia to Massachusetts. 2. A fishhook with a piece of bright lead, bone, or other substance, fastened on its shank to imitate a squid. Flying squid, Giant squid. (Zoöl.) See under Flying, and Giant. -- Squid hound (Zoöl.), the striped bass. SQUIER Squier, n. Defn: A square. See 1st Squire. [Obs.] Not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and a half by the squier. Shak. SQUIERIE; SQUIERY Squi"er*ie, Squi"er*y, (, n. Etym: [OF. escuiere. See Esquire.] Defn: A company of squires; the whole body of squires. Note: This word is found in Tyrwhitt's Chaucer, but is not in the modern editions. SQUIFFY Squif"fy, a. Defn: Somewhat intoxicated; tipsy. [Slang] Kipling. SQUIGGLE Squig"gle, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. swiggle to drink greedily, to shake liquor in a close vessel, and E. sqig.] Defn: To shake and wash a fluid about in the mouth with the lips closed. [Prov. Eng.] Forby. SQUIGGLE Squig"gle, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Squirm, Wiggle.] Defn: To move about like an eel; to squirm. [Low, U.S.] Bartlett. SQUILGEE Squil"gee, n. Defn: Formerly, a small swab for drying a vessel's deck; now, a kind of scraper having a blade or edge of rubber or of leather, -- used for removing superfluous, water or other liquids, as from a vessel's deck after washing, from window panes, photographer's plates, etc. [Written also squillgee, squillagee, squeegee.] SQUILL Squill, n. Etym: [F. squille (also scille a squill, in sense 1), L. squilla, scilla, Gr. 1. (Bot.) (a) A European bulbous liliaceous plant (Urginea, formerly Scilla, maritima), of acrid, expectorant, diuretic, and emetic properties used in medicine. Called also sea onion. (b) Any bulbous plant of the genus Scilla; as, the bluebell squill (S. mutans). 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A squilla. (b) A mantis. SQUILLA Squil"la, n.; pl. E. Squillas, L. Squillæ. Etym: [L., a sea onion, also, a prawn or shrimp. See Squill.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous stomapod crustaceans of the genus Squilla and allied genera. They make burrows in mud or beneath stones on the seashore. Called also mantis shrimp. See Illust. under Stomapoda. SQUILLITIC Squill*it"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to squills. [R.] "Squillitic vinegar." Holland. SQUINANCE; SQUINANCY Squin"ance, Squin"an*cy, n. Etym: [F. esquinancie, OF. squinance, esquinance. See Quinsy.] 1. (Med.) Defn: The quinsy. See Quinsy. [Obs.] 2. (Bot.) Defn: A European perennial herb (Asperula cynanchica) with narrowly linear whorled leaves; -- formerly thought to cure the quinsy. Also called quincewort. Squinancy berries, black currants; -- so called because used to cure the quinsy. Dr. Prior. SQUINCH Squinch, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. sconce.] (Arch.) Defn: A small arch thrown across the corner of a square room to support a superimposed mass, as where an octagonal spire or drum rests upon a square tower; -- called also sconce, and sconcheon. SQUINSY Squin"sy, n. (Med.) Defn: See Quinsy. [Obs.] SQUINT Squint, a. Etym: [Cf. D. schuinte a slope, schuin, schuinisch, sloping, oblique, schuins slopingly. Cf. Askant, Askance, Asquint.] 1. Looking obliquely. Specifically (Med.), not having the optic axes coincident; -- said of the eyes. See Squint, n., 2. 2. Fig.: Looking askance. "Squint suspicion." Milton. SQUINT Squint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Squinting.] 1. To see or look obliquely, asquint, or awry, or with a furtive glance. Some can squint when they will. Bacon. 2. (Med.) Defn: To have the axes of the eyes not coincident; -- to be cross- eyed. 3. To deviate from a true line; to run obliquely. SQUINT Squint, v. t. 1. To turn to an oblique position; to direct obliquely; as, to squint an eye. 2. To cause to look with noncoincident optic axes. He . . . squints the eye, and makes the harelid. Shak. SQUINT Squint, n. 1. The act or habit of squinting. 2. (Med.) Defn: A want of coincidence of the axes of the eyes; strabismus. 3. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Hagioscope. SQUINTER Squint"er, n. Defn: One who squints. SQUINT-EYE Squint"-eye`, n. Defn: An eye that squints. Spenser. SQUINT-EYED Squint"-eyed`, a. 1. Having eyes that quint; having eyes with axes not coincident; cross-eyed. 2. Looking obliquely, or asquint; malignant; as, squint-eyed praise; squint-eyed jealousy. SQUINTIFEGO Squint`i*fe"go, a. Defn: Squinting. [Obs. & R.] SQUINTING Squint"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Squint, v. -- Squint"ing*ly, adv. SQUINY Squin"y, v. i. Defn: To squint. [Obs.] Shak. SQUINZEY Squin"zey, n. (Med.) Defn: See Quinsy. [Obs.] SQUIR; SQUIRR Squir, v. t. Defn: To throw with a jerk; to throw edge foremost. [Obs.] [Written also squirr.] Addison. SQUIRALTY Squir"al*ty, n. Defn: Same as Squirarchy. That such weight and influence be put thereby into the hands of the squiralty of my kingdom. Sterne. SQUIRARCH Squir"arch, n. Etym: [Squire + -arch.] Defn: One who belongs to the squirarchy. -- Squir"arch*al, a. SQUIRARCHY Squir"arch*y, n. Etym: [Squire + -archy.] Defn: The gentlemen, or gentry, of a country, collectively. [Written also squirearchy.] SQUIRE Squire, n. Etym: [OF. esquierre, F. équerre. See Square, n.] Defn: A square; a measure; a rule. [Obs.] "With golden squire." Spenser. SQUIRE Squire, n. Etym: [Aphetic form of esquire.] 1. A shield-bearer or armor-bearer who attended a knight. 2. A title of dignity next in degree below knight, and above gentleman. See Esquire. [Eng.] "His privy knights and squires." Chaucer. 3. A male attendant on a great personage; also (Colloq.), a devoted attendant or follower of a lady; a beau. 4. A title of office and courtesy. See under Esquire. SQUIRE Squire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. squired; p. pr. & vb. n. squiring.] 1. To attend as a squire. Chaucer. 2. To attend as a beau, or gallant, for aid and protection; as, to squire a lady. [Colloq.] Goldsmith. SQUIREEN Squir*een", n. Defn: One who is half squire and half farmer; -- used humorously. [Eng.] C. Kingsley. SQUIREHOOD Squire"hood, n. Defn: The rank or state of a squire; squireship. Swift. SQUIRELING squire"ling, n. Defn: A petty squire. Tennyson. SQUIRELY Squire"ly, a. & adv. Defn: Becoming a squire; like a squire. SQUIRESHIP squire"ship, n. Defn: Squirehood. SQUIRM Squirm, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Squirmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Squirming.] Etym: [Cf. Swarm to climb a tree.] Defn: To twist about briskly with contor SQUIRR Squirr, v. t. Defn: See Squir. SQUIRREL Squir"rel ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [OE. squirel, OF. esquirel, escurel, F. écureuil, LL. squirelus, squirolus, scuriolus, dim. of L. sciurus, Gr. si`oyros; skia` shade + o'yra` tail. Cf. Shine, v. i.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small rodents belonging to the genus Sciurus and several allied genera of the famly Sciuridæ. Squirrels generally have a bushy tail, large erect ears, and strong hind legs. They are commonly arboreal in their habits, but many species live in burrows. Note: Among the common North American squirrels are the gray squirrel (Scirius Carolinensis) and its black variety; the fox, or cat, sqirrel (S. cinereus, or S. niger) which is a large species, and variable in color, the southern variety being frequently black, while the northern and western varieties are usually gray or rusty brown; the red squirrel (see Chickaree); the striped, or chipping, squirrel (see Chipmunk); and the California gray squirrel (S. fossor). Several other species inhabit Mexico and Central America. The common European species (Sciurus vulgaris) has a long tuft of hair on each ear. the so-called Australian squirrels are marsupials. See Petaurist, and Phalanger. 2. One of the small rollers of a carding machine which work with the large cylinder. Barking squirrel (Zoöl.), the prairie dog. -- Federation squirrel (Zoöl.), the striped gopher. See Gopher, 2. -- Flying squirrel (Zoöl.). See Flying squirrel, in the Vocabulary. -- Java squirrel (Zoöl.). See Jelerang. -- Squirrel corn (Bot.), a North American herb (Dicantra Canadensis) bearing little yellow tubers. -- Squirrel cup (Bot.), the blossom of the Hepatica triloba, a low perennial herb with cup-shaped flowers varying from purplish blue to pink or even white. It is one of the earliest flowers of spring. -- Squirrel fish (Zoöl.) (a) A sea bass (Serranus fascicularis) of the Southern United States. (b) The sailor's choice (Diplodus rhomboides). (c) The redmouth, or grunt. (d) A market fish of Bermuda (Holocentrum Ascensione). -- Squirrel grass (Bot.), a pestiferous grass (Hordeum murinum) related to barley. In California the stiffly awned spiklets work into the wool of sheep, and into the throat, flesh, and eyes of animals, sometimes even producing death. -- Squirrel hake (Zoöl.), a common American hake (Phycis tenuis); -- called also white hake. -- Squirrel hawk (Zoöl.), any rough-legged hawk; especially, the California species Archibuteo ferrugineus. -- Squirrel monkey. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of small, soft-haired South American monkeys of the genus Calithrix. They are noted for their graceful form and agility. See Teetee. (b) A marmoset. -- Squirrel petaurus (Zoöl.), a flying phalanger of Australia. See Phalanger, Petaurist, and Flying phalanger under Flying. -- Squirrel shrew (Zoöl.), any one of several species of East Indian and Asiatic insectivores of the genus Tupaia. They are allied to the shrews, but have a bushy tail, like that of a squirrel. -- Squirrel-tail grass (Bot.), a grass (Hordeum jubatum) found in salt marshes and along the Great Lakes, having a dense spike beset with long awns. SQUIRT Squirt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Squirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Squirting.] Etym: [Cf. LG. swirtjen to squirt, OSw. sqvätta, E. squander.] Defn: To drive or eject in a stream out of a narrow pipe or orifice; as, to squirt water. The hard-featured miscreant coolly rolled his tobacco in his cheek, and squirted the juice into the fire grate. Sir W. Scott. Squirting cucumber. (Bot.) See Ecballium. SQUIRT Squirt, v. i. 1. To be thrown out, or ejected, in a rapid stream, from a narrow orifice; -- said of liquids. 2. Hence, to throw out or utter words rapidly; to prate. [Low] L'Estrange. SQUIRT Squirt, n. 1. An instrument out of which a liquid is ejected in a small stream with force. Young. 2. A small, quick stream; a jet. Bacon. SQUIRTER Squirt"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, squirts. SQUIRY Squir"y, n. Etym: [See Squiery.] Defn: The body of squires, collectively considered; squirarchy. [Obs.] The flower of chivalry and squiry. Ld. Berbers. SQUITCH GRASS Squitch" grass`. (Bot.) Defn: Quitch grass. SQUITEE Squi*tee", n. Etym: [From the N. American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The squeteague; -- called also squit. STAB Stab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stabbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Stabbing.] Etym: [Cf. OD. staven to fix, fasten, fr. stave, staff, a staff, rod; akin to G. stab a staff, stick, E. staff; also Gael. stob to stab, as n., a stake, a stub. Cf. Staff.] 1. To pierce with a pointed weapon; to wound or kill by the thrust of a pointed instrument; as, to stab a man with a dagger; also, to thrust; as, to stab a dagger into a person. 2. Fig.: To injure secretly or by malicious falsehood or slander; as, to stab a person's reputation. STAB Stab, v. i. 1. To give a wound with a pointed weapon; to pierce; to thrust with a pointed weapon. None shall dare With shortened sword to stab in closer war. Dryden. 2. To wound or pain, as if with a pointed weapon. She speaks poniards, and every word stabs. Shak. To stab at, to offer or threaten to stab; to thrust a pointed weapon at. STAB Stab, n. 1. The thrust of a pointed weapon. 2. A wound with a sharp-pointed weapon; as, to fall by the stab an assassin. Shak. 3. Fig.: An injury inflicted covertly or suddenly; as, a stab given to character. STABAT MATER Sta"bat Ma"ter. Etym: [L., the mother was standing.] Defn: A celebrated Latin hymn, beginning with these words, commemorating the sorrows of the mother of our Lord at the foot of the cross. It is read in the Mass of the Sorrows of the Virgin Mary, and is sung by Catholics when making "the way of the cross" (Via Crucis). See Station, 7 (c). STABBER Stab"ber, n. 1. One who, or that which, stabs; a privy murderer. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A small marline spike; a pricker. STABBINGLY Stab"bing*ly, adv. Defn: By stabbing; with intent to injure covertly. Bp. Parker. STAB CULTURE Stab culture. (Bacteriol.) Defn: A culture made by inoculating a solid medium, as gelatin, with the puncture of a needle or wire. The growths are usually of characteristic form. STABILIMENT Sta*bil"i*ment, n. Etym: [L. stabilimentum, fr.stabilire to make firm ir stable, fr. stabilis. See Stable, a.] Defn: The act of making firm; firm support; establishment. [R.] Jer. taylor. They serve for stabiliment, propagation, and shade. Derham. STABILITATE Sta*bil"i*tate, v. t. Etym: [LL. stabilitatus, p.p. of stabilitare to make stable.] Defn: To make stable; to establish. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. STABILITY Sta*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. stabilitas; cf. F. stabilité. See Stable, a.] 1. The state or quality of being stable, or firm; steadiness; firmness; strength to stand without being moved or overthrown; as, the stability of a structure; the stability of a throne or a constitution. 2. Steadiness or firmness of character, firmness of resolution or purpose; the quality opposite to Ant: fickleness, Ant: irresolution, or Ant: inconstancy; constancy; steadfastness; as, a man of little stability, or of unusual stability. 3. Fixedness; -- as opposed to Ant: fluidity. Since fluidness and stability are contary qualities. Boyle. Syn. -- Steadiness; stableness; constancy; immovability; firmness. STABLE Sta"ble, a. Etym: [OE. estable, F. stable, fr. L. stabilis, fr. stare to stand. See Stand, v. i. and cf. Establish.] 1. Firmly established; not easily moved, shaken, or overthrown; fixed; as, a stable government. In this region of chance, . . . where nothing is stable. Rogers. 2. Steady in purpose; constant; firm in resolution; not easily diverted from a purpose; not fickle or wavering; as, a man of stable character. And to her husband ever meek and stable. Chaucer. 3. Durable; not subject to overthrow or change; firm; as, a stable foundation; a stable position. Stable equibrium (Mech.), the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that if disturbed it returns to its former position, as in the case when the center of gravity is below the point or axis of support; -- opposed to unstable equilibrium, in which the body if disturbed does not tend to return to its former position, but to move farther away from it, as in the case of a body supported at a point below the center of gravity. Cf. Neutral equilibrium, under Neutral. Syn. -- Fixed; steady; constant; abiding; strong; durable; firm. STABLE Sta"ble, v. t. Defn: To fix; to establish. [Obs.] Chaucer. STABLE Sta"ble, n. Etym: [OF. estable, F. étable, from L. stabulum, fr. stare to stand. See Stand, v. i.] Defn: A house, shed, or building, for beasts to lodge and feed in; esp., a building or apartment with stalls, for horses; as, a horse stable; a cow stable. Milton. Stable fly (Zoöl.), a common dipterous fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) which is abundant about stables and often enters dwellings, especially in autumn. These files, unlike the common house files, which they resemble, bite severely, and are troublesome to horses and cattle. STABLE Sta"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stabled; p. pr. & vb. n. Stabling.] Defn: To put or keep in a stable. STABLE Sta"ble, v. i. Defn: To dwell or lodge in a stable; to dwell in an inclosed place; to kennel. Milton. STABLEBOY; STABLEMAN Sta"ble*boy`, Sta"ble*man, n. Defn: A boy or man who attends in a stable; a groom; a hostler. STABLENESS Sta"ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being stable, or firmly established; stability. STABLER Sta"bler, n. Defn: A stable keeper. De Foe. STABLE STAND Sta"ble stand`. (O.Eng. Law) Defn: The position of a man who is found at his standing in the forest, with a crossbow or a longbow bent, ready to shoot at a deer, or close by a tree with greyhounds in a leash ready to slip; -- one of the four presumptions that a man intends stealing the king's deer. Wharton. STABLING Sta"bling, n. 1. The act or practice of keeping horses and cattle in a stable. 2. A building, shed, or room for horses and cattle. STABLISH Stab"lish, v. t. Etym: [Aphetic form of establish.] Defn: To settle permanently in a state; to make firm; to establish; to fix. [Obs.] 2 Sam. vii. 13. STABLISHMENT Stab"lish*ment, n. Defn: Establishment. [Obs.] STABLY Sta"bly, adv. Defn: In a stable manner; firmly; fixedly; steadily; as, a government stably settled. STABULATION Stab`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. stabulatio, fr. stabulari to stable cattle, fr. stabulum. See Stable, n.] 1. The act of stabling or housing beasts. 2. A place for lodging beasts; a stable. [Obs.] STACCATO Stac*ca"to, a. Etym: [It., p.p. of staccere, equivalent to distaccare. See Detach.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: Disconnected; separated; distinct; -- a direction to perform the notes of a passage in a short, distinct, and pointed manner. It is opposed to legato, and often indicated by heavy accents written over or under the notes, or by dots when the performance is to be less distinct and emphatic. 2. Expressed in a brief, pointed manner. Staccato and peremptory [literary criticism]. G. Eliot. STACK Stack, a. Etym: [Icel. stakkr; akin to Sw. stack, Dan. stak. Sf. Stake.] 1. A large pile of hay, grain, straw, or the like, usually of a nearly conical form, but sometimes rectangular or oblong, contracted at the top to a point or ridge, and sometimes covered with thatch. But corn was housed, and beans were in the stack. Cowper. 2. A pile of poles or wood, indefinite in quantity. Against every pillar was a stack of billets above a man's height. Bacon. 3. A pile of wood containing 108 cubic feet. [Eng.] 4. (Arch.) (a) A number of flues embodied in one structure, rising above the roof. Hence: (b) Any single insulated and prominent structure, or upright pipe, which affords a conduit for smoke; as, the brick smokestack of a factory; the smokestack of a steam vessel. (Computer programming) (a) A section of memory in a computer used for temporary storage of data, in which the last datum stored is the first retrieved. (b) A data structure within random-access memory used to simulate a hardware stack, as, a push-down stack. Stack of arms (Mil.), a number of muskets or rifles set up together, with the bayonets crossing one another, forming a sort of conical self-supporting pile. STACK Stack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stacked; p. pr. & vb. n. Stacking.] Etym: [Cf. Sw. stacka, Dan. stakke. See Stack, n.] Defn: To lay in a conical or other pile; to make into a large pile; as, to stack hay, cornstalks, or grain; to stack or place wood. To stack arms (Mil.), to set up a number of muskets or rifles together, with the bayonets crossing one another, and forming a sort of conical pile. STACKAGE Stack"age, n. 1. Hay, gray, or the like, in stacks; things stacked. [R.] 2. A tax on things stacked. [R.] Holinshed. STACKET Stack"et, n. Etym: [Cf. F. estacade and E. stockade.] (Mil.) Defn: A stockade. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. STACK-GUARD Stack"-guard`, n. Defn: A covering or protection, as a canvas, for a stack. STACKING Stack"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Stack. Stacking band, Stacking belt, a band or rope used in binding thatch or straw upon a stack. -- Stacking stage, a stage used in building stacks. STACKSTAND Stack"stand`, n. Defn: A staging for supporting a stack of hay or grain; a rickstand. STACKYARD Stack"yard`, n. Defn: A yard or inclosure for stacks of hay or grain. A. Smith. STACTE Stac"te, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Defn: One of the sweet spices used by the ancient Jews in the preparation of incense. It was perhaps an oil or other form of myrrh or cinnamon, or a kind of storax. Ex. xxx. 34. STADDLE Stad"dle, n. Etym: [AS. stathol, srathul, a foundation, firm seat; akin to E. stand. *163. See Stand, v. i.] [Formerly written stadle.] 1. Anything which serves for support; a staff; a prop; a crutch; a cane. His weak steps governing And aged limbs on cypress stadle stout. Spenser. 2. The frame of a stack of hay or grain. [Eng.] 3. A row of dried or drying hay, etc. [Eng.] 4. A small tree of any kind, especially a forest tree. Note: In America, trees are called staddles from the time that they are three or four years old till they are six or eight inches in diameter, or more. This is also the sense in which the word is used by Bacon and Tusser. STADDLE Stad"dle, v. t. 1. To leave the staddles, or saplings, of, as a wood when it is cut. [R.] Tusser. 2. To form into staddles, as hay. [Eng.] STADE Stade, n. Etym: [Cf. F. stade.] Defn: A stadium. Donne. STADE Stade, n. Etym: [Cf. G. gestade shore.] Defn: A landing place or wharf. Knight. STADIA HAIRS; STADIA WIRES Sta"di*a hairs or wires . (Surv.) Defn: In a theodolite, etc., horizontal cross wires or hairs equidistant from the central horizontal cross wire. STADIMETER Sta*dim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Stadium + -meter.] Defn: A horizontal graduated bar mounted on a staff, used as a stadium, or telemeter, for measuring distances. STADIUM Sta"di*um, n.; pl. Stadia. Etym: [L., a stadium (in sense 1), from Gr. 1. A Greek measure of length, being the chief one used for itinerary distances, also adopted by the Romans for nautical and astronomical measurements. It was equal to 600 Greek or 625 Roman feet, or 125 Roman paces, or to 606 feet 9 inches English. This was also called the Olympic stadium, as being the exact length of the foot-race course at Olympia. Dr. W. Smith. 2. Hence, a race course; especially, the Olympic course for foot races. 3. A kind of telemeter for measuring the distance of an object of known dimensions, by observing the angle it subtends; especially (Surveying), a graduated rod used to measure the distance of the place where it stands from an instrument having a telescope, by observing the number of the graduations of the rod that are seen between certain parallel wires (stadia wires) in the field of view of the telescope; -- also called stadia, and stadia rod. STADTHOLDER Stadt"hold`er, n. Etym: [D. stadhouder; stad a city, a town + houder a holder.] Defn: Formerly, the chief magistrate of the United Provinces of Holland; also, the governor or lieutenant governor of a province. STADTHOLDERATE; STADTHOLDERSHIP Stadt"hold`er*ate, Stadt"hold`er*ship, n. Defn: The office or position of a stadtholder. STAFETTE Sta*fette", n. Etym: [Cf. G. stafette. See Estafet.] Defn: An estafet. [R.] arlyle. STAFF Staff, n.; pl. Staves ( or Staffs in senses 1-9, Staffs in senses 10, 11. Etym: [AS. stæf a staff; akin to LG. & D. staf, OFries stef, G. stab, Icel. stafr, Sw. staf, Dan. stav, Goth. stabs element, rudiment, Skr. sthapay to cause to stand, to place. See Stand, and cf. Stab, Stave, n.] 1. A long piece of wood; a stick; the long handle of an instrument or weapon; a pole or srick, used for many purposes; as, a surveyor's staff; the staff of a spear or pike. And he put the staves into the rings on the sides of the altar to bear it withal. Ex. xxxviii. 7. With forks and staves the felon to pursue. Dryden. 2. A stick carried in the hand for support or defense by a person walking; hence, a support; that which props or upholds. "Hooked staves." Piers Plowman. The boy was the very staff of my age. Shak. He spoke of it [beer] in "The Earnest Cry," and likewise in the "Scotch Drink," as one of the staffs of life which had been struck from the poor man's hand. Prof. Wilson. 3. A pole, stick, or wand borne as an ensign of authority; a badge of office; as, a constable's staff. Methought this staff, mine office badge in court, Was broke in twain. Shak. All his officers brake their staves; but at their return new staves were delivered unto them. Hayward. 4. A pole upon which a flag is supported and displayed. 5. The round of a ladder. [R.] I ascend at one [ladder] of six hundred and thirty-nine staves. Dr. J. Campbell (E. Brown's Travels). 6. A series of verses so disposed that, when it is concluded, the same order begins again; a stanza; a stave. Cowley found out that no kind of staff is proper for an heroic poem, as being all too lyrical. Dryden. 7. (Mus.) Defn: The five lines and the spaces on which music is written; -- formerly called stave. 8. (Mech.) Defn: An arbor, as of a wheel or a pinion of a watch. 9. (Surg.) Defn: The grooved director for the gorget, or knife, used in cutting for stone in the bladder. 10. Etym: [From Staff, 3, a badge of office.] (Mil.) Defn: An establishment of officers in various departments attached to an army, to a section of an army, or to the commander of an army. The general's staff consists of those officers about his person who are employed in carrying his commands into execution. See État Major. 11. Hence: A body of assistants serving to carry into effect the plans of a superintendant or manager; as, the staff of a newspaper. Jacob's staff (Surv.), a single straight rod or staff, pointed and iron-shod at the bottom, for penetrating the ground, and having a socket joint at the top, used, instead of a tripod, for supporting a compass. -- Staff angle (Arch.), a square rod of wood standing flush with the wall on each of its sides, at the external angles of plastering, to prevent their being damaged. -- The staff of life, bread. "Bread is the staff of life." Swift. -- Staff tree (Bot.), any plant of the genus Celastrus, mostly climbing shrubs of the northern hemisphere. The American species (C. scandens) is commonly called bittersweet. See 2d Bittersweet, 3 (b). -- To set, or To put, up, or down, one's staff, to take up one's residence; to lodge. [Obs.] STAFFIER Staf"fi*er, n. Defn: An attendant bearing a staff. [Obs.] "Staffiers on foot." Hudibras. STAFFISH Staff"ish, a. Defn: Stiff; harsh. [Obs.] Ascham. STAFFMAN Staff"man, n.; pl. Staffmen (. Defn: A workman employed in silk throwing. STAG Stag, n. Etym: [Icel. steggr the male of several animals; or a doubtful AS. stagga. Cf. Steg.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The adult male of the red deer (Cervus elaphus), a large European species closely related to the American elk, or wapiti. (b) The male of certain other species of large deer. 2. A colt, or filly; also, a romping girl. [Prov. Eng.] 3. A castrated bull; -- called also bull stag, and bull seg. See the Note under Ox. 4. (Stock Exchange) (a) An outside irregular dealer in stocks, who is not a member of the exchange. [Cant] (b) One who applies for the allotment of shares in new projects, with a view to sell immediately at a premium, and not to hold the stock. [Cant] 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European wren. [Prov. Eng.] Stag beetle (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of lamellicorn beetles belonging to Lucanus and allied genera, especially L. cervus of Europe and L. dama of the United States. The mandibles are large and branched, or forked, whence the name. The lava feeds on the rotten wood of dead trees. Called also horned bug, and horse beetle. -- Stag dance, a dance by men only. [slang, U.S.] -- Stag hog (Zoöl.), the babiroussa. -- Stag-horn coral (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large branching corals of the genus Madrepora, which somewhat resemble the antlers of the stag, especially Madrepora cervicornis, and M. palmata, of Florida and the West Indies. -- Stag-horn fern (Bot.), an Australian and West African fern (Platycerium alcicorne) having the large fronds branched like a stag's horns; also, any species of the same genus. -- Stag-horn sumac (Bot.), a common American shrub (Rhus typhina) having densely velvety branchlets. See Sumac. -- Stag party, a party consisting of men only. [Slang, U. S.] -- Stag tick (Zoöl.), a parasitic dipterous insect of the family Hippoboscidæ, which lives upon the stag and in usually wingless. The same species lives also upon the European grouse, but in that case has wings. STAG Stag, v. i. (Com.) Defn: To act as a "stag", or irregular dealer in stocks. [Cant] STAG Stag, v. t. Defn: To watch; to dog, or keep track of. [Prov. Eng. or Slang] H. Kingsley. STAGE Stage, n. Etym: [OF. estage, F. étage, (assumed) LL. staticum, from L. stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Static.] 1. A floor or story of a house. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. An elevated platform on which an orator may speak, a play be performed, an exhibition be presented, or the like. 3. A floor elevated for the convenience of mechanical work, or the like; a scaffold; a staging. 4. A platform, often floating, serving as a kind of wharf. 5. The floor for scenic performances; hence, the theater; the playhouse; hence, also, the profession of representing dramatic compositions; the drama, as acted or exhibited. Knights, squires, and steeds, must enter on the stage. Pope. Lo! Where the stage, the poor, degraded stage, Holds its warped mirror to a gaping age. C. Sprague. 6. A place where anything is publicly exhibited; the scene of any noted action or carrer; the spot where any remarkable affair occurs. When we are born, we cry that we are come To this stage of fools. Shak. Music and ethereal mirth Wherewith the stage of air and earth did ring. Miton. 7. The platform of a microscope, upon which an object is placed to be viewed. See Illust. of Microscope. 8. A place of rest on a regularly traveled road; a stage house; a station; a place appointed for a relay of horses. 9. A degree of advancement in a journey; one of several portions into which a road or course is marked off; the distance between two places of rest on a road; as, a stage of ten miles. A stage . . . signifies a certain distance on a road. Jeffrey. He traveled by gig, with his wife, his favorite horse performing the journey by easy stages. Smiles. 10. A degree of advancement in any pursuit, or of progress toward an end or result. Such a polity is suited only to a particular stage in the progress of society. Macaulay. 11. A large vehicle running from station to station for the accomodation of the public; a stagecoach; an omnibus. "A parcel sent you by the stage." Cowper. I went in the sixpenny stage. Swift. 12. (Biol.) Defn: One of several marked phases or periods in the development and growth of many animals and plants; as, the larval stage; pupa stage; zoea stage. Stage box, a box close to the stage in a theater. -- Stage carriage, a stagecoach. -- Stage door, the actor's and workmen's entrance to a theater. -- Stage lights, the lights by which the stage in a theater is illuminated. -- Stage micrometer, a graduated device applied to the stage of a microscope for measuring the size of an object. -- Stage wagon, a wagon which runs between two places for conveying passengers or goods. -- Stage whisper, a loud whisper, as by an actor in a theater, supposed, for dramatic effect, to be unheard by one or more of his fellow actors, yet audible to the audience; an aside. stage of the game, [Colloq.] stage n. 10. STAGE Stage, v. t. Defn: To exhibit upon a stage, or as upon a stage; to display publicly. Shak. STAGECOACH Stage"coach`, n. Defn: A coach that runs regularly from one stage, station, or place to another, for the conveyance of passengers. STAGECOACHMAN Stage"coach`man, n.; pl. Stagecoachmen (. Defn: One who drives a stagecoach. STAGE DIRECTOR Stage director. (Theat.) Defn: One who prepares a play for production. He arranges the details of the stage settings, the business to be used, all stage effects, and instructs the actors, excepting usually the star, in the general interpretation of their parts. STAGE FRIGHT Stage fright. Defn: Nervousness felt before an audience. STAGEHOUSE Stage"house`, n. Defn: A house where a stage regularly stops for passengers or a relay of horses. STAGELY Stage"ly, a. Defn: Pertaining to a stage; becoming the theater; theatrical. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. STAGE MANAGER Stage manager. (Theat.) Defn: One in control of the stage during the production of a play. He directs the stage hands, property man, etc., has charge of all details behind the curtain, except the acting, and has a general oversight of the actors. Sometimes he is also the stage director. STAGEPLAY Stage"play`, n. Defn: A dramatic or theatrical entertainment. Dryden. STAGEPLAYER Stage"play`er, n. Defn: An actor on the stage; one whose occupation is to represent characters on the stage; as, Garrick was a celebrated stageplayer. STAGER Sta"ger, n. 1. A player. [R.] B. Jonson. 2. One who has long acted on the stage of life; a practitioner; a person of experience, or of skill derived from long experience. "You will find most of the old stagers still stationary there." Sir W. Scott. 3. A horse used in drawing a stage. [Colloq.] STAGERY Sta"ger*y, n. Defn: Exhibition on the stage. [Obs.] STAGE-STRUCK Stage"-struck`, a. Defn: Fascinated by the stage; seized by a passionate desire to become an actor. STAG-EVIL Stag"-e`vil, n. (Far.) Defn: A kind of palsy affecting the jaw of a horse. Crabb. STAGGARD Stag"gard, n. Etym: [From Stag.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The male red deer when four years old. STAGGER Stag"ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Staggered; p. pr. & vb. n. Staggering.] Etym: [OE. stakeren, Icel. stakra to push, to stagger, fr. staka to punt, push, stagger; cf. OD. staggeren to stagger. Cf. Stake, n.] 1. To move to one side and the other, as if about to fall, in standing or walking; not to stand or walk with steadiness; to sway; to reel or totter. Deep was the wound; he staggered with the blow. Dryden. 2. To cease to stand firm; to begin to give way; to fail. "The enemy staggers." Addison. 3. To begin to doubt and waver in purposes; to become less confident or determined; to hesitate. He [Abraham] staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief. Rom. iv. 20. STAGGER Stag"ger, v. t. 1. To cause to reel or totter. That hand shall burn in never-quenching fire That staggers thus my person. Shak. 2. To cause to doubt and waver; to make to hesitate; to make less steady or confident; to shock. Whosoever will read the story of this war will find himself much stagered. Howell. Grants to the house of Russell were so enormous, as not only to outrage economy, but even to stagger credibility. Burke. 3. To arrange (a series of parts) on each side of a median line alternately, as the spokes of a wheel or the rivets of a boiler seam. STAGGER Stag"ger, n. 1. An unsteady movement of the body in walking or standing, as if one were about to fall; a reeling motion; vertigo; -- often in the plural; as, the stagger of a drunken man. 2. pl. (Far.) Defn: A disease of horses and other animals, attended by reeling, unsteady gait or sudden falling; as, parasitic staggers; appopletic or sleepy staggers. 3. pl. Defn: Bewilderment; perplexity. [R.] Shak. Stomach staggers (Far.), distention of the stomach with food or gas, resulting in indigestion, frequently in death. STAGGERBUSH Stag"ger*bush`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An American shrub (Andromeda Mariana) having clusters of nodding white flowers. It grows in low, sandy places, and is said to poison lambs and calves. Gray. STAGGERINGLY Stag"ger*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a staggering manner. STAGGERWORT Stag"ger*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of ragwort (Senecio Jacobæa). STAG-HORN CORAL; STAG-HORN FERN Stag"-horn` co"ral, Stag"-horn` fern`, etc. Defn: See under Stag. STAG-HORNED Stag"-horned`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the mandibles large and palmate, or branched somewhat like the antlers of a stag; -- said of certain beetles. STAGHOUND Stag"hound`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large and powerful hound formerly used in hunting the stag, the wolf, and other large animals. The breed is nearly extinct. STAGING Sta"ging, n. Defn: A structure of posts and boards for supporting workmen, etc., as in building. 2. The business of running stagecoaches; also, the act of journeying in stagecoaches. STAGIRITE Stag"i*rite, n. Defn: A native of, or resident in, Stagira, in ancient Macedonia; especially, Aristotle. [Written also Stagyrite.] STAGNANCY Stag"nan*cy, n. Defn: State of being stagnant. STAGNANT Stag"nant, a. Etym: [L. stagnans, -antis, p.pr. of stagnare. See Stagnate.] 1. That stagnates; not flowing; not running in a current or steam; motionless; hence, impure or foul from want of motion; as, a stagnant lake or pond; stagnant blood in the veins. 2. Not active or brisk; dull; as, business in stagnant. That gloomy slumber of the stagnant soul. Johnson. For him a stagnant life was not worth living. Palfrey. STAGNANTLY Stag"nant*ly, adv. Defn: In a stagnant manner. STAGNATE Stag"nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stagnated; p. pr. & vb. n. Stagnating.] Etym: [L. stagnatus, p.p. of stagnare to stagnate, make stagnant, from stagnum a piece of standing water. See Stank a pool, and cf. Stanch, v. t.] 1. To cease to flow; to be motionless; as, blood stagnates in the veins of an animal; hence, to become impure or foul by want of motion; as, air stagnates in a close room. 2. To cease to be brisk or active; to become dull or inactive; as, commerce stagnates; business stagnates. Ready-witted tenderness . . . never stagnates in vain lamentations while there is any room for hope. Sir W. Scott. STAGNATE Stag"nate, a. Defn: Stagnant. [Obs.] "A stagnate mass of vapors." Young. STAGNATION Stag*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. stagnation.] 1. The condition of being stagnant; cessation of flowing or circulation, as of a fluid; the state of being motionless; as, the stagnation of the blood; the stagnation of water or air; the stagnation of vapors. 2. The cessation of action, or of brisk action; the state of being dull; as, the stagnation of business. STAGWORM Stag"worm, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The larve of any species of botfly which is parasitic upon the stag, as , which burrows beneath the skin, and Cephalomyia auribarbis, which lives in the nostrils. STAGY Sta"gy, a. [Written also stagey.] Defn: Having an air or manner characteristic of the stage; theatrical; artificial; as, a stagy tone or bearing; --chiefly used depreciatively. STAHLIAN Stahl"ian, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or taught by, Stahl, a German physician and chemist of the 17th century; as, the Stahlian theory of phlogiston. STAHLIAN Stahl"ian, n. Defn: A believer in, or advocate of, Stahlism. STAHLISM; STAHLIANISM Stahl"ism, Stahl"ian*ism, n. Defn: The Stahlian theoru, that every vital action is function or operation of the soul. STAID Staid, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Stay. STAID Staid, a. Etym: [From Stay to stop.] Defn: Sober; grave; steady; sedate; composed; regular; not wild, volatile, or fanciful. "Sober and staid persons." Addison. O'erlaid with black, staid Wisdom's hue. Milton. Syn. -- Sober; grave; steady; steadfast; composed; regular; sedate. STAIDLY Staid"ly, adv. Defn: In a staid manner, sedately. STAIDNESS Staid"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being staid; seriousness; steadiness; sedateness; regularity; -- the opposite of wildness, or Ant: levity. If sometimes he appears too gray, yet a secret gracefulness of youth accompanies his writings, though the staidness and sobriety of age wanting. Dryden. Syn. -- Sobriety; gravity; steadiness; regularity; constancy; firmness; stability; sedateness. STAIL Stail, n. Defn: A handle, as of a mop; a stale. [Eng.] STAIN Stain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stained; p. pr. & vb. n. Staining.] Etym: [Abbrev. fr. distain.] 1. To discolor by the application of foreign matter; to make foul; to spot; as, to stain the hand with dye; armor stained with blood. 2. To color, as wood, glass, paper, cloth, or the like, by processess affecting, chemically or otherwise, the material itself; to tinge with a color or colors combining with, or penetrating, the substance; to dye; as, to stain wood with acids, colored washes, paint rubbed in, etc.; to stain glass. 3. To spot with guilt or infamy; to bring reproach on; to blot; to soil; to tarnish. Of honor void, Of innocence, of faith, of purity, Our wonted ornaments now soiled and stained. Milton. 4. To cause to seem inferior or soiled by comparison. She stains the ripest virgins of her age. Beau. & Fl. That did all other beasts in beauty stain. Spenser. Stained glass, glass colored or stained by certain metallic pigments fused into its substance, -- often used for making ornament windows. Syn. -- To paint; dye; blot; soil; sully; discolor; disgrace; taint. -- Paint, Stain, Dye. These denote three different processes; the first mechanical, the other two, chiefly chemical. To paint a thing is so spread a coat of coloring matter over it; to stain or dye a thing is to impart color to its substance. To stain is said chiefly of solids, as wood, glass, paper; to dye, of fibrous substances, textile fabrics, etc.; the one, commonly, a simple process, as applying a wash; the other more complex, as fixing colors by mordants. STAIN Stain, v. i. Defn: To give or receive a stain; to grow dim. STAIN Stain, n. 1. A discoloration by foreign matter; a spot; as, a stain on a garment or cloth. Shak. 2. A natural spot of a color different from the gound. Swift trouts, diversified with crimson stains. Pope. 3. Taint of guilt; tarnish; disgrace; reproach. Nor death itself can wholly wash their stains. Dryden. Our opinion . . . is, I trust, without any blemish or stain of heresy. Hooker. 4. Cause of reproach; shame. Sir P. Sidney. 5. A tincture; a tinge. [R.] You have some stain of soldier in you. Shak. Syn. -- Blot; spot; taint; pollution; blemish; tarnish; color; disgrace; infamy; shame. STAINER Stain"er, n. 1. One who stains or tarnishes. 2. A workman who stains; as, a stainer of wood. STAINLESS Stain"less, a. Defn: Free from stain; immaculate. Shak. The veery care he took to keep his name Stainless, with some was evidence of shame. Crabbe. Syn. -- Blameless; spotless; faultless. See Blameless. STAINLESSLY Stain"less*ly, adv. Defn: In a stainless manner. STAIR Stair, n. Etym: [OE. steir, steyer, AS. st, from to ascend, rise. sq. root164. See Sty to ascend.] 1. One step of a series for ascending or descending to a different level; -- commonly applied to those within a building. 2. A series of steps, as for passing from one story of a house to another; -- commonly used in the plural; but originally used in the singular only. "I a winding stair found." Chaucer's Dream. Below stairs, in the basement or lower part of a house, where the servants are. -- Flight of stairs, the stairs which make the whole ascent of a story. -- Pair of stairs, a set or flight of stairs. -- pair, in this phrase, having its old meaning of a set. See Pair, n., 1. -- Run of stars (Arch.), a single set of stairs, or section of a stairway, from one platform to the next. -- Stair rod, a rod, usually of metal, for holding a stair carpet to its place. -- Up stairs. See Upstairs in the Vocabulary. STAIRCASE Stair"case`, n. Defn: A flight of stairs with their supporting framework, casing, balusters, etc. To make a complete staircase is a curious piece of architecture. Sir H. Wotton. Staircase shell. (Zoöl.) (a) Any scalaria, or wentletrap. (b) Any species of Solarium, or perspective shell. STAIRHEAD Stair"head`, n. Defn: The head or top of a staircase. STAIRWAY Stair"way`, n. Defn: A flight of stairs or steps; a staircase. "A rude and narrow stairway." Moore. STAITH Staith, n. Etym: [AS. stæ a bank, shore, from the root of E. stead.] Defn: A landing place; an elevated staging upon a wharf for discharging coal, etc., as from railway cars, into vessels. STAITHMAN Staith"man, n. Defn: A man employed in weighing and shipping at a staith. [Eng.] STAKE Stake, n. Etym: [AS. staca, from the root of E. stick; akin to OFries. & LG. stake, D. staak, Sw. stake, Dan. stage. See Stick, v. t., and cf. Estacade, Stockade.] 1. A piece of wood, usually long and slender, pointed at one end so as to be easily driven into the ground as a support or stay; as, a stake to support vines, fences, hedges, etc. A sharpened stake strong Dryas found. Dryden. 2. A stick inserted upright in a lop, eye, or mortise, at the side or end of a cart, a flat car, or the like, to prevent goods from falling off. 3. The piece of timber to which a martyr was affixed to be burned; hence, martyrdom by fire. 4. A small anvil usually furnished with a tang to enter a hole in a bench top, -- used by tinsmiths, blacksmiths, etc., for light work, punching upon, etc. 5. That which is laid down as a wager; that which is staked or hazarded; a pledge. At stake, in danger; hazarded; pledged. "I see my reputation is at stake." Shak. STAKE Stake, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Staked; p. pr. & vb. n. Staking.] 1. To fasten, support, or defend with stakes; as, to stake vines or plants. 2. To mark the limits of by stakes; -- with out; as, to stake out land; to stake out a new road. 3. To put at hazard upon the issue of competition, or upon a future contingency; to wager; to pledge. I'll stake yon lamb, that near the fountain plays. Pope. 4. To pierce or wound with a stake. Spectator. STAKE-DRIVER Stake"-driv`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common American bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus); -- so called because one of its notes resembles the sound made in driving a stake into the mud. Called also meadow hen, and Indian hen. STAKEHEAD Stake"head`, n. (Rope making) Defn: A horizontal bar on a stake, used for supporting the yarns which are kept apart by pins in the bar. STAKEHOLDER Stake"hold`er, n. Defn: The holder of a stake; one with whom the bets are deposited when a wager is laid. STAKTOMETER Stak*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: A drop measurer; a glass tube tapering to a small orifice at the point, and having a bulb in the middle, used for finding the number of drops in equal quantities of different liquids. See Pipette. Sir D. Brewster. STAL Stal, obs. imp. of Steal. Defn: Stole. STALACTIC; STALACTICAL Sta*lac"tic, Sta*lac"tic*al, a. (Geol.) Defn: Stalactic. STALACTIFORM Sta*lac"ti*form, a. Defn: Like a stalactite; resembling a stalactite. STALACTITE Sta*lac"tite, n.; pl. Stalactites. Etym: [Gr. stalactite.] (Geol.) (a) A pendent cone or cylinder of calcium carbonate resembling an icicle in form and mode of attachment. Stalactites are found depending from the roof or sides of caverns, and are produced by deposition from waters which have percolated through, and partially dissolved, the overlying limestone rocks. (b) In an extended sense, any mineral or rock of similar form and origin; as, a stalactite of lava. STALACTITES Stal`ac*ti"tes, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A stalactite. [Obs.] Woodward. STALACTITIC; STALACTITICAL Stal`ac*tit"ic, Stal`ac*tit"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. stalactitique.] (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a stalactite; having the form or characters of a stalactite; stalactic. STALACTITIFORM Stal`ac*tit"i*form, a. Defn: Having the form of a stalactite; stalactiform. STALAGMITE Sta*lag"mite, n. Etym: [Gr. stalagmite.] (Geol.) Defn: A deposit more or less resembling an inverted stalactite, formed by calcareous water dropping on the floors of caverns; hence, a similar deposit of other material. STALAGMITIC; STALAGMITICAL Stal`ag*mit"ic, Stal`ag*mit"ic*al, a. Defn: Having the form or structure of stalagmites. -- Stal`ag*mit"ic*al*ly, adv. STALDER Stal"der, n. Etym: [From the root of stall.] Defn: A wooden frame to set casks on. [Prov. Eng.] STALE Stale, n. Etym: [OE. stale, stele, AS. stæl, stel; akin to LG. & D. steel, G. stiel; cf. L. stilus stake, stalk, stem, Gr. stall, stalk, n.] Defn: The stock or handle of anything; as, the stale of a rake. [Written also steal, stele, etc.] But seeling the arrow's stale without, and that the head did go No further than it might be seen. Chapman. STALE Stale, a. Etym: [Akin to stale urine, and to stall, n.; probably from Low German or Scandinavian. Cf. Stale, v. i.] 1. Vapid or tasteless from age; having lost its life, spirit, and flavor, from being long kept; as, stale beer. 2. Not new; not freshly made; as, stele bread. 3. Having lost the life or graces of youth; worn out; decayed. "A stale virgin." Spectator. 4. Worn out by use or familiarity; having lost its novelty and power of pleasing; trite; common. Swift. Wit itself, if stale is less pleasing. Grew. How weary, stale flat, and unprofitable Seem to me all the uses of this world! Shak. Stale affidavit (Law), an affidavit held above a year. Craig. -- Stale demand (Law), a claim or demand which has not been pressed or demanded for a long time. STALE Stale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Staled; p. pr. & vb. n. Staling.] Defn: To make vapid or tasteless; to destroy the life, beauty, or use of; to wear out. Age can not wither her, nor custom stale Her infinite variety. Shak. STALE Stale, v. i. Etym: [Akin to D. & G. stallen, Dan. stalle, Sw. stalla, and E. stall a stable. Stall, n., and cf. Stale, a.] Defn: To make water; to discharge urine; -- said especially of horses and cattle. Hudibras. STALE Stale, n. Etym: [See Stale, a. & v. i.] 1. That which is stale or worn out by long keeping, or by use. [Obs.] 2. A prostitute. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Urine, esp. that of beasts. "Stale of horses." Shak. STALE Stale, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. estal place, position, abode, market, F. étal a butcher's stall, OHG. stal station, place, stable, G. stall (see Stall, n.); or from OE. stale theft, AS. stalu (see Steal, v. t.)] 1. Something set, or offered to view, as an allurement to draw others to any place or purpose; a decoy; a stool pigeon. [Obs.] Still, as he went, he crafty stales did lay. Spenser. 2. A stalking-horse. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. (Chess) Defn: A stalemate. [Obs.] Bacon. 4. A laughingstock; a dupe. [Obs.] Shak. STALELY Stale"ly, adv. 1. In a state stale manner. 2. Of old; long since. [Obs.] B. Jonson. STALEMATE Stale"mate`, n. (Chess) Defn: The position of the king when he can not move without being placed on check and there is no other piece which can be moved. STALEMATE Stale"mate`, v. t. (Chess) Defn: To subject to a stalemate; hence, to bring to a stand. STALENESS Stale"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being stale. STALK Stalk, n. Etym: [OE. stalke, fr. AS. stæl, stel, a stalk. See Stale a handle, Stall.] 1. (Bot.) (a) The stem or main axis of a plant; as, a stalk of wheat, rye, or oats; the stalks of maize or hemp. (b) The petiole, pedicel, or peduncle, of a plant. 2. That which resembes the stalk of a plant, as the stem of a quill. Grew. 3. (Arch.) Defn: An ornament in the Corinthian capital resembling the stalk of a plant, from which the volutes and helices spring. 4. One of the two upright pieces of a ladder. [Obs.] To climd by the rungs and the stalks. Chaucer. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) A stem or peduncle, as of certain barnacles and crinoids. (b) The narrow basal portion of the abdomen of a hymenopterous insect. (c) The peduncle of the eyes of decapod crustaceans. 6. (Founding) Defn: An iron bar with projections inserted in a core to strengthen it; a core arbor. Stalk borer (Zoöl.), the larva of a noctuid moth (Gortyna nitela), which bores in the stalks of the raspberry, strawberry, tomato, asters, and many other garden plants, often doing much injury. STALK Stalk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stalked; p. pr. & vb. n. Stalking.] Etym: [AS. stælcan, stealcian to go slowly; cf. stels high, elevated, Dan. stalke to stalk; probably akin to 1st stalk.] 1. To walk slowly and cautiously; to walk in a stealthy, noiseless manner; -- sometimes used with a reflexive pronoun. Shak. Into the chamber he stalked him full still. Chaucer. [Bertran] stalks close behind her, like a witch's fiend, Pressing to be employed. Dryden. 2. To walk behind something as a screen, for the purpose of approaching game; to proceed under clover. The king . . . crept under the shoulder of his led horse; . . . "I must stalk," said he. Bacon. One underneath his horse, to get a shoot doth stalk. Drayton. 3. To walk with high and proud steps; usually implying the affectation of dignity, and indicating dislike. The word is used, however, especially by the poets, to express dignity of step. With manly mien he stalked along the ground. Dryden. Then stalking through the deep, He fords the ocean. Addison. I forbear myself from entering the lists in which he has long stalked alone and unchallenged. Mericale. STALK Stalk, v. t. Defn: To approach under cover of a screen, or by stealth, for the purpose of killing, as game. As for shooting a man from behind a wall, it is cruelly like to stalking a deer. Sir W. Scott. STALK Stalk, n. Defn: A high, proud, stately step or walk. Thus twice before, . . . With martial stalk hath he gone by our watch. Shak. The which with monstrous stalk behind him stepped. Spenser. STALKED Stalked, a. Defn: Having a stalk or stem; borne upon a stem. Stalked barnacle (Zoöl.), a goose barnacle, or anatifer; -- called also stalk barnacle. -- Stalked crinoid (Zoöl.), any crinoid having a jointed stem. STALKER Stalk"er, n. 1. One who stalks. 2. A kind of fishing net. STALK-EYED Stalk"-eyed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the eyes raised on a stalk, or peduncle; -- opposed to sessile-eyed. Said especially of podophthalmous crustaceans. Stalked- eyed crustaceans. (Zoöl.) See Podophthalmia. STALKING-HORSE Stalk"ing-horse, n. 1. A horse, or a figure resembling a horse, behind which a hunter conceals himself from the game he is aiming to kill. 2. Fig.: Something used to cover up a secret project; a mask; a pretense. Hypocrisy is the devil's stalking-horse under an affectation of simplicity and religion. L'Estrange. How much more abominable is it to make of him [Christ] and religion a stalking-horse, to get and enjoy the world! Bunyan. STALKLESS Stalk"less, a. Defn: Having no stalk. STALKY Stalk"y, a. Defn: Hard as a stalk; resembling a stalk. At the top [it] bears a great stalky head. Mortimer. STALL Stall, n. Etym: [OE. stal, AS. steall, stall, a place, seat, or station, a stable; akin to D. & OHG. stal, G. & Sw. stall, stallr, Dan. stald, originally, a standing place; akin to G. selle a place, stellen to place, Gr. stand. Stand, and cf. Apostle, Epistle, Forestall, Install, Stale, a. & v. i., 1st Stalk, Stallion, Still.] 1. A stand; a station; a fixed spot; hence, the stand or place where a horse or an ox kept and fed; the division of a stable, or the compartment, for one horse, ox, or other animal. "In an oxes stall." Chaucer. 2. A stable; a place for cattle. At last he found a stall where oxen stood. Dryden. 3. A small apartment or shed in which merchandise is exposed for sale; as, a butcher's stall; a bookstall. 4. A bench or table on which small articles of merchandise are exposed for sale. How peddlers' stalls with glittering toys are laid. Gay. 5. A seat in the choir of a church, for one of the officiating clergy. It is inclosed, either wholly or partially, at the back and sides. The stalls are frequently very rich, with canopies and elaborate carving. The dignifird clergy, out of humanility, have called their thrones by the names of stalls. Bp. Warburton. Loud the monks in their stalls. Longfellow. 6. In the theater, a seat with arms or otherwise partly inclosed, as distinguished from the benches, sofas, etc. 7. (Mining) Defn: The space left by excavation between pillars. See Post and stall, under Post. Stall reader, one who reads books at a stall where they are exposed for sale. Cries the stall reader, "Bless us! what a word on A titlepage is this!" Milton. STALL Stall, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stalled; p. pr. & vb. n. Stalling.] Etym: [Cf. Sw. stalla, Dan. stalde.] 1. To put into a stall or stable; to keep in a stall or stalls; as, to stall an ox. Where King Latinus then his oxen stalled. Dryden. 2. To fatten; as, to stall cattle. [Prov. Eng.] 3. To place in an office with the customary formalities; to install. Shak. 4. To plunge into mire or snow so as not to be able to get on; to set; to fix; as, to stall a cart. Burton. His horses had been stalled in the snow. E. E. Hale. 5. To forestall; to anticipitate. Having This not to be stall'd by my report. Massinger. 6. To keep close; to keep secret. [Obs.] Stall this in your bosom. Shak. STALL Stall, v. i. Etym: [AS. steallian to have room. See Stall, n.] 1. To live in, or as in, a stall; to dwell. [Obs.] We could not stall together In the whole world. Shak. 2. To kennel, as dogs. Johnson. 3. To be set, as in mire or snow; to stick fast. 4. To be tired of eating, as cattle. [Prov. Eng.] STALLAGE Stall"age, n. Etym: [Cf. OF.estallange, of German origin. See Stall, n. ] 1. (Eng. Law) Defn: The right of erecting a stalls in fairs; rent paid for a stall. 2. Dung of cattle or horses, mixed with straw. [Obs.] STALLATION Stal*la"tion, n. Defn: Installation. [Obs.] STALLED Stalled, a. Defn: Put or kept in a stall; hence, fatted. "A stalled ox." Prov. xv. 17. STALLER Stall"er, n. Defn: A standard bearer. obtaining Fuller. STALL-FEED Stall"-feed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stall-fed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Stall- feeding.] Defn: To feed and fatten in a stall or on dry fodder; as, to stall- feed an ox. STALLING Stall"ing, n. Defn: Stabling. Tennyson. STALLION Stal"lion, n. Etym: [OE. stalon, OF. estalon, F. étalon, fr. OHG. stal a stable. See Stall, n.] Defn: A male horse not castrated; a male horse kept for breeding. STALLMAN Stall"man, n.; pl. Stallmen (. Defn: One who keeps a stall for the sale of merchandise, especially books. Sterne. STALLON Stal"lon, n. Defn: A slip from a plant; a scion; a cutting. [R.] Holished. STALWART; STALWORTH Stal"wart, Stal"worth, a. Etym: [OE. stalworth, AS. stælwyrth serviceable, probably originally, good at stealing, or worth stealing or taking, and afterwards extended to other causes of estimation. See Steal, v. t., Worth, a.] Defn: Brave; bold; strong; redoubted; daring; vehement; violent. "A stalwart tiller of the soil." Prof. Wilson. Fair man be was and wise, stalworth and bold. R. of Brunne. Note: Stalworth is now disused, or bur little used, stalwart having taken its place. STALWARTLY Stal"wart*ly, adv. Defn: In a stalwart manner. STALWARTNESS Stal"wart*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being stalwart. STALWORTHHOOD; STALWORTHNESS Stal"worth*hood, Stal"worth*ness (, n. Defn: The quality or state of being stalworth; stalwartness; boldness; daring. [Obs.] STAMEN Sta"men, n.; pl. E. Stamens (used only in the second sense); L. Stamina (in the first sense). Etym: [L. stamen the warp, a thread, fiber, akin to Gr. stand. See Stand, and cf. Stamin, Stamina.] 1. A thread; especially, a warp thread. 2. (pl. Stamens, rarely Stamina.) (Bot.) Defn: The male organ of flowers for secreting and furnishing the pollen or fecundating dust. It consists of the anther and filament. STAMENED Sta"mened, a. Defn: Furnished with stamens. STAMIN Sta"min, n. Etym: [OF. estamine, F. étamine, LL. staminea, stamineum, fr. L. stamineus consisting of threads, fr. stamen a thread. See Stamen, and cf. Stamineous, 2d Stammel, Tamine.] Defn: A kind of woolen cloth. [Written also stamine.] [Obs.] STAMINA Stam"i*na, n. pl. Defn: See Stamen. STAMINA Stam"i*na, n. pl. 1. The fixed, firm part of a body, which supports it or gives it strength and solidity; as, the bones are the stamina of animal bodies; the ligneous parts of trees are the stamina which constitute their strength. 2. Whatever constitutes the principal strength or support of anything; power of endurance; backbone; vigor; as, the stamina of a constitution or of life; the stamina of a State. He succeeded to great captains who had sapped the whole stamina and resistance of the contest. De Quincey. STAMINAL Stam"i*nal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. staminal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to stamens or stamina; consisting in stamens. STAMINATE Stam"i*nate, a. Etym: [L. staminatus consisting of threads, fr. stamen thread: cf. F. staminé.] (Bot.) (a) Furnished with stamens; producing stamens. (b) Having stamens, but lacking pistils. STAMINATE Stam"i*nate, v. t. Defn: To indue with stamina. [R.] STAMINEAL; STAMINEOUS Sta*min"e*al, Sta*min"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. stamineus, from stamen thread.] 1. Consisting of stamens or threads. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the stamens; possessing stamens; also, attached to the stamens; as, a stamineous nectary. STAMINIFEROUS Stam`i*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Stamen + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing or having stamens. STAMINODE Stam"i*node, n. (Bot.) Defn: A staminodium. STAMINODIUM Stam`i*no"di*um, n.; pl. Staminodia. Etym: [NL. See Stamen, and - oid.] (Bot.) Defn: An abortive stamen, or any organ modified from an abortive stamen. STAMMEL Stam"mel, n. Defn: A large, clumsy horse. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. STAMMEL Stam"mel, n. Etym: [OF. estamel; cf. OF. estamet a coarse woolen cloth, LL. stameta a kind of cloth, the same as staminea, and OF. estame a woolen stuff. See Stamin.] 1. A kind of woolen cloth formerly in use. It seems to have been often of a red color. [Obs.] 2. A red dye, used in England in the 15th and 16th centuries. B. Jonson. STAMMEL Stam"mel, a. Defn: Of the color of stammel; having a red color, thought inferior to scarlet. STAMMER Stam"mer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stammered; p. pr. & vb. n. Stammering.] Etym: [OE. stameren, fr. AS. stamur, stamer, stammering; akin to D. & LG. stameren to stammer, G. stammeln, OHG. stammal, stamm, Dan. stamme, Sw. stamma, Icel. stama, stamma, OHG. & Dan. stam stammering, Icel. stamr, Goth. stamms, and to G. stemmen to bear against, stumm dumb, D. stom. Cf. Stem to resist, Stumble.] Defn: To make involuntary stops in uttering syllables or words; to hesitate or falter in speaking; to speak with stops and diffivulty; to stutter. I would thou couldst stammer, that thou mightest pour this conclead man out of thy mouth, as wine comes out of a narrow-mouthed bottle, either too much at once, or none at all. Shak. STAMMER Stam"mer, v. t. Defn: To utter or pronounce with hesitation or imperfectly; -- sometimes with out. STAMMER Stam"mer, n. Defn: Defective utterance, or involuntary interruption of utterance; a stutter. STAMMERER Stam"mer*er, n. Defn: One who stammers. STAMMERING Stam"mer*ing, a. Defn: Apt to stammer; hesitating in speech; stuttering. -- Stam"mer*ing*ly, adv. STAMMERING Stam"mer*ing, n. (Physiol.) Defn: A disturbance in the formation of sounds. It is due essentially to long-continued spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm, by which expiration is preented, and hence it may be considered as a spasmodic inspiration. STAMP Stamp v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stamped; p. pr. & vb. n. Stamping.] Etym: [OE. stampen; akin to LG. & D. stampen, G. stampfen, OHG. stanpf, Dan. stampe, Sw. stampa, Icel. stappa, G. stampf a pestle and E. step. See Step, v. i., and cf. Stampede.] 1. To strike beat, or press forcibly with the bottom of the foot, or by thrusting the foot downward. Shak. He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground. Dryden. 2. To bring down (the foot) forcibly on the ground or floor; as, he stamped his foot with rage. 3. To crush; to pulverize; specifically (Metal.), to crush by the blow of a heavy stamp, as ore in a mill. I took your sin, the calf which ye had made, and burnt it with fire, and stamped it, and ground it very small. Deut. ix. 21. 4. To impress with some mark or figure; as, to stamp a plate with arms or initials. 5. Fig.: To impress; to imprint; to fix deeply; as, to stamp virtuous principles on the heart. God . . . has stamped no original characters on our minds wherein we may read his being. Locke. 6. To cut out, bend, or indent, as paper, sheet metal, etc., into various forms, by a blow or suddenly applied pressure with a stamp or die, etc.; to mint; to coin. 7. To put a stamp on, as for postage; as, to stamp a letter; to stamp a legal document. To stamp out, to put an end to by sudden and energetic action; to extinguish; as, to stamp out a rebellion. STAMP Stamp, v. i. 1. To strike; to beat; to crush. These cooks how they stamp and strain and grind. Chaucer. 2. To strike the foot forcibly downward. But starts, exclaims, and stamps, and raves, and dies. dennis. STAMP Stamp, n. 1. The act of stamping, as with the foot. 2. The which stamps; any instrument for making impressions on other bodies, as a die. 'T is gold so pure It can not bear the stamp without alloy. Dryden. 3. The mark made by stamping; a mark imprinted; an impression. That sacred name gives ornament and grace, And, like his stamp, makes basest metals pass. Dryden. 4. that which is marked; a thing stamped. hanging a golden stamp about their necks. Shak. 5. Etym: [F. estampe, of german origin. See Stamp, v. t.] Defn: A picture cut in wood or metal, or made by impression; a cut; a plate. [Obs.] At Venice they put out very curious stamps of the several edifices which are most famous for their beauty and magnificence. Addison. 6. An offical mark set upon things chargeable with a duty or tax to government, as evidence that the duty or tax is paid; as, the stamp on a bill of exchange. 7. Hence, a stamped or printed device, issued by the government at a fixed price, and required by law to be affixed to, or stamped on, certain papers, as evidence that the government dues are paid; as, a postage stamp; a receipt stamp, etc. 8. An instrument for cutting out, or shaping, materials, as paper, leather, etc., by a downward pressure. 9. A character or reputation, good or bad, fixed on anything as if by an imprinted mark; current value; authority; as, these persons have the stamp of dishonesty; the Scriptures bear the stamp of a divine origin. Of the same stamp is that which is obtruded on us, that an adamant suspends the attraction of the loadstone. Sir T. Browne. 10. Make; cast; form; character; as, a man of the same stamp, or of a different stamp. A soldier of this season's stamp. Shak. 11. A kind of heavy hammer, or pestle, raised by water or steam power, for beating ores to powder; anything like a pestle, used for pounding or bathing. 12. A half-penny. [Obs.] au. & Fl. 13. pl. Defn: Money, esp. paper money. [Slang, U.S.] Stamp act, an act of the British Parliament [1765] imposing a duty on all paper, vellum, and parchment used in the American colonies, and declaring all writings on unstamped materials to be null an void. -- Stamp collector, an officer who receives or collects stamp duties; one who collects postage or other stamps. -- Stamp duty, a duty, or tax, imposed on paper and parchment used for certain writings, as deeds, conveyances, etc., the evidence of the payment of the duty or tax being a stamp. [Eng.] -- Stamp hammer, a hammer, worked by power, which rises and falls vertically, like a stamp in a stamp mill. -- Stamp head, a heavy mass of metal, forming the head or lower end of a bar, which is lifted and let fall, in a stamp mill. -- Stamp mill (Mining), a mill in which ore is crushed with stamps; also, a machine for stamping ore. -- Stamp note, a stamped certificate from a customhouse officer, which allows goods to be received by the captain of a ship as freight. [Eng.] -- Stamp office, an office for the issue of stamps and the reception of stamp duties. STAMPEDE Stam*pede", n. Etym: [Sp. estampida (in America) a stampede, estampido a crackling, akin to estampar to stamp, of German origin. See Stamp, v. t.] Defn: A wild, headlong scamper, or running away, of a number of animals; usually caused by fright; hence, any sudden flight or dispersion, as of a crowd or an army in consequence of a panic. She and her husband would join in the general stampede. W. Black. STAMPEDE Stam*pede", v. i. Defn: To run away in a panic; -- said droves of cattle, horses, etc., also of armies. STAMPEDE Stam*pede", v. t. Defn: To disperse by causing sudden fright, as a herd or drove of animals. STAMPER Stamp"er, n. 1. One who stamps. 2. An instrument for pounding or stamping. STAMPING Stamp"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Stamp, v. Stamping ground, a place frequented, and much trodden, by animals, wild or domesticated; hence (Colloq.), the scene of one's labors or exploits; also, one's favorite resort. [U.S.] -- Stamping machine, a machine for forming metallic articles or impressions by stamping. -- Stamping mill (Mining), a stamp mill. STANCE Stance, n. Etym: [OF. estance. See Stanza.] 1. A stanza. [Obs.] Chapman. 2. A station; a position; a site. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. STANCH Stanch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stanched; p. pr. & vb. n. Stanching.] Etym: [OF. estanchier, F. étancher to stpo a liquid from flowing; akin to Pr., Sp., & Pg. estancar, It. stancare to weary, LL. stancare, stagnare, to stanch, fr. L. stagnare to be or make stagnant. See Stagnate.] 1. To stop the flowing of, as blood; to check; also, to stop the flowing of blood from; as, to stanch a wound. [Written also staunch.] Iron or a stone laid to the neck doth stanch the bleeding of the nose. Bacon. 2. To extinguish; to quench, as fire or thirst. [Obs.] STANCH Stanch, v. i. Defn: To cease, as the flowing of blood. Immediately her issue of blood stanched. Luke viii. 44. STANCH Stanch, n. 1. That which stanches or checks. [Obs.] 2. A flood gate by which water is accumulated, for floating a boat over a shallow part of a stream by its release. Knight. STANCH Stanch, a. [Compar. Stancher; superl. Stanchest.] Etym: [From Stanch, v. t., and hence literally signifying, stopped or stayed; cf. Sp. estanco stopped, tight, not leaky, as a ship. See Stanch, v. t.] [Written also staunch.] 1. Strong and tight; sound; firm; as, a stanch ship. One of the closets is parqueted with plain deal, set in diamond, exceeding stanch and pretty. Evelyn. 2. Firm in principle; constant and zealous; loyal; hearty; steady; steadfast; as, a stanch churchman; a stanch friend or adherent. V. Knox. In politics I hear you 're stanch. Prior. 3. Close; secret; private. [Obs.] This to be kept stanch. Locke. STANCH Stanch, v. t. Defn: To prop; to make stanch, or strong. His gathered sticks to stanch the wall Of the snow tower when snow should fall. Emerson. STANCHEL Stan"chel, n. Defn: A stanchion. STANCHER Stanch"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, stanches, or stops, the flowing, as of blood. STANCHION Stan"chion, n. Etym: [OF. estanson, estançon, F. étançon, from OF. estance a stay, a prop, from L. stans, stantis, standing, p.pr. of stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Stanza.] [Written also stanchel.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A prop or support; a piece of timber in the form of a stake or post, used for a support or stay. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Any upright post or beam used as a support, as for the deck, the quarter rails, awnings, etc. 3. A vertical bar for confining cattle in a stall. STANCHLESS Stanch"less, a. 1. Incapable of being stanched, or stopped. 2. Unquenchable; insatiable. [Obs.] Shak. STANCHLY Stanch"ly, adv. Defn: In a stanch manner. STANCHNESS Stanch"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being stanch. STAND Stand, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stood; p. pr. & vb. n. Standing.] Etym: [OE. standen; AS. standan; akin to OFries. stonda, stan, D. staan, OS. standan, stan, G. stehen, Icel. standa, Dan. staae, Sw. stå, Goth. standan, Russ. stoiate, L. stare, Gr. stha. *163. Cf. Assist, Constant, Contrast, Desist, Destine, Ecstasy, Exist, Interstice, Obstacle, Obstinate, Prest, n., Rest remainder, Soltice, Stable, a. & n., State, n., Statute, Stead, Steed, Stool, Stud of horses, Substance, System.] 1. To be at rest in an erect position; to be fixed in an upright or firm position; as: (a) To be supported on the feet, in an erect or nearly erect position; -- opposed to lie, sit, kneel, etc. "I pray you all, stand up!" Shak. (b) To continue upright in a certain locality, as a tree fixed by the roots, or a building resting on its foundation. It stands as it were to the ground yglued. Chaucer. The ruined wall Stands when its wind worn battlements are gone. Byron. 2. To occupy or hold a place; to have a situation; to be situated or located; as, Paris stands on the Seine. Wite ye not where there stands a little town Chaucer. 3. To cease from progress; not to proceed; to stop; to pause; to halt; to remain stationary. I charge thee, stand, And tell thy name. Dryden. The star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was. Matt. ii. 9. 4. To remain without ruin or injury; to hold good against tendencies to impair or injure; to be permanent; to endure; to last; hence, to find endurance, strength, or resources. My mind on its own center stands unmoved. Dryden. 5. To maintain one's ground; to be acquitted; not to fail or yield; to be safe. Readers by whose judgment I would stand or fall. Spectator. 6. To maintain an invincible or permanent attitude; to be fixed, steady, or firm; to take a position in resistance or opposition. "The standing pattern of their imitation." South. The king granted the Jews . . . to gather themselves together, and to stand for their life. Esther viii. 11. 7. To adhere to fixed principles; to maintain moral rectitude; to keep from falling into error or vice. We must labor so as to stand with godliness, according to his appointment. Latimer. 8. To have or maintain a position, order, or rank; to be in a particular relation; as, Christian charity, or love, stands first in the rank of gifts. 9. To be in some particular state; to have essence or being; to be; to consist. "Sacrifices . . . which stood only in meats and drinks." Heb. ix. 10. Accomplish what your signs foreshow; I stand resigned, and am prepared to go. Dryden. Thou seest how it stands with me, and that I may not tarry. Sir W. Scott. 10. To be consistent; to agree; to accord. Doubt me not; by heaven, I will do nothing But what may stand with honor. Massinger. 11. (Naut.) Defn: To hold a course at sea; as, to stand from the shore; to stand for the harbor. From the same parts of heaven his navy stands. Dryden. 12. To offer one's self, or to be offered, as a candidate. He stood to be elected one of the proctors of the university. Walton. 13. To stagnate; not to flow; to be motionless. Or the black water of Pomptina stands. Dryden. 14. To measure when erect on the feet. Six feet two, as I think, he stands. Tennyson. 15. (Law) (a) To be or remain as it is; to continue in force; to have efficacy or validity; to abide. Bouvier. (b) To appear in court. Burrill. Stand by (Naut.), a preparatory order, equivalent to Be ready. -- To stand against, to opposite; to resist. -- To stand by. (a) To be near; to be a spectator; to be present. (b) To be aside; to be aside with disregard. "In the interim [we] let the commands stand by neglected." Dr. H. More. (c) To maintain; to defend; to support; not to desert; as, to stand by one's principles or party. (d) To rest on for support; to be supported by. Whitgift. -- To stand corrected, to be set right, as after an error in a statement of fact. Wycherley. -- To stand fast, to be fixed; to be unshaken or immovable. -- To stand firmly on, to be satisfied or convinced of. "Though Page be a secure fool, and stands so firmly on his wife's frailty." Shak. -- To stand for. (a) To side with; to espouse the cause of; to support; to maintain, or to profess or attempt to maintain; to defend. "I stand wholly for you." Shak. (b) To be in the place of; to be the substitute or to represent; as, a cipher at the left hand of a figure stands for nothing. "I will not trouble myself, whether these names stand for the same thing, or really include one another." Locke. -- To stand in, to cost. "The same standeth them in much less cost." Robynson (More's Utopia). The Punic wars could not have stood the human race in less than three millions of the species. Burke. -- To stand in hand, to conduce to one's interest; to be serviceable or advantageous. -- To stand off. (a) To keep at a distance. (b) Not to comply. (c) To keep at a distance in friendship, social intercourse, or acquaintance. (d) To appear prominent; to have relief. "Picture is best when it standeth off, as if it were carved." Sir H. Wotton. -- To stand off and on (Naut.), to remain near a coast by sailing toward land and then from it. -- To stand on (Naut.), to continue on the same tack or course. -- To stand out. (a) To project; to be prominent. "Their eyes stand out with fatness." Psalm lxxiii. 7. (b) To persist in opposition or resistance; not to yield or comply; not to give way or recede. His spirit is come in, That so stood out against the holy church. Shak. -- To stand to. (a) To ply; to urge; to persevere in using. "Stand to your tackles, mates, and stretch your oars." Dryden. (b) To remain fixed in a purpose or opinion. "I will stand to it, that this is his sense." Bp. Stillingfleet. (c) To abide by; to adhere to; as to a contrast, assertion, promise, etc.; as, to stand to an award; to stand to one's word. (d) Not to yield; not to fly; to maintain, as one's ground. "Their lives and fortunes were put in safety, whether they stood to it or ran away." Bacon. (e) To be consistent with; to agree with; as, it stands to reason that he could not have done so. (f) To support; to uphold. "Stand to me in this cause." Shak. -- To stand together, to be consistent; to agree. -- To stand to sea (Naut.), to direct the course from land. -- To stand under, to undergo; to withstand. Shak. -- To stand up. (a) To rise from sitting; to be on the feet. (b) To arise in order to speak or act. "Against whom, when the accusers stood up, they brought none accusation of such things as I supposed." Acts xxv. 18. (c) To rise and stand on end, as the hair. (d) To put one's self in opposition; to contend. "Once we stood up about the corn." Shak. -- To stand up for, to defend; to justify; to support, or attempt to support; as, to stand up for the administration. -- To stand upon. (a) To concern; to interest. (b) To value; to esteem. "We highly esteem and stand much upon our birth." Ray. (c) To insist on; to attach much importance to; as, to stand upon security; to stand upon ceremony. (d) To attack; to assault. [A Hebraism] "So I stood upon him, and slew him." 2 Sam. i. 10. -- To stand with, to be consistent with. "It stands with reason that they should be rewarded liberally." Sir J. Davies. STAND Stand, v. t. 1. To endure; to sustain; to bear; as, I can not stand the cold or the heat. 2. To resist, without yielding or receding; to withstand. "Love stood the siege." Dryden. He stood the furious foe. Pope. 3. To abide by; to submit to; to suffer. Bid him disband his legions, . . . And stand the judgment of a Roman senate. Addison. 4. To set upright; to cause to stand; as, to stand a book on the shelf; to stand a man on his feet. 5. To be at the expense of; to pay for; as, to stand a treat. [Colloq.] Tackeray. To stand fire, to receive the fire of arms from an enemy without giving way. -- To stand one's ground, to keep the ground or station one has taken; to maintain one's position. "Pleasants and burghers, however brave, are unable to stand their ground against veteran soldiers." Macaulay. -- To stand trial, to sustain the trial or examination of a cause; not to give up without trial. STAND Stand, n. Etym: [As. stand. See Stand, v. i.] 1. The act of standing. I took my stand upon an eminence . . . to look into thier several ladings. Spectator. 2. A halt or stop for the purpose of defense, resistance, or opposition; as, to come to, or to make, a stand. Vice is at stand, and at the highest flow. Dryden. 3. A place or post where one stands; a place where one may stand while observing or waiting for something. I have found you out a stand most fit, Where you may have such vantage on the duke, He shall not pass you. Shak. 4. A station in a city or town where carriages or wagons stand for hire; as, a cab stand. Dickens. 5. A raised platform or station where a race or other outdoor spectacle may be viewed; as, the judge's or the grand stand at a race course. 6. A small table; also, something on or in which anything may be laid, hung, or placed upright; as, a hat stand; an umbrella stand; a music stand. 7. A place where a witness stands to testify in court. 8. The situation of a shop, store, hotel, etc.; as, a good, bad, or convenient stand for business. [U. S.] 9. Rank; post; station; standing. Father, since your fortune did attain So high a stand, I mean not to descend. Daniel. 10. A state of perplexity or embarrassment; as, to be at a stand what to do. L'Estrange. 11. A young tree, usually reserved when other trees are cut; also, a tree growing or standing upon its own root, in distinction from one produced from a scion set in a stock, either of the same or another kind of tree. 12. (Com.) Defn: A weight of from two hundred and fifty to three hundred pounds, -- used in weighing pitch. Microscope stand, the instrument, excepting the eyepiece, objective, and other removable optical parts. -- Stand of ammunition, the projectile, cartridge, and sabot connected together. -- Stand of arms. (Mil.) See under Arms. -- Stand of colors (Mil.), a single color, or flag. Wilhelm (Mil. Dict.) -- To be at a stand, to be stationary or motionless; to be at a standstill; hence, to be perplexed; to be embarrassed. -- To make a stand, to halt for the purpose of offering resistance to a pursuing enemy. Syn. -- Stop; halt; rest; interruption; obstruction; perplexity; difficulty; embarrassment; hesitation. STANDAGE Stand"age, n. (Mining) Defn: A reservior in which water accumulates at the bottom of a mine. STANDARD Stand"ard, n. Etym: [OF. estendart, F. étendard, probably fr. L. extendere to spread out, extend, but influenced by E. stand. See Extend.] 1. A flag; colors; a banner; especially, a national or other ensign. His armies, in the following day, On those fair plains their standards proud display. Fairfax. 2. That which is established by authority as a rule for the measure of quantity, extent, value, or quality; esp., the original specimen weight or measure sanctioned by government, as the standard pound, gallon, or yard. 3. That which is established as a rule or model by authority, custom, or general consent; criterion; test. The court, which used to be the standard of property and correctness of speech. Swift. A disposition to preserve, and an ability to improve, taken together, would be my standard of a statesman. Burke. 4. (Coinage) Defn: The proportion of weights of fine metal and alloy established by authority. By the present standard of the coinage, sixty-two shillings is coined out of one pound weight of silver. Arbuthnot. 5. (Hort.) Defn: A tree of natural size supported by its own stem, and not dwarfed by grafting on the stock of a smaller species nor trained upon a wall or trellis. In France part of their gardens is laid out for flowers, others for fruits; some standards, some against walls. Sir W. Temple. 6. (Bot.) Defn: The upper petal or banner of a papilionaceous corolla. 7. (Mech. & Carp.) Defn: An upright support, as one of the poles of a scaffold; any upright in framing. 8. (Shipbuilding) Defn: An inverted knee timber placed upon the deck instead of beneath it, with its vertical branch turned upward from that which lies horizontally. 9. The sheth of a plow. 10. A large drinking cup. Greene. Standard bearer, an officer of an army, company, or troop, who bears a standard; -- commonly called color sergeantor color bearer; hence, the leader of any organization; as, the standard bearer of a political party. STANDARD Stand"ard, a. 1. Being, affording, or according with, a standard for comparison and judgment; as, standard time; standard weights and measures; a standard authority as to nautical terms; standard gold or silver. 2. Hence: Having a recognized and permanent value; as, standard works in history; standard authors. 3. (Hort.) (a) Not supported by, or fastened to, a wall; as, standard fruit trees. (b) Not of the dwarf kind; as, a standard pear tree. Standard candle, Standard gauge. See under Candle, and Gauge. -- Standard solution. (Chem.) See Standardized solution, under Solution. STANDARD-BRED Stand"ard-bred`, a. Defn: Bred in conformity to a standard. Specif., applied to a registered trotting horse which comes up to the standard adopted by the National Association of Trotting-horse Breeders. [U. S.] STANDARDIZE Stand"ard*ize, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To reduce to a normal standard; to calculate or adjust the strength of, by means of, and for uses in, analysis. STANDARD-WING Stand"ard-wing`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A curious paradise bird (Semioptera Wallacii) which has two long special feathers standing erect on each wing. STAND-BY Stand"-by`, n. Defn: One who, or that which, stands by one in need; something upon which one relies for constant use or in an emergency. STANDEL Stand"el, n. Defn: A young tree, especially one reserved when others are cut. [Obs.] Fuller. STANDER Stand"er, n. 1. One who stands. 2. Same as Standel. [Obs.] Ascham. STANDERATH; STANDERAT Stän"de*rath`, or Stän"de*rat`, n. [G.] (Switzerland) Defn: See Legislature, above. STANDER-BY Stand"er-by`, n. Defn: One who stands near; one who is present; a bystander. STANDERGRASS Stand"er*grass`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Orchis mascula); -- called also standerwort, and long purple. See Long purple, under Long. STANDGALE Stand"gale`, n. Defn: See Stannel. [Prov. Eng.] STANDING Stand"ing, a. 1. Remaining erect; not cut down; as, standing corn. 2. Not flowing; stagnant; as, standing water. 3. Not transitory; not liable to fade or vanish; lasting; as, a standing color. 4. Established by law, custom, or the like; settled; continually existing; permanent; not temporary; as, a standing army; legislative bodies have standing rules of proceeding and standing committees. 5. Not movable; fixed; as, a standing bed (distinguished from a trundle-bed). Standing army. See Standing army, under Army. -- Standing bolt. See Stud bolt, under Stud, a stem. -- Standing committee, in legislative bodies, etc., a committee appointed for the consideration of all subjects of a particular class which shall arise during the session or a stated period. -- Standing cup, a tall goblet, with a foot and a cover. -- Standing finish (Arch.), that part of the interior fittings, esp. of a dwelling house, which is permanent and fixed in its place, as distinguished from doors, sashes, etc. -- Standing order (Eccl.), the denomination (Congregiational) established by law; -- a term formerly used in Connecticut. See also under Order. -- Standing part. (Naut.) (a) That part of a tackle which is made fast to a block, point, or other object. (b) That part of a rope around which turns are taken with the running part in making a knot of the like. -- Standing rigging (Naut.), the cordage or rope which sustain the masts and remain fixed in their position, as the shrouds and stays, - - distinguished from running rigging. STANDING Stand"ing, n. 1. The act of stopping, or coming to a stand; the state of being erect upon the feet; stand. 2. Maintenance of position; duration; duration or existence in the same place or condition; continuance; as, a custom of long standing; an officer of long standing. An ancient thing of long standing. Bunyan. 3. Place to stand in; station; stand. I will provide you a good standing to see his entry. Bacon. I think in deep mire, where there is no standing. Ps. lxix. 2. 4. Condition in society; relative position; reputation; rank; as, a man of good standing, or of high standing. Standing off (Naut.), sailing from the land. -- Standing on (Naut.), sailing toward land. STANDISH Stand"ish, n. Etym: [Stand + dish.] Defn: A stand, or case, for pen and ink. I bequeath to Dean Swift, Esq., my large silver standish. Swift. STANDPIPE Stand"pipe`, n. 1. (Engin.) Defn: A vertical pipe, open at the top, between a hydrant and a reservoir, to equalize the flow of water; also, a large vertical pipe, near a pumping engine, into which water is forced up, so as to give it sufficient head to rise to the required level at a distance. 2. (Steam Boiler) Defn: A supply pipe of sufficient elevation to enable the water to flow into the boiler, notwithstanding the pressure of the steam. Knight. STANDPOINT Stand"point`, n. Etym: [Cf. G. standpunkt.] Defn: A fixed point or station; a basis or fundamental principle; a position from which objects or principles are viewed, and according to which they are compared and judged. STANDSTILL Stand"still`, n. Defn: A standing without moving forward or backward; a stop; a state or rest. STANE Stane, n. Defn: A stone. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] STANG Stang, Defn: imp. of Sting. [Archaic] STANG Stang, n. Etym: [OE. stange, of Scand. or Dutch origin; cf. Icel. stöng, akin to Dan. stang, Sw. stång, D. stang, G. stange, OHG. stanga, AS. steng; from the root of E. sting.] 1. A long bar; a pole; a shaft; a stake. 2. In land measure, a pole, rod, or perch. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Swift. Stang ball, a projectile consisting of two half balls united by a bar; a bar shot. See Illust. of Bar shot, under Bar. -- To ride the stang, to be carried on a pole on men's shoulders. This method of punishing wife beaters, etc., was once in vogue in some parts of England. STANG Stang, v. i. Etym: [Akin to sting; cf. Icel. stanga to prick, to goad.] Defn: To shoot with pain. [Prov. Eng.] STANHOPE Stan"hope, n. Defn: A light two-wheeled, or sometimes four-wheeled, carriage, without a top; -- so called from Lord Stanhope, for whom it was contrived. STANIEL Stan"iel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Stannel. STANIELRY Stan"iel*ry, n. Defn: Hawking with staniels, -- a base kind of falconry. [Obs.] STANK Stank, a. Etym: [OF. estanc, or It. stanco. See Stanch, a.] Defn: Weak; worn out. [Obs.] Spenser. STANK Stank, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Sw. stånka to pant. *165.] Defn: To sigh. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] STANK Stank, imp. of Stink. Defn: Stunk. STANK Stank, n. Etym: [OF. estang, F. étang, from L. stagnum a pool. Cf. Stagnate, Tank a cistern.] 1. Water retained by an embankment; a pool water. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Robert of Brunne. 2. A dam or mound to stop water. [Prov. Eng.] Stank hen (Zoöl.), the moor hen; -- called also stankie. [Prov. Eng.] STANNARY Stan"na*ry, a. Etym: [L. stannum tin, an alloy of silver and lead.] Defn: Of or pertaining to tin mines, or tin works. The stannary courts of Devonshire and Cornwall, for the administration of justice among the tinners therein, are also courts of record. Blackstone. STANNARY Stan"na*ry, n.; pl. Stannaries. Etym: [LL. stannaria.] Defn: A tin mine; tin works. Bp. Hall. STANNATE Stan"nate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. stannate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of stannic acid. STANNEL Stan"nel, n. Etym: [AS. stangella, stangilla; properly, stone yeller, i.e., a bird that yells from the rocks. See Stone, and Yell, and cf. Stonegall.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The kestrel; -- called also standgale, standgall, stanchel, stand hawk, stannel hawk, steingale, stonegall. [Written also staniel, stannyel, and stanyel.] With what wing the staniel checks at it. Shak. STANNIC Stan"nic, a. Etym: [L. stannum tin: cf. F. stannique.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to tin; derived from or containing tin; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with stannous compounds. Stannic acid. (a) A hypothetical substance, Sn(OH)4, analogous to silic acid, and called also normal stannic acid. (b) Metastannic acid. -- Stannic chloride, a thin, colorless, fuming liquid, SnCl4, used as a mordant in calico printing and dyeing; -- formerly called spirit of tin, or fuming liquor of Libavius. -- Stannic oxide, tin oxide, SnO2, produced artificially as a white amorphous powder, and occurring naturally in the mineral cassiterite. It is used in the manufacture of white enamels, and, under the name of putty powder, for polishing glass, etc. STANNIFEROUS Stan*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. stannum tin + -ferous.] Defn: Containing or affording tin. STANNINE; STANNITE Stan"nine, Stan"nite, n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a steel STANNO- Stan"no-. Etym: [L. stannum tin.] (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting relation to, or connection with, tin, or including tin as an ingredient. STANNOFLUORIDE Stan`no*flu"or*ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of double fluorides of tin (stannum) and some other element. STANNOSO- Stan*no"so-, a. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting relation to, or connection with, certain stannnous compounds. STANNOTYPE Stan"no*type, n. Etym: [Stanno- + -type.] (Photog.) Defn: A photograph taken upon a tin plate; a tintype. STANNOUS Stan"nous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, tin; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with stannic compounds. Stannous chloride (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, SnCl2.(H2O)2, obtained by dissolving tin in hydrochloric acid. It is used as a mordant in dyeing. STANNUM Stan"num, n. Etym: [L., alloy of silver and lead; later, tin.] (Chem.) Defn: The technical name of tin. See Tin. STANNYEL; STANYEL Stann"yel, Stan"yel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Stannel. STANT; STONT Stant, Stont, obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Stand, for standeth. Defn: Stands. Chaucer. STANZA Stan"za, n.; pl. Stanzas. Etym: [It. stanza a room, habitation, a stanza, i. e., a stop, fr. L. stans, p.pr. of stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Estancia, Stance, Stanchion.] 1. A number of lines or verses forming a division of a song or poem, and agreeing in meter, rhyme, number of lines, etc., with other divisions; a part of a poem, ordinarily containing every variation of measure in that poem; a combination or arrangement of lines usually recurring; whether like or unlike, in measure. Horace confines himself strictly to one sort of verse, or stanza, in every ode. Dryden. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An apartment or division in a building; a room or chamber. STANZAIC Stan*za"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, stanzas; as, a couplet in stanzaic form. STAPEDIAL Sta*pe"di*al, a. Etym: [LL. stapes stirrup.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to stapes. STAPELIA Sta*pe"li*a, n. Etym: [NL. So named after John Bodæus a Stapel, a physician of Amsterdam.] (Bot.) Defn: An extensive and curious genus of African plants of the natural order Asclepiadaceæ (Milkweed family). They are succulent plants without leaves, frequently covered with dark tubercles giving them a very grotesque appearance. The odor of the blossoms is like that of carrion. STAPES Sta"pes, n. Etym: [LL., a stirrup.] (Anat.) Defn: The innermost of the ossicles of the ear; the stirrup, or stirrup bone; -- so called from its form. See Illust. of Ear. STAPHYLINE Staph"y*line, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the uvula or the palate. STAPHYLINID Staph`y*li"nid, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any rove beetle. STAPHYLOMA Staph`y*lo"ma, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A protrusion of any part of the globe of the eye; as, a staphyloma of the cornea. STAPHYLOMATOUS Staph`y*lo"ma*tous, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to staphyloma; affected with staphyloma. STAPHYLOPLASTY Staph"y*lo*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Gr. -plasty.] (Surg.) Defn: The operation for restoring or replacing the soft palate when it has been lost. Dunglison. -- Staph`y*lo*plas"tic, a. STAPHYLORAPHY; STAPHYLORRHAPHY Staph`y*lor"a*phy, Staph`y*lor"rha*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. staphylorraphie.] Defn: The operation of uniting a cleft palate, consisting in paring and bringing together the edges of the cleft. -- Staph`y*lo*raph"ic, Staph`y*lor*rhaph"ic, a. STAPHYLOTOMY Staph`y*lot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of removing a staphyloma by cutting. STAPLE Sta"ple, n. Etym: [AS. stapul, stapol, stapel, a step, a prop, post, table, fr. stapan to step, go, raise; akin to D. stapel a pile, stocks, emporium, G. stapela heap, mart, stake, staffel step of a ladder, Sw. stapel, Dan. stabel, and E. step cf. OF. estaple a mart, F. étape. See Step.] 1. A settled mart; an emporium; a city or town to which merchants brought commodities for sale or exportation in bulk; a place for wholesale traffic. The customs of Alexandria were very great, it having been the staple of the Indian trade. Arbuthnot. For the increase of trade and the encouragement of the worthy burgesses of Woodstock, her majesty was minded to erect the town into a staple for wool. Sir W. Scott. Note: In England, formerly, the king's staple was established in certain ports or towns, and certain goods could not be exported without being first brought to these places to be rated and charged with the duty payable of the king or the public. The principal commodities on which customs were lived were wool, skins, and leather; and these were originally the staple commodities. 2. Hence: Place of supply; source; fountain head. Whitehall naturally became the chief staple of news. Whenever there was a rumor that any thing important had happened or was about to happen, people hastened thither to obtain intelligence from the fountain head. Macaulay. 3. The principal commodity of traffic in a market; a principal commodity or production of a country or district; as, wheat, maize, and cotton are great staples of the United States. We should now say, Cotton is the great staple, that is, the established merchandize, of Manchester. Trench. 4. The principal constituent in anything; chief item. 5. Unmanufactured material; raw material. 6. The fiber of wool, cotton, flax, or the like; as, a coarse staple; a fine staple; a long or short staple. 7. A loop of iron, or a bar or wire, bent and formed with two points to be driven into wood, to hold a hook, pin, or the like. 8. (Mining) (a) A shaft, smaller and shorter than the principal one, joining different levels. (b) A small pit. 9. A district granted to an abbey. [Obs.] Camden. STAPLE Sta"ple, a. 1. Pertaining to, or being market of staple for, commodities; as, a staple town. [R.] 2. Established in commerce; occupying the markets; settled; as, a staple trade. Dryden. 3. Fit to be sold; marketable. [R.] Swift. 4. Regularly produced or manufactured in large quantities; belonging to wholesale traffic; principal; chief. Wool, the great staple commodity of England. H STAPLE Sta"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. stapled; p. pr. & vb. n. stapling.] Defn: To sort according to its staple; as, to staple cotton. STAPLER Sta"pler, n. 1. A dealer in staple goods. 2. One employed to assort wool according to its staple. STAR Star, n. Etym: [OE. sterre, AS. steorra; akin to OFries. stera, OS. sterro, D. ster, OHG. sterno, sterro, G. stern, Icel. stjarna, Sw. stjerna, Dan. stierne, Goth. staírno, Armor. & Corn. stern, L. stella, Gr. star; perhaps from a root meaning, to seater, Skr. st, L. sternere (cf. Stratum), and originally applied to the stars as beingstrewn over the sky, or as beingscatterers or spreaders of light. *296. Cf. Aster, Asteroid, Constellation, Disaster, Stellar.] 1. One of the innumerable luminous bodies seen in the heavens; any heavenly body other than the sun, moon, comets, and nebulæ. His eyen twinkled in his head aright, As do the stars in the frosty night. Chaucer. Note: The stars are distinguished as planets, and fixed stars. See Planet, Fixed stars under Fixed, and Magnitude of a star under Magnitude. 2. The polestar; the north star. Shak. 3. (Astrol.) Defn: A planet supposed to influence one's destiny; (usually pl.) a configuration of the planets, supposed to influence fortune. O malignant and ill-brooding stars. Shak. Blesses his stars, and thinks it luxury. Addison. 4. That which resembles the figure of a star, as an ornament worn on the breast to indicate rank or honor. On whom . . . Lavish Honor showered all her stars. Tennyson. 5. Specifically, a radiated mark in writing or printing; an asterisk [thus, *]; -- used as a reference to a note, or to fill a blank where something is omitted, etc. 6. (Pyrotechny) Defn: A composition of combustible matter used in the heading of rockets, in mines, etc., which, exploding of a air, presents a starlike appearance. 7. A person of brilliant and attractive qualities, especially on public occasions, as a distinguished orator, a leading theatrical performer, etc. Note: Star is used in the formation of compound words generally or obvious signification: as, star-aspiring, star-bespangled, star- bestudded, star-blasting, star-bright, star-crowned, star-directed, star-eyed, star-headed, star-paved, star-roofed; star-sprinkled, star-wreathed. Blazing star, Double star, Multiple star, Shooting star, etc. See under Blazing, Double, etc. -- Nebulous star (Astron.), a small well-defined circular nebula, having a bright nucleus at its center like a star. -- Star anise (Bot.), any plant of the genus Illicium; -- so called from its star-shaped capsules. -- Star apple (Bot.), a tropical American tree (Chrysophyllum Cainito), having a milky juice and oblong leaves with a silky-golden pubescence beneath. It bears an applelike fruit, the carpels of which present a starlike figure when cut across. The name is extended to the whole genus of about sixty species, and the natural order (Sapotaceæ) to which it belongs is called the Star-apple family. -- Star conner, one who cons, or studies, the stars; an astronomer or an astrologer. Gascoigne. -- Star coral (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of stony corals belonging to Astræa, Orbicella, and allied genera, in which the calicles are round or polygonal and contain conspicuous radiating septa. -- Star cucumber. (Bot.) See under Cucumber. -- Star flower. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Ornithogalum; star- of-Bethlehem. (b) See Starwort (b). (c) An American plant of the genus Trientalis (Trientalis Americana). Gray. -- Star fort (Fort.), a fort surrounded on the exterior with projecting angles; -- whence the name. -- Star gauge (Ordnance), a long rod, with adjustable points projecting radially at its end, for measuring the size of different parts of the bore of a gun. -- Star grass. (Bot.) (a) A small grasslike plant (Hypoxis erecta) having star-shaped yellow flowers. (b) The colicroot. See Colicroot. -- Star hyacinth (Bot.), a bulbous plant of the genus Scilla (S. autumnalis); -- called also star-headed hyacinth. -- Star jelly (Bot.), any one of several gelatinous plants (Nostoc commune, N. edule, etc.). See Nostoc. -- Star lizard. (Zoöl.) Same as Stellion. -- Star-of-Bethlehem (Bot.), a bulbous liliaceous plant (Ornithogalum umbellatum) having a small white starlike flower. -- Star-of-the-earth (Bot.), a plant of the genus Plantago (P. coronopus), growing upon the seashore. -- Star polygon (Geom.), a polygon whose sides cut each other so as to form a star-shaped figure. -- Stars and Stripes, a popular name for the flag of the United States, which consists of thirteen horizontal stripes, alternately red and white, and a union having, in a blue field, white stars to represent the several States, one for each. With the old flag, the true American flag, the Eagle, and the Stars and Stripes, waving over the chamber in which we sit. D. Webster. -- Star showers. See Shooting star, under Shooting. -- Star thistle (Bot.), an annual composite plant (Centaurea solstitialis) having the involucre armed with radiating spines. -- Star wheel (Mach.), a star-shaped disk, used as a kind of ratchet wheel, in repeating watches and the feed motions of some machines. -- Star worm (Zoöl.), a gephyrean. -- Temporary star (Astron.), a star which appears suddenly, shines for a period, and then nearly or quite disappears. These stars are supposed by some astronometers to be variable stars of long and undetermined periods. -- Variable star (Astron.), a star whose brilliancy varies periodically, generally with regularity, but sometimes irregularly; - - called periodical star when its changes occur at fixed periods. -- Water star grass (Bot.), an aquatic plant (Schollera graminea) with small yellow starlike blossoms. STAR Star, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Starred; p. pr. & vb. n. Starring.] Defn: To set or adorn with stars, or bright, radiating bodies; to bespangle; as, a robe starred with gems. "A sable curtain starred with gold." Young. STAR Star, v. i. Defn: To be bright, or attract attention, as a star; to shine like a star; to be brilliant or prominent; to play a part as a theatrical star. W. Irving. STAR-BLIND Star"-blind`, a. Defn: Half blind. STARBOARD Star"board`, n. Etym: [OE. sterbord, AS. steórbord, i.e., steer board. See Steer, v. t., Board of a vessel, and cf. Larboard.] (Naut.) Defn: That side of a vessel which is one of the right hand of a person who stands on board facing the bow; -- opposed to Ant: larboard, or Ant: port. STARBOARD Star"board`, a. (Naut.) Defn: Pertaining to the right-hand side of a ship; being or lying on the right side; as, the starboard quarter; starboard tack. STARBOARD Star"board`, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To put to the right, or starboard, side of a vessel; as, to starboard the helm. STAR-BOWLINES Star-"bow`lines, n. pl. (Naut.) Defn: The men in the starboard watch. [Obs.] R. H. Dana, Jr. STARCH Starch, a. Etym: [AS. stearc stark, strong, rough. See Stark.] Defn: Stiff; precise; rigid. [R.] Killingbeck. STARCH Starch, n. Etym: [From starch stiff, cf. G. stärke, fr. stark strong.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A widely diffused vegetable substance found especially in seeds, bulbs, and tubers, and extracted (as from potatoes, corn, rice, etc.) as a white, glistening, granular or powdery substance, without taste or smell, and giving a very peculiar creaking sound when rubbed between the fingers. It is used as a food, in the production of commercial grape sugar, for stiffening linen in laundries, in making paste, etc. Note: Starch is a carbohydrate, being the typical amylose, C6H10O5, and is detected by the fine blue color given to it by free iodine. It is not fermentable as such, but is changed by diastase into dextrin and maltose, and by heating with dilute acids into dextrose. Cf. Sugar, Inulin, and Lichenin. 2. Fig.: A stiff, formal manner; formality. Addison. Starch hyacinth (Bot.), the grape hyacinth; -- so called because the flowers have the smell of boiled starch. See under Grape. STARCH Starch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Starched; p. pr. & vb. n. Starching.] Defn: To stiffen with starch. STAR-CHAMBER Star"-cham`ber, n. Etym: [So called (as conjectured by Blackstone) from being held in a room at the Exchequer where the chests containing certain Jewish comtracts and obligations called starrs (from the Heb. shetar, pron. shtar) were kept; or from the stars with which the ceiling is supposed to have been decorated.] (Eng. Hist.) Defn: An ancient high court exercising jurisdiction in certain cases, mainly criminal, which sat without the intervention of a jury. It consisted of the king's council, or of the privy council only with the addition of certain judges. It could proceed on mere rumor or examine witnesses; it could apply torture. It was abolished by the Long Parliament in 1641. Encyc. Brit. STARCHED Starched, a. 1. Stiffened with starch. 2. Stiff; precise; formal. Swift. STARCHEDNESS Starch"ed*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being starched; stiffness in manners; formality. STARCHER Starch"er, n. Defn: One who starches. STARCHLY Starch"ly, adv. Defn: In a starched or starch manner. STARCHNESS Starch"ness, n. Defn: Of or pertaining to starched or starch; stiffness of manner; preciseness. STARCHWORT Starch"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The cuckoopint, the tubers of which yield a fine quality of starch. STARCHY Starch"y, a. Defn: Consisting of starch; resembling starch; stiff; precise. STARCRAFT Star"craft, n. Defn: Astrology. [R.] Tennyson. STAR-CROSSED Star"-crossed`, a. Defn: Not favored by the stars; ill-fated. [Poetic] Shak. Such in my star-crossed destiny. Massinger. STAR DRIFT Star drift. (Astron.) Defn: Similar and probably related motion of the stars of an asterism, as distinguished from apparent change of place due to solar motion.-- ## = star streaming -- STARE Stare, n. Etym: [AS. stær. See Starling.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The starling. [Obs.] STARE Stare, v. i. [imp. & p. p. stared; p. pr. & vb. n. staring.] Etym: [AS. starian; akin to LG. & D. staren, OHG. staren, G. starren, Icel. stara; cf. Icel. stira, Dan. stirre, Sw. stirra, and G. starr stiff, rigid, fixed, Gr. stereo-), Skr. sthira firm, strong. *166. Cf. Sterile.] 1. To look with fixed eyes wide open, as through fear, wonder, surprise, impudence, etc.; to fasten an earnest and prolonged gaze on some object. For ever upon the ground I see thee stare. Chaucer. Look not big, nor stamp, nor stare, nor fret. Shak. 2. To be very conspicuous on account of size, prominence, color, or brilliancy; as, staring windows or colors. 3. To stand out; to project; to bristle. [Obs.] Makest my blood cold, and my hair to stare. Shak. Take off all the staring straws and jags in the hive. Mortimer. Syn. -- To gaze; to look earnestly. See Gaze. STARE Stare, v. t. Defn: To look earnestly at; to gaze at. I will stare him out of his wits. Shak. To stare in the face, to be before the eyes, or to be undeniably evident. "The law . . . stares them in the face whilst they are breaking it." Locke. STARE Stare, n. Defn: The act of staring; a fixed look with eyes wide open. "A dull and stupid stare." Churchill. STARER Star"er, n. Defn: One who stares, or gazes. STARF Starf, obs. imp. of Starve. Defn: Starved. Chaucer. STARFINCH Star"finch`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European redstart. STARFISH Star"fish, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of echinoderms belonging to the class Asterioidea, in which the body is star-shaped and usually has five rays, though the number of rays varies from five to forty or more. The rays are often long, but are sometimes so short as to appear only as angles to the disklike body. Called also sea star, five-finger, and stellerid. Note: The ophiuroids are also sometimes called starfishes. See Brittle star, and Ophiuroidea. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dollar fish, or butterfish. STARGASER Star"gas`er, n. 1. One who gazes at the stars; an astrologer; sometimes, in derision or contempt, an astronomer. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of spiny-rayed marine fishes belonging to Uranoscopus, Astroscopus, and allied genera, of the family Uranoscopidæ. The common species of the Eastern United States are Astroscopus anoplus, and A. guttatus. So called from the position of the eyes, which look directly upward. STARGASING Star"gas`ing, n. 1. The act or practice of observing the stars with attention; contemplation of the stars as connected with astrology or astronomy. Swift. 2. Hence, absent-mindedness; abstraction. STARINGLY Star"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With a staring look. STARK Stark, a. [Compar. Starker; superl. Starkest.] Etym: [OE. stark stiff, strong, AS. stearc; akin to OS. starc strong, D. sterk, OHG. starc, starah, G. & Sw. stark, Dan. stærk, Icel. sterkr, Goth. gastaúrknan to become dried up, Lith. strëgti to stiffen, to freeze. Cf. Starch, a. & n.] 1. Stiff; rigid. Chaucer. Whose senses all were straight benumbed and stark. Spenser. His heart gan wax as stark as marble stone. Spenser. Many a nobleman lies stark and stiff Under the hoofs of vaunting enemies. Shak. The north is not so stark and cold. B. Jonson. 2. Complete; absolute; full; perfect; entire. [Obs.] Consider the stark security The common wealth is in now. B. Jonson. 3. Strong; vigorous; powerful. A stark, moss-trooping Scot. Sir W. Scott. Stark beer, boy, stout and strong beer. Beau. & Fl. 4. Severe; violent; fierce. [Obs.] "In starke stours." [i. e., in fierce combats]. Chaucer. 5. Mere; sheer; gross; entire; downright. He pronounces the citation stark nonsense. Collier. Rhetoric is very good or stark naught; there's no medium in rhetoric. Selden. STARK Stark, adv. Defn: Wholly; entirely; absolutely; quite; as, stark mind. Shak. Held him strangled in his arms till he was stark dead. Fuller. Stark naked, wholly naked; quite bare. Strip your sword stark naked. Shak. Note: According to Professor Skeat, "stark-naked" is derived from steort-naked, or start-naked, literally tail-naked, and hence wholly naked. If this etymology be true the preferable form is stark-naked. STARK Stark, v. t. Defn: To stiffen. [R.] If horror have not starked your limbs. H. Taylor. STARKLY Stark"ly, adv. Defn: In a stark manner; stiffly; strongly. Its onward force too starky pent In figure, bone, and lineament. Emerson. STARKNESS Stark"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being stark. STARLESS Star"less, a. Defn: Being without stars; having no stars visible; as, a starless night. Milton. STARLIGHT Star"light`, n. Defn: The light given by the stars. Nor walk by moon, Or glittering starlight, without thee is sweet. Milton. STARLIGHT Star"light`, a. Defn: Lighted by the stars, or by the stars only; as, a starlight night. A starlight evening and a morning fair. Dryden. STARLIKE Star"like`, a. 1. Resembling a star; stellated; radiated like a star; as, starlike flowers. 2. Shining; bright; illustrious. Dryden. The having turned many to righteousness shall confer a starlike and immortal brightness. Boyle. STARLING Star"ling, n. Etym: [OE. sterlyng, a dim. of OE. stare, AS. stær; akin to AS. stearn, G. star, staar, OHG. stara, Icel. starri, stari, Sw. stare, Dan. stær, L. sturnus. Cf. Stare a starling.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any passerine bird belonging to Sturnus and allied genera. The European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) is dark brown or greenish black, with a metallic gloss, and spotted with yellowish white. It is a sociable bird, and builds about houses, old towers, etc. Called also stare, and starred. The pied starling of India is Sternopastor contra. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A California fish; the rock trout. 3. A structure of piles driven round the piers of a bridge for protection and support; -- called also sterling. Rose-colored starling. (Zoöl.) See Pastor. STARLIT Star"lit`, a. Defn: Lighted by the stars; starlight. STARMONGER Star"mon`ger, n. Defn: A fortune teller; an astrologer; -- used in contempt. B. Jonson. STARN Starn, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European starling. [Prov. Eng.] STARNOSE Star"nose`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A curious American mole (Condylura cristata) having the nose expanded at the end into a stellate disk; -- called also star-nosed mole. STAROST Star"ost, n. Etym: [Pol. starosta, from stary old.] Defn: A nobleman who possessed a starosty. [Poland] STAROSTY Star"os*ty, n. Defn: A castle and domain conferred on a nobleman for life. [Poland] Brande & C. STARPROOF Star"proof`, a. Defn: Impervious to the light of the stars; as, a starproof elm. [Poetic] Milton. STAR-READ Star"-read`, n. Defn: Doctrine or knowledge of the stars; star lore; astrology; astronomy. [Obs.] Which in star-read were wont have best insight. Spenser. STARRED Starred, a. Etym: [From Star.] 1. Adorned or studded with stars; bespangled. 2. Influenced in fortune by the stars. [Obs.] My third comfort, Starred most unluckily. Shak. STARRINESS Star"ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being starry; as, the starriness of the heavens. STARRY Star"ry, a. 1. Abounding with stars; adorned with stars. "Above the starry sky." Pope. 2. Consisting of, or proceeding from, the stars; stellar; stellary; as, starry light; starry flame. Do not Christians and Heathens, Jews and Gentiles, poets and philosophers, unite in allowing the starry influence Sir W. Scott. 3. Shining like stars; sparkling; as, starry eyes. 4. Arranged in rays like those of a star; stellate. Starry ray (Zoöl.), a European skate (Raita radiata); -- so called from the stellate bases of the dorsal spines. STARSHINE Star"shine`, n. Defn: The light of the stars. [R.] The starshine lights upon our heads. R. L. Stevenson. STARSHOOT Star"shoot`, n. Defn: See Nostoc. STAR-SPANGLED Star"-span`gled, a. Defn: Spangled or studded with stars. Star-spangled banner, the popular name for the national ensign of the United States. F. S. Key. STAR STEREOGRAM Star stereogram. Defn: A view of the universe of brighter stars as it would appear to an observer transported into space outside or beyond our universe of stars. STARSTONE Star"stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: Asteriated sapphire. START Start, v. i. [imp. & p. p. started; p. pr. & vb. n. starting.] Etym: [OE. sterten; akin to D. storten 8hurl, rush, fall, G. stürzen, OHG. sturzen to turn over, to fall, Sw. störa to cast down, to fall, Dan. styrte, and probably also to E. start a tail; the original sense being, perhaps, to show the tail, to tumble over suddenly. *166. Cf. Start a tail.] 1. To leap; to jump. [Obs.] 2. To move suddenly, as with a spring or leap, from surprise, pain, or other sudden feeling or emotion, or by a voluntary act. And maketh him out of his sleep to start. Chaucer. I start as from some dreadful dream. Dryden. Keep your soul to the work when ready to start aside. I. Watts. But if he start, It is the flesh of a corrupted heart. Shak. 3. To set out; to commence a course, as a race or journey; to begin; as, to start business. At once they start, advancing in a line. Dryden. At intervals some bird from out the brakes Starts into voice a moment, then is still. Byron. 4. To become somewhat displaced or loosened; as, a rivet or a seam may start under strain or pressure. To start after, to set out after; to follow; to pursue. -- To start against, to act as a rival candidate against. -- To start for, to be a candidate for, as an office. -- To start up, to rise suddenly, as from a seat or couch; to come suddenly into notice or importance. START Start, v. t. 1. To cause to move suddenly; to disturb suddenly; to startle; to alarm; to rouse; to cause to flee or fly; as, the hounds started a fox. Upon malicious bravery dost thou come To start my quiet Shak. Brutus will start a spirit as soon as Cæsar. Shak. 2. To bring onto being or into view; to originate; to invent. Sensual men agree in the pursuit of every pleasure they can start. Sir W. Temple. 3. To cause to move or act; to set going, running, or flowing; as, to start a railway train; to start a mill; to start a stream of water; to start a rumor; to start a business. I was engaged in conversation upon a subject which the people love to start in discourse. Addison. 4. To move suddenly from its place or position; to displace or loosen; to dislocate; as, to start a bone; the storm started the bolts in the vessel. One, by a fall in wrestling, started the end of the clavicle from the sternum. Wiseman. 5. Etym: [Perh. from D. storten, which has this meaning also.] (Naut.) Defn: To pour out; to empty; to tap and begin drawing from; as, to start a water cask. START Start, n. 1. The act of starting; a sudden spring, leap, or motion, caused by surprise, fear, pain, or the like; any sudden motion, or beginning of motion. The fright awakened Arcite with a start. Dryden. 2. A convulsive motion, twitch, or spasm; a spasmodic effort. For she did speak in starts distractedly. Shak. Nature does nothing by starts and leaps, or in a hurry. L'Estrange. 3. A sudden, unexpected movement; a sudden and capricious impulse; a sally; as, starts of fancy. To check the starts and sallies of the soul. Addison. 4. The beginning, as of a journey or a course of action; first motion from a place; act of setting out; the outset; -- opposed to finish. The start of first performance is all. Bacon. I see you stand like greyhounds in the slips, Straining upon the start. Shak. At a start, at once; in an instant. [Obs.] At a start he was betwixt them two. Chaucer. To get, or have, the start, to before another; to gain or have the advantage in a similar undertaking; -- usually with of. "Get the start of the majestic world." Shak. "She might have forsaken him if he had not got the start of her." Dryden. START Start, n. Etym: [OE. stert a tail, AS. steort; akin to LG. stert, steert, D. staart, G. sterz, Icel. stertr, Dan. stiert, Sw. stjert. *166. Cf. Stark naked, under Stark, Start, v. i.] 1. A tail, or anything projecting like a tail. 2. The handle, or tail, of a plow; also, any long handle. [Prov. Eng.] 3. The curved or inclined front and bottom of a water-wheel bucket. 4. (Mining) Defn: The arm, or level, of a gin, drawn around by a horse. STARTER Start"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, starts; as, a starter on a journey; the starter of a race. 2. A dog that rouses game. STARTFUL Start"ful, a. Defn: Apt to start; skittish. [R.] STARTFULNESS Start"ful*ness, n. Defn: Aptness to start. [R.] STARTHROAT Star"throat`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any humming bird of the genus Heliomaster. The feathers of the throat have a brilliant metallic luster. STARTING Start"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Start, v. Starting bar (Steam Eng.), a hand lever for working the values in starting an engine. -- Starting hole, a loophole; evasion. [Obs.] -- Starting point, the point from which motion begins, or from which anything starts. -- Starting post, a post, stake, barrier, or place from which competitors in a race start, or begin the race. STARTINGLY Start"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By sudden fits or starts; spasmodically. Shak. STARTISH Start"ish, a. Defn: Apt to start; skittish; shy; -- said especially of a horse. [Colloq.] STARTLE Star"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Startled; p. pr. & vb. n. Startling.] Etym: [Freq. of start.] Defn: To move suddenly, or be excited, on feeling alarm; to start. Why shrinks the soul Back on herself, and startles at destruction Addison. STARTLE Star"tle, v. t. 1. To excite by sudden alarm, surprise, or apprehension; to frighten suddenly and not seriously; to alarm; to surprise. The supposition, at least, that angels do sometimes assume bodies need not startle us. Locke. 2. To deter; to cause to deviate. [R.] Clarendon. Syn. -- To start; shock; fright; frighten; alarm. STARTLE Star"tle, n. Defn: A sudden motion or shock caused by an unexpected alarm, surprise, or apprehension of danger. After having recovered from my first startle, I was very well pleased with the accident. Spectator. STARTLINGLY Star"tling*ly, adv. Defn: In a startling manner. STARTLISH Star"tlish, a. Defn: Easily startled; apt to start; startish; skittish; -- said especially of a hourse. [Colloq.] START-UP Start"-up`, n. 1. One who comes suddenly into notice; an upstart. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A kind of high rustic shoe. [Obs.] Drayton. A startuppe, or clownish shoe. Spenser. START-UP Start"-up`, a. Defn: Upstart. [R.] Walpole. STARVATION Star*va"tion, n. Defn: The act of starving, or the state of being starved. Note: This word was first used, according to Horace Walpole, by Henry Dundas, the first Lord Melville, in a speech on American affairs in 1775, which obtained for him the nickname of Starvation Dundas. "Starvation, we are also told, belongs to the class of 'vile compounds' from being a mongrel; as if English were not full of mongrels, and if it would not be in distressing straits without them." Fitzed. Hall. STARVE Starve, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Starved; p. pr. & vb. n. Starving.] Etym: [OE. sterven to die, AS. steorfan; akin to D. sterven, G. sterben, OHG. sterban, Icel. starf labor, toil.] 1. To die; to perish. [Obs., except in the sense of perishing with cold or hunger.] Lydgate. In hot coals he hath himself raked . . . Thus starved this worthy mighty Hercules. Chaucer. 2. To perish with hunger; to suffer extreme hunger or want; to be very indigent. Sometimes virtue starves, while vice is fed. Pope. 3. To perish or die with cold. Spenser. Have I seen the naked starve for cold Sandys. Starving with cold as well as hunger. W. Irving. Note: In this sense, still common in England, but rarely used of the United States. STARVE Starve, v. t. 1. To destroy with cold. [Eng.] From beds of raging fire, to starve in ice Their soft ethereal warmth. Milton. 2. To kill with hunger; as, maliciously to starve a man is, in law, murder. 3. To distress or subdue by famine; as, to starvea garrison into a surrender. Attalus endeavored to starve Italy by stopping their convoy of provisions from Africa. Arbuthnot. 4. To destroy by want of any kind; as, to starve plans by depriving them of proper light and air. 5. To deprive of force or vigor; to disable. The pens of historians, writing thereof, seemed starved for matter in an age so fruitful of memorable actions. Fuller. The powers of their minds are starved by disuse. Locke. STARVEDLY Starv"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In the condition of one starved or starving; parsimoniously. Some boasting housekeeper which keepth open doors for one day, . . . and lives starvedly all the year after. Bp. Hall. STARVELING Starve"ling, n. Etym: [Starve + -ling.] Defn: One who, or that which, pines from lack or food, or nutriment. Old Sir John hangs with me, and thou knowest he is no starveling. Shak. STARVELING Starve"ling, a. Defn: Hungry; lean; pining with want. STARWORT Star"wort`, n. (Bot.) (a) Any plant of the genus Aster. See Aster. (b) A small plant of the genus Stellaria, having star-shaped flowers; star flower; chickweed. Gray. Water starwort, an aquatic plant (Callitriche verna) having some resemblance to chickweed. -- Yellow starwort, a plant of the genus Inula; elecampane. STASIMON Stas"i*mon, n.; pl. Stasmia. Etym: [NL., from Gr. sta`simon, neut. of sta`simos stationary, steadfast.] Defn: In the Greek tragedy, a song of the chorus, continued without the interruption of dialogue or anapæstics. Liddell & Scott. STASIS Sta"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: A slackening or arrest of the blood current in the vessels, due not to a lessening of the heart's beat, but presumably to some abnormal resistance of the capillary walls. It is one of the phenomena observed in the capillaries in inflammation. STATABLE Stat"a*ble, a. Defn: That can be stated; as, a statablegrievance; the question at issue is statable. STATAL Sta"tal, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or existing with reference to, a State of the American Union, as distinguished from the general government. [R.] I have no knowledge of any other kind of political citizenship, higher or lower, statal or national. Edward Bates. STATANT Sta"tant, a. Etym: [L. stare to stand.] (Her.) Defn: In a standing position; as, a lion statant. STATARIAN Sta*ta"ri*an, a. Defn: Fixed; settled; steady; statary. [Obs.] STATARIANLY Sta*ta"ri*an*ly, adv. Defn: Fixedly; steadly. [Obs.] STATARY Sta"ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. statarius standing fast, fr. stare to stand.] Defn: Fixed; settled. [Obs.] "The set and statary times of paring of nails and cutting hair." Sir T. Browne. STATE State, n. Etym: [OE. stat, OF. estat, F. état, fr. L. status a standing, position, fr. stare, statum, to stand. See Stand, and cf. Estate, Status.] 1. The circumstances or condition of a being or thing at any given time. State is a term nearly synonymous with "mode," but of a meaning more extensive, and is not exclusively limited to the mutable and contingent. Sir W. Hamilton. Declare the past and present state of things. Dryden. Keep the state of the question in your eye. Boyle. 2. Rank; condition; quality; as, the state of honor. Thy honor, state, and seat is due to me. Shak. 3. Condition of prosperity or grandeur; wealthy or prosperous circumstances; social importance. She instructed him how he should keep state, and yet with a modest sense of his misfortunes. Bacon. Can this imperious lord forget to reign, Quit all his state, descend, and serve again Pope. 4. Appearance of grandeur or dignity; pomp. Where least og state there most of love is shown. Dryden. 5. A chair with a canopy above it, often standing on a dais; a seat of dignity; also, the canopy itself. [Obs.] His high throne, . . . under state Of richest texture spread. Milton. When he went to court, he used to kick away the state, and sit down by his prince cheek by jowl. Swift. 6. Estate, possession. [Obs.] Daniel. Your state, my lord, again in yours. Massinger. 7. A person of high rank. [Obs.] Latimer. 8. Any body of men united by profession, or constituting a community of a particular character; as, the civil and ecclesiastical states, or the lords spiritual and temporal and the commons, in Great Britain. Cf. Estate, n., 6. 9. The principal persons in a government. The bold design Pleased highly those infernal states. Milton. 10. The bodies that constitute the legislature of a country; as, the States-general of Holland. 11. A form of government which is not monarchial, as a republic. [Obs.] Well monarchies may own religion's name, But states are atheists in their very fame. Dryden. 12. A political body, or body politic; the whole body of people who are united one government, whatever may be the form of the government; a nation. Municipal law is a rule of conduct prescribed by the supreme power in a state. Blackstone. The Puritans in the reign of Mary, driven from their homes, sought an asylum in Geneva, where they found a state without a king, and a church without a bishop. R. Choate. 13. In the United States, one of the commonwealth, or bodies politic, the people of which make up the body of the nation, and which, under the national constitution, stands in certain specified relations with the national government, and are invested, as commonwealth, with full power in their several spheres over all matters not expressly inhibited. Note: The term State, in its technical sense, is used in distinction from the federal system, i. e., the government of the United States. 14. Highest and stationary condition, as that of maturity between growth and decline, or as that of crisis between the increase and the abating of a disease; height; acme. [Obs.] Note: When state is joined with another word, or used adjectively, it denotes public, or what belongs to the community or body politic, or to the government; also, what belongs to the States severally in the American Union; as, state affairs; state policy; State laws of Iowa. Nascent state. (Chem.) See under Nascent. -- Secretary of state. See Secretary, n., 3. -- State bargea royal barge, or a barge belonging to a government. -- State bed, an elaborately carved or decorated bed. -- State carriage, a highly decorated carriage for officials going in state, or taking part in public processions. -- State paper, an official paper relating to the interests or government of a state. Jay. -- State prison, a public prison or penitentiary; -- called also State's prison. -- State prisoner, one is confinement, or under arrest, for a political offense. -- State rights, or States' rights, the rights of the several independent States, as distinguished from the rights of the Federal government. It has been a question as to what rights have been vested in the general government. [U.S.] -- State's evidence. See Probator, 2, and under Evidence. -- State sword, a sword used on state occasions, being borne before a sovereign by an attendant of high rank. -- State trial, a trial of a person for a political offense. -- States of the Church. See under Ecclesiastical. Syn. -- State, Situation, Condition. State is the generic term, and denotes in general the mode in which a thing stands or exists. The situation of a thing is its state in reference to external objects and influences; its condition is its internal state, or what it is in itself considered. Our situation is good or bad as outward things bear favorably or unfavorably upon us; our condition is good or bad according to the state we are actually in as respects our persons, families, property, and other things which comprise our sources of enjoyment. I do not, brother, Infer as if I thought my sister's state Secure without all doubt or controversy. Milton. We hoped to enjoy with ease what, in our situation, might be called the luxuries of life. Cock. And, O, what man's condition can be worse Than his whom plenty starves and blessings curse Cowley. STATE State, a. 1. Stately. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Belonging to the state, or body politic; public. STATE State, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stated; p. pr. & vb. n. Stating.] 1. To set; to settle; to establish. [R.] I myself, though meanest stated, And in court now almost hated. Wither. Who calls the council, states the certain day. Pope. 2. To express the particulars of; to set down in detail or in gross; to represent fully in words; to narrate; to recite; as, to state the facts of a case, one's opinion, etc. To state it. To assume state or dignity. [Obs.] "Rarely dressed up, and taught to state it." Beau. & Fl. STATE State, n. Defn: A statement; also, a document containing a statement. [R.] Sir W. Scott. STATECRAFT State"craft`, n. Defn: The art of conducting state affairs; state management; statesmanship. STATED Stat"ed, a. 1. Settled; established; fixed. He is capable of corruption who receives more than what is the stated and unquestionable fee of his office. Addison. 2. Recurring at regular time; not occasional; as, stated preaching; stated business hours. STATEDLY Stat"ed*ly, adv. Defn: At stated times; regularly. STATEFUL State"ful, a. Defn: Full of state; stately. [Obs.] "A stateful silence." Marston. STATEHOOD State"hood, n. Defn: The condition of being a State; as, a territory seeking Statehood. STATEHOUSE State"house`, n. Defn: The building in which a State legislature holds its sessions; a State capitol. [U. S.] STATELESS State"less, a. Defn: Without state or pomp. STATELILY State"li*ly, adv. Defn: In a stately manner. STATELINESS State"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being stately. For stateliness and majesty, what is comparable to a horse Dr. H. More. STATELY State"ly, a. [Compar. Statelier; superl. Stateliest.] Defn: Evincing state or dignity; lofty; majestic; grand; as, statelymanners; a stately gait. "The stately homes of England!" Mrs. Hemans. "Filled with stately temples." Prescott. Here is a stately style indeed! Shak. Syn. -- Lofty; dignified; majestic; grand; august; magnificent. STATELY State"ly, adv. Defn: Majestically; loftily. Milton. STATEMENT State"ment, n. 1. The act of stating, reciting, or presenting, orally or in paper; as, to interrupt a speaker in the statement of his case. 2. That which is stated; a formal embodiment in language of facts or opinions; a narrative; a recital. "Admirable perspicuity of statement!" Brougham. STATEMONGER State"mon`ger, n. Defn: One versed in politics, or one who dabbles in state affairs. STATEPRISON State`pris"on. Defn: See under State, n. STATER Stat"er, n. Defn: One who states. STATER Sta"ter, n. Etym: [L. stater, Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: The principal gold coin of ancient Grece. It varied much in value, the stater best known at Athens being worth about £1 2s., or about $5.35. The Attic silver tetradrachm was in later times called stater. STATEROOM State"room`, n. 1. A magnificent room in a place or great house. 2. A small apartment for lodging or sleeping in the cabin, or on the deck, of a vessel; also, a somewhat similar apartment in a railway sleeping car. STATES-GENERAL States"-gen"er*al, n. 1. In France, before the Revolution, the assembly of the three orders of the kingdom, namely, the clergy, the nobility, and the third estate, or commonalty. 2. In the Netherlands, the legislative body, composed of two chambers. STATESMAN States"man, n.; pl. Statesmen (. 1. A man versed in public affairs and in the principles and art of government; especially, one eminent for political abilities. The minds of some of our statesmen, like the pupil of the human eye, contract themselves the more, the stronger light there is shed upon them. More. 2. One occupied with the affairs of government, and influental in shaping its policy. 3. A small landholder. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. STATESMANLIKE States"man*like`, a. Defn: Having the manner or wisdom of statesmen; becoming a statesman. STATESMANLY States"man*ly, a. Defn: Becoming a statesman. STATESMANSHIP States"man*ship, n. Defn: The qualifications, duties, or employments of a statesman. STATE SOCIALISM State socialism. Defn: A form of socialism, esp. advocated in Germany, which, while retaining the right of private property and the institution of the family and other features of the present form of the state, would intervene by various measures intended to give or maintain equality of opportunity, as compulsory state insurance, old-age pensions, etc., answering closely to socialism of the chair. STATESWOMAN States"wom`an, n.; pl. Stateswomen (. Defn: A woman concerned in public affairs. A rare stateswoman; I admire her bearing. B. Jonson. STATHMOGRAPH Stath"mo*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: A contrivance for recording the speed of a railway train. Knight. STATIC; STATICAL Stat"ic, Stat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. statique. See Stand, and cf. Stage.] 1. Resting; acting by mere weight without motion; as, statical pressure; static objects. 2. Pertaining to bodies at rest or in equilibrium. Statical electricity. See Note under Electricity, 1. -- Statical moment. See under Moment. STATICALLY Stat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a statical manner. STATICS Stat"ics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. statique, Gr. Static.] Defn: That branch of mechanics which treats of the equilibrium of forces, or relates to bodies as held at rest by the forces acting on them; -- distinguished from dynamics. Social statics, the study of the conditions which concern the existence and permanence of the social state. STATING Stat"ing, n. Defn: The act of one who states anything; statement; as, the statingof one's opinions. STATION Sta"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. statio, from stare, statum, to stand. See Stand.] 1. The act of standing; also, attitude or pose in standing; posture. [R.] A station like the herald, Mercury. Shak. Their manner was to stand at prayer, whereupon their meetings unto that purpose . . . had the names of stations given them. Hooker. 2. A state of standing or rest; equilibrium. [Obs.] All progression is performed by drawing on or impelling forward some part which was before in station, or at quiet. Sir T. Browne. 3. The spot or place where anything stands, especially where a person or thing habitually stands, or is appointed to remain for a time; as, the station of a sentinel. Specifically: (a) A regular stopping place in a stage road or route; a place where railroad trains regularly come to a stand, for the convenience of passengers, taking in fuel, moving freight, etc. (b) The headquarters of the police force of any precinct. (c) The place at which an instrument is planted, or observations are made, as in surveying. (d) (Biol.) Defn: The particular place, or kind of situation, in which a species naturally occurs; a habitat. (e) (Naut.) Defn: A place to which ships may resort, and where they may anchor safely. (f) A place or region to which a government ship or fleet is assigned for duty. (g) (Mil.) A place calculated for the rendezvous of troops, or for the distribution of them; also, a spot well adapted for offensive measures. Wilhelm (Mil. Dict.). (h) (Mining) An enlargement in a shaft or galley, used as a landing, or passing place, or for the accomodation of a pump, tank, etc. 4. Post assigned; office; the part or department of public duty which a person is appointed to perform; sphere of duty or occupation; employment. By spending this day [Sunday] in religious exercises, we acquire new strength and resolution to perform God's will in our several stations the week following. R. Nelson. 5. Situation; position; location. The fig and date -- why love they to remain In middle station, and an even plain Prior. 6. State; rank; condition of life; social status. The greater part have kept, I see, Their station. Milton. They in France of the best rank and station. Shak. 7. (Eccl.) (a) The fast of the fourth and sixth days of the week, Wednesday and Friday, in memory of the council which condemned Christ, and of his passion. (b) (R. C. Ch.) A church in which the procession of the clergy halts on stated days to say stated prayers. Addis & Arnold. (c) One of the places at which ecclesiastical processions pause for the performance of an act of devotion; formerly, the tomb of a martyr, or some similarly consecrated spot; now, especially, one of those representations of the successive stages of our Lord's passion which are often placed round the naves of large churches and by the side of the way leading to sacred edifices or shrines, and which are visited in rotation, stated services being performed at each; -- called also Station of the cross. Fairholt. Station bill. (Naut.) Same as Quarter bill, under Quarter. -- Station house. (a) The house serving for the headquarters of the police assigned to a certain district, and as a place of temporary confinement. (b) The house used as a shelter at a railway station. -- Station master, one who has charge of a station, esp. of a railway station. -- Station pointer (Surv.), an instrument for locating on a chart the position of a place from which the angles subtended by three distant objects, whose positions are known, have been observed. -- Station staff (Surv.), an instrument for taking angles in surveying. Craig. Syn. -- Station, Depot. In the United States, a stopping place on a railway for passengers and freight is commonly called a depot: but to a considerable extent in official use, and in common speech, the more appropriate name, station, has been adopted. STATION Sta"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stationed; p. pr. & vb. n. Stationing.] Defn: To place; to set; to appoint or assign to the occupation of a post, place, or office; as, to station troops on the right of an army; to station a sentinel on a rampart; to station ships on the coasts of Africa. He gained the brow of the hill, where the English phalanx was stationed. Lyttelton. STATIONAL Sta"tion*al, a. Etym: [L. stationalis: cf. F. stationnale (église).] Defn: Of or pertaining to a station. [R.] STATIONARINESS Sta"tion*a*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being stationary; fixity. STATIONARY Sta"tion*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. stationarius: cf. F. stationnaire. Cf. Stationer.] 1. Not moving; not appearing to move; stable; fixed. Charles Wesley, who is a more stationary man, does not believe the story. Southey. 2. Not improving or getting worse; not growing wiser, greater, better, more excellent, or the contrary. 3. Appearing to be at rest, because moving in the line of vision; not progressive or retrograde, as a planet. Stationary air (Physiol.), the air which under ordinary circumstances does not leave the lungs in respiration. -- Stationary engine. (a) A steam engine thet is permanently placed, in distinction from a portable engine, locomotive, marine engine, etc. Specifically: (b) A factory engine, in distinction from a blowing, pumping, or other kind of engine which is also permanently placed. STATIONARY Sta"tion*a*ry, n.; pl. -ries (. Defn: One who, or that which, is stationary, as a planet when apparently it has neither progressive nor retrograde motion. Holland. STATIONER Sta"tion*er, n. Etym: [Cf. Stationary, a.] 1. A bookseller or publisher; -- formerly so called from his occupying a stand, or station, in the market place or elsewhere. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. One who sells paper, pens, quills, inkstands, pencils, blank books, and other articles used in writing. STATIONERY Sta"tion*er*y, n. Defn: The articles usually sold by stationers, as paper, pens, ink, quills, blank books, etc. STATIONERY Sta"tion*er*y, a. Defn: Belonging to, or sold by, a stationer. STATISM Sta"tism, n. Etym: [From State.] Defn: The art of governing a state; statecraft; policy. [Obs.] The enemies of God . . . call our religion statism. South. STATIST Sta"tist, n. Etym: [From State.] 1. A statesman; a politician; one skilled in government. [Obs.] Statists indeed, And lovers of their country. Milton. 2. A statistician. Fawcett. STATISTIC; STATISTICAL Sta*tis"tic, Sta*tis"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. statistique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to statistics; as, statistical knowledge, statistical tabulation. STATISTICALLY Sta*tis"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In the way of statistics. STATISTICIAN Stat`is*ti"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. statisticien.] Defn: One versed in statistics; one who collects and classifies facts for statistics. STATISTICS Sta*tis"tics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. statistique, G. statistik. See State, n.] 1. The science which has to do with the collection and classification of certain facts respecting the condition of the people in a state. Note: [In this sense gramatically singular.] 2. pl. Defn: Classified facts respecting the condition of the people in a state, their health, their longevity, domestic economy, arts, property, and political strength, their resources, the state of the country, etc., or respecting any particular class or interest; especially, those facts which can be stated in numbers, or in tables of numbers, or in any tabular and classified arrangement. Defn: The branch of mathematics which studies methods for the calculation of probabilities. STATISTOLOGY Stat`is*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Statistics + -logy.] Defn: See Statistics, 2. STATIVE Sta"tive, a. Etym: [L. stativus, fr. stare, statum, to stand.] (Mil.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a fixed camp, or military posts or quarters. [Obs. or R.] STATOBLAST Stat"o*blast, n. Etym: [Gr. i.e., remaining) + -blast.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a peculiar kind of internal buds, or germs, produced in the interior of certain Bryozoa and sponges, especially in the fresh- water species; -- also called winter buds. Note: They are protected by a firm covering, and are usually destined to perpetuate the species during the winter season. They burst open and develop in the spring. In some fresh-water sponges they serve to preserve the species during the dry season. See Illust. under Phylactolæmata. STATOCRACY Sta*toc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [State + -cracy, as in democracy.] Defn: Government by the state, or by political power, in distinction from government by ecclesiastical power. [R.] O. A. Brownson. STATOR Sta"tor, n. (Mach.) Defn: A stationary part in or about which another part (the rotor) revolves, esp. when both are large; as, (a) (Elec.) The stationary member of an electrical machine, as of an induction motor. (b) (Steam Turbine) The case inclosing a turbine wheel; the body of stationary blades or nozzles. STATUA Stat"u*a, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A statue. [Obs.] They spake not a word; But, like dumb statuas or breathing stones, Gazed each on other. Shak. STATUARY Stat"u*a*ry, n.; pl. Statuaries. Etym: [L. statuarius, n., fr. statuarius, a., of or belonging to statues, fr. statua statue: cf. F. statuaire. See Statue.] 1. One who practices the art of making statues. On other occasions the statuaries took their subjects from the poets. Addison. 2. Etym: [L. statuaria (sc. ars): cf. F. statuaire.] Defn: The art of carving statues or images as representatives of real persons or things; a branch of sculpture. Sir W. Temple. 3. A collection of statues; statues, collectively. STATUE Stat"ue, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. statua (akin to stativus standing still), fr. stare, statum, to stand. See Stand.] 1. The likeness of a living being sculptured or modeled in some solid substance, as marble, bronze, or wax; an image; as, a statue of Hercules, or of a lion. I will raise her statue in pure gold. Shak. 2. A portrait. [Obs.] Massinger. STATUE Stat"ue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Statued; p. pr. & vb. n. Statuing.] Defn: To place, as a statue; to form a statue of; to make into a statue. "The whole man becomes as if statued into stone and earth." Feltham. STATUED Stat"ued, a. Defn: Adorned with statues. "The statued hall." Longfellow. "Statued niches." G. Eliot. STATUELESS Stat"ue*less, a. Defn: Without a statue. STATUELIKE Stat"ue*like`, a. Defn: Like a statue; motionless. STATUESQUE Stat`u*esque", a. Defn: Partaking of, or exemplifying, the characteristics of a statue; having the symmetry, or other excellence, of a statue artistically made; as, statuesquelimbs; a statuesque attitude. Their characters are mostly statuesque even in this respect, that they have no background. Hare. STATUESQUELY Stat`u*esque"ly, adv. Defn: In a statuesque manner; in a way suggestive of a statue; like a statue. A character statuesquely simple in its details. Lowell. STATUETTE Stat`u*ette", n. Etym: [F., cf. It. statuetta.] Defn: A small statue; -- usually applied to a figure much less than life size, especially when of marble or bronze, or of plaster or clay as a preparation for the marble or bronze, as distinguished from a figure in terra cotta or the like. Cf. Figurine. STATUMINATE Sta*tu"mi*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. statuminatus, p.p. of statuminare to prop, fr. statumen a prop, fr. statuere to place.] Defn: To prop or support. [Obs.] B. Jonson. STATURE Stat"ure, n. Etym: [F. stature, OF. estature, from L. statura, originally, an upright posture, hence, height or size of the body, from stare, statum, to stand. See Stand.] Defn: The natural height of an animal body; -- generally used of the human body. Foreign men of mighty stature came. Dryden. STATURED Stat"ured, a. Defn: Arrived at full stature. [R.] STATUS Sta"tus, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: State; condition; position of affairs. STATUS IN QUO; STATUS QUO Sta"tus in` quo", Sta"tus quo". Etym: [L., state in which.] Defn: The state in which anything is already. The phrase is also used retrospectively, as when, on a treaty of place, matters return to the status quo ante bellum, or are left in statu quo ante bellum, i.e., the state (or, in the state) before the war. STATUTABLE Stat"u*ta*ble, a. 1. Made or introduced by statute; proceeding from an act of the legistature; as, a statutable provision or remedy. 2. Made or being in conformity to statute; standard; as, statutable measures. STATUTABLY Stat"u*ta*bly, adv. Defn: Conformably to statute. STATUTE Stat"ute, n. Etym: [F. statut, LL. statutum, from L. statutus, p.p. of statuere to set, station, ordain, fr. status position, station, fr. stare, statum, to stand. See Stand, and cf. Constitute, Destitute.] 1. An act of the legislature of a state or country, declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something; a positive law; the written will of the legislature expressed with all the requisite forms of legislation; -- used in distinction fraom common law. See Common law, under Common, a. Bouvier. Note: Statute is commonly applied to the acts of a legislative body consisting of representatives. In monarchies, legislature laws of the sovereign are called edicts, decrees, ordinances, rescripts, etc. In works on international law and in the Roman law, the term is used as embracing all laws imposed by competent authority. Statutes in this sense are divided into statutes real, statutes personal, and statutes mixed; statutes real applying to immovables; statutes personal to movables; and statutes mixed to both classes of property. 2. An act of a corporation or of its founder, intended as a permanent rule or law; as, the statutes of a university. 3. An assemblage of farming servants (held possibly by statute) for the purpose of being hired; -- called also statute fair. [Eng.] Cf. 3d Mop, 2. Halliwell. Statute book, a record of laws or legislative acts. Blackstone. -- Statute cap, a kind of woolen cap; -- so called because enjoined to be worn by a statute, dated in 1571, in behalf of the trade of cappers. [Obs.] Halliwell. -- Statute fair. See Statute, n., 3, above. -- Statute labor, a definite amount of labor required for the public service in making roads, bridges, etc., as in certain English colonies. -- Statute merchant (Eng. Law), a bond of record pursuant to the stat. 13 Edw. I., acknowledged in form prescribed, on which, if not paid at the day, an execution might be awarded against the body, lands, and goods of the debtor, and the obligee might hold the lands until out of the rents and profits of them the debt was satisfied; -- called also a pocket judgment. It is now fallen into disuse. Tomlins. Bouvier. -- Statute mile. See under Mile. -- Statute of limitations (Law), a statute assigned a certain time, after which rights can not be enforced by action. -- Statute staple, a bond of record acknowledged before the mayor of the staple, by virtue of which the creditor may, on nonpayment, forthwith have execution against the body, lands, and goods of the debtor, as in the statute merchant. It is now disused. Blackstone. Syn. -- Act; regulation; edict; decree. See Law. STATUTORY Stat"u*to*ry, a. Defn: Enacted by statute; depending on statute for its authority; as, a statutory provision. STAUNCH; STAUNCHLY; STAUNCHNESS Staunch, Staunch"ly, Staunch"ness, etc. Defn: See Stanch, Stanchly, etc. STAUROLITE Stau"ro*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a brown to black color occurring in prismatic crystals, often twinned so as to form groups resembling a cross. It is a silicate of aluminia and iron, and is generally found imbedded in mica schist. Called also granatite, and grenatite. STAUROLITIC Stau`ro*lit"ic, a. (Min.) Defn: Of or pertaining to staurolite; resembling or containing staurolite. STAUROSCOPE Stau"ro*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Crystallog.) Defn: An optical instrument used in determining the position of the planes of light-vibration in sections of crystals. STAUROTIDE Stau"ro*tide, n. Etym: [F. staurotide, from Gr. (Min.) Defn: Staurolite. STAVE Stave, n. Etym: [From Staff, and corresponding to the pl. staves. See Staff.] 1. One of a number of narrow strips of wood, or narrow iron plates, placed edge to edge to form the sides, covering, or lining of a vessel or structure; esp., one of the strips which form the sides of a cask, a pail, etc. 2. One of the cylindrical bars of a lantern wheel; one of the bars or rounds of a rack, a ladder, etc. 3. A metrical portion; a stanza; a staff. Let us chant a passing stave In honor of that hero brave. Wordsworth. 4. (Mus.) Defn: The five horizontal and parallel lines on and between which musical notes are written or pointed; the staff. [Obs.] Stave jointer, a machine for dressing the edges of staves. STAVE Stave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Staved or Stove (; p. pr. & vb. n. Staving.] Etym: [From Stave, n., or Staff, n.] 1. To break in a stave or the staves of; to break a hole in; to burst; -- often with in; as, to stave a cask; to stave in a boat. 2. To push, as with a staff; -- with off. The condition of a servant staves him off to a distance. South. 3. To delay by force or craft; to drive away; -- usually with off; as, to stave off the execution of a project. And answered with such craft as women use, Guilty or guilties, to stave off a chance That breaks upon them perilously. Tennyson. 4. To suffer, or cause, to be lost by breaking the cask. All the wine in the city has been staved. Sandys. 5. To furnish with staves or rundles. Knolles. 6. To render impervious or solid by driving with a calking iron; as, to stave lead, or the joints of pipes into which lead has been run. To stave and tail, in bear baiting, (to stave) to interpose with the staff, doubtless to stop the bear; (to tail) to hold back the dog by the tail. Nares. STAVE Stave, v. i. Defn: To burst in pieces by striking against something; to dash into fragments. Like a vessel of glass she stove and sank. Longfellow. STAVES Staves, n.; Defn: pl. of Staff. "Banners, scarves and staves." R. Browning. Also (stavz), Defn: pl. of Stave. STAVESACRE Staves"a`cre, n. Etym: [Corrupted from NL. staphis agria, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of larkspur (Delphinium Staphysagria), and its seeds, which are violently purgative and emetic. They are used as a parasiticide, and in the East for poisoning fish. STAVEWOOD Stave`wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tall tree (Simaruba amara) growing in tropical America. It is one of the trees which yields quassia. STAVING Stav"ing, n. Defn: A cassing or lining of staves; especially, one encircling a water wheel. STAW Staw, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Dan. staae to stand, Sw. stå. *163.] Defn: To be fixed or set; to stay. [Prov. Eng.] STAY Stay, n. Etym: [AS. stæg, akin to D., G., Icel., Sw., & Dan. stag; cf. OF. estai, F. étai, of Teutonic origin.] (Naut.) Defn: A large, strong rope, employed to support a mast, by being extended from the head of one mast down to some other, or to some part of the vessel. Those which lead forward are called fore-and-aft stays; those which lead to the vessel's side are called backstays. See Illust. of Ship. In stays, or Hove in stays (Naut.), in the act or situation of staying, or going about from one tack to another. R. H. Dana, Jr. -- Stay holes (Naut.), openings in the edge of a staysail through which the hanks pass which join it to the stay. -- Stay tackle (Naut.), a tackle attached to a stay and used for hoisting or lowering heavy articles over the side. -- To miss stays (Naut.), to fail in the attempt to go about. Totten. -- Triatic stay (Naut.), a rope secured at the ends to the heads of the foremast and mainmast with thimbles spliced to its bight into which the stay tackles hook. STAY Stay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stayed or Staid (; p. pr. & vb. n. Staying.] Etym: [OF. estayer, F. étayer to prop, fr. OF. estai, F. étai, a prop, probably fr. OD. stade, staeye, a prop, akin to E. stead; or cf. stay a rope to support a mast. Cf. Staid, a., Stay, v. i.] 1. To stop from motion or falling; to prop; to fix firmly; to hold up; to support. Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side. Ex. xvii. 12. Sallows and reeds . . . for vineyards useful found To stay thy vines. Dryden. 2. To support from sinking; to sustain with strength; to satisfy in part or for the time. He has devoured a whole loaf of bread and butter, and it has not staid his stomach for a minute. Sir W. Scott. 3. To bear up under; to endure; to support; to resist successfully. She will not stay the siege of loving terms, Nor bide the encounter of assailing eyes. Shak. 4. To hold from proceeding; to withhold; to restrain; to stop; to hold. Him backward overthrew and down him stayed With their rude hands grisly grapplement. Spenser. All that may stay their minds from thinking that true which they heartly wish were false. Hooker. 5. To hinde Your ships are stayed at Venice. Shak. This business staid me in London almost a week. Evelyn. I was willing to stay my reader on an argument that appeared to me new. Locke. 6. To remain for the purpose of; to wait for. "I stay dinner there." Shak. 7. To cause to cease; to put an end to. Stay your strife. Shak. For flattering planets seemed to say This child should ills of ages stay. Emerson. 8. (Engin.) Defn: To fasten or secure with stays; as, to stay a flat sheet in a steam boiler. 9. (Naut.) Defn: To tack, as a vessel, so that the other side of the vessel shall be presented to the wind. To stay a mast (Naut.), to incline it forward or aft, or to one side, by the stays and backstays. STAY Stay, v. i. Etym: [*163. See Stay to hold up, prop.] 1. To remain; to continue in a place; to abide fixed for a space of time; to stop; to stand still. She would command the hasty sun to stay. Spenser. Stay, I command you; stay and hear me first. Dryden. I stay a little longer, as one stays To cover up the embers that still burn. Longfellow. 2. To continue in a state. The flames augment, and stay At their full height, then languish to decay. Dryden. 3. To wait; to attend; to forbear to act. I'll tell thee all my whole device When I am in my coach, which stays for us. Shak. The father can not stay any longer for the fortune. Locke. 4. To dwell; to tarry; to linger. I must stay a little on one action. Dryden. 5. To rest; to depend; to rely; to stand; to insist. I stay here on my bond. Shak. Ye despise this word, and trust in oppression and perverseness, and stay thereon. Isa. xxx. 12. 6. To come to an end; to cease; as, that day the storm stayed. [Archaic] Here my commission stays. Shak. 7. To hold out in a race or other contest; as, a horse stays well. [Colloq.] 8. (Naut.) Defn: To change tack; as a ship. STAY Stay, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. estai, F. étai support, and E. stay a rope to support a mast.] 1. That which serves as a prop; a support. "My only strength and stay." Milton. Trees serve as so many stays for their vines. Addison. Lord Liverpool is the single stay of this ministry. Coleridge. 2. pl. Defn: A corset stiffened with whalebone or other material, worn by women, and rarely by men. How the strait stays the slender waist constrain. Gay. 3. Continuance in a place; abode for a space of time; sojourn; as, you make a short stay in this city. Make haste, and leave thy business and thy care; No mortal interest can be worth thy stay. Dryden. Embrace the hero and his stay implore. Waller. 4. Cessation of motion or progression; stand; stop. Made of sphere metal, never to decay Until his revolution was at stay. Milton. Affairs of state seemed rather to stand at a stay. Hayward. 5. Hindrance; let; check. [Obs.] They were able to read good authors without any stay, if the book were not false. Robynson (more's Utopia). 6. Restraint of passion; moderation; caution; steadiness; sobriety. [Obs.] "Not grudging that thy lust hath bounds and stays." Herbert. The wisdom, stay, and moderation of the king. Bacon. With prudent stay he long deferred The rough contention. Philips. 7. (Engin.) Defn: Strictly, a part in tension to hold the parts together, or stiffen them. Stay bolt (Mech.), a bolt or short rod, connecting opposite plates, so as to prevent them from being bulged out when acted upon by a pressure which tends to force them apart, as in the leg of a steam boiler. -- Stay busk, a stiff piece of wood, steel, or whalebone, for the front support of a woman's stays. Cf. Busk. -- Stay rod, a rod which acts as a stay, particularly in a steam boiler. STAYED Stayed, a. Defn: Staid; fixed; settled; sober; -- now written staid. See Staid. Bacon. Pope. STAYEDLY Stayed"ly, adv. Defn: Staidly. See Staidly. [R.] STAYEDNESS Stayed"ness, n. 1. Staidness. [Archaic] W. Whately. 2. Solidity; weight. [R.] Camden. STAYER Stay"er, n. Defn: One who upholds or supports that which props; one who, or that which, stays, stops, or restrains; also, colloquially, a horse, man, etc., that has endurance, an a race. STAYLACE Stay"lace`, n. Defn: A lace for fastening stays. STAYLESS Stay"less, a. Defn: Without stop or delay. Mir. for Mag. STAYMAKER Stay"mak`er, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to make stays. STAYNIL Stay"nil, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European starling. [Prov. Eng.] STAYSAIL Stay"sail`, n. (Naut.) Defn: Any sail extended on a stay. STAYSHIP Stay"ship`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A remora, -- fabled to stop ships by attaching itself to them. STEAD Stead, n. Etym: [OE. stede place, AS. stede; akin to LG. & D. stede, OS. stad, stedi, OHG. stat, G. statt, stätte, Icel. staedhr, Dan. sted, Sw. stad, Goth. sta, and E. stand. *163. See Stand, and cf. Staith, Stithy.] 1. Place, or spot, in general. [Obs., except in composition.] Chaucer. Fly, therefore, fly this fearful stead anon. Spenser. 2. Place or room which another had, has, or might have. "Stewards of your steads." Piers Plowman. In stead of bounds, he a pillar set. Chaucer. 3. A frame on which a bed is laid; a bedstead. [R.] The genial bed, Sallow the feet, the borders, and the stead. Dryden. 4. A farmhouse and offices. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Note: The word is now commonly used as the last part of a compound; as, farmstead, homestead, readstead, etc. In stead of, in place of. See Instead. -- To stand in stead, or To do stead, to be of use or great advantage. The smallest act . . . shall stand us in great stead. Atterbury. Here thy sword can do thee little stead. Milton. STEAD Stead, v. t. 1. To help; to support; to benefit; to assist. Perhaps my succour or advisement meet, Mote stead you much your purpose to subdue. Spenser. It nothing steads us To chide him from our eaves. Shak. 2. To fill place of. [Obs.] Shak. STEADFAST Stead"fast, a. Etym: [Stead + fast, that is, fast in place.] Etym: [Written also stedfast.] 1. Firmly fixed or established; fast fixed; firm. "This steadfast globe of earth." Spenser. 2. Not fickle or wavering; constant; firm; resolute; unswerving; steady. "Steadfast eye." Shak. Abide steadfast unto him [thy neighbor] in the time of his trouble. Ecclus. xxii. 23. Whom resist steadfast in the faith. 1 Pet. v. 9. STEADFASTLY Stead"fast*ly, adv. Defn: In a steadfast manner; firmly. Steadfast believe that whatever God has revealed is infallibly true. Wake. STEADFASTNESS Stead"fast*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being steadfast; firmness; fixedness; constancy. "The steadfastness of your faith." Col. ii. 5. To prove her wifehood and her steadfastness. Chaucer. STEADILY Stead"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a steady manner. STEADINESS Stead"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being steady. Steadiness is a point of prudence as well as of courage. L'Estrange. Syn. -- Constancy; resolution; unchangeableness. STEADING Stead"ing, n. Defn: The brans, stables, cattle-yards, etc., of a farm; -- called also onstead, farmstead, farm offices, or farmery. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] STEADY Stead"y, a. [Compar. Steadier; superl. Steadiest.] Etym: [Cf. AS. stedig sterile, barren, stæ, steady (in gestæ), D. stedig, stadig, steeg, G. stätig, stetig. See Stead, n.] 1. Firm in standing or position; not tottering or shaking; fixed; firm. "The softest, steadiest plume." Keble. Their feet steady, their hands diligent, their eyes watchful, and their hearts resolute. Sir P. Sidney. 2. Constant in feeling, purpose, or pursuit; not fickle, changeable, or wavering; not easily moved or persuaded to alter a purpose; resolute; as, a man steady in his principles, in his purpose, or in the pursuit of an object. 3. Regular; constant; undeviating; uniform; as, the steady course of the sun; a steady breeze of wind. Syn. -- Fixed; regular; uniform; undeviating; invariable; unremitted; stable. Steady rest (Mach), a rest in a turning lathe, to keep a long piece of work from trembling. STEADY Stead"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Steadied; p. pr. & vb. n. Steadying.] Defn: To make steady; to hold or keep from shaking, reeling, or falling; to make or keep firm; to support; to make constant, regular, or resolute. STEADY Stead"y, v. i. Defn: To become steady; to regain a steady position or state; to move steadily. Without a breeze, without a tide, She steadies with upright keel. Coleridge. STEAK Steak, n. Etym: [OE. steike, Icel. steik, akin to Icel. steikja to roast, stikna to be roasted or scorched, and E. stick, the steak being broiled on a spit. See Stick, v. t.] Defn: A slice of beef, broiled, or cut for broiling; -- also extended to the meat of other large animals; as, venison steak; bear steak; pork steak; turtle steak. STEAL Steal, n. Etym: [See Stale a handle.] Defn: A handle; a stale, or stele. [Archaic or Prov. Eng.] And in his hand a huge poleax did bear. Whose steale was iron-studded but not long. Spenser. STEAL Steal, v. t. [imp. Stole; p. p. Stolen; p. pr. & vb. n. Stealing.] Etym: [OE. stelen, AS. stelan; akin to OFries. stela, D. stelen, OHG. stelan, G. stehlen, Icel. stela, SW. stjäla, Dan. stiæle, Goth. stilan.] 1. To take and carry away, feloniously; to take without right or leave, and with intent to keep wrongfully; as, to steal the personal goods of another. Maugre thy heed, thou must for indigence Or steal, or borrow, thy dispense. Chaucer. The man who stole a goose and gave away the giblets in G. Eliot. 2. To withdraw or convey clandestinely (reflexive); hence, to creep furtively, or to insinuate. They could insinuate and steal themselves under the same by their humble carriage and submission. Spenser. He will steal himself into a man's favor. Shak. 3. To gain by insinuating arts or covert means. So Absalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel. 2 Sam. xv. 6. 4. To get into one's power gradually and by imperceptible degrees; to take possession of by a gradual and imperceptible appropriation; -- with away. Variety of objects has a tendency to steal away the mind from its steady pursuit of any subject. I. Watts. 5. To accomplish in a concealed or unobserved manner; to try to carry out secretly; as, to steal a look. Always, when thou changest thine opinion or course, profess it plainly, . . . and do not think to steal it. Bacon. To steal a march, to march in a covert way; to gain an advantage unobserved; -- formerly followed by of, but now by on or upon, and sometimes by over; as, to steal a march upon one's political rivals. She yesterday wanted to steal a march of poor Liddy. Smollett. Fifty thousand men can not easily steal a march over the sea. Walpole. Syn. -- To filch; pilfer; purloin; thieve. STEAL Steal, v. i. 1. To practice, or be guilty of, theft; to commit larceny or theft. Thou shalt not steal. Ex. xx. 15. 2. To withdraw, or pass privily; to slip in, along, or away, unperceived; to go or come furtively. Chaucer. Fixed of mind to avoid further entreaty, and to fly all company, one night she stole away. Sir P. Sidney. From whom you now must steal, and take no leave. Shak. A soft and solemn breathing sound Rose like a steam of rich, distilled perfumes, And stole upon the air. Milton. STEALER Steal"er, n. 1. One who steals; a thief. 2. (Shipbuilding) Defn: The endmost plank of a strake which stops short of the stem or stern. STEALING Steal"ing, n. 1. The act of taking feloniously the personal property of another without his consent and knowledge; theft; larceny. 2. That which is stolen; stolen property; -- chiefly used in the plural. STEALINGLY Steal"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By stealing, or as by stealing, furtively, or by an invisible motion. Sir P. Sidney. STEALTH Stealth, n. Etym: [OE. staple. See Steal, v. t.] 1. The act of stealing; theft. [Obs.] The owner proveth the stealth to have been committed upon him by such an outlaw. Spenser. 2. The thing stolen; stolen property. [Obs.] "Sluttish dens . . . serving to cover stealths." Sir W. Raleigh. 3. The bringing to pass anything in a secret or concealed manner; a secret procedure; a clandestine practice or action; -- in either a good or a bad sense. Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame. Pope. The monarch, blinded with desire of wealth, With steel invades the brother's life by stealth. Dryden. I told him of your stealth unto this wood. Shak. STEALTHFUL Stealth"ful, a. Defn: Given to stealth; stealthy. [Obs.] -- Stealth"ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Stealth"ful*ness, n. [Obs.] STEALTHILY Stealth"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a stealthy manner. STEALTHINESS Stealth"i*ness, n. Defn: The state, quality, or character of being stealthy; stealth. STEALTHLIKE Stealth"like`, a. Defn: Stealthy; sly. Wordsworth. STEALTHY Stealth"y, a. [Compar. Stealthier; superl. Stealthiest.] Defn: Done by stealth; accomplished clandestinely; unperceived; secret; furtive; sly. [Withered murder] with his stealthy pace, . . . Moves like a ghost. Shak. STEAM Steam, n. Etym: [OE. stem, steem, vapor, flame, AS. steám vapor, smoke, odor; akin to D. stoom steam, perhaps originally, a pillar, or something rising like a pillar; cf. Gr. stand.] 1. The elastic, aëriform fluid into which water is converted when heated to the boiling points; water in the state of vapor. 2. The mist formed by condensed vapor; visible vapor; -- so called in popular usage. 3. Any exhalation. "A steam og rich, distilled perfumes." Milton. Dry steam, steam which does not contain water held in suspension mechanically; -- sometimes applied to superheated steam. -- Exhaust steam. See under Exhaust. -- High steam, or High-pressure steam, steam of which the pressure greatly exceeds that of the atmosphere. -- Low steam, or Low-pressure steam, steam of which the pressure is less than, equal to, or not greatly above, that of the atmosphere. -- Saturated steam, steam at the temperature of the boiling point which corresponds to its pressure; -- sometimes also applied to wet steam. -- Superheated steam, steam heated to a temperature higher than the boiling point corresponding to its pressure. It can not exist in contact with water, nor contain water, and resembles a perfect gas; - - called also surcharged steam, anhydrous steam, and steam gas. -- Wet steam, steam which contains water held in suspension mechanically; -- called also misty steam. Note: Steam is often used adjectively, and in combination, to denote, produced by heat, or operated by power, derived from steam, in distinction from other sources of power; as in steam boiler or steam- boiler, steam dredger or steam-dredger, steam engine or steam-engine, steam heat, steam plow or steam-plow, etc. Steam blower. (a) A blower for producing a draught consisting of a jet or jets of steam in a chimney or under a fire. (b) A fan blower driven directly by a steam engine. -- Steam boiler, a boiler for producing steam. See Boiler, 3, and Note. In the illustration, the shell a of the boiler is partly in section, showing the tubes, or flues, which the hot gases, from the fire beneath the boiler, enter, after traversing the outside of the shell, and through which the gases are led to the smoke pipe d, which delivers them to the chimney; b is the manhole; c the dome; e the steam pipe; f the feed and blow-off pipe; g the safety value; hthe water gauge. -- Steam car, a car driven by steam power, or drawn by a locomotive. -- Steam carriage, a carriage upon wheels moved on common roads by steam. -- Steam casing. See Steam jacket, under Jacket. -- Steam chest, the box or chamber from which steam is distributed to the cylinder of a steam engine, steam pump, etc., and which usually contains one or more values; -- called also valve chest, and valve box. See Illust. of Slide valve, under Slide. -- Steam chimney, an annular chamber around the chimney of a boiler furnace, for drying steam. -- Steam coil, a coil of pipe, or collection of connected pipes, for containing steam; -- used for heating, drying, etc. -- Steam colors (Calico Printing), colors in which the chemical reaction fixed the coloring matter in the fiber is produced by steam. -- Steam cylinder, the cylinder of a steam engine, which contains the piston. See Illust. of Slide valve, under Slide. -- Steam dome (Steam Boilers), a chamber upon the top of the boiler, from which steam is conduced to the engine. See Illust. of Steam boiler, above. -- Steam fire engine, a fire engine consisting of a steam boiler and engine, and pump which is driven by the engine, combined and mounted on wheels. It is usually drawn by horses, but is sometimes made self- propelling. -- Steam fitter, a fitter of steam pipes. -- Steam fitting, the act or the occupation of a steam fitter; also, a pipe fitting for steam pipes. -- Steam gas. See Superheated steam, above. -- Steam gauge, an instrument for indicating the pressure of the steam in a boiler. The mercurial steam gauge is a bent tube partially filled with mercury, one end of which is connected with the boiler while the other is open to the air, so that the steam by its pressure raises the mercury in the long limb of the tume to a height proportioned to that pressure. A more common form, especially for high pressures, consists of a spring pressed upon by the steam, and connected with the pointer of a dial. The spring may be a flattened, bent tube, closed at one end, which the entering steam tends to straighten, or it may be a diaphragm of elastic metal, or a mass of confined air, etc. -- Steam gun, a machine or contrivance from which projectiles may be thrown by the elastic force of steam. -- Steam hammer, a hammer for forging, which is worked directly by steam; especially, a hammer which is guided vertically and operated by a vertical steam cylinder located directly over an anvil. In the variety known as Nasmyth's, the cylinder is fixed, and the hammer is attached to the piston rod. In that known as Condie's, the piston is fixed, and the hammer attached to the lower end of the cylinder. -- Steam heater. (a) A radiator heated by steam. (b) An apparatus consisting of a steam boiler, radiator, piping, and fixures for warming a house by steam. -- Steam jacket. See under Jacket. -- Steam packet, a packet or vessel propelled by steam, and running periodically between certain ports. -- Steam pipe, any pipe for conveying steam; specifically, a pipe through which steam is supplied to an engine. -- Steam plow or plough, a plow, or gang of plows, moved by a steam engine. -- Steam port, an opening for steam to pass through, as from the steam chest into the cylinder. -- Steam power, the force or energy of steam applied to produce results; power derived from a steam engine. -- Steam propeller. See Propeller. -- Steam pump, a small pumping engine operated by steam. It is usually direct-acting. -- Steam room (Steam Boilers), the space in the boiler above the water level, and in the dome, which contains steam. -- Steam table, a table on which are dishes heated by steam for keeping food warm in the carving room of a hotel, restaurant, etc. -- Steam trap, a self-acting device by means of which water that accumulates in a pipe or vessel containing steam will be discharged without permitting steam to escape. -- Steam tug, a steam vessel used in towing or propelling ships. -- Steam vessel, a vessel propelled by steam; a steamboat or steamship; -- a steamer. -- Steam whistle, an apparatus attached to a steam boiler, as of a locomotive, through which steam is rapidly discharged, producing a loud whistle which serves as a warning signal. The steam issues from a narrow annular orifice around the upper edge of the lower cup or hemisphere, striking the thin edge of the bell above it, and producing sound in the manner of an organ pipe or a common whistle. STEAM Steam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Steamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Steaming.] 1. To emit steam or vapor. My brother's ghost hangs hovering there, O'er his warm blood, that steams into the air. Dryden. Let the crude humors dance In heated brass, steaming with fire intence. J. Philips. 2. To rise in vapor; to issue, or pass off, as vapor. The dissolved amber . . . steamed away into the air. Boyle. 3. To move or travel by the agency of steam. The vessel steamed out of port. N. P. Willis. 4. To generate steam; as, the boiler steams well. STEAM Steam, v. t. 1. To exhale. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To expose to the action of steam; to apply steam to for softening, dressing, or preparing; as, to steam wood; to steamcloth; to steam food, etc. STEAMBOAT Steam"boat`, n. Defn: A boat or vessel propelled by steam power; -- generally used of river or coasting craft, as distinguished from ocean steamers. STEAMBOATING Steam"boat`ing, n. 1. The occupation or business of running a steamboat, or of transporting merchandise, passengers, etc., by steamboats. 2. (Bookbinding) Defn: The shearing of a pile of books which are as yet uncovered, or out of boards. Knight. STEAM ENGINE Steam" en"gine. Defn: An engine moved by steam. Note: In its most common forms its essential parts are a piston, a cylinder, and a valve gear. The piston works in the cylinder, to which steam is admitted by the action of the valve gear, and communicates motion to the machinery to be actuated. Steam engines are thus classified: 1. According to the wat the steam is used or applied, as condencing, noncondencing, compound, double-acting, single-acting, triple-expansion, etc. 2. According to the motion of the piston, as reciprocating, rotary, etc. 3. According to the motion imparted by the engine, as rotative and nonrotative. 4. According to the arrangement of the engine, as stationary, portable, and semiportable engines, beam engine, oscillating engine, direct-acting and back-acting engines, etc. 5. According to their uses, as portable, marine, locomotive, pumping, blowing, winding, and stationary engines. Locomotive and portable engines are usually high- pressure, noncondencing, rotative, and direct-acting. Marine engines are high or low pressure, rotative, and generally condencing, double- acting, and compound. Paddle engines are generally beam, sideScrew engines are generally direct-acting, back-acting, or oscillating. Stationary engines belong to various classes, but are generally rotative. A horizontal or inclined stationary steam engine is called a left-hand or a right-hand engine when the crank shaft and driving pulley are on the left-hand side, or the right-hand side, respectively, or the engine, to a person looking at them from the cylinder, and is said to run forward or backward when the crank traverses the upward half, or lower half, respectively, of its path, while the piston rod makes its stroke outward from the cylinder. A marine engine, or the engine of a locomotive, is said to run forward when its motion is such as would propel the vessel or the locomotive forward. Steam engines are further classified as double-cylinder, disk, semicylinder, trunk engines, etc. Machines, such as cranes, hammers, etc., of which the steam engine forms a part, are called steam cranes, steam hammers, etc. See Illustration in Appendix. Back- acting, or Back-action, steam engine, a steam engine in which the motion is transmitted backward from the crosshead to a crank which is between the crosshead and the cylinder, or beyond the cylinder. -- Portable steam engine, a steam engine combined with, and attached to, a boiler which is mounted on wheels so as to admit of easy transportation; -- used for driving machinery in the field, as trashing machines, draining pumps, etc. -- Semiportable steam engine, a steam engine combined with, and attached to, a steam boiler, but not mounted on wheels. STEAMER Steam"er, n. 1. A vessel propelled by steam; a steamship or steamboat. 2. A steam fire engine. See under Steam. 3. A road locomotive for use on common roads, as in agricultural operations. 4. A vessel in which articles are subjected to the action of steam, as in washing, in cookery, and in various processes of manufacture. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The steamer duck. Steamer duck (Zoöl.), a sea duck (Tachyeres cinereus), native of Patagonia and Terra del Fuego, which swims and dives with great agility, but which, when full grown, is incapable of flight, owing to its very small wings. Called also loggerhead, race horse, and side wheel duck. STEAMINESS Steam"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being steamy; vaporousness; mistness. STEAMSHIP Steam"ship`, n. Defn: A ship or seagoing vessel propelled by the power of steam; a steamer. STEAMY Steam"y, a. Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, steam; full of steam; vaporous; misty. Cowper. STEAN Stean, n. & v. Defn: See Steen. Spenser. STEANINGP Stean"ingp, n. Defn: See Steening. STEAPSIN Ste*ap"sin, n. (Physiol Chem.) Defn: An unorganized ferment or enzyme present in pancreatic juice. It decomposes neutral fats into glycerin and fatty acids. STEARATE Ste"a*rate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of stearic acid; as, ordinary soap consists largely of sodium or potassium stearates. STEARIC Ste*ar"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. stéarique.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, stearin or tallow; resembling tallow. Stearic acid (Chem.), a monobasic fatty acid, obtained in the form of white crystalline scales, soluble in alcohol and ether. It melts to an oily liquid at 69°C.C18H36O2, CH3.(CH2)16.COOH; sodium stearate, with sodium palmitate, is the main component of ordinary bar soaps (Such as Ivory soap). STEARIN Ste"a*rin, n. Etym: [Gr. stéarine.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: One of the constituents of animal fats and also of some vegetable fats, as the butter of cacao. It is especially characterized by its solidity, so that when present in considerable quantity it materially increases the hardness, or raises the melting point, of the fat, as in mutton tallow. Chemically, it is a compound of glyceryl with three molecules of stearic acid, and hence is technically called tristearin, or glyceryl tristearate. STEAROLIC Ste`a*rol"ic, a. Etym: [Stearic + oleic + -ic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the acetylene series, isologous with stearis acid, and obtained, as a white crystalline substance, from oleïc acid. STEARONE Ste"a*rone, n. (Chem.) Defn: The ketone of stearic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, (C17H35)2.CO, by the distillation of calcium stearate. STEAROPTENE Ste`a*rop"tene, n. Etym: [Stearic + -optene as in elæoptene.] (Chem.) Defn: The more solid ingredient of certain volatile oils; -- contrasted with elæoptene. STEARRHEA Ste`ar*rhe"a, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Med.) Defn: seborrhea. STEARYL Ste"a*ryl, n. Etym: [Stearic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical characteristic of stearic acid. STEATITE Ste"a*tite, n. Etym: [Gr. stéatite.] (Min.) Defn: A massive variety of talc, of a grayish green or brown color. It forms extensive beds, and is quarried for fireplaces and for coarse utensils. Called also potstone, lard stone, and soapstone. STEATITIC Ste`a*tit"ic, n. (Min.) Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, steatite; containing or resembling steatite. STEATOMA Ste`a*to"ma, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A cyst containing matter like suet. STEATOMATOUS Ste`a*tom"a*tous, a. (Med.) Defn: Of the nature of steatoma. STEATOPYGA Ste`a*top"y*ga, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A remarkable accretion of fat upon the buttocks of Africans of certain tribes, especially of Hottentot women. STEATOPYGOUS Ste`a*top"y*gous, a. Defn: Having fat buttocks. Specimens of the steatopygous Abyssinian breed. Burton. STED; STEDFAST; STEDFASTLY Sted, n., Sted"fast, a., Sted"fast*ly, adv., etc. Defn: See Stead, Steadfast, etc. STEE Stee, n. Etym: [Cf. G. stiege. *164. See Stair.] Defn: A ladder. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] [Written also stey.] STEED Steed, n. Etym: [OE. stede, AS. steda a stud-horse, war horse, fr. stod a stud of breeding steeds; akin to G. stute a mare, Icel. stedda, sto, a stud. *163. See Stud of horses.] Defn: A horse, especially a spirited horse for state of war; -- used chiefly in poetry or stately prose. "A knight upon a steed." Chaucer. Mounted upon a hot and fiery steed. Shak. STEEDLESS Steed"less, a. Defn: Having no steed; without a horse. STEEK; STEIK Steek, Steik, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Stick, v. t.] Defn: To pierce with a sharp instrument; hence, to stitch; to sew; also, to fix; to fasten. [Scot.] STEEL Steel, n. Etym: [AS. stel, styl, style; akin to D. staal, G. stahl, OHG. stahal, Icel. stal, Dan. staal, Sw. stål, Old Prussian stakla.] 1. (Metal) Defn: A variety of iron intermediate in composition and properties between wrought iron and cast iron (containing between one half of one per cent and one and a half per cent of carbon), and consisting of an alloy of iron with an iron carbide. Steel, unlike wrought iron, can be tempered, and retains magnetism. Its malleability decreases, and fusibility increases, with an increase in carbon. 2. An instrument or implement made of steel; as: -- (a) A weapon, as a sword, dagger, etc. "Brave Macbeth . . . with his brandished steel." Shak. While doubting thus he stood, Received the steel bathed in his brother's blood. Dryden. (b) An instrument of steel (usually a round rod) for sharpening knives. (c) A piece of steel for striking sparks from flint. 3. Fig.: Anything of extreme hardness; that which is characterized by sternness or rigor. "Heads of steel." Johnson. "Manhood's heart of steel." Byron. 4. (Med.) Defn: A chalybeate medicine. Dunglison. Note: Steel is often used in the formation of compounds, generally of obvious meaning; as, steel-clad, steel-girt, steel-hearted, steel- plated, steel-pointed, etc. Bessemer steel (Metal.) See in the Vocabulary. -- Blister steel. (Metal.) See under Blister. -- Cast steel (Metal.), a fine variety of steel, originally made by smelting blister or cementation steel; hence, ordinarily, steel of any process of production when remelted and cast. -- Cromium steel (Metal.), a hard, tenacious variety containing a little cromium, and somewhat resembling tungsten steel. -- Mild steel (Metal.), a kind of steel having a lower proportion of carbon than ordinary steel, rendering it softer and more malleable. -- Puddled steel (Metal.), a variety of steel produced from cast iron by the puddling process. -- Steel duck (Zoöl.), the goosander, or merganser. [Prov. Eng.] -- Steel mill. (a) (Firearms) See Wheel lock, under Wheel. (b) A mill which has steel grinding surfaces. (c) A mill where steel is manufactured. -- Steel trap, a trap for catching wild animals. It consists of two iron jaws, which close by means of a powerful steel spring when the animal disturbs the catch, or tongue, by which they are kept open. -- Steel wine, wine, usually sherry, in which steel filings have been placed for a considerable time, -- used as a medicine. -- Tincture of steel (Med.), an alcoholic solution of the chloride of iron. -- Tungsten steel (Metal.), a variety of steel containing a small amount of tungsten, and noted for its tenacity and hardness, as well as for its malleability and tempering qualities. It is also noted for its magnetic properties. STEEL Steel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Steeled; p. pr. & vb. n. Steeling.] Etym: [AS. stlan: cf. Icel. stæla. See Steel, n.] 1. To overlay, point, or edge with steel; as, to steel a razor; to steel an ax. 2. To make hard or strong; hence, to make insensible or obdurate. Lies well steeled with weighty arguments. Shak. O God of battles! steel my soldier's hearts. Shak. Why will you fight against so sweet a passion, And steel your heart to such a world of charms Addison. 3. Fig.: To cause to resemble steel, as in smoothness, polish, or other qualities. These waters, steeled By breezeless air to smoothest polish. Wordsworth. 4. (Elec.) Defn: To cover, as an electrotype plate, with a thin layer of iron by electrolysis. The iron thus deposited is very hard, like steel. STEELBOW GOODS Steel"bow` goods". (Scots Law) Defn: Those goods on a farm, such as corn, cattle, implements husbandry, etc., which may not be carried off by a removing tenant, as being the property of the landlord. STEELER Steel"er, n. Defn: One who points, edges, or covers with steel. STEELER Steel"er, n. (Shipbuilding) Defn: Same as Stealer. STEELHEAD Steel"head`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A North Pacific salmon (Salmo Gairdneri) found from Northern California to Siberia; -- called also hardhead, and preesil. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ruddy duck. STEELINESS Steel"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being steely. STEELING Steel"ing, n. Defn: The process of pointing, edging, or overlaying with steel; specifically, acierage. See Steel, v. STEELY Steel"y, a. 1. Made of steel; consisting of steel. "The steely point of Clifford's lance." Shak. Around his shop the steely sparkles flew. Gay. 2. Resembling steel; hard; firm; having the color of steel. "His hair was steely gray." The Century. She would unarm her noble heart of that steely resistance against the sweet blows of love. Sir P. Sidney. Steely iron, a compound of iron containing less than one half of one per cent of carbon. STEELYARD Steel"yard, n. Etym: [So named from a place in London called the Steelyard, which was a yard in which steel was sold.] Defn: A form of balance in which the body to be weighed is suspended from the shorter arm of a lever, which turns on a fulcrum, and a counterpoise is caused to slide upon the longer arm to produce equilibrium, its place upon this arm (which is notched or graduated) indicating the weight; a Roman balance; -- very commonly used also in the plural form, steelyards. STEEM Steem, n. & v. Defn: See Esteem. [Obs.] Spenser. STEEM Steem, n. & v. Defn: See 1st and 2nd Stem. [Obs.] Chaucer. STEEN Steen, n. Etym: [AS. st. See Stone.] [Written also stean.] 1. A vessel of clay or stone. "An huge great earth-pot steane." Spenser. 2. A wall of brick, stone, or cement, used as a lining, as of a well, cistern, etc.; a steening. STEEN Steen, v. t. Etym: [AS. st to adorn with stones or gems. See Stone.] Defn: To line, as a well, with brick, stone, or other hard material. [Written also stean, and stein.] STEENBOK Steen"bok`, n. Etym: [D. steen stone + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Steinbock. STEENING Steen"ing, n. Defn: A lining made of brick, stone, or other hard material, as for a well. [Written also steaning.] STEENKIRK; STEINKIRK Steen"kirk`, Stein"kirk`, n. Etym: [So called from the battle of Steinkirk, in 1692, on which occasion the French nobles had no time to arrange their lace neckcloths.] Defn: A kind of neckcloth worn in a loose and disorderly fashion. STEEP Steep (step), a. Defn: Bright; glittering; fiery. [Obs.] His eyen steep, and rolling in his head. Chaucer. STEEP Steep, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Steeped (stept); p. pr. & vb. n. Steeping.] Etym: [OE. stepen, probably fr. Icel. steypa to cause to stoop, cast down, pour out, to cast metals, causative of stupa to stoop; cf. Sw. stöpa to cast, to steep, Dan. stöbe, D. & G. stippen to steep, to dip. Cf. Stoop, v. t.] Defn: To soak in a liquid; to macerate; to extract the essence of by soaking; as, to soften seed by steeping it in water. Often used figuratively. Let fancy still my sense in Lethe steep. Shak. In refreshing dew to steep The little, trembling flowers. Wordsworth. The learned of the nation were steeped in Latin. Earle. STEEP Steep, v. i. Defn: To undergo the process of soaking in a liquid; as, the tea is steeping. [Colloq.] STEEP Steep, n. 1. Something steeped, or used in steeping; a fertilizing liquid to hasten the germination of seeds. 2. A rennet bag. [Prov. Eng.] STEEP Steep, a. [Comper. Steeper; superl. Steepest.] Etym: [OE. steep, step, AS. steáp; akin to Icel. steyp steep, and stupa to stoop, Sw. stupa to fall, to tilt; cf. OFries. stap high. Cf. Stoop, v. i., Steep, v. t., Steeple.] 1. Making a large angle with the plane of the horizon; ascending or descending rapidly with respect to a horizontal line or a level; precipitous; as, a steep hill or mountain; a steep roof; a steep ascent; a steep declivity; a steep barometric gradient. 2. Difficult of access; not easy reached; lofty; elevated; high. [Obs.] Chapman. 3. Excessive; as, a steep price. [Slang] STEEP Steep, n. Defn: A precipitous place, hill, mountain, rock, or ascent; any elevated object sloping with a large angle to the plane of the horizon; a precipice. Dryden. We had on each side naked rocks and mountains broken into a thousand irregular steeps and precipices. Addison. Bare steeps, where desolation stalks. Wordsworth. STEEP-DOWN Steep"-down`, a. Defn: Deep and precipitous, having steep descent. [R.] Wash me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fire. Shak. STEEPEN Steep"en, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Steepened; p. pr. & vb. n. Steepening.] Defn: To become steep or steeper. As the way steepened . . . I could detect in the hollow of the hill some traces of the old path. H. Miller. STEEPER Steep"er, n. Defn: A vessel, vat, or cistern, in which things are steeped. STEEPINESS Steep"i*ness, n. Defn: Steepness. Howell. STEEPISH Steep"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat steep. Carlyle. STEEPLE Stee"ple, n. Etym: [OE. stepel, AS. stepel, st; akin to E. steep, a.] (Arch.) Defn: A spire; also, the tower and spire taken together; the whole of a structure if the roof is of spire form. See Spire. "A weathercock on a steeple." Shak. Rood steeple. See Rood tower, under Rood. -- Steeple bush (Bot.), a low shrub (Spiræa tomentosa) having dense panicles of minute rose-colored flowers; hardhack. -- Steeple chase, a race across country between a number of horsemen, to see which can first reach some distant object, as a church steeple; hence, a race over a prescribed course obstructed by such obstacles as one meets in riding across country, as hedges, walls, etc. -- Steeple chaser, one who rides in a steeple chase; also, a horse trained to run in a steeple chase. -- Steeple engine, a vertical back-acting steam engine having the cylinder beneath the crosshead. -- Steeple house, a church. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. STEEPLECHASING Stee"ple*chas`ing, n. Defn: The act of riding steeple chases. STEEPLE-CROWNED Stee"ple-crowned`, a. 1. Bearing a steeple; as, a steeple-crowned building. 2. Having a crown shaped like a steeple; as, a steeple-crowned hat; also, wearing a hat with such a crown. This grave, beared, sable-cloaked, and steeple-crowned progenitor. Hawthorne. STEEPLED Stee"pled, a. Defn: Furnished with, or having the form of, a steeple; adorned with steeples. Fairfax. STEEPLY Steep"ly, adv. Defn: In a steep manner; with steepness; with precipitous declivity. STEEPNESS Steep"ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being steep; precipitous declivity; as, the steepnessof a hill or a roof. 2. Height; loftiness. [Obs.] Chapman. STEEP-UP Steep"-up`, a. Defn: Lofty and precipitous. [R.] Her stand she takes upon a steep-up hill. Shak. STEEPY Steep"y, a. Defn: Steep; precipitous. [Poetic] No more, my goats, shall I belong you climb The steepy cliffs, or crop the flow'ry thyme. Dryden. STEER Steer, n. Etym: [OE. steer, AS. steór; akin to D. & G. stier a bull, OHG. stior, Icel. stjorr, , Sw. tjur, Dan. tyr, Goth. stiur, Russ. tur', Pol. tur, Ir. & Gael. tarbh, W. tarw, L. taurus, Gr. sth strong, stout, AS. stor large, Icel. storr, OHG. st, stiuri. *168. Cf. Stirk, Taurine, a.] Defn: A young male of the ox kind; especially, a common ox; a castrated taurine male from two to four years old. See the Note under Ox. STEER Steer, v. t. Defn: To castrate; -- said of male calves. STEER Steer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Steered; p. pr. & vb. n. Steering.] Etym: [OE. steeren, steren, AS. stiéran, st, steóran; akin to OFries. stiora, stiura, D. sturen, OD. stieren, G. steuren, OHG. stiuren to direct, support, G. steuer contribution, tax, Icel. st to steer, govern,Sw. styra, Dan. styre, Goth. stiurjan to establish, AS. steór a rudder, a helm, and probably to Icel. staurr a pale, stake, Gr. stand. *168. Cf. Starboard, Stern, n.] Defn: To direct the course of; to guide; to govern; -- applied especially to a vessel in the water. That with a staff his feeble steps did steer. Spenser. STEER Steer, v. i. 1. To direct a vessel in its course; to direct one's course. "No helmsman steers." Tennyson. 2. To be directed and governed; to take a direction, or course; to obey the helm; as, the boat steers easily. Where the wind Veers oft, as oft [a ship] so steers, and shifts her sail. Milton. 3. To conduct one's self; to take or pursue a course of action. STEER Steer, n. Etym: [AS. steór, stiór; akin to D. stuur, G. steuer, Icel. st. *186. See Steer, v. t.] [Written also stere.] Defn: A rudder or helm. [Obs.] Chaucer. STEER Steer, n. Etym: [AS. steóra. See Steer a rudder.] Defn: A helmsman, a pilot. [Obs.] Chaucer. STEERABLE Steer"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being steered; dirigible. STEERAGE Steer"age, n. 1. The act or practice of steering, or directing; as, the steerage of a ship. He left the city, and, in a most tempestuous season, forsook the helm and steerage of the common wealth. Milton. 2. (Naut.) (a) The effect of the helm on a ship; the manner in which an individual ship is affected by the helm. (b) The hinder part of a vessel; the stern. [R.] Swift. (c) Properly, the space in the after part of a vessel, under the cabin, but used generally to indicate any part of a vessel having the poorest accommodations and occupied by passengers paying the lowest rate of fare. 3. Direction; regulation; management; guidance. He that hath the steerage of my course. Shak. 4. That by which a course is directed. [R.] Here he hung on high, The steerage of his wings. Dryden. Steerage passenger, a passenger who takes passage in the steerage of a vessel. STEERAGEWAY Steer"age*way`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A rate of motion through the water sufficient to render a vessel governable by the helm. STEERER Steer"er, n. Defn: One who steers; as, a boat steerer. STEERING Steer"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Steer, v. Steering wheel (Naut.), the wheel by means of which the rudder of a vessel is turned and the vessel is steered. STEERLESS Steer"less, a. Defn: Having no rudder. [Obs.] Chaucer. STEERLING Steer"ling, n. Defn: A young small steer. STEERSMAN Steers"man, n.; pl. Steersmen. Etym: [Steer a rudder + man: cf. AS. steórman.] Defn: One who steers; the helmsman of a vessel. Milton. STEERSMATE Steers"mate, n. Etym: [Steer a rudder + mate a companion.] Defn: One who steers; steersman. [Obs.] Milton. STEEVE Steeve, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Steeved; p. pr. & vb. n. Steeving.] Etym: [Cf. OD. steve staff, E. stem, n.] (Shipbuilding) Defn: To project upward, or make an angle with the horizon or with the line of a vessel's keel; -- said of the bowsprit, etc. STEEVE Steeve, v. t. 1. (Shipbuilding) Defn: To elevate or fix at an angle with the horizon; -- said of the bowsprit, etc. 2. To stow, as bales in a vessel's hold, by means of a steeve. See Steeve, n. (b). STEEVE Steeve, n. (Naut.) (a) The angle which a bowsprit makes with the horizon, or with the line of the vessel's keel; -- called also steeving. (b) A spar, with a block at one end, used in stowing cotton bales, and similar kinds of cargo which need to be packed tightly. STEEVING Steev"ing, n. 1. The act or practice of one who steeves. 2. (Naut.) Defn: See Steeve, n. (a). STEG Steg, n. Etym: [Icel. steggr the male of several animals. Cf. Stag.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A gander. [Written also stag.] [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. STEGANOGRAPHIST Steg`a*nog"ra*phist, n. Defn: One skilled in steganography; a cryptographer. STEGANOGRAPHY Steg`a*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: The art of writing in cipher, or in characters which are not intelligible except to persons who have the key; cryptography. STEGANOPHTHALMATA Steg`a*noph*thal"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Discophora, or Phanerocarpæ. Called also Steganophthalmia. STEGANOPOD Ste*gan"o*pod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Steganopodes. STEGANOPODES Steg`a*nop"o*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of swimming birds in which all four toes are united by a broad web. It includes the pelicans, cormorants, gannets, and others. STEGANOPODOUS Steg`a*nop"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having all four toes webbed together. STEGNOSIS Steg*no"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Stegnotic.] (Med.) Defn: Constipation; also, constriction of the vessels or ducts. STEGNOTIC Steg*no"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Tending to render costive, or to diminish excretions or discharges generally. -- n. Defn: A stegnotic medicine; an astringent. STEGOCEPHALA Steg`o*ceph"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct order of amphibians found fossil in the Mesozoic rocks; called also Stegocephali, and Labyrinthodonta. Note: Their teeth, in transverse sections, usually show a labyrinthiform arrangement of the cement and dentine. The under side of the body was covered with bony plates. Some of the Stegocephala were of very large size, and the form of the body varied from short, stout forms to others that were as slender as serpents. STEGOSAURIA Steg`o*sau"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Stegosaurus.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct order of herbivorous dinosaurs, including the genera Stegosaurus, Omosaurus, and their allies. STEGOSAURUS Steg`o*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of large Jurassic dinosaurs remarkable for a powerful dermal armature of plates and spines. STEIK Steik, v. t. Defn: See Steek. [Scot.] STEIN Stein, n. & v. Defn: See Steen. STEINBOCK Stein"bock`, n. Etym: [G. stein stone + bock buck, D. bok. Cf. Steenbok.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European ibex. (b) A small South African antelope (Nanotragus tragulus) which frequents dry, rocky districts; -- called also steenbok. [Written also steinboc, and steinbok; also called stonebock, and stonebuck.] STEINGALE Stein"gale, n. Defn: The stannel. [Prov. Eng.] STEINING Stein"ing, n. Defn: See Steening. STEINKIRK Stein"kirk`, n. Defn: Same as Steenkirk. STEINKLE Stein"kle, n. Defn: The wheater. [Prov. Eng.] STELA Ste"la, n.; pl. Stelæ. Etym: [L., from Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A small column or pillar, used as a monument, milestone, etc. STELE Ste"le, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Same as Stela. One of these steles, containing the Greek version of the ordinance, has recently been discovered. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). STELE Stele, n. Etym: [See Stale a handle.] Defn: A stale, or handle; a stalk. [Obs.] Chaucer. Holland. STELENE Ste"lene, a. Etym: [See Stela.] Defn: Resembling, or used as, a stela; columnar. [R.] STELL Stell, v. t. Etym: [AS. stellan. *163.] Defn: To place or fix firmly or permanently. [Obs.] Shak. STELL Stell, n. Etym: [See Stell, v. t.] 1. A prop; a support, as for the feet in standing or cilmbing. [Scot.] 2. A partial inclosure made by a wall or trees, to serve as a shelter for sheep or cattle. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] STELLAR; STELLARY Stel"lar, Stel"la*ry, a. Etym: [L. stellaris, fr. stella a star. See Star.] 1. Of or pertaining to stars; astral; as, a stellar figure; stellary orbs. [These soft fires] in part shed down Their stellar virtue. Milton. 2. Full of stars; starry; as, stellar regions. STELLATE; STELLATED Stel"late, Stel"la*ted, a. Etym: [L. stellatus, p.p. of stellare to set or cover with stars, from stella a star. See Stellar.] 1. Resembling a star; pointed or radiated, like the emblem of a star. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Starlike; having similar parts radiating from a common center; as, stellate flowers. STELLATION Stel*la"tion, n. Defn: Radiation of light. [Obs.] STELLED Stelled, a. Etym: [See Stell to place.] Defn: Firmly placed or fixed. [Obs.] "The stelled fires" [the stars]. Shak. Note: [In this passage by some defined as "starry," as if from stellatus.] STELLER Stel"ler, n. Etym: [After Geo. W.Steller, a German naturalist.] (Zoöl) Defn: The rytina; -- called also stellerine. STELLERID Stel"ler*id, n. Etym: [L. stella a star.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A starfish. STELLERIDA Stel*ler"i*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive group of echinoderms, comprising the starfishes and ophiurans. STELLERIDAN; STELLERIDEAN Stel*ler"i*dan, Stel`ler*id"e*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A starfish, or brittle star. STELLIFEROUS Stel*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. stellifer; stella star + ferre 8bear.] Defn: Having, or abounding with, stars. STELLIFORM Stel"li*form, a. Etym: [L. stella a star + -form.] Defn: Like a star; star-shaped; radiated. STELLIFY Stel"li*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. stella a star + -fy.] Defn: To turn into a star; to cause to appear like a star; to place among the stars, or in heaven. [Obs. or R.] B. Jonson. STELLION Stel"lion, n. Etym: [L. stellio a newt having starlike spots on its back, fr. stella a star.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A lizard (Stellio vulgaris), common about the Eastern Mediterranean among ruins. In color it is olive-green, shaded with black, with small stellate spots. Called also hardim, and star lizard. STELLIONATE Stel"lion*ate, n. Etym: [L. stellionatus cozenage, trickery, fr. stellio a newt, a crafty, knavish person.] (Scots & Roman Law) Defn: Any fraud not distinguished by a more special name; -- chiefly applied to sales of the same property to two different persons, or selling that for one's own which belongs to another, etc. Erskine. STELLULAR Stel"lu*lar, a. Etym: [L. stellula, dim. of stella a star.] 1. Having the shape or appearance of little stars; radiated. 2. Marked with starlike spots of color. STELLULATE Stel"lu*late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Minutely stellate. STELMATOPODA Stel`ma*top"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Gymnolæmata. STELOGRAPHY Ste*log"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. Gr. Defn: The art of writing or inscribing characters on pillars. [R.] Stackhouse. STEM; STEEM Stem, Steem, v. i. Defn: To gleam. [Obs.] His head bald, that shone as any glass, . . . [And] stemed as a furnace of a leed [caldron]. Chaucer. STEM; STEEM Stem, Steem, n. Defn: A gleam of light; flame. [Obs.] STEM Stem, n. Etym: [AS. stemn, stefn, stæfn; akin to OS. stamn the stem of a ship, D. stam stem, steven stem of a ship, G. stamm stem, steven stem of a ship, Icel. stafn, stamn, stem of a ship, stofn, stomn, stem, Sw. stam a tree trunk, Dan. stamme. Cf. Staff, Stand.] 1. The principal body of a tree, shrub, or plant, of any kind; the main stock; the part which supports the branches or the head or top. After they are shot up thirty feet in length, they spread a very large top, having no bough nor twig in the trunk or the stem. Sir W. Raleigh. The lowering spring, with lavish rain, Beats down the slender stem and breaded grain. Dryden. 2. A little branch which connects a fruit, flower, or leaf with a main branch; a peduncle, pedicel, or petiole; as, the stem of an apple or a cherry. 3. The stock of a family; a race or generation of progenitors. "All that are of noble stem." Milton. While I do pray, learn here thy stem And true descent. Herbert. 4. A branch of a family. This is a stem Of that victorious stock. Shak. 5. (Naut.) Defn: A curved piece of timber to which the two sides of a ship are united at the fore end. The lower end of it is scarfed to the keel, and the bowsprit rests upon its upper end. Hence, the forward part of a vessel; the bow. 6. Fig.: An advanced or leading position; the lookout. Wolsey sat at the stem more than twenty years. Fuller. 7. Anything resembling a stem or stalk; as, the stem of a tobacco pipe; the stem of a watch case, or that part to which the ring, by which it is suspended, is attached. 8. (Bot.) Defn: That part of a plant which bears leaves, or rudiments of leaves, whether rising above ground or wholly subterranean. 9. (Zoöl.) (a) The entire central axis of a feather. (b) The basal portion of the body of one of the Pennatulacea, or of a gorgonian. 10. (Mus.) Defn: The short perpendicular line added to the body of a note; the tail of a crotchet, quaver, semiquaver, etc. 11. (Gram.) Defn: The part of an inflected word which remains unchanged (except by euphonic variations) throughout a given inflection; theme; base. From stem to stern (Naut.), from one end of the ship to the other, or through the whole length. -- Stem leaf (Bot.), a leaf growing from the stem of a plant, as contrasted with a basal or radical leaf. STEM Stem, v. t. 1. To remove the stem or stems from; as, to stem cherries; to remove the stem and its appendages (ribs and veins) from; as, to stem tobacco leaves. 2. To ram, as clay, into a blasting hole. STEM Stem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stemmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Stemming.] Etym: [Either from stem, n., or akin to stammer; cf. G. stemmen to press against.] Defn: To oppose or cut with, or as with, the stem of a vessel; to resist, or make progress against; to stop or check the flow of, as a current. "An argosy to stem the waves." Shak. [They] stem the flood with their erected breasts. Denham. Stemmed the wild torrent of a barbarous age. Pope. STEM Stem, v. i. Defn: To move forward against an obstacle, as a vessel against a current. Stemming nightly toward the pole. Milton. STEM-CLASPING Stem"-clasp`ing, a. (Bot.) Defn: Embracing the stem with its base; amplexicaul; as a leaf or petiole. STEMLESS Stem"less, a. Defn: Having no stem; (Bot.) acaulescent. STEMLET Stem"let, n. Defn: A small or young stem. STEMMA Stem"ma, n.; pl. Stemmata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the ocelli of an insect. See Ocellus. (b) One of the facets of a compound eye of any arthropod. STEMMER Stem"mer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, stems (in any of the senses of the verbs). STEMMERY Stem"mer*y, n. Defn: A large building in which tobacco is stemmed. [U. S.] Bartlett. STEMMY Stem"my, a. Defn: Abounding in stems, or mixed with stems; -- said of tea, dried currants, etc. [Colloq.] STEMPLE Stem"ple, n. Etym: [G. stempel a stamp, a prop, akin to E. stamp.] (Mining) Defn: A crossbar of wood in a shaft, serving as a step. STEMSON Stem"son, n. Etym: [See Stem, n., and Keelson, and cf. Sternson.] (Shipbuilding) Defn: A piece of curved timber bolted to the stem, keelson, and apron in a ship's frame near the bow. STEM-WINDER Stem"-wind`er, n. Defn: A stem-winding watch. [Colloq.] STEM-WINDING Stem"-wind`ing, a. Defn: Wound by mechanism connected with the stem; as, a stem-winding watch. STENCH Stench, v. t. Defn: To stanch. [Obs.] Harvey. STENCH Stench, n. Etym: [AS. stenc a strong smell, fr. stincan. See Stink, v. i.] 1. A smell; an odor. [Obs.] Clouds of savory stench involve the sky. Dryden. 2. An ill smell; an offensive odor; a stink. Cowper. Stench trap, a contrivance to prevent stench or foul air from rising from the openings of sewers, drains, etc. STENCH Stench, v. t. Etym: [AS. stencan to emit a smell, fr. stincan to smell. See Stench, n.] Defn: To cause to emit a disagreeable odor; to cause to stink. [Obs.] Young. STENCHY Stench"y, a. Defn: Having a stench. [Obs.] Dyer. STENCIL Sten"cil, n. Etym: [Probably from OF. estincelle spangle, spark, F. étincelle spark, L. scintilla. See Scintillate, and cf. Tinsel.] Defn: A thin plate of metal, leather, or other material, used in painting, marking, etc. The pattern is cut out of the plate, which is then laid flat on the surface to be marked, and the color brushed over it. Called also stencil plate. STENCIL Sten"cil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stenciled or Stencilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Stenciling or Stencilling.] Defn: To mark, paint, or color in figures with stencils; to form or print by means of a stencil. STENCILER Sten"cil*er, n. Defn: One who paints or colors in figures by means of stencil. [Written also stenciller.] STENODERM Sten"o*derm, n. Etym: [Gr. -derm.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of bat belonging to the genus Stenoderma, native of the West Indies and South America. These bats have a short or rudimentary tail and a peculiarly shaped nose membrane. STENODERMINE Sten`o*der"mine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the genus Stenoderma, which includes several West Indian and South American nose-leaf bats. STENOGRAPH Sten"o*graph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stenographed; p. pr. & vb. n. Stenographing.] Defn: To write or report in stenographic characters. STENOGRAPH Sten"o*graph, n. Defn: A production of stenography; anything written in shorthand. I saw the reporters' room, in which they redact their hasty stenographs. Emerson. STENOGRAPHER Ste*nog"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who is skilled in stenography; a writer of shorthand. STENOGRAPHIC; STENOGRAPHICAL Sten`o*graph"ic, Sten`o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sténographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to stenography. STENOGRAPHIST Ste*nog"ra*phist, n. Defn: A stenographer. STENOGRAPHY Ste*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. graphy: cf. F. sténographie, G. stenographie.] Defn: The art of writing in shorthand, by using abbreviations or characters for whole words; shorthand. STENOPHYLLOUS Ste*noph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having narrow leaves. STENOSIS Ste*no"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A narrowing of the opening or hollow of any passage, tube, or orifice; as, stenosis of the pylorus. It differs from stricture in being applied especially to diffused rather than localized contractions, and in always indicating an origin organic and not spasmodic. STENOSTOME Sten"o*stome, a. Etym: [Gr. steno`s narrow, little + sto`ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a small or narrow mouth; -- said of certain small ground snakes (Opoterodonta), which are unable to dilate their jaws. STENT Stent, v. t. [Obs. imp. Stente; obs. p. p. Stent.] Etym: [See Stint.] Defn: To keep within limits; to restain; to cause to stop, or cease; to stint. Then would he weep, he might not be stent. Chaucer. Yet n'ould she stent Her bitter railing and foul revilement. Spenser. STENT Stent, v. i. Defn: To stint; to stop; to cease. And of this cry they would never stenten. Chaucer. STENT Stent, n. Defn: An allotted portion; a stint. "Attain'd his journey's stent." Mir. for Mag. STENTING Stent"ing, n. Defn: An opening in a wall in a coal mine. [Written also stenton.] [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. STENTOR Sten"tor, n. Etym: [L. Stentor, Gr. 1. A herald, in the Iliad, who had a very loud voice; hence, any person having a powerful voice. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of ciliated Infusoria belonging to the genus Stentor and allied genera, common in fresh water. The stentors have a bell-shaped, or cornucopia-like, body with a circle of cilia around the spiral terminal disk. See Illust. under Heterotricha. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A howling monkey, or howler. STENTORIAN Sten*to"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. stentoreus; cf. Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a stentor; extremely loud; powerful; as, a stentorian voice; stentorian lungs. STENTORIN Sten"to*rin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A blue coloring matter found in some stentors. See Stentor, 2. STENTORIOUS Sten*to"ri*ous, a. Defn: Stentorian. [R.] STENTORONIC Sten`to*ron"ic, a. Defn: Stentorian. [Obs.] STENTOROPHONIC Sten`to*ro*phon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Stentor.] Defn: Speaking or sounding very loud; stentorian. [Obs.] Of this stentorophonic horn of Alexander there is a preserved in the Vatican. Derham. STEP Step, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stepped; p. pr. & vb. n. Stepping.] Etym: [AS. stæppan; akin to OFries. steppa, D. stappen to step, stap a step, OHG. stepfen to step, G. stapfe a footstep, OHG. stapfo, G. stufe a step to step on; cf. Gr. Stamp, n. & a.] 1. To move the foot in walking; to advance or recede by raising and moving one of the feet to another resting place, or by moving both feet in succession. 2. To walk; to go on foot; esp., to walk a little distance; as, to step to one of the neighbors. 3. To walk slowly, gravely, or resolutely. Home the swain retreats, His flock before him stepping to the fold. Thomson. 4. Fig.: To move mentally; to go in imagination. They are stepping almost three thousand years back into the remotest antiquity. Pope. To step aside, to walk a little distance from the rest; to retire from company. -- To step forth, to move or come forth. -- To step in or into. (a) To walk or advance into a place or state, or to advance suddenly in. Whosoever then first, after the troubling of the water, stepped in, was made whole of whatsoever disease he had. John v. 4. (b) To enter for a short time; as, I just stepped into the house. (c) To obtain possession without trouble; to enter upon easily or suddenly; as, to step into an estate. -- To step out. (a) (Mil.) To increase the length, but not the rapidity, of the step, extending it to thirty-tree inches. (b) To go out for a short distance or a short time. -- To step short (Mil.), to diminish the length or rapidity of the step according to the established rules. STEP Step, v. t. 1. To set, as the foot. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To fix the foot of (a mast) in its step; to erect. To step off, to measure by steps, or paces; hence, to divide, as a space, or to form a series of marks, by successive measurements, as with dividers. STEP Step, n. Etym: [AS. stæpe. See Step, v. i.] 1. An advance or movement made by one removal of the foot; a pace. 2. A rest, or one of a set of rests, for the foot in ascending or descending, as a stair, or a round of a ladder. The breadth of every single step or stair should be never less than one foot. Sir H. Wotton. 3. The space passed over by one movement of the foot in walking or running; as, one step is generally about three feet, but may be more or less. Used also figuratively of any kind of progress; as, he improved step by step, or by steps. To derive two or three general principles of motion from phenomena, and afterwards to tell us how the properties and actions of all corporeal things follow from those manifest principles, would be a very great step in philosophy. Sir I. Newton. 4. A small space or distance; as, it is but a step. 5. A print of the foot; a footstep; a footprint; track. 6. Gait; manner of walking; as, the approach of a man is often known by his step. 7. Proceeding; measure; action; an act. The reputation of a man depends on the first steps he makes in the world. Pope. Beware of desperate steps. The darkest day, Live till to-morrow, will have passed away. Cowper. I have lately taken steps . . . to relieve the old gentleman's distresses. G. W. Cable. 8. pl. Defn: Walk; passage. Conduct my steps to find the fatal tree. Dryden. 9. pl. Defn: A portable framework of stairs, much used indoors in reaching to a high position. 10. (Naut.) Defn: In general, a framing in wood or iron which is intended to receive an upright shaft; specif., a block of wood, or a solid platform upon the keelson, supporting the heel of the mast. 11. (Mach.) (a) One of a series of offsets, or parts, resembling the steps of stairs, as one of the series of parts of a cone pulley on which the belt runs. (b) A bearing in which the lower extremity of a spindle or a vertical shaft revolves. 12. (Mus.) Defn: The intervak between two contiguous degrees of the csale. Note: The word tone is often used as the name of this interval; but there is evident incongruity in using tone for indicating the interval between tones. As the word scale is derived from the Italian scala, a ladder, the intervals may well be called steps. 13. (Kinematics) Defn: A change of position effected by a motion of translation. W. K. Clifford. Back step, Half step, etc. See under Back, Half, etc. -- Step grate, a form of grate for holding fuel, in which the bars rise above one another in the manner of steps. -- To take steps, to take action; to move in a matter. STEP- Step-. Etym: [AS. steóp-; akin to OFries. stiap-, stiep-, D. & G. stief-, OHG. stiuf-, Icel. stj, Sw. styf-, and to AS. astepan, asteópan, to deprive, bereave, as children of their parents, OHG. stiufen.] Defn: A prefix used before father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter, child, etc., to indicate that the person thus spoken of is not a blood relative, but is a relative by the marriage of a parent; as, a stepmother to X is the wife of the father of X, married by him after the death of the mother of X. See Stepchild, Stepdaughter, Stepson, etc. STEPBROTHER Step"broth`er, n. Defn: A brother by the marriage of one's father with the mother of another, or of one's mother with the father of another. STEPCHILD Step"child`, n. Etym: [AS. steópcild.] 1. A bereaved child; one who has lost father or mother. [Obs.] 2. A son or daughter of one's wife or husband by a former marriage. STEPDAME Step"dame`, n. Defn: A stepmother. Spenser. STEPDAUGHTER Step"daugh`ter, n. Etym: [AS. steópdohtor.] Defn: A daughter of one's wife or husband by a former marriage. STEP-DOWN Step"-down`, a. (Elec.) Defn: Transforming or converting a current of high potential or pressure into one of low pressure; as, a step-down transformer. STEPFATHER Step"fa`ther, n. Etym: [AS. steópfæder.] Defn: The husband of one's mother by a subsequent marriage. STEPHANION Ste*pha"ni*on, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The point on the side of the skull where the temporal line, or upper edge of the temporal fossa, crosses the coronal suture. STEPHANITE Steph"an*ite, n. Etym: [So named after the Archduke Stephan, mining director of Austria.] (Min.) Defn: A sulphide of antimony and silver of an iron-black color and metallic luster; called also black silver, and brittle silver ore. STEPHANOTIS Steph`a*no"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of climbing asclepiadaceous shrubs, of Madagascar, Malaya, etc. They have fleshy or coriaceous opposite leaves, and large white waxy flowers in cymes. 2. A perfume said to be prepared from the flowers of Stephanotis floribunda. STEPLADDER Step"lad`der, n. Defn: A portable set of steps. STEPMOTHER Step"moth`er, n. Etym: [AS. steópmoder.] Defn: The wife of one's father by a subsequent marriage. STEPPARENT Step"par`ent, n. Defn: Stepfather or stepmother. STEPPE Steppe, n. Etym: [From Russ. stepe, through G. or F. steppe.] Defn: One of the vast plains in Southeastern Europe and in Asia, generally elevated, and free from wood, analogous to many of the prairies in Western North America. See Savanna. Steppe murrain. (Far.) See Rinderpest. STEPPED Stepped, a. Defn: Provided with a step or steps; having a series of offsets or parts resembling the steps of stairs; as, a stepped key. Stepped gear, a cogwheel of which the teeth cross the face in a series of steps. STEPPER Step"per, n. Defn: One who, or that which, steps; as, a quick stepper. STEPPING-STONE Step"ping-stone`, n. 1. A stone to raise the feet above the surface of water or mud in walking. 2. Fig.: A means of progress or advancement. These obstacles his genius had turned into stepping-stones. Macaulay. That men may rise on stepping-stones Of their dead selves to higher things. Tennyson. STEPSISTER Step"sis`ter, n. Defn: A daughter of one's stepfather or stepmother by a former marriage. STEPSON Step"son`, n. Etym: [AS. steópsunu.] Defn: A son of one's husband or wife by a former marriage. STEPSTONE Step"stone`, n. Defn: A stone laid before a door as a stair to rise on in entering the house. STEP-UP Step"-up`, a. (Elec.) Defn: Transforming or converting a low-pressure current into one of high pressure; as, a step-up transformer. -STER -ster. Etym: [OE. & AS. -estre, -istre.] Defn: A suffix denoting the agent (originally a woman), especially a person who does something with skill or as an occupation; as in spinster (originally, a woman who spins), songster, baxter (= bakester), youngster. Note: Brewing, baking, and weaving were formerly feminine labors, and consequently brewster, baxter, and webster meant, originally, the woman (not the man) who brews, bakes, or weaves. When men began to perform these duties the feminine appellations were retained. STERCOBILIN Ster`co*bi"lin, n. Etym: [L. stercus dung + E. bilin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A coloring matter found in the fæces, a product of the alteration of the bile pigments in the intestinal canal, -- identical with hydrobilirubin. STERCOLIN Ster"co*lin, n. Etym: [L. stercus dung + oleum oil.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Same as Serolin (b). STERCORACEOUS Ster`co*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [L. stercus, -oris, dung.] Defn: Of or pertaining to dung; partaking of the nature of, or containing, dung. STERCORANISM Ster"co*ra*nism, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The doctrine or belief of the Stercoranists. STERCORANIST Ster"co*ra*nist, n. Etym: [LL. stercoranista, fr. L. stercus, -oris, dung.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A nickname formerly given to those who held, or were alleged to hold, that the consecrated elements in the eucharist undergo the process of digestion in the body of the recipient. STERCORARIAN Ster`co*ra"ri*an, n. Defn: A Stercoranist. STERCORARY Ster"co*ra*ry, n. Etym: [LL. stercorarium, from L. stercorarius belonging to dung.] Defn: A place, properly secured from the weather, for containing dung. STERCORATE Ster"co*rate, n. Defn: Excrement; dung. [Obs.] STERCORATION Ster`co*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. stercoratio, from stercorare to dung.] Defn: Manuring with dung. [Obs.] Bacon. STERCORIANISM Ster*co"ri*an*ism, n. (Eccl.) Defn: The doctrine or belief of the Stercoranists. STERCORIN Ster"co*rin, n. Etym: [L. stercus, -oris, dung.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Same as Serolin (b). STERCORY Ster"co*ry, n. Defn: Excrement; dung. [Obs.] STERCULIACEOUS Ster*cu`li*a"ceous, a. Etym: [NL. Sterculia, the typical genus, fr. L. Sterculius the deity that presided over manuring, from stercus dung. So called because one of the original species is fetid.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order (Sterculiaceæ) of polypetalous exogenous plants, mostly tropical. The cacao (Theobroma Cacao) is the most useful plant of the order. STERE Stere, n. Etym: [F. stère, fr. Gr. Defn: A unit of cubic measure in the metric system, being a cubic meter, or kiloliter, and equal to 35.3 cubic feet, or nearly 1 STERE Stere, v. t. & i. Defn: To stir. [Obs.] Chaucer. STERE Stere, n. Defn: A rudder. See 5th Steer. [Obs.] Chaucer. STERE Stere, n. Defn: Helmsman. See 6th Steer. [Obs.] Chaucer. STERELMINTHA Ster`el*min"tha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. stereo`s solid + (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Platyelminthes. STEREO- Ste"re*o-. Etym: [Gr. stereo`s solid. See Stare to gaze.] Defn: A combining form meaning solid, hard, firm, as in stereo- chemistry, stereography. STEREOBATE Ste"re*o*bate, n. Etym: [Gr. stereo`s solid + stéréobate.] (Arch.) Defn: The lower part or basement of a building or pedestal; -- used loosely for several different forms of basement. STEREO-CHEMIC; STEREO-CHEMICAL Ste`re*o-chem"ic, Ste`re*o-chem"ic*al, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or illustrating, the hypothetical space relations of atoms in the molecule; as, a stereo-chemic formula. STEREO-CHEMISTRY Ste`re*o-chem"is*try, n. Etym: [Stereo- + chemistry.] (Chem.) Defn: Chemistry considered with reference to the space relations of atoms. STEREOCHROME Ste"re*o*chrome, n. Defn: Stereochromic picture. STEREOCHROMIC Ste`re*o*chro"mic, a. Defn: Pertaining to the art of stereochromy; produced by stereochromy. -- Ste`re*o*chro"mic*al*ly, adv. STEREOCHROMY Ste`re*och"ro*my, n. Etym: [Stereo- + Gr. chrw^ma color.] Defn: A style of painting on plastered walls or stone, in which the colors are rendered permanent by sprinklings of water, in which is mixed a proportion of soluble glass (a silicate of soda). STEREOELECTRIC Ste`re*o*e*lec"tric, a. Etym: [Stereo- + electric.] (Physics) Defn: Of or pertaining to the generation of electricity by means of solid bodies alone; as, a stereoelectric current is one obtained by means of solids, without any liquid. STEREOGRAM Ste"re*o*gram, n. Etym: [Stereo- + -gram.] Defn: A diagram or picture which represents objects in such a way as to give the impression of relief or solidity; also, a stereograph. STEREOGRAPH Ste"re*o*graph, n. Etym: [Stereo- + -graph.] Defn: Any picture, or pair of pictures, prepared for exhibition in the stereoscope. Stereographs are now commonly made by means of photography. STEREOGRAPHIC; STEREOGRAPHICAL Ste`re*o*graph"ic, Ste`re*o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. stéréographique.] Defn: Made or done according to the rules of stereography; delineated on a plane; as, a stereographic chart of the earth. Stereographic projection (Geom.), a method of representing the sphere in which the center of projection is taken in the surface of the sphere, and the plane upon which the projection is made is at right andles to the diameter passing through the center of projection. STEREOGRAPHICALLY Ste`re*o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a stereographical manner; by delineation on a plane. STEREOGRAPHY Ste`re*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Stereo- + graphy: cf. F. stéréographie.] Defn: The art of delineating the forms of solid bodies on a plane; a branch of solid geometry which shows the construction of all solids which are regularly defined. Note: By cutting pieces of cardboard, or other suitable material, in the forms represented in the cut, folding them along the lines indicated, and joining their edges, the five regular solids may be formed. STEREOMETER Ste`re*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Stereo- + meter.] (Physics) 1. An instrument for measuring the solid contents of a body, or the capacity of a vessel; a volumenometer. 2. An instrument for determining the specific gravity of liquid bodies, porous bodies, and powders, as well as solids. STEREOMETRIC; STEREOMETRICAL Ste`re*o*met"ric, Ste`re*o*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. stéréométrique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to stereometry; performed or obtained by stereometry. -- Ste`re*o*met"ric*al*ly, adv. STEREOMETRY Ste`re*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Stereo- + -metry: cf. F. stéréométrie.] Defn: The art of measuring and computing the cubical contents of bodies and figures; -- distinguished from planimetry. STEREOMONOSCOPE Ste`re*o*mon"o*scope, n. Etym: [Stereo- + mono- + -scope.] Defn: An instrument with two lenses, by which an image of a single picture projected upon a screen of ground glass is made to present an appearance of relief, and may be viewed by several persons at once. STEREOPLASM Ste"re*o*plasm, n. Etym: [Stereo- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: The solid or insoluble portion of the cell protoplasm. See Hygroplasm. STEREOPTICON Ste`re*op"ti*con, n. Etym: [NL. See Stereo-, and Optic.] Defn: An instrument, consisting essentially of a magic lantern in which photographic pictures are used, by which the image of a landscape, or any object, may be thrown upon a screen in such a manner as to seem to stand out in relief, so as to form a striking and accurate representation of the object itself; also, a pair of magic lanterns for producing the effect of dissolving views. STEREOSCOPE Ste"re*o*scope, n. Etym: [Stereo- + -scope.] Defn: An optical instrument for giving to pictures the appearance of solid forms, as seen in nature. It combines in one, through a bending of the rays of light, two pictures, taken for the purpose from points of view a little way apart. It is furnished with two eyeglasses, and by refraction or reflection the pictures are superimposed, so as to appear as one to the observer. Note: In the reflecting stereoscope, the rays from the two pictures are turned into the proper direction for stereoscopic vision by two plane mirrors set at an angle with each other, and between the pictures. In the lenticular stereoscope, the form in general use, the eyeglasses are semilenses, or marginal portions of the same convex lenses, set with their edges toward each other, so that they deflect the rays coming from the picture so as to strike the eyes as if coming direct from an intermediate point, where the two pictures are seen apparently as one. STEREOSCOPIC; STEREOSCOPICAL Ste`re*o*scop"ic, Ste`re*o*scop"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the stereoscope; characteristic of, or adapted to, the stereoscope; as, a stereoscopic effect; the stereoscopic function of the eyeglasses; stereoscopic views. -- Ste`re*o*scop"ic*al*ly, adv. STEREOSCOPIST Ste`re*os"co*pist, n. Defn: One skilled in the use or construction of stereoscopes. STEREOSCOPY Ste`re*os"co*py, n. Defn: The art or science of using the stereoscope, or of constructing the instrument or the views used with it. STEREOSTATIC Ste`re*o*stat"ic, a. Etym: [Stereo- + static.] (Civil. Engin.) Defn: Geostatic. STEREOTOMIC; STEREOTOMICAL Ste`re*o*tom"ic, Ste`re*o*tom"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to stereotomy; performed by stereotomy. STEREOTOMY Ste`re*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [Stereo- + Gr. stéréotomie.] Defn: The science or art of cutting solids into certain figures or sections, as arches, and the like; especially, the art of stonecutting. STEREOTYPE Ste"re*o*type, n. Etym: [Stereo- + -type: cf. F. stéréotype.] 1. A plate forming an exact faximile of a page of type or of an engraving, used in printing books, etc.; specifically, a plate with type-metal face, used for printing. Note: A stereotype, or stereotypr plate, is made by setting movable type as for ordinary printing; from these a cast is taken in plaster of Paris, paper pulp, or the like, and upon this cast melted type metal is poured, which, when hardened, makes a solid page or column, from which the impression is taken as from type. 2. The art or process of making such plates, or of executing work by means of them. Stereotype block, a block, usually of wood, to which a stereotype plate is attached while being used in printing. STEREOTYPE Ste"re*o*type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stereotyped; p. pr. & vb. n. Stereotyping.] Etym: [Cf. F. stéréotyper.] 1. To prepare for printing in stereotype; to make the stereotype plates of; as, to stereotype the Bible. 2. Fig.: To make firm or permanent; to fix. Powerful causes tending to stereotype and aggravate the poverty of old conditions. Duke of Argyll (1887). STEREOTYPED Ste"re*o*typed, a. 1. Formed into, or printed from, stereotype plates. 2. Fig.: Formed in a fixed, unchangeable manner; as, stereotyped opinions. Our civilization, with its stereotyped ways and smooth conventionalities. J. C. Shairp. STEREOTYPER Ste"re*o*ty`per, n. Defn: One who stereotypes; one who makes stereotype plates, or works in a stereotype foundry. STEREOTYPERY Ste"re*o*ty`per*y, n. 1. The art, process, or employment of making stereotype plates. 2. A place where stereotype plates are made; a stereotype foundry. STEREOTYPIC Ste`re*o*typ"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to stereotype, or stereotype plates. STEREOTYPIST Ste"re*o*ty`pist, n. Defn: A stereotyper. STEREOTYPOGRAPHER Ste`re*o*ty*pog"ra*pher, n. Defn: A stereotype printer. STEREOTYPOGRAPHY Ste`re*o*ty*pog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Stereo- + typography.] Defn: The act or art of printing from stereotype plates. STEREOTYPY Ste"re*o*ty`py, n. Etym: [Cf. F. stéréotypie.] Defn: The art or process of making stereotype plates. STERHYDRAULIC Ster`hy*drau"lic, a. Etym: [Stereo- + hydraulic.] Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a kind of hydraulic press; resembling such a press in action or principle. Sterhydraulic press, an hydraulic press producing pressure or motion by the introduction of a solid substance (as a long rod, or a cord wound on a roller) into a cylinder previously filled with a liquid. STERILE Ster"ile, a. Etym: [F. stérile, L. sterilis, akin to Gr. stereo`s stiff, solid, stei^ros barren, stei^ra a cow that has not calved, Goth. stairo, fem., barren. See Stare to gaze.] 1. Producing little or no crop; barren; unfruitful; unproductive; not fertile; as, sterile land; a sterile desert; a sterile year. 2. (Biol.) (a) Incapable of reproduction; unfitted for reproduction of offspring; not able to germinate or bear fruit; unfruitful; as, a sterile flower, which bears only stamens. (b) Free from reproductive spores or germs; as, a sterile fluid. 3. Fig.: Barren of ideas; destitute of sentiment; as, a sterile production or author. STERILITY Ste*ril"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. sterilitas: cf. F. stérilité.] 1. The quality or condition of being sterile. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Quality of being sterile; infecundity; also, the state of being free from germs or spores. STERILIZATION Ster`il*i*za"tion, n. (Biol.) Defn: The act or process of sterilizing, or rendering sterile; also, the state of being sterile. STERILIZE Ster"il*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sterilized; p. pr. & vb. n. Sterilizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. stériliser.] 1. To make sterile or unproductive; to impoverish, as land; to exhaust of fertility. [R.] "Sterilizing the earth." Woodward. 2. (Biol.) (a) To deprive of the power of reproducing; to render incapable of germination or fecundation; to make sterile. (b) To destroy all spores or germs in (an organic fluid or mixture), as by heat, so as to prevent the development of bacterial or other organisms. STERILIZER Ster"il*i`zer, n. Defn: One that sterilizes anything; specif., an apparatus for sterilizing an organic fluid or mixture. STERLET Ster"let, n. Etym: [Russ. sterliade.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) found in the Caspian Sea and its rivers, and highly esteemed for its flavor. The finest caviare is made from its roe. STERLING Ster"ling, n. (Engin.) Defn: Same as Starling, 3. STERLING Ster"ling, n. Etym: [OE. sterlynge, starling, for easterling, LL. esterlingus, probably from Easterling, once the popular name of German trades in England, whose money was of the purest quality: cf. MHG. sterlink a certain coin. Cf. East. "Certain merchants of Norwaie, Denmarke, and of others those parties, called Ostomanni, or (as in our vulgar language we tearme them), easterlings, because they lie east in respect of us." Holinshed. "In the time of . . . King Richard the First, monie coined in the east parts of Germanie began to be of especiall request in England for the puritie thereof, and was called Easterling monie, as all inhabitants of those parts were called Easterlings, and shortly after some of that countrie, skillful in mint matters and allaies, were sent for into this realme to bring the coine to perfection; which since that time was called of them sterling, for Easterling." Camden. "Four thousand pound of sterlings." R. of Gloucester.] 1. Any English coin of standard value; coined money. So that ye offer nobles or sterlings. Chaucer. And Roman wealth in English sterling view. Arbuthnot. 2. A certain standard of quality or value for money. Sterling was the known and approved standard in England, in all probability, from the beginning of King Henry the Second's reign. S. M. Leake. STERLING Ster"ling, a. 1. Belonging to, or relating to, the standard British money of account, or the British coinage; as, a pound sterling; a shilling sterling; a penny sterling; -- now chiefly applied to the lawful money of England; but sterling cost, sterling value, are used. "With sterling money." Shak. 2. Genuine; pure; of excellent quality; conforming to the highest standard; of full value; as, a work of sterling merit; a man of sterling good sense. STERN Stern, n. Etym: [AS. stearn a kind of bird. See Starling.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The black tern. STERN Stern, a. [Compar. Sterner; superl. Sternest.] Etym: [OE. sterne, sturne, AS. styrne; cf. D. stuurish stern, Sw. stursk refractory. *166.] Defn: Having a certain hardness or severity of nature, manner, or aspect; hard; severe; rigid; rigorous; austere; fixed; unchanging; unrelenting; hence, serious; resolute; harsh; as, a sternresolve; a stern necessity; a stern heart; a stern gaze; a stern decree. The sterne wind so loud gan to rout. Chaucer. I would outstare the sternest eyes that look. Shak. When that the poor have cried, Cæsar hath wept; Ambition should be made of sterner stuff. Shak. Stern as tutors, and as uncles hard. Dryden. These barren rocks, your stern inheritance. Wordsworth. Syn. -- Gloomy; sullen; forbidding; strict; unkind; hard-hearted; unfeeling; cruel; pitiless. STERN Stern, n. Etym: [Icel. stjorn a steering, or a doubtful AS. steórn. *166. See Steer, v. t.] 1. The helm or tiller of a vessel or boat; also, the rudder. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The after or rear end of a ship or other vessel, or of a boat; the part opposite to the stem, or prow. 3. Fig.: The post of management or direction. And sit chiefest stern of public weal. Shak. 4. The hinder part of anything. Spenser. 5. The tail of an animal; -- now used only of the tail of a dog. By the stern. (Naut.) See By the head, under By. STERN Stern, a. Defn: Being in the stern, or being astern; as, the stern davits. Stern board (Naut.), a going or falling astern; a loss of way in making a tack; as, to make a stern board. See Board, n., 8 (b). -- Stern chase. (Naut.) (a) See under Chase, n. (b) A stern chaser. -- Stern chaser (Naut.), a cannon placed in a ship's stern, pointing backward, and intended to annoy a ship that is in pursuit. -- Stern fast (Naut.), a rope used to confine the stern of a ship or other vessel, as to a wharf or buoy. -- Stern frame (Naut.), the framework of timber forms the stern of a ship. -- Stern knee. See Sternson. -- Stern port (Naut.), a port, or opening, in the stern of a ship. -- Stern sheets (Naut.), that part of an open boat which is between the stern and the aftmost seat of the rowers, -- usually furnished with seats for passengers. -- Stern wheel, a paddle wheel attached to the stern of the steamboat which it propels.stern wheeler. STERNAGE Stern"age, n. Defn: Stern. [R.] Shak. STERNAL Ster"nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sternum; in the region of the sternum. Sternal ribs. See the Note under Rib, n., 1. STERNBERGITE Stern"berg*ite, n. Etym: [So named after Count Kaspar Sternberg of Prague.] (Min.) Defn: A sulphide of silver and iron, occurring in soft flexible laminæ varying in color from brown to black. STERNEBRA Ster"ne*bra, n.; pl. Sternebræ. Etym: [NL., fr. sternum + -bra of vertebra.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the segments of the sternum. -- Ster"ne*bral, a. STERNED Sterned, a. Defn: Having a stern of a particular shape; -- used in composition; as, square-sterned. STERNER Stern"er, n. Etym: [See 3d Stern.] Defn: A director. [Obs. & R.] Dr. R. Clerke. STERNFOREMOST Stern`fore"most`, adv. Defn: With the stern, instead of the bow, in advance; hence, figuratively, in an awkward, blundering manner. A fatal genius for going sternforemost. Lowell. STERNITE Ster"nite, n. Etym: [From Sternum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The sternum of an arthropod somite. STERNLY Stern"ly, adv. Defn: In a stern manner. STERNMOST Stern"most`, a. Defn: Farthest in the rear; farthest astern; as, the sternmost ship in a convoy. STERNNESS Stern"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being stern. STERNO- Ster"no-. Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the sternum; as, sternocostal, sternoscapular. STERNOCORACOID Ster`no*cor"a*coid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sternum and the coracoid. STERNOCOSTAL Ster`no*cos"tal, a. Etym: [Sterno- + costal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sternum and the ribs; as, the sternocostal cartilages. STERNOHYOID Ster`no*hy"oid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sternum and the hyoid bone or cartilage. STERNOMASTOID Ster`no*mas"toid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sternum and the mastoid process. STERNOTHYROID Ster`no*thy"roid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sternum and the thyroid cartilage. STERNPOST Stern"post`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A straight piece of timber, or an iron bar or beam, erected on the extremity of the keel to support the rudder, and receive the ends of the planks or plates of the vessel. STERNSMAN Sterns"man, n. Defn: A steersman. [Obs.] STERNSON Stern"son, n. Etym: [See Stern, n., and cf. Stemson.] (Naut.) Defn: The end of a ship's keelson, to which the sternpost is bolted; -- called also stern knee. STERNUM Ster"num, n.; pl. L. Sterna, E. Sternums. Etym: [NL., from Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: A plate of cartilage, or a series of bony or cartilaginous plates or segments, in the median line of the pectoral skeleton of most vertebrates above fishes; the breastbone. Note: The sternum is connected with the ribs or the pectorial girdle, or with both. In man it is a flat bone, broad anteriorly, narrowed behind, and connected with the clavicles and the cartilages of the seven anterior pairs of ribs. In most birds it has a high median keel for the attachment of the muscles of the wings. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ventral part of any one of the somites of an arthropod. STERNUTATION Ster`nu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. sternutatio, fr. sternutare to sneeze, intens. from sternuere.] Defn: The act of sneezing. Quincy. STERNUTATIVE Ster*nu"ta*tive, a. Defn: Having the quality of provoking to sneeze. STERNUTATORY Ster*nu"ta*to*ry, a. Defn: Sternutative. -- n. Defn: A sternutatory substance or medicine. STERNWAY Stern"way`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The movement of a ship backward, or with her stern foremost. STERN-WHEEL Stern"-wheel`, a. Defn: Having a paddle wheel at the stern; as, a stern-wheel steamer. STERN-WHEELER Stern"-wheel`er, n. Defn: A steamboat having a stern wheel instead of side wheels. [Colloq. U.S.] STERQUILINOUS Ster*quil"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. sterquilinium a dung pit, fr. stercus dung.] Defn: Pertaining to a dunghill; hence, mean; dirty; paltry. [Obs.] Howell. STERRE Ster"re, n. Defn: A star. [Obs.] Chaucer. STERRINK Ster"rink, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The crab-eating seal (Lobodon carcinophaga) of the Antarctic Ocean. STERROMETAL Ster"ro*met`al, n. Etym: [Gr. metal.] Defn: Any alloy of copper, zinc, tin, and iron, of which cannon are sometimes made. STERT Stert, obs. p. p. of Start. Defn: Started. Chaucer. STERTE Ster"te, obs. Defn: p. p. of Start. Chaucer. STERTORIOUS Ster*to"ri*ous, a. Defn: Stertorous. [R.] STERTOROUS Ster"to*rous, a. Etym: [L. stertere to snore: cf. F. stertoreux.] Defn: Characterized by a deep snoring, which accompaines inspiration in some diseases, especially apoplexy; hence, hoarsely breathing; snoring. Burning, stertorous breath that hurt her cheek. Mrs. Browning. The day has ebbed away, and it is night in his room, before his stertorous breathing lulls. Dickens. STERVE Sterve, v. t. & i. Defn: To die, or cause to die; to perish. See Starve. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. STET Stet, Etym: L., subj. 3d pers. sing. of stare to stand, remain. Etym: [See Stand.] (Print.) Defn: Let it stand; -- a word used by proof readers to signify that something once erased, or marked for omission, is to remain. STET Stet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Stetting.] (Print.) Defn: To cause or direct to remain after having been marked for omission; to mark with the word stet, or with a series of dots below or beside the matter; as, the proof reader stetted a deled footnote. STETHAL Steth"al, n. Etym: [Stearic + ethal.] (Chem.) Defn: One of the higher alcohols of the methane series, homologous with ethal, and found in small quantities as an ethereal salt of stearic acid in spermaceti. STETHOGRAPH Steth"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] (Physiol.) Defn: See Pneumatograph. STETHOMETER Ste*thom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Physiol.) Defn: An apparatus for measuring the external movements of a given point of the chest wall, during respiration; -- also called thoracometer. STETHOSCOPE Steth"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope: cf. F. stéthoscope.] (Med.) Defn: An instrument used in auscultation for examining the organs of the chest, as the heart and lungs, by conveying to the ear of the examiner the sounds produced in the thorax. STETHOSCOPE Steth"o*scope, v. t. Defn: To auscultate, or examine, with a stethoscope. M. W. Savage. STETHOSCOPIC; STETHOSCOPICAL Steth`o*scop"ic, Steth`o*scop"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. stéthoscopique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a stethoscope; obtained or made by means of a stethoscope. -- Steth`o*scop"ic*al*ly, adv. STETHOSCOPIST Ste*thos"co*pist, n. Defn: One skilled in the use of the stethoscope. STETHOSCOPY Ste*thos"co*py, n. Defn: The art or process of examination by the stethoscope. STEVE Steve, v. t. Etym: [See Stevedore.] Defn: To pack or stow, as cargo in a ship's hold. See Steeve. STEVEDORE Ste"ve*dore`, n. Etym: [Sp. estivador a packer, a stower, fr. estivar to pack, to stow, L. stipare to press, compress, probably akin to E. stiff. See Stiff, Stive to stuff.] Defn: One whose occupation is to load and unload vessels in port; one who stows a cargo in a hold. STEVEN Ste"ven, n. Etym: [AS. stefn, stemn, voice; akin to D. stem, G. stimme, Goth. stibna.] 1. Voice; speech; language. [Obs. or Scot.] Ye have as merry a steven As any angel hath that is in heaven. Chaucer. 2. An outcry; a loud call; a clamor. [Obs.] Spenser. To set steven, to make an appointment. [Obs.] They setten steven for to meet To playen at the dice. Chaucer. STEW Stew, n. Etym: [Cf. Stow.] 1. A small pond or pool where fish are kept for the table; a vivarium. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. Evelyn. 2. An artificial bed of oysters. [Local, U.S.] STEW Stew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Stewing.] Etym: [OE. stuven, OF. estuver, F. étuver, fr. OF. estuve, F. étuve, a sweating house, a room heated for a bath; probably of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. stove. See Stove, and cf. Stive to stew.] Defn: To boil slowly, or with the simmering or moderate heat; to seethe; to cook in a little liquid, over a gentle fire, without boiling; as, to stew meat; to stew oysters; to stew apples. STEW Stew, v. i. Defn: To be seethed or cooked in a slow, gentle manner, or in heat and moisture. STEW Stew, n. Etym: [OE. stue, stuwe, OF. estuve. See Stew, v. t.] 1. A place of stewing or seething; a place where hot bathes are furnished; a hothouse. [Obs.] As burning Ætna from his boiling stew Doth belch out flames. Spenser. The Lydians were inhibited by Cyrus to use any armor, and give themselves to baths and stews. Abp. Abbot. 2. A brothel; -- usually in the plural. Bacon. South. There be that hate harlots, and never were at the stews. Aschman. 3. A prostitute. [Obs.] Sir A. Weldon. 4. A dish prepared by stewing; as, a stewof pigeons. 5. A state of agitating excitement; a state of worry; confusion; as, to be in a stew. [Colloq.] STEWARD Stew"ard, n. Etym: [OE. stiward, AS. stiweard, stigweard, literally, a sty ward; stigu sty + weard warden, guardian, -- his first duty having been probably to attend to the domestic animals. *164. See Sty pen for swine, Ward.] 1. A man employed in a large family, or on a large estate, to manage the domestic concerns, supervise other servants, collect the rents or income, keep accounts, and the like. Worthy to be stewards of rent and land. Chaucer. They came near to the steward of Joseph's house. Gen. xliii. 19. As good stewards of the manifold grace of God. 1 Pet. iv. 10. 2. A person employed in a hotel, or a club, or on board a ship, to provide for the table, superintend the culinary affairs, etc. In naval vessels, the captain's steward, wardroom steward, steerage steward, warrant officers steward, etc., are petty officers who provide for the messes under their charge. 3. A fiscal agent of certain bodies; as, a steward in a Methodist church. 4. In some colleges, an officer who provides food for the students and superintends the kitchen; also, an officer who attends to the accounts of the students. 5. In Scotland, a magistrate appointed by the crown to exercise jurisdiction over royal lands. Erskine. Lord high steward, formerly, the first officer of the crown; afterward, an officer occasionally appointed, as for a coronation, or upon the trial of a peer. [Eng.] STEWARD Stew"ard, v. t. Defn: To manage as a steward. [Obs.] STEWARDESS Stew"ard*ess, n. Defn: A female steward; specifically, a woman employed in passenger vessels to attend to the wants of female passengers. STEWARDLY Stew"ard*ly, adv. Defn: In a manner, or with the care, of a steward. [R.] To be stewardly dispensed, not wastefully spent. Tooker. STEWARDSHIP Stew"ard*ship, n. Defn: The office of a steward. Shak. STEWARTRY Stew"art*ry, n. 1. An overseer or superintendent. [R.] "The stewartry of provisions." Tooke. 2. The office of a steward; stewardship. [R.] Byron. 3. In Scotland, the jurisdiction of a steward; also, the lands under such jurisdiction. STEWISH Stew"ish, a. Defn: Suiting a stew, or brothel. Bp. Hall. STEWPAN Stew"pan`, n. Defn: A pan used for stewing. STEWPOT Stew"pot`, n. Defn: A pot used for stewing. STEY Stey, n. Defn: See Stee. STHENIC Sthen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. sthénique.] (Med.) Defn: Strong; active; -- said especially of morbid states attended with excessive action of the heart and blood vessels, and characterized by strength and activity of the muscular and nervous system; as, a sthenic fever. Sthenic theory. See Stimulism (a). STIACCIATO Sti*ac*cia"to, n. Etym: [It., crushed, flattened.] (Sculp.) Defn: The lowest relief, -- often used in Italian sculpture of the 15th and 16th centuries. STIAN Sti"an, n. Defn: A sty on the eye. See Styan. STIBBORN Stib"born, a. Defn: Stubborn. [Obs.] Chaucer. STIBIAL Stib"i*al, a. Etym: [See Stibium.] Defn: Like, or having the qualities of, antimony; antimonial. STIBIALISM Stib"i*al*ism, n. (Med.) Defn: Antimonial intoxication or poisoning. Dunglison. STIBIATED Stib"i*a`ted, a. Etym: [NL. stibiatus, from L. stibium antimony.] (Med. Chem.) Defn: Combined or impregnated with antimony (stibium). Stibiated tartar. See Tartar emetic, under Tartar. STIBIC Stib"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Antimonic; -- used with reference to certain compounds of antimony. STIBICONITE Stib"i*co*nite, n. (Min.) Defn: A native oxide of antimony occurring in masses of a yellow color. STIBINE Stib"ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: Antimony hydride, or hydrogen antimonide, a colorless gas produced by the action of nascent hydrogen on antimony. It has a characteristic odor and burns with a characteristic greenish flame. Formerly called also antimoniureted hydrogen. STIBIOUS Stib"i*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Antimonious. [R.] STIBIUM Stib"i*um, n. Etym: [L. stibium, stibi, Gr. 1. (Chem.) Defn: The technical name of antimony. 2. (Min.) Defn: Stibnite. [Obs.] STIBNITE Stib"nite, n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a lead-gray color and brilliant metallic luster, occurring in prismatic crystals; sulphide of antimony; -- called also antimony glance, and gray antimony. STIBONIUM Sti*bo"ni*um, n. (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical SbH4, analogous to ammonium; -- called also antimonium. STICCADO Stic*ca"do, n. Etym: [Cf. It. steccato a palisade.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument consisting of small bars of wood, flat at the bottom and rounded at the top, and resting on the edges of a kind of open box. They are unequal in size, gradually increasing from the smallest to the largest, and are tuned to the diatonic scale. The tones are produced by striking the pieces of wood with hard balls attached to flexible sticks. STICH Stich, n. Etym: [Gr. sti`chos a row, line, akin to to go, march, E. sty, v.i.] 1. A verse, of whatever measure or number of feet. 2. A line in the Scriptures; specifically (Hebrew Scriptures), one of the rhythmic lines in the poetical books and passages of the Old Treatment, as written in the oldest Hebrew manuscripts and in the Revised Version of the English Bible. 3. A row, line, or rank of trees. STICHIC Stich"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. stichiko`s.] Defn: Of or pertaining to stichs, or lines; consisting of stichs, or lines. [R.] STICHIDIUM Sti*chid"i*um, n.; pl. Stichida. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A special podlike or fusiform branch containing tetraspores. It is found in certain red algæ. STICHOMANCY Stich"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by lines, or passages of books, taken at hazard. STICHOMETRICAL Stich`o*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to stichometry; characterized by stichs, or lines. STICHOMETRY Stich*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.] 1. Measurement of books by the number of lines which they contain. 2. Division of the text of a book into lines; especially, the division of the text of books into lines accommodated to the sense, - - a method of writing manuscripts used before punctuation was adopted. STICHWORT Stich"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of chickweed (Stellaria Holostea). [Written also stitchwort.] STICK Stick, n. Etym: [OE. sticke, AS. sticca; akin to stician to stab, prick, pierce, G. stecken a stick, staff, OHG. steccho, Icel. stik a stick. See Stick, v. t..] 1. A small shoot, or branch, separated, as by a cutting, from a tree or shrub; also, any stem or branch of a tree, of any size, cut for fuel or timber. Withered sticks to gather, which might serve Against a winter's day. Milton. 2. Any long and comparatively slender piece of wood, whether in natural form or shaped with tools; a rod; a wand; a staff; as, the stick of a rocket; a walking stick. 3. Anything shaped like a stick; as, a stick of wax. 4. A derogatory expression for a person; one who is inert or stupid; as, an odd stick; a poor stick. [Colloq.] 5. (Print.) Defn: A composing stick. See under Composing. It is usually a frame of metal, but for posters, handbills, etc., one made of wood is used. 6. A thrust with a pointed instrument; a stab. A stick of eels, twenty-five eels. [Prov. Eng.] -- Stick chimney, a chimney made of sticks laid crosswise, and cemented with clay or mud, as in some log houses. [U.S.] -- Stick insect, (Zoöl.), any one of various species of wingless orthopterous insects of the family Phasmidæ, which have a long round body, resembling a stick in form and color, and long legs, which are often held rigidly in such positions as to make them resemble small twigs. They thus imitate the branches and twigs of the trees on which they live. The common American species is Diapheromera femorata. Some of the Asiatic species are more than a foot long. -- To cut one's stick, or To cut stick, to run away. [Slang] De Quincey. STICK Stick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuck (Obs. Sticked (); p. pr. & vb. n. Sticking.] Etym: [OE. stikien, v.t. & i., combined with steken, whence E. stuck), AS. stician, v.t. & i., and (assumed) stecan, v.t.; akin to OFries. steka, OS. stekan, OHG. stehhan, G. stechen, and to Gr. tij to be sharp. Cf. Distinguish, Etiquette, Extinct, Instigate, Instinct, Prestige, Stake, Steak, Stick, n., Stigma, Stimulate, Sting, Stitch in sewing, Style for or in writing.] 1. To penetrate with a pointed instrument; to pierce; to stab; hence, to kill by piercing; as, to stick a beast. And sticked him with bodkins anon. Chaucer. It was a shame . . . to stick him under the other gentleman's arm while he was redding the fray. Sir W. Scott. 2. To cause to penetrate; to push, thrust, or drive, so as to pierce; as, to stick a needle into one's finger. Thou stickest a dagger in me. Shak. 3. To fasten, attach, or cause to remain, by thrusting in; hence, also, to adorn or deck with things fastened on as by piercing; as, to stick a pin on the sleeve. My shroud of white, stuck all with yew. Shak. The points of spears are stuck within the shield. Dryden. 4. To set; to fix in; as, to stick card teeth. 5. To set with something pointed; as, to stick cards. 6. To fix on a pointed instrument; to impale; as, to stick an apple on a fork. 7. To attach by causing to adhere to the surface; as, to stick on a plaster; to stick a stamp on an envelope; also, to attach in any manner. 8. (Print.) Defn: To compose; to set, or arrange, in a composing stick; as, to stick type. [Cant] 9. (Joinery) Defn: To run or plane (moldings) in a machine, in contradistinction to working them by hand. Such moldings are said to be stuck. 10. To cause to stick; to bring to a stand; to pose; to puzzle; as, to stick one with a hard problem. [Colloq.] 11. To impose upon; to compel to pay; sometimes, to cheat. [Slang] To stick out, to cause to project or protrude; to render prominent. STICK Stick, v. i. 1. To adhere; as, glue sticks to the fingers; paste sticks to the wall. The green caterpillar breedeth in the inward parts of roses not blown, where the dew sticketh. Bacon. 2. To remain where placed; to be fixed; to hold fast to any position so as to be moved with difficulty; to cling; to abide; to cleave; to be united closely. A friend that sticketh closer than a brother. Prov. xviii. 24. I am a kind of bur; I shall stick. Shak. If on your fame our sex a bolt has thrown, 'T will ever stick through malice of your own. Young. 3. To be prevented from going farther; to stop by reason of some obstacle; to be stayed. I had most need of blessing, and "Amen" Stuck in my throat. Shak. The trembling weapon passed Through nine bull hides, . . . and stuck within the last. Dryden. 4. To be embarrassed or puzzled; to hesitate; to be deterred, as by scruples; to scruple; -- often with at. They will stick long at part of a demonstration for want of perceiving the connection of two ideas. Locke. Some stick not to say, that the parson and attorney forged a will. Arbuthnot. 5. To cause difficulties, scruples, or hesitation. This is the difficulty that sticks with the most reasonable. Swift. To stick by. (a) To adhere closely to; to be firm in supporting. "We are your only friends; stick by us, and we will stick by you." Davenant. (b) To be troublesome by adhering. "I am satisfied to trifle away my time, rather than let it stick by me." Pope. -- To stick out. (a) To project; to be prominent. "His bones that were not seen stick out." Job xxxiii. 21. (b) To persevere in a purpose; to hold out; as, the garrison stuck out until relieved. [Colloq.]v.i. to stick it out. -- To stick to, to be persevering in holding to; as, to stick to a party or cause. "The advantage will be on our side if we stick to its essentials." Addison. -- To stick up, to stand erect; as, his hair sticks up. -- To stick up for, to assert and defend; as, to stick up for one's rights or for a friend. [Colloq.] -- To stick upon, to dwell upon; not to forsake. "If the matter be knotty, the mind must stop and buckle to it, and stick upon it with labor and thought." Locke. STICKED Stick"ed, obs. imp. of Stick. Defn: Stuck. And in the sand her ship sticked so fast. Chaucer. They sticked not to give their bodies to be burnt. Sir T. Browne. STICKER Stick"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, sticks; as, a bill sticker. 2. That which causes one to stick; that which puzzles or poses. [Colloq.] Tackeray. 3. (Mus.) Defn: In the organ, a small wooden rod which connects (in part) a key and a pallet, so as to communicate motion by pushing. 4. Same as Paster, 2. [Political Cant, U.S.] STICKFUL Stick"ful, n.; pl. Stickfuls (. (Print.) Defn: As much set type as fills a composing stick. STICKINESS Stick"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being sticky; as, the stickiness of glue or paste. STICKING Stick"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Stick, v. Sticking piece, a piece of beef cut from the neck. [Eng.] -- Sticking place, the place where a thing sticks, or remains fast; sticking point. But screw your courage to the sticking place, And we'll not fail. Shak. -- Sticking plaster, an adhesive plaster for closing wounds, and for similar uses. -- Sticking point. Same as Sticking place, above. STICKIT Stick"it, a. Defn: Stuck; spoiled in making. [Scot.] Stickit minister, a candidate for the clerical office who fails, disqualified by incompetency or immorality. STICK-LAC Stick"-lac`, n. Defn: See the Note under Lac. STICKLE Stic"kle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stickled; p. pr. & vb. n. Stickling.] Etym: [Probably fr. OE. stightlen, sti, to dispose, arrange, govern, freq. of stihten, AS. stihtan: cf. G. stiften to found, to establish.] 1. To separate combatants by intervening. [Obs.] When he [the angel] sees half of the Christians killed, and the rest in a fair way of being routed, he stickles betwixt the remainder of God's host and the race of fiends. Dryden. 2. To contend, contest, or altercate, esp. in a pertinacious manner on insufficient grounds. Fortune, as she 's wont, turned fickle, And for the foe began to stickle. Hudibras. While for paltry punk they roar and stickle. Dryden. The obstinacy with which he stickles for the wrong. Hazlitt. 3. To play fast and loose; to pass from one side to the other; to trim. STICKLE Stic"kle, v. t. 1. To separate, as combatants; hence, to quiet, to appease, as disputants. [Obs.] Which [question] violently they pursue, Nor stickled would they be. Drayton. 2. To intervene in; to stop, or put an end to, by intervening; hence, to arbitrate. [Obs.] They ran to him, and, pulling him back by force, stickled that unnatural fray. Sir P. Sidney. STICKLE Stic"kle, n. Etym: [Cf. stick, v. t. & i.] Defn: A shallow rapid in a river; also, the current below a waterfall. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Patient anglers, standing all the day Near to some shallow stickle or deep bay. W. Browne. STICKLEBACK Stic"kle*back`, n. Etym: [OE. & Prov E. stickle a prickle, spine, sting (AS. sticel) + back. See Stick, v. t., and cf. Banstickle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small fishes of the genus Gasterosteus and allied genera. The back is armed with two or more sharp spines. They inhabit both salt and brackish water, and construct curious nests. Called also sticklebag, sharpling, and prickleback. STICKLER Stic"kler, n. Etym: [See Stickle, v. t.] Defn: One who stickles. Specifically: -- (a) One who arbitrates a duel; a sidesman to a fencer; a second; an umpire. [Obs.] Basilius, the judge, appointed sticklers and trumpets whom the others should obey. Sir P. Sidney. Our former chiefs, like sticklers of the war, First sought to inflame the parties, then to poise. Dryden. (b) One who pertinaciously contends for some trifling things, as a point of etiquette; an unreasonable, obstinate contender; as, a stickler for ceremony. The Tory or High-church were the greatest sticklers against the exorbitant proceedings of King James II. Swift. STICK-SEED Stick"-seed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Echinospermum Lappula) of the Borage family, with small blue flowers and prickly nutlets. STICKTAIL Stick"tail`, n. Defn: The ruddy duck. [Local, U.S.] STICK-TIGHT Stick"-tight`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Beggar's ticks. STICKY Stick"y, a. [Compar. Stickier; superl. Stickiest.] Defn: Having the quality of sticking to a surface; adhesive; gluey; viscous; viscid; glutinous; tenacious. Herbs which last longest are those of strong smell, and with a sticky stalk. Bacon. STIDDY Stid"dy, n. Etym: [See Stithy.] Defn: An anvil; also, a smith shop. See Stithy. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. STIFF Stiff, a. [Compar. Stiffer; superl. Stiffest.] Etym: [OE. stif, AS. stif; akin to D. stijf, G. steif, Dan. stiv, Sw. styf, Icel. stifr, Lith. stipti to be stiff; cf. L. stipes a post, trunk of a tree, stipare to press, compress. Cf. Costive, Stifle, Stipulate, Stive to stuff.] 1. Not easily bent; not flexible or pliant; not limber or flaccid; rigid; firm; as, stiff wood, paper, joints. [They] rising on stiff pennons, tower The mid aërial sky. Milton. 2. Not liquid or fluid; thick and tenacious; inspissated; neither soft nor hard; as, the paste is stiff. 3. Firm; strong; violent; difficult to oppose; as, a stiff gale or breeze. 4. Not easily subdued; unyielding; stubborn; obstinate; pertinacious; as, a stiff adversary. It is a shame to stand stiff in a foolish argument. Jer. Taylor. A war ensues: the Cretans own their cause, Stiff to defend their hospitable laws. Dryden. 5. Not natural and easy; formal; constrained; affected; starched; as, stiff behavior; a stiff style. The French are open, familiar, and talkative; the Italians stiff, ceremonious, and reserved. Addison. 6. Harsh; disagreeable; severe; hard to bear. [Obs. or Colloq.] "This is stiff news." Shak. 7. (Naut.) Defn: Bearing a press of canvas without careening much; as, a stiff vessel; -- opposed to crank. Totten. 8. Very large, strong, or costly; powerful; as, a stiff charge; a stiff price. [Slang] Stiff neck, a condition of the neck such that the head can not be moved without difficulty and pain. Syn. -- Rigid; inflexible; strong; hardly; stubborn; obstinate; pertinacious; harsh; formal; constrained; affected; starched; rigorous. STIFF-BACKED Stiff"-backed`, a. Defn: Obstinate. J. H. Newman. STIFFEN Stiff"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stiffened; p. pr. & vb. n. Stiffening.] Etym: [See Stiff.] 1. tiono make stiff; to make less pliant or flexible; as, to stiffen cloth with starch. Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood. Shak. 2. To inspissate; to make more thick or viscous; as, to stiffen paste. 3. To make torpid; to benumb. STIFFEN Stiff"en, v. i. Defn: To become stiff or stiffer, in any sense of the adjective. Like bristles rose my stiffening hair. Dryden. The tender soil then stiffening by degrees. Dryden. Some souls we see, Grow hard and stiffen with adversity. Dryden. STIFFENER Stiff"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, stiffens anything, as a piece of stiff cloth in a cravat. STIFFENING Stiff"en*ing, n. 1. Act or process of making stiff. 2. Something used to make anything stiff. Stiffening order (Com.), a permission granted by the customs department to take cargo or ballast on board before the old cargo is out, in order to steady the ship. STIFF-HEARTED Stiff"-heart`ed, a. Etym: [Stiff + heart.] Defn: Obstinate; stubborn; contumacious. Ezek. ii. 4. STIFFISH Stiff"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat stiff. STIFFLY Stiff"ly, adv. Defn: In a stiff manner. STIFF-NECKED Stiff"-necked`, a. Defn: Stubborn; inflexibly obstinate; contumacious; as, stiff-necked pride; a stiff-necked people. Ex. xxxii. 9. STIFF-NECKEDNESS Stiff"-neck`ed*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being stiff-necked; stubbornness. STIFFNESS Stiff"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being stiff; as, the stiffness of cloth or of paste; stiffness of manner; stiffness of character. The vices of old age have the stiffness of it too. South. STIFFTAIL Stiff"tail`, n. Defn: The ruddy duck. [Local, U.S.] STIFF-TAILED Stiff"-tailed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the quill feathers of the tail somewhat rigid. STIFLE Sti"fle, n. Etym: [From Stiff.] (Far.) Defn: The joint next above the hock, and near the flank, in the hind leg of the horse and allied animals; the joint corresponding to the knee in man; -- called also stifle joint. See Illust. under Horse. Stifle bone, a small bone at the stifle joint; the patella, or kneepan. STIFLE Sti"fle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stifled; p. pr. & vb. n. Stifling.] Etym: [Freq. of OE. stif stiff; cf. Icel. stifla to dam up.] 1. To stop the breath of by crowding something into the windpipe, or introducing an irrespirable substance into the lungs; to choke; to suffocate; to cause the death of by such means; as, to stifle one with smoke or dust. Stifled with kisses, a sweet death he dies. Dryden. I took my leave, being half stifled with the closeness of the room. Swift. 2. To stop; to extinguish; to deaden; to quench; as, to stifle the breath; to stifle a fire or flame. Bodies . . . stifle in themselves the rays which they do not reflect or transmit. Sir I. Newton. 3. To suppress the manifestation or report of; to smother; to conceal from public knowledge; as, to stifle a story; to stifle passion. I desire only to have things fairly represented as they really are; no evidence smothered or stifled. Waterland. STIFLE Sti"fle, v. i. Defn: To die by reason of obstruction of the breath, or because some noxious substance prevents respiration. You shall stifle in your own report. Shak. STIFLED Sti"fled, a. Defn: Stifling. The close and stifled study. Hawthorne. STIFLER Sti"fler, n. 1. One who, or that which, stifles. 2. (Mil.) Defn: See Camouflet. STIGMA Stig"ma, n.; pl. E. Stigmas, L. Stigmata. Etym: [L., a mark, a brand, from Gr. Stick, v. t.] 1. A mark made with a burning iron; a brand. 2. Any mark of infamy or disgrace; sign of moral blemish; stain or reproach caused by dishonorable conduct; reproachful characterization. The blackest stigma that can be fastened upon him. Bp. Hall. All such slaughters were from thence called Bartelmies, simply in a perpetual stigma of that butchery. Sir G. Buck. 3. (Bot.) Defn: That part of a pistil which has no epidermis, and is fitted to receive the pollen. It is usually the terminal portion, and is commonly somewhat glutinous or viscid. See Illust. of Stamen and of Flower. 4. (Anat.) Defn: A small spot, mark, scar, or a minute hole; -- applied especially to a spot on the outer surface of a Graafian follicle, and to spots of intercellular substance in scaly epithelium, or to minute holes in such spots. 5. (Pathol.) Defn: A red speck upon the skin, produced either by the extravasation of blood, as in the bloody sweat characteristic of certain varieties of religious ecstasy, or by capillary congestion, as in the case of drunkards. 6. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the external openings of the tracheæ of insects, myriapods, and other arthropods; a spiracle. (b) One of the apertures of the pulmonary sacs of arachnids. See Illust. of Scorpion. (c) One of the apertures of the gill of an ascidian, and of Amphioxus. 7. (Geom.) Defn: A point so connected by any law whatever with another point, called an index, that as the index moves in any manner in a plane the first point or stigma moves in a determinate way in the same plane. 8. pl. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Marks believed to have been supernaturally impressed upon the bodies of certain persons in imitation of the wounds on the crucified body of Christ. See def. 5, above. STIGMARIA Stig*ma"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Stigma.] (Paleon.) Defn: The fossil root stem of a coal plant of the genus Sigillaria. STIGMATA Stig"ma*ta, n.; Defn: pl. of Stigma. STIGMATIC Stig*mat"ic, n. 1. A notorious profligate or criminal who has been branded; one who bears the marks of infamy or punishment. [R.] Bullokar. 2. A person who is marked or deformed by nature. Shak. STIGMATIC; STIGMATICAL Stig*mat"ic, Stig*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [See Stigma.] 1. Marked with a stigma, or with something reproachful to character. 2. Impressing with infamy or reproach. [R.] 3. (Bot., Anat., etc) Defn: Of or pertaining to a stigma or stigmata. Stigmatic geometry, or Stigmatics, that science in which the correspondence of index and stigma (see Stigma, 7) is made use of to establish geometrical proportions. STIGMATICALLY Stig*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: With a stigma, or mark of infamy or deformity. STIGMATIST Stig"ma*tist, n. Defn: One believed to be supernaturally impressed with the marks of Christ's wounds. See Stigma, 8. STIGMATIZATION Stig`ma*ti*za"tion, n. 1. The act of stigmatizing. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The production of stigmata upon the body. See Stigma, 8. STIGMATIZE Stig"ma*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stigmatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Stigmatizing.] Etym: [F. stigmatiser, Gr. 1. To mark with a stigma, or brand; as, the ancients stigmatized their slaves and soldiers. That . . . hold out both their ears with such delight and ravishment, to be stigmatized and bored through in witness of their own voluntary and beloved baseness. Milton. 2. To set a mark of disgrace on; to brand with some mark of reproach or infamy. To find virtue extolled and vice stigmatized. Addison. STIGMATOSE Stig"ma*tose`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Stigmatic. STIGONOMANCY Stig"o*no*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by writing on the bark of a tree. STIKE Stike, n. Etym: [See Stich.] Defn: Stanza. [Obs.] Sackville. STILAR Sti"lar, a. Etym: [From Stile a style.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the style of a dial. [Written also stylar.] STILBENE Stil"bene, n. Etym: [See Stilbite.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon, C14H12, produced artificially in large, fine crystals; -- called also diphenyl ethylene, toluylene, etc. STILBITE Stil"bite, n. Etym: [Gr. stilbite.] (Min.) Defn: A common mineral of the zeolite family, a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime, usually occurring in sheaflike aggregations of crystals, also in radiated masses. It is of a white or yellowish color, with pearly luster on the cleavage surface. Called also desmine. STILE Stile, n. Etym: [See Style.] 1. A pin set on the face of a dial, to cast a shadow; a style. See Style. Moxon. 2. Mode of composition. See Style. [Obs.] May I not write in such a stile as this Bunyan. STILE Stile, n. Etym: [OE. stile, AS. stigel a step, a ladder, from stigan to ascend; akin to OHG. stigila a stile. *164. See Sty, v. i., and cf. Stair.] 1. A step, or set of steps, for ascending and descending, in passing a fence or wall. There comes my master . . . over the stile, this way. Shak. Over this stile in the way to Doubting Castle. Bunyan. 2. (Arch.) Defn: One of the upright pieces in a frame; one of the primary members of a frame, into which the secondary members are mortised. Note: In an ordinary door the principal upright pieces are called stiles, the subordinate upright pieces mullions, and the crosspieces rails. In wainscoting the principal pieces are sometimes called stiles, even when horizontal. Hanging stile, Pulley stile. See under Hanging, and Pulley. STILET Sti"let, n. Etym: [Written also stilette, and stylet.] 1. A stiletto. [R.] 2. (Surg.) Defn: See Stylet, 2. STILETTO Sti*let"to, n.; pl. Stilettos. Etym: [It., dim. of stilo a dagger, fr. L. stilus a pointed instrument. See Style for writing, and cf. Stylet.] 1. A kind of dagger with a slender, rounded, and pointed blade. 2. A pointed instrument for making eyelet holes in embroidery. 3. A beard trimmed into a pointed form. [Obs.] The very quack of fashions, the very he that Wears a stiletto on his chin. Ford. STILETTO Sti*let"to, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stilettoed; p. pr. & vb. n. Stilettoing.] Defn: To stab or kill with a stiletto. Bacon. STILL Still, a. [Compar. Stiller; superl. Stillest.] Etym: [OE. stille, AS. stille; akin to D. stil, OS. & OHG. stilli, G. still, Dan. stille, Sw. stilla, and to E. stall; from the idea of coming to a stand, or halt. Cf. Still, adv.] 1. Motionless; at rest; quiet; as, to stand still; to lie or sit still. "Still as any stone." Chaucer. 2. Uttering no sound; silent; as, the audience is still; the animals are still. The sea that roared at thy command, At thy command was still. Addison. 3. Not disturbed by noise or agitation; quiet; calm; as, a still evening; a still atmosphere. "When all the woods are still." Milton. 4. Comparatively quiet or silent; soft; gentle; low. "A still small voice." 1 Kings xix. 12. 5. Constant; continual. [Obs.] By still practice learn to know thy meaning. Shak. 6. Not effervescing; not sparkling; as, still wines. Still life. (Fine Arts) (a) Inanimate objects. (b) (Painting) The class or style of painting which represents inanimate objects, as fruit, flowers, dead game, etc. Syn. -- Quiet; calm; noiseless; serene; motionless; inert; stagnant. STILL Still, n. Etym: [Cf. G. stille.] 1. Freedom from noise; calm; silence; as, the still of midnight. [Poetic] 2. A steep hill or ascent. [Obs.] W. Browne. STILL Still, adv. Etym: [AS. stille quietly. See Still, a. The modern senses come from the idea of stopping and staying still, or motionless.] 1. To this time; until and during the time now present; now no less than before; yet. It hath been anciently reported, and is still received. Bacon. 2. In the future as now and before. Hourly joys be still upon you! Shak. 3. In continuation by successive or repeated acts; always; ever; constantly; uniformly. The desire of fame betrays an ambitious man into indecencies that lessen his reputation; he is still afraid lest any of his actions should be thrown away in private. Addison. Chemists would be rich if they could still do in great quantities what they have sometimes done in little. Boyle. 4. In an increasing or additional degree; even more; -- much used with comparatives. The guilt being great, the fear doth still exceed. Shak. 5. Notwithstanding what has been said or done; in spite of what has occured; nevertheless; -- sometimes used as a conjunction. See Synonym of But. As sunshine, broken in the rill, Though turned astray, is sunshine still. Moore. 6. After that; after what is stated. In the primitive church, such as by fear being compelled to sacrifice to strange gods, after repented, and kept still the office of preaching the gospel. Whitgift. Still and anon, at intervals and repeatedly; continually; ever and anon; now and then. And like the watchful minutes to the hour, Still and anon cheered up the heavy time. Shak. STILL Still, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Stilling.] Etym: [AS. stillan, from stille still, quiet, firm. See Still, a.] 1. To stop, as motion or agitation; to cause to become quiet, or comparatively quiet; to check the agitation of; as, to still the raging sea. He having a full sway over the water, had power to still and compose it, as well as to move and disturb it. Woodward. 2. To stop, as noise; to silence. With his name the mothers still their babies. Shak. 3. To appease; to calm; to quiet, as tumult, agitation, or excitement; as, to still the passions. Shak. Toil that would, at least, have stilled an unquiet impulse in me. Hawthorne. Syn. -- To quiet; calm; allay; lull; pacify; appease; subdue; suppress; silence; stop; check; restrain. STILL Still, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. stillatorie. See Still, v., to distill.] 1. A vessel, boiler, or copper used in the distillation of liquids; specifically, one used for the distillation of alcoholic liquors; a retort. The name is sometimes applied to the whole apparatus used in in vaporization and condensation. 2. A house where liquors are distilled; a distillery. Still watcher, a device for indicating the progress of distillation by the density of the liquid given over. Knight. STILL Still, v. t. Etym: [Abbreviated fr. distill.] 1. To cause to fall by drops. 2. To expel spirit from by heat, or to evaporate and condense in a refrigeratory; to distill. Tusser. STILL Still, v. i. Etym: [L. stillare. Cf. Distill.] Defn: To drop, or flow in drops; to distill. [Obs.] Spenser. STILLAGE Stil"lage, n. (Bleaching) Defn: A low stool to keep the goods from touching the floor. Knight. STILLATITIOUS Stil`la*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. stillaticius, fr. stillare to drop, stilla a drop.] Defn: Falling in drops; drawn by a still. STILLATORY Stil"la*to*ry, n.; pl. -ries. Etym: [From Still, for distill. Cf. Still, n., and Distillatory, a.] 1. An alembic; a vessel for distillation. [R.] Bacon. 2. A laboratory; a place or room in which distillation is performed. [R.] Dr. H. More. Sir H. Wotton. STILLBIRTH Still"birth`, n. Defn: The birth of a dead fetus. STILLBORN Still"born`, a. 1. Dead at the birth; as, a stillborn child. 2. Fig.: Abortive; as, a stillborn poem. Swift. STILL-BURN Still"-burn`, v. t. Etym: [imp. & p. p. still-burnt or Still-burned (; p. pr. & vb. n. Still-burning.] Defn: To burn in the process of distillation; as, to still-burn brandy. STILL-CLOSING Still"-clos"ing, a. Defn: Ever closing. [Obs.] "Still-clothing waters." Shak. STILLER Still"er, n. Defn: One who stills, or quiets. STILLHOUSE Still"house`, n. Defn: A house in which distillation is carried on; a distillery. STILL-HUNT Still"-hunt`, n. Defn: A hunting for game in a quiet and cautious manner, or under cover; stalking; hence, colloquially, the pursuit of any object quietly and cautiously. -- Still"-hunt`er, n. -- Still"-hunt`ing, n. [U.S.] STILLICIDE Stil"li*cide, n. Etym: [L. stillicidium; stilla a drop + cadere to fall.] Defn: A continual falling or succession of drops; rain water falling from the eaves. Bacon. STILLICIDIOUS Stil`li*cid"i*ous, a. Defn: Falling in drops. [Obs.] STILLIFORM Stil"li*form, a. Etym: [L. stilla a drop + -form.] Defn: Having the form of a drop. Owen. STILLING Still"ing, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. stelling, G. stellen to set, to place.] Defn: A stillion. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] STILLION Stil"lion, n. Etym: [See Stilling.] Defn: A stand, as for casks or vats in a brewery, or for pottery while drying. STILLNESS Still"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being still; quietness; silence; calmness; inactivity. Painting, then, was the art demanded by the modern intellect upon its emergence from the stillness of the Middle Ages. J. A. Symonds. 2. Habitual silence or quiet; taciturnity. The gravity and stillness of your youth The world hath noted. Shak. STILLROOM Still"room`, n. 1. A room for distilling. 2. An apartment in a house where liquors, preserves, and the like, are kept. [Eng.] Floors are rubbed bright, . . . stillroom and kitchen cleared for action. Dickens. STILLSON WRENCH Still"son wrench. Defn: A pipe wrench having an adjustable L-shaped jaw piece sliding in a sleeve that is pivoted to, and loosely embraces, the handle. Pressure on the handle increases the grip. STILLSTAND Still"stand`, n. Defn: A standstill. [R.] Shak. STILLY Still"y, a. Defn: Still; quiet; calm. The stilly hour when storms are gone. Moore. STILLY Stil"ly, adv. Defn: In a still manner; quietly; silently; softly. Dr. H. More. The hum of either army stilly sounds. Shak. STILPNOMELANE Stilp*nom"e*lane, n. Etym: [Gr. stilpno`s shining + me`las, -anos, black.] (Min.) Defn: A black or greenish black mineral occurring in foliated flates, also in velvety bronze-colored incrustations. It is a hydrous silicate of iron and alumina. STILT Stilt, n. Etym: [OE. stilte; akin to Dan. stylte, Sw. stylta, LG. & D. stelt, OHG. stelza, G. stelze, and perh. to E. stout.] 1. A pole, or piece of wood, constructed with a step or loop to raise the foot above the ground in walking. It is sometimes lashed to the leg, and sometimes prolonged upward so as to be steadied by the hand or arm. Ambition is but avarice on stilts, and masked. Landor. 2. A crutch; also, the handle of a plow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of limicoline birds belonging to Himantopus and allied genera, in which the legs are remarkably long and slender. Called also longshanks, stiltbird, stilt plover, and lawyer. Note: The American species (Himantopus Mexicanus) is well known. The European and Asiatic stilt (H. candidus) is usually white, except the wings and interscapulars, which are greenish black. The white-headed stilt (H. leucocephalus) and the banded stilt (Cladorhynchus pectoralis) are found in Australia. Stilt plover (Zoöl.), the stilt. -- Stilt sandpiper (Zoöl.), an American sandpiper (Micropalama himantopus) having long legs. The bill is somewhat expanded at the tip. STILT Stilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stilted; p. pr. & vb. n. Stilting.] Defn: To raise on stilts, or as if on stilts. STILTBIRD Stilt"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Stilt, n., 3. STILTED Stilt"ed, a. Defn: Elevated as if on stilts; hence, pompous; bombastic; as, a stilted style; stilted declamation. Stilted arch (Arch.), an arch in which the springing line is some distance above the impost, the space between being occupied by a vertical member, molded or ornamented, as a continuation of the archivolt, intrados, etc. STILTIFY Stilt"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Stilt + -fy.] Defn: To raise upon stilts, or as upon stilts; to stilt. STILTON CHEESE; STILTON Stil"ton cheese", or Stil"ton, n. Defn: A peculiarly flavored unpressed cheese made from milk with cream added; -- so called from the village or parish of Stilton, England, where it was originally made. It is very rich in fat. Thus, in the outset he was gastronomic; discussed the dinner from the soup to the stilton. C. Lever. STILTY Stilt"y, a. Defn: Unreasonably elevated; pompous; stilted; as, a stilty style. STIME Stime, n. Etym: [Etymology uncertain.] Defn: A slight gleam or glimmer; a glimpse. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. STIMEY; STIMIE Sti"mey, Sti"mie, n. & v. t. Defn: See Stymie. STIMULANT Stim"u*lant, a. Etym: [L. stimulans, p.pr.; cf. F. stimulant. See Stimulate.] 1. Serving to stimulate. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: Produced increased vital action in the organism, or in any of its parts. STIMULANT Stim"u*lant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. stimulant.] 1. That which stimulates, provokes, or excites. His feelings had been exasperated by the constant application of stimulants. Macaulay. 2. (Physiol. & Med.) Defn: An agent which produces a temporary increase of vital activity in the organism, or in any of its parts; -- sometimes used without qualification to signify an alcoholic beverage used as a stimulant. STIMULATE Stim"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stimulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Stimulating.] Etym: [L. stimulatus, p.p. of stimulare to prick or goad on, to incite, fr. stimulus a goad. See Stimulus.] 1. To excite as if with a goad; to excite, rouse, or animate, to action or more vigorous exertion by some pungent motive or by persuasion; as, to stimulate one by the hope of reward, or by the prospect of glory. To excite and stimulate us thereunto. Dr. J. Scott. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: To excite; to irritate; especially, to excite the activity of (a nerve or an irritable muscle), as by electricity. Syn. -- To animate; incite; encourage; impel; urge; instigate; irritate; exasperate; incense. STIMULATION Stim`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. stimulatio: cf. F. stimulation.] 1. The act of stimulating, or the state of being stimulated. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The irritating action of various agents (stimuli) on muscles, nerves, or a sensory end organ, by which activity is evoked; especially, the nervous impulse produced by various agents on nerves, or a sensory end organ, by which the part connected with the nerve is thrown into a state of activity; irritation. STIMULATIVE Stim"u*la*tive, a. Defn: Having the quality of stimulating. -- n. Defn: That which stimulates. STIMULATOR Stim"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. stimulateur.] Defn: One who stimulates. STIMULATRESS Stim"u*la`tress, n. Defn: A woman who stimulates. STIMULISM Stim"u*lism, n. (Med.) (a) The theory of medical practice which regarded life as dependent upon stimulation, or excitation, and disease as caused by excess or deficiency in the amount of stimulation. (b) The practice of treating disease by alcoholic stimulants. Dr. H. Hartshorne. STIMULUS Stim"u*lus, n.; pl. Stimuli. Etym: [L., for stigmulus, akin to L. instigare to stimulate. See Instigare, Stick, v. t.] 1. A goad; hence, something that rouses the mind or spirits; an incentive; as, the hope of gain is a powerful stimulus to labor and action. 2. That which excites or produces a temporary increase of vital action, either in the whole organism or in any of its parts; especially (Physiol.), any substance or agent capable of evoking the activity of a nerve or irritable muscle, or capable of producing an impression upon a sensory organ or more particularly upon its specific end organ. Note: Of the stimuli applied to the sensory apparatus, physiologists distinguish two kinds: (a) Homologous stimuli, which act only upon the end organ, and for whose action the sense organs are especially adapted, as the rods and cones of the retina for the vibrations of the either. (b) Heterologous stimuli, which are mechanical, chemical, electrical, etc., and act upon the nervous elements of the sensory apparatus along their entire course, producing, for example, the flash of light beheld when the eye is struck. Landois & Stirling. STING Sting, n. Etym: [AS. sting a sting. See Sting, v. t.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any sharp organ of offense and defense, especially when connected with a poison gland, and adapted to inflict a wound by piercing; as the caudal sting of a scorpion. The sting of a bee or wasp is a modified ovipositor. The caudal sting, or spine, of a sting ray is a modified dorsal fin ray. The term is sometimes applied to the fang of a serpent. See Illust. of Scorpion. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A sharp-pointed hollow hair seated on a gland which secrets an acrid fluid, as in nettles. The points of these hairs usually break off in the wound, and the acrid fluid is pressed into it. 3. Anything that gives acute pain, bodily or mental; as, the stings of remorse; the stings of reproach. The sting of death is sin. 1 Cor. xv. 56. 4. The thrust of a sting into the flesh; the act of stinging; a wound inflicted by stinging. "The lurking serpent's mortal sting." Shak. 5. A goad; incitement. Shak. 6. The point of an epigram or other sarcastic saying. Sting moth (Zoöl.), an Australian moth (Doratifera vulnerans) whose larva is armed, at each end of the body, with four tubercles bearing powerful stinging organs. -- Sting ray. (Zoöl.) See under 6th Ray. -- Sting winkle (Zoöl.), a spinose marine univalve shell of the genus Murex, as the European species (Murex erinaceus). See Illust. of Murex. STING Sting, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stung (Archaic Stang (); p. pr. & vb. n. Stinging.] Etym: [AS. stingan; akin to Icel. & Sw. stinga, Dan. stinge, and probably to E. stick, v.t.; cf. Goth. usstiggan to put out, pluck out. Cf. Stick, v. t.] 1. To pierce or wound with a sting; as, bees will sting an animal that irritates them; the nettles stung his hands. 2. To pain acutely; as, the conscience is stung with remorse; to bite. "Slander stings the brave." Pope. 3. To goad; to incite, as by taunts or reproaches. STINGAREE Sting`a*ree", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any sting ray. See under 6th Ray. STINGBULL Sting"bull`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European greater weever fish (Trachinus draco), which is capable of inflicting severe wounds with the spinous rays of its dorsal fin. See Weever. STINGER Sting"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, stings. Professor E. Forbes states that only a small minority of the medusæ of our seas are stingers. Owen. STINGFISH Sting"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The weever. STINGILY Stin"gi*ly, adv. Defn: In a stingy manner. STINGINESS Stin"gi*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being stingy. STINGING Sting"ing, a. Defn: Piercing, or capable of piercing, with a sting; inflicting acute pain as if with a sting, goad, or pointed weapon; pungent; biting; as, stinging cold; a stinging rebuke. -- Sting"ing*ly, adv. Stinging cell. (Zoöl.) Same as Lasso cell, under Lasso. STINGLESS Sting"less, a. Defn: Having no sting. STINGO Stin"go, n. Etym: [From Sting.] Defn: Old beer; sharp or strong liquor. [Old Slang] Shall I set a cup of old stingo at your elbow Addison. STING RAY; STINGRAY Sting ray or Sting"ray`, n. Defn: Any one of numerous rays of the family Dasyatidæ, syn. Trygonidæ, having one or more large sharp barbed dorsal spines, on the whiplike tail, capable of inflicting severe wounds. Some species reach a large size, and some, esp., on the American Pacific coast, are very destructive to oysters. STINGTAIL Sting"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sting ray. STINGY Sting"y, a. Defn: Stinging; able to sting. STINGY Stin"gy, a. [Compar. Stingier; superl. Stingiest.] Etym: [Probably from sting, and meaning originally, stinging; hence, biting, nipping (of the wind), churlish, avaricious; or cf. E. skinch.] Defn: Extremely close and covetous; meanly avaricious; niggardly; miserly; penurious; as, a stingy churl. A stingy, narrow-hearted fellow that had a deal of choice fruit, had not the heart to touch it till it began to be rotten. L'estrange. STINK Stink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stunk, Stank (, p. pr. & vb. n. Stinking.] Etym: [AS. stinkan to have a smell (whether good or bad); akin to OHG. stinchan, G. & D. stinken to stink; of uncertain origin; cf. Icel. stökkva to leap, to spring, Goth. stigqan to push, strike, or Gr. Stench.] Defn: To emit a strong, offensive smell; to send out a disgusting odor. STINK Stink, v. t. Defn: To cause to stink; to affect by a stink. STINK Stink, n. Etym: [AS. stinc.] Defn: A strong, offensive smell; a disgusting odor; a stench. Fire stink. See under Fire. -- Stink-fire lance. See under Lance. -- Stink rat (Zoöl.), the musk turtle. [Local, U.S.] -- Stink shad (Zoöl.), the gizzard shad. [Local, U.S.] Stink trap, a stench trap. See under Stench. STINKARD Stink"ard, n. 1. A mean, stinking, paltry fellow. B. Jonson. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The teledu of the East Indies. It emits a disagreeable odor. STINKBALL Stink"ball`, n. Defn: A composition of substances which in combustion emit a suffocating odor; -- used formerly in naval warfare. STINKER Stink"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, stinks. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of the several species of large antarctic petrels which feed on blubber and carrion and have an offensive odor, as the giant fulmar. STINKHORN Stink"horn`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of fungus of the genus Phallus, which emits a fetid odor. STINKING Stink"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Stink, v. Stinking badger (Zoöl.), the teledu. -- Stinking cedar (Bot.), the California nutmeg tree; also, a related tree of Florida (Torreya taxifolia). STINKINGLY Stink"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a stinking manner; with an offensive smell. STINKPOT Stink"pot`, n. 1. An earthen jar charged with powder, grenades, and other materials of an offensive and suffocating smell, -- sometimes used in boarding an enemy's vessel. 2. A vessel in which disinfectants are burned. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The musk turtle, or musk tortoise. See under Musk. STINKSTONE Stink"stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: One of the varieties of calcite, barite, and feldspar, which emit a fetid odor on being struck; -- called also swinestone. STINKWEED Stink"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Stramonium. See Jamestown weed, and Datura. STINKWOOD Stink"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several kinds of wood with an unpleasant smell, as that of the Foetidia Mauritiana of the Mauritius, and that of the South African Ocotea bullata. STINT Stint, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of small sandpipers, as the sanderling of Europe and America, the dunlin, the little stint of India (Tringa minuta), etc. Called also pume. (b) A phalarope. STINT Stint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Stinting.] Etym: [OE. stinten, stenten, stunten, to cause to cease, AS. styntan (in comp.) to blunt, dull, fr. stunt dull, stupid; akin to Icel. stytta to shorten, stuttr short, dial, Sw. stynta to shorten, stunt short. Cf. Stent, Stunt.] 1. To restrain within certain limits; to bound; to confine; to restrain; to restrict to a scant allowance. I shall not go about to extenuate the latitude of the curse upon the earth, or stint it only to the production of weeds. Woodward. She stints them in their meals. Law. 2. To put an end to; to stop. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To assign a certain (i. e., limited) task to (a person), upon the performance of which one is excused from further labor for the day or for a certain time; to stent. 4. To serve successfully; to get with foal; -- said of mares. The majority of maiden mares will become stinted while at work. J. H. Walsh. STINT Stint, v. i. Defn: To stop; to cease. [Archaic] They can not stint till no thing be left. Chaucer. And stint thou too, I pray thee. Shak. The damsel stinted in her song. Sir W. Scott. STINT Stint, n. Etym: [Also written stent. See Stint, v. t.] 1. Limit; bound; restraint; extent. God has wrote upon no created thing the utmost stint of his power. South. 2. Quantity or task assigned; proportion allotted. His old stint -- three thousand pounds a year. Cowper. STINTANCE Stint"ance, n. Defn: Restraint; stoppage. [Obs.] STINTEDNESS Stint"ed*ness, n. Defn: The state of being stinted. STINTER Stint"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, stints. STINTLESS Stint"less, a. Defn: Without stint or restraint. The stintlesstears of old Heraclitus. Marston. STIPE Stipe, n. Etym: [L. stipes a stock, post, branch: cf. F. stipe.] (Bot.) (a) The stalk or petiole of a frond, as of a fern. (b) The stalk of a pistil. (c) The trunk of a tree. (d) The stem of a fungus or mushroom. STIPEL Sti"pel, n. Etym: [See Stipule.] (Bot.) Defn: The stipule of a leaflet. Gray. STIPELLATE Sti*pel"late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having stipels. STIPEND Sti"pend, n. Etym: [L. stipendium; stips, gen. stipis, a gift, donation, given in small coin + pendere to weigh or pay out.] Defn: Settled pay or compensation for services, whether paid daily, monthly, or annually. STIPEND Sti"pend, v. t. Defn: To pay by settled wages. [R.] STIPENDIARIAN Sti*pen`di*a"ri*an, a. Defn: Acting from mercenary considerations; stipendiary. A. Seward. STIPENDIARY Sti*pen"di*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. stipendiarius: cf. F. stipendiaire.] Defn: Receiving wages, or salary; performing services for a stated price or compensation. His great stipendiary prelates came with troops of evil-appointed horseman not half full. Knolles. STIPENDIARY Sti*pen"di*a*ry, n.; pl. Stipendiaries (. Defn: One who receives a stipend. If thou art become A tyrant's vile stipendiary. Glover. STIPENDIATE Sti*pen"di*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. stipendiatus, p.p. of stipendiari to receive pay.] Defn: To provide with a stipend, or salary; to support; to pay. Evelyn. It is good to endow colleges, and to found chairs, and to stipendiate professors. I. Taylor. STIPENDLESS Sti"pend*less (sti"pênd*lês), a. Defn: Having no stipend. STIPES Sti"pes (-pez), n.; pl. Stipites. Etym: [L., a stock.] (Zoöl.) (a) The second joint of a maxilla of an insect or a crustacean. (b) An eyestalk. STIPITATE Stip"i*tate, a. Etym: [NL. stipitatus, from L. stipes, gen. stipitis, a stock. See Stipe.] (Bot.) Defn: Supported by a stipe; elevated on a stipe, as the fronds of most ferns, or the pod of certain cruciferous plants. STIPITIFORM Stip"i*ti*form, a. Etym: [Stipes + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the shape of a stalk; stalklike. STIPPLE Stip"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stippled; p. pr. & vb. n. Stippling.] Etym: [D. stippelen to make points, to spot, dot, from stippel, dim. of stip a dot, spot.] 1. To engrave by means of dots, in distinction from engraving in lines. The interlaying of small pieces can not altogether avoid a broken, stippled, spotty effect. Milman. 2. To paint, as in water colors, by small, short touches which together produce an even or softly graded surface. STIPPLE; STIPPLING Stip"ple, Stip"pling, n. (Engraving) Defn: A mode of execution which produces the effect by dots or small points instead of lines. 2. (Paint.) Defn: A mode of execution in which a flat or even tint is produced by many small touches. STIPTIC Stip"tic, a. & n. (Med.) Defn: See Styptic. STIPULA Stip"u*la, n.; pl. E. Stipulas, L. Stipulæ. Etym: [L., a stalk, stem.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A stipule. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A newly sprouted feather. STIPULACEOUS; STIPULAR Stip`u*la"ceous, Stip"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. stipulacé, stipulaire. See Stipula.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to stipules; resembling stipules; furnished with stipules; growing on stipules, or close to them; occupying the position of stipules; as, stipular glands and stipular tendrils. STIPULARY Stip"u*la*ry, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to stipules; stipular. STIPULATE Stip"u*late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with stipules; as, a stipulate leaf. STIPULATE Stip"u*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stipulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Stipulating.] Etym: [L. stipulatus, p.p. of stipulari to stipulate, fr. OL. stipulus firm, fast; probably akin to L. stipes a post. Cf. Stiff.] Defn: To make an agreement or covenant with any person or company to do or forbear anything; to bargain; to contract; to settle terms; as, certain princes stipulated to assist each other in resisting the armies of France. STIPULATION Stip`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. stipulatio: cf. F. stipulation.] 1. The act of stipulating; a contracting or bargaining; an agreement. 2. That which is stipulated, or agreed upon; that which is definitely arranged or contracted; an agreement; a covenant; a contract or bargain; also, any particular article, item, or condition, in a mutual agreement; as, the stipulations of the allied powers to furnish each his contingent of troops. 3. (Law) Defn: A material article of an agreement; an undertaking in the nature of bail taken in the admiralty courts; a bargain. Bouvier. Wharton. Syn. -- Agreement; contract; engagement. See Covenant. STIPULATION Stip`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [See Stipule.] (Bot.) Defn: The situation, arrangement, and structure of the stipules. STIPULATOR Stip"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who stipulates, contracts, or covenants. STIPULE Stip"ule, n. Etym: [L. stipula a stalk, stem, straw: cf. F. stipule. Cf. Stubble.] (Bot.) Defn: An appendage at the base of petioles or leaves, usually somewhat resembling a small leaf in texture and appearance. STIPULED Stip"uled, a. (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with stipules, or leafy appendages. STIR Stir, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stirred; p. pr. & vb. n. Stirring.] Etym: [OE. stiren, steren, sturen, AS. styrian; probably akin to D. storen to disturb, G. stören, OHG. storen to scatter, destroy. *166.] 1. To change the place of in any manner; to move. My foot I had never yet in five days been able to stir. Sir W. Temple. 2. To disturb the relative position of the particles of, as of a liquid, by passing something through it; to agitate; as, to stir a pudding with a spoon. My mind is troubled, like a fountain stirred. Shak. 3. To bring into debate; to agitate; to moot. Stir not questions of jurisdiction. Bacon. 4. To incite to action; to arouse; to instigate; to prompt; to excite. "To stir men to devotion." Chaucer. An Ate, stirring him to blood and strife. Shak. And for her sake some mutiny will stir. Dryden. Note: In all senses except the first, stir is often followed by up with an intensive effect; as, to stir up fire; to stir up sedition. Syn. -- To move; incite; awaken; rouse; animate; stimulate; excite; provoke. STIR Stir, v. i. 1. To move; to change one's position. I had not power to stir or strive, But felt that I was still alive. Byron. 2. To be in motion; to be active or bustling; to exert or busy one's self. All are not fit with them to stir and toil. Byron. The friends of the unfortunate exile, far from resenting his unjust suspicions, were stirring anxiously in his behalf. Merivale. 3. To become the object of notice; to be on foot. They fancy they have a right to talk freely upon everything that stirs or appears. I. Watts. 4. To rise, or be up, in the morning. [Colloq.] Shak. STIR Stir, n. 1. The act or result of stirring; agitation; tumult; bustle; noise or various movements. Why all these words, this clamor, and this stir Denham. Consider, after so much stir about genus and species, how few words we have yet settled definitions of. Locke. 2. Public disturbance or commotion; tumultuous disorder; seditious uproar. Being advertised of some stirs raised by his unnatural sons in England. Sir J. Davies. 3. Agitation of thoughts; conflicting passions. STIRABOUT Stir"a*bout`, n. Defn: A dish formed of oatmeal boiled in water to a certain consistency and frequently stirred, or of oatmeal and dripping mixed together and stirred about in a pan; a hasty pudding. STIRIATED Stir"i*a`ted, a. Etym: [L. stiria an icicle.] Defn: Adorned with pendants like icicles. STIRIOUS Stir"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. stiria an icicle.] Defn: Resembling icicles. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. STIRK Stirk, n. Etym: [AS. stric, from steór a steer. See Steer a young ox.] Defn: A young bullock or heifer. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott. STIRLESS Stir"less, a. Defn: Without stirring; very quiet; motionless. "Lying helpless and stirless." Hare. STIRP Stirp, n. Etym: [L. stirps, stirpis.] Defn: Stock; race; family. [Obs.] Bacon. STIRPICULTURE Stir"pi*cul`ture, n. Etym: [L. stirps, stirpis, stem, stock, race + cultura culture.] Defn: The breeding of special stocks or races. STIRPS Stirps, n.; pl. Stirpes. Etym: [L., stem, stock.] 1. (Law) Defn: Stock; race; family. Blackstone. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A race, or a fixed and permanent variety. STIRRAGE Stir"rage, n. Defn: The act of stirring; stir; commotion. [Obs.] T. Granger. STIRRER Stir"rer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, stirs something; also, one who moves about, especially after sleep; as, an early stirrer. Shak. Stirrer up, an instigator or inciter. Atterbury. STIRRING Stir"ring, a. Defn: Putting in motion, or being in motion; active; active in business; habitually employed in some kind of business; accustomed to a busy life. A more stirring and intellectual age than any which had gone before it. Southey. Syn. -- Animating; arousing; awakening; stimulating; quickening; exciting. STIRRUP Stir"rup, n. Etym: [OE. stirop, AS. stigrap; stigan to mount, ascend + rap a rope; akin to G. stegreif a stirrup. *164. See Sty, v. i., and Rope.] 1. A kind of ring, or bent piece of metal, wood, leather, or the like, horizontal in one part for receiving the foot of a rider, and attached by a strap to the saddle, -- used to assist a person in mounting a horse, and to enable him to sit steadily in riding, as well as to relieve him by supporting a part of the weight of the body. Our host upon his stirpoes stood anon. Chaucer. 2. (Carp. & Mach.) Defn: Any piece resembling in shape the stirrup of a saddle, and used as a support, clamp, etc. See Bridle iron. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A rope secured to a yard, with a thimble in its lower end for supporting a footrope. Totten. Stirrup bone (Anat.), the stapes. -- Stirrup cup, a parting cup taken after mounting. -- Stirrup iron, an iron stirrup. -- Stirrup leather, or Stirrup strap, the strap which attaches a stirrup to the saddle. See Stirrup, 1. STIRT Stirt, obs. p. p. of Start, v. i. Defn: Started; leaped. They privily be stirt into a well. Chaucer. STIRTE Stir"te, obs. Defn: imp. of Start, v. i. & t. Chaucer. STITCH Stitch, n. Etym: [OE. stiche, AS. stice a pricking, akin to stician to prick. See Stick, v. i.] 1. A single pass of a needle in sewing; the loop or turn of the thread thus made. 2. A single turn of the thread round a needle in knitting; a link, or loop, of yarn; as, to let down, or drop, a stitch; to take up a stitch. 3. Etym: [Cf. OE. sticche, stecche, stucche, a piece, AS. stycce. Cf. Stock.] Defn: A space of work taken up, or gone over, in a single pass of the needle; hence, by extension, any space passed over; distance. You have gone a good stitch. Bunyan. In Syria the husbandmen go lightly over with their plow, and take no deep stitch in making their furrows. Holland. 4. A local sharp pain; an acute pain, like the piercing of a needle; as, a stitch in the side. He was taken with a cold and with stitches, which was, indeed, a pleurisy. Bp. Burnet. 5. A contortion, or twist. [Obs.] If you talk, Or pull your face into a stitch again, I shall be angry. Marston. 6. Any least part of a fabric or dress; as, to wet every stitch of clothes. [Colloq.] 7. A furrow. Chapman. Chain stitch, Lock stitch. See in the Vocabulary. -- Pearl, or Purl stitch. See 2nd Purl, 2. STITCH Stitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stitched; p. pr. & vb. n. Stitching.] 1. To form stitches in; especially, to sew in such a manner as to show on the surface a continuous line of stitches; as, to stitch a shirt bosom. 2. To sew, or unite together by stitches; as, to stitch printed sheets in making a book or a pamphlet. 3. (Agric.) Defn: To form land into ridges. To stitch up, to mend or unite with a needle and thread; as, to stitch up a rent; to stitch up an artery. STITCH Stitch, v. i. Defn: To practice stitching, or needlework. STITCHEL Stitch"el, n. Defn: A kind of hairy wool. [Prov.] STITCHER Stitch"er, n. Defn: One who stitches; a seamstress. STITCHERY Stitch"er*y, n. Defn: Needlework; -- in comtempt. Shak. STITCHING Stitch"ing, n. 1. The act of one who stitches. 2. Work done by sewing, esp. when a continuous line of stitches is shown on the surface; stitches, collectively. STITCHWORT Stitch"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Stichwort. STITH Stith, a. Etym: [AS. sti.] Defn: Strong; stiff; rigid. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] STITH Stith, n. Etym: [Icel. ste an anvil, akin to sta place. See Stead.] Defn: An anvil; a stithy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] He invented also pincers, hammers, iron crows, and the anvil, or stith. Holland. STITHY Stith"y, n. Etym: [See Stith, and cf. Stiddy.] 1. An anvil. Sir W. Scott. 2. A smith's shop; a smithy; a smithery; a forge. "As foul as Vulcan's stithy." Shak. STITHY Stith"y, v. t. Defn: To forge on an anvil. The forge that stithied Mars his helm. Shak. STIVE Stive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stived; p. pr. & vb. n. Stiving.] Etym: [Probably fr. F. estiver to compress, stow, L. stipare: cf. It. stivare, Sp. estivar. Cf. Stevedore, Stiff.] Defn: To stuff; to crowd; to fill full; hence, to make hot and close; to render stifling. Sandys. His chamber was commonly stived with friends or suitors of one kind or other. Sir H. Wotton. STIVE Stive, v. i. Defn: To be stifled or suffocated. STIVE Stive, n. Defn: The floating dust in flour mills caused by the operation or grinding. De Colange. STIVER Sti"ver, n. Etym: [D. stuiver; akin to G. stüber, Dan. styver, Sw. styfver.] Defn: A Dutch coin, and money of account, of the value of two cents, or about one penny sterling; hence, figuratively, anything of little worth. STIVES Stives, n. pl. Etym: [OE. See Stew.] Defn: Stews; a brothel. [Obs.] Chaucer. STOAK Stoak, v. t. Etym: [Cf. G. stocken.] (Naut.) Defn: To stop; to choke. STOAT Stoat, n. Etym: [OE. stot a stoat, horse, bullock; perhaps originally only of male animals, and akin to D. stooten to push, E. stutter; cf. Icel. st a bull, Sw. stut a bullock. Cf. Stot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The ermine in its summer pelage, when it is reddish brown, but with a black tip to the tail. The name is sometimes applied also to other brown weasels. STOCAH Sto"cah, n. Etym: [Ir. & Gael. stocach an idle fellow who lives on the industry of others, a lounger.] Defn: A menial attendant. [Obs.] Spenser. STOCCADE Stoc*cade", n. & v. Defn: See Stockade. STOCCADO Stoc*ca"do, n. Etym: [F. estocade, fr. Sp. estocada, or It. stoccata, from Sp. estoque, or It. stocco, a rapier, fr. G. stock a stick. See Stock.] Defn: A stab; a thrust with a rapier. Shak. STOCHASTIC Sto*chas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Conjectural; able to conjecture. [Obs.] Whitefoot. STOCK Stock, n. Etym: [AS. stocc a stock, trunk, stick; akin to D. stok, G. stock, OHG. stoc, Icel. stokkr, Sw. stock, Dan. stok, and AS. stycce a piece; cf. Skr. tuj to urge, thrust. Cf. Stokker, Stucco, and Tuck a rapier.] 1. The stem, or main body, of a tree or plant; the fixed, strong, firm part; the trunk. Though the root thereof wax old in the earth, and the stock thereof die in the ground, yet through the scent of water it will bud, and bring forth boughs like a plant. Job xiv. 8,9. 2. The stem or branch in which a graft is inserted. The scion overruleth the stock quite. Bacon. 3. A block of wood; something fixed and solid; a pillar; a firm support; a post. All our fathers worshiped stocks and stones. Milton. Item, for a stock of brass for the holy water, seven shillings; which, by the canon, must be of marble or metal, and in no case of brick. Fuller. 4. Hence, a person who is as dull and lifeless as a stock or post; one who has little sense. Let's be no stoics, nor no stocks. Shak. 5. The principal supporting part; the part in which others are inserted, or to which they are attached. Specifically: -- (a) The wood to which the barrel, lock, etc., of a musket or like firearm are secured; also, a long, rectangular piece of wood, which is an important part of several forms of gun carriage. (b) The handle or contrivance by which bits are held in boring; a bitstock; a brace. (c) (Joinery) The block of wood or metal frame which constitutes the body of a plane, and in which the plane iron is fitted; a plane stock. (d) (Naut.) The wooden or iron crosspiece to which the shank of an anchor is attached. See Illust. of Anchor. (e) The support of the block in which an anvil is fixed, or of the anvil itself. (f) A handle or wrench forming a holder for the dies for cutting screws; a diestock. (g) The part of a tally formerly struck in the exchequer, which was delivered to the person who had lent the king money on account, as the evidence of indebtedness. See Counterfoil. [Eng.] 6. The original progenitor; also, the race or line of a family; the progenitor of a family and his direct descendants; lineage; family. And stand betwixt them made, when, severally, All told their stock. Chapman. Thy mother was no goddess, nor thy stock From Dardanus. Denham. 7. Money or capital which an individual or a firm employs in business; fund; in the United States, the capital of a bank or other company, in the form of transferable shares, each of a certain amount; money funded in government securities, called also the public funds; in the plural, property consisting of shares in joint-stock companies, or in the obligations of a government for its funded debt; -- so in the United States, but in England the latter only are called stocks, and the former shares. 8. (Bookkeeping) Defn: Same as Stock account, below. 9. Supply provided; store; accumulation; especially, a merchant's or manufacturer's store of goods; as, to lay in a stock of provisions. Add to that stock which justly we bestow. Dryden. 10. (Agric.) Defn: Domestic animals or beasts collectively, used or raised on a farm; as, a stock of cattle or of sheep, etc.; -- called also live stock. 11. (Card Playing) Defn: That portion of a pack of cards not distributed to the players at the beginning of certain games, as gleek, etc., but which might be drawn from afterward as occasion required; a bank. I must buy the stock; send me good cardings. Beau. & Fl. 12. A thrust with a rapier; a stoccado. [Obs.] 13. Etym: [Cf. Stocking.] Defn: A covering for the leg, or leg and foot; as, upper stocks (breeches); nether stocks (stockings). [Obs.] With a linen stock on one leg. Shak. 14. A kind of stiff, wide band or cravat for the neck; as, a silk stock. 15. pl. Defn: A frame of timber, with holes in which the feet, or the feet and hands, of criminals were formerly confined by way of punishment. He shall rest in my stocks. Piers Plowman. 16. pl. (Shipbuilding) Defn: The frame or timbers on which a ship rests while building. 17. pl. Defn: Red and gray bricks, used for the exterior of walls and the front of buildings. [Eng.] 18. (Bot.) Defn: Any cruciferous plant of the genus Matthiola; as, common stock (Matthiola incana) (see Gilly-flower); ten-weeks stock (M. annua). 19. (Geol.) Defn: An irregular metalliferous mass filling a large cavity in a rock formation, as a stock of lead ore deposited in limestone. 20. A race or variety in a species. 21. (Biol.) Defn: In tectology, an aggregate or colony of persons (see Person), as trees, chains of salpæ, etc. 22. The beater of a fulling mill. Knight. 23. (Cookery) Defn: A liquid or jelly containing the juices and soluble parts of meat, and certain vegetables, etc., extracted by cooking; -- used in making soup, gravy, etc. Bit stock. See Bitstock. -- Dead stock (Agric.), the implements of husbandry, and produce stored up for use; -- in distinction from live stock, or the domestic animals on the farm. See def. 10, above. -- Head stock. See Headstock. -- Paper stock, rags and other material of which paper is made. -- Stock account (Bookkeeping), an account on a merchant's ledger, one side of which shows the original capital, or stock, and the additions thereto by accumulation or contribution, the other side showing the amounts withdrawn. -- Stock car, a railway car for carrying cattle. -- Stock company (Com.), an incorporated company the capital of which is represented by marketable shares having a certain equal par value. -- Stock duck (Zoöl.), the mallard. -- Stock exchange. (a) The building or place where stocks are bought and sold; stock market; hence, transactions of all kinds in stocks. (b) An association or body of stockbrokers who meet and transact business by certain recognized forms, regulations, and usages. Wharton. Brande & C. -- Stock farmer, a farmer who makes it his business to rear live stock. -- Stock gillyflower (Bot.), the common stock. See Stock, n., 18. -- Stock gold, gold laid up so as to form a stock, or hoard. -- Stock in trade, the goods kept for sale by a shopkeeper; the fittings and appliances of a workman. Simmonds. -- Stock list, a list of stocks, or shares, dealt in, of transactions, and of prices. -- Stock lock, a lock inclosed in a wooden case and attached to the face of a door. -- Stock market. (a) A place where stocks are bought and sold; the stock exchange. (b) A market for live stock. -- Stock pigeon. (Zoöl.) Same as Stockdove. -- Stock purse. (a) A common purse, as distinguished from a private purse. (b) (Mil.) Moneys saved out of the expenses of a company or regiment, and applied to objects of common interest. [Eng.] -- Stock shave, a tool used by blockmakers. -- Stock station, a place or district for rearing stock. [Australia] W. Howitt. -- Stock tackle (Naut.), a tackle used when the anchor is hoisted and secured, to keep its stock clear of the ship's sides. Totten. -- Stock taking, an examination and inventory made of goods or stock in a shop or warehouse; -- usually made periodically. -- Tail stock. See Tailstock. -- To have something on the stock, to be at work at something. -- To take stock, to take account of stock; to make an inventory of stock or goods on hand. Dickens. -- To take stock in. (a) To subscribe for, or purchase, shares in a stock company. (b) To put faith in; to accept as trustworthy; as, to take stock in a person's fidelity. [Slang] -- To take stock of, to take account of the stock of; to take an inventory of; hence, to ascertain the facts in regard to (something). [Eng.] At the outset of any inquiry it is proper to take stock of the results obtained by previous explorers of the same field. Leslie Stephen. Syn. -- Fund; capital; store; supply; accumulation; hoard; provision. STOCK Stock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stocked; p. pr. & vb. n. Stocking.] 1. To lay up; to put aside for future use; to store, as merchandise, and the like. 2. To provide with material requisites; to store; to fill; to supply; as, to stock a warehouse, that is, to fill it with goods; to stock a farm, that is, to supply it with cattle and tools; to stock land, that is, to occupy it with a permanent growth, especially of grass. 3. To suffer to retain milk for twenty-four hours or more previous to sale, as cows. 4. To put in the stocks. [R.] Shak. To stock an anchor (Naut.), to fit it with a stock, or to fasten the stock firmly in place. -- To stock cards (Card Playing), to arrange cards in a certain manner for cheating purposes. [Cant] -- To stock down (Agric.), to sow, as plowed land, with grass seed, in order that it may become swarded, and produce grass. -- To stock up, to extirpate; to dig up. STOCK Stock, a. Defn: Used or employed for constant service or application, as if constituting a portion of a stock or supply; standard; permanent; standing; as, a stock actor; a stock play; a stock sermon. "A stock charge against Raleigh." C. Kingsley. Stock company (Theater), a company of actors regularly employed at one theater, or permanently acting together in various plays under one management. STOCKADE Stock*ade", n. Etym: [F. estacade stockade, boom (confused in French with estocade; see 1st Stoccado); fr. It. steccata a palisade (influenced by OF. estach, estaque, a stake, post), or from Sp. estacada a palisade; both of German origin, and akin to E. stake, stick; cf. G. stecken stick, OHG. steccho. See Stake, n., Stick, n. & v. t., and cf. Estacade, Stacket.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A line of stout posts or timbers set firmly in the earth in contact with each other (and usually with loopholes) to form a barrier, or defensive fortification. [Written also stoccade.] 2. An inclosure, or pen, made with posts and stakes. STOCKADE Stock*ade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stockaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Stockading.] Defn: To surround, fortify, or protect with a stockade. STOCK-BLIND Stock"-blind`, a. Defn: Blind as a stock; wholly blind. STOCKBROKER Stock"bro`ker, n. Defn: A broker who deals in stocks. STOCKDOVE Stock"dove`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A common European wild pigeon (Columba ænas), so called because at one time believed to be the stock of the domestic pigeon, or, according to some, from its breeding in the stocks, or trunks, of trees. Note: The name is applied, also, to other related species, as the Indian stockdove (Palumbæna Eversmanni). STOCKER Stock"er, n. Defn: One who makes or fits stocks, as of guns or gun carriages, etc. STOCKFISH Stock"fish`, n. Etym: [Cf. D. stokvisch.] 1. Salted and dried fish, especially codfish, hake, ling, and torsk; also, codfish dried without being salted. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Young fresh cod. STOCKHOLDER Stock"hold`er, n. Defn: One who is a holder or proprietor of stock in the public funds, or in the funds of a bank or other stock company. STOCKINET Stock`i*net", n. Defn: An elastic textile fabric imitating knitting, of which stockings, under-garments, etc., are made. STOCKING Stock"ing, n. Etym: [From Stock, which was formerly used of a covering for the legs and feet, combining breeches, or upper stocks, and stockings, or nether stocks.] Defn: A close-fitting covering for the foot and leg, usually knit or woven. Blue stocking. See Bluestocking. -- Stocking frame, a machine for knitting stockings or other hosiery goods. STOCKING Stock"ing, v. t. Defn: To dress in GBs. Dryden. STOCKINGER Stock"ing*er, n. Defn: A stocking weaver. STOCKISH Stock"ish, a. Defn: Like a stock; stupid; blockish. Since naught so stockish, hard, and full of rage, But music for the time doth change his nature. Shak. STOCKJOBBER Stock"job`ber, n. Etym: [Stock + job.] Defn: One who speculates in stocks for gain; one whose occupation is to buy and sell stocks. In England a jobber acts as an intermediary between brokers. STOCKJOBBING Stock"job`bing, n. Defn: The act or art of dealing in stocks; the business of a stockjobber. STOCKMAN Stock"man, n.; pl. Stockmen (. Defn: A herdsman; a ranchman; one owning, or having charge of, herds of live stock. [Australia & U.S.] W. Howitt. STOCK-STILL Stock"-still`, a. Etym: [CF. G. stock-still.] Defn: Still as a stock, or fixed post; perfectly still. His whole work stands stock-still. Sterne. STOCKWORK Stock"work`, n. Etym: [G. stockwerk.] 1. (Mining) Defn: A system of working in ore, etc., when it lies not in strata or veins, but in solid masses, so as to be worked in chambers or stories. 2. (Geol.) Defn: A metalliferous deposit characterized by the impregnation of the mass of rock with many small veins or nests irregularly grouped. This kind of deposit is especially common with tin ore. Such deposits are worked in floors or stories. STOCKY Stock"y, a. Etym: [From Stock.] 1. Short and thick; thick rather than tall or corpulent. Addison. Stocky, twisted, hunchback stems. Mrs. H. H. Jackson. 2. Headstrong. [Prov. Eng.] G. Eliot. STODGY Stodg"y, a. Defn: Wet. [Prov. Eng.] G. Eliot. STOECHIOLOGY; STOECHIOMETRY Stoech`i*ol"o*gy, n., Stoech`i*om"e*try (, n., etc. Defn: See Stoichiology, Stoichiometry, etc. STOGY Sto"gy, a. [Etym. uncertain. Cf. Stocky.] Defn: heavy; coarse; clumsy. [Colloq.] STOGY Sto"gy, n.; pl. Stogies. [Written also stogie.] [Colloq.] 1. A stout, coarse boot or shoe; a brogan. 2. A kind of cheap, but not necessary inferior, cigar made in the form of a cylindrical roll. STOIC Sto"ic, n. Etym: [L. stoicus, Gr. 1. A disciple of the philosopher Zeno; one of a Greek sect which held that men should be free from passion, unmoved by joy or grief, and should submit without complaint to unavoidable necessity, by which all things are governed. 2. Hence, a person not easily excited; an apathetic person; one who is apparently or professedly indifferent to pleasure or pain. A Stoic of the woods, a man without a tear. Campbell. School of Stoics. See The Porch, under Porch. STOIC; STOICAL Sto"ic, Sto"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. stoicus, Gr. stoïque. See Stoic, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Stoics; resembling the Stoics or their doctrines. 2. Not affected by passion; manifesting indifference to pleasure or pain. -- Sto"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sto"ic*al*ness, n. STOICHIOLOGICAL Stoi`chi*o*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to stoichiology. STOICHIOLOGY Stoi`chi*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] [Written also stoechiology.] 1. That part of the science of physiology which treats of the elements, or principles, composing animal tissues. 2. (Logic) Defn: The doctrine of the elementary requisites of mere thought. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. The statement or discussion of the first principles of any science or art. STOICHIOMETRIC; STOICHIOMETRICAL Stoi`chi*o*met"ric, Stoi`chi*o*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to stoichiometry; employed in, or obtained by, stoichiometry. STOICHIOMETRY Stoi`chi*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.] Defn: The art or process of calculating the atomic proportions, combining weights, and other numerical relations of chemical elements and their compounds. STOICISM Sto"i*cism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. stoïcisme.] 1. The opinions and maxims of the Stoics. 2. A real or pretended indifference to pleasure or pain; insensibility; impassiveness. STOICITY Sto*ic"i*ty, n. Defn: Stoicism. [Obs.] B. Jonson. STOKE Stoke, v. t. Etym: [OE. stoken, fr. D. stoken, fr. stok a stick (cf. OF. estoquier to thrust, stab; of Teutonic origin, and akin to D. stok). See Stock.] 1. To stick; to thrust; to stab. [Obs.] Nor short sword for to stoke, with point biting. Chaucer. 2. To poke or stir up, as a fire; hence, to tend, as the fire of a furnace, boiler, etc. STOKE Stoke, v. i. Defn: To poke or stir up a fire; hence, to tend the fires of furnaces, steamers, etc. STOKEHOLD Stoke"hold`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The space, or any of the spaces, in front of the boilers of a ship, from which the furnaces are fed; the stokehole of a ship; also, a room containing a ship's boilers; as, forced draft with closed stokehold; -- called also, in American ships, fireroom. STOKEHOLE Stoke"hole`, n. Defn: The mouth to the grate of a furnace; also, the space in front of the furnace, where the stokers stand. STOKER Stok"er, n. Etym: [D. See Stoke, v. t.] 1. One who is employed to tend a furnace and supply it with fuel, especially the furnace of a locomotive or of a marine steam boiler; also, a machine for feeding fuel to a fire. 2. A fire poker. [R.] C. Richardson (Dict.). STOKEY Sto"key, a. Defn: Close; sultry. [Prov. Eng.] STOLA Sto"la, n.; pl. Stolæ. Etym: [L. See Stole a garment.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A long garment, descending to the ankles, worn by Roman women. The stola was not allowed to be worn by courtesans, or by women who had been divorced from their husbands. Fairholt. STOLE Stole, Defn: imp. of Steal. STOLE Stole, n. Etym: [L. stolo, -onis.] (Bot.) Defn: A stolon. STOLE Stole, n. Etym: [AS. stole, L. stola, Gr. stall. See Stall.] 1. A long, loose garment reaching to the feet. Spenser. But when mild morn, in saffron stole, First issues from her eastern goal. T. Warton. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A narrow band of silk or stuff, sometimes enriched with embroidery and jewels, worn on the left shoulder of deacons, and across both shoulders of bishops and priests, pendent on each side nearly to the ground. At Mass, it is worn crossed on the breast by priests. It is used in various sacred functions. Groom of the stole, the first lord of the bedchamber in the royal household. [Eng.] Brande & C. STOLED Stoled, a. Defn: Having or wearing a stole. After them flew the prophets, brightly stoled In shining lawn. G. Fletcher. STOLEN Stol"en, Defn: p. p. of Steal. STOLID Stol"id, a. Etym: [L. stolidus.] Defn: Hopelessly insensible or stupid; not easily aroused or excited; dull; impassive; foolish. STOLIDITY Sto*lid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. stoliditas.] Defn: The state or quality of being stolid; dullness of intellect; obtuseness; stupidity. Indocile, intractable fools, whose stolidity can baffle all arguments, and be proof against demonstration itself. Bentley. STOLIDNESS Stol"id*ness, n. Defn: Same as Stolidity. STOLON Sto"lon, n. Etym: [L. stolo, -onis: cf. F. stolon. Cf. Stole a stolon, 1st Stool.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A trailing branch which is disposed to take root at the end or at the joints; a stole. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extension of the integument of the body, or of the body wall, from which buds are developed, giving rise to new zooids, and thus forming a compound animal in which the zooids usually remain united by the stolons. Such stolons are often present in Anthozoa, Hydroidea, Bryozoa, and social ascidians. See Illust. under Scyphistoma. STOLONIFEROUS Stol`o*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Stolon + -ferous: cf. F. stolonifère.] Defn: Producing stolons; putting forth suckers. STOMA Sto"ma, n.; pl. Stomata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the minute apertures between the cells in many serous membranes. 2. (Bot.) (a) The minute breathing pores of leaves or other organs opening into the intercellular spaces, and usually bordered by two contractile cells. (b) The line of dehiscence of the sporangium of a fern. It is usually marked by two transversely elongated cells. See Illust. of Sporangium. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A stigma. See Stigma, n., 6 (a) & (b). STOMACH Stom"ach, n. Etym: [OE. stomak, F. estomac, L. stomachus, fr. Gr. sto`machos stomach, throat, gullet, fr. sto`ma a mouth, any outlet or entrance.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: An enlargement, or series of enlargements, in the anterior part of the alimentary canal, in which food is digested; any cavity in which digestion takes place in an animal; a digestive cavity. See Digestion, and Gastric juice, under Gastric. 2. The desire for food caused by hunger; appetite; as, a good stomach for roast beef. Shak. 3. Hence appetite in general; inclination; desire. He which hath no stomach to this fight, Let him depart. Shak. 4. Violence of temper; anger; sullenness; resentment; willful obstinacy; stubbornness. [Obs.] Stern was his look, and full of stomach vain. Spenser. This sort of crying proceeding from pride, obstinacy, and stomach, the will, where the fault lies, must be bent. Locke. 5. Pride; haughtiness; arrogance. [Obs.] He was a man Of an unbounded stomach. Shak. Stomach pump (Med.), a small pump or syringe with a flexible tube, for drawing liquids from the stomach, or for injecting them into it. -- Stomach tube (Med.), a long flexible tube for introduction into the stomach. -- Stomach worm (Zoöl.), the common roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) found in the human intestine, and rarely in the stomach. STOMACH Stom"ach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stomached; p. pr. & vb. n. Stomaching.] Etym: [Cf. L. stomachari, v.t. & i., to be angry or vexed at a thing.] 1. To resent; to remember with anger; to dislike. Shak. The lion began to show his teeth, and to stomach the affront. L'Estrange. The Parliament sit in that body . . . to be his counselors and dictators, though he stomach it. Milton. 2. To bear without repugnance; to brook. [Colloq.] STOMACH Stom"ach, v. i. Defn: To be angry. [Obs.] Hooker. STOMACHAL Stom"ach*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. stomacal.] 1. Of or pertaining to the stomach; gastric. 2. Helping the stomach; stomachic; cordial. STOMACHAL Stom"ach*al, n. Defn: A stomachic. Dunglison. STOMACHER Stom"ach*er, n. 1. One who stomachs. 2. ( Defn: An ornamental covering for the breast, worn originally both by men and women. Those worn by women were often richly decorated. A stately lady in a diamond stomacher. Johnson. STOMACHFUL Stom"ach*ful, a. Defn: Willfully obstinate; stubborn; perverse. [Obs.] -- Stom"ach*ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Stom"ach*ful*ness, n. [Obs.] STOMACHIC; STOMACHICAL Sto*mach"ic, Sto*mach"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. stomachicus, Gr. stomachique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the stomach; as, stomachic vessels. 2. Strengthening to the stomach; exciting the action of the stomach; stomachal; cordial. STOMACHIC Sto*mach"ic, n. (Med.) Defn: A medicine that strengthens the stomach and excites its action. STOMACHING Stom"ach*ing, n. Defn: Resentment. [Obs.] STOMACHLESS Stom"ach*less, a. 1. Being without a stomach. 2. Having no appetite. [R.] Bp. Hall. STOMACHOUS Stom"ach*ous, a. Etym: [L. stomachosus angry, peexish. See Stomach.] Defn: Stout; sullen; obstinate. [Obs.] With stern looks and stomachous disdain. Spenser. STOMACHY Stom"ach*y, a. Defn: Obstinate; sullen; haughty. A little, bold, solemn, stomachy man, a great professor of piety. R. L. Stevenson. STOMAPOD Sto"ma*pod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Stomapoda. STOMAPODA Sto*map"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Stoma, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Crustacea including the squillas. The maxillipeds are leglike in form, and the large claws are comblike. They have a large and elongated abdomen, which contains a part of the stomach and heart; the abdominal appendages are large, and bear the gills. Called also Gastrula, Stomatopoda, and Squilloidea. STOMATE Sto"mate, n. (Bot.) Defn: A stoma. STOMATIC Sto*mat"ic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a stoma; of the nature of a stoma. STOMATIC Sto*mat"ic, n. Etym: [Gr. sto`ma, -atos, mouth.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine for diseases of the mouth. Dunglison. STOMATIFEROUS Stom`a*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. sto`ma, -atos mouth + -ferous.] Defn: Having or producing stomata. STOMATITIS Stom`a*ti"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. sto`ma, -atos, mouth + -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the mouth. STOMATODA Stom`a*to"da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Protozoa in which a mouthlike opening exists. STOMATODAEUM Stom`a*to*dæ"um, n. (Anat.) Defn: Same as Stomodæum. STOMATODE Stom"a*tode, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a mouth; -- applied to certain Protozoa. -- n. Defn: One of the Stomatoda. STOMATOGASTRIC Stom`a*to*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Gr. gastric.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the mouth and the stomach; as, the stomatogastric ganglion of certain Mollusca. STOMATOLOGY Sto`ma*tol"o*gy, n. [Gr. , , mouth + -logy.] (Med.) Defn: Scientific study or knowledge of the mouth. STOMATOPLASTIC Stom`a*to*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. -plastic.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the operation of forming a mouth where the aperture has been contracted, or in any way deformed. STOMATOPLASTY Stom"a*to*plas`ty, n. [Gr. , , mouth + -plasty.] Defn: Plastic surgery of the mouth. STOMATOPOD Stom"a*to*pod, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Stomatopoda. STOMATOPODA Stom`a*top"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Stoma, and -pod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Stomapoda. STOMATOPODOUS Stom`a*top"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Stomatopoda. STOMATOSCOPE Stom"a*to*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Med.) Defn: An apparatus for examining the interior of the mouth. STOMATOUS Stom"a*tous, a. Defn: Having a stoma. STOMODAEUM Stom`o*dæ"um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: A part of the alimentary canal. See under Mesenteron. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The primitive mouth and esophagus of the embryo of annelids and arthropods. STOMP Stomp, v. i. Etym: [See Stamp.] Defn: To stamp with the foot. [Colloq.] "In gallant procession, the priests mean to stomp." R. Browning. STOND Stond, n. Etym: [For stand.] 1. Stop; halt; hindrance. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. A stand; a post; a station. [Obs.] Spenser. STOND Stond, v. i. Defn: To stand. [Obs.] Chaucer. STONE Stone, n. Etym: [OE. ston, stan, AS. stan; akin to OS. & OFries. sten, D. steen, G. stein, Icel. steinn, Sw. sten, Dan. steen, Goth. stains, Russ. stiena a wall, Gr. Steen.] 1. Concreted earthy or mineral matter; also, any particular mass of such matter; as, a house built of stone; the boy threw a stone; pebbles are rounded stones. "Dumb as a stone." Chaucer. They had brick for stone, and slime . . . for mortar. Gen. xi. 3. Note: In popular language, very large masses of stone are called rocks; small masses are called stones; and the finer kinds, gravel, or sand, or grains of sand. Stone is much and widely used in the construction of buildings of all kinds, for walls, fences, piers, abutments, arches, monuments, sculpture, and the like. 2. A precious stone; a gem. "Many a rich stone." Chaucer. "Inestimable stones, unvalued jewels." Shak. 3. Something made of stone. Specifically: - (a) The glass of a mirror; a mirror. [Obs.] Lend me a looking-glass; If that her breath will mist or stain the stone, Why, then she lives. Shak. (b) A monument to the dead; a gravestone. Gray. Should some relenting eye Glance on the where our cold relics lie. Pope. 4. (Med.) Defn: A calculous concretion, especially one in the kidneys or bladder; the disease arising from a calculus. 5. One of the testes; a testicle. Shak. 6. (Bot.) Defn: The hard endocarp of drupes; as, the stone of a cherry or peach. See Illust. of Endocarp. 7. A weight which legally is fourteen pounds, but in practice varies with the article weighed. [Eng.] Note: The stone of butchers' meat or fish is reckoned at 8 lbs.; of cheese, 16 lbs.; of hemp, 32 lbs.; of glass, 5 lbs. 8. Fig.: Symbol of hardness and insensibility; torpidness; insensibility; as, a heart of stone. I have not yet forgot myself to stone. Pope. 9. (Print.) Defn: A stand or table with a smooth, flat top of stone, commonly marble, on which to arrange the pages of a book, newspaper, etc., before printing; -- called also imposing stone. Note: Stone is used adjectively or in composition with other words to denote made of stone, containing a stone or stones, employed on stone, or, more generally, of or pertaining to stone or stones; as, stone fruit, or stone-fruit; stone-hammer, or stone hammer; stone falcon, or stone-falcon. Compounded with some adjectives it denotes a degree of the quality expressed by the adjective equal to that possessed by a stone; as, stone-dead, stone-blind, stone-cold, stone- still, etc. Atlantic stone, ivory. [Obs.] "Citron tables, or Atlantic stone." Milton. -- Bowing stone. Same as Cromlech. Encyc. Brit. -- Meteoric stones, stones which fall from the atmosphere, as after the explosion of a meteor. -- Philosopher's stone. See under Philosopher. -- Rocking stone. See Rocking-stone. -- Stone age, a supposed prehistoric age of the world when stone and bone were habitually used as the materials for weapons and tools; -- called also flint age. The bronze age succeeded to this. -- Stone bass (Zoöl.), any one of several species of marine food fishes of the genus Serranus and allied genera, as Serranus Couchii, and Polyprion cernium of Europe; -- called also sea perch. -- Stone biter (Zoöl.), the wolf fish. -- Stone boiling, a method of boiling water or milk by dropping hot stones into it, -- in use among savages. Tylor. -- Stone borer (Zoöl.), any animal that bores stones; especially, one of certain bivalve mollusks which burrow in limestone. See Lithodomus, and Saxicava. -- Stone bramble (Bot.), a European trailing species of bramble (Rubus saxatilis). -- Stone-break. Etym: [Cf. G. steinbrech.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Saxifraga; saxifrage. -- Stone bruise, a sore spot on the bottom of the foot, from a bruise by a stone. -- Stone canal. (Zoöl.) Same as Sand canal, under Sand. -- Stone cat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small fresh- water North American catfishes of the genus Noturus. They have sharp pectoral spines with which they inflict painful wounds. -- Stone coal, hard coal; mineral coal; anthracite coal. -- Stone coral (Zoöl.), any hard calcareous coral. -- Stone crab. (Zoöl.) (a) A large crab (Menippe mercenaria) found on the southern coast of the United States and much used as food. (b) A European spider crab (Lithodes maia). Stone crawfish (Zoöl.), a European crawfish (Astacus torrentium), by many writers considered only a variety of the common species (A. fluviatilis). -- Stone curlew. (Zoöl.) (a) A large plover found in Europe (Edicnemus crepitans). It frequents stony places. Called also thick- kneed plover or bustard, and thick-knee. (b) The whimbrel. [Prov. Eng.] (c) The willet. [Local, U.S.] -- Stone crush. Same as Stone bruise, above. -- Stone eater. (Zoöl.) Same as Stone borer, above. -- Stone falcon (Zoöl.), the merlin. -- Stone fern (Bot.), a European fern (Asplenium Ceterach) which grows on rocks and walls. -- Stone fly (Zoöl.), any one of many species of pseudoneuropterous insects of the genus Perla and allied genera; a perlid. They are often used by anglers for bait. The larvæ are aquatic. -- Stone fruit (Bot.), any fruit with a stony endocarp; a drupe, as a peach, plum, or cherry. -- Stone grig (Zoöl.), the mud lamprey, or pride. -- Stone hammer, a hammer formed with a face at one end, and a thick, blunt edge, parallel with the handle, at the other, -- used for breaking stone. -- Stone hawk (Zoöl.), the merlin; -- so called from its habit of sitting on bare stones. -- Stone jar, a jar made of stoneware. -- Stone lily (Paleon.), a fossil crinoid. -- Stone lugger. (Zoöl.) See Stone roller, below. -- Stone marten (Zoöl.), a European marten (Mustela foina) allied to the pine marten, but having a white throat; -- called also beech marten. -- Stone mason, a mason who works or builds in stone. -- Stone-mortar (Mil.), a kind of large mortar formerly used in sieges for throwing a mass of small stones short distances. -- Stone oil, rock oil, petroleum. -- Stone parsley (Bot.), an umbelliferous plant (Seseli Labanotis). See under Parsley. -- Stone pine. (Bot.) A nut pine. See the Note under Pine, and Piñon. -- Stone pit, a quarry where stones are dug. -- Stone pitch, hard, inspissated pitch. -- Stone plover. (Zoöl.) (a) The European stone curlew. (b) Any one of several species of Asiatic plovers of the genus Esacus; as, the large stone plover (E. recurvirostris). (c) The gray or black-bellied plover. [Prov. Eng.] (d) The ringed plover. (e) The bar-tailed godwit. [Prov. Eng.] Also applied to other species of limicoline birds. -- Stone roller. (Zoöl.) (a) An American fresh-water fish (Catostomus nigricans) of the Sucker family. Its color is yellowish olive, often with dark blotches. Called also stone lugger, stone toter, hog sucker, hog mullet. (b) A common American cyprinoid fish (Campostoma anomalum); -- called also stone lugger. -- Stone's cast, or Stone's throw, the distance to which a stone may be thrown by the hand. -- Stone snipe (Zoöl.), the greater yellowlegs, or tattler. [Local, U.S.] -- Stone toter. (Zoöl.) (a) See Stone roller (a), above. (b) A cyprinoid fish (Exoglossum maxillingua) found in the rivers from Virginia to New York. It has a three-lobed lower lip; -- called also cutlips. -- To leave no stone unturned, to do everything that can be done; to use all practicable means to effect an object. STONE Stone, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Stoning.] Etym: [From Stone, n.: cf. AS. st, Goth. stainjan.] 1. To pelt, beat, or kill with stones. And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. Acts vii. 59. 2. To make like stone; to harden. O perjured woman! thou dost stone my heart. Shak. 3. To free from stones; also, to remove the seeds of; as, to stone a field; to stone cherries; to stone raisins. 4. To wall or face with stones; to line or fortify with stones; as, to stone a well; to stone a cellar. 5. To rub, scour, or sharpen with a stone. STONEBIRD Stone"bird`, n. Defn: The yellowlegs; -- called also stone snipe. See Tattler, 2. [Local, U.S.] STONE-BLIND Stone"-blind`, a. Defn: As blind as a stone; completely blind. STONEBOW Stone"bow`, n. Defn: A kind of crossbow formerly used for shooting stones. Shak. STONEBRASH Stone"brash`, n. Defn: A subsoil made up of small stones or finely-broken rock; brash. STONEBREARER Stone"brear`er, n. Defn: A machine for crushing or hammering stone. Knight. STONEBUCK Stone"buck`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Steinbock. STONECHAT Stone"chat`, n. Etym: [Stone + chat.] Etym: [So called from the similarity of its alarm note to the clicking together of two pebbles.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small, active, and very common European singing bird (Pratincola rubicola); -- called also chickstone, stonechacker, stonechatter, stoneclink, stonesmith. (b) The wheatear. (c) The blue titmouse. Note: The name is sometimes applied to various species of Saxicola, Pratincola, and allied genera; as, the pied stonechat of India (Saxicola picata). STONE-COLD Stone"-cold`, a. Defn: Cold as a stone. Stone-cold without, within burnt with love's flame. Fairfax. STONECRAY Stone"cray`, n. Etym: [Stone + F. craie chalk, L. creta.] Defn: A distemper in hawks. STONECROP Stone"crop`, n. Etym: [AS. stancropp.] 1. A sort of tree. [Obs.] Mortimer. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Any low succulent plant of the genus Sedum, esp. Sedum acre, which is common on bare rocks in Europe, and is spreading in parts of America. See Orpine. Virginian, or Ditch, stonecrop, an American plant (Penthorum sedoides). STONECUTTER Stone"cut`ter, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to cut stone; also, a machine for dressing stone. STONECUTTING Stone"cut`ting, n. Defn: Hewing or dressing stone. STONE-DEAD Stone"-dead`, a. Defn: As dead as a stone. STONE-DEAF Stone"-deaf`, a. Defn: As deaf as a stone; completely deaf. STONEGALL Stone"gall`, n. Etym: [Cf. D. steengal, G. steingall. See Stannel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Stannel. [Prov. Eng.] STONEHATCH Stone"hatch`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ring plover, or dotterel. [Prov. Eng.] STONE-HEARTED Stone"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Hard-hearted; cruel; pitiless; unfeeling. STONEHENGE Stone"henge, n. Defn: An assemblage of upright stones with others placed horizontally on their tops, on Salisbury Plain, England, -- generally supposed to be the remains of an ancient Druidical temple. STONE-HORSE Stone"-horse`, n. Defn: Stallion. [Obs.] Mortimer. STONER Ston"er, n. 1. One who stones; one who makes an assault with stones. 2. One who walls with stones. STONEROOT Stone"root`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A North American plant (Collinsonia Canadensis) having a very hard root; horse balm. See Horse balm, under Horse. STONERUNNER Stone"run`ner, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The ring plover, or the ringed dotterel. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The dotterel. [Prov. Eng.] STONESMICKLE Stone"smic`kle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The stonechat; -- called also stonesmitch. [Prov. Eng.] STONE-STILL Stone"-still`, a. Defn: As still as a stone. Shak. STONEWARE Stone"ware`, n. Defn: A species of coarse potter's ware, glazed and baked. STONEWEED Stone"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Lithospermum, herbs having a fruit composed of four stony nutlets. STONEWORK Stone"work`, n. Defn: Work or wall consisting of stone; mason's work of stone. Mortimer. STONEWORT Stone"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Chara; -- so called because they are often incrusted with carbonate of lime. See Chara. STONILY Ston"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a stony manner. STONINESS Ston"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being stony. STONISH Ston"ish, a. Defn: Stony. [R.] "Possessed with stonish insensibility." Robynson (More's Utopia). STONT Stont, obs. Defn: 3d pers. sing. present of Stand. STONY Ston"y, a. [Compar. Stonier; superl. Stoniest.] Etym: [AS. stanig. See Stone.] 1. Of or pertaining to stone, consisting of, or abounding in, stone or stones; resembling stone; hard; as, a stony tower; a stony cave; stony ground; a stony crust. 2. Converting into stone; petrifying; petrific. The stony dart of senseless cold. Spenser. 3. Inflexible; cruel; unrelenting; pitiless; obdurate; perverse; cold; morally hard; appearing as if petrified; as, a stony heart; a stony gaze. Stony coral. (Zoöl.) Same as Stone coral, under Stone. STOOD Stood, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Stand. STOOK Stook, n. Etym: [Scot. stook, stouk; cf. LG. stuke a heap, bundle, G. stauche a truss, bundle of flax.] (Agric.) Defn: A small collection of sheaves set up in the field; a shock; in England, twelve sheaves. STOOK Stook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stooked; p. pr. & vb. n. Stooking.] (Agric.) Defn: To set up, as sheaves of grain, in stooks. STOOL Stool, n. Etym: [L. stolo. See Stolon.] (Hort.) Defn: A plant from which layers are propagated by bending its branches into the soil. P. Henderson. STOOL Stool, v. i. (Agric.) Defn: To ramfy; to tiller, as grain; to shoot out suckers. R. D. Blackmore. STOOL Stool, n. Etym: [AS. stol a seat; akin to OFries. & OS. stol, D. stoel, G. stuhl, OHG. stuol, Icel. stoll, Sw. & Dan. stol, Goth. stols, Lith. stalas a table, Russ. stol'; from the root of E. stand. *163. See Stand, and cf. Fauteuil.] 1. A single seat with three or four legs and without a back, made in various forms for various uses. 2. A seat used in evacuating the bowels; hence, an evacuation; a discharge from the bowels. 3. A stool pigeon, or decoy bird. [U. S.] 4. (Naut.) Defn: A small channel on the side of a vessel, for the dead-eyes of the backstays. Totten. 5. A bishop's seat or see; a bishop-stool. J. P. Peters. 6. A bench or form for resting the feet or the knees; a footstool; as, a kneeling stool. 7. Material, such as oyster shells, spread on the sea bottom for oyster spat to adhere to. [Local, U.S.] Stool of a window, or Window stool (Arch.), the flat piece upon which the window shuts down, and which corresponds to the sill of a door; in the United States, the narrow shelf fitted on the inside against the actual sill upon which the sash descends. This is called a window seat when broad and low enough to be used as a seat. Stool of repentance, the cuttystool. [Scot.] -- Stool pigeon, a pigeon used as a decoy to draw others within a net; hence, a person used as a decoy for others. STOOLBALL Stool"ball`, n. Defn: A kind of game with balls, formerly common in England, esp. with young women. Nausicaa With other virgins did at stoolball play. Chapman. STOOM Stoom, v. t. Etym: [D. stommen to adulterate, to drug (wine). *163. Cf. Stum.] Defn: To stum. [R.] STOOP Stoop, n. Etym: [D. stoep.] (Arch.) Defn: Originally, a covered porch with seats, at a house door; the Dutch stoep as introduced by the Dutch into New York. Afterward, an out-of-door flight of stairs of from seven to fourteen steps, with platform and parapets, leading to an entrance door some distance above the street; the French perron. Hence, any porch, platform, entrance stairway, or small veranda, at a house door. [U. S.] STOOP Stoop, n. Etym: [OE. stope, Icel. staup; akin to AS. steáp, D. stoop, G. stauf, OHG. stouph.] Defn: A vessel of liquor; a flagon. [Written also stoup.] Fetch me a stoop of liquor. Shak. STOOP Stoop, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. staup a knobby lump.] Defn: A post fixed in the earth. [Prov. Eng.] STOOP Stoop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stooped; p. pr. & vb. n. Stooping.] Etym: [OE. stoupen; akin to AS. st, OD. stuypen, Icel. stupa, Sw. stupa to fall, to tilt. Cf 5th Steep.] 1. To bend the upper part of the body downward and forward; to bend or lean forward; to incline forward in standing or walking; to assume habitually a bent position. 2. To yield; to submit; to bend, as by compulsion; to assume a position of humility or subjection. Mighty in her ships stood Carthage long, . . . Yet stooped to Rome, less wealthy, but more strong. Dryden. These are arts, my prince, In which your Zama does not stoop to Rome. Addison. 3. To descend from rank or dignity; to condescend. "She stoops to conquer." Goldsmith. Where men of great wealth stoop to husbandry, it multiplieth riches exceedingly. Bacon. 4. To come down as a hawk does on its prey; to pounce; to souse; to swoop. The bird of Jove, stooped from his aëry tour, Two birds of gayest plume before him drove. Milton. 5. To sink when on the wing; to alight. And stoop with closing pinions from above. Dryden. Cowering low With blandishment, each bird stooped on his wing. Milton. Syn. -- To lean; yield; submit; condescend; descend; cower; shrink. STOOP Stoop, v. t. 1. To bend forward and downward; to bow down; as, to stoop the body. "Have stooped my neck." Shak. 2. To cause to incline downward; to slant; as, to stoop a cask of liquor. 3. To cause to submit; to prostrate. [Obs.] Many of those whose states so tempt thine ears Are stooped by death; and many left alive. Chapman. 4. To degrade. [Obs.] Shak. STOOP Stoop, n. 1. The act of stooping, or bending the body forward; inclination forward; also, an habitual bend of the back and shoulders. 2. Descent, as from dignity or superiority; condescension; an act or position of humiliation. Can any loyal subject see With patience such a stoop from sovereignty Dryden. 3. The fall of a bird on its prey; a swoop. L'Estrange. STOOPER Stoop"er, n. Defn: One who stoops. STOOPING Stoop"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Stoop. -- Stoop"ing*ly, adv. STOOR Stoor, v. i. Etym: [Cf. D. storen to disturb. Cf. Stir.] Defn: To rise in clouds, as dust. [Prov. Eng.] STOOR; STOR Stoor, Stor, a. Etym: [AS. stor; akin to LG. stur, Icel. storr.] Defn: Strong; powerful; hardy; bold; audacious. [Obs. or Scot.] O stronge lady stoor, what doest thou Chaucer. STOP Stop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stopped; p. pr. & vb. n. Stopping.] Etym: [OE. stoppen, AS. stoppian (in comp.); akin to LG. & D. stoppen, G. stopfen, Icel. stoppa, Sw. stoppa, Dan. stoppe; all probably fr. LL. stopare, stupare, fr. L. stuppa the coarse part of flax, tow, oakum. Cf. Estop, Stuff, Stupe a fomentation.] 1. To close, as an aperture, by filling or by obstructing; as, to stop the ears; hence, to stanch, as a wound. Shak. 2. To obstruct; to render impassable; as, to stop a way, road, or passage. 3. To arrest the progress of; to hinder; to impede; to shut in; as, to stop a traveler; to stop the course of a stream, or a flow of blood. 4. To hinder from acting or moving; to prevent the effect or efficiency of; to cause to cease; to repress; to restrain; to suppress; to interrupt; to suspend; as, to stop the execution of a decree, the progress of vice, the approaches of old age or infirmity. Whose disposition all the world well knows Will not be rubbed nor stopped. Shak. 5. (Mus.) Defn: To regulate the sounds of, as musical strings, by pressing them against the finger board with the finger, or by shortening in any way the vibrating part. 6. To point, as a composition; to punctuate. [R.] If his sentences were properly stopped. Landor. 7. (Naut.) Defn: To make fast; to stopper. Syn. -- To obstruct; hinder; impede; repress; suppress; restrain; discontinue; delay; interrupt. To stop off (Founding), to fill (a part of a mold) with sand, where a part of the cavity left by the pattern is not wanted for the casting. -- To stop the mouth. See under Mouth. STOP Stop, v. i. 1. To cease to go on; to halt, or stand still; to come to a stop. He bites his lip, and starts; Stops on a sudden, looks upon the ground; Then lays his finger on his temple: strait Springs out into fast gait; then stops again. Shak. 2. To cease from any motion, or course of action. Stop, while ye may, suspend your mad career! Cowper. 3. To spend a short time; to reside temporarily; to stay; to tarry; as, to stop with a friend. [Colloq.] By stopping at home till the money was gone. R. D. Blackmore. To stop over, to stop at a station beyond the time of the departure of the train on which one came, with the purpose of continuing one's journey on a subsequent train; to break one's journey. [Railroad Cant, U.S.] stopover STOP Stop, n. 1. The act of stopping, or the state of being stopped; hindrance of progress or of action; cessation; repression; interruption; check; obstruction. It is doubtful . . . whether it contributed anything to the stop of the infection. De Foe. Occult qualities put a stop to the improvement of natural philosophy. Sir I. Newton. It is a great step toward the mastery of our desires to give this stop to them. Locke. 2. That which stops, impedes, or obstructs; as obstacle; an impediment; an obstruction. A fatal stop traversed their headlong course. Daniel. So melancholy a prospect should inspire us with zeal to oppose some stop to the rising torrent. Rogers. 3. (Mach.) Defn: A device, or piece, as a pin, block, pawl, etc., for arresting or limiting motion, or for determining the position to which another part shall be brought. 4. (Mus.) (a) The closing of an aperture in the air passage, or pressure of the finger upon the string, of an instrument of music, so as to modify the tone; hence, any contrivance by which the sounds of a musical instrument are regulated. The organ sound a time survives the stop. Daniel. (b) In the organ, one of the knobs or handles at each side of the organist, by which he can draw on or shut off any register or row of pipes; the register itself; as, the vox humana stop. 5. (Arch.) Defn: A member, plain or molded, formed of a separate piece and fixed to a jamb, against which a door or window shuts. This takes the place, or answers the purpose, of a rebate. Also, a pin or block to prevent a drawer from sliding too far. 6. A point or mark in writing or printing intended to distinguish the sentences, parts of a sentence, or clauses; a mark of punctuation. See Punctuation. 7. (Opt.) Defn: The diaphragm used in optical instruments to cut off the marginal portions of a beam of light passing through lenses. 8. (Zoöl.) Defn: The depression in the face of a dog between the skull and the nasal bones. It is conspicuous in the bulldog, pug, and some other breeds. 9. (Phonetics) Defn: Some part of the articulating organs, as the lips, or the tongue and palate, closed (a) so as to cut off the passage of breath or voice through the mouth and the nose (distinguished as a lip-stop, or a front-stop, etc., as in p, t, d, etc.), or (b) so as to obstruct, but not entirely cut off, the passage, as in l, n, etc.; also, any of the consonants so formed. H. Sweet. Stop bead (Arch.), the molding screwed to the inner side of a window frame, on the face of the pulley stile, completing the groove in which the inner sash is to slide. -- Stop motion (Mach.), an automatic device for arresting the motion of a machine, as when a certain operation is completed, or when an imperfection occurs in its performance or product, or in the material which is supplied to it, etc. -- Stop plank, one of a set of planks employed to form a sort of dam in some hydraulic works. -- Stop valve, a valve that can be closed or opened at will, as by hand, for preventing or regulating flow, as of a liquid in a pipe; -- in distinction from a valve which is operated by the action of the fluid it restrains. -- Stop watch, a watch the hands of which can be stopped in order to tell exactly the time that has passed, as in timing a race. See Independent seconds watch, under Independent, a. Syn. -- Cessation; check; obstruction; obstacle; hindrance; impediment; interruption. STOPCOCK Stop"cock`, n. 1. A bib, faucet, or short pipe, fitted with a turning stopper or plug for permitting or restraining the flow of a liquid or gas; a cock or valve for checking or regulating the flow of water, gas, etc., through or from a pipe, etc. 2. The turning plug, stopper, or spigot of a faucet. [R.] STOPE Stope, n. Etym: [Cf. Step, n. & v. i.] (Mining) Defn: A horizontal working forming one of a series, the working faces of which present the appearance of a flight of steps. STOPE Stope, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoped; p. pr. & vb. n. Stoping.] (Mining) (a) To excavate in the form of stopes. (b) To fill in with rubbish, as a space from which the ore has been worked out. STOPE; STOPEN Stope, Sto"pen, p. p. of Step. Defn: Stepped; gone; advanced. [Obs.] A poor widow, somedeal stope in age. Chaucer. STOP-GAP Stop"-gap`, n. Defn: That which closes or fills up an opening or gap; hence, a temporary expedient. Moral prejudices are the stop-gaps of virtue. Hare. STOPING Stop"ing, n. (Mining) Defn: The act of excavating in the form of stopes. STOPLESS Stop"less, a. Defn: Not to be stopped. Davenant. STOP ORDER Stop order. (Finance) Defn: An order that aims to limit losses by fixing a figure at which purchases shall be sold or sales bought in, as where stock is bought at 100 and the broker is directed to sell if the market price drops to 98. STOP-OVER Stop"-o`ver, a. Defn: Permitting one to stop over; as, a stop-over check or ticket. See To stop over, under Stop, v. i. [Railroad Cant, U.S.] STOPPAGE Stop"page, n. Defn: The act of stopping, or arresting progress, motion, or action; also, the state of being stopped; as, the stoppage of the circulation of the blood; the stoppage of commerce. STOPPED Stopped, a. (Phonetics) Defn: Made by complete closure of the mouth organs; shut; -- said of certain consonants (p, b, t, d, etc.). H. Sweet. STOPPER Stop"per, n. 1. One who stops, closes, shuts, or hinders; that which stops or obstructs; that which closes or fills a vent or hole in a vessel. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A short piece of rope having a knot at one or both ends, with a lanyard under the knot, -- used to secure something. Totten. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A name to several trees of the genus Eugenia, found in Florida and the West Indies; as, the red stopper. See Eugenia. C. S. Sargent. Ring stopper (Naut.), a short rope or chain passing through the anchor ring, to secure the anchor to the cathead. -- Stopper bolt (Naut.), a large ringbolt in a ship's deck, to which the deck stoppers are hooked. STOPPER Stop"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoppered; p. pr. & vb. n. Stoppering.] Defn: To close or secure with a stopper. STOPPING Stop"ping, n. 1. Material for filling a cavity. 2. (Mining) Defn: A partition or door to direct or prevent a current of air. 3. (Far.) Defn: A pad or poultice of dung or other material applied to a horse's hoof to keep it moist. Youatt. STOPPING-OUT Stop"ping-out`, n. Defn: A method adopted in etching, to keep the acid from those parts which are already sufficiently corroded, by applying varnish or other covering matter with a brush, but allowing the acid to act on the other parts. STOPPLE Stop"ple, n. Etym: [Cf. G. stöpfel, stöpsel. See Stop, n. & v. t.] Defn: That which stops or closes the mouth of a vessel; a stopper; as, a glass stopple; a cork stopple. STOPPLE Stop"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoppled; p. pr. & vb. n. Stoppling.] Defn: To close the mouth of anything with a stopple, or as with a stopple. Cowper. STOPSHIP Stop"ship`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A remora. It was fabled to stop ships by attaching itself to them. Sylvester. STOR Stor, a. Defn: See Stoor. [Obs.] Chaucer. STORAGE Stor"age, n. 1. The act of depositing in a store or warehouse for safe keeping; also, the safe keeping of goods in a warehouse. 2. Space for the safe keeping of goods. 3. The price changed for keeping goods in a store. Storage battery. (Physics) See the Note under Battery. STORAX Sto"rax, n. Etym: [L. storax, styrax, Gr. Styrax.] Defn: Any one of a number of similar complex resins obtained from the bark of several trees and shrubs of the Styrax family. The most common of these is liquid storax, a brown or gray semifluid substance of an agreeable aromatic odor and balsamic taste, sometimes used in perfumery, and in medicine as an expectorant. Note: A yellow aromatic honeylike substance, resembling, and often confounded with, storax, is obtained from the American sweet gum tree (Liquidambar styraciflua), and is much used as a chewing gum, called sweet gum, and liquid storax. Cf. Liquidambar. STORE Store, n. Etym: [OE. stor, stoor, OF. estor, provisions, supplies, fr. estorer to store. See Store, v. t.] 1. That which is accumulated, or massed together; a source from which supplies may be drawn; hence, an abundance; a great quantity, or a great number. The ships are fraught with store of victuals. Bacon. With store of ladies, whose bright eyes Rain influence, and give the prize. Milton. 2. A place of deposit for goods, esp. for large quantities; a storehouse; a warehouse; a magazine. 3. Any place where goods are sold, whether by wholesale or retail; a shop. [U.S. & British Colonies] 4. pl. Defn: Articles, especially of food, accumulated for some specific object; supplies, as of provisions, arms, ammunition, and the like; as, the stores of an army, of a ship, of a family. His swine, his horse, his stoor, and his poultry. Chaucer. In store, in a state of accumulation; in keeping; hence, in a state of readiness. "I have better news in store for thee." Shak. -- Store clothes, clothing purchased at a shop or store; -- in distinction from that which is home-made. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Store pay, payment for goods or work in articles from a shop or store, instead of money. [U.S.] -- To set store by, to value greatly; to have a high appreciation of. -- To tell no store of, to make no account of; to consider of no importance. Syn. -- Fund; supply; abundance; plenty; accumulation; provision. -- Store, Shop. The English call the place where goods are sold (however large or splendid it may be) a shop, and confine the word store to its original meaning; viz., a warehouse, or place where goods are stored. In America the word store is applied to all places, except the smallest, where goods are sold. In some British colonies the word store is used as in the United States. In his needy shop a tortoise hung, An alligator stuffed, and other skins Of ill-shaped fishes; and about his shelves A beggarly account of empty boxes. Shak. Sulphurous and nitrous foam, . . . Concocted and adjusted, they reduced To blackest grain, and into store conveyed. Milton. STORE Store, a. Defn: Accumulated; hoarded. Bacon. STORE Store, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stored; p. pr. & vb. n. Storing.] Etym: [OE. storen, OF. estorer to construct, restore, store, LL. staurare, for L. instaurare to renew, restore; in + staurare (in comp.) Cf. Instore, Instaurate, Restore, Story a floor.] 1. To collect as a reserved supply; to accumulate; to lay away. Dora stored what little she could save. Tennyson. 2. To furnish; to supply; to replenish; esp., to stock or furnish against a future time. Her mind with thousand virtues stored. Prior. Wise Plato said the world with men was stored. Denham. Having stored a pond of four acres with carps, tench, and other fish. Sir M. Hale. 3. To deposit in a store, warehouse, or other building, for preservation; to warehouse; as, to store goods. STORED Stored, a. Defn: Collected or accumulated as a reserve supply; as, stored electricity. It is charged with stored virtue. Bagehot. STOREHOUSE Store"house`, n. 1. A building for keeping goods of any kind, especially provisions; a magazine; a repository; a warehouse. Joseph opened all the storehouses, and sold unto Egyptians. Gen. xli. 56. The Scripture of God is a storehouse abounding with estimable treasures of wisdom and knowledge. Hooker. 2. A mass or quality laid up. [Obs.] Spenser. STOREKEEPER Store"keep`er, n. 1. A man in charge of stores or goods of any kind; as, a naval storekeeper. 2. One who keeps a "store;" a shopkeeper. See 1st Store, 3. [U. S.] STORER Stor"er, n. Defn: One who lays up or forms a store. STOREROOM Store"room`, n. Defn: Room in a storehouse or repository; a room in which articles are stored. STORESHIP Store"ship`, n. Defn: A vessel used to carry naval stores for a fleet, garrison, or the like. STOREY Sto"rey, n. Defn: See Story. STORGE Stor"ge, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Defn: Parental affection; the instinctive affection which animals have for their young. STORIAL Sto"ri*al, a. Defn: Historical. [Obs.] Chaucer. STORIED Sto"ried, a. Etym: [From Story.] 1. Told in a story. 2. Having a history; interesting from the stories which pertain to it; venerable from the associations of the past. Some greedy minion, or imperious wife, The trophied arches, storied halls, invade. Pope. Can storied urn, or animated bust, Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath Gray. 3. Having (such or so many) stories; -- chiefly in composition; as, a two-storied house. STORIER Sto"ri*er, n. Defn: A relater of stories; an historian. [Obs.] Bp. Peacock. STORIFY Sto"ri*fy, v. t. Etym: [Story + -fy.] Defn: To form or tell stories of; to narrate or describe in a story. [Obs.] STORK Stork, n. Etym: [AS. storc; akin to G. storch, OHG. storah, Icel. storkr, Dan. & Sw. stork, and perhaps to Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of large wading birds of the family Ciconidæ, having long legs and a long, pointed bill. They are found both in the Old World and in America, and belong to Ciconia and several allied genera. The European white stork (Ciconia alba) is the best known. It commonly makes its nests on the top of a building, a chimney, a church spire, or a pillar. The black stork (C. nigra) is native of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Black-necked stork, the East Indian jabiru. -- Hair-crested stork, the smaller adjutant of India (Leptoptilos Javanica). -- Giant stork, the adjutant. -- Marabou stork. See Marabou. -- Saddle-billed stork, the African jabiru. See Jabiru. -- Stork's bill (Bot.), any plant of the genus Pelargonium; -- so called in allusion to the beaklike prolongation of the axis of the receptacle of its flower. See Pelargonium. STORK-BILLED Stork"-billed`, a. Defn: Having a bill like that of the stork. STORM Storm, n. Etym: [AS. storm; akin to D. storm, G. sturm, Icel. stormr; and perhaps to Gr. s to flow, to hasten, or perhaps to L. sternere to strew, prostrate (cf. Stratum). *166.] 1. A violent disturbance of the atmosphere, attended by wind, rain, snow, hail, or thunder and lightning; hence, often, a heavy fall of rain, snow, or hail, whether accompanied with wind or not. We hear this fearful tempest sing, Yet seek no shelter to avoid the storm. Shak. 2. A violent agitation of human society; a civil, political, or domestic commotion; sedition, insurrection, or war; violent outbreak; clamor; tumult. I will stir up in England some black storm. Shak. Her sister Began to scold and raise up such a storm. Shak. 3. A heavy shower or fall, any adverse outburst of tumultuous force; violence. A brave man struggling in the storms of fate. Pope. 4. (Mil.) Defn: A violent assault on a fortified place; a furious attempt of troops to enter and take a fortified place by scaling the walls, forcing the gates, or the like. Note: Storm is often used in the formation of self-explained compounds; as, storm-presaging, stormproof, storm-tossed, and the like. Magnetic storm. See under Magnetic. -- Storm-and-stress period Etym: [a translation of G. sturm und drang periode], a designation given to the literary agitation and revolutionary development in Germany under the lead of Goethe and Schiller in the latter part of the 18th century. -- Storm center (Meteorol.), the center of the area covered by a storm, especially by a storm of large extent. -- Storm door (Arch.), an extra outside door to prevent the entrance of wind, cold, rain, etc.; -- usually removed in summer. -- Storm path (Meteorol.), the course over which a storm, or storm center, travels. -- Storm petrel. (Zoöl.) See Stormy petrel, under Petrel. -- Storm sail (Naut.), any one of a number of strong, heavy sails that are bent and set in stormy weather. -- Storm scud. See the Note under Cloud. Syn. -- Tempest; violence; agitation; calamity. -- Storm, Tempest. Storm is violent agitation, a commotion of the elements by wind, etc., but not necessarily implying the fall of anything from the clouds. Hence, to call a mere fall or rain without wind a storm is a departure from the true sense of the word. A tempest is a sudden and violent storm, such as those common on the coast of Italy, where the term originated, and is usually attended by a heavy rain, with lightning and thunder. Storms beat, and rolls the main; O! beat those storms, and roll the seas, in vain. Pope. What at first was called a gust, the same Hath now a storm's, anon a tempest's name. Donne. STORM Storm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stormed; p. pr. & vb. n. Storming.] (Mil.) Defn: To assault; to attack, and attempt to take, by scaling walls, forcing gates, breaches, or the like; as, to storm a fortified town. STORM Storm, v. i. Etym: [Cf. AS. styrman.] 1. To raise a tempest. Spenser. 2. To blow with violence; also, to rain, hail, snow, or the like, usually in a violent manner, or with high wind; -- used impersonally; as, it storms. 3. To rage; to be in a violent passion; to fume. The master storms, the lady scolds. Swift. STORM-BEAT Storm"-beat`, a. Defn: Beaten, injured, or impaired by storms. Spenser. STORMCOCK Storm"cock`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The missel thrush. (b) The fieldfare. (c) The green woodpecker. STORMFINCH Storm"finch`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The storm petrel. STORMFUL Storm"ful, a. Defn: Abounding with storms. "The stormful east." Carlyle. -- Storm"ful*ness, n. STORMGLASS Storm"glass`, n. Defn: A glass vessel, usually cylindrical, filled with a solution which is sensitive to atmospheric changes, indicating by a clouded appearance, rain, snow, etc., and by clearness, fair weather. STORMILY Storm"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a stormy manner. STORMINESS Storm"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being stormy; tempestuousness; biosteruousness; impetuousness. STORMING Storm"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Storm, v. Storming party (Mil.), a party assigned to the duty of making the first assault in storming a fortress. STORMLESS Storm"less, a. Defn: Without storms. Tennyson. STORMWIND Storm"wind`, n. Defn: A heavy wind; a wind that brings a storm; the blast of a storm. Longfellow. STORMY Storm"y, a. [Compar. Stormier; superl. Stormiest.] 1. Characterized by, or proceeding from, a storm; subject to storms; agitated with furious winds; biosterous; tempestous; as, a stormy season; a stormy day or week. "Beyond the stormy Hebrides." Milton. 2. Proceeding from violent agitation or fury; as, a stormy sound; stormy shocks. 3. Violent; passionate; rough; as, stormy passions. Stormy chiefs of a desert but extensive domain. Sir W. Scott. STORTHING Stor"thing, n. Etym: [Norw. storting; stor great + ting court, court of justice; cf. Dan. ting, thing.] Defn: The Parliament of Norway, chosen by indirect election once in three years, but holding annual sessions. STORVEN Stor"ven, obs. Defn: p. p. of Starve. Chaucer. STORY Sto"ry, n.; pl. Stories. Etym: [OF. estoré, estorée, built, erected, p.p. of estorer to build, restore, to store. See Store, v. t.] Defn: A set of rooms on the same floor or level; a floor, or the space between two floors. Also, a horizontal division of a building's exterior considered architecturally, which need not correspond exactly with the stories within. [Written also storey.] Note: A story comprehends the distance from one floor to another; as, a story of nine or ten feet elevation. The spaces between floors are numbered in order, from below upward; as, the lower, second, or third story; a house of one story, of two stories, of five stories. Story post (Arch.), a vertical post used to support a floor or superincumbent wall. STORY Sto"ry, n. Etym: [OE. storie, OF. estoire, F. histoire, fr. L. historia. See History.] 1. A narration or recital of that which has occurred; a description of past events; a history; a statement; a record. One malcontent who did indeed get a name in story. Barrow. Venice, with its unique city and its Impressive story. Ed. Rev. The four great monarchies make the subject of ancient story. Sir W. Temple. 2. The relation of an incident or minor event; a short narrative; a tale; especially, a fictitious narrative less elaborate than a novel; a short romance. Addison. 3. A euphemism or child's word for "a lie;" a fib; as, to tell a story. [Colloq.] STORY Sto"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Storied; p. pr. & vb. n. Storying.] Defn: To tell in historical relation; to make the subject of a story; to narrate or describe in story. How worthy he is I will leave to appear hereafter, rather than story him in his own hearing. Shak. It is storied of the brazen colossus in Rhodes, that it was seventy cubits high. Bp. Wilkins. STORYBOOK Sto"ry*book`, n. Defn: A book containing stories, or short narratives, either true or false. STORY-TELLER Sto"ry-tell`er, n. 1. One who tells stories; a narrator of anecdotes,incidents, or fictitious tales; as, an amusing story-teller. 2. An historian; -- in contempt. Swift. 3. A euphemism or child's word for "a liar." STORY-TELLING Sto"ry-tell`ing, a. Defn: Being accustomed to tell stories. -- n. Defn: The act or practice of telling stories. STORY-WRITER Sto"ry-writ`er, n. 1. One who writes short stories, as for magazines. 2. An historian; a chronicler. [Obs.] "Rathums, the story-writer." 1 Esdr. ii. 17. STOT Stot, n. Etym: [AS. stotte a hack, jade, or worthless horse; cf. Sw. stut a bull, Dan. stud an ox. Cf. Stoat.] 1. A horse. [Obs.] Chaucer. Thorold Rogers. 2. A young bull or ox, especially one three years old. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] STOTE Stote, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Stoat. STOUND Stound, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Astound, Stun.] Defn: To be in pain or sorrow. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] STOUND Stound, a. Etym: [See Stound, v. i.] Defn: Stunned. [Obs.] STOUND Stound, n. 1. A sudden, severe pain or grief; peril; alarm. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Astonishment; amazement. [Obs.] Spenser. Gay. STOUND Stound, n. Etym: [AS. stund; akin to D. stond, G. stunde, Icel. stund.] 1. Hour; time; season. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A brief space of time; a moment. [Obs.] Chaucer. In a stound, suddenly. [Obs.] Chaucer. STOUND Stound, n. Etym: [Cf. Stand.] Defn: A vessel for holding small beer. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. STOUP Stoup, n. Etym: [See Stoop a vessel.] 1. A flagon; a vessel or measure for liquids. [Scot.] 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A basin at the entrance of Roman Catholic churches for containing the holy water with which those who enter, dipping their fingers in it, cross themselves; -- called also holy-water stoup. STOUR Stour, n. Etym: [OF. estour, estor, tumult, combat, of Teutonic origin. See Storm.] Defn: A battle or tumult; encounter; combat; disturbance; passion. [Obs.] Fairfax. "That woeful stowre." Spenser. She that helmed was in starke stours [fierce conflicts]. Chaucer. STOUR Stour, a. Etym: [See Stoor, a.] Defn: Tall; strong; stern. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] STOUT Stout, a. [Compar. Stouter; superl. Stoutest.] Etym: [D. stout bold (or OF. estout bold, proud, of Teutonic origin); akin to AS. stolt, G. stolz, and perh. to E. stilt.] 1. Strong; lusty; vigorous; robust; sinewy; muscular; hence, firm; resolute; dauntless. With hearts stern and stout. Chaucer. A stouter champion never handled sword. Shak. He lost the character of a bold, stout, magnanimous man. Clarendon. The lords all stand To clear their cause, most resolutely stout. Daniel. 2. Proud; haughty; arrogant; hard. [Archaic] Your words have been stout against me. Mal. iii. 13. Commonly . . . they that be rich are lofty and stout. Latimer. 3. Firm; tough; materially strong; enduring; as, a stout vessel, stick, string, or cloth. 4. Large; bulky; corpulent. Syn. -- Stout, Corpulent, Portly. Corpulent has reference simply to a superabundance or excess of flesh. Portly implies a kind of stoutness or corpulence which gives a dignified or imposing appearance. Stout, in our early writers (as in the English Bible), was used chiefly or wholly in the sense of strong or bold; as, a stout champion; a stout heart; a stout resistance, etc. At a later period it was used for thickset or bulky, and more recently, especially in England, the idea has been carried still further, so that Taylor says in his Synonyms: "The stout man has the proportions of an ox; he is corpulent, fat, and fleshy in relation to his size." In America, stout is still commonly used in the original sense of strong as, a stout boy; a stout pole. STOUT Stout, n. Defn: A strong malt liquor; strong porter. Swift. STOUT-HEARTED Stout"-heart"ed, a. Defn: Having a brave heart; courageous. -- Stout"-heart"ed*ness, n. STOUTISH Stout"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat stout; somewhat corpulent. STOUTLY Stout"ly, adv. Defn: In a stout manner; lustily; boldly; obstinately; as, he stoutly defended himself. STOUTNESS Stout"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being stout. Syn. -- Strength; bulk; courage; force; valor; lustiness; brawniness; boldness; fortitude; stubbornness. STOVAIN; STOVAINE Sto"va*in, n. Also -ine. [Stove (a translation of the name of the discoverer, Fourneau + -in, -ine.] (Pharm.) Defn: A substance, C14H22O2NCl, the hydrochloride of an amino compound containing benzol, used, in solution with strychnine, as a local anæsthetic, esp. by injection into the sheath of the spinal cord, producing anæsthesia below the point of introduction. STOVE Stove, Defn: imp. of Stave. STOVE Stove, n. Etym: [D. stoof a foot stove, originally, a heated room, a room for a bath; akin to G. stube room, OHG. stuba a heated room, AS. stofe, Icel. stofa a room, bathing room, Sw. stufva, stuga, a room, Dan. stue; of unknown origin. Cf. Estufa, Stew, Stufa.] 1. A house or room artificially warmed or heated; a forcing house, or hothouse; a drying room; -- formerly, designating an artificially warmed dwelling or room, a parlor, or a bathroom, but now restricted, in this sense, to heated houses or rooms used for horticultural purposes or in the processes of the arts. When most of the waiters were commanded away to their supper, the parlor or stove being nearly emptied, in came a company of musketeers. Earl of Strafford. How tedious is it to them that live in stoves and caves half a year together, as in Iceland, Muscovy, or under the pole! Burton. 2. An apparatus, consisting essentially of a receptacle for fuel, made of iron, brick, stone, or tiles, and variously constructed, in which fire is made or kept for warming a room or a house, or for culinary or other purposes. Cooking stove, a stove with an oven, opening for pots, kettles, and the like, -- used for cooking. -- Dry stove. See under Dry. -- Foot stove. See under Foot. -- Franklin stove. See in the Vocabulary. -- Stove plant (Bot.), a plant which requires artificial heat to make it grow in cold or cold temperate climates. -- Stove plate, thin iron castings for the parts of stoves. STOVE Stove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoved; p. pr. & vb. n. Stoving.] 1. To keep warm, in a house or room, by artificial heat; as, to stove orange trees. Bacon. 2. To heat or dry, as in a stove; as, to stove feathers. STOVEHOUSE Stove"house`, n. Defn: A hothouse. STOVEPIPE Stove"pipe`, n. Defn: Pipe made of sheet iron in length and angular or curved pieces fitting together, -- used to connect a portable stove with a chimney flue. Stovepipe hat, the common tall silk hat. [Slang, U.S.] STOVER Sto"ver, n. Etym: [OE. estoveir, estovoir, necessity, provisions, properly an inf., "to be necessary." Cf. Estovers.] Defn: Fodder for cattle, especially straw or coarse hay. Where live nibbling sheep, And flat meads thatched with stover them to keep. Shak. Thresh barley as yet but as need shall require, Fresh threshed for stover thy cattle desire. Tusser. STOW Stow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Stowing.] Etym: [OE. stowen, fr. stowe a place, AS. stow; cf. Icel. eldstoa fireplace, hearth, OFries. sto, and E. stand. *163.] 1. To place or arrange in a compact mass; to put in its proper place, or in a suitable place; to pack; as, to stowbags, bales, or casks in a ship's hold; to stow hay in a mow; to stow sheaves. Some stow their oars, or stop the leaky sides. Dryden. 2. To put away in some place; to hide; to lodge. Foul thief! where hast thou stowed my daughter Shak. 3. To arrange anything compactly in; to fill, by packing closely; as, to stow a box, car, or the hold of a ship. STOWAGE Stow"age, n. 1. The act or method of stowing; as, the stowage of provisions in a vessel. 2. Room in which things may be stowed. Cook. In every vessel is stowage for immense treasures. Addison. 3. The state of being stowed, or put away. "To have them in safe stowage." Shak. 4. Things stowed or packed. Beau. & Fl. 5. Money paid for stowing goods. STOWAWAY Stow"a*way`, n. Defn: One who conceals himself board of a vessel about to leave port, or on a railway train, in order to obtain a free passage. STOWBOARD Stow"board, n. Defn: A place into which rubbish is put. [Written also stowbord.] STOWCE Stowce, n. (Mining) (a) A windlass. (b) A wooden landmark, to indicate possession of mining land. STOWING Stow"ing, n. (Mining) Defn: A method of working in which the waste is packed into the space formed by excavating the vein. STOWRE Stowre, a. Defn: See Stour, a. [Obs.] STOWRE Stowre, n. Defn: See Stour, n. [Obs.] Spenser. STRABISM Stra"bism, n. (Med.) Defn: Strabismus. STRABISMOMETER Stra`bis*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Strabismus + -meter.] (Med.) Defn: An instrument for measuring the amount of strabismus. STRABISMUS Stra*bis"mus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: An affection of one or both eyes, in which the optic axes can not be directed to the same object, -- a defect due either to undue contraction or to undue relaxation of one or more of the muscles which move the eyeball; squinting; cross-eye. STRABOTOMY Stra*bot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The operation for the removal of squinting by the division of such muscles as distort the eyeball. STRADDLE Strad"dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Straddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Straddling.] Etym: [Freq. from the root of stride.] 1. To part the legs wide; to stand or to walk with the legs far apart. 2. To stand with the ends staggered; -- said of the spokes of a wagon wheel where they join the hub. STRADDLE Strad"dle, v. t. Defn: To place one leg on one side and the other on the other side of; to stand or sit astride of; as, to straddle a fence or a horse. STRADDLE Strad"dle, n. 1. The act of standing, sitting, or walking, with the feet far apart. 2. The position, or the distance between the feet, of one who straddles; as, a wide straddle. 3. A stock option giving the holder the double privilege of a "put" and a "call," i. e., securing to the buyer of the option the right either to demand of the seller at a certain price, within a certain time, certain securities, or to require him to take at the same price, and within the same time, the same securities. [Broker's Cant] STRADDLING Strad"dling, a. Defn: Applied to spokes when they are arranged alternately in two circles in the hub. See Straddle, v. i., and Straddle, v. t., 3. Knight. STRADOMETRICAL Strad`o*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [It. strada street or road + E. metrical.] Defn: Of, or relating to, the measuring of streets or roads. [R.] STRAGGLE Strag"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Straggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Straggling.] Etym: [Freq. of OE. straken to roam, to stroke. See Stroke, v. t.] 1. To wander from the direct course or way; to rove; to stray; to wander from the line of march or desert the line of battle; as, when troops are on the march, the men should not straggle. Dryden. 2. To wander at large; to roam idly about; to ramble. The wolf spied out a straggling kid. L'Estrange. 3. To escape or stretch beyond proper limits, as the branches of a plant; to spread widely apart; to shoot too far or widely in growth. Trim off the small, superfluous branches on each side of the hedge that straggle too far out. Mortimer. 4. To be dispersed or separated; to occur at intervals. "Straggling pistol shots." Sir W. Scott. They came between Scylla and Charybdis and the straggling rocks. Sir W. Raleigh. STRAGGLE Strag"gle, n. Defn: The act of straggling. [R.] Carlyle. STRAGGLER Strag"gler, n. 1. One who straggles, or departs from the direct or proper course, or from the company to which he belongs; one who falls behind the rest; one who rambles without any settled direction. 2. A roving vagabond. Shak. 3. Something that shoots, or spreads out, beyond the rest, or too far; an exuberant growth. Let thy hand supply the pruning knife, And crop luxuriant stragglers. Dryden. 4. Something that stands alone or by itself. STRAGGLING Strag"gling, a. & n. Defn: from Straggle, v. STRAGGLINGLY Strag"gling*ly, adv. Defn: In a straggling manner. STRAGULUM Strag"u*lum, n.; pl. Stragula. Etym: [L., a spread or covering, from sternere to spread out.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The mantle, or pallium, of a bird. STRAIGHT Straight, a. Defn: A variant of Strait, a. [Obs. or R.] Egypt is a long country, but it is straight, that is to say, narrow. Sir J. Mandeville. STRAIGHT Straight, a. [Compar. Straighter; superl. Straightest.] Etym: [OE. strei, properly p.p. of strecchen to stretch, AS. streht, p.p. of streccan to stretch, to extend. See Stretch.] 1. Right, in a mathematical sense; passing from one point to another by the nearest course; direct; not deviating or crooked; as, a straight line or course; a straight piece of timber. And the crooked shall be made straight. Isa. xl. 4. There are many several sorts of crooked lines, but there is only one which is straight. Dryden. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Approximately straight; not much curved; as, straight ribs are such as pass from the base of a leaf to the apex, with a small curve. 3. (Card Playing) Defn: Composed of cards which constitute a regular sequence, as the ace, king, queen, jack, and ten-spot; as, a straight hand; a straight flush. 4. Conforming to justice and rectitude; not deviating from truth or fairness; upright; as, straight dealing. 5. Unmixed; undiluted; as, to take liquor straight. [Slang] 6. Making no exceptions or deviations in one's support of the organization and candidates of a political party; as, a straight Republican; a straight Democrat; also, containing the names of all the regularly nominated candidates of a party and no others; as, a straight ballot. [Political Cant, U.S.] Straight arch (Arch.), a form of arch in which the intrados is straight, but with its joints drawn radially, as in a common arch. -- A straight face, one giving no evidence of merriment or other emotion. -- A straight line. "That which lies evenly between its extreme points." Euclid. "The shortest line between two points." Chauvenet. "A line which has the same direction through its whole length." Newcomb. -- Straight-way valve, a valve which, when opened widely, affords a straight passageway, as for water. walk the straight and narrow. STRAIGHT Straight, adv. Defn: In a straight manner; directly; rightly; forthwith; immediately; as, the arrow went straight to the mark. "Floating straight." Shak. I know thy generous temper well; Fling but the appearance of dishonor on it, It straight takes fire, and mounts into a blaze. Addison. Everything was going on straight. W. Black. STRAIGHT Straight, n. (Poker) Defn: A hand of five cards in consecutive order as to value; a sequence. When they are of one suit, it is calles straight flush. STRAIGHT Straight, v. t. Defn: To straighten. [R.] A Smith. STRAIGHTEDGE Straight"edge`, n. Defn: A board, or piece of wood or metal, having one edge perfectly straight, -- used to ascertain whether a line is straight or a surface even, and for drawing straight lines. STRAIGHTEN Straight"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Straighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Straighting.] 1. To make straight; to reduce from a crooked to a straight form. 2. To make right or correct; to reduce to order; as, to straighten one's affairs; to straighten an account. To straighten one's face, to cease laughing or smiling, etc., and compose one's features. STRAIGHTEN Straight"en, v. t. Defn: A variant of Straiten. [Obs. or R.] STRAIGHTENER Straight"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, straightens. STRAIGHTFORTH Straight"forth`, adv. Defn: Straightway. [Obs.] STRAIGHTFORWARD Straight`for"ward, a. Defn: Proceeding in a straight course or manner; not deviating; honest; frank. -- adv. Defn: In a straightforward manner. -- Straight`for"ward*ly, adv. -- Straight`for"ward*ness, n. STRAIGHTHORN Straight"horn`, n. (Paleon.) Defn: An orthoceras. STRAIGHT-JOINT Straight"-joint`, a. (Arch.) Defn: Having straight joints. Specifically: (a) Applied to a floor the boards of which are so laid that the joints form a continued line transverse to the length of the boards themselves. Brandle & C. (b) In the United States, applied to planking or flooring put together without the tongue and groove, the pieces being laid edge to edge. STRAIGHT-LINED Straight"-lined`, a. Defn: Having straight lines. STRAIGHTLY Straight"ly, adv. Defn: In a right line; not crookedly. STRAIGHTLY Straight"ly, adv. Defn: A variant of Straitly. See 1st Straight. STRAIGHTNESS Straight"ness, n. Defn: The quality, condition, or state, of being straight; as, the straightness of a path. STRAIGHTNESS Straight"ness, n. Defn: A variant of Straitness. STRAIGHT-OUT Straight"-out`, a. Defn: Acting without concealment, obliquity, or compromise; hence, unqualified; thoroughgoing. [Colloq. U.S.] Straight-out and generous indignation. Mrs. Stowe. STRAIGHT-PIGHT Straight"-pight`, a. Defn: Straight in form or upright in position; erect. [Obs.] Shak. STRAIGHT-SPOKEN Straight"-spo`ken, a. Defn: Speaking with directness; plain-spoken. [Colloq. U.S.] Lowell. STRAIGHTWAY Straight"way`, adv. Defn: Immediately; without loss of time; without delay. He took the damsel by the hand, and said unto her, Talitha cumi. . . . And straightway the damsel arose. Mark v. 41,42. STRAIGHTWAYS Straight"ways`, adv. Defn: Straightway. [Obs.] STRAIK Straik, n. Defn: A strake. STRAIN Strain, n. Etym: [See Strene.] 1. Race; stock; generation; descent; family. He is of a noble strain. Shak. With animals and plants a cross between different varieties, or between individuals of the same variety but of another strain, gives vigor and fertility to the offspring. Darwin. 2. Hereditary character, quality, or disposition. Intemperance and lust breed diseases, which, propogated, spoil the strain of nation. Tillotson. 3. Rank; a sort. "The common strain." Dryden. STRAIN Strain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strained; p. pr. & vb. n. Straining.] Etym: [OF. estraindre, estreindre, F. étreindre, L. stringere to draw or bind tight; probably akin to Gr. strike. Cf. Strangle, Strike, Constrain, District, Strait, a. Stress, Strict, Stringent.] 1. To draw with force; to extend with great effort; to stretch; as, to strain a rope; to strain the shrouds of a ship; to strain the cords of a musical instrument. "To strain his fetters with a stricter care." Dryden. 2. (Mech.) Defn: To act upon, in any way, so as to cause change of form or volume, as forces on a beam to bend it. 3. To exert to the utmost; to ply vigorously. He sweats, Strains his young nerves. Shak. They strain their warbling throats To welcome in the spring. Dryden. 4. To stretch beyond its proper limit; to do violence to, in the matter of intent or meaning; as, to strain the law in order to convict an accused person. There can be no other meaning in this expression, however some may pretend to strain it. Swift. 5. To injure by drawing, stretching, or the exertion of force; as, the gale strained the timbers of the ship. 6. To injure in the muscles or joints by causing to make too strong an effort; to harm by overexertion; to sprain; as, to strain a horse by overloading; to strain the wrist; to strain a muscle. Prudes decayed about may track, Strain their necks with looking back. Swift. 7. To squeeze; to press closely. Evander with a close embrace Strained his departing friend. Dryden. 8. To make uneasy or unnatural; to produce with apparent effort; to force; to constrain. He talks and plays with Fatima, but his mirth Is forced and strained. Denham. The quality of mercy is not strained. Shak. 9. To urge with importunity; to press; as, to strain a petition or invitation. Note, if your lady strain his entertainment. Shak. 10. To press, or cause to pass, through a strainer, as through a screen, a cloth, or some porous substance; to purify, or separate from extraneous or solid matter, by filtration; to filter; as, to strain milk through cloth. To strain a point, to make a special effort; especially, to do a degree of violence to some principle or to one's own feelings. -- To strain courtesy, to go beyond what courtesy requires; to insist somewhat too much upon the precedence of others; -- often used ironically. Shak. STRAIN Strain, v. i. 1. To make violent efforts. "Straining with too weak a wing." Pope. To build his fortune I will strain a little. Shak. 2. To percolate; to be filtered; as, water straining through a sandy soil. STRAIN Strain, n. 1. The act of straining, or the state of being strained. Specifically: -- (a) A violent effort; an excessive and hurtful exertion or tension, as of the muscles; as, he lifted the weight with a strain the strain upon a ship's rigging in a gale; also, the hurt or injury resulting; a sprain. Whether any poet of our country since Shakespeare has exerted a greater variety of powers with less strain and less ostentation. Landor. Credit is gained by custom, and seldom recovers a strain. Sir W. Temple. (b) (Mech. Physics) Defn: A change of form or dimensions of a solid or liquid mass, produced by a stress. Rankine. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A portion of music divided off by a double bar; a complete musical period or sentence; a movement, or any rounded subdivision of a movement. Their heavenly harps a lower strain began. Dryden. 3. Any sustained note or movement; a song; a distinct portion of an ode or other poem; also, the pervading note, or burden, of a song, poem, oration, book, etc.; theme; motive; manner; style; also, a course of action or conduct; as, he spoke in a noble strain; there was a strain of woe in his story; a strain of trickery appears in his career. "A strain of gallantry." Sir W. Scott. Such take too high a strain at first. Bacon. The genius and strain of the book of Proverbs. Tillotson. It [Pilgrim's Progress] seems a novelty, and yet contains Nothing but sound and honest gospel strains. Bunyan. 4. Turn; tendency; inborn disposition. Cf. 1st Strain. Because heretics have a strain of madness, he applied her with some corporal chastisements. Hayward. STRAINABLE Strain"a*ble, a. 1. Capable of being strained. 2. Violent in action. Holinshed. STRAINABLY Strain"a*bly, adv. Defn: Violently. Holinshed. STRAINED Strained, a. 1. Subjected to great or excessive tension; wrenched; weakened; as, strained relations between old friends. 2. Done or produced with straining or excessive effort; as, his wit was strained. STRAINER Strain"er, n. 1. One who strains. 2. That through which any liquid is passed for purification or to separate it from solid matter; anything, as a screen or a cloth, used to strain a liquid; a device of the character of a sieve or of a filter; specifically, an openwork or perforated screen, as for the end of the suctionpipe of a pump, to prevent large solid bodies from entering with a liquid. STRAINING Strain"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Strain. Straining piece (Arch.), a short piece of timber in a truss, used to maintain the ends of struts or rafters, and keep them from slipping. See Illust. of Queen-post. STRAINT Straint, n. Etym: [OF. estrainte, estreinte, F. étrainte. See 2nd Strain.] Defn: Overexertion; excessive tension; strain. [Obs.] Spenser. STRAIT Strait, a. Defn: A variant of Straight. [Obs.] STRAIT Strait, a. [Compar. Straiter; superl. Straitest.] Etym: [OE. straight, streyt, streit, OF. estreit, estroit, F. étroit, from L. strictus drawn together, close, tight, p.p. of stringere to draw tight. See 2nd Strait, and cf. Strict.] 1. Narrow; not broad. Strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it. Matt. vii. 14. Too strait and low our cottage doors. Emerson. 2. Tight; close; closely fitting. Shak. 3. Close; intimate; near; familiar. [Obs.] "A strait degree of favor." Sir P. Sidney. 4. Strict; scrupulous; rigorous. Some certain edicts and some strait decrees. Shak. The straitest sect of our religion. Acts xxvi. 5 (Rev. Ver.). 5. Difficult; distressful; straited. To make your strait circumstances yet straiter. Secker. 6. Parsimonious; niggargly; mean. [Obs.] I beg cold comfort, and you are so strait, And so ingrateful, you deny me that. Shak. STRAIT Strait, adv. Defn: Strictly; rigorously. [Obs.] Shak. STRAIT Strait, n.; pl. Straits. Etym: [OE. straight, streit, OF. estreit, estroit. See Strait, a.] 1. A narrow pass or passage. He brought him through a darksome narrow strait To a broad gate all built of beaten gold. Spenser. Honor travels in a strait so narrow Where one but goes abreast. Shak. 2. Specifically: (Geog.) Defn: A (comparatively) narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water; -- often in the plural; as, the strait, or straits, of Gibraltar; the straits of Magellan; the strait, or straits, of Mackinaw. We steered directly through a large outlet which they call a strait, though it be fifteen miles broad. De Foe. 3. A neck of land; an isthmus. [R.] A dark strait of barren land. Tennyson. 4. Fig.: A condition of narrowness or restriction; doubt; distress; difficulty; poverty; perplexity; -- sometimes in the plural; as, reduced to great straits. For I am in a strait betwixt two. Phil. i. 23. Let no man, who owns a Providence, grow desperate under any calamity or strait whatsoever. South. Ulysses made use of the pretense of natural infirmity to conceal the straits he was in at that time in his thoughts. Broome. STRAIT Strait, v. t. Defn: To put to difficulties. [Obs.] Shak. STRAITEN Strait"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Straitened; p. pr. & vb. n. Straitening.] 1. To make strait; to make narrow; hence, to contract; to confine. Waters, when straitened, as at the falls of bridges, give a roaring noise. Bacon. In narrow circuit, straitened by a foe. Milton. 2. To make tense, or tight; to tighten. They straiten at each end the cord. Pope. 3. To restrict; to distress or embarrass in respect of means or conditions of life; -- used chiefly in the past participle; -- as, a man straitened in his circumstances. STRAIT-HANDED Strait"-hand`ed, a. Defn: Parsimonious; sparing; niggardly. [R.] -- Strait"-hand`ed*ness, n. [R.] STRAIT-JACKET Strait"-jack`et, n. Defn: A dress of strong materials for restraining maniacs or those who are violently delirious. It has long sleeves, which are closed at the ends, confining the hands, and may be tied behind the back. STRAIT-LACED Strait"-laced`, a. 1. Bound with stays. Let nature have scope to fashion the body as she thinks best; we have few well-shaped that are strait-laced. Locke. 2. Restricted; stiff; constrained. [R.] Fuller. 3. Rigid in opinion; strict in manners or morals. STRAITLY Strait"ly, adv. 1. In a strait manner; narrowly; strictly; rigorously. Mark i. 43. 2. Closely; intimately. [Obs.] STRAITNESS Strait"ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being strait; especially, a pinched condition or situation caused by poverty; as, the straitnessof their circumstances. STRAIT-WAISTCOAT Strait"-waist`coat, n. Defn: Same as Strait-jacket. STRAKE Strake, obs. Defn: imp. of Strike. Spenser. STRAKE Strake, n. Etym: [See Streak.] 1. A streak. [Obs.] Spenser."White strake." Gen. xxx. 37. 2. An iron band by which the fellies of a wheel are secured to each other, being not continuous, as the tire is, but made up of separate pieces. 3. (Shipbuilding) Defn: One breadth of planks or plates forming a continuous range on the bottom or sides of a vessel, reaching from the stem to the stern; a streak. Note: The planks or plates next the keel are called the garboard strakes; the next, or the heavy strakes at the bilge, are the bilge strakes; the next, from the water line to the lower port sill, the wales; and the upper parts of the sides, the sheer strakes. 4. (Mining) Defn: A trough for washing broken ore, gravel, or sand; a launder. STRALE Strale, n. Defn: Pupil of the eye. [Prov. Eng.] STRAM Stram, v. t. Etym: [Cf. LG. strammen to strain, straiten, stretch, D. stram strained, tight, G. stramm.] Defn: To spring or recoil with violence. [Prov. Eng.] STRAM Stram, v. t. Defn: To dash down; to beat. [Prov. Eng.] STRAMASH Stram"ash, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Stramazoun.] Defn: To strike, beat, or bang; to break; to destroy. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] STRAMASH Stram"ash, n. Defn: A turmoil; a broil; a fray; a fight. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Barham. STRAMAZOUN Stram"a*zoun, n. Etym: [F. estramaçon, It. stramazzone.] Defn: A direct descending blow with the edge of a sword. [Obs.] B. Jonson. STRAMINEOUS Stra*min"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. stramineus, fr. stramen straw, fr. sternere, stratum, to spread out, to strew.] 1. Strawy; consisting of straw. Robinson. 2. Chaffy; like straw; straw-colored. Burton. STRAMONIUM Stra*mo"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL.; Cf. F. stramoine.] (Bot.) Defn: A poisonous plant (Datura Stramonium); stinkweed. See Datura, and Jamestown weed. STRAMONY Stram"o*ny, n. (Bot.) Defn: Stramonium. STRAND Strand, n. Etym: [Probably fr. D. streen a skein; akin to G. strähne a skein, lock of hair, strand of a rope.] Defn: One of the twists, or strings, as of fibers, wires, etc., of which a rope is composed. STRAND Strand, v. t. Defn: To break a strand of (a rope). STRAND Strand, n. Etym: [AS. strand; akin to D., G., Sw., & Dan. strand, Icel. strönd.] Defn: The shore, especially the beach of a sea, ocean, or large lake; rarely, the margin of a navigable river. Chaucer. Strand birds. (Zoöl.) See Shore birds, under Shore. -- Strand plover (Zoöl.), a black-bellied plover. See Illust. of Plover. -- Strand wolf (Zoöl.), the brown hyena. STRAND Strand, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stranded; p. pr. & vb. n. Stranding.] Defn: To drive on a strand; hence, to run aground; as, to strand a ship. STRAND Strand, v. i. Defn: To drift, or be driven, on shore to run aground; as, the ship stranded at high water. STRANG Strang, a. Etym: [See Strong.] Defn: Strong. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. STRANGE Strange, a. [Compar. Stranger; superl. Strangest.] Etym: [OE. estrange, F. étrange, fr. L. extraneus that is without, external, foreign, fr. extra on the outside. See Extra, and cf. Estrange, Extraneous.] 1. Belonging to another country; foreign. "To seek strange strands." Chaucer. One of the strange queen's lords. Shak. I do not contemn the knowledge of strange and divers tongues. Ascham. 2. Of or pertaining to others; not one's own; not pertaining to one's self; not domestic. So she, impatient her own faults to see, Turns from herself, and in strange things delights. Sir J. Davies. 3. Not before known, heard, or seen; new. Here is the hand and seal of the duke; you know the character, I doubt not; and the signet is not strange to you. Shak. 4. Not according to the common way; novel; odd; unusual; irregular; extraordinary; unnatural; queer. "He is sick of a strange fever." Shak. Sated at length, erelong I might perceive Strange alteration in me. Milton. 5. Reserved; distant in deportment. Shak. She may be strange and shy at first, but will soon learn to love thee. Hawthorne. 6. Backward; slow. [Obs.] Who, loving the effect, would not be strange In favoring the cause. Beau. & Fl. 7. Not familiar; unaccustomed; inexperienced. In thy fortunes am unlearned and strange. Shak. Note: Strange is often used as an exclamation. Strange! what extremes should thus preserve the snow High on the Alps, or in deep caves below. Waller. Strange sail (Naut.), an unknown vessel. -- Strange woman (Script.), a harlot. Prov. v. 3. -- To make it strange. (a) To assume ignorance, suspicion, or alarm, concerning it. Shak. (b) To make it a matter of difficulty. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To make strange, To make one's self strange. (a) To profess ignorance or astonishment. (b) To assume the character of a stranger. Gen. xlii. 7. Syn. -- Foreign; new; outlandish; wonderful; astonishing; marvelous; unusual; odd; uncommon; irregular; queer; eccentric. STRANGE Strange, adv. Defn: Strangely. [Obs.] Most strange, but yet most truly, will I speak. Shak. STRANGE Strange, v. t. Defn: To alienate; to estrange. [Obs.] STRANGE Strange, v. i. 1. To be estranged or alienated. [Obs.] 2. To wonder; to be astonished. [Obs.] Glanvill. STRANGELY Strange"ly, adv. 1. As something foreign, or not one's own; in a manner adapted to something foreign and strange. [Obs.] Shak. 2. In the manner of one who does not know another; distantly; reservedly; coldly. You all look strangely on me. Shak. I do in justice charge thee . . . That thou commend it strangely to some place Where chance may nurse or end it. Shak. 3. In a strange manner; in a manner or degree to excite surprise or wonder; wonderfully. How strangely active are the arts of peace! Dryden. It would strangely delight you to see with what spirit he converses. Law. STRANGENESS Strange"ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being strange (in any sense of the adjective). STRANGER Stran"ger, n. Etym: [OF. estrangier, F. étranger. See Strange.] 1. One who is strange, foreign, or unknown. Specifically: -- (a) One who comes from a foreign land; a foreigner. I am a most poor woman and a stranger, Born out of your dominions. Shak. (b) One whose home is at a distance from the place where he is, but in the same country. (c) One who is unknown or unacquainted; as, the gentleman is a stranger to me; hence, one not admitted to communication, fellowship, or acquaintance. Melons on beds of ice are taught to bear, And strangers to the sun yet ripen here. Granville. My child is yet a stranger in the world. Shak. I was no stranger to the original. Dryden. 2. One not belonging to the family or household; a guest; a visitor. To honor and receive Our heavenly stranger. Milton. 3. (Law) Defn: One not privy or party an act, contract, or title; a mere intruder or intermeddler; one who interferes without right; as, actual possession of land gives a good title against a stranger having no title; as to strangers, a mortgage is considered merely as a pledge; a mere stranger to the levy. STRANGER Stran"ger, v. t. Defn: To estrange; to alienate. [Obs.] Shak. STRANGLE Stran"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Strangling.] Etym: [OF. estrangler, F. étrangler, L. strangulare, Gr. string, n. Cf. Strain, String.] 1. To compress the windpipe of (a person or animal) until death results from stoppage of respiration; to choke to death by compressing the throat, as with the hand or a rope. Our Saxon ancestors compelled the adulteress to strangle herself. Ayliffe. 2. To stifle, choke, or suffocate in any manner. Shall I not then be stifled in the vault, . . . And there die strangled ere my Romeo comes Shak. 3. To hinder from appearance; to stifle; to suppress. "Strangle such thoughts." Shak. STRANGLE Stran"gle, v. i. Defn: To be strangled, or suffocated. STRANGLEABLE Stran"gle*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being strangled. [R.] Chesterfield. STRANGLE HOLD Stran"gle hold. Defn: In wrestling, a hold by which one's opponent is choked. It is usually not allowed. STRANGLER Stran"gler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, strangles. "The very strangler of their amity." Shak. STRANGLES Stran"gles, n. Defn: A disease in horses and swine, in which the upper part of the throat, or groups of lymphatic glands elsewhere, swells. STRANGULATE Stran"gu*late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Strangulated. STRANGULATED Stran"gu*la`ted, a. 1. (Med.) Defn: Having the circulation stopped by compression; attended with arrest or obstruction of circulation, caused by constriction or compression; as, a strangulated hernia. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Contracted at irregular intervals, if tied with a ligature; constricted. Strangulated hernia. (Med.) See under Hernia. STRANGULATION Stran"gu*la`tion, n. Etym: [L. strangulatio: cf. F. strangulation. See Strangle.] 1. The act of strangling, or the state of being strangled. 2. (Med.) Defn: Inordinate compression or constriction of a tube or part, as of the throat; especially, such as causes a suspension of breathing, of the passage of contents, or of the circulation, as in cases of hernia. STRANGURIOUS Stran*gu"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. stranguriosus.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to strangury. Cheyne. STRANGURY Stran"gu*ry, n. Etym: [L. stranguria, Gr. strangurie. See Strangle, and Urine.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A painful discharge of urine, drop by drop, produced by spasmodic muscular contraction. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A swelling or other disease in a plant, occasioned by a ligature fastened tightly about it. STRANY Stra"ny, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The guillemot. [Prov. Eng.] STRAP Strap, n. Etym: [OE. strope, AS. stropp, L. stroppus, struppus, perhaps fr. Gr. Strophe). Cf. Strop a strap, a piece of rope.] 1. A long, narrow, pliable strip of leather, cloth, or the like; specifically, a strip of thick leather used in flogging. A lively cobbler that . . . had scarce passed a day without giving her [his wife] the discipline of the strap. Addison. 2. Something made of such a strip, or of a part of one, or a combination of two or more for a particular use; as, a boot strap, shawl strap, stirrup strap. 3. A piece of leather, or strip of wood covered with a suitable material, for sharpening a razor; a strop. 4. A narrow strip of anything, as of iron or brass. Specifically: -- (a) (Carp. & Mach.) Defn: A band, plate, or loop of metal for clasping and holding timbers or parts of a machine. (b) (Naut.) Defn: A piece of rope or metal passing around a block and used for fastening it to anything. 5. (Bot.) (a) The flat part of the corolla in ligulate florets, as those of the white circle in the daisy. (b) The leaf, exclusive of its sheath, in some grasses. 6. A shoulder strap. See under Shoulder. Strap bolt, a bolt of which one end is a flat bar of considerable length. -- Strap head (Mach.), a journal box, or pair of brasses, secured to the end of a connecting rod by a strap. See Illust. of Gib and key, under Gib. -- Strap hinge, a hinge with long flaps by which it is fastened, as to a door or wall. -- Strap rail (Railroads), a flat rail formerly used. STRAP Strap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Strapping.] 1. To beat or chastise with a strap. 2. To fasten or bind with a strap. Cowper. 3. To sharpen by rubbing on a strap, or strop; as, to strap a razor. STRAPPADO Strap*pa"do, n.; pl. Strappadoes. Etym: [It. strappata a pull, the strappado, from strappare to pull, from Prov. G. strapfen: cf. G. straff tense, stretched.] Defn: A military punishment formerly practiced, which consisted in drawing an offender to the top of a beam and letting him fall to the length of the rope, by which means a limb was often dislocated. Shak. STRAPPADO Strap*pa"do, v. t. Defn: To punish or torture by the strappado. Milton. STRAPPER Strap"per, n. 1. One who uses strap. 2. A person or thing of uncommon size. [Colloq.] STRAPPING Strap"ping, a. Defn: Tall; strong; lusty; large; as, a strapping fellow. [Colloq.] There are five and thirty strapping officers gone. Farquhar. STRAPPLE Strap"ple, v. t. Defn: To hold or bind with, or as with, a strap; to entangle. [Obs.] Chapman. STRAP-SHAPED Strap"-shaped`, a. Defn: Shaped like a strap; ligulate; as, a strap-shaped corolla. STRAPWORK Strap"work`, n. (Arch.) Defn: A kind of ornament consisting of a narrow fillet or band folded, crossed, and interlaced. STRASS Strass, n. Etym: [So called from its inventor, a German jeweler: cf. F. stras.] (Chem.) Defn: A brilliant glass, used in the manufacture of artificial paste gems, which consists essentially of a complex borosilicate of lead and potassium. Cf. Glass. STRATA Stra"ta, n., Defn: pl. of Stratum. STRATAGEM Strat"a*gem, n. Etym: [F. stratagème (cf. Sp. estratagema, It. stratagemma), L. strategema, Gr. Stratum) + Agent.] Defn: An artifice or trick in war for deceiving the enemy; hence, in general, artifice; deceptive device; secret plot; evil machination. Fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils. Shak. Those oft are stratagems which error seem, Nor is it Homer nods, but we that dream. Pope. STRATAGEMICAL Strat`a*gem"ic*al, a. Defn: Containing stratagem; as, a stratagemical epistle. [R.] Swift. STRATARITHMETRY Strat`a*rith"me*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.] (Mil.) Defn: The art of drawing up an army, or any given number of men, in any geometrical figure, or of estimating or expressing the number of men in such a figure. STRATEGETIC; STRATEGETICAL Strat`e*get"ic, Strat`e*get"ic*al, a. Defn: Strategic. STRATEGETICS Strat`e*get"ics, n. Defn: Strategy. STRATEGIC; STRATEGICAL Stra*te"gic, Stra*te"gic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. stratégique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to strategy; effected by artifice. -- Stra*te"gic*al*ly, adv. Strategic line (Mil.), a line joining strategic points. -- Strategic point (Mil.), any point or region in the theater or warlike operations which affords to its possessor an advantage over his opponent, as a mountain pass, a junction of rivers or roads, a fortress, etc. STRATEGICS Stra*te"gics, n. Defn: Strategy. STRATEGIST Strat"e*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. stratégiste.] Defn: One skilled in strategy, or the science of directing great military movements. STRATEGUS Stra*te"gus, n.; pl. Strategi. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Stratagem.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: The leader or commander of an army; a general. STRATEGY Strat"e*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. stratégie. See Stratagem.] 1. The science of military command, or the science of projecting campaigns and directing great military movements; generalship. 2. The use of stratagem or artifice. STRATH Strath, n. Etym: [Gael. srath.] Defn: A valley of considerable size, through which a river runs; a valley bottom; -- often used in composition with the name of the river; as, Strath Spey, Strathdon, Strathmore. [Scot.] The long green strath of Napa valley. R. L. Stevenson. STRATHSPEY Strath"spey`, n. Etym: [So called from the district of Strath Spey in Scotland.] Defn: A lively Scottish dance, resembling the reel, but slower; also, the tune. STRATICULATE Stra*tic"u*late, a. Etym: [Dim. Fr. stratum.] (Min.) Defn: Characterized by the presence of thin parallel strata, or layers, as in an agate. STRATIFICATION Strat`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. stratification.] 1. The act or process of laying in strata, or the state of being laid in the form of strata, or layers. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The deposition of material in successive layers in the growth of a cell wall, thus giving rise to a stratified appearance. STRATIFIED Strat"i*fied, a. Defn: Having its substance arranged in strata, or layers; as, stratified rock. STRATIFORM Strat"i*form, a. Defn: Having the form of strata. STRATIFY Strat"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stratified; p. pr. & vb. n. Stratifying.] Etym: [Stratum + -fy: cf. F. stratifier.] Defn: To form or deposit in strata, or layers, as substances in the earth; to arrange in strata. STRATIGRAPHIC; STRATIGRAPHICAL Strat`i*graph"ic, Strat`i*graph"ic*al, a. (Geol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or depended upon, the order or arrangement of strata; as, stratigraphical evidence. -- Strat`i*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. STRATIGRAPHIC; STRATIGRAPHICAL Strat`i*graph"ic, -ic*al, a. (Mil.) Defn: See Stratographic. STRATIGRAPHY Stra*tig"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Stratum + -graphy.] Defn: That branch of geology which treats of the arrangement and succession of strata. STRATO-CIRRUS Stra`to-cir"rus, n. [Stratus + cirrus.] (Meteor.) Defn: An alto-stratus cloud. STRATOCRACY Stra*toc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -cracy, as in democracy: cf. F. stratocratie.] Defn: A military government; government by military chiefs and an army. STRATO-CUMULUS Stra`to-cu"mu*lus, n. [Stratus + cumulus.] (Meteor.) Defn: Large balls or rolls of dark cloud which frequently cover the whole sky, esp. in winter, and give it at times an undulated appearance. STRATOGRAPHIC; STRATOGRAPHICAL Strat`o*graph"ic, Strat`o*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to stratography. STRATOGRAPHY Stra*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A description of an army, or of what belongs to an army. STRATONIC Stra*ton"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to an army. [R.] STRATOTIC Stra*tot"ic, a. Defn: Warlike; military. [R.] STRATUM Stra"tum, n.; pl. E. Stratums, L. Strata. The latter is more common. Etym: [L., from sternere, stratum, to spread; akin to Gr. Strew, and cf. Consternation, Estrade, Prostrate, Stratus, Street.] 1. (Geol.) Defn: A bed of earth or rock of one kind, formed by natural causes, and consisting usually of a series of layers, which form a rock as it lies between beds of other kinds. Also used figuratively. 2. A bed or layer artificially made; a course. STRATUS Stra"tus, n. Etym: [L. stratus a spreading out, scattering, from sternere, stratum, to spread.] (Meteor.) Defn: A form of clouds in which they are arranged in a horizontal band or layer. See Cloud. STRAUGHT Straught, obs. Defn: imp. & p. p. of Stretch. STRAUGHT Straught, v. t. Defn: To stretch; to make straight. [Written also straucht.] [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. STRAW Straw, v. t. Defn: To spread or scatter. See Strew, and Strow. Chaucer. STRAW Straw, n. Etym: [OE. straw, stre, stree, AS. streáw, from the root of E. strew; akin to OFries. stre, D. stroo, G. stroh, OHG. stro, Icel. stra, Dan. straa, Sw. strå. *166. See Strew.] 1. A stalk or stem of certain species of grain, pulse, etc., especially of wheat, rye, oats, barley, more rarely of buckwheat, beans, and pease. 2. The gathered and thrashed stalks of certain species of grain, etc.; as, a bundle, or a load, of rye straw. 3. Anything proverbially worthless; the least possible thing; a mere trifle. I set not a straw by thy dreamings. Chaucer. Note: Straw is often used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, straw-built, straw-crowned, straw-roofed, straw- stuffed, and the like. Man of straw, an effigy formed by stuffing the garments of a man with straw; hence, a fictitious person; an irresponsible person; a puppet.set up a straw man; -- used in disputation. Typically, one party accuses an opponent of setting up a straw man, meaning that the opponent is distorting his true opinion in order to make it look absurd. -- Straw bail, worthless bail, as being given by irresponsible persons. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Straw bid, a worthless bid; a bid for a contract which the bidder is unable or unwilling to fulfill. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Straw cat (Zoöl.), the pampas cat. -- Straw color, the color of dry straw, being a delicate yellow. -- Straw drain, a drain filled with straw. -- Straw plait, or Straw plat, a strip formed by plaiting straws, used for making hats, bonnets, etc. -- To be in the straw, to be brought to bed, as a pregnant woman. [Slang] STRAWBERRY Straw"ber*ry, n. Etym: [AS. streáwberige; streáw straw + berie berry; perhaps from the resemblance of the runners of the plant to straws.] (Bot.) Defn: A fragrant edible berry, of a delicious taste and commonly of a red color, the fruit of a plant of the genus Fragaria, of which there are many varieties. Also, the plant bearing the fruit. The common American strawberry is Fragaria virginiana; the European, F. vesca. There are also other less common species. Strawberry bass. (Zoöl.) See Calico bass, under Calico. -- Strawberry blite. (Bot.) See under Blite. -- Strawberry borer (Zoöl.), any one of several species of insects whose larvæ burrow in the crown or roots of the strawberry vine. Especially: (a) The root borer (Anarsia lineatella), a very small dark gray moth whose larvæ burrow both in the larger roots and crown, often doing great damage. (b) The crown borer (Tyloderma fragariæ), a small brown weevil whose larva burrows in the crown and kills the plant. -- Strawberry bush (Bot.), an American shrub (Euonymus Americanus), a kind of spindle tree having crimson pods and the seeds covered with a scarlet aril. -- Strawberry crab (Zoöl.), a small European spider crab (Eurynome aspera); -- so called because the back is covered with pink tubercles. -- Strawberry fish (Zoöl.), the amadavat. -- Strawberry geranium (Bot.), a kind of saxifrage (Saxifraga sarmentosa) having reniform leaves, and producing long runners like those of the strawberry. -- Strawberry leaf. (a) The leaf of the strawberry. (b) The symbol of the rank or estate of a duke, because the ducal coronet is twined with strawberry leaves. "The strawberry leaves on her chariot panels are engraved on her ladyship's heart." Thackeray. -- Strawberry-leaf roller (Zoöl.), any one of several species of moths whose larvæ roll up, and feed upon, the leaves of the strawberry vine; especially, Phoxopteris fragariæ, and Eccopsis permundana. -- Strawberry moth (Zoöl.), any one of several species of moth whose larvæ feed on the strawberry vines; as: (a) The smeared dagger (Apatela oblinita), whose large hairy larva is velvety black with two rows of bright yellow spots on each side. (b) A geometrid (Angerona crocataria) which is yellow with dusky spots on the wings. Called also currant moth. -- Strawberry pear (Bot.), the red ovoid fruit of a West Indian plant of the genus Cereus (C. triangularia). It has a sweetish flavor, and is slightly acid, pleasant, and cooling. Also, the plant bearing the fruit. -- Strawberry sawfly (Zoöl.), a small black sawfly (Emphytus maculatus) whose larva eats the leaves of the strawberry vine. -- Strawberry tomato. (Bot.) See Alkekengi. -- Strawberry tree. (Bot.) See Arbutus. -- Strawberry vine (Bot.), the plant which yields the strawberry. -- Strawberry worm (Zoöl.), the larva of any moth which feeds on the strawberry vine. STRAWBOARD Straw"board`, n. Defn: Pasteboard made of pulp of straw. STRAW-COLORED Straw"-col`ored, a. Defn: Being of a straw color. See Straw color, under Straw, n. STRAW-CUTTER Straw"-cut`ter, n. Defn: An instrument to cut straw for fodder. STRAWED Strawed, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Straw. [Obs.] STRAWWORM Straw"worm`, n. Defn: A caddice worm. STRAWY Straw"y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to straw; made of, or resembling, straw. Shak. STRAY Stray, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Strayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Straying.] Etym: [OF. estraier, estraer, to stray, or as adj., stray, fr. (assumed) L. stratarius roving the streets, fr. L. strata (sc. via) a paved road. See Street, and Stray, a.] 1. To wander, as from a direct course; to deviate, or go out of the way. Thames among the wanton valleys strays. Denham. 2. To wander from company, or from the proper limits; to rove at large; to roam; to go astray. Now, until the break of day, Through this house each fairy stray. Shak. A sheep doth very often stray. Shak. 3. Figuratively, to wander from the path of duty or rectitude; to err. We have erred and strayed from thy ways. While meaner things, whom instinct leads, Are rarely known to stray. Cowper. Syn. -- To deviate; err; swerve; rove; roam; wander. STRAY Stray, v. t. Defn: To cause to stray. [Obs.] Shak. STRAY Stray, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. estraié, p.p. of estraier. See Stray, v. i., and cf. Astray, Estray.] Defn: Having gone astray; strayed; wandering; as, a strayhorse or sheep. Stray line (Naut.), that portion of the log line which is veered from the reel to allow the chip to get clear of the stern eddies before the glass is turned. -- Stray mark (Naut.), the mark indicating the end of the stray line. STRAY Stray, n. 1. Any domestic animal that has an inclosure, or its proper place and company, and wanders at large, or is lost; an estray. Used also figuratively. Seeing him wander about, I took him up for a stray. Dryden. 2. The act of wandering or going astray. [R.] Shak. STRAYER Stray"er, n. Defn: One who strays; a wanderer. STRE Stre, n. Defn: Straw. [Obs.] Chaucer. STREAK Streak, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Stretch, Streek.] Defn: To stretch; to extend; hence, to lay out, as a dead body. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] STREAK Streak, n. Etym: [OE. streke; akin to D. streek a line, stroke, G. strich, AS. strica, Sw. strek, Dan. streg, Goth. stricks, and E. strike, stroke. See Strike, Stroke, n., and cf. Strake.] 1. A line or long mark of a different color from the ground; a stripe; a vein. What mean those colored streaks in heaven Milton. 2. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A strake. 3. (Min.) Defn: The fine powder or mark yielded by a mineral when scratched or rubbed against a harder surface, the color of which is sometimes a distinguishing character. 4. The rung or round of a ladder. [Obs.] STREAK Streak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Streaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Streaking.] 1. To form streaks or stripes in or on; to stripe; to variegate with lines of a different color, or of different colors. A mule . . . streaked and dappled with white and black. Sandys. Now streaked and glowing with the morning red. Prior. 2. With it as an object: To run swiftly. [Colloq.] STREAKED Streaked, a. 1. Marked or variegated with stripes. 2. Uncomfortable; out of sorts. [Local, U.S.] STREAKY Streak"y, a. Defn: Same as Streaked, 1. "The streaky west." Cowper. STREAM Stream, n. Etym: [AS. streám; akin to OFries. stram, OS. strom, D. stroom, G. strom, OHG. stroum, str, Dan. & Sw. ström, Icel. straumr, Ir. sroth, Lith. srove, Russ. struia, Gr. sru. *174. Cf. Catarrh, Diarrhea, Rheum, Rhythm.] 1. A current water or other fluid; a liquid flowing continuously in a line or course, either on the earth, as a river, brook, etc., or from a vessel, reservoir, or fountain; specifically, any course of running water; as, many streams are blended in the Mississippi; gas and steam came from the earth in streams; a stream of molten lead from a furnace; a stream of lava from a volcano. 2. A beam or ray of light. "Sun streams." Chaucer. 3. Anything issuing or moving with continued succession of parts; as, a stream of words; a stream of sand. "The stream of beneficence." Atterbury. "The stream of emigration." Macaulay. 4. A continued current or course; as, a stream of weather. "The very stream of his life." Shak. 5. Current; drift; tendency; series of tending or moving causes; as, the stream of opinions or manners. Gulf stream. See under Gulf. -- Stream anchor, Stream cable. (Naut.) See under Anchor, and Cable. -- Stream ice, blocks of ice floating in a mass together in some definite direction. -- Stream tin, particles or masses of tin ore found in alluvial ground; -- so called because a stream of water is the principal agent used in separating the ore from the sand and gravel. -- Stream works (Cornish Mining), a place where an alluvial deposit of tin ore is worked. Ure. -- To float with the stream, figuratively, to drift with the current of opinion, custom, etc., so as not to oppose or check it. Syn. -- Current; flow; rush; tide; course. -- Stream, Current. These words are often properly interchangeable; but stream is the broader word, denoting a prevailing onward course. The stream of the Mississippi rolls steadily on to the Gulf of Mexico, but there are reflex currents in it which run for a while in a contrary direction. STREAM Stream, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Streamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Streaming.] 1. To issue or flow in a stream; to flow freely or in a current, as a fluid or whatever is likened to fluids; as, tears streamed from her eyes. Beneath those banks where rivers stream. Milton. 2. To pour out, or emit, a stream or streams. A thousand suns will stream on thee. Tennyson. 3. To issue in a stream of light; to radiate. 4. To extend; to stretch out with a wavy motion; to float in the wind; as, a flag streams in the wind. STREAM Stream, v. t. Defn: To send forth in a current or stream; to cause to flow; to pour; as, his eyes streamed tears. It may so please that she at length will stream Some dew of grace into my withered heart. Spenser. 2. To mark with colors or embroidery in long tracts. The herald's mantle is streamed with gold. Bacon. 3. To unfurl. Shak. To stream the buoy. (Naut.) See under Buoy. STREAM CLOCK Stream clock. (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the velocity of the blood in a vessel. STREAMER Stream"er, n. 1. An ensign, flag, or pennant, which floats in the wind; specifically, a long, narrow, ribbonlike flag. Brave Rupert from afar appears, Whose waving streamers the glad general knows. Dryden. 3. A stream or column of light shooting upward from the horizon, constituting one of the forms of the aurora borealis. Macaulay. While overhead the North's dumb streamers shoot. Lowell. 3. (Mining) Defn: A searcher for stream tin. STREAMFUL Stream"ful, a. Defn: Abounding in streams, or in water. "The streamful tide." Drayton. STREAM GOLD Stream gold. (Mining) Defn: Gold in alluvial deposits; placer gold. STREAMINESS Stream"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being streamy; a trailing. R. A. Proctor. STREAMING Stream"ing, a. Defn: Sending forth streams. STREAMING Stream"ing, n. 1. The act or operation of that which streams; the act of that which sends forth, or which runs in, streams. 2. (Mining) Defn: The reduction of stream tin; also, the search for stream tin. STREAMLESS Stream"less, a. Defn: Destitute of streams, or of a stream, as a region of country, or a dry channel. STREAMLET Stream"let, n. Defn: A small stream; a rivulet; a rill. STREAM LINE Stream line. Defn: The path of a constituent particle of a flowing fluid undisturbed by eddies or the like. STREAMLINE Stream"line`, a. Defn: Of or pert. to a stream line; designating a motion or flow that is free from turbulence, like that of a particle in a streamline; hence, designating a surface, body, etc., that is designed so as to afford an unbroken flow of a fluid about it, esp. when the resistance to flow is the least possible; as, a streamline body for an automobile or airship. STREAM WHEEL Stream wheel. Defn: A wheel used for measuring, by its motion when submerged, the velocity of flowing water; a current wheel. STREAMY Stream"y, a. 1. Abounding with streams, or with running water; streamful. Arcadia However streamy now, adust and dry, Denied the goddess water. Prior. 2. Resembling a stream; issuing in a stream. His nodding helm emits a streamy ray. Pope. STREE Stree, n. Defn: Straw. [Obs.] Chaucer. STREEK Streek, v. t. Defn: To stretch; also, to lay out, as a dead body. See Streak. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] STREEL Streel, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Stroll.] Defn: To trail along; to saunter or be drawn along, carelessly, swaying in a kind of zigzag motion. [Colloq.] Thackeray. STREEN Streen, n. Defn: See Strene. [Obs.] Chaucer. STREET Street, n. Etym: [OE. strete, AS. str, fr. L. strata (sc. via) a paved way, properly fem. p.p. of sternere, stratum, to spread; akin to E. strew. See Strew, and cf. Stratum, Stray, v. & a.] Defn: Originally, a paved way or road; a public highway; now commonly, a thoroughfare in a city or village, bordered by dwellings or business houses. He removed [the body of] Amasa from the street unto the field. Coverdale. At home or through the high street passing. Milton. Note: In an extended sense, street designates besides the roadway, the walks, houses, shops, etc., which border the thoroughfare. His deserted mansion in Duke Street. Macaulay. The street (Broker's Cant), that thoroughfare of a city where the leading bankers and brokers do business; also, figuratively, those who do business there; as, the street would not take the bonds. -- Street Arab, Street broker, etc. See under Arab, Broker, etc. -- Street door, a door which opens upon a street, or is nearest the street. Syn. -- See Way. STREETWALKER Street"walk`er, n. Defn: A common prostitute who walks the streets to find customers. STREETWARD Street"ward`, n. Defn: An officer, or ward, having the care of the streets. [Obs.] Cowell. STREETWARD Street"ward, a. Defn: Facing toward the street. Their little streetward sitting room. Tennyson. STREIGHT Streight, a., n., & adv. Defn: See 2nd Strait. [Obs.] STREIGHTEN Streight"en, v. t. Defn: See Straiten. [Obs.] STREIN Strein, v. t. Defn: To strain. [Obs.] Chaucer. STREIT Streit, a. Etym: [See Stretch.] Defn: Drawn. [Obs.] Pyrrhus with his streite sword. Chaucer. STREIT Streit, a. Defn: Close; narrow; strict. [Obs.] See Strait. STREITE Streite, adv. Defn: Narrowly; strictly; straitly. [Obs.] STRELITZ Strel"itz, n.sing. & pl. Etym: [Russ. strieliéts' a shooter, archer.] Defn: A soldier of the ancient Muscovite guard or Russian standing army; also, the guard itself. STRELITZIA Stre*litz"i*a, n. Etym: [NL., named after Charlotte, Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and queen of George III of Great Britain.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants related to the banana, found at the Cape of Good Hope. They have rigid glaucous distichous leaves, and peculiar richly colored flowers. STRENE Strene, n. Etym: [OE. stren, streen, streon, AS. gestriénan, gestr, gestreónan, to beget, to obtain, gestreón gain, wealth; akin to OHG. striunan to gain. Cf. Strian race, family.] Defn: Race; offspring; stock; breed; strain. [Obs.] Chaucer. STRENGER; STRENGEST Stren"ger, Stren"gest Defn: , the original compar. & superl. of Strong. [Obs.] Two of us shall strenger be than one. Chaucer. STRENGTH Strength, n. Etym: [OE. strengthe, AS. streng, fr. strang strong. See Strong.] 1. The quality or state of being strong; ability to do or to bear; capacity for exertion or endurance, whether physical, intellectual, or moral; force; vigor; power; as, strength of body or of the arm; strength of mind, of memory, or of judgment. All his [Samson's] strength in his hairs were. Chaucer. Thou must outlive Thy youth, thy strength, thy beauty. Milton. 2. Power to resist force; solidity or toughness; the quality of bodies by which they endure the application of force without breaking or yielding; -- in this sense opposed to frangibility; as, the strength of a bone, of a beam, of a wall, a rope, and the like. "The brittle strength of bones." Milton. 3. Power of resisting attacks; impregnability. "Our castle's strength will laugh a siege to scorn." Shak. 4. That quality which tends to secure results; effective power in an institution or enactment; security; validity; legal or moral force; logical conclusiveness; as, the strength of social or legal obligations; the strength of law; the strength of public opinion; strength of evidence; strength of argument. 5. One who, or that which, is regarded as embodying or affording force, strength, or firmness; that on which confidence or reliance is based; support; security. God is our refuge and strength. Ps. xlvi. 1. What they boded would be a mischief to us, you are providing shall be one of our principal strengths. Sprat. Certainly there is not a greater strength against temptation. Jer. Taylor. 6. Force as measured; amount, numbers, or power of any body, as of an army, a navy, and the like; as, what is the strength of the enemy by land, or by sea 7. Vigor or style; force of expression; nervous diction; -- said of literary work. And praise the easy vigor of a life Where Denham's strength and Waller's sweetness join. Pope. 8. Intensity; -- said of light or color. Bright Phoebus in his strength. Shak. 9. Intensity or degree of the distinguishing and essential element; spirit; virtue; excellence; -- said of liquors, solutions, etc.; as, the strength of wine or of acids. 10. A strong place; a stronghold. [Obs.] Shak. On, or Upon, the strength of, in reliance upon. "The allies, after a successful summer, are too apt, upon the strength of it, to neglect their preparations for the ensuing campaign." Addison. Syn. -- Force; robustness; toughness; hardness; stoutness; brawniness; lustiness; firmness; puissance; support; spirit; validity; authority. See Force. STRENGTH Strength, v. t. Defn: To strengthen. [Obs.] Chaucer. STRENGTHEN Strength"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strengthened; p. pr. & vb. n. Strengthening.] 1. To make strong or stronger; to add strength to; as, to strengthen a limb, a bridge, an army; to strengthen an obligation; to strengthen authority. Let noble Warwick, Cobham, and the rest, . . . With powerful policy strengthen themselves. Shak. 2. To animate; to encourage; to fix in resolution. Charge Joshua, and encourage him, and strengthen him. Deut. iii. 28. Syn. -- To invigorate; confirm; establish; fortify; animate; encourage. STRENGTHEN Strength"en, v. i. Defn: To grow strong or stronger. The young disease, that must subdue at length, Grows with his growth, and strengthens with his strength. Pope. STRENGTHENER Strength"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, gives or adds strength. Sir W. Temple. STRENGTHENING Strength"en*ing, a. Defn: That strengthens; giving or increasing strength. -- Strength"en*ing*ly, adv. Strengthening plaster (Med.), a plaster containing iron, and supposed to have tonic effects. STRENGTHFUL Strength"ful, a. Defn: Abounding in strength; full of strength; strong. -- Strength"ful*ness, n. Florence my friend, in court my faction Not meanly strengthful. Marston. STRENGTHING Strength"ing, n. Defn: A stronghold. [Obs.] STRENGTHLESS Strength"less, a. Defn: Destitute of strength. Boyle. STRENGTHNER Strength"ner, n. Defn: See Strengthener. STRENGTHY Strength"y, a. Defn: Having strength; strong. [Obs.] STRENUITY Stre*nu"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. strenuatis.] Defn: Strenuousness; activity. [Obs.] Chapman. STRENUOUS Stren"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. strenuus; cf. Gr. Defn: Eagerly pressing or urgent; zealous; ardent; earnest; bold; valiant; intrepid; as, a strenuous advocate for national rights; a strenuous reformer; a strenuous defender of his country. And spirit-stirring wine, that strenuous makes. Chapman. Strenuous, continuous labor is pain. I. Taylor. -- Stren"u*ous*ly, adv. -- Stren"u*ous*ness, n. STREPENT Strep"ent, a. Etym: [L. strepens, p.pr. of strepere to make a noise.] Defn: Noisy; loud. [R.] Shenstone. STREPEROUS Strep"er*ous, a. Etym: [LL. streperus, fr. L. strepere. See Strepent, and cf. Obstreperous.] Defn: Loud; boisterous. [R.] Sir T. Browne. STREPITORES Strep`i*to"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. strepitus clamor.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of birds, including the clamatorial and picarian birds, which do not have well developed singing organs. STREPSIPTER; STREPSIPTERAN Strep*sip"ter, Strep*sip"ter*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Strepsiptera. STREPSIPTERA Strep*sip"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of small insects having the anterior wings rudimentary, and in the form of short and slender twisted appendages, while the posterior ones are large and membranous. They are parasitic in the larval state on bees, wasps, and the like; -- called also Rhipiptera. See Illust. under Rhipipter. STREPSIPTEROUS Strep*sip"ter*ous, a. Etym: [See Strepsiptera.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Strepsiptera. STREPSORHINA Strep`so*rhi"na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Lemuroidea. STREPSORHINE Strep"so*rhine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having twisted nostrils; -- said of the lemurs. -- n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Strepsorhina; a lemur. See Illust. under Monkey. STREPTOBACTERIA Strep`to*bac*te"ri*a, n. pl.; sing. Streptobracterium (. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. bacteria.] (Biol.) Defn: A so-called variety of bacterium, consisting in reality of several bacteria linked together in the form of a chain. STREPTOCOCCUS Strep`to*coc"cus, n.; pl. Streptococci. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A long or short chain of micrococci, more or less curved. STREPTONEURA Strep`to*neu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of gastropod Mollusca in which the loop or visceral nerves is twisted, and the sexes separate. It is nearly to equivalent to Prosobranchiata. STREPTOTHRIX Strep"to*thrix, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A genus of bacilli occurring of the form of long, smooth and apparently branched threads, either straight or twisted. STRESS Stress, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. distress; or cf. OF. estrecier to press, pinch, (assumed) LL. strictiare, fr. L. strictus. See Distress.] 1. Distress. [Obs.] Sad hersal of his heavy stress. Spenser. 2. Pressure, strain; -- used chiefly of immaterial things; except in mechanics; hence, urgency; importance; weight; significance. The faculties of the mind are improved by exercise, yet they must not be put to a stress beyond their strength. Locke. A body may as well lay too little as too much stress upon a dream. L'Estrange. 3. (Mech. & Physics) Defn: The force, or combination of forces, which produces a strain; force exerted in any direction or manner between contiguous bodies, or parts of bodies, and taking specific names according to its direction, or mode of action, as thrust or pressure, pull or tension, shear or tangential stress. Rankine. Stress is the mutual action between portions of matter. Clerk Maxwell. 4. (Pron.) Defn: Force of utterance expended upon words or syllables. Stress is in English the chief element in accent and is one of the most important in emphasis. See Guide to pronunciation, §§ 31-35. 5. (Scots Law) Defn: Distress; the act of distraining; also, the thing distrained. Stress of voice, unusual exertion of the voice. -- Stress of weather, constraint imposed by continued bad weather; as, to be driven back to port by stress of weather. -- To lay stress upon, to attach great importance to; to emphasize. "Consider how great a stress is laid upon this duty." Atterbury. -- To put stress upon, or To put to a stress, to strain. STRESS Stress, v. t. 1. To press; to urge; to distress; to put to difficulties. [R.] Spenser. 2. To subject to stress, pressure, or strain. STRESSFUL Stress"ful, a. Defn: Having much stress. Rush. STRETCH Stretch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stretched; p. pr. & vb. n. Stretching.] Etym: [OE. strecchen, AS. streccan; akin to D. strekken, G. strecken, OHG. strecchen, Sw. sträcka, Dan. strække; cf. AS. stræck, strec, strong, violent, G. strack straight; of uncertain origin, perhaps akin to E. strong. Cf. Straight.] 1. To reach out; to extend; to put forth. And stretch forth his neck long and small. Chaucer. I in conquest stretched mine arm. Shak. 2. To draw out to the full length; to cause to extend in a straight line; as, to stretch a cord or rope. 3. To cause to extend in breadth; to spread; to expand; as, to stretch cloth; to stretch the wings. 4. To make tense; to tighten; to distend forcibly. The ox hath therefore stretched his yoke in vain. Shak. 5. To draw or pull out to greater length; to strain; as, to stretch a tendon or muscle. Awake, my soul, stretch every nerve. Doddridge. 6. To exaggerate; to extend too far; as, to stretch the truth; to stretch one's credit. They take up, one day, the most violent and stretched prerogative. Burke. STRETCH Stretch, v. i. 1. To be extended; to be drawn out in length or in breadth, or both; to spread; to reach; as, the iron road stretches across the continent; the lake stretches over fifty square miles. As far as stretcheth any ground. Gower. 2. To extend or spread one's self, or one's limbs; as, the lazy man yawns and stretches. 3. To be extended, or to bear extension, without breaking, as elastic or ductile substances. The inner membrane . . . because it would stretch and yield, remained umbroken. Boyle. 4. To strain the truth; to exaggerate; as, a man apt to stretch in his report of facts. [Obs. or Colloq.] 5. (Naut.) Defn: To sail by the wind under press of canvas; as, the ship stretched to the eastward. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Stretch out, an order to rowers to extend themselves forward in dipping the oar. STRETCH Stretch, n. 1. Act of stretching, or state of being stretched; reach; effort; struggle; strain; as, a stretch of the limbs; a stretch of the imagination. By stretch of arms the distant shore to gain. Dryden. Those put a lawful authority upon the stretch, to the abuse of yower, under the color of prerogative. L'Estrange. 2. A continuous line or surface; a continuous space of time; as, grassy stretches of land. A great stretch of cultivated country. W. Black. But all of them left me a week at a stretch. E. Eggleston. 3. The extent to which anything may be stretched. Quotations, in their utmost stretch, can signify no more than that Luther lay under severe agonies of mind. Atterbury. This is the utmost stretch that nature can. Granville. 4. (Naut.) Defn: The reach or extent of a vessel's progress on one tack; a tack or board. 5. Course; direction; as, the stretch of seams of coal. To be on the stretch, to be obliged to use one's utmost powers. -- Home stretch. See under Home, a. STRETCHER Stretch"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, stretches. 2. (Masonry) Defn: A brick or stone laid with its longer dimension in the line of direction of the wall. Gwilt. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A piece of timber used in building. 4. (Naut.) (a) A narrow crosspiece of the bottom of a boat against which a rower braces his feet. (b) A crosspiece placed between the sides of a boat to keep them apart when hoisted up and griped. Dana. 5. A litter, or frame, for carrying disabled, wounded, or dead persons. 6. An overstretching of the truth; a lie. [Slang] 7. One of the rods in an umbrella, attached at one end to one of the ribs, and at the other to the tube sliding upon the handle. 8. An instrument for stretching boots or gloves. 9. The frame upon which canvas is stretched for a painting. STRETCHING Stretch"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Stretch, v. Stretching course (Masonry), a course or series of stretchers. See Stretcher, 2. Britton. STRETTO Stret"to, n. Etym: [It., close or contacted, pressed.] (Mus.) (a) The crowding of answer upon subject near the end of a fugue. (b) In an opera or oratorio, a coda, or winding up, in an accelerated time. [Written also stretta.] STREW Strew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strewed; p. p. strewn; p. pr. & vb. n. Strewing.] Etym: [OE. strewen, strawen, AS. strewian, streówian; akin to Ofries. strewa, OS. strewian, D. strooijen, G. streuen, OHG. strewen, Icel. stra, Sw. strö, Dan. ströe, Goth. straujan, L. sternere, stratum, Gr. st. *166. Cf. Stratum, Straw, Street.] 1. To scatter; to spread by scattering; to cast or to throw loosely apart; -- used of solids, separated or separable into parts or particles; as, to strew seed in beds; to strew sand on or over a floor; to strew flowers over a grave. And strewed his mangled limbs about the field. Dryden. On a principal table a desk was open and many papers [were] strewn about. Beaconsfield. 2. To cover more or less thickly by scattering something over or upon; to cover, or lie upon, by having been scattered; as, they strewed the ground with leaves; leaves strewed the ground. The snow which does the top of Pindus strew. Spenser. Is thine alone the seed that strews the plain Pope. 3. To spread abroad; to disseminate. She may strew dangerous conjectures. Shak. STREWING Strew"ing, n. 1. The act of scattering or spreading. 2. Anything that is, or may be, strewed; -- used chiefly in the plural. Shak. STREWMENT Strew"ment, n. Defn: Anything scattered, as flowers for decoration. [Obs.] Shak. STREWN Strewn, Defn: p. p. of Strew. STRIA Stri"a, n.; pl. Striæ. Etym: [L., a furrow, channel, hollow.] 1. A minute groove, or channel; a threadlike line, as of color; a narrow structural band or line; a striation; as, the striæ, or groovings, produced on a rock by a glacier passing over it; the striæ on the surface of a shell; a stria of nervous matter in the brain. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A fillet between the flutes of columns, pilasters, or the like. Oxf. Gloss. STRIATE Stri"ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Striated; p. pr. & vb. n. Striating.] Etym: [See Striate, a.] Defn: To mark with striaæ. "Striated longitudinally." Owen. STRIATE; STRIATED Stri"ate, Stri"a*ted, a. Etym: [L. striatus, p.p. of striare to furnish with channels, from stria a channel.] Defn: Marked with striaæ, or fine grooves, or lines of color; showing narrow structural bands or lines; as, a striated crystal; striated muscular fiber. STRIATION Stri*a"tion, n. 1. The quality or condition of being striated. 2. A stria; as, the striations on a shell. STRIATUM Stri*a"tum, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: The corpus striatum. STRIATURE Stri"a*ture, n. Etym: [L. striatura.] Defn: A stria. STRICH Strich, n. Etym: [Cf. L. strix, strigs, a streech owl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An owl. [Obs.] Spenser. STRICK Strick, n. Defn: A bunch of hackled flax prepared for drawing into slivers. Knight. STRICKEN Strick"en, p. p. & a. from Strike. 1. Struck; smitten; wounded; as, the stricken deer. Note: [See Strike, n.] 2. Worn out; far gone; advanced. See Strike, v. t., 21. Abraham was old and well stricken in age. Gen. xxiv. 1. 3. Whole; entire; -- said of the hour as marked by the striking of a clock. [Scot.] He persevered for a stricken hour in such a torrent of unnecessary tattle. Sir W. Scott. Speeches are spoken by the stricken hour, day after day, week, perhaps, after week. Bayne. STRICKLE Stric"kle, n. Etym: [See Strike.] 1. An instrument to strike grain to a level with the measure; a strike. 2. An instrument for whetting scythes; a rifle. 3. (Founding) Defn: An instrument used for smoothing the surface of a core. 4. (Carp. & Mason.) Defn: A templet; a pattern. 5. An instrument used in dressing flax. [Prov. Eng.] STRICKLER Stric"kler, n. Defn: See Strickle. STRICKLESS Strick"less, n. Defn: See Strickle. [Prov. Eng.] STRICT Strict, a. [Compar. Stricter; superl. Strictest.] Etym: [L. strictus, p.p. of stringere to draw or bind tight, to strain. See Strain, and cf. Strait, a.] 1. Strained; drawn close; tight; as, a strict embrace; a strict ligature. Dryden. 2. Tense; not relaxed; as, a strict fiber. 3. Exact; accurate; precise; rigorously nice; as, to keep strict watch; to pay strict attention. Shak. It shall be still in strictest measure. Milton. 4. Governed or governing by exact rules; observing exact rules; severe; rigorous; as, very strict in observing the Sabbath. "Through the strict senteries." Milton. 5. Rigidly; interpreted; exactly limited; confined; restricted; as, to understand words in a strict sense. 6. (Bot.) Defn: Upright, or straight and narrow; -- said of the shape of the plants or their flower clusters. Syn. -- Exact; accurate; nice; close; rigorous; severe. -- Strict, Severe. Strict, applied to a person, denotes that he conforms in his motives and acts to a principle or code by which he is bound; severe is strict with an implication often, but not always, of harshness. Strict is opposed to lax; severe is opposed to gentle. And rules as strict his labored work confine, As if the Stagirite o'erlooked each line. Pope. Soon moved with touch of blame, thus Eve: -"What words have passed thy lips, Adam severe!" Milton. The Strict Observance, or Friars of the Strict Observance. (R. C. Ch.) See Observance. STRICTION Stric"tion, n. Etym: [L. strictio. See Stringent.] Defn: The act of constricting, or the state of being constricted. Line of striction (Geom.), the line on a skew surface that cuts each generator in that point of it that is nearest to the succeeding generator. STRICTLY Strict"ly, adv. Defn: In a strict manner; closely; precisely. STRICTNESS Strict"ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being strict. STRICTURE Stric"ture, n. Etym: [L. strictura a contraction, from stringere, strictum, to draw tight: cf. F. stricture. See Strict.] 1. Strictness. [Obs.] A man of stricture and firm abstinence. Shak. 2. A stroke; a glance; a touch. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 3. A touch of adverse criticism; censure. [I have] given myself the liberty of these strictures by way of reflection on all and every passage. Hammond. 4. (Med.) Defn: A localized morbid contraction of any passage of the body. Cf. Organic stricture, and Spasmodic stricture, under Organic, and Spasmodic. Arbuthnot. STRICTURED Stric"tured, a. (Med.) Defn: Affected with a stricture; as, a strictured duct. STRID Strid, n. Etym: [See Stride.] Defn: A narrow passage between precipitous rocks or banks, which looks as if it might be crossed at a stride. [Prov. Eng.] Howitt. This striding place is called the Strid. Wordsworth. STRIDE Stride, v. t. [imp. Strode (Obs. Strid (); p. p. Stridden (Obs. Strid); p. pr. & vb. n. Striding.] Etym: [AS. stridan to stride, to strive; akin to LG. striden, OFries. strida to strive, D. strijden to strive, to contend, G. streiten, OHG. stritan; of uncertain origin. Cf. Straddle.] 1. To walk with long steps, especially in a measured or pompous manner. Mars in the middle of the shining shield Is graved, and strides along the liquid field. Dryden. 2. To stand with the legs wide apart; to straddle. STRIDE Stride, v. t. 1. To pass over at a step; to step over. "A debtor that not dares to stride a limit." Shak. 2. To straddle; to bestride. I mean to stride your steed. Shak. STRIDE Stride, n. Defn: The act of stridding; a long step; the space measured by a long step; as, a masculine stride. Pope. God never meant that man should scale the heavens By strides of human wisdom. Cowper. STRIDENT Stri"dent, a. Etym: [L. stridens, -entis, p.pr. of stridere to make a grating or creaking noise.] Defn: Characterized by harshness; grating; shrill. "A strident voice." Thackeray. STRIDOR Stri"dor, n. Etym: [L., from stridere to make any harsh, grating, or creaking sound.] Defn: A harsh, shrill, or creaking noise. Dryden. STRIDULATE Strid"u*late, v. t. Etym: [See Stridulous.] Defn: To make a shrill, creaking noise; specifically (Zoöl.), Defn: to make a shrill or musical sound, such as is made by the males of many insects. STRIDULATION Strid`u*la"tion, n. Defn: The act of stridulating. Specifically: (Zoöl.) (a) The act of making shrill sounds or musical notes by rubbing together certain hard parts, as is done by the males of many insects, especially by Orthoptera, such as crickets, grasshoppers, and locusts. (b) The noise itself. Note: The crickets stridulate by rubbing together the strong nervures of the fore wings. Many grasshoppers stridulate by rubbing the hind legs across strong nervures on the fore wings. The green grasshoppers and katydids stridulate by means of special organs at the base of the fore wings. STRIDULATOR Strid"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: That which stridulates. Darwin. STRIDULATORY Strid"u*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Stridulous; able to stridulate; used in stridulating; adapted for stridulation. Darwin. STRIDULOUS Strid"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. stridulus. See Strident.] Defn: Making a shrill, creaking sound. Sir T. Browne. The Sarmatian boor driving his stridulous cart. Longfellow. Stridulous laryngitis (Med.), a form of croup, or laryngitis, in children, associated with dyspnoea, occurring usually at night, and marked by crowing or stridulous breathing. STRIFE Strife, n. Etym: [OF. estrif. See Strive.] 1. The act of striving; earnest endeavor. [Archaic] Shak. 2. Exertion or contention for superiority; contest of emulation, either by intellectual or physical efforts. Doting about questions and strifes of words. 1 Tim. vi. 4. Thus gods contended -- noble strife -Who most should ease the wants of life. Congreve. 3. Altercation; violent contention; fight; battle. Twenty of them fought in this black strife. Shak. These vows, thus granted, raised a strife above Betwixt the god of war and queen of love. Dryden. 4. That which is contended against; occasion of contest. [Obs.] "Lamenting her unlucky strife." Spenser. Syn. -- Contest; struggle; quarrel. See Contention. STRIFEFUL Strife"ful, a. Defn: Contentious; discordant. The ape was strifeful and ambitious. Spenser. STRIGATE Stri"gate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having transverse bands of color. STRIGES Stri"ges, n. pl. Etym: [L., pl. of strix a streech owl; cf. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The tribe of birds which comprises the owls. STRIGIL Strig"il, n. Etym: [L. strigilis, from stringere to graze, scrape.] (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An instrument of metal, ivory, etc., used for scraping the skin at the bath. STRIGILLOSE Strig"il*lose`, a. Etym: [Dim. fr. strigose.] (Bot.) Defn: Set with stiff, slender bristles. STRIGINE Stri"gine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to owls; owl-like. STRIGMENT Strig"ment, n. Etym: [L. strigmentum.] Defn: Scraping; that which is scraped off. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. STRIGOSE Stri*gose", a. Etym: [Cf. F. strigueux. See Strigil.] (Bot.) Defn: Set with stiff, straight bristles; hispid; as, a strigose leaf. STRIGOUS Stri"gous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Strigose. [R.] STRIKE Strike, v. t. [imp. Struck; p. p. Struck, Stricken ( (Stroock (, Strucken (, Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Striking. Struck is more commonly used in the p.p. than stricken.] Etym: [OE. striken to strike, proceed, flow, AS. strican to go, proceed, akin to D. strijken to rub, stroke, strike, to move, go, G. streichen, OHG. strihhan, L. stringere to touch lightly, to graze, to strip off (but perhaps not to L. stringere in sense to draw tight), striga a row, a furrow. Cf. Streak, Stroke.] 1. To touch or hit with some force, either with the hand or with an instrument; to smite; to give a blow to, either with the hand or with any instrument or missile. He at Philippi kept His sword e'en like a dancer; while I struck The lean and wrinkled Cassius. Shak. 2. To come in collision with; to strike against; as, a bullet struck him; the wave struck the boat amidships; the ship struck a reef. 3. To give, as a blow; to impel, as with a blow; to give a force to; to dash; to cast. They shall take of the blood, and strike it on the two sideposts. Ex. xii. 7. Who would be free, themselves must strike the blow. Byron. 4. To stamp or impress with a stroke; to coin; as, to strike coin from metal: to strike dollars at the mint. 5. To thrust in; to cause to enter or penetrate; to set in the earth; as, a tree strikes its roots deep. 6. To punish; to afflict; to smite. To punish the just is not good, nor strike princes for equity. Prov. xvii. 26. 7. To cause to sound by one or more beats; to indicate or notify by audible strokes; as, the clock strikes twelve; the drums strike up a march. 8. To lower; to let or take down; to remove; as, to strike sail; to strike a flag or an ensign, as in token of surrender; to strike a yard or a topmast in a gale; to strike a tent; to strike the centering of an arch. 9. To make a sudden impression upon, as by a blow; to affect sensibly with some strong emotion; as, to strike the mind, with surprise; to strike one with wonder, alarm, dread, or horror. Nice works of art strike and surprise us most on the first view. Atterbury. They please as beauties, here as wonders strike. Pope. 10. To affect in some particular manner by a sudden impression or impulse; as, the plan proposed strikes me favorably; to strike one dead or blind. How often has stricken you dumb with his irony! Landor. 11. To cause or produce by a stroke, or suddenly, as by a stroke; as, to strike a light. Waving wide her myrtle wand, She strikes a universal peace through sea and land. Milton. 12. To cause to ignite; as, to strike a match. 13. To make and ratify; as, to strike a bargain. Note: Probably borrowed from the L. foedus ferrire, to strike a compact, so called because an animal was struck and killed as a sacrifice on such occasions. 14. To take forcibly or fraudulently; as, to strike money. [Old Slang] 15. To level, as a measure of grain, salt, or the like, by scraping off with a straight instrument what is above the level of the top. 16. (Masonry) Defn: To cut off, as a mortar joint, even with the face of the wall, or inward at a slight angle. 17. To hit upon, or light upon, suddenly; as, my eye struck a strange word; they soon struck the trail. 18. To borrow money of; to make a demand upon; as, he struck a friend for five dollars. [Slang] 19. To lade into a cooler, as a liquor. B. Edwards. 20. To stroke or pass lightly; to wave. Behold, I thought, He will . . . strike his hand over the place, and recover the leper. 2 Kings v. 11. 21. To advance; to cause to go forward; -- used only in past participle. "Well struck in years." Shak. To strike an attitude, To strike a balance. See under Attitude, and Balance. -- To strike a jury (Law), to constitute a special jury ordered by a court, by each party striking out a certain number of names from a prepared list of jurors, so as to reduce it to the number of persons required by law. Burrill. -- To strike a lead. (a) (Mining) To find a vein of ore. (b) Fig.: To find a way to fortune. [Colloq.] -- To strike a ledger, or an account, to balance it. -- To strike hands with. (a) To shake hands with. Halliwell. (b) To make a compact or agreement with; to agree with. -- To strike off. (a) To erase from an account; to deduct; as, to strike off the interest of a debt. (b) (Print.) To impress; to print; as, to strike off a thousand copies of a book. (c) To separate by a blow or any sudden action; as, to strike off what is superfluous or corrupt. -- To strike oil, to find petroleum when boring for it; figuratively, to make a lucky hit financially. [Slang, U.S.] -- To strike one luck, to shake hands with one and wish good luck. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. -- To strike out. (a) To produce by collision; to force out, as, to strike out sparks with steel. (b) To blot out; to efface; to erase. "To methodize is as necessary as to strike out." Pope. (c) To form by a quick effort; to devise; to invent; to contrive, as, to strike out a new plan of finance. (d) (Baseball) To cause a player to strike out; -- said of the pitcher. See To strike out, under Strike, v. i. -- To strike sail. See under Sail. -- To strike up. (a) To cause to sound; to begin to beat. "Strike up the drums." Shak. (b) To begin to sing or play; as, to strike up a tune. (c) To raise (as sheet metal), in making diahes, pans, etc., by blows or pressure in a die. -- To strike work, to quit work; to go on a strike. STRIKE Strike, v. i. Defn: To move; to advance; to proceed; to take a course; as, to strike into the fields. A mouse . . . struck forth sternly [bodily]. Piers Plowman. 2. To deliver a quick blow or thrust; to give blows. And fiercely took his trenchant blade in hand, With which he stroke so furious and so fell. Spenser. Strike now, or else the iron cools. Shak. 3. To hit; to collide; to dush; to clash; as, a hammer strikes against the bell of a clock. 4. To sound by percussion, with blows, or as with blows; to be struck; as, the clock strikes. A deep sound strikes like a rising knell. Byron. 5. To make an attack; to aim a blow. A puny subject strikes At thy great glory. Shak. Struck for throne, and striking found his doom. Tennyson. 6. To touch; to act by appulse. Hinder light but from striking on it [porphyry], and its colors vanish. Locke. 7. To run upon a rock or bank; to be stranded; as, the ship struck in the night. 8. To pass with a quick or strong effect; to dart; to penetrate. Till a dart strike through his liver. Prov. vii. 23. Now and then a glittering beam of wit or passion strikes through the obscurity of the poem. Dryden. 9. To break forth; to commence suddenly; -- with into; as, to strike into reputation; to strike into a run. 10. To lower a flag, or colors, in token of respect, or to signify a surrender of a ship to an enemy. That the English ships of war should not strike in the Danish seas. Bp. Burnet. 11. To quit work in order to compel an increase, or prevent a reduction, of wages. 12. To become attached to something; -- said of the spat of oysters. 13. To steal money. [Old Slang, Eng.] Nares. To strike at, to aim a blow at. -- To strike for, to start suddenly on a course for. -- To strike home, to give a blow which reaches its object, to strike with effect. -- To strike in. (a) To enter suddenly. (b) To disappear from the surface, with internal effects, as an eruptive disease. (c) To come in suddenly; to interpose; to interrupt. "I proposed the embassy of Constantinople for Mr. Henshaw, but my Lord Winchelsea struck in." Evelyn. (d) To join in after another has begun,as in singing. -- To strike in with, to conform to; to suit itself to; to side with, to join with at once. "To assert this is to strike in with the known enemies of God's grace." South. To strike out. (a) To start; to wander; to make a sudden excursion; as, to strike out into an irregular course of life. (b) To strike with full force. (c) (Baseball) To be put out for not hitting the ball during one's turn at the bat. -- To strike up, to commence to play as a musician; to begin to sound, as an instrument. "Whilst any trump did sound, or drum struck up." Shak. STRIKE Strike, n. 1. The act of striking. 2. An instrument with a straight edge for leveling a measure of grain, salt, and the like, scraping off what is above the level of the top; a strickle. 3. A bushel; four pecks. [Prov. Eng.] Tusser. 4. An old measure of four bushels. [Prov. Eng.] 5. Fullness of measure; hence, excellence of quality. Three hogsheads of ale of the first strike. Sir W. Scott. 6. An iron pale or standard in a gate or fence. [Obs.] 7. The act of quitting work; specifically, such an act by a body of workmen, done as a means of enforcing compliance with demands made on their employer. Strikes are the insurrections of labor. F. A. Walker. 8. (Iron Working) Defn: A puddler's stirrer. 9. (Geol.) Defn: The horizontal direction of the outcropping edges of tilted rocks; or, the direction of a horizontal line supposed to be drawn on the surface of a tilted stratum. It is at right angles to the dip. 10. The extortion of money, or the attempt to extort money, by threat of injury; blackmailing. Strike block (Carp.), a plane shorter than a jointer, used for fitting a short joint. Moxon. -- Strike of flax, a handful that may be hackled at once. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. -- Strike of sugar. (Sugar Making) (a) The act of emptying the teache, or last boiler, in which the cane juice is exposed to heat, into the coolers. (b) The quantity of the sirup thus emptied at once. STRIKER Strik"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, strikes; specifically, a blacksmith's helper who wieds the sledge. 2. A harpoon; also, a harpooner. Wherever we come to an anchor, we always send out our strikers, and put out hooks and lines overboard, to try fish. Dampier. 3. A wencher; a lewd man. [Obs.] Massinger. 4. A workman who is on a strike. 5. A blackmailer in politics; also, one whose political influence can be bought. [Political Cant] STRIKING Strik"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Strike, v. Striking distance, the distance through which an object can be reached by striking; the distance at which a force is effective when directed to a particular object. -- Striking plate. (a) The plate against which the latch of a door lock strikes as the door is closed. (b) A part of the centering of an arch, which is driven back to loosen the centering in striking it. STRIKING Strik"ing, a. Defn: Affecting with strong emotions; surprising; forcible; impressive; very noticeable; as, a striking representation or image; a striking resemblance. "A striking fact." De Quincey. -- Strik"ing*ly, adv. -- Strik"ing*ness, n. STRIKLE Strik"le, n. Defn: See Strickle. STRING String, n. Etym: [OE. string, streng, AS. streng; akin to D. streng, G. strang, Icel. strengr, Sw. sträng, Dan. stræng; probably from the adj., E. strong (see Strong); or perhaps originally meaning, twisted, and akin to E. strangle.] 1. A small cord, a line, a twine, or a slender strip of leather, or other substance, used for binding together, fastening, or tying things; a cord, larger than a thread and smaller than a rope; as, a shoe string; a bonnet string; a silken string. Shak. Round Ormond's knee thou tiest the mystic string. Prior. 2. A thread or cord on which a number of objects or parts are strung or arranged in close and orderly succession; hence, a line or series of things arranged on a thread, or as if so arranged; a succession; a concatenation; a chain; as, a string of shells or beads; a string of dried apples; a string of houses; a string of arguments. "A string of islands." Gibbon. 3. A strip, as of leather, by which the covers of a book are held together. Milton. 4. The cord of a musical instrument, as of a piano, harp, or violin; specifically (pl.), the stringed instruments of an orchestra, in distinction from the wind instruments; as, the strings took up the theme. "An instrument of ten strings." Ps. xxx. iii. 2. Me softer airs befit, and softer strings Of lute, or viol still. Milton. 5. The line or cord of a bow. Ps. xi. 2. He twangs the grieving string. Pope. 6. A fiber, as of a plant; a little, fibrous root. Duckweed putteth forth a little string into the water, from the bottom. Bacon. 7. A nerve or tendon of an animal body. The string of his tongue was loosed. Mark vii. 35. 8. (Shipbuilding) Defn: An inside range of ceiling planks, corresponding to the sheer strake on the outside and bolted to it. 9. (Bot.) Defn: The tough fibrous substance that unites the valves of the pericap of leguminous plants, and which is readily pulled off; as, the strings of beans. 10. (Mining) Defn: A small, filamentous ramification of a metallic vein. Ure. 11. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Stringcourse. 12. (Billiards) Defn: The points made in a game. String band (Mus.), a band of musicians using only, or chiefly, stringed instruments. -- String beans. (a) A dish prepared from the unripe pods of several kinds of beans; -- so called because the strings are stripped off. (b) Any kind of beans in which the pods are used for cooking before the seeds are ripe; usually, the low bush bean. -- To have two strings to one's bow, to have a means or expedient in reserve in case the one employed fails. STRING String, v. t. [imp. Strung; p. p. Strung (R. Stringed); p. pr. & vb. n. Stringing.] 1. To furnish with strings; as, to string a violin. Has not wise nature strung the legs and feet With firmest nerves, designed to walk the street Gay. 2. To put in tune the strings of, as a stringed instrument, in order to play upon it. For here the Muse so oft her harp has strung, That not a mountain rears its head unsung. Addison. 3. To put on a string; to file; as, to string beads. 4. To make tense; to strengthen. Toil strung the nerves, and purified the blood. Dryden. 5. To deprive of strings; to strip the strings from; as, to string beans. See String, n., 9. STRINGBOARD String"board`, n. Defn: Same as Stringpiece. STRINGCOURSE String"course`, n. (Arch.) Defn: A horizontal band in a building, forming a part of the design, whether molded, projecting, or carved, or in any way distinguished from the rest of the work. STRINGED Stringed, a. 1. Having strings; as, a stringed instrument. Ps. cl. 4. 2. Produced by strings. "Answering the stringed noise." Milton. STRINGENCY Strin"gen*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being stringent. STRINGENDO Strin"gen*do, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Urging or hastening the time, as to a climax. STRINGENT Strin"gent, a. Etym: [L. stringens, -entis, p.pr. of stringere to draw or bind tight. See Strain.] Defn: Binding strongly; making strict requirements; restrictive; rigid; severe; as, stringent rules. They must be subject to a sharper penal code, and to a more stringent code of procedure. Macaulay. -- Strin"gent*ly, adv. -- Strin"gent*ness, n. STRINGER String"er, n. 1. One who strings; one who makes or provides strings, especially for bows. Be content to put your trust in honest stringers. Ascham. 2. A libertine; a wencher. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 3. (Railroad) Defn: A longitudinal sleeper. 4. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A streak of planking carried round the inside of a vessel on the under side of the beams. 5. (Carp.) Defn: A long horizontal timber to connect uprights in a frame, or to support a floor or the like. STRINGHALT String"halt`, n. (Far.) Defn: An habitual sudden twitching of the hinder leg of a horse, or an involuntary or convulsive contraction of the muscles that raise the hock. [Written also springhalt.] STRINGINESS String"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being stringy. STRINGLESS String"less, a. Defn: Having no strings. His tongue is now a stringless instrument. Shak. STRINGPIECE String"piece`, n. (Arch.) (a) A long piece of timber, forming a margin or edge of any piece of construction; esp.: (b) One of the longitudinal pieces, supporting the treads and rises of a flight or run of stairs. STRINGY String"y, a. 1. Consisting of strings, or small threads; fibrous; filamentous; as, a stringy root. 2. Capable of being drawn into a string, as a glutinous substance; ropy; viscid; gluely. Stringy bark (Bot.), a name given in Australia to several trees of the genus Eucalyptus (as E. amygdalina, obliqua, capitellata, macrorhyncha, piperita, pilularis, and tetradonta), which have a fibrous bark used by the aborigines for making cordage and cloth. STRIP Strip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stripped; p. pr. & vb. n. Stripping.] Etym: [OE. stripen, strepen, AS. str in bestr to plunder; akin to D. stroopen, MHG. stroufen, G. streifen.] 1. To deprive; to bereave; to make destitute; to plunder; especially, to deprive of a covering; to skin; to peel; as, to strip a man of his possession, his rights, his privileges, his reputation; to strip one of his clothes; to strip a beast of his skin; to strip a tree of its bark. And strippen her out of her rude array. Chaucer. They stripped Joseph out of his coat. Gen. xxxvii. 23. Opinions which . . . no clergyman could have avowed without imminent risk of being stripped of his gown. Macaulay. 2. To divest of clothing; to uncover. Before the folk herself strippeth she. Chaucer. Strip your sword stark naked. Shak. 3. (Naut.) Defn: To dismantle; as, to strip a ship of rigging, spars, etc. 4. (Agric.) Defn: To pare off the surface of, as land, in strips. 5. To deprive of all milk; to milk dry; to draw the last milk from; hence, to milk with a peculiar movement of the hand on the teats at the last of a milking; as, to strip a cow. 6. To pass; to get clear of; to outstrip. [Obs.] When first they stripped the Malean promontory. Chapman. Before he reached it he was out of breath, And then the other stripped him. Beau. & Fl. 7. To pull or tear off, as a covering; to remove; to wrest away; as, to strip the skin from a beast; to strip the bark from a tree; to strip the clothes from a man's back; to strip away all disguisses. To strip bad habits from a corrupted heart, is stripping off the skin. Gilpin. 8. (Mach.) (a) To tear off (the thread) from a bolt or nut; as, the thread is stripped. (b) To tear off the thread from (a bolt or nut); as, the bolt is stripped. 9. To remove the metal coating from (a plated article), as by acids or electrolytic action. 10. (Carding) Defn: To remove fiber, flock, or lint from; -- said of the teeth of a card when it becomes partly clogged. 11. To pick the cured leaves from the stalks of (tobacco) and tie them into "hands"; to remove the midrib from (tobacco leaves). STRIP Strip, v. i. 1. To take off, or become divested of, clothes or covering; to undress. 2. (Mach.) Defn: To fail in the thread; to lose the thread, as a bolt, screw, or nut. See Strip, v. t., 8. STRIP Strip, n. 1. A narrow piece, or one comparatively long; as, a strip of cloth; a strip of land. 2. (Mining) Defn: A trough for washing ore. 3. (Gunnery) Defn: The issuing of a projectile from a rifled gun without acquiring the spiral motion. Farrow. STRIPE Stripe, n. Etym: [OD. strijpe a stripe, streak; akin to LG. stripe, D. streep, Dan. stribe, G. strief, striefen, MHG. striefen to glide, march.] 1. A line, or long, narrow division of anything of a different color or structure from the ground; hence, any linear variation of color or structure; as, a stripe, or streak, of red on a green ground; a raised stripe. 2. (Weaving) Defn: A pattern produced by arranging the warp threads in sets of alternating colors, or in sets presenting some other contrast of appearance. 3. A strip, or long, narrow piece attached to something of a different color; as, a red or blue stripe sewed upon a garment. 4. A stroke or blow made with a whip, rod, scourge, or the like, such as usually leaves a mark. Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed. Deut. xxv. 3. 5. A long, narrow discoloration of the skin made by the blow of a lash, rod, or the like. Cruelty marked him with inglorious stripes. Thomson. 6. Color indicating a party or faction; hence, distinguishing characteristic; sign; likeness; sort; as, persons of the same political stripe. [Colloq. U.S.] 7. pl. (Mil.) Defn: The chevron on the coat of a noncommissioned officer. Stars and Stripes. See under Star, n. STRIPE Stripe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Striped; p. pr. & vb. n. Striping.] 1. To make stripes upon; to form with lines of different colors or textures; to variegate with stripes. 2. To strike; to lash. [R.] STRIPED Striped, a. Defn: Having stripes of different colors; streaked. Striped bass. (Zoöl.) See under Bass. -- Striped maple (Bot.), a slender American tree (Acer Pennsylvanicum) with finely striped bark. Called also striped dogwood, and moosewood. -- Striped mullet. (Zoöl.) See under Mullet, 2. -- Striped snake (Zoöl.), the garter snake. -- Striped squirrel (Zoöl.), the chipmunk. STRIP-LEAF Strip"-leaf`, n. Defn: Tobacco which has been stripped of its stalks before packing. STRIPLING Strip"ling, n. Etym: [Dim. of strip; as if a small strip from the main stock or steam.] Defn: A youth in the state of adolescence, or just passing from boyhood to manhood; a lad. Inquire thou whose son the stripling is. 1 Sam. xvii. 56. STRIPPER Strip"per, n. Defn: One who, or that which, strips; specifically, a machine for stripping cards. STRIPPET Strip"pet, n. Etym: [Dim. of strip.] Defn: A small stream. [Obs.] "A little brook or strippet." Holinshed. STRIPPING Strip"ping, n. 1. The act of one who strips. The mutual bows and courtesies . . . are remants of the original prostrations and strippings of the captive. H. Spencer. Never were cows that required such stripping. Mrs. Gaskell. 2. pl. Defn: The last milk drawn from a cow at a milking. STRISORES Stri*so"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL.; cf. L. stridere to creak, whiz, buzz.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of passerine birds including the humming birds, swifts, and goatsuckers. It is now generally considered an artificial group. STRIVE Strive, v. i. [imp. Strove; p. p. Striven (Rarely, Strove); p. pr. & vb. n. Striving.] Etym: [OF. estriver; of Teutonic origin, and akin to G. streben, D. streven, Dan. stræbe, Sw. sträfva. Cf. Strife.] 1. To make efforts; to use exertions; to endeavor with earnestness; to labor hard. Was for this his ambition strove To equal Cæsar first, and after, Jove Cowley. 2. To struggle in opposition; to be in contention or dispute; to contend; to contest; -- followed by against or with before the person or thing opposed; as, strive against temptation; strive for the truth. Chaucer. My Spirit shall not always strive with man. Gen. vi. 3. Why dost thou strive against him Job xxxiii. 13. Now private pity strove with public hate, Reason with rage, and eloquence with fate. Denham. 3. To vie; to compete; to be a rival. Chaucer. [Not] that sweet grove Of Daphne, by Orontes and the inspired Castalian spring, might with this paradise Of Eden strive. Milton. Syn. -- To contend; vie; struggle; endeavor; aim. STRIVE Strive, n. 1. An effort; a striving. [R.] Chapman. 2. Strife; contention. [Obs.] Wyclif (luke xxi. 9). STRIVED Strived, obs. p. p. of Strive. Defn: Striven. Yea, so have I strived to preach the gospel. Rom. xv. 20. STRIVEN Striv"en, Defn: p. p. of Strive. STRIVER Striv"er, n. Defn: One who strives. STRIVING Striv"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Strive. -- Striv"ing*ly, adv. STRIX Strix, n. Etym: [L. strix, strigis.] (Arch.) Defn: One of the flutings of a column. STROAM Stroam, v. i. Etym: [Prov. E. strome to walk with long strides.] 1. To wander about idly and vacantly. [Obs.] 2. To take long strides in walking. [Prov. Eng.] STROBILA Stro*bi"la, n.; pl. Strobilæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) A form of the larva of certain Discophora in a state of development succeeding the scyphistoma. The body of the strobila becomes elongated, and subdivides transversely into a series of lobate segments which eventually become ephyræ, or young medusæ. (b) A mature tapeworm. STROBILACEOUS Strob`i*la"ceous, a. Etym: [See Strobila.] (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to a strobile or cone. (b) Producing strobiles. STROBILATION Strob`i*la"tion, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The act or phenomenon of spontaneously dividing transversely, as do certain species of annelids and helminths; transverse fission. See Illust. under Syllidian. STROBILE Strob"ile, n. Etym: [L. strobilus a pine cone, Gr. strobole.] [Written also strobil.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A scaly multiple fruit resulting from the ripening of an ament in certain plants, as the hop or pine; a cone. See Cone, n., 3. 2. (Biol.) Defn: An individual asexually producing sexual individuals differing from itself also in other respects, as the tapeworm, -- one of the forms that occur in metagenesis. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Strobila. STROBILIFORM Stro*bil"i*form, a. Defn: Shaped like a strobile. STROBILINE Strob"i*line, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a strobile; strobilaceous; strobiliform; as, strobiline fruits. STROBOSCOPE Strob"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] 1. An instrument for studying or observing the successive phases of a periodic or varying motion by means of light which is periodically interrupted. 2. An optical toy similar to the phenakistoscope. See Phenakistoscope. STROCKLE Stroc"kle, n. (Glass Manuf.) Defn: A shovel with a turned-up edge, for frit, sand, etc. [Written also strocal, strocle, strokal.] STRODE Strode, n. Defn: See Strude. [Obs.] STRODE Strode, Defn: imp. of Stride. STROKE Stroke, obs. imp. of Strike. Defn: Struck. STROKE Stroke, n. Etym: [OE. strok, strook, strak, fr. striken. See Strike, v. t.] 1. The act of striking; a blow; a hit; a knock; esp., a violent or hostile attack made with the arm or hand, or with an instrument or weapon. His hand fetcheth a stroke with the ax to cut down the tree. Deut. xix. 5. A fool's lips enter into contention and his mouth calleth for strokes. Prov. xviii. 6. He entered and won the whole kingdom of Naples without striking a stroke. Bacon. 2. The result of effect of a striking; injury or affliction; soreness. In the day that Lord bindeth up the breach of his people, and healeth the stroke of their wound. Isa. xxx. 26. 3. The striking of the clock to tell the hour. Well, but what's o'clock - Upon the stroke of ten. -- Well, let is strike. Shak. 4. A gentle, caressing touch or movement upon something; a stroking. Dryden. 5. A mark or dash in writing or printing; a line; the touch of a pen or pencil; as, an up stroke; a firm stroke. O, lasting as those colors may they shine, Free as thy stroke, yet faultless as thy line. Pope. 6. Hence, by extension, an addition or amandment to a written composition; a touch; as, to give some finishing strokes to an essay. Addison. 7. A sudden attack of disease; especially, a fatal attack; a severe disaster; any affliction or calamity, especially a sudden one; as, a stroke of apoplexy; the stroke of death. At this one stroke the man looked dead in law. Harte. 8. A throb or beat, as of the heart. Tennyson. 9. One of a series of beats or movements against a resisting medium, by means of which movement through or upon it is accomplished; as, the stroke of a bird's wing in flying, or an oar in rowing, of a skater, swimmer, etc.; also: (Rowing) (a) The rate of succession of stroke; as, a quick stroke. (b) The oar nearest the stern of a boat, by which the other oars are guided; -- called also stroke oar. (c) The rower who pulls the stroke oar; the strokesman. 10. A powerful or sudden effort by which something is done, produced, or accomplished; also, something done or accomplished by such an effort; as, a stroke of genius; a stroke of business; a master stroke of policy. 11. (Mach.) Defn: The movement, in either direction, of the piston plunger, piston rod, crosshead, etc., as of a steam engine or a pump, in which these parts have a reciprocating motion; as, the forward stroke of a piston; also, the entire distance passed through, as by a piston, in such a movement; as, the piston is at half stroke. Note: The respective strokes are distinguished as up and down strokes, outward and inward strokes, forward and back strokes, the forward stroke in stationary steam engines being toward the crosshead, but in locomotives toward the front of the vehicle. 12. Power; influence. [Obs.] "Where money beareth [hath] all the stroke." Robynson (More's Utopia). He has a great stroke with the reader. Dryden. 13. Appetite. [Obs.] Swift. To keep stroke, to make strokes in unison. The oars where silver, Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke. Shak. STROKE Stroke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strokeed; p. pr. & vb. n. Strokeing.] Etym: [OE. stroken, straken, AS. stracian, fr. strican to go over, pass. See Strike, v. t., and cf. Straggle.] 1. To strike. [Obs.] Ye mote with the plat sword again Stroken him in the wound, and it will close. Chaucer. 2. To rib gently in one direction; especially, to pass the hand gently over by way of expressing kindness or tenderness; to caress; to soothe. He dried the falling drops, and, yet more kind, He stroked her cheeks. Dryden. 3. To make smooth by rubbing. Longfellow. 4. (Masonry) Defn: To give a finely fluted surface to. 5. To row the stroke oar of; as, to stroke a boat. STROKER Strok"er, n. Defn: One who strokes; also, one who pretends to cure by stroking. Cures worked by Greatrix the stroker. Bp. Warburton. STROKESMAN Strokes"man, n.; pl. Strokesman (. (Rowing) Defn: The man who rows the aftermost oar, and whose stroke is to be followed by the rest. Totten. STROKING Strok"ing, n. 1. The act of rubbing gently with the hand, or of smoothing; a stroke. I doubt not with one gentle stroking to wipe away ten thousand tears. Milton. 2. (Needlework) Defn: The act of laying small gathers in cloth in regular order. 3. pl. Defn: See Stripping, 2. Smollett. STROLL Stroll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Strolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Strolling.] Etym: [Cf. Dan. stryge to stroll, Sw. stryka to stroke, to ramble, dial. Sw. strykel one who strolls about, Icel. strj to stroke, D. struikelen to stumble, G. straucheln. Cf. Struggle.] Defn: To wander on foot; to ramble idly or leisurely; to rove. These mothers stroll to beg sustenance for their helpless infants. Swift. Syn. -- To rove; roam; range; stray. STROLL Stroll, n. Defn: A wandering on foot; an idle and leisurely walk; a ramble. STROLLER Stroll"er, n. Defn: One who strolls; a vagrant. STROMA Stro"ma, n.; pl. Stromata. Etym: [L., a bed covering, Gr. 1. (Anat.) (a) The connective tissue or supporting framework of an organ; as, the stroma of the kidney. (b) The spongy, colorless framework of a red blood corpuscle or other cell. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A layer or mass of cellular tissue, especially that part of the thallus of certain fungi which incloses the perithecia. STROMATIC Stro*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. miscellaneous writings, fr. Defn: Miscellaneous; composed of different kinds. STROMATOLOGY Stro`ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] (Geol.) Defn: The history of the formation of stratified rocks. STROMB Stromb, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any marine univalve mollusk of the genus Strombus and allied genera. See Conch, and Strombus. STROMBITE Strom"bite, n. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil shell of the genus Strombus. STROMBOID Strom"boid, a. Etym: [Strombus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, Strombus. STROMBULIFORM Strom*bu"li*form, a. Etym: [NL. strombulus, dim. of strombus + -form. See Strombus.] 1. (Geol.) Defn: Formed or shaped like a top. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Coiled into the shape of a screw or a helix. STROMBUS Strom"bus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine gastropods in which the shell has the outer lip dilated into a broad wing. It includes many large and handsome species commonly called conch shells, or conchs. See Conch. STROMEYERITE Stro"mey`er*ite, n. Etym: [So named from the German chemist Friedrich Stromeyer.] (Min.) Defn: A steel-gray mineral of metallic luster. It is a sulphide of silver and copper. STROND Strond, n. Defn: Strand; beach. [Obs.] Shak. STRONG Strong, a. [Compar. Stronger; superl. Strongest.] Etym: [AS. strang, strong; akin to D. & G. streng strict, rigorous, OHG. strengi strong, brave, harsh, Icel. strangr strong, severe, Dan. streng, Sw. sträng strict, severe. Cf. Strength, Stretch, String.] 1. Having active physical power, or great physical power to act; having a power of exerting great bodily force; vigorous. That our oxen may be strong to labor. Ps. cxliv. 14. Orses the strong to greater strength must yield. Dryden. 2. Having passive physical power; having ability to bear or endure; firm; hale; sound; robust; as, a strong constitution; strong health. 3. Solid; tough; not easily broken or injured; able to withstand violence; able to sustain attacks; not easily subdued or taken; as, a strong beam; a strong rock; a strong fortress or town. 4. Having great military or naval force; powerful; as, a strong army or fleet; a nation strong at sea. 5. Having great wealth, means, or resources; as, a strong house, or company of merchants. 6. Reaching a certain degree or limit in respect to strength or numbers; as, an army ten thousand strong. 7. Moving with rapidity or force; violent; forcible; impetuous; as, a strong current of water or wind; the wind was strong from the northeast; a strong tide. 8. Adapted to make a deep or effectual impression on the mind or imagination; striking or superior of the kind; powerful; forcible; cogent; as, a strong argument; strong reasons; strong evidence; a strong example; strong language. 9. Ardent; eager; zealous; earnestly engaged; as, a strong partisan; a strong Whig or Tory. Her mother, ever strong against that match. Shak. 10. Having virtues of great efficacy; or, having a particular quality in a great degree; as, a strong powder or tincture; a strong decoction; strong tea or coffee. 11. Full of spirit; containing a large proportion of alcohol; intoxicating; as, strong liquors. 12. Affecting any sense powerfully; as, strong light, colors, etc.; a strong flavor of onions; a strong scent. 13. Solid; nourishing; as, strong meat. Heb. v. 12. 14. Well established; firm; not easily overthrown or altered; as, a strong custom; a strong belief. 15. Violent; vehement; earnest; ardent. He had offered up prayers and supplications with strong crying and tears. Heb. v. 7. 16. Having great force, vigor, power, or the like, as the mind, intellect, or any faculty; as, a man of a strong mind, memory, judgment, or imagination. I was stronger in prophecy than in criticism. Dryden. 17. Vigorous; effective; forcible; powerful. Like her sweet voice is thy harmonious song, As high, as sweet, as easy, and as strong. E. Smith. 18. (Stock Exchange) Defn: Tending to higher prices; rising; as, a strong market. 19. (Gram.) (a) Pertaining to, or designating, a verb which forms its preterit (imperfect) by a variation in the root vowel, and the past participle (usually) by the addition of -en (with or without a change of the root vowel); as in the verbs strive, strove, striven; break, broke, broken; drink, drank, drunk. Opposed to weak, or regular. See Weak. (b) Applied to forms in Anglo-Saxon, etc., which retain the old declensional endings. In the Teutonic languages the vowel stems have held the original endings most firmly, and are called strong; the stems in -n are called weak other constant stems conform, or are irregular. F. A. March. Strong conjugation (Gram.), the conjugation of a strong verb; -- called also old, or irregular, conjugation, and distinguished from the weak, or regular, conjugation. Note: Strong is often used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, strong-backed, strong-based, strong-bodied, strong- colored, strong-fisted, strong-handed, strong-ribbed, strong- smelling, strong-voiced, etc. Syn. -- Vigorous; powerful; stout; solid; firm; hardy; muscular; forcible; cogent; valid. See Robust. STRONGHAND Strong"hand`, n. Defn: Violence; force; power. It was their meaning to take what they needed by stronghand. Sir W. Raleigh. STRONGHOLD Strong"hold`, n. Defn: A fastness; a fort or fortress; fortfield place; a place of security. STRONGISH Strong"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat strong. STRONGLY Strong"ly, adv. Defn: In a strong manner; so as to be strong in action or in resistance; with strength; with great force; forcibly; powerfully; firmly; vehemently; as, a town strongly fortified; he objected strongly. STRONG-MINDED Strong"-mind`ed, a. Defn: Having a vigorous mind; esp., having or affecting masculine qualities of mind; -- said of women. -- Strong"-mind`ed*ness, n. STRONG-WATER Strong"-wa`ter, n. 1. An acid. [Obs.] 2. Distilled or ardent spirits; intoxicating liquor. STRONGYLID Stron"gy*lid, a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Strongyloid. STRONGYLOID Stron"gy*loid, a. Etym: [NL. Strongylus the genus (from Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like, or pertaining to, Strongylus, a genus of parasitic nematode worms of which many species infest domestic animals. Some of the species, especially those living in the kidneys, lungs, and bronchial tubes, are often very injurious. -- n. Defn: A strongyloid worm. STRONTIA Stron"ti*a, n. Etym: [NL. strontia, fr. Strontian, in Argyleshire, Scotland, where strontianite was first found.] (Chem.) Defn: An earth of a white color resembling lime in appearance, and baryta in many of its properties. It is an oxide of the metal strontium. STRONTIAN Stron"ti*an, n. (Min.) Defn: Strontia. STRONTIANITE Stron"ti*an*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: Strontium carbonate, a mineral of a white, greenish, or yellowish color, usually occurring in fibrous massive forms, but sometimes in prismatic crystals. STRONTIC Stron"tic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to strontium; containing, or designating the compounds of, strontium. STRONTITIC Stron*tit"ic, a. Defn: Strontic. STRONTIUM Stron"ti*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Strontia.] (Chem.) Defn: A metallic element of the calcium group, always naturally occurring combined, as in the minerals strontianite, celestite, etc. It is isolated as a yellowish metal, somewhat malleable but harder than calcium. It is chiefly employed (as in the nitrate) to color pyrotechnic flames red. Symbol Sr. Atomic weight 87.3. A radioactive isotope of strontium produced by certain nuclear reactions, and constituting one of the prominent harmful components of radioactive fallout from nuclear explosions; also called radiostrontium. It has a half-life of 28 years. STROOK Strook, obs. Defn: imp. of Strike. Dryden. STROOK Strook, n. Defn: A stroke. [Obs.] Chaucer. STROOT Stroot, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Strut, v. i.] Defn: To swell out; to strut. [Obs.] Chapman. STROP Strop, n. Etym: [See Strap.] Defn: A strap; specifically, same as Strap, 3. STROP Strop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stropped; p. pr. & vb. n. Stropping.] Defn: To draw over, or rub upon, a strop with a view to sharpen; as, to strop a razor. STROP Strop, n. Etym: [Cf. F. estrope, étrope, fr. L. struppus. See Strop a strap.] (Naut.) Defn: A piece of rope spliced into a circular wreath, and put round a block for hanging it. STROPHANTHUS Stro*phan"thus, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of tropical apocynaceous shrubs having singularly twisted flowers. One species (Strophanthus hispidus) is used medicinally as a cardiac sedative and stimulant. STROPHE Stro"phe, n.; pl. Strophes. Etym: [NL., from Gr. strap.] Defn: In Greek choruses and dances, the movement of the chorus while turning from the right to the left of the orchestra; hence, the strain, or part of the choral ode, sung during this movement. Also sometimes used of a stanza of modern verse. See the Note under Antistrophe. STROPHIC Stroph"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, strophes. STROPHIOLATE; STROPHIOLATED Stro"phi*o*late, Stro"phi*o*la`ted, a. (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with a strophiole, or caruncle, or that which resembles it. Gray. STROPHIOLE Stro"phi*ole, n. Etym: [L. strophiolum a little chaplet, dim. of strophium a band, Gr. strophiole.] (Bot.) Defn: A crestlike excrescence about the hilum of certain seeds; a caruncle. STROPHULUS Stroph"u*lus, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: See Red-gum, 1. STROUD Stroud, n. Defn: A kind of coarse blanket or garment used by the North American Indians. STROUDING Stroud"ing, n. Defn: Material for strouds; a kind of coarse cloth used in trade with the North American Indians. STROUT Strout, v. i. Etym: [See Strut.] Defn: To swell; to puff out; to project. [Obs.] Chaucer. STROUT Strout, v. t. Defn: To cause to project or swell out; to enlarge affectedly; to strut. [Obs.] Bacon. STROVE Strove, Defn: imp. of Strive. STROW Strow, v. t. [imp. Strowed; p. p. Strown or Strowed.] Defn: Same as Strew. Thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks In Vallombrosa. Milton. A manner turbid . . . and strown with blemished. M. Arnold. STROWL Strowl, v. i. Defn: To stroll. [Obs.] STROWN Strown, Defn: p. p. of Strow. STROY Stroy, v. i. Defn: To destroy. [Obs.] Tusser. STRUCK Struck, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Strike. Struck jury (Law), a special jury, composed of persons having special knowledge or qualifications, selected by striking from the panel of jurors a certain number for each party, leaving the number required by law to try the cause. STRUCKEN Struck"en, obs. Defn: p. p. of Strike. Shak. STRUCTURAL Struc"tur*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to structure; affecting structure; as, a structural error. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to organit structure; as, a structural element or cell; the structural peculiarities of an animal or a plant. Structural formula. (Chem.) See Rational formula, under Formula. empirical formula. STRUCTURAL SHAPE Struc"tur*al shape. (Engin. & Arch.) Defn: The shape of a member especially adapted to structural purposes, esp. in giving the greatest strength with the least material. Hence, Colloq., Defn: any steel or iron member of such shape, as channel irons, I beams, T beams, etc., or, sometimes, a column, girder, etc., built up with such members. STRUCTURAL STEEL Structural steel. (a) Rolled steel in structural shapes. (b) A kind of strong mild steel, suitable for structural shapes. STRUCTURE Struc"ture, n. Etym: [L. structura, from struere, structum, to arrange, build, construct; perhaps akin to E. strew: cf. F. structure. Cf. Construe, Destroy, Instrument, Obstruct.] 1. The act of building; the practice of erecting buildings; construction. [R.] His son builds on, and never is content Till the last farthing is in structure spent. J. Dryden, Jr. 2. Manner of building; form; make; construction. Want of insight into the structure and constitution of the terraqueous globe. Woodward. 3. Arrangement of parts, of organs, or of constituent particles, in a substance or body; as, the structure of a rock or a mineral; the structure of a sentence. It [basalt] has often a prismatic structure. Dana. 4. (Biol.) Defn: Manner of organization; the arrangement of the different tissues or parts of animal and vegetable organisms; as, organic structure, or the structure of animals and plants; cellular structure. 5. That which is built; a building; esp., a building of some size or magnificence; an edifice. There stands a structure of majestic frame. Pope. Columnar structure. See under Columnar. STRUCTURED Struc"tured, a. (Biol.) Defn: Having a definite organic structure; showing differentiation of parts. The passage from a structureless state to a structured state is itself a vital process. H. Spencer. STRUCTURELESS Struc"ture*less, a. Defn: Without a definite structure, or arrangement of parts; without organization; devoid of cells; homogeneous; as, a structureless membrane. STRUCTURIST Struc"tur*ist, n. Defn: One who forms structures; a builder; a constructor. [R.] STRUDE Strude, n. Defn: A stock of breeding mares. [Written also strode.] [Obs.] Bailey. STRUGGLE Strug"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Struggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Struggling.] Etym: [OE. strogelen; cf. Icel. strj to stroke, to beat, to flog, Sw. stryka to stroke, to strike, Dan. stryge, G. straucheln to stumble. Cf. Stroll.] 1. To strive, or to make efforts, with a twisting, or with contortions of the body. 2. To use great efforts; to labor hard; to strive; to contend forcibly; as, to struggle to save one's life; to struggle with the waves; to struggle with adversity. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it [Gettysburg] far above our power to add or detract. Lincoln. 3. To labor in pain or anguish; to be in agony; to labor in any kind of difficulty or distress. 'T is wisdom to beware, And better shun the bait than struggle in the snare. Dryden. Syn. -- To strive; contend; labor; endeavor. STRUGGLE Strug"gle, n. 1. A violent effort or efforts with contortions of the body; agony; distress. 2. Great labor; forcible effort to obtain an object, or to avert an evil. Macaulay. 3. Contest; contention; strife. An honest might look upon the struggle with indifference. Addison. Syn. -- Endeavor; effort; contest; labor; difficulty. STRUGGLER Strug"gler, n. Defn: One who struggles. STRULL Strull, n. Defn: A bar so placed as to resist weight. STRUM Strum, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Strummed; p. pr. & vb. n. Strumming.] Etym: [Probably of imitative origin. Cf. Thrum.] Defn: To play on an instrument of music, or as on an instrument, in an unskillful or noisy way; to thrum; as, to strum a piano. STRUMA Stru"ma, n. Etym: [L., a scrofulous tumor.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Scrofula. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A cushionlike swelling on any organ; especially, that at the base of the capsule in many mosses. STRUMATIC Stru*mat"ic, a. Defn: Scrofulous; strumous. STRUMOSE Stru*mose", a. Etym: [L. strumosus: cf. F. strumeux.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Strumous. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having a struma. STRUMOUS Stru"mous, a. (Med.) Defn: Scrofulous; having struma. STRUMOUSNESS Stru"mous*ness, n. Defn: The state of being strumous. STRUMPET Strum"pet, n. Etym: [OE. strumpet, strompet; cf. OF. stupe debauchery, F. stupe, L. stuprare, stupratum, to debauch, stuprum debauchery, Gael. & Ir. striopach a prostitute.] Defn: A prostitute; a harlot. Shak. STRUMPET Strum"pet, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a strumpet; characteristic of a strumpet. Out on thy more than strumpet impudence. B. Jonson. STRUMPET Strum"pet, v. t. 1. To debauch. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To dishonor with the reputation of being a strumpet; hence, to belie; to slander. With his untrue reports, strumpet your fame. Massinger. STRUMSTRUM Strum"strum, n. Defn: A rude musical instrument somewhat like a cittern. [R.] Dampier. STRUNG Strung, Defn: imp. & p. p. of String. STRUNT Strunt, n. Defn: Spirituous liquor. [Scot.] Burns. STRUNTIAN Strun"tian, n. Defn: A kind of worsted braid, about an inch broad. [Scot.] Jamieson. STRUSE Struse, n. Etym: [Russ. strug'.] (Naut.) Defn: A Russian river craft used for transporting freight. STRUT Strut, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Strutting.] Etym: [OE. struten, strouten, to swell; akin to G. strozen to be swelled, to be puffed up, to strut, Dan. strutte.] 1. To swell; to bulge out. [R.] The bellying canvas strutted with the gale. Dryden. 2. To walk with a lofty, proud gait, and erect head; to walk with affected dignity. Does he not hold up his head, . . . and strut in his gait Shak. STRUT Strut, n. Etym: [For senses 2 & 3 cf. LG. strutt rigid.] 1. The act of strutting; a pompous step or walk. 2. (Arch.) Defn: In general, any piece of a frame which resists thrust or pressure in the direction of its own length. See Brace, and Illust. of Frame, and Roof. 3. (Engin.) Defn: Any part of a machine or structure, of which the principal function is to hold things apart; a brace subjected to compressive stress; -- the opposite of stay, and tie. STRUT Strut, v. t. Defn: To hold apart. Cf. Strut, n., 3. STRUT Strut, a. Defn: Protuberant. [Obs.] Holland. STRUTHIAN Stru"thi*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Struthious. STRUTHIO Stru"thi*o, n.; pl. Struthiones. Etym: [L., an ostrich, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of birds including the African ostriches. STRUTHIOIDEA Stru`thi*oi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Struthio, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Struthiones. STRUTHIONES Stru`thi*o"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Struthio.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division, or order, of birds, including only the African ostriches. (b) In a wider sense, an extensive group of birds including the ostriches, cassowaries, emus, moas, and allied birds incapable of flight. In this sense it is equivalent to Ratitæ, or Dromæognathæ. STRUTHIONINE Stru`thi*o"nine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Struthious. STRUTHIOUS Stru"thi*ous, a. Etym: [L. struthius, strutheus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Struthiones, or Ostrich tribe. STRUTTER Strut"ter, n. Defn: One who struts. STRUTTING Strut"ting, a. & n. Defn: from Strut, v. -- Strut"ting*ly, adv. STRUVITE Struv"ite, n. Etym: [After the Russian minister Von Struve.] (Min.) Defn: A crystalline mineral found in guano. It is a hydrous phosphate of magnesia and ammonia. STRYCHNIA Strych"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Strychnine.] (Chem.) Defn: Strychnine. STRYCHNIC Strych"nic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to strychnine; produced by strychnine; as, strychnic compounds; strychnic poisoning; specifically (Chem.), Defn: used to designate an acid, called also igasuric acid. STRYCHNINE Strych"nine, n. Etym: [L. strychnos a kind of nightshade, Gr. strychnine.] (Chem.) Defn: A very poisonous alkaloid resembling brucine, obtained from various species of plants, especially from species of Loganiaceæ, as from the seeds of the St. Ignatius bean (Strychnos Ignatia) and from nux vomica. It is obtained as a white crystalline substance, having a very bitter acrid taste, and is employed in medicine (chiefly in the form of the sulphate) as a powerful neurotic stimulant. Called also strychnia, and formerly strychnina. STRYCHNOS Strych"nos, n. Etym: [L., a kind of nightshade, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of tropical trees and shrubs of the order Loganiaceæ. See Nux vomica. STRYPHNIC Stryph"nic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid, obtained by the action of acetic acid and potassium nitrite on uric acid, as a yellow crystalline substance, with a bitter, astringent taste. STUB Stub, n. Etym: [OE. stubbe, AS. stub, styb; akin to D. stobbe, LG. stubbe, Dan. stub, Sw. stubbe, Icel. stubbr, stubbi; cf. Gr. 1. The stump of a tree; that part of a tree or plant which remains fixed in the earth when the stem is cut down; -- applied especially to the stump of a small tree, or shrub. Stubs sharp and hideous to behold. Chaucer. And prickly stubs instead of trees are found. Dryden. 2. A log; a block; a blockhead. [Obs.] Milton. 3. The short blunt part of anything after larger part has been broken off or used up; hence, anything short and thick; as, the stub of a pencil, candle, or cigar. 4. A part of a leaf in a check book, after a check is torn out, on which the number, amount, and destination of the check are usually recorded. 5. A pen with a short, blunt nib. 6. A stub nail; an old horseshoe nail; also, stub iron. Stub end (Mach.), the enlarged end of a connecting rod, to which the strap is fastened. -- Stub iron, iron made from stub nails, or old horseshoe nails, -- used in making gun barrels. -- Stub mortise (Carp.), a mortise passing only partly through the timber in which it is formed. -- Stub nail, an old horseshoe nail; a nail broken off; also, a short, thick nail. -- Stub short, or Stub shot (Lumber Manuf.), the part of the end of a sawn log or plank which is beyond the place where the saw kerf ends, and which retains the plank in connection with the log, until it is split off. -- Stub twist, material for a gun barrel, made of a spirally welded ribbon of steel and stub iron combined. STUB Stub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Stubbing.] 1. To grub up by the roots; to extirpate; as, to stub up edible roots. What stubbing, plowing, digging, and harrowing is to a piece of land. Berkley. 2. To remove stubs from; as, to stub land. 3. To strike as the toes, against a stub, stone, or other fixed object. [U. S.] STUBBED Stub"bed, a. 1. Reduced to a stub; short and thick, like something truncated; blunt; obtuse. 2. Abounding in stubs; stubby. A bit of stubbed ground, once a wood. R. Browning. 3. Not nice or delicate; hardy; rugged. "Stubbed, vulgar constitutions." Berkley. STUBBEDNESS Stub"bed*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being stubbed. STUBBINESS Stub"bi*ness, n. Defn: The state of being stubby. STUBBLE Stub"ble, n. Etym: [OE. stobil, stoble, OF. estouble, estuble, F. étuele, LL. stupla, stupula, L. stipula stubble, stalk; cf. D. & G. stopped, OHG. stupfila. Cf. Stipule.] Defn: The stumps of wheat, rye, barley, oats, or buckwheat, left in the ground; the part of the stalk left by the scythe or sickle. "After the first crop is off, they plow in the wheast stubble." Mortimer. Stubble goose (Zoöl.), the graylag goose. [Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. -- Stubble rake, a rake with long teeth for gleaning in stubble. STUBBLED Stub"bled, a. 1. Covered with stubble. A crow was strutting o'er the stubbled plain. Gay. 2. Stubbed; as, stubbled legs. [Obs.] Skelton. STUBBLY Stub"bly, a. Defn: Covered with stubble; stubbled. STUBBORN Stub"born, a. Etym: [OE. stoburn, stiborn; probably fr. AS. styb a stub. See Stub.] Defn: Firm as a stub or stump; stiff; unbending; unyielding; persistent; hence, unreasonably obstinate in will or opinion; not yielding to reason or persuasion; refractory; harsh; -- said of persons and things; as, stubborn wills; stubborn ore; a stubborn oak; as stubborn as a mule. "Bow, stubborn knees." Shak. "Stubborn attention and more than common application." Locke. "Stubborn Stoics." Swift. And I was young and full of ragerie [wantonness] Stubborn and strong, and jolly as a pie. Chaucer. These heretics be so stiff and stubborn. Sir T. More. Your stubborn usage of the pope. Shak. Syn. -- Obstinate; inflexible; obdurate; headstrong; stiff; hardy; firm; refractory; intractable; rugged; contumacious; heady. -- Stubborn, Obstinate. Obstinate is used of either active or passive persistence in one's views or conduct, in spite of the wishes of others. Stubborn describes an extreme degree of passive obstinacy. -- Stub"born*ly, adv. -- Stub"born*ness, n. STUBBY Stub"by, a. 1. Abounding with stubs. 2. Short and thick; short and strong, as bristles. STUCCO Stuc"co, n.; pl. Stuccoes, Stuccos. Etym: [It., fr. OHG. stucchi a crust, piece, G. stück piece; akin to AS. stycce. See Stock.] 1. Plaster of any kind used as a coating for walls, especially, a fine plaster, composed of lime or gypsum with sand and pounded marble, used for internal decorations and fine work. 2. Work made of stucco; stuccowork. STUCCO Stuc"co, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuccoed; p. pr. & vb. n. Stuccoing.] Defn: To overlay or decorate with stucco, or fine plaster. STUCCOER Stuc"co*er, n. Defn: One who stuccoes. STUCCOWORK Stuc"co*work`, n. Defn: Work done in stucco. STUCK Stuck, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Stick. STUCK Stuck, n. Etym: [Cf. 1st Stoccado.] Defn: A thrust. [Obs.] Shak. STUCKLE Stuc"kle, n. Etym: [From Stook.] Defn: A number of sheaves set together in the field; a stook. STUCK-UP Stuck"-up`, a. Defn: Self-important and supercilious, [Colloq.] The airs of small, stuck-up, men. A. K. H. Boyd. STUD Stud, n. Etym: [OE. stod, stood, AS. stod; akin to OHG. stuota, G. stute a mare, Icel. sto stud, Lith. stodas a herd, Russ. stado, and to E. stand. The sense is properly, a stand, an establishment. *163. See Stand, and cf. Steed.] Defn: A collection of breeding horses and mares, or the place where they are kept; also, a number of horses kept for a racing, riding, etc. In the studs of Ireland, where care is taken, we see horses bred of excellent shape, vigor, and size. Sir W. Temple. He had the finest stud in England, and his delight was to win plates from Tories. Macaulay. STUD Stud, n. Etym: [AS. studu a post; akin to Sw. stöd a prop, Icel. sto a post, sty to prop, and probably ultimately to E. stand; cf. D. stut a prop, G. stütze. See Stand.] 1. A stem; a trunk. [Obs.] Seest not this same hawthorn stud Spenser. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An upright scanting, esp. one of the small uprights in the framing for lath and plaster partitions, and furring, and upon which the laths are nailed. 3. A kind of nail with a large head, used chiefly for ornament; an ornamental knob; a boss. A belt of straw and ivy buds, With coral clasps and amber studs. Marlowe. Crystal and myrrhine cups, embossed with gems And studs of pearl. Milton. 4. An ornamental button of various forms, worn in a shirt front, collar, wristband, or the like, not sewed in place, but inserted through a buttonhole or eyelet, and transferable. 5. (Mach.) (a) A short rod or pin, fixed in and projecting from something, and sometimes forming a journal. (b) A stud bolt. 6. An iron brace across the shorter diameter of the link of a chain cable. Stud bolt, a bolt with threads on both ends, to be screwed permanently into a fixed part at one end and receive a nut upon the other; -- called also standing bolt. STUD Stud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Studded; p. pr. & vb. n. Studding.] 1. To adorn with shining studs, or knobs. Thy horses shall be trapped, Their harness studded all with gold and pearl. Shak. 2. To set with detached ornaments or prominent objects; to set thickly, as with studs. The sloping sides and summits of our hills, and the extensive plains that stretch before our view, are studded with substantial, neat, and commodious dwellings of freemen. Bp. Hobart. STUDBOOK Stud"book`, n. Defn: A genealogical register of a particular breed or stud of horses, esp. thoroughbreds. STUDDERY Stud"der*y, n. Defn: A stud, or collection of breeding horses and mares; also, a place for keeping a stud. [Obs.] King Henry the Eighth erected a noble studdery. Holinshed. STUDDING Stud"ding, n. Defn: Material for studs, or joists; studs, or joists, collectively; studs. STUDDING SAIL Stud"ding sail`. (Naut.) Defn: A light sail set at the side of a principal or square sail of a vessel in free winds, to increase her speed. Its head is bent to a small spar which is called the studding-sail boom. See Illust. of Sail. Toten. STUDENT Stu"dent, n. Etym: [L. studens, -entis, p.pr. of studere to study. See Study, n.] 1. A person engaged in study; one who is devoted to learning; a learner; a pupil; a scholar; especially, one who attends a school, or who seeks knowledge from professional teachers or from books; as, the students of an academy, a college, or a university; a medical student; a hard student. Keep a gamester from the dice, and a good student from his book. Shak. 2. One who studies or examines in any manner; an attentive and systematic observer; as, a student of human nature, or of physical nature. STUDENTRY Stu"dent*ry, n. Defn: A body of students. [R.] STUDENTSHIP Stu"dent*ship, n. Defn: The state of being a student. STUDFISH Stud"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small American minnows of the genus Fundulus, as F. catenatus. STUD-HORSE Stud"-horse`, n. Etym: [AS. stod-hors.] Defn: A stallion, esp. one kept for breeding. STUDIED Stud"ied, a. 1. Closely examined; read with diligence and attention; made the subject of study; well considered; as, a studied lesson. 2. Well versed in any branch of learning; qualified by study; learned; as, a man well studied in geometry. I shrewdly suspect that he is little studied of a theory of moral proportions. Burke. 3. Premeditated; planned; designed; as, a studied insult. "Studied magnificence." Hawthorne. 4. Intent; inclined. [Obs.] Shak. STUDIEDLY Stud"ied*ly, adv. Defn: In a studied manner. STUDIER Stud"i*er, n. Defn: A student. [R.] W. Irving. Lipsius was a great studier of the stoical philosophy. Tillotson. STUDIO Stu"di*o, n.; pl. Studios. Etym: [It. studio, properly, study. See Study.] Defn: The working room of an artist. STUDIOUS Stu"di*ous, a. Etym: [L. studious: cf. F. studieux. See Study.] 1. Given to study; devoted to the acquisition of knowledge from books; as, a studious scholar. 2. Given to thought, or to the examination of subjects by contemplation; contemplative. Locke. 3. Earnest in endeavors; aiming sedulously; attentive; observant; diligent; -- usually followed by an infinitive or by of; as, be studious to please; studious to find new friends and allies. You that are so studious Of my affairs, wholly neglect your own. Massinger. 4. Planned with study; deliberate; studied. For the frigid villainy of studious lewdness, . . . with apology can be invented Rambler. 5. Favorable to study; suitable for thought and contemplation; as, the studious shade. [Poetic] But let my due feet never fail To walk the studious cloister's pale. Milton. -- Stu"di*ous*ly, adv. -- Stu"di*ous*ness, n. STUDY Stud"y, n.; pl. Studies. Etym: [OE. studie, L. studium, akin to studere to study; possibly akin to Gr. estudie, estude, F. étude. Cf. Etude, Student, Studio, Study, v. i.] 1. A setting of the mind or thoughts upon a subject; hence, application of mind to books, arts, or science, or to any subject, for the purpose of acquiring knowledge. Hammond . . . spent thirteen hours of the day in study. Bp. Fell. Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace. Sir W. Temple. 2. Mental occupation; absorbed or thoughtful attention; meditation; contemplation. Just men they seemed, and all their study bent To worship God aright, and know his works. Milton. 3. Any particular branch of learning that is studied; any object of attentive consideration. The Holy Scriptures, especially the New Testament, are her daily study. Law. The proper study of mankind is man. Pope. 4. A building or apartment devoted to study or to literary work. "His cheery little study." Hawthorne. 5. (Fine Arts) Defn: A representation or rendering of any object or scene intended, not for exhibition as an original work of art, but for the information, instruction, or assistance of the maker; as, a study of heads or of hands for a figure picture. 6. (Mus.) Defn: A piece for special practice. See Etude. STUDY Stud"y, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Studied; p. pr. & vb. n. Studying.] Etym: [OE. studien, OF. estudier, F. étudier. See Study, n.] 1. To fix the mind closely upon a subject; to dwell upon anything in thought; to muse; to ponder. Chaucer. I found a moral first, and then studied for a fable. Swift. 2. To apply the mind to books or learning. Shak. 3. To endeavor diligently; to be zealous. 1 Thes. iv. 11. STUDY Stud"y, v. t. 1. To apply the mind to; to read and examine for the purpose of learning and understanding; as, to study law or theology; to study languages. 2. To consider attentively; to examine closely; as, to study the work of nature. Study thyself; what rank or what degree The wise Creator has ordained for thee. Dryden. 3. To form or arrange by previous thought; to con over, as in committing to memory; as, to study a speech. 4. To make an object of study; to aim at sedulously; to devote one's thoughts to; as, to study the welfare of others; to study variety in composition. For their heart studieth destruction. Prov. xxiv. 2. STUFA Stu"fa, n. Etym: [It. stufa a stove. See Stove.] Defn: A jet of steam issuing from a fissure in the earth. STUFF Stuff, n. Etym: [OF. estoffe, F. étoffe; of uncertain origin, perhaps of Teutonic origin and akin to E. stop, v.t. Cf. Stuff, v. t.] 1. Material which is to be worked up in any process of manufacture. For the stuff they had was sufficient for all the work to make it, and too much. Ex. xxxvi. 7. Ambitions should be made of sterner stuff. Shak. The workman on his stuff his skill doth show, And yet the stuff gives not the man his skill. Sir J. Davies. 2. The fundamental material of which anything is made up; elemental part; essence. Yet do I hold it very stuff o' the conscience To do no contrived murder. Shak. 3. Woven material not made into garments; fabric of any kind; specifically, any one of various fabrics of wool or worsted; sometimes, worsted fiber. What stuff wilt have a kirtle of Shak. It [the arras] was of stuff and silk mixed, though, superior kinds were of silk exclusively. F. G. Lee. 4. Furniture; goods; domestic vessels or utensils. He took away locks, and gave away the king's stuff. Hayward. 5. A medicine or mixture; a potion. Shak. 6. Refuse or worthless matter; hence, also, foolish or irrational language; nonsense; trash. Anger would indite Such woeful stuff as I or Shadwell write. Dryden. 7. (Naut.) Defn: A melted mass of turpentine, tallow, etc., with which the masts, sides, and bottom of a ship are smeared for lubrication. Ham. Nav. Encyc. 8. Paper stock ground ready for use. Note: When partly ground, called half stuff. Knight. Clear stuff. See under Clear. -- Small stuff (Naut.), all kinds of small cordage. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Stuff gown, the distinctive garb of a junior barrister; hence, a junior barrister himself. See Silk gown, under Silk.stuff and nonsense. (See def. 6 for stuff) balderdash, twaddle, nonsense, foolishness. STUFF Stuff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Stuffing.] Etym: [OE. stoffen; cf. OF. estoffer, F. étoffer, to put stuff in, to stuff, to line, also, OF. estouffer to stifle, F. étouffer; both perhaps of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. stop. Cf. Stop, v. t., Stuff, n.] 1. To fill by crowding something into; to cram with something; to load to excess; as, to stuff a bedtick. Sometimes this crook drew hazel bought adown, And stuffed her apron wide with nuts so brown. Gay. Lest the gods, for sin, Should with a swelling dropsy stuff thy skin. Dryden. 2. To thrust or crowd; to press; to pack. Put roses into a glass with a narrow mouth, stuffing them close together . . . and they retain smell and color. Bacon. 3. To fill by being pressed or packed into. With inward arms the dire machine they load, And iron bowels stuff the dark abode. Dryden. 4. (Cookery) Defn: To fill with a seasoning composition of bread, meat, condiments, etc.; as, to stuff a turkey. 5. To obstruct, as any of the organs; to affect with some obstruction in the organs of sense or respiration. I'm stuffed, cousin; I can not smell. Shak. 6. To fill the skin of, for the purpose of preserving as a specimen; -- said of birds or other animals. 7. To form or fashion by packing with the necessary material. An Eastern king put a judge to death for an iniquitous sentence, and ordered his hide to be stuffed into a cushion, and placed upon the tribunal. Swift. 8. To crowd with facts; to cram the mind of; sometimes, to crowd or fill with false or idle tales or fancies. 9. To put fraudulent votes into (a ballot box). [U. S.] STUFF Stuff, v. i. Defn: To feed gluttonously; to cram. Taught harmless man to cram and stuff. Swift. STUFFER Stuff"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, stuffs. STUFFINESS Stuff"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being stuffy. STUFFING Stuff"ing, n. 1. That which is used for filling anything; as, the stuffing of a saddle or cushion. 2. (Cookery) Defn: Any seasoning preparation used to stuff meat; especially, a composition of bread, condiments, spices, etc.; forcemeat; dressing. 3. A mixture of oil and tallow used in softening and dressing leather. Stuffing box, a device for rendering a joint impervious where there is a hole through which a movable cylindrical body, as the paston rod of a steam engine, or the plunger of a pump, slides back and forth, or in which a shaft turns. It usually consists of a box or chamber, made by an enlargement of part of the hole, forming a space around the rod or shaft for containing packing which is compressed and made to fill the space closely by means of a sleeve, called the gland, which fits loosely around the rod, and is pressed upon the packing by bolts or other means. STUFFY Stuff"y, a. 1. Stout; mettlesome; resolute. [Scot.] Jamieson. 2. Angry and obstinate; sulky. [U. S.] 3. Ill-ventilated; close. STUKE Stuke, n. Defn: Stucco. [Obs.] STULL Stull, n. Etym: [CF. Stum.] Defn: A framework of timber covered with boards to support rubbish; also, a framework of boards to protect miners from falling stones. [Prov. Eng.] STULM Stulm, n. Etym: [Cf. G. stollen a post, a stulm, E. stall, stand.] Defn: A shaft or gallery to drain a mine. [Local, Eng.] Bailey. STULP Stulp, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. stolpi, Dan., Sw., & OD. stolpe.] Defn: A short, stout post used for any purpose, a to mark a boundary. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. STULTIFICATION Stul`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of stultifying, or the state of being stultified. STULTIFIER Stul"ti*fi`er, n. Defn: One who stultifies. STULTIFY Stul"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stultified; p. pr. & vb. n. Stultifying.] Etym: [L. stultus foolish + -fy.] 1. To make foolish; to make a fool of; as, to stultify one by imposition; to stultify one's self by silly reasoning or conduct. Burke. 2. To regard as a fool, or as foolish. [R.] The modern sciolist stultifies all understanding but his own, and that which he conceives like his own. Hazlitt. 3. (Law) Defn: To allege or prove to be of unsound mind, so that the performance of some act may be avoided. STULTILOQUENCE Stul*til"o*quence, n. Etym: [L. stultiloquentia; stultus foolish + loquentia a talking, fr. loquens, p.pr. of loqui to talk.] Defn: Silly talk; babbling. STULTILOQUENT Stul*til"o*quent, a. Etym: [Cf. L. stultiloquus. See Stultiloquence.] Defn: Given to, or characterized by, silly talk; babbling. -- Stul*til"o*quent*ly, adv. STULTILOQUY Stul*til"o*quy, n. Etym: [L. stultiloquium.] Defn: Foolish talk; silly discource; babbling. Jer. Taylor. STULTY Stul"ty, a. Etym: [L. stultus foolish.] Defn: Foolish; silly. [Obs.] Testament of Love. STUM Stum, n. Etym: [D. stom must, new wort, properly, dumb; cf. F. vin muet stum. Cf. Stammer, Stoom.] 1. Unfermented grape juice or wine, often used to raise fermentation in dead or vapid wines; must. Let our wines, without mixture of stum, be all fine. B. Jonson. And with thy stum ferment their fainting cause. Dryden. 2. Wine revived by new fermentation, reulting from the admixture of must. Hudibras. STUM Stum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stummed; p. pr. & vb. n. Stumming.] Defn: To renew, as wine, by mixing must with it and raising a new fermentation. We stum our wines to renew their spirits. Floyer. STUMBLE Stum"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stumbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Stumbling.] Etym: [OE. stumblen, stomblen; freq. of a word akin to E. stammer. See Stammer.] 1. To trip in walking or in moving in any way with the legs; to strike the foot so as to fall, or to endanger a fall; to stagger because of a false step. There stumble steeds strong and down go all. Chaucer. The way of the wicked is as darkness: they know at what they stumble. Prov. iv. 19. 2. To walk in an unsteady or clumsy manner. He stumbled up the dark avenue. Sir W. Scott. 3. To fall into a crime or an error; to err. He that loveth his brother abideth in the light, and there is none occasion og stumbling in him. 1 John ii. 10. 4. To strike or happen (upon a person or thing) without design; to fall or light by chance; -- with on, upon, or against. Ovid stumbled, by some inadvertency, upon Livia in a bath. Dryden. Forth as she waddled in the brake, A gray goose stumbled on a snake. C. Smart. STUMBLE Stum"ble, v. t. 1. To cause to stumble or trip. 2. Fig.: To mislead; to confound; to perplex; to cause to err or to fall. False and dazzling fires to stumble men. Milton. One thing more stumbles me in the very foundation of this hypothesis. Locke. STUMBLE Stum"ble, n. 1. A trip in walking or running. 2. A blunder; a failure; a fall from rectitude. One stumble is enough to deface the character of an honorable life. L'Estrange. STUMBLER Stum"bler, n. Defn: One who stumbles. STUMBLING-BLOCK Stum"bling-block`, n. Defn: Any cause of stumbling, perplexity, or error. We preach Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumbling-block, and unto the Greeks foolishness. 1 Cor. i. 23. STUMBLINGLY Stum"bling*ly, adv. Defn: In a stumbling manner. STUMBLING-STONE Stum"bling-stone`, n. Defn: A stumbling-block. This stumbling-stone we hope to take away. T. Burnet. STUMP Stump, n. Etym: [OE. stumpe, stompe; akin to D. stomp, G. stumpf, Icel. stumpr, Dan. & Sw. stump, and perhaps also to E. stamp.] 1. The part of a tree or plant remaining in the earth after the stem or trunk is cut off; the stub. 2. The part of a limb or other body remaining after a part is amputated or destroyed; a fixed or rooted remnant; a stub; as, the stump of a leg, a finger, a tooth, or a broom. 3. pl. Defn: The legs; as, to stir one's stumps. [Slang] 4. (Cricket) Defn: One of the three pointed rods stuck in the ground to form a wicket and support the bails. 5. A short, thick roll of leather or paper, cut to a point, or any similar implement, used to rub down the lines of a crayon or pencil drawing, in shading it, or for shading drawings by producing tints and gradations from crayon, etc., in powder. 6. A pin in a tumbler lock which forms an obstruction to throwing the bolt, except when the gates of the tumblers are properly arranged, as by the key; a fence; also, a pin or projection in a lock to form a guide for a movable piece. Leg stump (Cricket), the stump nearest to the batsman. -- Off stump (Cricket), the stump farthest from the batsman. -- Stump tracery (Arch.), a term used to describe late German Gothic tracery, in which the molded bar seems to pass through itself in its convolutions, and is then cut off short, so that a section of the molding is seen at the end of each similar stump. -- To go on the stump, or To take the stump, to engage in making public addresses for electioneering purposes; -- a phrase derived from the practice of using a stump for a speaker's platform in newly- settled districts. Hence also the phrases stump orator, stump speaker, stump speech, stump oratory, etc. [Colloq. U.S.] STUMP Stump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stumped; p. pr. & vb. n. Stumping.] 1. To cut off a part of; to reduce to a stump; to lop. Around the stumped top soft moss did grow. Dr. H. More. 2. To strike, as the toes, against a stone or something fixed; to stub. [Colloq.] 3. To challenge; also, to nonplus. [Colloq.] 4. To travel over, delivering speeches for electioneering purposes; as, to stump a State, or a district. See To go on the stump, under Stump, n. [Colloq. U.S.] 5. (Cricket) (a) To put (a batsman) out of play by knocking off the bail, or knocking down the stumps of the wicket he is defending while he is off his allotted ground; -- sometimes with out. T. Hughes. (b) To bowl down the stumps of, as, of a wicket. A herd of boys with clamor bowled, And stumped the wicket. Tennyson. To stump it. (a) To go afoot; hence, to run away; to escape. [Slang] Ld. Lytton. (b) To make electioneering speeches. [Colloq. U.S.] STUMP Stump, v. i. Defn: To walk clumsily, as if on stumps. To stump up, to pay cash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. STUMPAGE Stump"age, n. 1. Timber in standing trees, -- often sold without the land at a fixed price per tree or per stump, the stumps being counted when the land is cleared. [Local, U.S.] Only trees above a certain size are allowed to be cut by loggers buying stumpage from the owners of land. C. S. Sargent. 2. A tax on the amount of timber cut, regulated by the price of lumber. [Local, U.S.] The Nation. STUMPER Stump"er, n. 1. One who stumps. 2. A boastful person. [Slang] 3. A puzzling or incredible story. [Slang, U.S.] STUMPINESS Stump"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being stumpy. STUMP-TAILED Stump"-tailed`, a. Defn: Having a short, thick tail. Stump-tailed lizard (Zoöl.), a singular Australian scincoid lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus) having a short, thick tail resembling its head in form; -- called also sleeping lizard. STUMPY Stump"y, a. 1. Full of stumps; hard; strong. 2. Short and thick; stubby. [Colloq.] "A stumpy little man." J. C. Harris. STUN Stun, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stunned; p. pr. & vb. n. Stunning.] Etym: [OE. stonien, stownien; either fr. AS. stunian to resound (cf. D. stenen to groan, G. stöhnen, Icel. stynja, Gr. stan to thunder, and E. thunder), or from the same source as E. astonish. *168.] 1. To make senseless or dizzy by violence; to render senseless by a blow, as on the head. One hung a poleax at his saddlebow, And one a heavy mace to stun the foe. Dryden. 2. To dull or deaden the sensibility of; to overcome; especially, to overpower one's sense of hearing. And stunned him with the music of the spheres. Pope. 3. To astonish; to overpower; to bewilder. William was quite stunned at my discourse. De Foe. STUN Stun, n. Defn: The condition of being stunned. STUNDIST Stun"dist, n. [Russ. shtundist, prob. fr. G. stunde hour; -- from their meetings for Bible reading.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a large sect of Russian dissenters founded, about 1860, in the village of Osnova, near Odessa, by a peasant, Onishchenko, who had apparently been influenced by a German sect settled near there. They zealously practice Bible reading and reject priestly dominion and all external rites of worship. -- Stun"dism (#), n. STUNG Stung, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Sting. STUNK Stunk, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Stink. STUNNER Stun"ner, n. 1. One who, or that which, stuns. 2. Something striking or amazing in quality; something of extraordinary excellence. [Slang] Thackeray. STUNNING Stun"ning, a. 1. Overpowering consciousness; overpowering the senses; especially, overpowering the sense of hearing; confounding with noise. 2. Striking or overpowering with astonishment, especially on account of excellence; as, stunning poetry. [Slang] C. Kingsley. -- Stun"ning*ly, adv. [Slang] STUNSAIL Stun"sail, n. (Naut.) Defn: A contraction of Studding sail. With every rag set, stunsails, sky scrapers and all. Lowell. STUNT Stunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Stunting.] Etym: [See Stint.] Defn: To hinder from growing to the natural size; to prevent the growth of; to stint, to dwarf; as, to stunt a child; to stunt a plant. When, by a cold penury, I blast the abilities of a nation, and stunt the growth of its active energies, the ill or may do is beyond all calculation. Burke. STUNT Stunt, n. 1. A check in growth; also, that which has been checked in growth; a stunted animal or thing. 2. Specifically: A whale two years old, which, having been weaned, is lean, and yields but little blubber. STUNTED Stunt"ed, a. Defn: Dwarfed. -- Stunt"ed*ness, n. STUNTNESS Stunt"ness, n. Defn: Stuntedness; brevity. [R.] Earle. STUPA Stu"pa (stoo"pa), n. Etym: [Skr. stupa.] Defn: A mound or monument commemorative of Buddha. STUPA Stu"pa (stu"pa), n. Etym: [L.] (Med.) Defn: See 1st Stupe. STUPE Stupe, n. Etym: [L. stupa, or better stuppa, tow. Cf. Stop, v. t.] (Med.) Defn: Cloth or flax dipped in warm water or medicaments and applied to a hurt or sore. STUPE Stupe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuped; p. pr. & vb. n. Stuping.] Defn: To foment with a stupe. Wiseman. STUPE Stupe, n. Etym: [See Stupid.] Defn: A stupid person. [Obs.] STUPEFACIENT Stu`pe*fa"cient, a. Etym: [L. stupefaciens, p.pr. of stupefacere to stupefy; stupere to be stupefied + facere to make. Cf. Stupefy.] [Written also stupifacient.] Defn: Producing stupefaction; stupefactive. -- n. (Med.) Defn: Anything promoting stupefaction; a narcotic. STUPEFACTION Stu`pe*fac"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. stupéfaction. See Stupefacient.] Defn: The act of stupefying, or the state of being stupefied. [Written also stupifaction.] Resistance of the dictates of conscience brings a hardness and stupefaction upon it. South. STUPEFACTIVE Stu`pe*fac"tive, a. & n. Etym: [Cf. F. stupéfactif, LL. stupefactivus.] Defn: Same as Stupefacient. [Written also stupifactive.] STUPEFIED Stu"pe*fied, a. Defn: Having been made stupid. STUPEFIEDNESS Stu"pe*fied`ness, n. Defn: Quality of being stupid. STUPEFIER Stu"pe*fi`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, stupefies; a stupefying agent. STUPEFY Stu"pe*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stupefied; p. pr. & vb. n. Stupefying.] Etym: [F. stupéfier, fr. L. stupere to be stupefied + ficare (in comp.) to make, akin to facere. See Stupid, Fact, and cf. Stupefacient.] [Written also stupify, especially in England.] 1. To make stupid; to make dull; to blunt the faculty of perception or understanding in; to deprive of sensibility; to make torpid. The fumes of drink discompose and stupefy the brain. South. 2. To deprive of material mobility. [Obs.] It is not malleable; but yet is not fluent, but stupefied. Bacon. STUPENDOUS Stu*pen"dous, a. Etym: [L. stupendus astonishing, p. future pass. of stupere to be astonished at. Cf. Stupid.] Defn: Astonishing; wonderful; amazing; especially, astonishing in magnitude or elevation; as, a stupendous pile. "A stupendous sum." Macaulay. All are but parts of one stupendous whole. Pope. -- Stu*pen"dous*ly, adv. -- Stu*pen"dous*ness, n. STUPEOUS Stu"pe*ous, a. Etym: [L. stupa, or better stuppa, tow; cf. L. stuppeus made of tow. Cf. Stupose.] Defn: Resembling tow; having long, loose scales, or matted filaments, like tow; stupose. STUPID Stu"pid, a. Etym: [L. stupidus, fr. stupere to be stupefied: cf. F. stupide.] 1. Very dull; insensible; senseless; wanting in understanding; heavy; sluggish; in a state of stupor; -- said of persons. O that men . . . should be so stupid grown . . . As to forsake the living God! Milton. With wild surprise, A moment stupid, motionless he stood. Thomson. 2. Resulting from, or evincing, stupidity; formed without skill or genius; dull; heavy; -- said of things. Observe what loads of stupid rhymes Oppress us in corrupted times. Swift. Syn. -- Simple; insensible; sluggish; senseless; doltish; sottish; dull; heavy; clodpated. -- Stu"pid*ly, adv. -- Stu"pid*ness, n. STUPIDITY Stu*pid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. stupiditas: cf. F. stupidité.] 1. The quality or state of being stupid; extreme dullness of perception or understanding; insensibility; sluggishness. 2. Stupor; astonishment; stupefaction. [R.] A stupidity Past admiration strikes me, joined with fear. Chapman. STUPIFY Stu"pi*fy, v. t. Defn: See Stupefy. STUPOR Stu"por, n. Etym: [L., from stupere to be struck senseless.] 1. Great diminution or suspension of sensibility; suppression of sense or feeling; lethargy. 2. Intellectual insensibility; moral stupidity; heedlessness or inattention to one's interests. STUPOSE Stu*pose, a. Etym: [L. stupa, or better stuppa, tow. Cf. Stupeous.] (Bot.) Defn: Composed of, or having, tufted or matted filaments like tow; stupeous. STUPRATE Stu"prate, v. t. Etym: [L. stupratus, p.p. of stuprare to ravish, fr. stuprum defilement.] Defn: To ravish; to debauch. [R.] Heywood. STUPRATION Stu*pra"tion, n. Defn: Violation of chastity by force; rape. [R.] Sir T. Browne. STUPRUM Stu"prum, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Stupration. STURB Sturb, v. t. Defn: To disturb. [Obs.] Chaucer. STURDILY Stur"di*ly, adv. Defn: In a sturdy manner. STURDINESS Stur"di*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being sturdy. STURDY Stur"dy, a. [Compar. Sturdier; superl. Sturdiest.] Etym: [OE. sturdi inconsiderable, OF. estourdi stunned, giddy, thoughtless, rash, F. étourdi, p.p. of OF. estourdir to stun, to render giddy, to amaze, F. étourdir; of uncertain origin. The sense has probably been influenced by E. stout.] 1. Foolishly obstinate or resolute; stubborn; unrelenting; unfeeling; stern. This sturdy marquis gan his hearte dress To rue upon her wifely steadfastness. Chaucer. This must be done, and I would fain see Mortal so sturdy as to gainsay. Hudibras. A sturdy, hardened sinner shall advance to the utmost pitch of impiety with less reluctance than he took the first steps. Atterbury. 2. Resolute, in a good sense; or firm, unyielding quality; as, a man of sturdy piety or patriotism. 3. Characterized by physical strength or force; strong; lusty; violent; as, a sturdy lout. How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke! Gray. 4. Stiff; stout; strong; as, a sturdy oak. Milton. He was not of any delicate contexture; his limbs rather sturdy than dainty. Sir H. Wotton. Syn. -- Hardy; stout; strong; firm; robust; stiff. STURDY Stur"dy, n. Etym: [OF. estourdi giddiness, stupefaction.] (Vet.) Defn: A disease in sheep and cattle, marked by great nervousness, or by dullness and stupor. STURGEON Stur"geon, n. Etym: [F. esturgeon, LL. sturio, sturgio, OHG. sturjo, G. stör; akin to AS. styria, styriga.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of large cartilaginous ganoid fishes belonging to Acipenser and allied genera of the family Acipenseridæ. They run up rivers to spawn, and are common on the coasts and in the large rivers and lakes of North America, Europe, and Asia. Caviare is prepared from the roe, and isinglass from the air bladder. Note: The common North American species are Acipenser sturio of the Atlantic coast region, A. transmontanus of the Pacific coast, and A. rubicundus of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. In Europe, the common species is Acipenser sturio, and other well-known species are the sterlet and the huso. The sturgeons are included in the order Chondrostei. Their body is partially covered by five rows of large, carinated, bony plates, of which one row runs along the back. The tail is heterocercal. The toothless and protrusile mouth is beneath the head, and has four barbels in front. Shovel-nosed sturgeon. (Zoöl.) See Shovelnose (d). STURIONES Stu`ri*o"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from LL. sturio. See Sturgeon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes including the sturgeons. STURIONIAN Stu`ri*o"ni*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the family of fishes of which the sturgeon is the type. STURK Sturk, n. Defn: See Stirk. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] STURNOID Stur"noid, a. Etym: [L. sturnus a starling + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the starlings. STURT Sturt, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Start, v. i.] Defn: To vex; to annoy; to startle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] STURT Sturt, n. 1. Disturbance; annoyance; care. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] "Sturt and care." J. Rolland. 2. (Mining) Defn: A bargain in tribute mining by which the tributor profits. Raymond. STURTION Stur"tion, n. Defn: A corruption of Nasturtion. STUT Stut, v. i. Defn: To stutter. [Obs.] Skelton. STUTTER Stut"ter, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Stuttered; p. pr. & vb. n. Stuttering.] Etym: [Freq. of stut, OE. stoten; probably of Dutch or Low German origin; cf. D. & LG. stotteren, G. stottern, D. stooten to push, to strike; akin to G. stossen, Icel. stauta, Sw. stöta, Dan. stöde, Goth. stautan, L. tundere, Skr. tud to thrust. Cf. Contuse, Obtuse.] Defn: To hesitate or stumble in uttering words; to speak with spasmodic repetition or pauses; to stammer. Trembling, stuttering, calling for his confessor. Macaulay. STUTTER Stut"ter, n. 1. The act of stuttering; a stammer. See Stammer, and Stuttering. 2. One who stutters; a stammerer. [Obs.] Bacon. STUTTERER Stut"ter*er, n. Defn: One who stutters; a stammerer. STUTTERING Stut"ter*ing, n. Defn: The act of one who stutters; -- restricted by some physiologists to defective speech due to inability to form the proper sounds, the breathing being normal, as distinguished from stammering. STUTTERING Stut"ter*ing, a. Defn: Apt to stutter; hesitating; stammering. -- Stut"ter*ing*ly, adv. STY Sty, n.; pl. Sties (. [Written also stigh.] Etym: [AS. stigu, fr. stigan to rise; originally, probably, a place into which animals climbed or went up. *164. See Sty, v. i., and cf. Steward.] 1. A pen or inclosure for swine. 2. A place of bestial debauchery. To roll with pleasure in a sensual sty. Milton. STY Sty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stied; p. pr. & vb. n. Stying.] Defn: To shut up in, or as in, a sty. Shak. STY Sty, v. i. Etym: [OE. stien, sti, AS. stigan to rise; akin to D. stijgen, OS. & OHG. stigan, G. steigen, Icel. stiga, Sw. stiga, Dan. stige, Goth. steigan, L. vestigium footstep, Gr. stigh to mount. Cf. Distich, Stair steps, Stirrup, Sty a boil, a pen for swine, Vestige.] Defn: To soar; to ascend; to mount. See Stirrup. [Obs.] With bolder wing shall dare aloft to sty, To the last praises of this Faery Queene. Spenser. STY Sty, n. Etym: [For older styan, styanye, understood as sty on eye, AS. stigend (sc. eáge eye), properly, rising, or swelling (eye), p.p. of stigan to rise. See Sty, v. i.] (Med.) Defn: An inflamed swelling or boil on the edge of the eyelid. [Written also stye.] STYAN Sty"an, n. Defn: See Sty, a boil. [R.] De quincey. STYCA Sty"ca, n. Etym: [LL., fr. AS. stic, styc, stycge.] Defn: An anglo-Saxon copper coin of the lowest value, being worth half a farthing. S. M. Leake. STYCERIN Sty"cer*in, n. Etym: [Styryl + glycerin.] (Chem.) Defn: A triacid alcohol, related to glycerin, and obtained from certain styryl derivatives as a yellow, gummy, amorphous substance; - - called also phenyl glycerin. STYE Stye, n. Defn: See Sty, a boil. STYGIAL Styg"i*al, a. Defn: Stygian. [R.] Skelton. STYGIAN Styg"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Stygius, fr. Styx, Stygis, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the river Styx; hence, hellish; infernal. See Styx. At that so sudden blaze, the Stygian throng Bent their aspect. Milton. STYLAGALMAIC Sty`la*gal*ma"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Arch.) Defn: Performing the office of columns; as, Atlantes and Caryatides are stylagalmaic figures or images. [Written also stylogalmaic.] STYLAR Sty"lar, a. Defn: See Stilar. STYLASTER Sty*las"ter, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of delicate, usually pink, calcareous hydroid corals of the genus Stylaster. STYLE Style, n. Etym: [OE. stile, F. style, Of. also stile, L. stilus a style or writing instrument, manner or writing, mode of expression; probably for stiglus, meaning, a pricking instrument, and akin to E. stick. See Stick, v. t., and cf. Stiletto. The spelling with y is due to a supposed connection with Gr. 1. An instrument used by the ancients in writing on tablets covered with wax, having one of its ends sharp, and the other blunt, and somewhat expanded, for the purpose of making erasures by smoothing the wax. 2. Hence, anything resembling the ancient style in shape or use. Specifically: -- (a) A pen; an author's pen. Dryden. (b) A sharp-pointed tool used in engraving; a graver. (c) A kind of blunt-pointed surgical instrument. (d) (Zoöl.) A long, slender, bristlelike process, as the anal styles of insects. (e) Etym: [Perhaps fr. Gr. Defn: The pin, or gnomon, of a dial, the shadow of which indicates the hour. See Gnomon. (f) Etym: [Probably fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The elongated part of a pistil between the ovary and the stigma. See Illust. of Stamen, and of Pistil. 3. Mode of expressing thought in language, whether oral or written; especially, such use of language in the expression of thought as exhibits the spirit and faculty of an artist; choice or arrangement of words in discourse; rhetorical expression. High style, as when that men to kinges write. Chaucer. Style is the dress of thoughts. Chesterfield. Proper words in proper places make the true definition of style. Swift. It is style alone by which posterity will judge of a great work. I. Disraeli. 4. Mode of presentation, especially in music or any of the fine arts; a characteristic of peculiar mode of developing in idea or accomplishing a result. The ornamental style also possesses its own peculiar merit. Sir J. Reynolds. 5. Conformity to a recognized standard; manner which is deemed elegant and appropriate, especially in social demeanor; fashion. According to the usual style of dedications. C. Middleton. 6. Mode or phrase by which anything is formally designated; the title; the official designation of any important body; mode of address; as, the style of Majesty. One style to a gracious benefactor, another to a proud, insulting foe. Burke. 7. (Chron.) Defn: A mode of reckoning time, with regard to the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Note: Style is Old or New. The Old Style follows the Julian manner of computing the months and days, or the calendar as established by Julius Cæsar, in which every fourth year consists of 366 days, and the other years of 365 days. This is about 11 minutes in a year too much. Pope Georgy XIII. reformed the calendar by retrenching 10 days in October, 1582, in order to bring back the vernal equinox to the same day as at the time of the Council of Nice, A.D. 325. This reformation was adopted by act of the British Parliament in 1751, by which act 11 days in September, 1752, were retrenched, and the third day was reckoned the fourteenth. This mode of reckoning is called New Style, according to which every year divisible by 4, unless it is divisible by 100 without being divisible by 400, has 366 days, and any other year 365 days. Style of court, the practice or manner observed by a court in its proceedings. Ayliffe. Syn. -- Diction; phraseology; manner; course; title. See Diction. STYLE Style, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Styled; p. pr. & vb. n. Styling.] Defn: To entitle; to term, name, or call; to denominate. "Styled great conquerors." Milton. How well his worth and brave adventures styled. Dryden. Syn. -- To call; name; denominate; designate; term; characterize. STYLET Sty"let, n. Etym: [F., dim. of style; cf. It. stiletto. See Stiletto.] Defn: A small poniard; a stiletto. 2. (Surg.) (a) An instrument for examining wounds and fistulas, and for passing setons, and the like; a probe, -- called also specillum. (b) A stiff wire, inserted in catheters or other tubular instruments to maintain their shape and prevent clogging. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small, more or less rigid, bristlelike organ; as, the caudal stylets of certain insects; the ventral stylets of certain Infusoria. STYLIFEROUS Sty*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Style + -ferous.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing one or more styles. STYLIFORM Sty"li*form, a. Etym: [Style + -form: cf. F. styliforme.] Defn: Having the form of, or resembling, a style, pin, or pen; styloid. STYLISH Styl"ish, a. Defn: Having style or artistic quality; given to, or fond of, the display of style; highly fashionable; modish; as, a stylish dress, house, manner. -- Styl"ish*ly, adv. -- Styl"ish*ness, n. STYLIST Styl"ist, n. Defn: One who is a master or a model of style, especially in writing or speaking; a critic of style. Distinguished as a stylist, for ease. Fitzed. Hall. STYLISTIC Sty*lis"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to style in language. [R.] "Stylistic trifles." J. A. Symonds. The great stylistic differences in the works ascribed to him [Wyclif]. G. P. Marsh. STYLITE Sty"lite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect of anchorites in the early church, who lived on the tops of pillars for the exercise of their patience; -- called also pillarist and pillar saint. STYLO- Sty"lo-. Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the styloid process of the temporal bone; as, stylohyal, stylomastoid, stylomaxillary. STYLOBATE Sty"lo*bate, n. Etym: [L. stylobates, stylobata, Gr. (Arch.) Defn: The uninterrupted and continuous flat band, coping, or pavement upon which the bases of a row of columns are supported. See Sub-base. STYLOGLOSSAL Sty`lo*glos"sal, a. Etym: [Stylo- + glossal.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to styloid process and the tongue. STYLOGRAPH Sty"lo*graph, n. Defn: A stylographic pen. STYLOGRAPHIC Sty`lo*graph"ic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to stylography; used in stylography; as, stylographic tablets. 2. Pertaining to, or used in, stylographic pen; as, stylographic ink. Stylographic pen, a pen with a conical point like that of a style, combined with a reservoir for supplying it with ink. -- Stylographic pencil, a pencil used in stylography. STYLOGRAPHICAL Sty`lo*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Same as Stylographic, 1. -- Sty`lo*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. STYLOGRAPHY Sty*log"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Style + -graphy.] Defn: A mode of writing or tracing lines by means of a style on cards or tablets. STYLOHYAL Sty`lo*hy"al, n. Etym: [Stylo- + the Gr. letter (Anat.) Defn: A segment in the hyoidean arch between the epihyal and tympanohyal. STYLOHYOID Sty`lo*hy"oid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the styloid process and the hyoid bone. STYLOID Sty"loid, a. Etym: [Style + -oid: cf. F. styloïde, Gr. 1. Styliform; as, the styloid process. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the styloid process. Styloid process (Anat.), a long and slender process from the lower side of the temporal bone of man, corresponding to the tympanohyal and stylohyal of other animals. STYLOMASTOID Sty`lo*mas"toid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone. STYLOMAXILLARY Sty`lo*max"il*la*ry, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the styloid process and the maxilla. STYLOMETER Sty*lom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring columns. STYLOMMATA Sty*lom"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: Same as Stylommatophora. STYLOMMATOPHORA Sty*lom`ma*toph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Pulmonata in which the eyes are situated at the tips of the tentacles. It includes the common land snails and slugs. See Illust. under Snail. STYLOMMATOPHOROUS Sty*lom`ma*toph"o*rous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Stylommatophora. STYLOPODIUM Sty`lo*po"di*um, n.; pl. Stylopodia. Etym: [NL. See Style, and Podium.] (Bot.) Defn: An expansion at the base of the style, as in umbelliferous plants. STYLOPS Sty"lops, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of minute insects parasitic, in their larval state, on bees and wasps. It is the typical genus of the group Strepsiptera, formerly considered a distinct order, but now generally referred to the Coleoptera. See Strepsiptera. STYLUS Sty"lus, n. Etym: [L. stylus, or better stilus.] Defn: An instrument for writing. See Style, n., 1. That needle-shaped part at the tip of the playing arm of phonograph which sits in the groove of a phonograph record while it is turning, to detect the undulations in the phonograph groove and convert them into vibrations which are transmitted to a system (since 1920 electronic) which converts the signal into sound; also called needle. The stylus is frequently composed of metal or diamond. 3. The needle-like device used to cut the grooves which record the sound on the original disc during recording of a phonograph record. 4. (Computers) Defn: A pen-shaped pointing device used to specify the cursor position on a graphics tablet. STYMIE; STIMY Sty"mie, n. Also Sti"my. [Orig. uncertain.] (Golf) Defn: The position of two balls on the putting green such that, being more than six inches apart, one ball lies directly between the other and the hole at which the latter must be played; also, the act of bringing the balls into this position. STYMIE; STIMY Sty"mie, v. t. Also Sti"my. (Golf) Defn: To bring into the position of, or impede by, a stymie. STYPHNATE Styph"nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of styphnic acid. STYPHNIC Styph"nic, a. Etym: [Gr. (spurious) sty`fein to contract.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a yellow crystalline astringent acid, (NO2)3.C6H.(OH)2, obtained by the action of nitric acid on resorcin. Styphnic acid resembles picric acid, but is not bitter. It acts like a strong dibasic acid, having a series of well defined salts. STYPTIC Styp"tic, a. Etym: [L. stypticus, Gr. Defn: Producing contraction; stopping bleeding; having the quality of restraining hemorrhage when applied to the bleeding part; astringent. [Written also stiptic.] Styptic weed (Bot.), an American leguminous herb (Cassia occidentalis) closely related to the wild senna. STYPTIC Styp"tic, n. (Med.) Defn: A styptic medicine. STYPTICAL Styp"tic*al, a. Defn: Styptic; astringent. STYPTICITY Styp*tic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. stypticité.] Defn: The quality or state of being styptic; astringency. STYRACIN Styr"a*cin, n. Etym: [See Styrax.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline tasteless substance extracted from gum storax, and consisting of a salt of cinnamic acid with cinnamic alcohol. STYRAX Sty"rax, n. Etym: [L. styrax, storax, Gr. Storax.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs and trees, mostly American or Asiatic, abounding in resinous and aromatic substances. Styrax officinalis yields storax, and S. Benzoin yields benzoin. 2. Same as Storax. STYROL Sty"rol, n. Etym: [Styrax + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: See Styrolene. STYROLENE Sty"ro*lene, n. (Chem.) Defn: An unsaturated hydrocarbon, C8H8, obtained by the distillation of storax, by the decomposition of cinnamic acid, and by the condensation of acetylene, as a fragrant, aromatic, mobile liquid; -- called also phenyl ethylene, vinyl benzene, styrol, styrene, and cinnamene. STYRONE Sty"rone, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance having a sweet taste and a hyacinthlike odor, obtained by the decomposition of styracin; -- properly called cinnamic, or styryl, alcohol. STYRYL Sty"ryl, n. Etym: [Styrax + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical found in certain derivatives of styrolene and cinnamic acid; -- called also cinnyl, or cinnamyl. STYTHE Stythe, n. (Mining) Defn: Choke damp. STYTHY Styth"y, n. & v. Defn: See Stithy. STYX Styx, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The principal river of the lower world, which had to be crossed in passing to the regions of the dead. SUABILITY Su`a*bil"i*ty, n. (Law) Defn: Liability to be sued; the state of being subjected by law to civil process. SUABLE Su"a*ble, a. (Law) Defn: Capable of being sued; subject by law to be called to answer in court. Story. SUADE Suade, v. t. Etym: [L. suadere.] Defn: To persuade. [Obs.] SUADIBLE Suad"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. suadibilis.] Defn: Suasible. [Obs.] Wyclif (James iii. 17). SUAGE Suage, v. t. Defn: To assuage. [Obs.] Dryden. SUANT Su"ant, a. Etym: [Cf. Sue to pursue.] Defn: Spread equally over the surface; uniform; even. [Written also suent.] [Local, U.S. & Prov. Eng.] -- Su"ant*ly, adv. [Local, U.S. & Prov. Eng.] SUASIBLE Sua"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. suadere, suasum, to persuade.] Defn: Capable of being persuaded; easily persuaded. SUASION Sua"sion, n. Etym: [L. suasio, fr. suadere, suasum, to advise, persuade, fr. suadus persuading, persuasive; akin to suavis sweet: cf. OF. suasion. See Suave, and cf. Dissuade, Persuade.] Defn: The act of persuading; persuasion; as, moral suasion. SUASIVE Sua"sive, a. Defn: Having power to persuade; persuasive; suasory. South. "Genial and suasive satire." Earle. -- Sua"sive*ly, adv. SUASORY Sua"so*ry, a. Etym: [L. suasorius: cf. F. suasoire.] Defn: Tending to persuade; suasive. SUAVE Suave, a. Etym: [L. suavis sweet, pleasant: cf. F. suave. See Sweet, and cf. Suasion.] Defn: Sweet; pleasant; delightful; gracious or agreeable in manner; bland. -- Suave"ly, adv. SUAVIFY Suav"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suavified; p. pr. & vb. n. Suavifying.] Etym: [Suave + -fy.] Defn: To make affable or suave. SUAVILOQUENT Sua*vil"o*quent, a. Etym: [L. suaviloquens; suavis sweet + loquens, p.pr. of loqui to speak.] Defn: Sweetly speaking; using agreeable speech. [R.] SUAVILOQUY Sua*vil"o*quy, n. Etym: [L. suaviloquium.] Defn: Sweetness of speech. [R.] SUAVITY Suav"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. suavitas: cf. F. suavité.] 1. Sweetness to the taste. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. The quality of being sweet or pleasing to the mind; agreeableness; softness; pleasantness; gentleness; urbanity; as, suavity of manners; suavity of language, conversation, or address. Glanvill. SUB- Sub-. Etym: [L. sub under, below; akin to Gr. upa to, on, under, over. Cf. Hypo-, Super-.] 1. A prefix signifying under, below, beneath, and hence often, in an inferior position or degree, in an imperfect or partial state, as in subscribe, substruct, subserve, subject, subordinate, subacid, subastringent, subgranular, suborn. Sub- in Latin compounds often becomes sum- before m, sur before r, and regularly becomes suc-, suf- , sug-, and sup- before c, f, g, and p respectively. Before c, p, and t it sometimes takes form sus- (by the dropping of b from a collateral form, subs-). 2. (Chem.) Defn: A prefix denoting that the ingredient (of a compound) signified by the term to which it is prefixed,is present in only a small proportion, or less than the normal amount; as, subsulphide, suboxide, etc. Prefixed to the name of a salt it is equivalent to basic; as, subacetate or basic acetate. [Obsoles.] SUB Sub, n. Defn: A subordinate; a subaltern. [Colloq.] SUBACETATE Sub*ac"e*tate, n. (Chem.) Defn: An acetate containing an excess of the basic constituent. SUBACID Sub*ac"id, a. Etym: [L. subacidus. See Sub-, Acid.] Defn: Moderately acid or sour; as, some plants have subacid juices. -- n. Defn: A substance moderately acid. SUBACRID Sub*ac"rid, a. Defn: Moderalely acrid or harsh. SUBACROMIAL Sub`a*cro"mi*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated beneath the acromial process of the scapula. SUBACT Sub*act", v. t. Etym: [L. subactus, p.p. of subigere to subdue; sub under + agere to lead, bring.] Defn: To reduce; to subdue. [Obs.] Bacon. SUBACTION Sub*ac"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. L. subactio a working up, discipline.] Defn: The act of reducing to any state, as of mixing two bodies combletely. [Obs.] Bacon. SUBACUTE Sub`a*cute", a. Defn: Moderalely acute. SUBADUNCATE Sub`a*dun"cate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Somewhat hooked or curved. SUBADVOCATE Sub*ad"vo*cate, n. Defn: An under or subordinate advocate. SUBAERIAL Sub`a*ë"ri*al, a. Defn: Beneath the sky; in the open air; specifically (Geol.), taking place on the earth's surface, as opposed to subaqueous. SUBAGENCY Sub*a"gen*cy, n. Defn: A subordinate agency. SUBAGENT Sub*a"gent, n. (Law) Defn: A person employed by an agent to transact the whole, or a part, of the business intrusted to the latter. Bouvier. Chitty. SUBAGITATION Sub*ag`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. subagitatio, fr. subagitare to lie with illicity.] Defn: Unlawful sexual intercourse. [Obs.] SUBAH Su"bah, n. Etym: [Per. & Hinf. s.] Defn: A province; a government, as of a viceroy; also, a subahdar. [India] SUBAHDAR Su"bah*dar, n. Etym: [Per. & Hinf. s, Per. s a province + dar holding, keeping.] Defn: A viceroy; a governor of a subah; also, a native captain in the British native army. [India] SUBAHDARY; SUBAHSHIP Su"bah*dar`y, Su"bah*ship, n. Defn: The office or jurisdiction of a subahdar. SUBAID Sub*aid", v. t. Defn: To aid secretly; to assist in a private manner, or indirectly. [R.] Daniel. SUBALMONER Sub*al"mon*er, n. Defn: An under almoner. SUBALPINE Sub*al"pine, a. Etym: [L. subalpinus.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Inhabiting the somewhat high slopes and summits of mountains, but considerably below the snow line. SUBALTERN Sub*al"tern, a. Etym: [F. subalterne, LL. subalternus, fr. L. sub under + alter the one, the other of two. See Alter.] 1. Ranked or ranged below; subordinate; inferior; specifically (Mil.), ranking as a junior officer; being below the rank of captain; as, a subaltern officer. 2. (Logic) Defn: Asserting only a part of what is asserted in a related proposition. Subaltern genus. (Logic) See under Genus. SUBALTERN Sub*al"tern, n. 1. A person holding a subordinate position; specifically, a commissioned military officer below the rank of captain. 2. (Logic) Defn: A subaltern proposition. Whately. SUBALTERNANT Sub`al*ter"nant, n. (Logic) Defn: A universal proposition. See Subaltern, 2. Whately. SUBALTERNATE Sub`al*ter"nate, a. 1. Succeeding by turns; successive. 2. Subordinate; subaltern; inferior. All their subalternate and several kinds. Evelyn. SUBALTERNATE Sub`al*ter"nate, n. (Logic) Defn: A particular proposition, as opposed to a universal one. See Subaltern, 2. SUBALTERNATING Sub*al"ter*na`ting, a. Defn: Subalternate; successive. SUBALTERNATION Sub*al"ter*na`tion, n. Defn: The state of being subalternate; succession of turns; subordination. SUBANGULAR Sub*an"gu*lar, a. Defn: Slightly angular. SUBAPENNINE Sub*ap"en*nine, a. Defn: Under, or at the foot of, the Apennine mountains; -- applied, in geology, to a series of Tertiary strata of the older Pliocene period. SUBAPICAL Sub*ap"ic*al, a. Defn: Being under the apex; of or pertaining to the part just below the apex. SUBAQUANEOUS Sub`a*qua"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. subaquaneus; sub + aqua water.] Defn: Subaqueous. [Obs.] SUBAQUATIC; SUBAQUEOUS Sub`a*quat"ic, Sub*a"que*ous, a. 1. Being under water, or beneath the surface of water; adapted for use under water; submarine; as, a subaqueous helmet. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Formed in or under water; as, subaqueous deposits. SUBARACHNOID; SUBARACHNOIDAL Sub`a*rach"noid, Sub*ar`ach*noid"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the arachnoid membrane. SUBARCTIC Sub*arc"tic, a. Defn: Approximately arctic; belonging to a region just without the arctic circle. SUBARCUATE; SUBARCUATED Sub*ar"cu*ate, Sub*ar"cu*a`ted, a. Defn: Having a figure resembling that of a bow; somewhat curved or arched. SUBARRATION Sub`ar*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. arra, arrha, earnest money. See Earnest a pledge.] Defn: The ancient custom of betrothing by the bestowal, on the part of the man, of marriage gifts or tokens, as money, rings, or other presents, upon the woman. SUBARYTENOID Sub`a*ryt"e*noid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the arytenoid cartilage of the larynx. SUBASTRAL Sub*as"tral, a. Defn: Beneath the stars or heavens; terrestrial. Bp. Warburton. SUBASTRINGENT Sub`as*trin"gent, a. Defn: Somewhat astringent. SUBATOM Sub*at"om, n. (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical component of a chemical atom, on the theory that the elements themselves are complex substances; -- called also atomicule. SUBAUD Sub*aud", v. t. Etym: [L. subaudire, subauditum; sub under + audire to hear.] Defn: To understand or supply in an ellipsis. [R.] SUBAUDITION Sub`au*di"tion, n. Etym: [L. subauditio.] Defn: The act of understanding, or supplying, something not expressed; also, that which is so understood or supplied. Trench. SUBAXILLARY Sub*ax"il*la*ry, a. 1. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the axilla, or armpit. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Placed under the axil, or angle formed by the branch of a plant with the stem, or a leaf with the branch. SUBBASAL Sub*ba"sal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Near the base. SUB-BASE Sub"-base`, n. (Arch.) Defn: The lowest member of a base when divided horizontally, or of a baseboard, pedestal, or the like. SUB-BASS Sub"-bass`, n. (Mus.) Defn: The deepest pedal stop, or the lowest tones of an organ; the fundamental or ground bass. [Written also sub-base.] Ayliffe. SUBBEADLE Sub*bea"dle, n. Defn: An under beadle. SUBBRACHIAL Sub*brach"i*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the subbrachians. SUBBRACHIALES Sub*brach`i*a"les, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Sub-, and Brachial.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of soft-finned fishes in which the ventral fins are situated beneath the pectorial fins, or nearly so. SUBBRACHIAN Sub*brach"i*an, n. Etym: [Pref. sub- + brachium.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Subbrachiales. SUBBREED Sub"breed`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A race or strain differing in certain characters from the parent breed; an incipient breed. SUBBRONCHIAL Sub*bron"chi*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the bronchi; as, the subbronchial air sacs of birds. SUBCALIBER Sub*cal"i*ber, a. Defn: Smaller than the caliber of a firearm. [Written also subcalibre.] Subcaliber projectile, a projectile having a smaller diameter than the caliber of the arm from which it is fired, and to which it is fitted by means of a sabot. Knight. SUBCARBONATE Sub*car"bon*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A carbonate containing an excess of the basic constituent. SUBCARBONIFEROUS Sub*car`bon*if"er*ous, a. (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the lowest division of the Carboniferous formations underlying the proper coal measures. It was a marine formation characterized in general by beds of limestone. -- n. Defn: The Subcarboniferous period or formation. SUBCARBURETED Sub*car"bu*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Defn: United with, or containing, carbon in less than the normal proportion. [Written also subcarburetted.] [Obsoles.] SUBCARTILAGINOUS Sub*car`ti*lag"i*nous, a. (Anat.) (a) Situated under or beneath a cartilage or cartilages. (b) Partially cartilaginous. SUBCAUDAL Sub*cau"dal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the tail; as, the subcaudal, or chevron, bones. SUBCELESTIAL Sub`ce*les"tial, a. Defn: Being beneath the heavens; as, subcelestial glories. Barrow. SUBCELLAR Sub*cel"lar, n. Defn: A cellar beneath another story wholly or partly underground; usually, a cellar under a cellar. SUBCENTRAL Sub*cen"tral, a. 1. Under the center. 2. Nearly central; not quite central. SUBCHANTER Sub*chant"er, n. (Eccl.) Defn: An underchanter; a precentor's deputy in a cathedral; a succentor. SUBCIRCULAR Sub*cir"cu*lar, a. Defn: Nearly circular. SUBCLASS Sub"class`, n. Defn: One of the natural groups, more important than an order, into which some classes are divided; as, the angiospermous subclass of exogens. SUBCLAVIAN Sub*cla"vi*an, a. Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. clavis a key. See Clavicle.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the clavicle, or collar bone; as, the subclavian arteries. SUBCOLUMNAR Sub`co*lum"nar, a. (Geol.) Defn: Having an imperfect or interrupted columnar structure. SUBCOMMITTEE Sub`com*mit"tee, n. Defn: An under committee; a part or division of a committee. Yet by their sequestrators and subcommittees abroad . . . those orders were commonly disobeyed. Milton. SUBCOMPRESSED Sub`com*pressed", a. Defn: Not fully compressed; partially or somewhat compressed. SUBCONCAVE Sub*con"cave, a. Defn: Slightly concave. Owen. SUBCONFORMABLE Sub`con*form"a*ble, a. Defn: Partially conformable. SUBCONICAL Sub*con"ic*al, a. Defn: Slightly conical. SUBCONJUNCTIVAL Sub*con`junc*ti"val, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the conjunctiva. SUBCONSCIOUS Sub*con"scious, a. 1. Occurring without the possibility or the fact of an attendant consciousness; -- said of states of the soul. 2. Partially conscious; feebly conscious. SUBCONSCIOUSNESS Sub*con"scious*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being subconscious; a state of mind in which perception and other mental processes occur without distinct consciousness. SUBCONSTELLATION Sub*con`stel*la"tion, n. (Astron.) Defn: A subordinate constellation. Sir T. Browne. SUBCONTRACT Sub*con"tract, n. Defn: A contract under, or subordinate to, a previous contract. SUBCONTRACTED Sub`con*tract"ed, a. 1. Contracted after a former contract. 2. Betrothed for the second time. [Obs.] Shak. SUBCONTRACTOR Sub`con*tract"or, n. Defn: One who takes a portion of a contract, as for work, from the principal contractor. SUBCONTRARY Sub*con"tra*ry, a. 1. Contrary in an inferior degree. 2. (Geom.) Defn: Having, or being in, a contrary order; -- said of a section of an oblique cone having a circular base made by a plane not parallel to the base, but so inclined to the axis that the section is a circle; applied also to two similar triangles when so placed as to have a common angle at the vertex, the opposite sides not being parallel. Brande & C. 3. (Logic) Defn: Denoting the relation of opposition between the particular affirmative and particular negative. Of these both may be true and only one can be false. SUBCONTRARY Sub*con"tra*ry, n.; pl. Subcontraries (. (Logic) Defn: A subcontrary proposition; a proposition inferior or contrary in a lower degree. SUBCORACOID Sub*cor"a*coid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the coracoid process of the scapula; as, the subcoracoid dislocation of the humerus. SUBCORDATE Sub*cor"date, a. Defn: Somewhat cordate; somewhat like a heart in shape. SUBCORNEOUS Sub*cor"ne*ous, a. (Anat.) (a) Situated under a horny part or layer. (b) Partially horny. SUBCOSTAL Sub*cos"tal, a. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Defn: Situated below the costas, or ribs; as, the subcostal muscles. Note: The subcostal muscles are distinct from, and within, the intercostal. SUBCOSTAL Sub*cos"tal, n. 1. (Anat.) Defn: A subcostal muscle. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the principal nervures of the wings of an insect. It is situated next beneath or behind the costal. See Nervure. SUBCRANIAL Sub*cra"ni*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the cranium; facial. SUBCRUSTACEOUS Sub`crus*ta"ceous, a. Defn: Occurring beneath a crust or scab; as, a subcrustaceous cicatrization. SUBCRYSTALLINE Sub*crys"tal*line, a. Defn: Imperfectly crystallized. SUBCULTRATE; SUBCULTRATED Sub*cul"trate, Sub*cul"tra*ted, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a form resembling that of a colter, or straight on one side and curved on the other. SUBCUTANEOUS Sub`cu*ta"ne*ous, a. Defn: Situated under the skin; hypodermic. -- Sub`cu*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. Subcutaneous operation (Surg.), an operation performed without opening that part of the skin opposite to, or over, the internal section. SUBCUTICULAR Sub`cu*tic"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the cuticle, or scarfskin. SUBCYLINDRICAL; SUBCYLINDRIC Sub`cy*lin"dric*al, Sub`cy*lin"dric, a. Defn: Imperfectly cylindrical; approximately cylindrical. SUBDEACON Sub*dea"con, n. Etym: [Pref. sub- + deacon: cf. L. subdiaconus.] (Eccl.) Defn: One belonging to an order in the Roman Catholic Church, next interior to the order of deacons; also, a member of a minor order in the Greek Church. SUBDEACONRY; SUBDEACONSHIP Sub*dea"con*ry, Sub*dea"con*ship, n. (Eccl.) Defn: The order or office of subdeacon. SUBDEAN Sub"dean`, n. Etym: [Pref. sub- + dean: cf. F. sousdoyen.] Defn: An under dean; the deputy or substitute of a dean. Ayliffe. SUBDEANERY Sub*dean"er*y, n. Defn: Office or rank of subdean. SUBDECANAL Sub*dec"a*nal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a subdean or subdeanery. SUBDECUPLE Sub*dec"u*ple, a. Defn: Containing one part of ten. SUBDELEGATE Sub*del"e*gate, n. Defn: A subordinate delegate, or one with inferior powers. SUBDELEGATE Sub*del"e*gate, v. t. Defn: To appoint to act as subdelegate, or as a subordinate; to depete. SUBDENTED Sub*dent"ed, a. Defn: Indented beneath. SUBDEPARTMENT Sub`de*part"ment, n. Defn: A subordinate department; a bureau. See the Note under Bureau. SUBDEPOSIT Sub`de*pos"it, n. Defn: That which is deposited beneath something else. SUBDERISORIOUS Sub`der*i*so"ri*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. derisorius. See Derisory.] Defn: Ridiculing with moderation. [R.] Dr. H. More. SUBDERIVATIVE Sub`de*riv"a*tive, n. Defn: A word derived from a derivative, and not directly from the root; as, "friendliness" is a subderivative, being derived from "friendly", which is in turn a derivative from "friend." SUBDIACONATE Sub`di*ac"o*nate, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a subdeacon, or to the office or rank of a subdeacon. SUBDIACONATE Sub`di*ac"o*nate, n. Defn: The office or rank of a subdeacon. SUBDIAL Sub*di"al, a. Etym: [L. subdialis in the open air.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the open air; being under the open sky. [R.] N. Bacon. SUBDIALECT Sub*di"a*lect, n. Defn: A subordinate dialect. SUBDICHOTOMY Sub`di*chot"o*my, n. Defn: A subordinate, or inferior, division into parts; a subdivision. [R.] Many subdichatomies of petty schisms. Milton. SUBDILATED Sub`di*lat"ed, a. Defn: Partially dilated. SUBDITITIOUS Sub`di*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. subdititius, subditicius, fr. subdere to substitute.] Defn: Put secretly in the place of something else; foisted in. [R.] SUBDIVERSIFY Sub`di*ver"si*fy, v. t. Defn: To diversify aggain what is already diversified. [R.] Sir M. Hale. SUBDIVIDE Sub`di*vide", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subdivided; p. pr. & vb. n. Subdividing.] Etym: [L. subdividere, sub under + dividere to divide. See Divide.] Defn: To divide the parts of (anything) into more parts; to part into smaller divisions; to divide again, as what has already been divided. The progenies of Cham and Japhet swarmed into colonies, and those colonies were subdivided into many others. Dryden. SUBDIVIDE Sub`di*vide", v. i. Defn: To be, or to become, subdivided. SUBDIVINE Sub`di*vine", a. Defn: Partaking of divinity; divine in a partial or lower degree. Bp. Hall. SUBDIVISIBLE Sub`di*vis"i*ble, a. Defn: Susceptible of subdivision. SUBDIVISION Sub`di*vi"sion, n. Etym: [L. subdivisio: cf. F. subdivision.] 1. The act of subdividing, or separating a part into smaller parts. 2. A part of a thing made by subdividing. In the decimal table, the subdivision of the cubit, as span, palm, and digit, are deduced from the shorter cubit. Arbuthnot. SUBDOLOUS Sub"do*lous, a. Etym: [L. subdolus, sub + dolus deceit.] Defn: Sly; crafty; cunning; artful. [R.] SUBDOMINANT Sub*dom"i*nant, n. (Mus.) Defn: The fourth tone above, or fifth below, the tonic; -- so called as being under the dominant. SUBDUABLE Sub*du"a*ble, a. Defn: Able to be subdued. SUBDUAL Sub*du"al, n. Defn: Act of subduing. Bp. Warburton. SUBDUCE; SUBDUCT Sub*duce", Sub*duct", v. t. Etym: [L. subducere, subductum; sub under + ducere to lead, to draw. See Duke, and cf. Subdue.] 1. To withdraw; to take away. Milton. 2. To subtract by arithmetical operation; to deduct. If, out of that infinite multitude of antecedent generations, we should subduce ten. Sir M. Hale. SUBDUCTION Sub*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. subductio.] 1. The act of subducting or taking away. Bp. Hall. 2. Arithmetical subtraction. Sir M. Hale. SUBDUE Sub*due", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subdued; p. pr. & vb. n. Subduing.] Etym: [OE. soduen, OF. sosduire to seduce, L. subtus below (fr. sub under) + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Subduct.] 1. To bring under; to conquer by force or the exertion of superior power, and bring into permanent subjection; to reduce under dominion; to vanquish. I will subdue all thine enemies. 1 Chron. xvii. 10. 2. To overpower so as to disable from further resistance; to crush. Nothing could have subdued nature To such a lowness, but his unkind daughters. Shak. If aught . . . were worthy to subdue The soul of man. Milton. 3. To destroy the force of; to overcome; as, medicines subdue a fever. 4. To render submissive; to bring under command; to reduce to mildness or obedience; to tame; as, to subdue a stubborn child; to subdue the temper or passions. 5. To overcome, as by persuasion or other mild means; as, to subdue opposition by argument or entreaties. 6. To reduce to tenderness; to melt; to soften; as, to subdue ferocity by tears. 7. To make mellow; to break, as land; also, to destroy, as weeds. 8. To reduce the intensity or degree of; to tone down; to soften; as, to subdue the brilliancy of colors. Syn. -- To conquer; overpower; overcome; surmount; vanquish. See Conquer. SUBDUED Sub*dued", a. 1. Conquered; overpowered; crushed; submissive; mild. 2. Not glaring in color; soft in tone. SUBDUEMENT Sub*due"ment, n. Defn: Subdual. [Obs.] Shak. SUBDUER Sub*du"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, subdues; a conqueror. Spenser. SUBDULCID Sub*dul"cid, a. Etym: [Pref. sub + L. dulcis sweet.] Defn: Somewhat sweet; sweetish. [R.] SUBDUPLE Sub"du*ple, a. (Math.) Defn: Indicating one part of two; in the ratio of one to two. Subduple ratio, the ratio of 1 to 2: thus, 3:6 is a subduple ratio, as 6:3 is a duple ratio. SUBDUPLICATE Sub*du"pli*cate, a. (Math.) Defn: Expressed by the square root; -- said of ratios. Subduplicate ratio, the ratio of the square roots, or the square root of a ratio; thus, the subduplicate ratio of a to b is *a to *b, or *a/b. SUBDURAL Sub*du"ral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the dura mater, or between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane. SUBEDITOR Sub*ed"i*tor, n. Defn: An assistant editor, as of a periodical or journal. SUBELONGATE Sub`e*lon"gate, a. Defn: Not fully elongated; somewhat elongated. SUBENDOCARDIAL Sub*en`do*car"di*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the endocardium. SUBENDYMAL Sub*en"dy*mal, a. Etym: [Pref. sub + endyma.] Defn: Situated under the endyma. SUBEPIDERMAL Sub*ep`i*der"mal, a. Defn: Situated immediately below the epidermis. SUBEPIGLOTTIC Sub*ep`i*glot"tic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the epiglottis. SUBEPITHELIAL Sub*ep`i*the"li*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the epithelium. SUBEQUAL Sub*e"qual, a. Defn: Nearly equal. SUBERATE Su"ber*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. subérate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of suberic acid. SUBEREOUS Su*be"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. subereus of the cork tree.] Defn: Of or pertaining to cork; of the nature of cork; suberose. SUBERIC Su*ber"ic, a. Etym: [L. suber the cork tree: cf. F. subéreque.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to cork; specifically, designating an acid, C SUBERIN Su"ber*in, n. Etym: [L. suber the cork tree: cf. F. subérine.] (Bot.) Defn: A material found in the cell walls of cork. It is a modification of lignin. SUBERITE Su"ber*ite, n. Etym: [L. suber the cork tree.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any sponge of the genus Suberites and allied genera. These sponges have a fine and compact texture, and contain minute siliceous spicules. SUBERIZATION Su`ber*i*za"tion, n. (Bot.) Defn: Conversion of the cell walls into cork tissue by development of suberin; -- commonly taking place in exposed tissues, as when a callus forms over a wound. Suberized cell walls are impervious to water. SUBERIZE Su"ber*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. -ized; p. pr. & vb. n. -izing.] [L. suber cork.] (Bot.) Defn: To effect suberization of. SUBERONE Su"ber*one, n. (Chem.) (a) The hypothetical ketone of suberic acid. (b) A colorless liquid, analogous suberone proper, having a pleasant peppermint odor. It is obtained by the distillation of calcium suberate. SUBEROSE; SUBEROUS Su"ber*ose`, Su"ber*ous, a. Etym: [L. suber the cork tree: cf. F. subéreux.] (Bot.) Defn: Having a corky texture. SUBESOPHAGEAL Sub*e`so*phag"e*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Situated beneath the esophagus. [Written also suboesophageal.] Subesophageal ganglion (Zoöl.), a large special ganglion situated beneath the esophagus of arthropods, annelids, and some other invertebrates. SUBFAMILY Sub*fam"i*ly, n. (Biol.) Defn: One of the subdivisions, of more importance than genus, into which certain families are divided. SUBFIBROUS Sub*fi"brous, a. Defn: Somewhat fibrous. SUBFUSCOUS Sub*fus"cous, a. Etym: [L. subfuscus, suffuscus. See Sub-, and Fuscous.] Defn: Duskish; moderately dark; brownish; tawny. SUBFUSK Sub*fusk", a. Defn: Subfuscous. [Obs.] Tatler. SUBGELATINOUS Sub`ge*lat"i*nous, a. Defn: Imperfectly or partially gelatinous. SUBGENERIC Sub`ge*ner"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a subgenus. SUBGENUS Sub*ge"nus, n.; pl. Subgenera (. (Biol.) Defn: A subdivision of a genus, comprising one or more species which differ from other species of the genus in some important character or characters; as, the azaleas now constitute a subgenus of Rhododendron. SUBGLACIAL Sub*gla"cial, a. Defn: Pertaining or belonging to the under side of a glacier; being beneath a glacier; as, subglacial streams. SUBGLOBOSE Sub`glo*bose", a. Defn: Not quite globose. SUBGLOBULAR Sub*glob"u*lar, a. Defn: Nearly globular. SUBGLOSSAL Sub*glos"sal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the tongue; sublingual. SUBGLOTTIC Sub*glot"tic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated below the glottis; -- applied to that part of the cavity of the larynx below the true vocal cords. SUBGLUMACEOUS Sub`glu*ma"ceous, a. Defn: Somewhat glumaceous. SUBGOVERNOR Sub*gov"ern*or, n. Defn: A subordinate or assistant governor. SUBGRANULAR Sub*gran"u*lar, a. Defn: Somewhat granular. SUBGROUP Sub"group`, n. (Biol.) Defn: A subdivision of a group, as of animals. Darwin. SUBHASTATION Sub`has*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. subhastatio.] Defn: A public sale or auction. [R.] Bp. Burnet. SUBHEPATIC Sub`he*pat"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the liver; -- applied to the interlobular branches of the portal vein. SUBHORNBLENDIC Sub`horn*blend"ic, a. (Min.) Defn: Containing hornblende in a scattered state; of or relating to rocks containing disseminated hornblende. SUBHUMERATE Sub*hu"mer*ate, v. t. Etym: [See Sub-, Humerus.] Defn: To place the shoulders under; to bear. [Obs.] Nothing surer ties a friend than freely to subhumerate the burden which was his. Feltham. SUBHYALOID Sub*hy"a*loid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the hyaliod membrane. SUBHYOIDEAN Sub`hy*oid"e*an, a. (Anat. & Med.) Defn: Situated or performed beneath the hyoid bone; as, subhyoidean laryngotomy. SUBIMAGO Sub`i*ma"go, n. Etym: [NL. See Sub-, and Imago.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A stage in the development of certain insects, such as the May flies, intermediate between the pupa and imago. In this stage, the insect is able to fly, but subsequently sheds a skin before becoming mature. Called also pseudimago. SUBINCUSATION Sub*in`cu*sa"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. sub + L. incusatio accusation, fr. incusare to accuse.] Defn: A slight charge or accusation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. SUBINDEX Sub*in"dex, n.; pl. Subindices (. (Math.) Defn: A number or mark placed opposite the lower part of a letter or symbol to distinguish the symbol; thus, a0, b1, c2, xn, have 0, 1, 2, and n as subindices. SUBINDICATE Sub*in"di*cate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. sub + indicate: cf. L. subindicare.] Defn: To indicate by signs or hints; to indicate imperfectly. [R.] Dr. H. More. SUBINDICATION Sub*in`di*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of indicating by signs; a slight indication. [R.] "The subindication and shadowing of heavenly things." Barrow. SUBINDIVIDUAL Sub*in`di*vid"u*al, n. Defn: A division of that which is individual. An individual can not branch itself into subindividuals. Milton. SUBINDUCE Sub`in*duce", v. t. Defn: To insinuate; to offer indirectly. [Obs.] Sir E. Dering. SUBINFER Sub`in*fer", v. t. & i. Defn: To infer from an inference already made. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. SUBINFEUDATION Sub*in`feu*da"tion, n. (Law) (a) The granting of lands by inferior lords to their dependents, to be held by themselves by feudal tenure. Craig. (b) Subordinate tenancy; undertenancy. The widow is immediate tenant to the heir, by a kind of subinfeudation, or undertenancy. Blackstone. SUBINGRESSION Sub`in*gres"sion, n. Defn: Secret entrance. [R.] Boyle. SUBINTESTINAL Sub`in*tes"ti*nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the intestine. SUBINVOLUTION Sub*in`vo*lu"tion, n. Defn: Partial or incomplete involution; as, subinvolution of the uterus. SUBITANEOUS Sub`i*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. subitaneus. See Sudden.] Defn: Sudden; hasty. [Obs.] Bullokar. -- Sub`i*ta"ne*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] SUBITANY Sub"i*ta*ny, a. Defn: Subitaneous; sudden; hasty. [Obs.] Hales. SUBITO Su"bi*to, adv. Etym: [It. & L.] (Mus.) Defn: In haste; quickly; rapidly. SUBJACENT Sub*ja"cent, a. Etym: [L. subjacens, p.pr. of subjacere to lie under; sub under + jacere to lie.] 1. Lying under or below. 2. Being in a lower situation, though not directly beneath; as, hills and subjacent valleys. SUBJECT Sub*ject", a. Etym: [OE. suget, OF. souzget, sougit (in which the first part is L. subtus below, fr. sub under), subgiet, subject, F. sujet, from L. subjectus lying under, subjected, p.p. of subjicere, subicere, to throw, lay, place, or bring under; sub under + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. Placed or situated under; lying below, or in a lower situation. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Placed under the power of another; specifically (International Law), owing allegiance to a particular sovereign or state; as, Jamaica is subject to Great Britain. Esau was never subject to Jacob. Locke. 3. Exposed; liable; prone; disposed; as, a country subject to extreme heat; men subject to temptation. All human things are subject to decay. Dryden. 4. Obedient; submissive. Put them in mind to be subject to principalities. Titus iii. 1. Syn. -- Liable; subordinate; inferior; obnoxious; exposed. See Liable. SUBJECT Sub*ject", n. Etym: [From L. subjectus, through an old form of F. sujet. See Subject, a.] 1. That which is placed under the authority, dominion, control, or influence of something else. 2. Specifically: One who is under the authority of a ruler and is governed by his laws; one who owes allegiance to a sovereign or a sovereign state; as, a subject of Queen Victoria; a British subject; a subject of the United States. Was never subject longed to be a king, As I do long and wish to be a subject. Shak. The subject must obey his prince, because God commands it, human laws require it. Swift. Note: In international law, the term subject is convertible with citizen. 3. That which is subjected, or submitted to, any physical operation or process; specifically (Anat.), a dead body used for the purpose of dissection. 4. That which is brought under thought or examination; that which is taken up for discussion, or concerning which anything is said or done. "This subject for heroic song." Milton. Make choice of a subject, beautiful and noble, which . . . shall afford an ample field of matter wherein to expatiate. Dryden. The unhappy subject of these quarrels. Shak. 5. The person who is treated of; the hero of a piece; the chief character. Writers of particular lives . . . are apt to be prejudiced in favor of their subject. C. Middleton. 6. (Logic & Gram.) Defn: That of which anything is affirmed or predicated; the theme of a proposition or discourse; that which is spoken of; as, the nominative case is the subject of the verb. The subject of a proposition is that concerning which anything is affirmed or denied. I. Watts. 7. That in which any quality, attribute, or relation, whether spiritual or material, inheres, or to which any of these appertain; substance; substratum. That which manifests its qualities -- in other words, that in which the appearing causes inhere, that to which they belong -- is called their subject or substance, or substratum. Sir W. Hamilton. 8. Hence, that substance or being which is conscious of its own operations; the mind; the thinking agent or principal; the ego. Cf. Object, n., 2. The philosophers of mind have, in a manner, usurped and appropriated this expression to themselves. Accordingly, in their hands, the phrases conscious or thinking subject, and subject, mean precisely the same thing. Sir W. Hamilton. 9. (Mus.) Defn: The principal theme, or leading thought or phrase, on which a composition or a movement is based. The earliest known form of subject is the ecclesiastical cantus firmus, or plain song. Rockstro. 10. (Fine Arts) Defn: The incident, scene, figure, group, etc., which it is the aim of the artist to represent. SUBJECT Sub*ject", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subjected; p. pr. & vb. n. Subjecting.] 1. To bring under control, power, or dominion; to make subject; to subordinate; to subdue. Firmness of mind that subjects every gratification of sense to the rule of right reason. C. Middleton. In one short view subjected to our eye, Gods, emperors, heroes, sages, beauties, lie. Pope. He is the most subjected, the most Locke. 2. To expose; to make obnoxious or liable; as, credulity subjects a person to impositions. 3. To submit; to make accountable. God is not bound to subject his ways of operation to the scrutiny of our thoughts. Locke. 4. To make subservient. Subjected to his service angel wings. Milton. 5. To cause to undergo; as, to subject a substance to a white heat; to subject a person to a rigid test. SUBJECTED Sub*ject"ed, a. 1. Subjacent. "Led them direct . . . to the subjected plain." [Obs.] Milton. 2. Reduced to subjection; brought under the dominion of another. 3. Exposed; liable; subject; obnoxious. SUBJECTION Sub*jec"tion, n. Etym: [L. subjectio: cf. OF. subjection, F. subjétion. See Subject, a.] 1. The act of subjecting, or of bringing under the dominion of another; the act of subduing. The conquest of the kingdom, and subjection of the rebels. Sir M. Hale. 2. The state of being subject, or under the power, control, and government of another; a state of obedience or submissiveness; as, the safety of life, liberty, and property depends on our subjection to the laws. "To be bound under subjection." Chaucer. Likewise, ye wives, be in subjection to your own husbands. 1 Peter iii. 1. Because the subjection of the body to the will is by natural necessity, the subjection of the will unto God voluntary, we stand in need of direction after what sort our wills and desires may be rightly conformed to His. Hooker. SUBJECTIST Sub"ject*ist, n. (Metaph.) Defn: One skilled in subjective philosophy; a subjectivist. SUBJECTIVE Sub*jec"tive, a. Etym: [L. subjectivus: cf. F. subjectif.] 1. Of or pertaining to a subject. 2. Especially, pertaining to, or derived from, one's own consciousness, in distinction from external observation; ralating to the mind, or intellectual world, in distinction from the outward or material excessively occupied with, or brooding over, one's own internal states. Note: In the philosophy of the mind, subjective denotes what is to be referred to the thinking subject, the ego; objective, what belongs to the object of thought, the non-ego. See Objective, a., 2. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. (Lit. & Art) Defn: Modified by, or making prominent, the individuality of a writer or an artist; as, a subjective drama or painting; a subjective writer. Syn. -- See Objective. Subjective sensation (Physiol.), one of the sensations occurring when stimuli due to internal causes excite the nervous apparatus of the sense organs, as when a person imagines he sees figures which have no objective reality. -- Sub*jec"tive*ly, adv. -- Sub*jec"tive*ness, n. SUBJECTIVISM Sub*jec"tiv*ism, n. (Metaph.) Defn: Any philosophical doctrine which refers all knowledge to, and founds it upon, any subjective states; egoism. SUBJECTIVIST Sub*jec"tiv*ist, n. (Metaph.) Defn: One who holds to subjectivism; an egoist. SUBJECTIVITY Sub`jec*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being subjective; character of the subject. SUBJECTLESS Sub"ject*less, a. Defn: Having no subject. SUBJECT-MATTER Sub"ject-mat`ter, n. Defn: The matter or thought presented for consideration in some statement or discussion; that which is made the object of thought or study. As to the subject-matter, words are always to be understood as having a regard thereto. Blackstone. As science makes progress in any subject-matter, poetry recedes from it. J. H. Newman. SUBJECTNESS Sub"ject*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being subject. [R.] SUBJICIBLE Sub*jic"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being subjected. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. SUBJOIN Sub*join", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subjoined; p. pr. & vb. n. Subjoining.] Etym: [Cf. OF. subjoindre, L. subjungere. See Sub-, and Join, and cf. Subjective.] Defn: To add after something else has been said or written; to ANNEX; as, to subjoin an argument or reason. Syn. -- To add; annex; join; unite. SUBJOINDER Sub*join"der, n. Defn: An additional remark. [R.] SUB JUDICE Sub ju"di*ce. Etym: [L.] Defn: Before the judge, or court; not yet decided; under judicial consideration. SUBJUGATE Sub"ju*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subjugated; p. pr. & vb. n. Subjugating.] Etym: [L. subjugatus, p.p. of subjugare to subjugate; sub under + jugum a yoke. See Yoke.] Defn: To subdue, and bring under the yoke of power or dominion; to conquer by force, and compel to submit to the government or absolute control of another; to vanquish. He subjugated a king, and called him his "vassal." Baker. Syn. -- To conquer; subdue; overcome. See Conquer. SUBJUGATION Sub`ju*ga"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. subjugation, LL. subjugatio.] Defn: The act of subjugating, or the state of being subjugated. SUBJUGATOR Sub"ju*ga`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who subjugates; a conqueror. SUBJUNCTION Sub*junc"tion, n. Etym: [See Subjunctive.] 1. Act of subjoining, or state of being subjoined. 2. Something subjoined; as, a subjunction to a sentence. SUBJUNCTIVE Sub*junc"tive, a. Etym: [L. subjunctivus, fr. subjungere, subjunctum, to subjoin: cf. F. subjonctif. See Subjoin.] Defn: Subjoined or added to something before said or written. Subjunctive mood (Gram.), that form of a verb which express the action or state not as a fact, but only as a conception of the mind still contingent and dependent. It is commonly subjoined, or added as subordinate, to some other verb, and in English is often connected with it by if, that, though, lest, unless, except, until, etc., as in the following sentence: "If there were no honey, they [bees] would have no object in visiting the flower." Lubbock. In some languages, as in Latin and Greek, the subjunctive is often independent of any other verb, being used in wishes, commands, exhortations, etc. SUBJUNCTIVE Sub*junc"tive, n. (Gram.) Defn: The subjunctive mood; also, a verb in the subjunctive mood. SUBKINGDOM Sub*king"dom, n. Defn: One of the several primary divisions of either the animal, or vegetable kingdom, as, in zoölogy, the Vertebrata, Tunicata, Mollusca, Articulata, Molluscoidea, Echinodermata, Coelentera, and the Protozoa; in botany, the Phanerogamia, and the Cryptogamia. SUBLAPSARIAN Sub`lap*sa"ri*an, n. & a. Etym: [Pref. sub + lapse: cf. F. sublapsarien, sublapsarie.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: Same as Infralapsarian. SUBLAPSARIANISM Sub`lap*sa"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: Infralapsarianism. SUBLAPSARY Sub*lap"sa*ry, a. Defn: Sublapsarian. Johnson. SUBLATE Sub"late, v. t. Etym: [From sublatus, used as p.p. of tollere to take away. See Tolerate.] Defn: To take or carry away; to remove. [R.] E. Hall. SUBLATION Sub*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. sublatio, fr. sublatus, used as p.p. of tollere to take away.] Defn: The act of taking or carrying away; removal. [R.] Bp. Hall. SUBLATIVE Sub"la*tive, a. Defn: Having power, or tending, to take away. [R.] Harris. SUBLEASE Sub"lease`, n. (Law) Defn: A lease by a tenant or lessee to another person; an underlease. Bouvier. SUBLESSEE Sub`les*see", n. Defn: A holder of a sublease. SUBLET Sub*let", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublet; p. pr. & vb. n. Subletting.] Defn: To underlet; to lease, as when a lessee leases to another person. SUBLEVATION Sub`le*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. sublevare to lift up; sub under + levare to lift, raise: cf. L. sublevatio an allevation.] 1. The act of raising on high; elevation. Sir T. More. 2. An uprising; an insurrection. [R.] Sir W. Temple. SUBLIBRARIAN Sub`li*bra"ri*an, n. Defn: An under or assistant librarian. SUBLIEUTENANT Sub`lieu*ten"ant, n. Etym: [Pref. sub + lieutenant: cf. F. sous- lieutenant.] Defn: An inferior or second lieutenant; in the British service, a commissioned officer of the lowest rank. SUBLIGATION Sub`li*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. subligatio, from subligare to bind below; sub under + ligare to bind.] Defn: The act of binding underneath. [R.] SUBLIMABLE Sub*lim"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sublimable. See Sublime., v. t.] Defn: Capable of being sublimed or sublimated. -- Sub*lim"a*ble*ness, n. Boyle. SUBLIMATE Sub"li*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublimated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sublimating.] Etym: [L. sublimatus, p.p. of sublimare to raise, elevate, fr. sublimis high: cf. F. sublimer. See Sublime, a., and cf. Surlime, v. t.] 1. To bring by heat into the state of vapor, which, on cooling, returns again to the solid state; as, to sublimate sulphur or camphor. 2. To refine and exalt; to heighten; to elevate. The precepts of Christianity are . . . so apt to cleanse and sublimate the more gross and corrupt. Dr. H. More. SUBLIMATE Sub"li*mate, n. Etym: [LL. sublimatum.] (Chem.) Defn: A product obtained by sublimation; hence, also, a purified product so obtained. Corrosive sublimate. (Chem.) See under Corrosive. SUBLIMATE Sub"li*mate, a. Etym: [LL. sublimatus.] Defn: Brought into a state of vapor by heat, and again condensed as a solid. SUBLIMATED Sub"li*ma`ted, a. Defn: Refined by, or as by, sublimation; exalted; purified. [Words] whose weight best suits a sublimated strain. Dryden. SUBLIMATION Sub"li*ma`tion, n. Etym: [LL. sublimatio: cf. F. sublimation.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of subliming, or the state or result of being sublimed. 2. The act of heightening or improving; exaltation; elevation; purification. 3. That which is sublimed; the product of a purifying process. Religion is the perfection, refinement, and sublimation of morality. South. SUBLIMATORY Sub"li*ma*to*ry, a. Defn: Used for sublimation; as, sublimatory vessels. Boyle. SUBLIMATORY Sub"li*ma*to*ry, n. Defn: A vessel used for sublimation. Vials, crosslets, and sublimatories. Chaucer. SUBLIME Sub*lime", a. [Compar. Sublimer; superl. Sublimest.] Etym: [L. sublimis; sub under + (perhaps) a word akin to limen lintel, sill, thus meaning, up to the lintel: cf. F. sublime. Cf. Eliminate.] 1. Lifted up; high in place; exalted aloft; uplifted; lofty. Sublime on these a tower of steel is reared. Dryden. 2. Distinguished by lofty or noble traits; eminent; -- said of persons. "The sublime Julian leader." De Quincey. 3. Awakening or expressing the emotion of awe, adoration, veneration, heroic resolve, etc.; dignified; grand; solemn; stately; -- said of an impressive object in nature, of an action, of a discourse, of a work of art, of a spectacle, etc.; as, sublime scenery; a sublime deed. Easy in words thy style, in sense sublime. Prior. Know how sublime a thing it is To suffer and be strong. Longfellow. 4. Elevated by joy; elate. [Poetic] Their hearts were jocund and sublime, Drunk with idolatry, drunk with wine. Milton. 5. Lofty of mien; haughty; proud. [Poetic] "Countenance sublime and insolent." Spenser. His fair, large front and eye sublime declared Absolute rule. Milton. Syn. -- Exalted; lofty; noble; majestic. See Grand. SUBLIME Sub*lime", n. Defn: That which is sublime; -- with the definite article; as: (a) A grand or lofty style in speaking or writing; a style that expresses lofty conceptions. The sublime rises from the nobleness of thoughts, the magnificence of words, or the harmonious and lively turn of the phrase. Addison. (b) That which is grand in nature or art, as distinguished from the merely beautiful. SUBLIME Sub*lime", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublimed; p. pr. & vb. n. Subliming.] Etym: [Cf. L. sublimare, F. sublimer to subject to sublimation. See Sublime, a., and cf. Sublimate, v. t.] 1. To raise on high. [Archaic] A soul sublimed by an idea above the region of vanity and conceit. E. P. Whipple. 2. (Chem.) Defn: To subject to the process of sublimation; to heat, volatilize, and condense in crystals or powder; to distill off, and condense in solid form; hence, also, to purify. 3. To exalt; to heighten; to improve; to purify. The sun . . . Which not alone the southern wit sublimes, But ripens spirits in cold, northern climes. Pope. 4. To dignify; to ennoble. An ordinary gift can not sublime a person to a supernatural employment. Jer. Taylor. SUBLIME Sub*lime", v. i. (Chem.) Defn: To pass off in vapor, with immediate condensation; specifically, to evaporate or volatilize from the solid state without apparent melting; -- said of those substances, like arsenic, benzoic acid, etc., which do not exhibit a liquid form on heating, except under increased pressure. SUBLIMED Sub*limed", a. (Chem.) Defn: Having been subjected to the process of sublimation; hence, also, purified. "Sublimed mercurie." Chaucer. SUBLIMELY Sub*lime"ly, adv. Defn: In a sublime manner. SUBLIMENESS Sub*lime"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sublime; sublimity. SUBLIMIFICATION Sub*lim`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. sublimis sublime + -ficare to make. See -ry.] Defn: The act of making sublime, or state of being made sublime. SUBLIMINAL Sub*lim"i*nal, a. [Pref. sub-+ L. limen threshold.] (Philos.) Defn: Existing in the mind, but below the surface or threshold of consciousness; that is, existing as feeling rather than as clear ideas. SUBLIMITY Sub*lim"i*ty, n.; pl. Sublimities. Etym: [L. sublimitas: cf. F. sublimité.] 1. The quality or state of being sublime (in any sense of the adjective). 2. That which is sublime; as, the sublimities of nature. Syn. -- Grandeur; magnificence. -- Sublimity, Grandeur. The mental state indicated by these two words is the same, namely, a mingled emotion of astonishment and awe. In speaking of the quality which produces this emotion, we call it grandeur when it springs from what is vast in space, power, etc.; we call it sublimity when it springs from what is elevated far above the ordinary incidents of humanity. An immense plain is grand. The heavens are not only grand, but sublime (as the predominating emotion), from their immense height. Exalted intellect, and especially exalted virtue under severe trials, give us the sense of moral sublimity, as in the case of our Savior in his prayer for his murderers. We do not speak of Satan, when standing by the fiery gulf, with his "unconquerable will and study of revenge," as a sublime object; but there is a melancholy grandeur thrown around him, as of an "archangel ruined." SUBLINEATION Sub*lin`e*a"tion, n. Defn: A mark of a line or lines under a word in a sentence, or under another line; underlining. SUBLINGUA Sub*lin"gua, n.; pl. Sublinguæ. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: A process or fold below the tongue in some animals. SUBLINGUAL Sub*lin"gual, a. Etym: [Pref. sub + lingual: cf. F. sublingual.] (Anat.) (a) Situated under the tongue; as, the sublingual gland. (b) Of or pertaining to the sublingual gland; as, sublingual salvia. SUBLITION Sub*li"tion, n. Etym: [L. sublinere, sublitum, to smear, to lay on as a ground color.] (Paint.) Defn: The act or process of laying the ground in a painting. [R.] SUBLITTORAL Sub*lit"to*ral, a. Defn: Under the shore. Smart. SUBLOBULAR Sub*lob"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under, or at the bases of, the lobules of the liver. SUBLUMBAR Sub*lum"bar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the lumbar region of the vertebral column. SUBLUNAR; SUBLUNARY Sub*lu"nar, Sub"lu*na*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. sub + lunar, or lunary: cf. F. sublunaire.] Defn: Situated beneath the moon; hence, of or pertaining to this world; terrestrial; earthly. All things sublunary are subject to change. Dryden. All sublunary comforts imitate the changeableness, as well as feel the influence, of the planet they are under. South. SUBLUNARY Sub"lu*na*ry, n. Defn: Any worldly thing. [Obs.] SUBLUXATION Sub`lux*a"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. sub + luxation: cf. F. subluxation.] (Surg.) Defn: An incomplete or partial dislocation. SUBMAMMARY Sub*mam"ma*ry, a. Defn: Situated under the mammæ; as, submammary inflammation. SUBMARINE Sub`ma*rine", a. Defn: Being, acting, or growing, under water in the sea; as, submarine navigators; submarine plants. Submarine armor, a waterproof dress of strong material, having a helmet into which air for breathing is pumped through a tube leading from above the surface to enable a diver to remain under water. -- Submarine cable. See Telegraph cable, under Telegraph. -- Submarine mine. See Torpedo, 2 (a). SUBMARINE Sub*ma*rine", n. Defn: A submarine plant or animal. SUBMARSHAL Sub*mar"shal, n. Defn: An under or deputy marshal. SUBMAXILLARY Sub*max"il*la*ry, a. (Anat.) (a) Situated under the maxilla, or lower jaw; inframaxillary; as, the submaxillary gland. (b) Of or pertaining to submaxillary gland; as, submaxillary salvia. SUBMEDIAL Sub*me"di*al, a. Defn: Lying under the middle. SUBMEDIAN Sub*me"di*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Next to the median (on either side); as, the submedian teeth of mollusks. SUBMEDIANT Sub*me"di*ant, n. (Mus.) Defn: The sixth tone of the scale; the under mediant, or third below the keynote; the superdominant. SUBMENTAL Sub*men"tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the chin; as, the submental artery. SUBMENTUM Sub*men"tum, n.; pl. Submenta. Etym: [NL. See Sub-, and Mentum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The basal part of the labium of insects. It bears the mentum. SUBMERGE Sub*merge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Submerged; p. pr. & vb. n. Submerging.] Etym: [L. submergere, submersum; sub under + mergere to plunge: cf. F. submerger. See Merge.] 1. To put under water; to plunge. 2. To cover or overflow with water; to inundate; to flood; to drown. I would thou didst, So half my Egypt were submerged. Shak. SUBMERGE Sub*merge", v. i. Defn: To plunge into water or other fluid; to be buried or covered, as by a fluid; to be merged; hence, to be completely included. Some say swallows submerge in ponds. Gent. Mag. SUBMERGENCE Sub*mer"gence, n. Etym: [From L. submergens, p.pr.] Defn: The act of submerging, or the state of being submerged; submersion. SUBMERSE Sub*merse", a. (Bot.) Defn: Submersed. SUBMERSED Sub*mersed", a. Etym: [L. submersus, p.p. of submergere. See Submerge.] Defn: Being or growing under water, as the leaves of aquatic plants. SUBMERSION Sub*mer"sion, n. Etym: [L. submersio: cf. F. submersion.] 1. The act of submerging, or putting under water or other fluid, or of causing to be overflowed; the act of plunging under water, or of drowning. 2. The state of being put under water or other fluid, or of being overflowed or drowned. SUBMETALLIC Sub`me*tal"lic, a. Defn: Imperfectly metallic; as, a submetallic luster. SUBMINISTER Sub*min"is*ter, v. t. Etym: [L. subministrare, subministratum. See Sub-, and Ministre, v. t.] Defn: To supply; to afford. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. SUBMINISTER Sub*min"is*ter, v. i. Defn: To be subservient; to be useful. [Obs.] "Our passions . . . subminister to the best and worst purposes." L'EStrange. SUBMINISTRANT Sub*min"is*trant, a. Etym: [L. subministrans, p.pr.] Defn: Subordinate; subservient. [Obs.] Bacon. SUBMINISTRATE Sub*min"is*trate, v. t. Etym: [See Subminister.] Defn: To supply; to afford; to subminister. [Obs.] Harvey. SUBMINISTRATION Sub*min`is*tra"tion, n. Etym: [L. subministratio.] Defn: The act of subministering. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. SUBMISS Sub*miss", a. Etym: [L. submissus, p.p. of submittere to let down, to lower. See Submit.] 1. Submissive; humble; obsequious. [Archaic] "Soft Silence and submiss Obedience." Spenser. "Stooping and submiss." R. L. Stevenson. 2. Gentle; soft; calm; as, submiss voices. [R.] SUBMISSION Sub*mis"sion, n. Etym: [L. submissio a letting down, lowering: cf. F. soumission.] 1. The act of submitting; the act of yielding to power or authority; surrender of the person and power to the control or government of another; obedience; compliance. Submission, dauphin! 't is a mere French word; We English warrious wot not what it means. Shak. 2. The state of being submissive; acknowledgement of inferiority or dependence; humble or suppliant behavior; meekness; resignation. In all submission and humility York doth present himself unto your highness. Shak. No duty in religion is more justly required by God . . . than a perfect submission to his will in all things. Sir W. Temple. 3. Acknowledgement of a fault; confession of error. Be not as extreme in submission As in offense. Shak. 4. (Law) Defn: An agreement by which parties engage to submit any matter of controversy between them to the decision of arbitrators. Wharton (Law Dict.). Bouvier. SUBMISSIVE Sub*mis"sive, a. 1. Inclined or ready to submit; acknowledging one's inferiority; yielding; obedient; humble. Not at his feet submissive in distress, Creature so fair his reconcilement seeking. Milton. 2. Showing a readiness to submit; expressing submission; as, a submissive demeanor. With a submissive step I hasted down. Prior. Syn. -- Obedient; compliant; yielding; obsequious; subservient; humble; modest; passive. -- Sub*mis"sive*ly, adv. -- Sub*mis"sive*ness, n. SUBMISSLY Sub*miss"ly, adv. Defn: In a submissive manner; with a submission. [Archaic] Jer. Taylor. SUBMISSNESS Sub*miss"ness, n. Defn: Submissiveness. [Obs.] SUBMIT Sub*mit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Submitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Submitting.] Etym: [L. submittere; sub under + mittere to send: cf. F. soumettre. See Missile.] 1. To let down; to lower. [Obs.] Sometimes the hill submits itself a while. Dryden. 2. To put or place under. The bristled throat Of the submitted sacrifice with ruthless steel he cut. Chapman. 3. To yield, resign, or surrender to power, will, or authority; -- often with the reflexive pronoun. Ye ben submitted through your free assent. Chaucer. The angel of the Lord said unto her, Return to thy mistress, and submit thyself under her hands. Gen. xvi. 9. Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands. Eph. v. 22. 4. To leave or commit to the discretion or judgment of another or others; to refer; as, to submit a controversy to arbitrators; to submit a question to the court; -- often followed by a dependent proposition as the object. Whether the condition of the clergy be able to bear a heavy burden, is submitted to the house. Swift. We submit that a wooden spoon of our day would not be justified in calling Galileo and Napier blockheads because they never heard of the differential calculus. Macaulay. SUBMIT Sub*mit", v. i. 1. To yield one's person to the power of another; to give up resistance; to surrender. The revolted provinces presently submitted. C. Middleton. 2. To yield one's opinion to the opinion of authority of another; to be subject; to acquiesce. To thy husband's will Thine shall submit. Milton. 3. To be submissive or resigned; to yield without murmuring. Our religion requires from us . . . to submit to pain, disgrace, and even death. Rogers. SUBMITTER Sub*mit"ter, n. Defn: One who submits. Whitlock. SUBMONISH Sub*mon"ish, v. t. Etym: [L. submonere. See Summon, and -ish.] Defn: To suggest; to prompt. [R.] "The submonishing inclinations of my senses." T. Granger. SUBMONITION Sub`mo*ni"tion, n. Etym: [LL. submonitio.] Defn: Suggestion; prompting. [R.] T. Granger. SUBMUCOUS Sub*mu"cous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under a mucous membrane. SUBMULTIPLE Sub*mul"ti*ple, n. (Math.) Defn: A number or quality which is contained in another an exact number of times, or is an aliquot part of it; thus, 7 is the submultiple of 56, being contained in it eight times. SUBMULTIPLE Sub*mul"ti*ple, a. (Math.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a submultiple; being a submultiple; as, a submultiple number; submultiple ratio. SUBMUSCULAR Sub*mus"cu*lar, a. Defn: Situated underneath a muscle or muscles. SUBNARCOTIC Sub`nar*cot"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Moderately narcotic. SUBNASAL Sub*na"sal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the nose; as, the subnasal point, or the middle point of the inferior border of the anterior nasal aperture. SUBNASCENT Sub*nas"cent, a. Etym: [L. subnascens, p.pr. of subnasci to grow under; sub under + nasci to be born.] Defn: Growing underneath. [R.] Evelyn. SUBNECT Sub*nect", v. t. Etym: [L. subnectere, subnextum; sub under + nectere to tie.] Defn: To tie or fasten beneath; to join beneath. [R.] Pope. SUBNEX Sub*nex", v. t. Etym: [See Subnect.] Defn: To subjoin; to subnect. [Obs.] Holland. SUBNORMAL Sub*nor"mal, n. (Geom.) Defn: That part of the axis of a curved line which is intercepted between the ordinate and the normal. SUBNOTATION Sub`no*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. subnotatio a signing underneath, fr. subnotare to subscribe; sub under + notare to note or mark.] Defn: A rescript. Bouvier. SUBNOTOCHORDAL Sub*no`to*chor"dal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated on the ventral side of the notochord; as, the subnotochordal rod. SUBNUVOLAR Sub*nu"vo*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. sub + It. nuvola cloud: cf. L. subnubilus somewhat cloudy.] Defn: Under the clouds; attended or partly covered or obscured by clouds; somewhat cloudy. [R. & Poetic] Subnuvolar lights of evening sharply slant. Milnes. SUBOBSCURELY Sub`ob*scure"ly, adv. Defn: Somewhat obscurely or darkly. [R.] Donne. SUBOBTUSE Sub`ob*tuse", a. Defn: Partially obtuse. SUBOCCIPITAL Sub`oc*cip"i*tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under, or posterior to, the occiput; as, the suboccipital, or first cervical, nerve. SUBOCTAVE; SUBOCTUPLE Sub*oc"tave, Sub*oc"tu*ple, a. Defn: Containing one part of eight; having the ratio of one to eight. Bp. Wilkins. SUBOCULAR Sub*oc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. sub + ocular: cf. L. subocularis.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the eye. SUBOFFICER Sub*of"fi*cer, n. Etym: [Pref. sub + officer: cf. F. sous-officer.] Defn: An under or subordinate officer. SUBOPERCULAR Sub`o*per"cu*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated below the operculum; pertaining to the suboperculum. -- n. Defn: The suboperculum. SUBOPERCULUM Sub`o*per"cu*lum, n. Etym: [NL. See Sub-, Operculum.] (Anat.) Defn: The lower opercular bone in fishes. SUBORBICULAR; SUBORBICULATE Sub`or*bic"u*lar, Sub`or*bic"u*late, a. Defn: Almost orbiculate or orbicular. SUBORBITAL; SUBORBITAR Sub*or"bit*al, Sub*or"bit*ar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under or below the orbit. SUBORDER Sub*or"der, n. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: A division of an order; a group of genera of a little lower rank than an order and of greater importance than a tribe or family; as, cichoraceous plants form a suborder of Compositæ. SUBORDINACY Sub*or"di*na*cy, n. Etym: [See Subordinate.] Defn: The quality or state of being subordinate, or subject to control; subordination, as, to bring the imagination to act in subordinacy to reason. Spectator. SUBORDINANCE; SUBORDINANCY Sub*or"di*nance, Sub*or"di*nan*cy, n. Etym: [Pref. sub + L. ordinans, p.pr. of ordinare. See Subordinate, a.] Defn: Subordinacy; subordination. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. Sir W. Temple. SUBORDINARY Sub*or"di*na*ry, n. (Her.) Defn: One of several heraldic bearings somewhat less common than an ordinary. See Ordinary. Note: Different writers name different bearings as subordinaries, but the bar, bend, sinister, pile, inescutcheon bordure, gyron, and quarter, are always considered subordinaries by those who do not class them as ordinaries. SUBORDINATE Sub*or"di*nate, a. Etym: [Pref. sub + L. ordinatus, p.p. of ordinare to set in order, to arrange. See Ordain.] 1. Placed in a lower order, class, or rank; holding a lower or inferior position. The several kinds and subordinate species of each are easily distinguished. Woodward. 2. Inferior in order, nature, dignity, power, importance, or the like. It was subordinate, not enslaved, to the understanding. South. SUBORDINATE Sub*or"di*nate, n. Defn: One who stands in order or rank below another; -- distinguished from a principal. Milton. SUBORDINATE Sub*or"di*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subordinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Subordinating.] 1. To place in a lower order or class; to make or consider as of less value or importance; as, to subordinate one creature to another. 2. To make subject; to subject or subdue; as, to subordinate the passions to reason. -- Sub*or"di*nate*ly, adv. -- Sub*or"di*nate*ness, n. SUBORDINATION Sub*or`di*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. subordination.] 1. The act of subordinating, placing in a lower order, or subjecting. 2. The quality or state of being subordinate or inferior to an other; inferiority of rank or dignity; subjection. Natural creature having a local subordination. Holyday. 3. Place of inferior rank. Persons who in their several subordinations would be obliged to follow the example of their superiors. Swift. SUBORDINATIVE Sub*or"di*na*tive, a. Defn: Tending to subordinate; expressing subordination; used to introduce a subordinate sentence; as, a subordinative conjunction. SUBORN Sub*orn", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suborned; p. pr. & vb. n. Suborning.] Etym: [F. suborner, L. subornare; sub under, secretly + ornare to furnish, provide, equip, adorn. See Ornament.] 1. (Law) Defn: To procure or cause to take a false oath amounting to perjury, such oath being actually taken. Sir W. O. Russell. 2. To procure privately, or by collusion; to procure by indirect means; to incite secretly; to instigate. Thou art suborned against his honor. Shak. Those who by despair suborn their death. Dryden. SUBORNATION Sub`or*na"tion, n. Etym: [F. subornation.] 1. (Law) Defn: The act of suborning; the crime of procuring a person to take such a false oath as constitutes perjury. Blackstone. 2. The sin or offense of procuring one to do a criminal or bad action, as by bribes or persuasion. Foul subornation is predominant. Shak. The sort of chicanery attending the subornation of managers in the Leibnitz controversy. De Quinsey. SUBORNER Sub*orn"er, n. Defn: One who suborns or procures another to take, a false oath; one who procures another to do a bad action. SUBOVAL Sub*o"val, a. Defn: Somewhat oval; nearly oval. SUBOVATE Sub*o"vate, a. Defn: Nearly in the form of an egg, or of the section of an egg, but having the inferior extremity broadest; nearly ovate. SUBOVATED Sub*o"va*ted, a. Defn: Subovate. [R.] SUBOXIDE Sub*ox"ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: An oxide containing a relatively small amount of oxygen, and less than the normal proportion; as, potassium suboxide, K4O. SUBPEDUNCULAR Sub`pe*dun"cu*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated beneath the peduncle; as, the subpeduncular lobe of the cerebellum. SUBPEDUNCULATE Sub`pe*dun"cu*late, a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Supported on, or growing from, a very short stem; having a short peduncle. SUBPELLUCID Sub`pel*lu"cid, a. Defn: Somewhat pellucid; nearly pellucid. SUBPENA Sub*pe"na, n. & v. t. Defn: See Subpoena. SUBPENTANGULAR Sub`pen*tan"gu*lar, a. Defn: Nearly or approximately pentangular; almost pentangular. SUBPERICARDIAL Sub*per`i*car"di*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the cardiac pericardium. SUBPERIOSTEAL Sub*per`i*os"te*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the periosteum. Subperiosteal operation (Surg.), a removal of bone effected without taking away the periosteum. SUBPERITONEAL Sub*per`i*to"ne*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the peritoneal membrane. SUBPETIOLAR Sub*pet"i*o*lar, a. (Bot.) Defn: Concealed within the base of the petiole, as the leaf buds of the plane tree. SUBPLEURAL Sub*pleu"ral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the pleural membrane. SUBPODOPHYLLOUS Sub*pod`o*phyl"lous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the podophyllous tissue of the horse's foot. SUBPOENA Sub*poe"na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. sub under + poena punishment. See Pain.] (Law) Defn: A writ commanding the attendance in court, as a witness, of the person on whom it is served, under a penalty; the process by which a defendant in equity is commanded to appear and answer the plaintiff's bill. [Written also subpena.] Subpoena ad testificandum (. Etym: [NL.] A writ used to procure the attendance of a witness for the purpose of testifying. -- Subpoena duces tecum (. Etym: [NL.] A writ which requires a witness to attend and bring certain documents. SUBPOENA Sub*poe"na, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subpoenaed; p. pr. & vb. n. Subpoenaing.] (Law) Defn: To serve with a writ of subpoena; to command attendance in court by a legal writ, under a penalty in case of disobedience. SUBPOENAL Sub*poe"nal, a. Defn: Required or done under penalty. Gauden. SUBPOLAR Sub*po"lar, a. Defn: Situated below the poles. SUBPOLYGONAL Sub`po*lyg"o*nal, a. Defn: Approximately polygonal; somewhat or almost polygonal. SUBPREHENSILE Sub`pre*hen"sile, a. Defn: Somewhat prehensile; prehensile in an inferior degree. SUBPRIOR Sub*pri"or, n. Etym: [Pref. sub + prior: cf. F. sous-prieur.] (Eccl.) Defn: The vicegerent of a prior; a claustral officer who assists the prior. SUBPUBIC Sub*pu"bic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under, or posterior to, the pubic bones. SUBPULMONARY Sub*pul"mo*na*ry, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the lungs. SUBPURCHASER Sub*pur"chas*er, n. Defn: A purchaser who buys from a purchaser; one who buys at second hand. SUBPYRIFORM Sub*pyr"i*form, a. Defn: Somewhat pyriform. SUBQUADRATE Sub*quad"rate, a. Defn: Nearly or approximately square; almost square. SUBQUADRUPLE Sub*quad"ru*ple, a. Defn: Containing one part of four; in the ratio of one to four; as, subquadruple proportion. Bp. Wilkins. SUBQUINQUEFID Sub*quin"que*fid, a. Defn: Almost quinquefid; nearly quinquefid. SUBQUINTUPLE Sub*quin"tu*ple, a. Defn: Having the ratio of one to five; as, subquintuple proportion. Bp. Wilkins. SUBREADER Sub*read"er, n. (Law) Defn: An under reader in the inns of court, who reads the texts of law the reader is to discourse upon. [Eng.] Crabb. SUBRECTOR Sub*rec"tor, n. Defn: An assistant restor. [Eng.] SUBRELIGION Sub`re*li"gion, n. Defn: A secondary religion; a belief or principle held in a quasi religious veneration. Loyalty is in the English a subreligion. Emerson. SUBREPTION Sub*rep"tion, n. Etym: [L. subreptio, fr. subripere, subreptum, to snatch or take away secretly: cf. F. subreption. See Surreptitious.] Defn: The act of obtaining a favor by surprise, or by unfair representation through suppression or fraudulent concealment of facts. Bp. Hall. SUBREPTITIOUS Sub`rep*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. subreptitius. See Surreptitious.] Defn: Surreptitious. [Obs.] -- Sub`rep*ti"tious*ly, adv. [Obs.] SUBREPTIVE Sub*rep"tive, a. Etym: [L. subreptivus.] Defn: Surreptitious. [Obs.] SUBRIGID Sub*rig"id, a. Defn: Somewhat rigid or stiff. SUBRIGUOUS Sub*rig"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. subriguus; sub under + riguus watered, akin to rigare to water.] Defn: Watered or wet beneath; well-watered. [Obs.] Blount. SUBROGATE Sub"ro*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. subrogatus, p.p. of subrogare. See Surrogate.] Defn: To put in the place of another; to substitute. Barrow. SUBROGATION Sub`ro*ga"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. subrogation, LL. subrogatio.] Defn: The act of subrogating. Specifically: (Law) Defn: The substitution of one person in the place of another as a creditor, the new creditor succeeding to the rights of the former; the mode by which a third person who pays a creditor succeeds to his rights against the debtor. Bouvier. Burrill. Abbott. SUBROTUND Sub`ro*tund", a. Defn: Somewhat rotund. SUBSACRAL Sub*sa"cral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the sacrum. SUBSALINE Sub`sa*line", a. Defn: Moderately saline or salt. SUBSALT Sub"salt`, n. (Chem.) Defn: A basic salt. See the Note under Salt. SUBSANNATION Sub`san*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. subsannatio, fr. subsannare to deride by mimicking gestures.] Defn: Derision; mockery. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. SUBSCAPULAR; SUBSCAPULARY Sub*scap"u*lar, Sub*scap"u*la*ry, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated beneath the scapula; infrascapular; as, the subscapular muscle. SUBSCRIBABLE Sub*scrib"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being subscribed. [R.] SUBSCRIBE Sub*scribe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subscribed; p. pr. & vb. n. Subscribing.] Etym: [L. subscribere, subscriptum; sub under + scribere to write: cf. F. souscrire. See Scribe.] 1. To write underneath, as one's name; to sign (one's name) to a document. [They] subscribed their names under them. Sir T. More. 2. To sign with one's own hand; to give consent to, as something written, or to bind one's self to the terms of, by writing one's name beneath; as, parties subscribe a covenant or contract; a man subscribes a bond. All the bishops subscribed the sentence. Milman. 3. To attest by writing one's name beneath; as, officers subscribe their official acts, and secretaries and clerks subscribe copies or records. 4. To promise to give, by writing one's name with the amount; as, each man subscribed ten dollars. 5. To sign away; to yield; to surrender. [Obs.] Shak. 6. To declare over one's signature; to publish. [Obs.] Either or must shortly hear from him, or I will subscribe him a coward. Shak. SUBSCRIBE Sub*scribe", v. i. 1. To sign one's name to a letter or other document. Shak. 2. To give consent to something written, by signing one's name; hence, to assent; to agree. So spake, so wished, much humbled Eve; but Fate Subscribed not. Milton. 3. To become surely; -- with for. [R.] Shak. 4. To yield; to admit one's self to be inferior or in the wrong. [Obs.] I will subscribe, and say I wronged the duke. Shak. 5. To set one's name to a paper in token of promise to give a certain sum. 6. To enter one's name for a newspaper, a book, etc. SUBSCRIBER Sub*scrib"er, n. 1. One who subscribes; one who contributes to an undertaking by subscribing. 2. One who enters his name for a paper, book, map, or the like. Dryden. SUBSCRIPT Sub"script, a. Etym: [L. subscriptus, p.p. See Subscribe.] Defn: Written below or underneath; as, iota subscript. (See under Iota.) Specifically (Math.), said of marks, figures, or letters (suffixes), written below and usually to the right of other letters to distinguish them; as, a, n, 2, in the symbols Xa, An, Y2. See Suffix, n., 2, and Subindex. SUBSCRIPT Sub"script, n. Defn: Anything written below. Bentley. SUBSCRIPTION Sub*scrip"tion, n. Etym: [L. subscriptio: cf. F. souscription.] 1. The act of subscribing. 2. That which is subscribed. Specifically: (a) A paper to which a signature is attached. (b) The signature attached to a paper. (c) Consent or attestation by underwriting the name. (d) Sum subscribed; amount of sums subscribed; as, an individual subscription to a fund. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: The acceptance of articles, or other tests tending to promote uniformity; esp. (Ch. of Eng.), formal assent to the Thirty-nine Articles and the Book of Common Prayer, required before ordination. 4. Submission; obedience. [Obs.] You owe me no subscription. Shak. 5. (Pharm.) Defn: That part of a prescription which contains the direction to the apothecary. Defn: A method of purchasing items produced periodically in a series, as newspapers or magazines, in which a certain number of the items are delivered as produced, without need for ordering each item individually; also, the purchase thus executed. Note: The right to attend a series of public performances of ballet, opera, or music are also often sold by subscription. The payment for a subscription may be made prior to delivery of any items (common with magazines and performances), or after a certain number of the items have been delivered (common with newspapers or works of art produced in a series). 7. An application to purchase a certain number of securities to be delivered when they are newly issued. SUBSCRIPTIVE Sub*scrip"tive, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a subscription, or signature. "The subscriptive part." Richardson. -- Sub*scrip"tive*ly, adv. SUBSECUTE Sub"se*cute, v. t. Etym: [L. subsecutus, p.p. of subsequi. See Subsequent.] Defn: To follow closely, or so as to overtake; to pursue. [Obs.] To follow and detain him, if by any possibility he could be subsecuted and overtaken. E. Hall. SUBSECUTIVE Sub*sec"u*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. subsécutif.] Defn: Following in a train or succession. [R.] SUBSELLIUM Sub*sel"li*um, n.; pl. Subsellia. Etym: [L.] (Eccl. Arch.) Defn: One of the stalls of the lower range where there are two ranges. See Illust. of Stall. SUBSEMITONE Sub*sem"i*tone, n. (Mus.) Defn: The sensible or leading note, or sharp seventh, of any key; subtonic. SUBSENSIBLE Sub*sen"si*ble, a. Defn: Deeper than the reach of the senses. "That subsensible world." Tyndall. SUBSEPTUPLE Sub*sep"tu*ple, a. Defn: Having the ratio of one to seven. Bp. Wilkins. SUBSEQUENCE; SUBSEQUENCY Sub"se*quence, Sub"se*quen*cy, n. Defn: The act or state of following; -- opposed to precedence. SUBSEQUENT Sub"se*quent, a. Etym: [L. subsequens, -entis, p.pr. of subsequi to follow, succeed: cf. F. subséquent. See Sue to follow.] 1. Following in time; coming or being after something else at any time, indefinitely; as, subsequent events; subsequent ages or years; a period long subsequent to the foundation of Rome. 2. Following in order of place; succeeding; as, a subsequent clause in a treaty. "The subsequent words come on before the precedent vanish." Bacon. SUBSEQUENTLY Sub"se*quent*ly, adv. Defn: At a later time; afterwards. SUBSEROUS Sub*se"rous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under a serous membrane. SUBSERVE Sub*serve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subserved; p. pr. & vb. n. Subserving.] Etym: [L. subservire; sub under + servire to serve. See Serve.] Defn: To serve in subordination or instrumentally; to be subservient to; to help forward; to promote. It is a great credit to know the ways of captivating Nature, and making her subserve our purposes, than to have learned all the intrigues of policy. Glanvill. SUBSERVE Sub*serve", v. i. Defn: To be subservient or subordinate; to serve in an inferior capacity. Not made to rule, But to subserve where wisdom bears command. Milton. SUBSERVIENCE; SUBSERVIENCY Sub*serv"i*ence, Sub*serv"i*en*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being subservient; instrumental fitness or use; hence, willingness to serve another's purposes; in a derogatory sense, servility. The body wherein appears much fitness, use, and subserviency to infinite functions. Bentley. There is a regular subordination and subserviency among all the parts to beneficial ends. Cheyne. SUBSERVIENT Sub*serv"i*ent, a. Etym: [L. subserviens, -entis, p.pr. See Subserve.] Defn: Fitted or disposed to subserve; useful in an inferior capacity; serving to promote some end; subordinate; hence, servile, truckling. Scarce ever reading anything which he did not make subservient in one kind or other. Bp. Fell. These ranks of creatures are subservient one to another. Ray. Their temporal ambition was wholly subservient to their proselytizing spirit. Burke. SUBSERVIENTLY Sub*serv"i*ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a subservient manner. SUBSESQUI- Sub*ses"qui-. Etym: [Pref. sub- + sesqui-.] (Chem.) Defn: A prefix (also used adjectively) denoting the combination of constituents (especially electro-negative and electro-positive bodies) in the proportion of two to three; as, a subsesqui acetate, i. e., a salt having two equivalents of acetic acid to three of the base. SUBSEXTUPLE Sub*sex"tu*ple, a. Defn: Having the ratio of one to six; as, a subsextuple proportion. Bp. Wilkins. SUBSIDE Sub*side", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subsided; p. pr. & vb. n. Subsiding.] Etym: [L. subsidere; sub under, below + sidere to sit down, to settle; akin to sedere to sit, E. sit. See Sit.] 1. To sink or fall to the bottom; to settle, as lees. 2. To tend downward; to become lower; to descend; to sink. "Heaven's subsiding hill." Dryden. 3. To fall into a state of quiet; to cease to rage; to be calmed; to settle down; to become tranquil; to abate; as, the sea subsides; the tumults of war will subside; the fever has subsided. "In cases of danger, pride and envy naturally subside." C. Middleton. Syn. -- See Abate. SUBSIDENCE; SUBSIDENCY Sub*sid"ence, Sub*sid"en*cy, n. Etym: [L. subsidens, -entis, p.pr. of subsidere. See Subside.] Defn: The act or process of subsiding. The subdual or subsidence of the more violent passions. Bp. Warburton. SUBSIDIARILY Sub*sid"i*a*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a subsidiary manner; so as to assist. SUBSIDIARY Sub*sid"i*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. subsidiarius: cf. F. subsidiaire. See Subsidy.] 1. Furnishing aid; assisting; auxiliary; helping; tributary; especially, aiding in an inferior position or capacity; as, a subsidiary stream. Chief ruler and principal head everywhere, not suffragant and subsidiary. Florio. They constituted a useful subsidiary testimony of another state of existence. Coleridge. 2. Of or pertaining to a subsidy; constituting a subsidy; being a part of, or of the nature of, a subsidy; as, subsidiary payments to an ally. George the Second relied on his subsidiary treaties. Ld. Mahon. SUBSIDIARY Sub*sid"i*a*ry, n.; pl. Subsidiaries (. Defn: One who, or that which, contributes aid or additional supplies; an assistant; an auxiliary. Hammond. SUBSIDIZE Sub"si*dize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subsidized; p. pr. & vb. n. Subsidizing.] Etym: [From Subsidy.] Defn: To furnish with a subsidy; to purchase the assistance of by the payment of a subsidy; to aid or promote, as a private enterprise, with public money; as, to subsidize a steamship line. He employed the remittances from Spain to subsidize a large body of German mercenaries. Prescott. SUBSIDY Sub"si*dy, n.; pl. Subsidies. Etym: [L. subsidium the troops stationed in reserve in the third line of battlem reserve, support, help, fr. subsidere to sit down, lie in wait: cf. F. subside. See Subside.] 1. Support; aid; coöperation; esp., extraordinary aid in money rendered to the sovereign or to a friendly power. They advised the king to send speedy aids, and with much alacrity granted a great rate of subsidy. Bacon. Note: Subsidies were taxes, not immediately on on property, but on persons in respect of their reputed estates, after the nominal rate of 4s. the pound for lands, and 2s. 8d. for goods. Blackstone. 2. Specifically: A sum of money paid by one sovereign or nation to another to purchase the coöperation or the neutrality of such sovereign or nation in war. 3. A grant from the government, from a municipal corporation, or the like, to a private person or company to assist the establishment or support of an enterprise deemed advantageous to the public; a subvention; as, a subsidy to the owners of a line of ocean steamships. Syn. -- Tribute; grant. -- Subsidy, Tribute. A subsidy is voluntary; a tribute is exacted. SUBSIGN Sub*sign", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subsigned; p. pr. & vb. n. Subsigning.] Etym: [L. subsignare; sub under + signare to mark: cf. F. soussigner. See Sign.] Defn: To sign beneath; to subscribe. [R.] Camden. SUBSIGNATION Sub`sig*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. subsignatio.] Defn: The act of writing the name under something, as for attestation. [R.] Shelton. SUBSILICATE Sub*sil"i*cate, n. Defn: A basic silicate. SUBSIST Sub*sist", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subsisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Subsisting.] Etym: [L. subsistere to stand still, stay, remain alive; sub under + sistere to stand, to cause to stand, from stare to stand: cf. F. subsister. See Stand.] 1. To be; to have existence; to inhere. And makes what happiness we justly call, Subsist not in the good of one, but all. Pope. 2. To continue; to retain a certain state. Firm we subsist, yet possible to swerve. Milton. 3. To be maintained with food and clothing; to be supported; to live. Milton. To subsist on other men's charity. Atterbury. SUBSIST Sub*sist", v. t. Defn: To support with provisions; to feed; to maintain; as, to subsist one's family. He laid waste the adjacent country in order to render it more difficult for the enemy to subsist their army. Robertson. SUBSISTENCE Sub*sist"ence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. subsistance, L. subsistentia.] 1. Real being; existence. Not only the things had subsistence, but the very images were of some creatures existing. Stillingfleet. 2. Inherency; as, the subsistence of qualities in bodies. 3. That which furnishes support to animal life; means of support; provisions, or that which produces provisions; livelihood; as, a meager subsistence. His viceroy could only propose to himself a comfortable subsistence out of the plunder of his province. Addison. 4. (Theol.) Defn: Same as Hypostasis, 2. Hooker. SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT Sub*sist"ence De*part"ment. (Mil.) Defn: A staff department of the United States army charged, under the supervision of the Chief of Staff, with the purchasing and issuing to the army of such supplies as make up the ration. It also supplies, for authorized sales, certain articles of food and other minor stores. It is commanded by any officer of the rank of brigadier general, called commissary general, and the department is popularly called the Commissary Department. SUBSISTENCY Sub*sist"en*cy, n. Defn: Subsistence. [R.] SUBSISTENT Sub*sist"ent, a. Etym: [L. subsistens, p.pr. See Subsist.] 1. Having real being; as, a subsistent spirit. 2. Inherent; as, qualities subsistent in matter. SUBSIZAR Sub*si"zar, n. Defn: An under sizar; a student of lower rank than a sizar. [Cambridge Univ. Eng.] Bid my subsizar carry my hackney to the buttery and give him his bever. J. Fletcher. SUBSOIL Sub"soil`, n. Defn: The bed, or stratum, of earth which lies immediately beneath the surface soil. Subsoil plow, a plow having a share and standard but no moldboard. It follows in the furrow made by an ordinary plow, and loosens the soil to an additional depth without bringing it to the surface. Knight. SUBSOIL Sub"soil`, v. t. Defn: To turn up the subsoil of. SUBSOLARY Sub*so"la*ry, a. Defn: Being under the sun; hence, terrestrial; earthly; mundane. [R.] SUBSPECIES Sub*spe"cies, n. Defn: A group somewhat lessdistinct than speciesusually are, but based on characters more important than those which characterize ordinary varieties; often, a geographical variety or race. SUBSPHENOIDAL Sub`sphe*noid"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the body of the sphenoid bone. SUBSPHERICAL Sub*spher"ic*al, a. Defn: Nearly spherical; having a figure resembling that of a sphere. SUBSPINOUS Sub*spi"nous, a. (a) (Anat.) Subvertebral. (b) (Med.) Situated beneath a spinous process, as that of the scapula; as, subspinous dislocation of the humerus. SUBSTANCE Sub"stance, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. substantia, fr. substare to be under or present, to stand firm; sub under + stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. That which underlies all outward manifestations; substratum; the permanent subject or cause of phenomena, whether material or spiritual; that in which properties inhere; that which is real, in distinction from that which is apparent; the abiding part of any existence, in distinction from any accident; that which constitutes anything what it is; real or existing essence. These cooks, how they stamp, and strain, and grind, And turn substance into accident! Chaucer. Heroic virtue did his actions guide, And he the substance, not the appearance, chose. Dryden. 2. The most important element in any existence; the characteristic and essential components of anything; the main part; essential import; purport. This edition is the same in substance with the Latin. Bp. Burnet. It is insolent in words, in manner; but in substance it is not only insulting, but alarming. Burke. 3. Body; matter; material of which a thing is made; hence, substantiality; solidity; firmness; as, the substance of which a garment is made; some textile fabrics have little substance. 4. Material possessions; estate; property; resources. And there wasted his substance with riotous living. Luke xv. 13. Thy substance, valued at the highest rate, Can not amount unto a hundred marks. Shak. We are destroying many thousand lives, and exhausting our substance, but not for our own interest. Swift. 5. (Theol.) Defn: Same as Hypostasis, 2. SUBSTANCE Sub"stance, v. t. Defn: To furnish or endow with substance; to supply property to; to make rich. [Obs.] SUBSTANCELESS Sub"stance*less, a. Defn: Having no substance; unsubstantial. [R.] Coleridge. SUBSTANT Sub"stant, a. Etym: [L. substans, -antis, p.pr. of substare to be firm.] Defn: Substantial; firm. [R.] "[The glacier's] substant ice." The Century. SUBSTANTIAL Sub*stan"tial, a. Etym: [F. substantiel, L. substantialis.] 1. Belonging to substance; actually existing; real; as, substantial life. Milton. If this atheist would have his chance to be real and substantial agent, he is more stupid than the vulgar. Bentley. 2. Not seeming or imaginary; not illusive; real; solid; true; veritable. If happinessbe a substantial good. Denham. The substantial ornaments of virtue. L'Estrange. 3. Corporeal; material; firm. "Most ponderous and substantial things." Shak. The rainbow [appears to be] a large substantial arch. I. Watts. 4. Having good substance; strong; stout; solid; firm; as, substantial cloth; a substantial fence or wall. 5. Possessed of goods or an estate; moderately wealthy; responsible; as, a substantial freeholder. "Substantial yeomen and burghers." Sir W. Scott. SUBSTANTIALITY Sub*stan`ti*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being substantial; corporiety; materiality. The soul is a stranger to such gross substantiality. Glanvill. SUBSTANTIALIZE Sub*stan"tial*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substantialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Substantializing.] Defn: To make substantial. SUBSTANTIALLY Sub*stan"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In a substantial manner; in substance; essentially. In him all his Father shone, Substantially expressed. Milton. The laws of this religion would make men, if they would truly observe them, substantially religious toward God, chastle, and temperate. Tillotson. SUBSTANTIALNESS Sub*stan"tial*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being substantial; as, the substantialness of a wall or column. SUBSTANTIALS Sub*stan"tials, n. pl. Defn: Essential parts. Ayliffe. SUBSTANTIATE Sub*stan"ti*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substantiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Substantiating.] 1. To make to exist; to make real. Ayliffe. 2. To establish the existence or truth of by proof or competent evidence; to verify; as, to substantiate a charge or allegation; to substantiate a declaration. Observation is, in turn, wanted to direct and substantiate the course of experiment. Coleridge. SUBSTANTIATION Sub*stan`ti*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of substantiating or proving; evidence; proof. SUBSTANTIVAL Sub`stan*ti"val, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a substantive; of the nature of substantive. -- Sub`stan*ti"val*ly, adv. SUBSTANTIVE Sub"stan*tive, a. Etym: [L. substantivus: cf. F. substantif.] 1. Betokening or expressing existence; as, the substantive verb, that is, the verb to be. 2. Depending on itself; independent. He considered how sufficient and substantive this land was to maintain itself without any aid of the foreigner. Bacon. 3. Enduring; solid; firm; substantial. Strength and magnitude are qualities which impress the imagination in a powerful and substantive manner. Hazlitt. 4. Pertaining to, or constituting, the essential part or principles; as, the law substantive. Noun substantive (Gram.), a noun which designates an object, material or immaterial; a substantive. -- Substantive color, one which communicates its color without the aid of a mordant or base; -- opposed to adjective color. SUBSTANTIVE Sub"stan*tive, n. Etym: [Cf. F. substantif.] (Gram.) Defn: A noun or name; the part of speech which designates something that exists, or some object of thought, either material or immaterial; as, the words man, horse, city, goodness, excellence, are substantives. SUBSTANTIVE Sub"stan*tive, v. t. Defn: To substantivize. [R.] Cudworth. SUBSTANTIVELY Sub"stan*tive*ly, adv. 1. In a substantive manner; in substance; essentially. 2. (Gram.) Defn: As a substantive, name, or noun; as, an adjective may be used substantively. SUBSTANTIVENESS Sub"stan*tive*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being substantive. SUBSTANTIVIZE Sub"stan*tiv*ize, v. t. Defn: To convert into a substantive; as, to substantivize an adjective. Fitzed. Hall. SUBSTILE Sub"stile`, n. (Dialing) Defn: See Substyle. SUBSTITUENT Sub*stit"u*ent, n. Etym: [L. substituens, p.pr. See Substitute.] (Chem.) Defn: Any atom, group, or radical substituted for another, or entering a molecule in place of some other part which is removed. SUBSTITUTE Sub"stit"ute, n. Etym: [L. substitutus, p.p. of substituere to put under, put in the place of; sub under + statuere to put, place: cf. F. substitut. See Statute.] Defn: One who, or that which, is substituted or put in the place of another; one who acts for another; that which stands in lieu of something else; specifically (Mil.), Defn: a person who enlists for military service in the place of a conscript or drafted man. Hast thou not made me here thy substitute Milton. Ladies [in Shakespeare's age] . . . wore masks as the sole substitute known to our ancestors for the modern parasol. De Quincey. SUBSTITUTE Sub"stit"ute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substituted; p. pr. & vb. n. Substituting.] Etym: [See Substitute, n.] Defn: To put in the place of another person or thing; to exchange. Some few verses are inserted or substituted in the room of others. Congreve. SUBSTITUTED Sub"stit"uted, a. 1. Exchanged; put in the place of another. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Containing substitutions or replacements; having been subjected to the process of substitution, or having some of its parts replaced; as, alcohol is a substituted water; methyl amine is a substituted ammonia. Substituted executor (Law), an executor appointed to act in place of one removed or resigned. SUBSTITUTION Sub`sti*tu"tion, n. Etym: [L. substitutio: cf. F. substitution.] 1. The act of substituting or putting one person or thing in the place of another; as, the substitution of an agent, attorney, or representative to act for one in his absense; the substitution of bank notes for gold and silver as a circulating medium. 2. The state of being substituted for another. 3. The office or authority of one acting for another; delegated authority. [R.] Shak. 4. (Civil Law) Defn: The designation of a person in a will to take a devise or legacy, either on failure of a former devisee or legatee by incapacity or unwillingness to accept, or after him. Burrill. 5. (Theol.) Defn: The doctrine that Christ suffered vicariously, being substituted for the sinner, and that his sufferings were expiatory. 6. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of substituting an atom or radical for another atom or radical; metethesis; also, the state of being so substituted. See Metathesis. SUBSTITUTIONAL Sub`sti*tu"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to substitution; standing in the place of another; substituted. -- Sub`sti*tu"tion*al*ly, adv. SUBSTITUTIONARY Sub`sti*tu"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to substitution; substitutional. SUBSTITUTIVE Sub"sti*tu`tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. substitutif, L. substitutivus conditional.] Defn: Tending to afford or furnish a substitute; making substitution; capable of being substituted. Bp. Wilkins. SUBSTRACT Sub*stract", v. t. Etym: [F. suostraire; L. subtus below (from sub under) + trahere to draw. See Substract.] Defn: To subtract; to withdraw. [Obs.] Barrow. SUBSTRACTION Sub*strac"tion, n. Etym: [OF. substraction, F. soustraction. See Subtract.] 1. Subtraction; deduction. [Obs.] 2. (Law) Defn: See Subtraction, 3. SUBSTRACTOR Sub*stract"or, n. 1. One who subtracts. 2. A detractor; a slanderer. [Obs.] Shak. SUBSTRATE Sub"strate, n. Defn: A substratum. [R.] SUBSTRATE Sub"strate, a. Defn: Having very slight furrows. [R.] SUBSTRATE Sub*strate", v. t. Etym: [L. substratus, p.p. of substrahere. See Substratum.] Defn: To strew or lay under anything. [Obs.] The melted glass being supported by the substrated sand. Boyle. SUBSTRATUM Sub*stra"tum, n.; pl. Substrata. Etym: [L. substratus, p.p. of substernere to strew under; sub under + sternere to strew. See Stratum.] 1. That which is laid or spread under; that which underlies something, as a layer of earth lying under another; specifically (Agric.), the subsoil. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: The permanent subject of qualities or cause of phenomena; substance. SUBSTRUCT Sub*struct", v. t. Etym: [See Substruction.] Defn: To build beneath something; to lay as the foundation. [R.] He substructs the religion of Asia as the base. Emerson. SUBSTRUCTION Sub*struc"tion, n. Etym: [L. substructio, fr. substruere, substructum, to build beneath; sub under + struere to build.] (Arch.) Defn: Underbuilding; the foundation, or any preliminary structure intended to raise the lower floor or basement of a building above the natural level of the ground. It is a magnificent strong building, with a substruction very remarkable. Evelyn. SUBSTRUCTURE Sub*struc"ture, n. Etym: [Pref. sub- + structure.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Substruction. 2. An under structure; a foundation; groundwork. SUBSTYLAR Sub*sty"lar, a. Defn: Pertaining to the substyle. SUBSTYLE Sub"style`, n. (Dialing) Defn: A right line on which the style, or gnomon, of a dial is erected; being the common section of the face of the dial and a plane perpendicular to it passing through the style. [Written also substile.] Hutton. SUBSULPHATE Sub*sul"phate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A sulphate with an excess of the base. SUBSULPHIDE Sub*sul"phide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A nonacid compound consisting of one equivalent of sulphur and more than one equivalent of some other body, as a metal. SUBSULTIVE Sub*sul"tive, a. Defn: Subsultory. [R.] Berkley. SUBSULTORY Sub*sul"to*ry, a. Etym: [L. subsilire, subsultum, to spring up; sub under + salire to leap.] Defn: Bounding; leaping; moving by sudden leaps or starts. [R.] -- Sub*sul"to*ri*ly, adv. [R.] Flippancy opposed to solemnity, the subsultory to the continuous, -- these are the two frequent extremities to which the French manner betrays men. De Quincey. SUBSULTUS Sub*sul"tus, n. Etym: [NL. See Subsultory.] (Med.) Defn: A starting, twitching, or convulsive motion. SUBSUMABLE Sub*sum"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being subsumed. J. B. Stallo. SUBSUME Sub*sume", v. t. Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. sumere to take.] Defn: To take up into or under, as individual under species, species under genus, or particular under universal; to place (any one cognition) under another as belonging to it; to include under something else. To subsume one proposition under another. De Quincey. A principle under which one might subsume men's most strenuous efforts after righteousness. W. Pater. SUBSUMPTION Sub*sump"tion, n. 1. The act of subsuming, or of including under another. The first act of consciousness was a subsumption of that of which we were conscious under this notion. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. That which is subsumed, as the minor clause or premise of a syllogism. But whether you see cause to go against the rule, or the subsumption under the rule. De Quincey. SUBSUMPTIVE Sub*sump"tive, a. Defn: Relating to, or containing, a subsumption. Coleridge. SUBTANGENT Sub*tan"gent, n. (Geom.) Defn: The part of the axis contained between the ordinate and tangent drawn to the same point in a curve. SUBTARTAREAN Sub`tar*ta"re*an, a. Defn: Being or living under Tartarus; infernal. "Subtartarean powers." Pope. SUBTECTACLE Sub*tec"ta*cle, n. Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. tectum a roof.] Defn: A space under a roof; a tabernacle; a dwelling. [Obs.] Davies (Holy Roode). SUBTEGULANEOUS Sub*teg`u*la"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. subtegulaneus; sub under + tegulare tiles for a roof.] Defn: Under the roof or eaves; within doors. [R.] SUBTENANT Sub*ten"ant, n. (Law) Defn: One who rents a tenement, or land, etc., of one who is also a tenant; an undertenant. SUBTEND Sub*tend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtended; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtending.] Etym: [L. subtendere; sub under + tendere to stretch, extend. See Tend.] Defn: To extend under, or be opposed to; as, the line of a triangle which subtends the right angle; the chord subtends an arc. SUBTENSE Sub*tense", n. Etym: [L. subtendere, subtentum. See Subtend, Tense, a.] (Geom.) Defn: A line subtending, or stretching across; a chord; as, the subtense of an arc. SUBTEPID Sub*tep"id, a. Defn: Slightly tepid. SUBTERETE Sub`te*rete", a. Defn: Somewhat terete. SUBTERFLUENT; SUBTERFLUOUS Sub*ter"flu*ent, Sub*ter"flu*ous, a. Etym: [L. subterfluens, p.pr. of subterfluere to flow beneath; subter under + fluere to flow.] Defn: Running under or beneath. [R.] SUBTERFUGE Sub"ter*fuge, n. Etym: [F., from LL. subterfugium, fr. L. subterfugere to flee secretly, to escape; subter under + fugere to flee. See Fugitive.] Defn: That to which one resorts for escape or concealment; an artifice employed to escape censure or the force of an argument, or to justify opinions or conduct; a shift; an evasion. Affect not little shifts and subterfuges, to avoid the force of an argument. I. Watts. By a miserable subterfuge, they hope to render this position safe by rendering it nugatory. Burke. SUBTERRANE Sub"ter*rane, n. Etym: [Cf. L. subterraneum, F. souterrain. See Subterranean.] Defn: A cave or room under ground. [R.] J. Bryant. SUBTERRANEAL Sub`ter*ra"ne*al, a. Defn: Subterranean. [Obs.] SUBTERRANEAN; SUBTERRANEOUS Sub`ter*ra"ne*an, Sub`ter*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. subterraneus; sub under + terra earth. See Terrace.] Defn: Being or lying under the surface of the earth; situated within the earth, or under ground; as, subterranean springs; a subterraneous passage. -- Sub`ter*ra"ne*ous*ly, adv. SUBTERRANITY Sub`ter*ran"i*ty, n. Defn: A place under ground; a subterrany. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SUBTERRANY Sub"ter*ra*ny, a. Defn: Subterranean. [Obs.] Bacon. -- n. Defn: A subterranean place. [Obs.] SUBTERRENE Sub`ter*rene", a. Etym: [L. subterrenus, equiv. to subterraneus.] Defn: Subterraneous. [Obs.] SUBTERRESTRIAL Sub`ter*res"tri*al, a. Defn: Subterranean. SUBTHALAMIC Sub`tha*lam"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the optic thalamus. SUBTILE Sub"tile, a. Etym: [L. subtilis. See Subtile.] 1. Thin; not dense or gross; rare; as, subtile air; subtile vapor; a subtile medium. 2. Delicately constituted or constructed; nice; fine; delicate; tenuous; finely woven. "A sotil [subtile] twine's thread." Chaucer. More subtile web Arachne can not spin. Spenser. I do distinguish plain Each subtile line of her immortal face. Sir J. Davies. 3. Acute; piercing; searching. The slow disease and subtile pain. Prior. 5. Characterized by nicety of discrimination; discerning; delicate; refined; subtle. [In this sense now commonly written subtle.] The genius of the Spanish people is exquisitely subtile, without being at all acute; hence there is so much humor and so little wit in their literature. The genius of the Italians, on the contrary, is acute, profound, and sensual, but not subtile; hence what they think to be humorous, is merely witty. Coleridge. The subtile influence of an intellect like Emerson's. Hawthorne. 5. Sly; artful; cunning; crafty; subtle; as, a subtile person; a subtile adversary; a subtile scheme. [In this sense now commonly written subtle.] Syn. -- Subtile, Acute. In acute the image is that of a needle's point; in subtile that of a thread spun out to fineness. The acute intellect pierces to its aim; the subtile (or subtle) intellect winds its way through obstacles. -- Sub"tile*ly, adv. -- Sub"tile*ness, n. SUBTILIATE Sub*til"i*ate, v. t. Etym: [LL. subtiliare.] Defn: To make thin or rare. [Obs.] Harvey. -- Sub`til*i*a"tion, n. [Obs.] Boyle. SUBTILISM Sub"til*ism, n. Defn: The quality or state of being subtile; subtility; subtlety. The high orthodox subtilism of Duns Scotus. Milman. SUBTILITY Sub*til"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. subtilitas: cf. F. subtilité. See Subtle.] Defn: Subtilty. [R.] SUBTILIZATION Sub`til*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. subtilization.] 1. The act of making subtile. 2. (Old Chem.) Defn: The operation of making so volatile as to rise in steam or vapor. 3. Refinement; subtlety; extreme attenuation. SUBTILIZE Sub"til*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtilized; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtilizing.] Etym: [L. subtiliser.] 1. To make thin or fine; to make less gross or coarse. 2. To refine; to spin into niceties; as, to subtilize arguments. Nor as yet have we subtilized ourselves into savages. Burke. SUBTILIZE Sub"til*ize, v. i. Defn: To refine in argument; to make very nice distinctions. Milner. SUBTILIZER Sub"til*i`zer, n. Defn: One who subtilizes. SUBTILTY Sub"til*ty, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. subtility.] 1. The quality or state of being subtile; thinness; fineness; as, the subtility of air or light. 2. Refinement; extreme acuteness; subtlety. Intelligible discourses are spoiled by too much subtility in nice divisions. Locke. 3. Cunning; skill; craft. [Obs.] To learn a lewd man this subtility. Chaucer. 4. Slyness in design; artifice; guile; a cunning design or artifice; a trick; subtlety. O full of all subtility and all mischief. Acts xiii. 10. Note: In senses 2, 3, and 4 the word is more commonly written subtlety. SUBTLE Sub"tle, a. [Compar. Subtler; superl. Subtlest.] Etym: [OE. sotil, subtil, OF. soutil, later subtil, F. subtil, L. subtilis; probably, originally, woven fine, and fr. sub under + tela a web, fr. texere to weave. See Text, and cf. Subtile.] 1. Sly in design; artful; cunning; insinuating; subtile; -- applied to persons; as, a subtle foe. "A subtle traitor." Shak. 2. Cunningly devised; crafty; treacherous; as, a subtle stratagem. 3. Characterized by refinement and niceness in drawing distinctions; nicely discriminating; -- said of persons; as, a subtle logician; refined; tenuous; sinuous; insinuating; hence, penetrative or pervasive; -- said of the mind; its faculties, or its operations; as, a subtle intellect; a subtle imagination; a subtle process of thought; also, difficult of apprehension; elusive. Things remote from use, obscure and subtle. Milton. 4. Smooth and deceptive. [Obs.] Like to a bowl upon a subtle ground [bowling ground]. Shak. Syn. -- Artful; crafty; cunning; shrewd; sly; wily. Subtle is the most comprehensive of these epithets and implies the finest intellectual quality. See Shrewd, and Cunning. SUBTLENESS Sub"tle*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being subtle; subtlety. SUBTLETY Sub"tle*ty, n.; pl. Subtleties. Etym: [OE. sotelte, sutilte, OF. sotillete, L. subtilitas. See Subtle, and cf. Subtility.] 1. The quality or state of being subtle, or sly; cunning; craftiness; artfulness. The fox which lives by subtlety. Shak. 2. Nice discernment with delicacy of mental action; nicety of discrimination. 3. Something that is sly, crafty, or delusive. Unlearned in the world's false subtleties. Shak. SUBTLY Sub"tly, adv. Defn: In a subtle manner; slyly; artfully; cunningly. Thou seest how subtly to detain thee I devise. Milton. 2. Nicely; delicately. In the nice bee what sense so subtly true. Pope. Subtly communicating itself to my sensibilities, but evading the analysis of my mind. Hawthorne. 3. Deceitfully; delusively. [Obs.] Shak. SUBTONIC Sub*ton"ic, a. (Phonetics) Defn: Applied to, or distinguishing, a speech element consisting of tone, or proper vocal sound, not pure as in the vowels, but dimmed and otherwise modified by some kind of obstruction in the oral or the nasal passage, and in some cases with a mixture of breath sound; -- a term introduced by Dr. James Rush in 1833. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§155, 199-202. SUBTONIC Sub*ton"ic, n. 1. (Phonetics) Defn: A subtonic sound or element; a vocal consonant, as b, d, g, n, etc.; a subvocal. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The seventh tone of the scale, or that immediately below the tonic; -- called also subsemitone. SUBTORRID Sub*tor"rid, a. Defn: Nearly torrid. SUBTRACT Sub*tract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtracting.] Etym: [L. subtractus, p.p. of subtrahere to draw from beneath, withdraw, remove; sub under + trahere to draw. See Trace, v. t., and cf. Substract.] Defn: To withdraw, or take away, as a part from the whole; to deduct; as, subtract 5 from 9, and the remainder is 4. SUBTRACTER Sub*tract"er, n. 1. One who subtracts. 2. The subtrahend. [Obs.] SUBTRACTION Sub*trac"tion, n. Etym: [L. subtractio a drawing back. See Subtract, and cf. Substraction.] 1. The act or operation of subtracting or taking away a part. 2. (Math.) Defn: The taking of a lesser number or quantity from a greater of the same kind or denomination; an operation for finding the difference between two numbers or quantities. 3. (Law) Defn: The withdrawing or withholding from a person of some right to which he is entitled by law. Note: Thus the subtraction of conjugal rights is when either the husband or wife withdraws from the other and lives separate without sufficient reason. The subtraction of a legacy is the withholding or detailing of it from the legatee by the executor. In like manner, the withholding of any service, rent, duty, or custom, is a subtraction, for which the law gives a remedy. Blackstone. SUBTRACTIVE Sub*trac"tive, a. 1. Tending, or having power, to subtract. 2. (Math.) Defn: Having the negative sign, or sign minus. SUBTRAHEND Sub"tra*hend`, n. Etym: [L. subtrahendus that is to be subtracted, p.fut.pess. of subtrahere. See Subtract.] (Math.) Defn: The sum or number to be subtracted, or taken from another. SUBTRANSLUCENT Sub`trans*lu"cent, a. Defn: Not perfectly translucent. SUBTRANSPARENT Sub`trans*pa"rent, a. Defn: Not perfectly transparent. SUBTREASURER Sub*treas"ur*er, n. Defn: The public officer who has charge of a subtreasury. [U. S.] SUBTREASURY Sub*treas"ur*y, n.; pl. Subtreasuries (. Defn: A subordinate treasury, or place of deposit; as, the United States subtreasury at New York. [U. S.] SUBTRIANGULAR Sub`tri*an"gu*lar, a. Defn: Nearly, but not perfectly, triangular. Darwin. SUBTRIBE Sub"tribe`, n. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: A division of a tribe; a group of genera of a little lower rank than a tribe. SUBTRIHEDRAL Sub`tri*he"dral, a. Defn: Approaching the form of a three-sided pyramid; as, the subtrihedral crown of a tooth. Owen. SUBTRIPLE Sub*tri"ple, a. (Math.) Defn: Containing a third, or one part to three. Bp. Wilkins. SUBTRIPLICATE Sub*trip"li*cate, a. (Math.) Defn: Expressed by the cube root; -- said especially of ratios. Subtriplicate ratio, the ratio of the cube root; thus, the subtriplicate ratio of a to b is cube roota to cube rootb, or cube roota/b. SUBTROPICAL Sub*trop"ic*al, a. Defn: Nearly tropical. SUBTRUDE Sub*trude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtruding.] Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. trudere to thrust.] Defn: To place under; to insert. [R.] SUBTURRICULATE Sub`tur*ric"u*late, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Somewhat turriculate. SUBTUTOR Sub*tu"tor, n. Defn: An under tutor. SUBTYPICAL Sub*typ"ic*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Deviating somewhat from the type of a species, genus, or other group; slightly aberrant. SUBULATE; SUBULATED Su"bu*late, Su"bu*la`ted, a. Etym: [NL. subulatus, fr. L. subula an awl.] Defn: Very narrow, and tapering gradually to a fine point from a broadish base; awl-shaped; linear. SUBULICORNES Su`bu*li*cor"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. subula an awl + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of insects having slender or subulate antennæ. The dragon flies and May flies are examples. SUBULIFORM Su"bu*li*form, a. Defn: Subulate. SUBULIPALP Su"bu*li*palp`, n. Etym: [L. subula an awl + E. palp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group of carabid beetles having slender palpi. SUBUMBONAL Sub`um*bo"nal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Beneath or forward of the umbos of a bivalve shell. SUBUMBRELLA Sub`um*brel"la, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The integument of the under surface of the bell, or disk-shaped body, of a jellyfish. SUBUNDATION Sub`un*da"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. unda a wave.] Defn: A flood; a deluge. [Obs.] Huloet. SUBUNGUAL Sub*un"gual, a. Defn: Under the nail or hoof. SUBURB Sub"urb, n. Etym: [L. suburbium; sub under, below, near + urbs a city. See Urban.] 1. An outlying part of a city or town; a smaller place immediately adjacent to a city; in the plural, the region which is on the confines of any city or large town; as, a house stands in the suburbs; a garden situated in the suburbs of Paris. "In the suburbs of a town." Chaucer. [London] could hardly have contained less than thirty or forty thousand souls within its walls; and the suburbs were very populous. Hallam. 2. Hence, the confines; the outer part; the environment. "The suburbs . . . of sorrow." Jer. Taylor. The suburb of their straw-built citadel. Milton. Suburb roister, a rowdy; a loafer. [Obs.] Milton. SUBURBAN Sub*ur"ban, a. Etym: [L. suburbanus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to suburbs; inhabiting, or being in, the suburbs of a city. "Suburban taverns." Longfellow. Suburban villas, highway-side retreats, . . . Delight the citizen. Cowper. SUBURBAN Sub*ur"ban, n. Defn: One who dwells in the suburbs. SUBURBED Sub"urbed, a. Defn: Having a suburb or suburbs on its outer part. SUBURBIAL; SUBURBIAN Sub*ur"bi*al, Sub*ur"bi*an, a. Defn: Suburban. [Obs.] "Suburbial fields." Warton. "Suburbian muse." Dryden. SUBURBICARIAN; SUBURBICARY Sub*ur`bi*ca"ri*an, Sub*ur"bi*ca*ry, a. Etym: [LL. suburbicarius, equiv. to L. suburbanus: cf. F. suburbicaire. See Suburban.] Defn: Being in the suburbs; -- applied to the six dioceses in the suburbs of Rome subject to the pope as bishop of Rome. The pope having stretched his authority beyond the bounds of his suburbicarian precincts. Barrow. SUBURETHRAL Sub`u*re"thral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the urethra, or under its orifice. SUBVAGINAL Sub*vag"i*nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under or inside a sheath or vaginal membrane; as, the subvaginal, or subdural, spaces about the optic nerve. SUBVARIETY Sub`va*ri"e*ty, n.; pl. -ties (. Defn: A subordinate variety, or a division of a variety. SUBVENE Sub*vene", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subvened; p. pr. & vb. n. Subvening.] Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. venire to come. See Subvention.] Defn: To come under, as a support or stay; to happen. A future state must needs subvene to prevent the whole edifice from falling into ruin. Bp. Warburton. SUBVENTANEOUS Sub`ven*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. ventus wind.] Defn: Produced by the wind. [Obs.] SUBVENTION Sub*ven"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. subventio, fr. L. subvenire to come up to one's assistance, to assist. See Souvenir, and cf. Subvene.] 1. The act of coming under. "The subvention of a cloud." Stackhouse. 2. The act of relieving, as of a burden; support; aid; assistance; help. 3. A government aid or bounty. SUBVENTION Sub*ven"tion, v. t. Defn: To subventionize. SUBVENTIONIZE Sub*ven"tion*ize, v. t. Defn: To come to the aid of; to subsidize; to support. SUBVENTITIOUS Sub`ven*ti"tious, a. Defn: Helping; aiding; supporting. Urquhart. SUBVERSE Sub*verse", v. t. Etym: [L. subversus, p.p. of subvertere. See Subvert.] Defn: To subvert. [Obs.] Spenser. SUBVERSION Sub*ver"sion, n. Etym: [L. subversio: cf. F. subversion. See Subvert.] Defn: The act of overturning, or the state of being overturned; entire overthrow; an overthrow from the foundation; utter ruin; destruction; as, the subversion of a government; the subversion of despotic power; the subversion of the constitution. The subversion [by a storm] of woods and timber . . . through my whole estate. Evelyn. Laws have been often abused to the oppression and subversion of that order they were intended to preserve. Rogers. SUBVERSIONARY Sub*ver"sion*a*ry, a. Defn: Promoting destruction. SUBVERSIVE Sub*ver"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. subversif.] Defn: Tending to subvert; having a tendency to overthrow and ruin. Lying is a vice subversive of the very ends and design of conversation. Rogers. SUBVERT Sub*vert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Subverting.] Etym: [L. subvertere, subversum; sub under + vertere to turn: cf. F. subvertir. See Verse.] 1. To overturn from the foundation; to overthrow; to ruin utterly. These are his substance, sinews, arms, and strength, With which he yoketh your rebellious necks, Razeth your cities, and subverts your towns. Shak. This would subvert the principles of all knowledge. Locke. 2. To pervert, as the mind, and turn it from the truth; to corrupt; to confound. 2 Tim. iii. 14. Syn. -- To overturn; overthrow; destroy; invert; reverse; extinguish. SUBVERT Sub*vert", v. i. Defn: To overthrow anything from the foundation; to be subversive. They have a power given to them like that of the evil principle, to subvert and destroy. SUBVERTANT Sub*vert"ant, a. (Her.) Defn: Reserved. [R.] SUBVERTEBRAL Sub*ver"te*bral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated beneath, or on the ventral side of, the vertebral column; situated beneath, or inside of, the endoskeleton; hypaxial; hyposkeletal. SUBVERTER Sub*vert"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, subverts; an overthrower. Sir T. More. SUBVERTIBLE Sub*vert"i*ble, a. Defn: That may be subverted. SUBVITALIZED Sub*vi"tal*ized, a. Defn: Imperfectly vitalized; having naturally but little vital power or energy. SUBVOCAL Sub*vo"cal, a. & n. Defn: Same as Subtonic. SUBWAY Sub"way`, n. Defn: An underground way or gallery; especially, a passage under a street, in which water mains, gas mains, telegraph wires, etc., are conducted. SUBWORKER Sub*work"er, n. Defn: A subordinate worker or helper. South. SUBZONAL Sub*zon"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under a zone, or zona; -- applied to a membrane between the zona radiata and the umbilical vesicle in the mammal embryo. SUBZYGOMATIC Sub*zyg`o*mat"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated under the zygoma or zygomatic process. SUCCADE Suc"cade, n. Etym: [L. succus, sucus, juice: cf. F. succade a sugarbox. Cf. Sucket.] 1. A sweetmeat. [Obs.] Holland. 2. pl. (Com.) Defn: Sweetmeats, or preserves in sugar, whether fruit, vegetables, or confections. Blakely. Succade gourd. (Bot.) Same as Vegetable marrow, under Vegetable. SUCCEDANE Suc"ce*dane, n. Defn: A succedaneum. [Obs.] SUCCEDANEOUS Suc`ce*da"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. succedaneus. See Succeed.] Defn: Pertaining to, or acting as, a succedaneum; supplying the place of something else; being, or employed as, a substitute for another. Sir T. Browne. SUCCEDANEUM Suc`ce*da"ne*um, n.; pl. Succedanea. Etym: [NL. See Succedaneous.] Defn: One who, or that which, succeeds to the place of another; that which is used for something else; a substitute; specifically (Med.), Defn: a remedy used as a substitute for another. In lieu of me, you will have a very charming succedaneum, Lady Harriet Stanhope. Walpole. SUCCEED Suc*ceed", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Succeeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Succeeding.] Etym: [L. succedere, successum; sub under + cedere to go, to go along, approach, follow, succeed: cf. F. succéder. See Cede, and cf. Success.] 1. To follow in order; to come next after; hence, to take the place of; as, the king's eldest son succeeds his father on the throne; autumn succeeds summer. As he saw him nigh succeed. Spenser. 2. To fall heir to; to inherit. [Obs. & R.] Shak. 3. To come after; to be subsequent or consequent to; to follow; to pursue. Destructive effects . . . succeeded the curse. Sir T. Browne. 4. To support; to prosper; to promote. [R.] Succeed my wish and second my design. Dryden. SUCCEED Suc*ceed", v. i. 1. To come in the place of another person, thing, or event; to come next in the usual, natural, or prescribed course of things; to follow; hence, to come next in the possession of anything; -- often with to. If the father left only daughters, they equally succeeded to him in copartnership. Sir M. Hale. Enjoy till I return Short pleasures; for long woes are to succeed! Milton. 2. Specifically: To ascend the throne after the removal the death of the occupant. No woman shall succeed in Salique land. Shak. 3. To descend, as an estate or an heirloom, in the same family; to devolve. Shak. 4. To obtain the object desired; to accomplish what is attempted or intended; to have a prosperous issue or termination; to be successful; as, he succeeded in his plans; his plans succeeded. It is almost impossible for poets to succeed without ambition. Dryden. Spenser endeavored it in Shepherd's Kalendar; but neither will it succeed in English. Dryden. 5. To go under cover. [A latinism. Obs.] Will you to the cooler cave succeed! Dryden. Syn. -- To follow; pursue. See Follow. SUCCEEDANT Suc*ceed"ant, a. (Her.) Defn: Succeeding one another; following. SUCCEEDER Suc*ceed"er, n. Defn: A successor. Shak. Tennyson. SUCCEEDING Suc*ceed"ing, n. Defn: The act of one who, or that which, succeeds; also, that which succeeds, or follows after; consequence. Shak. SUCCENTOR Suc"cen*tor, n. Etym: [LL., an accompanier in singing, fr. succinere to sing, to accompany; sub under, after + canere to sing.] (Eccl.) Defn: A subchanter. SUCCESS Suc*cess", n. Etym: [L. successus: cf. F. succès. See Succeed.] 1. Act of succeeding; succession. [Obs.] Then all the sons of these five brethren reigned By due success. Spenser. 2. That which comes after; hence, consequence, issue, or result, of an endeavor or undertaking, whether good or bad; the outcome of effort. Men . . . that are like to do that, that is committed to them, and to report back again faithfully the success. Bacon. Perplexed and troubled at his bad success The tempter stood. Milton. 3. The favorable or prosperous termination of anything attempted; the attainment of a proposed object; prosperous issue. Dream of success and happy victory! Shak. Or teach with more success her son The vices of the time to shun. Waller. Military successes, above all others, elevate the minds of a people. Atterbury. 4. That which meets with, or one who accomplishes, favorable results, as a play or a player. [Colloq.] SUCCESSARY Suc"ces*sa*ry, n. Defn: Succession. [Obs.] My peculiar honors, not derived From successary, but purchased with my blood. Beau. & Fl. SUCCESSFUL Suc*cess"ful, a. Defn: Resulting in success; assuring, or promotive of, success; accomplishing what was proposed; having the desired effect; hence, prosperous; fortunate; happy; as, a successful use of medicine; a successful experiment; a successful enterprise. Welcome, nephews, from successful wars. Shak. Syn. -- Happy; prosperous; fortunate; auspicious; lucky. See Fortunate. -- Suc*cess"ful*ly, adv. -- Suc*cess"ful*ness, n. SUCCESSION Suc*ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. successio: cf. F. succession. See Succeed.] 1. The act of succeeding, or following after; a following of things in order of time or place, or a series of things so following; sequence; as, a succession of good crops; a succession of disasters. 2. A series of persons or things according to some established rule of precedence; as, a succession of kings, or of bishops; a succession of events in chronology. He was in the succession to an earldom. Macaulay. 3. An order or series of descendants; lineage; race; descent. "A long succession must ensue." Milton. 4. The power or right of succeeding to the station or title of a father or other predecessor; the right to enter upon the office, rank, position, etc., held ny another; also, the entrance into the office, station, or rank of a predecessor; specifically, the succeeding, or right of succeeding, to a throne. You have the voice of the king himself for your succession in Denmark. Shak. The animosity of these factions did not really arise from the dispute about the succession. Macaulay. 5. The right to enter upon the possession of the property of an ancestor, or one near of kin, or one preceding in an established order. 6. The person succeeding to rank or office; a successor or heir. [R.] Milton. Apostolical succession. (Theol.) See under Apostolical. -- Succession duty, a tax imposed on every succession to property, according to its value and the relation of the person who succeeds to the previous owner. [Eng.] -- Succession of crops. (Agric.) See Rotation of crops, under Rotation. SUCCESSIONAL Suc*ces"sion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a succession; existing in a regular order; consecutive. "Successional teeth." Flower. -- Suc*ces"sion*al*ly, adv. SUCCESSIONIST Suc*ces"sion*ist, n. Defn: A person who insists on the importance of a regular succession of events, offices, etc.; especially (Eccl.), one who insists that apostolic succession alone is valid. SUCCESSIVE Suc*ces"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. successif. See Succeed.] 1. Following in order or in uninterrupted course; coming after without interruption or interval; following one after another in a line or series; consecutive; as, the successive revolution of years; the successive kings of Egypt; successive strokes of a hammer. Send the successive ills through ages down. Prior. 2. Having or giving the right of succeeding to an inheritance; inherited by succession; hereditary; as, a successive title; a successive empire. [Obs.] Shak. Successive induction. (Math.) See Induction, 5. SUCCESSIVELY Suc*ces"sive*ly, adv. Defn: In a successive manner. The whiteness, at length, changed successively into blue, indigo, and violet. Sir I. Newton. SUCCESSIVENESS Suc*ces"sive*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being successive. SUCCESSLESS Suc*cess"less, a. Defn: Having no success. Successless all her soft caresses prove. Pope. -- Suc*cess"less*ly, adv. -- Suc*cess"less*ness, n. SUCCESSOR Suc*ces"sor, n. Etym: [OE. successour, OF. successur, successor, F. successeur, L. successor. See Succeed.] Defn: One who succeeds or follows; one who takes the place which another has left, and sustains the like part or character; -- correlative to predecessor; as, the successor of a deceased king. Chaucer. A gift to a corporation, either of lands or of chattels, without naming their successors, vests an absolute property in them so lond as the corporation subsists. Blackstone. SUCCIDUOUS Suc*cid"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. succiduus, fr. succidere to fall under.] Defn: Ready to fall; falling. [R.] SUCCIFEROUS Suc*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. succus, sucus, juice, sap + -ferous.] Defn: Producing or conveying sap. SUCCINAMATE Suc`cin*am"ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of succinamic acid. SUCCINAMIC Suc`cin*am"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid amide derivative of succinic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, and forming a series of salts. SUCCINATE Suc"ci*nate, n. Etym: [L. succinum, sucinum, amber, from succus, sucus, juice, sap: cf. F. succinate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of succinic acid. SUCCINCT Suc*cinct", a. Etym: [L. succinctus, p.p. of succingere to gird below or from below, to tuck up; sub + cingere to gird. Cf. Cincture.] 1. Girded or tucked up; bound; drawn tightly together. His habit fit for speed succinct. Milton. 2. Compressed into a narrow compass; brief; concise. Let all your precepts be succinct and clear. Roscommon. The shortest and most succinct model that ever grasped all the needs and necessities of mankind. South. Syn. -- Short; brief; concise; summary; compendious; laconic; terse. -- Suc*cinct"ly, adv. -- Suc*cinct"ness, n. SUCCINIC Suc*cin"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. succinique. See Succinate.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, amber; specif., designating a dibasic acid, C SUCCINIMIDE Suc`cin*im"ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline nitrogenous substance, C2H4.(CO)2.NH, obtained by treating succinic anhydride with ammonia gas. It is a typical imido acid, and forms a series of salts. See Imido acid, under Imido. SUCCINITE Suc"ci*nite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. succinite.] (Min.) (a) Amber. (b) A garnet of an amber color. SUCCINOUS Suc"ci*nous, a. Etym: [From L. succinum amber.] Defn: Succinic. [R.] SUCCINURATE Suc`cin*u"rate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of succinuric acid. SUCCINURIC Suc`cin*u"ric, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid amide, analogous to succinamic acid, which is obtained as a white crystalline substance by heating urea with succinic anhydride. It is known also in its salts. SUCCINYL Suc"cin*yl, n. Etym: [Succinic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical characteristic of succinic acid and certain of its derivatives. SUCCISE Suc*cise", a. Etym: [See Succision.] (Bot.) Defn: Appearing as if a part were cut off at the extremity. SUCCISION Suc*ci"sion, n. Etym: [L. succisio, fr. succidere, succisum, to cut away below, sub under + caedere to cut.] Defn: The act of cutting down, as of trees; the act of cutting off. [R.] SUCCOR Suc"cor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Succored; p. pr. & vb. n. Succoring.] Etym: [OE. socouren, OF. sucurre, soucourre, secorre, F. secourir, L. succurrere, succursum, to run under, run to the aid of, help, succor; sub under + currere to run. See Current.] Defn: tiono run to, or run to support; hence, to help or relieve when in difficulty, want, or distress; to assist and deliver from suffering; to relieve; as, to succor a besieged city. [Written also succour.] He is able to succor them that are tempted. Heb. ii. 18. Syn. -- To aid; assist; relieve; deliver; help; comfort. SUCCOR Suc"cor, n. Etym: [OE. socours, sucurs, OF. sucurs, socors, secors, F. secours, L. succursus, fr. L. succurrere. See Succor, v. t.] 1. Aid; help; assistance; esp., assistance that relieves and delivers from difficulty, want, or distress. "We beseech mercy and succor." Chaucer. My noble father . . . Flying for succor to his servant Bannister. Shak. 2. The person or thing that brings relief. This mighty succor, which made glad the foe. Dryden. SUCCORABLE Suc"cor*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being succored or assisted; admitting of relief. SUCCORER Suc"cor*er, n. Defn: One who affords succor; a helper. SUCCORLESS Suc"cor*less, a. Defn: Destitute of succor. Thomson. SUCCORY Suc"co*ry, n. Etym: [Corrupted from chicory.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Cichorium. See Chicory. SUCCOTASH Suc"co*tash, n. Etym: [Narragansett Indian m'sickquatash corn boiled whole.] Defn: Green maize and beans boiled together. The dish is borrowed from the native Indians. [Written also suckatash.] SUCCOTEAGUE Suc`co*teague", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The squeteague. SUCCUBA Suc"cu*ba, n.; pl. Succubæ. Etym: [NL., fr. L. succubare to lie under; sub under + cubare to lie down; cf. L. succuba, succubo, one who lies under another.] Defn: A female demon or fiend. See Succubus. Though seeming in shape a woman natural Was a fiend of the kind that succubæ some call. Mir. for Mag. SUCCUBINE Suc"cu*bine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to succuba. SUCCUBOUS Suc"cu*bous, a. Etym: [See Succuba.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the leaves so placed that the upper part of each one is covered by the base of the next higher leaf, as in hepatic mosses of the genus Plagiochila. SUCCUBUS Suc"cu*bus, n.; pl. Succubi. Etym: [See Succuba.] 1. A demon or fiend; especially, a lascivious spirit supposed to have sexual intercourse with the men by night; a succuba. Cf. Incubus. 2. (Med.) Defn: The nightmare. See Nightmare, 2. SUCCULA Suc"cu*la, n. Etym: [L. sucula a winch, windlass, capstan.] (Mach.) Defn: A bare axis or cylinder with staves or levers in it to turn it round, but without any drum. SUCCULENCE; SUCCULENCY Suc"cu*lence, Suc"cu*len*cy, n. Etym: [See Succulent.] Defn: The quality or condition of being succulent; juiciness; as, the succulence of a peach. SUCCULENT Suc"cu*lent, a. Etym: [L. succulentus, suculentus, fr. succus, sucus, juice; perhaps akin to E. suck: cf. F. succulent.] Defn: Full of juice; juicy. Succulent plants (Bot.), plants which have soft and juicy leaves or stems, as the houseleek, the live forever, and the species of Mesembryanthemum. SUCCULENTLY Suc"cu*lent*ly, adv. Defn: In a succulent manner. SUCCULOUS Suc"cu*lous, a. Defn: Succulent; juicy. [R.] SUCCUMB Suc*cumb", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Succumbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Succumbing.] Etym: [L. succumbere; sub under + cumbere (in comp.), akin to cubare to lie down. See Incumbent, Cubit.] Defn: To yield; to submit; to give up unresistingly; as, to succumb under calamities; to succumb to disease. SUCCUMBENT Suc*cum"bent, a. Etym: [L. succumbens, p.pr.] Defn: Submissive; yielding. [R.] Howell. SUCCURSAL Suc*cur"sal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. succursale. See Succor, n. & v. t.] Defn: Serving to aid or help; serving as a chapel of ease; tributary. [R.] Not a city was without its cathedral, surrounded by its succursal churches, its monasteries, and convents. Milman. SUCCUS Suc"cus, n.; pl. Succi (. (Med.) Defn: The expressed juice of a plant, for medicinal use. Succus entericus (. Etym: [NL., literally, juice of the intestines.] (Physiol.) A fluid secreted in small by certain glands (probably the glands of Lieberkühn) of the small intestines. Its exact action is somewhat doubtful. SUCCUSSATION Suc`cus*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. succussare to jolt, v. intens. fr. succutere, succussum, to fling up from below, to toss up; sub under + quatere to shake.] 1. A trot or trotting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. A shaking; succussion. SUCCUSSION Suc*cus"sion, n. Etym: [L. succussio, from succutere: cf. F. succussion. See Succussation.] Defn: The act of shaking; a shake; esp. (Med.), a shaking of the body to ascertain if there be a liquid in the thorax. SUCCUSSIVE Suc*cus"sive, a. Defn: Characterized by a shaking motion, especially an up and down movement, and not merely tremulous oscillation; as, the succussive motion in earthquakes. SUCH Such, a. Etym: [OE. such, sich, sech, sik, swich, swilch, swulch, swilc, swulc, AS. swelc, swilc, swylc; akin to OFries. selik, D. zulk, OS. sulic, OHG. sulih, solih, G. solch, Icel. slikr, OSw. salik, Sw. slik, Dan. slig, Goth. swaleiks; originally meaning, so shaped. *192. See So, Like, a., and cf. Which.] 1. Of that kind; of the like kind; like; resembling; similar; as, we never saw such a day; -- followed by that or as introducing the word or proposition which defines the similarity, or the standard of comparison; as, the books are not such that I can recommend them, or, not such as I can recommend; these apples are not such as those we saw yesterday; give your children such precepts as tend to make them better. And in his time such a conqueror That greater was there none under the sun. Chaucer. His misery was such that none of the bystanders could refrain from weeping. Macaulay. Note: The indefinite article a or an never precedes such, but is placed between it and the noun to which it refers; as, such a man; such an honor. The indefinite adjective some, several, one, few, many, all, etc., precede such; as, one such book is enough; all such people ought to be avoided; few such ideas were then held. 2. Having the particular quality or character specified. That thou art happy, owe to God; That thou continuest such, owe to thyself. Milton. 3. The same that; -- with as; as, this was the state of the kingdom at such time as the enemy landed. "[It] hath such senses as we have." Shak. 4. Certain; -- representing the object as already particularized in terms which are not mentioned. In rushed one and tells him such a knight Is new arrived. Daniel. To-day or to-morrow we will go into such a city, and continue there a year. James iv. 13. Note: Such is used pronominally. "He was the father of such as dwell in tents." Gen. iv. 20. "Such as I are free in spirit when our limbs are chained." Sir W. Scott. Such is also used before adjectives joined to substantives; as, the fleet encountered such a terrible storm that it put back. "Everything was managed with so much care, and such excellent order was observed." De Foe. Temple sprung from a family which . . . long after his death produced so many eminent men, and formed such distinguished alliances, that, etc. Macaulay. Such is used emphatically, without the correlative. Now will he be mocking: I shall have such a life. Shak. Such was formerly used with numerals in the sense of times as much or as many; as, such ten, or ten times as many. Such and such, or Such or such, certain; some; -- used to represent the object indefinitely, as already particularized in one way or another, or as being of one kind or another. "In such and such a place shall be my camp." 2 Kings vi. 8. "Sovereign authority may enact a law commanding such and such an action." South. -- Such like or character, of the like kind. And many other such like things ye do. Mark vii. 8. SUCHOSPONDYLOUS Su`cho*spon"dy*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having dorsal vertebræ with long and divided transverse processes; -- applied to certain reptiles. SUCHWISE Such"wise`, adv. Defn: In a such a manner; so. SUCK Suck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Sucking.] Etym: [OE. suken, souken, AS. s, s; akin to D. zuigen, G. saugen, OHG. s, Icel. s, sj, Sw. suga, Dan. suge, L. sugere. Cf. Honeysuckle, Soak, Succulent, Suction.] 1. To draw, as a liquid, by the action of the mouth and tongue, which tends to produce a vacuum, and causes the liquid to rush in by atmospheric pressure; to draw, or apply force to, by exhausting the air. 2. To draw liquid from by the action of the mouth; as, to suck an orange; specifically, to draw milk from (the mother, the breast, etc.) with the mouth; as, the young of an animal sucks the mother, or dam; an infant sucks the breast. 3. To draw in, or imbibe, by any process resembles sucking; to inhale; to absorb; as, to suck in air; the roots of plants suck water from the ground. 4. To draw or drain. Old ocean, sucked through the porous globe. Thomson. 5. To draw in, as a whirlpool; to swallow up. As waters are by whirlpools sucked and drawn. Dryden. To suck in, to draw into the mouth; to imbibe; to absorb. -- To suck out, to draw out with the mouth; to empty by suction. -- To suck up, to draw into the mouth; to draw up by suction absorption. SUCK Suck, v. i. 1. To draw, or attempt to draw, something by suction, as with the mouth, or through a tube. Where the bee sucks, there suck I. Shak. 2. To draw milk from the breast or udder; as, a child, or the young of an animal, is first nourished by sucking. 3. To draw in; to imbibe; to partake. The crown had sucked too hard, and now, being full, was like to draw less. Bacon. SUCK Suck, n. 1. The act of drawing with the mouth. 2. That which is drawn into the mouth by sucking; specifically, mikl drawn from the breast. Shak. 3. A small draught. [Colloq.] Massinger. 4. Juice; succulence. [Obs.] SUCKANHOCK Suck"an*hock, n. Etym: [Of American Indian origin.] Defn: A kind of seawan. See Note under Seawan. SUCKATASH Suck"a*tash, n. Defn: See Succotash. Bartlett. SUCKEN Suck"en, n. Etym: [See Socome, Soc.] (Scots Law) Defn: The jurisdiction of a mill, or that extent of ground astricted to it, the tenants of which are bound to bring their grain thither to be ground. SUCKER Suck"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, sucks; esp., one of the organs by which certain animals, as the octopus and remora, adhere to other bodies. 2. A suckling; a sucking animal. Beau. & Fl. 3. The embolus, or bucket, of a pump; also, the valve of a pump basket. Boyle. 4. A pipe through which anything is drawn. 5. A small piece of leather, usually round, having a string attached to the center, which, when saturated with water and pressed upon a stone or other body having a smooth surface, adheres, by reason of the atmospheric pressure, with such force as to enable a considerable weight to be thus lifted by the string; -- used by children as a plaything. 6. (Bot.) Defn: A shoot from the roots or lower part of the stem of a plant; -- so called, perhaps, from diverting nourishment from the body of the plant. 7. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of North American fresh-water cyprinoid fishes of the family Catostomidæ; so called because the lips are protrusile. The flesh is coarse, and they are of little value as food. The most common species of the Eastern United States are the northern sucker (Catostomus Commersoni), the white sucker (C. teres), the hog sucker (C. nigricans), and the chub, or sweet sucker (Erimyzon sucetta). Some of the large Western species are called buffalo fish, red horse, black horse, and suckerel. (b) The remora. (c) The lumpfish. (d) The hagfish, or myxine. (e) A California food fish (Menticirrus undulatus) closely allied to the kingfish (a); -- called also bagre. 8. A parasite; a sponger. See def. 6, above. They who constantly converse with men far above their estates shall reap shame and loss thereby; if thou payest nothing, they will count thee a sucker, no branch. Fuller. 9. A hard drinker; a soaker. [Slang] 10. A greenhorn; one easily gulled. [Slang, U.S.] 11. A nickname applied to a native of Illinois. [U. S.] Carp sucker, Cherry sucker, etc. See under Carp, Cherry, etc. -- Sucker fish. See Sucking fish, under Sucking. -- Sucker rod, a pump rod. See under Pump. -- Sucker tube (Zoöl.), one of the external ambulacral tubes of an echinoderm, -- usually terminated by a sucker and used for locomotion. Called also sucker foot. See Spatangoid. SUCKER Suck"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suckered; p. pr. & vb. n. Suckering.] Defn: To strip off the suckers or shoots from; to deprive of suckers; as, to sucker maize. SUCKER Suck"er, v. i. Defn: To form suckers; as, corn suckers abundantly. SUCKER STATE Suck"er State. Defn: Illinois; -- a nickname. SUCKET Suck"et, n. Etym: [Cf. Suck, v. t., Succades.] Defn: A sweetmeat; a dainty morsel. Jer. Taylor. SUCKFISH Suck"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sucker fish. SUCKING Suck"ing, a. Defn: Drawing milk from the mother or dam; hence, colloquially, young, inexperienced, as, a sucking infant; a sucking calf. I suppose you are a young barrister, sucking lawyer, or that sort of thing. Thackeray. Sucking bottle, a feeding bottle. See under Bottle. -- Sucking fish (Zoöl.), the remora. See Remora. Baird. -- Sucking pump, a suction pump. See under Suction. -- Sucking stomach (Zoöl.), the muscular first stomach of certain insects and other invertebrates which suck liquid food. SUCKLE Suc"kle, n. Defn: A teat. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. SUCKLE Suc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Suckling.] Etym: [Freq. of suck.] Defn: To give suck to; to nurse at the breast. Addison. The breasts of Hecuba When she did suckle Hector, looked not lovelier. Shak. They are not weak, suckled by Wisdom. Landor. SUCKLE Suc"kle, v. i. Defn: To nurse; to suck. [R.] SUCKLER Suc"kler, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An animal that suckles its young; a mammal. SUCKLING Suck"ling, n. Etym: [OE. sokeling. See Suck, v. t.] 1. A young child or animal nursed at the breast. 2. A small kind of yellow clover (Trifolium filiforme) common in Southern Europe. SUCRATE Su"crate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of sucrose (or of some related carbohydrate) with some base, after the analogy of a salt; as, sodium sucrate. SUCRE Su"cre, n. Defn: A silver coin of Ecuador, worth 68 cents. SUCROSE Su"crose`, n. Etym: [F. sucre sugar. See Sugar.] (Chem.) Defn: A common variety of sugar found in the juices of many plants, as the sugar cane, sorghum, sugar maple, beet root, etc. It is extracted as a sweet, white crystalline substance which is valuable as a food product, and, being antiputrescent, is largely used in the preservation of fruit. Called also saccharose, cane sugar, etc. By extension, any one of the class of isomeric substances (as lactose, maltose, etc.) of which sucrose proper is the type. Note: Sucrose proper is a dextrorotatory carbohydrate, C12H22O11. It does not reduce Fehling's solution, and though not directly fermentable, yet on standing with yeast it is changed by the diastase present to invert sugar (dextrose and levulose), which then breaks down to alcohol and carbon dioxide. It is also decomposed to invert sugar by heating with acids, whence it is also called a disaccharate. Sucrose possesses at once the properties of an alcohol and a ketone, and also forms compounds (called sucrates) analogous to salts. Cf. Sugar. SUCTION Suc"tion, n. Etym: [L. sugere, suctum, to suck; cf. OF. suction. See Suck, v. t.] Defn: The act or process of sucking; the act of drawing, as fluids, by exhausting the air. Suction chamber, the chamber of a pump into which the suction pipe delivers. -- Suction pipe, Suction valve, the induction pipe, and induction valve, of a pump, respectively. -- Suction pump, the common pump, in which the water is raised into the barrel by atmospheric pressure. See Illust. of Pump. SUCTORIA Suc*to"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Suction.] (Zoöl.) 1. An order of Infusoria having the body armed with somewhat stiff, tubular processes which they use as suckers in obtaining their food. They are usually stalked. 2. Same as Rhizocephala. SUCTORIAL Suc*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. sugere, suctum, to suck.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Adapted for sucking; living by sucking; as, the humming birds are suctorial birds. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Capable of adhering by suction; as, the suctorial fishes. SUCTORIAN Suc*to"ri*an, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A cartilaginous fish with a mouth adapted for suction, as the lampery. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Suctoria. SUCTORIOUS Suc*to"ri*ous, a. Defn: Suctorial. [R.] SUDAMINA Su*dam"i*na, n. pl, sing. Sudamen (. Etym: [NL. sudamen, -inis, fr. sudare to sweat. See Sweat.] (Med.) Defn: Minute vesicles surrounded by an area of reddened skin, produced by excessive sweating. SUDARIUM Su*da"ri*um, n. Etym: [L., a handkerchief.] (Eccl.) Defn: The handkerchief upon which the Savior is said to have impressed his own portrait miraculously, when wiping his face with it, as he passed to the crucifixion. SUDARY Su"da*ry, n. Etym: [L. sudarium, fr. sudare to sweat. See Sweat.] Defn: A napkin or handkerchief. [Obs. or R.] Wyclif. R. Browning. SUDATION Su*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. sudatio, fr. sudare to sweat: cf. F. sudation.] Defn: A sweating. [Obs.] SUDATORIUM Su`da*to"ri*um, n.; pl. Sudatoria. Etym: [L.] Defn: A sudatory. Dunglison. SUDATORY Su"da*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. sudatorius, fr. sudare to sweat: cf. F. sudatoire. See Sweat.] Defn: Sweating; perspiring. SUDATORY Su"da*to*ry, n.; pl. Sudatories. Etym: [L. sudatorium.] Defn: A bagnio; a sweating bath; a vapor bath. These sudatories are much in request for many infirmities. Evelyn. SUDD Sudd (sud), n. [Ar. sadd barrier.] Defn: A tangled mass of floating vegetal matter obstructing navigation. [Central Africa] SUDDEN Sud"den, a. Etym: [OE. sodian, sodein, OF. sodain, sudain, F. soudain, L. subitaneus, fr. subitus sudden, that has come unexpectedly, p.p. of subire to come on, to steal upon; sub under, secretly + ire to go. See Issue, and cf. Subitaneous.] 1. Happening without previous notice or with very brief notice; coming unexpectedly, or without the common preparation; immediate; instant; speedy. "O sudden wo!" Chaucer. "For fear of sudden death." Shak. Sudden fear troubleth thee. Job xxii. 10. 2. Hastly prepared or employed; quick; rapid. Never was such a sudden scholar made. Shak. The apples of Asphaltis, appearing goodly to the sudden eye. Milton. 3. Hasty; violent; rash; precipitate. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Unexpected; unusual; abrupt; unlooked-for. -- Sud"den*ly, adv. -- Sud"den*ness, n. SUDDEN Sud"den, adv. Defn: Suddenly; unexpectedly. [R.] Herbs of every leaf that sudden flowered. Milton. SUDDEN Sud"den, n. Defn: An unexpected occurrence; a surprise. All of a sudden, On a sudden, Of a sudden, sooner than was expected; without the usual preparation; suddenly. How art thou lost! how on a sudden lost! Milton. He withdrew his opposition all of a sudden. Thackeray. SUDDENTY Sud"den*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. soudaineté.] Defn: Suddenness; a sudden. [Scot.] On a suddenty, on a sudden. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. SUDORAL Su"dor*al, a. Etym: [L. sudor.] Defn: Of or pertaining to sweat; as, sudoral eruptions. SUDORIFEROUS Su`dor*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. sudor sweat + -ferous.] (Physiol.) Defn: Producing, or secreting, sweat; sudoriparous. Sudoriferous glands (Anat.), small convoluted tubular glands which are situated in the subcutaneous tissues and discharge by minute orifices in the surface of the skin; the sweat glands. SUDORIFIC Su`dor*if"ic, a. Etym: [L. sudor sweat (akin to E. sweat) + facere to make.] Defn: Causing sweat; as, sudorific herbs. -- n. Defn: A sudorific medicine. Cf. Diaphoretic. SUDORIPAROUS Su`dor*ip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. sudor sweat + parere to produce.] (Physiol.) Defn: Same as Sudoriferous. SUDOROUS Su"dor*ous, a. Etym: [L. sudorus, fr. sudor sweat.] Defn: Consisting of sweat. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SUDRA Su"dra, n. Etym: [Skr. ç.] Defn: The lowest of the four great castes among the Hindoos. See Caste. [Written also Soorah, Soodra, and Sooder.] SUDS Suds, n. pl. Etym: [Akin to sodden, seethe. See Seethe.] Defn: Water impregnated with soap, esp. when worked up into bubbles and froth. In the suds, in turmoil or difficulty. [Colloq.] Beau. & Fl. SUE Sue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sued; p. pr. & vb. n. Suing.] Etym: [OE. suen, sewen, siwen, OF. sivre (pres.ind. 3d sing. il siut, suit, he follows, nous sevons we follow), LL. sequere, for L. sequi, secutus; akin to Gr. sac to accompany, and probably to E. see, v.t. See See, v. t., and cf. Consequence, Ensue, Execute, Obsequious, Pursue, Second, Sect in religion, Sequence, Suit.] 1. To follow up; to chase; to seek after; to endeavor to win; to woo. For yet there was no man that haddle him sued. Chaucer. I was beloved of many a gentle knight, And sued and sought with all the service due. Spenser. Sue me, and woo me, and flatter me. Tennyson. 2. (Law) (a) To seek justice or right from, by legal process; to institute process in law against; to bring an action against; to prosecute judicially. (b) To proceed with, as an action, and follow it up to its proper termination; to gain by legal process. 3. (Falconry) Defn: To clean, as the beak; -- said of a hawk. 4. (Naut.) Defn: To leave high and dry on shore; as, to sue a ship. R. H. Dana, Jr. To sue out (Law), to petition for and take out, or to apply for and obtain; as, to sue out a writ in chancery; to sue out a pardon for a criminal. SUE Sue, v. i. 1. To seek by request; to make application; to petition; to entreat; to plead. By adverse destiny constrained to sue For counsel and redress, he sues to you. Pope. Cæsar came to Rome to sue for the double honor of a triumph and the consulship. C. Middleton. The Indians were defeated and sued for peace. Jefferson. 2. (Law) Defn: To prosecute; to make legal claim; to seek (for something) in law; as, to sue for damages. 3. To woo; to pay addresses as a lover. Massinger. 4. (Naut.) Defn: To be left high and dry on the shore, as a ship. R. H. Dana, Jr. SUEDE Suède (swayd or swâd), n. [F., Sweden.] Defn: Swedish glove leather, --usually made from lambskins tanned with willow bark. Also used adjectively; as, suède gloves. SUENT Su"ent, a. Defn: Uniformly or evenly distributed or spread; even; smooth. See Suant. Thoreau. SUENTLY Su"ent*ly, adv. Defn: Evenly; smoothly. SUER Su"er, n. Defn: One who sues; a suitor. SUET Su"et, n. Etym: [OE. suet, dim. fr. OF. seu, suif, F. suif, L. sebum. Cf. Soap, Sebaceous.] Defn: The fat and fatty tissues of an animal, especially the harder fat about the kidneys and loins in beef and mutton, which, when melted and freed from the membranes, forms tallow. SUETY Su"et*y, a. Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, suet; as, a suety substance. SUF- Suf-. Defn: A form of the prefix Sub-. SUFFER Suf"fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffered; p. pr. & vb. n. Suffering.] Etym: [OE. suffren, soffren, OF. sufrir, sofrir, F. souffrir, (assumed) LL. sofferire, for L. sufferre; sub under + ferre to bear, akin to E. bear. See Bear to support.] 1. To feel, or endure, with pain, annoyance, etc.; to submit to with distress or grief; to undergo; as, to suffer pain of body, or grief of mind. 2. To endure or undergo without sinking; to support; to sustain; to bear up under. Our spirit and strength entire, Strongly to suffer and support our pains. Milton. 3. To undergo; to be affected by; to sustain; to experience; as, most substances suffer a change when long exposed to air and moisture; to suffer loss or damage. If your more ponderous and settled project May suffer alteration. Shak. 4. To allow; to permit; not to forbid or hinder; to tolerate. Thou shalt in any wise rebuke thy neighbour, and not suffer sin upon him. Lev. xix. 17. I suffer them to enter and possess. Milton. Syn. -- To permit; bear; endure; support; sustain; allow; admit; tolerate. See Permit. SUFFER Suf"fer, v. i. 1. To feel or undergo pain of body or mind; to bear what is inconvenient; as, we suffer from pain, sickness, or sorrow; we suffer with anxiety. O well for him whose will is strong! He suffers, but he will not suffer long. Tennyson. 2. To undergo punishment; specifically, to undergo the penalty of death. The father was first condemned to suffer upon a day appointed, and the son afterwards the day following. Clarendon. 3. To be injured; to sustain loss or damage. Public business suffers by private infirmities. Sir W. Temple. SUFFERABLE Suf"fer*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. souffrable.] 1. Able to suffer or endure; patient. [Obs.] "Ye must be sufferable." Chaucer. 2. That may be suffered, tolerated, or permitted; allowable; tolerable. -- Suf"fer*a*ble*ness, n. -- Suf"fer*a*bly, adv. SUFFERANCE Suf"fer*ance, n. Etym: [OE. suffrance, OF. sufrance, soufrance, F. souffrance, L. sufferentia, from sufferens, -entis, p.pr. of sufferre. See Suffer.] 1. The state of suffering; the bearing of pain; endurance. He must not only die the death, But thy unkindness shall his death draw out To lingering sufferance. Shak. 2. Pain endured; misery; suffering; distress. The seeming sufferances that you had borne. Shak. 3. Loss; damage; injury. [Obs.] A grievous . . . sufferance on most part of their fleet. Shak. 4. Submission under difficult or oppressive circumstances; patience; moderation. Chaucer. But hasty heat tempering with sufferance wise. Spenser. 5. Negative consent by not forbidding or hindering; toleration; permission; allowance; leave. Shak. In their beginning they are weak and wan, But soon, through sufferance, grow to fearful end. Spenser. Somewhiles by sufferance, and somewhiles by special leave and favor, they erected to themselves oratories. Hooker. 6. A permission granted by the customs authorities for the shipment of goods. [Eng.] Estate of sufferance (Law), the holding by a tenant who came in by a lawful title, but remains, after his right has expired, without positive leave of the owner. Blackstone. -- On sufferance, by mere toleration; as, to remain in a house on sufferance. Syn. -- Endurance; pain; misery; inconvenience; patience; moderation; toleration; permission. SUFFERER Suf"fer*er, n. 1. One who suffers; one who endures or undergoes suffering; one who sustains inconvenience or loss; as, sufferers by poverty or sickness; men are sufferers by fire or by losses at sea. 2. One who permits or allows. SUFFERING Suf"fer*ing, n. Defn: The bearing of pain, inconvenience, or loss; pain endured; distress, loss, or injury incurred; as, sufferings by pain or sorrow; sufferings by want or by wrongs. "Souls in sufferings tried." Keble. SUFFERING Suf"fer*ing, a. Defn: Being in pain or grief; having loss, injury, distress, etc. -- Suf"fer*ing*ly, adv. SUFFICE Suf*fice", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sufficed; p. pr. & vb. n. Sufficing.] Etym: [OE. suffisen, OF. soufire, F. suffire (cf. suffisant, p.pr.), L. sufficere to put under, to substitute, to avail for, to suffice; sub under + facere to make. See Fact.] Defn: To be enough, or sufficient; to meet the need (of anything); to be equal to the end proposed; to be adequate. Chaucer. To recount almighty works, What words or tongue of seraph can suffice Milton. SUFFICE Suf*fice", v. t. 1. To satisfy; to content; to be equal to the wants or demands of. Spenser. Let it suffice thee; speak no more unto me of this matter. Deut. iii. 26. 2. To furnish; to supply adequately. [Obs.] The power appeased, with winds sufficed the sail. Dryden. SUFFICIENCE Suf*fi"cience, n. Defn: Sufficiently. [Obs.] SUFFICIENCY Suf*fi"cien*cy, n. Etym: [L. sufficientia: cf. F. suffisance. See Suffice.] 1. The quality or state of being sufficient, or adequate to the end proposed; adequacy. His sufficiency is such that he bestows and possesses, his plenty being unexhausted. Boyle. 2. Qualification for any purpose; ability; capacity. A substitute or most allowed sufficiency. Shak. I am not so confident of my own sufficiency as not willingly to admit the counsel of others. Eikon Basilike. 3. Adequate substance or means; competence. "An elegant sufficiency." Thomson. 4. Supply equal to wants; ample stock or fund. 5. Conceit; self-confidence; self-sufficiency. Sufficiency is a compound of vanity and ignorance. Sir W. Temple. SUFFICIENT Suf*fi"cient, a. Etym: [L. sufficiens, -entis, p.pr. of sufficere: cf. F. suffisant. See Suffice.] 1. Equal to the end proposed; adequate to wants; enough; ample; competent; as, provision sufficient for the family; an army sufficient to defend the country. My grace is sufficient for thee. 2 Cor. xii. 9. 2. Possessing adequate talents or accomplishments; of competent power or ability; qualified; fit. Who is sufficient for these things 2 Cor. ii. 16. 3. Capable of meeting obligations; responsible. The man is, notwithstanding, sufficient . . . I think I may take his bond. Shak. 4. Self-sufficient; self-satisfied; content. [R.] Thou art the most sufficient (I'll say for thee), Not to believe a thing. Beau. & Fl. Syn. -- Enough; adequate; competent; full; satisfactory; ample. SUFFICIENTLY Suf*fi"cient*ly, adv. Defn: To a sufficient degree; to a degree that answers the purpose, or gives content; enough; as, we are sufficiently supplied with food; a man sufficiently qualified for the discharge of his official duties. SUFFICING Suf*fi"cing, a. Defn: Affording enough; satisfying. -- Suf*fi"cing*ly, adv. -- Suf*fi"cing*ness, n. SUFFISANCE Suf*fi"sance, n. Etym: [F. See Sufficiency.] Defn: Sufficiency; plenty; abundance; contentment. [Obs.] He could in little thing have suffisaunce. Chaucer. SUFFISANT Suf*fi"sant, a. Defn: Sufficient. [Obs.] SUFFIX Suf"fix, n. Etym: [L. suffixus, p.p. of suffigere to fasten on, to affix; sub under + figere to fix: cf. F. suffixe. See Fix.] 1. A letter, letters, syllable, or syllables added or appended to the end of a word or a root to modify the meaning; a postfix. 2. (Math.) Defn: A subscript mark, number, or letter. See Subscript, a. SUFFIX Suf*fix", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffixed; p. pr. & vb. n. Suffixing.] Defn: To add or annex to the end, as a letter or syllable to a word; to append. SUFFIXION Suf*fix"ion, n. Defn: The act of suffixing, or the state of being suffixed. SUFFIXMENT Suf*fix"ment, n. Defn: Suffixion. [R.] Earle. SUFFLAMINATE Suf*flam"i*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. sufflaminatus, p.p. of sufflaminare to hold back by a clog, from sufflamen a clog.] 1. To retard the motion of, as a carriage, by preventing one or more of its wheels from revolving, either by means of a chain or otherwise. [Obs.] 2. Hence, to stop; to impede. [Obs.] Barrow. SUFFLATE Suf*flate", v. t. Etym: [L. sufflatus, p.p. of sufflare to blow up, inflate; sub under + flare to blow.] Defn: To blow up; to inflate; to inspire. [R.] T. Ward. SUFFLATION Suf*fla"tion, n. Etym: [L. sufflatio.] Defn: The act of blowing up or inflating. [R.] Coles. SUFFOCATE Suf"fo*cate, a. Etym: [L. suffocatus, p.p. of suffocare to choke; sub under + fauces the throat. Cf. Faucal.] Defn: Suffocated; choked. Shak. SUFFOCATE Suf"fo*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Suffocating.] 1. To choke or kill by stopping respiration; to stifle; to smother. Let not hemp his windpipe suffocate. Shak. 2. To destroy; to extinguish; as, to suffocate fire. SUFFOCATE Suf"fo*cate, v. i. Defn: To become choked, stifled, or smothered. "A swelling discontent is apt to suffocate and strangle without passage." collier. SUFFOCATING Suf"fo*ca`ting, a. & n. Defn: from Suffocate, v. -- Suf"fo*ca`ting*ly, adv. SUFFOCATION Suf`fo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. suffocatio: cf. F. suffocation.] Defn: The act of suffocating, or the state of being suffocated; death caused by smothering or choking. Note: The term suffocation is sometimes employed synonymously with asphyxia. In the strict medico-legal sense it signifies asphyxia induced by obstruction of the respiration otherwise than by direct pressure on the neck (hanging, strangulation) or submersion (drowning). Quain. SUFFOCATIVE Suf"fo*ca*tive, a. Defn: Tending or able to choke or stifle. "Suffocative catarrhs." Arbuthnot. SUFFOSSION Suf*fos"sion, n. Etym: [L. suffossio, from suffodere, suffossum, to dig under; sub under + fodere to dig.] Defn: A digging under; an undermining. [R.] Bp. Hall. SUFFRAGAN Suf"fra*gan, a. Etym: [F. suffragant, L. suffragans, p.pr. of suffragari to support with one's vote, to be favorable. See Suffrage.] Defn: Assisting; assistant; as, a suffragan bishop. SUFFRAGAN Suf"fra*gan, n. Etym: [F. suffragant: cf. LL. suffraganeus. See Suffragan, a.] 1. An assistant. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A bishop considered as an assistant, or as subject, to his metropolitan; an assistant bishop. SUFFRAGANSHIP Suf"fra*gan*ship, n. Defn: The office of a suffragan. SUFFRAGANT Suf"fra*gant, a. & n. Defn: Suffragan. [Obs.] SUFFRAGATE Suf"fra*gate, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Suffragated; p. pr. & vb. n. Suffragating.] Etym: [L. suffragatus, p.p. of suffragari. See Suffragan, a.] Defn: To vote or vote with. [Obs.] "Suffragating tribes." Dryden. SUFFRAGATOR Suf"fra*ga`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who assists or favors by his vote. [Obs.] SUFFRAGE Suf"frage, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. suffragium; perhaps originally, a broken piece, a potsherd, used in voting, and fr. sub under + the root of frangere to break. See Break.] 1. A vote given in deciding a controverted question, or in the choice of a man for an office or trust; the formal expression of an opinion; assent; vote. I ask your voices and your suffrages. Shak. 2. Testimony; attestation; witness; approval. Lactantius and St. Austin confirm by their suffrage the observation made by heathen writers. Atterbury. Every miracle is the suffrage of Heaven to the truth of a doctrine. South. 3. (Eccl.) (a) A short petition, as those after the creed in matins and evensong. (b) A prayer in general, as one offered for the faithful departed. Shipley. I firmly believe that there is a purgatory, and that the souls therein detained are helped by the suffrages of the faithful. Creed of Pope Pius IV. 4. Aid; assistance. [A Latinism] [Obs.] Defn: The right to vote; franchise. SUFFRAGE Suf"frage, v. t. Defn: To vote for; to elect. [Obs.] Milton. SUFFRAGETTE Suf*fra*gette, n. Defn: A woman who advocates the right to vote for women; a woman suffragist. SUFFRAGINOUS Suf*frag"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. suffraginosus diseased in the hock, fr. suffrago the pastern, or hock.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the hock of a beast. [Obs.] SUFFRAGIST Suf"fra*gist, n. 1. One who possesses or exercises the political right of suffrage; a voter. 2. One who has certain opinions or desires about the political right of suffrage; as, a woman suffragist. It is curious that . . . Louisa Castelefort should be obliged after her marriage immediately to open her doors and turn ultra liberal, or an universal suffragist. Miss Edgeworth. SUFFRAGO Suf*fra"go, n. Etym: [L., the hock, from sub under + frangere to break.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The heel joint. SUFFRANCE Suf"france, n. Defn: Sufferance. [Obs.] Chaucer. SUFFRUTESCENT Suf`fru*tes"cent, a. Etym: [Pref. suf- + frutescent.] (Bot.) Defn: Slightly woody at the base. SUFFRUTICOSE Suf*fru"ti*cose`, a. Etym: [Pref. suf- + fruticose.] (Bot.) Defn: Woody in the lower part of the stem, but with the yearly branches herbaceous, as sage, thyme, hyssop, and the like. SUFFRUTICOUS Suf*fru"ti*cous, a. Defn: Suffruticose. SUFFUMIGATE Suf*fu"mi*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffumigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Suffumigating.] Etym: [L. suffumigatus, p.p. of suffumigare to fumigate from below. See Sub-, and Fumigate.] Defn: To apply fumes or smoke to the parts of, as to the body in medicine; to fumigate in part. SUFFUMIGATION Suf*fu`mi*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. suffumigatio: cf. F. suffumigation.] Defn: The operation of suffumigating. SUFFUMIGE Suf*fu"mige, n. Etym: [LL. suffumigium.] Defn: A medical fume. [Obs.] Harvey. SUFFUSE Suf*fuse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffused; p. pr. & vb. n. Suffusing.] Etym: [L. suffusus, p.p. of suffundere to overspread; sub under + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt.] Defn: To overspread, as with a fluid or tincture; to fill or cover, as with something fluid; as, eyes suffused with tears; cheeks suffused with blushes. When purple light shall next suffuse the skies. Pope. SUFFUSION Suf*fu"sion, n. Etym: [L. suffusio: cf. F. suffusion.] 1. The act or process of suffusing, or state of being suffused; an overspreading. To those that have the jaundice, or like suffusion of eyes, objects appear of that color. Ray. 2. That with which a thing is suffused. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A blending of one color into another; the spreading of one color over another, as on the feathers of birds. SUFI Su"fi, n. Etym: [From the name of a dynasty of Persian kings, Safi, Safavi; said to come from name Safi-ud-din of an ancestor of the family, confused with s pious.] Defn: A title or surname of the king of Persia. SUFI Su"fi, n. Etym: [Ar. & Per. s, wise, pious, devout.] Defn: One of a certain order of religious men in Persia. [Written also sofi.] SUFISM Su"fism, n. Defn: A refined mysticism among certain classes of Mohammedans, particularly in Persia, who hold to a kind of pantheism and practice extreme asceticism in their lives. [Written also sofism.] SUG Sug, n. Defn: A kind of worm or larva. Walton. SUGAR Sug"ar, n. Etym: [OE. sugre, F. sucre (cf. It. zucchero, Sp. azúcar), fr. Ar. sukkar, assukkar, fr. Skr. çarkara sugar, gravel; cf. Per. shakar. Cf. Saccharine, Sucrose.] 1. A sweet white (or brownish yellow) crystalline substance, of a sandy or granular consistency, obtained by crystallizing the evaporated juice of certain plants, as the sugar cane, sorghum, beet root, sugar maple, etc. It is used for seasoning and preserving many kinds of food and drink. Ordinary sugar is essentially sucrose. See the Note below. Note: The term sugar includes several commercial grades, as the white or refined, granulated, loaf or lump, and the raw brown or muscovado. In a more general sense, it includes several distinct chemical compounds, as the glucoses, or grape sugars (including glucose proper, dextrose, and levulose), and the sucroses, or true sugars (as cane sugar). All sugars are carbohydrates. See Carbohydrate. The glucoses, or grape sugars, are ketone alcohols of the formula C6H12O6, and they turn the plane of polarization to the right or the left. They are produced from the amyloses and sucroses, as by the action of heat and acids of ferments, and are themselves decomposed by fermentation into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The only sugar (called acrose) as yet produced artificially belongs to this class. The sucroses, or cane sugars, are doubled glucose anhydrides of the formula C12H22O11. They are usually not fermentable as such (cf. Sucrose), and they act on polarized light. 2. By extension, anything resembling sugar in taste or appearance; as, sugar of lead (lead acetate), a poisonous white crystalline substance having a sweet taste. 3. Compliment or flattery used to disguise or render acceptable something obnoxious; honeyed or soothing words. [Colloq.] Acorn sugar. See Quercite. -- Cane sugar, sugar made from the sugar cane; sucrose, or an isomeric sugar. See Sucrose. -- Diabetes, or Diabetic, sugar (Med. Chem.), a variety of sugar (probably grape sugar or dextrose) excreted in the urine in diabetes mellitus. -- Fruit sugar. See under Fruit, and Fructose. -- Grape sugar, a sirupy or white crystalline sugar (dextrose or glucose) found as a characteristic ingredient of ripe grapes, and also produced from many other sources. See Dextrose, and Glucose. -- Invert sugar. See under Invert. -- Malt sugar, a variety of sugar isomeric with sucrose, found in malt. See Maltose. -- Manna sugar, a substance found in manna, resembling, but distinct from, the sugars. See Mannite. -- Milk sugar, a variety of sugar characteristic of fresh milk, and isomeric with sucrose. See Lactose. -- Muscle sugar, a sweet white crystalline substance isomeric with, and formerly regarded to, the glucoses. It is found in the tissue of muscle, the heart, liver, etc. Called also heart sugar. See Inosite. -- Pine sugar. See Pinite. -- Starch sugar (Com. Chem.), a variety of dextrose made by the action of heat and acids on starch from corn, potatoes, etc.; -- called also potato sugar, corn sugar, and, inaccurately, invert sugar. See Dextrose, and Glucose. -- Sugar barek, one who refines sugar. -- Sugar beet (Bot.), a variety of beet (Beta vulgaris) with very large white roots, extensively grown, esp. in Europe, for the sugar obtained from them. -- Sugar berry (Bot.), the hackberry. -- Sugar bird (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small South American singing birds of the genera Coereba, Dacnis, and allied genera belonging to the family Coerebidæ. They are allied to the honey eaters. -- Sugar bush. See Sugar orchard. -- Sugar camp, a place in or near a sugar orchard, where maple sugar is made. -- Sugar candian, sugar candy. [Obs.] -- Sugar candy, sugar clarified and concreted or crystallized; candy made from sugar. -- Sugar cane (Bot.), a tall perennial grass (Saccharum officinarium), with thick short-jointed stems. It has been cultivated for ages as the principal source of sugar. -- Sugar loaf. (a) A loaf or mass of refined sugar, usually in the form of a truncated cone. (b) A hat shaped like a sugar loaf. Why, do not or know you, grannam, and that sugar loaf J. Webster. -- Sugar maple (Bot.), the rock maple (Acer saccharinum). See Maple. -- Sugar mill, a machine for pressing out the juice of the sugar cane, usually consisting of three or more rollers, between which the cane is passed. -- Sugar mite. (Zoöl.) (a) A small mite (Tyroglyphus sacchari), often found in great numbers in unrefined sugar. (b) The lepisma. -- Sugar of lead. See Sugar, 2, above. -- Sugar of milk. See under Milk. -- Sugar orchard, a collection of maple trees selected and preserved for purpose of obtaining sugar from them; -- called also, sometimes, sugar bush. [U.S.] Bartlett. -- Sugar pine (Bot.), an immense coniferous tree (Pinus Lambertiana) of California and Oregon, furnishing a soft and easily worked timber. The resinous exudation from the stumps, etc., has a sweetish taste, and has been used as a substitute for sugar. -- Sugar squirrel (Zoöl.), an Australian flying phalanger (Belideus sciureus), having a long bushy tail and a large parachute. It resembles a flying squirrel. See Illust. under Phlanger. -- Sugar tongs, small tongs, as of silver, used at table for taking lumps of sugar from a sugar bowl. -- Sugar tree. (Bot.) See Sugar maple, above. SUGAR Sug"ar, v. i. Defn: In making maple sugar, to complete the process of boiling down the sirup till it is thick enough to crystallize; to approach or reach the state of granulation; -- with the preposition off. [Local, U.S.] SUGAR Sug"ar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sugared; p. pr. & vb. n. Sugaring.] 1. To impregnate, season, cover, or sprinkle with sugar; to mix sugar with. "When I sugar my liquor." G. Eliot. 2. To cover with soft words; to disguise by flattery; to compliment; to sweeten; as, to sugar reproof. With devotion's visage And pious action we do sugar o'er The devil himself. Shak. SUGARED Sug"ared, a. Defn: Sweetened. "The sugared liquor." Spenser. Defn: Also used figuratively; as, sugared kisses. SUGAR-HOUSE Sug"ar-house`, n. Defn: A building in which sugar is made or refined; a sugar manufactory. SUGARINESS Sug"ar*i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sugary, or sweet. SUGARING Sug"ar*ing, n. 1. The act of covering or sweetening with sugar; also, the sugar thus used. 2. The act or process of making sugar. SUGARLESS Sug"ar*less, a. Defn: Without sugar; free from sugar. SUGARPLUM Sug"ar*plum`, n. Defn: A kind of candy or sweetneat made up in small balls or disks. SUGARY Sug"ar*y, a. 1. Resembling or containing sugar; tasting of sugar; sweet. Spenser. 2. Fond of sugar or sweet things; as, a sugary palate. SUGESCENT Su*ges"cent, a. Etym: [L. sugere to suck.] Defn: Of or pertaining to sucking. [R.] Paley. SUGGEST Sug*gest", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suggested; p. pr. & vb. n. Suggesting.] Etym: [L. suggestus, p.p. of suggerere to put under, furnish, suggest; sub under + gerere to carry, to bring. See Jest.] 1. To introduce indirectly to the thoughts; to cause to be thought of, usually by the agency of other objects. Some ideas . . . are suggested to the mind by all the ways of sensation and reflection. Locke. 2. To propose with difference or modesty; to hint; to intimate; as, to suggest a difficulty. 3. To seduce; to prompt to evil; to tempt. [Obs.] Knowing that tender youth is soon suggested. Shak. 4. To inform secretly. [Obs.] Syn. -- To hint; allude to; refer to; insinuate. SUGGEST Sug*gest", v. i. Defn: To make suggestions; to tempt. [Obs.] And ever weaker grows through acted crime, Or seeming-genial, venial fault, Recurring and suggesting still. Tennyson. SUGGESTER Sug*gest"er, n. Defn: One who suggests. Beau. & Fl. SUGGESTION Sug*ges"tion, n. Etym: [F. suggestion, L. suggestio.] 1. The act of suggesting; presentation of an idea. 2. That which is suggested; an intimation; an insinuation; a hint; a different proposal or mention; also, formerly, a secret incitement; temptation. Why do I yield to that suggestion Shak. 3. Charge; complaint; accusation. [Obs.] "A false suggestion." Chaucer. 4. (Law) Defn: Information without oath; an entry of a material fact or circumstance on the record for the information of the court, at the death or insolvency of a party. 5. (Physiol. & Metaph.) Defn: The act or power of originating or recalling ideas or relations, distinguished as original and relative; -- a term much used by Scottish metaphysicians from Hutcherson to Thomas Brown. Syn. -- Hint; allusion; intimation; insinuation. -- Suggestion, Hint. A hint is the briefest or most indirect mode of calling one's attention to a subject. A suggestion is a putting of something before the mind for consideration, an indirect or guarded mode of presenting argument or advice. A hint is usually something slight or covert, and may by merely negative in its character. A suggestion is ordinarily intended to furnish us with some practical assistance or direction. "He gave me a hint of my danger, and added some suggestions as to the means of avoiding it." Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike, Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike. Pope. Arthur, whom they say is killed to-night On your suggestion. Shak. SUGGESTIVE Sug*gest"ive, a. Defn: Containing a suggestion, hint, or intimation. -- Sug*gest"ive*ly, adv. -- Sug*gest"ive*ness, n. SUGGESTIVE MEDICINE Sug*gest"ive med"i*cine. Defn: Treatment by commands or positive statements addressed to a more or less hypnotized patient. SUGGESTMENT Sug*gest"ment, n. Defn: Suggestion. [R.] They fancy that every thought must needs have an immediate outward suggestment. Hare. SUGGESTRESS Sug*gest"ress, n. Defn: A woman who suggests. "The suggestress of suicides." De Quincey. SUGGIL Sug"gil, v. t. Etym: [L. suggillare, sugillare, suggillatum, sugillatum, literally, to beat black and blue.] Defn: To defame. [Obs.] Abp. Parker. SUGGILLATE Sug"gil*late, v. t. Etym: [See Suggil.] Defn: To beat livid, or black and blue. Wiseman. SUGGILLATION Sug`gil*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. suggillatio: cf. F. suggillation.] Defn: A livid, or black and blue, mark; a blow; a bruise. SUICIDAL Su"i*ci`dal, a. Defn: Partaking of, or of the nature of, the crime or suicide. -- Su"i*ci`dal*ly, adv. SUICIDE Su"i*cide, n. Etym: [L. sui of one's self (akin to suus one's own) + caedere to slay, to kill. Cf. So, adv., Homicide.] 1. The act of taking one's own life voluntary and intentionally; self-murder; specifically (Law), the felonious killing of one's self; the deliberate and intentional destruction of one's own life by a person of years of discretion and of sound mind. 2. One guilty of self-murder; a felo-de-se. 3. Ruin of one's own interests. "Intestine war, which may be justly called political suicide." V. Knox. SUICIDICAL Su`i*cid"i*cal, a. Defn: Suicidal. [Obs.] SUICIDISM Su"i*ci*dism, n. Defn: The quality or state of being suicidal, or self-murdering. [R.] SUICISM Su"i*cism, n. Etym: [L. suus one's own.] Defn: Selfishness; egoism. [R.] Whitlock. SUI GENERIS Su"i gen"e*ris. Etym: [L.] Defn: Of his or its own kind. SUILLAGE Su"il*lage, n. Etym: [OF. souillage, soillage, fr. souiller, soiller. See Soil to stain, and cf. Sullage.] Defn: A drain or collection of filth. [Obs.] [Written also sulliage, and sullage.] Sir H. Wotton. SUILLINE Su"il*line, a. Etym: [L. sus hog.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a hog or the Hog family (Suidæ). SUINE Su"ine, n. Etym: [Cf. Suint.] Defn: A mixture of oleomargarine with lard or other fatty ingredients. It is used as a substitute for butter. See Butterine. SUING Su"ing, n. Etym: [Cf. F. suer to sweat, L. sudare.] Defn: The process of soaking through anything. [Obs.] Bacon. SUINGLY Su"ing*ly, adv. Etym: [See Sue to follow.] Defn: In succession; afterwards. [Obs.] Sir T. More. SUINT Su"int, n. Etym: [F.] (Chem.) Defn: A peculiar substance obtained from the wool of sheep, consisting largely of potash mixed with fatty and earthy matters. It is used as a source of potash and also for the manufacture of gas. SUIOGOTHS Su`i*o*goths", n. pl. Etym: [L. Suiones (a Teutonic tribe in what is now Sweeden) + E. Goth.] Defn: The Scandinavian Goths. See the Note under Goths. SUIST Su"ist, n. Etym: [L. suus belinging to himself or to one's self.] Defn: One who seeks for things which gratify merely himself; a selfish person; a selfist. [R.] Whitlock. SUIT Suit, n. Etym: [OE. suite, F. suite, OF. suite, sieute, fr. suivre to follow, OF. sivre; perhaps influenced by L. secta. See Sue to follow, and cf. Sect, Suite.] 1. The act of following or pursuing, as game; pursuit. [Obs.] 2. The act of suing; the process by which one endeavors to gain an end or an object; an attempt to attain a certain result; pursuit; endeavor. Thenceforth the suit of earthly conquest shone. Spenser. 3. The act of wooing in love; the solicitation of a woman in marriage; courtship. Rebate your loves, each rival suit suspend, Till this funereal web my labors end. Pope. 4. (Law) Defn: The attempt to gain an end by legal process; an action or process for the recovery of a right or claim; legal application to a court for justice; prosecution of right before any tribunal; as, a civil suit; a criminal suit; a suit in chancery. I arrest thee at the suit of Count Orsino. Shak. In England the several suits, or remedial instruments of justice, are distinguished into three kinds -- actions personal, real, and mixed. Blackstone. 5. That which follows as a retinue; a company of attendants or followers; the assembly of persons who attend upon a prince, magistrate, or other person of distinction; -- often written suite, and pronounced swet. 6. Things that follow in a series or succession; the individual objects, collectively considered, which constitute a series, as of rooms, buildings, compositions, etc.; -- often written suite, and pronounced swet. 7. A number of things used together, and generally necessary to be united in order to answer their purpose; a number of things ordinarily classed or used together; a set; as, a suit of curtains; a suit of armor; a suit of clothes. "Two rogues in buckram suits." Shak. 8. (Playing Cards) Defn: One of the four sets of cards which constitute a pack; -- each set consisting of thirteen cards bearing a particular emblem, as hearts, spades, cubs, or diamonds. To deal and shuffle, to divide and sort Her mingled suits and sequences. Cowper. 9. Regular order; succession. [Obs.] Every five and thirty years the same kind and suit of weather comes again. Bacon. Out of suits, having no correspondence. [Obs.] Shak. -- Suit and service (Feudal Law), the duty of feudatories to attend the courts of their lords or superiors in time of peace, and in war to follow them and do military service; -- called also suit service. Blackstone. -- Suit broker, one who made a trade of obtaining the suits of petitioners at court. [Obs.] -- Suit court (O. Eng. Law), the court in which tenants owe attendance to their lord. -- Suit covenant (O. Eng. Law), a covenant to sue at a certain court. -- Suit custom (Law), a service which is owed from time immemorial. -- Suit service. (Feudal Law) See Suit and service, above. -- To bring suit. (Law) (a) To bring secta, followers or witnesses, to prove the plaintiff's demand. [Obs.] (b) In modern usage, to institute an action. -- To follow suit. (Card Playing) See under Follow, v. t. SUIT Suit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suited; p. pr. & vb. n. Suiting.] 1. To fit; to adapt; to make proper or suitable; as, to suit the action to the word. Shak. 2. To be fitted to; to accord with; to become; to befit. Ill suits his cloth the praise of railing well. Dryden. Raise her notes to that sublime degree Which suits song of piety and thee. Prior. 3. To dress; to clothe. [Obs.] So went he suited to his watery tomb. Shak. 4. To please; to make content; as, he is well suited with his place; to suit one's taste. SUIT Suit, v. i. Defn: To agree; to accord; to be fitted; to correspond; -- usually followed by with or to. The place itself was suiting to his care. Dryden. Give me not an office That suits with me so ill. Addison. Syn. -- To agree; accord; comport; tally; correspond; match; answer. SUITABILITY Suit`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being suitable; suitableness. SUITABLE Suit"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of suiting; fitting; accordant; proper; becoming; agreeable; adapted; as, ornaments suitable to one's station; language suitable for the subject. -- Suit"a*ble*ness, n. -- Suit"a*bly, adv. Syn. -- Proper; fitting; becoming; accordant; agreeable; competent; correspondent; compatible; consonant; congruous; consistent. SUITE Suite, n. Etym: [F. See Suit, n.] 1. A retinue or company of attendants, as of a distinguished personage; as, the suite of an ambassador. See Suit, n., 5. 2. A connected series or succession of objects; a number of things used or clessed together; a set; as, a suite of rooms; a suite of minerals. See Suit, n., 6. Mr. Barnard took one of the candles that stood upon the king's table, and lighted his majesty through a suite of rooms till they came to a private door into the library. Boswell. 3. (Mus.) Defn: One of the old musical forms, before the time of the more compact sonata, consisting of a string or series of pieces all in the same key, mostly in various dance rhythms, with sometimes an elaborate prelude. Some composers of the present day affect the suite form. SUITING Suit"ing, n. Defn: Among tailors, cloth suitable for making entire suits of clothes. SUITOR Suit"or, n. 1. One who sues, petitions, or entreats; a petitioner; an applicant. She hath been a suitor to me for her brother. Shak. 2. Especially, one who solicits a woman in marriage; a wooer; a lover. Sir P. Sidney. 3. (a) (Law) One who sues or prosecutes a demand in court; a party to a suit, as a plaintiff, petitioner, etc. (b) (O. Eng. Law) One who attends a court as plaintiff, defendant, petitioner, appellant, witness, juror, or the like. SUITRESS Suit"ress, n. Defn: A female supplicant. Rowe. SUJI Su"ji, n. Etym: [Hind. s.] Defn: Indian wheat, granulated but not pulverized; a kind of semolina. [Written also soojee.] SULA Su"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Icel. s the gannet. See Solan goose.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of sea birds including the booby and the common gannet. SULCATE; SULCATED Sul"cate, Sul"ca*ted, a. Etym: [L. sulcatus, p.p. of sulcare to furrow, fr. sulcus a furrow.] Defn: Scored with deep and regular furrows; furrowed or grooved; as, a sulcated stem. SULCATION Sul*ca"tion, n. Defn: A channel or furrow. SULCIFORM Sul"ci*form, a. Defn: Having the form of a sulcus; as, sulciform markings. SULCUS Sul"cus, n.; pl. Sulci. Etym: [L., a furrow.] Defn: A furrow; a groove; a fissure. SULEAH FISH Su"le*ah fish`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A coarse fish of India, used in making a breakfast relish called burtah. SULK Sulk, n. Etym: [L. sulcus.] Defn: A furrow. [Obs.] SULK Sulk, v. i. Etym: [See Sulkiness.] Defn: To be silently sullen; to be morose or obstinate. T. Hook. SULKER Sulk"er, n. Defn: One who sulks. SULKILY Sulk"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a sulky manner. SULKINESS Sulk"i*ness, n. Etym: [For sulkenness, fr. AS. solcen slothful, remiss, in asolcen, besolcen, properly p.p. of sealcan in asealcan to be weak or slothful; of uncertain origin.] Defn: The quality or state of being sulky; sullenness; moroseness; as, sulkiness of disposition. SULKS Sulks, n. pl. Defn: The condition of being sulky; a sulky mood or humor; as, to be in the sulks. SULKY Sulk"y, a. [Compar. Sulkier; superl. Sulkiest.] Etym: [See Sulkiness, and cf. Sulky, n.] Defn: Moodly silent; sullen; sour; obstinate; morose; splenetic. Syn. -- See Sullen. SULKY Sulk"y, n.; pl. Sulkies. Etym: [From Sulky, a.; -- so called from the owner's desire of riding alone.] Defn: A light two-wheeled carriage for a single person. Note: Sulky is used adjectively in the names of several agricultural machines drawn by horses to denote that the machine is provided with wheels and a seat for the driver; as, sulky plow; sulky harrow; sulky rake, etc. SULL Sull, n. Etym: [AS. suluh, sulh, a plow; cf. OHG. suohili a little plow.] Defn: A plow. [Obs.] Ainsworth. SULLAGE Sul"lage, n. Etym: [Cf. Suillage, Sulliage.] 1. Drainage of filth; filth collected from the street or highway; sewage. [Obs.] The streets were exceedingly large, well paved, having many vaults and conveyances under them for sullage. Evelyn. 2. That which sullies or defiles. [Obs.] It is the privilege of the celestial luminaries to receive no tincture, sullage, or difilement from the most noisome sinks and dunghills here below. South. 3. (Founding) Defn: The scoria on the surface of molten metal in the ladle. 4. (Hydraul. Engin.) Defn: Silt; mud deposited by water. Sullage piece (Founding), the sprue of a casting. See Sprue, n., 1 (b). SULLEN Sul"len, a. Etym: [OE. solein, solain, lonely, sullen; through Old French fr. (assumed) LL. solanus solitary, fr. L. solus alone. See Sole, a.] 1. Lonely; solitary; desolate. [Obs.] Wyclif (Job iii. 14). 2. Gloomy; dismal; foreboding. Milton. Solemn hymns so sullen dirges change. Shak. 3. Mischievous; malignant; unpropitious. Such sullen planets at my birth did shine. Dryden. 4. Gloomily angry and silent; cross; sour; affected with ill humor; morose. And sullen I forsook the imperfect feast. Prior. 5. Obstinate; intractable. Things are as sullen as we are. Tillotson. 6. Heavy; dull; sluggish. "The larger stream was placid, and even sullen, in its course." Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- Sulky; sour; cross; ill-natured; morose; peevish; fretful; ill- humored; petulant; gloomy; malign; intractable. -- Sullen, Sulky. Both sullen and sulky show themselves in the demeanor. Sullenness seems to be an habitual sulkiness, and sulkiness a temporary sullenness. The former may be an innate disposition; the latter, a disposition occasioned by recent injury. Thus we are in a sullen mood, and in a sulky fit. No cheerful breeze this sullen region knows; The dreaded east is all the wind that blows. Pope. -- Sul"len*ly, adv. -- Sul"len*ness, n. SULLEN Sul"len, n. 1. One who is solitary, or lives alone; a hermit. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. pl. Defn: Sullen feelings or manners; sulks; moroseness; as, to have the sullens. [Obs.] Shak. SULLEN Sul"len, v. t. Defn: To make sullen or sluggish. [Obs.] Sullens the whole body with . . . laziness. Feltham. SULLEVATE Sul"le*vate, v. t. Etym: [L. sublevare to raise up. Cf. Sublevation.] Defn: To rouse; to excite. [Obs.] Daniel. SULLIAGE Sul"li*age, n. Etym: [Cf. Sullage, Suillage, or Sully, v. t.] Defn: Foulness; filth. [Obs.] Though we wipe away with never so much care the dirt thrown at us, there will be left some sulliage behind. Gov. of Tongue. SULLY Sul"ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sullied; p. pr. & vb. n. Sullying.] Etym: [OE. sulien, AS. sylian, fr. sol mire; akin to G. suhle mire, sich, sühlen to wallow, Sw. söla to bemire, Dan. söle, Goth. bisaulijan to defile.] Defn: To soil; to dirty; to spot; to tarnish; to stain; to darken; -- used literally and figuratively; as, to sully a sword; to sully a person's reputation. Statues sullied yet with sacrilegious smoke. Roscommon. No spots to sully the brightness of this solemnity. Atterbury. SULLY Sul"ly, v. i. Defn: To become soiled or tarnished. Silvering will sully and canker more than gilding. Bacon. SULLY Sul"ly, n.; pl. Sullies (. Defn: Soil; tarnish; stain. A noble and triumphant merit breaks through little spots and sullies in his reputation. Spectator. SULPHACID Sulph*ac"id, n. Etym: [Sulpho- + acid.] (Chem.) Defn: An acid in which, to a greater or less extent, sulphur plays a part analogous to that of oxygen in an oxyacid; thus, thiosulphuric and sulpharsenic acids are sulphacids; -- called also sulphoacid. See the Note under Acid, n., 2. SULPHAMATE Sulph*am"ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulphamic acid. SULPHAMIC Sulph*am"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a sulphamide; derived from, or related to, a sulphamide; specifically, designating an amido acid derivative, NH2.SO2.OH, of sulphuric acid (analogous to sulphonic acid) which is not known in the free state, but is known in its salts. SULPHAMIDE Sulph*am"ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of amido compounds obtained by treating sulphuryl chloride with various amines. SULPHANILIC Sulph`a*nil"ic, a. Etym: [From sulphuric + anilene.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an anilene sulphonic acid which is obtained as a white crystalline substance. SULPHANTIMONATE Sulph*an`ti*mo"nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulphantimonic acid. SULPHANTIMONIC Sulph*an`ti*mon"ic, a. Etym: [Sulpho- + antimonic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of antimony (called also thioantimonic acid) analogous to sulpharsenic acid. SULPHANTIMONIOUS Sulph*an`ti*mo"ni*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of antimony (called also thioantimonious acid) analogous to sulpharsenious acid. SULPHANTIMONITE Sulph*an"ti*mo*nite`, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulphantimonious acid. SULPHARSENATE Sulph*ar"se*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulpharsenic acid. SULPHARSENIC Sulph`ar*sen"ic, a. Etym: [Sulpho- + arsenic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid (called also thioarsenic acid) analogous to arsenic acid, and known only in its salts. SULPHARSENIOUS Sulph`ar*se"ni*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid (called also thioarsenious acid) analogous to arsenious acid, and known only in its salts. SULPHARSENITE Sulph*ar"se*nite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulpharsenious acid. SULPHATE Sul"phate, n. Etym: [NL. sulphas, sulphatis, fr. L. sulphur, sulfur, brimstone, sulphur: cf. F. sulfate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulphuric acid. SULPHATIC Sul*phat"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, resembling, or containing, a sulphate or sulphates. SULPHATO- Sul"pha*to-. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting a sulphate as an ingredient in certain double salts; as, sulphato-carbonate. [R.] SULPHAURATE Sulph*au"rate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulphauric acid. SULPHAURIC Sulph*au"ric, a. Etym: [Sulpho- + aurum.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of gold (aurum), known only in its salts. SULPHIDE Sul"phide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of sulphur, or one so regarded; -- formerly called sulphuret. Double sulphide (Chem.), a compound of two sulphides. -- Hydrogen sulphide. (Chem.) See under Hydrogen. -- Metallic sulphide, a binary compound of sulphur with a metal. SULPHINATE Sul"phi*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of a sulphinic acid. SULPHINDIGOTIC Sulph*in`di*got"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphonic acid obtained, as a blue solution, by dissolving indigo in sulphuric acid; -- formerly called also cerulic sulphuric acid, but properly called indigo-disulphonic acid. SULPHINE Sul"phine, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of basic compounds which consist essentially of sulphur united with hydrocarbon radicals. In general they are oily or crystalline deliquescent substances having a peculiar odor; as, trimethyl sulphine, (CH3)3S.OH. Cf. Sulphonium. SULPHINIC Sul*phin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, any one of a series of acids regarded as acid ethereal salts of hyposulphurous acid; as, methyl sulphinic acid, CH3.SO.OH, a thick unstable liquid. SULPHINIDE Sul"phi*nide, n. Etym: [Sulpho- + amine + anhydride.] (Chem.) Defn: A white or yellowish crystalline substance, C6H4.(SO2.CO).NH, produced artificially by the oxidation of a sulphamic derivative of toluene. It is the sweetest substance known, having over two hundred times the sweetening power of sugar, and is known in commerce under the name of saccharine. It has acid properties and forms salts (which are inaccurately called saccharinates). I. Remsen. SULPHION Sul"phi*on, n. Etym: [Sulpho- + ion.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical, SO4, regarded as forming the acid or negative constituent of sulphuric acid and the sulphates in electrolytic decomposition; -- so called in accordance with the binary theory of salts. [Written also sulphione.] SULPHIONIDE Sulph*i"on*ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A binary compound of sulphion, or one so regarded; thus, sulphuric acid, Hsulphionide. SULPHITE Sul"phite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sulfite. See Sulphur.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulphurous acid. SULPHO- Sul"pho-. (Chem.) Defn: A prefix (also used adjectively) designating sulphur as an ingredient in certain compounds. Cf. Thio-. SULPHOARSENIC Sul`pho*ar*sen"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, sulphur and arsenic; -- said of an acid which is the same as arsenic acid with the substitution of sulphur for oxygen. SULPHOCARBONATE Sul`pho*car"bon*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulphocarbonic acid; a thiocarbonate. SULPHOCARBONIC Sul`pho*car*bon"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphacid, H2CSO2 (called also thiocarbonic acid), or an acid, H2CS3, analogous to carbonic acid, obtained as a yellow oily liquid of a pungent odor, and forming salts. SULPHOCYANATE Sul`pho*cy"a*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulphocyanic acid; -- also called thiocyanate, and formerly inaccurately sulphocyanide. Ferric sulphocyanate (Chem.), a dark red crystalline substance usually obtained in a blood-red solution, and recognized as a test for ferric iron. SULPHOCYANIC Sul`pho*cy*an"ic, a. Etym: [See Sulphur, Cyanic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, derived from, or designating, a sulphacid, HSCN, analogous to cyanic acid, and obtained as a colorless deliquescent crystalline substance, having a bitter saline taste, and not poisonous. SULPHOCYANIDE Sul`pho*cy"a*nide, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Sulphocyanate. SULPHOCYANOGEN Sul`pho*cy*an"o*gen, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Persulphocyanogen. [Obs.] SULPHONAL Sul"pho*nal, n. (Med.) Defn: A substance employed as a hypnotic, produced by the union of mercaptan and acetone. SULPHONATE Sul"pho*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulphonic acid. SULPHONE Sul"phone, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of compounds analogous to the ketones, and consisting of the sulphuryl group united with two hydrocarbon radicals; as, dimethyl sulphone, (CH.SO SULPHONIC Sul*phon"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, a sulphone; -- used specifically to designate any one of a series of acids (regarded as acid ethereal salts of sulphurous acid) obtained by the oxidation of the mercaptans, or by treating sulphuric acid with certain aromatic bases (as benzene); as, phenyl sulphonic acid, C6H5.SO2.OH, a stable colorless crystalline substance. Sulphonic group (Chem.), the hypothetical radical, SO2.OH, the characteristic residue of sulphonic acids. SULPHONIUM Sul*pho"ni*um, n. Etym: [Sulphur + ammonium.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical, SH3, regarded as the type and nucleus of the sulphines. SULPHOPHOSPHATE Sul`pho*phos"phate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulphophosphoric acid. SULPHOPHOSPHITE Sul`pho*phos"phite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulphophosphorous acid. SULPHOPHOSPHORIC Sul`pho*phos*phor"ic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of phosphorus, analogous to phosphoric acid, and known in its salts. SULPHOPHOSPHOROUS Sul`pho*phos"phor*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical acid of phosphorus, analogous to phosphorous acid, and known in its salts. SULPHOSALT Sul"pho*salt`, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of a sulphacid. SULPHOSTANNATE Sul`pho*stan"nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulphostannic acid. SULPHOSTANNIC Sul`pho*stan"nic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphacid of tin (more exactly called metasulphostannic acid), which is obtained as a dark brown amorphous substance, H SULPHOTUNGSTATE Sul`pho*tung"state, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sulphotungstic acid. SULPHOTUNGSTIC Sul`pho*tung"stic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, hypothetical sulphacid of tungsten (called also sulphowolframic acid), analogous to sulphuric acid, and known in its salts. SULPHOVINIC Sul`pho*vin"ic, a. Etym: [Sulpho- + vinum wine: cf. F. sulfovinique.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, and formerly designating, ethylsulphuric acid. SULPHUR Sul"phur, n. Etym: [L., better sulfur: cf. F. soufre.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A nonmetallic element occurring naturally in large quantities, either combined as in the sulphides (as pyrites) and sulphates (as gypsum), or native in volcanic regions, in vast beds mixed with gypsum and various earthy materials, from which it is melted out. Symbol S. Atomic weight 32. The specific gravity of ordinary octohedral sulphur is 2.05; of prismatic sulphur, 1.96. Note: It is purified by distillation, and is obtained as a lemon- yellow powder (by sublimation), called flour, or flowers, of sulphur, or in cast sticks called roll sulphur, or brimstone. It burns with a blue flame and a peculiar suffocating odor. It is an ingredient of gunpowder, is used on friction matches, and in medicine (as a laxative and insecticide), but its chief use is in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Sulphur can be obtained in two crystalline modifications, in orthorhombic octahedra, or in monoclinic prisms, the former of which is the more stable at ordinary temperatures. Sulphur is the type, in its chemical relations, of a group of elements, including selenium and tellurium, called collectively the sulphur group, or family. In many respects sulphur resembles oxygen. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of yellow or orange butterflies of the subfamily Pierinæ; as, the clouded sulphur (Eurymus, or Colias, philodice), which is the common yellow butterfly of the Eastern United States. Amorphous sulphur (Chem.), an elastic variety of sulphur of a resinous appearance, obtained by pouring melted sulphur into water. On standing, it passes back into a brittle crystalline modification. -- Liver of sulphur. (Old Chem.) See Hepar. -- Sulphur acid. (Chem.) See Sulphacid. -- Sulphur alcohol. (Chem.) See Mercaptan. -- Sulphur auratum Etym: [L.] (Old Chem.), a golden yellow powder, consisting of antimonic sulphide, Sb2S5, -- formerly a famous nostrum. -- Sulphur base (Chem.), an alkaline sulphide capable of acting as a base in the formation of sulphur salts according to the old dual theory of salts. [Archaic] -- Sulphur dioxide (Chem.), a colorless gas, SO2, of a pungent, suffocating odor, produced by the burning of sulphur. It is employed chiefly in the production of sulphuric acid, and as a reagent in bleaching; -- called also sulphurous anhydride, and formerly sulphurous acid. -- Sulphur ether (Chem.), a sulphide of hydrocarbon radicals, formed like the ordinary ethers, which are oxides, but with sulphur in the place of oxygen. -- Sulphur salt (Chem.), a salt of a sulphacid; a sulphosalt. -- Sulphur showers, showers of yellow pollen, resembling sulphur in appearance, often carried from pine forests by the wind to a great distance. -- Sulphur trioxide (Chem.), a white crystalline solid, SO3, obtained by oxidation of sulphur dioxide. It dissolves in water with a hissing noise and the production of heat, forming sulphuric acid, and is employed as a dehydrating agent. Called also sulphuric anhydride, and formerly sulphuric acid. -- Sulphur whale. (Zoöl.) See Sulphur-bottom. -- Vegetable sulphur (Bot.), lycopodium powder. See under Lycopodium. SULPHURATE Sul"phu*rate, a. Etym: [L. sulphuratus, sulfuratus.] Defn: Sulphureous. [Poetic & R.] Dr. H. More. SULPHURATE Sul"phu*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sulphurated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sulphurating.] (Chem.) Defn: To sulphurize. [Archaic] SULPHURATION Sul`phu*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sulfuration, L. sulphuratio, sulfuratio, a vein of sulphur.] Defn: The act or process of combining or impregnating with sulphur or its compounds; also, the state of being so combined or impregnated. SULPHURATOR Sul"phu*ra`tor, n. Defn: An apparatus for impregnating with, or exposing to the action of, sulphur; especially, an apparatus for fumigating or bleaching by means of the fumes of burning sulphur. SULPHUR-BOTTOM Sul`phur-bot"tom, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large whalebone whale of the genus Sibbaldius, having a yellowish belly; especially, S. sulfureus of the North Pacific, and S. borealis of the North Atlantic; -- called also sulphur whale. SULPHUREITY Sul`phu*re"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sulphureous. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SULPHUREOUS Sul*phu"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. sulphureus, sulfureus.] Defn: Consisting of sulphur; having the qualities of sulphur, or brimstone; impregnated with sulphur. Her snakes united, sulphureous waters drink. Pope. -- Sul*phu"re*ous*ly, adv. -- Sul*phu"re*ous*ness, n. SULPHURET Sul"phu*ret, n. (Chem.) Defn: A sulphide; as, a sulphuret of potassium. [Obsoles.] SULPHURETED Sul"phu*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Defn: Combined or impregnated with sulphur; sulphurized. [Written also sulphuretted.] Sulphureted hydrogen. (Chem.) See Hydrogen sulphide, under Hydrogen. SULPHURIC Sul*phu"ric, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sulfurique.] 1. Of or pertaining to sulphur; as, a sulphuric smell. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Derived from, or containing, sulphur; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with the sulphurous compounds; as, sulphuric acid. Sulphuric acid. (a) Sulphur trioxide (see under Sulphur); -- formerly so called on the dualistic theory of salts. [Obs.] (b) A heavy, corrosive, oily liquid, H2SO4, colorless when pure, but usually yellowish or brownish, produced by the combined action of sulphur dioxide, oxygen (from the air), steam, and nitric fumes. It attacks and dissolves many metals and other intractable substances, sets free most acids from their salts, and is used in the manufacture of hydrochloric and nitric acids, of soda, of bleaching powders, etc. It is also powerful dehydrating agent, having a strong affinity for water, and eating and corroding paper, wood, clothing, etc. It is thus used in the manufacture of ether, of imitation parchment, and of nitroglycerin. It is also used in etching iron, in removing iron scale from forgings, in petroleum refining, etc., and in general its manufacture is the most important and fundamental of all the chemical industries. Formerly called vitriolic acid, and now popularly vitriol, and oil of vitriol. -- Fuming sulphuric acid, or Nordhausen sulphuric acid. See Disulphuric acid, under Disulphuric. -- Sulphuric anhydride, sulphur trioxide. See under Sulphur. -- Sulphuric ether, common anæsthetic ether; -- so called because made by the catalytic action of sulphuric acid on alcohol. See Ether, 3 (a). SULPHURINE Sul"phur*ine, a. Defn: Sulphureous. [R.] SULPHURING Sul"phur*ing, n. Defn: Exposure to the fumes of burning sulphur, as in bleaching; the process of bleaching by exposure to the fumes of sulphur. SULPHURIZE Sul"phur*ize, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To combine or impregnate with sulphur or any of its compounds; as, to sulphurize caoutchouc in vulcanizing. SULPHUROUS Sul"phur*ous, a. Etym: [L. sulphurosus, sulfurosus: cf. F. sulfureux.] 1. Of or pertaining to sulphur. 2. (Chem.) (a) Derived from, or containing, sulphur; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with the sulphuric compounds. (b) Having the characteristic odor of sulphur dioxide, or of hydrogen sulphide, or of other sulphur compounds. Sulphurous acid. (a) Sulphur dioxide. See under Sulphur. [Obs.] (b) An acid, H2SO3, not known in the free state except as a solution of sulphur dioxide in water, but forming a well-known series of salts (the sulphites). -- Sulphurous anhydride (Chem.), sulphur dioxide. See under Sulphur. SULPHURWORT Sul"phur*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The hog's fennel. See under Fennel. SULPHURY Sul"phur*y, a. Defn: Resembling, or partaking of the nature of, sulphur; having the qualities of sulphur. SULPHURYL Sul"phur*yl, n. Etym: [Sulphur + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical SO2; -- called also sulphon. Sulphuryl chloride, a chloride, pungent, fuming liquid, SO2.Cl2, obtained by the action of phosphorus pentachloride on sulphur trioxide. On treatment with water it decomposes into sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, and is hence called also sulphuric chloranhydride. SULPHYDRATE Sul*phy"drate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound, analogous to a hydrate, regarded as a salt of sulphydric acid, or as a derivative of hydrogen sulphide in which one half of the hydrogen is replaced by a base (as potassium sulphydrate, KSH), or as a hydrate in which the oxygen has been wholly or partially replaced by sulphur. SULPHYDRIC Sul*phy"dric, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, hydrogen sulphide, which is regarded as an acid, especially when in solution. SULPICIAN Sul*pi"cian, n. Etym: [So called after the parish of St. Sulpice in Paris, of which the founder, Jean Jacques Olier, was pastor in 1643.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: One of an order of priests established in France in 1642 to educate men for the ministry. The order was introduced soon afterwards into Canada, and in 1791 into the United States. [Written also Sulpitian.] SULTAN Sul"tan, n. Etym: [F. sultan (cf. Sp. soldan, It. sultano, soldano), Ar. sultan sultan, dominion. Cf. Soldan.] Defn: A ruler, or sovereign, of a Mohammedan state; specifically, the ruler of the Turks; the Padishah, or Grand Seignior; -- officially so called. Sultan flower. (Bot.) See Sweet sultan, under Sweet. SULTANA Sul*ta"na, n. Etym: [It.] 1. The wife of a sultan; a sultaness. 2. pl. Defn: A kind of seedless raisin produced near Smyrna in Asiatic Turkey. Sultana bird (Zoöl.), the hyacinthine, or purple, gallinule. See Illust. under Gallinule. SULTANATE Sul"tan*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sultanat.] Defn: The rule or dominion of a sultan; sultanship. SULTANESS Sul"tan*ess, n. Defn: A sultana. SULTANIC Sul*tan"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to a sultan. SULTAN-RED Sul"tan-red`, a. Defn: Having a deep red color. SULTANRY Sul"tan*ry, n. Defn: The dominions of a sultan. Bacon. SULTANSHIP Sul"tan*ship, n. Defn: The office or dignity of a sultan. SULTANY Sul"tan*y, n. Defn: Sultanry. [Obs.] Fuller. SULTRILY Sul"tri*ly, adv. Defn: In a sultry manner. SULTRINESS Sul"tri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sultry. SULTRY Sul"try, a. [Compar. Sultrier; superl. Sultriest.] Etym: [From Sweltry.] 1. Very hot, burning, and oppressive; as, Libya's sultry deserts. Such as, born beneath the burning sky And sultry sun, betwixt the tropics lie. Dryden. 2. Very hot and moist, or hot, close, stagnant, and oppressive, as air. When in the sultry glebe I faint, Or on the thirsty mountain plant. Addison. SULU Su*lu", n. [Malay Suluk.] Defn: A member of the most prominent tribe of the Moro tribes, occupying the Sulu Archipelago; also, their language. SUM Sum, n. Etym: [OE. summe, somme, OF. sume, some, F. somme, L. summa, fr. summus highest, a superlative from sub under. See Sub-, and cf. Supreme.] 1. The aggregate of two or more numbers, magnitudes, quantities, or particulars; the amount or whole of any number of individuals or particulars added together; as, the sum of 5 and 7 is 12. Take ye the sum of all the congregation. Num. i. 2. Note: Sum is now commonly applied to an aggregate of numbers, and number to an aggregate of persons or things. 2. A quantity of money or currency; any amount, indefinitely; as, a sum of money; a small sum, or a large sum. "The sum of forty pound." Chaucer. With a great sum obtained I this freedom. Acts xxii. 28. 3. The principal points or thoughts when viewed together; the amount; the substance; compendium; as, this is the sum of all the evidence in the case; this is the sum and substance of his objections. 4. Height; completion; utmost degree. Thus have I told thee all my state, and brought My story to the sum of earthly bliss. Milton. 5. (Arith.) Defn: A problem to be solved, or an example to be wrought out. Macaulay. A sum in arithmetic wherein a flaw discovered at a particular point is ipso facto fatal to the whole. Gladstone. A large sheet of paper . . . covered with long sums. Dickens. Algebraic sum, as distinguished from arithmetical sum, the aggregate of two or more numbers or quantities taken with regard to their signs, as + or -, according to the rules of addition in algebra; thus, the algebraic sum of -2, 8, and -1 is 5. -- In sum, in short; in brief. [Obs.] "In sum, the gospel . . . prescribes every virtue to our conduct, and forbids every sin." Rogers. SUM Sum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Summed; p. pr. & vb. n. Summing.] Etym: [Cf. F. sommer, LL. summare.] 1. To bring together into one whole; to collect into one amount; to cast up, as a column of figures; to ascertain the totality of; -- usually with up. The mind doth value every moment, and then the hour doth rather sum up the moments, than divide the day. Bacon. 2. To bring or collect into a small compass; to comprise in a few words; to condense; -- usually with up. "Go to the ant, thou sluggard," in few words sums up the moral of this fable. L'Estrange. He sums their virtues in himself alone. Dryden. 3. (Falconry) Defn: To have (the feathers) full grown; to furnish with complete, or full-grown, plumage. But feathered soon and fledge They summed their pens [wings]. Milton. Summing up, a compendium or abridgment; a recapitulation; a résumé; a summary. Syn. -- To cast up; collect; comprise; condense; comprehend; compute. SUMAC; SUMACH Su"mac, Su"mach, n. Etym: [F. sumac, formerly sumach (cf. Sp. zumaque), fr. Ar. summaq.] [Written also shumac.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Rhus, shrubs or small trees with usually compound leaves and clusters of small flowers. Some of the species are used in tanning, some in dyeing, and some in medicine. One, the Japanese Rhus vernicifera, yields the celebrated Japan varnish, or lacquer. 2. The powdered leaves, peduncles, and young branches of certain species of the sumac plant, used in tanning and dyeing. Poison sumac. (Bot.) See under Poison. SUMATRA LEAF Su*ma"tra leaf. Defn: A thin, elastic, uniformly light-colored tobacco leaf, raised in Sumatra and extensively used for cigar wrappers. SUMATRAN Su*ma"tran, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Sumatra or its inhabitants. -- n. Defn: A native of Sumatra. SUMBUL Sum"bul, n. Etym: [Pers.] Defn: The musky root of an Asiatic umbelliferous plant, Ferula Sumbul. It is used in medicine as a stimulant. [Written also sumbal.] -- Sum*bul"ic, a. SUMERIAN Su*me"ri*an, a. [Written also Sumirian.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the region of lower Babylonia, which was anciently called Sumer, or its inhabitants or their language. SUMERIAN Su*me"ri*an, n. [Written also Sumirian.] Defn: A native of lower Babylonia, anciently called Sumer. SUMLESS Sum"less, a. Defn: Not to be summed up or computed; so great that the amount can not be ascertained; incalculable; inestimable. "Sumless treasure." Pope. SUMMARILY Sum"ma*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a summary manner. SUMMARIST Sum"ma*rist, n. Defn: One who summarized. SUMMARIZE Sum"ma*rize, v. t. Defn: To comprise in, or reduce to, a summary; to present briefly. Chambers. SUMMARY Sum"ma*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sommaire. See Sum.] 1. Formed into a sum; summed up; reduced into a narrow compass, or into few words; short; brief; concise; compendious; as, a summary statement of facts. 2. Hence, rapidly performed; quickly executed; as, a summary process; to take summary vengeance. Syn. -- Short; brief; concise; compendious; succinct. SUMMARY Sum"ma*ry, n.; pl. Summaries. Etym: [F. sommaire, or L. summarium. See Summary, a.] Defn: A general or comprehensive statement; an abridged account; an abstract, abridgment, or compendium, containing the sum or substance of a fuller account. SUMMATION Sum*ma"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. sommation. See Sum, v. t.] Defn: The act of summing, or forming a sum, or total amount; also, an aggregate. Of this series no summation is possible to a finite intellect. De Quincey. SUMMER Sum"mer, n. Etym: [From Sum, v.] Defn: One who sums; one who casts up an account. SUMMER Sum"mer, n. Etym: [F. sommier a rafter, the same word as sommier a beast of burden. See Sumpter.] (Arch.) Defn: A large stone or beam placed horizontally on columns, piers, posts, or the like, serving for various uses. Specifically: (a) The lintel of a door or window. (b) The commencement of a cross vault. (c) A central floor timber, as a girder, or a piece reaching from a wall to a girder. Called also summertree. SUMMER Sum"mer, n. Etym: [OE. sumer, somer, AS. sumor, sumer; akin to OFries. sumur, D. zomer, OS. sumar, G. sommer, OHG. & Icel. sumar, Dan. sommer, Sw. sommar, W. haf, Zend hama, Skr. sama year. *292.] Defn: The season of the year in which the sun shines most directly upon any region; the warmest period of the year. Note: North of the equator summer is popularly taken to include the months of June, July, and August. Astronomically it may be considered, in the northern hemisphere, to begin with the summer solstice, about June 21st, and to end with the autumnal equinox, about September 22d. Indian summer, in North America, a period of warm weather late in autumn, usually characterized by a clear sky, and by a hazy or smoky appearance of the atmosphere, especially near the horizon. The name is derived probably from the custom of the Indians of using this time in preparation for winter by laying in stores of food. -- Saint Martin's summer. See under Saint. -- Summer bird (Zoöl.), the wryneck. [Prov. Eng.] -- Summer colt, the undulating state of the air near the surface of the ground when heated. [Eng.] -- Summer complaint (Med.), a popular term for any diarrheal disorder occurring in summer, especially when produced by heat and indigestion. -- Summer coot (Zoöl.), the American gallinule. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer cypress (Bot.), an annual plant (Kochia Scoparia) of the Goosefoot family. It has narrow, ciliate, crowded leaves, and is sometimes seen in gardens. -- Summer duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The wood duck. (b) The garganey, or summer teal. See Illust. of Wood duck, under Wood. -- Summer fallow, land uncropped and plowed, etc., during the summer, in order to pulverize the soil and kill the weeds. -- Summer rash (Med.), prickly heat. See under Prickly. -- Summer sheldrake (Zoöl.), the hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer snipe. (Zoöl.) (a) The dunlin. (b) The common European sandpiper. (c) The green sandpiper. -- Summer tanager (Zoöl.), a singing bird (Piranga rubra) native of the Middle and Southern United States. The male is deep red, the female is yellowish olive above and yellow beneath. Called also summer redbird. -- Summer teal (Zoöl.), the blue-winged teal. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer wheat, wheat that is sown in the spring, and matures during the summer following. See Spring wheat. -- Summer yellowbird. (Zoöl.) See Yellowbird. SUMMER Sum"mer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Summered; p. pr. & vb. n. Summering.] Defn: To pass the summer; to spend the warm season; as, to summer in Switzerland. The fowls shall summer upon them. Isa. xviii. 6. SUMMER Sum"mer, v. t. Defn: To keep or carry through the summer; to feed during the summer; as, to summer stock. SUMMER-FALLOW Sum"mer-fal"low, v. t. Defn: To plow and work in summer, in order to prepare for wheat or other crop; to plow and let lie fallow. SUMMERHOUSE Sum"mer*house`, n.; pl. Summerhouses (. Defn: A rustic house or apartment in a garden or park, to be used as a pleasure resort in summer. Shak. SUMMERLINESS Sum"mer*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being like summer. [R.] Fuller. SUMMERSAULT; SUMMERSET Sum"mer*sault, Sum"mer*set, n. Defn: See Somersault, Somerset. SUMMERSTIR Sum"mer*stir`, v. t. Defn: To summer-fallow. SUMMERTIDE Sum"mer*tide`, n. Defn: Summer time. SUMMERTREE Sum"mer*tree`, n. Etym: [Summer a beam + tree.] (Arch.) Defn: A summer. See 2d Summer. SUMMERY Sum"mer*y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to summer; like summer; as, a summery day. SUMMIST Sum"mist, n. Defn: One who sums up; one who forms an abridgment or summary. Sir E. Dering. SUMMIT Sum"mit, n. Etym: [F. sommet, dim. of OF. som, sum, top, from L. summum, from summus highest. See Sum, n.] 1. The top; the highest point. Fixed on the summit of the highest mount. Shak. 2. The highest degree; the utmost elevation; the acme; as, the summit of human fame. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The most elevated part of a bivalve shell, or the part in which the hinge is situated. Summit level, the highest level of a canal, a railroad, or the like, in surmounting an ascent. SUMMITLESS Sum"mit*less, a. Defn: Having no summit. SUMMITY Sum"mit*y, n. Etym: [L. summitas, fr. summus highest: cf. F. sommité. See Sum, n.] 1. The height or top of anything. [Obs.] Swift. 2. The utmost degree; perfection. [Obs.] Hallywell. SUMMON Sum"mon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Summoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Summoning.] Etym: [OE. somonen, OF. sumundre, semondre, F. semondre, from (assumed) LL. summonêre, for L. summonere to give a hint; sub under + monere to admonish, to warn. See Monition, and cf. Submonish.] 1. To call, bid, or cite; to notify to come to appear; -- often with up. Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood. Shak. Trumpets summon him to war. Dryden. 2. To give notice to, or command to appear, as in court; to cite by authority; as, to summon witnesses. 3. (Mil.) Defn: To call upon to surrender, as a fort. Syn. -- To call; cite; notify; convene; convoke; excite; invite; bid. See Call. SUMMONER Sum"mon*er, n. Etym: [OE. somner, sompnour, OF. semoneor, F. semonneur. See Summon, v. t.] Defn: One who summons; one who cites by authority; specifically, a petty officer formerly employed to summon persons to appear in court; an apparitor. SUMMONS Sum"mons, n.; pl. Summonses. Etym: [OE. somouns, OF. sumunse, semonse, semonce, F. semonce, semondre to summon, OF. p.p. semons. See Summon, v.] 1. The act of summoning; a call by authority, or by the command of a superior, to appear at a place named, or to attend to some duty. Special summonses by the king. Hallam. This summons . . . unfit either to dispute or disobey. Bp. Fell. He sent to summon the seditious, and to offer pardon; but neither summons nor pardon was regarded. Sir J. Hayward. 2. (Law) Defn: A warning or citation to appear in court; a written notification signed by the proper officer, to be served on a person, warning him to appear in court at a day specified, to answer to the plaintiff, testify as a witness, or the like. 3. (Mil.) Defn: A demand to surrender. SUMMONS Sum"mons, v. t. Defn: To summon. [R. or Colloq.] Swift. SUMMUM BONUM Sum"mum bo"num. [L.] (Philos.) Defn: The supreme or highest good, -- referring to the object of human life. SUMNER Sum"ner, n. Defn: A summoner. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. SUMOOM Su*moom", n. Defn: See Simoom. SUMP Sump, n. Etym: [Cf. G. sumpf a sump in a mine, a swamp, akin to LG. sump, D. somp a swamp, Dan. & Sw. sump, and perhaps to E. swamp.] 1. (Metal.) Defn: A round pit of stone, lined with clay, for receiving the metal on its first fusion. Ray. 2. The cistern or reservoir made at the lowest point of a mine, from which is pumped the water which accumulates there. 3. A pond of water for salt works. Knight. 4. A puddle or dirty pool. [Prov. Eng.] Sump fuse, a fuse used in blasting under water. -- Sump men (Mining), the men who sink the sump in a mine. SUMPH Sumph, n. Defn: A dunce; a blockhead. [Scot.] SUMPITAN Sum"pi*tan, n. Defn: A kind of blowgun for discharging arrows, -- used by the savages of Borneo and adjacent islands. SUMPTER Sump"ter, n. Etym: [OF. sommetier the driver of a pack horse; akin to OF. & F. sommier a pack horse, L. sagmarius, fr. sagma a pack saddle, in LL., a load, Gr. saj, sañj, to hang on. Cf. Seam a weight, Summer a beam.] 1. The driver of a pack horse. [Obs.] Skeat. 2. A pack; a burden. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 3. An animal, especially a horse, that carries packs or burdens; a baggage horse. Holinshed. SUMPTER Sump"ter, a. Defn: Carrying pack or burdens on the back; as, a sumpter horse; a sumpter mule. Bacon. SUMPTION Sump"tion, n. Etym: [L. sumptio, fr. sumere, sumptum, to take.] 1. A taking. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. 2. (Logic) Defn: The major premise of a syllogism. SUMPTUARY Sump"tu*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. sumptuarius, fr. sumptus expense, cost, fr. sumere, sumptum, to take, use, spend; sub under + emere to take, buy: cf. F. somptuaire. See Redeem.] Defn: Relating to expense; regulating expense or expenditure. Bacon. Sumptuary laws or regulations, laws intended to restrain or limit the expenditure of citizens in apparel, food, furniture, etc.; laws which regulate the prices of commodities and the wages of labor; laws which forbid or restrict the use of certain articles, as of luxurious apparel. SUMPTUOSITY Sump`tu*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. sumptuositas: cf. F. somptuosité.] Defn: Expensiveness; costliness; sumptuousness. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh. SUMPTUOUS Sump"tu*ous, a. Etym: [L. sumptuosus, fr. sumptus expanse, cost: cf. F. somptueux. See Sumptuary.] Defn: Involving large outlay or expense; costly; expensive; hence, luxurious; splendid; magnificient; as, a sumptuous house or table; sumptuous apparel. We are too magnificient and sumptuous in our tables and attendance. Atterbury. She spoke, and turned her sumptuous head, with eyes Of shining expectation fixed on mine. Tennyson. -- Sump"tu*ous*ly, adv. -- Sump"tu*ous*ness, n. SUN Sun, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Sunn. SUN Sun, n. Etym: [OE. sunne, sonne, AS. sunne; akin to OFries. sunne, D. zon, OS. & OHG. sunna, G. sonne, Icel. sunna, Goth. sunna; perh. fr. same root as L. sol. *297. Cf. Solar, South.] 1. The luminous orb, the light of which constitutes day, and its absence night; the central body round which the earth and planets revolve, by which they are held in their orbits, and from which they receive light and heat. Its mean distance from the earth is about 92,500,000 miles, and its diameter about 860,000. Note: Its mean apparent diameter as seen from the earth is 32' 4", and it revolves on its own axis once in 25photosphere, above which is an envelope consisting partly of hydrogen, called the chromosphere, which can be seen only through the spectroscope, or at the time of a total solar eclipse. Above the chromosphere, and sometimes extending out millions of miles, are luminous rays or streams of light which are visible only at the time of a total eclipse, forming the solar corona. 2. Any heavenly body which forms the center of a system of orbs. 3. The direct light or warmth of the sun; sunshine. Lambs that did frisk in the sun. Shak. 4. That which resembles the sun, as in splendor or importance; any source of light, warmth, or animation. For the Lord God is a sun and shield. Ps. lxxiv. 11. I will never consent to put out the sun of sovereignity to posterity. Eikon Basilike. Sun and planet wheels (Mach.), an ingenious contrivance for converting reciprocating motion, as that of the working beam of a steam engine, into rotatory motion. It consists of a toothed wheel (called the sun wheel), firmly secured to the shaft it is desired to drive, and another wheel (called the planet wheel) secured to the end of a connecting rod. By the motion of the connecting rod, the planet wheel is made to circulate round the central wheel on the shaft, communicating to this latter a velocity of revolution the double of its own. G. Francis. -- Sun angel (Zoöl.), a South American humming bird of the genus Heliangelos, noted for its beautiful colors and the brilliant luster of the feathers of its throat. -- Sun animalcute. (Zoöl.) See Heliozoa. -- Sun bath (Med.), exposure of a patient to the sun's rays; insolation. -- Sun bear (Zoöl.), a species of bear (Helarctos Malayanus) native of Southern Asia and Borneo. It has a small head and short neck, and fine short glossy fur, mostly black, but brownish on the nose. It is easily tamed. Called also bruang, and Malayan bear. -- Sun beetle (Zoöl.), any small lustrous beetle of the genus Amara. -- Sun bittern (Zoöl.), a singular South American bird (Eurypyga helias), in some respects related both to the rails and herons. It is beautifully variegated with white, brown, and black. Called also sunbird, and tiger bittern. -- Sun fever (Med.), the condition of fever produced by sun stroke. -- Sun gem (Zoöl.), a Brazilian humming bird (Heliactin cornutus). Its head is ornamented by two tufts of bright colored feathers, fiery crimson at the base and greenish yellow at the tip. Called also Horned hummer. -- Sun grebe (Zoöl.), the finfoot. -- Sun picture, a picture taken by the agency of the sun's rays; a photograph. -- Sun spots (Astron.), dark spots that appear on the sun's disk, consisting commonly of a black central portion with a surrounding border of lighter shade, and usually seen only by the telescope, but sometimes by the naked eye. They are very changeable in their figure and dimensions, and vary in size from mere apparent points to spaces of 50,000 miles in diameter. The term sun spots is often used to include bright spaces (called faculæ) as well as dark spaces (called maculæ). Called also solar spots. See Illustration in Appendix. -- Sun star (Zoöl.), any one of several species of starfishes belonging to Solaster, Crossaster, and allied genera, having numerous rays. -- Sun trout (Zoöl.), the squeteague. -- Sun wheel. (Mach.) See Sun and planet wheels, above. -- Under the sun, in the world; on earth. "There is no new thing under the sun." Eccl. i. 9. Note: Sun is often used in the formation of compound adjectives of obvious meaning; as, sun-bright, sun-dried, sun-gilt, sunlike, sun- lit, sun-scorched, and the like. SUN Sun, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sunned; p. pr. & vb. n. Sunning.] Defn: To expose to the sun's rays; to warm or dry in the sun; as, to sun cloth; to sun grain. Then to sun thyself in open air. Dryden. SUNBEAM Sun"beam`, n. Etym: [AS. sunnebeam.] Defn: A beam or ray of the sun. "Evening sunbeams." Keble. Thither came Uriel, gliding through the even On a sunbeam. Milton. SUNBIRD Sun"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of small brilliantly colored birds of the family Nectariniidæ, native of Africa, Southern Asia, the East Indies, and Australia. In external appearance and habits they somewhat resemble humming birds, but they are true singing birds (Oscines). (b) The sun bittern. SUNBLINK Sun"blink`, n. Defn: A glimpse or flash of the sun. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. SUNBONNET Sun"bon"net, n. Defn: A bonnet, generally made of some thin or light fabric, projecting beyond the face, and commonly having a cape, -- worn by women as a protection against the sun. SUNBOW Sun"bow`, n. Defn: A rainbow; an iris. Byron. SUNBURN Sun"burn`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sunburned or Sunburnt (; p. pr. & vb. n. Sunburning.] Defn: To burn or discolor by the sun; to tan. Sunburnt and swarthy though she be. Dryden. SUNBURN Sun"burn`, n. Defn: The burning or discoloration produced on the skin by the heat of the sun; tan. SUN-BURNER Sun"-burn`er, n. Defn: A circle or cluster of gas-burners for lighting and ventilating public buildings. SUNBURNING Sun"burn`ing, n. Defn: Sunburn; tan. Boyle. SUNBURST Sun"burst`, n. Defn: A burst of sunlight. SUNCUP Sun"cup`, n. Defn: A yellow flowered evening primrose (Taraxia, syn. Onothera, ovata) native of California. SUNDART Sun"dart`, n. Defn: Sunbeam. [R.] Mrs. Hemans. SUNDAY Sun"day, n. Etym: [AS. sunnandæg; sunne, gen. sunnan, the sun + dæg day; akin to D. zondag, G. sonntag; -- so called because this day was anciently dedicated to the sun, or to its worship. See Sun, and Day.] Defn: The first day of the week, -- consecrated among Christians to rest from secular employments, and to religious worship; the Christian Sabbath; the Lord's Day. Advent Sunday, Low Sunday, Passion Sunday, etc. See under Advent, Low, etc. Syn. -- See Sabbath. SUNDAY Sun"day, a. Defn: Belonging to the Christian Sabbath. Sunday letter. See Dominical letter, under Dominical. -- Sunday school. See under School. SUNDER Sun"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sundered; p. pr. & vb. n. Sundering.] Etym: [OE. sundren, AS. sundrain (in asundrain, gesundrain), from sundor asunder, separately, apart; akin to D. zonder, prep., without, G. sonder separate, as prep., without, sondern but, OHG. suntar separately, Icel. sundr asunder, Sw. & Dan. sönder, Goth. sundro alone, separately.] Defn: To disunite in almost any manner, either by rending, cutting, or breaking; to part; to put or keep apart; to separate; to divide; to sever; as, to sunder a rope; to sunder a limb; to sunder friends. It is sundered from the main land by a sandy plain. Carew. SUNDER Sun"der, v. i. Defn: To part; to separate. [R.] Shak. SUNDER Sun"der, n. Etym: [See Sunder, v. t., and cf. Asunder.] Defn: A separation into parts; a division or severance. In sunder, into parts. "He breaketh the bow, and cutteth the spear in sunder." Ps. xlvi. 9. SUNDER Sun"der, v. t. Defn: To expose to the sun and wind. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SUNDEW Sun"dew`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Drosera, low bog plants whose leaves are beset with pediceled glands which secrete a viscid fluid that glitters like dewdrops and attracts and detains insects. After an insect is caught, the glands curve inward like tentacles and the leaf digests it. Called also lustwort. SUNDIAL Sun"di`al, n. Defn: An instrument to show the time of day by means of the shadow of a gnomon, or style, on a plate. Sundial shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the genus Solarium. See Solarium. SUNDOG Sun"dog`, n. (Meteorol.) Defn: A luminous spot occasionally seen a few degrees from the sun, supposed to be formed by the intersection of two or more halos, or in a manner similar to that of halos. SUNDOWN Sun"down`, n. 1. The setting of the sun; sunset. "When sundown skirts the moor." Tennyson. 2. A kind of broad-brimmed sun hat worn by women. SUNDOWNER Sun"down`er, n. Defn: A tramp or vagabond in the Australian bush; -- so called from his coming to sheep stations at sunset of ask for supper and a bed, when it is too late to work; -- called also traveler and swagman (but not all swagmen are sundowners). Sundowners, -- men who loaf about till sunset, and then come in with the demand for unrefusable rations. Francis Adams. SUN-DRIED Sun"-dried`, a. Defn: Dried by the heat of the sun. "Sun-dried brick." Sir T. Herbert. SUNDRIES Sun"dries, n. pl. Defn: Many different or small things; sundry things. SUNDRILY Sun"dri*ly, adv. Defn: In sundry ways; variously. SUNDROPS Sun"drops`, n. [Sun + drop.] (Bot.) Defn: Any one of the several species of Kneiffia, esp. K. fruticosa (syn. Onothera fruticosa), of the Evening-primrose family, having flowers that open by daylight. SUNDRY Sun"dry, a. Etym: [OE. sundry, sondry, AS. syndrig, fr. sundor asunder. See Sunder, v. t.] 1. Several; divers; more than one or two; various. "Sundry wines." Chaucer. "Sundry weighty reasons." Shak. With many a sound of sundry melody. Chaucer. Sundry foes the rural realm surround. Dryden. 2. Separate; diverse. [Obs.] Every church almost had the Bible of a sundry translation. Coleridge. All and sundry, all collectively, and each separately. SUNDRYMAN Sun"dry*man, n.; pl. Sundrymen (. Defn: One who deals in sundries, or a variety of articles. SUNFISH Sun"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A very large oceanic plectognath fish (Mola mola, Mola rotunda, or Orthagoriscus mola) having a broad body and a truncated tail. (b) Any one of numerous species of perch-like North American fresh- water fishes of the family Centrachidæ. They have a broad, compressed body, and strong dorsal spines. Among the common species of the Eastern United States are Lepomis gibbosus (called also bream, pondfish, pumpkin seed, and sunny), the blue sunfish, or dollardee (L. pallidus), and the long-eared sunfish (L. auritus). Several of the species are called also pondfish. (c) The moonfish, or bluntnosed shiner. (d) The opah. (e) The basking, or liver, shark. (f) Any large jellyfish. SUNFLOWER Sun"flow`er, n. Defn: Any plant of the genus Helianthus; -- so called probably from the form and color of its flower, which is large disk with yellow rays. The commonly cultivated sunflower is Helianthus annuus, a native of America. SUNFLOWER STATE Sun"flow`er State. Defn: Kansas; a nickname. SUNG Sung, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Sing. SUNGLASS Sun"glass`, n.; pl. Sunglasses (. Defn: A convex lens of glass for producing heat by converging the sun's rays into a focus. "Lighting a cigar with a sunglass." Hawthorne. SUNGLOW Sun"glow`, n. Defn: A rosy flush in the sky seen after sunset. SUNK Sunk, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Sink. Sunk fence, a ditch with a retaining wall, used to divide lands without defacing a landscape; a ha-ha. SUNKEN Sunk"en, a. Defn: Lying on the bottom of a river or other water; sunk. SUNLESS Sun"less, a. Defn: Destitute or deprived of the sun or its rays; shaded; shadowed. The sunken glen whose sunless shrubs must weep. Byron. SUNLIGHT Sun"light`, n. Defn: The light of the sun. Milton. SUNLIKE Sun"like`, a. Defn: Like or resembling the sun. "A spot of sunlike brilliancy." Tyndall. SUNLIT Sun"lit`, a. Defn: Lighted by the sun. SUNN Sunn, n. Etym: [Hind. san, fr. Skr. çana.] (Bot.) Defn: An East Indian leguminous plant (Crotalaria juncea) and its fiber, which is also called sunn hemp. [Written also sun.] SUNNA Sun"na, n. Etym: [Ar. sunnah rule, law.] Defn: A collection of traditions received by the orthodox Mohammedans as of equal authority with the Koran. SUNNIAH Sun"ni*ah, n. Defn: One of the sect of Sunnites. SUNNINESS Sun"ni*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being sunny. SUNNITE Sun"nite, n. Defn: One of the orthodox Mohammedans who receive the Sunna as of equal importance with the Koran. SUNNUD Sun"nud, n. Etym: [Hind., fr. Ar. sanad.] Defn: A charter or warrant; also, a deed of gift. [India] SUNNY Sun"ny, a. [Compar. Sunnier; superl. Sunniest.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sun; proceeding from, or resembling the sun; hence, shining; bright; brilliant; radiant. "Sunny beams." Spenser. "Sunny locks." Shak. 2. Exposed to the rays of the sun; brightened or warmed by the direct rays of the sun; as, a sunny room; the sunny side of a hill. Her blooming mountains and her sunny shores. Addison. 3. Cheerful; genial; as, a sunny disposition. My decayed fair A sunny look of his would soon repair. Shak. SUNNY Sun"ny, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Sunfish (b). SUNPROOF Sun"proof`, a. Defn: Impervious to the rays of the sun. "Darksome yew, sunproof." Marston. SUNRISE; SUNRISING Sun"rise`, Sun"ris`ing, n. 1. The first appearance of the sun above the horizon in the morning; more generally, the time of such appearance, whether in fair or cloudy weather; as, to begin work at sunrise. "The tide of sunrise swells." Keble. 2. Hence, the region where the sun rises; the east. Which were beyond Jordan toward the sunrising. Deut. iv. 47 (Rev. Ver.) Full hot and fast the Saxon rides, with rein of travel slack, And, bending o'ev his saddle, leaves the sunrise at his back. Whittier. SUNSET; SUNSETTING Sun"set", Sun"set`ting, n. 1. The descent of the sun below the horizon; also, the time when the sun sets; evening. Also used figuratively. 'T is the sunset of life gives me mystical lore. Campbell. 2. Hence, the region where the sun sets; the west. Sunset shell (Zoöl.), a West Indian marine bivalve (Tellina radiata) having a smooth shell marked with radiating bands of varied colors resembling those seen at sunset or before sunrise; -- called also rising sun. SUNSHADE Sun"shade`, n. Defn: Anything used as a protection from the sun's rays. Specifically: (a) A small parasol. (b) An awning. SUNSHINE Sun"shine`, n. 1. The light of the sun, or the place where it shines; the direct rays of the sun, the place where they fall, or the warmth and light which they give. But all sunshine, as when his beams at noon Culminate from the equator. Milton. 2. Anything which has a warming and cheering influence like that of the rays of the sun; warmth; illumination; brightness. That man that sits within a monarch's heart, And ripens in the sunshine of his favor. Shak. SUNSHINE Sun"shine`, a. Defn: Sunshiny; bright. Shak. "Sunshine hours." Keble. SUNSHINY Sun"shin`y, a. 1. Bright with the rays of the sun; clear, warm, or pleasant; as, a sunshiny day. 2. Bright like the sun; resplendent. Flashing beams of that sunshiny shield. Spenser. 3. Beaming with good spirits; cheerful. "Her sunshiny face." Spenser. SUNSQUALL Sun"squall`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any large jellyfish. SUN STAR Sun" star`. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Sun star, under Sun. SUNSTED Sun"sted, n. Etym: [Sun + stead a place.] Defn: Solstice. [Obs.] "The summer sunsted." Holland. SUNSTONE Sun"stone`, n. (Med.) Defn: Aventurine feldspar. See under Aventurine. SUNSTROKE Sun"stroke`, n. (Med.) Defn: Any affection produced by the action of the sun on some part of the body; especially, a sudden prostration of the physical powers, with symptoms resembling those of apoplexy, occasioned by exposure to excessive heat, and often terminating fatally; coup de soleil. SUN-STRUCK Sun"-struck`, a. (Med.) Defn: Overcome by, or affected with, sunstroke; as, sun-struck soldiers. SUNUP Sun"up`, n. Defn: Sunrise. [Local, U.S.] Such a horse as that might get over a good deal of ground atwixt sunup and sundown. Cooper. SUNWARD Sun"ward, adv. Defn: Toward the sun. SUNWISE Sun"wise`, adv. Defn: In the direction of the sun's apparent motion, or from the east southward and westward, and so around the circle; also, in the same direction as the movement of the hands of a watch lying face upward. SUP Sup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supped; p. pr. & vb. n. Supping.] Etym: [OE. soupen to drink, AS. s; akin to D. zuipen, G. saufen, OHG. s, Icel. s, Sw. supa, Dan. söbe. Cf. Sip, Sop, Soup, Supper.] Defn: To take into the mouth with the lips, as a liquid; to take or drink by a little at a time; to sip. There I'll sup Balm and nectar in my cup. Crashaw. SUP Sup, n. Defn: A small mouthful, as of liquor or broth; a little taken with the lips; a sip. Tom Thumb had got a little sup. Drayton. SUP Sup, v. i. Etym: [See Supper.] Defn: To eat the evening meal; to take supper. I do entreat that we may sup together. SUP Sup, v. t. Defn: To treat with supper. [Obs.] Sup them well and look unto them all. Shak. SUPAWN Su*pawn", n. Etym: [Of American Indian origin.] Defn: Boiled Indian meal; hasty pudding; mush. [Written also sepawn, sepon, and suppawn.] [Local, U.S.] SUPE Supe, n. Defn: A super. [Theatrical Cant] SUPER- Su"per-. Etym: [L. super over, above; akin to Gr. sub under, and E. over. See Over, and cf. Hyper-, Sub-, Supra-, Sur-.] 1. A prefix signifying above, over, beyond, and hence often denoting in a superior position, in excess, over and above, in addition, exceedingly; as in superimpose, supersede, supernatural, superabundance. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A prefix formerly much used to denote that the ingredient to the name of which it was prefixed was present in a large, or unusually large, proportion as compared with the other ingredients; as in calcium superphosphate. It has been superseded by per-, bi-, di-, acid, etc. (as peroxide, bicarbonate, disulphide, and acid sulphate), which retain the old meanings of super-, but with sharper definition. Cf. Acid, a., Bi-, Di-, and Per-. SUPER Su"per, n. Defn: A contraction of Supernumerary, in sense 2. [Theatrical Cant] SUPERABLE Su"per*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. superabilis, from superare to go over, to surmount, fr. super above, over.] Defn: Capable of being overcome or conquered; surmountable. Antipathies are generally superable by a single effort. Johnson. -- Su"per*a*ble*ness, n. -- Su"per*a*bly, adv. SUPERABOUND Su`per*a*bound", v. i. Etym: [L. superabundare: cf. OF. superabonder. See Super-, and Abound.] Defn: To be very abundant or exuberant; to be more than sufficient; as, the country superabounds with corn. SUPERABUNDANCE Su`per*a*bun"dance, n. Etym: [L. superabundantia: cf. OF. superabondance.] Defn: The quality or state of being superabundant; a superabundant quantity; redundancy; excess. SUPERABUNDANT Su`per*a*bun"dant, a. Etym: [L. superabundans, p.pr. of superabundare. See Superabound.] Defn: Abounding to excess; being more than is sufficient; redundant; as, superabundant zeal. -- Su`per*a*bun"dant*ly, adv. SUPERACIDULATED Su`per*a*cid"u*la`ted, a. Defn: Acidulated to excess. [R.] SUPERADD Su`per*add", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superadded; p. pr. & vb. n. Superadding.] Etym: [L. superaddere. See Super-, and Add.] Defn: To add over and above; to add to what has been added; to annex, as something extrinsic. The strength of any living creature, in those external motion, is something distinct from, and superadded unto, its natural gravity. Bp. Wilkins. The peacock laid it extremely to heart that he had not the nightingale's voice superadded to the beauty of his plumes. L'Estrange. SUPERADDITION Su`per*ad*di"tion, n. Defn: The act of adding something in excess or something extraneous; also, something which is added in excess or extraneously. This superaddition is nothing but fat. Arbuthnot. SUPERADVENIENT Su`per*ad*ven"ient, a. Defn: Coming upon; coming in addition to, or in assistance of, something. [R.] He has done bravely by the superadvenient assistance of his God. Dr. H. More. SUPERALIMENTATION Su`per*al`i*men*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of overfeeding, or making one take food in excess of the natural appetite for it. SUPERALTAR Su"per*al`tar, n. (Arch.) Defn: A raised shelf or stand on the back of an altar, on which different objects can be placed; a predella or gradino. SUPERANGELIC Su`per*an*gel"ic, a. Defn: Superior to the angels in nature or rank. [R.] Milman. SUPERANNUATE Su`per*an"nu*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superannuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Superannuating.] Etym: [Pref. super- + L. annus a year.] 1. To impair or disquality on account of age or infirmity. Sir T. Browne. 2. To give a pension to, on account of old age or other infirmity; to cause to retire from service on a pension. SUPERANNUATE Su`per*an"nu*ate, v. i. Defn: To last beyond the year; -- said of annual plants. [Obs.] Bacon. SUPERANNUATION Su`per*an`nu*a"tion, n. Defn: The state of being superannuated, or too old for office or business; the state of being disqualified by old age; decrepitude. The world itself is in a state of superannuation. Cowper. Slyness blinking through the watery eye of superannuation. Coleridge. SUPERB Su*perb", a. Etym: [F. superbe, L. superbus, fr. super over. See Super-.] 1. Grand; magnificent; august; stately; as, a superb edifice; a superb colonnade. 2. Rich; elegant; as, superb furniture or decorations. 3. Showy; excellent; grand; as, a superb exhibition. Superb paradise bird (Zoöl.), a bird of paradise (Paradisæa, or Lophorina, superba) having the scapulars erectile, and forming a large ornamental tuft on each shoulder, and a large gorget of brilliant feathers on the breast. The color is deep violet, or nearly black, with brilliant green reflections. The gorget is bright metallic green. -- Superb warber. (Zoöl.) See Blue wren, under Wren. -- Su*perb"ly, adv. -- Su*perb"ness, n. SUPERBIATE Su*per"bi*ate, v. t. Etym: [Cf. L. superbiare.] Defn: To make (a person) haughty. [Obs. & R.] Feltham. SUPERCARBONATE Su`per*car"bon*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A bicarbonate. [Obsoles.] SUPERCARBURETED Su`per*car"bu*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Defn: Bicarbureted. [Written also supercarburetted.] [Obsoles.] SUPERCARGO Su`per*car"go, n. Etym: [Super- + cargo: cf. Sp. sobrecargo. Cf. Surcharge.] Defn: An officer or person in a merchant ship, whose duty is to manage the sales, and superintend the commercial concerns, of the voyage. SUPERCARPAL Su`per*car"pal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above, or in the upper part of, the carpus. SUPERCELESTIAL Su`per*ce*les"tial, a. Etym: [Pref. super- + celestial: cf. L. supercaelestis.] 1. Situated above the firmament, or great vault of heaven. Waterland. 2. Higher than celestial; superangelic. SUPERCHARGE Su`per*charge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supercharged; p. pr. & vb. n. Supercharging.] Etym: [Pref. super- + charge. Cf. Surcharge.] (Her.) Defn: To charge (a bearing) upon another bearing; as, to supercharge a rose upon a fess. SUPERCHARGE Su`per*charge", n. (Her.) Defn: A bearing charged upon another bearing. [R.] SUPERCHEMICAL Su`per*chem"ic*al, a. Defn: Above or beyond chemistry; inexplicable by chemical laws. J. Le Conte. SUPERCHERY Su*perch"er*y, n. Etym: [F. supercherie.] Defn: Deceit; fraud; imposition. [Obs. & R.] SUPERCILIARY Su`per*cil"i*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. supercilium an eyebrow. See Supercilious.] 1. Of or pertaining to the eyebrows; supraorbital. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a distinct streak of color above the eyes; as, the superciliary woodpecker. SUPERCILIOUS Su`per*cil"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. superciliosus, fr. supercilium an eyebrow, pride; super over, + cilium an eyelid; probably akin to celare to conceal. Cf. Conceal.] Defn: Lofty with pride; haughty; dictatorial; overbearing; arrogant; as, a supercilious officer; asupercilious air; supercilious behavior. -- Su`per*cil"i*ous*ly, adv. -- Su`per*cil"i*ous*ness, n. SUPERCILIUM Su`per*cil"i*um, n. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The eyebrow, or the region of the eyebrows. SUPERCOLUMNIATION Su`per*co*lum`ni*a"tion, n. (Arch.) Defn: The putting of one order above another; also, an architectural work produced by this method; as, the putting of the Doric order in the ground story, Ionic above it, and Corinthian or Composite above this. SUPERCONCEPTION Su`per*con*cep"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: Superfetation. [R.] Sir T. Browne. SUPERCONSEQUENCE Su`per*con"se*quence, n. Defn: Remote consequence. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SUPERCRESCENCE Su`per*cres"cence, n. Etym: [See Supercrescent.] Defn: That which grows upon another growing thing; a parasite. [R.] Sir T. Browne. SUPERCRESCENT Su`per*cres"cent, a. Etym: [L. supercrescens, p.pr. of supercrescere; super above + crescere to grow.] Defn: Growing on some other growing thing. [R.] Johnson. SUPERCRETACEOUS Su`per*cre*ta"ceous, a. (Geol.) Defn: Same as Supracretaceous. SUPERCURIOUS Su`per*cu"ri*ous, a. Defn: Excessively curious or inquisitive. Evelyn. SUPERDOMINANT Su`per*dom"i*nant, n. (Mus.) Defn: The sixth tone of the scale; that next above the dominant; -- called also submediant. SUPERDREADNOUGHT Su`per*dread"nought`, n. Defn: See Dreadnought, above. SUPEREMINENCE; SUPEREMINENCY Su`per*em"i*nence, Su`per*em"i*nen*cy, n. Etym: [L. supereminentia.] Defn: The quality or state of being supereminent; distinguished eminence; as, the supereminence of Cicero as an orator, or Lord Chatham as a statesman. Ayliffe. He was not forever beset with the consciousness of his own supereminence. Prof. Wilson. SUPEREMINENT Su`per*em"i*nent, a. Etym: [L. supereminens, p.pr. of supereminere. See Super-, and Eminent.] Defn: Eminent in a superior degree; surpassing others in excellence; as, a supereminent divine; the supereminent glory of Christ. -- Su`per*em"i*nent*ly, adv. SUPEREROGANT Su`per*er"o*gant, a. Etym: [L. supererogans, p.pr. See Supererogate.] Defn: Supererogatory. [Obs.] SUPEREROGATE Su`per*er"o*gate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Supererogated; p. pr. & vb. n. Supererogating.] Etym: [L. supererogatus, p.p. of supererogare to spend or pay out over and above; super over, above + erogare to expend or pay out money from the public treasury after asking the consent of the people. See Super-, and Erogate, Rogation.] Defn: To do more than duty requires; to perform works of supererogation; to atone (for a dificiency in another) by means of a surplus action or quality. The fervency of one man in prayer can not supererogate for the coldness of another. Milton. SUPEREROGATION Su`per*er`o*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. supererogatio a payment in addition.] Defn: The act of supererogating; performance of more than duty or necessity requires. Works of supererogation (R. C. Ch.), those good deeds believed to have been performed by saints, or capable of being performed by men, over and above what is required for their own salvation. SUPEREROGATIVE Su`per*e*rog"a*tive, a. Defn: Supererogatory. SUPEREROGATORY Su`per*e*rog"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Performed to an extent not enjoined, or not required, by duty or necessity; as, supererogatory services. Howell. SUPERESSENTIAL Su`per*es*sen"tial, a. Defn: Essential above others, or above the constitution of a thing. J. Ellis. SUPERETHICAL Su`per*eth"ic*al, a. Defn: More than ethical; above ethics. Bolingbroke. SUPEREXALT Su`per*ex*alt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superexalted; p. pr. & vb. n. Superexalting.] Defn: To exalt to a superior degree; to exalt above others. Barrow. SUPEREXALTATION Su`per*ex`al*ta"tion, n. Defn: Elevation above the common degree. Holyday. SUPEREXCELLENCE Su`per*ex"cel*lence, n. Defn: Superior excellence; extraordinary excellence. SUPEREXCELLENT Su`per*ex"cel*lent, a. Etym: [Pref. super- + excellent: cf. L. superexcellens.] Defn: Excellent in an uncommon degree; very excellent. Drayton. SUPEREXCINATION Su`per*ex`ci*na"tion, n. Defn: Excessive, or more than normal, excitation. SUPEREXCRESCENCE Su`per*ex*cres"cence, n. Defn: Something growing superfluously. SUPERFAMILY Su"per*fam`i*ly, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group intermediate between a family and a suborder. SUPERFECUNDATION Su`per*fec`un*da"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: Fertilization of two ova, at the same menstruation, by two different acts of coition. SUPERFECUNDITY Su`per*fe*cun"di*ty, n. Defn: Superabundant fecundity or multiplication of the species. SUPERFETATE Su`per*fe"tate, v. i. Etym: [L. superfetare; super above, over + fetare to bring forth.] Defn: To conceive after a prior conception, but before the birth of the offspring. The female . . . is said to superfetate. Grew. SUPERFETATION Su`per*fe*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. superfétation.] (Physiol.) Defn: The formation of a fetus at the result of an impregnation occurring after another impregnation but before the birth of the offspring produced by it. This is possible only when there is a double uterus, or where menstruation persists up to the time of the second impregnation. In then became a superfetation upon, and not an ingredient in, the national character. Coleridge. SUPERFETE Su`per*fete", v. i. Defn: To superfetate. [Obs.] SUPERFETE Su`per*fete", v. t. Defn: To conceive (another fetus) after a former conception. [Obs.] Howell. SUPERFICE Su"per*fice, n. Defn: A superficies. [Obs.] Dryden. SUPERFICIAL Su`per*fi"cial, a. Etym: [L. superficialis: cf. F. superficiel. See Superficies.] 1. Of or pertaining to the superficies, or surface; lying on the surface; shallow; not deep; as, a superficial color; a superficial covering; superficial measure or contents; superficial tillage. 2. Reaching or comprehending only what is obvious or apparent; not deep or profound; shallow; -- said especially in respect to study, learning, and the like; as, a superficial scholar; superficial knowledge. This superficial tale Is but a preface of her worthy praise. Shak. He is a presumptuous and superficial writer. Burke. That superficial judgment, which happens to be right without deserving to be so. J. H. Newman. -- Su`per*fi"cial*ly, adv. -- Su`per*fi"cial*ness, n. SUPERFICIALIST Su`per*fi"cial*ist, n. Defn: One who attends to anything superficially; a superficial or shallow person; a sciolist; a smatterer. SUPERFICIALITY Su`per*fi`ci*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. superficialité.] Defn: The quality or state of being superficial; also, that which is superficial. Sir T. Browne. SUPERFICIALIZE Su`per*fi"cial*ize, v. t. Defn: To attend to, or to treat, superficially, or in a shallow or slighting way. [R.] It is a characteristic weakness of the day to superficialize evil. E. P. Whipple. SUPERFICIARY Su`per*fi"ci*a*ry, n. (Rom. Law) Defn: One to whom a right of surface occupation is granted; one who pays quitrent for a house built upon another man's ground. SUPERFICIARY Su`per*fi"ci*a*ry, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the superficies, or surface; superficial. 2. (Rom. Law) Defn: Situated or built on another man's land, as a house. SUPERFICIES Su`per*fi"cies, n. Etym: [L., fr. super above, over + facies make, figure, shape. See Surface.] 1. The surface; the exterior part, superficial area, or face of a thing. 2. (Civil Law) (a) Everything on the surface of a piece of ground, or of a building, so closely connected by art or nature as to constitute a part of it, as houses, or other superstructures, fences, trees, vines, etc. (b) A real right consisting of a grant by a landed proprietor of a piece of ground, bearing a strong resemblance to the long building leases granted by landholders in England, in consideration of a rent, and under reservation of the ownership of the soil. Bouvier. Wharton. SUPERFINE Su"per*fine, a. 1. Very fine, or most fine; being of surpassing fineness; of extra nice or fine quality; as, superfine cloth. 2. Excessively fine; too nice; over particular; as, superfine distinctions; superfine tastes. SUPERFINENESS Su"per*fine`ness, n. Defn: The state of being superfine. SUPERFINICAL Su`per*fin"i*cal, a. Defn: Extremely finical. SUPERFLUENCE Su*per"flu*ence, n. Etym: [L. superfluens, p.pr. of superfluere to flow or run over. See Superfluous.] Defn: Superfluity. [Obs.] Hammond. SUPERFLUITANT Su`per*flu"i*tant, a. Etym: [L. super above + fluitans, p.pr. of fluitare intensive fr. fluere to flow.] Defn: Floating above or on the surface. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. -- Su`per*flu"i*tance, n. [Obs.] SUPERFLUITY Su`per*flu"i*ty, n.; pl. Superfluities. Etym: [L. superfluité, L. superfluitas. See Superfluous.] 1. A greater quantity than is wanted; superabundance; as, a superfluity of water; a superfluity of wealth. A quiet mediocrity is still to be preferred before a troubled superfluity. Suckling. 2. The state or quality of being superfluous; excess. "By a superfluity abominable." Chaucer. 3. Something beyond what is needed; something which serves for show or luxury. Syn. -- Superabundance; excess; redundancy. SUPERFLUOUS Su*per"flu*ous, a. Etym: [L. superfluus overflowing; super over, above + fluere to flow. See Super-, and Fluent.] Defn: More than is wanted or is sufficient; rendered unnecessary by superabundance; unnecessary; useless; excessive; as, a superfluous price. Shak. An authority which makes all further argument or illustration superfluous. E. Everett. Superfluous interval (Mus.), an interval that exceeds a major or perfect interval by a semitone. Syn. -- Unnecessary; useless; exuberant; excessive; redundant; needless. -- Su*per"flu*ous*ly, adv. -- Su*per"flu*ous*ness, n. SUPERFLUX Su"per*flux, n. Defn: Superabundance; superfluity; an overflowing. [R.] Shak. SUPERFOETATION Su`per*foe*ta"tion, n. Defn: Superfetation. SUPERFOLIATION Su`per*fo`li*a"tion, n. Defn: Excess of foliation. Sir T. Browne. SUPERFRONTAL Su`per*fron"tal, n. (Eccl.) Defn: A cloth which is placed over the top of an altar, and often hangs down a few inches over the frontal. SUPERFUSE Su`per*fuse", a. Defn: To pour (something) over or on something else. [Obs.] Evelyn. SUPERHEAT Su`per*heat", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superheated; p. pr. & vb. n. Superheating.] 1. To heat too much, to overheat; as, to superheat an oven. 2. (Steam Engine) Defn: To heat, as steam, apart from contact with water, until it resembles a perfect gas. SUPERHEAT Su"per*heat`, n. Defn: The increase of temperature communicated to steam by superheating it. SUPERHEATER Su"per*heat`er, n. (Steam Engine) Defn: An apparatus for superheating steam. SUPERHIVE Su"per*hive`, n. Defn: A removable upper part of a hive. The word is sometimes contracted to super. SUPERHUMAN Su`per*hu"man, a. Defn: Above or beyond what is human; sometimes, divine; as, superhuman strength; superhuman wisdom. SUPERIMPOSE Su`per*im*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superimposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Superimposing.] Defn: To lay or impose on something else; as, a stratum of earth superimposed on another stratum. -- Su`per*im`po*si"tion, n. SUPERIMPREGNATION Su`per*im`preg*na"tion, n. Defn: The act of impregnating, or the state of being impregnated, in addition to a prior impregnation; superfetation. SUPERINCUMBENCE; SUPERINCUMBENCY Su`per*in*cum"bence, Su`per*in*cum"ben*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being superincumbent. SUPERINCUMBENT Su`per*in*cum"bent, a. Etym: [L. superincumbens, p.pr. of superincumbere. See Super-, and Incumbent.] Defn: Lying or resting on something else. SUPERINDUCE Su`per*in*duce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superinduced; p. pr. & vb. n. Superinducing.] Etym: [Pref. super- + induce: cf. L. superinducere to draw over.] Defn: To bring in, or upon, as an addition to something. Long custom of sinning superinduces upon the soul new and absurd desires. South. SUPERINDUCEMENT Su`per*in*duce"ment, n. Defn: Superinduction. SUPERINDUCTION Su`per*in*duc"tion, n. Defn: The act of superinducing, or the state of being superinduced. South. SUPERINFUSE Su`per*in*fuse", v. t. Etym: [Pref. super- + infuse: cf. L. superinfundere, superinfusum, to pour over.] Defn: To infuse over. [R.] SUPERINJECTION Su`per*in*jec"tion, n. Defn: An injection succeeding another. SUPERINSPECT Su`per*in*spect", v. t. Etym: [Pref. super- + inspect: cf. L. superinspicere, superinspectum.] Defn: To over see; to superintend by inspection. [R.] Maydman. SUPERINSTITUTION Su`per*in`sti*tu"tion, n. Defn: One institution upon another, as when A is instituted and admitted to a benefice upon a title, and B instituted and admitted upon the presentation of another. Bailey. SUPERINTELLECTUAL Su`per*in`tel*lec"tu*al, a. Defn: Being above intellect. SUPERINTEND Su`per*in*tend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superintended; p. pr. & vb. n. Superintending.] Etym: [L. superintendere. See Super-, and Intend.] Defn: To have or exercise the charge and oversight of; to oversee with the power of direction; to take care of with authority; to supervise; as, an officer superintends the building of a ship or the construction of a fort. The king may appoint a council, who may superintend the works of this nature. Bacon. Syn. -- Superintend, Supervise. These words in general use are the synonymous. As sometimes used, supervise implies the more general, and superintend, the more particular and constant, inspection or direction. Among architects there is a disposition to use the word supervise in the sense of a general oversight of the main points of construction with reference to the design, etc., and to employ the word superintend to signify a constant, careful attention to all the details of construction. But this technical distinction is not firmly established. SUPERINTENDENCE Su`per*in*tend"ence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. superintendance.] Defn: The act of superintending; care and oversight for the purpose of direction; supervision. Barrow. Syn. -- Inspection; oversight; care; direction; control; guidance. SUPERINTENDENCY Su`per*in*tend"en*cy, n.; pl. -cies (. Defn: The act of superintending; superintendence. Boyle. SUPERINTENDENT Su`per*in*tend"ent, a. Etym: [L. superintendens, p.pr. See Superintend.] Defn: Overseeing; superintending. SUPERINTENDENT Su`per*in*tend"ent, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. superintendant, F. surintendant. Cf. Surintendant.] Defn: One who has the oversight and charge of some place, institution, or organization, affairs, etc., with the power of direction; as, the superintendent of an almshouse; the superintendent of public works. Syn. -- Inspector; overseer; manager; director; curator; supervisor. SUPERINTENDER Su`per*in*tend"er, n. Defn: A superintendent. [R.] SUPERINVESTITURE Su`per*in*vest"i*ture, n. Defn: An outer vestment or garment. [R.] Bp. Horne. SUPERIOR Su*pe"ri*or, a. Etym: [L., compar. of superus being above, fr. super above, over: cf. F. supérieur. See Super-, and cf. Supreme.] 1. More elevated in place or position; higher; upper; as, the superior limb of the sun; the superior part of an image. 2. Higher in rank or office; more exalted in dignity; as, a superior officer; a superior degree of nobility. 3. Higher or greater in excellence; surpassing others in the greatness, or value of any quality; greater in quality or degree; as, a man of superior merit; or of superior bravery. 4. Beyond the power or influence of; too great or firm to be subdued or affected by; -- with to. There is not in earth a spectacle more worthy than a great man superior to his sufferings. Spectator. 5. More comprehensive; as a term in classification; as, a genus is superior to a species. 6. (Bot.) (a) Above the ovary; -- said of parts of the flower which, although normally below the ovary, adhere to it, and so appear to originate from its upper part; also of an ovary when the other floral organs are plainly below it in position, and free from it. (b) Belonging to the part of an axillary flower which is toward the main stem; posterior. (c) Pointing toward the apex of the fruit; ascending; -- said of the radicle. Superior conjunction, Superior planets, etc. See Conjunction, Planet, etc. -- Superior figure, Superior letter (Print.), a figure or letter printed above the line, as a reference to a note or an index of a power, etc; as, in x2 + yn, 2 is a superior figure, n a superior letter. Cf. Inferior figure, under Inferior. SUPERIOR Su*pe"ri*or, n. 1. One who is above, or surpasses, another in rank, station, office, age, ability, or merit; one who surpasses in what is desirable; as Addison has no superior as a writer of pure English. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: The head of a monastery, convent, abbey, or the like. SUPERIORESS Su*pe"ri*or*ess, n. (Eccl.) Defn: A woman who acts as chief in a convent, abbey, or nunnery; a lady superior. SUPERIORITY Su*pe`ri*or"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. supériorité, LL. superioritas.] Defn: The quality, state, or condition of being superior; as, superiority of rank; superiority in merit. Syn. -- Preëminence; excellence; predominancy; prevalence; ascendency; odds; advantage. SUPERIORLY Su*pe"ri*or*ly, adv. Defn: In a superior position or manner. SUPERJACENT Su`per*ja"cent, a. Etym: [L. superjacens, p.pr. of superjacere; super above + jacere to lie.] Defn: Situated immediately above; as, superjacent rocks. SUPERLATION Su`per*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. superlatio. See Superlative.] Defn: Exaltation of anything beyond truth or propriety. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SUPERLATIVE Su`per*la"tive, a. Etym: [L. superlativus, fr. superlatus excessive, used as p.p. of superiorferre, but from a different root: cf. F. superlatif. See Elate, Tolerate.] 1. Lifted up to the highest degree; most eminent; surpassing all other; supreme; as, superlative wisdom or prudence; a woman of superlative beauty; the superlative glory of the divine character. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Expressing the highest or lowest degree of the quality, manner, etc., denoted by an adjective or an adverb. The superlative degree is formed from the positive by the use of -est, most, or least; as, highest, most pleasant, least bright. -- Su`per*la"tive*ly, adv. -- Su`per*la"tive*ness, n. SUPERLATIVE Su`per*la"tive, n. 1. That which is highest or most eminent; the utmost degree. 2. (Gram.) (a) The superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs; also, a form or word by which the superlative degree is expressed; as, strongest, wisest, most stormy, least windy, are all superlatives. Absolute superlative, a superlative in an absolute rather than in a comparative or exclusive sense. See Elative. SUPERLUCRATION Su`per*lu*cra"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. super- + L. lucratio gain.] Defn: Excessive or extraordinary gain. [Obs.] Davenant. SUPERLUNAR; SUPERLUNARY Su`per*lu"nar, Su`per*lu"na*ry, a. Defn: Being above the moon; not belonging to this world; -- opposed to sublunary. The head that turns at superlunar things. Pope. SUPERMAN Su"per*man`, n. Defn: = Overman, above. SUPERMATERIAL Su`per*ma*te"ri*al, a. Defn: Being above, or superior to, matter. SUPERMAXILLA Su`per*max*il"la, n. Etym: [NL. See Super-, and Maxilla.] (Anat.) Defn: The supermaxilla. SUPERMAXILLARY Su`per*max"il*la*ry, a. (Anat.) Defn: Supermaxillary. SUPERMEDIAL Su`per*me"di*al, a. Defn: Above the middle. SUPERMUNDANE Su`per*mun"dane, a. Defn: Being above the world; -- opposed to inframundane. Cudworth. SUPERMUNDIAL Su`per*mun"di*al, a. Defn: Supermundane. [Obs.] SUPERNACULAR Su`per*nac"u*lar, a. Defn: Like supernaculum; first-rate; as, a supernacular wine. [R.] Thackeray. SUPERNACULUM Su`per*nac"u*lum, adv. & n. Etym: [NL., from L. super over + G. nagel, a nail, as of the finger, or a corruption of L. super and ungulam claw.] 1. A kind of mock Latin term intended to mean, upon the nail; -- used formerly by topers. Nares. Drinking super nagulum [supernaculum], a device of drinking, new come out of France, which is, after a man hath turned up the bottom of the cup, to drop it on his nail and make a pearl with that is left; which if it slide, and he can not make it stand on by reason there is too much, he must drink again for his penance. Nash. 2. Good liquor, of which not enough is left to wet one's nail. Grose. SUPERNAL Su*per"nal, a. Etym: [L. supernus, from super above: cf. F. supernel. See Super-.] 1. Being in a higher place or region; locally higher; as, the supernal orbs; supernal regions. "That supernal judge." Shak. 2. Relating or belonging to things above; celestial; heavenly; as, supernal grace. Not by the sufferance of supernal power. Milton. SUPERNATANT Su`per*na"tant, a. Etym: [L. supernatanus, p.pr. of supernatare to swim above; super above + natare to swim.] Defn: Swimming above; floating on the surface; as, oil supernatant on water. SUPERNATANT Su`per*na"tant, n. (Chem.) Defn: The liquid remaining after solids suspended in a liquid have been sedimented by gravity or by centrifugation. Contrasted with the solid sediment, or (in centrifugation) the pellet. SUPERNATATION Su`per*na*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of floating on the surface of a fluid. Sir T. Browne. SUPERNATURAL Su`per*nat"u*ral, a. Etym: [Pref. super- + natural: cf. OF. supernaturel, F. surnaturel.] Defn: Being beyond, or exceeding, the power or laws of nature; miraculous. Syn. -- Preternatural. -- Supernatural, Preternatural. Preternatural signifies beside nature, and supernatural, above or beyond nature. What is very greatly aside from the ordinary course of things is preternatural; what is above or beyond the established laws of the universe is supernatural. The dark day which terrified all Europe nearly a century ago was preternatural; the resurrection of the dead is supernatural. "That form which the earth is under at present is preternatural, like a statue made and broken again." T. Burnet. "Cures wrought by medicines are natural operations; but the miraculous ones wrought by Christ and his apostles were supernatural." Boyle. That is supernatural, whether it be, that is either not in the chain of natural cause and effect, or which acts on the chain of cause and effect in nature, from without the chain. Bushnell. We must not view creation as supernatural, but we do look upon it as miraculous. McCosh. The supernatural, whatever is above and beyond the scope, or the established course, of the laws of nature. "Nature and the supernatural." H. Bushnell. SUPERNATURALISM Su`per*nat"u*ral*ism, n. 1. The quality or state of being supernatural; supernaturalness. 2. (Theol.) Defn: The doctrine of a divine and supernatural agency in the production of the miracles and revelations recorded in the Bible, and in the grace which renews and sanctifies men, -- in opposition to the doctrine which denies the agency of any other than physical or natural causes in the case. [Written also supranaturalism.] SUPERNATURALIST Su`per*nat"u*ral*ist, n. Defn: One who holds to the principles of supernaturalism. SUPERNATURALISTIC Su`per*nat`u*ral*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to supernaturalism. SUPERNATURALITY Su`per*nat`u*ral"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being supernatural. SUPERNATURALIZE Su`per*nat"u*ral*ize, v. t. Defn: To treat or regard as supernatural. SUPERNATURALLY Su`per*nat"u*ral*ly, adv. Defn: In a supernatural manner. SUPERNATURALNESS Su`per*nat"u*ral*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being supernatural. SUPERNUMERARY Su`per*nu"mer*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. supernumerarius: cf. OF. supernuméraire, F. surnuméraire. See Super-, and Numerary, Number.] 1. Exceeding the number stated or prescribed; as, a supernumerary officer in a regiment. 2. Exceeding a necessary, usual, or required number or quality; superfluous; as, supernumerary addresses; supernumerary expense. Addison. SUPERNUMERARY Su`per*nu"mer*a*ry, n.; pl. Supernumeraries (. 1. A person or thing beyond the number stated. 2. A person or thing beyond what is necessary or usual; especially, a person employed not for regular service, but only to fill the place of another in case of need; specifically, in theaters, a person who is not a regular actor, but is employed to appear in a stage spectacle. SUPEROCCIPITAL Su`per*oc*cip"i*tal, a. Defn: Supraoccipital. SUPERORDER Su`per*or"der, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group intermediate in importance between an order and a subclass. SUPERORDINATION Su`per*or`di*na"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. super- + ordination: cf. L. superordinatio.] Defn: The ordination of a person to fill a station already occupied; especially, the ordination by an ecclesiastical official, during his lifetime, of his successor. Fuller. SUPEROXIDE Su`per*ox"ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Peroxide. [Obs.] SUPERPARTICULAR Su`per*par*tic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. superparticularis. See Super-, and Particular.] (Math.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a ratio when the excess of the greater term over the less is a unit, as the ratio of 1 to 2, or of 3 to 4. [Obs.] Hutton. SUPERPARTIENT Su`per*par"tient, a. Etym: [L. superpartiens; super over + partiens, p.pr. of partire to divide.] (Math.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a ratio when the excess of the greater term over the less is more than a unit, as that of 3 to 5, or 7 to 10. [Obs.] Hutton. SUPERPHOSPHATE Su`per*phos"phate, n. (Chem.) Defn: An acid phosphate. Superphosphate of lime (Com. Chem.), a fertilizer obtained by trating bone dust, bone black, or phosphorite with sulphuric acid, whereby the insoluble neutral calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2, is changed to the primary or acid calcium phosphate Ca(H2PO4)2, which is soluble and therefore available for the soil. SUPERPHYSICAL Su`per*phys"ic*al, a. Defn: Above or beyond physics; not explainable by physical laws. Something superphysical and superchemical. J. Le Conte. SUPERPLANT Su"per*plant`, n. Defn: A plant growing on another, as the mistletoe; an epiphyte. [Obs.] Bacon. SUPERPLEASE Su`per*please", v. t. Defn: To please exceedingly. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SUPERPLUS Su"per*plus, n. Etym: [Pref. super- + L. plus more. See Surplus.] Defn: Surplus. [Obs.] Goldsmith. SUPERPLUSAGE Su"per*plus`age, n. Defn: Surplusage. [Obs.] "There yet remained a superplusage." Bp. Fell. SUPERPOLITIC Su`per*pol"i*tic, a. Defn: More than politic; above or exceeding policy. Milton. SUPERPONDERATE Su`per*pon"der*ate, v. t. Defn: To wiegh over and above. [Obs.] SUPERPOSABLE Su`per*pos"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being superposed, as one figure upon another. SUPERPOSE Su`per*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Superposing.] Etym: [F. superposer. See Super-, and Pose.] 1. To lay upon, as one kind of rock on another. 2. (Geom.) Defn: To lay (a figure) upon another in such a manner that all the parts of the one coincide with the parts of the other; as, to superpose one plane figure on another. SUPERPOSITION Su`per*po*si"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. superposition. See Super-, and Position.] Defn: The act of superposing, or the state of being superposed; as, the superposition of rocks; the superposition of one plane figure on another, in geometry. SUPERPRAISE Su`per*praise", v. t. Defn: To praise to excess. To vow, and swear, and superpraise my parts. Shak. SUPERPROPORTION Su`per*pro*por"tion, n. Defn: Overplus or excess of proportion. Sir K. Digby. SUPERPURGATION Su`per*pur*ga"tion, n. Defn: Excessive purgation. Wiseman. SUPERREFLECTION Su`per*re*flec"tion, n. Defn: The reflection of a reflected image or sound. [R.] Bacon. SUPERREGAL Su`per*re"gal, a. Defn: More than regal; worthy of one greater than a king. Waterland. SUPERREWARD Su`per*re*ward", v. t. Defn: To reward to an excessive degree. Bacon. SUPERROYAL Su`per*roy"al, a. Defn: Larger than royal; -- said of a particular size of printing and writing paper. See the Note under Paper, n. SUPERSACRAL Su`per*sa"cral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated over, or on the dorsal side of, the sacrum. SUPERSALIENCY Su`per*sa"li*en*cy, n. Defn: The act of leaping on anything. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SUPERSALIENT Su`per*sa"li*ent, a. Etym: [Pref. super- + L. saliens p.pr. of salire to leap.] Defn: Leaping upon. [Obs.] SUPERSALT Su`per*salt", n. (Chem.) Defn: An acid salt. See Acid salt (a), under Salt, n. SUPERSATURATE Su`per*sat"u*rate, v. t. Defn: To add to beyond saturation; as, to supersaturate a solution. SUPERSATURATION Su`per*sat`u*ra"tion, n. Defn: The operation of supersaturating, or the state of being supersaturated. SUPERSCRIBE Su`per*scribe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superscribed; p. pr. & vb. n. Superscribing.] Etym: [L. superscribere, superscriptum; super over + scribere to write. See Super-, and Scribe.] Defn: To write or engrave (a name, address, inscription, or the like) on the top or surface; to write a name, address, or the like, on the outside or cover of (anything); as, to superscribe a letter. SUPERSCRIPT Su"per*script, n. Defn: Superscription. [Obs.] "I will overglance the superscript." Shak. SUPERSCRIPTION Su`per*scrip"tion, n. Etym: [L. superscriptio. See Superscribe.] 1. The act of superscribing. 2. That which is written or engraved on the surface, outside, or above something else; specifically, an address on a letter, envelope, or the like. Holland. The superscription of his accusation was written over, The King of the Jews. Mark xv. 26. 3. (Pharm.) Defn: That part of a prescription which contains the Latin word recipe (Take) or the sign SUPERSECULAR Su`per*sec"u*lar, a. Defn: Being above the world, or secular things. Bp. Hall. SUPERSEDE Su`per*sede", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superseded; p. pr. & vb. n. Superseding.] Etym: [L. supersedere, supersessum, to sit above, be superior to, forbear, omit; super above + sedere to sit: cf. F. superséder. See Sit, and cf. Surcease.] 1. To come, or be placed, in the room of; to replace. 2. To displace, or set aside, and put another in place of; as, to supersede an officer. 3. To make void, inefficacious, or useless, by superior power, or by coming in the place of; to set aside; to render unnecessary; to suspend; to stay. Nothing is supposed that can supersede the known laws of natural motion. Bentley. 4. (Old Law) Defn: To omit; to forbear. SUPERSEDEAS Su`per*se"de*as, n. Etym: [L., suspend, set aside, stay, 2d pers. sing. present subjunctive of supersedere. See Supersede.] (Law) Defn: A writ of command to suspend the powers of an officer in certain cases, or to stay proceedings under another writ. Blackstone. SUPERSEDURE Su*per*se"dure, n. Defn: The act of superseding, or setting aside; supersession; as, the supersedure of trial by jury. A. Hamilton. SUPERSEMINATE Su`per*sem"i*nate, v. t. Defn: To sow, as seed, over something previously sown. [Obs.] That can not be done with joy, when it shall be indifferent to any man to superseminate what he please. Jer. Taylor. SUPERSEMINATION Su`per*sem`i*na"tion, n. Defn: The sowing of seed over seed previously sown. [Obs.] Abp. Bramhall. SUPERSENSIBLE Su`per*sen"si*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. super- + sensible: cf. F. supersensible.] Defn: Beyond the reach of the senses; above the natural powers of perception. SUPERSENSITIVE Su`per*sen"si*tive, a. Defn: Excessively sensitive; morbidly sensitive. -- Su`per*sen"si*tive*ness, n. SUPERSENSUAL Su`per*sen"su*al, a. Defn: Supersensible. SUPERSENSUOUS Su`per*sen"su*ous, a. 1. Supersensible. 2. Excessively sensuous. SUPERSERVICEABLE Su`per*serv"ice*a*ble, a. Defn: Overofficious; doing more than is required or desired. "A superserviceable, finical rogue." Shak. SUPERSESSION Su`per*ses"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. supersession. See Supersede.] Defn: The act of superseding, or the state of being superseded; supersedure. The general law of diminishing return from land would have undergone, to that extent, a temporary supersession. J. S. Mill. SUPERSOLAR Su`per*so"lar, a. Defn: Above the sun. Emerson. SUPERSPHENOIDAL Su`per*sphe*noid"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above, or on the dorsal side of, the body of the sphenoid bone. SUPERSPINOUS Su`per*spi"nous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Supraspinuos. SUPERSTITION Su`per*sti"tion, n. Etym: [F. superstition, L. superstitio, originally, a standing still over or by a thing; hence, amazement, wonder, dread, especially of the divine or supernatural, fr. superstare to stand over; super over + stare to stand. See Super-, and Stand.] 1. An excessive reverence for, or fear of, that which is unknown or mysterious. 2. An ignorant or irrational worship of the Supreme Deity; excessive exactness or rigor in religious opinions or practice; extreme and unnecessary scruples in the observance of religious rites not commanded, or of points of minor importance; also, a rite or practice proceeding from excess of sculptures in religion. And the truth With superstitions and traditions taint. Milton. 3. The worship of a false god or gods; false religion; religious veneration for objects. [The accusers] had certain questions against him of their own superstition. Acts xxv. 19. 4. Belief in the direct agency of superior powers in certain extraordinary or singular events, or in magic, omens, prognostics, or the like. 5. Excessive nicety; scrupulous exactness. Syn. -- Fanaticism. -- Superstition, Fanaticism. Superstition springs from religious feeling misdirected or unenlightened. Fanaticism arises from this same feeling in a state of high-wrought and self-confident excitement. The former leads in some cases to excessive rigor in religious opinions or practice; in others, to unfounded belief in extraordinary events or in charms, omens, and prognostics, hence producing weak fears, or excessive scrupulosity as to outward observances. The latter gives rise to an utter disregard of reason under the false assumption of enjoying a guidance directly inspired. Fanaticism has a secondary sense as applied to politics, etc., which corresponds to the primary. SUPERSTITIONIST Su`per*sti"tion*ist, n. Defn: One addicted to superstition. [Obs.] "Blind superstitionists." Dr. H. More. SUPERSTITIOUS Su`per*sti"tious, a. Etym: [F. superstitieux, L. superstitiosus.] 1. Of or pertaining to superstition; proceeding from, or manifesting, superstition; as, superstitious rites; superstitious observances. 2. Evincing superstition; overscrupulous and rigid in religious observances; addicted to superstition; full of idle fancies and scruples in regard to religion. Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too superstitious. Acts xvii. 22. 3. Overexact; scrupulous beyond need. Superstitious use (Law), the use of a gift or bequest, as of land, etc., for the maintenance of the rites of a religion not tolerated by the law. [Eng.] Mozley & W. -- Su`per*sti"tious*ly, adv. -- Su`per*sti"tious*ness, n. SUPERSTRAIN Su`per*strain", v. t. Defn: To overstrain. Bacon. SUPERSTRATUM Su`per*stra"tum, n.; pl. Superstrata (. Etym: [NL.: cf. L. supersternere, superstratum, to spread upon. See Super-, and Stratum.] Defn: A stratum, or layer, above another. SUPERSTRUCT Su`per*struct", v. t. Etym: [L. superstructus, p.p. of superstruere to build upon; super over + struere to build. See Super-, and Structure.] Defn: To build over or upon another structure; to erect upon a foundation. This is the only proper basis on which to superstruct first innocency and then virtue. Dr. H. More. SUPERSTRUCTION Su`per*struc"tion, n. 1. The act of superstructing, or building upon. 2. That which id superstructed, or built upon some foundation; an edifice; a superstructure. My own profession hath taught me not to erect new superstructions upon an old ruin. Denham. SUPERSTRUCTIVE Su`per*struct"ive, a. Defn: Built or erected on something else. Hammond. SUPERSTRUCTOR Su`per*struct"or, n. Defn: One who builds a superstructure. [R.] R. North. SUPERSTRUCTURE Su`per*struc"ture, n. Etym: [Cf. F. superstructure.] 1. Any material structure or edifice built on something else; that which is raised on a foundation or basis; esp. (Arch.), Defn: all that part of a building above the basement. Also used figuratively. You have added to your natural endowments the superstructure of study. Dryden. 2. (Railway Engin.) Defn: The sleepers, and fastenings, in distinction from the roadbed. SUPERSUBSTANTIAL Su`per*sub*stan"tial, a. Etym: [Pref. super- + substantial: cf. F. supersubstantiel.] Defn: More than substantial; spiritual. "The heavenly supersubstantial bread." Jer. Taylor. SUPERSUBTLE Su`per*sub"tle, a. Defn: To subtle. Shak. SUPERSULPHATE Su`per*sul"phate, n. (Chem.) Defn: An acid sulphate. [Obs.] SUPERSULPHURETED Su`per*sul"phu*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Defn: Supersulphurized. [Obs.] [Written also -sulphuretted.] SUPERSULPHURIZE Su`per*sul"phur*ize, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To impregnate or combine with an excess of sulphur. SUPERTAX Su"per*tax`, n. [Super- + tax.] Defn: A tax in addition to the usual or normal tax; specif., in the United Kingdom, an income tax of sixpence for every pound in addition to the normal income tax of one shilling and twopence for every pound, imposed, by the Finance Act of 1909-1910 (c. 8, ss 66, 72), on the amount by which the income of any person exceeds £3,000 when his total income exceeds £5,000. SUPERTEMPORAL Su`per*tem"po*ral, n. Defn: That which is more than temporal; that which is eternal. [R.] SUPERTERRANEAN Su`per*ter*ra"ne*an, a. Defn: Being above ground. "Superterranean quarries." Mrs. Trollope. SUPERTERRENE Su`per*ter*rene", a. Etym: [Pref. super- + terrene: cf. L. superterrenus.] Defn: Being above ground, or above the earth. [R.] SUPERTERRESTRIAL Su`per*ter*res"tri*al, a. Defn: Being above the earth, or above what belongs to the earth. Buckminster. SUPERTONIC Su`per*ton"ic, n. (Mus.) Defn: The note next above the keynote; the second of the scale. Busby. SUPERTRAGICAL Su`per*trag"ic*al, a. Defn: Tragical to excess. SUPERTUBERATION Su`per*tu`ber*a"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. super- + tuber.] (Bot.) Defn: The production of young tubers, as potatoes, from the old while still growing. SUPERVACANEOUS Su`per*va*ca"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. supervacaneus, supervacuus; super over + vacuus empty.] Defn: Serving no purpose; superfluous; needless. [Obs.] Howell. SUPERVENE Su`per*vene", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Supervened; p. pr. & vb. n. Supervening.] Etym: [L. supervenire, superventum, to come over, to come upon; super over + venire to come. See Super-, and Come, and cf. Overcome.] Defn: To come as something additional or extraneous; to occur with reference or relation to something else; to happen upon or after something else; to be added; to take place; to happen. Such a mutual gravitation can never supervene to matter unless impressed by divine power. Bentley. A tyrany immediately supervened. Burke. SUPERVENIENT Su`per*ven"ient, a. Etym: [L. superveniens, p.pr.] Defn: Coming as something additional or extraneous; coming afterwards. That branch of belief was in him supervenient to Christian practice. Hammond. Divorces can be granted, a mensa et toro, only for supervenient causes. Z. Swift. SUPERVENTION Su`per*ven"tion, n. Etym: [L. superventio.] Defn: The act of supervening. Bp. Hall. SUPERVISAL Su`per*vis"al, n. Defn: Supervision. Walpole. SUPERVISE Su`per*vise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supervised; p. pr. & vb. n. Supervising.] Etym: [Pref. super- + L. visere to look at attentively, to view, surely, intens. from videre, visum, to see. Cf. Survise, and Survey.] 1. To oversee for direction; to superintend; to inspect with authority; as, to supervise the construction of a steam engine, or the printing of a book. 2. To look over so as to read; to peruse. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- See Superintend. SUPERVISE Su`per*vise", n. Defn: Supervision; inspection. [Obs.] SUPERVISION Su`per*vi"sion, n. Defn: The act of overseeing; inspection; superintendence; oversight. SUPERVISIVE Su`per*vi"sive, a. Defn: Supervisory. [R.] SUPERVISOR Su`per*vis"or, n. 1. One who supervises; an overseer; an inspector; a superintendent; as, a supervisor of schools. 2. A spectator; a looker-on. [Obs.] Shak. SUPERVISORY Su`per*vi"so*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to supervision; as, supervisory powers. SUPERVIVE Su`per*vive", v. t. Etym: [L. supervivere. See Survive.] Defn: To survive; to outlive. [Obs.] SUPERVOLUTE Su`per*vo*lute", a. Etym: [L. supervolutus, p.p. of supervolvere to roll over; super over + volvere to roll.] (Bot.) Defn: Having a plainted and convolute arrangement in the bud, as in the morning-glory. SUPINATION Su`pi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. supinare, supinatum, to bend or lay backward, fr. supinus supine: cf. F. supination. See Supine.] (Physiol.) (a) The act of turning the hand palm upward; also, position of the hand with the palm upward. (b) The act or state of lying with the face upward. Opposed to Ant: pronation. SUPINATOR Su`pi*na"tor, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: A muscle which produces the motion of supination. SUPINE Su*pine", a. Etym: [L. supinus, akin to sub under, super above. Cf. Sub-, Super-.] 1. Lying on the back, or with the face upward; -- opposed to prone. 2. Leaning backward, or inclining with exposure to the sun; sloping; inclined. If the vine On rising ground be placed, or hills supine. Dryden. 3. Negligent; heedless; indolent; listless. He became pusillanimous and supine, and openly exposed to any temptation. Woodward. Syn. -- Negligent; heedless; indolent; thoughtless; inattentive; listless; careless; drowsy. -- Su*pine"ly, adv. -- Su*pine"ness, n. SUPINE Su"pine, n. Etym: [L. supinum (sc. verbum), from supinus bent or thrown backward, perhaps so called because, although furnished with substantive case endings, it rests or falls back, as it were, on the verb: cf. F. supin.] (Lat. Gram.) Defn: A verbal noun; or (according to C.F.Becker), a case of the infinitive mood ending in -um and -u, that in -um being sometimes called the former supine, and that in -u the latter supine. SUPINITY Su*pin"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. supinitas.] Defn: Supineness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SUPPAGE Sup"page, n. Etym: [From Sup.] Defn: What may be supped; pottage. [Obs.] Hooker. SUPPALPATION Sup`pal*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. suppalpari to caress a little; sub under, a little + palpare to caress.] Defn: The act of enticing by soft words; enticement. [Obs.] SUPPARASITATION Sup*par`a*si*ta"tion, n. Etym: [See Supparasite.] Defn: The act of flattering to gain favor; servile approbation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. SUPPARASITE Sup*par"a*site, v. t. Etym: [L. supparasitari; sub under, a little + parasitus a parasite.] Defn: To flatter; to cajole; to act the parasite. [Obs.] Dr. R. Clerke. SUPPAWN Sup*pawn", n. Defn: See Supawn. SUPPEDANEOUS Sup`pe*da"ne*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. sub- + L. pes, pedis, a foot: cf. L. suppedaneum a footstool.] Defn: Being under the feet. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SUPPEDITATE Sup*ped"i*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. suppeditatus, p.p. of suppeditare to supply.] Defn: To supply; to furnish. [Obs.] Hammond. SUPPEDITATION Sup*ped`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. suppeditatio.] Defn: Supply; aid afforded. [Obs.] Bacon. SUPPER Sup"per, n. Etym: [OE. soper, super, OF. super, soper, F. souper; originally an infinitive, to sup, take a meal. See Soup, and cf. Sup to take supper.] Defn: A meal taken at the close of the day; the evening meal. Note: Supper is much used in an obvious sense, either adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as, supper time or supper-time, supper bell, supper hour, etc. SUPPER Sup"per, v. i. Defn: To take supper; to sup. [R.] SUPPER Sup"per, v. t. Defn: To supply with supper. [R.] "Kester was suppering the horses." Mrs. Gaskell. SUPPERLESS Sup"per*less, a. Defn: Having no supper; deprived of supper; as, to go supperless to bed. Beau. & Fl. SUPPING Sup"ping, n. 1. The act of one who sups; the act of taking supper. 2. That which is supped; broth. [Obs.] Holland. SUPPLACE Sup*place", v. t. Defn: To replace. [R.] J. Bascom. SUPPLANT Sup*plant", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supplanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Supplanting.] Etym: [F. supplanter, L. supplantare to trip up one's heels, to throw down; sub under + planta the sole of the foot, also, a sucker, slip, sprout. Cf. Plant, n.] 1. To trip up. [Obs.] "Supplanted, down he fell." Milton. 2. To remove or displace by stratagem; to displace and take the place of; to supersede; as, a rival supplants another in the favor of a mistress or a prince. Suspecting that the courtier had supplanted the friend. Bp. Fell. 3. To overthrow, undermine, or force away, in order to get a substitute in place of. You never will supplant the received ideas of God. Landor. Syn. -- To remove; displace; overpower; undermine; overthrow; supersede. SUPPLANTATION Sup`plan*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. supplantation, L. supplantatio hypocritical deceit.] Defn: The act of supplanting or displacing. Habitual supplantation of immediate selfishness. Cloeridge. SUPPLANTER Sup*plan"ter, n. Defn: One who supplants. SUPPLE Sup"ple, a. Etym: [OE. souple, F. souple, from L. supplex suppliant, perhaps originally, being the knees. Cf. Supplicate.] 1. Pliant; flexible; easily bent; as, supple joints; supple fingers. 2. Yielding compliant; not obstinate; submissive to guidance; as, a supple horse. If punishment . . . makes not the will supple, it hardens the offender. Locke. 3. Bending to the humor of others; flattering; fawning; obsequious. Addison. Syn. -- Pliant; flexible; yielding; compliant; bending; flattering; fawning; soft. SUPPLE Sup"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suppled; p. pr. & vb. n. Suppling.] 1. To make soft and pliant; to render flexible; as, to supple leather. The flesh therewith she suppled and did steep. Spenser. 2. To make compliant, submissive, or obedient. A mother persisting till she had bent her daughter's mind and suppled her will. Locke. They should supple our stiff willfulness. Barrow. SUPPLE Sup"ple, v. i. Defn: To become soft and pliant. The stones . . . Suppled into softness as they fell. Dryden. SUPPLE-CHAPPED Sup"ple-chapped`, a. Defn: Having a limber tongue. [R.] "A supple-chapped flatterer." Marston. SUPPLE-JACK Sup"ple-jack`, n. (Bot.) (a) A climbing shrub (Berchemia volubilus) of the Southern United States, having a tough and pliable stem. (b) A somewhat similar tropical American plant (Paullinia Curassavica); also, a walking stick made from its stem. He was in form and spirit like a supple-jack, . . . yielding, but tough; though he bent, he never broke. W. Irving. Note: This name is given to various plants of similar habit in different British colonies. SUPPLELY Sup"ple*ly, adv. Defn: In a supple manner; softly; pliantly; mildly. Cotgrave. SUPPLEMENT Sup"ple*ment, n. Etym: [F. supplément, L. supplementum, fr. supplere to fill up. See Supply, v. t.] 1. That which supplies a deficiency, or meets a want; a store; a supply. [Obs.] Chapman. 2. That which fills up, completes, or makes an addition to, something already organized, arranged, or set apart; specifically, a part added to, or issued as a continuation of, a book or paper, to make good its deficiencies or correct its errors. 3. (Trig.) Defn: The number of degrees which, if added to a specified arc, make it 180°; the quantity by which an arc or an angle falls short of 180 degrees, or an arc falls short of a semicircle. Syn. -- Appendix. -- Appendix, Supplement. An appendix is that which is appended to something, but is not essential to its completeness; a supplement is that which supplements, or serves to complete or make perfect, that to which it is added. SUPPLEMENT Sup"ple*ment, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supplemented; p. pr. & vb. n. Supplementing.] Defn: To fill up or supply by addition; to add something to. Causes of one kind must be supplemented by bringing to bear upon them a causation of another kind. I. Taylor. SUPPLEMENTAL; SUPPLEMENTARY Sup`ple*men"tal, Sup`ple*men"ta*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. supplémentaire.] Defn: Added to supply what is wanted; additional; being, or serving as, a supplement; as, a supplemental law; a supplementary sheet or volume. Supplemental air (Physiol.), the air which in addition to the residual air remains in the lungs after ordinary expiration, but which, unlike the residual air, can be expelled; reserve air. -- Supplemental bill (Equity), a bill filed in aid of an original bill to supply some deffect in the latter, or to set forth new facts which can not be done by amendment. Burrill. Daniel. -- Supplementary chords (Math.), in an ellipse or hyperbola, any two chords drawn through the extremities of a diameter, and intersecting on the curve. SUPPLEMENTATION Sup`ple*men*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act of supplementing. C. Kingsley. SUPPLENESS Sup"ple*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being supple; flexibility; pliableness; pliancy. SUPPLETIVE; SUPPLETORY Sup"ple*tive, Sup"ple*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. supplétif, LL. suppletivus, from L. supplere, suppletum, to fill up. See Supply.] Defn: Supplying deficiencies; supplementary; as, a suppletory oath. SUPPLETORY Sup"ple*to*ry, n.; pl. Suppletories (. Defn: That which is to supply what is wanted. Invent suppletories to excuse an evil man. Jer. Taylor. SUPPLIAL Sup*pli"al, n. Defn: The act of supplying; a supply. "The supplial of a preposition." Fitzed. Hall. SUPPLIANCE Sup*pli"ance, n. Etym: [From Supply.] Defn: That which supplies a want; assistance; a gratification; satisfaction. [R.] The perfume and suppliance of a minute. Shak. SUPPLIANCE Sup*pli"ance, n. Etym: [See Suppliant.] Defn: Supplication; entreaty. When Greece her knee in suppliance bent. Halleck. SUPPLIANT Sup"pli*ant, a. Etym: [F., p.pr. of supplier to entreat, L. supplicare. See Supplicate, and cf. Supplicant.] 1. Asking earnestly and submissively; entreating; beseeching; supplicating. The rich grow suppliant, and the poor grow proud. Dryden. 2. Manifesting entreaty; expressive of supplication. To bow and sue for grace With suppliant knee. Milton. Syn. -- Entreating; beseeching; suing; begging; supplicating; imploring. -- Sup"pli*ant*ly, adv. -- Sup"pli*ant*ness, n. SUPPLIANT Sup"pli*ant, n. Defn: One who supplicates; a humble petitioner; one who entreats submissively. Hear thy suppliant's prayer. Dryden. SUPPLICANCY Sup"pli*can*cy, n. Defn: Supplication. [R.] SUPPLICANT Sup"pli*cant, a. Etym: [L. supplicans, p.pr. See Supplicate, and cf. Suppliant.] Defn: Entreating; asking submissively. Shak. -- Sup"pli*cant*ly, adv. SUPPLICANT Sup"pli*cant, n. Defn: One who supplicates; a suppliant. The wise supplicant . . . left the event to God. Rogers. SUPPLICAT Sup"pli*cat, n. Etym: [L., he supplicates.] (Eng. Universities) Defn: A petition; esp., a written one, with a certificate that the conditions have been complied with. SUPPLICATE Sup"pli*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supplicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Supplicating.] Etym: [L. supplicatus, p.p. of supplicare to supplicate; of uncertain origin, cf. supplex, supplicis, humbly begging or entreating; perhaps fr. sub under + a word akin to placare to reconcile, appease (cf. Placable), or fr. sub under + plicare to fold, whence the idea of bending the knees (cf. Ply, v. t.). Cf. Supple.] 1. To entreat for; to seek by earnest prayer; to ask for earnestly and humbly; as, to supplicate blessings on Christian efforts to spread the gospel. 2. To address in prayer; to entreat as a supplicant; as, to supplicate the Deity. Syn. -- To beseech; entreat; beg; petition; implore; importune; solicit; crave. See Beseech. SUPPLICATE Sup"pli*cate, v. i. Defn: To make petition with earnestness and submission; to implore. A man can not brook to supplicate or beg. Bacon. SUPPLICATINGLY Sup"pli*ca`ting*ly, adv. Defn: In a supplicating manner. SUPPLICATION Sup`pli*ca"tion, n. Etym: [F. supplication, L. supplicatio.] 1. The act of supplicating; humble and earnest prayer, as in worship. 2. A humble petition; an earnest request; an entreaty. 3. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A religious solemnity observed in consequence of some military success, and also, in times of distress and danger, to avert the anger of the gods. Syn. -- Entreaty; petition; solicitation; craving. SUPPLICATOR Sup"pli*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who supplicates; a supplicant. SUPPLICATORY Sup"pli*ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. supplicatoire.] Defn: Containing supplication; humble; earnest. SUPPLIER Sup*pli"er, n. Defn: One who supplies. SUPPLY Sup*ply", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supplied; p. pr. & vb. n. Supplying.] Etym: [For older supploy, F. suppléer, OF. also supployer, (assumed) LL. suppletare, from L. supplere, suppletum; sub under + plere to fill, akin to plenus full. See Plenty.] 1. To fill up, or keep full; to furnish with what is wanted; to afford, or furnish with, a sufficiency; as, rivers are supplied by smaller streams; an aqueduct supplies an artificial lake; -- often followed by with before the thing furnished; as, to supply a furnace with fuel; to supply soldiers with ammunition. 2. To serve instead of; to take the place of. Burning ships the banished sun supply. Waller. The sun was set, and Vesper, to supply His absent beams, had lighted up the sky. Dryden. 3. To fill temporarily; to serve as substitute for another in, as a vacant place or office; to occupy; to have possession of; as, to supply a pulpit. 4. To give; to bring or furnish; to provide; as, to supply money for the war. Prior. Syn. -- To furnish; provide; administer; minister; contribute; yield; accommodate. SUPPLY Sup*ply", n.; pl. Supplies (. 1. The act of supplying; supplial. A. Tucker. 2. That which supplies a want; sufficiency of things for use or want. Specifically: -- (a) Auxiliary troops or reënforcements. "My promised supply of horsemen." Shak. (b) The food, and the like, which meets the daily necessities of an army or other large body of men; store; -- used chiefly in the plural; as, the army was discontented for lack of supplies. (c) An amount of money provided, as by Parliament or Congress, to meet the annual national expenditures; generally in the plural; as, to vote supplies. (d) A person who fills a place for a time; one who supplies the place of another; a substitute; esp., a clergyman who supplies a vacant pulpit. Stated supply (Eccl.), a clergyman employed to supply a pulpit for a definite time, but not settled as a pastor. [U.S.] -- Supply and demand. (Polit. Econ.) "Demand means the quantity of a given article which would be taken at a given price. Supply means the quantity of that article which could be had at that price." F. A. Walker. SUPPLY Sup*ply", a. Defn: Serving to contain, deliver, or regulate a supply of anything; as, a supply tank or valve. Supply system (Zoöl.), the system of tubes and canals in sponges by means of which food and water are absorbed. See Illust. of Spongiæ. SUPPLYANT Sup*ply"ant, a. Defn: Supplying or aiding; auxiliary; suppletory. [Obs.] Shak. SUPPLYMENT Sup*ply"ment, n. Defn: A supplying or furnishing; supply. [Obs.] Shak. SUPPORT Sup*port", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supported; p. pr. & vb. n. Supporting.] Etym: [F. supporter, L. supportare to carry on, to convey, in LL., to support, sustain; sub under + portare to carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. To bear by being under; to keep from falling; to uphold; to sustain, in a literal or physical sense; to prop up; to bear the weight of; as, a pillar supports a structure; an abutment supports an arch; the trunk of a tree supports the branches. 2. To endure without being overcome, exhausted, or changed in character; to sustain; as, to support pain, distress, or misfortunes. This fierce demeanor and his insolence The patience of a god could not support. Dryden. 3. To keep from failing or sinking; to solace under affictive circumstances; to assist; to encourage; to defend; as, to support the courage or spirits. 4. To assume and carry successfully, as the part of an actor; to represent or act; to sustain; as, to support the character of King Lear. 5. To furnish with the means of sustenance or livelihood; to maintain; to provide for; as, to support a family; to support the ministers of the gospel. 6. To carry on; to enable to continue; to maintain; as, to support a war or a contest; to support an argument or a debate. 7. To verify; to make good; to substantiate; to establish; to sustain; as, the testimony is not sufficient to support the charges; the evidence will not support the statements or allegations. To urge such arguments, as though they were sufficient to support and demonstrate a whole scheme of moral philosophy. J. Edwards. 8. To vindicate; to maintain; to defend successfully; as, to be able to support one's own cause. 9. To uphold by aid or countenance; to aid; to help; to back up; as, to support a friend or a party; to support the present administration. Wherefore, bold pleasant, Darest thou support a published traitor Shak. 10. A attend as an honorary assistant; as, a chairman supported by a vice chairman; O'Connell left the prison, supported by his two sons. Support arms (Mil.), a command in the manual of arms in responce to which the piece is held vertically at the shoulder, with the hammer resting on the left forearm, which is passed horizontally across the body in front; also, the position assumed in response to this command. Syn. -- To maintain; endure; verify; substantiate; countenance; patronize; help; back; second; succor; relieve; uphold; encourage; favor; nurture; nourish; cherish; shield; defend; protect; stay; assist; forward. SUPPORT Sup*port", n. Etym: [F.] 1. The act, state, or operation of supporting, upholding, or sustaining. 2. That which upholds, sustains, or keeps from falling, as a prop, a pillar, or a foundation of any kind. 3. That which maintains or preserves from being overcome, falling, yielding, sinking, giving way, or the like; subsistence; maintenance; assistance; reënforcement; as, he gave his family a good support, the support of national credit; the assaulting column had the support of a battery. Points of support (Arch.), the horizontal area of the solids of a building, walls, piers, and the like, as compared with the open or vacant spaces. -- Right of support (Law), an easement or servitude by which the owner of a house has a right to rest his timber on the walls of his neighbor's house. Kent. Syn. -- Stay; prop; maintenance; subsistence; assistance; favor; countenance; encouragement; patronage; aid; help; succor; nutriment; sustenance; food. SUPPORTABLE Sup*port"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. supportable.] Defn: Capable of being supported, maintained, or endured; endurable. -- Sup*port"a*ble*ness, n. -- Sup*port"a*bly, adv. SUPPORTANCE Sup*port"ance, n. Defn: Support. [Obs.] Shak. SUPPORTATION Sup`por*ta"tion, n. Defn: Maintenance; support. [Obs.] Chaucer. Bacon. SUPPORTER Sup*port"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, supports; as, oxygen is a supporter of life. The sockets and supporters of flowers are figured. Bacon. The saints have a . . . supporter in all their miseries. South. 2. Especially, an adherent; one who sustains, advocates, and defends; as, the supporter of a party, faction, or candidate. 3. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A knee placed under the cathead. 4. (Her.) Defn: A figure, sometimes of a man, but commonly of some animal, placed on either side of an escutcheon, and exterior to it. Usually, both supporters of an escutcheon are similar figures. 5. (Med.) Defn: A broad band or truss for supporting the abdomen or some other part or organ. SUPPORTFUL Sup*port"ful, a. Defn: Abounding with support. [Obs.] Chapman. SUPPORTLESS Sup*port"less, a. Defn: Having no support. Milton. SUPPORTMENT Sup*port"ment, n. Defn: Support. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. SUPPORTRESS Sup*port"ress, n. Defn: A female supporter. [R.] You are my gracious patroness and supportress. Massinger. SUPPOSABLE Sup*pos"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being supposed, or imagined to exist; as, that is not a supposable case. -- Sup*pos"a*ble*ness, n. -- Sup*pos"a*bly, adv. SUPPOSAL Sup*pos"al, n. Defn: The act of supposing; also, that which is supposed; supposition; opinion. Shak. Interest, with a Jew, never proceeds but upon supposal, at least, of a firm and sufficient bottom. South. SUPPOSE Sup*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Supposing.] Etym: [F. supposer; pref. sub- under + poser to place; -- corresponding in meaning to L. supponere, suppositum, to put under, to substitute, falsify, counterfeit. See Pose.] 1. To represent to one's self, or state to another, not as true or real, but as if so, and with a view to some consequence or application which the reality would involve or admit of; to imagine or admit to exist, for the sake of argument or illustration; to assume to be true; as, let us suppose the earth to be the center of the system, what would be the result Suppose they take offence without a cause. Shak. When we have as great assurance that a thing is, as we could possibly, supposing it were, we ought not to make any doubt of its existence. Tillotson. 2. To imagine; to believe; to receive as true. How easy is a bush supposed a bear! Shak. Let not my lord suppose that they have slain all the young men, the king's sons; for Amnon only is dead. 2 Sam. xiii. 32. 3. To require to exist or to be true; to imply by the laws of thought or of nature; as, purpose supposes foresight. One falsehood always supposes another, and renders all you can say suspected. Female Quixote. 4. To put by fraud in the place of another. [Obs.] Syn. -- To imagine; believe; conclude; judge; consider; view; regard; conjecture; assume. SUPPOSE Sup*pose", v. i. Defn: To make supposition; to think; to be of opinion. Acts ii. 15. SUPPOSE Sup*pose", n. Defn: Supposition. [Obs.] Shak. "A base suppose that he is honest." Dryden. SUPPOSEER Sup*pose"er, n. Defn: One who supposes. SUPPOSITION Sup`po*si"tion, n. Etym: [F. supposition, L. suppositio a placing under, a substitution, fr. supponere, suppositium, to put under, to substitute. The word has the meaning corresponding to suppose. See Sub-, and Position.] 1. The act of supposing, laying down, imagining, or considering as true or existing, what is known not to be true, or what is not proved. 2. That which is supposed; hypothesis; conjecture; surmise; opinion or belief without sufficient evidence. This is only an infallibility upon supposition that if a thing be true, it is imposible to be false. Tillotson. He means are in supposition. Shak. SUPPOSITIONAL Sup`po*si"tion*al, a. Defn: Resting on supposition; hypothetical; conjectural; supposed. South. SUPPOSITITIOUS Sup*pos`i*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. suppositicus. See Supposition.] 1. Fraudulently substituted for something else; not being what is purports to be; not genuine; spurious; counterfeit; as, a supposititious child; a supposititious writing. Bacon. 2. Suppositional; hypothetical. [R.] Woodward. -- Sup*pos`i*ti"tious*ly, adv. -- Sup*pos`i*ti"tious*ness, n. SUPPOSITIVE Sup*pos"i*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. suppositif.] Defn: Including or implying supposition, or hypothesis; supposed. -- Sup*pos"i*tive*ly, adv. Hammond. SUPPOSITIVE Sup*pos"i*tive, n. Defn: A word denoting or implying supposition, as the words if, granting, provided, etc. Harris. SUPPOSITOR Sup*pos"i*tor, n. (Med.) Defn: An apparatus for the introduction of suppositories into the rectum. SUPPOSITORY Sup*pos"i*to*ry, n.; pl. Suppositories. Etym: [LL. suppositorium, fr. L. suppositorius that is placed underneath: cf. F. suppositoire. See Supposition.] (Med.) Defn: A pill or bolus for introduction into the rectum; esp., a cylinder or cone of medicated cacao butter. SUPPOSURE Sup*po"sure, n. Defn: Supposition; hypothesis; conjecture. [Obs.] Hudibras. SUPPRESS Sup*press", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suppressed; p. pr. & vb. n. Suppressing.] Etym: [L. suppressus, p.p. of supprimere to suppress; sub under + premere, pressum, to press. See Sub-, and Press.] 1. To overpower and crush; to subdue; to put down; to quell. Every rebellion, when it is suppressed, doth make the subject weaker, and the prince stronger. Sir J. Davies. 2. To keep in; to restrain from utterance or vent; as, to suppress the voice; to suppress a smile. Sir W. Scott. 3. To retain without disclosure; to conceal; not to reveal; to prevent publication of; as, to suppress evidence; to suppress a pamphlet; to suppress the truth. She suppresses the name, and this keeps him in a pleasing suspense. Broome. 4. To stop; to restrain; to arrest the discharges of; as, to suppress a diarrhea, or a hemorrhage. Syn. -- To repress; restrain; put down; overthrow; overpower; overwhelm; conceal; stifle; stop; smother. SUPPRESSIBLE Sup*press"i*ble, a. Defn: That may be suppressed. SUPPRESSION Sup*pres"sion, n. Etym: [L. suppressio: cf. F. suppression.] 1. The act of suppressing, or the state of being suppressed; repression; as, the suppression of a riot, insurrection, or tumult; the suppression of truth, of reports, of evidence, and the like. 2. (Med.) Defn: Complete stoppage of a natural secretion or excretion; as, suppression of urine; -- used in contradiction to retention, which signifies that the secretion or excretion is retained without expulsion. Quain. 3. (Gram.) Defn: Omission; as, the suppression of a word. Syn. -- Overthrow; destruction; concealment; repression; detention; retention; obstruction. SUPPRESSIVE Sup*press"ive, a. Defn: Tending to suppress; subduing; concealing. SUPPRESSOR Sup*press"or, n. Etym: [L., hider.] Defn: One who suppresses. SUPPRISE Sup*prise", v. t. Defn: To surprise. [Obs.] Chaucer. SUPPURANT Sup"pu*rant, n. (Med.) Defn: A suppurative. SUPPURATE Sup"pu*rate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Suppurated; p. pr. & vb. n. Suppurating.] Etym: [L. suppuratus, p.p. of suppurare to suppurate, cause to suppurate; sub under + pus, puris, matter. See Pus.] Defn: To generate pus; as, a boil or abscess suppurates. SUPPURATE Sup"pu*rate, v. t. Defn: To cause to generate pus; as, to suppurate a sore. Arbuthnot. SUPPURATION Sup`pu*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. suppuratio: cf. F. suppuration.] 1. The act or process of suppurating. 2. The matter produced by suppuration; pus. SUPPURATIVE Sup"pu*ra*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. suppuratif.] Defn: Tending to suppurate; promoting suppuration. Suppurative fever (Med.), pyæmia. SUPPURATIVE Sup"pu*ra*tive, n. (Med.) Defn: A suppurative medicine. SUPPUTATE Sup"pu*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. supputatus, p.p. of supputare. See Suppute.] Defn: To suppute. [Obs.] SUPPUTATION Sup`pu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. supputatio: cf. F. supputation.] Defn: Reckoning; account. [Obs.] SUPPUTE Sup*pute", v. t. Etym: [F. supputer, or L. supputare; sub under + putare to reckon.] Defn: To reckon; to compute; to suppose; to impute. [Obs.] Drayton. SUPRA Su"pra, adv. Etym: [L.; akin to super. See Super-.] Defn: Over; above; before; also, beyond; besides; -- much used as a prefix. SUPRA-ACROMIAL Su`pra-a*cro"mi*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above the acromial process of the scapula. SUPRA-ANGULAR Su`pra-an"gu*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: See Surangular. SUPRA-AURICULAR Su`pra-au*ric"u*lar, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Situated above the ear coverts, or auriculars; -- said of certain feathers of birds. -- n. Defn: A supra-auricular feather. SUPRA-AXILLARY Su"pra-ax"il*la*ry, a. (Bot.) Defn: Growing above the axil; inserted above the axil, as a peduncle. See Suprafoliaceous. SUPRABRANCHIAL Su`pra*bran"chi*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Situated above the branchiæ; -- applied especially to the upper division of the gill cavity of bivalve mollusks. SUPRACHOROID; SUPRACHOROIDAL Su`pra*cho"roid, Su`pra*cho*roid"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above the choroid; -- applied to the layer of the choroid coat of the eyeball next to the sclerotic. SUPRACILIARY Su`pra*cil"i*a*ry, a. (Anat.) Defn: Superciliary. SUPRACLAVICLE Su`pra*clav"i*cle, n. (Anat.) Defn: A bone which usually connects the clavicle with the post- temporal in the pectorial arch of fishes. SUPRACLAVICULAR Su`pra*cla*vic"u*lar, a. (Anat.) (a) Situated above the clavicle. (b) Of or pertaining to the supraclavicle. SUPRACONDYLAR; SUPRACONDYLOID Su`pra*con"dy*lar, Su`pra*con"dy*loid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above a condyle or condyles. SUPRACOSTAL Su`pra*cos"tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above, or on the outside of, the ribs. SUPRACRANIAL Su`pra*cra"ni*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above, or in the roof of, the cranium. SUPRACRETACEOUS Su`pra*cre*ta"ceous, a. (Geol.) Defn: Lying above the chalk; Supercretaceous. SUPRADECOMPOUND Su`pra*de*com"pound, a. (Bot.) Defn: More than decompound; divided many times. SUPRA-ESOPHAGAL; SUPRA-ESOPHAGEAL Su`pra-e*soph"a*gal, Su`pra-e`so*phag"e*al, a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Situated above, or on the dorsal side of, the esophagus; as, the supra-esophageal ganglion of Crustacea. [Written also supra- oesophagal, and supra-oesophageal.] SUPRA-ETHMOID Su`pra-eth"moid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Above, or on the dorsal side of, the ethmoid bone or cartilage. SUPRAFOLIACEOUS Su`pra*fo`li*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Inserted into the stem above the leaf, petiole, or axil, as a peduncle or flower. SUPRAGLOTIC Su`pra*glot"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above the glottis; -- applied to that part of the cavity of the larynx above the true vocal cords. SUPRAHEPATIC Su`pra*he*pat"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated over, or on the dorsal side of, the liver; -- applied to the branches of the hepatic veins. SUPRAHYOID Su`pra*hy"oid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Hyomental. SUPRA-ILIUM Su`pra-il"i*um, n. (Anat.) Defn: The cartilaginous cap at the sacral end of the ilium of some animals. SUPRALAPSARIAN Su`pra*lap*sa"ri*an, n. Etym: [Supra- + lapse: cf. F. supralapsaire.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of that class of Calvinists who believed that God's decree of election determined that man should fall, in order that the opportunity might be furnished of securing the redemption of a part of the race, the decree of salvation being conceived of as formed before or beyond, and not after or following, the lapse, or fall. Cf. Infralapsarian. SUPRALAPSARIAN Su`pra*lap*sa"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Supralapsarians, or their doctrine. SUPRALAPSARIANISM Su`pra*lap*sa"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine, belief, or principles of the Supralapsarians. SUPRALAPSARY Su`pra*lap"sa*ry, a. Defn: Supralapsarian. SUPRALAPSARY Su`pra*lap"sa*ry, n. Defn: A Supralapsarian. SUPRALORAL Su`pra*lo"ral, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Situated above the lores; as, the supraloral feathers of a bird. -- n. Defn: A supraloral feather. SUPRALUNAR; SUPRALUNARY Su`pra*lu"nar, Su`pra*lu"na*ry, a. Defn: Beyond the moon; hence, very lofty. SUPRAMAXILLA Su`pra*max"il*la, n.; pl. Supramaxillæ (. (Anat.) Defn: The upper jaw or maxilla. SUPRAMAXILLARY Su`pra*max"il*la*ry, a. (Anat.) (a) Situated over the lower jaw; as, the supramaxillary nerve. (b) Of or pertaining to the upper jaw. SUPRAMUNDANE Su`pra*mun"dane, a. Defn: Being or situated above the world or above our system; celestial. SUPRANATURALISM Su`pra*nat"u*ral*ism, n. Defn: The state of being supernatural; belief in supernatural agency or revelation; supernaturalism. SUPRANATURALIST Su`pra*nat"u*ral*ist, n. Defn: A supernaturalist. SUPRANATURALIST; SUPRANATURALISTIC Su`pra*nat"u*ral*ist, Su`pra*nat`u*ral*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to supernaturalism; supernaturalistic. SUPRAOCCIPITAL Su`pra*oc*cip"i*tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated over, or in the upper part of, the occiput; of or pertaining to the supraoccipital bone. -- n. Defn: The supraoccipital bone. Supraoccipital bone (Anat.), a bone on the dorsal side of the great foramen of the skull, usually forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but distinct in the young. SUPRAOCULAR Su`pra*oc"u*lar, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Above the eyes; -- said of certain scales of fishes and reptiles. SUPRA-OESOPHAGAL Su`pra-oe*soph"a*gal, a. (Anat.) Defn: See Supra-esophagal. SUPRAORBITAL; SUPRAORBITAR Su`pra*or"bit*al, Su`pra*or"bit*ar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above the orbit of the eye. Supraorbital point (Anat.), the middle point of the supraorbital line, which is a line drawn across the narrowest part of the forehead, separating the face from the cranium; the ophryon. SUPRAPEDAL Su*prap"e*dal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Situated above the foot of a mollusk; as, the suprapedal gland. SUPRAPROTEST Su`pra*pro"test, n. (Mercantile Law) Defn: An acceptance of a bill by a third person after protest for nonacceptance by the drawee. Burrill. SUPRAPUBIAN; SUPRAPUBIC Su`pra*pu"bi*an, Su`pra*pu"bic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above, or anterior to, the pubic bone. SUPRARENAL Su`pra*re"nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above, or anterior to, the kidneys. -- n. Defn: A suprarenal capsule. Suprarenal capsules (Anat.), two small bodies of unknown function in front of, or near, the kidneys in most vertebrates. Also called renal capsules, and suprarenal bodies. SUPRASCALPULAR; SUPRASCALPULARY Su`pra*scalp"u*lar, Su`pra*scalp"u*la*ry, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above, or on the anterior side of, the scapula. SUPRASPHENOIDAL Su`pra*sphe*noid"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above the sphenoidal bone; as, the suprasphenoidal appendage, or pituitary body. SUPRASPINAL Su`pra*spi"nal, a. (Anat.) (a) Situated above the vertebral column. (b) Situated above a spine or spines; supraspinate; supraspinous. SUPRASPINATE; SUPRASPINOUS Su`pra*spi"nate, Su`pra*spi"nous, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above a spine or spines; especially, situated above, or on the dorsal side of, the neural spines of the vertebral column, or above, or in front of, the spine of the scapula. SUPRASTAPEDIAL Su`pra*sta*pe"di*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, that part of the columella of the ear which projects above the connection with the stapes, as in many animals. -- n. Defn: The suprastapedial part of the columella. SUPRASTERNAL Su`pra*ster"nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above, or anterior to, the sternum. SUPRATEMPORAL Su`pra*tem"po*ral, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above the temporal bone or temporal fossa. -- n. Defn: A supratemporal bone. SUPRATROCHLEAR Su`pra*troch"le*ar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated over or above a trochlea or trochlear surface; -- applied esp. to one of the subdivisions of the trigeminal nerve. SUPRAVAGINAL Su`pra*vag"i*nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Situated above or outside a sheath or vaginal membrane. SUPRAVISION Su`pra*vi"sion, n. Defn: Supervision. [Obs.] SUPRAVISOR Su`pra*vis"or, n. Defn: A supervisor. [Obs.] SUPRAVULGAR Su`pra*vul"gar, a. Defn: Being above the vulgar or common people. [R.] Collier. SUPREMACY Su*prem"a*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. suprématie. See Supreme.] Defn: The state of being supreme, or in the highest station of power; highest or supreme authority or power; as, the supremacy of a king or a parliament. The usurped power of the pope being destroyed, the crown was restored to its supremacy over spiritual men and causes. Blackstone. Oath supremacy, an oath which acknowledges the supremacy of the sovereign in spiritual affairs, and renounced or abjures the supremacy of the pope in ecclesiastical or temporal affairs. [Eng.] Brande & C. SUPREME Su*preme", a. Etym: [L. supremus, superlative of superus that is above, upper, fr. super above: cf. F. suprême. See Super-, and cf. Sum.] 1. Highest in authority; holding the highest place in authority, government, or power. He that is the supreme King of kings. Shak. 2. Highest; greatest; most excellent or most extreme; utmost; greatist possible (sometimes in a bad sense); as, supreme love; supreme glory; supreme magnanimity; supreme folly. Each would be supreme within its own sphere, and those spheres could not but clash. De Quincey. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Situated at the highest part or point. The Supreme, the Almighty; God. SUPREMELY Su*preme"ly, adv. Defn: In a supreme manner. SUPREMITY Su*prem"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. supremitas.] Defn: Supremacy. [Obs.] Fuller. SUR- Sur-. Etym: [F. sur over, above, contr. fr. L. super, supra. See Super-.] Defn: A prefix signifying over, above, beyond, upon. SURA Su"ra, n. Etym: [Ar., a step, a degree.] Defn: One of the sections or chapters of the Koran, which are one hundred and fourteen in number. SURADANNI Su`ra*dan"ni, n. Defn: A valuable kind of wood obtained on the shores of the Demerara River in South America, much used for timbers, rails, naves and fellies of wheels, and the like. SURADDITION Sur`ad*di"tion, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Something added or appended, as to a name. [Obs.] Shak. SURAH Su"rah, n. Defn: A soft twilled silk fabric much used for women's dresses; -- called also surah silk. SURAL Su"ral, a. Etym: [L. sura the calf of the leg: cf. F. sural.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the calf of the leg; as, the sural arteries. SURANCE Sur"ance, n. Defn: Assurance. [Obs.] Shak. SURANGULAR Sur*an"gu*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. sur- + angular.] (Anat.) Defn: Above the angular bone; supra-angular; -- applied to a bone of the lower jaw in many reptiles and birds. -- n. Defn: The surangular bone. SURBASE Sur"base`, n. Etym: [Pref. sur- + base.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A cornice, or series of moldings, on the top of the base of a pedestal, podium, etc. See Illust. of Column. 2. A board or group of moldings running round a room on a level with the tops of the chair backs. Knight. SURBASED Sur"based`, a. (Arch.) (a) Having a surbase, or molding above the base. (b) Etym: [F. surbaissé.] Defn: Having the vertical height from springing line to crown less than the half span; -- said of an arch; as, a segmental arch is surbased. SURBATE Sur*bate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surbated; p. pr. & vb. n. Surbating.] Etym: [F. solbatu, p.p., bruised (said of a horse's foot); sole a sole (of a horse's foot) + battu, p.p. of battre to beat.] 1. To make sore or bruise, as the feet by travel. [Obs.] Lest they their fins should bruise, and surbate sore Their tender feet upon the stony ground. Spenser. Chalky land surbates and spoils oxen's feet. Mortimer. 2. To harass; to fatigue. [Obs.] Clarendon. SURBEAT Sur*beat", v. t. Defn: Same as Surbate. [Obs.] SURBED Sur*bed", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surbedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Surbedding.] Etym: [Pref. sur- + bed.] Defn: To set edgewise, as a stone; that is, to set it in a position different from that which it had in the quarry. It . . . has something of a grain parallel with the horizon, and therefore should not be surbedded. Gilbert White. SURBET Sur*bet", v. t. Defn: Same as Surbate. [Obs.] SURBET Sur*bet", a. Defn: Surbated; bruised. [Obs.] Spenser. SURCEASE Sur*cease", n. Etym: [F. sursis, from sursis, p.p. of surseoir to suspend, postpone, defer, in OF., to delay, refrain from, forbear, L. supersedere. Surcease is not connected with E. cease. See Supersede.] Defn: Cessation; stop; end. "Not desire, but its surcease." Longfellow. It is time that there were an end and surcease made of this immodest and deformed manner of writing. Bacon. SURCEASE Sur*cease", v. t. Defn: To cause to cease; to end. [Obs.] "The waves . . . their range surceast." Spenser. The nations, overawed, surceased the fight. Dryden. SURCEASE Sur*cease", v. i. Defn: To cease. [Obs.] SURCEASEANCE Sur*cease"ance, n. Defn: Cessation. [Obs.] SURCHARGE Sur*charge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surcharged; p. pr. & vb. n. Surcharging.] Etym: [F. surcharger. See Sur-, and Charge, and cf. Overcharge, Supercharge, Supercargo.] 1. To overload; to overburden; to overmatch; to overcharge; as, to surcharge a beast or a ship; to surcharge a cannon. Four charged two, and two surcharged one. Spenser. Your head reclined, as hiding grief from view, Droops like a rose surcharged with morning dew. Dryden. 2. (Law) (a) To overstock; especially, to put more cattle into, as a common, than the person has a right to do, or more than the herbage will sustain. Blackstone. (b) (Equity) To show an omission in (an account) for which credit ought to have been given. Story. Daniel. SURCHARGE Sur*charge", n. Etym: [F.] 1. An overcharge; an excessive load or burden; a load greater than can well be borne. A numerous nobility causeth poverty and inconvenience in a state, for it is surcharge of expense. Bacon. 2. (Law) (a) The putting, by a commoner, of more beasts on the common than he has a right to. (b) (Equity) The showing an omission, as in an account, for which credit ought to have been given. Burrill. SURCHARGEMENT Sur*charge"ment, n. Defn: The act of surcharging; also, surcharge, surplus. [Obs.] Daniel. SURCHARGER Sur*char"ger, n. Defn: One who surcharges. SURCINGLE Sur"cin`gle, n. Etym: [OE. sursengle, OF. sursangle. See Sur-, and Cingle, Shingles.] 1. A belt, band, or girth which passes over a saddle, or over anything laid on a horse's back, to bind it fast. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: The girdle of a cassock, by which it is fastened round the waist. SURCINGLED Sur"cin`gled, a. Defn: Bound with the surcingle. SURCLE Sur"cle, n. Etym: [L. surculus.] Defn: A little shoot; a twig; a sucker. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. SURCLOY Sur"cloy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surcloyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Surcloying.] Defn: To surfeit. [Obs.] SURCOAT Sur"coat`, n. Etym: [OE. surcote, OF. surcote. See Sur-, and Coat, and cf. Overcoat.] 1. A coat worn over the other garments; especially, the long and flowing garment of knights, worn over the armor, and frequently emblazoned with the arms of the wearer. A long surcoat of pers upon he had.. Chaucer. At night, or in the rain, He dons a surcoat which he doffs at morn. Emerson. 2. A name given to the outer garment of either sex at different epochs of the Middle Ages. SURCREW Sur"crew`, n. Etym: [From F. surcroît increase, or surcrû, p.p. of surcroître to overgrow.] Defn: Increase; addition; surplus. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. SURCULATE Sur"cu*late, v. t. Etym: [L. surculatus, p.p. of surculare to purne, from surculus a shoot, sprout. See Surcle.] Defn: To purne; to trim. [Obs.] Cockeram. SURCULATION Sur`cu*la"tion, n. Defn: Act of purning. [Obs.] SURCULOSE Sur"cu*lose`, a. Etym: [CF. L. sucrulosus woody. See Surcle.] (Bot.) Defn: Producing suckers, or shoots resembling suckers. SURD Surd, a. Etym: [L. surdus deaf (whence the meaning, deaf to reason, irrational), perhaps akin to E. swart. Cf. Sordine.] 1. Net having the sense of hearing; deaf. [Obs.] "A surd . . . generation." Sir T. Browne. 2. Unheard. [Obs.] Kenrick. 3. (Math.) Defn: Involving surds; not capable of being expressed in rational numbers; radical; irrational; as, a surd expression or quantity; a surd number. 4. (Phonetics) Defn: Uttered, as an element of speech, without tone, or proper vocal sound; voiceless; unintonated; nonvocal; atonic; whispered; aspirated; sharp; hard, as f, p, s, etc.; -- opposed to sonant. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§169, 179, 180. SURD Surd, n. (Math.) 1. A quantity which can not be expressed by rational numbers; thus, *2 is a surd. 2. (Phon.) Defn: A surd element of speech. See Surd, a., 4. SURDAL Surd"al, a. (Math.) Defn: Same as Surd, a., 3. SURDINY Surd"i*ny, n. Defn: A sardine. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. SURDITY Surd"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. surditas.] Defn: Deafness. [Obs.] SURE Sure, a. [Compar. Surer; superl. Surest.] Etym: [OE. sur, OF. seür, F. sûr, L. securus; se aside, without + cura care. See Secure, and cf. Assure, Insure, Sicker sure.] 1. Certainly knowing and believing; confident beyond doubt; implicity trusting; unquestioning; positive. We are sure that the judgment of God is according to truth against them which commit such things. Rom. ii. 2. I'm sure care 's an enemy of life. Shak. 2. Certain to find or retain; as, to be sure of game; to be sure of success; to be sure of life or health. 3. Fit or worthy to be depended on; certain not to fail or disappoint expectation; unfailing; strong; permanent; enduring. "His sure word." Keble. The Lord will certainly make my lord a sure house; because my lord fighteth the battles of the Lord. 1 Sam. xxv. 28. The testimony of the Lord is sure. Ps. xix. 7. Which put in good sure leather sacks. Chapman. 4. Betrothed; engaged to marry. [Obs.] The king was sure to Dame Elizabeth Lucy, and her husband before God. Sir T. More. I presume . . . that you had been sure as fast as faith could bind you, man and wife. Brome. 5. Free from danger; safe; secure. Fear not; the forest is not three leagues off; If we recover that we are sure enough. Shak. -- To be sure, or Be sure, certainly; without doubt; as, Shall you do To be sure I shall. -- To make sure. (a) To make certain; to secure so that there can be no failure of the purpose or object. "Make Cato sure." Addison. "A peace can not fail, provided we make sure of Spain." Sir W. Temple. (b) To betroth. [Obs.] She that's made sure to him she loves not well. Cotgrave. Syn. -- Certain; unfailing; infallible; safe; firm; permanent; steady; stable; strong; secure; indisputable; confident; positive. SURE Sure, adv. Defn: In a sure manner; safely; certainly. "Great, sure, shall be thy meed." Spenser. 'T is pleasant, sure, to see one's name in print. Byron. SURE-FOOTED Sure"-foot`ed, a. Defn: Not liable to stumble or fall; as, a sure-footed horse. SURELY Sure"ly, adv. 1. In a sure or certain manner; certainly; infallibly; undoubtedly; assuredly. In the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. Gen. ii. 17. He that created something out of nothing, surely can raise great things out of small. South. 2. Without danger; firmly; steadly; securely. He that walketh uprightly walketh surely. Prov. x. 9. SUREMENT Sure"ment, n. Defn: A making sure; surety. [Obs.] Every surement and every bond. Chaucer. SURENESS Sure"ness, n. Defn: The state of being sure; certainty. For more sureness he repeats it. Woodward. The law holds with equal sureness for all right action. Emerson. SURESBY Sures"by, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain. See Rudesby.] Defn: One to be sure of, or to be relied on. [Obs.] There is one which is suresby, as they say, to serve, if anything will serve. Bradford. SURETISHIP Sure"ti*ship, n. Defn: Suretyship. Prov. xi. 15. SURETY Sure"ty, n.; pl. Sureties. Etym: [OE. seurte, OF. seürté, F. sûreté. See Sure, Security.] 1. The state of being sure; certainty; security. Know of a surety, that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs. Gen. xv. 13. For the more surety they looked round about. Sir P. Sidney. 2. That which makes sure; that which confirms; ground of confidence or security. [We] our happy state Hold, as you yours, while our obedience holds; On other surety none. Milton. 3. Security against loss or damage; security for payment, or for the performance of some act. There remains unpaid A hundred thousand more; in surety of the which One part of Aquitaine is bound to us. Shak. 4. (Law) Defn: One who is bound with and for another who is primarily liable, and who is called the principal; one who engages to answer for another's appearance in court, or for his payment of a debt, or for performance of some act; a bondsman; a bail. He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it. Prov. xi. 15. 5. Hence, a substitute; a hostage. Cowper. 6. Evidence; confirmation; warrant. [Obs.] She called the saints to surety, That she would never put it from her finger, Unless she gave it to yourself. Shak. SURETY Sure"ty, v. t. Defn: To act as surety for. [Obs.] Shak. SURETYSHIP Sure"ty*ship, n. Defn: The state of being surety; the obligation of a person to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another. Bouvier. SURF Surf, n. Etym: [Formerly spelled suffe, and probably the same word as E. sough.] Defn: The swell of the sea which breaks upon the shore, esp. upon a sloping beach. Surf bird (Zoöl.), a ploverlike bird of the genus Aphriza, allied to the turnstone. -- Surf clam (Zoöl.), a large clam living on the open coast, especially Mactra, or Spisula, solidissima. See Mactra. -- Surf duck (Zoöl.), any one of several species of sea ducks of the genus Oidemia, especially O. percpicillata; -- called also surf scoter. See the Note under Scoter. -- Surf fish (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of California embiotocoid fishes. See Embiotocoid. -- Surf smelt. (Zoöl.) See Smelt. -- Surf whiting. (Zoöl.) See under Whiting. SURF Surf, n. Defn: The bottom of a drain. [Prov. Eng.] SURFACE Sur"face`, n. Etym: [F. See Sur-, and Face, and cf. Superficial.] 1. The exterior part of anything that has length and breadth; one of the limits that bound a solid, esp. the upper face; superficies; the outside; as, the surface of the earth; the surface of a diamond; the surface of the body. The bright surface of this ethereous mold. Milton. 2. Hence, outward or external appearance. Vain and weak understandings, which penetrate no deeper than the surface. V. Knox. 3. (Geom.) Defn: A magnitude that has length and breadth without thickness; superficies; as, a plane surface; a spherical surface. 4. (Fort.) Defn: That part of the side which is terminated by the flank prolonged, and the angle of the nearest bastion. Stocqueler. Caustic surface, Heating surface, etc. See under Caustic, Heating, etc. -- Surface condensation, Surface condenser. See under Condensation, and Condenser. -- Surface gauge (Mach.), an instrument consisting of a standard having a flat base and carrying an adjustable pointer, for gauging the evenness of a surface or its height, or for marking a line parallel with a surface. -- Surface grub (Zoöl.), the larva of the great yellow underwing moth (Triphoena pronuba). It is often destructive to the roots of grasses and other plants. -- Surface plate (Mach.), a plate having an accurately dressed flat surface, used as a standard of flatness by which to test other surfaces. -- Surface printing, printing from a surface in relief, as from type, in distinction from plate printing, in which the ink is contained in engraved lines. SURFACE Sur"face, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surfaced; p. pr. & vb. n. Surfacing.] 1. To give a surface to; especially, to cause to have a smooth or plain surface; to make smooth or plain. 2. To work over the surface or soil of, as ground, in hunting for gold. SURFACE LOADING Sur"face load`ing. (Aëronautics) Defn: The weight supported per square unit of surface; the quotient obtained by dividing the gross weight, in pounds, of a fully loaded flying machine, by the total area, in square feet, of its supporting surface. SURFACER Sur"fa*cer, n. Defn: A form of machine for dressing the surface of wood, metal, stone, etc. SURFACE TENSION Sur"face ten"sion. (Physics) Defn: That property, due to molecular forces, which exists in the surface film of all liquids and tends to bring the contained volume into a form having the least superficial area. The thickness of this film, amounting to less than a thousandth of a millimeter, is considered to equal the radius of the sphere of molecular action, that is, the greatest distance at which there is cohesion between two particles. Particles lying below this film, being equally acted on from all sides, are in equilibrium as to forces of cohesion, but those in the film are on the whole attracted inward, and tension results. SURFBOAT Surf"boat`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A boat intended for use in heavy surf. It is built with a pronounced sheer, and with a view to resist the shock of waves and of contact with the beach. SURFEIT Sur"feit, n. Etym: [OE. surfet, OF. surfait, sorfait, excess, arrogance, crime, fr. surfaire, sorfaire, to augment, exaggerate, F. surfaire to overcharge; sur over + faire to make, do, L. facere. See Sur-, and Fact.] 1. Excess in eating and drinking. Let not Sir Surfeit sit at thy board. Piers Plowman. Now comes the sick hour that his surfeit made. Shak. 2. Fullness and oppression of the system, occasioned often by excessive eating and drinking. To prevent surfeit and other diseases that are incident to those that heat their blood by travels. Bunyan. 3. Disgust caused by excess; satiety. Sir P. Sidney. Matter and argument have been supplied abundantly, and even to surfeit. Burke. SURFEIT Sur"feit, v. i. 1. To load the stomach with food, so that sickness or uneasiness ensues; to eat to excess. They are as sick that surfeit with too much as they that starve with nothing. Shak. 2. To indulge to satiety in any gratification. SURFEIT Sur"feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surfeited; p. pr. & vb. n. Surfeiting.] 1. To feed so as to oppress the stomach and derange the function of the system; to overfeed, and produce satiety, sickness, or uneasiness; -- often reflexive; as, to surfeit one's self with sweets. 2. To fill to satiety and disgust; to cloy; as, he surfeits us with compliments. V. Knox. SURFEITER Sur"feit*er, n. Defn: One who surfeits. Shak. SURFEIT-WATER Sur"feit-wa`ter, n. Defn: Water for the cure of surfeits. [Obs.] Locke. SURFEL; SURFLE Sur"fel, Sur"fle, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Sulphur.] Defn: To wash, as the face, with a cosmetic water, said by some to be prepared from the sulphur. [Obs.] She shall no oftener powder her hair, [or] surfel her cheeks, . . . but she shall as often gaze on my picture. Ford. SURFER Surf"er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The surf duck. [U. S.] SURFMAN Surf"man, n.; pl. Surmen (. Defn: One who serves in a surfboat in the life-saving service. SURFOOT Sur"foot`, a. Defn: Tired or sore of foot from travel; lamed. [Obs.] Nares. SURFY Surf"y, a. Defn: Consisting of, abounding in, or resembling, surf; as, a surfy shore. Scarce had they cleared the surfy waves That foam around those frightful caves. Moore. SURGE Surge, n. Etym: [L. surgere, surrectum, to raise, to rise; sub under + regere to direct: cf. OF. surgeon, sourgeon, fountain. See Regent, and cf. Insurrection, Sortie, Source.] 1. A spring; a fountain. [Obs.] "Divers surges and springs of water." Ld. Berners. 2. A large wave or billow; a great, rolling swell of water, produced generally by a high wind. He that doubteth is like the surge of the sea driven by the wind and tossed. James i. 6 (Rev. Ver.) He flies aloft, and, with impetuous roar, Pursues the foaming surges to the shore. Dryden. 3. The motion of, or produced by, a great wave. 4. The tapered part of a windlass barrel or a capstan, upon which the cable surges, or slips. SURGE Surge, v. i. 1. To swell; to rise hifg and roll. The surging waters like a mountain rise. Spenser. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To slip along a windlass. SURGE Surge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surged; p. pr. & vb. n. Surging.] Etym: [Cf. F. surgir to cast anchor, to land. Cf. Surge, n.] (Naut.) Defn: To let go or slacken suddenly, as a rope; as, to surge a hawser or messenger; also, to slacken the rope about (a capstan). SURGEFUL Surge"ful, a. Defn: Abounding in surges; surgy. "Tossing the surgeful tides." Drayton. SURGELESS Surge"less, a. Defn: Free from surges; smooth; calm. SURGENT Sur"gent, a. Etym: [L. surgens, p.pr.] Defn: Rising; swelling, as a flood. [R.] Robert Greene. SURGEON Sur"geon, n. Etym: [OE. surgien, OF. surgien, contr. fr. chirurgien. See Chirurgeon.] 1. One whose profession or occupation is to cure diseases or injuries of the body by manual operation; one whose occupation is to cure local injuries or disorders (such as wounds, dislocations, tumors, etc.), whether by manual operation, or by medication and constitutional treatment. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of chætodont fishes of the family Teuthidæ, or Acanthuridæ, which have one or two sharp lancelike spines on each side of the base of the tail. Called also surgeon fish, doctor fish, lancet fish, and sea surgeon. Surgeon apothecary, one who unites the practice of surgery with that of the apothecary. Dunglison. -- Surgeon dentist, a dental surgeon; a dentist. -- Surgeon fish. See def. 2, above. -- Surgeon general. (a) In the United States army, the chief of the medical department. (b) In the British army, a surgeon ranking next below the chief of the medical department. SURGEONCY Sur"geon*cy, n. Defn: The office or employment of a surgeon, as in the naval or military service. SURGEONRY Sur"geon*ry, n. Defn: Surgery. [Obs.] SURGERY Sur"ge*ry, n. Etym: [OE. surgenrie, surgerie; cf. OF. cirurgie, F. chirurgie, L. chirurgia, Gr. Surgeon.] 1. The art of healing by manual operation; that branch of medical science which treats of manual operations for the healing of diseases or injuries of the body; that branch of medical science which has for its object the cure of local injuries or diseases, as wounds or fractures, tumors, etc., whether by manual operation or by medicines and constitutional treatment. 2. A surgeon's operating room or laboratory. SURGICAL Sur"gi*cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to surgeons or surgery; done by means of surgery; used in surgery; as, a surgical operation; surgical instruments. Surgical fever. (Med.) (a) Pyæmia. (b) Traumatic fever, or the fever accompanying inflammation. SURGICALLY Sur"gi*cal*ly, adv. Defn: By means of surgery. SURGY Sur"gy, a. Defn: Rising in surges or billows; full of surges; resembling surges in motion or appearance; swelling. "Over the surgy main." Pope. SURICAT Su"ri*cat, n. Etym: [F. surikate, from the native name in South Africa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Zenick. [Written also suricate, surikate.] SURINAM TOAD Su`ri*nam" toad". (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of toad native of Surinam. See Pipa. SURINTENDANT Sur`in*tend"ant, n. Etym: [F. See Superintendent.] Defn: Superintendent. [R.] SURLILY Sur"li*ly, adv. Defn: In a surly manner. SURLINESS Sur"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being surly. SURLING Sur"ling, n. Etym: [See Surly.] Defn: A sour, morose fellow. [Obs.] Camden. SURLOIN Sur"loin`, n. Etym: [F. surlonge; sur upon + longe loin. See Sur-, and Loin.] Defn: A loin of beef, or the upper part of the loin. See Sirloin, the more usual, but not etymologically preferable, orthography. SURLY Sur"ly, a. [Compar. Surlier; superl. Surliest.] Etym: [Probably from sir, and originally meaning, sirlike, i.e., proud. See Sir, and Like, a.] 1. Arrogant; haughty. [Obs.] Cotgrave. 2. Gloomily morose; ill-natured, abrupt, and rude; severe; sour; crabbed; rough; sullen; gloomy; as, a surly groom; a surly dog; surly language; a surly look. "That surly spirit, melancholy." Shak. 3. Rough; dark; tempestuous. Now softened into joy the surly storm. Thomson. SURMARK Sur"mark`, n. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A mark made on the molds of a ship, when building, to show where the angles of the timbers are to be placed. [Written also sirmark.] SURMISABLE Sur*mis"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being surmised; as, a surmisable result. SURMISAL Sur*mis"al, n. Defn: Surmise. [R.] Milton. SURMISE Sur*mise", n. Etym: [OF. surmise accusation, fr. surmettre, p.p. surmis, to impose, accuse; sur (see Sur-) + mettre to put, set, L. mittere to send. See Mission.] 1. A thought, imagination, or conjecture, which is based upon feeble or scanty evidence; suspicion; guess; as, the surmisses of jealousy or of envy. [We] double honor gain From his surmise proved false. Milton. No man ought to be charged with principles he actually disowns, unless his practicies contradict his profession; not upon small surmises. Swift. 2. Reflection; thought. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Conjecture; supposition; suspicion; doubt. SURMISE Sur*mise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surmised; p. pr. & vb. n. Surmising.] Defn: To imagine without certain knowledge; to infer on slight grounds; to suppose, conjecture, or suspect; to guess. It wafted nearer yet, and then she knew That what before she but surmised, was true. Dryden. This change was not wrought by altering the form or position of the earth, as was surmised by a very learned man, but by dissolving it. Woodward. SURMISER Sur*mis"er, n. Defn: One who surmises. SURMISING Sur*mis"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Surmise, v. SURMOUNT Sur*mount", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surmounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Surmounting.] Etym: [OE. sourmounten, OF. surmonter, sormonter, F. surmonter; sur over + monter to mount. See Sur-, and Mount, v. i.] 1. To rise above; to be higher than; to overtop. The mountains of Olympus, Athos, and Atlas, overreach and surmount all winds and clouds. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. To conquer; to overcome; as, to surmount difficulties or obstacles. Macaulay. 3. To surpass; to exceed. Spenser. What surmounts the reach Of human sense I shall delineate. Milton. Syn. -- To conquer; overcome; vanquish; subdue; surpass; exceed. SURMOUNTABLE Sur*mount"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. surmontable.] Defn: Capable of being surmounted or overcome; superable. -- Sur*mount"a*ble*ness, n. SURMOUNTED Sur*mount"ed, a. 1. (Arch.) Defn: Having its vertical height greater than the half span; -- said of an arch. 2. (Her.) Defn: Partly covered by another charge; -- said of an ordinary or other bearing. SURMOUNTER Sur*mount"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, surmounts. SURMULLET Sur*mul"let, n. Etym: [F. surmulet; saur, saure, brownish yellow, red + mulet a mullet. See Sorrel, a., and Mullet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of various species of mullets of the family Millidæ, esp. the European species (Millus surmulletus), which is highly prized as a food fish. See Mullet. SURMULOT Sur"mu*lot, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The brown, or Norway, rat. SURNAME Sur"name`, n. Etym: [Pref. sur + name; really a substitution for OE. sournoun, from F. surnom. See Sur-, and Noun, Name.] 1. A name or appellation which is added to, or over and above, the baptismal or Christian name, and becomes a family name. Note: Surnames originally designated occupation, estate, place of residence, or some particular thing or event that related to the person; thus, Edmund Ironsides; Robert Smith, or the smith; William Turner. Surnames are often also patronymics; as, John Johnson. 2. An appellation added to the original name; an agnomen. "My surname, Coriolanus." Shak. Note: This word has been sometimes written sirname, as if it signified sire-name, or the name derived from one's father. SURNAME Sur*name", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surnamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Surnaming.] Etym: [Cf. F. surnommer.] Defn: To name or call by an appellation added to the original name; to give a surname to. Another shall subscribe with his hand unto the Lord, and surname himself by the name of Israel. Isa. xliv. 5. And Simon he surnamed Peter. Mark iii. 16. SURNOMINAL Sur*nom"i*nal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a surname or surnames. SUROXIDATE Sur*ox"i*date, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To combine with oxygen so as to form a suroxide or peroxide. [Obs.] SUROXIDE Sur*ox"ide, n. Etym: [Cf. F. suroxyde. See Sur-, and Oxide.] (Chem.) Defn: A peroxide. [Obs.] SURPASS Sur*pass", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surpassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Surpassing.] Etym: [F. surpasser; sur over + passer to pass. See Sur- , and Pass.] Defn: To go beyond in anything good or bad; to exceed; to excel. This would surpass Common revenge and interrupt his joy. Milton. Syn. -- To exceed; excel; outdo; outstrip. SURPASSABLE Sur*pass"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be surpassed. SURPASSING Sur*pass"ing, a. Defn: Eminently excellent; exceeding others. "With surpassing glory crowned." Milton. -- Sur*pass"ing*ly, adv. -- Sur*pass"ing*ness, n. SURPHUL Sur"phul, v. t. Defn: To surfel. [Obs.] Marston. SURPLICE Sur"plice, n. Etym: [F. surplis, OF. surpeiz, LL. superpellicium; super over + pellicium, pelliceum, a robe of fur, L. pellicius made of skins. See Pelisse.] (Eccl.) Defn: A white garment worn over another dress by the clergy of the Roman Catholic, Episcopal, and certain other churches, in some of their ministrations. Surplice fees (Eccl.), fees paid to the English clergy for occasional duties. SURPLICED Sur"pliced, a. Defn: Wearing a surplice. SURPLUS Sur"plus, n. Etym: [F., fr. sur over + plus more. See Sur-, and Plus, and cf. Superplus.] 1. That which remains when use or need is satisfied, or when a limit is reached; excess; overplus. 2. Specifically, an amount in the public treasury at any time greater than is required for the ordinary purposes of the government. SURPLUS Sur"plus, a. Defn: Being or constituting a surplus; more than sufficient; as, surplus revenues; surplus population; surplus words. When the price of corn falleth, men give over surplus tillage, and break no more ground. Carew. SURPLUSAGE Sur"plus*age, n. Etym: [See Surplus, and cf. Superplusage.] 1. Surplus; excess; overplus; as, surplusage of grain or goods beyond what is wanted. Take what thou please of all this surplusage. Spenser. A surplusage given to one part is paid out of a reduction from another part of the same creature. Emerson. 2. (Law) Defn: Matter in pleading which is not necessary or relevant to the case, and which may be rejected. 3. (Accounts) Defn: A greater disbursement than the charge of the accountant amounts to. [Obs.] Rees. SURPRISAL Sur*pris"al, n. Etym: [See Surprise, n.] Defn: The act of surprising, or state of being surprised; surprise. How to secure the lady from surprisal. Milton. Because death is uncertain, let us prevent its surprisal. Barrow. SURPRISE Sur*prise", n. Etym: [F. surprise, fr. surprendre, surpris; sur over + prendre to take, L. prehendere. See Sur-, and Prehensile.] 1. The act of coming upon, or taking, unawares; the act of seizing unexpectedly; surprisal; as, the fort was taken by surprise. 2. The state of being surprised, or taken unawares, by some act or event which could not reasonably be foreseen; emotion excited by what is sudden and strange; a suddenly excited feeling of wonder or astonishment. Pure surprise and fear Made me to quit the house. Shak. 3. Anything that causes such a state or emotion. 4. A dish covered with a crust of raised paste, but with no other contents. [Obs.] King. Surprise party, a party of persons who assemble by mutual agreement, and without invitation, at the house of a common friend. [U.S.] Bartlett. Syn. -- Wonder; astonishment; amazement. SURPRISE Sur*prise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surprised; p. pr. & vb. n. Surprising.] Etym: [From Surprise, n.: cf. F. surprendre, p.p. surpris.] 1. To come or fall suddenly and unexpectedly; to take unawares; to seize or capture by unexpected attack. Fearfulness hath surprised the hypocrites. Isa. xxxiii. 14. The castle of Macduff I will surprise. Shak. Who can speak The mingled passions that surprised his heart Thomson. 2. To strike with wonder, astonishment, or confusion, by something sudden, unexpected, or remarkable; to confound; as, his conduct surprised me. I am surprised with an uncouth fear. Shak. Up he starts, Discovered and surprised. Milton. 3. To lead (one) to do suddenly and without forethought; to bring (one) into some unexpected state; -- with into; as, to be surprised into an indiscretion; to be surprised into generosity. 4. To hold possession of; to hold. [Obs.] Not with me, That in my hands surprise the sovereignity. J. Webster. Syn. -- See Astonish. SURPRISEMENT Sur*prise"ment, n. Defn: Surprisal. [Obs.] Daniel. SURPRISER Sur*pris"er, n. Defn: One who surprises. SURPRISING Sur*pris"ing, a. Defn: Exciting surprise; extraordinary; of a nature to excite wonder and astonishment; as, surprising bravery; a surprising escape from danger. -- Sur*pris"ing*ly, adv. -- Sur*pris"ing*ness, n. Syn. -- Wonderful; extraordinary; unexpected; astonishing; striking. SURQUEDOUS; SURQUEDROUS Sur"que*dous, Sur"que*drous, a. Defn: Having or exhibiting surquedry; arrogant; insolent. [Obs.] Gower. James II. of Scot. SURQUEDRY; SURQUIDRY Sur"que*dry, Sur"qui*dry, n. Etym: [OF. surcuidier to presume; sur over + cuidier to think, L. cogitare. See Sur-, and Cogitate.] Defn: Overweening pride; arrogance; presumption; insolence. [Obs.] Chaucer. Then pay you the price of your surquedry. Spenser. SURREBOUND Sur`re*bound", v. i. Defn: To give back echoes; to reëcho. [Obs.] Chapman. SURREBUT Sur`re*but", v. i. Etym: [Pref. sur + rebut.] (Law) Defn: To reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter. SURREBUTER Sur`re*but"er, n. (Law) Defn: The reply of a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter. SURREIN Sur"rein`, v. t. Etym: [Pref. sur + rein.] Defn: To override; to exhaust by riding. [Obs.] Shak. SURREJOIN Sur`re*join", v. i. Etym: [Pref. sur + rejoin.] (Law) Defn: To reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder. SURREJOINDER Sur`re*join"der, n. (Law) Defn: The answer of a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder. SURRENDER Sur*ren"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surrendered; p. pr. & vb. n. Surrendering.] Etym: [OF. surrendre to deliver; sur over + rendre to render. See Sur-, and Render.] 1. To yield to the power of another; to give or deliver up possession of (anything) upon compulsion or demand; as, to surrender one's person to an enemy or to an officer; to surrender a fort or a ship. 2. To give up possession of; to yield; to resign; as, to surrender a right, privilege, or advantage. To surrender up that right which otherwise their founders might have in them. Hooker. 3. To yield to any influence, emotion, passion, or power; -- used reflexively; as, to surrender one's self to grief, to despair, to indolence, or to sleep. 4. (Law) Defn: To yield; to render or deliver up; to give up; as, a principal surrendered by his bail, a fugitive from justice by a foreign state, or a particular estate by the tenant thereof to him in remainder or reversion. SURRENDER Sur*ren"der, v. i. Defn: To give up one's self into the power of another; to yield; as, the enemy, seeing no way of escape, surrendered at the first summons. SURRENDER Sur*ren"der, n. 1. The act of surrendering; the act of yielding, or resigning one's person, or the possession of something, into the power of another; as, the surrender of a castle to an enemy; the surrender of a right. That he may secure some liberty he makes a surrender in trust of the whole of it. Burke. 2. (Law) Defn: The yielding of a particular estate to him who has an immediate estate in remainder or reversion. (b) The giving up of a principal into lawful custody by his bail. (c) The delivry up oh fugitives from justice by one government to another, as by a foreign state. See Extradition. Wharton. SURRENDEREE Sur*ren`der*ee", n. (Law) Defn: The person to whom a surrender is made. Mozley & W. SURRENDERER Sur*ren"der*er, n. Defn: One who surrenders. SURRENDEROR Sur*ren`der*or", n. (Law) Defn: One who makes a surrender, as of an estate. Bouvier. SURRENDRY Sur*ren"dry, n. Defn: Surrender. [Obs.] SURREPTION Sur*rep"tion, n. Etym: [L. surreptio, or subreptio. Cf. Subreption.] 1. The act or process of getting in a surreptitious manner, or by craft or stealth. Fame by surreption got May stead us for the time, but lasteth not. B. Jonson. 2. A coming unperceived or suddenly. SURREPTITIOUS Sur`rep*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. surreptitius, or subreptitius, fr. surripere, subripere, to snatch away, to withdraw privily; sub- under + rapere to snatch. See Sub-, and Ravish.] Defn: Done or made by stealth, or without proper authority; made or introduced fraudulently; clandestine; stealthy; as, a surreptitious passage in an old manuscript; a surreptitious removal of goods. -- Sur`rep*ti"tious*ly, adv. SURREY Sur"rey, n. Defn: A four-wheeled pleasure carriage, (commonly two-seated) somewhat like a phaeton, but having a straight bottom. SURROGATE Sur"ro*gate, n. Etym: [L. surrogatus, p.p. of surrogare, subrogare, to put in another's place, to substitute; sub under + rogare to ask, ask for a vote, propose a law. See Rogation, and cf. Subrogate.] 1. A deputy; a delegate; a substitute. 2. The deputy of an ecclesiastical judge, most commonly of a bishop or his chancellor, especially a deputy who grants marriage licenses. [Eng.] 3. In some States of the United States, an officer who presides over the probate of wills and testaments and yield the settlement of estates. SURROGATE Sur"ro*gate, v. t. Defn: To put in the place of another; to substitute. [R.] Dr. H. More. SURROGATESHIP Sur"ro*gate*ship, n. Defn: The office of a surrogate. SURROGATION Sur`ro*ga"tion, n. Etym: [See Surrogate, n., and cf. Subrogation.] Defn: The act of substituting one person in the place of another. [R.] Killingbeck. SURROUND Sur*round", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surrounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Surrounding.] Etym: [OF. suronder to overflow, LL. superundare; fr. L. super over + undare to rise in waves, overflow, fr. unda wave. The English sense is due to the influence of E. round. See Super-, and Undulate, and cf. Abound.] 1. To inclose on all sides; to encompass; to environ. 2. To lie or be on all sides of; to encircle; as, a wall surrounds the city. But could instead, and ever-during dark Surrounds me. Milton. 3. To pass around; to travel about; to circumnavigate; as, to surround the world. [Obs.] Fuller. 4. (Mil.) Defn: To inclose, as a body of troops, between hostile forces, so as to cut off means of communication or retreat; to invest, as a city. Syn. -- To encompass; encircle; environ; invest; hem in; fence about. SURROUND Sur*round", n. Defn: A method of hunting some animals, as the buffalo, by surrounding a herd, and driving them over a precipice, into a ravine, etc. [U.S.] Baird. SURROUNDING Sur*round"ing, a. Defn: Inclosing; encircling. SURROUNDING Sur*round"ing, n. 1. An encompassing. 2. pl. Defn: The things which surround or environ; external or attending circumstances or conditions. SURROYAL Sur*roy"al, n. Etym: [Pref. sur- + royal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the terminal branches or divisions of the beam of the antler of the stag or other large deer. SURSANURE Sur"sa*nure, n. Etym: [(Assumed) OF. sursaneüre. See Sur-, and Sane.] Defn: A wound healed or healing outwardly only. [Obs.] Of a sursanure In surgery is perilous the cure. Chaucer. SURSEANCE Sur"se*ance, n. Etym: [OF., fr. OF. & F. surseoir. See Surcease.] Defn: Peace; quiet. [Obs.] Bacon. SURSOLID Sur*sol"id, n. Etym: [F. sursolide. See Sur-, and Solid.] (Math.) Defn: The fifth power of a number; as, a is the sursolid of a, or 32 that of 2. [R.] Hutton. SURSTYLE Sur*style", v. t. Defn: To surname. [R.] SURSUM CORDA Sur"sum cor"da. [L. sursum upward + corda hearts.] (Eccl.) Defn: In the Eucharist, the versicles immediately before the preface, inviting the people to join in the service by "lifting up the heart" to God. SURTAX Sur"tax, n. Defn: An additional or extra tax. SURTAX Sur*tax", v. t. Defn: To impose an additional tax on. SURTOUT Sur*tout", n. Etym: [F., fr. sur over + tout all.] Defn: A man's coat to be worn over his other garments; an overcoat, especially when long, and fitting closely like a body coat. Gay. SURTURBRAND Sur"tur*brand, n. Etym: [Icel. surtarbrandr; svartr black + brandr a firebrand.] Defn: A fibrous brown coal or bituminous wood. SURUCUCU Su`ru*cu"cu, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Bush master, under Bush. SURVEILLANCE Sur*veil"lance, n. Etym: [F., fr. surveiller to watch over; sur over + veiller to watch, L. vigilare. See Sur-, and Vigil.] Defn: Oversight; watch; inspection; supervision. That sort of surveillance of which . . . the young have accused the old. Sir W. Scott. SURVEILLANT Sur*veil"lant, n.; pl. Surveillants. Etym: [F., fr. surveiller to watch over. See Surveillance.] Defn: One who watches over another; an overseer; a spy; a supervisor. SURVEILLANT Sur*veil"lant, a. Defn: Overseeing; watchful. SURVENE Sur*vene", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Survened; p. pr. & vb. n. Survening.] Etym: [F. survenir. See Supervene.] Defn: To supervene upon; to come as an addition to. [Obs.] A suppuration that survenes lethargies. Harvey. SURVENUE Sur"ve*nue, n. Etym: [OF. See Survene.] Defn: A sudden or unexpected coming or stepping on. [Obs.] SURVEY Sur*vey", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surveyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Surveying.] Etym: [OF. surveoir, surveer; sur, sor, over, E. sur + veoir, veeir, to see, F. voir, L. videre. See Sur-, and Vision, and cf. Supervise.] 1. To inspect, or take a view of; to view with attention, as from a high place; to overlook; as, to stand on a hill, and survey the surrounding country. Round he surveys and well might, where he stood, So high above. Milton. 2. To view with a scrutinizing eye; to examine. With such altered looks, . . . All pale and speechless, he surveyed me round. Dryden. 3. To examine with reference to condition, situation, value, etc.; to examine and ascertain the state of; as, to survey a building in order to determine its value and exposure to loss by fire. 4. To determine the form, extent, position, etc., of, as a tract of land, a coast, harbor, or the like, by means of linear and angular measurments, and the application of the principles of geometry and trigonometry; as, to survey land or a coast. 5. To examine and ascertain, as the boundaries and royalties of a manor, the tenure of the tenants, and the rent and value of the same. [Eng.] Jacob (Law Dict.). SURVEY Sur"vey, n. Etym: [Formerly accentuated universally on the last syllable, and still so accented by many speakers.] 1. The act of surveying; a general view, as from above. Under his proud survey the city lies. Sir J. Denham. 2. A particular view; an examination, especially an official examination, of all the parts or particulars of a thing, with a design to ascertain the condition, quantity, or quality; as, a survey of the stores of a ship; a survey of roads and bridges; a survey of buildings. 3. The operation of finding the contour, dimensions, position, or other particulars of, as any part of the earth's surface, whether land or water; also, a measured plan and description of any portion of country, or of a road or line through it. Survey of dogs. See Court of regard, under Regard. -- Trigonometrical survey, a survey of a portion of country by measuring a single base, and connecting it with various points in the tract surveyed by a series of triangles, the angles of which are carefully measured, the relative positions and distances of all parts being computed from these data. Syn. -- Review; retrospect; examination; prospect. SURVEYAL Sur*vey"al, n. Defn: Survey. [R.] Barrow. SURVEYANCE Sur*vey"ance, n. Defn: Survey; inspection. [R.] SURVEYING Sur*vey"ing, n. Defn: That branch of applied mathematics which teaches the art of determining the area of any portion of the earth's surface, the length and directions of the bounding lines, the contour of the surface, etc., with an accurate delineation of the whole on paper; the act or occupation of making surveys. Geodetic surveying, geodesy. -- Maritime, or Nautical, surveying, that branch of surveying which determines the forms of coasts and harbors, the entrances of rivers, with the position of islands, rocks, and shoals, the depth of water, etc. -- Plane surveying. See under Plane, a. -- Topographical surveying, that branch of surveying which involves the process of ascertaining and representing upon a plane surface the contour, physical features, etc., of any portion of the surface of the earth. SURVEYOR Sur*vey"or, n. 1. One placed to superintend others; an overseer; an inspector. Were 't not madness then, To make the fox surveyor of the fold Shak. 2. One who views and examines for the purpose of ascertaining the condition, quantity, or quality of anything; as, a surveyor of highways, ordnance, etc. 3. One who surveys or measures land; one who practices the art of surveying. 4. (Customs) (a) An officer who ascertains the contents of casks, and the quantity of liquors subject to duty; a gauger. (b) In the United States, an officer whose duties include the various measures to be taken for ascertaining the quantity, condition, and value of merchandise brought into a port. Abbot. Surveyor general. (a) A principal surveyor; as, the surveyor general of the king's manors, or of woods and parks. [Eng.] (b) An officer having charge of the survey of the public lands of a land district. [U.S.] Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.). -- Surveyor's compass. See Circumferentor. -- Surveyor's level. See under Level. SURVEYORSHIP Sur*vey"or*ship, n. Defn: The office of a surveyor. SURVIEW Sur*view", v. t. Etym: [Pref. sur- + view. Cf. Survey.] Defn: To survey; to make a survey of. [Obs.] "To surview his ground." Spenser. SURVIEW Sur*view", n. Defn: A survey. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. SURVISE Sur*vise", v. t. Etym: [See Supervise, and Survey.] Defn: To look over; to supervise. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SURVIVAL Sur*viv"al, n. Etym: [From Survive.] 1. A living or continuing longer than, or beyond the existence of, another person, thing, or event; an outliving. 2. (Arhæol. & Ethnol.) Defn: Any habit, usage, or belief, remaining from ancient times, the origin of which is often unknown, or imperfectly known. The close bearing of the doctrine of survival on the study of manners and customs. Tylor. Survival of the fittest. (Biol.) See Natural selection, under Natural. SURVIVANCE; SURVIVANCY Sur*viv"ance, Sur*viv"an*cy, n. Etym: [F. survivance.] Defn: Survivorship. [R.] His son had the survivance of the stadtholdership. Bp. Burnet. SURVIVE Sur*vive", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Survived; p. pr. & vb. n. Surviving.] Etym: [F. survivre, L. supervivere; super over + vivere to live. See Super-, and Victuals.] Defn: To live beyond the life or existence of; to live longer than; to outlive; to outlast; as, to survive a person or an event. Cowper. I'll assure her of Her widowhood, be it that she survive me, In all my lands and leases whatsoever. Shak. SURVIVE Sur*vive", v. i. Defn: To remain alive; to continue to live. Thy pleasure, Which, when no other enemy survives, Still conquers all the conquerors. Sir J. Denham. Alike are life and death, When life in death survives. Longfellow. SURVIVENCY Sur*viv"en*cy, n. Defn: Survivorship. [R.] SURVIVER Sur*viv"er, n. Defn: One who survives; a survivor. SURVIVING Sur*viv"ing, a. Defn: Remaining alive; yet living or existing; as, surviving friends; surviving customs. SURVIVOR Sur*viv"or, n. 1. One who survives or outlives another person, or any time, event, or thing. The survivor bound In filial obligation for some term To do obsequious sorrow. Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: The longer liver of two joint tenants, or two persons having a joint interest in anything. Blackstone. SURVIVORSHIP Sur*viv"or*ship, n. 1. The state of being a survivor. 1. (Law) Defn: The right of a joint tenant, or other person who has a joint interest in an estate, to take the whole estate upon the death of other. Blackstone. Chance of survivorship, the chance that a person of a given age has of surviving another of a giving age; thus, by the Carlisle tables of mortality the chances of survivorship for two persons, aged 25 and 65, are 89 and 11 respectively, or about 8 to 1 that the elder die first. SUSCEPTIBILITY Sus*cep`ti*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Susceptibilities. Etym: [Cf. F. susceptibilité.] 1. The state or quality of being susceptible; the capability of receiving impressions, or of being affected. 2. Specifically, capacity for deep feeling or emotional excitement; sensibility, in its broadest acceptation; impressibility; sensitiveness. Magnetic susceptibility (Physics), the intensity of magnetization of a body placed in a uniform megnetic field of unit strength. Sir W. Thomson. Syn. -- Capability; sensibility; feeling; emotion. SUSCEPTIBLE Sus*cep"ti*ble, a. Etym: [F., from L. suscipere, susceptum, to take up, to support, undertake, recognize, admit; pref. sus (see Sub-) + capere to take. See Capable.] 1. Capable of admitting anything additional, or any change, affection, or influence; readily acted upon; as, a body susceptible of color or of alteration. It sheds on souls susceptible of light, The glorious dawn of our eternal day. Young. 2. Capable of impression; having nice sensibility; impressible; tender; sensitive; as, children are more susceptible than adults; a man of a susceptible heart. Candidates are . . . not very susceptible of affronts. Cowper. I am constitutionally susceptible of noises. Lamb. -- Sus*cep"ti*ble*ness, n. -- Sus*cep"ti*bly, adv. SUSCEPTION Sus*cep"tion, n. Etym: [L. susceptio: cf. F. susception. See Susceptible.] Defn: The act of taking; reception. SUSCEPTIVE Sus*cep"tive, a. Defn: Susceptible. I. Watts. -- Sus*cep"tive*ness, n. SUSCEPTIVITY Sus`cep*tiv"i*ty, n. Defn: Capacity for receiving; susceptibility. [R.] Wollaston. SUSCEPTOR Sus*cep"tor, n. Etym: [L. See Susceptible.] Defn: One who undertakes anything; specifically, a godfather; a sponsor; a guardian. Puller. Shipley. SUSCIPIENCY Sus*cip"i*en*cy, n. Defn: Admission. [R.] SUSCIPIENT Sus*cip"i*ent, a. Etym: [L. suscipiens, p.pr. of suscipere. See Susceptible.] Defn: Receiving; admitting. [R.] SUSCIPIENT Sus*cip"i*ent, n. Defn: One who takes or admits; one who receives. [R.] Jer. Taylor. SUSCITABILITY Sus`ci*ta*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Capability of being suscitated; excitability. [Obs.] B. Jonson. SUSCITATE Sus"ci*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suscitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Suscitating.] Etym: [L. suscitatus, p.p. of suscitare to lift up, to rouse; pref. sus- (see Sub-) + citare to rouse, excite. Cf. Excite, Incite.] Defn: To rouse; to excite; to call into life and action. [Obs.] SUSCITATION Sus`ci*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. suscitatio: cf. F. suscitation.] Defn: The act of raising or exciting. [R.] A mere suscitation or production of a thing. South. SUSLIK Sus"lik, n. Etym: [Russ. súslik'.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A ground squirrel (Spermophilus citillus) of Europe and Asia. It has large cheek pouches. [Written also souslik.] SUSPECT Sus*pect", a. Etym: [L. suspectus, p.p. of suspicere to look up, admire, esteem, to look at secretly or askance, to mistrust; sub under + specere to look: cf. F. suspect suspected, suspicious. See Spy, and cf. Suspicion.] 1. Suspicious; inspiring distrust. [Obs.] Suspect [was] his face, suspect his word also. Chaucer. 2. Suspected; distrusted. [Obs.] What I can do or offer is suspect. Milton. SUSPECT Sus*pect", n. Etym: [LL. suspectus. See Suspect, a.] 1. Suspicion. [Obs.] Chaucer. So with suspect, with fear and grief, dismayed. Fairfax. 2. One who, or that which, is suspected; an object of suspicion; -- formerly applied to persons and things; now, only to persons suspected of crime. Bacon. SUSPECT Sus*pect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suspected; p. pr. & vb. n. Suspecting.] 1. To imagine to exist; to have a slight or vague opinion of the existence of, without proof, and often upon weak evidence or no evidence; to mistrust; to surmise; -- commonly used regarding something unfavorable, hurtful, or wrong; as, to suspect the presence of disease. Nothing makes a man suspect much, more than to know little; and therefore men should remedy suspicion by producing to know more. Bacon. From her hand I could suspect no ill. Milton. 2. To imagine to be guilty, upon slight evidence, or without proof; as, to suspect one of equivocation. 3. To hold to be uncertain; to doubt; to mistrust; to distruct; as, to suspect the truth of a story. Addison. 4. To look up to; to respect. [Obs.] Syn. -- To mistrust; distrust; surmise; doubt. SUSPECT Sus*pect", v. i. Defn: To imagine guilt; to have a suspicion or suspicions; to be suspicious. If I suspect without cause, why then make sport at time. Shak. SUSPECTABLE Sus*pect"a*ble, a. Defn: That may be suspected. SUSPECTED Sus*pect"ed, a. Defn: Distrusted; doubted. -- Sus*pect"ed*ly, adv. -- Sus*pect"ed*ness, n. SUSPECTER Sus*pect"er, n. Defn: One who suspects. SUSPECTFUL Sus*pect"ful, a. Defn: Apt to suspect or mistrust; full of suspicion; suspicious; as, to be suspectful of the motives of others. Milton. -- Sus*pect"ful*ness, n. SUSPECTION Sus*pec"tion, n. Defn: Suspicion. [Obs.] SUSPECTIOUSNESS Sus*pec"tious*ness, n. Defn: Suspiciousness; cause for suspicion. [Obs. & R.] Ld. Berners. SUSPECTLESS Sus*pect"less, a. 1. Not suspecting; having no suspicion. [R.] Sir T. Herbert. 2. Not suspected; not mistrusted. [R.] Beau. & Fl. SUSPEND Sus*pend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suspended; p. pr. & vb. n. Suspending.] Etym: [F. suspendre, or OF. souspendre (where the prefix is L. subtus below, from sub under), L. suspendere, suspensum; pref. sus- (see Sub-) + pendere to hang. See Pedant, and cf. Suspense, n.] 1. To attach to something above; to hang; as, to suspend a ball by a thread; to suspend a needle by a loadstone. 2. To make to depend; as, God hath suspended the promise of eternal life on the condition of obedience and holiness of life. [Archaic] Tillotson. 3. To cause to cease for a time; to hinder from proceeding; to interrupt; to delay; to stay. Suspend your indignation against my brother. Shak. The guard nor fights nor fies; their fate so near At once suspends their courage and their fear. Denham. 4. To hold in an undetermined or undecided state; as, to suspend one's judgment or opinion. Locke. 5. To debar, or cause to withdraw temporarily, from any privilege, from the execution of an office, from the enjoyment of income, etc.; as, to suspend a student from college; to suspend a member of a club. Good men should not be suspended from the exercise of their ministry and deprived of their livelihood for ceremonies which are on all hands acknowledged indifferent. Bp. Sanderson. 6. To cause to cease for a time from operation or effect; as, to suspend the habeas corpus act; to suspend the rules of a legislative body. 7. (Chem.) Defn: To support in a liquid, as an insoluble powder, by stirring, to facilitate chemical action. To suspend payment (Com.), to cease paying debts or obligations; to fail; -- said of a merchant, a bank, etc. Syn. -- To hang; interrupt; delay; intermit; stay; hinder; debar. SUSPEND Sus*pend", v. i. Defn: To cease from operation or activity; esp., to stop payment, or be unable to meet obligations or engagements (said of a commercial firm or a bank). SUSPENDER Sus*pend"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, suspends; esp., one of a pair of straps or braces worn over the shoulders, for holding up the trousers. SUSPENSATION Sus`pen*sa"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. suspensatio suspension from a charge or benefice.] Defn: The act of suspending, or the state of being suspended, especially for a short time; temporary suspension. SUSPENSE Sus*pense", a. Etym: [F. suspens, L. suspensus, p.p. of suspendere. See Suspend.] 1. Held or lifted up; held or prevented from proceeding. [Obs.] [The great light of day] suspense in heaven. Milton. 2. Expressing, or proceeding from, suspense or doubt. [Obs.] "Expectation held his look suspense." Milton. SUSPENSE Sus*pense", n. Etym: [From F. suspens, a. See Suspense, a.] 1. The state of being suspended; specifically, a state of uncertainty and expectation, with anxiety or apprehension; indetermination; indecision; as, the suspense of a person waiting for the verdict of a jury. Ten days the prophet in suspense remained. Denham. Upon the ticklish balance of suspense. Cowper. 2. Cessation for a time; stop; pause. A cool suspense from pleasure and from pain. Pope. 3. Etym: [Cf. F. suspense.] (Law) Defn: A temporary cessation of one's right; suspension, as when the rent or other profits of land cease by unity of possession of land and rent. Suspense account (Bookkeeping), an account in which receipts or disbursements are temporarily entered until their proper position in the books is determined. SUSPENSELY Sus*pense"ly, adv. Defn: In suspense. [Obs.] Hales. SUSPENSIBILITY Sus*pen`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being suspensible. SUSPENSIBLE Sus*pen"si*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being suspended; capable of being held from sinking. SUSPENSION Sus*pen"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. suspension, L. suspensio arched work, imperfect pronunciation. See Suspend.] 1. The act of suspending, or the state of being suspended; pendency; as, suspension from a hook. 2. Especially, temporary delay, interruption, or cessation; as: (a) Of labor, study, pain, etc. (b) Of decision, determination, judgment, etc.; as, to ask a suspension of judgment or opinion in view of evidence to be produced. (c) Of the payment of what is due; as, the suspension of a mercantile firm or of a bank. (d) Of punishment, or sentence of punishment. (e) Of a person in respect of the exercise of his office, powers, prerogative, etc.; as, the suspension of a student or of a clergyman. (f) Of the action or execution of law, etc.; as, the suspension of the habeas corpus act. 3. A conditional withholding, interruption, or delay; as, the suspension of a payment on the performance of a condition. 4. The state of a solid when its particles are mixed with, but undissolved in, a fluid, and are capable of separation by straining; also, any substance in this state. 5. (Rhet.) Defn: A keeping of the hearer in doubt and in attentive expectation of what is to follow, or of what is to be the inference or conclusion from the arguments or observations employed. 6. (Scots Law) Defn: A stay or postponement of execution of a sentence condemnatory by means of letters of suspension granted on application to the lord ordinary. 7. (Mus.) Defn: The prolongation of one or more tones of a chord into the chord which follows, thus producing a momentary discord, suspending the concord which the ear expects. Cf. Retardation. Pleas in suspension (Law), pleas which temporarily abate or suspend a suit. -- Points of suspension (Mech.), the points, as in the axis or beam of a balance, at which the weights act, or from which they are suspended. -- Suspension bridge, a bridge supported by chains, ropes, or wires, which usually pass over high piers or columns at each end, and are secured in the ground beyond. -- Suspension of arms (Mil.), a short truce or cessation of operations agreed on by the commanders of contending armies, as for burying the dead, making proposal for surrender or for peace, etc. -- Suspension scale, a scale in which the platform hangs suspended from the weighing apparatus instead of resting upon it. Syn. -- Delay; interruption; intermission; stop. SUSPENSIVE Sus*pen"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. suspensif. See Suspend.] Defn: Tending to suspend, or to keep in suspense; causing interruption or delay; uncertain; doubtful. "In suspensive thoughts." Beaumont. "A suspensive veto." Macaulay. The provisional and suspensive attitude. J. Morley. Suspensive condition (Scots Law), a condition precedent, or a condition without the performance of which the contract can not be completed. SUSPENSOR Sus*pen"sor, n. Etym: [NL.] 1. A suspensory. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The cord which suspends the embryo; and which is attached to the radicle in the young state; the proembryo. SUSPENSORIUM Sus`pen*so"ri*um, n.; pl. Suspensoria. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: Anything which suspends or holds up a part: especially, the mandibular suspensorium (a series of bones, or of cartilages representing them) which connects the base of the lower jaw with the skull in most vertebrates below mammals. SUSPENSORY Sus*pen"so*ry, a. 1. Suspended; hanging; depending. 2. Fitted or serving to suspend; suspending; as, a suspensory muscle. Ray. 3. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a suspensorium. SUSPENSORY Sus*pen"so*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. suspensoir, suspensoire.] Defn: That which suspends, or holds up, as a truss; specifically (Med.), Defn: a bandage or bag for supporting the scrotum. SUSPICABLE Sus"pi*ca*ble, a. Etym: [L. suspacabilis, fr. suspicari to suspect, akin to suspicere. See Suspect, v. t.] Defn: Liable to suspicion; suspicious. [Obs.] It is a very suspicable business. Dr. H. more. SUSPICIENCY Sus*pi"cien*cy, n. Etym: [From L. suspiciens, p.pr. of suspicere. See Suspect, v. t.] Defn: Suspiciousness; suspicion. [Obs.] Hopkins. SUSPICION Sus*pi"cion, n. Etym: [OE. suspecioun, OF. souspeçon, F. soupçon, L. suspectio a looking up to, an esteeming highly, suspicion, fr. suspicere to look up, to esteem, to mistrust. The modern form suspicion in English and French is in imitation of L. suspicio mistrust, suspicion. See Suspect, and cf. Suspicious.] 1. The act of suspecting; the imagination or apprehension of the existence of something (esp. something wrong or hurtful) without proof, or upon very slight evidence, or upon no evidence. Suspicions among thoughts are like bats among birds, they ever fly by twilight. Bacon. 2. Slight degree; suggestion; hint. [Colloq.] The features are mild but expressive, with just a suspicion . . . of saturnine or sarcastic humor. A. W. Ward. Syn. -- Jealousy; distrust; mistrust; diffidence; doubt. SUSPICION Sus*pi"cion, v. t. Defn: To view with suspicion; to suspect; to doubt. [Obs. or Low] South. SUSPICIOUS Sus*pi"cious, a. Etym: [OE. suspecious; cf. L. suspiciosus. See Suspicion.] 1. Inclined to suspect; given or prone to suspicion; apt to imagine without proof. Nature itself, after it has done an injury, will ever be suspicious; and no man can love the person he suspects. South. Many mischievous insects are daily at work to make men of merit suspicious of each other. Pope. 2. Indicating suspicion, mistrust, or fear. We have a suspicious, fearful, constrained countenance. Swift. 3. Liable to suspicion; adapted to raise suspicion; giving reason to imagine ill; questionable; as, an author of suspicious innovations; suspicious circumstances. I spy a black, suspicious, threatening could. Shak. Syn. -- Jealous; distrustful; mistrustful; doubtful; questionable. See Jealous. -- Sus*pi"cious*ly, adv. -- Sus*pi"cious*ness, n. SUSPIRAL Sus*pir"al, n. Etym: [From Suspire.] 1. A breathing hole; a vent or ventiduct. 2. A spring of water passing under ground toward a cistern or conduit. SUSPIRATION Sus`pi*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. suspiratio. See Suspire.] Defn: The act of sighing, or fetching a long and deep breath; a deep respiration; a sigh. Windy suspiration of forced breath. Shak. SUSPIRE Sus*pire", v. i. Etym: [L. suspirare to breathe out, to sigh; sub under + spirare to breathe: cf. F. souspirer, OF. souspirer.] Defn: To fetch a long, deep breath; to sigh; to breathe. Shak. Fireflies that suspire In short, soft lapses of transported flame. Mrs. Browning. SUSPIRE Sus*pire", n. Etym: [Cf. L. suspirium.] Defn: A long, deep breath; a sigh. [Obs.] SUSPIRED Sus*pired", a. Defn: Ardently desired or longed for; earnestly coveted. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. SUSTAIN Sus*tain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sustained; p. pr. & vb. n. Sustaining.] Etym: [OE. sustenen, susteinen, OF. sustenir, sostenir, F. soutenir (the French prefix is properly fr. L. subtus below, fr. sub under), L. sustinere; pref. sus- (see Sub-) + tenere to hold. See Tenable, and cf. Sustenance.] 1. To keep from falling; to bear; to uphold; to support; as, a foundation sustains the superstructure; a beast sustains a load; a rope sustains a weight. Every pillar the temple to sustain. Chaucer. 2. Hence, to keep from sinking, as in despondence, or the like; to support. No comfortable expectations of another life to sustain him under the evils in this world. Tillotson. 3. To maintain; to keep alive; to support; to subsist; to nourish; as, provisions to sustain an army. 4. To aid, comfort, or relieve; to vindicate. Shak. His sons, who seek the tyrant to sustain. Dryden. 5. To endure without failing or yielding; to bear up under; as, to sustain defeat and disappointment. 6. To suffer; to bear; to undergo. Shall Turnus, then, such endless toil sustain Dryden. You shall sustain more new disgraces. Shak. 7. To allow the prosecution of; to admit as valid; to sanction; to continue; not to dismiss or abate; as, the court sustained the action or suit. 8. To prove; to establish by evidence; to corroborate or confirm; to be conclusive of; as, to sustain a charge, an accusation, or a proposition. Syn. -- To support; uphold; subsist; assist; relieve; suffer; undergo. SUSTAIN Sus*tain", n. Defn: One who, or that which, upholds or sustains; a sustainer. [Obs.] I waked again, for my sustain was the Lord. Milton. SUSTAINABLE Sus*tain"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. soutenable, OF. soustenable.] Defn: Capable of being sustained or maintained; as, the action is not sustainable. SUSTAINED Sus*tained", a. Defn: Held up to a certain pitch, degree, or level; uniform; as, sustained pasion; a sustained style of writing; a sustained note in music. SUSTAINER Sus*tain"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, sustains. Waterland. SUSTAINMENT Sus*tain"ment, n. Defn: The act of sustaining; maintenance; support. Milton. Lowell. SUSTALTIC Sus*tal"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Mournful; -- said of a species of music among the ancient Greeks. Busby. SUSTENANCE Sus"te*nance, n. Etym: [OF. sustenance, sostenance, soustenance: cf. L. sustenentia endurance. See Sustain.] 1. The act of sustaining; support; maintenance; subsistence; as, the sustenance of the body; the sustenance of life. 2. That which supports life; food; victuals; provisions; means of living; as, the city has ample sustenance. "A man of little sustenance." Chaucer. For lying is thy sustenance, thy food. Milton. SUSTENTACLE Sus*ten"ta*cle, n. Etym: [L. sustentaculum. See Sustentation.] Defn: Sustenance. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. SUSTENTACULAR Sus`ten*tac"u*lar, a. Etym: [See Sustenance.] (Anat.) Defn: Supporting; sustaining; as, a sustentacular tissue. SUSTENTATE Sus"ten*tate, v. t. Defn: To sustain. [R.] C. Reade. SUSTENTATION Sus`ten*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. sustentatio sustenance, maintenance, fr. sustentare to support, maintain, v. intens. fr. sustinere to sustain: cf. F. sustentation. See Sustain.] 1. The act of sustaining, or the state of being sustained; preservation from falling; support; sustenance; maintenance. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The aggregate of the functions by which a living organism is maintained in a normal condition of weight and growth. Sustentation fund (Eccl.), a fund of a religious body for support of its ministers, chapels, etc.; as, the sustentation fund of the Free Church of Scotland. SUSTENTATIVE Sus"ten*ta*tive, a. Defn: Adapted to sustain, strengthen, or corroborate; as, sustentative citations or quotations. Sustentative functions (Physiol.), those functions of the body which affect its material composition and thus determine its mass. SUSTENTION Sus*ten"tion, n. Defn: Sustentation. [R. or Colloq.] In fine images, in sustention, in irony, they surpass anything that Burke ever wrote. J. Morley. SUSTER; SUSTRE Sus"ter, Sus"tre, n.; pl. Susters (, Sustres, or Sustren (. Defn: Sister. [Obs.] Chaucer. There are seven sustren, that serve truth ever. Piers Plowman. SUSU Su"su, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Soosoo. SUSURRANT Su*sur"rant, a. Etym: [L. susurrans, p.pr. from susurrare to whisper.] Defn: Whispering. [R.] "The soft susurrant sigh." Poetry of Anti- Jacobin. SUSURRATION Su`sur*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. susurratio, fr. susurrare to whisper: cf. F. susurration.] Defn: A whispering; a soft murmur. "Soft susurrations of the trees." Howell. SUSURRINGLY Su*sur"ring*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a whisper. [Obs.] SUSURROUS Su*sur"rous, a. Etym: [L. susurrus.] Defn: Whispering; rustling; full of whispering sounds. [R.] SUSURRUS Su*sur"rus, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: The act of whispering; a whisper; a murmur. De Quincey. The soft susurrus and sighs of the branches. Longfellow. SUTILE Su"tile, a. Etym: [L. sutilis, fr. suere to sew: cf. F. sutile.] Defn: Done by stitching. [R.] Boswell. SUTLER Sut"ler, n. Etym: [D. zoetelaar, OD. soetelaar, a small trader, especially in camps, fr. soetelen to undertake low offices; cf. G. sudeln to do dirty work, to sully, soil, E. suds.] Defn: A person who follows an army, and sells to the troops provisions, liquors, and the like. SUTLERSHIP Sut"ler*ship, n. Defn: The condition or occupation of a sutler. SUTLING Sut"ling, a. Defn: Belonging to sutlers; engaged in the occupation of a sutler. Addison. SUTOR Su"tor, n. Defn: A kind of sirup made by the Indians of Arizona from the fruit of some cactaceous plant (probably the Cereus giganteus). SUTRA Su"tra, n.; pl. Sutras. Etym: [Skr. s a thread, a string of rules; an aphorism; fr. siv to sew.] 1. (a) A precept; an aphorism; a brief rule. (b) A collection of such aphorisms. 2. pl. Defn: A body of Hindoo literature containing aphorisms on grammar, meter, law, and philosophy, and forming a connecting link between the Vedic and later Sanscrit literature. Balfour (Cyc. of India). SUTTEE Sut*tee", n. Etym: [Skr. sati a faithful wife, fem. of sant existing, real, true, good, p.pr. of as to be. Cf. Sooth.] 1. A Hindoo widow who immolates herself, or is immolated, on the funeral pile of her husband; -- so called because this act of self- immolation is regarded as envincing excellence of wifely character. [India] 2. The act of burning a widow on the funeral pile of her husband. [India] Note: The practice, though abolished in British India law in 1829, is not wholly prevented. SUTTEEISM Sut*tee"ism, n. Defn: The practice of self-immolation of widows in Hindostan. SUTTLE Sut"tle, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Com.) Defn: The weight when the tare has been deducted, and tret is yet to be allowed. M SUTTLE Sut"tle, v. i. Etym: [See Sutler.] Defn: To act as sutler; to supply provisions and other articles to troops. SUTURAL Su"tur*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. sutural, NL. suturals.] 1. Of or pertaining to a suture, or seam. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Taking place at a suture; as, a sutural de. SUTURALLY Su"tur*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a sutural manner. SUTURATED Su"tur*a`ted, a. Defn: Sewed or knit together; united by a suture; stitched. SUTURE Su"ture, n. Etym: [L. sutura, fr. suere, sutum, to sew or stitch: cf. F. suture. See Sew to unite with thread.] 1. The act of sewing; also, the line along which two things or parts are sewed together, or are united so as to form a seam, or that which resembles a seam. 2. (Surg.) (a) The uniting of the parts of a wound by stitching. (b) The stitch by which the parts are united. 3. (Anat.) Defn: The line of union, or seam, in an immovable articulation, like those between the bones of the skull; also, such an articulation itself; synarthrosis. See Harmonic suture, under Harmonic. 4. (Bot.) (a) The line, or seam, formed by the union of two margins in any part of a plant; as, the ventral suture of a legume. (b) A line resembling a seam; as, the dorsal suture of a legume, which really corresponds to a midrib. 5. (Zoöl.) (a) The line at which the elytra of a beetle meet and are sometimes confluent. (b) A seam, or impressed line, as between the segments of a crustacean, or between the whorls of a univalve shell. Glover's suture, Harmonic suture, etc. See under Glover, Harmonic, etc. SUTURED Su"tured, a. Defn: Having a suture or sutures; knit or united together. Pennant. SUWARROW Su*war"row, n. (Bot.) Defn: The giant cactus (Cereus giganteus); -- so named by the Indians of Arizona. Called also saguaro. SUZERAIN Su"ze*rain, n. Etym: [F., formed fr. sus above, L. susum, sursum (fr. sub under + versum, p.p. of vertere to turn), after the analogy of souverain, E. sovereign. See Sub-, and Verse.] Defn: A superior lord, to whom fealty is due; a feudal lord; a lord paramount. SUZERAINTY Su"ze*rain*ty, n. Etym: [F. suzeraineté.] Defn: The dominion or authority of a suzerain; paramount authority. SWA Swa (swä), adv. Etym: [See So.] Defn: So. [Obs.] Chaucer. SWAB Swab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swabbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Swabbing.] Etym: [See Swabber, n.] Defn: To clean with a mop or swab; to wipe when very wet, as after washing; as, to swab the desk of a ship. [Spelt also swob.] SWAB Swab, n. Etym: [Written also swob.] 1. A kind of mop for cleaning floors, the desks of vessels, etc., esp. one made of rope-yarns or threads. 2. A bit of sponge, cloth, or the like, fastened to a handle, for cleansing the mouth of a sick person, applying medicaments to deep- seated parts, etc. 3. (Naut.) Defn: An epaulet. [Sailor's Slang] Marryat. 4. A cod, or pod, as of beans or pease. [Obs.] Bailey. 5. A sponge, or other suitable substance, attached to a long rod or handle, for cleaning the bore of a firearm. SWABBER Swab"ber, v. t. Defn: To swab. [R.] SWABBER Swab"ber, n. Etym: [D. zwabber; cf.D. zwabberen to swab, G. schwabbern, Dan. svabre, Sw. svab a swab, svabla to swab.] 1. One who swabs a floor or desk. Shak. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Formerly, an interior officer on board of British ships of war, whose business it was to see that the ship was kept clean. 3. Same as Swobber, 2. SWAD Swad, n. Etym: [Probably fr. AS. swe to bind.] [Written also swod.] 1. A cod, or pod, as of beans or pease. [Prov. Eng.] Swad, in the north, is a peascod shell -- thence used for an empty, shallow-headed fellow. Blount. 2. A clown; a country bumpkin. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "Country swains, and silly swads." Greene. There was one busy fellow was their leader, A blunt, squat swad, but lower than yourself. B. Jonson. 3. A lump of mass; also, a crowd. [Low, U.S.] 4. (Coal Mining) Defn: A thin layer of refuse at the bottom of a seam. Raymond. SWADDLE Swad"dle, n. Etym: [AS. swe, swe, fr. swe to bind. See Swathe.] Defn: Anything used to swaddle with, as a cloth or band; a swaddling band. They put me in bed in all my swaddles. Addison. SWADDLE Swad"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swaddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Swaddling.] 1. To bind as with a bandage; to bind or warp tightly with clothes; to swathe; -- used esp. of infants; as, to swaddle a baby. They swaddled me up in my nightgown with long pieces of linen. Addison. 2. To beat; to cudgel. [Obs.] Hudibras. SWADDLEBILL Swad"dle*bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The shoveler. [Local, U.S.] SWADDLER Swad"dler, n. Defn: A term of contempt for an Irish Methodist. Shipley. SWADDLING Swad"dling, a. & n. Defn: from Swaddle, v. Swaddling band, Swaddling cloth, or Swaddling clout, a band or cloth wrapped round an infant, especially round a newborn infant. Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger. Luke ii. 12. SWAG Swag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Swagging.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. sveggja, sveigja to bend, to sway, Norw. svaga to sway. See Sway.] 1. To hang or move, as something loose and heavy; to sway; to swing. [Prov. Eng.] 2. To sink down by its weight; to sag. Sir H. Wotton. I swag as a fat person's belly swaggeth as he goeth. Palsgrave. SWAG Swag, n. 1. A swaying, irregular motion. 2. A burglar's or thief's booty; boodle. [Cant or Slang] Charles Reade. SWAG-BELLIED Swag"-bel`lied, a. Defn: Having a prominent, overhanging belly. Shak. SWAGBELLY Swag"bel`ly, n. 1. A prominent, overhanging belly. Smollett. 2. (Med.) Defn: Any large tumor developed in the abdomen, and neither fluctuating nor sonorous. Dunglison. SWAGE Swage, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Swaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Swaging.] Etym: [Equiv. to suage, abbrev. fr. assuage.] Defn: See Assuage. [Obs.] SWAGE Swage, n. Defn: A tool, variously shaped or grooved on the end or face, used by blacksmiths and other workers in metals, for shaping their work, whether sheet metal or forging, by holding the swage upon the work, or the work upon the swage, and striking with a sledge. Swage block, a perforated block of iron, having grooved sides and adapted for use in heading bolts and swaging objects of large size. SWAGE Swage, v. t. Defn: To shape by means of a swage; to fashion, as a piece of iron, by forcing it into a groove or mold having the required shape. SWAGGER Swag"ger, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swaggered; p. pr. & vb. n. Swaggering.] Etym: [Freq. of swag.] 1. To walk with a swaying motion; hence, to walk and act in a pompous, consequential manner. A man who swaggers about London clubs. Beaconsfield. 2. To boast or brag noisily; to be ostentatiously proud or vainglorious; to bluster; to bully. What a pleasant it is . . . to swagger at the bar! Arbuthnot. To be great is not . . . to swagger at our footmen. Colier. SWAGGER Swag"ger, v. t. Defn: To bully. [R.] Swift. SWAGGER Swag"ger, n. Defn: The act or manner of a swaggerer. He gave a half swagger, half leer, as he stepped forth to receive us. W. Irving. SWAGGERER Swag"ger*er, n. Defn: One who swaggers; a blusterer; a bully; a boastful, noisy fellow. Shak. SWAGGIE Swag"gie, n. Defn: A swagman. [Australia] SWAGGY Swag"gy, a. Defn: Inclined to swag; sinking, hanging, or leaning by its weight. Sir T. Browne. SWAGMAN Swag"man, n. Defn: A bushman carrying a swag and traveling on foot; -- called also swagsman, swagger, and swaggie. SWAGSMAN Swags"man, n. Defn: A swagman. [Australia] SWAIN Swain, n. Etym: [OE. swain, swein, Icel. sveinn a boy, servant; akin to Sw. sven, Dan. svend, AS. swan, OHG. swein.] 1. A servant. [Obs.] Him behoves serve himself that has no swain. Chaucer. 2. A young man dwelling in the country; a rustic; esp., a cuntry gallant or lover; -- chiefly in poetry. It were a happy life To be no better than a homely swain. Shak. Blest swains! whose nymphs in every grace excel. Pope. SWAINISH Swain"ish, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a swain; rustic; ignorant. "An ungentle and swainish beast." Milton. -- Swain"ish*ness, n. Emerson. SWAINLING Swain"ling, n. Defn: A little swain. [R.] SWAINMOTE Swain"mote`, n. Etym: [Swain + mote meeting: cf. LL. swanimotum.] (Eng. Forest Law) Defn: A court held before the verders of the forest as judges, by the steward of the court, thrice every year, the swains, or freeholders, within the forest composing the jury. [Written also swanimote, and sweinmote.] Blackstone. SWAINSHIP Swain"ship, n. Defn: The condition of a swain. SWAIP Swaip, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Sweep.] Defn: To walk proudly; to sweep along. [Prov. Eng.] Todd. SWAL Swal, obs. imp. of Swell. Defn: Swelled. Chaucer. SWALE Swale, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. svalr cool, svala to cool.] Defn: A valley or low place; a tract of low, and usually wet, land; a moor; a fen. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.] SWALE Swale, v. i. & t. Defn: To melt and waste away; to singe. See Sweal, v. SWALE Swale, n. Defn: A gutter in a candle. [Prov. Eng.] SWALLET Swal"let, n. Etym: [Cf. G. schwall a sea swell, from schwellen to swell, E. swell.] Defn: Water breaking in upon the miners at their work; -- so called among tin miners. [Prov. Eng.] SWALLOW Swal"low, n. Etym: [OE. swalowe, AS. swalewe, swealwe; akin to D. zwaluw, OHG. swalawa, G. schwalbe, Icel. & Sw. svala, Dan. svale.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of passerine birds of the family Hirundinidæ, especially one of those species in which the tail is deeply forked. They have long, pointed wings, and are noted for the swiftness and gracefulness of their flight. Note: The most common North American species are the barn swallow (see under Barn), the cliff, or eaves, swallow (see under Cliff), the white-bellied, or tree, swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), and the bank swallow (see under Bank). The common European swallow (Chelidon rustica), and the window swallow, or martin (Chelidon urbica), are familiar species. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of swifts which resemble the true swallows in form and habits, as the common American chimney swallow, or swift. 3. (Naut.) Defn: The aperture in a block through which the rope reeves. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Swallow plover (Zoöl.), any one of several species of fork-tailed ploverlike birds of the genus Glareola, as G. orientalis of India; a pratincole. -- Swallow shrike (Zoöl.), any one of several species of East Indian and Asiatic birds of the family Artamiidæ, allied to the shrikes but similar to swallows in appearance and habits. The ashy swallow shrike (Artamus fuscus) is common in India. -- Swallow warbler (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of East Indian and Australian singing birds of the genus Dicæum. They are allied to the honeysuckers. SWALLOW Swal"low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swallowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Swallowing.] Etym: [OE. swolewen, swolwen, swolhen, AS. swelgan; akin to D. zwelgen, OHG. swelahan, swelgan, G. schwelgen to feast, to revel, Icel. svelgia to swallow, SW. svälja, Dan. svælge. Cf. Groundsel a plant.] 1. To take into the stomach; to receive through the gullet, or esophagus, into the stomach; as, to swallow food or drink. As if I had swallowed snowballs for pills. Shak. 2. To draw into an abyss or gulf; to ingulf; to absorb -- usually followed by up. Milton. The earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their houses. Num. xvi. 32. 3. To receive or embrace, as opinions or belief, without examination or scruple; to receive implicitly. Though that story . . . be not so readily swallowed. Sir T. Browne. 4. To engross; to appropriate; -- usually with up. Homer excels . . . in this, that he swallowed up the honor of those who succeeded him. Pope. 5. To occupy; to take up; to employ. The necessary provision of the life swallows the greatest part of their time. Locke. 6. To seize and waste; to exhaust; to consume. Corruption swallowed what the liberal hand Of bounty scattered. Thomson. 7. To retract; to recant; as, to swallow one's opinions. "Swallowed his vows whole." Shak. 8. To put up with; to bear patiently or without retaliation; as, to swallow an affront or insult. Syn. -- To absorb; imbibe; ingulf; engross; consume. See Absorb. SWALLOW Swal"low, v. i. Defn: To perform the act of swallowing; as, his cold is so severe he is unable to swallow. SWALLOW Swal"low, n. 1. The act of swallowing. 2. The gullet, or esophagus; the throat. 3. Taste; relish; inclination; liking. [Colloq.] I have no swallow for it. Massinger. 4. Capacity for swallowing; voracity. There being nothing too gross for the swallow of political rancor. Prof. Wilson. 5. As much as is, or can be, swallowed at once; as, a swallow of water. 6. That which ingulfs; a whirlpool. [Obs.] Fabyan. SWALLOWER Swal"low*er, n. Defn: One who swallows; also, a glutton. Tatler. SWALLOWFISH Swal"low*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European sapphirine gurnard (Trigla hirundo). It has large pectoral fins. SWALLOWTAIL Swal"low*tail`, n. 1. (Carp.) Defn: A kind of tenon or tongue used in making joints. See Dovetail. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A species of willow. 3. (Fort.) Defn: An outwork with converging sides, its head or front forming a reëntrant angle; -- so called from its form. Called also priestcap. 4. A swallow-tailed coat. This Stultz coat, a blue swallowtail, with yellow buttons. Thackeray. 5. An arrow. Sir W. Scott. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of large and handsome butterflies, belonging to Papilio and allied genera, in which the posterior border of each hind wing is prolongated in the form of a long lobe. Note: The black swallowtail, or asterias (see Papilio), the blue swallowtail, or philenor, the tiger swallowtail, or turnus (see Turnus), and the zebra swallowtail, or ajax (see under Zebra) are common American species. See also Troilus. SWALLOW-TAILED Swal"low-tailed`, a. 1. Having a tail like that of a swallow; hence, like a swallow's tail in form; having narrow and tapering or pointed skirts; as, a swallow- tailed coat. 2. (Carp.) Defn: United by dovetailing; dovetailed. Swallow-tailed duck (Zoöl.), the old squaw. -- Swallow-tailed gull (Zoöl.), an Arctic gull (Xema furcata), which has a deeply forked tail. -- Swallow-tailed hawk or kite (Zoöl.), the fork-tailed kite. -- Swallow-tailed moth (Zoöl.), a European moth (Urapteryx sambucaria) having tail-like lobes on the hind wings. SWALLOWWORT Swal"low*wort`, n. (Bot.) (a) See Celandine. (b) A poisonous plant (Vincetoxicum officinale) of the Milkweed family, at one time used in medicine; -- also called white swallowwort. African swallowwort, a plant of the genus Stapelia. SWAM Swam, Defn: imp. of Swim. SWAMP Swamp, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. swam a fungus, OD. swam a sponge, D. zwam a fungus, G. schwamm a sponge, Icel. svöppr, Dan. & Sw. swamp, Goth. swamms, Gr. somfo`s porous, spongy.] Defn: Wet, spongy land; soft, low ground saturated with water, but not usually covered with it; marshy ground away from the seashore. Gray swamps and pools, waste places of the hern. Tennyson. A swamp differs from a bog and a marsh in producing trees and shrubs, while the latter produce only herbage, plants, and mosses. Farming Encyc. (E. Edwards, Words). Swamp blackbird. (Zoöl.) See Redwing (b). -- Swamp cabbage (Bot.), skunk cabbage. -- Swamp deer (Zoöl.), an Asiatic deer (Rucervus Duvaucelli) of India. -- Swamp hen. (Zoöl.) (a) An Australian azure-breasted bird (Porphyrio bellus); -- called also goollema. (b) An Australian water crake, or rail (Porzana Tabuensis); -- called also little swamp hen. (c) The European purple gallinule. -- Swamp honeysuckle (Bot.), an American shrub (Azalea, or Rhododendron, viscosa) growing in swampy places, with fragrant flowers of a white color, or white tinged with rose; -- called also swamp pink. -- Swamp hook, a hook and chain used by lumbermen in handling logs. Cf. Cant hook. -- Swamp itch. (Med.) See Prairie itch, under Prairie. -- Swamp laurel (Bot.), a shrub (Kalmia glauca) having small leaves with the lower surface glaucous. -- Swamp maple (Bot.), red maple. See Maple. -- Swamp oak (Bot.), a name given to several kinds of oak which grow in swampy places, as swamp Spanish oak (Quercus palustris), swamp white oak (Q. bicolor), swamp post oak (Q. lyrata). -- Swamp ore (Min.), big ore; limonite. -- Swamp partridge (Zoöl.), any one of several Australian game birds of the genera Synoicus and Excalfatoria, allied to the European partridges. -- Swamp robin (Zoöl.), the chewink. -- Swamp sassafras (Bot.), a small North American tree of the genus Magnolia (M. glauca) with aromatic leaves and fragrant creamy-white blossoms; -- called also sweet bay. -- Swamp sparrow (Zoöl.), a common North American sparrow (Melospiza Georgiana, or M. palustris), closely resembling the song sparrow. It lives in low, swampy places. -- Swamp willow. (Bot.) See Pussy willow, under Pussy. SWAMP Swamp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swamped; p. pr. & vb. n. Swamping.] 1. To plunge or sink into a swamp. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To cause (a boat) to become filled with water; to capsize or sink by whelming with water. 3. Fig.: To plunge into difficulties and perils; to overwhelm; to ruin; to wreck. The Whig majority of the house of Lords was swamped by the creation of twelve Tory peers. J. R. Green. Having swamped himself in following the ignis fatuus of a theory. Sir W. Hamilton. SWAMP Swamp, v. i. 1. To sink or stick in a swamp; figuratively, to become involved in insuperable difficulties. 2. To become filled with water, as a boat; to founder; to capsize or sink; figuratively, to be ruined; to be wrecked. SWAMPY Swamp"y, a. Defn: Consisting of swamp; like a swamp; low, wet, and spongy; as, swampy land. SWAN Swan, n. Etym: [AS. swan; akin to D. zwaan, OHG. swan, G. schwan, Icel. svanr, Sw. svan, Dan. svane; and perhaps to E. sound something audible.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of large aquatic birds belonging to Cygnus, Olor, and allied genera of the subfamily Cygninæ. They have a large and strong beak and a long neck, and are noted for their graceful movements when swimming. Most of the northern species are white. In literature the swan was fabled to sing a melodious song, especially at the time of its death. Note: The European white, or mute, swan (Cygnus gibbus), which is most commonly domesticated, bends its neck in an S-shaped curve. The whistling, or trumpeting, swans of the genus Olor do not bend the neck in an S-shaped curve, and are noted for their loud and sonorous cry, due to complex convolutions of the windpipe. To this genus belong the European whooper, or whistling swan (Olor cygnus), the American whistling swan (O. Columbianus), and the trumpeter swan (O. buccinator). The Australian black swan (Chenopis atrata) is dull black with white on the wings, and has the bill carmine, crossed with a white band. It is a very graceful species and is often domesticated. The South American black-necked swan (Sthenelides melancorypha) is a very beautiful and graceful species, entirely white, except the head and neck, which are dark velvety seal-brown. Its bill has a double bright rose-colored knob. 2. Fig.: An appellation for a sweet singer, or a poet noted for grace and melody; as Shakespeare is called the swan of Avon. 3. (Astron.) Defn: The constellation Cygnus. Swan goose (Zoöl.), a bird of India (Cygnopsis cygnoides) resembling both the swan and the goose. -- Swan shot, a large size of shot used in fowling. SWANG Swang, obs. Defn: imp. of Swing. SWANG Swang, n. Etym: [Cf. Swamp.] Defn: A swamp. [Prov. Eng.] SWANHERD Swan"herd`, n. Defn: One who tends or marks swans; as, the royal swanherd of England. SWAN-HOPPING Swan"-hop`ping, n. Defn: A corruption of Swan-upping. [Eng.] Encyc. Brit. SWANIMOTE Swan"i*mote, n. (Eng. Forest Law) Defn: See Swainmote. SWANKIE; SWANKY Swank"ie, Swank"y, n. Etym: [Cf. G. schwank flexible, pliant.] Defn: An active and clever young fellow. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. SWANLIKE Swan"like`, a. Defn: Resembling a swan. SWANMARK Swan"mark`, n. Defn: A mark of ownership cut on the bill or swan. [Eng.] Encyc. Brit. SWANNERY Swan"ner*y, n. Defn: A place where swans are bred. "The largest swannery in England." Encyc. Brit. SWANNY Swan"ny, a. Defn: Swanlike; as, a swanny glossiness of the neck. Richardson. SWANPAN Swan"pan, n. Etym: [Cf. Schwanpan.] Defn: The Chinese abacus; a schwanpan. S. W. Williams. SWAN'S-DOWN; SWANS-DOWN Swan's"-down`, or; Swans"-down`, n. 1. The down, or fine, soft feathers, of the swan, used on various articles of dress. 2. A fine, soft, thick cloth of wool mixed with silk or cotton; a sort of twilled fustian, like moleskin. Swan's-down cotton. See Cotton flannel, under Cotton. SWANSKIN Swan"skin`, n. 1. The act of a swan with the down or the feathers on. 2. A species of soft flannel, thick and warm. SWAN-UPPING Swan"-up`ping, n. Defn: A yearly expedition on the Thames to take up young swans and mark them, as by Companies of Dyers and Vintners; -- called also swan-hopping. [Eng.] Encyc. Brit. SWAP Swap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Swapping.] Etym: [OE. swappen to strike; cf. E. to strike a bargain; perh. akin to E. sweep. Cf. Swap a blow, Swap, v. i.] [Written also swop.] 1. To strike; -- with off. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "Swap off his head!" Chaucer. 2. To exchange (usually two things of the same kind); to swop. [Colloq.] Miss Edgeworth. SWAP Swap, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Swap, v. t.] 1. To fall or descend; to rush hastily or violently. C. Richardson (Dict.). All suddenly she swapt adown to ground. Chaucer. 2. To beat the air, or ply the wings, with a sweeping motion or noise; to flap. SWAP Swap, n. Etym: [Cf. G. schwapp, n., a slap, swap, schwapp, schwapps, interj., slap! smack! and E. swap, v.t.] 1. A blow; a stroke. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. An exchange; a barter. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott. SWAP Swap, adv. Etym: [See Swap, n.] Defn: Hastily. [Prov. Eng.] SWAPE Swape, n. Defn: See Sweep, n., 12. SWARD Sward, n. Etym: [AS. sweard skin, covering; akin to OFries. swarge, D. zwoord, G. schwarte, Icel. svör skin, sward of the earth.] 1. Skin; covering. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. The grassy surface of land; that part of the soil which is filled with the roots of grass; turf. The sward was trim as any garden lawn. Tennyson. Sward pork, bacon in large fitches. [Prov. Eng.] SWARD Sward, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Swarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Swarding.] Defn: To produce sward upon; to cover, or be covered, with sward. Mortimer. SWARD-CUTTER Sward"-cut`ter, n. (a) A plow for turning up grass land. (b) A lawn mower. SWARDED Sward"ed, a. Defn: Covered with sward. Mrs. Browning. SWARDY Sward"y, a. Defn: Covered with sward or grass. SWARE Sware, Defn: imp. of Swear. [Obs. or Poetic] Cophetua sware a royal oath. Tennyson. SWARF Swarf, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Swerve.] Defn: To grow languid; to faint. [Scot.] "To swarf for very hunger." Sir W. Scott. SWARF Swarf, n. Etym: [Cf. Swerve.] Defn: The grit worn away from grindstones in grinding cutlery wet. [Prov. Eng.] SWARM Swarm, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Swerve.] Defn: To climb a tree, pole, or the like, by embracing it with the arms and legs alternately. See Shin. [Colloq.] At the top was placed a piece of money, as a prize for those who could swarm up and seize it. W. Coxe. SWARM Swarm, n. Etym: [OE. swarm, AS. swearm; akin to D. zwerm, G. schwarm, OHG. swaram, Icel. svarmr a tumult, Sw. svärm a swarm, Dan. sværm, and G. schwirren to whiz, to buzz, Skr. svar to sound, and perhaps to E. swear. *177. Cf. Swerve, Swirl.] 1. A large number or mass of small animals or insects, especially when in motion. "A deadly swarm of hornets." Milton. 2. Especially, a great number of honeybees which emigrate from a hive at once, and seek new lodgings under the direction of a queen; a like body of bees settled permanently in a hive. "A swarm of bees." Chaucer. 3. Hence, any great nimber or multitude, as of people in motion, or sometimes of inanimate objects; as, a swarm of meteorites. Those prodigious swarms that had settled themselves in every part of it [Italy]. Addison. Syn. -- Multitude; crowd; throng. SWARM Swarm, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swarmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Swarming.] 1. To collect, and depart from a hive by flight in a body; -- said of bees; as, bees swarm in warm, clear days in summer. 2. To appear or collect in a crowd; to throng together; to congregate in a multitude. Chaucer. 3. To be crowded; to be thronged with a multitude of beings in motion. Every place swarms with soldiers. Spenser. 4. To abound; to be filled (with). Atterbury. 5. To breed multitudes. Not so thick swarmed once the soil Bedropped with blood of Gorgon. Milton. SWARM Swarm, v. t. Defn: To crowd or throng. Fanshawe. SWARMSPORE Swarm"spore`, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: One of innumerable minute, motile, reproductive bodies, produced asexually by certain algæ and fungi; a zoöspore. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the minute flagellate germs produced by the sporulation of a protozoan; -- called also zoöspore. SWART Swart, n. Defn: Sward. [Obs.] Holinshed. SWART Swart, a. Etym: [OE. swart, AS. sweart black; akin to OFries, OS. & LG. swart, D. zwart, G. schwartz, OHG. swarz, Icel. svarir, Sw. svart, Dan. sort, Goth. swarts; cf. L. sordes dirt, sordere to be dirty. Cf. Sordid, Surd.] 1. Of a dark hue; moderately black; swarthy; tawny. "Swart attendants." Trench. "Swart savage maids." Hawthorne. A nation strange, with visage swart. Spenser. 2. Gloomy; malignant. [Obs.] Milton. Swart star, the Dog Star; -- so called from its appearing during the hot weather of summer, which makes swart the countenance. [R.] Milton. SWART Swart, v. t. Defn: To make swart or tawny; as, to swart a living part. Sir T. Browne. SWARTBACK Swart"back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The black-backed gull (Larus marinus); -- called also swarbie. [Prov. Eng.] SWARTH Swarth, a. Defn: Swart; swarthy. "A swarth complexion." Chapman. SWARTH Swarth, n. Defn: An apparition of a person about to die; a wraith. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. SWARTH Swarth, n. Etym: [See Sward.] Defn: Sward; short grass. Grassy swarth, close cropped by nibbling sheep. Cowper. SWARTH Swarth, n. Defn: See Swath. SWARTHILY Swarth"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a swarthy manner; with a tawny hue; duskily. SWARTHINESS Swarth"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being swarthy; a dusky or dark complexion; tawniness. SWARTHNESS Swarth"*ness, n. Defn: Swarthiness. [R.] Dr. R. Clerke. SWARTHY Swarth"y, a. [Compar. Swarthier; superl. Swarthiest.] Etym: [See Swart, a.] Defn: Being of a dark hue or dusky complexion; tawny; swart; as, swarthy faces. "A swarthy Ethiope." Shak. Their swarthy hosts would darken all our plains. Addison. SWARTHY Swarth"y, v. t. Defn: To make swarthy. [Obs.] Cowley. SWARTINESS Swart"i*ness, n. Defn: Swarthiness. [Obs.] SWARTISH Swart"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat swart, dark, or tawny. SWARTNESS Swart"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being swart. SWARTY Swart"y, a. Defn: Swarthy; tawny. [Obs.] Burton. SWARVE Swarve, v. i. Etym: [See Swerve.] 1. To swerve. [Obs. or Scot.] Spenser. Jamieson. 2. To climb. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. SWASH Swash, n. Etym: [Cf. Swash, v. i., Squash, v. t.] (Arch.) Defn: An oval figure, whose moldings are oblique to the axis of the work. Moxon. Swash plate (Mach.), a revolving circular plate, set obliquely on its shaft, and acting as a cam to give a reciprocating motion to a rod in a direction parallel to the shaft. SWASH Swash, a. Etym: [Cf. Swash, v. i., Squash, v. t.] Defn: Soft, like fruit too ripe; swashy. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge. SWASH Swash, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Swashing.] Etym: [Probably of imitative origin; cf. Sw. svasska to splash, and, for sense 3, Sw. svassa to bully, to rodomontade.] 1. To dash or flow noisily, as water; to splash; as, water swashing on a shallow place. 2. To fall violently or noisily. [Obs.] Holinshed. 3. To bluster; to make a great noise; to vapor or brag. SWASH Swash, n. 1. Impulse of water flowing with violence; a dashing or splashing of water. 2. A narrow sound or channel of water lying within a sand bank, or between a sand bank and the shore, or a bar over which the sea washes. 3. Liquid filth; wash; hog mash. [Obs.] 4. A blustering noise; a swaggering behavior. [Obs.] 5. A swaggering fellow; a swasher. SWASHBUCKLER Swash"buc`kler, n. Defn: A bully or braggadocio; a swaggering, boastful fellow; a swaggerer. Milton. SWASHER Swash"er, n. Defn: One who makes a blustering show of valor or force of arms. Shak. SWASHING Swash"ing, a. 1. Swaggering; hectoring. "A swashing and martial outside." Shak. 2. Resounding; crushing. "Swashing blow." Shak. SWASHWAY Swash"way`, n. Defn: Same as 4th Swash, 2. SWASHY Swash"y, a. Defn: Soft, like fruit that is too ripe; quashy; swash. [Prov. Eng.] SWASTIKA; SWASTICA Swas"ti*ka, Swas"ti*ca, n. [Also suastica, svastika, etc.] [Skr. svastika, fr. svasti walfare; su well + asti being.] Defn: A symbol or ornament in the form of a Greek cross with the ends of the arms at right angles all in the same direction, and each prolonged to the height of the parallel arm of the cross. A great many modified forms exist, ogee and volute as well as rectilinear, while various decorative designs, as Greek fret or meander, are derived from or closely associated with it. The swastika is found in remains from the Bronze Age in various parts of Europe, esp. at Hissarlik (Troy), and was in frequent use as late as the 10th century. It is found in ancient Persia, in India, where both Jains and Buddhists used (or still use) it as religious symbol, in China and Japan, and among Indian tribes of North, Central, and South America. It is usually thought to be a charm, talisman, or religious token, esp. a sign of good luck or benediction. Max MüLler distinguished from the swastika, with arms prolonged to the right, the suavastika, with arms prolonged to the left, but this distinction is not commonly recognized. Other names for the swastika are fylfot and gammadion. SWAT Swat, obs. Defn: imp. of Sweat. Chaucer. SWATCH Swatch, n. 1. A swath. [Obs.] Tusser. 2. A piece, pattern, or sample, generally of cloth. Halliwell. Jamieson. SWATE Swate, obs. Defn: imp. of Sweat. Thomson. SWATH Swath, n. Etym: [AS. swa a track, trace; akin to D. zwaad, zwad, zwade, a swath of grass, G. schwad, schwaden; perhaps, originally, a shred. Cf. Swathe, v. t.] 1. A line of grass or grain cut and thrown together by the scythe in mowing or cradling. 2. The whole sweep of a scythe, or the whole breadth from which grass or grain is cut by a scythe or a machine, in mowing or cradling; as, to cut a wide swath. 3. A band or fillet; a swathe. Shak. Swath bank, a row of new-mown grass. [Prov. Eng.] SWATHE Swathe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swathed; p. pr. & vb. n. Swathing.] Etym: [OE. swathen, AS. swe. See Swath, n., and cf. Swaddle.] Defn: To bind with a swathe, band, bandage, or rollers. Their children are never swathed or bound about with any thing when they are first born. Abp. Abbot. SWATHE Swathe, n. Defn: A bandage; a band; a swath. Wrapped me in above an hundred yards of swathe. Addison. Milk and a swathe, at first, his whole demand. Young. The solemn glory of the afternoon, with its long swathes of light between the far off rows of limes. G. Eliot. SWATHER Swath"er, n. Etym: [See Swath, n.] (Agric.) Defn: A device attached to a mowing machine for raising the uncut fallen grain and marking the limit of the swath. SWATTE Swat"te, obs. Defn: imp. of Sweat. Chaucer. SWAY Sway, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Swaying.] Etym: [OE. sweyen, Icel. sveigja, akin to E. swing; cf. D. zwaaijen to wield, swing. See Swing, and cf. Swag, v. i.] 1. To move or wield with the hand; to swing; to wield; as, to sway the scepter. As sparkles from the anvil rise, When heavy hammers on the wedge are swayed. Spenser. 2. To influence or direct by power and authority; by persuasion, or by moral force; to rule; to govern; to guide. The will of man is by his reason swayed. Shak. She could not sway her house. Shak. This was the race To sway the world, and land and sea subdue. Dryden. 3. To cause to incline or swing to one side, or backward and forward; to bias; to turn; to bend; warp; as, reeds swayed by wind; judgment swayed by passion. As bowls run true by being made On purpose false, and to be swayed. Hudibras. Let not temporal and little advantages sway you against a more durable interest. Tillotson. 4. (Naut.) Defn: To hoist; as, to sway up the yards. Syn. -- To bias; rule; govern; direct; influence; swing; move; wave; wield. SWAY Sway, v. i. 1. To be drawn to one side by weight or influence; to lean; to incline. The balance sways on our part. Bacon. 2. To move or swing from side to side; or backward and forward. 3. To have weight or influence. The example of sundry churches . . . doth sway much. Hooker. 4. To bear sway; to rule; to govern. Hadst thou swayed as kings should do. Shak. SWAY Sway, n. 1. The act of swaying; a swaying motion; the swing or sweep of a weapon. With huge two-handed sway brandished aloft. Milton. 2. Influence, weight, or authority that inclines to one side; as, the sway of desires. A. Tucker. 3. Preponderance; turn or cast of balance. Expert When to advance, or stand, or turn the sway Of battle. Milton. 4. Rule; dominion; control. Cowper. When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway, The post of honor is a private station. Addison. 5. A switch or rod used by thatchers to bind their work. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Syn. -- Rule; dominion; power; empire; control; influence; direction; preponderance; ascendency. SWAY-BACKED Sway"-backed`, a. Defn: Having the back hollow or sagged, whether naturally or as the result of injury or weakness; -- said of horses and other animals. SWAY BAR Sway bar. (Vehicles) (a) A bar attached to the hounds, in the rear of the front axle, so as to slide on the reach as the axle is swung in turning the vehicle. (b) Either of the two bars used in coupling the front and rear sleds of a logging sled; also, the bar used to couple two logging cars. SWAY-BRACING Sway"-bra`cing, n. (Engin.) Defn: The horizontal bracing of a bridge, which prevents its swaying. SWAYED Swayed, a. Defn: Bent down, and hollow in the back; sway-backed; -- said of a horse. Shak. SWAYFUL Sway"ful, a. Defn: Able to sway. [R.] Rush. SWAYING Sway"ing, n. Defn: An injury caused by violent strains or by overloading; -- said of the backs of horses. Crabb. SWEAL Sweal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swealed; p. pr. & vb. n. Swealing.] Etym: [OE. swelen to burn, AS. swelan; akin to G. schwelen to burn slowly, schwül sultry, Icel. svæla a thick smoke.] Defn: To melt and run down, as the tallow of a candle; to waste away without feeding the flame. [Written also swale.] Sir W. Scott. SWEAL Sweal, v. t. Defn: To singe; to scorch; to swale; as, to sweal a pig by singeing off the hair. SWEAR Swear, v. i. [imp. Swore, formerly Sware (; p. p. Sworn; p. pr. & vb. n. Swearing.] Etym: [OE. swerien, AS. swerian; akin to D. zweren, OS. swerian, OHG. swerien, G. schwören, Icel. sverja, Sw. svärja, Dan. sværge, Icel. & Sw. svara to answer, Dan. svare, Dan. & Sw. svar an answer, Goth. swaran to swear, and perhaps to E. swarm. *177. Cf. Answer.] 1. To affirm or utter a solemn declaration, with an appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed; to make a promise, threat, or resolve on oath; also, to affirm solemnly by some sacred object, or one regarded as sacred, as the Bible, the Koran, etc. Ye shall swear by my name falsely. Lev. xix. 12. I swear by all the Roman gods. Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: To give evidence on oath; as, to swear to the truth of a statement; he swore against the prisoner. 3. To make an appeal to God in an irreverant manner; to use the name of God or sacred things profanely; to call upon God in imprecation; to curse. [I] swore little; diced not above seven times a week. Shak. To swear by, to place great confidence in a person or thing; to trust implicitly as an authority. "I simply meant to ask if you are one of those who swear by Lord Verulam." Miss Edgeworth. -- To swear off, to make a solemn vow, or a serious resolution, to abstain from something; as, to swear off smoking. [Slang] SWEAR Swear, v. t. 1. To utter or affirm with a solemn appeal to God for the truth of the declaration; to make (a promise, threat, or resolve) under oath. Swear unto me here by God, that thou wilt not deal falsely with me. Gen. xxi. 23. He swore consent to your succession. Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: To put to an oath; to cause to take an oath; to administer an oath to; -- ofetn followed by in or into; as, to swear witnesses; to swear a jury; to swear in an officer; he was sworn into office. 3. To declare or charge upon oath; as, he swore treason against his friend. Johnson. 4. To appeal to by an oath. Now, by Apollo, king, Thou swear'st thy gods in vain. Shak. To swear the peace against one, to make oath that one is under the actual fear of death or bodily harm from the person, in which case the person must find sureties that he will keep the peace. SWEARER Swear"er, n. 1. One who swears; one who calls God to witness for the truth of his declaration. 2. A profane person; one who uses profane language. Then the liars and swearers are fools. Shak. SWEARING Swear"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Swear, v. Idle swearing is a cursedness. Chaucer. SWEAT Sweat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sweat or Sweated (Obs. Swat (); p. pr. & vb. n. Sweating.] Etym: [OE. sweten, AS. swætan, fr. swat, n., sweat; akin to OFries. & OS. swet, D. zweet, OHG. sweiz, G. schweiss, Icel. sviti, sveiti, Sw. svett, Dan. sved, L. sudor sweat, sudare to sweat, Gr. sveda sweat, svid to sweat. *178. Cf. Exude, Sudary, Sudorific.] 1. To excrete sensible moisture from the pores of the skin; to perspire. Shak. 2. Fig.: To perspire in toil; to work hard; to drudge. He 'd have the poets sweat. Waller. 3. To emit moisture, as green plants in a heap. SWEAT Sweat, v. t. 1. To cause to excrete moisture from the skin; to cause to perspire; as, his physicians attempted to sweat him by most powerful sudorifics. 2. To emit or suffer to flow from the pores; to exude. It made her not a drop for sweat. Chaucer. With exercise she sweat ill humors out. Dryden. 3. To unite by heating, after the application of soldier. 4. To get something advantageous, as money, property, or labor from (any one), by exaction or oppression; as, to sweat a spendthrift; to sweat laborers. [Colloq.] To sweat coin, to remove a portion of a piece of coin, as by shaking it with others in a bag, so that the friction wears off a small quantity of the metal. The only use of it [money] which is interdicted is to put it in circulation again after having diminished its weight by "sweating", or otherwise, because the quantity of metal contains is no longer consistent with its impression. R. Cobden. SWEAT Sweat, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. swot, AS. swat. See Sweat, v. i.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: The fluid which is excreted from the skin of an animal; the fluid secreted by the sudoriferous glands; a transparent, colorless, acid liquid with a peculiar odor, containing some fatty acids and mineral matter; perspiration. See Perspiration. In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread. Gen. iii. 19. 2. The act of sweating; or the state of one who sweats; hence, labor; toil; drudgery. Shak. 3. Moisture issuing from any substance; as, the sweat of hay or grain in a mow or stack. Mortimer. 4. The sweating sickness. [Obs.] Holinshed. 5. (Man.) Defn: A short run by a race horse in exercise. Sweat box (Naut.), a small closet in which refractory men are confined. -- Sweat glands (Anat.), sudoriferous glands. See under Sudoriferous. SWEATER Sweat"er, n. 1. One who sweats. 2. One who, or that which, causes to sweat; as: (a) A sudorific. (b) A woolen jacket or jersey worn by athletes. (c) An employer who oppresses his workmen by paying low wages. [Slang] SWEATILY Sweat"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a sweaty manner. SWEATINESS Sweat"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being sweaty. SWEATING Sweat"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Sweat, v. Sweating bath, a bath producing sensible sweat; a stove or sudatory. -- Sweating house, a house for sweating persons in sickness. -- Sweating iron, a kind of knife, or a piece of iron, used to scrape off sweat, especially from horses; a horse scraper. -- Sweating room. (a) A room for sweating persons. (b) (Dairying) A room for sweating cheese and carrying off the superfluous juices. -- Sweating sickness (Med.), a febrile epidemic disease which prevailed in some countries of Europe, but particularly in England, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, characterized by profuse sweating. Death often occured in a few hours. SWEATY Sweat"y, a. [Compar. Sweatier; superl. Sweatiest.] 1. Moist with sweat; as, a sweaty skin; a sweaty garment. 2. Consisting of sweat; of the nature of sweat. No noisome whiffs or sweaty streams. Swift. 3. Causing sweat; hence, laborious; toilsome; difficult. "The sweaty forge." Prior. SWEDE Swede, n. Etym: [Cf. G. Schwede.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Sweden. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A Swedish turnip. See under Turnip. SWEDENBORGIAN Swe`den*bor"gi*an, n. Defn: One who holds the doctrines of the New Jerusalem church, as taught by Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish philosopher and religious writer, who was born a. d. 1688 and died 1772. Swedenborg claimed to have intercourse with the spiritual world, through the opening of his spiritual senses in 1745. He taught that the Lord Jesus Christ, as comprehending in himself all the fullness of the Godhead, is the one only God, and that there is a spiritual sense to the Scriptures, which he (Swedenborg) was able to reveal, because he saw the correspondence between natural and spiritual things. SWEDENBORGIAN Swe`den*bor"gi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Swedenborg or his views. SWEDENBORGIANISM Swe`den*bor"gi*an*ism, n. Defn: The doctrines of the Swedenborgians. SWEDISH Swed"ish, a. Etym: [Cf. G. schwedisch, Sw. svensk.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Sweden or its inhabitants. Swedish turnip. (Bot.) See under Turnip. SWEDISH Swed"ish, n. Defn: The language of Swedes. SWEENY Swee"ny, n. (Far.) Defn: An atrophy of the muscles of the shoulder in horses; also, atrophy of any muscle in horses. [Written also swinney.] SWEEP Sweep, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swept; p. pr. & vb. n. Sweeping.] Etym: [OE. swepen; akin to AS. swapan. See Swoop, v. i.] 1. To pass a broom across (a surface) so as to remove loose dirt, dust, etc.; to brush, or rub over, with a broom for the purpose of cleaning; as, to sweep a floor, the street, or a chimney. Used also figuratively. I will sweep it with the besom of destruction. Isa. xiv. 23. 2. To drive or carry along or off with a broom or a brush, or as if with a broom; to remove by, or as if by, brushing; as, to sweep dirt from a floor; the wind sweeps the snow from the hills; a freshet sweeps away a dam, timber, or rubbish; a pestilence sweeps off multitudes. The hail shall sweep away the refuge of lies. Isa. xxviii. 17. I have already swept the stakes. Dryden. 3. To brush against or over; to rub lightly along. Their long descending train, With rubies edged and sapphires, swept the plain. Dryden. 4. To carry with a long, swinging, or dragging motion; hence, to carry in a stately or proud fashion. And like a peacock sweep along his tail. Shak. 5. To strike with a long stroke. Wake into voice each silent string, And sweep the sounding lyre. Pope. 6. (Naut.) Defn: To draw or drag something over; as, to sweep the bottom of a river with a net. 7. To pass over, or traverse, with the eye or with an instrument of observation; as, to sweep the heavens with a telescope. To sweep, or sweep up, a mold (Founding), to form the sand into a mold by a templet, instead of compressing it around the pattern. SWEEP Sweep, v. i. 1. To clean rooms, yards, etc., or to clear away dust, dirt, litter, etc., with a broom, brush, or the like. 2. To brush swiftly over the surface of anything; to pass with switness and force, as if brushing the surface of anything; to move in a stately manner; as, the wind sweeps across the plain; a woman sweeps through a drawing-room. 3. To pass over anything comprehensively; to range through with rapidity; as, his eye sweeps through space. SWEEP Sweep, n. 1. The act of sweeping. 2. The compass or range of a stroke; as, a long sweep. 3. The compass of any turning body or of any motion; as, the sweep of a door; the sweep of the eye. 4. The compass of anything flowing or brushing; as, the flood carried away everything within its sweep. 5. Violent and general destruction; as, the sweep of an epidemic disease. 6. Direction and extent of any motion not rectlinear; as, the sweep of a compass. 7. Direction or departure of a curve, a road, an arch, or the like, away from a rectlinear line. The road which makes a small sweep. Sir W. Scott. 8. One who sweeps; a sweeper; specifically, a chimney sweeper. 9. (Founding) Defn: A movable templet for making molds, in loam molding. 10. (Naut.) (a) The mold of a ship when she begins to curve in at the rungheads; any part of a ship shaped in a segment of a circle. (b) A large oar used in small vessels, partly to propel them and partly to steer them. 11. (Refining) Defn: The almond furnace. [Obs.] 12. A long pole, or piece of timber, moved on a horizontal fulcrum fixed to a tall post and used to raise and lower a bucket in a well for drawing water. [Variously written swape, sweep, swepe, and swipe.] 13. (Card Playing) Defn: In the game of casino, a pairing or combining of all the cards on the board, and so removing them all; in whist, the winning of all the tricks (thirteen) in a hand; a slam. 14. pl. Defn: The sweeping of workshops where precious metals are worked, containing filings, etc. Sweep net, a net for drawing over a large compass. -- Sweep of the tiller (Naut.), a circular frame on which the tiller traverses. SWEEPAGE Sweep"age, n. Defn: The crop of hay got in a meadow. [Prov. Eng.] SWEEPER Sweep"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, sweeps, or cleans by sweeping; a sweep; as, a carpet sweeper. It is oxygen which is the great sweeper of the economy. Huxley. SWEEPING Sweep"ing, a. Defn: Cleaning off surfaces, or cleaning away dust, dirt, or litter, as a broom does; moving with swiftness and force; carrying everything before it; including in its scope many persons or things; as, a sweeping flood; a sweeping majority; a sweeping accusation. -- Sweep"ing*ly, adv. -Sweep"ing*ness, n. SWEEPINGS Sweep"ings, n. pl. Defn: Things collected by sweeping; rubbish; as, the sweepings of a street. SWEEP-SAW Sweep"-saw`, n. Defn: A bow-saw. SWEEPSTAKE Sweep"stake`, n. 1. A winning of all the stakes or prizes. Heylin. 2. A complete removal or carrying away; a clean sweep. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket. SWEEPSTAKES Sweep"stakes`, n. 1. A winning of all the stakes or prizes; a sweepstake. 2. sing. or pl. Defn: The whole money or other things staked at a horse race, a given sum being put up for each horse, all of which goes to the winner, or is divided among several, as may be previously agreed. 3. A race for all the sums staked or prizes offered. SWEEPWASHER Sweep"wash`er, n. Defn: One who extracts the residuum of precious metals from the sweepings, potsherds, etc., of refineries of gold and silver, or places where these metals are used. SWEEPY Sweep"y, a. Defn: Moving with a sweeping motion. The branches bend before their sweepy away. Dryden. SWEET Sweet, a. [Compar. Sweeter; superl. Sweetest.] Etym: [OE. swete, swote, sote, AS. swete; akin to OFries. swete, OS. swoti, D. zoet, G. süss, OHG. suozi, Icel. sætr, soetr, Sw. söt, Dan. söd, Goth. suts, L. suavis, for suadvis, Gr. svadu sweet, svad, svad, to sweeten. *175. Cf. Assuage, Suave, Suasion.] 1. Having an agreeable taste or flavor such as that of sugar; saccharine; -- opposed to sour and bitter; as, a sweet beverage; sweet fruits; sweet oranges. 2. Pleasing to the smell; fragrant; redolent; balmy; as, a sweet rose; sweet odor; sweet incense. The breath of these flowers is sweet to me. Longfellow. 3. Pleasing to the ear; soft; melodious; harmonious; as, the sweet notes of a flute or an organ; sweet music; a sweet voice; a sweet singer. To make his English sweet upon his tongue. Chaucer. A voice sweet, tremulous, but powerful. Hawthorne. 4. Pleasing to the eye; beautiful; mild and attractive; fair; as, a sweet face; a sweet color or complexion. Sweet interchange Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains. Milton. 5. Fresh; not salt or brackish; as, sweet water. Bacon. 6. Not changed from a sound or wholesome state. Specifically: (a) Not sour; as, sweet milk or bread. (b) Not state; not putrescent or putrid; not rancid; as, sweet butter; sweet meat or fish. 7. Plaesing to the mind; mild; gentle; calm; amiable; winning; presuasive; as, sweet manners. Canst thou bind the sweet influence of Pleiades Job xxxviii. 31. Mildness and sweet reasonableness is the one established rule of Christian working. M. Arnold. Note: Sweet is often used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, sweet-blossomed, sweet-featured, sweet-smelling, sweet-tempered, sweet-toned, etc. Sweet alyssum. (Bot.) See Alyssum. -- Sweet apple. (Bot.) (a) Any apple of sweet flavor. (b) See Sweet- top. -- Sweet bay. (Bot.) (a) The laurel (laurus nobilis). (b) Swamp sassafras. -- Sweet calabash (Bot.), a plant of the genus Passiflora (P. maliformis) growing in the West Indies, and producing a roundish, edible fruit, the size of an apple. -- Sweet cicely. (Bot.) (a) Either of the North American plants of the umbelliferous genus Osmorrhiza having aromatic roots and seeds, and white flowers. Gray. (b) A plant of the genus Myrrhis (M. odorata) growing in England. -- Sweet calamus, or Sweet cane. (Bot.) Same as Sweet flag, below. -- Sweet Cistus (Bot.), an evergreen shrub (Cistus Ladanum) from which the gum ladanum is obtained. -- Sweet clover. (Bot.) See Melilot. -- Sweet coltsfoot (Bot.), a kind of butterbur (Petasites sagittata) found in Western North America. -- Sweet corn (Bot.), a variety of the maize of a sweet taste. See the Note under Corn. -- Sweet fern (Bot.), a small North American shrub (Comptonia, or Myrica, asplenifolia) having sweet-scented or aromatic leaves resembling fern leaves. -- Sweet flag (Bot.), an endogenous plant (Acorus Calamus) having long flaglike leaves and a rootstock of a pungent aromatic taste. It is found in wet places in Europe and America. See Calamus, 2. -- Sweet gale (Bot.), a shrub (Myrica Gale) having bitter fragrant leaves; -- also called sweet willow, and Dutch myrtle. See 5th Gale. Sweet grass (Bot.), holy, or Seneca, grass. -- Sweet gum (Bot.), an American tree (Liquidambar styraciflua). See Liquidambar. -- Sweet herbs, fragrant herbs cultivated for culinary purposes. -- Sweet John (Bot.), a variety of the sweet William. -- Sweet leaf (Bot.), horse sugar. See under Horse. -- Sweet marjoram. (Bot.) See Marjoram. -- Sweet marten (Zoöl.), the pine marten. -- Sweet maudlin (Bot.), a composite plant (Achillea Ageratum) allied to milfoil. -- Sweet oil, olive oil. -- Sweet pea. (Bot.) See under Pea. -- Sweet potato. (Bot.) See under Potato. -- Sweet rush (Bot.), sweet flag. -- Sweet spirits of niter (Med. Chem.) See Spirit of nitrous ether, under Spirit. -- Sweet sultan (Bot.), an annual composite plant (Centaurea moschata), also, the yellow-flowered (C. odorata); -- called also sultan flower. -- Sweet tooth, an especial fondness for sweet things or for sweetmeats. [Colloq.] -- Sweet William. (a) (Bot.) A species of pink (Dianthus barbatus) of many varieties. (b) (Zoöl.) The willow warbler. (c) (Zoöl.) The European goldfinch; -- called also sweet Billy. [Prov. Eng.] -- Sweet willow (Bot.), sweet gale. -- Sweet wine. See Dry wine, under Dry. -- To be sweet on, to have a particular fondness for, or special interest in, as a young man for a young woman. [Colloq.] Thackeray. Syn. -- Sugary; saccharine; dulcet; luscious. SWEET Sweet, n. 1. That which is sweet to the taste; -- used chiefly in the plural. Specifically: (a) Confectionery, sweetmeats, preserves, etc. (b) Home-made wines, cordials, metheglin, etc. 2. That which is sweet or pleasant in odor; a perfume. "A wilderness of sweets." Milton. 3. That which is pleasing or grateful to the mind; as, the sweets of domestic life. A little bitter mingled in our cup leaves no relish of the sweet. Locke. 4. One who is dear to another; a darling; -- a term of endearment. "Wherefore frowns my sweet" B. Jonson. SWEET Sweet, adv. Defn: Sweetly. Shak. SWEET Sweet, v. t. Defn: To sweeten. [Obs.] Udall. SWEETBREAD Sweet"bread`, n. 1. Either the thymus gland or the pancreas, the former being called neck, or throat, sweetbread, the latter belly sweetbread. The sweetbreads of ruminants, esp. of the calf, are highly esteemed as food. See Pancreas, and Thymus. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The pancreas. SWEET-BREASTED Sweet"-breast`ed, a. Defn: Having a sweet, musical voice, as the nightingale. Cf. Breast, n., 6. [Obs.] SWEETBRIER Sweet"bri`er, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of rose (Rosa rubiginosa) with minutely glandular and fragrant foliage. The small-flowered sweetbrier is Rosa micrantha. SWEETEN Sweet"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sweetened; p. pr. & vb. n. Sweetening.] Etym: [See Sweet, a.] 1. To make sweet to the taste; as, to sweeten tea. 2. To make pleasing or grateful to the mind or feelings; as, to sweeten life; to sweeten friendship. 3. To make mild or kind; to soften; as, to sweeten the temper. 4. To make less painful or laborious; to relieve; as, to sweeten the cares of life. Dryden. And sweeten every secret tear. Keble. 5. To soften to the eye; to make delicate. Correggio has made his memory immortal by the strength he has given to his figures, and by sweetening his lights and shadows, and melting them into each other. Dryden. 6. To make pure and salubrious by destroying noxious matter; as, to sweeten rooms or apartments that have been infected; to sweeten the air. 7. To make warm and fertile; -- opposed to sour; as, to dry and sweeten soils. 8. To restore to purity; to free from taint; as, to sweeten water, butter, or meat. SWEETEN Sweet"en, v. i. Defn: To become sweet. Bacon. SWEETENER Sweet"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, sweetens; one who palliates; that which moderates acrimony. SWEETENING Sweet"en*ing, n. 1. The act of making sweet. 2. That which sweetens. SWEETHEART Sweet"heart`, n. Defn: A lover of mistress. SWEETHEARTING Sweet"heart`ing, n. Defn: Making love. "To play at sweethearting." W. Black. SWEETING Sweet"ing, n. 1. A sweet apple. Ascham. 2. A darling; -- a word of endearment. Shak. SWEETISH Sweet"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat sweet. -- Sweet"ish*ness, n. SWEETLY Sweet"ly, adv. Etym: [AS. swetlice.] Defn: In a sweet manner. SWEETMEAT Sweet"meat`, n. 1. Fruit preserved with sugar, as peaches, pears, melons, nuts, orange peel, etc.; -- usually in the plural; a confect; a confection. 2. The paint used in making patent leather. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A boat shell (Crepidula fornicata) of the American coast. [Local, U.S.] SWEETNESS Sweet"ness, n. Etym: [AS. swetness.] Defn: The quality or state of being sweet (in any sense of the adjective); gratefulness to the taste or to the smell; agreeableness. SWEETROOT Sweet"root`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Licorice. SWEET-SCENTED Sweet"-scent`ed, a. Defn: Having a sweet scent or smell; fragrant. Sweet-scented shrub (Bot.), a shrub of the genus Calycanthus, the flowers of which, when crushed, have a fragrance resembling that of strawberries. SWEET-SOP Sweet"-sop`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of custard apple (Anona squamosa). See under Custard. SWEETWATER Sweet"wa`ter, n. (Bot.) Defn: A variety of white grape, having a sweet watery juice; -- also called white sweetwater, and white muscadine. SWEETWEED Sweet"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name for two tropical American weeds (Capraria biflora, and Scoparia dulcis) of the Figwort family. SWEETWOOD Sweet"wood`, n. (Bot.) (a) The true laurel (Laurus nobilis.) (b) The timber of the tree Oreodaphne Leucoxylon, growing in Jamaica. The name is also applied to the timber of several other related trees. SWEETWORT Sweet"wort`, n. Defn: Any plant of a sweet taste. SWEIGH Sweigh, n. Defn: Sway; movement. [Obs.] Chaucer. SWEINMOTE Swein"mote`, n. Defn: See Swainmote. [Obs.] SWELL Swell, v. i. [imp. Swelled; p. p. Swelled or Swollen (; p. pr. & vb. n. Swelling.] Etym: [AS. swellan; akin to D. zwellen, OS. & OHG. swellan, G. schwellen, Icel. svella, Sw. svälla.] 1. To grow larger; to dilate or extend the exterior surface or dimensions, by matter added within, or by expansion of the inclosed substance; as, the legs swell in dropsy; a bruised part swells; a bladder swells by inflation. 2. To increase in size or extent by any addition; to increase in volume or force; as, a river swells, and overflows its banks; sounds swell or diminish. 3. To rise or be driven into waves or billows; to heave; as, in tempest, the ocean swells into waves. 4. To be puffed up or bloated; as, to swell with pride. You swell at the tartan, as the bull is said to do at scarlet. Sir W. Scott. 5. To be inflated; to belly; as, the sails swell. 6. To be turgid, bombastic, or extravagant; as, swelling words; a swelling style. 7. To protuberate; to bulge out; as, a cask swells in the middle. 8. To be elated; to rise arrogantly. Your equal mind yet swells not into state. Dryden. 9. To grow upon the view; to become larger; to expand. "Monarchs to behold the swelling scene!" Shak. 10. To become larger in amount; as, many little debts added, swell to a great amount. 11. To act in a pompous, ostentatious, or arrogant manner; to strut; to look big. Here he comes, swelling like a turkey cock. Shak. SWELL Swell, v. t. 1. To increase the size, bulk, or dimensions of; to cause to rise, dilate, or increase; as, rains and dissolving snow swell the rivers in spring; immigration swells the population. [The Church] swells her high, heart-cheering tone. Keble. 2. To aggravate; to heighten. It is low ebb with his accuser when such peccadilloes are put to swell the charge. Atterbury. 3. To raise to arrogance; to puff up; to inflate; as, to be swelled with pride or haughtiness. 4. (Mus.) Defn: To augment gradually in force or loudness, as the sound of a note. SWELL Swell, n. 1. The act of swelling. 2. Gradual increase. Specifically: (a) Increase or augmentation in bulk; protuberance. (b) Increase in height; elevation; rise. Little River affords navigation during a swell to within three miles of the Miami. Jefferson. (c) Increase of force, intensity, or volume of sound. Music arose with its voluptuous swell. Byron. (d) Increase of power in style, or of rhetorical force. The swell and subsidence of his periods. Landor. 3. A gradual ascent, or rounded elevation, of land; as, an extensive plain abounding with little swells. 4. A wave, or billow; especially, a succession of large waves; the roll of the sea after a storm; as, a heavy swell sets into the harbor. The swell Of the long waves that roll in yonder bay. Tennyson. The gigantic swells and billows of the snow. Hawthorne. 5. (Mus.) Defn: A gradual increase and decrease of the volume of sound; the crescendo and diminuendo combined; -- generally indicated by the sign. 6. A showy, dashing person; a dandy. [Slang] Ground swell. See under Ground. -- Organ swell (Mus.), a certain number of pipes inclosed in a box, the uncovering of which by means of a pedal produces increased sound. -- Swell shark (Zoöl.), a small shark (Scyllium ventricosum) of the west coast of North America, which takes in air when caught, and swells up like a swellfish. SWELL Swell, a. Defn: Having the characteristics of a person of rank and importance; showy; dandified; distinguished; as, a swell person; a swell neighborhood. [Slang] Swell mob. See under Mob. [Slang] SWELLDOM Swell"dom, n. Defn: People of rank and fashion; the class of swells, collectively. [Jocose] SWELLFISH Swell"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any plectognath fish that dilates itself, as the bur fish, puffer, or diodon. SWELLING Swell"ing, n. 1. The act of that which swells; as, the swelling of rivers in spring; the swelling of the breast with pride. Rise to the swelling of the voiceless sea. Coleridge. 2. A protuberance; a prominence; especially (Med.), Defn: an unnatural prominence or protuberance; as, a scrofulous swelling. The superficies of such plates are not even, but have many cavities and swellings. Sir I. Newton. SWELLISH Swell"ish, a. Defn: Dandified; stylish. [Slang] SWELLTOAD Swell"toad`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A swellfish. SWELT Swelt, obs. Defn: imp. of Swell. SWELT Swelt, v. i. Etym: [OE. swelten to die, to swoon or faint, AS. sweltan to die; akin to OD. swelten to hunger, to fail, OS. sweltan to die, Icel. svelta to die, to hunger, Sw. svälta to hunger, Dan. sulte, Goth. sviltan to die. Cf. Swelter, Sweltry.] 1. To die; to perish. [Obs.] 2. To faint; to swoon. [Obs.] Chaucer. Night she swelt for passing joy. Spenser. SWELT Swelt, v. t. Defn: To overpower, as with heat; to cause to faint; to swelter. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Bp. Hall. SWELTER Swel"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sweltered; p. pr. & vb. n. Sweltering.] Etym: [From Swelt, v. i.] 1. To be overcome and faint with heat; to be ready to perish with heat. "Sweltered cattle." Coleridge. 2. To welter; to soak. [Obs.] Drayton. SWELTER Swel"ter, v. t. 1. To oppress with heat. Bentley. 2. To exude, like sweat. [R.] Shak. SWELTRY Swel"try, a. Etym: [See Swelter, Swelt, v. i., and cf. Sultry.] Defn: Suffocating with heat; oppressively hot; sultry. [R.] Evelyn. SWELVE Swel"ve, v. t. Defn: To swallow. [Obs.] Chaucer. SWEPT Swept, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Sweep. SWERD Swerd, n. & v. Defn: See Sward, n. & v. [Obs.] SWERD Swerd, n. Defn: Sword. [Obs.] Chaucer. SWERVE Swerve, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swerved; p. pr. & vb. n. Swerving.] Etym: [OE. swerven, AS. sweorfan to wipe off, to file, to polish; akin to OFries. swerva to creep, D. zwerven to swerve, to rope, OS. swerban to wipe off, MHG. swerben to be whirled, OHG. swerban to wipe off, Icel. sverfa to file, Goth. swaírban (in comp.) to wipe, and perhaps to E. swarm. Cf. Swarm.] 1. To stray; to wander; to rope. [Obs.] A maid thitherward did run, To catch her sparrow which from her did swerve. Sir P. Sidney. 2. To go out of a straight line; to deflect. "The point [of the sword] swerved." Sir P. Sidney. 3. To wander from any line prescribed, or from a rule or duty; to depart from what is established by law, duty, custom, or the like; to deviate. I swerve not from thy commandments. Bk. of Com. Prayer. They swerve from the strict letter of the law. Clarendon. Many who, through the contagion of evil example, swerve exceedingly from the rules of their holy religion. Atterbury. 4. To bend; to incline. "The battle swerved." Milton. 5. To climb or move upward by winding or turning. The tree was high; Yet nimbly up from bough to bough I swerved. Dryden. SWERVE Swerve, v. t. Defn: To turn aside. Gauden. SWEVEN Swe"ven, n. Etym: [AS. swefen sleep, dream; akin to swebban, swefian, to put to sleep, to kill. *176. See Somnolent.] Defn: A vision seen in sleep; a dream. [Obs.] Wycliff (Acts ii. 17). I defy both sweven and dream. Chaucer. SWICH Swich, a. Etym: [See Such.] Defn: Such. [Obs.] Swich things as that I know I will declare. Chaucer. SWIETENIA Swie*te"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. Named after Gerard Van Sweiten, physician to Maria Theresa of Austria.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of meliaceous trees consisting of one species (Sweitenia Mahogoni), the mahogany tree. SWIFT Swift, a. [Compar. Swifter; superl. Swiftest.] Etym: [AS. swift; akin to swapan to sweep, swipu a whip; cf. swifan to move quickly, to revolve. See Swoop, v. i., and cf. Swivel, Squib.] 1. Moving a great distance in a short time; moving with celerity or velocity; fleet; rapid; quick; speedy; prompt. My beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath. James i. 19. Swift of dispatch and easy of access. Dryden. And bring upon themselves swift destruction. 2 Pet. ii. 1. 2. Of short continuance; passing away quickly. Shak. Note: Swift is often used in the formation of compounds which are generally self-explaining; as, swift-darting, swift-footed, swift- winged, etc. Syn. -- Quick; fleet; speedy; rapid; expeditious. SWIFT Swift, adv. Defn: Swiftly. [Obs. or Poetic] Shak. Ply swift and strong the oar. Southey. SWIFT Swift, n. 1. The current of a stream. [R.] Walton. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small, long-winged, insectivorous birds of the family Micropodidæ. In form and habits the swifts resemble swallows, but they are destitute of complex vocal muscles and are not singing birds, but belong to a widely different group allied to the humming birds. Note: The common European swift (Cypselus, or Micropus, apus) nests in church steeples and under the tiles of roofs, and is noted for its rapid flight and shrill screams. It is called also black martin, black swift, hawk swallow, devil bird, swingdevil, screech martin, and shreik owl. The common American, or chimney, swift (Chætura pelagica) has sharp rigid tips to the tail feathers. It attaches its nest to the inner walls of chimneys, and is called also chimney swallow. The Australian swift (Chætura caudacuta) also has sharp naked tips to the tail quills. The European Alpine swift (Cypselus melba) is whitish beneath, with a white band across the breast. The common Indian swift is Cypselus affinis. See also Palm swift, under Palm, and Tree swift, under Tree. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of lizards, as the pine lizard. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ghost moth. See under Ghost. 5. Etym: [Cf. Swivel.] Defn: A reel, or turning instrument, for winding yarn, thread, etc.; -- used chiefly in the plural. 6. The main card cylinder of a flax-carding machine. SWIFTER Swift"er, n. Etym: [Cf. Swivel.] (Naut.) (a) A rope used to retain the bars of the capstan in their sockets while men are turning it. (b) A rope used to encircle a boat longitudinally, to strengthen and defend her sides. (c) The forward shroud of a lower mast. SWIFTER Swift"er, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To tighten, as slack standing rigging, by bringing the opposite shrouds nearer. SWIFTFOOT Swift"foot`, a. Defn: Nimble; fleet. Mir. for Mag. SWIFTFOOT Swift"foot`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The courser. SWIFTLET Swift"let, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small East Indian and Asiatic swifts of the genus Collocalia. Some of the species are noted for furnishing the edible bird's nest. See Illust. under Edible. SWIFTLY Swift"ly, adv. Defn: In a swift manner; with quick motion or velocity; fleetly. Wyclif. SWIFTNESS Swift"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being swift; speed; quickness; celerity; velocity; rapidity; as, the swiftness of a bird; the swiftness of a stream; swiftness of descent in a falling body; swiftness of thought, etc. SWIG Swig, v. t. Etym: [Cf. D. zwelgen to swallow, E. swallow, v.t.] 1. To drink in long draughts; to gulp; as, to swig cider. [Colloq.] 2. To suck. [Obs. or Archaic] The lambkins swig the teat. Creech. SWIG Swig, n. 1. A long draught. [Colloq.] Marryat. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A tackle with ropes which are not parallel. 3. A beverage consisting of warm beer flavored with spices, lemon, etc. [Prov. Eng.] SWIG Swig, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. swig to leak out, AS. swijian to be silent, swican to evade, escape.] 1. To castrate, as a ram, by binding the testicles tightly with a string, so that they mortify and slough off. [Prov. Eng.] 2. (Naut.) Defn: To pull upon (a tackle) by throwing the weight of the body upon the fall between the block and a cleat. SWILL Swill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Swilling.] Etym: [OE. swilen to wash, AS. swilian.] 1. To wash; to drench. [Obs.] As fearfully as doth a galled rock O'erhang and jutty his confounded base, Swilled with the wild and wasteful ocean. Shak. 2. Etym: [Properly, to drink like a pig. See Swill, n.] Defn: To drink in great draughts; to swallow greedily. Well-dressed people, of both sexes, . . . devouring sliced beef, and swilling pork, and punch, and cider. Smollett. 3. To inebriate; to fill with drink. I should be loth To meet the rudeness and swilled insolence Of such late wassailers. Milton. SWILL Swill, v. i. Defn: To drink greedily or swinishly; to drink to excess. South. SWILL Swill, n. 1. The wash, or mixture of liquid substances, given to swine; hogwash; -- called also swillings. 2. Large draughts of liquor; drink taken in excessive quantities. SWILLER Swill"er, n. Defn: One who swills. SWILLINGS Swill"ings, n. pl. Defn: See Swill, n., 1. SWIM Swim, v. i. [imp. Swam or Swum (; p. p. Swum; p. pr. & vb. n. Swimming.] Etym: [AS. swimman; akin to D. zwemmen, OHG. swimman, G. schwimmen, Icel. svimma, Dan. swömme, Sw. simma. Cf. Sound an air bladder, a strait.] 1. To be supported by water or other fluid; not to sink; to float; as, any substance will swim, whose specific gravity is less than that of the fluid in which it is immersed. 2. To move progressively in water by means of strokes with the hands and feet, or the fins or the tail. Leap in with me into this angry flood, And swim to yonder point. Shak. 3. To be overflowed or drenched. Ps. vi. 6. Sudden the ditches swell, the meadows swim. Thomson. 4. Fig.: To be as if borne or floating in a fluid. [They] now swim in joy. Milton. 5. To be filled with swimming animals. [Obs.] [Streams] that swim full of small fishes. Chaucer. SWIM Swim, v. t. 1. To pass or move over or on by swimming; as, to swim a stream. Sometimes he thought to swim the stormy main. Dryden. 2. To cause or compel to swim; to make to float; as, to swim a horse across a river. 3. To immerse in water that the lighter parts may float; as, to swim wheat in order to select seed. SWIM Swim, n. 1. The act of swimming; a gliding motion, like that of one swimming. B. Jonson. 2. The sound, or air bladder, of a fish. 3. A part of a stream much frequented by fish. [Eng.] Swim bladder, an air bladder of a fish. -- To be in the swim, to be in a favored position; to be associated with others in active affairs. [Colloq.] SWIM Swim, v. i. Etym: [OE. swime dizziness, vertigo, AS. swima; akin to D. zwijm, Icel. svimi dizziness, svina to subside, svia to abate, G. schwindel dizziness, schwinden to disappear, to dwindle, OHG. swinan to dwindle. Cf. Squemish, Swindler.] Defn: To be dizzy; to have an unsteady or reeling sensation; as, the head swims. SWIMBEL Swim"bel, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] Defn: A moaning or sighing sound or noise; a sough. [Obs.] Chaucer. SWIMMER Swim"mer, n. 1. One who swims. 2. (Far.) Defn: A protuberance on the leg of a horse. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A swimming bird; one of the natatores. Little swimmer (Zoöl.), a phalarope. SWIMMERET Swim"mer*et, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a series of flat, fringed, and usually bilobed, appendages, of which several pairs occur on the abdominal somites of many crustaceans. They are used as fins in swimming. SWIMMING Swim"ming, a. 1. That swims; capable of swimming; adapted to, or used in, swimming; as, a swimming bird; a swimming motion. 2. Suffused with moisture; as, swimming eyes. Swimming bell (Zoöl.), a nectocalyx. See Illust. under Siphonophora. -- Swimming crab (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of marine crabs, as those of the family Protunidæ, which have some of the joints of one or more pairs of legs flattened so as to serve as fins. SWIMMING Swim"ming, n. Defn: The act of one who swims. SWIMMING Swim"ming, a. Etym: [From Swim to be dizzy.] Defn: Being in a state of vertigo or dizziness; as, a swimming brain. SWIMMING Swim"ming, n. Defn: Vertigo; dizziness; as, a swimming in the head. Dryden. SWIMMINGLY Swim"ming*ly, adv. Defn: In an easy, gliding manner, as if swimming; smoothly; successfully; prosperously. SWIMMINGNESS Swim"ming*ness, n. Defn: Act or state of swimming; suffusion. "A swimmingness in the eye." Congreve. SWINCK Swinck, v. & n. Defn: See Swink. SWINDLE Swin"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swindled; p. pr. & vb. n. Swindling.] Etym: [See Swindler.] Defn: To cheat defraud grossly, or with deliberate artifice; as, to swindle a man out of his property. Lammote . . . has swindled one of them out of three hundred livres. Carlyle. SWINDLE Swin"dle, n. Defn: The act or process of swindling; a cheat. SWINDLER Swin"dler, n. Etym: [G. schwindler, fr. schwindlen to be dizzy, to act thoughtlessly, to cheat, fr. schwindel dizziness, fr. schwinden to vanish, to disappear, to dwindle. See Swim to be dizzy.] Defn: One who swindles, or defrauds grossly; one who makes a practice of defrauding others by imposition or deliberate artifice; a cheat. Syn. -- Sharper; rogue. -- Swindler, Sharper. These words agree in describing persons who take unfair advantages. A swindler is one who obtains money or goods under false pretenses. A sharper is one who cheats by sharp practice, as in playing at cards or staking what he can not pay. Fraud and injustice soon follow, and the dignity of the British merchant is sunk in the scandalous appellation of a swindler. V. Knox. Perhaps you 'll think I act the same As a sly sharper plays his game. Cotton. SWINDLERY Swin"dler*y, n. Defn: Swindling; rougery. [R.] "Swindlery and blackguardism." Carlyle. SWINE Swine, n.sing. & pl. Etym: [OE. swin, AS. swin; akin to OFries. & OS. swin, D. zwijn, G. schwein, OHG. swin, Icel. svin, Sw. svin, Dan. sviin, Goth. swein; originally a diminutive corresponding to E. sow. See Sow, n.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any animal of the hog kind, especially one of the domestical species. Swine secrete a large amount of subcutaneous fat, which, when extracted, is known as lard. The male is specifically called boar, the female, sow, and the young, pig. See Hog. "A great herd of swine." Mark v. 11. Swine grass (Bot.), knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare); -- so called because eaten by swine. -- Swine oat (Bot.), a kind of oat sometimes grown for swine. -- Swine's cress (Bot.), a species of cress of the genus Senebiera (S. Coronopus). -- Swine's head, a dolt; a blockhead. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Swine thistle (Bot.), the sow thistle. SWINEBREAD Swine"bread`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The truffle. SWINECASE Swine"case`, n. Defn: A hogsty. [Prov. Eng.] SWINECOTE Swine"cote`, n. Defn: A hogsty. [Prov. Eng.] SWINECRUE Swine"crue`, n. Etym: [Swine + Prov. E. crue a coop.] Defn: A hogsty. [Prov. Eng.] SWINEFISH Swine"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wolf fish. SWINEHERD Swine"herd`, n. Defn: A keeper of swine. SWINEPIPE Swine"pipe`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European redwing. [Prov. Eng.] SWINE-POX Swine"-pox`, n. (Med.) Defn: A variety of the chicken pox, with acuminated vesicles containing a watery fluid; the water pox. Pepys. SWINERY Swin"er*y, n. Defn: Same as Piggery. [R.] SWINESTONE Swine"stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: See Stinkstone. SWINESTY Swine"sty`, n. Defn: A sty, or pen, for swine. SWING Swing, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swung; Archaic imp. Swang; p. pr. & vb. n. Swinging.] Etym: [OE. swingen, AS. swingan to scourge, to fly, to flutter; akin to G. schwingen to winnow, to swingle, oscillate, sich schwingen to leap, to soar, OHG. swingan to throw, to scourge, to soar, Sw. svinga to swing, to whirl, Dan. svinge. Cf. Swagger, Sway, Swinge, Swink.] 1. To move to and fro, as a body suspended in the air; to wave; to vibrate; to oscillate. I tried if a pendulum would swing faster, or continue swinging longer, in case of exsuction of the air. Boyle. 2. To sway or move from one side or direction to another; as, the door swung open. 3. To use a swing; as, a boy swings for exercise or pleasure. See Swing, n., 3. 4. (Naut.) Defn: To turn round by action of wind or tide when at anchor; as, a ship swings with the tide. 5. To be hanged. [Colloq.] D. Webster. To swing round the circle, to make a complete circuit. [Colloq.] He had swung round the circle of theories and systems in which his age abounded, without finding relief. A. V. G. Allen. SWING Swing, v. t. 1. To cause to swing or vibrate; to cause to move backward and forward, or from one side to the other. He swings his tail, and swiftly turns his round. Dryden. They get on ropes, as you must have seen the children, and are swung by their men visitants. Spectator. 2. To give a circular movement to; to whirl; to brandish; as, to swing a sword; to swing a club; hence, colloquially, to manage; as, to swing a business. 3. (Mach.) Defn: To admit or turn (anything) for the purpose of shaping it; -- said of a lathe; as, the lathe can swing a pulley of 12 inches diameter. To swing a door, gate, etc. (Carp.), to put it on hinges so that it can swing or turn. SWING Swing, n. 1. The act of swinging; a waving, oscillating, or vibratory motion of a hanging or pivoted object; oscillation; as, the swing of a pendulum. 2. Swaying motion from one side or direction to the other; as, some men walk with a swing. 3. A line, cord, or other thing suspended and hanging loose, upon which anything may swing; especially, an apparatus for recreation by swinging, commonly consisting of a rope, the two ends of which are attached overhead, as to the bough of a tree, a seat being placed in the loop at the bottom; also, any contrivance by which a similar motion is produced for amusement or exercise. 4. Influence of power of a body put in swaying motion. The ram that batters down the wall, For the great swing and rudeness of his poise, They place before his hand that made the engine. Shak. 5. Capacity of a turning lathe, as determined by the diameter of the largest object that can be turned in it. 6. Free course; unrestrained liberty or license; tendency. "Take thy swing." Dryden. To prevent anything which may prove an obstacle to the full swing of his genius. Burke. Full swing. See under Full. -- Swing beam (Railway Mach.), a crosspiece sustaining the car body, and so suspended from the framing of a truck that it may have an independent lateral motion. -- Swing bridge, a form of drawbridge which swings horizontally, as on a vertical pivot. -- Swing plow, or Swing plough. (a) A plow without a fore wheel under the beam. (b) A reversible or sidehill plow. -- Swing wheel. (a) The scape-wheel in a clock, which drives the pendulum. (b) The balance of a watch. SWINGDEVIL Swing"dev`il, n. (Zoöl.) Etym: [So named from its swift flight and dark color, which give it an uncanny appearance.] Defn: The European swift. [Prov. Eng.] SWINGE Swinge (swînj), v. & n. Defn: See Singe. [Obs.] Spenser. SWINGE Swinge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swinged (swînjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Swingeing (swînj"îng).] Etym: [OE. swengen, AS. swengan to shake, causative of swingan. See Swing.] 1. To beat soundly; to whip; to chastise; to punish. I had swinged him soundly. Shak. And swinges his own vices in his son. C. Dryden. 2. To move as a lash; to lash. [Obs.] Swinges the scaly horror of his folded tail. Milton. SWINGE Swinge, n. 1. The sweep of anything in motion; a swinging blow; a swing. [Obs.] Waller. 2. Power; sway; influence. [Obs.] SWINGEBUCKLER Swinge"buc`kler, n. Defn: A swashbuckler; a bully; a roiserer. [Obs.] Shak. SWINGEING Swinge"ing, a. Defn: Huge; very large. [Colloq.] Arbuthnot. Byron. -- Swinge"ing*ly, adv. Dryden. SWINGEL Swin"gel, n. Etym: [AS. swingele whip, scourge. See Swing.] Defn: The swinging part of a flail which falls on the grain in thrashing; the swiple. SWINGER Swing"er, n. Defn: One who swings or whirls. SWINGER Swin"ger, n. 1. One who swinges. 2. Anything very large, forcible; or astonishing. [Obs. or Colloq.] Herrick. Defn: A person who engages frequently in lively and fashionable pursuits, such as attending night clubs or discos. 4. A person who engages freely in sexual intercourse. SWINGLE Swin"gle, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of swing.] 1. To dangle; to wave hanging. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. To swing for pleasure. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] SWINGLE Swin"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swingled; p. pr. & vb. n. Swingling.] Etym: [See Swingel.] 1. To clean, as flax, by beating it with a swingle, so as to separate the coarse parts and the woody substance from it; to scutch. 2. To beat off the tops of without pulling up the roots; -- said of weeds. [Prov. Eng.] Forby. SWINGLE Swin"gle, n. Defn: A wooden instrument like a large knife, about two feet long, with one thin edge, used for beating and cleaning flax; a scutcher; - - called also swingling knife, swingling staff, and swingling wand. SWINGLEBAR Swin"gle*bar`, n. Defn: A swingletree. De Quincey. SWINGLETAIL Swin"gle*tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The thrasher, or fox shark. See Thrasher. SWINGLETREE Swin"gle*tree`, n. Etym: [So named in allusion to its swinging. See Swingle, v. i., and cf. Swingtree.] Defn: A whiffletree, or whippletree. See Singletree. SWINGLING Swin"gling, a. & n. Defn: from Swingle, v. t. Swingling tow, the coarse part of flax, separated from the finer by swingling and hatcheling. SWINGTREE Swing"tree`, n. Defn: The bar of a carriage to which the traces are fastened; the whiffletree. SWINISH Swin"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to swine; befitting swine; like swine; hoggish; gross; beasty; as, a swinish drunkard or sot. "Swinish gluttony." Milton. -- Swin"ish*ly, adv. -- Swin"ish*ness, n. SWINK Swink, v. i. [imp. Swank, Swonk (; p. p. Swonken; p. pr. & vb. n. Swinking.] Etym: [AS. swincan, akin to swingan. See Swing.] Defn: To labor; to toil; to salve. [Obs. or Archaic] Or swink with his hands and labor. Chaucer. For which men swink and sweat incessantly. Spenser. The swinking crowd at every stroke pant "Ho." Sir Samuel Freguson. SWINK Swink, v. t. 1. To cause to toil or drudge; to tire or exhaust with labor. [Obs.] And the swinked hedger at his supper sat. Milton. 2. To acquire by labor. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. To devour all that others swink. Chaucer. SWINK Swink, n. Etym: [As. swinc, geswinc.] Defn: Labor; toil; drudgery. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. SWINKER Swink"er, n. Defn: A laborer. [Obs.] Chaucer. SWINNEY Swin"ney, n. (Far.) Defn: See Sweeny. SWIPE Swipe, n. Etym: [Cf. Sweep, Swiple.] 1. A swape or sweep. See Sweep. 2. A strong blow given with a sweeping motion, as with a bat or club. Swipes [in cricket] over the blower's head, and over either of the long fields. R. A. Proctor. 3. pl. Defn: Poor, weak beer; small beer. [Slang, Eng.] [Written also swypes.] Craig. SWIPE Swipe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swiped; p. pr. & vb. n. Swiping.] 1. To give a swipe to; to strike forcibly with a sweeping motion, as a ball. Loose balls may be swiped almost ad libitum. R. A. Proctor. 2. To pluck; to snatch; to steal. [Slang, U.S.] SWIPLE Swi"ple, n. Etym: [See Swipe.] Defn: That part of a flail which strikes the grain in thrashing; a swingel. [Written also swipel, and swipple.] SWIPPER Swip"per, a. Etym: [From AS. swipian to whip, shake, whirl; akin to swapan to sweep. See Swoop.] Defn: Nimble; quick. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Slang] SWIRL Swirl, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Swirled; p. pr. & vb. n. Swirling.] Etym: [Akin to Norw. svirla to whirl, freq. of sverra to whirl, Dan. svirre, G. schwirren to whiz, to buzz. *177. See Swarm, n.] Defn: To whirl, or cause to whirl, as in an eddy. "The river swirled along." C. Kingsley. SWIRL Swirl, n. Defn: A whirling motion; an eddy, as of water; a whirl. "The silent swirl of bats." Mrs. Browning. SWISH Swish, v. t. Etym: [From the sound. Cf. Swash.] 1. To flourish, so as to make the sound swish. Coleridge. 2. To flog; to lash. [Slang] Thackeray. SWISH Swish, v. i. Defn: To dash; to swash. SWISH Swish, n. 1. A sound of quick movement, as of something whirled through the air. [Colloq.] 2. (Naut.) Defn: Light driven spray. [Eng.] SWISS Swiss, n.sing. & pl. Etym: [F. Suisse, of German origin. Cf. Switzer.] Defn: A native or inhabitant of Switzerland; a Switzer; the people of Switzerland. SWISS Swiss, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Switzerland, or the people of Switzerland. SWITCH Switch, n. Etym: [Cf. OD. swick a scourage, a whip. Cf. Swink, Swing.] 1. A small, flexible twig or rod. Mauritania, on the fifth medal, leads a horse with something like a thread; in her other hand she holds a switch. Addison. 2. (Railways) Defn: A movable part of a rail; or of opposite rails, for transferring cars from one track to another. 3. A separate mass or trees of hair, or of some substance (at jute) made to resemble hair, worn on the head by women. 4. (Eccl.) Defn: A mechanical device for shifting an electric current to another circuit. Safety switch (Railways), a form of switch contrived to prevent or lessen the danger of derailment of trains. -- Switch back (Railways), an arrangement of tracks whereby elevations otherwise insurmountable are passed. The track ascends by a series of zigzags, the engine running alternately forward and back, until the summit is reached. -- Switch board (Elec.), a collection of switches in one piece of apparatus, so arranged that a number of circuits may be connected or combined in any desired manner. -- Switch grass. (Bot.) See under Grass. SWITCH Switch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Switched; p. pr. & vb. n. Switching.] 1. To strike with a switch or small flexible rod; to whip. Chapman. 2. To swing or whisk; as, to switch a cane. 3. To trim, as, a hedge. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 4. To turn from one railway track to another; to transfer by a switch; -- generally with off, from, etc.; as, to switch off a train; to switch a car from one track to another. 5. (Eccl.) Defn: To shift to another circuit. SWITCH Switch, v. i. Defn: To walk with a jerk. [Prov. Eng.] SWITCHEL Switch"el, n. Etym: [See Sweet.] Defn: A beverage of molasses and water, seasoned with vinegar and ginger. [U. S.] SWITCHING Switch"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Switch, v. Switching engine, a locomotive for switching cars from one track to another, and making up trains; -- called also switch engine. [U.S.] SWITCHMAN Switch"man, n.; pl. Switchmen (. Defn: One who tends a switch on a railway. SWITCHY Switch"y, a. Defn: Whisking. [Colloq.] Coombe. SWITHE Swithe, adv. Etym: [AS. swi strongly, violently.] Defn: Instantly; quickly; speedily; rapidly. [Obs.] That thou doest, do thou swithe. Wyclif (John xiii. 27). SWITZER Switz"er, n. Etym: [Cf. G. schweizer. Cf. Swiss.] Defn: A native or inhabitant of Switzerland; a Swiss. SWIVE Swive, v. t. Etym: [OE. swiven, fr. AS. swifan. See Swivel.] Defn: To copulate with (a woman). [Obs.] Chaucer. SWIVEL Swiv"el, n. Etym: [AS. swifan to move quickly, to remove; akin to Icel. sveifla to whirl, shake, svifa to ramble, to turn. See Swoop, and cf. Swift a reel, Swift, a.] 1. (Mech.) Defn: A piece, as a ring or hook, attached to another piece by a pin, in such a manner as to permit rotation about the pin as an axis. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A small piece of ordnance, turning on a point or swivel; -- called also swivel gun. Wilhelm. Swivel bridge, a kind of drawbridge that turns round on a vertical axis; a swing bridge. -- Swivel hook, a hook connected with the iron strap of a pulley block by a swivel joint, for readily taking the turns out of a tackle. -- Swivel joint, a joint, the two pieces composing which turn round, with respect to each other, on a longitudinal pin or axis, as in a chain, to prevent twisting. SWIVEL Swiv"el, v. i. Defn: To swing or turn, as on a pin or pivot. SWIVEL-EYED Swiv"el-eyed`, a. Defn: Squint-eyed. [Prov. Eng.] SWIZZLE Swiz"zle, v. t. Defn: To drink; to swill. Halliwell. SWIZZLE Swiz"zle, n. Defn: Ale and beer mixed; also, drink generally. [Prov. Eng.] SWOB Swob, n. & v. Defn: See Swab. SWOBBER Swob"ber, n. 1. See Swabber. 2. pl. Defn: Four privileged cards, formerly used in betting at the game of whist. [Written also swabber.] Swift. SWOLLEN Swoll"en, Defn: p. p. of Swell. SWOLLEN Swoll"en, a. Defn: Enlarged by swelling; immoderately increased; as, swollen eyes; swollen streams. SWOLN Swoln. Defn: Contraction of Swollen, p. p. Milton. SWOM Swom, obs. Defn: imp. of Swim. Shak. SWOON Swoon, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swooned; p. pr. & vb. n. Swooning.] Etym: [OE. swounen, swoghenen, for swo, fr. swo to sigh deeply, to droop, AS. swogan to sough, sigh; cf. geswogen senseless, swooned, geswowung a swooning. Cf. Sough.] Defn: To sink into a fainting fit, in which there is an apparent suspension of the vital functions and mental powers; to faint; -- often with away. The sucklings swoon in the streets of the city. Lam. ii. 11. The most in years . . . swooned first away for pain. Dryden. He seemed ready to swoon away in the surprise of joy. Tatler. SWOON Swoon, n. Defn: A fainting fit; syncope. SWOONING Swoon"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Swoon, v. -- Swoon"ing*ly, adv. SWOOP Swoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swooped; p. pr. & vb. n. Swooping.] Etym: [OE. swopen, usually, to sweep, As. swapan to sweep, to rush; akin to G. schweifen to rove, to ramble, to curve, OHG. sweifan to whirl, Icel. sveipa to sweep; also to AS. swifan to move quickly. Cf. Sweep, Swift, a. & n., Swipe, Swivel.] 1. To fall on at once and seize; to catch while on the wing; as, a hawk swoops a chicken. 2. To seize; to catch up; to take with a sweep. And now at last you came to swoop it all. Dryden. The grazing ox which swoops it [the medicinal herb] in with the common grass. Glanvill. SWOOP Swoop, v. i. 1. To descend with closed wings from a height upon prey, as a hawk; to swoop. 2. To pass with pomp; to sweep. [Obs.] Drayton. SWOOP Swoop, n. Defn: A falling on and seizing, as the prey of a rapacious bird; the act of swooping. The eagle fell, . . . and carried away a whole litter of cubs at a swoop. L'Estrange. SWOOPSTAKE Swoop"stake`, n. Defn: See Sweepstake. [Obs.] SWOOPSTAKE Swoop"stake`, adv. Defn: Altogether; indiscriminately. [R.] Shak. SWOP Swop, v. & n. Defn: Same as Swap. Dryden. SWORD Sword, n. Etym: [OE. swerd, AS. sweord; akin to OFries. swerd, swird, D. zwaard, OS. swerd, OHG. swert, G. schwert, Icel. sver, Sw. svärd, Dan. sværd; of uncertain origin.] 1. An offensive weapon, having a long and usually sharp 2. Hence, the emblem of judicial vengeance or punishment, or of authority and power. He [the ruler] beareth not the sword in vain. Rom. xiii. 4. She quits the balance, and resigns the sword. Dryden. 3. Destruction by the sword, or in battle; war; dissension. I came not to send peace, but a sword. Matt. x. 34. 4. The military power of a country. He hath no more authority over the sword than over the law. Milton. 5. (Weaving) Defn: One of the end bars by which the lay of a hand loom is suspended. Sword arm, the right arm. -- Sword bayonet, a bayonet shaped somewhat like a sword, and which can be used as a sword. -- Sword bearer, one who carries his master's sword; an officer in London who carries a sword before the lord mayor when he goes abroad. -- Sword belt, a belt by which a sword is suspended, and borne at the side. -- Sword blade, the blade, or cutting part, of a sword. -- Sword cane, a cane which conceals the blade of a sword or dagger, as in a sheath. -- Sword dance. (a) A dance in which swords are brandished and clashed together by the male dancers. Sir W. Scott. (b) A dance performed over swords laid on the ground, but without touching them. -- Sword fight, fencing; a combat or trial of skill with swords; swordplay. -- Sword grass. (Bot.) See Gladen. -- Sword knot, a ribbon tied to the hilt of a sword. -- Sword law, government by the sword, or by force; violence. Milton. -- Sword lily. (Bot.) See Gladiolus. -- Sword mat (Naut.), a mat closely woven of yarns; -- so called from a wooden implement used in its manufacture. -- Sword shrimp (Zoöl.), a European shrimp (Pasiphæa sivado) having a very thin, compressed body. -- Sword stick, a sword cane. -- To measure swords with one. See under Measure, v. t. -- To put to the sword. See under Put. SWORDBILL Sword"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A humming bird (Docimastes ensiferus) having a very long, slender bill, exceeding the length of the body of the bird. SWORDED Sword"ed, a. Etym: [Cf. AS. geswurdod.] Defn: Girded with a sword. Milton. SWORDER Sword"er, n. Defn: One who uses, or fights with, a sword; a swordsman; a soldier; a cutthroat. [Obs.] Shak. SWORDFISH Sword"fish`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A very large oceanic fish (Xiphias gladius), the only representative of the family Xiphiidæ. It is highly valued as a food fish. The bones of the upper jaw are consolidated, and form a long, rigid, swordlike beak; the dorsal fin is high and without distinct spines; the ventral fins are absent. The adult is destitute of teeth. It becomes sixteen feet or more long. (b) The ger pike. (c) The cutlass fish. 2. (Astron.) Defn: A southern constellation. See Dorado, 1. Swordfish sucker (Zoöl.), a remora (Remora brachyptera) which attaches itself to the swordfish. SWORDICK Sword"ick, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The spotted gunnel (Murænoides gunnellus). [Prov. Eng.] SWORDING Sword"ing, n. Defn: Slashing with a sword. Tennyson. SWORDLESS Sword"less, a. Defn: Destitute of a sword. SWORDMAN Sword"man, n.; pl. Swordmen (. Defn: A swordsman. "Sinewy swordmen." Shak. SWORDPLAY Sword"play`, n. Defn: Fencing; a sword fight. SWORDPLAYER Sword"play`er, n. Defn: A fencer; a gladiator; one who exhibits his skill in the use of the sword. SWORD-SHAPED Sword"-shaped`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Shaped like a sword; ensiform, as the long, flat leaves of the Iris, cattail, and the like. SWORDSMAN Swords"man, n.; pl. Swordsmen (. 1. A soldier; a fighting man. 2. One skilled of a use of the sword; a professor of the science of fencing; a fencer. SWORDSMANSHIP Swords"man*ship, n. Defn: The state of being a swordsman; skill in the use of the sword. Cowper. SWORDTAIL Sword"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The limulus. (b) Any hemipterous insect of the genus Uroxiphus, found upon forest trees. SWORE Swore, Defn: imp. of Swear. SWORN Sworn, Defn: p. p. of Swear. Sworn brothers, originally, companions in arms who took an oath to share together good and bad fortune; hence, faithful friends. -- Sworn enemies, determined or irreconcilable enemies. -- Sworn friends, close friends. SWOUGH Swough, n. Etym: [See Swoon.] 1. A sound; a groan; a moan; a sough. [Obs.] He sigheth with full many a sorry swough. Chaucer. 2. A swoon. [Obs.] Chaucer. SWOUND Swound, v. & n. Defn: See Swoon, v. & n. [Prov. Eng. or Archaic] Shak. Dryden. The landlord stirred As one awaking from a swound. Longfellow. 'SWOUNDS 'Swounds, interj. Etym: [Cf. Zounds.] Defn: An exclamation contracted from God's wounds; -- used as an oath. [Obs. or Archaic] Shak. SWOWN Swown, v. & n. Defn: Swoon. [Obs.] Chaucer. SWUM Swum, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Swim. SWUNG Swung, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Swing. SWYTHE Swythe, adv. Defn: Quickly. See Swithe. [Obs.] SY Sy, obs. imp. of See. Defn: Saw. Chaucer. SYB Syb, a. Defn: See Sib. [Obs. or Scot.] SYBARITE Syb"a*rite, n. Etym: [L. Sybarita, Gr. Sybarite.] Defn: A person devoted to luxury and pleasure; a voluptuary. SYBARITIC; SYBARITICAL Syb`a*rit"ic, Syb`a*rit"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. Sybariticus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Sybarites; resembling the Sybarites; luxurious; wanton; effeminate. "Sybaritic dinners." Bp. Warburton. "Sybaritical cloistres." Bp. Hall. SYBARITISM Syb"a*rit*ism, n. Defn: Luxuriousness; effeminacy; wantonness; voluptuousness. SYCAMINE Syc"a*mine, n. Etym: [L. sycaminus, Gr. Defn: See Sycamore. SYCAMORE Syc"a*more, n. Etym: [L. sycomorus, Gr. sycomore. Cf. Mulberry.] (Bot.) (a) A large tree (Ficus Sycomorus) allied to the common fig. It is found in Egypt and Syria, and is the sycamore, or sycamine, of Scripture. (b) The American plane tree, or buttonwood. (c) A large European species of maple (Acer Pseudo-Platanus). [Written sometimes sycomore.] SYCE Syce, n. Etym: [Ar. sa\'8bs.] Defn: A groom. [India] SYCEE Sy*cee", n. Etym: [Said to be from a Chinese word, se-tze or se-sze, meaning, fine silk, and to be so called because if pure it may be drawn out into fine threads.] Defn: Silver, pounded into ingots of the shape of a shoe, and used as currency. The most common weight is about one pound troy. [China] McElrath. SYCHNOCARPOUS Sych`no*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having the capacity of bearing several successive crops of fruit without perishing; as, sychnocarpous plants. SYCITE Sy"cite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A nodule of flint, or a pebble, which resembles a fig. [Obs.] SYCOCERIC Syc`o*cer"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the oxidation of sycoceryl alcohol. SYCOCERYL Syc`o*ce"ryl, n. Etym: [Gr. -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A radical, of the aromatic series, regarded as an essential ingredient of certain compounds found in the waxy resin of an Australian species of fig. SYCOCK Sy"cock, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The missel thrush. [Prov. Eng.] SYCONES Sy*co"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of calcareous sponges. Note: They usually resemble a fig, being vase-shaped with a fringed opening at the summit. The feeding cells are in ampullæ connected with radial tubes in the thickened walls of the body. SYCONIUM; SYCONUS Sy*co"ni*um, Sy*co"nus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A collective fleshy fruit, in which the ovaries are hidden within a hollow receptacle, as in the fig. SYCOPHANCY Syc"o*phan*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. L. sycophantia deceit, Gr. Defn: The character or characteristic of a sycophant. Hence: - (a) False accusation; calumniation; talebearing. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. (b) Obsequious flattery; servility. The sycophancy of A.Philips had prejudiced Mr. Addison against Pope. Bp. Warburton. SYCOPHANT Syc"o*phant, n. Etym: [L. sycophanta a slanderer, deceiver, parasite, Gr. sycophante. The reason for the name is not certainly known. See Phenomenon.] 1. An informer; a talebearer. [Obs.] "Accusing sycophants, of all men, did best sort to his nature." Sir P. Sidney. 2. A base parasite; a mean or servile flatterer; especially, a flatterer of princes and great men. A sycophant will everything admire: Each verse, each sentence, sets his soul on fire. Dryden. SYCOPHANT Syc"o*phant, v. t. Etym: [CF. L. sycophantari to deceive, to trick, Gr. 1. To inform against; hence, to calumniate. [Obs.] Sycophanting and misnaming the work of his adversary. Milton. 2. To play the sycophant toward; to flatter obsequiously. SYCOPHANT Syc"o*phant, v. i. Defn: To play the sycophant. SYCOPHANTCY Syc"o*phant*cy, n. Defn: Sycophancy. [Obs.] SYCOPHANTIC; SYCOPHANTICAL Syc`o*phan"tic, Syc`o*phan"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a sycophant; characteristic of a sycophant; meanly or obsequiously flattering; courting favor by mean adulation; parasitic. To be cheated and ruined by a sycophantical parasite. South. Sycophantic servants to the King of Spain. De Quincey. SYCOPHANTISH Syc"o*phant`ish, a. Defn: Like a sycophant; obsequiously flattering. -- Syc"o*phant`ish*ly, adv. Sycophantish satirists that forever humor the prevailing folly. De Quincey. SYCOPHANTISM Syc"o*phant*ism, n. Defn: Sycophancy. SYCOPHANTIZE Syc"o*phant*ize, v. i. Defn: To play the sycophant. SYCOPHANTRY Syc"o*phant*ry, n. Defn: Sycophancy. [Obs.] SYCOSIS Sy*co"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A pustular eruption upon the scalp, or the beared part of the face, whether due to ringworm, acne, or impetigo. SYDEROLITE Syd"er*o*lite, n. Defn: A kind of Bohemian earthenware resembling the Wedgwood ware. SYE Sye, obs. imp. of See. Defn: Saw. Chaucer. SYENITE Sy"e*nite, n. Etym: [L. Syenites (sc. lapis), from Syene, Gr. (Min.) (a) Orig., a rock composed of quartz, hornblende, and feldspar, anciently quarried at Syene, in Upper Egypt, and now called granite. (b) A granular, crystalline, ingeous rock composed of orthoclase and hornblende, the latter often replaced or accompanied by pyroxene or mica. Syenite sometimes contains nephelite (elæolite) or leucite, and is then called nephelite (elæolite) syenite or leucite syenite. SYENITIC Sy`e*nit"ic, a. Etym: [Written also sienitic.] 1. Relating to Syene; as, Syenitic inscriptions. 2. Relating to, or like, syenite; as, syenitic granite. SYKE Syke, n. & v. Defn: See Sike. [Obs.] Chaucer. SYKER Syk"er, a. & adv. Defn: See Sicker. [Obs.] SYLE Syle, n. Etym: [See Sile a young herring.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young herring (Clupea harengus). [Also written sile.] But our folk call them syle, and nought but syle, And when they're grown, why then we call them herring. J. Ingelow. SYLLABARIUM Syl`la*ba"ri*um, n.; pl. Syllabaria. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A syllabary. SYLLABARY Syl"la*ba*ry, n. Defn: A table of syllables; more especially, a table of the indivisible syllabic symbols used in certain languages, as the Japanese and Cherokee, instead of letters. S. W. Williams. SYLLABE Syl"labe, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Syllable. [R.] B. Jonson. SYLLABIC; SYLLABICAL Syl*lab"ic, Syl*lab"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. syllabique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a syllable or syllables; as, syllabic accent. 2. Consisting of a syllable or syllables; as, a syllabic augment. "The syllabic stage of writing." Earle. SYLLABICALLY Syl*lab"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a syllabic manner. SYLLABICATE Syl*lab"i*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syllabicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Syllabicating.] Defn: To form or divide into syllables; to syllabify. SYLLABICATION Syl*lab`i*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of forming syllables; the act or method of dividing words into syllables. See Guide to Pron., §275. SYLLABIFICATION Syl*lab`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [See Syllabify.] Defn: Same as Syllabication. Rush. Syllabification depends not on mere force, but on discontinuity of force. H. Sweet. SYLLABIFY Syl*lab"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syllabified; p. pr. & vb. n. Syllabifying.] Etym: [L. syllaba syllable + -fy.] Defn: To form or divide into syllables. SYLLABISM Syl"la*bism, n. Defn: The expressing of the sounds of a language by syllables, rather than by an alphabet or by signs for words. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). SYLLABIST Syl"la*bist, n. Defn: One who forms or divides words into syllables, or is skilled in doing this. SYLLABIZE Syl"la*bize, v. t. Defn: To syllabify. Howell. SYLLABLE Syl"la*ble, n. Etym: [OE. sillable, OF. sillabe, F. syllabe, L. syllaba, Gr. labh, rabh. Cf. Lemma, Dilemma.] 1. An elementary sound, or a combination of elementary sounds, uttered together, or with a single effort or impulse of the voice, and constituting a word or a part of a word. In other terms, it is a vowel or a diphtong, either by itself or flanked by one or more consonants, the whole produced by a single impulse or utterance. One of the liquids, l, m, n, may fill the place of a vowel in a syllable. Adjoining syllables in a word or phrase need not to be marked off by a pause, but only by such an abatement and renewal, or reënforcement, of the stress as to give the feeling of separate impulses. See Guide to Pronunciation, §275. 2. In writing and printing, a part of a word, separated from the rest, and capable of being pronounced by a single impulse of the voice. It may or may not correspond to a syllable in the spoken language. Withouten vice [i. e. mistake] of syllable or letter. Chaucer. 3. A small part of a sentence or discourse; anything concise or short; a particle. Before any syllable of the law of God was written. Hooker. Who dare speak One syllable against him Shak. SYLLABLE Syl"la*ble, v. t. Defn: To pronounce the syllables of; to utter; to articulate. Milton. SYLLABUB Syl"la*bub, n. Defn: Same as Syllabub. SYLLABUS Syl"la*bus, n.; pl. E. Syllabuses, L. Syllabi. Etym: [L., fr. the same source as E. syllable.] Defn: A compendium containing the heads of a discourse, and the like; an abstract. SYLLEPSIS Syl*lep"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. sy`llhpsis a taking together, from syllable, n.] 1. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure of speech by which a word is used in a literal and metaphorical sense at the same time. 2. (Gram.) Defn: The agreement of a verb or adjective with one, rather than another, of two nouns, with either of which it might agree in gender, number, etc.; as, rex et regina beati. SYLLEPTIC; SYLLEPTICAL Syl*lep"tic, Syl*lep"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a syllepsis; containing syllepsis. -- Syl*lep"tic*al*ly, adv. SYLLIDIAN Syl*lid"i*an, n. Etym: [From NL. Syllis, the typical genus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of marine annelids of the family Syllidæ. Note: Many of the species are phosphorescent; others are remarkable for undergoing strobilation or fission and for their polymorphism. The egg, in such species, develops into an asexual individual. When mature, a number of its posterior segments gradually develop into one or more sexual individuals which finally break away and swim free in the sea. The males, females, and neuters usually differ greatly in form and structure. SYLLOGISM Syl"lo*gism, n. Etym: [OE. silogisme, OF. silogime, sillogisme, F. syllogisme, L. syllogismus, Gr. syllogismo`s a reckoning all together, a reasoning, syllogism, fr. syllogi`zesqai to reckon all together, to bring at once before the mind, to infer, conclude; sy`n with, together + logi`zesqai to reckon, to conclude by reasoning. See Syn-, and Logistic, Logic.] (Logic) Defn: The regular logical form of every argument, consisting of three propositions, of which the first two are called the premises, and the last, the conclusion. The conclusion necessarily follows from the premises; so that, if these are true, the conclusion must be true, and the argument amounts to demonstration; Note: as in the following example: Every virtue is laudable; Kindness is a virtue; Therefore kindness is laudable. These propositions are denominated respectively the major premise, the minor premise, and the conclusion. Note: If the premises are not true and the syllogism is regular, the reasoning is valid, and the conclusion, whether true or false, is correctly derived. SYLLOGISTIC; SYLLOGISTICAL Syl`lo*gis"tic, Syl`lo*gis"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. syllogisticus, Gr. syllogistique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a syllogism; consisting of a syllogism, or of the form of reasoning by syllogisms; as, syllogistic arguments or reasoning. SYLLOGISTICALLY Syl`lo*gis"tic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a syllogistic manner. SYLLOGIZATION Syl`lo*gi*za"tion, n. Defn: A reasoning by syllogisms. [Obs. or R.] Harris. SYLLOGIZE Syl"lo*gize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Syllogized; p. pr. & vb. n. Syllogizing.] Etym: [Gr. syllogiser.] Defn: To reason by means of syllogisms. Men have endeavored . . . to teach boys to syllogize, or frame arguments and refute them, without any real inward knowledge of the question. I. Watts. SYLLOGIZER Syl"lo*gi`zer, n. Defn: One who syllogizes. SYLPH Sylph, n. Etym: [F. sylphe, m., fr. Gr. 1. An imaginary being inhabiting the air; a fairy. 2. Fig.: A slender, graceful woman. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of very brilliant South American humming birds, having a very long and deeply-forked tail; as, the blue-tailed sylph (Cynanthus cyanurus). SYLPHID Sylph"id, n. Etym: [F. sylphide, fem. See Sylph.] Defn: A little sylph; a young or diminutive sylph. "The place of the sylphid queen." J. R. Drake. Ye sylphs and sylphids, to your chief give ear, Fays, fairies, genii, elves, and demons, hear. Pope. SYLPHINE Sylph"ine, a. Defn: Like a sylph. SYLPHISH Sylph"ish, a. Defn: Sylphlike. Carlyle. SYLPHLIKE Sylph"like`, a. Defn: Like a sylph; airy; graceful. Sometimes a dance . . . Displayed some sylphlike figures in its maze. Byron. SYLVA Syl"va, n.; pl. Sylvæ. Etym: [L. sylva, better silva, a wood. See Silva.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Silva. SYLVAN Syl"van, a. Etym: [See Silvan, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to a sylva; forestlike; hence, rural; rustic. The traditional memory of a rural and a sylvan region . . . is usually exact as well as tenacious. De Quincey. 2. Abounding in forests or in trees; woody. SYLVAN Syl"van, n. Etym: [L. Sylvanus, better Silvanus. See Silvan, a.] Defn: A fabled deity of the wood; a satyr; a faun; sometimes, a rustic. Her private orchards, walled on every side, To lawless sylvans all access denied. Pope. SYLVAN Syl"van, n. Etym: [Sylva + furfuran.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon obtained together with furfuran (tetrol) by the distillation of pine wood; -- called also methyl tetrol, or methyl furfuran. SYLVANITE Syl"van*ite, n. Etym: [So called from Transylvania, where it was first found.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral, a telluride of gold and silver, of a steel-gray, silver-white, or brass-yellow color. It often occurs in implanted crystals resembling written characters, and hence is called graphic tellurium. [Written also silvanite.] SYLVANIUM Syl*va"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., so called from Transylvania, where it was first found.] (Chem.) Defn: An old name for tellurium. [Written also silvanium.] SYLVATE Syl"vate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of sylvic acid. SYLVATIC Syl*vat"ic, a. Etym: [L. sylvaticus, better silvaticus. See Silvan, a.] Defn: Sylvan. [R.] SYLVESTRIAN Syl*ves"tri*an, a. Etym: [L. sylvestris, better silvestris.] Defn: Sylvan. [R.] SYLVIC Syl"vic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, pine or its products; specifically, designating an acid called also abeitic acid, which is the chief ingredient of common resin (obtained from Pinus sylvestris, and other species). SYLVICOLINE Syl*vic"o*line, a. Etym: [L. sylva, silva, forest + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the family of warblers (Sylvicolidæ). See Warbler. SYLVICULTURE Syl"vi*cul`ture, n. Etym: [L. sylva, silva, forest + E. culture.] Defn: The cultivation of forest trees for timber or other purposes; forestry; arboriculture. SYLVICULTURIST Syl`vi*cul"tur*ist, n. Defn: One who cultivates forest trees, especially as a business. SYLVINE; SYLVITE Syl"vine, Syl"vite, n. Etym: [So called from NL. sal digestivus sylvii potassium chloride.] (Min.) Defn: Native potassium chloride. SYM- Sym-. Defn: See Syn-. SYMAR; SYMARR Sy*mar", Sy"marr, n. Defn: See Simar. SYMBAL Sym"bal, n. Defn: See Cimbal. [Obs.] SYMBIOSIS Sym`bi*o"sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. a living together, to live together; with + to live.] (Biol.) Defn: The living together in more or less imitative association or even close union of two dissimilar organisms. In a broad sense the term includes parasitism, or antagonistic, or antipathetic, symbiosis, in which the association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms, but ordinarily it is used of cases where the association is advantageous, or often necessary, to one or both, and not harmful to either. When there is bodily union (in extreme cases so close that the two form practically a single body, as in the union of algæ and fungi to form lichens, and in the inclusion of algæ in radiolarians) it is called conjunctive symbiosis; if there is no actual union of the organisms (as in the association of ants with myrmecophytes), disjunctive symbiosis. SYMBIOTIC Sym`bi*ot"ic, a. [Gr. .] (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, or living in, a state of symbiosis. -- Sym`bi*ot"ic*al (#), a. -- Sym`bi*ot"ic*al*ly (#), adv. SYMBOL Sym"bol, n. Etym: [L. symbolus, symbolum, Gr. symbole. Cf. Emblem, Parable.] 1. A visible sign or representation of an idea; anything which suggests an idea or quality, or another thing, as by resemblance or by convention; an emblem; a representation; a type; a figure; as, the lion is the symbol of courage; the lamb is the symbol of meekness or patience. A symbol is a sign included in the idea which it represents, e.g., an actual part chosen to represent the whole, or a lower form or species used as the representative of a higher in the same kind. Coleridge. 2. (Math.) Defn: Any character used to represent a quantity, an operation, a relation, or an abbreviation. Note: In crystallography, the symbol of a plane is the numerical expression which defines its position relatively to the assumed axes. 3. (Theol.) Defn: An abstract or compendium of faith or doctrine; a creed, or a summary of the articles of religion. 4. Etym: [Gr. Defn: That which is thrown into a common fund; hence, an appointed or accustomed duty. [Obs.] They do their work in the days of peace . . . and come to pay their symbol in a war or in a plague. Jer. Taylor. 5. Share; allotment. [Obs.] The persons who are to be judged . . . shall all appear to receive their symbol. Jer. Taylor. 6. (Chem.) Defn: An abbreviation standing for the name of an element and consisting of the initial letter of the Latin or New Latin name, or sometimes of the initial letter with a following one; as, C for carbon, Na for sodium (Natrium), Fe for iron (Ferrum), Sn for tin (Stannum), Sb for antimony (Stibium), etc. See the list of names and symbols under Element. Note: In pure and organic chemistry there are symbols not only for the elements, but also for their grouping in formulas, radicals, or residues, as evidenced by their composition, reactions, synthesis, etc. See the diagram of Benzene nucleus, under Benzene. Syn. -- Emblem; figure; type. See Emblem. SYMBOL Sym"bol, v. t. Defn: To symbolize. [R.] Tennyson. SYMBOLIC Sym*bol"ic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. symbolique. See Symbolic, a.] (Theol.) Defn: See Symbolics. SYMBOLIC; SYMBOLICAL Sym*bol"ic, Sym*bol"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. symbolicus, Gr. symbolique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a symbol or symbols; of the nature of a symbol; exhibiting or expressing by resemblance or signs; representative; as, the figure of an eye is symbolic of sight and knowledge. -- Sym*bol"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sym*bol"ic*al*ness, n. The sacrament is a representation of Christ's death by such symbolical actions as he himself appointed. Jer. Taylor. Symbolical delivery (Law), the delivery of property sold by delivering something else as a symbol, token, or representative of it. Bouvier. Chitty. -- Symbolical philosophy, the philosophy expressed by hieroglyphics. SYMBOLICS Sym*bol"ics, n. Defn: The study of ancient symbols; esp. (Theol.), Defn: that branch of historic theology which treats of creeds and confessions of faith; symbolism; -- called also symbolic. SYMBOLISM Sym"bol*ism, n. 1. The act of symbolizing, or the state of being symbolized; as, symbolism in Christian art is the representation of truth, virtues, vices, etc., by emblematic colors, signs, and forms. 2. A system of symbols or representations. 3. (Chem.) (a) The practice of using symbols, or the system of notation developed thereby. (b) A combining together of parts or ingredients. [Obs.] 4. (Theol.) Defn: The science of creeds; symbolics. SYMBOLIST Sym"bol*ist, n. Defn: One who employs symbols. SYMBOLISTIC; SYMBOLISTICAL Sym`bol*is"tic, Sym`bol*is"tic*al, a. Defn: Characterized by the use of symbols; as, symbolistic poetry. SYMBOLIZATION Sym`bol*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. symbolisation.] Defn: The act of symbolizing; symbolical representation. Sir T. Browne. SYMBOLIZE Sym"bol*ize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Symbolized; p. pr. & vb. n. Symbolizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. symboliser.] 1. To have a resemblance of qualities or properties; to correspond; to harmonize. The pleasing of color symbolizeth with the pleasing of any single tone to the ear; but the pleasing of order doth symbolize with harmony. Bacon. They both symbolize in this, that they love to look upon themselves through multiplying glasses. Howell. 2. To hold the same faith; to agree. [R.] The believers in pretended miracles have always previously symbolized with the performers of them. G. S. Faber. 3. To use symbols; to represent ideas symbolically. SYMBOLIZE Sym"bol*ize, v. t. 1. To make to agree in properties or qualities. 2. To make representative of something; to regard or treat as symbolic. "Some symbolize the same from the mystery of its colors." Sir T. Browne. 3. To represent by a symbol or symbols. SYMBOLIZER Sym"bol*i`zer, n. Defn: One who symbolizes. SYMBOLOGICAL Sym`bo*log"i*cal, a. Defn: Pertaining to a symbology; versed in, or characterized by, symbology. SYMBOLOGIST Sym*bol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who practices, or who is versed in, symbology. SYMBOLOGY Sym*bol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Symbol + -logy.] Defn: The art of expressing by symbols. SYMBRANCHII Sym*bran"chi*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of slender eel-like fishes having the gill openings confluent beneath the neck. The pectoral arch is generally attached to the skull, and the entire margin of the upper jaw is formed by the premaxillary. Called also Symbranchia. SYMMETRAL Sym"me*tral, a. Defn: Commensurable; symmetrical. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. SYMMETRIAN Sym*me"tri*an, n. Defn: One eminently studious of symmetry of parts. [R.] Sir P. Sidney. SYMMETRIC Sym*met"ric, a. Defn: Symmetrical. SYMMETRICAL Sym*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. symétrique. See Symmetry.] 1. Involving or exhibiting symmetry; proportional in parts; having its parts in due proportion as to dimensions; as, a symmetrical body or building. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Having the organs or parts of one side correspponding with those of the other; having the parts in two or more series of organs the same in number; exhibiting a symmetry.See Symmetry, 2. 3. (Bot.) (a) Having an equal number of parts in the successive circles of floral organs; -- said of flowers. (b) Having a likeness in the form and size of floral organs of the same kind; regular. 4. (Math.) Defn: Having a common measure; commensurable. (b) Having corresponding parts or relations. Note: A curve or a plane figure is symmetrical with respect to a given line, and a line, surface, or solid with respect to a plane, when for each point on one side of the line or plane there is a corresponding point on the other side, so situated that the line joining the two corresponding points is perpendicular to the line or plane and is bisectad by it. Two solids are symmetrical when they are so situate dwith the respect to an intervening plane that the several points of their surfaces thus correspond to each other in position and distance. In analysis, an expression is symmetrical with respect to several letters when any two of them may change places without affecting the expression; as, the expression a2b + ab2 + a2c + ac2 + b2c + bc2, is symmetrical with respect to the letters a, b, c. -- Sym*met"ric*al*ly, adv. -- Sym*met"ric*al*ness, n. SYMMETRICIAN Sym`me*tri"cian, n. Defn: Same as Symmetrian. [R.] Holinshed. SYMMETRIST Sym"me*trist, n. Defn: One eminently studious of symmetry of parts. Sir H. Wotton. SYMMETRIZE Sym"me*trize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Symmetrized; p. pr. & vb. n. Symmetrizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. symétriser.] Defn: To make proportional in its parts; to reduce to symmetry. Burke. SYMMETRY Sym"me*try, n. Etym: [L. symmetria, Gr. symétrie. See Syn-, and Meter rhythm.] 1. A due proportion of the several parts of a body to each other; adaptation of the form or dimensions of the several parts of a thing to each other; the union and conformity of the members of a work to the whole. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The law of likeness; similarity of structure; regularity in form and arrangement; orderly and similar distribution of parts, such that an animal may be divided into parts which are structurally symmetrical. Note: Bilateral symmetry, or two-sidedness, in vertebrates, etc., is that in which the body can be divided into symmetrical halves by a vertical plane passing through the middle; radial symmetry, as in echinoderms, is that in which the individual parts are arranged symmetrically around a central axis; serial symmetry, or zonal symmetry, as in earthworms, is that in which the segments or metameres of the body are disposed in a zonal manner one after the other in a longitudinal axis. This last is sometimes called metamerism. 3. (Bot.) (a) Equality in the number of parts of the successive circles in a flower. (b) Likeness in the form and size of floral organs of the same kind; regularity. Axis of symmetry. (Geom.) See under Axis. -- Respective symmetry, that disposition of parts in which only the opposite sides are equal to each other. SYMPATHETIC Sym`pa*thet"ic, a. Etym: [See Sympathy, and cf. Pathetic.] 1. Inclined to sympathy; sympathizing. Far wiser he, whose sympathetic mind Exults in all the good of all mankind. Goldsmith. 2. Produced by, or expressive of, sympathy. Ope the sacred source of sympathetic tears. Gray. 3. (Physiol.) (a) Produced by sympathy; -- applied particularly to symptoms or affections. See Sympathy. (b) Of or relating to the sympathetic nervous system or some of its branches; produced by stimulation on the sympathetic nervious system or some part of it; as, the sympathetic saliva, a modified form of saliva, produced from some of the salivary glands by stimulation of a sympathetic nerve fiber. Sympathetic ink. (Chem.) See under Ink. -- Sympathetic nerve (Anat.), any nerve of the sympathetic system; especially, the axial chain of ganglions and nerves belonging to the sympathetic system. -- Sympathetic powder (Alchemy), a kind of powder long supposed to be able to cure a wound if applied to the weapon that inflicted it, or even to a portion of the bloody clothes. Dunglison. -- Sympathetic sounds (Physics), sounds produced from solid bodies by means of vibrations which have been communicated to them from some other sounding body, by means of the air or an intervening solid. -- Sympathetic system (Anat.), a system of nerves and nerve ganglions connected with the alimentary canal, the vascular system, and the glandular organs of most vertebrates, and controlling more or less their actions. The axial part of the system and its principal ganglions and nerves are situated in the body cavity and form a chain of ganglions on each side of the vertebral column connected with numerous other ganglions and nerve plexuses. SYMPATHETICAL Sym`pa*thet"ic*al, a. Defn: Sympathetic. SYMPATHETICALLY Sym`pa*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a sympathetic manner. SYMPATHIST Sym"pa*thist, n. Defn: One who sympathizes; a sympathizer. [R.] Coleridge. SYMPATHIZE Sym"pa*thize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sympathized; p. pr. & vb. n. Sympathizing.] Etym: [F. sympathiser. See Sympathy.] 1. To have a common feeling, as of bodily pleasure or pain. The mind will sympathize so much with the anguish and debility of the body, that it will be too distracted to fix itself in meditation. Buckminster. 2. To feel in consequence of what another feels; to be affected by feelings similar to those of another, in consequence of knowing the person to be thus affected. Their countrymen . . . sympathized with their heroes in all their adventures. Addison. 3. To agree; to be in accord; to harmonize. Dryden. SYMPATHIZE Sym"pa*thize, v. t. 1. To experience together. [Obs.] "This sympathized . . . error." Shak. 2. To ansew to; to correspond to. [Obs.] Shak. SYMPATHIZER Sym"pa*thi`zer, n. Defn: One who sympathizes. SYMPATHY Sym"pa*thy, n.; pl. Sympathies. Etym: [F. sympathie, L. sympathia, Gr. Syn-, and Pathos.] 1. Feeling corresponding to that which another feels; the quality of being affected by the affection of another, with feelings correspondent in kind, if not in degree; fellow-feeling. They saw, but other sight instead -- a crowd Of ugly serpents! Horror on them fell, And horrid sympathy. Milton. 2. An agreement of affections or inclinations, or a conformity of natural temperament, which causes persons to be pleased, or in accord, with one another; as, there is perfect sympathy between them. 3. Kindness of feeling toward one who suffers; pity; commiseration; compassion. I value myself upon sympathy, I hate and despise myself for envy. Kames. 4. (Physiol.) (a) The reciprocal influence exercised by the various organs or parts of the body on one another, as manifested in the transmission of a disease by unknown means from one organ to another quite remote, or in the influence exerted by a diseased condition of one part on another part or organ, as in the vomiting produced by a tumor of the brain. (b) That relation which exists between different persons by which one of them produces in the others a state or condition like that of himself. This is shown in the tendency to yawn which a person often feels on seeing another yawn, or the strong inclination to become hysteric experienced by many women on seeing another person suffering with hysteria. 5. A tendency of inanimate things to unite, or to act on each other; as, the sympathy between the loadstone and iron. [R.] 6. Similarity of function, use office, or the like. The adverb has most sympathy with the verb. Earle. Syn. -- Pity; fellow-feeling; compassion; commiseration; tenderness; condolence; agreement. -- Sympathy, Commiseration. Sympathy is literally a fellow-feeling with others in their varied conditions of joy or of grief. This term, however, is now more commonly applied to a fellow-feeling with others under affliction, and then coincides very nearly with commiseration. In this case it is commonly followed by for; as, to feel sympathy for a friend when we see him distressed. The verb sympathize is followed by with; as, to sympathize with a friend in his distresses or enjoyments. "Every man would be a distinct species to himself, were there no sympathy among individuals." South. See Pity. Fault, Acknowledged and deplored, in Adam wrought Commiseration. Milton. SYMPETALOUS Sym*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. sym- + petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the petals united; gamopetalous. SYMPHONIC Sym*phon"ic, a. 1. Symphonious. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Relating to, or in the manner of, symphony; as, the symphonic form or style of composition. SYMPHONIOUS Sym*pho"ni*ous, a. Etym: [From Symphony.] 1. Agreeing in sound; accordant; harmonious. Followed with acclamation and the sound Symphonious of ten thousand harps. Milton. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Symphonic. SYMPHONIST Sym"pho*nist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. symphoniste.] Defn: A composer of symphonies. SYMPHONIZE Sym"pho*nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Symphonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Symphonizing.] Defn: To agree; to be in harmony. [R.] Boyle. SYMPHONY Sym"pho*ny, n.; pl. Symphonies. Etym: [F. symphonie (cf. It. sinfonia), L. symphonia, Gr. Phonetic.] 1. A consonance or harmony of sounds, agreeable to the ear, whether the sounds are vocal or instrumental, or both. The trumpets sound, And warlike symphony in heard around. Dryden. 2. A stringed instrument formerly in use, somewhat resembling the virginal. With harp and pipe and symphony. Chaucer. 3. (Mus.) (a) An elaborate instrumental composition for a full orchestra, consisting usually, like the sonata, of three or four contrasted yet inwardly related movements, as the allegro, the adagio, the minuet and trio, or scherzo, and the finale in quick time. The term has recently been applied to large orchestral works in freer form, with arguments or programmes to explain their meaning, such as the "symphonic poems" of Liszt. The term was formerly applied to any composition for an orchestra, as overtures, etc., and still earlier, to certain compositions partly vocal, partly instrumental. (b) An instrumental passage at the beginning or end, or in the course of, a vocal composition; a prelude, interlude, or postude; a ritornello. SYMPHYLA Sym*phy"la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of small apterous insects having an elongated body, with three pairs of thoracic and about nine pairs of abdominal legs. They are, in many respects, intermediate between myriapods and true insects. SYMPHYSEAL Sym*phys"e*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to to symphysis. SYMPHYSEOTOMY Sym`phy*se*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [NL. symphysis pubis + Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of dividing the symphysis pubis for the purpose of facilitating labor; -- formerly called the Sigualtian section. [Written also symphysotomy.] Dunglison. SYMPHYSIS Sym"phy*sis, n.; pl. Symphyses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) (a) An articulation formed by intervening cartilage; as, the pubic symphysis. (b) The union or coalescence of bones; also, the place of union or coalescence; as, the symphysis of the lower jaw. Cf. Articulation. SYMPHYSOTOMY Sym`phy*sot"o*my, n. Defn: Symphyseotomy. SYMPHYTISM Sym"phy*tism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Coalescence; a growing into one with another word. [R.] Some of the phrasal adverbs have assumed the form of single words, by that symphytism which naturally attaches these light elements to each other. Earle. SYMPIESOMETER Sym`pi*e*som"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: A sensitive kind of barometer, in which the pressure of the atmosphere, acting upon a liquid, as oil, in the lower portion of the instrument, compresses an elastic gas in the upper part. Note: The column of oil of a lower part BC of a glass tube compresses hydrogen gas in the upper part AB, and is thus measured on the scale pq by the position of a surface of the oil in the tube. The scale pq is adjustable, and its index must be set to the division on the scale rs corresponding to the temperature indicated by the termometer t, in order to correct for the effects of temperature on the gas. It is sensitive, and convenient for use at sea, but inferior in accuracy to the mercurial barometer. SYMPLECTIC Sym*plec"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Plaiting or joining together; -- said of a bone next above the quadrate in the mandibular suspensorium of many fishes, which unites together the other bones of the suspensorium. -- n. Defn: The symplectic bone. SYMPLOCE Sym"plo*ce, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning and another at the end of successive clauses; as, Justice came down from heaven to view the earth; Justice returned to heaven, and left the earth. SYMPODE Sym"pode, n. (Bot.) Defn: A sympodium. SYMPODIAL Sym*po"di*al, a. (Bot.) Defn: Composed of superposed branches in such a way as to imitate a simple axis; as, a sympodial stem. SYMPODIUM Sym*po"di*um, n.; pl. Sympodia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: An axis or stem produced by dichotomous branching in which one of the branches is regularly developed at the expense of the other, as in the grapevine. SYMPOSIAC Sym*po"si*ac, a. Etym: [L. symposiacus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to compotations and merrymaking; happening where company is drinking together; as, symposiac meetings. Symposiac disputations amongst my acquaintance. Arbuthnot. SYMPOSIAC Sym*po"si*ac, n. Defn: A conference or conversation of philosophers at a banquet; hence, any similar gathering. SYMPOSIARCH Sym*po"si*arch, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: The master of a feast. SYMPOSIAST Sym*po"si*ast, n. Defn: One engaged with others at a banquet or merrymaking. Sydney Smith. SYMPOSION Sym*po"si*on, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A drinking together; a symposium. "Our symposion last night." Sir W. Scott. SYMPOSIUM Sym*po"si*um, n.; pl. Symposia. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. sympo`sion a drinking party, feast; sy`n with + po`sis a drinking. See Syn-, and cf. Potable.] 1. A drinking together; a merry feast. T. Warton. 2. A collection of short essays by different authors on a common topic; -- so called from the appellation given to the philosophical dialogue by the Greeks. SYMPTOM Symp"tom, n. Etym: [F. symptôme, Gr. pat to fly, to fall. See Syn-, and cf. Asymptote, Feather.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Any affection which accompanies disease; a perceptible change in the body or its functions, which indicates disease, or the kind or phases of disease; as, the causes of disease often lie beyond our sight, but we learn their nature by the symptoms exhibited. Like the sick man, we are expiring with all sorts of good symptoms. Swift. 2. A sign or token; that which indicates the existence of something else; as, corruption in elections is a symptom of the decay of public virtue. Syn. -- Mark; note; sign; token; indication. SYMPTOMATIC; SYMPTOMATICAL Symp`tom*at"ic, Symp`tom*at"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. symptomatique, Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to symptoms; happening in concurrence with something; being a symptom; indicating the existence of something else. Symptomatic of a shallow understanding and an unamiable temper. Macaulay. 2. According to symptoms; as, a symptomatical classification of diseases. -- Symp`tom*at"ic*al*ly, adv. SYMPTOMATOLOGY Symp`tom*a*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. symptomatologie.] (Med.) Defn: The doctrine of symptoms; that part of the science of medicine which treats of the symptoms of diseases; semeiology. Note: It includes diagnosis, or the determination of the disease from its symptoms; and prognosis, or the determination of its probable course and event. SYN- Syn-. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A prefix meaning with, along with, together, at the same time. Syn- becomes sym- before p, b, and m, and syl- before l. SYNACME; SYNACMY Syn*ac"me, Syn*ac"my, n. Etym: [NL. synacme. See Syn-, and Acme.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Synanthesis. SYNAERESIS; SYNERESIS Syn*ær"e*sis, Syn*er"e*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Syn-, and Heresy.] (Gram.) Defn: The union, or drawing together into one syllable, of two vowels that are ordinarily separated in syllabification; synecphonesis; -- the opposite of diæresis. SYNAGOGICAL Syn`a*gog"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a synagogue. SYNAGOGUE Syn"a*gogue, n. Etym: [F., from L. synagoga, Gr. Syn-, and Agent.] 1. A congregation or assembly of Jews met for the purpose of worship, or the performance of religious rites. 2. The building or place appropriated to the religious worship of the Jews. 3. The council of, probably, 120 members among the Jews, first appointed after the return from the Babylonish captivity; -- called also the Great Synagogue, and sometimes, though erroneously, the Sanhedrin. 4. A congregation in the early Christian church. My brethren, . . . if there come into your synagogue a man with a gold ring. James ii. 1,2 (Rev. Ver.). 5. Any assembly of men. [Obs. or R.] Milton. SYNALEPHA Syn`a*le"pha, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. synaloepha, Gr. (Gram.) Defn: A contraction of syllables by suppressing some vowel or diphthong at the end of a word, before another vowel or diphthong; as, th' army, for the army. [Written also synaloepha.] SYNALLAGMATIC Syn`al*lag*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Law) Defn: Imposing reciprocal obligations upon the parties; as, a synallagmatic contract. Bouvier. SYNALLAXINE Syn`al*lax"ine, a. Etym: [From Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the outer and middle toes partially united; -- said of certain birds related to the creepers. SYNALOEPHA Syn`a*loe"pha, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Same as Synalepha. SYNANGIUM Syn*an"gi*um, n.; pl. Synangia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The divided part beyond the pylangium in the aortic trunk of the amphibian heart. -- Syn*an"gi*al, a. SYNANTHEROUS Syn*an"ther*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. syn- + anther.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the stamens united by their anthers; as, synantherous flowers. SYNANTHESIS Syn`an*the"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The simultaneous maturity of the anthers and stigmas of a blossom. Gray. SYNANTHOUS Syn*an"thous, a. Etym: [Pref. syn- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having flowers and leaves which appear at the same time; -- said of certain plants. SYNANTHROSE Syn*an"throse", n. Etym: [From NL. Synantheræ the Compositæ; Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A variety of sugar, isomeric with sucrose, found in the tubers of the Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), in the dahlia, and other Compositæ. SYNAPTA Syn*ap"ta, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of slender, transparent holothurians which have delicate calcareous anchors attached to the dermal plates. See Illustration in Appendix. SYNAPTASE Syn*ap"tase, n. Etym: [Gr. tase.] (Chem.) Defn: A ferment resembling diastase, found in bitter almonds. Cf. Amygdalin, and Emulsin. SYNAPTICULA Syn`ap*tic"u*la, n.; pl. Synapticulæ. Etym: [NL., dim. from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of numerous calcareous processes which extend between, and unite, the adjacent septa of certain corals, especially of the fungian corals. SYNARCHY Syn"ar*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Joint rule or sovereignity. [R.] Stackhouse. SYNARTESIS Syn`ar*te"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A fastening or knitting together; the state of being closely jointed; close union. [R.] Coleridge. SYNARTHRODIA Syn`ar*thro"di*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: Synarthrosis. -- Syn`ar*thro"di*al, a. Dunglison. SYNARTHROSIS Syn`ar*thro"sis, n.; pl. Synarthroses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Immovable articulation by close union, as in sutures. It sometimes includes symphysial articulations also. See the Note under Articulation, n., 1. SYNASTRY Syn"as*try, n. Etym: [Pref. syn- + Gr. Defn: Concurrence of starry position or influence; hence, similarity of condition, fortune, etc., as prefigured by astrological calculation. [R.] Motley. SYNAXIS Syn*ax"is, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Synagogue.] Defn: A congregation; also, formerly, the Lord's Supper. Jer. Taylor. SYNCARP Syn"carp, n. Etym: [NL. syncarpium. See Syncarpous.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of aggregate fruit in which the ovaries cohere in a solid mass, with a slender receptacle, as in the magnolia; also, a similar multiple fruit, as a mulberry. SYNCARPIUM Syn*car"pi*um, n.; pl. Syncarpia. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Syncarp. SYNCARPOUS Syn*car"pous, a. Etym: [Pref. syn- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Composed of several carpels consolidated into one ovary. SYNCATEGOREMATIC Syn*cat`e*gor`e*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Syn-, and Categorematic.] (Logic) Defn: Not capable of being used as a term by itself; -- said of words, as an adverb or preposition. SYNCHONDROSIS Syn`chon*dro"sis, n.; pl. Synchondroses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: An immovable articulation in which the union is formed by cartilage. -- Syn`chon*dro"si*al, a. SYNCHONDROTOMY Syn`chon*drot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: Symphyseotomy. SYNCHORESIS Syn`cho*re"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A concession made for the purpose of retorting with greater force. SYNCHRONAL Syn"chro*nal, a. Etym: [See Synchronous.] Defn: Happening at, or belonging to, the same time; synchronous; simultaneous. Dr. H. More. SYNCHRONAL Syn"chro*nal, n. Defn: A synchronal thing or event. SYNCHRONICAL Syn*chron"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. synchronique.] Defn: Happening at the same time; synchronous. Boyle. -- Syn*chron"ic*al*ly, adv. SYNCHRONISM Syn"chro*nism, n. Etym: [Gr. Synchronous.] 1. The concurrence of events in time; simultaneousness. 2. The tabular arrangement of historical events and personages, according to their dates. 3. (Paint.) Defn: A representation, in the same picture, of two or events which occured at different times. SYNCHRONISTIC Syn`chro*nis"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to synchronism; arranged according to correspondence in time; as, synchronistic tables. SYNCHRONIZATION Syn`chro*ni*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of synchronizing; concurrence of events in respect to time. SYNCHRONIZE Syn"chro*nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Synchronized; p. pr. & vb. n. Synchronizing.] Etym: [Gr. Defn: To agree in time; to be simultaneous. The path of this great empire, through its arch of progress, synchronized with that of Christianity. De Quincey. SYNCHRONIZE Syn"chro*nize, v. t. 1. To assign to the same date or period of time; as, to synchronize two events of Greek and Roman history. "Josephus synchronizes Nisan with the Egyptian Pharmus." W. L. Bevan. 2. To cause to agree in time; as, to synchronize the movements of different machines; to synchronize clocks. SYNCHRONOLOGY Syn`chro*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Pref. syn- + Gr. -logy.] Defn: Contemporaneous chronology. SYNCHRONOUS Syn"chro*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. Chronicle.] Defn: Happening at the same time; simultaneous. -- Syn"chro*nous*ly, adv. SYNCHRONY Syn"chro*ny, n. Defn: The concurrence of events in time; synchronism. [R.] Geological contemporaneity is the same as chronological synchrony. Huxley. SYNCHYSIS Syn"chy*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A derangement or confusion of any kind, as of words in a sentence, or of humors in the eye. Sparkling synchysis (Med.), a condition in which the vitreous humor is softened and contains sparkling scales of cholesterin. SYNCLASTIC Syn*clas"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. syn- + Gr. kla^n to break.] (Math. Physics) Defn: Curved toward the same side in all directions; -- said of surfaces which in all directions around any point bend away from a tangent plane toward the same side, as the surface of a sphere; -- opposed to anticlastic. Sir W. Thomson. SYNCLINAL Syn*cli"nal, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Inclined downward from opposite directions, so as to meet in a common point or line. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Formed by strata dipping toward a common line or plane; as, a synclinal trough or valley; a synclinal fold; -- opposed to anticlinal. Note: A downward flexure in the case of folded rocks makes a synclinal axis, and the alternating upward flexure an anticlinal axis. SYNCLINAL Syn*cli"nal, n. (Geol.) Defn: A synclinal fold. SYNCLINE Syn*cline", n. (Geol.) Defn: A synclinal fold. SYNCLINICAL Syn*clin"ic*al, a. Defn: Synclinal. [R.] SYNCLINORIUM Syn`cli*no"ri*um, n.; pl. Synclinoria. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Geol.) Defn: A mountain range owing its origin to the progress of a geosynclinal, and ending in a catastrophe of displacement and upturning. Dana. SYNCOPAL Syn"co*pal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to syncope; resembling syncope. SYNCOPATE Syn"co*pate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syncopated; p. pr. & vb. n. Syncopating.] Etym: [LL. syncopatus, p.p. of syncopare to syncopate, to swoon. See Syncope.] 1. (Gram.) Defn: To contract, as a word, by taking one or more letters or syllables from the middle; as, "Gloster" is a syncopated form of "Gloucester." 2. (Mus.) Defn: To commence, as a tone, on an unaccented part of a measure, and continue it into the following accented part, so that the accent is driven back upon the weak part and the rhythm drags. SYNCOPATION Syn`co*pa"tion, n. 1. (Gram.) Defn: The act of syncopating; the contraction of a word by taking one or more letters or syllables from the middle; syncope. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The act of syncopating; a peculiar figure of rhythm, or rhythmical alteration, which consists in welding into one tone the second half of one beat with the first half of the beat which follows. SYNCOPE Syn"co*pe, n. Etym: [L. syncope, syncopa, Gr. 1. (Gram.) Defn: An elision or retrenchment of one or more letters or syllables from the middle of a word; as, ne'er for never, ev'ry for every. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Same as Syncopation. 3. (Med.) Defn: A fainting, or swooning. See Fainting. 4. A pause or cessation; suspension. [R.] Revely, and dance, and show, Suffer a syncope and solemn pause. Cowper. SYNCOPIST Syn"co*pist, n. Defn: One who syncopates. Addison. SYNCOPIZE Syn"co*pize, v. t. Defn: To syncopate. SYNCOTYLEDONOUS Syn*cot`y*led"on*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. syn- + cotyledonous.] (Bot.) Defn: Having united cotyledonous. SYNCRETIC Syn*cret"ic, a. Defn: Uniting and blending together different systems, as of philosophy, morals, or religion. Smart. SYNCRETISM Syn"cre*tism, n. Etym: [Gr. syncrétisme.] Defn: Attempted union of principles or parties irreconcilably at variance with each other. He is plotting a carnal syncretism, and attempting the reconcilement of Christ and Belial. Baxter. Syncretism is opposed to eclecticism in philosophy. Krauth-Fleming. SYNCRETIST Syn"cre*tist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. syncrétiste.] Defn: One who attempts to unite principles or parties which are irreconcilably at variance; specifically (Eccl. Hist.), Defn: an adherent of George Calixtus and other Germans of the seventeenth century, who sought to unite or reconcile the Protestant sects with each other and with the Roman Catholics, and thus occasioned a long and violent controversy in the Lutheran church. SYNCRETISTIC Syn`cre*tis"tic, a. 1. Pertaining to, or characterized by, syncretism; as, a syncretistic mixture of the service of Jehovah and the worship of idols. 2. Of or pertaining to Syncretists. SYNCRISIS Syn"cri*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure of speech in which opposite things or persons are compared. Crabb. SYNCYTIUM Syn*cy"ti*um, n.; pl. Syncitia. Etym: [NL., from Gr. 1. (Biol.) Defn: Tissue in which the cell or partition walls are wholly wanting and the cell bodies fused together, so that the tissue consists of a continuous mass of protoplasm in which nuclei are imbedded, as in ordinary striped muscle. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ectoderm of a sponge. SYNDACTYL; SYNDACTYLE Syn*dac"tyl, Syn*dac"tyle, a. [Syn- + Gr. finger, toe.] (Zoöl. & Med.) Defn: Having two or more digits wholly or partly united. See Syndactylism. SYNDACTYLE Syn*dac"tyle, n. Etym: [Pref. syn- + Gr. syndactyle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bird having syndactilous feet. SYNDACTYLIC Syn*dac*tyl"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Syndactilous. SYNDACTYLOUS Syn*dac"tyl*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the toes firmly united together for some distance, and without an intermediate web, as the kingfishers; gressorial. SYNDESMOGRAPHY Syn`des*mog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A description of the ligaments; syndesmology. SYNDESMOLOGY Syn`des*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: That part of anatomy which treats of ligaments. SYNDESMOSIS Syn`des*mo"sis, n.; pl. Syndesmoses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: An articulation formed by means of ligaments. SYNDETIC; SYNDETICAL Syn*det"ic, Syn*det"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Asyndetic.] Defn: Connecting; conjunctive; as, syndetic words or connectives; syndetic references in a dictionary. -- Syn*det"ic*al*ly, adv. With the syndetic juxtaposition of distinct members, the article is not often repeated. C. J. Grece (Trans. Maetzner's Gram.). SYNDIC Syn"dic, n. Etym: [L. syndictus, Gr. syndic. See Teach.] 1. An officer of government, invested with different powers in different countries; a magistrate. 2. (Law) Defn: An agent of a corporation, or of any body of men engaged in a business enterprise; an advocate or patron; an assignee. Note: In France, syndics are appointed by the creditors of a bankrupt to manage the property. Almost all the companies in Paris, the university, and the like, have their syndics. The university of Cambridge, Eng., has its syndics, who are chosen from the senate to transact special business, such as the regulation of fees, the framing of laws, etc. SYNDICAL Syn"dic*al, a. 1. Consisting of, or pert. to, a syndic. 2. Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, syndicalism. SYNDICALISM Syn"dic*al*ism, n. [F. syndicalisme.] Defn: The theory, plan, or practice of trade-union action (originally as advocated and practiced by the French Confédération Générale du Travail) which aims to abolish the present political and social system by means of the general strike (as distinguished from the local or sectional strike) and direct action of whatever kind (as distinguished from action which takes effect only through the medium of political action) -- direct action including any kind of action that is directly effective, whether it be a simple strike, a peaceful public demonstration, sabotage, or revolutionary violence. By the general strike and direct action syndicalism aims to establish a social system in which the means and processes of production are in the control of local organizations of workers, who are manage them for the common good. SYNDICALIST Syn"dic*al*ist, n. Defn: One who advocates or practices syndicalism. --Syn`dic*al*is"tic (#), a. SYNDICATE Syn"di*cate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. syndicat, LL. syndicatus.] 1. The office or jurisdiction of a syndic; a council, or body of syndics. Bp. Burnet. 2. An association of persons officially authorized to undertake some duty or to negotiate some business; also, an association of persons who combine to carry out, on their own account, a financial or industrial project; as, a syndicate of bankers formed to take up and dispose of an entire issue of government bonds. SYNDICATE Syn"di*cate, v. t. Etym: [LL. syndicatus, p.p. of syndicare to censure.] Defn: To judge; to censure. [Obs.] SYNDICATION Syn`di*ca"tion, n. Defn: Act or process of syndicating or forming a syndicate. SYNDROME Syn"dro*me, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Defn: Concurrence. [R.] Glanvill. Defn: A group of symptoms occurring together that are characteristic and indicative of some underlying cause, such as a disease. SYNDYASMIAN Syn`dy*as"mi*an, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Pertaining to the state of pairing together sexually; -- said of animals during periods of procreation and while rearing their offspring. Morgan. SYNE Syne, adv. Etym: [See Since.] 1. Afterwards; since; ago. [Obs. or Scot.] R. of Brunne. 2. Late, -- as opposed to soon. [Each rogue] shall be discovered either soon or syne. W. Hamilton (Life of Wallace). SYNE Syne, conj. Defn: Since; seeing. [Scot.] SYNECDOCHE Syn*ec"do*che, n. Etym: [L. synecdoche, Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure or trope by which a part of a thing is put for the whole (as, fifty sail for fifty ships), or the whole for a part (as, the smiling year for spring), the species for the genus (as, cutthroat for assassin), the genus for the species (as, a creature for a man), the name of the material for the thing made, etc. Bain. SYNECDOCHICAL Syn`ec*doch"ic*al, a. Defn: Expressed by synecdoche; implying a synecdoche. Isis is used for Themesis by a synecdochical kind of speech, or by a poetical liberty, in using one for another. Drayton. SYNECDOCHICALLY Syn`ec*doch"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By synecdoche. SYNECHIA Syn*e"chi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A disease of the eye, in which the iris adheres to the cornea or to the capsule of the crystalline lens. SYNECPHONESIS Syn*ec`pho*ne"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Gram.) Defn: A contraction of two syllables into one; synizesis. SYNEDRAL Syn*e"dral, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Growing on the angles of a stem, as the leaves in some species of Selaginella. SYNENTOGNATHI Syn`en*tog"na*thi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes, resembling the Physoclisti, without spines in the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins. It includes the true flying fishes. SYNEPY Syn"e*py, n. Etym: [Gr. (Rhet.) Defn: The interjunction, or joining, of words in uttering the clauses of sentences. SYNERESIS Syn*er"e*sis, n. Defn: Same as Synæresis. SYNERGETIC Syn`er*get"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Working together; coöperating; as, synergetic muscles. SYNERGISM Syn"er*gism, n. Etym: [See Synergetic.] (Theol.) Defn: The doctrine or theory, attributed to Melanchthon, that in the regeneration of a human soul there is a coöperation, or joint agency, on the part both of God and of man. SYNERGIST Syn"er*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. synergiste.] 1. One who holds the doctrine of synergism. 2. (Med.) Defn: A remedy which has an action similar to that of another remedy, and hence increases the efficiency of that remedy when combined with it. SYNERGISTIC Syn`er*gis"tic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to synergism. "A synergistic view of regeneration." Shedd. 2. Coöperating; synergetic. SYNERGY Syn"er*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Synergetic.] Defn: Combined action; especially (Med.), Defn: the combined healty action of every organ of a particular system; as, the digestive synergy. Defn: An effect of the interaction of the actions of two agents such that the result of the combined action is greater than expected as a simple additive combination of the two agents acting separately. Also synergism. SYNESIS Syn"e*sis, n. [Gr. intelligence.] (Gram.) Defn: A construction in which adherence to some element in the sense causes a departure from strict syntax, as in "Philip went down to Samaria and preached Christ unto them." SYNGENESIA Syn`ge*ne"si*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants in which the stamens are united by the anthers. SYNGENESIAN; SYNGENESIOUS Syn`ge*ne"sian, Syn`ge*ne"sious, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the stamens united by the anthers; of or pertaining to the Syngenesia. SYNGENESIS Syn*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Pref. syn- + genesis.] (Biol.) Defn: A theory of generation in which each germ is supposed to contain the germs of all subsequent generations; -- the opposite of epigenesis. SYNGNATHI Syng"na*thi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of lophobranch fishes which have an elongated snout and lack the ventral and first dorsal fins. The pipefishes and sea horses are examples. -- Syng"na*thous, a. SYNGRAPH Syn"graph, n. Etym: [L. syngrapha, Gr. (Law) Defn: A writing signed by both or all the parties to a contract or bond. SYNIZESIS Syn`i*ze"sis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: An obliteration of the pupil of the eye. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A contraction of two syllables into one; synecphonesis. SYNNEOROSIS Syn`neo*ro"sis, n.; pl. Synneuroses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Syndesmosis. SYNOCHA Syn"o*cha, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Synechia.] (Med.) Defn: See Synochus. [Obs.] SYNOCHAL Syn"o*chal, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to synocha; like synocha. [Obs.] SYNOCHUS Syn"o*chus, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Med.) Defn: A continuous fever. [Obs.] Note: Synocha and synochus were used as epithets of two distinct types of fever, but in different senses at different periods. The same disease is placed under synocha by one author, under synochus by another. Quain. SYNOCIL Syn"o*cil, n. Etym: [Pref. syn- + cilium.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A sense organ found in certain sponges. It consists of several filaments, each of which arises from a single cell. SYNOD Syn"od, n. Etym: [L. synodus, Gr. sino, seno, F. synode, both from the Latin.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: An ecclesiastic council or meeting to consult on church matters. Note: Synods are of four kinds: 1. General, or ecumenical, which are compopsed of bishops from different nations; -- commonly called general council. 2. National, composed of bishops of one nation only. 3. Provincial, in which the bishops of only one province meet; -- called also convocations. 4. Diocesan, a synod in which the bishop of the diocese or his representative presides. Among Presbyterians, a synod is composed of several adjoining presbyteries. The members are the ministers and a ruling elder from each parish. 2. An assembly or council having civil authority; a legislative body. It hath in solemn synods been decreed, Both by the Syracusians and ourselves, To admit no traffic to our adverse towns. Shak. Parent of gods and men, propitious Jove! And you, bright synod of the powers above. Dryden. 3. (Astron.) Defn: A conjunction of two or more of the heavenly bodies. [R.] Milton. SYNODAL Syn"od*al, a. Etym: [L. synodalis: cf. F. synodal.] Defn: Synodical. Milton. SYNODAL Syn"od*al, n. 1. (Ch. of Eng.) Defn: A tribute in money formerly paid to the bishop or archdeacon, at the time of his Easter visitation, by every parish priest, now made to the ecclesiastical commissioners; a procuration. Synodals are due, of common right, to the bishop only. Gibson. 2. A constitution made in a provincial or diocesan synod. SYNODIC; SYNODICAL Syn*od"ic, Syn*od"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. synodicus, Gr. synodique.] 1. (Eccl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a synod; transacted in, or authorized by, a synod; as, synodical proceedings or forms. "A synodical epistle." Bp. Stillingfleet. 2. (Astron.) Defn: Pertaining to conjunction, especially to the period between two successive conjunctions; extending from one conjunction, as of the moon or a planet with the sun, to the next; as, a synodical month (see Lunar month, under Month); the synodical revolution of the moon or a planet. SYNODICALLY Syn*od"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a synodical manner; in a synod; by the authority of a synod. "Synodically agreed upon." R. Nelson. SYNODIST Syn"od*ist, n. Defn: An adherent to a synod. These synodists thought fit in Latin as yet to veil their decrees from vulgar eyes. Fuller. SYNOECIOUS Syn*oe"cious, a. Etym: [Pref. syn- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having stamens and pistil in the same head, or, in mosses, having antheridia and archegonia on the same receptacle. SYNOMOCY Syn*om"o*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Sworn brotherhood; a society in ancient Greece nearly resembling a modern political club. SYNONYM Syn"o*nym, n.; pl. Synonyms (). Etym: [F. synonyme, L. synonyma, pl. of synonymum, Gr. Synonymous.] Defn: One of two or more words (commonly words of the same language) which are equivalents of each other; one of two or more words which have very nearly the same signification, and therefore may often be used interchangeably. See under Synonymous. [Written also synonyme.] All languages tend to clear themselves of synonyms as intellectual culture advances, the superfluous words being taken up and appropriated by new shades and combinations of thought evolved in the progress of society. De Quincey. His name has thus become, throughout all civilized countries, a synonym for probity and philanthropy. Macaulay. In popular literary acceptation, and as employed in special dictionaries of such words, synonyms are words sufficiently alike in general signification to be liable to be confounded, but yet so different in special definition as to require to be distinguished. G. P. Marsh. SYNONYMA Syn*on"y*ma, n. pl. Etym: [L.] Defn: Synonyms. [Obs.] Fuller. SYNONYMAL Syn*on"y*mal, a. Defn: Synonymous. [Obs.] SYNONYMALLY Syn*on"y*mal*ly, adv. Defn: Synonymously. [Obs.] SYNONYME Syn"o*nyme, n. Defn: Same as Synonym. SYNONYMIC Syn`o*nym"ic, n. Etym: [Cf. G. synonymik. See Synonymous.] (Gram.) Defn: The science, or the scientific treatment, of synonymous words. SYNONYMIC; SYNONYMICAL Syn`o*nym"ic, Syn`o*nym"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to synonyms, or synonymic; synonymous. SYNONYMICON Syn`o*nym"i*con, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A dictionary of synonyms. C. J. Smith. SYNONYMIST Syn*on"y*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. synonymiste.] Defn: One who collects or explains synonyms. SYNONYMIZE Syn*on"y*mize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Synonymized; p. pr. & vb. n. Synonymizing.] Defn: To express by a synonym or synonyms; to give the synonym or synonyms corresponding to. This word "fortis" we may synonymize after all these fashions: stout, hardy, valiant, doughty, courageous, adventurous, brave, bold, daring, intrepid. Camden. SYNONYMOUS Syn*on"y*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. Syn-, and Name.] Defn: Having the character of a synonym; expressing the same thing; conveying the same, or approximately the same, idea. -- Syn*on"y*mous*ly, adv. These words consist of two propositions, which are not distinct in sense, but one and the same thing variously expressed; for wisdom and understanding are synonymous words here. Tillotson. Syn. -- Identical; interchangeable. -- Synonymous, Identical. If no words are synonymous except those which are identical in use and meaning, so that the one can in all cases be substituted for the other, we have scarcely ten such words in our language. But the term more properly denotes that the words in question approach so near to each other, that, in many or most cases, they can be used interchangeably. 1. Words may thus coincide in certain connections, and so be interchanged, when they can not be interchanged in other connections; thus we may speak either strength of mind or of force of mind, but we say the force (not strength) of gravitation. 2. Two words may differ slightly, but this difference may be unimportant to the speaker's object, so that he may freely interchange them; thus it makes but little difference, in most cases, whether we speak of a man's having secured his object or having attained his object. For these and other causes we have numerous words which may, in many cases or connections, be used interchangeably, and these are properly called synonyms. Synonymous words "are words which, with great and essential resemblances of meaning, have, at the same time, small, subordinate, and partial differences, -- these differences being such as either originally and on the ground of their etymology inhered in them; or differences which they have by usage acquired in the eyes of all; or such as, though nearly latent now, they are capable of receiving at the hands of wise and discreet masters of the tongue. Synonyms are words of like significance in the main, but with a certain unlikeness as well." Trench. SYNONYMY Syn*on"y*my, n. Etym: [L. synonymia, Gr. synonymie.] 1. The quality of being synonymous; sameness of meaning. 2. A system of synonyms. 3. (Rhet.) Defn: A figure by which synonymous words are used to amplify a discourse. SYNOPSIS Syn*op"sis, n.; pl. Synopses. Etym: [L., from Gr. optic.] Defn: A general view, or a collection of heads or parts so arranged as to exhibit a general view of the whole; an abstract or summary of a discourse; a syllabus; a conspectus. That the reader may see in one view the exactness of the method, as well as force of the argument, I shall here draw up a short synopsis of this epistle. Bp. Warburton. Syn. -- Abridgment; compendium; epitome; abstract; summary; syllabus; conspectus. See Abridgment. SYNOPTIC; SYNOPTICAL Syn*op"tic, Syn*op"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. synoptique. See Synopsis.] Defn: Affording a general view of the whole, or of the principal parts of a thing; as, a synoptic table; a synoptical statement of an argument. "The synoptic Gospels." Alford. -- Syn*op"tic*al*ly, adv. SYNOPTIC Syn*op"tic, n. Defn: One of the first three Gospels of the New Testament. See Synoptist. SYNOPTIST Syn*op"tist, n. Defn: Any one of the authors of the three synoptic Gospels, which give a history of our Lord's life and ministry, in distinction from the writer of John's Gospel, which gives a fuller record of his teachings. SYNOSTEOLOGY Syn*os`te*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Pref. syn- + Gr. -logy.] Defn: That part of anatomy which treats of joints; arthrology. SYNOSTEOSIS Syn*os`te*o"sis, n.; pl. Synosteoses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Union by means of bone; the complete closing up and obliteration of sutures. SYNOSTOSIS Syn`os*to"sis, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Same as Synosteosis. SYNOVIA Syn*o"vi*a, n. Etym: [NL., perhaps fr. Gr. ovum egg: cf. F. synovie.] (Anat.) Defn: A transparent, viscid, lubricating fluid which contains mucin and secreted by synovial membranes; synovial fluid. SYNOVIAL Syn*o"vi*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. synovial.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to synovia; secreting synovia. Synovial capsule, a closed sac of synovial membrane situated between the articular surfaces at diarthrodial joints. -- Synovial fluid, synovia. -- Synovial membrane, the dense and very smooth connective tissue membrane which secretes synovia and surrounds synovial capsules and other synovial cavities. SYNOVITIS Syn`o*vi"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Synovia, -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the synovial membrane. SYNPELMOUS Syn*pel"mous, a. Etym: [Pref. syn- + (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the two main flexor tendons of the toes blended together. SYNSEPALOUS Syn*sep"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. syn- + sepal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having united sepals; gamosepalous. SYNTACTIC; SYNTACTICAL Syn*tac"tic, Syn*tac"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. G. Syntax.] Defn: Of or pertaining to syntax; according to the rules of syntax, or construction. -- Syn*tac"tic*al*ly, adv. SYNTAX Syn"tax, n. Etym: [L. syntaxis, Gr. syntaxe. See Syn-, and Tactics.] 1. Connected system or order; union of things; a number of things jointed together; organism. [Obs.] They owe no other dependence to the first than what is common to the whole syntax of beings. Glanvill. 2. That part of grammar which treats of the construction of sentences; the due arrangement of words in sentences in their necessary relations, according to established usage in any language. SYNTAXIS Syn*tax"is, n. Defn: Syntax. [R.] B. Jonson. SYNTERESIS Syn`te*re"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: Prophylaxis. [Obs.] 2. (Metaph.) Defn: Conscience viewed as the internal repository of the laws of duty. Whewell. SYNTERETIC Syn`te*ret"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Preserving health; prophylactic. [Obs.] SYNTERETICS Syn`te*ret"ics, n. (Med.) Defn: That department of medicine which relates to the preservation of health; prophylaxis. [Obs.] SYNTHERMAL Syn*ther"mal, a. Etym: [Pref. syn- + thermal.] Defn: Having the same degree of heat. SYNTHESIS Syn"the*sis, n.; pl. Syntheses. Etym: [L., a mixture, properly, a putting together, Gr. Thesis.] 1. Composition, or the putting of two or more things together, as in compounding medicines. 2. (Chem.) Defn: The art or process of making a compound by putting the ingredients together, as contrasted with analysis; thus, water is made by synthesis from hydrogen and oxygen; hence, specifically, the building up of complex compounds by special reactions, whereby their component radicals are so grouped that the resulting substances are identical in every respect with the natural articles when such occur; thus, artificial alcohol, urea, indigo blue, alizarin, etc., are made by synthesis. 3. (Logic) Defn: The combination of separate elements of thought into a whole, as of simple into complex conceptions, species into genera, individual propositions into systems; -- the opposite of Ant: analysis. Analysis and synthesis, though commonly treated as two different methods, are, if properly understood, only the two necessary parts of the same method. Each is the relative and correlative of the other. Sir W. Hamilton. SYNTHESIST Syn"the*sist, n. Defn: One who employs synthesis, or who follows synthetic methods. SYNTHESIZE Syn"the*size, v. t. 1. To combine by synthesis; to unite. 2. To produce by synthesis; as, to synthesize albumin. SYNTHETIC; SYNTHETICAL Syn*thet"ic, Syn*thet"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. synthétique.] 1. Of or pertaining to synthesis; consisting in synthesis or composition; as, the synthetic method of reasoning, as opposed to analytical. Philosophers hasten too much from the analytic to the synthetic method; that is, they draw general conclusions from too small a number of particular observations and experiments. Bolingbroke. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Artificial. Cf. Synthesis, 2. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Comprising within itself structural or other characters which are usually found only in two or more diverse groups; -- said of species, genera, and higher groups. See the Note under Comprehensive, 3. Synthetic, or Synthetical language, an inflectional language, or one characterized by grammatical endings; -- opposed to analytic language. R. Morris. SYNTHETICALLY Syn*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a synthetic manner. SYNTHETIZE Syn"the*tize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: To combine; to unite in regular structure. [R.] SYNTOMY Syn"to*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Brevity; conciseness. [R.] SYNTONIC Syn*ton"ic, a. (Physics) Defn: Of or pert. to syntony; specif., designating, or pert. to, a system of wireless telegraphy in which the transmitting and receiving apparatus are in syntony with, and only with, one another. -- Syn*ton"ic*al (#), a. --Syn*ton"ic*al*ly, adv. SYNTONIN Syn"to*nin, n. Etym: [Cf. Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A proteid substance (acid albumin) formed from the albuminous matter of muscle by the action of dilute acids; -- formerly called musculin. See Acid albumin, under Albumin. SYNTONIZE Syn"to*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. -nized; p. pr. & vb. n. -nizing.] [See Syntony.] (Physics) Defn: To adjust or devise so as to emit or respond to electric oscillations of a certain wave length; to tune; specif., to put (two or more instruments or systems of wireless telegraphy) in syntony with each other. -- Syn`to*ni*za"tion (#), n. SYNTONIZER Syn"to*niz`er, n. (Physics) Defn: One that syntonizes; specif., a device consisting essentially of a variable inductance coil and condenser with a pair of adjustable spark balls, for attuning the time periods of antennæ in wireless telegraphy (called also syntonizing coil). SYNTONY Syn"to*ny, n. [Cf. Gr. agreement. See Syn-; Tone.] (Physics) Defn: State of being adjusted to a certain wave length; agreement or tuning between the time period of an apparatus emitting electric oscillations and that of a receiving apparatus, esp. in wireless telegraphy. SYPHERING Sy"pher*ing, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Carp.) Defn: The lapping of chamfered edges of planks to make a smooth surface, as for a bulkhead. SYPHILIDE Syph"i*lide, n. Etym: [F.] (Med.) Defn: A cutaneous eruption due to syphilis. SYPHILIS Syph"i*lis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Syphilus, the name of a shepherd in the Latin poem of Fracastoro, "Syphilus, sive Morbus Gallicus," which was published in 1530; Gr. (Med.) Defn: The pox, or venereal disease; a chronic, specific, infectious disease, usually communicated by sexual intercourse or by hereditary transmission, and occurring in three stages known as primary, secondary, and tertiary syphilis. See under Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.Treponema pallidum. Usu. tretable with penicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics. SYPHILITIC Syph`i*lit"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. syphilitique.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to syphilis; of the nature of syphilis; affected with syphilis. -- n. Defn: A syphilitic patient. SYPHILITICALLY Syph`i*lit"ic*al*ly, adv. (Med.) Defn: In a syphilitic manner; with venereal disease. SYPHILIZATION Syph`i*li*za"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: Inoculation with the syphilitic virus, especially when employed as a preventive measure, like vaccination. SYPHILIZE Syph"i*lize, v. t. (Med.) Defn: To inoculate with syphilis. SYPHILODERM Syph"i*lo*derm, n. Etym: [See Syphilis, and Derm.] (Med.) Defn: A cutaneous affection due to syphilis. SYPHILODERMATOUS Syph`i*lo*der"ma*tous, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the cutaneous manifestations of syphilis. SYPHILOID Syph"i*loid, a. Etym: [Syphilis + -oid.] (Med.) Defn: Resembling syphilis. SYPHILOLOGIST Syph`i*lol"o*gist, n. Defn: One skilled in syphilology. SYPHILOLOGY Syph`i*lol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Syphilis + -logy.] Defn: That branch of medicine which treats of syphilis. SYPHON Sy"phon, n. Defn: See Syphon. SYRACUSE Syr"a*cuse, n. Defn: A red wine of Italy. SYREN Sy"ren, n. Defn: See Siren. [R.] SYRIAC Syr"i*ac, a. Etym: [L. Syriacus, from Syria: cf. F. syriaque.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Syria, or its language; as, the Syriac version of the Pentateuch. -- n. Defn: The language of Syria; especially, the ancient language of that country. SYRIACISM Syr"i*a*cism, n. Defn: A Syrian idiom; a Syrianism. SYRIAN Syr"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Syrius: cf. F. Syrien.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Syria; Syriac. -- n. Defn: A native of Syria. SYRIANISM Syr"i*an*ism, n. Defn: A Syrian idiom, or a peculiarity of the Syrian language; a Syriacism. Paley. SYRIASM Syr"i*asm, n. Defn: A Syrian idiom; a Syrianism; a Syriacism. M. Stuart. The Scripture Greek is observed to be full of Syriasms and Hebraisms. Bp. Warburton. SYRINGA Sy*rin"ga, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Syringe.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants; the lilac. (b) The mock orange; -- popularly so called because its stems were formerly used as pipestems. SYRINGE Syr"inge, n. Etym: [F. seringue (cf. Pr. siringua, Sp. jeringa, It. sciringa, scilinga), fg. Gr. svar to sound, and E. swarum. Cf. Syringa.] Defn: A kind of small hand-pump for throwing a stream of liquid, or for purposes of aspiration. It consists of a small cylindrical barrel and piston, or a bulb of soft elastic material, with or without valves, and with a nozzle which is sometimes at the end of a flexible tube; -- used for injecting animal bodies, cleansing wounds, etc. Garden syringe. See Garden. SYRINGE Syr"inge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syringed; p. pr. & vb. n. Syringing.] 1. To inject by means of a syringe; as, to syringe warm water into a vein. 2. To wash and clean by injection from a syringe. SYRINGEAL Sy*rin"ge*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the syrinx; as, the syringeal muscle. SYRINGIN Sy*rin"gin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside found in the bark of the lilac (Syringa) and extracted as a white crystalline substance; -- formerly called also lilacin. SYRINGOCOELE Sy*rin"go*coele, n. Etym: [Syrinx + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The central canal of the spinal cord. B. G. Wilder. SYRINGOTOME Sy*rin"go*tome, n. Etym: [Cf. F. syringotome. See Syringotomy.] (Surg. & Anat.) Defn: A small blunt-pointed bistoury, -- used in syringotomy. SYRINGOTOMY Syr`in*got"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. syringotomie.] (Surg.) Defn: The operation of cutting for anal fistula. SYRINX Syr"inx, n.; pl. Syringes. Etym: [NL., from Gr. 1. (Mus.) Defn: A wind instrument made of reeds tied together; -- called also pandean pipes. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The lower larynx in birds. Note: In birds there are two laringes, an upper or true, but voiceless, larynx in the usual position behind the tongue, and a lower one, at or near the junction of the trachea and bronchi, which is the true organ of the voice. SYRMA Syr"ma, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Class. Antiq.) Defn: A long dress, trailing on the floor, worn by tragic actors in Greek and Roman theaters. SYRPHIAN Syr"phi*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the syrphus flies. -- n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A syrphus fly. SYRPHUS FLY Syr"phus fly`. Etym: [NL. Syrphus, the generic name, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of dipterous flies of the genus Syrphus and allied genera. They are usually bright-colored, with yellow bands, and hover around plants. The larvæ feed upon plant lice, and are, therefore, very beneficial to agriculture. SYRT Syrt, n. Etym: [L. syrtis a sand bank in the sea, Gr. syrte.] Defn: A quicksand; a bog. [R.] Young. SYRTIC Syr"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a syrt; resembling syrt, or quicksand. [R.] Ed. Rev. SYRTIS Syr"tis, n.; pl. Syrtes. Etym: [See Syrt.] Defn: A quicksand. Quenched in a boggy syrtis, neither sea Nor good dry land. Milton. SYRUP; SYRUPY Syr"up, n., Syr"up*y, a. Etym: [See Sirup.] Defn: Same as Sirup, Sirupy. SYSSARCOSIS Sys`sar*co"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The junction of bones by intervening muscles. SYSTALTIC Sys*tal"tic, a. Etym: [L. systalticus drawing together, Gr. Sustaltic, Systole.] (Physiol.) Defn: Capable of, or taking place by, alternate contraction and dilatation; as, the systaltic action of the heart. SYSTASIS Sys"ta*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. System.] Defn: A political union, confederation, or league. [R.] Burke. SYSTEM Sys"tem, n. Etym: [L. systema, Gr. système. See Stand.] 1. An assemblage of objects arranged in regular subordination, or after some distinct method, usually logical or scientific; a complete whole of objects related by some common law, principle, or end; a complete exhibition of essential principles or facts, arranged in a rational dependence or connection; a regular union of principles or parts forming one entire thing; as, a system of philosophy; a system of government; a system of divinity; a system of botany or chemistry; a military system; the solar system. The best way to learn any science, is to begin with a regular system, or a short and plain scheme of that science well drawn up into a narrow compass. I. Watts. 2. Hence, the whole scheme of created things regarded as forming one complete plan of whole; the universe. "The great system of the world." Boyle. 3. Regular method or order; formal arrangement; plan; as, to have a system in one's business. 4. (Mus.) Defn: The collection of staves which form a full score. See Score, n. 5. (Biol.) Defn: An assemblage of parts or organs, either in animal or plant, essential to the performance of some particular function or functions which as a rule are of greater complexity than those manifested by a single organ; as, the capillary system, the muscular system, the digestive system, etc.; hence, the whole body as a functional unity. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the stellate or irregular clusters of intimately united zooids which are imbedded in, or scattered over, the surface of the common tissue of many compound ascidians. Block system, Conservative system, etc. See under Block, Conservative, etc. SYSTEMATIC; SYSTEMATICAL Sys`tem*at"ic, Sys`tem*at"ic*al, a. [Gr. systématique.] 1. Of or pertaining to system; consisting in system; methodical; formed with regular connection and adaptation or subordination of parts to each other, and to the design of the whole; as, a systematic arrangement of plants or animals; a systematic course of study. Now we deal much in essays, and unreasonably despise systematical learning; whereas our fathers had a just value for regularity and systems. I. Watts. A representation of phenomena, in order to answer the purposes of science, must be systematic. Whewell. 2. Proceeding according to system, or regular method; as, a systematic writer; systematic benevolence. 3. Pertaining to the system of the world; cosmical. These ends may be called cosmical, or systematical. Boyle. 4. (Med.) Defn: Affecting successively the different parts of the system or set of nervous fibres; as, systematic degeneration. Systematic theology. See under Theology. SYSTEMATICALLY Sys`tem*at"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a systematic manner; methodically. SYSTEMATISM Sys"tem*a*tism, n. Defn: The reduction of facts or principles to a system. Dunglison. SYSTEMATIST Sys"tem*a*tist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. systématiste.] 1. One who forms a system, or reduces to system. 2. One who adheres to a system. SYSTEMATIZATION Sys`tem*a*ti*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. systématization.] Defn: The act or operation of systematizing. SYSTEMATIZE Sys"tem*a*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Systematized; p. pr. & vb. n. Systematizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. systématiser. Cf. Systemize.] Defn: To reduce to system or regular method; to arrange methodically; to methodize; as, to systematize a collection of plants or minerals; to systematize one's work; to systematize one's ideas. Diseases were healed, and buildings erected, before medicine and architecture were systematized into arts. Harris. SYSTEMATIZER Sys"tem*a*ti`zer, n. Defn: One who systematizes. Aristotle may be called the systematizer of his master's doctrines. Harris. SYSTEMATOLOGY Sys`tem*a*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The doctrine of, or a treatise upon, systems. Dunglison. SYSTEMIC Sys*tem"ic, a. 1. Of or relating to a system; common to a system; as, the systemic circulation of the blood. 2. (Anat. & Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the general system, or the body as a whole; as, systemic death, in distinction from local death; systemic circulation, in distinction from pulmonic circulation; systemic diseases. Systemic death. See the Note under Death, n., 1. SYSTEMIZATION Sys`tem*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of systematizing; systematization. SYSTEMIZE Sys"tem*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Systemized; p. pr. & vb. n. Systemizing.] Etym: [Cf. Systematize.] Defn: To reduce to system; to systematize. SYSTEMIZER Sys"tem*i`zer, n. Defn: One who systemizes, or reduces to system; a systematizer. SYSTEMLESS Sys"tem*less, a. 1. Being without system. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Not agreeing with some artificial system of classification. 3. (Biol.) Defn: Not having any of the distinct systems or types of structure, as the radiate, articulate, etc., characteristic of organic nature; as, all unicellular organisms are systemless. SYSTOLE Sys"to*le, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Gram.) Defn: The shortening of the long syllable. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The contraction of the heart and arteries by which the blood is forced onward and the circulation kept up; -- correlative to diastole. SYSTOLIC Sys*tol"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to systole, or contraction; contracting; esp., ralating to the systole of the heart; as, systolic murmur. Dunglison. SYSTYLE Sys"tyle, a. Etym: [L. systylos, Gr. systyle.] (Arch.) Defn: Having a space equal to two diameters or four modules between two columns; -- said of a portico or building. See Intercolumniation. -- n. Defn: A systyle temple or other edifice. SYTH; SYTHE Syth, Sythe, prep., adv., conj. & n. Defn: See Sith, Sithe. [Obs.] Chaucer. Piers Plowman. SYTHE Sythe, n. Defn: Scythe. [Obs. or R.] SYZYGIAL Sy*zyg"i*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to a syzygy. SYZYGY Syz"y*gy, n.; pl. Syzygies. Etym: [L. syzygia a joining together, conjunction, Gr. syzygie. See Yoke, n.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: The point of an orbit, as of the moon or a planet, at which it is in conjunction or opposition; -- commonly used in the plural. 2. (Gr. & L. Pros.) Defn: The coupling together of different feet; as, in Greek verse, an iambic syzygy. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of the segments of an arm of a crinoid composed of two joints so closely united that the line of union is obliterated on the outer, though visible on the inner, side. (b) The immovable union of two joints of a crinoidal arm. Line of syzygies (Astron.), the straight line connecting the earth, the sun, and the moon or a planet, when the latter is in conjunction or opposition; -- used chiefly of the moon. TA Ta, v. t. Defn: To take. [Obs. or Scot.] Cursor Mundi. Used by Chaucer to represent a peculiarity of the Northern dialect. TAAS Taas, n. Defn: A heap. See Tas. [Obs.] Chaucer. TAB Tab, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. The flap or latchet of a shoe fastened with a string or a buckle. 2. A tag. See Tag, 2. 3. A loop for pulling or lifting something. 4. A border of lace or other material, worn on the inner front edge of ladies' bonnets. 5. A loose pendent part of a lady's garment; esp., one of a series of pendent squares forming an edge or border. TABACCO Ta*bac"co, n. Defn: Tobacco. [Obs.] B. Jonson. TABANUS Ta*ba"nus, n. [L., horsefly.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of blood sucking flies, including the horseflies. TABARD Tab"ard, n. [OE. tabard, tabart; cf. Sp. & Pg. tabardo, It. tabarro, W. tabar, LGr. , LL. tabardum.] Defn: A sort of tunic or mantle formerly worn for protection from the weather. When worn over the armor it was commonly emblazoned with the arms of the wearer, and from this the name was given to the garment adopted for heralds. [Spelt also taberd.] In a tabard he [the Plowman] rode upon a mare. Chaucer. TABARDER Tab"ard*er, n. 1. One who wears a tabard. 2. A scholar on the foundation of Queen's College, Oxford, England, whose original dress was a tabard. Nares. TABARET Tab"a*ret, n. [Cf. Tabby.] Defn: A stout silk having satin stripes, -- used for furniture. TABASCO SAUCE Ta*bas"co sauce. [So named after Tabasco, a river and state of Mexico.] Defn: A kind of very pungent sauce made from red peppers. TABASHEER Tab`a*sheer", n. [Per. tabashir: cf. Skr. tvakkshira, tvakshira.] Defn: A concretion in the joints of the bamboo, which consists largely or chiefly of pure silica. It is highly valued in the East Indies as a medicine for the cure of bilious vomitings, bloody flux, piles, and various other diseases. TABBINET Tab"bi*net, n. [Cf. Tabby.] Defn: A fabric like poplin, with a watered surface. [Written also tabinet.] TABEFACTION Tab`e*fac"tion, n. [See Tabefy.] Defn: A wasting away; a gradual losing of flesh by disease. TABEFY Tab"e*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tabefied; p. pr. & vb. n. Tabefying.] [L. tabere to waste away + -fy: cf. L. tabefacere to melt.] Defn: To cause to waste gradually, to emaciate. [R.] Harvey. TABELLION Ta*bel"lion, n. [L. tabellio, fr. tabella a tablet, a writing, document, dim. of tabula a board: cf. F. tabellion. See Table.] Defn: A secretary or notary under the Roman empire; also, a similar officer in France during the old monarchy. TABER Ta"ber, v. i. Defn: Same as Tabor. Nahum ii. 7. TABERD Tab"erd, n. Defn: See Tabard. TABERNACLE Tab"er*na*cle, n. [F., fr. L. tabernaculum, dim. of taberna nut. See Tabern.] 1. A slightly built or temporary habitation; especially, a tent. Dwelling in tabernacles with Isaac and Jacob. Heb. xi. 9. Orange trees planted in the ground, and secured in winter with a wooden tabernacle and stoves. Evelyn. 2. (Jewish Antiq.) A portable structure of wooden framework covered with curtains, which was carried through the wilderness in the Israelitish exodus, as a place of sacrifice and worship. Ex. xxvi. 3. Hence, the Jewish temple; sometimes, any other place for worship. Acts xv. 16. 4. Figuratively: The human body, as the temporary abode of the soul. Shortly I must put off this my tabernacle. 2 Pet. i. 14. 5. Any small cell, or like place, in which some holy or precious things was deposited or kept. Specifically: -- (a) The ornamental receptacle for the pyx, or for the consecrated elements, whether a part of a building or movable. (b) A niche for the image of a saint, or for any sacred painting or sculpture. (c) Hence, a work of art of sacred subject, having a partially architectural character, as a solid frame resting on a bracket, or the like. (d) A tryptich for sacred imagery. (e) A seat or stall in a choir, with its canopy. 6. (Naut.) A boxlike step for a mast with the after side open, so that the mast can be lowered to pass under bridges, etc. Feast of Tabernacles (Jewish Antiq.), one of the three principal festivals of the Jews, lasting seven days, during which the people dwelt in booths formed of the boughs of trees, in commemoration of the habitation of their ancestors in similar dwellings during their pilgrimage in the wilderness. -- Tabernacle work, rich canopy work like that over the head of niches, used over seats or stalls, or over sepulchral monuments. Oxf. Gloss. TABERNACLE Tab"er*na*cle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tabernacled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tabernacling.] Defn: To dwell or reside for a time; to be temporary housed. He assumed our nature, and tabernacled among us in the flesh. Dr. J. Scott. TABERNACULAR Tab`er*nac"u*lar, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a tabernacle, especially the Jewish tabernacle. 2. Formed in latticework; latticed. T. Warton. 3. Of or pertaining to huts or booths; hence, common; low. "Horribly tabernacular." De Quincey. TABES Ta"bes (ta"bez), n. [L., a wasting disease.] (Med.) Defn: Progressive emaciation of the body, accompanied with hectic fever, with no well-marked local symptoms. Tabes dorsalis (dôr*sa"lis) [NL., tabes of the back], locomotor ataxia; -- sometimes called simply tabes. -- Tabes mesenterica [NL., mesenteric tabes], a wasting disease of childhood characterized by chronic inflammation of the lymphatic glands of the mesentery, attended with caseous degeneration. TABESCENT Ta*bes"cent, a. [L. tabescens wasting, p. pr. of tabescere.] Defn: Withering, or wasting away. TABETIC Ta*bet"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to tabes; of the nature of tabes; affected with tabes; tabid. -- n. Defn: One affected with tabes. TABID Tab"id, a. [L. tabidus: cf. F. tabide. See Tabes.] (Med.) Defn: Affected by tabes; tabetic. In tabid persons, milk is the bset restorative. Arbuthnot. -- Tab"id*ly, adv. -- Tab"id*ness, n. TABIFIC; TABIFICAL Ta*bif"ic, Ta*bif"ic*al, a. [Tabes + L. facere to make.] (Med.) Defn: Producing tabes; wasting; tabefying. TABINET Tab"inet, n. Defn: See Tabbinet. Thackeray. TABLATURE Tab"la*ture, n. [Cf. F. tablature ancient mode of musical notation. See Table.] 1. (Paint.) A painting on a wall or ceiling; a single piece comprehended in one view, and formed according to one design; hence, a picture in general. Shaftesbury. 2. (Mus.) An ancient mode of indicating musical sounds by letters and other signs instead of by notes. The chimes of bells are so rarely managed that I went up to that of Sir Nicholas, where I found who played all sorts of compositions from the tablature before him as if he had fingered an organ. Evelyn. 3. (Anat.) Division into plates or tables with intervening spaces; as, the tablature of the cranial bones. TABLE Ta"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tableed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tableing.] 1. To form into a table or catalogue; to tabulate; as, to table fines. 2. To delineate, as on a table; to represent, as in a picture. [Obs.] Tabled and pictured in the chambers of meditation. Bacon. 3. To supply with food; to feed. [Obs.] Milton. 4. (Carp.) Defn: To insert, as one piece of timber into another, by alternate scores or projections from the middle, to prevent slipping; to scarf. 5. To lay or place on a table, as money. Carlyle. 6. In parliamentary usage, to lay on the table; to postpone, by a formal vote, the consideration of (a bill, motion, or the like) till called for, or indefinitely. 7. To enter upon the docket; as, to table charges against some one. 8. (Naut.) Defn: To make board hems in the skirts and bottoms of (sails) in order to strengthen them in the part attached to the boltrope. TABLE Ta"ble, v. i. Defn: To live at the table of another; to board; to eat. [Obs.] "He . . . was driven from the society of men to table with the beasts." South. TABLEAU Ta`bleau", n.; pl. Tableaux. Etym: [F., dim. fr. L. tabula a painting. See Table.] 1. A striking and vivid representation; a picture. 2. A representation of some scene by means of persons grouped in the proper manner, placed in appropriate postures, and remaining silent and motionless. TABLEAU VIVANT Ta`bleau" vi`vant"; pl. Tableaux vivants. Etym: [F.] Defn: Same as Tableau, n., 2. TABLEBOOK Ta"ble*book`, n. Defn: A tablet; a notebook. Put into your tablebook whatever you judge worthly. Dryden. TABLECLOTH Ta"ble*cloth`, n. Defn: A cloth for covering a table, especially one with which a table is covered before the dishes, etc., are set on for meals. TABLE D'HOTE Ta"ble d'hôte"; pl. Tables d'hôte. Etym: [F., literally, table of the landlord.] Defn: A common table for guests at a hotel; an ordinary. TABLE-LAND Ta"ble-land`, n. Defn: A broad, level, elevated area of land; a plateau. The toppling crags of Duty scaled, Are close upon the shining table- lands To which our God himself is moon and sun. Tennyson. TABLEMAN Ta"ble*man, n.; pl. Tablemen (. Defn: A man at draughts; a piece used in playing games at tables. See Table, n., 10. [R.] Bacon. TABLEMENT Ta"ble*ment, n. (Arch.) Defn: A table. [Obs.] Tablements and chapters of pillars. Holland. TABLER Ta"bler, n. 1. One who boards. [Obs.] 2. One who boards others for hire. [Obs.] B. Jonson. TABLESPOON Ta"ble*spoon`, n. Defn: A spoon of the largest size commonly used at the table; -- distinguished from teaspoon, dessert spoon, etc. TABLESPOONFUL Ta"ble*spoon`ful, n.; pl. Tablespoonfuls (. Defn: As much as a tablespoon will hold; enough to fill a tablespoon. It is usually reckoned as one half of a fluid ounce, or four fluid drams. TABLET Ta"blet, n. Etym: [F. tablette, dim. of table. See Table.] 1. A small table or flat surface. 2. A flat piece of any material on which to write, paint, draw, or engrave; also, such a piece containing an inscription or a picture. 3. Hence, a small picture; a miniature. [Obs.] 4. pl. Defn: A kind of pocket memorandum book. 5. A flattish cake or piece; as, tablets of arsenic were formerly worn as a preservative against the plague. 6. (Pharm.) Defn: A solid kind of electuary or confection, commonly made of dry ingredients with sugar, and usually formed into little flat squares; -- called also lozenge, and troche, especially when of a round or rounded form. TABLEWARE Ta"ble*ware`, n. Defn: Ware, or articles collectively, for table use. TABLE WORK Table work. (Print.) Defn: Typesetting of tabular nmatter, or the type matter set in tabular form. TABLING Ta"bling, n. 1. A forming into tables; a setting down in order. 2. (Carp.) Defn: The letting of one timber into another by alternate scores or projections, as in shipbuilding. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A broad hem on the edge of a sail. Totten. 4. Board; support. [Obs.] Trence in English (1614). 5. Act of playing at tables. See Table, n., 10. [Obs.] Tabling house, a gambling house. [Obs.] Northbrooke. TABLOID Tab"loid, n. [A table-mark.] Defn: A compressed portion of one or more drugs or chemicals, or of food, etc. TABLOID Tab"loid, a. Defn: Compressed or condensed, as into a tabloid; administrated in or as in tabloids, or small condensed bits; as, a tabloid form of imparting information. TABOO Ta*boo", n. Defn: A total prohibition of intercourse with, use of, or approach to, a given person or thing under pain of death, -- an interdict of religious origin and authority, formerly common in the islands of Polynesia; interdiction. [Written also tabu.] TABOO Ta*boo", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tabooed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tabooing.] Defn: To put under taboo; to forbid, or to forbid the use of; to interdict approach to, or use of; as, to taboo the ground set apart as a sanctuary for criminals. [Written also tabu.] TABOR Ta"bor, n. Etym: [OF. tabor, tabour, F. tambour; cf. Pr. tabor, tanbor, Sp. & Pg. tambor, atambor, It. tamburo; all fr. Ar. & Per. tamb a kind of lute, or giutar, or Per. tabir a drum. Cf. Tabouret, Tambour.] (Mus.) Defn: A small drum used as an accompaniment to a pipe or fife, both being played by the same person. [Written also tabour, and taber.] TABOR Ta"bor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tabored; p. pr. & vb. n. Taboring.] Etym: [Cf. OF. taborer.] [Written also tabour.] 1. To play on a tabor, or little drum. 2. To strike lightly and frequently. TABOR Ta"bor, v. t. Defn: To make (a sound) with a tabor. TABORER Ta"bor*er, n. Defn: One who plays on the tabor. Shak. TABORET Tab"o*ret, n. Etym: [Dim. of tabor. Cf. Tabret.] (Mus.) Defn: A small tabor. [Written also tabouret.] TABORINE Tab"o*rine, n. Etym: [OF. tabourin, F. tambourin. See Tabor, and cf. Tambourine.] (Mus.) Defn: A small, shallow drum; a tabor. TABORITE Ta"bor*ite, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of certain Bohemian reformers who suffered persecution in the fifteenth century; -- so called from Tabor, a hill or fortress where they encamped during a part of their struggles. TABOUR Ta"bour, n. & v. Defn: See Tabor. TABOURET Tab"ou*ret, n. Etym: [F., dim. of OF. tabor, tabour, drum. See Tabor.] 1. Same as Taboret. 2. A seat without arms or back, cushioned and stuffed: a high stool; -- so called from its resemblance to a drum. 3. An embroidery frame. Knight. Right of the tabouret, the privilege of sitting on a tabouret in the presence of the severeign, formerly granted to certain ladies of high rank at the French court. TABRERE Tab"rere, n. Defn: A taborer. [Obs.] Spenser. TABRET Tab"ret, n. Defn: A taboret. Young. TABU Ta*bu", n. & v. Defn: See Taboo. TABULA Tab"u*la, n.; pl. Tabulæ. Etym: [L.] 1. A table; a tablet. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the transverse plants found in the calicles of certain corals and hydroids. Tabula rasa ( Etym: [L.], a smoothed tablet; hence, figuratively, the mind in its earliest state, before receiving impressions from without; -- a term used by Hobbes, Locke, and others, in maintaining a theory opposed to the doctrine of innate ideas. TABULAR Tab"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. tabularis, fr. tabula a board, table. See Table.] Defn: Having the form of, or pertaining to, a table (in any of the uses of the word). Specifically: -- (a) Having a flat surface; as, a tabular rock. (b) Formed into a succession of flakes; laminated. Nodules . . . that are tabular and plated. Woodward. (c) Set in squares. [R.] (d) Arranged in a schedule; as, tabular statistics. (e) Derived from, or computed by, the use of tables; as, tabular right ascension. Tabular difference (Math.), the difference between two consecutive numbers in a table, sometimes printed in its proper place in the table. -- Tabular spar (Min.), wollastonite. TABULARIZATION Tab`u*lar*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of tabularizing, or the state of being tabularized; formation into tables; tabulation. TABULARIZE Tab"u*lar*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tabularized; p. pr. & vb. n. Tabularizing.] Defn: To tabulate. TABULATA Tab`u*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. tabulatus floored.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An artificial group of stony corals including those which have transverse septa in the calicles. The genera Pocillopora and Favosites are examples. TABULATE Tab"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tabulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Tabulating.] Etym: [L. tabula a table. See Tabular.] 1. To form into a table or tables; to reduce to tables or synopses. A philosophy is not worth the having, unless its results may be tabulated, and put in figures. I. Taylor. 2. To shape with a flat surface. TABULATION Tab`u*la"tion, n. Defn: The act of forming into a table or tables; as, the tabulation of statistics. TAC Tac, n. Etym: [Cf. Tack, n., 4.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A kind of customary payment by a tenant; -- a word used in old records. Cowell. Burrill. TACAMAHAC; TACAMAHACA Tac"a*ma*hac`, Tac`a*ma*ha"ca, n. 1. A bitter balsamic resin obtained from tropical American trees of the genus Elaphrium (E. tomentosum and E. Tacamahaca), and also from East Indian trees of the genus Calophyllum; also, the resinous exhudation of the balsam poplar. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Any tree yielding tacamahac resin, especially, in North America, the balsam poplar, or balm of Gilead (Populus balsamifera). TACAUD Ta*caud", n. Etym: [Cf. F. tacaud. See Tomcod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The bib, or whiting pout. [Prov. Eng.] TAC-AU-TAC Tac`-au-tac", n. [F., fr. riposter du tac au tac to parry (where tac imitates the sound made by the steel).] (Fencing) Defn: The parry which is connected with a riposte; also, a series of quick attacks and parries in which neither fencer gains a point. TACE Tace, n. Defn: The cross, or church, of St. Antony. See Illust. (6), under Cross, n. Mollett. TACE Tace, n. Defn: See Tasse. Fairholt. TACET Ta"cet, v.impers. Etym: [L., it is silent, 3d pers.pr. of tacere to be silent.] (Mus.) Defn: It is silent; -- a direction for a vocal or instrumental part to be silent during a whole movement. TACHE Tache, n. Etym: [See Tack a kind of nail.] Defn: Something used for taking hold or holding; a catch; a loop; a button. [Obs.] Ex. xxvi. 6. TACHE Tache, n. Etym: [F. tache spot. See Techy.] Defn: A spot, stain, or blemish. [Obs.] Warner. TACHHYDRITE Tach*hy"drite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A hydrous chloride of calcium and magnesium occurring in yellowish masses which rapidly deliquesce upon exposure. It is found in the salt mines at Stassfurt. TACHINA Tach"i*na, n.; pl. Tachinæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of Diptera belonging to Tachina and allied genera. Their larvæ are external parasites of other insects. TACHISTOSCOPE Ta*chis"to*scope, n. [Gr. , superl. of swift + -scope.] (Physiol.) Defn: An apparatus for exposing briefly to view a screen bearing letters or figures. It is used in studying the range of attention, or the power of distinguishing separate objects in a single impression. TACHOGRAPH Tach"o*graph, n. [Gr. speed + -graph.] Defn: A recording or registering tachometer; also, its autographic record. TACHOMETER Ta*chom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. tachomètre.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the velocity, or indicating changes in the velocity, of a moving body or substance. Specifically: -- (a) An instrument for measuring the velocity of running water in a river or canal, consisting of a wheel with inclined vanes, which is turned by the current. The rotations of the wheel are recorded by clockwork. (b) An instrument for showing at any moment the speed of a revolving shaft, consisting of a delicate revolving conical pendulum which is driven by the shaft, and the action of which by change of speed moves a pointer which indicates the speed on a graduated dial. (c) (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the velocity of the blood; a hæmatachometer. TACHOMETRY Ta*chom"e*try, n. Defn: Measurement by a tachometer; the science or use of tachometers. TACHYDIDAXY Tach"y*di*dax`y, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A short or rapid method of instructing. [R.] TACHYGLOSSA Tach`y*glos"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of monotremes which comprises the spiny ant-eaters of Australia and New Guinea. See Illust. under Echidna. TACHYGRAPH Tach"y*graph, n. Defn: An example of tachygraphy; esp., an ancient Greek or Roman tachygraphic manuscript. TACHYGRAPHER Ta*chyg"ra*pher, n. [Gr. a fast writer.] Defn: One who writes shorthand; a stenographer; esp., an ancient Greek or Roman notary. TACHYGRAPHIC; TACHYGRAPHICAL Tach`y*graph"ic, Tach`y*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tachygraphique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to tachygraphy; written in shorthand. TACHYGRAPHY Ta*chyg"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. tachygraphie.] Defn: The art or practice of rapid writing; shorthand writing; stenography. I. Taylor (The Alphabet). TACHYLYTE Tach"y*lyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A vitreous form of basalt; -- so called because decompposable by acids and readily fusible. TACHYMETER Ta*chym"e*ter, n. [Tachy- + -meter.] 1. (Surveying) An instrument, esp. a transit or theodolite with stadia wires, for determining quickly the distances, bearings, and elevations of distant objects. 2. A speed indicator; a tachometer. TACHYMETRY Ta*chym"e*try, n. Defn: The science or use of the tachymeter. -- Ta`chy*met"ric (#), a. TACHYSCOPE Tach"y*scope, n. [Gr. quick + -scope.] Defn: An early form of antimated-picture machine, devised in 1889 by Otto Anschütz of Berlin, in which the chronophotographs were mounted upon the periphery of a rotating wheel. TACIT Tac"it, a. Etym: [L. tacitus, p.p. of tacere to be silent, to pass over in silence; akin to Goth. to be silent, Icel. , OHG. dagen: cf. F. tacite. Cf. Reticent.] Defn: Done or made in silence; implied, but not expressed; silent; as, tacit consent is consent by silence, or by not interposing an objection. -- Tac"it*ly, adv. The tacit and secret theft of abusing our brother in civil contracts. Jer. Taylor. TACITURN Tac"i*turn, a. Etym: [L. taciturnus: cf. F. taciturne. See Tacit.] Defn: Habitually silent; not given to converse; not apt to talk or speak. -- Tac"i*turn*ly, adv. Syn. -- Silent; reserved. Taciturn, Silent. Silent has reference to the act; taciturn, to the habit. A man may be silent from circumstances; he is taciturn from disposition. The loquacious man is at times silent; one who is taciturn may now and then make an effort at conversation. TACITURNITY Tac`i*tur"ni*ty, n. Etym: [L. taciturnitas: cf. F. taciturnité.] Defn: Habilual silence, or reserve in speaking. The cause of Addison's taciturnity was a natural diffidence in the company of strangers. V. Knox. The taciturnity and the short answers which gave so much offense. Macaulay. TACK Tack, n. Etym: [From an old or dialectal form of F. tache. See Techy.] 1. A stain; a tache. [Obs.] 2. Etym: [Cf. L. tactus.] Defn: A peculiar flavor or taint; as, a musty tack. [Obs. or Colloq.] Drayton. TACK Tack, n. Etym: [OE. tak, takke, a fastening; akin to D. tak a branch, twig, G. zacke a twig, prong, spike, Dan. takke a tack, spike; cf. also Sw. tagg prickle, point, Icel. tag a willow twig, Ir. taca a peg, nail, fastening, Gael. tacaid, Armor. & Corn. tach; perhaps akin to E. take. Cf. Attach, Attack, Detach, Tag an end, Zigzag.] 1. A small, short, sharp-pointed nail, usually having a broad, flat head. 2. That which is attached; a supplement; an appendix. See Tack, v. t., 3. Macaulay. Some tacks had been made to money bills in King Charles's time. Bp. Burnet. 3. (Naut.) (a) A rope used to hold in place the foremost lower corners of the courses when the vessel is closehauled (see Illust. of Ship); also, a rope employed to pull the lower corner of a studding sail to the boom. (b) The part of a sail to which the tack is usually fastened; the foremost lower corner of fore-and-aft sails, as of schooners (see Illust. of Sail). (c) The direction of a vessel in regard to the trim of her sails; as, the starboard tack, or port tack; -- the former when she is closehauled with the wind on her starboard side; hence, the run of a vessel on one tack; also, a change of direction. 4. (Scots Law) Defn: A contract by which the use of a thing is set, or let, for hire; a lease. Burrill. 5. Confidence; reliance. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Tack of a flag (Naut.), a line spliced into the eye at the foot of the hoist for securing the flag to the halyards. -- Tack pins (Naut.), belaying pins; -- also called jack pins. -- To haul the tacks aboard (Naut.), to set the courses. -- To hold tack, to last or hold out. Milton. TACK Tack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tacked; p. pr. & vb. n. Tacking.] Etym: [Cf. OD. tacken to touch, take, seize, fix, akin to E. take. See Tack a small nail.] 1. To fasten or attach. "In hopes of getting some commendam tacked to their sees." Swift. And tacks the center to the sphere. Herbert. 2. Especially, to attach or secure in a slight or hasty manner, as by stitching or nailing; as, to tack together the sheets of a book; to tack one piece of cloth to another; to tack on a board or shingle; to tack one piece of metal to another by drops of solder. 3. In parliamentary usage, to add (a supplement) to a bill; to append; -- often with on or to. Macaulay. 4. (Naut.) Defn: To change the direction of (a vessel) when sailing closehauled, by putting the helm alee and shifting the tacks and sails so that she will proceed to windward nearly at right angles to her former course. Note: In tacking, a vessel is brought to point at first directly to windward, and then so that the wind will blow against the other side. TACK Tack, v. i. (Naut.) Defn: To change the direction of a vessel by shifting the position of the helm and sails; also (as said of a vessel), to have her direction changed through the shifting of the helm and sails. See Tack, v. t., 4. Monk, . . . when he wanted his ship to tack to larboard, moved the mirth of his crew by calling out, "Wheel to the left." Macaulay. TACKER Tack"er, n. Defn: One who tacks. TACKET Tack"et, n. Etym: [Dim. of tack a small nail.] Defn: A small, broad-headed nail. [Scot.] Jamieson. TACKEY Tack"ey, a. & n. Defn: See Tacky. TACKING Tack"ing, n. (Law) Defn: A union of securities given at different times, all of which must be redeemed before an intermediate purchaser can interpose his claim. Bouvier. Note: The doctrine of tacking is not recognized in American law. Kent. TACKLE Tac"kle (; sometimes improperly pronounced , especially by seamen), n. Etym: [OE. takel, akin to LG. & D. takel, Dan. takkel, Sw. tackel; perhaps akin to E. taw, v.t., or to take.] 1. Apparatus for raising or lowering heavy weights, consisting of a rope and pulley blocks; sometimes, the rope and attachments, as distinct from the block. 2. Any instruments of action; an apparatus by which an object is moved or operated; gear; as, fishing tackle, hunting tackle; formerly, specifically, weapons. "She to her tackle fell." Hudibras. Note: In Chaucer, it denotes usually an arrow or arrows. 3. (Naut.) Defn: The rigging and apparatus of a ship; also, any purchase where more than one block is used. Fall and tackle. See the Note under Pulley. -- Fishing tackle. See under Fishing, a. -- Ground tackle (Naut.), anchors, cables, etc. -- Gun tackle, the apparatus or appliances for hauling cannon in or out. -- Tackle fall, the rope, or rather the end of the rope, of a tackle, to which the power is applied. -- Tack tackle (Naut.), a small tackle to pull down the tacks of the principal sails. -- Tackle board, Tackle post (Ropemaking), a board, frame, or post, at the end of a ropewalk, for supporting the spindels, or whirls, for twisting the yarns. TACKLE Tac"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tackled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tackling.] Etym: [Cf. LG. takeln to equip. See Tackle, n.] 1. To supply with tackle. Beau. & Fl. 2. To fasten or attach, as with a tackle; to harness; as, to tackle a horse into a coach or wagon. [Colloq.] 3. To seize; to lay hold of; to grapple; as, a wrestler tackles his antagonist; a dog tackles the game. The greatest poetess of our day has wasted her time and strength in tackling windmills under conditions the most fitted to insure her defeat. Dublin Univ. Mag. Defn: To begin to deal with; as, to tackle the problem. TACKLED Tac"kled, a. Defn: Made of ropes tacked together. My man shall be with thee, And bring thee cords made like a tackled stair. Shak. TACKLING Tac"kling, n. (Naut.) 1. Furniture of the masts and yards of a vessel, as cordage, sails, etc. 2. Instruments of action; as, fishing tackling. Walton. 3. The straps and fixures adjusted to an animal, by which he draws a carriage, or the like; harness. TACKSMAN Tacks"man, n.; pl. Tacksmen (. (Scots Law) Defn: One who holds a tack or lease from another; a tenant, or lessee. Sir W. Scott. The tacksmen, who formed what may be called the "peerage" of the little community, must be the captains. Macaulay. TACKY Tack"y, a. Etym: [Cf. Techy, Tack a spot.] Defn: Sticky; adhesive; raw; -- said of paint, varnish, etc., when not well dried. [U. S.] TACONIC Ta*con"ic, a. (Geol.) Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, the series of rocks forming the Taconic mountains in Western New England. They were once supposed to be older than the Cambrian, but later proved to belong to the Lower Silurian and Cambrian. TACT Tact, n. Etym: [L. tactus a touching, touch, fr. tangere, tactum, to touch: cf. F. tact. See Tangent.] 1. The sense of touch; feeling. Did you suppose that I could not make myself sensible to tact as well as sight Southey. Now, sight is a very refined tact. J. Le Conte. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The stroke in beating time. 3. Sensitive mental touch; peculiar skill or faculty; nice perception or discernment; ready power of appreciating and doing what is required by circumstances. He had formed plans not inferior in grandeur and boldness to those of Richelieu, and had carried them into effect with a tact and wariness worthy of Mazarin. Macaulay. A tact which surpassed the tact of her sex as much as the tact of her sex surpassed the tact of ours. Macaulay. TACTABLE Tac"ta*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being touched; tangible. [R.] "They [women] being created to be both tractable and tactable." Massinger. TACTFUL Tact"ful, a. Defn: Full of tact; characterized by a discerning sense of what is right, proper, or judicious. TACTIC; TACTICAL Tac"tic, Tac"tic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. tactics.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the art of military and naval tactics. -- Tac"tic*al*ly, adv. TACTIC Tac"tic, n. Defn: See Tactics. TACTICIAN Tac*ti"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tacticien.] Defn: One versed in tactics; hence, a skillful maneuverer; an adroit manager. TACTICS Tac"tics, n. Etym: [Gr. tactique.] 1. The science and art of disposing military and naval forces in order for battle, and performing military and naval evolutions. It is divided into grand tactics, or the tactics of battles, and elementary tactics, or the tactics of instruction. 2. Hence, any system or method of procedure. TACTILE Tac"tile, a. Etym: [L. tactilis, fr. tangere, tactum, to touch: cf. F. tactile.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the organs, or the sense, of touch; perceiving, or perceptible, by the touch; capable of being touched; as, tactile corpuscles; tactile sensations. "Tactile sweets." Beaumont. "Tactile qualities." Sir M. Hale. Tactile sense (Physiol.), the sense of touch, or pressure sense. See Touch. The delicacy of the tactile sense varies on different parts of the skin; it is geatest on the forehead, temples and back of the forearm. H. N. Martin. TACTILITY Tac*til"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tactilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being tactile; perceptibility by touch; tangibleness. TACTION Tac"tion, n. Etym: [L. tactio, from tangere, tactum, to touch.] Defn: The act of touching; touch; contact; tangency. "External taction." Chesterfield. TACTLESS Tact"less, a. Defn: Destitute of tact. TACTUAL Tac"tu*al, a. Etym: [See Tact.] (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sense, or the organs, of touch; derived from touch. In the lowest organisms we have a kind of tactual sense diffused over the entire body. Tyndall. TADPOLE Tad"pole`, n. Etym: [OE. tadde toad (AS. tadie, tadige) + poll; properly, a toad that is or seems all head. See Toad, and Poll.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The young aquatic larva of any amphibian. In this stage it breathes by means of external or internal gills, is at first destitute of legs, and has a finlike tail. Called also polliwig, polliwog, porwiggle, or purwiggy. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.] Tadpole fish. (Zoöl.) See Forkbeard (a). TAEDIUM Tæ"di*um, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: See Tedium. TAEL Tael, n. Etym: [Malay ta, a certain weight, probably fr. Hind. tola, Skr. tula a balance, weight, tul to weigh.] Defn: A denomination of money, in China, worth nearly six shillings sterling, or about a dollar and forty cents; also, a weight of one ounce and a third. [Written also tale.] TAEN; TA'EN Taen, or Ta'en, Defn: p. p. of Ta, to take, or a contraction of Taken. [Poetic & Scot.] Burns. TAENIA Tæ"ni*a, n.; pl. Tæniæ. Etym: [L., a ribbon, a tapeworm.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of intestinal worms which includes the common tapeworms of man. See Tapeworm. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A band; a structural line; -- applied to several bands and lines of nervous matter in the brain. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The fillet, or band, at the bottom of a Doric frieze, separating it from the architrave. TAENIACIDE; TENIACIDE Tæ"ni*a*cide`, n. Also Te"ni*a*cide` . [Tænia + -cide.] (Med.) Defn: A remedy to destroy tapeworms. TAENIADA Tæ*ni"a*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tænioidea. TAENIAFUGE; TENIAFUGE Tæ"ni*a*fuge`, n. Also Te"ni*a*fuge`. [Tænia + L. fugare to drive away.] (Med.) Defn: A remedy to expel tapeworms. TAENIASIS; TENIASIS Tæ*ni"a*sis, n. Also Te*ni"a*sis. [NL. See Tænia.] (Med.) Defn: Ill health due to tænia, or tapeworms. TAENIATA Tæ`ni*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. taenia a ribbon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Ctenophora including those which have a long, ribbonlike body. The Venus's girdle is the most familiar example. TAENIDIUM Tæ*nid"i*um, n.; pl. Tænidia. Etym: [NL., dim. fr. L. taenia a ribbon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The chitinous fiber forming the spiral thread of the tracheæ of insects. See Illust. of Trachea. TAENIOGLOSSA Tæ`ni*o*glos"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of gastropod mollusks in which the odontophore is long and narrow, and usually bears seven rows of teeth. It includes a large number of families both marine and fresh- water. TAENIOGLOSSATE Tæ`ni*o*glos"sate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Tænioglossa. TAENIOID Tæ"ni*oid, a. Etym: [Tænia + -oid.] 1. Ribbonlike; shaped like a ribbon. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to Tænia. TAENIOIDEA Tæ`ni*oi"de*a, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: The division of cestode worms which comprises the tapeworms. See Tapeworm. TAENIOLA Tæ*ni"o*la, n.; pl. Tæniolæ. Etym: [L., dim. of taenia a ribbon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the radial partitions which separate the internal cavities of certain medusæ. TAENIOSOMI Tæ`ni*o*so"mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of fishes remarkable for their long and compressed form. The ribbon fishes are examples. See Ribbon fish, under Ribbon. TAFFERER Taf"fer*er, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Taffrail. TAFFETA; TAFFETY Taf"fe*ta, Taf"fe*ty, n. Etym: [F. taffetas, It. taffetà, from Per. taftah, originally, twisted, woven, from taftan to twist, to spin.] Defn: A fine, smooth stuff of silk, having usually the wavy luster called watering. The term has also been applied to different kinds of silk goods, from the 16th century to modern times. Lined with taffeta and with sendal. Chaucer. TAFFRAIL Taff"rail, n. Etym: [D. tafereel a panel, picture, fr. tafel table, fr. L. tabula. See Table.] (Naut.) Defn: The upper part of a ship's stern, which is flat like a table on the top, and sometimes ornamented with carved work; the rail around a ship's stern. [Written also tafferel.] TAFFY Taf"fy, n. Etym: [Prov. E. taffy toffy.] 1. A kind of candy made of molasses or brown sugar boiled down and poured out in shallow pans. [Written also, in England, toffy.] 2. Flattery; soft phrases. [Slang] TAFIA Taf"i*a, n. Etym: [Cf. F. & Sp. tafia, It. taffia; fr. Malay tafia a spirit distilled from molasses. Cf. Ratafia.] Defn: A variety of rum. [West Indies] TAG Tag, n. Etym: [Probably akin to tack a small nail; cf. Sw. tagg a prickle, point, tooth.] 1. Any slight appendage, as to an article of dress; something slight hanging loosely; specifically, a direction card, or label. 2. A metallic binding, tube, or point, at the end of a string, or lace, to stiffen it. 3. The end, or catchword, of an actor's speech; cue. 4. Something mean and paltry; the rabble. [Obs.] Tag and rag, the lowest sort; the rabble. Holinshed. 5. A sheep of the first year. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Defn: A sale of usually used items (such as furniture, clothing, household items or bric-a-brac), conducted by one or a small group of individuals, at a location which is not a normal retail establishment. Note: Frequently it is held in the private home or in a yard attached to a private home belonging to the seller. Similar to a yard sale or garage sale. Compare flea market, where used items are sold by many individuals in a place rented for the purpose. TAG Tag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Tagging.] 1. To fit with, or as with, a tag or tags. He learned to make long-tagged thread laces. Macaulay. His courteous host . . . Tags every sentence with some fawning word. Dryden. 2. To join; to fasten; to attach. Bolingbroke. 3. To follow closely after; esp., to follow and touch in the game of tag. See Tag, a play. TAG Tag, v. i. Defn: To follow closely, as it were an appendage; -- often with after; as, to tag after a person. TAG Tag, n. Etym: [From Tag, v.; cf. Tag, an end.] Defn: A child's play in which one runs after and touches another, and then runs away to avoid being touched. TAGAL Ta*gal", n. 1. One of a Malayan race, mainly of central Luzon, next to the Visayans the most numerous of the native peoples of the Philippines. Nearly all are Christians and many are highly educated. 2. The language of the Tagals; Tagalog. TAGALOG Ta*ga"log, n. 1. (Ethnol.) Any member of a certain tribe which is one of the leading and most civilized of those native of the Philippine Islands. 2. The language of the Tagalogs. It belongs to the Malay family of languages and is one of the most highly developed members of the family. TAGBELT Tag"belt`, n. (Far.) Defn: Same as Tagsore. [Obs.] TAG DAY Tag day. Defn: A day on which contributions to some public or private charity or fund are solicited promiscuously on the street, and tags given to contributors to wear as an evidence of their having contributed. Such solicitation is now subject to legal restriction in various places. TAGGER Tag"ger, n. 1. One who, or that which, appends or joins one thing to another. 2. That which is pointed like a tag. Hedgehogs' or procupines' small taggers. Cotton. 3. pl. Defn: Sheets of tin or other plate which run below the gauge. Knight. 4. A device for removing taglocks from sheep. Knight. TAGLET Tag"let, n. Defn: A little tag. TAGLIA Tagl"ia, n. Etym: [It., a cutting, a pulley, from tagliare to cut. See Tailor.] (Mech.) Defn: A peculiar combination of pulleys. Brande & C. TAGLIACOTAIN Tagl`ia*co"tain, a. (Surg.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Tagliacozzi, a Venetian surgeon; as, the Tagliacotian operation, a method of rhinoplasty described by him. [Also Taliacotian, and Tagliacozzian.] TAGLIONI Tagl*io"ni, n. Defn: A kind of outer coat, or overcoat; -- said to be so named after a celebrated Italian family of professional dancers. He ought certainly to exchange his taglioni, or comfortable greatcoat, for a cuirass of steel. Sir W. Scott. TAGLOCK Tag"lock`, n. Defn: An entangled lock, as of hair or wool. Nares. TAGNICATE Tag"ni*cate, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The white-lipped peccary. TAG-RAG Tag"-rag`, n. & a. Etym: [See Tag an end, and Rag.] Defn: The lowest class of people; the rabble. Cf. Rag, tag, and bobtail, under Bobtail. If the tag-rag people did not clap him and hiss him, I am no true man. Shak. TAGSORE Tag"sore`, n. (Far.) Defn: Adhesion of the tail of a sheep to the wool from excoriation produced by contact with the feces; -- called also tagbelt. [Obs.] TAGTAIL Tag"tail`, n. 1. A worm which has its tail conspicuously colored. 2. A person who attaches himself to another against the will of the latter; a hanger-on. TAGUAN Tag"u*an, n. Etym: [From the native name in the East Indies.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large flying squirrel (Pteromys petuarista). Its body becomes two feet long, with a large bushy tail nearly as long. TAGUICATI Ta`gui*ca"ti, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The white-lipped peccary. TAHA Ta"ha, n. Defn: The African rufous-necked weaver bird (Hyphantornis texor). TAHALEB Ta*ha"leb, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A fox (Vulpes Niloticus) of Northern Africa. TAHITIAN Ta*hi"ti*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Tahiti, an island in the Pacific Ocean. -- n. Defn: A native inhabitant of Tahiti. TAHR Tahr, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Thar. TAI Tai, a. Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, the chief linguistic stock of Indo-China, including the peoples of Siamese and Shan speech. TAI Tai, n. Defn: A member of one of the tribes of the Tai stock. The Tais first appeared in history in Yunnan, and from thence they migrated into Upper Burma. The earliest swarms appear to have entered that tract about two thousand years ago, and were small in number. Census of India, 1901. TAIL Tail, n. Etym: [F. taille a cutting. See Entail, Tally.] (Law) Defn: Limitation; abridgment. Burrill. Estate in tail, a limited, abridged, or reduced fee; an estate limited to certain heirs, and from which the other heirs are precluded; -- called also estate tail. Blackstone. TAIL Tail, a. (Law) Defn: Limited; abridged; reduced; curtailed; as, estate tail. TAIL Tail, n. Etym: [AS. tægel, tægl; akin to G. zagel, Icel. tagl, Sw. tagel, Goth. tagl hair. *59.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The terminal, and usually flexible, posterior appendage of an animal. Note: The tail of mammals and reptiles contains a series of movable vertebræ, and is covered with flesh and hairs or scales like those of other parts of the body. The tail of existing birds consists of several more or less consolidated vertebræ which supports a fanlike group of quills to which the term tail is more particularly applied. The tail of fishes consists of the tapering hind portion of the body ending in a caudal fin. The term tail is sometimes applied to the entire abdomen of a crustacean or insect, and sometimes to the terminal piece or pygidium alone. 2. Any long, flexible terminal appendage; whatever resembles, in shape or position, the tail of an animal, as a catkin. Doretus writes a great praise of the distilled waters of those tails that hang on willow trees. Harvey. 3. Hence, the back, last, lower, or inferior part of anything, -- as opposed to the Ant: head, or the superior part. The Lord will make thee the head, and not the tail. Deut. xxviii. 13. 4. A train or company of attendants; a retinue. "Ah," said he, "if you saw but the chief with his tail on." Sir W. Scott. 5. The side of a coin opposite to that which bears the head, effigy, or date; the reverse; -- rarely used except in the expression "heads or tails," employed when a coin is thrown up for the purpose of deciding some point by its fall. 6. (Anat.) Defn: The distal tendon of a muscle. 7. (Bot.) Defn: A downy or feathery appendage to certain achens. It is formed of the permanent elongated style. 8. (Surg.) (a) A portion of an incision, at its beginning or end, which does not go through the whole thickness of the skin, and is more painful than a complete incision; -- called also tailing. (b) One of the strips at the end of a bandage formed by splitting the bandage one or more times. 9. (Naut.) Defn: A rope spliced to the strap of a block, by which it may be lashed to anything. 10. (Mus.) Defn: The part of a note which runs perpendicularly upward or downward from the head; the stem. Moore (Encyc. of Music). 11. pl. Defn: Same as Tailing, 4. 12. (Arch.) Defn: The bottom or lower portion of a member or part, as a slate or tile. 13. pl. (Mining) Defn: See Tailing, n., 5. Tail beam. (Arch.) Same as Tailpiece. -- Tail coverts (Zoöl.), the feathers which cover the bases of the tail quills. They are sometimes much longer than the quills, and form elegant plumes. Those above the quills are called the upper tail coverts, and those below, the under tail coverts. -- Tail end, the latter end; the termination; as, the tail end of a contest. [Colloq.] -- Tail joist. (Arch.) Same as Tailpiece. -- Tail of a comet (Astron.), a luminous train extending from the nucleus or body, often to a great distance, and usually in a direction opposite to the sun. -- Tail of a gale (Naut.), the latter part of it, when the wind has greatly abated. Totten. -- Tail of a lock (on a canal), the lower end, or entrance into the lower pond. -- Tail of the trenches (Fort.), the post where the besiegers begin to break ground, and cover themselves from the fire of the place, in advancing the lines of approach. -- Tail spindle, the spindle of the tailstock of a turning lathe; -- called also dead spindle. -- To turn tail, to run away; to flee. Would she turn tail to the heron, and fly quite out another way; but all was to return in a higher pitch. Sir P. Sidney. TAIL Tail, v. t. 1. To follow or hang to, like a tail; to be attached closely to, as that which can not be evaded. [Obs.] Nevertheless his bond of two thousand pounds, wherewith he was tailed, continued uncanceled, and was called on the next Parliament. Fuller. 2. To pull or draw by the tail. [R.] Hudibras. To tail in or on (Arch.), to fasten by one of the ends into a wall or some other support; as, to tail in a timber. TAIL Tail, v. i. 1. (Arch.) Defn: To hold by the end; -- said of a timber when it rests upon a wall or other support; -- with in or into. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To swing with the stern in a certain direction; -- said of a vessel at anchor; as, this vessel tails down stream. Tail on. (Naut.) See Tally on, under Tally. TAILAGE Tail"age, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: See Tallage. TAIL-BAY Tail"-bay`, n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: One of the joists which rest one end on the wall and the other on a girder; also, the space between a wall and the nearest girder of a floor. Cf. Case-bay. 2. The part of a canal lock below the lower gates. TAILBLOCK Tail"block`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A block with a tail. See Tail, 9. TAILBOARD Tail"board`, n. Defn: The board at the rear end of a cart or wagon, which can be removed or let down, for convenience in loading or unloading. TAILED Tailed, a. Defn: Having a tail; having (such) a tail or (so many) tails; -- chiefly used in composition; as, bobtailed, longtailed, etc. Snouted and tailed like a boar. Grew. TAILING Tail"ing, n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: The part of a projecting stone or brick inserted in a wall. Gwilt. 2. (Surg.) Defn: Same as Tail, n., 8 (a). 3. Sexual intercourse. [Obs.] Chaucer. 4. pl. Defn: The lighter parts of grain separated from the seed threshing and winnowing; chaff. 5. pl. (Mining) Defn: The refuse part of stamped ore, thrown behind the tail of the buddle or washing apparatus. It is dressed over again to secure whatever metal may exist in it. Called also tails. Pryce. TAILLE Taille, n. Etym: [F. See Tally, Tailor.] 1. A tally; an account scored on a piece of wood. [Obs.] Whether that he paid or took by taille. Chaucer. 2. (O. F. Law) Defn: Any imposition levied by the king, or any other lord, upon his subjects. The taille, as it still subsists in France, may serve as an example of those ancient tallages. It was a tax upon the profits of the farmer, which they estimate by the stock that he has upon the farm. A. Smith. 3. (Mus.) Defn: The French name for the tenor voice or part; also, for the tenor viol or viola. TAILLESS Tail"less, a. Defn: Having no tail. H. Spencer. TAILLIE Tail"lie, n. (Scots Law) Defn: Same as Tailzie. TAILOR Tai"lor, n. Etym: [OF. tailleor, F. tailleur, fr. OF. taillier, F. tailler to cut, fr. L. talea a rod, stick, a cutting, layer for planting. Cf. Detail, Entail, Retail, Tally, n.] 1. One whose occupation is to cut out and make men's garments; also, one who cuts out and makes ladies' outer garments. Well said, good woman's tailor . . . I would thou wert a man's tailor. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The mattowacca; -- called also tailor herring. (b) The silversides. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The goldfish. [Prov. Eng.] Salt-water tailor (Zoöl.), the bluefish. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett. -- Tailor bird (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small Asiatic and East Indian singing birds belonging to Orthotomus, Prinia, and allied genera. They are noted for the skill with which they sew leaves together to form nests. The common Indian species are O. longicauda, which has the back, scapulars, and upper tail coverts yellowish green, and the under parts white; and the golden-headed tailor bird (O. coronatus), which has the top of the head golden yellow and the back and wings pale olive-green. TAILOR Tai"lor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tailored; p. pr. & vb. n. Tailoring.] Defn: To practice making men's clothes; to follow the business of a tailor. These tailoring artists for our lays Invent cramped rules. M. Green. TAILORESS Tai"lor*ess, n. Defn: A female tailor. TAILORING Tai"lor*ing, adv. Defn: The business or the work of a tailor or a tailoress. TAILOR-MADE Tai"lor-made`, a. Defn: Made by a tailor or according to a tailor's fashion; -- said specif. of women's garments made with certain closeness of fit, simplicity of ornament, etc. TAILPIECE Tail"piece`, n. 1. A piece at the end; an appendage. 2. (Arch.) Defn: One of the timbers which tail into a header, in floor framing. See Illust. of Header. 3. (Print.) Defn: An ornament placed at the bottom of a short page to fill up the space, or at the end of a book. Savage. 4. A piece of ebony or other material attached to the lower end of a violin or similar instrument, to which the strings are fastened. TAILPIN Tail"pin", n. (Mach.) Defn: The center in the spindle of a turning lathe. TAILRACE Tail"race`, n. 1. See Race, n., 6. 2. (Mining) Defn: The channel in which tailings, suspended in water, are conducted away. TAILSTOCK Tail"stock`, n. Defn: The sliding block or support, in a lathe, which carries the dead spindle, or adjustable center. The headstock supports the live spindle. TAIL-WATER Tail"-wa`ter, n. Defn: Water in a tailrace. TAILZIE Tail"zie (-zî or -yî), n. Etym: [F. tailler to cut. See Tail a limitation.] (Scots Law) Defn: An entailment or deed whereby the legal course of succession is cut off, and an arbitrary one substituted. [Written also tailzee.] TAIN Tain, n. Etym: [OE. tein, teyne; cf. Icel. teinn a twig, akin to AS. tan, Goth. tains.] Defn: Thin tin plate; also, tin foil for mirrors. Knight. TAINT Taint, n. Etym: [Cf. F. atteinte a blow, bit, stroke. See Attaint.] 1. A thrust with a lance, which fails of its intended effect. [Obs.] This taint he followed with his sword drawn from a silver sheath. Chapman. 2. An injury done to a lance in an encounter, without its being broken; also, a breaking of a lance in an encounter in a dishonorable or unscientific manner. [Obs.] TAINT Taint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Tainting.] Defn: To thrust ineffectually with a lance. [Obs.] TAINT Taint, v. t. 1. To injure, as a lance, without breaking it; also, to break, as a lance, but usually in an unknightly or unscientific manner. [Obs.] Do not fear; I have A staff to taint, and bravely. Massinger. 2. To hit or touch lightly, in tilting. [Obs.] They tainted each other on the helms and passed by. Ld. Berners. TAINT Taint, v. t. Etym: [F. teint, p.p. of teindre to dye, tinge, fr. L. tingere, tinctum. See Tinge, and cf. Tint.] 1. To imbue or impregnate with something extraneous, especially with something odious, noxious, or poisonous; hence, to corrupt; to infect; to poison; as, putrid substance taint the air. 2. Fig.: To stain; to sully; to tarnish. His unkindness may defeat my life, But never taint my love. Shak. Syn. -- To contaminate; defile; pollute; corrupt; infect; disease; vitiate; poison. TAINT Taint, v. i. 1. To be infected or corrupted; to be touched with something corrupting. I can not taint with fear. Shak. 2. To be affected with incipient putrefaction; as, meat soon taints in warm weather. TAINT Taint, n. 1. Tincture; hue; color; tinge. [Obs.] 2. Infection; corruption; deprivation. He had inherited from his parents a scrofulous taint, which it was beyond the power of medicine to remove. Macaulay. 3. A blemish on reputation; stain; spot; disgrace. TAINTLESS Taint"less, a. Defn: Free from taint or infection; pure. TAINTLESSLY Taint"less*ly, adv. Defn: In a taintless manner. TAINTURE Tain"ture, n. Etym: [F. teinture. See Taint to stain, and cf. Tincture.] Defn: Taint; tinge; difilement; stain; spot. [R.] Shak. TAINTWORM Taint"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A destructive parasitic worm or insect larva. TAIPING; TAEPING Tai"ping", or Tae"ping", a. [Chin. t'aip'ing great peace.] (Chinese Hist.) Defn: Pertaining to or designating a dynasty with which one Hung-Siu- Chuen, a half-religious, half-political enthusiast, attempted to supplant the Manchu dynasty by the Taiping rebellion, incited by him in 1850 and suppressed by General Gordon about 1864. TAIRA Tai"ra, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tayra. TAIRN Tairn, n. Defn: See Tarn. Coleridge. TAIT Tait, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small nocturnal and arboreal Australian marsupial (Tarsipes rostratus) about the size of a mouse. It has a long muzzle, a long tongue, and very few teeth, and feeds upon honey and insects. Called also noolbenger. TAJACU; TAJASSU Ta*jaç"u, Ta*jas"su, n. Etym: [Pg. tajaç\'a3, from Braz. tayaç\'a3 a hog or swine.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The common, or collared, peccary. TAJ MAHAL Taj Ma*hal" (täj ma*häl"). [Corruption of Per. Mumtaz-i-Mahsal, lit., the distinguished one of the palace, fr. Ar.] Defn: A marble mausoleum built at Agra, India, by the Mogul Emperor Shah Jahan, in memory of his favorite wife. In beauty of design and rich decorative detail it is one of the best examples of Saracenic architecture. TAKE Take, obs. p. p. of Take. Defn: Taken. Chaucer. TAKE Take, v. t. [imp. Took; p. p. Takend; p. pr. & vb. n. Taking.] Etym: [Icel. taka; akin to Sw. taga, Dan. tage, Goth. tekan to touch; of uncertain origin.] 1. In an active sense; To lay hold of; to seize with the hands, or otherwise; to grasp; to get into one's hold or possession; to procure; to seize and carry away; to convey. Hence, specifically: -- (a) To obtain possession of by force or artifice; to get the custody or control of; to reduce into subjection to one's power or will; to capture; to seize; to make prisoner; as, to take am army, a city, or a ship; also, to come upon or befall; to fasten on; to attack; to seize; -- said of a disease, misfortune, or the like. This man was taken of the Jews. Acts xxiii. 27. Men in their loose, unguarded hours they take; Not that themselves are wise, but others weak. Pope. They that come abroad after these showers are commonly taken with sickness. Bacon. There he blasts the tree and takes the cattle And makes milch kine yield blood. Shak. (b) To gain or secure the interest or affection of; to captivate; to engage; to interest; to charm. Neither let her take thee with her eyelids. Prov. vi. 25. Cleombroutus was so taken with this prospect, that he had no patience. Wake. I know not why, but there was a something in those half-seen features, -- a charm in the very shadow that hung over their imagined beauty, -- which took me more than all the outshining loveliness of her companions. Moore. (c) To make selection of; to choose; also, to turn to; to have recourse to; as, to take the road to the right. Saul said, Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son. And Jonathan was taken. 1 Sam. xiv. 42. The violence of storming is the course which God is forced to take for the destroying . . . of sinners. Hammond. (d) To employ; to use; to occupy; hence, to demand; to require; as, it takes so much cloth to make a coat. This man always takes time . . . before he passes his judgments. I. Watts. (e) To form a likeness of; to copy; to delineate; to picture; as, to take picture of a person. Beauty alone could beauty take so right. Dryden. (f) To draw; to deduce; to derive. [R.] The firm belief of a future judgment is the most forcible motive to a good life, because taken from this consideration of the most lasting happiness and misery. Tillotson. (g) To assume; to adopt; to acquire, as shape; to permit to one's self; to indulge or engage in; to yield to; to have or feel; to enjoy or experience, as rest, revenge, delight, shame; to form and adopt, as a resolution; -- used in general senses, limited by a following complement, in many idiomatic phrases; as, to take a resolution; I take the liberty to say. (h) To lead; to conduct; as, to take a child to church. (i) To carry; to convey; to deliver to another; to hand over; as, he took the book to the bindery. He took me certain gold, I wot it well. Chaucer. (k) To remove; to withdraw; to deduct; -- with from; as, to take the breath from one; to take two from four. 2. In a somewhat passive sense, to receive; to bear; to endure; to acknowledge; to accept. Specifically: -- (a) To accept, as something offered; to receive; not to refuse or reject; to admit. Ye shall take no satisfaction for the life of a murderer. Num. xxxv. 31. Let not a widow be taken into the number under threescore. 1 Tim. v. 10. (b) To receive as something to be eaten or dronk; to partake of; to swallow; as, to take food or wine. (c) Not to refuse or balk at; to undertake readily; to clear; as, to take a hedge or fence. (d) To bear without ill humor or resentment; to submit to; to tolerate; to endure; as, to take a joke; he will take an affront from no man. (e) To admit, as, something presented to the mind; not to dispute; to allow; to accept; to receive in thought; to entertain in opinion; to understand; to interpret; to regard or look upon; to consider; to suppose; as, to take a thing for granted; this I take to be man's motive; to take men for spies. You take me right. Bacon. Charity, taken in its largest extent, is nothing else but the science love of God and our neighbor. Wake. [He] took that for virtue and affection which was nothing but vice in a disguise. South. You'd doubt his sex, and take him for a girl. Tate. (f) To accept the word or offer of; to receive and accept; to bear; to submit to; to enter into agreement with; -- used in general senses; as, to take a form or shape. I take thee at thy word. Rowe. Yet thy moist clay is pliant to command; . . . Not take the mold. Dryden. To be taken aback, To take advantage of, To take air, etc. See under Aback, Advantage, etc. -- To take aim, to direct the eye or weapon; to aim. -- To take along, to carry, lead, or convey. -- To take arms, to commence war or hostilities. -- To take away, to carry off; to remove; to cause deprivation of; to do away with; as, a bill for taking away the votes of bishops. "By your own law, I take your life away." Dryden. -- To take breath, to stop, as from labor, in order to breathe or rest; to recruit or refresh one's self. -- To take care, to exercise care or vigilance; to be solicitous. "Doth God take care for oxen" 1 Cor. ix. 9. -- To take care of, to have the charge or care of; to care for; to superintend or oversee. -- To take down. (a) To reduce; to bring down, as from a high, or higher, place; as, to take down a book; hence, to bring lower; to depress; to abase or humble; as, to take down pride, or the proud. "I never attempted to be impudent yet, that I was not taken down." Goldsmith. (b) To swallow; as, to take down a potion. (c) To pull down; to pull to pieces; as, to take down a house or a scaffold. (d) To record; to write down; as, to take down a man's words at the time he utters them. -- To take effect, To take fire. See under Effect, and Fire. -- To take ground to the right or to the left (Mil.), to extend the line to the right or left; to move, as troops, to the right or left. -- To take heart, to gain confidence or courage; to be encouraged. -- To take heed, to be careful or cautious. "Take heed what doom against yourself you give." Dryden. -- To take heed to, to attend with care, as, take heed to thy ways. -- To take hold of, to seize; to fix on. -- To take horse, to mount and ride a horse. -- To take in. (a) To inclose; to fence. (b) To encompass or embrace; to comprise; to comprehend. (c) To draw into a smaller compass; to contract; to brail or furl; as, to take in sail. (d) To cheat; to circumvent; to gull; to deceive. [Colloq.] (e) To admit; to receive; as, a leaky vessel will take in water. (f) To win by conquest. [Obs.] For now Troy's broad-wayed town He shall take in. Chapman. (g) To receive into the mind or understanding. "Some bright genius can take in a long train of propositions." I. Watts. (h) To receive regularly, as a periodical work or newspaper; to take. [Eng.] -- To take in hand. See under Hand. -- To take in vain, to employ or utter as in an oath. "Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain." Ex. xx. 7. -- To take issue. See under Issue. -- To take leave. See Leave, n., 2. -- To take a newspaper, magazine, or the like, to receive it regularly, as on paying the price of subscription. -- To take notice, to observe, or to observe with particular attention. -- To take notice of. See under Notice. -- To take oath, to swear with solemnity, or in a judicial manner. -- To take off. (a) To remove, as from the surface or outside; to remove from the top of anything; as, to take off a load; to take off one's hat. (b) To cut off; as, to take off the head, or a limb. (c) To destroy; as, to take off life. (d) To remove; to invalidate; as, to take off the force of an argument. (e) To withdraw; to call or draw away. Locke. (f) To swallow; as, to take off a glass of wine. (g) To purchase; to take in trade. "The Spaniards having no commodities that we will take off." Locke. (h) To copy; to reproduce. "Take off all their models in wood." Addison. (i) To imitate; to mimic; to personate. (k) To find place for; to dispose of; as, more scholars than preferments can take off. [R.] Bacon. -- To take on, to assume; to take upon one's self; as, to take on a character or responsibility. -- To take one's own course, to act one's pleasure; to pursue the measures of one's own choice. -- To take order for. See under Order. -- To take order with, to check; to hinder; to repress. [Obs.] Bacon. -- To take orders. (a) To receive directions or commands. (b) (Eccl.) To enter some grade of the ministry. See Order, n., 10. -- To take out. (a) To remove from within a place; to separate; to deduct. (b) To draw out; to remove; to clear or cleanse from; as, to take out a stain or spot from cloth. (c) To produce for one's self; as, to take out a patent. (d) To put an end to; as, to take the conceit out of a man. (e) To escort; as, to take out to dinner. -- To take over, to undertake; to take the management of. [Eng.] Cross (Life of G. Eliot). -- To take part, to share; as, they take part in our rejoicing. -- To take part with, to unite with; to join with. -- To take place, root, sides, stock, etc. See under Place, Root, Side, etc. -- To take the air. (a) (Falconry) To seek to escape by trying to rise higher than the falcon; -- said of a bird. (b) See under Air. -- To take the field. (Mil.) See under Field. -- To take thought, to be concerned or anxious; to be solicitous. Matt. vi. 25, 27. -- To take to heart. See under Heart. -- To take to task, to reprove; to censure. -- to take to the air, to take off. To take up. (a) To lift; to raise. Hood. (b) To buy or borrow; as, to take up goods to a large amount; to take up money at the bank. (c) To begin; as, to take up a lamentation. Ezek. xix. 1. (d) To gather together; to bind up; to fasten or to replace; as, to take up raveled stitches; specifically (Surg.), to fasten with a ligature. (e) To engross; to employ; to occupy or fill; as, to take up the time; to take up a great deal of room. (f) To take permanently. "Arnobius asserts that men of the finest parts . . . took up their rest in the Christian religion." Addison. (g) To seize; to catch; to arrest; as, to take up a thief; to take up vagabonds. (h) To admit; to believe; to receive. [Obs.] The ancients took up experiments upon credit. Bacon. (i) To answer by reproof; to reprimand; to berate. One of his relations took him up roundly. L'Estrange. (k) To begin where another left off; to keep up in continuous succession. Soon as the evening shades prevail, The moon takes up the wondrous tale. Addison. (l) To assume; to adopt as one's own; to carry on or manage; as, to take up the quarrels of our neighbors; to take up current opinions. "They take up our old trade of conquering." Dryden. (m) To comprise; to include. "The noble poem of Palemon and Arcite . . . takes up seven years." Dryden. (n) To receive, accept, or adopt for the purpose of assisting; to espouse the cause of; to favor. Ps. xxvii. 10. (o) To collect; to exact, as a tax; to levy; as, to take up a contribution. "Take up commodities upon our bills." Shak. (p) To pay and receive; as, to take up a note at the bank. (q) (Mach.) To remove, as by an adjustment of parts; as, to take up lost motion, as in a bearing; also, to make tight, as by winding, or drawing; as, to take up slack thread in sewing. (r) To make up; to compose; to settle; as, to take up a quarrel. [Obs.] Shak. -- To take up arms. Same as To take arms, above. -- To take upon one's self. (a) To assume; to undertake; as, he takes upon himself to assert that the fact is capable of proof. (b) To appropriate to one's self; to allow to be imputed to, or inflicted upon, one's self; as, to take upon one's self a punishment. -- To take up the gauntlet. See under Gauntlet. TAKE Take, v. i. 1. To take hold; to fix upon anything; to have the natural or intended effect; to accomplish a purpose; as, he was inoculated, but the virus did not take. Shak. When flame taketh and openeth, it giveth a noise. Bacon. In impressions from mind to mind, the impression taketh, but is overcome . . . before it work any manifest effect. Bacon. 2. To please; to gain reception; to succeed. Each wit may praise it for his own dear sake, And hint he writ it, if the thing should take. Addison. 3. To move or direct the course; to resort; to betake one's self; to proceed; to go; -- usually with to; as, the fox, being hard pressed, took to the hedge. 4. To admit of being pictured, as in a photograph; as, his face does not take well. To take after. (a) To learn to follow; to copy; to imitate; as, he takes after a good pattern. (b) To resemble; as, the son takes after his father. -- To take in with, to resort to. [Obs.] Bacon. -- To take on, to be violently affected; to express grief or pain in a violent manner. -- To take to. (a) To apply one's self to; to be fond of; to become attached to; as, to take to evil practices. "If he does but take to you, . . . you will contract a great friendship with him." Walpole. (b) To resort to; to betake one's self to. "Men of learning, who take to business, discharge it generally with greater honesty than men of the world." Addison. -- To take up. (a) To stop. [Obs.] "Sinners at last take up and settle in a contempt of religion." Tillotson. (b) To reform. [Obs.] Locke. -- To take up with. (a) To be contended to receive; to receive without opposition; to put up with; as, to take up with plain fare. "In affairs which may have an extensive influence on our future happiness, we should not take up with probabilities." I. Watts. (b) To lodge with; to dwell with. [Obs.] L'Estrange. -- To take with, to please. Bacon. TAKE Take, n. 1. That which is taken; especially, the quantity of fish captured at one haul or catch. 2. (Print.) Defn: The quantity or copy given to a compositor at one time. TAKE-IN Take"-in`, n. Defn: Imposition; fraud. [Colloq.] TAKEN Tak"en, Defn: p. p. of Take. TAKE-OFF Take"-off`, n. Defn: An imitation, especially in the way of caricature. TAKER Tak"er, n. Defn: One who takes or receives; one who catches or apprehended. TAKE-UP Take"-up`, n. (Mach.) Defn: That which takes up or tightens; specifically, a device in a sewing machine for drawing up the slack thread as the needle rises, in completing a stitch. TAKING Tak"ing, a. 1. Apt to take; alluring; attracting. Subtile in making his temptations most taking. Fuller. 2. Infectious; contageous. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. -- Tak"ing*ly, adv. -- Tak"ing*ness, n. TAKING Tak"ing, n. 1. The act of gaining possession; a seizing; seizure; apprehension. 2. Agitation; excitement; distress of mind. [Colloq.] What a taking was he in, when your husband asked who was in the basket! Shak. 3. Malign influence; infection. [Obs.] Shak. TAKING-OFF Tak"ing-off`, n. Defn: Removal; murder. See To take off (c), under Take, v. t. The deep damnation of his taking-off. Shak. TALAPOIN Tal"a*poin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small African monkey (Cercopithecus, or Miopithecus, talapoin) -- called also melarhine. TALARIA Ta*la"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [L., from talaris pertaining to the ankles, fr. talus ankle.] (Class. Myth.) Defn: Small wings or winged shoes represented as fastened to the ankles, -- chiefly used as an attribute of Mercury. TALBOT Tal"bot, n. Defn: A sort of dog, noted for quick scent and eager pursuit of game. [Obs.] Wase (1654). Note: The figure of a dog is borne in the arms of the Talbot family, whence, perhaps, the name. TALBOTYPE Tal"bo*type, n. (Photog.) Defn: Same as Calotype. TALC Talc, n. Etym: [F. talc; cf. Sp. & It. talco, LL. talcus; all fr. Ar. talq.] (Min.) Defn: A soft mineral of a soapy feel and a greenish, whitish, or grayish color, usually occurring in foliated masses. It is hydrous silicate of magnesia. Steatite, or soapstone, is a compact granular variety. Indurated talc, an impure, slaty talc, with a nearly compact texture, and greater hardness than common talc; -- called also talc slate. TALCOSE; TALCOUS Tal*cose", Talc"ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. talqueux.] (Min.) Defn: Of or pertaining to talc; composed of, or resembling, talc. TALCUM Tal"cum, n. [NL.] (Min.) Defn: Same as Talc. TALE Tale, n. Defn: See Tael. TALE Tale, n. Etym: [AS. talu number, speech, narrative; akin to D. taal speech, language, G. zahl number, OHG. zala, Icel. tal, tala, number, speech, Sw. tal, Dan. tal number, tale speech, Goth. talzjan to instruct. Cf. Tell, v. t., Toll a tax, also Talk, v. i.] 1. That which is told; an oral relation or recital; any rehearsal of what has occured; narrative; discourse; statement; history; story. "The tale of Troy divine." Milton. "In such manner rime is Dante's tale." Chaucer. We spend our years as a tale that is told. Ps. xc. 9. 2. A number told or counted off; a reckoning by count; an enumeration; a count, in distinction from measure or weight; a number reckoned or stated. The ignorant, . . . who measure by tale, and not by weight. Hooker. And every shepherd tells his tale, Under the hawthornn in the dale. Milton. In packing, they keep a just tale of the number. Carew. 3. (Law) Defn: A count or declaration. [Obs.] To tell tale of, to make account of. [Obs.] Therefore little tale hath he told Of any dream, so holy was his heart. Chaucer. Syn. -- Anecdote; story; fable; incident; memoir; relation; account; legend; narrative. TALE Tale, v. i. Defn: To tell stories. [Obs.] Chaucer. Gower. TALEBEARER Tale"bear`er, n. Defn: One who officiously tells tales; one who impertinently or maliciously communicates intelligence, scandal, etc., and makes mischief. Spies and talebearers, encouraged by her father, did their best to inflame her resentment. Macaulay. TALEBEARING Tale"bear`ing, a. Defn: Telling tales officiously. TALEBEARING Tale"bear`ing, n. Defn: The act of informing officiously; communication of sectrts, scandal, etc., maliciously. TALED Ta"led, n. (Jewish Antiq.) Defn: A kind of quadrangular piece of cloth put on by the Jews when repeating prayers in the synagogues. Crabb. TALEFUL Tale"ful, a. Defn: Full of stories. [R.] Thomson. TALEGALLA Tal`e*gal"la, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Australian birds which includes the brush turkey. See Brush turkey. TALENT Tal"ent, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. talentum a talent (in sense 1), Gr. tolerare, tollere, to lift up, sustain, endure. See Thole, v. t., Tolerate.] 1. Among the ancient Greeks, a weight and a denomination of money equal to 60 minæ or 6,000 drachmæ. The Attic talent, as a weight, was about 57 lbs. avoirdupois; as a denomination of silver money, its value was £243 15s. sterling, or about $1,180. Rowing vessel whose burden does not exceed five hundred talents. Jowett (Thucid.). 2. Among the Hebrews, a weight and denomination of money. For silver it was equivalent to 3,000 shekels, and in weight was equal to about 93 3. Inclination; will; disposition; desire. [Obs.] They rather counseled you to your talent than to your profit. Chaucer. 4. Intellectual ability, natural or acquired; mental endowment or capacity; skill in accomplishing; a special gift, particularly in business, art, or the like; faculty; a use of the word probably originating in the Scripture parable of the talents (Matt. xxv. 14- 30). He is chiefly to be considered in his three different talents, as a critic, a satirist, and a writer of odes. Dryden. His talents, his accomplishments, his graceful manners, made him generally popular. Macaulay. Syn. -- Ability; faculty; gift; endowment. See Genius. TALENTED Tal"ent*ed, a. Defn: Furnished with talents; possessing skill or talent; mentally gifted. Abp. Abbot (1663). Note: This word has been strongly objected to by Coleridge and some other critics, but, as it would seem, upon not very good grounds, as the use of talent or talents to signify mental ability, although at first merely metaphorical, is now fully established, and talented, as a formative, is just as analogical and legitimate as gifted, bigoted, moneyed, landed, lilied, honeyed, and numerous other adjectives having a participal form, but derived directly from nouns and not from verbs. TALES Ta"les, n. Etym: [L., pl. of talis such (persons).] (Law) (a) pl. Defn: Persons added to a jury, commonly from those in or about the courthouse, to make up any deficiency in the number of jurors regularly summoned, being like, or such as, the latter. Blount. Blackstone. (b) syntactically sing. Defn: The writ by which such persons are summoned. Tales book, a book containing the names of such as are admitted of the tales. Blount. Craig. -- Tales de circumstantibus Etym: [L.], such, or the like, from those standing about. TALESMAN Tales"man, n.; pl. Talesmen (. (Law) Defn: A person called to make up a deficiency in the number of jurors when a tales is awarded. Wharton. TALETELLER Tale"tell`er, n. Defn: One who tells tales or stories, especially in a mischievous or officious manner; a talebearer; a telltale; a tattler. TALEWISE Tale"wise`, adv. Defn: In a way of a tale or story. TALIACOTIAN Tal"ia*co`tian, a. Defn: See Tagliacotian. TALIATION Tal`i*a"tion, n. Defn: Retaliation. [Obs.] Just heav'n this taliation did decree. Beaumont. TALION Ta"li*on, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. talio, perh. fr. talis such. Cf. Retaliation.] Defn: Retaliation. [R.] Holinshed. TALIPES Tal"i*pes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. talus an ankle + pes, pedis, a foot; cf. L. talipedare to be weak in the feet, properly, to walk on the ankles.] (Surg.) Defn: The deformity called clubfoot. See Clubfoot. Note: Several varieties are distinguished; as, Talipes varus, in which the foot is drawn up and bent inward; T. valgus, in which the foot is bent outward; T. equinus, in which the sole faces backward and the patient walks upon the balls of the toes; and T. calcaneus (called also talus), in which the sole faces forward and the patient walks upon the heel. TALIPOT Tal"i*pot, n. Etym: [Hind. talpat the leaf of the tree.] (Bot.) Defn: A beautiful tropical palm tree (Corypha umbraculifera), a native of Ceylon and the Malabar coast. It has a trunk sixty or seventy feet high, bearing a crown of gigantic fan-shaped leaves which are used as umbrellas and as fans in ceremonial processions, and, when cut into strips, as a substitute for writing paper. TALISMAN Tal"is*man, n.; pl. Talismans. Etym: [Sp., from Ar. tilism, tilsam, a magical image, pl. tilsaman, fr. Gr. 1. A magical figure cut or engraved under certain superstitious observances of the configuration of the heavens, to which wonderful effects are ascribed; the seal, figure, character, or image, of a heavenly sign, constellation, or planet, engraved on a sympathetic stone, or on a metal corresponding to the star, in order to receive its influence. 2. Hence, something that produces extraordinary effects, esp. in averting or repelling evil; an amulet; a charm; as, a talisman to avert diseases. Swift. TALISMANIC; TALISMANICAL Tal`is*man"ic, Tal`is*man"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. talismanique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a talisman; having the properties of a talisman, or preservative against evils by occult influence; magical. TALK Talk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Talked; p. pr. & vb. n. Talking.] Etym: [Cf. LG. talk talk, gabble, Prov. G. talken to speak indistinctly; or OD. tolken to interpret, MHG. tolkan to interpret, to tell, to speak indistinctly, Dan. tolke to interpret, Sw. tolka, Icel. t to interpret, t an interpreter, Lith. tulkas an interpreter, tulkanti, tulkoti, to interpret, Russ. tolkovate to interpret, to talk about; or perhaps fr. OE. talien to speak (see Tale, v. i. & n.).] 1. To utter words; esp., to converse familiarly; to speak, as in familiar discourse, when two or more persons interchange thoughts. I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you, walk with you, and so following, but I will not eat with you. Shak. 2. To confer; to reason; to consult. Let me talk with thee of thy judgments. Jer. xii. 1. 3. To prate; to speak impertinently. [Colloq.] To talk of, to relate; to tell; to give an account of; as, authors talk of the wonderful remains of Palmyra. "The natural histories of Switzerland talk much of the fall of these rocks, and the great damage done." Addison. -- To talk to, to advise or exhort, or to reprove gently; as, I will talk to my son respecting his conduct. [Colloq.] TALK Talk, v. t. 1. To speak freely; to use for conversing or communicating; as, to talk French. 2. To deliver in talking; to speak; to utter; to make a subject of conversation; as, to talk nonsense; to talk politics. 3. To consume or spend in talking; -- often followed by away; as, to talk away an evening. 4. To cause to be or become by talking. "They would talk themselves mad." Shak. To talk over. (a) To talk about; to have conference respecting; to deliberate upon; to discuss; as, to talk over a matter or plan. (b) To change the mind or opinion of by talking; to convince; as, to talk over an opponent. TALK Talk, n. 1. The act of talking; especially, familiar converse; mutual discourse; that which is uttered, especially in familiar conversation, or the mutual converse of two or more. In various talk the instructive hours they passed. Pope. Their talk, when it was not made up of nautical phrases, was too commonly made up of oaths and curses. Macaulay. 2. Report; rumor; as, to hear talk of war. I hear a talk up and down of raising our money. Locke. 3. Subject of discourse; as, his achievment is the talk of the town. Syn. -- Conversation; colloquy; discourse; chat; dialogue; conference; communication. See Conversation. TALKATIVE Talk"a*tive, a. Defn: Given to much talking. Syn. -- Garrulous; loquacious. See Garrulous. -- Talk"a*tive*ly, adv. -- Talk"a*tive*ness, n. TALKER Talk"er, n. 1. One who talks; especially, one who is noted for his power of conversing readily or agreeably; a conversationist. There probably were never four talkers more admirable in four different ways than Johnson, Burke, Beauclerk, and Garrick. Macaulay. 2. A loquacious person, male or female; a prattler; a babbler; also, a boaster; a braggart; -- used in contempt or reproach. Jer. Taylor. TALKING Talk"ing, a. 1. That talks; able to utter words; as, a talking parrot. 2. Given to talk; loquacious. The hawthorn bush, with seats beneath the shade, For talking age and whispering lovers made. Goldsmith. TALL Tall, a. [Compar. Taller; superl. Tallest.] Etym: [OE. tal seemly, elegant, docile; of uncertain origin; cf. AS. un-tala, un-tale, bad, Goth. untals indocile, disobedient, uninstructed, or W. & Corn. tal high, Ir. talla meet, fit, proper, just.] 1. High in stature; having a considerable, or an unusual, extension upward; long and comparatively slender; having the diameter or lateral extent small in proportion to the height; as, a tall person, tree, or mast. Two of far nobler shape, erect and tall. Milton. 2. Brave; bold; courageous. [Obs.] As tall a trencherman As e'er demolished a pye fortification. Massinger. His companions, being almost in despair of victory, were suddenly recomforted by Sir William Stanley, which came to succors with three thousand tall men. Grafton. 3. Fine; splendid; excellent; also, extravagant; excessive. [Obs. or Slang] B. Jonson. Syn. -- High; lofty. -- Tall, High, Lofty. High is the generic term, and is applied to anything which is elevated or raised above another thing. Tall specifically describes that which has a small diameter in proportion to its height; hence, we speak of a tall man, a tall steeple, a tall mast, etc., but not of a tall hill. Lofty has a special reference to the expanse above us, and denotes an imposing height; as, a lofty mountain; a lofty room. Tall is now properly applied only to physical objects; high and lofty have a moral acceptation; as, high thought, purpose, etc.; lofty aspirations; a lofty genius. Lofty is the stronger word, and is usually coupled with the grand or admirable. TALLAGE; TALLIAGE Tal"lage, Tal"li*age, n. Etym: [F. taillage. See Taille, and cf. Tailage.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A certain rate or tax paid by barons, knights, and inferior tenants, toward the public expenses. [Written also tailage, taillage.] Note: When paid out of knight's fees, it was called scutage; when by cities and burghs, tallage; when upon lands not held by military tenure, hidage. Blackstone. TALLAGE Tal"lage, v. t. Defn: To lay an impost upon; to cause to pay tallage. TALLBOY Tall"boy`, n. 1. A kind of long-stemmed wineglass or cup. 2. A piece of household furniture common in the eighteenth century, usually in two separate parts, with larger drawers above and smaller ones below and raised on legs fifteen inches or more in height; -- called also highboy. 3. A long sheet-metal pipe for a chimney top. TALLIER Tal"li*er, n. Defn: One who keeps tally. TALLIS Tal"lis, n. Defn: Same as Tallith. TALLITH Tal"lith, n. [NHeb. tallith.] (Jewish Costume) (a) An undergarment worn by orthodox Jews, covering the chest and the upper part of the back. It has an opening for the head, and has tassels, called zizith, on its four corners. (b) A tasseled shawl or scarf worn over the head or thrown round the shoulders while at prayer. TALLNESS Tall"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tall; height of stature. TALLOW Tal"low, n. Etym: [OE. taluh, talugh; akin to OD. talgh, D. talk, G., Dan. and Sw. talg, Icel. tolgr, tolg, tolk; and perhaps to Goth. tulgus firm.] 1. The suet or fat of animals of the sheep and ox kinds, separated from membranous and fibrous matter by melting. Note: The solid consistency of tallow is due to the large amount of stearin it contains. See Fat. 2. The fat of some other animals, or the fat obtained from certain plants, or from other sources, resembling the fat of animals of the sheep and ox kinds. Tallow candle, a candle made of tallow. -- Tallow catch, a keech. See Keech. [Obs.] -- Tallow chandler, one whose occupation is to make, or to sell, tallow candles. -- Tallow chandlery, the trade of a tallow chandler; also, the place where his business is carried on. -- Tallow tree (Bot.), a tree (Stillingia sebifera) growing in China, the seeds of which are covered with a substance which resembles tallow and is applied to the same purposes. TALLOW Tal"low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tallowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tallowing.] 1. To grease or smear with tallow. 2. To cause to have a large quantity of tallow; to fatten; as, tallow sheep. TALLOWER Tal"low*er, n. Defn: An animal which produces tallow. TALLOW-FACE Tal"low-face`, n. Defn: One who has a sickly, pale complexion. Shak. TALLOW-FACED Tal"low-faced`, a. Defn: Having a sickly complexion; pale. Burton. TALLOWING Tal"low*ing, n. Defn: The act, or art, of causing animals to produce tallow; also, the property in animals of producing tallow. TALLOWISH Tal"low*ish, a. Defn: Having the qualities of tallow. TALLOWY Tal"low*y, a. Defn: Of the nature of tallow; resembling tallow; greasy. TALLWOOD Tall"wood`, n. Etym: [Cf. Tally.] Defn: Firewood cut into billets of a certain length. [Obs.] [Eng.] TALLY Tal"ly, n.; pl. Tallies. Etym: [OE. taile, taille, F. taille a cutting, cut tally, fr. tailler to cut, but influenced probably by taillé, p.p. of tailler. See Tailor, and cf. Tail a limitation, Taille, Tallage.] 1. Originally, a piece of wood on which notches or scores were cut, as the marks of number; later, one of two books, sheets of paper, etc., on which corresponding accounts were kept. Note: In purshasing and selling, it was once customary for traders to have two sticks, or one stick cleft into two parts, and to mark with a score or notch, on each, the number or quantity of goods delivered, -- the seller keeping one stick, and the purchaser the other. Before the use of writing, this, or something like it, was the only method of keeping accounts; and tallies were received as evidence in courts of justice. In the English exchequer were tallies of loans, one part being kept in the exchequer, the other being given to the creditor in lieu of an obligation for money lent to government. 2. Hence, any account or score kept by notches or marks, whether on wood or paper, or in a book; especially, one kept in duplicate. 3. One thing made to suit another; a match; a mate. They were framed the tallies for each other. Dryden. 4. A notch, mark, or score made on or in a tally; as, to make or earn a tally in a game. 5. A tally shop. See Tally shop, below. Tally shop, a shop at which goods or articles are sold to customers on account, the account being kept in corresponding books, one called the tally, kept by the buyer, the other the counter tally, kept by the seller, and the payments being made weekly or otherwise by agreement. The trade thus regulated is called tally trade. Eng. Encyc. -- To strike tallies, to act in correspondence, or alike. [Obs.] Fuller. TALLY Tal"ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tallied; p. pr. & vb. n. Tallying.] Etym: [Cf. F. tialler to cut. See Tally, n.] 1. To score with correspondent notches; hence, to make to correspond; to cause to fit or suit. They are not so well tallied to the present juncture. Pope. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To check off, as parcels of freight going inboard or outboard. W. C. Russell. Tally on (Naut.), to dovetail together. TALLY Tal"ly, v. i. 1. To be fitted; to suit; to correspond; to match. I found pieces of tiles that exactly tallied with the channel. Addison. Your idea . . . tallies exactly with mine. Walpole. 2. To make a tally; to score; as, to tally in a game. Tally on (Naut.), to man a rope for hauling, the men standing in a line or tail. TALLY Tal"ly, adv. Etym: [See Tall, a.] Defn: Stoutly; with spirit. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. TALLYHO Tal"ly*ho`, interj. & n. 1. The huntsman's cry to incite or urge on his hounds. 2. A tallyho coach. Tallyho coach, a pleasure coach. See under Coach. TALLYMAN Tal"ly*man, n.; pl. Tallymen (. 1. One who keeps the tally, or marks the sticks. 2. One who keeps a tally shop, or conducts his business as tally trade. TALMA Tal"ma, n.; pl. Talmas. Etym: [Prob. so called from Talma, a French actor.] (a) A kind of large cape, or short, full cloak, forming part of the dress of ladies. (b) A similar garment worn formerly by gentlemen. TALMUD Tal"mud, n. Etym: [Chald. talmud instruction, doctrine, fr. lamad to learn, limmad to teach.] Defn: The body of the Jewish civil and canonical law not comprised in the Pentateuch. Note: The Talmud consists of two parts, the Mishna, or text, and the Gemara, or commentary. Sometimes, however, the name Talmud is restricted, especially by Jewish writers, to the Gemara. There are two Talmuds, the Palestinian, commonly, but incorrectly, called the Talmud of Jerusalem, and the Babylonian Talmud. They contain the same Mishna, but different Gemaras. The Babylonian Talmud is about three times as large as the other, and is more highly esteemed by the Jews. TALMUDIC; TALMUDICAL Tal*mud"ic, Tal*mud"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. talmudique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Talmud; contained in the Talmud; as, Talmudic Greek; Talmudical phrases. Lightfoot. TALMUDISM Tal"mud*ism, n. , n. Defn: The teachings of the Talmud, or adherence to them. TALMUDIST Tal"mud*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. talmudiste.] Defn: One versed in the Talmud; one who adheres to the teachings of the Talmud. TALMUDISTIC Tal`mud*is"tic, a. Defn: Resembling the Talmud; Talmudic. TALON Tal"on, n. Etym: [F., heel, spur, LL. talo, fr. L. talus the ankle, heel.] 1. The claw of a predaceous bird or animal, especially the claw of a bird of prey. Bacon. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of certain small prominences on the hind part of the face of an elephant's tooth. 3. (Arch.) Defn: A kind of molding, concave at the bottom and convex at the top; -- usually called an ogee. Note: When the concave part is at the top, it is called an inverted talon. 4. The shoulder of the bolt of a lock on which the key acts to shoot the bolt. Knight. TALOOK; TALUK Ta*look", Ta*luk", n. Etym: [Ar. ta'lluq.] Defn: A large estate; esp., one constituting a revenue district or dependency the native proprietor of which is responsible for the collection and payment of the public revenue due from it. [India] TALOOKDAR; TALUKDAR Ta*look"dar, Ta*luk"dar, n. Etym: [Hind., fr. Per. ta'lluqdar.] Defn: A proprietor of a talook. [India] TALPA Tal"pa, n. Etym: [L., mole.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small insectivores including the common European mole. TALUS Ta"lus, n.; pl. Tali. Etym: [L., the ankle, the ankle bone.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The astragalus. 2. (Surg.) Defn: A variety of clubfoot (Talipes calcaneus). See the Note under Talipes. TALUS Ta"lus, n. Etym: [F.] 1. (Fort.) Defn: A slope; the inclination of the face of a work. 2. (Geol.) Defn: A sloping heap of fragments of rock lying at the foot of a precipice. TAMABILITY Tam`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tamable; tamableness. TAMABLE Tam"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being tamed, subdued, or reclaimed from wildness or savage ferociousness. -- Tam"a*ble*ness, n. TAMALE Ta*ma"le, n. [Written also tamal, tomale.] [Amer. Sp. tamal, of Mex. origin.] Defn: A Mexican dish made of crushed maize mixed with minced meat, seasoned with red pepper, dipped in oil, and steamed. TAMANDU Ta*man"du, n. Etym: [Sp., from the native name: cf. F. tamandua.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small ant-eater (Tamandua tetradactyla) native of the tropical parts of South America. Note: It has five toes on the fore feet, an elongated snout, small ears, and short woolly hair. Its tail is stout and hairy at the base, tapering, and covered with minute scales, and is somewhat prehensile at the end. Called also tamandua, little ant-bear, fourmilier, and cagouare. The collared, or striped, tamandu (Tamandua bivittata) is considered a distinct species by some writers, but by others is regarded as only a variety. TAMANOIR Ta`ma*noir", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ant-bear. TAMARACK Tam"a*rack, n. (Bot.) (a) The American larch; also, the larch of Oregon and British Columbia (Larix occidentalis). See Hackmatack, and Larch. (b) The black pine (Pinus Murrayana) of Alaska, California, etc. It is a small tree with fine-grained wood. TAMARIC Tam"a*ric, n. Etym: [L. tamarice. See Tamarisk.] Defn: A shrub or tree supposed to be the tamarisk, or perhaps some kind of heath. [Obs.] He shall be like tamaric in the desert, and he shall not see when good shall come. Jer. xvii. 6 (Douay version). TAMARIN Tam"a*rin, n. Etym: [From the native name in Cayenne.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small squirrel-like South American monkeys of the genus Midas, especially M. ursulus. TAMARIND Tam"a*rind, n. Etym: [It. tamarindo, or Sp. tamarindo, or Pg. tamarindo, tamarinho, from Ar. tamarhindi, literally, Indian date; tamar a dried date + Hind India: cf. F. tamarin. Cf. Hindoo.] (Bot.) 1. A leguminous tree (Tamarindus Indica) cultivated both the Indies, and the other tropical countries, for the sake of its shade, and for its fruit. The trunk of the tree is lofty and large, with wide- spreading branches; the flowers are in racemes at the ends of the branches. The leaves are small and finely pinnated. 2. One of the preserved seed pods of the tamarind, which contain an acid pulp, and are used medicinally and for preparing a pleasant drink. Tamarind fish, a preparation of a variety of East Indian fish with the acid pulp of the tamarind fruit. -- Velvet tamarind. (a) A West African leguminous tree (Codarium acutifolium). (b) One of the small black velvety pods, which are used for food in Sierra Leone. -- Wild tamarind (Bot.), a name given to certain trees somewhat resembling the tamarind, as the Lysiloma latisiliqua of Southern Florida, and the Pithecolobium filicifolium of the West Indies. TAMARISK Tam"a*risk, n. Etym: [L. tamariscus, also tamarix, tamarice, Skr. tamala, tamalaka, a tree with a very dark bark; cf. tamas darkness: cf. F. tamarisc, tamarix, tamaris.] (Bot.) Defn: Any shrub or tree of the genus Tamarix, the species of which are European and Asiatic. They have minute scalelike leaves, and small flowers in spikes. An Arabian species (T. mannifera) is the source of one kind of manna. Tamarisk salt tree, an East Indian tree (Tamarix orientalis) which produces an incrustation of salt. TAMBAC Tam"bac, n. (Metal.) Defn: See Tombac. [Obs.] TAMBOUR Tam"bour, n. 1. (Mus.) Defn: A kind of small flat drum; a tambourine. 2. A small frame, commonly circular, and somewhat resembling a tambourine, used for stretching, and firmly holding, a portion of cloth that is to be embroidered; also, the embroidery done upon such a frame; -- called also, in the latter sense, tambour work. 3. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Drum, n., 2(d). 4. (Fort.) Defn: A work usually in the form of a redan, to inclose a space before a door or staircase, or at the gorge of a larger work. It is arranged like a stockade. 5. (Physiol.) Defn: A shallow metallic cup or drum, with a thin elastic membrane supporting a writing lever. Two or more of these are connected by an India rubber tube, and used to transmit and register the movements of the pulse or of any pulsating artery. TAMBOUR Tam"bour, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tamboured; p. pr. & vb. n. Tambouring.] Defn: To embroider on a tambour. TAMBOURIN Tam`bou`rin", n. Etym: [F. See Tambourine.] 1. A tambourine. [Obs.] 2. (Mus.) Defn: An old Provençal dance of a lively character, common on the stage. TAMBOURINE Tam`bour*ine", n. Etym: [F. tambourin; cf. It. tamburino. See Tambour, and cf. Tamborine.] Defn: A small drum, especially a shallow drum with only one skin, played on with the hand, and having bells at the sides; a timbrel. TAMBREET Tam"breet, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The duck mole. TAMBURIN Tam`bu*rin", n. Defn: See Tambourine. Spenser. TAME Tame, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. entamer to cut into, to broach.] Defn: To broach or enter upon; to taste, as a liquor; to divide; to distribute; to deal out. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] In the time of famine he is the Joseph of the country, and keeps the poor from starving. Then he tameth his stacks of corn, which not his covetousness, but providence, hath reserved for time of need. Fuller. TAME Tame, a. [Compar. Tamer; superl. Tamest.] Etym: [AS. tam; akin to D. tam, G. zahm, OHG. zam, Dan. & Sw. tam, Icel. tamr, L. domare to tame, Gr. dam to be tame, to tame, and perhaps to E. beteem. *61. Cf. Adamant, Diamond, Dame, Daunt, Indomitable.] 1. Reduced from a state of native wildness and shyness; accustomed to man; domesticated; domestic; as, a tame deer, a tame bird. 2. Crushed; subdued; depressed; spiritless. Tame slaves of the laborious plow. Roscommon. 3. Deficient in spirit or animation; spiritless; dull; flat; insipid; as, a tame poem; tame scenery. Syn. -- Gentle; mild; meek. See Gentle. TAME Tame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Taming.] Etym: [AS. tamian, temian, akin to D. tammen, temmen, G. zähmen, OHG. zemmen, Icel. temja, Goth. gatamjan. See Tame, a.] 1. To reduce from a wild to a domestic state; to make gentle and familiar; to reclaim; to domesticate; as, to tame a wild beast. They had not been tamed into submission, but baited into savegeness and stubbornness. Macaulay. 2. To subdue; to conquer; to repress; as, to tame the pride or passions of youth. TAMEABLE Tame"a*ble, a. Defn: Tamable. Bp. Wilkins. TAMELESS Tame"less, a. Defn: Incapable of being tamed; wild; untamed; untamable. Bp. Hall. -- Tame"less*ness, n. TAMELY Tame"ly, adv. Defn: In a tame manner. TAMENESS Tame"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tame. TAMER Tam"er, n. Defn: One who tames or subdues. TAMIAS Ta"mi*as, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of ground squirrels, including the chipmunk. TAMIL Ta"mil, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Tamils, or to their language. [Written also Tamul.] TAMIL Ta"mil, n. Etym: [Written also Tamul.] 1. (Ethnol.) Defn: One of a Dravidian race of men native of Northern Ceylon and Southern India. 2. The Tamil language, the most important of the Dravidian languages. See Dravidian, a. TAMILIAN Ta*mil"i*an, a. & n. Defn: Tamil. TAMINE; TAMINY Tam"ine, Tam"i*ny, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tamis a sort of sieve. Cf. Stamin, Temse.] Defn: A kind of woolen cloth; tammy. TAMIS Tam"is, n. Etym: [F., a kind of sieve.] 1. A sieve, or strainer, made of a kind of woolen cloth. 2. The cloth itself; tammy. Tamis bird (Zoöl.), a Guinea fowl. TAMKIN Tam"kin, n. Defn: A tampion. Johnson (Dict.). TAMMY Tam"my, n.; pl. Tammies (. 1. A kind of woolen, or woolen and cotton, cloth, often highly glazed, -- used for curtains, sieves, strainers, etc. 2. A sieve, or strainer, made of this material; a tamis. TAMP Tamp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tamped; p. pr. & vb. n. Tamping.] Etym: [Cf. F. tamponner to plug or stop. See Tampion.] 1. In blasting, to plug up with clay, earth, dry sand, sod, or other material, as a hole bored in a rock, in order to prevent the force of the explosion from being misdirected. 2. To drive in or down by frequent gentle strokes; as, to tamp earth so as to make a smooth place. TAMPAN Tam"pan, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A venomous South African tick. Livingstone. TAMPEON Tam"pe*on, n. Defn: See Tampion. Farrow. TAMPER Tamp"er, n. 1. One who tamps; specifically, one who prepares for blasting, by filling the hole in which the charge is placed. 2. An instrument used in tamping; a tamping iron. TAMPER Tam"per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tampered; p. pr. & vb. n. Tampering.] Etym: [A corruption of temper.] 1. To meddle; to be busy; to try little experiments; as, to tamper with a disease. 'T is dangerous tampering with a muse. Roscommon. 2. To meddle so as to alter, injure, or vitiate a thing. 3. To deal unfairly; to practice secretly; to use bribery. Others tampered For Fleetwood, Desborough, and Lambert. Hudibras. TAMPERER Tam"per*er, n. Defn: One who tampers; one who deals unfairly. TAMPICO FIBER; TAMPICO FIBRE Tam*pi"co fi"ber or; Tam*pi"co fi"bre. Defn: A tough vegetable fiber used as a substitute for bristles in making brushes. The piassava and the ixtle are both used under this name. TAMPING Tamp"ing, n. 1. The act of one who tamps; specifically, the act of filling up a hole in a rock, or the branch of a mine, for the purpose of blasting the rock or exploding the mine. 2. The material used in tamping. See Tamp, v. t., 1. Tamping iron, an iron rod for beating down the earthy substance in tamping for blasting. TAMPION Tam"pi*on, n. Etym: [F. tampon, tapon, tape, of Dutch or German origin. See Tap a pipe or plug, and cf. Tamp, Tampop, Tompion.] [Written also tampeon, and tompion.] 1. A wooden stopper, or plug, as for a cannon or other piece of ordnance, when not in use. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A plug for upper end of an organ pipe. TAMPOE Tam"poe, n. (Bot.) Defn: The edible fruit of an East Indian tree (Baccaurea Malayana) of the Spurge family. It somewhat resembles an apple. TAMPON Tam"pon, n. Etym: [F. See Tampion.] (Surg.) Defn: A plug introduced into a natural or artificial cavity of the body in order to arrest hemorrhage, or for the application of medicine. TAMPON Tam"pon, v. t. (Surg.) Defn: To plug with a tampon. TAMPOON Tam"poon, n. Etym: [See Tampion.] Defn: The stopper of a barrel; a bung. TAM-'-SHANTER Tam`-o'-shan"ter, n. [So named after Tam o'Shanter, a character in Burns's poem of the same name.] Defn: A kind of Scotch cap of wool, worsted, or the like, having a round, flattish top much wider than the band which fits the head, and usually having a tassel in the center. TAM-TAM Tam"-tam`, n. Etym: [Hind.; of imitative origin.] (Mus.) (a) A kind of drum used in the East Indies and other Oriental countries; -- called also tom-tom. (b) A gong. See Gong, n., 1. TAMUL Ta"mul, a. & n. Defn: Tamil. TAMWORTH Tam"worth, n. [From Tamworth, Staffordshire, England.] Defn: One of a long-established English breed of large pigs. They are red, often spotted with black, with a long snout and erect or forwardly pointed ears, and are valued as bacon producers. TAN Tan, n. Etym: [Chin.] Defn: See Picul. TAN Tan, n. Etym: [F. tan, perhaps fr. Armor. tann an oak, oak bar; or of Teutonic origin; cf. G. tanne a fir, OHG. tanna a fir, oak, MHG. tan a forest. Cf. Tawny.] 1. The bark of the oak, and some other trees, bruised and broken by a mill, for tanning hides; -- so called both before and after it has been used. Called also tan bark. 2. A yellowish-brown color, like that of tan. 3. A brown color imparted to the skin by exposure to the sun; as, hands covered with tan. Tan bed (Hort.), a bed made of tan; a bark bed. -- Tan pickle, the liquor used in tanning leather. -- Tan spud, a spud used in stripping bark for tan from trees. -- Tan stove. See Bark stove, under Bark. -- Tan vat, a vat in which hides are steeped in liquor with tan. TAN Tan, a. Defn: Of the color of tan; yellowish-brown. Black and tan. See under Black, a. TAN Tan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tanned; p. pr. & vb. n. Tanning.] Etym: [F. tanner, LL. tannare. See Tan, n.] 1. To convert (the skin of an animal) into leather, as by usual process of steeping it in an infusion of oak or some other bark, whereby it is impregnated with tannin, or tannic acid (which exists in several species of bark), and is thus rendered firm, durable, and in some degree impervious to water. Note: The essential result in tanning is due to the fact that the tannins form, with gelatins and albuminoids, a series of insoluble compounds which constitute leather. Similar results may be produced by the use of other reagents in place of tannin, as alum, and some acids or chlorides, which are employed in certain processes of tanning. 2. To make brown; to imbrown, as by exposure to the rays of the sun; as, to tan the skin. TAN Tan, v. i. Defn: To get or become tanned. TANA Ta"na, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Banxring. TANAGER Tan"a*ger, n. Etym: [NL. tanagra, probably fr. Brazilian tangara.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of bright-colored singing birds belonging to Tanagra, Piranga, and allied genera. The scarlet tanager (Piranga erythromelas) and the summer redbird (Piranga rubra) are common species of the United States. TANAGRINE Tan"a*grine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the tanagers. TANAGROID Tan"a*groid, a. Etym: [Tanager + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Tanagrine. TANATE Ta*na"te, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Asiatic wild dog (Canis procyonoides), native of Japan and adjacent countries. It has a short, bushy tail. Called also raccoon dog. TANDEM Tan"dem, adv. & a. Etym: [L. tandem at length (of time only), punningly taken as meaning, lengthwise.] Defn: One after another; -- said especially of horses harnessed and driven one before another, instead of abreast. TANDEM Tan"dem, n. Defn: A team of horses harnessed one before the other. "He drove tandems." Thackeray. Tandem engine, a compound steam engine having two or more steam cylinders in the same axis, close to one another. -- Tandem bicycle or tricycle, one for two persons in which one rider sits before the other. TANDEM CART Tan"dem cart. Defn: A kind of two-wheeled vehicle with seats back to back, the front one somewhat elevated. TANDEM ENGINE Tandem engine. Defn: A steam engine having two or more steam cylinders in line, with a common piston rod. TANDEM SYSTEM Tandem system. (Elec.) Defn: = Cascade system. TANG Tang, n. Etym: [Of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. tang seaweed, Sw. tång, Icel. þang. Cf. Tangle.] (Bot.) Defn: A coarse blackish seaweed (Fuscus nodosus). Dr. Prior. Tang sparrow (Zoöl.), the rock pipit. [Prov. Eng.] TANG Tang, n. Etym: [Probably fr. OD. tanger sharp, tart, literally, pinching; akin to E. tongs. *59. See Tong.] 1. A strong or offensive taste; especially, a taste of something extraneous to the thing itself; as, wine or cider has a tang of the cask. 2. Fig.: A sharp, specific flavor or tinge. Cf. Tang a twang. Such proceedings had a strong tang of tyranny. Fuller. A cant of philosophism, and a tang of party politics. Jeffrey. 3. Etym: [Probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. tangi a projecting point; akin to E. tongs. See Tongs.] Defn: A projecting part of an object by means of which it is secured to a handle, or to some other part; anything resembling a tongue in form or position. Specifically: -- (a) The part of a knife, fork, file, or other small instrument, which is inserted into the handle. (b) The projecting part of the breech of a musket barrel, by which the barrel is secured to the stock. (c) The part of a sword blade to which the handle is fastened. (d) The tongue of a buckle. [Prov. Eng.] TANG Tang, n. Etym: [Of imitative origin. Cf. Twang. This word has become confused with tang tatse, flavor.] Defn: A sharp, twanging sound; an unpleasant tone; a twang. TANG Tang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tanged; p. pr. & vb. n. Tanging.] Defn: To cause to ring or sound loudly; to ring. Let thy tongue tang arguments of state. Shak. To tang bees, to cause a swarm of bees to settle, by beating metal to make a din. TANG Tang, v. i. Defn: To make a ringing sound; to ring. Let thy tongue tang arguments of state. Shak. TANGALUNG Tan"ga*lung, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An East Indian civet (Viverra tangalunga). TANGELO Tan"ge*lo (tan"je*lo), n. [Tangerine + pomelo.] Defn: A hybrid between the tangerine orange and the grapefruit, or pomelo; also, the fruit. TANGENCE Tan"gence, n. Defn: Tangency. [R.] TANGENCY Tan"gen*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tangent; a contact or touching. TANGENT Tan"gent, n. Etym: [L. tangens, -entis, p.pr. of tangere to touch; akin to Gr. tangente. Cf. Attain, Contaminate, Contingent, Entire, Tact, Taste, Tax, v. t.] (Geom.) Defn: A tangent line curve, or surface; specifically, that portion of the straight line tangent to a curve that is between the point of tangency and a given line, the given line being, for example, the axis of abscissas, or a radius of a circle produced. See Trigonometrical function, under Function. Artificial, or Logarithmic, tangent, the logarithm of the natural tangent of an arc. -- Natural tangent, a decimal expressing the length of the tangent of an arc, the radius being reckoned unity. -- Tangent galvanometer (Elec.), a form of galvanometer having a circular coil and a short needle, in which the tangent of the angle of deflection of the needle is proportional to the strength of the current. -- Tangent of an angle, the natural tangent of the arc subtending or measuring the angle. -- Tangent of an arc, a right line, as ta, touching the arc of a circle at one extremity a, and terminated by a line ct, passing from the center through the other extremity o. TANGENT Tan"gent, a. Etym: [L. tangens, -entis, p.pr.] Defn: Touching; touching at a single point; specifically (Geom.) Defn: meeting a curve or surface at a point and having at that point the same direction as the curve or surface; -- said of a straight line, curve, or surface; as, a line tangent to a curve; a curve tangent to a surface; tangent surfaces. Tangent plane (Geom.), a plane which touches a surface in a point or line. -- Tangent scale (Gun.), a kind of breech sight for a cannon. -- Tangent screw (Mach.), an endless screw; a worm. TANGENTAL Tan*gen"tal, a. (Geom.) Defn: Tangential. TANGENTIAL Tan*gen"tial, a. (Geom.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a tangent; in the direction of a tangent. Tangential force (Mech.), a force which acts on a moving body in the direction of a tangent to the path of the body, its effect being to increase or diminish the velocity; -- distinguished from a normal force, which acts at right angles to the tangent and changes the direction of the motion without changing the velocity. -- Tangential stress. (Engin.) See Shear, n., 3. TANGENTIALLY Tan*gen"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In the direction of a tangent. TANGENT SPOKE Tangent spoke. Defn: A tension spoke of a bicycle or similar wheel, secured tangentially to the hub. TANGENT WHEEL Tangent wheel. (a) A worm or worm wheel; a tangent screw. (b) A wheel with tangent spokes. TANGERINE Tan"ger*ine`, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of orange, much like the mandarin, but of deeper color and higher flavor. It is said to have been produced in America from the mandarin. [Written also tangierine.] TANGFISH Tang"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common harbor seal. [Prov. Eng.] TANGHINIA Tan*ghin"i*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: The ordeal tree. See under Ordeal. TANGIBILITY Tan`gi*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tanggibilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being tangible. TANGIBLE Tan"gi*ble, a. Etym: [L. tangibilis, fr. tangere to touch: cf. F. tangible. See Tangent.] 1. Perceptible to the touch; tactile; palpable. Bacon. 2. Capable of being possessed or realized; readily apprehensible by the mind; real; substantial; evident. "A tangible blunder." Byron. Direct and tangible benefit to ourselves and others. Southey. -- Tan"gi*ble*ness, n. -- Tan"gi*bly, adv. TANGLE Tan"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tangling.] Etym: [A frequentative fr. tang seaweed; hence, to twist like seaweed. See Tang seaweed, and cf. Tangle, n.] 1. To unite or knit together confusedly; to interweave or interlock, as threads, so as to make it difficult to unravel the knot; to entangle; to ravel. 2. To involve; to insnare; to entrap; as, to be tangled in lies. "Tangled in amorous nets." Milton. When my simple weakness strays, Tangled in forbidden ways. Crashaw. TANGLE Tan"gle, v. i. Defn: To be entangled or united confusedly; to get in a tangle. TANGLE Tan"gle, n. 1. Etym: [Cf. Icel. þöngull. See Tang seaweed.] (Bot.) Defn: Any large blackish seaweed, especially the Laminaria saccharina. See Kelp. Coral and sea fan and tangle, the blooms and the palms of the ocean. C. Kingsley. 2. Etym: [From Tangle, v.] Defn: A knot of threads, or other thing, united confusedly, or so interwoven as not to be easily disengaged; a snarl; as, hair or yarn in tangles; a tangle of vines and briers. Used also figuratively. 3. pl. Defn: An instrument consisting essentiallly of an iron bar to which are attached swabs, or bundles of frayed rope, or other similar substances, -- used to capture starfishes, sea urchins, and other similar creatures living at the bottom of the sea. Blue tangle. (Bot.)See Dangleberry. -- Tangle picker (Zoöl.), the turnstone. [Prov. Eng.] TANGLEFISH Tan"gle*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sea adder, or great pipefish of Europe. TANGLINGLY Tan"gling*ly, adv. Defn: In a tangling manner. TANGLY Tan"gly, a. 1. Entangled; intricate. 2. Covered with tangle, or seaweed. Prone, helpless, on the tangly beach he lay. Falconer. TANGO Tan"go, n.; pl. Tangos (#). [Sp., a certain dance.] (a) A difficult dance in two-four time characterized by graceful posturing, frequent pointing positions, and a great variety of steps, including the cross step and turning steps. The dance is of Spanish origin, and is believed to have been in its original form a part of the fandango. (b) Any of various popular forms derived from this. TANGRAM Tan"gram, n. Etym: [Cf. Trangram.] Defn: A Chinese toy made by cutting a square of thin wood, or other suitable material, into seven pieces, as shown in the cut, these pieces being capable of combination in various ways, so as to form a great number of different figures. It is now often used in primary schools as a means of instruction. TANGUE Tangue, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The tenrec. TANGUN Tan"gun, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A piebald variety of the horse, native of Thibet. TANGWHAUP Tang"whaup, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The whimbrel. [Prov. Eng.] TANIER Tan"i*er, n. (Bot.) Defn: An aroid plant (Caladium sagittæfolium), the leaves of which are boiled and eaten in the West Indies. [Written also tannier.] TANIST Tan"ist, n. Etym: [Ir. tanaiste, tanaise, second, the second person in rank, the presumptive or apparent heir to a prince.] Defn: In Ireland, a lord or proprietor of a tract of land or of a castle, elected by a family, under the system of tanistry. This family [the O'Hanlons] were tanists of a large territory within the present county of Armagh. M. A. Lower. TANISTRY Tan"ist*ry, n. Etym: [See Tanist.] Defn: In Ireland, a tenure of family lands by which the proprietor had only a life estate, to which he was admitted by election. Note: The primitive intention seems to have been that the inheritance should descend to the oldest or most worthy of the blood and name of the deceased. This was, in reality, giving it to the strongest; and the practice often occasioned bloody feuds in families, for which reason it was abolished under James I. TANITE Ta"nite, n. Defn: A firm composition of emery and a certain kind of cement, used for making grinding wheels, slabs, etc. TANK Tank, n. Defn: A small Indian dry measure, averaging 240 grains in weight; also, a Bombay weight of 72 grains, for pearls. Simmonds. TANK Tank, n. Etym: [Pg. tanque, L. stangum a pool; or perhaps of East Indian origin. Cf. Stank, n.] Defn: A large basin or cistern; an artificial receptacle for liquids. Tank engine, a locomotive which carries the water and fuel it requires, thus dispensing with a tender. -- Tank iron, plate iron thinner than boiler plate, and thicker than sheet iron or stovepipe iron. -- Tank worm (Zoöl.), a small nematoid worm found in the water tanks of India, supposed by some to be the young of the Guinea worm. TANKA Tan"ka, n. (Naut.) Defn: A kind of boat used in Canton. It is about 25 feet long and is often rowed by women. Called also tankia. S. W. Williams. TANKAGE Tank"age, n. 1. The act or process of putting or storing in tanks. 2. Fees charged for storage in tanks. 3. The capacity or contents of a tank or tanks. 4. (Agric.) Waste matter from tanks; esp., the dried nitrogenous residue from tanks in which fat has been rendered, used as a fertilizer. TANKARD Tank"ard, n. Etym: [OF. tanquart; cf. OD. tanckaert; of uncertain origin.] Defn: A large drinking vessel, especially one with a cover. Marius was the first who drank out of a silver tankard, after the manner of Bacchus. Arbuthnot. TANKIA Tan"ki*a, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Tanka. TANKLING Tank"ling, n. Defn: A tinkling. [Obs.] TANK SHIP; TANK VESSEL Tank ship, Tank vessel . (Naut.) Defn: A vessel fitted with tanks for the carrying of oil or other liquid in bulk. TANLING Tan"ling, n. Defn: One tanned by the sun. [R.] Hot summer's tanlings and The shrinking slaves of winter. Shak. TANNABLE Tan"na*ble, a. Defn: That may be tanned. TANNAGE Tan"nage, n. Defn: A tanning; the act, operation, or result of tanning. [R.] They should have got his cheek fresh tannage. R. Browning. TANNATE Tan"nate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tannate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of tannic acid. TANNER Tan"ner, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to tan hides, or convert them into leather by the use of tan. TANNERY Tan"ner*y, n.; pl. Tanneries. Etym: [Cf. F. tannerie.] 1. A place where the work of tanning is carried on. 2. The art or process of tanning. [R.] Carlyle. TANNIC Tan"nic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to tan; derived from, or resembling, tan; as, tannic acid. Tannic acid. (Chem.) (a) An acid obtained from nutgalls as a yellow amorphous substance, C14H10O9, having an astringent taste, and forming with ferric salts a bluish-black compound, which is the basis of common ink. Called also tannin, and gallotannic acid. (b) By extension, any one of a series of astringent substances resembling tannin proper, widely diffused through the vegetable kingdom, as in oak bark, willow, catechu, tea, coffee, etc. TANNIER Tan"ni*er, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Tanier. TANNIGEN Tan"ni*gen, n. [Tannin + -gen.] (Pharm.) Defn: A compound obtained as a yellowish gray powder by the action of acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride or ordinary tannic acid. It is used as an intestinal astringent, and locally in rhinitis and pharyngitis. TANNIN Tan"nin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tannin.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Tannic acid, under Tannic. TANNING Tan"ning, n. Defn: The art or process of converting skins into leather. See Tan, v. t., 1. TANREC Tan"rec, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tenrec. TANSY Tan"sy, n. Etym: [OE. tansaye, F. tanaise; cf. It. & Sp. tanaceto, NL. tanacetum, Pg. atanasia, athanasia, Gr. 'aqanasi`a immortality, fr. 'aqa`natos immortal; 'a priv. + qa`natos death.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the composite genus Tanacetum. The common tansy (T. vulgare) has finely divided leaves, a strong aromatic odor, and a very bitter taste. It is used for medicinal and culinary purposes. 2. A dish common in the seventeenth century, made of eggs, sugar, rose water, cream, and the juice of herbs, baked with butter in a shallow dish. [Obs.] Pepys. Double tansy (Bot.), a variety of the common tansy with the leaves more dissected than usual. -- Tansy mustard (Bot.), a plant (Sisymbrium canescens) of the Mustard family, with tansylike leaves. TANT Tant, n. Etym: [Cf. Taint tincture.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small scarlet arachnid. TANTALATE Tan"ta*late, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of tantalic acid. TANTALIC Tan*tal"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to tantalum; derived from, or containing, tantalum; specifically, designating any one of a series of acids analogous to nitric acid and the polyacid compounds of phosphorus. TANTALISM Tan"ta*lism, n. Etym: [See Tantalize.] Defn: A punishment like that of Tantalus; a teasing or tormenting by the hope or near approach of good which is not attainable; tantalization. Addison. Is not such a provision like tantalism to this people Josiah Quincy. TANTALITE Tan"ta*lite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tantalite.] (Min.) Defn: A heavy mineral of an iron-black color and submetallic luster. It is essentially a tantalate of iron. TANTALIZATION Tan`ta*li*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of tantalizing, or state of being tantalized. Gayton. TANTALIZE Tan"ta*lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tantalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Tantalizing.] Etym: [From Tantalus: cf. F. tantaliser.] Defn: To tease or torment by presenting some good to the view and exciting desire, but continually frustrating the expectations by keeping that good out of reach; to tease; to torment. Thy vain desires, at strife Within themselves, have tantalized thy life. Dryden. Syn. -- To tease; vex; irritate; provoke. -- Tantalize, Disappoint. To disappoint is literally to do away with what was (or was taken to be) appointed; hence the peculiar pain from hopes thus dashed to the ground. To tantalize, a much stronger term, describes a most distressing form of disappointment, as in the case of Tantalus, the Phrygian king. To tantalize is to visit with the bitterest disappointment -- to torment by exciting hopes or expectations which can never be realized. TANTALIZER Tan"ta*li`zer, n. Defn: One who tantalizes. TANTALIZINGLY Tan"ta*li`zing*ly, adv. Defn: In a tantalizing or teasing manner. TANTALUM Tan"ta*lum, n. Etym: [NL. So named on account of the perplexity and difficulty encounterd by its discoverer (Ekeberg) in isolating it. See Tantalus.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare nonmetallic element found in certain minerals, as tantalite, samarskite, and fergusonite, and isolated as a dark powder which becomes steel-gray by burnishing. Symbol Ta. Atomic weight 182.0. Formerly called also tantalium. TANTALUS Tan"ta*lus, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. Ta`ntalos.] (Gr. Myth.) 1. A Phrygian king who was punished in the lower world by being placed in the midst of a lake whose waters reached to his chin but receded whenever he attempted to allay his thirst, while over his head hung branches laden with choice fruit which likewise receded whenever he stretched out his hand to grasp them. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of wading birds comprising the wood ibises. Tantalus's cup (Physics), a philosophical toy, consisting of a cup, within which is the figure of a man, and within the figure a siphon, the longer arm of which passes down through the bottom of the cup, and allows the escape of any liquid that may be poured in, when it reaches as high as the bend of the siphon, which is just below the level of the mouth of the figure in the cup. TANTAMOUNT Tan"ta*mount`, a. Etym: [F. tant so much (L. tantus) + E. amount.] Defn: Equivalent in value, signification, or effect. A usage nearly tantamount to constitutional right. Hallam. The certainty that delay, under these circumstances, was tantamount to ruin. De Quincey. TANTAMOUNT Tan"ta*mount`, v. i. Defn: To be tantamount or equivalent; to amount. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. TANTIVY Tan*tiv"y, adv. Etym: [Said to be from the note of a hunting horn.] Defn: Swiftly; speedily; rapidly; -- a fox-hunting term; as, to ride tantivy. TANTIVY Tan*tiv"y, n. Defn: A rapid, violent gallop; an impetulous rush. Cleverland. TANTIVY Tan*tiv"y, v. i. Defn: To go away in haste. [Colloq.] TANTRA Tan"tra (tan"tra; tun"-), n. [Skr.] (Hinduism) Defn: A ceremonial treatise related to Puranic and magic literature; esp., one of the sacred works of the worshipers of Sakti. -- Tan"tric (-trik), a. TANTRISM Tan"trism, n. Defn: The system of doctrines and rites taught in the tantras. -- Tan"trist (#), n. TANTRUM Tan"trum, n. Defn: A whim, or burst of ill-humor; an affected air. [Colloq.] Thackeray. TANYARD Tan"yard`, n. Defn: An inclosure where the tanning of leather is carried on; a tannery. TANYSTOMATA Tan`y*stom"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of dipterous insects in which the proboscis is large and contains lancelike mandibles and maxillæ. The horseflies and robber flies are examples. TAOISM Ta"o*ism, n. Defn: One of the popular religions of China, sanctioned by the state. -- Ta"o*ist, a. & n. TAOTAI Tao`tai", n. [Chin. tao circuit + t'ai, a title of respect.] Defn: In China, an official at the head of the civil and military affairs of a circuit, which consists of two or more fu, or territorial departments; --called also, by foreigners, intendant of circuit. Foreign consuls and commissioners associated with taotais as superintendants of trade at the treaty ports are ranked with the taotai. TAP Tap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Tapping.] Etym: [F. taper to strike; of Teutonic origin; cf. dial. G. tapp, tapps, a blow, tappe a paw, fist, G. tappen to grope.] 1. To strike with a slight or gentle blow; to touch gently; to rap lightly; to pat; as, to tap one with the hand or a cane. 2. To put a new sole or heel on; as, to tap shoes. TAP Tap, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tape. See Tap to strike.] 1. A gentle or slight blow; a light rap; a pat. Addison. 2. A piece of leather fastened upon the bottom of a boot or shoe in repairing or renewing the sole or heel. 3. pl. (Mil.) Defn: A signal, by drum or trumpet, for extinguishing all lights in soldiers' quarters and retiring to bed, -- usually given about a quarter of an hour after tattoo. Wilhelm. TAP Tap, v. i. Defn: To strike a gentle blow. TAP Tap, n. Etym: [AS. tæppa, akin to D. tap, G. zapfen, OHG. zapfo, Dan. tap, Sw. tapp, Icel. tappi. Cf. Tampion, Tip.] 1. A hole or pipe through which liquor is drawn. 2. A plug or spile for stopping a hole pierced in a cask, or the like; a faucet. 3. Liquor drawn through a tap; hence, a certain kind or quality of liquor; as, a liquor of the same tap. [Colloq.] 4. A place where liquor is drawn for drinking; a taproom; a bar. [Colloq.] 5. (Mech.) Defn: A tool for forming an internal screw, as in a nut, consisting of a hardened steel male screw grooved longitudinally so as to have cutting edges. On tap. (a) Ready to be drawn; as, ale on tap. (b) Broached, or furnished with a tap; as, a barrel on tap. -- Plug tap (Mech.), a screw-cutting tap with a slightly tapering end. -- Tap bolt, a bolt with a head on one end and a thread on the other end, to be screwed into some fixed part, instead of passing through the part and receiving a nut. See Illust. under Bolt. -- Tap cinder (Metal.), the slag of a puddling furnace. TAP Tap, v. t. 1. To pierce so as to let out, or draw off, a fluid; as, to tap a cask, a tree, a tumor, etc. 2. Hence, to draw from (anything) in any analogous way; as, to tap telegraph wires for the purpose of intercepting information; to tap the treasury. 3. To draw, or cause to flow, by piercing. Shak. He has been tapping his liquors. Addison. 4. (Mech.) Defn: To form an internal screw in (anything) by means of a tool called a tap; as, to tap a nut. TAPA Ta"pa, n. Defn: A kind of cloth prepared by the Polynesians from the inner bark of the paper mulberry; -- sometimes called also kapa. TAPADERA; TAPADERO Tap`a*de"ra, Tap`a*de"ro, n. [Also tapidero.] [Sp. tapadera lid, cover.] Defn: One of the leather hoods which cover the stirrups of a Mexican saddle. TAPAYAXIN Ta`pa*yax"in, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A Mexican spinous lizard (Phrynosoma orbiculare) having a head somewhat like that of a toad; -- called also horned toad. TAPE Tape, n. Etym: [AS. tæppe a fillet. Cf. Tapestry, Tippet.] 1. A narrow fillet or band of cotton or linen; a narrow woven fabric used for strings and the like; as, curtains tied with tape. 2. A tapeline; also, a metallic ribbon so marked as to serve as a tapeline; as, a steel tape. Red tape. See under Red. -- Tape grass (Bot.), a plant (Vallisneria spiralis) with long ribbonlike leaves, growing in fresh or brackish water; -- called also fresh-water eelgrass, and, in Maryland, wild celery. -- Tape needle. See Bodkin, n., 4. TAPELINE Tape"line`, n. Defn: A painted tape, marked with linear dimensions, as inches, feet, etc., and often inclosed in a case, -- used for measuring. TAPER Ta"per, n. Etym: [AS. tapur, tapor, taper; cf. Ir. tapar, W. tampr.] 1. A small wax candle; a small lighted wax candle; hence, a small light. Get me a taper in my study, Lucius. Shak. 2. A tapering form; gradual diminution of thickness in an elongated object; as, the taper of a spire. TAPER Ta"per, a. Etym: [Supposed to be from taper, n., in allusion to its form.] Defn: Regularly narrowed toward the point; becoming small toward one end; conical; pyramidical; as, taper fingers. TAPER Ta"per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tapered; p. pr. & vb. n. Tapering.] Defn: To become gradually smaller toward one end; as, a sugar loaf tapers toward one end. TAPER Ta"per, v. t. Defn: To make or cause to taper. TAPERED Ta"pered, a. Defn: Lighted with a taper or tapers; as, a tapered choir. [R.] T. Warton. TAPERING Ta"per*ing, a. Defn: Becoming gradually smaller toward one end. -- Ta"per*ing*ly, adv. TAPERNESS Ta"per*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being taper; tapering form; taper. Shenstone. TAPESTRY Tap"es*try, n.; pl. Tapestries. Etym: [F. tapissere, fr. tapisser to carpet, to hang, or cover with tapestry, fr. tapis a carpet, carpeting, LL. tapecius, fr. L. tapete carpet, tapestry, Gr. Tapis, Tippet.] Defn: A fabric, usually of worsted, worked upon a warp of linen or other thread by hand, the designs being usually more or less pictorial and the stuff employed for wall hangings and the like. The term is also applied to different kinds of embroidery. Tapestry carpet, a kind of carpet, somewhat resembling Brussels, in which the warp is printed before weaving, so as to produce the figure in the cloth. -- Tapestry moth. (Zoöl.) Same as Carpet moth, under Carpet. TAPESTRY Tap"es*try, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tapestried; p. pr. & vb. n. Tapestrying.] Defn: To adorn with tapestry, or as with tapestry. The Trosachs wound, as now, between gigantic walls of rock tapestried with broom and wild roses. Macaulay. TAPESTRY BEETLE Tap"es*try bee"tle. Defn: A small black dermestoid beetle (Attagenus piceus) whose larva feeds on tapestry, carpets, silk, fur, flour, and various other goods. TAPET Tap"et, n. Etym: [L. tapete. See Tapestry.] Defn: Worked or figured stuff; tapestry. [R.] Spenser. TAPETI Tap"e*ti, n.; pl. Tapetis. Etym: [Braz.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small South American hare (Lepus Braziliensis). TAPETUM Ta*pe"tum, n. Etym: [NL., from L. tapete a carpet, a tapestry.] (Anat.) Defn: An area in the pigmented layer of the choroid coat of the eye in many animals, which has an iridescent or metallic luster and helps to make the eye visible in the dark. Sometimes applied to the whole layer of pigmented epithelium of the choroid. TAPEWORM Tape"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of cestode worms belonging to Tænia and many allied genera. The body is long, flat, and composed of numerous segments or proglottids varying in shape, those toward the end of the body being much larger and longer than the anterior ones, and containing the fully developed sexual organs. The head is small, destitute of a mouth, but furnished with two or more suckers (which vary greatly in shape in different genera), and sometimes, also, with hooks for adhesion to the walls of the intestines of the animals in which they are parasitic. The larvæ (see Cysticercus) live in the flesh of various creatures, and when swallowed by another animal of the right species develop into the mature tapeworm in its intestine. See Illustration in Appendix. Note: Three species are common parasites of man: the pork tapeworm (Tænia solium), the larva of which is found in pork; the beef tapeworm (T. mediocanellata), the larva of which lives in the flesh of young cattle; and the broad tapeworm (Bothriocephalus latus) which is found chiefly in the inhabitants of the mountainous regions of Europe and Asia. See also Echinococcus, Cysticercus, Proglottis, and 2d Measles, 4. TAPHOUSE Tap"house`, n. Defn: A house where liquors are retailed. TAPHRENCHYMA Taph*ren"chy*ma, n. Etym: [Gr. enchyma, as in parenchyma.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Bothrenchyma. TAPINAGE Tap"i*nage, n. Etym: [See Tapish.] Defn: A lurking or skulking. [Obs.] Gower. TAPIOCA Tap`i*o"ca, n. Etym: [Braz. tapioka: cf. Pg., Sp. & F. tapioca.] Defn: A coarsely granular substance obtained by heating, and thus partly changing, the moistened starch obtained from the roots of the cassava. It is much used in puddings and as a thickening for soups. See Cassava. TAPIR Ta"pir, n. Etym: [Braz. tapy'ra: cf. F. tapir.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of large odd-toed ungulates belonging to Tapirus, Elasmognathus, and allied genera. They have a long prehensile upper lip, short ears, short and stout legs, a short, thick tail, and short, close hair. They have three toes on the hind feet, and four toes on the fore feet, but the outermost toe is of little use. Note: The best-known species are the Indian tapir (Tapirus Indicus), native of the East Indies and Malacca, which is black with a broad band of white around the middle, and the common American tapir (T. Americanus), which, when adult, is dull brown. Several others species inhabit the Andes and Central America. Tapir tiger (Zoöl.), the wallah. TAPIROID Ta"pir*oid, a. Etym: [Tapir + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Allied to the tapir, or the Tapir family. TAPIS Ta"pis, n. Etym: [F. See Tapestry.] Defn: Tapestry; formerly, the cover of a council table. On, or Upon, the tapis, on the table, or under consideration; as, to lay a motion in Parliament on the tapis. TAPIS Tap"is, v. t. Defn: To cover or work with figures like tapestry. [R.] Holland. TAPISER Tap"is*er, n. Etym: [F. tapissier.] Defn: A maker of tapestry; an upholsterer. [R.] Chaucer. TAPISH Tap"ish, v. i. Etym: [F. se tapir to squat.] Defn: To lie close to the ground, so as to be concealed; to squat; to crouch; hence, to hide one's self. [Written also tappis, tappish, tappice.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] As a hound that, having roused a hart, Although he tappish ne'er so soft. Chapman. TAPLASH Tap"lash`, n. Defn: Bad small beer; also, the refuse or dregs of liquor. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] The taplash of strong ale and wine. Taylor (1630). TAPLINGS Tap"lings, n. pl. Defn: The strong double leathers by which the two parts of a flail are united. Halliwell. TAPOA TAFA Ta*po"a ta"fa. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small carnivorous marsupial (Phascogale penicillata) having long, soft fur, and a very long tail with a tuft of long hairs at the end; -- called also brush-tailed phascogale. TAPPEN Tap"pen, n. Defn: An obstruction, or indigestible mass, found in the intestine of bears and other animals during hibernation. TAPPER Tap"per, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopus minor); -- called also tapperer, tabberer, little wood pie, barred woodpecker, wood tapper, hickwall, and pump borer. [Prov. Eng.] TAPPESTER Tap"pes*ter, n. Etym: [See Tapster.] Defn: A female tapster. [Obs.] Chaucer. TAPPET Tap"pet, n. (Mach.) Defn: A lever or projection moved by some other piece, as a cam, or intended to tap or touch something else, with a view to produce change or regulate motion. G. Francis. Tappet motion, a valve motion worked by tappets from a reciprocating part, without an eccentric or cam, -- used in steam pumps, etc. TAPPET ROD Tap"pet rod. (Mech.) Defn: A rod carrying a tappet or tappets, as one for closing the valves in a Cornish pumping engine. TAPPICE; TAPPIS Tap"pice, Tap"pis, v. i. Defn: See Tapish. TAPPIT HEN Tap"pit hen`. 1. A hen having a tuft of feathers on her head. [Scot.] Jamieson. 2. A measuring pot holding one quart (according to some, three quarts); -- so called from a knob on the lid, though to resemble a crested hen. [Scot.] Jamieson. TAPPOON Tap*poon", n. [Sp. tampón a stopper.] (Irrigation) Defn: A piece of wood or sheet metal fitted into a ditch to dam up the water so as to overflow a field. [U. S.] TAPROOM Tap"room`, n. Defn: A room where liquors are kept on tap; a barroom. The ambassador was put one night into a miserable taproom, full of soldiers smoking. Macaulay. TAPROOT Tap"root`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The root of a plant which penetrates the earth directly downward to a considerable depth without dividing. TAPSTER Tap"ster, n. Etym: [AS. tæppestre a female tapster. See Tap a plug, pipe, and -ster.] Defn: One whose business is to tap or draw ale or other liquor. TAQUA-NUT Ta"qua-nut`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A Central American name for the ivory nut. TAR Tar, n. Etym: [Abbrev. from tarpaulin.] Defn: A sailor; a seaman. [Colloq.] Swift. TAR Tar, n. Etym: [OE. terre, tarre, AS. teru, teoru; akin to D. teer, G. teer, theer, Icel. tjara, Sw. tjära, Dan. tiære, and to E. tree. *63. See Tree.] Defn: A thick, black, viscous liquid obtained by the distillation of wood, coal, etc., and having a varied composition according to the temperature and material employed in obtaining it. Coal tar. See in the Vocabulary. -- Mineral tar (Min.), a kind of soft native bitumen. -- Tar board, a strong quality of millboard made from junk and old tarred rope. Knight. -- Tar water. (a) A cold infusion of tar in water, used as a medicine. (b) The ammoniacal water of gas works. -- Wood tar, tar obtained from wood. It is usually obtained by the distillation of the wood of the pine, spruce, or fir, and is used in varnishes, cements, and to render ropes, oakum, etc., impervious to water. TAR Tar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tarred; p. pr. & vb. n. Tarring.] Defn: To smear with tar, or as with tar; as, to tar ropes; to tar cloth. To tar and feather a person. See under Feather, v. t. TARANIS Tar"a*nis, n. Etym: [L. taranis, from the Celtic; cf. W. & Corn. taran thunder.] (Myth.) Defn: A Celtic divinity, regarded as the evil principle, but confounded by the Romans with Jupiter. TARANTASS Tar`an*tass", n. Etym: [Russ. tarantas'.] Defn: A low four-wheeled carriage used in Russia. The carriage box rests on two long, springy poles which run from the fore to the hind axletree. When snow falls, the wheels are taken off, and the body is mounted on a sledge. TARANTELLA Tar`an*tel"la, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) (a) A rapid and delirious sort of Neapolitan dance in 6-8 time, which moves in whirling triplets; -- so called from a popular notion of its being a remedy against the poisonous bite of the tarantula. Some derive its name from Taranto in Apulia. (b) Music suited to such a dance. TARANTISM Tar"ant*ism, n. Etym: [It. tarantismo: cf. F. tarentisme. See Tarantula.] (Med.) Defn: A nervous affection producing melancholy, stupor, and an uncontrollable desire to dance. It was supposed to be produced by the bite of the tarantula, and considered to be incapable of cure except by protraced dancing to appropriate music. [Written also tarentism.] TARANTULA Ta*ran"tu*la, n.; pl. E. Tarantulas, L. Tarantulæ. Etym: [NL., fr. It. tarantola, fr. L. Tarentum, now Taranto, in the south of Italy.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of large spiders, popularly supposed to be very venomous, especially the European species (Tarantula apuliæ). The tarantulas of Texas and adjacent countries are large species of Mygale. [Written also tarentula.] Tarantula killer, a very large wasp (Pompilus formosus), which captures the Texan tarantula (Mygale Hentzii) and places it in its nest as food for its young, after paralyzing it by a sting. TARANTULATED Ta*ran"tu*la`ted, a. Defn: Bitten by a tarantula; affected with tarantism. TARBOGAN Tar*bog"an, n. & v. Defn: See Toboggan. TARBOOSH Tar*boosh", n. Etym: [Ar. tarb; perhaps from Per. sar-posh headdress: cf. F. tarbouch.] Defn: A red cap worn by Turks and other Eastern nations, sometimes alone and sometimes swathed with linen or other stuff to make a turban. See Fez. TARDATION Tar*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. tardatio, fr. tardare, tardatum, to retard, delay, fr. tardus slow.] Defn: The act of retarding, or delaying; retardation. [Obs.] TARDIGRADA Tar`di*gra"da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Tardigrade, a.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of edentates comprising the sloths. They are noted for the slowness of their movements when on the ground. See Sloth, 3. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of minute aquatic arachnids; -- called also bear animalcules, sloth animalcules, and water bears. TARDIGRADE Tar"di*grade, a. Etym: [L. tardigradus; tardus slow + gradi to step: cf. F. tardigrade.] 1. Moving or stepping slowly; slow-paced. [R.] G. Eliot. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Tardigrada. TARDIGRADE Tar"di*grade, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Tardigrada. TARDIGRADOUS Tar"di*gra`dous, a. Defn: Moving slowly; slow-paced. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. TARDILY Tar"di*ly, adv. Defn: In a tardy manner; slowly. TARDINESS Tar"di*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tardy. TARDITATION Tar`di*ta"tion, n. Defn: Tardiness. [Obs.] To instruct them to avoid all snares of tarditation, in the Lord's affairs. Herrick. TARDITY Tar"di*ty, n. Etym: [L. tarditas.] Defn: Slowness; tardiness. [R.] Sir K. Digby. TARDO Tar"do, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Slow; -- a direction to perform a passage slowly. TARDO Tar"do, n. Etym: [Sp., slow, L. tardus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A sloth. TARDY Tar"dy, a. [Compar. Tardier; superl. Tardiest.] Etym: [F. tardif, fr. (assumed) LL. tardivus, fr. L. tardus slow.] 1. Moving with a slow pace or motion; slow; not swift. And check the tardy flight of time. Sandys. Tardy to vengeance, and with mercy brave. Prior. 2. Not being inseason; late; dilatory; -- opposed to prompt; as, to be tardy in one's payments. Arbuthnot. The tardy plants in our cold orchards placed. Waller. 3. Unwary; unready. [Obs.] Hudibras. 4. Criminal; guilty. [Obs.] Collier. Syn. -- Slow; dilatory; tedious; reluctant. See Slow. TARDY Tar"dy, v. t. Defn: To make tardy. [Obs.] Shak. TARE Tare, obs. imp. of Tear. Defn: Tore. TARE Tare, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. tare brisk, eager, OE. tarefitch the wild vetch.] 1. A weed that grows among wheat and other grain; -- alleged by modern naturalists to be the Lolium temulentum, or darnel. Didst not thou sow good seed in thy field From whence then hath it tares Matt. xiii. 27. The "darnel" is said to be the tares of Scripture, and is the only deleterious species belonging to the whole order. Baird. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A name of several climbing or diffuse leguminous herbs of the genus Vicia; especially, the V. sativa, sometimes grown for fodder. TARE Tare, n. Etym: [F. tare; cf. Pr., Sp., Pg., & It. tara; all fr. Ar. tarah thrown away, removed, fr. taraha to reject, remove.] (Com.) Defn: Deficientcy in the weight or quantity of goods by reason of the weight of the cask, bag, or whatever contains the commodity, and is weighed with it; hence, the allowance or abatement of a certain weight or quantity which the seller makes to the buyer on account of the weight of such cask, bag, etc. TARE Tare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tared; p. pr. & vb. n. Taring.] Defn: To ascertain or mark the tare of (goods). TARED Tared, a. (Chem.) Defn: Weighed; determined; reduced to equal or standard weight; as, tared filter papers, used in weighing precipitates. TARENTE Ta*ren"te, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tarente.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A harmless lizard of the Gecko family (Platydactylus Mauritianicus) found in Southern Europe and adjacent countries, especially among old walls and ruins. TARENTISM Tar"ent*ism, n. Defn: See Tarantism. TARENTULA Ta*ren"tu*la, n. Defn: See Tarantula. TARGE Targe, n. Etym: [F. Cf. Target.] Defn: A shield or target. [Obs. or Poetic] "A buckler on a targe." Chaucer. TARGET Tar"get, n. Etym: [OF. targette, dim. of OF. & F. targe, of Teutonic origin; cf. AS. targe, OD. targie, G. zarge a frame, case, border, OHG. zarga, Icel. targa shield.] 1. A kind of small shield or buckler, used as a defensive weapon in war. 2. (a) A butt or mark to shoot at, as for practice, or to test the accuracy of a firearm, or the force of a projectile. (b) The pattern or arrangement of a series of hits made by a marksman on a butt or mark; as, he made a good target. 3. (Surveying) Defn: The sliding crosspiece, or vane, on a leveling staff. 4. (Railroad) Defn: A conspicuous disk attached to a switch lever to show its position, or for use as a signal. TARGETED Tar"get*ed, a. Defn: Furnished, armed, or protected, with a target. TARGETEER Tar`get*eer", n. Defn: One who is armed with a target or shield. [Written also targetier.] TARGUM Tar"gum, n.; pl. Targums. Heb. Targumim. Etym: [Chald. targum interpretation, fr. targem to interpret. Cf. Truchman, and Dragoman.] Defn: A translation or paraphrase of some portion of the Old Testament Scriptures in the Chaldee or Aramaic language or dialect. TARGUMIST Tar"gum*ist, n. Defn: The writer of a Targum; one versed in the Targums. TARIFF Tar"iff, n. Etym: [F. tarif; cf. Sp. & Pg. tarifa, It. tariffa; all fr. Ar. ta'rif information, explanation, definition, from 'arafa, to know, to inform, explain.] 1. A schedule, system, or scheme of duties imposed by the government of a country upon goods imported or exported; as, a revenue tariff; a protective tariff; Clay's compromise tariff. (U.S. 1833). Note: The United States and Great Britain impose no duties on exports; hence, in these countries the tariff refers only to imports. 2. The duty, or rate of duty, so imposed; as, the tariff on wool; a tariff of two cents a pound. 3. Any schedule or system of rates, changes, etc.; as, a tariff of fees, or of railroad fares. Bolingbroke. TARIFF Tar"iff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tariffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tariffing.] Defn: To make a list of duties on, as goods. TARIN Tar"in, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The siskin. [Prov.] TARING Tar"ing, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common tern; -- called also tarret, and tarrock. [Prov. Eng.] TARLATAN Tar"la*tan, n. Defn: A kind of thin, transparent muslin, used for dresses. TARN Tarn, n. Etym: [OE. terne, Icel. tjörn.] Defn: A mountain lake or pool. A lofty precipice in front, A silent tarn below. Wordsworth. TARNISH Tar"nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tarnished; p. pr. & vb. n. Tarnishing.] Etym: [F. ternir, fr. OHG. tarnen to darken, to conceal, hide; akin to OS. dernian to hide, AS. dernan, dyrnan, OHG. tarni hidden, OS. derni, AS. derne, dyrne. Cf. Dern, a., and see -ish.] Defn: To soil, or change the appearance of, especially by an alternation induced by the air, or by dust, or the like; to diminish, dull, or destroy the luster of; to sully; as, to tarnish a metal; to tarnish gilding; to tarnish the purity of color. "Tarnished lace." Fuller. Used also figuratively; as, to tarnish one's honor. Syn. -- To sully; stain; dim. TARNISH Tar"nish, v. i. Defn: To lose luster; to become dull; as, gilding will tarnish in a foul air. Till thy fresh glories, which now shine so bright, Grow stale and tarnish with our daily sight. Dryden. TARNISH Tar"nish, n. 1. The quality or state of being tarnished; stain; soil; blemish. 2. (Min.) Defn: A thin film on the surface of a metal, usually due to a slight alteration of the original color; as, the steel tarnish in columbite. TARNISHER Tar"nish*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, tarnishes. TARO Ta"ro, n. Etym: [From the Polynesian name.] (Bot.) Defn: A name for several aroid plants (Colocasia antiquorum, var. esculenta, Colocasia macrorhiza, etc.), and their rootstocks. They have large ovate-sagittate leaves and large fleshy rootstocks, which are cooked and used for food in tropical countries. TAROT Tar"ot, n. Etym: [F.; cf. It. tarocco.] Defn: A game of cards; -- called also taroc. Hoyle. TARPAN Tar"pan, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A wild horse found in the region of the Caspian Sea. TARPAULIN Tar*pau"lin, n. Etym: [Tar + palling a covering, pall to cover. See Pall a covering.] 1. A piece of canvas covered with tar or a waterproof composition, used for covering the hatches of a ship, hammocks, boats, etc. 2. A hat made of, or covered with, painted or tarred cloth, worn by sailors and others. 3. Hence, a sailor; a seaman; a tar. To a landsman, these tarpaulins, as they were called, seemed a strange and half-savage race. Macaulay. TARPEIAN Tar*pe"ian, a. [L. Tarpeius, prop., pertaining to Tarpeia.] Defn: Pertaining to or designating a rock or peak of the Capitoline hill, Rome, from which condemned criminals were hurled. TARPON Tar"pon, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tarpum. TARPUM Tar"pum, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large marine fish (Megapolis Atlanticus) of the Southern United States and the West Indies. It often becomes six or more feet in length, and has large silvery scales. The scales are a staple article of trade, and are used in fancywork. Called also tarpon, sabalo, savanilla, silverfish, and jewfish. TARQUINISH Tar"quin*ish, a. Defn: Like a Tarquin, a king of ancient Rome; proud; haughty; overbearing. TARRACE Tar"race, n. Defn: See Trass. [Obs.] TARRAGON Tar"ra*gon, n. Etym: [Sp. taragona, Ar. tarkh; perhaps fr. Gr. draco; cf. L. dracunculus tarragon. Cf. Dragon.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Artemisa (A. dracunculus), much used in France for flavoring vinegar. TARRAS Tar"ras, n. Defn: See Trass. [Obs.] TARRE Tarre, v. t. Etym: [OE. tarien, terien, to irritate, provoke, AS. tergan to pull, pluck, torment; probably akin to E. tear, v.t. *63. Cf. Tarry, v.] Defn: To set on, as a dog; to incite. [Obs.] Shak. TARRIANCE Tar"ri*ance, n. Defn: The act or time of tarrying; delay; lateness. [Archaic] Shak. And after two days' tarriance there, returned. Tennyson. TARRIER Tar"ri*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, tarries. TARRIER Tar"ri*er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of dig; a terrier. [Obs.] TARROCK Tar"rock, n. Etym: [Greenland tattarock.] (Zoöl.) (a) The young of the kittiwake gull before the first molt. (b) The common guillemot. [Prov. Eng.] (c) The common tern. TARRY Tar"ry, a. Etym: [From Tar, n.] Defn: Consisting of, or covered with, tar; like tar. TARRY Tar"ry, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tarried; p. pr. & vb. n. Tarrying.] Etym: [OE. tarien to irritate (see Tarre); but with a change of sense probably due to confusion with OE. targen to delay, OF. targier, fr. (assumed) LL. tardicare, fr. L. tardare to make slow, to tarry, fr. tardus slow. Cf. Tardy.] 1. To stay or remain behind; to wait. Tarry ye for us, until we come again. Ex. xxiv. 14. 2. To delay; to put off going or coming; to loiter. Come down unto me, tarry not. Gen. xic. 9. One tarried here, there hurried one. Emerson. 3. To stay; to abide; to continue; to lodge. Tarry all night, and wash your feet. Gen. xix. 2. Syn. -- To abide; continue; lodge; await; loiter. TARRY Tar"ry, v. t. 1. To delay; to defer; to put off. [Obs.] Tarry us here no longer than to-morrow. Chaucer. 2. To wait for; to stay or stop for. [Archaic] He that will have a cake out of the wheat must needs tarry the grinding. Shak. He plodded on, . . . tarrying no further question. Sir W. Scott. TARRY Tar"ry, n. Defn: Stay; stop; delay. [Obs.] E. Lodge. TARSAL Tar"sal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the tarsus (either of the foot or eye). -- n. Defn: A tarsal bone or cartilage; a tarsale. Tarsal tetter (Med.), an eruptive disease of the edges of the eyelids; a kind of bleareye. TARSAL Tar"sal, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tercel. [Obs.] TARSALE Tar*sa"le, n.; pl. Tarsalia. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the bones or cartilages of the tarsus; esp., one of the series articulating with the metatarsals. TARSE Tarse, n. Etym: [Cf. Tassel, Tiercel.] (Falconry) Defn: The male falcon. TARSE Tarse, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tarse.] (Anat.) Defn: tarsus. TARSECTOMY Tar*sec"to*my, n. Etym: [Tarsus + Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of excising one or more of the bones of the tarsus. TARSEL Tar"sel, n. Defn: A male hawk. See Tercel. [Obs.] TARSI Tar"si, n., Defn: pl. of Tarsus. TARSIA; TARSIATURA Tar"si*a, Tar`si*a*tu"ra, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A kind of mosaic in woodwork, much employed in Italy in the fifteenth century and later, in which scrolls and arabesques, and sometimes architectural scenes, landscapes, fruits, flowers, and the like, were produced by inlaying pieces of wood of different colors and shades into panels usually of walnut wood. TARSIER Tar"si*er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tarsier.] Defn: See Tarsius. TARSIUS Tar"si*us, n. Etym: [NL. See Tarsus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of nocturnal lemurine mammals having very large eyes and ears, a long tail, and very long proximal tarsal bones; -- called also malmag, spectral lemur, podji, and tarsier. TARSO- Tar"so-. Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the tarsus; as, tarsometatarsus. TARSOMETATARSAL Tar`so*met`a*tar"sal, a. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to both the tarsus and metatarsus; as, the tarsometatarsal articulations. (b) Of or pertaining to the tarsometatarsus. TARSOMETATARSUS Tar`so*met`a*tar"sus, n.; pl. Tarsometatarsi. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: The large bone next the foot in the leg of a bird. It is formed by the union of the distal part of the tarsus with the metatarsus. TARSORRHAPHY Tar*sor"rha*phy, n. Etym: [Tarsus + Gr. (Surg.) Defn: An operation to diminish the size of the opening between eyelids when enlarged by surrounding cicatrices. TARSOTOMY Tar*sot"o*my, n. Etym: [Tarsus + Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of cutting or removing the tarsal cartilages. TARSUS Tar"sus, n.; pl. Tarsi. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Tarse.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The ankle; the bones or cartilages of the part of the foot between the metatarsus and the leg, consisting in man of seven short bones. (b) A plate of dense connective tissue or cartilage in the eyelid of man and many animals; -- called also tarsal cartilage, and tarsal plate. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The foot of an insect or a crustacean. It usually consists of form two to five joints. TART Tart, a. Etym: [AS. teart. *63. Cf. Tear, v. t.] 1. Sharp to the taste; acid; sour; as, a tart apple. 2. Fig.: Sharp; keen; severe; as, a tart reply; tart language; a tart rebuke. Why art thou tart, my brother Bunyan. TART Tart, n. Etym: [OE. tarte, F. tarte; perhaps originally the same word as tourte, LL. torta, fr. L. tortus, p.p. of torquere to twist, bend, wind, because tarts were originally made of a twisted shape. Cf. Torture, n.] Defn: A species of small open pie, or piece of pastry, containing jelly or conserve; a sort of fruit pie. TARTAN Tar"tan, n. Etym: [F. tiretane linsey-woolsey, akin to Sp. tiritaña a sort of thin silk; cf. Sp. tiritar to shiver or shake with cold.] Defn: Woolen cloth, checkered or crossbarred with narrow bands of various colors, much worn in the Highlands of Scotland; hence, any pattern of tartan; also, other material of a similar pattern. MacCullummore's heart will be as cold as death can make it, when it does not warm to the tartan. Sir W. Scott. The sight of the tartan inflamed the populace of London with hatred. Macaulay. TARTAN Tar"tan, n. Etym: [F. tartane, or Sp., Pg., or It. tartana; all perhaps of Arabic origin.] (Naut.) Defn: A small coasting vessel, used in the Mediterranean, having one mast carrying large leteen sail, and a bowsprit with staysail or jib. TARTAR Tar"tar, n. Etym: [F. tartre (cf. Pr. tartari, Sp., Pg., & It. tartaro, LL. tartarum, LGr. 1. (Chem.) Defn: A reddish crust or sediment in wine casks, consisting essentially of crude cream of tartar, and used in marking pure cream of tartar, tartaric acid, potassium carbonate, black flux, etc., and, in dyeing, as a mordant for woolen goods; -- called also argol, wine stone, etc. 2. A correction which often incrusts the teeth, consisting of salivary mucus, animal matter, and phosphate of lime. Cream of tartar. (Chem.) See under Cream. -- Tartar emetic (Med. Chem.), a double tartrate of potassium and basic antimony. It is a poisonous white crystalline substance having a sweetish metallic taste, and used in medicine as a sudorific and emetic. TARTAR Tar"tar, n. 1. Etym: [Per. Tatar, of Tartar origin.] Defn: A native or inhabitant of Tartary in Asia; a member of any one of numerous tribes, chiefly Moslem, of Turkish origin, inhabiting the Russian Europe; -- written also, more correctly but less usually, Tatar. 2. A person of a keen, irritable temper. To catch a tartar, to lay hold of, or encounter, a person who proves too strong for the assailant. [Colloq.] TARTAR Tar"tar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Tartary in Asia, or the Tartars. TARTAR Tar"tar, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tartare.] Defn: See Tartarus. Shak. TARTARATED Tar"tar*a`ted, a. (Chem.) Defn: Tartrated. TARTAREAN; TARTAREOUS Tar*ta"re*an, Tar*ta"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. tartareus: cf. F. tartaréen.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Tartarus; hellish. TARTAREOUS Tar*ta"re*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. 1st Tartarous.] 1. Consisting of tartar; of the nature of tartar. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having the surface rough and crumbling; as, many lichens are tartareous. TARTARIAN; TARTARIC Tar*ta"ri*an, Tar*tar"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Tartary in Asia, or the Tartars. Tartarian lamb (Bot.), Scythian lamb. See Barometz. TARTARIAN Tar*ta"ri*an, n. (Bot.) Defn: The name of some kinds of cherries, as the Black Tartarian, or the White Tartarian. TARTARIC Tar*tar"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to tartar; derived from, or resembling, tartar. Tartaric acid. (a) An acid widely diffused throughout the vegetable kingdom, as in grapes, mountain-ash berries, etc., and obtained from tartar as a white crystalline substance, C2H2(OH)2.(CO2H)2, having a strong pure acid taste. It is used in medicine, in dyeing, calico printing, photography, etc., and also as a substitute for lemon juice. Called also dextro-tartaric acid. (b) By extension, any one of the series of isomeric acids (racemic acid, levotartaric acid, inactive tartaric acid) of which tartaric acid proper is the type. TARTARINE Tar"tar*ine, n. (Old Chem.) Defn: Potassium carbonate, obtained by the incineration of tartar. [Obs.] TARTARIZE Tar"tar*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tartarized; p. pr. & vb. n. Tartarizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. tartariser.] (Chem.) Defn: To impregnate with, or subject to the action of, tartar. [R.] Tartarized antimony (Med. Chem.), tartar emetic. TARTARIZE Tar"tar*ize, v. t. Defn: To cause to resemble the Tartars and their civilization, as by conquest. TARTAROUS Tar"tar*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tartareux.] Defn: Containing tartar; consisting of tartar, or partaking of its qualities; tartareous. TARTAROUS Tar"tar*ous, a. Defn: Resembling, or characteristic of, a Tartar; ill-natured; irritable. The Tartarous moods of common men. B. Jonson. TARTARUM Tar"ta*rum, n. (Chem.) Defn: See 1st Tartar. TARTARUS Tar"ta*rus, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The infernal regions, described in the Iliad as situated as far below Hades as heaven is above the earth, and by later writers as the place of punishment for the spirits of the wicked. By the later poets, also, the name is often used synonymously with Hades, or the Lower World in general. TARTARY Tar"ta*ry, n. Defn: Tartarus. [Obs.] Spenser. TARTINI'S TONES Tar*ti"ni's tones`. Etym: [From Tartini, an Italian violinist, who discovered them in 1754.] Defn: See the Note under Tone. TARTISH Tart"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat tart. TARTLET Tart"let, n. Defn: A small tart. V. Knox. TARTLY Tart"ly, adv. Defn: In a tart manner; with acidity. TARTNESS Tart"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tart. Syn. -- Acrimony; sourness; keenness; poignancy; severity; asperity; acerbity; harshness. See Acrimony. TARTRALIC Tar*tral"ic, a. Etym: [From Tartar the chemical compound.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained as a white amorphous deliquescent substance, C8H10O11; -- called also ditartaric, tartrilic, or tartrylic acid. TARTRAMATE Tar*tram"ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of tartramic acid. TARTRAMIC Tar*tram"ic, a. Etym: [Tarto- + amic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid which is the primary acid amide derivative of tartaric acid. TARTRAMIDE Tar*tram"ide, n. Etym: [Tarto- + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: An acid amide derivative of tartaric acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance. TARTRATE Tar"trate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tartrate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of tartaric acid. TARTRATED Tar"tra`ted, a. (Med. Chem.) Defn: Containing, or derived from, tartar; combined with tartaric acid. TARTRAZINE Tar"tra*zine, n. Etym: [Tartaric + hydrazine.] (Chem.) Defn: An artificial dyestuff obtained as an orange-yellow powder, and regarded as a phenyl hydrazine derivative of tartaric and sulphonic acids. TARTRELIC Tar*trel"ic, a. Etym: [From Tartar the chemical compound.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an anhydride, C4H4O5, of tartaric acid, obtained as a white crystalline deliquescent substance. TARTRO- Tar"tro-. Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively) used in chemistry to denote the presence of tartar or of some of its compounds or derivatives. TARTRONATE Tar"tro*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of tartronic acid. TARTRONIC Tar*tron"ic, a. Etym: [Tartro- + malonic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid (called also hydroxy malonic acid) obtained, by reducing mesoxalic acid, as a white crystalline substance. TARTRONYL Tar"tro*nyl, n. Etym: [Tartronic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical radical constituting the characteristic residue of tartronic acid and certain of its derivatives. TARTROVINIC Tar`tro*vin"ic, a. Etym: [Tartro- + vinic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a certain acid composed of tartaric acid in combination with ethyl, and now called ethyltartaric acid. TARTUFFE; TARTUFE Tar*tuffe", Tar*tufe", n. Etym: [F. tartufe.] Defn: A hypocritical devotee. See the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. TARTUFFISH; TARTUFISH Tar*tuff"ish, Tar*tuf"ish, a. Defn: Like a tartuffe; precise; hypocritical. Sterne. TARWEED Tar"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several resinous-glandular composite plants of California, esp. to the species of Grindelia, Hemizonia, and Madia. TAS Tas, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A heap. [Obs.] "The tas of bodies slain." Chaucer. TAS Tas, v. t. Defn: To tassel. [Obs.] "A purse of leather tassed with silk." Chaucer. TASCO Tas"co, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. tasconio.] Defn: A kind of clay for making melting pots. Percy Smith. TASIMER Ta*sim"er, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for detecting or measuring minute extension or movements of solid bodies. It consists essentially of a small rod, disk, or button of carbon, forming part of an electrical circuit, the resistance of which, being varied by the changes of pressure produced by the movements of the object to be measured, causes variations in the strength of the current, which variations are indicated by a sensitive galvanometer. It is also used for measuring minute changes of temperature. T. A. Edison. TASK Task, n. Etym: [OE. taske, OF. tasque, F. tâche, for tasche, LL. tasca, taxa, fr. L. taxare to rate, appraise, estimate. See Tax, n. & v.] 1. Labor or study imposed by another, often in a definite quantity or amount. Ma task of servile toil. Milton. Each morning sees some task begin, Each evening sees it close. Longfellow. 2. Business; employment; undertaking; labor. His mental powers were equal to greater tasks. Atterbury. To take to task. See under Take. Syn. -- Work; labor; employment; business; toil; drudgery; study; lesson; stint. TASK Task, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tasked; p. pr. & vb. n. Tasking.] 1. To impose a task upon; to assign a definite amount of business, labor, or duty to. There task thy maids, and exercise the loom. Dryden. 2. To oppress with severe or excessive burdens; to tax. 3. To charge; to tax; as with a fault. Too impudent to task me with those errors. Beau. & Fl. TASKER Task"er, n. 1. One who imposes a task. 2. One who performs a task, as a day-laborer. [R.] 3. A laborer who receives his wages in kind. [Scot.] TASKMASTER Task"mas`ter, n. Defn: One who imposes a task, or burdens another with labor; one whose duty is to assign tasks; an overseer. Ex. i. 11. All is, if I have grace to use it so, As ever in my great Taskmaster's eye. Milton. TASK WAGE Task wage. (Polit. Econ.) Defn: A wage paid by the day, or some fixed period, on condition that a minimum task be performed. When the workman is paid in proportion for excess over the minimum, the wage is one for piece-work. TASKWORK Task"work`, n. Defn: Work done as a task; also, work done by the job; piecework. TASLET Tas"let, n. Etym: [See Tasse a piece of armor.] Defn: A piece of armor formerly worn to guard the things; a tasse. TASMANIAN Tas*ma"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Tasmania, or Van Diemen's Land. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Tasmania; specifically (Ethnol.), in the plural, the race of men that formerly inhabited Tasmania, but is now extinct. Tasmanain cider tree. (Bot.) See the Note under Eucalyptus. -- Tasmanain devil. (Zoöl.) See under Devil. -- Tasmanain wolf (Zoöl.), a savage carnivorous marsupial; -- called also zebra wolf. See Zebra wolf, under Wolf. TASSE Tasse, n. Etym: [OF. tassette.] Defn: A piece of armor for the thighs, forming an appendage to the ancient corselet. Note: Usually the tasse was a plate of iron swinging from the cuirass, but the skirts of sliding splints were also called by this name. TASSEL Tas"sel, n. (Falconry) Defn: A male hawk. See Tercel. TASSEL Tas"sel, n. Etym: [See Teasel.] Defn: A kind of bur used in dressing cloth; a teasel. TASSEL Tas"sel, n. Etym: [OE., a fastening of a mantle, OF. tassel a fastening, clasp, F. tasseau a bracket, Fr. L. taxillus a little die, dim. of talus a die of a longish shape, rounded on two sides and marked only on the other four, a knuckle bone.] 1. A pendent ornament, attached to the corners of cushions, to curtains, and the like, ending in a tuft of loose threads or cords. 2. The flower or head of some plants, esp. when pendent. And the maize field grew and ripened, Till it stood in all the splendor Of its garments green and yellow, Of its tassels and its plumage. Longfellow. 3. A narrow silk ribbon, or the like, sewed to a book to be put between the leaves. 4. (Arch.) Defn: A piece of board that is laid upon a wall as a sort of plate, to give a level surface to the ends of floor timbers; -- rarely used in the United States. Tassel flower (Bot.), a name of several composite plants of the genus Cineraria, especially the C. sconchifolia, and of the blossoms which they bear. TASSEL Tas"sel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tasseled or Tasselled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tasseling or Tasselling.] Defn: To put forth a tassel or flower; as, maize tassels. TASSEL Tas"sel, v. t. Defn: To adorn with tassels. Chaucer. TASSET Tas"set, n. Etym: [See Tasse.] Defn: A defense for the front of the thigh, consisting of one or more iron plates hanging from the belt on the lower edge of the corselet. TASTABLE Tast"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of worthy of being tasted; savory; relishing. TASTE Taste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Tasting.] Etym: [OE. tasten to feel, to taste, OF. taster, F. tater to feel, to try by the touch, to try, to taste, (assumed) LL. taxitare, fr. L. taxare to touch sharply, to estimate. See Tax, v. t.] 1. To try by the touch; to handle; as, to taste a bow. [Obs.] Chapman. Taste it well and stone thou shalt it find. Chaucer. 2. To try by the touch of the tongue; to perceive the relish or flavor of (anything) by taking a small quantity into a mouth. Also used figuratively. When the ruler of the feast had tasted the water that was made wine. John ii. 9. When Commodus had once tasted human blood, he became incapable of pity or remorse. Gibbon. 3. To try by eating a little; to eat a small quantity of. I tasted a little of this honey. 1 Sam. xiv. 29. 4. To become acquainted with by actual trial; to essay; to experience; to undergo. He . . . should taste death for every man. Heb. ii. 9. 5. To partake of; to participate in; -- usually with an implied sense of relish or pleasure. Thou . . . wilt taste No pleasure, though in pleasure, solitary. Milton. TASTE Taste, v. i. 1. To try food with the mouth; to eat or drink a little only; to try the flavor of anything; as, to taste of each kind of wine. 2. To have a smack; to excite a particular sensation, by which the specific quality or flavor is distinguished; to have a particular quality or character; as, this water tastes brackish; the milk tastes of garlic. Yea, every idle, nice, and wanton reason Shall to the king taste of this action. Shak. 3. To take sparingly. For age but tastes of pleasures, youth devours. Dryden. 4. To have perception, experience, or enjoyment; to partake; as, to taste of nature's bounty. Waller. The valiant never taste of death but once. Shak. TASTE Taste, n. 1. The act of tasting; gustation. 2. A particular sensation excited by the application of a substance to the tongue; the quality or savor of any substance as perceived by means of the tongue; flavor; as, the taste of an orange or an apple; a bitter taste; an acid taste; a sweet taste. 3. (Physiol.) Defn: The one of the five senses by which certain properties of bodies (called their taste, savor, flavor) are ascertained by contact with the organs of taste. Note: Taste depends mainly on the contact of soluble matter with the terminal organs (connected with branches of the glossopharyngeal and other nerves) in the papillæ on the surface of the tongue. The base of the tongue is considered most sensitive to bitter substances, the point to sweet and acid substances. 4. Intellectual relish; liking; fondness; -- formerly with of, now with for; as, he had no taste for study. I have no taste Of popular applause. Dryden. 5. The power of perceiving and relishing excellence in human performances; the faculty of discerning beauty, order, congruity, proportion, symmetry, or whatever constitutes excellence, particularly in the fine arts and belles-letters; critical judgment; discernment. 6. Manner, with respect to what is pleasing, refined, or in accordance with good usage; style; as, music composed in good taste; an epitaph in bad taste. 7. Essay; trial; experience; experiment. Shak. 8. A small portion given as a specimen; a little piece tastted of eaten; a bit. Bacon. 9. A kind of narrow and thin silk ribbon. Syn. -- Savor; relish; flavor; sensibility; gout. -- Taste, Sensibility, Judgment. Some consider taste as a mere sensibility, and others as a simple exercise of judgment; but a union of both is requisite to the existence of anything which deserves the name. An original sense of the beautiful is just as necessary to æsthetic judgments, as a sense of right and wrong to the formation of any just conclusions or moral subjects. But this "sense of the beautiful" is not an arbitrary principle. It is under the guidance of reason; it grows in delicacy and correctness with the progress of the individual and of society at large; it has its laws, which are seated in the nature of man; and it is in the development of these laws that we find the true "standard of taste." What, then, is taste, but those internal powers, Active and strong, and feelingly alive To each fine impulse a discerning sense Of decent and sublime, with quick disgust From things deformed, or disarranged, or gross In species This, nor gems, nor stores of gold, Nor purple state, nor culture, can bestow, But God alone, when first his active hand Imprints the secret bias of the soul. Akenside. Taste of buds, or Taste of goblets (Anat.), the flask-shaped end organs of taste in the epithelium of the tongue. They are made up of modified epithelial cells arranged somewhat like leaves in a bud. TASTEFUL Taste"ful, a. 1. Having a high relish; savory. "Tasteful herbs." Pope. 2. Having or exhibiting good taste; in accordance with good taste; tasty; as, a tasteful drapery. -- Taste"ful*ly, adv. -- Taste"ful*ness, n. TASTELESS Taste"less, a. 1. Having no taste; insipid; flat; as, tasteless fruit. 2. Destitute of the sense of taste; or of good taste; as, a tasteless age. Orrery. 3. Not in accordance with good taste; as, a tasteless arrangement of drapery. -- Taste"less*ly, adv. -- Taste"less*ness, n. TASTER Tast"er, n. 1. One who tastes; especially, one who first tastes food or drink to ascertain its quality. Thy tutor be thy taster, ere thou eat. Dryden. 2. That in which, or by which, anything is tasted, as, a dram cup, a cheese taster, or the like. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a peculiar kind of zooids situated on the polyp-stem of certain Siphonophora. They somewhat resemble the feeding zooids, but are destitute of mouths. See Siphonophora. TASTILY Tast"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a tasty manner. TASTING Tast"ing, n. Defn: The act of perceiving or tasting by the organs of taste; the faculty or sense by which we perceive or distinguish savors. TASTO Tas"to, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A key or thing touched to produce a tone. Tasto solo, single touch; -- in old music, a direction denoting that the notes in the bass over or under which it is written should be performed alone, or with no other chords than unisons and octaves. TASTY Tast"y, a. [Compar. Tastier; superl. Tastiest.] 1. Having a good taste; -- applied to persons; as, a tasty woman. See Taste, n., 5. 2. Being in conformity to the principles of good taste; elegant; as, tasty furniture; a tasty dress. TAT Tat, n. Etym: [Hind. tat.] Defn: Gunny cloth made from the fiber of the Corchorus olitorius, or jute. [India] TAT Tat, n. Etym: [Hind. tatt.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A pony. [India] TATAUPA Ta*tau"pa, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American tinamou (Crypturus tataupa). TATCH Tatch, n. Etym: [F. tache spot. See Techy.] Defn: A spot or stain; also, a trick. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. TATH Tath, obs. Defn: 3d pers. sing. pres. of Ta, to take. TATH Tath, n. Etym: [Prov. E.; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. ta dung, ta the grass of a manured pasture, te to manure. *58. Cf. Ted.] 1. Dung, or droppings of cattle. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 2. The luxuriant grass growing about the droppings of cattle in a pasture. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] TATH Tath, v. t. Defn: To manure (land) by pasturing cattle on it, or causing them to lie upon it. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] TATOU Ta*tou", n. Etym: [Cf. Tatouay.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The giant armadillo (Priodontes gigas) of tropical South America. It becomes nearly five feet long including the tail. It is noted for its burrowing powers, feeds largely upon dead animals, and sometimes invades human graves. TATOUAY Tat"ou*ay, n. Etym: [Of Brazilian origin; cf. Pg. tatu, F. tatou.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An armadillo (Xenurus unicinctus), native of the tropical parts of South America. It has about thirteen movable bands composed of small, nearly square, scales. The head is long; the tail is round and tapered, and nearly destitute of scales; the claws of the fore feet are very large. Called also tatouary, and broad-banded armadillo. TATOUHOU Tat"ou*hou, n. Etym: [Cf. Tatouay.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The peba. TATT Tatt, v. t. & i. Defn: To make (anything) by tatting; to work at tatting; as, tatted edging. TATTA Tat"ta, n. Etym: [Hind. , tati.] Defn: A bamboo frame or trellis hung at a door or window of a house, over which water is suffered to trickle, in order to moisten and cool the air as it enters. [India] TATTER Tat"ter, n. Defn: One who makes tatting. Caulfield & S. (Doct. of Needlework). TATTER Tat"ter, n. Etym: [Icel. tötur, töttur, pl. tötrar, ; cf. Norw. totra, pl. totror, LG. taltern tatters. *240.] Defn: A rag, or a part torn and hanging; -- chiefly used in the plural. Tear a passion to tatters, to very rags. Shak. TATTER Tat"ter, v. t. [p. p. Tattered.] Defn: To rend or tear into rags; -- used chiefly in the past participle as an adjective. Where waved the tattered ensigns of Ragfair. Pope. TATTERDEMALION Tat`ter*de*mal"ion, n. Etym: [Tatter + OF. desmaillier to break the meshes of, to tear: cf. OF. maillon long clothes, swadding clothes, F. maillot. See Tatter, and Mail armor.] Defn: A ragged fellow; a ragamuffin. L'Estrange. TATTERSALL'S Tat"ter*sall's, n. Defn: A famous horse market in London, established in 1766 by Richard Tattersall, also used as the headquarters of credit betting on English horse races; hence, a large horse market elsewhere. TATTING Tat"ting, n. Defn: A kind of lace made from common sewing thread, with a peculiar stitch. Tatting shuttle, the shuttle on which the thread used in tatting is wound. TATTLE Tat"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tattled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tattling.] Etym: [Akin to OE. tateren, LG. tateln, D. tateren to stammer, and perhaps to E. titter.] 1. To prate; to talk idly; to use many words with little meaning; to chat. The tattling quality of age, which is always narrative. Dryden. 2. To tell tales; to communicate secrets; to be a talebearer; as, a tattling girl. TATTLE Tat"tle, n. Defn: Idle talk or chat; trifling talk; prate. [They] told the tattle of the day. Swift. TATTLER Tat"tler, n. 1. One who tattles; an idle talker; one who tells tales. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of large, long-legged sandpipers belonging to the genus Totanus. Note: The common American species are the greater tattler, or telltale (T. melanoleucus), the smaller tattler, or lesser yellowlegs (T. flavipes), the solitary tattler (T. solitarius), and the semipalmated tattler, or willet. The first two are called also telltale, telltale spine, telltale tattler, yellowlegs, yellowshanks, and yelper. TATTLERY Tat"tler*y, n. Defn: Idle talk or chat; tittle-tattle. TATTLING Tat"tling, a. Defn: Given to idle talk; apt to tell tales. -- Tat"tling*ly, adv. TATTOO Tat*too", n. Etym: [Earlier taptoo, D. taptoe; tap a tap, faucet + toe to, shut (i. e., the taps, or drinking houses, shut from the soldiers).] (Mil.) Defn: A beat of drum, or sound of a trumpet or bugle, at night, giving notice to soldiers to retreat, or to repair to their quarters in garrison, or to their tents in camp. The Devil's tattoo. See under Devil. TATTOO Tat*too", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tattooed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tattooing.] Etym: [Of Polynesian origin; cf. New Zealand ta to tattoo, tatu puncturation (in Otaheite).] Defn: To color, as the flesh, by pricking in coloring matter, so as to form marks or figures which can not be washed out. TATTOO Tat*too", n.; pl. Tattoos (. Defn: An indelible mark or figure made by puncturing the skin and introducing some pigment into the punctures; -- a mode of ornamentation practiced by various barbarous races, both in ancient and modern times, and also by some among civilized nations, especially by sailors. TATTY Tat"ty, n.; pl. Tatties (#). [Hind. tsatstsi.] Defn: A mat or screen of fibers, as of the kuskus grass, hung at a door or window and kept wet to moisten and cool the air as it enters. [India] TATU Ta*tu", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tatou. TATUSIID Ta*tu"si*id, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any armadillo of the family Tatusiidæ, of which the peba and mule armadillo are examples. Also used adjectively. TAU Tau, n. Etym: [Gr. tay^ the letter t (English T).] (Zoöl.) Defn: The common American toadfish; -- so called from a marking resembling the Greek letter tau (t). Tau cross. See Illust. 6, of Cross. TAUGHT Taught, a. Defn: See Taut. Totten. TAUGHT Taught, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Teach. Etym: [AS. imp. tæhte, p.p. getæht.] Note: See Teach. TAUNT Taunt, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. tant so great, F. tant so much, L. tantus of such size, so great, so much.] (Naut.) Defn: Very high or tall; as, a ship with taunt masts. Totten. TAUNT Taunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Taunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Taunting.] Etym: [Earlier, to tease; probably fr. OF. tanter to tempt, to try, for tenter. See Tempt.] Defn: To reproach with severe or insulting words; to revile; to upbraid; to jeer at; to flout. When I had at my pleasure taunted her. Shak. Syn. -- To deride; ridicule; mock; jeer; flout; revile. See Deride. TAUNT Taunt, n. Defn: Upbraiding language; bitter or sarcastic reproach; insulting invective. With scoffs, and scorns, and contemelious taunts. Shak. With sacrilegious taunt and impious jest. Prior. TAUNTER Taunt"er, n. Defn: One who taunts. TAUNTING Taunt"ing, a. & n. Defn: from Taunt, v. Every kind of insolent and taunting reflection. Burke. TAUNTINGLY Taunt"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a taunting manner. TAUNTRESS Taunt"ress, n. Defn: A woman who taunts. TAUPIE; TAWPIE Tau"pie, Taw"pie, n. [Cf. Icel. topi fool, Dan. taabe, Sw. tåp.] Defn: A foolish or thoughtless young person, esp. a slothful or slovenly woman. [Scot.] Burns. TAUR Taur, n. Etym: [L. Taurus.] Defn: The constellation Taurus. [Obs.] Chaucer. TAURICORNOUS Tau`ri*cor"nous, a. Etym: [L. tauricornis; taurus a bull + cornu a horn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having horns like those of a bull. Sir T. Browne. TAURID Tau"rid, n. [Taurus + 1st -id.] (Astron.) Defn: Any of a group of meteors appearing November 20-23; -- so called because they appear to radiate from a point in Taurus. TAURIDOR Tau`ri*dor", n. Etym: [See Toreador.] Defn: A bull Sir W. Scott. TAURIFORM Tau"ri*form, a. Etym: [L. tauriformis; taurus a bull + -form: cf. F. tauriforme.] Defn: Having the form of a bull. TAURINE Tau"rine, a. Etym: [L. taurinus, fr. taurus a bull. See Taurus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the genus Taurus, or cattle. TAURINE Tau"rine, n. Etym: [So named because it was discovered in the bile of the ox. See Taurus.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A body occurring in small quantity in the juices of muscle, in the lungs, and elsewhere, but especially in the bile, where it is found as a component part of taurocholic acid, from which it can be prepared by decomposition of the acid. It crystallizes in colorless, regular six-sided prisms, and is especially characterized by containing both nitrogen and sulphur, being chemically amido- isethionic acid, C TAUROCHOLATE Tau`ro*cho"late, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A salt of taurocholic acid; as, sodium taurocholate, which occurs in human bile. TAUROCHOLIC Tau`ro*chol"ic, a. Etym: [Taurine + cholic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a conjugate acid (called taurocholic acid) composed of taurine and cholic acid, present abundantly in human bile and in that of carnivora. It is exceedingly deliquescent, and hence appears generally as a thick, gummy mass, easily soluble in water and alcohol. It has a bitter taste. TAUROCOL; TAUROCOLLA Tau"ro*col, Tau`ro*col"la, n. Etym: [NL. taurocolla, fr. Gr. taurocolle.] Defn: Glue made from a bull's hide. TAUROMACHIAN Tau`ro*ma"chi*an, a. Etym: [See Tauromachy.] Defn: Of or pertaining to bullfights. -- n. Defn: A bullfighter. TAUROMACHY Tau*rom"a*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Bullfighting. TAURUS Tau"rus, n. Etym: [L., akin to Gr. steer. See Steer a young ox.] 1. (Astron.) (a) The Bull; the second in order of the twelve signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 20th of April; -- marked thus [taurus] in almanacs. (b) A zodiacal constellation, containing the well-known clusters called the Pleiades and the Hyades, in the latter of which is situated the remarkably bright Aldebaran. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of ruminants comprising the common domestic cattle. TAURYLIC Tau*ryl"ic, a. Etym: [L. taurus a bull + E. phenylic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid found of a urine of neat cattle, and probably identical with cresol. TAUT Taut, a. Etym: [Dan. tæt; akin to E. tight. See Tight.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: Tight; stretched; not slack; -- said esp. of a rope that is tightly strained. 2. Sung; close; firm; secure. Taut hand (Naut.), a sailor's term for an officer who is severe in discipline. TAUTAUG Tau*taug", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tautog. TAUTEGORICAL Tau`te*gor"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Allegory.] Defn: Expressing the same thing with different words; -- opposed to allegorical. [R.] Coleridge. TAUTOCHRONE Tau"to*chrone, n. Etym: [Gr. tautochrone.] (Math.) Defn: A curved line, such that a heavy body, descending along it by the action of gravity, will always arrive at the lowest point in the same time, wherever in the curve it may begin to fall; as, an inverted cycloid with its base horizontal is a tautochrone. TAUTOCHRONOUS Tau*toch"ro*nous, a. (Math.) Defn: Occupying the same time; pertaining to, or having the properties of, a tautochrone. TAUTOG Tau*tog", n. Etym: [The pl. of taut, the American Indian name, translated by Roger Williams sheep's heads, and written by him tautaúog.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An edible labroid fish (Haitula onitis, or Tautoga onitis) of the Atlantic coast of the United States. When adult it is nearly black, more or less irregularly barred, with greenish gray. Called also blackfish, oyster fish, salt-water chub, and moll. [Written also tautaug.] TAUTOLOGIC Tau`to*log"ic, a. Defn: Tautological. TAUTOLOGICAL Tau`to*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tautologique.] Defn: Involving tautology; having the same signification; as, tautological expression. -- Tau`to*log"ic*al*ly, adv. Tautological echo, an echo that repeats the same sound or syllable many times. TAUTOLOGIST Tau*tol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who uses tautological words or phrases. TAUTOLOGIZE Tau*tol"o*gize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tautologized; p. pr. & vb. n. Tautologizing.] Defn: To repeat the same thing in different words. TAUTOLOGOUS Tau*tol"o*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Repeating the same thing in different words; tautological. [R.] Tooke. TAUTOLOGY Tau*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. tautologia, Gr. tautologie.] (Rhet.) Defn: A repetition of the same meaning in different words; needless repetition of an idea in different words or phrases; a representation of anything as the cause, condition, or consequence of itself, as in the following lines: -- The dawn is overcast, the morning lowers, And heavily in clouds brings on the day. Addison. Syn. -- Repetition. -- Tautology, Repetition. There may be frequent repetitions (as in legal instruments) which are warranted either by necessity or convenience; but tautology is always a fault, being a sameness of expression which adds nothing to the sense or the sound. TAUTOMERIC Tau`to*mer"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Relating to, or characterized by, tautomerism. TAUTOMERISM Tau*tom"er*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: The condition, quality, or relation of metameric substances, or their respective derivatives, which are more or less interchangeable, according as one form or the other is the more stable. It is a special case of metamerism; thus, the lactam and the lactim compounds exhibit tautomerism. TAUTOOUSIAN; TAUTOOUSIOUS Tau`to*ou"si*an, Tau`to*ou"si*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having the same essence; being identically of the same nature. [R.] Cudworth. TAUTOPHONICAL Tau`to*phon"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, tautophony; repeating the same sound. TAUTOPHONY Tau*toph"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Repetition of the same sound. TAUTOZONAL Tau`to*zon"al, a. Etym: [Gr. zonal.] (Crystallog.) Defn: Belonging to the same zone; as, tautozonal planes. TAVERN Tav"ern, n. Etym: [OE. taverne, F. taverne, from L. taberna a hut, booth, tavern. Cf. Table, Tabernacle.] Defn: A public house where travelers and other transient guests are accomodated with rooms and meals; an inn; a hotel; especially, in modern times, a public house licensed to sell liquor in small quantities. TAVERNER Tav"ern*er, n. Etym: [F. tavernier, L. tabernarius.] Defn: One who keeps a tavern. Chaucer. Camden. TAVERNING Tav"ern*ing, n. Defn: A feasting at taverns. [Obs.] "The misrule of our tavernings." Bp. Hall. TAVERNMAN Tav"ern*man, n.; pl. Tavernmen (. Defn: The keeper of a tavern; also, a tippler. [Obs.] TAW Taw, n. Defn: Tow. [Obs.] Chaucer. TAW Taw, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Tew to tow, Tow, v. t.] Defn: To push; to tug; to tow. [Obs.] Drayton. TAW Taw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tawing.] Etym: [OE. tawen, tewen, AS. tawian to prepare; cf. D. touwen, Goth. tewa order, taujan to do, and E. tool. *64. Cf. 1st Tew, Tow the coarse part of flax.] 1. To prepare or dress, as hemp, by beating; to tew; hence, to beat; to scourge. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 2. To dress and prepare, as the skins of sheep, lambs, goats, and kids, for gloves, and the like, by imbuing them with alum, salt, and other agents, for softening and bleaching them. TAW Taw, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. taw instrument.] 1. A large marble to be played with; also, a game at marbles. 2. A line or mark from which the players begin a game of marbles. [Colloq. U.S.] TAWDRILY Taw"dri*ly, adv. Defn: In a tawdry manner. TAWDRINESS Taw"dri*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being tawdry. A clumsy person makes his ungracefulness more ungraceful by tawdriness of dress. Richardson. TAWDRY Taw"dry, a. [Compar. Tawdrier; superl. Tawdriest.] Etym: [Said to be corrupted from Saint Audrey, or Auldrey, meaning Saint Ethelreda, implying therefore, originally, bought at the fair of St. Audrey, where laces and gay toys of all sorts were sold. This fair was held in Isle Ely, and probably at other places, on the day of the saint, which was the 17th of October.] 1. Bought at the festival of St. Audrey. [Obs.] And gird in your waist, For more fineness, with a tawdry lace. Spenser. 2. Very fine and showy in colors, without taste or elegance; having an excess of showy ornaments without grace; cheap and gaudy; as, a tawdry dress; tawdry feathers; tawdry colors. He rails from morning to night at essenced fops and tawdry courtiers. Spectator. TAWDRY Taw"dry, n.; pl. Tawdries (. Defn: A necklace of a rural fashion, bought at St. Audrey's fair; hence, a necklace in general. [Obs.] Of which the Naiads and the blue Nereids make Them tawdries for their necks. Drayton. TAWER Taw"er, n. Defn: One who taws; a dresser of white leather. TAWERY Taw"er*y, n. Defn: A place where skins are tawed. TAWNINESS Taw"ni*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tawny. TAWNY Taw"ny, a. [Compar. Tawnier; superl. Tawniest.] Etym: [F. tanné, p.p. of tanner to tan. See Tan, v. t. & n. Cf. Tenné.] Defn: Of a dull yellowish brown color, like things tanned, or persons who are sunburnt; as, tawny Moor or Spaniard; the tawny lion. "A leopard's tawny and spotted hide." Longfellow. TAWS Taws, n. Etym: [See Taw to beat.] Defn: A leather lash, or other instrument of punishment, used by a schoolmaster. [Written also tawes, tawis, and tawse.] [Scot.] Never use the taws when a gloom can do the turn. Ramsay. TAX Tax, n. Etym: [F. taxe, fr. taxer to tax, L. taxare to touch, sharply, to feel, handle, to censure, value, estimate, fr. tangere, tactum, to touch. See Tangent, and cf. Task, Taste.] 1. A charge, especially a pecuniary burden which is imposed by authority. Specifically: -- (a) A charge or burden laid upon persons or property for the support of a government. A farmer of taxes is, of all creditors, proverbially the most rapacious. Macaulay. (b) Especially, the sum laid upon specific things, as upon polls, lands, houses, income, etc.; as, a land tax; a window tax; a tax on carriages, and the like. Note: Taxes are annual or perpetual, direct or indirect, etc. (c) A sum imposed or levied upon the members of a society to defray its expenses. 2. A task exacted from one who is under control; a contribution or service, the rendering of which is imposed upon a subject. 3. A disagreeable or burdensome duty or charge; as, a heavy tax on time or health. 4. Charge; censure. [Obs.] Clarendon. 5. A lesson to be learned; a task. [Obs.] Johnson. Tax cart, a spring cart subject to a low tax. [Eng.] Syn. -- Impost; tribute; contribution; duty; toll; rate; assessment; exaction; custom; demand. TAX Tax, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Taxed; p. pr. & vb. n. Taxing.] Etym: [Cf. F. taxer. See Tax, n.] 1. To subject to the payment of a tax or taxes; to impose a tax upon; to lay a burden upon; especially, to exact money from for the support of government. We are more heavily taxed by our idleness, pride, and folly than we are taxed by government. Franklin. 2. (Law) Defn: To assess, fix, or determine judicially, the amount of; as, to tax the cost of an action in court. 3. To charge; to accuse; also, to censure; -- often followed by with, rarely by of before an indirect object; as, to tax a man with pride. I tax you, you elements, with unkindness. Shak. Men's virtues I have commended as freely as I have taxed their crimes. Dryden. Fear not now that men should tax thine honor. M. Arnold. TAXABILITY Tax`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being taxable; taxableness. TAXABLE Tax"a*ble, a. 1. Capable of being taxed; liable by law to the assessment of taxes; as, taxable estate; taxable commodities. 2. (Law) Defn: That may be legally charged by a court against the plaintiff of defendant in a suit; as, taxable costs. -- Tax"a*ble*ness, n. -- Tax"a*bly, adv. TAXASPIDEAN Tax`as*pid"e*an, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the posterior tarsal scales, or scutella, rectangular and arranged in regular rows; -- said of certain birds. TAXATION Tax*a"tion, n. Etym: [F. taxation, L. taxatio a valuing, estimation, from L. taxare. See Tax.] 1. The act of laying a tax, or of imposing taxes, as on the subjects of a state, by government, or on the members of a corporation or company, by the proper authority; the raising of revenue; also, a system of raising revenue. 2. (Law) Defn: The act of taxing, or assessing a bill of cost. 3. Tax; sum imposed. [R.] Daniel. 4. Charge; accusation. [Obs.] Shak. TAX CERTIFICATE Tax certificate. (Law) Defn: The certificate issued to the purchaser of land at a tax sale certifying to the sale and the payment of the consideration thereof, and entitling the purchaser upon certain conditions and at a certain time thereafter to a deed or instrument of conveyance (called a tax deed) of the land, to be executed by the proper officer. TAXEL Tax"el, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American badger. TAXEOPODA Tax`e*op"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Paleon.) Defn: An order of extinct Mammalia found in the Tertiary formations. TAXER Tax"er, n. 1. One who taxes. 2. One of two officers chosen yearly to regulate the assize of bread, and to see the true gauge of weights and measures is observed. [Camb. Univ., Eng.] [Written also taxor.] TAXGATHERER Tax"gath`er*er, n. Defn: One who collects taxes or revenues. -- Tax"gath`er*ing, n. TAXIARCH Tax"i*arch, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: An Athenian military officer commanding a certain division of an army. Milford. TAXICORN Tax"i*corn, n. Etym: [L. taxus a yew + cornu a horn: cf. F. taxicorne.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a family of beetles (Taxicornes) whose antennæ are largest at the tip. Also used adjectively. TAXIDERMIC Tax`i*der"mic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. taxidermique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the art of preparing and preserving the skins of animals. TAXIDERMIST Tax"i*der`mist, n. Defn: A person skilled in taxidermy. TAXIDERMY Tax"i*der`my, n. Etym: [Gr. taxidermie. See Tactics, Tear, v. t.] Defn: The art of preparing, preserving, and mounting the skins of animals so as to represent their natural appearance, as for cabinets. TAXINE Tax"ine, n. Etym: [L. taxus a yew.] (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous alkaloid of bitter taste extracted from the leaves and seeds of the European yew (Taxus baccata). Called also taxia.C35H47NO10 TAXIS Tax"is, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Surg.) Defn: Manipulation applied to a hernial tumor, or to an intestinal obstruction, for the purpose of reducing it. Dunglison. TAXLESS Tax"less, a. Defn: Free from taxation. TAXOLOGY Tax*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] (Biol.) Defn: Same as Taxonomy. TAXONOMIC Tax`o*nom"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or involving, taxonomy, or the laws and principles of classification; classificatory. TAXONOMIST Tax*on"o*mist, n. Defn: One skilled in taxonomy. TAXONOMY Tax*on"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: That division of the natural sciences which treats of the classification of animals and plants; the laws or principles of classification. TAXOR Tax"or, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Same as Taxer, n., 2. TAXPAYER Tax"pay`er, n. Defn: One who is assessed and pays a tax. TAYLOR-WHITE PROCESS Tay"lor-White" proc`ess. (Metal.) Defn: A process (invented about 1899 by Frederick W. Taylor and Maunsel B. White) for giving toughness to self-hardening steels. The steel is heated almost to fusion, cooled to a temperature of from 700º to 850º C. in molten lead, further cooled in oil, reheated to between 370º and 670º C., and cooled in air. TAYRA Tay"ra, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American carnivore (Galera barbara) allied to the grison. The tail is long and thick. The length, including the tail, is about three feet. [Written also taira.] TAZEL Ta"zel, n. (Bot.) Defn: The teasel. [Obs.] TAZZA Taz"za, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: An ornamental cup or vase with a large, flat, shallow bowl, resting on a pedestal and often having handles. T CART T" cart`. Defn: See under T. TCHAWYTCHA Tcha*wy"tcha, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The quinnat salmon. [Local, U.S.] TCHICK Tchick, n. [Imitative.] Defn: A slight sound such as that made by pressing the tongue against the roof of the mouth and explosively sucking out the air at one side, as in urging on a horse. -- v. i. Defn: To make a tchick. T CONNECTION T connection. (Elec.) Defn: The connection of two coils diagrammatically as a letter T, chiefly used as a connection for passing transformers. When the three free ends are connected to a source of three-phase current, two-phase current may be derived from the secondary circuits. The reverse arrangement may be used to transform from two-phase. -- T"-connected, a. TEA Tea, n. Etym: [Chin. tsha, Prov. Chin. te: cf. F. thé.] 1. The prepared leaves of a shrub, or small tree (Thea, or Camellia, Chinensis). The shrub is a native of China, but has been introduced to some extent into some other countries. Note: Teas are classed as green or black, according to their color or appearance, the kinds being distinguished also by various other characteristic differences, as of taste, odor, and the like. The color, flavor, and quality are dependent upon the treatment which the leaves receive after being gathered. The leaves for green tea are heated, or roasted slightly, in shallow pans over a wood fire, almost immediately after being gathered, after which they are rolled with the hands upon a table, to free them from a portion of their moisture, and to twist them, and are then quickly dried. Those intended for black tea are spread out in the air for some time after being gathered, and then tossed about with the hands until they become soft and flaccid, when they are roasted for a few minutes, and rolled, and having then been exposed to the air for a few hours in a soft and moist state, are finally dried slowly over a charcoal fire. The operation of roasting and rolling is sometimes repeated several times, until the leaves have become of the proper color. The principal sorts of green tea are Twankay, the poorest kind; Hyson skin, the refuse of Hyson; Hyson, Imperial, and Gunpowder, fine varieties; and Young Hyson, a choice kind made from young leaves gathered early in the spring. Those of black tea are Bohea, the poorest kind; Congou; Oolong; Souchong, one of the finest varieties; and Pekoe, a fine-flavored kind, made chiefly from young spring buds. See Bohea, Congou, Gunpowder tea, under Gunpowder, Hyson, Oolong, and Souchong. K. Johnson. Tomlinson. Note: "No knowledge of . . . [tea] appears to have reached Europe till after the establishment of intercourse between Portugal and China in 1517. The Portuguese, however, did little towards the introduction of the herb into Europe, and it was not till the Dutch established themselves at Bantam early in 17th century, that these adventurers learned from the Chinese the habit of tea drinking, and brought it to Europe." Encyc. Brit. 2. A decoction or infusion of tea leaves in boiling water; as, tea is a common beverage. 3. Any infusion or decoction, especially when made of the dried leaves of plants; as, sage tea; chamomile tea; catnip tea. 4. The evening meal, at which tea is usually served; supper. Arabian tea, the leaves of Catha edulis; also (Bot.), the plant itself. See Kat. -- Assam tea, tea grown in Assam, in India, originally brought there from China about the year 1850. -- Australian, or Botany Bay, tea (Bot.), a woody clambing plant (Smilax glycyphylla). -- Brazilian tea. (a) The dried leaves of Lantana pseodothea, used in Brazil as a substitute for tea. (b) The dried leaves of Stachytarpheta mutabilis, used for adulterating tea, and also, in Austria, for preparing a beverage. -- Labrador tea. (Bot.) See under Labrador. -- New Jersey tea (Bot.), an American shrub, the leaves of which were formerly used as a substitute for tea; redroot. See Redroot. -- New Zealand tea. (Bot.) See under New Zealand. -- Oswego tea. (Bot.) See Oswego tea. -- Paraguay tea, mate. See 1st Mate. -- Tea board, a board or tray for holding a tea set. -- Tea bug (Zoöl.), an hemipterous insect which injures the tea plant by sucking the juice of the tender leaves. -- Tea caddy, a small box for holding tea. -- Tea chest, a small, square wooden case, usually lined with sheet lead or tin, in which tea is imported from China. -- Tea clam (Zoöl.), a small quahaug. [Local, U.S.] -- Tea garden, a public garden where tea and other refreshments are served. -- Tea plant (Bot.), any plant, the leaves of which are used in making a beverage by infusion; specifically, Thea Chinensis, from which the tea of commerce is obtained. -- Tea rose (Bot.), a delicate and graceful variety of the rose (Rosa Indica, var. odorata), introduced from China, and so named from its scent. Many varieties are now cultivated. -- Tea service, the appurtenances or utensils required for a tea table, -- when of silver, usually comprising only the teapot, milk pitcher, and sugar dish. -- Tea set, a tea service. -- Tea table, a table on which tea furniture is set, or at which tea is drunk. -- Tea taster, one who tests or ascertains the quality of tea by tasting. -- Tea tree (Bot.), the tea plant of China. See Tea plant, above. -- Tea urn, a vessel generally in the form of an urn or vase, for supplying hot water for steeping, or infusing, tea. TEA Tea, v. i. Defn: To take or drink tea. [Colloq.] TEABERRY Tea"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The checkerberry. TEACH Teach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Taught; p. pr. & vb. n. Teaching.] Etym: [OE. techen, imp. taughte, tahte, AS. t, imp. t, to show, teach, akin to tacn token. See Token.] 1. To impart the knowledge of; to give intelligence concerning; to impart, as knowledge before unknown, or rules for practice; to inculcate as true or important; to exhibit impressively; as, to teach arithmetic, dancing, music, or the like; to teach morals. If some men teach wicked things, it must be that others should practice them. South. 2. To direct, as an instructor; to manage, as a preceptor; to guide the studies of; to instruct; to inform; to conduct through a course of studies; as, to teach a child or a class. "He taught his disciples." Mark ix. 31. The village master taught his little school. Goldsmith. 3. To accustom; to guide; to show; to admonish. I shall myself to herbs teach you. Chaucer. They have taught their tongue to speak lies. Jer. ix. 5. Note: This verb is often used with two objects, one of the person, the other of the thing; as, he taught me Latin grammar. In the passive construction, either of these objects may be retained in the objective case, while the other becomes the subject; as, I was taught Latin grammar by him; Latin grammar was taught me by him. Syn. -- To instruct; inform; inculcate; tell; guide; counsel; admonish. See the Note under Learn. TEACH Teach, v. i. Defn: To give instruction; to follow the business, or to perform the duties, of a preceptor. And gladly would he learn, and gladly teach. Chaucer. The priests thereof teach for hire. Micah iii. 11. TEACHABLE Teach"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being taught; apt to learn; also, willing to receive instruction; docile. We ought to bring our minds free, unbiased, and teachable, to learn our religion from the Word of God. I. Watts. TEACHABLENESS Teach"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Willingness to be taught. TEACHE Teache, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. teaghaim, Gael. teasaich, to heat.] (Sugar Works) Defn: One of the series of boilers in which the cane juice is treated in making sugar; especially, the last boiler of the series. Ure. TEACHER Teach"er, n. 1. One who teaches or instructs; one whose business or occupation is to instruct others; an instructor; a tutor. 2. One who instructs others in religion; a preacher; a minister of the gospel; sometimes, one who preaches without regular ordination. The teachers in all the churches assembled. Sir W. Raleigh. TEACHING Teach"ing, n. Defn: The act or business of instructing; also, that which is taught; instruction. Syn. -- Education; instruction; breeding. See Education. TEACHLESS Teach"less, a. Defn: Not teachable. [R.] Shelley. TEACUP Tea"cup`, n. Defn: A small cup from which to drink tea. TEACUPFUL Tea"cup`ful, n.; pl. Teacupfuls (. Defn: As much as a teacup can hold; enough to fill a teacup. TEAD; TEADE Tead, Teade, n. Etym: [L. taeda, teda.] Defn: A torch. [Obs.] "A burning teade." Spenser. TEAGLE Tea"gle, n. Etym: [Cf. Tackle.] Defn: A hoisting apparatus; an elevator; a crane; a lift. [Prov. Eng.] TEAGUE Teague, n. Etym: [Cf. W. taeog, taeawg, adj., rustic, rude, n., a vassal, villain, pleasant, clown, Ir. th rural, boorish.] Defn: An Irishman; -- a term used in contempt. Johnson. TEAK Teak, n. Etym: [Malayalm tekku.] (Bot.) Defn: A tree of East Indies (Tectona grandis) which furnishes an extremely strong and durable timber highly valued for shipbuilding and other purposes; also, the timber of the tree. [Written also teek.] African teak, a tree (Oldfieldia Africana) of Sierra Leone; also, its very heavy and durable wood; -- called also African oak. -- New Zeland teak, a large tree (Vitex littoralis) of New Zeland; also, its hard, durable timber. TEAKETTLE Tea"ket`tle, n. Defn: A kettle in which water is boiled for making tea, coffee, etc. TEAL Teal, n. Etym: [OE. tele; akin to D. teling a generation, production, teal, telen to breed, produce, and E. till to cultivate. The English word probably once meant, a brood or flock. See Till to cultivate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small fresh-water ducks of the genus Anas and the subgenera Querquedula and Nettion. The male is handsomely colored, and has a bright green or blue speculum on the wings. Note: The common European teal (Anas crecca) and the European blue- winged teal, or garganey (A. querquedula or A. circia), are well- known species. In America the blue-winged teal (A. discors), the green-winged teal (A. Carolinensis), and the cinnamon teal (A. cynaoptera) are common species, valued as game birds. See Garganey. Goose teal, a goslet. See Goslet. -- Teal duck, the common European teal. TEAM Team, n. Etym: [OE. tem, team, AS. teám, offspring, progeny, race of descendants, family; akin to D. toom a bridle, LG. toom progeny, team, bridle, G. zaum a bridle, zeugen to beget, Icel. taumr to rein, bridle, Dan. tömme, Sw. töm, and also to E. tow to drag, tug to draw. *64. See Tug, and cf. Teem to bear.] 1. A group of young animals, especially of young ducks; a brood; a litter. A team of ducklings about her. Holland. 2. Hence, a number of animals moving together. A long team of snowy swans on high. Dryden. 3. Two or more horses, oxen, or other beasts harnessed to the same vehicle for drawing, as to a coach, wagon, sled, or the like. "A team of dolphins." Spenser. To take his team and till the earth. Piers Plowman. It happened almost every day that coaches stuck fast, until a team of cattle could be procured from some neighboring farm to tug them out of the slough. Macaulay. 4. A number of persons associated together in any work; a gang; especially, a number of persons selected to contend on one side in a match, or a series of matches, in a cricket, football, rowing, etc. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A flock of wild ducks. 6. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A royalty or privilege granted by royal charter to a lord of a manor, of having, keeping, and judging in his court, his bondmen, neifes, and villains, and their offspring, or suit, that is, goods and chattels, and appurtenances thereto. Burrill. TEAM Team, v. i. Defn: To engage in the occupation of driving a team of horses, cattle, or the like, as in conveying or hauling lumber, goods, etc.; to be a teamster. team up, to form one or more teams, either for a common endeavor, or to compete in a contest. TEAM Team, v. t. Defn: To convey or haul with a team; as, to team lumber. [R.] Thoreau. TEAMED Teamed, a. Defn: Yoked in, or as in, a team. [Obs.] Let their teamed fishes softly swim. Spenser. TEAMING Team"ing, n. 1. The act or occupation of driving a team, or of hauling or carrying, as logs, goods, or the like, with a team. 2. (Manuf.) Defn: Contract work. [R.] Knight. TEAMSTER Team"ster, n. Defn: One who drives a team. TEAMWORK Team"work`, n. Defn: Work done by a team, as distinguished from that done by personal labor. TEAPOT Tea"pot`, n. Defn: A vessel with a spout, in which tea is made, and from which it is poured into teacups. TEAPOY Tea"poy, n. Etym: [Hind. tipai; Hind. tin there + Per. pae foot.] Defn: An ornamental stand, usually with three legs, having caddies for holding tea. TEAR Tear, n. Etym: [AS. teár; akin to G. zärhe, OHG. zahar, OFries. & Icel. tar, Sw. tår, Dan. taare, Goth. tagr, OIr. der, W. dagr, OW. dacr, L. lacrima, lacruma, for older dacruma, Gr. Lachrymose.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: A drop of the limpid, saline fluid secreted, normally in small amount, by the lachrymal gland, and diffused between the eye and the eyelids to moisten the parts and facilitate their motion. Ordinarily the secretion passes through the lachrymal duct into the nose, but when it is increased by emotion or other causes, it overflows the lids. And yet for thee ne wept she never a tear. Chaucer. 2. Something in the form of a transparent drop of fluid matter; also, a solid, transparent, tear-shaped drop, as of some balsams or resins. Let Araby extol her happy coast, Her fragrant flowers, her trees with precious tears. Dryden. 3. That which causes or accompanies tears; a lament; a dirge. [R.] "Some melodous tear." Milton. Note: Tear is sometimes used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, tear-distilling, tear-drop, tear-filled, tear-stained, and the like. TEAR Tear, v. t. [imp. Tore, ((Obs. Tare) (; p. p. Torn; p. pr. & vb. n. Tearing.] Etym: [OE. teren, AS. teran; akin to OS. farterian to destroy, D. teren to consume, G. zerren to pull, to tear, zehren to consume, Icel. tæra, Goth. gataíran to destroy, Lith. dirti to flay, Russ. drate to pull, to tear, Gr. dar to burst. *63. Cf. Darn, Epidermis, Tarre, Tirade.] 1. To separate by violence; to pull apart by force; to rend; to lacerate; as, to tear cloth; to tear a garment; to tear the skin or flesh. Tear him to pieces; he's a conspirator. Shak. 2. Hence, to divide by violent measures; to disrupt; to rend; as, a party or government torn by factions. 3. To rend away; to force away; to remove by force; to sunder; as, a child torn from its home. The hand of fate Hath torn thee from me. Addison. 4. To pull with violence; as, to tear the hair. 5. To move violently; to agitate. "Once I loved torn ocean's roar." Byron. To tear a cat, to rant violently; to rave; -- especially applied to theatrical ranting. [Obs.] Shak. -- To tear down, to demolish violently; to pull or pluck down. -- To tear off, to pull off by violence; to strip. -- To tear out, to pull or draw out by violence; as, to tear out the eyes. -- To tear up, to rip up; to remove from a fixed state by violence; as, to tear up a floor; to tear up the foundation of government or order. TEAR Tear, v. i. 1. To divide or separate on being pulled; to be rent; as, this cloth tears easily. 2. To move and act with turbulent violence; to rush with violence; hence, to rage; to rave. TEAR Tear, n. Defn: The act of tearing, or the state of being torn; a rent; a fissure. Macaulay. Wear and tear. See under Wear, n. TEARER Tear"er, n. Defn: One who tears or rends anything; also, one who rages or raves with violence. TEAR-FALLING Tear"-fall`ing, a. Defn: Shedding tears; tender. [Poetic] "Tear-falling pity." Shak. TEARFUL Tear"ful, a. Defn: Abounding with tears; weeping; shedding tears; as, tearful eyes. -- Tear"ful*ly, adv. -- Tear"ful*ness, n. TEARLESS Tear"less, a. Defn: Shedding no tears; free from tears; unfeeling. -- Tear"less*ly, adv. -- Tear"less*ness, n. TEARPIT Tear"pit`, n. (Anat.) Defn: A cavity or pouch beneath the lower eyelid of most deer and antelope; the lachrymal sinus; larmier. It is capable of being opened at pleasure and secretes a waxy substance. TEAR-THUMB Tear"-thumb`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several species of plants of the genus Polygonum, having angular stems beset with minute reflexed prickles. TEARY Tear"y, a. 1. Wet with tears; tearful. 2. Consisting of tears, or drops like tears. TEA-SAUCER Tea"-sau`cer, n. Defn: A small saucer in which a teacup is set. TEASE Tease, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Teased; p. pr. & vb. n. Teasing.] Etym: [AS. t to pluck, tease; akin to OD. teesen, MHG. zeisen, Dan. tæse, tæsse. *58. Cf. Touse.] 1. To comb or card, as wool or flax. "Teasing matted wool." Wordsworth. 2. To stratch, as cloth, for the purpose of raising a nap; teasel. 3. (Anat.) Defn: To tear or separate into minute shreds, as with needles or similar instruments. 4. To vex with importunity or impertinence; to harass, annoy, disturb, or irritate by petty requests, or by jests and raillery; to plague. Cowper. He . . . suffered them to tease him into acts directly opposed to his strongest inclinations. Macaulay. Syn. -- To vex; harass: annoy; disturb; irritate; plague; torment; mortify; tantalize; chagrin. -- Tease, Vex. To tease is literally to pull or scratch, and implies a prolonged annoyance in respect to little things, which is often more irritating, and harder to bear, than severe pain. Vex meant originally to seize and bear away hither and thither, and hence, to disturb; as, to vex the ocean with storms. This sense of the term now rarely occurs; but vex is still a stronger word than tease, denoting the disturbance or anger created by minor provocations, losses, disappointments, etc. We are teased by the buzzing of a fly in our eyes; we are vexed by the carelessness or stupidity of our servants. Not by the force of carnal reason, But indefatigable teasing. Hudibras. In disappointments, where the affections have been strongly placed, and the expectations sanguine, particularly where the agency of others is concerned, sorrow may degenerate into vexation and chagrin. Cogan. Tease tenon (Joinery), a long tenon at the top of a post to receive two beams crossing each other one above the other. TEASE Tease, n. Defn: One who teases or plagues. [Colloq.] TEASEL Tea"sel, n. Etym: [OE. tesel, AS. t, t, the fuller's herb. See Tease.] [Written also tassel, tazel, teasle, teazel, and teazle.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Dipsacus, of which one species (D. fullonum) bears a large flower head covered with stiff, prickly, hooked bracts. This flower head, when dried, is used for raising a nap on woolen cloth. Note: Small teasel is Dipsacus pilosus, wild teasel is D. sylvestris. 2. A bur of this plant. 3. Any contrivance intended as a substitute for teasels in dressing cloth. Teasel frame, a frame or set of iron bars in which teasel heads are fixed for raising the nap on woolen cloth. TEASEL Tea"sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Teaseled or Teaselled; p. pr. & vb. n. Teaseling or Teaselling.] Defn: To subject, as woolen cloth, to the action of teasels, or any substitute for them which has an effect to raise a nap. TEASELER Tea"sel*er, n. Defn: One who uses teasels for raising a nap on cloth. [Written also teaseller, teasler.] TEASELING Tea"sel*ing, n. Defn: The cutting and gathering of teasels; the use of teasels. [Written also teaselling, teazling.] TEASER Teas"er, n. 1. One who teases or vexes. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A jager gull. [Prov. Eng.] TEASLE Tea"sle, n. & v. t. Defn: See Teasel. TEASPOON Tea"spoon`, n. Defn: A small spoon used in stirring and sipping tea, coffee, etc., and for other purposes. TEASPOONFUL Tea"spoon`ful, n.; pl. Teaspoonfuls (. Defn: As much as teaspoon will hold; enough to fill a teaspoon; -- usually reckoned at a fluid dram or one quarter of a tablespoonful. TEAT Teat, n. Etym: [OE. tete, titte, AS. tit, titt; akin to LG. & OD. titte, D. tet, G. zitze: cf. F. tette, probably of Teutonic origin.] 1. The protuberance through which milk is drawn from the udder or breast of a mammal; a nipple; a pap; a mammilla; a dug; a tit. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A small protuberance or nozzle resembling the teat of an animal. TEATED Teat"ed, a. Defn: Having protuberances resembling the teat of an animal. TEATHE Teathe, n. & v. Defn: See Tath. [Prov. Eng.] TEATISH Teat"ish, a. Defn: Peevish; tettish; fretful; -- said of a child. See Tettish. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. TEAZE-HOLE Teaze"-hole`, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. F. tisard fire door.] (Glass Works) Defn: The opening in the furnaces through which fuel is introduced. TEAZEL Tea"zel, n. & v. t. Defn: See Teasel. TEAZER Tea"zer, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. F. tiser to feed a fire.] Defn: The stoker or fireman of a furnace, as in glass works. Tomlinson. TEAZLE Tea"zle, n. & v. t. Defn: See Teasel. TEBETH Te"beth, n. Etym: [Heb.] Defn: The tenth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, answering to a part of December with a part of January. Esther ii. 16. TECHILY Tech"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a techy manner. TECHINESS Tech"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being techy. TECHNIC Tech"nic, a. Defn: Technical. TECHNIC Tech"nic, n. Etym: [See Technical, a.] 1. The method of performance in any art; technical skill; artistic execution; technique. They illustrate the method of nature, not the technic of a manlike Artificer. Tyndall. 2. pl. Defn: Technical terms or objects; things pertaining to the practice of an art or science. TECHNICAL Tech"nic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. text: cf. F. technique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the useful or mechanic arts, or to any science, business, or the like; specially appropriate to any art, science, or business; as, the words of an indictment must be technical. Blackstone. TECHNICALITY Tech`ni*cal"i*ty, n.; pl. Technicalities (. 1. The quality or state of being technical; technicalness. 2. That which is technical, or peculiar to any trade, profession, sect, or the like. The technicalities of the sect. Palfrey. TECHNICALLY Tech"nic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a technical manner; according to the signification of terms as used in any art, business, or profession. TECHNICALNESS Tech"nic*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being technical; technicality. TECHNICALS Tech"nic*als, n. pl. Defn: Those things which pertain to the practical part of an art, science, or profession; technical terms; technics. TECHNICIAN Tech*ni"cian, n. Defn: A technicist; esp., one skilled particularly in the technical details of his work. TECHNICIST Tech"ni*cist, n. Defn: One skilled to technics or in one or more of the practical arts. TECHNICOLOGICAL Tech`ni*co*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Technological; technical. [R.] Dr. J. Scott. TECHNICOLOGY Tech`ni*col"o*gy, n. Defn: Technology. [R.] TECHNICS Tech"nics, n. Defn: The doctrine of arts in general; such branches of learning as respect the arts. TECHNIPHONE Tech"ni*phone, n. [Gr. art + -phone.] (Music) Defn: A dumb gymnastic apparatus for training the hands of pianists and organists, as to a legato touch. TECHNIQUE Tech`nique", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Same as Technic, n. TECHNISM Tech"nism, n. Defn: Technicality. TECHNOGRAPHY Tech*nog"ra*phy, n. [Gr. art, skill, craft + graph.] Defn: Description of the arts and crafts of tribes and peoples. -- Tech`no*graph"ic, Tech`no*graph"ic*al (#), a. TECHNOLOGIC Tech`no*log"ic, a. Defn: Technological. TECHNOLOGICAL Tech`no*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. technologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to technology. TECHNOLOGIST Tech*nol"o*gist, n. Defn: One skilled in technology; one who treats of arts, or of the terms of arts. TECHNOLOGY Tech*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy; cf. Gr. technologie.] Defn: Industrial science; the science of systematic knowledge of the industrial arts, especially of the more important manufactures, as spinning, weaving, metallurgy, etc. Note: Technology is not an independent science, having a set of doctrines of its own, but consists of applications of the principles established in the various physical sciences (chemistry, mechanics, mineralogy, etc.) to manufacturing processes. Internat. Cyc. TECHY Tech"y, a. Etym: [From OE. tecche, tache, a habit, bad habit, vice, OF. tache, teche, a spot, stain, blemish, habit, vice, F. tache a spot, blemish; probably akin to E. tack a small nail. See Tack a small nail, and cf. Touchy.] Defn: Peevish; fretful; irritable. TECTIBRANCH Tec`ti*branch, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Tectibranchiata. Also used adjectively. TECTIBRANCHIA Tec`ti*bran"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Same as Tectibranchiata. TECTIBRANCHIATA Tec`ti*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. tectus (p.p. of tegere to cover) + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order, or suborder, of gastropod Mollusca in which the gills are usually situated on one side of the back, and protected by a fold of the mantle. When there is a shell, it is usually thin and delicate and often rudimentary. The aplysias and the bubble shells are examples. TECTIBRANCHIATE Tec`ti*bran"chi*ate, a. Etym: [L. tectus (p.p. of tegere to cover) + E. branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the gills covered by the mantle; of or pertaining to the Tectibranchiata. -- n. Defn: A tectibranchiate mollusk. TECTLY Tect"ly, adv. Etym: [L. tectus covered, fr. tegere to cover.] Defn: Covertly; privately; secretly. [Obs.] Holinshed. TECTOLOGY Tec*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] (Biol.) Defn: A division of morphology created by Haeckel; the science of organic individuality constituting the purely structural portion of morphology, in which the organism is regarded as composed of organic individuals of different orders, each organ being considered an individual. See Promorphology, and Morphon. TECTONIC Tec*ton"ic, a. Etym: [L. tectonicus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to building or construction; architectural. TECTONICS Tec*ton"ics, n. Defn: The science, or the art, by which implements, vessels, dwellings, or other edifices, are constructed, both agreeably to the end for which they are designed, and in conformity with artistic sentiments and ideas. TECTORIAL Tec*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. tectorius.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to covering; -- applied to a membrane immediately over the organ of Corti in the internal ear. TECTRICES Tec"tri*ces, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. tegere, tectum, to cover.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The wing coverts of a bird. See Covert, and Illust. of Bird. TECUM Te"cum, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Tucum. TED Ted, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Tedding.] Etym: [Prob. fr. Icel. te to spread manure, fr. ta manure; akin to MHG. zetten to scatter, spread. *58. Cf. Teathe.] Defn: To spread, or turn from the swath, and scatter for drying, as new-mowed grass; -- chiefly used in the past participle. The smell of grain or tedded grass. Milton. The tedded hay and corn sheaved in one field. Coleridge. TEDDER Ted"der, n. Defn: A machine for stirring and spreading hay, to expedite its drying. TEDDER Ted"der, n. Etym: [OE. *64. See Tether.] Defn: Same as Tether. TEDDER Ted"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Teddered; p. pr. & vb. n. Teddering.] Defn: Same as Tether. TEDESCO Te*des"co, a.; pl. Tedeschi (#). [It., of Germanic origin. See Dutch.] Defn: German; -- used chiefly of art, literature, etc. TE DEUM Te` De"um. Etym: [L., from te (accus. of tu thou) + Deum, accus. of Deus God. See Thou, and Deity.] 1. An ancient and celebrated Christian hymn, of uncertain authorship, but often ascribed to St. Ambrose; -- so called from the first words "Te Deum laudamus." It forms part of the daily matins of the Roman Catholic breviary, and is sung on all occasions of thanksgiving. In its English form, commencing with words, "We praise thee, O God," it forms a part of the regular morning service of the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal Church in America. 2. A religious service in which the singing of the hymn forms a principal part. TEDGE Tedge, n. (Founding) Defn: The gate of a mold, through which the melted metal is poured; runner, geat. TEDIOSITY Te`di*os"i*ty, n. Defn: Tediousness. [Obs.] TEDIOUS Te"di*ous, a. Etym: [L. taediosus, fr. taedium. See Tedium.] Defn: Involving tedium; tiresome from continuance, prolixity, slowness, or the like; wearisome. -- Te"di*ous*ly, adv. -- Te"di*ous*ness, n. I see a man's life is a tedious one. Shak. I would not be tedious to the court. Bunyan. Syn. -- Wearisome; fatiguing. See Irksome. TEDIUM Te"di*um, n. Etym: [L. taedium, fr. taedet it disgusts, it wearies one.] Defn: Irksomeness; wearisomeness; tediousness. [Written also tædium.] Cowper. To relieve the tedium, he kept plying them with all manner of bams. Prof. Wilson. The tedium of his office reminded him more strongly of the willing scholar, and his thoughts were rambling. Dickens. TEE Tee, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. tja to show, mark.] (a) The mark aimed at in curling and in quoits. (b) The nodule of earth from which the ball is struck in golf. TEE Tee, n. Defn: A short piece of pipe having a lateral outlet, used to connect a line of pipe with a pipe at a right angle with the line; -- so called because it resembles the letter T in shape. TEEING GROUND Teeing ground. (Golf) Defn: The space from within which the ball must be struck in beginning the play for each hole. TEE IRON Tee" i`ron. Defn: See T iron, under T. TEEK Teek, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Teak. [Obs.] TEEL Teel, n. Defn: Sesame. [Sometimes written til.] Teel oil, sesame oil. TEELSEED Teel"seed`, n. Defn: The seed of sesame. TEEM Teem, v. t. Etym: [Icel. tæma to empty, from tomr empty; akin to Dan. tömme to empty, Sw. tömma. See Toom to empty.] 1. To pour; -- commonly followed by out; as, to teem out ale. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Swift. 2. (Steel Manuf.) Defn: To pour, as steel, from a melting pot; to fill, as a mold, with molten metal. TEEM Teem, v. t. Etym: [See Tame, a., and cf. Beteem.] Defn: To think fit. [Obs. or R.] G. Gifford. TEEM Teem, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Teemed; p. pr. & vb. n. Teeming.] Etym: [OE. temen, AS. teman, t, from teám. See Team.] 1. To bring forth young, as an animal; to produce fruit, as a plant; to bear; to be pregnant; to conceive; to multiply. If she must teem, Create her child of spleen. Shak. 2. To be full, or ready to bring forth; to be stocked to overflowing; to be prolific; to abound. His mind teeming with schemes of future deceit to cover former villainy. Sir W. Scott. The young, brimful of the hopes and feeling which teem in our time. F. Harrison. TEEM Teem, v. t. Defn: To produce; to bring forth. [R.] That [grief] of an hour's age doth hiss the speaker; Each minute teems a new one. Shak. TEEMER Teem"er, n. Defn: One who teems, or brings forth. TEEMFUL Teem"ful, a. 1. Pregnant; prolific. [Obs.] 2. Brimful. [Obs.] Ainsworth. TEEMING Teem"ing, a. Defn: Prolific; productive. Teeming buds and cheerful appear. Dryden. TEEMLESS Teem"less, a. Defn: Not fruitful or prolific; barren; as, a teemless earth. [Poetic] Dryden. TEEN Teen, n. Etym: [OE. tene, AS. teóna reproach, wrong, fr. teón to accuse; akin to G. zeihen, Goth. gateihan to tell, announce, L. dicere to say. See Token.] Defn: Grief; sorrow; affiction; pain. [Archaic] Chaucer. Spenser. With public toil and private teen Thou sank'st alone. M. Arnold. TEEN Teen, v. t. Etym: [AS. teónian, t, to slander, vex. *64. See Teen, n.] Defn: To excite; to provoke; to vex; to affict; to injure. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. TEEN Teen, v. t. Etym: [See Tine to shut.] Defn: To hedge or fence in; to inclose. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. TEENAGE Teen"age, n. Defn: The longer wood for making or mending fences. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. TEEND Teend, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Tinder.] Defn: To kindle; to burn. [Obs.] Herrick. TEENFUL Teen"ful, a. Defn: Full of teen; harmful; grievous; grieving; afflicted. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. TEENS Teens, n. pl. Etym: [See Ten.] Defn: The years of one's age having the termination -teen, beginning with thirteen and ending with nineteen; as, a girl in her teens. TEENY Tee"ny, a. Defn: Very small; tiny. [Colloq.] TEENY Teen"y, a. Etym: [See Teen grief.] Defn: Fretful; peevish; pettish; cross. [Prov. Eng.] TEEONG Tee*ong", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The mino bird. TEEST Teest, n. Defn: A tinsmith's stake, or small anvil. TEESWATER Tees"wa`ter, n. [From the river Tees, northern England.] 1. A breed of cattle formerly bred in England, but supposed to have originated in Holland and to have been the principal stock from which the shorthorns were derived. 2. An old English breed of sheep allied to the Leicester. TEETAN Tee"tan, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A pipit. [Prov. Eng.] TEETEE Tee"tee, n. Etym: [Sp. tití.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small, soft-furred South American monkeys belonging to Callithrix, Chrysothrix, and allied genera; as, the collared teetee (Callithrix torquatus), and the squirrel teetee (Chrysothrix sciurea). Called also pinche, titi, and saimiri. See Squirrel monkey, under Squirrel. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A diving petrel of Australia (Halodroma wrinatrix). TEETER Tee"ter, v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Teetered; p. pr. & vb. n. Teetering.] Etym: [Prov. E. titter to tremble, to seesaw; cf. Icel. titra to tremble, OHG. zittaron, G. zittern.] Defn: To move up and down on the ends of a balanced plank, or the like, as children do for sport; to seesaw; to titter; to titter- totter. [U. S.] [The bobolink] alit upon the flower, and teetered up and down. H. W. Beecher. TEETER-TAIL Tee"ter-tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The spotted sandpiper. See the Note under Sandpiper. TEETH Teeth, n., Defn: pl. of Tooth. TEETH Teeth, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Teethed; p. pr. & vb. n. Teething.] Defn: To breed, or grow, teeth. TEETHING Teeth"ing, n. Defn: The process of the first growth of teeth, or the phenomena attending their issue through the gums; dentition. TEETOTAL Tee*to"tal, a. Defn: Entire; total. [Colloq.] TEETOTALER Tee*to"tal*er, n. Defn: One pledged to entire abstinence from all intoxicating drinks. TEETOTALISM Tee*to"tal*ism, n. Defn: The principle or practice of entire abstinence, esp. from intoxicating drinks. TEETOTALLY Tee*to"tal*ly, adv. Defn: Entirely; totally. [Colloq.] TEETOTUM Tee*to"tum, n. Etym: [For T-totum. It was used for playing games of chance, and was four-sided, one side having the letter T on it, standing for Latin totum all, meaning, take all that is staked, whence the name. The other three sides each had a letter indicating an English or Latin word; as P meaning put down, N nothing or L. nil, H half. See Total.] Defn: A child's toy, somewhat resembling a top, and twirled by the fingers. The staggerings of the gentleman . . . were like those of a teetotum nearly spent. Dickens. TEE-TO-TUM Tee-to"-tum, n. [Cf. Teetotaler.] Defn: A workingmen's resort conducted under religious influences as a counteractant to the drinking saloon. [Colloq. or Cant] TEETUCK Tee"tuck, n. Defn: The rock pipit. [Prov. Eng.] TEEUCK Tee"uck, n. Defn: The lapwing. [Prov. Eng.] TEEWIT Tee"wit, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pewit. [Prov. Eng.] TEG Teg, n. Defn: A sheep in its second year; also, a doe in its second year. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. TEGMEN Teg"men, n.; pl. Tegmina. Etym: [L., fr. tegere, tectum, to cover.] 1. A tegument or covering. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The inner layer of the coating of a seed, usually thin and delicate; the endopleura. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the elytra of an insect, especially of certain Orthoptera. 4. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tectrices. TEGMENTAL Teg*men"tal, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a tegument or tegmentum; as, the tegmental layer of the epiblast; the tegmental cells of the taste buds. TEGMENTUM Teg*men"tum, n.; pl. Tegmenta. Etym: [L., a covering.] (Anat.) Defn: A covering; -- applied especially to the bundles of longitudinal fibers in the upper part of the crura of the cerebrum. TEGUEXIN Te*guex"in, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large South American lizard (Tejus teguexin). It becomes three or four feet long, and is blackish above, marked with yellowish spots of various sizes. It feeds upon fruits, insects, reptiles, young birds, and birds' eggs. The closely allied species Tejus rufescens is called red teguexin. TEGULA Teg"u*la, n.; pl. Tegulæ. Etym: [L., a tile, dim. fr. tegere to cover.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small appendage situated above the base of the wings of Hymenoptera and attached to the mesonotum. TEGULAR Teg"u*lar, a. Etym: [LL. tegularis, from L. tegula a tile. See Tile.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a tile; resembling a tile, or arranged like tiles; consisting of tiles; as, a tegular pavement. -- Teg"u*lar*ly, adv. TEGULATED Teg`u*la"ted, a. Defn: Composed of small plates, as of horn or metal, overlapping like tiles; -- said of a kind of ancient armor. Fairholt. TEGUMENT Teg"u*ment, n. Etym: [L. tegumentum, from tegere to cover. See Thatch, n., and cf. Detect, Protect.] 1. A cover or covering; an integument. 2. Especially, the covering of a living body, or of some part or organ of such a body; skin; hide. TEGUMENTARY Teg`u*men"ta*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tégumentaire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a tegument or teguments; consisting of teguments; serving as a tegument or covering. TE-HEE Te-hee", n. & interj. Defn: A tittering laugh; a titter. "'Te-hee,' quoth she." Chaucer. TE-HEE Te-hee", v. i. Defn: To titter; to laugh derisively. She cried, "Come, come; you must not look grave upon me." Upon this, I te-heed. Madame D'Arblay. TEIL Teil, n. Etym: [OF. teil, til, L. tilia.] (Bot.) Defn: The lime tree, or linden; -- called also teil tree. TEIND Teind, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. tiund. See Tithe.] Defn: A tithe. [Scot.] Jamieson. TEINE Teine, n. Defn: See Teyne. [Obs.] Chaucer. TEINLAND Tein"land, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Land granted by the crown to a thane or lord. Burrill. TEINOSCOPE Tei"no*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument formed by combining prisms so as to correct the chromatic aberration of the light while linear dimensions of objects seen through the prisms are increased or diminished; -- called also prism telescope. Sir D. Brewster. TEINT Teint, n. Etym: [F. teint, teinte. See Tint.] Defn: Tint; color; tinge, See Tint. [Obs.] Time shall . . . embrown the teint. Dryden. TEINTURE Tein"ture, n. Etym: [F. See Tincture.] Defn: Color; tinge; tincture. [Obs.] Holland. TEK Tek, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A Siberian ibex. TELAMONES Tel`a*mo"nes, n. pl. Etym: [L., pl. of telamo or telamon, Gr. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Atlantes. TELANGIECTASIS Tel*an`gi*ec"ta*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Dilatation of the capillary vessels. TELANGIECTASY Tel*an`gi*ec"ta*sy, n. (Med.) Defn: Telangiectasis. TELARLY Te"lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a weblike manner. [Obs.] "Telarly interwoven." Sir T. Browne. TELARY Te"la*ry, a. Etym: [LL. telaris, fr. L. tela a web. See Toil a snare.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a web; hence, spinning webs; retiary. "Pictures of telary spiders." Sir T. Browne. TELAUTOGRAM Tel*au"to*gram, n. Defn: A message transmitted and recorded by a teleautograph. TELAUTOGRAPH Tel*au"to*graph, n. [Gr. th e far + autograph.] Defn: A facsimile telegraph for reproducing writing, pictures, maps, etc. In the transmitter the motions of the pencil are communicated by levers to two rotary shafts, by which variations in current are produced in two separate circuits. In the receiver these variations are utilized by electromagnetic devices and levers to move a pen as the pencil moves. --Tel`au*tog"ra*phist (#), n. TELECHIROGRAPH Tel`e*chi"ro*graph, n. [Gr. th e far + chei`r, cheiro`s, hand + - graph.] Defn: An instrument for telegraphically transmitting and receiving handwritten messages, as photographically by a beam of light from a mirror. TELEDU Tel"e*du, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An East Indian carnivore (Mydaus meliceps) allied to the badger, and noted for the very offensive odor that it emits, somewhat resembling that of a skunk. It is a native of the high mountains of Java and Sumatra, and has long, silky fur. Called also stinking badger, and stinkard. TELEGA Te*le"ga, n. [Russ. telyega.] Defn: A rude four-wheeled, springless wagon, used among the Russians. TELEGONY Te*leg"o*ny, n. [Gr. th e far + root of Gr. to be born.] (Biol.) Defn: The supposed influence of a father upon offspring subsequent to his own, begotten of the same mother by another father. -- Te*leg"o*nous (#), a. TELEGRAM Tel"e*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. -gram.] Defn: A message sent by telegraph; a telegraphic dispatch. Note: "A friend desires us to give notice that he will ask leave, at some convenient time, to introduce a new word into the vocabulary. It is telegram, instead of telegraphic dispatch, or telegraphic communication." Albany [N. Y.] Evening Journal (April 6, 1852). TELEGRAMMIC Tel`e*gram*mic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a telegram; laconic; concise; brief. [R.] TELEGRAPH Tel"e*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. toli) + -graph: cf. F. télégraphe. See Graphic.] Defn: An apparatus, or a process, for communicating intelligence rapidly between distant points, especially by means of preconcerted visible or audible signals representing words or ideas, or by means of words and signs, transmitted by electrical action. Note: The instruments used are classed as indicator, type-printing, symbol-printing, or chemical-printing telegraphs, according as the intelligence is given by the movements of a pointer or indicator, as in Cooke & Wheatstone's (the form commonly used in England), or by impressing, on a fillet of paper, letters from types, as in House's and Hughe's, or dots and marks from a sharp point moved by a magnet, as in Morse's, or symbols produced by electro-chemical action, as in Bain's. In the offices in the United States the recording instrument is now little used, the receiving operator reading by ear the combinations of long and short intervals of sound produced by the armature of an electro-magnet as it is put in motion by the opening and breaking of the circuit, which motion, in registering instruments, traces upon a ribbon of paper the lines and dots used to represent the letters of the alphabet. See Illustration in Appendix. Acoustic telegraph. See under Acoustic. -- Dial telegraph, a telegraph in which letters of the alphabet and numbers or other symbols are placed upon the border of a circular dial plate at each station, the apparatus being so arranged that the needle or index of the dial at the receiving station accurately copies the movements of that at the sending station. -- Electric telegraph, or Electro-magnetic telegraph, a telegraph in which an operator at one station causes words or signs to be made at another by means of a current of electricity, generated by a battery and transmitted over an intervening wire. -- Facsimile telegraph. See under Facsimile. -- Indicator telegraph. See under Indicator. -- Pan-telegraph, an electric telegraph by means of which a drawing or writing, as an autographic message, may be exactly reproduced at a distant station. -- Printing telegraph, an electric telegraph which automatically prints the message as it is received at a distant station, in letters, not signs. -- Signal telegraph, a telegraph in which preconcerted signals, made by a machine, or otherwise, at one station, are seen or heard and interpreted at another; a semaphore. -- Submarine telegraph cable, a telegraph cable laid under water to connect stations separated by a body of water. -- Telegraph cable, a telegraphic cable consisting of several conducting wires, inclosed by an insulating and protecting material, so as to bring the wires into compact compass for use on poles, or to form a strong cable impervious to water, to be laid under ground, as in a town or city, or under water, as in the ocean. -- Telegraph plant (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Desmodium gyrans) native of the East Indies. The leaflets move up and down like the signals of a semaphore. TELEGRAPH Tel"e*graph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Telegraphed; p. pr. & vb. n. Telegraphing.] Etym: [F. télégraphier.] Defn: To convey or announce by telegraph. TELEGRAPHER Te*leg"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who sends telegraphic messages; a telegraphic operator; a telegraphist. TELEGRAPHIC Tel`e*graph"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. télégraphique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the telegraph; made or communicated by a telegraph; as, telegraphic signals; telegraphic art; telegraphic intelligence. TELEGRAPHICAL Tel`e*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Telegraphic. -- Tel`e*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. TELEGRAPHIST Te*leg"ra*phist, n. Defn: One skilled in telegraphy; a telegrapher. TELEGRAPHONE Te*leg"ra*phone, n. [Gr. th e far + -graph + sound.] Defn: An instrument for recording and reproducing sound by local magnetization of a steel wire, disk, or ribbon, moved against the pole of a magnet connected electrically with a telephone receiver, or the like. TELEGRAPHOSCOPE Tel`e*graph"o*scope, n. [Gr. th e far + -graph + -scope.] Defn: An instrument for telegraphically transmitting a picture and reproducing its image as a positive or negative. The transmitter includes a camera obscura and a row of minute selenium cells. The receiver includes an oscillograph, ralay, equilibrator, and an induction coil the sparks from which perforate a paper with tiny holes that form the image. TELEGRAPH PLANT Telegraph plant. Defn: An East Indian tick trefoil (Meibomia gyrans), whose lateral leaflets jerk up and down like the arms of a semaphore, and also rotate on their axes. TELEGRAPHY Te*leg"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. télégraphie.] Defn: The science or art of constructing, or of communicating by means of, telegraphs; as, submarine telegraphy. TELEHYDROBAROMETER Tel`e*hy`dro*ba*rom"e*ter, n. [Gr. th e far + hydrobarometer.] Defn: An instrument for indicating the level of water in a distant tank or reservior. TELE-ICONOGRAPH Tel`e-i*con"o*graph, n. [Gr. th e far + iconograph.] 1. An instrument essentially the same as the telemetrograph. 2. A form of facsimile telegraph. TEL-EL-AMARNA Tel`-el-A*mar"na, n. [Ar., hill of Amarna.] Defn: A station on the Nile, midway between Thebes and Memphis, forming the site of the capital of Amenophis IV., whose archive chamber was discovered there in 1887. A collection of tablets (called the Tel-el-Amarna, or the Amarna, tablets) was found here, forming the Asiatic correspondence (Tel-el-Amarna letters) of Amenophis IV. and his father, Amenophis III., written in cuneiform characters. It is an important source of our knowledge of Asia from about 1400 to 1370 b. c.. TELELECTRIC Tel`e*lec"tric, a. [Gr. th e far + electric.] (Elec.) Defn: Of or pertaining to transmission, as of music, to a distance by electricity. TELELECTROSCOPE Tel`e*lec"tro*scope, n. [Gr. th e far + electro- + -scope.] Defn: Any apparatus for making distant objects visible by the aid of electric transmission. TELEMECHANIC Tel`e*me*chan"ic, a. [Gr. th e far + mechanic.] Defn: Designating, or pert. to, any device for operating mechanisms at a distance. --Tel`e*mech"a*nism (#), n. TELEMETEOROGRAPH Tel`e*me`te*or"o*graph, n. [Gr. th e far + meteorograph.] Defn: Any apparatus recording meteorological phenomena at a distance from the measuring apparatus, as by electricity or by compressed air; esp., an apparatus recording conditions at many distant stations at a central office. -- Tel`e*me`te*or*o*graph"ic (#), a. TELEMETER Te*lem"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: An instrument used for measuring the distance of an object from an observer; as, a telescope with a micrometer for measuring the apparent diameter of an object whose real dimensions are known. TELEMETROGRAPH Tel`e*met"ro*graph, n. [Gr. th e far + me`tron measure + -graph.] Defn: A combination of the camera lucida and telescope for drawing and measuring distant objects. -- Tel`e*me*trog"ra*phy (#), n. -- Tel`e*met`ro*graph"ic (#), a. TELEMOTOR Tel`e*mo"tor, n. [Gr. th e far + motor.] (Naut.) Defn: A hydraulic device by which the movement of the wheel on the bridge operates the steering gear at the stern. TELENERGY Tel*en"er*gy, n. [Gr. th e far + energy.] Defn: Display of force or energy at a distance, or without contact; - - applied to mediumistic phenomena. -- Tel`en*er"gic (#), a. TELENGISCOPE Te*len"gi*scope, n. [Gr. th e far + near + -scope.] (Optics) Defn: An instrument of such focal length that it may be used as an observing telescope for objects close at hand or as a long-focused microscope. TELEOCEPHIAL Te`le*o*ceph"i*al, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive order of bony fishes including most of the common market species, as bass, salmon, cod, perch, etc. TELEOLOGICAL Te`le*o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. téléologique.] (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to teleology, or the doctrine of design. -- Te`le*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. TELEOLOGIST Te`le*ol"o*gist, n. (Biol.) Defn: One versed in teleology. TELEOLOGY Te`le*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. teleos, the end or issue + -logy: cf. F. téléologie.] Defn: The doctrine of the final causes of things; specif. (Biol.), Defn: the doctrine of design, which assumes that the phenomena of organic life, particularly those of evolution, are explicable only by purposive causes, and that they in no way admit of a mechanical explanation or one based entirely on biological science; the doctrine of adaptation to purpose. TELEOPHORE Te"le*o*phore`, n. Etym: [Gr. teleos complete + (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Gonotheca. TELEORGANIC Te`le*or*gan"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. teleos complete + E. organic.] (Physiol.) Defn: Vital; as, teleorganic functions. TELEOSAUR Te`le*o*saur", n. (Paleon.) Defn: Any one of several species of fossil suarians belonging to Teleosaurus and allied genera. These reptiles are related to the crocodiles, but have biconcave vertebræ. TELEOSAURUS Te`le*o*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of extinct crocodilian reptiles of the Jurassic period, having a long and slender snout. TELEOST Te"le*ost, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Teleosti. Also used adjectively. TELEOSTEAN Te`le*os"te*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the teleosts. -- n. Defn: A teleostean fish. TELEOSTEI Te`le*os"te*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A subclass of fishes including all the ordinary bony fishes as distinguished from the ganoids. TELEOSTOMI Te"le*os`to*mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of fishes including the ordinary fishes (Teleostei) and the ganoids. TELEOZOIC Te`le*o*zo"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having tissued composed of cells. TELEOZOON; TELEOZOOEN Te*le*o*zo"ön, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A metazoan. TELEPATHY Te*lep"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The sympathetic affection of one mind by the thoughts, feelings, or emotions of another at a distance, without communication through the ordinary channels of sensation. -- Tel`e*path"ic, a. -- Te*lep"a*thist, n. TELEPHEME Tel"e*pheme, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A message by a telephone. [Recent] TELEPHONE Tel"e*phone, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physics) Defn: An instrument for reproducing sounds, especially articulate speech, at a distance. Note: The ordinary telephone consists essentially of a device by which currents of electricity, produced by sounds through the agency of certain mechanical devices and exactly corresponding in duration and intensity to the vibrations of the air which attend them, are transmitted to a distant station, and there, acting on suitable mechanism, reproduce similar sounds by repeating the vibrations. The necessary variations in the electrical currents are usually produced by means of a microphone attached to a thin diaphragm upon which the voice acts, and are intensified by means of an induction coil. In the magnetic telephone, or magneto-telephone, the diaphragm is of soft iron placed close to the pole of a magnet upon which is wound a coil of fine wire, and its vibrations produce corresponding vibrable currents in the wire by induction. The mechanical, or string, telephone is a device in which the voice or sound causes vibrations in a thin diaphragm, which are directly transmitted along a wire or string connecting it to a similar diaphragm at the remote station, thus reproducing the sound. It does not employ electricity. TELEPHONE Tel"e*phone, v. t. Defn: To convey or announce by telephone. TELEPHONE EXCHANGE Tel`e*phone ex*change". Defn: A central office in which the wires of telephones may be connected to permit conversation. TELEPHONIC Tel`e*phon"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. téléphonique. See Telephone.] 1. Conveying sound to a great distance. 2. Of or pertaining to the telephone; by the telephone. TELEPHONICALLY Tel`e*phon"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: By telephonic means or processes; by the use of the telephone. TELEPHONY Te*leph"o*ny, n. Defn: The art or process of reproducing sounds at a distance, as with the telephone. TELEPHOTE Tel"e*phote, n. [Gr. th e far + fw^s, fwto`s, light.] Defn: A telelectric apparatus for producing images of visible objects at a distance. TELEPHOTO Tel`e*pho"to, a. Defn: Telephotographic; specif., designating a lens consisting of a combination of lenses specially designed to give a large image of a distant object in a camera of relatively short focal length. TELEPHOTOGRAPH Tel`e*pho"to*graph, n. [Gr. th e far + photograph.] Defn: A photograph, image, or impression, reproduced by or taken with a telephotographic apparatus. TELEPHOTOGRAPHIC Tel`e*pho`to*graph"ic, a. Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, the process of telephotography. TELEPHOTOGRAPHY Tel`e*pho*tog"ra*phy, n. 1. The photography of distant objects in more enlarged form than is possible by the ordinary means, usually by a camera provided with a telephoto lens or mounted in place of the eyepiece of a telescope, so that the real or a magnified image falls on the sensitive plate. 2. Art or process of electrically transmitting and reproducing photographic or other pictures at a distance by methods similar to those used in electric telegraphy. 3. Less properly, phototelegraphy. TELEPOLARISCOPE Tel`e*po*lar"i*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. polariscope.] (Opt.) Defn: A polariscope arranged to be attached to a telescope. Lockyer. TELERYTHIN Tel`e*ryth"in, n. Etym: [Gr. erythrin.] (Chem.) Defn: A red crystalline compound related to, or produced from, erythrin. So called because regarded as the end of the series of erythrin compounds. TELESCOPE Tel"e*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. télescope. See Telegraph, and -scope.] Defn: An optical instrument used in viewing distant objects, as the heavenly bodies. Note: A telescope assists the eye chiefly in two ways; first, by enlarging the visual angle under which a distant object is seen, and thus magnifying that object; and, secondly, by collecting, and conveying to the eye, a larger beam of light than would enter the naked organ, thus rendering objects distinct and visible which would otherwise be indistinct and or invisible. Its essential parts are the object glass, or concave mirror, which collects the beam of light, and forms an image of the object, and the eyeglass, which is a microscope, by which the image is magnified. Achromatic telescope. See under Achromatic. -- Aplanatic telescope, a telescope having an aplanatic eyepiece. -- Astronomical telescope, a telescope which has a simple eyepiece so constructed or used as not to reverse the image formed by the object glass, and consequently exhibits objects inverted, which is not a hindrance in astronomical observations. -- Cassegrainian telescope, a reflecting telescope invented by Cassegrain, which differs from the Gregorian only in having the secondary speculum convex instead of concave, and placed nearer the large speculum. The Cassegrainian represents objects inverted; the Gregorian, in their natural position. The Melbourne telescope (see Illust. under Reflecting telescope, below) is a Cassegrainian telescope. -- Dialytic telescope. See under Dialytic. Equatorial telescope. See the Note under Equatorial. -- Galilean telescope, a refracting telescope in which the eyeglass is a concave instead of a convex lens, as in the common opera glass. This was the construction originally adopted by Galileo, the inventor of the instrument. It exhibits the objects erect, that is, in their natural positions. -- Gregorian telescope, a form of reflecting telescope. See under Gregorian. -- Herschelian telescope, a reflecting telescope of the form invented by Sir William Herschel, in which only one speculum is employed, by means of which an image of the object is formed near one side of the open end of the tube, and to this the eyeglass is applied directly. -- Newtonian telescope, a form of reflecting telescope. See under Newtonian. -- Photographic telescope, a telescope specially constructed to make photographs of the heavenly bodies. -- Prism telescope. See Teinoscope. -- Reflecting telescope, a telescope in which the image is formed by a speculum or mirror (or usually by two speculums, a large one at the lower end of the telescope, and the smaller one near the open end) instead of an object glass. See Gregorian, Cassegrainian, Herschelian, and Newtonian, telescopes, above. -- Refracting telescope, a telescope in which the image is formed by refraction through an object glass. -- Telescope carp (Zoöl.), the telescope fish. -- Telescope fish (Zoöl.), a monstrous variety of the goldfish having very protuberant eyes. -- Telescope fly (Zoöl.), any two-winged fly of the genus Diopsis, native of Africa and Asia. The telescope flies are remarkable for having the eyes raised on very long stalks. -- Telescope shell (Zoöl.), an elongated gastropod (Cerithium telescopium) having numerous flattened whorls. -- Telescope sight (Firearms), a slender telescope attached to the barrel, having cross wires in the eyepiece and used as a sight. -- Terrestrial telescope, a telescope whose eyepiece has one or two lenses more than the astronomical, for the purpose of inverting the image, and exhibiting objects erect. TELESCOPE Tel"e*scope, a. [imp. & p. p. Telescoped; p. pr. & vb. n. Telescoping.] Defn: To slide or pass one within another, after the manner of the sections of a small telescope or spyglass; to come into collision, as railway cars, in such a manner that one runs into another. [Recent] TELESCOPE Tel"e*scope, v. t. Defn: To cause to come into collision, so as to telescope. [Recent] TELESCOPE BAG Telescope bag. Defn: An adjustable traveling bag consisting of two cases, the larger slipping over the other. TELESCOPIC; TELESCOPICAL Tel`e*scop"ic, Tel`e*scop"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. télescopique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a telescope; performed by a telescope. 2. Seen or discoverable only by a telescope; as, telescopic stars. 3. Able to discern objects at a distance; farseeing; far-reaching; as, a telescopic eye; telescopic vision. 4. Having the power of extension by joints sliding one within another, like the tube of a small telescope or a spyglass; especially (Mach.), constructed of concentric tubes, either stationary, as in the telescopic boiler, or movable, as in the telescopic chimney of a war vessel, which may be put out of sight by being lowered endwise. TELESCOPICALLY Tel`e*scop"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a telescopical manner; by or with the telescope. TELESCOPIC SIGHT Tel`e*scop"ic sight`. Defn: A sight consisting of a small telescope, as on a compass or rifle. TELESCOPIST Te*les"co*pist, n. Defn: One who uses a telescope. R. A. Proctor. TELESCOPY Te*les"co*py, n. Defn: The art or practice of using or making telescopes. TELESEISM Tel"e*seism, n. [Gr. th e far + shock.] Defn: A seismic movement or shock far from the recording instrument. -- Tel`e*seis"mic (#), a. TELESEME Tel"e*seme, n. [Gr. th e far + sign.] Defn: A system of apparatus for electric signals providing for automatic transmission of a definite number of different signals or calls, as in connection with hotel annunciators. TELESM Tel"esm, n. Etym: [Ar. tilism. See Talisman.] Defn: A kind of amulet or magical charm. [Obs.] J. Gregory. TELESMATIC; TELESMATICAL Tel`es*mat"ic, Tel`es*mat"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to telesms; magical. J. Gregory. TELESPECTROSCOPE Tel`e*spec"tro*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. spectroscope.] (Astron.) Defn: A spectroscope arranged to be attached to a telescope for observation of distant objects, as the sun or stars. Lockyer. TELESTEREOGRAPH Tel`e*ste"re*o*graph`, n. [Gr. th e far + stereograph.] Defn: An instrument for telegraphically reproducing a photograph. -- Tel`e*ste`re*og"ra*phy (#), n. TELESTEREOSCOPE Tel`e*ste"re*o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. stereoscope.] (Opt.) Defn: A stereoscope adapted to view distant natural objects or landscapes; a telescopic stereoscope. TELESTIC Te*les"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Tending or relating to a purpose or an end. [R.] Cudworth. TELESTICH Te*les"tich, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A poem in which the final letters of the lines, taken consequently, make a name. Cf. Acrostic. TELETHERMOGRAPH Tel`e*ther"mo*graph, n. [Gr. th e far + thermo- + -graph.] (Physics) (a) A record of fluctuations of temperature made automatically at a distant station. (b) An instrument, usually electrical, making such records. TELETHERMOMETER Tel`e*ther*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. thermometer.] (Physics) Defn: An apparatus for determining the temperature of a distant point, as by a thermoelectric circuit or otherwise. TELEUTOSPORE Te*leu"to*spore, n. Etym: [Gr. spore.] (Bot.) Defn: The thick-celled winter or resting spore of the rusts (order Uredinales), produced in late summer. See Illust. of Uredospore. TELFORD Tel"ford, a. [After Thomas Telford, a Scotch road engineer.] Defn: Designating, or pert. to, a road pavement having a surface of small stone rolled hard and smooth, distinguished from macadam road by its firm foundation of large stones with fragments of stone wedged tightly, in the interstices; as, telford pavement, road, etc. TELFORDIZE Tel"ford*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Telfordized; p. pr. & vb. n. Telfordizing.] Defn: To furnish (a road) with a telford pavement. TELHARMONIC Tel`har*mon"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to telharmonium. TELHARMONIUM; TELHARMONY Tel`har*mo"ni*um, n. [Gr. th e far + harmolium.] Defn: An instrument for producing music (Tel*har"mo*ny []), at a distant point or points by means of alternating currents of electricity controlled by an operator who plays on a keyboard. The music is produced by a receiving instrument similar or analogous to the telephone, but not held to the ear. The pitch corresponds with frequency of alternation of current. TELIC Tel"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Gram.) Defn: Denoting the final end or purpose, as distinguished from ecbatic. See Ecbatic. Gibbs. TELL Tell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Told; p. pr. & vb. n. Telling.] Etym: [AS. tellan, from talu tale, number, speech; akin to D. tellen to count, G. zählen, OHG. zellen to count, tell, say, Icel. telja, Dan. tale to speak, tælle to count. See Tale that which is told.] 1. To mention one by one, or piece by piece; to recount; to enumerate; to reckon; to number; to count; as, to tell money. "An heap of coin he told." Spenser. He telleth the number of the stars. Ps. cxlvii. 4. Tell the joints of the body. Jer. Taylor. 2. To utter or recite in detail; to give an account of; to narrate. Of which I shall tell all the array. Chaucer. And not a man appears to tell their fate. Pope. 3. To make known; to publish; to disclose; to divulge. Why didst thou not tell me that she was thy wife Gen. xii. 18. 4. To give instruction to; to make report to; to acquaint; to teach; to inform. A secret pilgrimage, That you to-day promised to tell me of Shak. 5. To order; to request; to command. He told her not to be frightened. Dickens. 6. To discern so as to report; to ascertain by observing; to find out; to discover; as, I can not tell where one color ends and the other begins. 7. To make account of; to regard; to reckon; to value; to estimate. [Obs.] I ne told no dainity of her love. Chaucer. Note: Tell, though equivalent in some respect to speak and say, has not always the same application. We say, to tell truth or falsehood, to tell a number, to tell the reasons, to tell something or nothing; but we never say, to tell a speech, discourse, or oration, or to tell an argument or a lesson. It is much used in commands; as, tell me the whole story; tell me all you know. To tell off, to count; to divide. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- To communicate; impart; reveal; disclose; inform; acquaint; report; repeat; rehearse; recite. TELL Tell, v. i. 1. To give an account; to make report. That I may publish with the voice of thankgiving, and tell of all thy wondrous works. Ps. xxvi. 7. 2. To take effect; to produce a marked effect; as, every shot tells; every expression tells. To tell of. (a) To speak of; to mention; to narrate or describe. (b) To inform against; to disclose some fault of. -- To tell on, to inform against. [Archaic & Colloq.] Lest they should tell on us, saying, So did David. 1 Sam. xxvii. 11. TELL Tell, n. Defn: That which is told; tale; account. [R.] I am at the end of my tell. Walpole. TELL Tell, n. Etym: [Ar.] Defn: A hill or mound. W. M. Thomson. TELLABLE Tell"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being told. TELLEN Tel"len, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Tellina. TELLER Tell"er, n. 1. One who tells, relates, or communicates; an informer, narrator, or describer. 2. One of four officers of the English Exchequer, formerly appointed to receive moneys due to the king and to pay moneys payable by the king. Cowell. 3. An officer of a bank who receives and counts over money paid in, and pays money out on checks. 4. One who is appointed to count the votes given in a legislative body, public meeting, assembly, etc. TELLERSHIP Tell"er*ship, n. Defn: The office or employment of a teller. TELLINA Tel*li"na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine bivalve mollusks having thin, delicate, and often handsomely colored shells. TELLING Tell"ing, a. Defn: Operating with great effect; effective; as, a telling speech. -- Tell"ing*ly, adv. TELLTALE Tell"tale`, a. Defn: Telling tales; babbling. "The telltale heart." Poe. TELLTALE Tell"tale`, n. 1. One who officiously communicates information of the private concerns of others; one who tells that which prudence should suppress. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A movable piece of ivory, lead, or other material, connected with the bellows of an organ, that gives notice, by its position, when the wind is exhausted. 3. (Naut.) (a) A mechanical attachment to the steering wheel, which, in the absence of a tiller, shows the position of the helm. (b) A compass in the cabin of a vessel, usually placed where the captain can see it at all hours, and thus inform himself of the vessel's course. 4. (Mach.) Defn: A machine or contrivance for indicating or recording something, particularly for keeping a check upon employees, as factory hands, watchmen, drivers, check takers, and the like, by revealing to their employers what they have done or omitted. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The tattler. See Tattler. TELLURAL Tel*lu"ral, a. Etym: [L. tellus, -uris, the earth.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the earth. [R.] TELLURATE Tel"lu*rate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tellurate. See Tellurium.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of telluric acid. TELLURET Tel"lu*ret, n. (Chem.) Defn: A telluride. [Obsoles.] TELLURETED Tel"lu*ret`ed, n. (Chem.) Defn: Combined or impregnated with tellurium; tellurized. [Written also telluretted.] [Obsoles.] Tellureted hydrogen (Chem.), hydrogen telluride, H2Te, a gaseous substance analogous to hydrogen sulphide; -- called also tellurhydric acid. TELLURHYDRIC Tel`lur*hy"dric, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, hydrogen telluride, which is regarded as an acid, especially when in solution. TELLURIAN Tel*lu"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. tellus, -uris, the earth.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the earth. De Quincey. TELLURIAN Tel*lu"ri*an, n. 1. A dweller on the earth. De Quincey. 2. An instrument for showing the operation of the causes which produce the succession of day and night, and the changes of the seasons. [Written also tellurion.] TELLURIC Tel*lu"ric, a. Etym: [L. tellus, -uris, the earth: cf. F. tellurique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the earth; proceeding from the earth. Amid these hot, telluric flames. Carlyle. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to tellurium; derived from, or resembling, tellurium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with tellurous compounds; as, telluric acid, which is analogous to sulphuric acid. Telluric bismuth (Min.), tetradymite. -- Telluric silver (Min.), hessite. TELLURIDE Tel"lu*ride, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of tellurium with a more positive element or radical; -- formerly called telluret. TELLURISM Tel"lu*rism, n. Defn: An hypothesis of animal magnetism propounded by Dr. Keiser, in Germany, in which the phenomena are ascribed to the agency of a telluric spirit or influence. [R.] S. Thompson. TELLURITE Tel"lu*rite, n. 1. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of tellurous acid. 2. (Min.) Defn: Oxide of tellurium. It occurs sparingly in tufts of white or yellowish crystals. TELLURIUM Tel*lu"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., from L. tellus, -uris, the earth.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare nonmetallic element, analogous to sulphur and selenium, occasionally found native as a substance of a silver-white metallic luster, but usually combined with metals, as with gold and silver in the mineral sylvanite, with mercury in Coloradoite, etc. Symbol Te. Atomic weight 125.2. Graphic tellurium. (Min.) See Sylvanite. -- Tellurium glance (Min.), nagyagite; -- called also black tellurium. TELLURIZE Tel"lu*rize, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To impregnate with, or to subject to the action of, tellurium; -- chiefly used adjectively in the past participle; as, tellurized ores. TELLUROUS Tel"lu*rous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to tellurium; derived from, or containing, tellurium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with telluric compounds; as, tellurous acid, which is analogous to sulphurous acid. TELODYNAMIC Tel`o*dy*nam"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. dynamic.] Defn: Relating to a system for transmitting power to a distance by means of swiftly moving ropes or cables driving grooved pulleys of large diameter. TELOOGOO Tel`oo*goo", n. Defn: See Telugu. D. O. Allen. TELOTROCHA Te*lot"ro*cha, n.; pl. Telotrochæ. Etym: [NL. See Telotrochal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An annelid larva having telotrochal bands of cilia. TELOTROCHAL; TELOTROCHOUS Te*lot"ro*chal, Te*lot"ro*chous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having both a preoral and a posterior band of cilla; -- applied to the larvæ of certain annelids. TELOTYPE Tel"o*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.] Defn: An electric telegraph which prints the messages in letters and not in signs. TELPHER Tel"pher, n. Etym: [Gr. (Elec.) Defn: A contrivance for the conveyance of vehicles or loads by means of electricity. Fleeming Jenkin. Telpher line, or Telpher road, an electric line or road over which vehicles for carrying loads are moved by electric engines actuated by a current conveyed by the line. TELPHERAGE Tel"pher*age, n. Defn: The conveyance of vehicles or loads by means of electricity. Fleeming Jenkin. TELSON Tel"son, n.; pl. Telsons. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The terminal joint or movable piece at the end of the abdomen of Crustacea and other articulates. See Thoracostraca. TELUGU Tel`u*gu", n. 1. A Darvidian language spoken in the northern parts of the Madras presidency. In extent of use it is the next language after Hindustani (in its various forms) and Bengali. [Spelt also Teloogoo.] 2. One of the people speaking the Telugu language. TELUGU Tel`u*gu", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Telugu language, or the Telugus. TEMBLOR Tem*blor", n. [Sp.] Defn: An earthquake. [Western U. S.] TEMERARIOUS Tem`er*a"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. temerarius. See Temerity.] Defn: Unreasonably adventurous; despising danger; rash; headstrong; audacious; reckless; heedless. -- Tem`er*a"ri*ous*ly, adv. I spake against temerarious judgment. Latimer. TEMERATION Tem`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. temerare to defile.] Defn: Temerity. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. TEMERITY Te*mer"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. temeritas, from temere by chance, rashly; perhaps akin to Skr. tamas darkness: cf. F. témérité.] Defn: Unreasonable contempt of danger; extreme venturesomeness; rashness; as, the temerity of a commander in war. Syn. -- Rashness; precipitancy; heedlessness; venturesomeness. -- Temerity, Rashness. These words are closely allied in sense, but have a slight difference in their use and application. Temerity is Latin, and rashness is Anglo-Saxon. As in many such cases, the Latin term is more select and dignified; the Anglo-Saxon more familiar and energetic. We show temerity in hasty decisions, and the conduct to which they lead. We show rashness in particular actions, as dictated by sudden impulse. It is an exhibition of temerity to approach the verge of a precipice; it is an act of rashness to jump into a river without being able to swim. Temerity, then, is an unreasonable contempt of danger; rashness is a rushing into danger from thoughtlessness or excited feeling. It is notorious temerity to pass sentence upon grounds uncapable of evidence. Barrow. Her rush hand in evil hour Forth reaching to the fruit, she plucked, she eat. Milton. TEMEROUS Tem"er*ous, a. Defn: Temerarious. [Obs.] TEMPEAN Tem*pe"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Temple, a valley in Thessaly, celebrated by Greek poets on account of its beautiful scenery; resembling Temple; hence, beautiful; delightful; charming. TEMPER Tem"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tempered; p. pr. & vb. n. Tempering.] Etym: [AS. temprian or OF. temper, F. tempérer, and (in sense 3) temper, L. temperare, akin to tempus time. Cf. Temporal, Distemper, Tamper.] 1. To mingle in due proportion; to prepare by combining; to modify, as by adding some new element; to qualify, as by an ingredient; hence, to soften; to mollify; to assuage; to soothe; to calm. Puritan austerity was so tempered by Dutch indifference, that mercy itself could not have dictated a milder system. Bancroft. Woman! lovely woman! nature made thee To temper man: we had been brutes without you. Otway. But thy fire Shall be more tempered, and thy hope far higher. Byron. She [the Goddess of Justice] threw darkness and clouds about her, that tempered the light into a thousand beautiful shades and colors. Addison. 2. To fit together; to adjust; to accomodate. Thy sustenance . . . serving to the appetite of the eater, tempered itself to every man's liking. Wisdom xvi. 21. 3. (Metal.) Defn: To bring to a proper degree of hardness; as, to temper iron or steel. The tempered metals clash, and yield a silver sound. Dryden. 4. To govern; to manage. [A Latinism & Obs.] With which the damned ghosts he governeth, And furies rules, and Tartare tempereth. Spenser. 5. To moisten to a proper consistency and stir thoroughly, as clay for making brick, loam for molding, etc. 6. (Mus.) Defn: To adjust, as the mathematical scale to the actual scale, or to that in actual use. Syn. -- To soften; mollify; assuage; soothe; calm. TEMPER Tem"per, n. 1. The state of any compound substance which results from the mixture of various ingredients; due mixture of different qualities; just combination; as, the temper of mortar. 2. Constitution of body; temperament; in old writers, the mixture or relative proportion of the four humors, blood, choler, phlegm, and melancholy. The exquisiteness of his [Christ's] bodily temper increased the exquisiteness of his torment. Fuller. 3. Disposition of mind; the constitution of the mind, particularly with regard to the passions and affections; as, a calm temper; a hasty temper; a fretful temper. Remember with what mild And gracious temper he both heared and judged. Milton. The consequents of a certain ethical temper. J. H. Newman. 4. Calmness of mind; moderation; equanimity; composure; as, to keep one's temper. To fall with dignity, with temper rise. Pope. Restore yourselves to your tempers, fathers. B. Jonson. 5. Heat of mind or passion; irritation; proneness to anger; -- in a reproachful sense. [Colloq.] 6. The state of a metal or other substance, especially as to its hardness, produced by some process of heating or cooling; as, the temper of iron or steel. 7. Middle state or course; mean; medium. [R.] The perfect lawgiver is a just temper between the mere man of theory, who can see nothing but general principles, and the mere man of business, who can see nothing but particular circumstances. Macaulay. 8. (Sugar Works) Defn: Milk of lime, or other substance, employed in the process formerly used to clarify sugar. Temper screw, in deep well boring, an adjusting screw connecting the working beam with the rope carrying the tools, for lowering the tools as the drilling progresses. Syn. -- Disposition; temperament; frame; humor; mood. See Disposition. TEMPER Tem"per, v. i. 1. To accord; to agree; to act and think in conformity. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To have or get a proper or desired state or quality; to grow soft and pliable. I have him already tempering between my finger and my thumb, and shortly will I seal with him. Shak. TEMPERA Tem"pe*ra, n. Etym: [It.] (Paint.) Defn: A mode or process of painting; distemper. Note: The term is applied especially to early Italian painting, common vehicles of which were yolk of egg, yolk and white of egg mixed together, the white juice of the fig tree, and the like. TEMPERABLE Tem"per*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being tempered. The fusible, hard, and temperable texture of metals. Emerson. TEMPERAMENT Tem"per*a*ment, n. Etym: [L. temperamentum a mixing in due proportion, proper measure, temperament: cf. F. tempérament. See Temper, v. t.] 1. Internal constitution; state with respect to the relative proportion of different qualities, or constituent parts. The common law . . . has reduced the kingdom to its just state and temperament. Sir M. Hale. 2. Due mixture of qualities; a condition brought about by mutual compromises or concessions. [Obs.] However, I forejudge not any probable expedient, any temperament that can be found in things of this nature, so disputable on their side. Milton. 3. The act of tempering or modifying; adjustment, as of clashing rules, interests, passions, or the like; also, the means by which such adjustment is effected. Wholesome temperaments of the rashness of popular assemblies. Sir J. Mackintosh. 4. Condition with regard to heat or cold; temperature. [Obs.] Bodies are denominated "hot" and "cold" in proportion to the present temperament of that part of our body to which they are applied. Locke. 5. (Mus.) Defn: A system of compromises in the tuning of organs, pianofortes, and the like, whereby the tones generated with the vibrations of a ground tone are mutually modified and in part canceled, until their number reduced to the actual practicable scale of twelve tones to the octave. This scale, although in so far artificial, is yet closely suggestive of its origin in nature, and this system of tuning, although not mathematically true, yet satisfies the ear, while it has the convenience that the same twelve fixed tones answer for every key or scale, C# becoming identical with D, and so on. 6. (Physiol.) Defn: The peculiar physical and mental character of an individual, in olden times erroneously supposed to be due to individual variation in the relations and proportions of the constituent parts of the body, especially of the fluids, as the bile, blood, lymph, etc. Hence the phrases, bilious or choleric temperament, sanguine temperament, etc., implying a predominance of one of these fluids and a corresponding influence on the temperament. Equal temperament (Mus.), that in which the variations from mathematically true pitch are distributed among all the keys alike. -- Unequal temperament (Mus.), that in which the variations are thrown into the keys least used. TEMPERAMENTAL Tem`per*a*men"tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to temperament; constitutional. [R.] Sir T. Browne. TEMPERANCE Tem"per*ance, n. Etym: [L. temperantia: cf. F. tempérance. See Temper, v. t.] 1. Habitual moderation in regard to the indulgence of the natural appetites and passions; restrained or moderate indulgence; moderation; as, temperance in eating and drinking; temperance in the indulgence of joy or mirth; specifically, moderation, and sometimes abstinence, in respect to using intoxicating liquors. 2. Moderation of passion; patience; calmness; sedateness. [R.] "A gentleman of all temperance." Shak. He calmed his wrath with goodly temperance. Spenser. 3. State with regard to heat or cold; temperature. [Obs.] "Tender and delicate temperance." Shak. Temperance society, an association formed for the purpose of diminishing or stopping the use of alcoholic liquors as a beverage. TEMPERANCY Tem"per*an*cy, n. Defn: Temperance. TEMPERATE Tem"per*ate, a. Etym: [L. temperatus, p.p. of temperare. See Temper, v. t.] 1. Moderate; not excessive; as, temperate heat; a temperate climate. 2. Not marked with passion; not violent; cool; calm; as, temperate language. She is not hot, but temperate as the morn. Shak. That sober freedom out of which there springs Our loyal passion for our temperate kings. Tennyson. 3. Moderate in the indulgence of the natural appetites or passions; as, temperate in eating and drinking. Be sober and temperate, and you will be healthy. Franklin. 4. Proceeding from temperance. [R.] The temperate sleeps, and spirits light as air. Pope. Temperate zone (Geog.), that part of the earth which lies between either tropic and the corresponding polar circle; -- so called because the heat is less than in the torrid zone, and the cold less than in the frigid zones. Syn. -- Abstemious; sober; calm; cool; sedate. TEMPERATE Tem"per*ate, v. t. Defn: To render temperate; to moderate; to soften; to temper. [Obs.] It inflames temperance, and temperates wrath. Marston. TEMPERATELY Tem"per*ate*ly, adv. Defn: In a temperate manner. TEMPERATENESS Tem"per*ate*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being temperate; moderateness; temperance. TEMPERATIVE Tem"per*a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. L. temperativus soothing.] Defn: Having power to temper. [R.] T. Granger. TEMPERATURE Tem"per*a*ture, n. Etym: [F. température, L. temperatura due measure, proportion, temper, temperament.] 1. Constitution; state; degree of any quality. The best composition and temperature is, to have openness in fame and opinion, secrecy in habit, dissimulation in seasonable use, and a power to feign, if there be no remedy. Bacon. Memory depends upon the consistence and the temperature of the brain. I. Watts. 2. Freedom from passion; moderation. [Obs.] In that proud port, which her so goodly graceth, Most goodly temperature you may descry. Spenser. 3. (Physics) Defn: Condition with respect to heat or cold, especially as indicated by the sensation produced, or by the thermometer or pyrometer; degree of heat or cold; as, the temperature of the air; high temperature; low temperature; temperature of freezing or of boiling. 4. Mixture; compound. [Obs.] Made a temperature of brass and iron together. Holland. Absolute temperature. (Physics) See under Absolute. -- Animal temperature (Physiol.), the nearly constant temperature maintained in the bodies of warm-blooded (homoiothermal) animals during life. The ultimate source of the heat is to be found in the potential energy of the food and the oxygen which is absorbed from the air during respiration. See Homoiothermal. -- Temperature sense (Physiol.), the faculty of perceiving cold and warmth, and so of perceiving differences of temperature in external objects. H. N. Martin. TEMPERED Tem"pered, a. Defn: Brought to a proper temper; as, tempered steel; having (such) a temper; -- chiefly used in composition; as, a good-tempered or bad- tempered man; a well-tempered sword. TEMPERER Tem"per*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, tempers; specifically, a machine in which lime, cement, stone, etc., are mixed with water. TEMPERING Tem"per*ing, n. (Metal.) Defn: The process of giving the requisite degree of hardness or softness to a substance, as iron and steel; especially, the process of giving to steel the degree of hardness required for various purposes, consisting usually in first plunging the article, when heated to redness, in cold water or other liquid, to give an excess of hardness, and then reheating it gradually until the hardness is reduced or drawn down to the degree required, as indicated by the color produced on a polished portion, or by the burning of oil. Tempering color, the shade of color that indicates the degree of temper in tempering steel, as pale straw yellow for lancets, razors, and tools for metal; dark straw yellow for penknives, screw taps, etc.; brown yellow for axes, chisels, and plane irons; yellow tinged with purple for table knives and shears; purple for swords and watch springs; blue for springs and saws; and very pale blue tinged with green, too soft for steel instruments. TEMPER SCREW Tem"per screw. 1. A screw link, to which is attached the rope of a rope-drilling apparatus, for feeding and slightly turning the drill jar at each stroke. 2. A set screw used for adjusting. TEMPEST Tem"pest, n. Etym: [OF. tempeste, F. tempête, (assumed) LL. tempesta, fr. L. tempestas a portion of time, a season, weather, storm, akin to tempus time. See Temporal of time.] 1. An extensive current of wind, rushing with great velocity and violence, and commonly attended with rain, hail, or snow; a furious storm. [We] caught in a fiery tempest, shall be hurled, Each on his rock transfixed. Milton. 2. Fig.: Any violent tumult or commotion; as, a political tempest; a tempest of war, or of the passions. 3. A fashionable assembly; a drum. See the Note under Drum, n., 4. [Archaic] Smollett. Note: Tempest is sometimes used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, tempest-beaten, tempest-loving, tempest-tossed, tempest-winged, and the like. Syn. -- Storm; agitation; perturbation. See Storm. TEMPEST Tem"pest, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. tempester, F. tempêter to rage.] Defn: To disturb as by a tempest. [Obs.] Part huge of bulk Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait, Tempest the ocean. Milton. TEMPEST Tem"pest, v. i. Defn: To storm. [Obs.] B. Jonson. TEMPESTIVE Tem*pes"tive, a. Etym: [L. tempestivus.] Defn: Seasonable; timely; as, tempestive showers. [Obs.] Heywood. -- Tem*pes"tive*ly, adv. [Obs.] TEMPESTIVILY Tem`pes*tiv"i*ly, n. Etym: [L. tempestivitas.] Defn: The quality, or state, of being tempestive; seasonableness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. TEMPESTUOUS Tem*pes"tu*ous, a. Etym: [L. tempestuous: cf. OF. tempestueux, F. tempêtueux.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a tempest; involving or resembling a tempest; turbulent; violent; stormy; as, tempestuous weather; a tempestuous night; a tempestuous debate. -- Tem*pes"tu*ous*ly, adv. -- Tem*pes"tu*ous*ness, n. They saw the Hebrew leader, Waiting, and clutching his tempestuous beard. Longfellow. TEMPLAR Tem"plar, n. Etym: [OE. templere, F. templier, LL. templarius. See Temple a church.] 1. One of a religious and military order first established at Jerusalem, in the early part of the 12th century, for the protection of pilgrims and of the Holy Sepulcher. These Knights Templars, or Knights of the Temple, were so named because they occupied an apartment of the palace of Bladwin II. in Jerusalem, near the Temple. Note: The order was first limited in numbers, and its members were bound by vows of chastity and poverty. After the conquest of Palestine by the Saracens, the Templars spread over Europe, and, by reason of their reputation for valor and piety, they were enriched by numerous donations of money and lands. The extravagances and vices of the later Templars, however, finally led to the suppression of the order by the Council of Vienne in 1312. 2. A student of law, so called from having apartments in the Temple at London, the original buildings having belonged to the Knights Templars. See Inner Temple, and Middle Temple, under Temple. [Eng.] 3. One belonged to a certain order or degree among the Freemasons, called Knights Templars. Also, one of an order among temperance men, styled Good Templars. TEMPLAR Tem"plar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a temple. [R.] Solitary, family, and templar devotion. Coleridge. TEMPLATE Tem"plate, n. Defn: Same as Templet. TEMPLE Tem"ple, n. Etym: [Cf. Templet.] (Weaving) Defn: A contrivence used in a loom for keeping the web stretched transversely. TEMPLE Tem"ple, n. Etym: [OF. temple, F. tempe, from L. tempora, tempus; perhaps originally, the right place, the fatal spot, supposed to be the same word as tempus, temporis, the fitting or appointed time. See Temporal of time, and cf. Tempo, Tense, n.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The space, on either side of the head, back of the eye and forehead, above the zygomatic arch and in front of the ear. 2. One of the side bars of a pair of spectacles, jointed to the bows, and passing one on either side of the head to hold the spectacles in place. TEMPLE Tem"ple, n. Etym: [AS. tempel, from L. templum a space marked out, sanctuary, temple; cf. Gr. témple, from the Latin. Cf. Contemplate.] 1. A place or edifice dedicated to the worship of some deity; as, the temple of Jupiter at Athens, or of Juggernaut in India. "The temple of mighty Mars." Chaucer. 2. (Jewish Antiq.) Defn: The edifice erected at Jerusalem for the worship of Jehovah. Jesus walked in the temple in Solomon's porch. John x. 23. 3. Hence, among Christians, an edifice erected as a place of public worship; a church. Can he whose life is a perpetual insult to the authority of God enter with any pleasure a temple consecrated to devotion and sanctified by prayer Buckminster. 4. Fig.: Any place in which the divine presence specially resides. "The temple of his body." John ii. 21. Know ye not that ye are the temple of God, and that the spirit of God dwelleth in you 1 Cor. iii. 16. The groves were God's first temples. Bryant. Inner Temple, and Middle Temple, two buildings, or ranges of buildings, occupied by two inns of court in London, on the site of a monastic establishment of the Knights Templars, called the Temple. TEMPLE Tem"ple, v. t. Defn: To build a temple for; to appropriate a temple to; as, to temple a god. [R.] Feltham. TEMPLED Tem"pled, a. Defn: Supplied with a temple or temples, or with churches; inclosed in a temple. I love thy rocks and rills, Thy woods and templed hills. S. F. Smith. TEMPLET Tem"plet, n. Etym: [LL. templatus vaulted, from L. templum a small timber.] [Spelt also template.] 1. A gauge, pattern, or mold, commonly a thin plate or board, used as a guide to the form of the work to be executed; as, a mason's or a wheelwright's templet. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A short piece of timber, iron, or stone, placed in a wall under a girder or other beam, to distribute the weight or pressure. TEMPO Tem"po, n. Etym: [It., fr. L. tempus. See Tense, n.] (Mus.) Defn: The rate or degree of movement in time. A tempo giusto (joos"to) Etym: [It.], in exact time; -- sometimes, directing a return to strict time after a tempo rubato. -- Tempo rubato. See under Rubato. TEMPORAL Tem"po*ral, a. Etym: [L. temporalis, fr. tempora the temples: cf. F. temporal. See Temple a part of the head.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the temple or temples; as, the temporal bone; a temporal artery. Temporal bone, a very complex bone situated in the side of the skull of most mammals and containing the organ of hearing. It consists of an expanded squamosal portion above the ear, corresponding to the squamosal and zygoma of the lower vertebrates, and a thickened basal petrosal and mastoid portion, corresponding to the periotic and tympanic bones of the lower vertebrates. TEMPORAL Tem"po*ral, a. Etym: [L. temporalis, fr. tempus, temporis, time, portion of time, the fitting or appointed time: cf. F. temporel. Cf. Contemporaneous, Extempore, Temper, v. t., Tempest, Temple a part of the head, Tense, n., Thing.] 1. Of or pertaining to time, that is, to the present life, or this world; secular, as distinguished from sacred or eternal. The things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eternal. 2 Cor. iv. 18. Is this an hour for temporal affairs Shak. 2. Civil or political, as distinguished from ecclesiastical; as, temporal power; temporal courts. Lords temporal. See under Lord, n. -- Temporal augment. See the Note under Augment, n. Syn. -- Transient; fleeting; transitory. TEMPORAL Tem"po*ral, n. Defn: Anything temporal or secular; a temporality; -- used chiefly in the plural. Dryden. He assigns supremacy to the pope in spirituals, and to the emperor or temporals. Lowell. TEMPORALITY Tem`po*ral"i*ty, n.; pl. Temporalities. Etym: [L. temporalitas, in LL., possessions of the church: cf. F. temporalité.] 1. The state or quality of being temporary; -- opposed to perpetuity. 2. The laity; temporality. [Obs.] Sir T. More. 3. That which pertains to temporal welfare; material interests; especially, the revenue of an ecclesiastic proceeding from lands, tenements, or lay fees, tithes, and the like; -- chiefly used in the plural. Supreme head, . . . under God, of the spirituality and temporality of the same church. Fuller. TEMPORALLY Tem"po*ral*ly, adv. Defn: In a temporal manner; secularly. [R.] South. TEMPORALNESS Tem"po*ral*ness, n. Defn: Worldliness. [R.] Cotgrave. TEMPORALTY Tem"po*ral*ty, n. Etym: [See Temporality.] 1. The laity; secular people. [Obs.] Abp. Abbot. 2. A secular possession; a temporality. TEMPORANEOUS Tem`po*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. temporaneus happening at the right time, fr. tempus, temporis, time.] Defn: Temporarity. [Obs.] Hallywell. TEMPORARILY Tem"po*ra*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a temporary manner; for a time. TEMPORARINESS Tem"po*ra*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being temporary; -- opposed to perpetuity. TEMPORARY Tem"po*ra*ry, a. Etym: [L. temporarius, fr. tempus, temporis, time: cf. F. temporaire.] Defn: Lasting for a time only; existing or continuing for a limited time; not permanent; as, the patient has obtained temporary relief. Temporary government of the city. Motley. Temporary star. (Astron.) See under Star. TEMPORIST Tem"po*rist, n. Defn: A temporizer. [Obs.] Why, turn a temporist, row with the tide. Marston. TEMPORIZATION Tem`po*ri*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. temporisation.] Defn: The act of temporizing. Johnson. TEMPORIZE Tem"po*rize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Temporized; p. pr. & vb. n. Temporizing.] Etym: [F. temporiser. See Temporal of time.] 1. To comply with the time or occasion; to humor, or yield to, the current of opinion or circumstances; also, to trim, as between two parties. They might their grievance inwardly complain, But outwardly they needs must temporize. Daniel. 2. To delay; to procrastinate. [R.] Bacon. 3. To comply; to agree. [Obs.] Shak. TEMPORIZER Tem"po*ri`zer, n. Defn: One who temporizes; one who yields to the time, or complies with the prevailing opinions, fashions, or occasions; a trimmer. A sort of temporizers, ready to embrace and maintain all that is, or shall be, proposed, in hope of preferment. Burton. TEMPORIZINGLY Tem"po*ri`zing*ly, adv. Defn: In a temporizing or yielding manner. TEMPORO- Tem"po*ro-. Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the temple, or temporal bone; as, temporofacial. TEMPORO-AURICULAR Tem`po*ro-au*ric"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both the temple and the ear; as, the temporo-auricular nerve. TEMPOROFACIAL Tem`po*ro*fa"cial, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both the temple and the face. TEMPOROMALAR Tem`po*ro*ma"lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both the temple and the region of the malar bone; as, the temporomalar nerve. TEMPOROMAXILLARY Tem`po*ro*max"il*la*ry, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both the temple or the temporal bone and the maxilla. TEMPS Temps, n. Etym: [OF. & F., fr. L. tempus. See Temporal of time.] Defn: Time. [Obs.] Chaucer. TEMPSE Tempse, n. Defn: See Temse. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] TEMPT Tempt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tempted; p. pr. & vb. n. Tempting.] Etym: [OE. tempten, tenten, from OF. tempter, tenter, F. tenter, fr. L. tentare, temptare, to handle, feel, attack, to try, put to the test, urge, freq. from tendere, tentum, and tensum, to stretch. See Thin, and cf. Attempt, Tend, Taunt, Tent a pavilion, Tent to probe.] 1. To put to trial; to prove; to test; to try. God did tempt Abraham. Gen. xxii. 1. Ye shall not tempt the Lord your God. Deut. vi. 16. 2. To lead, or endeavor to lead, into evil; to entice to what is wrong; to seduce. Every man is tempted when he is drawn away of his own lust, and enticed. James i. 14. 3. To endeavor to persuade; to induce; to invite; to incite; to provoke; to instigate. Tempt not the brave and needy to despair. Dryden. Nor tempt the wrath of heaven's avenging Sire. Pope. 4. To endeavor to accomplish or reach; to attempt. Ere leave be given to tempt the nether skies. Dryden. Syn. -- To entice; allure; attract; decoy; seduce. TEMPTABILITY Tempt`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being temptable; lability to temptation. TEMPTABLE Tempt"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being tempted; liable to be tempted. Cudworth. TEMPTATION Temp*ta"tion, n. Etym: [OF. temptation, tentation, F. tentation, L. tentatio.] 1. The act of tempting, or enticing to evil; seduction. When the devil had ended all the temptation, he departed from him for a season. Luke iv. 13. 2. The state of being tempted, or enticed to evil. Lead us not into temptation. Luke xi. 4. 3. That which tempts; an inducement; an allurement, especially to something evil. Dare to be great, without a guilty crown; View it, and lay the bright temptation down. Dryden. TEMPTATIONLESS Temp*ta"tion*less, a. Defn: Having no temptation or motive; as, a temptationless sin. [R.] Hammond. TEMPTATIOUS Temp*ta"tious, a. Defn: Tempting. [Prov. Eng.] TEMPTER Tempt"er, n. Defn: One who tempts or entices; especially, Satan, or the Devil, regarded as the great enticer to evil. "Those who are bent to do wickedly will never want tempters to urge them on." Tillotson. So glozed the Tempter, and his proem tuned. Milton. TEMPTING Tempt"ing, a. Defn: Adapted to entice or allure; attractive; alluring; seductive; enticing; as, tempting pleasures. -- Tempt"ing*ly, adv. -- Tempt"ing*ness, n. TEMPTRESS Tempt"ress, n. Defn: A woman who entices. She was my temptress, the foul provoker. Sir W. Scott. TEMSE Temse, n. Etym: [F. tamis, or D. tems, teems. Cf. Tamine.] Defn: A sieve. [Written also tems, and tempse.] [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Temse bread, Temsed bread, Temse loaf, bread made of flour better sifted than common fluor. [Prov. Eng.] TEMULENCE; TEMULENCY Tem"u*lence, Tem"u*len*cy, n. Etym: [L. temulentia.] Defn: Intoxication; inebriation; drunkenness. [R.] "Their temulency." Jer. Taylor. TEMULENT Tem"u*lent, a. Etym: [L. temulentus.] Defn: Intoxicated; drunken. [R.] TEMULENTIVE Tem"u*lent*ive, a. Defn: Somewhat temulent; addicted to drink. [R.] R. Junius. TEN Ten, a. Etym: [AS. ten, tién, t, tene; akin to OFries. tian, OS. tehan, D. tien, G. zehn, OHG. zehan, Icel. tiu, Sw. tio, Dan. ti, Goth. taíhun, Lith. deszimt, Russ. desiate, W. deg, Ir. & Gael. deich, L. decem, Gr. daçan. *308. Cf. Dean, Decade, Decimal, December, Eighteen, Eighty, Teens, Tithe.] Defn: One more than nine; twice five. With twice ten sail I crossed the Phrygian Sea. Dryden. Note: Ten is often used, indefinitely, for several, many, and other like words. There 's proud modesty in merit, Averse from begging, and resolved to pay Ten times the gift it asks. Dryden. TEN Ten, n. 1. The number greater by one than nine; the sum of five and five; ten units of objects. I will not destroy it for ten's sake. Gen. xviii. 32. 2. A symbol representing ten units, as 10, x, or X. TENABILITY Ten`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tenable; tenableness. TENABLE Ten"a*ble, a. Etym: [F. tenable, fr. tenir to hold, L. tenere. See Thin, and cf. Continue, Continent, Entertain, Maintain, Tenant, Tent.] Defn: Capable of being held, naintained, or defended, as against an assailant or objector, or againts attempts to take or process; as, a tenable fortress, a tenable argument. If you have hitherto concealed his sight, Let it be tenable in your silence still. Shak. I would be the last man in the world to give up his cause when it was tenable. Sir W. Scott. TENABLENESS Ten`a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Same as Tenability. TENACE Ten"ace, n. Etym: [F. tenace tenacious, demeurer tenace to hold the best and third best cards and take both tricks, and adversary having to lead. See Tenacious.] (Whist) Defn: The holding by the fourth hand of the best and third best cards of a suit led; also, sometimes, the combination of best with third best card of a suit in any hand. TENACIOUS Te*na"cious, a. Etym: [L. tenax, -acis, from tenere to hold. See Tenable, and cf. Tenace.] 1. Holding fast, or inclined to hold fast; inclined to retain what is in possession; as, men tenacious of their just rights. 2. Apt to retain; retentive; as, a tenacious memory. 3. Having parts apt to adhere to each other; cohesive; tough; as, steel is a tenacious metal; tar is more tenacious than oil. Sir I. Newton. 4. Apt to adhere to another substance; glutinous; viscous; sticking; adhesive. "Female feet, too weak to struggle with tenacious clay." Cowper. 5. Niggardly; closefisted; miserly. Ainsworth. 6. Holding stoutly to one's opinion or purpose; obstinate; stubborn. -- Te*na"cious*ly, adv. -- Te*na"cious*ness, n. TENACITY Te*nac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. tenacitas: cf. F. ténacité. See Tenacious.] 1. The quality or state of being tenacious; as, tenacity, or retentiveness, of memory; tenacity, or persistency, of purpose. 2. That quality of bodies which keeps them from parting without considerable force; cohesiveness; the effect of attraction; -- as distinguished from brittleness, fragility, mobility, etc. 3. That quality of bodies which makes them adhere to other bodies; adhesiveness; viscosity. Holland. 4. (Physics) Defn: The greatest longitudinal stress a substance can bear without tearing asunder, -- usually expressed with reference to a unit area of the cross section of the substance, as the number of pounds per square inch, or kilograms per square centimeter, necessary to produce rupture. TENACULUM Te*nac"u*lum, n.; pl. L. Tenacula; E. Tenaculums. Etym: [L., a holder, fr. tenere to hold. Cf. Tenaille.] (Surg.) Defn: An instrument consisting of a fine, sharp hook attached to a handle, and used mainly for taking up arteries, and the like. TENACY Ten"a*cy, n. Etym: [L. tenacia obstinacy. See Tenacious.] Defn: Tenaciousness; obstinacy. [Obs.] Barrow. TENAILLE Te*naille", n. Etym: [F., a pair of pincers or tongs, a tenaille, fr. L. tenaculum. See Tenaculum.] (Fort.) Defn: An outwork in the main ditch, in front of the curtain, between two bastions. See Illust. of Ravelin. TENAILLON Te*nail"lon, n. Etym: [F. See Tenaille.] (Fort.) Defn: A work constructed on each side of the ravelins, to increase their strength, procure additional ground beyond the ditch, or cover the shoulders of the bastions. TENANCY Ten"an*cy, n.; pl. Tenacies. Etym: [Cf. OF. tenace, LL. tenentia. See Tenant.] (Law) (a) A holding, or a mode of holding, an estate; tenure; the temporary possession of what belongs to another. (b) (O. Eng. Law) A house for habitation, or place to live in, held of another. Blount. Blackstone. Wharton. TENANT Ten"ant, n. Etym: [F. tenant, p.pr. of tenir to hold. See Tenable, and cf. Lieutenant.] 1. (Law) Defn: One who holds or possesses lands, or other real estate, by any kind of right, whether in fee simple, in common, in severalty, for life, for years, or at will; also, one who has the occupation or temporary possession of lands or tenements the title of which is in another; -- correlative to landlord. See Citation from Blackstone, under Tenement, 2. Blount. Wharton. 2. One who has possession of any place; a dweller; an occupant. "Sweet tenants of this grove." Cowper. The hhappy tenant of your shade. Cowley. The sister tenants of the middle deep. Byron. Tenant in capite Etym: [L. in in + capite, abl. of caput head, chief.], or Tenant in chief, by the laws of England, one who holds immediately of the king. According to the feudal system, all lands in England are considered as held immediately or mediately of the king, who is styled lord paramount. Such tenants, however, are considered as having the fee of the lands and permanent possession. Blackstone. -- Tenant in common. See under Common. TENANT Ten"ant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tenanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Tenanting.] Defn: To hold, occupy, or possess as a tenant. Sir Roger's estate is tenanted by persons who have served him or his ancestors. Addison. TENANTABLE Ten"ant*a*ble, a. Defn: Fit to be rented; in a condition suitable for a tenant. -- Ten"ant*a*ble*ness, n. TENANTLESS Ten"ant*less, a. Defn: Having no tenants; unoccupied; as, a tenantless mansion. Shak. TENANTRY Ten"ant*ry, n. 1. The body of tenants; as, the tenantry of a manor or a kingdom. 2. Tenancy. [Obs.] Ridley. TENANT SAW Ten"ant saw`. Defn: See Tenon saw, under Tenon. TENCH Tench, n. Etym: [OF. tenche, F. tanche, L. tinca.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European fresh-water fish (Tinca tinca, or T. vulgaris) allied to the carp. It is noted for its tenacity of life. TEND Tend, v. t. Etym: [See Tender to offer.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: To make a tender of; to offer or tender. [Obs.] TEND Tend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tended; p. pr. & vb. n. Tending.] Etym: [Aphetic form of attend. See Attend, Tend to move, and cf. Tender one that tends or attends.] 1. To accompany as an assistant or protector; to care for the wants of; to look after; to watch; to guard; as, shepherds tend their flocks. Shak. And flaming ministers to watch and tend Their earthly charge. Milton. There 's not a sparrow or a wren, There 's not a blade of autumn grain, Which the four seasons do not tend And tides of life and increase lend. Emerson. 2. To be attentive to; to note carefully; to attend to. Being to descend A ladder much in height, I did not tend My way well down. Chapman. To tend a vessel (Naut.), to manage an anchored vessel when the tide turns, so that in swinging she shall not entangle the cable. TEND Tend, v. i. 1. To wait, as attendants or servants; to serve; to attend; -- with on or upon. Was he not companion with the riotous knights That tend upon my father Shak. 2. Etym: [F. attendre.] Defn: To await; to expect. [Obs.] Shak. TEND Tend, v. i. Etym: [F. tendre, L. tendere, tensum and tentum, to stretch, extend, direct one's course, tend; akin to Gr. tan. See Thin, and cf. Tend to attend, Contend, Intense, Ostensible, Portent, Tempt, Tender to offer, Tense, a.] 1. To move in a certain direction; -- usually with to or towards. Two gentlemen tending towards that sight. Sir H. Wotton. Thus will this latter, as the former world, Still tend from bad to worse. Milton. The clouds above me to the white Alps tend. Byron. 2. To be directed, as to any end, object, or purpose; to aim; to have or give a leaning; to exert activity or influence; to serve as a means; to contribute; as, our petitions, if granted, might tend to our destruction. The thoughts of the diligent tend only to plenteousness; but of every one that is hasty only to want. Prov. xxi. 5. The laws of our religion tend to the universal happiness of mankind. Tillotson. TENDANCE Tend"ance, n. Etym: [See Tend to attend, and cf. Attendance.] 1. The act of attending or waiting; attendance. [Archaic] Spenser. The breath Of her sweet tendance hovering over him. Tennyson. 2. Persons in attendance; attendants. [Obs.] Shak. TENDENCE Tend"ence, n. Defn: Tendency. [Obs.] TENDENCY Tend"en*cy, n.; pl. Tendencies. Etym: [L. tendents, -entis, p.pr. of tendere: cf. F. tendance. See Tend to move.] Defn: Direction or course toward any place, object, effect, or result; drift; causal or efficient influence to bring about an effect or result. Writings of this kind, if conducted with candor, have a more particular tendency to the good of their country. Addison. In every experimental science, there is a tendency toward perfection. Macaulay. Syn. -- Disposition; inclination; proneness; drift; scope; aim. TENDER Tend"er, n. Etym: [From Tend to attend. Cf. Attender.] 1. One who tends; one who takes care of any person or thing; a nurse. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A vessel employed to attend other vessels, to supply them with provisions and other stores, to convey intelligence, or the like. 3. A car attached to a locomotive, for carrying a supply of fuel and water. TENDER Ten"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tendered; p. pr. & vb. n. Tendering.] Etym: [F. tendre to stretch, stretch out, reach, L. tendere. See Tend to move.] 1. (Law) Defn: To offer in payment or satisfaction of a demand, in order to save a penalty or forfeiture; as, to tender the amount of rent or debt. 2. To offer in words; to present for acceptance. You see how all conditions, how all minds, . . . tender down Their services to Lord Timon. Shak. TENDER Ten"der, n. 1. (Law) Defn: An offer, either of money to pay a debt, or of service to be performed, in order to save a penalty or forfeiture, which would be incurred by nonpayment or nonperformance; as, the tender of rent due, or of the amount of a note, with interest. Note: To constitute a legal tender, such money must be offered as the law prescribes. So also the tender must be at the time and place where the rent or debt ought to be paid, and it must be to the full amount due. 2. Any offer or proposal made for acceptance; as, a tender of a loan, of service, or of friendship; a tender of a bid for a contract. A free, unlimited tender of the gospel. South. 3. The thing offered; especially, money offered in payment of an obligation. Shak. Legal tender. See under Legal. -- Tender of issue (Law), a form of words in a pleading, by which a party offers to refer the question raised upon it to the appropriate mode of decision. Burrill. TENDER Ten"der, a. [Compar. Tenderer; superl. Tenderest.] Etym: [F. tendre, L. tener; probably akin to tenuis thin. See Thin.] 1. Easily impressed, broken, bruised, or injured; not firm or hard; delicate; as, tender plants; tender flesh; tender fruit. 2. Sensible to impression and pain; easily pained. Our bodies are not naturally more tender than our faces. L'Estrange. 3. Physically weak; not hardly or able to endure hardship; immature; effeminate. The tender and delicate woman among you. Deut. xxviii. 56. 4. Susceptible of the softer passions, as love, compassion, kindness; compassionate; pitiful; anxious for another's good; easily excited to pity, forgiveness, or favor; sympathetic. The Lord is very pitiful, and of tender mercy. James v. 11. I am choleric by my nature, and tender by my temper. Fuller. 5. Exciting kind concern; dear; precious. I love Valentine, Whose life's as tender to me as my soul! Shak. 6. Careful to save inviolate, or not to injure; -- with of. "Tender of property." Burke. The civil authority should be tender of the honor of God and religion. Tillotson. 7. Unwilling to cause pain; gentle; mild. You, that are thus so tender o'er his follies, Will never do him good. Shak. 8. Adapted to excite feeling or sympathy; expressive of the softer passions; pathetic; as, tender expressions; tender expostulations; a tender strain. 9. Apt to give pain; causing grief or pain; delicate; as, a tender subject. "Things that are tender and unpleasing." Bacon. 10. (Naut.) Defn: Heeling over too easily when under sail; -- said of a vessel. Note: Tender is sometimes used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, tender-footed, tender-looking, tender-minded, tender- mouthed, and the like. Syn. -- Delicate; effeminate; soft; sensitive; compassionate; kind; humane; merciful; pitiful. TENDER Ten"der, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tendre.] Defn: Regard; care; kind concern. [Obs.] Shak. TENDER Ten"der, v. t. Defn: To have a care of; to be tender toward; hence, to regard; to esteem; to value. [Obs.] For first, next after life, he tendered her good. Spenser. Tender yourself more dearly. Shak. To see a prince in want would move a miser's charity. Our western princes tendered his case, which they counted might be their own. Fuller. TENDERFOOT Ten"der*foot`, n. Defn: A delicate person; one not inured to the hardship and rudeness of pioneer life. [Slang, Western U.S.] TENDER-HEARTED Ten"der-heart`ed, a. Defn: Having great sensibility; susceptible of impressions or influence; affectionate; pitying; sensitive. -- Ten"der-heart`ed*ly, adv. -- Ten"der-heart`ed*ness, n. Rehoboam was young and tender-hearted, and could not withstand them. 2 Chron. xiii. 7. Be ye kind one to another, tender-hearted. Eph. iv. 32. TENDER-HEFTED Ten"der-heft`ed, a. Defn: Having great tenderness; easily moved. [Obs.] Shak. TENDERLING Ten"der*ling, n. 1. One made tender by too much kindness; a fondling. [R.] W. Harrison (1586). 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the first antlers of a deer. TENDERLOIN Ten"der*loin`, n. Defn: A strip of tender flesh on either side of the vertebral column under the short ribs, in the hind quarter of beef and pork. It consists of the psoas muscles. TENDERLY Ten"der*ly, adv. Defn: In a tender manner; with tenderness; mildly; gently; softly; in a manner not to injure or give pain; with pity or affection; kindly. Chaucer. TENDERNESS Ten"der*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tender (in any sense of the adjective). Syn. -- Benignity; humanity; sensibility; benevolence; kindness; pity; clemency; mildness; mercy. TENDINOUS Ten"di*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tendineux.] 1. Pertaining to a tendon; of the nature of tendon. 2. Full of tendons; sinewy; as, nervous and tendinous parts of the body. TENDMENT Tend"ment, n. Defn: Attendance; care. [Obs.] TENDON Ten"don, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. tendere to stretch, extend. See Tend to move.] (Anat.) Defn: A tough insensible cord, bundle, or band of fibrous connective tissue uniting a muscle with some other part; a sinew. Tendon reflex (Physiol.), a kind of reflex act in which a muscle is made to contract by a blow upon its tendon. Its absence is generally a sign of disease. See Knee jerk, under Knee. TENDONOUS Ten"don*ous, a. Defn: Tendinous. TENDOSYNOVITIS Ten`do*syn`o*vi"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Tendon, and Synovitis.] Defn: See Tenosynovitis. TENDRAC Ten"drac, n. Etym: [See Tenrec.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small insectivores of the family Centetidæ, belonging to Ericulus, Echinope, and related genera, native of Madagascar. They are more or less spinose and resemble the hedgehog in habits. The rice tendrac (Oryzorictes hora) is very injurious to rice crops. Some of the species are called also tenrec. TENDRE Ten"dre, n. [F.] Defn: Tender feeling or fondness; affection. You poor friendless creatures are always having some foolish tendre. Thackeray. TENDRESSE Ten*dresse", n. [F.] Defn: Tender feeling; fondness. [Obs., except as a French word] TENDRIL Ten"dril, n. Etym: [Shortened fr. OF. tendrillon, fr. F. tendre tender; hence, properly, the tender branch or spring of a plant: cf. F. tendrille. See Tender, a., and cf. Tendron.] (Bot.) Defn: A slender, leafless portion of a plant by which it becomes attached to a supporting body, after which the tendril usually contracts by coiling spirally. Note: Tendrils may represent the end of a stem, as in the grapevine; an axillary branch, as in the passion flower; stipules, as in the genus Smilax; or the end of a leaf, as in the pea. TENDRIL Ten"dril, a. Defn: Clasping; climbing as a tendril. [R.] Dyer. TENDRILED; TENDRILLED Ten"driled, Ten"drilled, a. (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with tendrils, or with such or so many, tendrils. "The thousand tendriled vine." Southey. TENDRON Ten"dron, n. Etym: [F. Cf. Tendril.] Defn: A tendril. [Obs.] Holland. TENDRY Ten"dry, n. Defn: A tender; an offer. [Obs.] Heylin. TENE Tene, n. & v. Defn: See 1st and 2d Teen. [Obs.] TENEBRAE Ten"e*bræ, n. Etym: [L., pl., darkness.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The matins and lauds for the last three days of Holy Week, commemorating the sufferings and death of Christ, -- usually sung on the afternoon or evening of Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, instead of on the following days. TENEBRICOSE Te*neb"ri*cose`, a. Etym: [L. tenebricosus.] Defn: Tenebrous; dark; gloomy. [Obs.] TENEBRIFIC Ten`e*brif"ic, a. Etym: [L. tenebrae darkness + facere to make.] Defn: Rendering dark or gloomy; tenebrous; gloomy. It lightens, it brightens, The tenebrific scene. Burns. Where light Lay fitful in a tenebrific time. R. Browning. TENEBRIFICOUS Ten`e*brif"ic*ous, a. Defn: Tenebrific. Authors who are tenebrificous stars. Addison. TENEBRIOUS Te*ne"bri*ous, a. Defn: Tenebrous. Young. TENEBROSE Ten"e*brose`, a. Defn: Characterized by darkness or gloom; tenebrous. TENEBROSITY Ten`e*bros"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tenebrous; tenebrousness. Burton. TENEBROUS Ten"e*brous, a. Etym: [L. tenebrosus, fr. tenebrae darkness: cf. F. ténébreux.] Defn: Dark; gloomy; dusky; tenebrious. -- Ten"e*brous*ness, n. The most dark, tenebrous night. J. Hall (1565). The towering and tenebrous boughts of the cypress. Longfellow. TENEMENT Ten"e*ment, n. Etym: [OF. tenement a holding, a fief, F. tènement, LL. tenementum, fr. L. tenere to hold. See Tenant.] 1. (Feud. Law) Defn: That which is held of another by service; property which one holds of a lord or proprietor in consideration of some military or pecuniary service; fief; fee. 2. (Common Law) Defn: Any species of permanent property that may be held, so as to create a tenancy, as lands, houses, rents, commons, an office, an advowson, a franchise, a right of common, a peerage, and the like; -- called also free or frank tenements. The thing held is a tenement, the possessor of it a "tenant," and the manner of possession is called "tenure." Blackstone. 3. A dwelling house; a building for a habitation; also, an apartment, or suite of rooms, in a building, used by one family; often, a house erected to be rented. 4. Fig.: Dwelling; abode; habitation. Who has informed us that a rational soul can inhabit no tenement, unless it has just such a sort of frontispiece Locke. Tenement house, commonly, a dwelling house erected for the purpose of being rented, and divided into separate apartments or tenements for families. The term is often applied to apartment houses occupied by poor families. Syn. -- House; dwelling; habitation. -- Tenement, House. There may be many houses under one roof, but they are completely separated from each other by party walls. A tenement may be detached by itself, or it may be part of a house divided off for the use of a family. TENEMENTAL Ten`e*men"tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a tenement; capable of being held by tenants. Blackstone. TENEMENTARY Ten`e*men"ta*ry, a. Defn: Capable of being leased; held by tenants. Spelman. TENENT Ten"ent, n. Etym: [L. tenent they hold, 3d pers. pl. pres. of tenere.] Defn: A tenet. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. TENERAL Ten"er*al, a. Etym: [L. tener, -eris, tender, delicate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a condition assumed by the imago of certain Neuroptera, after exclusion from the pupa. In this state the insect is soft, and has not fully attained its mature coloring. TENERIFFE Ten`er*iffe", n. Defn: A white wine resembling Madeira in taste, but more tart, produced in Teneriffe, one of the Canary Islands; -- called also Vidonia. TENERITY Te*ner"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. teneritas. See Tender, a.] Defn: Tenderness. [Obs.] Ainsworth. TENESMIC Te*nes"mic, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to tenesmus; characterized by tenesmus. TENESMUS Te*nes"mus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. tenesmos.] (Med.) Defn: An urgent and distressing sensation, as if a discharge from the intestines must take place, although none can be effected; -- always referred to the lower extremity of the rectum. Vesical tenesmus, a similar sensation as to the evacuation of urine, referred to the region of the bladder. TENET Ten"et, n. Etym: [L. tenet he holds, fr. tenere to hold. See Tenable.] Defn: Any opinion, principle, dogma, belief, or doctrine, which a person holds or maintains as true; as, the tenets of Plato or of Cicero. That al animals of the land are in their kind in the sea, . . . is a tenet very questionable. Sir T. Browne. The religious tenets of his family he had early renounced with contempt. Macaulay. Syn. -- Dogma; doctrine; opinion; principle; position. See Dogma. TENFOLD Ten"fold`, a. & adv. Defn: In tens; consisting of ten in one; ten times repeated. The grisly Terror . . . grew tenfold More dreadful and deform. Milton. TENIA Te"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Tænia. TENIOID Te"ni*oid, a. Defn: See Tænoid. TENNANTITE Ten"nant*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Smithson Tennant, an English chemist.] (Min.) Defn: A blackish lead-gray mineral, closely related to tetrahedrite. It is essentially a sulphide of arsenic and copper. TENNE Ten`né", n. Etym: [Cf. Tawny.] (Her.) Defn: A tincture, rarely employed, which is considered as an orange color or bright brown. It is represented by diagonal lines from sinister to dexter, crossed by vertical lines. TENNIS Ten"nis, n. Etym: [OE. tennes, tenies, tenyse; of uncertain origin, perhaps fr. F. tenez hold or take it, fr. tenir to hold (see Tenable).] Defn: A play in which a ball is driven to and fro, or kept in motion by striking it with a racket or with the open hand. Shak. His easy bow, his good stories, his style of dancing and playing tennis, . . . were familiar to all London. Macaulay. Court tennis, the old game of tennis as played within walled courts of peculiar construction; -- distinguished from lawn tennis. -- Lawn tennis. See under Lawn, n. -- Tennis court, a place or court for playing the game of tennis. Shak. TENNIS Ten"nis, v. t. Defn: To drive backward and forward, as a ball in playing tennis. [R.] Spenser. TENNO Ten*no", n. [Jap. tenno, fr. Chin. t'ien heaven + wang king.] Defn: Lit., King of Heaven; -- a title of the emperor of Japan as the head of the Shinto religion. TENNU Ten"nu, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The tapir. TENNYSONIAN Ten`ny*so"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Alfred (Lord) Tennyson, the English poet (1809-92); resembling, or having some of the characteristics of, his poetry, as simplicity, pictorial quality, sensuousness, etc. TEN-O'CLOCK Ten"-o'*clock`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant, the star-of-Bethlehem. See under Star. TENON Ten"on, n. Etym: [F., fr. tenir to hold. See Tenable.] (Carp. & Join.) Defn: A projecting member left by cutting away the wood around it, and made to insert into a mortise, and in this way secure together the parts of a frame; especially, such a member when it passes entirely through the thickness of the piece in which the mortise is cut, and shows on the other side. Cf. Tooth, Tusk. Tenon saw, a saw with a thin blade, usually stiffened by a brass or steel back, for cutting tenons. [Corruptly written tenant saw.] Gwilt. TENON Ten"on, v. t. Defn: To cut or fit for insertion into a mortise, as the end of a piece of timber. TENONIAN Te*no"ni*an, a. (Anat.) Defn: Discovered or described by M. Tenon, a French anatomist. Tenonian capsule (Anat.), a lymphatic space inclosed by a delicate membrane or fascia (the fascia of Tenon) between the eyeball and the fat of the orbit; -- called also capsule of Tenon. TENONITIS Ten`o*ni"tis, n. [NL., Gr. te`nwn tendon + -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of a tendon. TENONITIS Ten`o*ni"tis, n. [NL. See Tenonian, -itis.] Defn: Inflammation of the Tenonian capsule. TENOR Ten"or, n. Etym: [L., from tenere to hold; hence, properly, a holding on in a continued course: cf. F. teneur. See Tenable, and cf. Tenor a kind of voice.] 1. A state of holding on in a continuous course; manner of continuity; constant mode; general tendency; course; career. Along the cool sequestered vale of life They kept the noiseless tenor of their away. Gray. 2. That course of thought which holds on through a discourse; the general drift or course of thought; purport; intent; meaning; understanding. When it [the bond] is paid according to the tenor. Shak. Does not the whole tenor of the divine law positively require humility and meekness to all men Spart. 3. Stamp; character; nature. This success would look like chance, if it were perpetual, and always of the same tenor. Dryden. 4. (Law) Defn: An exact copy of a writing, set forth in the words and figures of it. It differs from purport, which is only the substance or general import of the instrument. Bouvier. 5. Etym: [F. ténor, L. tenor, properly, a holding; -- so called because the tenor was the voice which took and held the principal part, the plain song, air, or tune, to which the other voices supplied a harmony above and below: cf. It. tenore.] (Mus.) (a) The higher of the two kinds of voices usually belonging to adult males; hence, the part in the harmony adapted to this voice; the second of the four parts in the scale of sounds, reckoning from the base, and originally the air, to which the other parts were auxillary. (b) A person who sings the tenor, or the instrument that play it. Old Tenor, New Tenor, Middle Tenor, different descriptions of paper money, issued at different periods, by the American colonial governments in the last century. TENORRHAPHY Te*nor"rha*phy, n. [Gr. te`nwn tendon + -rhaphy.] (Surg.) Defn: Suture of a tendon. TENOSITIS Ten`o*si"tis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. te`nwn tendon + -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of a tendon. TENOSYNOVITIS Ten`o*syn`o*vi"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. synovitis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the synovial sheath enveloping a tendon. TENOTOME Ten"o*tome, n. (Surg.) Defn: A slender knife for use in the operation of tenotomy. TENOTOMY Te*not"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The division of a tendon, or the act of dividing a tendon. TENPENNY Ten"pen*ny, a. Defn: Valued or sold at ten pence; as, a tenpenny cake. See 2d Penny, n. TENPENNY Ten"pen*ny, a. Defn: Denoting a size of nails. See 1st Penny. TENPINS Ten"pins, n. Defn: A game resembling ninepins, but played with ten pins. See Ninepins. [U. S.] TEN-POUNDER Ten"-pound`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large oceanic fish (Elops saurus) found in the tropical parts of all the oceans. It is used chiefly for bait. TENREC Ten"rec, n. Etym: [From the native name: cf. F. tanrac, tanrec, tandrec.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small insectivore (Centetes ecaudatus), native of Madagascar, but introduced also into the islands of Bourbon and Mauritius; -- called also tanrec. The name is applied to other allied genera. See Tendrac. TENSE Tense, n. Etym: [OF. tens, properly, time, F. temps time, tense. See Temporal of time, and cf. Thing.] (Gram.) Defn: One of the forms which a verb takes by inflection or by adding auxiliary words, so as to indicate the time of the action or event signified; the modification which verbs undergo for the indication of time. Note: The primary simple tenses are three: those which express time past, present, and future; but these admit of modifications, which differ in different languages. TENSE Tense, a. Etym: [L. tensus, p.p. of tendere to stretch. See Tend to move, and cf. Toise.] Defn: Stretched tightly; strained to stiffness; rigid; not lax; as, a tense fiber. The temples were sunk, her forehead was tense, and a fatal paleness was upon her. Goldsmith. -- Tense"ly, adv. -- Tense"ness, n. TENSIBILITY Ten`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tensible; tensility. TENSIBLE Ten"si*ble, a. Etym: [See Tense, a.] Defn: Capable of being extended or drawn out; ductile; tensible. Gold . . . is likewise the most flexible and tensible. Bacon. TENSILE Ten"sile, a. Etym: [See Tense, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to extension; as, tensile strength. 2. Capable of extension; ductile; tensible. Bacon. TENSILED Ten"siled, a. Defn: Made tensile. [R.] TENSILITY Ten*sil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tensile, or capable of extension; tensibility; as, the tensility of the muscles. Dr. H. Mere. TENSION Ten"sion, n. Etym: [L. tensio, from tendere, tensum, to stretch: cf. F. tension. See Tense, a.] 1. The act of stretching or straining; the state of being stretched or strained to stiffness; the state of being bent strained; as, the tension of the muscles, tension of the larynx. 2. Fig.: Extreme strain of mind or excitement of feeling; intense effort. 3. The degree of stretching to which a wire, cord, piece of timber, or the like, is strained by drawing it in the direction of its length; strain. Gwilt. 4. (Mech.) Defn: The force by which a part is pulled when forming part of any system in equilibrium or in motion; as, the tension of a srting supporting a weight equals that weight. 5. A device for checking the delivery of the thread in a sewing machine, so as to give the stitch the required degree of tightness. 6. (Physics) Defn: Expansive force; the force with which the particles of a body, as a gas, tend to recede from each other and occupy a larger space; elastic force; elasticity; as, the tension of vapor; the tension of air. 7. (Elec.) Defn: The quality in consequence of which an electric charge tends to discharge itself, as into the air by a spark, or to pass from a body of greater to one of less electrical potential. It varies as the quantity of electricity upon a given area. Tension brace, or Tension member (Engin.), a brace or member designed to resist tension, or subjected to tension, in a structure. -- Tension rod (Engin.), an iron rod used as a tension member to strengthen timber or metal framework, roofs, or the like. TENSIONED Ten"sioned, a. Defn: Extended or drawn out; subjected to tension. "A highly tensioned string." Tyndall. TENSITY Ten"si*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tense, or strained to stiffness; tension; tenseness. TENSIVE Ten"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tensif. See Tense, a.] Defn: Giving the sensation of tension, stiffness, or contraction. A tensive pain from distension of the parts. Floyer. TENSOR Ten"sor, n. Etym: [NL. See Tension.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A muscle that stretches a part, or renders it tense. 2. (Geom.) Defn: The ratio of one vector to another in length, no regard being had to the direction of the two vectors; -- so called because considered as a stretching factor in changing one vector into another. See Versor. TEN-STRIKE Ten"-strike`, n. 1. (Tenpins) Defn: A knocking down of all ten pins at one delivery of the ball. [U. S.] 2. Any quick, decisive stroke or act. [Colloq. U.S.] TENSURE Ten"sure, n. Etym: [L. tensura. See Tension.] Defn: Tension. [Obs.] Bacon. TENT Tent, n. Etym: [Sp. tinto, properly, deep-colored, fr. L. tinctus, p.p. of tingere to dye. See Tinge, and cf. Tint, Tinto.] Defn: A kind of wine of a deep red color, chiefly from Galicia or Malaga in Spain; -- called also tent wine, and tinta. TENT Tent, n. Etym: [Cf. Attent, n.] 1. Attention; regard, care. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Lydgate. 2. Intention; design. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. TENT Tent, v. t. Defn: To attend to; to heed; hence, to guard; to hinder. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. TENT Tent, v. t. Etym: [OF. tenter. See Tempt.] Defn: To probe or to search with a tent; to keep open with a tent; as, to tent a wound. Used also figuratively. I'll tent him to the quick. Shak. TENT Tent, n. Etym: [F. tente. See Tent to probe.] (Surg.) (a) A roll of lint or linen, or a conical or cylindrical piece of sponge or other absorbent, used chiefly to dilate a natural canal, to keep open the orifice of a wound, or to absorb discharges. (b) A probe for searching a wound. The tent that searches To the bottom of the worst. Shak. TENT Tent, n. Etym: [OE. tente, F. tente, LL. tenta, fr. L. tendere, tentum, to stretch. See Tend to move, and cf. Tent a roll of lint.] 1. A pavilion or portable lodge consisting of skins, canvas, or some strong cloth, stretched and sustained by poles, -- used for sheltering persons from the weather, especially soldiers in camp. Within his tent, large as is a barn. Chaucer. 2. (Her.) Defn: The representation of a tent used as a bearing. Tent bed, a high-post bedstead curtained with a tentlike canopy. -- Tent caterpillar (Zoöl.), any one of several species of gregarious caterpillars which construct on trees large silken webs into which they retreat when at rest. Some of the species are very destructive to fruit trees. The most common American species is the larva of a bombycid moth (Clisiocampa Americana). Called also lackery caterpillar, and webworm. TENT Tent, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tented; p. pr. & vb. n. Tenting.] Defn: To lodge as a tent; to tabernacle. Shak. We 're tenting to-night on the old camp ground. W. Kittredge. TENTACLE Ten"ta*cle, n. Etym: [NL. tentaculum, from L. tentare to handle, feel: cf. F. tentacule. See Tempt.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A more or less elongated process or organ, simple or branched, proceeding from the head or cephalic region of invertebrate animals, being either an organ of sense, prehension, or motion. Tentacle sheath (Zoöl.), a sheathlike structure around the base of the tentacles of many mollusks. TENTACLED Ten"ta*cled, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having tentacles. TENTACULAR Ten*tac"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tentaculaire.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a tentacle or tentacles. TENTACULATA Ten*tac`u*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Ctenophora including those which have two long tentacles. TENTACULATE; TENTACULATED Ten*tac"u*late, Ten*tac"u*la`ted, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having tentacles, or organs like tentacles; tentacled. TENTACULIFERA Ten`ta*cu*lif"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Suctoria, 1. TENTACULIFEROUS Ten`ta*cu*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Tentaculum + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing or bearing tentacles. TENTACULIFORM Ten`ta*cu"li*form, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Shaped like a tentacle. TENTACULITE Ten*tac"u*lite, n. (Paleon.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small, conical fossil shells found in Paleozoic rocks. They are supposed to be pteropods. TENTACULOCYST Ten*tac"u*lo*cyst, n. Etym: [Tentaculum + cyst.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the auditory organs of certain medusæ; -- called also auditory tentacle. TENTACULUM Ten*tac"u*lum, n.; pl. Tentacula. Etym: [NL. See Tentacle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tentacle. 2. (Anat.) Defn: One of the stiff hairs situated about the mouth, or on the face, of many animals, and supposed to be tactile organs; a tactile hair. TENTAGE Tent"age, n. Etym: [From Tent a pavilion.] Defn: A collection of tents; an encampment. [Obs.] Drayton. TENTATION Ten*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. tentatio: cf. F. tentation. See Temptation.] 1. Trial; temptation. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A mode of adjusting or operating by repeated trials or experiments. Knight. TENTATIVE Ten*ta"tive, a. Etym: [L. tentare to try: cf. F. tentatif. See Tempt.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a trial or trials; essaying; experimental. "A slow, tentative manner." Carlyle. -- Ten*ta"tive*ly, adv. TENTATIVE Ten*ta"tive, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tentative.] Defn: An essay; a trial; an experiment. Berkley. TENTED Tent"ed, a. Defn: Covered with tents. TENTER Ten"ter, n. 1. One who takes care of, or tends, machines in a factory; a kind of assistant foreman. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A kind of governor. TENTER Ten"ter, n. Etym: [OE. tenture, tentoure, OF. tenture a stretching, spreading, F. tenture hangings, tapestry, from L. tendere, tentum, to stretch. See Tend to move.] Defn: A machine or frame for stretching cloth by means of hooks, called tenter-hooks, so that it may dry even and square. Tenter ground, a place where tenters are erected. -- Tenter-hook, a sharp, hooked nail used for fastening cloth on a tenter. -- To be on the tenters, or on the tenter-hooks, to be on the stretch; to be in distress, uneasiness, or suspense. Hudibras. TENTER Ten"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tentered; p. pr. & vb. n. Tentering.] Defn: To admit extension. Woolen cloth will tenter, linen scarcely. Bacon. TENTER Ten"ter, v. t. Defn: To hang or stretch on, or as on, tenters. TENTFUL Tent"ful, n.; pl. Tentfuls (. Defn: As much, or as many, as a tent will hold. TENTH Tenth, a. Etym: [From Ten: cf. OE. tethe, AS. teó. See Ten, and cf. Tithe.] 1. Next in order after the ninth; coming after nine others. 2. Constituting or being one of ten equal parts into which anything is divided. TENTH Tenth, n. 1. The next in order after the ninth; one coming after nine others. 2. The quotient of a unit divided by ten; one of ten equal parts into which anything is divided. 3. The tenth part of annual produce, income, increase, or the like; a tithe. Shak. 4. (Mus.) Defn: The interval between any tone and the tone represented on the tenth degree of the staff above it, as between one of the scale and three of the octave above; the octave of the third. 5. pl. (Eng. Law) (a) A temporary aid issuing out of personal property, and granted to the king by Parliament; formerly, the real tenth part of all the movables belonging to the subject. (b) (Eccl. Law) The tenth part of the annual profit of every living in the kingdom, formerly paid to the pope, but afterward transferred to the crown. It now forms a part of the fund called Queen Anne's Bounty. Burrill. TENTHLY Tenth"ly, adv. Defn: In a tenth manner. TENTHMETER; TENTHMETRE Tenth"me`ter, Tenth"me`tre, n. (Physics) Defn: A unit for the measurement of many small lengths, such that 1010 of these units make one meter; the ten millionth part of a millimeter. TENTHREDINIDES Ten`thre*din"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of Hymneoptera comprising the sawflies. TENTIF Ten"tif, a. Defn: Attentive. [Obs.] Chaucer. TENTIFLY Ten"tif*ly, adv. Defn: Attentively. [Obs.] Chaucer. TENTIGINOUS Ten*tig"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. tentigo, -inis, a tension, lecherousness, fr. tendere, tentum, to stretch.] 1. Stiff; stretched; strained. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Lustful, or pertaining to lust. [Obs.] B. Jonson. TENTMAKER Tent"mak`er, n. Defn: One whose occupation it is to make tents. Acts xviii. 3. TENTORIUM Ten*to"ri*um, n. Etym: [L., a tent.] (Anat.) Defn: A fold of the dura mater which separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum and often incloses a process or plate of the skull called the bony tentorium. TENTORY Tent"o*ry, n. Etym: [L. tentorium a tent.] Defn: The awning or covering of a tent. [Obs.] Evelyn. TENTWORT Tent"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of small fern, the wall rue. See under Wall. TENUATE Ten"u*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tenuated; p. pr. & vb. n. Tenuating.] Etym: [L. tenuatus, p.p. of tenuare to make thin, fr. tenuis thin. See Tenuous.] Defn: To make thin; to attenuate. [R.] TENUIFOLIOUS Ten`u*i*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. tenuis thin + folium a leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: Having thin or narrow leaves. TENUIOUS Te*nu"i*ous, a. Etym: [See Tenuous.] Defn: Rare or subtile; tenuous; -- opposed to dense. [Obs.] Glanvill. TENUIROSTER Ten`u*i*ros"ter, n.; pl. Tenuirosters. Etym: [NL., fr. L. tenuis thin + rostrum a beak.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Tenuirostres. TENUIROSTRAL Ten`u*i*ros"tral, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Thin-billed; -- applied to birds with a slender bill, as the humming birds. TENUIROSTRES Ten`u*i*ros"tres, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An artificial group of passerine birds having slender bills, as the humming birds. TENUIS Ten"u*is, n.; pl. Tenues. Etym: [NL., fr. L. tenuis fine, thin. See Tenuous.] (Gr. Gram.) Defn: One of the three surd mutes k, p, t; -- so called in relation to their respective middle letters, or medials, g, b, d, and their aspirates, x, f, th. The term is also applied to the corresponding letters and articulate elements in other languages. TENUITY Te*nu"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. tenuitas, from tenuis thin: cf. F. ténuité. See Tenuous.] 1. The quality or state of being tenuous; thinness, applied to a broad substance; slenderness, applied to anything that is long; as, the tenuity of a leaf; the tenuity of a hair. 2. Rarily; rareness; thinness, as of a fluid; as, the tenuity of the air; the tenuity of the blood. Bacon. 3. Poverty; indigence. [Obs.] Eikon Basilike. 4. Refinement; delicacy. TENUOUS Ten"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. tenuis thin. See Thin, and cf. Tenuis.] 1. Thin; slender; small; minute. 2. Rare; subtile; not dense; -- said of fluids. Defn: Lacking substance, as a tenuous argument. TENURE Ten"ure, n. Etym: [F. tenure, OF. teneure, fr. F. tenir to hold. See Tenable.] 1. The act or right of holding, as property, especially real estate. That the tenure of estates might rest on equity, the Indian title to lands was in all cases to be quieted. Bancroft. 2. (Eng. Law) Defn: The manner of holding lands and tenements of a superior. Note: Tenure is inseparable from the idea of property in land, according to the theory of the English law; and this idea of tenure pervades, to a considerable extent, the law of real property in the United States, where the title to land is essentially allodial, and almost all lands are held in fee simple, not of a superior, but the whole right and title to the property being vested in the owner. Tenure, in general, then, is the particular manner of holding real estate, as by exclusive title or ownership, by fee simple, by fee tail, by courtesy, in dower, by copyhold, by lease, at will, etc. 3. The consideration, condition, or service which the occupier of land gives to his lord or superior for the use of his land. 4. Manner of holding, in general; as, in absolute governments, men hold their rights by a precarious tenure. All that seems thine own, Held by the tenure of his will alone. Cowper. Tenure by fee alms. (Law) See Frankalmoigne. TEOCALLI Te`o*cal"li, n.; pl. Teocallis. Etym: [Mexican.] Defn: Literally, God's house; a temple, usually of pyramidal form, such as were built by the aborigines of Mexico, Yucatan, etc. And Aztec priests upon their teocallis Beat the wild war-drums made of serpent's skin. Longfellow. TEOSINTE Te`o*sin"te, n. (Bot.) Defn: A large grass (Euchlæna luxurians) closely related to maize. It is native of Mexico and Central America, but is now cultivated for fodder in the Southern United States and in many warm countries. Called also Guatemala grass. TEPAL Tep"al, n. Etym: [F. tépale, fr. pétale, by transposition.] (Bot.) Defn: A division of a perianth. [R.] TEPEE Tep*ee", n. Defn: An Indian wigwam or tent. TEPEFACTION Tep`e*fac"tion, n. Defn: Act of tepefying. TEPEFY Tep"e*fy, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Tepefied; p. pr. & vb. n. Tepefying.] Etym: [L. tepere to be tepid + -fy; cf. L. tepefacere. See Tepid.] Defn: To make or become tepid, or moderately warm. Goldsmith. TEPHRAMANCY Teph"ra*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.] Defn: Divination by the ashes of the altar on which a victim had been consumed in sacrifice. TEPHRITE Teph"rite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Geol.) Defn: An igneous rock consisting essentially of plagioclase and either leucite or nephelite, or both. TEPHROITE Teph"ro*ite, n. Etym: [See Tephrosia.] (Min.) Defn: A silicate of manganese of an ash-gray color. TEPHROSIA Te*phro"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of leguminous shrubby plants and herbs, mostly found in tropical countries, a few herbaceous species being North American. The foliage is often ashy-pubescent, whence the name. Note: The Tephrosia toxicaria is used in the West Indies and in Polynesia for stupefying fish. T. purpurea is used medicinally in the East Indies. T. Virginia is the goat's rue of the United States. TEPID Tep"id, a. Etym: [L. tepidus, fr. tepere to be warm; akin to Skr. tap to be warm, tapas heat.] Defn: Moderately warm; lukewarm; as, a tepid bath; tepid rays; tepid vapors. -- Tep"id*ness, n. TEPIDITY Te*pid"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tépidité.] Defn: The quality or state of being tepid; moderate warmth; lukewarmness; tepidness. Jer. Taylor. TEPOR Te"por, n. Etym: [L., fr. tepere to be tepid.] Defn: Gentle heat; moderate warmth; tepidness. Arbuthnot. TEQUILA Te*qui"la, n. Defn: An intoxicating liquor made from the maguey in the district of Tequila, Mexico. TER- Ter-. Defn: A combining form from L. ter signifying three times, thrice. See Tri-, 2. TERACONIC Ter`a*con"ic, a. Etym: [Terebic + citraconic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the distillation of terebic acid, and homologous with citraconic acid. TERACRYLIC Ter`a*cryl"ic, a. Etym: [Terpene + acrylic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the acrylic series, obtained by the distillation of terpenylic acid, as an only substance having a peculiar cheesy odor. TERAPH Ter"aph, n.; pl. Teraphs (. Defn: See Teraphim. TERAPHIM Ter"a*phim, n. pl. Etym: [Heb. teraphim.] Defn: Images connected with the magical rites used by those Israelites who added corrupt practices to the patriarchal religion. Teraphim were consulted by the Israelites for oracular answers. Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.). TERAPIN Ter"a*pin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Terrapin. TERATICAL Te*rat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Wonderful; ominous; prodigious. [Obs.] Wollaston. TERATOGENY Ter`a*tog"e*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: The formation of monsters. TERATOID Ter"a*toid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Resembling a monster; abnormal; of a pathological growth, exceedingly complex or highly organized. S. D. Gross. TERATOLOGICAL Ter`a*to*log"ic*al, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to teratology; as, teratological changes. TERATOLOGY Ter`a*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. Gr. tératologie.] 1. That branch of biological science which treats of monstrosities, malformations, or deviations from the normal type of structure, either in plants or animals. 2. Affectation of sublimity; bombast. [Obs.] Bailey. TERATOMA Ter`a*to"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A tumor, sometimes found in newborn children, which is made up of a heterigenous mixture of tissues, as of bone, cartilage and muscle. TERBIC Ter"bic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, terbium; also, designating certain of its compounds. TERBIUM Ter"bi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Ytterby, in Sweden. See Erbium.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element, of uncertain identification, supposed to exist in certain minerals, as gadolinite and samarskite, with other rare ytterbium earth. Symbol Tr or Tb. Atomic weight 150. TERCE Terce, n. Defn: See Tierce. TERCEL Ter"cel, n. Defn: See Tiercel. Called also tarsel, tassel. Chaucer. TERCELET Terce"let, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A male hawk or eagle; a tiercelet. Chaucer. TERCELLENE Ter"cel*lene, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small male hawk. [R.] Sir T. Browne. TERCENTENARY Ter*cen"te*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. ter thirce + E. centenary.] Defn: Including, or relating to, an interval of three hundred years. -- n. Defn: The three hundredth anniversary of any event; also, a celebration of such an anniversary. TERCET Ter"cet, n. Etym: [F., fr. It. terzetto, dim. of terzo, third, L. tertius. See Tierce, and cf. Terzetto.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A triplet. Hiles. 2. (Poetry) Defn: A triplet; a group of three lines. TERCINE Ter"cine, n. Etym: [F., from L. tertius the third.] (Bot.) Defn: A cellular layer derived from the nucleus of an ovule and surrounding the embryo sac. Cf. Quintine. TEREBATE Ter"e*bate, n. Defn: A salt of terebic acid. TEREBENE Ter"e*bene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A polymeric modification of terpene, obtained as a white crystalline camphorlike substance; -- called also camphene. By extension, any one of a group of related substances. TEREBENTHENE Ter`e*ben"thene, n. (Chem.) Defn: Oil of turpentine. See Turpentine. TEREBIC Te*reb"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, terbenthene (oil of turpentine); specifically, designating an acid, C7H10O4, obtained by the oxidation of terbenthene with nitric acid, as a white crystalline substance. TEREBILENIC Ter`e*bi*len"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a complex acid, C7H8O4, obtained as a white crystalline substance by a modified oxidation of terebic acid. TEREBINTH Ter"e*binth, n. Etym: [L. terbinthus, Gr. térébinthe. Cf. Turpentine.] (Bot.) Defn: The turpentine tree. TEREBINTHIC Ter`e*bin"thic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to turpentine; resembling turpentine; terbinthine; as, terbinthic qualities. TEREBINTHINATE Ter`e*bin"thi*nate, a. Defn: Impregnating with the qualities of turpentine; terbinthine. TEREBINTHINE Ter`e*bin"thine, a. Etym: [L. terbinthinus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to turpentine; consisting of turpentine, or partaking of its qualities. TEREBRA Ter"e*bra, n.; pl. E. Terebras, L. Terebræ. Etym: [L., a borer.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine gastropods having a long, tapering spire. They belong to the Toxoglossa. Called also auger shell. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The boring ovipositor of a hymenopterous insect. TEREBRANT Ter"e*brant, a. Etym: [L. terebrans, -antis, p.pr.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Boring, or adapted for boring; -- said of certain Hymenoptera, as the sawflies. TEREBRANTIA Ter`e*bran"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Hymenoptera including those which have an ovipositor adapted for perforating plants. It includes the sawflies. TEREBRATE Ter"e*brate, v. t. Etym: [L. terebratus, p.p. of terebrare, from terebra a borer, terere to rub.] Defn: To perforate; to bore; to pierce. [R.] Sir T. Browne. TEREBRATING Ter"e*bra`ting, a. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Boring; perforating; -- applied to molluskas which form holes in rocks, wood, etc. 2. (Med.) Defn: Boring; piercing; -- applied to certain kinds of pain, especially to those of locomotor ataxia. TEREBRATION Ter`e*bra"tion, n. Etym: [L. terebratio.] Defn: The act of terebrating, or boring. [R.] Bacon. TEREBRATULA Ter`e*brat"u*la, n.; pl. Terebratulæ. Etym: [Nl., dim. fr. terebratus, p.p., perforated.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of brachiopods which includes many living and some fossil species. The larger valve has a perforated beak, through which projects a short peduncle for attachment. Called also lamp shell. TEREBRATULID Ter`e*brat"u*lid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Terebratula or allied genera. Used also adjectively. TEREBRATULIFORM Ter`e*bra*tu"li*form, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the general form of a terebratula shell. TEREDINE Ter"e*dine, n. Etym: [F. térédine.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A borer; the teredo. TEREDO Te*re"do, n.; pl. E. Teredos, L. Teredines. Etym: [L., a worm that gnaws wood, clothes, etc.; akin to Gr. terere to rub.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of long, slender, wormlike bivalve mollusks which bore into submerged wood, such as the piles of wharves, bottoms of ships, etc.; -- called also shipworm. See Shipworm. See Illust. in App. TEREK Ter"ek, n. [Because found on the Terek River in the Caucasus.] Defn: A sandpiper (Terekia cinerea) of the Old World, breeding in the far north of eastern Europe and Asia and migrating to South Africa and Australia. It frequents rivers. TEREPHTHALATE Ter*eph"tha*late, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of terephthalic acid. TEREPHTHALIC Ter`eph*thal"ic, a. Etym: [Terebene + phthalic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a dibasic acid of the aromatic series, metameric with phthalic acid, and obtained, as a tasteless white crystalline powder, by the oxidation of oil of turpentine; -- called also paraphthalic acid. Cf. Phthalic. TERET Ter"et, a. Defn: Round; terete. [Obs.] Fotherby. TERETE Te*rete", a. Etym: [L. teres, -etis, rounded off, properly, rubbed off, fr. terere to rub.] Defn: Cylindrical and slightly tapering; columnar, as some stems of plants. TERETIAL Te*re"tial, a. Etym: [See Terete.] (Anat.) Defn: Rounded; as, the teretial tracts in the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain of some fishes. Owen. TERETOUS Ter"e*tous, a. Defn: Terete. [Obs.] TERGAL Ter"gal, a. Etym: [L. tergum the back.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to back, or tergum. See Dorsal. TERGANT Ter"gant, a. (Her.) Defn: Showing the back; as, the eagle tergant. [Written also tergiant.] TERGEMINAL; TERGEMINATE Ter*gem"i*nal, Ter*gem"i*nate, a. Etym: [See Tergeminous.] (Bot.) Defn: Thrice twin; having three pairs of leaflets. TERGEMINOUS Ter*gem"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. tergeminus; ter thrice + geminus doubled at birth, twin-born. Cf. Trigeminous.] Defn: Threefold; thrice-paired. Blount. TERGIFEROUS Ter*gif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. tergum the back + -ferous.] Defn: Carrying or bearing upon the back. Tergiferous plants (Bot.), plants which bear their seeds on the back of their leaves, as ferns. TERGITE Ter"gite, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dorsal portion of an arthromere or somite of an articulate animal. See Illust. under Coleoptera. TERGIVERSATE Ter"gi*ver*sate, v. i. Etym: [L. tergiversatus, p.p. of tergiversari to turn one's back, to shift; tergum back + versare, freq. of vertere to turn. See Verse.] Defn: To shift; to practice evasion; to use subterfuges; to shuffle. [R.] Bailey. TERGIVERSATION Ter`gi*ver*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. tergiversario: cf. F. tergiversation.] 1. The act of tergiversating; a shifting; shift; subterfuge; evasion. Writing is to be preferred before verbal conferences, as being freer from passions and tergiversations. Abp. Bramhall. 2. Fickleness of conduct; inconstancy; change. The colonel, after all his tergiversations, lost his life in the king's service. Clarendon. TERGIVERSATOR Ter"gi*ver*sa`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who tergiversates; one who suffles, or practices evasion. TERGUM Ter"gum, n.; pl. Terga. Etym: [L., the back.] (Zoöl.) (a) The back of an animal. (b) The dorsal piece of a somite of an articulate animal. (c) One of the dorsal plates of the operculum of a cirriped. TERIN Te"rin, n. Etym: [F. tarin, Prov. F. tairin, térin, probably from the Picard tère tender.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small yellow singing bird, with an ash-colored head; the European siskin. Called also tarin. TERM Term, n. Etym: [F. terme, L. termen, -inis, terminus, a boundary limit, end; akin to Gr. Thrum a tuft, and cf. Terminus, Determine, Exterminate.] 1. That which limits the extent of anything; limit; extremity; bound; boundary. Corruption is a reciprocal to generation, and they two are as nature's two terms, or boundaries. Bacon. 2. The time for which anything lasts; any limited time; as, a term of five years; the term of life. 3. In universities, schools, etc., a definite continuous period during which instruction is regularly given to students; as, the school year is divided into three terms. 4. (Geom.) Defn: A point, line, or superficies, that limits; as, a line is the term of a superficies, and a superficies is the term of a solid. 5. (Law) Defn: A fixed period of time; a prescribed duration; as: (a) The limitation of an estate; or rather, the whole time for which an estate is granted, as for the term of a life or lives, or for a term of years. (b) A space of time granted to a debtor for discharging his obligation. (c) The time in which a court is held or is open for the trial of causes. Bouvier. Note: In England, there were formerly four terms in the year, during which the superior courts were open: Hilary term, beginning on the 11th and ending on the 31st of January; Easter term, beginning on the 15th of April, and ending on the 8th of May; Trinity term, beginning on the 22d day of May, and ending on the 12th of June; Michaelmas term, beginning on the 2d and ending on the 25th day of November. The rest of the year was called vacation. But this division has been practically abolished by the Judicature Acts of 1873, 1875, which provide for the more convenient arrangement of the terms and vacations. In the United States, the terms to be observed by the tribunals of justice are prescribed by the statutes of Congress and of the several States. 6. (Logic) Defn: The subject or the predicate of a proposition; one of the three component parts of a syllogism, each one of which is used twice. The subject and predicate of a proposition are, after Aristotle, together called its terms or extremes. Sir W. Hamilton. Note: The predicate of the conclusion is called the major term, because it is the most general, and the subject of the conclusion is called the minor term, because it is less general. These are called the extermes; and the third term, introduced as a common measure between them, is called the mean or middle term. Thus in the following syllogism, --Every vegetable is combustible; Every tree is a vegetable; Therefore every tree is combustible, -combustible, the predicate of the conclusion, is the major term; tree is the minor term; vegetable is the middle term. 7. A word or expression; specifically, one that has a precisely limited meaning in certain relations and uses, or is peculiar to a science, art, profession, or the like; as, a technical term. "Terms quaint of law." Chaucer. In painting, the greatest beauties can not always be expressed for want of terms. Dryden. 8. (Arch.) Defn: A quadrangular pillar, adorned on the top with the figure of a head, as of a man, woman, or satyr; -- called also terminal figure. See Terminus, n., 2 and 3. Note: The pillar part frequently tapers downward, or is narrowest at the base. Terms rudely carved were formerly used for landmarks or boundaries. Gwilt. 9. (Alg.) Defn: A member of a compound quantity; as, a or b in a + b; ab or cd in ab - cd. 10. pl. (Med.) Defn: The menses. 11. pl. (Law) Defn: Propositions or promises, as in contracts, which, when assented to or accepted by another, settle the contract and bind the parties; conditions. 12. (Law) Defn: In Scotland, the time fixed for the payment of rents. Note: Terms legal and conventional in Scotland correspond to quarter days in England and Ireland. There are two legal terms -- Whitsunday, May 15, and Martinmas, Nov. 11; and two conventional terms -- Candlemas, Feb. 2, and Lammas day, Aug. 1. Mozley & W. 13. (Naut.) Defn: A piece of carved work placed under each end of the taffrail. J. Knowels. In term, in set terms; in formal phrase. [Obs.] I can not speak in term. Chaucer. -- Term fee (Law) (a), a fee by the term, chargeable to a suitor, or by law fixed and taxable in the costs of a cause for each or any term it is in court. -- Terms of a proportion (Math.), the four members of which it is composed. -- To bring to terms, to compel (one) to agree, assent, or submit; to force (one) to come to terms. -- To make terms, to come to terms; to make an agreement: to agree. Syn. -- Limit; bound; boundary; condition; stipulation; word; expression. -- Term, Word. These are more frequently interchanged than almost any other vocables that occur of the language. There is, however, a difference between them which is worthy of being kept in mind. Word is generic; it denotes an utterance which represents or expresses our thoughts and feelings. Term originally denoted one of the two essential members of a proposition in logic, and hence signifies a word of specific meaning, and applicable to a definite class of objects. Thus, we may speak of a scientific or a technical term, and of stating things in distinct terms. Thus we say, "the term minister literally denotes servant;" "an exact definition of terms is essential to clearness of thought;" "no term of reproach can sufficiently express my indignation;" "every art has its peculiar and distinctive terms," etc. So also we say, "purity of style depends on the choice of words, and precision of style on a clear understanding of the terms used." Term is chiefly applied to verbs, nouns, and adjectives, these being capable of standing as terms in a logical proposition; while prepositions and conjunctions, which can never be so employed, are rarely spoken of as terms, but simply as words. TERM Term, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Termed; p. pr. & vb. n. Terming.] Etym: [See Term, n., and cf. Terminate.] Defn: To apply a term to; to name; to call; to denominate. Men term what is beyond the limits of the universe "imaginary space." Locke. TERMA Ter"ma, n. Etym: [NL. See Term, n.] (Anat.) Defn: The terminal lamina, or thin ventral part, of the anterior wall of the third ventricle of the brain. B. G. Wilder. TERMAGANCY Ter"ma*gan*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being termagant; turbulence; tumultuousness; as, a violent termagancy of temper. TERMAGANT Ter"ma*gant, n. Etym: [OE. Trivigant, Termagant, Termagant (in sense 1), OF. Tervagan; cf. It. Trivigante.] 1. An imaginary being supposed by the Christians to be a Mohammedan deity or false god. He is represented in the ancient moralities, farces, and puppet shows as extremely vociferous and tumultous. [Obs.] Chaucer. "And oftentimes by Termagant and Mahound [Mahomet] swore." Spenser. The lesser part on Christ believed well, On Termagant the more, and on Mahound. Fairfax. 2. A boisterous, brawling, turbulent person; -- formerly applied to both sexes, now only to women. This terrible termagant, this Nero, this Pharaoh. Bale (1543). The slave of an imperious and reckless termagant. Macaulay. TERMAGANT Ter"ma*gant, a. Defn: Tumultuous; turbulent; boisterous; furious; quarrelsome; scolding. -- Ter"ma*gant*ly, adv. A termagant, imperious, prodigal, profligate wench. Arbuthnot. TERMATARIUM Ter`ma*ta"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Termes.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any nest or dwelling of termes, or white ants. TERMATARY Ter"ma*ta*ry, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Termatarium. TERM DAY Term day. Defn: A day which is a term (as for payment of rent), or is a day in a term, as of the sitting of a court; esp., one of a series of special days, designated by scientists of different nations or stations, for making synoptic magnetic, meteorological, or other physical observations. TERMER Term"er, n. 1. One who resorted to London during the law term only, in order to practice tricks, to carry on intrigues, or the like. [Obs.] [Written also termor.] B. Jonson. 2. (Law) Defn: One who has an estate for a term of years or for life. TERMES Ter"mes, n.; pl. Termities. Etym: [L. termes, tarmes, -itis, a woodworm. Cf. Termite.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Pseudoneuroptera including the white ants, or termites. See Termite. TERMINABLE Ter"mi*na*ble, a. Etym: [See Terminate.] Defn: Capable of being terminated or bounded; limitable. -- Ter"mi*na*ble*ness, n. Terminable annuity, an annuity for a stated, definite number of years; -- distinguished from life annuity, and perpetual annuity. TERMINAL Ter"mi*nal, a. Etym: [L. terminals: cf. F. terminal. See Term, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the end or extremity; forming the extremity; as, a terminal edge. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Growing at the end of a branch or stem; terminating; as, a terminal bud, flower, or spike. Terminal moraine. See the Note under Moraine. -- Terminal statue. See Terminus, n., 2 and 3. -- Terminal velocity. (a) The velocity acquired at the end of a body's motion. (b) The limit toward which the velocity of a body approaches, as of a body falling through the air. TERMINAL Ter"mi*nal, n. 1. That which terminates or ends; termination; extremity. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: Either of the ends of the conducting circuit of an electrical apparatus, as an inductorium, dynamo, or electric motor, usually provided with binding screws for the attachment of wires by which a current may be conveyed into or from the machine; a pole. TERMINALIA Ter`mi*na"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A festival celebrated annually by the Romans on February 23 in honor of Terminus, the god of boundaries. TERMINANT Ter"mi*nant, n. Etym: [L. terminans, p.pr. of terminare.] Defn: Termination; ending. [R.] Puttenham. TERMINATE Ter"mi*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Terminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Terminating.] Etym: [L. terminatus, p.p. of terminare. See Term.] 1. To set a term or limit to; to form the extreme point or side of; to bound; to limit; as, to terminate a surface by a line. 2. To put an end to; to make to cease; as, to terminate an effort, or a controversy. 3. Hence, to put the finishing touch to; to bring to completion; to perfect. During this interval of calm and prosperity, he [Michael Angelo] terminated two figures of slaves, destined for the tomb, in an incomparable style of art. J. S. Harford. TERMINATE Ter"mi*nate, v. i. 1. To be limited in space by a point, line, or surface; to stop short; to end; to cease; as, the torrid zone terminates at the tropics. 2. To come to a limit in time; to end; to close. The wisdom of this world, its designs and efficacy, terminate on zhis side heaven. South. TERMINATION Ter`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. terminatio a bounding, fixing, determining: cf. F. terminasion, OF. also termination. See Term.] 1. The act of terminating, or of limiting or setting bounds; the act of ending or concluding; as, a voluntary termination of hostilities. 2. That which ends or bounds; limit in space or extent; bound; end; as, the termination of a line. 3. End in time or existence; as, the termination of the year, or of life; the termination of happiness. 4. End; conclusion; result. Hallam. 5. Last purpose of design. [R.] 6. A word; a term. [R. & Obs.] Shak. 7. (Gram.) Defn: The ending of a word; a final syllable or letter; the part added to a stem in inflection. TERMINATIONAL Ter`mi*na"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to termination; forming a termination. TERMINATIVE Ter"mi*na*tive, a. Defn: Tending or serving to terminate; terminating; determining; definitive. Bp. Rust. -- Ter"mi*na*tive*ly, adv. Jer. Taylor. TERMINATOR Ter"mi*na`tor, n. Etym: [L., he who limits or sets bounds.] 1. One who, or that which, terminates. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The dividing line between the illuminated and the unilluminated part of the moon. TERMINATORY Ter"mi*na*to*ry, a. Defn: Terminative. TERMINE Ter"mine, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. terminer.] Defn: To terminate. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. TERMINER Ter"mi*ner, n. Etym: [F. terminer to bound, limit, end. See Terminate.] (Law) Defn: A determining; as, in oyer and terminer. See Oyer. TERMINISM Ter"mi*nism, n. Defn: The doctrine held by the Terminists. TERMINIST Ter"mi*nist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. terministe.] (Theol.) Defn: One of a class of theologians who maintain that God has fixed a certain term for the probation of individual persons, during which period, and no longer, they have the offer to grace. Murdock. TERMINOLOGICAL Ter`mi*no*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to terminology. -- Ter`mi*no*log"ic*al*ly, adv. TERMINOLOGY Ter`mi*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. terminus term + -logy: cf. F. terminologie.] 1. The doctrine of terms; a theory of terms or appellations; a treatise on terms. 2. The terms actually used in any business, art, science, or the like; nomenclature; technical terms; as, the terminology of chemistry. The barbarous effect produced by a German structure of sentence, and a terminology altogether new. De Quincey. TERM INSURANCE Term insurance. Defn: Insurance for a specified term providing for no payment to the insured except upon losses during the term, and becoming void upon its expiration. TERMINUS Ter"mi*nus, n.; pl. Termini. Etym: [L. See Term.] 1. Literally, a boundary; a border; a limit. 2. (Myth.) Defn: The Roman divinity who presided over boundaries, whose statue was properly a short pillar terminating in the bust of a man, woman, satyr, or the like, but often merely a post or stone stuck in the ground on a boundary line. 3. Hence, any post or stone marking a boundary; a term. See Term, 8. 4. Either end of a railroad line; also, the station house, or the town or city, at that place. TERMITE Ter"mite, n.; pl. Termites. Etym: [F. See Termes.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of pseudoneoropterous insects belonging to Termes and allied genera; -- called also white ant. See Illust. of White ant. Note: They are very abundant in tropical countries, and are noted for their destructive habits, their large nests, their remarkable social instincts, and their division of labor among the polymorphic individuals of several kinds. Besides the males and females, each nest has ordinary workers, and large-headed individuals called soldiers. TERMLESS Term"less, a. 1. Having no term or end; unlimited; boundless; unending; as, termless time. [R.] "Termless joys." Sir W. Raleigh. 2. Inexpressible; indescribable. [R.] Shak. TERMLY Term"ly, a. Defn: Occurring every term; as, a termly fee. [R.] Bacon. TERMLY Term"ly, adv. Defn: Term by term; every term. [R.] "Fees . . . that are termly given." Bacon. TERMONOLOGY Ter`mo*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: Terminology. [R.] TERMOR Term"or, n. (Law) Defn: Same as Termer, 2. TERM POLICY Term policy. Defn: A policy of term insurance. TERN Tern, n. Etym: [Dan. terne, tærne; akin to Sw. tärna, Icel. ; cf. NL. sterna.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of long-winged aquatic birds, allied to the gulls, and belonging to Sterna and various allied genera. Note: Terns differ from gulls chiefly in their graceful form, in their weaker and more slender bills and feet, and their longer and more pointed wings. The tail is usually forked. Most of the species are white with the back and wings pale gray, and often with a dark head. The common European tern (Sterna hirundo) is found also in Asia and America. Among other American species are the arctic tern (S. paradisæa), the roseate tern (S. Dougalli), the least tern (S. Antillarum), the royal tern (S. maxima), and the sooty tern (S. fuliginosa). Hooded tern. See Fairy bird, under Fairy. -- Marsh tern, any tern of the genus Hydrochelidon. They frequent marshes and rivers and feed largely upon insects. -- River tern, any tern belonging to Seëna or allied genera which frequent rivers. -- Sea tern, any tern of the genus Thalasseus. Terns of this genus have very long, pointed wings, and chiefly frequent seas and the mouths of large rivers. TERN Tern, a. Etym: [L. pl. terni three each, three; akin to tres three. See Three, and cf. Trine.] Defn: Threefold; triple; consisting of three; ternate. Tern flowers (Bot.), flowers growing three and three together. -- Tern leaves (Bot.), leaves arranged in threes, or three by three, or having three in each whorl or set. -- Tern peduncles (Bot.), three peduncles growing together from the same axis. -- Tern schooner (Naut.), a three-masted schooner. TERN Tern, n. Etym: [F. terne. See Tern, a.] Defn: That which consists of, or pertains to, three things or numbers together; especially, a prize in a lottery resulting from the favorable combination of three numbers in the drawing; also, the three numbers themselves. She'd win a tern in Thursday's lottery. Mrs. Browning. TERNARY Ter"na*ry, a. Etym: [L. ternarius, fr. terni. See Tern, a.] 1. Proceeding by threes; consisting of three; as, the ternary number was anciently esteemed a symbol of perfection, and held in great veneration. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Containing, or consisting of, three different parts, as elements, atoms, groups, or radicals, which are regarded as having different functions or relations in the molecule; thus, sodic hydroxide, NaOH, is a ternary compound. TERNARY Ter"na*ry, n.; pl. Ternaries (. Defn: A ternion; the number three; three things taken together; a triad. Some in ternaries, some in pairs, and some single. Holder. TERNATE Ter"nate, a. Etym: [NL. ternatus, fr. L. terni three each. See Tern, a.] Defn: Having the parts arranged by threes; as, ternate branches, leaves, or flowers. -- Ter"nate*ly, adv. TERNEPLATE Terne"plate`, n. Etym: [See Tern, a., and Plate.] Defn: Thin iron sheets coated with an alloy of lead and tin; -- so called because made up of three metals. TERNION Ter"ni*on, n. Etym: [L. ternio, fr. terni three each. See Tern, a.] Defn: The number three; three things together; a ternary. Bp. Hall. TERPENE Ter"pene, n. Etym: [See Turpentine.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of isomeric hydrocarbons of pleasant aromatic odor, occurring especially in coniferous plants and represented by oil of turpentine, but including also certain hydrocarbons found in some essential oils. TERPENTIC Ter*pen"tic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Terpenylic. TERPENYLIC Ter`pe*nyl"ic, a. Etym: [Terpene + -yl + -ic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C8H12O4 (called also terpentic acid), homologous with terebic acid, and obtained as a white crystalline substance by the oxidation of oil of turpentine with chromic acid. TERPILENE Ter"pi*lene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A polymeric form of terpene, resembling terbene. TERPIN Ter"pin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance regarded as a hydrate of oil of turpentine. TERPINOL Ter"pin*ol, n. Etym: [Terpin + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: Any oil substance having a hyacinthine odor, obtained by the action of acids on terpin, and regarded as a related hydrate. TERPSICHORE Terp*sich"o*re, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: The Muse who presided over the choral song and the dance, especially the latter. TERPSICHOREAN Terp`sich*o*re"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Terpsichore; of or pertaining to dancing. TERRA Ter"ra, n. Etym: [It. & L. See Terrace.] Defn: The earth; earth. Terra alba Etym: [L., white earth] (Com.), a white amorphous earthy substance consisting of burnt gypsum, aluminium silicate (kaolin), or some similar ingredient, as magnesia. It is sometimes used to adulterate certain foods, spices, candies, paints, etc. -- Terra cotta. Etym: [It., fr. terra earth + cotta, fem. of cotto cooked, L. coctus, p.p. of coquere to cook. See Cook, n.] Baked clay; a kind of hard pottery used for statues, architectural decorations, figures, vases, and the like. -- Terræ filius Etym: [L., son of the earth], formerly, one appointed to write a satirical Latin poem at the public acts in the University of Oxford; -- not unlike the prevaricator at Cambridge, England. -- Terra firma Etym: [L.], firm or solid earth, as opposed to water. -- Terra Japonica. Etym: [NL.] Same as Gambier. It was formerly supposed to be a kind of earth from Japan. -- Terra Lemnia Etym: [L., Lemnian earth], Lemnian earth. See under Lemnian. -- Terra ponderosa Etym: [L., ponderous earth] (Min.), barite, or heavy spar. -- Terra di Sienna. See Sienna. TERRACE Ter"race, n. Etym: [F. terrasse (cf. Sp. terraza, It. terrazza), fr. L. terra the earth, probably for tersa, originally meaning, dry land, and akin to torrere to parch, E. torrid, and thirst. See Thirst, and cf. Fumitory, Inter, v., Patterre, Terrier, Trass, Tureen, Turmeric.] 1. A raised level space, shelf, or platform of earth, supported on one or more sides by a wall, a bank of tuft, or the like, whether designed for use or pleasure. 2. A balcony, especially a large and uncovered one. 3. A flat roof to a house; as, the buildings of the Oriental nations are covered with terraces. 4. A street, or a row of houses, on a bank or the side of a hill; hence, any street, or row of houses. 5. (Geol.) Defn: A level plain, usually with a steep front, bordering a river, a lake, or sometimes the sea. Note: Many rivers are bordered by a series of terraces at different levels, indicating the flood plains at successive periods in their history. Terrace epoch. (Geol.) See Drift epoch, under Drift, a. TERRACE Ter"race, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Terraced; p. pr. & vb. n. Terracing.] Defn: To form into a terrace or terraces; to furnish with a terrace or terraces, as, to terrace a garden, or a building. Sir H. Wotton. Clermont's terraced height, and Esher's groves. Thomson. TERRACULTURE Ter"ra*cul`ture, n. Etym: [L. terra the earth + cultura.] Defn: Cultivation on the earth; agriculture. [R.] -- Ter`ra*cul"tur*al, a. [R.] TERRA INCOGNITA Ter"ra in*cog"ni*ta. [L.] Defn: An unknown land; unexplored country. The enormous tracts lying outside China proper, still almost terræ incognitæ. A. R. Colquhoun. TERRANE Ter"rane, n. Etym: [F. terrain, from L. terra earth.] (Geol.) Defn: A group of rocks having a common age or origin; -- nearly equivalent to formation, but used somewhat less comprehensively. TERRAPIN Ter"ra*pin, n. Etym: [Probably of American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of tortoises living in fresh and brackish waters. Many of them are valued for food. [Written also terapin, terrapen, terrapene, and turapen.] Note: The yellow-bellied terrapin (Pseudemys acebra) of the Southern United States, the red-bellied terrapin (Pseudemys rugosa), native of the tributaries Chesapeake Bay (called also potter, slider, and redfender), and the diamond-back or salt-marsh terrapin (Malaclemmys palustris), are the most important American species. The diamond-back terrapin is native of nearly the whole of the Atlantic coast of the United States. Alligator terrapin, the snapping turtle. -- Mud terrapin, any one of numerous species of American tortoises of the genus Cinosternon. -- Painted terrapin, the painted turtle. See under Painted. -- Speckled terrapin, a small fresh-water American terrapin (Chelopus guttatus) having the carapace black with round yellow spots; -- called also spotted turtle. TERRAQUEOUS Ter*ra"que*ous, a. Etym: [L. terra the earth + E. aqueous.] Defn: Consisting of land and water; as, the earth is a terraqueous globe. Cudworth. The grand terraqueous spectacle From center to circumference unveiled. Wordsworth. TERRAR Ter"rar, n. Etym: [LL. terrarius liber. See Terrier a collection of acknowledgments.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: See 2d Terrier, 2. TERRAS Ter"ras, n. (Min.) Defn: See . TERREEN Ter*reen", n. Defn: See Turren. TERREITY Ter*re"i*ty, n. Defn: Quality of being earthy; earthiness. [Obs.] B. Jonson. TERREL Ter"rel, n. Etym: [NL. terrella, from L. terra the earth.] Defn: A spherical magnet so placed that its poles, equator, etc., correspond to those of the earth. [Obs.] Chambers. TERREMOTE Terre"mote`, n. Etym: [OF. terremote, terremoete, fr. L. terra the earth + movere, motum, to move.] Defn: An earthquake. [Obs.] Gower. TERRENE Ter*rene", n. Defn: A tureen. [Obs.] Walpole. TERRENE Ter*rene", a. Etym: [L. terrenus, fr. terra the earth. See Terrace.] 1. Of or pertaining to the earth; earthy; as, terrene substance. Holland. 2. Earthy; terrestrial. God set before him a mortal and immortal life, a nature celestial and terrene. Sir W. Raleigh. Be true and faithful to the king and his heirs, and truth and faith to bear of life and limb, and terrene honor. O. Eng. Oath of Allegiance, quoted by Blackstone. Common conceptions of the matters which lie at the basis of our terrene experience. Hickok. TERRENE Ter*rene", n. Etym: [L. terrenum land, ground: cf. F. terrain.] 1. The earth's surface; the earth. [Poetic] Tenfold the length of this terrene. Milton. 2. (Surv.) Defn: The surface of the ground. TERRENITY Ter*ren"i*ty, n. Defn: Earthiness; worldliness. [Obs.] "A dull and low terrenity." Feltham. TERREOUS Ter"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. terreus, fr. terra the earth. See Terrace.] Defn: Consisting of earth; earthy; as, terreous substances; terreous particles. [Obs.] TERREPLEIN Terre"plein`, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. terra earth + planus even, level, plain.] (Fort.) Defn: The top, platform, or horizontal surface, of a rampart, on which the cannon are placed. See Illust. of Casemate. TERRESTRE Ter*res"tre, a. Etym: [OE., from OF. & F. terrestre.] Defn: Terrestrial; earthly. [Obs.] "His paradise terrestre." Chaucer. TERRESTRIAL Ter*res"tri*al, a. Etym: [L. terrestris, from terra the earth. See Terrace.] 1. Of or pertaining to the earth; existing on the earth; earthly; as, terrestrial animals. "Bodies terrestrial." 1 Cor. xv. 40. 2. Representing, or consisting of, the earth; as, a terrestrial globe. "The dark terrestrial ball." Addison. 3. Of or pertaining to the world, or to the present state; sublunary; mundane. Vain labors of terrestrial wit. Spenser. A genius bright and base, Of towering talents, and terrestrial aims. Young. 4. Consisting of land, in distinction from water; belonging to, or inhabiting, the land or ground, in distinction from trees, water, or the like; as, terrestrial serpents. The terrestrial parts of the globe. Woodward. 5. Adapted for the observation of objects on land and on the earth; as, a terrestrial telescope, in distinction from an astronomical telescope. -- Ter*res"tri*al*ly, adv. -- Ter*res"tri*al*ness, n. TERRESTRIAL Ter*res"tri*al, n. Defn: An inhabitant of the earth. TERRESTRIFY Ter*res"tri*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. terrestris terrestrial + -fy.] Defn: To convert or reduce into a condition like that of the earth; to make earthy. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. TERRESTRIOUS Ter*res"tri*ous, a. Etym: [See Terrestrial.] Defn: Terrestrial. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. TERRET Ter"ret, n. Defn: One of the rings on the top of the saddle of a harness, through which the reins pass. TERRE-TENANT Terre"-ten`ant, n. Etym: [F. terre earth, land + tenant, p.pr. of tenir to hold.] (Law) Defn: One who has the actual possession of land; the occupant. [Written also ter-tenant.] TERRE-VERTE Terre"-verte`, n. Etym: [F., fr. terre earth + vert, verte, green.] Defn: An olive-green earth used as a pigment. See Glauconite. TERRIBLE Ter"ri*ble, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. terribilis, fr. terrere to frighten. See Terror.] 1. Adapted or likely to excite terror, awe, or dread; dreadful; formidable. Prudent in peace, and terrible in war. Prior. Thou shalt not be affrighted at them; for the Lord thy God is among you, a mighty God and terrible. Deut. vii. 21. 2. Excessive; extreme; severe. [Colloq.] The terrible coldness of the season. Clarendon. Syn. -- Terrific; fearful; frightful; formidable; dreadful; horrible; shocking; awful. -- Ter"ri*ble*ness, n. -- Ter"ri*bly, adv. TERRICOLAE Ter*ric"o*læ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. terra + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of annelids including the common earthworms and allied species. TERRIENNIAK Ter`ri*en"ni*ak, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The arctic fox. TERRIER Ter"ri*er, n. Etym: [CF. L. terere to rub, to rub away, terebra a borer.] Defn: An auger or borer. [Obs.] TERRIER Ter"ri*er, n. 1. Etym: [F. terrier, chien terrier, from terre the earth, L. terra; cf. F. terrier a burrow, LL. terrarium a hillock (hence the sense, a mound thrown up in making a burrow, a burrow). See Terrace, and cf. Terrier, 2.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a breed of small dogs, which includes several distinct subbreeds, some of which, such as the Skye terrier and Yorkshire terrier, have long hair and drooping ears, while others, at the English and the black-and-tan terriers, have short, close, smooth hair and upright ears. Note: Most kinds of terriers are noted for their courage, the acuteness of their sense of smell, their propensity to hunt burrowing animals, and their activity in destroying rats, etc. See Fox terrier, under Fox. 2. Etym: [F. terrier, papier terrier, LL. terrarius liber, i.e., a book belonging or pertaining to land or landed estates. See Terrier, 1, and cf. Terrar.] (Law) (a) Formerly, a collection of acknowledgments of the vassals or tenants of a lordship, containing the rents and services they owed to the lord, and the like. (b) In modern usage, a book or roll in which the lands of private persons or corporations are described by their site, boundaries, number of acres, or the like. [Written also terrar.] TERRIFIC Ter*rif"ic, a. Etym: [L. terrificus; fr. terrere to frighten + facere to make. See Terror, and Fact.] Defn: Causing terror; adapted to excite great fear or dread; terrible; as, a terrific form; a terrific sight. TERRIFICAL Ter*rif"ic*al, a. Defn: Terrific. [R.] TERRIFICALLY Ter*rif"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a terrific manner. TERRIFY Ter"ri*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Terrified; p. pr. & vb. n. Terrifying.] Etym: [L. terrere to frighten + -fy: cf. F. terrifier, L. terrificare. See Terrific, and -fy.] 1. To make terrible. [Obs.] If the law, instead of aggravating and terrifying sin, shall give out license, it foils itself. Milton. 2. To alarm or shock with fear; to frighten. When ye shall hear of wars . . . be not terrified. Luke xxi. 9. TERRIGENOUS Ter*rig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. terrigena, terrigenus; terra the earth + genere, gignere, to bring forth.] Defn: Earthborn; produced by the earth. TERRINE Ter*rine", n. [F. See Tureen.] 1. A dish or pan, originally of earthenware, such as those in which various dishes are cooked and served; esp., an earthenware jar containing some table delicacy and sold with its contents. 2. (Cookery) A kind of ragout formerly cooked and served in the same dish; also, a dish consisting of several meats braised together and served in a terrine. 3. A soup tureen. TERRITORIAL Ter`ri*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. territorialis: cf. F. territorial.] 1. Of or pertaining to territory or land; as, territorial limits; territorial jurisdiction. 2. Limited to a certain district; as, right may be personal or territorial. 3. Of or pertaining to all or any of the Territories of the United States, or to any district similarly organized elsewhere; as, Territorial governments. TERRITORIALIZE Ter`ri*to"ri*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Territorialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Territorializing.] 1. To enlarge by extension of territory. 2. To reduce to the condition of a territory. TERRITORIALLY Ter`ri*to"ri*al*ly, adv. Defn: In regard to territory; by means of territory. TERRITORIAL WATERS Ter`ri*to"ri*al wa"ters. (Internat. Law) Defn: The waters under the territorial jurisdiction of a state; specif., the belt (often called the marine belt or territorial sea) of sea subject to such jurisdiction, and subject only to the right of innocent passage by the vessels of other states. Perhaps it may be said without impropriety that a state has theoretically the right to extend its territorial waters from time to time at its will with the increased range of guns. Whether it would in practice be judicious to do so . . . is a widely different matter . . . . In any case the custom of regulating a line three miles from land as defining the boundary of marginal territorial waters is so far fixed that a state must be supposed to accept it in absence of express notice. W. E. Hall. TERRITORIED Ter"ri*to*ried, a. Defn: Possessed of territory. [R.] TERRITORY Ter"ri*to*ry, n.; pl. Territories. Etym: [L. territorium, from terra the earth: cf. F. territoire. See Terrace.] 1. A large extent or tract of land; a region; a country; a district. He looked, and saw wide territory spread Before him -- towns, and rural works between. Milton. 2. The extent of land belonging to, or under the dominion of, a prince, state, or other form of government; often, a tract of land lying at a distance from the parent country or from the seat of government; as, the territory of a State; the territories of the East India Company. 3. In the United States, a portion of the country not included within the limits of any State, and not yet admitted as a State into the Union, but organized with a separate legislature, under a Territorial governor and other officers appointed by the President and Senate of the United States. In Canada, a similarly organized portion of the country not yet formed into a Province. TERROR Ter"ror, n. Etym: [L. terror, akin to terrere to frighten, for tersere; akin to Gr. tras to tremble, to be afraid, Russ. triasti to shake: cf. F. terreur. Cf. Deter.] 1. Extreme fear; fear that agitates body and mind; violent dread; fright. Terror seized the rebel host. Milton. 2. That which excites dread; a cause of extreme fear. Those enormous terrors of the Nile. Prior. Rulers are not a terror to good works. Rom. xiii. 3. There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats. Shak. Note: Terror is used in the formation of compounds which are generally self-explaining: as, terror-fraught, terror-giving, terror- smitten, terror-stricken, terror-struck, and the like. King of terrors, death. Job xviii. 14. -- Reign of Terror. (F. Hist.) See in Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. Syn. -- Alarm; fright; consternation; dread; dismay. See Alarm. TERRORISM Ter"ror*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. terrorisme.] Defn: The act of terrorizing, or state of being terrorized; a mode of government by terror or intimidation. Jefferson. Defn: The practise of coercing governments to accede to political demands by committing violence on civilian targets; any similar use of violence to achieve goals. TERRORIST Ter"ror*ist, n. Etym: [F. terroriste.] Defn: One who governs by terrorism or intimidation; specifically, an agent or partisan of the revolutionary tribunal during the Reign of Terror in France. Burke. TERRORIZE Ter"ror*ize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. terroriser.] Defn: To impress with terror; to coerce by intimidation. Humiliated by the tyranny of foreign despotism, and terrorized by ecclesiastical authority. J. A. Symonds. TERRORLESS Ter"ror*less, a. Defn: Free from terror. Poe. TERRY Ter"ry, n. Defn: A kind of heavy colored fabric, either all silk, or silk and worsted, or silk and cotton, often called terry velvet, used for upholstery and trimmings. TERSANCTUS Ter*sanc"tus, n. Etym: [L. ter thrice + sanctus holy.] (Eccl.) Defn: An ancient ascription of praise (containing the word "Holy" -- in its Latin form, "Sanctus" -- thrice repeated), used in the Mass of the Roman Catholic Church and before the prayer of consecration in the communion service of the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal Church. Cf. Trisagion. TERSE Terse, a. [Compar. Terser; superl. Tersest.] Etym: [L. tersus, p.p. of tergere to rub or wipe off.] 1. Appearing as if rubbed or wiped off; rubbed; smooth; polished. [Obs.] Many stones, . . . although terse and smooth, have not this power attractive. Sir T. Browne. 2. Refined; accomplished; -- said of persons. [R. & Obs.] "Your polite and terse gallants." Massinger. 3. Elegantly concise; free of superfluous words; polished to smoothness; as, terse language; a terse style. Terse, luminous, and dignified eloquence. Macaulay. A poet, too, was there, whose verse Was tender, musical, and terse. Longfellow. Syn. -- Neat; concise; compact. Terse, Concise. Terse was defined by Johnson "cleanly written", i. e., free from blemishes, neat or smooth. Its present sense is "free from excrescences," and hence, compact, with smoothness, grace, or elegance, as in the following lones of Whitehead: - "In eight terse lines has Phædrus told (So frugal were the bards of old) A tale of goats; and closed with grace, Plan, moral, all, in that short space." It differs from concise in not implying, perhaps, quite as much condensation, but chiefly in the additional idea of "grace or elegance." -- Terse"ly, adv. -- Terse"ness, n. TERSULPHIDE Ter*sul"phide, n. Etym: [Pref. ter- + sulphide.] (Chem.) Defn: A trisulphide. TERSULPHURET Ter*sul"phu*ret, n. Etym: [Pref. ter- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) Defn: A trisulphide. [R.] TER-TENANT Ter"-ten`ant, n. Defn: See Terre-tenant. TERTIAL Ter"tial, a. & n. Etym: [From L. tertius third, the tertial feathers being feathers of the third row. See Tierce.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tertiary. TERTIAN Ter"tian, a. Etym: [L. tertianus, from tertius the third. See Tierce.] (Med.) Defn: Occurring every third day; as, a tertian fever. TERTIAN Ter"tian, n. Etym: [L. tertiana (sc. febris): cf. OF. tertiane.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A disease, especially an intermittent fever, which returns every third day, reckoning inclusively, or in which the intermission lasts one day. 2. A liquid measure formerly used for wine, equal to seventy imperial, or eighty-four wine, gallons, being one third of a tun. TERTIARY Ter"ti*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. tertiarius containing a third part, fr. tertius third: cf. F. tertiaire. See Tierce.] 1. Being of the third formation, order, or rank; third; as, a tertiary use of a word. Trench. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Possessing some quality in the third degree; having been subjected to the substitution of three atoms or radicals; as, a tertiary alcohol, amine, or salt. Cf. Primary, and Secondary. (CH3)3C.OH. 3. (Geol.) Defn: Later than, or subsequent to, the Secondary. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Growing on the innermost joint of a bird's wing; tertial; -- said of quills. Tertiary age. (Geol.) See under Age, 8. -- Tertiary color, a color produced by the mixture of two secondaries. "The so-called tertiary colors are citrine, russet, and olive." Fairholt. -- Tertiary period. (Geol.) (a) The first period of the age of mammals, or of the Cenozoic era. (b) The rock formation of that period; -- called also Tertiary formation. See the Chart of Geology. -- Tertiary syphilis (Med.), the third and last stage of syphilis, in which it invades the bones and internal organs. TERTIARY Ter"ti*a*ry, n.; pl. Tertiaries (. 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A member of the Third Order in any monastic system; as, the Franciscan tertiaries; the Dominican tertiaries; the Carmelite tertiaries. See Third Order, under Third. Addis & Arnold. 2. (Geol.) Defn: The Tertiary era, period, or formation. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the quill feathers which are borne upon the basal joint of the wing of a bird. See Illust. of Bird. TERTIATE Ter"ti*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. tertiatus, p.p. of tertiare to do for the third time, fr. tertius the third.] 1. To do or perform for the third time. [Obs. & R.] Johnson. 2. (Gun.) Defn: To examine, as the thickness of the metal at the muzzle of a gun; or, in general, to examine the thickness of, as ordnance, in order to ascertain its strength. TERTIUM QUID Ter"ti*um quid. [L.] Defn: A third somewhat; something mediating, or regarded as being, between two diverse or incompatible substances, natures, or positions. TERUTERO Ter`u*ter"o, n. Etym: [Probably so named from its city.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The South American lapwing (Vanellus Cayennensis). Its wings are furnished with short spurs. Called also Cayenne lapwing. TERZA RIMA Ter"za ri"ma. Etym: [It., a third or triple rhyme.] Defn: A peculiar and complicated system of versification, borrowed by the early Italian poets from the Troubadours. TERZETTO Ter*zet"to, n. Etym: [It., dim. of terzo the third, L. tertius. See Tierce.] (Mus.) Defn: A composition in three voice parts; a vocal (rarely an instrumental) trio. TESLA COIL; TESLA TRANSFORMER Tes"la coil, Tes"la trans*form"er. [After N. Tesla, American electrician.] (Elec.) Defn: A transformer without iron, for high frequency alternating or oscillating currents; an oscillation transformer. TESSELAR Tes"sel*ar, a. Etym: [L. tessella a small square piece, a little cube, dim. of tessera a square piece of stone, wood, etc., a die.] Defn: Formed of tesseræ, as a mosaic. TESSELLATA Tes`sel*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Tessellate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Crinoidea including numerous fossil species in which the body is covered with tessellated plates. TESSELLATE Tes"sel*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tessellated; p. pr. & vb. n. Tessellating.] Etym: [L. tessellatus tessellated. See Tessellar.] Defn: To form into squares or checkers; to lay with checkered work. The floors are sometimes of wood, tessellated after the fashion of France. Macaulay. TESSELLATE Tes"sel*late, a. Etym: [L. tesselatus.] Defn: Tessellated. TESSELLATED Tes"sel*la`ted, a. 1. Formed of little squares, as mosaic work; checkered; as, a tessellated pavement. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Marked like a checkerboard; as, a tessellated leaf. TESSELLATION Tes`sel*la"tion, n. Defn: The act of tessellating; also, the mosaic work so formed. J. Forsyth. TESSERA Tes"se*ra, n.; pl. Tesseræ. Etym: [L., a square piece, a die. See Tessellar.] Defn: A small piece of marble, glass, earthenware, or the like, having a square, or nearly square, face, used by the ancients for mosaic, as for making pavements, for ornamenting walls, and like purposes; also, a similar piece of ivory, bone, wood, etc., used as a ticket of admission to theaters, or as a certificate for successful gladiators, and as a token for various other purposes. Fairholt. TESSERAIC Tes`se*ra"ic, a. Defn: Diversified by squares; done in mosaic; tessellated. [Obs.] Sir R. Atkyns (1712). TESSERAL Tes"se*ral, a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or containing, tesseræ. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: Isometric. TESSULAR Tes"su*lar, a. (Crystallog.) Defn: Tesseral. TEST Test, n. Etym: [OE. test test, or cupel, potsherd, F. têt, from L. testum an earthen vessel; akin to testa a piece of burned clay, an earthen pot, a potsherd, perhaps for tersta, and akin to torrere to patch, terra earth (cf. Thirst, and Terrace), but cf. Zend tasta cup. Cf. Test a shell, Testaceous, Tester a covering, a coin, Testy, Tête- à-tête.] 1. (Metal.) Defn: A cupel or cupelling hearth in which precious metals are melted for trial and refinement. Our ingots, tests, and many mo. Chaucer. 2. Examination or trial by the cupel; hence, any critical examination or decisive trial; as, to put a man's assertions to a test. "Bring me to the test." Shak. 3. Means of trial; as, absence is a test of love. Each test every light her muse will bear. Dryden. 4. That with which anything is compared for proof of its genuineness; a touchstone; a standard. Life, force, and beauty must to all impart, At once the source, and end, and test of art. Pope. 5. Discriminative characteristic; standard of judgment; ground of admission or exclusion. Our test excludes your tribe from benefit. Dryden. 6. Judgment; distinction; discrimination. Who would excel, when few can make a test Betwixt indifferent writing and the best Dryden. 7. (Chem.) Defn: A reaction employed to recognize or distinguish any particular substance or constituent of a compound, as the production of some characteristic precipitate; also, the reagent employed to produce such reaction; thus, the ordinary test for sulphuric acid is the production of a white insoluble precipitate of barium sulphate by means of some soluble barium salt. Test act (Eng. Law), an act of the English Parliament prescribing a form of oath and declaration against transubstantiation, which all officers, civil and military, were formerly obliged to take within six months after their admission to office. They were obliged also to receive the sacrament according to the usage of the Church of England. Blackstone. -- Test object (Optics), an object which tests the power or quality of a microscope or telescope, by requiring a certain degree of excellence in the instrument to determine its existence or its peculiar texture or markings. -- Test paper. (a) (Chem.) Paper prepared for use in testing for certain substances by being saturated with a reagent which changes color in some specific way when acted upon by those substances; thus, litmus paper is turned red by acids, and blue by alkalies, turmeric paper is turned brown by alkalies, etc. (b) (Law) An instrument admitted as a standard or comparison of handwriting in those jurisdictions in which comparison of hands is permitted as a mode of proving handwriting. -- Test tube. (Chem.) (a) A simple tube of thin glass, closed at one end, for heating solutions and for performing ordinary reactions. (b) A graduated tube. Syn. -- Criterion; standard; experience; proof; experiment; trial. -- Test, Trial. Trial is the wider term; test is a searching and decisive trial. It is derived from the Latin testa (earthen pot), which term was early applied to the fining pot, or crucible, in which metals are melted for trial and refinement. Hence the peculiar force of the word, as indicating a trial or criterion of the most decisive kind. I leave him to your gracious acceptance, whose trial shall better publish his commediation. Shak. Thy virtue, prince, has stood the test of fortune, Like purest gold, that tortured in the furnace, Comes out more bright, and brings forth all its weight. Addison. TEST Test, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tested; p. pr. & vb. n. Testing.] 1. (Metal.) Defn: To refine, as gold or silver, in a test, or cupel; to subject to cupellation. 2. To put to the proof; to prove the truth, genuineness, or quality of by experiment, or by some principle or standard; to try; as, to test the soundness of a principle; to test the validity of an argument. Experience is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the existing constitution. Washington. 3. (Chem.) Defn: To examine or try, as by the use of some reagent; as, to test a solution by litmus paper. TEST Test, n. Etym: [L. testis. Cf. Testament, Testify.] Defn: A witness. [Obs.] Prelates and great lords of England, who were for the more surety tests of that deed. Ld. Berners. TEST Test, v. i. Etym: [L. testari. See Testament.] Defn: To make a testament, or will. [Obs.] TEST; TESTA Test, Tes"ta, n.; pl. E. Tests, L. Testæ. Etym: [L. testa a piece of burned clay, a broken piece of earthenware, a shell. See Test a cupel.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The external hard or firm covering of many invertebrate animals. Note: The test of crustaceans and insects is composed largely of chitin; in mollusks it is composed chiefly of calcium carbonate, and is called the shell. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The outer integument of a seed; the episperm, or spermoderm. TESTABLE Test"a*ble, a. Etym: [See Testament.] 1. Capable of being tested or proved. 2. Capable of being devised, or given by will. TESTACEA Tes*ta"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. testaceum a shelled anumal. See Testaceous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Invertebrate animals covered with shells, especially mollusks; shellfish. TESTACEAN Tes*ta"cean, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Onr of the Testacea. TESTACEOGRAPHY Tes*ta`ce*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Testacea + -graphy: cf. F. testacéographie.] Defn: The science which treats of testaceans, or shellfish; the description of shellfish. [R.] TESTACEOLOGY Tes*ta`ce*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Testacea + -logy: cf. F. testacéologie.] Defn: The science of testaceous mollusks; conchology. [R.] TESTACEOUS Tes*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [L. testaceus, fr. testa a shell. See Testa.] 1. Of or pertaining to shells; consisted of a hard shell, or having a hard shell. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Having a dull red brick color or a brownish yellow color. Testaceous animals (Zoöl.), animals having a firm, calcareous shell, as oysters and clams, thus distinguished from crustaceous animals, whose shells are more thin and soft, and consist of several joints, or articulations, as lobsters and crabs. TESTACY Tes"ta*cy, n. Etym: [See Testate.] (Law) Defn: The state or circumstance of being testate, or of leaving a valid will, or testament, at death. TESTAMENT Tes"ta*ment, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. testamentum, fr. testari to be a witness, to make one's last will, akin to testis a witness. Cf. Intestate, Testify.] 1. (Law) Defn: A solemn, authentic instrument in writing, by which a person declares his will as to disposal of his estate and effects after his death. Note: This is otherwise called a will, and sometimes a last will and testament. A testament, to be valid, must be made by a person of sound mind; and it must be executed and published in due form of law. A man, in certain cases, may make a valid will by word of mouth only. See Nuncupative will, under Nuncupative. 2. One of the two distinct revelations of God's purposes toward man; a covenant; also, one of the two general divisions of the canonical books of the sacred Scriptures, in which the covenants are respectively revealed; as, the Old Testament; the New Testament; -- often limited, in colloquial language, to the latter. He is the mediator of the new testament . . . for the redemption of the transgressions that were under the first testament. Heb. ix. 15. Holographic testament, a testament written wholly by the testator himself. Bouvier. TESTAMENTAL Tes`ta*men"tal, a. Etym: [L. testamentalis.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a testament; testamentary. Thy testamental cup I take, And thus remember thee. J. Montgomery. TESTAMENTARY Tes`ta*men"ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. testamentarius: cf. F. testamentaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to a will, or testament; as, letters testamentary. 2. Bequeathed by will; given by testament. How many testamentary charities have been defeated by the negligence or fraud of executors! Atterbury. 3. Done, appointed by, or founded on, a testament, or will; as, a testamentary guardian of a minor, who may be appointed by the will of a father to act in that capacity until the child becomes of age. TESTAMENTATION Tes`ta*men*ta"tion, n. Defn: The act or power of giving by testament, or will. [R.] Burke. TESTAMENTIZE Tes"ta*men*tize, v. i. Defn: To make a will. [Obs.] Fuller. TESTAMUR Tes*ta"mur, n. Etym: [L., we testify, fr. testari to testify.] (Eng. Universities) Defn: A certificate of merit or proficiency; -- so called from the Latin words, Ita testamur, with which it commences. TESTATE Tes"tate, a. Etym: [L. testatus, p.p. of testari. See Testament.] (Law) Defn: Having made and left a will; as, a person is said to die testate. Ayliffe. TESTATE Tes"tate, n. (Law) Defn: One who leaves a valid will at death; a testate person. [R.] TESTATION Tes*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. testatio.] Defn: A witnessing or witness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. TESTATOR Tes*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. testateur.] (Law) Defn: A man who makes and leaves a will, or testament, at death. TESTATRIX Tes*ta"trix, n. Etym: [L.] (Law) Defn: A woman who makes and leaves a will at death; a female testator. TESTE Tes"te, n. Etym: [So called fr. L. teste, abl. of testis a witness, because this was formerly the initial word in the clause.] (Law) (a) A witness. (b) The witnessing or concluding clause, duty attached; -- said of a writ, deed, or the like. Burrill. TESTER Tes"ter, n. Etym: [OE. testere a headpiece, helmet, OF. testiere, F. têtière a head covering, fr. OF. teste the head, F. tête, fr. L. testa an earthen pot, the skull. See Test a cupel, and cf. Testière.] 1. A headpiece; a helmet. [Obs.] The shields bright, testers, and trappures. Chaucer. 2. A flat canopy, as over a pulpit or tomb. Oxf. Gross. 3. A canopy over a bed, supported by the bedposts. No testers to the bed, and the saddles and portmanteaus heaped on me to keep off the cold. Walpole. TESTER Tes"ter, n. Etym: [For testern, teston, fr. F. teston, fr. OF. teste the head, the head of the king being impressed upon the coin. See Tester a covering, and cf. Testone, Testoon.] Defn: An old French silver coin, originally of the value of about eighteen pence, subsequently reduced to ninepence, and later to sixpence, sterling. Hence, in modern English slang, a sixpence; -- often contracted to tizzy. Called also teston. Shak. TESTERN Tes"tern, n. Defn: A sixpence; a tester. [Obs.] TESTERN Tes"tern, v. t. Defn: To present with a tester. [Obs.] Shak. TESTES Tes"tes, n., Defn: pl. of Teste, or of Testis. TESTICARDINES Tes`ti*car"di*nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Test a shell, and Cardo.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of brachiopods including those which have a calcareous shell furnished with a hinge and hinge teeth. Terebratula and Spirifer are examples. TESTICLE Tes"ti*cle, n. Etym: [L. testiculus, dim. of testis a testicle, probably the same word as testis a witness, as being a witness to manhood. Cf. Test a witness.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the essential male genital glands which secrete the semen. TESTICOND Tes"ti*cond, a. Etym: [L. testis testis + condere to hide.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the testicles naturally concealed, as in the case of the cetaceans. TESTICULAR Tes*tic"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the testicle. TESTICULATE Tes*tic"u*late, a. Etym: [NL. testiculatus.] (Bot.) (a) Shaped like a testicle, ovate and solid. (b) Having two tubers resembling testicles in form, as some species of orchis. TESTIERE Tes`ti*ère", n. Etym: [OF. testiere. See Tester a headpiece.] Defn: A piece of plate armor for the head of a war horse; a tester. TESTIF Tes"tif, a. Etym: [See Testy.] Defn: Testy; headstrong; obstinate. [Obs.] Testif they were and lusty for to play. Chaucer. TESTIFICATION Tes`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. testificatio: cf. OF. testification. See Testify.] Defn: The act of testifying, or giving testimony or evidence; as, a direct testification of our homage to God. South. TESTIFICATOR Tes"ti*fi*ca`tor, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A testifier. TESTIFIER Tes"ti*fi`er, n. Defn: One who testifies; one who gives testimony, or bears witness to prove anything; a witness. TESTIFY Tes"ti*fy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Testified; p. pr. & vb. n. Testifying.] Etym: [OF. testifier, L. testificari; testis a witness + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy, and cf. Attest, Contest, Detest, Protest, Testament.] 1. To make a solemn declaration, verbal or written, to establish some fact; to give testimony for the purpose of communicating to others a knowledge of something not known to them. Jesus . . . needed not that any should testify of man, for he knew what was in man. John ii. 25. 2. (Law) Defn: To make a solemn declaration under oath or affirmation, for the purpose of establishing, or making proof of, some fact to a court; to give testimony in a cause depending before a tribunal. One witness shall not testify against any person to cause him to die. Num. xxxv. 30. 3. To declare a charge; to protest; to give information; to bear witness; -- with against. O Israel, . . . I will testify against thee. Ps. l. 7. I testified against them in the day wherein they sold victuals. Neh. xiii. 15. TESTIFY Tes"ti*fy, v. t. 1. To bear witness to; to support the truth of by testimony; to affirm or declare solemny. We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen; and ye receive not our witness. John iii. 11. 2. (Law) Defn: To affirm or declare under oath or affirmation before a tribunal, in order to prove some fact. TESTIFY Tes"ti*fy, adv. Defn: In a testy manner; fretfully; peevishly; with petulance. TESTIMONIAL Tes`ti*mo"ni*al, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. testimoniale, LL. testimonialis, L. testimoniales (sc. litteræ). See Testimonial, a.] 1. A writing or certificate which bears testimony in favor of one's character, good conduct, ability, etc., or of the value of a thing. 2. Something, as money or plate, presented to a preson as a token of respect, or of obligation for services rendered. TESTIMONIAL Tes`ti*mo"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. testimonialis: cf. F. testimonial.] Defn: Relating to, or containing, testimony. TESTIMONY Tes"ti*mo*ny, n.; pl. Testimonies. Etym: [L. testimonium, from testis a witness: cf. OF. testimoine, testemoine, testimonie. See Testify.] 1. A solemn declaration or affirmation made for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact. Note: Such declaration, in judicial proceedings, may be verbal or written, but must be under oath or affirmation. 2. Affirmation; declaration; as, these doctrines are supported by the uniform testimony of the fathers; the belief of past facts must depend on the evidence of human testimony, or the testimony of historians. 3. Open attestation; profession. [Thou] for the testimony of truth, hast borne Universal reproach. Milton. 4. Witness; evidence; proof of some fact. When ye depart thence, shake off the dust under your feet for a testimony against them. Mark vi. 11. 5. (Jewish Antiq.) Defn: The two tables of the law. Thou shalt put into the ark the testimony which I shall give thee. Ex. xxv. 16. 6. Hence, the whole divine revelation; the sacre The testimony of the Lord is sure, making wise the simple. Ps. xix. 7. Syn. -- Proof; evidence; attestation; witness; affirmation; confirmation; averment. -- Testimony, Proof, Evidence. Proof is the most familiar, and is used more frequently (though not exclusively) of facts and things which occur in the ordinary concerns of life. Evidence is a word of more dignity, and is more generally applied to that which is moral or intellectual; as, the evidences of Christianity, etc. Testimony is what is deposed to by a witness on oath or affirmation. When used figuratively or in a wider sense, the word testimony has still a reference to some living agent as its author, as when we speak of the testimony of conscience, or of doing a thing in testimony of our affection, etc. Testimony refers rather to the thing declared, evidence to its value or effect. "To conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities; ba proofs, meaning such arguments from experience as leave no room for doubt or opposition." Hume. "The evidence of sense is the first and highest kind of evidence of which human nature is capable." Bp. Wilkins. "The proof of everything must be by the testimony of such as the parties produce." Spenser. TESTIMONY Tes"ti*mo*ny, v. t. Defn: To witness; to attest; to prove by testimony. [Obs.] Shak. TESTINESS Tes"ti*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being testy; fretfulness; petulance. Testiness is a disposition or aptness to be angry. Locke. TESTING Test"ing, n. 1. The act of testing or proving; trial; proof. 2. (Metal.) Defn: The operation of refining gold or silver in a test, or cupel; cupellation. Testing machine (Engin.), a machine used in the determination of the strength of materials, as iron, stone, etc., and their behavior under strains of various kinds, as elongation, bending, crushing, etc. TESTIS Tes"tis, n.; pl. Testes. Etym: [L.] (Anat.) Defn: A testicle. TESTON Tes"ton, n. Defn: A tester; a sixpence. [Obs.] TESTONE Tes*tone", n. Etym: [Cf. Pg. testao, tostao. See Testoon.] Defn: A silver coin of Portugal, worth about sixpence sterling, or about eleven cents. Homans. TESTOON Tes*toon", n. Etym: [It. testone. See Tester a coin.] Defn: An Italian silver coin. The testoon of Rome is worth 1s. 3d. sterling, or about thirty cents. Homans. TESTUDINAL Tes*tu"di*nal, a. Etym: [See Testudo.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a tortoise. TESTUDINARIOUS Tes*tu`di*na"ri*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the shell of a tortoise; resembling a tortoise shell; having the color or markings of a tortoise shell. TESTUDINATA Tes*tu`di*na"ta, n. pl. Etym: [Nl. See Testudo.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of reptiles which includes the turtles and tortoises. The body is covered by a shell consisting of an upper or dorsal shell, called the carapace, and a lower or ventral shell, called the plastron, each of which consists of several plates. TESTUDINATE; TESTUDINATED Tes*tu"di*nate, Tes*tu"di*na`ted, a. Etym: [L. testudinatus, fr. testudo, -inis, a tortoise, an arch or vault.] Defn: Resembling a tortoise shell in appearance or structure; roofed; arched; vaulted. TESTUDINEOUS Tes`tu*din"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. testudineus.] Defn: Resembling the shell of a tortoise. TESTUDO Tes*tu"do, n.; pl. Testudines. Etym: [L., from testa the shell of shellfish, or of testaceous animals.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of tortoises which formerly included a large number of diverse forms, but is now restricted to certain terrestrial species, such as the European land tortoise (Testudo Græca) and the gopher of the Southern United States. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A cover or screen which a body of troops formed with their shields or targets, by holding them over their heads when standing close to each other. This cover resembled the back of a tortoise, and served to shelter the men from darts, stones, and other missiles. A similar defense was sometimes formed of boards, and moved on wheels. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A kind of musical instrument. a species of lyre; -- so called in allusion to the lyre of Mercury, fabled to have been made of the shell of a tortoise. TESTY Tes"ty, a. [Compar. Testier; superl. Testiest.] Etym: [OF. testu obstinate, headstrong, F. têtu, fr. OF. teste the head, F. tête. See Test a cupel.] Defn: Fretful; peevish; petulant; easily irritated. Must I observe you must I stand and crouch Under your testy humor Shak. I was displeased with myself; I was testy. Latimer. TETANIC Te*tan"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. L. tetanicus suffering from tetanus, Gr. tétanique.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to tetanus; having the character of tetanus; as, a tetanic state; tetanic contraction. This condition of muscle, this fusion of a number of simple spasms into an apparently smooth, continuous effort, is known as tetanus, or tetanic contraction. Foster. 2. (Physiol. & Med.) Defn: Producing, or tending to produce, tetanus, or tonic contraction of the muscles; as, a tetanic remedy. See Tetanic, n. TETANIC Te*tan"ic, n. (Physiol. & Med.) Defn: A substance (notably nux vomica, strychnine, and brucine) which, either as a remedy or a poison, acts primarily on the spinal cord, and which, when taken in comparatively large quantity, produces tetanic spasms or convulsions. TETANIN Tet"a*nin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A poisonous base (ptomaine) formed in meat broth through the agency of a peculiar microbe from the wound of a person who has died of tetanus; -- so called because it produces tetanus as one of its prominent effects. TETANIZATION Tet`a*ni*za"tion, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The production or condition of tetanus. TETANIZE Tet"a*nize, v. t. (Physiol.) Defn: To throw, as a muscle, into a state of permanent contraction; to cause tetanus in. See Tetanus, n., 2. TETANOID Tet"a*noid, a. Etym: [Tetanus + -oid.] (Med. & Physiol.) Defn: Resembling tetanus. TETANOMOTOR Tet`a*no*mo"tor, n. (Physiol.) Defn: An instrument from tetanizing a muscle by irritating its nerve by successive mechanical shocks. TETANUS Tet"a*nus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: A painful and usually fatal disease, resulting generally from a wound, and having as its principal symptom persistent spasm of the voluntary muscles. When the muscles of the lower jaw are affected, it is called locked-jaw, or lickjaw, and it takes various names from the various incurvations of the body resulting from the spasm. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: That condition of a muscle in which it is in a state of continued vibratory contraction, as when stimulated by a series of induction shocks. TETANY Tet"a*ny, n. (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition resembling tetanus, but distinguished from it by being less severe and having intermittent spasms. TETARD Te*tard", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A gobioid fish (Eleotris gyrinus) of the Southern United States; -- called also sleeper. TETARTOHEDRAL Te*tar`to*he"dral, a. Etym: [Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: Having one fourth the number of planes which are requisite to complete symmetry. -- Te*tar`to*he"dral*ly, adv. TETARTOHEDRISM Te*tar`to*he"drism, n. (Crystallog.) Defn: The property of being tetartohedral. TETAUG Te*taug", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Tautog. [R.] TETCHINESS Tetch"i*ness, n. Defn: See Techiness. TETCHY Tetch"y, a. Defn: See Techy. Shak. TETE Tête, n. Etym: [F., the head. See Tester a covering.] Defn: A kind of wig; false hair. TETE-A-TETE Tête`-à-tête", n. Etym: [F., head to head. See Tester a covering, Test a cupel.] 1. Private conversation; familiar interview or conference of two persons. 2. A short sofa intended to accomodate two persons. TETE-A-TETE Tête`-à-tête", a. Defn: Private; confidential; familiar. She avoided tête-à-tête walks with him. C. Kingsley. TETE-A-TETE Tête`-à-tête", adv. Defn: Face to face; privately or confidentially; familiarly. Prior. TETE-DE-PONT Tête`-de-pont", n.; pl. Têtes-de-pont. Etym: [F., head of a bridge.] (Mil.) Defn: A work thrown up at the end of a bridge nearest the enemy, for covering the communications across a river; a bridgehead. TETEL Te*tel", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large African antelope (Alcejaphus tora). It has widely divergent, strongly ringed horns. TETHER Teth"er, n. Etym: [Formerly tedder, OE. tedir; akin to LG. tider, tier, Icel. tjo, Dan. töir. *64.] Defn: A long rope or chain by which an animal is fastened, as to a stake, so that it can range or feed only within certain limits. TETHER Teth"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tethered; p. pr. & vb. n. Tethering.] Defn: To confine, as an animal, with a long rope or chain, as for feeding within certain limits. And by a slender cord was tethered to a stone. Wordsworth. TETHER-BALL Teth"er-ball`, n. Defn: A game played with rackets and a ball suspended by a string from an upright pole, the object of each side being to wrap the string around the pole by striking the ball in a direction opposite to the other. TETHYDAN Te*thy"dan, n. Etym: [See Tethys.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tunicate. TETHYODEA Te`thy*o"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Tethys + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Tunicata including the common attached ascidians, both simple and compound. Called also Tethioidea. TETHYS Te"thys, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of a large naked mollusks having a very large, broad, fringed cephalic disk, and branched dorsal gills. Some of the species become a foot long and are brilliantly colored. TETRA- Tet"ra-. Etym: [Gr. Four.] 1. A combining form or prefix signifying four, as in tetrabasic, tetrapetalous. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting four proportional or combining parts of the substance or ingredient denoted by the term to which it is prefixed, as in tetra-chloride, tetroxide. TETRABASIC Tet`ra*bas"ic, a. Etym: [Tetra- + basic.] (Chem.) Defn: Capable of neutralizing four molecules of a monacid base; having four hydrogen atoms capable of replacement by bases; quadribasic; -- said of certain acids; thus, normal silicic acid, Si(OH)4, is a tetrabasic acid. TETRABORIC Tet`ra*bor"ic, a. Etym: [Tetra- + boric.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Pyroboric. TETRABRANCHIATA Tet`ra*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Tetra-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Cephalopoda having four gills. Among living species it includes only the pearly nautilus. Numerous genera and species are found in the fossil state, such as Ammonites, Baculites, Orthoceras, etc. TETRABRANCHIATE Tet`ra*bran`chi*ate, a. Etym: [Tetra + branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Tetrabranchiata. -- n. Defn: One of the Tetrabranchiata. TETRACARPEL Tet`ra*car"pel, a. Etym: [Tetra- + carpellary.] (Bot.) Defn: Composed of four carpels. TETRACHORD Tet"ra*chord, n. Etym: [L. tetrachordon, Gr. Tetra-) + tétrachorde.] (Anc. Mus.) Defn: A scale series of four sounds, of which the extremes, or first and last, constituted a fourth. These extremes were immutable; the two middle sounds were changeable. TETRACHOTOMOUS Tet`ra*chot"o*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having a division by fours; separated into four parts or series, or into series of fours. TETRACID Tet*rac"id, a. Etym: [Tetra + acid.] (Chem.) Defn: Capable of neutralizing four molecules of a monobasic acid; having four hydrogen atoms capable of replacement ba acids or acid atoms; -- said of certain bases; thus, erythrine, C4H6(OH)4, is a tetracid alcohol. TETRACOCCOUS Tet`ra*coc"cous, a. Etym: [See Tetra-, and Coccus.] (Bot.) Defn: Having four cocci, or carpels. TETRACOLON Tet`ra*co"lon, n. Etym: [Gr. Tetra-) + (Pros.) Defn: A stanza or division in lyric poetry, consisting of four verses or lines. Crabb. TETRACORALLA Te`tra*co*ral"la, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Tetra-, and Corallum.] (Paleon.) Defn: Same as Rugosa. TETRACTINELLID Te*trac`ti*nel"lid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of sponge of the division Tetractinellida. Also used adjectively. TETRACTINELLIDA Te*trac`ti*nel"li*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Spongiæ in which the spicules are siliceous and have four branches diverging at right angles. Called also Tetractinellinæ. TETRAD Tet"rad, n. Etym: [L. tetras, -adis, Gr. tétrade.] 1. The number four; a collection of four things; a quaternion. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A tetravalent or quadrivalent atom or radical; as, carbon is a tetrad. TETRADACTYL; TETRADACTYLE Tet`ra*dac"tyl, Tet`ra*dac"tyle, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tétradactyle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Tetradactylous. TETRADACTYLOUS Tet`ra*dac"tyl*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. Tetra-) + (Zoöl.) Defn: Having, or characterized by, four digits to the foot or hand. TETRADECANE Tet`ra*dec"ane, n. Etym: [Tetra- + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A light oily hydrocarbon, C14H30, of the marsh-gas series; -- so called from the fourteen carbon atoms in the molecule. TETRADECAPODA Tet`ra*de*cap"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Tetra-, and Decapoda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Arthrostraca. TETRADIC Tet*rad"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a tetrad; possessing or having the characteristics of a tetrad; as, a carbon is a tetradic element. TETRADITE Tet"ra*dite, n. Etym: [See Tetrad.] Defn: A person in some way remarkable with regard to the number four, as one born on the fourth day of the month, or one who reverenced four persons in the Godhead. Smart. TETRADON Tet"ra*don, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Tetrodon. TETRADONT Tet"ra*dont, a. & n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Tetrodont. TETRADRACHM; TETRADRACHMA Tet"ra*drachm, Tet`ra*drach"ma, n. Etym: [NL. tetradrachma, fr. Gr. Tetra-) + Defn: A silver coin among the ancient Greeks, of the value of four drachms. The Attic tetradrachm was equal to 3s. 3d. sterling, or about 76 cents. TETRADYMITE Tet*rad"y*mite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: A telluride of bismuth. It is of a pale steel-gray color and metallic luster, and usually occurs in foliated masses. Calles also telluric bismuth. TETRADYNAMIA Tet`ra*dy*na"mi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Tetra-) + (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants having six stamens, four of which are longer than the others. TETRADYNAMIAN Tet`ra*dy*na"mi*an, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the order Tetradynamia. TETRADYNAMIAN; TETRADYNAMOUS Tet`ra*dy*na"mi*an, Tet`ra*dyn"a*mous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to the order Tetradynamia; having six stamens, four of which are uniformly longer than the others. TETRAGON Tet"ra*gon, n. Etym: [L. tetragonum, Gr. Tetra-) + tétragone.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A plane figure having four sides and angles; a quadrangle, as a square, a rhombus, etc. 2. (Astrol.) Defn: An aspect of two planets with regard to the earth when they are distant from each other ninety degrees, or the fourth of a circle. Hutton. TETRAGONAL Te*trag"o*nal, a. 1. (Geom.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a tetragon; having four angles or sides; thus, the square, the parallelogram, the rhombus, and the trapezium are tetragonal fingers. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having four prominent longitudinal angles. 3. (Crystallog.) Defn: Designating, or belonging to, a certain system of crystallization; dimetric. See Tetragonal system, under Crystallization. TETRAGRAMMATON Tet`ra*gram"ma*ton, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Tetra-) + Defn: The mystic number four, which was often symbolized to represent the Deity, whose name was expressed by four letters among some ancient nations; as, the Hebrew JeHoVaH, Greek qeo`s, Latin deus, etc. TETRAGYNIA Tet`ra*gyn"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. te`tra- (see Tetra-) + gynh` a woman, female.] (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan order of plants having four styles. TETRAGYNIAN; TETRAGYNOUS Tet`ra*gyn"i*an, Te*trag"y*nous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to the order Tetragynia; having four styles. TETRAHEDRAL Tet`ra*he"dral, a. Etym: [See Tetrahedron.] 1. Having, or composed of, four sides. 2. (Crystallog.) (a) Having the form of the regular tetrahedron. (b) Pertaining or related to a tetrahedron, or to the system of hemihedral forms to which the tetrahedron belongs. Tetrahedral angle (Geom.), a solid angle bounded or inclosed by four plane angles. TETRAHEDRALLY Tet`ra*he"dral*ly, adv. Defn: In a tetrahedral manner. TETRAHEDRITE Tet`ra*he"drite, n. Etym: [So called because the crystals of the species are commonly tetrahedrons.] (Min.) Defn: A sulphide of antimony and copper, with small quantities of other metals. It is a very common ore of copper, and some varieties yield a considerable presentage of silver. Called also gray copper ore, fahlore, and panabase. TETRAHEDRON Tet`ra*he"dron, n. Etym: [Tetra- + Gr. (Geom.) Defn: A solid figure inclosed or bounded by four triangles. Note: In crystallography, the regular tetrahedron is regarded as the hemihedral form of the regular octahedron. Regular tetrahedron (Geom.), a solid bounded by four equal equilateral triangles; one of the five regular solids. TETRAHEXAHEDRAL Tet`ra*hex`a*he"dral, a. (Crystallog.) Defn: Pertaining to a tetrahexahedron. TETRAHEXAHEDRON Tet`ra*hex`a*he"dron, n. Etym: [Tetra- + hexahedron.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A solid in the isometric system, bounded by twenty-four equal triangular faces, four corresponding to each face of the cube. TETRAKISHEXAHEDRON Tet`ra*kis*hex`a*he"dron, n. Etym: [Gr. hexahedron.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A tetrahexahedron. TETRAKOSANE Tet"ra*ko*sane`, n. Etym: [Tetra- + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon, C24H50, resembling paraffin, and like it belonging to the marsh-gas series; -- so called from having twenty- four atoms of carbon in the molecule. TETRALOGY Te*tral"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Tetra-) + tétralogie.] (Gr. Drama) Defn: A group or series of four dramatic pieces, three tragedies and one satyric, or comic, piece (or sometimes four tragedies), represented consequently on the Attic stage at the Dionysiac festival. Note: A group or series of three tragedies, exhibited together without a fourth piese, was called a trilogy. TETRAMERA Te*tram"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Tetramerous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Coleoptera having, apparently, only four tarsal joints, one joint being rudimentary. TETRAMEROUS Te*tram"er*ous, a. Etym: [Tetra- + Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: Having the parts arranged in sets of four; as, a tetramerous flower. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having four joints in each of the tarsi; -- said of certain insects. TETRAMETER Te*tram"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. tetrametrus, Gr. Tetra-) + tétramètre.] (GR. & Latin Pros.) Defn: A verse or line consisting of four measures, that is, in iambic, trochaic, and anapestic verse, of eight feet; in other kinds of verse, of four feet. TETRAMETHYLENE Tet`ra*meth"yl*ene, n. Etym: [Tetra- + methylene.] (Chem.) (a) A hypothetical hydrocarbon, C4H8, analogous to trimethylene, and regarded as the base of well-known series or derivatives. (b) Sometimes, an isomeric radical used to designate certain compounds which are really related to butylene. TETRAMORPH Tet"ra*morph, n. Etym: [Tetra- + Gr. (Christian Art) Defn: The union of the four attributes of the Evangelists in one figure, which is represented as winged, and standing on winged fiery wheels, the wings being covered with eyes. The representations of it are evidently suggested by the vision of Ezekiel (ch. i.) TETRANDRIA Te*tran"dri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Tetra-) + (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants having four stamens. TETRANDRIAN; TETRANDROUS Te*tran"dri*an, Te*tran"drous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Belonging to the class Tetrandria. TETRAONID Te*tra"o*nid, n. Etym: [L. tetrao a heath cock, grouse, Gr. tétraonide.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird belonging to the tribe of which the genus Tetrao is the type, as the grouse, partridge, quail, and the like. Used also adjectively. TETRAPETALOUS Tet`ra*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Tetra- + petal.] (Bot.) Defn: Containing four distinct petals, or flower leaves; as, a tetrapetalous corolla. TETRAPHARMACOM; TETRAPHARMACUM Tet`ra*phar"ma*com, Tet`ra*phar"ma*cum, n. Etym: [NL. tetrapharmacon, L. tetrapharmacum, Gr. Tetra-) + (Med.) Defn: A combination of wax, resin, lard, and pitch, composing an ointment. Brande & C. TETRAPHENOL Tet`ra*phe"nol, n. Etym: [Tetra- + phenol.] (Chem.) Defn: Furfuran. [Obs.] TETRAPHYLLOUS Te*traph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Tetra- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having four leaves; consisting of four distinct leaves or leaflets. TETRAPLA Tet"ra*pla, n.; Note: etymologically pl., but syntactically sing. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. tetraplo`os, tetraploy^s, fourfold.] Defn: A Bible consisting of four different Greek versions arranged in four columns by Origen; hence, any version in four languages or four columns. TETRAPNEUMONA Tet`ra*pneu"mo*na, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Tetra-, and Pneumo-.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Arachnida including those spiders which have four lungs, or pulmonary sacs. It includes the bird spiders (Mygale) and the trapdoor spiders. See Mygale. TETRAPNUEMONIAN Tet`rap*nue*mo"ni*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Tetrapneumona. TETRAPOD Tet"ra*pod, n. Etym: [Gr. Tetra-) + (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect characterized by having but four perfect legs, as certain of the butterflies. TETRAPODY Te*trap"o*dy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A set of four feet; a measure or distance of four feet. TETRAPTERAN Te*trap"ter*an, n. Etym: [See Tetrapterous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An insect having four wings. TETRAPTEROUS Te*trap"ter*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. Tetra-) + (Zoöl.) Defn: Having four wings. TETRAPTOTE Tet"rap*tote, n. Etym: [L. tetraptotum, Gr. (Gram.) Defn: A noun that has four cases only. Andrews. TETRARCH Te"trarch, n. Etym: [L. tetrarches, Gr. Tetra-) + tétrarque. See Arch, a.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A Roman governor of the fourth part of a province; hence, any subordinate or dependent prince; also, a petty king or sovereign. TETRARCH Te"trarch, a. Defn: Four. [Obs.] Fuller. TETRARCHATE Te*trarch"ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tétrarchat.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A tetrarchy. TETRARCHICAL Te*trarch"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a tetrarch or tetrarchy. Bolingbroke. TETRARCHY Tet"rarch*y, n.; pl. Tetrarchies. Etym: [L. tetrarchia, Gr. tétrarchie.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: The district under a Roman tetrarch; the office or jurisdiction of a tetrarch; a tetrarchate. TETRASCHISTIC Tet`ra*schis"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Characterized by division into four parts. TETRASEPALOUS Tet`ra*sep"al*ous, a. Etym: [Tetra- + sepal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having four sepals. TETRASPASTON Tet`ra*spas"ton, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Tetra-) + (Mach.) Defn: A machine in which four pulleys act together. Brande & C. TETRASPERMOUS Tet`ra*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Tetra- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having four seeds. Tetraspermous plant, a plant which produces four seeds in each flower. TETRASPORE Tet"ra*spore, n. Etym: [Tetra- + spore.] (Bot.) Defn: A nonsexual spore, one of a group of four regularly occurring in red seaweeds. -- Tet`ra*spor"ic, a. TETRASTICH Te*tras"tich, n. Etym: [L. tetrastichon, Gr. Tetra-) + Defn: A stanza, epigram, or poem, consisting of four verses or lines. Pope. TETRASTYLE Tet"ra*style, a. Etym: [L. tetrastylon, Gr. Tetra-) + (Arch.) Defn: Having four columns in front; -- said of a temple, portico, or colonnade. -- n. Defn: A tetrastyle building. TETRASYLLABIC; TETRASYLLABICAL Tet`ra*syl*lab"ic, Tet`ra*syl*lab"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tétrasyllabique.] Defn: Consisting of, or having, four syllables; quadrisyllabic. TETRASYLLABLE Tet"ra*syl`la*ble, n. Etym: [Tetra- + syllable: cf. Gr. Defn: A word consisting of four syllables; a quadrisyllable. TETRATHECAL Tet`ra*the"cal, a. Etym: [Tetra- + thecal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having four loculaments, or thecæ. TETRATHIONATE Tet`ra*thi"on*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of tetrathionic acid. TETRATHIONIC Tet`ra*thi*on"ic, a. Etym: [Tetra- + thionic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a thionic derivative, H TETRATOMIC Tet`ra*tom"ic, a. Etym: [Tetra- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Consisting of four atoms; having four atoms in the molecule, as phosphorus and arsenic. (b) Having a valence of four; quadrivalent; tetravalent; sometimes, in a specific sense, having four hydroxyl groups, whether acid or basic. TETRAVALENCE Te*trav"a*lence, n. (Chem.) Defn: The quality or state of being tetravalent; quadrivalence. TETRAVALENT Te*trav"a*lent, a. Etym: [Tetra- + L. valens, -entis, p.pr.] (Chem.) Defn: Having a valence of four; tetratomic; quadrivalent. TETRAXILE Te*trax"ile, a. Etym: [Tetra- + axile.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having four branches diverging at right angles; -- said of certain spicules of sponges. TETRAZINE; TETRAZIN Tet*raz"ine, n. Also -in. [Tetrazo- + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical compound, C2H2N4 which may be regarded as benzene with four CH groups replaced by nitrogen atoms; also, any of various derivatives of the same. There are three isomeric varieties. TETRAZO- Tet*raz"o-, a. Etym: [Tetra- + azo-.] (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively), designating any one of a series of double derivatives of the azo and diazo compounds containing four atoms of nitrogen. TETRAZOLE Tet*raz"ole, n. [Tetrazo- + -ole.] (Org. Chem.) Defn: A crystalline acid substance, CH2N4, which may be regarded as pyrrol in which nitrogen atoms replace three CH groups; also, any of various derivatives of the same. TETRAZONE Tet"ra*zone, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a certain series of basic compounds containing a chain of four nitrogen atoms; for example, ethyl tetrazone, (C2H5)2N.N2.N(C2H5)2, a colorless liquid having an odor of leeks. TETRIC; TETRICAL Tet"ric, Tet"ri*cal, a. Etym: [L. tetricus, taetricus, from teter, taeter, offensive, foul.] Defn: Forward; perverse; harsh; sour; rugged. [Obs.] -- Tet"ric*al*ness, n. TETRICITY Te*tric"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. tetricitas, taetricitas.] Defn: Crabbedness; perverseness. [Obs.] TETRICOUS Tet"ric*ous, a. Defn: Tetric. [Obs.] TETRINIC Te*trin"ic, a. Etym: [See Tetra-.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a complex ketonic acid, C5H6O3, obtained as a white crystalline substance; -- so called because once supposed to contain a peculiar radical of four carbon atoms. Called also acetyl-acrylic acid. TETRODON Tet"ro*don, n. Etym: [Tetra- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of plectognath fishes belonging to Tetrodon and allied genera. Each jaw is furnished with two large, thick, beaklike, bony teeth. [Written also tetradon.] Note: The skin is usually spinous, and the belly is capable of being greatly distended by air or water. It includes the swellfish, puffer (a), and similar species. TETRODONT Tet"ro*dont, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the tetrodons. -- n. Defn: A tetrodon. [Written also tetradont, and tetraodont.] TETROL Tet"rol, n. Etym: [Tetra- + benzol.] (Chem.) Defn: A hypothetical hydrocarbon, C4H4, analogous to benzene; -- so called from the four carbon atoms in the molecule. Tetrol phenol, furfuran. [Obs.] TETROLIC Tet*rol"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C3H3.CO2H, of the acetylene series, homologous with propiolic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance. TETROSE Tet"rose, n. [Tetra- + -ose.] (Chem.) Defn: A monosaccharide derived from a certain alcohol. TETROXIDE Tet*rox"ide, n. Etym: [Tetra- + oxide.] (Chem.) Defn: An oxide having four atoms of oxygen in the molecule; a quadroxide; as, osmium tetroxide, OsO. TETRYL Tet"ryl, n. Etym: [Tetra- + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: Butyl; -- so called from the four carbon atoms in the molecule. TETRYLENE Tet"ryl*ene, n. Etym: [Tetra- + ethylene.] (Chem.) Defn: Butylene; -- so called from the four carbon atoms in the molecule. TETTER Tet"ter, n. Etym: [OE. teter, AS. teter, tetr; akin to G. zitter, zittermal, OHG. zittaroch, Skr. dadru, dadruka, a sort of skin disease. *63, 240.] (Med.) Defn: A vesicular disease of the skin; herpes. See Herpes. Honeycomb tetter (Med.), favus. -- Moist tetter (Med.), eczema. -- Scaly tetter (Med.), psoriasis. Tetter berry (Bot.), the white bryony. TETTER Tet"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tettered; p. pr. & vb. n. Tettering.] Defn: To affect with tetter. Shak. TETTEROUS Tet"ter*ous, a. Defn: Having the character of, or pertaining to, tetter. TETTER-TOTTER Tet"ter-tot`ter, n. Etym: [See Teeter.] Defn: A certain game of children; seesaw; -- called also titter- totter, and titter-cum-totter. TETTERWORT Tet"ter*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant used as a remedy for tetter, -- in England the calendine, in America the bloodroot. TETTIGONIAN Tet`ti*go"ni*an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of Hemiptera belonging to Tettigonia and allied genera; a leaf hopper. TETTISH Tet"tish, a. Etym: [Cf. Testy.] Defn: Captious; testy. [Written also teatish.] [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. TETTIX Tet"tix, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The cicada. [Obs. or R.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small grasshoppers. TETTY Tet"ty, a. Defn: Testy; irritable. [Obs.] Burton. TEUFIT Teu"fit, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lapwing; -- called also teuchit. [Prov. Eng.] TEUK Teuk, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The redshank. [Prov. Eng.] TEUTON Teu"ton, n.; pl. E. Teutons, L. Teutones. Etym: [L. Teutones, Teutoni, the name of a Germanic people, probably akin to E. Dutch. Cf. Dutch.] 1. One of an ancient German tribe; later, a name applied to any member of the Germanic race in Europe; now used to designate a German, Dutchman, Scandinavian, etc., in distinction from a Celt or one of a Latin race. 2. A member of the Teutonic branch of the Indo-European, or Aryan, family. TEUTONIC Teu*ton"ic, a. Etym: [L. Teutonicus, from Teutoni, or Teutones. See Teuton.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Teutons, esp. the ancient Teutons; Germanic. 2. Of or pertaining to any of the Teutonic languages, or the peoples who speak these languages. Teutonic languages, a group of languages forming a division of the Indo-European, or Aryan, family, and embracing the High German, Low German, Gothic, and Scandinavian dialects and languages. -- Teutonic order, a military religious order of knights, established toward the close of the twelfth century, in imitation of the Templars and Hospitalers, and composed chiefly of Teutons, or Germans. The order rapidly increased in numbers and strength till it became master of all Prussia, Livonia, and Pomerania. In its decay it was abolished by Napoleon; but it has been revived as an honorary order. TEUTONIC Teu*ton"ic, n. Defn: The language of the ancient Germans; the Teutonic languages, collectively. TEUTONICISM Teu*ton"i*cism, n. Defn: A mode of speech peculiar to the Teutons; a Teutonic idiom, phrase, or expression; a Teutonic mode or custom; a Germanism. TEW Tew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tewing.] Etym: [OE. tewen, tawen. *64. See Taw, v.] 1. To prepare by beating or working, as leather or hemp; to taw. 2. Hence, to beat; to scourge; also, to pull about; to maul; to tease; to vex. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] TEW Tew, v. i. Defn: To work hard; to strive; to fuse. [Local] TEW Tew, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Taw to tow, Tow, v. t.] Defn: To tow along, as a vessel. [Obs.] Drayton. TEW Tew, n. Defn: A rope or chain for towing a boat; also, a cord; a string. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] TEWAN Te"wan, n. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of American Indians including many of the Pueblos of New Mexico and adjacent regions. TEWED Tewed, a. Defn: Fatigued; worn with labor or hardship. [Obs. or Local] Mir. for Mag. TEWEL Tew"el, n. Etym: [OE. tuel, OF. tuiel, tuel, F. tuyau; of Teutonic origin; cf. Dan. tud, D. tuit, Prov. G. zaute. Cf. Tuyère.] 1. A pipe, funnel, or chimney, as for smoke. Chaucer. 2. The tuyère of a furnace. TEWHIT Te"whit, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lapwing; -- called also teewheep. [Prov. Eng.] TEWTAW Tew"taw, v. t. Etym: [See Tew, v. t.] Defn: To beat; to break, as flax or hemp. [Obs.] Mortimer. TEXAS Tex"as, n. Defn: A structure on the hurricane deck of a steamer, containing the pilot house, officers' cabins, etc. [Western U.S.] Knight. TEXAS LEAGUER Tex"as Leagu"er. [From the Texas (baseball) League.] (Baseball) Defn: A short fly that falls too far out to be handled by an infielder and too close in to be caught by an outfielder. [Cant] TEXT Text, n. Etym: [F. texte, L. textus, texture, structure, context, fr. texere, textum, to weave, construct, compose; cf. Gr. taksh to cut, carve, make. Cf. Context, Mantle, n., Pretext, Tissue, Toil a snare.] 1. A discourse or composition on which a note or commentary is written; the original words of an author, in distinction from a paraphrase, annotation, or commentary. Chaucer. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The four Gospels, by way of distinction or eminence. [R.] 3. A verse or passage of Scripture, especially one chosen as the subject of a sermon, or in proof of a doctrine. How oft, when Paul has served us with a text, Has Epictetus, Plato, Tully, preached! Cowper. 4. Hence, anything chosen as the subject of an argument, literary composition, or the like; topic; theme. 5. A style of writing in large characters; text-hand also, a kind of type used in printing; as, German text. Text blindness. (Physiol.) See Word blindness, under Word. -- Text letter, a large or capital letter. [Obs.] -- Text pen, a kind of metallic pen used in engrossing, or in writing text-hand. TEXT Text, v. t. Defn: To write in large characters, as in text hand. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. TEXT-BOOK Text"-book`, n. 1. A book with wide spaces between the lines, to give room for notes. 2. A volume, as of some classical author, on which a teacher lectures or comments; hence, any manual of instruction; a schoolbook. TEXT-HAND Text"-hand`, n. Defn: A large hand in writing; -- so called because it was the practice to write the text of a book in a large hand and the notes in a smaller hand. TEXT HAND Text hand. Defn: A large hand in writing; -- so called because it was the practice to write the text of a book in a large hand and the notes in a smaller hand. TEXTILE Tex"tile, a. Etym: [L. textilis, fr. texere to weave: cf. F. textile. See Text.] Defn: Pertaining to weaving or to woven fabrics; as, textile arts; woven, capable of being woven; formed by weaving; as, textile fabrics. Textile cone (Zoöl.), a beautiful cone shell (Conus textilis) in which the colors are arranged so that they resemble certain kinds of cloth. TEXTILE Tex"tile, n. Defn: That which is, or may be, woven; a fabric made by weaving. Bacon. TEXTMAN Text"man, n.; pl. Textmen (. Defn: One ready in quoting texts. [R.] Bp. Sanderston. TEXTORIAL Tex*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. textorius, fr. textor a weaver, fr. texere, textum, to weave.] Defn: Of or pertaining to weaving. T. Warton. TEXTRINE Tex"trine, a. Etym: [L. textrinus, for textorinus, fr. textor a weaver.] Defn: Of or pertaining to weaving, textorial; as, the textrine art. Denham. TEXTUAL Tex"tu*al, a. Etym: [OE. textuel, F. textuel.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or contained in, the text; as, textual criticism; a textual reading. Milton. 2. Serving for, or depending on, texts. Bp. Hall. 3. Familiar with texts or authorities so as to cite them accurately. "I am not textuel." Chaucer. TEXTUALIST Tex"tu*al*ist, n. Defn: A textman; a textuary. Lightfoot. TEXTUALLY Tex"tu*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a textual manner; in the text or body of a work; in accordance with the text. TEXTUARIST Tex"tu*a*rist, n. Defn: A textuary. [R.] TEXTUARY Tex"tu*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. textuaire.] 1. Contained in the text; textual. Sir T. Browne. 2. Serving as a text; authoritative. Glanvill. TEXTUARY Tex"tu*a*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. textuaire.] 1. One who is well versed in the Scriptures; a textman. Bp. Bull. 2. One who adheres strictly or rigidly to the text. TEXTUEL Tex"tu*el, a. Defn: Textual. [Obs.] Chaucer. TEXTUIST Tex"tu*ist, n. Defn: A textualist; a textman. [Obs.] The crabbed textualists of his time. Milton. TEXTURAL Tex"tur*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to texture. TEXTURE Tex"ture, n. Etym: [L. textura, fr. texere, textum, to weave: cf. F. texture. See Text.] 1. The act or art of weaving. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 2. That which woven; a woven fabric; a web. Milton. Others, apart far in the grassy dale, Or roughening waste, their humble texture weave. Thomson. 3. The disposition or connection of threads, filaments, or other slender bodies, interwoven; as, the texture of cloth or of a spider's web. 4. The disposition of the several parts of any body in connection with each other, or the manner in which the constituent parts are united; structure; as, the texture of earthy substances or minerals; the texture of a plant or a bone; the texture of paper; a loose or compact texture. 5. (Biol.) Defn: A tissue. See Tissue. TEXTURE Tex"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Textured; p. pr. & vb. n. Texturing.] Defn: To form a texture of or with; to interweave. [R.] TEXTURY Tex"tur*y, n. Defn: The art or process of weaving; texture. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. TEYNE Teyne, n. Etym: [See Tain.] Defn: A thin plate of metal. [Obs.] "A teyne of silver." Chaucer. TH Th. Defn: In Old English, the article the, when the following word began with a vowel, was often written with elision as if a part of the word. Thus in Chaucer, the forms thabsence, tharray, thegle, thend, thingot, etc., are found for the absence, the array, the eagle, the end, etc. THACK; THACKER Thack, Thack"er. Defn: See Thatch, Thatcher. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] THAK Thak, v. t. Defn: To thwack. [Obs.] Chaucer. THALAMENCEPHALON Thal`a*men*ceph"a*lon, n. Etym: [NL. See Thalamus, and Encephalon.] (Anat.) Defn: The segment of the brain next in front of the midbrain, including the thalami, pineal gland, and pituitary body; the diencephalon; the interbrain. THALAMIC Tha*lam"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a thalamus or to thalami. THALAMIFLORAL; THALAMIFLOROUS Thal`a*mi*flo"ral, Thal`a*mi*flo"rous, a. Etym: [See Thalamus, and Floral.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing the stamens directly on the receptacle; -- said of a subclass of polypetalous dicotyledonous plants in the system of De Candolle. THALAMOCOELE Thal"a*mo*coele`, n. Etym: [Thalamic + Cg. (Anat.) Defn: The cavity or ventricle of the thalamencephalon; the third ventricle. THALAMOPHORA Thal`a*moph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Foraminifera. THALAMUS Thal"a*mus, n.; pl. Thalami. Etym: [L. thalamus chamber, Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: A mass of nervous matter on either side of the third ventricle of the brain; -- called also optic thalamus. 2. (Bot.) (a) Same as Thallus. (b) The receptacle of a flower; a torus. THALASSIAN Tha*las"si*an, n. Etym: [From Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any sea tortoise. THALASSIC Tha*las"sic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the sea; -- sometimes applied to rocks formed from sediments deposited upon the sea bottom. THALASSINIAN Thal`as*sin"i*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Thalaassinidæ, a family of burrowing macrurous Crustacea, having a long and soft abdomen. THALASSOGRAPHY Thal`as*sog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: The study or science of the life of marine organisms. Agassiz. THALER Tha"ler, n. Etym: [G. See Dollar.] Defn: A German silver coin worth about three shillings sterling, or about 73 cents. THALIA Tha*li"a, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Class. Myth.) (a) That one of the nine Muses who presided over comedy. (b) One of the three Graces. (c) One of the Nereids. THALIACEA Tha`li*a"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Thalia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Tunicata comprising the free-swimming species, such as Salpa and Doliolum. THALIAN Tha*li"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Thalia; hence, of or pertaining to comedy; comic. THALLATE Thal"late, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of a hypothetical thallic acid. THALLENE Thal"lene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon obtained from coal-tar residues, and remarkable for its intense yellowish green fluorescence. THALLIC Thal"lic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to thallium; derived from, or containing, thallium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with the thallous compounds; as, thallic oxide. THALLINE Thal"line, a. (Bot.) Defn: Consisting of a thallus. THALLINE Thal"line, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: An artificial alkaloid of the quinoline series, obtained as a white crystalline substance, C10H13NO, whose salts are valuable as antipyretics; -- so called from the green color produced in its solution by certain oxidizing agents. THALLIOUS Thal"li*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: See Thallous. THALLIUM Thal"li*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. green line in its spectrum.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element of the aluminium group found in some minerals, as certain pyrites, and also in the lead-chamber deposit in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. It is isolated as a heavy, soft, bluish white metal, easily oxidized in moist air, but preserved by keeping under water. Symbol Tl. Atomic weight 203.7. THALLOGEN Thal"lo*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Bot.) Defn: One of a large class or division of the vegetable kingdom, which includes those flowerless plants, such as fungi, algæ, and lichens, that consist of a thallus only, composed of cellular tissue, or of a congeries of cells, or even of separate cells, and never show a distinction into root, stem, and leaf. THALLOID Thal"loid, a. Etym: [Thallus + -oid.] (Bot.) Defn: Resembling, or consisting of, thallus. THALLOPHYTA Thal*loph"y*ta, n. pl. [NL. See Thallophyte.] (Bot.) Defn: A phylum of plants of very diverse habit and structure, including the algæ, fungi, and lichens. The simpler forms, as many blue-green algæ, yeasts, etc., are unicellular and reproduce vegetatively or by means of asexual spores; in the higher forms the plant body is a thallus, which may be filamentous or may consist of plates of cells; it is commonly undifferentiated into stem, leaves, and roots, and shows no distinct tissue systems; the fronds of many algæ, however, are modified to serve many of the functions of the above-named organs. Both asexual and sexual reproduction, often of a complex type, occur in these forms. The Thallophyta exist almost exclusively as gametophytes, the sporophyte being absent or rudimentary. By those who do not separate the Myxophyta from the Tallophyta as a distinct phylum the latter is treated as the lowermost group in the vegetable kingdom. THALLOPHYTE Thal"lo*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Thallogen. THALLOUS Thal"lous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to thallium; derived from, or containing, thallium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with the thallic compounds. [Written also thallious.] THALLUS Thal"lus, n.; pl. Thalli. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A solid mass of cellular tissue, consisting of one or more layers, usually in the form of a flat stratum or expansion, but sometimes erect or pendulous, and elongated and branching, and forming the substance of the thallogens. THALWEG Thal"weg`, n. [G., fr. thal valley + weg way. See Dale; Way.] (Physiography) (a) A line following the lowest part of a valley, whether under water or not. (b) The line of continuous maximum descent from any point on a land surface, or that cutting all contours and angles. THAMMUZ; TAMMUZ Tham"muz, Tam"muz, n. Etym: [Heb. thammuz.] 1. A deity among the ancient Syrians, in honor of whom the Hebrew idolatresses held an annual lamentation. This deity has been conjectured to be the same with the Phoenician Adon, or Adonis. Milton. 2. The fourth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, -- supposed to correspond nearly with our month of July. THAMNOPHILE Tham"no*phile, n. Etym: [Gr. qa`mnos a bush + fi`los loving.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bush shrike. THAMYN Tha"myn, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Asiatic deer (Rucervus Eldi) resembling the swamp deer; -- called also Eld's deer. THAN Than, conj. Etym: [OE. than, thon, then, thanne, thonne, thenne, than, then, AS. thanne, thonne, th\'91nne; akin to D. dan, OHG. danne, G. dann then, denn than, for, Goth. Þan then, and to E. the, there, that. See That, and cf. Then.] Defn: A particle expressing comparison, used after certain adjectives and adverbs which express comparison or diversity, as more, better, other, otherwise, and the like. It is usually followed by the object compared in the nominative case. Sometimes, however, the object compared is placed in the objective case, and than is then considered by some grammarians as a preposition. Sometimes the object is expressed in a sentence, usually introduced by that; as, I would rather suffer than that you should want. Behold, a greater than Solomon is here. Matt. xii. 42. Which when Beelzebub perceived, than whom, Satan except, none higher sat. Milton. It's wiser being good than bad; It's safer being meek than fierce; It's fitter being sane than mad. R. Browning. THAN Than, adv. Defn: Then. See Then. [Obs.] Gower. Thanne longen folk to gon on pilgrimages. Chaucer. THANA Tha"na (tä"nä), n. [Written also tana, tanna.] [Hind. thana.] Defn: A police station. [India] Kipling. THANAGE Than"age, n. Defn: The district in which a thane anciently had jurisdiction; thanedom. THANATOID Than"a*toid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] Defn: Deathlike; resembling death. Dunglison. THANATOLOGY Than`a*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: A description, or the doctrine, of death. Dunglison. THANATOPSIS Than`a*top"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Defn: A view of death; a meditation on the subject of death. Bryant. THANE Thane, n. Etym: [OE. thein, Þein, AS. Þegen, Þegn; akin to OHG. degan a follower, warrior, boy, MHG. degen a hero, G. degen hero, soldier, Icel. Þegn a thane, a freeman; probably akin to Gr. Þius servant, AS. Þeón, G. dienen to serve.] Defn: A dignitary under the Anglo-Saxons and Danes in England. Of these there were two orders, the king's thanes, who attended the kings in their courts and held lands immediately of them, and the ordinary thanes, who were lords of manors and who had particular jurisdiction within their limits. After the Conquest, this title was disused, and baron took its place. Note: Among the ancient Scots, thane was a title of honor, which seems gradually to have declined in its significance. Jamieson. THANEDOM Thane"dom, n. Defn: The property or jurisdiction of a thane; thanage. Sir W. Scott. THANEHOOD Thane"hood, n. Defn: The character or dignity of a thane; also, thanes, collectively. J. R. Green. THANESHIP Thane"ship, n. Defn: The state or dignity of a thane; thanehood; also, the seignioralty of a thane. THANK Thank, n.; pl. Thanks. Etym: [AS. Þanc, Þonc, thanks, favor, thought; akin to OS. thank favor, pleasure, thanks, D. & G. dank thanks, Icel. Þ\'94kk, Dan. tak, Sw. tack, Goth. Þagks thanks; -- originally, a thought, a thinking. See Think.] Defn: A expression of gratitude; an acknowledgment expressive of a sense of favor or kindness received; obligation, claim, or desert, or gratitude; -- now generally used in the plural. "This ceremonial thanks." Massinger. If ye do good to them which do good to you, what thank have ye for sinners also do even the same. Luke vi. 33. What great thank, then, if any man, reputed wise and constant, will neither do, nor permit others under his charge to do, that which he approves not, especially in matter of sin Milton. Thanks, thanks to thee, most worthy friend, For the lesson thou hast taught. Longfellow. His thanks, Her thanks, etc., of his or her own accord; with his or her good will; voluntary. [Obs.] Full sooth is said that love ne lordship, Will not, his thanks, have no fellowship. Chaucer. -- In thank, with thanks or thankfulness. [Obs.] -- Thank offering, an offering made as an expression of thanks. THANK Thank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thanked; p. pr. & vb. n. Thanking.] Etym: [AS. Þancian. See Thank, n.] Defn: To express gratitude to (anyone) for a favor; to make acknowledgments to (anyone) for kindness bestowed; -- used also ironically for blame. "Graunt mercy, lord, that thank I you," quod she. Chaucer. I thank thee for thine honest care. Shak. Weigh the danger with the doubtful bliss, And thank yourself if aught should fall amiss. Dryden. THANKFUL Thank"ful, a. Etym: [AS. Þancfull.] 1. Obtaining or deserving thanks; thankworthy. [R.] Ladies, look here; this is the thankful glass That mends the looker's eyes; this is the well That washes what it shows. Herbert. 2. Impressed with a sense of kindness received, and ready to acknowledge it; grateful. Be thankful unto him, and bless his name. Ps. c. 4. -- Thank"ful*ly, adv. -- Thank"ful*ness, n. THANKLESS Thank"less, a. 1. Not acknowledging favors; not expressing thankfulness; unthankful; ungrateful. That she may feel How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is To have a thankless child! Shak. 2. Not obtaining or deserving thanks; unacceptable; as, a thankless task. To shepherd thankless, but by thieves that love the night allowed. Chapman. -- Thank"less*ly, adv. -- Thank"less*ness, n. THANKLY Thank"ly, adv. Defn: Thankfully. [Obs.] Sylvester (Du Bartas). THANKSGIVE Thanks"give, v. t. Defn: To give or dedicate in token of thanks. [Obs. or R.] Mede. THANKSGIVER Thanks"giv`er, n. Defn: One who gives thanks, or acknowledges a kindness. Barrow. THANKSGIVING Thanks"giv`ing, n. 1. The act of rending thanks, or expressing gratitude for favors or mercies. Every creature of God is good, and nothing to be refused, if it be received with thanksgiving. 1 Tim. iv. 4. In the thanksgiving before meat. Shak. And taught by thee the Church prolongs Her hymns of high thanksgiving still. Keble. 2. A public acknowledgment or celebration of divine goodness; also, a day set apart for religious services, specially to acknowledge the goodness of God, either in any remarkable deliverance from calamities or danger, or in the ordinary dispensation of his bounties. Note: In the United States it is now customary for the President by proclamation to appoint annually a day (usually the last Thursday in November) of thanksgiving and praise to God for the mercies of the past year. This is an extension of the custom long prevailing in several States in which an annual Thanksgiving day has been appointed by proclamation of the governor. THANKWORTHINESS Thank"wor`thi*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being thankworthy. THANKWORTHY Thank"wor`thy, a. Defn: Deserving thanks; worthy of gratitude; mreitorious. For this thankworthy, if a man, for conscience toward God, endure grief, suffering wrongfully. 1 Pet. ii. 19. THAR Thar, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A goatlike animal (Capra Jemlaica) native of the Himalayas. It has small, flattened horns, curved directly backward. The hair of the neck, shoulders, and chest of the male is very long, reaching to the knees. Called also serow, and imo. [Written also thaar, and tahr.] THAR Thar, v. impersonal, pres. Etym: [OE. thar, Þarf, AS. Þearf, infin. Þurfan to need; akin to OHG. durfan, G. dürfen to be allowed, Icel. Þurfa to need, Goth. Þaúrban.] Defn: It needs; need. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. What thar thee reck or care Chaucer. THARMS Tharms, n. pl. Etym: [AS. Þearm a gut; akin to D. & G. darm, Icel. Þarmr, Sw. & Dan. tarm. *53.] Defn: Twisted guts. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ascham. THAROS Tha"ros, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small American butterfly (Phycoides tharos) having the upper surface of the wings variegated with orange and black, the outer margins black with small white crescents; -- called also pearl crescent. THAT That, pron., a., conj., & adv. Etym: [AS. th\'91t, neuter nom. & acc. sing. of the article (originally a demonstrative pronoun). The nom. masc. se, and the nom. fem. seó are from a different root. AS. th\'91t is akin to D. dat, G. das, OHG. daz, Sw. & Dan. det, Icel. Þat (masc. sa, fem. so), Goth. Þata (masc. sa, fem. so), Gr. tat (for tad, masc. sas, fem. sa); cf. L. istud that. *184. Cf. The, Their, They, Them, This, Than, Since.] 1. As a demonstrative pronoun (pl. Those), that usually points out, or refers to, a person or thing previously mentioned, or supposed to be understood. That, as a demonstrative, may precede the noun to which it refers; as, that which he has said is true; those in the basket are good apples. The early fame of Gratian was equal to that of the most celebrated princes. Gibbon. Note: That may refer to an entire sentence or paragraph, and not merely to a word. It usually follows, but sometimes precedes, the sentence referred to. That be far from thee, to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked. Gen. xviii. 25. And when Moses heard that, he was content. Lev. x. 20. I will know your business, Harry, that I will. Shak. Note: That is often used in opposition to this, or by way of distinction, and in such cases this, like the Latin hic and French ceci, generally refers to that which is nearer, and that, like Latin ille and French cela, to that which is more remote. When they refer to foreign words or phrases, this generally refers to the latter, and that to the former. Two principles in human nature reign; Self-love, to urge, and Reason, to restrain; Nor this a good, nor that a bad we call. Pope. If the Lord will, we shall live, and do this or that. James iv. 16. 2. As an adjective, that has the same demonstrative force as the pronoun, but is followed by a noun. It shall be more tolerable for Sodom and Gomorrah in the day of judgment, than for that city. Matt. x. 15. The woman was made whole from that hour. Matt. ix. 22. Note: That was formerly sometimes used with the force of the article the, especially in the phrases that one, that other, which were subsequently corrupted into th'tone, th'tother (now written t'other). Upon a day out riden knightes two . . . That one of them came home, that other not. Chaucer. 3. As a relative pronoun, that is equivalent to who or which, serving to point out, and make definite, a person or thing spoken of, or alluded to, before, and may be either singular or plural. He that reproveth a scorner getteth to himself shame. Prov. ix. 7. A judgment that is equal and impartial must incline to the greater probabilities. Bp. Wilkins. Note: If the relative clause simply conveys an additional idea, and is not properly explanatory or restrictive, who or which (rarely that) is employed; as, the king that (or who) rules well is generally popular; Victoria, who (not that) rules well, enjoys the confidence of her subjects. Ambiguity may in some cases be avoided in the use of that (which is restrictive) instead of who or which, likely to be understood in a coördinating sense. Bain. That was formerly used for that which, as what is now; but such use is now archaic. We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen. John iii. 11. That I have done it is thyself to wite [blame]. Chaucer. That, as a relative pronoun, cannot be governed by a preposition preceding it, but may be governed by one at the end of the sentence which it commences. The ship that somebody was sailing in. Sir W. Scott. In Old English, that was often used with the demonstratives he, his, him, etc., and the two together had the force of a relative pronoun; thus, that he = who; that his = whose; that him = whom. I saw to-day a corpse yborn to church That now on Monday last I saw him wirche [work]. Chaucer. Formerly, that was used, where we now commonly use which, as a relative pronoun with the demonstrative pronoun that as its antecedent. That that dieth, let it die; and that that is to cut off, let it be cut off. Zech. xi. 9. 4. As a conjunction, that retains much of its force as a demonstrative pronoun. It is used, specifically: -- (a) To introduce a clause employed as the object of the preceding verb, or as the subject or predicate nominative of a verb. She tells them 't is a causeless fantasy, And childish error, that they are afraid. Shak. I have shewed before, that a mere possibility to the contrary, can by no means hinder a thing from being highly credible. Bp. Wilkins. (b) To introduce, a reason or cause; -- equivalent to for that, in that, for the reason that, because. He does hear me; And that he does, I weep. Shak. (c) To introduce a purpose; -- usually followed by may, or might, and frequently preceded by so, in order, to the end, etc. These things I say, that ye might be saved. John v. 34. To the end that he may prolong his days. Deut. xvii. 20. (d) To introduce a consequence, result, or effect; -- usually preceded by so or such, sometimes by that. The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds Attest their joy, that hill and valley rings. Milton. He gazed so long That both his eyes were dazzled. Tennyson. (e) To introduce a clause denoting time; -- equivalent to in which time, at which time, when. So wept Duessa until eventide, That shining lamps in Jove's high course were lit. Spenser. Is not this the day That Hermia should give answer of her choice Shak. (f) In an elliptical sentence to introduce a dependent sentence expressing a wish, or a cause of surprise, indignation, or the like. Ha, cousin Silence, that thou hadst seen that that this knight and I have seen! Shak. O God, that right should thus overcome might! Shak. Note: That was formerly added to other conjunctions or to adverbs to make them emphatic. To try if that our own be ours or no. Shak. That is sometimes used to connect a clause with a preceding conjunction on which it depends. When he had carried Rome and that we looked For no less spoil than glory. Shak. 5. As adverb: To such a degree; so; as, he was that frightened he could say nothing. [Archaic or in illiteral use.] All that, everything of that kind; all that sort. With singing, laughing, ogling, and all that. Pope. The rank is but the guinea's stamp, The man's the gowd [gold] for a'that. Burns. -- For that. See under For, prep. -- In that. See under In, prep. THATCH Thatch, n. Etym: [OE. thak, AS. Þ\'91c a roof; akin to Þeccean to cover, D. dak a roof, dekken to cover, G. dach a roof, decken 8cover, Icel. Þak a roof, Sw. tak, Dan. tag, Lith. stogas, Ir. teagh a house, Gael. teach, tigh, W. ty, L. tegere to cover, toga a toga, Gr. sthag. Cf. Deck, Integument, Tile, Toga.] 1. Straw, rushes, or the like, used for making or covering the roofs of buildings, or of stacks of hay or grain. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A name in the West Indies for several kinds of palm, the leaves of which are used for thatching. Thatch sparrow, the house sparrow. [Prov. Eng.] THATCH Thatch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thatched; p. pr. & vb. n. Thatching.] Etym: [From Thatch, n.: cf. OE. thecchen, AS. to cover.] Defn: To cover with, or with a roof of, straw, reeds, or some similar substance; as, to thatch a roof, a stable, or a stack of grain. THATCHER Thatch"er, n. Defn: One who thatches. THATCHING Thatch"ing, n. 1. The act or art of covering buildings with thatch; so as to keep out rain, snow, etc. 2. The materials used for this purpose; thatch. THAUGHT Thaught, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Thwart. THAUMATOLATRY Thau`ma*tol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Worship or undue admiration of wonderful or miraculous things. [R.] The thaumatolatry by which our theology has been debased for more than a century. Hare. THAUMATROPE Thau"ma*trope, n. Etym: [Gr. (Opt.) Defn: An optical instrument or toy for showing the presistence of an impression upon the eyes after the luminous object is withdrawn. Note: It consists of a card having on its opposite faces figures of two different objects, or halves of the same object, as a bird and a cage, which, when the card is whirled rapidlz round a diameter by the strings that hold it, appear to the eye combined in a single picture, as of a bird in its cage. THAUMATURGE Thau"ma*turge, n. Etym: [See Thaumaturgus.] Defn: A magician; a wonder worker. Lowell. THAUMATURGIC; THAUMATURGICAL Thau`ma*tur"gic, Thau`ma*tur"gic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to thaumaturgy; magical; wonderful. Burton. THAUMATURGICS Thau`ma*tur"gics, n. Defn: Feats of legerdemain, or magical performances. THAUMATURGIST Thau`ma*tur"gist, n. Defn: One who deals in wonders, or believes in them; a wonder worker. Carlyle. THAUMATURGUS Thau`ma*tur"gus, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Defn: A miracle worker; -- a title given by the Roman Catholics to some saints. THAUMATURGY Thau"ma*tur`gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The act or art of performing something wonderful; magic; legerdemain. T. Warton. THAVE Thave, n. Defn: Same as Theave. [Prov. Eng.] THAW Thaw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Thawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Thawing.] Etym: [AS. Þ\'bewian, Þ\'bewan; akin to D. dovijen, G. tauen, thauen (cf. also verdauen 8digest, OHG. douwen, firdouwen), Icel. Þeyja, Sw. töa, Dan. töe, and perhaps to Gr. 1. To melt, dissolve, or become fluid; to soften; -- said of that which is frozen; as, the ice thaws. 2. To become so warm as to melt ice and snow; -- said in reference to the weather, and used impersonally. 3. Fig.: To grow gentle or genial. THAW Thaw, v. t. Defn: To cause (frozen things, as earth, snow, ice) to melt, soften, or dissolve. THAW Thaw, n. Defn: The melting of ice, snow, or other congealed matter; the resolution of ice, or the like, into the state of a fluid; liquefaction by heat of anything congealed by frost; also, a warmth of weather sufficient to melt that which is congealed. Dryden. THAWY Thaw"y, a. Defn: Liquefying by heat after having been frozen; thawing; melting. THE The, v. i. Defn: See Thee. [Obs.] Chaucer. Milton. THE The (the, when emphatic or alone; the, obscure before a vowel; the, obscure before a consonant; 37), definite article. Etym: [AS. the, a later form for earlier nom. sing. masc. se, formed under the influence of the oblique cases. See That, pron.] Defn: A word placed before nouns to limit or individualize their meaning. Note: The was originally a demonstrative pronoun, being a weakened form of that. When placed before adjectives and participles, it converts them into abstract nouns; as, the sublime and the beautiful. Burke. The is used regularly before many proper names, as of rivers, oceans, ships, etc.; as, the Nile, the Atlantic, the Great Eastern, the West Indies, The Hague. The with an epithet or ordinal number often follows a proper name; as, Alexander the Great; Napoleon the Third. The may be employed to individualize a particular kind or species; as, the grasshopper shall be a burden. Eccl. xii. 5. THE The, adv. Etym: [AS. th\'c7, th\'df, instrumental case of se, seó, th\'91t, the definite article. See 2d The.] Defn: By that; by how much; by so much; on that account; -- used before comparatives; as, the longer we continue in sin, the more difficult it is to reform. "Yet not the more cease I." Milton. So much the rather thou, Celestial Light, Shine inward, and the mind through all her powers Irradiate. Milton. THEA The"a, n. Etym: [NL. See Tea.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants found in China and Japan; the tea plant. Note: It is now commonly referred to the genus camellia. THEANDRIC The*an"dric, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Relating to, or existing by, the union of divine and human operation in Christ, or the joint agency of the divine and human nature. Murdock. THEANTHROPIC; THEANTHROPICAL The`an*throp"ic, The`an*throp"ic*al, a. Defn: Partaking of, or combining, both divinity and humanity. [R.] The gorgeous and imposing figures of his [Homer's] theanthropic sytem. Gladstone. THEANTHROPISM The*an"thro*pism, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A state of being God and man. [R.] Coleridge. 2. The ascription of human atributes to the Deity, or to a polytheistic deity; anthropomorphism. Gladstone. THEANTHROPIST The*an"thro*pist, n. Defn: One who advocates, or believes in, theanthropism. THEANTHROPY The*an"thro*py, n. Defn: Theanthropism. THEARCHIC The*ar"chic, a. Etym: [Gr. Thearchy.] Defn: Divinely sovereign or supreme. [R.] He [Jesus] is the thearchic Intelligence. Milman. THEARCHY The"ar*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. -archy: cf. Gr. Defn: Government by God; divine sovereignty; theocracy. THEATER; THEATRE The"a*ter, The"a*tre, n. Etym: [F. thé\'83tre, L. theatrum, Gr. dhya to meditate, think. Cf. Theory.] 1. An edifice in which dramatic performances or spectacles are exhibited for the amusement of spectators; anciently uncovered, except the stage, but in modern times roofed. 2. Any room adapted to the exhibition of any performances before an assembly, as public lectures, scholastic exercises, anatomical demonstrations, surgical operations, etc. 3. That which resembles a theater in form, use, or the like; a place rising by steps or gradations, like the seats of a theater. Burns. Shade above shade, a woody theater Of stateliest view. Milton. 4. A sphere or scheme of operation. [Obs.] For if a man can be partaker of God's theater, he shall likewise be partaker of God's rest. Bacon. 5. A place or region where great events are enacted; as, the theater of war. THEATIN; THEATINE The"a*tin, The"a*tine, n. Etym: [F. théatin, It. theatino.] (R. C. Ch.) 1. One of an order of Italian monks, established in 1524, expressly to oppose Reformation, and to raise the tone of piety among Roman Catholics. They hold no property, nor do they beg, but depend on what Providence sends. Their chief employment is preaching and giving religious instruction. Note: Their name is derived from Theate, or Chieti, a city of Naples, the archbishop of which was a principal founder of the order; but they bore various names; as, Regular Clerks of the Community, Pauline Monks, Apostolic Clerks, and Regular Clerks of the Divine Providence. The order never flourished much out of Italy. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: One of an order of nuns founded by Ursula Benincasa, who died in 1618. THEATRAL The"a*tral, a. Etym: [L. theatralis: cf. F. théatral.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a theater; theatrical. [Obs.] THEATRIC The*at"ric, a. Defn: Theatrical. Woods over woods in gay, theatric pride. Goldsmith. THEATRICAL The*at"ric*al, a. Etym: [L. theatricus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a theater, or to the scenic representations; resembling the manner of dramatic performers; histrionic; hence, artificial; as, theatrical performances; theatrical gestures. -- The*at`ri*cal"i*ty, n. -- The*at"ric*al*ly, adv. No meretricious aid whatever has been called in -- no trick, no illusion of the eye, nothing theatrical. R. Jefferies. THEATRICALS The*at"ric*als, n. pl. Defn: Dramatic performances; especially, those produced by amateurs. Such fashionable cant terms as `theatricals,' and `musicals,' invented by the flippant Topham, still survive among his confraternity of frivolity. I. Disraeli. THEAVE Theave, n. Etym: [Cf. W. dafad a sheep, ewe.] Defn: A ewe lamb of the first year; also, a sheep three years old. [Written also thave.] [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. THEBAIC The*ba"ic, a. Etym: [L. thebaicus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Thebes in Egypt; specifically, designating a version of the Bible preserved by the Copts, and esteemed of great value by biblical scholars. This version is also called the Sahidic version. THEBAID The"ba*id, n. Etym: [L. Thebais, -idis.] Defn: A Latin epic poem by Statius about Thebes in Boeotia. THEBAINE The*ba"ine, n. Etym: [So called from a kind of Egyptian opium produced at Thebes.] (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous alkaloid, C19H21NO3, found in opium in small quantities, having a sharp, astringent taste, and a tetanic action resembling that of strychnine. THEBAN The"ban, a. Etym: [L. Thebanus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Thebes. Theban year (Anc. Chron.), the Egyptian year of 365 days and 6 hours. J. Bryant. THEBAN The"ban, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Thebes; also, a wise man. I'll talk a word with this same learned Theban. Shak. THECA The"ca, n.; pl. Thecæ. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Tick a cover.] 1. A sheath; a case; as, the theca, or cell, of an anther; the theca, or spore case, of a fungus; the theca of the spinal cord. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The chitinous cup which protects the hydranths of certain hydroids. (b) The more or less cuplike calicle of a coral. (c) The wall forming a calicle of a coral. THECAL The"cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a theca; as, a thecal abscess. THECAPHORE The"ca*phore, n. Etym: [Theca + Gr. thécaphore.] (Bot.) (a) A surface or organ bearing a theca, or covered with thecæ. (b) See Basigynium. THECASPOROUS The*cas"po*rous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the spores in thecæ, or cases. THECATA The*ca"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Thecophora. THECLA Thec"la, n. Defn: Any one of many species of small delicately colored butterflies belonging to Thecla and allied genera; -- called also hairstreak, and elfin. THECODACTYL The`co*dac"tyl, n. [ (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of a group of lizards of the Gecko tribe, having the toes broad, and furnished with a groove in which the claws can be concealed. THECODONT The"co*dont, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: Having the teeth inserted in sockets in the alveoli of the jaws. 2. (Paleon.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the thecodonts. THECODONT The"co*dont, n. (Paleon.) Defn: One of the Thecodontia. THECODONTIA The`co*don"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: A group of fossil saurians having biconcave vertebræ and the teeth implanted in sockets. THECOPHORA The*coph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of hydroids comprising those which have the hydranths in thecæ and the gonophores in capsules. The campanularians and sertularians are examples. Called also Thecata. See Illust. under Hydroidea. THECOSOMATA The`co*so"ma*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Theca, and Soma.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of Pteropoda comprising those species which have a shell. See Pteropoda. -- The`co*so"ma*tous, a. THEDOM The"dom, n. Etym: [Thee to prosper + -dom.] Defn: Success; fortune; luck; chance. [Obs.] Evil thedom on his monk's snout. Chaucer. THEE Thee, v. i. Etym: [AS. ; akin to OS. thihan, D. gedijen, G. gedeihen, OHG. gidihan, Goth. , Lith. tekti to fall to the lot of. Cf. Tight, a.] Defn: To thrive; to prosper. [Obs.] "He shall never thee." Chaucer. Well mote thee, as well can wish your thought. Spenser. THEE Thee, pron. Etym: [AS. th\'c7, acc. & dat. of th\'d4 thou. See Thou.] Defn: The objective case of thou. See Thou. Note: Thee is poetically used for thyself, as him for himself, etc. This sword hath ended him; so shall it thee, Unless thou yield thee as my prisoner. Shak. THEFT Theft, n. Etym: [OE. thefte, AS. Þiéfthe, Þ\'dffthe, Þeófthe. See Thief.] 1. (Law) Defn: The act of stealing; specifically, the felonious taking and removing of personal property, with an intent to deprive the rightful owner of the same; larceny. Note: To constitute theft there must be a taking without the owner's consent, and it must be unlawful or felonious; every part of the property stolen must be removed, however slightly, from its former position; and it must be, at least momentarily, in the complete possession of the thief. See Larceny, and the Note under Robbery. 2. The thing stolen. [R.] If the theft be certainly found in his hand alive, . . . he shall restore double. Ex. xxii. 4. THEFTBOTE Theft"bote`, n. Etym: [Theft + bote compensation.] (Law) Defn: The receiving of a man's goods again from a thief, or a compensation for them, by way of composition, with the intent that the thief shall escape punishment. THEGN Thegn, n. Defn: Thane. See Thane. E. A. Freeman. THEGNHOOD Thegn"hood, n. Defn: Thanehood. E. A. Freeman. THEIFORM The"i*form, a. Etym: [NL. thea tea, the tea plant + -form: cf. F. théiforme.] Defn: Having the form of tea. THEINE The"ine, n. Etym: [F. théine, fr. NL. thea. See Theiform.] (Chem.) Defn: See Caffeine. Called also theina. THEIR Their, pron. & a. Etym: [OE. thair, fr. Icel. Þeirra, Þeira, of them, but properly gen. pl. of the definite article; akin to AS. th\'bera, th\'d6ra, gen. pl. of the definite article, or fr. AS. th\'d6ra, influenced by the Scandinavian use. See That.] Defn: The possessive case of the personal pronoun they; as, their houses; their country. Note: The possessive takes the form theirs (theirs is best cultivated. Nothing but the name of zeal appears 'Twixt our best actions and the worst of theirs. Denham. THEISM The"ism, n. Etym: [From Gr. théisme. Cf. Enthusiasm, Pantheon, Theology.] Defn: The belief or acknowledgment of the existence of a God, as opposed to atheism, pantheism, or polytheism. THEIST The"ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. théiste. See Theism.] Defn: One who believes in the existence of a God; especially, one who believes in a personal God; -- opposed to atheist. THEISTIC; THEISTICAL The*is"tic, The*is"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to theism, or a theist; according to the doctrine of theists. THELPHUSIAN Thel*phu"si*an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a tribe of fresh-water crabs which live in or on the banks of rivers in tropical countries. THELYTOKOUS The*lyt"o*kous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing females only; -- said of certain female insects. THEM Them, pron. Etym: [AS. th\'d6m, dat. pl. of the article, but influenced by the Scand. use of the corresponding form Þeim as a personal pronoun. See They.] Defn: The objective case of they. See They. Go ye rather to them that sell, and buy for yourselves. Matt. xxv. 9. Then shall the King say unto them on his right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father. Matt. xxv. 34. Note: Them is poetically used for themselves, as him for himself, etc. Little stars may hide them when they list. Shak. THEMATIC The*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. thématique.] 1. (Gram.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the theme of a word. See Theme, n., 4. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a theme, or subject. Thematic catalogue (Mus.), a catalogue of musical works which, besides the title and other particulars, gives in notes the theme, or first few measures, of the whole work or of its several movements. THEME Theme, n. Etym: [OE. teme, OF. teme, F. thème, L. thema, Gr. Do, and cf. Thesis.] 1. A subject or topic on which a person writes or speaks; a proposition for discussion or argument; a text. My theme is alway one and ever was. Chaucer. And when a soldier was the theme, my name Was not far off. Shak. 2. Discourse on a certain subject. Then ran repentance and rehearsed his theme. Piers Plowman. It was the subject of my theme. Shak. 3. A composition or essay required of a pupil. Locke. 4. (Gram.) Defn: A noun or verb, not modified by inflections; also, that part of a noun or verb which remains unchanged (except by euphonic variations) in declension or conjugation; stem. 5. That by means of which a thing is done; means; instrument. [Obs.] Swift. 6. (Mus.) Defn: The leading subject of a composition or a movement. THEMIS The"mis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: The goddess of law and order; the patroness of existing rights. THEMSELVES Them*selves", pron. Defn: The plural of himself, herself, and itself. See Himself, Herself, Itself. THEN Then, adv. Etym: [Originally the same word as than. See Than.] 1. At that time (referring to a time specified, either past or future). And the Canaanite was then in the land. Gen. xii. 6. Now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known. 1 Cor. xiii. 12. 2. Soon afterward, or immediately; next; afterward. First be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift. Matt. v. 24. 3. At another time; later; again. One while the master is not aware of what is done, and then in other cases it may fall out to be own act. L'Estrange. By then. (a) By that time. (b) By the time that. [Obs.] But that opinion, I trust, by then this following argument hath been well read, will be left for one of the mysteries of an indulgent Antichrist. Milton. Now and then. See under Now, adv. -- Till then, until that time; until the time mentioned. Milton. Note: Then is often used elliptically, like an adjective, for then existing; as, the then administration. THEN Then, conj. 1. Than. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. In that case; in consequence; as a consequence; therefore; for this reason. If all this be so, then man has a natural freedom. Locke. Now, then, be all thy weighty cares away. Dryden. Syn. -- Therefore. Then, Therefore. Both these words are used in reasoning; but therefore takes the lead, while then is rather subordinate or incidental. Therefore states reasons and draws inferences in form; then, to a great extent, takes the point as proved, and passes on to the general conclusion. "Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God." Rom. v. 1. "So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God." Rom. x. 17. THENADAYS Then"a*days, adv. Defn: At that time; then; in those days; -- correlative to nowadays. [R.] THENAL; THENAR The"nal, The"nar, a. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the thenar; corresponding to thenar; palmar. THENAR The"nar, n. (Anat.) (a) The palm of the hand. (b) The prominence of the palm above the base of the thumb; the thenar eminence; the ball of the thumb. Sometimes applied to the corresponding part of the foot. THENARDITE The*nard"ite, n. Etym: [Named after the French chemist, L.J.Thénard.] (Min.) Defn: Anhydrous sodium sulphate, a mineral of a white or brown color and vitreous luster. THENCE Thence, adv. Etym: [OE. thenne, thanne, and (with the adverbal -s; see -wards) thennes, thannes (hence thens, now written thence), AS. thanon, thanan, thonan; akin to OHG. dannana, dannan, danan, and G. von dannen, E. that, there. See That.] 1. From that place. "Bid him thence go." Chaucer. When ye depart thence, shake off the dust under your feet for a testimony against them. Mark vi. 11. Note: It is not unusual, though pleonastic, to use from before thence. Cf. Hence, Whence. Then I will send, and fetch thee from thence. Gen. xxvii. 45. 2. From that time; thenceforth; thereafter. There shall be no more thence an infant of days. Isa. lxv. 20. 3. For that reason; therefore. Not to sit idle with so great a gift Useless, and thence ridiculous, about him. Milton. 4. Not there; elsewhere; absent. [Poetic] Shak. THENCEFORTH Thence`forth", adv. Defn: From that time; thereafter. If the salt have lost his savor, wherewith shall it be salted it is thenceforth good for nothing. Matt. v. 13. Note: This word is sometimes preceded by from, -- a redundancy sanctioned by custom. Chaucer. John. xix. 12. THENCEFORWARD Thence`for"ward, adv. Defn: From that time onward; thenceforth. THENCEFROM Thence`from", adv. Defn: From that place. [Obs.] THEOBROMA The`o*bro"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. théobrome.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of small trees. See Cacao. THEOBROMIC The`o*bro"mic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid extracted from cacao butter (from the Theobroma Cacao), peanut oil (from Arachis hypogæa), etc., as a white waxy crystalline substance. THEOBROMINE The`o*bro"mine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloidal ureide, C7H8N4O2, homologous with and resembling caffeine, produced artificially, and also extracted from cacao and chocolate (from Theobroma Cacao) as a bitter white crystalline substance; -- called also dimethyl xanthine. THEOCHRISTIC The`o*chris"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Anointed by God. THEOCRACY The*oc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. théocratie. See Theism, and cf. Democracy.] 1. Government of a state by the immediate direction or administration of God; hence, the exercise of political authority by priests as representing the Deity. 2. The state thus governed, as the Hebrew commonwealth before it became a kingdom. THEOCRASY The*oc"ra*sy, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A mixture of the worship of different gods, as of Jehovah and idols. This syncretistic theocracy by no means excludes in him [Solomon] the proper service of idols. J. Murphy. 2. (Philos.) Defn: An intimate union of the soul with God in contemplation, -- an ideal of the Neoplatonists and of some Oriental mystics. THEOCRAT The"o*crat, n. Defn: One who lives under a theocratic form of government; one who in civil affairs conforms to divine law. THEOCRATIC; THEOCRATICAL The`o*crat"ic, The`o*crat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. théocratique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a theocracy; administred by the immediate direction of God; as, the theocratical state of the Israelites. THEODICY The*od"i*cy, n. Etym: [NL. theodicæa, fr. Gr. théodicée.] 1. A vindication of the justice of God in ordaining or permitting natural and moral evil. 2. That department of philosophy which treats of the being, perfections, and government of God, and the immortality of the soul. Krauth-Fleming. THEODOLITE The*od"o*lite, n. Etym: [Probably a corruption of the alidade. See Alidade.] Defn: An instrument used, especially in trigonometrical surveying, for the accurate measurement of horizontal angles, and also usually of vertical angles. It is variously constructed. Note: The theodolite consists principally of a telescope, with cross wires in the focus of its object glass, clamped in Y's attached to a frame that is mounted so as to turn both on vertical and horizontal axes, the former carrying a vernier plate on a horizontal graduated plate or circle for azimuthal angles, and the latter a vertical graduated arc or semicircle for altitudes. The whole is furnished with levels and adjusting screws and mounted on a tripod. THEODOLITIC The*od`o*lit"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a theodolite; made by means of a theodolite; as, theodolitic observations. THEOGONIC The`o*gon"ic, a. Defn: Of or relating to theogony. THEOGONISM The*og"o*nism, n. Defn: Theogony. [R.] THEOGONIST The*og"o*nist, n. Defn: A writer on theogony. THEOGONY The*og"o*ny, n. Etym: [L. theogonia, Gr. Theism, and Genus.] Defn: The generation or genealogy of the gods; that branch of heathen theology which deals with the origin and descent of the deities; also, a poem treating of such genealogies; as, the Theogony of Hesiod. THEOLOGASTER The*ol"o*gas`ter, n. Etym: [Formed like poetaster: cf. F. théologastre.] Defn: A pretender or quack in theology. [R.] Burton. THEOLOGER The*ol"o*ger, n. Defn: A theologian. Cudworth. THEOLOGIAN The`o*lo"gi*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. théologien, L. theologus, Gr. Theology.] Defn: A person well versed in theology; a professor of theology or divinity; a divine. THEOLOGIC The`o*log"ic, a. Defn: Theological. THEOLOGICAL The`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. theologicus, Gr. théologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to theology, or the science of God and of divine things; as, a theological treatise. -- The`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. THEOLOGICS The`o*log"ics, n. Defn: Theology. Young. THEOLOGIST The*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: A theologian. THEOLOGIZE The*ol"o*gize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Theologized; p. pr. & vb. n. Theologizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. théologiser.] Defn: To render theological; to apply to divinity; to reduce to a system of theology. School divinity was but Aristotle's philosophy theologized. Glanvill. THEOLOGIZE The*ol"o*gize, v. i. Defn: To frame a system of theology; to theorize or speculate upon theological subjects. THEOLOGIZER The*ol"o*gi`zer, n. Defn: One who theologizes; a theologian. [R.] Boyle. THEOLOGUE The"o*logue, n. Etym: [Cf. L. theologus, Gr. philologue.] 1. A theologian. Dryden. Ye gentle theologues of calmer kind. Young. He [Jerome] was the theologue -- and the word is designation enough. I. Taylor. 2. A student in a theological seminary. [Written also theolog.] [Colloq. U.S.] THEOLOGY The*ol"o*gy, n.; pl. Theologies. Etym: [L. theologia, Gr. théologie. See Theism, and Logic.] Defn: The science of God or of religion; the science which treats of the existence, character, and attributes of God, his laws and government, the doctrines we are to believe, and the duties we are to practice; divinity; (as more commonly understood) "the knowledge derivable from the Scriptures, the systematic exhibition of revealed truth, the science of Christian faith and life." Many speak of theology as a science of religion [instead of "science of God"] because they disbelieve that there is any knowledge of God to be attained. Prof. R. Flint (Enc. Brit.). Theology is ordered knowledge; representing in the region of the intellect what religion represents in the heart and life of man. Gladstone. Ascetic theology, Natural theology. See Ascetic, Natural. -- Moral theology, that phase of theology which is concerned with moral character and conduct. -- Revealed theology, theology which is to be learned only from revelation. -- Scholastic theology, theology as taught by the scholastics, or as prosecuted after their principles and methods. -- Speculative theology, theology as founded upon, or influenced by, speculation or metaphysical philosophy. -- Systematic theology, that branch of theology of which the aim is to reduce all revealed truth to a series of statements that together shall constitute an organized whole. E. G. Robinson (Johnson's Cyc.). THEOMACHIST The*om"a*chist, n. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: One who fights against the gods; one who resists God of the divine will. THEOMACHY The*om"a*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A fighting against the gods, as the battle of the gaints with the gods. 2. A battle or strife among the gods. Gladstone. 3. Opposition to God or the divine will. Bacon. THEOMANCY The"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy: cf. F. théomancie, Gr. Defn: A kind of divination drawn from the responses of oracles among heathen nations. THEOPATHETIC; THEOPATHIC The`o*pa*thet"ic, The`o*path"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a theopathy. THEOPATHY The*op"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Capacity for religious affections or worship. THEOPHANIC The`o*phan"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a theopany; appearing to man, as a god. THEOPHANY The*oph"a*ny, n.; pl. -nies. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A manifestation of God to man by actual appearance, usually as an incarnation. THEOPHILANTHROPIC The`o*phil`an*throp"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to theophilanthropy or the theophilanthropists. THEOPHILANTHROPISM The`o*phi*lan"thro*pism, n. Defn: The doctrine of the theophilanthropists; theophilanthropy. THEOPHILANTHROPIST The`o*phi*lan"thro*pist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. théophilanthrope.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A member of a deistical society established at Paris during the French revolution. THEOPHILANTHROPY The`o*phi*lan"thro*py, n. Etym: [Gr. philanthropy.] Defn: Theophilanthropism. Macaulay. THEOPHILOSOPHIC The`o*phil`o*soph"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. philosophic.] Defn: Combining theism and philosophy, or pertaining to the combination of theism and philosophy. THEOPNEUSTED The`op*neus"ted, a. Defn: Divinely inspired; theopneustic. [R.] THEOPNEUSTIC The`op*neus"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Given by the inspiration of the Spirit of God. THEOPNEUSTY The"op*neus`ty, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Divine inspiration; the supernatural influence of the Divine Spirit in qualifying men to receive and communicate revealed truth. THEORBIST The*or"bist, n. (Mus.) Defn: One who plays on a theorbo. THEORBO The*or"bo, n. Etym: [F. théorbe, téorbe, formerly tuorbe, tiorbe, It. tiorba.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument made like large lute, but having two necks, with two sets of pegs, the lower set holding the strings governed by frets, while to the upper set were attached the long bass strings used as open notes. Note: A larger form of theorbo was also called the archlute, and was used chiefly, if not only, as an accompaniment to the voice. Both have long fallen into disuse. THEOREM The"o*rem, n. Etym: [L. theorema, Gr. théorème. See Theory.] 1. That which is considered and established as a principle; hence, sometimes, a rule. Not theories, but theorems (Coleridge. By the theorems, Which your polite and terser gallants practice, I re-refine the court, and civilize Their barbarous natures. Massinger. 2. (Math.) Defn: A statement of a principle to be demonstrated. Note: A theorem is something to be proved, and is thus distinguished from a problem, which is something to be solved. In analysis, the term is sometimes applied to a rule, especially a rule or statement of relations expressed in a formula or by symbols; as, the binomial theorem; Taylor's theorem. See the Note under Proposition, n., 5. Binomial theorem. (Math.) See under Binomial. -- Negative theorem, a theorem which expresses the impossibility of any assertion. -- Particular theorem (Math.), a theorem which extends only to a particular quantity. -- Theorem of Pappus. (Math.) See Centrobaric method, under Centrobaric. -- Universal theorem (Math.), a theorem which extends to any quantity without restriction. THEOREM The"o*rem, v. t. Defn: To formulate into a theorem. THEOREMATIC; THEOREMATICAL The`o*re*mat"ic, The`o*re*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a theorem or theorems; comprised in a theorem; consisting of theorems. THEOREMATIST The`o*rem"a*tist, n. Defn: One who constructs theorems. THEOREMIC The`o*rem"ic, a. Defn: Theorematic. Grew. THEORETIC; THEORETICAL The`o*ret"ic, The`o*ret"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. theoreticus, F. théorétique.] Defn: Pertaining to theory; depending on, or confined to, theory or speculation; speculative; terminating in theory or speculation: not practical; as, theoretical learning; theoretic sciences. -- The`o*ret"ic*al*ly, adv. THEORETICS The`o*ret"ics, n. Defn: The speculative part of a science; speculation. At the very first, with our Lord himself, and his apostles, as represented to us in the New Testament, morals come before contemplation, ethics before theoretics. H. B. Wilson. THEORIC The*or"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. théorique. See Theory.] 1. Of or pertaining to the theorica. 2. (pron. Defn: Relating to, or skilled in, theory; theoretically skilled. [Obs.] A man but young, Yet old in judgment, theoric and practic In all humanity. Massinger. THEORIC The"o*ric, n. Etym: [OF. theorique; cf. L. theorice.] Defn: Speculation; theory. [Obs.] Shak. THEORICA The*or"i*ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Theory.] (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: Public moneys expended at Athens on festivals, sacrifices, and public entertainments (especially theatrical performances), and in gifts to the people; -- also called theoric fund. THEORICAL The*or"ic*al, a. Defn: Theoretic. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. THEORICALLY The*or"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a theoretic manner. [Obs.] THEORIST The"o*rist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. théoriste.] Defn: One who forms theories; one given to theory and speculation; a speculatist. Cowper. The greatest theoretists have given the preference to such a government as that which obtains in this kingdom. Addison. THEORIZATION The`o*ri*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or product of theorizing; the formation of a theory or theories; speculation. THEORIZE The"o*rize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Theorized; p. pr. & vb. n. Theorizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. théoriser.] Defn: To form a theory or theories; to form opinions solely by theory; to speculate. THEORIZER The"o*ri`zer, n. Defn: One who theorizes or speculates; a theorist. THEORY The"o*ry, n.; pl. Theories. Etym: [F. théorie, L. theoria, Gr. Theater.] 1. A doctrine, or scheme of things, which terminates in speculation or contemplation, without a view to practice; hypothesis; speculation. Note: "This word is employed by English writers in a very loose and improper sense. It is with them usually convertible into hypothesis, and hypothesis is commonly used as another term for conjecture. The terms theory and theoretical are properly used in opposition to the terms practice and practical. In this sense, they were exclusively employed by the ancients; and in this sense, they are almost exclusively employed by the Continental philosophers." Sir W. Hamilton. 2. An exposition of the general or abstract principles of any science; as, the theory of music. 3. The science, as distinguished from the art; as, the theory and practice of medicine. 4. The philosophical explanation of phenomena, either physical or moral; as, Lavoisier's theory of combustion; Adam Smith's theory of moral sentiments. Atomic theory, Binary theory, etc. See under Atomic, Binary, etc. Syn. -- Hypothesis, speculation. -- Theory, Hypothesis. A theory is a scheme of the relations subsisting between the parts of a systematic whole; an hypothesis is a tentative conjecture respecting a cause of phenomena. THEOSOPH; THEOSOPHER The"o*soph, The*os"o*pher, n. Defn: A theosophist. THEOSOPHIC; THEOSOPHICAL The`o*soph"ic, The`o*soph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. théosophique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to theosophy. -- The`o*soph"ic*al*ly, adv. THEOSOPHISM The*os"o*phism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. théosophisme.] Defn: Belief in theosophy. Murdock. THEOSOPHIST The*os"o*phist, n. Defn: One addicted to theosophy. The theosophist is one who gives you a theory of God, or of the works of God, which has not reason, but an inspiration of his own, for its basis. R. A. Vaughan. THEOSOPHISTICAL The*os`o*phis"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to theosophy; theosophical. THEOSOPHIZE The*os"o*phize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Theosophized; p. pr. & vb. n. Theosophizing.] Defn: To practice theosophy. [R.] THEOSOPHY The*os"o*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. théosophie.] Defn: Any system of philosophy or mysticism which proposes to attain intercourse with God and superior spirits, and consequent superhuman knowledge, by physical processes, as by the theurgic operations of some ancient Platonists, or by the chemical processes of the German fire philosophers; also, a direct, as distinguished from a revealed, knowledge of God, supposed to be attained by extraordinary illumination; especially, a direct insight into the processes of the divine mind, and the interior relations of the divine nature. THERAPEUTAE Ther`a*peu"tæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Therapeutic.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A name given to certain ascetics said to have anciently dwelt in the neighborhood of Alexandria. They are described in a work attributed to Philo, the genuineness and credibility of which are now much discredited. THERAPEUTIC; THERAPEUTICAL Ther`a*peu"tic, Ther`a*peu"tic*al, a. Etym: [F. thérapeutique, Gr. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the healing art; concerned in discovering and applying remedies for diseases; curative. "Therapeutic or curative physic." Sir T. Browne. Medicine is justly distributed into "prophylactic," or the art of preserving health, and therapeutic, or the art of restoring it. I. Watts. THERAPEUTIC Ther`a*peu"tic, n. Defn: One of the Therapeutæ. THERAPEUTICS Ther`a*peu"tics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. thérapeutique.] Defn: That part of medical science which treats of the discovery and application of remedies for diseases. THERAPEUTIST Ther`a*peu"tist, n. Defn: One versed in therapeutics, or the discovery and application of remedies. THERAPY Ther"a*py, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Therapeutics. THERE There, adv. Etym: [OE. ther, AS. th\'d6r; akin to D. daar, G. da, OHG. dar, Sw. & Dan. der, Icel. & Goth. Þar, Skr. tarhi then, and E. that. *184. See That, pron.] 1. In or at that place. "[They] there left me and my man, both bound together." Shak. The Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed. Ge. ii. 8. Note: In distinction from here, there usually signifies a place farther off. "Darkness there might well seem twilight here." Milton. 2. In that matter, relation, etc.; at that point, stage, etc., regarded as a distinct place; as, he did not stop there, but continued his speech. The law that theaten'd death becomes thy friend And turns it to exile; there art thou happy. Shak. 3. To or into that place; thither. The rarest that e'er came there. Shak. Note: There is sometimes used by way of exclamation, calling the attention to something, especially to something distant; as, there, there! see there! look there! There is often used as an expletive, and in this use, when it introduces a sentence or clause, the verb precedes its subject. A knight there was, and that a worthy man. Chaucer. There is a path which no fowl knoweth. Job xxviii. 7. Wherever there is a sense or perception, there some idea is actually produced. Locke. There have been that have delivered themselves from their ills by their good fortune or virtue. Suckling. Note: There is much used in composition, and often has the sense of a pronoun. See Thereabout, Thereafter, Therefrom, etc. Note: There was formerly used in the sense of where. Spend their good there it is reasonable. Chaucer. Here and there, in one place and another. Syn. -- See Thither. THEREABOUT; THEREABOUTS There"a*bout`, There"a*bouts`, adv. Etym: [The latter spelling is less proper, but more commonly used.] 1. Near that place. 2. Near that number, degree, or quantity; nearly; as, ten men, or thereabouts. Five or six thousand horse . . . or thereabouts. Shak. Some three months since, or thereabout. Suckling. 3. Concerning that; about that. [R.] What will ye dine I will go thereabout. Chaucer. They were much perplexed thereabout. Luke xxiv. 4. THEREAFTER There*af"ter, adv. Etym: [AS. th\'d6ræfter after that. See There, and After.] 1. After that; afterward. 2. According to that; accordingly. I deny not but that it is of greatest concernment in the church and commonwealth to have a vigilant eye how books demean themselves as well as men; and thereafter to confine, imprison, and do sharpest justice on them as malefactors. Milton. 3. Of that sort. [Obs.] "My audience is not thereafter." Latimer. THEREAGAIN There"a*gain`, adv. Defn: In opposition; against one's course. [Obs.] If that him list to stand thereagain. Chaucer. THERE-ANENT There"-a*nent`, adv. Defn: Concerning that. [Scot.] THEREAT There*at", adv. 1. At that place; there. Wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat. Matt. vii. 13. 2. At that occurrence or event; on that account. Every error is a stain to the beauty of nature; for which cause it blusheth thereat. Hooker. THEREBEFORE; THEREBIFORN There`be*fore", There`bi*forn", adv. Defn: Before that time; beforehand. [Obs.] Many a winter therebiforn. Chaucer. THEREBY There*by", adv. 1. By that; by that means; in consequence of that. Acquaint now thyself with him, and be at peace; thereby good shall come unto thee. Job xxii. 21. 2. Annexed to that. "Thereby hangs a tale." Shak. 3. Thereabout; -- said of place, number, etc. Chaucer. THEREFOR There*for", adv. Etym: [There + for. Cf. Therefore.] Defn: For that, or this; for it. With certain officers ordained therefore. Chaucer. THEREFORE There"fore, conj. & adv. Etym: [OE. therfore. See There, and Fore, adv., For, and cf. Therefor.] 1. For that or this reason, referring to something previously stated; for that. I have married a wife, and therefore I can not come. Luke xiv. 20. Behold, we have forsaken all, and followed thee; what shall we have therefore Matt. xix. 27. 2. Consequently; by consequence. He blushes; therefore he is guilty. Spectator. Syn. -- See Then. THEREFROM There*from", adv. Defn: From this or that. Turn not aside therefrom to the right hand or to the left. John. xxiii. 6. THEREIN There*in", adv. Defn: In that or this place, time, or thing; in that particular or respect. Wyclif. He pricketh through a fair forest, Therein is many a wild beast. Chaucer. Bring forth abundantly in the earth, and multiply therein. Gen. ix. 7. Therein our letters do not well agree. Shak. THEREINTO There`in*to", adv. Defn: Into that or this, or into that place. Bacon. Let not them . . . enter thereinto. Luke xxi. 21. THEREOF There*of", adv. Defn: Of that or this. In the day that thou eatest thereof, thou shalt surely die. Gen. ii. 17. THEREOLOGY The`re*ol"o*gy, n. Defn: Therapeutios. THEREON There*on", adv. Etym: [AS. . See There, and On.] Defn: On that or this. Chaucer. Then the king said, Hang him thereon. Esther vii. 9. THEREOUT There*out", adv. 1. Out of that or this. He shall take thereout his handful of the flour. Lev. ii. 2. 2. On the outside; out of doors. [Obs.] Chaucer. THERETO There*to", adv. 1. To that or this. Chaucer. 2. Besides; moreover. [Obs.] Spenser. Her mouth full small, and thereto soft and red. Chaucer. THERETOFORE There`to*fore", adv. Defn: Up to that time; before then; -- correlative with heretofore. THEREUNDER There*un"der, adv. Defn: Under that or this. THEREUNTO There`un*to", adv. Defn: Unto that or this; thereto; besides. Shak. THEREUPON There`up*on", adv. 1. Upon that or this; thereon. "They shall feed thereupon." Zeph. ii. 7. 2. On account, or in consequence, of that; therefore. [He] hopes to find you forward, . . . And thereupon he sends you this good news. Shak. 3. Immediately; at once; without delay. THEREWHILE There*while", adv. Defn: At that time; at the same time. [Obs.] Laud. THEREWITH There*with", adv. 1. With that or this. "I have learned in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content." Phil. iv. 11. 2. In addition; besides; moreover. To speak of strength and therewith hardiness. Chaucer. 3. At the same time; forthwith. [Obs.] Johnson. THEREWITHAL There`with*al", adv. 1. Over and above; besides; moreover. [Obs.] Daniel. And therewithal it was full poor and bad. Chaucer. 2. With that or this; therewith; at the same time. Thy slanders I forgive; and therewithal Remit thy other forfeits. Shak. And therewithal one came and seized on her, And Enid started waking. Tennyson. THERF Therf, a. Etym: [AS. ; akin to OHG. derb, Icel. .] Defn: Not fermented; unleavened; -- said of bread, loaves, etc. [Obs.] Pask and the feast of therf loaves. Wyclif. THERIAC; THERIACA The"ri*ac, The*ri"a*ca, n. Etym: [L. theriaca an antidote against the bite of serpents, Gr. thériaque. See Treacle.] 1. (Old Med.) Defn: An ancient composition esteemed efficacious against the effects of poison; especially, a certain compound of sixty-four drugs, prepared, pulverized, and reduced by means of honey to an electuary; -- called also theriaca Andromachi, and Venice treacle. 2. Treacle; molasses. British Pharm. THERIAC; THERIACAL The"ri*ac, The*ri"a*cal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. thériacal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to theriac; medicinal. "Theriacal herbs." Bacon. THERIAL The"ri*al, a. Defn: Theriac. [R.] Holland. THERIODONT The"ri*o*dont, n. (Paleon.) Defn: One of the Theriodontia. Used also adjectively. THERIODONTA The`ri*o*don"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: Same as Theriodontia. THERIODONTIA The`ri*o*don"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct order of reptiles found in the Permian and Triassic formations in South Africa. In some respects they resembled carnivorous mammals. Called also Theromorpha. Note: They had biconcave vertebræ, ambulatory limbs, and a well- developed pelvis and shoulder girdle. Some of the species had large maxillary teeth. The head somewhat resembled that of a turtle. The Dicynodont is one of the best-known examples. See Dicynodont. THERIOTOMY The`ri*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Zoötomy. THERMAE Ther"mæ, n. pl. Etym: [L. See Thermal.] Defn: Springs or baths of warm or hot water. THERMAL Ther"mal, a. Etym: [L. thermae hot springs, fr. Gr. formus warm, and E. forceps.] Defn: Of or pertaining to heat; warm; hot; as, the thermal unit; thermal waters. The thermal condition of the earth. J. D. Forbes. Thermal conductivity, Thermal spectrum. See under Conductivity, and Spectrum. -- Thermal unit (Physics), a unit chosen for the comparison or calculation of quantities of heat. The unit most commonly employed is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram or one pound of water from zero to one degree Centigrade. See Calorie, and under Unit. THERMALLY Ther"mal*ly, adv. Defn: In a thermal manner. THERMANTIDOTE Ther*man"ti*dote, n. [Gr. heat + E. antidote.] Defn: A device for circulating and cooling the air, consisting essentially of a kind of roasting fan fitted in a window and incased in wet tatties. [India] Will you bring me to book on the mountains, or where the thermantidotes play Kipling. THERMETOGRAPH Ther*met"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] Defn: A self-registering thermometer, especially one that registers the maximum and minimum during long periods. Nichol. THERMIC Ther"mic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to heat; due to heat; thermal; as, thermic lines. Thermic balance. See Bolometer. -- Thermic fever (Med.), the condition of fever produced by sunstroke. See Sunstroke. -- Thermic weight. (Mech.) Same as Heat weight, under Heat. THERMIDOR Ther`mi`dor", n. Etym: [F., fr. Gr. Defn: The eleventh month of the French republican calendar, -- commencing July 19, and ending August 17. See the Note under Vendémiaire. THERMIFUGINE Ther*mif"u*gine, n. Etym: [Gr. fugere to flee.] (Chem.) Defn: An artificial alkaloid of complex composition, resembling thalline and used as an antipyretic, -- whence its name. THERMO- Ther"mo-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. qe`rmh heat, qermo`s hot, warm; as in thermochemistry, thermodynamic. THERMOANAESTHESIA; THERMOANESTHESIA Ther`mo*an`æs*the"si*a or -an`es*the"si*a, n. [NL.] (Med.) Defn: Loss of power to distinguish heat or cold by touch. THERMOBAROGRAPH Ther`mo*bar"o*graph, n. (Physics) Defn: An instrument for recording simultaneously the pressure and temperature of a gas; a combined thermograph and barograph. THERMOBAROMETER Ther`mo*ba*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Thermo- + barometer.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for determining altitudes by the boiling point of water. THERMOBATTERY Ther`mo*bat"ter*y, n. Etym: [Thermo- + battery.] Defn: A thermoelectric battery; a thermopile. THERMOCAUTERY Ther`mo*cau"ter*y, n. Etym: [Thermo- + cautery.] (Surg.) Defn: Cautery by the application of heat. Paquelin's thermocautery, thermocautery by means of a hollow platinum point, which is kept constantly hot by the passage through it of benzine vapor. THERMOCHEMIC; THERMOCHEMICAL Ther`mo*chem"ic, Ther`mo*chem"ic*al, a. (Chem. Physics) Defn: Of or pertaining to thermochemistry; obtained by, or employed in, thermochemistry. THERMOCHEMISTRY Ther`mo*chem"is*try, n. Etym: [Thermo- + chemistry.] Defn: That branch of chemical science which includes the investigation of the various relations existing between chemical action and that manifestation of force termed heat, or the determination of the heat evolved by, or employed in, chemical actions. THERMOCHROIC Ther`mo*chro"ic, a. [Thermo-+ Gr. , , color.] Defn: Pert. to or designating heat rays that have undergone selective absorption and are therefore analogous to colored light rays. THERMOCHROSY Ther*moch"ro*sy, n. Etym: [Thermo- + Gr. (Physics) Defn: The property possessed by heat of being composed, like light, of rays of different degrees of refrangibility, which are unequal in rate or degree of transmission through diathermic substances. THERMOCOUPLE Ther"mo*cou`ple, n. Defn: A thermoelectric couple. THERMOCURRENT Ther"mo*cur`rent, n. Etym: [Thermo- + current.] (Physics) Defn: A current, as of electricity, developed, or set in motion, by the action of heat. THERMODIN Ther"mo*din, n. [G., fr. Gr. heat.] (Pharm.) Defn: A white crystalline substance derived from urethane, used in medicine as an antipyretic, etc. THERMODYNAMIC Ther`mo*dy*nam"ic, a. Etym: [Thermo- + dynamic.] (Physics) Defn: Relating to thermodynamics; caused or operated by force due to the application of heat. Thermodynamic function. See Heat weight, under Heat. THERMODYNAMICS Ther`mo*dy*nam"ics, n. Defn: The science which treats of the mechanical action or relations of heat. THERMOELECTRIC Ther`mo*e*lec"tric, a. (Physics) Defn: Pertaining to thermoelectricity; as, thermoelectric currents. THERMOELECTRIC COUPLE; THERMOELECTRIC PAIR Ther`mo*e*lec"tric couple or pair. (Elec.) Defn: A union of two conductors, as bars or wires of dissimilar metals joined at their extremities, for producing a thermoelectric current. THERMOELECTRICITY Ther`mo*e`lec*tric"i*ty, n. Etym: [Thermo- + electricity: cf. F. thermoélectricité.] (Physics) Defn: Electricity developed in the action of heat. See the Note under Electricity. THERMOELECTROMETER Ther`mo*e`lec*trom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Thermo- + electrometer.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the strength of an electric current in the heat which it produces, or for determining the heat developed by such a current. THERMOGEN Ther"mo*gen, n. Etym: [Thermo- + -gen.] (Old Chem.) Defn: Caloric; heat; regarded as a material but imponderable substance. THERMOGENIC Ther`mo*gen"ic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Relating to heat, or to the production of heat; producing heat; thermogenous; as, the thermogenic tissues. THERMOGENOUS Ther*mog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Thermo- + -genous.] (Physiol.) Defn: Producing heat; thermogenic. THERMOGRAM Ther"mo*gram, n. (Physics) Defn: The trace or record made by means of a thermograph. THERMOGRAPH Ther"mo*graph, n. Etym: [Thermo- + -graph.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for automatically recording indications of the variation of temperature. THERMOGRAPHY Ther*mog"ra*phy, n. [Thermo-+ -graphy.] Defn: Any process of writing involving the use of heat. THERMOJUNCTION Ther`mo*junc"tion, n. (Elec.) Defn: A junction of two dissimilar conductors used to produce a thermoelectric current, as in one form of pyrometer; a thermocouple. THERMOLOGY Ther*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Thermo- + -logy.] Defn: A discourse on, or an account of, heat. Whewell. THERMOLUMINESCENCE Ther`mo*lu`mi*nes"cence, n. (Physics) Defn: Luminescence exhibited by a substance on being moderately heated. It is shown esp. by certain substances that have been exposed to the action of light or to the cathode rays. ---lu`mi*nes"cent (#), a. THERMOLYSIS Ther*mol"y*sis, n. Etym: [Thermo- + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: The resolution of a compound into parts by heat; dissociation by heat. THERMOLYTIC Ther`mo*lyt"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to thermolysis. THERMOLYZE Ther"mo*lyze, v. t. (Chem.) Defn: To subject to thermolysis; to dissociate by heat. THERMOMAGNETISM Ther`mo*mag"net*ism, n. Etym: [Thermo- + magnetism.] Defn: Magnetism as affected or caused by the action of heat; the relation of heat to magnetism. THERMOMETER Ther*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Thermo- + -meter: cf. F. thermomètre. See Thermal.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring temperature, founded on the principle that changes of temperature in bodies are accompained by proportional changes in their volumes or dimensions. Note: The thermometer usually consists of a glass tube of capillary bore, terminating in a bulb, and containing mercury or alcohol, which expanding or contracting according to the temperature to which it is exposed, indicates the degree of heat or cold by the amount of space occupied, as shown by the position of the top of the liquid column on a graduated scale. See Centigrade, Fahrenheit, and Réaumur. To reduce degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Centigrade, substract 32° and multiply by Air thermometer, Balance thermometer, etc. See under Air, Balance, etc. -- Metallic thermometer, a form of thermometer indicating changes of temperature by the expansion or contraction of rods or strips of metal. -- Register thermometer, or Self-registering thermometer, a thermometer that registers the maximum and minimum of temperature occurring in the interval of time between two consecutive settings of the instrument. A common form contains a bit of steel wire to be pushed before the column and left at the point of maximum temperature, or a slide of enamel, which is drawn back by the liquid, and left within it at the point of minimum temperature. THERMOMETRIC; THERMOMETRICAL Ther`mo*met"ric, Ther`mo*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. thermométrique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a thermometer; as, the thermometrical scale or tube. 2. Made, or ascertained, by means of a thermometer; as, thermometrical observations. THERMOMETRICALLY Ther`mo*met"ric*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a thermometrical manner; by means of a thermometer. THERMOMETROGRAPH Ther`mo*met"ro*graph, n. Etym: [Thermo- + Gr. -graph.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for recording graphically the variations of temperature, or the indications of a thermometer. THERMOMETRY Ther*mom"e*try, n. Defn: The estimation of temperature by the use of a thermometric apparatus. THERMOMOTOR Ther`mo*mo"tor, n. Defn: A heat engine; a hot-air engine. THERMOMULTIPLIER Ther`mo*mul"ti*pli`er, n. Etym: [Thermo- + multiplier.] Defn: Same as Thermopile. THERMONEUROSIS Ther`mo*neu*ro"sis, n. [NL.] (Med.) (a) A neurosis caused by exposure to heat. (b) A neurosis causing rise or fall of a body's temperature. THERMONEUTRALITY Ther`mo*neu*tral"i*ty, n. (Chem.) Defn: Neutrality as regards heat effects. THERMOPHILIC Ther`mo*phil"ic, a. [Thermo-+ Gr. loving + -ic.] Defn: Heat-loving; -- applied esp. to certain bacteria. THERMOPHONE Ther"mo*phone, n. [Thermo- + phone.] 1. A portable form of telethermometer, using a telephone in connection with a differential thermometer. 2. A telephone involving heat effects, as changes in temperature (hence in length) due to pulsations of the line current in a fine wire connected with the receiver diaphragm. THERMOPHORE Ther"mo*phore, n. [Thermo- + Gr. -bearing, fr. to bear.] Defn: An apparatus for conveying heat, as a case containing material which retains its heat for a considerable period. THERMOPILE Ther"mo*pile, n. Etym: [Thermo- + pile a heap.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument of extreme sensibility, used to determine slight differences and degrees of heat. It is composed of alternate bars of antimony and bismuth, or any two metals having different capacities for the conduction of heat, connected with an astatic galvanometer, which is very sensibly affected by the electric current induced in the system of bars when exposed even to the feeblest degrees of heat. THERMOREGULATOR Ther`mo*reg"u*la`tor, n. (Physics) Defn: A device for the automatic regulation of temperature; a thermostat. THERMOSCOPE Ther"mo*scope, n. Etym: [Thermo- + -scope.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for indicating changes of temperature without indicating the degree of heat by which it is affected; especially, an instrument contrived by Count Rumford which, as modified by Professor Leslie, was afterward called the differential thermometer. THERMOSCOPIC Ther`mo*scop"ic, a. (Physics) Defn: Of or pertaining to the thermoscope; made by means of the thermoscope; as, thermoscopic observations. THERMOSIPHON Ther`mo*si"phon, n. Defn: An arrangement of siphon tubes for assisting circulation in a liquid. THERMOSTABLE Ther`mo*sta"ble, a. [Thermo-+ stable fixed.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Capable of being heated to or somewhat above 55º C. without loss of special properties; -- said of immune substances, etc. THERMOSTAT Ther"mo*stat, n. Etym: [Thermo- + Gr. (Physics) Defn: A self-acting apparatus for regulating temperature by the unequal expansion of different metals, liquids, or gases by heat, as in opening or closing the damper of a stove, or the like, as the heat becomes greater or less than is desired. THERMOSTATIC Ther`mo*stat"ic, a. (Physics) Defn: Of or pertaining to the thermostat; made or effected by means of the thermostat. THERMOSYSTALTIC Ther`mo*sys*tal"tic, a. Etym: [Thermo- + systalic.] (Physiol.) Defn: Influenced in its contraction by heat or cold; -- said of a muscle. THERMOTACTIC Ther`mo*tac"tic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or retaining to thermotaxis. THERMOTANK Ther"mo*tank, n. [Thermo- + ank.] Defn: A tank containing pipes through which circulates steam, water, air, or the like, for heating or cooling; -- used in some heating and ventilation systems. THERMOTAXIC Ther`mo*tax"ic, a. Etym: [Thermo- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or connected with, the regulation of temperature in the animal body; as, the thermotaxic nervous system. THERMOTAXIS Ther`mo*tax"is, n. [NL.; thermo-+ Gr. an arranging.] (Physiol.) (a) The property possessed by protoplasm of moving under the influence of heat. (b) Determination of the direction of locomotion by heat. THERMOTENSILE Ther`mo*ten"sile, a. Defn: Pertaining to the variation of tensile strength with the temperature. THERMOTENSION Ther`mo*ten"sion, n. Etym: [Thermo- + tension.] Defn: A process of increasing the strength of wrought iron by heating it to a determinate temperature, and giving to it, while in that state, a mechanical strain or tension in the direction in which the strength is afterward to be exerted. THERMOTHERAPY Ther`mo*ther"a*py, n. [Thermo-+ therapy.] (Med.) Defn: Treatment of disease by heat, esp. by hot air. THERMOTIC; THERMOTICAL Ther*mot"ic, Ther*mot"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to heat; produced by heat; as, thermotical phenomena. Whewell. THERMOTICS Ther*mot"ics, n. Defn: The science of heat. Whewell. THERMOTONUS Ther*mot"o*nus, n. [NL.; thermo-+ tonus.] (Plant Physiol.) Defn: A condition of tonicity with respect to temperature. THERMOTROPIC Ther`mo*trop"ic, a. (Bot.) Defn: Manifesting thermotropism. THERMOTROPISM Ther*mot"ro*pism, n. Etym: [Thermo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The phenomenon of turning towards a source of warmth, seen in the growing parts of some plants. THERMOTYPE Ther"mo*type, n. Etym: [Thermo- + -type.] Defn: A picture (as of a slice of wood) obtained by first wetting the object slightly with hydrochloric or dilute sulphuric acid, then taking an impression with a press, and next strongly heating this impression. THERMOTYPY Ther*mot"y*py, n. Defn: The art or process of obtaining thermotypes. THERMOVOLTAIC Ther`mo*vol*ta"ic, a. Etym: [Thermo- + voltaic.] (Physics) Defn: Of or relating to heat and electricity; especially, relating to thermal effects produced by voltaic action. Faraday. THEROID The"roid, a. [Gr. qh`r, qhro`s, wild beast + -oid.] (Med.) Defn: Resembling a beast in nature or habit; marked by animal characteristics; as, theroid idiocy. THEROMORPHA The`ro*mor"pha, n. pl. Etym: [NL.: Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: See Theriodonta. THEROPODA The*rop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: An order of carnivorous dinosaurs in which the feet are less birdlike, and hence more like those of an ordinary quadruped, than in the Ornithopoda. It includes the repacious genera Megalosaurus, Creosaurus, and their allies. THESAURUS The*sau"rus, n.; pl. Thesauri. Etym: [L. See Treasure.] Defn: A treasury or storehouse; hence, a repository, especially of knowledge; -- often applied to a comprehensive work, like a dictionary or cyclopedia. THESE These, pron. Etym: [OE. , , a variant of , pl. of , thes, this. See This, and cf. Those.] Defn: The plural of this. See This. THESICLE Thes"i*cle, n. Etym: [Dim. of thesis.] Defn: A little or subordinate thesis; a proposition. THESIS The"sis, n.; pl. Theses. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Do, and cf. Anathema, Apothecary, Epithet, Hypothesis, Parenthesis, Theme, Tick a cover.] 1. A position or proposition which a person advances and offers to maintain, or which is actually maintained by argument. 2. Hence, an essay or dissertation written upon specific or definite theme; especially, an essay presented by a candidate for a diploma or degree. I told them of the grave, becoming, and sublime deportment they should assume upon this mystical occasion, and read them two homilies and a thesis of my own composing, to prepare them. Goldsmith. 3. (Logic) Defn: An affirmation, or distinction from a supposition or hypothesis. 4. (Mus.) Defn: The accented part of the measure, expressed by the downward beat; -- the opposite of arsis. 5. (Pros.) (a) The depression of the voice in pronouncing the syllables of a word. (b) The part of the foot upon which such a depression falls. THESMOTHETE Thes"mo*thete, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A lawgiver; a legislator; one of the six junior archons at Athens. THESPIAN Thes"pi*an, a. Etym: [From L. Thespis, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Thespis; hence, relating to the drama; dramatic; as, the Thespian art. -- n. Defn: An actor. THESSALIAN Thes*sa"li*an, a. Etym: [Cf. L. Thessalius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Thessaly in Greece. Shak. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Thessaly. THESSALONIAN Thes`sa*lo"ni*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Thessalonica, a city of Macedonia. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Thessalonica. THETA The"ta, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. qh a, the Greek letter th, Defn: A letter of the Greek alphabet corresponding to th in English; -- sometimes called the unlucky letter, from being used by the judges on their ballots in passing condemnation on a prisoner, it being the first letter of the Greek qa`natos, death. Theta function (Math.), one of a group of functions used in developing the properties of elliptic functions. THETICAL Thet"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Thesis.] Defn: Laid down; absolute or positive, as a law. Dr. H. More. THETINE The"tine, n. Etym: [Thio + ether + sulphine.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of complex basic sulphur compounds analogous to the sulphines. THEURGIC; THEURGICAL The*ur"gic, The*ur"gic*al, a. Etym: [L. theurgicus, Gr. théurgique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to theurgy; magical. Theurgic hymns, songs of incantation. THEURGIST The"ur*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. théurgiste.] Defn: One who pretends to, or is addicted to, theurgy. Hallywell. THEURGY The"ur*gy, n. Etym: [L. theurgia, Gr. théurgie. See Theism, and Work.] 1. A divine work; a miracle; hence, magic; sorcery. 2. A kind of magical science or art developed in Alexandria among the Neoplatonists, and supposed to enable man to influence the will of the gods by means of purification and other sacramental rites. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. 3. In later or modern magic, that species of magic in which effects are claimed to be produced by supernatural agency, in distinction from natural magic. THEW Thew, n. Note: [Chiefly used in the plural Thews (.] Etym: [OE. thew, , manner, habit, strength, AS. manner, habit (cf. to drive); akin to OS. thau custom, habit, OHG. dou. *56.] 1. Manner; custom; habit; form of behavior; qualities of mind; disposition; specifically, good qualities; virtues. [Obs.] For her great light Of sapience, and for her thews clear. Chaucer. Evil speeches destroy good thews. Wyclif (1 Cor. xv. 33). To be upbrought in gentle thews and martial might. Spenser. 2. Muscle or strength; nerve; brawn; sinew. Shak. And I myself, who sat apart And watched them, waxed in every limb; I felt the thews of Anakim, The pules of a Titan's heart. Tennyson. THEWED Thewed, a. 1. Furnished with thews or muscles; as, a well-thewed limb. 2. Accustomed; mannered. [Obs.] John Skelton. Yet would not seem so rude and thewed ill. Spenser. THEWY Thew"y, a. Defn: Having strong or large thews or muscles; muscular; sinewy; strong. THEY They, pron. pl.; poss. Theirs; obj. Them. Etym: [Icel. þeir they, properly nom. pl. masc. of sa, su, þat, a demonstrative pronoun, akin to the English definite article, AS. se, seó, edhæt, nom. pl. edha. See That.] Defn: The plural of he, she, or it. They is never used adjectively, but always as a pronoun proper, and sometimes refers to persons without an antecedent expressed. Jolif and glad they went unto here [their] rest And casten hem [them] full early for to sail. Chaucer. They of Italy salute you. Heb. xiii. 24. Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness. Matt. v. 6. Note: They is used indefinitely, as our ancestors used man, and as the French use on; as, they say (French on dit), that is, it is said by persons not specified. THIALDINE Thi*al"dine, n. Etym: [Thio- + aldehyde + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: A weak nitrogenous sulphur base, C6H13NS2. THIALOL Thi"al*ol, n. Etym: [Thio- + alcohol + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless oily liquid, (C2H5)2S2, having a strong garlic odor; -- called also ethyl disulphide. By extension, any one of the series of related compounds. THIBETAN Thib"e*tan, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Thibet. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Thibet. THIBET CLOTH Thib"et cloth`. (a) A fabric made of coarse goat's hair; a kind of camlet. (b) A kind of fine woolen cloth, used for dresses, cloaks, etc. THIBETIAN Thi*be"tian, a. & n. Defn: Same as Thibetan. THIBLE Thi"ble, n. Defn: A slice; a skimmer; a spatula; a pudding stick. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ainsworth. THICK Thick, a. [Compar. Thicker; superl. Thickest.] Etym: [OE. thicke, AS. ; akin to D. dik, OS. thikki, OHG. dicchi thick, dense, G. dick thick, Icel. , , and probably to Gael. & Ir. tiugh. Cf. Tight.] 1. Measuring in the third dimension other than length and breadth, or in general dimension other than length; -- said of a solid body; as, a timber seven inches thick. Were it as thick as is a branched oak. Chaucer. My little finger shall be thicker than my father's loins. 1 Kings xii. 10. 2. Having more depth or extent from one surface to its opposite than usual; not thin or slender; as, a thick plank; thick cloth; thick paper; thick neck. 3. Dense; not thin; inspissated; as, thick vapors. Also used figuratively; as, thick darkness. Make the gruel thick and slab. Shak. 4. Not transparent or clear; hence, turbid, muddy, or misty; as, the water of a river is apt to be thick after a rain. "In a thick, misty day." Sir W. Scott. 5. Abundant, close, or crowded in space; closely set; following in quick succession; frequently recurring. The people were gathered thick together. Luke xi. 29. Black was the forest; thick with beech it stood. Dryden. 6. Not having due distinction of syllables, or good articulation; indistinct; as, a thick utterance. 7. Deep; profound; as, thick sleep. [R.] Shak. 8. Dull; not quick; as, thick of fearing. Shak. His dimensions to any thick sight were invincible. Shak. 9. Intimate; very friendly; familiar. [Colloq.] We have been thick ever since. T. Hughes. Note: Thick is often used in the formation of compounds, most of which are self-explaining; as, thick-barred, thick-bodied, thick- coming, thick-cut, thick-flying, thick-growing, thick-leaved, thick- lipped, thick-necked, thick-planted, thick-ribbed, thick-shelled, thick-woven, and the like. Thick register. (Phon.) See the Note under Register, n., 7. -- Thick stuff (Naut.), all plank that is more than four inches thick and less than twelve. J. Knowles. Syn. -- Dense; close; compact; solid; gross; coarse. THICK Thick, n. 1. The thickest part, or the time when anything is thickest. In the thick of the dust and smoke. Knolles. 2. A thicket; as, gloomy thicks. [Obs.] Drayton. Through the thick they heard one rudely rush. Spenser. He through a little window cast his sight Through thick of bars, that gave a scanty light. Dryden. Thick-and-thin block (Naut.), a fiddle block. See under Fiddle. -- Through thick and thin, through all obstacles and difficulties, both great and small. Through thick and thin she followed him. Hudibras. He became the panegyrist, through thick and thin, of a military frenzy. Coleridge. THICK Thick, adv. Etym: [AS. þicce.] 1. Frequently; fast; quick. 2. Closely; as, a plat of ground thick sown. 3. To a great depth, or to a greater depth than usual; as, land covered thick with manure. Thick and threefold, in quick succession, or in great numbers. [Obs.] L'Estrange. THICK Thick, v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. AS. .] Defn: To thicken. [R.] The nightmare Life-in-death was she, Who thicks man's blood with cold. Coleridge. THICKBILL Thick"bill`, n. Defn: The bullfinch. [Prov. Eng.] THICKEN Thick"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thickened; p. pr. & vb. n. Thickening.] Defn: To make thick (in any sense of the word). Specifically: -- (a) To render dense; to inspissate; as, to thicken paint. (b) To make close; to fill up interstices in; as, to thicken cloth; to thicken ranks of trees or men. (c) To strengthen; to confirm. [Obs.] And this may to thicken other proofs. Shak. (d) To make more frequent; as, to thicken blows. THICKEN Thick"en, v. i. Defn: To become thick. "Thy luster thickens when he shines by." Shak. The press of people thickens to the court. Dryden. The combat thickens, like the storm that flies. Dryden. THICKENING Thick"en*ing, n. Defn: Something put into a liquid or mass to make it thicker. THICKET Thick"et, n. Etym: [AS. . See Thick, a.] Defn: A wood or a collection of trees, shrubs, etc., closely set; as, a ram caught in a thicket. Gen. xxii. 13. THICKHEAD Thick"head`, n. 1. A thick-headed or stupid person. [Colloq.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of Australian singing birds of the genus Pachycephala. The males of some of the species are bright- colored. Some of the species are popularly called thrushes. THICK-HEADED Thick"-head`ed, a. Defn: Having a thick skull; stupid. THICKISH Thick"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat thick. THICK-KNEE Thick"-knee`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A stone curlew. See under Stone. THICKLY Thick"ly, adv. Defn: In a thick manner; deeply; closely. THICKNESS Thick"ness, n. Etym: [AS. .] Defn: The quality or state of being thick (in any of the senses of the adjective). THICKSET Thick"set`, a. 1. Close planted; as, a thickset wood; a thickset hedge. Dryden. 2. Having a short, thick body; stout. THICKSET Thick"set`, n. 1. A close or thick hedge. 2. A stout, twilled cotton cloth; a fustian corduroy, or velveteen. McElrath. THICKSKIN Thick"skin`, n. Defn: A coarse, gross person; a person void of sensibility or sinsitiveness; a dullard. THICK-SKINNED Thick"-skinned`, a. Defn: Having a thick skin; hence, not sensitive; dull; obtuse. Holland. THICKSKULL Thick"skull`, n. Defn: A dullard, or dull person; a blockhead; a numskull. Entick. THICK-SKULLED Thick"-skulled`, a. Defn: Having a thick skull; hence, dull; heavy; stupid; slow to learn. THICK WIND Thick" wind`. (Far.) Defn: A defect of respiration in a horse, that is unassociated with noise in breathing or with the signs of emphysema. THICK-WINDED Thick"-wind`ed, a. (Far.) Defn: Affected with thick wind. THIDER Thid"er, adv. Defn: Thither. [Obs.] Chaucer. THIDERWARD Thid"er*ward, adv. Defn: Thitherward. [Obs.] THIEF Thief, n.; pl. Thieves. Etym: [OE. thef, theef, AS. ; akin to OFries. thiaf, OS. theof, thiof, D. dief, G. dieb, OHG. diob, Icel. , Sw. tjuf, Dan. tyv, Goth. , , and perhaps to Lith. tupeti to squat or crouch down. Cf. Theft.] 1. One who steals; one who commits theft or larceny. See Theft. There came a privy thief, men clepeth death. Chaucer. Where thieves break through and steal. Matt. vi. 19. 2. A waster in the snuff of a candle. Bp. Hall. Thief catcher. Same as Thief taker. -- Thief leader, one who leads or takes away a thief. L'Estrange. -- Thief taker, one whose business is to find and capture thieves and bring them to justice. -- Thief tube, a tube for withdrawing a sample of a liquid from a cask. -- Thieves' vinegar, a kind of aromatic vinegar for the sick room, taking its name from the story that thieves, by using it, were enabled to plunder, with impunity to health, in the great plague at London. [Eng.] Syn. -- Robber; pilferer. -- Thief, Robber. A thief takes our property by stealth; a robber attacks us openly, and strips us by main force. Take heed, have open eye, for thieves do foot by night. Shak. Some roving robber calling to his fellows. Milton. THIEFLY Thief"ly, a. & adv. Defn: Like a thief; thievish; thievishly. [Obs.] Chaucer. THIENONE Thi"ë*none, n. Etym: [Thiënyl + ketone.] (Chem.) Defn: A ketone derivative of thiophene obtained as a white crystalline substance, (C4H3S)2.CO, by the action of aluminium chloride and carbonyl chloride on thiophene. THIENYL Thi"ë*nyl, n. Etym: [Thiophene + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical C4H3S, regarded as the essential residue of thiophene and certain of its derivatives. THIEVE Thieve, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Thieved; p. pr. & vb. n. Thieving.] Etym: [AS. ge.] Defn: To practice theft; to steal. THIEVERY Thiev"er*y, n. 1. The practice of stealing; theft; thievishness. Among the Spartans, thievery was a practice morally good and honest. South. 2. That which is stolen. [Obs.] Shak. THIEVISH Thiev"ish, a. 1. Given to stealing; addicted to theft; as, a thievish boy, a thievish magpie. 2. Like a thief; acting by stealth; sly; secret. Time's thievish progress to eternity. Shak. 3. Partaking of the nature of theft; accomplished by stealing; dishonest; as, a thievish practice. Or with a base and biosterous sword enforce A thievish living on the common road. Shak. -- Thiev"ish*ly, adv. -- Thiev"ish*ness, n. THIGH Thigh, n. Etym: [OE. thi, , , AS. ; akin to OFries. thiach, D. dij, dije, OHG. dioh, thioh, Icel. thigh, rump, and probably to Lith. taukas fat of animals, tuk to become fat, Russ. tuke fat of animals. *56.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The proximal segment of the hind limb between the knee and the trunk. See Femur. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The coxa, or femur, of an insect. Thigh bone (Anat.), the femur. THIGMOTACTIC Thig`mo*tac"tic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to thigmotaxis. THIGMOTAXIS Thig`mo*tax"is, n. [NL., fr. Gr. touch + an arranging.] (Physiol.) Defn: The property possessed by living protoplasm of contracting, and thus moving, when touched by a solid or fluid substance. When the movement is away from the touching body, it is negative thigmotaxis; when towards it, positive thigmotaxis. THILK Thilk, pron. Etym: [Cf. Ilk same.] Defn: That same; this; that. [Obs.] "I love thilk lass." Spenser. Thou spake right now of thilke traitor death. Chaucer. THILL Thill, n. Etym: [OE. thille, AS. a board, plank, beam, thill; akin to a plank, D. deel a plank, floor, G. diele, OHG. dili, dilla, Icel. a plank, planking, a thwart, a wainscot, plank; cf. Skr. tala a level surface. *236. Cf. Fill a thill, Deal a plank.] 1. One of the two long pieces of wood, extending before a vehicle, between which a horse is hitched; a shaft. 2. (Mining) Defn: The floor of a coal mine. Raymond. Thill coupling, a device for connecting the thill of a vehicle to the axle. THILLER Thill"er, n. Defn: The horse which goes between the thills, or shafts, and supports them; also, the last horse in a team; -- called also thill horse. THIMBLE Thim"ble, n. Etym: [OE. thimbil, AS. , fr. a thumb. *56. See Thumb.] 1. A kind of cap or cover, or sometimes a broad ring, for the end of the finger, used in sewing to protect the finger when pushing the needle through the material. It is usually made of metal, and has upon the outer surface numerous small pits to catch the head of the needle. 2. (Mech.) Defn: Any thimble-shaped appendage or fixure. Specifically: -- (a) A tubular piece, generally a strut, through which a bolt or pin passes. (b) A fixed or movable ring, tube, or lining placed in a hole. (c) A tubular cone for expanding a flue; -- called ferrule in England. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A ring of thin metal formed with a grooved circumference so as to fit within an eye-spice, or the like, and protect it from chafing. THIMBLEBERRY Thim"ble*ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), common in America. THIMBLEEYE Thim"ble*eye`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chub mackerel. See under Chub. THIMBLEFUL Thim"ble*ful, n.; pl. Thimblefuls (. Defn: As much as a thimble will hold; a very small quantity. For a thimbleful of golf, a thimbleful of love. Dryden. THIMBLERIG Thim"ble*rig`, n. Defn: A sleight-of-hand trick played with three small cups, shaped like thimbles, and a small ball or little pea. THIMBLERIG Thim"ble*rig`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thimblerigged; p. pr. & vb. n. Thimblerigging.] Defn: To swindle by means of small cups or thimbles, and a pea or small ball placed under one of them and quickly shifted to another, the victim laying a wager that he knows under which cup it is; hence, to cheat by any trick. THIMBLERIGGER Thim"ble*rig`ger, n. Defn: One who cheats by thimblerigging, or tricks of legerdemain. THIMBLEWEED Thim"ble*weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the composite genus Rudbeckia, coarse herbs somewhat resembling the sunflower; -- so called from their conical receptacles. THIN Thin, a. [Compar. Thiner; superl. Thinest.] Etym: [OE. thinne, thenne, thunne, AS. þynne; akin to D. dun, G. dünn, OHG. dunni, Icel. þunnr, Sw. tunn, Dan. tynd, Gael. & Ir. tana, W. teneu, L. tenuis, Gr. tanu thin, slender; also to AS. to extend, G. dehnen, Icel. , Goth. (in comp.), L. tendere to stretch, tenere to hold, Gr. tan. *51 & 237. Cf. Attenuate, Dance, Tempt, Tenable, Tend to move, Tenous, Thunder, Tone.] 1. Having little thickness or extent from one surface to its opposite; as, a thin plate of metal; thin paper; a thin board; a thin covering. 2. Rare; not dense or thick; -- applied to fluids or soft mixtures; as, thin blood; thin broth; thin air. Shak. In the day, when the air is more thin. Bacon. Satan, bowing low His gray dissimulation, disappeared, Into thin air diffused. Milton. 3. Not close; not crowded; not filling the space; not having the individuals of which the thing is composed in a close or compact state; hence, not abundant; as, the trees of a forest are thin; the corn or grass is thin. Ferrara is very large, but extremely thin of people. Addison. 4. Not full or well grown; wanting in plumpness. Seven thin ears . . . blasted with the east wind. Gen. xli. 6. 5. Not stout; slim; slender; lean; gaunt; as, a person becomes thin by disease. 6. Wanting in body or volume; small; feeble; not full. Thin, hollow sounds, and lamentable screams. Dryden. 7. Slight; small; slender; flimsy; wanting substance or depth or force; superficial; inadequate; not sufficient for a covering; as, a thin disguise. My tale is done, for my wit is but thin. Chaucer. Note: Thin is used in the formation of compounds which are mostly self-explaining; as, thin-faced, thin-lipped, thin-peopled, thin- shelled, and the like. Thin section. See under Section. THIN Thin, adv. Defn: Not thickly or closely; in a seattered state; as, seed sown thin. Spain is thin sown of people. Bacon. THIN Thin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thinned; p. pr. & vb. n. Thinning.] Etym: [Cf. AS. geþynnian.] Defn: To make thin (in any of the senses of the adjective). THIN Thin, v. i. Defn: To grow or become thin; -- used with some adverbs, as out, away, etc.; as, geological strata thin out, i. e., gradually diminish in thickness until they disappear. THINE Thine, pron. & a. Etym: [OE. thin, AS. edhin, originally gen. of edhu, edhu, thou; akin to G. dein thine, Icel. þinn, possessive pron., þin, gen. of þu thou, Goth. þeins, possessive pron., þeina, gen. of þu thou. See Thou, and cf. Thy.] Defn: A form of the possessive case of the pronoun thou, now superseded in common discourse by your, the possessive of you, but maintaining a place in solemn discourse, in poetry, and in the usual language of the Friends, or Quakers. Note: In the old style, thine was commonly shortened to thi (thy) when used attributively before words beginning with a consonant; now, thy is used also before vowels. Thine is often used absolutely, the thing possessed being understood. THING Thing, n. Etym: [AS. þing a thing, cause, assembly, judicial assembly; akin to þingan to negotiate, þingian to reconcile, conciliate, D. ding a thing, OS. thing thing, assembly, judicial assembly, G. ding a thing, formerly also, an assembly, court, Icel. þing a thing, assembly, court, Sw. & Dan. ting; perhaps originally used of the transaction of or before a popular assembly, or the time appointed for such an assembly; cf. G. dingen to bargain, hire, MHG. dingen to hold court, speak before a court, negotiate, Goth. þeihs time, perhaps akin to L. tempus time. Cf. Hustings, and Temporal of time.] 1. Whatever exists, or is conceived to exist, as a separate entity, whether animate or inanimate; any separable or distinguishable object of thought. God made . . . every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind. Gen. i. 25. He sent after this manner; ten asses laden with the good things of Egypt. Gen. xiv. 23. A thing of beauty is a joy forever. Keats. 2. An inanimate object, in distinction from a living being; any lifeless material. Ye meads and groves, unsonscious things! Cowper. 3. A transaction or occurrence; an event; a deed. [And Jacob said] All these things are against me. Gen. xlii. 36. Which if ye tell me, I in like wise will tell you by what authority I do these things. Matt. xxi. 24. 4. A portion or part; something. Wieked men who understand any thing of wisdom. Tillotson. 5. A diminutive or slighted object; any object viewed as merely existing; -- often used in pity or contempt. See, sons, what things you are! Shak. The poor thing sighed, and . . . turned from me. Addison. I'll be this abject thing no more. Granville. I have a thing in prose. Swift. 6. pl. Defn: Clothes; furniture; appurtenances; luggage; as, to pack or store one's things. [Colloq.] Note: Formerly, the singular was sometimes used in a plural or collective sense. And them she gave her moebles and her thing. Chaucer. Note: Thing was used in a very general sense in Old English, and is still heard colloquially where some more definite term would be used in careful composition. In the garden [he] walketh to and fro, And hath his things [i. e., prayers, devotions] said full courteously. Chaucer. Hearkening his minstrels their things play. Chaucer. 7. (Law) Defn: Whatever may be possessed or owned; a property; -- distinguished from person. 8. [In this sense pronounced tîng.] Defn: In Scandinavian countries, a legislative or judicial assembly. Longfellow. Things personal. (Law) Same as Personal property, under Personal. -- Things real. Same as Real property, under Real. THINK Think, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thought; p. pr. & vb. n. Thinking.] Etym: [OE. thinken, properly, to seem, from AS. þyncean (cf. Methinks), but confounded with OE. thenken to think, fr. AS. þencean (imp. þohte); akin to D. denken, dunken, OS. thenkian, thunkian, G. denken, dünken, Icel. þekkja to perceive, to know, þykkja to seem, Goth. þagkjan, þaggkjan, to think, þygkjan to think, to seem, OL. tongere to know. Cf. Thank, Thought.] 1. To seem or appear; -- used chiefly in the expressions methinketh or methinks, and methought. Note: These are genuine Anglo-Saxon expressions, equivalent to it seems to me, it seemed to me. In these expressions me is in the dative case. 2. To employ any of the intellectual powers except that of simple perception through the senses; to exercise the higher intellectual faculties. For that I am I know, because I think. Dryden. 3. Specifically: -- (a) To call anything to mind; to remember; as, I would have sent the books, but I did not think of it. Well thought upon; I have it here. Shak. (b) To reflect upon any subject; to muse; to meditate; to ponder; to consider; to deliberate. And when he thought thereon, he wept. Mark xiv. 72. He thought within himself, saying, What shall I do, because I have no room where to bestow my fruits Luke xii. 17. (c) To form an opinion by reasoning; to judge; to conclude; to believe; as, I think it will rain to-morrow. Let them marry to whom they think best. Num. xxxvi. 6. (d) To purpose; to intend; to design; to mean. I thought to promote thee unto great honor. Num. xxiv. 11. Thou thought'st to help me. Shak. (e) To presume; to venture. Think not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father. Matt. iii. 9. Note: To think, in a philosophical use as yet somewhat limited, designates the higher intellectual acts, the acts preëminently rational; to judge; to compare; to reason. Thinking is employed by Hamilton as "comprehending all our collective energies." It is defined by Mansel as "the act of knowing or judging by means of concepts,"by Lotze as "the reaction of the mind on the material supplied by external influences." See Thought. To think better of. See under Better. -- To think much of, or To think well of, to hold in esteem; to esteem highly. Syn. -- To expect; guess; cogitate; reflect; ponder; contemplate; meditate; muse; imagine; suppose; believe. See Expect, Guess. THINK Think, v. t. 1. To conceive; to imagine. Charity . . . thinketh no evil. 1 Cor. xiii. 4,5. 2. To plan or design; to plot; to compass. [Obs.] So little womanhood And natural goodness, as to think the death Of her own son. Beau. & Fl. 3. To believe; to consider; to esteem. Nor think superfluous other's aid. Milton. To think much, to esteem a great matter; to grudge. [Obs.] "[He] thought not much to clothe his enemies." Milton. -- To think scorn. (a) To disdain. [Obs.] "He thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone." Esther iii. 6. (b) To feel indignation. [Obs.] THINKABLE Think"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being thought or conceived; cogitable. Sir W. Hamilton. THINKER Think"er, n. Defn: One who thinks; especially and chiefly, one who thinks in a particular manner; as, a close thinker; a deep thinker; a coherent thinker. THINKING Think"ing, a. Defn: Having the faculty of thought; cogitative; capable of a regular train of ideas; as, man is a thinking being. -- Think"ing*ly, adv. THINKING Think"ing, n. Defn: The act of thinking; mode of thinking; imagination; cogitation; judgment. I heard a bird so sing, Whose music, to my thinking, pleased the king. Shak. THINLY Thin"ly, a. Defn: In a thin manner; in a loose, scattered manner; scantily; not thickly; as, ground thinly planted with trees; a country thinly inhabited. THINNER Thin"ner, n. Defn: One who thins, or makes thinner. THINNESS Thin"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being thin (in any of the senses of the word). THINNISH Thin"nish, a. Defn: Somewhat thin. THINOLITE Thin"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A calcareous tufa, in part crystalline, occurring on a large scale as a shore deposit about the Quaternary lake basins of Nevada. THIN-SKINNED Thin"-skinned`, a. Defn: Having a thin skin; hence, sensitive; irritable. THIO- Thi"o-. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of sulphur. See Sulpho-. THIOCARBONATE Thi`o*car"bon*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A sulphocarbonate. THIOCARBONIC Thi`o*car*bon"ic, a. Etym: [Thio- + carbonic.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Sulphocarbonic. THIOCYANATE Thi`o*cy"a*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Sulphocyanate. THIOCYANIC Thi`o*cy*an"ic, a. Etym: [Thio- + cyanic.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Sulphocyanic. THIONAPHTHENE Thi`o*naph"thene, n. Etym: [Thiophene + naphthalene.] (Chem.) Defn: A double benzene and thiophene nucleus, C8H6S, analogous to naphthalene, and like it the base of a large series of derivatives. [Written also thionaphtene.] THIONIC Thi*on"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to sulphur; containing or resembling sulphur; specifically, designating certain of the thio compounds; as, the thionic acids. Cf. Dithionic, Trithionic, Tetrathionic, etc. THIONINE Thi"on*ine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: An artificial red or violet dyestuff consisting of a complex sulphur derivative of certain aromatic diamines, and obtained as a dark crystalline powder; -- called also phenylene violet. THIONOL Thi"on*ol, n. Etym: [Thionine + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A red or violet dyestuff having a greenish metallic luster. It is produced artificially, by the chemical dehydration of thionine, as a brown amorphous powder. THIONOLINE Thi*on"o*line, n. (Chem.) Defn: A beautiful fluorescent crystalline substance, intermediate in composition between thionol and thionine. THIONYL Thi"on*yl, n. Etym: [Thionic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical SO, regarded as an essential constituent of certain sulphurous compounds; as, thionyl chloride. THIOPHENE Thi"o*phene, n. Etym: [Thio- + phenyl + -ene.] (Chem.) Defn: A sulphur hydrocarbon, C4H4S, analogous to furfuran and benzene, and acting as the base of a large number of substances which closely resemble the corresponding aromatic derivatives. THIOPHENIC Thi`o*phen"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, thiophene; specifically, designating a certain acid analogous to benzoic acid. THIOPHENOL Thi`o*phe"nol, n. Etym: [Thio- + phenol.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless mobile liquid, C6H5.SH, of an offensive odor, and analogous to phenol; -- called also phenyl sulphydrate. THIOPHTHENE Thi*oph"thene, n. Etym: [Abbreviated from thionaphthene.] (Chem.) Defn: A double thiophene nucleus, C6H4S2, analogous to thionaphthene, and the base of a large series of compounds. [Written also thiophtene.] THIOSULPHATE Thi`o*sul"phate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of thiosulphuric acid; -- formerly called hyposulphite. Note: The sodium salt called in photography by the name sodium hyposulphite, being used as a solvent for the excess of unchanged silver chloride, bromide, and iodide on the sensitive plate. THIOSULPHURIC Thi`o*sul*phur"ic, a. Etym: [Thio- + sulphuric.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an unstable acid, H2S2O3, analogous to sulphuric acid, and formerly called hyposulphurous acid. THIOTOLENE Thi`o*to"lene, n. Etym: [Thio- + toluene.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless oily liquid, C4H3S.CH3, analogous to, and resembling, toluene; -- called also methyl thiophene. THIOXENE Thi*ox"ene, n. Etym: [Thiophene + xylene.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of three possible metameric substances, which are dimethyl derivatives of thiophene, like the xylenes from benzene. THIRD Third, a. Etym: [OE. thirde, AS. , fr. , , three; akin to D. derde third, G. dritte, Icel. , Goth. , L. tertius, Gr. t. See Three, and cf. Riding a jurisdiction, Tierce.] 1. Next after the second; coming after two others; -- the ordinal of three; as, the thirdhour in the day. "The third night." Chaucer. 2. Constituting or being one of three equal parts into which anything is divided; as, the third part of a day. Third estate. (a) In England, the commons, or the commonalty, who are represented in Parliament by the House of Commons. (b) In France, the tiers état. See Tiers état. Third order (R. C. Ch.), an order attached to a monastic order, and comprising men and women devoted to a rule of pious living, called the third rule, by a simple vow if they remain seculars, and by more solemn vows if they become regulars. See Tertiary, n., 1. -- Third person (Gram.), the person spoken of. See Person, n., 7. -- Third sound. (Mus.) See Third, n., 3. THIRD Third, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by three; one of three equal parts into which anything is divided. 2. The sixtieth part of a second of time. 3. (Mus.) Defn: The third tone of the scale; the mediant. 4. pl. (Law) Defn: The third part of the estate of a deseased husband, which, by some local laws, the widow is entitled to enjoy during her life. Major third (Mus.), an interval of two tones. -- Minor third (Mus.), an interval of a tone and a half. THIRD-BOROUGH Third"-bor`ough, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: An under constable. Shak. Johnson. THIRDINGS Third"ings, n. pl. (Eng. Law) Defn: The third part of the corn or grain growing on the ground at the tenant's death, due to the lord for a heriot, as within the manor of Turfat in Herefordshire. THIRDLY Third"ly, adv. Defn: In the third place. Bacon. THIRD-PENNY Third"-pen`ny, n. (A.S. Law) Defn: A third part of the profits of fines and penalties imposed at the country court, which was among the perquisites enjoyed by the earl. THIRD RAIL Third rail. (Electric Railways) (a) The third rail used in the third-rail system. (b) An electric railway using such a rail. [Colloq.] THIRD-RAIL SYSTEM Third-rail system. (Electric Railways) Defn: A system in which a third rail is used for carrying the current for operating the motors, the rail being insulated from the ground and the current being taken off by means of contact brushes or other devices. THIRL Thirl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thirled; p. pr. & vb. n. Thirling.] Etym: [See Thrill.] Defn: To bore; to drill or thrill. See Thrill. [Obs. or Prov.] That with a spear was thirled his breast bone. Chaucer. THIRLAGE Thirl"age, n. Etym: [Cf. Thrall.] (Scots Law) Defn: The right which the owner of a mill possesses, by contract or law, to compel the tenants of a certain district, or of his sucken, to bring all their grain to his mill for grinding. Erskine. THIRST Thirst, n. Etym: [OE. thirst, þurst, AS. þurst, þyrst; akin to D. dorst, OS. thurst, G. durst, Icel. þorsti, Sw. & Dan. törst, Goth. þaúrstei thirst, þaúrsus dry, withered, þaúrsieþ mik I thirst, gaþaírsan to wither, L. torrere to parch, Gr. te`rsesqai to become dry, tesai`nein to dry up, Skr. trssh to thirst. *54. Cf. Torrid.] 1. A sensation of dryness in the throat associated with a craving for liquids, produced by deprivation of drink, or by some other cause (as fear, excitement, etc.) which arrests the secretion of the pharyngeal mucous membrane; hence, the condition producing this sensation. Wherefore is this that thou hast brought us up out of Egypt, to kill us, and our children . . . with thirst Ex. xvii. 3. With thirst, with cold, with hunger so confounded. Chaucer. 2. Fig.: A want and eager desire after anything; a craving or longing; -- usually with for, of, or after; as, the thirst for gold. "Thirst of worldy good." Fairfax. "The thirst I had of knowledge." Milton. THIRST Thirst, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thirsted; p. pr. & vb. n. Thirsting.] Etym: [AS. . See Thirst, n.] 1. To feel thirst; to experience a painful or uneasy sensation of the throat or fauces, as for want of drink. The people thirsted there for water. Ex. xvii. 3. 2. To have a vehement desire. My soul thirsteth for . . . the living God. Ps. xlii. 2. THIRST Thirst, v. t. Defn: To have a thirst for. [R.] He seeks his keeper's flesh, and thirsts his blood. Prior. THIRSTER Thirst"er, n. Defn: One who thirsts. THIRSTILY Thirst"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a thirsty manner. THIRSTINESS Thirst"i*ness, n. Defn: The state of being thirsty; thirst. THIRSTLE Thirs"tle, n. Defn: The throstle. [Prov. Eng.] THIRSTY Thirst"y, a. [Compar. Thirstier; superl. Thirstiest.] Etym: [AS. . See Thirst, n.] 1. Feeling thirst; having a painful or distressing sensation from want of drink; hence, having an eager desire. Give me, I pray thee, a little water to drink, for I am thirsty. Judges iv. 19. 2. Deficient in moisture; dry; parched. A dry and thirsty land, where no water is. Ps. lxiii. 1. When in the sultry glebe I faint, Or on the thirsty mountain pant. Addison. THIRTEEN Thir"teen`, a. Etym: [OE. threttene, AS. , . See Three, and Ten, and cf. Thirty.] Defn: One more than twelve; ten and three; as, thirteen ounces or pounds. THIRTEEN Thir"teen`, n. 1. The number greater by one than twelve; the sum of ten and three; thirteen units or objects. 2. A symbol representing thirteen units, as 13 or xiii. THIRTEENTH Thir"teenth`, a. Etym: [From Thirteen: cf. AS. .] 1. Next in order after the twelfth; the third after the tenth; -- the ordinal of thirteen; as, the thirteenth day of the month. 2. Constituting or being one of thirteen equal parts into which anything is divided. THIRTEENTH Thir"teenth`, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by thirteen; one of thirteen equal parts into which anything is divided. 2. The next in order after the twelfth. 3. (Mus.) Defn: The interval comprising an octave and a sixth. THIRTIETH Thir"ti*eth, a. Etym: [From Thirty: cf. AS. þritigoedha.] 1. Next in order after the twenty-ninth; the tenth after the twentieth; -- the ordinal of thirty; as, the thirtieth day of the month. 2. Constituting or being one of thirty equal parts into which anything is divided. THIRTIETH Thir"ti*eth, n. Defn: The quotient of a unit divided by thirty; one of thirty equal parts. THIRTY Thir"ty, a. Etym: [OE. thritty, AS. Þritig, Þrittig; akin to D. dertig, G. dreissig, Icel. Þrjatiu, Þrjatigi, Þrir teger, Goth. Þreis tigjus, i.e., three tens. See Three, and Ten, and cf. Thirteen.] Defn: Being three times ten; consisting of one more than twenty-nine; twenty and ten; as, the month of June consists of thirty days. THIRTY Thir"ty, n.; pl. Thirties (. 1. The sum of three tens, or twenty and ten; thirty units or objects. 2. A symbol expressing thirty, as 30, or XXX. THIRTY-SECOND Thir"ty-sec`ond, a. Defn: Being one of thirty-two equal parts into which anything is divided. Thirty-second note (Mus.), the thirty-second part of a whole note; a demi-semiquaver. THIS This, pron. & a.; pl. These. Etym: [OE. this, thes, AS. th\'c7s, masc., theós, fem., this, neut.; akin to OS. these, D. deze, G. dieser, OHG. diser, deser, Icel. Þessi; originally from the definite article + a particle -se, -si; cf. Goth. sai behold. See The, That, and cf. These, Those.] 1. As a demonstrative pronoun, this denotes something that is present or near in place or time, or something just mentioned, or that is just about to be mentioned. When they heard this, they were pricked in their heart. Acts ii. 37. But know this, that if the good man of the house had known in what watch the thief would come, he would have watched. Matt. xxiv. 43. 2. As an adjective, this has the same demonstrative force as the pronoun, but is followed by a noun; as, this book; this way to town. Note: This may be used as opposed or correlative to that, and sometimes as opposed to other or to a second this. See the Note under That, 1. This way and that wavering sails they bend. Pope. A body of this or that denomination is produced. Boyle. Their judgment in this we may not, and in that we need not, follow. Hooker. Consider the arguments which the author had to write this, or to design the other, before you arraign him. Dryden. Thy crimes . . . soon by this or this will end. Addison. Note: This, like a, every, that, etc., may refer to a number, as of years, persons, etc., taken collectively or as a whole. This twenty years have I been with thee.. Gen. xxxi. 38. I have not wept this years; but now My mother comes afresh into my eyes. Dryden. THISTLE This"tle, n. Etym: [OE. thistil, AS. þistel; akin to D. & G. distel, OHG. distila, distil, Icel. þistill, Sw. tistel, Dan. tidsel; of uncertain origin.] (Bot.) Defn: Any one of several prickly composite plants, especially those of the genera Cnicus, Craduus, and Onopordon. The name is often also applied to other prickly plants. Blessed thistle, Carduus benedictus, so named because it was formerly considered an antidote to the bite of venomous creatures. -- Bull thistle, Cnicus lanceolatus, the common large thistle of neglected pastures. -- Canada thistle, Cnicus arvensis, a native of Europe, but introduced into the United States from Canada. -- Cotton thistle, Onopordon Acanthium. -- Fuller's thistle, the teasel. -- Globe thistle, Melon thistle, etc. See under Globe, Melon, etc. -- Pine thistle, Atractylis gummifera, a native of the Mediterranean region. A vicid gum resin flows from the involucre. -- Scotch thistle, either the cotton thistle, or the musk thistle, or the spear thistle; -- all used national emblems of Scotland. -- Sow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus. -- Spear thistle. Same as Bull thistle. -- Star thistle, a species of Centaurea. See Centaurea. -- Torch thistle, a candelabra-shaped plant of the genus Cereus. See Cereus. -- Yellow thistle, Cincus horridulus. Thistle bird (Zoöl.), the American goldfinch, or yellow-bird (Spinus tristis); -- so called on account of its feeding on the seeds of thistles. See Illust. under Goldfinch. -- Thistle butterfly (Zoöl.), a handsomely colored American butterfly (Vanessa cardui) whose larva feeds upon thistles; -- called also painted lady. -- Thistle cock (Zoöl.), the corn bunting (Emberiza militaria). [Prov. Eng.] -- Thistle crown, a gold coin of England of the reign of James I., worth four shillings. -- Thistle finch (Zoöl.), the goldfinch; -- so called from its fondness for thistle seeds. [Prov. Eng.] -- Thistle funnel, a funnel having a bulging body and flaring mouth. THISTLY This"tly, a. 1. Overgrown with thistles; as, thistly ground. 2. Fig.: Resembling a thistle or thistles; sharp; pricking. In such a world, so thorny, and where none Finds happiness unblighted, or, if found, Without some thistly sorrow at its side. Cowper. THITHER Thith"er, adv. Etym: [OE. thider, AS. edhider; akin to E. that; cf. Icel. þaedhra there, Goth. þaþro thence. See That, and The.] 1. To that place; -- opposed to Ant: hither. This city is near; . . . O, let me escape thither. Gen. xix. 20. Where I am, thither ye can not come. John vii. 34. 2. To that point, end, or result; as, the argument tended thither. Hither and thither, to this place and to that; one way and another. Syn. -- There. Thither, There. Thither properly denotes motion toward a place; there denotes rest in a place; as, I am going thither, and shall meet you there. But thither has now become obsolete, except in poetry, or a style purposely conformed to the past, and there is now used in both senses; as, I shall go there to-morrow; we shall go there together. THITHER Thith"er, a. 1. Being on the farther side from the person speaking; farther; -- a correlative of hither; as, on the thither side of the water. W. D. Howells. 2. Applied to time: On the thither side of, older than; of more years than. See Hither, a. Huxley. THITHERTO Thith"er*to`, adv. Defn: To that point; so far. [Obs.] THITHERWARD Thith"er*ward, adv. Defn: To ward that place; in that direction. They shall ask the way to Zion, with their faces thitherward. Jer. l. 5. THITSEE Thit"see, n. Etym: [Written also theesee, and thietsie.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The varnish tree of Burmah (Melanorrhoea usitatissima). 2. A black varnish obtained from the tree. THLIPSIS Thlip"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Compression, especially constriction of vessels by an external cause. THO Tho (tho), def. art. Defn: The. [Obs.] Spenser. THO Tho, pron. pl. Defn: Those. [Obs.] This knowen tho that be to wives bound. Chaucer. THO Tho, adv. Etym: [AS. þa.] Defn: Then. [Obs.] Spenser. To do obsequies as was tho the guise. Chaucer. THO Tho, conj. Defn: Though. [Reformed spelling.] THOLE Thole, n. [Written also thowel, and thowl.] Etym: [OE. thol, AS. þol; akin to D. dol, Icel. þollr a fir tree, a young fir, a tree, a thole.] 1. A wooden or metal pin, set in the gunwale of a boat, to serve as a fulcrum for the oar in rowing. Longfellow. 2. The pin, or handle, of a scythe snath. Thole pin. Same as Thole. THOLE Thole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tholed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tholing.] Etym: [OE. þolen, þolien, AS. þolian; akin to OS. tholon, OHG. dolen, G. geduld patience, dulden to endure, Icel. þola, Sw. tåla, Dan. taale, Goth. þulan, L. tolerate, tulisse, to endure, bear, tollere to lift, bear, Gr. tul to lift. *55. Cf. Tolerate.] Defn: To bear; to endure; to undergo. [Obs. or Scot.] Gower. So much woe as I have with you tholed. Chaucer. To thole the winter's steely dribble. Burns. THOLE Thole, v. i. Defn: To wait. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] THOMAEAN; THOMEAN Tho*mæ"an, Tho*me"an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A member of the ancient church of Christians established on the Malabar coast of India, which some suppose to have been originally founded by the Apostle Thomas. THOMAS PHOSPHATE; THOMAS SLAG Thom"as phos"phate or slag . Defn: Same as Basic slag, above. THOMAS PROCESS Thom"as proc"ess. (Iron Metal.) Defn: Same as Basic process, above. THOMISM; THOMAISM Tho"mism, Tho"ma*ism, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: The doctrine of Thomas Aquinas, esp. with respect to predestination and grace. THOMIST Tho"mist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A follower of Thomas Aquinas. See Scotist. THOMITE Tho"mite, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A Thomæan. THOMSENOLITE Thom"sen*o*lite, n. Etym: [Named after Dr. J.Thomsen of Copenhagen. See -lite.] (Min.) Defn: A fluoride of aluminium, calcium, and sodium occurring with the cryolite of Greenland. THOMSEN'S DISEASE Thom"sen's dis*ease". Etym: [From Thomsen, a physician of Sleswick.] (Med.) Defn: An affection apparently congenital, consisting in tonic contraction and stiffness of the voluntary muscles occurring after a period of muscular inaction. THOMSONIAN Thom*so"ni*an, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Thomsonianism. -- n. Defn: A believer in Thomsonianism; one who practices Thomsonianism. THOMSONIANISM Thom*so"ni*an*ism, n. (Med.) Defn: An empirical system which assumes that the human body is composed of four elements, earth, air, fire, and water, and that vegetable medicines alone should be used; -- from the founder, Dr. Samuel Thomson, of Massachusetts. THOMSONITE Thom"son*ite, n. Etym: [From R.D.Thomson, of Glasgow.] (Min.) Defn: A zeolitic mineral, occurring generally in masses of a radiated structure. It is a hydrous silicate of aluminia, lime, and soda. Called also mesole, and comptonite. THOMSON PROCESS Thomson process. [After Elihu Thomson, American inventor.] Defn: A process of electric welding in which heat is developed by a large current passing through the metal. THONG Thong, n. Etym: [OE. thong, þwong, thwang, AS. þwang; akin to Icel. þvengr a thong, latchet. *57. Cf. Twinge.] Defn: A strap of leather; especially, one used for fastening anything. And nails for loosened spears, and thongs for shields, provide. Dryden. Thong seal (Zoöl.), the bearded seal. See the Note under Seal. THOOID Tho"oid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a group of carnivores, including the wovels and the dogs. THOR Thor, n. Etym: [Icel. þors. Cf. Thursday.] (Scand. Myth.) Defn: The god of thunder, and son of Odin. THORACENTESIS Tho`ra*cen*te"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of puncturing the chest wall so as to let out liquids contained in the cavity of the chest. THORACIC Tho*rac"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. thoracique.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the thorax, or chest. Thoracic duct (Anat.), the great trunk of the lymphatic vessels, situated on the ventral side of the vertebral column in the thorax and abdomen. See Illust. of Lacteal. THORACIC Tho*rac"ic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. thoracique.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a group of fishes having the ventral fins placed beneath the thorax or beneath the pectorial fins. THORACICA Tho*rac"i*ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of cirripeds including those which have six thoracic segments, usually bearing six pairs of cirri. The common barnacles are examples. THORACOMETER Tho`ra*com"e*ter, n. (Physiol.) Defn: Same as Stethometer. THORACOPLASTY Tho`ra*co*plas"ty, n. Etym: [Thorax + plasty.] (Med.) Defn: A remodeling or reshaping of the thorax; especially, the operation of removing the ribs, so as to obliterate the pleural cavity in cases of empyema. THORACOSTRACA Tho`ra*cos"tra*ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Thorax, and Ostracoid, a.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of Crustacea, having a dorsal shield or carapec THORACOTOMY Tho`ra*cot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of opening the pleural cavity by incision. THORAL Tho"ral, a. Etym: [L. torus a couch, bed.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a bed. [R.] THORAX Tho"rax, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: The part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen, containing that part of the body cavity the walls of which are supported by the dorsal vertebræ, the ribs, and the sternum, and which the heart and lungs are situated; the chest. Note: In mammals the thoracic cavity is completely separated from the abdominal by the diaphragm, but in birds and many reptiles the separation is incomplete, while in other reptiles, and in amphibians and fishes, there is no marked separation and no true thorax. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The middle region of the body of an insect, or that region which bears the legs and wings. It is composed of three united somites, each of which is composed of several distinct parts. See Illust. in Appendix. and Illust. of Coleoptera. (b) The second, or middle, region of the body of a crustacean, arachnid, or other articulate animal. In the case of decapod Crustacea, some writers include under the term thorax only the three segments bearing the maxillipeds; others include also the five segments bearing the legs. See Illust. in Appendix. 3. (Antiq.) Defn: A breastplate, cuirass, or corselet; especially, the breastplate worn by the ancient Greeks. THORIA Tho"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Thorite.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare white earthy substance, consisting of the oxide of thorium; -- formerly called also thorina. THORIC Thor"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to thorium; designating the compounds of thorium. THORITE Tho"rite, n. Etym: [So called by Berzelius from the Scandinavian god Thor. See Thor.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a brown to black color, or, as in the variety orangite, orange-yellow. It is essentially a silicate of thorium. THORIUM Tho"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Thorite.] (Chem.) Defn: A metallic element found in certain rare minerals, as thorite, pyrochlore, monazite, etc., and isolated as an infusible gray metallic powder which burns in the air and forms thoria; -- formerly called also thorinum. Symbol Th. Atomic weight 232.0. THORN Thorn, n. Etym: [AS. þorn; akin to OS. & OFries. thorn, D. doorn, G. dorn, Dan. torn, Sw. törne, Icel. þorn, Goth. þaúrnus; cf. Pol. tarn, Russ. tern' the blackthorn, ternie thorns, Skr. trsnsa grass, blade of grass. *53.] 1. A hard and sharp-pointed projection from a woody stem; usually, a branch so transformed; a spine. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Any shrub or small tree which bears thorns; especially, any species of the genus Cratægus, as the hawthorn, whitethorn, cockspur thorn. 3. Fig.: That which pricks or annoys as a thorn; anything troublesome; trouble; care. There was given to me a thorn in the flesh, the messenger of Satan to buffet me. 2 Cor. xii. 7. The guilt of empire, all its thorns and cares, Be only mine. Southern. 4. The name of the Anglo-Saxon letter th, as in thin, then. So called because it was the initial letter of thorn, a spine. Thorn apple (Bot.), Jamestown weed. -- Thorn broom (Bot.), a shrub that produces thorns. -- Thorn hedge, a hedge of thorn-bearing trees or bushes. -- Thorn devil. (Zoöl.) See Moloch, 2. -- Thorn hopper (Zoöl.), a tree hopper (Thelia cratægi) which lives on the thorn bush, apple tree, and allied trees. THORN Thorn, v. t. Defn: To prick, as with a thorn. [Poetic] I am the only rose of all the stock That never thorn'd him. Tennyson. THORNBACK Thorn"back`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European skate (Raia clavata) having thornlike spines on its back. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The large European spider crab or king crab (Maia squinado). THORNBILL Thorn"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small, brilliantly colored American birds of the genus Rhamphomicron. They have a long, slender, sharp bill, and feed upon honey, insects, and the juice of the sugar cane. THORNBIRD Thorn"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small South American bird (Anumbius anumbii) allied to the ovenbirds of the genus Furnarius). It builds a very large and complex nest of twigs and thorns in a bush or tree. THORNBUT Thorn"but, n. Etym: [Thorn + -but as in halibut; cf. G. dornbutt.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The turbot. THORN-HEADED Thorn"-head`ed, a. Defn: Having a head armed with thorns or spines. Thorn-headed worm (Zoöl.), any worm of the order Acanthocephala; -- called also thornhead. THORNLESS Thorn"less, a. Defn: Destitute of, or free from, thorns. THORNSET Thorn"set`, a. Defn: Set with thorns. Dyer. THORNTAIL Thorn"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A beautiful South American humming bird (Gouldia Popelairii), having the six outer tail feathers long, slender, and pointed. The head is ornamented with a long, pointed crest. THORNY Thorn"y, a. [Compar. Thornier; superl. Thorniest.] Etym: [Cf. AS. þorniht.] 1. Full of thorns or spines; rough with thorns; spiny; as, a thorny wood; a thorny tree; a thorny crown. 2. Like a thorn or thorns; hence, figuratively, troublesome; vexatious; harassing; perplexing. "The thorny point of bare distress." Shak. The steep and thorny way to heaven. Shak. Thorny rest-harrow (Bot.), rest-harrow. -- Thorny trefoil, a prickly plant of the genus Fagonia (F. Cretica, etc.). THORO Thor"o, a. Defn: Thorough. [Reformed spelling.] THOROUGH Thor"ough, prep. Etym: [See Through.] Defn: Through. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak. THOROUGH Thor"ough, a. 1. Passing through; as, thorough lights in a house. [Obs.] 2. Passing through or to the end; hence, complete; perfect; as, a thorough reformation; thorough work; a thorough translator; a thorough poet. THOROUGH Thor"ough, adv. 1. Thoroughly. [Obs. or Colloq.] Chaucer. 2. Through. [Obs.] Shak. THOROUGH Thor"ough, n. Defn: A furrow between two ridges, to drain off the surface water. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. THOROUGH BASS Thor"ough bass`. (Mus.) Defn: The representation of chords by figures placed under the base; figured bass; basso continuo; -- sometimes used as synonymous with harmony. THOROUGH-BRACE Thor"ough-brace`, n. Defn: A leather strap supporting the body of a carriage, and attached to springs, or serving as a spring. See Illust. of Chaise. THOROUGHBRED Thor"ough*bred`, a. Defn: Bred from the best blood through a long line; pure-blooded; -- said of stock, as horses. Hence, having the characteristics of such breeding; mettlesome; courageous; of elegant form, or the like. -- n. Defn: A thoroughbred animal, especially a horse. THOROUGHFARE Thor"ough*fare`, n. Etym: [AS. þurhfaru.] 1. A passage through; a passage from one street or opening to another; an unobstructed way open to the public; a public road; hence, a frequented street. A large and splendid thoroughfare. Motley. 2. A passing or going through; passage. [R.] [Made] Hell and this world -- one realm, one continent Of easy thoroughfare. Milton. THOROUGHGOING Thor"ough*go`ing, a. 1. Going through, or to the end or bottom; very thorough; complete. 2. Going all lengths; extreme; thoroughplaced; -- less common in this sense. THOROUGH-LIGHTED Thor"ough-light`ed, a. (Arch.) Defn: Provided with thorough lights or windows at opposite sides, as a room or building. Gwilt. THOROUGHLY Thor"ough*ly, adv. Defn: In a thorough manner; fully; entirely; completely. THOROUGHNESS Thor"ough*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being thorough; completeness. THOROUGHPACED Thor"ough*paced`, a. Defn: Perfect in what is undertaken; complete; going all lengths; as, a thoroughplaced Tory or Whig. If she be a thoroughplaced impostor. Sir W. Scott. THOROUGHPIN Thor"ough*pin`, n. (Far.) Defn: A disease of the hock (sometimes of the knee) of a horse, caused by inflammation of the synovial membrane and a consequent excessive secretion of the synovial fluid; -- probably so called because there is usually an oval swelling on each side of the leg, appearing somewhat as if a pin had been thrust through. THOROUGHSPED Thor"ough*sped`, a. Defn: Fully accomplished; thoroughplaced. [R.] Swift. THOROUGHSTITCH Thor"ough*stitch`, adv. Defn: So as to go the whole length of any business; fully; completely. [Obs.] Preservance alone can carry us thoroughstitch. L'Estrange. THOROUGHWAX Thor"ough*wax`, n. (Bot.) (a) An umbelliferous plant (Bupleurum rotundifolium) with perfoliate leaves. (b) Thoroughwort. THOROUGHWORT Thor"ough*wort`, n. Defn: Same as Boneset. THOROW Thor"ow, prep. Defn: Through. [Obs.] "Thorow bramble, pits, and floods." Beau. & Fl. THOROW Thor"ow, a. Defn: Thorough. [Obs.] Hakluyt. THORP; THORPE Thorp, Thorpe (thôrp), n. Etym: [AS. þorp; akin to OS. & OFries. thorp, D. dorp, G. dorf, Icel. þorp, Dan. torp, Sw. torp a cottage, a little farm, Goth. þaúrp a field, and probably to Lith. troba a building, a house, W. tref a hamlet, Ir. treabh a farmed village, a tribe, clan, Gael. treabhair houses, and perhaps to L. turba a crowd, mult. Cf. Dorp.] Defn: A group of houses in the country; a small village; a hamlet; a dorp; -- now chiefly occurring in names of places and persons; as, Althorp, Mablethorpe. "Within a little thorp I staid." Fairfax. Then thorpe and byre arose in fire. Tennyson. THOSE Those, pron. Etym: [OE. þos, þas, AS. edhas, nom. and acc. pl. of edhes this. See This, and cf. These.] Defn: The plural of that. See That. THOTH Thoth, n. 1. (Myth.) Defn: The god of eloquence and letters among the ancient Egyptians, and supposed to be the inventor of writing and philosophy. He corresponded to the Mercury of the Romans, and was usually represented as a human figure with the head of an ibis or a lamb. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Egyptian sacred baboon. THOU Thou, pron. [Sing.: nom. Thou; poss. Thy or Thine (; obj. Thee. Pl.: nom. You (; poss. Your or Yours (; obj. You.] Etym: [OE. thou, þu, AS. edhu, edhu; akin to OS. & OFries. thu, G., Dan. & Sw. du, Icel. þu, Goth. þu, Russ. tui, Ir. & Gael. tu, W. ti, L. tu, Gr. sy`, Dor. ty`, Skr. tvam. *185. Cf. Thee, Thine, Te Deum.] Defn: The second personal pronoun, in the singular number, denoting the person addressed; thyself; the pronoun which is used in addressing persons in the solemn or poetical style. Art thou he that should come Matt. xi. 3. Note: "In Old English, generally, thou is the language of a lord to a servant, of an equal to an equal, and expresses also companionship, love, permission, defiance, scorn, threatening: whilst ye is the language of a servant to a lord, and of compliment, and further expresses honor, submission, or entreaty." Skeat. Note: Thou is now sometimes used by the Friends, or Quakers, in familiar discourse, though most of them corruptly say thee instead of thou. THOU Thou, v. t. Defn: To address as thou, esp. to do so in order to treat with insolent familiarity or contempt. If thou thouest him some thrice, it shall not be amiss. Shak. THOU Thou, v. i. Defn: To use the words thou and thee in discourse after the manner of the Friends. [R.] THOUGH Though (tho), conj. Etym: [OE. thogh, þah, AS. edheáh, edhæh, edheh; akin to OS. thoh, OFries. thach, D. & G. doch but, yet, OHG. doh but, yet though, Icel. þo yet, nevertheless, Sw. dock, Dan. dog, Goth. þáuh, þáu, than, or, yet; of uncertain origin. *184.] Defn: Granting, admitting, or supposing that; notwithstanding that; if. Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. Job xiii. 15. Not that I so affirm, though so it seem. Milton. Note: It is compounded with all in although. See Although. As though, as if. In the vine were three branches; and it was as though it budded. Gen. xl. 10. THOUGH Though, adv. Defn: However; nevertheless; notwithstanding; -- used in familiar language, and in the middle or at the end of a sentence. I would not be as sick though for his place. Shak. A good cause would do well, though. Dryden. THOUGHT Thought, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Think. THOUGHT Thought, n. Etym: [OE. þoght, þouht, AS. þoht, geþoht, fr. þencean to think; akin to D. gedachte thought, MHG. daht, gedaht, Icel. þottr, þotti. See Think.] 1. The act of thinking; the exercise of the mind in any of its higher forms; reflection; cogitation. Thought can not be superadded to matter, so as in any sense to render it true that matter can become cogitative. Dr. T. Dwight. 2. Meditation; serious consideration. Pride, of all others the most dangerous fault, Proceeds from want of sense or want of thought. Roscommon. 3. That which is thought; an idea; a mental conception, whether an opinion, judgment, fancy, purpose, or intention. Thus Bethel spoke, who always speaks his thought. Pope. Why do you keep alone, . . . Using those thoughts which should indeed have died With them they think on Shak. Thoughts come crowding in so fast upon me, that my only difficulty is to choose or to reject. Dryden. All their thoughts are against me for evil. Ps. lvi. 5. 4. Solicitude; anxious care; concern. Hawis was put in trouble, and died with thought and anguish before his business came to an end. Bacon. Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink. Matt. vi. 25. 5. A small degree or quantity; a trifle; as, a thought longer; a thought better. [Colloq.] If the hair were a thought browner. Shak. Note: Thought, in philosophical usage now somewhat current, denotes the capacity for, or the exercise of, the very highest intellectual functions, especially those usually comprehended under judgment. This [faculty], to which I gave the name of the "elaborative faculty," -- the faculty of relations or comparison, -- constitutes what is properly denominated thought. Sir W. Hamilton. Syn. -- Idea; conception; imagination; fancy; conceit; notion; supposition; reflection; consideration; meditation; contemplation; cogitation; deliberation. THOUGHTFUL Thought"ful, a. 1. Full of thought; employed in meditation; contemplative; as, a man of thoughtful mind. War, horrid war, your thoughtful walks invades. Pope. 2. Attentive; careful; exercising the judgment; having the mind directed to an object; as, thoughtful of gain; thoughtful in seeking truth. Glanvill. 3. Anxious; solicitous; concerned. Around her crowd distrust, and doubt, and fear, And thoughtful foresight, and tormenting care. Prior. Syn. -- Considerate; deliberate; contemplative; attentive; careful; wary; circumspect; reflective; discreet. -- Thoughtful, Considerate. He who is habitually thoughtful rarely neglects his duty or his true interest; he who is considerate pauses to reflect and guard himself against error. One who is not thoughtful by nature, if he can be made considerate, will usually be guarded against serious mistakes. "He who is thoughtful does not forget his duty; he who is considerate pauses, and considers properly what is his duty. It is a recommendation to a subordinate person to be thoughtful in doing what is wished of him; it is the recommendation of a confidential person to be considerate, as he has often Crabb. -- Thought"ful*ly, adv. -- hought"ful*ness, n. THOUGHTLESS Thought"less, adv. 1. Lacking thought; careless; inconsiderate; rash; as, a thoughtless person, or act. 2. Giddy; gay; dissipated. [R.] Johnson. 3. Deficient in reasoning power; stupid; dull. Thoughtless as monarch oaks that shade the plain. Dryden. -- Thought"less*ly, adv. -- Thought"less*ness, n. THOUGHT TRANSFERENCE Thought transference. Defn: Telepathy. THOUSAND Thou"sand, n. Etym: [OE. þousend, þusend, AS. þusend; akin to OS. thusundig, thusind, OFries. thusend, D. duizend, G. tausend, OHG. t, d, Icel. þusund, þushund, Sw. tusen, Dan. tusind, Goth. þusundi, Lith. tukstantis, Russ. tuisiacha; of uncertain origin.] 1. The number of ten hundred; a collection or sum consisting of ten times one hundred units or objects. 2. Hence, indefinitely, a great number. A thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thousand at thy right hand. Ps. xci. 7. Note: The word thousand often takes a plural form. See the Note under Hundred. 3. A symbol representing one thousand units; as, 1,000, M or CI. THOUSAND Thou"sand, a. 1. Consisting of ten hundred; being ten times one hundred. 2. Hence, consisting of a great number indefinitely. "Perplexed with a thousand cares." Shak. THOUSANDFOLD Thou"sand*fold`, a. Defn: Multiplied by a thousand. THOUSAND LEGS Thou"sand legs`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A millepid, or galleyworm; -- called also thousand-legged worm. THOUSANDTH Thou"sandth, a. 1. Next in order after nine hundred and ninty-nine; coming last of a thousand successive individuals or units; -- the ordinal of thousand; as, the thousandth part of a thing. 2. Constituting, or being one of, a thousand equal parts into which anything is divided; the tenth of a hundredth. 3. Occurring as being one of, or the last one of, a very great number; very small; minute; -- used hyperbolically; as, to do a thing for the thousandth time. THOUSANDTH Thou"sandth, n. Defn: The quotient of a unit divided by a thousand; one of a thousand equal parts into which a unit is divided. THOWEL; THOWL Thow"el, Thowl, n. Etym: [See Thole.] (Naut.) (a) A thole pin. (b) A rowlock. I would sit impatiently thinking with what an unusual amount of noise the oars worked in the thowels. Dickens. THRACIAN Thra"cian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Thrace, or its people. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Thrace. THRACK Thrack, v. t. Defn: To load or burden; as, to thrack a man with property. [Obs.] South. THRACKSCAT Thrack"scat, n. Defn: Metal still in the mine. [Obs.] THRALDOM Thral"dom, n. Etym: [Icel. . See Thrall, and -dom.] Defn: The condition of a thrall; slavery; bondage; state of servitude. [Written also thralldom.] Women are born to thraldom and penance And to be under man's governance. Chaucer. He shall rule, and she in thraldom live. Dryden. THRALL Thrall, n. Etym: [OE. thral, , Icel. , perhaps through AS. ; akin to Sw. träl, Dan. træl, and probably to AS. to run, Goth. , Gr. dregil, drigil, a servant.] 1. A slave; a bondman. Chaucer. Gurth, the born thrall of Cedric. Sir W. Scott. 2. Slavery; bondage; servitude; thraldom. Tennyson. He still in thrall Of all-subdoing sleep. Chapman. 3. A shelf; a stand for barrels, etc. [Prov. Eng.] THRALL Thrall, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a thrall; in the condition of a thrall; bond; enslaved. [Obs.] Spenser. The fiend that would make you thrall and bond. Chaucer. THRALL Thrall, v. t. Defn: To enslave. [Obs. or Poetic] Spenser. THRALLDOM Thrall"dom, n. Defn: Thraldom. THRALL-LESS Thrall"-less, a. (a) Having no thralls. (b) Not enslaved; not subject to bonds. THRALL-LIKE Thrall"-like`, a. Defn: Resembling a thrall, or his condition, feelings, or the like; slavish. Servile and thrall-like fear. Milton. THRANITE Thra"nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: One of the rowers on the topmost of the three benches in a trireme. THRAPPLE Thrap"ple, n. Etym: [Also thropple, corrupted fr. throttle.] Defn: Windpipe; throttle. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] THRASH; THRESH Thrash, Thresh, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thrashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Thrashing.] Etym: [OE. , , to beat, AS. , ; akin to D. dorschen, OD. derschen, G. dreschen, OHG. dreskan, Icel. , Sw. tröska, Dan. tærske, Goth. , Lith. traszketi to rattle, Russ. treskate to burst, crackle, tresk' a crash, OSlav. troska a stroke of lighting. Cf. Thresh.] 1. To beat out grain from, as straw or husks; to beat the straw or husk of (grain) with a flail; to beat off, as the kernels of grain; as, to thrash wheat, rye, or oats; to thrash over the old straw. The wheat was reaped, thrashed, and winnowed by machines. H. Spencer. 2. To beat soundly, as with a stick or whip; to drub. THRASH; THRESH Thrash, Thresh, v. t. 1. To practice thrashing grain or the like; to perform the business of beating grain from straw; as, a man who thrashes well. 2. Hence, to labor; to toil; also, to move violently. I rather would be Mævius, thrash for rhymes, Like his, the scorn and scandal of the times. Dryden. THRASHEL Thrash"el, n. Defn: An instrument to thrash with; a flail. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. THRASHER; THRESHER Thrash"er, Thresh"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, thrashes grain; a thrashing machine. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large and voracious shark (Alopias vulpes), remarkable for the great length of the upper lobe of its tail, with which it beats, or thrashes, its prey. It is found both upon the American and the European coasts. Called also fox shark, sea ape, sea fox, slasher, swingle-tail, and thrasher shark. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A name given to the brown thrush and other allied species. See Brown thrush. Sage thrasher. (Zoöl.) See under Sage. -- Thrasher whale (Zoöl.), the common killer of the Atlantic. THRASHING Thrash"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Thrash, v. Thrashing floor, Threshing-floor, or Threshing floor, a floor or area on which grain is beaten out. -- Thrashing machine, a machine for separating grain from the straw. THRASONICAL Thra*son"ic*al, a. Etym: [From Thrso, the name of a braggart soldier in Terence's "Eunuch:" cf. L. Thrasonianus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Thraso; like, or becoming to, Thraso; bragging; boastful; vainglorious. -- Thra*son"ic*al*ly, adv. Cæsar's thrasonical brag of 'I came, saw, and overcame.' Shak. THRASTE Thraste, v. t. [imp. Thraste; p. p. Thrast.] Defn: To thrust. [Obs.] Chaucer. THRAVE Thrave, n. Etym: [OE. , , Icel. ; akin to Dan. trave; cf. Icel. to grasp.] 1. Twenty-four (in some places, twelve) sheaves of wheat; a shock, or stook. [Prov. Eng.] 2. The number of two dozen; also, an indefinite number; a bunch; a company; a throng. "The worst of a thrave." [Obs.] Landsdowne MS. He sends forth thraves of ballads to the sale. Bp. Hall. THRAW Thraw, n. & v. Defn: See Throse. [Scot.] Burns. THREAD Thread, n. Etym: [OE. threed, , AS. ; akin to D. draad, G. draht wire, thread, OHG. drat, Icel. a thread, Sw. tråd, Dan. traad, and AS. to twist. See Throw, and cf. Third.] 1. A very small twist of flax, wool, cotton, silk, or other fibrous substance, drawn out to considerable length; a compound cord consisting of two or more single yarns doubled, or joined together, and twisted. 2. A filament, as of a flower, or of any fibrous substance, as of bark; also, a line of gold or silver. 3. The prominent part of the spiral of a screw or nut; the rib. See Screw, n., 1. 4. Fig.: Something continued in a long course or tenor; a,s the thread of life, or of a discourse. Bp. Burnet. 5. Fig.: Composition; quality; fineness. [Obs.] A neat courtier, Of a most elegant thread. B. Jonson. Air thread, the fine white filaments which are seen floating in the air in summer, the production of spiders; gossamer. -- Thread and thrum, the good and bad together. [Obs.] Shak. -- Thread cell (Zoöl.), a lasso cell. See under Lasso. -- Thread herring (Zoöl.), the gizzard shad. See under Gizzard. -- Thread lace, lace made of linen thread. -- Thread needle, a game in which children stand in a row, joining hands, and in which the outer one, still holding his neighbor, runs between the others; -- called also thread the needle. THREAD Thread, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Threaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Threading.] 1. To pass a thread through the eye of; as, to thread a needle. 2. To pass or pierce through as a narrow way; also, to effect or make, as one's way, through or between obstacles; to thrid. Heavy trading ships . . . threading the Bosphorus. Mitford. They would not thread the gates. Shak. 3. To form a thread, or spiral rib, on or in; as, to thread a screw or nut. THREADBARE Thread"bare`, a. 1. Worn to the naked thread; having the nap worn off; threadbare clothes. "A threadbare cope." Chaucer. 2. Fig.: Worn out; as, a threadbare subject; stale topics and threadbare quotations. Swift. THREADBARENESS Thread"bare`ness, n. Defn: The state of being threadbare. THREADEN Thread"en, a. Defn: Made of thread; as, threaden sails; a threaden fillet. [Obs.] Shak. THREADER Thread"er, n. 1. A device for assisting in threading a needle. 2. A tool or machine for forming a thread on a screw or in a nut. THREADFIN Thread"fin`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of fishes belonging to Polynemus and allied genera. They have numerous long pectoral filaments. THREADFISH Thread"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The cutlass fish. (b) A carangoid fish (Caranx gallus, or C. crinitus) having the anterior rays of the soft dorsal and anal fins prolonged in the form of long threads. THREADINESS Thread"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being thready. THREAD-SHAPED Thread"-shaped`, a. Defn: Having the form of a thread; filiform. THREADWORM Thread"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any long, slender nematode worm, especially the pinworm and filaria. THREADY Thread"y, a. 1. Like thread or filaments; slender; as, the thready roots of a shrub. 2. Containing, or consisting of, thread. THREAP Threap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Threaped; p. pr. & vb. n. Threaping.] Etym: [AS. to reprove.] [Written also threpe, and threip.] 1. To call; to name. [Obs.] 2. To maintain obstinately against denial or contradiction; also, to contend or argue against (another) with obstinacy; to chide; as, he threaped me down that it was so. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns. 3. To beat, or thrash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 4. To cozen, or cheat. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. THREAP Threap, v. i. Defn: To contend obstinately; to be pertinacious. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] It's not for a man with a woman to threap. Percy's Reliques. THREAP Threap, n. Defn: An obstinate decision or determination; a pertinacious affirmation. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] He was taken a threap that he would have it finished before the year was done. Carlyle. THREAT Threat, n. Etym: [AS. , akin to a to vex, G. verdriessen, OHG. irdriozan, Icel. to fail, want, lack, Goth. us to vex, to trouble, Russ. trudite to impose a task, irritate, vex, L. trudere to push. Cf. Abstruse, Intrude, Obstrude, Protrude.] Defn: The expression of an intention to inflict evil or injury on another; the declaration of an evil, loss, or pain to come; meance; threatening; denunciation. There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats. Shak. THREAT Threat, v. t. & i. Etym: [OE. , AS. . See Threat, n.] Defn: To threaten. [Obs. or Poetic] Shak. Of all his threating reck not a mite. Chaucer. Our dreaded admiral from far they threat. Dryden. THREATEN Threat"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Threatened; p. pr. & vb. n. Threatening.] Etym: [OE. . See Threat, v. t.] 1. To utter threats against; to menace; to inspire with apprehension; to alarm, or attempt to alarm, as with the promise of something evil or disagreeable; to warn. Let us straitly threaten them, that they speak henceforth to no man in this name. Acts iv. 17. 2. To exhibit the appearance of (something evil or unpleasant) as approaching; to indicate as impending; to announce the conditional infliction of; as, to threaten war; to threaten death. Milton. The skies look grimly And threaten present blusters. Shak. Syn. -- To menace. -- Threaten, Menace. Threaten is Anglo-Saxon, and menace is Latin. As often happens, the former is the more familiar term; the latter is more employed in formal style. We are threatened with a drought; the country is menaced with war. By turns put on the suppliant and the lord: Threatened this moment, and the next implored. Prior. Of the sharp ax Regardless, that o'er his devoted head Hangs menacing. Somerville. THREATEN Threat"en, v. i. Defn: To use threats, or menaces; also, to have a threatening appearance. Though the seas threaten, they are merciful. Shak. THREATENER Threat"en*er, n. Defn: One who threatens. Shak. THREATENING Threat"en*ing, Defn: a. & n. from Threaten, v. -- Threat"en*ing*ly, adv. Threatening letters (Law), letters containing threats, especially those designed to extort money, or to obtain other property, by menaces; blackmailing letters. THREATFUL Threat"ful, a. Defn: Full of threats; having a menacing appearance. Spenser. -- Threat"ful*ly, adv. THREAVE Threave, n. Defn: Same as Thrave. [Obs.] THREE Three, a. Etym: [OE. þre, þreo, þri, AS. þri, masc., þreó, fem. and neut.; akin to OFries. thre, OS. thria, threa, D. drie, G. drei, OHG. dri, Icel. þrir, Dan. & Sw. tre, Goth. þreis, Lith. trys, Ir., Gael. & W. tri, Russ. tri, L. tres, Gr. trei^s, Skr. tri. *301. Cf. 3d Drilling, Tern, a., Third, Thirteen, Thirty, Tierce, Trey, Tri-, Triad, Trinity, Tripod.] Defn: One more than two; two and one. "I offer thee three things." 2 Sam. xxiv. 12. Three solemn aisles approach the shrine. Keble. Note: Three is often joined with other words, forming compounds signifying divided into, composed of, or containing, three parts, portions, organs, or the like; as, three-branched, three-capsuled, three-celled, three-cleft, three-edged, three-foot, three-footed, three-forked, three-grained, three-headed, three-legged, three- mouthed, three-nooked, three-petaled, three-pronged, three-ribbed, three-seeded, three-stringed, three-toed, and the like. THREE Three, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than two; three units or objects. 2. A symbol representing three units, as 3 or iii. Rule of three. (Arith.) See under Rule, n. THREE-COAT Three"-coat`, a. (Arch.) Defn: Having or consisting of three coats; -- applied to plastering which consists of pricking-up, floating, and a finishing coat; or, as called in the United States, a scratch coat, browning, and finishing coat. THREE-COLOR Three"-col`or, a. Defn: Designating, or pert. to, a photomechanical process employing printings in three colors, as red, yellow, and blue. THREE-CORNERED Three"-cor`nered, a. 1. Having three corners, or angles; as, a three-cornered hat. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having three prominent longitudinal angles; as, a three- cornered stem. THREE-DECKER Three"-deck`er, n. (Naut.) Defn: A vessel of war carrying guns on three decks. THREE-FLOWERED Three"-flow`ered, a. (Bot.) Defn: Bearing three flowers together, or only three flowers. THREEFOLD Three"fold`, a. Etym: [OE. þreofald; cf. AS. þrifeald.] Defn: Consisting of three, or thrice repeated; triple; as, threefold justice. A threefold cord is not quickly broken. Eccl. iv. 12. THREE-HANDED Three"-hand`ed, a. Defn: Said of games or contests where three persons play against each other, or two against one; as, a three-handed game of cards. THREE-LEAFED; THREE-LEAVED Three"-leafed`, Three"-leaved`, a. (Bot.) (a) Producing three leaves; as, three-leaved nightshade. (b) Consisting of three distinct leaflets; having the leaflets arranged in threes. Three-leaved nightshade. See Trillium. THREE-LOBED Three"-lobed`, a. Defn: Having three lobes. Three-lobed leaf (Bot.), a leaf divided into three parts, the sinuses extending not more than half way to the middle, and either the parts of the sinuses being rounded. THREE-MILE Three"-mile`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to three miles; as, the three-mile limit, or the limit of the marine belt (the three-mile belt or zone) of three miles included in territorial waters (which see) of a state. THREE-NERVED Three"-nerved`, a. Defn: Having three nerves. Three-nerved leaf (Bot.), a leaf having three distinct and prominent ribs, or nerves, extending from the base. THREE-PARTED Three"-part`ed, a. Defn: Divided into, or consisting of, three parts; tripartite. Three- parted leaf (Bot.), a leaf divided into three parts down to the base, but not entirely separate. THREEPENCE Three"pence, n. Defn: A small silver coin of three times the value of a penny. [Eng.] THREEPENNY Three"pen*ny, a. Defn: Costing or worth three pence; hence, worth but little; poor; mean. THREE-PILE Three"-pile`, n. Defn: An old name for the finest and most costly kind of velvet, having a fine, thick pile. I have served Prince Florizel and in my time wore three-pile. Shak. THREE-PILED Three"-piled`, a. 1. Having the quality of three-pile; best; most costly. [R.] Thou art good velvet; thou 'rt three-piled piece. Shak. 2. Fig.: Extravagant; exaggerated; high-flown. "Three-piled hyperboles." Shak. 3. Accustomed to wearing three-pile; hence, of high rank, or wealth. [Obs.] "Three-piled people." Beau. & Fl. THREE-PLY Three"-ply`, a. Defn: Consisting of three distinct webs inwrought together in weaving, as cloth or carpeting; having three strands; threefold. THREE-POINTED Three"-point`ed, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having three acute or setigerous points; tricuspidate. THREE-PORT Three"-port`, a. Defn: Having three ports; specif.: Designating a type of two-cycle internal-combustion engine in which the mixture enters the crank case through a port uncovered by the piston near the end of its stroke. THREE-QUARTER Three"-quar`ter, a. (Paint.) Defn: Measuring thirty inches by twenty-five; -- said of portraitures. Three-quarter length, a portrait showing the figure to the hips only. THREE-SCORE Three"-score`, a. Defn: Thrice twenty; sixty. THREE-SIDED Three"-sid`ed, a. Defn: Having three sides, especially three plane sides; as, a three- sided stem, leaf, petiole, peduncle, scape, or pericarp. THREE-SQUARE Three"-square`, a. Defn: Having a cross section in the form of an equilateral triangle; -- said especially of a kind of file. THREE-TORQUE SYSTEM OF CONTROL Three"-torque` system of control. (Aëronautics) Defn: Any system of rudders by which the pilot can exert a turning moment about each of the three rectangular axes of an aëroplane or airship. THREE-VALVED Three"-valved`, a. Defn: Consisting of, or having, three valves; opening with three valves; as, a three-valved pericarp. THREE-WAY Three"-way`, a. Defn: Connected with, or serving to connect, three channels or pipes; as, a three-way cock or valve. THRENE Threne, n. Etym: [L. threnus, Gr. Drone.] Defn: Lamentation; threnody; a dirge. Shak. The threns . . . of the prophet Jeremiah. Jer. Taylor. THRENETIC; THRENETICAL Thre*net"ic, Thre*net"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Threne.] Defn: Pertaining to a threne; sorrowful; mournful. THRENODE Thren"ode, n. Defn: A threne, or threnody; a dirge; a funeral song. THRENODIST Thren"o*dist, n. Defn: One who composes, delivers, or utters, a threnode, or threnody. THRENODY Thren"o*dy, n. Etym: [Gr. Threne, and Ode.] Defn: A song of lamentation; a threnode. Sir T. Herbert. THREPE Threpe, v. t. Etym: [See Threap.] Defn: To call; to term. [Obs.] "Luna silver we threpe." Chaucer. THREPSOLOGY Threp*sol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] (Med.) Defn: The doctrine of nutrition; a treatise on nutrition. THRESH Thresh, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Threshed; p. pr. & vb. n. Threshing.] Defn: Same as Thrash. He would thresh, and thereto dike and delve. Chaucer. THRESHER Thresh"er, n. Defn: Same as Thrasher. THRESH-FOLD Thresh"-fold`, n. Defn: Threshold. [Obs.] Chaucer. THRESHOLD Thresh"old, n. Etym: [OE. threswold, þreshwold, AS. þrescwald, þerscwald, þerscold, þrescold, fr. þrescan, þerscan, to thresh; akin to Icel. þreskjöde, þröskuldr, Sw. tröskel, Dan. tærskel. See Thrash.] 1. The plank, stone, or piece of timber, which lies under a door, especially of a dwelling house, church, temple, or the like; the doorsill; hence, entrance; gate; door. 2. Fig.: The place or point of entering or beginning, entrance; outset; as, the threshold of life. THRESHWOLD Thresh"wold`, n. Defn: Threshold. [Obs.] THRESTE Threste, v. t. [imp. Threste; p. p. & Threst.] Defn: To thrust. [Obs.] Chaucer. THRETTEEN Thret"teen`, a. Defn: Thirteen. [Obs. or Scot.] THRETTY Thret"ty, a. Defn: Thirty. [Obs. or Scot.] Burns. THREW Threw, Defn: imp. of Throw. THRIBBLE Thrib"ble, a. Defn: Triple; treble; threefold. [Prov. Eng. or Colloq.] Halliwell. THRICE Thrice, adv. Etym: [OE. thries; thrie thrice (AS. , ) + -s, the adverbal suffix. See Three, and -wards.] 1. Three times. "Thrice in vain." Spenser. Verily I say unto thee. That this night, before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice. Matt. xxvi. 34. 2. In a threefold manner or degree; repeatedly; very. Thrice noble lord, let me entreat of you To pardon me. Shak. Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just. Shak. Note: Thrice is often used, generally with an intensive force, to form compounds which are usually of obvious meaning; as, in thrice- blessed, thrice-favored, thrice-hallowed, thrice-happy, thrice-told, and the like. THRICECOCK Thrice"cock`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The missel thrush. [Prov. Eng.] THRID Thrid, a. Defn: Third. [Obs.] Chaucer. THRID Thrid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thridded; p. pr. & vb. n. Thridding.] Etym: [A variant of thread.] 1. To pass through in the manner of a thread or a needle; to make or find a course through; to thread. Some thrid the mazy ringlets of her hair. Pope. And now he thrids the bramble bush. J. R. Drake. I began To thrid the musky-circled mazes. Tennyson. 2. To make or effect (a way or course) through something; as, to thrid one's way through a wood. THRID Thrid, n. Defn: Thread; continuous line. [Archaic] I resume the thrid of my discourse. Dryden. THRIFALLOW Thri"fal`low, v. t. Defn: See Thryfallow, and Trifallow. [R.] Tusser. THRIFT Thrift, n. Etym: [Icel. . See Thrive.] 1. A thriving state; good husbandry; economical management in regard to property; frugality. The rest, . . . willing to fall to thrift, prove very good husbands. Spenser. 2. Success and advance in the acquisition of property; increase of worldly goods; gain; prosperity. "Your thrift is gone full clean." Chaucer. I have a mind presages me such thrift. Shak. 3. Vigorous growth, as of a plant. 4. (Bot.) Defn: One of several species of flowering plants of the genera Statice and Armeria. Common thrift (Bot.), Armeria vulgaris; -- also called sea pink. Syn. -- Frugality; economy; prosperity; gain; profit. THRIFTILY Thrift"i*ly, adv. 1. In a thrifty manner. 2. Carefully; properly; becomingly. [Obs.] A young clerk . . . in Latin thriftily them gret [greeted]. Chaucer. THRIFTINESS Thrift"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being thrifty; thrift. THRIFTLESS Thrift"less, a. Defn: Without thrift; not prudent or prosperous in money affairs. -- Thrift"less*ly, adv. -- Thrift"less*ness, n. THRIFTY Thrift"y, a. [Compar. Thriftier; superl. Thriftiest.] 1. Given to, or evincing, thrift; characterized by economy and good menegement of property; sparing; frugal. Her chaffer was so thrifty and so new. Chaucer. I am glad he hath so much youth and vigor left, of which he hath not been thrifty. Swift. 2. Thriving by industry and frugality; prosperous in the acquisition of worldly goods; increasing in wealth; as, a thrifty farmer or mechanic. 3. Growing rapidly or vigorously; thriving; as, a thrifty plant or colt. 4. Secured by thrift; well husbanded. [R.] I have five hundred crowns, The thrifty hire I saved under your father. Shak. 5. Well appearing; looking or being in good condition; becoming. [Obs.] I sit at home, I have no thrifty cloth. Chaucer. Syn. -- Frugal; sparing; economical; saving; careful. THRILL Thrill, n. Etym: [See Trill.] Defn: A warbling; a trill. THRILL Thrill, n. Etym: [AS. an aperture. See Thrill, v. t.] Defn: A breathing place or hole; a nostril, as of a bird. THRILL Thrill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thrilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Thrilling.] Etym: [OE. thrillen, , , to pierce; all probably fr. AS. , , Fr. pierced; as a noun, a hole, fr. through; probably akin to D. drillen to drill, to bore. *53. See Through, and cf. Drill to bore, Nostril, Trill to trickle.] 1. To perforate by a pointed instrument; to bore; to transfix; to drill. [Obs.] He pierced through his chafed chest With thrilling point of deadly iron brand. Spenser. 2. Hence, to affect, as if by something that pierces or pricks; to cause to have a shivering, throbbing, tingling, or exquisite sensation; to pierce; to penetrate. To bathe in flery floods, or to reside In thrilling region of thick- ribbed ice. Shak. Vivid and picturesque turns of expression which thrill the M. Arnold. The cruel word her tender heart so thrilled, That sudden cold did run through every vein. Spenser. 3. To hurl; to throw; to cast. [Obs.] I'll thrill my javelin. Heywood. THRILL Thrill, v. i. 1. To pierce, as something sharp; to penetrate; especially, to cause a tingling sensation that runs through the system with a slight shivering; as, a sharp sound thrills through the whole frame. I have a faint cold fear thrills through my veins. Shak. 2. To feel a sharp, shivering, tingling, or exquisite sensation, running through the body. To seek sweet safety out In vaults and prisons, and to thrill and shake. Shak. THRILL Thrill, n. 1. A drill. See 3d Drill, 1. 2. A sensation as of being thrilled; a tremulous excitement; as, a thrill of horror; a thrill of joy. Burns. THRILLANT Thrill"ant, a. Defn: Piercing; sharp; thrilling. [Obs.] "His thrillant spear." Spenser. THRILLING Thrill"ing, a. Defn: Causing a thrill; causing tremulous excitement; deeply moving; as, a thrilling romance. -- Thrill"ing*ly, adv. -- Thrill"ing*ness, n. THRING Thring, v. t. & i. [imp. Throng.] Etym: [AS. . See Throng.] Defn: To press, crowd, or throng. [Obs.] Chaucer. THRIPS Thrips, n. Etym: [L., a woodworm, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous small species of Thysanoptera, especially those which attack useful plants, as the grain thrips (Thrips cerealium). Note: The term is also popularly applied to various other small injurious insects. THRIST Thrist, n. Defn: Thrist. [Obs.] Spenser. THRITTENE Thrit"tene`, a. Defn: Thirteen. [Obs.] Chaucer. THRIVE Thrive, v. i. [imp. Throve or Thrived (; p. p. Thrived or Thriven (; p. pr. & vb. n. Thriving.] Etym: [OE. , Icel. ; probably originally, to grasp for one's self, from to grasp; akin to Dan. trives to thrive, Sw. trifvas. Cf. Thrift.] 1. To posper by industry, economy, and good management of property; to increase in goods and estate; as, a farmer thrives by good husbandry. Diligence and humility is the way to thrive in the riches of the understanding, as well as in gold. I. Watts. 2. To prosper in any business; to have increase or success. "They by vices thrive." Sandys. O son, why sit we here, each other viewing Idly, while Satan, our great author, thrives Milton. And so she throve and prospered. Tennyson. 3. To increase in bulk or stature; to grow vigorously or luxuriantly, as a plant; to flourish; as, young cattle thrive in rich pastures; trees thrive in a good soil. THRIVEN Thriv"en, Defn: p. p. of Thrive. THRIVER Thriv"er, n. Defn: One who thrives, or prospers. THRIVINGLY Thriv"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a thriving manner. THRIVINGNESS Thriv"ing*ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of one who thrives; prosperity; growth; increase. THRO' Thro'. Defn: A contraction of Through. THROAT Throat, n. Etym: [OE. throte, AS. , ; akin to OHG. drozza, G. drossel; cf. OFries. & D. stort. Cf. Throttle.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The part of the neck in front of, or ventral to, the vertebral column. (b) Hence, the passage through it to the stomach and lungs; the pharynx; -- sometimes restricted to the fauces. I can vent clamor from my throat. Shak. 2. A contracted portion of a vessel, or of a passage way; as, the throat of a pitcher or vase. 3. (Arch.) Defn: The part of a chimney between the gathering, or portion of the funnel which contracts in ascending, and the flue. Gwilt. 4. (Naut.) (a) The upper fore corner of a boom-and-gaff sail, or of a staysail. (b) That end of a gaff which is next the mast. (c) The angle where the arm of an anchor is joined to the shank. Totten. 5. (Shipbuilding) Defn: The inside of a timber knee. 6. (Bot.) Defn: The orifice of a tubular organ; the outer end of the tube of a monopetalous corolla; the faux, or fauces. Throat brails (Naut.), brails attached to the gaff close to the mast. -- Throat halyards (Naut.), halyards that raise the throat of the gaff. -- Throat pipe (Anat.), the windpipe, or trachea. -- To give one the lie in his throat, to accuse one pointedly of lying abominably. -- To lie in one's throat, to lie flatly or abominably. THROAT Throat, v. t. 1. To utter in the throat; to mutter; as, to throat threats. [Obs.] Chapman. 2. To mow, as beans, in a direction against their bending. [Prov. Eng.] THROATBAND Throat"band`, n. Defn: Same as Throatlatch. THROATBOLL Throat"boll`, n. Etym: [Throat + boll a ball.] Defn: The Adam's apple in the neck. [Obs. or R.] By the throatboll he caught Aleyn. Chaucer. THROATING Throat"ing, n. (Arch.) Defn: A drip, or drip molding. THROATLATCH Throat"latch`, n. Defn: A strap of a bridle, halter, or the like, passing under a horse's throat. THROATWORT Throat"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Campanula Trachelium) formerly considered a remedy for sore throats because of its throat-shaped corolla. THROATY Throat"y, a. Defn: Guttural; hoarse; having a guttural voice. "Hard, throaty words." Howell. THROB Throb, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Throbbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Throbbing.] Etym: [OE. ; of uncertain origin; cf. Russ. trepete a trembling, and E. trepidation.] Defn: To beat, or pulsate, with more than usual force or rapidity; to beat in consequence of agitation; to palpitate; -- said of the heart, pulse, etc. My heart Throbs to know one thing. Shak. Here may his head lie on my throbbing breast. Shak. THROB Throb, n. Defn: A beat, or strong pulsation, as of the heart and arteries; a violent beating; a papitation: The IMPATIENT throbs and longings of a soul That pants and reaches after distant good. Addison. THRODDEN Throd"den, v. i. Etym: [Prov. E. throdden, throddle, fat, thriving; cf. Icel. throask to grow.] Defn: To grow; to thrive. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. THROE Throe, n. Etym: [OE. , , AS. a threatening, oppression, suffering, perhaps influenced by Icel. a throe, a pang, a longing; cf. AS. to suffer.] 1. Extreme pain; violent pang; anguish; agony; especially, one of the pangs of travail in childbirth, or purturition. Prodogious motion felt, and rueful throes. Milton. 2. A tool for splitting wood into shingles; a frow. THROE Throe, v. i. Defn: To struggle in extreme pain; to be in agony; to agonize. THROE Throe, v. t. Defn: To put in agony. [R.] Shak. THROMBIN Throm"bin, n. [See Thrombus.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The fibrin ferment which produces the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen. THROMBOSIS Throm*bo"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Thrombus.] (Med.) Defn: The obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot formed at the site of obstruction; -- distinguished from embolism, which is produced by a clot or foreign body brought from a distance. -- Throm*bot"ic, a. THROMBUS Throm"bus, n.; pl. Thrombi. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) A clot of blood formed of a passage of a vessel and remaining at the site of coagulation. (b) A tumor produced by the escape of blood into the subcutaneous cellular tissue. THRONE Throne, n. Etym: [OE. trone, F. trône, L. thronus, Gr. dharansa supporting, dhrs to hold fast, carry, and E. firm, a.] 1. A chair of state, commonly a royal seat, but sometimes the seat of a prince, bishop, or other high dignitary. The noble king is set up in his throne. Chaucer. High on a throne of royal state. Milton. 2. Hence, sovereign power and dignity; also, the one who occupies a throne, or is invested with sovereign authority; an exalted or dignified personage. Only in the throne will I be greater than thou. Gen. xli. 40. To mold a mighty state's decrees, And shape the whisper of the throne. Tennyson. 3. pl. Defn: A high order of angels in the celestial hierarchy; -- a meaning given by the schoolmen. Milton. Great Sire! whom thrones celestial ceaseless sing. Young. THRONE Throne, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Throned; p. pr. & vb. n. Throning.] 1. To place on a royal seat; to enthrone. Shak. 2. To place in an elevated position; to give sovereignty or dominion to; to exalt. True image of the Father, whether throned In the bosom of bliss, and light of light. Milton. THRONE Throne, v. i. Defn: To be in, or sit upon, a throne; to be placed as if upon a throne. Shak. THRONELESS Throne"less, a. Defn: Having no throne. THRONG Throng, n. Etym: [OE. þrong, þrang, AS. geþrang, fr. þringan to crowd, to press; akin to OS. thringan, D. & G. dringen, OHG. dringan, Icel. þryngva, þröngva, Goth. þriehan, D. & G. drang a throng, press, Icel. þröng a throng, Lith. trenkti to jolt, tranksmas a tumult. Cf. Thring.] 1. A multitude of persons or of living beings pressing or pressed into a close body or assemblage; a crowd. 2. A great multitude; as, the heavenly throng. Syn. -- Throng, Multitude, Crowd. Any great number of persons form a multitude; a throng is a large number of persons who are gathered or are moving together in a collective body; a crowd is composed of a large or small number of persons who press together so as to bring their bodies into immediate or inconvenient contact. A dispersed multitude; the throngs in the streets of a city; the crowd at a fair or a street fight. But these distinctions are not carefully observed. So, with this bold opposer rushes on This many-headed monster, multitude. Daniel. Not to know me argues yourselves unknown, The lowest of your throng. Milton. I come from empty noise, and tasteless pomp, From crowds that hide a monarch from himself. Johnson. THRONG Throng, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Thronged; p. pr. & vb. n. Thronging.] Defn: To crowd together; to press together into a close body, as a multitude of persons; to gather or move in multitudes. I have seen the dumb men throng to see him. Shak. THRONG Throng, v. t. 1. To crowd, or press, as persons; to oppress or annoy with a crowd of living beings. Much people followed him, and thronged him. Mark v. 24. 2. To crowd into; to fill closely by crowding or pressing into, as a hall or a street. Shak. THRONG Throng, a. Defn: Thronged; crowded; also, much occupied; busy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Bp. Sanderson. To the intent the sick . . . should not lie too throng. Robynson (More's Utopia). THRONGLY Throng"ly, adv. Defn: In throngs or crowds. [Obs.] THROP Throp, n. Defn: A thorp. [Obs.] Chaucer. THROPPLE Throp"ple, n. Etym: [Cf. Thrapple, and see Throttle.] Defn: The windpipe. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. THROPPLE Throp"ple, v. t. Defn: To throttle. [Prov. Eng.] THROSTLE Thros"tle, n. Etym: [OE. throsel, AS. , ; akin to MHG. trostel, G. drossel, Icel. , Sw. trast, Lith. strazdas, L. turdus. *238. Cf. Thrush the bird.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The song thrush. See under Song. 2. A machine for spinning wool, cotton, etc., from the rove, consisting of a set of drawing rollers with bobbins and flyers, and differing from the mule in having the twisting apparatus stationary and the processes continuous; -- so called because it makes a singing noise. Throstle cock, the missel thrush. [Prov. Eng.] THROSTLING Thros"tling, n. Etym: [Cf. Throttle.] Defn: A disease of bovine cattle, consisting of a swelling under the throat, which, unless checked, causes strangulation. THROTTLE Throt"tle, n. Etym: [Dim. of throat. See Throat.] 1. The windpipe, or trachea; the weasand. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Steam Engine) Defn: The throttle valve. Throttle lever (Steam Engine), the hand lever by which a throttle valve is moved, especially in a locomotive. -- Throttle valve (Steam Engine), a valve moved by hand or by a governor for regulating the supply of steam to the steam chest. In one form it consists of a disk turning on a transverse axis. THROTTLE Throt"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Throttled; p. pr. & vb. n. Throttling.] 1. To compress the throat of; to choke; to strangle. Grant him this, and the Parliament hath no more freedom than if it sat in his noose, which, when he pleases to draw together with one twitch of his negative, shall throttle a whole nation, to the wish of Caligula, in one neck. Milton. 2. To utter with breaks and interruption, in the manner of a person half suffocated. [R.] Throttle their practiced accent in their fears. Shak. 3. To shut off, or reduce flow of, as steam to an engine. THROTTLE Throt"tle, v. i. 1. To have the throat obstructed so as to be in danger of suffocation; to choke; to suffocate. 2. To breathe hard, as when nearly suffocated. THROTTLER Throt"tler, n. 1. One who, or that which, throttles, or chokes. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Flasher, 3 (b). [Prov. Eng.] THROUGH Through, prep. Etym: [OE. thurgh, , , , AS. ; akin to OS. thurh, thuru, OFries. thruch, D. door, OHG. durh, duruh, G. durch, Goth. ; cf. Ir. tri, tre, W. trwy. *53. Cf. Nostril, Thorough, Thrill.] 1. From end to end of, or from side to side of; from one surface or limit of, to the opposite; into and out of at the opposite, or at another, point; as, to bore through a piece of timber, or through a board; a ball passes through the side of a ship. 2. Between the sides or walls of; within; as, to pass through a door; to go through an avenue. Through the gate of ivory he dismissed His valiant offspring. Dryden. 3. By means of; by the agency of. Through these hands this science has passed with great applause. Sir W. Temple. Material things are presented only through their senses. Cheyne. 4. Over the whole surface or extent of; as, to ride through the country; to look through an account. 5. Among or in the midst of; -- used to denote passage; as, a fish swims through the water; the light glimmers through a thicket. 6. From the beginning to the end of; to the end or conclusion of; as, through life; through the year. THROUGH Through, adv. 1. From one end or side to the other; as, to pierce a thing through. 2. From beginning to end; as, to read a letter through. 3. To the end; to a conclusion; to the ultimate purpose; as, to carry a project through. Note: Through was formerly used to form compound adjectives where we now use thorough; as, through-bred; through-lighted; through-placed, etc. To drop through, to fall through; to come to naught; to fail. -- To fall through. See under Fall, v. i. THROUGH Through, a. Defn: Going or extending through; going, extending, or serving from the beginning to the end; thorough; complete; as, a through line; a through ticket; a through train. Also, admitting of passage through; as, a through bridge. Through bolt, a bolt which passes through all the thickness or layers of that which it fastens, or in which it is fixed. -- Through bridge, a bridge in which the floor is supported by the lower chords of the tissues instead of the upper, so that travel is between the trusses and not over them. Cf. Deck bridge, under Deck. -- Through cold, a deep-seated cold. [Obs.] Holland. -- Through stone, a flat gravestone. [Scot.] [Written also through stane.] Sir W. Scott. -- Through ticket, a ticket for the whole journey. -- Through train, a train which goes the whole length of a railway, or of a long route. THROUGHLY Through"ly, adv. Defn: Thoroughly. [Obs.] Bacon. Wash me throughly from mine iniquity. Ps. li. 2. To dare in fields is valor; but how few Dare to be throughly valiant to be true Dryden. THROUGHOUT Through*out", prep. Defn: Quite through; from one extremity to the other of; also, every part of; as, to search throughout the house. Nor to their idle orbs doth sight appear Of sun, or moon, or star, throughout the year. Milton. THROUGHOUT Through*out", adv. Defn: In every part; as, the cloth was of a piece throughout. THROVE Throve, Defn: imp. of Thrive. THROW Throw, n. Etym: [See Throe.] Defn: Pain; especially, pain of travail; throe. [Obs.] Spenser. Dryden. THROW Throw, n. Etym: [AS. , .] Defn: Time; while; space of time; moment; trice. [Obs.] Shak. I will with Thomas speak a little throw. Chaucer. THROW Throw, v. t. [imp. Threw; p. p. Thrown; p. pr. & vb. n. Throwing.] Etym: [OE. , , to throw, to twist, AS. to twist, to whirl; akin to D. draaijen, G. drehen, OHG. drajan, L. terebra an auger, gimlet, Gr. Thread, Trite, Turn, v. t.] 1. To fling, cast, or hurl with a certain whirling motion of the arm, to throw a ball; -- distinguished from to toss, or to bowl. 2. To fling or cast in any manner; to drive to a distance from the hand or from an engine; to propel; to send; as, to throw stones or dust with the hand; a cannon throws a ball; a fire engine throws a stream of water to extinguish flames. 3. To drive by violence; as, a vessel or sailors may be thrown upon a rock. 4. (Mil.) Defn: To cause to take a strategic position; as, he threw a detachment of his army across the river. 5. To overturn; to prostrate in wrestling; as, a man throws his antagonist. 6. To cast, as dice; to venture at dice. Set less than thou throwest. Shak. 7. To put on hastily; to spread carelessly. O'er his fair limbs a flowery vest he threw. Pope. 8. To divest or strip one's self of; to put off. There the snake throws her enameled skin. Shak. 9. (Pottery) Defn: To form or shape roughly on a throwing engine, or potter's wheel, as earthen vessels. 10. To give forcible utterance to; to cast; to vent. I have thrown A brave defiance in King Henry's teeth. Shak. 11. To bring forth; to produce, as young; to bear; -- said especially of rabbits. 12. To twist two or more filaments of, as silk, so as to form one thread; to twist together, as singles, in a direction contrary to the twist of the singles themselves; -- sometimes applied to the whole class of operations by which silk is prepared for the weaver. Tomlinson. To throw away. (a) To lose by neglect or folly; to spend in vain; to bestow without a compensation; as, to throw away time; to throw away money. (b) To reject; as, to throw away a good book, or a good offer. -- To throw back. (a) To retort; to cast back, as a reply. (b) To reject; to refuse. (c) To reflect, as light. -- To throw by, to lay aside; to discard; to neglect as useless; as, to throw by a garment. -- To throw down, to subvert; to overthrow; to destroy; as, to throw down a fence or wall. -- To throw in. (a) To inject, as a fluid. (b) To put in; to deposit with others; to contribute; as, to throw in a few dollars to help make up a fund; to throw in an occasional comment. (c) To add without enumeration or valuation, as something extra to clinch a bargain. -- To throw off. (a) To expel; to free one's self from; as, to throw off a disease. (b) To reject; to discard; to abandon; as, to throw off all sense of shame; to throw off a dependent. (c) To make a start in a hunt or race. [Eng.](e) To disconcert or confuse. Same as to throw out (f). -- To throw on, to cast on; to load. -- To throw one's self down, to lie down neglectively or suddenly. -- To throw one's self on or upon. (a) To fall upon. (b) To resign one's self to the favor, clemency, or sustain power of (another); to repose upon. -- To throw out. (a) To cast out; to reject or discard; to expel. "The other two, whom they had thrown out, they were content should enjoy their exile." Swift. "The bill was thrown out." Swift. (b) To utter; to give utterance to; to speak; as, to throw out insinuation or observation. "She throws out thrilling shrieks." Spenser. (c) To distance; to leave behind. Addison. (d) To cause to project; as, to throw out a pier or an abutment. (e) To give forth; to emit; as, an electric lamp throws out a brilliant light. (f) To put out; to confuse; as, a sudden question often throws out an orator. -- To throw over, to abandon the cause of; to desert; to discard; as, to throw over a friend in difficulties. -- To throw up. (a) To resign; to give up; to demit; as, to throw up a commission. "Experienced gamesters throw up their cards when they know that the game is in the enemy's hand." Addison. (b) To reject from the stomach; to vomit. (c) To construct hastily; as, to throw up a breastwork of earth. THROW Throw, v. i. Defn: To perform the act of throwing or casting; to cast; specifically, to cast dice. To throw about, to cast about; to try expedients. [R.] THROW Throw, n. 1. The act of hurling or flinging; a driving or propelling from the hand or an engine; a cast. He heaved a stone, and, rising to the throw, He sent it in a whirlwind at the foe. Addison. 2. A stroke; a blow. [Obs.] Nor shield defend the thunder of his throws. Spenser. 3. The distance which a missile is, or may be, thrown; as, a stone's throw. 4. A cast of dice; the manner in which dice fall when cast; as, a good throw. 5. An effort; a violent sally. [Obs.] Your youth admires The throws and swellings of a Roman soul. Addison. 6. (Mach.) Defn: The extreme movement given to a sliding or vibrating reciprocating piece by a cam, crank, eccentric, or the like; travel; stroke; as, the throw of a slide valve. Also, frequently, the length of the radius of a crank, or the eccentricity of an eccentric; as, the throw of the crank of a steam engine is equal to half the stroke of the piston. 7. (Pottery) Defn: A potter's wheel or table; a jigger. See 2d Jigger, 2 (a). 8. A turner's lathe; a throwe. [Prov. Eng.] 9. (Mining) Defn: The amount of vertical displacement produced by a fault; -- according to the direction it is designated as an upthrow, or a downthrow. THROW-CROOK Throw"-crook`, n. (Agric.) Defn: An instrument used for twisting ropes out of straw. THROWE Throwe, n. Defn: A turning lathe. [Prov. Eng.] THROWER Throw"er, n. Defn: One who throws. Specifically: (a) One who throws or twists silk; a throwster. (b) One who shapes vessels on a throwing engine. THROWING Throw"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Throw, v. Throwing engine, Throwing mill, Throwing table, or Throwing wheel (Pottery), a machine on which earthenware is first rudely shaped by the hand of the potter from a mass of clay revolving rapidly on a disk or table carried by a vertical spindle; a potter's wheel. THROWING STICK Throw"ing stick`. (Anthropol.) Defn: An instrument used by various savage races for throwing a spear; -- called also throw stick and spear thrower. One end of the stick receives the butt of the spear, as upon a hook or thong, and the other end is grasped with the hand, which also holds the spear, toward the middle, above it with the finger and thumb, the effect being to bring the place of support nearer the center of the spear, and practically lengthen the arm in the act of throwing. THROWN Thrown, Defn: a. & p. p. from Throw, v. Thrown silk, silk thread consisting of two or more singles twisted together like a rope, in a direction contrary to that in which the singles of which it is composed are twisted. M'Culloch. -- Thrown singles, silk thread or cord made by three processes of twisting, first into singles, two or more of which are twisted together making dumb singles, and several of these twisted together to make thrown singles. THROW-OFF Throw"-off`, n. Defn: A start in a hunt or a race. [Eng.] THROWSTER Throw"ster, n. Etym: [Throw + -ster.] Defn: One who throws or twists silk; a thrower. THRU Thru, prep., adv. & a. Defn: Through. [Ref. spelling.] THRUM Thrum, n. Etym: [OE. thrum, throm; akin to OD. drom, D. dreum, G. trumm, lump, end, fragment, OHG. drum end, Icel. edge, brim, and L. terminus a limit, term. Cf. Term.] [Written also thrumb.] 1. One of the ends of weaver's threads; hence, any soft, short threads or tufts resembling these. 2. Any coarse yarn; an unraveled strand of rope. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A threadlike part of a flower; a stamen. 4. (Mining) Defn: A shove out of place; a small displacement or fault along a seam. 5. (Naut.) Defn: A mat made of canvas and tufts of yarn. Thrum cap, a knitted cap. Halliwell. -- Thrum hat, a hat made of coarse woolen cloth. Minsheu. THRUM Thrum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thrummed; p. pr. & vb. n. Thrumming.] 1. To furnish with thrums; to insert tufts in; to fringe. Are we born to thrum caps or pick straw Quarles. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To insert short pieces of rope-yarn or spun yarn in; as, to thrum a piece of canvas, or a mat, thus making a rough or tufted surface. Totten. THRUM Thrum, v. i. Etym: [CF. Icel. to rattle, to thunder, and E. drum.] 1. To play rudely or monotonously on a stringed instrument with the fingers; to strum. 2. Hence, to make a monotonous drumming noise; as, to thrum on a table. THRUM Thrum, v. t. 1. To play, as a stringed instrument, in a rude or monotonous manner. 2. Hence, to drum on; to strike in a monotonous manner; to thrum the table. THRUM-EYED Thrum"-eyed`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having the anthers raised above the stigma, and visible at the throat of the corolla, as in long-stamened primroses; -- the reverse of pin-eyed. THRUMMY Thrum"my, a. Defn: Like thrums; made of, furnished with, or characterized by, thrums. Dampier. On her head thrummy cap she had. Chalkhill. THRUMWORT Thrum"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of amaranth (Amarantus caudatus). Dr. Prior. THRUOUT Thru*out". Defn: Throughout. [Ref. spelling.] THRUSH Thrush, n. Etym: [OE. þrusche, AS. þrysce; akin to OHG. drosca, droscea, droscela, and E. throstle. Cf. Throstle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of singing birds belonging to Turdus and allied genera. They are noted for the sweetness of their songs. Note: Among the best-known European species are the song thrush or throstle (Turdus musicus), the missel thrush (see under Missel), the European redwing, and the blackbird. The most important American species are the wood thrush (Turdus mustelinus), Wilson's thrush (T. fuscescens), the hermit thrush (see under Hermit), Swainson's thrush (T. Aliciæ), and the migratory thrush, or American robin (see Robin). 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of singing birds more or less resembling the true thrushes in appearance or habits; as the thunderbird and the American brown thrush (or thrasher). See Brown thrush. Ant thrush. See Ant thrush, Breve, and Pitta. -- Babbling thrush, any one of numerous species of Asiatic timaline birds; -- called also babbler. -- Fruit thrush, any species of bulbul. -- Shrike thrush. See under Shrike. -- Stone thrush, the missel thrush; -- said to be so called from its marbled breast. -- Thrush nightingale. See Nightingale, 2. -- Thrush tit, any one of several species of Asiatic singing birds of the genus Cochoa. They are beautifully colored birds allied to the tits, but resembling thrushes in size and habits. -- Water thrush. (a) The European dipper. (b) An American warbler (Seiurus Noveboracensis). THRUSH Thrush, n. Etym: [Akin to Dan. tröske, Sw. trosk; cf. Dan. tör dry, Sw. torr, Icel. , AS. , OE. thrust thrist, E. thrist.] 1. (Med.) Defn: An affection of the mouth, fauces, etc., common in newly born children, characterized by minute ulcers called aphthæ. See Aphthæ. 2. (Far.) Defn: An inflammatory and suppurative affection of the feet in certain animals. In the horse it is in the frog. THRUSHEL Thrush"el, n. Defn: The song thrush. [Prov. Eng.] THRUSHER Thrush"er, n. Defn: The song thrush. [Prov. Eng.] THRUST Thrust, n. & v. Defn: Thrist. [Obs.] Spenser. THRUST Thrust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thrust; p. pr. & vb. n. Thrusting.] Etym: [OE. , , , Icel. to thrust, press, force, compel; perhaps akin to E. threat.] 1. To push or drive with force; to drive, force, or impel; to shove; as, to thrust anything with the hand or foot, or with an instrument. Into a dungeon thrust, to work with slaves. Milton. 2. To stab; to pierce; -- usually with through. To thrust away or from, to push away; to reject. -- To thrust in, to push or drive in. -- To thrust off, to push away. -- To thrust on, to impel; to urge. -- To thrust one's self in or into, to obtrude upon, to intrude, as into a room; to enter (a place) where one is not invited or not welcome. -- To thrust out, to drive out or away; to expel. -- To thrust through, to pierce; to stab. "I am eight times thrust through the doublet." Shak. -- To thrust together, to compress. THRUST Thrust, v. i. 1. To make a push; to attack with a pointed weapon; as, a fencer thrusts at his antagonist. 2. To enter by pushing; to squeeze in. And thrust between my father and the god. Dryden. 3. To push forward; to come with force; to press on; to intrude. "Young, old, thrust there in mighty concourse." Chapman. To thrust to, to rush upon. [Obs.] As doth an eager hound Thrust to an hind within some covert glade. Spenser. THRUST Thrust, n. 1. A violent push or driving, as with a pointed weapon moved in the direction of its length, or with the hand or foot, or with any instrument; a stab; -- a word much used as a term of fencing. [Polites] Pyrrhus with his lance pursues, And often reaches, and his thrusts renews. Dryden. 2. An attack; an assault. One thrust at your pure, pretended mechanism. Dr. H. More. 3. (Mech.) Defn: The force or pressure of one part of a construction against other parts; especially (Arch.), a horizontal or diagonal outward pressure, as of an arch against its abutments, or of rafters against the wall which support them. 4. (Mining) Defn: The breaking down of the roof of a gallery under its superincumbent weight. Thrust bearing (Screw Steamers), a bearing arranged to receive the thrust or endwise pressure of the screw shaft. -- Thrust plane (Geol.), the surface along which dislocation has taken place in the case of a reversed fault. Syn. -- Push; shove; assault; attack. Thrust, Push, Shove. Push and shove usually imply the application of force by a body already in contact with the body to be impelled. Thrust, often, but not always, implies the impulse or application of force by a body which is in motion before it reaches the body to be impelled. THRUSTER Thrust"er, n. Defn: One who thrusts or stabs. THRUSTING Thrust"ing, n. 1. The act of pushing with force. 2. (Dairies) (a) The act of squeezing curd with the hand, to expel the whey. (b) pl. Defn: The white whey, or that which is last pressed out of the curd by the hand, and of which butter is sometimes made. [Written also thrutchthings.] [Prov. Eng.] Thrusting screw, the screw of a screw press, as for pressing curd in making cheese. [R.] THRUSTLE Thrus"tle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The throstle, or song thrust. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] When he heard the thrustel sing. Chaucer. THRYES Thryes, a. Defn: Thrice. [Obs.] Chaucer. THRYFALLOW Thry"fal`low, v. t. Etym: [Perhaps fr. thrice + fallow. Cf. Trifallow.] Defn: To plow for the third time in summer; to trifallow. [R.] [Written also thrifallow.] Tusser. THUD Thud, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. a whirlwind, violent wind, or E. thump.] Defn: A dull sound without resonance, like that produced by striking with, or striking against, some comparatively soft substance; also, the stroke or blow producing such sound; as, the thrud of a cannon ball striking the earth. At every new thud of the blast, a sob arose. Jeffrey. At intervals there came some tremendous thud on the side of the steamer. C. Mackay. THUG Thug, n. Etym: [Hind. thag a deceiver, robber.] Defn: One of an association of robbers and murderers in India who practiced murder by stealthy approaches, and from religious motives. They have been nearly exterminated by the British government. THUGGEE Thug*gee", n. Etym: [Hind. .] Defn: The practice of secret or stealthy murder by Thugs. "One of the suppressors of Thuggee." J. D. Hooker. THUGGERY; THUGGISM Thug"ger*y, Thug"gism, n. Defn: Thuggee. THUJA Thu"ja, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of evergreen trees, thickly branched, remarkable for the distichous arrangement of their branches, and having scalelike, closely imbricated, or compressed leaves. [Written also thuya.] See Thyine wood. Note: Thuja occidentalis is the Arbor vitæ of the Eastern and Northern United States. T. gigantea of North-waetern America is a very large tree, there called red cedar, and canoe cedar, and furnishes a useful timber. THULE Thu"le, n. Etym: [L. Thule, Thyle, Gr. Defn: The name given by ancient geographers to the northernmost part of the habitable world. According to some, this land was Norway, according to others, Iceland, or more probably Mainland, the largest of the Shetland islands; hence, the Latin phrase ultima Thule, farthest Thule. THULIA Thu"li*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: Oxide of thulium. THULIUM Thu"li*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Thule.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element of uncertain properties and identity, said to have been found in the mineral gadolinite. THUMB Thumb, n. Etym: [OE. thombe, thoumbe, , AS. ; akin to OFries. th, D. duim, G. daumen, OHG. d, Icel. , Dan. tommelfinger, Sw. tunne, and perhaps to L. tumere to swell. *56. Cf. Thimble, Tumid.] Defn: The short, thick first digit of the human hand, differing from the other fingers in having but two phalanges; the pollex. See Pollex. Upon his thumb he had of gold a ring. Chaucer. Thumb band, a twist of anything as thick as the thumb. Mortimer. -- Thumb blue, indigo in the form of small balls or lumps, used by washerwomen to blue linen, and the like. -- Thumb latch, a door latch having a lever formed to be pressed by the thumb. -- Thumb mark. (a) The mark left by the impression of a thumb, as on the leaves of a book. Longfellow. (b) The dark spot over each foot in finely bred black and tan terriers. -- Thumb nut, a nut for a screw, having wings to grasp between the thumb and fingers in turning it; also, a nut with a knurled rim for the same perpose. -- Thumb ring, a ring worn on the thumb. Shak. -- Thumb stall. (a) A kind of thimble or ferrule of iron, or leather, for protecting the thumb in making sails, and in other work. (b) (Mil.) A buckskin cushion worn on the thumb, and used to close the vent of a cannon while it is sponged, or loaded. -- Under one's thumb, completely under one's power or influence; in a condition of subservience. [Colloq.] THUMB Thumb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thumbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Thumbing.] 1. To handle awkwardly. Johnson. 2. To play with the thumbs, or with the thumbs and fingers; as, to thumb over a tune. 3. To soil or wear with the thumb or the fingers; to soil, or wear out, by frequent handling; also, to cover with the thumb; as, to thumb the touch-hole of a cannon. He gravely informed the enemy that all his cards had been thumbed to pieces, and begged them to let him have a few more packs. Macaulay. THUMB Thumb, v. i. Defn: To play with the thumb or thumbs; to play clumsily; to thrum. THUMBBIRD Thumb"bird`, n. Defn: The goldcrest. [Prov. Eng.] THUMBED Thumbed, a. 1. Having thumbs. 2. Soiled by handling. THUMBKIN Thumb"kin, n. Defn: An instrument of torture for compressing the thumb; a thumbscrew. THUMBLESS Thumb"less, a. Defn: Without a thumb. Darwin. THUMBSCREW Thumb"screw`, n. 1. A screw having a flat-sided or knurled head, so that it may be turned by the thumb and forefinger. 2. An old instrument of torture for compressing the thumb by a screw; a thumbkin. THUMMIE Thum"mie, n. Defn: The chiff-chaff. [Prov. Eng.] THUMMIM Thum"mim, n. pl. Etym: [Heb., pl. of thom perfection.] Defn: A mysterious part or decoration of the breastplate of the Jewish high priest. See the note under Urim. THUMP Thump, n. Etym: [Probably of imitative origin; perhaps influenced by dump, v.t.] 1. The sound made by the sudden fall or blow of a heavy body, as of a hammer, or the like. The distant forge's swinging thump profound. Wordsworth. With heavy thump, a lifeless lump, They dropped down, one by one. Coleridge. 2. A blow or knock, as with something blunt or heavy; a heavy fall. The watchman gave so great a thump at my door, that I awaked at the knock. Tatler. THUMP Thump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thumped; p. pr. & vb. n. Thumping.] Defn: To strike or beat with something thick or heavy, or so as to cause a dull sound. These bastard Bretons; whom our hathers Have in their own land beaten, bobbed, and thumped. Shak. THUMP Thump, v. i. Defn: To give a thump or thumps; to strike or fall with a heavy blow; to pound. A watchman at midnight thumps with his pole. Swift. THUMPER Thump"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, thumps. THUMPING Thump"ing, a. Defn: Heavy; large. [Colloq.] THUNDER Thun"der, n. Etym: [OE. , , , AS. ; akin to to stretch, to thunder, D. donder thunder, G. donner, OHG. donar, Icel. Thor, L. tonare to thunder, tonitrus thunder, Gr. tan to stretch. *52. See Thin, and cf. Astonish, Detonate, Intone, Thursday, Tone.] 1. The sound which follows a flash of lightning; the report of a discharge of atmospheric electricity. 2. The discharge of electricity; a thunderbolt. [Obs.] The revenging gods 'Gainst parricides did all their thunders bend. Shak. 3. Any loud noise; as, the thunder of cannon. 4. An alarming or statrling threat or denunciation. The thunders of the Vatican could no longer strike into the heart of princes. Prescott. Thunder pumper. (Zoöl.) (a) The croaker (Haploidontus grunniens). (b) The American bittern or stake-driver. -- Thunder rod, a lightning rod. [R.] -- Thunder snake. (Zoöl.) (a) The chicken, or milk, snake. (b) A small reddish ground snake (Carphophis, or Celuta, amoena) native to the Eastern United States; -- called also worm snake. -- Thunder tube, a fulgurite. See Fulgurite. THUNDER Thun"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Thundered; p. pr. & vb. n. Thundering.] Etym: [AS. . See Thunder, n.] 1. To produce thunder; to sound, rattle, or roar, as a discharge of atmospheric electricity; -- often used impersonally; as, it thundered continuously. Canst thou thunder with a voice like him Job xl. 9. 2. Fig.: To make a loud noise; esp. a heavy sound, of some continuance. His dreadful voice no more Would thunder in my ears. Milton. 3. To utter violent denunciation. THUNDER Thun"der, v. t. Defn: To emit with noise and terror; to utter vehemently; to publish, as a threat or denunciation. Oracles severe Were daily thundered in our general's ear. Dryden. An archdeacon, as being a prelate, may thunder out an ecclesiastical censure. Ayliffe. THUNDERBIRD Thun"der*bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Australian insectivorous singing bird (Pachycephala gutturalis). The male is conspicuously marked with black and yellow, and has a black crescent on the breast. Called also white-throated thickhead, orange-breasted thrust, black-crowned thrush, guttural thrush, and black-breasted flycatcher. THUNDERBOLT Thun"der*bolt`, n. 1. A shaft of lightning; a brilliant stream of electricity passing from one part of the heavens to another, or from the clouds to the earth. 2. Something resembling lightning in suddenness and effectiveness. The Scipios' worth, those thunderbolts of war. Dryden. 3. Vehement threatening or censure; especially, ecclesiastical denunciation; fulmination. He severely threatens such with the thunderbolt of excommunication. Hakewill. 4. (Paleon.) Defn: A belemnite, or thunderstone. Thunderbolt beetle (Zoöl.), a long-horned beetle (Arhopalus fulminans) whose larva bores in the trunk of oak and chestnut trees. It is brownish and bluish-black, with W-shaped whitish or silvery markings on the elytra. THUNDERBURST Thun"der*burst`, n. Defn: A burst of thunder. THUNDERCLAP Thun"der*clap`, n. Defn: A sharp burst of thunder; a sudden report of a discharge of atmospheric electricity. "Thunderclaps that make them quake." Spenser. When suddenly the thunderclap was heard. Dryden. THUNDERCLOUD Thun"der*cloud`, n. Defn: A cloud charged with electricity, and producing lightning and thunder. THUNDERER Thun"der*er, n. Defn: One who thunders; -- used especially as a translation of L. tonans, an epithet applied by the Romans to several of their gods, esp. to Jupiter. That dreadful oath which binds the Thunderer. Pope. THUNDERFISH Thun"der*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large European loach (Misgurnus fossilis). THUNDERHEAD Thun"der*head`, n. Defn: A rounded mass of cloud, with shining white edges; a cumulus, - - often appearing before a thunderstorm. THUNDERING Thun"der*ing, a. 1. Emitting thunder. Roll the thundering chariot o'er the ground. J. Trumbull. 2. Very great; -- often adverbially. [Slang] -- Thun"der*ing*ly, adv. THUNDERING Thun"der*ing, n. Defn: Thunder. Rev. iv. 5. THUNDERLESS Thun"der*less, a. Defn: Without thunder or noise. THUNDEROUS Thun"der*ous, a. Etym: [Written also thundrous.] 1. Producing thunder. [R.] How he before the thunderous throne doth lie. Milton. 2. Making a noise like thunder; sounding loud and deep; sonorous. -- Thun"der*ous*ly, adv. THUNDERPROOF Thun"der*proof`, a. Defn: Secure against the effects of thunder or lightning. THUNDERSHOWER Thun"der*show`er, n. Defn: A shower accompanied with lightning and thunder. THUNDERSTONE Thun"der*stone`, n. 1. A thunderbolt, -- formerly believed to be a stone. Fear no more the lightning flash, Nor the all-dreaded thunderstone. Shak. 2. (Paleon.) Defn: A belemnite. See Belemnite. THUNDERSTORM Thun"der*storm`, n. Defn: A storm accompanied with lightning and thunder. THUNDERSTRIKE Thun"der*strike`, v. t. [imp. Thunderstruck; p. p. Thunderstruck, - strucken (; p. pr. & vb. n. Thunderstriking.] 1. To strike, blast, or injure by, or as by, lightning. [R.] Sir P. Sidney. 2. To astonish, or strike dumb, as with something terrible; -- rarely used except in the past participle. drove before him, thunderstruck. Milton. THUNDERWORM Thun"der*worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, footless, burrowing, snakelike lizard (Rhineura Floridana) allied to Amphisbæna, native of Florida; -- so called because it leaves its burrows after a thundershower. THUNDERY Thun"der*y, a. Defn: Accompanied with thunder; thunderous. [R.] "Thundery weather." Pennant. THUNDROUS Thun"drous, a. Defn: Thunderous; sonorous. "Scraps of thunderous epic." Tennyson. THUNNY Thun"ny, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The tunny. [R.] THURGH Thurgh, prep. Defn: Through. [Obs.] Chaucer. THURGHFARE Thurgh"fare`, n. Defn: Thoroughfare. [Obs.] This world is but a thurghfare full of woe. Chaucer. THURIBLE Thu"ri*ble, n. Etym: [L. thuribulum, turibulum, from thus, thuris, or better tus, turis, frankincense, fr. Gr. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A censer of metal, for burning incense, having various forms, held in the hand or suspended by chains; -- used especially at mass, vespers, and other solemn services. Fairholt. THURIFEROUS Thu*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. thurifer, turifer; thus frankincense + - ferre to bear.] Defn: Producing or bearing frankincense. THURIFICATION Thu`ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. thus incense + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Defn: The act of fuming with incense, or the act of burning incense. THURINGIAN Thu*rin"gi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Thuringia, a country in Germany, or its people. -- n. Defn: A native, or inhabitant of Thuringia. THURINGITE Thu*rin"gite, n. Etym: [From Thuringia, where it is found.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring as an aggregation of minute scales having an olive-green color and pearly luster. It is a hydrous silicate of aluminia and iron. THURL Thurl, n. Etym: [AS. a hole. *53. See Thirl, Thrill.] 1. A hole; an aperture. [Obs.] 2. (Mining) (a) A short communication between adits in a mine. (b) A long adit in a coalpit. THURL Thurl, v. t. Etym: [See Thrill.] 1. To cut through; to pierce. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. (Mining) Defn: To cut through, as a partition between one working and another. THURLING Thurl"ing, n. (Mining) Defn: Same as Thurl, n., 2 (a). THURROK Thur"rok, n. Etym: [AS. a boat.] Defn: The hold of a ship; a sink. [Obs.] Small drops of water that enter through a little crevice into the thurrok and into the bottom of a ship. Chaucer. THURSDAY Thurs"day, n. Etym: [OE. , , from the Scand. name Thor + E. day. Icel. Thor, the god of thunder, is akin to AS. thunder; D. Donderdag Thursday, G. Donnerstag, Icel. , Sw. & Dan. Torsdag. *52. See Thor, Thunder, and Day.] Defn: The fifth day of the week, following Wednesday and preceding Friday. Holy Thursday. See under Holy. THURST Thurst, n. (Coal Mining) Defn: The ruins of the fallen roof resulting from the removal of the pillars and stalls. Raymond. THUS Thus, n. Etym: [L. thus, better tus, frankincense. See Thurible.] Defn: The commoner kind of frankincense, or that obtained from the Norway spruce, the long-leaved pine, and other conifers. THUS Thus, adv. Etym: [OE. thus, AS. ; akin to OFries. & OS. thus, D. dus, and E. that; cf. OHG. sus. See That.] 1. In this or that manner; on this wise. Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded him, so did he. Gen. vi. 22. Thus God the heaven created, thus the earth. Milton. 2. To this degree or extent; so far; so; as, thus wise; thus peaceble; thus bold. Shak. Thus far extend, thus far thy bounds. Milton. THUSSOCK Thus"sock, n. Defn: See Tussock. [Obs.] THUYA Thu"ya, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Thuja. THUYIN Thu"yin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A substance extracted from trees of the genus Thuja, or Thuya, and probably identical with quercitrin. [Written also thujin.] THWACK Thwack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thwacked; p. pr. & vb. n. Thwacking.] Etym: [Cf. OE. thakken to stroke, AS. , E. whack.] 1. To strike with something flat or heavy; to bang, or thrash: to thump. "A distant thwacking sound." W. Irving. 2. To fill to overflow. [Obs.] Stanyhurst. THWACK Thwack, n. Defn: A heavy blow with something flat or heavy; a thump. With many a stiff thwack, many a bang, Hard crab tree and old iron rang. Hudibras. THWAITE Thwaite, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The twaite. THWAITE Thwaite, n. Etym: [CF. Icel. a piece of land, fr. to cut. See Thwite, and cf. Doit, and Twaite land cleared of woods.] Defn: Forest land cleared, and converted to tillage; an assart. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Note: Thwaite occurs in composition as the last element in many names of places in the north of England; as, in Rosthwaite, Stonethwaite. THWART Thwart, a. Etym: [OE. , , a. and adv., Icel. , neut. of athwart, transverse, across; akin to AS. perverse, transverse, cross, D. dwars, OHG. dwerah, twerh, G. zwerch, quer, Dan. & Sw. tver athwart, transverse, Sw. tvär cross, unfriendly, Goth. angry. Cf. Queer.] 1. Situated or placed across something else; transverse; oblique. Moved contrary with thwart obliquities. Milton. 2. Fig.: Perverse; crossgrained. [Obs.] Shak. THWART Thwart, adv. Etym: [See Thwart, a.] Defn: Thwartly; obliquely; transversely; athwart. [Obs.] Milton. THWART Thwart, prep. Defn: Across; athwart. Spenser. Thwart ships. See Athwart ships, under Athwart. THWART Thwart, n. (Naut.) Defn: A seat in an open boat reaching from one side to the other, or athwart the boat. THWART Thwart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thwarted; p. pr. & vb. n. Thwarting.] 1. To move across or counter to; to cross; as, an arrow thwarts the air. [Obs.] Swift as a shooting star In autumn thwarts the night. Milton. 2. To cross, as a purpose; to oppose; to run counter to; to contravene; hence, to frustrate or defeat. If crooked fortune had not thwarted me. Shak. The proposals of the one never thwarted the inclinations of the other. South. THWART Thwart, v. i. 1. To move or go in an oblique or crosswise manner. [R.] 2. Hence, to be in opposition; to clash. [R.] Any proposition . . . that shall at all thwart with internal oracles. Locke. THWARTER Thwart"er, n. (Far.) Defn: A disease in sheep, indicated by shaking, trembling, or convulsive motions. THWARTINGLY Thwart"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a thwarting or obstructing manner; so as to thwart. THWARTLY Thwart"ly, adv. Defn: Transversely; obliquely. THWARTNESS Thwart"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being thwart; obliquity; perverseness. THWITE Thwite, v. t. Etym: [AS. . See Whittle, and cf. Thwaite a piece of land.] Defn: To cut or clip with a knife; to whittle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. THWITTLE Thwit"tle, v. t. Etym: [See Thwite, and Whittle.] Defn: To cut or whittle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Palsgrave. THWITTLE Thwit"tle, n. Defn: A small knife; a whittle. [Written also thwitel.] [Obs.] "A Sheffield thwittle." Chaucer. THY Thy, pron. Etym: [OE. thi, shortened from thin. See Thine, Thou.] Defn: Of thee, or belonging to thee; the more common form of thine, possessive case of thou; -- used always attributively, and chiefly in the solemn or grave style, and in poetry. Thine is used in the predicate; as, the knife is thine. See Thine. Our father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done. Matt. vi. 9,10. These are thy glorious works, Parent of good. Milton. THYINE WOOD Thy"ine wood`. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The fragrant and beautiful wood of a North African tree (Callitris quadrivalvis), formerly called Thuja articulata. The tree is of the Cedar family, and furnishes a balsamic resin called sandarach. Rev. xviii. 12. THYLACINE Thy"la*cine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The zebra wolf. See under Wolf. THYMATE Thym"ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A compound of thymol analogous to a salt; as, sodium thymate. THYME Thyme, n. Etym: [OE. tyme, L. thymum, Gr. thym; -- perhaps so named because of its sweet smell. Cf. Fume, n.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the labiate genus Thymus. The garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is a warm, pungent aromatic, much used to give a relish to seasoning and soups. Ankle deep in moss and flowery thyme. Cowper. Cat thyme, a labiate plant (Teucrium Marum) of the Mediterranean religion. Cats are said to be fond of rolling on it. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). -- Wild thyme, Thymus Serpyllum, common on banks and hillsides in Europe. I know a bank where the wild thyme blows. Shak. THYMENE Thym"ene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A liquid terpene obtained from oil of thyme. THYMIATECHNY Thym"i*a*tech`ny, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: The art of employing perfumes in medicine. [R.] Dunglison. THYMIC Thym"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the thymus gland. THYMIC Thy"mic, a. (Med. Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, thyme; as, thymic acid. THYMOL Thym"ol, n. Etym: [Thyme + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A phenol derivative of cymene, C10H13.OH, isomeric with carvacrol, found in oil of thyme, and extracted as a white crystalline substance of a pleasant aromatic odor and strong antiseptic properties; -- called also hydroxy cymene. THYMUS Thy"mus, a. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, the thymus gland. -- n. Defn: The thymus gland. Thymus gland, or Thymus body, a ductless gland in the throat, or in the neighboring region, of nearly all vertebrates. In man and other mammals it is the throat, or neck, sweetbread, which lies in the upper part of the thorax and lower part of the throat. It is largest in fetal and early life, and disappears or becomes rudimentary in the adult. THYMY Thym"y, a. Defn: Abounding with thyme; fragrant; as, a thymy vale. Akenside. Where'er a thymy bank he found, He rolled upon the fragrant ground. Gay. THYRO- Thy"ro-. Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the thyroid body or the thyroid cartilage; as, thyrohyal. THYROARYTENOID Thy`ro*a*ryt"e*noid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages of the larynx. THYROHYAL Thy`ro*hy"al, n. (Anat.) Defn: One of the lower segments in the hyoid arch, often consolidated with the body of the hyoid bone and forming one of its great horns, as in man. THYROHYOID Thy`ro*hy"oid, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and the hyoid arch. THYROID Thy"roid, a. Etym: [Gr. thyroïde, thyréoïde.] 1. Shaped like an oblong shield; shield-shaped; as, the thyroid cartilage. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the thyroid body, thyroid cartilage, or thyroid artery; thyroideal. Thyroid cartilage. See under Larynx. -- Thyroid body, or Thyroid gland (Anat.), a glandlike but ductless body, or pair of bodies, of unknown function, in the floor of the mouth or the region of the larynx. In man and most mammals it is a highly vascular organ, partly surrounding the base of the larynx and the upper part of the trachea. -- Thyroid dislocation (Surg.), dislocation of the thigh bone into the thyroid foramen. -- Thyroid foramen, the obturator foramen. THYROIDEAL Thy*roid"e*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Thyroid. THYROTOMY Thy*rot"o*my, n. Etym: [Thyro- + Gr. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of cutting into the thyroid cartilage. THYRSE Thyrse, n. Etym: [Cf. F. thyrse.] Defn: A thyrsus. THYRSOID; THYRSOIDAL Thyr"soid, Thyr*soid"al, a. Etym: [Gr. thyrsoïde.] Defn: Having somewhat the form of a thyrsus. THYRSUS Thyr"sus, n.; pl. Thyrsi. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Torso.] 1. A staff entwined with ivy, and surmounted by a pine cone, or by a bunch of vine or ivy leaves with grapes or berries. It is an attribute of Bacchus, and of the satyrs and others engaging in Bacchic rites. A good to grow on graves As twist about a thyrsus. Mrs. Browning. In my hand I bear The thyrsus, tipped with fragrant cones of pine. Longfellow. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A species of inflorescence; a dense panicle, as in the lilac and horse-chestnut. THYSANOPTER Thy`sa*nop"ter, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Thysanoptera. THYSANOPTERA Thy`sa*nop"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of insects, considered by some writers a distinct order, but regarded by others as belonging to the Hemiptera. They are all of small size, and have narrow, broadly fringed wings with rudimentary nervures. Most of the species feed upon the juices of plants, and some, as those which attack grain, are very injurious to crops. Called also Physopoda. See Thrips. THYSANOPTERAN Thy`sa*nop"ter*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Thysanoptera. THYSANOPTEROUS Thy`sa*nop"ter*ous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Thysanoptera. THYSANURA Thys`a*nu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of wingless hexapod insects which have setiform caudal appendages, either bent beneath the body to form a spring, or projecting as bristles. It comprises the Cinura, or bristletails, and the Collembola, or springtails. Called also Thysanoura. See Lepisma, and Podura. THYSANURAN Thys`a*nu"ran, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Thysanura. Also used adjectively. THYSANUROUS Thys`a*nu"rous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Thysanura. THYSBE Thys"be, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Thisbe maiden beloved by Pyramus, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A common clearwing moth (Hemaris thysbe). THYSELF Thy*self", pron. Defn: An emphasized form of the personal pronoun of the second person; -- used as a subject commonly with thou; as, thou thyself shalt go; that is, thou shalt go, and no other. It is sometimes used, especially in the predicate, without thou, and in the nominative as well as in the objective case. Thyself shalt see the act. Shak. Ere I do thee, thou to thyself wast cruel. Milton. TIAR Ti"ar, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tiare. See Tiara.] Defn: A tiara. [Poetic] Milton. Tennyson. TIARA Ti*a"ra, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. 1. A form of headdress worn by the ancient Persians. According to Xenophon, the royal tiara was encircled with a diadem, and was high and erect, while those of the people were flexible, or had rims turned over. 2. The pope's triple crown. It was at first a round, high cap, but was afterward encompassed with a crown, subsequently with a second, and finally with a third. Fig.: The papal dignity. TIARAED Ti*a"raed, a. Defn: Adorned with, or wearing, a tiara. TIB-CAT Tib"-cat`, n. Defn: A female cat. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. TIBIA Tib"i*a, n.; pl. Tibiæ. Etym: [L.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The inner, or preaxial, and usually the larger, of the two bones of the leg or hind limb below the knee. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The fourth joint of the leg of an insect. See Illust. under Coleoptera, and under Hexapoda. 3. (Antiq.) Defn: A musical instrument of the flute kind, originally made of the leg bone of an animal. TIBIAL Tib"i*al, a. Etym: [L. tibialis, fr. tibia the shin bone; also, a pipe or flute, originally made of a bone: cf. F. tibial.] 1. Of or pertaining to a tibia. 2. Of or pertaining to a pipe or flute. Tibial spur (Zoöl.), a spine frequently borne on the tibia of insects. See Illust. under Coleoptera. TIBIAL Tib"i*al, n. (Anat.) Defn: A tibial bone; a tibiale. TIBIALE Tib`i*a"le, n.; pl. Tibialia. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: The bone or cartilage of the tarsus which articulates with the tibia and corresponds to a part of the astragalus in man and most mammals. TIBICINATE Ti*bic"i*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. tibicinare.] Defn: To play on a tibia, or pipe. [R.] TIBIO- Tib"i*o-. Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the tibia; as, tibiotarsus, tibiofibular. TIBIOTARSAL Tib`i*o*tar"sal, a. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to both to the tibia and the tarsus; as, the tibiotarsal articulation. (b) Of or pertaining to the tibiotarsus. TIBIOTARSUS Tib`i*o*tar"sus, n.; pl. Tibiotarsi (. (Anat.) Defn: The large bone between the femur and tarsometatarsus in the leg of a bird. It is formed by the union of the proximal part of the tarsus with the tibia. TIBRIE Tib"rie, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pollack. [Prov. Eng.] TIC Tic, n. Etym: [F.] (Med.) Defn: A local and habitual convulsive motion of certain muscles; especially, such a motion of some of the muscles of the face; twitching; velication; -- called also spasmodic tic. Dunglison. Tic douloureux (. Etym: [F., fr. tic a knack, a twitching + douloureux painful.] (Med.) Neuralgia in the face; face ague. See under Face. TICAL Ti*cal", n. 1. A bean-shaped coin of Siam, worth about sixty cents; also, a weight equal to 236 grains troy. Malcom. 2. A money of account in China, reckoning at about $1.60; also, a weight of about four ounces avoirdupois. TICE Tice, v. t. Etym: [Aphetic form of entice.] Defn: To entice. [Obs.] The Coronation. TICE Tice, n. (Cricket) Defn: A ball bowled to strike the ground about a bat's length in front of the wicket. TICEMENT Tice"ment, n. Defn: Enticement. [Obs.] TICHORRHINE Tich"or*rhine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil rhinoceros with a vertical bony medial septum supporting the nose; the hairy rhinoceros. TICK Tick, n. Etym: [Abbrev. from ticket.] Defn: Credit; trust; as, to buy on, or upon, tick. TICK Tick, v. i. 1. To go on trust, or credit. 2. To give tick; to trust. TICK Tick, n. Etym: [OE. tike, teke; akin to D. teek, G. zecke. Cf. Tike a tick.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of large parasitic mites which attach themselves to, and suck the blood of, cattle, dogs, and many other animals. When filled with blood they become ovate, much swollen, and usually livid red in color. Some of the species often attach themselves to the human body. The young are active and have at first but six legs. (b) Any one of several species of dipterous insects having a flattened and usually wingless body, as the bird ticks (see under Bird) and sheep tick (see under Sheep). Tick bean, a small bean used for feeding horses and other animals. -- Tick trefoil (Bot.), a name given to many plants of the leguminous genus Desmodium, which have trifoliate leaves, and joined pods roughened with minute hooked hairs by which the joints adhere to clothing and to the fleece of sheep. TICK Tick, n. Etym: [LL. techa, teca, L. theca case, Gr. Thesis.] 1. The cover, or case, of a bed, mattress, etc., which contains the straw, feathers, hair, or other filling. 2. Ticking. See Ticking, n. TICK Tick, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ticked; p. pr. & vb. n. Ticking.] Etym: [Probably of imitative origin; cf. D. tikken, LG. ticken.] 1. To make a small or repeating noise by beating or otherwise, as a watch does; to beat. 2. To strike gently; to pat. Stand not ticking and toying at the branches. Latimer. TICK Tick, n. 1. A quick, audible beat, as of a clock. 2. Any small mark intended to direct attention to something, or to serve as a check. Dickens. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The whinchat; -- so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.] Death tick. (Zoöl.) See Deathwatch. TICK Tick, v. t. Defn: To check off by means of a tick or any small mark; to score. When I had got all my responsibilities down upon my list, I compared each with the bill and ticked it off. Dickens. TICKEN Tick"en, n. Defn: See Ticking. [R.] R. Browning. TICKER Tick"er, n. Etym: [See Tick.] Defn: One who, or that which, ticks, or produces a ticking sound, as a watch or clock, a telegraphic sounder, etc. Ticker tape Tape from or designed to be used in a stock ticker, usu. of paper and being narrow but long. -- Stock ticker, an electro-mechanical information receiving device connected by telegraphic wire to a stock exchange, and which prints out the latest transactions or news on stock exchanges, commonly found in the offices of stock brokers. By 1980 largely superseded by electronic stock quotation devices. ticker tape parade A parade to honor a person, held in New York City, during which people in the tall buildings of Manhattan throw large quantities of paper, confetti, paper ribbons, or the like onto the parading group. The name comes form the ticker tape originally thrown onto the parade when it passed stockbrokers' offices in lower Manhattan, before stock tickers became obsolete. TICKET Tick"et, n. Etym: [F. étiquette a label, ticket, fr. OF. estiquette, or OF. etiquet, estiquet; both of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. stick. See Stick, n. & v., and cf. Etiquette, Tick credit.] Defn: A small piece of paper, cardboard, or the like, serving as a notice, certificate, or distinguishing token of something. Specifically: -- (a) A little note or notice. [Obs. or Local] He constantly read his lectures twice a week for above forty years, giving notice of the time to his auditors in a ticket on the school doors. Fuller. (b) A tradesman's bill or account. [Obs.] Note: Hence the phrase on ticket, on account; whence, by abbreviation, came the phrase on tick. See 1st Tick. Your courtier is mad to take up silks and velvets On ticket for his mistress. J. Cotgrave. (c) A certificate or token of right of admission to a place of assembly, or of passage in a public conveyance; as, a theater ticket; a railroad or steamboat ticket. (d) A label to show the character or price of goods. (e) A certificate or token of a share in a lottery or other scheme for distributing money, goods, or the like. (f) (Politics) A printed list of candidates to be voted for at an election; a set of nominations by one party for election; a ballot. [U.S.] The old ticket forever! We have it by thirty-four votes. Sarah Franklin (1766). Scratched ticket, a ticket from which the names of one or more of the candidates are scratched out. -- Split ticket, a ticket representing different divisions of a party, or containing candidates selected from two or more parties. -- Straight ticket, a ticket containing the regular nominations of a party, without change. -- Ticket day (Com.), the day before the settling or pay day on the stock exchange, when the names of the actual purchasers are rendered in by one stockbroker to another. [Eng.] Simmonds. -- Ticket of leave, a license or permit given to a convict, or prisoner of the crown, to go at large, and to labor for himself before the expiration of his sentence, subject to certain specific conditions. [Eng.] Simmonds. -- Ticket porter, a licensed porter wearing a badge by which he may be identified. [Eng.] TICKET Tick"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ticketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ticketing.] 1. To distinguish by a ticket; to put a ticket on; as, to ticket goods. 2. To furnish with a tickets; to book; as, to ticket passengers to California. [U.S.] TICKETING Tick"et*ing, n. Defn: A periodical sale of ore in the English mining districts; -- so called from the tickets upon which are written the bids of the buyers. TICKING Tick"ing, n. Etym: [From Tick a bed cover. Cf. Ticken.] Defn: A strong, closely woven linen or cotton fabric, of which ticks for beds are made. It is usually twilled, and woven in stripes of different colors, as white and blue; -- called also ticken. TICKLE Tic"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tickled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tickling.] Etym: [Perhaps freq. of tick to beat; pat; but cf. also AS. citelian to tickle, D. kittelen, G. kitzlen, OHG. chizzilon, chuzzilon, Icel. kitla. Cf. Kittle, v. t.] 1. To touch lightly, so as to produce a peculiar thrilling sensation, which commonly causes laughter, and a kind of spasm which become dengerous if too long protracted. If you tickle us, do we not laugh Shak. 2. To please; to gratify; to make joyous. Pleased with a rattle, tickled with a straw. Pope. Such a nature Tickled with good success, disdains the shadow Which he treads on at noon. Shak. TICKLE Tic"kle, v. i. 1. To feel titillation. He with secret joy therefore Did tickle inwardly in every vein. Spenser. 2. To excite the sensation of titillation. Shak. TICKLE Tic"kle, a. 1. Ticklish; easily tickled. [Obs.] 2. Liable to change; uncertain; inconstant. [Obs.] The world is now full tickle, sikerly. Chaucer. So tickle is the state of earthy things. Spenser. 3. Wavering, or liable to waver and fall at the slightest touch; unstable; easily overthrown. [Obs.] Thy head stands so tickle on thy shoulders, that a milkmaid, if she be in love, may sigh it off. Shak. TICKLE-FOOTED Tic"kle-foot`ed, a. Defn: Uncertain; inconstant; slippery. [Obs. & R.] Beau. & Fl. TICKLENBURG Tick"len*burg, n. Defn: A coarse, mixed linen fabric made to be sold in the West Indies. TICKLENESS Tic"kle*ness, n. Defn: Unsteadiness. [Obs.] For hoard hath hate, and climbing tickleness. Chaucer. TICKLER Tic"kler, n. 1. One who, or that which, tickles. 2. Something puzzling or difficult. 3. A book containing a memorandum of notes and debts arranged in the order of their maturity. [Com. Cant, U.S.] Bartlett. 4. A prong used by coopers to extract bungs from casks. [Eng.] TICKLISH Tic"klish, a. 1. Sensible to slight touches; easily tickled; as, the sole of the foot is very ticklish; the hardened palm of the hand is not ticklish. Bacon. 2. Standing so as to be liable to totter and fall at the slightest touch; unfixed; easily affected; unstable. Can any man with comfort lodge in a condition so dismally ticklish Barrow. 3. Difficult; nice; critical; as, a ticklish business. Surely princes had need, in tender matters and ticklish times, to beware what they say. Bacon. -- Tic"klish*ly, adv. -- Tic"klish*ness, n. TICKSEED Tick"seed`, n. Etym: [Tick the insect + seed; cf. G. wanzensamen, literally, bug seed.] 1. A seed or fruit resembling in shape an insect, as that of certain plants. 2. (Bot.) (a) Same as Coreopsis. (b) Any plant of the genus Corispermum, plants of the Goosefoot family. TICKTACK Tick"tack`, n. Etym: [See Tick to beat, to pat, and (for sense 2) cf. Tricktrack.] 1. A noise like that made by a clock or a watch. 2. A kind of backgammon played both with men and pegs; tricktrack. A game at ticktack with words. Milton. TICKTACK Tick"tack`, adv. Defn: With a ticking noise, like that of a watch. TICPOLONGA Tic`po*lon"ga, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A very venomous viper (Daboia Russellii), native of Ceylon and India; -- called also cobra monil. TID Tid, a. Etym: [Cf. AS. tedre, tydere, weak, tender.] Defn: Tender; soft; nice; -- now only used in tidbit. TIDAL Tid"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to tides; caused by tides; having tides; periodically rising and falling, or following and ebbing; as, tidal waters. The tidal wave of deeper souls Into our inmost being rolls, And lifts us unawares Out of all meaner cares. Longfellow. Tidal air (Physiol.), the air which passes in and out of the lungs in ordinary breathing. It varies from twenty to thirty cubic inches. -- Tidal basin, a dock that is filled at the rising of the tide. -- Tidal wave. (a) See Tide wave, under Tide. Cf. 4th Bore. (b) A vast, swift wave caused by an earthquake or some extraordinary combination of natural causes. It rises far above high-water mark and is often very destructive upon low-lying coasts. TIDBIT Tid"bit`, n. Etym: [Tid + bit.] Defn: A delicate or tender piece of anything eatable; a delicious morsel. [Written also titbit.] TIDDE Tid"de, obs. Defn: imp. of Tide, v. i. Chaucer. TIDDER; TIDDLE Tid"der, Tid"dle, v. t. Etym: [Cf. AS. tyderian to grow tender. See Tid.] Defn: To use with tenderness; to fondle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] TIDDLEDYWINKS Tid"dle*dy*winks`, n. Defn: A game in which the object is to snap small disks of bone, ivory, or the like, from a flat surface, as of a table, into a small cup or basket; --called also tiddlywinks. [U. S.] TIDDLYWINKS Tid"dly*winks`, n. Defn: Same as Tiddledywinks. Kipling. TIDE Tide, n. Etym: [AS. tid time; akin to OS. & OFries. tid, D. tijd, G. zeit, OHG. zit, Icel. ti, Sw. & Dan. tid, and probably to Skr. aditi unlimited, endless, where a- is a negative prefix. *58. Cf. Tidings, Tidy, Till, prep., Time.] 1. Time; period; season. [Obsoles.] "This lusty summer's tide." Chaucer. And rest their weary limbs a tide. Spenser. Which, at the appointed tide, Each one did make his bride. Spenser. At the tide of Christ his birth. Fuller. 2. The alternate rising and falling of the waters of the ocean, and of bays, rivers, etc., connected therewith. The tide ebbs and flows twice in each lunar day, or the space of a little more than twenty- four hours. It is occasioned by the attraction of the sun and moon (the influence of the latter being three times that of the former), acting unequally on the waters in different parts of the earth, thus disturbing their equilibrium. A high tide upon one side of the earth is accompanied by a high tide upon the opposite side. Hence, when the sun and moon are in conjunction or opposition, as at new moon and full moon, their action is such as to produce a greater than the usual tide, called the spring tide, as represented in the cut. When the moon is in the first or third quarter, the sun's attraction in part counteracts the effect of the moon's attraction, thus producing under the moon a smaller tide than usual, called the neap tide. Note: The flow or rising of the water is called flood tide, and the reflux, ebb tide. 3. A stream; current; flood; as, a tide of blood. "Let in the tide of knaves once more; my cook and I'll provide." Shak. 4. Tendency or direction of causes, influences, or events; course; current. There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. Shak. 5. Violent confluence. [Obs.] Bacon. 6. (Mining) Defn: The period of twelve hours. Atmospheric tides, tidal movements of the atmosphere similar to those of the ocean, and produced in the same manner by the attractive forces of the sun and moon. -- Inferior tide. See under Inferior, a. -- To work double tides. See under Work, v. t. -- Tide day, the interval between the occurrences of two consecutive maxima of the resultant wave at the same place. Its length varies as the components of sun and moon waves approach to, or recede from, one another. A retardation from this cause is called the lagging of the tide, while the acceleration of the recurrence of high water is termed the priming of the tide. See Lag of the tide, under 2d Lag. -- Tide dial, a dial to exhibit the state of the tides at any time. -- Tide gate. (a) An opening through which water may flow freely when the tide sets in one direction, but which closes automatically and prevents the water from flowing in the other direction. (b) (Naut.) A place where the tide runs with great velocity, as through a gate. -- Tide gauge, a gauge for showing the height of the tide; especially, a contrivance for registering the state of the tide continuously at every instant of time. Brande & C. -- Tide lock, a lock situated between an inclosed basin, or a canal, and the tide water of a harbor or river, when they are on different levels, so that craft can pass either way at all times of the tide; - - called also guard lock. -- Tide mill. (a) A mill operated by the tidal currents. (b) A mill for clearing lands from tide water. -- Tide rip, a body of water made rough by the conflict of opposing tides or currents. -- Tide table, a table giving the time of the rise and fall of the tide at any place. -- Tide water, water affected by the flow of the tide; hence, broadly, the seaboard. -- Tide wave, or Tidal wave, the swell of water as the tide moves. That of the ocean is called primitive; that of bays or channels derivative. Whewell. -- Tide wheel, a water wheel so constructed as to be moved by the ebb or flow of the tide. TIDE Tide, v. t. Defn: To cause to float with the tide; to drive or carry with the tide or stream. They are tided down the stream. Feltham. TIDE Tide, v. i. Etym: [AS. tidan to happen. See Tide, n.] 1. To betide; to happen. [Obs.] What should us tide of this new law Chaucer. 2. To pour a tide or flood. 3. (Naut.) Defn: To work into or out of a river or harbor by drifting with the tide and anchoring when it becomes adverse. TIDED Tid"ed, a. Defn: Affected by the tide; having a tide. "The tided Thames." Bp. Hall. TIDELAND Tide"land, n. Defn: Land that is overflowed by tide water; hence, land near the sea. TIDELESS Tide"less, a. Defn: Having no tide. TIDE-RODE Tide"-rode`, a. (Naut.) Defn: Swung by the tide when at anchor; -- opposed to wind-rode. TIDESMAN Tides"man, n.; pl. Tidesmen (. Defn: A customhouse officer who goes on board of a merchant ship to secure payment of the duties; a tidewaiter. TIDEWAITER Tide"wait`er, n. Defn: A customhouse officer who watches the landing of goods from merchant vessels, in order to secure payment of duties. Swift. TIDEWAY Tide"way`, n. Defn: Channel in which the tide sets. TIDIFE Tid"ife, n. Defn: The blue titmouse. [Prov. Eng.] Note: The "tidif" mentioned in Chaucer is by some supposed to be the titmouse, by others the wren. TIDILY Ti"di*ly, adv. Defn: In a tidy manner. TIDINESS Ti"di*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tidy. TIDING Ti"ding, n. Defn: Tidings. [Obs.] Chaucer. TIDINGS Ti"dings, n. pl. Etym: [OE. tidinge, ti, tidinde, from or influenced by Icel. ti; akin to Dan. tidende, Sw. tidning, G. zeung, AS. tidan to happen, E. betide, tide. See Tide, v. i. & n.] Defn: Account of what has taken place, and was not before known; news. I shall make my master glad with these tidings. Shak. Full well the busy whisper, circling round, Conveyed the dismal tidings when he frowned. Goldsmith. Note: Although tidings is plural in form, it has been used also as a singular. By Shakespeare it was used indiscriminately as a singular or plural. Now near the tidings of our comfort is. Shak. Tidings to the contrary Are brought your eyes. Shak. Syn. -- News; advice; information; intelligence. -- Tidings, News. The term news denotes recent intelligence from any quarter; the term tidings denotes intelligence expected from a particular quarter, showing what has there betided. We may be indifferent as to news, but are always more or less interested in tidings. We read the news daily; we wait for tidings respecting an absent friend or an impending battle. We may be curious to hear the news; we are always anxious for tidings. Evil news rides post, while good news baits. Milton. What tidings dost thou bring Addison. TIDLEY Tid"ley, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The wren. (b) The goldcrest. [Prov. Eng.] TIDOLOGY Tid*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Tide + -logy.] Defn: A discourse or treatise upon the tides; that part of science which treats of tides. J. S. Mill. TIDY Ti"dy, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wren; -- called also tiddy. [Prov. Eng.] The tidy for her notes as delicate as they. Drayton. Note: This name is probably applied also to other small singing birds, as the goldcrest. TIDY Ti"dy, a. [Compar. Tidier; superl. Tidiest.] Etym: [From Tide time, season; cf. D. tijdig timely, G. zeitig, Dan. & Sw. tidig.] 1. Being in proper time; timely; seasonable; favorable; as, tidy weather. [Obs.] If weather be fair and tidy. Tusser. 2. Arranged in good order; orderly; appropriate; neat; kept in proper and becoming neatness, or habitually keeping things so; as, a tidy lass; their dress is tidy; the apartments are well furnished and tidy. A tidy man, that tened [injured] me never. Piers Plowman. TIDY Ti"dy, n.; pl. Tidies (. 1. A cover, often of tatting, drawn work, or other ornamental work, for the back of a chair, the arms of a sofa, or the like. 2. A child's pinafore. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. TIDY Ti"dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tidied; p. pr. & vb. n. Tidying.] Defn: To put in proper order; to make neat; as, to tidy a room; to tidy one's dress. TIDY Ti"dy, v. i. Defn: To make things tidy. [Colloq.] I have tidied and tidied over and over again. Dickens. TIDYTIPS Ti"dy*tips`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A California composite plant (Layia platyglossa), the flower of which has yellow rays tipped with white. TIE Tie, n.; pl. Ties. Etym: [AS. tege, t, tige. *64. See Tie, v. t.] 1. A knot; a fastening. 2. A bond; an obligation, moral or legal; as, the sacred ties of friendship or of duty; the ties of allegiance. No distance breaks the tie of blood. Young. 3. A knot of hair, as at the back of a wig. Young. 4. An equality in numbers, as of votes, scores, etc., which prevents either party from being victorious; equality in any contest, as a race. 5. (Arch. & Engin.) Defn: A beam or rod for holding two parts together; in railways, one of the transverse timbers which support the track and keep it in place. 6. (Mus.) Defn: A line, usually straight, drawn across the stems of notes, or a curved line written over or under the notes, signifying that they are to be slurred, or closely united in the performance, or that two notes of the same pitch are to be sounded as one; a bind; a ligature. 7. pl. Defn: Low shoes fastened with lacings. Bale tie, a fastening for the ends of a hoop for a bale. TIE Tie, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tied (Obs. Tight (); p. pr. & vb. n. Tying.] Etym: [OE. ti, teyen, AS. tigan, tiégan, fr. teág, teáh, a rope; akin to Icel. taug, and AS. teón to draw, to pull. See Tug, v. t., and cf. Tow to drag.] 1. To fasten with a band or cord and knot; to bind. "Tie the kine to the cart." 1 Sam. vi. 7. My son, keep thy father's commandment, and forsake not the law of thy mother: bind them continually upon thine heart, and tie them about thy neck. Prov. vi. 20,21. 2. To form, as a knot, by interlacing or complicating a cord; also, to interlace, or form a knot in; as, to tie a cord to a tree; to knit; to knot. "We do not tie this knot with an intention to puzzle the argument." Bp. Burnet. 3. To unite firmly; to fasten; to hold. In bond of virtuous love together tied. Fairfax. 4. To hold or constrain by authority or moral influence, as by knotted cords; to oblige; to constrain; to restrain; to confine. Not tied to rules of policy, you find Revenge less sweet than a forgiving mind. Dryden. 5. (Mus.) Defn: To unite, as notes, by a cross line, or by a curved line, or slur, drawn over or under them. 6. To make an equal score with, in a contest; to be even with. To ride and tie. See under Ride. -- To tie down. (a) To fasten so as to prevent from rising. (b) To restrain; to confine; to hinder from action. -- To tie up, to confine; to restrain; to hinder from motion or action. TIE Tie, v. i. Defn: To make a tie; to make an equal score. TIEBAR Tie"bar`, n. Defn: A flat bar used as a tie. TIEBEAM Tie"beam`, n. (Arch.) Defn: A beam acting as a tie, as at the bottom of a pair of principal rafters, to prevent them from thrusting out the wall. See Illust. of Timbers, under Roof. Gwilt. TIENDA Ti*en"da, n. [Sp., prop., tent, awning.] Defn: In Cuba, Mexico, etc., a booth, stall, or shop where merchandise is sold. TIER Ti"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, ties. TIER Ti"er, n. Etym: [See Tire a headdress.] Defn: A chold's apron covering the upper part of the body, and tied with tape or cord; a pinafore. [Written also tire.] TIER Tier, n. Etym: [Perhaps fr. OF. tire, F. tire; probably of Teutonic origin; cf. OHG. ziari ornament, G. zier, AS. tir glory, tiér row, rank. But cf. also F. tirer to draw, pull; of Teutonic origin. Cf. Attire, v. t., Tire a headdress, but also Tirade.] Defn: A row or rank, especially one of two or more rows placed one above, or higher than, another; as, a tier of seats in a theater. Tiers of a cable, the ranges of fakes, or windings, of a cable, laid one within another when coiled. TIERCE Tierce, n. Etym: [F. tierce a third, from tiers, tierce, third, fr. L. tertius the third; akin to tres three. See Third, Three, and cf. Terce, Tercet, Tertiary.] 1. A cask whose content is one third of a pipe; that is, forty-two wine gallons; also, a liquid measure of forty-two wine, or thirty- five imperial, gallons. 2. A cask larger than a barrel, and smaller than a hogshead or a puncheon, in which salt provisions, rice, etc., are packed for shipment. 3. (Mus.) Defn: The third tone of the scale. See Mediant. 4. A sequence of three playing cards of the same suit. Tierce of ace, king, queen, is called tierce-major. 5. (Fencing) Defn: A position in thrusting or parrying in which the wrist and nails are turned downward. 6. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The third hour of the day, or nine a.m.; one of the canonical hours; also, the service appointed for that hour. TIERCE Tier*cé", a. Etym: [F.] (Her.) Defn: Divided into three equal parts of three different tinctures; -- said of an escutcheon. TIERCEL; TIERCELET Tier"cel, Tierce"let, n. Etym: [OE. tercel, tercelet, F. tiercelet, a dim. of (assumed) tiercel, or LL. tertiolus, dim. fr. L. tertius the third; -- so called, according to some, because every third bird in the nest is a male, or, according to others, because the male is the third part less than female. Cf. Tercel.] (Falconry) Defn: The male of various falcons, esp. of the peregrine; also, the male of the goshawk. Encyc. Brit. TIERCE-MAJOR Tierce"-ma`jor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tierce majeure.] (Card Playing) Defn: See Tierce, 4. TIERCET Tier"cet, n. Etym: [F. tercet. See Tercet.] (Pros.) Defn: A triplet; three lines, or three lines rhyming together. TIE-ROD Tie"-rod, n. Defn: A rod used as a tie. See Tie. TIERS ETAT Tiers` é`tat". Etym: [F.] Defn: The third estate, or commonalty, in France, answering to the commons in Great Britain; -- so called in distinction from, and as inferior to, the nobles and clergy. Note: The refusal of the clergy and nobility to give the tiers état a representation in the States-general proportioned to their actual numbers had an important influence in bringing on the French Revolution of 1789. Since that time the term has been purely historical. TIETICK Tie"tick, n. Defn: The meadow pipit. [Prov. Eng]. TIEWIG Tie"wig`, n. Defn: A wig having a tie or ties, or one having some of the curls tied up; also, a wig tied upon the head. Wright. V. Knox. TIFF Tiff, n. Etym: [Originally, a sniff, sniffing; cf. Icel. a smell, to sniff, Norw. tev a drawing in of the breath, teva to sniff, smell, dial. Sw. tüv smell, scent, taste.] 1. Liquor; especially, a small draught of liquor. "Sipping his tiff of brandy punch." Sir W. Scott. 2. A fit of anger or peevishness; a slight altercation or contention. See Tift. Thackeray. TIFF Tiff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tiffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tiffing.] Defn: To be in a pet. She tiffed with Tim, she ran from Ralph. Landor. TIFF Tiff, v. t. Etym: [OE. tiffen, OF. tiffer, tifer, to bedizen; cf. D. tippen to clip the points or ends of the hair, E. tip, n.] Defn: To deck out; to dress. [Obs.] A. Tucker. TIFFANY Tif"fa*ny, n. Etym: [OE. tiffenay; cf. OF. tiffe ornament, tiffer to adjust, adorn. See Tiff to dress.] Defn: A species of gause, or very silk. The smoke of sulphur . . . is commonly used by women to whiten tiffanies. Sir T. Browne. TIFFIN Tif"fin, n. Etym: [Properly, tiffing a quaffing, a drinking. See Tiff, n.] Defn: A lunch, or slight repast between breakfast and dinner; -- originally, a Provincial English word, but introduced into India, and brought back to England in a special sense. TIFFISH Tiff"ish, a. Defn: Inclined to tiffs; peevish; petulant. TIFT Tift, n. Etym: [Cf. Norw. teft a scent. See Tiff, n.] Defn: A fit of pettishness, or slight anger; a tiff. After all your fatigue you seem as ready for a tift with me as if you had newly come from church. Blackwood's Mag. TIG Tig, n. 1. A game among children. See Tag. 2. A capacious, flat-bottomed drinking cup, generally with four handles, formerly used for passing around the table at convivial entertainment. TIGELLA Ti*gel"la, n. Etym: [NL., from F. tige stem or stock.] (Bot.) Defn: That part of an embryo which represents the young stem; the caulicle or radicle. TIGELLE Ti*gelle", n. Etym: [F.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Tigella. TIGER Ti"ger, n. Etym: [OE. tigre, F. tigre, L. tigris, Gr. ti`gris; probably of Persian origin; cf. Zend tighra pointed, tighri an arrow, Per. tir; perhaps akin to E. stick, v.t.; -- probably so named from its quickness.] 1. A very large and powerful carnivore (Felis tigris) native of Southern Asia and the East Indies. Its back and sides are tawny or rufous yellow, transversely striped with black, the tail is ringed with black, the throat and belly are nearly white. When full grown, it equals or exceeds the lion in size and strength. Called also royal tiger, and Bengal tiger. 2. Fig.: A ferocious, bloodthirsty person. As for heinous tiger, Tamora. Shak. 3. A servant in livery, who rids with his master or mistress. Dickens. 4. A kind of growl or screech, after cheering; as, three cheers and a tiger. [Colloq. U.S.] 5. A pneumatic box or pan used in refining sugar. American tiger. (Zoöl.) (a) The puma. (b) The jaguar. -- Clouded tiger (Zoöl.), a handsome striped and spotted carnivore (Felis macrocelis or F. marmorata) native of the East Indies and Southern Asia. Its body is about three and a half feet long, and its tail about three feet long. Its ground color is brownish gray, and the dark markings are irregular stripes, spots, and rings, but there are always two dark bands on the face, one extending back from the eye, and one from the angle of the mouth. Called also tortoise-shell tiger. -- Mexican tiger (Zoöl.), the jaguar. -- Tiger beetle (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of active carnivorous beetles of the family Cicindelidæ. They usually inhabit dry or sandy places, and fly rapidly. -- Tiger bittern. (Zoöl.) See Sun bittern, under Sun. -- Tiger cat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of wild cats of moderate size with dark transverse bars or stripes somewhat resembling those of the tiger. -- Tiger flower (Bot.), an iridaceous plant of the genus Tigridia (as T. conchiflora, T. grandiflora, etc.) having showy flowers, spotted or streaked somewhat like the skin of a tiger. -- Tiger grass (Bot.), a low East Indian fan palm (Chamærops Ritchieana). It is used in many ways by the natives. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). -- Tiger lily. (Bot.) See under Lily. -- Tiger moth (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of moths of the family Arctiadæ which are striped or barred with black and white or with other conspicuous colors. The larvæ are called woolly bears. -- Tiger shark (Zoöl.), a voracious shark (Galeocerdo maculatus or tigrinus) more or less barred or spotted with yellow. It is found in both the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. Called also zebra shark. -- Tiger shell (Zoöl.), a large and conspicuously spotted cowrie (Cypræa tigris); -- so called from its fancied resemblance to a tiger in color and markings. Called also tiger cowrie. -- Tiger wolf (Zoöl.), the spotted hyena (Hyæna crocuta). -- Tiger wood, the variegated heartwood of a tree (Machærium Schomburgkii) found in Guiana. TIGER-EYE Ti"ger-eye`, n. (Min.) Defn: A siliceous stone of a yellow color and chatoyant luster, obtained in South Africa and much used for ornament. It is an altered form of the mineral crocidolite. See Crocidolite. TIGER-FOOT Ti"ger-foot`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Tiger's-foot. TIGER-FOOTED Ti"ger-foot`ed, a. Defn: Hastening to devour; furious. TIGERINE Ti"ger*ine, a. Defn: Tigerish; tigrine. [R.] TIGERISH Ti"ger*ish, a. Defn: Like a tiger; tigrish. TIGER'S-FOOT Ti"ger's-foot`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to some species of morning-glory (Ipomoea) having the leaves lobed in pedate fashion. TIGH Tigh, n. Etym: [Perhaps akin to tight.] Defn: A close, or inclosure; a croft. [Obs.] Cowell. TIGHT Tight, obs. Defn: p. p. of Tie. Spenser. TIGHT Tight, a. [Compar. Tighter; superl. Tightest.] Etym: [OE. tight, thiht; probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. , Dan. tæt, Sw. tät: akin to D. & G. dicht thick, tight, and perhaps to E. thee to thrive, or to thick. Cf. Taut.] 1. Firmly held together; compact; not loose or open; as, tight cloth; a tight knot. 2. Close, so as not to admit the passage of a liquid or other fluid; not leaky; as, a tight ship; a tight cask; a tight room; -- often used in this sense as the second member of a compound; as, water- tight; air-tight. 3. Fitting close, or too close, to the body; as, a tight coat or other garment. 4. Not ragged; whole; neat; tidy. Clad very plain, but clean and tight. Evelyn. I'll spin and card, and keep our children tight. Gay. 5. Close; parsimonious; saving; as, a man tight in his dealings. [Colloq.] 6. Not slack or loose; firmly stretched; taut; -- applied to a rope, chain, or the like, extended or stretched out. 7. Handy; adroit; brisk. [Obs.] Shak. 8. Somewhat intoxicated; tipsy. [Slang] 9. (Com.) Defn: Pressing; stringent; not easy; firmly held; dear; -- said of money or the money market. Cf. Easy, 7. TIGHT Tight, v. t. Defn: To tighten. [Obs.] TIGHTEN Tight"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tightened; p. pr. & vb. n. Tightening.] Defn: To draw tighter; to straiten; to make more close in any manner. Just where I please, with tightened rein I'll urge thee round the dusty plain. Fawkes. Tightening pulley (Mach.), a pulley which rests, or is forced, against a driving belt to tighten it. TIGHTENER Tight"en*er, n. Defn: That which tightens; specifically (Mach.), a tightening pulley. TIGHTER Tight"er, n. Defn: A ribbon or string used to draw clothes closer. [Obs.] TIGHTLY Tight"ly, adv. Defn: In a tight manner; closely; nearly. TIGHTNESS Tight"ness, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being tight. TIGHTS Tights, n. pl. Defn: Close-fitting garments, especially for the lower part of the body and the legs. TIGLIC Tig"lic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C4H7CO2H (called also methyl crotonic acid), homologous with crotonic acid, and obtained from croton oil (from Croton Tiglium) as a white crystalline substance. TIGRESS Ti"gress, n. Etym: [From Tiger: cf. F. tigresse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The female of the tiger. Holland. TIGRINE Ti"grine, a. Etym: [L. tigrinus, fr. tigris a tiger.] 1. Of or pertaining to a tiger; like a tiger. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling the tiger in color; as, the tigrine cat (Felis tigrina) of South America. TIGRISH Ti"grish, a. Defn: Resembling a tiger; tigerish. TIKE Tike, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tick. See 2d Tick. [Obs.] TIKE Tike, n. Etym: [Icel. tik a bitch; akin to Sw. tik.] 1. A dog; a cur. "Bobtail tike or trundle-tail." Shak. 2. A countryman or clown; a boorish person. TIKOR Tik"or, n. [Hind. tikhur.] Defn: A starch or arrow-root made from the tubes of an East Indian zinziberaceous plant (Curcuma angustifolia); also, the plant itself. TIKUR; TIKOOR Ti*kur", Ti*koor", n. [Hind. tikr.] Defn: An East Indian tree (Garcinia pedunculata) having a large yellow fleshy fruit with a pleasant acid flavor. TIKUS Ti"kus, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The bulau. TIL Til, prep. & conj. Defn: See Till. [Obs.] Chaucer. TILBURY Til"bu*ry, n.; pl. Tilburies. Etym: [Probably from Tilburyfort, in the Country of Essex, in England.] Defn: A kind of gig or two-wheeled carriage, without a top or cover. [Written also tilburgh.] TILDE Til"de, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. L. titulus a superscription, title, token, sign. See Title, n.] Defn: The accentual mark placed over n, and sometimes over l, in Spanish words [thus, ñ, l], indicating that, in pronunciation, the sound of the following vowel is to be preceded by that of the initial, or consonantal, y. TILE Tile, v. t. Etym: [See 2d Tiler.] Defn: To protect from the intrusion of the uninitiated; as, to tile a Masonic lodge. TILE Tile, n. Etym: [OE. tile, tigel, AS. tigel, tigol, fr. L. tegula, from tegere to cover. See Thatch, and cf. Tegular.] 1. A plate, or thin piece, of baked clay, used for covering the roofs of buildings, for floors, for drains, and often for ornamental mantel works. 2. (Arch.) (a) A small slab of marble or other material used for flooring. (b) A plate of metal used for roofing. 3. (Metal.) Defn: A small, flat piece of dried earth or earthenware, used to cover vessels in which metals are fused. 4. A draintile. 5. A stiff hat. [Colloq.] Dickens. Tile drain, a drain made of tiles. -- Tile earth, a species of strong, clayey earth; stiff and stubborn land. [Prov. Eng.] -- Tile kiln, a kiln in which tiles are burnt; a tilery. -- Tile ore (Min.), an earthy variety of cuprite. -- Tile red, light red like the color of tiles or bricks. -- Tile tea, a kind of hard, flat brick tea. See Brick tea, under Brick. TILE Tile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tiling.] 1. To cover with tiles; as, to tile a house. 2. Fig.: To cover, as if with tiles. The muscle, sinew, and vein, Which tile this house, will come again. Donne. TILE-DRAIN Tile"-drain`, v. t. Defn: To drain by means of tiles; to furnish with a tile drain. TILEFISH Tile"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, edible, deep-water food fish (Lopholatilus chamæleonticeps) more or less thickly covered with large, round, yellow spots. Note: It was discovered off the Eastern coast of the United States in 1880, and was abundant in 1881, but is believed to have become extinct in 1882. TILER Til"er, n. Defn: A man whose occupation is to cover buildings with tiles. Bancroft. TILER Til"er, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin, but probably from E. tile, n.] Defn: A doorkeeper or attendant at a lodge of Freemasons. [Written also tyler.] TILERY Til"er*y, n.; pl. Tileries. Etym: [From Tile; cf. F. tuilerie, fr. tuile a tile, L. tegula.] Defn: A place where tiles are made or burned; a tile kiln. TILESEED Tile"seed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Geissois, having seeds overlapping like tiles on a roof. TILESTONE Tile"stone`, n. 1. (Geol.) Defn: A kind of laminated shale or sandstone belonging to some of the layers of the Upper Silurian. 2. A tile of stone. TILIA Til"i*a, n. [L., linden. Cf. Teil.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees, the lindens, the type of the family Tiliaceæ, distinguished by the winglike bract coalescent with the peduncle, and by the indehiscent fruit having one or two seeds. There are about twenty species, natives of temperate regions. Many species are planted as ornamental shade trees, and the tough fibrous inner bark is a valuable article of commerce. Also, a plant of this genus. TILIACEOUS Til`i*a"ceous, a. Etym: [OE. tilia the linden tree.] (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Tiliaceæ) of which the linden (Tilia) is the type. The order includes many plants which furnish a valuable fiber, as the jute. TILING Til"ing, n. 1. A surface covered with tiles, or composed of tiles. They . . . let him down through the tiling. Luke v. 19. 2. Tiles, collectively. TILL Till, n. Etym: [Abbrev. from lentil.] Defn: A vetch; a tare. [Prov. Eng.] TILL Till, n. Etym: [Properly, a drawer, from OE. tillen to draw. See Tiller the lever of a rudder.] Defn: A drawer. Specifically: (a) A tray or drawer in a chest. (b) A money drawer in a shop or store. Till alarm, a device for sounding an alarm when a money drawer is opened or tampered with. TILL Till, n. 1. (Geol.) Defn: A deposit of clay, sand, and gravel, without lamination, formed in a glacier valley by means of the waters derived from the melting glaciers; -- sometimes applied to alluvium of an upper river terrace, when not laminated, and appearing as if formed in the same manner. 2. A kind of coarse, obdurate land. Loudon. TILL Till, prep. Etym: [OE. til, Icel. til; akin to Dan. til, Sw. till, OFries. til, also to AS. til good, excellent, G. ziel end, limit, object, OHG. zil, Goth. tils, gatils, fit, convenient, and E. till to cultivate. See Till, v. t.] Defn: To; unto; up to; as far as; until; -- now used only in respect to time, but formerly, also, of place, degree, etc., and still so used in Scotland and in parts of England and Ireland; as, I worked till four o'clock; I will wait till next week. He . . . came till an house. Chaucer. Women, up till this Cramped under worse than South-sea-isle taboo. Tennyson. Similar sentiments will recur to every one familiar with his writings -- all through them till the very end. Prof. Wilson. Till now, to the present time. -- Till then, to that time. TILL Till, conj. Defn: As far as; up to the place or degree that; especially, up to the time that; that is, to the time specified in the sentence or clause following; until. And said unto them, Occupy till I come. Luke xix. 13. Mediate so long till you make some act of prayer to God. Jer. Taylor. There was no outbreak till the regiment arrived. Macaulay. Note: This use may be explained by supposing an ellipsis of when, or the time when, the proper conjunction or conjunctive adverb begin when. TILL Till, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tilling.] Etym: [OE. tilen, tilien, AS. tilian, teolian, to aim, strive for, till; akin to OS. tilian to get, D. telen to propagate, G. zielen to aim, ziel an end, object, and perhaps also to E. tide, time, from the idea of something fixed or definite. Cf. Teal, Till, prep..] 1. To plow and prepare for seed, and to sow, dress, raise crops from, etc., to cultivate; as, to till the earth, a field, a farm. No field nolde [would not] tilye. P. Plowman. the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken. Gen. iii. 23. 2. To prepare; to get. [Obs.] W. Browne. TILL Till, v. i. Defn: To cultivate land. Piers Plowman. TILLABLE Till"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being tilled; fit for the plow; arable. TILLAGE Till"age, n. 1. The operation, practice, or art of tilling or preparing land for seed, and keeping the ground in a proper state for the growth of crops. 2. A place tilled or cultivated; cultivated land. Syn. -- Cultivation; culture; husbandry; farming; agriculture. TILLANDSIA Til*land"si*a, n. Etym: [NL. So named after Prof. Tillands, of Abo, in Finland.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of epiphytic endogenous plants found in the Southern United States and in tropical America. Tillandsia usneoides, called long moss, black moss, Spanish moss, and Florida moss, has a very slender pendulous branching stem, and forms great hanging tufts on the branches of trees. It is often used for stuffing mattresses. TILLER Till"er, n. Etym: [From Till, v. t.] Defn: One who tills; a husbandman; a cultivator; a plowman. TILLER Till"er, n. Etym: [AS. telgor a small branch. Cf. Till to cultivate.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A shoot of a plant, springing from the root or bottom of the original stalk; a sucker. (b) A sprout or young tree that springs from a root or stump. 2. A young timber tree. [Prov. Eng.] Evelyn. TILLER Till"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tillered; p. pr. & vb. n. Tillering.] Defn: To put forth new shoots from the root, or round the bottom of the original stalk; as, wheat or rye tillers; some spread plants by tillering. [Sometimes written tillow.] TILLER Till"er, n. Etym: [From OE. tillen, tullen, to draw, pull; probably fr. AS. tyllan in fortyllan to lead astray; or cf. D. tillen to lift up. Cf. Till a drawer.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A lever of wood or metal fitted to the rudder head and used for turning side to side in steering. In small boats hand power is used; in large vessels, the tiller is moved by means of mechanical appliances. See Illust. of Rudder. Cf. 2d Helm, 1. 2. The stalk, or handle, of a crossbow; also, sometimes, the bow itself. [Obs.] You can shoot in a tiller. Beau. & Fl. 3. The handle of anything. [Prov. Eng.] 4. A small drawer; a till. Dryden. Tiller rope (Naut.), a rope for turning a tiller. In a large vessel it forms the connection between the fore end of the tiller and the steering wheel. TILLEY; TILLEY SEED Til"ley, n., or Til"ley seed`. (Bot.) Defn: The seeds of a small tree (Croton Pavana) common in the Malay Archipelago. These seeds furnish croton oil, like those of Croton Tiglium. [Written also tilly.] TILLMAN Till"man, n.; pl. Tillmen (. Defn: A man who tills the earth; a husbandman. [Obs.] Tusser. TILLODONT Til"lo*dont, n. Defn: One of the Tillodontia. TILLODONTIA Til`lo*don"ti*a, n. pl. (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct group of Mammalia found fossil in the Eocene formation. The species are related to the carnivores, ungulates, and rodents. Called also Tillodonta. TILLOT Til"lot, n. Defn: A bag made of thin glazed muslin, used as a wrapper for dress goods. McElrath. TILLOW Til"low, v. i. Defn: See 3d Tiller. TILLY-VALLY Til"ly-val`ly, interj., adv., or a. Defn: A word of unknown origin and signification, formerly used as expressive of contempt, or when anything said was reject as trifling or impertinent. [Written also tille-vally, tilly-fally, tille-fally, and otherwise.] Shak. TILMUS Til"mus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Floccillation. TIL SEED Til seed (til; tel). (a) The seed of sesame. (b) The seed of an African asteraceous plant (Guizotia abyssinica), yielding a bland fixed oil used in medicine. TILT Tilt, n. Etym: [OE. telt (perhaps from the Danish), teld, AS. teld, geteld; akin to OD. telde, G. zelt, Icel. tjald, Sw. tält, tjäll, Dan. telt, and ASThe beteldan to cover.] 1. A covering overhead; especially, a tent. Denham. 2. The cloth covering of a cart or a wagon. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A cloth cover of a boat; a small canopy or awning extended over the sternsheets of a boat. Tilt boat (Naut.), a boat covered with canvas or other cloth. -- Tilt roof (Arch.), a round-headed roof, like the canopy of a wagon. TILT Tilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tilted; p. pr. & vb. n. Tilting.] Defn: To cover with a tilt, or awning. TILT Tilt, v. t. Etym: [OE. tilten, tulten, to totter, fall, AS. tealt unstable, precarious; akin to tealtrian to totter, to vacillate, D. tel amble, ambling pace, G. zelt, Icel. tölt an ambling pace, tölta to amble. Cf. Totter.] 1. To incline; to tip; to raise one end of for discharging liquor; as, to tilt a barrel. 2. To point or thrust, as a lance. Sons against fathers tilt the fatal lance. J. Philips. 3. To point or thrust a weapon at. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. 4. To hammer or forge with a tilt hammer; as, to tilt steel in order to render it more ductile. TILT Tilt, v. i. 1. To run or ride, and thrust with a lance; to practice the military game or exercise of thrusting with a lance, as a combatant on horseback; to joust; also, figuratively, to engage in any combat or movement resembling that of horsemen tilting with lances. He tilts With piercing steel at bold Mercutio's breast. Shak. Swords out, and tilting one at other's breast. Shak. But in this tournament can no man tilt. Tennyson. The fleet, swift tilting, o'er the Pope. 2. To lean; to fall partly over; to tip. The trunk of the body is kept from tilting forward by the muscles of the back. Grew. TILT Tilt, n. 1. A thrust, as with a lance. Addison. 2. A military exercise on horseback, in which the combatants attacked each other with lances; a tournament. 3. See Tilt hammer, in the Vocabulary. 4. Inclination forward; as, the tilt of a cask. Full tilt, with full force. Dampier. TILTER Tilt"er, n. 1. One who tilts, or jousts; hence, one who fights. Let me alone to match your tilter. Glanville. 2. One who operates a tilt hammer. TILTH Tilth, n. Etym: [AS. til, fr. tilian to till. See Till to cultivate.] 1. The state of being tilled, or prepared for a crop; culture; as, land is good tilth. The tilth and rank fertility of its golden youth. De Quincey. 2. That which is tilled; tillage ground. [R.] And so by tilth and grange . . . We gained the mother city. Tennyson. TILT HAMMER Tilt" ham`mer. Defn: A tilted hammer; a heavy hammer, used in iron works, which is lifted or tilted by projections or wipers on a revolving shaft; a trip hammer. TILTING Tilt"ing, n. 1. The act of one who tilts; a tilt. 2. The process by which blister steel is rendered ductile by being forged with a tilt hammer. Tilting helmet, a helmet of large size and unusual weight and strength, worn at tilts. TILT-MILL Tilt"-mill`, n. Defn: A mill where a tilt hammer is used, or where the process of tilting is carried on. TIL TREE Til" tree`. (Bot.) Defn: See Teil. TILT-UP Tilt"-up`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tip-up. TILT-YARD Tilt"-yard`, n. Defn: A yard or place for tilting. "The tilt-yard of Templestowe." Sir W. Scott. TIMAL Ti"mal, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The blue titmouse. [Prov. Eng.] TIMALINE Tim"a*line, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the genus Timalus or family Timalidæ, which includes the babblers thrushes, and bulbuls. TIMBAL Tim"bal, n. Defn: A kettledrum. See Tymbal. TIMBALE Tim`bale", n. [F., prop., a kettledrum; -- so named from the form of the mold used. Cf. Timbal.] (Cookery) Defn: A seasoned preparation, as of chicken, lobster, cheese, or fish, cooked in a drum-shaped mold; also, a pastry case, usually small, filled with a cooked mixture. TIMBER Tim"ber, n. Etym: [Probably the same word as timber sort of wood; cf. Sw. timber, LG. timmer, MHG. zimber, G. zimmer, F. timbre, LL. timbrium. Cf. Timmer.] (Com.) Defn: A certain quantity of fur skins, as of martens, ermines, sables, etc., packed between boards; being in some cases forty skins, in others one hundred and twenty; -- called also timmer. [Written also timbre.] TIMBER Tim"ber, n. Etym: [F. timbre. See Timbre.] (Her.) Defn: The crest on a coat of arms. [Written also timbre.] TIMBER Tim"ber, v. t. Defn: To surmount as a timber does. [Obs.] TIMBER Tim"ber, n. Etym: [AS. timbor, timber, wood, building; akin to OFries. timber, D. timmer a room, G. zimmer, OHG. zimbar timber, a dwelling, room, Icel. timbr timber, Sw. timmer, Dan. tömmer, Goth. timrjan to build, timrja a builder, L. domus a house, Gr. dama a house. *62. Cf. Dome, Domestic.] 1. That sort of wood which is proper for buildings or for tools, utensils, furniture, carriages, fences, ships, and the like; -- usually said of felled trees, but sometimes of those standing. Cf. Lumber, 3. And ta'en my fiddle to the gate, . . . And fiddled in the timber! Tennyson. 2. The body, stem, or trunk of a tree. 3. Fig.: Material for any structure. Such dispositions are the very errors of human nature; and yet they are the fittest timber to make politics of. Bacon. 4. A single piece or squared stick of wood intended for building, or already framed; collectively, the larger pieces or sticks of wood, forming the framework of a house, ship, or other structure, in distinction from the covering or boarding. So they prepared timber . . . to build the house. 1 Kings v. 18. Many of the timbers were decayed. W. Coxe. 5. Woods or forest; wooden land. [Western U.S.] 6. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A rib, or a curving piece of wood, branching outward from the keel and bending upward in a vertical direction. One timber is composed of several pieces united. Timber and room. (Shipbuilding) Same as Room and space. See under Room. -- Timber beetle (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of beetles the larvæ of which bore in timber; as, the silky timber beetle (Lymexylon sericeum). -- Timber doodle (Zoöl.), the American woodcock. [Local, U.S.] -- Timber grouse (Zoöl.), any species of grouse that inhabits woods, as the ruffed grouse and spruce partridge; -- distinguished from prairie grouse. -- Timber hitch (Naut.), a kind of hitch used for temporarily marking fast a rope to a spar. See Illust. under Hitch. -- Timber mare, a kind of instrument upon which soldiers were formerly compelled to ride for punishment. Johnson. -- Timber scribe, a metal tool or pointed instrument for marking timber. Simmonds. -- Timber sow. (Zoöl.) Same as Timber worm, below. Bacon. -- Timber tree, a tree suitable for timber. -- Timber worm (Zoöl.), any larval insect which burrows in timber. -- Timber yard, a yard or place where timber is deposited. TIMBER Tim"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Timbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Timbering.] Defn: To furnish with timber; -- chiefly used in the past participle. His bark is stoutly timbered. Shak. TIMBER Tim"ber, v. i. 1. To light on a tree. [Obs.] 2. (Falconry) Defn: To make a nest. TIMBERED Tim"bered, a. 1. Furnished with timber; -- often compounded; as, a well-timbered house; a low-timbered house. L'Estrange. 2. Built; formed; contrived. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. 3. Massive, like timber. [Obs.] His timbered bones all broken, rudely rumbled. Spenser. 4. Covered with growth timber; wooden; as, well-timbered land. TIMBERHEAD Tim"ber*head`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The top end of a timber, rising above the gunwale, and serving for belaying ropes, etc.; -- called also kevel head. TIMBERING Tim"ber*ing, n. Defn: The act of furnishing with timber; also, timbers, collectively; timberwork; timber. TIMBERLING Tim"ber*ling, n. Etym: [Timber + -ling.] Defn: A small tree. [Eng.] TIMBERMAN Tim"ber*man, n.; pl. Timbermen (. (Mining) Defn: A man employed in placing supports of timber in a mine. Weale. TIMBERWORK Tim"ber*work`, n. Defn: Work made of timbers. TIMBRE Tim"bre, n. Defn: See 1st Timber. TIMBRE Tim"bre, n. Etym: [F., a bell to be struck with a hammer, sound, tone, stamp, crest, in OF., a timbrel. Cf. Timbrel.] 1. (Her.) Defn: The crest on a coat of arms. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The quality or tone distinguishing voices or instruments; tone color; clang tint; as, the timbre of the voice; the timbre of a violin. See Tone, and Partial tones, under Partial. TIMBREL Tim"brel, n. Etym: [Dim. of OE. timbre, OF. timbre; probably fr. L. typmanum, Gr. tabl a drum; cf. Per. tambal a drum. See Tympanum, and cf. 2d Timbre, Tymbal.] (Mus.) Defn: A kind of drum, tabor, or tabret, in use from the highest antiquity. Miriam . . . took a timbrel in her hand, and all the women went out after her with timbrels and with dances. Ex. xv. 20. TIMBRELED; TIMBRELLED Tim"breled, Tim"brelled, a. Defn: Sung to the sound of the timbrel. "In vain with timbreled anthems dark." Milton. TIMBURINE Tim`bu*rine", n. Defn: A tambourine. [Obs.] TIME Time, n.; pl. Times. Etym: [OE. time, AS. tima, akin to tid time, and to Icel. timi, Dan. time an hour, Sw. timme. *58. See Tide, n.] 1. Duration, considered independently of any system of measurement or any employment of terms which designate limited portions thereof. The time wasteth [i. e. passes away] night and day. Chaucer. I know of no ideas . . . that have a better claim to be accounted simple and original than those of space and time. Reid. 2. A particular period or part of duration, whether past, present, or future; a point or portion of duration; as, the time was, or has been; the time is, or will be. God, who at sundry times and in divers manners spake in time past unto the fathers by the prophets. Heb. i. 1. 3. The period at which any definite event occurred, or person lived; age; period; era; as, the Spanish Armada was destroyed in the time of Queen Elizabeth; -- often in the plural; as, ancient times; modern times. 4. The duration of one's life; the hours and days which a person has at his disposal. Believe me, your time is not your own; it belongs to God, to religion, to mankind. Buckminster. 5. A proper time; a season; an opportunity. There is . . . a time to every purpose. Eccl. iii. 1. The time of figs was not yet. Mark xi. 13. 6. Hour of travail, delivery, or parturition. She was within one month of her time. Clarendon. 7. Performance or occurrence of an action or event, considered with reference to repetition; addition of a number to itself; repetition; as, to double cloth four times; four times four, or sixteen. Summers three times eight save one. Milton. 8. The present life; existence in this world as contrasted with immortal life; definite, as contrasted with infinite, duration. Till time and sin together cease. Keble. 9. (Gram.) Defn: Tense. 10. (Mus.) Defn: The measured duration of sounds; measure; tempo; rate of movement; rhythmical division; as, common or triple time; the musician keeps good time. Some few lines set unto a solemn time. Beau. & Fl. Note: Time is often used in the formation of compounds, mostly self- explaining; as, time-battered, time-beguiling, time-consecrated, time-consuming, time-enduring, time-killing, time-sanctioned, time- scorner, time-wasting, time-worn, etc. Absolute time, time irrespective of local standards or epochs; as, all spectators see a lunar eclipse at the same instant of absolute time. -- Apparent time, the time of day reckoned by the sun, or so that 12 o'clock at the place is the instant of the transit of the sun's center over the meridian. -- Astronomical time, mean solar time reckoned by counting the hours continuously up to twenty-four from one noon to the next. -- At times, at distinct intervals of duration; now and then; as, at times he reads, at other times he rides. -- Civil time, time as reckoned for the purposes of common life in distinct periods, as years, months, days, hours, etc., the latter, among most modern nations, being divided into two series of twelve each, and reckoned, the first series from midnight to noon, the second, from noon to midnight. -- Common time (Mil.), the ordinary time of marching, in which ninety steps, each twenty-eight inches in length, are taken in one minute. -- Equation of time. See under Equation, n. -- In time. (a) In good season; sufficiently early; as, he arrived in time to see the exhibition. (b) After a considerable space of duration; eventually; finally; as, you will in time recover your health and strength. -- Mean time. See under 4th Mean. -- Quick time (Mil.), time of marching, in which one hundred and twenty steps, each thirty inches in length, are taken in one minute. -- Sidereal time. See under Sidereal. -- Standard time, the civil time that has been established by law or by general usage over a region or country. In England the standard time is Greenwich mean solar time. In the United States and Canada four kinds of standard time have been adopted by the railroads and accepted by the people, viz., Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific time, corresponding severally to the mean local times of the 75th, 90th, 105th, and 120th meridians west from Greenwich, and being therefore five, six, seven, and eight hours slower than Greenwich time. -- Time ball, a ball arranged to drop from the summit of a pole, to indicate true midday time, as at Greenwich Observatory, England. Nichol. -- Time bargain (Com.), a contract made for the sale or purchase of merchandise, or of stock in the public funds, at a certain time in the future. -- Time bill. Same as Time-table. [Eng.] -- Time book, a book in which is kept a record of the time persons have worked. -- Time detector, a timepiece provided with a device for registering and indicating the exact time when a watchman visits certain stations in his beat. -- Time enough, in season; early enough. "Stanly at Bosworth field, . . . came time enough to save his life." Bacon. -- Time fuse, a fuse, as for an explosive projectile, which can be so arranged as to ignite the charge at a certain definite interval after being itself ignited. -- Time immemorial, or Time out of mind. (Eng. Law) See under Immemorial. -- Time lock, a lock having clockwork attached, which, when wound up, prevents the bolt from being withdrawn when locked, until a certain interval of time has elapsed. -- Time of day, salutation appropriate to the times of the day, as "good morning," "good evening," and the like; greeting. -- To kill time. See under Kill, v. t. -- To make time. (a) To gain time. (b) To occupy or use (a certain) time in doing something; as, the trotting horse made fast time. -- To move, run, or go, against time, to move, run, or go a given distance without a competitor, in the quickest possible time; or, to accomplish the greatest distance which can be passed over in a given time; as, the horse is to run against time. -- True time. (a) Mean time as kept by a clock going uniformly. (b) (Astron.) Apparent time as reckoned from the transit of the sun's center over the meridian. TIME Time, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Timed; p. pr. & vb. n. Timing.] 1. To appoint the time for; to bring, begin, or perform at the proper season or time; as, he timed his appearance rightly. There is no greater wisdom than well to time the beginnings and onsets of things. Bacon. 2. To regulate as to time; to accompany, or agree with, in time of movement. Who overlooked the oars, and timed the stroke. Addison. He was a thing of blood, whose every motion Was timed with dying cries. Shak. 3. To ascertain or record the time, duration, or rate of; as, to time the speed of horses, or hours for workmen. 4. To measure, as in music or harmony. TIME Time, v. i. 1. To keep or beat time; to proceed or move in time. With oar strokes timing to their song. Whittier. 2. To pass time; to delay. [Obs.] TIMEFUL Time"ful, a. Defn: Seasonable; timely; sufficiently early. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. TIME-HONORED Time"-hon`ored, a. Defn: Honored for a long time; venerable, and worthy of honor, by reason of antiquity, or long continuance. TIMEKEEPER Time"keep`er, n. 1. A clock, watch, or other chronometer; a timepiece. 2. A person who keeps, marks, regulates, or determines the time. Specifically: -- (a) A person who keeps a record of the time spent by workmen at their work. (b) One who gives the time for the departure of conveyances. (c) One who marks the time in musical performances. (d) One appointed to mark and declare the time of participants in races or other contests. TIMELESS Time"less, a. 1. Done at an improper time; unseasonable; untimely. [R.] Nor fits it to prolong the heavenly feast Timeless, indecent. Pope. 2. Done or occurring before the proper time; premature; immature; as, a timeless grave. [Obs.] Must I behold thy timeless, cruel death Shak. 3. Having no end; interminable; unending. "Timeless night and chaos." Young. TIMELESSLY Time"less*ly, adv. Defn: In a timeless manner; unseasonably. [R.] Milton. TIMELINESS Time"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being timely; seasonableness; opportuneness. TIMELING Time"ling, n. Defn: A timeserver. [Obs.] TIMELY Time"ly, a. [Compar. Timelier; superl. Timeliest.] 1. Being or occurring in good time; sufficiently early; seasonable. "The timely dew of sleep." Milton. 2. Keeping time or measure. Spenser. TIMELY Time"ly, adv. Defn: Early; soon; in good season. Timely advised, the coming evil shun. Prior. Thanks to you, That called me timelier than my purpose hither, For I have gained by it. Shak. TIMENOGUY Ti*men"o*guy, n. (Naut.) Defn: A rope carried taut between or over obstacles likely to engage or foul the running rigging in working a ship. TIMEOUS Time"ous, a. Defn: Timely; seasonable. [R. or Scot.] -- Time"ous*ly, adv. [R. or Scot.] TIMEPIECE Time"piece`, n. Defn: A clock, watch, or other instrument, to measure or show the progress of time; a chronometer. TIMEPLEASER Time"pleas`er, n. Defn: One who complies with prevailing opinions, whatever they may be; a timeserver. Timepleasers, flatterers, foes to nobleness. Shak. TIME POLICY Time policy. (Insurance) Defn: A policy limited to become void at a specified time; -- often contrasted with voyage policy. TIMER Tim"er, n. Defn: A timekeeper; especially, a watch by which small intervals of time can be measured; a kind of stop watch. It is used for timing the speed of horses, machinery, etc. TIMESAVING Time"sav`ing, a. Defn: Saving time; as, a timesaving expedient. TIMESERVER Time"serv`er, n. Defn: One who adapts his opinions and manners to the times; one who obsequiously compiles with the ruling power; -- now used only in a bad sense. TIMESERVING Time"serv`ing, a. Defn: Obsequiously complying with the spirit of the times, or the humors of those in power. TIMESERVING Time"serv`ing, n. Defn: An obsequious compliance with the spirit of the times, or the humors of those in power, which implies a surrender of one's independence, and sometimes of one's integrity. Syn. -- Temporizing. -- Timeserving, Temporizing. Both these words are applied to the conduct of one who adapts himself servilely to times and seasons. A timeserver is rather active, and a temporizer, passive. One whose policy is timeserving comes forward to act upon principles or opinions which may promote his advancement; one who is temporizing yields to the current of public sentiment or prejudice, and shrinks from a course of action which might injure him with others. The former is dishonest; the latter is weak; and both are contemptible. Trimming and timeserving, which are but two words for the same thing, . . . produce confusion. South. [I] pronounce thee . . . a hovering temporizer, that Canst with thine eyes at once see good and evil, Inclining to them both. Shak. TIME SIGNATURE Time signature. (Music) Defn: A sign at the beginning of a composition or movement, placed after the key signature, to indicate its time or meter. Also called rhythmical signature. It is in the form of a fraction, of which the denominator indicates the kind of note taken as time unit for the beat, and the numerator, the number of these to the measure. TIME-TABLE Time"-ta`ble, n. 1. A tabular statement of the time at which, or within which, several things are to take place, as the recitations in a school, the departure and arrival of railroad trains or other public conveyances, the rise and fall of the tides, etc. 2. (Railroad) Defn: A plane surface divided in one direction with lines representing hours and minutes, and in the other with lines representing miles, and having diagonals (usually movable strings) representing the speed and position of various trains. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A table showing the notation, length, or duration of the several notes. TIMID Tim"id, a. Etym: [L. timidus, fr. timere to fear; cf. Skr. tam to become breathless, to become stupefief: cf. F. timide.] Defn: Wanting courage to meet danger; easily frightened; timorous; not bold; fearful; shy. Poor is the triumph o'er the timid hare. Thomson. Syn. -- Fearful; timorous; afraid; cowardly; pusillanimous; faint- hearted; shrinking; retiring. -- Tim"id*ly, adv. -- Tim"id*ness, n. TIMIDITY Ti*mid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. timiditas: cf. F. timidité.] Defn: The quality or state of being timid; timorousness; timidness. TIMIDOUS Tim"id*ous, a. Defn: Timid. [Obs.] Hudibras. TIMIST Tim"ist, n. Etym: [Written also timeist.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A performer who keeps good time. 2. A timeserver. [Obs.] Overbury. TIMMER Tim"mer, n. Defn: Same as 1st Timber. [Scot.] TIMOCRACY Ti*moc"ra*cy, n. Etym: [Gr. timocratie.] (Gr. Antiq.) (a) A state in which the love of honor is the ruling motive. (b) A state in which honors are distributed according to a rating of property. TIMOCRATIC Ti`mo*crat"ic, a. Defn: Belonging to, or constituted by, timocracy. Sir G. C. Lewis. TIMONEER Tim`o*neer", n. Etym: [F. timonier, fr. timon a helm, fr. L. temo, - onis, a pole.] Defn: A helmsman. [R.] TIMOROUS Tim"or*ous, a. Etym: [LL. timorosus, from L. timor fear; akin to timere to fear. See Timid.] 1. Fearful of danger; timid; deficient in courage. Shak. 2. Indicating, or caused by, fear; as, timorous doubts. "The timorous apostasy of chuchmen." Milman. -- Tim"or*ous*ly, adv. -- Tim"or*ous*ness, n. TIMORSOME Tim"or*some, a. Defn: Easily frightened; timorous. [Written also timersome.] [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. TIMOTHY; TIMOTHY GRASS Tim"o*thy, n., or Tim"o*thy grass`. Etym: [From Timothy Hanson, who carried the seed from New England to Maryland about 1720.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of grass (Phleum pratense) with long cylindrical spikes; -- called also herd's grass, in England, cat's-tail grass, and meadow cat's-tail grass. It is much prized for fodder. See Illustration in Appendix. TIMOUS Tim"ous, a. Etym: [Cf. Timeous.] Defn: Timely; seasonable. [Obs.] Bacon. -- Tim"ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] TIMPANO Tim"pa*no, n.; pl. Timpani. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: See Tympano. TIM-WHISKEY Tim"-whis`key, n. Defn: A kind of carriage. See Whiskey. Southery. TIN Tin, n. Etym: [As. tin; akin to D. tin, G. zinn, OHG. zin, Icel. & Dan. tin, Sw. tenn; of unknown origin.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: An elementary substance found as an oxide in the mineral cassiterite, and reduced as a soft white crystalline metal, malleable at ordinary temperatures, but brittle when heated. It is not easily oxidized in the air, and is used chiefly to coat iron to protect it from rusting, in the form of tin foil with mercury to form the reflective surface of mirrors, and in solder, bronze, speculum metal, and other alloys. Its compounds are designated as stannous, or stannic. Symbol Sn (Stannum). Atomic weight 117.4. 2. Thin plates of iron covered with tin; tin plate. 3. Money. [Cant] Beaconsfield. Block tin (Metal.), commercial tin, cast into blocks, and partially refined, but containing small quantities of various impurities, as copper, lead, iron, arsenic, etc.; solid tin as distinguished from tin plate; -- called also bar tin. -- Butter of tin. (Old Chem.) See Fuming liquor of Libavius, under Fuming. -- Grain tin. (Metal.) See under Grain. -- Salt of tin (Dyeing), stannous chloride, especially so called when used as a mordant. -- Stream tin. See under Stream. -- Tin cry (Chem.), the peculiar creaking noise made when a bar of tin is bent. It is produced by the grating of the crystal granules on each other. -- Tin foil, tin reduced to a thin leaf. -- Tin frame (Mining), a kind of buddle used in washing tin ore. -- Tin liquor, Tin mordant (Dyeing), stannous chloride, used as a mordant in dyeing and calico printing. -- Tin penny, a customary duty in England, formerly paid to tithingmen for liberty to dig in tin mines. [Obs.] Bailey. -- Tin plate, thin sheet iron coated with tin. -- Tin pyrites. See Stannite. TIN Tin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinned; p. pr. & vb. n. Tinning.] Defn: To cover with tin or tinned iron, or to overlay with tin foil. TINAMIDES Ti*nam"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of struthious birds, including the tinamous. TINAMOU Tin"a*mou, n. Etym: [From the native name: cf. F. tinamous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of South American birds belonging to Tinamus and allied genera. Note: In general appearance and habits they resemble grouse and partridges, but in anatomical characters they are allied to the ostriches and other struthious birds. Their wings are of moderate length, and they are able to fly a considerable distance. TINCAL Tin"cal, n. Etym: [Ar., Per. & Hind. tinkar; cf. Malay tingkal; all fr. Skr. . Cf. Altincar.] (Chem.) Defn: Crude native borax, formerly imported from Thibet. It was once the chief source of boric compounds. Cf. Borax. TINCHEL Tin"chel, n. [Written also tinchill.] Etym: [Gael. timchioll a circuit, compass.] Defn: A circle of sportsmen, who, by surrounding an extensive space and gradually closing in, bring a number of deer and game within a narrow compass. [Scot.] We'll quell the savage mountaineer, As their tinchel cows the game! Sir W. Scott. TINCT Tinct, a. Etym: [L. tinctus, p.p. of tingere to tinge. See Tinge.] Defn: Tined; tinged. [Archaic] Spenser. TINCT Tinct, n. Etym: [See Tint.] Defn: Color; tinge; tincture; tint. [Archaic] "Blue of heaven's own tinct." Shak. All the devices blazoned on the shield, In their own tinct. Tennyson. TINCT Tinct, v. t. Etym: [See Tinge.] Defn: To color or stain; to imblue; to tint. [Archaic] Bacon. TINCTORIAL Tinc*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. tinctorius, from tinctor a dyer, tingere, tinctum, to dye: cf. F. tinctorial. See Tinge.] Defn: Of or relating to color or colors; imparting a color; as, tinctorial matter. Ure. TINCTURE Tinc"ture, n. Etym: [L. tinctura a dyeing, from tingere, tinctum, to tinge, dye: cf. OE. tainture, teinture, F. teinture, L. tinctura. See Tinge.] 1. A tinge or shade of color; a tint; as, a tincture of red. 2. (Her.) Defn: One of the metals, colors, or furs used in armory. Note: There are two metals: gold, called or, and represented in engraving by a white surface covered with small dots; and silver, called argent, and represented by a plain white surface. The colors and their representations are as follows: red, called gules, or a shading of vertical lines; blue, called azure, or horizontal lines; black, called sable, or horizontal and vertical lines crossing; green, called vert, or diagonal lines from dexter chief corner; purple, called purpure, or diagonal lines from sinister chief corner. The furs are ermine, ermines, erminois, pean, vair, counter vair, potent, and counter potent. See Illustration in Appendix. 3. The finer and more volatile parts of a substance, separated by a solvent; an extract of a part of the substance of a body communicated to the solvent. 4. (Med.) Defn: A solution (commonly colored) of medicinal substance in alcohol, usually more or less diluted; spirit containing medicinal substances in solution. Note: According to the United States Pharmacopoeia, the term tincture (also called alcoholic tincture, and spirituous tincture) is reserved for the alcoholic solutions of nonvolatile substances, alcoholic solutions of volatile substances being called spirits. Ethereal tincture, a solution of medicinal substance in ether. 5. A slight taste superadded to any substance; as, a tincture of orange peel. 6. A slight quality added to anything; a tinge; as, a tincture of French manners. All manners take a tincture from our own. Pope. Every man had a slight tincture of soldiership, and scarcely any man more than a slight tincture. Macaulay. TINCTURE Tinc"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinctured; p. pr. & vb. n. Tincturing.] 1. To communicate a slight foreign color to; to tinge; to impregnate with some extraneous matter. A little black paint will tincture and spoil twenty gay colors. I. Watts. 2. To imbue the mind of; to communicate a portion of anything foreign to; to tinge. The stain of habitual sin may thoroughly tincture all our soul. Barrow. TIND Tind, v. t. Etym: [OE. tenden, AS. tendan; akin to G. zünden, OHG. zunten, Icel. tendra, Sw. tända, Dan. tænde, Goth. tandjan to kindle, tundnan to be kindled, to burn. Cf. Tinder.] Defn: To kindle. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. TINDAL Tin"dal, n. Etym: [From the native name: cf. Malayalam ta.] 1. A petty officer among lascars, or native East Indian sailors; a boatswain's mate; a cockswain. [India] Malcom. 2. An attendant on an army. [India] Simmonds. TINDER Tin"der, n. Etym: [OE. tinder, tunder, AS. tynder, tyndre; akin to tendan to kindle, D. tonder tinder, G. zunder, OHG. zuntara, zuntra, Icel. tundr, Sw. tunder, Dan. tönder. See Tind.] Defn: Something very inflammable, used for kindling fire from a spark, as scorched linen. German tinder. Same as Amadou. -- Tinder box, a box in which tinder is kept. TINE Tine, n. Etym: [See Teen affliction.] Defn: Trouble; distress; teen. [Obs.] "Cruel winter's tine." Spenser. TINE Tine, v. t. Etym: [See Tind.] Defn: To kindle; to set on fire. [Obs.] See Tind. "To tine the cloven wood." Dryden. Coals of contention and hot vegneance tind. Spenser. TINE Tine, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Tine distress, or Tine to kindle.] Defn: To kindle; to rage; to smart. [Obs.] Ne was there slave, ne was there medicine That mote recure their wounds; so inly they did tine. Spenser. TINE Tine, v. t. Etym: [AS. t, from t an inclosure. See Town.] Defn: To shut in, or inclose. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. TINE Tine, n. Etym: [OE. tind, AS. tind; akin to MHG. zint, Icel. tindr, Sw. tinne, and probably to G. zinne a pinnacle, OHG. zinna, and E. tooth. See Tooth.] Defn: A tooth, or spike, as of a fork; a prong, as of an antler. TINEA Tin"e*a, n. Etym: [L., a worm, a moth.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A name applied to various skin diseases, but especially to ringworm. See Ringworm, and Sycosis. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small Lepidoptera, including the clothes moths and carpet moths. TINEAN Tin"e*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Tinea, or of the family Tineidæ, which includes numerous small moths, many of which are injurious to woolen and fur goods and to cultivated plants. Also used adjectively. TINED Tined, a. Defn: Furnished with tines; as, a three-tined fork. TINEID Tin"e*id, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tinean. TINEMAN Tine"man, n.; pl. Tinemen. Etym: [Probably akin to tine to shut or inclose.] (O. Eng. Forest Law) Defn: An officer of the forest who had the care of vert and venison by night. [Obs.] TINET Ti"net, n. Etym: [From Tine to shut in, inclose.] Defn: Brushwood and thorns for making and repairing hedges. [Obs. Eng.] TING Ting, n. Etym: [An imitative word. Cf. Tink.] Defn: A sharp sound, as of a bell; a tinkling. TING Ting, v. i. Defn: To sound or ring, as a bell; to tinkle. [R.] Holland. TING Ting, n. Defn: The apartment in a Chinese temple where the idol is kept. TINGE Tinge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinged; p. pr. & vb. n. Tingeing.] Etym: [L. tingere, tinctum, to dye, stain, wet; akin to Gr. tunken to dip, OHG. tunchon, dunchon, thunkon. Cf. Distain, Dunker, Stain, Taint a stain, to stain, Tincture, Tint.] Defn: To imbue or impregnate with something different or foreign; as, to tinge a decoction with a bitter taste; to affect in some degree with the qualities of another substance, either by mixture, or by application to the surface; especially, to color slightly; to stain; as, to tinge a blue color with red; an infusion tinged with a yellow color by saffron. His [Sir Roger's] virtues, as well as imperfections, are tinged by a certain extravagance. Addison. Syn. -- To color; dye; stain. TINGE Tinge, n. Defn: A degree, usually a slight degree, of some color, taste, or something foreign, infused into another substance or mixture, or added to it; tincture; color; dye; hue; shade; taste. His notions, too, respecting the government of the state, took a tinge from his notions respecting the government of the church. Macaulay. TINGENT Tin"gent, a. Etym: [L. tingens, p.pr. of tingere to tinge. See Tinge.] Defn: Having the power to tinge. [R.] As for the white part, it appears much less enriched with the tingent property. Boyle. TINGER Tin"ger, n. Defn: One who, or that which, tinges. TINGID Tin"gid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the genus Tingis. TINGIS Tin"gis, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small hemipterous insects which injure trees by sucking the sap from the leaves. See Illustration in Appendix. TINGLE Tin"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tingled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tingling.] Etym: [Freq. of ting. Cf. Tinkle.] 1. To feel a kind of thrilling sensation, as in hearing a shrill sound. At which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle. 1 Sam. iii. 11. 2. To feel a sharp, thrilling pain. The pale boy senator yet tingling stands. Pope. 3. To have, or to cause, a sharp, thrilling sensation, or a slight pricking sensation. They suck pollution through their tingling vein. Tickell. TINK Tink, v. i. Etym: [OE. tinken; of imitative origin. Cf. Ting a tinkling, Tinker.] Defn: To make a sharp, shrill noise; to tinkle. Wyclif (1 Cor. xiii. 1). TINK Tink, n. Defn: A sharp, quick sound; a tinkle. TINKER Tink"er, n. Etym: [From Tink, because the tinker's way of proclaiming his trade is to beat a kettle, or because in his work he makes a tinkling noise. Johnson.] 1. A mender of brass kettles, pans, and other metal ware. "Tailors and tinkers." Piers Plowman. 2. One skilled in a variety of small mechanical work. 3. (Ordnance) Defn: A small mortar on the end of a staff. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) A young mackerel about two years old. (b) The chub mackerel. (c) The silversides. (d) A skate. [Prov. Eng.] 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The razor-billed auk. TINKER Tink"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinkered; p. pr. & vb. n. Tinkering.] Defn: To mend or solder, as metal wares; hence, more generally, to mend. TINKER Tink"er, v. i. Defn: To busy one's self in mending old kettles, pans, etc.; to play the tinker; to be occupied with small mechanical works. TINKERING Tink"er*ing, n. Defn: The act or work of a tinker. TINKERLY Tink"er*ly, a. Defn: After the manner of a tinker. [R.] TINKERSHIRE; TINKLE Tink"er*shire, Tin"kle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common guillemot. [Prov. Eng.] TINKLE Tin"kle, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of tink. See Tink, Tingle.] 1. To make, or give forth, small, quick, sharp sounds, as a piece of metal does when struck; to clink. As sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. 1 Cor. xiii. 1. The sprightly horse Moves to the music of his tinkling bells. Dodsley. 2. To hear, or resound with, a small, sharp sound. And his ears tinkled, and the color fled. Dryden. TINKLE Tin"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinkled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tinkling.] Defn: To cause to clonk, or make small, sharp, quick sounds. TINKLE Tin"kle, n. Defn: A small, sharp, quick sound, as that made by striking metal. Cowper. TINKLER Tin"kler, n. Defn: A tinker. [Prov. Eng.] TINKLING Tin"kling, n. 1. A tinkle, or succession of tinkles. Drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds. Gray. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A grackle (Quiscalus crassirostris) native of Jamaica. It often associates with domestic cattle, and rids them of insects. TINMAN Tin"man, n.; pl. Tinmen (. Defn: A manufacturer of tin vessels; a dealer in tinware. TINMOUTH Tin"mouth`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The crappie. [U.S.] TINNED Tinned, a. 1. Covered, or plated, with tin; as, a tinned roof; tinned iron. 2. Packed in tin cases; canned; as, tinned meats. Cassell (Dict. of Cookery). TINNEN Tin"nen, a. Defn: Made or consisting of tin. [Obs.] TINNER Tin"ner, n. 1. One who works in a tin mine. 2. One who makes, or works in, tinware; a tinman. TINNIENT Tin"ni*ent, a. Etym: [L. tinniens, p.pr. of tinnire to ring, tinkle.] Defn: Emitting a clear sound. [Obs.] TINNING Tin"ning, n. 1. The act, art, or process of covering or coating anything with melted tin, or with tin foil, as kitchen utensils, locks, and the like. 2. The covering or lining of tin thus put on. TINNITUS Tin*ni"tus, n. Etym: [L., fr. tinnire to jingle.] (Med.) Defn: A ringing, whistling, or other imaginary noise perceived in the ears; -- called also tinnitus aurium. TINNOCK Tin"nock, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The blue titmouse. [Prov. Eng.] TINNY Tin"ny, a. Defn: Pertaining to, abounding with, or resembling, tin. "The tinny strand." Drayton. TINSEL Tin"sel, n. Etym: [F. étincelle a spark, OF. estincelle, L. scintilla. Cf. Scintillate, Stencil.] 1. A shining material used for ornamental purposes; especially, a very thin, gauzelike cloth with much gold or silver woven into it; also, very thin metal overlaid with a thin coating of gold or silver, brass foil, or the like. Who can discern the tinsel from the gold Dryden. 2. Something shining and gaudy; something superficially shining and showy, or having a false luster, and more gay than valuable. O happy peasant! O unhappy bard! His the mere tinsel, hers the rich reward. Cowper. TINSEL Tin"sel, a. Defn: Showy to excess; gaudy; specious; superficial. "Tinsel trappings." Milton. TINSEL Tin"sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinseled or Tinselled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tinseling or Tinselling.] Defn: To adorn with tinsel; to deck out with cheap but showy ornaments; to make gaudy. She, tinseled o'er in robes of varying hues. Pope. TINSELLY Tin"sel*ly, a. Defn: Like tinsel; gaudy; showy, but cheap. TINSELLY Tin"sel*ly, adv. Defn: In a showy and cheap manner. TINSMITH Tin"smith`, n. Defn: One who works in tin; a tinner. TINSTONE Tin"stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: Cassiterite. TINT Tint, n. Etym: [For older tinct, fr. L. tinctus, p.p. of tingere to dye: cf. F. teinte, teint, It. tinta, tinto. See Tinge, and cf. Taint to stain, a stain, Tent a kind of wine, Tinto.] Defn: A slight coloring. Specifically: -- (a) A pale or faint tinge of any color. Or blend in beauteous tints the colored mass. Pope. Their vigor sickens, and their tints decline. Harte. (b) A color considered with reference to other very similar colors; as, red and blue are different colors, but two shades of scarlet are different tints. (c) (Engraving) A shaded effect produced by the juxtaposition of many fine parallel lines. Tint tool (Eng.), a species of graver used for cutting the parallel lines which produce tints in engraving. TINT Tint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Tinting.] Defn: To give a slight coloring to; to tinge. TINTAMAR Tin`ta*mar", n. Etym: [F. tintamarre.] Defn: A hideous or confused noise; an uproar. [Obs.] Howell. TINTERNELL Tin"ter*nell, n. Defn: A certain old dance. [Obs.] Halliwell. TINTIE Tin"tie, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wren. [Prov. Eng.] TINTINNABULAR; TINTINNABULARY Tin`tin*nab"u*lar, Tin`tin*nab"u*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. tintinnabuluma little bell, fr. tintinnare to ring, to jingle, tinnire to jingle.] Defn: Having or making the sound of a bell; tinkling. TINTINNABULATION Tin`tin*nab`u*la"tion, n. Defn: A tinkling sound, as of a bell or bells. Poe. TINTINNABULOUS Tin`tin*nab"u*lous, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the tinkling of a bell; having a tinkling sound; tintinnabular. De Quincey. TINTINNABULUM Tin`tin*nab"u*lum, n.; pl. Tintinnabula (#). [L., a bell. See Tintinnabular.] Defn: A bell; also, a set or combination of bells or metal plates used as a musical instrument or as a toy. TINTO Tin"to, n. Etym: [Pg., tinged, fr. L. tinctus, p.p. of tingere to tinge. See Tint, n.] Defn: A red Madeira wine, wanting the high aroma of the white sorts, and, when old, resembling tawny port. TINTOMETER Tint*om"e*ter, n. [Tint + -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An apparatus for the determination of colors by comparison with arbitrary standards; a colorimeter. TINTYPE Tin"type`, n. Defn: Same as Ferrotype. TINWARE Tin"ware`, n. Defn: Articles made of tinned iron. TINY Ti"ny, a. [Compar. Tinier; superl. Tiniest.] Etym: [Probably fr. tine, teen, trouble, distress, vexation.] Defn: Very small; little; puny. When that I was and a little tiny boy. Shak. TIP Tip, n. Etym: [Akin to D. & Dan. tip, LG. & Sw. tipp, G. zipfel, and probably to E. tap a plug, a pipe.] 1. The point or extremity of anything; a pointed or somewhat sharply rounded end; the end; as, the tip of the finger; the tip of a spear. To the very tip of the nose. Shak. 2. An end piece or part; a piece, as a cap, nozzle, ferrule, or point, applied to the extreme end of anything; as, a tip for an umbrella, a shoe, a gas burner, etc. 3. (Hat Manuf.) Defn: A piece of stiffened lining pasted on the inside of a hat crown. 4. A thin, boarded brush made of camel's hair, used by gilders in lifting gold leaf. 5. Rubbish thrown from a quarry. TIP Tip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Tipping.] Defn: To form a point upon; to cover the tip, top, or end of; as, to tip anything with gold or silver. With truncheon tipped with iron head. Hudibras. Tipped with jet, Fair ermines spotless as the snows they press. Thomson. TIP Tip, v. t. Etym: [Cf. LG. tippen to tap, Sw. tippa, and E. tap to strike gently.] 1. To strike slightly; to tap. A third rogue tips me by the elbow. Swift. 2. To bestow a gift, or douceur, upon; to give a present to; as, to tip a servant. [Colloq.] Thackeray. 3. To lower one end of, or to throw upon the end; to tilt; as, to tip a cask; to tip a cart. To tip off, to pour out, as liquor. -- To tip over, to overturn. -- To tip the wink, to direct a wink; to give a hint or suggestion by, or as by, a wink. [Slang] Pope. -- To tip up, to turn partly over by raising one end. TIP Tip, v. i. Defn: To fall on, or incline to, one side. Bunyan. To tip off, to fall off by tipping. TIP Tip, n. Etym: [See Tip to strike slightly, and cf. Tap a slight blow.] 1. A light touch or blow; a tap. 2. A gift; a douceur; a fee. [Colloq.] 3. A hint, or secret intimation, as to the chances in a horse race, or the like. [Sporting Cant] TIPCART Tip"cart`, n. Defn: A cart so constructed that the body can be easily tipped, in order to dump the load. TIPCAT Tip"cat`, n. Defn: A game in which a small piece of wood pointed at both ends, called a cat, is tipped, or struck with a stick or bat, so as to fly into the air. In the middle of a game at tipcat, he paused, and stood staring wildly upward with his stick in his hand. Macaulay. TIPPER Tip"per, n. Defn: A kind of ale brewed with brackish water obtained from a particular well; -- so called from the first brewer of it, one Thomas Tipper. [Eng.] TIPPET Tip"pet, n. Etym: [OE. tipet, tepet, AS. tæppet, probably fr. L. tapete tapestry, hangings. Cf. Tape, Tapestry, Tapet.] 1. A cape, or scarflike garment for covering the neck, or the neck and shoulders, -- usually made of fur, cloth, or other warm material. Chaucer. Bacon. 2. A length of twisted hair or gut in a fish line. [Scot.] 3. A handful of straw bound together at one end, and used for thatching. [Scot.] Jamieson. Tippet grebe (Zoöl.), the great crested grebe, or one of several similar species. -- Tippet grouse (Zoöl.), the ruffed grouse. -- To turn tippet, to change. [Obs.] B. Jonson. TIPPING Tip"ping, n. (Mus.) Defn: A distinct articulation given in playing quick notes on the flute, by striking the tongue against the roof of the mouth; double- tonguing. TIPPLE Tip"ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tippled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tippling.] Etym: [From tip a small end, or a word akin to it; cf. Norw. tipla to tipple, to drip, Prov. E. tip, tiff, tift, a draught of liquor, dial. G. zipfeln to eat and drink in small parts. See Tip a point, and cf. Tipsy.] Defn: To drink spirituous or strong liquors habitually; to indulge in the frequent and improper used of spirituous liquors; especially, to drink frequently in small quantities, but without absolute drunkeness. Few of those who were summoned left their homes, and those few generally found it more agreeable to tipple in alehouses than to pace the streets. Macaulay. TIPPLE Tip"ple, v. t. 1. To drink, as strong liquors, frequently or in excess. Himself, for saving charges, A peeled, sliced onions eats, and tipples verjuice. Dryden. 2. To put up in bundles in order to dry, as hay. TIPPLE Tip"ple, n. Defn: Liquor taken in tippling; drink. Pulque, the national tipple of Mexico. S. B. Griffin. TIPPLED Tip"pled, a. Defn: Intoxicated; inebriated; tipsy; drunk. [R.] Dryden. TIPPLER Tip"pler, n. 1. One who keeps a tippling-house. [Obs.] Latimer. 2. One who habitually indulges in the excessive use of spirituous liquors, whether he becomes intoxicated or not. TIPPLING-HOUSE Tip"pling-house`, n. Defn: A house in which liquors are sold in drams or small quantities, to be drunk on the premises. TIPSIFY Tip"si*fy, v. t. Etym: [Tipsy + -fy.] Defn: To make tipsy. [Colloq.] Thackeray. TIPSILY Tip"si*ly, adv. Defn: In a tipsy manner; like one tipsy. TIPSINESS Tip"si*ness, n. Defn: The state of being tipsy. TIPSTAFF Tip"staff`, n.; pl. Tipstaff (. 1. A staff tipped with metal. Bacon. 2. An officer who bears a staff tipped with metal; a constable. Macaulay. TIPSTER Tip"ster, n. [Tip a hint + -ster.] Defn: One who makes a practice of giving or selling tips, or private hints or information, esp. for use in gambling upon the probable outcome of events, as horse races. TIPSTOCK Tip"stock`, n. Defn: The detachable or movable fore part of a gunstock, lying beneath the barrel or barrels, and forming a hold for the left hand. TIPSY Tip"sy, a. [Compar. Tipsier; superl. Tipsiest.] Etym: [Akin to tipple; cf. Prov. G. tips drunkenness, betipst drunk, tipsy. See Tipple.] 1. Being under the influence of strong drink; rendered weak or foolish by liquor, but not absolutely or completely drunk; fuddled; intoxicated. 2. Staggering, as if from intoxication; reeling. Midnight shout and revelry, Tipsy dance and jollity. Milton. TIPTOE Tip"toe`, n.; pl. Tiptoes (. Defn: The end, or tip, of the toe. He must . . . stand on his typtoon [tiptoes]. Chaucer. Upon his tiptoes stalketh stately by. Spenser. To be, or To stand, a tiptoe or on tiptoe, to be awake or alive to anything; to be roused; to be eager or alert; as, to be a tiptoe with expectation. TIPTOE Tip"toe`, a. 1. Being on tiptoe, or as on tiptoe; hence, raised as high as possible; lifted up; exalted; also, alert. Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops. Shak. Above the tiptoe pinnacle of glory. Byron. 2. Noiseless; stealthy. "With tiptoe step." Cowper. Tiptoe mirth, the highest degree of mirth. Sir W. Scott. TIPTOE Tip"toe`, v. i. Defn: To step or walk on tiptoe. TIPTOP Tip"top`, n. Etym: [Tip end + top.] Defn: The highest or utmost degree; the best of anything. [Colloq.] TIPTOP Tip"top`, a. Defn: Very excellent; most excellent; perfect. [Colloq.] "Four tiptop voices." Gray. "Sung in a tiptop manner." Goldsmith. TIPULA Tip"u*la, n.; pl. L. Tipulæ, E. Tipulas. Etym: [L., the water spider, or water spinner.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of many species of long-legged dipterous insects belonging to Tipula and allied genera. They have long and slender bodies. See Crane fly, under Crane. TIPULARY Tip"u*la*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tipulaire.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the tipulas. TIP-UP Tip"-up`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The spotted sandpiper; -- called also teeter-tail. See under Sandpiper. TIRADE Ti*rade", n. Etym: [F., fr. It. tirada, properly, a pulling; hence, a lengthening out, a long speech, a tirade, fr. tirare to draw; of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. tear to redn. See Tear to rend, and cf. Tire to tear.] Defn: A declamatory strain or flight of censure or abuse; a rambling invective; an oration or harangue abounding in censorious and bitter language. Here he delivers a violent tirade against persons who profess to know anything about angels. Quarterly Review. TIRAILLEUR Ti`rail`leur", n. Etym: [F., from tirailler to skirmish, wrest, from tirer to draw.] (Mil.) Defn: Formerly, a member of an independent body of marksmen in the French army. They were used sometimes in front of the army to annoy the enemy, sometimes in the rear to check his pursuit. The term is now applied to all troops acting as skirmishers. TIRE Tire, n. Defn: A tier, row, or rank. See Tier. [Obs.] In posture to displode their second tire Of thunder. Milton. TIRE Tire, n. Etym: [Aphetic form of attire; OE. tir, a tir. See Attire.] 1. Attire; apparel. [Archaic] "Having rich tire about you." Shak. 2. A covering for the head; a headdress. On her head she wore a tire of gold. Spenser. 3. A child's apron, covering the breast and having no sleeves; a pinafore; a tier. 4. Furniture; apparatus; equipment. [Obs.] "The tire of war." Philips. 5. Etym: [Probably the same word, and so called as being an attire or covering for the wheel.] Defn: A hoop or band, as of metal, on the circumference of the wheel of a vehicle, to impart strength and receive the wear. Note: The iron tire of a wagon wheel or cart wheel binds the fellies together. The tire of a locomotive or railroad-car wheel is a heavy hoop of iron or steel shrunk tightly upon an iron central part. The wheel of a bicycle has a tire of India rubber. TIRE Tire, v. t. Defn: To adorn; to attire; to dress. [Obs.] [Jezebel] painted her face, and tired her head. 2 Kings ix. 30. TIRE Tire, v. i. Etym: [F. tirer to draw or pull; of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. tear to rend. See Tirade.] 1. To seize, pull, and tear prey, as a hawk does. [Obs.] Even as an empty eagle, sharp by fast, Tires with her beak on feathers, flesh, and bone. Shak. Ye dregs of baseness, vultures among men, That tire upon the hearts of generous spirits. B. Jonson. 2. To seize, rend, or tear something as prey; to be fixed upon, or engaged with, anything. [Obs.] Thus made she her remove, And left wrath tiring on her son. Chapman. Upon that were my thoughts tiring. Shak. TIRE Tire, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tired; p. pr. & vb. n. Tiring.] Etym: [OE. teorien to become weary, to fail, AS. teorian to be tired, be weary, to tire, exhaust; perhaps akin to E. tear to rend, the intermediate sense being, perhaps, to wear out; or cf. E. tarry.] Defn: To become weary; to be fatigued; to have the strength fail; to have the patience exhausted; as, a feeble person soon tires. TIRE Tire, v. t. Defn: To exhaust the strength of, as by toil or labor; to exhaust the patience of; to wear out (one's interest, attention, or the like); to weary; to fatigue; to jade. Shak. Tired with toil, all hopes of safety past. Dryden. To tire out, to weary or fatigue to exhaustion; to harass. Syn. -- To jade; weary; exhaust; harass. See Jade. TIRED Tired, a. Defn: Weary; fatigued; exhausted. TIREDNESS Tired"ness, n. Defn: The state of being tired, or weary. TIRELESS Tire"less, a. Defn: Untiring. TIRELING Tire"ling, a. Defn: Tired; fatigued. [Obs.] TIRESOME Tire"some, a. Defn: Fitted or tending to tire; exhausted; wearisome; fatiguing; tedious; as, a tiresome journey; a tiresome discourse. -- Tire"some*ly, adv. -- Tire"some*ness, n. TIRE-WOMAN Tire"-wom`an, n.; pl. Tire-women. Etym: [See Tire attire, Attire.] 1. A lady's maid. Fashionableness of the tire-woman's making. Locke. 2. A dresser in a theater. Simmonds. TIRING-HOUSE Tir"ing-house`, n. Etym: [For attiring house.] Defn: A tiring-room. [Obs.] Shak. TIRING-ROOM Tir"ing-room`, n. Etym: [For attiring room.] Defn: The room or place where players dress for the stage. TIRL Tirl, v. i. [Cf. Twirl, Thirl.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 1. To quiver; to vibrate; to veer about. 2. To make a ratting or clattering sound by twirling or shaking; as, to tirl at the pin, or latch, of a door. TIRMA Tir"ma, n. Defn: The oyster catcher. [Prov. Eng.] TIRO Ti"ro, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Same as Tyro. T IRON T" i`ron. Defn: See under T. TIRONIAN Ti*ro"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Tironianus, fr. Tiro, the learned freedman and amanuensis of Cicero.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Tiro, or a system of shorthand said to have been introduced by him into ancient Rome. TIRRALIRRA Tir"ra*lir`ra, n. Defn: A verbal imitation of a musical sound, as of the note of a lark or a horn. The lark, that tirra lyra chants. Shak. "Tirralira, " by the river, Sang Sir Lancelot. Tennyson. TIRRIT Tir"rit, n. Defn: A word from the vocabulary of Mrs. Quickly, the hostess in Shakespeare's Henry IV., probably meaning terror. TIRWIT Tir"wit, n. Etym: [Cf. Pewit.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The lapwing. [Prov. Eng.] 'T IS 'T is. Defn: A common contraction of it is. TISANE Ti*sane", n. Etym: [F.] (Med.) Defn: See Ptisan. TISAR Ti"sar, n. Etym: [F. tisard.] (Glass Manuf.) Defn: The fireplace at the side of an annealing oven. Knight. TISIC; TISICAL Tis"ic, Tis"ic*al, a. Etym: [For phthisic, phthisical.] Defn: Consumptive, phthisical. TISIC Tis"ic, n. Defn: Consumption; phthisis. See Phthisis. TISICKY Tis"ick*y, a. Defn: Consumptive, phthisical. TISRI Tis"ri, n. Etym: [Heb. tishri, fr. Chald. shera' to open, to begin.] Defn: The seventh month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, answering to a part of September with a part of October. TISSUE Tis"sue, n. Etym: [F. tissu, fr. tissu, p.p. of tisser, tistre, to weave, fr. L. texere. See Text.] 1. A woven fabric. 2. A fine transparent silk stuff, used for veils, etc.; specifically, cloth interwoven with gold or silver threads, or embossed with figures. A robe of tissue, stiff with golden wire. Dryden. In their glittering tissues bear emblazed Holy memorials. Milton. 3. (Biol.) Defn: One of the elementary materials or fibres, having a uniform structure and a specialized function, of which ordinary animals and plants are composed; a texture; as, epithelial tissue; connective tissue. Note: The term tissue is also often applied in a wider sense to all the materials or elementary tissues, differing in structure and function, which go to make up an organ; as, vascular tissue, tegumentary tissue, etc. 4. Fig.: Web; texture; complicated fabrication; connected series; as, a tissue of forgeries, or of falsehood. Unwilling to leave the dry bones of Agnosticism wholly unclothed with any living tissue of religious emotion. A. J. Balfour. Tissue paper, very thin, gauzelike paper, used for protecting engravings in books, for wrapping up delicate articles, etc. TISSUE Tis"sue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tissued; p. pr. & vb. n. Tissuing.] Defn: To form tissue of; to interweave. Covered with cloth of gold tissued upon blue. Bacon. TISSUED Tis"sued, a. Defn: Clothed in, or adorned with, tissue; also, variegated; as, tissued flowers. Cowper. And crested chiefs and tissued dames Assembled at the clarion's call. T. Warton. TIT Tit, n. 1. A small horse. Tusser. 2. A woman; -- used in contempt. Burton. 3. A morsel; a bit. Halliwell. 4. Etym: [OE.; cf. Icel. titter a tit or small bird. The word probably meant originally, something small, and is perhaps the same as teat. Cf. Titmouse, Tittle.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of small singing birds belonging to the families Paridæ and Leiotrichidæ; a titmouse. (b) The European meadow pipit; a titlark. Ground tit. (Zoöl.) See Wren tit, under Wren. -- Hill tit (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Asiatic singing birds belonging to Siva, Milna, and allied genera. -- Tit babbler (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small East Indian and Asiatic timaline birds of the genus Trichastoma. -- Tit for tat. Etym: [Probably for tip for tap. See Tip a slight blow.] An equivalent; retaliation. -- Tit thrush (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Asiatic and Esat Indian birds belonging to Suthora and allied genera. In some respects they are intermediate between the thrushes and titmice. TITAN Ti"tan, a. Defn: Titanic. The Titan physical difficulties of his enterprise. I. Taylor. TITANATE Ti"tan*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of titanic acid. TITAN CRANE Ti"tan crane. (Mach.) Defn: A massive crane with an overhanging counterbalanced arm carrying a traveler and lifting crab, the whole supported by a carriage mounted on track rails. It is used esp. for setting heavy masonry blocks for piers, breakwaters, etc. TITANIC Ti*tan"ic, a. Defn: Of or relating to Titans, or fabled giants of ancient mythology; hence, enormous in size or strength; as, Titanic structures. TITANIC Ti*tan"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. titanique.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to titanium; derived from, or containing, titanium; specifically, designating those compounds of titanium in which it has a higher valence as contrasted with the titanous compounds. Titanic acid (Chem.), a white amorphous powder, Ti.(OH)4, obtained by decomposing certain titanates; -- called also normal titanic acid. By extension, any one of a series of derived acids, called also metatitanic acid, polytitanic acid, etc. -- Titanic iron ore. (Min.) See Menaccanite. TITANIFEROUS Ti`tan*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Titanium + -ferous: cf. F. titanifère.] Defn: Containing or affording titanium; as, titaniferous magnetite. TITANITE Ti"tan*ite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. titanite; -- so called from containing titanic acid.] (Min.) Defn: See Sphene. TITANITIC Ti`tan*it"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, titanium; as, a titanitic mineral. TITANIUM Ti*ta"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Titani or Titanes, Gr. (Chem.) Defn: An elementary substance found combined in the minerals manaccanite, rutile, sphene, etc., and isolated as an infusible iron- gray amorphous powder, having a metallic luster. It burns when heated in the air. Symbol Ti. Atomic weight 48.1. TITANO- Ti"tan*o-. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively) designating certain double compounds of titanium with some other elements; as, titano- cyanide, titano-fluoride, titano-silicate, etc. TITANOTHERIUM Ti`tan*o*the"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A large American Miocene mammal, allied to the rhinoceros, and more nearly to the extinct Brontotherium. TITANOUS Ti"tan*ous, a. Defn: Designating certain compounds of titanium in which that element has a lower valence as contrasted with titanic compounds. TITBIT Tit"bit`, n. Defn: Same as Tidbit. TITH Tith, a. Etym: [See Tight, a.] Defn: Tight; nimble. [Obs.] Of a good stirring strain too, she goes tith. Beau. & Fl. TITHABLE Tith"a*ble, a. Defn: Subject to the payment of tithes; as, tithable lands. TITHE Tithe, n. Etym: [OE. tithe, tethe, properly an adj., tenth, AS. teó the tenth; akin to tién, t, ten, ten, G. zehnte, adj., tenth, n., a tithe, Icel. tiund the tenth; tithe, Goth. taíhunda tenth. See Ten, and cf. Tenth, Teind.] 1. A tenth; the tenth part of anything; specifically, the tenthpart of the increase arising from the profits of land and stock, allotted to the clergy for their support, as in England, or devoted to religious or charitable uses. Almost all the tithes of England and Wales are commuted by law into rent charges. The tithes of the corn, the new wine, and the oil. Neh. xiii. 5. Note: Tithes are called personal when accuring from labor, art, trade, and navigation; predial, when issuing from the earth, as hay, wood, and fruit; and mixed, when accuring from beaste fed from the ground. Blackstone. 2. Hence, a small part or proportion. Bacon. Great tithes, tithes of corn, hay, and wood. -- Mixed tithes, tithes of wool, milk, pigs, etc. -- Small tithes, personal and mixed tithes. -- Tithe commissioner, one of a board of officers appointed by the government for arranging propositions for commuting, or compounding for, tithes. [Eng.] Simmonds. TITHE Tithe, a. Defn: Tenth. [Obs.] Every tithe soul, 'mongst many thousand. Shak. TITHE Tithe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tithed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tithing.] Etym: [As. teó.] Defn: To levy a tenth part on; to tax to the amount of a tenth; to pay tithes on. Ye tithe mint and rue. Luke xi. 42. TITHE Tithe, v. i. Defn: Tp pay tithes. [R.] Tusser. TITHER Tith"er, n. 1. One who collects tithes. Milton. 2. One who pays tithes. [R.] Chaucer. TITHING Tith"ing, n. Etym: [AS. teó.] 1. The act of levying or taking tithes; that which is taken as tithe; a tithe. To take tithing of their blood and sweat. Motley. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A number or company of ten householders who, dwelling near each other, were sureties or frankpledges to the king for the good behavior of each other; a decennary. Blackstone. TITHINGMAN Tith"ing*man, n.; pl. Tithingmen (. 1. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The chief man of a tithing; a headborough; one elected to preside over the tithing. 2. (Law) Defn: A peace officer; an under constable. 3. A parish officer elected annually to preserve good order in the church during divine service, to make complaint of any disorderly conduct, and to enforce the observance of the Sabbath. [Local, U.S.] TITHLY Tith"ly, a. Etym: [From Tith.] Defn: Tightly; nimbly. [Obs.] "I have seen him trip it tithly." Beau. & Fl. TITHONIC Ti*thon"ic, a. Etym: [L. Tithonius belonging to Tithonus, the consort of Aurora, Gr. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or denoting, those rays of light which produce chemical effects; actinic. [R.] TITHONICITY Tith`o*nic"i*ty, n. (Chem. & Physics) Defn: The state or property of being tithonic; actinism. [R.] TITHONOGRAPHIC Ti*thon`o*graph"ic, a. Etym: [Tithonic + -graph + -ic.] Defn: Of, relating to, or produced by, the chemical action of rays of light; photographic. TITHONOMETER Tith`o*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Tithonic + -meter.] Defn: An instrument or apparatus for measuring or detecting tithonicity; an actinometer. [R.] TITHYMAL Tith"y*mal, n. Etym: [L. tithymalus a plant with a milklike sap, Gr. tithymale.] (Bot.) Defn: Any kind of spurge, esp. Euphorbia Cyparissias. TITI Ti"ti, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Teetee. TITILLATE Tit"il*late, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Titillated; p. pr. & vb. n. Titillating.] Etym: [L. titillatus, p.p. of titillare.] Defn: To tickle; as, to titillate the nose with a feather. The pungent grains of titillating dust. Pope. TITILLATION Tit`il*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. titillatio: cf. F. titillation.] 1. The act of tickling, or the state of being tickled; a tickling sensation. A. Tucker. 2. Any pleasurable sensation. Those titillations that reach no higher than the senses. Glanvill. TITILLATIVE Tit"il*la*tive, a. Defn: Tending or serving to titillate, or tickle; tickling. TITIVATE; TITTIVATE Tit"i*vate, Tit"ti*vate, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Titivated; p. pr. & vb. n. Titivating.] [Formed from an uncertain source, in imitation of words in -ate fr. L.] Defn: To dress or smarten up; to spruce. --Tit`i*va"tion, Tit`ti*va"tion (#), n. [Both Humorous] "Come here, an' let me titivate you." He sat down beside her, and submitted to be dusted. Quiller-Couch. TITLARK Tit"lark`, n. Etym: [Tit a small bird + lark.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous small spring birds belonging to Anthus, Corydalla, and allied genera, which resemble the true larks in color and in having a very long hind claw; especially, the European meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis). TITLE Ti"tle, n. Etym: [OF. title, F. titre, L. titulus an inscription, label, title, sign, token. Cf. Tilde, Titrate, Titular.] 1. An inscription put over or upon anything as a name by which it is known. 2. The inscription in the beginning of a book, usually containing the subject of the work, the author's and publisher's names, the date, etc. 3. (Bookbindng) Defn: The panel for the name, between the bands of the back of a book. 4. A section or division of a subject, as of a law, a book, specif. (Roman & Canon Laws), a chapter or division of a law book. 5. An appellation of dignity, distinction, or preëminence (hereditary or acquired), given to persons, as duke marquis, honorable, esquire, etc. With his former title greet Macbeth. Shak. 6. A name; an appellation; a designation. 7. (Law) (a) That which constitutes a just cause of exclusive possession; that which is the foundation of ownership of property, real or personal; a right; as, a good title to an estate, or an imperfect title. (b) The instrument which is evidence of a right. (c) (Canon Law) That by which a beneficiary holds a benefice. 8. (Anc. Church Records) Defn: A church to which a priest was ordained, and where he was to reside. Title deeds (Law), the muniments or evidences of ownership; as, the title deeds to an estate. Syn. -- Epithet; name; appellation; denomination. See epithet, and Name. TITLE Ti"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Titled; p. pr. & vb. n. Titling.] Etym: [Cf. L. titulare, F. titrer. See Title, n.] Defn: To call by a title; to name; to entitle. Hadrian, having quieted the island, took it for honor to be titled on his coin, "The Restorer of Britain." Milton. TITLED Ti"tled, a. Defn: Having or bearing a title. TITLELESS Ti"tle*less, a. Defn: Not having a title or name; without legitimate title. "A titleless tyrant." Chaucer. TITLE-PAGE Ti"tle-page`, n. Defn: The page of a book which contains it title. The world's all title-page; there's no contents. Young. TITLER Tit"ler, n. Defn: A large truncated cone of refined sugar. TITLING Tit"ling, n. Etym: [Icel. titlingr a tit sparrow. See Tit a small bird.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The hedge sparrow; -- called also titlene. Its nest often chosen by the cuckoo as a place for depositing its own eggs. The titling, . . . being thus deceived, hatcheth the egg, and bringeth up the chick of another bird. Holland. (b) The meadow pipit. 2. Stockfish; -- formerly so called in customhouses. TITMAL Tit"mal, n. Defn: The blue titmouse. [Prov. Eng.] TITMOUSE Tit"mouse`, n.; pl. Titmice. Etym: [OE. titemose, titmase; tit small, or a small bird + AS. mase a kind of small bird; akin to D. mees a titmouse, G. meise, OHG. meisa, Icel. meisingr. The English form has been influenced by the unrelated word mouse. Cf. Tit a small bird.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small insectivorous singing birds belonging to Parus and allied genera; -- called also tit, and tomtit. Note: The blue titmouse (Parus coeruleus), the marsh titmouse (P. palustris), the crested titmouse (P. cristatus), the great titmouse (P. major), and the long tailed titmouse (Ægithalos caudatus), are the best-known European species. See Chickadee. TITRATE Ti"trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Titrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Titrating.] Etym: [F. titrer, from titre standard, title. See Title, n.] (Chem.) Defn: To analyse, or determine the strength of, by means of standard solutions. Cf. Standardized solution, under Solution. TITRATED Ti"tra*ted, a. (Chem.) Defn: Standardized; determined or analyzed by titration; as, titrated solutions. TITRATION Ti*tra"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of titrating; a substance obtained by titrating. TITTER Tit"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tittered; p. pr. & vb. n. Tittering.] Etym: [Probably of imitative origin.] Defn: To laugh with the tongue striking against the root of the upper teeth; to laugh with restraint, or without much noise; to giggle. A group of tittering pages ran before. Longfellow. TITTER Tit"ter, n. Defn: A restrained laugh. "There was a titter of . . . delight on his countenance." Coleridge. TITTER Tit"ter, v. i. Defn: To seesaw. See Teeter. TITTEREL Tit"ter*el, n. Defn: The whimbrel. [Prov. Eng.] TITTER-TOTTER Tit"ter-tot`ter, v. i. Defn: See Teeter. TITTIMOUSE Tit"ti*mouse`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Titmouse. [Prov. Eng.] TITTLE Tit"tle, n. Etym: [OE. titel, titil, apparently a dim. of tit, in the sense of small; cf. G. tüttel a tittle, dim. of OHG. tutta teat. Perhaps, however, the same word as title, n.] Defn: A particle; a minute part; a jot; an iota. It is easier for heaven and earth to pass, than one tittle of the law to fail. Luke xvi. 17. Every tittle of this prophecy is most exactly verified. South. TITTLEBAT Tit"tle*bat, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The three-spined stickleback. [Prov. Eng.] TITTLE-TATTLE Tit"tle-tat`tle, n. Etym: [A reduplication of tattle.] 1. Idle, trifling talk; empty prattle. Arbuthnot. 2. An idle, trifling talker; a gossip. [R.] Tatler. TITTLE-TATTLE Tit"tle-tat`tle, v. i. Defn: To talk idly; to prate. Shak. TITTLE-TATTLING Tit"tle-tat`tling, n. Defn: The act or habit of parting idly or gossiping. TITTUP Tit"tup, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tittuped or Tittupped; p. pr. & vb. n. Tittuping or Tittupping.] [Written also titup.] [Cf. Teeter.] Defn: To behave or move in a lively or restless manner, as an impatient horse; to caper; to prance; to frisk. Kipling. TITTUP Tit"tup, n. Defn: The act of tittuping; lively, gay, or restless behavior or gait; a prance or caper. [Written also titup.] TITTUPPY Tit"tup*py, a. Defn: Given to tittuping; gay; lively; prancing; also, shaky; unsteady. TITTY Tit"ty, n. Defn: A little teat; a nipple. [Familiar] TITUBATE Tit"u*bate, v. i. Etym: [L. titubatus, p.p. of titubare to stagger, totter.] 1. To stumble. [Obs.] 2. To rock or roll, as a curved body on a plane. TITUBATION Tit`u*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. titubatio: cf. F. titubation.] Defn: The act of stumbling, rocking, or rolling; a reeling. Quain. TITULAR Tit"u*lar, a. Etym: [F. titulaire, fr. L. titulus. See Title.] Defn: Existing in title or name only; nominal; having the title to an office or dignity without discharging its appropriate duties; as, a titular prince. If these magnificent titles yet remain Not merely titular. Milton. Titular bishop. See under Bishop. TITULAR Tit"u*lar, n. Defn: A titulary. [R.] TITULARITY Tit`u*lar"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being titular. [R.] Sir T. Browne. TITULARLY Tit"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a titular manner; nominally; by title only. TITULARY Tit"u*la*ry, n.; pl. Titularies. Etym: [Cf. F. titulaire.] Defn: A person invested with a title, in virtue of which he holds an office or benefice, whether he performs the duties of it or not. TITULARY Tit"u*la*ry, a. 1. Consisting in a title; titular. 2. Of or pertaining to a title. TITULED Tit"uled, a. Defn: Having a title. [Obs.] Fuller. TIVER Tiv"er, n. Etym: [AS. teáfor, teáfur.] Defn: A kind of ocher which is used in some parts of England in marking sheep. [Prov. Eng.] TIVER Tiv"er, v. t. Defn: To mark with tiver. [Prov. Eng.] TIVOLI Tiv"o*li, n. [Prob. fr. Tivoli in Italy, a pleasure resort not far from Rome.] Defn: A game resembling bagatelle, played on a special oblong board or table (Tivoli board or table), which has a curved upper end, a set of numbered compartments at the lower end, side alleys, and the surface studded with pins and sometimes furnished with numbered depressions or cups. TIVY Tiv"y, adv. Etym: [See Tantivy.] Defn: With great speed; -- a huntsman's word or sound. Dryden. TIZA Ti"za, n. Etym: [CF. Sp. tiza whitening, a kind of chalk or pipe clay.] (Chem.) Defn: See Ulexite. TLINKIT Tlin"kit, n. pl. Defn: The Indians of a seafaring group of tribes of southern Alaska comprising the Koluschan stock. Previous to deterioration from contact with the whites they were the foremost traders of the northwest. They built substantial houses of cedar adorned with totem poles, and were expert stone carvers and copper workers. Slavery, the potlatch, and the use of immense labrets were characteristic. Many now work in the salmon industry. TMESIS Tme"sis, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. (Gram.) Defn: The separation of the parts of a compound word by the intervention of one or more words; as, in what place soever, for whatsoever place. TO- To- (, see To, prep.) Etym: [AS. to- asunder; akin to G. zer-, and perhaps to L. dis-, or Gr. Defn: An obsolete intensive prefix used in the formation of compound verbs; as in to-beat, to-break, to-hew, to-rend, to-tear. See these words in the Vocabulary. See the Note on All to, or All-to, under All, adv. TO To (emphatic or alone, obscure or unemphatic), prep. Etym: [AS. to; akin to OS. & OFries. to, D. toe, G. zu, OHG. zuo, zua, zo, Russ. do, Ir. & Gael. do, OL. -do, -du, as in endo, indu, in, Gr. Too, Tatoo a beat of drums.] 1. The preposition to primarily indicates approach and arrival, motion made in the direction of a place or thing and attaining it, access; and also, motion or tendency without arrival; movement toward; -- opposed to Ant: from. "To Canterbury they wend." Chaucer. Stay with us, go not to Wittenberg. Shak. So to the sylvan lodge They came, that like Pomona's arbor smiled. Milton. I'll to him again, . . . He'll tell me all his purpose. She stretched her arms to heaven. Dryden. 2. Hence, it indicates motion, course, or tendency toward a time, a state or condition, an aim, or anything capable of being regarded as a limit to a tendency, movement, or action; as, he is going to a trade; he is rising to wealth and honor. Note: Formerly, by omission of the verb denoting motion, to sometimes followed a form of be, with the sense of at, or in. "When the sun was [gone or declined] to rest." Chaucer. 3. In a very general way, and with innumerable varieties of application, to connects transitive verbs with their remoter or indirect object, and adjectives, nouns, and neuter or passive verbs with a following noun which limits their action. Its sphere verges upon that of for, but it contains less the idea of design or appropriation; as, these remarks were addressed to a large audience; let us keep this seat to ourselves; a substance sweet to the taste; an event painful to the mind; duty to God and to our parents; a dislike to spirituous liquor. Marks and points out each man of us to slaughter. B. Jonson. Whilst they, distilled Almost to jelly with the act of fear, Stand dumb and speak not to him. Shak. Add to your faith virtue; and to virtue knowledge; and to knowledge temperance; and to temperance patience; and to patience godliness; and to godliness brotherly kindness; and to brotherly kindness charity. 2 Pet. i. 5,6,7. I have a king's oath to the contrary. Shak. Numbers were crowded to death. Clarendon. Fate and the dooming gods are deaf to tears. Dryden. Go, buckle to the law. Dryden. 4. As sign of the infinitive, to had originally the use of last defined, governing the infinitive as a verbal noun, and connecting it as indirect object with a preceding verb or adjective; thus, ready to go, i.e., ready unto going; good to eat, i.e., good for eating; I do my utmost to lead my life pleasantly. But it has come to be the almost constant prefix to the infinitive, even in situations where it has no prepositional meaning, as where the infinitive is direct object or subject; thus, I love to learn, i.e., I love learning; to die for one's country is noble, i.e., the dying for one's country. Where the infinitive denotes the design or purpose, good usage formerly allowed the prefixing of for to the to; as, what went ye out for see (Matt. xi. 8). Then longen folk to go on pilgrimages, And palmers for to seeken strange stranders. Chaucer. Note: Such usage is now obsolete or illiterate. In colloquial usage, to often stands for, and supplies, an infinitive already mentioned; thus, he commands me to go with him, but I do not wish to. 5. In many phrases, and in connection with many other words, to has a pregnant meaning, or is used elliptically. Thus, it denotes or implies: (a) Extent; limit; degree of comprehension; inclusion as far as; as, they met us to the number of three hundred. We ready are to try our fortunes To the last man. Shak. Few of the Esquimaux can count to ten. Quant. Rev. (b) Effect; end; consequence; as, the prince was flattered to his ruin; he engaged in a war to his cost; violent factions exist to the prejudice of the state. (c) Apposition; connection; antithesis; opposition; as, they engaged hand to hand. Now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face. 1 Cor. xiii. 12. (d) Accord; adaptation; as, an occupation to his taste; she has a husband to her mind. He to God's image, she to his was made. Dryden. (e) Comparison; as, three is to nine as nine is to twenty-seven; it is ten to one that you will offend him. All that they did was piety to this. B. Jonson. (f) Addition; union; accumulation. Wisdom he has, and to his wisdom, courage. Denham. (g) Accompaniment; as, she sang to his guitar; they danced to the music of a piano. Anon they move In perfect phalanx to the Dorian mood Of flutes and soft recorders. Milton. (h) Character; condition of being; purpose subserved or office filled. [In this sense archaic] "I have a king here to my flatterer." Shak. Made his masters and others . . . to consider him to a little wonder. Walton. Note: To in to-day, to-night, and to-morrow has the sense or force of for or on; for, or on, (this) day, for, or on, (this) night, for, or on, (the) morrow. To-day, to-night, to-morrow may be considered as compounds, and usually as adverbs; but they are sometimes used as nouns; as, to-day is ours. To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow; Creeps in this petty pace from day to day. Shak. To and again, to and fro. [R.] -- To and fro, forward and back. In this phrase, to is adverbial. There was great showing both to and fro. Chaucer. -- To-and-fro, a pacing backward and forward; as, to commence a to- and-fro. Tennyson. -- To the face, in front of; in behind; hence, in the presence of. -- To wit, to know; namely. See Wit, v. i. Note: To, without an object expressed, is used adverbially; as, put to the door, i. e., put the door to its frame, close it; and in the nautical expressions, to heave to, to come to, meaning to a certain position. To, like on, is sometimes used as a command, forward, set to. "To, Achilles! to, Ajax! to!" Shak. TOAD Toad, n. Etym: [OE. tode, tade, AS. tadie, tadige; of unknown origin. Cf. Tadpole.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of batrachians belonging to the genus Bufo and allied genera, especially those of the family Bufonidæ. Toads are generally terrestrial in their habits except during the breeding season, when they seek the water. Most of the species burrow beneath the earth in the daytime and come forth to feed on insects at night. Most toads have a rough, warty skin in which are glands that secrete an acrid fluid. Note: The common toad (Bufo vulgaris) and the natterjack are familiar European species. The common American toad (B. lentiginosus) is similar to the European toad, but is less warty and is more active, moving chiefly by leaping. Obstetrical toad. (Zoöl.) See under Obstetrical. -- Surinam toad. (Zoöl.) See Pita. -- Toad lizard (Zoöl.), a horned toad. -- Toad pipe (Bot.), a hollow-stemmed plant (Equisetum limosum) growing in muddy places. Dr. Prior. -- Toad rush (Bot.), a low-growing kind of rush (Juncus bufonius). -- Toad snatcher (Zoöl.), the reed bunting. [Prov. Eng.] -- Toad spittle. (Zoöl.) See Cuckoo spit, under Cuckoo. -- Tree toad. (Zoöl.) See under Tree. TOADEATER Toad"eat`er, n. Etym: [Said to be so called in allusion to an old alleged practice among mountebanks' boys of eating toads (popularly supposed to be poisonous), in order that their masters might have an opportunity of pretending to effect a cure. The French equivalent expression is un avaleur de couleuvres. Cf. Toady.] Defn: A fawning, obsequious parasite; a mean sycophant; a flatterer; a toady. V. Knox. You had nearly imposed upon me, but you have lost your labor. You're too zealous a toadeater, and betray yourself. Dickens. TOADFISH Toad"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any marine fish of the genus Batrachus, having a large, thick head and a wide mouth, and bearing some resemblance to a toad. The American species (Batrachus tau) is very common in shallow water. Called also oyster fish, and sapo. (b) The angler. (c) A swellfish. TOADFLAX Toad"flax`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An herb (Linaria vulgaris) of the Figwort family, having narrow leaves and showy orange and yellow flowers; -- called also butter and eggs, flaxweed, and ramsted. TOADHEAD Toad"head`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The golden plover. [Local, U.S.] TOADISH Toad"ish, a. Defn: Like a toad. [Obs.] A. Stafford. TOADLET Toad"let, n. Defn: A small toad. [R.] Coleridge. TOADSTONE Toad"stone`, n. 1. (Min.) Defn: A local name for the igneous rocks of Derbyshire, England; -- said by some to be derived from the German todter stein, meaning dead stone, that is, stone which contains no ores. 2. Bufonite, formerly regarded as a precious stone, and worn as a jewel. See Bufonite. TOADSTOOL Toad"stool`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to many umbrella-shaped fungi, mostly of the genus Agaricus. The species are almost numberless. They grow on decaying organic matter. TOADY Toad"y, n.; pl. Toadies. Etym: [Shortened from toadeater.] 1. A mean flatterer; a toadeater; a sycophant. Before I had been standing at the window five minutes, they somehow conveyed to me that they were all toadies and humbugs. Dickens. 2. A coarse, rustic woman. [R.] Sir W. Scott. TOADY Toad"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toadied; p. pr. & vb. n. Toadying.] Defn: To fawn upon with mean sycophancy. TOADYISM Toad"y*ism, n. Defn: The practice of meanly fawning on another; base sycophancy; servile adulation. TOAST Toast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Toasting.] Etym: [OF. toster to roast, toast, fr. L. torrere, tostum, to parch, roast. See Torrid.] 1. To dry and brown by the heat of a fire; as, to toast bread. 2. To warm thoroughly; as, to toast the feet. 3. To name when a health is proposed to be drunk; to drink to the health, or in honor, of; as, to toast a lady. TOAST Toast, n. Etym: [OF. toste, or tostée, toasted bread. See Toast, v.] 1. Bread dried and browned before a fire, usually in slices; also, a kind of food prepared by putting slices of toasted bread into milk, gravy, etc. toaster. My sober evening let the tankard bless, With toast embrowned, and fragrant nutmeg fraught. T. Warton. 2. A lady in honor of whom persons or a company are invited to drink; -- so called because toasts were formerly put into the liquor, as a great delicacy. It now came to the time of Mr. Jones to give a toast . . . who could not refrain from mentioning his dear Sophia. Fielding. 3. Hence, any person, especially a person of distinction, in honor of whom a health is drunk; hence, also, anything so commemorated; a sentiment, as "The land we live in," "The day we celebrate," etc. Toast rack, a small rack or stand for a table, having partitions for holding slices of dry toast. TOASTER Toast"er, n. 1. One who toasts. 2. A kitchen utensil for toasting bread, cheese, etc. Toaster oven. an electrical toaster. TOASTING Toast"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Toast, v. Toasting fork, a long-handled fork for toasting bread, cheese, or the like, by the fire. TOASTMASTER Toast"mas`ter, n. Defn: A person who presides at a public dinner or banquet, and announces the toasts. TOAT Toat, n. Defn: The handle of a joiner's plane. Knight. TOBACCO To*bac"co, n. Etym: [Sp. tabaco, fr. the Indian tabaco the tube or pipe in which the Indians or Caribbees smoked this plant. Some derive the word from Tabaco, a province of Yucatan, where it was said to be first found by the Spaniards; others from the island of Tobago, one of the Caribbees. But these derivations are very doubtful.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An American plant (Nicotiana Tabacum) of the Nightshade family, much used for smoking and chewing, and as snuff. As a medicine, it is narcotic, emetic, and cathartic. Tobacco has a strong, peculiar smell, and an acrid taste. Note: The name is extended to other species of the genus, and to some unrelated plants, as Indian tobacco (Nicotiana rustica, and also Lobelia inflata), mountain tobacco (Arnica montana), and Shiraz tobacco (Nicotiana Persica). 2. The leaves of the plant prepared for smoking, chewing, etc., by being dried, cured, and manufactured in various ways. Tobacco box (Zoöl.), the common American skate. -- Tobacco camphor. (Chem.) See Nicotianine. -- Tobacco man, a tobacconist. [R.] -- Tobacco pipe. (a) A pipe used for smoking, made of baked clay, wood, or other material. (b) (Bot.) Same as Indian pipe, under Indian. -- Tobacco-pipe clay (Min.), a species of clay used in making tobacco pipes; -- called also cimolite. -- Tobacco-pipe fish. (Zoöl.) See Pipemouth. -- Tobacco stopper, a small plug for pressing down the tobacco in a pipe as it is smoked. -- Tobacco worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a large hawk moth (Sphinx, or Phlegethontius, Carolina). It is dark green, with seven oblique white stripes bordered above with dark brown on each side of the body. It feeds upon the leaves of tobacco and tomato plants, and is often very injurious to the tobacco crop. See Illust. of Hawk moth. TOBACCONING To*bac"co*ning, n. Defn: Smoking tobacco. [Obs.] "Tobacconing is but a smoky play." [Obs.] Sylvester. TOBACCONIST To*bac"co*nist, n. 1. A dealer in tobacco; also, a manufacturer of tobacco. 2. A smoker of tobacco. [Obs.] Sylvester. TO-BEAT To-beat", v. t. Etym: [Pref. to- + beat.] Defn: To beat thoroughly or severely. [Obs.] Layamon. TOBIAS FISH To*bi"as fish`. Etym: [See the Note under Asmodeus, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The lant, or sand eel. TOBIE To"bie, n. [Cf. Toby.] Defn: A kind of inferior cigar of a long slender shape, tapered at one end. [Local, U. S.] TOBINE To"bine, n. Etym: [Cf. G. tobin, D. tabijn. See Tabby.] Defn: A stout twilled silk used for dresses. TOBIT To"bit, n. Defn: A book of the Apocrypha. TOBOGGAN To*bog"gan, n. Etym: [Corruption of American Indian odabagan a sled.] Defn: A kind of sledge made of pliable board, turned up at one or both ends, used for coasting down hills or prepared inclined planes; also, a sleigh or sledge, to be drawn by dogs, or by hand, over soft and deep snow. [Written also tobogan, and tarbogan.] TOBOGGAN To*bog"gan, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tobogganed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tobogganing.] Defn: To slide down hill over the snow or ice on a toboggan. Barilett. TOBOGGANER; TOBOGGANIST To*bog"gan*er, To*bog"gan*ist, n. Defn: One who practices tobogganing. TO-BREAK To-break", v. t. Etym: [Pref. to- + break.] Defn: To break completely; to break in pieces. [Obs.] With nose and mouth to-broke. Chaucer. TO-BREST To-brest", v. t. Etym: [Pref. to- + brest.] Defn: To burst or break in pieces. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOBY To"by, n.; pl. -bies (#). [Perh. from the proper name.] Defn: A small jug, pitcher, or mug, generally used for ale, shaped somewhat like a stout man, with a cocked hat forming the brim. TOCCATA Toc*ca"ta, n. Etym: [It., fr. toccare to touch. See Touch.] (Mus.) Defn: An old form of piece for the organ or harpsichord, somewhat in the free and brilliant style of the prelude, fantasia, or capriccio. TOCCATELLA; TOCCATINA Toc`ca*tel"la, Toc`ca*ti"na, n. [It.] (Music) Defn: A short or simple toccata. TOCHER Toch"er, n. Etym: [Gael. tochradh.] Defn: Dowry brought by a bride to her husband. [Scot.] Burns. TOCKAY Tock"ay, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A spotted lizard native of India. TOCO To"co, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A toucan (Ramphastos toco) having a very large beak. See Illust. under Toucan. TOCOLOGY To*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The science of obstetrics, or midwifery; that department of medicine which treats of parturition. [Written also tokology.] TOCORORO To*co*ro"ro, n. Etym: [Probably from the native name through the Spanish: cf. Sp. tocororo.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A cuban trogon (Priotelus temnurus) having a serrated bill and a tail concave at the end. TOCSIN Toc"sin, n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. toquier to touch, F. toquer (originally, a dialectic form of F. toucher) + seint (for sein) a bell, LL. signum, fr. L. signum a sign, signal. See Touch, and Sign.] Defn: An alarm bell, or the ringing of a bell for the purpose of alarm. The loud tocsin tolled their last alarm. Campbell. TOD Tod (tôd), n. Etym: [Akin to D. todde a rag, G. zotte shag, rag, a tuft of hair, Icel. toddi a piece of a thing, a tod of wool.] 1. A bush; a thick shrub; a bushy clump. [R.] "An ivy todde." Spenser. The ivy tod is heavy with snow. Coleridge. 2. An old weight used in weighing wool, being usually twenty-eight pounds. 3. A fox; -- probably so named from its bushy tail. The wolf, the tod, the brock. B. Jonson. Tod stove, a close stove adapted for burning small round wood, twigs, etc. [U.S.] Knight. TOD Tod, v. t. & i. Defn: To weigh; to yield in tods. [Obs.] TO-DAY To-day", adv. Etym: [AS. to dæg. See To, prep., and Day.] Defn: On this day; on the present day. Worcester's horse came but to-day. Shak. TO-DAY To-day", n. Defn: The present day. today. On to-day Is worth for me a thousand yesterdays. Longfellow. TODDLE Tod"dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Toddling.] Etym: [Akin to tottle, totter.] Defn: To walk with short, tottering steps, as a child. TODDLE Tod"dle, n. Defn: A toddling walk. Trollope. TODDLER Tod"dler, n. Defn: One who toddles; especially, a young child. Mrs. Gaskell. TODDY Tod"dy, n. Etym: [Formed from Hind. ta the juice of the palmyra tree, popularly, toddy, fr. ta the palmyra tree, Skr. tala.] 1. A juice drawn from various kinds of palms in the East Indies; or, a spirituous liquor procured from it by fermentation. 2. A mixture of spirit and hot water sweetened. Note: Toddy differs from grog in having a less proportion of spirit, and is being made hot and sweetened. Toddy bird (Zoöl.), a weaver bird of the East Indies and India: -- so called from its fondness for the juice of the palm. -- Toddy cat (Zoöl.), the common paradoxure; the palm cat. TO-DO To-do", n. Etym: [To + do. Cf. Ado.] Defn: Bustle; stir; commotion; ado. [Colloq.] TODY To"dy, n.; pl. Todies. Etym: [Cf. NL. todus, F. todier, G. todvogel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small insectivorous West Indian birds of the genus Todus. They are allied to the kingfishers. TOE Toe, n. Etym: [OE. too, taa, AS. ta; akin to D. teen, G. zehe, OHG. zeha, Icel. ta, Sw. tå, Dan. taa; of uncertain origin. *60.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the terminal members, or digits, of the foot of a man or an animal. "Each one, tripping on his toe." Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The fore part of the hoof or foot of an animal. 3. Anything, or any part, corresponding to the toe of the foot; as, the toe of a boot; the toe of a skate. 4. (Mach.) (a) The journal, or pivot, at the lower end of a revolving shaft or spindle, which rests in a step. (b) A lateral projection at one end, or between the ends, of a piece, as a rod or bolt, by means of which it is moved. (c) A projection from the periphery of a revolving piece, acting as a cam to lift another piece. Toe biter (Zoöl.), a tadpole; a polliwig. -- Toe drop (Med.), a morbid condition of the foot in which the toe is depressed and the heel elevated, as in talipes equinus. See Talipes. TOE Toe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toed; p. pr. & vb. n. Toeing.] Defn: To touch or reach with the toes; to come fully up to; as, to toe the mark. TOE Toe, v. i. Defn: To hold or carry the toes (in a certain way). To toe in, to stand or carry the feet in such a way that the toes of either foot incline toward the other. -- To toe out, to have the toes of each foot, in standing or walking, incline from the other foot. toe in, to align the front wheels so that they point slightly toward each other. TOED Toed, a. 1. Having (such or so many) toes; -- chiefly used in composition; as, narrow-toed, four-toed. 2. (Carp.) Defn: Having the end secured by nails driven obliquely, said of a board, plank, or joist serving as a brace, and in general of any part of a frame secured to other parts by diagonal nailing. TOE DROP Toe drop. (Med.) Defn: A morbid condition of the foot in which the toe is depressed and the heel elevated. TOE HOLD Toe hold. (Wrestling) Defn: A hold in which the agressor bends back his opponent's foot. TO-FALL To-fall", n. (Arch.) Defn: A lean-to. See Lean-to. TOFF Toff, n. [Etym. uncertain.] Defn: A fop; a beau; a swell. [Slang, Eng.] Kipling. TOFFEE; TOFFY Tof"fee, Tof"fy, n. Defn: Taffy. [Eng.] TOFORE; TOFORN To*fore", To*forn", prep. & adv. Etym: [AS. toforan. See To, prep., Fore.] Defn: Before. [Obs.] Toforn him goeth the loud minstrelsy. Chaucer. Would thou wert as thou tofore hast been! Shak. TOFT Toft, n. Etym: [OE. toft a knoll; akin to LG. toft a field hedged in, not far from a house, Icel. topt a green knoll, grassy place, place marked out for a house, Dan. toft.] 1. A knoll or hill. [Obs.] "A tower on a toft." Piers Plowman. 2. A grove of trees; also, a plain. [Prov. Eng.] 3. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A place where a messuage has once stood; the site of a burnt or decayed house. TOFTMAN Toft"man, n.; pl. Toftmen (. Defn: The owner of a toft. See Toft, 3. TOFUS To"fus, n. Etym: [L., tufa.] 1. Tophus. 2. (Min.) Defn: Tufa. See under Tufa, and Toph. TOG Tog, v. t. & i. Defn: To put toggery, or togs, on; to dress; -- usually with out, implying care, elaborateness, or the like. [Colloq. or Slang] Harper's Weekly. TOGA To"ga, n.; pl. E. Togas, L. Togæ. Etym: [L., akin to tegere to cover. See Thatch.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: The loose outer garment worn by the ancient Romans, consisting of a single broad piece of woolen cloth of a shape approaching a semicircle. It was of undyed wool, except the border of the toga prætexta. Toga prætexta. Etym: [L.], a toga with a broad purple border, worn by children of both sexes, by magistrates, and by persons engaged in sacred rites. -- Toga virilis Etym: [L.], the manly gown; the common toga. This was assumed by Roman boys about the time of completing their fourteenth year. TOGATED To"ga*ted, a. Etym: [L. togatus, from toga a toga.] Defn: Dressed in a toga or gown; wearing a gown; gowned. [R.] Sir M. Sandys. TOGED To"ged, a. Defn: Togated. [Obs. or R.] Shak. TOGETHER To*geth"er, adv. Etym: [OE. togedere, togidere, AS. togædere, togædre, togadere; to to + gador together. *29. See To, prep., and Gather.] 1. In company or association with respect to place or time; as, to live together in one house; to live together in the same age; they walked together to the town. Soldiers can never stand idle long together. Landor. 2. In or into union; into junction; as, to sew, knit, or fasten two things together; to mix things together. The king joined humanity and policy together. Bacon. 3. In concert; with mutual coöperation; as, the allies made war upon France together. Together with, in union with; in company or mixture with; along with. Take the bad together with the good. Dryden. TOGGERY Tog"ger*y, n. Etym: [Cf. Togated.] Defn: Clothes; garments; dress; as, fishing toggery. [Colloq.] togs TOGGLE Tog"gle, n. Etym: [Cf. Tug.] [Written also toggel.] 1. (Naut.) Defn: A wooden pin tapering toward both ends with a groove around its middle, fixed transversely in the eye of a rope to be secured to any other loop or bight or ring; a kind of button or frog capable of being readily engaged and disengaged for temporary purposes. 2. (Mach.) Defn: Two rods or plates connected by a toggle joint. Toggle iron, a harpoon with a pivoted crosspiece in a mortise near the point to prevent it from being drawn out when a whale, shark, or other animal, is harpooned. -- Toggle joint, an elbow or knee joint, consisting of two bars so connected that they may be brought quite or nearly into a straight line, and made to produce great endwise pressure, when any force is applied to bring them into this position. TOGHT Toght, a. Defn: Taut. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOGIDER; TOGIDRES To*gid"er, To*gid"res, adv. Defn: Together. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOGS Togs, n. pl. [See Toggery.] Defn: Clothes; garments; toggery. [Colloq. or Slang] TOGUE Togue, n. Etym: [From the American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The namaycush. TOHEW To*hew", v. t. Etym: [Pref. to- + hew.] Defn: To hew in pieces. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOHUBOHU To"hu*bo"hu (to"hoo-bo"hoo), n. [F. tohu-bohu, fr. Heb. tohu wa bohu without form and void (Gen. i. 2).] Defn: Chaos; confusion. Was ever such a tohubohu of people as there assembles Thuckeray. TOIL Toil, n. Etym: [F. toiles, pl., toils, nets, fr. toile cloth, canvas, spider web, fr. L. tela any woven stuff, a web, fr. texere to weave. See Text, and cf. Toilet.] Defn: A net or snare; any thread, web, or string spread for taking prey; -- usually in the plural. As a Numidian lion, when first caught, Endures the toil that holds him. Denham. Then toils for beasts, and lime for birds, were found. Dryden. TOIL Toil, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Toiling.] Etym: [OE. toilen to pull about, to toil; of uncertain origin; cf. OD. teulen, tuylen, to labor, till, or OF. tooillier, toailler, to wash, rub (cf. Towel); or perhaps ultimately from the same root as E. tug.] Defn: To exert strength with pain and fatigue of body or mind, especially of the body, with efforts of some continuance or duration; to labor; to work. TOIL Toil, v. t. 1. To weary; to overlabor. [Obs.] "Toiled with works of war." Shak. 2. To labor; to work; -- often with out. [R.] Places well toiled and husbanded. Holland. [I] toiled out my uncouth passage. Milton. TOIL Toil, n. Etym: [OE. toil turmoil, struggle; cf. OD. tuyl labor, work. See Toil, v.] Defn: Labor with pain and fatigue; labor that oppresses the body or mind, esp. the body. My task of servile toil. Milton. After such bloody toil, we bid good night. Shak. Note: Toil is used in the formation of compounds which are generally of obvious signification; as, toil-strung, toil-wasted, toil-worn, and the like. Syn. -- Labor; drudgery; work; exertion; occupation; employment; task; travail. -- Toil, Labor, Drudgery. Labor implies strenuous exertion, but not necessary such as overtasks the faculties; toil denotes a severity of labor which is painful and exhausting; drudgery implies mean and degrading work, or, at least, work which wearies or disgusts from its minuteness or dull uniformity. You do not know the heavy grievances, The toils, the labors, weary drudgeries, Which they impose. Southern. How often have I blessed the coming day, When toil remitting lent its turn to play. Goldsmith. TOILER Toil"er, n. Defn: One who toils, or labors painfully. TOILET Toi"let, n. Etym: [F. toilette, dim. of toile cloth. See Toil a net.] 1. A covering of linen, silk, or tapestry, spread over a table in a chamber or a dressing room. 2. A dressing table. Pope. 3. Act or mode of dressing, or that which is arranged in dressing; attire; dress; as, her toilet is perfect. [Written also toilette.] Toilet glass, a looking-glass for a toilet table or for a dressing room. -- Toilet service, Toilet set, earthenware, glass, and other utensils for a dressing room. -- Toilet table, a dressing table; a toilet. See def. 2 above. -- To snake one's toilet, to dress one's self; especially, to dress one's self carefully. TOILETTE Toi*lette", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Toilet, 3. TOILFUL Toil"ful, a. Defn: Producing or involving much toil; laborious; toilsome; as, toilful care. Mickle. TOILINETTE Toi`li*nette", n. Etym: [F. toilinet. See Toil a net.] Defn: A cloth, the weft of which is of woolen yarn, and the warp of cotton and silk, -- used for w TOILLESS Toil"less, a. Defn: Free from toil. TOILSOME Toil"some, a. Defn: Attended with toil, or fatigue and pain; laborious; wearisome; as, toilsome work. What can be toilsome in these pleasant walks Milton. -- Toil"some*ly, adv. -- Toil"some*ness, n. TOISE Toise, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. tesa, fr. L. tensus, fem. tensa, p.p. of tendere to stretch, extend. See Tense, a.] Defn: An old measure of length in France, containing six French feet, or about 6.3946 French feet. TOISON Toi`son" (twa`zôn"), n. [F.] Defn: A sheep's fleece. TOISON D'OR Toi`son" d'or" (dor"). [F.] Defn: Lit., the golden fleece; specif., the order of the Golden Fleece, or its jewel. TOKAY To*kay", n. Etym: [Named fr. Tokay in Hungary.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A grape of an oval shape and whitish color. 2. A rich Hungarian wine made from Tokay grapes. TOKEN To"ken, n. Etym: [OE. token, taken, AS. tacen; akin to OFries. teken, OS. tekan, D. teeken, G. zeichen, OHG. Zeihhan, Icel. takan, teiken, Sw. tecken, Dan. tegn, Goth. taikns sign, token, gateihan to tell, show, AS. teón to accuse, G. zeihen, OHG. zihan, G. zeigen to show, OHG. zeigon, Icel. tja, L. dicere to say, Gr. di. Cf. Diction, Teach.] 1. Something intended or supposed to represent or indicate another thing or an event; a sign; a symbol; as, the rainbow is a token of God's covenant established with Noah. 2. A memorial of friendship; something by which the friendship of another person is to be kept in mind; a memento; a souvenir. This is some token from a never friend. Shak. 3. Something given or shown as a symbol or guarantee of authority or right; a sign of authenticity, of power, good faith, etc. Say, by this token, I desire his company. Shak. 4. A piece of metal intended for currency, and issued by a private party, usually bearing the name of the issuer, and redeemable in lawful money. Also, a coin issued by government, esp. when its use as lawful money is limited and its intrinsic value is much below its nominal value. Note: It is now made unlawful for private persons to issue tokens. 5. (Med.) Defn: A livid spot upon the body, indicating, or supposed to indicate, the approach of death. [Obs.] Like the fearful tokens of the plague, Are mere forerunners of their ends. Beau. & Fl. 6. (Print.) Defn: Ten and a half quires, or, commonly, 250 sheets, of paper printed on both sides; also, in some cases, the same number of sheets printed on one side, or half the number printed on both sides. 7. (Ch. of Scot.) Defn: A piece of metal given beforehand to each person in the congregation who is permitted to partake of the Lord's Supper. 8. (Mining) Defn: A bit of leather having a peculiar mark designating a particular miner. Each hewer sends one of these with each corf or tub he has hewn. Token money, money which is lawfully current for more than its real value. See Token, n., 4. -- Token sheet (Print.), the last sheet of each token. W. Savage. TOKEN To"ken, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tokened; p. pr. & vb. n. Tokening.] Etym: [AS. tacnian, fr. tacen token. See Token, n.] Defn: To betoken. [Obs.] Shak. TOKENED To"kened, a. Defn: Marked by tokens, or spots; as, the tokened pestilence. [Obs.] Shak. TOKENLESS To"ken*less, a. Defn: Without a token. TOKIN Tok"in, n. Defn: A tocsin. [Obs.] Halliwell. TOL Tol, v. t. (Law) Defn: To take away. See Toll. TOLA To"la, n. Etym: [Hind., from Skr. tula a balance.] Defn: A weight of British India. The standard tola is equal to 180 grains. TOLANE To*lane", n. Etym: [From Toluene.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon, C14H10, related both to the acetylene and the aromatic series, and produced artificially as a white crystalline substance; -- called also diphenyl acetylene. TOLBOOTH Tol"booth`, n. Defn: See Tollbooth. TOLD Told, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Tell. TOLE Tole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toled; p. pr. & vb. n. Toling.] Etym: [OE. tollen to draw, to entice; of uncertain origin. Cf. Toll to ring a bell.] Defn: To draw, or cause to follow, by displaying something pleasing or desirable; to allure by some bait. [Written also toll.] Whatever you observe him to be more frighted at then he should, tole him on to by insensible degrees, till at last he masters the difficulty. TOLEDO To*le"do, n. Defn: A sword or sword blade made at Toledo in Spain, which city was famous in the 16th and 17th centuries for the excellence of its weapons. TOLERABILITY Tol`er*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tolerable. [R.] Fuller. Wordsworth. TOLERABLE Tol"er*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. tolerabilis: cf. F. tolérable. See Tolerate.] 1. Capable of being borne or endured; supportable, either physically or mentally. As may affect tionearth with cold and heat Scarce tolerable. Milton. 2. Moderately good or agreeable; not contemptible; not very excellent or pleasing, but such as can be borne or received without disgust, resentment, or opposition; passable; as, a tolerable administration; a tolerable entertainment; a tolerable translation. Dryden. -- Tol"er*a*ble*ness, n. -- Tol"er*a*bly, adv. TOLERANCE Tol"er*ance, n. Etym: [L. tolerantia: cf. F. tolérance.] 1. The power or capacity of enduring; the act of enduring; endurance. Diogenes, one frosty morning, came into the market place,shaking, to show his tolerance. Bacon. 2. The endurance of the presence or actions of objectionable persons, or of the expression of offensive opinions; toleration. 3. (Med.) Defn: The power possessed or acquired by some persons of bearing doses of medicine which in ordinary cases would prove injurious or fatal. Tolerance of the mint. (Coinage) Same as Remedy of the mint. See under Remedy. TOLERANT Tol"er*ant, a. Etym: [L. tolerans, p.pr. of tolerare to tolerate: cf. F. tolérant. See Tolerate.] Defn: Inclined to tolerate; favoring toleration; forbearing; ingulgent. TOLERATE Tol"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tolerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Tolerating.] Etym: [L. toleratus, p.p. of tolerare, fr. the same root as tollere to lift up, tuli, used as perfect of ferre to bear, latus (for tlatus), used as p.p. of ferre to bear, and E. thole. See Thole, and cf. Atlas, Collation, Delay, Elate, Extol, Legislate, Oblate, Prelate, Relate, Superlative, Talent, Toll to take away, Translate.] Defn: To suffer to be, or to be done, without prohibition or hindrance; to allow or permit negatively, by not preventing; not to restrain; to put up with; as, to tolerate doubtful practices. Crying should not be tolerated in children. Locke. We tolerate them because property and liberty, to a degree, require that toleration. Burke. Syn. -- See Permit. TOLERATION Tol`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. toleratio: cf. OF. toleration.] 1. The act of tolerating; the allowance of that which is not wholly approved. 2. Specifically, the allowance of religious opinions and modes of worship in a state when contrary to, or different from, those of the established church or belief. 3. Hence, freedom from bigotry and severity in judgment of the opinions or belief of others, especially in respect to religious matters. TOLL Toll, v. t. Etym: [L. tollere. See Tolerate.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: To take away; to vacate; to annul. TOLL Toll, v. t. Etym: [See Tole.] 1. To draw; to entice; to allure. See Tole. 2. Etym: [Probably the same word as toll to draw, and at first meaning, to ring in order to draw people to church.] Defn: To cause to sound, as a bell, with strokes slowly and uniformly repeated; as, to toll the funeral bell. "The sexton tolled the bell." Hood. 3. To strike, or to indicate by striking, as the hour; to ring a toll for; as, to toll a departed friend. Shak. Slow tolls the village clock the drowsy hour. Beattie. 4. To call, summon, or notify, by tolling or ringing. When hollow murmurs of their evening bells Dismiss the sleepy swains, and toll them to their cells. Dryden. TOLL Toll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tolling.] Defn: To sound or ring, as a bell, with strokes uniformly repeated at intervals, as at funerals, or in calling assemblies, or to announce the death of a person. The country cocks do crow, the clocks do toll. Shak. Now sink in sorrows with a tolling bell. Pope. TOLL Toll, n. Defn: The sound of a bell produced by strokes slowly and uniformly repeated. TOLL Toll, n. Etym: [OE. tol, AS. toll; akin to OS. & D. tol, G. zoll, OHG. zol, Icel. tollr, Sw. tull, Dan. told, and also to E. tale; -- originally, that which is counted out in payment. See Tale number.] 1. A tax paid for some liberty or privilege, particularly for the privilege of passing over a bridge or on a highway, or for that of vending goods in a fair, market, or the like. 2. (Sax. & O. Eng. Law) Defn: A liberty to buy and sell within the bounds of a manor. 3. A portion of grain taken by a miller as a compensation for grinding. Toll and team (O. Eng. Law), the privilege of having a market, and jurisdiction of villeins. Burrill. -- Toll bar, a bar or beam used on a canal for stopping boats at the tollhouse, or on a road for stopping passengers. -- Toll bridge, a bridge where toll is paid for passing over it. -- Toll corn, corn taken as pay for grinding at a mill. -- Toll dish, a dish for measuring toll in mills. -- Toll gatherer, a man who takes, or gathers, toll. -- Toll hop, a toll dish. [Obs.] Crabb. -- Toll thorough (Eng. Law), toll taken by a town for beasts driven through it, or over a bridge or ferry maintained at its cost. Brande & C. -- Toll traverse (Eng. Law), toll taken by an individual for beasts driven across his ground; toll paid by a person for passing over the private ground, bridge, ferry, or the like, of another. -- Toll turn (Eng. Law), a toll paid at the return of beasts from market, though they were not sold. Burrill. Syn. -- Tax; custom; duty; impost. TOLL Toll, v. i. 1. To pay toll or tallage. [R.] Shak. 2. To take toll; to raise a tax. [R.] Well could he [the miller] steal corn and toll thrice. Chaucer. No Italian priest Shall tithe or toll in our dominions. Shak. TOLL Toll, v. t. Defn: To collect, as a toll. Shak. TOLLABLE Toll"a*ble, a. Defn: Subject to the payment of toll; as, tollable goods. Wright. TOLLAGE Toll"age, n. Defn: Payment of toll; also, the amount or quantity paid as toll. Drayton. TOLLBOOTH Toll"booth`, n. Etym: [Toll a tax + booth.] Etym: [Written also tolbooth.] 1. A place where goods are weighed to ascertain the duties or toll. [Obs.] He saw Levy . . . sitting at the tollbooth. Wyclif (Mark ii. 14). 2. In Scotland, a burgh jail; hence, any prison, especially a town jail. Sir W. Scott. TOLLBOOTH Toll"booth`, v. t. Defn: To imprison in a tollbooth. [R.] That they might tollbooth Oxford men. Bp. Corbet. TOLLER Toll"er, n. Etym: [AS. tollere.] Defn: A toll gatherer. "Tollers in markets." Piers Plowman. TOLLER Toll"er, n. Defn: One who tolls a bell. TOLLETANE Tol"le*tane, a. Etym: [L. Toletanus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Toledo in Spain; made in Toledo. [Obs.] "Tables Tolletanes." Chaucer. TOLLGATE Toll"gate`, n. Defn: A gate where toll is taken. TOLLHOUSE Toll"house`, n.; pl. Tollhouses (. Defn: A house occupied by a receiver of tolls. TOLLMAN Toll"man, n.; pl. Tollmen (. Defn: One who receives or collects toll; a toll gatherer. Cowper. TOLMEN Tol"men, n. Defn: See Dolmen. TOLSESTER Tol"ses*ter, n. Etym: [LL. tolsestrum. Cf. Toll a tax.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A toll or tribute of a sextary of ale, paid to the lords of some manors by their tenants, for liberty to brew and sell ale. Cowell. TOLSEY Tol"sey, n. Defn: A tollbooth; also, a merchants' meeting place, or exchange. [Obs.] Halliwell. TOLSTOYAN; TOLSTOIAN Tol*stoy"an, Tol*stoi"an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Tolstoy (1828-1910). -- n. Defn: A follower of Tolstoy, who advocates and practices manual labor, simplicity of living, nonresistance, etc., holds that possession of wealth and ownership of property are sinful, and in religion rejects all teachings not coming from Christ himself. TOLT Tolt, n. Etym: [LL. tolta, fr. L. tollere to take away.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A writ by which a cause pending in a court baron was removed into a country court. Cowell. TOLTEC Tol"tec, n. (Ethnol.) Defn: One of a race which formerly occupied Mexico. -- Tol"te*can, a. TOLU To*lu", n. Defn: A fragrant balsam said to have been first brought from Santiago de Tolu, in New Granada. See Balsam of Tolu, under Balsam. Tolu tree (Bot.), a large tree (Myroxylon toluiferum), the wood of which is red in the center, and has an aromatic rose odor. It affords the balsam called tolu. TOLUATE Tol"u*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of any one of the toluic acids. TOLUENE Tol"u*ene, n. Etym: [Tolu + benzene.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon, C6H5.CH3, of the aromatic series, homologous with benzene, and obtained as a light mobile colorless liquid, by distilling tolu balsam, coal tar, etc.; -- called also methyl benzene, phenyl methane, etc. TOLUENYL Tol`u*e"nyl, n. Etym: [Toluene + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: Tolyl. [Obs.] TOLUIC To*lu"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, one of three metameric acids, CH3.C6H4.CO2H, which are related to toluene and analogous to benzoic acids. They are white crystalline substances, and are called respectively orthotoluic acid, metatoluic acid, and paratoluic acid. TOLUID Tol"u*id, n. (Chem.) Defn: A complex double tolyl and toluidine derivative of glycocoll, obtained as a white crystalline substance. TOLUIDINE To*lu"i*dine, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of three metameric amido derivatives of toluene analogous to aniline, and called respectively orthtoluidine, metatoluidine, and paratoluidine; especially, the commonest one, or paratoluidine, which is obtained as a white crystalline substance. Note: It is used in the aniline dye industry, and constitutes the essential nucleus or radical of those dyes. TOLUOL; TOLUOLE Tol"u*ol, Tol"u*ole n. Etym: [Tolu + benzol.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Toluene. TOLURIC To*lu"ric, a. Etym: [Toluic + uric.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, any one of three isomeric crystalline acids, C9H10ON.CO2H, which are toluyl derivatives of glycocoll. TOLUTATION Tol`u*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. tolutim on a trot, properly, lifting up the feet, akin to tollere to lift up.] Defn: A pacing or ambling. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. TOLUYL Tol"u*yl, n. Etym: [Toluic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of the three hypothetical radicals corresponding to the three toluic acids. TOLUYLENE Tol"u*yl*ene, n. (Chem.) (a) Same as Stilbene. (b) Sometimes, but less properly, tolylene. TOLYL Tol"yl, n. Etym: [Toluic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hydrocarbon radical, CH3.C6H4, regarded as characteristic of certain compounds of the aromatic series related to toluene; as, tolyl carbinol. TOLYLENE Tol"yl*ene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon radical, C6H4.(CH2)2, regarded as characteristic of certain toluene derivatives. TOLYPEUTINE Tol`y*peu"tine, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The apar. TOM Tom, n. Defn: The knave of trumps at gleek. [Obs.] TOMAHAWK Tom"a*hawk, n. Etym: [Of American Indian origin; cf. Algonkin tomehagen, Mohegan tumnahegan, Delaware tamoihecan.] Defn: A kind of war hatchet used by the American Indians. It was originally made of stone, but afterwards of iron. TOMAHAWK Tom"a*hawk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tomahawked; p. pr. & vb. n. Tomahawking.] Defn: To cut, strike, or kill, with a tomahawk. TOMALEY Tom"a`ley, n. Defn: The liver of the lobster, which becomes green when boiled; -- called also tomalline. TOMAN To*man", n. Etym: [Per. toman; from a Mongol word signifying, ten thousand.] Defn: A money of account in Persia, whose value varies greatly at different times and places. Its average value may be reckoned at about two and a half dollars. TOM AND JERRY Tom and Jerry. Defn: A hot sweetened drink of rum and water spiced with cinnamon, cloves, etc., and beaten up with eggs. TOMATO To*ma"to, n.; pl. Tomatoes. Etym: [Sp. or Pg. tomate, of American Indian origin; cf. Mexican tomail.] (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of a plant of the Nightshade family (Lycopersicum esculentun); also, the plant itself. The fruit, which is called also love apple, is usually of a rounded, flattened form, but often irregular in shape. It is of a bright red or yellow color, and is eaten either cooked or uncooked. Tomato gall (Zoöl.), a large gall consisting of a mass of irregular swellings on the stems and leaves of grapevines. They are yellowish green, somewhat tinged with red, and produced by the larva of a small two-winged fly (Lasioptera vitis). -- Tomato sphinx (Zoöl.), the adult or imago of the tomato worm. It closely resembles the tobacco hawk moth. Called also tomato hawk moth. See Illust. of Hawk moth. -- Tomato worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a large hawk moth (Sphinx, or Macrosila, quinquemaculata) which feeds upon the leaves of the tomato and potato plants, often doing considerable damage. Called also potato worm. TOMB Tomb, n. Etym: [OE. tombe, toumbe, F. tombe, LL. tumba, fr. Gr. tumulus a mound. Cf. Tumulus.] 1. A pit in which the dead body of a human being is deposited; a grave; a sepulcher. As one dead in the bottom of a tomb. Shak. 2. A house or vault, formed wholly or partly in the earth, with walls and a roof, for the reception of the dead. "In tomb of marble stones." Chaucer. 3. A monument erected to inclose the body and preserve the name and memory of the dead. Hang her an epitaph upon her tomb. Shak. Tomb bat (Zoöl.), any one of species of Old World bats of the genus Taphozous which inhabit tombs, especially the Egyptian species (T. perforatus). TOMB Tomb,, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tombed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tombing.] Defn: To place in a tomb; to bury; to inter; to entomb. I tombed my brother that I might be blessed. Chapman. TOMBAC Tom"bac, n. Etym: [Pg. tambaca,tambaque, fr. Malay tambaga copper; cf. Skr. tamraka; cf. F. tombac.] (Metal.) Defn: An alloy of copper and zinc, resembling brass, and containing about 84 per cent of copper; -- called also German, or Dutch, brass. It is very malleable and ductile, and when beaten into thin leaves is sometimes called Dutch metal. The addition of arsenic makes white tombac. [Written also tombak, and tambac.] TOM ' BEDLAM Tom o' Bed"lam. Defn: Formerly, a wandering mendicant discharged as incurable from Bethlehem Hospitel, Eng.; hence, a wandering mendicant, either mad or feigning to be so; a madman; a bedlamite. TOMBESTER Tom"bes*ter, n. Etym: [See Tumble, and -ster.] Defn: A female dancer. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOMBLESS Tomb"less, a. Defn: Destitute of a tomb. TOMBOY Tom"boy`, n. Etym: [Tom (for Thomas, L. Thomas, fr. Gr. boy.] Defn: A romping girl; a hoiden. [Colloq.] J. Fletcher. TOMBSTONE Tomb"stone`, n. Defn: A stone erected over a grave, to preserve the memory of the deceased. TOMCAT Tom"cat`, n. Etym: [Tom (see Tomboy) + cat.] Defn: A male cat, especially when full grown or of large size. TOMCOD Tom"cod`, n. Etym: [Tom (see Tomboy) + cod: cf. F. tacaud whiting pout, American Indian tacaud, literally, plenty fish.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small edible American fish (Microgadus tomcod) of the Codfish family, very abundant in autumn on the Atlantic coast of the Northen United States; -- called also frostfish. See Illust. under Frostfish. (b) The kingfish. See Kingfish (a). (c) The jack. See 2d Jack, 8. (c). TOME Tome, n. Etym: [F. tome (cf. It., Sp., & Pg. tomo), L. tomus, fr. Gr. tondere to shear, E. tonsure. Cf. Anatomy, Atom, Entomology, Epitome. ] Defn: As many writings as are bound in a volume, forming part of a larger work; a book; -- usually applied to a ponderous volume. Tomes of fable and of dream. Cowper. A more childish expedient than that to which he now resorted is not to be found in all the tomes of the casuists. Macaulay. TOMELET Tome"let, n. Defn: All small tome, or volume. [R.] TOMENTOSE To"men*tose`, a. Etym: [L. tomentum a stuffing of wool, hair, or feathers: cf. F. tomenteux.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Covered with matted woolly hairs; as, a tomentose leaf; a tomentose leaf; a tomentose membrane. TOMENTOUS To*men"tous, a. Defn: Tomentose. TOMENTUM To*men"tum, n.; pl. Tomenta. Etym: [L. See Tomentose. ] (Bot.) Defn: The closely matted hair or downy nap covering the leaves or stems of some plants. TOMFOOL Tom"fool`, n. Etym: [Tom (see Tomboy) + fool.] Defn: A great fool; a trifler. TOMFOOLERY Tom`fool"er*y, n. Defn: Folly; trifling. TOMIUM To"mi*um, n.; pl. Tomia Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The cutting edge of the bill of a bird. TOMJOHN Tom"john`, n. Etym: [Probably of East Indian origin.] Defn: A kind of open sedan used in Ceylon, carried by a single pole on men's shoulders. TOMMY Tom"my, n. 1. Bread, -- generally a penny roll; the supply of food carried by workmen as their daily allowance. [Slang,Eng.] 2. A truck, or barter; the exchange of labor for goods, not money. [Slang, Eng.] Note: Tommy is used adjectively or in compounds; as, tommy master, tommy-store,tommy-shop,etc. TOMMY ATKINS Tom"my At"kins. Defn: Any white regular soldier of the British army; also, such soldiers collectively; -- said to be fictitious name inserted in the models given to soldiers to guide them in filling out account blanks, etc. TOMNODDY Tom"nod`dy, n. Etym: [Tom (see Tomboy) + noddy.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sea bird, the puffin. [Prov.Eng.] 2. A fool; a dunce; a noddy. TOMOPTERIS To*mop"te*ris, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of transparent marine annelids which swim actively at the surface of the sea. They have deeply divided or forked finlike organs (parapodia). This genus is the type of the order, or suborder, Gymnocopa. TOMORN To*morn", adv. Etym: [Prep. to + morn.] Defn: To-morrow. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOMORROW To*mor"row, adv. Etym: [Prep. to + morrow.] Defn: On the day after the present day; on the next day; on the morrow. Summon him to-morrow to the Tower. Shak. TOMORROW To*mor"row, n. Defn: The day after the present; the morrow."To-morrow is our wedding day." Cowper. One today is worth two to-morrows. Franklin. TOMPION Tom"pi*on, n. Etym: [See Tampios] 1. A stopper of a cannon or a musket. See Tampion. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A plug in a flute or an organ pipe, to modulate the tone. Knight. 3. The iron bottom to which grapeshot are fixed. TOMPON Tom"pon, n. Etym: [F. tampon. See Tampion.] Defn: An inking pad used in lithographic printing. TOMRIG Tom"rig`, n. Etym: [Tom (see Tomboy) + rig.)] Defn: A rude, wild, wanton girl; a hoiden; a tomboy. Dennis. TOMTATE Tom"tate, n. Defn: A Florida and West Indian grunt (Bathystoma, or Hæmulon, rimator); also, any of various allied species. TOMTIT Tom"tit`, n. Etym: [Tom (see Tomboy) + tit the bird.] (Zoöl.) (a) A titmouse, esp. the blue titmouse. [Prov.eng.] (b) The wren. [Prov.eng.] TOM-TOM Tom"-tom`, n. Defn: See Tam-tam. TON Ton, obs. Defn: pl. of Toe. Chaucer. TON Ton, n. Etym: [Cf. Tunny.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The common tunny, or house mackerel. TON Ton, n. Etym: [F. See Tone.] Defn: The prevailing fashion or mode; vogue; as, things of ton. Byron. If our people of ton are selfish, at any rate they show they are selfish. Thackeray. Bon ton. See in the Vocabulary. TON Ton, n. Etym: [OE. tonne, tunne, a tun, AS. tunne a tun, tub, a large vessel; akin to G. & F. tonne a ton, tun, LL. tunna a tun; all perhaps of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. tunna a tun. Cf. Tun,Tunnel.] (Com.) Defn: A measure of weight or quantity. Specifically: -- (a) The weight of twenty hundredweight. Note: In England, the ton is 2,240 pounds. In the United States the ton is commonly estimated at 2,000 pounds, this being sometimes called the short ton, while that of 2,240 pounds is called the long ton. (b) (Naut. & Com.) Forty cubic feet of space, being the unit of measurement of the burden, or carrying capacity, of a vessel; as a vessel of 300 tons burden. See the Note under Tonnage. (c) (Naut. & Com.) A certain weight or quantity of merchandise, with reference to transportation as freight; as, six hundred weight of ship bread in casks, seven hundred weight in bags, eight hundred weight in bulk; ten bushels of potatoes; eight sacks, or ten barrels, of flour; forty cubic feet of rough, or fifty cubic feet of hewn, timber, etc. Note: Ton and tun have the same etymology, and were formerly used interchangeably; but now ton generally designates the weight, and tun the cask. See Tun. TONALITY To*nal"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tonalité.] (Mus.) Defn: The principle of key in music; the character which a composition has by virtue of the key in which it is written, or through the family relationship of all its tones and chords to the keynote, or tonic, of the whole. The predominance of the tonic as the link which connects all the tones of a piece, we may, with Fétis, term the principle of tonality. Helmholtz. TO-NAME To"-name`, n. Etym: [prep. to + name.] Defn: A name added, for the sake of distinction, to one's surname, or used instead of it. [Scot.] Jamieson. TONCA BEAN Ton"ca bean`. (Bot.) Defn: See Tonka bean. TONE Tone, n. Etym: [F. ton, L. tonus a sound, tone, fr. Gr. Thin, and cf. Monotonous, Thunder, Ton fasion,Tune.] 1. Sound, or the character of a sound, or a sound considered as of this or that character; as, a low, high, loud, grave, acute, sweet, or harsh tone. [Harmony divine] smooths her charming tones. Milton. Tones that with seraph hymns might blend. Keble. 2. (Rhet.) Defn: Accent, or inflection or modulation of the voice, as adapted to express emotion or passion. Eager his tone, and ardent were his eyes. Dryden. 3. A whining style of speaking; a kind of mournful or artificial strain of voice; an affected speaking with a measured rhythm ahd a regular rise and fall of the voice; as, children often read with a tone. 4. (Mus.) (a) A sound considered as to pitch; as, the seven tones of the octave; she has good high tones. (b) The larger kind of interval between contiguous sounds in the diatonic scale, the smaller being called a semitone as, a whole tone too flat; raise it a tone. (c) The peculiar quality of sound in any voice or instrument; as, a rich tone, a reedy tone. (d) A mode or tune or plain chant; as, the Gregorian tones. Note: The use of the word tone, both for a sound and for the interval between two sounds or tones, is confusing, but is common -- almost universal. Note: Nearly every musical sound is composite, consisting of several simultaneous tones having different rates of vibration according to fixed laws, which depend upon the nature of the vibrating body and the mode of excitation. The components (of a composite sound) are called partial tones; that one having the lowest rate of vibration is the fundamental tone, and the other partial tones are called harmonics, or overtones. The vibration ratios of the partial tones composing any sound are expressed by all, or by a part, of the numbers in the series 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.; and the quality of any sound (the tone color) is due in part to the presence or absence of overtones as represented in this series, and in part to the greater or less intensity of those present as compared with the fundamental tone and with one another. Resultant tones, combination tones, summation tones, difference tones, Tartini's tones (terms only in part synonymous) are produced by the simultaneous sounding of two or more primary (simple or composite) tones. 5. (Med.) Defn: That state of a body, or of any of its organs or parts, in which the animal functions are healthy and performed with due vigor. Note: In this sense, the word is metaphorically applied to character or faculties, intellectual and moral; as, his mind has lost its tone. 6. (Physiol.) Defn: Tonicity; as, arterial tone. 7. State of mind; temper; mood. The strange situation I am in and the melancholy state of public affairs, . . . drag the mind down . . . from a philosophical tone or temper, to the drudgery of private and public business. Bolingbroke. Their tone was dissatisfied, almost menacing. W. C. Bryant. 8. Tenor; character; spirit; drift; as, the tone of his remarks was commendatory. 9. General or prevailing character or style, as of morals, manners, or sentiment, in reference to a scale of high and low; as, a low tone of morals; a tone of elevated sentiment; a courtly tone of manners. 10. The general effect of a picture produced by the combination of light and shade, together with color in the case of a painting; -- commonly used in a favorable sense; as, this picture has tone. Tone color. (Mus.) see the Note under def. 4, above. -- Tone syllable, an accented syllable. M. Stuart. TONE Tone, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toned; p. pr. & vb. n. Toning.] 1. To utter with an affected tone. 2. To give tone, or a particular tone, to; to tune. See Tune, v. t. 3. (Photog.) Defn: To bring, as a print, to a certain required shade of color, as by chemical treatment. To tone down. (a) To cause to give lower tone or sound; to give a lower tone to. (b) (Paint.) To modify, as color, by making it less brilliant or less crude; to modify, as a composition of color, by making it more harmonius. Its thousand hues toned down harmoniusly. C. Kingsley. (c) Fig.: To moderate or relax; to diminish or weaken the striking characteristics of; to soften. The best method for the purpose in hand was to employ some one of a character and position suited to get possession of their confidence, and then use it to tone down their religious strictures. Palfrey. -- To tone up, to cause to give a higher tone or sound; to give a higher tone to; to make more intense; to heighten; to strengthen. TONED Toned, a. Defn: Having (such) a tone; -- chiefly used in composition; as, high- toned; sweet-toned. Toned paper, paper having a slight tint, in distinction from paper which is quite white. TONELESS Tone"less, a. Defn: Having no tone; unmusical. TONG; TONGE Tong, Tonge, n. Defn: Tongue. [Obs.] Chaucer. TONGA Ton"ga, n. (Med.) Defn: A drug useful in neuralgia, derived from a Fijian plant supposed to be of the aroid genus Epipremnum. TONGKANG Tong"kang, n. (Naut.) Defn: A kind of boat or junk used in the seas of the Malay Archipelago. TONGO Ton"go, n. Defn: The mangrove; -- so called in the Pacific Islands. TONGS Tongs, n. pl. Etym: [OE. tonge, tange, AS. tange; akin to D. tang, G. zanga, OHG. zanga, Don. tang, Sw. tng, Icel. tng, Gr. dadaTang a strong taste, anything projecting.] Defn: An instrument, usually of metal, consisting of two parts, or long shafts, jointed together at or near one end, or united by an elastic bow, used for handling things, especially hot coals or metals; -- often called a pair of tongs. TONGUE Tongue, n. Etym: [OE. tunge, tonge, AS. tunge; akin to OFries. tunge, D. tong, OS. tunga, G. zunge, OHG. zunga, Icel. & Sw. tunga, Dan tunge, Goth. tugdingua, L. lingua. Language, Lingo. ] 1. (Anat.) Defn: an organ situated in the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates and connected with the hyoid arch. Note: The tongue is usually muscular, mobile, and free at one extremity, and in man other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech. To make his English sweet upon his tongue. Chaucer. 2. The power of articulate utterance; speech. Parrots imitating human tongue. Dryden. 3. Discourse; fluency of speech or expression. Much tongue and much judgment seldom go together. L. Estrange. 4. Honorable discourse; eulogy. [Obs.] She was born noble; let that title find her a private grave, but neither tongue nor honor. Beau. & Fl. 5. A language; the whole sum of words used by a particular nation; as, the English tongue. Chaucer. Whose tongue thou shalt not understand. Deut. xxviii. 49. To speak all tongues. Milton. 6. Speech; words or declarations only; -- opposed to thoughts or actions. My little children, let us love in word, neither in tongue, but in deed and in truth. 1 John iii. 18. 7. A people having a distinct language. A will gather all nations and tongues. Isa. lxvi. 18. 8. (Zoöl.) (a) The lingual ribbon, or odontophore, of a mollusk. (b) The proboscis of a moth or a butterfly. (c) The lingua of an insect. 9. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any small sole. 10. That which is considered as resembing an animal's tongue, in position or form. Specifically: -- (a) A projection, or slender appendage or fixture; as, the tongue of a buckle, or of a balance. (b) A projection on the side, as of a board, which fits into a groove. (c) A point, or long, narrow strip of land, projecting from the mainland into a sea or a lake. (d) The pole of a vehicle; especially, the pole of an ox cart, to the end of which the oxen are yoked. (e) The clapper of a bell. (f) (Naut.) A sort piece of rope spliced into the upper part of standing backstays, etc.; also. the upper main piece of a mast composed of several pieces. (g) (Mus.) Same as Reed, n., 5. To hold the tongue, to be silent. -- Tongue bone (Anat.), the hyoid bone. -- Tongue grafting. See under Grafting. Syn. -- Language; speech; expression. See Language. TONGUE Tongue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tongued; p. pr. & vb. n. Tonguing.] 1. To speak; to utter. "Such stuff as madmen tongue." Shak. 2. To chide; to scold. How might she tongue me. Shak . 3. (Mus.) Defn: To modulate or modify with the tongue, as notes, in playing the flute and some other wind instruments. 4. To join means of a tongue and grove; as, to tongue boards together. TONGUE Tongue, v. i. 1. To talk; to prate. Dryden. 2. (Mus.) Defn: To use the tongue in forming the notes, as in playing the flute and some other wind instruments. TONGUEBIRD Tongue"bird`, n. Defn: The wryneck. [Prov. Eng.] TONGUED Tongued, a. Defn: Having a tongue. Tongued like the night crow. Donne. TONGUEFISH Tongue"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A flounder (Symphurus plagiusa) native of the southern coast of the United States. TONGUELESS Tongue"less, a. 1. Having no tongue. 2. Hence, speechless; mute. "What tongueless blocks were they! would they not speak" Shak. 3. Unnamed; not spoken of. [Obs.] One good deed dying tongueless. Shak. TONGUELET Tongue"let, n. Defn: A little tongue. TONGUE-PAD Tongue"-pad`, n. Defn: A great talker. [Obs.] TONGUE-SHAPED Tongue"-shaped`, a. Defn: Shaped like a tongue; specifically (Bot.), linear or oblong, and fleshy, blunt at the end, and convex beneath; as, a tongue-shaped leaf. TONGUE-SHELL Tongue"-shell`, n. Defn: Any species of Lingula. TONGUESTER Tongue"ster, n. Defn: One who uses his tongue; a talker; a story-teller; a gossip. [Poetic.] Step by step we rose to greatness; through the tonguesters we may fall. Tennyson. TONGUE-TIE Tongue"-tie`, n. (Med.) Defn: Impeded motion of the tongue because of the shortness of the frænum, or of the adhesion of its margins to the gums. Dunglison. TONGUE-TIE Tongue"-tie`, v. t. Defn: To deprive of speech or the power of speech, or of distinct articulation. TONGUE-TIED Tongue"-tied`, a. 1. Destitute of the power of distinct articulation; having an impediment in the speech, esp. when caused by a short frænum. 2. Unable to speak freely, from whatever cause. Love, therefore, and tongue-tied simplicity. Shak. TONGUEWORM Tongue"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Linguatulina. TONGUY Tongu"y, a. Defn: Ready or voluble in speaking; as, a tonguy speaker. [Written also tonguey.] [Colloq.] TONIC Ton"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tonigue, Gr. Tone.] 1. Of or relating to tones or sounds; specifically (Phon.), applied to, or distingshing, a speech sound made with tone unmixed and undimmed by obstruction, such sounds, namely, the vowels and diphthongs, being so called by Dr. James Rush (1833) " from their forming the purest and most plastic material of intonation." 2. Of or pertaining to tension; increasing tension; hence, increasing strength; as, tonic power. 3. (Med.) Defn: Increasing strength, or the tone of the animal system; obviating the effects of debility, and restoring heatly functions. Tononic spasm. (Med.) See the Note under Spasm. TONIC Ton"ic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tonigue, NL. tonicum.] 1. (Phon.) Defn: A tonic element or letter; a vowel or a diphthong. 2. (Mus.) Defn: The key tone, or first tone of any scale. 3. (Med.) Defn: A medicine that increases the srength, and gives vigor of action to the system. Tonic sol-fa (Mus.), the name of the most popular among letter systems of notation (at least in England), based on key relationship, and hence called "tonic." Instead of the five lines, clefs, signature, etc., of the usual notation, it employs letters and the syllables do, re, mi, etc., variously modified, with other simple signs of duration, of upper or lower octave, etc. See Sol-fa. TONICAL Ton"ic*al, a. Defn: Tonic. [R.] Sir T. Browne. TONICITY To*nic"i*ty, n. (Physiol.) Defn: The state of healty tension or partial contraction of muscle fibers while at rest; tone; tonus. TONIGHT To*night", adv. Etym: [Prep. to+night] 1. On this present or coming night. 2. On the last night past. [Obs.] Shak. TONIGHT To*night", n. Defn: The present or the coming night; the night after the present day. TONITE Ton"ite, n. Etym: [Cf.L. tonare to thunder.] Defn: An explosive compound; a preparation of gun cotton. TONKA BEAN Ton"ka bean`. Etym: [Cf. F. onca, tonka.] (Bot.) Defn: The seed of a leguminous tree (Dipteryx odorata), native of Guiana. It has a peculiarly agreeable smell, and is employed in the scenting of snuff. Called also tiononquin bean. [Written also tonca bean, tonga bean.] TON MILE Ton mile. (Railroads) Defn: A unit of measurement of the freight transportation performed by a railroad during a given period, usually a year, the total of which consists of the sum of the products obtained by multiplying the aggregate weight of each shipment in tons during the given period by the number of miles for which it is carried. TON MILEAGE Ton mileage. (Railroads) Defn: Ton miles collectively; esp., the total ton miles performed by a railroad in a given period. TONNAGE Ton"nage (; 48), n. Etym: [From Ton a measure.] 1. The weight of goods carried in a boat or a ship. 2. The cubical content or burden of a vessel, or vessels, in tons; or, the amount of weight which one or several vessels may carry. See Ton, n. (b). A fleet . . . with an aggregate tonnage of 60,000 seemed sufficient to conquer the world. Motley. 3. A duty or impost on vessels, estimated per ton, or, a duty, toll, or rate payable on goods per ton transported on canals . 4. The whole amount of shipping estimated by tons; as, the tonnage of the United States. See Ton. Note: There are in common use the following terms relating to tonnage: (a) Displacement. (b) Register tonnage, gross and net. (c) Freight tonnage. (d) Builders' measurement. (e) Yacht measurement. The first is mainly used for war vessels, where the total weight is likely to be nearly constant. The second is the most important, being that used for commercial purposes. The third and fourth are different rules for ascertaining the actual burden-carrying power of a vessel, and the fifth is for the proper classification of pleasure craft. Gross tonnage expresses the total cubical interior of a vessel; net tonnage, the cubical space actually available for freight-carrying purposes. Rules for ascertaining these measurements are established by law. TONNE Tonne, n. Defn: A tun. [Obs.] Chaucer. TONNEAU Ton`neau", n.; pl. Tonneaux (#). [F.] 1. In France, a light-wheeled vehicle with square or rounded body and rear entrance. 2. (Automobiles) Orig., the after part of the body with entrance at the rear (as in vehicle in def. 1); now, one with sides closing in the seat or seats and entered by a door usually at the side, also, the entire body of an automobile having such an after part. 3. = Tonne. TONNIHOOD Ton"ni*hood, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The female of the bullfinch; -- called also tonyhoop. [Prov. Eng.] TONNISH Ton"nish, a. Defn: In the ton; fashionable; modish. -- Ton"nish*ness, n. TONOMETER To*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] 1. (Physics.) Defn: An instrument for determining the rate of vibrations in tones. 2. (Physiol.) (a) An apparatus for studying and registering the action of various fluids and drugs on the excised heart of lower animals. (b) An instrument for measuring tension, esp. that of the eyeball. TONOMETRY To*nom"e*try, n. Defn: The act of measuring with a tonometer; specifically (Med.), measurement of tension, esp. the tension of the eyeball. TONOPHANT Ton"o*phant, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physics.) Defn: A modification of the kaleidophon, for showing composition of acoustic vibrations. It consists of two thin slips of steel welded together, their length being adjystable by a screw socket. TONOUS Ton"ous, a. Defn: Abounding in tone or sound. TONQUIN BEAN Ton"quin bean` Defn: See Tonka bean. TONSIL Ton"sil, n. Etym: [L. tonsilltonsille. ] (Anat.) Defn: One of the two glandular organs situated in the throat at the sides of the fauces. The tonsils are sometimes called the almonds, from their shape. TONSILAR Ton"sil*ar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the tonsils; tonsilitic. [Written also tonsillar.] TONSILE Ton"sile, a. Etym: [L. tonsilis, fr. tondere, tonsum, to shear, clip. See Tonsure. ] Defn: Capable of being clipped. TONSILITIC Ton`sil*it"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Tonsilar. [Written also tonsillitic.] TONSILITIS Ton`sil*i"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Tonsil, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the tonsil; quinsy. [Written also, and more usually, tonsillitis.] TONSILOTOME Ton*sil"o*tome, n. Etym: [Tonsil + Gr. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for removing the tonsils. TONSILOTOMY Ton`sil*ot"o*my, n. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of removing the tonsil, or a portion thereof. TONSOR Ton"sor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A barber. Sir W. Scott. TONSORIAL Ton*so"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. tonsorius, fr. tonsor a shearer, barber, fr. tondere, tonsum, to shear. See Tonsure.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a barber, or shaving. TONSURE Ton"sure, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. tonsura a shearing, clipping, from tondere, tonsum, to shear, shave; cf. Gr. tome.] 1. The act of clipping the hair, or of shaving the crown of the head; also, the state of being shorn. 2. (R. C. Ch.) (a) The first ceremony used for devoting a person to the service of God and the church; the first degree of the clericate, given by a bishop, abbot, or cardinal priest, consisting in cutting off the hair from a circular space at the back of the head, with prayers and benedictions; hence, entrance or admission into minor orders. (b) The shaven corona, or crown, which priests wear as a mark of their order and of their rank. TONSURED Ton"sured, a. Defn: Having the tonsure; shaven; shorn; clipped; hence, bald. A tonsured head in middle age forlorn. Tennyson. TONTINE Ton*tine", n. Etym: [F., from It. tontina; -- so called from its inventor, Tonti, an Italian, of the 17th century.] Defn: An annuity, with the benefit of survivorship, or a loan raised on life annuities with the benefit of survivorship. Thus, an annuity is shared among a number, on the principle that the share of each, at his death, is enjoyed by the survivors, until at last the whole goes to the last survivor, or to the last two or three, according to the terms on which the money is advanced. Used also adjectively; as, tontine insurance. Too many of the financiers by professions are apt to see nothing in revenue but banks, and circulations, and annuities on lives, and tontines, and perpetual rents, and all the small wares of the shop. Burke. TONTINE INSURANCE Ton*tine" in*su"rance. (Life Insurance) Defn: Insurance in which the benefits of the insurance are distributed upon the tontine principle. Under the old, or full tontine, plan, all benefits were forfeited on lapsed policies, on the policies of those who died within the tontine period only the face of the policy was paid without any share of the surplus, and the survivor at the end of the tontine period received the entire surplus. This plan of tontine insurance has been replaced in the United States by the semitontine plan, in which the surplus is divided among the holders of policies in force at the termination of the tontine period, but the reverse for the paid-up value is paid on lapsed policies, and on the policies of those that have died the face is paid. Other modified forms are called free tontine, deferred dividend, etc., according to the nature of the tontine arrangement. TONUS To"nus, n. Etym: [L. a sound, tone. See Tone.] (Physiol.) Defn: Tonicity, or tone; as, muscular tonus. TONY To"ny, n.; pl. Tonies. Etym: [Abbrev. from Anthony.] Defn: A simpleton. L'Estrange. A pattern and companion fit For all the keeping tonies of the pit. Dryden. TOO Too, adv. Etym: [The same word as to, prep. See To.] 1. Over; more than enough; -- noting excess; as, a thing is too long, too short, or too wide; too high; too many; too much. His will, too strong to bend, too proud to learn. Cowley. 2. Likewise; also; in addition. An honest courtier, yet a patriot too. Pope. Let those eyes that view The daring crime, behold the vengeance too. Pope. Too too, a duplication used to signify great excess. O that this too too solid flesh would melt. Shak. Such is not Charles his too too active age. Dryden. Syn. -- Also; likewise. See Also. TOOK Took, Defn: imp. of Take. TOOL Tool, n. Etym: [OE. tol,tool. AS. tl; akin to Icel. tl, Goth. taijan to do, to make, taui deed, work, and perhaps to E. taw to dress leather. sq. root64.] 1. An instrument such as a hammer, saw, plane, file, and the like, used in the manual arts, to facilitate mechanical operations; any instrument used by a craftsman or laborer at his work; an implement; as, the tools of a joiner, smith, shoe-maker, etc.; also, a cutter, chisel, or other part of an instrument or machine that dresses work. 2. A machine for cutting or shaping materials; -- also called machine tool. 3. Hence, any instrument of use or service. That angry fool . . . Whipping her house, did with his amarting tool Oft whip her dainty self. Spenser. 4. A weapon. [Obs.] Him that is aghast of every tool. Chaucer. 5. A person used as an instrument by another person; -- a word of reproach; as, men of intrigue have their tools, by whose agency they accomplish their purposes. I was not made for a minion or a tool. Burks. TOOL Tool, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tooled; p. pr. & vb. n. tooling.] 1. To shape, form, or finish with a tool. "Elaborately tooled." Ld. Lytton. 2. To drive, as a coach. [Slang,Eng.] TOOLING Tool"ing, n. Defn: Work perfomed with a tool. The fine tooling and delicate tracery of the cabinet artist is lost upon a building of colossal proportions. De Quincey. TOOL-POST; TOOL-STOCK Tool"-post`, Tool"-stock`, n. (Mach.) Defn: The part of a toolrest in which a cutting tool is clamped. TOOL-REST Tool"-rest`, n. (Mach.) Defn: the part that supports a tool-post or a tool. TOOL STEEL Tool steel. Defn: Hard steel, usually crucible steel, capable of being tempered so as to be suitable for tools. TOOM Toom, a. Etym: [OE. tom, fr. Icel. tomr; akin to Dan. & Sw. tom, As. tome, adv. Cf. Teem to pour.] Defn: Empty. [Obs. or Prov.Eng. & Scot.] Wyclif. TOOM Toom, v. t. Defn: To empty. [Obs. or Prov.Eng. & Scot.] TOON Toon, obs. Defn: pl. of Toe. Chaucer. TOON Toon, n. Etym: [Hind. tun, tun, Skr. tunna.] (Bot.) Defn: The reddish brown wood of an East Indian tree (Cedrela Toona) closely resembling the Spanish cedar; also. the tree itself. TOONWOOD Toon"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Toon. TOOT Toot, v. i. Etym: [OE. toten, AS. totian to project; hence, to peep out.] [Written also tout.] 1. To stand out, or be prominent. [Obs.] Howell. 2. To peep; to look narrowly. [Obs.] Latimer. For birds in bushes tooting. Spenser. TOOT Toot, v. t. Defn: To see; to spy. [Obs.] P. Plowman. TOOT Toot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Tooting.] Etym: [Cf. D. toeten to blow a horn, G. tuten, Sw.tuta, Dan. tude; probably of imitative origin.] Defn: To blow or sound a horn; to make similar noise by contact of the tongue with the root of the upper teeth at the beginning and end of the sound; also, to give forth such a sound, as a horn when blown. "A tooting horn." Howell. Tooting horns and rattling teams of mail coaches. Thackeray. TOOT Toot, v. t. Defn: To cause to sound, as a horn, the note being modified at the beginning and end as if by pronouncing the letter t; to blow; to sound. TOOTER Toot"er, n. Defn: One who toots; one who plays upon a pipe or horn. B. Jonson. TOOTH Tooth, n.; pl. Teeth. Etym: [OE. toth,tooth, AS. ttth, OS. & D. tand, OHG. zang, zan, G. zahn, Icel. tnn, Sw. & Dan. tand, Goth. tumpus, Lith. dantis, W. dant, L. dens, dentis, Gr. danta; probably originally the p. pr. of the verb to eat. *239. Cf. Eat, Dandelion, Dent the tooth of a wheel, Dental, Dentist, Indent, Tine of a fork, Tusk. ] 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates, and which usually aid in the prehension and mastication of food. Note: The hard parts of teeth are principally made up of dentine, or ivory, and a very hard substance called enamel. These are variously combined in different animals. Each tooth consist of three parts, a crown, or body, projecting above the gum, one or more fangs imbedded in the jaw, and the neck, or intermediate part. In some animals one or more of the teeth are modified into tusks which project from the mouth, as in both sexes of the elephant and of the walrus, and in the male narwhal. In adult man there are thirty-two teeth, composed largely of dentine, but the crowns are covered with enamel, and the fangs with a layer of bone called cementum. Of the eight teeth on each half of each jaw, the two in front are incisors, then come one canine, cuspid, or dog tooth, two bicuspids, or false molars, and three molars, or grinding teeth. The milk, or temporary, teeth are only twenty in number, there being two incisors, one canine, and two molars on each half of each jaw. The last molars, or wisdom teeth, usually appear long after the others, and occasionally do not appear above the jaw at all. How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is To have a thankless child ! Shak. 2. Fig.: Taste; palate. These are not dishes for thy dainty tooth. Dryden. 3. Any projection corresponding to the tooth of an animal, in shape, position, or office; as, the teeth, or cogs, of a cogwheel; a tooth, prong, or tine, of a fork; a tooth, or the teeth, of a rake, a saw, a file, a card. 4. (a) A projecting member resembling a tenon, but fitting into a mortise that is only sunk, not pierced through. (b) One of several steps, or offsets, in a tusk. See Tusk. 5. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: An angular or prominence on any edge; as, a tooth on the scale of a fish, or on a leaf of a plant; specifically (Bot.), Defn: one of the appendages at the mouth of the capsule of a moss. See Peristome. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any hard calcareous or chitinous organ found in the mouth of various invertebrates and used in feeding or procuring food; as, the teeth of a mollusk or a starfish. In spite of the teeth, in defiance of opposition; in opposition to every effort. -- In the teeth, directly; in direct opposition; in front. "Nor strive with all the tempest in my teeth." Pope. -- To cast in the teeth, to report reproachfully; to taunt or insult one with. -- Tooth and nail, as if by biting and scratching; with one's utmost power; by all possible means. L'Estrange. "I shall fight tooth and nail for international copyright." Charles Reade. -- Tooth coralline (Zoöl.), any sertularian hydroid. -- Tooth edge, the sensation excited in the teeth by grating sounds, and by the touch of certain substances, as keen acids. -- Tooth key, an instrument used to extract teeth by a motion resembling that of turning a key. -- Tooth net, a large fishing net anchored. [Scot.] Jamieson. -- Tooth ornament. (Arch.) Same as Dogtooth, n., 2.Tooth paste, a paste for cleaning the teeth; a dentifrice. -- Tooth powder, a powder for cleaning the teeth; a dentifrice. -- Tooth rash. (Med.) See Red-gum, 1. -- To show the teeth, to threaten. "When the Law shows her teeth, but dares not bite." Young. -- To the teeth, in open opposition; directly to one's face. "That I shall live, and tell him to his teeth ." Shak. TOOTH Tooth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toothed; p. pr. & vb. n. Toothing.] 1. To furnish with teeth. The twin cards toothed with glittering wire. Wordsworth. 2. To indent; to jag; as, to tooth a saw. 3. To lock into each other. See Tooth, n., 4. Moxon. TOOTHACHE Tooth"ache`, n. (Med.) Defn: Pain in a tooth or in the teeth; odontalgia. Toothache grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Ctenium Americanum) having a very pungent taste. -- Toothache tree. (Bot.) (a) The prickly ash. (b) A shrub of the genus Aralia (A. spinosa). TOOTHBACK Tooth"back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any notodontian. TOOTHBILL Tooth"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar fruit-eating ground pigeon (Didunculus strigiostris) native of the Samoan Islands, and noted for its resemblance, in several characteristics, to the extinct dodo. Its beak is stout and strongly hooked, and the mandible has two or three strong teeth toward the end. or ts color is chocolate red. Called also toothbilled pigeon, and manu-mea. TOOTHBRUSH Tooth"brush`, n. Defn: A brush for cleaning the teeth. TOOTHDRAWER Tooth"draw`er, n. Defn: One whose business it is to extract teeth with instruments; a dentist. Shak. TOOTHED Toothed, a. 1. Having teeth; furnished with teeth. "Ruby-lipped and toothed with pearl." Herrick. 2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Having marginal projecting points; dentate. Toothed whale (Zoöl.), any whale of the order Denticete. See Denticete. -- Toothed wheel, a wheel with teeth or projections cut or set on its edge or circumference, for transmitting motion by their action on the engaging teeth of another wheel. TOOTHFUL Tooth"ful, a. Defn: Toothsome. [Obs.] TOOTHING Tooth"ing, n. 1. The act or process of indenting or furnishing with teeth. 2. (Masonry) Defn: Bricks alternately projecting at the end of a wall, in order that they may be bonded into a continuation of it when the remainder is carried up. Toothing plane, a plane of which the iron is formed into a series of small teeth, for the purpose of roughening surfaces, as of veneers. TOOTHLESS Tooth"less, a. Defn: Having no teeth. Cowper. TOOTHLET Tooth"let, n. Defn: A little tooth, or like projection. TOOTHLETED Tooth"let*ed, a. Defn: Having a toothlet or toothlets; as, a toothleted leaf. [Written also toothletted.] TOOTHPICK Tooth"pick`, n. Defn: A pointed instument for clearing the teeth of substances lodged between them. TOOTHPICKER Tooth"pick`er, n. Defn: A toothpick. [Obs.] Shak. TOOTHSHELL Tooth"shell", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Dentalium and allied genera having a tooth- shaped shell. See Dentalium. TOOTHSOME Tooth"some, a. Defn: Grateful to the taste; palable. -- Tooth"some*ly, adv. -- Tooth"some*ness, n. Though less toothsome to me, they were more wholesome for me. Fuller. TOOTHWORT Tooth"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant whose roots are fancied to resemble teeth, as certain plants of the genus Lathræa, and various species of Dentaria. See Coralwort. TOOTHY Tooth"y, a. Defn: Toothed; with teeth. [R] Croxall. TOOTLE Too"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tootled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tootling.] [Freq. of toot.] Defn: To toot gently, repeatedly, or continuously, on a wind instrument, as a flute; also, to make a similar noise by any means. "The tootling robin." John Clare. TOOZOO Too*zoo", n. Defn: The ringdove. [Prov. Eng.] TOP Top, n. Etym: [CF. OD. dop, top, OHG., MNG., & dial. G. topf; perhaps akin to G. topf a pot.] 1. A child's toy, commonly in the form of a conoid or pear, made to spin on its point, usually by drawing off a string wound round its surface or stem, the motion being sometimes continued by means of a whip. 2. (Rope Making) Defn: A plug, or conical block of wood, with longitudital grooves on its surface, in which the strands of the rope slide in the process of twisting. TOP Top, n. Etym: [AS. top; akin to OFries. top a tuft, D. top top, OHG. zopf end, tip, tuft of hair, G. zopf tuft of hair, pigtail, top of a tree, Icel. toppr a tuft of hair, crest, top, Dan. top, Sw. topp pinnacle, top; of uncertain origin. Cf. Tuft.] 1. The highest part of anything; the upper end, edge, or extremity; the upper side or surface; summit; apex; vertex; cover; lid; as, the top of a spire; the top of a house; the top of a mountain; the top of the ground. The star that bids the shepherd fold, Now the top of heaven doth hold. Milton. 2. The utmost degree; the acme; the summit. The top of my ambition is to contribute to that work. Pope. 3. The highest rank; the most honorable position; the utmost attainable place; as, to be at the top of one's class, or at the top of the school. And wears upon hisbaby brow the round And top of sovereignty. Shak. 4. The chief person; the most prominent one. Other . . . aspired to be the top of zealots. Milton. 5. The crown of the head, or the hair upon it; the head. "From top to toe" Spenser. All the stored vengeance of Heaven fall On her ungrateful top ! Shak. 6. The head, or upper part, of a plant. The buds . . . are called heads, or tops, as cabbageheads. I. Watts. 7. (Naut.) Defn: A platform surrounding the head of the lower mast and projecting on all sudes. It serves to spead the topmast rigging, thus strengheningthe mast, and also furnishes a convenient standing place for the men aloft. Totten. 8. (Wool Manuf.) Defn: A bundle or ball of slivers of comkbed wool, from which the noils, or dust, have been taken out. 9. Eve; verge; point. [R.] "He was upon the top of his marriage with Magdaleine." Knolles. 10. The part of a cut gem between the girdle, or circumference, and the table, or flat upper surface. Knight. 11. pl. Defn: Top-boots. [Slang] Dickens. Note: Top is often used adjectively or as the first part of compound words, usually self-explaining; as, top stone, or topstone; top- boots, or top boots; top soil, or top-soil. Top and but (Shipbuilding), a phrase used to denote a method of working long tapering planks by bringing the but of one plank to the top of the other to make up a constant breadth in two layers. -- Top minnow (Zoöl.), a small viviparous fresh-water fish (Gambusia patruelis) abundant in the Southern United States. Also applied to other similar species. TOP Top, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Topped; p. pr. & vb. n. Topping.] 1. To rise aloft; to be eminent; to tower; as, lofty ridges and topping mountains. Derham. 2. To predominate; as, topping passions. "Influenced by topping uneasiness." Locke. 3. To excel; to rise above others. But write thy, and top. Dryden. TOP Top, v. t. 1. To cover on the top; to tip; to cap; -- chiefly used in the past participle. Like moving mountains topped with snow. Waller. A mount Of alabaster, topped with golden spires. Milton. 2. To rise above; to excel; to outgo; to surpass. Topping all others in boasting. Shak. Edmund the base shall top the legitimate. Shak. 3. To rise to the top of; to go over the top of. But wind about till thou hast topped the hill. Denham. 4. To take off the or upper part of; to crop. Top your rose trees a little with your knife. Evelyn. 5. To perform eminently, or better than before. From endeavoring universally to top their parts, they will go universally beyond them. Jeffrey. 6. (Naut.) Defn: To raise one end of, as a yard, so that that end becomes higher than the other. To top off, to complete by putting on, or finishing, the top or uppermost part of; as, to top off a stack of hay; hence, to complete; to finish; to adorn. TOPARCH To"parch, n. Etym: [L. toparcha, Gr. Defn: The ruler or principal man in a place or country; the governor of a toparchy. The prince and toparch of that country. Fuller. TOPARCHY To"parch*y, n.; pl. Toparchies. Etym: [L. toparchia, Gr. Toparch.] Defn: A small state, consisting of a few cities or towns; a petty country governed by a toparch; as, Judea was formerly divided into ten toparchies. Fuller. TOP-ARMOR Top"-ar`mor, n. (Naut.) Defn: A top railing supported by stanchions and equipped with netting. TOPAU To"pau, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The rhinocerous bird (a). TOPAZ To"paz, n. Etym: [OE. topas, F. topaze, L. topazos, or topazion, a kind of precious stone, Gr. to`pazos, topa`zion; possibly akin to Skr. tap to glow (cf. Tepid). According to some, the name is from Topazos, a small island in the Red Sea, where the Romans obtained a stone which they called by this name, but which is the chrysolite of the moderns.] 1. (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in rhombic prisms, generally yellowish and pellucid, also colorless, and of greenesh, bluish, or brownish shades. It sometimes occurs massive and opaque. It is a fluosilicate of alumina, and is used as a gem. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Either one of two species of large, brilliantly colored humming birds of the Topaza, of South America and the West Indies. Note: The two tail feathers next to the central ones are much longer that the rest, curved, and crossed. The Throat is metallic yellowish- green, with a tint like topaz in the center, the belly is bright crimson, the back bright red. Called also topaz hummer. False topaz. (Min.) See the Note under Quartz. TOPAZOLITE To*paz"o*lite, n. Etym: [Topaz + -lite; cf. F. topazolithe.] (Min.) Defn: A topaz-yellow variety of garnet. TOP-BLOCK Top"-block`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A large ironbound block strapped with a hook, and, when used, hung to an eyebolt in the cap, -- used in swaying and lowering the topmast. Totten. TOP-BOOTS Top"-boots, n. pl. Defn: High boots, having generally a band of some kind of light- colored leather around the upper part of the leg; riding boots. TOP-CHAIN Top"-chain`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A chain for slinging the lower yards, in time of action, to prevent their falling, if the ropes by which they are hung are shot away. TOP-CLOTH Top"-cloth, n. (Naut.) Defn: A piece of canvas used to cover the hammocks which are lashed to the top in action to protect the topmen. TOPCOAT Top"coat`, n. Defn: An outer coat; an overcoat. TOP-DRAIN Top"-drain`, v. t. Defn: To drain the surface of, as land; as, to top-drain a field or farm. TOP-DRAINING Top"-drain`ing, n. Defn: The act or practice of drining the surface of land. TOP-DRESS Top"-dress`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Top-dressed; p. pr. & vb. n. Top- dressing.] Defn: To apply a surface dressing of manureto,as land. TOP-DRESSING Top"-dress`ing, n. Defn: The act of applying a dressing of manure to the surface of land; also, manure so applied. TOPE Tope, n. Etym: [Probably from Skr. stpa a tope, astupa, through Prakrin tppo.] Defn: A moundlike Buddhist sepulcher, or memorial monument. often erected over a Buddhish relic. TOPE Tope, n. Etym: [Tamil tppu.] Defn: A grove or clumb of trees; as, a toddy tope. [India] Whitworth. TOPE Tope, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small shark or dogfish (Galeorhinus, or Galeus, galeus), native of Europe, but found also on the coasts of California and Tasmania; -- called also toper, oil shark, miller's dog, and penny dog. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wren. [Prov. Eng.] TOPE Tope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toped; p. pr. & vb. n. Toping.] Etym: [F. tôper to cover a stake in playing at dice, to accept an offer, tôpe agreed !; -- perhaps imitative of the sound of striking hands on concluding a bargain. From being used in English as a drinking term, probably at first in accepting a toast.] Defn: To drink hard or frequently; to drink strong or spiritous liquors to excess. If you tope in form, and treat. Dryden. TOPEK To"pek, n. [Eskimo tupek.] Defn: An ESkimo house made of material other than snow, esp. one having walls of turf, driftwood, rock, or skin, and a roof of skins of the walrus or seal. In Alaska it is often partially underground and covered with timber and turf. Topeks are also used by Indians of the lower Yukon region. TOPER To"per, n. Defn: One who topes, or drinks frequently or to excess; a drunkard; a sot. TOPET Top"et, n. Etym: [F. toupet tuft. See Touper.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European crested titmouse. [Prov. Eng.] TOP FERMENTATION Top fermentation. Defn: An alcoholic fermentation during which the yeast cells are carried to the top of the fermening liquid. It proceeds with some violence and requires a temperature of 14-30º C. (58-86º F.). It is used in the production of ale, porter, etc., and of wines high in alcohol, and in distilling. TOPFUL Top"ful, a. Defn: Full to the top, ore brim; brimfull. "Topful of direst cruelty." Shak. [He] was so topful of himself, that he let it spill on all the company. I. Watts. TOPGALLANT Top`gal"lant, a. 1. (Naut.) Defn: Situated above the topmast and below the royal mast; designatb, or pertaining to, the third spars in order from the deck; as, the topgallant mast, yards, braces, and the like. See Illustration of Ship. 2. Fig.: Highest; elevated; splendid. "The consciences of topgallant sparks." L'Estrange. Topgallant breeze, a breeze in which the topgallant sails may properly be carried. TOPGALLANT Top`gal"lant, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: A topgallant mast or sail. 2. Fig.: Anything elevated or splendid. Bacon. TOPH Toph, n. Etym: [L. tophus, tofus, tufa, or tuft. Cf. Tufa, Tofus, Tophus.] (Min.) Defn: kind of sandstone. TOPHACEOUS To*pha"ceous, a. Etym: [L. tophaceus, tofaceus.] Defn: Gritty; sandy; rough; stony. TOP-HAMPER Top"-ham`per, n. (Naut.) Defn: The upper rigging, spars, etc., of a ship. [Written also top hamper.] All the ships of the fleet . . . were so encumbered with tophamper, so overweighted in proportion to their draught of water, that they could bear but little canvas, even with smooth seas and light and favorable winds. Motley. TOP-HEAVY Top"-heav`y, a. Defn: Having the top or upper part too heavy for the lower part. Sir H. Wotton. TOPHET To"phet, n. Etym: [Heb. tophet, literally, a place to be spit upon, an abominable place, fr. tph to spit out.] Defn: A place lying east or southeast of Jerusalem, in the valley of Hinnom. [Written also Topheth.] And he defiled Topheth, which is in the valley of the children of Hinnom. 2 Kings xxiii. 10. Note: It seems to have been at first part of the royal garden, but it was afterwards defiled and polluted by the sacrifices of Baal and the fires of Moloch, and resounded with the cries of burning infants. At a later period, its altars and high places were thrown down, and all the filth of the city poured into it, until it became the abhorrence of Jerusalem, and, in symbol, the place where are wailing and gnashing of teeth. The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence And black Gehenna called, the type of hell. Milton. TOPHIN Toph"in, n. (Min.) Defn: Same as Toph. TOPHUS To"phus, n.; pl. Tophi. Etym: [NL.: cf. F. tophus a mineral concretion in the joint. See Toph.] [Written also tofus.] 1. (Med.) Defn: One of the mineral concretions about the joints, and in other situations, occurring chiefly in gouty persons. They consist usually of urate of sodium; when occurring in the internal organs they are also composed of phosphate of calcium. 2. (Min.) Defn: Calcareous tufa. TOPI To"pi, n. Defn: An antelope (Damaliscus corrigum jimela) having a glossy purplish brown coat. It is related to the blesbok and is native of British East Africa. Also, any of various related varieties of other districts south of the Sahara. TOPIARIAN Top`i*a"ri*an, a. Etym: [See Toplary.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the ornamental cutting and trimming of trees, hedges, etc.; practicing ornamental gardening. [R.] "The topiarian artist." Sir W. Scott. All the pedantries of the topiarian art. C. Kingsley. TOPIARY Top"i*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. topiarius belonging to ornamental gardening, fr. topia (sc. opera) ornamental gardening, fr. Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to ornamental gardening; produced by cutting, trimming, etc.; topiarian. Topiary work, arbors, shrubbery, hedges, or the like, cut and trimmed into fanciful forms, as of animals, building, etc. TOPIC Top"ic, n. Etym: [F. topiques, pl., L. topica the title of a work of Aristotle, Gr. topika`, fr. topiko`s of or for place, concerning to`poi, or commonplaces, fr. to`pos a place.] (a) One of the various general forms of argument employed in probable as distinguished from demonstrative reasoning, -- denominated by Aristotle to`poi (literally, places), as being the places or sources from which arguments may be derived, or to which they may be referred; also, a prepared form of argument, applicable to a great variety of cases, with a supply of which the ancient rhetoricians and orators provided themselves; a commonplace of argument or oratory. (b) pl. Defn: A treatise on forms of argument; a system or scheme of forms or commonplaces of argument or oratory; as, the Topics of Aristotle. These topics, or loci, were no other than general ideas applicable to a great many different subjects, which the orator was directed to consult. Blair. In this question by [reason] I do not mean a distinct topic, but a transcendent that runs through all topics. Jer. Taylor. 2. An argument or reason. [Obs.] Contumacious persons, who are not to be fixed by any principles, whom no topics can work upon. Bp. Wilkins. 3. The subject of any distinct portion of a discourse, or argument, or literary composition; also, the general or main subject of the whole; a matter treated of; a subject, as of conversation or of thought; a matter; a point; a head. 4. (Med.) Defn: An external local application or remedy, as a plaster, a blister, etc. [Obsoles.] Wiseman. TOPIC Top"ic, a. Defn: Topical. Drayton. Holland. TOPICAL Top"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. topique, LL. topicus, Gr. Topic, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to a place; limited; logical application; as, a topical remedy; a topical claim or privilege. 2. (Rhet. & logic) Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, a topic or topics; according to topics. 3. Resembling a topic, or general maxim; hence, not demonstrative, but merely probable, as an argument. Evidences of fact can be no more than topical and probable. Sir M. Hale. TOPICALLY Top"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a topical manner; with application to, or limitation of, a particular place or topic. TOPKNOT Top"knot`, n. 1. A crest or knot of feathers upon the head or top, as of a bird; also, an orgamental knot worn on top of the head, as by women. A great, stout servant girl, with cheeks as red as her topknot. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small Europen flounder (Rhoumbus punctatus). The name is also applied to allied species. TOPLESS Top"less, a. Defn: Having no top, or no visble fop; hence, fig.: very lofty; supreme; unequaled. " The topless Apennines." "Topless fortunes." Beau. & Fl. TOP-LIGHT Top"-light`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A lantern or light on the top of a vessel. TOPMAN Top"man, n.; pl. Topmem (. 1. See Topsman, 2. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A man stationed in the top. TOPMAST Top"mast, n. (Naut.) Defn: The second mast, or that which is next above the lower mast, and below the topgallant mast. TOPMOST Top"most`, a. Defn: Highest; uppermost; as, the topmost cliff; the topmost branch of a tree. The nightngale may claim the topmost bough. Cowper. TOPOGRAPHER To*pog"ra*pher, n. Etym: [Cf. F. topographe, Cr. Defn: One who is skilled in the science of topography; one who describes a particular place, town, city, or tract of land. Dante is the one authorized topographer of the mediæval hell. Milman. TOPOGRAPHIC; TOPOGRAPHICAL Top`o*graph"ic, a. Top`o*graph"ic*al,Etym: [Cf. F. topographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to topography; descriptive of a place. -- Top`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. Topographical map. See under Cadastral. -- Topographical surveying. See under Surveying. TOPOGRAPHIST To*pog"ra*phist, n. Defn: A topographer. TOPOGRAPHY To*pog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [F. topographie, Gr. Defn: The description of a particular place, town, manor, parish, or tract of land; especially, the exact and scientific delineation and description in minute detail of any place or region. Note: Topography, as the description of particular places, is distinguished from chorography, the description of a region or a district, and for geography, the description of the earth or of countries. Brande & C. TOPOLOGY To*pol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The art of, or method for, assisting the memory by associating the thing or subject to be remembered with some place. [R.] TOPONOMY To*pon"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The designation of position and direction. B. G. Wilder. TOPONYM Top"o*nym, n. Defn: A name of a place; more broadly, a name, as in the binomial name of a plant, based on, or derived from, a place name, or based on the location of the thing named. TOPONYMY To*pon"y*my, n. Defn: A system of toponyms; the use of toponyms. -- To*pon"y*mal (#), Top`o*nym"ic (#), Top`o*nym"ic*al (#), a. TOPOPHONE Top"o*phone, n. [Gr. place + Gr. sound.] Defn: A double ear trumpet for estimating the direction from which sounds proceed, esp. for the use of navigators. TOP OUT Top out. (Building) Defn: To top off; to finish by putting on a cap of top (uppermost) course (called a top`ping-out" course). TOPPER Top"per, n. 1. One that tops, in any sense of the verb; specif.: (a) A cover of a top layer or part. [Colloq.] (b) One that excels, surpasses, or is extraordinary of its kind. [Slang] (c) Any device for cutting off tops; as, a turnip topper. (d) One who tops steel ingots. (e) A three-square float (file) used by comb makers. 2. A top hat. [Slang or Colloq.] 3. Tobacco left in the bottom of a pipe bowl; -- so called from its being often taken out and placed on top of the newly filled bowl. Also, a cigar stump. [Slang] TOPPIECE Top"piece`, n. Defn: A small wig for the top of the head; a toupee. TOPPING Top"ping, a. 1. Rising above; surpassing. 2. Hence, assuming superiority; proud. The great and flourishing condition of some of the topping sinners of the world. South. 3. Fine; gallant. [Slang] Johnson. TOPPING Top"ping, n. 1. The act of one who tops; the act of cutting off the top. 2. (Naut.) Defn: The act of raising one extremity of a spar higher than the other. 3. pl. Defn: That which comes from hemp in the process of hatcheling. Topping lift (Naut.), a large, strong tackle employed to raise or top the end of a gaff, or of a boom. TOPPINGLY Top"ping*ly, adv. Defn: In a topping or proud manner. TOPPINGLY Top"ping*ly, a. Defn: Same as Topping, a., 3. [Obs.] "Topping quests." Tusser. TOPPLE Top"ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toppled; p. pr. & vb. n. Toppling.] Etym: [From Top summit.] Defn: To fall forward; to pitch or tumble down. Though castles topple on their warders' heads. Shak. TOPPLE Top"ple, v. t. Defn: To throw down; to overturn. He topple crags from the precipice. Longfellow. TOP-PROUD Top"-proud`, a. Defn: Proud to the highest degree. [R.] "This top-proud fellow." Shak. TOP RAKE Top rake. (Mech.) Defn: The angle that the front edge of the point of a tool is set back from the normal to the surface being cut. TOP-ROPE Top"-rope`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A rope used for hoisting and lowering a topmast, and for other purposes. TOPSAIL Top"sail`, n. (Naut.) Defn: In a square-rigged vessel, the sail next above the lowermost sail on a mast. This sail is the one most frequently reefed or furled in working the ship. In a fore-and-aft rigged vessel, the sail set upon and above the gaff. See Cutter, Schooner, Sail, and Ship. Topsail schooner. (Naut.) See Schooner, and Illustration in Appendix. TOPS-AND-BOTTOMS Tops"-and-bot`toms, n. pl. Defn: Small rolls of dough, baked, cut in halves, and then browned in an oven, -- used as food for infants. 'T is said that her top-and-bottoms were gilt. Hood. TOP-SHAPED Top"-shaped`, a. Defn: Having the shape of a top; (Bot.) cone-shaped, with the apex downward; turbinate. TOP-SHELL Top"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of marine top_shaped shells of the genus Thochus, or family Trochidæ. TOPSMAN Tops"man, n.; pl. Topsmen (. 1. The chief drover of those who drive a herd of cattle. P. Cyc. 2. The uppermost sawyer in a saw pit; a topman. Simmonds. TOPSOIL Top"soil`, n. Defn: The upper layer of soil; surface soil. TOPSOILING Top"soil`ing, n. (Engin.) Defn: The act or art of taking off the top soil of land before an excavation or embankment is begun. TOPSTONE Top"stone`, n. Defn: A stone that is placed on the top, or which forms the top. TOPSY-TURVY Top"sy-*tur"vy, adv. Etym: [Earlier topside-turvey, topsy-tervy; probably for top so turvy; that is, the top as turvy, as it were turvy; where turvy probably means, overturned, fr. AS. torfian to throw.] Defn: In an inverted posture; with the top or head downward; upside down; as, to turn a carriage topsy-turvy. TOP-TACKLE Top"-tac`kle, n. (Naut.) Defn: A tackle used in hoisting and lowering the topmast. TOP-TIMBERS Top"-tim`bers, n. (Naut.) Defn: The highest timbers on the side of a vessel, being those above the futtocks. R. H. Dana, Jr. TOP-TOOL Top"-tool`, n. (Blacksmithing.) Defn: A tool applied to the top of the work, in distinction from a tool inserted in the anvil and on which the work is placed. TOQUE Toque, n. Etym: [F. toque; of Celtic origin; cf. W.toc.] 1. A kind of cap worn in the 16th century, and copied in modern fashions; -- called also toquet. His velvet toque stuck as airily as ever upon the side of his head. Motley. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of the bonnet monkey. TOQUET To*quet", n. Defn: See Toque, 1. TOR Tor, n. Etym: [AS. torr; cf. Gael. torr. Cf. Tower.] 1. A tower; a turret. [R.] Ray. 2. High-pointed hill; a rocky pinnacle. [Prov. Eng.] A rolling range of dreary moors, unbroken by tor or tree. C. Kingsley. TORACE; TORASE To*race", To*rase", v. t. Etym: [Pref. to- + OE. r to rage.] Defn: To scratch to pieces. [Obs.] Chaucer. TORAH; TORA To"rah, To"ra, n.; pl. Toroth (#). [Heb. torah.] (Jewish Lit.) (a) A law; a precept. A considerable body of priestly Toroth. S. R. Driver. (b) Divine instruction; revelation. Tora, . . . before the time of Malachi, is generally used of the revelations of God's will made through the prophets. T. K. Cheyne. (c) The Pentateuch or "Law of Moses." The Hebrew Bible is divided into three parts: (1) The Torah, "Law," or Pentateuch. (2) The Prophets . . . (3) The Kethubim, or the "Writings," generally termed Hagiographa. C. H. H. Wright. TORAN; TORANA To"ran, To"ra*na, n. [Skr. toransa an arch, a gate.] (Indian Arch.) Defn: A gateway, commonly of wood, but sometimes of stone, consisting of two upright pillars carrying one to three transverse lintels. It is often minutely carved with symbolic sculpture, and serves as a monumental approach to a Buddhist temple. TORBERNITE Tor"bern*ite, n. Etym: [So named after Torber Bergmann, a Swedish chemist.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in emerald-green tabular crystals having a micaceous structure. It is a hydrous phosphate of uranium and copper. Called also copper uranite, and chalcolite. TORC Torc, n. Defn: Same as Torque, 1. TORCH Torch, n. Etym: [OE. torche, F. torche a torch, rag, wisp, pad; probably from a derivative of L. torquere, tortum, to twist, because twisted like a rope; cf. F. torcher to rub, wipe, It. topcia a torch, torciare to wrap, twist, OF. torse a torse. Cf. Torture.] Defn: A light or luminary formed of some combustible substance, as of resinous wood; a large candle or flambeau, or a lamp giving a large, flaring flame. They light the nuptial torch. Milton. Torch thistle. (Bot.) See under Thistle. TORCHBEARER Torch"bear`er, n. Defn: One whose office it is to carry a torch. TORCHER Torch"er, n. Defn: One who gives light with a torch, or as if with a torch. [Obs.] Shak. TORCHLIGHT Torch"light`, n. Defn: The light of a torch, or of torches. Also adjectively; as, a torchlight procession. TORCHON LACE Tor"chon lace` Etym: [F. torchon a kind of coarse napkin.] Defn: a simple thread lace worked upon a pillow with coarse thread; also, a similar lace made by machinery. TORCHON PAPER Tor"chon pa"per. [F. papier torchon.] Defn: Paper with a rough surface; esp., handmade paper of great hardness for the use of painters in water colors. TORCH RACE Torch race. Defn: A race by men carrying torches, as in ancient Greece. TORCHWOOD Torch"wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The inflammable wood of certain trees (Amyris balsamifera, A. Floridana, etc.); also, the trees themselves. TORCHWORT Torch"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The common mullein, the stalks of which, dipped in suet, anciently served for torches. Called also torch, and hig-taper. TORE Tore, Defn: imp. of Tear. TORE Tore, n. Etym: [Probably from the root of tear; cf. W. tór a break, cut, tóri to break, cut.] Defn: The dead grass that remains on mowing land in winter and spring. [Prov. Eng.] Mortimer. TORE Tore, n. Etym: [See Torus.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Torus. 2. (Geom.) (a) The surface described by the circumference of a circle revolving about a straight line in its own plane. (b) The solid inclosed by such a surface; -- sometimes called an anchor ring. TOREADOR To"re*a*dor`, n. Etym: [Sp.,fr. torear to fight bulls, fr.L. taurus a bull.] Defn: A bullfighter. TO-REND To-rend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. To-rent.] Etym: [Pref. to- + rend.] Defn: To rend in pieces. [Obs.] The wolf hath many a sheep and lamb to-rent. Chaucer. TORET Tor"et, n. Etym: [Probably dim. fr. tore, torus.] Defn: A Turret. [Obs.] TORET Tor"et, n. Defn: A ring for fastening a hawk's leash to the jesses; also, a ring affixed to the collar of a dog, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOREUMATOGRAPHY To"reu`ma*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.] Defn: A description of sculpture such as bas-relief in metal. TOREUMATOLOGY To*reu`ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: The art or the description of scupture such as bas-relief in metal; toreumatography. TOREUTIC To*reu"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Sculp.) Defn: In relief; pertaining to sculpture in relief, especially of metal; also, pertaining to chasing such as surface ornamentation in metal. TORGOCH Tor"goch, n. Defn: The saibling. [Prov. Eng.] TORILTO To*ril"to, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. torillo a little bull.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of Turnix (Turnix sylvatica) native of Spain and Northen Africa. TORINESE To`rin*ese", a. Etym: [It.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Turin. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Turin; collectively, the people of Turin. TORMENT Tor"ment, n. Etym: [OF. torment, F. tourment, fr. L. tormentum an engine for hurling missiles, an instrument of torture, a rack, torture, fr. torquere to turn, to twist, hurl. See Turture.] 1. (Mil. Antiq.) Defn: An engine for casting stones. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. 2. Extreme pain; anguish; torture; the utmost degree of misery, either of body or mind. Chaucer. The more I see Pleasures about me, so much more I feel Torment within me. Milton. 3. That which gives pain, vexation, or misery. They brought unto him all sick people that were taken with divers diseases and torments. Matt. iv. 24. TORMENT Tor*ment", v. t. [imp. & p. p. tormented; p. pr. & vb. n. tormenting.] Etym: [OF. tormenter, F. tourmenter.] 1. To put to extreme pain or anguish; to inflict excruciating misery upon, either of body or mind; to torture. " Art thou come hither to torment us before our time " Matt. viii. 29. 2. To pain; to distress; to afflict. Lord, my servant lieth at home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented. Matt. viii. 6. 3. To tease; to vex; to harass; as, to be tormented with importunities, or with petty annoyances. [Colloq.] 4. To put into great agitation. [R.] "[They], soaring on main wing, tormented all the air." Milton. TORMENTER Tor*ment"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, torments; a tormentor. 2. An executioner. [Obs.] Chaucer. TORMENTFUL Tor*ment"ful, a. Defn: Full of torment; causing, or accompainied by, torment; excruciating. [R.] Tillotson. TORMENTIL Tor"men*til, n. Etym: [F. tormentille; cf. Pr., It., & NL. tormentilla, Sp. tormentila; all fr. L. tormentum pain. So called because it is said to allay pain. See Torment.] (Bot.) Defn: A rosaceous herb (Potentilla Tormentilla), the root of which is used as a powerful astringent, and for alleviating gripes, or tormina, in diarrhea. TORMENTING Tor*ment"ing, a. Defn: Causing torment; as, a tormenting dream. -- Tor*ment"ing*ly, adv. TORMENTISE Tor"ment*ise, n. Etym: [See Torment.] Defn: Torture; torment. [Obs.] Chaucer. TORMENTOR Tor*ment"or, n. 1. One who, or that which, torments; one who inflicts penal anguish or tortures. Jer. Taylor. Thoughts, my tormentors, armed with deadly stings. Milton. 2. (Agric.) Defn: An implement for reducing a stiff soil, resembling a harrow, but running upon wheels. Hebert. TORMENTRESS Tor*ment"ress, n. Defn: A woman who torments. Fortune ordinarily cometh after to whip and punish them, as the scourge and tormentress of glory and honor. Holland. TORMENTRY Tor"ment*ry, n. Defn: Anything producing torment, annoyance, or pain. [Obs.] Chaucer. TORMINA Tor"mi*na, n. pl. Etym: [L., a griping in the belly.] (Med.) Defn: acute, colicky pains; gripes. TORMINOUS Tor"mi*nous, a. (Med.) Defn: Affected with tormina; griping. TORN Torn, Defn: p. p. of Tear. TORNADO Tor*na"do, n.; pl. Tornadoes. Etym: [From Sp. or Pg. tornar to turn, return, L. tornare to turn, hence, a whirling wind. The Sp. & Pg. tornada is a return. See Turn.] Defn: A violent whirling wind; specifically (Meteorol.), a tempest distinguished by a rapid whirling and slow progressive motion, usually accompaned with severe thunder, lightning, and torrents of rain, and commonly of short duration and small breadth; a small cyclone. TORNARIA Tor*na"ri*a, n.; pl. Tornariæ . Etym: [NL., fr. L. tornare to turn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The peculiar free swimming larva of Balanoglossus. See Illust. in Append. TOROSE To*rose", a. Etym: [L. torosus full of muscle, brawny, fleshy. See Torus.] Defn: Cylindrical with alternate swellings and contractions; having the surface covered with rounded prominences. TOROSITY To*ros"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being torose. TOROUS Torous, a. Defn: Torose. TORPEDINOUS Tor*ped"i*nous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a torpedo; resembling a torpedo; exerting a benumbing influence; stupefying; dull; torpid. Fishy were his eyes; torpedinous was his manner. De Quincey. TORPEDO Tor*pe"do, n.; pl. Torpedoes. Etym: [L. torpedo, -inis, from torpere to be stiff, numb, or torpid. See Torpid.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of elasmobranch fishes belonging to Torpedo and allied genera. They are related to the rays, but have the power of giving electrical shocks. Called also crampfish, and numbfish. See Electrical fish, under Electrical. Note: The common European torpedo (T. vulgaris) and the American species (T. occidentalis) are the best known. 2. An engine or machine for destroying ships by blowing them up. Specifically: -- (a) A quantity of explosives anchored in a channel, beneath the water, or set adrift in a current, and so arranged that they will be exploded when touched by a vessel, or when an electric circuit is closed by an operator on shore. (b) A kind of small submarine boat carrying an explosive charge, and projected from a ship against another ship at a distance, or made self-propelling, and otherwise automatic in its action against a distant ship. 3. (Mil.) Defn: A kind of shell or cartridge buried in earth, to be exploded by electricity or by stepping on it. 4. (Railroad) Defn: A kind of detonating cartridge or shell placed on a rail, and exploded when crushed under the locomotive wheels, -- used as an alarm signal. 5. An explosive cartridge or shell lowered or dropped into a bored oil well, and there exploded, to clear the well of obstructions or to open communication with a source of supply of oil. 6. A kind of firework in the form of a small ball, or pellet, which explodes when thrown upon a hard object. Fish torpedo, a spindle- shaped, or fish-shaped, self-propelling submarine torpedo. -- Spar torpedo, a canister or other vessel containing an explosive charge, and attached to the end of a long spar which projects from a ship or boat and is thrust against an enemy's ship, exploding the torpedo. -- Torpedo boat, a vessel adapted for carrying, launching, operating, or otherwise making use of, torpedoes against an enemy's ship. -- Torpedo nettings, nettings made of chains or bars, which can be suspended around a vessel and allowed to sink beneath the surface of the water, as a protection against torpedoes. TORPEDO Tor*pe"do, v. t. Defn: to destroy by, or subject to the action of, a torpedo. London Spectator. TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYER Tor*pe"do-boat` de*stroy"er. Defn: A larger, swifter, and more powerful armed type of torpedo boat, originally intended principally for the destruction of torpedo boats, but later used also as a more formidable torpedo boat. TORPEDO BODY Tor*pe"do body. Defn: An automobile body which is built so that the side surfaces are flush. [Cant] TORPEDO BOOM Tor*pe"do boom. Defn: A spar formerly carried by men-of-war, having a torpedo on its end. TORPEDO CATCHER Tor*pe"do catch"er. Defn: A small fast vessel for pursuing and destroying torpedo boats. TORPEDOIST Tor*pe"do*ist, n. (Nav.) Defn: One skilled in the theory or use of torpedoes; also, one who favors the use of torpedoes. TORPEDO SHELL Torpedo shell. (Ordnance) Defn: A shell longer than a deck-piercing shell, with thinner walls and a larger cavity for the bursting charge, which consists of about 130 pounds of high explosive. It has no soft cap, and is intended to effect its damage by the powerful explosion which follows on slight resistance. It is used chiefly in 12-inch mortars. TORPEDO STATION Torpedo station. Defn: A headquarters for torpedo vessels and their supplies, usually having facilities for repairs and for instruction and experiments. The principal torpedo station of the United States is at Newport, R.I. TORPEDO STERN Torpedo stern. Defn: A broad stern without overhang, flattened on the bottom, used in some torpedo and fast power boats. It prevents settling in the water at high speed. TORPEDO TUBE Torpedo tube. (Nav.) Defn: A tube fixed below or near the water line through which a torpedo is fired, usually by a small charge of gunpowder. On torpedo vessels the tubes are on deck and usually in broadside, on larger vessels usually submerged in broadside and fitted with a movable shield which is pushed out from the vessel's side to protect the torpedo until clear, but formerly sometimes in the bow. In submarine torpedo boats they are in the bow. TORPENT Tor"pent, a. Etym: [L. torpens, p. pr. of torpere to be numb.] Defn: Having no motion or activity; incapable of motion; benumbed; torpid. [Obs.] Evelyn. TORPESCENCE Tor*pes"cence, n. Defn: The quality or state or being torpescent; torpidness; numbness; stupidity. TORPESCENT Tor*pes"cent, a. Etym: [L. torpescens, p. pr. of torpescere to grow stiff, numb, or torpid, incho. fr. torpere. See Torpid.] Defn: Becoming torpid or numb. Shenstone. TORPID Tor"pid, a. Etym: [L. torpidus, fr. torpere to be stiff, numb, or torpid; of uncertain origin.] 1. Having lost motion, or the power of exertion and feeling; numb; benumbed; as, a torpid limb. Without heat all things would be torpid. Ray. 2. Dull; stupid; sluggish; inactive. Sir M. Hale. TORPIDITY Tor*pid"i*ty, n. Defn: Same as Torpidness. TORPIDLY Tor"pid*ly, adv. Defn: In a torpid manner. TORPIDNESS Tor"pid*ness, n. Defn: The qualityy or state of being torpid. TORPIFY Tor"pi*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Torpified; p. pr. & vb. n. Torpifying. (.] Etym: [L. torpere to be torpid + -fy.] Defn: To make torpid; to numb, or benumb. TORPITUDE Tor"pi*tude, n. Defn: Torpidness. [Obs.] "In a kind of torpitude, or sleeping state." Derham. TORPOR Tor"por, n. Etym: [L., from torpere, to be torpid.] 1. Loss of motion, or of the motion; a state of inactivity with partial or total insensibility; numbness. 2. Dullness; sluggishness; inactivity; as, a torpor of the mental faculties. TORPORIFIC Tor`por*if"ic, a. Etym: [L. torpor torpor + facere to make.] Defn: Tending to produce torpor. TORQUATE Tor"quate, a. Etym: [L. torquatus wearing a collar.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Collared; having a torques, or distinct colored ring around the neck. TORQUATED tor"qua*ted, a. Etym: [L. Torqyatus.] Defn: Having or wearing a torque, or neck chain. TORQUE Torque, n. Etym: [L. torques a twisted neck chain, fr. torquere to twist.] 1. A collar or neck chain, usually twisted, especially as worn by ancient barbaric nations, as the Gauls, Germans, and Britons. 2. Etym: [L. torquere to twist.] (Mech.) Defn: That which tends to produce torsion; a couple of forces. J. Thomson. 3. (Phys. Science) Defn: A turning or twisting; tendency to turn, or cause to turn, about an axis. TORQUED Torqued, a. Etym: [L. torquere to twist, to turn, to wind.] 1. Wreathed; twisted. [R.] 2. (Her.) Defn: Twisted; bent; -- said of a dolphin haurient, which forms a figure like the letter S. TORQUES Tor"ques, n. Etym: [L., a necklace. See Torque, 1.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A cervical ring of hair or feathers, distinguished by its color or structure; a collar. TORREFACTION Tor`re*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L.torrefacere,torrefactum, to torrefy: cf. F. torréfaction. See Torrefy.] Defn: The act or process of torrefying, or the state of being torrefied. Bp. Hall. TORREFY Tor"re*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Torrefied; p. pr. & vb. n. Torrefying.] Etym: [L. torrere to parch + -fy: cf. F. torréfier, L. torrefacere.] [Written also torrify.] 1. To dry by a fire. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Metal.) Defn: To subject to scorching heat, so as to drive off volatile ingredients; to roast, as ores. 3. (Pharm.) Defn: To dry or parch, as drugs, on a metallic plate till they are friable, or are reduced to the state desired. TORRENS SYSTEM Tor"rens sys`tem. Defn: A system of registration of titles to land (as distinct from registration of deeds) introduced into South Australia by the Real Property (or Torrens) Act (act 15 of 1857-58), drafted by Sir Robert Torrens (1814-84). Its essential feature is the guaranty by the government of properly registered titles. The system has been generally adopted in Australia and British Columbia, and in its original or a modified form in some other countries, including some States of the United States. Hence Torrens title, etc. TORRENT Tor"rent, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. torrens, -entis, fr. torrens burning, roaring, boiling, p. pr. of torrere to dry by heat, to burn. See Torrid.] 1. A violent stream, as of water, lava, or the like; a stream suddenly raised and running rapidly, as down a precipice. The roaring torrent is deep and wide. Longfellow. 2. Fig.: A violent or rapid flow; a strong current; a flood; as, a torrent of vices; a torrent of eloquence. At length, Erasmus, that great injured name, . . . Stemmed the wild torrent of a barbarous age. Pope. TORRENT Tor"rent, a. Etym: [See Torrent, n.] Defn: Rolling or rushing in a rapid stream. "Waves of torrent fire." Milton. TORRENTIAL; TORRENTINE Tor*ren"tial, Tor*ren"tine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a torrent; having the character of a torrent; caused by a torrent . [R.] TORRICELLIAN Tor`ri*cel"li*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Torricelli, an Italian philosopher and mathematician, who, in 1643, discovered that the rise of a liquid in a tube, as in the barometer, is due to atmospheric pressure. See Barometer. Torricellian tube, a glass tube thirty or more inches in length, open at the lower end and hermetically sealed at the upper, such as is used in the barometer. -- Torricellian vacuum (Physics), a vacuum produced by filling with a fluid, as mercury, a tube hermetically closed at one end, and, after immersing the other end in a vessel of the same fluid, allowing the inclosed fluid to descend till it is counterbalanced by the pressure of the atmosphere, as in the barometer. Hutton. TORRID Tor"rid, a. Etym: [L. torridus, fr. torrere to parch, to burn, akin to E. Thist: cf. F. torride. See Thirst.] 1. Parched; dried with heat; as, a torrid plain or desert. "Barca or Cyrene's torrid soil." Milton. 2. Violenty hot; drying or scorching with heat; burning; parching. "Torrid heat." Milton. Torrid zone (Geog.), that space or board belt of the earth, included between the tropics, over which the sun is vertical at some period of every year, and the heat is always great. TORRIDITY Tor*rid"i*ty, n. Defn: Torridness. [R.] TORRIDNESS Tor"rid*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being torrid or parched. TORRIL Tor"ril, n. Defn: A worthless woman; also, a worthless horse. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. TORROCK Tor"rock, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A gull. [Prov. Eng.] TORSADE Tor*sade", n. [F.] Defn: A twisted cord; also, a molded or worked ornament of similar form. The crown decked with torsades of pearls. Harper's Mag. TORSAL Tor"sal, n. (Carp.) Defn: A torsel. Knight. TORSE Torse, n. Etym: [OF., fr. OF. & F. tors, torse, twisted, wreathed, p. p. of tordre to twist, L. torquere. See Torture.] 1. (Her.) Defn: A wreath. 2. Etym: [F. tors, torse, twisted.] (Geom.) Defn: A developable surface. See under Developable. TORSEL Tor"sel, n. (Carp.) Defn: A plate of timber for the end of a beam or joist to rest on. Gwilt TORSIBILLTY Tor`si*bil"l*ty, n. Defn: The tendency, as of a rope, to untwist after being twisted. TORSION Tor"sion, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. torsio, fr. L. torquere, tortum, to twist. See Torture.] 1. The act of turning or twisting, or the state of being twisted; the twisting or wrenching of a body by the exertion of a lateral force tending to turn one end or part of it about a longitudinal axis, while the other is held fast or turned in the opposite direction. 2. (Mech.) Defn: That force with which a thread, wire, or rod of any material, returns, or tends to return, to a state of rest after it has been twisted; torsibility. Angle of torsion (of a curve) (Geom.), the indefinitely small angle between two consecutive osculating planes of a curve of double curvature. -- Moment of torsion (Mech.) the moment of a pair of equal and opposite couples which tend to twist a body. -- Torsion balance (Physics.), an instrument for estimating very minute forces, as electric or magnetic attractions and repulsions, by the torsion of a very slender wire or fiber having at its lower extremity a horizontal bar or needle, upon which the forces act. -- Torsion scale, a scale for weighing in which the fulcra of the levers or beams are strained wires or strips acting by torsion. TORSIONAL Tor"sion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to torsion; resulting from torsion, or the force with which a thread or wire returns to a state of rest after having been twisted round its axis; as, torsional force. TORSION ELECTROMETER Tor"sion e*lec*trom"e*ter. (Elec.) Defn: A torsion balance used for measuring electric attraction or repulsion. TORSION GALVANOMETER Torsion galvanometer. (Elec.) Defn: A galvanometer in which current is measured by torsion. TORSION HEAD Torsion head. Defn: That part of a torsion balance from which the wire or filament is suspended. TORSION INDICATOR Torsion indicator. Defn: An autographic torsion meter. TORSION METER Torsion meter. (Mech.) Defn: An instrument for determining the torque on a shaft, and hence the horse power of an engine, esp. of a marine engine of high power, by measuring the amount of twist of a given length of the shaft. Called also torsimeter, torsiometer, torsometer. TORSK Torsk, n. Etym: [Dan.; akin to Icel. þorskr a codfish, G. dorsch.] (Zoöl.) (a) The cusk. See Cusk. (b) The codfish. Called also tusk. TORSO Tor"so, n.; pl. E. Torsos, It. Torsi. Etym: [It. torso, probably fr. L. thyrsus a stalk, stem, thyrsus, Gr. torso, turso, a stalk, stem, G. dorsche a cabbage stalk. Cf. Thyrsus, Truss.] Defn: The human body, as distinguished from the head and limbs; in sculpture, the trunk of a statue, mutilated of head and limbs; as, the torso of Hercules. TORT Tort, n. Etym: [F., from LL. tortum, fr. L. tortus twisted, crooked, p. p. of torqure to twist, bend. See Torture.] 1. Mischief; injury; calamity. [Obs.] That had them long opprest with tort. Spenser. 2. (Law) Defn: Any civil wrong or injury; a wrongful act (not involving a breach of contract) for which an action will lie; a form of action, in some parts of the United States, for a wrong or injury. Executor de son tort. See under Executor. -- Tort feasor (Law), a wrongdoer; a trespasser. Wharton. TORT Tort, a. Defn: Stretched tight; taut. [R.] Yet holds he them with tortestrein. Emerson. TORTA Tor"ta, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. torta a cake.] (Metal.) Defn: a flat heap of moist, crushed silver ore, prepared for the patio process. TORTEAU Tor"teau, n.; pl. Torteaus Etym: [Of. torteau, tortel, from L.tortus twisted. See Tort.] (Her.) Defn: A roundel of a red color. TORTICOLLIS Tor`ti*col"lis, n. Etym: [F. toricolis; L. torquere, tortum, to twist + collum the neck.] (Med.) Defn: See Wryneck. TORTILE Tor"tile, a. Etym: [L. tortilis, fr. torquere, tortum, to twist: cf. F. tortile.] Defn: Twisted; wreathed; coiled. TORTILITY Tor*til"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tortile, twisted, or wreathed. TORTILLA Tor*til"la, n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: An unleavened cake, as of maize flour, baked on a heated iron or stone. TORTION Tor"tion, n. Etym: [LL. tortio. See Torsion.] Defn: Torment; pain. [Obs.] Bacon. TORTIOUS Tor"tious, a. Etym: [From Tort.] 1. Injurious; wrongful. [Obs.] "Tortious power." Spenser. 2. (Law) Defn: Imploying tort, or privat injury for which the law gives damages; involing tort. TORTIOUSLY Tor"tious*ly, adv. (Law) Defn: In a tortous manner. TORTIVE Tor"tive, a. Etym: [L. tortus, p.p. of torquere to twist, wind.] Defn: Twisted; wreathed. Shak. TORTOISE Tor"toise, n. Etym: [OE. tortuce, fr. OF. tortis crooked, fr. L. tortus isted, crooked, contorted, p.p. of torquere, tortum, to wind; cf. F. tortue tortoise, LL. tortuca, tartuca, Pr. tortesa crookedness, tortis crooked. so called in allusion to its crooked feet. See Torture.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of reptiles of the order Testudinata. Note: The term is applied especially to the land and fresh-water species, while the marine species are generally called turtles, but the terms tortoise and turtle are used synonymously by many writers. see Testudinata, Terrapin, and Turtle. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: Same as Testudo, 2. Box tortoise, Land tortoise, etc. See under Box, Land, etc. -- Painted tortoise. (Zoöl.) See Painted turtle, under Painted. -- Soft-shell tortoise. (Zoöl.) See Trionyx. -- Spotted tortoise. (Zoöl.) A small American fresh-water tortoise (Chelopus, or Nanemys, quttatus) having a blackish carapace on which are scattered round yellow spots. -- Tortoise beetle (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small tortoise-shaped beetles. Many of them have a brilliant metallic luster. the larvæ feed upon the leaves of various plants, and protect themselves beneath a mass of dried excrement held over the back by means of the caudal spines. The golden tortoise beetle (Cassida aurichalcea) is found on the morning-glory vine and allied plants. -- Tortoise plant. (Bot.) See Elephant's foot, under Elephant. -- Tortoise shell, the substance of the shell or horny plates of several species of sea turtles, especially of the hawkbill turtle. It is used in inlaying and in the manufacture of various ornamental articles. -- Tortoise-shell butterfly (Zoöl.), any one of several species of handsomely colored butterflies of the genus Aglais, as A. Milberti, and A. urticæ, both of which, in the larva state, feed upon nettles. -- Tortoise-shell turtle (Zoöl.), the hawkbill turtle. See Hawkbill. Defn: having a color like that aof a toroise's shell, black with white and orange spots; -- used mostly to describe cats of that color. n. Defn: a tortoise-shell cat. TORTRICID Tor"tri*cid, a. Etym: [See Tortrix.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Tortix, or the family Tortricidæ. TORTRIX Tor"trix, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. torquere, tortum, to twist.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small moths of the family Tortricidæ, the larvæ of which usually roll up the leaves of plants on which they live; -- also called leaf roller. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of tropical short-tailed snakes, which are not venomous. One species (Tortrix scytalæ) is handsomely banded with black, and is sometimes worn alive by the natives of Brazil for a necklace. TORTULOUS Tor"tu*lous, a. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Swelled out at intervals like a knotted cord. TORTUOSE Tor"tu*ose`, a. Etym: [See Tortuous.] Defn: Wreathed; twisted; winding. Loudon TORTUOSLTY Tor`tu*os"l*ty, n. Etym: [L.tortuositas: cf. F.tortuosite.] Defn: the quality or state of being tortuous. TORTUOUS Tor"tu*ous, a. Etym: [OE. tortuos, L.tortuosus, fr.tortus a twisting, winding, fr. torquere, tortum, to twist: cf. F. tortueux. See Torture.] 1. Bent in different directions; wreathed; twisted; winding; as, a tortuous train; a tortuous train; a tortuous leaf or corolla. The badger made his dark and tortuous hole on the side of every hill where the copsewood grew thick. Macaulay. 2. Fig.: Deviating from rectitude; indirect; erroneous; deceitful. That course became somewhat lesstortuous, when the battle of the Boyne had cowed the spirit of the Jakobites. Macaulay. 3. Injurious: tortious. [Obs.] 4. (Astrol.) Defn: Oblique; -- applied to the six signs of the zodiac (from Capricorn to Gemini) which ascend most rapidly and obliquely. [Obs.] Skeat. Infortunate ascendent tortuous. Chaucer. --Tor"tu*ous*ly, adv. -- Tor"tu*ous*ness, n. TORTURABLE Tor"tur*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being tortured. TORTURE Tor"ture, n. Etym: [F.,fr.L. tortura, fr. torquere, tortum, to twist, rack, torture; probably akin to Gr. tre`pein to turn, G. drechsein to turn on a lathe, and perhaps to E. queer. Cf. Contort, Distort, Extort, Retort, Tart, n., Torch, Torment, Tortion, Tort, Trope.] 1. Extreme pain; anguish of body or mind; pang; agony; torment; as, torture of mind. Shak. Ghastly spasm or racking torture. Milton. 2. Especially, severe pain inflicted judicially, either as punishment for a crime, or for the purpose of extorting a confession from an accused person, as by water or fire, by the boot or thumbkin, or by the rack or wheel. 3. The act or process of torturing. Torture, whitch had always been deciared illegal, and which had recently been declared illegal even by the servile judges of that age, was inflicted for the last time in England in the month of May, 1640. Macaulay. TORTURE Tor"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tortured (; p. pr. & vb. n. Torturing.] Etym: [Cf. F. Torturer. ] 1. To put to torture; to pain extremely; to harass; to vex. 2. To punish with torture; to put to the rack; as, to torture an accused person. Shak. 3. To wrest from the proper meaning; to distort. Jar. Taylor. 4. To keep on the stretch, as a bow. [Obs.] The bow tortureth the string. Bacon. TORTURER Tor"tur*er, n. Defn: One who tortures; a tormentor. TORTURINGLY Tor"tur*ing*ly, adv. Defn: So as to torture. Beau. & Fl. TORTUROUS Tor"tur*ous, a. Defn: Involving, or pertaining to, torture. [R.] "The torturous crucifixion." I. Disraeli. TORULA Tor"u*la, n.; pl. Torulæ ( Etym: [NL., dim. of L. torus a semicircular molding.] (Biol.) (a) A chain of special bacteria. (b) A genus of budding fungi. Same as Saccharomyces. Also used adjectively. TORULAFORM Tor"u*la*form`, a. (Biol.) Defn: Having the appearance of a torula; in the form of a little chain; as, a torulaform string of micrococci. TORULOSE Tor"u*lose, a. Etym: [L. torulus, dim. of torus: cf. F. toruleux. See Torus] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Torose. TORULOUS Tor"u*lous, a. Defn: Same as Torose. TORUS To"rus, n.; pl. Tori. Etym: [L., a round, swelling, or bulging place, an elevation. Cf. 3d Tore.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A lage molding used in the bases of columns. Its profile is semicircular. See Illust. of Molding. Brande&C. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the ventral parapodia of tubicolous annelids. It usually has the form of an oblong thickening or elevation of the integument with rows of uncini or hooks along the center. See Illust. under Tubicolæ. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The receptacle, or part of the flower on which the carpels stand. 4. (Geom.) Defn: See 3d Tore, 2. TORVED Torved, a. Defn: Stern; grim. See Torvous. [Obs.] But yesterday his breath Awed Rome, and his least torved frown was death. J. Webster (1654). TORVITY Tor"vi*ty, a. Etym: [L. torvitas. See Torvous.] Defn: Sourness or severity of countenance; sterness. [Obs.] TORVOUS Tor"vous, a. Etym: [L. torvus. ] Defn: Sour of aspect; of a severe countenance; stern; grim. [Obs.] That torvous, sour look produced by anger. Derham. TORY To"ry, n.; pl. Tories. Etym: [ Properly used of the Irish bogtrotters who robbed and plundered during the English civil wars, professing to be in sympathy with the royal cause; hence transferred to those who sought to maintain the extreme prerogatives of the crown; probably from Ir. toiridhe, tor, a pursuer; akin to Ir. & Gael. toir a pursuit.] 1. (Eng.Politics) Defn: A member of the conservative party, as opposed to the progressive party which was formerly called the Whig, and is now called the Liberal, party; an earnest supporter of exsisting royal and ecclesiastical authority. Note: The word Tory first occurs in English history in 1679, during the struggle in Parliament occasioned by the introduction of the bill for the exclusion of the duke of York from the line of succession, and was applied by the advocates of the bill to its opponents as a title of obloquy or contempt. The Tories subsequently took a broader ground, and their leading principle became the maintenance of things as they were. The name, however, has for several years ceased to designate an existing party, but is rather applied to certain traditional maxims of public policy. The political successors of the Tories are now commonly known as Conservatives. New Am. Cyc. 2. (Amer. Hist.) Defn: One who, in the time of the Revolution, favored submitting tothe claims of Great Britain against the colonies; an adherent tothe crown. TORY To"ry, a. Defn: Of ro pertaining to the Tories. TORYISM To"ry*ism, n. Defn: The principles of the Tories. TOSCATTER To*scat"ter, v. t. Etym: [Pref.to- + scatter.] Defn: To scatter in pieces; to divide. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOSE Tose, v. t. Etym: [ See Touse ] Defn: To tease, or comb, as wool. [Obs.or Prov. Eng.] TOSH Tosh, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. tonce shorn, clipped, and E. tonsure.] Defn: Neat; trim. [Scot.] Jomieson. TOSHRED To*shred", v. t. Etym: [Pref. to- + shred. ] Defn: To cut into shreads or pieces. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOSS Toss Defn: , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tossed (; (less properly Tost ); p. pr. & vb. n. Tossing.] Etym: [ W. tosiaw, tosio, to jerk, toss, snatch, tosa quick jerk, a toss, a snatch. ] 1. To throw with the hand; especially, to throw with the palm of the hand upward, or to throw upward; as, to toss a ball. 2. To lift or throw up with a sudden or violent motion; as, to toss the head. He tossed his arm aloft, and proudly told me, He would not stay. Addison. 3. To cause to rise and fall; as, a ship tossed on the waves in a storm. We being exceedingly tossed with a tempeat. Act xxvii. 18. 4. To agitate; to make restless. Calm region once, And full of peace, now tossed and turbulent. Milton. 5. Hence, to try; to harass. Whom devils fly, thus is he tossed of men. Herbert. 6. To keep in play; to tumble over; as, to spend four years in tossing the rules of grammar. [Obs.] Ascham. To toss off, to drink hastily. -- To toss the cars.See under Oar, n. TOSS Toss, v. i. 1. To roll and tumble; to be in violent commotion; to write; to fling. To toss and fling, and to be restless, only frets and enreges our pain. Tillotson. 2. To be tossed, as a fleet on the ocean. Shak. To toss for, to throw dice or a coin to determine the possession of; to gamble for. -- To toss up, to throw a coin into the air, and wager on which side it will fall, or determine a question by its fall. Bramsion. TOSS Toss, n. 1. A throwing upward, or with a jerk; the act of tossing; as, the toss of a ball. 2. A throwing up of the head; a particular manner of raising the head with a jerk. Swift. TOSSEL Tos"sel, n. Defn: See Tassel. TOSSER Toss"er, n. Defn: Ohe who tosser. J. Fletcher. TOSSILY Toss"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a tossy manner. [R.] TOSSING Toss"ing, n. 1. The act of throwing upward; a rising and falling suddenly; a rolling and tumbling. 2. (Mining) (a) A process which consists in washing ores by violent agitation in water, in order to separate the lighter or earhy particles; -- called also tozing, and treloobing, in Cornwall. Pryce. (b) A process for refining tin by dropping it through the air while melted. TOSSPOT Toss"pot`, n. Defn: A toper; one habitually given to strong drink; a drunkard. Shak. TOSSY Toss"y, a. Defn: Tossing the head, as in scorn or pride; hence, proud; contemptuous; scornful; affectedly indifferent; as, a tossy commonplace. [R.] C. Kingsley. TOST Tost, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Toss. TOSTO Tos"to, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Quick; rapid. Pui tosto ( Etym: [It.] (Mus.), faster; more rapid. TOSWINK To*swink", v. i. Etym: [Pref. to- + swink.] Defn: To labor excessively. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOT Tot, n. Etym: [Cf. Toddle, Tottle, Totter.] 1. Anything small; -- frequently applied as a term of endearment to a little child. 2. A drinking cup of small size, holding about half a pint. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell. 3. A foolish fellow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. TOTA To"ta, n. Etym: [From the native name in Egypt.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The grivet. TOTAL To"tal, a. Etym: [F., fr. LL. totalis, fr. L. tolus all,whole. Cf. Factotum, Surtout, Teetotum.] Defn: Whole; not divided; entire; full; complete; absolute; as, a total departure from the evidence; a total loss. " Total darkness." "To undergo myself the total crime." Milton. Total abstinence. See Abstinence, n., 1. -- Total depravity. (Theol.) See Original sin, under Original. Syn: Whole; entire; complete. See Whole. TOTAL To"tal, n. Defn: The whole; the whole sum or amount; as, these sums added make the grand total of five millions. TOTALIS To"tal*is, n. [See Total, a.] Defn: The total. I look on nothing but totalis. B. Jonson. TOTALISATOR To"tal*i*sa`tor, n. Defn: Same as Totalizator. TOTALITY To*tal"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. totalite, LL. totalitas.] 1. The quality or state of being total; as, the totality of an eclipse. 2. The whole sum; the whole quantity or amount; the entirety; as, the totalityof human knowledge. Buckle. The totality of a sentence or passage. Coleridge. TOTALIZATION To`tal*i*za"tion, n. Defn: Act of totalizing, or state of being totalized. TOTALIZATOR To"tal*i*za`tor, n. [From Totalize: cf. F. totalisateur.] Defn: A machine for registering and indicating the number and nature of bets made on horse races, as in Australia and South Africa. Called also totalizer. TOTALIZE To"tal*ize, v. t. Defn: To make total, or complete;to reduce to completeness. Coleridge. TOTALIZER To"tal*i`zer, n. Defn: Same as Totalizator. TOTALLY To"tal*ly, adv. Defn: In a total manner; wholly; entirely. TOTALNESS To"tal*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being total; entireness; totality. TOTARA To"ta*ra, n. [Maori.] Defn: A coniferous tree (Podocarpus totara), next to the kauri the most valuable timber tree of New Zeland. Its hard reddish wood is used for furniture and building, esp. in wharves, bridges, etc. Also mahogany pine. TOTE Tote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toted; p. pr. & vb. n. Toting.] Etym: [Said to be of African origin.] Defn: To carry or bear; as, to tote a child over a stream; -- a colloquial word of the Southern States, and used esp. by negroes. TOTE Tote, n. Etym: [L. totum, fr.totus all, whole.] Defn: The entire body, or all; as, the whole tote. [Colloq.] TOTEAR To*tear", v. t. Etym: [Pref. to- + tear. ] Defn: To tear or rend in pieces. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOTEM To"tem, n. Etym: [Massachusetts Indian wutohtimoin that to which a person or place belongs.] Defn: A rude picture, as of a bird, beast, or the like, used by the Nord American Indians as a symbolic designation, as of a family or a clan. And they painted on the grave posts Of the graves, yet unforgotten, Each his own ancestral totem Each the symbol of his household; Figures of the bear and reindeer, Of the turtle, crane, and beaver. Longfellow. The totem,the clan deity, the beast or bird who in some supernatural way attends tothe clan and watches over it. Bagehot. TOTEMIC To*tem"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a totem, or totemism. TOTEMISM To"tem*ism, n. 1. The system of distinguishing families, clans, etc., in a tribe by the totem. 2. Superstitious regard for a totem; the worship of any real or imaginary object; nature worship. Tylor. TOTEMIST To"tem*ist, n. Defn: One belonging to a clan or tribe having a totem. -- To`tem*is"tic, a. TOTEM POLE; TOTEM POST To"tem pole or post. Defn: A pole or pillar, carved and painted with a series of totemic symbols, set up before the house of certain Indian tribes of the northwest coast of North America, esp. Indians of the Koluschan stock. TOTER Tot"er, n. Etym: [See Tote to carry.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The stone roller. See Stone roller (a), under Stone. T'OTHER T'oth"er. Defn: A colloquial contraction of the other, and formerly a contraction for that other. See the Note under That, 2. The tothir that was crucifield with him. Wyclif(John xix. 32) TOTIPALMATE To`ti*pal"mate, a. Etym: [L. totus all, whole + E.palmate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having all four toes united by a web;-said of certain sea birds, as the pelican and the gannet. See Illust. under Aves. TOTIPALMI To`ti*pal"mi, n.pl. Etym: [NL.,from L. totus all, whole + palmus palm.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of swimming birds including those that have totipalmate feet. TOTIPRESENCE To`ti*pres"ence, n. Etym: [L. totus all, whole + E.presence.] Defn: Omnipresence. [Obs.] A. Tucker. TOTIPRESENT To`ti*pres"ent, a. Etym: [L. totus all, whole + E. present.] Defn: Omnipresence. [Obs.] A. Tucker. TOTTER Tot"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tottered; p. pr. & vb. n. Tottering.] Etym: [Probably for older tolter; cf. AS. tealtrian to totter, vacillate. Cf.Tilt to incline, Toddle, Tottle, Totty.] 1. To shake so as to threaten a fall; to vacillate; to be unsteady; to stagger; as,an old man totters with age. "As a bowing wall shall ye be, and as a tottering fence." Ps. lxii. 3. 2. To shake; to reel; to lean; to waver. Troy nods from high, and totters to her fall. Dryden. TOTTERER Tot"ter*er, n. Defn: One who totters. TOTTERINGLY Tot"ter*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a tottering manner. TOTTERY Tot"ter*y, a. Defn: Trembling or vaccilating, as if about to fall; unsteady; shaking. Johnson. TOTTLE Tot"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tottled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tottling.] Etym: [See Toddle, Totter.] Defn: To walk in a wavering, unsteady manner; to toddle; to topple. [Colloq.] TOTTLISH Tot"tlish, a. Defn: Trembling or tottering, as if about to fall; un steady. [Colloq. U.S.] TOTTY Tot"ty, a. Etym: [OE. toti. Cf. Totter.] Defn: Unsteady; dizzy; tottery. [Obs.or Prov. Eng.] Sir W. Scott. For yet his noule [head] was totty of the must. Spenser. TOTY Tot"y, a. Defn: Totty. [Obs.] My head is totty of my swink to-night. Chaucer. TOTY To"ty, n. Defn: A sailor or fisherman;-so called in some parts of the Pacific. TOUCAN Tou"can, n. Etym: [F., fr. Pg. tucano; from Brazilian name. ] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of fruit-eating birds of tropical America belonging to Ramphastos, Pteroglossus, and allied genera of the family Ramphastidæ. They have a very large, but light and thin, beak, often nearly as long as the body itself. Most of the species are brilliantly colored with red, yellow, white, and black in striking contrast. 2. (Astronom.) Defn: A modern constellation of the southern hemisphere. TOUCANET Tou"can*et, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small toucan. TOUCH Touch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Touched; p. pr. & vb. n. Touching.] Etym: [F. toucher, OF. touchier, tuchier; of Teutonic origin; cf. OHG. zucchen, zukken, to twitch, pluck, draw, G. zukken, zukken, v. intens. fr. OHG. ziohan to draw, G. ziehen, akin to E. tug. See Tuck, v. t., Tug, and cf. Tocsin, Toccata.] 1. To come in contact with; to hit or strike lightly against; to extend the hand, foot, or the like, so as to reach or rest on. Him thus intent Ithuriel with his spear Touched lightly. Milton. 2. To perceive by the sense of feeling. Nothing but body can be touched or touch. Greech. 3. To come to; to reach; to attain to. The god, vindictive, doomed them never more-Ah, men unblessed! -- to touch their natal shore. Pope. 4. To try; to prove, as with a touchstone. [Obs.] Wherein I mean to touch your love indeed. Shak. 5. To relate to; to concern; to affect. The quarrel toucheth none but us alone. Shak. 6. To handle, speak of, or deal with; to treat of. Storial thing that toucheth gentilesse. Chaucer. 7. To meddle or interfere with; as, I have not touched the books. Pope. 8. To affect the senses or the sensibility of; to move; to melt; to soften. What of sweet before Hath touched my sense, flat seems to this and harsh. Milton. The tender sire was touched with what he said. Addison. 9. To mark or delineate with touches; to add a slight stroke to with the pencil or brush. The lines, though touched but faintly, are drawn right. Pope. 10. To infect; to affect slightly. Bacon. 11. To make an impression on; to have effect upon. Its face . . . so hard that a file will not touch it. Moxon. 12. To strike; to manipulate; to play on; as, to touch an instrument of music. [They] touched their golden harps. Milton. 13. To perform, as a tune; to play. A person is the royal retinue touched a light and lively air on the flageolet. Sir W. Scott. 14. To influence by impulse; to impel forcibly. " No decree of mine, . . . [to] touch with lightest moment of impulse his free will," Milton. 15. To harm, afflict, or distress. Let us make a covenant with thee, that thou wilt do us no hurt, as we have not touched thee. Gen. xxvi. 28, 29. 16. To affect with insanity, especially in a slight degree; to make partially insane; -- rarely used except in the past participle. She feared his head was a little touched. Ld. Lytton. 17. (Geom.) Defn: To be tangent to. See Tangent, a. 18. To lay a hand upon for curing disease. To touch a sail (Naut.), to bring it so close to the wind that its weather leech shakes. -- To touch the wind (Naut.), to keep the ship as near the wind as possible. -- To touch up, to repair; to improve by touches or emendation. TOUCH Touch, v. i. 1. To be in contact; to be in a state of junction, so that no space is between; as, two spheres touch only at points. Johnson. 2. To fasten; to take effect; to make impression. [R.] Strong waters pierce metals, and will touch upon gold, that will not touch upon silver. Bacon. 3. To treat anything in discourse, especially in a slight or casual manner; -- often with on or upon. If the antiquaries have touched upon it, they immediately quitted it. Addison. 4. (Naut) Defn: To be brought, as a sail, so close to the wind that its weather leech shakes. To touch and go (Naut.), to touch bottom lightly and without damage, as a vessel in motion. -- To touch at, to come or go to, without tarrying; as, the ship touched at Lisbon. -- To touch on or upon, to come or go to for a short time. [R.] I made a little voyage round the lake, and touched on the several towns that lie on its coasts. Addison. TOUCH Touch, n. Etym: [Cf. F. touche. See Touch, v. ] 1. The act of touching, or the state of being touched; contact. Their touch affrights me as a serpent's sting. Shak. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The sense by which pressure or traction exerted on the skin is recognized; the sense by which the properties of bodies are determined by contact; the tactile sense. See Tactile sense, under Tactile. The spider's touch, how exquisitely fine. Pope. Note: Pure tactile feelings are necessarily rare, since temperature sensations and muscular sensations are more or less combined with them. The organs of touch are found chiefly in the epidermis of the skin and certain underlying nervous structures. 3. Act or power of exciting emotion. Not alone The death of Fulvia, with more urgent touches, Do strongly speak to us. Shak. 4. An emotion or affection. A true, natural, and a sensible touch of mercy. Hooker. 5. Personal reference or application. [Obs.] Speech of touch toward others should be sparingly used. Bacon. 6. A stroke; as, a touch of raillery; a satiric touch; hence, animadversion; censure; reproof. I never bare any touch of conscience with greater regret. Eikon Basilike. 7. A single stroke on a drawing or a picture. Never give the least touch with your pencil till you have well examined your design. Dryden. 8. Feature; lineament; trait. Of many faces, eyes, and hearts, To have the touches dearest prized. Shak. 9. The act of the hand on a musical instrument; bence, in the plural, musical notes. Soft stillness and the night Become the touches of sweet harmony. Shak. 10. A small quantity intermixed; a little; a dash. Eyes La touch of Sir Peter Lely in them. Hazlitt. Madam, I have a touch of your condition. Shak. 11. A hint; a suggestion; slight notice. A small touch will put him in mind of them. Bacon. 12. A slight and brief essay. [Colloq.] Print my preface in such form as, in the booksellers' phrase, will make a sixpenny touch. Swift. 13. A touchstone; hence, stone of the sort used for touchstone. [Obs.] " Now do I play the touch." Shak. A neat new monument of touch and alabaster. Fuller. 14. Hence, examination or trial by some decisive standard; test; proof; tried quality. Equity, the true touch of all laws. Carew. Friends of noble touch . Shak. 15. (Mus.) Defn: The particular or characteristic mode of action, or the resistance of the keys of an instrument to the fingers; as, a heavy touch, or a light touch, also, the manner of touching, striking, or pressing the keys of a piano; as, a legato touch; a staccato touch. 16. (Shipbilding) Defn: The broadest part of a plank worked top and but (see Top and but, under Top, n.), or of one worked anchor-stock fashion (that is, tapered from the middle to both ends); also, the angles of the stern timbers at the counters. J. Knowles. 17. (Football) Defn: That part of the field which is beyond the line of flags on either side. Encyc. of Rural Sports. 18. A boys' game; tag. In touch (Football), outside of bounds. T. Hughes. -- To be in touch, to be in contact, or in sympathy. -- To keep touch. (a) To be true or punctual to a promise or engagement [Obs.]; hence, to fulfill duly a function. My mind and senses keep touch and time. Sir W. Scott. (b) To keep in contact; to maintain connection or sympathy;-with with or of. -- Touch and go, a phrase descriptive of a narrow escape. -- True as touch (i.e., touchstone), quite true. [Obs.] TOUCHABLE Touch"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being touched; tangible. -- Touch"a*ble*ness, n. TOUCHBACK Touch"back`, n. (G) Defn: The act of touching the football down by a player behind his own goal line when it received its last impulse from an opponent; -- distinguished from safety touchdown. TOUCH-BOX Touch"-box`, n. Defn: A box containing lighted tinder, formerly carried by soldiers who used matchlocks, to kindle the match. TOUCHDOWN Touch"down`, n. (Football) Defn: The act of touching the football down behind the opponents' goal . Safety touchdown. See under Safety. TOUCHHOLE Touch"hole`, n. Defn: The vent of a cannot or other firearm, by which fire is communicateed to the powder of the charge. TOUCHILY Touch"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a touchy manner. TOUCHINESS Touch"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being touchy peevishness; irritability; irascibility. TOUCHING Touch"ing, a. Defn: Affecting; moving; pathetic; as, a touching tale. -- Touch"ing*ly, adv. TOUCHING Touch"ing, prep. Defn: Concerning; with respect to. Now, as touching things offered unto idols. 1 Cor. viii. 1. TOUCHING Touch"ing, n. Defn: The sense or act of feeling; touch. TOUCH-ME-NOT Touch"-me-not`, n. (Bot.) (a) See Impatiens. (b) Squirting cucumber. See under Cucumber. TOUCH-NEEDLE Touch"-nee`dle, n. (Metal.) Defn: A small bar of gold and silver, either pure, or alloyed in some known proportion with copper, for trying the purity of articles of gold or silver by comparison of the streaks made by the article and the bar on a touchstone. TOUCH-PAPER Touch"-pa`per, n. Defn: Paper steeped in saltpeter, which burns slowly, and is used as a match for firing gunpowder, and the like. TOUCHSTONE Touch"stone`, n. 1. (Min.) Defn: Lydian stone; basanite; -- so called because used to test the purity of gold and silver by the streak which is left upon the stone when it is rubbed by the metal. See Basanite. 2. Fig.: Defn: Any test or criterion by which the qualities of a thing are tried. Hooker. The foregoing doctrine affords us also a touchstone for the trial of spirits. South. Irish touchstone (Min.), basalt, the stone which composes the Giant's Causeway. TOUCHWOOD Touch"wood`, n. Etym: [Probably for tachwood; OE. tache tinder (of uncertain origin) + wood.] 1. Wood so decayed as to serve for tinder; spunk, or punk. 2. Dried fungi used as tinder; especially, the Polyporus igniarius. TOUCHY Touch"y, a. Etym: [For techy, tetchy.] Defn: Peevish; irritable; irascible; techy; apt to take fire. [Colloq.] It may be said of Dryden that he was at no time touchy about personal attacks. Saintsbury. TOUGH Tough, a. [Compar. Tougher; superl. Toughest.] Etym: [OE. tough, AS. toh, akin to D. taai, LG. taa, tage, tau, OHG. zahi, G. zähe, and also to AS. getenge near to, close to, oppressive, OS. bitengi.] 1. Having the quality of flexibility without brittleness; yielding to force without breaking; capable of resisting great strain; as, the ligaments of animals are remarkably tough. "Tough roots and stubs. " Milton. 2. Not easily broken; able to endure hardship; firm; strong; as, tough sinews. Cowper. A body made of brass, the crone demands, . . . Tough to the last, and with no toil to tire. Dryden. The basis of his character was caution combined with tough tenacity of purpose. J. A. Symonds. 3. Not easily separated; viscous; clammy; tenacious; as, tough phlegm. 4. Stiff; rigid; not flexible; stubborn; as, a tough bow. So tough a frame she could not bend. Dryden. 5. Severe; violent; as, a tough storm. [Colloq.] " A tough debate. " Fuller. To make it tough, to make it a matter of difficulty; to make it a hard matter. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOUGH-CAKE Tough"-cake`, n. Defn: See Tough-pitch (b). TOUGHEN Tough"en, v. i.&t. [imp. & p. p. Toughened; p. pr. & vb. n. Toughening.] Defn: To grow or make tough, or tougher. TOUGH-HEAD Tough"-head`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ruddy duck. [ Local U.S. ] TOUGHISH Tough"ish, a. Defn: Tough in a slight degree. TOUGHLY Tough"ly, adv. Defn: In a tough manner. TOUGHNESS Tough"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tough. TOUGH-PITCH Tough"-pitch`, n. (Metal.) (a) The exact state or quality of texture and consistency of well reduced and refined copper. (b) Copper so reduced; -- called also tough-cake. TOUITE Tou"ite, n. Defn: The wood warbler. [Prov. Eng.] TOUPEE; TOUPET Tou*pee", Tou*pet"(), n. Etym: [F. toupet, dim. of OF. top a tuft; of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. top. See Top apex, and cf. Topet.] 1. A little tuft; a curl or artificial lock of hair. 2. A small wig, or a toppiece of a wig. Her powdered hair is turned backward over a toupee. G. Eliot. TOUPETTIT Tou"pet*tit, n. Etym: [See Topet, toupee.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The crested titmouse. [Prov. Eng.] TOUR Tour, n. Etym: [F. tour. See Tower.] Defn: A tower. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOUR Tour, n. Etym: [F. tour. See Turn, v. t.] 1. A going round; a circuit; hence, a journey in a circuit; a prolonged circuitous journey; a comprehensive excursion; as, the tour of Europe; the tour of France or England. The bird of Jove stooped from his airy tour. Milton. 2. A turn; a revolution; as, the tours of the heavenly bodies. [Obs.] Blackmore. 3. (Mil.) Defn: anything done successively, or by regular order; a turn; as, a tour of duty. Syn. -- Journey; excursion. See Journey. TOUR Tour, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toured; p. pr. & vb. n. Touring.] Defn: To make a tourm; as, to tour throught a country. T. Hughes. TOURACO Tou*ra"co, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Turacou. TOURBILLION Tour*bil"lion, n. Etym: [F. torbillion a whirlwind, tourbillion, fr. L. turbo, -inis, a whirl, whirlwind.] Defn: An ornamental firework which turns round, when in the air, so as to form a scroll of fire. G. Francis. TOURING CAR Tour"ing car. Defn: An automobile designed for touring; specif., a roomy car, not a limousine, for five or more passengers. TOURIST Tour"ist, n. Defn: One who makes a tour, or performs a journey in a circuit. TOURMALINE Tour"ma*line, n. Etym: [F. tourmaline, cf. It. turmalina, tormalina, NL. turmalina, turmalinus; all fr. tournamal, a name given to this stone in Ceylon.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring usually in three-sided or six-sided prisms terminated by rhombohedral or scalenohedral planes. Black tourmaline (schorl) is the most common variety, but there are also other varieties, as the blue (indicolite), red (rubellite), also green, brown, and white. The red and green varieties when transparent are valued as jewels. [Written also turmaline .] Note: Crystals of tourmaline when heated exhibit electric polarity (see Pyroelectric, n.). Tourmaline is also used in the form of a polariscope called tourmaline tongs. TOURN Tourn, n. Etym: [See Turn] 1. A spinning wheel. [Prov. Eng.] 2. (O.Eng.Law) Defn: The sheriff's turn, or court. TOURNAMENT Tour"na*ment, n. Etym: [OE. turnement, tornement, OF. torneiement, tornoiement, F. tournoiement a turning or wheeling round. See Tourney.] 1. A mock fight, or warlike game, formerly in great favor, in which a number of combatants were engaged, as an exhibition of their address and bravery; hence, figuratively, a real battle. "In battle and in tourneyment." Chaucer. With cruel tournament the squadrons join. Milton. Note: It different from the joust, which was a trial of skill between one man and another. 2. Any contest of skill in which there are many contestents for championship; as, a chess tournament. TOURNERY Tourn"er*y, n. Defn: Work turned on a lathe; turnery.[Obs.] See Turnery. Evelyn. TOURNEY Tour"ney, n. Etym: [OF. tornei, tornoi, F. tournoi, fr. OF. torneier, tornoier, tournoier, to tit, to tourney, F. tournoyer to turn round and round. See Turn, v. t.] Defn: A tournament. Bacon. At tilt or tourney or like warlike game. Spenser. We hold a tourney here to-morrow morn, And there is scantly time for half the work. Tennyson. TOURNEY Tour"ney, v. i. Etym: [Cf.OF. torneier. See Tourney, n. ] Defn: To perform in tournaments; to tilt. Well could he tourney, and in lists debate. Spenser. TOURNIQUET Tour"ni*quet, n. Etym: [F., fr. tourner to turn.] (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for arresting hemorrhage. It consists essentially of a pad or compress upon which pressure is made by a band which is tightened by a screw or other means. TOURNOIS Tour`nois", n. Etym: [F., belonging to Tours in France.] Defn: A former French money of account worth 20 sous, or a franc. It was thus called in distinction from the Paris livre, which contained 25 sous. TOURNURE Tour*nure", n. Etym: [F., fr. tourner to turn.] 1. Turn; contour; figure. 2. Any device used by women to expand the skirt of a dress below the waist; a bustle. TOUSE; TOUZE Touse, Touze, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Toused; p. pr. & vb. n. Tousing.] Etym: [OE. tosen sq. root64. See tease, and cf. Tose, Toze. ] Defn: To pull; to haul; to tear; to worry. [Prov. Eng.] Shak. As a bear, whom angry curs have touzed. Spenser. TOUSE Touse, n. Defn: A pulling; a disturbance. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. TOUSEL Tous"el, v. t. Defn: Same as Tousle. [Colloq.] TOUSER Tous"er, n. Defn: One who touses. [Prov. Eng.] TOUSLE Tou"sle, v. t. Etym: [Freq. of touse. Cf.Tossle.] Defn: To put into disorder; to tumble; to touse. [Colloq.] TOUS-LES-MOIS Tous`-les`-mois", n. Etym: [F., all the months, i.e., every month.] Defn: A kind of starch with very large, oval, flattened grains, often sold as arrowroot, and extensively used for adulterating cocoa. It is made from the rootstocks of a species of Canna, probably C. edulis, the tubers of which are edible every month in the year. TOUSY Tou"sy, a. [See Touse, n. & v.] Defn: Tousled; tangled; rough; shaggy. [Colloq.] TOUT Tout, v. t. Etym: [See 1st Toot.] 1. To act as a tout. See 2d Tout. [Cant. Eng.] 2. To ply or seek for customers. [Prov. Eng.] TOUT Tout, n. Defn: One who secretly watches race horses which are in course of training, to get information about their capabilities, for use in betting. [Cant. Eng.] TOUT Tout, v. t. Etym: [See 3d Toot. ] Defn: To toot a horn. TOUT Tout, n Defn: The anus. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOUT-ENSEMBLE Tout`-en`sem"ble, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: All together; hence, in costume, the fine arts, etc., the general effect of a work as a whole, without regard to the execution of the separate perts. TOUTER Tout"er, n. Defn: One who seeks customers, as for an inn, a public conveyance, shops, and the like: hence, an obtrusive candidate for office. [Colloq.] The prey of ring droppers, . . . duffers, touters, or any of those bloodless sharpers who are, perhaps, better known to the police. Dickens. TOUZE Touze, v.t & i. Defn: See Touse. [Prov. Eng.] TOW Tow, n. Etym: [OE. tow, AS. tow, akin to OD. touw, Icel. taw, v.t.] Defn: The coarse and broken part of flax or hemp, separated from the finer part by the hatchel or swingle. TOW Tow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Towed; p. pr. & vb. n. Towing.] Etym: [OE. towen, totoga to pull about, OHG. zogon, Icel. toga, AS. tohline a towline, and AS.teón to draw, p.p. getogen. See Tug] Defn: To draw or pull through the water, as a vessel of any kind, by means of a rope. TOW Tow, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel.taug a rope, from the same root as E.tow, v. t.] 1. A rope by which anything is towed; a towline, or towrope. 2. The act of towing, or the state of being towed;-chiefly used in the phrase, to take in tow, that is to tow. 3. That which is towed, or drawn by a towline, as a barge, raft, collection of boats, ect. TOWAGE Tow"age, n. Etym: [From Tow, v..cf. F. touage.] 1. The act of towing. 2. The price paid for towing. TOWALL Tow"all, n. Defn: A towel. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOWARD; TOWARDS To"ward, To"wards, prep.Etym: [AS. To, and -ward, wards.] 1. In the direction of; to. He set his face toward the wilderness. Num. xxiv. 1. The waves make towards'' the pebbled shore. Shak. 2. With direction to, in a moral sense; with respect or reference to; regarding; concerning. His eye shall be evil toward his brother. Deut. xxviii. 54. Herein do I exercise myself, to have always a conscience void of offense toward God, and toward men. Acts xxiv. 16. 3. Tending to; in the direction of; in behalf of. This was the first alarm England received towards any trouble. Clarendom. 4. Near; about; approaching to. I am toward nine years older since I left you. Swift. TOWARD; TOWARDS To"ward, To"wards adv. Defn: Near; at hand; in state of preparation. Do you hear sught, sir, of a battle toward Shak. We have a trifling foolish banquet Towards. Shak. TOWARD To"ward, a. Etym: [AS. Toward, prep.] 1. Approaching; coming near. "His toward peril." Spenser. 2. Readly to do or learn; compliant with duty; not froward; apt; docile; tractable; as, a toward youth. 3. Ready to act; forward; bold; valiant. Why, that is spoken like a toward prince. Shak. TOWARDLINESS To"ward*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being towardly; docility; tractableness. The beauty and towardliness of these children moved her brethren to envy. Sir W. Raleigh. TOWARDLY To"ward*ly, a. Defn: Same as Toward, a., 2. He's towardly and will come on apace. Dryden. TOWARDNESS To"ward*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being toward. TOWARDS To"wards (, prep. & adv. Defn: See Toward. TOWBOAT Tow"boat`, n. 1. A vessel constructed for being towed, as a canal boat. 2. A steamer used for towing other vessels; a tug. TOWEL Tow"el, n. Etym: [OE.towaille, towail, F. touaille, LL. toacula, of Teutonic origin; cf. OHG. dwahila, swahilla, G. zwehle, fr. OHG. dwahan to wash; akin to D. dwaal a towel, AS. þweán to wash, OS. thwahan, Icel. þva, Sw. två, Dan. toe, Goth. þwahan. Cf. Doily.] Defn: A cloth used for wiping, especially one used for drying anything wet, as the person after a bath. Towel gourd (Bot.), the fruit of the cucurbitaceous plant Luffa Ægyptiaca; also, the plant itself. The fruit is very fibrous, and, when separated from its rind and seeds, is used as a sponge or towel. Called also Egyptian bath sponge, and dishcloth. TOWEL Tow"el, v. t. Defn: To beat with a stick. [Prov. Eng.] TOWELING Tow"el*ing, n. Defn: Cloth for towels, especially such as is woven in long pieces to be cut at will, as distinguished from that woven in towel lengths with borders, etc. [Written also towelling.] TOWER Tow"er, n. Etym: [OE. tour,tor,tur, F. tour, L. turris; akin to Gr. twr a tower, Ir. tor a castle, Gael. torr a tower, castle. Cf. Tor, Turret.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A mass of building standing alone and insulated, usually higher than its diameter, but when of great size not always of that proportion. (b) A projection from a line of wall, as a fortification, for purposes of defense, as a flanker, either or the same height as the curtain wall or higher. (c) A structure appended to a larger edifice for a special purpose, as for a belfry, and then usually high in proportion to its width and to the height of the rest of the edifice; as, a church tower. 2. A citadel; a fortress; hence, a defense. Thou hast been a shelter for me, and a strong tower from the enemy. Ps. lxi. 3. 3. A headdress of a high or towerlike form, fashionable about the end of the seventeenth century and until 1715; also, any high headdress. Lay trains of amorous intrigues In towers, and curls, and periwigs. Hudibras. 4. High flight; elevation. [Obs.] Johnson. Gay Lussac's tower (Chem.), a large tower or chamber used in the sulphuric acid process, to absorb (by means of concentrated acid) the spent nitrous fumes that they may be returned to the Glover's tower to be reemployed. See Sulphuric acid, under Sulphuric, and Glover's tower, below. -- Glover's tower (Chem.), a large tower or chamber used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, to condense the crude acid and to deliver concentrated acid charged with nitrous fumes. These fumes, as a catalytic, effect the conversion of sulphurous to sulphuric acid. See Sulphuric acid, under Sulphuric, and Gay Lussac's tower, above. -- Round tower. See under Round, a. -- Shot tower. See under Shot. -- Tower bastion (Fort.), a bastion of masonry, often with chambers beneath, built at an angle of the interior polygon of some works. -- Tower mustard (Bot.), the cruciferous plant Arabis perfoliata. -- Tower of London, a collection of buildings in the eastern part of London, formerly containing a state prison, and now used as an arsenal and repository of various objects of public interest. TOWER Tow"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. towered; p. pr. & vb. n. towering.] Defn: To rise and overtop other objects; to be lofty or very high; hence, to soar. On the other side an high rock towered still. Spenser. My lord protector's hawks do tower so well. Shak. TOWER Tow"er, v. t. Defn: To soar into. [Obs.] Milton. TOWERED Tow"ered, a. Defn: Adorned or defended by towers. Towered cities please us then. Milton. TOWERING Tow"er*ing, a. 1. Very high; elevated; rising aloft; as, a towering height. Pope. 2. Hence, extreme; violent; surpassing. A man agitated by a towering passion. Sir W. Scott. TOWERY Tow"er*y, a. Defn: Having towers; adorned or defended by towers. [R.] "Towery cities." Pope. TOW-HEAD Tow"-head`, n. 1. An urchin who has soft, whitish hair. [Colloq.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hooded merganser. [ Local, U.S. ] TOWHEE To*whee", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chewink. TOWILLY To*wil"ly, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sanderling; -- so called from its cry. [Prov. Eng.] TOWLINE Tow"line`, n. Etym: [AS. tohline. See Tow, v. t., and Line. ] (Naut.) Defn: A line used to tow vessels; a towrope. TOWN Town, n. Etym: [OE. toun, tun, AS. tun inclosure, fence, village, town; akin to D. tuin a garden, G. zaun a hadge, fence, OHG. zun, Icel. tun an inclosure, homestead, house, Ir. & Gael. dun a fortress, W. din. Cf. Down, adv. & prep., Dune, tine to inclose.] 1. Formerly: (a) An inclosure which surrounded the mere homestead or dwelling of the lord of the manor. [Obs.] (b) The whole of the land which constituted the domain. [Obs.] (c) A collection of houses inclosed by fences or walls. [Obs.] Palsgrave. 2. Any number or collection of houses to which belongs a regular market, and which is not a city or the see of a bishop. [Eng.] Johnson. 3. Any collection of houses larger than a village, and not incorporated as a city; also, loosely, any large, closely populated place, whether incorporated or not, in distinction from the country, or from rural communities. God made the country, and man made the town. Cowper. 4. The body of inhabitants resident in a town; as, the town voted to send two representatives to the legislature; the town voted to lay a tax for repairing the highways. 5. A township; the whole territory within certain limits, less than those of a country. [U.S.] 6. The court end of London;-commonly with the. 7. The metropolis or its inhabitants; as, in winter the gentleman lives in town; in summer, in the country. Always hankering after the diversions of the town. Addison. Stunned with his giddy larum half the town. Pope. Note: The same form of expressions is used in regard to other populous towns. 8. A farm or farmstead; also, a court or farmyard. [Prov. Eng.& Scot.] Note: Town is often used adjectively or in combination with other words; as, town clerk, or town-clerk; town-crier, or town crier; townhall, town-hall, or town hall; townhouse, town house, or town- house. Syn. -- Village; hamlet. See Village. Town clerk, an office who keeps the records of a town, and enters its official proceedings. See Clerk. -- Town cress (Bot.), the garden cress, or peppergrass. Dr. Prior. -- Town house. (a) A house in town, in distinction from a house in the country. (b) See Townhouse. -- Town meeting, a legal meeting of the inhabitants of a town entitled to vote, for the transaction of public bisiness. [U.S.] -- Town talk, the common talk of a place; the subject or topic of common conversation. TOWN-CRIER Town"-cri`er, n. Defn: A town officer who makes proclamations to the people; the public crier of a town. TOWNED Towned, a. Defn: Having towns; containing many towns. [Obs.] Hakluyt. TOWNHALL Town"hall`, n. Defn: A public hall or building, belonging to a town, where the public offices are established, the town council meets, the people assemble in town meeting, etc. TOWNHOUSE Town"house`, n. Defn: A building devoted to the public used of a town; a townhall. TOWNISH Town"ish, a Defn: Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of a town; like the town. [R.] Turbervile. TOWNLESS Town"less, a. Defn: Having no town. Howell. TOWNLET Town"let, n. Defn: A small town. North Brit. Rev. TOWNSFOLK Towns"folk`, n. Defn: The people of a town; especially, the inhabitants of a city, in distinction from country people; townspeople. TOWNSHIP Town"ship, n. 1. The district or territory of a town. Note: In the United States, many of the States are divided into townships of five, six, seven, or perhaps ten miles square, and the inhabitants of such townships are invested with certain powers for regulating their own affairs, such as repairing roads and providing for the poor. The township is subordinate to the county. 2. In surveys of the public land of the United States, a division of territory six miles square, containing 36 sections. 3. In Canada, one of the subdivisions of a county. TOWNSMAN Towns"man, n.; pl. Townsmen (-men). 1. An inhabitant of a town; one of the same town with another. Pope. 2. A selectman, in New England. See Selectman. TOWNSPEOPLE Towns"peo`ple, n. Defn: The inhabitants of a town or city, especially in distinction from country people; townsfolk. TOWNWARD; TOWNWARDS Town"ward, Town"wards,, adv. Defn: Toward a town. Longfellow. TOWPATH Tow"path`, n. Defn: A path traveled by men or animals in towing boats; -- called also towing path. TOWROPE Tow"rope`, n. Defn: A rope used in towing vessels. TOWSER Tow"ser, n. Etym: [See Touse to pull about. ] Defn: A familiar name for a dog. [ Written also Towzer. ] TOWY Tow"y, a. Defn: Composed of, or like, tow. TOXAEMIA; TOXEMIA Tox*ae"mi*a or Tox*e"mi*a, a. Etym: [NL.,fr.Gr. (Med.) Defn: Blood poisoning. See under Blood. TOXALBUMIN Tox`al*bu"min, n. [See Toxic; Albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Any of a class of toxic substances of protein nature; a toxin. TOXIC; TOXICAL Tox"ic, Tox"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. toxicum poison, originally, a poison in which arrows were dipped, Gr. Intoxicate.] Defn: Of or pertaining to poison; poisonous; as, toxic medicines. TOXICANT Tox"i*cant, n. Defn: A poisonous agent or drug, as opium; an intoxicant. TOXICATION Tox`i*ca"tion, n. [L. toxicum a poison: cf. toxicatus smeared with poison.] Defn: Poisoning. TOXICITY Tox*ic"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being toxic or poisonous; poisonousness. TOXICOGENIC Tox`i*co*gen"ic, a. [See Toxic, and -genic.] (Physiol. & Med.) Defn: Producing toxic products; as, toxicogenic germs or bacteria. TOXICOLOGICAL Tox`i*co*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf.F. toxicologique. ] Defn: Of or pertaining to toxicology. -- Tox`i*co*log"ic*al*ly, adv. TOXICOLOGIST Tox`i*col"o*gist, n. Defn: One versed in toxicology; the writer of a treatise on poisons. TOXICOLOGY Tox`i*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr.toxicologie. See Toxic. ] Defn: The science which treats of poisons, their effects, antidotes, and recignition; also, a discourse or treatise on the science. TOXICOMANIA Tox`i*co*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [See. Toxic, and Mania.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Toxiphobia. A. S. Taylor. 2. (Med.) Defn: An insane desire for intoxicating or poisonous drugs, as alcohol or opium. B. W. Richardson. TOXIFERA Tox*if"e*ra, n.pl. Etym: [NL.,fr.Gr.ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Toxoglossa. TOXIN; TOXINE Tox"in, Tox"ine, n. Etym: [Gr.Toxic. ] Defn: A poisonous product formed by pathogenic bacteria, as a toxic proteid or poisonous ptomaine. TOXIPHOBIA Tox`i*pho"bi*a, n. Etym: [NL.,fr.Gr. (Med.) Defn: An insane or greatly exaggerated dread of poisons. TOXODON Tox"o*don, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A gigantic extinct herbivorous mammal from South America, having teeth bent like a bow. It is the type of the order Toxodonta. TOXODONTA Tox`o*don"ta, n.pl. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct order of Mammalia found in the South American Tertiary formation. The incisor teeth were long and curved and provided with a persistent pulp. They are supposed to be related both to the rodents and ungulates. Called also Toxodontia. TOXOGLOSSA Tox`o*glos"sa, n.pl. Etym: [NL.,fr.Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of marine gastropod mollusks in which the radula are converted into poison fangs. The cone shells (Conus), Pleurotoma, and Terebra, are examples. See Illust. of Cone, n., 4, Pleurotoma, and Terebra. TOXOID Tox"oid, n. [Toxin + -oid.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An altered form of a toxin, possessing little or no toxic power. TOXOPHILITE Tox*oph"i*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. to`xon a bow + filei^n to love.] Defn: A lover of archery; one devoted to archery. TOXOTES Tox"o*tes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fishes comprising the archer fishes. See Archer fish. TOY Toy, n. Etym: [D. tuid tools, implements, stuff, trash, speeltuig playthings, toys; akin to G. zeug stuff, materials, MNG. zuic, Icel. tygi gear; all ultimately from the root of E. tug, v.t.; cf.G. zeugen to beget, MHG.ziugen to beget, make ready, procure. See Tug, v. t.] 1. A plaything for children; a bawble. Cowper. 2. A thing for amusement, but of no real value; an article of trade of little value; a trifle. They exchange for knives, glasses, and such toys, great abundance of gold and pearl. Abr. Abbot. 3. A wild fancy; an odd conceit; idle sport; folly; trifling opinion. To fly about playing their wanton toys. Spenser. What if a toy take'em in the heels now, and they all run away. Beau. &Fl. Nor light and idle toys my lines may vainly swell. Drayton. 4. Amorous dalliance; play; sport; pastime. Milton. To dally thus with death is no fit toy. Spenser. 5. An old story; a silly tale. Shak. 6. Etym: [Probably the same word.] Defn: A headdress of linen or woolen, that hangs down over the shoulders, worn by old women of the lower classes; -- called also toy mutch. [Scot.] "Having, moreover, put on her clean toy, rokelay, and scarlet plaid." Sir W. Scott. TOY Toy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. toyed; p. pr. & vb. n. toying.] Defn: To dally amorously; to trifle; to play. To toy, to wanton, dally, smile and jest. Shak. TOY Toy, v. t. Defn: To treat foolishly. [Obs.] E. Dering (1576). TOYEAR To*year, adv. Etym: [To, prep. + year. ] Defn: This year. [Obs.] Chaucer. TOYER Toy"er, n. Defn: One who toys; one who is full of trifling tricks; a trifler. TOYFUL Toy"ful, a. Defn: Full of trifling play. [Obs.] Donne. TOYHOUSE Toy"house`, n. Defn: A house for children to play in or to play with; a playhouse. TOYINGLY Toy"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a toying manner. TOYISH Toy"ish, a 1. Sportive; trifling; wanton. 2. Resembling a toy. --Toy"ish*ly, dv.-Toy"ish*ness, n. TOYMAN Toy"man, n. Defn: One who deals toys. TOYSHOP Toy"shop`, n. Defn: A shop where toys are sold. TOYSOME Toy"some, a. Defn: Disposed to toy; trifling; wanton. [R.] Ford. TOZE Toze, v. t. Defn: To pull violently; to touse. [Obs.] TOZY To"zy, a. Etym: [See Toze ] Defn: Soft, like wool that has been teased. -- To"zi*ness, n. TRABEA Tra"be*a, n.; pl. Trabeæ. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A toga of purple, or ornamented with purple horizontal stripes. -- worn by kings, consuls, and augurs. Dr. W. Smith. TRABEATED Tra"be*a`ted, a. (Arch.) Defn: Furnished with an entablature. TRABEATION Tra`be*a"tion, n. Etym: [L.trabs, trabis, a beam, a timber.] (Arch.) Defn: Same as Entablature. TRABECULA Tra*bec"u*la, n.; pl. Trabeculæ (-le). Etym: [L., a little beam.] (Anat.) Defn: A small bar, rod, bundle of fibers, or septal membrane, in the framework of an organ part. TRABECULAR Tra*bec"u*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a trabecula or trabeculæ; composed of trabeculæ. TRABECULATE Tra*bec"u*late, a. (Bot.) Defn: Crossbarred, as the ducts in a banana stem. TRABU Tra"bu, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Trubu. TRACE Trace, n. Etym: [F.trais. pl. of trait. See Trait.] Defn: One of two straps, chains, or ropes of a harness, extending from the collar or breastplate to a whiffletree attached to a vehicle or thing to be drawn; a tug. TRACE Trace, n. Etym: [F. trace. See Trace, v. t. ] 1. A mark left by anything passing; a track; a path; a course; a footprint; a vestige; as, the trace of a carriage or sled; the trace of a deer; a sinuous trace. Milton. 2. (Chem.&Min.) Defn: A very small quantity of an element or compound in a given substance, especially when so small that the amount is not quantitatively determined in an analysis;-hence, in stating an analysis, often contracted to tr. 3. A mark, impression, or visible appearance of anything left when the thing itself no longer exists; remains; token; vestige. The shady empire shall retain no trace Of war or blood, but in the sylvan chase. Pope. 4. (Descriptive Geom.&Persp.) Defn: The intersection of a plane of projection, or an original plane, with a coordinate plane. 5. (Fort.) Defn: The ground plan of a work or works. Syn.-Vestige; mark; token. See Vestige. TRACE Trace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. traced; p. pr. & vb. n. tracing.] Etym: [OF. tracier, F. tracer, from (assumed) LL. tractiare, fr.L. tractus, p. p. of trahere to draw. Cf. Abstract, Attract, Contract, Portratt, Tract, Trail, Train, Treat. ] 1. To mark out; to draw or delineate with marks; especially, to copy, as a drawing or engraving, by following the lines and marking them on a sheet superimposed, through which they appear; as, to trace a figure or an outline; a traced drawing. Some faintly traced features or outline of the mother and the child, slowly lading into the twilight of the woods. Hawthorne. 2. To follow by some mark that has been left by a person or thing which has preceded; to follow by footsteps, tracks, or tokens. Cowper. You may trace the deluge quite round the globe. T. Burnet. I feel thy power . . . to trace the ways Of highest agents. Milton. 3. Hence, to follow the trace or track of. How all the way the prince on footpace traced. Spenser. 4. To copy; to imitate. That servile path thou nobly dost decline, Of tracing word, and line by line. Denham. 5. To walk over; to pass through; to traverse. We do tracethis alley up and down. Shak. TRACE Trace, v. i. Defn: To walk; to go; to travel. [Obs.] Not wont on foot with heavy arms to trace. Spenser. TRACEABLE Trace"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being traced. -- Trace"a*ble*ness, n. -- Trace"a/bly, adv. TRACER Tra"cer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, traces. TRACERY Tra"cery, n.; pl. Traceries ( (Arch.) Defn: Ornamental work with rambled lines. Especially: -- (a) The decorative head of a Gothic window. Note: Window tracery is of two sorts, plate tracery and bar tracery. Plate tracery, common in Italy, consists of a series of ornamental patterns cut through a flat plate of stone. Bar tracery is a decorative pattern formed by the curves and intersections of the molded bars of the mullions. Window tracery is imitated in many decorative objects, as panels of wood or metal either pierced or in relief. See also Stump tracery under Stump, and Fan tracery under Fan. (b) A similar decoration in some styles of vaulting, the ribs of the vault giving off the minor bars of which the tracery is composed. TRACHEA Tra"che*a, n.; pl. Tracheæ. Etym: [NL.,from L. trachia, Gr. trachei^a (sc. trachée.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The windpipe. See Illust. of Lung. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the respiratory tubes of insects and arachnids. 3. (Bot.) Defn: One of the large cells in woody tissue which have spiral, annular, or other markings, and are connected longitudinally so as to form continuous ducts. TRACHEAL Tra"che*al, a. Etym: [Cf.F.tracheal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the trachea; like a trachea. TRACHEARIA Tra`che*a"ri*a, n.pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Arachnida including those that breathe only by means of tracheæ. It includes the mites, ticks, false scorpions, and harvestmen. TRACHEARY Tra"che*a*ry, a. Defn: Tracheal; breathing by means of tracheæ. -- n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Trachearia. TRACHEATA Tra`che*a"ta, n.pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of arthropods comprising all those which breathe by tracheæ, as distinguished from Crustacea, which breathe by means of branchiæ. TRACHEATE Tra"che*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Breathing by means of tracheæ; of or pertaining to the Tracheata. TRACHEATE Tra"che*ate, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any arthropod having tracheæ; one of the Tracheata. TRACHEID Tra"che*id, n. (Bot.) Defn: A wood cell with spiral or other markings and closed throughout, as in pine wood. TRACHEITIS Tra`che*i"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Trachea, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the trachea, or windpipe. TRACHELIDAN Tra*chel"i*dan, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of a tribe of beetles (Trachelides) which have the head supported on a pedicel. The oil beetles and the Cantharides are examples. TRACHELIPOD Tra*chel"i*pod, n. Etym: [Gr.-pod:cf.F. trachelipode.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Trachelipoda. TRACHELIPODA Tra`che*lip"o*da, n.pl. Etym: [NL. See Trachelipod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive artificial group of gastropods comprising all those which have a spiral shell and the foot attached to the base of the neck. TRACHELIPODOUS Tra`che*lip"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the foot united with the neck; of or pertainingto the Trachelipoda. TRACHELOBRANCHIATE Tra`che*lo*bran"chi*ate, a. Etym: [Gr.tranchiate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the gills situated upon the neck; -- said of certain mollusks. TRACHELORRHAPHY Tra`che*lor"rha*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: The operation of sewing up a laceration of the neck of the uterus. TRACHENCHYMA Tra*chen"chy*ma, n. Etym: [NL.,fr. trachea + -enchyma as in E.parenchyma.] (Bot.) Defn: A vegetable tissue consisting of tracheæ. TRACHEOBRANCHIA Tra`che*o*bran"chi*a, n.; pl. Tracheobranchlae. Etym: [NL. See Trachea, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the gill-like breathing organs of certain aquatic insect larvæ. They contain tracheal tubes somewhat similar to those of other insects. TRACHEOBRONCHIAL Tra`che*o*bron"chi*al, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining both to the tracheal and bronchial tubes, or to their junction; -- said of the syrinx of certain birds. TRACHEOCELE Tra"che*o*cele, n. Etym: [Gr. tracheocele. ] (Med.) (a) Goiter. (b) A tumor containing air and communicating with the trachea. Morell Mackenzie. TRACHEOPHONAE Tra`che*oph"o*næ (, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from trachea + Gr. fonei^n to sound.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of passerine birds having the syrinx at the lower end of the trachea. TRACHEOSCOPY Tra`che*os"co*py, n. Etym: [Trachea + -scopy.] (Med.) Defn: Examination of the interior of the trachea by means of a mirror. TRACHEOTOMY Tra`che*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [Trachea + Gr. tracheotomie.] (Surg.) Defn: The operation of making an opening into the windpipe. TRACHINOID Tra"chi*noid, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, Trachinus, a genus of fishes which includes the weevers. See Weever. TRACHITIS Tra*chi"tis, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: Tracheitis. TRACHOMA Tra*cho"ma, n. [NL., fr. Gr. roughness, fr. rough.] (Med.) Defn: Granular conjunctivitis due to a specific micrococcus. -- Tra*chom"a*tous (#), a. TRACHYCARPOUS Tra`chy*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Rough-fruited. Gray. TRACHYMEDUSAE Tra`chy*me*du"sæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr.Gr. medusa.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of acalephs in which the development is direct from the eggs, without a hydroid stage. Some of the species are parasitic on other medusæ. TRACHYSPERMOUS Tra`chy*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Rough-seeded. Gray. TRACHYSTOMATA Tra`chy*stom"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.,fr.Gr. stoma.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of tailed aquatic amphibians, including Siren and Pseudobranchus. They have anterior legs only, are eel-like in form, and have no teeth except a small patch on the palate. The external gills are persistent through life. TRACHYTE Tra"chyte, n. Etym: [Gr. trachyte.] (Geol.) Defn: An igneous rock,usually light gray in color and breaking with a rough surface. It consists chiefly of orthoclase feldspar with sometimes hornblende and mica. TRACHYTIC Tra*chyt"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. trachytique.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, trachyte. TRACHYTOID Trach"y*toid, a. Etym: [Trachyte + -oid.] (Min.) Defn: Resembling trachyte; -- used to define the structure of certain rocks. TRACING Tra"cing, n. 1. The act of one who traces; especially, the act of copying by marking on thin paper, or other transparent substance, the lines of a pattern placed beneath; also, the copy thus producted. 2. A regular path or track; a course. Tracing cloth, Tracing paper, specially prepared transparent cloth or paper, which enables a drawing or print to be clearly seen through it, and so allows the use of a pen or pencil to produce a facsimile by following the lines of the original placed beneath. TRACK Track, n. Etym: [OF.trac track of horses, mules, trace of animals; of Teutonic origin; cf.D.trek a drawing, trekken to draw, travel, march, MHG. trechen, pret. trach. Cf. Trick.] 1. A mark left by something that has passed along; as, the track, or wake, of a ship; the track of a meteor; the track of a sled or a wheel. The bright track of his fiery car. Shak. 2. A mark or impression left by the foot, either of man or beast; trace; vestige; footprint. Far from track of men. Milton. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The entire lower surface of the foot;-said of birds, ect. 4. A road; a beaten path. Behold Torquatus the same track pursue. Dryden. 5. Course; way; as, the track of a comet. 6. A path or course laid out for a race, for exercise, ect. 7. (Raolroad) Defn: The permanent way; the rails. 8. Etym: [Perhaps a mistake for tract.] Defn: A tract or area, as of land. [Obs.] "Small tracks of ground." Fuller. Track scale, a railway scale. See under Railway. TRACK Track, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tracked; p. pr. & vb. n. tracking.] Defn: To follow the tracks or traces of; to pursue by following the marks of the feet; to trace; to trail; as, to track a deer in the snow. It was often found impossible to track the robbers to their retreats among the hills and morasses. Macaulay. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To draw along continuously, as a vessel, by a line, men or animals on shore being the motive power; to tow. TRACKAGE Track"age, n. Defn: The act of tracking, or towing, as a boat; towage. TRACKER Track"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, tracks or pursues, as a man or dog that follows game. And of the trackers of the deer Scarce half the lessening pack was near. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Mus.) Defn: In the organ, a light strip of wood connecting (in path) a key and a pallet, to communicate motion by pulling. TRACKLAYER Track"lay`er, n. (Railroads) Defn: Any workman engaged in work involved in putting the track in place. [U. S. & Canada] -- Track"lay`ing, n. TRACKLESS Track"less, a. Defn: Having no track; marked by no footsteps; untrodden; as, a trackless desert. To climb the trackless mountain all unseen. Byron. -- Track"less*ly, adv.-Track"less*ness, n. TRACKMAN Track"man, n.; pl. -men. (Railroads) Defn: One employed on work on the track; specif., a trackwalker. TRACKMASTER; ROADMASTER Track"mas`ter, Road"mas`ter, n. (Railroad) Defn: One who has charge of the track; --called also roadmaster. TRACK-ROAD Track"-road`, n. Defn: A towing path. TRACKSCOUT Track"scout, n. Defn: See Trackschuyt. TRACKWALKER Track"walk`er, n. (Railroads) Defn: A person employed to walk over and inspect a section of tracks. TRACKWAY Track"way`, n. Defn: Any of two or more narrow paths, of steel, smooth stone, or the like, laid in a public roadway otherwise formed of an inferior pavement, as cobblestones, to provide an easy way for wheels. TRACT Tract, n. Etym: [Abbrev.fr. tractate.] Defn: A written discourse or dissertation, generally of short extent; a short treatise, especially on practical religion. The church clergy at that writ the best collection of tracts against popery that ever appeared. Swift. Tracts for the Times. See Tractarian. TRACT Tract, n. Etym: [L. tractus a drawing, train, track, course, tract of land, from trahere tractum, to draw. Senses 4 and 5 are perhaps due to confusion with track. See Trace,v., and cf. Tratt.] 1. Something drawn out or extended; expanse. "The deep tract of hell." Milton. 2. A region or quantity of land or water, of indefinite extent; an area; as, an unexplored tract of sea. A very high mountain joined to the mainland by a narrowtract of earth. Addison. 3. Traits; features; lineaments. [Obs.] The discovery of a man's self by the tracts of his countenance is a great weakness. Bacon. 4. The footprint of a wild beast. [Obs.] Dryden. 5. Track; trace. [Obs.] Efface all tract of its traduction. Sir T. Browne. But flies an eagle flight, bold, and forthon, Leaving no tract behind. Shak. 6. Treatment; exposition. [Obs.] Shak. 7. Continuity or extension of anything; as, the tract of speech. [Obs.] Older. 8. Continued or protracted duration; length; extent. "Improved by tract of time." Milton. 9. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Verses of Scripture sung at Mass, instead of the Alleluia, from Septuagesima Sunday till the Saturday befor Easter;-so called because sung tractim,or without a break, by one voice, instead of by many as in the antiphons. Syn. -- Region; district; quarter; essay; treatise; dissertation. TRACT Tract, v. t. Defn: To trace out; to track; also, to draw out; to protact. [Obs.] Spenser. B. Jonson. TRACTABILITY Tract`a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. tractabilitas: cf.F. tractabilite.] Defn: The quality or state of being tractable or docile; docility; tractableness. TRACTABLE Tract"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. tractabilis, fr, tractare to draw violently, to handle, treat. See Treat, v. t.] 1. Capable of being easily led, taught, or managed; docile; manageable; governable; as, tractable children; a tractable learner. I shall find them tractable enough. Shak. 2. Capable of being handled; palpable; practicable; feasible; as, tractable measures. [Obs.] Holder. --Tract"a*ble*ness, n. -- Tract"a/bly, adv. TRACTARIAN Trac*ta"ri*an, n. (Ch. of England) Defn: One of the writers of the Oxford tracts, called "Tracts for the Times," issued during the period 1833-1841, in which series of papers the sacramental system and authority of the Church, and the value of tradition, were brought into prominence. Also, a member of the High Church party, holding generally the principles of the Tractarian writers; a Puseyite. TRACTARIAN Trac*ta"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Tractarians, or their principles. TRACTARIANISM Trac*ta"ri*an*ism, n. (Ch. of England) Defn: The principles of the Tractarians, or of those persons accepting the teachings of the "Tracts for the Times." TRACTATE Tract"ate, n. Etym: [L. tractatus a touching, handling, treatise. See Tractable, and Tract a treatise, Treaty.] Defn: A treatise; a tract; an essay. Agreeing in substance with Augustin's, from whose fourteenth Tractate on St. John the words are translated. Hare. TRACTATION Trac*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. tractatio.] Defn: Treatment or handling of a subject; discussion. [Obs.] A full tractation of the points controverted. Bp. Hall. TRACTATOR Trac*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L., a handler.] Defn: One who writes tracts; specif., a Tractarian. [R.] C. Kingsley. TRACTILE Tract"ile, a. Etym: [L. trahere, tractum, to draw.] Defn: Capable of being drawn out in length; ductile. Bacon. TRACTILITY Trac*til"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being tractile; ductility. Derham. TRACTION Trac"tion, n. Etym: [L. trahere, tractum, to draw: cf. F. traction.] 1. The act of drawing, or the state of being drawn; as, the traction of a muscle. 2. Specifically, the act of drawing a body along a plane by motive power, as the drawing of a carriage by men or horses, the towing of a boat by a tug. 3. Attraction; a drawing toward. [R.] 4. The adhesive friction of a wheel on a rail, a rope on a pulley, or the like. Knight. Angle of traction (Mech.), the angle made with a given plane by the line of direction in which a tractive force acts. -- Traction engine, a locomotive for drawing vehicles on highways or in the fields. TRACTIONAL Trac"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or relating to traction. TRACTION WHEEL Traction wheel. (Mach.) (a) A locomotive driving wheel which acts by friction adhesion to a smooth track. (b) A smooth-rimmed friction wheel for giving motion to an endless link belt or the like. TRACTITE Tract"ite, n. Defn: A Tractarian. TRACTITIOUS Trac*ti"tious, a. Etym: [See Tractate.] Defn: Treating of; handling. [R.] TRACTIVE Tract"ive, a. Defn: Serving to draw; pulling; attracting; as, tractive power. TRACTOR Tract"or, n. Etym: [NL., from L. trahere, tractum, to draw.] 1. That which draws, or is used for drawing. 2. pl. (Med.) Defn: Two small, pointed rods of metal, formerly used in the treatment called Perkinism. TRACTORATION Trac`to*ra"tion, n. Defn: See Perkinism. TRACTOR SCREW; TRACTOR PROPELLER Tractor screw or propeller. (Aviation) Defn: A propeller screw placed in front of the supporting planes of an aëroplane instead of behind them, so that it exerts a pull instead of a push. Hence, Tractor monoplane, Tractor biplane, etc. TRACTORY Tract"o*ry, n. Etym: [L. tractorius of drawing, fr. trahere, tractum, to draw.] (Geom.) Defn: A tractrix. TRACTRIX Tract"rix, n. Etym: [NL. See Tractor.] (Geom.) Defn: A curve such that the part of the tangent between the point of tangency and a given straight line is constant; -- so called because it was conceived as described by the motion of one end of a tangent line as the other end was drawn along the given line. TRAD Trad, obs. Defn: imp. of Tread. Chaucer. TRADE Trade, n. Etym: [Formerly, a path, OE. tred a footmark. See Tread, n. & v.] 1. A track; a trail; a way; a path; also, passage; travel; resort. [Obs.] A postern with a blind wicket there was, A common trade to pass through Priam's house. Surrey. Hath tracted forth some salvage beastes trade. Spenser. Or, I'll be buried in the king's highway, Some way of common trade, where subjects' feet May hourly trample on their sovereign's head. Shak. 2. Course; custom; practice; occupation; employment. [Obs.] "The right trade of religion." Udall. There those five sisters had continual trade. Spenser. Long did I love this lady, Long was my travel, long my trade to win her. Massinger. Thy sin's not accidental but a trade. Shak. 3. Business of any kind; matter of mutual consideration; affair; dealing. [Obs.] Have you any further trade with us Shak. 4. Specifically: The act or business of exchanging commodities by barter, or by buying and selling for money; commerce; traffic; barter. Note: Trade comprehends every species of exchange or dealing, either in the produce of land, in manufactures, in bills, or in money; but it is chiefly used to denote the barter or purchase and sale of goods, wares, and merchandise, either by wholesale or retail. Trade is either foreign or domestic. Foreign trade consists in the exportation and importation of goods, or the exchange of the commodities of different countries. Domestic, or home, trade is the exchange, or buying and selling, of goods within a country. Trade is also by the wholesale, that is, by the package or in large quantities, generally to be sold again, or it is by retail, or in small parcels. The carrying trade is the business of transporting commodities from one country to another, or between places in the same country, by land or water. 5. The business which a person has learned, and which he engages in, for procuring subsistence, or for profit; occupation; especially, mechanical employment as distinguished from the liberal arts, the learned professions, and agriculture; as, we speak of the trade of a smith, of a carpenter, or mason, but not now of the trade of a farmer, or a lawyer, or a physician. Accursed usury was all his trade. Spenser. The homely, slighted, shepherd's trade. Milton. I will instruct thee in my trade. Shak. 6. Instruments of any occupation. [Obs.] The house and household goods, his trade of war. Dryden. 7. A company of men engaged in the same occupation; thus, booksellers and publishers speak of the customs of the trade, and are collectively designated as the trade. 8. pl. Defn: The trade winds. 9. Refuse or rubbish from a mine. [Prov. Eng.] Syn. -- Profession; occupation; office; calling; avocation; employment; commerce; dealing; traffic. Board of trade. See under Board. -- Trade dollar. See under Dollar. -- Trade price, the price at which goods are sold to members of the same trade, or by wholesale dealers to retailers. Trade sale, an auction by and for the trade, especially that of the booksellers. -- Trade wind, a wind in the torrid zone, and often a little beyond at, which blows from the same quarter throughout the year, except when affected by local causes; -- so called because of its usefulness to navigators, and hence to trade. Note: The general direction of the trade winds is from N. E. to S. W. on the north side of the equator, and from S. E. to N. W. on the south side of the equator. They are produced by the joint effect of the rotation of the earth and the movement of the air from the polar toward the equatorial regions, to supply the vacancy caused by heating, rarefaction, and consequent ascent of the air in the latter regions. The trade winds are principally limited to two belts in the tropical regions, one on each side of the equator, and separated by a belt which is characterized by calms or variable weather. TRADE Trade, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Traded; p. pr. & vb. n. Trading.] 1. To barter, or to buy and sell; to be engaged in the exchange, purchase, or sale of goods, wares, merchandise, or anything else; to traffic; to bargain; to carry on commerce as a business. A free port, where nations . . . resorted with their goods and traded. Arbuthnot. 2. To buy and sell or exchange property in a single instance. 3. To have dealings; to be concerned or associated; -- usually followed by with. How did you dare to trade and traffic with Macbeth Shak. TRADE Trade, v. t. Defn: To sell or exchange in commerce; to barter. They traded the persons of men. Ezek. xxvii. 13. To dicker and to swop, to trade rifles and watches. Cooper. TRADE Trade, obs. Defn: imp. of Tread. TRADED Trad"ed, a. Defn: Professional; practiced. [Obs.] Shak. TRADEFUL Trade"ful, a. Defn: Full of trade; busy in traffic; commercial. Spenser. TRADELESS Trade"less, a. Defn: Having no trade or traffic. Young. TRADE-MARK Trade"-mark`, n. Defn: A peculiar distinguishing mark or device affixed by a manufacturer or a merchant to his goods, the exclusive right of using which is recognized by law. TRADE NAME Trade name. 1. (a) The name by which an article is called among traders, etc.; as, tin spirits is a common trade name in the dyeing industry for various solutions of tin salts. (b) An invented or arbitrary adopted name given by a manufacturer or merchant to an article to distinguish it as produced or sold by him. 2. The name or style under which a concern or firm does business. This name becomes a part of the good will of a business; it is not protected by the registration acts, but a qualified common-law protection against its misuse exists, analogous to that existing in the case of trade-marks. TRADER Trad"er, n. 1. One engaged in trade or commerce; one who makes a business of buying and selling or of barter; a merchant; a trafficker; as, a trader to the East Indies; a country trader. 2. A vessel engaged in the coasting or foreign trade. TRADESCANTIA Trad`es*can"ti*a, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus including spiderwort and Wandering Jew. TRADESFOLK Trades"folk`, n. Defn: People employed in trade; tradesmen. [R.] Swift. TRADESMAN Trades"man, n.; pl. Tradesmen (. 1. One who trades; a shopkeeper. 2. A mechanic or artificer; esp., one whose livelihood depends upon the labor of his hands. [U.S.] Burrill. TRADESPEOPLE Trades"peo`ple, n. Defn: People engaged in trade; shopkeepers. TRADES UNION; TRADE UNION trades" un`ion, or Trade" un`ion. Defn: An organized combination among workmen for the purpose of maintaining their rights, privileges, and interests with respect to wages, hours of labor, customs, etc. TRADES-UNIONIST; TRADE-UNIONIST Trades"-un`ion*ist, or Trade"-un`ion*ist, n. Defn: A member of a trades union, or a supporter of trades unions. TRADESWOMAN Trades"wom`an, n.; pl. Tradeswomen (. Defn: A woman who trades, or is skilled in trade. TRADING Trad"ing, a. 1. Carrying on trade or commerce; engaged in trade; as, a trading company. 2. Frequented by traders. [R.] "They on the trading flood." Milton. 3. Venal; corrupt; jobbing; as, a trading politician. TRADITION Tra*di"tion, n. Etym: [OE. tradicioun, L. traditio, from tradere to give up, transmit. See Treason, Traitor.] 1. The act of delivering into the hands of another; delivery. "A deed takes effect only from the tradition or delivery." Blackstone. 2. The unwritten or oral delivery of information, opinions, doctrines, practices, rites, and customs, from father to son, or from ancestors to posterity; the transmission of any knowledge, opinions, or practice, from forefathers to descendants by oral communication, without written memorials. 3. Hence, that which is transmitted orally from father to son, or from ancestors to posterity; knowledge or belief transmitted without the aid of written memorials; custom or practice long observed. Will you mock at an ancient tradition begun upon an honorable respect Shak. Naught but tradition remains of the beautiful village of Grand-Pré. Longfellow. 4. (Theol.) (a) An unwritten code of law represented to have been given by God to Moses on Sinai. Making the word of God of none effect through your tradition, which ye have delivered. Mark vii. 13. (b) That body of doctrine and discipline, or any article thereof, supposed to have been put forth by Christ or his apostles, and not committed to writing. Stand fast, and hold the traditions which ye have been taught, whether by word or our epistle. 2 Thess. ii. 15. Tradition Sunday (Eccl.), Palm Sunday; -- so called because the creed was then taught to candidates for baptism at Easter. TRADITION Tra*di"tion, v. t. Defn: To transmit by way of tradition; to hand down. [Obs.] The following story is . . . traditioned with very much credit amongst our English Catholics. Fuller. TRADITIONAL Tra*di"tion*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. traditionnel, LL. traditionalis.] 1. Of or pertaining to tradition; derived from tradition; communicated from ancestors to descendants by word only; transmitted from age to age without writing; as, traditional opinions; traditional customs; traditional expositions of the Scriptures. 2. Observant of tradition; attached to old customs; old-fashioned. [R.] Shak. TRADITIONALISM Tra*di"tion*al*ism, n. Defn: A system of faith founded on tradition; esp., the doctrine that all religious faith is to be based solely upon what is delivered from competent authority, exclusive of rational processes. TRADITIONALIST Tra*di"tion*al*ist, n. Defn: An advocate of, or believer in, traditionalism; a traditionist. TRADITIONALLY Tra*di"tion*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a traditional manner. TRADITIONARILY Tra*di"tion*a*ri*ly, adv. Defn: By tradition. TRADITIONARY Tra*di"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Traditional. The reveries of the Talmud, a collection of Jewish traditionary interpolations. Buckminster. TRADITIONARY Tra*di"tion*a*ry, n.; pl. Traditionaries (. Etym: [Cf. F. traditionnare.] Defn: One, among the Jews, who acknowledges the authority of traditions, and explains the Scriptures by them. TRADITIONER; TRADITIONIST Tra*di"tion*er, Tra*di"tion*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. traditionniste.] Defn: One who adheres to tradition. TRADITIVE Trad"i*tive, a. Etym: [L. tradere, traditum, to transmit, give up: cf. F. traditif.] Defn: Transmitted or transmissible from father to son, or from age, by oral communication; traditional. [R.] Jer. Taylor. Suppose we on things traditive divide. Dryden. TRADITOR Trad"i*tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. tradere, traditum. See Traitor.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A deliverer; -- a name of infamy given to Christians who delivered the Scriptures, or the goods of the church, to their persecutors to save their lives. Milner. TRADUCE Tra*duce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Traduced; p. pr. & vb. n. Traducing.] Etym: [L. traducere, traductum, to lead across, lead along, exhibit as a spectacle, disgrace, transfer, derive; trans across, over + ducere to lead: cf. F. traduire to transfer, translate, arraign, fr. L. traducere. See Duke.] 1. To transfer; to transmit; to hand down; as, to traduce mental qualities to one's descendants. [Obs.] Glanvill. 2. To translate from one language to another; as, to traduce and compose works. [Obs.] Golden Boke. 3. To increase or distribute by propagation. [Obs.] From these only the race of perfect animals were propagated and traduced over the earth. Sir M. Hale. 4. To draw away; to seduce. [Obs.] I can forget the weakness Of the traduced soldiers. Beau. & Fl. 5. To represent; to exhibit; to display; to expose; to make an example of. [Obs.] Bacon. 6. To expose to contempt or shame; to represent as blamable; to calumniate; to vilify; to defame. The best stratagem that Satan hath . . . is by traducing the form and manner of them [prayers], to bring them into contempt. Hooker. He had the baseness . . . to traduce me in libel. Dryden. Syn. -- To calumniate; vilify; defame; disparage; detract; depreciate; decry; slander. TRADUCEMENT Tra*duce"ment, n. Defn: The act of traducing; misrepresentation; ill-founded censure; defamation; calumny. [R.] Shak. TRADUCENT Tra*du"cent, a. Etym: [L. traducens, p. pr. of traducere. See Traduce.] Defn: Slanderous. [R.] Entick. TRADUCER Tra*du"cer, n. 1. One who traduces; a slanderer; a calumniator. Bp. Hall. 2. One who derives or deduces. [Obs.] Fuller. TRADUCIAN Tra*du"cian, n. Defn: A believer in traducianism. TRADUCIANISM Tra*du"cian*ism, n. (Theol.) Defn: The doctrine that human souls are produced by the act of generation; -- opposed to creationism, and infusionism. TRADUCIBLE Tra*du"ci*ble, a. 1. Capable of being derived or propagated. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. 2. Capable of being traduced or calumniated. [R.] TRADUCINGLY Tra*du"cing*ly, adv. Defn: In a traducing manner; by traduction; slanderously. TRADUCT Tra*duct", v. t. Etym: [L. traducere, traductum. See Traduce.] Defn: To derive or deduce; also, to transmit; to transfer. [Obs.] Fotherby. TRADUCT Tra*duct", n. Defn: That which is traducted; that which is transferred; a translation. [Obs.] Howell. TRADUCTION Tra*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. traductio a transferring: cf. F. traduction translation. See Traduce.] 1. Transmission from one to another. [Obs.] Traditional communication and traduction of truths. Sir M. Hale. 2. Translation from one language to another. [Obs.] 3. Derivation by descent; propagation. [R.] If by traduction came thy mind, Our wonder is the less to find A soul so charming from a stock so good. Dryden. 4. The act of transferring; conveyance; transportation. [R.] "The traduction of brutes." Sir M. Hale. 5. Transition. [Obs.] Bacon. 6. (Logic) Defn: A process of reasoning in which each conclusion applies to just such an object as each of the premises applies to. Jevons. TRADUCTIVE Tra*duc"tive, a. Defn: Capable of being deduced; derivable. [R.] Bp. Warburton. TRAFFIC Traf"fic, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trafficked; p. pr. & vb. n. Trafficking.] Etym: [F. trafiquer; cf. It. trafficare, Sp. traficar, trafagar, Pg. traficar, trafegar, trafeguear, LL. traficare; of uncertain origin, perhaps fr. L. trans across, over + -ficare to make (see -fy, and cf. G. übermachen to transmit, send over, e. g., money, wares); or cf. Pg. trasfegar to pour out from one vessel into another, OPg. also, to traffic, perhaps fr. (assumed) LL. vicare to exchange, from L. vicis change (cf. Vicar).] 1. To pass goods and commodities from one person to another for an equivalent in goods or money; to buy or sell goods; to barter; to trade. 2. To trade meanly or mercenarily; to bargain. TRAFFIC Traf"fic, v. t. Defn: To exchange in traffic; to effect by a bargain or for a consideration. TRAFFIC Traf"fic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. trafic, It. traffico, Sp. tráfico, tráfago, Pg. tráfego, LL. traficum, trafica. See Traffic, v.] 1. Commerce, either by barter or by buying and selling; interchange of goods and commodities; trade. A merchant of great traffic through the world. Shak. The traffic in honors, places, and pardons. Macaulay. Note: This word, like trade, comprehends every species of dealing in the exchange or passing of goods or merchandise from hand to hand for an equivalent, unless the business of relating may be excepted. It signifies appropriately foreign trade, but is not limited to that. 2. Commodities of the market. [R.] You 'll see a draggled damsel From Billingsgate her fishy traffic bear. Gay. 3. The business done upon a railway, steamboat line, etc., with reference to the number of passengers or the amount of freight carried. Traffic return, a periodical statement of the receipts for goods and passengers, as on a railway line. -- Traffic taker, a computer of the returns of traffic on a railway, steamboat line, etc. TRAFFICABLE Traf"fic*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being disposed of in traffic; marketable. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. TRAFFICKER Traf"fick*er, n. Defn: One who traffics, or carries on commerce; a trader; a merchant. TRAFFICLESS Traf"fic*less, a. Defn: Destitute of traffic, or trade. TRAFFIC MILE Traf"fic mile. (Railroad Accounting) Defn: Any unit of the total obtained by adding the passenger miles and ton miles in a railroad's transportation for a given period; -- a term and practice of restricted or erroneous usage. Traffic mile is a term designed to furnish an excuse for the erroneous practice of adding together two things (ton miles and passenger miles) which, being of different kinds, cannot properly be added. Hadley. TRAGACANTH Trag"a*canth, n. Etym: [L. tragacanthum tragacanth, tragacantha the plant producing tragacanth, Gr. tragacanthe.] Defn: A kind of gum procured from a spiny leguminous shrub (Astragalus gummifer) of Western Asia, and other species of Astragalus. It comes in hard whitish or yellowish flakes or filaments, and is nearly insoluble in water, but slowly swells into a mucilaginous mass, which is used as a substitute for gum arabic in medicine and the arts. Called also gum tragacanth. TRAGEDIAN Tra*ge"di*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tragédien.] 1. A writer of tragedy. Thence what the lofty, grave, tragedians taught. Milton. 2. An actor or player in tragedy. Shak. TRAGEDIENNE Tra`gé`dienne", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A woman who plays in tragedy. TRAGEDIOUS Tra*ge"di*ous, a. Defn: Like tragedy; tragical. [Obs.] "Tragedious history." Fabyan. TRAGEDY Trag"e*dy, n.; pl. Tragedies. Etym: [OE.tragedie, OF.tragedie, F. tragédie, L. tragoedia, Gr. trout) + Ode.] 1. A dramatic poem, composed in elevated style, representing a signal action performed by some person or persons, and having a fatal issue; that species of drama which represents the sad or terrible phases of character and life. Tragedy is to say a certain storie, As olde bookes maken us memorie, Of him that stood in great prosperitee And is yfallen out of high degree Into misery and endeth wretchedly. Chaucer. All our tragedies are of kings and princes. Jer. Taylor. tragedy is poetry in its deepest earnest; comedy is poetry in unlimited jest. Coleridge. 2. A fatal and mournful event; any event in which human lives are lost by human violence, more especially by unauthorized violence. TRAGIC; TRAGICAL Trag"ic, Trag"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. tragicus, Gr.tragique.] 1. Of or pertaining to tragedy; of the nature or character of tragedy; as, a tragic poem; a tragic play or representation. 2. Fatal to life; mournful; terrible; calamitous; as, the tragic scenes of the French revolution. 3. Mournful; expressive of tragedy, the loss of life, or of sorrow. Why look you still so stern and tragical Shak. -- Trag"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Trag"ic*al*ness, n. TRAGIC Trag"ic, n. 1. A writer of tragedy. [Obs.] 2. A tragedy; a tragic drama. [Obs.] TRAGI-COMEDY Trag`i-com"e*dy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tragicomédie, L. tragicocomoedia. See Tragic, and Comedy.] Defn: A kind of drama representing some action in which serious and comic scenes are blended; a composition partaking of the nature both of tragedy and comedy. The noble tragi-comedy of "Measure for Measure." Macaulay. TRAGI-COMIC; TRAGI-COMICAL Trag`i-com"ic, Trag`i-com"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tragi-comique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to tragi-comedy; partaking of grave and comic scenes. -- Trag`-com"ic*al*ly, adv. Julian felt toward him that tragi-comic sensation which makes us pity the object which excites it not the less that we are somewhat inclined to laugh amid our sympathy. Sir W. Scott. TRAGI-COMI-PASTORAL Trag`i-com`i-pas"tor*al, a. Defn: Partaking of the nature of, or combining, tragedy, comedy, and pastoral poetry. [R.] Gay. TRAGOPAN Trag"o*pan, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. tragopan a fabulous Ethiopian bird, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of Asiatic pheasants of the genus Ceriornis. They are brilliantly colored with a variety of tints, the back and breast are usually covered with white or buff ocelli, and the head is ornamented with two bright-colored, fleshy wattles. The crimson tragopan, or horned pheasant (C. satyra), of India is one of the best-known species. TRAGUS Tra"gus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The prominence in front of the external opening of the ear. See Illust. under Ear. T RAIL T" rail`. Defn: See under T. TRAIL Trail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Trailing.] Etym: [OE. trailen, OF. trailler to trail a deer, or hunt him upon a cold scent, also, to hunt or pursue him with a limehound, F. trailler to trail a fishing line; probably from a derivative of L. trahere to draw; cf. L. traha a drag, sledge, tragula a kind of drag net, a small sledge, Sp. trailla a leash, an instrument for leveling the ground, D. treilen to draw with a rope, to tow, treil a rope for drawing a boat. See Trace, v. t.] 1. To hunt by the track; to track. Halliwell. 2. To draw or drag, as along the ground. And hung his head, and trailed his legs along. Dryden. They shall not trail me through their streets Like a wild beast. Milton. Long behind he trails his pompous robe. Pope. 3. (Mil.) Defn: To carry, as a firearm, with the breech near the ground and the upper part inclined forward, the piece being held by the right hand near the middle. 4. To tread down, as grass, by walking through it; to lay flat. Longfellow. 5. To take advantage of the ignorance of; to impose upon. [Prov. Eng.] I presently perceived she was (what is vernacularly termed) trailing Mrs. Dent; that is, playing on her ignorance. C. Bronte. TRAIL Trail, v. i. 1. To be drawn out in length; to follow after. When his brother saw the red blood trail. Spenser. 2. To grow to great length, especially when slender and creeping upon the ground, as a plant; to run or climb. TRAIL Trail, n. 1. A track left by man or beast; a track followed by the hunter; a scent on the ground by the animal pursued; as, a deer trail. They traveled in the bed of the brook, leaving no dangerous trail. Cooper. How cheerfully on the false trail they cry! Shak. 2. A footpath or road track through a wilderness or wild region; as, an Indian trail over the plains. 3. Anything drawn out to a length; as, the trail of a meteor; a trail of smoke. When lightning shoots in glittering trails along. Rowe. 4. Anything drawn behind in long undulations; a train. "A radiant trail of hair." Pope. 5. Anything drawn along, as a vehicle. [Obs.] 6. A frame for trailing plants; a trellis. [Obs.] 7. The entrails of a fowl, especially of game, as the woodcock, and the like; -- applied also, sometimes, to the entrails of sheep. The woodcock is a favorite with epicures, and served with its trail in, is a delicious dish. Baird. 8. (Mil.) Defn: That part of the stock of a gun carriage which rests on the ground when the piece is unlimbered. See Illust. of Gun carriage, under Gun. 9. The act of taking advantage of the ignorance of a person; an imposition. [Prov. Eng.] Trail boards (Shipbuilding), the carved boards on both sides of the cutwater near the figurehead. -- Trail net, a net that is trailed or drawn behind a boat. Wright. TRAILER Trail"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, trails. Defn: A part of an object which extends some distance beyond the main body of the object; as, the trailer of a plant. trailer park. An area equipped to accommodate trailers (2), often with outlets supplying electrical power and water. Called also trailer camp, trailer court. TRAILING Trail"ing, Defn: a. & vb. n. from Trail. Trailing arbutus. (Bot.) See under Arbutus. -- Trailing spring, a spring fixed in the axle box of the trailing wheels of a locomotive engine, and so placed as to assist in deadening any shock which may occur. Weale. -- Trailing wheel, a hind wheel of a locomotive when it is not a driving wheel; also, one of the hind wheels of a carriage. TRAILING EDGE Trail"ing edge. (Aëronautics) Defn: A following edge. See Advancing edge, above. TRAIL ROPE Trail rope. (Aëronautics) Defn: Same as Guide rope, above. TRAIN Train, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trained; p. pr. & vb. n. Training.] Etym: [OF. trahiner, traïner,F. traîner, LL. trahinare, trainare, fr. L. trahere to draw. See Trail.] 1. To draw along; to trail; to drag. In hollow cube Training his devilish enginery. Milton. 2. To draw by persuasion, artifice, or the like; to attract by stratagem; to entice; to allure. [Obs.] If but a dozen French Were there in arms, they would be as a call To train ten thousand English to their side. Shak. O, train me not, sweet mermaid, with thy note. Shak. This feast, I'll gage my life, Is but a plot to train you to your ruin. Ford. 3. To teach and form by practice; to educate; to exercise; to discipline; as, to train the militia to the manual exercise; to train soldiers to the use of arms. Our trained bands, which are the trustiest and most proper strength of a free nation. Milton. The warrior horse here bred he's taught to train. Dryden. 4. To break, tame, and accustom to draw, as oxen. 5. (Hort.) Defn: To lead or direct, and form to a wall or espalier; to form to a proper shape, by bending, lopping, or pruning; as, to train young trees. He trained the young branches to the right hand or to the left. Jeffrey. 6. (Mining) Defn: To trace, as a lode or any mineral appearance, to its head. To train a gun (Mil. & Naut.), to point it at some object either forward or else abaft the beam, that is, not directly on the side. Totten. -- To train, or To train up, to educate; to teach; to form by instruction or practice; to bring up. Train up a child in the way he should go; and when he is old, he will not depart from it. Prov. xxii. 6. The first Christians were, by great hardships, trained up for glory. Tillotson. TRAIN Train, v. i. 1. To be drilled in military exercises; to do duty in a military company. 2. To prepare by exercise, diet, instruction, etc., for any physical contest; as, to train for a boat race. TRAIN Train, n. Etym: [F. train, OF. traïn, trahin; cf. (for some of the senses) F. traine. See Train, v.] 1. That which draws along; especially, persuasion, artifice, or enticement; allurement. [Obs.] "Now to my charms, and to my wily trains." Milton. 2. Hence, something tied to a lure to entice a hawk; also, a trap for an animal; a snare. Halliwell. With cunning trains him to entrap un wares. Spenser. 3. That which is drawn along in the rear of, or after, something; that which is in the hinder part or rear. Specifically : -- (a) That part of a gown which trails behind the wearer. (b) (Mil.) The after part of a gun carriage; the trail. (c) The tail of a bird. "The train steers their flights, and turns their bodies, like the rudder of ship." Ray. 4. A number of followers; a body of attendants; a retinue; a suite. The king's daughter with a lovely train. Addison. My train are men of choice and rarest parts. Shak. 5. A consecution or succession of connected things; a series. "A train of happy sentiments." I. Watts. The train of ills our love would draw behind it. Addison. Rivers now Stream and perpetual draw their humid train. Milton. Other truths require a train of ideas placed in order. Locke. 6. Regular method; process; course; order; as, things now in a train for settlement. If things were once in this train, . . . our duty would take root in our nature. Swift. 7. The number of beats of a watch in any certain time. 8. A line of gunpowder laid to lead fire to a charge, mine, or the like. 9. A connected line of cars or carriages on a railroad. 10. A heavy, long sleigh used in Canada for the transportation of merchandise, wood, and the like. 11. (Rolling Mill) Defn: A roll train; as, a 12-inch train. Roll train, or Train of rolls (Rolling Mill), a set of plain or grooved rolls for rolling metal into various forms by a series of consecutive operations. -- Train mile (Railroads), a unit employed in estimating running expenses, etc., being one of the total number of miles run by all the trains of a road, or system of roads, as within a given time, or for a given expenditure; -- called also mile run. -- Train of artillery, any number of cannon, mortars, etc., with the attendants and carriages which follow them into the field. Campbell (Dict. Mil. Sci.). -- Train of mechanism, a series of moving pieces, as wheels and pinions, each of which is follower to that which drives it, and driver to that which follows it. -- Train road, a slight railway for small cars, -- used for construction, or in mining. -- Train tackle (Naut.), a tackle for running guns in and out. Syn. -- Cars. -- Train, Cars. Train is the word universally used in England with reference to railroad traveling; as, I came in the morning train. In the United States, the phrase the cars has been extensively introduced in the room of train; as, the cars are late; I came in the cars. The English expression is obviously more appropriate, and is prevailing more and more among Americans, to the exclusion of the cars. TRAINABLE Train"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being trained or educated; as, boys trainable to virtue. Richardson. TRAINBAND Train"band`, n.; pl. Trainbands (. Defn: A band or company of an organized military force instituted by James I. and dissolved by Charles II.; -- afterwards applied to the London militia. [Eng.] He felt that, without some better protection than that of the trainbands and Beefeaters, his palace and person would hardly be secure. Macaulay. A trainband captain eke was he Of famous London town. Cowper. TRAINBEARER Train"bear`er, n. Defn: One who holds up a train, as of a robe. TRAIN DISPATCHER Train dispatcher. Defn: An official who gives the orders on a railroad as to the running of trains and their right of way. TRAINEL Train"el, n. Etym: [OF.] Defn: A dragnet. [Obs.] Holland. TRAINER Train"er, n. 1. One who trains; an instructor; especially, one who trains or prepares men, horses, etc., for exercises requiring physical agility and strength. 2. A militiaman when called out for exercise or discipline. [U. S.] Bartlett. TRAINING Train"ing, n. Defn: The act of one who trains; the act or process of exercising, disciplining, etc.; education. Fan training (Hort.), the operation of training fruit trees, grapevines, etc., so that the branches shall radiate from the stem like a fan. -- Horizontal training (Hort.), the operation of training fruit trees, grapevines, etc., so that the branches shall spread out laterally in a horizontal direction. -- Training college. See Normal school, under Normal, a. -- Training day, a day on which a military company assembles for drill or parade. [U. S.] -- Training ship, a vessel on board of which boys are trained as sailors. Syn. -- See Education. TRAIN OIL Train" oil` (oil`). Etym: [D. or LG. traan train oil, blubber (cf. Dan. & Sw. tran, G. thran) + E. oil.] Defn: Oil procured from the blubber or fat of whales, by boiling. TRAINY Train"y, a. Defn: Belonging to train oil. [Obs.] Gay. TRAIPSE Traipse, v. i. Etym: [Cf. G. trapsen, trappsen, trappen, to tread noisily, to walk stamping. See Trample, Trape.] Defn: To walk or run about in a slatternly, careless, or thoughtless manner. [Colloq.] Pope. TRAIS; TRAYS Trais, Trays, n. pl. Defn: Traces. [Obs.] Four white bulls in the trays. Chaucer. TRAIT Trait, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. tractus, fr. trahere to draw. See Trace, v., and cf. Tract a region, Trace a strap, Tret.] 1. A stroke; a touch. By this single trait Homer makes an essential difference between the Iliad and Odyssey. Broome. 2. A distinguishing or marked feature; a peculiarity; as, a trait of character. Note: Formerly pronounced tra, as in French, and still so pronounced to some extent in England. TRAITEUR Trai`teur", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The keeper of an eating house, or restaurant; a restaurateur. Simmonds. TRAITOR Trai"tor, n. Etym: [OE. traitour, OF. traïtor, traïteur, F. treître, L. traditor, fr. tradere, traditum, to deliver, to give up or surrender treacherously, to betray; trans across, over + dare to give. See Date time, and cf. Betray,Tradition, Traditor, Treason.] 1. One who violates his allegiance and betrays his country; one guilty of treason; one who, in breach of trust, delivers his country to an enemy, or yields up any fort or place intrusted to his defense, or surrenders an army or body of troops to the enemy, unless when vanquished; also, one who takes arms and levies war against his country; or one who aids an enemy in conquering his country. See Treason. O passing traitor, perjured and unjust! Shak. 2. Hence, one who betrays any confidence or trust; a betrayer. "This false traitor death." Chaucer. TRAITOR Trai"tor, a. Defn: Traitorous. [R.] Spenser. Pope. TRAITOR Trai"tor, v. t. Defn: To act the traitor toward; to betray; to deceive. [Obs.] " But time, it traitors me." Lithgow. TRAITORESS Trai"tor*ess, n. Defn: A traitress. [Obs.] Rom. of R. TRAITORLY Trai"tor*ly, a. Defn: Like a traitor; treacherous; traitorous. [Obs.] "Traitorly rascals." Shak. TRAITOROUS Trai"tor*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. traîtreux.] 1. Guilty of treason; treacherous; perfidious; faithless; as, a traitorous officer or subject. Shak. 2. Consisting in treason; partaking of treason; implying breach of allegiance; as, a traitorous scheme. -- Trai"tor*ous*ly, adv. -- Trai"tor*ous*ness, n. TRAITORY Trai"tor*y, n. Defn: Treachery. [Obs.] Chaucer. TRAITRESS Trai"tress, n. Etym: [F. traîtresse.] Defn: A woman who betrays her country or any trust; a traitoress. Dryden. TRAJECT Tra*ject", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trajected; p. pr. & vb. n. Trajecting.] Etym: [L. trajectus, p. p. of trajicere to throw across; trans across + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] Defn: To throw or cast through, over, or across; as, to traject the sun's light through three or more cross prisms. [R.] Sir I. Newton. TRAJECT Traj"ect, n. Etym: [L. trajectus, fr. trajicere: cf. F. trajet, OF. traject. See Traject, v. t.] 1. A place for passing across; a passage; a ferry. [Obs.] Cotgrave. 2. The act of trajecting; trajection. 3. A trajectory. [R.] I. Taylor. TRAJECTION Tra*jec"tion, n. Etym: [L. trajectio a crossing over, transposition.] 1. The act of trajecting; a throwing or casting through or across; also, emission. Boyle. 2. Transposition. [R.] Knatchbull. TRAJECTORY Tra*ject"o*ry, n.; pl. Trajectories. Etym: [Cf. F. trajectoire.] Defn: The curve which a body describes in space, as a planet or comet in its orbit, or stone thrown upward obliquely in the air. TRAJET; TRAJETOUR; TRAJETRY Tra"jet, Tra"jet*our, Tra"jet*ry, n. Defn: See Treget, Tregetour, and Tregetry. [Obs.] TRALATION Tra*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. tralatio, translatio.See Translation.] Defn: The use of a word in a figurative or extended sense; ametaphor; a trope. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. TRALATITION Tral`a*ti"tion, n. Etym: [See Tralatitious.] Defn: A change, as in the use of words; a metaphor. TRALATITIOUS Tral`a*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. tralatitius, translatitius, tralaticius, translaticius. See Tralation.] 1. Passed along; handed down; transmitted. Among biblical critics a tralatitious interpretation is one received by expositor from expositor. W. Withington. 2. Metaphorical; figurative; not literal. Stackhouse. TRALATITIOUSLY Tral`a*ti"tious*ly Defn: , adv. In a tralatitious manner; metephorically. Holder. TRALINEATE Tra*lin"e*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. trans across + linea a line: cf. It tralineare, tralignare.] Defn: To deviate; to stray; to wander. [Obs.] Dryden. TRALUCENCY Tra*lu"cen*cy, n. Defn: Translucency; as, the tralucency of a gem. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. TRALUCENT Tra*lu"cent, a. Etym: [L. tralucens, translucens, p. pr. See Translucent.] Defn: Translucent. [Obs.] The air's tralucent gallery. Sir. J. Davies. TRAM Tram, n. Etym: [Prov. E. tram a coal wagon, the shaft of a cart or carriage, a beam or bar; probably of Scand, origin; cf. OSw. tråm, trum, a beam, OD. drom, Prov. & OHG. tram.] 1. A four-wheeled truck running on rails, and used in a mine, as for carrying coal or ore. 2. The shaft of a cart. [Prov. Eng.] De Quincey. 3. One of the rails of a tramway. 4. A car on a horse railroad. [Eng.] Tram car, a car made to run on a tramway, especially a street railway car. -- Tram plate, a flat piece of iron laid down as a rail. -- Tram pot (Milling), the step and support for the lower end of the spindle of a millstone. TRAM Tram, n. Etym: [Sp. trama weft, or F. trame.] Defn: A silk thread formed of two or more threads twisted together, used especially for the weft, or cross threads, of the best quality of velvets and silk goods. TRAMA Tra"ma, n. [L., woof.] (Bot.) Defn: The loosely woven substance which lines the chambers within the gleba in certain Gasteromycetes. TRAMBLE Tram"ble, v. t. (Mining) Defn: To wash, as tin ore, with a shovel in a frame fitted for the purpose. Smart. TRAMMEL Tram"mel, n. Etym: [F. tramail, trémail, a net, LL. tremaculum, tremacle, a kind of net for taking fish; L. tres three + macula a mesh. See Three, and Mail armor.] 1. A kind of net for catching birds, fishes, or other prey. Carew. 2. A net for confining a woman's hair. Spenser. 3. A kind of shackle used for regulating the motions of a horse and making him amble. 4. Fig.: Whatever impedes activity, progress, or freedom, as a net or shackle. [They] disdain the trammels of any sordid contract. Jeffrey. 5. An iron hook of various forms and sizes, used for handing kettles and other vessels over the fire. 6. (Mech.) (a) An instrument for drawing ellipses, one part of which consists of a cross with two grooves at right angles to each other, the other being a beam carrying two pins (which slide in those grooves), and also the describing pencil. (b) A beam compass. See under Beam. TRAMMEL Tram"mel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trammeled or Trammelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Trammeling, or Trammelling.] 1. To entangle, as in a net; to catch. [R.] Shak. 2. To confine; to hamper; to shackle. TRAMMELED Tram"meled, a. (Man.) Defn: Having blazes, or white marks, on the fore and hind foot of one side, as if marked by trammels; -- said of a horse. [Written also trammelled.] TRAMMELER Tram"mel*er, n. Etym: [Written also trammeller.] 1. One who uses a trammel net. Nares. 2. One who, or that which, trammels or restrains. TRAMMEL WHEEL Tram"mel wheel`. (Mach.) Defn: A circular plate or a cross, with two or more cross grooves intersecting at the center, used on the end of a shaft to transmit motion to another shaft not in line with the first. TRAMMING Tram"ming, n. (Silk Manuf.) Defn: The act or process of forming trams. See 2d Tram. TRAMONTANA Tra`mon*ta"na, n. [It. See Tramontane.] (Meteor.) Defn: A dry, cold, violent, northerly wind of the Adriatic. TRAMONTANE Tra*mon"tane, a. Etym: [OF. tramontain, It. tramontano, L. transmontanus; trans across, beyond + mons, montis, mountain.] Defn: Lying or being beyond the mountains; coming from the other side of the mountains; hence, foreign; barbarous. Note: The Italians sometimes use this epithet for ultramontane, and apply it to the countries north of the Alps, as France and Germany, and especially to their ecclesiastics, jurists, painters, etc.; and a north wind is called a tramontane wind. The French lawyers call certain Italian canonists tramontane, or ultramontane, doctors; considering them as favoring too much the court of Rome. See Ultramontane. TRAMONTANE Tra*mon"tane, n. Defn: One living beyond the mountains; hence, a foreigner; a stranger. TRAMP Tramp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tramped; p. pr. & vb. n. Tramping.] Etym: [OE. trampen; akin to LG. trampen, G. trampeln, LG. & D. trappen, Dan. trampe, Sw. & Icel. trampa, Goth. anatrimpan to press upon; also to D. trap a step, G. treppe steps, stairs. Cf. Trap a kind of rock, Trape, Trip, v. i., Tread.] 1. To tread upon forcibly and repeatedly; to trample. 2. To travel or wander through; as, to tramp the country. [Colloq.] 3. To cleanse, as clothes, by treading upon them in water. [Scot.] Jamieson. TRAMP Tramp, v. i. Defn: To travel; to wander; to stroll. TRAMP Tramp, n. 1. A foot journey or excursion; as, to go on a tramp; a long tramp. Blackie. 2. A foot traveler; a tramper; often used in a bad sense for a vagrant or wandering vagabond. Halliwell. 3. The sound of the foot, or of feet, on the earth, as in marching. Sir W. Scott. 4. A tool for trimming hedges. 5. A plate of iron worn to protect the sole of the foot, or the shoe, when digging with a spade. TRAMPER Tramp"er, n. Defn: One who tramps; a stroller; a vagrant or vagabond; a tramp. Dickens. TRAMPLE Tram"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trampled; p. pr. & vb. n. Trampling.] Etym: [OE. trampelen, freq. of trampen. See Tramp, v. t.] 1. To tread under foot; to tread down; to prostrate by treading; as, to trample grass or flowers. Dryden. Neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet. Matt. vii. 6. 2. Fig.: To treat with contempt and insult. Cowper. TRAMPLE Tram"ple, v. i. 1. To tread with force and rapidity; to stamp. 2. To tread in contempt; -- with on or upon. Diogenes trampled on Plato's pride with greater of his own. Gov. of Tongue. TRAMPLE Tram"ple, n. Defn: The act of treading under foot; also, the sound produced by trampling. Milton. The huddling trample of a drove of sheep. Lowell. TRAMPLER Tram"pler, n. Defn: One who tramples; one who treads down; as, a trampler on nature's law. Cowper. TRAMPOOSE Tram*poose", v. i. Etym: [See Tramp, Trample, and Traipse.] Defn: To walk with labor, or heavily; to tramp. [Law, U. S.] Bartlett. TRAMRAIL Tram"rail`, n. (Mach.) Defn: An overhead rail forming a track on which a trolley runs to convey a load, as in a shop. TRAMROAD Tram"road`, n. Etym: [Tram a coal wagon + road.] Defn: A road prepared for easy transit of trams or wagons, by forming the wheel tracks of smooth beams of wood, blocks of stone, or plates of iron. TRAMWAY Tram"way`, n. 1. Same as Tramroad. 2. A railway laid in the streets of a town or city, on which cars for passengers or for freight are drawn by horses; a horse railroad. TRANATION Tra*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. tranare, transnare, to swim over; trans across, over + nare to swim.] Defn: The act of swimming over. [Obs.] Bailey. TRANCE Trance, n. Etym: [F. transe fright, in OF. also, trance or swoon, fr. transir to chill, benumb, to be chilled, to shiver, OF. also, to die, L. transire to pass over, go over, pass away, cease; trans across, over + ire to go; cf. L. transitus a passing over. See Issue, and cf. Transit.] 1. A tedious journey. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. A state in which the soul seems to have passed out of the body into another state of being, or to be rapt into visions; an ecstasy. And he became very hungry, and would have eaten; but while they made ready, he fell into a trance. Acts. x. 10. My soul was ravished quite as in a trance. Spenser. 3. (Med.) Defn: A condition, often simulating death, in which there is a total suspension of the power of voluntary movement, with abolition of all evidences of mental activity and the reduction to a minimum of all the vital functions so that the patient lies still and apparently unconscious of surrounding objects, while the pulsation of the heart and the breathing, although still present, are almost or altogether imperceptible. He fell down in a trance. Chaucer. TRANCE Trance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tranced; p. pr. & vb. n. Trancing.] 1. To entrance. And three I left him tranced. Shak. 2. To pass over or across; to traverse. [Poetic] Trance the world over. Beau. & Fl. When thickest dark did trance the sky. Tennyson. TRANCE Trance, v. i. Defn: To pass; to travel. [Obs.] TRANECT Tran"ect, n. Etym: [Cf. Traject.] Defn: A ferry. [Obs.] Shak. TRANGRAM Tran"gram, n. Etym: [OE. trangrain a strange thing, trangame a toy. See Tangram.] Defn: Something intricately contrived; a contrived; a puzzle. [Cant & Obs.] Arbuthnot. TRANNEL Tran"nel, n. (Naut.) Defn: A treenail. [R.] Moxon. TRANQUIL Tran"quil, a. Etym: [L. tranquillus; probably fr. trans across, over + a word akin to quietus quiet: cf. F. tranquille. See Quiet.] Defn: Quiet; calm; undisturbed; peaceful; not agitated; as, the atmosphere is tranquil; the condition of the country is tranquil. A style clear, tranquil, easy to follow. De Quincey. TRANQUILIZATION; TRANQUILLIZATION Tran`quil*i*za"tion, Tran`quil*li*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of tranquilizing, or the state of being tranquilized. TRANQUILIZE; TRANQUILLIZE Tran"quil*ize, Tran"quil*lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tranquilized or Tranquilliized; p. pr. & vb. n. Tranquilizing or Tranquillizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. tranquilliser.] Defn: To render tranquil; to allay when agitated; to compose; to make calm and peaceful; as, to tranquilize a state disturbed by factions or civil commotions; to tranquilize the mind. Syn. -- To quiet; compose; still; soothe; appease; calm; pacify. TRANQUILIZER; TRANQUILLIZER Tran"quil*i`zer, Tran"quil*li`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, tranquilizes. TRANQUILIZING; TRANQUILLIZING Tran"quil*i`zing, Tran"quil*li`zing, a. Defn: Making tranquil; calming. " The tranquilizing power of time." Wordsworth. -- Tran"quil*i`zing*ly or Tran"quil*li`zing*ly, adv. TRANQUILLITY Tran*quil"li*ty, n. Etym: [F. tranquillité, L. tranquillitas.] Defn: The quality or state of being tranquil; calmness; composure. TRANQUILLY Tran"quil*ly, adv. Defn: In a tranquil manner; calmly. TRANQUILNESS Tran"quil*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being tranquil. TRANS- Trans-. Etym: [L. trans across, over.] Defn: A prefix, signifying over, beyond, through and through, on the other side, as in transalpine, beyond the Alps; transform, to form through and through, that is, anew, transfigure. TRANSACT Trans*act", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Transacting.] Etym: [L. transactus, p. p. of transigere. See Transaction.] Defn: To carry through; to do; perform; to manage; as, to transact commercial business; to transact business by an agent. TRANSACT Trans*act", v. i. Defn: To conduct matters; to manage affairs. [R.] South. TRANSACTION Trans*ac"tion, n. Etym: [L. transactio, fr. transigere, transactum, to drive through, carry through, accomplish, transact; trans across, over + agere to drive; cf. F. transaction. See Act, Agent.] 1. The doing or performing of any business; management of any affair; performance. 2. That which is done; an affair; as, the transactions on the exchange. 3. (Civil Law) Defn: An adjustment of a dispute between parties by mutual agreement. Transaction of a society, the published record of what it has done or accomplished. Syn. -- Proceeding; action; process. -- Transaction, Proceeding. A transaction is something already done and completed; a proceeding is either something which is now going on, or, if ended, is still contemplated with reference to its progress or successive stages. Note: " We the word proceeding in application to an affray in the street, and the word transaction to some commercial negotiation that has been carried on between certain persons. The proceeding marks the manner of proceeding, as when we speak of the proceedings in a court of law. The transaction marks the business transacted; as, the transactions on the Exchange." Crabb. TRANSACTOR Trans*act"or, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who transacts, performs, or conducts any business. Derham. TRANSALPINE Trans*al"pine, a. Etym: [L. transalpinus; trans across, beyond + Alpinus Alpine, from Alpes the Alps: cf. F. transalpin.] Defn: Being on the farther side of the Alps in regard to Rome, that is, on the north or west side of the Alps; of or pertaining to the region or the people beyond the Alps; as, transalpine Gaul; -- opposed to cisalpine. " Transalpine garbs." Beau. & Fl. TRANSALPINE Trans*al"pine, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of a country beyond the Alps, that is, out of Italy. TRANSANIMATE Trans*an"i*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transanimated; p. pr. & vb. n. Transanimating.] Etym: [Trans- + animate.] Defn: To animate with a soul conveyed from another body. [R.] Bp. J. King (1608). TRANSANIMATION Trans*an`i*ma"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. transanimation.] Defn: The conveyance of a soul from one body to another. [R.] Fuller. TRANSATLANTIC Trans`at*lan"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. trans- + Atlantic: cf. F. transatlantique.] 1. Lying or being beyond the Atlantic Ocean. Note: When used by a person in Europe or Africa, transatlantic signifies being in America; when by a person in America, it denotes being or lying in Europe or Africa, especially the former. 2. Crossing the Atlantic Ocean. TRANSAUDIENT Trans*au"di*ent, a. Etym: [See Trans-, and Audient.] Defn: Permitting the passage of sound. [R.] Lowell. TRANSCALENCY Trans*ca"len*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being transcalent. TRANSCALENT Trans*ca"lent, a. Etym: [Pref. trans- + L. calens, p. pr. of calere to grow warm.] Defn: Pervious to, or permitting the passage of, heat. TRANSCEND Tran*scend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transcended; p. pr. & vb. n. Transcending.] Etym: [L. transcendere, transcensum; trans beyond, over + scandere to climb. See Scan.] 1. To rise above; to surmount; as, lights in the heavens transcending the region of the clouds. Howell. 2. To pass over; to go beyond; to exceed. Such popes as shall transcend their limits. Bacon. 8. To surpass; to outgo; to excel; to exceed. How much her worth transcended all her kind. Dryden. TRANSCEND Tran*scend", v. i. 1. To climb; to mount. [Obs.] 2. To be transcendent; to excel. [R.] TRANSCENDENCE; TRANSCENDENCY Tran*scend"ence, Tran*scend"en*cy,Etym: [Cf. L. transcendentia, F. transcendance.] 1. The quality or state of being transcendent; superior excellence; supereminence. The Augustinian theology rests upon the transcendence of Deity at its controlling principle. A. V. G. Allen. 2. Elevation above truth; exaggeration. [Obs.] "Where transcendencies are more allowed." Bacon. TRANSCENDENT Tran*scend"ent, a. Etym: [L. transcendens, -entis, p. pr. of transcendere to transcend: cf. F. transcendant, G. transcendent.] 1. Very excellent; superior or supreme in excellence; surpassing others; as, transcendent worth; transcendent valor. Clothed with transcendent brightness. Milton. 2. (Kantian Philos.) Defn: Transcending, or reaching beyond, the limits of human knowledge; -- applied to affirmations and speculations concerning what lies beyond the reach of the human intellect. TRANSCENDENT Tran*scend"ent, n. Defn: That which surpasses or is supereminent; that which is very excellent. TRANSCENDENTAL Tran`scen*den"tal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. transcendantal, G. transcendental.] 1. Supereminent; surpassing others; as, transcendental being or qualities. 2. (Philos.) Defn: In the Kantian system, of or pertaining to that which can be determined a priori in regard to the fundamental principles of all human knowledge. What is transcendental, therefore, transcends empiricism; but is does not transcend all human knowledge, or become transcendent. It simply signifies the a priori or necessary conditions of experience which, though affording the conditions of experience, transcend the sphere of that contingent knowledge which is acquired by experience. 3. Vaguely and ambitiously extravagant in speculation, imagery, or diction. Note: In mathematics, a quantity is said to be transcendental relative to another quantity when it is expressed as a transcendental function of the latter; thus, ax, 102x, log x, sin x, tan x, etc., are transcendental relative to x. Transcendental curve (Math.), a curve in which one ordinate is a transcendental function of the other. -- Transcendental equation (Math.), an equation into which a transcendental function of one of the unknown or variable quantities enters. -- Transcendental function. (Math.) See under Function. Syn. -- Transcendental, Empirical. These terms, with the corresponding nouns, transcendentalism and empiricism, are of comparatively recent origin. Empirical refers to knowledge which is gained by the experience of actual phenomena, without reference to the principles or laws to which they are to be referred, or by which they are to be explained. Transcendental has reference to those beliefs or principles which are not derived from experience, and yet are absolutely necessary to make experience possible or useful. Such, in the better sense of the term, is the transcendental philosophy, or transcendentalism. Each of these words is also used in a bad sense, empiricism applying to that one-sided view of knowledge which neglects or loses sight of the truths or principles referred to above, and trusts to experience alone; transcendentalism, to the opposite extreme, which, in its deprecation of experience, loses sight of the relations which facts and phenomena sustain to principles, and hence to a kind of philosophy, or a use of language, which is vague, obscure, fantastic, or extravagant. TRANSCENDENTAL Tran`scen*den"tal, n. Defn: A transcendentalist. [Obs.] TRANSCENDENTALISM Tran`scen*den"tal*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. transcendantalisme, G. transcendentalismus.] 1. (Kantian Philos.) Defn: The transcending, or going beyond, empiricism, and ascertaining a priori the fundamental principles of human knowledge. Note: As Schelling and Hegel claim to have discovered the absolute identity of the objective and subjective in human knowledge, or of things and human conceptions of them, the Kantian distinction between transcendent and transcendental ideas can have no place in their philosophy; and hence, with them, transcendentalism claims to have a true knowledge of all things, material and immaterial, human and divine, so far as the mind is capable of knowing them. And in this sense the word transcendentalism is now most used. It is also sometimes used for that which is vague and illusive in philosophy. 2. Ambitious and imaginative vagueness in thought, imagery, or diction. TRANSCENDENTALIST Tran`scen*den"tal*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. transcendantaliste.] Defn: One who believes in transcendentalism. TRANSCENDENTALITY Tran`scen*den*tal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being transcendental. TRANSCENDENTALLY Tran`scen*den"tal*ly, adv. Defn: In a transcendental manner. TRANSCENDENTLY Tran*scend"ent*ly, adv. Defn: In a transcendent manner. TRANSCENDENTNESS Tran*scend"ent*ness, n. Defn: Same as Transcendence. TRANSCENSION Tran*scen"sion, n. Etym: [See Transcend.] Defn: The act of transcending, or surpassing; also, passage over. [Obs.] Chapman. TRANSCOLATE Trans"co*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transcolated; p. pr. & vb. n. Transcolating.] Etym: [Pref. trans- + L. colare, colatum, to filter, to strain.] Defn: To cause to pass through a sieve or colander; to strain, as through a sieve. [Obs.] Harvey. TRANSCOLATION Trans`co*la"tion, n. Defn: Act of transcolating, or state of being transcolated. [Obs.] Bp. Stillingfleet. TRANSCONTINENTAL Trans*con`ti*nen"tal, a. Etym: [Pref. trans- + continental.] Defn: Extending or going across a continent; as, a transcontinental railroad or journey. TRANSCORPORATE Trans*cor"po*rate, v. i. Etym: [Pref. trans- + corporate.] Defn: To transmigrate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. TRANSCRIBBLER Tran*scrib"bler, n. Defn: A transcriber; -- used in contempt. He [Aristotle] has suffered vastly from the transcribblers, as all authors of great brevity necessarily must. Gray. TRANSCRIBE Tran*scribe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transcribed; p. pr. & vb. n. Transcribing.] Etym: [L. transcribere, transcriptum; trans across, over + scribere to write. See Scribe.] Defn: To write over again, or in the same words; to copy; as, to transcribe Livy or Tacitus; to transcribe a letter. TRANSCRIBER Tran*scrib"er, n. Defn: One who transcribes, or writes from a copy; a copier; a copyist. TRANSCRIPT Tran"script, n. Etym: [L. transcriptum, neut. of transcriptus, p. p. transcribere. See Transcribe.] 1. That which has been transcribed; a writing or composition consisting of the same words as the original; a written copy. The decalogue of Moses was but a transcript. South. 2. A copy of any kind; an imitation. The Grecian learning was but a transcript of the Chaldean and Egyptian. Glanvill. Defn: A written version of what was said orally; as, a transcript of a trial. TRANSCRIPTION Tran*scrip"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. transcription, L. transcriptio a transfer.] 1. The act or process of transcribing, or copying; as, corruptions creep into books by repeated transcriptions. 2. A copy; a transcript. Walton. 3. (Mus.) Defn: An arrangement of a composition for some other instrument or voice than that for which it was originally written, as the translating of a song, a vocal or instrumental quartet, or even an orchestral work, into a piece for the piano; an adaptation; an arrangement; -- a name applied by modern composes for the piano to a more or less fanciful and ornate reproduction on their own instrument of a song or other piece not originally intended for it; as, Listzt's transcriptions of songs by Schubert. TRANSCRIPTIVE Tran*scrip"tive, a. Defn: Done as from a copy; having the style or appearance of a transcription. [R.] -- Tran*scrip"tive*ly, adv. [R.] Sir T. Browne. TRANSCUR Trans*cur", v. i. Etym: [L. transcurrere, transcursum; trans across, over + currere to run.] Defn: To run or rove to and fro. [Obs.] Bacon. TRANSCURRENCE Trans*cur"rence, n. Etym: [L. transcurrens, p. pr. of transcurrere.] Defn: A roving hither and thither. TRANSCURSION Trans*cur"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. L. transcursio a passing over. See Transcur.] Defn: A rambling or ramble; a passage over bounds; an excursion. [Obs.] Howell. TRANSDIALECT Trans*di"a*lect, v. t. Etym: [Pref. trans- + dialect.] Defn: To change or translate from one dialect into another. [R.] Bp. Warburton. TRANSDUCTION Trans*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. transducere, traducere, -dictum, to lead across or over. See Traduce.] Defn: The act of conveying over. [R.] Entick. TRANSE Transe, n. Defn: See Trance. [Obs.] TRANSELEMENT; TRANSELEMENTATE Trans*el"e*ment, Trans*el`e*men"tate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. trans- element.] Defn: To change or transpose the elements of; to transubstantiate. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. TRANSELEMENTATION Trans*el`e*men*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. transélémentation.] (Eccl.) Defn: Transubstantiation. [Obs.] TRANSENNE Tran"senne, n. Defn: A transom. [Obs.] TRANSEPT Tran"sept, n. Etym: [Pref. trans- + L. septum an inclosure. See Septum.] (Arch.) Defn: The transversal part of a church, which crosses at right angles to the greatest length, and between the nave and choir. In the basilicas, this had often no projection at its two ends. In Gothic churches these project these project greatly, and should be called the arms of the transept. It is common, however, to speak of the arms themselves as the transepts. TRANSEXION Tran*sex"ion, n. Etym: [Pref. trans- + L. sexus sex.] Defn: Change of sex. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. TRANSFEMINATE Trans*fem"i*nate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. trans- + L. femina woman.] Defn: To change into a woman, as a man. [Obs. & R.] Sir T. Browne. TRANSFER Trans*fer", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transferred; p. pr. & vb. n. Transferring.] Etym: [L. transferre; trans across, over + ferre to bear: cf. F. transférer. See Bear to carry.] 1. To convey from one place or person another; to transport, remove, or cause to pass, to another place or person; as, to transfer the laws of one country to another; to transfer suspicion. 2. To make over the possession or control of; to pass; to convey, as a right, from one person to another; to give; as, the title to land is transferred by deed. 3. To remove from one substance or surface to another; as, to transfer drawings or engravings to a lithographic stone. Tomlinson. Syn. -- To sell; give; alienate; estrange; sequester. TRANSFER Trans"fer, n. 1. The act of transferring, or the state of being transferred; the removal or conveyance of a thing from one place or person to another. 2. (Law) Defn: The conveyance of right, title, or property, either real or personal, from one person to another, whether by sale, by gift, or otherwise. I shall here only consider it as a transfer of property. Burke. 3. That which is transferred. Specifically: -- (a) A picture, or the like, removed from one body or ground to another, as from wood to canvas, or from one piece of canvas to another. Fairholt. (b) A drawing or writing printed off from one surface on another, as in ceramics and in many decorative arts. (c) (Mil.) A soldier removed from one troop, or body of troops, and placed in another. 4. (Med.) Defn: A pathological process by virtue of which a unilateral morbid condition on being abolished on one side of the body makes its appearance in the corresponding region upon the other side. Transfer day, one of the days fixed by the Bank of England for the transfer, free of charge, of bank stock and government funds. These days are the first five business days in the week before three o'clock. Transfers may be made on Saturdays on payment of a fee of 2s. 6d. Bithell. -- Transfer office, an office or department where transfers of stocks, etc., are made. -- Transfer paper, a prepared paper used by draughtsmen, engravers, lithographers, etc., for transferring impressions. -- Transfer table. (Railroad) Same as Traverse table. See under Traverse. TRANSFERABILITY Trans*fer`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being transferable. TRANSFERABLE Trans*fer"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. transférable.] 1. Capable of being transferred or conveyed from one place or person to another. 2. Negotiable, as a note, bill of exchange, or other evidence of property, that may be conveyed from one person to another by indorsement or other writing; capable of being transferred with no loss of value; as, the stocks of most public companies are transferable; some tickets are not transferable. TRANSFEREE Trans`fer*ee", n. Defn: The person to whom a transfer in made. TRANSFERENCE Trans"fer*ence, n. Defn: The act of transferring; conveyance; passage; transfer. TRANSFEROGRAPHY Trans`fer*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Transfer + -graphy.] Defn: The act or process of copying inscriptions, or the like, by making transfers. TRANSFERRENCE Trans*fer"rence, n. Defn: See Transference. TRANSFERRER Trans*fer"rer, n. Defn: One who makes a transfer or conveyance. TRANSFERRIBLE Trans*fer"ri*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being transferred; transferable. TRANSFIGURATE Trans*fig"u*rate, v. t. Defn: To transfigure; to transform. [R.] TRANSFIGURATION Trans*fig`u*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. transfiguratio: cf. transfiguration.] 1. A change of form or appearance; especially, the supernatural change in the personal appearance of our Savior on the mount. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A feast held by some branches of the Christian church on the 6th of August, in commemoration of the miraculous change above mentioned. TRANSFIGURE Trans*fig"ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transfigured; p. pr. & vb. n. Transfiguring.] Etym: [F. transfigurer, L. transfigurare, transfiguratum; trans across, over + figurare to form, shape. See Figure, v. t.] 1. To change the outward form or appearance of; to metamorphose; to transform. 2. Especially, to change to something exalted and glorious; to give an ideal form to. [Jesus] was transfigured before them; and his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the light. Matt. xvii. 2. TRANSFIX Trans*fix", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transfixed; p. pr. & vb. n. Transfixing.] Etym: [L. transfixus, p. p. of transfigure to transfix; trans across, through + figere to fix, fasten. See Fix.] Defn: To pierce through, as with a pointed weapon; to impale; as, to transfix one with a dart. TRANSFIXION Trans*fix"ion, n. Defn: The act of transfixing, or the state of being transfixed, or pierced. Bp. Hall. TRANSFLUENT Trans"flu*ent, a. Etym: [Pref. trans- + fluent.] 1. Flowing or running across or through; as, a transfluent stream. 2. (Her.) Defn: Passing or flowing through a bridge; -- said of water. Wright. TRANSFLUX Trans"flux, n. Etym: [Pref. trans- + flux.] Defn: A flowing through, across, or beyond. [R.] TRANSFORATE Trans"fo*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. transforatus, p. p. of transforare to pierce through; trans through + forare to bore.] Defn: To bore through; to perforate. [Obs.] TRANSFORM Trans*form", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transformed; p. pr. & vb. n. Transforming.] Etym: [L. transformare, transformatum; trans across, over + formare to from: cf. F. transformer. See Form, v. t.] 1. To change the form of; to change in shape or appearance; to metamorphose; as, a caterpillar is ultimately transformed into a butterfly. Love may transform me to an oyster. Shak. 2. To change into another substance; to transmute; as, the alchemists sought to transform lead into gold. 3. To change in nature, disposition, heart, character, or the like; to convert. Be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind. Rom. xii. 2. 4. (Math.) Defn: To change, as an algebraic expression or geometrical figure, into another from without altering its value. TRANSFORM Trans*form", v. i. Defn: To be changed in form; to be metamorphosed. [R.] His hair transforms to down. Addison. TRANSFORMABLE Trans*form"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being transformed or changed. TRANSFORMATION Trans`for*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. transformatio: cf. transformation.] Defn: The act of transforming, or the state of being transformed; change of form or condition. Specifically: --(a) (Biol.) Defn: Any change in an organism which alters its general character and mode of life, as in the development of the germ into the embryo, the egg into the animal, the larva into the insect (metamorphosis), etc.; also, the change which the histological units of a tissue are prone to undergo. See Metamorphosis. (b) (Physiol.) Change of one from of material into another, as in assimilation; metabolism; metamorphosis. (c) (Alchemy) The imagined possible or actual change of one metal into another; transmutation. (d) (Theol.) Defn: A change in disposition, heart, character, or the like; conversion. (e) (Math.) The change, as of an equation or quantity, into another form without altering the value. TRANSFORMATIVE Trans*form"a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. transformatif.] Defn: Having power, or a tendency, to transform. TRANSFORMER Trans*form"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, transforms. Specif. (Elec.), an apparatus for producing from a given electrical current another current of different voltage. TRANSFORMISM Trans*form"ism, n. Etym: [F. transformisme.] (Biol.) Defn: The hypothesis, or doctrine, that living beings have originated by the modification of some other previously existing forms of living matter; -- opposed to abiogenesis. Huxley. TRANSFREIGHT Trans*freight", v. i. Defn: To transfrete. [Obs.] Waterhouse. TRANSFRETATION Trans`fre*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. transfretatio. See Transfrete.] Defn: The act of passing over a strait or narrow sea. [Obs.] Sir J. Davies. TRANSFRETE Trans*frete", v. i. Etym: [L. transfretare; trans across, over + fretum a strait: cf. OF. transfreter.] Defn: To pass over a strait or narrow sea. [Written also transfreight.] [Obs.] E. Hall. TRANSFUGE; TRANSFUGITIVE Trans"fuge, Trans*fu"gi*tive, n. Etym: [L. transfuga; trans across, over + fugere to flee.] Defn: One who flees from one side to another; hence, a deserter; a turncoat; an apostate. [R.] TRANSFUND Trans*fund", v. t. Etym: [L. transfundere; trans over, across + fundere to pour, pour out. See Found to cast, and cf. Transfuse.] Defn: To pour from one vessel into another; to transfuse. [Obs.] Barrow. TRANSFUSE Trans*fuse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transfused; p. pr. & vb. n. Transfusing.] Etym: [L. transfusus, p. p. of transfundere: cf. F. transfuser. See Transfund.] 1. To pour, as liquid, out of one vessel into another; to transfer by pouring. 2 2 (Med.) Defn: To transfer, as blood, from the veins or arteries of one man or animal to those of another. 3. To cause to pass from to another; to cause to be instilled or imbibed; as, to transfuse a spirit of patriotism into a man; to transfuse a love of letters. Into thee such virtue and grace Immense I have transfused. Milton. TRANSFUSIBLE Trans*fu"si*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being transfused; transferable by transfusion. TRANSFUSION Trans*fu"sion, n. Etym: [L. transfusio: cf. F. transfusion.] 1. The act of transfusing, or pouring, as liquor, out of one vessel into another. Howell. 2. (Med.) Defn: The act or operation of transferring the blood of one man or animal into the vascular system of another; also, the introduction of any fluid into the blood vessels, or into a cavity of the body from which it can readily be adsorbed into the vessels; intrafusion; as, the peritoneal transfusion of milk. TRANSFUSIVE Trans*fu"sive, a. Defn: Tending to transfuse; having power to transfuse. TRANSGRESS Trans*gress", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transgressed; p. pr. & vb. n. Transgressing.] Etym: [Cf. F. transgresser. See Transgression.] 1. To pass over or beyond; to surpass. [R.] Surpassing common faith, transgressing nature's law. Dryden. 2. Hence, to overpass, as any prescribed as the For man will hearken to his glozing lies, And easily transgress the sole command. Milton. 3. To offend against; to vex. [Obs.] Why give you peace to this imperate beast That hath so long transgressed you Beau. & Fl. TRANSGRESS Trans*gress", v. i. Defn: To offend against the law; to sin. Who transgressed in the thing accursed. I Chron. ii. 7. TRANSGRESSION Trans*gres"sion, n. Etym: [L. transgressio a going across, going over, transgression of the law, from transgredi, transgressus, to step across, go over; trans over, across + gradi to step, walk: cf. F. transgression. See Grade.] Defn: The act of transgressing, or of passing over or beyond any law, civil or moral; the violation of a law or known principle of rectitude; breach of command; fault; offense; crime; sin. Forgive thy people . . . all their transgressions wherein they have transgressed against thee. I Kings viii. 50. What rests, but that the mortal sentence pass On his transgression, death denounced that day Milton. The transgression is in the stealer. Shak. Syn. -- Fault; offense; crime; infringement; misdemeanor; misdeed; affront; sin. TRANSGRESSIONAL Trans*gres"sion*al, a. Defn: Of pertaining to transgression; involving a transgression. TRANSGRESSIVE Trans*gress"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. L. transgressivus passing over into another class. F. transgressif.] Defn: Disposed or tending to transgress; faulty; culpable. - TRANSGRESSIVELY Trans*gress"ive*ly, adv. Defn: In a transgressive manner Adam, perhaps, . . . from the transgressive infirmities of himself, might have erred alone. Sir T. Browne. TRANSGRESSOR Trans*gress"or, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. transgresseur.] Defn: One who transgresses; one who breaks a law, or violates a command; one who violates any known rule or principle of rectitude; a sinner. The way of transgressors is hard. Prov. xiii. 15. TRANSHAPE Tran*shape", v. t. Defn: To transshape. [R.] J. Webster (1623). TRANSHIP Tran*ship", v. t. Defn: Same as Transship. TRANSHIPMENT Tran*ship"ment, n. Defn: Same as Transshipment. TRANSHUMAN Trans*hu"man, a. Etym: [Pref. trans- + human.] Defn: More than human; superhuman. [R.] Words may not tell of that transhuman change. H. F. Cary. TRANSHUMANIZE Trans*hu"man*ize, v. t. Defn: To make more than human; to purity; to elevate above humanity. [R.] Souls purified by sorrow and self-denial, transhumanized to the divine abstraction of pure contemplation. Lowell. TRANSIENCE; TRANSIENCY Tran"sience, Tran"sien*cy, n. Defn: The quality of being transient; transientness. TRANSIENT Tran"sient, a. Etym: [L. transiens, -entis, p. pr. of transire, transitum, to go or pass over. See Trance.] 1. Passing before the sight or perception, or, as it were, moving over or across a space or scene viewed, and then disappearing; hence, of short duration; not permanent; not lasting or durable; not stationary; passing; fleeting; brief; transitory; as, transient pleasure. "Measured this transient world." Milton. 2. Hasty; momentary; imperfect; brief; as, a transient view of a landscape. 3. Staying for a short time; not regular or permanent; as, a transient guest; transient boarders. [Colloq. U.S.] Syn. -- Transient, Transitory, Fleeting. Transient represents a thing as brief at the best; transitory, as liable at any moment to pass away. Fleeting goes further, and represents it as in the act of taking its flight. Life is transient; its joys are transitory; its hours are fleeting. What is loose love A transient gust. Pope If [we love] transitory things, which soon decay, Age must be loveliest at the latest day. Donne. O fleeting joys Of Paradise, dear bought with lasting woes. Milton. -- Tran"sient*ly, adv. -- Tran"sient*ness, n. TRANSIENT Tran"sient, n. Defn: That which remains but for a brief time. Glanvill. TRANSILIENCE; TRANSILIENCY Tran*sil"i*ence, Tran*sil"i*en*cy, n. Etym: [L. transiliens, p. pr. of transilire to leap across or over; trans across, over + salire to leap.] Defn: A leap across or from one thing to another. [R.] "An unadvised transiliency." Glanvill. TRANSIRE Trans*i"re, n. Etym: [L. transire to pass through or across, to pass.] (End. Law) Defn: A customhouse clearance for a coasting vessel; a permit. TRANSISTHMIAN Trans*isth"mi*an, a. Defn: Extending across an isthmus, as at Suez or Panama. TRANSIT Trans"it, n. Etym: [L. transitus, from transire to go over: cf. F. transit. See Transient.] 1. The act of passing; passage through or over. In France you are now . . . in the transit from one form of government to another. Burke. 2. The act or process of causing to pass; conveyance; as, the transit of goods through a country. 3. A line or route of passage or conveyance; as, the Nicaragua transit. E. G. Squier. 4. (Astron.) (a) The passage of a heavenly body over the meridian of a place, or through the field of a telescope. (b) The passage of a smaller body across the disk of a larger, as of Venus across the sun's disk, or of a satellite or its shadow across the disk of its primary. 5. An instrument resembling a theodolite, used by surveyors and engineers; -- called also transit compass, and surveyor's transit. Note: The surveyor's transit differs from the theodolite in having the horizontal axis attached directly to the telescope which is not mounted in Y's and can be turned completely over about the axis. Lower transit (Astron.), the passage of a heavenly body across that part of the meridian which is below the polar axis. -- Surveyor's transit. See Transit, 5, above. -- Transit circle (Astron.), a transit instrument with a graduated circle attached, used for observing the time of transit and the declination at one observation. See Circle, n., 3. -- Transit compass. See Transit, 5, above. -- Transit duty, a duty paid on goods that pass through a country. -- Transit instrument. (Astron.) (a) A telescope mounted at right angles to a horizontal axis, on which it revolves with its line of collimation in the plane of the meridian, -- used in connection with a clock for observing the time of transit of a heavenly body over the meridian of a place. (b) (Surv.) A surveyor's transit. See Transit, 5, above. -- Transit trade (Com.), the business conected with the passage of goods through a country to their destination. -- Upper transit (Astron.), the passage of a heavenly body across that part of the meridian which is above the polar axis. TRANSIT Trans"it, v. t. (Astron.) Defn: To pass over the disk of (a heavenly body). TRANSITION Tran*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. transitio: cf. F. transition. See Transient.] 1. Passage from one place or state to another; charge; as, the transition of the weather from hot to cold. There is no death, what seems so is transition. Longfellow. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A direct or indirect passing from one key to another; a modulation. 3. (Rhet.) Defn: A passing from one subject to another. [He] with transition sweet, new speech resumes. Milton. 4. (Biol.) Defn: Change from one form to another. Note: This word is sometimes pronounced tran*sish"un; but according to Walker, Smart, and most other authorities, the customary and preferable pronunciation is tran*sizh"un, although this latter mode violates analogy. Other authorities say tran*zish"un. Transition rocks (Geol.), a term formerly applied to the lowest uncrystalline stratified rocks (graywacke) supposed to contain no fossils, and so called because thought to have been formed when the earth was passing from an uninhabitable to a habitable state. TRANSITIONAL Tran*si"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to transition; involving or denoting transition; as, transitional changes; transitional stage. TRANSITIONARY Tran*si"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Transitional. TRANSITION ZONE Tran*si"tion zone. (Biogeography) Defn: The zone lying between the Boreal and Sonoran zones of North America. It includes an eastern or humid subdivision and a western arid one of corresponding temperature comprising the northern Great Plains and the lower slopes of the mountains of the western United States and Mexico. Called also Neutral zone. TRANSITIVE Tran"si*tive, a. Etym: [L. transitivus: cf. F. transitif. See Transient.] 1. Having the power of making a transit, or passage. [R.] Bacon. 2. Effected by transference of signification. By far the greater part of the transitive or derivative applications of words depend on casual and unaccountable caprices of the feelings or the fancy. Stewart. 3. (Gram.) Defn: Passing over to an object; expressing an action which is not limited to the agent or subject, but which requires an object to complete the sense; as, a transitive verb, for example, he holds the book. -- Tran"si*tive*ly, adv. -- Tran"si*tive*ness, n. TRANSITORILY Tran"si*to*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a transitory manner; with brief continuance. TRANSITORINESS Tran"si*to*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being transitory; speedy passage or departure. TRANSITORY Tran"si*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. transitorius: cf. F. transitoire. See Transient.] Defn: Continuing only for a short time; not enduring; fleeting; evanescent. Comfort and succor all those who, in this transitory life, are in trouble. Bk. of Com. Prayer. It was not the transitory light of a comet, which shines and glows for a wile, and then . . . vanishes into nothing. South. Transitory action (Law), an action which may be brought in any county, as actions for debt, and the like; -- opposed to local action. Blackstone. Bouvier. Syn. -- transient; short-lived; brief. See Transient. TRANSLATABLE Trans*lat"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being translated, or rendered into another language. TRANSLATE Trans*late", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Translated; p. pr. & vb. n. Translating.] Etym: [f. translatus, used as p. p. of transferre to transfer, but from a different root. See Trans-, and Tolerate, and cf. Translation.] 1. To bear, carry, or remove, from one place to another; to transfer; as, to translate a tree. [Archaic] Dryden. In the chapel of St. Catharine of Sienna, they show her head- the rest of her body being translated to Rome. Evelyn. 2. To change to another condition, position, place, or office; to transfer; hence, to remove as by death. 3. To remove to heaven without a natural death. By faith Enoch was translated, that he should not see death; and was not found, because God had translatedhim. Heb. xi. 5. 4. (Eccl.) Defn: To remove, as a bishop, from one see to another. "Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, when the king would have translated him from that poor bishopric to a better, . . . refused." Camden. 5. To render into another language; to express the sense of in the words of another language; to interpret; hence, to explain or recapitulate in other words. Translating into his own clear, pure, and flowing language, what he found in books well known to the world, but too bulky or too dry for boys and girls. Macaulay. 6. To change into another form; to transform. Happy is your grace, That can translatethe stubbornness of fortune Into so quiet and so sweet a style. Shak. 7. (Med.) Defn: To cause to remove from one part of the body to another; as, to translate a disease. 8. To cause to lose senses or recollection; to entrance. [Obs.] J. Fletcher. TRANSLATE Trans*late, v. i. Defn: To make a translation; to be engaged in translation. TRANSLATION Trans*la"tion, n. Etym: [F. translation, L. translatio a transferring, translation, version. See Translate, and cf. Tralation.] 1. The act of translating, removing, or transferring; removal; also, the state of being translated or removed; as, the translation of Enoch; the translation of a bishop. 2. The act of rendering into another language; interpretation; as, the translation of idioms is difficult. 3. That which is obtained by translating something a version; as, a translation of the Scriptures. 4. (Rhet.) Defn: A transfer of meaning in a word or phrase, a metaphor; a tralation. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 5. (Metaph.) Defn: Transfer of meaning by association; association of ideas. A. Tucker. 6. (Kinematics) Defn: Motion in which all the points of the moving body have at any instant the same velocity and direction of motion; -- opposed to rotation. TRANSLATITIOUS Trans`la*ti"tious, a. Etym: [See Tralatitious.] Defn: Metaphorical; tralatitious; also, foreign; exotic. [Obs.] Evelyn. TRANSLATIVE Trans*lat"ive, a. Etym: [L. translativus that is to be transferred: cf. F. translatif.] Defn: tropical; figurative; as, a translative sense. [R.] Puttenham. TRANSLATOR Trans*lat"or, n. Etym: [L. translator: cf. F. translateur.] 1. One who translates; esp., one who renders into another language; one who expresses the sense of words in one language by equivalent words in another. 2. (Teleg.) Defn: A repeating instrument. [Eng.] TRANSLATORSHIP Trans*lat"or*ship, n. Defn: The office or dignity of a translator. TRANSLATORY Trans*lat"o*ry, a. Defn: Serving to translate; transferring. [R.] Arbuthnot. TRANSLATRESS Trans*lat"ress, n. Defn: A woman who translates. TRANSLAVATION Trans`la*va"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. trans- + L. lavatio, -onis, washing.] Defn: A laving or lading from one vessel to another. [Obs.] Holland. TRANSLITERATE Trans*lit"er*ate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. trans- + L. litera, littera letter.] Defn: To express or represent in the characters of another alphabet; as, to transliterate Sanskrit words by means of English letters. A. J. Ellis. TRANSLITERATION Trans*lit`er*a"tion, n. Defn: The act or product of transliterating, or of expressing words of a language by means of the characters of another alphabet. TRANSLOCATION Trans`lo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. trans- + location.] Defn: removal of things from one place to another; substitution of one thing for another. There happened certain translocations at the deluge. Woodward. TRANSLUCENCE; TRANSLUCENCY Trans*lu"cence, Trans*lu"cen*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being translucent; clearness; partial transparency. Sir T. Browne. TRANSLUCENT Trans*lu"cent, a. Etym: [L. translucens, -entis, p. pr. of translucere to shine through; trans across, through = lucere to shine. See Lucid.] 1. Transmitting rays of light without permitting objects to be distinctly seen; partially transparent. 2. Transparent; clear. [Poetic] "Fountain or fresh current . . . translucent, pure." Milton. Replenished from the cool, translucent springs. Pope. Syn. -- Translucent, Transparent. A thing is translucent when it merely admits the passage of light, without enabling us to distinguish the color and outline of objects through it; it is transparent when we can clearly discern objects placed on the other side of it. Glass, water, etc., are transparent; ground glass is translucent; a translucent style. TRANSLUCENTLY Trans*lu"cent*ly, adv. Defn: In a translucent manner. TRANSLUCID Trans*lu"cid, a. Etym: [L. translucidus; trans across, through + lucidus lucid: cf. F. translucide. See Translucent.] Defn: Translucent. [R.] Bacon. TRANSLUNARY Trans"lu*na*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. trans- + L. luna moon.] Defn: Being or lying beyond the moon; hence, ethereal; -- opposed to sublunary. [Obs.] Marlowe, bathed in the Thespian springs, Had in him those brave, translunary things That the first poets had. Drayton. TRANSMARINE Trans`ma*rine", a. Etym: [L. transmarinus; trans beyond + marinus marine: cf. F. transmarin. See Marine.] Defn: Lying or being beyond the sea. Howell. TRANSMEABLE; TRANSMEATABLE Trans"me*a*ble, Trans`me*at"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. transmeabilis.] Defn: Capable of being passed over or traversed; passable. [Obs.] TRANSMEATE Trans"me*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. transmeatus, p. p. of transmeare to pass across; trans across, over + meare to go.] Defn: To pass over or beyond. [Obs.] TRANSMEATION Trans`me*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of transmeating; a passing through or beyond. [Obs.] TRANSMEW Trans*mew", v. t. & i. Etym: [F. transmuer, L. transmutare. See Transmute.] Defn: To transmute; to transform; to metamorphose. [Archaic] Chaucer. Spenser. To transmew thyself from a holy hermit into a sinful forester. Sir W. Scott. TRANSMIGRANT Trans"mi*grant, a. Etym: [L. transmigrans, p. pr. See Transmigrate.] Defn: Migrating or passing from one place or state to another; passing from one residence to another. -- n. Defn: One who transmigrates. TRANSMIGRATE Trans"mi*grate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Transmigrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Transmigrating.] Etym: [L. transmigrare, transmigratum; trans across + migrare to migrate. See Migrate.] 1. To pass from one country or jurisdiction to another for the purpose of residence, as men or families; to migrate. 2. To pass from one body or condition into another. Their may transmigrate into each other. Howell. TRANSMIGRATION Trans`mi*gra"tion, n. Etym: [F. transmigration, L. transmigratio.] 1. The act of passing from one country to another; migration. 2. The passing of the soul at death into another mortal body; metempsychosis. TRANSMIGRATOR Trans"mi*gra`tor, n. Defn: One who transmigrates. J. Ellis. TRANSMIGRATORY Trans*mi"gra*to*ry, a. Defn: Passing from one body or state to another. TRANSMISSIBILITY Trans*mis`si*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. transmissibilité.] Defn: The quality of being transmissible. TRANSMISSIBLE Trans*mis"si*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. transmissible.] Defn: Capable of being transmitted from one to another; capable of being passed through any body or substance. TRANSMISSION Trans*mis"sion, n. Etym: [L. transmissio; cf. F. transmission. See Transmit.] 1. The act of transmitting, or the state of being transmitted; as, the transmission of letters, writings, papers, news, and the like, from one country to another; the transmission of rights, titles, or privileges, from father to son, or from one generation to another. 2. (Law) Defn: The right possessed by an heir or legatee of transmitting to his successor or successors any inheritance, legacy, right, or privilege, to which he is entitled, even if he should die without enjoying or exercising it. TRANSMISSION DYNAMOMETER Trans*mis"sion dy`na*mom"e*ter. (Mach.) Defn: A dynamometer in which power is measured, without being absorbed or used up, during transmission. TRANSMISSIONIST Trans*mis"sion*ist, n. Defn: An adherent of a theory, the transmission theory, that the brain serves to "transmit," rather than to originate, conclusions, and hence that consciousness may exist independently of the brain. TRANSMISSIVE Trans*mis"sive, a. Defn: Capable of being transmitted; derived, or handed down, from one to another. Itself a sun, it with transmissive light Enlivens worlds denied to human sight. Prior. TRANSMIT Trans*mit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transmitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Transmitting.] Etym: [L. transmittere, transmissum; trans across, over + mittere to send: cf. F. transmettre. See Missile.] 1. To cause to pass over or through; to communicate by sending; to send from one person or place to another; to pass on or down as by inheritance; as, to transmit a memorial; to transmit dispatches; to transmit money, or bills of exchange, from one country to another. The ancientest fathers must be next removed, as Clement of Alexandria, and that Eusebian book of evangelic preparation, transmitting our ears through a hoard of heathenish obscenities to receive the gospel. Milton. The scepter of that kingdom continued to be transmitted in the dynasty of Castile. Prescott. 2. To suffer to pass through; as, glass transmits light; metals transmit, or conduct, electricity. TRANSMITTAL Trans*mit"tal, n. Defn: Transmission. Swift. TRANSMITTANCE Trans*mit"tance, n. Defn: Transmission. TRANSMITTER Trans*mit"ter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, transmits; specifically, that portion of a telegraphic or telephonic instrument by means of which a message is sent; -- opposed to receiver. TRANSMITTIBLE Trans*mit"ti*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being transmitted; transmissible. TRANSMOGRIFICATION Trans*mog`ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of transmogrifying, or the state of being transmogrified; transformation. [Colloq.] Clive, who wrote me about the transmogrification of our schoolfellow, an attorney's son. Thackeray. TRANSMOGRIFY Trans*mog"ri*fy, v. t. Etym: [A humorous coinage.] Defn: To change into a different shape; to transform. [Colloq.] Fielding. TRANSMOVE Trans*move", v. t. Etym: [Pref. trans + move.] Defn: To move or change from one state into another; to transform. [Obs.] Spenser. TRANSMUTABILITY Trans*mu`ta*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. transmutabilité.] Defn: The quality of being transmutable. TRANSMUTABLE Trans*mut"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. transmutable. See Transmute.] Defn: Capable of being transmuted or changed into a different substance, or into into something of a different form a nature; transformable. The fluids and solids of an animal body are easily transmutable into one another. Arbuthnot. -- Trans*mut"a*ble*ness, n. -- Trans*mut"a*bly, adv. TRANSMUTATION Trans`mu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [F. transmutation, L. transmutatio. See Transmute.] 1. The act of transmuting, or the state of being transmuted; as, the transmutation of metals. 2. (Geom.) Defn: The change or reduction of one figure or body into another of the same area or solidity, but of a different form, as of a triangle into a square. [R.] 3. (Biol.) Defn: The change of one species into another, which is assumed to take place in any development theory of life; transformism. Bacon. Transmutation of metals (Alchem.), the conversion of base metals into gold or silver, a process often attempted by the alchemists. See Alchemy, and Philosopher's stone, under Philosopher. TRANSMUTATIONIST Trans`mu*ta"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who believes in the transmutation of metals or of species. TRANSMUTE Trans*mute", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transmuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Transmuting.] Etym: [L. transmutare, transmutatum; trans across + mutare to change. See Mutable, and cf. Transmew.] Defn: To change from one nature, form, or substance, into another; to transform. The caresses of parents and the blandishments of friends transmute us into idols. Buckminster. Transmuting sorrow into golden joy Free from alloy. H. Smith. TRANSMUTER Trans*mut"er, n. Defn: One who transmutes. TRANSMUTUAL Trans*mu"tu*al, a. Etym: [Pref. trans + mutual.] Defn: Reciprocal; commutual. [R.] Coleridge. TRANSNATATION Trans`na*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. transnatare to swim over; trans across, over + natare to swim.] Defn: The act of swimming across, as a river. TRANSNATURE Trans*na"ture, v. t. Etym: [Pref. trans- + nature.] Defn: To transfer or transform the nature of. [Obs.] We are transelemented, or transnatured. Jewel. TRANSOM Tran"som, n. Etym: [Probably fr. L. transtrum a crossbeam, transom, from trans across. Cf. Trestle.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A horizontal crossbar in a window, over a door, or between a door and a window above it. Transom is the horizontal, as mullion is the vertical, bar across an opening. See Illust. of Mullion. 2. (Naut.) Defn: One of the principal transverse timbers of the stern, bolted to the sternpost and giving shape to the stern structure; -- called also transsummer. 3. (Gun.) Defn: The piece of wood or iron connecting the cheeks of some gun carriages. 4. (Surg.) Defn: The vane of a cross-staff. Chambers. 5. (Railroad) Defn: One of the crossbeams connecting the side frames of a truck with each other. Transom knees (Shipbuilding), knees bolted to the transoms and after timbers. -- Transom window. (Arch.) (a) A window divided horizontally by a transom or transoms. (b) A window over a door, with a transom between. TRANSPADANE Trans"pa*dane`, a. Etym: [L. transpadanus; trans across + Padus the Po.] Defn: Lying or being on the further side of the river Po with reference to Rome, that is, on the north side; -- opposed to cispadane. TRANSPALATINE Trans*pal"a*tine, a. Etym: [Pref. trans- + palatine.] (Anat.) Defn: Situated beyond or outside the palatine bone; -- said of a bone in the skull of some reptiles. TRANSPARE Trans*pare", v. t. & i. Etym: [See Transparent.] Defn: To be, or cause to be, transparent; to appear, or cause to appear, or be seen, through something. [Obs.] Stirling. TRANSPARENCE Trans*par"ence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. transparence.] Defn: The quality or state of being transparent; transparency. TRANSPARENCY Trans*par"en*cy, n.; pl. Transparencies. Etym: [Cf. F. transparence.] 1. The quality or condition of being transparent; transparence. 2. That which is transparent; especially, a picture painted on thin cloth or glass, or impressed on porcelain, or the like, to be viewed by natural or artificial light, which shines through it. Fairholt. TRANSPARENT Trans*par"ent, a. Etym: [F., from LL. transparens, -entis, p. pr. of transparere to be transparent; L. trans across, through + parere to appear. See Appear.] 1. Having the property of transmitting rays of light, so that bodies can be distinctly seen through; pervious to light; diaphanous; pellucid; as, transparent glass; a transparent diamond; -- opposed to Ant: opaque. "Transparent elemental air." Milton. 2. Admitting the passage of light; open; porous; as, a transparent veil. Dryden. Syn. -- Translucent; pellucid; clear; bright; limpid; lucid; diaphanous. See Translucent. -- Trans*par"ent*ly, adv. -- Trans*par"ent*ness, n. TRANSPASS Trans*pass", v. t. Etym: [Pref. trans- + pass: cf. LL. transpassare. Cf. Trespass.] Defn: To pass over; as, Alexander transpassed the river. [Obs.] J. Gregory. TRANSPASS Trans*pass", v. i. Defn: To pass by; to pass away. [Obs.] TRANSPASSABLE Trans*pass"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being transpassed, or crossed over. [Obs.] TRANSPATRONIZE Trans*pat"ron*ize, v. t. Etym: [Trans- + patronize.] Defn: To transfer the patronage of. [Obs.] Warner. TRANSPECIATE Tran*spe"ci*ate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. trans- + L. species form.] Defn: To change from one species to another; to transform. [Obs.] Power to transpeciate a man into a horse. Sir T. Browne. TRANSPICUOUS Tran*spic"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. transpicere to see or look through + specere, spicere, to see. Cf. Conspicuous.] Defn: Transparent; pervious to the sight. [R.] "The wide, transpicuous air." Milton. TRANSPIERCE Trans*pierce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transpierced; p. pr. & vb. n. Transpiercing.] Etym: [Pref. trans- + pierce: cf. F. transpercer.] Defn: To pierce through; to penetrate; to permeate; to pass through. The sides transpierced return a rattling sound. Dryden. TRANSPIRABLE Tran*spir"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. transpirable.] Defn: Capable of being transpired, or of transpiring. TRANSPIRATION Tran`spi*ra"tion, n. Etym: [F. transpiration.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: The act or process of transpiring or excreting in the form of vapor; exhalation, as through the skin or other membranes of the body; as, pulmonary transpiration, or the excretion of aqueous vapor from the lungs. Perspiration is a form of transpiration. Cudworth. 2. (bot.) Defn: The evaporation of water, or exhalation of aqueous vapor, from cells and masses of tissue. 3. (Physics) Defn: The passing of gases through fine tubes, porous substances, or the like; as, transpiration through membranes. TRANSPIRATORY Tran*spir"a*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or relating to transpiration. TRANSPIRE Tran*spire", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Transpired; p. pr. & vb. n. Transpiring.] Etym: [F. transpirer; L. trans across, through + spirare to breathe. See Spirit.] 1. (Physiol.) Defn: To pass off in the form of vapor or insensible perspiration; to exhale. 2. (Bot.) Defn: To evaporate from living cells. 3. To escape from secrecy; to become public; as, the proceedings of the council soon transpired. The story of Paulina's and Maximilian's mutual attachment had transpired through many of the travelers. De Quincey. 4. To happen or come to pass; to occur. Note: This sense of the word, which is of comparatively recent introduction, is common in the United States, especially in the language of conversation and of newspaper writers, and is used to some extent in England. Its use, however, is censured by critics of both countries. TRANSPIRE Tran*spire", v. t. 1. (Physiol.) Defn: To excrete through the skin; to give off in the form of vapor; to exhale; to perspire. 2. (Bot.) Defn: To evaporate (moisture) from living cells. TRANSPLACE Trans*place", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transplaced; p. pr. & vb. n. Transplacing.] Etym: [Pref. trans- + place.] Defn: To remove across some space; to put in an opposite or another place. [R.] It [an obelisk] was transplaced . . . from the left side of the Vatican into a more eminent place. Bp. Wilkins. TRANSPLANT Trans*plant", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transplanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Transplanting.] Etym: [F. transplanter, L. transplantare; trans across, over + plantare to plant. See Plant.] 1. To remove, and plant in another place; as, to transplant trees. Dryden. 2. To remove, and settle or establish for residence in another place; as, to transplant inhabitants. Being transplanted out of his cold, barren diocese of St. David into a warmer climate. Clarendon. TRANSPLANTATION Trans`plan*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. transplantation.] 1. The act of transplanting, or the state of being transplanted; also, removal. The transplantation of Ulysses to Sparta. Broome. 2. (Surg.) Defn: The removal of tissues from a healthy part, and the insertion of them in another place where there is a lesion; as, the transplantation of tissues in autoplasty. 3. (Surg.) Defn: The removal of a bodily organ or of tissues from one person, and the insertion of them into another person to replace a damaged organ or tissue; as, the transplantation of a heart, kidney, or liver. TRANSPLANTER Trans*plant"er, n. Defn: One who transplants; also, a machine for transplanting trees. TRANSPLENDENCY Tran*splen"den*cy, n. Defn: Quality or state of being transplendent. [R.] Dr. H. More. TRANSPLENDENT Tran*splen"dent, a. Etym: [Trans- + splendent.] Defn: Resplendent in the highest degree. [R.] -- Tran*splen"dent*ly, adv. [R.] TRANSPORT Trans*port", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transported; p. pr. & vb. n. Transporting.] Etym: [F. transporter, L. transportare; trans across + portare to carry. See Port bearing, demeanor.] 1. To carry or bear from one place to another; to remove; to convey; as, to transport goods; to transport troops. Hakluyt. 2. To carry, or cause to be carried, into banishment, as a criminal; to banish. 3. To carry away with vehement emotion, as joy, sorrow, complacency, anger, etc.; to ravish with pleasure or ecstasy; as, music transports the soul. [They] laugh as if transported with some fit Of passion. Milton. We shall then be transported with a nobler . . . wonder. South. TRANSPORT Trans"port, n. Etym: [F. See Transport, v.] 1. Transportation; carriage; conveyance. The Romans . . . stipulated with the Carthaginians to furnish them with ships for transport and war. Arbuthnot. 2. A vessel employed for transporting, especially for carrying soldiers, warlike stores, or provisions, from one place to another, or to convey convicts to their destination; -- called also transport ship, transport vessel. 3. Vehement emotion; passion; ecstasy; rapture. With transport views the airy rule his own, And swells on an imaginary throne. Pope. Say not, in transports of despair, That all your hopes are fled. Doddridge. 4. A convict transported, or sentenced to exile. TRANSPORTABILITY Trans*port`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being transportable. TRANSPORTABLE Trans*port"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. transportable.] 1. Capable of being transported. 2. Incurring, or subject to, the punishment of transportation; as, a transportable offense. TRANSPORTAL Trans*port"al, n. Defn: Transportation; the act of removing from one locality to another. "The transportal of seeds in the wool or fur of quadrupeds." Darwin. TRANSPORTANCE Trans*port"ance, n. Defn: Transportation. [Obs.] "Give me swift transportance." Shak. TRANSPORTANT Trans*port"ant, a. Defn: Transporting; as, transportant love. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. TRANSPORTATION Trans`por*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. transportatio: cf. F. transportation.] 1. The act of transporting, or the state of being transported; carriage from one place to another; removal; conveyance. To provide a vessel for their transportation. Sir H. Wotton. 2. Transport; ecstasy. [R.] South. TRANSPORTED Trans*port"ed, a. Defn: Conveyed from one place to another; figuratively, carried away with passion or pleasure; entranced. -- Trans*port"ed*ly, adv. -- Trans*port"ed*ness, n. TRANSPORTER Trans*port"er, n. Defn: One who transports. TRANSPORTING Trans*port"ing, a. Defn: That transports; fig., ravishing. Your transporting chords ring out. Keble. TRANSPORTINGLY Trans*port"ing*ly, adv. Defn: So as to transport. TRANSPORTMENT Trans*port"ment, n. Defn: The act of transporting, or the state of being transported; transportation. [R.] TRANSPOSABLE Trans*pos"a*ble, a. Defn: That may transposed; as, a transposable phrase. TRANSPOSAL Trans*pos"al, n. Defn: The act of transposing, or the state of being transposed; transposition. TRANSPOSE Trans*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transposed; p. pr. & vb. n. Transposing.] Etym: [F. transposer; pref. trans- (L. trans across) + poser to put. See Pose.] 1. To change the place or order of; to substitute one for the other of; to exchange, in respect of position; as, to transpose letters, words, or propositions. 2. To change; to transform; to invert. [R.] Things base and vile, holding no quantity, Love can transpose to form and dignity. Shak. 3. (Alg.) Defn: To bring, as any term of an equation, from one side over to the other, without destroying the equation; thus, if a + b = c, and we make a = c - b, then b is said to be transposed. 4. (Gram.) Defn: To change the natural order of, as words. 5. (Mus.) Defn: To change the key of. TRANSPOSER Trans*pos"er, n. Defn: One who transposes. TRANSPOSITION Trans`po*si"tion, n. Etym: [F. transposition, from L. transponere, transpositum, to set over, remove, transfer; trans across, over + ponere to place. See Position.] Defn: The act of transposing, or the state of being transposed. Specifically: --(a) (Alg.) Defn: The bringing of any term of an equation from one side over to the other without destroying the equation. (b) (Gram.) A change of the natural order of words in a sentence; as, the Latin and Greek languages admit transposition, without inconvenience, to a much greater extent than the English. (c) (Mus.) A change of a composition into another key. TRANSPOSITIONAL Trans`po*si"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to transposition; involving transposition. Pegge. TRANSPOSITIVE Trans*pos"i*tive, a. Defn: Made by transposing; consisting in transposition; transposable. TRANSPRINT Trans*print", v. t. Etym: [Pref. trans- + print.] Defn: To transfer to the wrong place in printing; to print out of place. [R.] Coleridge. TRANSPROSE Trans*prose", v. t. Etym: [Pref. trans- + prose.] Defn: To change from prose into verse; to versify; also, to change from verse into prose. [Obs.] Dryden. TRANSREGIONATE Trans*re"gion*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. trans- + region.] Defn: Foreign. [Obs.] Holinshed. TRANSSHAPE Trans*shape", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transshaped; p. pr. & vb. n. Transshaping.] Etym: [Pref.trans- + shape.] Defn: To change into another shape or form; to transform. [Written also transhape.] Shak. TRANSSHIP Trans*ship", v. t. Etym: [Pref. trans- + ship.] Defn: To transfer from one ship or conveyance to another. [Written also tranship.] TRANSSHIPMENT Trans*ship"ment, n. Defn: The act of transshipping, or transferring, as goods, from one ship or conveyance to another. [Written also transhipment.] TRANSSUMMER Trans"sum`mer, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Transom, 2. TRANSUBSTANTIATE Tran`sub*stan"ti*ate, v. t. Etym: [LL. transubstantiatus, p. p. of transubstantiare to transubstantiate; L. trans across, over + substantia substance. See Substance.] 1. To change into another substance. [R.] The spider love which transubstantiates all, And can convert manna to gall. Donne. 2. (R. C. Theol.) Defn: To change, as the sacramental elements, bread and wine, into the flesh and blood of Christ. TRANSUBSTANTIATION Tran`sub*stan`ti*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. transubstantiatio: cf. F. transsubstantiation.] 1. A change into another substance. 2. (R. C. Theol.) Defn: The doctrine held by Roman Catholics, that the bread and wine in the Mass is converted into the body and blood of Christ; -- distinguished from consubstantiation, and impanation. TRANSUBSTANTIATOR Tran`sub*stan"ti*a`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. transsubstantiateur.] Defn: One who maintains the doctrine of transubstantiation. Barrow. TRANSUDATION Tran`su*da"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. transsudation.] 1. The act or process of transuding. 2. (Physics) Defn: Same as Exosmose. TRANSUDATORY Tran*su"da*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to transudation; passing by transudation. TRANSUDE Tran*sude", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Transuded; p. pr. & vb. n. Transuding.] Etym: [Pref. trans- + L. sudare to sweat: cf. F. transsuder.] Defn: To pass, as perspirable matter does, through the pores or interstices of textures; as, liquor may transude through leather or wood. TRANSUME Tran*sume", v. t. Etym: [L. transumere, transsumere, to take from one to another; trans across + sumere to take.] Defn: To change; to convert. [R.] Crashaw. TRANSUMPT Tran*sumpt", n. Etym: [L. transumere, transumptum, to take from one to another, in LL., to transcribe. See Transume.] Defn: A copy or exemplification of a record. [Obs.] Lord Herbert. TRANSUMPTION Tran*sump"tion, n. Etym: [L. transumptio.] Defn: Act of taking from one place to another. [R.] South. TRANSUMPTIVE Tran*sump"tive, a. Etym: [L. transumptivus.] Defn: Taking from one to another; metaphorical. [R.] "A transumptive kind of speech." Drayton. Fictive, descriptive, digressive, transumptive, and withal definitive. Lowell. TRANSVASATE Trans*va"sate, v. t. Etym: [See Transvasation.] Defn: To pour out of one vessel into another. [Obs.] Cudworth. TRANSVASATION Trans`va*sa"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. trans- + L. vas, vasis, vessel.] Defn: The act or process of pouring out of one vessel into another. [Obs.] Holland. TRANSVECTION Trans*vec"tion, n. Etym: [L. transvectio, from transvehere to carry across; trans across + vehere to carry.] Defn: The act of conveying or carrying over. [R.] TRANSVERBERATE Trans*ver"ber*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. transverberatus, p. p. of transverberare to strike or pierce through.] Defn: To beat or strike through. [Obs.] TRANSVERSAL Trans*ver"sal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. transversal. See Transverse.] Defn: Running or lying across; transverse; as, a transversal line. -- Trans*ver"sal*ly, adv. TRANSVERSAL Trans*ver"sal, n. Etym: [Cf. F. transversale.] (Geom.) Defn: A straight line which traverses or intersects any system of other lines, as a line intersecting the three sides of a triangle or the sides produced. TRANSVERSE Trans*verse", a. Etym: [L. transversus, p. p. of transvertere to turn on direct across; trans across + vertere to turn: cf. F. transverse. See Verse, and cf. Traverse.] Defn: Lying or being across, or in a crosswise direction; athwart; -- often opposed to Ant: longitudinal. Transverse axis (of an ellipse or hyperbola) (Geom.), that axis which passes through the foci. -- Transverse partition (Bot.), a partition, as of a pericarp, at right angles with the valves, as in the siliques of mustard. TRANSVERSE Trans"verse, n. 1. Anything that is transverse or athwart. 2. (Geom.) Defn: The longer, or transverse, axis of an ellipse. TRANSVERSE Trans*verse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transversed; p. pr. & vb. n. Transversing.] Defn: To overturn; to change. [R.] C. Leslie. TRANSVERSE Trans*verse", v. t. Etym: [Pref. trans- + verse, n. Cf.Transpose.] Defn: To change from prose into verse, or from verse into prose. [Obs.] Duke of Buckingham. TRANSVERSELY Trans*verse"ly, adv. Defn: In a transverse manner. TRANSVERSION Trans*ver"sion, n. Defn: The act of changing from prose into verse, or from verse into prose. TRANSVERT Trans*vert", v. t. Etym: [L. transvertere. See Transverse, a.] Defn: To cause to turn across; to transverse. [Obs.] Craft of Lovers (1448). TRANSVERTIBLE Trans*vert"i*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being transverted. [R.] Sir T. Browne. TRANSVOLATION Trans`vo*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. transvolare to fly over or across; trans across + volare to fly.] Defn: The act of flying beyond or across. Jer. Taylor. TRANT Trant, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OD. tranten to walk slowly, LG. & D. trant walk, pace.] Defn: To traffic in an itinerary manner; to peddle. [Written also traunt.] [Obs.] TRANTER Trant"er, n. Defn: One who trants; a peddler; a carrier. [Written also traunter.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] TRAP Trap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Trapping.] Etym: [Akin to OE. trappe trappings, and perhaps from an Old French word of the same origin as E. drab a kind of cloth.] Defn: To dress with ornaments; to adorn; -- said especially of horses. Steeds . . . that trapped were in steel all glittering. Chaucer. To deck his hearse, and trap his tomb-black steed. Spenser. There she found her palfrey trapped In purple blazoned with armorial gold. Tennyson. TRAP Trap, n. Etym: [Sw. trapp; akin to trappa stairs, Dan. trappe, G. treppe, D. trap; -- so called because the rocks of this class often occur in large, tabular masses, rising above one another, like steps. See Tramp.] (Geol.) Defn: An old term rather loosely used to designate various dark- colored, heavy igneous rocks, including especially the feldspathic- augitic rocks, basalt, dolerite, amygdaloid, etc., but including also some kinds of diorite. Called also trap rock. Trap tufa, Trap tuff, a kind of fragmental rock made up of fragments and earthy materials from trap rocks. TRAP Trap, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to trap rock; as, a trap dike. TRAP Trap, n. Etym: [OE. trappe, AS. treppe; akin to OD.trappe, OHG. trapo; probably fr. the root of E. tramp, as that which is trod upon: cf. F. trappe, which is trod upon: cf. F. trappe, which perhaps influenced the English word.] 1. A machine or contrivance that shuts suddenly, as with a spring, used for taking game or other animals; as, a trap for foxes. She would weep if that she saw a mouse Caught in a trap. Chaucer. 2. Fig.: A snare; an ambush; a stratagem; any device by which one may be caught unawares. Let their table be made a snare and a trap. Rom. xi. 9. God and your majesty Protect mine innocence, or I fall into The trap is laid for me! Shak. 3. A wooden instrument shaped somewhat like a shoe, used in the game of trapball. It consists of a pivoted arm on one end of which is placed the ball to be thrown into the air by striking the other end. Also, a machine for throwing into the air glass balls, clay pigeons, etc., to be shot at. 4. The game of trapball. 5. A bend, sag, or partitioned chamber, in a drain, soil pipe, sewer, etc., arranged so that the liquid contents form a seal which prevents passage of air or gas, but permits the flow of liquids. 6. A place in a water pipe, pump, etc., where air accumulates for want of an outlet. 7. A wagon, or other vehicle. [Colloq.] Thackeray. 8. A kind of movable stepladder. Knight. Trap stairs, a staircase leading to a trapdoor. -- Trap tree (Bot.) the jack; -- so called because it furnishes a kind of birdlime. See 1st Jack. TRAP Trap, v. t. Etym: [AS. treppan. See Trap a snare.] 1. To catch in a trap or traps; as, to trap foxes. 2. Fig.: To insnare; to take by stratagem; to entrap. "I trapped the foe." Dryden. 3. To provide with a trap; to trap a drain; to trap a sewer pipe. See 4th Trap, 5. TRAP Trap, v. i. Defn: To set traps for game; to make a business of trapping game; as, to trap for beaver. TRAPAN Tra*pan", n. Etym: [OF. trappan. See Trap, and cf. Trepan a snare.] Defn: A snare; a stratagem; a trepan. See 3d Trepan. South. TRAPAN Tra*pan", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trapanned; p. pr. & vb. n. Trapanning.] Defn: To insnare; to catch by stratagem; to entrap; to trepan. Having some of his people trapanned at Baldivia. Anson. TRAPANNER Tra*pan"ner, n. Defn: One who trapans, or insnares. TRAPBALL Trap"ball`, n. Defn: An old game of ball played with a trap. See 4th Trap, 4. TRAPDOOR Trap"door`, n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: A lifting or sliding door covering an opening in a roof or floor. 2. (Mining) Defn: A door in a level for regulating the ventilating current; -- called also weather door. Raymond. Trapdoor spider (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large spiders which make a nest consisting of a vertical hole in the earth, lined with a hinged lid, like a trapdoor. Most of the species belong to the genus Cteniza, as the California species (C. Californica). TRAPE Trape, v. i. Etym: [See Tramp, and cf. Traipse.] Defn: To walk or run about in an idle or slatternly manner; to traipse. [Obs. or Colloq.] TRAPES Trapes, n. Etym: [See Trape.] Defn: A slattern; an idle, sluttish, or untidy woman. [Obs. or Colloq.] TRAPES Trapes, v. i. Defn: To go about in an idle or slatternly fashion; to trape; to traipse. [Colloq.] Thackeray. TRAPEZATE Trap"e*zate, a. Etym: [See Trapezium.] Defn: Having the form of a trapezium; trapeziform. TRAPEZE Tra*peze", n. Etym: [Cf. F. trapèze.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A trapezium. See Trapezium, 1. 2. A swinging horizontal bar, suspended at each end by a rope; -- used by gymnasts. TRAPEZIFORM Tra*pe"zi*form, a. Etym: [Trapezium + -form: cf. F. trapéziforme.] Defn: Having the form of a trapezium; trapezoid. TRAPEZIUM Tra*pe"zi*um, n.; pl. E. Trapeziums, L. Trapezia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Tetra-) + Foot.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A plane figure bounded by four right lines, of which no two are parallel. 2. (Anat.) (a) A bone of the carpus at the base of the first metacarpal, or thumb. (b) A region on the ventral side of the brain, either just back of the pons Varolii, or, as in man, covered by the posterior extension of its transverse fibers. TRAPEZOHEDRAL Trap`e*zo*he"dral, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a trapezohedron. TRAPEZOHEDRON Trap`e*zo*he"dron, n. Etym: [NL., from trapezium + Gr. (Crystalloq.) (a) A solid bounded by twenty-four equal and similar trapeziums; a tetragonal trisoctahedron. See the Note under Trisoctahedron. (b) A tetartohedral solid of the hexagonal system, bounded by six trapezoidal planes. The faces of this form are common on quartz crystals. TRAPEZOID Trap"e*zoid, n. Etym: [Gr. trapézoïde. See Trapezium.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A plane four-sided figure, having two sides parallel to each other. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A bone of the carpus at the base of the second metacarpal, or index finger. TRAPEZOID Trap"e*zoid, a. 1. Having the form of a trapezoid; trapezoidal; as, the trapezoid ligament which connects the coracoid process and the clavicle. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the trapezoid ligament; as, the trapezoid line. TRAPEZOIDAL Trap`e*zoid"al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. trapézoïdal.] 1. Having the form of a trapezoid; trapezoid. 2. (Min.) Defn: Tranpezohedral. TRAPHOLE Trap"hole, n. (Mil.) Defn: See Trou-de-loup. TRAPPEAN Trap"pe*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. trappéen. See Trap a kind of rock.] (Min.) Defn: Of or pertaining to trap; being of the nature of trap. TRAPPER Trap"per, n. Etym: [From Trap to insnare.] 1. One who traps animals; one who makes a business of trapping animals for their furs. W. Irving. 2. (Mining) Defn: A boy who opens and shuts a trapdoor in a gallery or level. Raymond. TRAPPINGS Trap"pings, n. pl. Etym: [From Trap to dress with ornaments.] 1. That which serves to trap or adorn; ornaments; dress; superficial decorations. Trappings of life, for ornament, not use. Dryden. These but the trappings and the suits of woe. Shak. 2. Specifically, ornaments to be put on horses. Caparisons and steeds, Bases and tinsel trappings. Milton. TRAPPIST Trap"pist, n. Etym: [F. trappiste.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A monk belonging to a branch of the Cistercian Order, which was established by Armand de Rancé in 1660 at the monastery of La Trappe in Normandy. Extreme austerity characterizes their discipline. They were introduced permanently into the United States in 1848, and have monasteries in Iowa and Kentucky. TRAPPOUS Trap"pous, n. Etym: [From Trap a kind of rock.] (Min.) Defn: Of or performance to trap; resembling trap, or partaking of its form or qualities; trappy. TRAPPURES Trap"pures, n. pl. Etym: [See Trap to dress.] Defn: Trappings for a horse. [Obs.] Chaucer. TRAPPY Trap"py, a. (Min.) Defn: Same as Trappous. TRAPS Traps, n. pl. Etym: [See Trappings, and Trap to dress.] Defn: Small or portable articles for dress, furniture, or use; goods; luggage; things. [Colloq.] TRAP SHOOTING Trap shooting. (Sport) Defn: Shooting at pigeons liberated, or glass balls or clay pigeons sprung into the air, from a trap. -- Trap shooter. TRAPSTICK Trap"stick`, n. Defn: A stick used in playing the game of trapball; hence, fig., a slender leg. Addison. TRASH Trash, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. tros rubbish, leaves, and twigs picked up for fuel, trassi a slovenly fellow, Sw. trasa a rag, tatter.] 1. That which is worthless or useless; rubbish; refuse. Who steals my purse steals trash. Shak. A haunch of venison would be trash to a Brahmin. Landor. 2. Especially, loppings and leaves of trees, bruised sugar cane, or the like. Note: In the West Indies, the decayed leaves and stems of canes are called field trash; the bruised or macerated rind of canes is called cane trash; and both are called trash. B. Edwards. 3. A worthless person. [R.] Shak. 4. A collar, leash, or halter used to restrain a dog in pursuing game. Markham. Trash ice, crumbled ice mixed with water. TRASH Trash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Trashing.] 1. To free from trash, or worthless matter; hence, to lop; to crop, as to trash the rattoons of sugar cane. B. Edwards. 2. To treat as trash, or worthless matter; hence, to spurn, humiliate, or crush. [Obs.] 3. To hold back by a trash or leash, as a dog in pursuing game; hence, to retard, encumber, or restrain; to clog; to hinder vexatiously. [R.] Beau. & Fl. TRASH Trash, v. i. Defn: To follow with violence and trampling. [R.] The Puritan (1607). TRASHILY Trash"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a trashy manner. TRASHINESS Trash"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being trashy. TRASHY Trash"y, a. [Compar. Trashier; superl. Trashiest.] Defn: Like trash; containing much trash; waste; rejected; worthless; useless; as, a trashy novel. TRASS Trass, n. Etym: [D. tras or Gr. trass, probably fr. It. terrazzo terrace. See Terrace.] (Geol.) Defn: A white to gray volcanic tufa, formed of decomposed trachytic cinders; -- sometimes used as a cement. Hence, a coarse sort of plaster or mortar, durable in water, and used to line cisterns and other reservoirs of water. [Formerly written also tarras, tarrace, terras.] Note: The Dutch trass is made by burning and grinding a soft grayish rock found on the lower Rhine. TRAULISM Trau"lism, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A stammering or stuttering. [Obs.] Dalgarno. TRAUMATIC Trau*mat"ic, a. Etym: [L. traumaticus, Gr. traumatique.] (Med.) (a) Of or pertaining to wounds; applied to wounds. Coxe. (b) Adapted to the cure of wounds; vulnerary. Wiseman. (c) Produced by wounds; as, traumatic tetanus. -- n. Defn: A traumatic medicine. TRAUMATISM Trau"ma*tism, n. (Med.) Defn: A wound or injury directly produced by causes external to the body; also, violence producing a wound or injury; as, rupture of the stomach caused by traumatism. TRAUNCE Traunce, n. & v. Defn: See Trance. [Obs.] TRAUNT Traunt, v. i. Defn: Same as Trant. [Obs.] TRAUNTER Traunt"er, n. Defn: Same as Tranter. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] TRAVAIL Trav"ail (; 48), n. Etym: [F. travail; cf. Pr. trabalh, trebalh, toil, torment, torture; probably from LL. trepalium a place where criminals are tortured, instrument of torture. But the French word may be akin to L. trabs a beam, or have been influenced by a derivative from trabs (cf. Trave). Cf. Travel.] 1. Labor with pain; severe toil or exertion. As everything of price, so this doth require travail. Hooker. 2. Parturition; labor; as, an easy travail. TRAVAIL Trav"ail, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Travailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Travailing.] Etym: [F. travailler, OF. traveillier, travaillier, to labor, toil, torment; cf. Pr. trebalhar to torment, agitate. See Travail, n.] 1. To labor with pain; to toil. [Archaic] "Slothful persons which will not travail for their livings." Latimer. 2. To suffer the pangs of childbirth; to be in labor. TRAVAIL Trav"ail, v. t Defn: To harass; to tire. [Obs.] As if all these troubles had not been sufficient to travail the realm, a great division fell among the nobility. Hayward. TRAVAILOUS Trav"ail*ous, a. Defn: Causing travail; laborious. [Obs.] Wyclif. -- Trav"ail*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] Wyclif. TRAVE Trave, n. Etym: [Through French, fr. L. trabs, trabis, a beam; cf. OF. tref a beam, also F. travail a frame to confine a horse, OE. trave, trevys, travise, It. travaglio, F. travée the space between two beams.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A crossbeam; a lay of joists. Maundrell. 2. A wooden frame to confine an unruly horse or ox while shoeing. She sprung as a colt doth in the trave. Chaucer. TRAVEL Trav"el, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Traveled or Travelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Traveling or Travelling.] Etym: [Properly, to labor, and the same word as travail.] 1. To labor; to travail. [Obsoles.] Hooker. 2. To go or march on foot; to walk; as, to travel over the city, or through the streets. 3. To pass by riding, or in any manner, to a distant place, or to many places; to journey; as, a man travels for his health; he is traveling in California. 4. To pass; to go; to move. Time travels in divers paces with divers persons. Shak. TRAVEL Trav"el, v. t. 1. To journey over; to traverse; as, to travel the continent. "I travel this profound." Milton. 2. To force to journey. [R.] They shall not be traveled forth of their own franchises. Spenser. TRAVEL Trav"el, n. 1. The act of traveling, or journeying from place to place; a journey. With long travel I am stiff and weary. Shak. His travels ended at his country seat. Dryden. 2. pl. Defn: An account, by a traveler, of occurrences and observations during a journey; as, a book of travels; -- often used as the title of a book; as, Travels in Italy. 3. (Mach.) Defn: The length of stroke of a reciprocating piece; as, the travel of a slide valve. 4. Labor; parturition; travail. [Obs.] TRAVELED Trav"eled, a. Defn: Having made journeys; having gained knowledge or experience by traveling; hence, knowing; experienced. [Written also travelled.] The traveled thane, Athenian Aberdeen. Byron. TRAVELER Trav"el*er, n. Etym: [Written also traveler.] 1. One who travels; one who has traveled much. 2. A commercial agent who travels for the purpose of receiving orders for merchants, making collections, etc. 3. (Mach.) Defn: A traveling crane. See under Crane. 4. (Spinning) Defn: The metal loop which travels around the ring surrounding the bobbin, in a ring spinner. 5. (Naut.) Defn: An iron encircling a rope, bar, spar, or the like, and sliding thereon. Traveler's joy (Bot.), the Clematis vitalba, a climbing plant with white flowers. -- Traveler's tree. (Bot.) See Ravenala. TRAVEL-TAINTED Trav"el-taint`ed, a. Defn: Harassed; fatigued with travel. [Obs.] Shak. TRAVERS Trav"ers, adv. Etym: [F. travers, breadth, extent from side, à travers, en travers, de travers, across, athwart. See Traverse, a.] Defn: Across; athwart. [Obs.] The earl . . . caused . . . high trees to be hewn down, and laid travers one over another. Ld. Berners. TRAVERSABLE Trav"ers*a*ble, a. 1. Capable of being traversed, or passed over; as, a traversable region. 2. Deniable; specifically (Law), liable to legal objection; as, a traversable presentment. Sir M. Hale. TRAVERSE Trav"erse, a. Etym: [OF. travers, L. transversus, p. p. of transvertere to turn or direct across. See Transverse, and cf. Travers.] Defn: Lying across; being in a direction across something else; as, paths cut with traverse trenches. Oak . . . being strong in all positions, may be better trusted in cross and traverse work. Sir H. Wotton. The ridges of the fallow field traverse. Hayward. Traverse drill (Mach.), a machine tool for drilling slots, in which the work or tool has a lateral motion back and forth; also, a drilling machine in which the spindle holder can be adjusted laterally. TRAVERSE Trav"erse, adv. Defn: Athwart; across; crosswise. TRAVERSE Trav"erse, n. Etym: [F. traverse. See Traverse, a.] 1. Anything that traverses, or crosses. Specifically: -- (a) Something that thwarts, crosses, or obstructs; a cross accident; as, he would have succeeded, had it not been for unlucky traverses not under his control. (b) A barrier, sliding door, movable screen, curtain, or the like. Men drinken and the travers draw anon. Chaucer. And the entrance of the king, The first traverse was drawn. F. Beaumont. (c) (Arch.) Defn: A gallery or loft of communication from side to side of a church or other large building. Gwilt. (d) (Fort.) A work thrown up to intercept an enfilade, or reverse fire, along exposed passage, or line of work. (e) (Law) A formal denial of some matter of fact alleged by the opposite party in any stage of the pleadings. The technical words introducing a traverse are absque hoc, without this; that is, without this which follows. (f) (Naut.) The zigzag course or courses made by a ship in passing from one place to another; a compound course. (g) (Geom.) A line lying across a figure or other lines; a transversal. (h) (Surv.) A line surveyed across a plot of ground. (i) (Gun.) The turning of a gun so as to make it point in any desired direction. 2. A turning; a trick; a subterfuge. [Obs.] To work, or solve, a traverse (Naut.), to reduce a series of courses or distances to an equivalent single one; to calculate the resultant of a traverse. -- Traverse board (Naut.), a small board hung in the steerage, having the points of the compass marked on it, and for each point as many holes as there are half hours in a watch. It is used for recording the courses made by the ship in each half hour, by putting a peg in the corresponding hole. -- Traverse jury (Law), a jury that tries cases; a petit jury. -- Traverse sailing (Naut.), a sailing by compound courses; the method or process of finding the resulting course and distance from a series of different shorter courses and distances actually passed over by a ship. -- Traverse table. (a) (Naut. & Surv.) A table by means of which the difference of latitude and departure corresponding to any given course and distance may be found by inspection. It contains the lengths of the two sides of a right-angled triangle, usually for every quarter of a degree of angle, and for lengths of the hypothenuse, from 1 to 100. (b) (Railroad) A platform with one or more tracks, and arranged to move laterally on wheels, for shifting cars, etc., from one line of track to another. TRAVERSE Trav"erse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Traversed; p. pr. & vb. n. Traversing.] Etym: [Cf. F. traverser. See Traverse, a.] 1. To lay in a cross direction; to cross. The parts should be often traversed, or crossed, by the flowing of the folds. Dryden. 2. To cross by way of opposition; to thwart with obstacles; to obstruct; to bring to naught. I can not but . . . admit the force of this reasoning, which I yet hope to traverse. Sir W. Scott. 3. To wander over; to cross in traveling; as, to traverse the habitable globe. What seas you traversed, and what fields you fought. Pope. 4. To pass over and view; to survey carefully. My purpose is to traverse the nature, principles, and properties of this detestable vice -- ingratitude. South. 5. (Gun.) Defn: To turn to the one side or the other, in order to point in any direction; as, to traverse a cannon. 6. (Carp.) Defn: To plane in a direction across the grain of the wood; as, to traverse a board. 7. (Law) Defn: To deny formally, as what the opposite party has alleged. When the plaintiff or defendant advances new matter, he avers it to be true, and traverses what the other party has affirmed. To traverse an indictment or an office is to deny it. And save the expense of long litigious laws, Where suits are traversed, and so little won That he who conquers is but last undone. Dryden. To traverse a yard (Naut.), to brace it fore and aft. TRAVERSE Trav"erse, v. i. 1. To use the posture or motions of opposition or counteraction, as in fencing. To see thee fight, to see thee foin, to see thee traverse. Shak. 2. To turn, as on a pivot; to move round; to swivel; as, the needle of a compass traverses; if it does not traverse well, it is an unsafe guide. 3. To tread or move crosswise, as a horse that throws his croup to one side and his head to the other. TRAVERSE DRILL Trav"erse drill. (Mach.) Defn: A machine tool for drilling slots, in which the work or tool has a lateral motion back and forth; also, a drilling machine in which the spindle holder can be adjusted laterally. TRAVERSER Trav"ers*er, n. 1. One who, or that which, traverses, or moves, as an index on a scale, and the like. 2. (Law) Defn: One who traverses, or denies. 3. (Railroad) Defn: A traverse table. See under Traverse, n. TRAVERSING Trav"ers*ing, a. Defn: Adjustable laterally; having a lateral motion, or a swinging motion; adapted for giving lateral motion. Traversing plate (Mil.), one of two thick iron plates at the hinder part of a gun carriage, where the handspike is applied in traversing the piece. Wilhelm. -- Traversing platform (Mil.), a platform for traversing guns. TRAVERTINE Trav"er*tine, n. Etym: [F. travertin, It. travertino, tiburtino, L. lapis Tiburtinus, fr. Tibur an ancient town of Latium, now Tivoli.] (Min.) Defn: A white concretionary form of calcium carbonate, usually hard and semicrystalline. It is deposited from the water of springs or streams holding lime in solution. Extensive deposits exist at Tivoli, near Rome. TRAVESTY Trav"es*ty, a. Etym: [F. travesti, p. p. of travestir to disguise, to travesty, It. travestire, fr. L. trans across, over + vestire to dress, clothe. See Vest.] Defn: Disguised by dress so as to be ridiculous; travestied; -- applied to a book or shorter composition. [R.] TRAVESTY Trav"es*ty, n.; pl. Travesties (. Defn: A burlesque translation or imitation of a work. The second edition is not a recast, but absolutely a travesty of the first. De Quincey. TRAVESTY Trav"es*ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Travestied; p. pr. & vb. n. Travesting.] Defn: To translate, imitate, or represent, so as to render ridiculous or ludicrous. I see poor Lucan travestied, not appareled in his Roman toga, but under the cruel shears of an English tailor. Bentley. TRAVOIS Tra`vois", n. [Cf. Travail.] 1. A primitive vehicle, common among the North American Indians, usually two trailing poles serving as shafts and bearing a platform or net for a load. On the plains they will have horses dragging travoises; dogs with travoises, women and children loaded with impediments. Julian Ralph. 2. A logging sled. [Northern U. S. & Canada] TRAWL Trawl, v. i. Etym: [OF. trauler, troller, F. trôter, to drag about, to stroll about; probably of Teutonic origin. Cf. Troll, v. t.] Defn: To take fish, or other marine animals, with a trawl. TRAWL Trawl, n. 1. A fishing line, often extending a mile or more, having many short lines bearing hooks attached to it. It is used for catching cod, halibut, etc.; a boulter. [U. S. & Canada] 2. A large bag net attached to a beam with iron frames at its ends, and dragged at the bottom of the sea, -- used in fishing, and in gathering forms of marine life from the sea bottom. TRAWLBOAT Trawl"boat`, n. Defn: A boat used in fishing with trawls or trawlnets. TRAWLER Trawl"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, trawls. 2. A fishing vessel which trails a net behind it. TRAWLERMAN Trawl"er*man, n.; pl. Trawlermen (. Defn: A fisherman who used unlawful arts and engines to catch fish. [Obs.] Cowell. TRAWLNET Trawl"net`, n. Defn: Same as Trawl, n., 2. TRAWLWARP Trawl"warp`, n. Defn: A rope passing through a block, used in managing or dragging a trawlnet. TRAY Tray, v. t. Etym: [OF. traïr, F. trahir, L. tradere. See Traitor.] Defn: To betray; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer. TRAY Tray, n.; pl. Trays. Etym: [OE. treye, AS. treg. Cf. Trough.] 1. A small trough or wooden vessel, sometimes scooped out of a block of wood, for various domestic uses, as in making bread, chopping meat, etc. 2. A flat, broad vessel on which dishes, glasses, etc., are carried; a waiter; a salver. 3. A shallow box, generally without a top, often used within a chest, trunk, box, etc., as a removable receptacle for small or light articles. TRAYFUL Tray"ful, n.; pl. Trayfuls (. Defn: As much as a tray will hold; enough to fill a tray. TRAYS Trays, n. pl. [Obs.] Defn: See Trais. Chaucer. TRAY-TRIP Tray"-trip`, n. Etym: [From Trey a three.] Defn: An old game played with dice. [Obs.] Shak. TREACHER Treach"er, n. Etym: [OE. trichour, trichur, OF. tricheor deceiver, traitor, F. tricheur a cheat at play, a trickster. See Treachery.] Defn: A traitor; a cheat. [Obs.] Treacher and coward both. Beau. & Fl. TREACHEROUS Treach"er*ous, a. Etym: [See Treacher.] Defn: Like a traitor; involving treachery; violating allegiance or faith pledged; traitorous to the state or sovereign; perfidious in private life; betraying a trust; faithless. Loyal father of a treacherous son. Shak. The treacherous smile, a mask for secret hate. Cowper. Syn. -- Faithless; perfidious; traitorous; false; insidious; plotting. -- Treach"er*ous*ly, adv. -- Treach"er*ous*ness, n. TREACHERY Treach"er*y, n. Etym: [OE. trecherïe, trichere, OF. trecherie, tricherie, F. tricherie trickery, from tricher to cheat, to trick, OF. trichier, trechier; probably of Teutonic origin. See Trickery, Trick.] Defn: Violation of allegiance or of faith and confidence; treasonable or perfidious conduct; perfidy; treason. Be ware, ye lords, of their treachery. Chaucer. In the council chamber at Edinburgh, he had contracted a deep taint of treachery and corruption. Macaulay. TREACHETOUR; TREACHOUR Treach"e*tour, Treach"our, n. Etym: [See Treacher.] Defn: A traitor. [Obs.] "Treachour full of false despite." Spenser. TREACLE Trea"cle (tre"k'l), n. Etym: [OE. triacle a sovereign remedy, theriac, OF. triacle, F. thériaque (cf. Pr. triacla, tiriaca, Sp. & It. triaca, teriaca), L. theriaca an antidote against the bite of poisonous animals, Gr. qhri`on a beast, a wild beast, dim. of qh`r a beast. Cf. Theriac.] 1. (Old Med.) Defn: A remedy against poison. See Theriac, 1. We kill the viper, and make treacle of him. Jer. Taylor. 2. A sovereign remedy; a cure. [Obs.] Christ which is to every harm treacle. Chaucer . 3. Molasses; sometimes, specifically, the molasses which drains from the sugar-refining molds, and which is also called sugarhouse molasses. Note: In the United States molasses is the common name; in England, treacle. 4. A saccharine fluid, consisting of the inspissated juices or decoctions of certain vegetables, as the sap of the birch, sycamore, and the like. Treacle mustard (Bot.), a name given to several species of the cruciferous genus Erysimum, especially the E. cheiranthoides, which was formerly used as an ingredient in Venice treacle, or theriac. -- Treacle water, a compound cordial prepared in different ways from a variety of ingredients, as hartshorn, roots of various plants, flowers, juices of plants, wines, etc., distilled or digested with Venice treacle. It was formerly regarded as a medicine of great virtue. Nares. Venice treacle. (Old Med.) Same as Theriac, 1. TREACLY Trea"cly, a. Defn: Like, or composed of, treacle. TREAD Tread, v. i. [imp. Trod; p. p. Trodden, Trod; p. pr. & vb. n. Treading.] Etym: [OE. treden, AS. tredan; akin to OFries. treda, OS. tredan, D. & LG. treden, G. treten, OHG. tretan, Icel. tro, Sw. tråda, träda, Dan. træde, Goth. trudan, and perhaps ultimately to F. tramp; cf. Gr. dram to run. Cf. Trade, Tramp, Trot.] 1. To set the foot; to step. Where'er you tread, the blushing flowers shall rise. Pope. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. Pope. The hard stone Under our feet, on which we tread and go. Chaucer. 2. To walk or go; especially, to walk with a stately or a cautious step. Ye that . . . stately tread, or lowly creep. Milton. 3. To copulate; said of birds, esp. the males. Shak. To tread on or upon. (a) To trample; to set the foot on in contempt. "Thou shalt tread upon their high places." Deut. xxxiii. 29. (b) to follow closely. "Year treads on year." Wordsworth. -- To tread upon the heels of, to follow close upon. "Dreadful consequences that tread upon the heels of those allowances to sin." Milton. One woe doth tread upon another's heel. Shak. TREAD Tread, v. t. 1. To step or walk on. Forbid to tread the promised land he saw. Prior. Methought she trod the ground with greater grace. Dryden. 2. To beat or press with the feet; as, to tread a path; to tread land when too light; a well-trodden path. 3. To go through or accomplish by walking, dancing, or the like. " I am resolved to forsake Malta, tread a pilgrimage to fair Jerusalem." Beau. & Fl. They have measured many a mile, To tread a measure with you on this grass. Shak. 4. To crush under the foot; to trample in contempt or hatred; to subdue. Through thy name will we tread them under that rise up against us. Ps. xliv. 5. 5. To copulate with; to feather; to cover; -- said of the male bird. Chaucer. To tread out, to press out with the feet; to press out, as wine or wheat; as, to tread out grain with cattle or horses. -- To tread the stage, to act as a stageplayer; to perform a part in a drama. TREAD Tread, n. 1. A step or stepping; pressure with the foot; a footstep; as, a nimble tread; a cautious tread. She is coming, my own, my sweet; Were it ever so airy a tread, My heart would hear her and beat. Tennyson. 2. Manner or style of stepping; action; gait; as, the horse has a good tread. 3. Way; track; path. [R.] Shak. 4. The act of copulation in birds. 5. (Arch.) Defn: The upper horizontal part of a step, on which the foot is placed. 6. (Fort.) Defn: The top of the banquette, on which soldiers stand to fire over the parapet. 7. (Mach.) (a) The part of a wheel that bears upon the road or rail. (b) The part of a rail upon which car wheels bear. 8. (Biol.) Defn: The chalaza of a bird's egg; the treadle. 9. (Far.) Defn: A bruise or abrasion produced on the foot or ankle of a horse that interferes. See Interfere, 3. TREADBOARD Tread"board`, n. [Arch.] Defn: See Tread, n., 5. TREADER Tread"er, n. Defn: One who treads. Isa. xvi. 10. TREADFOWL Tread"fowl`, n. Defn: A cock. [Obs.] Chaucer. TREADLE Trea"dle, n. Etym: [OE. tredyl a step, AS. tredel. See Tread.] 1. The part of a foot lathe, or other machine, which is pressed or moved by the foot. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The chalaza of a bird's egg; the tread. TREADMILL Tread"mill`, n. Defn: A mill worked by persons treading upon steps on the periphery of a wide wheel having a horizontal axis. It is used principally as a means of prison discipline. Also, a mill worked by horses, dogs, etc., treading an endless belt. TREAD-SOFTLY Tread"-soft`ly, n. (Bot.) Defn: Spurge nettle. See under Nettle. TREADWHEEL Tread"wheel`, n. Defn: A wheel turned by persons or animals, by treading, climbing, or pushing with the feet, upon its periphery or face. See Treadmill. TREAGUE Treague, n. Etym: [It. tregua; of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. true.] Defn: A truce. [Obs.] Spenser. TREASON Trea"son, n. Etym: [OE. tresun, treisun, traisoun, OF. traïson, F. trahison, L. traditio a giving up, a delivering up, fr. tradere to give up, betray. See Traitor, and cf. Tradition.] 1. The offense of attempting to overthrow the government of the state to which the offender owes allegiance, or of betraying the state into the hands of a foreign power; disloyalty; treachery. The treason of the murthering in the bed. Chaucer. Note: In monarchies, the killing of the sovereign, or an attempt to take his life, is treason. In England, to imagine or compass the death of the king, or of the queen consort, or of the heir apparent to the crown, is high treason, as are many other offenses created by statute. In the United States, treason is confined to the actual levying of war against the United States, or to an adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 2. Loosely, the betrayal of any trust or confidence; treachery; perfidy. If he be false, she shall his treason see. Chaucer. Petit treason. See under Petit. TREASONABLE Trea"son*a*ble, a. Defn: Pertaining to treason; consisting of treason; involving the crime of treason, or partaking of its guilt. Most men's heads had been intoxicated with imaginations of plots and treasonable practices. Clarendon. Syn. -- Treacherous; traitorous; perfidious; insidious. -- Trea"son*a*ble*ness, n. -- Trea"son*a*bly, adv. TREASONOUS Trea"son*ous, a. Defn: Treasonable. Shak. The treasonous book of the Court of King James. Pepys. TREASURE Treas"ure, n. Etym: [OE. tresor, tresour, F. trésor, L. thesaurus, Gr. Thesis, and cf. Thesaurus.] 1. Wealth accumulated; especially, a stock, or store of money in reserve. This treasure hath fortune unto us given. Chaucer. 2. A great quantity of anything collected for future use; abundance; plenty. We have treasures in the field, of wheat and of barley, and of oil and of honey. Jer. xli. 8. 3. That which is very much valued. Ye shall be peculiar treasure unto me. Ex. xix. 5. From thy wardrobe bring thy chiefest treasure. Milton. Treasure city, a city for stores and magazines. Ex. i. 11. TREASURE Treas"ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Treasured; p. pr. & vb. n. Treasuring.] Defn: To collect and deposit, as money or other valuable things, for future use; to lay up; to hoard; usually with up; as, to treasure up gold. TREASURE-HOUSE Treas"ure-house`, n. Defn: A house or building where treasures and stores are kept. TREASURER Treas"ur*er, n. Etym: [OE. tresourer, F. trésorier.] Defn: One who has the care of a treasure or treasure or treasury; an officer who receives the public money arising from taxes and duties, or other sources of revenue, takes charge of the same, and disburses it upon orders made by the proper authority; one who has charge of collected funds; as, the treasurer of a society or corporation. Lord high treasurer of England, formerly, the third great officer of the crown. His office is now executed by five persons styled the lords commissioners of the treasury, or treasury lords. TREASURERSHIP Treas"ur*er*ship, n. Defn: The office of treasurer. TREASURESS Treas"ur*ess, n. Defn: A woman who is a treasurer. [R.] TREASURE-TROVE Treas"ure-trove`, n. Etym: [Treasure + OF. trové, F. trouvé, p. p. of OF. trover to find, F. trouver. See Trover.] (Common Law) Defn: Any money, bullion, or the like, found in the earth, or otherwise hidden, the owner of which is not known. In England such treasure belongs to the crown; whereas similar treasure found in the sea, or upon the surface of the land, belongs to the finder if no owner appears. TREASURY Treas"ur*y, n.; pl. Treasuries. Etym: [OE. tresorie, F. trésorerie.] 1. A place or building in which stores of wealth are deposited; especially, a place where public revenues are deposited and kept, and where money is disbursed to defray the expenses of government; hence, also, the place of deposit and disbursement of any collected funds. 2. That department of a government which has charge of the finances. 3. A repository of abundance; a storehouse. 4. Hence, a book or work containing much valuable knowledge, wisdom, wit, or the like; a thesaurus; as, " Maunder's Treasury of Botany." 5. A treasure. [Obs.] Marston. Board of treasury, the board to which is intrusted the management of all matters relating to the sovereign's civil list or other revenues. [Eng.] Brande & C. -- Treasury bench, the first row of seats on the right hand of the Speaker in the House of Commons; -- so called because occupied by the first lord of the treasury and chief minister of the crown. [Eng.] -- Treasury lord. See Lord high treasurer of England, under Treasurer. [Eng.] -- Treasury note (U. S. Finance), a circulating note or bill issued by government authority from the Treasury Department, and receivable in payment of dues to the government. TREASURY STOCK Treas"ur*y stock. (Finance) Defn: Issued stock of an incorporated company held by the company itself. TREAT Treat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Treated; p. pr. & vb. n. Treating.] Etym: [OE. treten, OF. traitier, F. traiter, from L. tractare to draw violently, to handle, manage, treat, v. intens. from trahere, tractum, to draw. See Trace, v. t., and cf. Entreat, Retreat, Trait.] 1. To handle; to manage; to use; to bear one's self toward; as, to treat prisoners cruelly; to treat children kindly. 2. To discourse on; to handle in a particular manner, in writing or speaking; as, to treat a subject diffusely. 3. To entertain with food or drink, especially the latter, as a compliment, or as an expression of friendship or regard; as, to treat the whole company. 4. To negotiate; to settle; to make terms for. [Obs.] To treat the peace, a hundred senators Shall be commissioned. Dryden. 5. (Med.) Defn: To care for medicinally or surgically; to manage in the use of remedies or appliances; as, to treat a disease, a wound, or a patient. 6. To subject to some action; to apply something to; as, to treat a substance with sulphuric acid. Ure. 7. To entreat; to beseech. [Obs.] Ld. Berners. TREAT Treat, v. i. 1. To discourse; to handle a subject in writing or speaking; to make discussion; -- usually with of; as, Cicero treats of old age and of duties. And, shortly of this story for to treat. Chaucer. Now of love they treat. Milton. 2. To negotiate; to come to terms of accommodation; -- often followed by with; as, envoys were appointed to treat with France. Inform us, will the emperor treat! Swift. 3. To give a gratuitous entertainment, esp. of food or drink, as a compliment. TREAT Treat, n. 1. A parley; a conference. [Obs.] Bid him battle without further treat. Spenser. 2. An entertainment given as an expression of regard. 3. That which affords entertainment; a gratification; a satisfaction; as, the concert was a rich treat. TREATABLE Treat"a*ble, a. Etym: [OE. tretable, F. traitable, L. tractabilis. See Treat, and cf. Tractable.] Defn: Manageable; tractable; hence, moderate; not violent. [Obs.] " A treatable disposition, a strong memory." R. Parr. A kind of treatable dissolution. Hooker. The heats or the colds of seasons are less treatable than with us. Sir W. Temple. TREATABLY Treat"a*bly, adv. Defn: In a treatable manner. [Obs.] TREATER Treat"er, n. Defn: One who treats; one who handles, or discourses on, a subject; also, one who entertains. TREATISE Trea"tise, n. Etym: [OE. tretis, OF. treitis, traitis, well made. See Treat.] 1. A written composition on a particular subject, in which its principles are discussed or explained; a tract. Chaucer. He published a treatise in which he maintained that a marriage between a member of the Church of England and a dissenter was a nullity. Macaulay. Note: A treatise implies more form and method than an essay, but may fall short of the fullness and completeness of a systematic exposition. 2. Story; discourse. [R.] Shak. TREATISER Trea"tis*er, n. Defn: One who writes a treatise. [Obs.] TREATMENT Treat"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. traitement. See Treat.] 1. The act or manner of treating; management; manipulation; handling; usage; as, unkind treatment; medical treatment. 2. Entertainment; treat. [Obs.] Accept such treatment as a swain affords. Pope. TREATURE Trea"ture, n. Defn: Treatment. [Obs.] Fabyan. TREATY Trea"ty, n.; pl. Treaties. Etym: [OE. tretee, F. traité, LL. tractatus; cf. L. tractatus a handling, treatment, consultation, tractate. See Treat, and cf. Tractate.] 1. The act of treating for the adjustment of differences, as for forming an agreement; negotiation. "By sly and wise treaty." Chaucer. He cast by treaty and by trains Her to persuade. Spenser. 2. An agreement so made; specifically, an agreement, league, or contract between two or more nations or sovereigns, formally signed by commissioners properly authorized, and solemnly ratified by the several sovereigns, or the supreme power of each state; an agreement between two or more independent states; as, a treaty of peace; a treaty of alliance. 3. A proposal tending to an agreement. [Obs.] Shak. 4. A treatise; a tract. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. TREBLE Tre"ble, a. Etym: [OE. treble threefold, OF. treble, treible, L. triplus. See Triple.] 1. Threefold; triple. A lofty tower, and strong on every side With treble walls. Dryden. 2. (Mus.) (a) Acute; sharp; as, a treble sound. Bacon. (b) Playing or singing the highest part or most acute sounds; playing or singing the treble; as, a treble violin or voice. TREBLE Tre"ble, adv. Defn: Trebly; triply. [Obs.] J. Fletcher. TREBLE Tre"ble, n. Etym: [" It has been said to be a corruption of triplum [Lat.], a third part, superadded to the altus and bassus (high and low)." Grove.] (Mus.) Defn: The highest of the four principal parts in music; the part usually sung by boys or women; soprano. Note: This is sometimes called the first treble, to distinguish it from the second treble, or alto, which is sung by lower female voices. TREBLE Tre"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trebled; p. pr. & vb. n. Trebling.] 1. To make thrice as much; to make threefold. "Love trebled life." Tennyson. 2. To utter in a treble key; to whine. [Obs.] He outrageously (When I accused him) trebled his reply. Chapman. TREBLE Tre"ble, v. i. Defn: To become threefold. Swift. TREBLENESS Tre"ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being treble; as, the trebleness of tones. Bacon. TREBLET Treb"let, n. Defn: Same as Triblet. TREBLY Tre"bly, adv. Defn: In a treble manner; with a threefold number or quantity; triply. Swift. TREBUCHET; TREBUCKET Treb"u*chet, Tre"buck*et, n. Etym: [OF. trebuchet, trebukiet, an engine of war for hurling stones, F. trébuchet a gin, trap, a kind of balance, fr. OF. trebuchier, trebuquier, to stumble, trip, F. trébucher.] 1. A cucking stool; a tumbrel. Cowell. 2. A military engine used in the Middle Ages for throwing stones, etc. It acted by means of a great weight fastened to the short arm of a lever, which, being let fall, raised the end of the long arm with great velocity, hurling stones with much force. 3. A kind of balance for weighing. [Obs.] TRECENTIST Tre*cen"tist, n. Defn: A member of the trecento, or an imitator of its characteristics. TRECENTO Tre*cen"to, n. & a. [It., three hundred, abbr. for thirteen hundred.] Defn: The fourteenth century, when applied to Italian art, literature, etc. It marks the period of Dante, Petrarch, and boccaccio in literature, and of Giotto in painting. TRECHOMETER Tre*chom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: An odometer for vehicles. Knight. TRECKSCHUYT Treck"schuyt`, n. Etym: [D. trekschuit; trekken to draw + schuit a boat. Cf. Trackscout.] Defn: A covered boat for goods and passengers, used on the Dutch and Flemish canals. TREDDLE Tred"dle, n. Etym: [See Treadle.] 1. See Treadle. 2. A prostitute; a strumpet. [Obs.] Ford. 3. pl. Defn: The dung of sheep or hares. Holland. TREDILLE Tre*dille", n. Defn: A game at cards for three. TREE Tree, n. Etym: [OE. tree, tre, treo, AS. treó, treów, tree, wood; akin to OFries. tr, OS. treo, trio, Icel. tr, Dan. træ, Sw. trä, träd, Goth. triu, Russ. drevo, W. derw an oak, Ir. darag, darog, Gr. dru tree, wood, daru wood. Dryad, Germander, Tar, n., Trough.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any perennial woody plant of considerable size (usually over twenty feet high) and growing with a single trunk. Note: The kind of tree referred to, in any particular case, is often indicated by a modifying word; as forest tree, fruit tree, palm tree, apple tree, pear tree, etc. 2. Something constructed in the form of, or considered as resembling, a tree, consisting of a stem, or stock, and branches; as, a genealogical tree. 3. A piece of timber, or something commonly made of timber; -- used in composition, as in axletree, boottree, chesstree, crosstree, whiffletree, and the like. 4. A cross or gallows; as Tyburn tree. [Jesus] whom they slew and hanged on a tree. Acts x. 39. 5. Wood; timber. [Obs.] Chaucer. In a great house ben not only vessels of gold and of silver but also of tree and of earth. Wyclif (2 Tim. ii. 20). 6. (Chem.) Defn: A mass of crystals, aggregated in arborescent forms, obtained by precipitation of a metal from solution. See Lead tree, under Lead. Tree bear (Zoöl.), the raccoon. [Local, U.S.] -- Tree beetle (Zoöl.) any one of numerous species of beetles which feed on the leaves of trees and shrubs, as the May beetles, the rose beetle, the rose chafer, and the goldsmith beetle. -- Tree bug (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of hemipterous insects which live upon, and suck the sap of, trees and shrubs. They belong to Arma, Pentatoma, Rhaphigaster, and allied genera. -- Tree cat (Zool.), the common paradoxure (Paradoxurus musang). -- Tree clover (Bot.), a tall kind of melilot (Melilotus alba). See Melilot. -- Tree crab (Zoöl.), the purse crab. See under Purse. -- Tree creeper (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of arboreal creepers belonging to Certhia, Climacteris, and allied genera. See Creeper, 3. -- Tree cricket (Zoöl.), a nearly white arboreal American cricket (Ecanthus nivoeus) which is noted for its loud stridulation; -- called also white cricket. -- Tree crow (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World crows belonging to Crypsirhina and allied genera, intermediate between the true crows and the jays. The tail is long, and the bill is curved and without a tooth. -- Tree dove (Zoöl.) any one of several species of East Indian and Asiatic doves belonging to Macropygia and allied genera. They have long and broad tails, are chiefly arboreal in their habits, and feed mainly on fruit. -- Tree duck (Zoöl.), any one of several species of ducks belonging to Dendrocygna and allied genera. These ducks have a long and slender neck and a long hind toe. They are arboreal in their habits, and are found in the tropical parts of America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. -- Tree fern (Bot.), an arborescent fern having a straight trunk, sometimes twenty or twenty-five feet high, or even higher, and bearing a cluster of fronds at the top. Most of the existing species are tropical. -- Tree fish (Zoöl.), a California market fish (Sebastichthys serriceps). -- Tree frog. (Zoöl.) (a) Same as Tree toad. (b) Any one of numerous species of Old World frogs belonging to Chiromantis, Rhacophorus, and allied genera of the family Ranidæ. Their toes are furnished with suckers for adhesion. The flying frog (see under Flying) is an example. -- Tree goose (Zoöl.), the bernicle goose. -- Tree hopper (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small leaping hemipterous insects which live chiefly on the branches and twigs of trees, and injure them by sucking the sap. Many of them are very odd in shape, the prothorax being often prolonged upward or forward in the form of a spine or crest. -- Tree jobber (Zoöl.), a woodpecker. [Obs.] -- Tree kangaroo. (Zoöl.) See Kangaroo. -- Tree lark (Zoöl.), the tree pipit. [Prov. Eng.] -- Tree lizard (Zoöl.), any one of a group of Old World arboreal lizards (Dendrosauria) comprising the chameleons. -- Tree lobster. (Zoöl.) Same as Tree crab, above. -- Tree louse (Zoöl.), any aphid; a plant louse. -- Tree moss. (Bot.) (a) Any moss or lichen growing on trees. (b) Any species of moss in the form of a miniature tree. -- Tree mouse (Zoöl.), any one of several species of African mice of the subfamily Dendromyinæ. They have long claws and habitually live in trees. -- Tree nymph, a wood nymph. See Dryad. -- Tree of a saddle, a saddle frame. -- Tree of heaven (Bot.), an ornamental tree (Ailantus glandulosus) having long, handsome pinnate leaves, and greenish flowers of a disagreeable odor. -- Tree of life (Bot.), a tree of the genus Thuja; arbor vitæ. -- Tree onion (Bot.), a species of garlic (Allium proliferum) which produces bulbs in place of flowers, or among its flowers. -- Tree oyster (Zoöl.), a small American oyster (Ostrea folium) which adheres to the roots of the mangrove tree; -- called also raccoon oyster. -- Tree pie (Zoöl.), any species of Asiatic birds of the genus Dendrocitta. The tree pies are allied to the magpie. -- Tree pigeon (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of longwinged arboreal pigeons native of Asia, Africa, and Australia, and belonging to Megaloprepia, Carpophaga, and allied genera. -- Tree pipit. (Zoöl.) See under Pipit. -- Tree porcupine (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Central and South American arboreal porcupines belonging to the genera Chætomys and Sphingurus. They have an elongated and somewhat prehensile tail, only four toes on the hind feet, and a body covered with short spines mixed with bristles. One South American species (S. villosus) is called also couiy; another (S. prehensilis) is called also coendou. -- Tree rat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large ratlike West Indian rodents belonging to the genera Capromys and Plagiodon. They are allied to the porcupines. -- Tree serpent (Zoöl.), a tree snake. -- Tree shrike (Zoöl.), a bush shrike. -- Tree snake (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of snakes of the genus Dendrophis. They live chiefly among the branches of trees, and are not venomous. -- Tree sorrel (Bot.), a kind of sorrel (Rumex Lunaria) which attains the stature of a small tree, and bears greenish flowers. It is found in the Canary Islands and Teneriffe. -- Tree sparrow (Zoöl.) any one of several species of small arboreal sparrows, especially the American tree sparrow (Spizella monticola), and the common European species (Passer montanus). -- Tree swallow (Zoöl.), any one of several species of swallows of the genus Hylochelidon which lay their eggs in holes in dead trees. They inhabit Australia and adjacent regions. Called also martin in Australia. -- Tree swift (Zoöl.), any one of several species of swifts of the genus Dendrochelidon which inhabit the East Indies and Southern Asia. -- Tree tiger (Zoöl.), a leopard. -- Tree toad (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of amphibians belonging to Hyla and allied genera of the family Hylidæ. They are related to the common frogs and toads, but have the tips of the toes expanded into suckers by means of which they cling to the bark and leaves of trees. Only one species (Hyla arborea) is found in Europe, but numerous species occur in America and Australia. The common tree toad of the Northern United States (H. versicolor) is noted for the facility with which it changes its colors. Called also tree frog. See also Piping frog, under Piping, and Cricket frog, under Cricket. -- Tree warbler (Zoöl.), any one of several species of arboreal warblers belonging to Phylloscopus and allied genera. -- Tree wool (Bot.), a fine fiber obtained from the leaves of pine trees. TREE Tree, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Treed; p. pr. & vb. n. Treeing.] 1. To drive to a tree; to cause to ascend a tree; as, a dog trees a squirrel. J. Burroughs. 2. To place upon a tree; to fit with a tree; to stretch upon a tree; as, to tree a boot. See Tree, n., 3. TREEBEARD Tree"beard`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A pendulous branching lichen (Usnea barbata); -- so called from its resemblance to hair. TREE BURIAL Tree burial. Defn: Disposal of the dead by placing the corpse among the branches of a tree or in a hollow trunk, a practice among many primitive peoples. TREE CALF Tree calf. Defn: A bright brown polished calfskin binding of books, stained with a conventional treelike design. TREEFUL Tree"ful, n.; pl. Treefuls (. Defn: The quantity or number which fills a tree. TREELESS Tree"less, a Defn: Destitute of trees. C. Kingsley. TREEN Treen, a. Etym: [AS. treówen.] 1. Made of wood; wooden. [Obs.] " Treen cups." Camden. 2. Relating to, or drawn from, trees. [Obs.] Spenser. Treen liquors, especially that of the date. Evelyn. TREEN Treen, obs. Defn: pl. of Tree. " The shady treen." Fairfax. TREENAIL Tree"nail`, n. Etym: [Tree + nail.] (Shipbuilding) Defn: A long wooden pin used in fastening the planks of a vessel to the timbers or to each other. [Written also trenail, and trunnel.] TREF Tref, a. [Yiddish, fr. Heb. terephah an animal torn by wild beasts.] Defn: Ceremonially unclean, according to the Jewish law; -- opposed to kosher. TREFLE Tre"fle, n. Etym: [F. tréfle. See Trefoil.] (Fort.) Defn: A species of time; -- so called from its resemblance in form to a trefoil. TREFLE Tré`flé", a. Etym: [F. tréflé. See Trefoil.] (Her.) Defn: Having a three-lobed extremity or extremities, as a cross; also, more rarely, ornamented with trefoils projecting from the edges, as a bearing. TREFOIL Tre"foil, n. Etym: [L. tres three + E. foil leaf; cf. F. frèfle, It. trifoglio, L. trifolium. See Tri-, Foil leaf, and cf. Trifoly.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Trifolium, which includes the white clover, red clover, etc.; -- less properly, applied also to the nonesuch, or black medic. See Clover, and Medic. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An ornamental foliation consisting of three divisions, or foils. 3. (Her.) Defn: A charge representing the clover leaf. TREFOILED Tre"foiled`, a. (Her.) Defn: Same as Tréflé. TREGET Treg"et, n. Etym: [See Tregetour.] Defn: Guile; trickery. [Obs.] Rom. of R. TREGETOUR Treg"et*our, n. Etym: [OE. tresgeteor. See Trans-, and Jet a shooting forth.] Defn: A juggler who produces illusions by the use of elaborate machinery. [Obs.] Divers appearances Such as these subtle tregetours play. Chaucer. TREGETRY Treg"et*ry, n. Defn: Trickery; also, a trick. [Obs.] Rom. of R. TREHALA Tre*ha"la, n. (Chem.) Defn: An amorphous variety of manna obtained from the nests and cocoons of a Syrian coleopterous insect (Larinus maculatus, L. nidificans, etc.) which feeds on the foliage of a variety of thistle. It is used as an article of food, and is called also nest sugar. TREHALOSE Tre"ha*lose`, n. (Chem.) Defn: Mycose; -- so called because sometimes obtained from trehala. TREILLAGE Treil"lage, n. Etym: [F. treillage. See Trellis.] Defn: Latticework for supporting vines, etc.; an espalier; a trellis. Spectator. I shall plant the roses against my treillage to-morrow. Walpole. TREK Trek, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trekked; p. pr. & vb. n. Trekking.] [Written also treck.] [D. trekken. See Track, n.] [South Africa] 1. To draw or haul a load, as oxen. 2. To travel, esp. by ox wagon; to go from place to place; to migrate. [Chiefly South Africa] One of the motives which induced the Boers of 1836 to trek out of the Colony. James Bryce. TREK Trek, n. [Written also treck.] [D. Cf. Track, n.] Defn: The act of trekking; a drawing or a traveling; a journey; a migration. [Chiefly South Africa] To the north a trek was projected, and some years later was nearly carried out, for the occupation of the Mashonaland. James Bryce. Great Trek, the great emigration of Boers from Cape Colony which began in 1836, and resulted in the founding of the South African Republic and Orange Free State. TREKKER Trek"ker, n. [D.] Defn: One that treks. [Written also trecker.] [South Africa] James Bryce. TREKOMETER Trek*om"e*ter, n. [Cf. Trechometer.] (Mil.) Defn: A field range finger used in the British service. TRELLIS Trel"lis, n. Etym: [OE. relis, F. treillis, fr. treille vine arbor, fr. L. tricla, triclea, triclia, a bower, arbor, summer house.] Defn: A structure or frame of crossbarred work, or latticework, used for various purposes, as for screens or for supporting plants. TRELLISED Trel"lised, a. Defn: Having a trellis or trellises. Cottages trellised over with exotic plants. Jeffrey. TREMANDO Tre*man"do, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Trembling; -- used as a direction to perform a passage with a general shaking of the whole chord. TREMATODE Trem"a*tode, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Trematodea. Also used adjectively. TREMATODEA Trem`a*to"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive order of parasitic worms. They are found in the internal cavities of animals belonging to all classes. Many species are found, also, on the gills and skin of fishes. A few species are parasitic on man, and some, of which the fluke is the most important, are injurious parasites of domestic animals. The trematodes usually have a flattened body covered with a chitinous skin, and are furnished with two or more suckers for adhesion. Most of the species are hermaphrodite. Called also Trematoda, and Trematoidea. See Fluke, Tristoma, and Cercaria. TREMATOID Trem"a*toid, a. Etym: [From Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: f or pertaining to the Trematodea. See Illustration in Appendix. TREMBLE Trem"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trembled; p. pr. & vb. n. Trembling.] Etym: [F. trembler, fr. L. tremulus trembling, tremulous, fr. tremere to shake, tremble; akin to Gr. trimti. Cf. Tremulous, Tremor.] 1. To shake involuntarily, as with fear, cold, or weakness; to quake; to quiver; to shiver; to shudder; -- said of a person or an animal. I tremble still with fear. Shak. Frighted Turnus trembled as he spoke. Dryden. 2. To totter; to shake; -- said of a thing. The Mount of Sinai, whose gray top Shall tremble. Milton. 3. To quaver or shake, as sound; to be tremulous; as the voice trembles. TREMBLE Trem"ble, n. Defn: An involuntary shaking or quivering. I am all of a tremble when I think of it. W. Black. TREMBLER Trem"bler, n. Defn: One who trembles. TREMBLING Trem"bling, a. Defn: Shaking; tottering; quivering. -- Trem"bling*ly, adv. Trembling poplar (Bot.), the aspen. TREMELLA Tre*mel"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. tremere, to tremble: cf. It. tremella, F. tremelle.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of gelatinous fungi found in moist grounds. TREMENDOUS Tre*men"dous, a. Etym: [L. tremendus that is to be trembled at, fearful, fr. tremere to tremble. See Tremble.] Defn: Fitted to excite fear or terror; such as may astonish or terrify by its magnitude, force, or violence; terrible; dreadful; as, a tremendous wind; a tremendous shower; a tremendous shock or fall. A tremendous mischief was a foot. Motley. Syn. -- Terrible; dreadful; frightful; terrific; horrible; awful. -- Tre*men"dous*ly, adv. -- Tre*men"dous*ness, n. TREMEX Tre"mex, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large hymenopterous insects allied to the sawflies. The female lays her eggs in holes which she bores in the trunks of trees with her large and long ovipositor, and the larva bores in the wood. See Illust. of Horntail. Note: The pigeon tremex (Tremex columba), a common American species, infests the elm, pear, and other trees. TREMIE Trem"ie, n. [F. trémie hopper.] (Hydraulic Engin.) Defn: An apparatus for depositing and consolidating concrete under water, essentially a tube of wood or sheet metal with a hooperlike top. It is usually handled by a crane. TREMOLANDO Tre*mo*lan"do, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Same as Tremando. TREMOLITE Trem"o*lite, n. Etym: [From Tremola, a valley in the Alps, where it was discovered.] (Min.) Defn: A white variety of amphibole, or hornblende, occurring in long, bladelike crystals, and coarsely fibrous masses. TREMOLO Tre"mo*lo, n. Etym: [It. Cf. Tremulous.] (Mus.) (a) The rapid reiteration of tones without any apparent cessation, so as to produce a tremulous effect. (b) A certain contrivance in an organ, which causes the notes to sound with rapid pulses or beats, producing a tremulous effect; -- called also tremolant, and tremulant. TREMOR Tre"mor, n. Etym: [L., from tremere to tremble. See Tremble, v.] Defn: A trembling; a shivering or shaking; a quivering or vibratory motion; as, the tremor of a person who is weak, infirm, or old. He fell into an universal tremor of all his joints. Harvey. TREMULANT; TREMULENT Trem"u*lant, Trem"u*lent, a. Defn: Tremulous; trembling; shaking. [R.] " With tremulent white rod." Carlyle. TREMULOUS Trem"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. tremulus, fr. tremere to tremble. See Tremble.] 1. Shaking; shivering; quivering; as, a tremulous limb; a tremulous motion of the hand or the lips; the tremulous leaf of the poplar. 2. Affected with fear or timidity; trembling. The tender, tremulous Christian. Dr. H. More. -- Trem"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Trem"u*lous*ness, n. TREN Tren, n. Etym: [See Treen wooden.] Defn: A fish spear. [Obs.] Ainsworth. TRENAIL Tre"nail`, n. (Shipbuilding) Defn: Same as Treenail. TRENCH Trench, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trenched; p. pr. & vb. n. Trenching.] Etym: [OF. trenchier to cut, F. trancher; akin to Pr. trencar, trenchar, Sp. trinchar, It. trinciare; of uncertain origin.] 1. To cut; to form or shape by cutting; to make by incision, hewing, or the like. The wide wound that the boar had trenched In his soft flank. Shak. This weak impress of love is as a figure Trenched in ice, which with an hour's heat Dissolves to water, and doth lose its form. Shak. 2. (Fort.) Defn: To fortify by cutting a ditch, and raising a rampart or breastwork with the earth thrown out of the ditch; to intrench. Pope. No more shall trenching war channel her fields. Shak. 3. To cut furrows or ditches in; as, to trench land for the purpose of draining it. 4. To dig or cultivate very deeply, usually by digging parallel contiguous trenches in succession, filling each from the next; as, to trench a garden for certain crops. TRENCH Trench, v. i. 1. To encroach; to intrench. Does it not seem as if for a creature to challenge to itself a boundless attribute, were to trench upon the prerogative of the divine nature I. Taylor. 2. To have direction; to aim or tend. [R.] Bacon. To trench at, to make trenches against; to approach by trenches, as a town in besieging it. [Obs.] Like powerful armies, trenching at a town By slow and silent, but resistless, sap. Young. TRENCH Trench, n. Etym: [OE. trenche, F. tranchée. See Trench, v. t.] 1. A long, narrow cut in the earth; a ditch; as, a trench for draining land. Mortimer. 2. An alley; a narrow path or walk cut through woods, shrubbery, or the like. [Obs.] In a trench, forth in the park, goeth she. Chaucer. 3. (Fort.) Defn: An excavation made during a siege, for the purpose of covering the troops as they advance toward the besieged place. The term includes the parallels and the approaches. To open the trenches (Mil.), to begin to dig or to form the lines of approach. Trench cavalier (Fort.), an elevation constructed (by a besieger) of gabions, fascines, earth, and the like, about half way up the glacis, in order to discover and enfilade the covered way. -- Trench plow, or Trench plough, a kind of plow for opening land to a greater depth than that of common furrows. TRENCHAND Trench"and, a. Defn: Trenchant. [Obs.] Spenser. TRENCHANT Trench"ant, a. Etym: [OF. trenchant, F. tranchant, p. pr. See Trench, v. t.] 1. Fitted to trench or cut; gutting; sharp. " Trenchant was the blade." Chaucer. 2. Fig.: Keen; biting; severe; as, trenchant wit. TRENCHANTLY Trench"ant*ly, adv. Defn: In a trenchant, or sharp, manner; sharply; severely. TRENCHER Trench"er, n. Etym: [OE. trencheoir, F. tranchoir, fr. trancher to cut, carve. See Trench, v. t.] 1. One who trenches; esp., one who cuts or digs ditches. 2. A large wooden plate or platter, as for table use. 3. The table; hence, the pleasures of the table; food. It could be no ordinary declension of nature that could bring some men, after an ingenuous education, to place their "summum bonum" upon their trenchers. South. Trencher cap, the cap worn by studens at Oxford and Cambridge Universities, having a stiff, flat, square appendage at top. A similar cap used in the United States is called Oxford cap, mortar board, etc. -- Trencher fly, a person who haunts the tables of others; a parasite. [R.] L'Estrange. -- Trencher friend, one who frequents the tables of others; a sponger. -- Trencher mate, a table companion; a parasite; a trencher fly. Hooker. TRENCHER-MAN Trench"er-man, n.; pl. Trencher-men (. 1. A feeder; a great eater; a gormandizer. Shak. 2. A cook. [Obs.] The skillfulest trencher-men of Media. Sir P. Sidney. 3. A table companion; a trencher mate. Thackeray. TRENCHMORE Trench"more, n. Defn: A kind of lively dance of a rude, boisterous character. Also, music in triple time appropriate to the dance. [Obs.] All the windows in the town dance new trenchmore. Beau. & Fl. TRENCHMORE Trench"more, v. i. Defn: To dance the trenchmore. [Obs.] Marston. TRENCH-PLOW; TRENCH-PLOUGH Trench"-plow", Trench"-plough` v. t. Defn: To plow with deep furrows, for the purpose of loosening the land to a greater depth than usual. TREND Trend, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trended; p. pr. & vb. n. Trending.] Etym: [OE. trenden to roll or turn about; akin to OFries. trind, trund, round, Dan. & Sw. trind, AS. trendel a circle, ring, and E. trendle, trundle.] Defn: To have a particular direction; to run; to stretch; to tend; as, the shore of the sea trends to the southwest. TREND Trend, v. t. Defn: To cause to turn; to bend. [R.] Not far beneath i' the valley as she trends Her silver stream. W. Browne. TREND Trend, n. Defn: Inclination in a particular direction; tendency; general direction; as, the trend of a coast. Trend of an anchor. (Naut.) (a) The lower end of the shank of an anchor, being the same distance on the shank from the throat that the arm measures from the throat to the bill. R. H. Dana, Jr. (b) The angle made by the line of a vessel's keel and the direction of the anchor cable, when she is swinging at anchor. TREND Trend, v. t. Etym: [Cf. G. & OD. trennen to separate.] Defn: To cleanse, as wool. [Prov. Eng.] TREND Trend, n. Defn: Clean wool. [Prov. Eng.] TRENDER Trend"er, n. Defn: One whose business is to free wool from its filth. [Prov. Eng.] TRENDLE Tren"dle, n. Etym: [AS. trendel, tryndel, circle, ring. See Trend, v. i., and cf. Trundle.] Defn: A wheel, spindle, or the like; a trundle. [Obs.] The shaft the wheel, the wheel, the trendle turns. Sylvester. TRENNEL Tren"nel, n. Defn: Corrupt form of Treenail. TRENTAL Tren"tal, n. Etym: [LL. trentale, fr. L. triginta thirty; akin to tres three: cf. OF. trentel. See Three, and cf. Trigintal.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: An office and mass for the dead on the thirtieth day after death or burial. "Their trentals and their shrifts." Spenser. 2. Hence, a dirge; an elegy. TRENTE ET QUARANTE Trente" et` qua`rante". [F., lit., thirty and forty.] Defn: Same as Rouge et noir, under Rouge. TRENTON PERIOD Tren"ton pe"ri*od. (Geol.) Defn: A subdivision in the lower Silurian system of America; -- so named from Trenton Falls, in New York. The rocks are mostly limestones, and the period is divided into the Trenton, Utica, and Cincinnati epochs. See the Chart of Geology. TREPAN Tre*pan", n. Etym: [F. trépan (cf. Sp. trépano, It. trepano, trapano), LL. trepanum, fr. Gr. Trephine.] 1. (Surg.) Defn: A crown-saw or cylindrical saw for perforating the skull, turned, when used, like a bit or gimlet. See Trephine. 2. (Mining) Defn: A kind of broad chisel for sinking shafts. TREPAN Tre*pan", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Trepanned; p. pr. & vb. n. Trepanning.] Etym: [Cf. F. trépaner. See Trepan a saw.] (Surg.) Defn: To perforate (the skull) with a trepan, so as to remove a portion of the bone, and thus relieve the brain from pressure or irritation; to perform an operation with the trepan. TREPAN Tre*pan", n. Etym: [See Trapan.] 1. A snare; a trapan. Snares and trepans that common life lays in its way. South. 2. a deceiver; a cheat. He had been from the beginning a spy and a trepan. Macaulay. TREPAN Tre*pan", v. t. Defn: To insnare; to trap; to trapan. Guards even of a dozen men were silently trepanned from their stations. De Quincey. TREPANG Tre*pang", n. Etym: [Malay tripang.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of large holothurians, some of which are dried and extensively used as food in China; -- called also bêche de mer, sea cucumber, and sea slug. [Written also tripang.] Note: The edible trepangs are mostly large species of Holothuria, especially H. edulis. They are taken in vast quantities in the East Indies, where they are dried and smoked, and then shipped to China. They are used as an ingredient in certain kinds of soup. TREPANIZE Trep"an*ize, v. t. Defn: To trepan. [Obs.] "By trepanizing the skull." Jer. Taylor. TREPANNER Tre*pan"ner, n. Defn: One who trepans. " Pitiful trepanners and impostors." Gauden. TREPEGET Trep"e*get, n. (Mil.) Defn: A trebuchet. [Obs.] TREPHINE Tre*phine", n. Etym: [A dim. of 1st trepan: cf. F. tréphine.] (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for trepanning, being an improvement on the trepan. It is a circular or cylindrical saw, with a handle like that of a gimlet, and a little sharp perforator called the center pin. TREPHINE Tre*phine", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trephined; p. pr. & vb. n. Trephining.] Defn: To perforate with a trephine; to trepan. TREPID Trep"id, a. Etym: [L. trepidus.] Defn: Trembling; quaking. Thackeray. TREPIDATION Trep`i*da"tion, n. Etym: [F. trépidation, L. trepidatio, fr. trepidare to hurry with alarm, to tremble, from trepidus agitated, disturbed, alarmed; cf. trepit he turns, Gr. torture.] 1. An involuntary trembling, sometimes an effect of paralysis, but usually caused by terror or fear; quaking; quivering. 2. Hence, a state of terror or alarm; fear; confusion; fright; as, the men were in great trepidation. 3. (Anc. Astron.) Defn: A libration of the starry sphere in the Ptolemaic system; a motion ascribed to the firmament, to account for certain small changes in the position of the ecliptic and of the stars. Syn. -- Tremor; agitation; disturbance; fear. TREPIDITY Tre*pid"i*ty, n. Defn: Trepidation. [R.] TRESAYLE Tres"ayle` (três"al`), n. Etym: [F. trisaïeul, from L. tris, tres, three + F. aïeul grandfather. Cf. Besaiel, and see Ayle.] Defn: A grandfather's grandfather. [Obs.] Writ of tresayle (O. Eng. Law), a writ which lay for a man claiming as heir to his grandfather's grandfather, to recover lands of which he had been deprived by an abatement happening on the ancestor's death. Mozley & W. TRESOR Tres"or, n. Defn: Treasure. [Obs.] Chaucer. TRESPASS Tres"pass, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trespassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Trespassing.] Etym: [OF. trespasser to go across or over, transgress, F. trépasser to die; pref. tres- (L. trans across, over) + passer to pass. See Pass, v. i., and cf. Transpass.] 1. To pass beyond a limit or boundary; hence, to depart; to go. [Obs.] Soon after this, noble Robert de Bruce . . . trespassed out of this uncertain world. Ld. Berners. 2. (Law) Defn: To commit a trespass; esp., to enter unlawfully upon the land of another. 3. To go too far; to put any one to inconvenience by demand or importunity; to intrude; as, to trespass upon the time or patience of another. 4. To commit any offense, or to do any act that injures or annoys another; to violate any rule of rectitude, to the injury of another; hence, in a moral sense, to transgress voluntarily any divine law or command; to violate any known rule of duty; to sin; -- often followed by against. In the time of his distress did he trespass yet more against the Lord. 2 Chron. xxviii. 22. TRESPASS Tres"pass, n. Etym: [OF. tr, F. trépas death. See Trespass, v.] 1. Any injury or offence done to another. I you forgive all wholly this trespass. Chaucer. If ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses. Matt. vi. 15. 2. Any voluntary transgression of the moral law; any violation of a known rule of duty; sin. The fatal trespass done by Eve. Milton. You . . . who were dead in trespasses and sins. Eph. if. 1. 3. (Law) (a) An unlawful act committed with force and violence (vi et armis) on the person, property, or relative rights of another. (b) An action for injuries accompanied with force. Trespass offering (Jewish Antiq.), an offering in expiation of a trespass. -- Trespass on the case. (Law) See Action on the case, under Case. Syn. -- Offense; breach; infringement; transgression; misdemeanor; misdeed. TRESPASSER Tres"pass*er, n. Defn: One who commits a trespass; as: (a) (Law) One who enters upon another's land, or violates his rights. (b) A transgressor of the moral law; an offender; a sinner. TRESS Tress, n. Etym: [OE. tresse, OF. trece, F. tresse, LL. tricia, fr. Gr. tri`cha threefold, because a tress is usually formed by interlacing three pieces; akin to trei^s three. See Three.] 1. A braid, knot, or curl, of hair; a ringlet. Her yellow hair was braided in a tress. Chaucer. Fair tresses man's imperial race insnare. Pope. 2. Fig.: A knot or festoon, as of flowers. Keats. TRESSED Tressed, a. 1. Having tresses. 2. Formed into ringlets or braided; braided; curled. Spenser. Drayton. TRESSEL Tres"sel, n. Defn: A trestle. TRESSFUL Tress"ful, a. Defn: Tressy. [R.] Sylvester. TRESSURE Tres"sure, n. Etym: [F. tresser to twist, plait. See Tress, n.] (Her.) Defn: A kind of border similar to the orle, but of only half the breadth of the latter. TRESSURED Tres"sured, a. (Her.) Defn: Provided or bound with a tressure; arranged in the form of a tressure. The tressured fleur-de-lis he claims To wreathe his shield. Sir W. Scott. TRESSY Tress"y, a. Defn: Abounding in tresses. J. Baillie. TRES-TINE Tres"-tine`, n. [Cf. L. tris, tres, three, and E. tyne, tine, a prong.] Defn: The third tine above the base of a stag's antler; the royal antler. TRESTLE Tres"tle, n. Etym: [OF. trestel, tresteay, F. tréteau; probably from L. transtillum a little crossbeam, dim. of transtrum a crossbeam. Cf. Transom.] [Written also tressel.] 1. A movable frame or support for anything, as scaffolding, consisting of three or four legs secured to a top piece, and forming a sort of stool or horse, used by carpenters, masons, and other workmen; also, a kind of framework of strong posts or piles, and crossbeams, for supporting a bridge, the track of a railway, or the like. 2. The frame of a table. Trestle board, a board used by architects, draughtsmen, and the like, for drawing designs upon; -- so called because commonly supported by trestles. -- Trestle bridge. See under Bridge, n. TRESTLETREE Tres"tle*tree`, n. (Naut.) Defn: One of two strong bars of timber, fixed horizontally on the opposite sides of the masthead, to support the crosstrees and the frame of the top; -- generally used in the plural. Totten. TRESTLEWORK Tres"tle*work`, n. Defn: A viaduct, pier, scaffold, or the like, resting on trestles connected together. TRES-TYNE Tres"-tyne`, n. Etym: [L. tris, tres, three + E. tyne.] (Zoöl.) Defn: In the antler of a stag, the third tyne above the base. This tyne appears in the third year. In those deer in which the brow tyne does not divide, the tres-tyne is the second tyne above the base. See Illust. under Rucervine, and under Rusine. TRET Tret, obs. Defn: 3d pers. sing. pres. of Tread, for treadeth. Chaucer. TRET Tret, n. Etym: [F. traite a drawing, trading, journey, tax on wares in transit, anything diminishing the value of coins, fr. OF. traire to draw, L. trahere. See Trait.] (Com.) Defn: An allowance to purchasers, for waste or refuse matter, of four pounds on every 104 pounds of suttle weight, or weight after the tare deducted. M'Culloch. TRETABLE Tret"a*ble, a. Etym: [See Treatable.] Defn: Tractable; moderate. [Obs.] By nature debonaire and tretable. Chaucer. TRETHING Treth"ing, n. Etym: [W. treth an allowance, contribution, tribute, or tax, trethu to rate or tax.] Defn: A tax; an impost. [Obs.] Johnson. TRETIS; TRETYS Tre"tis, Tre"tys, n. Etym: [See Treatise.] Defn: A treatise; also, a treaty. [Obs.] Chaucer. TRETIS; TRETYS Tre*tis", Tre*tys", a. Etym: [OF. traitis.] Defn: Long and well-proportioned; nicely made; pretty. [Obs.] "Her nose tretys." Chaucer. TREVAT Tre"vat, n. Defn: A weaver's cutting instrument; for severing the loops of the pile threads of velvet. TREVET Trev"et, n. Etym: [See Trivet.] Defn: A stool or other thing supported by three legs; a trivet. TREW; TREWE Trew, Trewe, a. Defn: True. [Obs.] Chaucer. TREWS Trews, n. pl. Defn: Trowsers; especially, those of the Scotch Highlanders. "He wore the trews, or close trowsers, made of tartan." Sir W. Scott. TREWTH Trewth, n. Defn: Truth. [Obs.] Chaucer. TREY Trey, n. Etym: [OF. treis three, F. trois, L. tres. See Three, and cf. Tray-trip.] Defn: Three, at cards, dice, or dominoes; a card, die, or domino of three spots or pips. Seven is my chance and thine is cinq and trey. Chaucer. TRI- Tri-. Etym: [Gr. tri- or L. tri-, sometimes through French; akin to L. tres three, and E. three. See Three.] 1. A prefix meaning three, thrice, threefold; as in tricolored, tridentate. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A prefix (also used adjectively) denoting three proportional or combining part, or the third degree of that to the name of which it is prefixed; as in trisulphide, trioxide, trichloride. TRIABLE Tri"a*ble, a. Etym: [From Try.] 1. Fit or possible to be tried; liable to be subjected to trial or test. "Experiments triable." Boyle. 2. (Law) Defn: Liable to undergo a judicial examination; properly coming under the cognizance of a court; as, a cause may be triable before one court which is not triable in another. TRIABLENESS Tri"a*ble*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being triable. TRIACID Tri*ac"id, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + acid.] (Chem.) Defn: Capable of neutralizing three molecules of a monobasic acid or the equivalent; having three hydrogen atoms which may be acid radicals; -- said of certain bases; thus, glycerin is a triacid base. TRIACLE Tri"a*cle, n. Defn: See Treacle. [Obs.] Chaucer. TRIACONTAHEDRAL Tri`a*con`ta*he"dral, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Having thirty sides. TRIACONTER Tri"a*con`ter, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A vessel with thirty banks of oars, or, as some say, thirty ranks of rowers. TRIAD Tri"ad, n. Etym: [L.trias, -adis, Gr. triade. See Three, and cf. Trias, Trio.] 1. A union of three; three objects treated as one; a ternary; a trinity; as, a triad of deities. 2. (Mus.) (a) A chord of three notes. (b) The common chord, consisting of a tone with its third and fifth, with or without the octave. 3. (Chem.) Defn: An element or radical whose valence is three. Triads of the Welsh bards, poetical histories, in which the facts recorded are grouped by threes, three things or circumstances of a kind being mentioned together. -- Hindoo triad. See Trimurti. TRIADELPHOUS Tri`a*del"phous, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having stamens joined by filaments into three bundles. See Illust. under Adelphous. TRIADIC Tri*ad"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Having the characteristics of a triad; as, boron is triadic. TRIAKISOCTAHEDRON Tri"a*kis*oc`ta*he"dron, n. Etym: [Gr. octahedron.] (Crystalloq.) Defn: A trigonal trisoctahedron. TRIAL Tri"al, n. Etym: [From Try.] 1. The act of trying or testing in any manner. Specifically: -- (a) Any effort or exertion of strength for the purpose of ascertaining what can be done or effected. [I] defy thee to the trial of mortal fight. Milton. (b) The act of testing by experience; proof; test. Repeated trials of the issues and events of actions. Bp. Wilkins. (c) Examination by a test; experiment, as in chemistry, metallurgy, etc. 2. The state of being tried or tempted; exposure to suffering that tests strength, patience, faith, or the like; affliction or temptation that exercises and proves the graces or virtues of men. Others had trial of cruel mockings and scourgings. Heb. xi. 36. 3. That which tries or afflicts; that which harasses; that which tries the character or principles; that which tempts to evil; as, his child's conduct was a sore trial. Every station is exposed to some trials. Rogers. 4. (Law) Defn: The formal examination of the matter in issue in a cause before a competent tribunal; the mode of determining a question of fact in a court of law; the examination, in legal form, of the facts in issue in a cause pending before a competent tribunal, for the purpose of determining such issue. Syn. -- Test; attempt; endeavor; effort; experiment; proof; essay. See Test, and Attempt. TRIAL BALANCE Tri"al bal`ance. (Bookkeeping) Defn: The testing of a ledger to discover whether the debits and credits balance, by finding whether the sum of the personal credits increased by the difference between the debit and credit sums in the merchandise and other impersonal accounts equals the sum of personal debits. The equality would not show that the items were all correctly posted. TRIALITY Tri*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. tres, tria, three.] Defn: Three united; state of being three. [R.] H. Wharton. TRIALOGUE Tri"a*logue, n. Etym: [LL.trialogus; tri- (see Tri-) + -logus as, in L. dialogus, E. dialogue.] Defn: A discourse or colloquy by three persons. TRIAMIDE Tri*am"ide, n. Etym: [tri- + amine.] (Chem.) Defn: An amide containing three amido groups. TRIAMINE Tri*am"ine, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + amine.] (Chem.) Defn: An amine containing three amido groups. TRIANDER Tri"an`der, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any one of the Triandria. TRIANDRIA Tri*an"dri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Tri-, and -androus.] (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan class of plants having three distinct and equal stamens. TRIANDRIAN; TRIANDROUS Tri*an"dri*an, Tri*an"drous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. triandre.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Triandria; having three distinct and equal stamens in the same flower. TRIANGLE Tri"an`gle, n. Etym: [L. triangulum, fr. triangulus triangular; tri- (see Tri-) + angulus angle: cf. F. triangle. See Angle a corner.] 1. (Geom.) Defn: A figure bounded by three lines, and containing three angles. Note: A triangle is either plane, spherical, or curvilinear, according as its sides are straight lines, or arcs of great circles of a sphere, or any curved lines whatever. A plane triangle is designated as scalene, isosceles, or equilateral, according as it has no two sides equal, two sides equal, or all sides equal; and also as right-angled, or oblique-angled, according as it has one right angle, or none; and oblique-angled triangle is either acute-angled, or obtuse-angled, according as all the angles are acute, or one of them obtuse. The terms scalene, isosceles, equilateral, right-angled, acute-angled, and obtuse-angled, are applied to spherical triangles in the same sense as to plane triangles. 2. (Mus.) Defn: An instrument of percussion, usually made of a rod of steel, bent into the form of a triangle, open at one angle, and sounded by being struck with a small metallic rod. 3. A draughtsman's square in the form of a right-angled triangle. 4. (Mus.) Defn: A kind of frame formed of three poles stuck in the ground and united at the top, to which soldiers were bound when undergoing corporal punishment, -- now disused. 5. (Astron.) (a) A small constellation situated between Aries and Andromeda. (b) A small constellation near the South Pole, containing three bright stars. Triangle spider (Zoöl.), a small American spider (Hyptiotes Americanus) of the family Ciniflonidæ, living among the dead branches of evergreen trees. It constructs a triangular web, or net, usually composed of four radii crossed by a double elastic fiber. The spider holds the thread at the apex of the web and stretches it tight, but lets go and springs the net when an insect comes in contact with it. TRIANGLED Tri"an`gled, a. Defn: Having three angles; triangular. TRIANGULAR Tri*an"gu*lar, a. Etym: [L. triangularis: cf. F. triangulaire.] 1. Having three angles; having the form of a triangle. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Oblong or elongated, and having three lateral angles; as, a triangular seed, leaf, or stem. Triangular compasses, compasses with three legs for taking off the angular points of a triangle, or any three points at the same time. -- Triangular crab (Zoöl.), any maioid crab; -- so called because the carapace is usually triangular. -- Triangular numbers (Math.), the series of numbers formed by the successive sums of the terms of an arithmetical progression, of which the first term and the common difference are 1. See Figurate numbers, under Figurate. TRIANGULARES Tri*an`gu*la"res, n. pl. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The triangular, or maioid, crabs. See Illust. under Maioid, and Illust. of Spider crab, under Spider. TRIANGULARITY Tri*an`gu*lar"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being triangular. Bolingbroke. TRIANGULARLY Tri*an"gu*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a triangular manner; in the form of a triangle. Dampier. TRIANGULATE Tri*an"gu*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Triangulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Triangulating.] 1. To divide into triangles; specifically, to survey by means of a series of triangles properly laid down and measured. 2. To make triangular, or three-cornered. TRIANGULATION Tri*an`gu*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. triangulation.] (Surv.) Defn: The series or network of triangles into which the face of a country, or any portion of it, is divided in a trigonometrical survey; the operation of measuring the elements necessary to determine the triangles into which the country to be surveyed is supposed to be divided, and thus to fix the positions and distances of the several points connected by them. TRIARCHY Tri"ar*chy, n.; pl. Triarchies. Etym: [Gr. Tri-) + Defn: Government by three persons; a triumvirate; also, a country under three rulers. Holland. TRIARIAN Tri*a"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. triarii, pl., a class of Roman soldiers who formed the third rank from the front, fr. tres, tria, three.] Defn: Occupying the third post or rank. [Obs.] Cowley. TRIARTICULATE Tri`ar*tic"u*late, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + articulate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having three joints. TRIAS Tri"as, n. Etym: [L., triad. See Triad.] (Geol.) Defn: The formation situated between the Permian and Lias, and so named by the Germans, because consisting of three series of strata, which are called in German the Bunter sandstein, Muschelkalk, and Keuper. TRIASSIC Tri*as"sic, a. (Geol.) Defn: Of the age of, or pertaining to, the Trias. -- n. Defn: The Triassic formation. TRIATIC Tri*at"ic, a. (Naut.) Defn: A term used in the phrase triatic stay. See under Stay. TRIATOMIC Tri`a*tom"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Having three atoms; -- said of certain elements or radicals. (b) Having a valence of three; trivalent; sometimes, in a specific sense, having three hydroxyl groups, whether acid or basic; thus, glycerin, glyceric acid, and tartronic acid are each triatomic. TRIBAL Trib"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a tribe or tribes; as, a tribal scepter. Bp. Warburton. TRIBALISM Trib"al*ism, n. Defn: The state of existing in tribes; also, tribal feeling; tribal prejudice or exclusiveness; tribal peculiarities or characteristics. TRIBASIC Tri*ba"sic, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + basic.] (Chem.) Defn: Capable of neutralizing three molecules of a monacid base, or their equivalent; having three hydrogen atoms capable of replacement by basic elements on radicals; -- said of certain acids; thus, citric acid is a tribasic acid. TRIBBLE Trib"ble, n. (Paper Manuf.) Defn: A frame on which paper is dried. Knight. TRIBE Tribe, n. Etym: [L. tribus, originally, a third part of the Roman people, afterwards, a division of the people, a tribe; of uncertain origin: cf. F. tribu.] 1. A family, race, or series of generations, descending from the same progenitor, and kept distinct, as in the case of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from the twelve sons of Jacob. "The Lion of the tribe of Juda." Rev. v. 5. A wealthy Hebrew of my tribe. Shak. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A number of species or genera having certain structural characteristics in common; as, a tribe of plants; a tribe of animals. Note: By many recent naturalists, tribe has been used for a group of animals or plants intermediate between order and genus.family is between order and genus. 3. A nation of savages or uncivilized people; a body of rude people united under one leader or government; as, the tribes of the Six Nations; the Seneca tribe. 4. A division, class, or distinct portion of a people, from whatever cause that distinction may have originated; as, the city of Athens was divided into ten tribes. 5. (Stock Breeding) Defn: A family of animals descended from some particular female progenitor, through the female line; as, the Duchess tribe of shorthorns. TRIBE Tribe, v. t. Defn: To distribute into tribes or classes. [R.] Our fowl, fish, and quadruped are well tribed. Abp. Nicolson. TRIBLET; TRIBOLET Trib"let, Trib"o*let, n.} Etym: [F. triboulet.] 1. A goldsmith's tool used in making rings. Ainsworth. 2. A steel cylinder round which metal is drawn in the process of forming tubes. Tomlinson. 3. (Blacksmithing) Defn: A tapering mandrel. TRIBOMETER Tri*bom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. tribomètre.] Defn: An instrument to ascertain the degree of friction in rubbing surfaces. Brande & C. TRIBRACH Tri"brach, n. Etym: [L. tribrachys, Gr. Tri-) + (Gr. & L. Pros.) Defn: A poetic foot of three short syllables, as, mèlì\'dcs. TRIBRACTEATE Tri*brac"te*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + bracteate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having three bracts. TRIBROMOPHENOL; TRIBROMPHENOL Tri*bro`mo*phe"nol, Tri`brom*phe"nol, n. (Chem.) Defn: A colorless crystalline substance prepared by the reaction of carbolic acid with bromine. TRIBUAL; TRIBULAR Trib"u*al, Trib"u*lar, a. Defn: Of or relating to a tribe; tribal; as, a tribual characteristic; tribular worship. [R.] The tribual lispings of the Ephraimites. Fuller. TRIBULATION Trib`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [OE. tribulacium, F. tribulation, L. tribulatio, from tribulare to press, afflict, fr. tribulum a thrashing sledge, akin to terere, tritum, to rub. See Trite.] Defn: That which occasions distress, trouble, or vexation; severe affliction. When tribulation or persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by he is offended. Matt. xiii. 21. In the world ye shall have tribulation. John. xvi. 33. TRIBUNAL Tri*bu"nal, n. Etym: [L. tribunal, fr. tribunus a tribune who administered justice: cf. F. tribunal. See Tribune.] 1. The seat of a judge; the bench on which a judge and his associates sit for administering justice. 2. Hence, a court or forum; as, the House of Lords, in England, is the highest tribunal in the kingdom. TRIBUNARY Trib"u*na*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to tribunes; as, tribunary powers or authority. TRIBUNATE Trib"u*nate, n. Etym: [L. tribunatus: cf. F. tribunat.] Defn: The state or office of a tribune; tribuneship. TRIBUNE Trib"une, n. Etym: [L. tribunus, properly, the chief of a tribe, fr. tribus tribe: cf. F. tribun. See Tribe.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An officer or magistrate chosen by the people, to protect them from the oppression of the patricians, or nobles, and to defend their liberties against any attempts that might be made upon them by the senate and consuls. Note: The tribunes were at first two, but their number was increased ultimately to ten. There were also military tribunes, officers of the army, of whom there were from four to six in each legion. Other officers were also called tribunes; as, tribunes of the treasury, etc. 2. Anciently, a bench or elevated place, from which speeches were delivered; in France, a kind of pulpit in the hall of the legislative assembly, where a member stands while making an address; any place occupied by a public orator. TRIBUNESHIP Trib"une*ship, n. Defn: The office or power of a tribune. TRIBUNICIAN; TRIBUNITIAL; TRIBUNITIAN Trib`u*ni"cian, Trib`u*ni"tial, Trib`u*ni*tian, a. Etym: [L. tribunicius, tribunitius: cf. F. tribunitien.] Defn: Of or pertaining to tribunes; befitting a tribune; as, tribunitial power or authority. Dryden. A kind of tribunician veto, forbidding that which is recognized to be wrong. Hare. TRIBUNITIOUS Trib`u*ni"tious, a. Defn: Tribunician; tribunitial. [Obs.] Bacon. TRIBUTARILY Trib"u*ta*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a tributary manner. TRIBUTARINESS Trib"u*ta*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tributary. TRIBUTARY Trib"u*ta*ry, a. Etym: [OE. tributaire, F. tributaire, L. tributarius. See Tribute.] 1. Paying tribute to another, either from compulsion, as an acknowledgment of submission, or to secure protection, or for the purpose of purchasing peace. [Julius] unto Rome made them tributary. Chaucer. 2. Hence, subject; subordinate; inferior. He to grace his tributary gods. Milton. 3. Paid in tribute. "Tributary tears." Shak. 4. Yielding supplies of any kind; serving to form or make up, a greater object of the same kind, as a part, branch, etc.; contributing; as, the Ohio has many tributary streams, and is itself tributary to the Mississippi. TRIBUTARY Trib"u*ta*ry, n.; pl. Tributaries (. 1. A ruler or state that pays tribute, or a stated sum, to a conquering power, for the purpose of securing peace and protection, or as an acknowledgment of submission, or for the purchase of security. 2. A stream or river flowing into a larger river or into a lake; an affluent. TRIBUTE Trib"ute, n. Etym: [OE. tribut, L. tributum, fr. tribuere, tributum, to bestow, grant, pay, allot, assign, originally, to a tribe, from tribus tribe; cf. F. tribut. See Tribe, and cf. Attribute, Contribute.] 1. An annual or stated sum of money or other valuable thing, paid by one ruler or nation to another, either as an acknowledgment of submission, or as the price of peace and protection, or by virtue of some treaty; as, the Romans made their conquered countries pay tribute. Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute. C. C. Pinckney. 2. A personal contribution, as of money, praise, service, etc., made in token of services rendered, or as that which is due or deserved; as, a tribute of affection. Implores the passing tribute of a sigh. Gray. 3. (Mining) Defn: A certain proportion of the ore raised, or of its value, given to the miner as his recompense. Pryce. Tomlinson. Tribute money, money paid as a tribute or tax. -- Tribute pitch. (Mining) See under Tributer. [Eng.] Syn. -- See Subsidy. TRIBUTE Trib"ute, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tributed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tributing.] Defn: To pay as tribute. [R.] Whitlock (1654). TRIBUTER Trib"u*ter, n. (Mining) Defn: One who works for a certain portion of the ore, or its value. [Eng.] Note: Tributers generally work in gangs, and have a limited portion of a lode set them, called a tribute pitch, beyond which they are not permitted to work, and for which they receive a certain portion of the ore, or so much per pound, as agreed upon, of the value of what they raise. Weale. TRICA Tri"ca, n.; pl. Tricæ. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: An apothecium in certain lichens, having a spherical surface marked with spiral or concentric ridges and furrows. TRICARBALLYLIC Tri*car`bal*lyl"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + carboxyl + allyl + -ic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a complex tribasic organic acid, C3H5.(CO2H)3 occurring naturally in unripe beet roots, and produced artificially from glycerin as a white crystalline substance. TRICARBIMIDE Tri*car"bi*mide, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + carbimide.] (Chem.) Defn: See under Cyanuric. TRICE Trice, v. t. Etym: [OE. trisen; of Scand. or Low German origin; cf. Sw. trissa a sheave, pulley, triss a spritsail brace, Dan. tridse a pulley, tridse to haul by means of a pulley, to trice, LG. trisse a pulley, D. trijsen to hoist.] [Written also trise.] 1. To pull; to haul; to drag; to pull away. [Obs.] Out of his seat I will him trice. Chaucer. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To haul and tie up by means of a rope. TRICE Trice, n. Etym: [Sp. tris the noise made by the breaking of glass, an instant, en un tris in an instant; probably of imitative origin.] Defn: A very short time; an instant; a moment; -- now used only in the phrase in a trice. "With a trice." Turbervile. " On a trice." Shak. A man shall make his fortune in a trice. Young. TRICENNARIOUS Tri`cen*na"ri*ous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to thirty years; tricennial. [R.] TRICENNIAL Tri*cen"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. tricennium thirty years; triginta thirty + annus year: cf. L. tricennalis.] Defn: Of or pertaining to thirty years; consisting of thirty years; occurring once in every thirty years. TRICENTENARY Tri*cen"te*na*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + centenary.] Defn: Including, or relating to, the interval of three hundred years; tercentenary. -- n. Defn: A period of three centuries, or three hundred years, also, the three-hundredth anniversary of any event; a tercentenary. TRICEPS Tri"ceps, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. triceps, having three beads; tres, tria, three + caput head: cf. F. triceps. See Three, and Chief.] (Anat.) Defn: A muscle having three heads; specif., the great extensor of the forearm, arising by three heads and inserted into the olecranon at the elbow. TRICHIASIS Tri*chi"a*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A disease of the eye, in which the eyelashes, being turned in upon the eyeball, produce constant irritation by the motion of the lids. TRICHINA Tri*chi"na (-na), n.; pl. Trichinæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, slender nematoid worm (Trichina spiralis) which, in the larval state, is parasitic, often in immense numbers, in the voluntary muscles of man, the hog, and many other animals. When insufficiently cooked meat containing the larvæ is swallowed by man, they are liberated and rapidly become adult, pair, and the ovoviviparous females produce in a short time large numbers of young which find their way into the muscles, either directly, or indirectly by means of the blood. Their presence in the muscles and the intestines in large numbers produces trichinosis. TRICHINIASIS Trich`i*ni"a*sis, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: Trichinosis. TRICHINIZE Trich"i*nize, v. t. Defn: To render trichinous; to affect with trichinæ; -- chiefly used in the past participle; as, trichinized pork. TRICHINOSCOPE Tri*chi"no*scope, n. Etym: [Trichina + -scope.] Defn: An apparatus for the detection of trichinæ in the flesh of animals, as of swine. TRICHINOSIS Trich`i*no"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Trichina.] (Med.) Defn: The disease produced by the presence of trichinæ in the muscles and intestinal track. It is marked by fever, muscular pains, and symptoms resembling those of typhoid fever, and is frequently fatal. TRICHINOUS Trich"i*nous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to trichinæ or trichinosis; affected with, or containing, trichinæ; as, trichinous meat. TRICHITE Trich"ite, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Min.) Defn: A kind of crystallite resembling a bunch of hairs, common in obsidian. See Illust. of Crystallite. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A delicate, hairlike siliceous spicule, found in certain sponges. Trichite sheaf (Zoöl.), one of the small sheaflike fascicles of slender setæ characteristic of certain sponges. See Illust. under Spicule. TRICHIURIFORM Trich`i*u"ri*form, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the genus Trichiurus or family Trichiuridæ, comprising the scabbard fishes and hairtails. TRICHIUROID Trich`i*u"roid, a. Etym: [Trichiurus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, like, or pertaining to, Trichiurus. TRICHIURUS Trich`i*u"rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fishes comprising the hairtails. See Hairtail. TRICHLORIDE Tri*chlo"ride, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + chloride.] (Chem.) Defn: A chloride having three atoms of chlorine in the molecule. TRICHOBRANCHIA Trich`o*bran"chi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. branchia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The gill of a crustacean in which the branchial filaments are slender and cylindrical, as in the crawfishes. TRICHOCYST Trich"o*cyst, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A lasso cell. TRICHOGYNE Trich"o*gyne, n. Etym: [F., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: The slender, hairlike cell which receives the fertilizing particles, or antherozoids, in red seaweeds. -- Trich`o*gyn"ic, a. TRICHOMANES Tri*chom"a*nes, n. Etym: [L., a kind of plant, from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Any fern of the genus Trichomanes. The fronds are very delicate and often translucent, and the sporangia are borne on threadlike receptacles rising from the middle of cup-shaped marginal involucres. Several species are common in conservatories; two are native in the United States. TRICHOMATOSE Tri*chom"a*tose`, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: Affected with a disease which causes agglutination and matting together; -- said of the hair when affected with plica. See Plica, 1. TRICHOME Trich"ome, n. Etym: [See Trichomatose.] (Bot.) Defn: A hair on the surface of leaf or stem, or any modification of a hair, as a minute scale, or star, or gland. The sporangia of ferns are believed to be of the nature of trichomes. -- Tri*chom"a*tous, a. TRICHOPHORE Trich"o*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. (Bot.) Defn: The special cell in red algæ which produces or bears a trichogyne. See Illust. of Trichogyne. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the saclike organs from which the setæ of annelids arise. -- Trich`o*phor"ic, a. TRICHOPTER Tri*chop"ter, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Trichoptera. TRICHOPTERA Tri*chop"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Neuroptera usually having the wings covered with minute hairs. It comprises the caddice flies, and is considered by some to be a distinct order. TRICHOPTERAN Tri*chop"ter*an, (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Trichoptera. TRICHOPTEROUS Tri*chop"ter*ous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or characterizing, the Trichoptera. TRICHORD Tri"chord, n. Etym: [Gr. Tri-) + , or string.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument, as a lyre or harp, having three strings. TRICHOSCOLICES Trich`o*scol"i*ces, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. tri`x, tricho`s, hair + skw`lhx a worm.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive group of wormlike animals characterized by being more or less covered with cilia. TRICHOTOMOUS Tri*chot"o*mous, a. Etym: [See Trichotomy.] Defn: Divided into three parts, or into threes; three-forked; as, a trichotomous stem. Martyn. TRICHOTOMY Tri*chot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. tri`cha threefold, in three parts + te`mnein to cut or divide: cf. F. trichotomie.] Defn: Division into three parts. TRICHROIC Tri*chro"ic, a. Defn: Exhibiting trichroism; pleochroic; pleochroism. TRICHROISM Tri"chro*ism, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. trichroïsme.] (Min.) Defn: The quality possessed by some crystals of presenting different colors in three different directions. TRICHROMATIC Tri`chro*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + chromatic.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having or existing in three different phases of color; having three distinct color varieties; -- said of certain birds and insects. TRICHROMATISM Tri*chro"ma*tism, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The quality, state, or phenomenon of being trichromatic. TRICHROMIC Tri*chro"mic, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. (Opt.) Defn: If, pertaining to, or consisting of, three colors or color sensations. TRICHROMIC Tri*chro"mic, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + chromic.] (Chem.) Defn: Containing three atoms of chromium. TRICIPITAL Tri*cip"i*tal, a. Etym: [See Triceps.] (Anat.) Defn: Having three heads, or three origins; as, a tricipital muscle. TRICK Trick, n. Etym: [D. trek a pull, or drawing, a trick, trekken to draw; akin to LG. trekken, MHG. trecken, trechen, Dan. trække, and OFries. trekka. Cf. Track, Trachery, Trig, a., Trigger.] 1. An artifice or stratagem; a cunning contrivance; a sly procedure, usually with a dishonest intent; as, a trick in trade. tricks of the trade mean simply specialized knowledge, in a good or neutral sense. He comes to me for counsel, and I show him a trick. South. I know a trick worth two of that. Shak. 2. A sly, dexterous, or ingenious procedure fitted to puzzle or amuse; as, a bear's tricks; a juggler's tricks. 3. Mischievous or annoying behavior; a prank; as, the tricks of boys. Prior. 4. A particular habit or manner; a peculiarity; a trait; as, a trick of drumming with the fingers; a trick of frowning. The trick of that voice I do well remember. Shak. He hath a trick of Coeur de Lion's face. Shak. 5. A knot, braid, or plait of hair. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 6. (Card Playing) Defn: The whole number of cards played in one round, and consisting of as many cards as there are players. On one nice trick depends the general fate. Pope. 7. (Naut.) Defn: A turn; specifically, the spell of a sailor at the helm, -- usually two hours. 8. A toy; a trifle; a plaything. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. -- Stratagem; wile; fraud; cheat; juggle; finesse; sleight; deception; imposture; delusion; imposition. TRICK Trick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tricked; p. pr. & vb. n. Tricking.] 1. To deceive by cunning or artifice; to impose on; to defraud; to cheat; as, to trick another in the sale of a horse. 2. To dress; to decorate; to set off; to adorn fantastically; -- often followed by up, off, or out. " Trick her off in air." Pope. People lavish it profusely in tricking up their children in fine clothes, and yet starve their minds. Locke. They are simple, but majestic, records of the feelings of the poet; as little tricked out for the public eye as his diary would have been. Macaulay. 3. To draw in outline, as with a pen; to delineate or distinguish without color, as arms, etc., in heraldry. They forget that they are in the statutes: . . . there they are tricked, they and their pedigrees. B. Jonson. TRICKER Trick"er, n. Defn: One who tricks; a trickster. TRICKER Trick"er, n. Defn: A trigger. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Boyle. TRICKERY Trick"er*y, n. Defn: The art of dressing up; artifice; stratagem; fraud; imposture. TRICKINESS Trick"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being tricky. TRICKING Trick"ing, a. Defn: Given to tricks; tricky. Sir W. Scott. TRICKING Trick"ing, n. Defn: Dress; ornament. Shak. TRICKISH Trick"ish, a. Defn: Given to tricks; artful in making bargains; given to deception and cheating; knavish. -- Trick"ish*ly, adv. -- Trick"ish*ness, n. TRICKLE Tric"kle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trickled; p. pr. & vb. n. Trickling.] Etym: [OE. triklen, probably for striklen, freq. of striken to flow, AS. str. See Strike, v. t.] Defn: To flow in a small, gentle stream; to run in drops. His salt tears trickled down as rain. Chaucer. Fast beside there trickled softly down A gentle stream. Spenser. TRICKMENT Trick"ment, n. Defn: Decoration. [Obs.] " No trickments but my tears." Beau. & Fl. TRICKSINESS Trick"si*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tricksy; trickiness. G. Eliot. TRICKSTER Trick"ster, n. Defn: One who tricks; a deceiver; a tricker; a cheat. TRICKSY Trick"sy, a. Etym: [From Trick.] Defn: Exhibiting artfulness; trickish. "My tricksy spirit!" Shak. he tricksy policy which in the seventeenth century passed for state wisdom. Coleridge. TRICKTRACK Trick"track`, n. Etym: [F. trictrac. Cf. Ticktack backgammon.] Defn: An old game resembling backgammon. TRICKY Trick"y, a. Defn: Given to tricks; practicing deception; trickish; knavish. TRICLINATE Tric"li*nate, a. (Min.) Defn: Triclinic. TRICLINIARY Tri*clin"i*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. tricliniaris. See Triclinium.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a triclinium, or to the ancient mode of reclining at table. TRICLINIC Tri*clin"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: Having, or characterized by, three unequal axes intersecting at oblique angles. See the Note under crystallization. TRICLINIUM Tri*clin"i*um, n.; pl. Triclinia. Etym: [L., from Gr. Tri-) + a couch.] (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A couch for reclining at meals, extending round three sides of a table, and usually in three parts. (b) A dining room furnished with such a triple couch. TRICOCCOUS Tri*coc"cous, a. Etym: [Gr. tri`kokkos with three grains or berries; Tri-) + ko`kkos grain, seed.] (Bot.) Defn: Having three cocci, or roundish carpels. Gray. TRICOLOR Tri"col`or, n. Etym: [F. tricolore, drapeau tricolore a tricolored flag, fr. tricolore three-colored; tri (see Tri-) + L. color color.] [Written also tricolour.] 1. The national French banner, of three colors, blue, white, and red, adopted at the first revolution. 2. Hence, any three-colored flag. TRICOLORED Tri"col`ored, a. Defn: Having three colors. TRICORNIGEROUS Tri`cor*nig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. tricorniger; tricornis three-horned (see Tri-, and Horn) + -gerere to bear.] Defn: Having three horns. TRICORPORAL; TRICORPORATE Tri*cor"po*ral, Tri*cor"po*rate, a. Etym: [L. tricorpor; tri- (see Tri-) + corpus, -oris, body.] (Her.) Defn: Represented with three bodies conjoined to one head, as a lion. TRICOSTATE Tri*cos"tate, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + costate.] (Bot.) Defn: Three-ribbed; having three ribs from the base. TRICOT Tri`cot", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A fabric of woolen, silk, or cotton knitted, or women to resemble knitted work. TRICROTIC Tri*crot"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to tricrotism; characterized by tricrotism. TRICROTISM Tri"cro*tism, n. (Physiol.) Defn: That condition of the arterial pulse in which there is a triple beat. The pulse curve obtained in the sphygmographic tracing characteristic of tricrotism shows two secondary crests in addition to the primary. TRICROTOUS Tri"cro*tous, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Tricrotic. TRICURVATE Tri*cur"vate, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + curvate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Curved in three directions; as, a tricurvate spicule (see Illust. of Spicule). TRICUSPID Tri*cus"pid, a. Etym: [L. tricuspis, -idis; tri- (see Tri-) + cuspis a point: cf. F. tricuspide.] 1. Having three cusps, or points; tricuspidate; as, a tricuspid molar. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the tricuspid valves; as, tricuspid obstruction. Tricuspid valve (Anat.), the valve, consisting of three triangular membranous flaps, at the opening of the right auricle into the right ventricle in the heart of most mammals; -- sometimes called the tricuspid valves, each flap being regarded as a valve. TRICUSPIDATE Tricus"pid*ate, a. Defn: Three-pointed; ending in three points; as, a tricuspidate leaf. TRICYCLE Tri"cy*cle, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + cycle as inbicycle.] Defn: A three-wheeled velocipede. See Illust. under Velocipede. Cf. Bicycle. TRIDACNA Tri*dac"na, n. Etym: [L., pl., a kind of oysters, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of very large marine bivalve shells found on the coral reefs of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. One species (T. gigas) often weighs four or five hundred pounds, and is sometimes used for baptismal fonts. Called also paw shell, and fountain shell. TRIDACTYL; TRIDACTYLE Tri*dac"tyl Tri*dac"tyle, a. Etym: [Gr. Tri-) + tridactyle.] (Biol.) Defn: Having three fingers or toes, or composed of three movable parts attached to a common base. TRIDACTYLOUS Tri*dac"tyl*ous, a. (Biol.) Defn: Tridactyl. TRIDDLER Trid"dler, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The jacksnipe. [Local, U.S.] TRIDE Tride, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tride lively, quick.] Defn: Short and ready; fleet; as, a tride pace; -- a term used by sportsmen. Bailey. TRIDECANE Tri*dec"ane, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon, C13H28, of the methane series, which is a probable ingredient both of crude petroleum and of kerosene, and is produced artificially as a light colorless liquid. TRIDECATOIC Tri`dec*a*to"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. de`katos tenth.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, that acid of the fatty acids heterologous with tridecane. It is a white crystalline substance. TRIDECATYLENE Tri`de*cat"y*lene, n. Etym: [Pref. tri-+ Gr. ylene.] (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon, C13H26, of the ethylene series, corresponding to tridecane, and obtained from Burmah petroleum as a light colorless liquid; -- called also tridecylene, and tridecene. TRIDENT Tri"dent, n. Etym: [L. tridens, -entis; tri- (see Tri-) + dens tooth: cf. F. trident. See Tooth.] 1. (Class Myth.) Defn: A kind of scepter or spear with three prongs, -- the common attribute of Neptune. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A three-pronged spear or goad, used for urging horses; also, the weapon used by one class of gladiators. 3. A three-pronged fish spear. 4. (Geom.) Defn: A curve of third order, having three infinite branches in the direction and a fourth infinite branch in the opposite direction. Trident bat (Zoöl.), an Asiatic rhinolophid bat (Triænops Persicus), having the nose membrane in the shape of a trident. TRIDENT Tri"dent, a. Etym: [L. tridens.] Defn: Having three teeth or prongs; tridentate. TRIDENTATE; TRIDENTATED Tri*den"tate, Tri*den"ta*ted, a. Etym: [NL. tridentatus. See Trident.] Defn: Having three teeth; three-toothed. Lee. TRIDENTED Tri"dent*ed, a. Defn: Having three prongs; trident; tridentate; as, a tridented mace. [R.] Quarles. TRIDENTIFEROUS Tri`dent*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. tridentifer; tridens trident + ferre to bear.] Defn: Bearing a trident. TRIDENTINE Tri*den"tine, a. Etym: [From L. Tridentum Trent.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Trent, or the general church council held in that city. TRIDIAPASON Tri*di`a*pa"son, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + diaposon.] (Anc. Mus.) Defn: A triple octave, or twenty-second. Busby. TRIDIMENSIONAL Tri`di*men"sion*al, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + dimensional.] (Chem.) Defn: Having three dimensions; extended in three different directions. TRIDING Tri"ding, n. Defn: A riding. See Trithing. TRIDUAN Trid"u*an, a. Etym: [L. triduanus, fr. triduum space of three days; tri- + dies day.] Defn: Lasting three lays; also, happening every third day. [R.] Blount. TRIDYMITE Trid"y*mite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.) Defn: Pure silica, like quartz, but crystallizing in hexagonal tables. It is found in trachyte and similar rocks. TRIED Tried, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Try. Also adj. Defn: Proved; tested; faithful; trustworthy; as, a tried friend. TRIEDRAL Tri*e"dral, a. Defn: See Trihedral. TRIENNIAL Tri*en"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. triennium the space of three years; tri- (see Tri-) + annus year. See Annual.] 1. Continuing three years; as, triennial parliaments; a triennial reign. Howell. 2. Happening, coming about, or appearing once in every three years; as, triennial elections; a triennial catalogue; a triennial visitation. T. Warton. TRIENNIAL Tri*en"ni*al, n. Defn: Something which takes place or appears once in three years. TRIENNIALLY Tri*en"ni*al*ly, adv. Defn: Once in three years. TRIENS Tri"ens, n. Etym: [L., from tres, tria, three.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A Roman copper coin, equal to one third of the as. See 3d As, 2. TRIER Tri"er, n. Etym: [From Try.] 1. One who tries; one who makes experiments; one who examines anything by a test or standard. Boyle. 2. One who tries judicially. 3. (Law) Defn: A person appointed according to law to try challenges of jurors; a trior. Burrill. 4. That which tries or approves; a test. Shak. TRIERARCH Tri"er*arch, n. Etym: [L. trierarchus, Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) (a) The commander of a trireme. (b) At Athens, one who (singly, or jointly with other citizens) had to fit out a trireme for the public service. TRIERARCHY Tri"er*arch`y, n.; pl. Trierarchises. Etym: [ Gr. Defn: The office duty of a trierarch. TRIETERICAL Tri`e*ter"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. trietericus, Gr. Tri-.) + Defn: Kept or occurring once in three years; triennial. [R.] J. Gregory. TRIETERICS Tri`e*ter"ics, n. pl. Etym: [L. trieterica, pl., fr. Gr. (Class. Antiq.) Defn: Festival games celebrated once in three years. [R.] May. TRIETHYLAMINE Tri*eth`yl*am"ine, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + ethylamine.] (Chem.) Defn: A tertiary amine analogous to trimethylamine. TRIFACIAL Tri*fa"cial, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + facial.] (Anat.) Defn: See Trigeminal. TRIFALLOW Tri"fal`low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trifallowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Trifallowing.] Etym: [Pref. tri- + fallow. Cf. Thryfallow.] Defn: To plow the third time before sowing, as land. Mortimer. TRIFARIOUS Tri*fa"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. trifarius of three sorts or ways, threefold; cf. Gr. Bifarious.] (Bot.) Defn: Facing three ways; arranged in three vertical ranks, as the leaves of veratrum. TRIFASCIATED Tri*fas"ci*a`ted, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + fasciated.] Defn: Having, or surrounded by, three fasciæ, or bands. TRIFID Tri"fid, a. Etym: [L. trifidus; tri- (see Tri-) + the root of findere to split: cf. F. trifide.] Defn: Cleft to the middle, or slightly beyond the middle, into three parts; three-cleft. TRIFISTULARY Tri*fis"tu*la*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + fistula, fistular.] Defn: Having three pipes. Sir T. Browne. TRIFLE Tri"fle, n. Etym: [OE. trifle, trufle, OF. trufle mockery, raillery, trifle, probably the same word as F. truffe truffle, the word being applied to any small or worthless object. See Truffle.] 1. A thing of very little value or importance; a paltry, or trivial, affair. With such poor trifles playing. Drayton. Trifles light as air Are to the jealous confirmation strong As proofs of holy writ. Shak. Small sands the mountain, moments make year, And frifles life. Young. 2. A dish composed of sweetmeats, fruits, cake, wine, etc., with syllabub poured over it. TRIFLE Tri"fle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trifled; p. pr. & vb. n. Trifling.] Etym: [OE. trifelen, truflen. See Trifle, n.] Defn: To act or talk without seriousness, gravity, weight, or dignity; to act or talk with levity; to indulge in light or trivial amusements. They trifle, and they beat the air about nothing which toucheth us. Hooker. To trifle with, to play the fool with; to treat without respect or seriousness; to mock; as, to trifle with one's feelings, or with sacred things. TRIFLE Tri"fle, v. t. 1. To make of no importance; to treat as a trifle. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To spend in vanity; to fritter away; to waste; as, to trifle away money. "We trifle time." Shak. TRIFLER Tri"fler, n. Defn: One who trifles. Waterland. TRIFLING Tri"fling, a. Defn: Being of small value or importance; trivial; paltry; as, a trifling debt; a trifling affair. -- Tri"fling*ly, adv. -- Tri"fling*ness, n. TRIFLORAL; TRIFLOROUS Tri*flo"ral, Tri*flo"rous, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + L. flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Defn: Three-flowered; having or bearing three flowers; as, a triflorous peduncle. TRIFLUCTUATION Tri*fluc`tu*a"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + fluctuation.] Defn: A concurrence of three waves. [Obs.] "A trifluctuation of evils." Sir T. Browne. TRIFOLIATE; TRIFOLIATED Tri*fo"li*ate, Tri*fo"li*a`ted, a. Etym: [Tri- + foliate. Cf. Trefoil.] (Bot.) Defn: Having three leaves or leaflets, as clover. See Illust. of Shamrock. TRIFOLIOLATE Tri*fo"li*o*late, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + foliolate.] Defn: (Bot.) Having three leaflets. TRIFOLIUM Tri*fo"li*um, n. Etym: [L., clover.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of leguminous herbs with densely spiked flowers and usually trifoliate leaves; trefoil. There are many species, all of which are called clover. See Clover. TRIFOLY Tri"fo*ly, n. Etym: [L. trifolium. See Trifoliate, Trefoil.] (Bot.) Defn: Sweet trefoil. [Obs.] She was crowned with a chaplet of trifoly. B. Jonson. TRIFORIUM Tri*fo"ri*um, n. Etym: [LL., fr. L. tri- (see Tri-) + foris, pl. fores, a door.] (Arch.) Defn: The gallery or open space between the vaulting and the roof of the aisles of a church, often forming a rich arcade in the interior of the church, above the nave arches and below the clearstory windows. TRIFORM Tri"form, a. Etym: [L. triformis; tri- (see Tri-) + forma form.] Defn: Having a triple form or character. "This triform antagonism." I. Taylor. Goddess Triform, I own thy triple spell. Lowell. TRIFORMITY Tri*form"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. triformitas.] Defn: The state of being triform, or of having a threefold shape. TRIFURCATE; TRIFURCATED Tri*fur"cate, Tri*fur"ca*ted, a. Etym: [L. trifurcus; tri- (see Tri-) + furca fork.] Defn: Having three branches or forks; trichotomous. TRIG Trig, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Dan. trykke to press, Sw. trycka.] Defn: To fill; to stuff; to cram. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. TRIG Trig, a. Etym: [Formerly written trick, akin to trick to dress.] Defn: Full; also, trim; neat. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] To sit on a horse square and trig. Brit. Quart. Rev. TRIG Trig, v. t. Etym: [See Trigger.] Defn: To stop, as a wheel, by placing something under it; to scotch; to skid. TRIG Trig, n. Etym: [See Trigger.] Defn: A stone, block of wood, or anything else, placed under a wheel or barrel to prevent motion; a scotch; a skid. [Eng.] Wright. TRIGAMIST Trig"a*mist, n. Etym: [See Trigamy.] Defn: One who has been married three times; also, one who has three husbands or three wives at the same time. TRIGAMOUS Trig"a*mous, a. Etym: [L. trigamus a thrice-married man, Gr. Tri-) + trigame.] (Bot.) Defn: Having three sorts of flowers in the same head, -- male, female, and hermaphrodite, or perfect, flowers. TRIGAMY Trig"a*my, n. Etym: [L. trigamia,Gr. trigamie. See Trigamous.] Defn: The act of marrying, or the state of being married, three times; also, the offense of having three husbands or three wives at the same time. TRIGASTRIC Tri*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: Having three bellies; -- said of a muscle. Dunglison. TRIGEMINAL Tri*gem"i*nal, a. Etym: [See Trigeminous.] (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, the fifth pair of cranial nerves, which divide on each side of the head into three main branches distributed to the orbits, jaws, and parts of the mouth; trifacial. TRIGEMINOUS Tri*gem"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. trigeminus born three together; tri- (see Tri-) + geminus twin. Cf. Tergeminous.] Defn: Born three together; being one of three born at the same birth; also, threefold. E. Phillip TRIGENIC Tri*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + gen- + -ic. So named in reference to its composition, it being supposed to contain the radicals of three molecules of cyanic acid.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C4H7N3O2, obtained, by the action of the vapor of cyanic acid on cold aldehyde, as a white crystalline substance having a slightly acid taste and faint smell; -- called also ethidene- or ethylidene-biuret. TRIGER PROCESS Tri`ger proc"ess. [After M. Triger, French engineer.] (Engin. & Mining) Defn: A method of sinking through water-bearing ground, in which the shaft is lined with tubbing and provided with an air lock, work being proceeded with under air pressure. TRIGESIMO-SECUNDO Tri*ges"i*mo-se*cun"do, a. Etym: [L. in trigesimo-secundo in the thirty-second.] Defn: Having thirty-two leaves to a sheet; as, a trigesimo-secundo form, book, leaf, size, etc. TRIGESIMO-SECUNDO Tri*ges"i*mo-se*cun"do, n. Defn: A book composed of sheets so folded that each one makes thirty- two leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of book; -- usually written 32mo, or 32º, and called thirty-twomo. TRIGGER Trig"ger, n. Etym: [For older tricker, from D. trekker, fr. trekken to draw, pull. See Trick, n.] 1. A catch to hold the wheel of a carriage on a declivity. 2. (Mech.) Defn: A piece, as a lever, which is connected with a catch or detent as a means of releasing it; especially (Firearms), the part of a lock which is moved by the finger to release the cock and discharge the piece. Trigger fish (Zoöl.), a large plectognath fish (Balistes Carolinensis or B. capriscus) common on the southern coast of the United States, and valued as a food fish in some localities. Its rough skin is used for scouring and polishing in the place of sandpaper. Called also leather jacket, and turbot. TRIGINTAL Tri*gin`tal, n. Etym: [LL. trigintate, fr. L. triginta thirty. See Trental.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A trental. TRIGLYCERIDE Tri*glyc"er*ide, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + glyceride.] (Chem.) Defn: A glyceride formed by the replacement of three hydrogen atoms in glycerin by acid radicals. TRIGLYPH Tri"glyph, n. Etym: [L. triglyphus, Gr. Tri-) + triglyphe.] (Arch.) Defn: An ornament in the frieze of the Doric order, repeated at equal intervals. Each triglyph consists of a rectangular tablet, slightly projecting, and divided nearly to the top by two parallel and perpendicular gutters, or channels, called glyphs, into three parts, or spaces, called femora. A half channel, or glyph, is also cut upon each of the perpendicular edges of the tablet. See Illust. of Entablature. TRIGLYPHIC; TRIGLYPHICAL Tri*glyph"ic, Tri*glyph"ic*al, a. 1. Consisting of, or pertaining to, triglyphs. 2. Containing three sets of characters or sculptures. TRIGNESS Trig"ness, n. Etym: [See Trig trim, neat.] Defn: The quality or state of being trig; smartness; neatness. Their spars had no man-of-war trigness. Kane. TRIGON Tri"gon, n. Etym: [L. trigonum, Gr. Tri-) + trigone.] 1. A figure having three angles; a triangle. 2. (Astrol.) (a) A division consisting of three signs. (b) Trine, an aspect of two planets distant 120 degrees from each other. Hutton. 3. (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) (a) A kind of triangular lyre or harp. (b) A kind of game at ball played by three persons standing at the angular points of a triangle. TRIGON; TRIGONID Tri"gon, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The cutting region of the crown of an upper molar, usually the anterior part. That of a lower molar is the Tri"go*nid. TRIGONAL Trig"o*nal, a. Defn: Having three angles, or corners; triangular; as, a trigonal stem, one having tree prominent longitudinal angles. TRIGONE Tri`gone", n. Etym: [F., literally, a trigon.] (Anat.) Defn: A smooth triangular area on the inner surface of the bladder, limited by the apertures of the ureters and urethra. TRIGONIA Tri*go"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Trigon. So called in allusion to the triangular shape of some species.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of pearly bivalve shells, numerous extinct species of which are characteristic of the Mesozoic rocks. A few living species exist on the coast of Australia. TRIGONOCEROUS Trig`o*noc"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having horns with three angles, like those of some species of goats. TRIGONODONT Trig"o*no*dont`, a. [See Trigon; Odonto.] Defn: See Trituberculy. TRIGONOMETRIC; TRIGONOMETRICAL Trig`o*no*met"ric, Trig`o*no*met"ric*al,Etym: [Cf. F. trigonométrique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to trigonometry; performed by the rules of trigonometry. --Trig`o*no*met"ric*al*ly, adv. Trigonometrical curve, a curve one of whose coördinates is a trigonometric function of the other. -- Trigonometrical function. See under Function. -- Trigonometrical lines, lines which are employed in solving the different cases of plane and spherical trigonometry, as sines, tangents, secants, and the like. These lines, or the lengths of them, are trigonometrical functions of the arcs and angles to which they belong. -- Trigonometrical survey. See under Survey. TRIGONOMETRY Trig`o*nom"e*try, n.; pl. -tries. Etym: [Gr. -metry: cf. F. trigonométrie. See Trigon.] 1. That branch of mathematics which treats of the relations of the sides and angles of triangles, which the methods of deducing from certain given parts other required parts, and also of the general relations which exist between the trigonometrical functions of arcs or angles. 2. A treatise in this science. Analytical trigonometry, that branch of trigonometry which treats of the relations and properties of the trigonometrical functions. -- Plane trigonometry, and Spherical trigonometry, those branches of trigonometry in which its principles are applied to plane triangles and spherical triangles respectively. TRIGONOUS Trig"o*nous, a. Etym: [L. trigonus, Gr. Trigon.] Defn: Same as Trigonal. TRIGRAM Tri"gram, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + -gram.] Defn: Same as Trigraph. TRIGRAMMATIC Tri`gram*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Containing three letters or characters, or three sets of letters or characters. TRIGRAMMIC Tri*gram"mic, a. Etym: [Gr. Trigrammatic.] Defn: Same as Trigrammatic. TRIGRAPH Tri"graph, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + -graph.] Defn: Three letters united in pronunciation so as to have but one sound, or to form but one syllable, as -ieu in adieu; a triphthong. TRIGYN Tri"gyn, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any one of the Trigynia. TRIGYNIA Tri*gyn"i*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., Gr. Tri-) + (Bot.) Defn: A Linnæan order of plants having three pistils or styles. TRIGYNIAN; TRIGYNOUS Tri*gyn"i*an, Trig"y*nous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having three pistils or styles; of or pertaining to the Trigynia. TRIHEDRAL Tri*he"dral, a. Etym: [See Trihedron.] (Geom.) Defn: Having three sides or faces; thus, a trihedral angle is a solid angle bounded by three plane angles. [Written also triedral.] TRIHEDRON Tri*he"dron, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. (Geom.) Defn: A figure having three sides. TRIHORAL Tri*ho"ral, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + horal.] Defn: Occurring once in every three hours. TRIHYBRID Tri*hy"brid, n. (Biol.) Defn: A hybrid whose parents differ by three pairs of contrasting Mendelian characters. TRIJUGATE Trij"u*gate, a. Etym: [See Trijugous.] (Bot.) Defn: In three pairs; as, a trijugate leaf, or a pinnate leaf with three pairs of leaflets. TRIJUGOUS Trij"u*gous, a. Etym: [L. trijugus threefold; tri- + jugum a yoke.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Trijugate. TRIKOSANE Tri"ko*sane, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A hydrocarbon, C23H48, of the methane series, resembling paraffin; -- so called because it has twenty-three atoms of carbon in the molecule. TRILATERAL Tri*lat"er*al, a.Etym: [L. trilaterus; tri- (see Tri-) + latus, lateris, side: cf. F. trilatéral. See Lateral.] (Geom.) Defn: Having three sides; being three-sided; as, a trilateral triangle. -- Tri*lat"er*al*ly, adv. -- Tri*lat"er*al*ness, n. TRILEMMA Tri*lem"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Tri-) + any thing received, in logic, an assumption. Cf. Dilemma.] 1. (Logic) Defn: A syllogism with three conditional propositions, the major premises of which are disjunctively affirmed in the minor. See Dilemma. 2. A state of things in which it is difficult to determine which one of three courses to pursue. TRILINEAR Tri*lin"e*ar, a. (Math.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or included by, three lines; as, trilinear coördinates. TRILINGUAL Tri*lin"gual, a. Etym: [L. trilinguis; tri- (see Tri-) + lingua tongue, language. See Lingual.] Defn: Containing, or consisting of, three languages; expressed in three languages. The much-noted Rosetta stone . . . bears upon its surface a trilingual inscription. I. Taylor. TRILINGUAR Tri*lin"guar, a. Defn: See Trilingual. TRILITERAL Tri*lit"er*al, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + literal.] Defn: Consisting of three letters; trigrammic; as, a triliteral root or word. -- n. Defn: A triliteral word. TRILITERALISM Tri*lit"er*al*ism, n. Defn: Same as Triliterality. TRILITERALITY; TRILITERALNESS Tri*lit`er*al"i*ty, Tri*lit"er*al*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being triliteral; as, the triliterality of Hebrew roots. W. D. Whitney. TRILITH Tri"lith, n. Defn: Same as Trilithon. Mollett. TRILITHIC Tri*lith"ic a. Defn: Pertaining to a trilith. TRILITHON Tril"i*thon (trîl"î*thôn), n.; pl. Trilithons Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.Tri- ) + (Archæol.) Defn: A monument consisting of three stones; especially, such a monument forming a kind of doorway, as among the ancient Celts. TRILL Trill, v. i. Etym: [OE. trillen to roll, turn round; of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. trilla to roll, Dan. trilde, Icel. þyrla to whirl, and E. thrill. Cf. Thrill.] Defn: To flow in a small stream, or in drops rapidly succeeding each other; to trickle. Sir W. Scott. And now and then an ample tear trilled down Her delicate cheek. Shak. Whispered sounds Of waters, trilling from the riven stone. Glover. TRILL Trill, v. t. Etym: [OE. trillen; cf. Sw. trilla to roll.] Defn: To turn round; to twirl. [Obs.] Gascoigne. Bid him descend and trill another pin. Chaucer. TRILL Trill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Trilling.] Etym: [It. trillare; probably of imitative origin.] Defn: To impart the quality of a trill to; to utter as, or with, a trill; as, to trill the r; to trill a note. The sober-suited songstress trills her lay. Thomson. TRILL Trill, v. i. Defn: To utter trills or a trill; to play or sing in tremulous vibrations of sound; to have a trembling sound; to quaver. To judge of trilling notes and tripping feet. Dryden. TRILL Trill, n. Etym: [It. trillo, fr. trillare. See Trill to shake.] 1. A sound, of consonantal character, made with a rapid succession of partial or entire intermissions, by the vibration of some one part of the organs in the mouth -- tongue, uvula, epiglottis, or lip -- against another part; as, the r is a trill in most languages. 2. The action of the organs in producing such sounds; as, to give a trill to the tongue. d 3. (Mus.) Defn: A shake or quaver of the voice in singing, or of the sound of an instrument, produced by the rapid alternation of two contiguous tones of the scale; as, to give a trill on the high C. See Shake. TRILLACHAN Tril"la*chan, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The oyster catcher. [Prov. Eng.] TRILLING Tril"ling, n. Etym: [Cf. G. drilling.] 1. One of tree children born at the same birth. Wright. 2. (Crystallog.) Defn: A compound crystal, consisting of three individuals. TRILLION Tril"lion, n. Etym: [F. trillion, formed from the pref. tri- in imitation of million a million. Cf. Billion.] Defn: According to the French notation, which is used upon the Continent generally and in the United States, the number expressed by a unit with twelve ciphers annexed; a million millions; according to the English notation, the number produced by involving a million to the third power, or the number represented by a unit with eighteen ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration. TRILLIUM Tril"li*um, n. Etym: [NL.; cf. L. trilix triple-woven, triple.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of liliaceous plants; the three-leaved nightshade; -- so called because all the parts of the plant are in threes. TRILLO Tril"lo, n. Etym: [It. See Trill.] (Mus.) Defn: A trill or shake. See Trill. TRILOBATE Tri*lo"bate, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + lobate.] Defn: Having three lobes. TRILOBATION Tri`lo*ba"tion, n. Defn: The state of being trilobate. TRILOBED Tri"lobed, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + lobe.] Defn: Same as Trilobate. TRILOBITA Tri`lo*bi"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct order of arthropods comprising the trilobites. TRILOBITE Tri"lo*bite (tri"lo*bit), n. Etym: [Cf. F. trilobite. See Trilobate.] (Paleon.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of extinct arthropods belonging to the order Trilobita. Trilobites were very common in the Silurian and Devonian periods, but became extinct at the close of the Paleozoic. So named from the three lobes usually seen on each segment. TRILOBITIC Tri`lo*bit"ic, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to or containing, trilobites; as, trilobitic rocks. TRILOCULAR Tri*loc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + locular: cf. F. triloculaire.] Defn: Having three cells or cavities; as, a trilocular capsule; a trilocular heart. TRILOGY Tril"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. Tri-) + trilogie.] Defn: A series of three dramas which, although each of them is in one sense complete, have a close mutual relation, and form one historical and poetical picture. Shakespeare's " Henry VI." is an example. On the Greek stage, a drama, or acted story, consisted in reality of three dramas, called together a trilogy, and performed consecutively in the course of one day. Coleridge. TRILUMINAR; TRILUMINOUS Tri*lu"mi*nar, Tri*lu"mi*nous, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + L. lumen, luminis, light.] Defn: Having three lights [R.] TRIM Trim, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trimmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Trimming.] Etym: [OE. trimen, trumen, AS. trymian, trymman, to prepare, dispose, make strong, fr. trum firm, strong; of uncertain origin.] 1. To make trim; to put in due order for any purpose; to make right, neat, or pleasing; to adjust. The hermit trimmed his little fire. Goldsmith. 2. To dress; to decorate; to adorn; to invest; to embellish; as, to trim a hat. trim a Christmas tree. A rotten building newly trimmed over. Milton. I was trimmed in Julia's gown. Shak. 3. To make ready or right by cutting or shortening; to clip or lop; to curtail; as, to trim the hair; to trim a tree. " And trimmed the cheerful lamp." Byron. 4. (Carp.) Defn: To dress, as timber; to make smooth. 5. (Naut.) (a) To adjust, as a ship, by arranging the cargo, or disposing the weight of persons or goods, so equally on each side of the center and at each end, that she shall sit well on the water and sail well; as, to trim a ship, or a boat. (b) To arrange in due order for sailing; as, to trim the sails. 6. To rebuke; to reprove; also, to beat. [Colloq.] To trim in (Carp.), to fit, as a piece of timber, into other work. -- To trim up, to dress; to put in order. I found her trimming up the diadem On her dead mistress. Shak. TRIM Trim, v. i. Defn: To balance; to fluctuate between parties, so as to appear to favor each. TRIM Trim, n. 1. Dress; gear; ornaments. Seeing him just pass the window in his woodland trim. Sir W. Scott. 2. Order; disposition; condition; as, to be in good trim. " The trim of an encounter." Chapman. 3. The state of a ship or her cargo, ballast, masts, etc., by which she is well prepared for sailing. 4. (Arch) Defn: The lighter woodwork in the interior of a building; especially, that used around openings, generally in the form of a molded architrave, to protect the plastering at those points. In ballast trim (Naut.), having only ballast on board. R. H. Dana, Jr. -- Trim of the masts (Naut.), their position in regard to the ship and to each other, as near or distant, far forward or much aft, erect or raking. -- Trim of sails (Naut.), that adjustment, with reference to the wind, witch is best adapted to impel the ship forward. TRIM Trim, a. [Compar. Trimmer; superl. Trimmest.] Etym: [See Trim, v. t.] Defn: Fitly adjusted; being in good order., or made ready for service or use; firm; compact; snug; neat; fair; as, the ship is trim, or trim built; everything about the man is trim; a person is trim when his body is well shaped and firm; his dress is trim when it fits closely to his body, and appears tight and snug; a man or a soldier is trim when he stands erect. With comely carriage of her countenance trim. Spenser. So deemed I till I viewed their trim array Of boats last night. Trench. TRIMACULATED Tri*mac"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + maculated.] Defn: Marked with three spots, or maculæ. TRIMELLIC Tri*mel"lic, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + L. mel, gen. mellis, honey.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a certain tribasic acid (called also trimellitic acid) metameric with trimesitic acid. TRIMEMBRAL Tri*mem"bral, a. Etym: [L. trimembris triplemembered. See Tri-, and Member.] Defn: Having, or consisting of, three members. TRIMERA Tri"me*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Tri-, and -mere.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Coleoptera including those which have but three joints in the tarsi. TRIMERAN Tri"mer*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Trimera. Also used adjectively. TRIMEROUS Tri"mer*ous, a. Etym: [See Trimera.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the parts in threes. TRIMESITIC Tri`me*sit"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + mesitylene + -ic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a tribasic acid, C6H3.(CO2)3, of the aromatic series, obtained, by the oxidation of mesitylene, as a white crystalline substance. [Written also trimesic.] TRIMESTER Tri*mes"ter, n. Etym: [L. trimestris of three months; tri- (see Tri-) + mensis month: cf. F. trimestre.] Defn: A term or period of three months. TRIMESTRAL Tri*mes"tral, a. Defn: Trimestrial. Southey. TRIMESTRIAL Tri*mes"tri*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a trimester, or period of three months; occurring once in every three months; quarterly. TRIMETER Trim"e*ter, a. Etym: [L. trimetrus, Gr. Tri-) + measure. See Meter measure.] (Pros.) Defn: Consisting of three poetical measures. -- n. Defn: A poetical division of verse, consisting of three measures. Lowth. TRIMETHYL Tri*meth"yl. Defn: (Chem.) A prefix or combining form (also used adjectively) indicating the presence of three methyl groups. TRIMETHYLAMINE Tri*meth`yl*am"ine, n. Etym: [Trimethyl- + amine.] (Chem.) Defn: A colorless volatile alkaline liquid, N.(CH3)3, obtained from herring brine, beet roots, etc., with a characteristic herringlike odor. It is regarded as a substituted ammonia containing three methyl groups. TRIMETHYLENE Tri*meth"yl*ene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A gaseous hydrocarbon, C3H6, isomeric with propylene and obtained from it indirectly. It is the base of a series of compounds analogous to the aromatic hydrocarbons. TRIMETRIC Tri*met"ric, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. (Crystallog.) Defn: Same as Orthorhombic. TRIMETRICAL Tri*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Same as Trimeter. TRIMLY Trim"ly, adv. Defn: In a trim manner; nicely. TRIMMER Trim"mer, n. 1. One who trims, arranges, fits, or ornaments. 2. One who does not adopt extreme opinions in politics, or the like; one who fluctuates between parties, so as to appear to favor each; a timeserver. Thus Halifax was a trimmer on principle. Macaulay. 3. An instrument with which trimming is done. 4. (Arch.) Defn: A beam, into which are framed the ends of headers in floor framing, as when a hole is to be left for stairs, or to avoid bringing joists near chimneys, and the like. See Illust. of Header. TRIMMING Trim"ming, Defn: a. from Trim, v. The Whigs are, essentially, an inefficient, trimming, halfway sort of a party. Jeffrey. Trimming joist (Arch.), a joist into which timber trimmers are framed; a header. See Header. Knight. TRIMMING Trim"ming, n. 1. The act of one who trims. 2. That which serves to trim, make right or fitting, adjust, ornament, or the like; especially, the necessary or the ornamental appendages, as of a garment; hence, sometimes, the concomitants of a dish; a relish; -- usually in the pluraltrimmings.. 3. The act of reprimanding or chastisting; as, to give a boy a trimming. [Colloq.] TRIMMINGLY Trim"ming*ly, adv. Defn: In a trimming manner. TRIMNESS Trim"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being trim; orderliness; compactness; snugness; neatness. TRIMORPH Tri"morph, n. Etym: [See Trimorphous.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A substance which crystallizes in three distinct forms, or which has three distinct physical states; also, any one of these distinct forms. See Trimorphism, 1. TRIMORPHIC; TRIMORPHOUS Tri*mor"phic, Tri*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Gr. Tri-) + Defn: Of, pertaining to, or characterized by, trimorphism; -- contrasted with monomorphic, dimorphic, and polymorphic. TRIMORPHISM Tri*mor"phism, n. Etym: [See Trimorphic.] 1. (Crystallog.) Defn: The property of crystallizing in three forms fundamentally distinct, as is the case with titanium dioxide, which crystallizes in the forms of rutile, octahedrite, and brookite. See Pleomorphism. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The coëxistence among individuals of the same species of three distinct forms, not connected, as a rule, by intermediate gradations; the condition among individuals of the same species of having three different shapes or proportions of corresponding parts; -- contrasted with polymorphism, and dimorphism. Heterogonous trimporphism (Bot.), that condition in which flowers of plants of the same species have three different lengths of stamens, short, medium, and long, the blossoms of one individual plant having short and medium stamens and a long style, those of another having short and long stamens and a style of medium length, and those of a third having medium and long stamens and a short style, the style of each blossom thus being of a length not represented by its stamens. TRIMURTI Tri*mur"ti, n. Etym: [Skr. trim; tri three + m body.] (Hindoo Myth.) Defn: The triad, or trinity, of Hindoo gods, consisting of Brahma, the Creator, Vishnu, the Preserver, and Siva, the Destroyer. [Spelled also Trimurtti.] TRIMYARIAN Trim`y*a"ri*an, n. Etym: [Pref. tri + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A lamellibranch which has three muscular scars on each valve. TRINAL Tri"nal, a. Etym: [L. trinus triple, trini three each, fr. tres, tria, three. See Three, and cf. Trine, a. & n., Tern, a.] Defn: Threefold. "Trinal unity." Milton. In their trinal triplicities on high. Spenser. TRINDLE Trin"dle, v. t. & n. Defn: See Trundle. TRINE Trine, a. Etym: [See Trinal.] Defn: Threefold; triple; as, trine dimensions, or length, breadth, and thickness. TRINE Trine, n. Etym: [F. trine, trin. See Trinal.] 1. (Astrol.) Defn: The aspect of planets distant from each other 120 degrees, or one third of the zodiac; trigon. In sextile, square, and trine. Milton. 2. A triad; trinity. [R.] A single trine of brazen tortoises. Mrs. Browning. Eternal One, Almighty Trine! Keble. TRINE Trine, v. t. Defn: To put in the aspect of a trine. [R.] By fortune he [Saturn] was now to Venus trined. Dryden. TRINERVATE Tri*nerv"ate, a. Etym: [NL. trinervatus; pref. tri- + L. nervus nerve.] (Bot.) Defn: Having three ribs or nerves extending unbranched from the base to the apex; -- said of a leaf. Gray. TRINERVE; TRINERVED Tri"nerve`, Tri"nerved`, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + nerve.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Trinervate. TRINGA Trin"ga, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of limicoline birds including many species of sandpipers. See Dunlin, Knot, and Sandpiper. TRINGLE Trin"gle, n. Etym: [F. tringle.] Defn: A curtain rod for a bedstead. TRINGOID Trin"goid, a. Etym: [Tringa + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Tringa, or the Sandpiper family. TRINITARIAN Trin`i*ta"ri*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. trinitaire. See Trinity.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the Trinity, the doctrine of the Trinity, or believers in that doctrine. TRINITARIAN Trin`i*ta"ri*an, n. 1. One who believes in the doctrine of the Trinity. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a monastic order founded in Rome in 1198 by St. John of Matha, and an old French hermit, Felix of Valois, for the purpose of redeeming Christian captives from the Mohammedans. TRINITARIANISM Trin`i*ta"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine of the Trinity; the doctrine that there are three distinct persons in the Godhead. TRINITROCELLULOSE Tri*ni`tro*cel"lu*lose", n. Defn: Gun cotton; -- so called because regarded as containing three nitro groups. TRINITROPHENOL Tri*ni`tro*phe"nol, n. (Chem.) Defn: Picric acid. TRINITY Trin"i*ty, n. Etym: [OE. trinitee, F. trinité, L. trinitas, fr. trini three each. See Trinal.] 1. (Christian Theol.) Defn: The union of three persons (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost) in one Godhead, so that all the three are one God as to substance, but three persons as to individuality. 2. Any union of three in one; three units treated as one; a triad, as the Hindoo trinity, or Trimurti. 3. Any symbol of the Trinity employed in Christian art, especially the triangle. Trinity House, an institution in London for promoting commerce and navigation, by licensing pilots, ordering and erecting beacons, and the like. -- Trinity Sunday, the Sunday next after Whitsunday; -- so called from the feast held on that day in honor of the Holy Trinity. -- Trinity term. (Law) See the Note under Term, n., 5. TRINIUNITY Trin`i*u"ni*ty, n. Etym: [See Trinity, and Unity.] Defn: Triunity; trinity. [Obs.] As for terms of trinity, triniunity, . . . and the like, they reject them as scholastic notions. Milton. TRINK Trink, n. Defn: A kind of fishing net. [Obs.] Crabb. TRINKET Trin"ket, n. Etym: [F. trinquet foremast, also, a certain sail, trinquette a triangular sail, or Sp. trinquete triangular.] (Naut.) Defn: A three-cornered sail formerly carried on a ship's foremast, probably on a lateen yard. Sailing always with the sheets of mainsail and trinket warily in our hands. Hakluyt. TRINKET Trin"ket, n. Etym: [OE. trenket a sort of knife, hence, probably, a toy knife worn as an ornament; probably from an Old French dialectic form of trenchier to cut. Cf. Trench, v. t.] 1. A knife; a cutting tool. Tusser. 2. A small ornament, as a jewel, ring, or the like. 3. A thing of little value; a trifle; a toy. TRINKET Trin"ket, v. i. Defn: To give trinkets; hence, to court favor; to intrigue. [Obs.] South. TRINKETER Trin"ket*er, n. Defn: One who trinkets. [Obs.] TRINKETRY Trin"ket*ry, n. Defn: Ornaments of dress; trinkets, collectively. No trinketry on front, or neck, or breast. Southey. TRINKLE Trin"kle, v. i. Defn: To act secretly, or in an underhand way; to tamper. [Obs.] Wright. TRINOCTIAL Tri*noc"tial, a. Etym: [L. trinoctialis for three nights; tri- (see Tri-) + nox, noctis, night.] Defn: Lasting during three nights; comprising three nights. TRINODAL Tri*nod"al, a. Etym: [L. trinodis three-knotted; tri- (see Tri-) + nodus knot.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Having three knots or nodes; having three points from which a leaf may shoot; as, a trinodal stem. 2. (Geom.) Defn: Having three nodal points. TRINOMIAL Tri*no"mi*al, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + -nomial as in binomial: cf. F. trinôme.] (Math.) Defn: A quantity consisting of three terms, connected by the sign + or -; as, x + y + z, or ax + 2b - c2. TRINOMIAL Tri*no"mi*al, a. (Math.) Defn: Consisting of three terms; of or pertaining to trinomials; as, a trinomial root. TRINOMINAL Tri*nom"i*nal, n. & a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + L. nomen, nominis, name: cf. L. trinominis three-named.] (Math.) Defn: Trinomial. TRINUCLEUS Tri*nu"cle*us, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + nucleus.] (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of Lower Silurian trilobites in which the glabella and cheeks form three rounded elevations on the head. TRIO Tri"o, n. Etym: [It., fr. L. tres, tria, three: cf. F. trio, from the Italian. See Three.] 1. Three, considered collectively; three in company or acting together; a set of three; three united. The trio were well accustomed to act together, and were linked to each other by ties of mutual interest. Dickens. 2. (Mus.) (a) A composition for three parts or three instruments. (b) The secondary, or episodical, movement of a minuet or scherzo, as in a sonata or symphony, or of a march, or of various dance forms; -- not limited to three parts or instruments. TRIOBOLAR; TRIOBOLARY Tri*ob"o*lar, Tri*ob"o*la*ry, a. Etym: [LL. triobolaris, fr. L. triobolus a piece of three oboli, Gr. Tri-, and Obolus.] Defn: Of the value of three oboli; hence, mean; worthless. [Obs.] It may pass current . . . for a triobolar ballad. Cheyne. TRIOCTILE Tri*oc"tile, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + octile.] (Astrol.) Defn: An aspect of two planets with regard to the earth when they are three octants, or three eighths of a circle, that is, 135 degrees, distant from each other. Hutton. TRIOECIA Tri*oe"ci*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Trioecious.] (Bot.) Defn: The third order of the Linnæan class Polygamia. TRIOECIOUS Tri*oe"cious, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having three sorts of flowers on the same or on different plants, some of the flowers being staminate, others pistillate, and others both staminate and pistillate; belonging to the order Trioecia. TRIOLE Tri"ole, n. Etym: [See Triolet.] (Mus.) Defn: Same as Triplet. TRIOLEIN Tri*o"le*in, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + olein.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: See Olein. TRIOLET Tri"o*let, n. Etym: [F. triolet. See Trio.] Defn: A short poem or stanza of eight lines, in which the first line is repeated as the fourth and again as the seventh line, the second being, repeated as the eighth. Brande & C. TRIONAL Tri"o*nal, n. [Pref. tri- + sulphonal; -- so called because it contains three ethyls.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound similar to sulphonal, used as a hypnotic in medicine. TRIONYCHOIDEA Tri*on`y*choi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Trionyx, and -old.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of chelonians which comprises Trionyx and allied genera; -- called also Trionychoides, and Trionychina. TRIONYX Tri*on"yx, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Tri-) + (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fresh-water or river turtles which have the shell imperfectly developed and covered with a soft leathery skin. They are noted for their agility and rapacity. Called also soft tortoise, soft-shell tortoise, and mud turtle. Note: The common American species (Trionyx, or Aspidonectus, ferox) becomes over a foot in length and is very voracious. Similar species are found in Asia and Africa. TRIOR Tri"or, n. (Law) Defn: Same as Trier, 2 and 3. TRIOSE Tri"ose, n. [Tri- + -ose.] (Chem.) (a) A sugar derived from a trihydric alcohol. (b) A trisaccharide. TRIOXIDE Tri*ox"ide, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + oxide.] (Chem.) Defn: An oxide containing three atoms of oxygen; as, sulphur trioxide, SO3; -- formerly called tritoxide. TRIP Trip, n. i. [imp. & p. p. Tripped; p. pr. & vb. n. Tripping.] Etym: [OE. trippen; akin to D. trippen, Dan. trippe, and E. tramp. See Tramp.] 1. To move with light, quick steps; to walk or move lightly; to skip; to move the feet nimbly; -- sometimes followed by it. See It, 5. This horse anon began to trip and dance. Chaucer. Come, and trip it, as you go, On the light fantastic toe. Milton. She bounded by, and tripped so light They had not time to take a steady sight. Dryden. 2. To make a brief journey or pleasure excursion; as, to trip to Europe. 3. To take a quick step, as when in danger of losing one's balance; hence, to make a false; to catch the foot; to lose footing; to stumble. 4. Fig.: To be guilty of a misstep; to commit an offense against morality, propriety, or rule; to err; to mistake; to fail. "Till his tongue trip." Locke. A blind will thereupon comes to be led by a blind understanding; there is no remedy, but it must trip and stumble. South. Virgil is so exact in every word that none can be changed but for a worse; he pretends sometimes to trip, but it is to make you think him in danger when most secure. Dryden. What dost thou verily trip upon a word R. Browning. TRIP Trip, v. t. 1. To cause to stumble, or take a false step; to cause to lose the footing, by striking the feet from under; to cause to fall; to throw off the balance; to supplant; -- often followed by up; as, to trip up a man in wrestling. The words of Hobbes's defense trip up the heels of his cause. Abp. Bramhall. 2. Fig.: To overthrow by depriving of support; to put an obstacle in the way of; to obstruct; to cause to fail. To trip the course of law, and blunt the sword. Shak. 3. To detect in a misstep; to catch; to convict. [R.] These her women can trip me if I err. Shak. 4. (Naut.) (a) To raise (an anchor) from the bottom, by its cable or buoy rope, so that it hangs free. (b) To pull (a yard) into a perpendicular position for lowering it. 5. (Mach.) Defn: To release, let fall, or see free, as a weight or compressed spring, as by removing a latch or detent. TRIP Trip, n. 1. A quick, light step; a lively movement of the feet; a skip. His heart bounded as he sometimes could hear the trip of a light female step glide to or from the door. Sir W. Scott. 2. A brief or rapid journey; an excursion or jaunt. I took a trip to London on the death of the queen. Pope. 3. A false step; a stumble; a misstep; a loss of footing or balance. Fig.: An error; a failure; a mistake. Imperfect words, with childish trips. Milton. Each seeming trip, and each digressive start. Harte. 4. A small piece; a morsel; a bit. [Obs.] "A trip of cheese." Chaucer. 5. A stroke, or catch, by which a wrestler causes his antagonist to lose footing. And watches with a trip his foe to foil. Dryden. It is the sudden trip in wrestling that fetches a man to the ground. South. 6. (Naut.) Defn: A single board, or tack, in plying, or beating, to windward. 7. A herd or flock, as of sheep, goats, etc. [Prov. Eng. & Scott.] 8. A troop of men; a host. [Obs.] Robert of Brunne. 9. (Zoöl.) Defn: A flock of widgeons. TRIPALMITATE Tri*pal"mi*tate, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + palmitate.] (Chem.) Defn: A palmitate derived from three molecules of palmitic acid. TRIPALMITIN Tri*pal"mi*tin, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + palmitin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: See Palmitin. TRIPANG Tri*pang", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Trepang. TRIPARTED Tri"part`ed, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + parted.] 1. (Her.) Defn: Parted into three piece; having three parts or pieces; -- said of the field or of a bearing; as, a cross triparted. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Divided nearly to the base into three segments or lobes. TRIPARTIBLE Tri*part"i*ble, a. Defn: Divisible into three parts. TRIPARTIENT Tri*par"tient, a. Etym: [See Tripartite.] (Arith.) Defn: Dividing into three parts; -- said of a number which exactly divides another into three parts. TRIPARTITE Trip"ar*tite, a. Etym: [L. tripartitus; tri- (see Tri-) + partitus, p. p. of partiri to part, to divide. See Part, v. i.] 1. Divided into three parts; triparted; as, a tripartite leaf. 2. Having three corresponding parts or copies; as, to make indentures tripartite. A. Smith. 3. Made between three parties; as, a tripartite treaty. TRIPARTITELY Trip`ar*tite*ly, adv. Defn: In a tripartite manner. TRIPARTITION Trip`ar*ti"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tripartition.] Defn: A division by threes, or into three parts; the taking of a third part of any number or quantity. TRIPASCHAL Tri*pas"chal, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + paschal.] Defn: Including three passovers. TRIPE Tripe, n. Etym: [OE. tripe, F. tripe; of uncertain origin; cf. Sp. & Pg. tripa, It. trippa, OD. tripe, W. tripa, Armor. stripen.] 1. The large stomach of ruminating animals, when prepared for food. How say you to a fat tripe finely broiled Shak. 2. The entrails; hence, humorously or in contempt, the belly; -- generally used in the plural. Howell. TRIPEDAL Trip"e*dal, a. Etym: [L. tripedalis; tri- (see Tri-) + pes, pedis, a foot.] Defn: Having three feet. TRIPE-DE-ROCHE Tripe`-de-roche", n. Etym: [F.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Rock tripe, under Rock. TRIPEL Trip"el, n. (Min.) Defn: Same as Tripoli. TRIPEMAN Tripe"man, n.; pl. -men (. Defn: A man who prepares or sells tripe. TRIPENNATE Tri*pen"nate, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + pennate.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Tripinnate. TRIPERSONAL Tri*per"son*al, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + personal.] Defn: Consisting of three persons. Milton. TRIPERSONALIST Tri*per"son*al*ist, n. Defn: A Trinitarian. TRIPERSONALITY Tri*per`son*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The state of existing as three persons in one Godhead; trinity. TRIPERY Trip"er*y, n. Etym: [Cf. F. triperie.] Defn: A place where tripe is prepared or sold. London Quart. Rev. TRIPESTONE Tripe"stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: A variety of anhydrite composed of contorted plates fancied to resemble pieces of tripe. TRIPETALOID Tri*pet"al*oid, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + petaloid.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the form or appearance of three petals; appearing as if furnished with three petals. TRIPETALOUS Tri*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + petalous: cf. F. tripétale.] (Bot.) Defn: Having three petals, or flower leaves; three-petaled. TRIP HAMMER Trip" ham`mer. Defn: A tilt hammer. TRIPHANE Tri"phane, n. Etym: [Gr. Tri-) + to appear cf. F. triphane.] (Min.) Defn: Spodumene. TRIPHTHONG Triph"thong, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + -phthong, as in diphthong: cf. F. triphthonque.] (Orthoëpy) Defn: A combination of three vowel sounds in a single syllable, forming a simple or compound sound; also, a union of three vowel characters, representing together a single sound; a trigraph; as, eye, -ieu in adieu, -eau in beau, are examples of triphthongs. TRIPHTHONGAL Triph*thon"gal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a triphthong; consisting of three vowel sounds pronounced together in a single syllable. TRIPHYLINE Triph"y*line, n. Defn: Triphylite. TRIPHYLITE Triph"y*lite, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a grayish-green or bluish color, consisting of the phosphates of iron, manganese, and lithia. Note: A salmon-colored or clove-brown variety containing but little iron is known as lithiophilite. TRIPHYLLOUS Triph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. Tri-) + a leaf: cf. F. triphylle.] (Bot.) Defn: Having three leaves; three-leaved. TRIPINNATE Tri*pin"nate, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + pinnate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having bipinnate leaflets arranged on each side of a rhachis. TRIPINNATIFID Tri`pin*nat"i*fid, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + pinnatifid.] (Bot.) Defn: Thrice pinnately cleft; -- said of a pinnatifid leaf when its segments are pinnatifid, and the subdivisions of these also are pinnatifid. TRIPITAKA Tri*pit"a*ka, n. [Skr. tripitsaka.] Defn: The three divisions, or "baskets" (pitakas), of buddhist scriptures, -- the Vinayapitaka [Skr. Vinayapitsaka] , or Basket of Discipline; Suttapitaka [Pali] , or Basket of Discourses; and Abhidhammapitaka [Pali] , or Basket of Metaphysics. TRIPLASIAN Tri*pla"sian, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Three-fold; triple; treble. [Obs.] Cudworth. TRIPLE Tri"ple, a. Etym: [L. triplus; tri- (see Tri-) + -plus, as in duplus double: cf. F. triple. See Double, and cf. Treble.] 1. Consisting of three united; multiplied by three; threefold; as, a triple knot; a triple tie. By thy triple shape as thou art seen. Dryden. 2. Three times repeated; treble. See Treble. 3. One of three; third. [Obs.] Shak. Triple crown, the crown, or tiara, of the pope. See Tiara, 2. -- Triple-expansion steam engine, a compound steam engine in which the same steam performs work in three cylinders successively. -- Triple measure (Mus.), a measure of tree beats of which first only is accented. -- Triple ratio (Math.), a ratio which is equal to 3. -- Triple salt (Chem.), a salt containing three distinct basic atoms as radicals; thus, microcosmic salt is a triple salt. -- Triple star (Astron.), a system of three stars in close proximity. -- Triple time (Mus.), that time in which each measure is divided into three equal parts. -- Triple valve, in an automatic air brake for railroad cars, the valve under each car, by means of which the brake is controlled by a change of pressure in the air pipe leading from the locomotive. TRIPLE Tri"ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tripled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tripling.] Etym: [Cf. F. tripler. See Triple, a.] Defn: To make threefold, or thrice as much or as many; to treble; as, to triple the tax on coffee. TRIPLE-CROWNED Tri"ple-crowned`, a. Defn: Having three crowns; wearing the triple crown, as the pope. TRIPLE-HEADED Tri"ple-head`ed, a. Defn: Having three heads; three-headed; as, the triple-headed dog Cerberus. TRIPLET Trip"let, n. Etym: [From Triple.] 1. A collection or combination of three of a kind; three united. 2. (Poetry) Defn: Three verses rhyming together. 3. (Mus.) Defn: A group of three notes sung or played in the tree of two. 4. pl. Defn: Three children or offspring born at one birth. TRIPLE-TAIL Tri"ple-tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An edible fish (Lobotes Surinamensis) found in the warmer parts of all the oceans, and common on the southern and middle coasts of the United States. When living it is silvery gray, and becomes brown or blackish when dead. Its dorsal and anal fins are long, and extend back on each side of the tail. It has large silvery scales which are used in the manufacture of fancy work. Called also, locally, black perch, grouper, and flasher. TRIPLEX Tri"plex, a. (Mach.) Defn: Havingthree principal operative parts or motions, so as to produce a three-fold effect. TRIPLICATE Trip"li*cate, a. Etym: [L. triplicatus, p. p. of triplicare to triple, treble; tri- (see Tri-) + plicare to fold. See Ply, v. t.] Defn: Made thrice as much; threefold; tripled. Triplicate ratio (Math.), the ratio of the cubes of two quantities; thus, the triplicate ratio of a to b is a3: b3. TRIPLICATE Trip"li*cate, n. Defn: A third thing corresponding to two others of the same kind. TRIPLICATE-TERNATE Trip"li*cate-ter`nate, a. (Bot.) Defn: Triternate. TRIPLICATION Trip"li*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. triplicatio: cf. F. triplication.] 1. The act of tripling, or making threefold, or adding three together. Glanvill. 2. (Civil Law) Defn: Same as Surrejoinder. TRIPLICITY Tri*plic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. triplicité, fr. L. triplex, triplicis, threefold. See Triplicate, a.] Defn: The quality or state of being triple, or threefold; trebleness. In their trinal triplicities on high. Spenser. TRIPLICOSTATE Trip`li*cos"tate, a. Etym: [Triple + costate.] (Bot.) Defn: Three-ribbed. TRIPLITE Trip"lite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. triplite. See Triple.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a dark brown color, generally with a fibrous, massive structure. It is a fluophosphate of iron and manganese. TRIPLOBLASTIC Trip`lo*blas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. -blast + -ic.] (Biol.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, that condition of the ovum in which there are three primary germinal layers, or in which the blastoderm splits into three layers. TRIPLOIDITE Trip*loi"dite, n. (Min.) Defn: A manganese phosphate near triplite, but containing hydroxyl instead of fluorine. TRIPLY Trip"ly, adv. Defn: In a triple manner. TRIPMADAM Trip"mad`am, n. Etym: [F. tripe-madame, trique-madame.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Prickmadam. TRIPOD Tri"pod, n. Etym: [L. tripus, -odis, Gr. Tri-) + Foot, and cf. Tripos, Trivet.] 1. Any utensil or vessel, as a stool, table, altar, caldron, etc., supported on three feet. Note: On such, a stool, in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, the Pythian priestess sat while giving responses to those consulting the Delphic oracle. 2. A three-legged frame or stand, usually jointed at top, for supporting a theodolite, compass, telescope, camera, or other instrument. Tripod of life, or Vital tripod (Physiol.), the three organs, the heart, lungs, and brain; -- so called because their united action is necessary to the maintenance of life. TRIPODIAN Tri*po"di*an, n. (Mus.) Defn: An ancient stringed instrument; -- so called because, in form, it resembled the Delphic tripod. TRIPODY Trip"o*dy, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + -pody, as in dipody.] (Pros.) Defn: Three metrical feet taken together, or included in one measure. TRIPOLI Trip"o*li, n. (Min.) Defn: An earthy substance originally brought from Tripoli, used in polishing stones and metals. It consists almost wholly of the siliceous shells of diatoms. TRIPOLINE Trip"o*line, a. 1. Of or pertaining to Tripoli or its inhabitants; Tripolitan. 2. Of or pertaining to tripoli, the mineral. TRIPOLITAN Tri*pol"i*tan, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Tripoli or its inhabitants; Tripoline. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Tripoli. TRIPOS Tri"pos, n.; pl. Triposes. Etym: [Gr. Tripod.] 1. A tripod. [Obs.] Dryden. 2. A university examination of questionists, for honors; also, a tripos paper; one who prepares a tripos paper. [Cambridge University, Eng.] Classical tripos examination, the final university examination for classical honors, optional to all who have taken the mathematical honors. C. A. Bristed. -- Tripos paper, a printed list of the successful candidates for mathematical honors, accompanied by a piece in Latin verse. There are two of these, designed to commemorate the two tripos days. The first contains the names of the wranglers and senior optimes, and the second the names of the junior optimes. The word tripos is supposed to refer to the three-legged stool formerly used at the examinations for these honors, though some derive it from the three brackets formerly printed on the back of the paper. C. A. Bristed. TRIPPANT Trip"pant, a. (Her.) Defn: See Tripping, a., 2. TRIPPER Trip"per, n. 1. One who trips or supplants; also, one who walks or trips nimbly; a dancer. 2. An excursionist. TRIPPET Trip"pet, n. (Mach.) Defn: A cam, wiper, or projecting piece which strikes another piece repeatedly. TRIPPING Trip"ping, a. 1. Quick; nimble; stepping lightly and quickly. 2. (Her.) Defn: Having the right forefoot lifted, the others remaining on the ground, as if he were trotting; trippant; -- said of an animal, as a hart, buck, and the like, used as a bearing. TRIPPING Trip"ping, n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, trips. 2. A light dance. Other trippings to be trod of lighter toes. Milton. 3. (Naut.) Defn: The loosing of an anchor from the ground by means of its cable or buoy rope. Tripping line (Naut.), a small rope attached to the topgallant or royal yard, used to trip the yard, and in lowering it to the deck; also, a line used in letting go the anchor. Luce. TRIPPINGLY Trip"ping*ly, adv. Defn: In a tripping manner; with a light, nimble, quick step; with agility; nimbly. Sing, and dance it trippingly. Shak. Speak the speech . . . trippingly on the tongue. Shak. TRIPSIS Trip"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) Trituration. [R.] (b) Shampoo. [R.] TRIPTOTE Trip"tote, n. Etym: [L. triptotum, Gr. Tri-) + (Gram.) Defn: A noun having three cases only. TRIPTYCH Trip"tych, n. Etym: [Gr. Tri-) + Defn: Anything in three parts or leaves. Specifically: -- (a) A writing tablet in three parts, two of which fold over on the middle part. (b) A picture or altarpiece in three compartments. TRIPUDIARY Tri*pu"di*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. tripudium a measured stamping, a leaping, a solemn religious dance.] Defn: Of or pertaining to dancing; performed by dancing. [R.] " Tripudiary augurations." Sir T. Browne. TRIPUDIATE Tri*pu"di*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. tripudiare, tripudiatum.] Defn: To dance. [R.] Cockeram. TRIPUDIATION Tri*pu`di*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. tripudiatio.] Defn: The act of dancing. [R.] Bacon. Carlyle. TRIQUADRANTAL Tri`quad*ran"tal, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + quadrantal.] (Spherical Trig.) Defn: Having three quadrants; thus, a triquadrantal triangle is one whose three sides are quadrants, and whose three angles are consequently right angles. TRIQUETRAL Tri*que"tral, a. Defn: Triquetrous. TRIQUETROUS Tri*que"trous, a. Etym: [L. triquetrus.] Defn: Three sided, the sides being plane or concave; having three salient angles or edges; trigonal. TRIQUETRUM Tri*que"trum, n.; pl. Triquetra. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the bones of the carpus; the cuneiform. See Cuneiform (b). TRIRADIATE; TRIRADIATED Tri*ra"di*ate, Tri*ra"di*a`ted, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + radiate.] Defn: Having three rays. TRIRECTANGULAR Tri`rec*tan"gu*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + rectangular.] (Spherical Trig.) Defn: Having three right angles. See Triquadrantal. TRIREME Tri"reme, n. Etym: [L. triremis; tri- (see Tri-) + remus an oar, akin to E. row. See Row to propel with an oar.] (Class. Antiq.) Defn: An ancient galley or vessel with tree banks, or tiers, of oars. TRIRHOMBOIDAL Tri`rhom*boid"al, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + rhomboidal.] Defn: Having three rhombic faces or sides. TRISACCHARIDE; TRISACCHARID Tri*sac"cha*ride, n. Also -rid. (Chem.) Defn: A complex sugar, as raffinose, yielding by hydrolysis three simple sugar molecules. TRISACRAMENTARIAN Tri*sac`ra*men*ta"ri*an, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + sacramentarian.] (Eccl.) Defn: One who recognizes three sacraments, and no more; -- namely, baptism, the Lord's Supper, and penance. See Sacrament. TRISAGION Tris*ag"i*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Eccl.) Defn: An ancient anthem, -- usually known by its Latin name tersanctus.See Tersanctus. TRISECT Tri*sect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trisected; p. pr. & vb. n. Trisecting.] Etym: [Pref. tri- + L. sectus, p. p. of secare to cut. See Section.] 1. To cut or divide into three parts. 2. (Geom.) Defn: To cut or divide into three equal parts. TRISECTED Tri*sect"ed, a. (Bot.) Defn: Divided into three parts or segments by incisions extending to the midrib or to the base; -- said of leaves. TRISECTION Tri*sec"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. trisection.] Defn: The division of a thing into three parts, Specifically: (Geom.) the division of an angle into three equal parts. TRISERALOUS Tri*ser"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + sepal.] (Bot.) Defn: Having three sepals, or calyx leaves. TRISERIAL; TRISERIATE Tri*se"ri*al, Tri*se"ri*ate, a Etym: [Pref. tri- + serial, seriate.] (Bot.) Defn: Arranged in three vertical or spiral rows. TRISKELION; TRISKELE Tris*kel"i*on, or Tris"kele, n. [Gr. three-legged. See Tri-; Isosceles.] Defn: A figure composed of three branches, usually curved, radiating from a center, as the figure composed of three human legs, with bent knees, which has long been used as a badge or symbol of Sicily and of the Isle of Man. TRISMUS Tris"mus, n. Etym: [NL., form Gr. (Med.) Defn: The lockjaw. TRISNITRATE Tris*ni"trate, n. Etym: [Gr. nitrate.] (Chem.) Defn: A nitrate formed from three molecules of nitric acid; also, less properly, applied to certain basic nitrates; as, trisnitrate of bismuth. TRISOCTAHEDRON Tris*oc`ta*he"dron, n. Etym: [Gr. octahedron.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A solid of the isometric system bounded by twenty-four equal faces, three corresponding to each face of an octahedron. Tetragonal trisoctahedron, a trisoctahedron each face of which is a quadrilateral; called also trapezohedron and icositetrahedron. -- Trigonal trisoctahedron, a trisoctahedron each face of which is an isosceles triangle. TRISPAST; TRISPASTON Tri"spast, Tri*spas"ton, n. Etym: [NL. trispaston, fr. Gr. Tri-) + (Mech.) Defn: A machine with three pulleys which act together for raising great weights. Brande & C. TRISPERMOUS Tri*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Containing three seeds; three-seeded; as, a trispermous capsule. TRISPLANCHNIC Tri*splanch"nic, a. Etym: [Tri- + splanchnic.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the three great splanchnic cavities, namely, that of the head, the chest, and the abdomen; -- applied to the sympathetic nervous system. TRIST Trist, v. t. & i. [imp. Triste.] Defn: To trust. [Obs.] Chaucer. TRIST Trist, n. Etym: [See Tryst.] 1. Trust. [Obs.] 2. A post, or station, in hunting. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A secret meeting, or the place of such meeting; a tryst. See Tryst. [Obs.] George Douglas caused a trist to be set between him and the cardinal and four lords; at the which trist he and the cardinal agreed finally. Letter dated Sept., 1543. TRIST Trist, a. Etym: [F. triste, L. tristis.] Defn: Sad; sorrowful; gloomy. [Obs.] Fairfax. TRISTE Triste, n. Defn: A cattle fair. [Prov. Eng.] TRISTEARATE Tri*ste"a*rate, n. Defn: Tristearin. TRISTEARIN Tri*ste"a*rin, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + stearin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: See Stearin. TRISTFUL Trist"ful, a. Defn: Sad; sorrowful; gloomy. Shak. Eyes so tristful, eyes so tristful, Heart so full of care and cumber. Longfellow. TRISTFULLY Trist"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a tristful manner; sadly. TRISTICHOUS Tris"tich*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. Tri-) + (Bot.) Defn: Arranged in three vertical rows. TRISTIGMATIC; TRISTIGMATOSE Tri`stig*mat"ic, Tri*stig"ma*tose`, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + stigma.] (Bot.) Defn: Having, or consisting of, three stigmas. Gray. TRISTITIATE Tris*ti"ti*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. tristitia sadness, fr. tristis sad.] Defn: To make sad. [Obs.] Feltham. TRISTOMA Tris"to*ma, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. Tri-) + (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of trematode worms belonging to Tristoma and allied genera having a large posterior sucker and two small anterior ones. They usually have broad, thin, and disklike bodies, and are parasite on the gills and skin of fishes. TRISTY Trist"y, a. Defn: See Trist, a. [Obs.] Ashmole. TRISULC Tri"sulc, n. Etym: [L. trisulcus; tri- (see Tri-) + sulcus a furrow.] Defn: Something having three forks or prongs, as a trident. [Obs.] "Jupiter's trisulc." Sir T. Browne. TRISULCATE Tri*sul"cate, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + sulcate.] Defn: Having three furrows, forks, or prongs; having three grooves or sulci; three-grooved. TRISULPHIDE Tri*sul"phide, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + sulphide.] (Chem.) Defn: A sulphide containing three atoms of sulphur. TRISYLLABIC; TRISYLLABICAL Tris`yl*lab"ic, Tris`yl*lab"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. trisyllabus, Gr. Tri- ) + trissyllabique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a trisyllable; consisting of three syllables; as, "syllable" is a trisyllabic word. -- Tris`yllab"ic*al*ly, adv. TRISYLLABLE Tri*syl"la*ble, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + syllable.] Defn: A word consisting of three syllables only; as, a-ven-ger. TRITE Trite, a. Etym: [L. tritus, p. p. of terere to rub, to wear out; probably akin to E. throw. See Throw, and cf. Contrite, Detriment, Tribulation, Try.] Defn: Worn out; common; used until so common as to have lost novelty and interest; hackneyed; stale; as, a trite remark; a trite subject. -- Trite"ly, adv. -- Trite"ness, n. TRITERNATE Tri*ter"nate, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + ternate.] (Bot.) Defn: Three times ternate; -- applied to a leaf whose petiole separates into three branches, each of which divides into three parts which each bear three leafiets. TRITHEISM Tri"the*ism, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + Gr. trithéisme.] Defn: The opinion or doctrine that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are three distinct Gods. TRITHEIST Tri"the*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. trithéiste.] Defn: One who believes in tritheism. TRITHEISTIC; TRITHEISTICAL Tri`the*is"tic, Tri`the*is"tic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to tritheism. Bolingbroke. TRITHEITE Tri"the*ite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. trithéite.] Defn: A tritheist. [Obs.] E. Phillips. TRITHING Tri"thing, n. Etym: [See Ist Riding.] Defn: One of three ancient divisions of a county in England; -- now called riding. [Written also riding.] Blackstone. TRITHIONATE Tri*thi"on*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of trithionic acid. TRITHIONIC Tri`thi*on"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + thionic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to, or designating, a certain thionic acid, H2S3O6 which is obtained as a colorless, odorless liquid. TRITICAL Trit"ic*al, a. Defn: Trite. [Obs.] T. Warton. -- Trit"ic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Trit"ic*al*ness, n. [Obs.] TRITICIN Trit"i*cin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A carbohydrate isomeric with dextrin, obtained from quitch grass (Agropyrum, formerly Triticum, repens) as a white amorphous substance. TRITICUM Trit"i*cum, n. Etym: [L., perhaps fr. tritus, p. p. of terere to grind.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of grasses including the various species of wheat. TRITON Tri"ton, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: A fabled sea demigod, the son of Neptune and Amphitrite, and the trumpeter of Neptune. He is represented by poets and painters as having the upper part of his body like that of a man, and the lower part like that of a fish. He often has a trumpet made of a shell. Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea, Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn. Wordsworth. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of many species of marine gastropods belonging to Triton and allied genera, having a stout spiral shell, often handsomely colored and ornamented with prominent varices. Some of the species are among the largest of all gastropods. Called also trumpet shell, and sea trumpet. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of aquatic salamanders. The common European species are Hemisalamandra cristata, Molge palmata, and M. alpestris, a red-bellied species common in Switzerland. The most common species the United States is Diemyctylus viridescens. See Illust. under Salamander. TRITONE Tri"tone`, n. Etym: [Gr. (Mus.) Defn: A superfluous or augmented fourth. [R.] TRITORIUM Tri*to"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: Same as Triturium. TRITOVUM Tri*to"vum, n.; pl. Tritova. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ovum egg.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An embryonic insect which has twice cast its skin previous to hatching from the egg. TRITOZOOID Tri`to*zo"oid, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A zooid of the third generation in asexual reproduction. TRITUBERCULAR Tri`tu*ber"cu*lar, a. (a) Having or designating teeth with three cusps or tubercles; tricuspid. (b) Pertaining to trituberculy. TRITUBERCULY Tri`tu*ber"cu*ly, n. [Pref. tri-+ L. tuberculum tubercle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A theory of the development of mammalian molar teeth. The primitive stage is that of simple cones, as in reptiles. The simple cone then developed a smaller cone in front and another behind. Next, a cingulum was developed, and the three cones became arranged in a triangle, the two smaller cusps having moved to the outer side in upper and to the inner in lower molars. This primitive triangle is called the trigon or trigonid and this stage the tritubercular or trigonodont. The trigon being a cutting apparatus, an extension of the posterior part of the crown was developed in lower molars for crushing, and a smaller corresponding part appeared in upper molars. Another large cone then arose, usually from the cingulum. In more complex forms, smaller intermediate cusps appeared. TRITURABLE Trit"u*ra*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. triturable.] Defn: Capable of being triturated. Sir T. Browne. TRITURATE Trit"u*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Triturated; p. pr. & vb. n. Triturating.] Etym: [L. trituratus, p. p. of triturate to thrash (grain), fr. terere, tritum, to rub, rub to pieces. See Trite.] 1. To rub, grind, bruise, or thrash. 2. To rub or grind to a very fine or impalpable powder; to pulverize and comminute thoroughly. TRITURATION Trit`u*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. trituration, L. trituratio a thrashing of grain.] Defn: The act of triturating, or reducing to a fine or impalpable powder by grinding, rubbing, bruising, etc. Paley. TRITURE Trit"ure, n. Etym: [L. tritura, from terere, tritum, to rub, rub to pieces.] Defn: A rubbing or grinding; trituration. [Obs.] Cheyne. TRITURIUM Tri*tu"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL.; cf. L. terere, tritum to rub.] Defn: A vessel for separating liquids of different densities. [Written also tritorium.] TRITYL Tri"tyl, n. Etym: [Gr. -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: Propyl. [R.] TRITYLENE Tri"tyl*ene, n. (Chem.) Defn: Propylene. [R.] TRIUMPH Tri"umph, n. Etym: [L. triumphus, OL. triumpus; of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. triomphe. Cf. Trump at cards.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A magnificent and imposing ceremonial performed in honor of a general who had gained a decisive victory over a foreign enemy. Note: The general was allowed to enter the city crowned with a wreath of laurel, bearing a scepter in one hand, and a branch of laurel in the other, riding in a circular chariot, of a peculiar form, drawn by four horses. He was preceded by the senate and magistrates, musicians, the spoils, the captives in fetters, etc., and followed by his army on foot in marching order. The procession advanced in this manner to the Capitoline Hill, where sacrifices were offered, and victorious commander entertained with a public feast. 2. Hence, any triumphal procession; a pompous exhibition; a stately show or pageant. [Obs.] Our daughter, In honor of whose birth these triumphs are, Sits here, like beauty's child. Shak. 3. A state of joy or exultation for success. Great triumph and rejoicing was in heaven. Milton. Hercules from Spain Arrived in triumph, from Geryon slain. Dryden. 4. Success causing exultation; victory; conquest; as, the triumph of knowledge. 5. A trump card; also, an old game at cards. [Obs.] TRIUMPH Tri"umph, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Triumphed; p. pr. & vb. n. Triumphing.] Etym: [L. triumphare: cf. F. triompher. See Triumph, n.] 1. To celebrate victory with pomp; to rejoice over success; to exult in an advantage gained; to exhibit exultation. How long shall the wicked triumph Ps. xciv. 3. Sorrow on thee and all the pack of you That triumph thus upon my misery! Shak. 2. To obtain victory; to be successful; to prevail. Triumphing over death, and chance, and thee, O Time. Milton. On this occasion, however, genius triumphed. Macaulay. 3. To be prosperous; to flourish. Where commerce triumphed on the favoring gales. Trumbull. 4. To play a trump card. [Obs.] B. Jonson. TRIUMPH Tri"umph, v. t. Defn: To obtain a victory over; to prevail over; to conquer. Also, to cause to triumph. [Obs.] Two and thirty legions that awe All nations of the triumphed word. Massinger. TRIUMPHAL Tri*um"phal, a. Etym: [L. triumphalis: cf. F. triomphal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to triumph; used in a triumph; indicating, or in honor of, a triumph or victory; as, a triumphal crown; a triumphal arch. Messiah his triumphal chariot turned. Milton. TRIUMPHAL Tri*um"phal, n. Defn: A token of victory. [Obs.] Joyless triumphals of his hoped success. Milton. TRIUMPHANT Tri*um"phant, a. Etym: [L. triumphans, p. pr. of triumphare: cf. F. triomphant. See Triumph, v. i.] 1. Rejoicing for victory; triumphing; exultant. Successful beyond hope to lead ye forth Triumphant out of this infernal pit. Milton. 2. Celebrating victory; expressive of joy for success; as, a triumphant song or ode. 3. Graced with conquest; victorious. Athena, war's triumphant maid. Pope. So shall it be in the church triumphant. Perkins. 4. Of or pertaining to triumph; triumphal. [Obs.] Captives bound to a triumphant car. Shak. Church triumphant, the church in heaven, enjoying a state of triumph, her warfare with evil being over; -- distinguished from church militant. See under Militant. TRIUMPHANTLY Tri*um"phant*ly, adv. Defn: In a triumphant manner. TRIUMPHER Tri"umph*er, n. 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: One who was honored with a triumph; a victor. 2. One who triumphs or rejoices for victory. TRIUMPHING Tri"umph*ing, a. Defn: Having or celebrating a triumph; victorious; triumphant. -- Tri"umph*ing*ly, adv. TRIUMVIR Tri*um"vir, n.; pl. L. Triumviri, E. Triumvirs. Etym: [L., fr. res, gen. trium, three + vir a man. See Three, and Virile.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: One of tree men united in public office or authority. Note: In later times the triumvirs of Rome were three men who jointly exercised sovereign power. Julius Cæsar, Crassus, and Pompey were the first triumvirs; Octavianus (Augustus), Antony, and Lepidus were the second and last. TRIUMVIRATE Tri*um"vi*rate, n. Etym: [L. triumviratus: cf. F. triumvirat.] 1. Government by three in coalition or association; the term of such a government. 2. A coalition or association of three in office or authority; especially, the union of three men who obtained the government of the Roman empire. TRIUMVIRY Tri*um"vi*ry, n. Defn: A triumvirate. [Obs.] Shak. TRIUNE Tri"une, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + L. unus one. See One.] Defn: Being three in one; -- an epithet used to express the unity of a trinity of persons in the Godhead. TRIUNGULUS Tri*un"gu*lus, n.; pl. Triunguli. Etym: [NL. See Tri-, and Ungulate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The active young larva of any oil beetle. It has feet armed with three claws, and is parasitic on bees. See Illust. of Oil beetle, under Oil. TRIUNITY Tri*u"ni*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being triune; trinity. Dr. H. More. TRIVALENCE Triv"a*lence, n. (Chem.) Defn: The quality or state of being trivalent. TRIVALENT Triv"a*lent, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Defn: Having a valence of three; capable of being combined with, substituted for, or compared with, three atoms of hydrogen; -- said of triad atoms or radicals; thus, nitrogen is trivalent in ammonia. TRIVALVE Tri"valve, n. Etym: [Pref. tri- + valve.] Defn: Anything having three valves, especially a shell. TRIVALVULAR Tri*val"vu*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + valvular.] Defn: Having three valves; three-valved. TRIVANT Triv"ant, n. Defn: A truant. [Obs.] Burton. TRIVERBIAL Tri*ver"bi*al, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + L. verbum a word.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, certain days allowed to the pretor for hearing causes, when be might speak the three characteristic words of his office, do, dico, addico. They were called dies fasti. TRIVET Triv"et, n. Etym: [Probably through French fr. L. tripes, -edis, three-footed; tri- (see Tri-)+ pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. trépied. See Foot, and cf. Tripod.] 1. A tree-legged stool, table, or other support; especially, a stand to hold a kettle or similar vessel near the fire; a tripod. [Written also trevet.] 2. A weaver's knife. See Trevat. Knight. Trivet table, a table supported by three legs. Dryden. TRIVIAL Triv"i*al, a. Etym: [L. trivialis, properly, that is in, or belongs to, the crossroads or public streets; hence, that may be found everywhere, common, fr. trivium a place where three roads meet, a crossroad, the public street; tri- (see Tri-) + via a way: cf. F. trivial. See Voyage.] 1. Found anywhere; common. [Obs.] 2. Ordinary; commonplace; trifling; vulgar. As a scholar, meantime, he was trivial, and incapable of labor. De Quincey. 3. Of little worth or importance; inconsiderable; trifling; petty; paltry; as, a trivial subject or affair. The trivial round, the common task. Keble. 4. Of or pertaining to the trivium. Trivial name (Nat. Hist.), the specific name.(Chem.) The common name, not describing the structure and from which the structure cannot be deduced; -- contrasted with systematic name. TRIVIAL Triv"i*al, n. Defn: One of the three liberal arts forming the trivium. [Obs.] Skelton. Wood. TRIVIALISM Triv"i*al*ism, n. Defn: A trivial matter or method; a triviality. Carlyle. TRIVIALITY Triv`i*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Trivialities. Etym: [Cf. F. trivialité] 1. The quality or state of being trivial; trivialness. 2. That which is trivial; a trifle. The philosophy of our times does not expend itself in furious discussions on mere scholastic trivialities. Lyon Playfair. TRIVIALLY Triv"i*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a trivial manner. TRIVIALNESS Triv"i*al*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being trivial. TRIVIUM Triv"i*um, n. Etym: [LL. See Trivial.] 1. The three " liberal" arts, grammar, logic, and rhetoric; -- being a triple way, as it were, to eloquence. Note: The trivium and quadrivium together made up the seven liberal arts. See Quadrivium. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The three anterior ambulacra of echinoderms, collectively. TRIWEEKLY Tri"week`ly, a. Etym: [Pref. tri- + weekly.] Defn: Occurring or appearing three times a week; thriceweekly; as, a triweekly newspaper. -- adv. Defn: Three times a week. -- n. Defn: A triweekly publication. Note: This is a convenient word, but is not legitimately formed. It should mean occurring once in three weeks, as triennial means once in three years. Cf. Biweekly. TROAD Troad, n. Defn: See Trode. [Obs.] TROAT Troat, v. i. Etym: [Either onomatopoetic, or akin to throat.] Defn: To cry, as a buck in rutting time. TROAT Troat, n. Defn: The cry of a buck in rutting time. TROCAR Tro"car, n. Etym: [F. trocart (or trois-quarts, i. e., three quarters); trois three (L. tres) + carre the side of a sword blade; - - so called from its triangular point.] (Surg.) Defn: A stylet, usually with a triangular point, used for exploring tissues or for inserting drainage tubes, as in dropsy. [Written also trochar.] TROCHA Tro"cha, n. [Sp., bypath, crossroad.] (Mil.) Defn: A line of fortifications, usually rough, constructed to prevent the passage of an enemy across a region. [Sp. Amer.] TROCHAIC Tro*cha"ic, n. (Pros.) Defn: A trochaic verse or measure. Dryden. TROCHAIC; TROCHAICAL Tro*cha"ic, Tro*cha"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. trochaïcus, Gr. Trochee.] (Pros.) Defn: Of or pertaining to trochees; consisting of trochees; as, trochaic measure or verse. TROCHAL Tro"chal, a. Etym: [From Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Resembling a wheel. Trochal disk (Zoöl.), the cephalic disk of a rotifer. It is usually surrounded by a fringe of cilia. TROCHANTER Tro*chan"ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of two processes near the head of the femur, the outer being called the great trochanter, and the inner the small trochanter. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The third joint of the leg of an insect, or the second when the trochantine is united with the coxa. TROCHANTERIC Tro`chan*ter"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to one or both of the trochanters. TROCHANTINE Tro*chan"tine, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The second joint of the leg of an insect, -- often united with the coxa. TROCHAR Tro"char, n. (Surg.) Defn: See Trocar. TROCHE Tro"che (tro"ke), n. Etym: [Gr. trocho`s anything round or circular, a wheel, properly, a runner, fr. tre`chein to run. Cf. Trochee.] (Pharm.) Defn: A medicinal tablet or lozenge; strictly, one of circular form. TROCHEE Tro"chee, n. Etym: [L. trochaeus, Gr. Troche, Truck a wheel.] (Pros.) Defn: A foot of two syllables, the first long and the second short, as in the Latin word ante, or the first accented and the second unaccented, as in the English word motion; a choreus. TROCHIL Tro"chil, n. Etym: [Cf. F. trochile. See Trochilus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The crocodile bird. The crocodile . . . opens his chaps to let the trochil in to pick his teeth, which gives it the usual feeding. Sir T. Herbert. TROCHILI Troch"i*li, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Trochilus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of birds comprising the humming birds. TROCHILIC Tro*chil"ic, a. Etym: [See Trochilics.] Defn: OF or pertaining to rotary motion; having power to draw out or turn round. "By art trochilic." Camden. TROCHILICS Tro*chil"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: The science of rotary motion, or of wheel work. Wilkins. TROCHILIDIST Tro*chil"i*dist, n. Etym: [See Trochilus.] Defn: One who studies, or is versed in, the nature and habits of humming birds, or the Trochilidæ. Gould. TROCHILOS Troch"i*los, n. Etym: [NL. See Trochilus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The crocodile bird, or trochil. TROCHILUS Troch"i*lus, n.; pl. Trochili. Etym: [L.trochilus a kind of small bird. Gr. to run.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A genus of humming birds. It Formerly included all the known species. (b) Any one of several species of wrens and kinglets. [Obs.] (c) The crocodile bird. 2. (Arch.) Defn: An annular molding whose section is concave, like the edge of a pulley; -- called also scotia. TROCHING Tro"ching, n. Etym: [OF. troche cluster, group; cf. F. trochure a surantler, trochée branches of a seedling, trochet cluster of flowers or fruits.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the small branches of a stag's antler. TROCHISCUS Tro*chis"cus, n.; pl. Trochisci. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Troche.] (Pharm.) Defn: A kind of tablet or lozenge; a troche. TROCHISK Tro"chisk, n. Etym: [Cf. F. trochisque.] Defn: See Trochiscus. [Obs.] Bacon. TROCHITE Tro"chite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A wheel-like joint of the stem of a fossil crinoid. TROCHLEA Troch"le*a, n. Etym: [L., a case or sheaf containing one or more pulleys, Gr. Trochilics.] 1. (Mach.) Defn: A pulley. [Obs.] 2. (Anat.) Defn: A pulley, or a structure resembling a pulley; as, the trochlea, or pulleylike end, of the humerus, which articulates with the ulna; or the trochlea, or fibrous ring, in the upper part of the orbit, through which the superior oblique, or trochlear, muscle of the eye passes. TROCHLEAR Troch"le*ar, n. Etym: [L. trochlea block or pulley.] (Anat.) Defn: Shaped like, or resembling, a pulley; pertaining to, or connected with, a trochlea; as, a trochlear articular surface; the trochlear muscle of the eye. Trochlear nerve. See Pathetic nerve, under Pathetic. TROCHLEARY Troch"le*a*ry, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to, or connected with, a trochlea; trochlear; as, the trochleary, or trochlear, nerve. TROCHOID Tro"choid, n. Etym: [Gr. -oid; cf. F. trochoïde. See Troche.] (Geom.) Defn: The curve described by any point in a wheel rolling on a line; a cycloid; a roulette; in general, the curve described by any point fixedly connected with a moving curve while the moving curve rolls without slipping on a second fixed curve, the curves all being in one plane. Cycloids, epicycloids, hypocycloids, cardioids, etc., are all trochoids. TROCHOID Tro"choid, a. 1. (Anat.) Defn: Admitting of rotation on an axis; -- sometimes applied to a pivot joint like that between the atlas and axis in the vertebral column. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Top-shaped; having a flat base and conical spire; -- said of certain shells. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the genus Trochus or family Trochidæ. TROCHOIDAL Tro*choid"al, a. 1. (Geom.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a trochoid; having the properties of a trochoid. 2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Defn: See Trochoid, a. TROCHOMETER Tro*chom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] Defn: A contrivance for computing the revolutions of a wheel; an odometer. TROCHOSPHERE Troch"o*sphere, n. Etym: [Gr. sphere.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young larval form of many annelids, mollusks, and bryozoans, in which a circle of cilia is developed around the anterior end. TROCHUS Tro"chus, n.; pl. Trochi. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of marine univalve shells belonging to Trochus and many allied genera of the family Trochidæ. Some of the species are called also topshells. TROCO Tro"co, n. Defn: An old English game; -- called also lawn billiards. TROD Trod, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Tread. TRODDEN Trod"den, Defn: p. p. of Tread. TRODE Trode, archaic Defn: imp. of Tread. On burnished hooves his war-horse trode. Tennyson. TRODE Trode, n. Etym: [AS. trod, fr. tredan to tread. See Tread.] Defn: Tread; footing. [Written also troad.][Obs.] Spenser. TROGLODYTE Trog"lo*dyte, n. Etym: [L. troglodytae, pl., Gr. troglodyte.] 1. (Ethnol.) Defn: One of any savage race that dwells in caves, instead of constructing dwellings; a cave dweller. Most of the primitive races of man were troglodytes. In the troglodytes' country there is a lake, for the hurtful water it beareth called the "mad lake." Holland. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An anthropoid ape, as the chimpanzee. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wren. TROGLODYTES Trog`lo*dy"tes, n. Etym: [NL. See Troglodyte.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of apes including the chimpanzee. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of singing birds including the common wrens. TROGLODYTIC; TROGLODYTICAL Trog`lo*dyt"ic, Trog`lo*dyt"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. troglodyticus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to a troglodyte, or dweller in caves. TROGON Tro"gon, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of beautiful tropical birds belonging to the family Trogonidæ. They are noted for the brilliant colors and the resplendent luster of their plumage. Note: Some of the species have a train of long brilliant feathers lying over the tail and consisting of the upper tail coverts. Unlike other birds having two toes directed forward and two backward, they have the inner toe turned backward. A few species are found in Africa and India, but the greater number, including the most brilliant species, are found in tropical America. See Illust. of Quesal. TROGONOID Tro"gon*oid, a. Etym: [Trogon + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the trogons. TROGUE Trogue, n. Etym: [Cf. G. trog trough, E. trough.] (Mining) Defn: A wooden trough, forming a drain. Raymond. TROIC Tro"ic, a. Etym: [L. Troicus, Gr. Trojan.] Defn: Pertaining to Troy; Trojan. Gladstone. TROILITE Tro"i*lite, n. Etym: [Named after Dominico Troili, an Italian of the 18th century.] (Min.) Defn: Native iron protosulphide, FeS. It is known only in meteoric irons, and is usually in imbedded nodular masses of a bronze color. TROILUS Tro"i*lus, n.; pl. L. Troili, E. Troiluses. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Troilus, Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, handsome American butterfly (Euphoeades, or Papilio, troilus). It is black, with yellow marginal spots on the front wings, and blue spots on the rear wings. TROILUS BUTTERFLY Tro"i*lus butterfly. Defn: A large American butterfly (Papilio troilus). It is black, with yellow marginal spots on the front wings, and blue on the rear. TROIS POINT Trois` point". [F. trois three.] (Backgammon) Defn: The third point from the outer edge on each player's home table. TROJAN Tro"jan, a. Etym: [L. Trojanus, fr. Troja, Troia, Troy, from Tros, Gr. Trw`s, Trwo`s, Tros, the mythical founder of Troy.] Defn: Of or pertaining to ancient Troy or its inhabitants. -- n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Troy. Tim jumped like a Trojan from the bed. Finnegan's Wake (Irish song) TROLL Troll, n. Etym: [Icel. troll. Cf. Droll, Trull.] (Scand. Myth.) Defn: A supernatural being, often represented as of diminutive size, but sometimes as a giant, and fabled to inhabit caves, hills, and like places; a witch. Troll flower. (Bot.) Same as Globeflower (a). TROLL Troll, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Trolling.] Etym: [OE. trollen to roll, F. trôler, Of. troller to drag about, to ramble; probably of Teutonic origin; cf. G. trollen to roll, ramble, sich trollen to be gone; or perhaps for trotler, fr. F. trotter to trot (cf. Trot.). Cf. Trawl.] 1. To move circularly or volubly; to roll; to turn. To dress and troll the tongue, and roll the eye. Milton. 2. To send about; to circulate, as a vessel in drinking. Then doth she troll to the bowl. Gammer Gurton's Needle. Troll the brown bowl. Sir W. Scott. 3. To sing the parts of in succession, as of a round, a catch, and the like; also, to sing loudly or freely. Will you troll the catch Shak. His sonnets charmed the attentive crowd, By wide-mouthed mortaltrolled aloud. Hudibras. 4. To angle for with a trolling line, or with a book drawn along the surface of the water; hence, to allure. 5. To fish in; to seek to catch fish from. With patient angle trolls the finny deep. Goldsmith. TROLL Troll, v. i. 1. To roll; to run about; to move around; as, to troll in a coach and six. 2. To move rapidly; to wag. F. Beaumont. 3. To take part in trolling a song. 4. To fish with a rod whose line runs on a reel; also, to fish by drawing the hook through the water. Their young men . . . trolled along the brooks that abounded in fish. Bancroft. TROLL Troll, n. 1. The act of moving round; routine; repetition. Burke. 2. A song the parts of which are sung in succession; a catch; a round. Thence the catch and troll, while "Laughter, holding both his sides," sheds tears to song and ballad pathetic on the woes of married life. Prof. Wilson. 3. A trolley. Troll plate (Mach.), a rotative disk with spiral ribs or grooves, by which several pieces, as the jaws of a chuck, can be brought together or spread radially. TROLLER Troll"er, n. Defn: One who trolls. TROLLEY; TROLLY Trol"ley, Trol"ly, n. (a) A form of truck which can be tilted, for carrying railroad materials, or the like. [Eng.] (b) A narrow cart that is pushed by hand or drawn by an animal. [Eng.] (c) (Mach.) A truck from which the load is suspended in some kinds of cranes. (d) (Electric Railway) A truck which travels along the fixed conductors, and forms a means of connection between them and a railway car. Trolley line, (a) A trolley(e). (b) The path along which a trolley(e) runs. -- Trolley car, a wheeled car powered by electricity drawn from a trolley, and thus constrained to follow the trolley lines. TROLLEY CAR Trol"ley car. (Elec.) Defn: A motor car to which the current is conveyed by means of a trolley. TROLLEY WIRE Trolley wire. Defn: A heavy conducting wire on which the trolley car runs and from which it receives the current. TROLLMYDAMES Troll"my*dames`, n. Etym: [F.trou-madame pigeon holes.] Defn: The game of nineholes. [Written also trolmydames.] [Obs.] Shak. TROLLOP Trol"lop, n. Etym: [From Troll to roll, to stroll; but cf. also Trull.] Defn: A stroller; a loiterer; esp., an idle, untidy woman; a slattern; a slut; a whore. TROLLOPEE Trol`lop*ee", n. Defn: A kind of loose dress for women. [Obs.] Goldsmith. TROMBONE Trom"bone, n. Etym: [It., aug. of tromba a trumpet: cf. F. trombone. See Trump a trumpet.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A powerful brass instrument of the trumpet kind, thought by some to be the ancient sackbut, consisting of a tube in three parts, bent twice upon itself and ending in a bell. The middle part, bent double, slips into the outer parts, as in a telescope, so that by change of the vibrating length any tone within the compass of the instrument (which may be bass or tenor or alto or even, in rare instances, soprano) is commanded. It is the only member of the family of wind instruments whose scale, both diatonic and chromatic, is complete without the aid of keys or pistons, and which can slide from note to note as smoothly as the human voice or a violin. Softly blown, it has a rich and mellow sound, which becomes harsh and blatant when the tones are forced; used with discretion, its effect is often solemn and majestic. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common European bittern. TROMMEL Trom"mel, n. Etym: [Cf. G. trommel a drum.] (Mining) Defn: A revolving buddle or sieve for separating, or sizing, ores. Raymond. TROMP Tromp, n. Etym: [F. trombe, trompe, a waterspout, a water-blowing machine. Cf. Trump a trumpet.] Defn: A blowing apparatus, in which air, drawn into the upper part of a vertical tube through side holes by a stream of water within, is carried down with the water into a box or chamber below which it is led to a furnace. [Written also trompe, and trombe.] TROMP; TROMPE Tromp, Trompe, n. Etym: [See Trump a trumpet.] Defn: A trumpet; a trump. [Obs.] Chaucer. TROMPIL Tromp"il, n. Etym: [OF. trompille, equiv. to F. trompette a trumpet.] Defn: An aperture in a tromp. TRON Tron, n. Defn: See 3d Trone, 2. [Obs. or Scott.] TRONA Tro"na, n. Etym: [Of Egyptian or North African origin.] (Chem. & Min.) Defn: A native double salt, consisting of a combination of neutral and acid sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.2HNaCO3.2H2O, occurring as a white crystalline fibrous deposit from certain soda brine springs and lakes; -- called also urao, and by the ancients nitrum. TRONAGE Tron"age, n. Etym: [From Trone a steelyard.] Defn: A toll or duty paid for weighing wool; also, the act of weighing wool. [Obs.] Nares. TRONATOR Tro*na"tor, n. Etym: [LL. See Tronage.] Defn: An officer in London whose duty was to weigh wool. [Obs.] TRONE Trone, n. Defn: A throne. [Obs.] Chaucer. TRONE Trone, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. F. trogne a belly.] Defn: A small drain. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] TRONE; TRONES Trone, Trones, n. Etym: [LL. trona, fr. L. trutina a balance; cf. Gr. 1. A steelyard. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A form of weighing machine for heavy wares, consisting of two horizontal bars crossing each other, beaked at the extremities, and supported by a wooden pillar. It is now mostly disused. [Scot.] Jamieson. Trone stone, a weight equivalent to nineteen and a half pounds. [Scot.] -- Trone weight, a weight formerly used in Scotland, in which a pound varied from 21 to 28 ounces avoirdupois. TROOP Troop, n. Etym: [F. troupe, OF. trope, trupe, LL. troppus; of uncertain origin; cf. Icel. þorp a hamlet, village, G. dorf a village, dial. G. dorf a meeting. Norw. torp a little farm, a crowd, E. thorp. Cf. Troupe.] 1. A collection of people; a company; a number; a multitude. That which should accompany old age --As honor, love, obedience, troops of friends --I must not look to have. Shak. 2. Soldiers, collectively; an army; -- now generally used in the plural. Farewell the plumed troop, and the big wars. Shak. His troops moved to victory with the precision of machines. Macaulay. 3. (Mil.) Defn: Specifically, a small body of cavalry, light horse, or dragoons, consisting usually of about sixty men, commanded by a captain; the unit of formation of cavalry, corresponding to the company in infantry. Formerly, also, a company of horse artillery; a battery. 4. A company of stageplayers; a troupe. W. Coxe. 5. (Mil.) Defn: A particular roll of the drum; a quick march. TROOP Troop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trooped; p. pr. & vb. n. Trooping.] 1. To move in numbers; to come or gather in crowds or troops. "Armies . . . troop to their standard." Milton. 2. To march on; to go forward in haste. Nor do I, as an enemy to peace, Troop in the throngs of military men. Shak. TROOPBIRD Troop"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any troupial. TROOPER Troop"er, n. Defn: A soldier in a body of cavalry; a cavalryman; also, the horse of a cavalryman. TROOPFOWL Troop"fowl`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American scaup duck. [Local, U. S.] TROOPIAL Troop"i*al, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Troupial. TROOPMEAL Troop"meal`, adv. Etym: [Troop + -meal as in piecemeal.] Defn: By troops; in crowds. [Obs.] So, troopmeal, Troy pursued a while, laying on with swords and darts. Chapman. TROOPSHIP Troop"ship`, n. Defn: A vessel built or fitted for the conveyance of troops; a transport. [Eng.] TROOSTITE Troost"ite, n. Etym: [So named after Dr. Gerard Troost, of Nashville, Tenn.] (Min.) Defn: Willemite. TROPAEOLIN Tro*pæ"o*lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A name given to any one of a series of orange-red dyestuffs produced artificially from certain complex sulphonic acid derivatives of azo and diazo hydrocarbons of the aromatic series; -- so called because of the general resemblance to the shades of nasturtium (Tropæolum). TROPE Trope, n. Etym: [L. tropus, Gr. Torture, and cf. Trophy, Tropic, Troubadour, Trover.] (Rhet.) (a) The use of a word or expression in a different sense from that which properly belongs to it; the use of a word or expression as changed from the original signification to another, for the sake of giving life or emphasis to an idea; a figure of speech. (b) The word or expression so used. In his frequent, long, and tedious speeches, it has been said that a trope never passed his lips. Bancroft. Note: Tropes are chiefly of four kinds: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony. Some authors make figures the genus, of which trope is a species; others make them different things, defining trope to be a change of sense, and figure to be any ornament, except what becomes so by such change. TROPEINE Tro*pe"ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a series of artificial ethereal salts derived from the alkaloidal base tropine. TROPHI Tro"phi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The mouth parts of an insect, collectively, including the labrum, labium, maxillæ, mandibles, and lingua, with their appendages. TROPHIC Troph"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Trophi.] (Physiol.) Defn: Of or connected with nutrition; nitritional; nourishing; as, the so-called trophic nerves, which have a direct influence on nutrition. TROPHIED Tro"phied, a. Defn: Adorned with trophies. The trophied arches, storied halls, invade. Pope. TROPHONIAN Tro*pho"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Trophonianus, fr. Trophonius, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Trophonius, his architecture, or his cave and oracle. TROPHOSOME Troph"o*some, n. Etym: [Gr. -some body.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The nutritive zooids of a hydroid, collectively, as distinguished from the gonosome, or reproductive zooids. TROPHOSPERM Troph"o*sperm, n. Etym: [Gr. trophosperme. See Trophi.] (Bot.) Defn: The placenta. TROPHY Tro"phy, n.; pl. Trophies. Etym: [F. trophée (cf. It. & Sp. trofeo), L. tropaeum, trophaeum, Gr. Trope.] 1. (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A sign or memorial of a victory raised on the field of battle, or, in case of a naval victory, on the nearest land. Sometimes trophies were erected in the chief city of the conquered people. Note: A trophy consisted originally of some of the armor, weapons, etc., of the defeated enemy fixed to the trunk of a tree or to a post erected on an elevated site, with an inscription, and a dedication to a divinity. The Romans often erected their trophies in the Capitol. 2. The representation of such a memorial, as on a medal; esp. (Arch.), an ornament representing a group of arms and military weapons, offensive and defensive. 3. Anything taken from an enemy and preserved as a memorial of victory, as arms, flags, standards, etc. Around the posts hung helmets, darts, and spears, And captive chariots, axes, shields, and bars, And broken beaks of ships, the trophies of their wars. Dryden. 4. Any evidence or memorial of victory or conquest; as, every redeemed soul is a trophy of grace. Note: Some trophies(5) are unique, temporary possession of the same object passing to the new victors of some periodic contest in subsequent occurrences. Others are objects of little inherent worth, given by the authority sponsoring the contest to the victor. A trophy is sometimes shaped like a cup, and in such cases may be called a cup, as the America's Cup (in Yacht racing). Trophy money, a duty paid formerly in England, annually, by housekeepers, toward providing harness, drums, colors, and the like, for the militia. TROPIC Trop"ic, a. Etym: [Atropine + -ic.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from atropine and certain other alkaloids, as a white crystalline substance slightly soluble in water. TROPIC Trop"ic, n. Etym: [F. tropique, L.tropicus of or belonging to a turn, i. e., of the sun, Gr. Trope.] 1. (Astron.) Defn: One of the two small circles of the celestial sphere, situated on each side of the equator, at a distance of 23º 28min, and parallel to it, which the sun just reaches at its greatest declination north or south, and from which it turns again toward the equator, the northern circle being called the Tropic of Cancer, and the southern the Tropic of Capricorn, from the names of the two signs at which they touch the ecliptic. 2. (Geog.) (a) One of the two parallels of terrestrial latitude corresponding to the celestial tropics, and called by the same names. (b) pl. Defn: The region lying between these parallels of latitude, or near them on either side. The brilliant flowers of the tropics bloom from the windows of the greenhouse and the saloon. Bancroft. TROPIC Trop"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the tropics; tropical. Tropic bird (Zoöl.), any one of three species of oceanic belonging to the genus Phaëthon, found chiefly in tropical seas. They are mostly white, and have two central tail feathers very long and slender. The yellow-billed tropic bird. Phaëthon flavirostris (called also boatswain), is found on the Atlantic coast of America, and is common at the Bermudas, where it breeds. TROPICAL Trop"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. L. tropicus of turning, Gr. Tropic, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the tropics; characteristic of, or incident to, the tropics; being within the tropics; as, tropical climate; tropical latitudes; tropical heat; tropical diseases. 2. Etym: [From Trope.] Defn: Rhetorically changed from its exact original sense; being of the nature of a trope; figurative; metaphorical. Jer. Taylor. The foundation of all parables is some analogy or similitude between the tropical or allusive part of the parable and the thing intended by it. South. Tropic month. See Lunar month, under Month. -- Tropic year, the solar year; the period occupied by the sun in passing from one tropic or one equinox to the same again, having a mean length of 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46.0 seconds, which is 20 minutes, 23.3 seconds shorter than the sidereal year, on account of the precession of the equinoxes. TROPICALLY Trop"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a tropical manner; figuratively; metaphorically. TROPIDINE Trop"i*dine, n. Etym: [See Tropine.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid, C8H13N, obtained by the chemical dehydration of tropine, as an oily liquid having a coninelike odor. TROPILIDENE Tro*pil"i*dene, n. Etym: [See Tropine.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon obtained by the dry distillation of tropine with quicklime. It is regarded as being homologous with dipropargyl. TROPINE Tro"pine, n. Etym: [From Atropine.] (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline alkaloid, C8H15NO, produced by decomposing atropine. TROPISM Tro"pism, n. [Gr. a turning, to turn + -ism.] (Physiol.) Defn: Modification of the direction of growth. TROPIST Trop"ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tropiste. See Trope.] Defn: One who deals in tropes; specifically, one who avoids the literal sense of the language of Scripture by explaining it as mere tropes and figures of speech. TROPOLOGIC; TROPOLOGICAL Trop`o*log"ic, Trop`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. tropologique. See Tropology.] Defn: Characterized by tropes; varied by tropes; tropical. Burton. -- Trop`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. TROPOLOGIZE Tro*pol"o*gize, v. t. Defn: To use in a tropological sense, as a word; to make a trope of. [R.] If . . . Minerva be tropologized into prudence. Cudworth. TROPOLOGY Tro*pol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. tropologie.] Defn: A rhetorical mode of speech, including tropes, or changes from the original import of the word. Sir T. Browne. TROPPO Trop"po, adv. [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Too much; as, allegro ma non troppo, brisk but not too much so. TROSSERS Tros"sers, n. pl. Defn: Trousers. [Obs.] Shak. TROT Trot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Trotting.] Etym: [OE. trotten, OF. troter, F. trotter; probably of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. tread; cf. OHG. trott to tread. See Tread.] 1. To proceed by a certain gait peculiar to quadrupeds; to ride or drive at a trot. See Trot, n. 2. Fig.: To run; to jog; to hurry. He that rises late must trot all day, and will scarcely overtake his business at night. Franklin. TROT Trot, v. t. Defn: To cause to move, as a horse or other animal, in the pace called a trot; to cause to run without galloping or cantering. To trot out, to lead or bring out, as a horse, to show his paces; hence, to bring forward, as for exhibition. [Slang.] TROT Trot, n. Etym: [F. See Trot, v. i.] 1. The pace of a horse or other quadruped, more rapid than a walk, but of various degrees of swiftness, in which one fore foot and the hind foot of the opposite side are lifted at the same time. "The limbs move diagonally in pairs in the trot." Stillman (The Horse in Motion). 2. Fig.: A jogging pace, as of a person hurrying. 3. One who trots; a child; a woman. An old trot with ne'er a tooth. Shak. TROTH Troth, n. Etym: [A variant of truth. See Truth.] 1. Belief; faith; fidelity. Bid her alight And hertroth plight. Shak. 2. Truth; verity; veracity; as, by my troth. Shak. In troth, thou art able to instruct gray hairs. Addison. 3. Betrothal. TROTHLESS Troth"less, a. Defn: Faitless; false; treacherous. Thrall to the faithless waves and trothless sky. Fairfax. TROTHPLIGHT Troth"plight`, v. t. Defn: To betroth. [Obs.] TROTHPLIGHT Troth"plight`, a. Defn: Betrothed; espoused; affianced. [Obs.] Shak. TROTHPLIGHT Troth"plight`, n. Defn: The act of betrothing, or plighting faith; betrothing. [Obs.] Shak. TROTHPLIGHTED Troth"plight`ed, a. Defn: Having fidelity pledged. TROTTER Trot"ter, n. 1. One that trots; especially, a horse trained to be driven in trotting matches. 2. The foot of an animal, especially that of a sheep; also, humorously, the human foot. TROTTOIR Trot"toir, n. Etym: [F., from trotter to trot. See Trot.] Defn: Footpath; pavement; sidewalk. Headless bodies trailed along the trottoirs. Froude. TROUBADOUR Trou"ba*dour`, n. Etym: [F. troubadour, fr. Pr. trobador, (assumed) LL. tropator a singer, tropare to sing, fr. tropus a kind of singing, a melody, song, L. tropus a trope, a song, Gr. Trope, and cf. Trouv.] Defn: One of a school of poets who flourished from the eleventh to the thirteenth century, principally in Provence, in the south of France, and also in the north of Italy. They invented, and especially cultivated, a kind of lyrical poetry characterized by intricacy of meter and rhyme, and usually of a romantic, amatory strain. TROUBLABLE Trou"bla*ble, a. Defn: Causing trouble; troublesome. [Obs.] troublable ire." Chaucer. TROUBLE Trou"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Troubled; p. pr. & vb. n. Troubling.] Etym: [F. troubler, OF. trobler, trubler, tourbler,fr. (assumed) LL. turbulare, L. turbare to disorderly group, a little crowd; both from turba a disorder, tumult, crowd; akin to Gr. thorp; cf. Skr. tvar, tur,o hasten. Cf. Turbid.] 1. To put into confused motion; to disturb; to agitate. An angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water. John v. 4. God looking forth will trouble all his host. Milton. 2. To disturb; to perplex; to afflict; to distress; to grieve; to fret; to annoy; to vex. Now is my soul troubled. John xii. 27. Take the boy to you; he so troubles me 'T is past enduring. Shak. Never trouble yourself about those faults which age will cure. Locke. 3. To give occasion for labor to; -- used in polite phraseology; as, I will not trouble you to deliver the letter. Syn. -- To disturb; perplex; afflict; distress; grieve; harass; annoy; tease; vex; molest. TROUBLE Trou"ble, a. Defn: Troubled; dark; gloomy. [Obs.] "With full trouble cheer." Chaucer. TROUBLE Trou"ble, n. Etym: [F. trouble, OF. troble, truble. See Trouble, v. t.] 1. The state of being troubled; disturbance; agitation; uneasiness; vexation; calamity. Lest the fiend . . . some new trouble raise. Milton. Foul whisperings are abroad; unnatural deeds Do breed unnatural troubles. Shak. 2. That which gives disturbance, annoyance, or vexation; that which afflicts. 3. (Mining) Defn: A fault or interruption in a stratum. To get into trouble, to get into difficulty or danger. [Colloq.] -- To take the trouble, to be at the pains; to exert one's self; to give one's self inconvenience. She never took the trouble to close them. Bryant. Syn. -- Affliction; disturbance; perplexity; annoyance; molestation; vexation; inconvenience; calamity; misfortune; adversity; embarrassment; anxiety; sorrow; misery. TROUBLER Trou"bler, n. Defn: One who troubles or disturbs; one who afflicts or molests; a disturber; as, a troubler of the peace. The rich troublers of the world's repose. Waller. TROUBLESOME Trou"ble*some, a. Defn: Giving trouble or anxiety; vexatious; burdensome; wearisome. This troublesome world. Book of Common Prayer. These troublesome disguises that we wear. Milton. My mother will never be troublesome to me. Pope. Syn. -- Uneasy; vexatious; perplexing; harassing; annoying; disgusting; irksome; afflictive; burdensome; tiresome; wearisome; importunate. -- Trou"ble*some*ly, adv. -- Trou"ble*some*ness, n. TROUBLOUS Trou"blous, a. Defn: Full of trouble; causing trouble. "In doubtful time of troublous need." Byron. A tall ship tossed in troublous seas. Spenser. TROU-DE-LOUP Trou"-de-loup", n.; pl. Trous-de-loup(Etym: [F. trou hole + de of + loup wolf.] (Mil.) Defn: A pit in the form of an inverted cone or pyramid, constructed as an obstacle to the approach of an enemy, and having a pointed stake in the middle. The pits are called also trapholes. TROUGH Trough, n. Etym: [OE. trough, trogh, AS. trog, troh; akin to D., G., & Icel. trog, Sw. tråg, Dan. trug; probably originally meaning, made of wood, and akin to E. tree. Tree, and cf. Trug.] 1. A long, hollow vessel, generally for holding water or other liquid, especially one formed by excavating a log longitudinally on one side; a long tray; also, a wooden channel for conveying water, as to a mill wheel. 2. Any channel, receptacle, or depression, of a long and narrow shape; as, trough between two ridges, etc. Trough gutter (Arch.), a rectangular or V-shaped gutter, usually hung below the eaves of a house. -- Trough of the sea, the depression between two waves. TROUGH-SHELL Trough"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bivalve shell of the genus Mactra. See Mactra. TROUL Troul, v. t. & i. Defn: See Troll. TROUNCE Trounce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trounced; p. pr. & vb. n. Trouncing.] Etym: [F. tronce, tronche, a stump, piece of wood. See Truncheon.] Defn: To punish or beat severely; to whip smartly; to flog; to castigate. [Colloq.] TROUPE Troupe, n. Etym: [F., troop. See Troop.] Defn: A company or troop, especially the company pf performers in a play or an opera. TROUPIAL Troup"i*al, n. Etym: [F. troupiale.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of bright-colored American birds belonging to Icterus and allied genera, especially Icterus icterus, a native of the West Indies and South America. Many of the species are called orioles in America. [Written also troopial.] TROUSE Trouse, n. Defn: Trousers. [Obs.] Spenser. TROUSERING Trou"ser*ing, n. Defn: Cloth or material for making trousers. TROUSERS Trou"sers, n. pl. Etym: [OF. trousses breeches worn by pages, from trousse, trosse, a bundle, a truss. See Truss, and cf. Trossers, Trouse.] Defn: A garment worn by men and boys, extending from the waist to the knee or to the ankle, and covering each leg separately. pants; used attrib. in the singular, as a trouser leg; see pant TROUSSE Trousse, n. [F. See Truss; cf. Trousseau.] Defn: A case for small implements; as, a surgeon's trousse. TROUSSEAU Trous`seau", n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. trossel, dim. of trousse a bundle, truss. See Truss.] Defn: The collective lighter equipments or outfit of a bride, including clothes, jewelry, and the like; especially, that which is provided for her by her family. TROUT Trout, n. Etym: [AS. truht, L. tructa, tructus; akin to Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of fishes belonging to Salmo, Salvelinus, and allied genera of the family Salmonidæ. They are highly esteemed as game fishes and for the quality of their flesh. All the species breed in fresh water, but after spawning many of them descend to the sea if they have an opportunity. Note: The most important European species are the river, or brown, trout (Salmo fario), the salmon trout, and the sewen. The most important American species are the brook, speckled, or red-spotted, trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) of the Northern United States and Canada; the red-spotted trout, or Dolly Varden (see Malma); the lake trout (see Namaycush); the black-spotted, mountain, or silver, trout (Salmo purpuratus); the golden, or rainbow, trout (see under Rainbow); the blueback trout (see Oquassa); and the salmon trout (see under Salmon.) The European trout has been introduced into America. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of marine fishes more or less resembling a trout in appearance or habits, but not belonging to the same family, especially the California rock trouts, the common squeteague, and the southern, or spotted, squeteague; -- called also salt-water trout, sea trout, shad trout, and gray trout. See Squeteague, and Rock trout under Rock. Trout perch (Zoöl.), a small fresh-water American fish (Percopsis guttatus), allied to the trout, but resembling a perch in its scales and mouth. TROUTBIRD Trout"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American golden plover. [Local, U. S.] TROUT-COLORED Trout"-col`ored, a. Defn: White, with spots of black, bay, or sorrel; as, a trout-colored horse. TROUTLET Trout"let, n. Defn: A little trout; a troutling. Hood. TROUTLING Trout"ling, n. Defn: A little trout; a troutlet. TROUVERE; TROUVEUR Trou`vère", Trou`veur", n. Etym: [F. trouveur, trouvère. See Troubadour.] Defn: One of a school of poets who flourished in Northern France from the eleventh to the fourteenth century. TROVER Tro"ver, n. Etym: [OF. trover, truver, to find, F. trouver; probably originally, to invent or compose (melodies), fr. (assumed) LL. tropare. See Troubadour, Trope, and cf. Contrive, Reirieve, Trouveur.] (Law) (a) The gaining possession of any goods, whether by finding or by other means. (b) An action to recover damages against one who found goods, and would not deliver them to the owner on demand; an action which lies in any case to recover the value of goods wrongfully converted by another to his own use. In this case the finding, though alleged, is an immaterial fact; the injury lies in the conversion. TROW Trow, n. Defn: A boat with an open well amidships. It is used in spearing fish. Knight. TROW Trow, v. i. & t. Etym: [OE. trowen, AS.treówan to trust, believe, fr. treów trust, treówe true, faithful. See True.] Defn: To believe; to trust; to think or suppose. [Archaic] So that ye trow in Christ, and you baptize. Chaucer. A better priest, I trow, there nowhere none is. Chaucer. It never yet was worn, I trow. Tennyson. Note: I trow, or trow alone, was formerly sometimes added to questions to express contemptuous or indignant surprise. What tempest, I trow, threw this whale . . . ashore Shak. What is the matter, trow Shak. TROWEL Trow"el, n. Etym: [OE. truel, OF. truele, F. truelle, LL. truella, L. trulla, dim. of trua a ladle; probably akin to Gr. quirl a stirrer, MHG. twirel, OHG. dwiril, Icel. þvara, AS. þwiril. Cf. Twirl.] 1. A mason's tool, used in spreading and dressing mortar, and breaking bricks to shape them. 2. A gardener's tool, somewhat like a scoop, used in taking up plants, stirring the earth, etc. 3. (Founding) Defn: A tool used for smoothing a mold. Trowel bayonet. See Spade bayonet, under Spade. -- Fish trowel. See Fish slice, under Fish. TROWELED Trow"eled. Defn: Formed with a trowel; smoothed with a trowel; as, troweled stucco, that is, stucco laid on and ready for the reception of paint. [Written also trowelled.] TROWELFUL Trow"el*ful, n.; pl. Trowelfuls (. Defn: As much as a trowel will hold; enough to fill a trowel. TROWL Trowl, n. Defn: See Troll. TROWSED Trowsed, a. Defn: Wearing trousers. [Obs.] TROWSERS Trow"sers, n. pl. Defn: Same as Trousers. TROY Troy, n. Defn: Troy weight. Troy weight, the weight which gold and silver, jewels, and the like, are weighed. It was so named from Troyes, in France, where it was first adopted in Europe. The troy ounce is supposed to have been brought from Cairo during the crusades. In this weight the pound is divided into 12 ounces, the ounce into 20 pennyweights, and the pennyweight into 24 grains; hence, the troy ounce contains 480 grains, and the troy pound contains 5760 grains. The avoirdupois pound contains 7000 troy grains; so that 175 pounds troy equal 144 pounds avoirdupois, or 1 pound troy = 0.82286 of a pound avoirdupois, and 1 ounce troy = 1apothecaries' weight, used in weighing medicines, etc. In the standard weights of the United States, the troy ounce is divided decimally down to the TROYOUNCE Troy"ounce, n. Defn: See Troy ounce, under Troy weight, above, and under Ounce. TRUAGE Tru"age, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. truage a tax. See True.] 1. A pledge of truth or peace made on payment of a tax. [Obs.] Ld. Berners. 2. A tax or impost; tribute. [Obs.] R. of Gloucester. TRUANCY Tru"an*cy, n. Defn: The act of playing truant, or the state of being truant; as, addicted to truancy. TRUAND Tru"and (, n. & a. Defn: See Truant. [Obs.] TRUANT Tru"ant, n. Etym: [F. truand, OF. truant, a vagrant, beggar; of Celtic origin; cf. W. tru, truan, wretched, miserable, truan a wretch, Ir. trogha miserable, Gael. truaghan a poor, distressed, or wretched creature, truagh wretched.] Defn: One who stays away from business or any duty; especially, one who stays out of school without leave; an idler; a loiterer; a shirk. Dryden. I have a truant been to chivalry. Shak. To play truant, to stray away; to loiter; especially, to stay out of school without leave. Sir T. Browne TRUANT Tru"ant, a. Defn: Wandering from business or duty; loitering; idle, and shirking duty; as, a truant boy. While truant Jove, in infant pride, Played barefoot on Olympus' side. Trumbull. TRUANT Tru"ant, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. truander.] Defn: To idle away time; to loiter, or wander; to play the truant. Shak. By this means they lost their time and truanted on the fundamental grounds of saving knowledge. Lowell. TRUANT Tru"ant, v. t. Defn: To idle away; to waste. [R.] I dare not be the author Of truanting the time. Ford. TRUANTLY Tru"ant*ly, adv. Defn: Like a truant; in idleness. TRUANTSHIP Tru"ant*ship, n. Defn: The conduct of a truant; neglect of employment; idleness; truancy. Ascham. TRUB Trub, n. Etym: [Cf. Truffle.] Defn: A truffle. [Obs.] TRUBTALL Trub"tall`, n. Etym: [Prov. E. trub slut; cf. Sw. trubbig stumpy.] Defn: A short, squat woman. [Obs.] Ainsworth. TRUBU Tru*bu", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An East India herring (Clupea toli) which is extensively caught for the sake of its roe and for its flesh. TRUCE Truce, n. Etym: [OE. trewes, triwes, treowes, pl. of trewe a truce, properly, pledge of fidelity, truth, AS. treów fidelity, faith, troth. See True.] 1. (Mil.) Defn: A suspension of arms by agreement of the commanders of opposing forces; a temporary cessation of hostilities, for negotiation or other purpose; an armistice. 2. Hence, intermission of action, pain, or contest; temporary cessation; short quiet. Where he may likeliest find Truce to his restless thoughts. Milton. Flag of truce (Mil.), a white flag carried or exhibited by one of the hostile parties, during the flying of which hostilities are suspended. -- Truce of God, a suspension of arms promulgated by the church, which occasionally took place in the Middle Ages, putting a stop to private hostilities at or within certain periods. TRUCEBREAKER Truce"break`er, n. Defn: One who violates a truce, covenant, or engagement. TRUCELESS Truce"less, a. Defn: Without a truce; unforbearing. Two minds in one, and each a truceless guest. H. Brooke. TRUCHMAN Truch"man, n. Etym: [Cf. F. trucheman. See Dragoman.] Defn: An interpreter. See Dragoman. [Obs.] And after, by the tongue, Her truchman, she reports the mind's each throw. B. Jonson. TRUCIDATION Tru`ci*da"tion, n. Etym: [L.trucidatio, fr. trucidare to slaughter.] Defn: The act of killing. [Obs.] TRUCK Truck, n. Etym: [L. trochus an iron hoop, Gr. Trochee, and cf. Truckle, v. i.] 1. A small wheel, as of a vehicle; specifically (Ord.), a small strong wheel, as of wood or iron, for a gun carriage. 2. A low, wheeled vehicle or barrow for carrying goods, stone, and other heavy articles. Goods were conveyed about the town almost exclusively in trucks drawn by dogs. Macaulay. 3. (Railroad Mach.) Defn: A swiveling carriage, consisting of a frame with one or more pairs of wheels and the necessary boxes, springs, etc., to carry and guide one end of a locomotive or a car; -- sometimes called bogie in England. Trucks usually have four or six wheels. 4. (Naut.) (a) A small wooden cap at the summit of a flagstaff or a masthead, having holes in it for reeving halyards through. (b) A small piece of wood, usually cylindrical or disk-shaped, used for various purposes. 5. A freight car. [Eng.] 6. A frame on low wheels or rollers; -- used for various purposes, as for a movable support for heavy bodies. TRUCK Truck, v. t. Defn: To transport on a truck or trucks. TRUCK Truck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trucked; p. pr. & vb. n. trucking.] Etym: [OE. trukken,F. troquer; akin to Sp. & Pg. trocar; of uncertain origin.] Defn: To exchange; to give in exchange; to barter; as, to truck knives for gold dust. We will begin by supposing the international trade to be in form, what it always is in reality, an actual trucking of one commodity against another. J. S. Mill. TRUCK Truck, v. i. Defn: To exchange commodities; to barter; to trade; to deal. A master of a ship, who deceived them under color of trucking with them. Palfrey. Despotism itself is obliged to truck and huckster. Burke. To truck and higgle for a private good. Emerson. TRUCK Truck, n. Etym: [Cf. F. troc.] 1. Exchange of commodities; barter. Hakluyt. 2. Commodities appropriate for barter, or for small trade; small commodities; esp., in the United States, garden vegetables raised for the market. [Colloq.] 3. The practice of paying wages in goods instead of money; -- called also truck system. Garden truck, vegetables raised for market. [Colloq.] [U. S.] -- Truck farming, raising vegetables for market: market gardening. [Colloq. U. S.] TRUCKAGE Truck"age, n. Defn: The practice of bartering goods; exchange; barter; truck. The truckage of perishing coin. Milton. TRUCKAGE Truck"age, n. Defn: Money paid for the conveyance of goods on a truck; freight. TRUCKER Truck"er, n. Defn: One who trucks; a trafficker. No man having ever yet driven a saving bargain with this great trucker for souls. South. TRUCKING Truck"ing, n. Defn: The business of conveying goods on trucks. TRUCKLE Truc"kle, n. Etym: [Dim. of truck a wheel; or from the kindred L. trochlea a block, sheaf containing one or more pulleys. See Truck a wheel.] Defn: A small wheel or caster. Hudibras. TRUCKLE Truc"kle, v. i. Etym: [From truckle in truckle-bed, in allusion to the fact that the truckle-bed on which the pupil slept was rolled under the large bed of the master.] Defn: To yield or bend obsequiously to the will of another; to submit; to creep. "Small, trucking states." Burke. Religion itself is forced to truckle to worldly poliey. Norris. TRUCKLE Truc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Truckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Truckling.] Defn: To roll or move upon truckles, or casters; to trundle. TRUCKLE-BED Truc"kle-bed`, n. Defn: A low bed on wheels, that may be pushed under another bed; a trundle-bed. "His standing bed and truckle-bed." Shak. TRUCKLER Truc"kler, n. Defn: One who truckles, or yields servilely to the will of another. TRUCKMAN Truck"man, n.; pl. Truckmen. 1. Etym: [From Truck barter.] Defn: One who does business in the way of barter or exchange. 2. Etym: [From Truck a carriage.] Defn: One who drives a truck, or whose business is the conveyance of goods on trucks. TRUCULENCE; TRUCULENCY Tru"cu*lence, Tru"cu*len*cy, n. Etym: [L.truculentia.] Defn: The quality or state of being truculent; savageness of manners; ferociousness. TRUCULENT Tru"cu*lent, a. Etym: [L.truculentus, fr. trux, gen. trucis, wild, fierce: cf. F. truculent.] 1. Fierce; savage; ferocious; barbarous; as, the truculent inhabitants of Scythia. Ray. 2. Cruel; destructive; ruthless. More or less truculent plagues. Harvey. TRUCULENTLY Tru"cu*lent*ly, adv. Defn: In a truculent manner. TRUDGE Trudge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trudged; p. pr. & vb. n. Trudging.] Etym: [Perhaps of Scand. origin, and originally meaning, to walk on snowshoes; cf. dial. Sw. truga, trudja, a snowshoe, Norw. truga, Icel. þruga.] Defn: To walk or march with labor; to jog along; to move wearily. And trudged to Rome upon my naked feet. Dryden. TRUDGEMAN Trudge"man, n. Defn: A truchman. [Obs.] TRUDGEN STROKE Trudg"en stroke. (Swimming) Defn: A racing stroke in which a double over-arm motion is used; -- so called from its use by an amateur named Trudgen, but often erroneously written trudgeon. TRUE True, a. [Compar. Truer; superl. Truest.] Etym: [OE. trewe, AS. treówe faithful, true, from treów fidelity, faith, troth; akin to OFries. triuwe, adj., treuwa, n., OS. triuwi, adj., trewa, n., D.trouw, adj. & n., G. treu, adj., treue, n., OHG. gitriuwi, adj., triuwa, n., Icel. tryggr, adj., Dan. tro, adj. & n., Sw. trogen, adj., tro, n., Goth. triggws, adj., triggwa, n., trauan to trust, OPruss druwis faith. Cf. Trow, Trust, Truth.] 1. Conformable to fact; in accordance with the actual state of things; correct; not false, erroneous, inaccurate, or the like; as, a true relation or narration; a true history; a declaration is true when it states the facts. 2. Right to precision; conformable to a rule or pattern; exact; accurate; as, a true copy; a true likeness of the original. Making his eye, foot, and hand keep true time. Sir W. Scott. 3. Steady in adhering to friends, to promises, to a prince, or the like; unwavering; faithful; loyal; not false, fickle, or perfidious; as, a true friend; a wife true to her husband; an officer true to his charge. Thy so true, So faithful, love unequaled. Milton. Dare to be true: nothing can need a lie. Herbert. 4. Actual; not counterfeit, adulterated, or pretended; genuine; pure; real; as, true balsam; true love of country; a true Christian. The true light which lighteth every man that cometh into the world. John i. 9. True ease in writing comes from art, not chance. Pope. Note: True is sometimes used elliptically for It is true. Out of true, varying from correct mechanical form, alignment, adjustment, etc.; -- said of a wall that is not perpendicular, of a wheel whose circumference is not in the same plane, and the like. [Colloq.] -- A true bill (Law), a bill of indictment which is returned by the grand jury so indorsed, signifying that the charges to be true. -- True time. See under Time. TRUE True, adv. Defn: In accordance with truth; truly. Shak. TRUE-BLUE True"-blue`, a. Defn: Of inflexible honesty and fidelity; -- a term derived from the true, or Coventry, blue, formerly celebrated for its unchanging color. See True blue, under Blue. TRUE-BLUE True"-blue`, n. Defn: A person of inflexible integrity or fidelity. TRUE-BORN True"-born`, a. Defn: Of genuine birth; having a right by birth to any title; as, a true-born Englishman. TRUE-BRED True"-bred`, a. 1. Of a genuine or right breed; as, a true-bred beast. Shak. 2. Being of real breeding or education; as, a true-bred gentleman. TRUE-HEARTED True"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Of a faithful heart; honest; sincere; not faithless or deceitful; as, a truhearted friend. -- True"-heart`ed*ness, n. TRUELOVE True"love`, n. 1. One really beloved. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A plant. See Paris. 3. An unexplained word occurring in Chaucer, meaning, perhaps, an aromatic sweetmeat for sweetening the breath. T. R. Lounsbury. Under his tongue a truelove he bore. Chaucer. Truelove knot, a complicated, involved knot that does not readily untie; the emblem of interwoven affection or engagement; -- called also true-lover's knot. TRUENESS True"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being true; reality; genuineness; faithfulness; sincerity; exactness; truth. TRUE-PENNY True"-pen`ny, n. Defn: An honest fellow. Shak. Bacon. TRUFFLE Truf"fle, n. Etym: [OF. trufle, F. truffe; akin to Sp. trufa, tartufo; of uncertain origin; perhaps from L. tuber a tumor, knob, truffle. Cf. Tuber, Trifle.] Defn: Any one of several kinds of roundish, subterranean fungi, usually of a blackish color. The French truffle (Tuber melanosporum) and the English truffle (T. æstivum) are much esteemed as articles of food. Truffle worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a fly of the genus Leiodes, injurious to truffles. Truffle pig, a pig used for finding truffles. Note: When trained, certain pigs have a peculiar ability to smell truffles which lie underground, making them useful for searching out hidden truffles. TRUFFLED Truf"fled, a. Defn: Provided or cooked with truffles; stuffed with truffles; as, a truffled turkey. TRUG Trug, n. Etym: [Cf. Trough.] 1. A trough, or tray. Specifically: (a) A hod for mortar. (b) An old measure of wheat equal to two thirds of a bushel. Bailey. 2. A concubine; a harlot. [Obs.] Taylor (1630). TRUGGING-HOUSE Trug"ging-house`, n. Etym: [See Trug, n., 2.] Defn: A brothel. [Obs.] Robert Greene. TRUISM Tru"ism, n. Etym: [From True.] Defn: An undoubted or self-evident truth; a statement which is pliantly true; a proposition needing no proof or argument; -- opposed to falsism. Trifling truisms clothed in great, swelling words. J. P. Smith. TRUISMATIC Tru`is*mat"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to truisms; consisting of truisms. [R.] TRUITE Trui`té", a. [F., fr. truite trout.] Defn: Having a delicately crackled surface; --applied to porcelian, etc. TRULL Trull, n. Etym: [G. trolle, trulle; cf. OD. drol a jester, Dan. trold an elf, imp, Sw. troll a goblin, Icel. troll, tröll, a giant, fiend, demon. Cf. Droll, Troll.] 1. A drab; a strumpet; a harlot; a trollop. Shak. 2. A girl; a wench; a lass. [Obs.] TRULLIZATION Trul`li*za"tion, n. Etym: [L. trullissatio, from trullissare to trowel, to plaster, fr. trulla a trowel.] Defn: The act of laying on coats of plaster with a trowel. TRULY Tru"ly, adv. Etym: [From True.] 1. In a true manner; according to truth; in agreement with fact; as, to state things truly; the facts are truly represented. I can not truly say how I came here. Shak. 2. Exactly; justly; precisely; accurately; as, to estimate truly the weight of evidence. 3. Sincerely; honestly; really; faithfully; as, to be truly attached to a lover; the citizens are truly loyal to their prince or their country. Burke. 4. Conformably to law; legally; legitimately. His innocent babe [is] truly begotten. Shak. 5. In fact; in deed; in reality; in truth. Beauty is excelled by manly grace And wisdom, which alone is truly fair. Milton. TRUMP Trump, n. Etym: [OE. trumpe, trompe, F. trompe; probably fr. L. triumphare to triumph, to exult, hence, probably, to make a joyous sound or noise. See Triumph, v. i. & n., and cf. Trombone, Tromp, Trump at cards, Trumpery, Trumpet, Trunk a proboscis.] Defn: A wind instrument of music; a trumpet, or sound of a trumpet; - - used chiefly in Scripture and poetry. We shall all be changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump. 1 Cor. xv. 51, 52. The wakeful trump of doom. Milton. TRUMP Trump, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OF. tromper. See Trump a trumpet.] Defn: To blow a trumpet. [Obs.] Wyclif (Matt. vi. 2). TRUMP Trump, n. Etym: [A corruption of triumph, F. triomphe. See Triumph, and cf. Trump a trumpet.] 1. A winning card; one of a particular suit (usually determined by chance for each deal) any card of which takes any card of the other suits. 2. An old game with cards, nearly the same as whist; -- called also ruff. Decker. 3. A good fellow; an excellent person. [Slang] Alfred is a trump, I think you say. Thackeray. To put to one's trumps, or To put on one's trumps, to force to the last expedient, or to the utmost exertion. But when kings come so low as to fawn upon philosophy, which before they neither valued nor understood, it is a sign that fails not, they are then put to their last trump. Milton. Put the housekeeper to her trumps to accommodate them. W. Irving. TRUMP Trump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trumped; p. pr. & vb. n. Trumping.] Defn: To play a trump card when one of another suit has been led. TRUMP Trump, v. t. Defn: To play a trump card upon; to take with a trump card; as, she trumped the first trick. TRUMP Trump, v. t. Etym: [F. tromper to deceive, in OF., to blow a trumpet, se tromper de to mock. See Trump a trumpet.] 1. To trick, or impose on; to deceive. [Obs.] "To trick or trump mankind." B. Jonson. 2. To impose unfairly; to palm off. Authors have been trumped upon us. C. Leslie. To trump up, to devise; to collect with unfairness; to fabricate; as, to trump up a charge. TRUMPERY Trump"er*y, n. Etym: [F. tromperie deceit, fr. tromper to deceive. See Trump to trick.] 1. Deceit; fraud. [Obs.] Grenewey. 2. Something serving to deceive by false show or pretense; falsehood; deceit; worthless but showy matter; hence, things worn out and of no value; rubbish. The trumpery in my house, go bring it hither, for state to catch these thieves. Shak. Upon the coming of Christ, very much, though not all, of this idolatrous trumpery and superstition was driven out of the world. South. TRUMPERY Trump"er*y, a. Defn: Worthless or deceptive in character. "A trumpery little ring." Thackeray. TRUMPET Trump"et, n. Etym: [F. trompette, dim. of trompe. See Trump a trumpet.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A wind instrument of great antiquity, much used in war and military exercises, and of great value in the orchestra. In consists of a long metallic tube, curved (once or twice) into a convenient shape, and ending in a bell. Its scale in the lower octaves is limited to the first natural harmonics; but there are modern trumpets capable, by means of valves or pistons, of producing every tone within their compass, although at the expense of the true ringing quality of tone. The trumpet's loud clangor Excites us to arms. Dryden. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A trumpeter. Clarendon. 3. One who praises, or propagates praise, or is the instrument of propagating it. Shak. That great politician was pleased to have the greatest wit of those times . . . to be the trumpet of his praises. Dryden. 4. (Mach) Defn: A funnel, or short, fiaring pipe, used as a guide or conductor, as for yarn in a knitting machine. Ear trumpet. See under Ear. -- Sea trumpet (Bot.), a great seaweed (Ecklonia buccinalis) of the Southern Ocean. It has a long, hollow stem, enlarging upwards, which may be made into a kind of trumpet, and is used for many purposes. -- Speaking trumpet, an instrument for conveying articulate sounds with increased force. -- Trumpet animalcule (Zoöl.), any infusorian belonging to Stentor and allied genera, in which the body is trumpet-shaped. See Stentor. -- Trumpet ash (Bot.), the trumpet creeper. [Eng.] -- Trumpet conch (Zoöl.), a trumpet shell, or triton. -- Trumpet creeper (Bot.), an American climbing plant (Tecoma radicans) bearing clusters of large red trumpet-shaped flowers; -- called also trumpet flower, and in England trumpet ash. -- Trumpet fish. (Zoöl.) (a) The bellows fish. (b) The fistularia. -- Trumpet flower. (Bot.) (a) The trumpet creeper; also, its blossom. (b) The trumpet honeysuckle. (c) A West Indian name for several plants with trumpet-shaped flowers. -- Trumpet fly (Zoöl.), a botfly. -- Trumpet honeysuckle (Bot.), a twining plant (Lonicera sempervirens) with red and yellow trumpet-shaped flowers; -- called also trumpet flower. -- Trumpet leaf (Bot.), a name of several plants of the genus Sarracenia. -- Trumpet major (Mil.), the chief trumpeter of a band or regiment. -- Trumpet marine (Mus.), a monochord, having a thick string, sounded with a bow, and stopped with the thumb so as to produce the harmonic tones; -- said to be the oldest bowed instrument known, and in form the archetype of all others. It probably owes its name to "its external resemblance to the large speaking trumpet used on board Italian vessels, which is of the same length and tapering shape." Grove. -- Trumpet shell (Zoöl.), any species of large marine univalve shells belonging to Triton and allied genera. See Triton, 2. -- Trumpet tree. (Bot.) See Trumpetwood. TRUMPET Trump"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trumpeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Trumpeting.] Etym: [Cf. F. trompeter.] Defn: To publish by, or as by, sound of trumpet; to noise abroad; to proclaim; as, to trumpet good tidings. They did nothing but publish and trumpet all the reproaches they could devise against the Irish. Bacon. TRUMPET Trump"et, v. i. Defn: To sound loudly, or with a tone like a trumpet; to utter a trumplike cry. TRUMPETER Trump"et*er, n. 1. One who sounds a trumpet. 2. One who proclaims, publishes, or denounces. These men are good trumpeters. Bacon. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of long-legged South American birds of the genus Psophia, especially P. crepitans, which is abundant, and often domesticated and kept with other poultry by the natives. They are allied to the cranes. So called from their loud cry. Called also agami, and yakamik. (b) A variety of the domestic pigeon. (c) An American swan (Olor buccinator) which has a very loud note. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large edible fish (Latris hecateia) of the family Cirrhitidæ, native of Tasmania and New Zealand. It sometimes weighs as much as fifty or sixty pounds, and is highly esteemed as a food fish. TRUMPETING Trump"et*ing, n. (Mining) Defn: A channel cut behind the brick lining of a shaft. Raymond. TRUMPETS Trump"ets, n. pl. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Sarracenia flava) with long, hollow leaves. TRUMPET-SHAPED Trump"et-shaped`, a. Defn: Tubular with one end dilated, as the flower of the trumpet creeper. TRUMPET-TONGUED Trump"et-tongued`, a. Defn: Having a powerful, far-reaching voice or speech. TRUMPETWEED Trump"et*weed`, n. (Bot.) (a) An herbaceous composite plant (Eupatorium purpureum), often having hollow stems, and bearing purplish flowers in small corymbed heads. (b) The sea trumpet. TRUMPETWOOD Trump"et*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A tropical American tree (Cecropia peltata) of the Breadfruit family, having hollow stems, which are used for wind instruments; -- called also snakewood, and trumpet tree. TRUMPIE Trum"pie, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Richardson's skua (Stercorarius parasiticus). TRUMPLIKE Trump"like`, a. Defn: Resembling a trumpet, esp. in sound; as, a trumplike voice. Chapman. TRUNCAL Trun"cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the trunk, or body. TRUNCATE Trun"cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Truncated; p. pr. & vb. n. Truncating.] Etym: [L. truncatus, p. p. of truncare to cut off, mutilate, fr. truncus maimed, mutilated, cut short. See Trunk.] Defn: To cut off; to lop; to maim. TRUNCATE Trun"cate, a. Etym: [L. truncatus, p. p. ] Defn: Appearing as if cut off at the tip; as, a truncate leaf or feather. TRUNCATED Trun"ca*ted, a. 1. Cut off; cut short; maimed. 2. (Min.) Defn: Replaced, or cut off, by a plane, especially when equally inclined to the adjoining faces; as, a truncated edge. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Lacking the apex; -- said of certain spiral shells in which the apex naturally drops off. Truncated cone or pyramid (Geom.), a cone or pyramid whose vertex is cut off by a plane, the plane being usually parallel to the base. TRUNCATION Trun*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. truncatio.] 1. The act of truncating, lopping, or cutting off. 2. The state of being truncated. 3. (Min.) Defn: The replacement of an edge or solid angle by a plane, especially when the plane is equally inclined to the adjoining faces. TRUNCH Trunch, n. Etym: [See Truncheon.] Defn: A stake; a small post. [Obs.] TRUNCHEON Trun"cheon, n. Etym: [OE. tronchoun the shaft of a broken spear, broken piece, OF.tronchon, tron, F. tron, fr. OF. & F. tronce, tronche, a piece of wood; cf. OF. trons, tros, trois; all perhaps from L. thyrsus a stalk, stem, staff. See Thyrsus, and cf. Trounce.] 1. A short staff, a club; a cudgel; a shaft of a spear. With his truncheon he so rudely struck. Spenser. 2. A baton, or military staff of command. The marshal's truncheon nor the judges robe. Shak. 3. A stout stem, as of a tree, with the branches lopped off, to produce rapid growth. Gardner. TRUNCHEON Trun"cheon, v. t. Defn: To beat with a truncheon. Shak. TRUNCHEONED Trun"cheoned, a. Defn: Having a truncheon. TRUNCHEONEER Trun`cheon*eer", n. Defn: A person armed with a truncheon. [Written also truncheoner.] TRUNCUS Trun"cus, n. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The thorax of an insect. See Trunk, n., 5. TRUNDLE Trun"dle, n. Etym: [AS. tryndel a little shield. See Trend, v. i.] 1. A round body; a little wheel. 2. A lind of low-wheeled cart; a truck. 3. A motion as of something moving upon little wheels or rollers; a rolling motion. 4. (Mach.) (a) A lantern wheel. See under Lantern. (b) One of the bars of a lantern wheel. TRUNDLE Trun"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trundled; p. pr. & vb. n. Trundling.] 1. To roll (a thing) on little wheels; as, to trundle a bed or a gun carriage. 2. To cause to roll or revolve; to roll along; as, to trundle a hoop or a ball. R. A. Proctor. TRUNDLE Trun"dle, v. i. 1. To go or move on small wheels; as, a bed trundles under another. 2. To roll, or go by revolving, as a hoop. TRUNDLE-BED Trun"dle-bed`, n. Defn: A low bed that is moved on trundles, or little wheels, so that it can be pushed under a higher bed; a truckle-bed; also, sometimes, a simiral bed without wheels. Chapman. TRUNDLEHEAD Trun"dle*head`, n. 1. (Gearing) Defn: One of the disks forming the ends of a lantern wheel or pinion. 2. The drumhead of a capstan; especially, the drumhead of the lower of two capstans on the sane axis. TRUNDLETAIL Trun"dle*tail`, n. Defn: A round or curled-up tail; also, a dog with such a tail. Shak. TRUNK Trunk, n. Etym: [F. tronc, L. truncus, fr. truncus maimed, mutilated; perhaps akin to torquere to twist wrench, and E. torture. Trunk in the sense of proboscis is fr. F. trompe (the same word as trompe a trumpet), but has been confused in English with trunk the stem of a tree (see Trump a trumpet). Cf. Truncate.] 1. The stem, or body, of a tree, apart from its limbs and roots; the main stem, without the branches; stock; stalk. About the mossy trunk I wound me soon, For, high from ground, the branches would require Thy utmost reach. Milton. 2. The body of an animal, apart from the head and limbs. 3. The main body of anything; as, the trunk of a vein or of an artery, as distinct from the branches. 4. (Arch) Defn: That part of a pilaster which is between the base and the capital, corresponding to the shaft of a column. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: That segment of the body of an insect which is between the head and abdomen, and bears the wings and legs; the thorax; the truncus. 6. (Zoöl.) (a) The proboscis of an elephant. (b) The proboscis of an insect. 7. A long tube through which pellets of clay, p He shot sugarplums them out of a trunk. Howell. 8. A box or chest usually covered with leather, metal, or cloth, or sometimes made of leather, hide, or metal, for containing clothes or other goods; especially, one used to convey the effects of a traveler. Locked up in chests and trunks. Shak. 9. (Mining) Defn: A flume or sluice in which ores are separated from the slimes in which they are contained. 10. (Steam Engine) Defn: A large pipe forming the piston rod of a steam engine, of sufficient diameter to allow one end of the connecting rod to be attached to the crank, and the other end to pass within the pipe directly to the piston, thus making the engine more compact. 11. A long, large box, pipe, or conductor, made of plank or metal plates, for various uses, as for conveying air to a mine or to a furnace, water to a mill, grain to an elevator, etc. Trunk engine, a marine engine, the piston rod of which is a trunk. See Trunk, 10. -- Trunk hose, large breeches formerly worn, reaching to the knees. -- Trunk line, the main line of a railway, canal, or route of conveyance. -- Trunk turtle (Zoöl.), the leatherback. TRUNK Trunk, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. tronquer. See Truncate.] 1. To lop off; to curtail; to truncate; to maim. [Obs.] "Out of the trunked stock." Spenser. 2. (Mining) Defn: To extract (ores) from the slimes in which they are contained, by means of a trunk. See Trunk, n., 9. Weale. TRUNKBACK Trunk"back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The leatherback. TRUNKED Trunked, a. Defn: Having (such) a trunk. Thickset with strong and well-trunked trees. Howell. TRUNK ENGINE Trunk engine. Defn: An engine having a trunk piston, as most internal combustion engines. TRUNKFISH Trunk"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of plectognath fishes, belonging to the genus Ostracion, or the family Ostraciontidæ, having an angular body covered with a rigid integument consisting of bony scales. Some of the species are called also coffer fish, and boxfish. TRUNKFUL Trunk"ful, n.; pl. Trunkfuls (. Defn: As much as a trunk will hold; enough to fill a trunk. TRUNK PISTON Trunk piston. Defn: In a single-acting engine, an elongated hollow piston, open at the end, in which the end of the connecting rod is pivoted. The piston rod, crosshead and stuffing box are thus dispensed with. TRUNK STEAMER Trunk steamer. Defn: A freight steamer having a high hatch coaming extending almost continuously fore and aft, but not of whaleback form at the sides. TRUNKWORK Trunk"work`, n. Defn: Work or devices suitable to be concealed; a secret stratagem. [Obs.] TRUNNEL Trun"nel, n. Defn: A trundle. [R.] TRUNNEL Trun"nel, n. (Shipbuilding) Defn: See Treenail. TRUNNION Trun"nion, n. Etym: [OF. trognon the stock, stump, or truck of a tree, F. trognon a core, stalk, fr.tron a trunk, stem. Cf. Trunk.] 1. (Gun.) Defn: A cylindrical projection on each side of a piece, whether gun, mortar, or howitzer, serving to support it on the cheeks of the carriage. See Illust. of Cannon. 2. (Steam Engine) Defn: A gudgeon on each side of an oscillating steam cylinder, to support it. It is usually tubular, to convey steam. Trunnion plate (Gun.), a plate in the carriage of a gun, mortar, or howitzer, which covers the upper part of the cheek, and forms a bearing under the trunnion. -- Trunnion ring (Gun.), a ring on a cannon next before the trunnions. [R.] TRUNNIONED Trun"nioned, a. Defn: Provided with trunnions; as, the trunnioned cylinder of an oscillating steam engine. TRUSION Tru"sion, n. Etym: [L.trudere, trusum, to thrust, shove: cf. F. trusion.] Defn: The act of pushing or thrusting. [R.] Bentley. TRUSS Truss, n. Etym: [OE. trusse, F. trousse, OF. also tourse; perhaps fr. L. tryrsus stalk, stem. Cf. Thyrsus, Torso, Trousers, Trousseau.] 1. A bundle; a package; as, a truss of grass. Fabyan. Bearing a truss of trifles at his back. Spenser. Note: A truss of hay in England is 56 lbs. of old and 60 lbs. of new hay; a truss of straw is 36 lbs. 2. A padded jacket or dress worn under armor, to protect the body from the effects of friction; also, a part of a woman's dress; a stomacher. [Obs.] Nares. Puts off his palmer's weed unto his truss, which bore The stains of ancient arms. Drayton. 3. (Surg.) Defn: A bandage or apparatus used in cases of hernia, to keep up the reduced parts and hinder further protrusion, and for other purposes. 4. (Bot.) Defn: A tuft of flowers formed at the top of the main stalk, or stem, of certain plants. 5. (Naut.) Defn: The rope or iron used to keep the center of a yard to the mast. 6. (Arch. & Engin.) Defn: An assemblage of members of wood or metal, supported at two points, and arranged to transmit pressure vertically to those points, with the least possible strain across the length of any member. Architectural trusses when left visible, as in open timber roofs, often contain members not needed for construction, or are built with greater massiveness than is requisite, or are composed in unscientific ways in accordance with the exigencies of style. Truss rod, a rod which forms the tension member of a trussed beam, or a tie rod in a truss. TRUSS Truss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trussed; p. pr. & vb. n. Trussing.] Etym: [F. trousser. See Truss, n.] 1. To bind or pack close; to make into a truss. Shak. It [his hood] was trussed up in his wallet. Chaucer. 2. To take fast hold of; to seize and hold firmly; to pounce upon. [Obs.] Who trussing me as eagle doth his prey. Spenser. 3. To strengthen or stiffen, as a beam or girder, by means of a brace or braces. 4. To skewer; to make fast, as the wings of a fowl to the body in cooking it. 5. To execute by hanging; to hang; -- usually with up. [Slang.] Sir W. Scott. To truss a person or one's self, to adjust and fasten the clothing of; especially, to draw tight and tie the laces of garments. [Obs.] "Enter Honeysuckle, in his nightcap, trussing himself." J. Webster (1607). -- To truss up, to strain; to make close or tight. -- Trussed beam, a beam which is stiffened by a system of braces constituting a truss of which the beam is a chord. TRUSSING Truss"ing, n. 1. (Arch. & Engin.) Defn: The timbers, etc., which form a truss, taken collectively. Weale. 2. (Arch. & Engin.) Defn: The art of stiffening or bracing a set of timbers, or the like, by putting in struts, ties, etc., till it has something of the character of a truss. 3. The act of a hawk, or other bird of prey, in seizing its quarry, and soaring with it into air. [Obs.] TRUST Trust, n. Etym: [OE. trust, trost, Icel. traust confidence, security; akin to Dan. & Sw. tröst comfort, consolation, G. trost, Goth. trausti a convention, covenant, and E. true. See True, and cf. Tryst.] 1. Assured resting of the mind on the integrity, veracity, justice, friendship, or other sound principle, of another person; confidence; reliance; reliance. "O ever-failing trust in mortal strength!" Milton. Most take things upon trust. Locke. 2. Credit given; especially, delivery of property or merchandise in reliance upon future payment; exchange without immediate receipt of an equivalent; as, to sell or buy goods on trust. 3. Assured anticipation; dependence upon something future or contingent, as if present or actual; hope; belief. "Such trust have we through Christ." 2 Cor. iii. 4. His trust was with the Eternal to be deemed Equal in strength. Milton. 4. That which is committed or intrusted to one; something received in confidence; charge; deposit. 5. The condition or obligation of one to whom anything is confided; responsible charge or office. [I] serve him truly that will put me in trust. Shak. Reward them well, if they observe their trust. Denham. 6. That upon which confidence is reposed; ground of reliance; hope. O Lord God, thou art my trust from my youth. Ps. lxxi. 5. 7. (Law) Defn: An estate devised or granted in confidence that the devisee or grantee shall convey it, or dispose of the profits, at the will, or for the benefit, of another; an estate held for the use of another; a confidence respecting property reposed in one person, who is termed the trustee, for the benefit of another, who is called the cestui que trust. 8. An organization formed mainly for the purpose of regulating the supply and price of commodities, etc.; as, a sugar trust. [Cant] Syn. -- Confidence; belief; faith; hope; expectation. Trust deed (Law), a deed conveying property to a trustee, for some specific use. TRUST Trust, a. Defn: Held in trust; as, trust property; trustmoney. TRUST Trust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Trusting.] Etym: [OE. trusten, trosten. See Trust, n.] 1. To place confidence in; to rely on, to confide, or repose faith, in; as, we can not trust those who have deceived us. I will never trust his word after. Shak. He that trusts every one without reserve will at last be deceived. Johnson. 2. To give credence to; to believe; to credit. Trust me, you look well. Shak. 3. To hope confidently; to believe; -- usually with a phrase or infinitive clause as the object. I trust to come unto you, and speak face to face. 2 John 12. We trustwe have a good conscience. Heb. xiii. 18. 4. to show confidence in a person by intrusting (him) with something. Whom, with your power and fortune, sir, you trust, Now to suspect is vain. Dryden. 5. To commit, as to one's care; to intrust. Merchants were not willing to trust precious cargoes to any custody but that of a man-of-war. Macaulay. 6. To give credit to; to sell to upon credit, or in confidence of future payment; as, merchants and manufacturers trust their customers annually with goods. 7. To risk; to venture confidently. [Beguiled] by thee to trust thee from my side. Milton. TRUST Trust, v. i. 1. To have trust; to be credulous; to be won to confidence; to confide. More to know could not be more to trust. Shak. 2. To be confident, as of something future; to hope. I will trust and not be afraid. Isa. xii. 2. 3. To sell or deliver anything in reliance upon a promise of payment; to give credit. It is happier sometimes to be cheated than not to trust. Johnson. To trust in, To trust on, to place confidence in,; to rely on; to depend. "Trust in the Lord, and do good." Ps. xxxvii. 3. "A priest . . . on whom we trust." Chaucer. Her widening streets on new foundations trust. Dryden. To trust to or unto, to depend on; to have confidence in; to rely on. They trusted unto the liers in wait. Judges xx. 36. TRUST COMPANY Trust company. Defn: Any corporation formed for the purpose of acting as trustee. Such companies usually do more or less of a banking business. TRUSTEE Trus*tee", n. (Law) Defn: A person to whom property is legally committed in trust, to be applied either for the benefit of specified individuals, or for public uses; one who is intrusted with property for the benefit of another; also, a person in whose hands the effects of another are attached in a trustee process. Trustee process (Law), a process by which a creditor may attach his debtor's goods, effects, and credits, in the hands of a third person; -- called, in some States, the process of foreign attachment, garnishment, or factorizing process. [U. S.] TRUSTEE Trus*tee", v. t. 1. To commit (property) to the care of a trustee; as, to trustee an estate. 2. (Law) Defn: To attach (a debtor's wages, credits, or property in the hands of a third person) in the interest of the creditor. [U.S.] TRUSTEE PROCESS Trus*tee" proc"ess. (Law) Defn: The process of attachment by garnishment. [U. S.] TRUSTEESHIP Trus*tee"ship, n. Defn: The office or duty of a trustee. TRUSTEE STOCK Trustee stock. (Finance) Defn: High-grade stock in which trust funds may be legally invested. [Colloq.] TRUSTER Trust"er, n. 1. One who trusts, or credits. 2. (Scots Law) Defn: One who makes a trust; -- the correlative of trustee. TRUSTFUL Trust"ful, a. 1. Full of trust; trusting. 2. Worthy of trust; faithful; trusty; trustworthy. -- Trust"ful*ly,adv. -- Trust"ful*ness, n. TRUSTILY Trust"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a trusty manner. TRUSTINESS Trust"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being trusty. TRUSTING Trust"ing, a. Defn: Having or exercising trust; confiding; unsuspecting; trustful. -- Trust"ing*ly, adv. TRUSTLESS Trust"less, a. Defn: That may not be trusted; not worthy of trust; unfaithful. -- Trust"less*ness, n. TRUSTWORTHY Trust"wor`thy, a. Defn: Worthy of trust or confidence; trusty. -- Trust"wor`thi*ness, n. TRUSTY Trust"y, a. [Compar. Trustier; superl. Trustiest.] 1. Admitting of being safely trusted; justly deserving confidence; fit to be confided in; trustworthy; reliable. Your trusty and most valiant servitor. Shak. 2. Hence, not liable to fail; strong; firm. His trusty sword he called to his aid. Spenser. 3. Involving trust; as, a trusty business. [R.] Shak. TRUTH Truth, n.; pl. Truths. Etym: [OE. treuthe, trouthe, treowpe, AS. treów. See True; cf. Troth, Betroth.] 1. The quality or being true; as: -- (a) Conformity to fact or reality; exact accordance with that which is, or has been; or shall be. (b) Conformity to rule; exactness; close correspondence with an example, mood, object of imitation, or the like. Plows, to go true, depend much on the truth of the ironwork. Mortimer. (c) Fidelity; constancy; steadfastness; faithfulness. Alas! they had been friends in youth, But whispering tongues can poison truth. Coleridge. (d) The practice of speaking what is true; freedom from falsehood; veracity. If this will not suffice, it must appear That malice bears down truth. Shak. 2. That which is true or certain concerning any matter or subject, or generally on all subjects; real state of things; fact; verity; reality. Speak ye every man the truth to his neighbor. Zech. viii. 16. I long to know the truth here of at large. Shak. The truth depends on, or is only arrived at by, a legitimate deduction from all the facts which are truly material. Coleridge. 3. A true thing; a verified fact; a true statement or proposition; an established principle, fixed law, or the like; as, the great truths of morals. Even so our boasting . . . is found a truth. 2 Cor. vii. 14. 4. Righteousness; true religion. Grace and truth came by Jesus Christ. John i. 17. Sanctify them through thy truth; thy word is truth. John xvii. 17. In truth, in reality; in fact. -- Of a truth, in reality; certainly. -- To do truth, to practice what God commands. He that doeth truth cometh to the light. John iii. 21. TRUTH Truth, v. t. Defn: To assert as true; to declare. [R.] Had they [the ancients] dreamt this, they would have truthed it heaven. Ford. TRUTHFUL Truth"ful, a. Defn: Full of truth; veracious; reliable. -- Truth"ful*ly, adv. -- Truth"ful*ness, n. TRUTHLESS Truth"less, a. Defn: Devoid of truth; dishonest; dishonest; spurious; faithless. -- Truth"less*ness, n. TRUTH-LOVER Truth"-lov`er, n. Defn: One who loves the truth. Truth-lover was our English Duke. Tennyson. TRUTHNESS Truth"ness, n. Defn: Truth. [Obs. & R.] Marston. TRUTH-TELLER Truth"-tell`er, n. Defn: One who tells the truth. Truth-teller was our England's Alfred named. Tennyson. TRUTHY Truth"y, a. Defn: Truthful; likely; probable. [R.] "A more truthy import." W. G. Palgrave. TRUTINATION Tru`ti*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. trutinari to weigh, from trutina a balance. See Trone a steelyard.] Defn: The act of weighing. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. TRUTTACEOUS Trut*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [LL. trutta a trout, L. tructa. See Trout.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a trout; as, fish of the truttaceous kind. TRY Try, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tried; p. pr. & vb. n. Trying.] Etym: [OE. trien to select, pick out, F. trier to cull, to out, LL. tritare to triturate (hence the sense of, to thresh, to separate the grain from the straw, to select), L. terere, tritum, to rub, bruise, grind, thresh. See Trite.] 1. To divide or separate, as one sort from another; to winnow; to sift; to pick out; -- frequently followed by out; as, to try out the wild corn from the good. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. 2. To purify or refine, as metals; to melt out, and procure in a pure state, as oil, tallow, lard, etc. Shak. The words of the Lord are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times. Ps. xii. 6. For thou, O God, hast proved us: thou hast tried us, as silver is tried. Ps. lxvi. 10. 3. To prove by experiment; to apply a test to, for the purpose of determining the quality; to examine; to prove; to test; as, to try weights or measures by a standard; to try a man's opinions. Let the end try the man. Shak. 4. To subject to severe trial; to put to the test; to cause suffering or trouble to. Thus far to try thee, Adam, I was pleased. Milton. Thomas Paine (1776) 5. To experiment with; to test by use; as, to try a remedy for disease; to try a horse. Come, try upon yourselves what you have seen me. Shak. To ease her cares the force of sleep she tries. Swift. 6. To strain; to subject to excessive tests; as, the light tries his eyes; repeated disappointments try one's patience. 7. (Law) Defn: To examine or investigate judicially; to examine by witnesses or other judicial evidence and the principles of law; as, to try a cause, or a criminal. 8. To settle; to decide; to determine; specifically, to decide by an appeal to arms; as, to try rival claims by a duel; to try conclusions. Left I the court, to see this quarrel tried. Shak. 9. To experience; to have or gain knowledge of by experience. Milton. Or try the Libyan heat or Scythian cold. Dryden. 10. To essay; to attempt; to endeavor. Let us try . . . to found a path. Milton. To try on. (a) To put on, as a garment, to ascertain whether it fits the person. (b) To attempt; to undertake. [Slang] Dickens. Syn. -- To attempt; endeavor; strive; aim; examine. -- Try, Attempt. To try is the generic, to attempt is the specific, term. When we try, we are usually uncertain as to success; when we attempt, we have always some definite object in view which we seek to accomplish. We may be indifferent as to the result of a trial, but we rarely attempt anything without a desire to succeed. He first deceased: she for a little tried To live without him; liked it not, and died. Sir H. Wotton. Alack, I am afraid they have a waked, And 't is not done. The attempt, and not the deed, Confounds us. Shak. TRY Try, v. i. 1. To exert strength; to endeavor; to make an effort or an attempt; as, you must try hard if you wish to learn. 2. To do; to fare; as, how do you try! [Prov. Eng.] TRY Try, n. 1. A screen, or sieve, for grain. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Holland. 2. Act of trying; attempt; experiment; trial. This breaking of his has been but a try for his friends. Shak. Try cock, a gauge cock. See under Gauge. TRY Try, a. Etym: [Cf. Try, v. t.] Defn: Refined; select; excellent; choice. [Obs.] "Sugar that is try." Chaucer. TRY COCK Try cock. Defn: A cock for withdrawing a small quantity of liquid, as for testing. TRYGON Try"gon (tri"gôn) n. Etym: [L., a sting ray, from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of large sting rays belonging to Trygon and allied genera. TRYING Try"ing, a. Defn: Adapted to try, or put to severe trial; severe; afflictive; as, a trying occasion or position. TRYOUT Try"out, n. (Sports) Defn: A test by which the fitness of a player or contestant to remain in a certain class is determined. TRYPSIN Tryp"sin, n. Etym: [Cr. (physiol.) Defn: A proteolytic ferment, or enzyme, present in the pancreatic juice. Unlike the pepsin of the gastric juice, it acts in a neutral or alkaline fluid, and not only converts the albuminous matter of the food into soluble peptones, but also, in part, into leucin and tyrosin. TRYPSINOGEN Tryp*sin"o*gen, n. Etym: [Trypsin + -gen.] (Physiol.) Defn: The antecedent of trypsin, a substance which is contained in the cells of the pancreas and gives rise to the trypsin. TRYPTIC Tryp"tic, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Relating to trypsin or to its action; produced by trypsin; as, trypsin digestion. TRYPTONE Tryp"tone, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The peptone formed by pancreatic digestion; -- so called because it is formed through the agency of the ferment trypsin. TRYSAIL Try"sail, n. (Naut.) Defn: A fore-and-aft sail, bent to a gaff, and hoisted on a lower mast or on a small mast, called the trysail mast, close abaft a lower mast; -- used chiefly as a storm sail. Called also spencer. Totten. TRY-SQUARE Try"-square`, n. Defn: An instrument used by carpenters, joiners, etc., for laying off right angles off right angles, and testing whether work is square. TRYST Tryst, n. Etym: [OE. trist, tryst, a variant of trust; cf. Icel. treysta to make trusty, fr. traust confidence, security. See Trust, n.] 1. Trust. [Obs.] 2. An appointment to meet; also, an appointed place or time of meeting; as, to keep tryst; to break tryst. [Scot. or Poetic] To bide tryst, to wait, at the appointed time, for one with whom a tryst or engagement is made; to keep an engagement or appointment. The tenderest-hearted maid That ever bided tryst at village stile. Tennyson. TRYST Tryst, v. t. Etym: [OE. tristen, trysten. See Tryst, n.] 1. To trust. [Obs.] 2. To agree with to meet at a certain place; to make an appointment with. [Scot.] Burns. TRYST Tryst, v. i. Defn: To mutually agree to meet at a certain place. [Scot.] TRYSTER Tryst"er, n. Defn: One who makes an appointment, or tryst; one who meets with another. TRYSTING Tryst"ing, n. Defn: An appointment; a tryst. Trysting day, an arranged day of meeting or assembling, as of soldiers, friends, and the like. And named a trysting day, And bade his messengers ride forth East and west and south and north, To summon his array. Macaulay. -- Trysting place, a place designated for the assembling of soldiers, the meeting of parties for an interview, or the like; a rendezvous. Byron. TSAR Tsar, n. Defn: The title of the emperor of Russia. See Czar. TSARINA; TSARITSA Tsa*ri"na, Tsa*rit"sa, n. Etym: [Russ. tsaritsa. Cf. Czarina.] Defn: The title of the empress of Russia. See Czarina. TSCHAKMECK Tschak*meck", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chameck. TSCHEGO Tsche"go, n. Etym: [From a native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A West African anthropoid ape allied to the gorilla and chimpanzee, and by some considered only a variety of the chimpanzee. It is noted for building large, umbrella-shaped nests in trees. Called also tscheigo, tschiego, nschego, nscheigo. TSEBE Tse"be, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The springbok. TSETSE Tset"se, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A venomous two-winged African fly (Glossina morsitans) whose bite is very poisonous, and even fatal, to horses and cattle, but harmless to men. It renders extensive districts in which it abounds uninhabitable during certain seasons of the year. [Written also tzetze, and tsetze.] T SQUARE T" square`. Defn: See under T. TSUNG-LI YAMEN Tsung"-li Ya"men. [Written also Tsung-li-Yamen or Tsungli Yamen.] [Chin.] Defn: The board or department of foreign affairs in the Chinese government. See Yamen. TSUNG TU Tsung" tu`. Defn: A viceroy or governor-general, the highest provincial official in China, with civil and military authority over one or more provinces. TUATARA Tu`a*ta"ra, n. [Maori tuatàra; tua on the farther side (the back) + tara spine.] Defn: A large iguanalike reptile (Sphenodon punctatum) formerly common in New Zealand, but now confined to certain islets near the coast. It reaches a length of two and a half feet, is dark olive- green with small white or yellowish specks on the sides, and has yellow spines along the back, except on the neck. TUATERA Tu`a*te"ra, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Hatteria. TUB Tub, n. Etym: [OE. tubbe; of Dutch or Low German origin; cf. LG. tubbe, D. tobbe.] 1. An open wooden vessel formed with staves, bottom, and hoops; a kind of short cask, half barrel, or firkin, usually with but one head, -- used for various purposes. 2. The amount which a tub contains, as a measure of quantity; as, a tub of butter; a tub of camphor, which is about 1 cwt., etc. 3. Any structure shaped like a tub: as, a certain old form of pulpit; a short, broad boat, etc., -- often used jocosely or opprobriously. All being took up and busied, some in pulpits and some in tubs, in the grand work of preaching and holding forth. South. 4. A sweating in a tub; a tub fast. [Obs.] Shak. 5. A small cask; as, a tub of gin. 6. A box or bucket in which coal or ore is sent up a shaft; -- so called by miners. Tub fast, an old mode of treatment for the venereal disease, by sweating in a close place, or tub, and fasting. [Obs.] Shak. -- Tub wheel, a horizontal water wheel, usually in the form of a short cylinder, to the circumference of which spiral vanes or floats, placed radially, are attached, turned by the impact of one or more streams of water, conducted so as to strike against the floats in the direction of a tangent to the cylinder. TUB Tub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tubbing.] Defn: To plant or set in a tub; as, to tub a plant. TUB Tub, i. Defn: To make use of a bathing tub; to lie or be in a bath; to bathe. [Colloq.] Don't we all tub in England London Spectator. TUBA Tu"ba, n. Etym: [L., trumpet.] (Mus.) (a) An ancient trumpet. (b) A sax-tuba. See Sax-tuba. TUBAL Tub"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a tube; specifically, of or pertaining to one of the Fallopian tubes; as, tubal pregnancy. TUBBING Tub"bing, n. 1. The forming of a tub; also, collectively, materials for tubs. 2. A lining of timber or metal around the shaft of a mine; especially, a series of cast-iron cylinders bolted together, used to enable those who sink a shaft to penetrate quicksand, water, etc., with safety. TUBBY Tub"by, a. Defn: Resembling a tub; specifically sounding dull and without resonance, like a tub; wanting elasticity or freedom of sound; as, a tubby violin. TUBE Tube, n. Etym: [L.tubus; akin to tuba a trumpet: cf F. tube.] 1. A hollow cylinder, of any material, used for the conveyance of fluids, and for various other purposes; a pipe. 2. A telescope. "Glazed optic tube." Milton. 3. A vessel in animal bodies or plants, which conveys a fluid or other substance. 4. (Bot.) Defn: The narrow, hollow part of a gamopetalous corolla. 5. (Gun.) Defn: A priming tube, or friction primer. See under Priming, and Friction. 6. (Steam Boilers) Defn: A small pipe forming part of the boiler, containing water and surrounded by flame or hot gases, or else surrounded by water and forming a flue for the gases to pass through. 7. (Zoöl.) (a) A more or less cylindrical, and often spiral, case secreted or constructed by many annelids, crustaceans, insects, and other animals, for protection or concealment. See Illust. of Tubeworm. (b) One of the siphons of a bivalve mollusk. Capillary tube, a tube of very fine bore. See Capillary. -- Fire tube (Steam Boilers), a tube which forms a flue. -- Tube coral. (Zoöl.) Same as Tubipore. -- Tube foot (Zoöl.), one of the ambulacral suckers of an echinoderm. -- Tube plate, or Tube sheet (Steam Boilers), a flue plate. See under Flue. -- Tube pouch (Mil.), a pouch containing priming tubes. -- Tube spinner (Zoöl.), any one of various species of spiders that construct tubelike webs. They belong to Tegenaria, Agelena, and allied genera. -- Water tube (Steam Boilers), a tube containing water and surrounded by flame or hot gases. TUBE Tube, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tubed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tubing.] Defn: To furnish with a tube; as, to tube a well. TUBEFORM Tube"form, a. Defn: In the form of a tube; tubular; tubiform. TUBE-NOSED Tube"-nosed`, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the nostrils prolonged in the form of horny tubes along the sides of the beak; -- said of certain sea birds. (b) Belonging to the Tubinares. TUBER Tu"ber, n.Etym: [L., a hump. knob; probably akin to tumere to swell. Cf. Tumid.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A fleshy, rounded stem or root, usually containing starchy matter, as the potato or arrowroot; a thickened root-stock. See Illust. of Tuberous. (b) A genus of fungi. See Truffle. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A tuberosity; a tubercle. TUBERCLE Tu"ber*cle, n. Etym: [L. tuberculum, dim. of tuber: cf. F. tubercule, OF. also tubercle. See Tuber.] 1. A small knoblike prominence or excrescence, whether natural or morbid; as, a tubercle on a plant; a tubercle on a bone; the tubercles appearing on the body in leprosy. 2. (Med.) Defn: A small mass or aggregation of morbid matter; especially, the deposit which accompanies scrofula or phthisis. This is composed of a hard, grayish, or yellowish, translucent or opaque matter, which gradually softens, and excites suppuration in its vicinity. It is most frequently found in the lungs, causing consumption. Tubercle bacillus (Med.), a minute vegetable organism (Bacillus tuberculosis) discovered by Koch, a German physician, in the sputum of consumptive patients and in tuberculous tissue, and believed to be the exciting cause of tubercles and tuberculosis. TUBERCLED Tu"ber*cled, a. Defn: Having tubercles; affected with, tubercles; tuberculate; as, a tubercled lung or stalk. TUBERCULAR Tu*ber"cu*lar, a. 1. Having tubercles; affected with tubercles; tubercled; tuberculate. 2. Like a tubercle; as, a tubercular excrescence. 3. (Med.) Defn: Characterized by the development of tubercles; as, tubercular diathesis. TUBERCULARIZE Tu*ber"cu*lar*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. -ized; p. pr. & vb. n. i- zing.] [Tubercular + -ize.] (Med.) Defn: To infect with tuberculosis. --Tu*ber`cu*lar*i*za"tion (#), n. TUBERCULATE; TUBERCULATED Tu*ber"cu*late, Tu*ber"cu*la`ted, a. Etym: [NL. tuberculatus: cf. F. tuberculé.] Defn: Tubercled; tubercular. TUBERCULIN Tu*ber"cu*lin, n. Etym: [See Tubercle.] Defn: A fluid containing the products formed by the growth of the tubercle bacillus in a suitable culture medium. TUBERCULIN TEST Tu*ber"cu*lin test. Defn: The hypodermic injection of tuberculin, which has little or no effect with healthy cattle, but causes a marked rise in temperature in tuberculous animals. TUBERCULIZATION Tu*ber`cu*li*za"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: The development of tubercles; the condition of one who is affected with tubercles. TUBERCULOCIDIN Tu*ber"cu*lo*ci`din, n. [Tuberculum + root of L. caedere to kill.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A special substance contained in tuberculin, supposed to be the active agent of the latter freed from various impurities. TUBERCULOID Tu*ber"cu*loid, a. [Tuberculum + -oid.] (Med.) Defn: Resembling a tubercle. TUBERCULOSE; TUBERCULOUS Tu*ber"cu*lose`, Tu*ber"cu*lous, a. Defn: Having tubercles; affected with, or characterized by, tubercles; tubercular. TUBERCULOSED Tu*ber"cu*losed`, a. (Med.) Defn: Affected with tuberculosis. TUBERCULOSIS Tu*ber`cu*lo"sis, n. Etym: [NL. See Tubercle.] (Med.) Defn: A constitutional disease characterized by the production of tubercles in the internal organs, and especially in the lungs, where it constitutes the most common variety of pulmonary consumption. TUBERCULUM Tu*ber"cu*lum, n.; pl. Tubercula. Etym: [L., dim. of tuber a swelling.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tubercle. TUBERIFEROUS Tu`ber*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Tuber + -ferous.] Defn: Producing or bearing tubers. TUBEROSE Tube"rose`, n. Etym: [Cf. G. tuberose, F. tubéreuse, NL. Polianthes tuberosa. See Tuberous.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Polianthes tuberosa) with a tuberous root and a liliaceous flower. It is much cultivated for its beautiful and fragrant white blossoms. TUBEROSE Tu"ber*ose`, a. Defn: Tuberous. TUBEROSITY Tu`ber*os"i*ty, n.; pl. Tuberosities. Etym: [Cf. F. tubérosité.] 1. The state of being tuberous. 2. An obtuse or knoblike prominence; a protuberance. TUBEROUS Tu"ber*ous, a. Etym: [L. tuberosus: cf. F. tubéreux. See Tuber, and cf. also Tuberose.] 1. Covered with knobby or wartlike prominences; knobbed. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Consisting of, or bearing, tubers; resembling a tuber. -- Tu"ber*ous*ness, n. TUBE-SHELL Tube"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any bivalve mollusk which secretes a shelly tube around its siphon, as the watering-shell. TUBEWORM Tube"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any annelid which constructs a tube; one of the Tubicolæ. TUBFISH Tub"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sapphirine gurnard (Trigla hirundo). See Illust. under Gurnard. [Prov. Eng.] TUBFUL Tub"ful, n.; pl. Tubfuls (. Defn: As much as a tub will hold; enough to fill a tub. TUBICINATE Tu*bic"i*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. tubicen trumpeter.] Defn: To blow a trumpet. TUBICOLAE Tu*bic"o*læ, n. pl. Etym: [L. tubus a tube + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of annelids including those which construct, and habitually live in, tubes. The head or anterior segments usually bear gills and cirri. Called also Sedentaria, and Capitibranchiata. See Serpula, and Sabella. TUBICOLAR Tu*bic"o*lar, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Tubicolous. TUBICOLE Tu"bi*cole, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Tubicolæ. TUBICOLOUS Tu*bic"o*lous, a. Etym: [See Tubicolæ.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Inhabiting a tube; as, tubicolous worms. TUBICORN Tu"bi*corn, n. Etym: [L. tubus tube + cornu horn: cf. F. tubicorne.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any ruminant having horns composed of a bony axis covered with a horny sheath; a hollow-horned ruminant. TUBICORNOUS Tu"bi*corn`ous, a. Defn: Having hollow horns. TUBIFORM Tu"bi*form, a. Defn: Having the form of a tube; tubeform. "Tubiform cells." Carpenter. TUBINARES Tu`bi*na"res, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. tubus tube + nares the nostrils.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of sea birds comprising the petrels, shearwaters, albatrosses, hagdons, and allied birds having tubular horny nostrils. TUBING Tub"ing, n. 1. The act of making tubes. 2. A series of tubes; tubes, collectively; a length or piece of a tube; material for tubes; as, leather tubing. TUBIPORA Tu*bip"o*ra, n. Etym: [NL., from L. tubus tube + porus passage, pore.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of halcyonoids in which the skeleton, or coral (called organ-pipe coral), consists of a mass of parallel cylindrical tubes united at intervals by transverse plates. These corals are usually red or purple and form large masses. They are natives of the tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. TUBIPORE Tu"bi*pore, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tubipore.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of the genus Tubipora. TUBIPORITE Tu"bi*po*rite, n. (Paleon.) Defn: Any fossil coral of the genus Syringopora consisting of a cluster of upright tubes united together by small transverse tubules. TUBIVALVE Tu"bi*valve, n. Etym: [See Tube, Valve.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A shell or tube formed by an annelid, as a serpula. TUBMAN Tub"man, n.; pl. Tubmen (. (Eng. Law) Defn: One of the two most experienced barristers in the Court of Exchequer. Cf. Postman, 2. TUBULAR Tu"bu*lar, a. Etym: [L. tubulus, dim. of tubus a tube, or pipe. See Tube.] Defn: Having the form of a tube, or pipe; consisting of a pipe; fistular; as, a tubular snout; a tubular calyx. Also, containing, or provided with, tubes. Tubular boiler. See under Boiler. -- Tubular breathing (Med.), a variety of respiratory sound, heard on auscultation over the lungs in certain cases of disease, resembling that produced by the air passing through the trachea. -- Tubular bridge, a bridge in the form of a hollow trunk or tube, made of iron plates riveted together, as the Victoria bridge over the St. Lawrence, at Montreal, Canada, and the Britannia bridge over the Menai Straits. -- Tubular girder, a plate girder having two or more vertical webs with a space between them. TUBULARIA Tu`bu*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of hydroids having large, naked, flowerlike hydranths at the summits of long, slender, usually simple, stems. The gonophores are small, and form clusters at the bases of the outer tentacles. TUBULARIAE Tu`bu*la"ri*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] Defn: See Tubularida. TUBULARIAN Tu`bu*la"ri*an, n. (Zool.) Defn: Any hydroid belonging to the suborder Tubularida. Note: These hydroids usually form tufts of delicate tubes, and both gonophores and hydranths are naked. The gonophores of many of the species become free jellyfishes; those of other species remain permanently attached as medusoid buds or sporosacs. See Illust. under Gonosome, and Cymnoblastea. TUBULARIAN Tu`bu*la"ri*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the tubularians. TUBULARIDA Tu"bu*lar`i*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of Hydroidea; the tubularians; -- called also Athecata, Gymnoblastea, and Tubulariæ. TUBULATE Tu"bu*late, a. Etym: [L. tubulatus. See Tubular.] Defn: Tubular; tubulated; tubulous. TUBULATED Tu"bu*la`ted, a. Defn: Made in the form of a small tube; provided with a tube, or elongated opening. Tubulated bottle or retort (Chem.), a bottle or retort having a stoppered opening for the introduction or removal of materials. TUBULATION Tu`bu*la"tion, n. (Chem.) Defn: The act of shaping or making a tube, or of providing with a tube; also, a tube or tubulure; as, the tubulation of a retort. TUBULATURE Tu"bu*la`ture, n. (Chem.) Defn: A tubulure. TUBULE Tu"bule, n. Etym: [F. tubule, or L. tubulus, dim. of tubus a tube, a pipe.] 1. A small pipe or fistular body; a little tube. 2. (Anat.) Defn: A minute tube lined with glandular epithelium; as, the uriniferous tubules of the kidney. TUBULIBRANCHIAN Tu`bu*li*bran"chi*an, n. (Zool.) Defn: One of the Tubulibranchiata. TUBULIBRANCHIATA Tu`bu*li*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. tubulus a little tube + branchia a gill.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of gastropod mollusks having a tubular shell. Vermetus is an example. TUBULICOLE Tu"bu*li*cole`, n. Etym: [L. tubulus little tube + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any hydroid which has tubular chitinous stems. TUBULIDENTATE Tu`bu*li*den"tate, a. Etym: [Tubule + dentate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having teeth traversed by canals; -- said of certain edentates. TUBULIFORM Tu"bu*li*form`, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tubuliforme.] Defn: Having the form of a small tube. TUBULIPORE Tu"bu*li*pore", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of Bryozoa belonging to Tubulipora and allied genera, having tubular calcareous calicles. TUBULOSE; TUBULOUS Tu"bu*lose`, Tu"bu*lous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. tubuleux. See Tubule.] 1. Resembling, or in the form of, a tube; longitudinally hollow; specifically (Bot.), having a hollow cylindrical corolla, often expanded or toothed at the border; as, a tubulose flower. 2. Containing, or consisting of, small tubes; specifically (Bot.), composed wholly of tubulous florets; as, a tubulous compound flower. Tubulous boiler, a steam boiler composed chiefly of tubes containing water and surrounded by flame and hot gases; -- sometimes distinguished from tubular boiler. TUBULURE Tu"bu*lure, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tubulure.] (Chem.) Defn: A short tubular opening at the top of a retort, or at the top or side of a bottle; a tubulation. TUCAN Tu*can", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Mexican pocket gopher (Geomys Mexicanus). It resembles the common pocket gopher of the Western United States, but is larger. Called also tugan, and tuza. TUCET Tu"cet, n. Defn: See Tucket, a steak. [Obs.] TUCH Tuch, n. Etym: [See Touchstone.] Defn: A dark-colored kind of marble; touchstone. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington. TUCK Tuck, n. Etym: [F. estoc; cf. It. stocco; both of German origin, and akin to E. stock. See Stock.] Defn: A long, narrow sword; a rapier. [Obs.] Shak. He wore large hose, and a tuck, as it was then called, or rapier, of tremendous length. Sir W. Scot. TUCK Tuck, n. Etym: [Cf. Tocsin.] Defn: The beat of a drum. Scot. TUCK Tuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Tucking.] Etym: [OE. tukken, LG. tukken to pull up, tuck up, entice; akin to OD. tocken to entice, G. zucken to draw with a short and quick motion, and E. tug. See Tug.] 1. To draw up; to shorten; to fold under; to press into a narrower compass; as, to tuck the bedclothes in; to tuck up one's sleeves. 2. To make a tuck or tucks in; as, to tuck a dress. 3. To inclose; to put within; to press into a close place; as, to tuck a child into a bed; to tuck a book under one's arm, or into a pocket. 4. Etym: [Perhaps originally, to strike, beat: cf. F. toquer to touch. Cf. Tocsin.] Defn: To full, as cloth. [Prov. Eng.] TUCK Tuck, v. i. Defn: To contract; to draw together. [Obs.] TUCK Tuck, n. 1. A horizontal sewed fold, such as is made in a garment, to shorten it; a plait. 2. A small net used for taking fish from a larger one; -- called also tuck-net. 3. A pull; a lugging. [Obs.] See Tug. Life of A. Wood. 4. (Naut.) Defn: The part of a vessel where the ends of the bottom planks meet under the stern. 5. Food; pastry; sweetmeats. [Slang] T. Hughes. TUCKAHOE Tuck"a*hoe, n. Etym: [North American Indian, bread.] (Bot.) Defn: A curious vegetable production of the Southern Atlantic United States, growing under ground like a truffle and often attaining immense size. The real nature is unknown. Called also Indian bread, and Indian loaf. TUCKER Tuck"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, tucks; specifically, an instrument with which tuck are made. 2. A narrow piece of linen or the like, folded across the breast, or attached to the gown at the neck, forming a part of a woman's dress in the 17th century and later. 3. Etym: [See Tuck, v. t., 4.] Defn: A fuller. [Prov. Eng.] TUCKER Tuck"er, v. t. Defn: To tire; to weary; -- usually with out. [Colloq. U. S.] TUCKET Tuck"et, n. Etym: [It toccata a prelude, fr. toccare to touch. See Toccata, Touch.] Defn: A slight flourish on a trumpet; a fanfare. [Obs.] Tucket sonance, the sound of the tucket. [Obs.] Let the trumpets sound The tucket sonance and the note to mount. Shak. TUCKET Tuck"et, n. Etym: [Cf. It. tocchetto a ragout of fish, meat, fr. tocco a bit, morsel, LL. tucetum, tuccetum, a thick gravy.] Defn: A steak; a collop. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. TUCK-NET Tuck"-net`, n. Defn: See Tuck, n., 2. TUCK POINTING Tuck pointing. (Masonry) Defn: The finishing of joints along the center lines with a narrow ridge of putty or fine lime mortar. TUCUM Tu"cum, n. Etym: [So called by the Indians of Brazil.] Defn: A fine, strong fiber obtained from the young leaves of a Brazilian palm (Astrocaryum vulgare), used for cordage, bowstrings, etc.; also, the plant yielding this fiber. Called also tecum, and tecum fiber. TUCUMA Tu*cu"ma, n. (Bot.) Defn: A Brazilian palm (Astrocaryum Tucuma) which furnishes an edible fruit. TUDOR Tu"dor, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a royal line of England, descended from Owen Tudor of Wales, who married the widowed queen of Henry V. The first reigning Tudor was Henry VII.; the last, Elizabeth. Tudor style (Arch.), the latest development of Gothic architecture in England, under the Tudors, characterized by flat four-centered arches, shallow moldings, and a profusion of paneling on the walls. TUE Tu"e, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The parson bird. TUEFALL Tue"fall, n. (Arch.) Defn: See To-fall. [Eng.] TUE-IRON Tue"-i`ron, n. Defn: See Tuyère. TUE-IRONS Tue"-i`rons, n. pl. Defn: A pair of blacksmith's tongs. TUESDAY Tues"day, n. Etym: [OE. Tewesday, AS. Tiwes dæg the day of Tiw the god of war; akin to OHG. Zio, Icel. T, L. Jupiter, Gr. Ziostac Tuesday, G. Dienstag, Icel. T. See Deity, Day, and cf. Jovial.] Defn: The third day of the week, following Monday and preceding Wednesday. TUET Tu"et, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lapwing. [Prov. Eng.] TUFA Tu"fa, Etym: [It. fufo soft, sandy stone, L. tofus, tophus. Cf. Tofus, Toph, and Tophin.] (Min.) (a) A soft or porous stone formed by depositions from water, usually calcareous; -- called also calcareous tufa. (b) A friable volcanic rock or conglomerate, formed of consolidated cinders, or scoria. TUFACEOUS Tu*fa"ceous, a. Etym: [Cf. It. tufaceo, L. tofaceus, tofacius. See Tufa.] (Min.) Defn: Pertaining to tufa; consisting of, or resembling, tufa. TUFF Tuff, n. (Min.) Defn: Same as Tufa. TUFFOON Tuf*foon", n. Defn: See Typhoon. [R.] TUFT Tuft, n. Etym: [Prov. E. tuff, F. touffe; of German origin; cf. G. zopf a weft of hair, pigtail, top of a tree. See Top summit.] 1. A collection of small, flexible, or soft things in a knot or bunch; a waving or bending and spreading cluster; as, a tuft of flowers or feathers. 2. A cluster; a clump; as, a tuft of plants. Under a tuft of shade. Milton. Green lake, and cedar fuft, and spicy glade. Keble. 3. A nobleman, or person of quality, especially in the English universities; -- so called from the tuft, or gold tassel, on the cap worn by them. [Cant, Eng.] Several young tufts, and others of the faster men. T. Hughes. TUFT Tuft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tufted; p. pr. & vb. n. Tufting.] 1. To separate into tufts. 2. To adorn with tufts or with a tuft. Thomson. TUFT Tuft, v. i. Defn: To grow in, or form, a tuft or tufts. TUF-TAFFETA Tuf-taf"fe*ta, n. Defn: A silk fabric formerly in use, having a nap or pile. [Written also tuft-taffeta.] TUFTED Tuft"ed, a. 1. Adorned with a tuft; as, the tufted duck. 2. Growing in tufts or clusters; tufty. The tufted crowtoe, and pale jessamine. Milton. Tufted trees and springing corn. Pope. Tufted duck (Zoöl.), the ring-necked duck. [Local, U.S.] TUFTHUNTER Tuft"hunt`er, n. Defn: A hanger-on to noblemen, or persons of quality, especially in English universities; a toady. See 1st Tuft, 3. [Cant, Eng.] Halliwell. TUFTHUNTING Tuft"hunt`ing, n. Defn: The practice of seeking after, and hanging on, noblemen, or persons of quality, especially in English universities. [Cant, Eng.] TUFTY Tuft"y, a. 1. Abounding with tufts. Both in the tufty frith and in the mossy fell. Drayton. 2. Growing in tufts or clusters. Where tufty daisies nod at every gale. W. Browne. TUG Tug, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tugged; p. pr. & vb. n. Tugging.] Etym: [OE. toggen; akin to OD. tocken to entice, G. zucken to jerk, draw, Icel. toga to draw, AS. téon, p. p. togen, to draw, G. ziehen, OHG. ziohan, Goth. tiuhan, L. ducere to lead, draw. Cf. Duke, Team, Tie, v. t., Touch, Tow, v. t., Tuck to press in, Toy a plaything.] 1. To pull or draw with great effort; to draw along with continued exertion; to haul along; to tow; as, to tug a loaded cart; to tug a ship into port. There sweat, there strain, tug the laborious oar. Roscommon. 2. To pull; to pluck. [Obs.] To ease the pain, His tugged cars suffered with a strain. Hudibras. TUG Tug, v. i. 1. To pull with great effort; to strain in labor; as, to tug at the oar; to tug against the stream. He tugged, he shook, till down they came. Milton. 2. To labor; to strive; to struggle. England now is left To tug and scamble and to part by the teeth The unowed interest of proud-swelling state. Shak. TUG Tug, n. 1. A pull with the utmost effort, as in the athletic contest called tug of war; a supreme effort. At the tug he falls, Vast ruins come along, rent from the smoking walls. Dryden. 2. A sort of vehicle, used for conveying timber and heavy articles. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A small, powerful steamboat used to tow vessels; -- called also steam tug, tugboat, and towboat. 4. A trace, or drawing strap, of a harness. 5. (Mining.) Defn: An iron hook of a hoisting tub, to which a tackle is affixed. Tug iron, an iron hook or button to which a tug or trace may be attached, as on the shaft of a wagon. TUGAN Tu*gan", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tucan. TUGBOAT Tug"boat`, n. Defn: See Tug, n., 3. TUGGER Tug"ger, n. Defn: One who tugs. TUGGINGLY Tug"ging*ly, adv. Defn: In a tugging manner; with laborious pulling. TUILLE Tuille, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tuile a tile.] Defn: In plate armor, a suspended plate in from of the thigh. See Illust. of Tasses. TUITION Tu*i"tion, n. Etym: [L. tuitio protection, guarding, from tueri, p. p. tuitus, to see, watch, protect: cf. F. tuition. Cf. Tutor.] 1. Superintending care over a young person; the particular watch and care of a tutor or guardian over his pupil or ward; guardianship. 2. Especially, the act, art, or business of teaching; instruction; as, children are sent to school for tuition; his tuition was thorough. 3. The money paid for instruction; the price or payment for instruction. TUITIONARY Tu*i"tion*a*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to tuition. TUKO-TUKO Tu"ko-tu*ko, n. Etym: [From the native name .] (Zoöl.) Defn: A burrowing South American rodent (Ctenomys Braziliensis). It has small eyes and ears and a short tail. It resembles the pocket gopher in size, form, and habits, but is more nearly allied to the porcupines. [Written also tucu-tuco.] TULA METAL Tu"la met`al. Defn: An alloy of silver, copper, and lead made at Tula in Russia. [Written also toola metal.] TULE Tu"le, n. Etym: [Mex.] (Bot.) Defn: A large bulrush (Scirpus lacustris, and S. Tatora) growing abundantly on overflowed land in California and elsewhere. TULIP Tu"lip, n. Etym: [F. tulipe, OF. also tulipan, It. tulipano, tulipa, from Turk. tulbend, dulbend, literally, a turban, Per. dulband; -- so called from the resemblance of the form of this flower to a turban. See Turban.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the liliaceous genus Tulipa. Many varieties are cultivated for their beautiful, often variegated flowers. Tulip tree. (a) A large American tree bearing tuliplike flowers. See Liriodendron. (b) A West Indian malvaceous tree (Paritium, or Hibiscus, tiliaceum). TULIP-EARED Tu"lip-eared`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having erect, pointed ears; prick-eared; -- said of certain dogs. TULIPIST Tu"lip*ist, n. Defn: A person who is especially devoted to the cultivation of tulips. Sir T. Browne. TULIPOMANIA Tu`lip*o*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Tulip + mania.] Defn: A violent passion for the acquisition or cultivation of tulips; -- a word said by Beckman to have been coined by Menage. Note: In Holland, in the first half of the 17th century, the cultivation of tulips became a mania. It began about the year 1634, and, like a violent epidemic, seized upon all classes of the community, leading to disasters and misery such as the records of commerce or of bankruptcies can scarcely parallel. In 1636, tulip marts had been established in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Haarlem, Leyden, and various other towns, where tulip bulbs were sold and resold in the same manner as stocks are on the Stock Exchange of London. Baird. TULIPOMANIAC Tu`lip*o*ma"ni*ac, n. Defn: One who is affected with tulipomania. TULIP-SHELL Tu"lip-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, handsomely colored, marine univalve shell (Fasciolaria tulipa) native of the Southern United States. The name is sometimes applied also to other species of Fasciolaria. TULIPWOOD Tu"lip*wood`, n. Defn: The beautiful rose-colored striped wood of a Brazilian tree (Physocalymna floribunda), much used by cabinetmakers for inlaying. Queensland tulipwood, the variegated wood of an Australian sapindaceous tree (Harpullia pendula). J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). TULL Tull, v. t. Etym: [OE. tullen. See Tole.] Defn: To allure; to tole. [Obs.] With empty hands men may no hawkes tull. Chaucer. TULLE Tulle, n. Etym: [F.; -- so called from the town of Tulle, in France.] Defn: A kind of silk lace or light netting, used for veils, etc. TULLIAN Tul"li*an, a. Etym: [L. Tullianus, from Tullius, the name of a Roman gens.] Defn: Belonging to, or in the style of, Tully (Marcus Tullius Cicero). TULLIBEE Tul"li*bee, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A whitefish (Coregonus tullibee) found in the Great Lakes of North America; -- called also mongrel whitefish. TUMBLE Tum"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tumbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tumbling.] Etym: [OE. tumblen, AS. tumbian to turn heels over head, to dance violently; akin to D. tuimelen to fall, Sw. tumla, Dan. tumle, Icel. tumba; and cf. G. taumeln to reel, to stagger.] 1. To roll over, or to and fro; to throw one's self about; as, a person on pain tumbles and tosses. 2. To roll down; to fall suddenly and violently; to be precipitated; as, to tumble from a scaffold. He who tumbles from a tower surely has a greater blow than he who slides from a molehill. South. 3. To play tricks by various movements and contortions of the body; to perform the feats of an acrobat. Rowe. To tumble home (Naut.), to incline inward, as the sides of a vessel, above the bends or extreme breadth; -- used esp. in the phrase tumbling home. Cf. Wall-sided. TUMBLE Tum"ble, v. t. 1. To turn over; to turn or throw about, as for examination or search; to roll or move in a rough, coarse, or unceremonious manner; to throw down or headlong; to precipitate; -- sometimes with over, about, etc.; as, to tumble books or papers. 2. To disturb; to rumple; as, to tumble a bed. TUMBLE Tum"ble, n. Defn: Act of tumbling, or rolling over; a fall. TUMBLEBUG Tum"ble*bug`, n. Defn: See Tumbledung. TUMBLE-DOWN Tum"ble-down`, a. Defn: Ready to fall; dilapidated; ruinous; as, a tumble-down house. [Colloq.] TUMBLEDUNG Tum"ble*dung`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of scaraboid beetles belonging to Scarabæus, Copris, Phanæus, and allied genera. The female lays her eggs in a globular mass of dung which she rolls by means of her hind legs to a burrow excavated in the earth in which she buries it. TUMBLER Tum"bler, n. 1. One who tumbles; one who plays tricks by various motions of the body; an acrobat. 2. A movable obstruction in a lock, consisting of a lever, latch, wheel, slide, or the like, which must be adjusted to a particular position by a key or other means before the bolt can be thrown in locking or unlocking. 3. (Firearms) Defn: A piece attached to, or forming part of, the hammer of a gunlock, upon which the mainspring acts and in which are the notches for sear point to enter. 4. A drinking glass, without a foot or stem; -- so called because originally it had a pointed or convex base, and could not be set down with any liquor in it, thus compelling the drinker to finish his measure. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of the domestic pigeon remarkable for its habit of tumbling, or turning somersaults, during its flight. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: A breed of dogs that tumble when pursuing game. They were formerly used in hunting rabbits. 7. A kind of cart; a tumbrel. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] TUMBLERFUL Tum"bler*ful, n.; pl. Tumblerfuls (. Defn: As much as a tumbler will hold; enough to fill a tumbler. TUMBLEWEED Tum"ble*weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant which habitually breaks away from its roots in the autumn, and is driven by the wind, as a light, rolling mass, over the fields and prairies; as witch grass, wild indigo, Amarantus albus, etc. TUMBLING Tum"bling, Defn: a. & vb. n. from Tumble, v. Tumbling barrel. Same as Rumble, n., 4. -- Tumbling bay, an overfall, or weir, in a canal. TUMBREL; TUMBRIL Tum"brel, Tum"bril n. Etym: [OF. tomberel, F. tombereau, fr. tomber to fall, to tumble; of Teutonic origin. Cf. Tumble.] 1. A cucking stool for the punishment of scolds. 2. A rough cart. Tusser. Tatler. 3. (Mil.) Defn: A cart or carriage with two wheels, which accompanies troops or artillery, to convey the tools of pioneers, cartridges, and the like. 4. A kind of basket or cage of osiers, willows, or the like, to hold hay and other food for sheep. [Eng.] TUMEFACIENT Tu`me*fa"cient, a. [L. tumefaciens, -entis, p. pr. of tumefacere to tumefy; tumere to swell + facere to make.] Defn: Producing swelling; tumefying. TUMEFACTION Tu`me*fac"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tuméfaction.] Defn: The act or process of tumefying, swelling, or rising into a tumor; a swelling. Arbuthnot. TUMEFY Tu"me*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tumefied; p. pr. & vb. n. Tumefying.] Etym: [F. tuméfier, fr. L. tumere to swell + -ficare (in comp.) to make; cf. L. tumefacere to tumefy. See Tumid, and -fy.] Defn: To swell; to cause to swell, or puff up. To swell, tumefy, stiffen, not the diction only, but the tenor of the thought. De Quincey. TUMEFY Tu"me*fy, v. i. Defn: To rise in a tumor; to swell. TUMESCENCE Tu*mes"cence, n. [L. tumescens, -entis, p.pr. of tumescere to swell up, v. incho. fr. tumere to swell.] Defn: The act of becoming tumid; the state of being swollen; intumescence. TUMESCENT Tu*mes"cent, a. Defn: Slightly tumid; swollen, as certain moss capsules. TUMID Tu"mid, a. Etym: [L. tumidus, fr. tumere to swell; cf. Skr. tumra strong, fat. Cf. Thumb.] 1. Swelled, enlarged, or distended; as, a tumid leg; tumid flesh. 2. Rising above the level; protuberant. So high as heaved the tumid hills. Milton. 3. Swelling in sound or sense; pompous; puffy; inflated; bombastic; falsely sublime; turgid; as, a tumid expression; a tumid style. -- Tu"mid*ly, adv. -- Tu"mid*ness, n. TUMIDITY Tu*mid"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tumid. TUMMALS Tum"mals, n. (Mining) Defn: A great quantity or heap. Weale. TUMOR Tu"mor, n. Etym: [L., fr. tumere to swell: cf. F. tumeúr. See Tumid.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A morbid swelling, prominence, or growth, on any part of the body; especially, a growth produced by deposition of new tissue; a neoplasm. 2. Affected pomp; bombast; swelling words or expressions; false magnificence or sublimity. [R.] Better, however, to be a flippant, than, by a revolting form of tumor and perplexity, to lead men into habits of intellect such as result from the modern vice of English style. De Quincey. Encysted tumor, a tumor which is inclosed in a membrane called a cyst, connected with the surrounding parts by the neighboring cellular substance. -- Fatty tumor. See under Fatty. -- Innocent tumor, or Benign tumor, one which does not of itself threaten life, and does not usually tend to recur after extirpation. -- Malignant tumor, a tumor which tends continually to spread, to become generalized in different parts of the body, and to recur after extirpation, and which, if left to itself, causes death. TUMORED Tu"mored, a. Defn: Distended; swelled. [R.] "His tumored breast." R. Junius. TUMOROUS Tu"mor*ous, a. Etym: [L. tumorosus inflated.] 1. Swelling; protuberant. [R.] Sir H. Wotton. 2. Inflated; bombastic. [R.] B. Jonson. TUMP Tump, n. Etym: [W. twmp, twm, a round mass or heap, a hillock.] Defn: A little hillock; a knoll. Ainsworth. TUMP Tump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tumped; p. pr. & vb. n. Tumping.] 1. To form a mass of earth or a hillock about; as, to tump teasel. 2. To draw or drag, as a deer or other animal after it has been killed. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. TUMPLINE Tump"line`, n. Defn: A strap placed across a man's forehead to assist him in carrying a pack on his back. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. TUM-TUM Tum"-tum`, n. Defn: A dish made in the West Indies by beating boiled plantain quite soft in a wooden mortar. TUMULAR Tu"mu*lar, a. Etym: [L. tumulus a mound: cf. F. tumulaire. See Tumulus.] Defn: Consisting in a heap; formed or being in a heap or hillock. Pinkerton. TUMULATE Tu"mu*late, v. t. Etym: [L. tumulatus, p. p. of tumulare to tumulate. See Tumulus.] Defn: To cover, as a corpse, with a mound or tomb; to bury. [Obs.] TUMULATE Tu"mu*late, v. i. Defn: To swell. [Obs.] Wilkins. TUMULOSE Tu"mu*lose`, a. Defn: Tumulous. [R.] Bailey. TUMULOSITY Tu`mu*los"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tumulous; hilliness. [R.] Bailey. TUMULOUS Tu"mu*lous, a. Etym: [L. tumulosus, fr. tumulus a mound.] Defn: Full of small hills or mounds; hilly; tumulose. [R.] Bailey. TUMULT Tu"mult, n. Etym: [L.tumultus; probably akin to Skr. tumula noise, noisy, and perhaps to L. tumere to swell, E. tumid: cf. F. tumulte.] 1. The commotion or agitation of a multitude, usually accompanied with great noise, uproar, and confusion of voices; hurly-burly; noisy confusion. What meaneth the noise of this tumult 1 Sam. iv. 14. Till in loud tumult all the Greeks arose. Pope. 2. Violent commotion or agitation, with confusion of sounds; as, the tumult of the elements. Addison. 3. Irregular or confused motion; agitation; high excitement; as, the tumult of the spirits or passions. Syn. -- Uproar; ferment; disturbance; turbulence; disorder; confusion; noise; bluster; hubbub; bustle; stir; brawl; riot. TUMULT Tu"mult, v. i. Defn: To make a tumult; to be in great commotion. [Obs.] Importuning and tumulting even to the fear of a revolt. Milton. TUMULTER Tu"mult*er, n. Defn: A maker of tumults. [Obs.] He severely punished the tumulters. Milton. TUMULTUARILY Tu*mul"tu*a*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a tumultuary manner. TUMULTUARINESS Tu*mul"tu*a*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being tumultuary. TUMULTUARY Tu*mul"tu*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. tumultuarius: cf. F. tumultuaire.] 1. Attended by, or producing, a tumult; disorderly; promiscuous; confused; tumultuous. "A tumultuary conflict." Eikon Basilike. A tumultuary attack of the Celtic peasantry. Macaulay. Sudden flight or tumultuary skirmish. De Quincey. 2. Restless; agitated; unquiet. Men who live without religion live always in a tumultuary and restless state. Atterbury. TUMULTUATE Tu*mul"tu*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. tumultuatus, p. p. of tumultuari to make a tumult.] Defn: To make a tumult. [Obs.] "He will murmur and tumultuate." South. TUMULTUATION Tu*mul`tu*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. tumultuatio.] Defn: Irregular or disorderly movement; commotion; as, the tumultuation of the parts of a fluid. [Obs.] Boyle. TUMULTUOUS Tu*mul"tu*ous, a. Etym: [L. tumultuosus: cf. F. tumultueux.] 1. Full of tumult; characterized by tumult; disorderly; turbulent. The flight became wild and tumultuous. Macaulay. 2. Conducted with disorder; noisy; confused; boisterous; disorderly; as, a tumultuous assembly or meeting. 3. Agitated, as with conflicting passions; disturbed. His dire attempt, which, nigh the birth Now rolling, boils in his tumultuous breast. Milton. 4. Turbulent; violent; as, a tumultuous speech. Syn. -- Disorderly; irregular; noisy; confused; turbulent; violent; agitated; disturbed; boisterous; lawless; riotous; seditious. -- Tu*mul"tu*ous*ly, adv. -- Tu*mul"tu*ous*ness, n. TUMULUS Tu"mu*lus, n.; pl. Tumuli. Etym: [L., a mound, a sepulchral mound, probably from tumere to swell. Cf. Tumid.] Defn: An artificial hillock, especially one raised over a grave, particularly over the graves of persons buried in ancient times; a barrow. TUN Tun, n. Etym: [AS. tunne. See Ton a weight.] 1. A large cask; an oblong vessel bulging in the middle, like a pipe or puncheon, and girt with hoops; a wine cask. 2. (Brewing) Defn: A fermenting vat. 3. A certain measure for liquids, as for wine, equal to two pipes, four hogsheads, or 252 gallons. In different countries, the tun differs in quantity. 4. (Com.) Defn: A weight of 2,240 pounds. See Ton. [R.] 5. An indefinite large quantity. Shak. A tun of man in thy large bulk is writ. Dryden. 6. A drunkard; -- so called humorously, or in contempt. 7. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any shell belonging to Dolium and allied genera; -- called also tun-shell. TUN Tun, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tunned; p. pr. & vb. n. Tunning.] Defn: To put into tuns, or casks. Boyle. TUNA Tu"na, n. (Bot.) Defn: The Opuntia Tuna. See Prickly pear, under Prickly. TUNA Tu"na, n. Etym: [Cf. Tunny.] (Zoöl.) (a) The tunny. (b) The bonito, 2. TUNABLE Tun"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being tuned, or made harmonious; hence, harmonious; musical; tuneful. -- Tun"a*ble*ness, n. -- Tun"a*bly, adv. And tunable as sylvan pipe or song. Milton. TUN-BELLIED Tun"-bel`lied, a. Defn: Having a large, protuberant belly, or one shaped like a tun; pot-bellied. TUN-DISH Tun"-dish`, n. Defn: A tunnel. [Obs.] Shak. TUNDRA Tun"dra, n. Etym: [Russ., from a native name.] Defn: A rolling, marshy, mossy plain of Northern Siberia. TUNE Tune, n. Etym: [A variant of tone.] 1. A sound; a note; a tone. "The tune of your voices." Shak. 2. (Mus.) (a) A rhythmical, melodious, symmetrical series of tones for one voice or instrument, or for any number of voices or instruments in unison, or two or more such series forming parts in harmony; a melody; an air; as, a merry tune; a mournful tune; a slow tune; a psalm tune. See Air. (b) The state of giving the proper, sound or sounds; just intonation; harmonious accordance; pitch of the voice or an instrument; adjustment of the parts of an instrument so as to harmonize with itself or with others; as, the piano, or the organ, is not in tune. Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune and harsh. Shak. 3. Order; harmony; concord; fit disposition, temper, or humor; right mood. A child will learn three times as much when he is in tune, as when he . . . is dragged unwillingly to [his task]. Locke. TUNE Tune, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tuned; p. pr. & vb. n. Tuning.] 1. To put into a state adapted to produce the proper sounds; to harmonize, to cause to be in tune; to correct the tone of; as, to tune a piano or a violin. " Tune your harps." Dryden. 2. To give tone to; to attune; to adapt in style of music; to make harmonious. For now to sorrow must I tune my song. Milton. 3. To sing with melody or harmony. Fountains, and ye, that warble, as ye flow, Melodious murmurs, warbling tune his praise. Milton. 4. To put into a proper state or disposition. Shak. TUNE Tune, v. i. 1. To form one sound to another; to form accordant musical sounds. Whilst tuning to the water's fall, The small birds sang to her. Drayton. 2. To utter inarticulate harmony with the voice; to sing without pronouncing words; to hum. [R.] TUNEFUL Tune"ful, a. Defn: Harmonious; melodious; musical; as, tuneful notes. " Tuneful birds." Milton. -- Tune"ful*ly, adv. -- Tune"ful*ness, n. TUNELESS Tune"less, a. 1. Without tune; inharmonious; unmusical. " Thy tuneless serenade." Cowley. How often have I led thy sportive choir, With tuneless pipe, beside the murmuring Loire! Goldsmith. 2. Not employed in making music; as, tuneless harps. 3. Not expressed in music or poetry; unsung. [R.] TUNER Tun"er, n. Defn: One who tunes; especially, one whose occupation is to tune musical instruments. TUN-GREAT Tun"-great`, a. Defn: Having the circumference of a tun. [Obs.] Chaucer. TUNGSTATE Tung"state, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tungstate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of tungstic acid; a wolframate. TUNGSTEN Tung"sten n. Etym: [Sw. tungsten (cf. Dan. tungsteen, G. tungstein); tung heavy (akin to Dan. tung, Icel. þungr) + sten stone. See Stone.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A rare element of the chromium group found in certain minerals, as wolfram and scheelite, and isolated as a heavy steel-gray metal which is very hard and infusible. It has both acid and basic properties. When alloyed in small quantities with steel, it greatly increases its hardness. Symbol W (Wolframium). Atomic weight, 183.6. Specific gravity, 18. 2 (Min.) Defn: Scheelite, or calcium tungstate. [Obs.] Tungsten ocher, or Tungstic ocher (Min.), tungstate. TUNGSTENIC Tung*sten"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to tungsten; containing tungsten; as, tungstenic ores. [R.] TUNGSTEN LAMP Tung"sten lamp. Defn: An electric glow lamp having filaments of metallic tungsten. Such lamps, owing to the refractory nature of the metal, may be maintained at a very high temperature and require an expenditure of only about 1.25 watts per candle power. TUNGSTEN STEEL Tungsten steel. (Metal.) Defn: A steel containing a small amount of tungsten, noted for tenacity and hardness, even under a considerable degree of heat. Magnets made of it are said to be highly permanent. It often contains manganese. TUNGSTIC Tung"stic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to tungsten; derived from, or resembling, tungsten; wolframic; as, tungstic oxide. Tungstic acid, an acid of tungsten, H2WO4, analogous to sulphuric and chromic acids. TUNGSTITE Tung"stite, n. (Min.) Defn: The oxide of tungsten, a yellow mineral occurring in a pulverulent form. It is often associated with wolfram. TUNGUSES Tun*gus"es, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: A group of roving Turanian tribes occupying Eastern Siberia and the Amoor valley. They resemble the Mongols. [Written also Tungooses.] TUNGUSIC Tun*gus"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Tunguses; as, the Tungusic dialects. TUNHOOF Tun"hoof`, n. Etym: [Cf. Aleboof.] (Bot.) Defn: Ground ivy; alehoof. TUNIC Tu"nic, n. Etym: [L. tunica: cf. F.tunique.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An under-garment worn by the ancient Romans of both sexes. It was made with or without sleeves, reached to or below the knees, and was confined at the waist by a girdle. 2. Any similar garment worm by ancient or Oriental peoples; also, a common name for various styles of loose-fitting under-garments and over-garments worn in modern times by Europeans and others. 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: Same as Tunicle. 4. (Anat.) Defn: A membrane, or layer of tissue, especially when enveloping an organ or part, as the eye. 5. (Bot.) Defn: A natural covering; an integument; as, the tunic of a seed. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Mantle, n., 3 (a). TUNICARY Tu"ni*ca*ry, n.; pl. Tunicaries. Etym: [L. tunica a tunic.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Tunicata. TUNICATA Tu`ni*ca"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Tunicate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A grand division of the animal kingdom, intermediate, in some respects, between the invertebrates and vertebrates, and by some writers united with the latter. They were formerly classed with acephalous mollusks. The body is usually covered with a firm external tunic, consisting in part of cellulose, and having two openings, one for the entrance and one for the exit of water. The pharynx is usually dilated in the form of a sac, pierced by several series of ciliated slits, and serves as a gill. Note: Most of the species when mature are firmly attached to foreign substances, but have free-swimming larvæ which are furnished with an elongated tail and somewhat resemble a tadpole. In this state the larva has a urochord and certain other structures resembling some embryonic vertebrates. See Ascidian, Doliolum, Salpa, Urochord, and Illust. of Social ascidian, under Social. TUNICATE; TUNICATED Tu"ni*cate, Tu"ni*ca`ted, a. Etym: [L. tunicatus, p. p. of tunicare to clothe with a tunic, fr. tunica a tunic.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Covered with a tunic; covered or coated with layers; as, a tunicated bulb. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a tunic, or mantle; of or pertaining to the Tunicata. (b) Having each joint buried in the preceding funnel-shaped one, as in certain antennæ of insects. TUNICATE Tu"ni*cate, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Tunicata. TUNICIN Tu"ni*cin, n. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Animal cellulose; a substance present in the mantle, or tunic, of the Tunicates, which resembles, or is identical with, the cellulose of the vegetable kingdom. TUNICLE Tu"ni*cle, n. Etym: [L. tunicula a little tunic, coat, or membrane, dim. of tunica a tunic: cf. OF. tunicle.] 1. A slight natural covering; an integument. The tunicles that make the ball or apple of the eye. Holland. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A short, close-fitting vestment worn by bishops under the dalmatic, and by subdeacons. TUNING Tun"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Tune, v. Tuning fork (Mus.), a steel instrument consisting of two prongs and a handle, which, being struck, gives a certain fixed tone. It is used for tuning instruments, or for ascertaining the pitch of tunes. TUNK Tunk, n. Defn: A sharp blow; a thump. [Prov. Eng. or Colloq. U. S.] TUNKER Tun"ker, n. (Eccl.) Defn: Same as Dunker. TUNNAGE Tun"nage (; 48), n. Etym: [From Tun; cf. Tonnage.] Defn: See Tonnage. TUNNEL Tun"nel, n. . Etym: [F. tonnelle a semicircular, wagon-headed vault, a tunnel net, an arbor, OF. also tonnel; dim. of tonne a tun; -- so named from its resemblance to a tun in shape. See Ton.] 1. A vessel with a broad mouth at one end, a pipe or tube at the other, for conveying liquor, fluids, etc., into casks, bottles, or other vessels; a funnel. 2. The opening of a chimney for the passage of smoke; a flue; a funnel. And one great chimney, whose long tunnel thence The smoke forth threw. Spenser. 3. An artificial passage or archway for conducting canals or railroads under elevated ground, for the formation of roads under rivers or canals, and the construction of sewers, drains, and the like. 4. (Mining) Defn: A level passage driven across the measures, or at right angles to veins which it is desired to reach; -- distinguished from the drift, or gangway, which is led along the vein when reached by the tunnel. Tunnel head (Metal.), the top of a smelting furnace where the materials are put in. -- Tunnel kiln, a limekiln in which coal is burned, as distinguished from a flame kiln, in which wood or peat is used. -- Tunnel net, a net with a wide mouth at one end and narrow at the other. -- Tunnel pit, Tunnel shaft, a pit or shaft sunk from the top of the ground to the level of a tunnel, for drawing up the earth and stones, for ventilation, lighting, and the like. TUNNEL Tun"nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tunneled ( or Tunnelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tunneling or Tunnelling.] 1. To form into a tunnel, or funnel, or to form like a tunnel; as, to tunnel fibrous plants into nests. Derham. 2 2 Defn: To catch in a tunnel net. 3. To make an opening, or a passageway, through or under; as, to tunnel a mountain; to tunnel a river. TUNNEL STERN Tun"nel stern. Defn: A design of motor-boat stern, for use in shallow waters, in which the propeller is housed in a tunnel and does not extend below the greatest draft. TUNNY Tun"ny, n.; pl. Tunnies. Etym: [L. thunnus, thynnus, Gr. tonno, F. & Pr. thon.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of large oceanic fishes belonging to the Mackerel family, especially the common or great tunny (Orcynus or Albacora thynnus) native of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It sometimes weighs a thousand pounds or more, and is extensively caught in the Mediterranean. On the American coast it is called horse mackerel. See Illust. of Horse mackerel, under Horse. [Written also thynny.] Note: The little tunny (Gymnosarda alletterata) of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic, and the long-finned tunny, or albicore (see Albicore), are related species of smaller size. TUP Tup, v. t. & i. Etym: [Probably akin to top summit, head.] 1. To butt, as a ram does. [Prov. Eng.] 2. To cover; -- said of a ram. Shak. TUP Tup, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A ram. TUPAI Tu*pai", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of the tupaiids. TUPAIID Tu*pai"id, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of East Indian and Asiatic insectivores of the family Tupaiidæ, somewhat resembling squirrels in size and arboreal habits. The nose is long and pointed. TUPELO Tu"pe*lo, n. Etym: [Tupelo, or tupebo, the native American Indian name.] (Bot.) Defn: A North American tree (Nyssa multiflora) of the Dogwood family, having brilliant, glossy foliage and acid red berries. The wood is crossgrained and very difficult to split. Called also black gum, sour gum, and pepperidge. Largo tupelo, or Tupelo gum (Bot.), an American tree (Nyssa uniflora) with softer wood than the tupelo. -- Sour tupelo (Bot.), the Ogeechee lime. TUPI Tu"pi, n. Defn: An Indian of the tribe from which the Tupian stock takes its name, dwelling, at the advent of the Portuguese, about the mouth of the Amazon. Also, their language, which is the basis of the Indian trade language of the Amazon. TUPIAN Tu"pi*an, a. Defn: Designating, or pert. to, a linguistic stock of South American Indians comprising the most important Brazilian tribes. Agriculture, pottery, and stone working were practiced by them at the time of the conquest. The Tupi and the Guarani were originally the most powerful of the stock, which is hence also called Tupi-Guaranian. TUPMAN Tup"man, n.; pl. Tupmen (. Defn: A man who breeds, or deals in tups. [Prov. Eng.] TUQUE Tuque, n. [Canadian F. See Toque.] Defn: A kind of warm cap winter wear, made from a knit bag with closed tapered ends by pushing one end within the other, thus making a conical cap of double thickness. Picturesque fellow with tuques, red sashes, and fur coats. F. Remington. TUR Tur, n. Etym: [Pol.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The urus. TURACIN Tu"ra*cin, n. (Physiol.) (Chem.) Defn: A red or crimson pigment obtained from certain feathers of several species of turacou; whence the name. It contains nearly six per cent of copper. TURACOU Tu*ra"cou, n. Etym: [Cf. F. touraco.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of plantain eaters of the genus Turacus, native of Africa. They are remarkable for the peculiar green and red pigments found in their feathers. [Written also touraco, and touracou.] TURACOVERDIN Tu*ra`co*ver"din, n. Etym: [See Turacou, and Verdant.] (Physiol.) (Chem.) Defn: A green pigment found in the feathers of the turacou. See Turacin. TURANIAN Tu*ra"ni*an, a. Etym: [From Tur, the name, in Persian legendary history, of one of the three brothers from whom sprang the races of mankind.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, an extensive family of languages of simple structure and low grade (called also Altaic, Ural-Altaic, and Scythian), spoken in the northern parts of Europe and Asia and Central Asia; of pertaining to, or designating, the people who speak these languages. TURANIAN Tu*ra"ni*an, n. Defn: One of the Turanians. TURANIANS Tu*ra"ni*ans, n. pl. (Ethnol.) (a) An extensive division of mankind including the Mongols and allied races of Asia, together with the Malays and Polynesians. (b) A group of races or tribes inhabiting Asia and closely related to the Mongols. TURATT Tu"ratt, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hare kangaroo. TURBAN Tur"ban, n. Etym: [OE. turband, turbant, tolibant, F. turban, It. turbante, Turk. tulbend, dulbend, fr. Per. dulband. Cf. Tulip.] 1. A headdress worn by men in the Levant and by most Mohammedans of the male sex, consisting of a cap, and a sash, scarf, or shawl, usually of cotton or linen, wound about the cap, and sometimes hanging down the neck. 2. A kind of headdress worn by women. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The whole set of whorls of a spiral shell. TURBAND Tur"band, n. Defn: A turban. Balfour (Cyc. of Ind.). TURBANED Tur"baned, a. Defn: Wearing a turban. " A malignant and a turbaned Turk." Shak. TURBAN-SHELL Tur"ban-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sea urchin when deprived of its spines; -- popularly so called from a fancied resemblance to a turban. TURBANT Tur"bant, n. Defn: A turban. [Obs.] Milton. I see the Turk nodding with his turbant. Howell. TURBAN-TOP Tur"ban-top`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of fungus with an irregularly wrinkled, somewhat globular pileus (Helvella, or Gyromitra, esculenta.). TURBARY Tur"ba*ry, n.; pl. Turbaries. Etym: [LL. turbaria a place for digging peat, from turba peat. See Turf.] (Eng. Law) Defn: A right of digging turf on another man's land; also, the ground where turf is dug. TURBELLARIA Tur`bel*la"ri*a, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., dim. fr. L. turbo a whirling.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive group of worms which have the body covered externally with vibrating cilia. It includes the Rhabdocoela and Dendrocoela. Formerly, the nemerteans were also included in this group. TURBELLARIAN Tur`bel*la"ri*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Turbellaria. Also used adjectively. TURBETH Tur"beth, n. Defn: See Turpeth. TURBID Tur"bid, a. Etym: [L. turbidus, from turba tumult, disturbance, akin to turbare to disturb. See Trouble, and cf. Disturb, Perturb.] 1. Having the lees or sediment disturbed; roiled; muddy; thick; not clear; -- used of liquids of any kind; as, turbid water; turbid wine. On that strong, turbid water, a small boat, Guided by one weak hand, was seen to float. Whittier. 2. Disturbed; confused; disordered. " Such turbid intervals that use to attend close prisoners." Howell. TURBIDITY Tur*bid"i*ty, n. Defn: Turbidness. TURBIDLY Tur"bid*ly, adv. 1. In a turbid manner; with muddiness or confusion. 2. Proudly; haughtily. [A Latinism. R.] One of great merit turbidly resents them. Young. TURBIDNESS Tur"bid*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being turbid; muddiness; foulness. TURBILLION Tur*bil"lion, n. Etym: [F. tourbillon, from L. turbo a whirl.] Defn: A whirl; a vortex. Spectator. TURBINACEOUS Tur`bi*na"ceous, a. Etym: [See Turbary.] Defn: Of or pertaining to peat, or turf; of the nature of peat, or turf; peaty; turfy. Sir. W. Scott. TURBINAL Tur"bi*nal, a. Etym: [L. turbo, turben, -inis, a top, whirl.] (Anat.) Defn: Rolled in a spiral; scroll-like; turbinate; -- applied to the thin, plicated, bony or cartilaginous plates which support the olfactory and mucous membranes of the nasal chambers. Note: There are usually several of these plates in each nasal chamber. The upper ones, connected directly with the ethmoid bone, are called ethmoturbinals, and the lower, connected with the maxillæ, maxillo-turbinals. Incurved portions of the wall of the nasal chamber are sometimes called pseudoturbinals, to distinguish them from the true turbinals which are free outgrowths into the chambers. TURBINAL Tur"bi*nal, n. (Anat.) Defn: A turbinal bone or cartilage. TURBINATE Tur"bi*nate, v. i. Defn: To revolve or spin like a top; to whirl. [R.] TURBINATE; TURBINATED Tur"bi*nate, Tur"bi*na`ted, a. Etym: [L. turbinatus, turbo, turben, - inis, a whirl, top.] 1. Whirling in the manner of a top. A spiral and turbinated motion of the whole. Bentley. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Shaped like a top, or inverted cone; narrow at the base, and broad at the apex; as, a turbinated ovary, pericarp, or root. 3. (Anat.) Defn: Turbinal. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Spiral with the whorls decreasing rapidly from a large base to a pointed apex; -- said of certain shells. TURBINATION Tur`bi*na"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. L. tirbinatio a pointing in the form of a cone. See Turbinate.] Defn: The act of spinning or whirling, as a top. TURBINE Tur"bine, n. Etym: [L. turbo, -inis, that which spins or whirls round, whirl.] Defn: A water wheel, commonly horizontal, variously constructed, but usually having a series of curved floats or buckets, against which the water acts by its impulse or reaction in flowing either outward from a central chamber, inward from an external casing, or from above downward, etc.; -- also called turbine wheel. Note: In some turbines, the water is supplied to the wheel from below, instead of above. Turbines in which the water flows in a direction parallel to the axis are called parallel-flow turbines. TURBINELLA Tur`bi*nel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. fr. L. turbo, -inis, a top.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large marine gastropods having a thick heavy shell with conspicuous folds on the columella. TURBINITE Tur"bi*nite, n. Etym: [NL. Turbo, the generic name, fr. L. turbo a whirl, top: cf. F. turbinite.] (Paleon.) Defn: A petrified shell resembling the genus Turbo. [R.] TURBINOID Tur"bi*noid, a. Etym: [See Turbo, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to Turbo or the family Turbinidæ. TURBIT Tur"bit, n. Etym: [Cf. Turbot.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The turbot. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of the domestic pigeon, remarkable for its short beak. TURBITE Tur"bite, n. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil turbo. TURBITH Tur"bith, n. Etym: [F., fr. Per. See Turpeth.] Defn: See Turpeth. TURBO Tur"bo, n. Etym: [L. turbo, -inis, a top. See Turbine.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous marine gastropods of the genus Turbo or family Turbinidæ, usually having a turbinate shell, pearly on the inside, and a calcareous operculum. TURBOGENERATOR Tur`bo*gen"er*a`tor, n. [See Turbine, and Generator.] Defn: An electric generator or dynamo which is combined on one frame with a turbomotor, by which it is driven. TURBOT Tur"bot, n. Etym: [F.; -- probably so named from its shape, and from L. turbo a top, a whirl.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large European flounder (Rhombus maximus) highly esteemed as a food fish. It often weighs from thirty to forty pounds. Its color on the upper side is brownish with small roundish tubercles scattered over the surface. The lower, or blind, side is white. Called also bannock fluke. (b) Any one of numerous species of flounders more or less related to the true turbots, as the American plaice, or summer flounder (see Flounder), the halibut, and the diamond flounder (Hypsopsetta guttulata) of California. (c) The filefish; -- so called in Bermuda. (d) The trigger fish. Spotted turbot. See Windowpane. TURBULENCE Tur"bu*lence, n. Etym: [L. turbulentia: cf. F. turbulebce.] Defn: The quality or state of being turbulent; a disturbed state; tumult; disorder; agitation. Shak. The years of . . . warfare and turbulence which ensued. Southey. Syn. -- Agitation; commotion; tumult; tumultuousness; termagance; unruliness; insubordination; rioting. TURBULENCY Tur"bu*len*cy, n. Defn: Turbulence. What a tale of terror now its turbulency tells! Poe. TURBULENT Tur"bu*lent, a. Etym: [L. turbulentus, fr. turba disorder, tumult: cf. F. turbulent. See Turbid.] 1. Disturbed; agitated; tumultuous; roused to violent commotion; as, the turbulent ocean. Calm region once, And full of peace, now tossed and turbulent. Milton. 2. Disposed to insubordination and disorder; restless; unquiet; refractory; as, turbulent spirits. Sagacious, bold, and turbulent of wit. Dryden. 3. Producing commotion; disturbing; exciting. Whose heads that turbulent liquor fills with fumes. Milton. Syn. -- Disturbed; agitated; tumultuous; riotous; seditious; insubordinate; refractory; unquiet. TURBULENTLY Tur"bu*lent*ly, adv. Defn: In a turbulent manner. TURCISM Tur"cism, n. Defn: A mode of speech peculiar to the Turks; a Turkish idiom or expression; also, in general, a Turkish mode or custom. TURCOMAN Tur"co*man, n.; pl. Turcomans (. 1. A member of a tribe of Turanians inhabiting a region east of the Caspian Sea. 2. A Turcoman carpet. Turcoman carpet or rug, a kind of carpet or rug supposed to be made by the Turcomans. TURDIFORMES Tur`di*for"mes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. turdus a thrush + forma form.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of singing birds including the thrushes and allied kinds. TURDUS Tur"dus, n. Etym: [L., a thrush.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of singing birds including the true thrushes. TUREEN Tu*reen", n. Etym: [F. terrine, L. terra earth. See Terrace.] Defn: A large, deep vessel for holding soup, or other liquid food, at the table. [Written also terreen.] TUREENFUL Tu*reen"ful, n.; pl. Tureenfuls (. Defn: As much as a tureen can hold; enough to fill a tureen. TURF Turf (tûrf), n.; pl. Turfs, Obs. Turves. Etym: [AS. turf; akin to D. turf peat, G. torf, OHG. zurba turf, Sw. & Icel. torf turf, peat, Dan. törv, Skr. darbha a kind of grass, a tuft of grass. sq. root242.] 1. That upper stratum of earth and vegetable mold which is filled with the roots of grass and other small plants, so as to adhere and form a kind of mat; sward; sod. At his head a grass-green turf. Shak. The Greek historian sets her in the field on a high heap of turves. Milton. 2. Peat, especially when prepared for fuel. See Peat. 3. Race course; horse racing; -- preceded by the. "We . . . claim the honors of the turf." Cowper. Note: Turf is often used adjectively, or to form compounds which are generally self-explaining; as, turf ashes, turf cutter or turf- cutter, turf pit or turf-pit, turf-built, turf-clad, turf-covered, etc. Turf ant (Zoöl.), a small European ant (Formica flava) which makes small ant-hills on heaths and commons. -- Turf drain, a drain made with turf or peat. -- Turf hedge, a hedge or fence formed with turf and plants of different kinds. -- Turf house, a house or shed formed of turf, common in the northern parts of Europe. -- Turf moss a tract of turfy, mossy, or boggy land. -- Turf spade, a spade for cutting and digging turf, longer and narrower than the common spade. TURF Turf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Turfed; p. pr. & vb. n. Turfing.] Defn: To cover with turf or sod; as, to turf a bank, of the border of a terrace. A. Tucker. TURFEN Turf"en, a. Defn: Made of turf; covered with turf. TURFINESS Turf"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being turfy. TURFING Turf"ing, n. Defn: The act or process of providing or covering with turf. Turfing iron, or Turfing spade, an implement for cutting, and paring off, turf. TURFITE Turf"ite, n. Defn: A votary of the turf, or race course; hence, sometimes, a blackleg. [Colloq.] Thackeray. TURFLESS Turf"less, a. Defn: Destitute of turf. TURFMAN Turf"man, n.; pl. Turfmen (. Defn: A turfite; a votary of the turf, or race course. [Colloq.] TURFY Turf"y, a. [Compar. Turfier; superl. Turfiest.] 1. Abounding with turf; made of, or covered with, turf. "The turfy mountains." Shak. 2. Having the nature or appearance of turf. 3. Of or pertaining to the turf, or horse racing. TURGENT Tur"gent, a. Etym: [L. turgens, -entis, p. pr. of turgere to swell.] 1. Rising into a tumor, or a puffy state; swelling; tumid; as, turgent humors. 2. Inflated; bombastic; turgid; pompous. Recompensed with turgent titles. Burton. TURGESCE Tur*gesce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Turgesced; p. pr. & vb. n. Turgescing.] Etym: [L. turgescere, v. incho. fr. turgere to swell.] Defn: To become turgid; to swell or be inflated. [R.] TURGESCENCE; TURGESCENCY Tur*ges"cence, Tur*ges"cen*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. turgescence. See Turgescent.] 1. The act of swelling, or the state of being swollen, or turgescent. Sir T. Browne. 2. Empty magnificence or pompousness; inflation; bombast; turgidity. Johnson. TURGESCENT Tur*ges"cent, a. Etym: [L. turgescens, -entis, p. pr. of turgescere: cf. F. turgescent. See Turgesce.] Defn: Becoming turgid or inflated; swelling; growing big. TURGID Tur"gid, a. Etym: [L. turgidus, from turgere to swell.] 1. Distended beyond the natural state by some internal agent or expansive force; swelled; swollen; bloated; inflated; tumid; -- especially applied to an enlarged part of the body; as, a turgid limb; turgid fruit. A bladder . . . held near the fire grew turgid. Boyle. 2. Swelling in style or language; vainly ostentatious; bombastic; pompous; as, a turgid style of speaking. -- Tur"gid*ly, adv. -- Tur"gid*ness, n. TURGIDITY Tur*gid"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being turgid. TURGIDOUS Tur"gid*ous, a. Defn: Turgid. [Obs.] B. Jonson. TURIO Tu"ri*o, n.; pl. Turiones. Etym: [L.] (Bot.) Defn: A shoot or sprout from the ground. Gray. TURIOLE Tu"ri*ole, n. Defn: The golden oriole. [Prov. Eng.] TURION Tu"ri*on, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Turio. TURIONIFEROUS Tu`ri*o*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. turio a sprout + -ferous.] Defn: Producing shoots, as asparagus. Barton. TURK Turk, n. Etym: [Per. Turk; probably of Tartar origin: cf. F. Turc.] 1. A member of any of numerous Tartar tribes of Central Asia, etc.; esp., one of the dominant race in Turkey. 2. A native or inhabitant of Turkey. 3. A Mohammedan; esp., one living in Turkey. It is no good reason for a man's religion that he was born and brought up in it; for then a Turk would have as much reason to be a Turk as a Christian to be a Christian. Chillingworth. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The plum weevil. See Curculio, and Plum weevil, under Plum. Turk's cap. (Bot.) (a) Turk's-cap lily. See under Lily. (b) A tulip. (c) A plant of the genus Melocactus; Turk's head. See Melon cactus, under Melon. -- Turk's head. (a) (Naut.) A knot of turbanlike form worked on a rope with a piece of small line. R. H. Dana, Jr. (b) (Bot.) See Turk's cap (c) above. -- Turk's turban (Bot.), a plant of the genus Ranunculus; crowfoot. TURKEIS Tur"keis, a. Etym: [Cf. Turquoise.] Defn: Turkish. [Obs.] Chaucer. TURKEY Tur"key, n. Etym: [Cf. 2d Turkey.] Defn: An empire in the southeast of Europe and southwest of Asia. Turkey carpet, a superior kind of carpet made in Asia Minor and adjoining countries, having a deep pile and composed of pure wool with a weft of different material. It is distinguishable by its coloring and patterns from similar carpets made in India and elsewhere. -- Turkey oak. (Bot.) See Cerris. -- Turkey red. (a) A brilliant red imparted by madder to cottons, calicoes, etc., the fiber of which has been prepared previously with oil or other fatty matter. (b) Cloth dyed with this red. -- Turkey sponge. (Zoöl.) See Toilet sponge, under Sponge. -- Turkey stone, a kind of oilstone from Turkey; novaculite; -- called also Turkey oilstone. TURKEY Tur"key, n.; pl. Turkeys. Etym: [So called because it was formerly erroneously believed that it came originally from Turkey: cf. F. Turquie Turkey. See Turk.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any large American gallinaceous bird belonging to the genus Meleagris, especially the North American wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), and the domestic turkey, which was probably derived from the Mexican wild turkey, but had been domesticated by the Indians long before the discovery of America. Note: The Mexican wild turkey is now considered a variety of the northern species (var. Mexicana). Its tall feathers and coverts are tipped with white instead of brownish chestnut, and its flesh is white. The Central American, or ocellated, turkey (M. ocellata) is more elegantly colored than the common species. See under Ocellated. The Australian, or native, turkey is a bustard (Choriotis australis). See under Native. Turkey beard (Bot.), a name of certain American perennial liliaceous herbs of the genus Xerophyllum. They have a dense tuft of hard, narrowly linear radical leaves, and a long raceme of small whitish flowers. Also called turkey's beard. -- Turkey berry (Bot.), a West Indian name for the fruit of certain kinds of nightshade (Solanum mammosum, and S. torvum). -- Turkey bird (Zoöl.), the wryneck. So called because it erects and ruffles the feathers of its neck when disturbed. [Prov. Eng.] -- Turkey buzzard (Zoöl.), a black or nearly black buzzard (Cathartes aura), abundant in the Southern United States. It is so called because its naked and warty head and neck resemble those of a turkey. Its is noted for its high and graceful flight. Called also turkey vulture. -- Turkey cock (Zoöl.), a male turkey. -- Turkey hen (Zoöl.), a female turkey. -- Turkey pout (Zoöl.), a young turkey. [R.] -- Turkey vulture (Zoöl.), the turkey buzzard. TURKEYS Tur"keys, a. Defn: Turkish. [Obs.] Chaucer. TURKEY-TROT Tur"key-trot`, n. Defn: An eccentric ragtime dance, danced with the feet well apart and with a characteristic rise on the ball of the foot, followed by a drop upon the heel. The original form, owning to the positions assumed by the dancers, is offensively suggestive. Similar dances are the bunny hug and grizzly bear, so called in allusion to the movements and the positions assumed by the partners in dancing. TURKIC Turk"ic, a. Defn: Turkish. TURKIS Tur"kis, n. (Min.) Defn: Turquois. [Obs.] TURKISH Turk"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Turkey or the Turks. -- n. Defn: The language spoken by Turks, esp. that of the people of Turkey. -- Turk"ish*ly, adv. -- Turk"ish*ness, n. TURKISM Turk"ism, n. Defn: Same as Turcism. TURKLE Tur"kle, n. Defn: A turtle. [Obs. or Illiterate] TURKO Turk"o, n.; pl. Turkos. Etym: [F. turco.] Defn: One of a body of native Algerian tirailleurs in the French army, dressed as a Turk. [Written also Turco.] TURKO-IRANIAN Tur`ko-I*ra"ni*an, a. (Ethnol.) Defn: Designating, or pert. to, a mixed racial type including the Afghans, and characterized chiefly by stature above mean, fair complexion, dark, or sometimes gray, eyes, brachycephaly, and very long, prominent, and moderately narrow nose. TURKO-IRANIAN Tur`ko-I*ra"ni*an, n. Defn: A member of any race of the Turko-Iranian type. TURKOIS Tur*kois", n. & a. Defn: Turquoise. TURKOMAN Tur"ko*man, n.; pl. Turkomans (. Defn: Same as Turcoman. TURK'S-HEAD Turk's"-head`, n. 1. (Naut.) A knot of turbanlike form worked on a rope with a piece of small line. 2. (a) The melon cactus. [West Indies] (b) Any of several species of Echinocactus. [California] 3. A long-handled, round-headed broom for sweeping ceilings, etc. [Colloq. or Dial.] TURLUPIN Tur"lu*pin, n. Etym: [F.] (Fr. Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of the precursors of the Reformation; -- a nickname corresponding to Lollard, etc. TURM Turm, n. Etym: [L. turma.] Defn: A troop; a company. [Obs. or Poetic] Legions and cohorts, turms of horse and wings. Milton. TURMALINE Tur"ma*line, n. (Min.) Defn: See Tourmaline. TURMERIC Tur"mer*ic, n. Etym: [F. terre-mérite, NL. terramerita, turmerica; apparently meaning, excellent earth, but perhaps a corruption of Ar. kurkum. Cf. Curcuma.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An East Indian plant of the genus Curcuma, of the Ginger family. 2. The root or rootstock of the Curcuma longa. It is externally grayish, but internally of a deep, lively yellow or saffron color, and has a slight aromatic smell, and a bitterish, slightly acrid taste. It is used for a dye, a medicine, a condiment, and a chemical test. TURMERIC Tur"mer*ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to turmeric; resembling, or obtained from, turmeric; specif., designating an acid obtained by the oxidation of turmerol. Turmeric paper (Chem.), paper impregnated with turmeric and used as a test for alkaline substances, by which it is changed from yellow to brown. -- Turmeric root. (Bot.) (a) Bloodroot. (b) Orangeroot. TURMEROL Tur"mer*ol, n. Etym: [Turmeric + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: Turmeric oil, a brownish yellow, oily substance extracted from turmeric by ligroin. TURMOIL Tur"moil, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin; perhaps fr. OF. tremouille the hopper of a mill, trembler to tremble (cf. E. tremble); influenced by E. turn and moil.] Defn: Harassing labor; trouble; molestation by tumult; disturbance; worrying confusion. And there I'll rest, as after much turmoil, A blessed soul doth in Elysium. Shak. TURMOIL Tur*moil", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Turmoiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Turmoiling.] Defn: To harass with commotion; to disquiet; to worry. [Obs.] It is her fatal misfortune . . . to be miserably tossed and turmoiled with these storms of affliction. Spenser. TURMOIL Tur*moil", v. i. Defn: To be disquieted or confused; to be in commotion. [Obs.] Milton. TURN Turn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Turned; p. pr. & vb. n. Turning.] Etym: [OE. turnen, tournen, OF. tourner, torner, turner, F. tourner, LL. tornare, fr. L. tornare to turn in a lathe, to rounds off, fr. tornus a lathe, Gr. throw. See Throw, and cf. Attorney, Return, Tornado, Tour, Tournament.] 1. To cause to move upon a center, or as if upon a center; to give circular motion to; to cause to revolve; to cause to move round, either partially, wholly, or repeatedly; to make to change position so as to present other sides in given directions; to make to face otherwise; as, to turn a wheel or a spindle; to turn the body or the head. Turn the adamantine spindle round. Milton. The monarch turns him to his royal guest. Pope. 2. To cause to present a different side uppermost or outmost; to make the upper side the lower, or the inside to be the outside of; to reverse the position of; as, to turn a box or a board; to turn a coat. 3. To give another direction, tendency, or inclination to; to direct otherwise; to deflect; to incline differently; -- used both literally and figuratively; as, to turn the eyes to the heavens; to turn a horse from the road, or a ship from her course; to turn the attention to or from something. "Expert when to advance, or stand, or, turn the sway of battle." Milton. Thrice I deluded her, and turned to sport Her importunity. Milton. My thoughts are turned on peace. Addison. 4. To change from a given use or office; to divert, as to another purpose or end; to transfer; to use or employ; to apply; to devote. Therefore he slew him, and turned the kingdom unto David. 1 Chron. x. 14. God will make these evils the occasion of a greater good, by turning them to advantage in this world. Tillotson. When the passage is open, land will be turned most to cattle; when shut, to sheep. Sir W. Temple. 5. To change the form, quality, aspect, or effect of; to alter; to metamorphose; to convert; to transform; -- often with to or into before the word denoting the effect or product of the change; as, to turn a worm into a winged insect; to turn green to blue; to turn prose into verse; to turn a Whig to a Tory, or a Hindoo to a Christian; to turn good to evil, and the like. The Lord thy God will turn thy captivity, and have compassion upon thee. Deut. xxx. 3. And David said, O Lord, I pray thee, turn the counsel of Ahithophel into foolishness. 2 Sam. xv. 31. Impatience turns an ague into a fever. Jer. Taylor. 6. To form in a lathe; to shape or fashion (anything) by applying a cutting tool to it while revolving; as, to turn the legs of stools or tables; to turn ivory or metal. I had rather hear a brazen canstick turned. Shak. 7. Hence, to give form to; to shape; to mold; to put in proper condition; to adapt. "The poet's pen turns them to shapes." Shak. His limbs how turned, how broad his shoulders spread ! Pope. He was perfectly well turned for trade. Addison. 8. Specifically: -- (a) To translate; to construe; as, to turn the Iliad. Who turns a Persian tale for half a crown. Pope. (b) To make acid or sour; to ferment; to curdle, etc.: as, to turn cider or wine; electricity turns milk quickly. (c) To sicken; to nauseate; as, an emetic turns one's stomach. To be turned of, be advanced beyond; as, to be turned of sixty-six. -- To turn a cold shoulder to, to treat with neglect or indifference. -- To turn a corner, to go round a corner. -- To turn adrift, to cast off, to cease to care for. -- To turn a flange (Mech.), to form a flange on, as around a metal sheet or boiler plate, by stretching, bending, and hammering, or rolling the metal. -- To turn against. (a) To direct against; as, to turn one's arguments against himself. (b) To make unfavorable or hostile to; as, to turn one's friends against him. -- To turn a hostile army, To turn the enemy's flank, or the like (Mil.), to pass round it, and take a position behind it or upon its side. -- To turn a penny, or To turn an honest penny, to make a small profit by trade, or the like. -- To turn around one's finger, to have complete control of the will and actions of; to be able to influence at pleasure. -- To turn aside, to avert. -- To turn away. (a) To dismiss from service; to discard; as, to turn away a servant. (b) To avert; as, to turn away wrath or evil. -- To turn back. (a) To give back; to return. We turn not back the silks upon the merchants, When we have soiled them. Shak. (b) To cause to return or retrace one's steps; hence, to drive away; to repel. Shak. -- To turn down. (a) To fold or double down. (b) To turn over so as to conceal the face of; as, to turn down cards. (c) To lower, or reduce in size, by turning a valve, stopcock, or the like; as, turn down the lights. -- To turn in. (a) To fold or double under; as, to turn in the edge of cloth. (b) To direct inwards; as, to turn the toes in when walking. (c) To contribute; to deliver up; as, he turned in a large amount. [Colloq.] -- To turn in the mind, to revolve, ponder, or meditate upon; -- with about, over, etc. " Turn these ideas about in your mind." I. Watts. -- To turn off. (a) To dismiss contemptuously; as, to turn off a sycophant or a parasite. (b) To give over; to reduce. (c) To divert; to deflect; as, to turn off the thoughts from serious subjects; to turn off a joke. (d) To accomplish; to perform, as work. (e) (Mech.) To remove, as a surface, by the process of turning; to reduce in size by turning. (f) To shut off, as a fluid, by means of a valve, stopcock, or other device; to stop the passage of; as, to turn off the water or the gas. -- To turn on, to cause to flow by turning a valve, stopcock, or the like; to give passage to; as, to turn on steam. -- To turn one's coat, to change one's uniform or colors; to go over to the opposite party. -- To turn one's goods or money, and the like, to exchange in the course of trade; to keep in lively exchange or circulation; to gain or increase in trade. -- To turn one's hand to, to adapt or apply one's self to; to engage in. -- To turn out. (a) To drive out; to expel; as, to turn a family out of doors; to turn a man out of office. I'll turn you out of my kingdom. Shak. (b) to put to pasture, as cattle or horses. (c) To produce, as the result of labor, or any process of manufacture; to furnish in a completed state. (d) To reverse, as a pocket, bag, etc., so as to bring the inside to the outside; hence, to produce. (e) To cause to cease, or to put out, by turning a stopcock, valve, or the like; as, to turn out the lights. -- To turn over. (a) To change or reverse the position of; to overset; to overturn; to cause to roll over. (b) To transfer; as, to turn over business to another hand. (c) To read or examine, as a book, while, turning the leaves. "We turned o'er many books together." Shak. (d) To handle in business; to do business to the amount of; as, he turns over millions a year. [Colloq.] -- To turn over a new leaf. See under Leaf. -- To turn tail, to run away; to retreat ignominiously. -- To turn the back, to flee; to retreat. -- To turn the back on or upon, to treat with contempt; to reject or refuse unceremoniously. -- To turn the corner, to pass the critical stage; to get by the worst point; hence, to begin to improve, or to succeed. -- To turn the die or dice, to change fortune. -- To turn the edge or point of, to bend over the edge or point of so as to make dull; to blunt. -- To turn the head or brain of, to make giddy, wild, insane, or the like; to infatuate; to overthrow the reason or judgment of; as, a little success turned his head. -- To turn the scale or balance, to change the preponderance; to decide or determine something doubtful. -- To turn the stomach of, to nauseate; to sicken. -- To turn the tables, to reverse the chances or conditions of success or superiority; to give the advantage to the person or side previously at a disadvantage. -- To turn tippet, to make a change. [Obs.] B. Jonson. -- To turn to profit, advantage, etc., to make profitable or advantageous. -- To turn up. (a) To turn so as to bring the bottom side on top; as, to turn up the trump. (b) To bring from beneath to the surface, as in plowing, digging, etc. (c) To give an upward curve to; to tilt; as, to turn up the nose. -- To turn upon, to retort; to throw back; as, to turn the arguments of an opponent upon himself. -- To turn upside down, to confuse by putting things awry; to throw into disorder. This house is turned upside down since Robin Ostler died. Shak. TURN Turn, v. i. 1. To move round; to have a circular motion; to revolve entirely, repeatedly, or partially; to change position, so as to face differently; to whirl or wheel round; as, a wheel turns on its axis; a spindle turns on a pivot; a man turns on his heel. The gate . . . on golden hinges turning. Milton. 2. Hence, to revolve as if upon a point of support; to hinge; to depend; as, the decision turns on a single fact. Conditions of peace certainly turn upon events of war. Swift. 3. To result or terminate; to come about; to eventuate; to issue. If we repent seriously, submit contentedly, and serve him faithfully, afflictions shall turn to our advantage. Wake. 4. To be deflected; to take a different direction or tendency; to be directed otherwise; to be differently applied; to be transferred; as, to turn from the road. Turn from thy fierce wrath. Ex. xxxii. 12. Turn ye, turn ye from your evil ways. Ezek. xxxiii. 11. The understanding turns inward on itself, and reflects on its own operations. Locke. 5. To be changed, altered, or transformed; to become transmuted; also, to become by a change or changes; to grow; as, wood turns to stone; water turns to ice; one color turns to another; to turn Mohammedan. I hope you have no intent to turn husband. Shak. Cygnets from gray turn white. Bacon. 6. To undergo the process of turning on a lathe; as, ivory turns well. 7. Specifically: -- (a) To become acid; to sour; -- said of milk, ale, etc. (b) To become giddy; -- said of the head or brain. I'll look no more; Lest my brain turn. Shak. (c) To be nauseated; -- said of the stomach. (d) To become inclined in the other direction; -- said of scales. (e) To change from ebb to flow, or from flow to ebb; -- said of the tide. (f) (Obstetrics) To bring down the feet of a child in the womb, in order to facilitate delivery. 8. (Print.) Defn: To invert a type of the same thickness, as temporary substitute for any sort which is exhausted. To turn about, to face to another quarter; to turn around. -- To turn again, to come back after going; to return. Shak. -- To turn against, to become unfriendly or hostile to. -- To turn aside or away. (a) To turn from the direct course; to withdraw from a company; to deviate. (b) To depart; to remove. (c) To avert one's face. -- To turn back, to turn so as to go in an opposite direction; to retrace one's steps. -- To turn in. (a) To bend inward. (b) To enter for lodgings or entertainment. (c) To go to bed. [Colloq.] -- To turn into, to enter by making a turn; as, to turn into a side street. -- To turn off, to be diverted; to deviate from a course; as, the road turns off to the left. -- To turn on or upon. (a) To turn against; to confront in hostility or anger. (b) To reply to or retort. (c) To depend on; as, the result turns on one condition. -- To turn out. (a) To move from its place, as a bone. (b) To bend or point outward; as, his toes turn out. (c) To rise from bed. [Colloq.] (d) To come abroad; to appear; as, not many turned out to the fire. (e) To prove in the result; to issue; to result; as, the cropsturned out poorly. -- To turn over, to turn from side to side; to roll; to tumble. -- To turn round. (a) To change position so as to face in another direction. (b) To change one's opinion; to change from one view or party to another. -- To turn to, to apply one's self to; have recourse to; to refer to. "Helvicus's tables may be turned to on all occasions." Locke. -- To turn to account, profit, advantage, or the like, to be made profitable or advantageous; to become worth the while. -- To turn under, to bend, or be folded, downward or under. -- To turn up. (a) To bend, or be doubled, upward. (b) To appear; to come to light; to transpire; to occur; to happen. TURN Turn, n. 1. The act of turning; movement or motion about, or as if about, a center or axis; revolution; as, the turn of a wheel. 2. Change of direction, course, or tendency; different order, position, or aspect of affairs; alteration; vicissitude; as, the turn of the tide. At length his complaint took a favorable turn. Macaulay. The turns and varieties of all passions. Hooker. Too well the turns of mortal chance I know. Pope. 3. One of the successive portions of a course, or of a series of occurrences, reckoning from change to change; hence, a winding; a bend; a meander. And all its [the river's] thousand turns disclose. Some fresher beauty varying round. Byron. 4. A circuitous walk, or a walk to and fro, ending where it began; a short walk; a stroll. Come, you and I must walk a turn together. Shak. I will take a turn in your garden. Dryden. 5. Successive course; opportunity enjoyed by alternation with another or with others, or in due order; due chance; alternate or incidental occasion; appropriate time. "Nobleness and bounty . . . had their turns in his [the king's] nature." His turn will come to laugh at you again. Denham . Every one has a fair turn to be as great as he pleases. Collier. 6. Incidental or opportune deed or office; occasional act of kindness or malice; as, to do one an ill turn. Had I not done a friendes turn to thee Chaucer. thanks are half lost when good turns are delayed. Fairfax. 7. Convenience; occasion; purpose; exigence; as, this will not serve his turn. I have enough to serve mine own turn. Shak. 8. Form; cast; shape; manner; fashion; -- used in a literal or figurative sense; hence, form of expression; mode of signifying; as, the turn of thought; a man of a sprightly turn in conversation. The turn of both his expressions and thoughts is unharmonious. Dryden. The Roman poets, in their description of a beautiful man, often mention the turn of his neck and arms. Addison. 9. A change of condition; especially, a sudden or recurring symptom of illness, as a nervous shock, or fainting spell; as, a bad turn. [Colloq.] 10. A fall off the ladder at the gallows; a hanging; -- so called from the practice of causing the criminal to stand on a ladder which was turned over, so throwing him off, when the signal was given. [Obs.] 11. A round of a rope or cord in order to secure it, as about a pin or a cleat. 12. (Mining) Defn: A pit sunk in some part of a drift. 13. (Eng. Law) Defn: A court of record, held by the sheriff twice a year in every hundred within his county. Blount. 14. pl. (Med.) Defn: Monthly courses; menses. [Colloq.] 15. (Mus.) Defn: An embellishment or grace (marked thus, By turns. (a) One after another; alternately; in succession. (b) At intervals. "[They] feel by turns the bitter change." Milton. -- In turn, in due order of succession. -- To a turn, exactly; perfectly; as, done to a turn; -- a phrase alluding to the practice of cooking on a revolving spit. -- To take turns, to alternate; to succeed one another in due order. -- Turn and turn about, by equal alternating periods of service or duty; by turns. -- Turn bench, a simple portable lathe, used on a bench by clock makers and watchmakers. -- Turn buckle. See Turnbuckle, in Vocabulary. -- Turn cap, a sort of chimney cap which turns round with the wind so as to present its opening to the leeward. G. Francis. -- Turn of life (Med.), change of life. See under Change. -- Turn screw, a screw driver. TURNBROACH Turn"broach`, n. Defn: A turnspit. [Obs.] " One that was her turnbroach." Beau. & Fl. TURN-BUCKLE Turn"-buc`kle, n. (Mech.) (a) A loop or sleeve with a screw thread at one end and a swivel at the other, -- used for tightening a rod, stay, etc. (b) A gravitating catch, as for fastening a shutter, the end of a chain, or a hasp. TURNBULL'S BLUE Turn"bull's blue`. (Chem.) Defn: The double cyanide of ferrous and ferric iron, a dark blue amorphous substance having a coppery luster, used in dyeing, calico printing, etc. Cf. Prussian blue, under Prussian. TURNCOAT Turn"coat`, n. Defn: One who forsakes his party or his principles; a renegade; an apostate. He is a turncoat, he was not true to his profession. Bunyan. TURNDOWN Turn"down`, a. 1. Capable of being turned down; specif. (Elec.), designating, or pertaining to, an incandescent lamp with a small additional filament which can be made incandescent when only a small amount of light is required. 2. Made to wear with the upper part turned down; as, a turndown collar. TURNEP Tur"nep, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Turnip. [Obs.] TURNER Turn"er, n. 1. One who turns; especially, one whose occupation is to form articles with a lathe. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A variety of pigeon; a tumbler. TURNER Tur"ner, n. Etym: [G.] Defn: A person who practices athletic or gymnastic exercises. TURNERITE Tur"ner*ite, n. Etym: [So called from the English chemist and mineralogist, C. H. Turner.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of monazite. TURNERY Turn"er*y, n. Etym: [Cf. F. tournerie.] 1. The art of fashioning solid bodies into cylindrical or other forms by means of a lathe. 2. Things or forms made by a turner, or in the lathe. Chairs of wood, the seats triangular, the backs, arms, and legs loaded with turnery. Walpole. TURNEY Tur"ney, n. & v. Defn: Tourney. [Obs.] Chaucer. "In open turney." Spenser. Milton. TURNHALLE Turn"hal`le, n. Etym: [G., from turnen to exercise gymnastics + halle hall.] Defn: A building used as a school of gymnastics. TURNICIMORPHAE Tur`ni*ci*mor"phæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Turnix, and -morphous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of birds including Turnix and allied genera, resembling quails in appearance but differing from them anatomically. TURNING Turn"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, turns; also, a winding; a bending course; a fiexure; a meander. Through paths and turnings often trod by day. Milton. 2. The place of a turn; an angle or corner, as of a road. It is preached at every turning. Coleridge. 3. Deviation from the way or proper course. Harmar. 4. Turnery, or the shaping of solid substances into various by means of a lathe and cutting tools. 5. pl. Defn: The pieces, or chips, detached in the process of turning from the material turned. 6. (Mil.) Defn: A maneuver by which an enemy or a position is turned. Turning and boring mill, a kind of lathe having a vertical spindle and horizontal face plate, for turning and boring large work. -- Turning bridge. See the Note under Drawbridge. -- Turning engine, an engine lathe. -- Turning lathe, a lathe used by turners to shape their work. -- Turning pair. See the Note under Pair, n. -- Turning point, the point upon which a question turns, and which decides a case. TURNINGNESS Turn"ing*ness, n. Defn: The quality of turning; instability; tergiversation. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. TURNIP Tur"nip, n. Etym: [OE. turnep; probably fr. turn, or F. tour a turn, turning lathe + OE. nepe a turnip, AS. næpe, L. napus. Cf. Turn,v. t., Navew.] (Bot.) Defn: The edible, fleshy, roundish, or somewhat conical, root of a cruciferous plant (Brassica campestris, var. Napus); also, the plant itself. [Formerly written also turnep.] Swedish turnip (Bot.), a kind of turnip. See Ruta-baga. -- Turnip flea (Zoöl.), a small flea-beetle (Haltica, or Phyllotreta, striolata), which feeds upon the turnip, and often seriously injures it. It is black with a stripe of yellow on each elytron. The name is also applied to several other small insects which are injurious to turnips. See Illust. under Flea-beetle. -- Turnip fly. (Zoöl.) (a) The turnip flea. (b) A two-winged fly (Anthomyia radicum) whose larvæ live in the turnip root. TURNIP-SHELL Tur"nip-shell", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several large, thick, spiral marine shells belonging to Rapa and allied genera, somewhat turnip-shaped. TURNIX Tur"nix, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. coturnix a quail.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of birds belonging to Turnix or Hemipodius and allied genera of the family Turnicidæ. These birds resemble quails and partridges in general appearance and in some of their habits, but differ in important anatomical characteristics. The hind toe is usually lacking. They are found in Asia, Africa, Southern Europe, the East Indian Islands, and esp. in Australia and adjacent islands, where they are called quails (see Quail, n., 3.). See Turnicimorphæ. TURNKEY Turn"key`, n.; pl. Turnkeys (. 1. A person who has charge of the keys of a prison, for opening and fastening the doors; a warder. 2. (Dentistry) Defn: An instrument with a hinged claw, -- used for extracting teeth with a twist. TURN-OUT Turn"-out`, n.; pl. Turn-outs (. 1. The act of coming forth; a leaving of houses, shops, etc.; esp., a quitting of employment for the purpose of forcing increase of wages; a strike; -- opposed to lockout. 2. A short side track on a railroad, which may be occupied by one train while another is passing on a main track; a shunt; a siding; a switch. 3. That which is prominently brought forward or exhibited; hence, an equipage; as, a man with a showy carriage and horses is said to have a fine turn-out. 4. The aggregate number of persons who have come out, as from their houses, for a special purpose. 5. Net quantity of produce yielded. TURNOVER Turn"o`ver, n. 1. The act or result of turning over; an upset; as, a bad turnover in a carriage. 2. A semicircular pie or tart made by turning one half of a circular crust over the other, inclosing the fruit or other materials. 3. An apprentice, in any trade, who is handed over from one master to another to complete his time. TURNOVER Turn"o`ver, a. Defn: Admitting of being turned over; made to be turned over; as, a turnover collar, etc. TURNPIKE Turn"pike`, n. Etym: [Turn + pike.] 1. A frame consisting of two bars crossing each other at right angles and turning on a post or pin, to hinder the passage of beasts, but admitting a person to pass between the arms; a turnstile. See Turnstile, 1. I move upon my axle like a turnpike. B. Jonson. 2. A gate or bar set across a road to stop carriages, animals, and sometimes people, till toll is paid for keeping the road in repair; a tollgate. 3. A turnpike road. De Foe. 4. A winding stairway. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. 5. (Mil.) Defn: A beam filled with spikes to obstruct passage; a cheval-de- frise. [R.] Turnpike man, a man who collects tolls at a turnpike. -- Turnpike road, a road on which turnpikes, or tollgates, are established by law, in order to collect from the users tolls to defray the cost of building, repairing, etc. TURNPIKE Turn"pike`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Turnpiked; p. pr. & vb. n. Turnpiking.] Defn: To form, as a road, in the manner of a turnpike road; into a rounded form, as the path of a road. Knowles. TURNPLATE Turn"plate`, n. Defn: A turntable. TURN-SICK Turn"-sick`, a. Defn: Giddy. [Obs.] Bacon. TURN-SICK Turn"-sick`, n. (For.) Defn: A disease with which sheep are sometimes affected; gid; sturdy. See Gid. TURNSOLE Turn"sole`, n. Etym: [F. tournesol, It. tornasole; tornare to turn (LL. tornare) + sole the sun, L. sol. See Turn, Solar, a., and cf. Heliotrope.] [Written also turnsol.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Heliotropium; heliotrope; -- so named because its flowers are supposed to turn toward the sun. (b) The sunflower. (c) A kind of spurge (Euphorbia Helioscopia). (d) The euphorbiaceous plant Chrozophora tinctoria. 2. (Chem.) (a) Litmus. [Obs.] (b) A purple dye obtained from the plant turnsole. See def. 1 (d). TURNSPIT Turn"spit`, n. 1. One who turns a spit; hence, a person engaged in some menial office. His lordship is his majesty's turnspit. Burke. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small breed of dogs having a long body and short crooked legs. These dogs were formerly much used for turning a spit on which meat was roasting. TURNSTILE Turn"stile`, n. 1. A revolving frame in a footpath, preventing the passage of horses or cattle, but admitting that of persons; a turnpike. See Turnpike, n., 1. 2. A similar arrangement for registering the number of persons passing through a gateway, doorway, or the like. TURNSTONE Turn"stone`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of limicoline birds of the genera Strepsilas and Arenaria, allied to the plovers, especially the common American and European species (Strepsilas interpres). They are so called from their habit of turning up small stones in search of mollusks and other aquatic animals. Called also brant bird, sand runner, sea quail, sea lark, sparkback, and skirlcrake. Black turnstone, the California turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala). The adult in summer is mostly black, except some white streaks on the chest and forehead, and two white loral spots. TURNTABLE Turn"ta`ble, n. Defn: A large revolving platform, for turning railroad cars, locomotives, etc., in a different direction; -- called also turnplate. TURNUS Tur"nus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. Turnus, the king of the Rutuli, mentioned in the Æneid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A common, large, handsome, American swallowtail butterfly, now regarded as one of the forms of Papilio, or Jasoniades, glaucus. The wings are yellow, margined and barred with black, and with an orange- red spot near the posterior angle of the hind wings. Called also tiger swallowtail. See Illust. under Swallowtail. TURNVEREIN Turn"ve*rein`, n. Etym: [G., from turnen to exercise + verein a union.] Defn: A company or association of gymnasts and athletes. TURNWREST Turn"wrest`, n. (a) Designating a cumbersome style of plow used in England, esp. in Kent. (b) designating a kind of hillside plow. [Eng.] Knight. TURONIAN Tu*ro"ni*an, n. (Geol.) Defn: One of the subdivisions into which the Upper Cretaceous formation of Europe is divided. TURPENTINE Tur"pen*tine, n. Etym: [F. térébentine, OF. also turbentine; cf. Pr. terebentina, terbentina, It. terebentina, trementina; fr. L. terebinthinus of the turpentine tree, from terebinthus the turpentine tree. Gr. Terebinth.] Defn: A semifluid or fluid oleoresin, primarily the exudation of the terebinth, or turpentine, tree (Pistacia Terebinthus), a native of the Mediterranean region. It is also obtained from many coniferous trees, especially species of pine, larch, and fir. Note: There are many varieties of turpentine. Chian turpentine is produced in small quantities by the turpentine tree (Pistacia Terebinthus). Venice, Swiss, or larch turpentine, is obtained from Larix Europæa. It is a clear, colorless balsam, having a tendency to solidify. Canada turpentine, or Canada balsam, is the purest of all the pine turpentines (see under Balsam). The Carpathian and Hungarian varieties are derived from Pinus Cembra and Pinus Mugho. Carolina turpentine, the most abundant kind, comes from the long-leaved pine (Pinus palustris). Strasburg turpentine is from the silver fir (Abies pectinata). Oil of turpentine (Chem.), a colorless oily hydrocarbon, C10H16, of a pleasant aromatic odor, obtained by the distillation of crude turpentine. It is used in making varnishes, in medicine, etc. It is the type of the terpenes and is related to cymene. Called also terebenthene, terpene, etc. -- Turpentine moth (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small tortricid moths whose larvæ eat the tender shoots of pine and fir trees, causing an exudation of pitch or resin. -- Turpentine tree (Bot.), the terebinth tree, the original source of turpentine. See Turpentine, above. TURPENTINE STATE Tur"pen*tine State. Defn: North Carolina; -- a nickname alluding to its extensive production of turpentine. TURPETH Tur"peth, n. Etym: [NL. turpethum, fr. Per. tirbid a cathartic, turbad a purgative root. Cf. Turbith.] [Written also turbeth, and turbith.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The root of Ipomoea Turpethum, a plant of Ceylon, Malabar, and Australia, formerly used in medicine as a purgative; -- sometimes called vegetable turpeth. 2. (Chem.) Defn: A heavy yellow powder, Hg3O2SO4, which consists of a basic mercuric sulphate; -- called also turpeth mineral. TURPIN Tur"pin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A land tortoise. [Obs.] TURPITUDE Tur"pi*tude, n. Etym: [L. turpitudo, from turpis foul, base.] Defn: Inherent baseness or vileness of principle, words, or actions; shameful wickedness; depravity. Shak. TURQUOISE; TURQUOIS Tur*quoise", Tur*quois", n. Etym: [F. turquoise; cf. Pr. & Sp. turquesa, It. turchese, turchina, LL. turchesius, turchina; -- so called because first brought from Turkey. See 1st Turkey.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous phosphate of alumina containing a little copper; calaite. It has a blue, or bluish green, color, and usually occurs in reniform masses with a botryoidal surface. [Formerly written also turcois, and turkois.] Note: Turquoise is susceptible of a high polish, and when of a bright blue color is much esteemed as a gem. The finest specimens come from Persia. It is also found in New Mexico and Arizona, and is regarded as identical with the chalchihuitl of the Mexicans. TURQUOISE Tur*quoise", a. Defn: Having a fine light blue color, like that of choice mineral turquoise. TURREL Tur"rel, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. touroul a little wooden instrument to fasten doors or windows.] Defn: A certain tool used by coopers. Sherwood. TURRET Tur"ret, n. Etym: [OE. touret, OF. tourette, dim. of tour a tower, L. turris. See Tower.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A little tower, frequently a merely ornamental structure at one of the angles of a larger structure. 2. (Anc. Mil.) Defn: A movable building, of a square form, consisting of ten or even twenty stories and sometimes one hundred and twenty cubits high, usually moved on wheels, and employed in approaching a fortified place, for carrying soldiers, engines, ladders, casting bridges, and other necessaries. 3. (Mil.) Defn: A revolving tower constructed of thick iron plates, within which cannon are mounted. Turrets are used on vessels of war and on land. 4. (Railroads) Defn: The elevated central portion of the roof of a passenger car. Its sides are pierced for light and ventilation. Turret clock, a large clock adapted for an elevated position, as in the tower of a church. -- Turret head (Mach.), a vertical cylindrical revolving tool holder for bringing different tools into action successively in a machine, as in a lathe. -- Turret lathe, a turning lathe having a turret head. -- Turret ship, an ironclad war vessel, with low sides, on which heavy guns are mounted within one or more iron turrets, which may be rotated, so that the guns may be made to bear in any required direction. TURRET DECK Tur"ret deck. Defn: A narrow superstructure running from stem to stern on the upper deck of a steam cargo vessel having a rounded gunwale and sides curved inward convexly. TURRETED Tur"ret*ed, a. 1. Furnished with a turret or turrets; specifically (Zoöl.), having the whorls somewhat flattened on the upper side and often ornamented by spines or tubercles; -- said of certain spiral shells. 2. Formed like a tower; as, a turreted lamp. Bacon. TURRET STEAMER Tur"ret steam`er. Defn: A whaleback steamer with a hatch coaming, usually about seven feet high, extending almost continuously fore and aft. TURRIBANT Tur"ri*bant, n. Etym: [See Turban.] Defn: A turban. [Obs.] With hundred turrets like a turribant. Spenser. TURRICAL Tur"ric*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a turret, or tower; resembling a tower. TURRICULATE; TURRICULATED Tur*ric"u*late, Tur*ric"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. turricula small tower, turret.] Defn: Furnished with, or formed like, a small turret or turrets; somewhat turreted. TURRILITE Tur"ri*lite, n. Etym: [L. turris tower + Gr. turrilite.] (Paleon.) Defn: Any fossil ammonite of the genus Turrilites. The shell forms an open spiral with the later whorls separate. TURRITELLA Tur`ri*tel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim fr. L. turris tower.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any spiral marine gastropod belonging to Turritella and allied genera. These mollusks have an elongated, turreted shell, composed of many whorls. They have a rounded aperture, and a horny multispiral operculum. TURRITELLOID Tur`ri*tel"loid, a. Etym: [Turritella + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the turritellas. TURTLE Tur"tle, n. Etym: [AS. turtle, L. turtur; probably of imitative origin. Cf. Turtle the sea tortoise.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The turtledove. TURTLE Tur"tle, n. Etym: [Probably the same word as the word preceding, and substituted (probably by sailors) for the Spanish or Portuguese name; cf. Sp. tortuga tortoise, turtle, Pg. tartaruga, also F. tortue, and E. tortoise.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of the numerous species of Testudinata, especially a sea turtle, or chelonian. Note: In the United States the land and fresh-water tortoises are also called turtles. 2. (Printing) Defn: The curved plate in which the form is held in a type-revolving cylinder press. Alligator turtle, Box turtle, etc. See under Alligator, Box, etc. -- green turtle (Zoöl.), a marine turtle of the genus Chelonia, having usually a smooth greenish or olive-colored shell. It is highly valued for the delicacy of its flesh, which is used especially for turtle soup. Two distinct species or varieties are known; one of which (Chelonia Midas) inhabits the warm part of the Atlantic Ocean, and sometimes weighs eight hundred pounds or more; the other (C. virgata) inhabits the Pacific Ocean. Both species are similar in habits and feed principally on seaweed and other marine plants, especially the turtle grass. -- Turtle cowrie (Zoöl.), a large, handsome cowrie (Cypræa testudinaria); the turtle-shell; so called because of its fancied resemblance to a tortoise in color and form. -- Turtle grass (Bot.), a marine plant (Thalassia testudinum) with grasslike leaves, common about the West Indies. -- Turtle shell, tortoise shell. See under Tortoise. TURTLEBACK Tur"tle*back`, n. 1. (Archæol.) A rude stone celt of a form suggesting the back of a turtle. 2. (Naut.) A convex deck at the bow or stern of a vessel, so made to shed the seas quickly. TURTLEDOVE Tur"tle*dove`, n. Etym: [See 1ts Turtle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of pigeons belonging to Turtur and allied genera, native of various parts of the Old World; especially, the common European species (Turtur vulgaris), which is noted for its plaintive note, affectionate disposition, and devotion to its mate. Note: The South African turtledove (T. albiventris), and the ashy turtledove of India (T. rubicolus), are similar to the European species in their habits. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of pigeons more or less resembling the true turtledoves, as the American mourning dove (see under Dove), and the Australian turtledove (Stictopelia cuneata). Note: The turtledove of the Scriptures is probably Turtur risorius, a species which is still plentiful in Egypt and other Eastern countries. It is closely allied to the European turtledove. TURTLE-FOOTED Tur"tle-foot`ed, a. Defn: Slow-footed. [R.] "Turtle-footed Peace." Ford. TURTLEHEAD Tur"tle*head`, n. (Bot.) Defn: An American perennial herb (Chelone glabra) having white flowers shaped like the head of a turtle. Called also snakehead, shell flower, and balmony. TURTLE PEG Tur"tle peg. Defn: A sharp steel spear attached to a cord, used in taking sea turtles. -- Turtle pegging. TURTLER Tur"tler, n. Defn: One who catches turtles or tortoises. "The Jamaica turtlers." Dampier. TURTLE-SHELL Tur"tle-shell`, n. Defn: The turtle cowrie. TURTLING Tur"tling, n. Defn: The act, practice, or art of catching turtles. Marryat. TURVES Turves, obs. Defn: pl. of Turf. TUSCAN Tus"can, a. Etym: [L. Tyscanus, Tuscus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Tuscany in Italy; -- specifically designating one of the five orders of architecture recognized and described by the Italian writers of the 16th century, or characteristic of the order. The original of this order was not used by the Greeks, but by the Romans under the Empire. See Order, and Illust. of Capital. TUSCAN Tus"can, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Tuscany. TUSCARORAS Tus`ca*ro"ras, n. pl.; sing. Tuscarora (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of North American Indians formerly living on the Neuse and Tar rivers in North Carolina. They were conquered in 1713, after which the remnant of the tribe joined the Five Nations, thus forming the Six Nations. See Six Nations, under Six. TUSCHE; TUSHE; TOUSCHE Tusch"e, n. Also Tushe, Tousche, etc.[G. tusche, fr. F. toucher to touch.] Defn: A lithographic drawing or painting material of the same nature as lithographic ink. It is also used as a resistant in the biting-in process. TUSCOR Tus"cor, n. Etym: [See Tusk.] Defn: A tush of a horse. TUSH Tush, interj. Defn: An exclamation indicating check, rebuke, or contempt; as, tush, tush! do not speak of it. Tush, say they, how should God perceive it Bk. of Com. Prayer (Ps. lxxiii. 11). TUSH Tush, n. Etym: [OE. tusch, AS. tusc; akin to OFries. tusk, tusch, and probably to AS. toedh tooth. See Tooth, and cf. Tusk.] Defn: A long, pointed tooth; a tusk; -- applied especially to certain teeth of horses. TUSK Tusk, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Torsk. TUSK Tusk, n. Etym: [OE. tusk, the same word as tusch, AS. tusc. See Tush a tooth.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the elongated incisor or canine teeth of the wild boar, elephant, etc.; hence, any long, protruding tooth. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A toothshell, or Dentalium; -- called also tusk-shell. 3. (Carp.) Defn: A projecting member like a tenon, and serving the same or a similar purpose, but composed of several steps, or offsets. Thus, in the illustration, a is the tusk, and each of the several parts, or offsets, is called a tooth. TUSK Tusk, v. i. Defn: To bare or gnash the teeth. [Obs.] TUSKED Tusked, a. Defn: Furnished with tusks. The tusked boar out of the wood. Milton. TUSKER Tusk"er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An elephant having large tusks. TUSK-SHELL Tusk"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See 2d Tusk, n., 2. TUSKY Tusk"y, a. Defn: Having tusks. "The scar indented by the tusky oar." Dryden. TUSSAC GRASS Tus"sac grass`. Defn: Tussock grass. TUSSAH; TUSSEH Tus"sah Tus"seh (tus"sa), n. [Also tussa, tussar, tusser, tussur, etc.] [Prob. fr. Hind. tasar a shuttle, Skr. tasara, trasara.] Defn: An undomesticated East Indian silkworn (Antheræa mylitta), that feeds on the leaves of the oak and other plants. TUSSAH SILK Tus"sah silk`. Etym: [Probably fr. Hind. tasar a shuttle, Skr. tasara, trasara.] (a) A silk cloth made from the cocoons of a caterpillar other than the common silkworm, much used in Bengal and China. (b) The silk fiber itself. [Written also tusseh silk.] TUSSAL Tus"sal, a. [L. tussis cough.] (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to, or manifested by, cough. TUSSICULAR Tus*sic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. tussicularis, fr. tussicula, dim. of tussis a cough.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a cough. Dunglison. TUSSIS Tus"sis, n. [L.] (Med.) Defn: A cough. TUSSIVE Tus"sive, a. (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to a cough; caused by coughing. TUSSLE Tus"sle, v. i. & t. Etym: [See Tousle.] Defn: To struggle, as in sport; to scuffle; to struggle with. [Colloq.] TUSSLE Tus"sle, n. Defn: A struggle; a scuffle. [Colloq.] TUSSOCK Tus"sock, n. Etym: [From Tuz.] [Written also tussuck.] 1. A tuft, as of grass, twigs, hair, or the like; especially, a dense tuft or bunch of grass or sedge. Such laying of the hair in tussocks and tufts. Latimer. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Tussock grass, below. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A caterpillar of any one of numerous species of bombycid moths. The body of these caterpillars is covered with hairs which form long tufts or brushes. Some species are very injurious to shade and fruit trees. Called also tussock caterpillar. See Orgyia. Tussock grass. (Bot.) (a) A tall, strong grass of the genus Dactylis (D. cæspitosa), valuable for fodder, introduced into Scotland from the Falkland Islands. (b) A tufted grass (Aira cæspitosa). (c) Any kind of sedge (Carex) which forms dense tufts in a wet meadow or boggy place. -- Tussock moth (Zoöl.), the imago of any tussock caterpillar. They belong to Orgyia, Halecidota, and allied genera. TUSSOCKY Tus"sock*y, a. Defn: Having the form of tussocks; full of, or covered with, tussocks, or tufts. TUSSUCK Tus"suck, n. Defn: See Tussock. Grew. TUT Tut. Defn: Be still; hush; -- an exclamation used for checking or rebuking. TUT Tut, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. tut a point, pipe, tube, Dan. tut a cornet.] 1. An imperial ensign consisting of a golden globe with a cross on it. 2. A hassock. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] TUTELAGE Tu"te*lage, n. Etym: [L. tutela protection, fr. tutus safe, fr. tueri to watch, defend. Cf. Tuition.] 1. The act of guarding or protecting; guardianship; protection; as, the king's right of seigniory and tutelage. The childhood of the European nations was passed under the tutelage of the clergy. Macaulay. 2. The state of being under a guardian; care or protection enjoyed. V. Knox. TUTELAR; TUTELARY Tu"te*lar, Tu"te*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. tutelaris: cf. F. tutélaire. See Tutelage.] Defn: Having the guardianship or charge of protecting a person or a thing; guardian; protecting; as, tutelary goddesses. This, of all advantages, is the greatest . . . the most tutelary of morals. Landor. TUTELE Tu"tele, n. Etym: [L. tutela: cf. F. tutelle. See Tutelage.] Defn: Tutelage. [Obs.] Howell. TUTENAG Tu"te*nag, n. Etym: [F. toutenague; cf. Pg. tutenaga, tutanaga. See Tutty.] (Metal.) (a) Crude zinc. [India] (b) Packfong. [Written also tutenague.] TUT-MOUTHED Tut"-mouthed`, a. Defn: Having a projecting under jaw; prognathous. [Obs.] Holland. TUT-NOSE Tut"-nose`, n. Defn: A snub nose. [Prov. Eng.] TUTOR Tu"tor, n. Etym: [OE. tutour, L. tutor, fr. tueri to watch, defend: cf. F. tuteur. Cf. Tuition.] Defn: One who guards, protects, watches over, or has the care of, some person or thing. Specifically: -- (a) A treasurer; a keeper. "Tutour of your treasure." Piers Plowman. (b) (Civ. Law) One who has the charge of a child or pupil and his estate; a guardian. (c) A private or public teacher. (d) (Eng. Universities) An officer or member of some hall, who instructs students, and is responsible for their discipline. (e) (Am. Colleges) An instructor of a lower rank than a professor. TUTOR Tu"tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tutored; p. pr. & vb. n. Tutoring.] 1. To have the guardianship or care of; to teach; to instruct. Their sons are well tutored by you. Shak. 2. To play the tutor toward; to treat with authority or severity. Addison. TUTORAGE Tu"tor*age (; 48), n. Defn: The office or occupation of a tutor; tutorship; guardianship. TUTORESS Tu"tor*ess, n. Defn: A woman who performs the duties of a tutor; an instructress. E. Moore. TUTORIAL Tu*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. tutorius.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a tutor; belonging to, or exercised by, a tutor. TUTORISM Tu"tor*ism, n. Defn: Tutorship. [R.] TUTORIZE Tu"tor*ize, v. t. Defn: To teach; to instruct. I . . . shall tutorize him some day. J. H. Newman. TUTORSHIP Tu"tor*ship, n. Defn: The office, duty, or care of a tutor; guardianship; tutelage. Hooker. TUTORY Tu"tor*y, n. Defn: Tutorage. [Obs.] Holinshed. TUTRESS Tu"tress, n. Defn: Tutoress. [Obs.] Selden. TUTRIX Tu"trix, n. Etym: [L. See Tutor.] Defn: A female guardian; a tutoress. [R.] Smollett. TUTSAN Tut"san, n. Etym: [F. toutesaine; tout, toule, all (L. totus) + sain, saine, sound, healthy, L. sanus.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant of the genus Hypericum (H. Androsoemum), from which a healing ointment is prepared in Spain; -- called also parkleaves. TUTTI Tut"ti, n. pl. Etym: [It., fr. L. totus, pl. toti, all.] (Mus.) Defn: All; -- a direction for all the singers or players to perform together. Moore (Encyc. of Music). TUTTI-FRUTTI Tut"ti-frut`ti, n. [It., lit., all fruits.] Defn: A confection of different kinds of preserved fruits. -- a. Defn: Flavored with, or containing, various fruits. TUTTY Tut"ty, n. Etym: [F. tutie; cf. Sp. tutia, atutia, LL. tutia; all from Per. tutiya.] (Chem.) Defn: A yellow or brown amorphous substance obtained as a sublimation product in the flues of smelting furnaces of zinc, and consisting of a crude zinc oxide. TUT-WORK Tut"-work`, n. (Mining) Defn: Work done by the piece, as in nonmetaliferous rock, the amount done being usually reckoned by the fathom. Tomlinson. TUT-WORKMAN Tut"-work`man, n.; pl. Tut-workmen (. (Mining) Defn: One who does tut-work. Tomlinson. TUUM Tu"um, n. [L.] Defn: Lit., thine; that which is thine; -- used in meum and tuum. See 2d Meum. TU-WHIT; TU-WHOO Tu-whit", Tu-whoo", n. & interj. Defn: Words imitative of the notes of the owl. Thy tu-whits are lulled, I wot, Thy tu-whoos of yesternight. Tennyson. TUXEDO COAT; TUXEDO Tux*e"do coat`, or Tux*e"do, n. Defn: A kind of black coat for evening dress made without skirts; -- so named after a fashionable country club at Tuxedo Park, New York. [U. S.] TUYERE Tu`yère", n. Etym: [F.; akin to tuyau a pipe; of Teutonic origin. Cf. Tweer, Tewel.] Defn: A nozzle, mouthpiece, or fixture through which the blast is delivered to the interior of a blast furnace, or to the fire of a forge. [Corruptly written also tweer, and twier.] Tuyère arch, the embrasure, in the wall of a blast furnace through which the tuyère enters. TUZ Tuz, n. Etym: [Cf. W. tusw a wisp, a bunch, tus that binds or wraps, tusiaw to bind round, to wrap. Cf. Tussock.] Defn: A lock or tuft of hair. [Obs.] Dryden. TUZA Tu"za, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The tucan. TWADDELL; TWADDELL'S HYDROMETER Twad"dell, n., Twad"dell's hy*drom"e*ter. [After one Twaddell, its inventor.] Defn: A form of hydrometer for liquids heavier than water, graduated with an arbitrary scale such that the readings when multiplied by .005 and added to unity give the specific gravity. TWADDLE Twad"dle, v. i. & t. Etym: [See Twattle.] Defn: To talk a weak and silly manner, like one whose faculties are decayed; to prate; to prattle. Stanyhurst. TWADDLE Twad"dle, n. Defn: Silly talk; gabble; fustian. I have put in this chapter on fighting . . . because of the cant and twaddle that's talked of boxing and fighting with fists now-a-days. T. Hughes. TWADDLER Twad"dler, n. Defn: One who prates in a weak and silly manner, like one whose faculties are decayed. TWADDLING Twad"dling, Defn: a. & n. from Twaddle, v. TWADDY Twad"dy, n. Defn: Idle trifling; twaddle. TWAGGER Twag"ger, n. Defn: A lamb. [Prov. Eng.] TWAIN Twain, a. & n. Etym: [OE. twein, tweien, tweyne, AS. twegen, masc. See Two.] Defn: Two;- nearly obsolete in common discourse, but used in poetry and burlesque. "Children twain." Chaucer. And whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile, go with him twain. Matt. v. 41. In twain, in halves; into two parts; asunder. When old winder split the rocks in twain. Dryden. -- Twain cloud. (Meteor.) Same as Cumulo-stratus. TWAITE Twaite, n. Etym: [Prov. E.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European shad; -- called also twaite shad. See Shad. TWAITE Twaite, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A piece of cleared ground. See Thwaite. TWANG Twang, n. Defn: A tang. See Tang a state. [R.] TWANG Twang, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twanged; p. pr. & vb. n. Twanging.] Etym: [Of imitative origin; cf. Tang a sharp sound, Tinkle.] Defn: To sound with a quick, harsh noise; to make the sound of a tense string pulled and suddenly let go; as, the bowstring twanged. TWANG Twang, v. t. Defn: To make to sound, as by pulling a tense string and letting it go suddenly. Sounds the tough horn, and twangs the quivering string. Pope. TWANG Twang, n. 1. A harsh, quick sound, like that made by a stretched string when pulled and suddenly let go; as, the twang of a bowstring. 2. An affected modulation of the voice; a kind of nasal sound. He has such a twang in his discourse. Arbuthnot. TWANGLE Twan"gle, v. i. & t. Defn: To twang. While the twangling violin Struck up with Soldier-laddie. Tennyson. TWANK Twank, v. t. Defn: To cause to make a sharp twanging sound; to twang, or twangle. Addison. TWANKAY Twan"kay, n. Defn: See Note under Tea, n., 1. 'T WAS 'T was. Defn: A contraction of it was. TWATTLE Twat"tle, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Tattle, Twaddle.] Defn: To prate; to talk much and idly; to gabble; to chatter; to twaddle; as, a twattling gossip. L'Estrange. TWATTLE Twat"tle, v. t. Defn: To make much of, as a domestic animal; to pet. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. TWATTLE Twat"tle, n. Defn: Act of prating; idle talk; twaddle. TWATTLER Twat"tler, n. Defn: One who twattles; a twaddler. TWAY Tway, a. & n. Etym: [OE. twei. See Twain.] Defn: Two; twain. [Obs.] Spenser. TWAYBLADE Tway"blade`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any one of several orchidaceous plants which have only two leaves, as the species of Listera and of Liparis. [Written also twyblade.] TWEAG Tweag, v. t. Defn: To tweak. [Obs.] TWEAG; TWEAGUE Tweag, Tweague, n. Defn: A pinching condition; perplexity; trouble; distress. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] This put the old fellow in a rare tweague. Arbuthnot. TWEAK Tweak, v. t. Etym: [OE. twikken, originally the same word as twicchen; cf. LG. twikken. See Twitch.] Defn: To pinch and pull with a sudden jerk and twist; to twitch; as, to tweak the nose. Shak. TWEAK Tweak, n. 1. A sharp pinch or jerk; a twist or twitch; as, a tweak of the nose. Swift. 2. Trouble; distress; tweag. [Obs.] 3. A prostitute. [Obs.] Brathwait. TWEED Tweed, n. Etym: [Probably a corruption of twills. See Twill.] Defn: A soft and flexible fabric for men's wear, made wholly of wool except in some inferior kinds, the wool being dyed, usually in two colors, before weaving. TWEEDLE Twee"dle, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Twiddle.] [Written also twidle.] 1. To handle lightly; -- said with reference to awkward fiddling; hence, to influence as if by fiddling; to coax; to allure. A fiddler brought in with him a body of lusty young fellows, whom he had tweedled into the service. Addison. 2. To twist. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. TWEEDLEDUM AND TWEEDLEDEE Twee"dle*dum` and Twee"dle*dee`. Defn: Two things practically alike; -- a phrase coined by John Byrom (1692-1793) in his satire "On the Feuds between Handel and Bononcini." TWEEL Tweel, n. & v. Defn: See Twill. TWEER Tweer, n. Defn: Same as Tuyère. TWEESE; TWEEZE Tweese, Tweeze, n. Etym: [OE. tweeze, tweese, fr. F. étuis, pl. of étui a case, sheath, box; probably of Teutonic origin; cf. MNG. stuche a wide sleeve in which articles could be carried, OHG. stuhha, G. stauche a short and narrow muff. Cf Etui, Tweezers.] Defn: A surgeon's case of instruments. Howell. TWEEZERS Twee"zers, n. pl. Etym: [See Tweese.] Defn: Small pinchers used to pluck out hairs, and for other purposes. TWELFTH Twelfth, a. Etym: [For twelft, OE. twelfte, AS. twelfta. See Twelve.] 1. Next in order after the eleventh; coming after eleven others; -- the ordinal of twelve. 2. Consisting, or being one of, twelve equal parts into which anything is divided. TWELFTH Twelfth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by twelve; one of twelve equal parts of one whole. 2. The next in order after the eleventh. 3. (Mus.) Defn: An interval comprising an octave and a fifth. TWELFTH-CAKE Twelfth" -- cake`, n. Defn: An ornamented cake distributed among friends or visitors on the festival of Twelfth-night. TWELFTH-DAY Twelfth"-day`, n. Defn: See Twelfthtide. TWELFTH-NIGHT Twelfth"-night`, n. Defn: The evening of Epiphany, or the twelfth day after Christmas, observed as a festival by various churches. TWELFTH-SECOND Twelfth"-sec`ond, n. (Physics) Defn: A unit for the measurement of small intervals of time, such that 1012 (ten trillion) of these units make one second. TWELFTHTIDE Twelfth"tide`, n. Defn: The twelfth day after Christmas; Epiphany; -- called also Twelfth-day. TWELVE Twelve, a. Etym: [OE. twelve, twelf, AS. twelf; akin to OFries. twelf, twelef, twilif, OS. twelif, D. twaalf, G. zwölf, OHG. zwelif, Icel. t, Sw. tolf, Dan. tolv, Goth. twalif, from the root of E. two + the same element as in the second part of E. eleven. See Two, and Eleven.] Defn: One more that eleven; two and ten; twice six; a dozen. Twelve- men's morris. See the Note under Morris. -- Twelve Tables. (Rom. Antiq.) See under Table. TWELVE Twelve, n. 1. The number next following eleven; the sum of ten and two, or of twice six; twelve units or objects; a dozen. 2. A symbol representing twelve units, as 12, or xii. The Twelve (Script.), the twelve apostles. Matt. xxvi. 20. TWELVEMO Twelve"mo, a. & n. Defn: See Duodecimo. TWELVEMONTH Twelve"month, n. Defn: A year which consists of twelve calendar months. I shall laugh at this a twelvemonth hence. Shak. TWELVEPENCE Twelve"pence, n. Defn: A shilling sterling, being about twenty-four cents. TWELVEPENNY Twelve"pen*ny Defn: , Sold for a shilling; worth or costing a shilling. TWELVESCORE Twelve"score`, n. & a. Defn: Twelve times twenty; two hundred and forty. TWENTIETH Twen"ti*eth, a. Etym: [From Twenty; cf. AS. twentigo. See Twenty.] 1. Next in order after the nineteenth; tenth after the tenth; coming after nineteen others; -- the ordinal of twenty. 2. Consisting, or being, one of twenty equal parts into which anything is divided. TWENTIETH Twen"ti*eth, n. 1. The next in order after the nineteen; one coming after nineteen others. 2. The quotient of a unit divided by twenty; one of twenty equal parts of one whole. TWENTY Twen"ty, a. Etym: [OE. twenty, AS. tw, twentig; akin to OFris. twintich, OS. tw, D. & LG. twintig, OHG. zweinzug, G. zwanzig, Goth. twai tigjis; that is, two tens. See Twain, Two, and Ten.] 1. One more that nineteen; twice; as, twenty men. 2. An indefinite number more or less that twenty. Shak. Maximilian, upon twenty respects, could not have been the man. Bacon. TWENTY Twen"ty, n.; pl. Twenties (. 1. The number next following nineteen; the sum of twelve and eight, or twice ten; twenty units or objects; a score. 2. A symbol representing twenty units, as 20, or xx. TWENTYFOLD Twen"ty*fold`, a. Defn: Twenty times as many. TWENTY-FOURMO Twen`ty-four"mo, a. Defn: Having twenty-four leaves to a sheet; as, a twenty-fourmo form, book, leaf, size, etc. -- n. Defn: A book composed of sheets, each of which is folded into twenty- four leaves; hence, indicating more or less definitely a size of book whose sheets are so folded; -- usually written 24mo, or 24º. TWEY Twey, a. Etym: [See Two.] Defn: Two. [Obs.] Chaucer. TWEYFOLD Twey"fold`, a. Defn: Twofold. [Obs.] Chaucer. TWIBIL Twi"bil, n. Etym: [AS. twibill; twi- (in comp.) two + bill, bil, an ax hoe, bill. See Twice, and Bill a cutting instrument.] 1. A kind of mattock, or ax; esp., a tool like a pickax, but having, instead of the points, flat terminations, one of which is parallel to the handle, the other perpendicular to it. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A tool for making mortises. [Obs.] 3. A reaping hook. TWIBILLED Twi"billed, a. Defn: Armed or provided with a twibil or twibils. TWICE Twice, adv. Etym: [OE. twies (where the s is the adverbial ending; see -wards), twie, AS. twiges, twiwa; akin to twi- (in comp.) two, G. zwie-, OHG. zwi-, Icel. tvi-, L. bi-, Gr. dvi-, and E. two. See Two.] 1. Two times; once and again. He twice essayed to cast his son in gold. Dryden. 2. Doubly; in twofold quantity or degree; as, twice the sum; he is twice as fortunate as his neighbor. Note: Twice is used in the formation of compounds, mostly self- explaining; as, twice-horn, twice-conquered, twice-planted, twice- told, and the like. TWIDDLE Twid"dle, v. t. Etym: [Probably of imitative origin. Cf. Tweedle.] Defn: To touch lightly, or play with; to tweedle; to twirl; as, to twiddle one's thumbs; to twiddle a watch key. [Written also twidle.] Thackeray. TWIDDLE Twid"dle, v. i. Defn: To play with anything; hence, to be busy about trifles. Halliwell. TWIDDLE Twid"dle, n. 1. A slight twist with the fingers. 2. A pimple. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. TWIFALLOW Twi"fal`low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twifallowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Twifallowing.] Etym: [AS. twi- (see Twice) two + fallow.] Defn: To plow, or fallow, a second time (land that has been once fallowed). TWIFOLD Twi"fold`, a. Etym: [AS. twifeadld. See Twice, and cf. Twofold.] Defn: Twofold; double. [Obs.] TWIG Twig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twigged; p. pr. & vb. n. Twigging.] Etym: [Cf. Tweak.] Defn: To twitch; to pull; to tweak. [Obs. or Scot.] TWIG Twig, v. t. Etym: [Gael. tuig, or Ir. tuigim I understand.] 1. To understand the meaning of; to comprehend; as, do you twig me [Colloq.] Marryat. 2. To observe slyly; also, to perceive; to discover. "Now twig him; now mind him." Foote. As if he were looking right into your eyes and twigged something there which you had half a mind to conceal. Hawthorne. TWIG Twig, n. Etym: [AS. twig; akin to D. twijg, OHG. zwig, zwi, G. zweig, and probably to E. two.] Defn: A small shoot or branch of a tree or other plant, of no definite length or size. The Britons had boats made of willow twigs, covered on the outside with hides. Sir T. Raleigh. Twig borer (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small beetles which bore into twigs of shrubs and trees, as the apple-tree twig borer (Amphicerus bicaudatus). -- Twig girdler. (Zoöl.) See Girdler, 3. -- Twig rush (Bot.), any rushlike plant of the genus Cladium having hard, and sometimes prickly-edged, leaves or stalks. See Saw grass, under Saw. TWIG Twig, v. t. Defn: To beat with twigs. TWIGGEN Twig"gen, a. Defn: Made of twigs; wicker. [Obs.] TWIGGER Twig"ger, n. Defn: A fornicator. [Eng.] Halliwell. TWIGGY Twig"gy, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a twig or twigs; like a twig or twigs; full of twigs; abounding with shoots. " Twiggy trees." Evelyn. TWIGHT Twight, v. t. Defn: To twit. [Obs.] Spenser. TWIGHT Twight, obs. Defn: p. p. of Twitch. Chaucer. TWIGHTE Twight"e, obs. Defn: imp. of Twitch. Chaucer. TWIGLESS Twig"less, a. Defn: Having no twigs. TWIGSOME Twig"some, a. Defn: Full of, or abounding in, twigs; twiggy. [R.] " Twigsome trees." Dickens. TWILIGHT Twi"light`, n. Etym: [OE. twilight, AS. twi- (see Twice) + leóht light; hence the sense of doubtful or half light; cf. LG. twelecht, G. zwielicht. See Light.] 1. The light perceived before the rising, and after the setting, of the sun, or when the sun is less than 18º below the horizon, occasioned by the illumination of the earth's atmosphere by the direct rays of the sun and their reflection on the earth. 2. faint light; a dubious or uncertain medium through which anything is viewed. As when the sun . . . from behind the moon, In dim eclipse. disastrous twilight sheds. Milton. The twilight of probability. Locke. TWILIGHT Twi"light`, a. 1. Seen or done by twilight. Milton. 2. Imperfectly illuminated; shaded; obscure. O'er the twilight groves and dusky caves. Pope. TWILL Twill, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Twilling.] Etym: [Scotch tweel; probably from LG. twillen to make double, from twi- two; akin to AS. twi-, E. twi- in twilight. See Twice, and cf. Tweed, Tweel.] Defn: To weave, as cloth, so as to produce the appearance of diagonal lines or ribs on the surface. TWILL Twill, n. Etym: [Scotch tweel. See Twill, v. t.] 1. An appearance of diagonal lines or ribs produced in textile fabrics by causing the weft threads to pass over one and under two, or over one and under three or more, warp threads, instead of over one and under the next in regular succession, as in plain weaving. 2. A fabric women with a twill. 3. Etym: [Perhaps fr. guill.] Defn: A quill, or spool, for yarn. TWILLY Twil"ly, n. Etym: [C. Willy.] Defn: A machine for cleansing or loosening wool by the action of a revolving cylinder covered with long iron spikes or teeth; a willy or willying machine; -- called also twilly devil, and devil. See Devil, n., 6, and Willy. Tomlinson. TWILT Twilt, n. Etym: [See Quilt.] Defn: A quilt. [Prov. Eng.] TWIN Twin, a. Etym: [OE. twin double, AS. getwinne two and two, pl., twins; akin to D. tweeling a twin, G. zwilling, OHG. zwiniling, Icel. tvennr, tvinnr, two and two, twin, and to AS. twi- two. See Twice, Two.] 1. Being one of two born at a birth; as, a twin brother or sister. 2. Being one of a pair much resembling one another; standing the relation of a twin to something else; -- often followed by to or with. Shak. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Double; consisting of two similar and corresponding parts. 4. (Crystallog.) Defn: Composed of parts united according to some definite law of twinning. See Twin, n., 4. Twin boat, or Twin ship (Naut.), a vessel whose deck and upper works rest on two parallel hulls. -- Twin crystal. See Twin, n., 4. -- Twin flower (Bot.), a delicate evergreen plant (Linnæa borealis) of northern climates, which has pretty, fragrant, pendulous flowers borne in pairs on a slender stalk. -- Twin-screw steamer, a steam vessel propelled by two screws, one on either side of the plane of the keel. TWIN Twin, n. 1. One of two produced at a birth, especially by an animal that ordinarily brings forth but one at a birth; -- used chiefly in the plural, and applied to the young of beasts as well as to human young. 2. pl. (Astron.) Defn: A sign and constellation of the zodiac; Gemini. See Gemini. 3. A person or thing that closely resembles another. 4. (Crystallog.) Defn: A compound crystal composed of two or more crystals, or parts of crystals, in reversed position with reference to each other. Note: The relative position of the parts of a twin may be explained by supposing one part to be revolved 180º about a certain axis (called the twinning axis), this axis being normal to a plane (called the twinning plane) which is usually one of the fundamental planes of the crystal. This revolution brings the two parts into parallel position, or vice versa. A contact twin is one in which the parts are united by a plane surface, called the composition face, which is usually the same as the twinning plane. A penetration twin is one in which the parts interpenetrate each other, often very irregularly. Twins are also called, according to form, cruciform, geniculated, etc. TWIN Twin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twinned; p. pr. & vb. n. Twinning.] 1. To bring forth twins. Tusser. 2. To be born at the same birth. Shak. TWIN Twin, v. t. 1. To cause to be twins, or like twins in any way. Shak. Still we moved Together, twinned, as horse's ear and eye. Tennyson. 2. To separate into two parts; to part; to divide; hence, to remove; also, to strip; to rob. [Obs.] The life out of her body for to twin. Chaucer. TWIN Twin, v. i. Defn: To depart from a place or thing. [Obs.] "Ere that we farther twin." Chaucer. TWINBORN Twin"born`, a. Defn: Born at the same birth. TWINE Twine, n. Etym: [AS. twin, properly, a twisted or double thread; akin to D. twijn, Icel. twinni; from twi-. See Twice, and cf. Twin.] 1. A twist; a convolution. Typhon huge, ending in snaky twine. Milton. 2. A strong thread composed of two or three smaller threads or strands twisted together, and used for various purposes, as for binding small parcels, making nets, and the like; a small cord or string. 3. The act of twining or winding round. J. Philips. Twine reeler, a kind of machine for twisting twine; a kind of mule, or spinning machine. TWINE Twine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twined; p. pr. & vb. n. Twining.] Etym: [OE. twinen, fr. AS. twin a twisted thread; akin to D. twijnen to twine, Icel. & Sw. tvinna, Dan. tvinde. See Twine, n.] 1. To twist together; to form by twisting or winding of threads; to wreathe; as, fine twined linen. 2. To wind, as one thread around another, or as any flexible substance around another body. Let me twine Mine arms about that body. Shak. 3. To wind about; to embrace; to entwine. Let wreaths of triumph now my temples twine. Pope. 4. To change the direction of. [Obs.] Fairfax. 5. To mingle; to mix. [Obs.] Crashaw. TWINE Twine, v. i. 1. To mutually twist together; to become mutually involved. 2. To wind; to bend; to make turns; to meander. As rivers, though they bend and twine, Still to the sea their course incline. Swift. 3. To turn round; to revolve. [Obs.] Chapman. 4. To ascend in spiral lines about a support; to climb spirally; as, many plants twine. TWINER Twin"er, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant which twines about a support. TWINGE Twinge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twinged; p. pr. & vb. n. Twinging.] Etym: [OE. twengen, AS. twengan; akin to OE. twingen to pain, afflict, OFries. thwinga, twinga, dwinga, to constrain, D. dwingen, OS. thwingan, G. zwingen, OHG. dwingan, thwingan, to press, oppress, overcome, Icel. þvinga, Sw. tvinga to subdue, constrain, Dan. twinge, and AS. þün to press, OHG. duhen, and probably to E. thong. Perhaps influenced by twitch. Cf. Thong.] 1. To pull with a twitch; to pinch; to tweak. When a man is past his sense, There's no way to reduce him thence, But twinging him by the ears or nose, Or laying on of heavy blows. Hudibras. 2. To affect with a sharp, sudden pain; to torment with pinching or sharp pains. The gnat . . . twinged him [the lion] till he made him tear himself, and so mastered him. L'Estrange. TWINGE Twinge, v. i. Defn: To have a sudden, sharp, local pain, like a twitch; to suffer a keen, darting, or shooting pain; as, the side twinges. TWINGE Twinge, n. 1. A pinch; a tweak; a twitch. A master that gives you . . . twinges by the ears. L' Estrange. 2. A sudden sharp pain; a darting local pain of momentary continuance; as, a twinge in the arm or side. " A twinge for my own sin." Dryden. TWINING Twin"ing, a. Defn: Winding around something; twisting; embracing; climbing by winding about a support; as, the hop is a twinning plant. TWINING Twin"ing, a. Defn: The act of one who, or that which, twines; (Bot.) the act of climbing spirally. TWINK Twink, v. i. Etym: [OE. twinken. See Twinkle.] Defn: To twinkle. [Obs.] TWINK Twink, n. 1. A wink; a twinkling. [Obs.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.] TWINKLE Twin"kle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twinkled; p. pr. & vb. n. Twinkling.] Etym: [OE. twinklen, AS. twinclian; akin to OE. twinken to blink, wink, G. zwinken, zwinkern, and perhaps to E. twitch.] 1. To open and shut the eye rapidly; to blink; to wink. The owl fell a moping and twinkling. L' Estrange. 2. To shine with an intermitted or a broken, quavering light; to flash at intervals; to sparkle; to scintillate. These stars not twinkle when viewed through telescopes that have large apertures. Sir I. Newton. The western sky twinkled with stars. Sir W. Scott. TWINKLE Twin"kle, n. 1. A closing or opening, or a quick motion, of the eye; a wink or sparkle of the eye. Suddenly, with twinkle of her eye, The damsel broke his misintended dart. Spenser. 2. A brief flash or gleam, esp. when rapidly repeated. 3. The time of a wink; a twinkling. Dryden. TWINKLER Twin"kler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, twinkles, or winks; a winker; an eye. TWINKLING Twin"kling, n. 1. The act of one who, or of that which, twinkles; a quick movement of the eye; a wink; a twinkle. Holland. 2. A shining with intermitted light; a scintillation; a sparkling; as, the twinkling of the stars. 3. The time of a wink; a moment; an instant. In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump, . . . the dead shall be raised incorruptible. 1 Cor. xv. 52. TWINLEAF Twin"leaf`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Jeffersonia. TWINLIKE Twin"like`, a. Defn: Closely resembling; being a counterpart. -- Twin"like`ness, n. TWINLING Twin"ling, n. Etym: [Twin + 1st -ling.] Defn: A young or little twin, especially a twin lamb. TWINNED Twinned, a. (Crystallog.) Defn: Composed of parts united according to a law of twinning. See Twin, n., 4. TWINNER Twin"ner, n. Defn: One who gives birth to twins; a breeder of twins. Tusser. TWINNING Twin"ning, n. (Crystallog.) Defn: The assemblage of two or more crystals, or parts of crystals, in reversed position with reference to each other in accordance with some definite law; also, rarely, in artificial twinning (accomplished for example by pressure), the process by which this reversal is brought about. Polysynthetic twinning, repeated twinning of crystal lamellæ, as that of the triclinic feldspars. -- Repeated twinning, twinning of more than two crystals, or parts of crystals. -- Twinning axis, Twinning plane. See the Note under Twin, n. TWINTER Twin"ter, n. Etym: [AS. twi- + winter winter. See Twice, and Winter.] Defn: A domestic animal two winters old. [Prov. Eng.] TWIRE Twire, n. Etym: [Cf. D. tweern, G. zwirn, and E. twine.] Defn: A twisted filament; a thread. [Obs.] Locke. TWIRE Twire, v. i. Etym: [Cf. MHG. zwieren, E. thwart, and queer.] 1. To peep; to glance obliquely; to leer. [Obs.] Which maids will twire 'tween their fingers. B. Jonson. I saw the wench that twired and twinkled at thee. Beau. & Fl. 2. To twinkle; to glance; to gleam. [Obs.] When sparkling stars twire not. Shak. TWIRE Twire, v. i. Defn: To sing, or twitter. [Obs.] Chaucer. TWIRE-PIPE Twire"-pipe`, n. Defn: A vagabond musician. [Obs.] You are an ass, a twire-pipe. Beau. & Fl. You looked like Twire-pipe, the taborer. Chapman. TWIRL Twirl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twirled; p. pr. & vb. n. Twirling.] Etym: [Cf. AS. þwiril a churn staff, a stirrer, flail, þweran, aþweran, to agitate, twirl, G. zwirlen, quirlen, to twirl, to turn round or about, quirl a twirling stick, OHG. dweran to twirl, stir. Cf. Trowel.] Defn: To move or turn round rapidly; to whirl round; to move and turn rapidly with the fingers. See ruddy maids, Some taught with dexterous hand to twirl the wheel. Dodsley. No more beneath soft eve's consenting star Fandango twirls his jocund castanet. Byron. TWIRL Twirl, v. i. Defn: To revolve with velocity; to be whirled round rapidly. TWIRL Twirl, n. 1. The act of twirling; a rapid circular motion; a whirl or whirling; quick rotation. 2. A twist; a convolution. Woodward. TWIST Twist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Twisting.] Etym: [OE. twisten, AS. twist a rope, as made of two (twisted) strands, fr. twi- two; akin to D. twist a quarrel, dissension, G. zwist, Dan. & Sw. tvist, Icel. twistr the deuce in cards, tvistr distressed. See Twice, Two.] 1. To contort; to writhe; to complicate; to crook spirally; to convolve. Twist it into a serpentine form. Pope. 2. Hence, to turn from the true form or meaning; to pervert; as, to twist a passage cited from an author. 3. To distort, as a solid body, by turning one part relatively to another about an axis passing through both; to subject to torsion; as, to twist a shaft. 4. To wreathe; to wind; to encircle; to unite by intertexture of parts. "Longing to twist bays with that ivy." Waller. There are pillars of smoke twisted about wreaths of flame. T. Burnet. 5. To wind into; to insinuate; -- used reflexively; as, avarice twists itself into all human concerns. 6. To unite by winding one thread, strand, or other flexible substance, round another; to form by convolution, or winding separate things round each other; as, to twist yarn or thread. Shak. 7. Hence, to form as if by winding one part around another; to wreathe; to make up. Was it not to this end That thou began'st to twist so fine a story Shak. 8. To form into a thread from many fine filaments; as, to twist wool or cotton. TWIST Twist, v. i. 1. To be contorted; to writhe; to be distorted by torsion; to be united by winding round each other; to be or become twisted; as, some strands will twist more easily than others. 2. To follow a helical or spiral course; to be in the form of a helix. TWIST Twist, n. 1. The act of twisting; a contortion; a flexure; a convolution; a bending. Not the least turn or twist in the fibers of any one animal which does not render them more proper for that particular animal's way of life than any other cast or texture. Addison. 2. The form given in twisting. [He] shrunk at first sight of it; he found fault with the length, the thickness, and the twist. Arbuthnot. 3. That which is formed by twisting, convoluting, or uniting parts. Specifically: -- (a) A cord, thread, or anything flexible, formed by winding strands or separate things round each other. (b) A kind of closely twisted, strong sewing silk, used by tailors, saddlers, and the like. (c) A kind of cotton yarn, of several varieties. (d) A roll of twisted dough, baked. (e) A little twisted roll of tobacco. (f) (Weaving) One of the threads of a warp, -- usually more tightly twisted than the filling. (g) (Firearms) Defn: A material for gun barrels, consisting of iron and steel twisted and welded together; as, Damascus twist. (h) (Firearms & Ord.) The spiral course of the rifling of a gun barrel or a cannon. (i) A beverage made of brandy and gin. [Slang] 4. Etym: [OE.; -- so called as being a two-forked branch. See Twist, v. t.] Defn: A twig. [Obs.] Chaucer. Fairfax. Gain twist, or Gaining twist (Firearms), twist of which the pitch is less, and the inclination greater, at the muzzle than at the breech. -- Twist drill, a drill the body of which is twisted like that of an auger. See Illust. of Drill. -- Uniform twist (Firearms), a twist of which the spiral course has an equal pitch throughout. TWISTE Twist"e, obs. Defn: imp. of Twist. Chaucer. TWISTED Twist"ed, a. Defn: Contorted; crooked spirally; subjected to torsion; hence, perverted. Twisted curve (Geom.), a curve of double curvature. See Plane curve, under Curve. -- Twisted surface (Geom.), a surface described by a straight line moving according to any law whatever, yet so that the consecutive positions of the line shall not be in one plane; a warped surface. TWISTER Twist"er, n. 1. One who twists; specifically, the person whose occupation is to twist or join the threads of one warp to those of another, in weaving. 2. The instrument used in twisting, or making twists. He, twirling his twister, makes a twist of the twine. Wallis. 3. (Carp.) Defn: A girder. Craig. 4. (Man.) Defn: The inner part of the thigh, the proper place to rest upon when on horseback. Craig. TWISTICAL Twist"ic*al, a. Defn: Crooked; tortuous; hence, perverse; unfair; dishonest. [Slang, U. S.] Bartlett. TWISTING Twist"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Twist. Twisting pair. (Kinematics) See under Pair, n., 7. TWIT Twit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Twitting.] Etym: [OE. atwiten, AS. ætwitan to reproach, blame; æt at + witan to reproach, blame; originally, to observe, see, hence, to observe what is wrong (cf. the meanings of E. animadvert; akin to G. verweisen to censure, OHG. firwizan, Goth. traweitan to avenge, L. videre to see. See Vision, Wit.] Defn: To vex by bringing to notice, or reminding of, a fault, defect, misfortune, or the like; to revile; to reproach; to upbraid; to taunt; as, he twitted his friend of falsehood. This these scoffers twitted the Christian with. Tillotson. Æsop minds men of their errors, without twitting them for what is amiss. L'Estrange. TWITCH Twitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twitched; p. pr. & vb. n. Twitching.] Etym: [OE. twicchen, fr. (doubtful) AS. twiccian; akin to AS. angeltwicca a worm used for bait, literally, a hook twitcher, LG. twikken to tweak, G. zwicken. Cf. Tweak.] Defn: To pull with a sudden jerk; to pluck with a short, quick motion; to snatch; as, to twitch one by the sleeve; to twitch a thing out of another's hand; to twitch off clusters of grapes. Thrice they twitched the diamond in her ear. Pope. TWITCH Twitch, n. 1. The act of twitching; a pull with a jerk; a short, sudden, quick pull; as, a twitch by the sleeve. 2. A short, spastic contraction of the fibers or muscles; a simple muscular contraction; as, convulsive twitches; a twitch in the side. 3. (Far.) Defn: A stick with a hole in one end through which passes a loop, which can be drawn tightly over the upper lip or an ear of a horse. By twisting the stick the compression is made sufficiently painful to keep the animal quiet during a slight surgical operation. J. H. Walsh. TWITCHER Twitch"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, twitches. TWITCH GRASS Twitch" grass`. (Bot.) Defn: See Quitch grass. TWITE Twite, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The European tree sparrow. (b) The mountain linnet (Linota flavirostris). [Prov. Eng.] TWITLARK Twit"lark`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The meadow pipit. [Prov. Eng.] TWITTER Twit"ter, n. Etym: [From Twit.] Defn: One who twits, or reproaches; an upbraider. TWITTER Twit"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twittered; p. pr. & vb. n. Twittering.] Etym: [OE. twiteren; of imitative origin; cf. G. zwitschern, OHG. zwizzir, D. kwetteren, Sw. qwitra, Dan. quiddre. Cf. Titter.] 1. To make a succession of small, tremulous, intermitted noises. The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed. Gray. 2. To make the sound of a half-suppressed laugh; to titter; to giggle. J. Fletcher. 3. Etym: [Perhaps influenced by twitch.] Defn: To have a slight trembling of the nerves; to be excited or agitated. TWITTER Twit"ter, v. t. Defn: To utter with a twitter. Cowper. TWITTER Twit"ter, n. 1. The act of twittering; a small, tremulous, intermitted noise, as that made by a swallow. 2. A half-suppressed laugh; a fit of laughter partially restrained; a titter; a giggle. Hudibras. 3. A slight trembling or agitation of the nerves. TWITTERING Twit"ter*ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, twitters. 2. A slight nervous excitement or agitation, such as is caused by desire, expectation, or suspense. A widow, who had a twittering towards a second husband, took a gossiping companion to manage the job. L'Estrange. TWITTINGLY Twit"ting*ly, adv. Defn: In a twitting manner; with upbraiding. TWITTLE-TWATTLE Twit"tle-twat`tle, n. Etym: [See Twattle.] Defn: Tattle; gabble. L'Estrange. 'TWIXT 'Twixt. Defn: An abbreviation of Betwixt, used in poetry, or in colloquial language. 'TWIXT-BRAIN 'Twixt"-brain`, n. (Anat.) Defn: The thalamen TWO Two, a. Etym: [OE. two, twa, properly fem. & neut., twei, twein, tweien, properly masc. (whence E. twain), AS. twa, fem. & neut., tw, masc., t, neut.; akin to OFries. tw, masc., twa, fem. & neut., OS. tw, masc., twa, fem., tw, neut., D. twee, OHG. zw, zw, zwei, G. zwei, Icel. tveir, tvær, tvau, Sw. två, Dan. to, Goth. twai, tw, twa; Lith. du, Russ. dva, Ir. & Gael. da, W. dau, dwy, L. duo, Gr. dva. Balance, Barouche, Between, Bi-, Combine, Deuce two in cards, Double, Doubt, Dozen, Dual, Duet, Dyad, Twain, Twelve, Twenty, Twice, Twilight, Twig, Twine, n., Twist.] Defn: One and one; twice one. "Two great lights." Gen. i. 16. "Two black clouds." Milton. Note: Two is often joined with other words, forming compounds signifying divided into, consisting of, or having, two parts, divisions, organs, or the like; as two-bladed, two-celled, two-eared, two-flowered, twohand, two-headed, two-horse, two-leafed or two- leaved, two-legged, two-lobed, two-masted, two-named, two-part, two- petaled, two-pronged, two-seeded, two-sided, two-story, two-stringed, two-foothed, two-valved, two-winged, and the like. One or two, a phrase often used indefinitely for a small number. TWO Two, n. 1. The sum of one; the number next greater than one, and next less than three; two units or objects. 2. A symbol representing two units, as 2, II., or ii. In two, asunder; into parts; in halves; in twain; as, cut in two. TWO-CAPSULED Two"-cap`suled, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having two distinct capsules; bicapsular. TWO-CLEFT Two"-cleft`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Divided about half way from the border to the base into two segments; bifid. TWO-CYCLE Two"-cy`cle, n. (Thermodynamics) Defn: A two-stroke cycle for an internal-combustion engine. --Two"- cy`cle, a. TWO-DECKER Two"-deck`er, n. Defn: A vessel of war carrying guns on two decks. TWO-EDGED Two"-edged`, a. Defn: Having two edges, or edges on both sides; as, a two-edged sword. TWOFOLD Two"fold`, a. Etym: [Cf. Twifold.] Defn: Double; duplicate; multiplied by two; as, a twofold nature; a twofold sense; a twofold argument. TWOFOLD Two"fold`, adv. Defn: In a double degree; doubly. TWO-FOOT Two"-foot`, a. Defn: Measuring two feet; two feet long, thick, or wide; as, a two- foot rule. TWO-FORKED Two"-forked`, a. Defn: Divided into two parts, somewhat after the manner of a fork; dichotomous. TWO-HAND Two"-hand`, a. Defn: Employing two hangs; as, the two-hand alphabet. See Dactylology. TWO-HANDED Two"-hand`ed, a. 1. Having two hands; -- often used as an epithet equivalent to large, stout, strong, or powerful. "Two-handed sway." Milton. 2. Used with both hands; as, a two-nanded sword. That two-handed engine [the sword]. Milton. 3. Using either hand equally well; ambidextrous. TWO-LIPPED Two"-lipped`, a. 1. Having two lips. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Divided in such a manner as to resemble the two lips when the mouth is more or less open; bilabiate. TWO-NAME Two"-name`, a. (Banking) Defn: Having or bearing two names; as, two-name paper, that is, negotiable paper on which at least two persons are severally liable as separate makers, or, usually, one as maker and one as indorser. [Colloq.] TWO-PARTED Two"-part`ed, a. (Biol.) Defn: Divided from the border to the base into two distinct parts; bipartite. TWO-PARTED Two"-part`ed, a. (Bot.) Defn: Divided from the border to the base into two distinct parts; bipartite. TWOPENCE Two"pence, n. Defn: A small coin, and money of account, in England, equivalent to two pennies, -- minted to a fixed annual amount, for almsgiving by the sovereign on Maundy Thursday. TWOPENNY Two"pen*ny, a. Defn: Of the value of twopence. TWO-PHASE; TWO-PHASER Two"-phase`, a., Two"-phas`er, n. (Elec.) Defn: Same as Diphase, Diphaser. TWO-PLY Two"-ply`, a. 1. Consisting of two thicknesses, as cloth; double. 2. Woven double, as cloth or carpeting, by incorporating two sets of warp thread and two of weft. TWO-PORT Two"-port`, a. Defn: Having two ports; specif.: Designating a type of two-cycle internal-combustion engine in which the admission of the mixture to the crank case is through a suction valve. TWO-RANKED Two"-ranked`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Alternately disposed on exactly opposite sides of the stem so as to from two ranks; distichous. TWO-SIDED Two"-sid`ed, a. 1. Having two sides only; hence, double-faced; hypocritical. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Symmetrical. TWO-SPEED Two"-speed`, a. Defn: Adapted for producing or for receiving either of two speeds; -- said of a power-transmitting device. TWO-STEP Two"-step`, n. Defn: A kind of round dance in march or polka time; also, a piece of music for this dance. [U. S.] TWO-THROW Two"-throw`, a. (Mach.) (a) Capable of being thrown or cranked in two directions, usually opposite to one another; as, a two-throw crank; a two-throw switch. (b) Having two crank set near together and opposite to one another; as, a two-throw crank shaft. TWO-TONGUED Two"-tongued`, a. Defn: Double-tongued; deceitful. Sandys. TWO-TO-ONE Two"-to-one", a. (Mach.) Defn: Designating, or pert. to, a gear for reducing or increasing a velocity ratio two to one. TWO-WAY Two"-way`, a. (Pipe Fitting) Defn: Serving to connect at will one pipe or channel with either of two others; as, a two-way cock. TWYBLADE Twy"blade`, n. Defn: See Twayblade. TY-ALL Ty"-all`, n. Defn: Something serving to tie or secure. [Obs.] Latimer. TYBURN TICKET Ty"burn tick`et. Etym: [So called in allusion to Tyburn, formerly a place of execution in England.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A certificate given to one who prosecutes a felon to conviction, exempting him from certain parish and ward offices. TYCHISM Ty"chism, n. [Gr. ty`chh fortune, chance + -ism.] Defn: Any theory which conceives chance as an objective reality; esp., a theory of evolution which considers that variation may be purely fortuitous. TYCHONIC Ty*chon"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Tycho Brahe, or his system of astronomy. TYCOON Ty*coon", n. Etym: [Chinese tai-kun great prince.] Defn: The title by which the shogun, or former commander in chief of the Japanese army, was known to foreigners. TYDY Ty"dy, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tidy. TYE Tye, n. 1. A knot; a tie. [R.] See Tie. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A chain or rope, one end of which passes through the mast, and is made fast to the center of a yard; the other end is attached to a tackle, by means of which the yard is hoisted or lowered. 3. (Mining) Defn: A trough for washing ores. Knight. TYE Tye, v. t. Defn: See Tie, the proper orthography. TYER Ty"er, n. Defn: One who ties, or unites. [R.] TYFOON Ty*foon", n. Defn: See Typhoon. TYGER Ty"ger, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A tiger. [Obs.] TYING Ty"ing, Defn: p. pr. of Tie. TYING Ty"ing, n. (Mining) Defn: The act or process of washing ores in a buddle. TYKE Tyke, n. Defn: See 2d Tike. TYLARUS Ty"la*rus, n.; pl. Tylari. Etym: [NL., fr.Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the pads on the under surface of the toes of birds. TYLER Ty"ler, n. Defn: See 2d Tiler. TYLOPODA Ty*lop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from -poda.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of ungulates comprising the camels. TYLOSIS Ty*lo"sis, n.; pl. Tyloses. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.) Defn: An intrusion of one vegetable cell into the cavity of another, sometimes forming there an irregular mass of cells. Goodale. TYMBAL Tym"bal, n. Etym: [F. timbale, Sp. timbal; cf. atabal; probably of Arabic origin. Cf. Atabal, Timbrel.] Defn: A kind of kettledrum. [Written also trimbal.] A tymbal's sound were better than my voice. Prior. TYMP Tymp, n. Etym: [Cf. Tympan.] (Blast Furnace) Defn: A hollow water-cooled iron casting in the upper part of the archway in which the dam stands. TYMPAN Tym"pan, n. Etym: [F., fr. tympanum a kettledrum, a panel of a door. See Tympanum, and cf. Tymp.] 1. A drum. [Obs.] 2. (Arch.) Defn: A panel; a tympanum. 3. (Print.) Defn: A frame covered with parchment or cloth, on which the blank sheets are put, in order to be laid on the form to be impressed. Tympan sheet (Print.), a sheet of paper of the same size as that to be printed, pasted on the tympan, and serving as a guide in laying the sheets evenly for printing. W. Savage. TYMPANAL Tym"pa*nal, n. Defn: Tympanic. TYMPANIC Tym*pan"ic, a. Etym: [See Tympanum.] 1. Like a tympanum or drum; acting like a drumhead; as, a tympanic membrane. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the tympanum. Tympanic bone (Anat.), a bone of the skull which incloses a part of the tympanum and supports the tympanic membrane. -- Tympanic membrane. (Anat.) See the Note under Ear. TYMPANIC Tym*pan"ic, n. (Anat.) Defn: The tympanic bone. TYMPANIST Tym"pa*nist, n. Etym: [L. tympaniste, Gr. Defn: One who beats a drum. [R.] TYMPANITES Tym`pa*ni"tes, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: A flatulent distention of the belly; tympany. TYMPANITIC Tym`pa*nit"ic, a. Etym: [L. tympaniticus one afflicted with tympanites.] (Med.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or affected with, tympanites. TYMPANITIS Tym`pa*ni"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Tympanum, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the lining membrane of the middle ear. TYMPANIZE Tym"pa*nize, v. i. Etym: [L. tympanizare to beat a drum, Gr. Defn: To drum. [R.] Coles. TYMPANIZE Tym"pa*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tympanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Tympanizing.] Defn: To stretch, as a skin over the head of a drum; to make into a drum or drumhead, or cause to act or sound like a drum. [Obs.] "Tympanized, as other saints of God were." Oley. TYMPANO Tym"pa*no, n.; pl. Tympani. Etym: [It. timpano. See Tympanum.] (Mus.) Defn: A kettledrum; -- chiefly used in the plural to denote the kettledrums of an orchestra. See Kettledrum. [Written also timpano.] TYMPANO- Tym"pa*no-. Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the tympanum; as in tympanohyal, tympano-Eustachian. TYMPANOHYAL Tym`pa*no*hy"al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the tympanum and the hyoidean arch. -- n. Defn: The proximal segment in the hyoidean arch, becoming a part of the styloid process of the temporal bone in adult man. TYMPANUM Tym"pa*num, n.; pl. E. Tympanums, L. Tympana. Etym: [L., a kettledrum, a drum or wheel in machines, the triangular area in a pediment, the panel of a door, Gr. Type, and cf. Timbrel.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The ear drum, or middle ear. Sometimes applied incorrectly to the tympanic membrane. See Ear. (b) A chamber in the anterior part of the syrinx of birds. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the naked, inflatable air sacs on the neck of the prairie chicken and other species of grouse. 3. (Arch.) (a) The recessed face of a pediment within the frame made by the upper and lower cornices, being usually a triangular space or table. (b) The space within an arch, and above a lintel or a subordinate arch, spanning the opening below the arch. 4. (Mech.) Defn: A drum-shaped wheel with spirally curved partitions by which water is raised to the axis when the wheel revolves with the lower part of the circumference submerged, -- used for raising water, as for irrigation. TYMPANY Tym"pa*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. Tympanites.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A flatulent distention of the belly; tympanites. Fuller. 2. Hence, inflation; conceit; bombast; turgidness. "Thine 's a tympany of sense." Dryden. A plethoric a tautologic tympany of sentence. De Quincey. TYND Tynd, v. t. Etym: [See Tine to shut in.] Defn: To shut; to close. [Obs.] Wyclif. TYNE Tyne, v. t. Etym: [Icel. t.] Defn: To lose. [Obs. or Scot.] "His bliss gan he tyne." Piers Plowman. Sir W. Scott. TYNE Tyne, v. i. Defn: To become lost; to perish. [Obs.] Spenser. TYNE Tyne, n. Etym: [See Tine a prong.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A prong or point of an antler. TYNE Tyne, n. Etym: [See Teen, n.] Defn: Anxiety; tine. [Obs.] "With labor and long tyne." Spenser. TYNY Ty"ny, a. Etym: [See Tiny.] Defn: Small; tiny. [Obs.] TYPAL Typ"al, a. Defn: Relating to a type or types; belonging to types; serving as a type; typical. Owen. -TYPE -type. Etym: [See Type, n.] Defn: A combining form signifying impressed form; stamp; print; type; typical form; representative; as in stereotype phototype, ferrotype, monotype. TYPE Type, n. Etym: [F. type; cf. It. tipo, from L. typus a figure, image, a form, type, character, Gr. tup to hurt.] 1. The mark or impression of something; stamp; impressed sign; emblem. The faith they have in tennis, and tall stockings, Short blistered breeches, and those types of travel. Shak. 2. Form or character impressed; style; semblance. Thy father bears the type of king of Naples. Shak. 3. A figure or representation of something to come; a token; a sign; a symbol; -- correlative to antitype. A type is no longer a type when the thing typified comes to be actually exhibited. South. 4. That which possesses or exemplifies characteristic qualities; the representative. Specifically: (a) (Biol.) Defn: A general form or structure common to a number of individuals; hence, the ideal representation of a species, genus, or other group, combining the essential characteristics; an animal or plant possessing or exemplifying the essential characteristics of a species, genus, or other group. Also, a group or division of animals having a certain typical or characteristic structure of body maintained within the group. Since the time of Cuvier and Baer . . . the whole animal kingdom has been universally held to be divisible into a small number of main divisions or types. Haeckel. (b) (Fine Arts) Defn: The original object, or class of objects, scene, face, or conception, which becomes the subject of a copy; esp., the design on the face of a medal or a coin. (c) (Chem.) A simple compound, used as a mode or pattern to which other compounds are conveniently regarded as being related, and from which they may be actually or theoretically derived. Note: The fundamental types used to express the simplest and most essential chemical relations are hydrochloric acid, HCl; water, H2O; ammonia, NH3; and methane, CH4. 5. (Typog.) (a) A raised letter, figure, accent, or other character, cast in metal or cut in wood, used in printing. (b) Such letters or characters, in general, or the whole quantity of them used in printing, spoken of collectively; any number or mass of such letters or characters, however disposed. Note: Type are mostly made by casting type metal in a mold, though some of the larger sizes are made from maple, mahogany, or boxwood. In the cut, a is the body; b, the face, or part from which the impression is taken; c, the shoulder, or top of the body; d, the nick (sometimes two or more are made), designed to assist the compositor in distinguishing the bottom of the face from the top; e, the groove made in the process of finishing, -- each type as cast having attached to the bottom of the body a jet, or small piece of metal (formed by the surplus metal poured into the mold), which, when broken off, leaves a roughness that requires to be removed. The fine lines at the top and bottom of a letter are technically called ceriphs, and when part of the face projects over the body, as in the letter f, the projection is called a kern. The type which compose an ordinary book font consist of Roman CAPITALS, small capitals, and lower-case letters, and Italic CAPITALS and lower-case letters, with accompanying figures, points, and reference marks, -- in all about two hundred characters. Including the various modern styles of fancy type, some three or four hundred varieties of face are made. Besides the ordinary Roman and Italic, some of the most important of the varieties are -- Old English. Black Letter. Old Style. French Elzevir. Boldface. Antique. Clarendon. Gothic. Typewriter. Script. The smallest body in common use is diamond; then follow in order of size, pearl, agate, nonpareil, minion, brevier, bourgeois (or two-line diamond), long primer (or two-line pearl), small pica (or two-line agate), pica (or two-line nonpareil), English (or two-line minion), Columbian (or two- line brevier), great primer (two-line bourgeois), paragon (or two- line long primer), double small pica (or two-line small pica), double pica (or two-line pica), double English (or two-line English), double great primer (or two-line great primer), double paragon (or two-line paragon), canon (or two-line double pica). Above this, the sizes are called five-line pica, six-line pica, seven-line pica, and so on, being made mostly of wood. The following alphabets show the different sizes up to great primer. Brilliant . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Diamond . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Pearl . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Agate . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Nonpareil . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Minion . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Brevier . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Bourgeois . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Long primer . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Small pica . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Pica . . . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz English . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Columbian . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Great primer . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz The foregoing account is conformed to the designations made use of by American type founders, but is substantially correct for England. Agate, however, is called ruby, in England, where, also, a size intermediate between nonpareil and minion is employed, called emerald. Point system of type bodies (Type Founding), a system adopted by the type founders of the United States by which the various sizes of type have been so modified and changed that each size bears an exact proportional relation to every other size. The system is a modification of a French system, and is based on the pica body. This pica body is divided into twelfths, which are termed "points," and every type body consist of a given number of these points. Many of the type founders indicate the new sizes of type by the number of points, and the old names are gradually being done away with. By the point system type founders cast type of a uniform size and height, whereas formerly fonts of pica or other type made by different founders would often vary slightly so that they could not be used together. There are no type in actual use corresponding to the smaller theoretical sizes of the point system. In some cases, as in that of ruby, the term used designates a different size from that heretofore so called. 1 American 9 Bourgeois | | 1| 2 Saxon 10 Long Primer | | 2| 3 Brilliant 11 Small Pica | | 3| | 4 Excelsior | 4| | 5 Pearl 16 Columbian | | 5| 6 Nonpareil 18 Great Primer | | 7 Minion | 8 Brevier 20 Paragon | | Diagram of the "points" by which sizes of Type are graduated in the "Point System". Type founder, one who casts or manufacture type. -- Type foundry, Type foundery, a place for the manufacture of type. -- Type metal, an alloy used in making type, stereotype plates, etc., and in backing up electrotype plates. It consists essentially of lead and antimony, often with a little tin, nickel, or copper. -- Type wheel, a wheel having raised letters or characters on its periphery, and used in typewriters, printing telegraphs, etc. -- Unity of type (Biol.), that fundamental agreement in structure which is seen in organic beings of the same class, and is quite independent of their habits of life. Darwin. TYPE Type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Typed; p. pr. & vb. n. Typing.] 1. To represent by a type, model, or symbol beforehand; to prefigure. [R.] White (Johnson). 2. To furnish an expression or copy of; to represent; to typify. [R.] Let us type them now in our own lives. Tennyson. TYPESETTER Type"set`ter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, sets type; a compositor; a machine for setting type. TYPESETTING Type"set`ting, n. Defn: The act or art of setting type. TYPEWRITE Type"write`, v. t. & i. Defn: To write with a typewriter. [Recent] TYPEWRITER Type"writ`er, n. 1. An instrument for writing by means of type, a typewheel, or the like, in which the operator makes use of a sort of keyboard, in order to obtain printed impressions of the characters upon paper. 2. One who uses such an instrument. TYPEWRITING Type"writ`ing, n. Defn: The act or art of using a typewriter; also, a print made with a typewriter. TYPHLITIS Typh*li"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the cæcum. TYPHLOSOLE Typh"lo*sole, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fold of the wall which projects into the cavity of the intestine in bivalve mollusks, certain annelids, starfishes, and some other animals. TYPHOEAN Ty*pho"ë*an, a. Etym: [L. Typhoius, from Typhoeus, Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to Typhoeus (ti*fo"us), the fabled giant of Greek mythology, having a hundred heads; resembling Typhoeus. Note: Sometimes incorrectly written and pronounced Ty-phoe''an (, or Ty-phe'' an. TYPHOID Ty"phoid, a. Etym: [Typhus + -oid: cf. F. typhoïde, Gr. Typhus.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to typhus; resembling typhus; of a low grade like typhus; as, typhoid symptoms. Typhoid fever, a disease formerly confounded with typhus, but essentially different from the latter. It is characterized by fever, lasting usually three or more weeks, diarrhæa with evacuations resembling pea soup in appearance, and prostration and muscular debility, gradually increasing and often becoming profound at the acme of the disease. Its local lesions are a scanty eruption of spots, resembling flea bites, on the belly, enlargement of the spleen, and ulceration of the intestines over the areas occupied by Peyer's glands. The virus, or contagion, of this fever is supposed to be a microscopic vegetable organism, or bacterium. Called also enteric fever. See Peyer's glands. -- Typhoid state, a condition common to many diseases, characterized by profound prostration and other symptoms resembling those of typhus. TYPHOMALARIAL Ty`pho*ma*la"ri*al, a. (Med.) Defn: Pertaining to typhoid fever and malaria; as, typhomalarial fever, a form of fever having symptoms both of malarial and typhoid fever. TYPHOMANIA Ty`pho*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Typhus, and Mania.] (Med.) Defn: A low delirium common in typhus fever. TYPHON Ty"phon, n. Etym: [Gr. Typhoon.] (Class. Mythol.) 1. According to Hesiod, the son of Typhoeus, and father of the winds, but later identified with him. Note: By modern writers, Typhon is identified with the Egyptian Set, who represents physical evil. Encyc. Brit. 2. A violent whirlwind; a typhoon. [Obs.] The circling typhon whirled from point to point. Thomson. TYPHOON Ty*phoon", n. Etym: [Earlier tuffoon, tuffon, Pg. tufao, Ar. tufan a violent storm; probably fr. Gr. tyfw^n, tyfw^s, a violent whirlwind, that rushes upward from the earth, whirling clouds of dust (cf. Typhus); or perhaps from Chin. t'ai-fung a cyclonic wind.] Defn: A violent whirlwind; specifically, a violent whirlwind occurring in the Chinese seas. TYPHOS Ty"phos, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: Typhus. [Obs.] TYPHOTOXIN Ty`pho*tox"in, n. Etym: [Typhoid + -toxic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A basic substance, C7H17NO2, formed from the growth of the typhoid bacillus on meat pulp. It induces in small animals lethargic conditions with liquid dejecta. TYPHOUS Ty"phous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. typheux.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to typhus; of the nature of typhus. TYPHUS Ty"phus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. dh smoke.] (Med.) Defn: A contagious continued fever lasting from two to three weeks, attended with great prostration and cerebral disorder, and marked by a copious eruption of red spots upon the body. Also called jail fever, famine fever, putrid fever, spottled fever, etc. See Jail fever, under Jail. TYPIC Typ"ic, a. Defn: Typical. "Typic shades." Boyle. TYPICAL Typ"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. typicus, Gr. typique. See Type.] 1. Of the nature of a type; representing something by a form, model, or resemblance; emblematic; prefigurative. The Levitical priesthood was only typical of the Christian. Atterbury. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Combining or exhibiting the essential characteristics of a group; as, a typical genus. -- Typ"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Typ"ic*al*ness, n. TYPIFICATION Typ`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of typifying, or representing by a figure. TYPIFIER Typ"i*fi`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, typifies. Bp. Warburton. TYPIFY Typ"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Typified; p. pr. & vb. n. Typifying.] Etym: [Type + -fy.] Defn: To represent by an image, form, model, or resemblance. Our Savior was typified, indeed, by the goat that was slain, and the scapegoat in the wilderness. Sir T. Browne. TYPIST Typ"ist, n. Defn: A person who operates a typewriting machine; a typewriter. TYPO Ty"po, n. Etym: [An abbreviation of typographer.] Defn: A compositor. [Colloq.] TYPOCOSMY Typ"o*cos`my, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A representation of the world. [R.] TYPOGRAPH Ty"po*graph, n. [Type + -graph.] Defn: A machine for setting type or for casting lines of type and setting them. TYPOGRAPHER Ty*pog"ra*pher, n. Etym: [Cf. F. typographe. See Typography.] Defn: A printer. T. Warton. TYPOGRAPHIC; TYPOGRAPHICAL Ty`po*graph"ic, Ty`po*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. typographique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the act or act of representing by types or symbols; emblematic; figurative; typical. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Of or pertaining to typography or printing; as, the typographic art. -- Ty`po*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. TYPOGRAPHY Ty*pog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Type + -graphy: cf. F. typographie.] 1. The act or art of expressing by means of types or symbols; emblematical or hieroglyphic representation. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. The art of printing with types; the use of types to produce impressions on paper, vellum, etc. TYPOLITE Typ"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. typolithe.] (Min.) Defn: A stone or fossil which has on it impressions or figures of plants and animals. TYPOLITHOGRAPHY Ty`po*li*thog"ra*phy, n. [Gr. type + lithography.] Defn: A branch of lithography in which impressions from printers' types are transferred to stone for reproduction. -- Ty`po*lith`o*graph"ic (#), a. TYPOLOGY Ty*pol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Type + -logy.] 1. (Theol.) Defn: A discourse or treatise on types. 2. (Theol.) Defn: The doctrine of types. TYPOTHETAE Ty*poth"e*tæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. E. type + Gr. Defn: Printers; -- used in the name of an association of the master printers of the United States and Canada, called The United Typothetæ of America. TYRAN Ty"ran, n. Etym: [See Tyrant.] Defn: A tyrant. [Obs.] Lordly love is such a tyran fell. Spenser. TYRANNESS Ty"ran*ness, n. Defn: A female tyrant. [Obs.] "That proud tyranness." Spenser. Akenside. TYRANNIC; TYRANNICAL Ty*ran"nic, Ty*ran"nic*al, a. Etym: [L. tyrannicus, Gr. tyrannique. See Tyrant.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a tyrant; suiting a tyrant; unjustly severe in government; absolute; imperious; despotic; cruel; arbitrary; as, a tyrannical prince; a tyrannical master; tyrannical government. "A power tyrannical." Shak. Our sects a more tyrannic power assume. Roscommon. The oppressor ruled tyrannic where he durst. Pope. -- Ty*ran"nic*al*ly, adv. -- Ty*ran"nic*al*ness, . TYRANNICIDAL Ty*ran"ni*ci`dal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to tyrannicide, or the murder of a tyrant. Booth. TYRANNICIDE Ty*ran"ni*ci`de, n. Etym: [L. tyrannicidium the killing of a tyrant, tyrannicida the killer of a tyrant; tyrannus a tyrant + caedere to kill: cf. F. tyrannicide.] 1. The act of killing a tyrant. Hume. 2. One who kills a tyrant. TYRANNISH Tyr"an*nish, a. Defn: Like a tyrant; tyrannical. [Obs.] "The proud tyrannish Roman." Gower. TYRANNIZE Tyr"an*nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tyrannized; p. pr. & vb. n. Tyrannizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. tyranniser, Gr. Defn: To act the tyrant; to exercise arbitrary power; to rule with unjust and oppressive severity; to exercise power others not permitted by law or required by justice, or with a severity not necessary to the ends of justice and government; as, a prince will often tyrannize over his subjects; masters sometimes tyrannize over their servants or apprentices. TYRANNIZE Tyr"an*nize, v. t. Defn: To subject to arbitrary, oppressive, or tyrannical treatment; to oppress. TYRANNOUS Tyr"an*nous, a. Defn: Tyrannical; arbitrary; unjustly severe; despotic. Sir P. Sidney. -- Tyr"an*nous*ly, adv. TYRANNY Tyr"an*ny, n. Etym: [OE. tirannye, OF. tirannie, F. tyrannie; cf. It. tirannia; Gr. tyrannis. See Tyrant.] 1. The government or authority of a tyrant; a country governed by an absolute ruler; hence, arbitrary or despotic exercise of power; exercise of power over subjects and others with a rigor not authorized by law or justice, or not requisite for the purposes of government. "Sir," would he [Seneca] say, "an emperor mote need Be virtuous and hate tyranny." Chaucer. 2. Cruel government or discipline; as, the tyranny of a schoolmaster. 3. Severity; rigor; inclemency. The tyranny of the open night's too rough For nature to endure. Shak. TYRANT Tyr"ant, n. Etym: [OE. tirant, tiraunt, tyraunt, OF. tiran, tirant (probably from confusion with the p. pr. of verbs), F. tyran, L. tyrannus, Gr. 1. An absolute ruler; a sovereign unrestrained by law or constitution; a usurper of sovereignty. Note: Free governments [in Greece] having superseded the old hereditary sovereignties (basilei^ai), all who obtained absolute power in a state were called ty\rannoi, tyrants, or rather despots; - - for the term rather regards the irregular way in which the power was gained, whether force or fraud, than the way in which it was exercised, being applied to the mild Pisistratus, but not to the despotic kings of Persia. However, the word soon came to imply reproach, and was then used like our tyrant. Liddell & Scott. 2. Specifically, a monarch, or other ruler or master, who uses power to oppress his subjects; a person who exercises unlawful authority, or lawful authority in an unlawful manner; one who by taxation, injustice, or cruel punishment, or the demand of unreasonable services, imposes burdens and hardships on those under his control, which law and humanity do not authorize, or which the purposes of government do not require; a cruel master; an oppressor. "This false tyrant, this Nero." Chaucer. Love, to a yielding heart, is a king, but to a resisting, is a tyrant. Sir P. Sidney. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of American clamatorial birds belonging to the family Tyrannidæ; -- called also tyrant bird. Note: These birds are noted for their irritability and pugnacity, and for the courage with which they attack rapacious birds far exceeding them in size and strength. They are mostly plain-colored birds, but often have a bright-colored crown patch. A few species, as the scissorstail, are handsomely colored. The kingbird and pewee are familiar examples. Tyrant flycatcher (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of tyrants which have a flattened bill, toothed at the tip, and resemble the true flycatchers in habits. The Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax Acadicus) and the vermilion flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubineus) are examples. -- Tyrant shrike (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of American tyrants of the genus Tyrannus having a strong toothed bill and resembling the strikes in habits. The kingbird is an example. TYRANT Ty"rant, v. i. Defn: To act like a tyrant; to play the tyrant; to tyrannical. [Obs.] Fuller. TYRE Tyre, Etym: [Tamil tayir.] Defn: Curdled milk. [India] TYRE Tyre, n. & v. Defn: Attire. See 2d and 3d Tire. [Obs.] TYRE Tyre, v. i. Defn: To prey. See 4th Tire. [Obs.] TYRIAN Tyr"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Tyrius, from Tyrus Tyre, Gr. 1. Of or pertaining to Tyre or its people. 2. Being of the color called Tyrian purple. The bright-eyed perch with fins of Tyrian dye. Pope. Tyrian purple, or Tyrian dye, a celebrated purple dye prepared in ancient Tyre from several mollusks, especially Ianthina, Murex, and Purpura. See the Note under Purple, n., 1, and Purple of mollusca, under Purple, n. TYRIAN Tyr"i*an, n. Etym: [L. Tyrius.] Defn: A native of Tyre. TYRO Ty"ro, n.; pl. Tyros. Etym: [L. tiro a newlylevied soldier, a beginner.] Defn: A beginner in learning; one who is in the rudiments of any branch of study; a person imperfectly acquainted with a subject; a novice. [Written also tiro.] The management of tyros of eighteen Is difficult. Cowper. TYROCINY Ty"ro*cin*y, n. Etym: [L. tirocinium first service or trial, fr. tiro. See Tyro.] Defn: The state of being a tyro, or beginner; apprenticeship. [Obs.] Blount. TYROLITE Tyr"o*lite, n. Etym: [From Tyrol, where it occurs.] (Min.) Defn: A translucent mineral of a green color and pearly or vitreous luster. It is a hydrous arseniate of copper. TYRONISM Ty"ro*nism, n. Defn: The state of being a tyro, or beginner. [Written also tironism.] TYROSIN Tyr"o*sin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline nitrogenous substance present in small amount in the pancreas and spleen, and formed in large quantity from the decomposition of proteid matter by various means, -- as by pancreatic digestion, by putrefaction as of cheese, by the action of boiling acids, etc. Chemically, it consists of oxyphenol and amidopropionic acid, and by decomposition yields oxybenzoic acid, or some other benzol derivative. [Written also tyrosine.] TYROTOXICON Tyr`o*tox"i*con, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Toxic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A ptomaine discovered by Vaughan in putrid cheese and other dairy products, and producing symptoms similar to cholera infantum. Chemically, it appears to be related to, or identical with, diazobenzol. TYROTOXINE Tyr`o*tox"ine, n. Defn: Same as Tyrotoxicon. TYSONITE Ty"son*ite, n. Etym: [After S. T. Tyson.] (Min.) Defn: A fluoride of the cerium metals occurring in hexagonal crystals of a pale yellow color. Cf. Fluocerite. TYSTIE Ty"stie, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. þeisti, Norw. teiste.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The black guillemot. [Prov. Eng.] TYTHE Tythe, n. Defn: See Tithe. TYTHING Tyth"ing, n. Defn: See Tithing. TZAR Tzar, n. Defn: The emperor of Russia. See Czar. TZARINA; TZARITZA Tza*ri"na, Tza*rit"za, n. Defn: The empress of Russia. See Czarina. TZETZE Tzet"ze, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tsetse. U Defn: U, the twenty-first letter of the English alphabet, is a cursive form of the letter V, with which it was formerly used interchangeably, both letters being then used both as vowels and consonants. U and V are now, however, differentiated, U being used only as a vowel or semivowel, and V only as a consonant. The true primary vowel sound of U, in Anglo-Saxon, was the sound which it still retains in most of the languages of Europe, that of long oo, as in tool, and short oo, as in wood, answering to the French ou in tour. Etymologically U is most closely related to o, y (vowel), w, and v; as in two, duet, dyad, twice; top, tuft; sop, sup; auspice, aviary. See V, also O and Y. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 130-144. UAKARI Ua*ka"ri, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Ouakari. UBEROUS U"ber*ous, a. Etym: [L. uber.] Defn: Fruitful; copious; abundant; plentiful. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. UBERTY U"ber*ty, n. Etym: [L. ubertas.] Defn: Fruitfulness; copiousness; abundance; plenty. [Obs.] Florio. UBICATION; UBIETY U`bi*ca"tion, U*bi"e*ty, n. Etym: [NL. ubicatio, ubietas, fr. L. ubi where.] Defn: The quality or state of being in a place; local relation; position or location; whereness. [R.] Glanvill. UBIQUARIAN U`bi*qua"ri*an, a. Defn: Ubiquitous. [R.] UBIQUIST; UBIQUITARIAN U"bi*quist, U*biq`ui*ta"ri*an, n. Etym: [L. ubique everywhere: cf. F. ubiquiste, ubiquitaire. See Ubiquity.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a school of Lutheran divines which held that the body of Christ is present everywhere, and especially in the eucharist, in virtue of his omnipresence. Called also Ubiquitist, Ubiquitary. UBIQUITARINESS U*biq"ui*ta*ri*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being ubiquitary, or ubiquitous. [R.] Fuller. UBIQUITARY U*biq"ui*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. ubique everywhere. See Ubiquitarian.] Defn: Ubiquitous. Howell. UBIQUITARY U*biq"ui*ta*ry, n.; pl. Ubiquitaries (. 1. One who exists everywhere. B. Jonson. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A ubiquist. Bp. Hall. UBIQUITIST U*biq"ui*tist, n. Defn: Same as Ubiquist. UBIQUITOUS U*biq"ui*tous, a. Etym: [See Ubiquity.] Defn: Existing or being everywhere, or in all places, at the same time; omnipresent. -- U*biq"ui*tous*ly, adv. In this sense is he ubiquitous. R. D. Hitchcock. UBIQUITY U*biq"ui*ty, n. Etym: [L. ubique everywhere, fr. ubi where, perhaps for cubi, quobi (cf. alicubi anywhere), and if so akin to E. who: cf. F. ubiquité.] 1. Existence everywhere, or in places, at the same time; omnipresence; as, the ubiquity of God is not disputed by those who admit his existence. The arms of Rome . . . were impeded by . . . the wide spaces to be traversed and the ubiquity of the enemy. C. Merivale. 2. (Theol.) Defn: The doctrine, as formulated by Luther, that Christ's glorified body is omnipresent. UCHEES U"chees, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of North American Indians belonging to the Creek confederation. UCKEWALLIST Uck`e*wal"list, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a sect of rigid Anabaptists, which originated in 1637, and whose tenets were essentially the same as those of the Mennonists. In addition, however, they held that Judas and the murderers of Christ were saved. So called from the founder of the sect, Ucke Wallis, a native of Friesland. Eadie. UDAL U"dal (u"dal), n. Etym: [Icel. oedhal allodium, an hereditary estate; akin to Sw. odal allodial, Dan. odel.] Defn: In Shetland and Orkney, a freehold; property held by udal, or allodial, right. UDAL U"dal, a. Defn: Allodial; -- a term used in Finland, Shetland, and Orkney. See Allodial. Burrill. UDAL; UDALBORN; UDALER; UDALMAN U"dal, n. & a. U"dal*born`, U"dal*er, U"dal*man, etc. Defn: Vars. of Odal, etc. Obs. exc. in Shetland and the Orkney Islands, where udal designates land held in fee simple without any charter and free of any feudal character. UDALER; UDALMAN U"dal*er, U"dal*man, n. Defn: In the Shetland and Orkney Islands, one who holds property by udal, or allodial, right. Sir W. Scott. UDDER Ud"der, n. Etym: [OE. uddir, AS. uder; akin to D. uijer, G. euter, OHG. utar, utiro, Icel. jugr, Sw. jufver, jur, Dan. yver, L. uber, Gr. o"y^qar, Skr. udhar. *216. Cf. Exuberant.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The glandular organ in which milk is secreted and stored; -- popularly called the bag in cows and other quadrupeds. See Mamma. A lioness, with udders all drawn dry. Shak. 2. One of the breasts of a woman. [R.] Yon Juno of majestic size, With cowlike udders, and with oxlike eyes. Pope. UDDERED Ud"dered, a. Defn: Having an udder or udders. UDDERLESS Ud"der*less, a. 1. Destitute or deprived of an udder. 2. Hence, without mother's milk; motherless; as, udderless lambs. [Poetic] Keats. UDOMETER U*dom"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. udus wet, moist + -meter.] (Meteor.) Defn: A rain gauge. UGH Ugh (oo), interj. Defn: An exclamation expressive of disgust, horror, or recoil. Its utterance is usually accompanied by a shudder. UGLESOME Ug"le*some, a. [Ugly.] Defn: Ugly. [Obs.] "Such an uglesome countenance." Latimer. UGLIFY Ug"li*fy, v. t. Etym: [Ugly + -fy.] Defn: To disfigure; to make ugly. [R.] Mad. D'Arblay. UGLILY Ug"li*ly, adv. Defn: In an ugly manner; with deformity. UGLINESS Ug"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being ugly. UGLY Ug"ly, a. [Compar. Uglier; superl. Ugliest.] Etym: [Icel. uggligr fearful, dreadful; uggr fear (akin to ugga to fear) + -ligr (akin to E. -ly, like). Awe.] 1. Offensive to the sight; contrary to beauty; being of disagreeable or loathsome aspect; unsightly; repulsive; deformed. The ugly view of his deformed crimes. Spenser. Like the toad, ugly and venomous. Shak. O, I have passed a miserable night, So full of ugly sights, of ghastly dreams. Shak. 2. Ill-natured; crossgrained; quarrelsome; as, an ugly temper; to feel ugly. [Colloq. U. S.] 3. Unpleasant; disagreeable; likely to cause trouble or loss; as, an ugly rumor; an ugly customer. [Colloq.] UGLY Ug"ly, n. Defn: A shade for the face, projecting from the bonnet. [Colloq. Eng.] C. Kingsley. UGLY Ug"ly, v. t. Defn: To make ugly. [R.] Richardson. UGRIAN U"gri*an, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: A Mongolian race, ancestors of the Finns. [Written also Uigrian.] UGSOME Ug"some, a. [Ugly.] Defn: Ugly; offensive; loathsome. [Obs.] -- Ug"some*ness, n. [Obs.] "The horror and ugsomeness of death." Latimer. UHLAN Uh"lan, n. Etym: [G. uhlan, Pol. ulan, hulan, from Turk. oglan a youth, lad; of Tartar origin.] [Written also ulan, and formerly hulan.] 1. One of a certain description of militia among the Tartars. 2. (Mil.) Defn: One of a kind of light cavalry of Tartaric origin, first introduced into European armies in Poland. They are armed with lances, pistols, and sabers, and are employed chiefly as skirmishers. UINTATHERIUM U*in`ta*the"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Uinta, the Indian name of the region where the animals were discovered + Gr. qhri`on beast.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of large Eocene ungulates allied to Dinoceras. This name is sometimes used for nearly all the known species of the group. See Dinoceras. UITLANDER Uit"land`er, n. [D. Cf. Outlander.] Defn: A foreigner; an outlander. [South Africa] UKASE U*kase", n. Etym: [F., fr. Russ. ukas'; pref. u- + kazate to show, to say.] Defn: In Russia, a published proclamation or imperial order, having the force of law. ULAN U"lan, n. Defn: See Uhlan. ULARBURONG U*lar"bu*rong, n. Etym: [From the native Malay name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large East Indian nocturnal tree snake (Dipsas dendrophila). It is not venomous. ULCER Ul"cer, n. Etym: [F. ulcère, L. ulcus, gen. ulceris, akin to Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: A solution of continuity in any of the soft parts of the body, discharging purulent matter, found on a surface, especially one of the natural surfaces of the body, and originating generally in a constitutional disorder; a sore discharging pus. It is distinguished from an abscess, which has its beginning, at least, in the depth of the tissues. 2. Fig.: Anything that festers and corrupts like an open sore; a vice in character. Cold ulcer (Med.), an ulcer on a finger or toe, due to deficient circulation and nutrition. In such cases the extremities are cold. ULCER Ul"cer, v. t. Defn: To ulcerate. [R.] Fuller. ULCERABLE Ul"cer*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of ulcerating. ULCERATE Ul"cer*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ulcerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Ulcerating.] Etym: [L. ulceratus, p. p. of ulcerare, fr. ulcus ulcer.] Defn: To be formed into an ulcer; to become ulcerous. ULCERATE Ul"cer*ate, v. t. Defn: To affect with, or as with, an ulcer or ulcers. Harvey. ULCERATED Ul"cer*a`ted, a. Defn: Affected with, or as with, an ulcer or ulcers; as, an ulcerated sore throat. ULCERATION Ul`cer*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. ulceratio: cf. F. ulcération.] (Med.) Defn: The process of forming an ulcer, or of becoming ulcerous; the state of being ulcerated; also, an ulcer. ULCERATIVE Ul"cer*a*tive, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ulcers; as, an ulcerative process. ULCERED Ul"cered, a. Defn: Ulcerous; ulcerated. ULCEROUS Ul"cer*ous, a. Etym: [L. ulcerous: cf. F. ulcéreux.] 1. Having the nature or character of an ulcer; discharging purulent or other matter. R. Browning. 2. Affected with an ulcer or ulcers; ulcerated. It will but skin and film the ulcerous place. Shak. -- Ul"cer*ous*ly, adv. -- Ul"cer*ous*ness, n. ULCUSCLE; ULCUSCULE Ul"cus*cle, Ul*cus"cule, n. Etym: [L. ulcusculum, dim. of ulcus. See Ulcer.] Defn: A little ulcer. [R.] ULE U"le, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Bot.) Defn: A Mexican and Central American tree (Castilloa elastica and C. Markhamiana) related to the breadfruit tree. Its milky juice contains caoutchouc. Called also ule tree. ULEMA U*le"ma, n. Etym: [Ar. 'ulema the wise or learned men, pl. of 'alim wise, learned, fr. alima to know.] Defn: A college or corporation in Turkey composed of the hierarchy, namely, the imams, or ministers of religion, the muftis, or doctors of law, and the cadis, or administrators of justice. ULEXITE U"lex*ite, n. Etym: [After a German chemist.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in white rounded crystalline masses. It is a hydrous borate of lime and soda. ULIGINOSE; ULIGINOUS U*lig"i*nose`, U*lig"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. uliginosus, fr. uligo, - inis, moisture, fr. uvere to be moist.] Defn: Muddy; oozy; slimy; also, growing in muddy places. [R.] Woodward. ULLAGE Ul"lage (; 48), n. Etym: [OF. eullage, ovillage, the filling up of a cask, fr. ouillier, oillier, euillier, to fill a wine cask; properly, to add oil to prevent evaporation, as to a flask that is nearly full, fr. OF. oile oil. See Oil.] (Com.) Defn: The amount which a vessel, as a cask, of liquor lacks of being full; wantage; deficiency. ULLET Ul"let, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. hullote, E. howlet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European owl (Syrnium aluco) of a tawny color; -- called also uluia. ULLMANNITE Ull"mann*ite, n. Etym: [So named after J. C. Ullman, a German chemist.] (Min.) Defn: A brittle mineral of a steel-gray color and metallic luster, containing antimony, arsenic, sulphur, and nickel. ULLUCO Ul*lu"co, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Melluc. ULMACEOUS Ul*ma"ceous, a. Etym: [L. ulmus an elm.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a suborder of urticaceous plants, of which the elm is the type. ULMATE Ul"mate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of ulmic acid. ULMIC Ul"mic, a. Etym: [L. ulmus an elm: cf. F. ulmique.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to ulmin; designating an acid obtained from ulmin. ULMIN Ul"min, n. Etym: [L. ulmus an elm: cf. F. ulmine.] (Chem.) Defn: A brown amorphous substance found in decaying vegetation. Cf. Humin. [Formerly written ulmine.] ULMUS Ul"mus, n. Etym: [L., an elm.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of trees including the elm. ULNA Ul"na, n. Etym: [L., the elbow. See Ell.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The postaxial bone of the forearm, or branchium, corresponding to the fibula of the hind limb. See Radius. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: An ell; also, a yard. Burrill. ULNAGE Ul"nage, n. Etym: [See Ulna, and cf. Alnage.] (Old Eng. Law) Defn: Measurement by the ell; alnage. ULNAR Ul"nar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the ulna, or the elbow; as, the ulnar nerve. ULNARE Ul*na"re, n.; pl. Ulnaria. Etym: [NL. See Ulna.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the bones or cartilages of the carpus, which articulates with the ulna and corresponds to the cuneiform in man. ULODENDRON U`lo*den"dron, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of fossil trees. ULOID U"loid, a. [Written also ouloid.] [Gr. scar + -oid.] (Med.) Defn: Resembling a scar; scarlike. ULONATA U`lo*na"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of insects nearly equivalent to the true Orthoptera. ULOTRICHAN U*lot"ri*chan, a. (Anthropol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ulotrichi. -- n. Defn: One of the Ulotrichi. ULOTRICHI U*lot"ri*chi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anthropol.) Defn: The division of mankind which embraces the races having woolly or crispy hair. Cf. Leiotrichi. ULOTRICHOUS U*lot"ri*chous, a. (Anthropol.) Defn: Having woolly or crispy hair; -- opposed to leiotrichous. ULSTER Ul"ster, n. Defn: A long, loose overcoat, worn by men and women, originally made of frieze from Ulster, Ireland. ULTERIOR Ul*te"ri*or, a. Etym: [L., comp. of ultra, ultro, beyond, on the other side, properly cases of an old adjective, formed with a comparative suffix, which is akin to OL. uls beyond, L. olim formerly, hereafter, orig., at that time, ille that, OL. olle, ollus. Cf. Outrage.] 1. Situated beyond, or on the farther side; thither; -- correlative with hither. 2. Further; remoter; more distant; succeeding; as, ulterior demands or propositions; ulterior views; what ulterior measures will be adopted is uncertain. Ulterior object or aim, an object or aim beyond that which is avowed. ULTERIOR Ul*te"ri*or, n. Defn: Ulterior side or part. [R.] Coleridge. ULTERIORLY Ul*te"ri*or*ly, adv. Defn: More distantly or remotely. ULTIMA Ul"ti*ma, a. Etym: [L., fem. ultimus last.] Defn: Most remote; furthest; final; last. Ultima ratio Etym: [L.], the last reason or argument; the last resort. -- Ultima Thule. [L.] See Thule. ULTIMA Ul"ti*ma, n. Etym: [L., fem. of ultimus last.] (Gram. & Pros.) Defn: The last syllable of a word. ULTIMATE Ul"ti*mate, a. Etym: [LL. ultimatus last, extreme, fr. L. ultimare to come to an end, fr. ultimus the farthest, last, superl. from the same source as ulterior. See Ulterior, and cf. Ultimatum.] 1. Farthest; most remote in space or time; extreme; last; final. My harbor, and my ultimate repose. Milton. Many actions apt to procure fame are not conductive to this our ultimate happiness. Addison. 2. Last in a train of progression or consequences; tended toward by all that precedes; arrived at, as the last result; final. Those ultimate truths and those universal laws of thought which we can not rationally contradict. Coleridge. 3. Incapable of further analysis; incapable of further division or separation; constituent; elemental; as, an ultimate constituent of matter. Ultimate analysis (Chem.), organic analysis. See under Organic. -- Ultimate belief. See under Belief. -- Ultimate ratio (Math.), the limiting value of a ratio, or that toward which a series tends, and which it does not pass. Syn. -- Final; conclusive. See Final. ULTIMATE Ul"ti*mate, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Ultimated; p. pr. & vb. n. Ultimating.] 1. To come or bring to an end; to eventuate; to end. [R.] 2. To come or bring into use or practice. [R.] ULTIMATELY Ul"ti*mate*ly, adv. Defn: As a final consequence; at last; in the end; as, afflictions often tend to correct immoral habits, and ultimately prove blessings. ULTIMATION Ul`ti*ma"tion, n. Defn: State of being ultimate; that which is ultimate, or final; ultimatum. [R.] Swift. ULTIMATUM Ul`ti*ma"tum, n.; pl. E. Ultimatums, L. Ultimata. Etym: [NL. See Ultimate.] Defn: A final proposition, concession, or condition; especially, the final propositions, conditions, or terms, offered by either of the parties in a diplomatic negotiation; the most favorable terms a negotiator can offer, the rejection of which usually puts an end to the hesitation. ULTIME Ul"time, a. Defn: Ultimate; final. [Obs.] Bacon. ULTIMITY Ul*tim"i*ty, n. Etym: [LL. ultimatus extremity, fr. L. ultimus the last.] Defn: The last stage or consequence; finality. [Obs.] Bacon. ULTIMO Ul"ti*mo. Etym: [L. ultimo (mense) in the last month.] Defn: In the month immediately preceding the present; as, on the 1st ultimo; -- usually abbreviated to ult. Cf. Proximo. ULTION Ul"tion, n. Etym: [L. ultio.] Defn: The act of taking vengeance; revenge. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. ULTRA- Ul"tra-, a. Defn: A prefix from the Latin ultra beyond (see Ulterior), having in composition the signification beyond, on the other side, chiefly when joined with words expressing relations of place; as, ultramarine, ultramontane, ultramundane, ultratropical, etc. In other relations it has the sense of excessively, exceedingly, beyond what is common, natural, right, or proper; as, ultraconservative; ultrademocratic, ultradespotic, ultraliberal, ultraradical, etc. ULTRA Ul"tra, a. Etym: [See Ultra-.] Defn: Going beyond others, or beyond due limit; extreme; fanatical; uncompromising; as, an ultra reformer; ultra measures. ULTRA Ul"tra, n. Defn: One who advocates extreme measures; an ultraist; an extremist; a radical. Brougham. ULTRAGASEOUS Ul`tra*gas"e*ous, a. [Pref. ultra + gaseous.] (Physics) Defn: Having the properties exhibited by gases under very low pressures (one millionth of an atmosphere or less). Matter under this condition, which has been termed the fourth state of matter, is sometimes called radiant matter. ULTRAGE Ul"trage, n. Defn: Outrage. [Obs.] ULTRAISM Ul"tra*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ultraïsme. See Ultra-.] Defn: The principles of those who advocate extreme measures, as radical reform, and the like. Dr. H. More. ULTRAIST Ul"tra*ist, n. Defn: One who pushes a principle or measure to extremes; an extremist; a radical; an ultra. ULTRAMARINE Ul`tra*ma*rine", a. Etym: [Pref. ultra- + marine.] Defn: Situated or being beyond the sea. Burke. ULTRAMARINE Ul`tra*ma*rine", n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. ultramarino. So called because the lapis lazuli was originally brought from beyond the sea, -- from Asia.] (Chem.) Defn: A blue pigment formerly obtained by powdering lapis lazuli, but now produced in large quantities by fusing together silica, alumina, soda, and sulphur, thus forming a glass, colored blue by the sodium polysulphides made in the fusion. Also used adjectively. Green ultramarine, a green pigment obtained as a first product in the manufacture of ultramarine, into which it is changed by subsequent treatment. -- Ultramarine ash or ashes (Paint.), a pigment which is the residuum of lapis lazuli after the ultramarine has been extracted. It was used by the old masters as a middle or neutral tint for flesh, skies, and draperies, being of a purer and tenderer gray that produced by the mixture of more positive colors. Fairholt. ULTRAMONTANE Ul`tra*mon"tane, Etym: [LL. ultramontanus; L. ultra beyond + montanus belonging to a mountain, from mons, montis, mountain: cf. F. ultramontain, It. ultramontano. See Ultra-, and Mountain.] Defn: Being beyond the mountains; specifically, being beyond the Alps, in respect to the one who speaks. Note: This term was first applied, somewhat contemptuously, by the Italians, to the nations north of the Alps, especially the Germans and French, their painters, jurists, etc. At a later period, the French and Germans applied it to the Italians. It is now more particularly used in respect to religious matters; and ultramontane doctrines, when spoken of north of the Alps, denote the extreme views of the pope's rights and supremacy maintained by Bellarmin and other Italian writers. ULTRAMONTANE Ul`tra*mon"tane, n. 1. One who resides beyond the mountains, especially beyond the Alps; a foreigner. 2. One who maintains extreme views favoring the pope's supremacy. See Ultramontanism. ULTRAMONTANISM Ul`tra*mon"ta*nism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ultramontanisme.] Defn: The principles of those within the Roman Catholic Church who maintain extreme views favoring the pope's supremacy; -- so used by those living north of the Alps in reference to the Italians; -- rarely used in an opposite sense, as referring to the views of those living north of the Alps and opposed to the papal claims. Cf. Gallicanism. ULTRAMONTANIST Ul`tra*mon"ta*nist, n. Defn: One who upholds ultramontanism. ULTRAMUNDANE Ul`tra*mun"dane, a. Etym: [L. ultramundanus. See Ultra-, and Mundane.] Defn: Being beyond the world, or beyond the limits of our system. Boyle. ULTRARED Ul`tra*red", a. Etym: [Pref. ultra- + red.] (Physics) Defn: Situated beyond or below the red rays; as, the ultrated rays of the spectrum, which are less refrangible than the red. ULTRATROPICAL Ul`tra*trop"ic*al, a. Etym: [Pref. ultra- + tropical.] Defn: Situated beyond, or outside of, the tropics; extratropical; also, having an excessively tropical temperature; warmer than the tropics. ULTRAVIOLET Ul`tra*vi"o*let, a. Etym: [Pref. ultra- + violet.] (Physics) Defn: Lying outside the visible spectrum at its violet end; -- said of rays more refrangible than the extreme violet rays of the spectrum. ULTRA VIRES Ul`tra vi"res, Etym: [Law Latin, from L. prep. ultra beyond + vires, pl. of. vis strength.] Defn: Beyond power; transcending authority; -- a phrase used frequently in relation to acts or enactments by corporations in excess of their chartered or statutory rights. ULTRAZODIACAL Ul`tra*zo*di"a*cal, a. Etym: [Pref. ultra- + zodiacal.] (Astron.) Defn: Outside the zodiac; being in that part of the heavens that is more than eight degrees from the ecliptic; as, ultrazodiacal planets, that is, those planets which in part of their orbits go beyond the zodiac. ULTRONEOUS Ul*tro"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. ultroneus, from ultro to the further side, on his part, of one's own accord. See Ultra-.] Defn: Spontaneous; voluntary. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. -- Ul*tro"ne*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Ul*tro"ne*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] ULULA Ul"u*la, n. Etym: [L., a screech owl.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of owls including the great gray owl (Ulula cinerea) of Arctic America, and other similar species. See Illust. of Owl. ULULANT Ul"u*lant, a. Defn: Howling; wailing. ULULATE Ul"u*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ululated; p. pr. & vb. n. Ululating.] Etym: [L. ululatus, p. p. of ululare to howl, yell, shriek.] Defn: To howl, as a dog or a wolf; to wail; as, ululating jackals. Sir T. Herbert. ULULATION Ul`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. ululatio.] Defn: A howling, as of a dog or wolf; a wailing. He may fright others with his ululation. Wither. ULVA Ul"va, n. Etym: [L., sedge.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of thin papery bright green seaweeds including the kinds called sea lettuce. UMBE Um"be, prep. Etym: [AS. ymbe; akin to OHG. umbi, G. um. Cf. Amb-.] Defn: About. [Obs.] Layamon. UMBECAST Um"be*cast`, v. i. Etym: [Umbe + cast.] Defn: To cast about; to consider; to ponder. [Obs.] Sir T. Malory. UMBEL Um"bel, n. Etym: [L. umbella a little shadow, umbrella, dim. of umbra shade. See Umbrella.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of flower cluster in which the flower stalks radiate from a common point, as in the carrot and milkweed. It is simple or compound; in the latter case, each peduncle bears another little umbel, called umbellet, or umbellule. UMBELLAR Um"bel*lar, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an umbel; having the form of an umbel. UMBELLATE; UMBELLATED Um"bel*late, Um"bel*la`ted, a. Etym: [NL. umbellatus.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing umbels; pertaining to an umbel; umbel-like; as, umbellate plants or flowers. UMBELLET Um"bel*let, n. (Bot.) Defn: A small or partial umbel; an umbellule. UMBELLIC Um*bel"lic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, certain umbelliferous plants; as, umbellic acid. Umbellic acid. (Chem.) (a) Anisic acid. [Obs.] (b) A yellow powder obtained from umbelliferone. UMBELLIFER Um*bel"li*fer, n. Etym: [NL. See Umbelliferous.] (Bot.) Defn: A plant producing an umbel or umbels. UMBELLIFERONE Um`bel*lif"er*one, n. (Chem.) Defn: A tasteless white crystalline substance, C9H6O3, found in the bark of a certain plant (Daphne Mezereum), and also obtained by the distillation of certain gums from the Umbelliferæ, as galbanum, asafetida, etc. It is analogous to coumarin. Called also hydroxy- coumarin. UMBELLIFEROUS Um`bel*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Umbel + -ferous: cf. F. ombillifère.] (Bot.) (a) Producing umbels. (b) Of or pertaining to a natural order (Umbelliferæ) of plants, of which the parsley, carrot, parsnip, and fennel are well-known examples. UMBELLULARIA Um*bel`lu*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. Umbellule.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of deep-sea alcyonaria consisting of a cluster of large flowerlike polyps situated at the summit of a long, slender stem which stands upright in the mud, supported by a bulbous base. UMBELLULE Um"bel*lule, n. Etym: [NL. umbellula, dim. of umbella: cf. F. ombellule.] (Bot.) Defn: An umbellet. UMBER Um"ber, n. Etym: [F. ombre ocherous ore of iron, terre d'ombre, It. terra d'ombra, literally, earth of shadow or shade, L. umbra shadow, shade. Cf. Umber, 3 & 4, Umbrage.] 1. (Paint.) Defn: A brown or reddish pigment used in both oil and water colors, obtained from certain natural clays variously colored by the oxides of iron and manganese. It is commonly heated or burned before being used, and is then called burnt umber; when not heated, it is called raw umber. See Burnt umber, below. 2. An umbrere. [Obs.] 3. Etym: [F. ombre, umbre, L. umbra.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Grayling, 1. 4. Etym: [Cf. NL. scopus umbretta, F. ombrette; probably fr. L. umbra shade, in allusion to its dark brown color. See Umber a pigment.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An African wading bird (Scopus umbretta) allied to the storks and herons. It is dull dusky brown, and has a large occipital crest. Called also umbrette, umbre, and umber bird. Burnt umber (Paint.), a pigment made by burning raw umber, which is changed by this process from an olive brown to a bright reddish brown. -- Cologne, or German, umber, a brown pigment obtained from lignite. See Cologne earth. UMBER Um"ber, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to umber; resembling umber; olive-brown; dark brown; dark; dusky. Their harps are of the umber shade That hides the blush of waking day. J. R. Drake. UMBER Um"ber, v. t. Defn: To color with umber; to shade or darken; as, to umber over one's face. B. Jonson. UMBERY Um"ber*y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to umber; like umber; as, umbery gold. UMBILIC Um*bil"ic, n. Etym: [From L. umbilicus: cf. F. ombilic. See Navel.] 1. The navel; the center. [Obs.] "The umbilic of the world." Sir T. Herbert. 2. (Geom.) Defn: An umbilicus. See Umbilicus, 5 (b). UMBILIC Um*bil"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: See Umbilical, 1. UMBILICAL Um*bil"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ombilical. See Umbilic, n.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to an umbilicus, or umbilical cord; umbilic. 2. Pertaining to the center; central. [R.] De Foe. Umbilical cord. (a) (Anat.) The cord which connects the fetus with the placenta, and contains the arteries and the vein through which blood circulates between the fetus and the placenta; the navel-string. (b) (Bot.) The little stem by which the seeds are attached to the placenta; -- called also funicular cord. -- Umbilical hernia (Med.), hernia of the bowels at the umbilicus. -- Umbilical point (Geom.), an umbilicus. See Umbilicus, 5. -- Umbilical region (Anat.), the middle region of the abdomen, bounded above by the epigastric region, below by the hypogastric region, and on the sides by the lumbar regions. -- Umbilical vesicle (Anat.), a saccular appendage of the developing embryo, containing the nutritive and unsegmented part of the ovum; the yolk sac. See Illust. in Appendix. UMBILICATE; UMBILICATED Um*bil"i*cate, Um*bil"i*ca`ted, a. Etym: [L. umbilicatus. See Umbilic.] (a) Depressed in the middle, like a navel, as a flower, fruit, or leaf; navel-shaped; having an umbilicus; as, an umbilicated smallpox vesicle. (b) (Bot.) Supported by a stalk at the central point. UMBILICATION Um*bil"i*ca"tion, n. Defn: A slight, navel-like depression, or dimpling, of the center of a rounded body; as, the umbilication of a smallpox vesicle; also, the condition of being umbilicated. UMBILICUS Um`bi*li"cus, n. Etym: [L. See Umbilic.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The depression, or mark, in the median line of the abdomen, which indicates the point where the umbilical cord separated from the fetus; the navel. 2. (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An ornamented or painted ball or boss fastened at each end of the stick on which manuscripts were rolled. Dr. W. Smith. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The hilum. 4. (Zoöl.) (a) A depression or opening in the center of the base of many spiral shells. (b) Either one of the two apertures in the calamus of a feather. 5. (Geom.) (a) One of foci of an ellipse, or other curve. [Obs.] (b) A point of a surface at which the curvatures of the normal sections are all equal to each other. A sphere may be osculatory to the surface in every direction at an umbilicus. Called also umbilic. UMBLE PIE Um"ble pie`. Defn: A pie made of umbles. See To eat humble pie, under Humble. UMBLES Um"bles, n. pl. Etym: [See Nombles.] Defn: The entrails and coarser parts of a deer; hence, sometimes, entrails, in general. [Written also humbles.] Johnson. UMBO Um"bo, n.; pl. L. Umbones, E. Umbos. Etym: [L.] 1. The boss of a shield, at or near the middle, and usually projecting, sometimes in a sharp spike. 2. A boss, or rounded elevation, or a corresponding depression, in a palate, disk, or membrane; as, the umbo in the integument of the larvæ of echinoderms or in the tympanic membrane of the ear. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the lateral prominence just above the hinge of a bivalve shell. UMBONATE; UMBONATED Um"bo*nate, Um"bo*na`ted, a. Etym: [NL. umbonatus. See Umbo.] Defn: Having a conical or rounded projection or protuberance, like a boss. UMBRA Um"bra, n.; pl. Umbræ. Etym: [L., a shadow.] 1. (Astron.) (a) The conical shadow projected from a planet or satellite, on the side opposite to the sun, within which a spectator could see no portion of the sun's disk; -- used in contradistinction from penumbra. See Penumbra. (b) The central dark portion, or nucleus, of a sun spot. (c) The fainter part of a sun spot; -- now more commonly called penumbra. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of sciænoid food fishes of the genus Umbrina, especially the Mediterranean species (U. cirrhosa), which is highly esteemed as a market fish; -- called also ombre, and umbrine. Umbra tree (Bot.), a tree (Phytolacca diocia) of the same genus as pokeweed. It is native of South America, but is now grown in southern Europe. It has large dark leaves, and a somber aspect. The juice of its berries is used for coloring wine. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). UMBRACULIFEROUS Um*brac`u*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. umbraculum umbrella (dim. of umbra shade) + -ferous.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing something like an open umbrella. UMBRACULIFORM Um*brac`u*li*form, a. Etym: [L. umbraculum any thing that furnishes shade, a bower, umbrella (dim. of umbra a shade) + -form.] Defn: Having the form of anything that serves to shade, as a tree top, an umbrella, and the like; specifically (Bot.), having the form of an umbrella; umbrella-shaped. UMBRAGE Um"brage (; 48), n. Etym: [F. ombrage shade, suspicion, umbrage, L. umbraticus belonging to shade, fr. umbra a shade. Cf. Umber, Umbratic.] 1. Shade; shadow; obscurity; hence, that which affords a shade, as a screen of trees or foliage. Where highest woods, impenetrable To star or sunlight, spread their umbrage broad. Milton. 2. Shadowy resemblance; shadow. [Obs.] The opinion carries no show of truth nor umbrage of reason on its side. Woodward. 3. The feeling of being overshadowed; jealousy of another, as standing in one's light or way; hence, suspicion of injury or wrong; offense; resentment. Which gave umbrage to wiser than myself. Evelyn. Persons who feel most umbrage from the overshadowing aristocracy. Sir W. Scott. UMBRAGEOUS Um*bra"geous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ombraqeux shy, skittish, suspicious, in OF. also, shady. See Umbrage.] 1. Forming or affording a shade; shady; shaded; as, umbrageous trees or foliage. Umbrageous grots and caves Of cool recess, o'er which the mantling vine Lays forth her purple grape. Milton. 2. Not easily perceived, as if from being darkened or shaded; obscure. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 3. Feeling jealousy or umbrage; taking, or disposed to take, umbrage; suspicious. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton. -- Um*bra"geous*ly, adv. -- Um*bra"geous*ness, n. UMBRATE Um"brate, v. t. Etym: [L. umbratus, p. p. of umbrare to shade, fr. umbra a shade.] Defn: To shade; to shadow; to foreshadow. [Obs.] UMBRATIC; UMBRATICAL Um*brat"ic, Um*brat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. umbraticus, from umbra shade. See Umbrage.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the shade or darkness; shadowy; unreal; secluded; retired. [R.] B. Jonson. UMBRATILE Um"bra*tile, a. Etym: [L. umbraticus, fr. umbra shade.] Defn: Umbratic. [R.] B. Jonson. UMBRATIOUS Um*bra"tious, a. Etym: [L. umbra a shade. Cf. Umbrageous.] Defn: Suspicious; captious; disposed to take umbrage. [Obs. & R.] Sir H. Wotton. UMBRE Um"bre, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Umber. UMBREL Um*brel", n. Defn: An umbrella. [Obs. or Colloq.] Each of them besides bore their umbrels. Shelton. UMBRELLA Um*brel"la, n. Etym: [It. umbrella, fr. ombra a shade, L. umbra; cf. L. umbella a sunshade, a parasol. Cf. Umbel, Umbrage.] 1. A shade, screen, or guard, carried in the hand for sheltering the person from the rays of the sun, or from rain or snow. It is formed of silk, cotton, or other fabric, extended on strips of whalebone, steel, or other elastic material, inserted, or fastened to, a rod or stick by means of pivots or hinges, in such a way as to allow of being opened and closed with ease. See Parasol. Underneath the umbrella's oily shed. Gay. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The umbrellalike disk, or swimming bell, of a jellyfish. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any marine tectibranchiate gastropod of the genus Umbrella, having an umbrella-shaped shell; -- called also umbrella shell. Umbrella ant (Zoöl.), the sauba ant; -- so called because it carries bits of leaves over its back when foraging. Called also parasol ant. -- Umbrella bird (Zoöl.), a South American bird (Cephalopterus ornatus) of the family Cotingidæ. It is black, with a large handsome crest consisting of a mass of soft, glossy blue feathers curved outward at the tips. It also has a cervical plume consisting of a long, cylindrical dermal process covered with soft hairy feathers. Called also dragoon bird. -- Umbrella leaf (Bot.), an American perennial herb (Dyphylleia cymosa), having very large peltate and lobed radical leaves. -- Umbrella shell. (Zoöl.) See Umbrella, 3. -- Umbrella tree (Bot.), a kind of magnolia (M. Umbrella) with the large leaves arranged in umbrellalike clusters at the ends of the branches. It is a native of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky. Other plants in various countries are called by this name, especially a kind of screw pine (Pandanus odoratissimus). UMBRERE; UMBRIERE Um*brere, Um*briere, n. Etym: [F. ombre a shade, L. umbra; cf. F. ombrelle a sunshade, OF. also ombrière. See Umbrella.] Defn: In ancient armor, a visor, or projection like the peak of a cap, to which a face guard was sometimes attached. This was sometimes fixed, and sometimes moved freely upon the helmet and could be raised like the beaver. Called also umber, and umbril. [Obs.] But only vented up her umbriere. Spenser. UMBRETTE Um*brette", n. Etym: [F. ombrette.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Umber, 4. UMBRIFEROUS Um*brif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. umbrifer; umbra a shade + ferre to bear.] Defn: Casting or making a shade; umbrageous. -- Um*brif"er*ous*ly, adv. UMBRIL Um"bril, n. Defn: A umbrere. [Obs.] UMBRINE Um"brine, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Umbra, 2. UMBROSE Um"brose`, a. Etym: [L. umbrosus, fr. umbra a shade.] Defn: Shady; umbrageous. [Obs.] UMBROSITY Um*bros"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being umbrose; shadiness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. UMHOFO Um*ho"fo, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An African two-horned rhinoceros (Atelodus, or Rhinoceros, simus); -- called also chukuru, and white rhinoceros. UMLAUT Um"laut, n. Etym: [G., from um about + laut sound.] (Philol.) Defn: The euphonic modification of a root vowel sound by the influence of a, u, or especially i, in the syllable which formerly followed. Note: It is peculiar to the Teutonic languages, and was common in Anglo-Saxon. In German the umlauted vowels resulting from a, o, u, followed by old i, are written ä, ö, ü, or ae, oe, ue; as, männer or maenner, men, from mann, man. Examples of forms resulting from umlaut in English are geese pl. of goose, men pl. of man, etc. UMLAUTED Um"laut*ed, a. (Philol.) Defn: Having the umlaut; as, umlauted vowels. There is so natural connection between umlauted forms and plurality. Earle. UMPIRAGE Um"pi*rage (; 48), n. Etym: [From Umpire.] 1. The office of an umpire; the power, right, or authority of an umpire to decide. The mind umpirage of the federal Union. E. Everett. 2. The act of umpiring; arbitrament. Bp. Hall. UMPIRE Um"pire, n. Etym: [OE. nompere, nounpere (also impier, fr. F. impair uneven), fr. OF. nomper uneven, F. non-pair; hence the meaning, uneven, i. e., third person; non not + OF. per even, equal, peer, F. pair; cf. L. impar uneven, unequal. See Non-, and Peer, n.] 1. A person to whose sole decision a controversy or question between parties is referred; especially, one chosen to see that the rules of a game, as cricket, baseball, or the like, are strictly observed. A man, in questions of this kind, is able to be a skillful umpire between himself and others. Barrow. 2. (Law) Defn: A third person, who is to decide a controversy or question submitted to arbitrators in case of their disagreement. Blackstone. Syn. -- Judge; arbitrator; referee. See Judge. UMPIRE Um"pire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Umpired; p. pr. & vb. n. Umpiring.] 1. To decide as umpire; to arbitrate; to settle, as a dispute. Judges appointed to umpire the matter in contest between them, and to decide where the right lies. South. 2. To perform the duties of umpire in or for; as, to umpire a game. [Colloq.] UMPIRE Um"pire, v. i. Defn: To act as umpire or arbitrator. UMPIRESHIP Um"pire*ship, n. Defn: Umpirage; arbitrament. Jewel. UMPRESS Um"press, n. Defn: Female umpire. [R.] Marston. UMPTEEN umpteen, [Colloq.] Defn: An indefinite number, usu. more than ten and less than one hundred; a lot. Often used hyperbolically, and usually expressing the notion of more than the usual number or more than I would like; -- "I've told you umpteen times not to do that." umpteenth. Ordinal of umpteen, with corresponding signification. UMQUHILE Um"quhile, adv. Etym: [Cf. OF. umwhile for a time. See While.] Defn: Some time ago; formerly. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. -- a. Defn: Former. [Scot.] UN- Un-. Etym: [OE. un-, on-, the unaccented form of the accented prefix and- (cf. Answer); akin to D. ont-, G. ent-, OHG. int-, Goth. and-. See Anti-.] Defn: An inseparable verbal prefix or particle. It is prefixed: (a) To verbs to express the contrary, and not the simple negative, of the action of the verb to which it is prefixed; as in uncoil, undo, unfold. (b) To nouns to form verbs expressing privation of the thing, quality, or state expressed by the noun, or separation from it; as in unchild, unsex. Sometimes particles and participial adjectives formed with this prefix coincide in form with compounds of the negative prefix un- (see 2d Un-); as in undone (from undo), meaning unfastened, ruined; and undone (from 2d un- and done) meaning not done, not finished. Un- is sometimes used with an intensive force merely; as in unloose. Note: Compounds of this prefix are given in full in their proper order in the Vocabulary. UN- Un-. Etym: [OE. & AS. un-; akin to OFries. un-, D. on-, OS., OHG., & G. un-, Icel. o-, u-, Sw. o-, Dan. u-, W. an-, L. in-, Gr. an-, a-. *193. Cf. A- not In- not, No, adv.] Defn: An inseparable prefix, or particle, signifying not; in-; non-. In- is prefixed mostly to words of Latin origin, or else to words formed by Latin suffixes; un- is of much wider application, and is attached at will to almost any adjective, or participle used adjectively, or adverb, from which it may be desired to form a corresponding negative adjective or adverb, and is also, but less freely, prefixed to nouns. Un- sometimes has merely an intensive force; as in unmerciless, unremorseless. I. Defn: Un- is prefixed to adjectives, or to words used adjectively. Specifically: -- (a) To adjectives, to denote the absence of the quality designated by the adjective; as, ------ and the like. (b) To past particles, or to adjectives formed after the analogy of past particles, to indicate the absence of the condition or state expressed by them; as, -Unabolishable Unabsolvable Unabsurd Unabundant Unaccordant Unadoptable Unadventurous Unaffable Unaffectionate Unafraid Unalliable Unallowablew Unalterable Unambiguous Unambitious Unamendable Un-American Unamusive Unangular Unanxious Unapocryphal Unapostolic Unapparent Unappeasable Unapplausive Unappreciable Unapprehensible Unapprehensive Unapproachable Unartificial Unartistic Unassailable Unattainable Unattentive Unauthentic Unavailable Unbailable Unbearable Unbeautiful Unbeliefful Unbelievable Unbeneficial Unbenevolent Unblamable Unblemishable Unblissful Unboastful Unbold Unbookish Unbounteous Unbribable Unbrotherly Unburdensome Unbusinesslike Unbusy Uncandid Uncanonical Uncaptious Uncareful Uncelestial Unceremonious Unchallengeable Unchangeable Unchary Unchastisable Uncheerful ---- and the like. (c) To present particles which come from intransitive verbs, or are themselves employed as adjectives, to mark the absence of the activity, disposition, or condition implied by the participle; as, -- --- and the like. Note: The above classes of words are unlimited in extent, and such compounds may be formed by any writer or speaker at will from almost all the adjectives or participles in the language, excepting those which have a recognized and usual negative correspondent with the prefix -in. No attempt will be made, therefore, to define them all in this Dictionary; many will be omitted from its Vocabulary which are negations of the simple word, and are readily explained by prefixing a not to the latter. Derivatives of these words in -ly and -ness will also, for the most part, be omitted for the same or similar reasons. There will be inserted as separate articles with definitions, the following: --1. Those which have acquired an opposed or contrary, instead of a merely negative, meaning; as, unfriendly, ungraceful, unpalatable, unquiet, and the like; or else an intensive sense more than a prefixed not would express; as, unending, unparalleled, undisciplined, undoubted, unsafe, and the like. 2. Those which have the value of independent words, inasmuch as the simple words are either not used at all, or are rarely, or at least much less frequently, used; as, unavoidable, unconscionable, undeniable, unspeakable, unprecedented, unruly, and the like; or inasmuch as they are used in a different sense from the usual meaning of the primitive, or especially in one of the significations of the latter; as, unaccountable, unalloyed, unbelieving, unpretending, unreserved, and the like; or inasmuch as they are so frequently and familiarly used that they are hardly felt to be of negative origin; as, uncertain, uneven, and the like. 3. Those which are anomalous, provincial, or, for some other reason, not desirable to be used, and are so indicated; as, unpure for impure, unsatisfaction for dissatisfaction, unexpressible for inexpressible, and the like. II. Defn: Un- is prefixed to nouns to express the absence of, or the contrary of, that which the noun signifies; as, unbelief, unfaith, unhealth, unrest, untruth, and the like. Note: Compounds of this last class are given in full in their proper order in the Vocabulary. UNABILITY Un`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Inability. [Obs.] UNABLE Un*a"ble, a. Defn: Not able; not having sufficient strength, means, knowledge, skill, or the like; impotent' weak; helpless; incapable; -- now usually followed by an infinitive or an adverbial phrase; as, unable for work; unable to bear fatigue. Sapless age and weak unable limbs. Shak. UNABLED Un*a"bled, a. Defn: Disabled. [Obs.] B. Jonson. UNABLENESS Un*a"ble*ness, n. Defn: Inability. [Obs.] Hales. UNA BOAT U"na boat`. (Naut.) Defn: The English name for a catboat; -- so called because Una was the name of the first boat of this kind taken to England. D. Kemp. UNABRIDGED Un`a*bridged", a. Defn: Not abridged, or shortened; full; complete; entire; whole. UNABSORBABLE Un`ab*sorb"a*ble, a. Defn: Not absorbable; specifically (Physiol.), not capable of absorption; unable to pass by osmosis into the circulating blood; as, the unabsorbable portion of food. UNACCEPTABILITY Un`ac*cept`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being unacceptable; unacceptableness. UNACCEPTABLE Un`ac*cept"a*ble, a. Defn: Not acceptable; not pleasing; not welcome; unpleasant; disagreeable; displeasing; offensive. -- Un`ac*cept"a*ble*ness, n. -- Un`ac*cept"a*bly, adv. UNACCESSIBLE Un`ac*cess"i*ble, a. Defn: Inaccessible. Herbert. UNACCOMPLISHED Un`ac*com"plished, a. Defn: Not accomplished or performed; unfinished; also, deficient in accomplishment; unrefined. UNACCOMPLISHMENT Un`ac*com"plish*ment, n. Defn: The state of being unaccomplished. [Obs.] Milton. UNACCOUNTABILITY Un`ac*count`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unaccountable. UNACCOUNTABLE Un`ac*count"a*ble, a. 1. Not accountable or responsible; free from control. South. 2. Not to be accounted for; inexplicable; not consonant with reason or rule; strange; mysterious. -- Un`ac*count"a*ble*ness}, n. -- Un`ac*count"a*bly, adv. UNACCURATE Un*ac"cu*rate, a. Defn: Inaccurate. Boyle. UNACCURATENESS Un*ac"cu*rate*ness, n. Defn: Inaccuracy. Boyle. UNACCUSTOMED Un`ac*cus"tomed, a. 1. Not used; not habituated; unfamiliar; unused; -- which to. Chastened as a bullock unaccustomed to yoke. Jer. xxxi. 18. 2. Not usual; uncommon; strange; new. What unaccustomed cause procures her hither Shak. UNACQUAINTANCE Un`ac*quaint"ance, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unacquainted; want of acquaintance; ignorance. He was then in happy unacquaintance with everything connected with that obnoxious cavity. Sir W. Hamilton. UNACQUAINTED Un`ac*quaint"ed, a. 1. Not acquainted. Cowper. 2. Not usual; unfamiliar; strange. [Obs.] And the unacquainted light began to fear. Spenser. UNACQUAINTEDNESS Un`ac*quaint"ed*ness, n. Defn: Unacquaintance. Whiston. UNACTIVE Un*ac"tive, a. Defn: Inactive; listless. [R.] While other animals unactive range. Milton. UNACTIVE Un*ac"tive, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + active; or from unactive, a.] Defn: To render inactive or listless. [Obs.] Fuller. UNACTIVENESS Un*ac"tive*ness, n. Defn: Inactivity. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. UNADMISSIBLE; UNADMITTABLE Un`ad*mis"si*ble, Un`ad*mit"ta*ble, a. Defn: Inadmissible. [R.] UNADULTERATE; UNADULTERATED Un`a*dul"ter*ate, Un`a*dul"ter*a`ted, a. Defn: Not adulterated; pure. "Unadulterate air." Cowper. -- Un`a*dul"ter*ate*ly, adv. UNADVISABLE Un`ad*vis"a*ble, a. Defn: Not advisable; inadvisable; inexpedient. Lowth. -- Un`ad*vis"a*bly, adv. UNADVISED Un`ad*vised", a. 1. Not prudent; not discreet; ill advised. Shak. 2. Done without due consideration; wanton; rash; inconsiderate; as, an unadvised proceeding. -- Un`ad*vis"ed*ly, adv. -- Un`ad*vis"ed*ness, n. UNAFFECTED Un`af*fect"ed, a. 1. Not affected or moved; destitute of affection or emotion; uninfluenced. A poor, cold, unspirited, unmannered, Unhonest, unaffected, undone fool. J. Fletcher. 2. Free from affectation; plain; simple; natural; real; sincere; genuine; as, unaffected sorrow. -- Un`af*fect"ed*ly, adv. -- Un`af*fect"ed*ness, n. UNAFILED Un`a*filed", a. Defn: Undefiled. [Obs.] Gower. UNAGREEABLE Un`a*gree"a*ble, a. 1. Disagreeable. 2. Not agreeing or consistent; unsuitable. Shak. -- Un`a*gree"a*ble*ness, n. -- Un`a*gree"a*bly, adv. UNAIDABLE Un*aid"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being aided. "Her unaidable estate." Shak. UNALIENABLE Un*al"ien*a*ble, a. Defn: Inalienable; as, unalienable rights. Swift. -- Un*al"ien*a*bly, adv. UNALIST U"nal*ist, n. Etym: [L. unus one.] (Eccl.) Defn: An ecclesiastical who holds but one benefice; -- distinguished from pluralist. [Eng.] V. Knox. UNALLIED Un`al*lied", a. Defn: Not allied; having no ally; having no connection or relation; as, unallied species or genera. UNALLOYED Un`al*loyed", a. Defn: Not alloyed; not reduced by foreign admixture; unmixed; unqualified; pure; as, unalloyed metals; unalloyed happiness. I enjoyed unalloyed satisfaction in his company. Mitford. UNALMSED Un*almsed", a. Defn: Not having received alms. [Obs. & R.] Pollock. UNAMBIGUITY Un*am`bi*gu"i*ty, n. Defn: Absence of ambiguity; clearness; perspicuity. UNAMBITION Un`am*bi"tion, n. Defn: The absence of ambition. [R.] F. W. Newman. UNAMIABILITY Un*a`mi*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unamiable; moroseness. UNAMIABLE Un*a"mi*a*ble, a. Defn: Not amiable; morose; ill-natured; repulsive. -- Un*a"mi*a*bly, adv. UNANCHOR Un*an"chor, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + anchor.] Defn: To loose from the anchor, as a ship. De Quincey. UNANELED Un`a*neled", a. Defn: Not aneled; not having received extreme unction. Shak. UNANIMATE U*nan"i*mate, a. Etym: [See Unanimous.] Defn: Unanimous. [Obs.] UNANIMITY U`na*nim"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. unanimitas: cf. F. unanimité.] Defn: The quality or state of being unanimous. UNANIMOUS U*nan"i*mous, a. Etym: [L. unanimus, unanimus; unus one + animus mind: cf. F. unanime. See Unit, and Animate.] 1. Being of one mind; agreeing in opinion, design, or determination; consentient; not discordant or dissentient; harmonious; as, the assembly was unanimous; the members of the council were unanimous. "Both in one faith unanimous." Milton. 2. Formed with unanimity; indicating unanimity; having the agreement and consent of all; agreed upon without the opposition or contradiction of any; as, a unanimous opinion; a unanimous vote. -- U*nan"i*mous*ly, adv. -- U*nan"i*mous*ness, n. UNANSWERABILITY Un*an`swer*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being unanswerable; unanswerableness. UNANSWERABLE Un*an"swer*a*ble, a. Defn: Not answerable; irrefutable; conclusive; decisive; as, he have an unanswerable argument. -- Un*an"swer*a*ble*ness, n. -- Un*an"swer*a*bly, adv. UNANSWERED Un*an"swered, a. 1. Not answered; not replied; as, an unanswered letter. 2. Not refuted; as, an unanswered argument. 3. Not responded to in kind; unrequited; as, unanswered affection. UNAPPALLED Un`ap*palled", a. Defn: Not appalled; not frightened; dauntless; undaunted. Milton. UNAPPAREL Un`ap*par"el, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + apparel.] Defn: To divest of clothing; to strip. [Obs.] Donne. UNAPPEALABLE Un`ap*peal"a*ble, a. 1. Not appealable; that can not be carried to a higher tribunal by appeal; as, an unappealable suit or action. 2. Not to be appealed from; -- said of a judge or a judgment that can not be overruled. The infallible, unappealable Judge [God]. South. We submitted to a galling yet unappealable necessity. Shelley. -- Un`ap*peal"a*bly, adv. UNAPPLIABLE Un`ap*pli"a*ble, a. Defn: Inapplicable. Milton. UNAPPLICABLE Un*ap"pli*ca*ble, a. Defn: Inapplicable. UNAPPROPRIATE Un`ap*pro"pri*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + appropriate, a.] 1. Inappropriate; unsuitable. 2. Not appropriated. Bp. Warburton. UNAPPROPRIATE Un`ap*pro"pri*ate, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + appropriate, v. t.] Defn: To take from private possession; to restore to the possession or right of all; as, to unappropriate a monopoly. [R.] Milton. UNAPPROPRIATED Un`ap*pro"pri*a`ted, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + appropriated.] 1. Not specially appropriate; having not special application. J. Warton. 2. Not granted to any person, corporation, or the like, to the exclusion of others; as, unappropriated lands. 3. Not granted for, or applied to, any specific purpose; as, the unappropriated moneys in the treasury. UNAPPROVED Un`ap*proved", a. 1. Not approved. 2. Not proved. [Obs.] UNAPT Un*apt", a. 1. Inapt; slow; dull. Bacon. 2. Unsuitable; unfit; inappropriate. Macaulay. 3. Not accustomed and not likely; not disposed. I am a soldier and unapt to weep. Shak. -- Un*apt"ly, adv. -- Un*apt"ness, n. UNAQUIT Un`a*quit", a. Etym: [See Un- not, and Acquit.] Defn: Unrequited. [R. & Obs.] Gower. UNARGUED Un*ar"gued, a. 1. Not argued or debated. 2. Not argued against; undisputed. [Obs.] Milton. 3. Not censured. [A Latinism. Obs.] B. Jonson. UNARM Un*arm", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + arm.] Defn: To disarm. Sir T. Browne. UNARM Un*arm", v. i. Defn: To puff off, or lay down, one's arms or armor. "I'll unarm again." Shak. UNARMED Un*armed", a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + armed.] 1. Not armed or armored; having no arms or weapons. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Having no hard and sharp projections, as spines, prickles, spurs, claws, etc. UNARTED Un*art"ed, a. 1. Ignorant of the arts. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse. 2. Not artificial; plain; simple. [Obs.] Feltham. UNARTFUL Un*art"ful, a. Defn: Lacking art or skill; artless. Congreve. -- Un*art"ful*ly, adv. Swift. Burke. UNARTISTIC Un`ar*tis"tic, a. Defn: Inartistic. UNASCRIED Un`a*scried", a. Defn: Not descried. [Obs.] UNASERVED Un`a*served", a. Defn: Not served. [Obs.] UNASSENTED Un`as*sent"ed, a. Defn: Not assented; -- said specif. of stocks or bonds the holders of which refuse to deposit them by way of assent to an agreement altering their status, as in a readjustment. UNASSUMING Un`as*sum"ing, a. Defn: Not assuming; not bold or forward; not arrogant or presuming; humble; modest; retiring; as, an unassuming youth; unassuming manners. UNASSURED Un`as*sured", a. 1. Not assured; not bold or confident. 2. Not to be trusted. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. Not insured against loss; as, unassured goods. UNATONABLE Un`a*ton"a*ble, a. 1. Not capable of being brought into harmony; irreconcilable. "Unatonable matrimony." [Obs.] Milton. 2. Incapable of being atoned for; inexpiable. UNATTACHED Un`at*tached", a. 1. Not attached; not adhering; having no engagement; free. 2. (Mil.) Defn: Not assigned to any company or regiment. 3. (Law) Defn: Not taken or arrested. R. Junius. UNATTENTIVE Un`at*ten"tive, a. Defn: Inattentive; careless. UNATTIRE Un`at*tire", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + altire.] Defn: To divest of attire; to undress. UNAU U*nau", n. Etym: [Brazilian.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The two-toed sloth (Cholopus didactylus), native of South America. It is about two feet long. Its color is a uniform grayish brown, sometimes with a reddish tint. UNAUDIENCED Un*au"di*enced, a. Defn: Not given an audience; not received or heard. UNAUSPICIOUS Un`aus*pi"cious, a. Defn: Inauspicious. Rowe. UNAUTHORIZE Un*au"thor*ize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + authorize.] Defn: To disown the authority of; to repudiate. UNAVOIDABLE Un`a*void"a*ble, a. 1. Not avoidable; incapable of being shunned or prevented; inevitable; necessary; as, unavoidable troubles. 2. (Law) Defn: Not voidable; incapable of being made null or void. Blackstone. Unavoidable hemorrhage (Med.), hemorrhage produced by the afterbirth, or placenta, being situated over the mouth of the womb so as to require detachment before the child can be born. -- Un`a*void"a*ble*ness, n. -- Un`a*void"a*bly, adv. UNAVOIDED Un`a*void"ed, a. 1. Not avoided or shunned. Shak. 2. Unavoidable; inevitable. [Obs.] B. Jonson. UNAWARE Un`a*ware", a. Defn: Not aware; not noticing; giving no heed; thoughtless; inattentive. Swift. UNAWARE Un`a*ware", adv. Defn: Unawares. [Poetic] Dryden. UNAWARES Un`a*wares", adv Defn: , Without design or preparation; suddenly; without premeditation, unexpectedly. "Mercies lighting unawares." J. H. Newman. Lest unawares we lose This our high place, our sanctuary, our hill. Milton. At unaware, or At unawares, unexpectedly; by surprise. He breaks at unawares upon our walks. Dryden. So we met In this old sleepy town an at unaware. R. Browning. UNBACKED Un*backed", a. 1. Never mounted by a rider; unbroken. "Unbacked colts." Shak. 2. Not supported or encouraged; not countenanced; unaided. Daniel. UNBAG Un*bag", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bag.] Defn: To pour, or take, or let go, out of a bag or bags. UNBALANCED Un*bal"anced, a. Etym: [In senses 1 and 2, pref. un- not + balanced; in sense 3, 1st pref. un- + balance.] 1. Not balanced; not in equipoise; having no counterpoise, or having insufficient counterpoise. Let Earth unbalanced from her orbit fly. Pope. 2. (Com.) Defn: Not adjusted; not settled; not brought to an equality of debt and credit; as, an unbalanced account; unbalanced books. 3. Being, or being thrown, out of equilibrium; hence, disordered or deranged in sense; unsteady; unsound; as, an unbalanced mind. Pope. UNBALLAST Un*bal"last, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + ballast.] Defn: To free from ballast; to discharge ballast from. Totten. UNBALLAST Un*bal"last, a. Defn: Not ballasted. [Obs. & R.] Addison. UNBALLASTED Un*bal"last*ed, a. 1. Etym: [Properly p. p. unballast.] Defn: Freed from ballast; having discharged ballast. 2. Etym: [Pref. un- not + ballasted.] Defn: Not furnished with ballast; not kept steady by ballast; unsteady; as, unballasted vessels; unballasted wits. Unballasted by any sufficient weight of plan. De Quincey. UNBANED Un*ban"ed, a. Etym: [1st un- + band + -ed.] Defn: Wanting a band or string; unfastened. [Obs.] Shak. UNBANK Un*bank", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bank.] Defn: To remove a bank from; to open by, or as if by, the removal of a bank. H. Taylor. UNBAR Un*bar", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bar.] Defn: To remove a bar or bars from; to unbolt; to open; as, to unbar a gate. Heber. UNBARBED Un*barbed", a. 1. Not shaven. [Obs.] 2. Destitute of bards, or of reversed points, hairs, or plumes; as, an unbarded feather. UNBARK Un*bark", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bark rind.] Defn: To deprive of the bark; to decorticate; to strip; as, to unbark a tree. Bacon. UNBARK Un*bark", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bark the vessel.] Defn: To cause to disembark; to land. [Obs.] Hakluyt. UNBARREL Un*bar"rel, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + barrel.] Defn: To remove or release from a barrel or barrels. UNBARRICADE Un*bar`ri*cade", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + barricade.] Defn: To unbolt; to unbar; to open. You shall not unbarricade the door. J. Webster (1623). UNBARRICADOED Un*bar`ri*ca"doed, a. Defn: Not obstructed by barricades; open; as, unbarricadoed streets. Burke. UNBASHFUL Un*bash"ful, a. Defn: Not bashful or modest; bold; impudent; shameless. Shak. UNBAY Un*bay", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bay to dam.] Defn: To free from the restraint of anything that surrounds or incloses; to let loose; to open. [Obs.] I ought . . . to unbay the current of my passion. Norris. UNBE Un*be", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + be.] Defn: To cause not to be; to cause to be another. [Obs. & R.] How oft, with danger of the field beset, Or with home mutinies, would he unbe Himself! Old Pay. UNBEAR Un*bear", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bear to support.] Defn: To remove or loose the bearing rein of (a horse). UNBEAT Un*beat", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + beast.] Defn: To deliver from the form or nature of a beast. UNBECOME Un`be*come", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + become.] Defn: To misbecome. [Obs.] Bp. Sherlock. UNBECOMING Un`be*com"ing, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + becoming.] Defn: Not becoming; unsuitable; unfit; indecorous; improper. My grief lets unbecoming speeches fall. Dryden. -- Un`be*com"ing*ly, adv. -- Un`be*com"ing*ness, n. UNBED Un*bed", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bed.] Defn: To raise or rouse from bed. Eels unbed themselves and stir at the noise of thunder. Wa UNBEDINNED Un`be*dinned", a. Defn: Not filled with din. UNBEFOOL Un`be*fool", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + befool.] Defn: To deliver from the state of a fool; to awaken the mind of; to undeceive. UNBEGET Un`be*get", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + beget.] Defn: To deprive of existence. Dryden. UNBEGILT Un`be*gilt", a. Defn: Not gilded; hence, not rewarded with gold. UNBEGOT; UNBEGOTTEN Un`be*got", Un`be*got"ten, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + begot, begotten.] Defn: Not begot; not yet generated; also, having never been generated; self-existent; eternal. UNBEGUILE Un`be*guile", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unbeguiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Unbeguiling.] Etym: [1st pref. un- + beguile.] Defn: To set free from the influence of guile; to undeceive. "Then unbeguile thyself." Donne. UNBEGUN Un`be*gun", a. Defn: Not yet begun; also, existing without a beginning. UNBEHOVELY Un`be*hove"ly, a. Defn: Not behooving or becoming; unseemly. [Obs. & R.] Gower. UNBEING Un*be"ing, a. Defn: Not existing. [Obs.] "Beings yet unbeing." Sir T. Browne. UNBEKNOWN Un`be*known", a. Defn: Not known; unknown. [Colloq.] UNBELIEF Un`be*lief", n. Etym: [Pref. un- not + belief: cf. AS. ungeleáfa.] 1. The withholding of belief; doubt; incredulity; skepticism. 2. Disbelief; especially, disbelief of divine revelation, or in a divine providence or scheme of redemption. Blind unbelief is sure to err, And scan his work in vain. Cowper. Syn. -- See Disbelief. UNBELIEVED Un`be*lieved", a. Defn: Not believed; disbelieved. UNBELIEVER Un`be*liev"er, n. 1. One who does not believe; an incredulous person; a doubter; a skeptic. 2. A disbeliever; especially, one who does not believe that the Bible is a divine revelation, and holds that Christ was neither a divine nor a supernatural person; an infidel; a freethinker. Syn. -- See Infidel. UNBELIEVING Un`be*liev"ing, a. 1. Not believing; incredulous; doubting; distrusting; skeptical. 2. Believing the thing alleged no to be true; disbelieving; especially, believing that Bible is not a divine revelation, or that Christ was not a divine or a supernatural person. "Unbelieving Jews." Acts xiv. 2. -- Un`be*liev"ing*ly, adv. -- -- Un`be*liev"ing*ness, n. UNBELT Un*belt", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + belt.] Defn: To remove or loose the belt of; to ungird. UNBEND Un*bend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unbent; p. pr. & vb. n. Unbending.] Etym: [1st pref. un- + bend.] 1. To free from flexure; to make, or allow to become, straight; to loosen; as, to unbend a bow. 2. A remit from a strain or from exertion; to set at ease for a time; to relax; as, to unbend the mind from study or care. You do unbend your noble strength. Shak. 3. (Naut.) (a) To unfasten, as sails, from the spars or stays to which they are attached for use. (b) To cast loose or untie, as a rope. UNBEND Un*bend", v. i. 1. To cease to be bent; to become straight or relaxed. 2. To relax in exertion, attention, severity, or the like; hence, to indulge in mirth or amusement. UNBENDING Un*bend"ing, a. Etym: [In senses 1, 2, and 3, pref. un- not + bending; in sense 4, properly p. pr. unbend.] 1. Not bending; not suffering flexure; not yielding to pressure; stiff; -- applied to material things. Flies o'er unbending corn, and skims along the main. Pope. 2. Unyielding in will; not subject to persuasion or influence; inflexible; resolute; -- applied to persons. 3. Unyielding in nature; unchangeable; fixed; -- applied to abstract ideas; as, unbending truths. 4. Devoted to relaxation or amusement. [R.] It may entertain your lordships at an unbending hour. Rowe. -- Un*bend"ing*ly, adv. -- Un*bend"ing*ness, n. UNBENEVOLENCE Un`be*nev"o*lence, n. Defn: Absence or want of benevolence; ill will. UNBENIGN Un`be*nign", a. Defn: Not benign; malignant. UNBENUMB Un`be*numb", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + benumb.] Defn: To relieve of numbness; to restore sensation to. UNBEREAVEN Un`be*reav"en, a. Defn: Unbereft. [R.] UNBEREFT Un`be*reft", a. Defn: Not bereft; not taken away. UNBESEEM Un`be*seem", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + beseem.] Defn: To be unbecoming or unsuitable to; to misbecome. UNBESEEMING Un`be*seem"ing, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + beseeming.] Defn: Unbecoming; not befitting. -- Un`be*seem"ing*ly, adv. -- Un`be*seem"ing*ness, n. UNBESPEAK Un`be*speak", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bespeak.] Defn: To unsay; hence, to annul or cancel. [Obs.] Pepys. UNBETHINK Un`be*think", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bethink.] Defn: To change the mind of (one's self). [Obs.] UNBEWARE Un`be*ware", adv. Defn: Unawares. [Obs.] Bale. UNBEWITCH Un`be*witch", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bewitch.] Defn: To free from a spell; to disenchant. [R.] South. UNBIAS Un*bi"as, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bias.] Defn: To free from bias or prejudice. Swift. UNBIASED Un*bi"ased, a. Etym: [Pref. un- + biased.] Defn: Free from bias or prejudice; unprejudiced; impartial. -- Un*bi"ased*ness, n. UNBID; UNBIDDEN Un*bid", Un*bid"den, a. 1. Not bidden; not commanded. Thorns also and thistles it shall bring thee forth Unbid; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field. Milton. 2. Uninvited; as, unbidden guests. Shak. 3. Being without a prayer. [Obs.] Spenser. UNBIND Un*bind", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unbound; p. pr. & vb. n. Unbinding.] Etym: [AS. unbindan. See Un-, and Bind.] Defn: To remove a band from; to set free from shackles or fastenings; to unite; to unfasten; to loose; as, unbind your fillets; to unbind a prisoner's arms; to unbind a load. UNBISHOP Un*bish"op, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bishop.] Defn: To deprive, as a city, of a bishop; to deprive, as a clergyman, of episcopal dignity or rights. [R.] "Then he unbishops himself." Milton. UNBIT Un*bit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unbitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Unbitting.] Etym: [1st pref. un- + bit.] (Naut.) Defn: To remove the turns of (a rope or cable) from the bits; as, to unbit a cable. Totten. UNBLEMISHED Un*blem"ished, a. Defn: Not blemished; pure; spotless; as, an unblemished reputation or life. Addison. UNBLESS Un*bless", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bless.] Defn: To deprive of blessings; to make wretched. [Obs.] Shak. UNBLESSED; UNBLEST Un*blessed", Un*blest, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + blessed, blest.] Defn: Not blest; excluded from benediction; hence, accursed; wretched. "Unblessed enchanter." Milton. UNBLESTFUL Un*blest"ful, a. Defn: Unblessed. [R.] Sylvester. UNBLIND Un*blind", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + blind.] Defn: To free from blindness; to give or restore sight to; to open the eyes of. [R.] J. Webster (1607). UNBLINDFOLD Un*blind"fold`, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + blindfold.] Defn: To free from that which blindfolds. Spenser. UNBLOODY Un*blood"y, a. Defn: Not bloody. Dryden. Unbloody sacrifice. (a) A sacrifice in which no victim is slain. (b) (R. C. Ch.) The Mass. UNBLUSHING Un*blush"ing, a. Defn: Not blushing; shameless. -- Un*blush"ing*ly, adv. UNBODY Un*bod"y, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + body.] Defn: To free from the body; to disembody. Her soul unbodied of the burdenous corse. Spenser. UNBODY Un*bod"y, v. i. Defn: To leave the body; to be disembodied; -- said of the soul or spirit. [R.] Chaucer. UNBOLT Un*bolt", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bolt.] Defn: To remove a bolt from; to unfasten; to unbar; to open. "He shall unbolt the gates." Shak. UNBOLT Un*bolt", v. i. Defn: To explain or unfold a matter; to make a revelation. [Obs.] "I will unbolt to you." Shak. UNBONE Un*bone", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bone.] 1. To deprive of bones, as meat; to bone. 2. To twist about, as if boneless. [R.] Milton. UNBONNET Un*bon"net, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bonnet.] Defn: To take a bonnet from; to take off one's bonnet; to uncover; as, to unbonnet one's head. Sir W. Scott. UNBOOKED Un*booked", a. Defn: Not written in a book; unrecorded. "UnbookedEnglish life." Masson. UNBOOT Un*boot", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + boot.] Defn: To take off the boots from. UNBORN Un*born", a. Defn: Not born; no yet brought into life; being still to appear; future. Some unborn sorrow, ripe in fortune's womb. Shak. See future sons, and daughters yet unborn. Pope. UNBORROWED Un*bor"rowed, a. Defn: Not borrowed; being one's own; native; original. UNBOSOM Un*bos"om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unbosomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Unbosoming.] Etym: [1st pref. un- + bosom.] Defn: To disclose freely; to reveal in confidence, as secrets; to confess; -- often used reflexively; as, to unbosom one's self. Milton. UNBOSOMER Un*bos"om*er, n. Defn: One who unbosoms, or discloses. [R.] "An unbosomer of secrets." Thackeray. UNBOTTOMED Un*bot"tomed, a. 1. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bottom + -ed.] Defn: Deprived of a bottom. 2. Etym: [Pref. un- not + bottomed.] Defn: Having no bottom; bottomless. Milton. UNBOUND Un*bound", Defn: imp. & p. p. of Unbind. UNBOUNDABLY Un*bound"a*bly, adv. Defn: Infinitely. [Obs.] I am . . . unboundably beholding to you. J. Webster (1607). UNBOUNDED Un*bound"ed, a. Defn: Having no bound or limit; as, unbounded space; an, unbounded ambition. Addison. -- Un*bound"ed*ly, adv. -- Un*bound"ed*ness, n. UNBOW Un*bow", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bow.] Defn: To unbend. [R.] Fuller. UNBOWED Un*bowed", a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + bowed.] Defn: Not bent or arched; not bowed down. Byron. UNBOWEL Un*bow"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unboweled or Unbowelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Unboweling or Unbowelling.] Etym: [1st pref. un- + bowel.] Defn: To deprive of the entrails; to disembowel. Dr. H. More. UNBOX Un*box", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + box.] Defn: To remove from a box or boxes. UNBOY Un*boy", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + boy.] Defn: To divest of the traits of a boy. [R.] Clarendon. UNBRACE Un*brace", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + brace.] Defn: To free from tension; to relax; to loose; as, to unbrace a drum; to unbrace the nerves. Spenser. UNBRAID Un*braid", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + braid.] Defn: To separate the strands of; to undo, as a braid; to unravel; to disentangle. UNBREAST Un*breast", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + breast.] Defn: To disclose, or lay open; to unbosom. [Obs.] P. Fletcher, UNBREATHED Un*breathed", a. 1. Not breathed. 2. Not exercised; unpracticed. [Obs.] "Their unbreathed memories." Shak. UNBRED Un*bred", a. 1. Not begotten; unborn. [Obs.] "Thou age unbred." Shak. 2. Not taught or trained; -- with to. Dryden. 3. Not well-bred; ill-bred. [Obs.] Locke. UNBREECH Un*breech", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unbreeched; p. pr. & vb. n. Unbreching.] Etym: [1st pref. un- + breech.] 1. To remove the breeches of; to divest or strip of breeches. Shak. 2. (Gun.) Defn: To free the breech of, as a cannon, from its fastenings or coverings. Pennant. UNBREWED Un*brewed", a. Defn: Not made by brewing; unmixed; pure; genuine. [R.] Young. UNBRIDLE Un*bri"dle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bridle.] Defn: To free from the bridle; to set loose. UNBRIDLED Un*bri"dled, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + bridled.] Defn: Loosed from the bridle, or as from the bridle; hence, unrestrained; licentious; violent; as, unbridled passions. "Unbridled boldness." B. Jonson. Lands deluged by unbridled floods. Wordsworth. -- Un*bri"dled*ness, n. Abp. Leighton. UNBROKEN Un*bro"ken, a. Defn: Not broken; continuous; unsubdued; as, an unbroken colt. UNBUCKLE Un*buc"kle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + buckle.] Defn: To loose the buckles of; to unfasten; as, to unbuckle a shoe. "Unbuckle anon thy purse." Chaucer. UNBUILD Un*build, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + build.] Defn: To demolish; to raze. "To unbuild the city." Shak. UNBUNDLE Un*bun"dle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bundle.] Defn: To release, as from a bundle; to disclose. UNBUNG Un*bung", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bung.] Defn: To remove the bung from; as, to unbung a cask. UNBURDEN Un*bur"den, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + burden.] 1. To relieve from a burden. 2. To throw off, as a burden; to unload. UNBURIABLE Un*bur"i*a*ble, a. Defn: Not ready or not proper to be buried. Tennyson. UNBURROW Un*bur"row, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + burrow.] Defn: To force from a burrow; to unearth. UNBURTHEN Un*bur"then, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + burthen.] Defn: To unburden; to unload. UNBURY Un*bur"y, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + bury.] Defn: To disinter; to exhume; fig., to disclose. UNBUSIED Un*bus"ied, a. Defn: Not required to work; unemployed; not busy. [R.] These unbusied persons can continue in this playing idleness till it become a toil. Bp. Rainbow UNBUTTON Un*but"ton, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + button.] Defn: To loose the buttons of; to unfasten. UNBUXOM Un*bux"om, a. Defn: Disobedient. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. -- Un*bux"om*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Un*bux"om*ness, n. [Obs.] UNCAGE Un*cage", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + cage.] Defn: To loose, or release, from, or as from, a cage. UNCALLED-FOR Un*called"-for`, a. Defn: Not called for; not required or needed; improper; gratuitous; wanton. UNCALM Un*calm", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + calm.] Defn: To disturb; to disquiet. Dryden. UNCAMP Un*camp", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + camp.] Defn: To break up the camp of; to dislodge from camp. [R.] If they could but now uncamp their enemies. Milton. UNCANNY Un*can"ny, a. Defn: Not canny; unsafe; strange; weird; ghostly. Sir W. Scott. -- Un*can"ni*ness, n. G. Eliot. UNCANONIZE Un*can"on*ize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + canonize.] 1. To deprive of canonical authority. 2. To reduce from the rank of a canonized saint. UNCAP Un*cap", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + cap.] Defn: To remove a cap or cover from. UNCAPABLE Un*ca"pa*ble, a. Defn: Incapable. [Obs.] "Uncapable of conviction." Locke. UNCAPE Un*cape", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + cape.] Defn: To remove a cap or cape from. [Obs.] UNCAPPER Un*cap"per, n. Defn: An instrument for removing an explode cap from a cartridge shell. UNCARDINAL Un*car"di*nal, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + cardinal.] Defn: To degrade from the cardinalship. UNCARED Un*cared", a. Defn: Not cared for; not heeded; -- with for. UNCARNATE Un*car"nate, a. Defn: Not fleshy; specifically, not made flesh; not incarnate. [R.] Sir T. Browne. UNCARNATE Un*car"nate, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + carnate.] Defn: To divest of flesh. UNCART Un*cart", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + cart.] Defn: To take from, or set free from, a cart; to unload. UNCASE Un*case", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + case.] 1. To take out of a case or covering; to remove a case or covering from; to uncover. L'Estrange. 2. To strip; to flay. [Obs.] 3. (Mil.) Defn: To display, or spread to view, as a flag, or the colors of a military body. UNCASTLE Un*cas"tle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + castle.] Defn: To take a castle from; to turn out of a castle. UNCAUSED Un*caused", a. Defn: Having no antecedent cause; uncreated; self-existent; eternal. A. Baxter. UNCAUTELOUS Un*cau"te*lous, a. Defn: Incautious. [Obs.] UNCAUTIOUS Un*cau"tious, a. Defn: Incautious. UNCAUTIOUSLY Un*cau"tious*ly, adv. Defn: Incautiously. UNCE Unce, n. Etym: [L. uncus hook.] Defn: A claw. [Obs.] UNCE Unce, n. Etym: [L. uncia ounce. See Ounce a weight.] Defn: An ounce; a small portion. [Obs.] "By unces hung his locks." Chaucer. UNCEASABLE Un*ceas"a*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being ended; unceasing. [R.] UNCENTER; UNCENTRE Un*cen"ter, Un*cen"tre, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + center.] Defn: To throw from its center. UNCENTURY Un*cen"tu*ry, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + century.] Defn: To remove from its actual century. [R.] It has first to uncentury itself. H. Drummond. UNCERTAIN Un*cer"tain, a. Etym: [Pref. un- + certain. Cf. Incertain.] 1. Not certain; not having certain knowledge; not assured in mind; distrustful. Chaucer. Man, without the protection of a superior Being, . . . is uncertain of everything that he hopes for. Tillotson. 2. Irresolute; inconsonant; variable; untrustworthy; as, an uncertain person; an uncertain breeze. O woman! in our hours of ease, Uncertain, coy, and hard to please! Sir W. Scott. 3. Questionable; equivocal; indefinite; problematical. "The fashion of uncertain evils." Milton. From certain dangers to uncertain praise. Dryden. 4. Not sure; liable to fall or err; fallible. Soon bent his bow, uncertain in his aim. Dryden. Whistling slings dismissed the uncertain stone. Gay. Syn. -- See Precarious. UNCERTAIN Un*cer"tain, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + certain; or fr. uncertain, a.] Defn: To make uncertain. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. UNCERTAINLY Un*cer"tain*ly, adv. Defn: In an uncertain manner. UNCERTAINTY Un*cer"tain*ty, n.; pl. Uncertainties (. 1. The quality or state of being uncertain. 2. That which is uncertain; something unknown. Our shepherd's case is every man's case that quits a moral certainty for an uncertainty. L'Estrange. UNCESSANT Un*ces"sant, a. Defn: Incessant. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. -- Un*ces"sant*ly, adv. [Obs.] UNCHAIN Un*chain", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + chain.] Defn: To free from chains or slavery; to let loose. Prior. UNCHANCY Un*chan"cy, a. Etym: [Pref un- + Scot. chancy fortunate, safe.] 1. Happening at a bad time; unseasonable; inconvenient. A. Trollope. 2. Ill-fated; unlucky. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] 3. Unsafe to meddle with; dangerous. [Scot.] UNCHAPLAIN Un*chap"lain, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + chaplain.] Defn: To remove from a chaplaincy. UNCHARGE Un*charge", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + charge.] 1. To free from a charge or load; to unload. Wyclif. 2. To free from an accusation; to make no charge against; to acquit. Shak. UNCHARIOT Un*char"i*ot, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + chariot.] Defn: To throw out of a chariot. Pope. UNCHARITABLE Un*char"i*ta*ble, a. Defn: Not charitable; contrary to charity; severe in judging; harsh; censorious; as, uncharitable opinions or zeal. Addison. -- Un*char"i*ta*ble*ness, n. -- Un*char"i*ta*bly, adv. UNCHARITY Un*char"i*ty, n. Defn: Uncharitableness. Tennyson. 'T were much uncharity in you. J. Webster. UNCHARM Un*charm", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + charm.] Defn: To release from a charm, fascination, or secret power; to disenchant. Beau. & Fl. UNCHARNEL Un*char"nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Uncharneled; p. pr. & vb. n. Uncharneling.] Etym: [1st pref. un- + charnel.] Defn: To remove from a charnel house; to raise from the grave; to exhume. Byron. UNCHASTE Un*chaste", a. Defn: Not chaste; not continent; lewd. -- Un*chaste"ly, adv. -- Un*chaste"ness, n. UNCHASTITY Un*chas"ti*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unchaste; lewdness; incontinence. UNCHECKABLE Un*check"a*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being checked or stopped. [R.] UNCHILD Un*child", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + child.] 1. To bereave of children; to make childless. Shak. 2. To make unlike a child; to divest of the characteristics of a child. Bp. Hall. UNCHRISTEN Un*chris"ten, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + christen.] Defn: To render unchristian. [Obs. & R.] Milton. UNCHRISTENED Un*chris"tened, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + christened.] Defn: Not christened; as, an unchristened child. UNCHRISTIAN Un*chris"tian, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + Christian.] 1. Not Christian; not converted to the Christian faith; infidel. 2. Contrary to Christianity; not like or becoming a Christian; as, unchristian conduct. UNCHRISTIAN Un*chris"tian, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + Christian.] Defn: To make unchristian. [Obs.] South. UNCHRISTIANIZE Un*chris"tian*ize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + Christianize.] Defn: To turn from the Christian faith; to cause to abandon the belief and profession of Christianity. UNCHRISTIANLY Un*chris"tian*ly, a. Defn: Unchristian. Milton. UNCHRISTIANLY Un*chris"tian*ly, adv. Defn: In an unchristian manner. UNCHRISTIANNESS Un*chris"tian*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unchristian. [R.] Eikon Basilike. UNCHURCH Un*church", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + church.] 1. To expel, or cause to separate, from a church; to excommunicate. Sir M. Hale. 2. To deprive of the character, privileges, and authority of a church. South. UNCIA Un"ci*a, n.; pl. Unciæ. Etym: [L. See Ounce a measure of weight.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A twelfth part, as of the Roman as; an ounce. 2. (Alg.) Defn: A numerical coefficient in any particular case of the binomial theorem. [Obs.] UNCIAL Un"cial, a. Etym: [L. uncialis amounting to the twelfth part of a pound or a foot, from uncia the twelfth part of a pound or of a foot, an ounce, an inch: cf. F. oncial. See Inch a measure.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a certain style of letters used in ancient manuscripts, esp. in Greek and Latin manuscripts. The letters are somewhat rounded, and the upstrokes and downstrokes usually have a slight inclination. These letters were used as early as the 1st century b. c., and were seldom used after the 10th century a. d., being superseded by the cursive style. UNCIAL Un"cial, n. Defn: An uncial letter. UNCIATIM Un`ci*a"tim, adv. Etym: [L.] Defn: Ounce by ounce. UNCIFORM Un"ci*form, a. Etym: [L. uncus a hook + -form.] Defn: Having the shape of a hook; being of a curved or hooked from; hooklike. Unciform bone (Anat.), a bone of the carpus at the bases of the fourth and fifth metacarpals; the hamatum. UNCIFORM Un"ci*form, n. (Anat.) Defn: The unciform bone. See Illust. of Perissodactyla. UNCINATA Un`ci*na"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. uncinus a hook.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of marine chætopod annelids which are furnished with uncini, as the serpulas and sabellas. UNCINATE Un"ci*nate, a. Etym: [L. uncinatus, from uncinus a hook, from uncus a hook.] Defn: Hooked; bent at the tip in the form of a hook; as, an uncinate process. UNCINATUM Un`ci*na"tum, n. Etym: [NL., from L. uncinatus hooked.] (Anat.) Defn: The unciform bone. UNCINUS Un*ci"nus, n.; pl. Uncini. Etym: [L., a hook.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the peculiar minute chitinous hooks found in large numbers in the tori of tubicolous annelids belonging to the Uncinata. UNCIPHER Un*ci"pher, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + cipher.] Defn: To decipher; as, to uncipher a letter. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple. UNCIRCUMCISED Un*cir"cum*cised, n. Defn: Not circumcised; hence, not of the Israelites. "This uncircumcised Philistine." 1 Sam. xvii. 26. UNCIRCUMCISION Un*cir`cum*ci"sion, n. 1. The absence or want of circumcision. 2. (Script.) Defn: People not circumcised; the Gentiles. UNCIRCUMSTANDTIAL Un*cir`cum*stand"tial, a. 1. Not circumstantial; not entering into minute particulars. 2. Not important; not pertinent; trivial. [Obs.] UNCITY Un*cit"y, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + city.] Defn: To deprive of the rank or rights of a city. [Obs.] UNCIVIL Un*civ"il, a. 1. Not civilized; savage; barbarous; uncivilized. Men can not enjoy the rights of an uncivil and of a civil state together. Burke. 2. Not civil; not complaisant; discourteous; impolite; rude; unpolished; as, uncivil behavior. UNCIVILITY Un`ci*vil"i*ty, n. Defn: Incivility. [Obs.] UNCIVILIZATION Un*civ`i*li*za"tion, n. Defn: The state of being uncivilized; savagery or barbarism. [R.] UNCIVILIZED Un*civ"i*lized, a. 1. Not civilized; not reclaimed from savage life; rude; barbarous; savage; as, the uncivilized inhabitants of Central Africa. 2. Not civil; coarse; clownish. [R.] Addison. UNCIVILTY Un*civ"il*ty, adv. Defn: In an uncivil manner. UNCLASP Un*clasp", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + clasp.] Defn: To loose the clasp of; to open, as something that is fastened, or as with, a clasp; as, to unclasp a book; to unclasp one's heart. UNCLE Un"cle, n. Etym: [OE. uncle, OF. oncle, uncle, F. oncle, fr. L. avunculus a maternal uncle, dim. of avus a grandfather; akin to Lith. avynas uncle, Goth. aw grandmother, Icel. ai great grandfather.] 1. The brother of one's father or mother; also applied to an aunt's husband; -- the correlative of aunt in sex, and of nephew and niece in relationship. 2. A pawnbroker. [Slang] Thackeray. My uncle, a pawnbroker. [Slang] - - Uncle Sam, a humorous appellation given to the United States Government. See Uncle Sam, in Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. UNCLEAN Un*clean", a. Etym: [AS. uncl. See Unnot, and Clean.] 1. Not clean; foul; dirty; filthy. 2. Ceremonially impure; needing ritual cleansing. He that toucheth the dead body of any man shall be unclean seven days. Num. xix. 11. 3. Morally impure. "Adultery of the heart, consisting of inordinate and unclean affections." Perkins. -- Un*clean"ly, adv. -- Un*clean"ness, n. Unclean animals (Script.), those which the Israelites were forbidden to use for food. -- Unclean spirit (Script.), a wicked spirit; a demon. Mark i. 27. UNCLEANSABLE Un*cleans"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being cleansed or cleaned. UNCLENCH Un*clench", v. t. Defn: Same as Unclinch. UNCLESHIP Un"cle*ship, n. Defn: The office or position of an uncle. Lamb. UNCLEW Un*clew", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + clew.] Defn: To unwind, unfold, or untie; hence, to undo; to ruin. Shak. UNCLINCH Un*clinch", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + clinch.] Defn: To cause to be no longer clinched; to open; as, to unclinch the fist. [Written also unclench.] UNCLING Un*cling", v. i. Etym: [1st pref. un- + cling.] Defn: To cease from clinging or adhering. [Obs.] Milton. UNCLOAK Un*cloak", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + cloak.] Defn: To remove a cloak or cover from; to deprive of a cloak or cover; to unmask; to reveal. UNCLOAK Un*cloak", v. i. Defn: To remove, or take off, one's cloak. UNCLOG Un*clog", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + clog.] Defn: To disencumber of a clog, or of difficulties and obstructions; to free from encumbrances; to set at liberty. Shak. UNCLOISTER Un*clois"ter, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + cloister.] Defn: To release from a cloister, or from confinement or seclusion; to set free; to liberate. UNCLOSE Un*close", v. t. & i. Etym: [1st pref. un- + close.] 1. To open; to separate the parts of; as, to unclose a letter; to unclose one's eyes. 2. To disclose; to lay open; to reveal. UNCLOSED Un*closed", a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + closed.] 1. Not separated by inclosures; open. Clarendon. 2. Not finished; not concluded. [R.] Madison. 3. Not closed; not sealed; open. Byron. UNCLOTHE Un*clothe", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + clothe.] Defn: To strip of clothes or covering; to make naked. I. Watts. [We] do groan being burdened; not for that we would be unclothed, but clothed upon. 2 Cor. v. 4. UNCLOTHED Un*clothed", a. 1. Etym: [Properly p. p. of unclothe.] Defn: Divested or stripped of clothing. Byron. 2. Etym: [Pref. un- not + clothed.] Defn: Not yet clothed; wanting clothes; naked. -- Un*cloth"ed*ly, adv. [Obs.] Bacon. UNCLOUD Un*cloud", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + cloud.] Defn: To free from clouds; to unvail; to clear from obscurity, gloom, sorrow, or the like. Beau. & Fl. UNCLUE Un*clue", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + clue.] Defn: To unwind; to untangle. UNCLUTCH Un*clutch", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + clutch.] 1. To open, as something closely shut. "Unclutch his griping hand." Dr. H. More. 2. (Mech.) Defn: To disengage, as a clutch. UNCO Un"co, a. Etym: [Scot. The same word as E. uncouth.] Defn: Unknown; strange, or foreign; unusual, or surprising; distant in manner; reserved. [Scot.] UNCO Un"co, adv. Defn: In a high degree; to a great extent; greatly; very. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] UNCO Un"co, n. Defn: A strange thing or person. [Scot.] UNCOACH Un*coach", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + coach.] Defn: To detach or loose from a coach. [Obs.] Chapman. UNCOCK Un*cock", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + cock.] 1. To let down the cock of, as a firearm. 2. To deprive of its cocked shape, as a hat, etc. 3. To open or spread from a cock or heap, as hay. UNCOFFLE Un*cof"fle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + coffle.] Defn: To release from a coffle. UNCOIF Un*coif", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + coif.] Defn: To deprive of the coif or cap. Young. UNCOIL Un*coil", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + coil.] Defn: To unwind or open, as a coil of rope. Derham. UNCOINED Un*coined", a. 1. Not coined, or minted; as, uncoined silver. Locke. 2. Not fabricated; not artificial or counterfeit; natural. "Plain and uncoined constancy." Shak. UNCOLT Un*colt", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + colt.] Defn: To unhorse. [Obs. & R.] Shak. UNCOMBINE Un`com*bine", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + combine.] Defn: To separate, as substances in combination; to release from combination or union. [R.] Daniel. UNCOMEATABLE Un`come*at"a*ble, a. Defn: Not to be come at, or reached; inaccessible. [Colloq.] Addison. My honor is infallible and uncomeatable. Congreve. UNCOMELY Un*come"ly, a. Defn: Not comely. -- adv. In an uncomely manner. 1 Cor. vii. 36. UNCOMFORTABLE Un*com"fort*a*ble, a. 1. Feeling discomfort; uneasy; as, to be uncomfortable on account of one's position. 2. Causing discomfort; disagreeable; unpleasant; as, an uncomfortable seat or situation. The most dead, uncomfortable time of the year. Addison. -- Un*com"fort*a*ble*ness, n. -- Un*com"fort*a*bly, adv. UNCOMMON Un*com"mon, a. Defn: Not common; unusual; infrequent; rare; hence, remarkable; strange; as, an uncommon season; an uncommon degree of cold or heat; uncommon courage. Syn. -- Rare; scarce; infrequent; unwonted. -- Un*com"mon*ly, adv. -- Un*com"mon*ness, n. UNCOMPLETE Un`com*plete", a. Defn: Incomplete. Pope. UNCOMPREHEND Un*com`pre*hend, v. t. Etym: [1st un- + comprehend.] Defn: To fail to comprehend. [R.] Daniel. UNCOMPREHENSIVE Un*com`pre*hen"sive, a. 1. Unable to comprehend. Narrow-spirited, uncomprehensive zealots. South. 2. Incomprehensible. [Obs.] Shak. UNCOMPROMISING Un*com"pro*mi`sing, a. Defn: Not admitting of compromise; making no truce or concessions; obstinate; unyielding; inflexible. -- Un*com"pro*mi`sing*ly, adv. UNCONCEIVABLE Un`con*ceiv"a*ble, a. Defn: Inconceivable. [Obs.] Locke. -- Un`con*ceiv"a*ble*ness, n. [Obs.] -- Un`con*ceiv"a*bly, adv. [Obs.] UNCONCERN Un`con*cern", n. Defn: Want of concern; absence of anxiety; freedom from solicitude; indifference. A listless unconcern, Cold, and averting from our neighbor's good. Thomson. UNCONCERNED Un`con*cerned", a. Defn: Not concerned; not anxious or solicitous; easy in mind; carelessly secure; indifferent; as, to be unconcerned at what has happened; to be unconcerned about the future. -- Un`con*cern"ed*ly, adv. -- Un`con*cern"ed*ness, n. Happy mortals, unconcerned for more. Dryden. UNCONCERNING Un`con*cern"ing, a. Defn: Not interesting of affecting; insignificant; not belonging to one. [Obs.] Addison. UNCONCERNMENT Un`con*cern"ment, n. Defn: The state of being unconcerned, or of having no share or concern; unconcernedness. [Obs.] South. UNCONCLUDENT; UNCONCLUDING Un`con*clud"ent, Un`con*clud"ing, a. Defn: Inconclusive. [Obs.] Locke. -- Un`con*clud"ing*ness, n. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. UNCONCLUSIVE Un`con*clu"sive, a. Defn: Inconclusive. [Obs.] UNCONDITIONAL Un`con*di"tion*al, a. Defn: Not conditional limited, or conditioned; made without condition; absolute; unreserved; as, an unconditional surrender. O, pass not, Lord, an absolute decree, Or bind thy sentence unconditional. Dryden. -- Un`con*di"tion*al*ly, adv. UNCONDITIONED Un`con*di"tioned, a. 1. Not conditioned or subject to conditions; unconditional. 2. (Metaph.) Defn: Not subject to condition or limitations; infinite; absolute; hence, inconceivable; incogitable. Sir W. Hamilton. The unconditioned (Metaph.), all that which is inconceivable and beyond the realm of reason; whatever is inconceivable under logical forms or relations. UNCONFIDENCE Un*con"fi*dence, n. Defn: Absence of confidence; uncertainty; doubt. UNCONFORM Un`con*form", a. Defn: Unlike. [Obs.] Not unconform to other shining globes. Milton. UNCONFORMABILITY Un`con*form`a*bil"i*ty, n. 1. The quality or state of being unconformable; unconformableness. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Want of parallelism between one series of strata and another, especially when due to a disturbance of the position of the earlier strata before the latter were deposited. UNCONFORMABLE Un`con*form"a*ble, a. 1. Not conformable; not agreeable; not conforming. Moral evil is an action unconformable to it [the rule of our duty]. I. Watts. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Not conformable; not lying in a parallel position; as, unconformable strata. -- Un`con*form"a*ble*ness, n. -- Un`con*form"a*bly, adv. UNCONFORMIST Un`con*form"ist, n. Defn: A nonconformist. [Obs.] UNCONFORMITY Un`con*form"i*ty, n. 1. Want of conformity; incongruity; inconsistency. South. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Want of parallelism between strata in contact. Note: With some authors unconformity is equivalent to unconformability; but it is often used more broadly, for example, to include the case when the parallelism of strata once conformable has been disturbed by faulting and the like. UNCONFOUND Un`con*found", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + confound.] Defn: To free from a state of confusion, or of being confounded. Milton. UNCONFOUNDED Un`con*found"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + confounded.] Defn: Not confounded. Bp. Warburton. UNCONGEAL Un`con*geal", v. i. Etym: [1st un- + congeal.] Defn: To thaw; to become liquid again. Tennyson. UNCONNING Un*con"ning, a. Defn: Not knowing; ignorant. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- n. Defn: Ignorance. [Obs.] UNCONQUERABLE Un*con"quer*a*ble, a. Defn: Not conquerable; indomitable. -- Un*con"quer*a*bly, adv. UNCONSCIONABLE Un*con"scion*a*ble, a. 1. Not conscionable; not conforming to reason; unreasonable; exceeding the limits of any reasonable claim or expectation; inordinate; as, an unconscionable person or demand; unconscionable size. Which use of reason, most reasonless and unconscionable, is the utmost that any tyrant ever pretended. Milton. His giantship is gone somewhat crestfallen, Stalking with less unconscionable strides. Milton. 2. Not guided by, or conformed to, conscience. [Obs.] Ungenerous as well as unconscionable practices. South. -- Un*con"scion*a*ble*ness, n. -- Un*con"scion*a*bly, adv. UNCONSCIOUS Un*con"scious, a. 1. Not conscious; having no consciousness or power of mental perception; without cerebral appreciation; hence, not knowing or regarding; ignorant; as, an unconscious man. Cowper. 2. Not known or apprehended by consciousness; as, an unconscious cerebration. "Unconscious causes." Blackmore. 3. Having no knowledge by experience; -- followed by of; as, a mule unconscious of the yoke. Pope. -- Un*con"scious-ly, adv. -- Un*con"scious*ness, n. UNCONSECRATE Un*con"se*crate, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + consecrate.] Defn: To render not sacred; to deprive of sanctity; to desecrate. [Obs.] South. UNCONSEQUENTIAL Un*con`se*quen"tial, a. Defn: Inconsequential. Johnson. UNCONSIDERATE Un`con*sid"er*ate, a. Defn: Inconsiderate; heedless; careless. [Obs.] Daniel. -- Un`con*sid"er*ate*ness, n. [Obs.] Hales. UNCONSIDERED Un`con*sid"ered, a. Defn: Not considered or attended to; not regarded; inconsiderable; trifling. A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles. Shak. UNCONSONANT Un*con"so*nant, a. Defn: Incongruous; inconsistent. "A thing unconsonant.' Hooker. UNCONSPICUOUS Un`con*spic"u*ous, a. Defn: Inconspicuous. [R.] Ed. Rev. UNCONSTANCY Un*con"stan*cy, n. Defn: Inconstancy. [Obs.] "The unconstancy of the foundation." Fuller. UNCONSTANT Un*con"stant, a. Defn: Not constant; inconstant; fickle; changeable. [Obs.] Shak. -- Un*con"stant*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Un*con"stant*ness, n. [Obs.] UNCONSTITUTIONAL Un*con`sti*tu"tion*al, a. Defn: Not constitutional; not according to, or consistent with, the terms of a constitution of government; contrary to the constitution; as, an unconstitutional law, or act of an officer. Burke. -- Un*con`sti*tu"tion*al"i*ty, n. -- Un*con`sti*tu"tion*al-ly, adv. UNCONSTRAINT Un`con*straint", n. Defn: Freedom from constraint; ease. Felton. UNCONSUMMATE Un`con*sum"mate, a. Defn: Not consummated; not accomplished. [Obs.] Dryden. UNCONTESTABLE Un`con*test"a*ble, a. Defn: Incontestable. UNCONTINENT Un*con"ti*nent, a. Defn: Not continent; incontinent. Wyclif (2 Tim. iii. 3). UNCONTROLLABLE Un`con*trol"la*ble, a. 1. Incapable of being controlled; ungovernable; irresistible; as, an uncontrollable temper; uncontrollable events. 2. Indisputable; irrefragable; as, an uncontrollable maxim; an uncontrollable title. [R.] Swift. -- Un`con*trol"la*ble*ness, n. -- Un`con*trol"la*bly, adv. UNCONTROVERSORY Un*con`tro*ver"so*ry, a. Defn: Not involving controversy. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. UNCONTROVERTIBLE Un*con`tro*ver"ti*ble, a. Defn: Incontrovertible. UNCONTROVERTIBLY Un*con`tro*ver"ti*bly, adv. Defn: Incontrovertibly. UNCONVENIENT Un`con*ven"ient, a. Defn: Inconvenient. Bale. -- Un`con*ven"ient*ly, adv. Udall. UNCONVERSION Un`con*ver"sion, n. Defn: The state of being unconverted; impenitence. [R.] UNCONVERTED Un`con*vert"ed, a. 1. Not converted or exchanged. 2. Not changed in opinion, or from one faith to another. Specifically: -- (a) Not persuaded of the truth of the Christian religion; heathenish. Hooker. (b) Unregenerate; sinful; impenitent. Baxter. UNCORD Un*cord", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + cord.] Defn: To release from cords; to loosen the cord or cords of; to unfasten or unbind; as, to uncord a package. UNCORK Un*cork", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + cork.] Defn: To draw the cork from; as, to uncork a bottle. UNCORRECT Un`cor*rect", a. Defn: Incorrect. Dryden. UNCORRIGIBLE Un*cor"ri*gi*ble, a. Defn: Incorrigible; not capable of correction. [Obs.] UNCORRUPT Un`cor*rupt", a. Defn: Incorrupt. UNCORRUPTIBLE Un`cor*rupt"i*ble, a. Defn: Incorruptible. "The glory of the uncorruptible God." Rom. i. 23. UNCORRUPTION Un`cor*rup"tion, n. Defn: Incorruption. UNCOUPLE Un*cou"ple, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + couple.] Defn: To loose, as dogs, from their couples; also, to set loose; to disconnect; to disjoin; as, to uncouple railroad cars. UNCOUPLE Un*cou"ple, v. i. Defn: To roam at liberty. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNCOURTLINESS Un*court"li*ness, n. Defn: Absence of courtliness; rudeness; rusticity. Addison. UNCOUS Un"cous, a. Etym: [L. uncus hooked, as n., a hook.] Defn: Hooklike; hooked. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. UNCOUTH Un*couth", a. Etym: [OE. uncouth, AS. unc unknown, strange: un- (see Un- not) + c known, p. p. of cunnan to know. See Can to be able, and cf. Unco, Unked.] 1. Unknown. [Obs.] "This uncouth errand." Milton. To leave the good that I had in hand, In hope of better that was uncouth. Spenser. 2. Uncommon; rare; exquisite; elegant. [Obs.] Harness . . . so uncouth and so rish. Chaucer. 3. Unfamiliar; strange; hence, mysterious; dreadful; also, odd; awkward; boorish; as, uncouth manners. "Uncouth in guise and gesture." I. Taylor. I am surprised with an uncouth fear. Shak. Thus sang the uncouth swain. Milton. Syn. -- See Awkward. -- Un*couth"ly, adv. -- Un*couth"ness, n. UNCOVENABLE Un*cov"e*na*ble, a. Defn: Not covenable; inconvenient. [Obs.] Wyclif (1 Tim. iv. 7). UNCOVENANTED Un*cov"e*nant*ed, a. 1. Not covenanted; not granted or entered into under a covenant, agreement, or contract. Bp. Horsley. 2. Not having joined in a league, or assented to a covenant or agreement, as to the Solemn League and Covenant of the Scottish people in the times of the Stuarts. In Scotland a few fanatical nonjurors may have grudged their allegiance to an uncovenanted king. Sir T. E. May. 3. (Theol.) Defn: Not having entered into relationship with God through the appointed means of grace; also, not promised or assured by the divine promises or conditions; as, uncovenanted mercies. UNCOVER Un*cov"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Uncovered; p. pr. & vb. n. Uncovering.] Etym: [1st pref. un- + cover.] 1. To take the cover from; to divest of covering; as, to uncover a box, bed, house, or the like; to uncover one's body. 2. To show openly; to disclose; to reveal. "To uncover his perjury to the oath of his coronation." Milton. 3. To divest of the hat or cap; to bare the head of; as, to uncover one's head; to uncover one's self. UNCOVER Un*cov"er, v. i. 1. To take off the hat or cap; to bare the head in token of respect. We are forced to uncover after them. Addison. 2. To remove the covers from dishes, or the like. Uncover, dogs, and lap. Shak. UNCOWL Un*cowl", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + cowl.] Defn: To divest or deprive of a cowl. Pope. UNCREATE Un`cre*ate", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + create.] Defn: To deprive of existence; to annihilate. Who can uncreate thee, thou shalt know. Milton. UNCREATE Un`cre*ate", a. Etym: [Pref. un- + create, a.] Defn: Uncreated; self-existent. Book of Common Prayer. UNCREATED Un`cre*at"ed, a. Etym: [In sense 1, properly p. p. of uncreate; in senses 2 and 3, pref. un- + created.] 1. Deprived of existence; annihilated. Beau. & Fl. 2. Not yet created; as, misery uncreated. Milton. 3. Not existing by creation; self-existent; eternal; as, God is an uncreated being. Locke. UNCREATEDNESS Un`cre*at"ed*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being uncreated. UNCREDIBLE Un*cred"i*ble, a. Defn: Incredible. Bacon. UNCREDIT Un*cred"it, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + credit.] Defn: To cause to be disbelieved; to discredit. [Obs.] Fuller. UNCREDITABLE Un*cred"it*a*ble, a. Defn: Discreditable. [Obs.] UNCROWN Un*crown", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + crown.] Defn: To deprive of a crown; to take the crown from; hence, to discrown; to dethrone. He hath done me wrong, And therefore I'll uncrown him ere't be long. Shak. UNCRUDDED Un*crud"ded, a. Etym: [See Un- not, and Curd.] Defn: Not cruddled, or curdled. [Obs.] Her breast like to a bowl of cream uncrudded. Spenser. UNCTION Unc"tion, n. Etym: [OE. unccioun, uncioun, OF. oncion, onction, F. onction, fr. L. unctio, fr. ungere, unctum, to anoint. See Unguent.] 1. The act of anointing, smearing, or rubbing with an unguent, oil, or ointment, especially for medical purposes, or as a symbol of consecration; as, mercurial unction. To be heir, and to be king By sacred unction, thy deserved right. Milton. 2. That which is used for anointing; an unguent; an ointment; hence, anything soothing or lenitive. The king himself the sacred unction made. Dryden. Lay not that flattering unction to your soul. Shak. 3. Divine or sanctifying grace. [R.] 4. That quality in language, address, or the like, which excites emotion; especially, strong devotion; religious fervor and tenderness; sometimes, a simulated, factitious, or unnatural fervor. The delightful equivoque and unction of the passage in Farquhar. Hazlitt. The mention of thy glory Is unction to the breast. Neale (Rhythm of St. Bernard). Extreme unction (R. C. Ch. & Gr. Ch.), the sacrament of anointing in the last hours; the application of consecrated oil by a priest to all the senses, that is, to eyes, ears, nostrils, etc., of a person when in danger of death from illness, -- done for remission of sins. [James v. 14, 15.] UNCTIOUS Unc"tious, a. Defn: Unctuous. [Obs.] UNCTUOSITY Unc`tu*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. onctuosité.] Defn: Quality or state of being unctuous. Sir T. Browne. UNCTUOUS Unc"tu*ous, a. Etym: [F. onctueux, LL. unctuosus, fr. L. unctus anointment, fr. ungere, unctum, to anoint. See Unguent.] 1. Of the nature or quality of an unguent or ointment; fatty; oily; greasy. "The unctuous cheese." Longfellow. 2. Having a smooth, greasy feel, as certain minerals. 3. Bland; suave; also, tender; fervid; as, an unctuous speech; sometimes, insincerely suave or fervid. -- Unc"tu*ous*ly, adv. -- Unc"tu*ous*ness, n. UNCULPABLE Un*cul"pa*ble, a. Defn: Inculpable; not blameworthy. [R.] Hooker. UNCULT Un*cult", a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + L. cultus, p. p. of colere to cultivate. Cf. Incult.] Defn: Not cultivated; rude; illiterate. [Obs.] UNCULTURE Un*cul"ture, n. Defn: Want of culture. "Idleness, ill husbandry . . . unculture." Bp. Hall. UNCUNNING Un*cun"ning, a. Defn: Ignorant. [Obs.] I am young and uncunning, as thou wost [knowest]. Chaucer. UNCUNNINGLY Un*cun"ning*ly, adv. Defn: Ignorantly. [Obs.] UNCUNNINGNESS Un*cun"ning*ness, n. Defn: Ignorance. [Obs.] UNCURABLE Un*cur"a*ble, a. Defn: Incurable. UNCURABLY Un*cur"a*bly, adv. Defn: In an uncurable manner. UNCURBABLE Un*curb"a*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being curbed. Shak. UNCURL Un*curl", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + curl.] Defn: To loose from curls, or ringlets; to straighten out, as anything curled or curly. He sheaths his paw, uncurls his angry mane. Dryden. UNCURL Un*curl", v. i. Defn: To become uncurled, or straight. UNCURRENT Un*cur"rent, a. Defn: Not current. Specifically: Not passing in common payment; not receivable at par or full value; as, uncurrent notes. Shak. UNCURSE Un*curse", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + curse.] Defn: To free from a curse or an execration. Shak. UNCURTAIN Un*cur"tain, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + curtain.] Defn: To remove a curtain from; to reveal. Moore. UNCUS Un"cus, n.; pl. Unci. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A hook or claw. UNCUSTOMABLE Un*cus"tom*a*ble, a. Defn: Not customable, or subject to custom duties. UNCUSTOMED Un*cus"tomed, a. Defn: Uncustomable; also, not having paid duty or customs. Smollett. UNCUT Un*cut", a. 1. Not cut; not separated or divided by cutting or otherwise; -- said especially of books, periodicals, and the like, when the leaves have not been separated by trimming in binding. 2. Not ground, or otherwise cut, into a certain shape; as, an uncut diamond. Uncut velvet,a fabric woven like velvet, but with the loops of the warp threads uncut. UNCUTH Un*cuth", a. Defn: Unknown; strange. [Obs.] -- n. Defn: A stranger. [Obs.] UNCUT VELVET Un*cut" vel"vet. Defn: A fabric woven like velvet, but with the loops of the warp threads uncut. UNCYPHER Un*cy"pher, v. t. Defn: See Uncipher. UNDAM Un*dam", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + dam.] Defn: To free from a dam, mound, or other obstruction. Dryden. UNDAMPNED Un*damp"ned, a. Defn: Uncondemned. [Obs.] Wyclif (Acts xvi. 37). UNDATED Un"da*ted, a. Etym: [L. undatus, p. p. of undare to rise in waves, to wave, to undulate, fr. unda a wave. See Undulate.] (Bot.) Defn: Rising and falling in waves toward the margin, as a leaf; waved. UNDATED Un*dat"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. un- + dated.] Defn: Not dated; having no date; of unknown age; as, an undated letter. UNDAUNTABLE Un*daunt"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being daunted; intrepid; fearless; indomitable. Bp. Hall. UNDAUNTED Un*daunt"ed, a. Defn: Not daunted; not subdued or depressed by fear. Shak. Syn. -- Bold; fearless; brave; courageous; intrepid. -- Un*daunt"ed*ly, adv. -- Un*daunt"ed*ness, n. UNDE Un"dé, a. Etym: [F. ondé.] (Her.) Defn: Waving or wavy; -- applied to ordinaries, or division lines. UNDEADLY Un*dead"ly, a. Defn: Not subject to death; immortal. [Obs.] -- Un*dead"li*ness, n. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNDEAF Un*deaf", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + deaf.] Defn: To free from deafness; to cause to hear. [Obs.] Shak. UNDECAGON Un*dec"a*gon, n. Etym: [L. undecim eleven + Gr. (Geom.) Defn: A figure having eleven angles and eleven sides. UNDECANE Un"de*cane, n. Etym: [L. undecim eleven.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon, C11H24, of the methane series, found in petroleum; -- so called from its containing eleven carbon atoms in the molecule. UNDECEIVE Un`de*ceive", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + deceive.] Defn: To cause to be no longer deceived; to free from deception, fraud, fallacy, or mistake. South. UNDECENCY Un*de"cen*cy, n. Defn: Indecency. [Obs.] "Decency and undecency." Jer. Taylor. UNDECENNARY Un`de*cen"na*ry, a. Etym: [L. undecim eleven (unus one + decem ten) + -ennary as in decennary. Cf. Undecennial.] Defn: Occurring once in every period of eleven years; undecennial. An undecennary account laid before Parliament. E. Stiles. UNDECENNIAL Un`de*cen"ni*al, a. Etym: [See Undecennary, and cf. Decennial.] Defn: Occurring or observed every eleventh year; belonging to, or continuing, a period of eleven years; undecennary; as, an undecennial festival. UNDECENT Un*de"cent, a. Defn: Indecent. [Obs.] UNDECIDE Un`de*cide", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + decide.] Defn: To reverse or recant, as a previous decision. UNDECISIVE Un`de*ci"sive, a. Defn: Indecisive. [R.] Glanvill. UNDECK Un*deck", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + deck.] Defn: To divest of ornaments. Shak. UNDECKED Un*decked, a. 1. Not decked; unadorned. [Eve] undecked, save with herself, more lovely fair. Milton. 2. Not having a deck; as, an undecked vessel. UNDECOLIC Un`de*col"ic, a. Etym: [Undecylenic + propiolic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C11H18O2, of the propiolic acid series, obtained indirectly from undecylenic acid as a white crystalline substance. UNDECREED Un`de*creed", a. 1. Etym: [Pref. un- not + decreed.] Defn: Not decreed. 2. Etym: [1st pref. un- + decree.] Defn: Reversed or nullified by decree, as something previously decreed. UNDECYL Un"de*cyl, n. Etym: [Undecane + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The radical regarded as characteristic of undecylic acid. UNDECYLENIC Un*dec`y*len"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid C11H20O2, homologous with acrylic acid, and obtained as a white crystalline substance by the distillation of castor oil. UNDECYLIC Un`de*cyl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Related to, derived from, or containing, undecyl; specifically, designating that member of the fatty acids which corresponds to undecane, and is obtained as a white crystalline substance, C11H22O2. UNDEEDED Un*deed"ed, a. 1. Not deeded or transferred by deed; as, undeeded land. 2. Not made famous by any great action. [Obs.] Shak. UNDEFATIGABLE Un`de*fat"i*ga*ble, a. Defn: Indefatigable. [Obs.] "Undefatigable pains." Camden. UNDEFEASIBLE Un`de*fea"si*ble, a. Defn: Indefeasible. [Obs.] UNDEFINE Un`de*fine", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + define.] Defn: To make indefinite; to obliterate or confuse the definition or limitations of. UNDEIFY Un*de"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + deify.] Defn: To degrade from the state of deity; to deprive of the character or qualities of a god; to deprive of the reverence due to a god. Addison. UNDENIABLE Un`de*ni"a*ble, a. 1. Not deniable; incapable of denial; palpably true; indisputable; obvious; as, undeniable evidence. 2. Unobjectionable; unquestionably excellent; as, a person of undeniable connections. [Colloq.] G. Eliot. UNDENIABLY Un`de*ni"a*bly, adv. Defn: In an undeniable manner. UNDEPARTABLE Un`de*part"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being parted; inseparable. [Obs.] Chaucer. Wyclif. UNDER Un"der, prep. Etym: [AS. under, prep. & adv.; akin to OFries. under, OS. undar, D. onder, G. unter, OHG. untar, Icel. undir, Sw. & Dan. under, Goth. undar, L. infra below, inferior lower, Skr. adhas below. sq. root201. Cf. Inferior.] 1. Below or lower, in place or position, with the idea of being covered; lower than; beneath; -- opposed to over; as, he stood under a tree; the carriage is under cover; a cellar extends under the whole house. Fruit put in bottles, and the bottles let down into wells under water, will keep long. Bacon. Be gathered now, ye waters under heaven, Into one place. Milton. 2. Hence, in many figurative uses which may be classified as follows; -- (a) Denoting relation to some thing or person that is superior, weighs upon, oppresses, bows down, governs, directs, influences powerfully, or the like, in a relation of subjection, subordination, obligation, liability, or the like; as, to travel under a heavy load; to live under extreme oppression; to have fortitude under the evils of life; to have patience under pain, or under misfortunes; to behave like a Christian under reproaches and injuries; under the pains and penalties of the law; the condition under which one enters upon an office; under the necessity of obeying the laws; under vows of chastity. Both Jews and Gentiles . . . are all under sin. Rom. iii. 9. That led the embattled seraphim to war Under thy conduct. Milton. Who have their provand Only for bearing burdens, and sore blows For sinking under them. Shak. (b) Denoting relation to something that exceeds in rank or degree, in number, size, weight, age, or the like; in a relation of the less to the greater, of inferiority, or of falling short. Three sons he dying left under age. Spenser. Medicines take effect sometimes under, and sometimes above, the natural proportion of their virtue. Hooker. There are several hundred parishes in England under twenty pounds a year. Swift. It was too great an honor for any man under a duke. Addison. Note: Hence, it sometimes means at, with, or for, less than; as, he would not sell the horse under sixty dollars. Several young men could never leave the pulpit under half a dozen conceits. Swift. (c) Denoting relation to something that comprehends or includes, that represents or designates, that furnishes a cover, pretext, pretense, or the like; as, he betrayed him under the guise of friendship; Morpheus is represented under the figure of a boy asleep. A crew who, under names of old renown . . . abused Fanatic Egypt. Milton. Mr. Duke may be mentioned under the double capacity of a poet and a divine. Felton. Under this head may come in the several contests and wars betwixt popes and the secular princes. C. Leslie. (d) Less specifically, denoting the relation of being subject, of undergoing regard, treatment, or the like; as, a bill under discussion. Abject and lost, lay these, covering the flood, Under amazement of their hideous change. Milton. Under arms. (Mil.) (a) Drawn up fully armed and equipped. (b) Enrolled for military service; as, the state has a million men under arms. -- Under canvas. (a) (Naut.) Moved or propelled by sails; -- said of any vessel with her sail set, but especially of a steamer using her sails only, as distinguished from one under steam. Under steam and canvas signifies that a vessel is using both means of propulsion. (b) (Mil.) Provided with, or sheltered in, tents. -- Under fire, exposed to an enemy's fire; taking part in a battle or general engagement. -- Under foot. See under Foot, n. -- Under ground, below the surface of the ground. -- Under one's signature, with one's signature or name subscribed; attested or confirmed by one's signature. Cf. the second Note under Over, prep. -- Under sail. (Naut.) (a) With anchor up, and under the influence of sails; moved by sails; in motion. (b) With sails set, though the anchor is down. (c) Same as Under canvas (a), above. Totten. -- Under sentence, having had one's sentence pronounced. -- Under the breath, with low voice; very softly. -- Under the lee (Naut.), to the leeward; as, under the lee of the land. -- Under the rose. See under Rose, n. -- Under water, below the surface of the water. -- Under way, or Under weigh (Naut.), in a condition to make progress; having started. UNDER Un"der, adv. Defn: In a lower, subject, or subordinate condition; in subjection; - - used chiefly in a few idiomatic phrases; as, to bring under, to reduce to subjection; to subdue; to keep under, to keep in subjection; to control; to go under, to be unsuccessful; to fail. I keep under my body, and bring it into subjection. 1 Cor. ix. 27. The minstrel fell, but the foeman's chain Could not bring his proud soul under. Moore. Note: Under is often used in composition with a verb to indicate lowness or inferiority in position or degree, in the act named by the verb; as, to underline; to undermine; to underprop. UNDER Un"der, a. Defn: Lower in position, intensity, rank, or degree; subject; subordinate; -- generally in composition with a noun, and written with or without the hyphen; as, an undercurrent; undertone; underdose; under-garment; underofficer; undersheriff. Under covert (Zoöl.), one of the feathers situated beneath the bases of the quills in the wings and tail of a bird. See Illust. under Bird. UNDERACT Un`der*act", v. t. Defn: To perform inefficiently, as a play; to act feebly. UNDERACTION Un"der*ac`tion, n. Defn: Subordinate action; a minor action incidental or subsidiary to the main story; an episode. The least episodes or underactions . . . are parts necessary or convenient to carry on the main design. Dryden. UNDERACTOR Un"der*ac`tor, n. Defn: A subordinate actor. UNDER-AGE Un"der-age`, a. Defn: Not having arrived at adult age, or at years of discretion; hence, raw; green; immature; boyish; childish. [Obs.] I myself have loved a lady, and pursued her with a great deal of under-age protestation. J. Webster. UNDERAGENT Un"der*a`gent, n. Defn: A subordinate agent. UNDERAID Un`der*aid", v. t. Defn: To aid clandestinely. [Obs.] UNDER-ARM Un"der-arm, a. (Cricket) Defn: Done (as bowling) with the arm not raised above the elbow, that is, not swung far out from the body; underhand. Cf. Over-arm and Round-Arm. UNDERBACK Un"der*back`, n. (Brewing) Defn: A vessel which receives the wort as it flows from the mashing tub. UNDERBEAR Un`der*bear", v. t. Etym: [AS. underberan. See Under, and Bear to support.] 1. To support; to endure. [Obs.] Shak. 2. To line; to guard; to face; as, cloth of gold underborne with blue tinsel. [Obs.] Shak. UNDERBEARER Un"der*bear`er, n. Defn: One who supports or sustains; especially, at a funeral, one of those who bear the copse, as distinguished from a bearer, or pallbearer, who helps to hold up the pall. UNDERBID Un`der*bid", v. t. Defn: To bid less than, as when a contract or service is offered to the lowest bidder; to offer to contract, sell, or do for a less price than. UNDERBIND Un`der*bind", v. t. Defn: To bind beneath. Fairfax. UNDERBOARD Un"der*board`, adv. Defn: Under the board, or table; hence, secretly; unfairly; underhand. See the Note under Aboveboard. UNDERBRACE Un`der*brace, v. t. Defn: To brace, fasten, or bind underneath or below. Cowper. UNDERBRANCH Un"der*branch`, n. 1. A lower branch. 2. A twig or branchlet. [Obs.] Spenser. UNDERBRED Un"der*bred`, a. Defn: Not thoroughly bred; ill-bred; as, an underbred fellow. Goldsmith. UNDERBRUSH Un"der*brush`, n. Defn: Shrubs, small trees, and the like, in a wood or forest, growing beneath large trees; undergrowth. UNDERBUILDER Un"der*build`er, n. Defn: A subordinate or assistant builder. An underbuilder in the house of God. Jer. Taylor. UNDERBUILDING Un"der*build`ing, n. Defn: Same as Substruction. UNDERBUY Un`der*buy", v. t. Defn: To buy at less than the real value or worth; to buy cheaper than. [R.] J. Fletcher. UNDERCAST Un`der*cast", v. t. Defn: To cast under or beneath. UNDERCHAMBERLAIN Un`der*cham"ber*lain, n. Defn: A deputy chamberlain of the exchequer. UNDERCHANTER Un`der*chant"er, n. Defn: Same as Subchanter. UNDERCHAPS Un"der*chaps`, n. pl. Defn: The lower chaps or jaw. Paley. UNDERCHARGE Un`der*charge", v. t. 1. To charge below or under; to charge less than is usual or suitable fro; as, to undercharge goods or services. 2. To put too small a charge into; as, to undercharge a gun. Undercharged mine (Mil.), a mine whose crater is not as wide at top as it is deep. W. P. Craighill. UNDERCHARGE Un"der*charge`, n. Defn: A charge that is less than is usual or suitable. UNDERCLAY Un"der*clay`, n. (Geol.) Defn: A stratum of clay lying beneath a coal bed, often containing the roots of coal plants, especially the Stigmaria. UNDERCLIFF Un"der*cliff`, n. Defn: A subordinate cliff on a shore, consisting of material that has fallen from the higher cliff above. UNDERCLOTHES Un"der*clothes`, n. pl. Defn: Clothes worn under others, especially those worn next the skin for warmth. UNDERCLOTHING Un"der*cloth`ing, n. Defn: Same as Underclothes. UNDERCOAT Un"der*coat`, n. 1. A coat worn under another; a light coat, as distinguished from an overcoat, or a greatcoat. 2. A growth of short hair or fur partially concealed by a longer growth; as, a dog's undercoat. UNDERCONDUCT Un"der*con`duct, n. Defn: A lower conduit; a subterranean conduit. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. UNDERCONSUMPTION Un`der*con*sump"tion, n. (Polit. Econ.) Defn: Consumption of less than is produced; consumption of less than the usual amount. F. A. Walk UNDERCRAFT Un"der*craft`, n. Defn: A sly trick or device; as, an undercraft of authors. [R.] Sterne. UNDERCREEP Un`der*creep", v. i. Defn: To creep secretly or privily. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNDERCREST Un`der*crest", v. t. Defn: To support as a crest; to bear. [Obs. & R.] Shak. UNDERCROFT Un"der*croft, n. Etym: [Under + Prov. E. croft a vault; cf. OD. krochte crypt, and E. crypt.] (Arch.) Defn: A subterranean room of any kind; esp., one under a church (see Crypt), or one used as a chapel or for any sacred purpose. UNDERCRY Un`der*cry", v. i. Defn: To cry aloud. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNDERCURRENT Un"der*cur`rent, n. 1. A current below the surface of water, sometimes flowing in a contrary direction to that on the surface. Totten. 2. Hence, figuratively, a tendency of feeling, opinion, or the like, in a direction contrary to what is publicly shown; an unseen influence or tendency; as, a strong undercurrent of sentiment in favor of a prisoner. All the while there was a busy undercurrent in her. G. Eliot. UNDERCURRENT Un"der*cur`rent, a. Defn: Running beneath the surface; hidden. [R.] "Undercurrent woe." Tennyson. UNDERCUT Un"der*cut`, n. Defn: The lower or under side of a sirloin of beef; the fillet. UNDERCUT Un`der*cut", v. t. Defn: To cut away, as the side of an object, so as to leave an overhanging portion. UNDERDEALING Un"der*deal`ing, n. Defn: Crafty, unfair, or underhand dealing; unfair practice; trickery. Milton. UNDERDELVE Un`der*delve", v. t. Defn: To delve under. [Obs.] UNDERDIG Un`der*dig", v. t. Defn: To dig under or beneath; to undermine. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNDERDITCH Un`der*ditch", v. t. Defn: To dig an underground ditches in, so as to drain the surface; to underdrain; as, to underditch a field or a farm. UNDERDO Un`der*do", v. i. Defn: To do less than is requisite or proper; -- opposed to overdo. Grew. UNDERDO Un`der*do", v. t. Defn: To do less thoroughly than is requisite; specifically, to cook insufficiently; as, to underdo the meat; -- opposed to overdo. UNDERDOER Un"der*do`er, n. Defn: One who underdoes; a shirk. UNDERDOLVEN Un`der*dolv"en, obs. Defn: p. p. of Underdelve. UNDERDOSE Un"der*dose`, n. Defn: A dose which is less than required; a small or insufficient dose. UNDERDOSE Un`der*dose", v. t. & i. Defn: To give an underdose or underdoses to; to practice giving insufficient doses. UNDERDRAIN Un"der*drain`, n. Defn: An underground drain or trench with openings through which the water may percolate from the soil or ground above. UNDERDRAIN Un`der*drain", v. t. Defn: To drain by forming an underdrain or underdrains in; as, to underdrain land. UNDERDRESSED Un`der*dressed", a. Defn: Not dresses enough. UNDERESTIMATE Un`der*es"ti*mate, v. t. Defn: To set to UNDERESTIMATE Un`der*es"ti*mate, n. Defn: The act of underestimating; too low an estimate. UNDERFACTION Un"der*fac`tion, n. Defn: A subordinate party or faction. UNDERFACULTY Un"der*fac`ul*ty, n. Defn: An inferior or subordinate faculty. UNDERFARMER Un"der*farm`er, n. Defn: An assistant farmer. UNDERFEED Un`der*feed", v. t. Defn: To feed with too little food; to supply with an insufficient quantity of food. UNDERFELLOW Un"der*fel`low, n. Defn: An underling [R.] Sir P. Sidney. UNDERFILLING Un"der*fill`ing, n. Defn: The filling below or beneath; the under part of a building. Sir H. Wotton. UNDERFOLLOW Un`der*fol"low, v. t. Defn: To follow closely or immediately after. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNDERFONG Un`der*fong", v. t. Etym: [AS. underfongen, p. p. of underf to undertake; under under + f to take. See Fang to seize.] 1. To undertake; to take in hand; to receive. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Rom. of R. 2. To insnare; to circumvent. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To sustain; to support; to guard. Nash. UNDERFOOT Un`der*foot", adv. Defn: Under the feet; underneath; below. See Under foot, under Foot, n. UNDERFOOT Un`der*foot", a. Defn: Low; base; abject; trodden down. UNDERFRINGE Un"der*fringe`, n. Defn: A lower fringe; a fringe underneath something. Broad-faced, with underfringe of russet beard. Tennyson. UNDERFURNISH Un`der*fur"nish, v. t. Defn: To supply with less than enough; to furnish insufficiently. Collier. UNDERFURROW Un`der*fur"row, v. t. Defn: To cover as under a furrow; to plow in; as, to underfurrow seed or manure. UNDER-GARMENT Un"der-gar`ment, n. Defn: A garment worn below another. UNDERGET Un`der*get", v. t. Defn: To get under or beneath; also, to understand. [Obs.] R. of Gloucester. UNDERGIRD Un`der*gird", v. t. Defn: To blind below; to gird round the bottom. They used helps, undergirding the ship. Acts xxvii. 17. UNDERGLAZE Un"der*glaze`, a. Defn: Applied under the glaze, that is, before the glaze, that is, before the glaze is put on; fitted to be so applied; -- said of colors in porcelain painting. UNDERGO Un`der*go", v. t. [imp. Underwent; p. p. Undergone; p. pr. & vb. n. Undergoing.] Etym: [AS. undergan. See Under, and Go.] 1. To go or move below or under. [Obs.] 2. To be subjected to; to bear up against; to pass through; to endure; to suffer; to sustain; as, to undergo toil and fatigue; to undergo pain, grief, or anxiety; to undergothe operation of amputation; food in the stomach undergoes the process of digestion. Certain to undergo like doom. Milton. 3. To be the bearer of; to possess. [Obs.] Their virtues else, be they as pure as grace, As infinite as man may undergo. Shak. 4. To undertake; to engage in; to hazard. [Obs.] I have moved already Some certain of the noblest-minded Romans To undergo with me an enterprise. Shak. 5. To be subject or amenable to; to underlie. [Obs.] Claudio undergoes my challenge. Shak. UNDERGOD Un"der*god`, n. Defn: A lower or inferio UNDERGORE Un`der*gore", v. t. Defn: To gore underneath. UNDERGOWN Un"der*gown`, n. Defn: A gown worn under another, or under some other article of dress. An undergown and kirtle of pale sea-green silk. Sir W. Scott. UNDERGRADUATE Un`der*grad"u*ate, n. Defn: A member of a university or a college who has not taken his first degree; a student in any school who has not completed his course. UNDERGRADUATE Un`der*grad"u*ate, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an undergraduate, or the body of undergraduates. UNDERGRADUATESHIP Un`der*grad"u*ate*ship, n. Defn: The position or condition of an undergraduate. UNDERGROAN Un`der*groan, v. t. Defn: To groan beneath. [Obs.] Earth undergroaned their high-raised feet. Chapman. UNDERGROUND Un"der*ground`, n. Defn: The place or space beneath the surface of the ground; subterranean space. A spirit raised from depth of underground. Shak. UNDERGROUND Un"der*ground`, a. 1. Being below the surface of the ground; as, an underground story or apartment. 2. Done or occurring out of sight; secret. [Colloq.] Underground railroad or railway. See under Railroad. UNDERGROUND Un"der*ground`, adv. Defn: Beneath the surface of the earth. UNDERGROUND INSURANCE Un"der*ground` in*sur"ance. Defn: Wildcat insurance. UNDERGROVE Un"der*grove`, n. Defn: A grove of shrubs or low trees under taller ones. Wordsworth. UNDERGROW Un`der*grow", v. i. Defn: To grow to an inferior, or less than the usual, size or height. Wyclif. UNDERGROW Un`der*grow", a. Defn: Undergrown. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNDERGROWN Un`der*grown", a. Defn: Of small stature; not grown to a full height or size. UNDERGROWTH Un"der*growth`, n. Defn: That which grows under trees; specifically, shrubs or small trees growing among large trees. Milton. UNDERGRUB Un`der*grub", v. t. Defn: To undermine. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. UNDERHAND Un"der*hand`, a. 1. Secret; clandestine; hence, mean; unfair; fraudulent. Addison. 2. (Baseball, Cricket, etc.) Defn: Done, as pitching, with the hand lower than the shoulder, or, as bowling, with the hand lower than elbow. UNDERHAND Un"der*hand`, adv. 1. By secret means; in a clandestine manner; hence, by fraud; unfairly. Such mean revenge, committed underhand. Dryden. Baillie Macwheeble provided Janet, underhand, with meal for their maintenance. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Baseball, Cricket, etc.) Defn: In an underhand manner; -- said of pitching or bowling. UNDERHANDED Un"der*hand`ed, a. 1. Underhand; clandestine. 2. Insufficiently provided with hands or workers; short-handed; sparsely populated. Norway . . . might defy the world, . . . but it is much underhanded now. Coleridge. UNDERHANDEDLY Un"der*hand`ed*ly, adv. Defn: In an underhand manner. UNDERHANG Un`der*hang", v. t. & i. Defn: To hang under or down; to suspend. Holland. UNDERHANGMAN Un"der*hang`man, n. Defn: An assistant or deputy hangman. Shak. UNDERHEAD Un"der*head`, n. Defn: A blockhead, or stupid person; a dunderhead. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. UNDERHEAVE Un`der*heave", v. i. Defn: To heave or lift from below. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNDERHEW Un`der*hew", v. t. Defn: To hew less than is usual or proper; specifically, to hew, as a piece of timber which should be square, in such a manner that it appears to contain a greater number of cubic feet than it really does contain. Haldeman. UNDERHONEST Un`der*hon"est, a. Defn: Not entirely honest. [R.] "We think him overproud and underhonest." Shak. UNDERHUNG Un`der*hung", a. 1. (Carp.) Defn: Resting on a track at the bottom, instead of being suspended; - - said of a sliding door. Forney. 2. Having the lower jaw projecting. T. Hughes. UNDERJAW Un"der*jaw`, n. Defn: The lower jaw. Paley. UNDERJOIN Un`der*join", v. t. Defn: To join below or beneath; to subjoin. Wyclif. UNDERKEEP Un`der*keep", v. t. Defn: To keep under, or in subjection; to suppress. [Obs.] Spenser. UNDERKEEPER Un"der*keep`er, n. Defn: A subordinate keeper or guardian. Gray. UNDERKIND Un"der*kind`, n. Defn: An inferior kind. Dryden. UNDERKINGDOM Un"der*king`dom, n. Defn: A subordinate or dependent kingdom. Tennyson. UNDERLABORER Un"der*la`bor*er, n. Defn: An assistant or subordinate laborer. Locke. UNDERLAID Un`der*laid", a. Defn: Laid or placed underneath; also, having something laid or lying underneath. UNDERLAY Un`der*lay", v. t. Etym: [AS. underlecgan. See Under, and Lay, v. t.] 1. To lay beneath; to put under. 2. To raise or support by something laid under; as, to underlay a cut, plate, or the like, for printing. See Underlay, n., 2. 3. To put a tap on (a shoe). [Prov. Eng.] UNDERLAY Un`der*lay", v. i. (Mining) Defn: To incline from the vertical; to hade; -- said of a vein, fault, or lode. UNDERLAY Un"der*lay`, n. 1. (Mining) Defn: The inclination of a vein, fault, or lode from the vertical; a hade; -- called also underlie. 2. (Print.) Defn: A thickness of paper, pasteboard, or the like, placed under a cut, or stereotype plate, or under type, in the from, to bring it, or any part of it, to the proper height; also, something placed back of a part of the tympan, so as to secure the right impression. UNDERLAYER Un"der*lay`er, n. 1. One who, or that which, underlays or is underlaid; a lower layer. 2. (Mining) Defn: A perpendicular shaft sunk to cut the lode at any required depth. Weale. UNDERLEAF Un"der*leaf`, n. Defn: A prolific sort of apple, good for cider. [Obs.] Mortimer. UNDERLEASE Un"der*lease, n. (Law) Defn: A lease granted by a tenant or lessee; especially, a lease granted by one who is himself a lessee for years, for any fewer or less number of years than he himself holds; a sublease. Burrill. UNDERLET Un`der*let", v. t. 1. To let below the value. All my farms were underlet. Smollett. 2. To let or lease at second hand; to sublet. UNDERLETTER Un"der*let`ter, n. Defn: A tenant or lessee who grants a lease to another. UNDERLIE Un`der*lie", v. t. Etym: [AS. underlicgan. See Under, and Lie to be prostrate.] 1. To lie under; to rest beneath; to be situated under; as, a stratum of clay underlies the surface gravel. 2. To be at the basis of; to form the foundation of; to support; as, a doctrine underlying a theory. 3. To be subject or amenable to. [R.] The knight of Ivanhoe . . . underlies the challenge of Brian der Bois Guilbert. Sir W. Scott. UNDERLIE Un`der*lie", v. i. Defn: To lie below or under. UNDERLIE Un"der*lie`, n. Defn: See Underlay, n., 1. UNDERLINE Un`der*line", v. t. 1. To mark a line below, as words; to underscore. 2. To influence secretly. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. UNDERLING Un"der*ling, n. Etym: [Under + -ling.] Defn: An inferior person or agent; a subordinate; hence, a mean, sorry fellow. Milton. he fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, But in ourselves, that we are underlings. Shak. UNDERLIP Un"der*lip`, n. Defn: The lower lip. UNDERLOAD STARTER Un"der*load start`er. (Elec.) Defn: A motor starter provided with an underload switch. UNDERLOAD SWITCH Underload switch. (Elec.) Defn: A switch which opens a circuit when the current falls below a certain predetermined value, used to protect certain types of motors from running at excessive speed upon decrease of load. UNDERLOCK Un"der*lock`, n. Defn: A lock of wool hanging under the belly of a sheep. UNDERLOCKER Un"der*lock`er, n. (Mining) Defn: A person who inspects a mine daily; -- called also underviewer. UNDERLYING Un`der*ly"ing, a. Defn: Lying under or beneath; hence, fundamental; as, the underlying strata of a locality; underlying principles. UNDERMANNED Un`der*manned", a. (Naut.) Defn: Insufficiently furnished with men; short-handed. UNDERMASTED Un"der*mast`ed, a. (Naut.) Defn: Having masts smaller than the usual dimension; -- said of vessels. Totten. UNDERMASTER Un"der*mas`ter, n. Defn: A master subordinate to the principal master; an assistant master. UNDERMATCH Un"der*match`, n. Defn: One who is not a match for another. Fuller. UNDERMEAL Un"der*meal`, n. Etym: [AS. under under + m part or portion; cf. AS. underm midday. See Under, Meal a part, and cf. Undern.] 1. The inferior, or after, part of the day; the afternoon. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] In undermeals and in mornings. Chaucer. 2. Hence, something occurring or done in the afternoon; esp., an afternoon meal; supper; also, an afternoon nap; a siesta. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Another great supper, or undermeal, was made ready for them, coming home from ditching and plowing. Withals (1608). I think I am furnished with Cattern [Catharine] pears for one undermeal. B. Jonson. In a narrower limit than the forty years' undermeal of the seven sleepers. Nash. UNDERMINE Un`der*mine", v. t. 1. To excavate the earth beneath, or the part of, especially for the purpose of causing to fall or be overthrown; to form a mine under; to sap; as, to undermine a wall. A vast rock undermined from one end to the other, and a highway running through it. Addison. 2. Fig.: To remove the foundation or support of by clandestine means; to ruin in an underhand way; as, to undermine reputation; to undermine the constitution of the state. He should be warned who are like to undermine him. Locke. UNDERMINER Un`der*min"er, n. Defn: One who undermines. UNDERMINISTER Un`der*min"is*ter, v. t. Defn: To serve, or minister to, in a subordinate relation. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNDERMINISTRY Un`der*min"is*try, n. Defn: A subordinate or inferior ministry. Jer. Taylor. UNDERMIRTH Un"der*mirth`, n. Defn: Suppressed or concealed mirth. [Obs.] The Coronation. UNDERMONEYED Un`der*mon"eyed, a. Defn: Bribed. [R.] Fuller. UNDERMOST Un"der*most, a. Etym: [From Under; cf. Aftermost.] Defn: Lowest, as in place, rank, or condition. Addison. UNDERN Un"dern, n. Etym: [AS. undern; akin to OS. undorn, OHG. untarn, untorn, Icel. undorn mid afternoon, mid forenoon, Goth. undaúrnimats the midday meal. Cf. Undermeal, Undertime.] Defn: The time between; the time between sunrise and noon; specifically, the third hour of the day, or nine o'clock in the morning, according to ancient reckoning; hence, mealtime, because formerly the principal meal was eaten at that hour; also, later, the afternoon; the time between dinner and supper. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Betwixt undern and noon was the field all won. R. of Brunne. In a bed of worts still he lay Till it was past undern of the day. Chaucer. UNDERNEATH Un`der*neath", adv. Etym: [OE. undirnepe. See Under, and Beneath.] Defn: Beneath; below; in a lower place; under; as, a channel underneath the soil. Or sullen mole, that runneth underneath. Milton. UNDERNEATH Un`der*neath", prep. Defn: Under; beneath; below. Underneath this stone lie As much beauty as could die. B. Jonson. UNDERNICENESS Un`der*nice"ness, n. Defn: A want of niceness; indelicacy; impropriety. UNDERNIME Un`der*nime", v. t. [imp. Undernom.] Etym: [OE. undernimen. See Under, and Nim.] 1. To receive; to perceive. [Obs.] He the savor undernom Which that the roses and the lilies cast. Chaucer. 2. To reprove; to reprehend. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. UNDEROFFICER Un"der*of`fi*cer, n. Defn: A subordinate officer. UNDERPART Un"der*part`, n. Defn: A subordinate part. It should be lightened with underparts of mirth. Dryden. UNDERPAY Un`der*pay", v. t. Defn: To pay inadequately. UNDERPEEP Un`der*peep", v. t. Defn: To peep under. "The flame . . . would underpeep her lids." [R.] Shak. UNDERPEER Un`der*peer", v. t. Defn: To peer under. [R.] UNDERPEOPLED Un`der*peo"pled, a. Defn: Not fully peopled. UNDERPIGHT Un`der*pight", Defn: imp. of Underpitch. UNDERPIN Un`der*pin", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Underpinned; p. pr. & vb. n. Underpinning.] 1. To lay stones, masonry, etc., under, as the sills of a building, on which it is to rest. 2. To support by some solid foundation; to place something underneath for support. UNDERPINNING Un"der*pin`ning, n. 1. The act of one who underpins; the act of supporting by stones, masonry, or the like. 2. (Arch.) (a) That by which a building is underpinned; the material and construction used for support, introduced beneath a wall already constructed. (b) The foundation, esp. of a frame house. [Local, U.S.] UNDERPITCH Un`der*pitch", v. t. [imp. Underpight.] Etym: [OE. underpicchen. See Under, and Pitch to throw, fix.] Defn: To fill underneath; to stuff. [Obs.] He drank and well his girdle underpight. Chaucer. UNDERPLANT Un`der*plant", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Underplanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Underplanting.] Defn: To plant under; specif. (Forestry), Defn: to plant (young trees) under an existing stand. UNDERPLAY Un`der*play", v. i. 1. To play in a subordinate, or in an inferior manner; to underact a part. 2. (Card Playing) Defn: To play a low card when holding a high one, in the hope of a future advantage. UNDERPLAY Un"der*play`, n. (Card Playing) Defn: The act of underplaying. UNDERPLOT Un"der*plot`, n. 1. A series of events in a play, proceeding collaterally with the main story, and subservient to it. Dryden. 2. A clandestine scheme; a trick. Addison. UNDERPOISE Un`der*poise", v. t. Defn: To weigh, estimate, or rate below desert; to undervalue. [R.] Marston. UNDERPOSSESSOR Un"der*pos*sess`or, n. Defn: One who possesses or holds anything subject to the superior of another. Jer. Taylor. UNDERPRAISE Un`der*praise", v. t. Defn: To praise below desert. UNDERPRIZE Un`der*prize", v. t. Defn: To undervalue; to underestimate. Shak. UNDERPRODUCTION Un`der*pro*duc"tion, n. (Polit. Econ.) Defn: The production of less than is demanded or of less than the usual supply. F. A. Walker. UNDERPROOF Un"der*proof`, a. Defn: Containing less alcohol than proof spirit. See Proof spirit, under Spirit. UNDERPROP Un`der*prop", v. t. Defn: To prop from beneath; to put a prop under; to support; to uphold. Underprop the head that bears the crown. Fenton. UNDERPROPORTIONED Un`der*pro*por"tioned, a. Defn: Of inadequate or inferior proportions; small; poor. Scanty and underproportioned returns of civility. Collier. UNDERPROPPER Un"der*prop`per, n. Defn: One who, or that which, underprops or supports. UNDERPULL Un`der*pull", v. i. Defn: To exert one's influence secretly. [Obs.] Ld. North. UNDERPULLER Un"der*pull`er, n. Defn: One who underpulls. [Obs.] UNDERPUT Un`der*put", v. t. Defn: To put or send under. [Obs.] UNDERRATE Un`der*rate", v. t. Defn: To rate too low; to rate below the value; to undervalue. Burke. UNDERRATE Un"der*rate`, n. Defn: A price less than the value; as, to sell a thing at an underrate. Cowley. UNDERRECKON Un`der*reck"on, v. t. Defn: To reckon below what is right or proper; to underrate. Bp. Hall. UNDERRUN Un`der*run", v. t. Defn: To run or pass under; especially (Naut.), to pass along and under, as a cable, for the purpose of taking it in, or of examining it. Note: The cable passes over the bows and stern of the boat used, while the men haul the boat along by pulling upon the cable. Totten. To underrun a tackle (Naut.), to separate its parts and put them in order. UNDERSAIL Un`der*sail", v. i. Defn: To sail alongshore. [Obs.] UNDERSAILED Un"der*sailed`, a. Defn: Inadequately equipped with sails. [Obs.] UNDERSATURATED Un`der*sat"u*ra`ted, a. Defn: Not fully saturated; imperfectly saturated. UNDERSAY Un`der*say", v. t. Defn: To say by way of derogation or contradiction. [Obs.] Spenser. UNDERSCORE Un`der*score", v. t. Defn: To draw a mark or line under; to underline. J. Tucker. UNDERSECRETARY Un`der*sec"re*ta*ry, n. Defn: A secretary who is subordinate to the chief secretary; an assistant secretary; as, an undersecretary of the Treasury. UNDERSELL Un`der*sell", v. t. Defn: To sell the same articles at a lower price than; to sell cheaper than. UNDERSERVANT Un"der*serv`ant, n. Defn: An inferior servant. UNDERSET Un`der*set", v. t. Defn: To prop or support. Bacon. UNDERSET Un"der*set`, n. (Naut.) Defn: Undercurrent. UNDERSETTER Un"der*set`ter, n. Defn: One who, or that which, undersets or supports; a prop; a support; a pedestal. UNDERSETTING Un"der*set`ting, n. Defn: Something set or built under as a support; a pedestal. Sir H. Wotton. UNDERSHAPEN Un"der*shap`en, a. Defn: Under the usual shape or size; small; dwarfish. [Poetic] His dwarf, a vicious undershapen thing. Tennyson. UNDERSHERIFF Un"der*sher`iff, n. Defn: A sheriff's deputy. UNDERSHERIFFRY Un"der*sher`iff*ry, n. Defn: Undershrievalty. [Obs.] UNDERSHIRT Un"der*shirt`, n. Defn: A shirt worn next the skin, under another shirt; -- called also undervest. UNDERSHOOT Un`der*shoot", v. t. Defn: To shoot short of (a mark). UNDERSHOT Un"der*shot`, a. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the lower incisor teeth projecting beyond the upper ones, as in the bulldog. 2. Moved by water passing beneath; -- said of a water wheel, and opposed to overshot; as, an undershot wheel. UNDERSHRIEVALTY Un"der*shriev"al*ty, n. Defn: The office or position of an undersheriff. UNDERSHRIEVE Un"der*shrieve`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A low shrub; a woody plant of low stature. UNDERSHRUB Un"der*shrub`, a. Defn: Partly shrublike. UNDERSHUT Un"der*shut`, a. Defn: Closed from beneath. Undershut valve (Mach.), a valve which shuts by being lifted against a seat facing downward. Knight. UNDERSIDE Un"der*side`, n. Defn: The lower or lowest side of anything. Paley. UNDERSIGN Un`der*sign", v. t. Defn: To write one's name at the foot or end of, as a letter or any legal instrument. The undersigned, the person whose name is signed, or the persons whose names are signed, at the end of a document; the subscriber or subscribers. UNDERSIZED Un"der*sized`, a. Defn: Of a size less than is common. UNDERSKINKER Un"der*skink`er, n. Defn: Undertapster. [Obs.] UNDERSKIRT Un"der*skirt`, n. Defn: A petticoat; the foundation skirt of a draped dress. UNDERSKY Un"der*sky`, n. Defn: The lower region of the sky. Floating about the undersky. Tennyson. UNDERSLEEVE Un"der*sleeve`, n. Defn: A sleeve of an under-garment; a sleeve worn under another, UNDERSLUNG; UNDERHUNG Un"der*slung`, Un"der*hung", a. Defn: Of an automobile body, suspended from the springs in such a manner that the frame of the chassis is below the axles, the object being to lower the center of gravity of the car. UNDERSOIL Un"der*soil`, n. Defn: The soil beneath the surface; understratum; subsoil. UNDERSOLD Un`der*sold" Defn: p. p. of Undersell. UNDERSONG Un"der*song`, n. 1. The burden of a song; the chorus; the refrain. Dryden. 2. Accompanying strain; subordinate and underlying meaning; accompaniment; undertone. In the very [poetry] there often an undersong of sense which none beside the poetic mind . . . can comprehend. Landor. UNDERSPARRED Un"der*sparred`, a. (Naut.) Defn: Having spars smaller than the usual dimension; -- said of vessels. UNDERSPEND Un`der*spend", v. t. Defn: To spend less than. UNDERSPHERE Un"der*sphere`, n. 1. A sphere which is smaller than, and in its movements subject to, another; a satellite. 2. An inferior sphere, or field of action. UNDERSPORE Un`der*spore", v. t. Defn: To raise with a spar, or piece of wood, used as a lever. [Obs.] Give me a staff that I may underspore. Chaucer. UNDERSTAIR Un"der*stair`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the kitchen, or the servants' quarters; hence, subordinate; menial. [Obs.] UNDERSTAIRS Un"der*stairs`, n. Defn: The basement or cellar. UNDERSTAND Un`der*stand", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Understood, and Archaic Understanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Understanding.] Etym: [OE. understanden, AS. understandan, literally, to stand under; cf. AS. forstandan to understand, G. verstehen. The development of sense is not clear. See Under, and Stand.] 1. To have just and adequate ideas of; to apprehended the meaning or intention of; to have knowledge of; to comprehend; to know; as, to understand a problem in Euclid; to understand a proposition or a declaration; the court understands the advocate or his argument; to understand the sacred oracles; to understand a nod or a wink. Speaketh [i. e., speak thou] so plain at this time, I you pray, That we may understande what ye say. Chaucer. I understand not what you mean by this. Shak. Understood not all was but a show. Milton. A tongue not understanded of the people. Bk. of Com. Prayer. 2. To be apprised, or have information, of; to learn; to be informed of; to hear; as, I understand that Congress has passed the bill. 3. To recognize or hold as being or signifying; to suppose to mean; to interpret; to explain. The most learned interpreters understood the words of sin, and not of Abel. Locke. 4. To mean without expressing; to imply tacitly; to take for granted; to assume. War, then, war, Open or understood, must be resolved. Milton. 5. To stand under; to support. [Jocose & R.] Shak. To give one to understand, to cause one to know. -- To make one's self understood, to make one's meaning clear. UNDERSTAND Un`der*stand", v. i. 1. To have the use of the intellectual faculties; to be an intelligent being. Imparadised in you, in whom alone I understand, and grow, and see. Donne. 2. To be informed; to have or receive knowledge. I came to Jerusalem, and understood of the evil that Eliashib did for Tobiah. Neh. xiii. 7. UNDERSTANDABLE Un`der*stand"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being understood; intelligible. Chillingworth. UNDERSTANDER Un`der*stand"er, n. Defn: One who understands, or knows by experience. [R.] Dryden. UNDERSTANDING Un`der*stand"ing, a. Defn: Knowing; intelligent; skillful; as, he is an understanding man. UNDERSTANDING Un`der*stand"ing, n. 1. The act of one who understands a thing, in any sense of the verb; knowledge; discernment; comprehension; interpretation; explanation. 2. An agreement of opinion or feeling; adjustment of differences; harmony; anything mutually understood or agreed upon; as, to come to an understanding with another. He hoped the loyalty of his subjects would concur with him in the preserving of a good understanding between him and his people. Clarendon. 3. The power to understand; the intellectual faculty; the intelligence; the rational powers collectively conceived an designated; the higher capacities of the intellect; the power to distinguish truth from falsehood, and to adapt means to ends. There is a spirit in man; and the inspiration of the Almighty them understanding. Job xxxii. 8. The power of perception is that which we call the understanding. Perception, which we make the act of the understanding, is of three sorts: 1. The perception of ideas in our mind; 2. The perception of the signification of signs; 3. The perception of the connection or repugnancy, agreement or disagreement, that there is between any of our ideas. All these are attributed to the understanding, or perceptive power, though it be the two latter only that use allows us to say we understand. Locke. In its wider acceptation, understanding is the entire power of perceiving an conceiving, exclusive of the sensibility: the power of dealing with the impressions of sense, and composing them into wholes, according to a law of unity; and in its most comprehensive meaning it includes even simple apprehension. Coleridge. 4. Specifically, the discursive faculty; the faculty of knowing by the medium or use of general conceptions or relations. In this sense it is contrasted with, and distinguished from, the reason. I use the term understanding, not for the noetic faculty, intellect proper, or place of principles, but for the dianoetic or discursive faculty in its widest signification, for the faculty of relations or comparisons; and thus in the meaning in which "verstand" is now employed by the Germans. Sir W. Hamilton. Syn. -- Sense; intelligence; perception. See Sense. UNDERSTANDINGLY Un`der*stand"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In an understanding manner; intelligibly; with full knowledge or comprehension; intelligently; as, to vote upon a question understandingly; to act or judge understandingly. The gospel may be neglected, but in can not be understandingly disbelieved. J. Hawes. UNDERSTATE Un`der*state", v. t. Defn: To state or represent less strongly than may be done truthfully. UNDERSTATEMENT Un"der*state`ment, n. Defn: The act of understating, or the condition of being understated; that which is understated; a statement below the truth. UNDERSTOCK Un`der*stock", v. t. Defn: To supply insufficiently with stock. A. Smith. UNDERSTOOD Un`der*stood", Defn: imp. & p. p. of Understand. UNDERSTRAPPER Un"der*strap`per, n. Defn: A petty fellow; an inferior agent; an underling. This was going to the fountain head at once, not applying to the understrappers. Goldsmith. UNDERSTRAPPING Un"der*strap`ping, a. Defn: Becoming an understrapper; subservient. [R.] Sterne. UNDERSTRATUM Un"der*stra`tum, n.; pl. L. Understrata (, E. Understratums (. Defn: The layer, or stratum, of earth on which the mold, or soil, rests; subsoil. UNDERSTROKE Un`der*stroke", v. t. Defn: To underline or underscore. Swift. UNDERSTUDY Un"der*stud`y, v. t. & i. (Theater) Defn: To study, as another actor's part, in order to be his substitute in an emergency; to study another actor's part. UNDERSTUDY Un"der*stud`y, n. Defn: One who studies another's part with a view to assuming it in an emergency. UNDERSUIT Un"der*suit`, n. Defn: A suit worn under another suit; a suit of underclothes. UNDERTAKABLE Un`der*tak"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being undertaken; practicable. UNDERTAKE Un`der*take", v. t. [imp. Undertook; p. p. Undertaken; p. pr. & vb. n. Undertaking.] Etym: [Under + take.] 1. To take upon one's self; to engage in; to enter upon; to take in hand; to begin to perform; to set about; to attempt. To second, or oppose, or undertake The perilous attempt. Milton. 2. Specifically, to take upon one's self solemnly or expressly; to lay one's self under obligation, or to enter into stipulations, to perform or to execute; to covenant; to contract. I 'll undertake to land them on our coast. Shak. 3. Hence, to guarantee; to promise; to affirm. And he was not right fat, I undertake. Dryden. And those two counties I will undertake Your grace shall well and quietly enjoiy. Shak. I dare undertake they will not lose their labor. Woodward. 4. To assume, as a character. [Obs.] Shak. 5. To engage with; to attack. [Obs.] It is not fit your lordship should undertake every companion that you give offense to. Shak. 6. To have knowledge of; to hear. [Obs.] Spenser. 7. To take or have the charge of. [Obs.] "Who undertakes you to your end." Shak. Keep well those that ye undertake. Chaucer. UNDERTAKE Un`der*take", v. i. 1. To take upon one's self, or assume, any business, duty, or province. O Lord, I am oppressed; undertake for me. Isa. xxxviii. 14. 2. To venture; to hazard. [Obs.] It is the cowish terror of his spirit That dare not undertake. Shak. 3. To give a promise or guarantee; to be surety. But on mine honor dare I undertake For good lord Titus' innocence in all. Shak. UNDERTAKER Un`der*tak"er, n. 1. One who undertakes; one who engages in any project or business. Beau. & Fl. 2. One who stipulates or covenants to perform any work for another; a contractor. To sign deputations for undertakes to furnish their proportions of saltpeter. Evelyn. In come some other undertakes, and promise us the same or greater wonders. South. 3. Specifically, one who takes the charge and management of funerals. UNDERTAKING Un`der*tak"ing, n. 1. The act of one who undertakes, or engages in, any project or business. Hakluyt. 2. That which is undertaken; any business, work, or project which a person engages in, or attempts to perform; an enterprise. 3. Specifically, the business of an undertaker, or the management of funerals. 4. A promise or pledge; a guarantee. A. Trollope. UNDERTAPSTER Un`der*tap"ster, n. Defn: Assistant to a tapster. UNDERTAXED Un"der*taxed`, a. Defn: Taxed too little, or at a lower rate than others. UNDERTENANCY Un"der*ten`an*cy, n. Defn: Tenancy or tenure under a tenant or lessee; the tenure of an undertenant. UNDERTENANT Un"der*ten`ant, n. Defn: The tenant of a tenant; one who holds lands or tenements of a tenant or lessee. UNDERTHING Un"der**thing`, n. Defn: Something that is inferior and of little worth. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. UNDERTIDE; UNDERTIME Un"der*tide`, Un"der*time`, n. Etym: [Under + tide, time. Cf. Undern.] Defn: The under or after part of the day; undermeal; evening. [Obs.] He, coming home at undertime, there found The fairest creature that he ever saw. Spenser. UNDERTONE Un"der*tone`, n. Defn: A low or subdued tone or utterance; a tone less loud than usual. UNDERTOOK Un`der*took", Defn: imp. of Undertake. UNDERTOW Un"der*tow`, n. (Naut.) Defn: The current that sets seaward near the bottom when waves are breaking upon the shore. UNDERTREASURER Un"der*treas`ur*er, n. Defn: An assistant treasurer. UNDERTURN Un`der*turn, v. t. Defn: To turn upside down; to subvert; to upset. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNDERVALUATION Un`der*val`u*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of undervaluing; a rate or value not equal to the real worth. UNDERVALUE Un`der*val"ue, v. t. 1. To value, rate, or estimate below the real worth; to depreciate. 2. To esteem lightly; to treat as of little worth; to hold in mean estimation; to despise. In comparison of it I undervalued all ensigns of authority. Atterbury. I write not this with the least intention to undervalue the other parts of poetry. Dryden. UNDERVALUE Un`der*val"ue, n. Defn: A low rate or price; a price less than the real worth; undervaluation. Milton. UNDERVALUER Un"der*val"u*er, n. Defn: One who undervalues. UNDERVERSE Un"der*verse`, n. Defn: The lower or second verse. [Obs.] UNDERVEST Un"der*vest`, n. Defn: An undershirt. UNDERVIEWER Un"der*view`er, n. Defn: See Underlooker. UNDERWEAR Un"der*wear`, n. Defn: That which is worn under the outside clothing; underclothes. UNDERWEEN Un`der*ween", v. t. Defn: To undervalue. [Obs.] UNDERWENT Un`der*went", Defn: imp. of Undergo. UNDERWING Un"der*wing`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the posterior wings of an insect. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of noctuid moths belonging to Catocala and allied genera, in which the hind wings are banded with red and black or other conspicuous colors. Many of the species are called red underwing. UNDERWITTED Un"der*wit`ted, a. Defn: Weak in intellect; half-witted; silly. [R.] Bp. Kennet. UNDERWOOD Un"der*wood`, n. Defn: Small trees and bushes that grow among large trees; coppice; underbrush; -- formerly used in the plural. Shrubs and underwoods look well enough while they grow within the shade of oaks and cedars. Addison. UNDERWORK Un`der*work", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Underworked or Underwrought (; p. pr. & vb. n. Underworking.] 1. To injure by working secretly; to destroy or overthrow by clandestine measure; to undermine. But thou from loving England art so far, That thou hast underwrought his lawful king. Shak. 2. To expend too little work upon; as, to underwork a painting. Dryden. 3. To do like work at a less price than; as, one mason may underwork another. UNDERWORK Un`der*work", v. i. 1. To work or operate in secret or clandestinely. B. Jonson. 2. To do less work than is proper or suitable. 3. To do work for a less price than current rates. UNDERWORK Un"der*work`, n. Defn: Inferior or subordinate work; petty business. Addison. UNDERWORKER Un"der*work`er, n. 1. One who underworks. 2. An inferior or subordinate workman. Waterland. UNDERWORLD Un"der*world`, n. 1. The lower of inferior world; the world which is under the heavens; the earth. That overspreads (with such a reverence) This underworld. Daniel. 2. The mythological place of departed souls; Hades. 3. The portion of the world which is below the horizon; the opposite side of the world; the antipodes. [R.] Fresh as the first beam glittering on a sail, That brings our friends up from the underworld. Tennyson. 4. The inferior part of mankind. [R.] Atterbury. UNDERWRITE Un`der*write", v. t. [imp. Underwrote, Obs. Underwrit (; p. p. Underwritten, Obs. Underwrit; p. pr. & vb. n. Underwriting.] 1. To write under something else; to subscribe. What addition and change I have made I have here underwritten. Bp. Sanderson. 2. To subscribe one's name to for insurance, especially for marine insurance; to write one's name under, or set one's name to, as a policy of insurance, for the purpose of becoming answerable for loss or damage, on consideration of receiving a certain premium per cent; as, individuals, as well as companies, may underwrite policies of insurance. B. Jonson. The broker who procures the insurance ought not, by underwriting the policy, to deprive the parties of his unbiased testimony. Marshall. UNDERWRITE Un`der*write", v. i. Defn: To practice the business of insuring; to take a risk of insurance on a vessel or the like. UNDERWRITER Un"der*writ`er, n. Defn: One who underwrites his name to the conditions of an insurance policy, especially of a marine policy; an insurer. UNDERWRITING Un"der*writ`ing, n. Defn: The business of an underwriter, UNDERYOKE Un`der*yoke", v. t. Defn: To subject to the yoke; to make subject. Wyclif. UNDESERVE Un`de*serve", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + deserve.] Defn: To fail to deserve. [Obs.] Milton. UNDESERVER Un`de*serv"er, n. Defn: One of no merit; one who is nor deserving or worthy. [Obs.] Shak. UNDESIGNING Un`de*sign"ing, a. Defn: Having no artful, ulterior, or fraudulent purpose; sincere; artless; simple. UNDESTROYABLE Un`de*stroy"a*ble, a. Defn: Indestructible. UNDETERMINABLE Un`de*ter"mi*na*ble, a. Defn: Not determinable; indeterminable. Locke. UNDETERMINATE Un`de*ter"mi*nate, a. Defn: Nor determinate; not settled or certain; indeterminate. South. -- Un`de*ter"mi*nate*ness, n. Dr. H. More. UNDETERMINATION Un`de*ter`mi*na"tion, n. Defn: Indetermination. Sir M. Hale. UNDEVIL Un*dev"il, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + devil.] Defn: To free from possession by a devil or evil spirit; to exorcise. [Obs.] They boy having gotten a habit of counterfeiting . . . would not be undeviled by all their exorcisms. Fuller. UNDEVOTION Un`de*vo"tion, n. Defn: Absence or want of devotion. UNDID Un*did", Defn: imp. of Undo. UNDIFFERENTIATED Un*dif`fer*en"ti*a`ted, a. Defn: Not differentiated; specifically (Biol.), homogenous, or nearly so; -- said especially of young or embryonic tissues which have not yet undergone differentiation (see Differentiation, 3), that is, which show no visible separation into their different structural parts. UNDIGENOUS Un*dig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. unda a wave + -genous.] Defn: Generated by water. [R.] Kirwan. UNDIGESTIBLE Un`di*gest"i*ble, a. Defn: Indigestible. UNDIGHT Un*dight", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + dight.] Defn: To put off; to lay aside, as a garment. [Obs.] Spenser. UNDIGNE Un*digne", a. Defn: Unworthy. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNDINE Un*dine", n. Etym: [G. undine, or F. ondin, ondine, from L. unda a wave, water.] Defn: One of a class of fabled female water spirits who might receive a human soul by intermarrying with a mortal. UNDIOCESED Un*di"o*cesed, a. Defn: Unprovided with a diocese; having no diocese. Milton. UNDIRECT Un`di*rect", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + direct, v. t.] Defn: To misdirect; to mislead. [Obs.] who make false fires to undirect seamen in a tempest. Fuller. UNDIRECT Un`di*rect", a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + direct.] Defn: Indirect. UNDIRECTED Un`di*rect"ed, a. Etym: [In senses 1 and 2, pref. un- not + directed; in sense 3 properly p. p. of undirect.] 1. Not directed; not guided; left without direction. 2. Not addressed; not superscribed, as a letter. 3. Misdirected; misled; led astray. [R.] UNDIRECTLY Un`di*rect"ly, adv. Defn: Indirectly. Strype. UNDISCERNING Un`dis*cern"ing, n. Defn: Want of discernment. [R.] Spectator. UNDISCLOSE Un`dis*close", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + disclose.] Defn: To keep close or secret. [Obs.] Daniel. UNDISCREET Un`dis*creet", a. Defn: Indiscreet. Chaucer. -- Un`dis*creet"ly, adv. -- -- Un`dis*creet"ness. -- Un`dis*cre"tion, n. Indiscretion. UNDISPENSABLE Un`dis*pen"sa*ble, a. 1. Indispensable. 2. Unavoidable; inevitable. [Obs.] Fuller. 3. Not to be freed by dispensation. [Obs.] UNDISPENSED Un`dis*pensed", a. 1. Not dispensed. 2. Not freed by dispensation. [R.] Tooker. UNDISPOSEDNESS Un`dis*pos"ed*ness, n. Defn: Indisposition; disinclination. UNDISPUTABLE Un*dis"pu*ta*ble, a. Defn: Indisputable. Addison. -- Un*dis"pu*ta*ble*ness, n. UNDISTINCTIVE Un`dis*tinc"tive, a. Defn: Making no distinctions; not discriminating; impartial. As undistinctive Death will come here one day. Dickens. UNDISTINCTLY Un`dis*tinct"ly, adv. Defn: Indistinctly. UNDIVIDED Un`di*vid"ed, a. 1. Not divided; not separated or disunited; unbroken; whole; continuous; as, plains undivided by rivers or mountains. 2. Not set off, as a share in a firm; not made actually separate by division; as, a partner, owning one half in a firm, is said to own an undivided half so long as the business continues and his share is not set off to him. 3. Not directed or given to more than one object; as, undivided attention or affection. Shak. 4. (Bot.) Defn: Not lobed, cleft, or branched; entire. UNDIVIDUAL Un`di*vid"u*al, a. Defn: Indivisible. [Obs.] True courage and courtesy are undividual companions. Fuller. UNDIVISIBLE Un`di*vis"i*ble, a. Defn: Indivisible. UNDO Un*do", v. t. Etym: [AS. und. See 1st Un-, and Do to perform.] 1. To reverse, as what has been done; to annul; to bring to naught. What's done can not be undone. Shak. To-morrow, ere the setting sun, She 'd all undo that she had done. Swift. 2. To loose; to open; to take to piece; to unfasten; to untie; hence, to unravel; to solve; as, to undo a knot; to undo a puzzling question; to undo a riddle. Tennyson. Pray you, undo this button. Shak. She took the spindle, and undoing the thread gradually, measured it. Sir W. Scott. 3. To bring to poverty; to impoverish; to ruin, as in reputation, morals, hopes, or the like; as, many are undone by unavoidable losses, but more undo themselves by vices and dissipation, or by indolence. That quaffing and drinking will undo you, Shak. UNDOCK Un*dock", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + dock.] (Naut.) Defn: To take out of dock; as, to undock a ship. UNDOER Un*do"er, n. Defn: One who undoes anything; especially, one who ruins another. UNDOING Un*do"ing, n. 1. The reversal of what has been done. 2. Ruin. "The utter undoing of some." Hooker. UNDOMESTICATE Un`do*mes"ti*cate, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + domesticate.] Defn: To make wild or roving. UNDONE Un*done", Defn: p. p. of Undo. UNDONE Un*done", a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + done.] Defn: Not done or performed; neglected. UNDOUBLE Un*dou"ble, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + double.] Defn: To unfold, or render single. UNDOUBTABLE Un*doubt"a*ble, a. Defn: Indubitable. UNDOUBTED Un*doubt"ed, a. Defn: Not doubted; not called in question; indubitable; indisputable; as, undoubted proof; undoubted hero. -- Un*doubt"ed*ly, adv. UNDRAPE Un*drape", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + drape.] Defn: To strip of drapery; to uncover or unveil. UNDRAW Un*draw", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + draw.] Defn: To draw aside or open; to draw back. Angels undrew the curtain of the throne. Young. UNDREAMED; UNDREAMT Un*dreamed", Un*dreamt", a. Defn: Not dreamed, or dreamed of; not thof. Unpathed waters, undreamed shores. Shak. UNDRESS Un*dress", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + dress.] 1. To divest of clothes; to strip. 2. To divest of ornaments to disrobe. 3. (Med.) Defn: To take the dressing, or covering, from; as, to undress a wound. UNDRESS Un"dress, n. 1. A loose, negligent dress; ordinary dress, as distinguished from full dress. 2. (Mil. & Naval) Defn: An authorized habitual dress of officers and soldiers, but not full-dress uniform. Undress parade (Mil.), a substitute for dress parade, allowed in bad weather, the companies forming without arms, and the ceremony being shortened. UNDUBITABLE Un*du"bi*ta*ble, a. Defn: Indubitable; as, an undubitable principle. [Obs.] Locke. UNDUE Un*due", a. 1. Not due; not yet owing; as, an undue debt, note, or bond. 2. Not right; not lawful or legal; improper; as, an undue proceeding. Bacon. 3. Not agreeable to a rule or standard, or to duty; disproportioned; excessive; immoderate; inordinate; as, an undue attachment to forms; an undue rigor in the execution of law. Undue influence (Law), any improper or wrongful constraint, machination, or urgency of persuasion, by which one's will is overcome and he is induced to do or forbear an act which he would not do, or would do, if left to act freely. Abbott. UNDUENESS Un*due"ness, n. Defn: The quality of being undue. UNDUKE Un*duke", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + duke.] Defn: To deprive of dukedom. Swift. UNDULANT Un"du*lant, a. Defn: Undulating. [R.] UNDULARY Un"du*la*ry, a. Etym: [See Undulate.] Defn: Moving like waves; undulatory. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. UNDULATE Un"du*late, a. Etym: [L. undulatus undulated, wavy, a dim. from unda a wave; cf. AS. unnr; perhaps akin to E. water. Cf. Abound, Inundate, Redound, Surround.] Defn: Same as Undulated. UNDULATE Un"du*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Undulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Undulating.] Defn: To cause to move backward and forward, or up and down, in undulations or waves; to cause to vibrate. Breath vocalized, that is, vibrated and undulated. Holder. UNDULATE Un"du*late, v. i. Defn: To move in, or have, undulations or waves; to vibrate; to wave; as, undulating air. UNDULATED Un"du*la`ted, a. 1. Resembling, or in the nature of, waves; having a wavy surface; undulatory. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Waved obtusely up and down, near the margin, as a leaf or corolla; wavy. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Formed with elevations and depressions resembling waves; having wavelike color markings; as, an undulated shell. UNDULATING Un"du*la`ting, a. Defn: Rising and falling like waves; resembling wave form or motion; undulatory; rolling; wavy; as, an undulating medium; undulating ground. -- Un"du*la`ting*ly. adv. UNDULATION Un`du*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ondulation.] 1. The act of undulating; a waving motion or vibration; as, the undulations of a fluid, of water, or of air; the undulations of sound. 2. A wavy appearance or outline; waviness. Evelyn. 3. (Mus.) (a) The tremulous tone produced by a peculiar pressure of the finger on a string, as of a violin. (b) The pulsation caused by the vibrating together of two tones not quite in unison; -- called also beat. 4. (Physics) Defn: A motion to and fro, up and down, or from side to side, in any fluid or elastic medium, propagated continuously among its particles, but with no translation of the particles themselves in the direction of the propagation of the wave; a wave motion; a vibration. UNDULATIONIST Un`du*la"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who advocates the undulatory theory of light. Whewell. UNDULATIVE Un"du*la*tive, a. Defn: Consisting in, or accompanied by, undulations; undulatory. UNDULATORY Un"du*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ondulatoire.] Defn: Moving in the manner of undulations, or waves; resembling the motion of waves, which successively rise or swell rise or swell and fall; pertaining to a propagated alternating motion, similar to that of waves. Undulatory theory, or Wave theory (of light) (Opt.), that theory which regards its various phenomena as due to undulations in an ethereal medium, propagated from the radiant with immense, but measurable, velocities, and producing different impressions on the retina according to their amplitude and frequency, the sensation of brightness depending on the former, that of color on the latter. The undulations are supposed to take place, not in the direction of propagation, as in the air waves constituting sound, but transversely, and the various phenomena of refraction, polarization, interference, etc., are attributable to the different affections of these undulations in different circumstances of propagation. It is computed that the frequency of the undulations corresponding to the several colors of the spectrum ranges from 458 millions of millions per second for the extreme red ray, to 727 millions of millions for the extreme violet, and their lengths for the same colors, from the thirty-eight thousandth to the sixty thousandth part of an inch. The theory of ethereal undulations is applicable not only to the phenomena of light, but also to those of heat. UNDULL Un*dull", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + dull.] Defn: To remove the dullness of; to clear. [Obs.] Whitlock. UNDULOUS Un"du*lous, a. Defn: Undulating; undulatory. UNDULY Un*du"ly, adv. Defn: In an undue manner. UNDUMPISH Un*dump"ish, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + dumpish.] Defn: To relieve from the dumps. [Obs.] Fuller. UNDUST Un*dust", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + dust.] Defn: To free from dust. [Obs.] UNDWELLABLE Un*dwell"a*ble, a. Defn: Uninhabitable. [Obs.] "A land undwellable." Wyclif. UNDWELT Un*dwelt", a. Defn: Not lived (in); -- with in. UNDYING Un*dy"ing, a. Defn: Not dying; imperishable; unending; immortal; as, the undying souls of men. UNEARED Un*eared", a. Defn: Not eared, or plowed. Shak. UNEARNED Un*earned", a. Defn: Not earned; not gained by labor or service. Unearned increment (Polit. Econ.), a increase in the value of land due to no labor or expenditure on the part of the owner, but to natural causes, such as the increase of population, the growth of a town in the vicinity, or the like. Some hold that this should belong to the nation. UNEARTH Un*earth", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unearthed; p. pr. & vb. n. Unearthing.] Etym: [1st pref. un- + earth.] Defn: To drive or draw from the earth; hence, to uncover; to bring out from concealment; to bring to light; to disclose; as, to unearth a secret. To unearth the roof of an old tree. Wordsworth. UNEARTHLY Un*earth"ly, a. Defn: Not terrestrial; supernatural; preternatural; hence, weird; appalling; terrific; as, an unearthly sight or sound. -- Un*earth"li*ness, n. UNEASE Un*ease", n. Defn: Want of ease; uneasiness. [Obs.] UNEASILY Un*eas"i*ly, adv. Defn: In an uneasy manner. UNEASINESS Un*eas"i*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being uneasy; restlessness; disquietude; anxiety. 2. The quality of making uneasy; discomfort; as, the uneasiness of the road. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet. UNEASY Un*eas"y, a. 1. Not easy; difficult. [R.] Things . . . so uneasy to be satisfactorily understood. Boyle. The road will be uneasy to find. Sir W. Scott. 2. Restless; disturbed by pain, anxiety, or the like; disquieted; perturbed. The soul, uneasy and confined from home, Rests and expatiates in a life to come. Pope. 3. Not easy in manner; constrained; stiff; awkward; not graceful; as, an uneasy deportment. 4. Occasioning want of ease; constraining; cramping; disagreeable; unpleasing. "His uneasy station." Milton. A sour, untractable nature makes him uneasy to those who approach him. Addison. UNEATH Un*eath", a. Etym: [AS. uneá; un- not + eá easily, easy; akin to OS. easy, OHG. .] Defn: Not easy; difficult; hard. [Obs.] Who he was, uneath was to descry. Spenser. UNEATH Un*eath", adv. Defn: Not easily; hardly; scarcely. [Obs.] Uneath may she endure the flinty streets. Shak. UNEDGE Un*edge", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + edge.] Defn: To deprive of the edge; to blunt. J. Fletcher. UNEFECTUAL Un`e*fec"tu*al, a. Defn: Ineffectual. "His uneffectual fire." Shak. UNELASTIC Un`e*las"tic, a. Defn: Not elastic; inelastic. UNELASTICITY Un`e*las*tic"i*ty, n. Defn: Inelasticity. UNELEGANT Un*el"e*gant, a. Defn: Inelegant. UNELIGIBLE Un*el"i*gi*ble, a. Defn: Ineligible. Roger UNEMBARRASSED Un`em*bar"rassed, a. Defn: Not embarrassed. Specifically: -- (a) Not perplexed in mind; not confused; as, the speaker appeared unembarrassed. (b) Free from pecuniary difficulties or encumbrances; as, he and his property are unembarrassed. (c) Free from perplexing connection; as, the question comes into court unembarrassed with irrelevant matter. UNEMBARRASSMENT Un`em*bar"rass*ment, n. Defn: Freedom from embarrassment. UNEMBODIED Un`em*bod"ied, a. 1. Free from a corporeal body; disembodied; as, unembodied spirits. Byron. 2. Not embodied; not collected into a body; not yet organized; as, unembodied militia. UNEMPIRICALLY Un`em*pir"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Not empirically; without experiment or experience. UNEMPLOYED Un`em*ployed", a. 1. Nor employed in manual or other labor; having no regular work. 2. Not invested or used; as, unemployed capital. UNEMPLOYMENT Un`em*ploy"ment, n. Defn: Quality or state of being not employed; -- used esp. in economics, of the condition of various social classes when temporarily thrown out of employment, as those engaged for short periods, those whose trade is decaying, and those least competent. UNENCUMBER Un`en*cum"ber, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + encumber.] Defn: To free from incumbrance; to disencumber. UNENDLY Un*end"ly, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + end + -ly.] Defn: Unending; endless. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. UNENTANGLE Un`en*tan"gle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + entangle.] Defn: To disentangle. UNEQUAL Un*e"qual, a. Etym: [Cf. Inequal.] 1. Not equal; not matched; not of the same size, length, breadth, quantity, strength, talents, acquirements, age, station, or the like; as, the fingers are of unequal length; peers and commoners are unequal in rank. 2. Ill balanced or matched; disproportioned; hence, not equitable; partial; unjust; unfair. Against unequal arms to fight in pain. Milton. Jerome, a very unequal relator of the opinion of his adversaries. John Worthington. To punish me for what you make me do Seems much unequal. Shak. 3. Not uniform; not equable; irregular; uneven; as, unequal pulsations; an unequal poem. 4. Not adequate or sufficient; inferior; as, the man was unequal to the emergency; the timber was unequal to the sudden strain. 5. (Bot.) Defn: Not having the two sides or the parts symmetrical. UNEQUALABLE Un*e"qual*a*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being equaled or paralleled. [Obs.] Boyle. UNEQUALED Un*e"qualed, a. Defn: Not equaled; unmatched; unparalleled; unrivaled; exceeding; surpassing; -- in a good or bad sense; as, unequaled excellence; unequaled ingratitude or baseness. [Written also unequalled.] UNEQUALLY Un*e"qual*ly, adv. Defn: In an unequal manner. Unequally pinnate (Bot.), pinnate, but with an odd number of leaflets. UNEQUALNESS Un*e"qual*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unequal; inequality; unevenness. Jer. Taylor. UNEQUITABLE Un*eq"ui*ta*ble, a. Defn: Inequitable. UNEQUITY Un*eq"ui*ty, n. Defn: Want of equity or uprightness; injustice; wickedness; iniquity. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNEQUIVOCAL Un`e*quiv"o*cal, a. Defn: Not equivocal; not doubtful; not ambiguous; evident; sincere; plain; as, unequivocal evidence; unequivocal words. -- Un`e*quiv"o*cal*ly, adv. -- Un`e*quiv"o*cal*ness, n. UNERRING Un*err"ing, a. Defn: Committing no mistake; incapable or error or failure certain; sure; unfailing; as, the unerring wisdom of God. Hissing in air the unerring weapon flew. Dryden. UNERRINGLY Un*err"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In an unerring manner. UNESSENTIAL Un`es*sen"tial, a. 1. Not essential; not of prime importance; not indispensable; unimportant. Addison. 2. Void of essence, or real being. [R.] Milton. UNESSENTIAL Un`es*sen"tial, n. Defn: Something not constituting essence, or something which is not of absolute necessity; as, forms are among the unessentials of religion. UNESSENTIALLY Un`es*sen"tial*ly, adv. Defn: In an unessential manner. UNESTABLISH Un`es*tab"lish, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + establish.] Defn: To disestablish. [R.] The Parliament demanded of the king to unestablish that prelatical government. Milton. UNETH; UNETHES Un*eth", Un*ethes", adv. Defn: With difficulty; scarcely. See Uneath. [Written also unethe, unneth, unnethe, unnethes, etc.] [Obs.] Chaucer. UNEVEN Un*e"ven, a. Etym: [AS. unefen. See Un- not, and Even, a.] 1. Not even; not level; not uniform; rough; as, an uneven road or way; uneven ground. 2. Not equal; not of equal length. Hebrew verse consists of uneven feet. Peacham. 3. Not divisible by two without a remainder; odd; -- said of numbers; as, 3, 7, and 11 are uneven numbers. Un*e"ven*ly, adv. -- Un*e"ven*ness, n. UNEVITABLE Un*ev"i*ta*ble, a. Defn: Inevitable. [Obs.] UNEXACT Un`ex*act", a. Defn: Not exact; inexact. UNEXAMPLED Un`ex*am"pled, a. Defn: Having no example or similar case; being without precedent; unprecedented; unparalleled. "A revolution . . . unexampled for grandeur of results." De Quincey. UNEXCEPTIONABLE Un`ex*cep"tion*a*ble, a. Defn: Not liable to any exception or objection; unobjectionable; faultless; good; excellent; as, a man of most unexceptionable character. -- Un`ex*cep"tion*a*ble*ness, n. -- Un`ex*cep"tion*a*bly, adv. Chesterfield is an unexceptionable witness. Macaulay. UNEXCEPTIVE Un`ex*cept"ive, a. Defn: Not exceptive; not including, admitting, or being, an exception. UNEXCUSABLE Un`ex*cus"a*ble, a. Defn: Inexcusable. Hayward. -- Un`ex*cus"a*ble*ness, n. UNEXHAUSTIBLE Un`ex*haust"i*ble, a. Defn: Inexhaustible. UNEXPECTATION Un*ex`pec*ta"tion, n. Defn: Absence of expectation; want of foresight. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. UNEXPECTED Un`ex*pect"ed, a. Defn: Not expected; coming without warning; sudden. -- Un`ex*pect"ed*ly, adv. -- Un`ex*pect"ed*ness, n. UNEXPEDIENT Un`ex*pe"di*ent, a. Defn: Inexpedient. [Obs.] UNEXPENSIVE Un`ex*pen"sive, a. Defn: Inexpensive. Milton. UNEXPERIENCE Un`ex*pe"ri*ence, n. Defn: Inexperience. [Obs.] UNEXPERIENCED Un`ex*pe"ri*enced, a. 1. Not experienced; being without experience; inexperienced. Swift. 2. Untried; -- applied to things. Cheyne. UNEXPERIENT Un`ex*pe"ri*ent, a. Defn: Inexperienced. [Obs.] UNEXPERT Un`ex*pert", a. Defn: Not expert; inexpert. Milton. UNEXPERTLY Un`ex*pert"ly, adv. Defn: In an unexpert manner. UNEXPRESSIBLE Un`ex*press"i*ble, a. Defn: Inexpressible. Tillotson. -- Un`ex*press"i*bly, adv. UNEXPRESSIVE Un`ex*press"ive, a. 1. Not expressive; not having the power of utterance; inexpressive. 2. Incapable of being expressed; inexpressible; unutterable; ineffable. [Obs.] Run, run, Orlando; carve on every tree The fair, the chaste and unexpressive she. Shak. -- Un`ex*press"ive*ly, adv. UNEXTINGUISHABLE Un`ex*tin"guish*a*ble, a. Defn: Inextinguishable. -- Un`ex*tin"guish*a*bly, adv. UNEXTRICABLE Un*ex"tri*ca*ble, a. Defn: Not extricable; inextricable. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. UNFACE Un*face", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + face.] Defn: To remove the face or cover from; to unmask; to expose. UNFAILABLE Un*fail"a*ble, a. Defn: Infallible. [Obs.] "This unfailable word of truth." Bp. Hall. UNFAILING Un*fail"ing, a. Defn: Not failing; not liable to fail; inexhaustible; certain; sure. Dryden. -- Un*fail"ing*ly, adv. -- Un*fail"ing*ness, n. UNFAIR Un*fair", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + fair.] Defn: To deprive of fairness or beauty. [R.] Shak. UNFAIR Un*fair", a. Etym: [AS. unfæger unlovely. See Un- not, and Fair, a.] Defn: Not fair; not honest; not impartial; disingenuous; using or involving trick or artifice; dishonest; unjust; unequal. You come, like an unfair merchant, to charge me with being in your debt. Swift. -- Un*fair"ly, adv -- Un*fair"ness, n. UNFAITH Un*faith", n. Defn: Absence or want of faith; faithlessness; distrust; unbelief. [R.] Faith and unfaith can ne'er be equal powers: Unfaith in aught is want of faith in all. Tennyson. UNFAITHFUL Un*faith"ful, a. 1. Not faithful; not observant of promises, vows, allegiance, or duty; violating trust or confidence; treacherous; perfidious; as, an unfaithful subject; an unfaithful agent or servant. My feet, through wine, unfaithful to their weight. Pope. His honor rooted in dishonor stood, And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true. Tennyson. 2. Not possessing faith; infidel. [R.] Milton. -- Un*faith"ful*ly, adv. -- Un*faith"ful*ness, n. UNFALCATED Un*fal"ca*ted, a. 1. Not falcated, or hooked. 2. Having no deductions; not curtailed, or shortened; undiminished. [R.] Swift. UNFALLIBLE Un*fal"li*ble, a. Defn: Infallible. Shak. UNFASTEN Un*fas"ten, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + fasten.] Defn: To loose; to unfix; to unbind; to untie. UNFATHERED Un*fa"thered, a. 1. Having no father; fatherless; hence, born contrary to nature. Shak. 2. Having no acknowledged father; hence, illegitimate; spurious; bastard. UNFAVORABLE Un*fa"vor*a*ble, a. Defn: Not favorable; not propitious; adverse; contrary; discouraging. -- Un*fa"vor*a*ble*ness, n. -- Un*fa"vor*a*bly, adv. UNFEATHER Un*feath"er, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + feather.] Defn: To deprive of feathers; to strip. [R.] UNFEATURED Un*fea"tured, a. Defn: Wanting regular features; deformed. "Visage rough, deformed, unfeatured, and a skin of buff." Dryden. UNFEATY Un*feat"y, a. Etym: [Un- not + feat, a.] Defn: Not feat; not dexterous; unskillful; clumsy. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. UNFEELING Un*feel"ing, a. 1. Destitute of feeling; void of sensibility; insensible; insensate. 2. Without kind feelings; cruel; hard-hearted. To each his sufferings: all are men, Condemned alike to groan; The tender for another's pain, Th' unfeeling for his own. Gray. -- Un*feel"ing*ly, adv. -- Un*feel"ing*ness, n. UNFEIGNED Un*feigned", a. Defn: Not feigned; not counterfeit; not hypocritical; real; sincere; genuine; as, unfeigned piety; unfeigned love to man. "Good faith unfeigned." Chaucer. -- Un*feign"ed*ly, adv. -- Un*feign"ed*ness, n. UNFELLOW Un*fel"low, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + fellow.] Defn: To prevent from being a fellow or companion; to separate from one's fellows; to dissever. Death quite unfellows us. Mrs. Browning. UNFELLOWED Un*fel"lowed, a. Etym: [Pref. un- + fellowed.] Defn: Being without a fellow; unmatched; unmated. Shak. UNFENCE Un*fence", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + fence.] Defn: To strip of a fence; to remove a fence from. UNFERTILE Un*fer"tile, a. Defn: Not fertile; infertile; barren. -- Un*fer"tile*ness, n. UNFESTLICH Un*fest"lich, a. Defn: Unfit for a feast; hence, jaded; worn. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNFETTER Un*fet"ter, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + fetter.] Defn: To loose from fetters or from restraint; to unchain; to unshackle; to liberate; as, to unfetter the mind. UNFEUDALIZE Un*feu"dal*ize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + feudalize.] Defn: To free from feudal customs or character; to make not feudal. Carlyle. UNFILE Un*file", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + file.] Defn: To remove from a file or record. UNFILED Un*filed", a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + filed, p. p. of file to defile.] Defn: Not defiled; pure. [Obs.] Surrey. UNFILIAL Un*fil"ial, a. Defn: Unsuitable to a son or a daughter; undutiful; not becoming a child. -- Un*fil"ial*ly, adv. UNFINISHED Un*fin"ished, a. Defn: Not finished, not brought to an end; imperfect; incomplete; left in the rough; wanting the last hand or touch; as, an unfinished house; an unfinished picture; an unfinished iron casting. UNFIRM Un*firm", a. Defn: Infirm. [R.] Dryden. UNFIRMNESS Un*firm"ness, n. Defn: Infirmness. [R.] UNFIT Un*fit", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + fit.] Defn: To make unsuitable or incompetent; to deprive of the strength, skill, or proper qualities for anything; to disable; to incapacitate; to disqualify; as, sickness unfits a man for labor; sin unfits us for the society of holy beings. UNFIT Un*fit", a. Etym: [Pref. un- + fit.] Defn: Not fit; unsuitable. -- Un*fit"ly, adv. -- Un*fit"ness, n. UNFIX Un*fix", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + fix.] 1. To loosen from a fastening; to detach from anything that holds; to unsettle; as, to unfix a bayonet; to unfix the mind or affections. 2. To make fluid; to dissolve. [R.] The mountain stands; nor can the rising sun Unfix her frosts. Dryden. UNFLEDGED Un*fledged", a. Defn: Not fledged; not feathered; hence, not fully developed; immature. Dryden. UNFLESH Un*flesh", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + flesh.] Defn: To deprive of flesh; to reduce a skeleton. "Unfleshed humanity." Wordsworth. UNFLESHLY Un*flesh"ly, a. Defn: Not pertaining to the flesh; spiritual. UNFLEXIBLE Un*flex"i*ble, a. Defn: Inflexible. UNFLINCHING Un*flinch"ing, a. Defn: Not flinching or shrinking; unyielding. -- Un*flinch"ing*ly, adv. UNFLOWER Un*flow"er, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + flower.] Defn: To strip of flowers. [R.] G. Fletcher. UNFOLD Un*fold", v. t. Etym: [AS. unfealdan. See 1st Un-, and Fold, v. t.] 1. To open the folds of; to expand; to spread out; as, to unfold a tablecloth. Unfold thy forehead gathered into frowns. Herbert. 2. To open, as anything covered or close; to lay open to view or contemplation; to bring out in all the details, or by successive development; to display; to disclose; to reveal; to elucidate; to explain; as, to unfold one's designs; to unfold the principles of a science. Unfold the passion of my love. Shak. 3. To release from a fold or pen; as, to unfold sheep. UNFOLD Un*fold", v. i. Defn: To open; to expand; to become disclosed or developed. The wind blows cold While the morning doth unfold. J. Fletcher. UNFOLDER Un*fold"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, unfolds. UNFOLDMENT Un*fold"ment, n. Defn: The acct of unfolding, or the state of being unfolded. The extreme unfoldment of the instinctive powers. C. Morris. UNFOOL Un*fool", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + fool.] Defn: To restore from folly, or from being a fool. [Obs.] Shak. UNFORESEE Un`fore*see", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + foresee.] Defn: To fail to foresee. Bp. Hacket. UNFORESEEABLE Un`fore*see"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being foreseen. South. UNFORESKINNED Un*fore"skinned, a. Etym: [1st pref. un- + foreskin + -ed.] Defn: Deprived of the foreskin; circumcised. [R.] Milton. UNFORGETTABLE Un`for*get"ta*ble, a. Defn: Not forgettable; enduring in memory. Pungent and unforgettable truths. Emerson. UNFORM Un*form", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + form.] Defn: To decompose, or resolve into parts; to destroy the form of; to unmake. [R.] Good. UNFORMED Un*formed", a. Etym: [In sense 1 properly p. p. of un form; in senses 2 and 3 pref. un- not + formed.] 1. Decomposed, or resolved into parts; having the form destroyed. 2. Not formed; not arranged into regular shape, order, or relations; shapeless; amorphous. 3. (Biol.) Defn: Unorganized; without definite shape or structure; as, an unformed, or unorganized, ferment. Unformed stars (Astron.), stars not grouped into any constellation; informed stars. See Sporades. UNFORTUNATE Un*for"tu*nate, a. Defn: Not fortunate; unsuccessful; not prosperous; unlucky; attended with misfortune; unhappy; as, an unfortunate adventure; an unfortunate man; an unfortunate commander; unfortunate business. -- n. Defn: An unfortunate person. Hood. -- Un*for"tu*nate*ly, adv. -- Un*for"tu*nate*ness, n. UNFOUNDED Un*found"ed, a. 1. Not founded; not built or established. Milton. 2. Having no foundation; baseless; vain; idle; as, unfounded expectations. Paley. UNFRAME Un*frame", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + frame.] Defn: To take apart, or destroy the frame of. Dryden. UNFRANGIBLE Un*fran"gi*ble, a. Defn: Infrangible. [Obs.] "Impassible and unfrangible." Jer. Taylor. UNFRANKABLE Un*frank"a*ble, a. Defn: Not frankable; incapable of being sent free by public conveyance. UNFRAUGHT Un*fraught", a. 1. Etym: [Pref. un- not + fraught.] Defn: Not fraught; not burdened. 2. Etym: [1st pref. un- + fraught.] Defn: Removed, as a burden; unloaded. P. Fletcher. UNFREE Un*free", a. Defn: Not free; held in bondage. There had always been a slave class, a class of the unfree, among the English as among all German peoples. J. R. Green UNFREEZE Un*freeze", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + freeze.] Defn: To thaw. [Obs.] UNFREQUENCY Un*fre"quen*cy, n. Defn: Infrequency. UNFREQUENT Un*fre"quent (, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + frequent.] Defn: Infrequent. J. H. Newman. -- Un*fre"quent*ly adv. UNFREQUENT Un`fre*quent", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + frequent.] Defn: To cease to frequent. [Obs.] They quit their thefts and unfrequent the fields. J. Philips. UNFREQUENTED Un`fre*quent"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. un- + frequented.] Defn: Rarely visited; seldom or never resorted to by human beings; as, an unfrequented place or forest. Addison. UNFRET Un*fret", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + fret.] Defn: To smooth after being fretted. [Obs.] UNFRIEND Un*friend", n. Defn: One not a friend; an enemy. [R.] Carlyle. UNFRIENDED Un*friend"ed, a. Defn: Wanting friends; not befriended; not countenanced or supported. Goldsmith. If Richard indeed does come back, it must be alone, unfollowed, unfriended. Sir W. Scott. UNFRIENDLY Un*friend"ly, a. 1. Not friendly; not kind or benevolent; hostile; as, an unfriendly neighbor. 2. Not favorable; not adapted to promote or support any object; as, weather unfriendly to health. -- Un*friend"li*ness, n. UNFRIENDSHIP Un*friend"ship, n. Defn: The state or quality of being unfriendly; unfriendliness; enmity. An act of unfriendship to my sovereign person. Sir W. Scott. UNFROCK Un*frock", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + frock.] Defn: To deprive or divest or a frock; specifically, to deprive of priestly character or privilege; as, to unfrock a priest. UNFRUITFUL Un*fruit"ful, a. Defn: Not producing fruit or offspring; unproductive; infertile; barren; sterile; as, an unfruitful tree or animal; unfruitful soil; an unfruitful life or effort. -- Un*fruit"ful*ly, adv. -- Un*fruit"ful*ness, n. UNFUMED Un*fumed", a. Defn: Not exposed to fumes; not fumigated. Milton. UNFURL Un*furl", v. t. & i. Etym: [1st pref. un- + furl.] Defn: To loose from a furled state; to unfold; to expand; to open or spread; as, to unfurl sails; to unfurl a flag. UNFURNISH Un*fur"nish, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + furnish.] Defn: To strip of furniture; to divest; to strip. UNFUSIBLE Un*fu"si*ble, a. Defn: Infusible. [R.] UNGAIN Un*gain", a. Etym: [OE. ungein. See Ungainly.] Defn: Ungainly; clumsy; awkward; also, troublesome; inconvenient. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Beau. & Pl. UNGAINLINESS Un*gain"li*ness, n. Defn: The state or quality of being ungainly; awkwardness. UNGAINLY Un*gain"ly, a. Etym: [OE. ungeinliche, adv., fr. ungein inconvenient; un- + Icel. gegn ready, serviceable; adv., against, opposite. See Un- not, and Gain, a., Again.] 1. Not gainly; not expert or dexterous; clumsy; awkward; uncouth; as, an ungainly strut in walking. His ungainly figure and eccentric manners. Macaulay. 2. Unsuitable; unprofitable. [Obs.] Hammond. UNGAINLY Un*gain"ly, adv. Defn: In an ungainly manner. UNGEAR Un*gear", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + gear.] Defn: To strip of gear; to unharness; to throw out of gear. UNGELD Un*geld", n. Etym: [Pref. un- not + geld payment.] (Anglo-Sax. Law) Defn: A person so far out of the protection of the law, that if he were murdered, no geld, or fine, should be paid, or composition made by him that killed him. Cowell. Burrill. UNGENEROUS Un*gen"er*ous, a. Defn: Not generous; illiberal; ignoble; unkind; dishonorable. The victor never will impose on Cato Ungenerous terms. Addison. UNGENEROUSLY Un*gen"er*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In an ungenerous manner. UNGENITURED Un*gen"i*tured, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + geniture.] Defn: Destitute of genitals; impotent. [R.] Shak. UNGENTLE Un*gen"tle, a. Defn: Not gentle; lacking good breeding or delicacy; harsh. Vicious, ungentle, foolish, blunt, unkind. Shak. That ungentle flavor which distinguishes nearly all our native and uncultivated grapes. Hawthorne. -- Un*gen"tle*ness, n. -- Un*gen"tly, adv. UNGET Un*get", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + get.] Defn: To cause to be unbegotten or unborn, or as if unbegotten or unborn. [R.] I 'll disown you, I 'll disinherit you, I 'll unget you. Sheridan. UNGIFTED Un*gift"ed, a. Defn: Being without gifts, especially native gifts or endowments. Cowper. UNGIRD Un*gird", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + gird.] Defn: To loose the girdle or band of; to unbind; to unload. He ungirded his camels. Gen. xxiv. 32. UNGIVE Un*give", v. t. & i. Etym: [1st pref. un- (intensive) + give.] Defn: To yield; to relax; to give way. [Obs.] UNGKA Ung"ka, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The siamang; -- called also ungka ape. UNGKA-PUTI Ung"ka-pu`ti, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The agile gibbon; -- called also ungka-pati, and ungka-etam. See Gibbon. UNGLAZE Un*glaze", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + glaze.] Defn: To strip of glass; to remove the glazing, or glass, from, as a window. UNGLORIFY Un*glo"ri*fy, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + glorify.] Defn: To deprive of glory. [R.] I. Watts. UNGLORIOUS Un*glo"ri*ous, a. Defn: Inglorious. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNGLOVE Un*glove", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + glove.] Defn: To take off the glove or gloves of; as, to unglove the hand. Beau. & Fl. UNGLUE Un*glue", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + glue.] Defn: To separate, part, or open, as anything fastened with glue. She stretches, gapes, unglues her eyes, And asks if it be time to rise. Swift. UNGOD Un*god", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + god.] 1. To deprive of divinity; to undeify. [R.] Donne. 2. To cause to recognize no god; to deprive of a god; to make atheistical. [R.] Dryden. UNGODLY Un*god"ly, a. 1. Not godly; not having regard for God; disobedient to God; wicked; impious; sinful. 2. Polluted by sin or wickedness. The hours of this ungodly day. Shak. -- Un*god"li*ly, adv. -- Un*god"li*ness, n. UNGORED Un*gored", a. Etym: [Pref. un- + gore blood.] Defn: Not stained with gore; not bloodied. Sylvester. UNGORED Un*gored", a. Etym: [Pref. un- + gored, p. p. of 3d gore.] Defn: Not gored or pierced. UNGOT; UNGOTTEN Un*got", Un*got"ten, a. 1. Not gotten; not acquired. 2. Not begotten. [Obs. or Poetic] "His loins yet full of ungot princes." Waller. UNGOVERNABLE Un*gov"ern*a*ble, a. Defn: Not governable; not capable of being governed, ruled, or restrained; licentious; wild; unbridled; as, ungovernable passions. -- Un*gov"ern*a*bly, adv. Goldsmith. UNGOWN Un*gown", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + gown.] Defn: To strip of a gown; to unfrock. UNGOWNED Un*gowned", a. 1. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + gown.] Defn: Stripped of a gown; unfrocked. 2. Etym: [Pref. un- not + gowned.] Defn: Not having, or not wearing, a gown. UNGRACEFUL Un*grace"ful, a. Defn: Not graceful; not marked with ease and dignity; deficient in beauty and elegance; inelegant; awkward; as, ungraceful manners; ungraceful speech. The other oak remaining a blackened and ungraceful trunk. Sir W. Scott. -- Un*grace"ful*ly, adv. -- Un*grace"ful*ness, n. UNGRACIOUS Un*gra"cious, a. 1. Not gracious; showing no grace or kindness; being without good will; unfeeling. Shak. 2. Having no grace; graceless; wicked. [Obs.] Shak. 3. Not well received; offensive; unpleasing; unacceptable; not favored. Anything of grace toward the Irish rebels was as ungracious at Oxford as at London. Clarendon. -- Un*gra"cious*ly, adv. -- Un*gra"cious*ness, n. UNGRATE Un*grate", a. Defn: Displeasing; ungrateful; ingrate. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. UNGRATEFUL Un*grate"ful, a. 1. Not grateful; not thankful for favors; making no returns, or making ill return for kindness, attention, etc.; ingrateful. South. 2. Unpleasing; unacceptable; disagreeable; as, harsh sounds are ungrateful to the ear. -- Un*grate"ful*ly, adv. -- Un*grate"ful*ness, n. UNGRAVE Un*grave", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + grave.] Defn: To raise or remove from the grave; to disinter; to untomb; to exhume. [Obs.] Fuller. UNGUAL Un"gual, a. Etym: [L. unguis a nail, claw, hoof.] 1. Of or pertaining to a nail, claw, talon, or hoof, or resembling one. 2. Having a nail, claw, or hoof attached; -- said of certain bones of the feet. UNGUARD Un*guard", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + guard.] Defn: To deprive of a guard; to leave unprotected. [R.] Sterne. UNGUEAL Un"gue*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. onguéal. See Ungual.] Defn: Ungual. UNGUENT Un"guent, n. Etym: [L. unguentum, from unguere, ungere, to anoint: cf. F. onguent. See Ointment, and cf. Unction, Unctuous.] Defn: A lubricant or salve for sores, burns, or the like; an ointment. Cowper. Note: An unguent is stiffer than a liniment, but softer than a cerate. UNGUENTARY Un"guen*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. unguentarius.] Defn: Like an unguent, or partaking of its qualities. UNGUENTOUS Un*guen"tous, a. Defn: Unguentary. UNGUESTLIKE Un*guest"like, adv. Defn: In a manner not becoming to a guest. [R.] Milton. UNGUICAL Un"guic*al, a. Etym: [L. unguis a nail or claw. Cf. Ungual.] Defn: Ungual. UNGUICULAR Un*guic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. unguiculus, dim. of unguis a nail.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a claw or a nail; ungual. UNGUICULATA Un*guic`u*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. unguiculus a finger nail.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive division of Mammalia including those having claws or nails, as distinguished from the hoofed animals (Ungulata). UNGUICULATE Un*guic"u*late, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Unguiculata. UNGUICULATE; UNGUICULATED Un*guic"u*late, Un*guic"u*la`ted, a. 1. Furnished with nails, claws, or hooks; clawed. See the Note under Nail, n., 1. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with a claw, or a narrow stalklike base, as the petals of a carnation. UNGUIFEROUS Un*guif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. unguis nail or claw + -ferous.] Defn: Producing, having, or supporting nails or claws. UNGUIFORM Un"gui*form, a. Etym: [L. unguis a nail or claw + -form.] Defn: Having the form of a claw or claws. UNGUINOUS Un"gui*nous, a. Etym: [L. unguinosus, fr. unguen, -inis, fat, ointment.] Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, fat or oil; oily; unctuous; oleaginous. UNGUIS Un"guis, n.; pl. Ungues. Etym: [L., nail, claw, or hoof.] 1. The nail, claw, talon, or hoof of a finger, toe, or other appendage. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the terminal hooks on the foot of an insect. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The slender base of a petal in some flowers; a claw; called also ungula. UNGULA Un"gu*la, n.; pl. Ungulæ. Etym: [L., a claw, hoof, from unguis a nail, claw, hoof.] 1. A hoof, claw, or talon. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A section or part of a cylinder, cone, or other solid of revolution, cut off by a plane oblique to the base; -- so called from its resemblance to the hoof of a horse. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Unguis, 3. Spherical ungula (Geom.), a part of a sphere bounded by two planes intersecting in a diameter and by a line of the surface of the sphere. UNGULAR Un"gu*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a hoof, claw, or talon; ungual. UNGULATA Un`gu*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. ungula hoof.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive group of mammals including all those that have hoofs. It comprises the Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla. UNGULATE Un"gu*late, a. Etym: [L. ungulatus. See Ungula.] 1. Shaped like a hoof. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Furnished with hoofs. See the Note under Nail, n., 1. UNGULATE Un"gu*late, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any hoofed quadruped; one of the Ungulata. UNGULED Un"guled, a. Etym: [L. ungula a claw.] (Her.) Defn: Hoofed, or bearing hoofs; -- used only when these are of a tincture different from the body. UNGULIGRADE Un"gu*li*grade, a. Etym: [L. ungula hoof + gradi to walk.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having, or walking on, hoofs. UNGULOUS Un"gu*lous, a. Etym: [See Ungula.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Ungulate. UNHAIR Un*hair", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hair.] Defn: To deprive of hair, or of hairs; as, to unhair hides for leather. I 'll unhair thy head. Shak. UNHALLOW Un*hal"low, v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hallow.] Defn: To profane; to desecrate. The vanity unhallows the virtue. L'Estrange. UNHALLOWED Un*hal"lowed, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + hallowed.] Defn: Not consecrated; hence, profane; unholy; impious; wicked. In the cause of truth, no unhallowed violence . . . is either necessary or admissible. E. D. Griffin. UNHAND Un*hand", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hand.] Defn: To loose from the hand; to let go. Hold off! unhand me, gray beard loon! Eftsoons his hand dropped he. Coleridge. UNHANDSOME Un*hand"some, a. 1. Not handsome; not beautiful; ungraceful; not comely or pleasing; plain; homely. Were she other than she is, she were unhandsome. Shak. I can not admit that there is anything unhandsome or irregular . . . in the globe. Woodward. 2. Wanting noble or amiable qualities; dishonorable; illiberal; low; disingenuous; mean; indecorous; as, unhandsome conduct, treatment, or imputations. "Unhandsome pleasures." J. Fletcher. 3. Unhandy; clumsy; awkward; inconvenient. [Obs.] The ships were unwieldy and unhandsome. Holland. A narrow, straight path by the water's side, very unhandsome for an army to pass that way, though they found not a man to keep the passage. Sir T. North. -- Un*hand"some*ly, adv. -- Un*hand"some*ness, n. UNHANDY Un*hand"y, a. Defn: Clumsy; awkward; as, an Unhandy man. UNHANG Un*hang", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hang.] 1. To divest or strip of hangings; to remove the hangings, as a room. 2. To remove (something hanging or swinging) from that which supports it; as, to unhang a gate. UNHAP Un*hap", n. Defn: Ill luck; misfortune. [Obs.] "The cause of her unhap." Sir P. Sidney. UNHAPPIED Un*hap"pied, a. Defn: Made unhappy. [Obs.] Shak. UNHAPPY Un*hap"py, a. 1. Not happy or fortunate; unfortunate; unlucky; as, affairs have taken an unhappy turn. 2. In a degree miserable or wretched; not happy; sad; sorrowful; as, children render their parents unhappy by misconduct. 3. Marked by infelicity; evil; calamitous; as, an unhappy day. "The unhappy morn." Milton. 4. Mischievous; wanton; wicked. [Obs.] Shak. -- Un*hap"pi*ly, adv. -- Un*hap"pi*ness, n. UNHARBOR Un*har"bor, v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + harbor.] Defn: To drive from harbor or shelter. UNHARBORED Un*har"bored, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + harbored.] 1. Having no harbor or shelter; unprotected. 2. Affording no harbor or shelter. "Unharbored heaths." [Obs.] Milton. UNHARMONIOUS Un`har*mo"ni*ous, a. Defn: Inharmonious; unsymmetrical; also, unmusical; discordant. Swift. -- Un`har*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. UNHARNESS Un*har"ness, v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + harness.] 1. To strip of harness; to loose from harness or gear; as, to unharness horses or oxen. Cowper. 2. To disarm; to divest of armor. Holinshed. UNHASP Un*hasp", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hasp.] Defn: To unloose the hasp of; to unclose. UNHAT Un*hat", v. t. & i. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hat.] Defn: To take off the hat of; to remove one's hat, especially as a mark of respect. H. Spenser. UNHEAD Un*head", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + head.] 1. To take out the head of; as, to unhead a cask. 2. To decapitate; to behead. [Obs.] T. Brown. UNHEAL Un*heal", n. Etym: [Pref. un- not + heal health.] Defn: Misfortune; calamity; sickness. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNHEAL Un*heal", v. t. Defn: To uncover. See Unhele. [Obs.] UNHEALTH Un"health, n. Defn: Unsoundness; disease. UNHEARD Un*heard", a. 1. Not heard; not perceived by the ear; as, words unheard by those present. 2. Not granted an audience or a hearing; not allowed to speak; not having made a defense, or stated one's side of a question; disregarded; unheeded; as, to condemunheard. What pangs I feel, unpitied and unheard! Dryden. 3. Not known to fame; not illustrious or celebrated; obscure. Nor was his name unheard or unadored. Milton. Unheard of. (a) Not heard of; of which there are no tidings. (b) Unknown to fame; obscure. Glanvill. UNHEARD-OF Un*heard"-of, a. Defn: New; unprecedented; unparalleled. Swift. UNHEART Un*heart", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + heart.] Defn: To cause to lose heart; to dishearten. [Obs.] Shak. UNHEEDY Un*heed"y, a. Defn: Incautious; precipitate; heedless. [Obs.] Milton. UNHEIRED Un*heired", a. Defn: Destitute of an heir. To leave him utterly unheired. Chapman. UNHELE Un*hele", n. Defn: Same as Unheal, n. [Obs.] UNHELE Un*hele", v. t. Etym: [AS. unhelian. See 1st Un-, and Hele to cover.] Defn: To uncover. [Obs.] Spenser. Marston. UNHELM Un*helm", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + helm.] Defn: To deprive of the helm or helmet. Sir W. Scott. UNHELMED Un*helmed", a. 1. Etym: [Properly p. p. of unhelm.] Defn: Divested or deprived of the helm or helmet. 2. Etym: [Pref. un- not + helm.] Defn: Not wearing a helmet; without a helmet. Sir W. Scott. UNHELMET Un*hel"met, v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + helmet.] Defn: To deprive of the helmet. Sir W. Scott. UNHIDE Un*hide", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hide.] Defn: To bring out from concealment; to discover. [Obs.] P. Fletcher. UNHINGE Un*hinge", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hinge.] 1. To take from the hinges; as, to unhinge a door. 2. To displace; to unfix by violence. Blackmore. 3. To render unstable or wavering; to unsettle; as, to unhinge one's mind or opinions; to unhinge the nerves. Why should I then unhinge my brains, ruin my mind South. His sufferings, nay the revolutions of his fate, had not in the least unhinged his mind. Walpole. UNHINGEMENT Un*hinge"ment, n. Defn: The act unhinging, or the state of being unhinged. UNHITCH Un*hitch", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hitch.] Defn: To free from being hitched, or as if from being hitched; to unfasten; to loose; as, to unhitch a horse, or a trace. UNHIVE Un*hive", v. t. v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hive.] 1. To drive or remove from a hive. 2. To deprive of habitation or shelter, as a crowd. UNHOARD Un*hoard", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hoard.] Defn: To take or steal from a hoard; to pilfer. Milton. UNHOLD Un*hold", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hold.] Defn: To cease to hold; to unhand; to release. [Obs.] Otway. UNHOLY Un*ho"ly, a. Defn: Not holy; unhallowed; not consecrated; hence, profane; wicked; impious. -- Un*ho"li*ly, adv. -- Un*ho"li*ness, n. UNHONEST Un*hon"est, a. Defn: Dishonest; dishonorable. Ascham. -- Un*hon"est*ly, adv. Udall. UNHOOD Un*hood", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hood.] Defn: To remove a hood or disguise from. Quarterly Rev. UNHOOK Un*hook", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hook.] Defn: To loose from a hook; to undo or open by loosening or unfastening the hooks of; as, to unhook a fish; to unhook a dress. UNHOOP Un*hoop", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + hoop.] Defn: To strip or deprive of hoops; to take away the hoops of. UNHOPED Un*hoped", a. Defn: Not hoped or expected. "With unhoped success." Dryden. Blessings of friends, which to my door Unasked, unhoped, have come. J. N. Newman. UNHOPED-FOR Un*hoped"-for, a. Defn: Unhoped; unexpected. UNHORSE Un*horse", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + horse.] Defn: To throw from a horse; to cause to dismount; also, to take a horse or horses from; as, to unhorse a rider; to unhorse a carriage. Cowper. UNHOSED Un*hosed", a. Defn: Without hose. UNHOSPITABLE Un*hos"pi*ta*ble, a. Defn: Inhospitable. UNHOUSE Un*house", v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + house.] Defn: To drive from a house or habitation; to dislodge; hence, to deprive of shelter. UNHOUSED Un*housed", a. 1. Etym: [Properly p. p. of unhouse.] Defn: Driven from a house; deprived of shelter. 2. Etym: [Pref. un- + housed.] Defn: Not provided with a house or shelter; houseless; homeless. UNHOUSELED Un*hou"seled, a. Defn: Not having received the sacrament. [Obs.] [Written also unhouselled.] To die like the houseless dog on yonder common, unshriven and unhouseled. Sir W. Scott. UNHUMAN Un*hu"man, a. Defn: Not human; inhuman. UNHUMANIZE Un*hu"man*ize, v. t. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + humanize.] Defn: To render inhuman or barbarous. J. Barlow. UNHUSKED Un*husked", a. 1. Etym: [Pref. un- not + husked.] Defn: Not husked; having the husk on. 2. Etym: [1 st pref. un- + husk, n.] Defn: Having the husk removed; without husk. Bp. Hall. UNI- U"ni-. Etym: [L. unus one. See One.] Defn: A prefix signifying one, once; as in uniaxial, unicellular. UNIAT; UNIATE U"ni*at, U"ni*ate, n. (Eccl.) Defn: A member of the Greek Church, who nevertheless acknowledges the supremacy of the Pope of Rome; one of the United Greeks. Also used adjectively. UNIAXAL U`ni*ax"al, a. Etym: [Uni + axal.] Defn: Uniaxial. -- U`ni*ax"al*ly, adv. UNIAXIAL U`ni*ax"i*al, a. Etym: [Uni + axial.] 1. (Crystallog.) Defn: Having but one optic axis, or line of no double refraction. Note: In uniaxial crystals, the optic axis has the direction of the vertical crystallographic axis. All tetragonal and hexagonal crystals are uniaxial. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Having only one axis; developing along a single line or plane; -- opposed to multiaxial. UNIAXIALLY U`ni*ax"i*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a uniaxial manner. UNIBRANCHIATE U`ni*bran"chi*ate, a. Etym: [Uni- + branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having but one gill, as certain molluscs. UNICAMERAL U`ni*cam"e*ral, a. Etym: [Uni- + L. camera vault.] Defn: Having, or consisting of, a single chamber; -- said of a legislative assembly. [R.] F. Lieber. UNICAPSULAR U`ni*cap"su*lar. Etym: [Uni- + capsular: cf. F. unicapsulaire.] (Bot.) Defn: Having but one capsule to each flower. UNICARINATED U`ni*car"i*na`ted, a. Etym: [Uni- + carinated.] Defn: Having one ridge or keel. Craig. UNICELLED U"ni*celled`, a. Etym: [Uni- + cell.] (Biol.) Defn: Unicellular. UNICELLULAR U`ni*cel"lu*lar, a. Etym: [Uni- + cellular.] Defn: Having, or consisting of, but a single cell; as, a unicellular organism. UNICENTRAL U`ni*cen"tral, a. Etym: [Uni- + central.] (Biol.) Defn: Having a single center of growth. Unicentral development, that form of development which takes place primarily around a single central point, as in the lowest of unicellular organisms. UNICITY U*nic"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. unicus single. See Unique.] Defn: The condition of being united; quality of the unique; unification. Not unity, but what the schoolmen call unicity. De Quincey. The unicity we strive not to express, for that is impossible, but to designate by the nearest analogy. Coleridge. UNICLINAL U`ni*cli"nal, a. Etym: [Uni- + Gr. (Geol.) Defn: See Nonoclinal. UNICOLOROUS U`ni*col"or*ous, a. Etym: [Uni- + color.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the surface of a uniform color. UNICORN U"ni*corn, n. Etym: [OE. unicorne, F. unicorne, L. unicornis one- horned, having a single horn; unus one + cornu a horn; cf. L. unicornuus a unicorn. See One, and Horn.] 1. A fabulous animal with one horn; the monoceros; -- often represented in heraldry as a supporter. 2. A two-horned animal of some unknown kind, so called in the Authorized Version of the Scriptures. Canst thou bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow Job xxxix. 10. Note: The unicorn mentioned in the Scripture was probably the urus. See the Note under Reem. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any large beetle having a hornlike prominence on the head or prothorax. (b) The larva of a unicorn moth. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The kamichi; -- called also unicorn bird. 5. (Mil.) Defn: A howitzer. [Obs.] Fossil unicorn, or Fossil unicorn's horn (Med.), a substance formerly of great repute in medicine; -- named from having been supposed to be the bone or the horn of the unicorn. -- Unicorn fish, Unicorn whale (Zoöl.), the narwhal. -- Unicorn moth (Zoöl.), a notodontian moth (Coelodasys unicornis) whose caterpillar has a prominent horn on its back; -- called also unicorn prominent. -- Unicorn root (Bot.), a name of two North American plants, the yellow-flowered colicroot (Aletris farinosa) and the blazing star (Chamælirium luteum). Both are used in medicine. -- Unicorn shell (Zoöl.), any one of several species of marine gastropods having a prominent spine on the lip of the shell. Most of them belong to the genera Monoceros and Leucozonia. UNICORNOUS U`ni*cor"nous, a. Etym: [See Unicorn.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having but a single horn; -- said of certain insects. "Unicornous beetles." Sir T. Browne. UNICOSTATE U`ni*cos"tate, a. Etym: [Uni- + costate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having a single rib or strong nerve running upward from the base; -- said of a leaf. UNICURSAL U`ni*cur"sal, a. Etym: [Uni- + L. currere, cursum, to run.] (Geom.) Defn: That can be passed over in a single course; -- said of a curve when the coördinates of the point on the curve can be expressed as rational algebraic functions of a single parameter th. Note: As th varies minus infinity to plus infinity, to each value of th there corresponds one, and only one, point of the curve, while to each point on the curve there corresponds one, and only one, value of th. Straight lines, conic sections, curves of the third order with a nodal point, curves of the fourth order with three double points, etc., are unicursal. UNIDEAED Un`i*de"aed, a. Defn: Having no ideas; senseless; frivolous. "Unideaed girls." Mrs. Hemans. He [Bacon] received the unideaed page [Villiers] into his intimacy. Lord Campbell. UNIDEAL Un`i*de"al, a. 1. Not ideal; real; unimaginative. 2. Unideaed. [R.] Johnson. UNIDIMENSIONAL Un`i*di*men"sion*al, a. Etym: [Uni- + dimensional.] (Math.) Defn: Having but one dimension. See Dimension. UNIFACIAL U`ni*fa"cial, a. Etym: [Uni- + facial.] Defn: Having but one front surface; as, some foliaceous corals are unifacial, the polyp mouths being confined to one surface. UNIFIC U*nif"ic, a. Defn: Making one or unity; unifying. UNIFICATION U`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [See Unify.] Defn: The act of unifying, or the state of being unified. Unification with God was the final aim of the Neoplatonicians. Fleming. UNIFIER U"ni*fi`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, unifies; as, a natural law is a unifier of phenomena. UNIFILAR U`ni*fi"lar, a. Etym: [Uni- + L. filum a thread.] Defn: Having only one thread; involving the use of only one thread, wire, fiber, or the like; as, unifilar suspension. Unifilar magnetometer (Physics), an instrument which consists of a magnetic bar suspended at its center of gravity by a long thread, constituting a delicate means for accurately measuring magnetic intensities, also for determining declinations of the magnetic needle. UNIFLAGELLATE U`ni*fla*gel"late, a. Etym: [Uni- + flagellate.] (Biol.) Defn: Having but one flagellum; as, uniflagellate organisms. UNIFLOROUS U`ni*flo"rous, a. Etym: [Uni- + L. flos, floris, a flower: cf. F. uniflore.] (Bot.) Defn: Bearing one flower only; as, a uniflorous peduncle. UNIFOLLIATE U`ni*fol"li*ate, a. Etym: [Uni- + foliate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having only one leaf. UNIFOLLILATE U`ni*fol"li*late, a. Etym: [Uni- + foliolate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having only one leaflet, as the leaves of the orange tree. UNIFORM U"ni*form, a. Etym: [L. uniformis; unus one + forma from: cf. F. uniforme.] 1. Having always the same form, manner, or degree; not varying or variable; unchanging; consistent; equable; homogenous; as, the dress of the Asiatics has been uniform from early ages; the temperature is uniform; a stratum of uniform clay. Whewell. 2. Of the same form with others; agreeing with each other; conforming to one rule or mode; consonant. The only doubt is . . . how far churches are bound to be uniform in their ceremonies. Hooker. Uniform matter, that which is all of the same kind and texture; homogenous matter. -- Uniform motion, the motion of a body when it passes over equal spaces in equal times; equable motion. Hutton. UNIFORM U"ni*form, n. Etym: [F. uniforme. See Uniform, a.] Defn: A dress of a particular style or fashion worn by persons in the same service or order by means of which they have a distinctive appearance; as, the uniform of the artillery, of the police, of the Freemasons, etc. There are many things which, a soldier will do in his plain clothes which he scorns to do in his uniform. F. W. Robertson. In full uniform (Mil.), wearing the whole of the prescribed uniform, with ornaments, badges of rank, sash, side arms, etc. -- Uniform sword, an officer's sword of the regulation pattern prescribed for the army or navy. UNIFORM U"ni*form, v. t. 1. To clothe with a uniform; as, to uniform a company of soldiers. 2. To make conformable. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. UNIFORMAL U`ni*form"al, a. Defn: Uniform. [Obs.] Herrick. UNIFORMISM U"ni*form`ism, n. Etym: [From Uniform.] (Geol.) Defn: The doctrine of uniformity in the geological history of the earth; -- in part equivalent to uniformitarianism, but also used, more broadly, as opposed to catastrophism. UNIFORMITARIAN U`ni*form`i*ta"ri*an, a. (Geol.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, the view or doctrine that existing causes, acting in the same manner and with essentially the same intensity as at the present time, are sufficient to account for all geological changes. UNIFORMITARIAN U`ni*form`i*ta"ri*an, n. (Geol.) Defn: One who accepts uniformitarianism, or the uniformitarian doctrine. UNIFORMITARIANISM U`ni*form`i*ta"ri*an*ism, n. (Geol.) Defn: The uniformitarian doctrine. UNIFORMITY U`ni*form"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. uniformitas: cf. F. uniformité.] 1. The quality or state of being uniform; freedom from variation or difference; resemblance to itself at all times; sameness of action, effect, etc., under like conditions; even tenor; as, the uniformity of design in a poem; the uniformity of nature. 2. Consistency; sameness; as, the uniformity of a man's opinions. 3. Similitude between the parts of a whole; as, the uniformity of sides in a regular figure; beauty is said to consist in uniformity with variety. 4. Continued or unvaried sameness or likeness. 5. Conformity to a pattern or rule; resemblance, consonance, or agreement; as, the uniformity of different churches in ceremonies or rites. Act of Uniformity (Eng. Hist.), an act of Parliament, passed in 1661, prescribing the form of public prayers, administration of sacraments, and other rites of the Established Church of England. Its provisions were modified by the "Act of Uniformity Amendment Act," of 1872. UNIFORMLY U"ni*form`ly, adv. Defn: In a uniform manner; without variation or diversity; by a regular, constant, or common ratio of change; with even tenor; as, a temper uniformly mild. To vary uniformly (Math.), to vary with the ratio of the corresponding increments constant; -- said of two dependent quantities with regard to each other. UNIFROMNESS U"ni*from`ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being uniform; uniformity. UNIFY U"ni*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unified; p. pr. & vb. n. Unifying.] Etym: [Uni- + -fy: cf. F. unifier.] Defn: To cause to be one; to make into a unit; to unite; to view as one. A comprehensive or unifying act of the judging faculty. De Quincey. Perception is thus a unifying act. Sir W. Hamilton. UNIGENITURE U`ni*gen"i*ture, n. Etym: [L. unigenitus only-begotten; unus one + gignere, genitum, to beget.] Defn: The state of being the only begotten. [R.] Bp. Pearson. UNIGENOUS U*nig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. unigena; unus one + genere, gignere, to beget.] (Biol.) Defn: Being of one kind; being of the same genus. UNIJUGATE U*nij"u*gate, a. Etym: [Uni- + L. jugum yoke, pair: cf. L. unijugus having one yoke.] (Bot.) Defn: Having but one pair of leaflets; -- said of a pinnate leaf. UNILABIATE U`ni*la"bi*ate, a. Etym: [Uni- + labiate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having one lip only; as, a unilabiate corolla. UNILATERAL U`ni*lat"er*al, a. Etym: [Uni- + lateral: cf. F. unilatéral.] 1. Being on one side only; affecting but one side; one-sided. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to one side; one-sided; as, a unilateral raceme, in which the flowers grow only on one side of a common axis, or are all turned to one side. Unilateral contract (Law), a contract or engagement requiring future action only by one party. UNILITERAL U`ni*lit"er*al, a. Etym: [Uni- + literal.] Defn: Consisting of one letter only; as, a uniliteral word or sign. UNILOBAR U`ni*lo"bar, a. Etym: [Uni- + lobar.] Defn: Consisting of a single lobe. UNILOCULAR U`ni*loc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Uni- + locular: cf. F. uniloculaire.] (Biol.) Defn: Having one cell or cavity only; as, a unilocular capsule or shell. UNIMITABLE Un*im"i*ta*ble, a. Defn: Inimitable. [Obs.] UNIMPAIRABLE Un`im*pair"a*ble, a. Defn: That can not be impaired. Hakewill. UNIMPEACHABLE Un`im*peach"a*ble, a. Defn: Not impeachable; not to be called in question; exempt from liability to accusation; free from stain, guilt, or fault; irreproachable; blameless; as, an unimpeachable reputation; unimpeachable testimony. Burke. -- Un`im*peach"a*ble*ness, n. -- Un`im*peach"a*bly, adv. UNIMPLICATE Un*im"pli*cate, a. Defn: Not implicated. "Unimplicate in folly." R. Browning. UNIMPORTANCE Un`im*por"tance, n. Defn: Want of importance; triviality. Johnson. UNIMPROVED Un`im*proved", a. 1. Not improved; not made better or wiser; not advanced in knowledge, manners, or excellence. 2. Not used; not employed; especially, not used or employed for a valuable purpose; as, unimproved opportunities; unimproved blessings. Cowper. 3. Not tilled, cultivated, or built upon; yielding no revenue; as, unimproved land or soil. UNIMUSCULAR U`ni*mus"cu*lar, a. Etym: [Uni- muscular.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having only one adductor muscle, and one muscular impression on each valve, as the oyster; monomyarian. UNINCUMBERED Un`in*cum"bered, a. 1. Not incumbered; not burdened. 2. (Law) Defn: Free from any temporary estate or interest, or from mortgage, or other charge or debt; as, an estate unincumbered with dower. UNINFRINGIBLE Un`in*frin"gi*ble, a. Defn: That may not be infringed; as, an uninfringible monopoly. UNINTELLIGENCE Un`in*tel"li*gence, n. Defn: Absence or lack of intelligence; unwisdom; ignorance. Bp. Hall. UNINTERESSED Un*in"ter*essed, a. Defn: Uninterested; unaffected. [Obs.] Glanvill. UNINTERESTED Un*in"ter*est*ed, a. 1. Not interested; not having any interest or property in; having nothing at stake; as, to be uninterested in any business. 2. Not having the mind or the passions engaged; as, uninterested in a discourse or narration. UNINTERMISSION Un*in`ter*mis"sion, n. Defn: Want or failure of intermission. [R.] Bp. Parker. UNINUCLEATED U`ni*nu"cle*a`ted, a. Etym: [Uni- + nucleated.] (Biol.) Defn: Possessed of but a single nucleus; as, a uninucleated cell. UNIO U"ni*o, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. unio unity, union, a single large pearl. See Union.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of fresh-water mussels belonging to Unio and many allied genera. UNIOCULAR U`ni*oc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Uni- + ocular.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or seated in, one eye; monocular. UNION Un"ion, n. Etym: [F., from L. unio oneness, union, a single large pearl, a kind of onion, fr. unus one. See One, and cf. Onion, Unit.] 1. The act of uniting or joining two or more things into one, or the state of being united or joined; junction; coalition; combination. Note: Union differs from connection, as it implies that the bodies are in contact, without an interconnected by the in 2. Agreement and conjunction of mind, spirit, will, affections, or the like; harmony; concord. 3. That which is united, or made one; something formed by a combination or coalition of parts or members; a confederation; a consolidated body; a league; as, the weavers have formed a union; trades unions have become very numerous; the United States of America are often called the Union. A. Hamilton. 4. A textile fabric composed of two or more materials, as cotton, silk, wool, etc., woven together. 5. A large, fine pearl. [Obs.] If they [pearls] be white, great, round, smooth, and weighty . . . our dainties and delicates here at Rome . . . call them unions, as a man would say "singular," and by themselves alone. Holland. In the cup an union shall he throw, Richer than that which four successive kings In Denmark's crown have worn. Shak. 6. A device emblematic of union, used on a national flag or ensign, sometimes, as in the military standard of Great Britain, covering the whole field; sometimes, as in the flag of the United States, and the English naval and marine flag, occupying the upper inner corner, the rest of the flag being called the fly. Also, a flag having such a device; especially, the flag of Great Britain. Note: The union of the United States ensign is a cluster of white stars, denoting the union of the States, and, properly, equal in number to that of the States, displayed on a blue field; the fly being composed of alternate stripes of red and white. The union of the British ensign is the three crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick in combination, denoting the union of England, Scotland and Ireland, displayed on a blue field in the national banner used on shore, on a red, white, or blue field in naval ensigns, and with a white border or fly in the merchant service. 7. (Mach.) Defn: A joint or other connection uniting parts of machinery, or the like, as the elastic pipe of a tender connecting it with the feed pipe of a locomotive engine; especially, a pipe fitting for connecting pipes, or pipes and fittings, in such a way as to facilitate disconnection. 8. (Brewing) Defn: A cask suspended on trunnions, in which fermentation is carried on. Hypostatic union (Theol.) See under Hypostatic. -- Latin union. See under Latin. -- Legislative Union (Eng. Hist.), the union of Great Britain and Ireland, which took place Jan. 1, 1801. -- Union, or Act of Union (Eng. Hist.), the act by which Scotland was united to England, or by which the two kingdoms were incorporated into one, in 1707. -- Union by the first, or second, intention. (Surg.) See To heal by the first, or second, intention, under Intention. -- Union down (Naut.), a signal of distress at sea made by reversing the flag, or turning its union downward. -- Union jack. (Naut.) See Jack, n., 10. -- Union joint. (Mech.) (a) A joint formed by means of a union. (b) A piece of pipe made in the form of the letter T. Syn. -- Unity; junction; connection; concord; alliance; coalition; combination; confederacy. -- Union, Unity. Union is the act of bringing two or more things together so as to make but one, or the state of being united into one. Unity is a state of simple oneness, either of essence, as the unity of God, or of action, feeling, etc., as unity of design, of affection, etc. Thus, we may speak of effecting a union of interests which shall result in a unity of labor and interest in securing a given object. One kingdom, joy, and union without end. Milton. [Man] is to . . . beget Like of his like, his image multiplied. In unity defective; which requires Collateral love, and dearest amity. Milton. UNIONISM Un"ion*ism, n. 1. The sentiment of attachment to a federal union, especially to the federal union of the United States. 2. The principles, or the system, of combination among workmen engaged in the same occupation or trade. UNIONIST Un"ion*ist, n. 1. One who advocates or promotes union; especially a loyal supporter of a federal union, as that of the United States. 2. A member or supporter of a trades union. UNIONISTIC Un`ion*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to union or unionists; tending to promote or preserve union. UNIOVULATE U`ni*o"vu*late, a. Etym: [Uni- + ovulate.] (Bot.) Defn: Containing but one ovule. UNIPARA U*nip"a*ra, n. Etym: [NL. See Uniparous.] Defn: A woman who has borne one child. UNIPAROUS U*nip"a*rous, a. Etym: [Uni- + L. parere to bring forth.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing but one egg or young at a time. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Producing but one axis of inflorescence; -- said of the scorpioid cyme. UNIPED U"ni*ped, a. Etym: [Uni- + L. pes, pedis, foot.] Defn: Having only one foot. Wright. UNIPERSONAL U"ni*per"son*al, a. Etym: [Uni- + personal.] 1. Existing as one, and only one, person; as, a unipersonal God. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Used in only one person, especially only in the third person, as some verbs; impersonal. UNIPERSONALIST U`ni*per"so*nal*ist, n. (Theol.) Defn: One who believes that the Deity is unipersonal. UNIPHONOUS U*niph"o*nous, a. Etym: [Uni- + Gr. Defn: Having but one sound, as the drum. [R.] UNIPLICATE U*nip"li*cate, a. Etym: [Uni- + plicate.] Defn: Having, or consisting of, but one fold. UNIPOLAR U`ni*po"lar, a. Etym: [Uni- + polar.] 1. (Physics) Defn: Having, or acting by means of, one pole only. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Having but one pole or process; -- applied to those ganglionic nerve cells which have but one radiating process; -- opposed to multipolar. Unipolar induction (Elec.), induction, as in a conducting circuit, by only one pole of a magnet. -- Unipolar stimulation (Physiol.), the simulation sometimes produced when one electrode of an induction apparatus is applied to a nerve; -- called also unipolar induction action. Du Bois-Reymond. UNIQUE U*nique", a. Etym: [F. unique; cf. It. unico; from L. unicus, from unus one. See One.] Defn: Being without a like or equal; unmatched; unequaled; unparalleled; single in kind or excellence; sole. -- U*nique"ly, adv. -- U*nique"ness, n. UNIQUE U*nique", n. Defn: A thing without a like; something unequaled or unparalleled. [R.] The phenix, the unique pf birds. De Quincey. UNIQUITY U*niq"ui*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unique; uniqueness. [R.] Walpole. UNIRADIATED U`ni*ra"di*a`ted, a. Etym: [Uni- + radiated.] Defn: Having but one ray. UNIRAMOUS U`ni*ra"mous, a. Etym: [Uni- + L. ramus branch.] (Biol.) Defn: Having but one branch. UNISEPTATE U`ni*sep"tate, a. Etym: [Uni- + septate.] (Bot.) Defn: Having but one septum, or partition; -- said of two-celled fruits, such as the silicles of cruciferous plants. UNISERIAL U`ni*se"ri*al, a. Etym: [Uni- + serial.] Defn: Having only one row or series. UNISERIATE U`ni*se"ri*ate, a. Etym: [Uni- + seriate.] Defn: Having one line or series; uniserial. -- U`ni*se"ri*ate*ly, adv. UNISEXUAL U`ni*sex"u*al, a. Etym: [Uni- + sexual: cf. F. unisexuel.] (Biol.) Defn: Having one sex only, as plants which have the male and female flowers on separate individuals, or animals in which the sexes are in separate individuals; dioecious; -- distinguished from bisexual, or hermaphrodite. See Dioecious. UNISILICATE U`ni*sil"i*cate, n. Etym: [Uni- + silicate.] (Min.) Defn: A salt of orthosilicic acid, H4SiO4; -- so called because the ratio of the oxygen atoms united to the basic metals and silicon respectively is 1:1; for example, Mg2SiO4 or 2MgO.SiO2. UNISON U"ni*son, n. Etym: [LL. unisonus having the same sound; L. unus one + sonus a sound: cf. F. unisson, It. unisono. See One, and Sound a noise.] 1. Harmony; agreement; concord; union. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Identity in pitch; coincidence of sounds proceeding from an equality in the number of vibrations made in a given time by two or more sonorous bodies. Parts played or sung in octaves are also said to be in unison, or in octaves. Note: If two cords of the same substance have equal length, thickness, and tension, they are said to be in unison, and their sounds will be in unison. Sounds of very different qualities and force may be in unison, as the sound of a bell may be in unison with a sound of a flute. Unison, then, consists in identity of pitch alone, irrespective of quality of sound, or timbre, whether of instruments or of human voices. A piece or passage is said to be sung or played in unison when all the voices or instruments perform the same part, in which sense unison is contradistinguished from harmony. 3. A single, unvaried. [R.] Pope. In unison, in agreement; agreeing in tone; in concord. UNISON U"ni*son, a. Etym: [Cf. It. unisono. See Unison, n.] 1. Sounding alone. [Obs.] [sounds] intermixed with voice, Choral or unison. Milton. 2. (Mus.) Defn: Sounded alike in pitch; unisonant; unisonous; as, unison passages, in which two or more parts unite in coincident sound. UNISONAL U*nis"o*nal, a. Defn: Being in unison; unisonant. -- U*nis"o*nal*ly, adv. UNISONANCE U*nis"o*nance, n. Etym: [See Unisonant.] Defn: Accordance of sounds; unison. UNISONANT U*nis"o*nant, a. Etym: [Uni- + sonant. See Unison.] Defn: Being in unison; having the same degree of gravity or acuteness; sounded alike in pitch. UNISONOUS U*nis"o*nous, a. Etym: [See Unison.] Defn: Being in unison; unisonant. Busby. UNIT U"nit, n. Etym: [Abbrev. from unity.] 1. A single thing or person. 2. (Arith.) Defn: The least whole number; one. Units are the integral parts of any large number. I. Watts. 3. A gold coin of the reign of James I., of the value of twenty shillings. Camden. 4. Any determinate amount or quantity (as of length, time, heat, value) adopted as a standard of measurement for other amounts or quantities of the same kind. 5. (Math.) Defn: A single thing, as a magnitude or number, regarded as an undivided whole. Abstract unit, the unit of numeration; one taken in the abstract; the number represented by 1. The term is used in distinction from concrete, or determinate, unit, that is, a unit in which the kind of thing is expressed; a unit of measure or value; as 1 foot, 1 dollar, 1 pound, and the like. -- Complex unit (Theory of Numbers), an imaginary number of the form a + b-1, when a2 + b2 = 1. -- Duodecimal unit, a unit in the scale of numbers increasing or decreasing by twelves. -- Fractional unit, the unit of a fraction; the reciprocal of the denominator; thus, unit of the fraction -- Integral unit, the unit of integral numbers, or 1. -- Physical unit, a value or magnitude conventionally adopted as a unit or standard in physical measurements. The various physical units are usually based on given units of length, mass, and time, and on the density or other properties of some substance, for example, water. See Dyne, Erg, Farad, Ohm, Poundal, etc. -- Unit deme (Biol.), a unit of the inferior order or orders of individuality. -- Unit jar (Elec.), a small, insulated Leyden jar, placed between the electrical machine and a larger jar or battery, so as to announce, by its repeated discharges, the amount of electricity passed into the larger jar. -- Unit of heat (Physics), a determinate quantity of heat adopted as a unit of measure; a thermal unit (see under Thermal). Water is the substance generally employed, the unit being one gram or one pound, and the temperature interval one degree of the Centigrade or Fahrenheit scale. When referred to the gram, it is called the gram degree. The British unit of heat, or thermal unit, used by engineers in England and in the United States, is the quantity of heat necessary to raise one pound of pure water at and near its temperature of greatest density (39.1º Fahr.) through one degree of the Fahrenheit scale. Rankine. -- Unit of illumination, the light of a sperm candle burning 120 grains per hour. Standard gas, burning at the rate of five cubic feet per hour, must have an illuminating power equal to that of fourteen such candles. -- Unit of measure (as of length, surface, volume, dry measure, liquid measure, money, weight, time, and the like), in general, a determinate quantity or magnitude of the kind designated, taken as a standard of comparison for others of the same kind, in assigning to them numerical values, as 1 foot, 1 yard, 1 mile, 1 square foot, 1 square yard, 1 cubic foot, 1 peck, 1 bushel, 1 gallon, 1 cent, 1 ounce, 1 pound, 1 hour, and the like; more specifically, the fundamental unit adopted in any system of weights, measures, or money, by which its several denominations are regulated, and which is itself defined by comparison with some known magnitude, either natural or empirical, as, in the United States, the dollar for money, the pound avoirdupois for weight, the yard for length, the gallon of 8.3389 pounds avoirdupois of water at 39.8º Fahr. (about 231 cubic inches) for liquid measure, etc.; in Great Britain, the pound sterling, the pound troy, the yard, or -- Unit of power. (Mach.) See Horse power. -- Unit of resistance. (Elec.) See Resistance, n., 4, and Ohm. -- Unit of work (Physics), the amount of work done by a unit force acting through a unit distance, or the amount required to lift a unit weight through a unit distance against gravitation. See Erg, Foot Pound, Kilogrammeter. -- Unit stress (Mech. Physics), stress per unit of area; intensity of stress. It is expressed in ounces, pounds, tons, etc., per square inch, square foot, or square yard, etc., or in atmospheres, or inches of mercury or water, or the like. UNITABLE U*nit"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of union by growth or otherwise. Owen. UNITARIAN U`ni*ta"ri*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. unitaire, unitairien, NL. unitarius. See Unity.] 1. (Theol.) Defn: One who denies the doctrine of the Trinity, believing that God exists only in one person; a unipersonalist; also, one of a denomination of Christians holding this belief. 2. One who rejects the principle of dualism. 3. A monotheist. [R.] Fleming. UNITARIAN U`ni*ta"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Unitarians, or their doctrines. UNITARIANISM U`ni*ta"ri*an*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. unitairianisme.] Defn: The doctrines of Unitarians. UNITARIANIZE U`ni*ta"ri*an*ize, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p Unitarianized; p. pr. & vb. n. Unitarianizing.] Defn: To change or turn to Unitarian views. UNITARY U"nit*a*ry, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a unit or units; relating to unity; as, the unitary method in arithmetic. 2. Of the nature of a unit; not divided; united. Unitary theory (Chem.), the modern theory that the molecules of all complete compounds are units, whose parts are bound together in definite structure, with mutual and reciprocal influence on each other, and are not mere aggregations of more or less complex groups; -- distinguished from the dualistic theory. UNITE U*nite", v. t. [imp. & p. p. United; p. pr. & vb. n. Uniting.] Etym: [L. unitus, p. p. of unire to unite, from unus one. See One.] 1. To put together so as to make one; to join, as two or more constituents, to form a whole; to combine; to connect; to join; to cause to adhere; as, to unite bricks by mortar; to unite iron bars by welding; to unite two armies. 2. Hence, to join by a legal or moral bond, as families by marriage, nations by treaty, men by opinions; to join in interest, affection, fellowship, or the like; to cause to agree; to harmonize; to associate; to attach. Under his great vicegerent reign abide, United as one individual soul. Milton. The king proposed nothing more than to unite his kingdom in one form of worship. Clarendon. Syn. -- To add; join; annex; attach. See Add. UNITE U*nite", v. i. 1. To become one; to be cemented or consolidated; to combine, as by adhesion or mixture; to coalesce; to grow together. 2. To join in an act; to concur; to act in concert; as, all parties united in signing the petition. UNITE U*nite", a Etym: [L. unitus, p. p. See Unite, v. t.] Defn: United; joint; as, unite consent. [Obs.] J. Webster. UNITED U*nit"ed, a. Defn: Combined; joined; made one. United Brethren. (Eccl.) See Moravian, n. -- United flowers (Bot.), flowers which have the stamens and pistils in the same flower. -- The United Kingdom, Great Britain and Ireland; -- so named since January 1, 1801, when the Legislative Union went into operation. -- United Greeks (Eccl.), those members of the Greek Church who acknowledge the supremacy of the pope; -- called also uniats. UNITEDLY U*nit"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In an united manner. Dryden. UNITER U*nit"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, unites. UNITERABLE U*nit"er*a*ble, a. Defn: Not iterable; incapable of being repeated. [Obs.] "To play away an uniterable life." Sir T. Browne. UNITION U*ni"tion, n. Etym: [LL. unitio, from L. unire. See Unite,v. t.] Defn: The act of uniting, or the state of being united; junction. [Obs.] Wiseman. UNITIVE U"ni*tive, a. Etym: [LL. unitivus: cf. F. unitif.] Defn: Having the power of uniting; causing, or tending to produce, union. Jer. Taylor. UNITIVELY U"ni*tive*ly, adv. Defn: In a unitive manner. Cudworth. UNITIZE U"nit*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unitized; p. pr. & vb. n. Unitizing.] Defn: To reduce to a unit, or one whole; to form into a unit; to unify. UNITUDE U"ni*tude, n. Defn: Unity. [R.] H. Spenser. UNITY U"ni*ty, n.; pl. Unities. Etym: [OE. unite, F. unité, L. unitas, from unus one. See One, and cf. Unit.] 1. The state of being one; oneness. Whatever we can consider as one thing suggests to the understanding the idea of unity. Locks. Note: Unity is affirmed of a simple substance or indivisible monad, or of several particles or parts so intimately and closely united as to constitute a separate body or thing. See the Synonyms under Union. 2. Concord; harmony; conjunction; agreement; uniformity; as, a unity of proofs; unity of doctrine. Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity! Ps. cxxxiii. 1. 3. (Math.) Defn: Any definite quantity, or aggregate of quantities or magnitudes taken as one, or for which 1 is made to stand in calculation; thus, in a table of natural sines, the radius of the circle is regarded as unity. Note: The number 1, when it is not applied to any particular thing, is generally called unity. 4. (Poetry & Rhet.) Defn: In dramatic composition, one of the principles by which a uniform tenor of story and propriety of representation are preserved; conformity in a composition to these; in oratory, discourse, etc., the due subordination and reference of every part to the development of the leading idea or the eastablishment of the main proposition. Note: In the Greek drama, the three unities required were those of action, of time, and of place; that is, that there should be but one main plot; that the time supposed should not exceed twenty-four hours; and that the place of the action before the spectators should be one and the same throughout the piece. 5. (Fine Arts & Mus.) Defn: Such a combination of parts as to constitute a whole, or a kind of symmetry of style and character. 6. (Law) Defn: The peculiar characteristics of an estate held by several in joint tenancy. Note: The properties of it are derived from its unity, which is fourfold; unity of interest, unity of title, unity of time, and unity of possession; in other words, joint tenants have one and the same interest, accruing by one and the same conveyance, commencing at the same time, and held by one and the same undivided possession. Unity of possession is also a joint possession of two rights in the same thing by several titles, as when a man, having a lease of land, afterward buys the fee simple, or, having an easement in the land of another, buys the servient estate. At unity, at one. -- Unity of type. (Biol.) See under Type. Syn. -- Union; oneness; junction; concord; harmony. See Union. UNIVALENCE U*niv"a*lence, n. (Chem.) Defn: The quality or state of being univalent. UNIVALENT U*niv"a*lent, a. Etym: [Uni- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Defn: Having a valence of one; capable of combining with, or of being substituted for, one atom of hydrogen; monovalent; -- said of certain atoms and radicals. UNIVALVE U"ni*valve, n. Etym: [Uni- + valve: cf. F. univalve.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A shell consisting of one valve only; a mollusk whose shell is composed of a single piece, as the snails and conchs. Note: Most univalves are spiral and are the shells of gastropods, but many belong to cephalopods and pteropods. A large number of univalves belonging to the gastropods are conical, cup-shaped, or shieldlike, as the limpets. UNIVALVE; UNIVALVED U"ni*valve, U"ni*valved, a. Etym: [Cf. F. univalve.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Having one valve; as, a univalve shell or pericarp. UNIVALVIA U`ni*val"vi*a (, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Gastropoda. UNIVALVULAR U`ni*val"vu*lar, a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Univalve, a. UNIVARIANT U`ni*va"ri*ant, a. (Chem.) Defn: Having one degree of freedom or variability. UNIVERSAL U`ni*ver"sal, a. Etym: Etym: [L. universalis: cf. F. universel, OF. also universal. See Universe.] 1. Of or pertaining to the universe; extending to, including, or affecting, the whole number, quantity, or space; unlimited; general; all-reaching; all-pervading; as, universal ruin; universal good; universal benevolence or benefice. "Anointed universal King." Milton. The universal cause Acts not by partial, but by general laws. Pope. This universal frame began. Dryden. Note: Universal and its derivatives are used in common discourse for general and its derivatives. See General. 2. Constituting or considered as a whole; total; entire; whole; as, the universal world. Shak. At which the universal host up dent A shout that tore Hell's concave. Milton. 3. (Mech.) Defn: Adapted or adaptable to all or to various uses, shapes, sizes, etc.; as, a universal milling machine. 4. (Logic) Defn: Forming the whole of a genus; relatively unlimited in extension; affirmed or denied of the whole of a subject; as, a universal proposition; -- opposed to particular; e. g. (universal affirmative) All men are animals; (universal negative) No men are omniscient. Universal chuck (Mach.), a chuck, as for a lathe, having jaws which can be moved simultaneously so as to grasp objects of various sizes. -- Universal church, the whole church of God in the world; the catholic church. See the Note under Catholic, a., 1. -- Universal coupling. (Mach.) Same as Universal joint, below. -- Universal dial, a dial by which the hour may be found in any part of the world, or under any elevation of the pole. -- Universal instrument (Astron.), a species of altitude and azimuth instrument, the peculiarity of which is, that the object end of the telescope is placed at right angles to the eye end, with a prism of total reflection at the angle, and the eye end constitutes a portion of the horizontal axis of the instrument, having the eyepiece at the pivot and in the center of the altitude circle, so that the eye has convenient access to both at the same time. -- Universal joint (Mach.), a contrivance used for joining two shafts or parts of a machine endwise, so that the one may give rotary motion to the other when forming an angle with it, or may move freely in all directions with respect to the other, as by means of a cross connecting the forked ends of the two shafts (Fig. 1). Since this joint can not act when the angle of the shafts is less than 140º, a double joint of the same kind is sometimes used for giving rotary motion at angles less than 140º (Fig. 2). -- Universal umbel (Bot.), a primary or general umbel; the first or largest set of rays in a compound umbel; -- opposed to partial umbel. A universal involucre is not unfrequently placed at the foot of a universal umbel. Syn. -- General; all; whole; total. See General. UNIVERSAL U`ni*ver"sal, n. 1. The whole; the general system of the universe; the universe. [Obs.] Plato calleth God the cause and original, the nature and reason, of the universal. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. (Logic) (a) A general abstract conception, so called from being universally applicable to, or predicable of, each individual or species contained under it. (b) A universal proposition. See Universal, a., 4. UNIVERSALIAN U`ni*ver*sa"li*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Universalism; Universalist. [R.] UNIVERSALISM U`ni*ver"sal*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. universalisme.] (Theol.) Defn: The doctrine or belief that all men will be saved, or made happy, in the future state. UNIVERSALIST U`ni*ver"sal*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. universaliste.] 1. (Theol.) Defn: One who believes in Universalism; one of a denomination of Christians holding this faith. 2. One who affects to understand all the particulars in statements or propositions. [Obs.] Bentley. UNIVERSALIST U`ni*ver"sal*ist, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Unversalists of their doctrines. UNIVERSALISTIC U`ni*ver`sal*is"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the whole; universal. UNIVERSALITY U`ni*ver*sal"i*ty, n.; pl. Universalties. Etym: [Cf. F. universalité.] Defn: The quality or state of being universal; unlimited extension or application; generality; -- distinguished from particularity; as, the unversality of a proposition; the unversality of sin; the unversality of the Deluge. UNIVERSALIZE U`ni*ver"sal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Universalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Universalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. universaliser.] Defn: To make universal; to generalize. Coleridge. UNIVERSALLY U`ni*ver"sal*ly, adv. Defn: In a universal manner; without exception; as, God's laws are universally binding on his creatures. UNIVERSALNESS U`ni*ver"sal*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being universal; universality. UNIVERSE U"ni*verse, n. Etym: [L. universum, from universus universal; unus one + vertere, versum, to turn, that is, turned into one, combined into one whole; cf. F. univers. See One, and Verse.] Defn: All created things viewed as constituting one system or whole; the whole body of things, or of phenomena; the mundus of the Latins; the world; creation. How may I Adore thee, Author of this universe And all this good to man! Milton. UNIVERSITY U`ni*ver"si*ty, n.; pl. Universities. Etym: [OE. universite, L. universitas all together, the whole, the universe, a number of persons associated into one body, a society, corporation, fr. universus all together, universal: cf. F. université. See Universe.] 1. The universe; the whole. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. An association, society, guild, or corporation, esp. one capable of having and acquiring property. [Obs.] The universities, or corporate bodies, at Rome were very numerous. There were corporations of bakers, farmers of the revenue, scribes, and others. Eng. Cyc. 3. An institution organized and incorporated for the purpose of imparting instruction, examining students, and otherwise promoting education in the higher branches of literature, science, art, etc., empowered to confer degrees in the several arts and faculties, as in theology, law, medicine, music, etc. A university may exist without having any college connected with it, or it may consist of but one college, or it may comprise an assemblage of colleges established in any place, with professors for instructing students in the sciences and other branches of learning. The present universities of Europe were, originally, the greater part of them, ecclesiastical corporations, instituted for the education of churchmen . . . What was taught in the greater part of those universities was suitable to the end of their institutions, either theology or something that was merely preparatory to theology. A. Smith. Note: From the Roman words universitas, collegium, corpus, are derived the terms university, college, and corporation, of modern languages; and though these words have obtained modified significations in modern times, so as to indifferently applicable to the same things, they all agree in retaining the fundamental signification of the terms, whatever may have been added to them. There is now no university, college, or corporation, which is not a juristical person in the sense above explained [see def. 2, above]; wherever these words are applied to any association of persons not stamped with this mark, it is an abuse of terms. Eng. Cyc. UNIVERSITY EXTENSION U`ni*ver"si*ty ex*ten"sion. Defn: The extension of the advantages of university instruction by means of lectures and classes at various centers. UNIVERSOLOGICAL U`ni*ver`so*log"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to universology. UNIVERSOLOGIST U`ni*ver*sol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who is versed in universology. UNIVERSOLOGY U`ni*ver*sol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Universe + -logy.] Defn: The science of the universe, and the relations which it involves. UNIVOCACY U*niv"o*ca*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being univocal. [R.] Sir T. Browne. UNIVOCAL U*niv"o*cal, a. Etym: [L. univocus; unus one + vox, vocis, a voice, word. See One, and Voice.] 1. Having one meaning only; -- contrasted with equivocal. 2. Having unison of sound, as the octave in music. See Unison, n., 2. 3. Having always the same drift or tenor; uniform; certain; regular. [R.] Sir T. Browne. 4. Unequivocal; indubitable. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. UNIVOCAL U*niv"o*cal, n. 1. (Aristotelian Logic) Defn: A generic term, or a term applicable in the same sense to all the species it embraces. 2. A word having but one meaning. UNIVOCALLY U*niv"o*cal*ly, adv. Defn: In a univocal manner; in one term; in one sense; not equivocally. How is sin univocally distinguished into venial and mortal, if the venial be not sin Bp. Hall. UNIVOCATION U*niv`o*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. univocation.] Defn: Agreement of name and meaning. [Obs.] Whiston. UNJOIN Un*join", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + join.] Defn: To disjoin. UNJOINT Un*joint", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + joint.] Defn: To disjoint. UNJOINTED Un*joint"ed, a. Etym: [Properly p. p. of unjoint.] 1. Disjointed; unconnected; hence, incoherent. Shak. 2. Etym: [Pref. un- + jointed.] Defn: Having no joint or articulation; as, an unjointed stem. UNJUST Un*just", a. 1. Acting contrary to the standard of right; not animated or controlled by justice; false; dishonest; as, an unjust man or judge. 2. Contrary to justice and right; prompted by a spirit of injustice; wrongful; as, an unjust sentence; an unjust demand; an unjust accusation. -- Un*just"ly, adv. -- Un*just"ness, n. UNJUSTICE Un*jus"tice, n. Defn: Want of justice; injustice. [Obs.] Hales. UNKARD Un"kard, a. Defn: See Unked. [Prov. Eng.] UNKE Un"ke, n. Etym: [G. unke.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European aquatic toad (Bombinator igneus). Its back is dark; its belly is marked with crimson. Called also feuerkröte. UNKED Un"ked, a. Etym: [Corrupted fr. uncouth, or OE. unkid; un- + p. p. of AS. cyedhan to make known, fr. cuedh known. See Uncouth.] 1. Odd; strange; ugly; old; uncouth. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Lonely; dreary; unkard. [Prov. Eng.] Weston is sadly unked without you. Cowper. UNKEMMED Un*kemmed", a. Defn: Unkempt. [Obs.] UNKEMPT Un*kempt", a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + kempt, p. p. of kemb.] 1. Not combed; disheveled; as, an urchin with unkempt hair. 2. Fig.; Not smoothed; unpolished; rough. My rhymes be rugged and unkempt. Spenser. UNKENNEL Un*ken"nel, v. t. Etym: [1st un- + kennel.] 1. To drive from a kennel or hole; as, to unkennel a fox. 2. Fig.: To discover; to disclose. Shak. UNKENT Un*kent", a. Etym: [Un- knot + ken to know.] Defn: Unknown; strange. [Obs. or Scot.] W. Browne. UNKETH Un*keth", a. Defn: Uncouth. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] UNKIND Un*kind", a. Etym: [See Kin kindred.] Defn: Having no race or kindred; childless. [Obs. & R.] Shak. UNKIND Un*kind", a. 1. Not kind; contrary to nature, or the law of kind or kindred; unnatural. [Obs.] "Such unkind abominations." Chaucer. 2. Wanting in kindness, sympathy, benevolence, gratitude, or the like; cruel; harsh; unjust; ungrateful. He is unkind that recompenseth not; but he is most unkind that forgetteth. Sir T. Elyot. -- Un*kind"ly, adv. -- Un*kind"ness, n. UNKINDLINESS Un*kind"li*ness, n. Defn: Unkindness. Tennyson. UNKINDLY Un*kind"ly, a. 1. Not kindly; unkind; ungracious. 2. Unnatural; contrary to nature. [Obs.] "Unkindly crime." Spenser. 3. Unfavorable; annoying; malignant. Milton. UNKINDRED Un*kin"dred, a. Defn: Not kindred; not of the same kin. [Obs.] Rowe. -- Un*kin"dred*ly, a. UNKING Un*king", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + king.] Defn: To cause to cease to be a king. [R.] Shall his condescension, therefore, unking him South. UNKINGSHIP Un*king"ship, n. Defn: The quality or condition of being unkinged; abolition of monarchy. [Obs.] Unkingship was proclaimed, and his majesty's statues thrown down. Evelyn. UNKISS Un*kiss", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + king.] Defn: To cancel or annul what was done or sealed by a kiss; to cancel by a kiss. [Obs.] Let me unkiss the oath 'twixt thee and me. Shak. UNKLE Un"kle, n. Defn: See Uncle. [Obs.] UNKNIGHT Un*knight", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + knight.] Defn: To deprive of knighthood. Fuller. UNKNIT Un*knit", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + knit.] Defn: To undo or unravel what is knitted together. Fie, fie! unknit that threatening unkind brow. Shak. UNKNOT Un*knot", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + knot.] Defn: To free from knots; to untie. UNKNOW Un*know", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + know.] 1. To cease to know; to lose the knowledge of. [Obs.] 2. To fail of knowing; to be ignorant of. [Obs.] UNKNOW Un*know", a. Etym: [See Un- not, Know.] Defn: Unknown. [Obs.] "French of Paris was to her unknow." Chaucer. UNKNOWLEDGED Un*knowl"edged, a. Defn: Not acknowledged or recognized. [Obs.] For which bounty to us lent Of him unknowledged or unsent. B. Jonson. UNKNOWN Un*known", a. Defn: Not known; not apprehended. -- Un*known"ness, n. [R.] Camden. UNLABORED Un*la"bored, a. 1. Not produced by labor or toil. "Unlabored harvests." Dryden. 2. Not cultivated; untitled; as, an unlabored field. 3. Not laboriously produced, or not evincing labor; as, an unlabored style or work. Tickell. UNLACE Un*lace", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + lace.] 1. To loose by undoing a lacing; as, to unlace a shoe. 2. To loose the dress of; to undress; hence, to expose; to disgrace. What's the matter, That you unlace your reputation thus Shak. 3. (Naut.) Defn: To loose, and take off, as a bonnet from a sail, or to cast off, as any lacing in any part of the rigging of a vessel. Totten. UNLADE Un*lade" v. t. Etym: [1st un- + lade.] 1. To take the load from; to take out the cargo of; as, to unlade a ship or a wagon. The venturous merchant . . . Shall here unlade him and depart no more. Dryden. 2. To unload; to remove, or to have removed, as a load or a burden; to discharge. There the ship was to unlade her burden. Acts. xxi. 3. UNLAID Un*laid", a. 1. Not laid or placed; not fixed. Hooker. 2. Not allayed; not pacified; not laid finally to rest. [R.] "Stubborn, unlaid ghost." Milton. 3. Not laid out, as a corpse. [R.] B. Jonson. Unlaid paper. See Laid paper, under Laid. UNLAND Un*land", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + land.] Defn: To deprive of lands. UNLAP Un*lap", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + lap.] Defn: To unfold. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNLASH Un*lash", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + lash.] (Naut.) Defn: To loose, as that which is lashed or tied down. UNLATCH Un*latch", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Unlatched; p. pr. & vb. n. Unlatching.] Etym: [1st un- + latch.] Defn: To open or loose by lifting the latch; as, to unlatch a door. UNLAUGH Un*laugh", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + laugh.] Defn: To recall, as former laughter. [Obs. & R.] Sir T. More. UNLAW Un*law", v. t. Etym: [1st un- + law.] 1. To deprive of the authority or character of law. [Obs.] 2. To put beyond protection of law; to outlaw. [Obs.] 3. (Scots Law) Defn: To impose a fine upon; to fine. UNLAW Un*law", n. Etym: [Pref. un- + law.] (Scots Law) (a) Any transgression or offense against the law. (b) A fine imposed as a penalty for violation of the law. UNLAWED Un*lawed", a. Etym: [Pref. un- + lawed, p. p. of lawe.] Defn: Not having the claws and balls of the forefeet cut off; -- said of dogs. UNLAWFUL Un*law"ful, a. Defn: Not lawful; contrary to law. -- Un*law"ful*ly, adv. -- Un*law"ful*ness, n. Unlawful assembly. (Law) See under Assembly. UNLAWLIKE Un*law"like`, a. Defn: Not according to law; being or done in violation of law; unlawful. Milton. UNLAY Un*lay", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + lay.] (Naut.) Defn: To untwist; as, to unlay a rope. UNLEARN Un*learn", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + learn.] 1. To forget, as what has been learned; to lose from memory; also, to learn the contrary of. I had learned nothing right; I had to unlearn everything. Milner. 2. To fail to learn. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. UNLEARNED Un*learn"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. un- + learned.] 1. Not learned; untaught; uneducated; ignorant; illiterate. 2. Not gained by study; not known. 3. Not exhibiting learning; as, unlearned verses. -- Un*learn"ed*ly, adv. -- Un*learn"ed*ness, n. UNLEASH Un*leash", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + leash.] Defn: To free from a leash, or as from a leash; to let go; to release; as, to unleash dogs. UNLEAVENED Un*leav"ened, a. Defn: Not leavened; containing no leaven; as, unleavened bread. UNLESS Un*less", conj. Etym: [Formerly, onles, onlesse, onlesse that, that is, in less, in a less case. See On, and Less.] Defn: Upon any less condition than (the fact or thing stated in the sentence or clause which follows); if not; supposing that not; if it be not; were it not that; except; as, we shall fail unless we are industrious. Note: By the omission of the verb in the dependent clause, unless was frequently used prepositionally, -- a construction common in Shakespeare and still employed colloquially. Here nothing breeds unless the nightly owl. Shak. UNLICKED Un*licked", a. Defn: Not licked; hence, not properly formed; ungainly. Cf. To lick into shape, under Lick, v. Shak. UNLIKE Un*like", a. 1. Not like; dissimilar; diverse; having no resemblance; as, the cases are unlike. 2. Not likely; improbable; unlikely. [Obsoles.] Unlike quantities (Math.), quantities expressed by letters which are different or of different powers, as a, b, c, a2, a3, xn, and the like. -- Unlike signs (Math.), the signs plus (+) and minus (-). UNLIKELIHOOD Un*like"li*hood, n. Defn: Absence of likelihood. UNLIKELINESS Un*like"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unlikely. UNLIKELY Un*like"ly, a. 1. Not likely; improbable; not to be reasonably expected; as, an unlikely event; the thing you mention is very unlikely. 2. Not holding out a prospect of success; likely to fail; unpromising; as, unlikely means. Hooker. 3. Not such as to inspire liking; unattractive; disagreeable. [Obs.] "The unlikely eld of me." Chaucer. UNLIKELY Un*like"ly, adv. Defn: In an unlikely manner. UNLIKEN Un*lik"en, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + liken.] Defn: To make unlike; to dissimilate. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNLIKENESS Un*like"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unlike; want of resemblance; dissimilarity. Tennyson. UNLIMBER Un*lim"ber, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + limber.] (Mil.) Defn: To detach the limber from; as, to unlimber a gun. UNLIMITABLE Un*lim"it*a*ble, a. Defn: Illimitable. Locke. UNLIMITED Un*lim"it*ed, a. 1. Not limited; having no bounds; boundless; as, an unlimited expanse of ocean. 2. Undefined; indefinite; not bounded by proper exceptions; as, unlimited terms. "Nothing doth more prevail than unlimited generalities." Hooker. 3. Unconfined; not restrained; unrestricted. Ascribe not unto God such an unlimited exercise of mercy as may destroy his justice. Rogers. Unlimited problem (Math.), a problem which is capable of an infinite number of solutions. -- Unlimited pump, a kind of deep-well pump placed at the level of the water, and operated from above ground. -- Un*lim"it*ed*ly, adv. -- Un*lim"it*ed*ness, n. UNLINE Un*line", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + line.] Defn: To take the lining out of; hence, to empty; as, to unline one's purse. UNLINK Un*link", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + link.] Defn: To separate or undo, as links; to uncoil; to unfasten. Shak. UNLIQUIDATED Un*liq"ui*da`ted, a. Defn: Not liquidated; not exactly ascertained; not adjusted or settled. Unliquidated damages (Law), penalties or damages not ascertained in money. Burrill. UNLIQUORED Un*liq"uored, a. 1. Not moistened or wet with liquor; dry. "Unliquored coach." Bp. Hall. 2. Not in liquor; not intoxicated; sober. Like an unliquored Silenus. Milton. UNLISTED Un*list"ed, a. Defn: Not listed; specif. (New York Stock Exchange), Defn: admitted to quotation in the unlisted department, that is, admitted to be dealt in on the floor, but not to the "regular list." UNLIVE Un*live", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + live.] Defn: To [R.] Glanvill. UNLIVED Un*lived", a. Etym: [See 1st pref. Un-, and Life, Live.] Defn: Bereft or deprived of life. [Obs.] Shak. UNLOAD Un*load", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + load.] 1. To take the load from; to discharge of a load or cargo; to disburden; as, to unload a ship; to unload a beast. 2. Hence, to relieve from anything onerous. 3. To discharge or remove, as a load or a burden; as, to unload the cargo of a vessel. 4. To draw the charge from; as, to unload a gun. 5. To sell in large quantities, as stock; to get rid of. [Brokers' Cant, U. S.] UNLOAD Un*load", v. i. Defn: To perform the act of unloading anything; as, let unload now. UNLOADER Un*load"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, unloads; a device for unloading, as hay from a wagon. UNLOCATED Un*lo"ca*ted, a. 1. Not located or placed; not fixed in a place. 2. Not surveyed, or designated by marks, limits, or boundaries, as appropriated to some individual, company, or corporation; as, unlocated lands. UNLOCK Un*lock", v. t. Etym: [Cf. AS. unl. See 1st Un-, and Lock, v. t.] 1. To unfasten, as what is locked; as, to unlock a door or a chest. 2. To open, in general; to lay open; to undo. Unlock your springs, and open all your shades. Pope. [Lord] unlock the spell of sin. J. H. Newman. UNLODGE Un*lodge", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + lodge.] Defn: To dislodge; to deprive of lodgment. Carew. UNLOOK Un*look", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + look.] Defn: To recall or retract, as a look. [R.] Richardson. UNLOOKED Un*looked", a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + looked.] Defn: Not observed or foreseen; unexpected; -- generally with for. "Unlooked success." Denham. She comes unlooked for, if she comes at all. Pope. UNLOOKED-FOR Un*looked"-for, a. Defn: Not looked for; unexpected; as, an unlooked-for event. UNLOOSE Un*loose", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- (intensive) + loose.] Defn: To make loose; to loosen; to set free. Shak. UNLOOSE Un*loose", v. i. Defn: To become unfastened; to lose all connection or union. UNLOOSEN Un*loos"en, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- (intensive) + loosen.] Defn: To loosen; to unloose. UNLORD Un*lord", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + lord.] Defn: To deprive of the rank or position of a lord. Milton. UNLORDED Un*lord"ed, a. 1. Etym: [Properly p. p. of unlord.] Defn: Deprived of the rank of a lord. 2. Etym: [Pref. un- + lorded.] Defn: Not raised to the rank of a lord. Milton. UNLOVE Un*love", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + love.] Defn: To cease to love; to hate. [Obs.] UNLOVELY Un*love"ly, a. Defn: Not lovely; not amiable; possessing qualities that excite dislike; disagreeable; displeasing; unpleasant. -- Un*love"li*ness, n. UNLUCKILY Un*luck"i*ly, adv. Defn: In an unlucky manner. UNLUCKINESS Un*luck"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being unlucky. UNLUCKY Un*luck"y, a. 1. Not lucky; not successful; unfortunate; ill-fated; unhappy; as, an unlucky man; an unlucky adventure; an unlucky throw of dice; an unlucky game. Note: This word is properly applied to incidents in which failure results from chance or fortuity, as in games of hazard, rather than from lack or feebleness of effort. 2. Bringing bad luck; ill-omened; inauspicious. Haunt me not with that unlucky face. Dryden. 3. Mischievous; as, an unlucky wag. [Colloq.] UNLUST Un*lust", n. Defn: Listlessness; disinclination. [Obs.] "Idleness and unlust." Chaucer. UNLUTE Un*lute", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + lute.] Defn: To separate, as things cemented or luted; to take the lute or the clay from. Boyle. UNMADE Un*made", a. 1. Etym: [Pref. un- not + made.] Defn: Not yet made or formed; as, an unmade grave. Shak. 2. Etym: [Properly p. p. of unmake.] Defn: Deprived of form, character, etc.; disunited. UNMAGISTRATE Un*mag"is*trate, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + magistrate.] Defn: To divest of the office or authority of a magistrate. [Obs.] Milton. UNMAIDEN Un*maid"en, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + maiden.] Defn: To ravish; to deflower. [Obs.] UNMAKE Un*make", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + make.] Defn: To destroy the form and qualities of; to deprive of being; to uncreate. God does not make or unmake things to try experiments. T. Burnet. UNMAN Un*man", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + man.] 1. To deprive of the distinctive qualities of a human being, as reason, or the like. [R.] South. 2. To emasculate; to deprive of virility. 3. To deprive of the courage and fortitude of a man; to break or subdue the manly spirit in; to cause to despond; to dishearten; to make womanish. Let's not unman each other. Byron. 4. To deprive of men; as, to unman a ship. UNMANACLE Un*man"a*cle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + manacle.] Defn: To free from manacles. Tennyson. UNMANHOOD Un*man"hood, n. Defn: Absence or lack of manhood. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNMANNED Un*manned", a. 1. Etym: [Properly p. p. of unman.] Defn: Deprived of manly qualities; deficient in vigor, strength, courage, etc.; weak; effeminate. 2. Etym: [Pref. un- not + man + -ed.] (Falconry) Defn: Not tamed; not made familiar with, or subject to, man; -- also used figuratively. [Obs.] Hood my unmanned blood bating in my cheeks With thy black mantle. Shak. 3. Etym: [Pref. un- not + manned.] Defn: Not furnished with men; as, an unmanned ship. UNMANNERLY Un*man"ner*ly, a. Defn: Not mannerly; ill-bred; rude. -- adv. Defn: Uncivilly; rudely. -- Un*man"ner*li*ness, n. UNMANTLE Un*man"tle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + mantle.] Defn: To divest of a mantle; to uncover. Nay, she said, but I will unmantle you. Sir W. Scott. UNMARRY Un*mar"ry, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + marry.] Defn: To annul the marriage of; to divorce. Milton. UNMARTYR Un*mar"tyr, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + martyr.] Defn: To degrade from the rank of a martyr. [Obs.] Fuller. UNMASCULATE Un*mas"cu*late, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + masculate.] Defn: To emasculate. [Obs.] Fuller. UNMASK Un*mask", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + mask.] Defn: To strip of a mask or disguise; to lay open; to expose. UNMASK Un*mask", v. i. Defn: To put off a mask. Shak. UNMASTERABLE Un*mas"ter*a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being mastered or subdued. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. UNMATERIAL Un`ma*te"ri*al, a. Defn: Not material; immaterial. [Obs.] Daniel. UNMEANING Un*mean"ing, a. 1. Having no meaning or signification; as, unmeaning words. 2. Not indicating intelligence or sense; senseless; expressionless; as, an unmeaning face. There pride sits blazoned on the unmeaning brow. Trumbull. -- Un*mean"ing*ly, adv. -- Un*mean"ing*ness, n. UNMEANT Un*meant", a. Defn: Not meant or intended; unintentional. Dryden. UNMEASURABLE Un*meas"ur*a*ble, a. Defn: Immeasurable. Swift. -- Un*meas"ur*a*ble*ness, n. -- Un*meas"ur*a*bly, adv. UNMECHANIZE Un*mech"an*ize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + mechanize.] 1. To undo the mechanism of; to unmake; as, to unmechanize a structure. [Obs.] Sterne. UNMECHANIZED Un*mech"an*ized, a. Etym: [Pref. un- + mechanized.] Defn: Not mechanized. Paley. UNMEET Un*meet", a. Defn: Not meet or fit; not proper; unbecoming; unsuitable; -- usually followed by for. "Unmeet for a wife." Tennyson. And all unmeet our carpet floors. Emerson. -- Un*meet"ly, adv. -- Un*meet"ness, n. UNMEMBER Un*mem"ber, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + member.] Defn: To deprive of membership, as in a church. UNMENTIONABLES Un*men"tion*a*bles, n. pl. Defn: The breeches; trousers. [Jocose] UNMERCHANTABLE Un*mer"chant*a*ble, a. (Com.) Defn: Not merchantable; not fit for market; being of a kind, quality, or quantity that is unsalable. McElrath. UNMERCIED Un*mer"cied, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + mercy.] Defn: Unmerciful; merciless. [Obs.] Drayton. UNMERCIFUL Un*mer"ci*ful, a. Defn: Not merciful; indisposed to mercy or grace; cruel; inhuman; merciless; unkind. -- Un*mer"ci*ful*ly, adv. -- Un*mer"ci*ful*ness, n. UNMERCILESS Un*mer"ci*less, a. Etym: [Pref. un- (intensive) + merciless.] Defn: Utterly merciless. [Obs.] Joye. UNMEW Un*mew", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + mew to confine.] Defn: To release from confinement or restraint. Keats. UNMINGLE Un*min"gle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + mingle.] Defn: To separate, as things mixed. Bacon. UNMISTAKABLE Un`mis*tak"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being mistaken or misunderstood; clear; plain; obvious; evident. -- Un`mis*tak"a*bly, adv. UNMITER; UNMITRE Un*mi"ter, Un*mi"tre, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + miter.] Defn: To deprive of a miter; to depose or degrade from the rank of a bishop. Milton. UNMOLD; UNMOULD Un*mold", Un*mould", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + mold.] Defn: To change the form of; to reduce from any form. "Unmolding reason's mintage." Milton. UNMONEYED Un*mon"eyed, a. Defn: Destitute of money; not rich. [Written also unmonied.] Shenstone. UNMONOPOLIZE Un`mo*nop"o*lize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + monopolize.] Defn: To recover or release from the state of being monopolized. [R.] Unmonopolizing the rewards of learning and industry. Milton. UNMOOR Un*moor", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + moor.] (Naut.) (a) To cause to ride with one anchor less than before, after having been moored by two or more anchors. (b) To loose from anchorage. See Moor, v. t. UNMOOR Un*moor", v. i. Defn: To weigh anchor. Sir W. Scott. UNMORAL Un*mor"al, a. Defn: Having no moral perception, quality, or relation; involving no idea of morality; -- distinguished from both moral and immoral. -- Un`mo*ral"i*ty, n. UNMORALIZED Un*mor"al*ized, a. Defn: Not restrained or tutored by morality. Norris. UNMORRISED Un*mor"rised, a. Defn: Not arrayed in the dress of a morris dancer. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. UNMORTISE Un*mor"tise, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + mortise.] Defn: To loosen, unfix, or separate, as things mortised together. Tennyson. UN-MOSAIC Un`-Mo*sa"ic, a. Defn: Not according to Moses; unlike Moses or his works. By this reckoning Moses should be most un Mosaic. Milton. UNMOTHERED Un*moth"ered, Etym: [1st pref. un- + mother.] Defn: Deprived of a mother; motherless. UNMOVABLE Un*mov"a*ble, a. Defn: Immovable. "Steadfast, unmovable." 1 Cor. xv. 58. Locke. UNMOVABLY Un*mov"a*bly, adv. Defn: Immovably. [R.] J. Ellis. UNMOVED Un*moved", a. Defn: Not moved; fixed; firm; unshaken; calm; apathetic. -- Un*mov"ed*ly, adv. UNMUFFLE Un*muf"fle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + muffle.] 1. To take a covering from, as the face; to uncover. 2. To remove the muffling of, as a drum. UNMUTABLE Un*mu"ta*ble, a. Defn: Immutable. [Obs.] UNMUZZLE Un*muz"zle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + muzzle.] Defn: To loose from a muzzle; to remove a muzzle from. UNNAIL Un*nail", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + nail.] Defn: To remove the nails from; to unfasten by removing nails. UNNAPPED Un*napped", a. Defn: Finished without a nap. I did not attempt her with a threadbare name, Unnapped with meritorious actions. Beau. & Fl. UNNATURAL Un*nat"u*ral, a. Defn: Not natural; contrary, or not conforming, to the order of nature; being without natural traits; as, unnatural crimes. Syn. -- See Factitious. -- Un*nat"u*ral*ly, adv. -- Un*nat"u*ral*ness, n. UNNATURALIZE Un*nat"u*ral*ize, v. t. Defn: To make unnatural. [R.] Hales. UNNATURE Un*na"ture, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + nature.] Defn: To change the nature of; to invest with a different or contrary nature. [Obs.] A right heavenly nature, indeed, as if were unnaturing them, doth so bridle them [the elements]. Sir P. Sidney. UNNATURE Un*na"ture, n. Etym: [Pref. un- not + nature.] Defn: The contrary of nature; that which is unnatural. [R.] So as to be rather unnature, after all, than nature. H. Bushnell. UNNEAR Un*near", prep. Defn: Not near; not close to; at a distance from. [Obs.] Davies (Muse's Sacrifice). UNNECESSARY Un*nec"es*sa*ry, a. Defn: Not necessary; not required under the circumstances; unless; needless; as, unnecessary labor, care, or rigor. -- Un*nec"es*sa*ri*ly, adv. -- Un*nec"es*sa*ri*ness, n. UNNECESSITY Un`ne*ces"si*ty, n. Defn: The state of being unnecessary; something unnecessary. [Obs.] UNNEIGHBORED Un*neigh"bored, a. Defn: Being without neigbors. Cowper. UNNEIGHBORLY Un*neigh"bor*ly, a. Defn: Not neighborly; distant; reserved; solitary; exclusive. -- adv. Defn: Not in a neighborly manner. Shak. UNNERVATE Un*nerv"ate, a. Defn: Enervate. [Obs.] UNNERVE Un*nerve", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + nerve.] Defn: To deprive of nerve, force, or strength; to weaken; to enfeeble; as, to unnerve the arm. Unequal match'd, . . . The unnerved father falls. Shak. UNNEST Un*nest, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + nest.] Defn: To eject from a nest; to unnestle. [R.] T. Adams. UNNESTLE Un*nes"tle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + nestle.] Defn: Same as Unnest. [R.] UNNETHE; UNNETHES Un*nethe", Un*nethes", adv. Defn: With difficulty. See Uneath. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNNOBLE Un*no"ble, a. Defn: Ignoble. Shak. UNNOBLY Un*no"bly, adv. Defn: Ignobly. J. Fletcher. UNNOOKED Un*nooked", a. Defn: Without nooks and corners; guileless. [Obs.] "Unnooked simplicity." Marston. UNNOTIFY Un*no"ti*fy, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + notify.] Defn: To retract or withdraw a notice of. Walpole. UNNUMBERED Un*num"bered, a. Defn: Not numbered; not counted or estimated; innumerable. Dryden. UNNUMERABLE Un*nu"mer*a*ble, a. Defn: Innumerable. [Obs.] "An unnumerable multitude." Udall. UNNUN Un*nun", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + nun.] Defn: To remove from condition of being a nun. [R.] Many did quickly unnun and disfriar themselves. Fuller. UNOBEDIENCE Un`o*be"di*ence, n. Defn: Disobedience. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNOBEDIENT Un`o*be"di*ent, a. Defn: Disobedient. [Obs.] Milton. UNOBSERVANCE Un`ob*serv"ance, n. Defn: Want or neglect of observance; inobservance. Whitlock. UNOBTRUSIVE Un`ob*tru"sive, a. Defn: Not obtrusive; not presuming; modest. -- Un`ob*tru"sive*ly, adv. -- Un`ob*tru"sive*ness, n. UNOFFENSIVE Un`of*fen"sive, a. Defn: Inoffensive. UNOFTEN Un*of"ten, adv. Defn: Not often. [Obs.] UNOIL Un*oil", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + oil.] Defn: To remove the oil from. Dryden. UNOPERATIVE Un*op"er*a*tive, a. Defn: Producing no effect; inoperative. [Obs.] South. UNOPERCULATED Un`o*per"cu*la`ted, a. Defn: Destitute of an operculum, or cover. UNORDER Un*or"der, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + order.] Defn: To countermand an order for. [R.] UNORDERLY Un*or"der*ly, a. Defn: Disorderly. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. UNORDINATE Un*or"di*nate, a. Defn: Disorderly; irregular; inordinate. [R.] -- Un*or"di*nate*ly, adv. [R.] UNORGANIZED Un*or"gan*ized, a. Defn: Not organized; being without organic structure; specifically (Biol.), not having the different tissues and organs characteristic of living organisms, nor the power of growth and development; as, the unorganized ferments. See the Note under Ferment, n., 1. UNORIGINATED Un`o*rig"i*na`ted, a. 1. Not originated; existing from all eternity. F. W. Newman. 2. Not yet caused to be, or to be made; as, possible inventions still unoriginated. UNORIGINATELY Un`o*rig"i*nate*ly, adv. Defn: Without origin. UNOSSIFIED Un*os"si*fied, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Destitute of a bony structure. UNOWED Un*owed", a. 1. Ownerless. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Not owed; as, to pay money unowed. UNOWNED Un*own"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + (sense 1) owned possessed, and (sense 2) owned granted, acknowledged.] 1. Not owned; having no owner. Milton. 2. Not acknowledged; not avowed. Gay. UNPACK Un*pack", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + pack.] 1. To separate and remove, as things packed; to open and remove the contents of; as, to unpack a trunk. 2. To relieve of a pack or burden. [R.] Shak. UNPACKER Un*pack"er, n. Defn: One who unpacks. UNPAGANIZE Un*pa"gan*ize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + paganize.] Defn: To cause to cease to be pagan; to divest of pagan character. [R.] Cudworth. UNPAINT Un*paint", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + paint.] Defn: To remove the paint from; to efface, as a painting. Parnell. UNPAIRED Un*paired, a. Defn: Not paired; not suited or matched. And minds unpaired had better think alone. Crabbe. UNPALPED Un*palped", a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Destitute of a palp. UNPANNEL Un*pan"nel, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + pannel.] Defn: To take the saddle off; to unsaddle. [Obs.] Jervas. UNPARADISE Un*par"a*dise, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + paradise.] Defn: To deprive of happiness like that of paradise; to render unhappy. [R.] Young. UNPARAGONED Un*par"a*goned, a. Defn: Having no paragon or equal; matchless; peerless. [R.] Your unparagoned mistress is dead. Shak. UNPARALLELED Un*par"al*leled, a. Defn: Having no parallel, or equal; unequaled; unmatched. The unparalleled perseverance of the armies of the United States, under every suffering and discouragement, was little short of a miracle. Washington. UNPARCHED Un*parched", a. Etym: [Pref. un- not (intensive) parched.] Defn: Dried up; withered by heat. [Obs.] "My tongue . . . unparched." Crashaw. UNPARDONABLE Un*par"don*a*ble, a. Defn: Not admitting of pardon or forgiveness; inexcusable. UNPARENTED Un*par"ent*ed, a. Defn: Having no parent, or no acknowledged parent. [R.] UNPARLIAMENTARY Un*par`lia*men"ta*ry, a. Defn: Not parliamentary; contrary to the practice of parliamentary bodies. -- Un*par`lia*men"ta*ri*ness, n. UNPARTIAL Un*par"tial, a. Defn: Impartial. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. -- Un*par"tial*ly, adv. [Obs.] Hooker. UNPASSABLE Un*pass"a*ble, a. Defn: Impassable. E. A. Freeman. -- Un*pass"a*ble*ness, n. Evelyn. UNPASSIONATE Un*pas"sion*ate, a. Defn: Not passionate; dispassionate. -- Un*pas"sion*ate*ly, adv. UNPASTOR Un*pas"tor, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + pastor.] Defn: To cause to be no longer pastor; to deprive of pastorship. [R.] Fuller. UNPATHED Un*pathed", a. Defn: Not having a path. Shak. UNPATHWAYED Un*path"wayed`, a. Defn: Pathless. [R.] "The smooth, unpathwayed plain." Wordsworth. UNPATIENCE Un*pa"tience, n. Defn: Impatience. [Obs.] UNPATIENT Un*pa"tient, a. Defn: Impatient. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNPAVED Un*paved", a. 1. Not paved; not furnished with a pavement. Hakewill. 2. Castrated. [Obs.] "Unpaved eunuch." Shak. UNPAY Un*pay", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + pay.] Defn: To undo, take back, or annul, as a payment. Shak. UNPEACE Un*peace", n. Defn: Absence or lack of peace. [Obs.] Testament of Love. UNPEDIGREED Un*ped"i*greed, a. Defn: Not distinguished by a pedigree. [R.] Pollok. UNPEELED Un*peeled, a. 1. Etym: [1st pref. un- (intensive) + peel.] Defn: Thoroughly stripped; pillaged. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Etym: [Pref. un- not + peeled.] Defn: Not peeled. UNPEERABLE Un*peer"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of having a peer, or equal. UNPEERED Un*peered, a. Defn: Having no peer; unequaled; unparalleled. "Unpeered excellence." Marston. UNPEG Un*peg", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + peg.] Defn: To remove a peg or pegs from; to unfasten; to open. Shak. UNPEN Un*pen", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + pen.] Defn: To release from a pen or from confinement. "If a man unpens another's water." Blackstone. UNPENETRABLE Un*pen"e*tra*ble, a. Defn: Impenetrable. UNPENITENT Un*pen"i*tent, a. Defn: Impenitent. Sandys. UNPEOPLE Un*peo"ple, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + people.] Defn: To deprive of inhabitants; to depopulate. Shak. UNPEREGAL Un`per*e"gal, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + peregal.] Defn: Unequal. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNPERFECT Un*per"fect, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + perfect.] Defn: To mar or destroy the perfection of. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. UNPERFECT Un*per"fect, a. Etym: [Pref. un- + perfect.] Defn: Imperfect. [Obs.] Holland. -- Un*per"fect*ly, adv. [Obs.] Hales. -- Un*per"fect*ness, n. [Obs.] UNPERFECTION Un`per*fec"tion, n. Defn: Want of perfection; imperfection. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNPERISHABLE Un*per"ish*a*ble, a. Defn: Imperishable. UNPERISHABLY Un*per"ish*a*bly, adv. Defn: Imperishably. UNPERPLEX Un`per*plex", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + perplex.] Defn: To free from perplexity. [R.] Donne. UNPERSUASION Un`per*sua"sion, n. Defn: The state of not being persuaded; disbelief; doubt. [R.] Abp. Leighton. UNPERVERT Un`per*vert, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + pervert.] Defn: To free from perversion; to deliver from being perverted; to reconvert. [Obs.] UNPHILOSOPHIZE Un`phi*los"o*phize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + philosophize.] Defn: To degrade from the character of a philosopher. [R.] Pope. UNPICK Un*pick, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- (intensive) + pick.] Defn: To pick out; to undo by picking. UNPICKED Un*picked", a. Etym: [Properly p. p. of unpick.] Defn: Picked out; picked open. 2. Etym: [Pref. un- not + picked.] Defn: Not picked. Milton. UNPIN Un*pin", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + pin.] Defn: To loose from pins; to remove the pins from; to unfasten; as, to unpin a frock; to unpin a frame. UNPINION Un*pin"ion, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + pinion.] Defn: To loose from pinions or manacles; to free from restraint. Goldsmith. UNPITIED Un*pit"ied, a. 1. Not pitied. 2. Pitiless; merciless. [Obs.] Shak. UNPITIOUS Un*pi"tious, a. 1. Impious; wicked. [Obs.] "The life of the unpitous." Wyclif (Prov. xv. 8). 2. Destitute of pity; pitiless. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Un*pi"tous*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Un*pi"tous*ness, n. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNPITOUSTY Un*pi"tous*ty, n. Defn: Impiety. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNPITY Un*pit"y, n. Defn: Want of piety. [Obs.] UNPLACABLE Un*pla"ca*ble, a. Defn: Implacable. [Obs.] UNPLACED Un*placed", a. Defn: Not placed. UNPLAID Un*plaid", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + plaid.] Defn: To deprive of a plaid. UNPLAINED Un*plained", a. Defn: Not deplored or bewailed; unlamented. [Obs.] Spenser. UNPLAT Un*plat", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + plat.] Defn: To take out the folds or twists of, as something previously platted; to unfold; to unwreathe. UNPLAUSIVE Un*plau"sive, a. Defn: Not approving; disapproving. [Obs.] Shak. UNPLEADED Un*plead"ed, a. 1. Not used as a plea; not urged; as, an unpleaded excuse. 2. Not supported by pleas; undefended; as, an unpleaded suit. UNPLEASANT Un*pleas"ant, a. Defn: Not pleasant; not amiable or agreeable; displeasing; offensive. -- Un*pleas"ant*ly, adv. -- Un*pleas"ant*ness, n. UNPLEASANTRY Un*pleas"ant*ry, n.; pl. Unpleasantries (. 1. Want of pleasantry. [R.] 2. A state of disagreement; a falling out. Thackeray. UNPLEASIVE Un*pleas"ive, a. Defn: Unpleasant. [Obs.] "An unpleasive passion." Bp. Hall. UNPLEAT Un*pleat", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + pleat.] Defn: To remove the plaits of; to smooth. W. Browne. UNPLIGHT Un*plight", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + plight.] Defn: To unfold; to lay open; to explain. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNPLUMB Un*plumb", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + plumb.] Defn: To deprive of lead, as of a leaden coffin. [R.] Burke. UNPLUME Un*plume", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + plume.] Defn: To strip of plumes or feathers; hence, to humiliate. UNPOISED Un*poised", a. 1. Not poised or balanced. 2. Not poised or weighed; hence, regardless of consequences; unhesitating. [Obs.] Marston. UNPOISON Un*poi"son, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + poison.] Defn: To remove or expel poison from. [Obs.] South. UNPOLICIED Un*pol"i*cied, a. 1. Not having civil polity, or a regular form of government. 2. Impolitic; imprudent. [Obs.] Shak. UNPOLISH Un*pol"ish, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + polish.] Defn: To deprive of polish; to make impolite. UNPOLITE Un`po*lite", a. Defn: Not polite; impolite; rude. -- Un`po*lite"ly, adv. -- Un`po*lite"ness, n. UNPOLITIC Un*pol"i*tic, a. Defn: Impolitic; imprudent. UNPOLLED Un*polled", a. Defn: Not polled. Specifically: (a) Not enumerated or registered; as, an unpolled vote or voter. (b) Not plundered. [Obs.] "Unpoll'd Arabian wealth." Fanshawe. UNPOPE Un*pope", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + pope.] 1. To divest of the character, office, or authority of a pope. 2. To deprive of a pope. [Obs.] Rome will never so far unpope herself as to part with her pretended supremacy. Fuller. UNPORTUNATE Un*por"tu*nate, a. Defn: Importunate; troublesome with requests. [Obs.] Golden Boke. UNPORTUOUS Un*por"tu*ous, a. Defn: Having no ports. [Obs.] "An unportuous coast." Burke. UNPOSSESS Un`pos*sess", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + possess.] Defn: To be without, or to resign, possession of. [Obs.] UNPOSSIBILITY Un*pos`si*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Impossibility. [R.] "Utter unpossibility." Poe. UNPOSSIBLE Un*pos"si*ble, a. Defn: Impossible. [R.] UNPOWER Un*pow"er, n. Defn: Want of power; weakness. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. UNPOWERFUL Un*pow"er*ful, a. Defn: Not powerful; weak. Cowley. UNPRACTICABLE Un*prac"ti*ca*ble, a. Defn: Impracticable; not feasible. UNPRACTICAL Un*prac"ti*cal, a. Defn: Not practical; impractical. "Unpractical questions." H. James. I like him none the less for being unpractical. Lowell. UNPRAISE Un*praise", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + praise.] Defn: To withhold praise from; to deprive of praise. [R.] UNPRAY Un*pray, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + pray.] Defn: To revoke or annul by prayer, as something previously prayed for. [R.] Sir M. Hale. UNPRAYABLE Un*pray"a*ble, a. Defn: Not to be influenced or moved by prayers; obdurate. [R.] Wyclif. UNPRAYED Un*prayed", a. Etym: [With for.] Defn: Not prayed for. [Obs.] Sir T. More. UNPREACH Un*preach", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + preach.] Defn: To undo or overthrow by preaching. [R.] De Foe. UNPRECEDENTED Un*prec"e*dent*ed, a. Defn: Having no precedent or example; not preceded by a like case; not having the authority of prior example; novel; new; unexampled. -- Un*prec"e*dent*ed*ly, adv. UNPREDICT Un`pre*dict", v. i. Etym: [1st pref. un- + predict.] Defn: To retract or falsify a previous prediction. Milton. UNPREJUDICED Un*prej"u*diced, a. 1. Not prejudiced; free from undue bias or prepossession; not preoccupied by opinion; impartial; as, an unprejudiced mind; an unprejudiced judge. 2. Not warped or biased by prejudice; as, an unprejudiced judgment. -- Un*prej"u*diced*ness, n. V. Knox. UNPRELATED Un*prel"a*ted, a. Etym: [1st pref. un- + prelate.] Defn: Deposed from the office of prelate. UNPREVENTED Un`pre*vent"ed, a. 1. Not prevented or hindered; as, unprevented sorrows. Shak. 2. Not preceded by anything. [Obs.] Milton. UNPRICED Un*priced", a. Defn: Not priced; being without a fixed or certain value; also, priceless. "Amethyst unpriced." Neale (Rhythm of St. Bernard). UNPRIEST Un*priest", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + priest.] Defn: To deprive of priesthood; to unfrock. [R.] Milton. UNPRINCE Un*prince", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + prince.] Defn: To deprive of the character or authority of a prince; to divest of principality of sovereignty. [R.] Swift. UNPRINCIPLE Un*prin"ci*ple, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + principle.] Defn: To destroy the moral principles of. [R.] UNPRINCIPLED Un*prin"ci*pled, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + principled.] Defn: Being without principles; especially, being without right moral principles; also, characterized by absence of principle. -- Un*prin"ci*pled*ness, n. UNPRISON Un*pris"on, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + prison.] Defn: To take or deliver from prison. UNPRIZABLE Un*priz"a*ble, a. 1. Not prized or valued; being without value. [Obs.] 2. Invaluable; being beyond estimation. [Obs.] UNPROBABLY Un*prob"a*bly, adv. Etym: [Pref. un- not + probably.] Defn: Improbably. UNPROBABLY Un*prob"a*bly, adv. Etym: [Un- + L. probabilis approvable, fr. probare to approve. Cf. Probable.] Defn: In a manner not to be approved of; improperly. [Obs. & R.] To diminish, by the authority of wise and knowing men, things unjustly and unprobably crept in. Strype. UNPROFICIENCY Un`pro*fi"cien*cy, n. Defn: Want of proficiency or improvement. Bp. Hall. UNPROFIT Un*prof"it, n. Defn: Want of profit; unprofitableness. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNPROFITED Un*prof"it*ed, a. Defn: Profitless. [R.] Shak. UNPROMISE Un*prom"ise, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + promise.] Defn: To revoke or annul, as a promise. Chapman. UNPROP Un*prop", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + prop.] Defn: To remove a prop or props from; to deprive of support. UNPROPER Un*prop"er, a. Defn: Not proper or peculiar; improper. [Obs.] -- Un*prop"er*ly, adv. [Obs.] UNPROSELYTE Un*pros"e*lyte, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + proselyte.] Defn: To convert or recover from the state of a proselyte. Fuller. UNPROTESTANTIZE Un*prot"es*tant*ize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + protestantize.] Defn: To render other than Protestant; to cause to change from Protestantism to some other form of religion; to deprive of some Protestant feature or characteristic. The attempt to unprotestantize the Church of England. Froude. UNPROVIDE Un`pro*vide, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + provide.] Defn: To deprive of necessary provision; to unfurnish. Lest her . . . beauty unprovide my mind again. Shak. UNPROVIDENT Un*prov"i*dent, a. Defn: Improvident. [Obs.] "Who for thyself art so unprovident.' Shak. UNPRUDENCE Un*pru"dence, n. Defn: Imprudence. [Obs.] UNPRUDENT Un*pru"dent, a. Defn: Imprudent. [Obs.] UNPRUDENTIAL Un`pru*den"tial, a. Defn: Imprudent. [Obs.] "The most unwise and unprudential act." Milton. UNPUCKER Un*puck"er, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + pucker.] Defn: To smooth away the puckers or wrinkles of. UNPURE Un*pure", a. Defn: Not pure; impure. -- Un*pure"ly, adv. -- Un*pure"ness, n. UNPURSED Un*pursed", a. Etym: [1st pref. un- + purse + -ed.] 1. Robbed of a purse, or of money. [R.] Pollock. 2. Taken from the purse; expended. [Obs.] Gower. UNQUALIFY Un*qual"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + quality.] Defn: To disqualify; to unfit. Swift. UNQUALITIED Un*qual"i*tied, a. Etym: [1st pref. un- + quality.] Defn: Deprived of the usual faculties. [Obs.] Shak. UNQUEEN Un*queen", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + queen.] Defn: To divest of the rank or authority of queen. Shak. UNQUESTIONABLE Un*ques"tion*a*ble, a. 1. Not questionable; as, an unquestionable title. 2. Not inviting questions or conversation. [R.] Shak. -- Un*ques"tion*a*bly, adv. UNQUESTIONED Un*ques"tioned, a. 1. Not called in question; not doubted. 2. Not interrogated; having no questions asked; not examined or examined into. Shak. She muttering prayers, as holy rites she meant, Through the divided crowd unquestioned went. Dryden. 3. Indisputable; not to be opposed or impugned. Their unquestioned pleasures must be served. B. Jonson. UNQUICK Un*quick", a. Defn: Not quick. [R.] Daniel. UNQUIET Un*qui"et, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + quiet.] Defn: To disquiet. [Obs.] Ld. Herbert. UNQUIET Un*qui"et, a. Etym: [Pref. un- + quiet.] Defn: Not quiet; restless; uneasy; agitated; disturbed. -- Un*qui"et*ly, adv. -- Un*qui"et*ness, n. UNQUIETUDE Un*qui"e*tude, n. Defn: Uneasiness; inquietude. UNRAVEL Un*rav"el, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- (intensive) + ravel.] 1. To disentangle; to disengage or separate the threads of; as, to unravel a stocking. 2. Hence, to clear from complication or difficulty; to unfold; to solve; as, to unravel a plot. 3. To separate the connected or united parts of; to throw into disorder; to confuse. "Art shall be conjured for it, and nature all unraveled." Dryden. UNRAVEL Un*rav"el, v. i. Defn: To become unraveled, in any sense. UNRAVELMENT Un*rav"el*ment, n. Defn: The act of unraveling, or the state of being unraveled. UNRAZORED Un*ra"zored, a. Defn: Not shaven. [R.] Milton. UNREAD Un*read", a. 1. Not read or perused; as, an unread book. Hooker. 2. Not versed in literature; illiterate. Dryden. UNREADINESS Un*read"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unready. UNREADY Un*read"y, a. 1. Not ready or prepared; not prompt; slow; awkward; clumsy. Dryden. Nor need the unready virgin strike her breast. Keble. 2. Not dressed; undressed. [Obs.] UNREADY Un*read"y, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + ready.] Defn: To undress. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. UNREAL Un*re"al, a. Defn: Not real; unsubstantial; fanciful; ideal. UNREALITY Un`re*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unreal; want of reality. UNREALIZE Un*re"al*ize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + realize.] Defn: To make unreal; to idealize. His fancy . . . unrealizes everything at a touch. Lowell. UNREALLY Un*re"al*ly, adv. Defn: In an unreal manner; ideally. UNREASON Un*rea"son, n. Etym: [Pref. un- not + reason.] Defn: Want of reason; unreasonableness; absurdity. Abbot of Unreason. See Abbot of Misrule, under Abbot. UNREASON Un*rea"son, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + reason.] Defn: To undo, disprove, or refute by reasoning. [Obs.] To unreason the equity of God's proceedings. South. UNREASONABLE Un*rea"son*a*ble, a. Defn: Not reasonable; irrational; immoderate; exorbitant. -- Un*rea"son*a*ble*ness, n. -- Un*rea"son*a*bly, adv. UNREASONED Un*rea"soned, a. Defn: Not supported by reason; unreasonable. "Unreasoned habits." Burke. UNREAVE Un*reave", v. t. Etym: [See Unreeve.] Defn: To unwind; to disentangle; to loose. [Obs.] Spenser. UNREAVED Un*reaved", a. Etym: [See Un- not, and, for -reaved, cf. Rive, and AS. reófan to break.] Defn: Not torn, split, or parted; not torn to pieces. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. UNREBUKABLE Un`re*buk"a*ble, a. Defn: Not deserving rebuke or censure; blameless. 1 Tim. vi. 14. UNRECURING Un`re*cur"ing, a. Defn: Incurable. [Obs.] "Some unrecuring wound." Shak. UNREDEEMED Un`re*deemed", a. Defn: Not redeemed. UNREEVE Un*reeve", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + reeve, v. t.] (Naut.) Defn: To withdraw, or take out, as a rope from a block, thimble, or the like. UNREFORMATION Un*ref`or*ma"tion, n. Defn: Want of reformation; state of being unreformed. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. UNREGENERACY Un`re*gen"er*a*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unregenerate. Glanvill. UNREGENERATE; UNREGENERATED Un`re*gen"er*ate, Un`re*gen"er*a`ted, a. Defn: Not regenerated; not renewed in heart; remaining or being at enmity with God. UNREGENERATION Un`re*gen`er*a"tion, n. Defn: Unregeneracy. UNREIN Un*rein", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + rein.] Defn: To loosen the reins of; to remove restraint from. Addison. UNRELENTING Un`re*lent"ing, a. Defn: Not relenting; unyielding; rigid; hard; stern; cruel. -- Un`re*lent"ing*ly, adv. -- Un`re*lent"ing*ness, n. UNRELIABLE Un`re*li"a*ble, a. Defn: Not reliable; untrustworthy. See Reliable. -- Un`re*li"a*ble*ness, n. Alcibiades . . . was too unsteady, and (according to Mr. Coleridge's coinage) "unreliable;" or perhaps, in more correct English, too "unrelyuponable." De Quincey. UNRELIGIOUS Un`re*li"gious, a. Defn: Irreligious. Wordsworth. UNREMEMBRANCE Un`re*mem"brance, n. Defn: Want of remembrance; forgetfulness. I. Watts. UNREMITTING Un`re*mit"ting, a. Defn: Not remitting; incessant; continued; persevering; as, unremitting exertions. Cowper. -- Un`re*mit"ting*ly, adv. -- Un`re*mit"ting*ness, n. UNREMORSELESS Un`re*morse"less, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not (intensive) + remorseless.] Defn: Utterly remorseless. [Obs. & R.] "Unremorseless death." Cowley. UNREPENTANCE Un`re*pent"ance, n. Defn: Impenitence. [R.] UNREPRIEVABLE Un`re*priev"a*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being reprieved. Shak. UNREPROACHABLE Un`re*proach"a*ble, a. Defn: Not liable to be reproached; irreproachable. UNREPROVED Un`re*proved, a. 1. Not reproved. Sandys. 2. Not having incurred reproof, blameless. [Obs.] In unreproved pleasures free. Milton. UNREPUTABLE Un*rep"u*ta*ble, a. Defn: Disreputable. UNRESERVE Un`re*serve", n. Defn: Absence of reverse; frankness; freedom of communication. T. Warton. UNRESERVED Un`re*served", a. Defn: Not reserved; not kept back; not withheld in part; unrestrained. -- Un`re*serv"ed*ly, adv. -- Un`re*serv"ed*ness, n. UNRESISTANCE Un`re*sist"ance, n. Defn: Nonresistance; passive submission; irresistance. Bp. Hall. UNRESISTED Un`re*sist"ed, a. 1. Not resisted; unopposed. Bentley. 2. Resistless; as, unresisted fate. [R.] Pope. UNRESISTIBLE Un`re*sist"i*ble, a. Defn: Irresistible. W. Temple. UNRESPECT Un`re*spect", n. Defn: Disrespect. [Obs.] "Unrespect of her toil." Bp. Hall. UNRESPONSIBLE Un`re*spon"si*ble, a. Defn: Irresponsible. Fuller. -- Un`re*spon"si*ble*ness, n. UNREST Un*rest", n. Defn: Want of rest or repose; unquietness; sleeplessness; uneasiness; disquietude. Is this, quoth she, the cause of your unrest! Chaucer. Can calm despair and wild unrest Be tenants of a single breast Tennyson. UNRESTRAINT Un`re*straint", n. Defn: Freedom from restraint; freedom; liberty; license. UNRESTY Un*rest"y, a. Defn: Causing unrest; disquieting; as, unresty sorrows. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNREVENUED Un*rev"e*nued, a. Defn: Not furnished with a revenue. [R.] Milton. UNREVERENCE Un*rev"er*ence, n. Defn: Absence or lack of reverence; irreverence. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNREVEREND Un*rev"er*end, a. 1. Not reverend. 2. Disrespectful; irreverent. [Obs.] Shak. UNREVERENT Un*rev"er*ent, a. Defn: Irreverent. [R.] Shak. UNREVERENTLY Un*rev"er*ent*ly, adv. Defn: Irreverently. [R.] B. Jonson. UNRIDDLE Un*rid"dle, v. t. & i. Etym: [1st pref. un- + riddle.] Defn: To read the riddle of; to solve or explain; as, to unriddle an enigma or a mystery. Macaulay. And where you can't unriddle, learn to trust. Parnell. UNRIDDLER Un*rid"dler, n. Defn: One who unriddles. Lovelace. UNRIG Un*rig", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + rig.] (Naut.) Defn: To strip of rigging; as, to unrig a ship. Totten. UNRIGHT Un*right", a. Etym: [AS. unriht. See Un- not, and Right.] Defn: Not right; wrong. [Obs.] Gower. UNRIGHT Un*right", n. Defn: A wrong. [Obs.] Nor did I you never unright. Chaucer. UNRIGHT Un*right", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + right.] Defn: To cause (something right) to become wrong. [Obs.] Gower. UNRIGHTEOUS Un*right"eous, a. Etym: [OE. unrightwise, AS. unrihtwis. See Un- not, and Righteous.] 1. Not righteous; evil; wicked; sinful; as, an unrighteous man. 2. Contrary to law and equity; unjust; as, an unrighteous decree or sentence. -- Un*right"eous*ly, adv. -- Un*right"eous*ness, n. UNRIGHTWISE Un*right"wise`, a. Defn: Unrighteous. [Obs.] Wyclif. -- Un*right"wise`ly, adv. [Obs.] UNRINGED Un*ringed", a. Defn: Not having a ring, as in the nose. "Pigs unringed." Hudibras. UNRIOTED Un*ri"ot*ed, a. Defn: Free from rioting. [Obs.] "A chaste, unrioted house." May (Lucan). UNRIP Un*rip", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- (intensive) + rip.] Defn: To rip; to cut open. Bacon. UNRIPE Un*ripe", a. 1. Not ripe; as, unripe fruit. 2. Developing too early; premature. Sir P. Sidney. UNRIPENESS Un*ripe"ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being unripe. UNRIVALED Un*ri"valed, a. Defn: Having no rival; without a competitor; peerless. [Spelt also unrivalled.] Pope. UNRIVET Un*riv"et, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + rivet.] Defn: To take out, or loose, the rivets of; as, to unrivet boiler plates. UNROBE Un*robe", v. t. & i. Etym: [1st pref. un- + robe.] Defn: To disrobe; to undress; to take off the robes. UNROLL Un*roll", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + roll.] [Written also unrol.] 1. To open, as what is rolled or convolved; as, to unroll cloth; to unroll a banner. 2. To display; to reveal. Dryden. 3. To remove from a roll or register, as a name. If I make not this cheat bring out another . . . let me be unrolled and my name put in the book of virtue! Shak. UN-ROMANIZED Un-Ro"man*ized, a. 1. Not subjected to Roman arms or customs. J. Whitaker. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: Not subjected to the principles or usages of the Roman Catholic Church. UNROOF Un*roof", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + roof.] Defn: To strip off the roof or covering of, as a house. Shak. UNROOFED Un*roofed", a. 1. Etym: [Properly p. p. of unroof.] Defn: Stripped of a roof, or similar covering. Broken carriages, dead horses, unroofed cottages, all indicated the movements. Sir W. Scott. 2. Etym: [Pref. un- not + roofed.] Defn: Not yet roofed. UNROOST Un*roost", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + roost.] Defn: To drive from the roost. Shak. UNROOT Un*root", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + root.] Defn: To tear up by the roots; to eradicate; to uproot. UNROOT Un*root", v. i. Defn: To be torn up by the roots. Beau. & Fl. UNRUDE Un*rude", a. Etym: [Pref. un- + rude. In sense 2 un- is intensive.] 1. Not rude; polished. Herrick. 2. Excessively rude. [Obs. & R.] "See how the unrude rascal backbites him." B. Jonson. UNRUFFLE Un*ruf"fle, v. i. Etym: [1st pref. un- + ruffle.] Defn: To cease from being ruffled or agitated. Dryden. UNRUFFLED Un*ruf"fled, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + ruffled.] Defn: Not ruffled or agitated; smooth; calm; tranquil; quiet. Calm and unruffled as a summer's sea. Addison. UNRUINATE; UNRUINATED Un*ru"in*ate, Un*ru"in*a`ted, a. Defn: Not ruined or destroyed. [Obs.] "Unruinated towers." Bp. Hall. UNRULED Un*ruled", a. 1. Not governed or controlled. "Unruled and undirected." Spenser. 2. Not ruled or marked with lines; as, unruled paper. UNRULIMENT Un*rul"i*ment, n. Defn: Unruliness. [Obs.] "Breaking forth with rude unruliment." Spenser. UNRULINESS Un*rul"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state unruly. UNRULY Un*rul"y, a. [Compar. Unrulier (, superl. Unruliest.] Etym: [Pref. un- not + rule. Cf. Ruly.] Defn: Not submissive to rule; disregarding restraint; disposed to violate; turbulent; ungovernable; refractory; as, an unruly boy; unruly boy; unruly conduct. But the tongue can no man tame; it is an unruly evil, full of deadly poison. James iii. 8. UNRUMPLE Un*rum"ple, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + rumple.] Defn: To free from rumples; to spread or lay even, UNSACRAMENT Un*sac"ra*ment, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + sacrament.] Defn: To deprive of sacramental character or efficacy; as, to unsacrament the rite of baptism. [Obs.] UNSAD Un*sad", a. Etym: [AS. unsæd unsated, insatiable. See Un- not, and Sad.] Defn: Unsteady; fickle. [Obs.] O, stormy people, unsad and ever untrue. Chaucer. UNSADDEN Un*sad"den, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + sadden.] Defn: To relieve from sadness; to cheer. [R.] Whitlock. UNSADDLE Un*sad"dle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + saddle.] 1. To strip of a saddle; to take the saddle from, as a horse. 2. To throw from the saddle; to unhorse. UNSADNESS Un*sad"ness, n. Etym: [From Unsad.] Defn: Infirmity; weakness. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNSAFETY Un*safe"ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being in peril; absence of safety; insecurity. Bacon. UNSAINT Un*saint", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + saint.] Defn: To deprive of saintship; to deny sanctity to. [R.] South. UNSAINTLY Un*saint"ly, a. Defn: Unbecoming to a saint. Gauden. UNSALABLE Un*sal"a*ble, a. Defn: Not salable; unmerchantable. -- n. Defn: That which can not be sold. Byron. UNSANCTIFICATION Un*sanc`ti*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: Absence or lack of sanctification. Shak. UNSATIABILITY Un*sa`ti*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Quality of being unsatiable; insatiability. [Obs.] UNSATIABLE Un*sa"ti*a*ble, a. Defn: Insatiable. [Obs.] Hooker. -- Un*sa"ti*a*ble*ness, n. [Obs.] -- Un*sa"ti*a*bly, adv. [Obs.] UNSATIATE Un*sa"ti*ate, a. Defn: Insatiate. Dr. H. More. UNSATISFACTION Un*sat`is*fac"tion, n. Defn: Dissatisfaction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. UNSATURATED Un*sat"u*ra`ted, a. 1. Capable of absorbing or dissolving to a greater degree; as, an unsaturated solution. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Capable of taking up, or of uniting with, certain other elements or compounds, without the elimination of any side product; thus, aldehyde, ethylene, and ammonia are unsaturated. UNSATURATION Un*sat`u*ra"tion, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unsaturated. UNSAY Un*say, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + say.] Defn: To recant or recall, as what has been said; to refract; to take back again; to make as if not said. You can say and unsay things at pleasure. Goldsmith. UNSCALE Un*scale", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + scale.] Defn: To divest of scales; to remove scales from. [An eagle] purging and unscaling her long-abused sight at the fountain itself of heavenly radiance. Milton. UNSCAPABLE Un*scap"a*ble, a. Defn: Not be escaped; inevitable. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNSCEPTERED; UNSCEPTRED Un*scep"tered, Un*scep"tred, a. 1. Etym: [Pref. un- not + sceptered.] Defn: Having no scepter. 2. Etym: [1st pref. un- + scepter.] Defn: Deprived of a scepter. UNSCIENCE Un*sci"ence, n. Defn: Want of science or knowledge; ignorance. [Obs.] If that any wight ween a thing to be otherwise than it is, it is not only unscience, but it is deceivable opinion. Chaucer. UNSCREW Un*screw", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + screw.] Defn: To draw the screws from; to loose from screws; to loosen or withdraw (anything, as a screw) by turning it. UNSCRUPULOUS Un*scru"pu*lous, a. Defn: Not scrupulous; unprincipled. -- Un*scru"pu*lous*ly, adv. -- Un*scru"pu*lous*ness, n. UNSCRUTABLE Un*scru"ta*ble, a. Defn: Inscrutable. [R.] UNSCUTCHEONED Un*scutch"eoned, a. Defn: Destitute of an escutcheon. [R.] Pollock. UNSEAL Un*seal", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + seal.] 1. To break or remove the seal of; to open, as what is sealed; as, to unseal a letter. Unable to unseal his lips beyond the width of a quarter of an inch. Sir W. Scott. 2. To disclose, as a secret. [Obs.] The Coronation. UNSEAM Un*seam, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + seam.] Defn: To open the seam or seams of; to rip; to cut; to cut open. Shak. UNSEARCHABLE Un*search"a*ble, a. Defn: Not searchable; inscrutable; hidden; mysterious. The counsels of God are to us unsearchable. Rogers. -- Un*search"a*ble*ness, n. -- Un*search"a*bly, adv. UNSEASON Un*sea"son, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + season.] 1. To make unseasoned; to deprive of seasoning. 2. To strike unseasonably; to affect disagreeably or unfavorably. [Obs.] Why do I send this rustic madrigal, That may thy tuneful ear unseason quite Spenser. UNSEASONABLE Un*sea"son*a*ble, a. Defn: Not seasonable; being, done, or occurring out of the proper season; ill-timed; untimely; too early or too late; as, he called at an unseasonable hour; unseasonable advice; unseasonable frosts; unseasonable food. -- Un*sea"son*a*ble*ness, n. -- Un*sea"son*a*bly, adv. UNSEASONED Un*sea"soned, a. 1. Not seasoned. 2. Untimely; ill-timed. [Obs.] Shak. UNSEAT Un*seat", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + seat.] 1. To throw from one's seat; to deprive of a seat. Cowper. 2. Specifically, to deprive of the right to sit in a legislative body, as for fraud in election. Macaulay. UNSECONDED Un*sec"ond*ed, a. 1. Not seconded; not supported, aided, or assisted; as, the motion was unseconded; the attempt was unseconded. 2. Not exemplified a second time. [Obs.] "Strange and unseconded shapes of worms." Sir T. Browne. UNSECRET Un*se"cret, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + secret.] Defn: To disclose; to divulge. [Obs.] Bacon. UNSECRET Un*se"cret, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + secret.] Defn: Not secret; not close; not trusty; indiscreet. [Obs.] "We are unsecret to ourselves." Shak. UNSECULARIZE Un*sec"u*lar*ize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + secularize.] Defn: To cause to become not secular; to detach from secular things; to alienate from the world. UNSECURE Un`se*cure", a. Defn: Insecure. [R.] Milton. UNSEEL Un*seel", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + seel.] Defn: To open, as the eyes of a hawk that have been seeled; hence, to give light to; to enlighten. [Obs.] B. Jonson. UNSEEM Un*seem", v. i. Etym: [1st pref. un- + seem.] Defn: Not to seem. [Obs.] Shak. UNSEEMING Un*seem"ing, a. Defn: Unbeseeming; not fit or becoming. UNSEEMLINESS Un*seem"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unseemly; unbecomingness. Udall. UNSEEMLY Un*seem"ly, a. Defn: Not seemly; unbecoming; indecent. An unseemly outbreak of temper. Hawthorne. UNSEEMLY Un*seem"ly, adv. Defn: In an unseemly manner. UNSEEN Un*seen", a. 1. Not seen or discovered. 2. Unskilled; inexperienced. [Obs.] Clarendon. UNSELDOM Un*sel"dom, adv. Defn: Not seldom; frequently. [R.] UNSELY Un*se"ly, a. Etym: [AS. uns. See Un- not, and Silly.] Defn: Not blessed or happy; wretched; unfortunate. [Written also unsilly.] [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Un*se"li*ness, n. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNSEMINARED Un*sem"i*nared, a. Etym: [See 1st Un-, and Semen.] Defn: Deprived of virility, or seminal energy; made a eunuch. [Obs.] UNSENSED Un*sensed, a. Defn: Wanting a distinct meaning; having no certain signification. [R.] Puller. UNSENSIBLE Un*sen"si*ble, a. Defn: Insensible. [Obs.] UNSENSUALIZE Un*sen"su*al*ize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + sensualize.] Defn: To elevate from the domain of the senses; to purify. Coleridge. UNSEPARABLE Un*sep"a*ra*ble, a. Defn: Inseparable. [Obs.] "In love unseparable." Shak. UNSERVICE Un*serv"ice, n. Defn: Neglect of duty; idleness; indolence. [Obs.] Massinger. UNSET Un*set", a. Defn: Not set; not fixed or appointed. UNSETTLE Un*set"tle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + settle.] Defn: To move or loosen from a settled position or state; to unfix; to displace; to disorder; to confuse. UNSETTLE Un*set"tle, v. i. Defn: To become unsettled or unfixed; to be disordered. Shak. UNSETTLEDNESS Un*set"tled*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unsettled. UNSETTLEMENT Un*set"tle*ment, n. Defn: The act of unsettling, or state of being unsettled; disturbance. J. H. Newman. UNSEVEN Un*sev"en, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + seven.] Defn: To render other than seven; to make to be no longer seven. [Obs. & R.] "To unseven the sacraments of the church of Rome." Fuller. UNSEW Un*sew", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + sew.] Defn: To undo, as something sewn, or something inclosed by sewing; to rip apart; to take out the stitches of. UNSEX Un*sex", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unsexed; p. pr. & vb. n. Unsexing.] Etym: [1st pref. un- + sex.] Defn: To deprive of sex, or of qualities becoming to one's sex; esp., to make unfeminine in character, manners, duties, or the like; as, to unsex a woman. UNSEXUAL Un*sex"u*al, a. Defn: Not sexual; not proper or peculiar to one of the sexes. De Quincey. UNSHACKLE Un*shac"kle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + shackle.] Defn: To loose from shackles or bonds; to set free from restraint; to unfetter. Addison. UNSHAKABLE Un*shak"a*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being shaken; firm; fixed. Shak. J. S. Mill. UNSHAKED Un*shaked", a. Defn: Unshaken. [Obs.] Shak. UNSHALE Un*shale", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + shale.] Defn: To strip the shale, or husk, from; to uncover. [Obs.] I will not unshale the jest before it be ripe. Marston. UNSHAPE Un*shape, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + shape.] Defn: To deprive of shape, or of proper shape; to disorder; to confound; to derange. [R.] Shak. UNSHAPED; UNSHAPEN Un*shaped", Un*shap"en, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + shaped, shapen.] Defn: Not shaped; shapeless; misshapen; deformed; ugly. UNSHEATHE Un*sheathe", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + sheath.] Defn: To deprive of a sheath; to draw from the sheath or scabbard, as a sword. To unsheathe the sword, to make war. UNSHED Un*shed", a. 1. Not parted or divided, as the hair. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Not spilt, or made to flow, as blood or tears. Milton. UNSHELL Un*shell", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + shell.] Defn: To strip the shell from; to take out of the shell; to hatch. UNSHELVE Un*shelve", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + shelve.] Defn: To remove from, or as from, a shelf. UNSHENT Un*shent, a. Defn: Not shent; not disgraced; blameless. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. UNSHERIFF Un*sher"iff, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + sheriff.] Defn: To depose from the office of sheriff. [R.] UNSHET Un*shet", v. t. Defn: To unshut. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNSHIFTABLE Un*shift"a*ble, a. 1. That may 2. Shiftless; helpless. [Obs.] UNSHIP Un*ship", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + ship.] 1. To take out of a ship or vessel; as, to unship goods. 2. (Naut.) Defn: To remove or detach, as any part or implement, from its proper position or connection when in use; as, to unship an oar; to unship capstan bars; to unship the tiller. UNSHIPMENT Un*ship"ment, n. Defn: The act of unshipping, or the state of being unshipped; displacement. UNSHOT Un*shot", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + shot.] Defn: To remove the shot from, as from a shotted gun; to unload. UNSHOT Un*shot", a. Etym: [Pref. un- + shot.] Defn: Not hit by a shot; also, not discharged or fired off. UNSHOUT Un*shout", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + shout.] Defn: To recall what is done by shouting. [Obs.] Shak. UNSHROUD Un*shroud" (, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + shroud.] Defn: To remove the shroud from; to uncover. P. Fletcher. UNSHRUBBED Un*shrubbed", a. Defn: Being without shrubs. UNSHUT Un*shut", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + shut.] Defn: To open, or throw open. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNSHUTTER Un*shut"ter, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + shutter.] Defn: To open or remove the shutters of. T. Hughes. UNSIGHT Un*sight", a. Defn: Doing or done without sight; not seeing or examining. [Colloq.] Unsight unseen, a colloquial phrase, denoting unseeing unseen, or unseen repeated; as, to buy a thing unsight unseen, that is, without seeing it. For to subscribe, unsight, unseen, To a new church discipline. Hudibras. There was a great confluence of chapmen, that resorted from every part, with a design to purchase, which they were to do "unsight unseen." Spectator. UNSIGHTABLE Un*sight"a*ble, a. Defn: Invisible. [Obs.] UNSIGHTED Un*sight"ed, a. 1. Not sighted, or seen. Suckling. 2. (Gun.) Defn: Not aimed by means of a sight; also, not furnished with a sight, or with a properly adjusted sight; as, to shoot and unsighted rife or cannon. UNSIGNIFICANT Un`sig*nif"i*cant, a. Defn: Insignificant. [Obs.] Holland. UNSILLY Un*sil"ly, a. Defn: See Unsely. [Obs.] UNSIMPLICITY Un`sim*plic"i*ty, n. Defn: Absence of simplicity; artfulness. C. Kingsley. UNSIN Un*sin", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + sin.] Defn: To deprive of sinfulness, as a sin; to make sinless. [Obs.] Feltham. UNSINCERE Un`sin*cere", a. Defn: Not sincere or pure; insincere. [Obs.] Dryden. -- Un`sin*cere"ness, n. [Obs.] UNSINCERITY Un`sin*cer"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unsincere or impure; insincerity. [Obs.] Boyle. UNSINEW Un*sin"ew, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + sinew.] Defn: To deprive of sinews or of strength. [R.] Dryden. UNSISTER Un*sis"ter, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + sister.] Defn: To separate, as sisters; to disjoin. [Poetic & R.] Tennyson. UNSISTERLY Un*sis"ter*ly, a. Defn: Not sisterly. Richardson. UNSISTING Un*sist"ing, a. Defn: Unresisting. [Obs.] "The unsisting postern." Shak. UNSITTING Un*sit"ting, a. Defn: Not sitting well; unbecoming. [Obs.] "Unsitting words." Sir T. More. UNSKILL Un*skill", n. Defn: Want of skill; ignorance; unskillfulness. [Obs.] Sylvester. UNSKILLFUL Un*skill"ful, a. Etym: [Spelt also unskilful.] 1. Not skillful; inexperienced; awkward; bungling; as, an unskillful surgeon or mechanic; an unskillful logician. 2. Lacking discernment; injudicious; ignorant. Though it make the unskillful laugh, can not but make the judicious grieve. Shak. -- Un*skill"ful*ly, adv. -- Un*skill"ful*ness, n. UNSLACKED Un*slacked", a. Defn: Not slacked; unslaked; as, unslacked lime. UNSLAKED Un*slaked", a. Defn: Not slaked; unslacked; as, an unslaked thirst; unslaked lime. UNSLING Un*sling", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + sling.] (Naut.) Defn: To take off the slings of, as a yard, a cask, or the like; to release from the slings. Totten. UNSLUICE Un*sluice", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + sluice.] Defn: To sluice; to open the sluice or sluices of; to let flow; to discharge. Dryden. UNSOCIABILITY Un*so`cia*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unsociable; unsociableness. UNSOCIABLE Un*so"cia*ble, a. Defn: Not sociable; not inclined to society; averse to companionship or conversation; solitary; reserved; as, an unsociable person or temper. -- Un*so"cia*ble*ness, n. -- Un*so"cia*bly, adv. UNSOCKET Un*sock"et, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + socket.] Defn: To loose or take from a socket. UNSOFT Un*soft", a. Defn: Not soft; hard; coarse; rough. [Obs.] "Bristles of his beard unsoft." Chaucer. UNSOFT Un*soft", adv. Etym: [AS. uns. See Un- not, and Soft.] Defn: Not softly. [Obs.] Great climbers fall unsoft. Spenser. UNSOLDER Un*sol"der, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + solder.] Defn: To separate or disunite, as what has been soldered; hence, to divide; to sunder. [Formerly written also unsoder.] Tennyson. UNSOLDIERED Un*sol"diered, a. Defn: Not equipped like a soldier; unsoldierlike. [Obs.] J. Fletcher. UNSOLEMNIZE Un*sol"em*nize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + solemnize.] Defn: To divest of solemnity. UNSONABLE Un*so"na*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. un- + L. sonabilis sounding, from sonare to sound.] Defn: Incapable of being sounded. [Obs.] UNSONSY Un*son"sy, a. Etym: [See Un- not, and Soncy.] Defn: Not soncy (sonsy); not fortunate. [Scot.] UNSOOT Un*soot", a. Etym: [AS. unsw. See Un- not, and Sweet.] Defn: Not sweet. [Obs.] Spenser. UNSOPHISTICATE; UNSOPHISTICATED Un`so*phis"ti*cate, Un`so*phis"ti*ca`ted, a. Defn: Not sophisticated; pure; innocent; genuine. -- Un`so*phis"ti*ca`ted*ness, n. UNSORROWED Un*sor"rowed, a. Defn: Not sorrowed for; unlamented. Beau. & Fl. UNSORTED Un*sort"ed, a. 1. Not sorted; not classified; as, a lot of unsorted goods. 2. Not well selected; ill-chosen. The purpose you undertake is dangerous; the friends you named uncertain; the time itself unsorted. Shak. UNSOUL Un*soul", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + soul.] Defn: To deprive of soul, spirit, or principle. [R.] Shelton. UNSOUND Un*sound", a. Defn: Not sound; not whole; not solid; defective; infirm; diseased. -- Un*sound"ly, adv. -- Un*sound"ness, n. UNSPAR Un*spar", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + spar.] Defn: To take the spars, stakes, or bars from. [R.] Sir W. Scott. UNSPARING Un*spar"ing, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + sparing, p. pr. of spare.] 1. Not sparing; not parsimonious; liberal; profuse. Burke. 2. Not merciful or forgiving. [R.] Milton. -- Un*spar"ing*ly, adv. -- Un*spar"ing*ness, n. UNSPEAK Un*speak", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + speak.] Defn: To retract, as what has been spoken; to recant; to unsay. [R.] Shak. UNSPEAKABLE Un*speak"a*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + speakable.] Defn: Not speakable; incapable of being uttered or adequately described; inexpressible; unutterable; ineffable; as, unspeakable grief or rage. -- Un*speak"a*bly, adv. Ye rejoice with joy unspeakable and full of glory. 1 Pet. i. 8. UNSPECIALIZED Un*spe"cial*ized, a. Defn: Not specialized; specifically (Biol.), not adapted, or set apart, for any particular purpose or function; as, an unspecialized unicellular organism. W. K. Brooks. UNSPED Un*sped", a. Defn: Not performed; not dispatched. [Obs.] Garth. UNSPELL Un*spell", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + spell.] Defn: To break the power of (a spell); to release (a person) from the influence of a spell; to disenchant. [R.] Such practices as these, . . . The more judicious Israelites unspelled. Dryden. UNSPHERE Un*sphere", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + sphere.] Defn: To remove, as a planet, from its sphere or orb. Shak. UNSPIKE Un*spike", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + spike.] Defn: To remove a spike from, as from the vent of a cannon. UNSPILT Un*spilt", a. Defn: Not spilt or wasted; not shed. UNSPIN Un*spin", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + spin.] Defn: To untwist, as something spun. UNSPIRIT Un*spir"it, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + spirit.] Defn: To dispirit. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple. UNSPIRITALIZE Un*spir"it*al*ize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + spiritualize.] Defn: To deprive of spiritually. South. UNSPLEENED Un*spleened", a. Etym: [1st pref. un- + spleen.] Defn: Deprived of a spleen. UNSPOTTED Un*spot"ted, a. Defn: Not spotted; free from spot or stain; especially, free from moral stain; unblemished; immaculate; as, an unspotted reputation. -- Un*spot"ted*ness, n. UNSQUIRE Un*squire", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + squire.] Defn: To divest of the title or privilege of an esquire. Swift. UNSTABLE Un*sta"ble, a. Etym: [Cf. Instable.] Defn: Not stable; not firm, fixed, or constant; subject to change or overthrow. -- Un*sta"ble*ness, n. Chaucer. Unstable equilibrium. See Stable equilibrium, under Stable. UNSTACK Un*stack", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + stack.] Defn: To remove, or take away, from a stack; to remove, as something constituting a stack. UNSTARCH Un*starch", v. t. Etym: [Pref. un- + starch.] Defn: To free from starch; to make limp or pliable. UNSTATE Un*state", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + state.] Defn: To deprive of state or dignity. [R.] High-battled Cæsar will unstate his happiness. Shak. UNSTEEL Un*steel", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + steel.] Defn: To disarm; to soften. Richardson. UNSTEP Un*step", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + step.] (Naut.) Defn: To remove, as a mast, from its step. UNSTICK Un*stick", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + stick.] Defn: To release, as one thing stuck to another. Richardson. UNSTILL Un*still", a. Etym: [AS. unstille. See Un- not, and Still, a.] Defn: Not still; restless. [R.] UNSTING Un*sting", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + sting.] Defn: To disarm of a sting; to remove the sting of. [R.] "Elegant dissertations on virtue and vice . . . will not unsting calamity." J. M. Mason. UNSTITCH Un*stitch", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + stitch.] Defn: To open by picking out stitches; to take out, or undo, the stitches of; as, to unstitch a seam. Collier. UNSTOCK Un*stock", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + stock.] 1. To deprive of a stock; to remove the stock from; to loose from that which fixes, or holds fast. 2. To remove from the stocks, as a ship. UNSTOCKINGED Un*stock"inged, a. 1. Etym: [Pref. un- not + stocking.] Defn: Destitute of stockings. Sir W. Scott. 2. Etym: [1st pref. un- + stocking.] Defn: Deprived of stockings. UNSTOP Un*stop", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + stop.] 1. To take the stopple or stopper from; as, to unstop a bottle or a cask. 2. To free from any obstruction; to open. UNSTRAIN Un*strain", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + strain.] Defn: To relieve from a strain; to relax. B. Jonson. UNSTRAINED Un*strained", a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + strain.] 1. Not strained; not cleared or purified by straining; as, unstrained oil or milk. 2. Not forced; easy; natural; as, a unstrained deduction or inference. Hakewill. UNSTRATIFIED Un*strat"i*fied, a. (Geol.) Defn: Not stratified; -- applied to massive rocks, as granite, porphyry, etc., and also to deposits of loose material, as the glacial till, which occur in masses without layers or strata. UNSTRENGTH Un*strength", n. Defn: Want of strength; weakness; feebleness. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNSTRIATED Un*stri"a*ted, a. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Nonstriated; unstriped. UNSTRING Un*string", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + string.] 1. To deprive of a string or strings; also, to take from a string; as, to unstring beads. 2. To loosen the string or strings of; as, to unstring a harp or a bow. 3. To relax the tension of; to loosen. "His garland they unstring." Dryden. Defn: Used also figuratively; as, his nerves were unstrung by fear. UNSTRIPED Un*striped", a. 1. Not striped. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Without marks or striations; nonstriated; as, unstriped muscle fibers. UNSTUDIED Un*stud"ied, a. 1. Not studied; not acquired by study; unlabored; natural. 2. Not skilled; unversed; -- followed by in. 3. Not spent in study. [Obs.] "To cloak the defects of their unstudied years." Milton. UNSUBSTANTIAL Un`sub*stan"tial, a. Defn: Lacking in matter or substance; visionary; chimerical. UNSUBSTANTIALIZE Un`sub*stan"tial*ize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + substantialize.] Defn: To make unsubstantial. [R.] UNSUBSTANTIATION Un`sub*stan`ti*a"tion, n. Etym: [1st pref. un- + substantiation.] Defn: A divesting of substantiality. UNSUCCEEDABLE Un`suc*ceed"a*ble, a. Defn: Not able or likely to succeed. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. UNSUCCESS Un`suc*cess", n. Defn: Want of success; failure; misfortune. Prof. Wilson. UNSUCCESSFUL Un`suc*cess"ful, a. Defn: Not successful; not producing the desired event; not fortunate; meeting with, or resulting in, failure; unlucky; unhappy. -- Un`suc*cess"ful*ly, adv. -- Un`suc*cess"ful*ness, n. UNSUFFERABLE Un*suf"fer*a*ble, a. Defn: Insufferable. [Obs.] Hooker. -- Un*suf"fer*a*bly, adv. [Obs.] UNSUFFERING Un*suf"fer*ing, n. Defn: Inability or incapability of enduring, or of being endured. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNSUFFICIENCE; UNSUFFICIENCY Un`suf*fi"cience, Un`suf*fi"cien*cy, n. Defn: Insufficiency. [Obs.] Hooker. UNSUFFICIENT Un`suf*fi"cient, a. Defn: Insufficient. [Obs.] UNSUIT Un*suit", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + suit.] Defn: Not to suit; to be unfit for. [Obs.] Quarles. UNSUPPORTABLE Un`sup*port"a*ble, a. Defn: Insupportable; unendurable. -- Un`sup*port"a*ble*ness, n. Bp. Wilkins. -- Un`sup*port"a*bly, adv. UNSURED Un*sured", a. Defn: Not made sure. [Obs.] Thy now unsured assurance to the crown. Shak. UNSURETY Un*sure"ty, n. Defn: Want of surety; uncertainty; insecurity; doubt. [Obs.] Sir T. More. UNSURMOUNTABLE Un`sur*mount"a*ble, a. Defn: Insurmountable. Locke. UNSUSPICION Un`sus*pi"cion, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unsuspecting. Dickens. UNSWADDLE Un*swad"dle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + swaddle.] Defn: To take a swaddle from; to unswathe. UNSWATHE Un*swathe", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + swathe.] Defn: To take a swathe from; to relieve from a bandage; to unswaddle. Addison. UNSWAYABLE Un*sway"a*ble, a. Defn: Not capable of being swayed. Shak. UNSWEAR Un*swear", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + swear.] Defn: To recant or recall, as an oath; to recall after having sworn; to abjure. J. Fletcher. UNSWEAR Un*swear", v. i. Defn: To recall an oath. Spenser. UNSWEAT Un*sweat", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + sweat.] Defn: To relieve from perspiration; to ease or cool after exercise or toil. [R.] Milton. UNSWELL Un*swell", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + swell.] Defn: To sink from a swollen state; to subside. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNSYMMETRICAL Un`sym*met"ric*al, a. 1. Wanting in symmetry, or due proportion pf parts. 2. (Biol.) Defn: Not symmetrical; being without symmetry, as the parts of a flower when similar parts are of different size and shape, or when the parts of successive circles differ in number. See Symmetry. 3. (Chem.) Defn: Being without symmetry of chemical structure or relation; as, an unsymmetrical carbon atom. Unsymmetrical carbon atom (Chem.), one which is united at once to four different atoms or radicals. This condition usually occasions physical isomerism, with the attendant action on polarized light. UNSYMMETRICALLY Un`sym*met"ric*al*ly, adv. Defn: Not symmetrically. UNSYMPATHY Un*sym"pa*thy, n. Defn: Absence or lack of sympathy. UNTACK Un*tack", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + tack.] Defn: To separate, as what is tacked; to disjoin; to release. being untacked from honest cares. Barrow. UNTACKLE Un*tac"kle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + tackle.] Defn: To unbitch; to unharness. [Colloq.] Tusser. UNTALKED Un*talked", a. Defn: Not talked; not mentioned; -- often with of. Shak. UNTANGIBILITY Un*tan`gi*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Intangibility. UNTANGIBLE Un*tan"gi*ble, a. Defn: Intangible. [R.] UNTANGIBLY Un*tan"gi*bly, adv. Defn: Intangibly. [R.] UNTANGLE Un*tan"gle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + tangle.] Defn: To loose from tangles or intricacy; to disentangle; to resolve; as, to untangle thread. Untangle but this cruel chain. Prior. UNTAPPICE Un*tap"pice, v. i. Etym: [1st pref. un- + tappice.] Defn: to come out of concealment. [Obs.] Massinger. UNTASTE Un*taste", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + taste.] Defn: To deprive of a taste for a thing. [R.] Daniel. UNTEACH Un*teach", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + teach.] 1. To cause to forget, or to lose from memory, or to disbelieve what has been taught. Experience will unteach us. Sir T. Browne. One breast laid open were a school Which would unteach mankind the lust to shine or rule. Byron. 2. To cause to be forgotten; as, to unteach what has been learned. Dryden. UNTEAM Un*team", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + team.] Defn: To unyoke a team from. [R.] Jer. Taylor. UNTEMPER Un*tem"per, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + temper.] Defn: To deprive of temper, or of the proper degree of temper; to make soft. UNTEMPERATE Un*tem"per*ate, a. Defn: Intemperate. [Obs.] UNTEMPERATELY Un*tem"per*ate*ly, adv. Defn: Intemperately. [Obs.] UNTEMPTER Un*tempt"er, n. Defn: One who does not tempt, or is not a tempter. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNTENANT Un*ten"ant, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + tenant.] Defn: To remove a tenant from. [R.] Coleridge. UNTENT Un*tent", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + tent.] Defn: To bring out of a tent. [R.] Shak. UNTENTED Un*tent"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + tent a covering.] Defn: Having no tent or tents, as a soldier or a field. UNTENTED Un*tent"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + tented, p. p. of tent to probe.] Defn: Not tended; not dressed. See 4th Tent. The untented woundings of a father's curse Pierce every sense about thee! Shak. UNTHANK Un*thank", n. Etym: [AS. unpank. See Un- not, Thank.] Defn: No thanks; ill will; misfortune. [Obs.] Unthank come on his head that bound him so. Chaucer. UNTHINK Un*think", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + think.] Defn: To recall or take back, as something thought. Shak. UNTHINKER Un*think"er, n. Etym: [Pref. un- + thinker.] Defn: A person who does not think, or does not think wisely. UNTHINKING Un*think"ing, a. 1. Not thinking; not heedful; thoughtless; inconsiderate; as, unthinking youth. 2. Not indicating thought or reflection; thoughtless. With earnest eyes, and round unthinking face, He first the snuffbox opened, then the case. Pope. -- Un*think"ing*ly, adv. -- Un*think"ing*ness, n. UNTHREAD Un*thread", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + thread.] 1. To draw or take out a thread from; as, to unthread a needle. 2. To deprive of ligaments; to loose the ligaments of. He with his bare wand can unthread thy joints. Milton. 3. To make one's way through; to traverse; as, to unthread a devious path. De Quincey. UNTHRIFT Un"thrift`, n. 1. Want of thrift; untriftiness; prodigality. 2. An unthrifty. [Obs.] Dryden. UNTHRIFT Un*thrift", a. Defn: Unthrifty. [Obs.] UNTHRIFTFULLY Un*thrift"ful*ly, adv. Defn: Not thriftily. [Obs.] "Unthriftfully spent." Sir J. Cheke. UNTHRIFTIHEAD; UNTHRIFTIHOOD Un*thrift"i*head, Un*thrift"i*hood, n. Defn: Untriftiness. [Obs.] Spenser. UNTHRIFTILY Un*thrift"i*ly, adv. 1. Not thriftily. 2. Improperly; unbecomingly. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNTHRIFTINESS Un*thrift"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state or being unthrifty; profuseness; lavishness. Udall. UNTHRIFTY Un*thrift"y, a. Defn: Not thrifty; profuse. Spenser. UNTHRONE Un*throne", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + throne.] Defn: To remove from, or as from, a throne; to dethrone. Milton. UNTIDY Un*ti"dy, a. 1. Unseasonable; untimely. [Obs.] "Untidy tales." Piers Plowman. 2. Not tidy or neat; slovenly. -- Un*ti"di*ly, adv. -- Un*ti"di*ness, n. UNTIE Un*tie", v. t. Etym: [AS. unt. See 1st Un-, and Tie, v. t.] 1. To loosen, as something interlaced or knotted; to disengage the parts of; as, to untie a knot. Sacharissa's captive fain Would untie his iron chain. Waller. Her snakes untied, sulphurous waters drink. Pope. 2. To free from fastening or from restraint; to let loose; to unbind. Though you untie the winds, and let them fight Against the churches. Shak. All the evils of an untied tongue we put upon the accounts of drunkenness. Jer. Taylor. 3. To resolve; to unfold; to clear. They quicken sloth, perplexities untie. Denham. UNTIE Un*tie", v. i. Defn: To become untied or loosed. UNTIGHTEN Un*tight"en, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + tighten.] Defn: To make less tight or tense; to loosen. UNTIL Un*til", prep. Etym: [OE. until, ontil; un- (as in unto) + til till; cf. Dan. indtil, Sw. intill. See Unto, and Till, prep.] 1. To; unto; towards; -- used of material objects. Chaucer. Taverners until them told the same. Piers Plowman. He roused himself full blithe, and hastened them until. Spenser. 2. To; up to; till; before; -- used of time; as, he staid until evening; he will not come back until the end of the month. He and his sons were priests to the tribe of Dan until the day of the captivity. Judg. xviii. 30. Note: In contracts and like documents until is construed as exclusive of the date mentioned unless it was the manifest intent of the parties to include it. UNTIL Un*til", conj. Defn: As far as; to the place or degree that; especially, up to the time that; till. See Till, conj. In open prospect nothing bounds our eye, Until the earth seems joined unto the sky. Dryden. But the rest of the dead lives not again until the thousand years were finished. Rev. xx. 5. UNTILE Un*tile", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + tile.] Defn: To take the tiles from; to uncover by removing the tiles. UNTIME Un*time", n. Defn: An unseasonable time. [Obs.] A man shall not eat in untime. Chaucer. UNTIMELINESS Un*time"li*ness, n. Defn: Unseasonableness. UNTIMELY Un*time"ly, a. Defn: Not timely; done or happening at an unnatural, unusual, or improper time; unseasonable; premature; inopportune; as, untimely frosts; untimely remarks; an untimely death. UNTIMELY Un*time"ly, adv. Defn: Out of the natural or usual time; inopportunely; prematurely; unseasonably. "Let them know . . . what's untimely done." Shak. UNTIMEOUS Un*time"ous, a. Defn: Untimely. [R.] Sir W. Scott. UNTIMEOUSLY Un*time"ous*ly, adv. Defn: Untimely; unseasonably. [R.] UNTITHED Un*tithed", a. Defn: Not subjected tithes. UNTITLED Un*ti"tled, a. 1. Not titled; having no title, or appellation of dignity or distinction. Spenser. 2. Being without title or right; not entitled. Shak. UNTO Un"to, prep. Etym: [OE. unto; un- (only in unto, until) unto, as far as + to to; this un- is akin to AS. und OS. und until, conj. (cf. OS. unt unto, OHG. unzi), Goth. und unto, until. See To, and cf. Until.] 1. To; -- now used only in antiquated, formal, or scriptural style. See To. 2. Until; till. [Obs.] "He shall abide it unto the death of the priest." Num. xxxv. 25. UNTO Un"to, conj. Defn: Until; till. [Obs.] "Unto this year be gone." Chaucer. UNTOLD Un*told", a. 1. Not told; not related; not revealed; as, untold secrets. 2. Not numbered or counted; as, untold money. UNTOLERABLE Un*tol"er*a*ble, a. Defn: Intolerable. [Obs.] UNTOMB Un*tomb", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + tomb.] Defn: To take from the tomb; to exhume; to disinter. Fuller. UNTONGUE Un*tongue, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + tongue.] Defn: To deprive of a tongue, or of voice. [Obs.] Fuller. UNTOOTH Un*tooth", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + tooth.] Defn: To take out the teeth of. Cowper. UNTOWARD Un*to"ward, prep. Etym: [Unto + -ward.] Defn: Toward. [Obs.] Gower. UNTOWARD Un*to"ward, a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + toward.] 1. Froward; perverse. "Save yourselves from this untoward generation." Acts ii. 40. 2. Awkward; ungraceful. "Untoward words." Creech. "Untoward manner." Swift. 3. Inconvenient; troublesome; vexatious; unlucky; unfortunate; as, an untoward wind or accident. -- Un*to"ward*ly, adv. -- Un*to"ward*ness, n. UNTOWARDLY Un*to"ward*ly, a. Defn: Perverse; froward; untoward. "Untowardly tricks and vices." Locke. UNTRADED Un*trad"ed, a. 1. Not dealt with in trade; not visited for purposes of trade. [Obs.] Hakluyt 2. Unpracticed; inexperienced. [Obs.] Udall. 3. Not traded in or bartered; hence, not hackneyed; unusual; not common. Shak. UNTRAINED Un*trained", a. 1. Not trained. Shak. 2. Not trainable; indocile. [Obs.] Herbert. UNTRAMMELED Un*tram"meled, a. Defn: Not hampered or impeded; free. [Written also untrammelled.] UNTRAVELED Un*trav"eled, a. Etym: [Written also untravelled.] 1. Not traveled; not trodden by passengers; as, an untraveled forest. 2. Having never visited foreign countries; not having gained knowledge or experience by travel; as, an untraveled Englishman. Addison. UNTREAD Un*tread", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + tread.] Defn: To tread back; to retrace. Shak. UNTREASURE Un*treas"ure, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + treasure.] Defn: To bring forth or give up, as things previously treasured. "The quaintness with which he untreasured, as by rote, the stores of his memory." J. Mitford. UNTREASURED Un*treas"ured, a. 1. Etym: [Properly p. p. of untreasure.] Defn: Deprived of treasure. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Etym: [Pref. un- not + treasured.] Defn: Not treasured; not kept as treasure. UNTREATABLE Un*treat"a*ble, a. Defn: Incapable of being treated; not practicable. [R.] Dr. H. More. UNTRENCHED Un*trenched", a. Defn: Being without trenches; whole; intact. [Obs.] UNTRESSED Un*tressed", a. Defn: Not tied up in tresses; unarranged; -- said of the hair. Chaucer. UNTROWABLE Un*trow"a*ble, a. Defn: Incredible. [Obs.] "Untrowable fairness." Wyclif. UNTRUE Un*true", a. 1. Not true; false; contrary to the fact; as, the story is untrue. 2. Not faithful; inconstant; false; disloyal. Chaucer. UNTRUE Un*true, adv. Defn: Untruly. [Obs. or Poetic] Chaucer. UNTRUISM Un*tru"ism, n. Defn: Something not true; a false statement. [Recent & R.] A. Trollope. UNTRUNKED Un*trunked", a. Etym: [1st pref. un- + trunk.] Defn: Separated from its trunk or stock. [Obs.] UNTRUSS Un*truss", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + truss.] Defn: To loose from a truss, or as from a truss; to untie or unfasten; to let out; to undress. [R.] Dryden. UNTRUSS; UNTRUSSER Un*truss", Un*truss"er, n. Defn: One who untrussed persons for the purpose of flogging them; a public whipper. [Obs.] B. Jonson. UNTRUST Un*trust", n. Defn: Distrust. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNTRUSTFUL Un*trust"ful, a. 1. Not trustful or trusting. 2. Not to be trusted; not trusty. [R.] Sir W. Scott. UNTRUTH Un*truth", n. 1. The quality of being untrue; contrariety to truth; want of veracity; also, treachery; faithlessness; disloyalty. Chaucer. 2. That which is untrue; a false assertion; a falsehood; a lie; also, an act of treachery or disloyalty. Shak. Syn. -- Lie; falsehood. See Lie. UNTRUTHFUL Un*truth"ful, a. Defn: Not truthful; unveracious; contrary to the truth or the fact. -- Un*truth"ful*ly, adv. -- Un*truth"ful*ness, n. UNTUCK Un*tuck", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + tuck.] Defn: To unfold or undo, as a tuck; to release from a tuck or fold. UNTUNE Un*tune", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + tune.] Defn: To make incapable of harmony, or of harmonious action; to put out of tune. Shak. UNTURN Un*turn", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + turn.] Defn: To turn in a reserve way, especially so as to open something; as, to unturn a key. Keats. UNTURNED Un*turned", a. Etym: [Pref. un- + turned.] Defn: Not turned; not revolved or reversed. To leave no stone unturned, to leave nothing untried for accomplishing one's purpose. [He] left unturned no stone To make my guilt appear, and hide his own. Dryden. UNTWAIN Un*twain", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + twain.] Defn: To rend in twain; to tear in two. [Obs.] Skelton. UNTWINE Un*twine", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + twine.] Defn: To untwist; to separate, as that which is twined or twisted; to disentangle; to untie. It requires a long and powerful counter sympathy in a nation to untwine the ties of custom which bind a people to the established and the old. Sir W. Hamilton. UNTWINE Un*twine", v. i. Defn: To become untwined. Milton. UNTWIRL Un*twirl", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + twirl.] Defn: To untwist; to undo. Ash. UNTWIST Un*twist", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + twist.] 1. To separate and open, as twisted threads; to turn back, as that which is twisted; to untwine. If one of the twines of the twist do untwist, The twine that untwisteth, untwisteth the twist. Wallis. 2. To untie; to open; to disentangle. Milton. UNTY Un*ty", v. t. Defn: To untie. [Archaic] Young. UNUSAGE Un*us"age (; 48), n. Defn: Want or lack of usage. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNUSED Un*used", a. 1. Not used; as, an unused book; an unused apartment. 2. Not habituated; unaccustomed. Unused to bend, impatient of control. Thomson. UNUSUAL Un*u"su*al, a. Defn: Not usual; uncommon; rare; as, an unusual season; a person of unusual grace or erudition. -- Un*u"su*al*ly, adv. -- Un*u"su*al*ness, n. UNUSUALITY Un*u`su*al"i*ty, n. Defn: Unusualness. Poe. UNUTTERABLE Un*ut"ter*a*ble, a. Defn: Not utterable; incapable of being spoken or voiced; inexpressible; ineffable; unspeakable; as, unutterable anguish. Sighed and looked unutterable things. Thomson. -- Un*ut"ter*a*ble*ness, n. -- Un*ut"ter*a*bly, adv. UNVAIL Un*vail", v. t. & i. Defn: See Unveil. UNVALUABLE Un*val"u*a*ble, a. 1. Invaluable; being beyond price. [Obs.] South. 2. Not valuable; having little value. [R.] T. Adams. UNVALUED Un*val"ued, a. 1. Not valued; not appraised; hence, not considered; disregarded; valueless; as, an unvalued estate. "Unvalued persons." Shak. 2. Having inestimable value; invaluable. [Obs.] The golden apples of unvalued price. Spenser. UNVARIABLE Un*va"ri*a*ble, a. Defn: Invariable. Donne. UNVEIL Un*veil", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + veil.] Defn: To remove a veil from; to divest of a veil; to uncover; to disclose to view; to reveal; as, she unveiled her face. UNVEIL Un*veil", v. i. Defn: To remove a veil; to reveal one's self. UNVEILER Un*veil"er, n. Defn: One who removes a veil. UNVERACITY Un`ve*rac"i*ty, n. Defn: Want of veracity; untruthfulness; as, unveracity of heart. Carlyle. UNVESSEL Un*ves"sel, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + vessel.] Defn: To cause to be no longer a vessel; to empty. [Obs.] Ford. UNVICAR Un*vi"car, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + vicar.] Defn: To deprive of the position or office a vicar. [R.] Strype. UNVIOLABLE Un*vi"o*la*ble, a. Defn: Inviolable. UNVISARD Un*vis"ard, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + vizard.] Defn: To take the vizard or mask from; to unmask. [Written also unvizard.] [Obs.] Milton. UNVISIBLE Un*vis"i*ble, a. Defn: Invisible. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNVISIBLY Un*vis"i*bly, adv. Defn: Invisibly. [Obs.] UNVITIATED Un*vi"ti*a`ted, a. Defn: Not vitiated; pure. UNVOLUNTARY Un*vol"un*ta*ry, a. Defn: Involuntary. [Obs.] Fuller. UNVOTE Un*vote", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + vote.] Defn: To reverse or annul by vote, as a former vote. [R.] Bp, Burnet. UNVOWELED Un*vow"eled, a. Defn: Having no vowel sounds or signs. [Written also unvowelled.] Skinner. UNVULGARIZE Un*vul"gar*ize, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + vulgarize.] Defn: To divest of vulgarity; to make to be not vulgar. Lamb. UNVULNERABLE Un*vul"ner*a*ble, a. Defn: Invulnerable. [Obs.] UNWARE Un*ware", a. Etym: [AS. unwær unwary. See Un- not, and Wary.] 1. Unaware; not foreseeing; being off one's guard. [Obs.] Chaucer. Fairfax. 2. Happening unexpectedly; unforeseen. [Obs.] The unware woe of harm that cometh behind. Chaucer. -- Un*ware"ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Un*ware"ness, n. [Obs.] UNWARES Un*wares", adv. Defn: Unawares; unexpectedly; -- sometimes preceded by at. [Obs.] Holinshed. UNWARILY Un*wa"ri*ly, adv. Defn: In an unwary manner. UNWARINESS Un*wa"ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being unwary; carelessness; heedlessness. UNWARM Un*warm", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + warm.] Defn: To lose warmth; to grow cold. [R.] UNWARP Un*warp", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + warp.] Defn: To restore from a warped state; to cause to be linger warped. UNWARPED Un*warped", a. Etym: [Pref. un- not + warped.] Defn: Not warped; hence, not biased; impartial. UNWARRANTABLE Un*war"rant*a*ble, a. Defn: Not warrantable; indefensible; not vindicable; not justifiable; illegal; unjust; improper. -- Un*war"rant*a*ble*ness, n. -- Un*war"rant*a*bly, adv. UNWARRANTED Un*war"rant*ed, a. Defn: Not warranted; being without warrant, authority, or guaranty; unwarrantable. UNWARY Un*wa"ry, a. Etym: [Cf. Unware.] 1. Not vigilant against danger; not wary or cautious; unguarded; precipitate; heedless; careless. 2. Unexpected; unforeseen; unware. [Obs.] Spenser. UNWASHED Un*washed", a. Defn: Not washed or cleansed; filthy; unclean. UNWASHEN Un*wash"en, a. Defn: Not washed. [Archaic] "To eat with unwashen hands." Matt. xv. 20. UNWAYED Un*wayed", a. 1. Not used to travel; as, colts that are unwayed. [Obs.] Suckling. 2. Having no ways or roads; pathless. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNWEARIED Un*wea"ried, a. Defn: Not wearied; not fatigued or tired; hence, persistent; not tiring or wearying; indefatigable. -- Un*wea"ried*ly, adv. -- Un*wea"ried*ness, n. UNWEARY Un*wea"ry, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + weary.] Defn: To cause to cease being weary; to refresh. [Obs.] Dryden. UNWEAVE Un*weave", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + weave.] Defn: To unfold; to undo; to ravel, as what has been woven. UNWEDGEABLE Un*wedge"a*ble, a. Defn: Not to be split with wedges. [Obs.] Shak. UNWEETING Un*weet"ing, a. Etym: [See Un- not, and Weet, Wit.] Defn: Unwitting. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. -- Un*weet"ing*ly, adv. [Obs.] Milton. UNWEIGHED Un*weighed", a. Defn: Not weighed; not pondered or considered; as, an unweighed statement. UNWEIGHING Un*weigh"ing, a. Defn: Not weighing or pondering; inconsiderate. Shak. UNWELD; UNWELDY Un*weld", Un*weld"y, a. Defn: Unwieldy; unmanageable; clumsy. [Obs.] Our old limbs move [may] well be unweld. Chaucer. UNWELL Un*well", a. 1. Not well; indisposed; not in good health; somewhat ill; ailing. 2. (Med.) Defn: Specifically, ill from menstruation; affected with, or having, catamenial; menstruant. Note: This word was formerly regarded as an Americanism, but is now in common use among all who speak the English language. UNWELLNESS Un*well"ness Defn: , n. Quality or state of being unwell. UNWEMMED Un*wemmed", a. Defn: Not blemished; undefiled; pure. [Obs.] Wyclif. With body clean and with unwemmed thought. Chaucer. UNWHOLE Un*whole", a. Etym: [AS. unhal. See Un- not, and Whole.] Defn: Not whole; unsound. [Obs.] UNWIELDY Un*wield"y, a. Defn: Not easily wielded or carried; unmanageable; bulky; ponderous. "A fat, unwieldy body of fifty-eight years old." Clarendon. -- Un*wield"i*ly, adv. -- Un*wield"i*ness, n. UNWILD Un*wild", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + wild.] Defn: To tame; to subdue. [Obs. & R.] Sylvester. UNWILL Un*will", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + will.] Defn: To annul or reverse by an act of the will. Longfellow. UNWILLED Un*willed", a. Etym: [1st pref. un- + will.] Defn: Deprived of the faculty of will or volition. Mrs. Browning. UNWILLING Un*will"ing, a. Defn: Not willing; loath; disinclined; reluctant; as, an unwilling servant. And drop at last, but in unwilling ears, This saving counsel, "Keep your piece nine years." Pope. -- Un*will"ing*ly, adv. -- Un*will"ing*ness, n. UNWIND Un*wind", v. t. Etym: [AS. unwindan. See 1st Un-, and Wind to coil.] 1. To wind off; to loose or separate, as what or convolved; to untwist; to untwine; as, to unwind thread; to unwind a ball of yarn. 2. To disentangle. [Obs.] Hooker. UNWIND Un*wind", v. i. Defn: To be or become unwound; to be capable of being unwound or untwisted. UNWISDOM Un*wis"dom, n. Defn: Want of wisdom; unwise conduct or action; folly; simplicity; ignorance. Sumptuary laws are among the exploded fallacies which we have outgrown, and we smile at the unwisdom which could except to regulate private habits and manners by statute. J. A. Froude. UNWISE Un*wise", a. Etym: [AS. unwis. See Un- not, and Wise, a.] Defn: Not wise; defective in wisdom; injudicious; indiscreet; foolish; as, an unwise man; unwise kings; unwise measures. UNWISELY Un*wise"ly, adv. Etym: [AS. unwislice.] Defn: In an unwise manner; foolishly. UNWISH Un*wish", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + wish.] Defn: To wish not to be; to destroy by wishing. [Obs.] Now thou hast unwished five thousand men. Shak. UNWIST Un*wist", a. 1. Not known; unknown. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. 2. Not knowing; unwitting. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNWIT Un*wit", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + wit.] Defn: To deprive of wit. [Obs.] Shak. UNWIT Un*wit", n. Etym: [Pref. un- not + wit.] Defn: Want of wit or understanding; ignorance. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNWITCH Un*witch", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + witch.] Defn: To free from a witch or witches; to fee from witchcraft. [R.] B. Jonson. UNWITTING Un*wit"ting, a. Defn: Not knowing; unconscious; ignorant. -- Un*wit"ting*ly, adv. UNWOMAN Un*wom"an, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + woman.] Defn: To deprive of the qualities of a woman; to unsex. [R.] R. Browning. UNWONDER Un*won"der, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + wonder.] Defn: To divest of the quality of wonder or mystery; to interpret; to explain. [R.] Fuller. UNWONT Un*wont", a. Defn: Unwonted; unused; unaccustomed. [Archaic] Sir W. Scott. UNWONTED Un*wont"ed, a. 1. Not wonted; unaccustomed; unused; not made familiar by practice; as, a child unwonted to strangers. Milton. 2. Uncommon; unusual; infrequent; rare; as, unwonted changes. "Unwonted lights." Byron. -- Un*wont"ed*ly, adv. -- Un*wont"ed*ness, n. UNWORK Un*work", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + work.] Defn: To undo or destroy, as work previously done. UNWORLDLY Un*world"ly, a. Defn: Not worldly; spiritual; holy. Hawthorne. -- Un*world"li*ness, n. UNWORMED Un*wormed", a. Defn: Not wormed; not having had the worm, or lytta, under the tongue cut out; -- said of a dog. UNWORSHIP Un*wor"ship, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + worship.] Defn: To deprive of worship or due honor; to dishonor. [Obs.] Wyclif. UNWORSHIP Un*wor"ship, n. Etym: [Pref. un- not + worship.] Defn: Lack of worship or respect; dishonor. [Obs.] Gower. UNWORTH Un*worth", a. Etym: [AS. unweor.] Defn: Unworthy. [Obs.] Milton. UNWORTH Un*worth", n. Defn: Unworthiness. [R.] Carlyle. UNWORTHY Un*wor"thy, a. Defn: Not worthy; wanting merit, value, or fitness; undeserving; worthless; unbecoming; -- often with of. -- Un*wor"thi*ly, adv. -- Un*wor"thi*ness, n. UNWRAP Un*wrap", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + wrap.] Defn: To open or undo, as what is wrapped or folded. Chaucer. UNWRAY Un*wray", v. t. Defn: See Unwrie. [Obs.] UNWREATHE Un*wreathe", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + wreathe.] Defn: To untwist, uncoil, or untwine, as anything wreathed. UNWRIE Un*wrie", v. t. Etym: [AS. onwreón; on- (see 1st Un-) + wreón to cover.] Defn: To uncover. [Obs.] Chaucer. UNWRINKLE Un*wrin"kle, v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + wrinkle.] Defn: To reduce from a wrinkled state; to smooth. UNWRITE Un*write", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + write.] Defn: To cancel, as what is written; to erase. Milton. UNWRITTEN Un*writ"ten, a. 1. Not written; not reduced to writing; oral; as, unwritten agreements. 2. Containing no writing; blank; as, unwritten paper. Unwritten doctrines (Theol.), such doctrines as have been handed down by word of mouth; oral or traditional doctrines. -- Unwritten law. Etym: [Cf. L. lex non scripta.] That part of the law of England and of the United States which is not derived from express legislative enactment, or at least from any enactment now extant and in force as such. This law is now generally contained in the reports of judicial decisions. See Common law, under Common. -- Unwritten laws, such laws as have been handed down by tradition or in song. Such were the laws of the early nations of Europe. UNWROKEN Un*wro"ken, a. Etym: [See Un- not, and Wreak.] Defn: Not revenged; unavenged. [Obs.] Surrey. UNYOKE Un*yoke", v. t. Etym: [1st pref. un- + yoke.] 1. To loose or free from a yoke. "Like youthful steers unyoked, they take their courses." Shak. 2. To part; to disjoin; to disconnect. Shak. UNYOKED Un*yoked", a. Etym: [In sense 1 pref. un- not + yoked; in senses 2 and 3 properly p. p. of unyoke.] 1. Not yet yoked; not having worn the yoke. 2. Freed or loosed from a yoke. 3. Licentious; unrestrained. [R.] Shak. UNYOLDEN Un*yold"en, a. Defn: Not yielded. [Obs.] "[By] force . . . is he taken unyolden." Sir T. Browne. UNZONED Un*zoned", a. Defn: Not zoned; not bound with a girdle; as, an unzoned bosom. Prior. UP Up, adv. Etym: [AS. up, upp, ; akin to OFries. up, op, D. op, OS. , OHG. , G. auf, Icel. upp, Dan. op, Goth. iup, and probably to E. over. See Over.] 1. Aloft; on high; in a direction contrary to that of gravity; toward or in a higher place or position; above; -- the opposite of Ant: down. But up or down, By center or eccentric, hard to tell. Milton. 2. Hence, in many derived uses, specifically: -- (a) From a lower to a higher position, literally or figuratively; as, from a recumbent or sitting position; from the mouth, toward the source, of a river; from a dependent or inferior condition; from concealment; from younger age; from a quiet state, or the like; -- used with verbs of motion expressed or implied. But they presumed to go up unto the hilltop. Num. xiv. 44. I am afflicted and ready to die from my youth up. Ps. lxxxviii. 15. Up rose the sun, and up rose Emelye. Chaucer. We have wrought ourselves up into this degree of Christian indifference. Atterbury. (b) In a higher place or position, literally or figuratively; in the state of having arisen; in an upright, or nearly upright, position; standing; mounted on a horse; in a condition of elevation, prominence, advance, proficiency, excitement, insurrection, or the like; -- used with verbs of rest, situation, condition, and the like; as, to be up on a hill; the lid of the box was up; prices are up. And when the sun was up, they were scorched. Matt. xiii. 6. Those that were up themselves kept others low. Spenser. Helen was up -- was she Shak. Rebels there are up, And put the Englishmen unto the sword. Shak. His name was up through all the adjoining provinces, even to Italy and Rome; many desiring to see who he was that could withstand so many years the Roman puissance. Milton. Thou hast fired me; my soul's up in arms. Dryden. Grief and passion are like floods raised in little brooks by a sudden rain; they are quickly up. Dryden. A general whisper ran among the country people, that Sir Roger was up. Addison. Let us, then, be up and doing, With a heart for any fate. Longfellow. (c) To or in a position of equal advance or equality; not short of, back of, less advanced than, away from, or the like; -- usually followed by to or with; as, to be up to the chin in water; to come up with one's companions; to come up with the enemy; to live up to engagements. As a boar was whetting his teeth, up comes a fox to him. L'Estrange. (d) To or in a state of completion; completely; wholly; quite; as, in the phrases to eat up; to drink up; to burn up; to sum up; etc.; to shut up the eyes or the mouth; to sew up a rent. Note: Some phrases of this kind are now obsolete; as, to spend up (Prov. xxi. 20); to kill up (B. Jonson). (e) Aside, so as not to be in use; as, to lay up riches; put up your weapons. Note: Up is used elliptically for get up, rouse up, etc., expressing a command or exhortation. "Up, and let us be going." Judg. xix. 28. Up, up, my friend! and quit your books, Or surely you 'll grow double. Wordsworth. It is all up with him, it is all over with him; he is lost. -- The time is up, the allotted time is past. -- To be up in, to be informed about; to be versed in. "Anxious that their sons should be well up in the superstitions of two thousand years ago." H. Spencer. -- To be up to. (a) To be equal to, or prepared for; as, he is up to the business, or the emergency. [Colloq.] (b) To be engaged in; to purpose, with the idea of doing ill or mischief; as, I don't know what he's up to. [Colloq.] -- To blow up. (a) To inflate; to distend. (b) To destroy by an explosion from beneath. (c) To explode; as, the boiler blew up. (d) To reprove angrily; to scold. [Slang] -- To bring up. See under Bring, v. t. -- To come up with. See under Come, v. i. -- To cut up. See under Cut, v. t. & i. -- To draw up. See under Draw, v. t. -- To grow up, to grow to maturity. -- Up anchor (Naut.), the order to man the windlass preparatory to hauling up the anchor. -- Up and down. (a) First up, and then down; from one state or position to another. See under Down, adv. Fortune . . . led him up and down. Chaucer. (b) (Naut.) Vertical; perpendicular; -- said of the cable when the anchor is under, or nearly under, the hawse hole, and the cable is taut. Totten. -- Up helm (Naut.), the order given to move the tiller toward the upper, or windward, side of a vessel. -- Up to snuff. See under Snuff. [Slang] -- What is up What is going on [Slang] UP Up, prep. 1. From a lower to a higher place on, upon, or along; at a higher situation upon; at the top of. In going up a hill, the knees will be most weary; in going down, the thihgs. Bacon. 2. From the coast towards the interior of, as a country; from the mouth towards the source of, as a stream; as, to journey up the country; to sail up the Hudson. 3. Upon. [Obs.] "Up pain of death." Chaucer. UP Up, n. Defn: The state of being up or above; a state of elevation, prosperity, or the like; -- rarely occurring except in the phrase ups and downs. [Colloq.] Ups and downs, alternate states of elevation and depression, or of prosperity and the contrary. [Colloq.] They had their ups and downs of fortune. Thackeray. UP Up, a. Defn: Inclining up; tending or going up; upward; as, an up look; an up grade; the up train. UPAS U"pas, n. Etym: [Malay p; p a tree + poison.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A tree (Antiaris toxicaria) of the Breadfruit family, common in the forests of Java and the neighboring islands. Its secretions are poisonous, and it has been fabulously reported that the atmosphere about it is deleterious. Called also bohun upas. 2. A virulent poison used in Java and the adjacent islands for poisoning arrows. One kind, upas antiar, is, derived from upas tree (Antiaris toxicaria). Upas tieute is prepared from a climbing plant (Strychnos Tieute). UPBAR Up*bar", v. t. 1. To fasten with a bar. [R.] 2. To remove the bar or bards of, as a gate; to under. [Obs.] Spenser. UPBEAR Up*bear", v. t. Defn: To bear up; to raise aloft; to support in an elevated situation; to sustain. Spenser. One short sigh of breath, upbore Even to the seat of God. Milton. A monstrous wave upbore The chief, and dashed him on the craggy shore. Pope. UPBIND Up*bind", v. t. Defn: To bind up. [R.] Collins. UPBLOW Up*blow", v. t. Defn: To inflate. [Obs.] Spenser. UPBLOW Up*blow", v. i. Defn: To blow up; as, the wind upblows from the sea. [Obs.] Spenser. UPBRAID Up*braid", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Upbraided; p. pr. & vb. n. Upbraiding.] Etym: [OE. upbreiden; AS, upp up + bregdan to draw, twist, weave, or the kindred Icel. bregedha to draw, brandish, braid, deviate from, change, break off, upbraid. See Up, and Braid, v. t.] 1. To charge with something wrong or disgraceful; to reproach; to cast something in the teeth of; -- followed by with or for, and formerly of, before the thing imputed. And upbraided them with their unbelief. Mark xvi. 14. Vet do not Upbraid us our distress. Shak. 2. To reprove severely; to rebuke; to chide. Then began he to upbraid the cities wherein most of his mighty works were done. Matt. xi. 20 How much doth thy kindness upbraid my wickedness! Sir P. Sidney. 3. To treat with contempt. [Obs.] Spenser. 4. To object or urge as a matter of reproach; to cast up; -- with to before the person. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. -- To reproach; blame; censure; condemn. UPBRAID Up*braid", v. i. Defn: To utter upbraidings. Pope. UPBRAID Up*braid", n. Defn: The act of reproaching; contumely. [Obs.] " Foul upbraid." Spenser. UPBREAK Up*break", v. i. Defn: To break upwards; to force away or passage to the surface. UPBREAK Up"break`, n. Defn: A breaking upward or bursting forth; an upburst. Mrs. Browning. UPBREATHE Up*breathe", v. r. Defn: To breathe up or out; to exhale. [Obs.] Marston. UPBREED Up*breed", v. t. Defn: To rear, or bring up; to nurse. "Upbred in a foreign country." Holinshed. UPBROUGHT Up*brought", a. Defn: Brought up; educated. [Obs.] Spenser. UPBUOYANCE Up*buoy"ance, n. Defn: The act of buoying up; uplifting. [R.] Coleridge. UPBURST Up"burst`, n. Defn: The act of bursting upwards; a breaking through to the surface; an upbreak or uprush; as, an upburst of molten matter. UPCAST Up"cast`, a. Defn: Cast up; thrown upward; as, with upcast eyes. Addison. UPCAST Up"cast`, n. 1. (Bowling) Defn: A cast; a throw. Shak. 2. (Mining.) Defn: The ventilating shaft of a mine out of which the air passes after having circulated through the mine; -- distinguished from the downcast. Called also upcast pit, and upcast shaft. 3. An upset, as from a carriage. [Scot.] 4. A taunt; a reproach. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. UPCAST Up*cast", v. t. 1. To cast or throw up; to turn upward. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To taunt; to reproach; to upbraid. [Scot.] UPCAUGHT Up"caught`, a. Defn: Seized or caught up. " She bears upcaught a mariner away." Cowper. UPCHEER Up*cheer", v. t. Defn: To cheer up. Spenser. UPCLIMB Up*climb", v. t. & i. Defn: To climb up; to ascend. Upclomb the shadowy pine above the woven copse. Tennyson. UPCOIL Up*coil", v. t. & i. Defn: To coil up; to make into a coil, or to be made into a coil. UPCOUNTRY Up"coun`try, adv. Defn: In an upcountry direction; as, to live upcountry. [Colloq.] UPCOUNTRY Up"coun`try, a. Defn: Living or situated remote from the seacoast; as, an upcountry residence. [Colloq.] -- n. Defn: The interior of the country. [Colloq.] UPCURL Up*curl", v. t. Defn: To curl up. [R.] Tennyson. UPDIVE Up*dive", v. i. Defn: To spring upward; to rise. [R.] Davies (Microcosmos). UPDRAW Up*draw", v. t. Defn: To draw up. [R.] Milton. UPEND Up*end", v. t. Defn: To end up; to set on end, as a cask. UPEYGAN U`pey*gan", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The borele. UPFILL Up*fill", v. t. Defn: To fill up. [Obs.] UPFLOW Up*flow", v. i. Defn: To flow or stream up. Southey. UPFLUNG Up*flung", a. Defn: Flung or thrown up. UPGATHER Up*gath"er, v. t. Defn: To gather up; to contract; to draw together. [Obs.] Himself he close upgathered more and more. Spenser. UPGAZE Up*gaze", v. i. Defn: To gaze upward. Byron. UPGIVE Up*give", v. t. Defn: To give up or out. [Obs.] UPGROW Up*grow", v. i. Defn: To grow up. [R.] Milton. UPGROWTH Up"growth`, n. Defn: The process or result of growing up; progress; development. The new and mighty upgrowth of poetry in Italy. J. R. Green. UPGUSH Up"gush`, n. Defn: A gushing upward. Hawthorne. UPGUSH Up*gush", v. i. Defn: To gush upward. UPHAF Up*haf", obs. Defn: imp. of Upheave. Chaucer. UPHAND Up"hand`, a. Defn: Lifted by the hand, or by both hands; as, the uphand sledge. [R.] Moxon. UPHANG Up*hang", v. t. Defn: To hang up. Spenser. UPHASP Up*hasp", v. t. Defn: To hasp or faster up; to close; as, sleep uphasps the eyes. [R.] Stanyhurst. UPHEAPED Up"heaped`, a. Defn: Piled up; accumulated. God, which shall repay all with upheaped measure. Udall. UPHEAVAL Up*heav"al, n. Defn: The act of upheaving, or the state of being upheaved; esp., an elevation of a portion of the earth's crust. Lubbock. UPHEAVE Up*heave", v. t. Defn: To heave or lift up from beneath; to raise. Milton. UPHELD Up*held", Defn: imp. & p. p. of Uphold. UPHER Up"her, n. (Arch.) Defn: A fir pole of from four to seven inches diameter, and twenty to forty feet long, sometimes roughly hewn, used for scaffoldings, and sometimes for slight and common roofs, for which use it is split. [Spelt also ufer.] [Eng.] Gwilt. UPHILL Up*hill", adv. Defn: Upwards on, or as on, a hillside; as, to walk uphill. UPHILL Up"hill`, a. 1. Ascending; going up; as, an uphill road. 2. Attended with labor; difficult; as, uphill work. UPHILT Up*hilt", v. t. Defn: To thrust in up to the hilt; as, to uphilt one's sword into an enemy. [R.] Stanyhurst. UPHOARD Up*hoard", v. t. Defn: To hoard up. [Obs.] Shak. UPHOLD Up*hold", v. t. 1. To hold up; to lift on high; to elevate. The mournful train with groans, and hands upheld. Besought his pity. Dryden. 2. To keep erect; to support; to sustain; to keep from falling; to maintain. Honor shall uphold the humble in spirit. Prov. xxix 3. Faulconbridge, In spite of spite, alone upholds the day. Shak. 3. To aid by approval or encouragement; to countenance; as, to uphold a person in wrongdoing. UPHOLDER Up*hold"er, n. Etym: [Up + holder. Cf. Upholsterer.] 1. A broker or auctioneer; a tradesman. [Obs.] 2. An undertaker, or provider for funerals. [Obs.] The upholder, rueful harbinger of death. Gay. 3. An upholsterer. [Obs.] 4. One who, or that which, upholds; a supporter; a defender; a sustainer. UPHOLSTER Up*hol"ster, v. t. Etym: [See Upholsterer.] Defn: To furnish (rooms, carriages, bedsteads, chairs, etc.) with hangings, coverings, cushions, etc.; to adorn with furnishings in cloth, velvet, silk, etc.; as, to upholster a couch; to upholster a room with curtains. UPHOLSTER Up*hol"ster, n. 1. A broker. [Obs.] Caxton. 2. An upholsterer. [Obs.] Strype. UPHOLSTERER Up*hol"ster*er, n. Etym: [A substitution for older upholder, in OE., broker, tradesman, and formerly also written upholster, upholdster. See Upholder, and -ster.] Defn: One who provides hangings, coverings, cushions, curtains, and the like; one who upholsters. Upholsterer bee. (Zoöl.) See Poppy bee, under Poppy. UPHOLSTERY Up*hol"ster*y, n. Defn: The articles or goods supplied by upholsterers; the business or work of an upholsterer. UPHROE U"phroe, n. (Naut.) Defn: Same as Euphroe. UPKEEP Up"keep`, n. Defn: The act of keeping up, or maintaining; maintenance. "Horse artillery . . . expensive in the upkeep." Scribner's Mag. Small outlays for repairs or upkeep of buildings. A. R. Colquhoun. UPLAND Up"land, n. 1. High land; ground elevated above the meadows and intervals which lie on the banks of rivers, near the sea, or between hills; land which is generally dry; -- opposed to lowland, meadow, marsh, swamp, interval, and the like. 2. The country, as distinguished from the neighborhood of towns. [Obs.] UPLAND Up"land, a. 1. Of or pertaining to uplands; being on upland; high in situation; as, upland inhabitants; upland pasturage. Sometimes, with secure delight The upland hamlets will invite. Milton. 2. Pertaining to the country, as distinguished from the neighborhood of towns; rustic; rude; unpolished. [Obs.] " The race of upland giants." Chapman. Upland moccasin. (Zoöl.) See Moccasin. -- Upland sandpiper, or Upland plover (Zoöl.), a large American sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) much valued as a game bird. Unlike most sandpipers, it frequents fields and uplands. Called also Bartramian sandpiper, Bartram's tattler, field plover, grass plover, highland plover, hillbird, humility, prairie plover, prairie pigeon, prairie snipe, papabote, quaily, and uplander. -- Upland sumach (Bot.), a North American shrub of the genus Rhus (Rhus glabra), used in tanning and dyeing. UPLANDER Up"land*er, n. 1. One dwelling in the upland; hence, a countryman; a rustic. [Obs.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The upland sandpiper. [Local, U. S.] UPLANDISH Up*land"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to uplands; dwelling on high lands. [Obs.] Chapman. 2. Rude; rustic; unpolished; uncivilized. [Obs.] His presence made the rudest peasant melt, That in the wild, uplandish country dwelt. Marlowe. UPLAY Up*lay", v. t. Defn: To hoard. [Obs.] Donne. UPLEAD Up*lead", v. t. Defn: To lead upward. [Obs.] UPLEAN Up*lean", v. i. Defn: To lean or incline upon anything. [Obs.] Spenser. UPLIFT Up*lift", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Uplifting.] Defn: To lift or raise aloft; to raise; to elevate; as, to uplift the arm; to uplift a rock. Cowper. Satan, talking to his nearest mate, With head uplift above the wave, and eyes That sparkling blazed. Milton. UPLIFT Up"lift`, n. (Geol.) Defn: A raising or upheaval of strata so as to disturb their regularity and uniformity, and to occasion folds, dislocations, and the like. UP-LINE Up"-line`, n. (Railroad) Defn: A line or track leading from the provinces toward the metropolis or a principal terminus; the track upon which up-trains run. See Up-train. [Eng.] UPLOCK Up*lock", v. t. Defn: To lock up. [Obs.] Shak. UPLOOK Up*look", v. i. Defn: To look or gaze up. [Obs.] UPMOST Up"most`, a. Etym: [Cf. Uppermost.] Defn: Highest; topmost; uppermost. Spenser. Dryden. UPOKORORO U`po*ko*ro"ro, n. Etym: [From the native Maori name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An edible fresh-water New Zealand fish (Prototroctes oxyrhynchus) of the family Haplochitonidæ. In general appearance and habits, it resembles the northern lake whitefishes and trout. Called also grayling. UPON Up*on", prep.Etym: [AS. uppan, uppon; upp up + on, an, on. See Up, and On.] Defn: On; -- used in all the senses of that word, with which it is interchangeable. "Upon an hill of flowers." Chaucer. Our host upon his stirrups stood anon. Chaucer. Thou shalt take of the blood that is upon the altar. Ex. xxix. 21. The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. Judg. xvi. 9. As I did stand my watch upon the hill. Shak. He made a great difference between people that did rebel upon wantonness, and them that did rebel upon want. Bacon. This advantage we lost upon the invention of firearms. Addison. Upon the whole, it will be necessary to avoid that perpetual repetition of the same epithets which we find in Homer. Pope. He had abandoned the frontiers, retiring upon Glasgow. Sir. W. Scott. Philip swore upon the Evangelists to abstain from aggression in my absence. Landor. Note: Upon conveys a more distinct notion that on carries with it of something that literally or metaphorically bears or supports. It is less employed than it used to be, on having for the most part taken its place. Some expressions formed with it belong only to old style; as, upon pity they were taken away; that is, in consequence of pity: upon the rate of thirty thousand; that is, amounting to the rate: to die upon the hand; that is, by means of the hand: he had a garment upon; that is, upon himself: the time is coming fast upon; that is, upon the present time. By the omission of its object, upon acquires an adverbial sense, as in the last two examples. To assure upon (Law), to promise; to undertake. -- To come upon. See under Come. -- To take upon, to assume. UP-OVER Up"-o`ver, a. (Mining & Civil Eng.) Defn: Designating a method of shaft excavation by drifting to a point below, and then raising instead of sinking. UPPENT Up*pent`, a. Defn: A Pent up; confined. [Obs.] UPPER Up"per, a.; comp. of Up. Defn: Being further up, literally or figuratively; higher in place, position, rank, dignity, or the like; superior; as, the upper lip; the upper side of a thing; the upper house of a legislature. The upper hand, the superiority; the advantage. See To have the upper hand, under Hand. Jowett (Thucyd.). -- Upper Bench (Eng. Hist.), the name of the highest court of common law (formerly King's Bench) during the Commonwealth. -- Upper case, the top one of a pair of compositor's cases. See the Note under 1st Case, n., 3. -- Upper covert (Zoöl.), one of the coverts situated above the bases of the tail quills. -- Upper deck (Naut.), the topmost deck of any vessel; the spar deck. -- Upper leather, the leather for the vamps and quarters of shoes. -- Upper strake (Naut.), the strake next to the deck, usually of hard wood, and heavier than the other strakes. -- Upper ten thousand, or (abbreviated) Upper ten, the ten thousand, more or less, who are highest in position or wealth; the upper class; the aristocracy. [Colloq.] -- Upper topsail (Naut.), the upper half of a double topsail. -- Upper works (Naut.), all those parts of the hull of a vessel that are properly above water. -- Upper world. (a) The atmosphere. (b) Heaven. (c) This world; the earth; -- in distinction from the underworld. UPPER Up"per, n. Defn: The upper leather for a shoe; a vamp. UPPERMOST Up"per*most`, a. Etym: [From Up, Upper; formed like aftermost. Cf. Upmost.] Defn: Highest in place, position, rank, power, or the like; upmost; supreme. Whatever faction happens to be uppermost. Swift. UPPERTENDOM Up`per*ten"dom, n. Etym: [Upper ten + -dom.] Defn: The highest class in society; the upper ten. See Upper ten, under Upper. [Colloq.] UPPILE Up*pile", v. t. Defn: To pile, or heap, up. Southey. UPPISH Up"pish, a. Etym: [From Up.] Defn: Proud; arrogant; assuming; putting on airs of superiority. [Colloq.] T. Brown. -- Up"pish*ly, adv. [Colloq.] -- Up"pish*ness, n. [Colloq.] UPPLIGHT Up*plight", obs. Defn: imp. & p. p. of Uppluck. UPPLUCK Up*pluck", v. t. Defn: To pull or pluck up. [Obs.] UPPRICKED Up*pricked", a. Defn: Upraised; erect; -- said of the ears of an animal. Mason. UPPROP Up*prop", v. t. Defn: To prop up. Donne. UPRAISE Up*raise", v. t. Defn: To raise; to lift up. UPREAR Up*rear", v. t. Defn: To raise; to erect. Byron. UPRIDGED Up*ridged", a. Defn: Raised up in a ridge or ridges; as, a billow upridged. Cowper. UPRIGHT Up"right`, a. Etym: [AS. upright, uppriht. See Up, and Right, a.] 1. In an erect position or posture; perpendicular; vertical, or nearly vertical; pointing upward; as, an upright tree. With chattering teeth, and bristling hair upright. Dryden. All have their ears upright. Spenser. 2. Morally erect; having rectitude; honest; just; as, a man upright in all his ways. And that man [Job] was perfect and upright. Job i. 1. 3. Conformable to moral rectitude. Conscience rewards upright conduct with pleasure. J. M. Mason. 4. Stretched out face upward; flat on the back. [Obs.] " He lay upright." Chaucer. Upright drill (Mach.), a drilling machine having the spindle vertical. Note: This word and its derivatives are usually pronounced in prose with the accent on the first syllable. But they are frequently pronounced with the accent on the second in poetry, and the accent on either syllable is admissible. UPRIGHT Up"right`, n. Defn: Something standing upright, as a piece of timber in a building. See Illust. of Frame. UPRIGHTEOUSLY Up*right"eous*ly, adv. Etym: [See Righteous.] Defn: In an upright or just manner. [Obs.] Shak. UPRIGHTLY Up"right`ly, adv. Defn: In an upright manner. UPRIGHTNESS Up"right`ness, n. Defn: the quality or state of being upright. UPRISE Up*rise", v. i. 1. To rise; to get up; to appear from below the horizon. "Uprose the sun." Cowley. Uprose the virgin with the morning light. Pope. 2. To have an upward direction or inclination. Uprose the mystic mountain range. Tennyson. UPRISE Up*rise", n. Defn: The act of rising; appearance above the horizon; rising. [R.] Did ever raven sing so like a lark, That gives sweet tidings of the sun's uprise Shak. UPRISING Up*ris"ing, n. 1. Act of rising; also, a steep place; an ascent. "The steep uprising of the hill." Shak. 2. An insurrection; a popular revolt. J. P. Peters. UPRIST Up*rist", n. Defn: Uprising. [Obs.] Chaucer. UPRIST Up*rist", obs. Defn: imp. of Uprise. Uprose. Chaucer. Nor dim nor red, like God's own head The glorious sun uprist. Coleridge. UPROAR Up"roar, n. Etym: [D. oproer; akin to G. aufruhr, Dan. oprör, Sw. uppror; D. op up + roeren to stir; akin to AS. hr to stir, hr stirring, active, G. rühren to stir, OHG. ruoren, Icel. hræra, Dan. röre, Sw. röra. Cf. Rearmouse.] Note: [In verse, sometimes accented on the second syllable.] Defn: Great tumult; violent disturbance and noise; noisy confusion; bustle and clamor. But the Jews which believed not, . . . set all the city on an uproar. Acts xvii. 5. UPROAR Up*roar", v. t. Defn: To throw into uproar or confusion. [Obs.] "Uproar the universal peace." Shak. UPROAR Up*roar", v. i. Defn: To make an uproar. [R.] Carlyle. UPROARIOUS Up*roar"i*ous, a. Defn: Making, or accompanied by, uproar, or noise and tumult; as, uproarious merriment. -- Up*roar"i*ous*ly, adv. -- Up*roar"i*ous*ness, n. UPROLL Up*roll", v. t. Defn: To roll up. Milton. UPROOT Up*root", v. t. Defn: To root up; to tear up by the roots, or as if by the roots; to remove utterly; to eradicate; to extirpate. Trees uprooted left their place. Dryden. At his command the uprooted hills retired. Milton. UPROUSE Up*rouse", v. t. Defn: To rouse up; to rouse from sleep; to awake; to arouse. Shak. UPRUN Up*run", v. i. Defn: To run up; to ascend. The young sun That in the Ram is four degrees uprun. Chaucer. [A son] of matchless might, who, like a thriving plant, Upran to manhood. Cowper. UPRUSH Up*rush", v. i. Defn: To rush upward. Southey. UPRUSH Up"rush`, n. Defn: Act of rushing upward; an upbreak or upburst; as, an uprush of lava. R. A. Proctor. UPSAROKAS Up`sar*o"kas, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: See Crows. UPSEEK Up*seek", v. i. Defn: To seek or strain upward. "Upseeking eyes suffused with . . . tears." Southey. UPSEND Up*send", v. t. Defn: To send, cast, or throw up. As when some island situate afar . . . Upsends a smoke to heaven. Cowper. UPSET Up*set", v. t. 1. To set up; to put upright. [Obs.] "With sail on mast upset." R. of Brunne. 2. (a) To thicken and shorten, as a heated piece of iron, by hammering on the end. (b) To shorten (a tire) in the process of resetting, originally by cutting it and hammering on the ends. 3. To overturn, overthrow, or overset; as, to upset a carriage; to upset an argument. "Determined somehow to upset the situation." Mrs. Humphry Ward. 4. To disturb the self-possession of; to disorder the nerves of; to make ill; as, the fright upset her. [Colloq.] UPSET Up*set", v. i. Defn: To become upset. UPSET Up"set`, a. Defn: Set up; fixed; determined; -- used chiefly or only in the phrase upset price; that is, the price fixed upon as the minimum for property offered in a public sale, or, in an auction, the price at which property is set up or started by the auctioneer, and the lowest price at which it will be sold. After a solemn pause, Mr. Glossin offered the upset price for the lands and barony of Ellangowan. Sir W. Scott. UPSET Up"set`, n. Defn: The act of upsetting, or the state of being upset; an overturn; as, the wagon had an upset. UPSETTING Up*set"ting, a. Defn: Conceited; assuming; as, an upsetting fellow. [Scot.] Jamieson. UPSETTING THERMOMETER Up*set"ting ther*mom"e*ter. Defn: A thermometer by merely inverting which the temperature may be registered. The column of mercury is broken and, as it remains until the instrument is reset, the reading may be made at leisure. UPSHOOT Up*shoot", v. i. Defn: To shoot upward. "Trees upshooting high." Spenser. UPSHOT Up"shot`, n. Etym: [Up + shot, equivalent to scot share, reckoning. Cf. the phrase to cast up an account.] Defn: Final issue; conclusion; the sum and substance; the end; the result; the consummation. I can not pursue with any safety this sport to the upshot. Shak. We account it frailty that threescore years and ten make the upshot of man's pleasurable existence. De Quincey. UPSIDE Up"side`, n. Defn: The upper side; the part that is uppermost. To be upsides with, to be even with. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott. T. Hughes. -- Upside down. Etym: [Perhaps a corruption of OE. up so down, literally, up as down.] With the upper part undermost; hence, in confusion; in complete disorder; topsy-turvy. Shak. These that have turned the world upside down are come hither also. Acts xvii. 6. UPSIDOWN Up"si*down`, adv. Defn: See Upsodown. [Obs. or Colloq.] Spenser. UPSILON Up"si*lon, n. [Gr. 'y^ psilo`n bare, mere, simple y.] Defn: The 20th letter (U, u) of the Greek alphabet, a vowel having originally the sound of oo as in room, becoming before the 4th century b. c. that French u or Ger. ü. Its equivalent in English is u or y. UPSITTING Up"sit`ting, n. Defn: A sitting up of a woman after her confinement, to receive and entertain her friends. [Obs.] To invite your lady's upsitting. Beau. & Fl. UPSKIP Up*skip`, n. Defn: An upstart. [Obs.] Latimer. UPSNATCH Up*snatch", v. t. Defn: To snatch up. [R.] UPSOAR Up*soar", v. i. Defn: To soar or mount up. Pope. UPSODOWN Up"so*down`, adv. Etym: [Up + so as + down.] Defn: Upside down. [Obs. or Colloq.] Wyclif. In man's sin is every manner order or ordinance turned upsodown. Chaucer. UPSPEAR Up*spear", v. i. Defn: To grow or shoot up like a spear; as, upspearing grass. [R.] Cowper. UPSPRING Up*spring", v. i. Defn: To spring up. Tennyson. UPSPRING Up"spring`, n. 1. An upstart. [Obs.] "The swaggering upspring." Shak. 2. A spring or leap into the air. [R.] Chapman. UPSPURNER Up"spurn`er, n. Defn: A spurner or contemner; a despiser; a scoffer. [Obs.] Joye. UPSTAIRS Up*stairs", adv. Defn: Up the stairs; in or toward an upper story. UPSTAIRS Up"stairs`, a. Defn: Being above stairs; as, an upstairs room. UPSTAND Up*stand", v. i. Defn: To stand up; to be erected; to rise. Spenser. Milton. At once upstood the monarch, and upstood The wise Ulysses. Cowper. UPSTARE Up*stare", v. i. Defn: To stare or stand upward; hence, to be uplifted or conspicuous. "Rearing fiercely their upstaring crests." Spenser. UPSTART Up*start", v. i. Defn: To start or spring up suddenly. Spenser. Tennyson. UPSTART Up"start`, n. 1. One who has risen suddenly, as from low life to wealth, power, or honor; a parvenu. Bacon. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The meadow saffron. Dr. Prior. UPSTART Up"start`, a. Defn: Suddenly raised to prominence or consequence. "A race of upstart creatures." Milton. UPSTAY Up*stay", v. t. Defn: To sustain; to support. [Obs.] "His massy spear upstayed." Milton. UPSTERTE Up*stert"e, obs. Defn: imp. & p. p. of Upstart. UPSTIR Up"stir`, n. Defn: Insurrection; commotion; disturbance. [Obs.] Sir J. Cheke. UPSTREAM Up*stream", adv. Defn: Toward the higher part of a stream; against the current. UPSTREET Up*street", adv. Defn: Toward the higher part of a street; as, to walk upstreet. G. W. Gable. UPSTROKE Up"stroke`, n. Defn: An upward stroke, especially the stroke, or line, made by a writing instrument when moving upward, or from the body of the writer, or a line corresponding to the part of a letter thus made. Some upstroke of an Alpha and Omega. Mrs. Browning. UPSUN Up"sun`, n. (Scots Law) Defn: The time during which the sun is up, or above the horizon; the time between sunrise and sunset. UPSWARM Up*swarm", v. i. & i. Defn: To rise, or cause to rise, in a swarm or swarms. [R.] Shak. Cowper. UPSWAY Up*sway", v. t. Defn: To sway or swing aloft; as, to upsway a club. [R.] Sir W. Scott. UPSWELL Up*swell", v. i. Defn: To swell or rise up. UPSYTURVY Up"sy*tur"vy, adv. Etym: [Cf. Upside down, under Upside, and Topsy- turvy.] Defn: Upside down; topsy-turvy. [Obs.] Robert Greene. UPTAILS ALL Up"tails` all". 1. An old game at cards. [Obs.] 2. Revelers; roysterers. [Obs.] Decker. 3. Revelry; confusion; frolic. [Obs.] Herrick. UPTAKE Up*take", v. t. Defn: To take into the hand; to take up; to help. [Obs.] Wyclif. Spenser. UPTAKE Up"take`, n. (Steam Boilers) 1. The pipe leading upward from the smoke box of a steam boiler to the chimney, or smokestack; a flue leading upward. 2. Understanding; apprehension. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. UPTEAR Up*tear", v. t. Defn: To tear up. Milton. UPTHROW Up*throw", v. t. Defn: To throw up. Drayton. UPTHROW Up"throw`, n. (Mining) Defn: See Throw, n., 9. UPTHUNDER Up*thun"der, v. i. Defn: To send up a noise like thunder. [R.] Coleridge. UPTIE Up*tie", v. t. Defn: To tie up. Spenser. UPTILL Up*till", prep. Defn: To; against. [Obs. & R.] She, poor bird, as all forlorn, Leaned her breast uptill a thorn. Shak. UP-TO-DATE Up`-to-date", a. Defn: Extending to the present time; having style, manners, knowledge, or other qualities that are abreast of the times. "A general up-to-date style of presentment." Nature. I must prefer to translate the poet in a manner more congenial if less up-to-date. Andrew Lang. UPTOWN Up*town", adv. Defn: To or in the upper part of a town; as, to go uptown. [Colloq. U. S.] UPTOWN Up"town`, a. Defn: Situated in, or belonging to, the upper part of a town or city; as, a uptown street, shop, etc.; uptown society. [Colloq. U. S.] UPTRACE Up*trace", v. t. Defn: To trace up or out. UPTRAIN Up*train", v. t. Defn: To train up; to educate. [Obs.] "Daughters which were well uptrained." Spenser. UP-TRAIN Up"-train`. 1. A train going in the direction of the metropolis or the main terminus. [Eng.] 2. A train going in the direction conventionally called up. [U.S.] UPTURN Up*turn", v. t. Defn: To turn up; to direct upward; to throw up; as, to upturn the ground in plowing. "A sea of upturned faces." D. Webster. So scented the grim feature, and upturned His nostril wide into the murky air. Milton. UPUPA U"pu*pa, n. Etym: [L., the hoopoe.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of birds which includes the common hoopoe. UPWAFT Up*waft", v. t. Defn: To waft upward. Cowper. UPWARD; UPWARDS Up"ward, Up"wards, adv. Etym: [AS. upweardes. See Up-, and -wards.] 1. In a direction from lower to higher; toward a higher place; in a course toward the source or origin; -- opposed to downward; as, to tend or roll upward. I. Watts. Looking inward, we are stricken dumb; looking upward, we speak and prevail. Hooker. 2. In the upper parts; above. Dagon his name, sea monster, upward man, And down ward fish. Milton. 3. Yet more; indefinitely more; above; over. From twenty years old and upward. Num. i. 3. Upward of, or Upwards of, more than; above. I have been your wife in this obedience Upward of twenty years. Shak. UPWARD Up"ward, a. Etym: [AS. upweard. See Up, and -ward.] Defn: Directed toward a higher place; as, with upward eye; with upward course. UPWARD Up"ward, n. Defn: The upper part; the top. [Obs.] From the extremest upward of thy head. Shak. UPWHIRL Up*whirl", v. t. & i. Defn: To rise upward in a whirl; to raise upward with a whirling motion. UPWIND Up*wind", v. t. Defn: To wind up. Spenser. UP-WIND Up"-wind`, adv. Defn: Against the wind. UPWREATH Up*wreath", v. i. Defn: To rise with a curling motion; to curl upward, as smoke. Longfellow. UPYAT Up*yat", obs. Defn: imp. of Upgive. Chaucer. UR; URE Ur, Ure, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The urus. URACHUS U"ra*chus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A cord or band of fibrous tissue extending from the bladder to the umbilicus. URAEMIA U*ræ"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) Defn: Accumulation in the blood of the principles of the urine, producing dangerous disease. URAEMIC U*ræ"mic, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to uræmia; as, uræmic convulsions. URAEUM U*ræ"um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. uraeus, adj.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The posterior half of an animal. URAEUS U*ræ"us, n. [NL., fr. L. uraeus pertaining to a tail, Gr. , fr. tail.] (Egypt. Archæol.) Defn: A serpent, or serpent's head and neck, represented on the front of the headdresses of divinities and sovereigns as an emblem of supreme power. URAL U"ral, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, the Urals, a mountain range between Europe and Asia. URAL-ALTAIC U"ral-Al*ta"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Urals and the Altai; as the Ural- Altaic, or Turanian, languages. URALI U"ra*li, n. Etym: [See Wourali.] Defn: See Curare. URALIAN; URALIC U*ra"li*an, U*ral"ic, a. Defn: Of or relating to the Ural Mountains. URALITE U"ral*ite, n. Etym: [So called because first observed in the Ural Mountains.] (Min.) Defn: Amphibole resulting from the alternation of pyroxene by paramorphism. It is not uncommon in massive eruptive rocks. URALITIZATION U`ral*i`ti*za"tion, n. (Geol.) Defn: The change of pyroxene to amphibole by paramorphism. URAMIL U*ram"il, n. (Chem.) Defn: Murexan. URANATE U"ra*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of uranic acid. URANIA U*ra"ni*a, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: One of the nine Muses, daughter of Zeus by Mnemosyne, and patron of astronomy. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of large, brilliantly colored moths native of the West Indies and South America. Their bright colored and tailed hind wings and their diurnal flight cause them to closely resemble butterflies. URANIAN U*ra"ni*an, a. (Astron.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the planet Uranus; as, the Uranian year. URANIC U*ran"ic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the heavens; celestial; astronomical. On I know not what telluric or uranic principles. Carlyle. 2. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, resembling, or containing uranium; specifically, designating those compounds in which uranium has a valence relatively higher than in uranous compounds. URANIN U"ra*nin, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaline salt of fluorescein, obtained as a brownish red substance, which is used as a dye; -- so called from the peculiar yellowish green fluorescence (resembling that of uranium glass) of its solutions. See Fluorescein. URANINITE U*ran"i*nite, n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral consisting chiefly of uranium oxide with some lead, thorium, etc., occurring in black octahedrons, also in masses with a pitchlike luster; pitchblende. URANISCOPLASTY U`ra*nis"co*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Gr. -plasty.] (Surg.) Defn: The process of forming an artificial palate. URANISCORAPHY; URANISCORRHAPHY U`ra*nis*cor"a*phy, U`ra*nis*cor"rha*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.) Defn: Suture of the palate. See Staphyloraphy. URANITE U"ra*nite, n. Etym: [Cf. G. uranit, F. uranite.] (Min.) Defn: A general term for the uranium phosphates, autunite, or lime uranite, and torbernite, or copper uranite. URANITIC U`ra*nit"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to uranium; containing uranium. URANIUM U*ra"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Uranus the planet. See Uranus.] (Chem.) Defn: An element of the chromium group, found in certain rare minerals, as pitchblende, uranite, etc., and reduced as a heavy, hard, nickel-white metal which is quite permanent. Its yellow oxide is used to impart to glass a delicate greenish-yellow tint which is accompanied by a strong fluorescence, and its black oxide is used as a pigment in porcelain painting. Symbol U. Atomic weight 239. Note: Uranium was discovered in the state of an oxide by Klaproth in 1789, and so named in honor of Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus in 1781. URAN-OCHER; URAN-OCHRE U"ran-o`cher, U"ran-o`chre, n. Etym: [Cf. F. uranochre.] (Min.) (a) A yellow, earthy incrustation, consisting essentially of the oxide of uranium, but more or less impure. URANOGRAPHIC; URANOGRAPHICAL U`ra*no*graph"ic, U`ra*no*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to uranography; as, an uranographic treatise. URANOGRAPHIST U`ra*nog"ra*phist, n. Defn: One practiced in uranography. URANOGRAPHY U`ra*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A description or plan of the heavens and the heavenly bodies; the construction of celestial maps, globes, etc.; uranology. URANOLITE U*ran"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] Defn: A meteorite or aërolite. [Obs.] Hutton. URANOLOGY U`ra*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] Defn: A discourse or treatise on the heavens and the heavenly bodies; the study of the heavens; uranography. URANOMETRIA U`ra*nom`e*tri"a, n. Etym: [NL.] Defn: A uranometry. URANOMETRY U`ra*nom"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.] (Astron.) Defn: A chart or catalogue of fixed stars, especially of stars visible to the naked eye. URANOPLASTY U"ra*no*plas`ty, n. Etym: [See Uraniscoplasty.] (Surg.) Defn: The plastic operation for closing a fissure in the hard palate. URANOSCOPY U`ra*nos"co*py, n. Etym: [Gr. -scopy.] Defn: Observation of the heavens or heavenly bodies. URANOSO- U`ra*no"so- (, a. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively) from uranium; -- used in naming certain complex compounds; as in uranoso-uranic oxide, uranoso-uranic sulphate. URANOUS U"ra*nous (u"ra*nûs), a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, uranium; designating those compounds in which uranium has a lower valence as contrasted with the uranic compounds. URANUS U"ra*nus (-nûs), n. Etym: [L. Uranus, Gr. O'yrano`s Uranus, o'yrano`s heaven, sky. Cf. Uranium.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: The son or husband of Gaia (Earth), and father of Chronos (Time) and the Titans. 2. (Astron.) Defn: One of the primary planets. It is about 1,800,000,000 miles from the sun, about 36,000 miles in diameter, and its period of revolution round the sun is nearly 84 of our years. Note: This planet has also been called Herschel, from Sir William Herschel, who discovered it in 1781, and who named it Georgium Sidus, in honor of George III., then King of England. URAN-UTAN U*ran"-u*tan`, (Zoöl.) Defn: The orang-utang URANYL U"ra*nyl, n. Etym: [Uranium + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The radical UO2, conveniently regarded as a residue of many uranium compounds. URAO U*ra"o, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Min.) Defn: See Trona. URARE; URARI U*ra"re, U*ra"ri, n. Defn: See Curare. URATE U"rate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. urate.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A salt of uric acid; as, sodium urate; ammonium urate. URATIC U*rat"ic, (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Of or containing urates; as, uratic calculi. URBAN Ur"ban, a. Etym: [L. urbanus belonging to the urbs, urbis, a city: cf. F. urbain. Cf. Urbane.] 1. Of or belonging to a city or town; as, an urban population. 2. Belonging to, or suiting, those living in a city; cultivated; polite; urbane; as, urban manners. Urban servitude. See Predial servitude, under Servitude. URBANE Ur*bane", a. Etym: [See Urban.] Defn: Courteous in manners; polite; refined; elegant. URBANISTE Ur"ban*iste, n. (Bot.) Defn: A large and delicious pear or Flemish origin. URBANITY Ur*ban"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. urbanitas; cf. F. urbanité.] 1. The quality or state of being urbane; civility or courtesy of manners; politeness; refinement. The marquis did the honors of his house with the urbanity of his country. W. Irving. 2. Polite wit; facetiousness. [Obs.] Dryden. Raillery in the sauce of civil entertainment; and without some such tincture of urbanity, good humor falters. L'Estrange. Syn. -- Politeness; suavity; affability; courtesy. URBANIZE Ur"ban*ize, v. t. Defn: To render urban, or urbane; to refine; to polish. Howell. URBICOLAE Ur*bic"o*læ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. urbs, urbis, a city + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive family of butterflies, including those known as skippers (Hesperiadæ). URBICOLOUS Ur*bic"o*lous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a city; urban. [R.] URCEOLAR Ur"ce*o*lar, a. Defn: Urceolate. URCEOLATE; URCELATE Ur"ce*o*late, Ur"ce*late, a. Etym: [L. urceolus, dim. of urceus a pitcher or waterpot.] (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Shaped like a pitcher or urn; swelling below, and contrasted at the orifice, as a calyx or corolla. URCEOLE Ur"ce*ole, n. Etym: [See Urceolate.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A vessel for water for washing the hands; also, one to hold wine or water. URCEOLUS Ur*ce"o*lus, n.; pl. Urceoli. Etym: [L., a little pitcher.] (Bot.) Defn: Any urn-shaped organ of a plant. URCHIN Ur"chin, n. Etym: [OE. urchon, irchon, a hedgehog, OF. ireçon, eriçon, heri, herichon, F. hérisson, a derivative fr. L. ericius, from er a hedgehog, for her; akin to Gr. Herisson.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A hedgehog. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sea urchin. See Sea urchin. 3. A mischievous elf supposed sometimes to take the form a hedgehog. "We 'll dress [them] like urchins, ouphes, and fairies." Shak. 4. A pert or roguish child; -- now commonly used only of a boy. And the urchins that stand with their thievish eyes Forever on watch ran off each with a prize. W. Howitt. You did indeed dissemble, you urchin you; but where's the girl that won't dissemble for an husband Goldsmith. 5. One of a pair in a series of small card cylinders, arranged around a carding drum; -- so called from its fancied resemblance to the hedgehog. Knight. Urchin fish (Zoöl.), a diodon. URCHIN Ur"chin, a. Defn: Rough; pricking; piercing. [R.] "Helping all urchin blasts." Milton. URCHON Ur"chon, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The urchin, or hedgehog. URDU Ur"du, n. Etym: [Hind. urdu.] Defn: The language more generally called Hindoostanee. URE Ure, n. Etym: [OE. ure, OF. oevre, ovre, ouvre, work, F. oeuvre, L. opera. See Opera, Operate, and cf. Inure, Manure.] Defn: Use; practice; exercise. [Obs.] Fuller. Let us be sure of this, to put the best in ure That lies in us. Chapman. URE Ure, v. t. Defn: To use; to exercise; to inure; to accustom by practice. [Obs.] The French soldiers . . . from their youth have been practiced and ured in feats of arms. Sir T. More. UREA U"re*a, a. Etym: [NL. See Urine.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A very soluble crystalline body which is the chief constituent of the urine in mammals and some other animals. It is also present in small quantity in blood, serous fluids, lymph, the liver, etc. Note: It is the main product of the regressive metamorphosis (katabolism) of proteid matter in the body, and is excreted daily to the amount of about 500 grains by a man of average weight. Chemically it is carbamide, CO(NH2)2, and when heated with strong acids or alkalies is decomposed into carbonic acid and ammonia. It unites with acids to form salts, as nitrate of urea, and it can be made synthetically from ammonium cyanate, with which it is isomeric. Urea ferment, a soluble ferment formed by certain bacteria, which, however, yield the ferment from the body of their cells only after they have been killed by alcohol. It causes urea to take up water and decompose into carbonic acid and ammonia. Many different bacteria possess this property, especially Bacterium ureæ and Micrococcus ureæ, which are found abundantly in urines undergoing alkaline fermentation. UREAL U"re*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to urea; containing, or consisting of, urea; as, ureal deposits. UREAMETER U`re*am"e*ter, n. Etym: [Urea + -meter.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An apparatus for the determination of the amount of urea in urine, in which the nitrogen evolved by the action of certain reagents, on a given volume of urine, is collected and measured, and the urea calculated accordingly. URECHITIN U`re*chi"tin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside extracted from the leaves of a certain plant (Urechitis suberecta) as a bitter white crystalline substance. URECHITOXIN U`re*chi*tox"in, n. Etym: [Urechitin + toxic + -in.] (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous glucoside found accompanying urechitin, and extracted as a bitter white crystalline substance. UREDO U*re"do, n. Etym: [L., a blast, blight, a burning itch, fr. urere to burn, to scorch.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: One of the stages in the life history of certain rusts (Uredinales), regarded at one time as a distinct genus. It is a summer stage preceding the teleutospore, or winter stage. See Uredinales, in the Supplement. 2. (Med.) Defn: Nettle rash. See Urticaria. UREDOSPORE U*re"do*spore, n. (Bot.) Defn: The thin-walled summer spore which is produced during the so- called Uredo stage of certain rusts. See (in the Supplement) Uredinales, Heteroecious, etc. UREIDE U"re*ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of the many complex derivatives of urea; thus, hydantoin, and, in an extended dense, guanidine, caffeine, et., are ureides. [Written also ureid.] -URET -u*ret. Defn: A suffix with the same meaning as -ide. See -ide. [Obs.] URETER U*re"ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Urine.] (Anat.) Defn: The duct which conveys the urine from the kidney to the bladder or cloaca. There are two ureters, one for each kidney. URETERITIS U*re`ter*i"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Ureter, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the ureter. Dunglison. URETHANE U*reth"ane, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline substance, NH2.CO.OC2H5, produced by the action of ammonia on ethyl carbonate. It is used somewhat in medicine as a hypnotic. By extension, any one of the series of related substances of which urethane proper is the type. URETHRA U*re"thra, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Urine.] (Anat.) Defn: The canal by which the urine is conducted from the bladder and discharged. URETHRAL U*re"thral, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the urethra. Urethral fever (Med.), fever occurring as a consequence of operations upon the urethra. URETHRITIS U`re*thri"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Urethra, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the urethra. URETHROPLASTY U*re"thro*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Urethra + -plasty.] (Surg.) Defn: An operation for the repair of an injury or a defect in the walls of the urethra. -- U*re`thro*plas"tic, a. URETHROSCOPE U*re"thro*scope, n. Etym: [Urethra + -scope.] (Med.) Defn: An instrument for viewing the interior of the urethra. URETHROSCOPY U`re*thros"co*py, n. (Med.) Defn: Examination of the urethra by means of the urethroscope. URETHROTOME U*re"thro*tome, n. Etym: [Urethra + Gr. Defn: An instrument for cutting a urethral stricture. URETHROTOMY U`re*throt"o*my, n. Etym: [Urethra + Gr. (Surg.) Defn: An incision of the urethra, esp. incision for relief of urethral stricture. URETIC U*ret"ic, a. Etym: [L. ureticus, Gr. Urine.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the urine; diuretic; urinary; as, uretic medicine. URGE Urge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Urged; p. pr. & vb. n. Urging.] Etym: [L. urgere; akin to E. wreak. See Wreak, v. t.] 1. To press; to push; to drive; to impel; to force onward. Through the thick deserts headlong urged his flight. Pope. 2. To press the mind or will of; to ply with motives, arguments, persuasion, or importunity. My brother never Did urge me in his act; I did inquire it. Shak. 3. To provoke; to exasperate. [R.] Urge not my father's anger. Shak. 4. To press hard upon; to follow closely Heir urges heir, like wave impelling wave. Pope. 5. To present in an urgent manner; to press upon attention; to insist upon; as, to urge an argument; to urge the necessity of a case. 6. To treat with forcible means; to take severe or violent measures with; as, to urge an ore with intense heat. Syn. -- To animate; incite; impel; instigate; stimulate; encourage. URGE Urge, v. i. 1. To press onward or forward. [R.] 2. To be pressing in argument; to insist; to persist. URGENCE Ur"gence, n. Defn: Urgency. [Obs.] URGENCY Ur"gen*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. urgence.] Defn: The quality or condition of being urgent; insistence; pressure; as, the urgency of a demand or an occasion. URGENT Ur"gent, a. Etym: [L. urgens, p. pr. of urgere: cf. F. urgent. See Urge.] Defn: Urging; pressing; besetting; plying, with importunity; calling for immediate attention; instantly important. "The urgent hour." Shak. Some urgent cause to ordain the contrary. Hooker. The Egyptians were urgent upon the people that they might send them out of the land in haste. Ex. xii. 33. URGENTLY Ur"gent*ly, adv. Defn: In an urgent manner. URGER Ur"ger, n. Defn: One who urges. Beau. & Fl. URIC U"ric, a. Etym: [Gr. urique. See Urine.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to urine; obtained from urine; as, uric acid. Uric acid, a crystalline body, present in small quantity in the urine of man and most mammals. Combined in the form of urate of ammonia, it is the chief constituent of the urine of birds and reptiles, forming the white part. Traces of it are also found in the various organs of the body. It is likewise a common constituent, either as the free acid or as a urate, of urinary or renal calculi and of the so-called gouty concretions. From acid urines, uric acid is frequently deposited, on standing in a cool place, in the form of a reddish yellow sediment, nearly always crystalline. Chemically, it is composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, C5H4N4O3, and by decomposition yields urea, among other products. It can be made synthetically by heating together urea and glycocoll. It was formerly called also lithic acid, in allusion to its occurrence in stone, or calculus. URIM U"rim, n. Etym: [Heb. , pl. of , fire light.] Defn: A part or decoration of the breastplate of the high priest among the ancient Jews, by which Jehovah revealed his will on certain occasions. Its nature has been the subject of conflicting conjectures. Thou shall put in the breastplate of judgment the Urim and the Thummim. Ex. xxviii. 30. And when Saul inquired of the Lord, the Lord answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets. 1 Sam. xxviii. 6. Note: Professor Plumptre supposes the Urim to have been a clear and colorless stone set in the breastplate of the high priest as a symbol of light, answering to the mystic scarab in the pectoral plate of the ancient Egyptian priests, and that the Thummim was an image corresponding to that worn by the priestly judges of Egypt as a symbol of truth and purity of motive. By gazing steadfastly on these, he may have been thrown into a mysterious, half ecstatic state, akin to hypnotism, in which he lost all personal consciousness, and received a spiritual illumination and insight. URINAL U"ri*nal, n. Etym: [L. urinal, fr. urina urine: cf. F. urinal.] 1. A vessel for holding urine; especially, a bottle or tube for holding urine for inspection. 2. A place or convenience for urinating purposes. URINARIUM U`ri*na"ri*um, n. Etym: [LL. urinarium.] (Agric.) Defn: A reservoir for urine, etc., for manure. URINARY U"ri*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. urina urine: cf. F. urinaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to the urine; as, the urinary bladder; urinary excretions. 2. Resembling, or being of the nature of, urine. Urinary calculus (Med.), a concretion composed of some one or more crystalline constituents of the urine, liable to be found in any portion of the urinary passages or in the pelvis of the kidney. -- Urinary pigments, (Physiol. Chem.), certain colored substances, urochrome, or urobilin, uroerythrin, etc., present in the urine together with indican, a colorless substance which by oxidation is convertible into colored bodies. URINARY U"ri*na*ry, n. Defn: A urinarium; also, a urinal. URINATE U"ri*nate, v. i. Etym: [LL. urinare.] Defn: To discharge urine; to make water. URINATION U`ri*na"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of voiding urine; micturition. URINATIVE U"ri*na*tive, a. Defn: Provoking the flow of urine; uretic; diuretic. [R.] Bacon. URINATOR U"ri*na`tor, n. Etym: [L., from urinari to plunge under water, to dive.] Defn: One who dives under water in search of something, as for pearls; a diver. [R.] Ray. URINE U"rine, n. Etym: [F. urine, L. urina; akin to urinari to plunge under water, to dive, Gr. var water, Icel. drizzling rain, AS. wær the sea.] (Physiol.) Defn: In mammals, a fluid excretion from the kidneys; in birds and reptiles, a solid or semisolid excretion. Note: In man, the urine is a clear, transparent fluid of an amber color and peculiar odor, with an average density of 1.02. The average amount excreted in 24 hours is from 40 to 60 ounces (about 1,200 cubic centimeters). Chemically, the urine is mainly an aqueous solution of urea, salt (sodium chloride), and uric acid, together with some hippuric acid and peculiar pigments. It usually has an acid reaction, owing to the presence of acid phosphates of soda or free uric acid. Normally, it contains about 960 parts of water to 40 parts of solid matter, and the daily average excretion is 35 grams (540 grains) of urea, 0.75 gram (11 grains) of uric acid, and 16.5 grams (260 grains) of salt. Abnormally, it may contain sugar as in diabetes, albumen as in Bright's disease, bile pigments as in jaundice, or abnormal quantities of some one or more of the normal constituents. URINE U"rine, v. i. Defn: To urinate. [Obs.] Bacon. URINIFEROUS U`ri*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Urine + -ferous.] Defn: Bearing or conveying urine; as, uriniferous tubules. URINIPAROUS U`ri*nip"a*rous, a. Etym: [Urine + L. parere to produce: cf. F. urinipare.] (Physiol.) Defn: Producing or preparing urine; as, the uriniparous tubes in the cortical portion of the kidney. URINOGENITAL U`ri*no*gen"i*tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining to the urinary and genital organs; genitourinary; urogenital; as, the urinogenital canal. URINOMETER U`ri*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Urine + -meter.] Defn: A small hydrometer for determining the specific gravity of urine. URINOMETRY U`ri*nom"e*try, n. Defn: The estimation of the specific gravity of urine by the urinometer. URINOSE; URINOUS U"ri*nose, U"ri*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. urineux. See Urine.] Defn: Of or pertaining to urine, or partaking of its qualities; having the character or odor of urine; similar to urine. Arbuthnot. URITE U"rite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the segments of the abdomen or post-abdomen of arthropods. URITH U"rith, n. Defn: The bindings of a hedge. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. URN Urn, n. Etym: [OE. urne, L. urna; perhaps fr. urere to burn, and sop called as being made of burnt clay (cf. East): cf. F. urne.] 1. A vessel of various forms, usually a vase furnished with a foot or pedestal, employed for different purposes, as for holding liquids, for ornamental uses, for preserving the ashes of the dead after cremation, and anciently for holding lots to be drawn. A rustic, digging in the ground by Padua, found an urn, or earthen pot, in which there was another urn. Bp. Wilkins. His scattered limbs with my dead body burn, And once more join us in the pious urn. Dryden. 2. Fig.: Any place of burial; the grave. Or lay these bones in an unworthy urn, Tombless, with no remembrance over them. Shak. 3. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A measure of capacity for liquids, containing about three gallons and a haft, wine measure. It was haft the amphora, and four times the congius. 4. (Bot.) Defn: A hollow body shaped like an urn, in which the spores of mosses are contained; a spore case; a theca. 5. A tea urn. See under Tea. Urn mosses (Bot.), the order of true mosses; -- so called because the capsules of many kinds are urn- shaped. URN Urn, v. t. Defn: To inclose in, or as in, an urn; to inurn. When horror universal shall descend, And heaven's dark concave urn all human race. Young. URNAL Urn"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to an urn; effected by an urn or urns. "Urnal interments." Sir T. Browne. URNFUL Urn"ful, n.; pl. Urnfuls (. Defn: As much as an urn will hold; enough to fill an urn. URN-SHAPED Urn"-shaped`, a. Defn: Having the shape of an urn; as, the urn-shaped capsules of some mosses. URO- U"ro-. Defn: A combining form fr. Gr. o'y^ron, urine. URO- U"ro-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. o'yra`, the tail, the caudal extremity. UROBILIN U`ro*bi"lin, n. Etym: [1st uro- + bile + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A yellow pigment identical with hydrobilirubin, abundant in the highly colored urine of fever, and also present in normal urine. See Urochrome. UROCELE U"ro*cele, n. Etym: [1st uro + Gr. (Med.) Defn: A morbid swelling of the scrotum due to extravasation of urine into it. UROCERATA U`ro*cer"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of boring Hymenoptera, including Tremex and allied genera. See Illust. of Horntail. UROCHORD U"ro*chord, n. Etym: [2d uro- + chord.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The central axis or cord in the tail of larval ascidians and of certain adult tunicates. [Written also urocord.] UROCHORDA U`ro*chor"da, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Urochord.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Tunicata. UROCHORDAL U`ro*chor"dal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Urochorda. UROCHROME U"ro*chrome, n. Etym: [1st uro- + Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A yellow urinary pigment, considered by Thudichum as the only pigment present in normal urine. It is regarded by Maly as identical with urobilin. UROCHS U"rochs, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Aurochs. UROCORD U"ro*cord, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Urochord. UROCYST U"ro*cyst, n. Etym: [1st uro- + cyst.] (Anat.) Defn: The urinary bladder. URODELA U`ro*de"la, n. pl. Etym: [NL.; Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An order of amphibians having the tail well developed and often long. It comprises the salamanders, tritons, and allied animals. URODELE U"ro*dele, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Urodela. URODELIAN U`ro*de"li*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Urodela. -- n. Defn: One of the Urodela. UROERYTHRIN U`ro*e*ryth"rin, n. Etym: [See 1st Uro-, and Erythrin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A reddish urinary pigment, considered as the substance which gives to the urine of rheumatism its characteristic color. It also causes the red color often seen in deposits of urates. UROGASTRIC U`ro*gas"tric, a. Etym: [2d uro- + gastric.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Behind the stomach; -- said of two lobes of the carapace of certain crustaceans. UROGENITAL U`ro*gen"i*tal, a. Etym: [1st uro- + genital.] (Anat.) Defn: Same as Urinogenital. UROGLAUCIN U`ro*glau"cin, n. Etym: [1st uro- + L. glaucus bright.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A body identical with indigo blue, occasionally found in the urine in degeneration of the kidneys. It is readily formed by oxidation or decomposition of indican. UROHAEMATIN U`ro*hæm"a*tin, n. Etym: [1st uro- + hæmatin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Urinary hæmatin; -- applied to the normal coloring matter of the urine, on the supposition that it is formed either directly or indirectly (through bilirubin) from the hæmatin of the blood. See Urochrome, and Urobilin. UROHYAL U`ro*hy"al, a. Etym: [2d uro- + the Gr. letter (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to one or more median and posterior elements in the hyoidean arch of fishes. -- n. Defn: A urohyal bone or cartilage. UROLOGY U*rol"o*gy, n. Etym: [1st uro- + -logy.] (Med.) Defn: See Uronology. UROMERE U"ro*mere, n. Etym: [2d uro- + -mere.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of the abdominal segments of an arthropod. URONOLOGY U`ro*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] (Med.) Defn: That part of medicine which treats of urine. Dunglison. UROPOD U"ro*pod, n. Etym: [2d uro- + -pod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of the abdominal appendages of a crustacean, especially one of the posterior ones, which are often larger than the rest, and different in structure, and are used chiefly in locomotion. See Illust. of Crustacea, and Stomapoda. UROPODAL U*rop"o*dal, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a uropod. UROPOETIC U`ro*po*et"ic, a. Etym: [1st uro- + Gr. 1. (Med.) Defn: Producing, or favoring the production of, urine. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a system of organs which eliminate nitrogenous waste matter from the blood of certain invertebrates. UROPYGIAL U`ro*pyg"i*al, a. Etym: [See Uropygium.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the uropygium, or prominence at the base of the tail feathers, in birds. Uropygial gland, a peculiar sebaceous gland at the base of the tail feathers in most birds. It secretes an oily fluid which is spread over the feathers by preening. UROPYGIUM U`ro*pyg"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: The prominence at the posterior extremity of a bird's body, which supports the feathers of the tail; the rump; -- sometimes called pope's nose. UROSACRAL U`ro*sa"cral, a. Etym: [2d uro- + sacral.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to both the caudal and sacral parts of the vertebral column; as, the urosacral vertebræ of birds. UROSCOPY U*ros"co*py, n. Etym: [1st uro- + -scopy: cf. F. uroscopie.] Defn: The diagnosis of diseases by inspection of urine. Sir T. Browne. UROSOME U"ro*some, n. Etym: [2d uro- + -some body.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The abdomen, or post-abdomen, of arthropods. UROSTEGE U"ro*stege, n. Etym: [2d uro- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the plates on the under side of the tail of a serpent. UROSTEON U*ros"te*on, n.; pl. L. Urostea, E. Urosteons. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A median ossification back of the lophosteon in the sternum of some birds. UROSTERNITE U`ro*ster"nite, n. Etym: [2d uro- + sternum.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The sternal, or under piece, of any one of the uromeres of insects and other arthropods. UROSTYLE U"ro*style, n. Etym: [2d uro- + Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A styliform process forming the posterior extremity of the vertebral column in some fishes and amphibians. UROX U"rox, n. Etym: [See Aurochs, and cf. Urus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The aurochs. UROXANATE U*rox"a*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of uroxanic acid. UROXANIC U`rox*an"ic, a. Etym: [Uric + alloxan.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C5H8N4O6, which is obtained, as a white crystalline substance, by the slow oxidation of uric acid in alkaline solution. UROXANTHIN U`ro*xan"thin, n. Etym: [1st uro- + xanthin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Same as Indican. URRHODIN Ur*rho"din, n. Etym: [1st uro- + Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Indigo red, a product of the decomposition, or oxidation, of indican. It is sometimes found in the sediment of pathological urines. It is soluble in ether or alcohol, giving the solution a beautiful red color. Also called indigrubin. URRY Ur"ry, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. uir, uireach, mold, clay.] Defn: A sort of blue or black clay lying near a vein of coal. URSA Ur"sa, n. Etym: [L. ursa a she-bear, also, a constellation, fem. of ursus a bear. Cf. Arctic.] (Astron.) Defn: Either one of the Bears. See the Phrases below. Ursa Major Etym: [L.], the Great Bear, one of the most conspicuous of the northern constellations. It is situated near the pole, and contains the stars which form the Dipper, or Charles's Wain, two of which are the Pointers, or stars which point towards the North Star. -- Ursa Minor Etym: [L.], the Little Bear, the constellation nearest the north pole. It contains the north star, or polestar, which is situated in the extremity of the tail. URSAL Ur"sal, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ursine seal. See the Note under 1st Seal. URSIFORM Ur"si*form, a. Etym: [L. ursus, ursa, a bear + -form.] Defn: Having the shape of a bear. URSINE Ur"sine, a. Etym: [L. ursinus, from ursus a bear. See Ursa.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a bear; resembling a bear. Ursine baboon. (Zoöl.) See Chacma. -- Ursine dasyure (Zoöl.), the Tasmanian devil. -- Ursine howler (Zoöl.), the araguato. See Illust. under Howler. -- Ursine seal. (Zoöl.) See Sea bear, and the Note under 1st Seal. URSON Ur"son, n. Etym: [Cf. Urchin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The Canada porcupine. See Porcupine. URSUK Ur"suk, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The bearded seal. URSULA Ur"su*la, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A beautiful North American butterfly (Basilarchia, or Limenitis, astyanax). Its wings are nearly black with red and blue spots and blotches. Called also red-spotted purple. URSULINE Ur"su*line, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ursuline.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: One of an order of nuns founded by St. Angela Merici, at Brescia, in Italy, about the year 1537, and so called from St. Ursula, under whose protection it was placed. The order was introduced into Canada as early as 1639, and into the United States in 1727. The members are devoted entirely to education. URSULINE Ur"su*line, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to St. Ursula, or the order of Ursulines; as, the Ursuline nuns. URSUS Ur"sus, n. Etym: [L., a bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Carnivora including the common bears. URTICA Ur*ti"ca, n. Etym: [L., a nettle.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants including the common nettles. See Nettle, n. URTICACEOUS Ur`ti*ca"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order (Urticaceæ) of plants, of which the nettle is the type. The order includes also the hop, the elm, the mulberry, the fig, and many other plants. URTICAL Ur"tic*al, a. Defn: Resembling nettles; -- said of several natural orders allied to urticaceous plants. URTICARIA Ur`ti*ca"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Urtica.] (Med.) Defn: The nettle rash, a disease characterized by a transient eruption of red pimples and of wheals, accompanied with a burning or stinging sensation and with itching; uredo. URTICATE Ur"ti*cate, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Urticated; p. pr. & vb. n. Urticating.] Defn: To sting with, or as with, nettles; to irritate; to annoy. G. A. Sala. URTICATION Ur`ti*ca"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: The act or process of whipping or stinging with nettles; -- sometimes used in the treatment of paralysis. URUBU U*ru*bu", n. Etym: [Cf. Pg. urubú a certain Brazilian bird.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The black vulture (Catharista atrata). It ranges from the Southern United States to South America. See Vulture. URUS U"rus, n. Etym: [L.; of Teutonic origin. See Aurochs.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large, powerful, and savage extinct bovine animal (Bos urus or primigenius) anciently abundant in Europe. It appears to have still existed in the time of Julius Cæsar. It had very large horns, and was hardly capable of domestication. Called also, ur, ure, and tur. URVA Ur"va, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The crab-eating ichneumon (Herpestes urva), native of India. The fur is black, annulated with white at the tip of each hair, and a white streak extends from the mouth to the shoulder. US Us, pron. Etym: [OE. us, AS. ; akin to OFries. & OS. , D. ons, G. uns, Icel. & Sw. oss, Dan. os, Goth. uns, L. nos we, us, Gr. nas us. Nostrum, Our.] Defn: The persons speaking, regarded as an object; ourselves; -- the objective case of we. See We. "Tell us a tale." Chaucer. Give us this day our daily bread. Matt. vi. 11. USABLE Us"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being used. USAGE Us"age, n. Etym: [F. usage, LL. usaticum. See Use.] 1. The act of using; mode of using or treating; treatment; conduct with respect to a person or a thing; as, good usage; ill usage; hard usage. My brother Is prisoner to the bishop here, at whose hands He hath good usage and great liberty. Shak. 2. Manners; conduct; behavior. [Obs.] A gentle nymph was found, Hight Astery, excelling all the crew In courteous usage. Spenser. 3. Long-continued practice; customary mode of procedure; custom; habitual use; method. Chaucer. It has now been, during many years, the grave and decorous usage of Parliaments to hear, in respectful silence, all expressions, acceptable or unacceptable, which are uttered from the throne. Macaulay. 4. Customary use or employment, as of a word or phrase in a particular sense or signification. 5. Experience. [Obs.] In eld [old age] is both wisdom and usage. Chaucer. Syn. -- Custom; use; habit. -- Usage, Custom. These words, as here compared, agree in expressing the idea of habitual practice; but a custom is not necessarily a usage. A custom may belong to many, or to a single individual. A usage properly belongs to the great body of a people. Hence, we speak of usage, not of custom, as the law of language. Again, a custom is merely that which has been often repeated, so as to have become, in a good degree, established. A usage must be both often repeated and of long standing. Hence, we speak of a "hew custom," but not of a "new usage." Thus, also, the "customs of society" is not so strong an expression as the "usages of society." "Custom, a greater power than nature, seldom fails to make them worship." Locke. "Of things once received and confirmed by use, long usage is a law sufficient." Hooker. In law, the words usage and custom are often used interchangeably, but the word custom also has a technical and restricted sense. See Custom, n., 3. USAGER Us"a*ger, n. Etym: [F. usager.] Defn: One who has the use of anything in trust for another. [Obs.] Daniel. USANCE Us"ance, n. Etym: [F. See Use, v. t.] 1. Use; usage; employment. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. Custom; practice; usage. [Obs.] Gower. Chaucer. 3. Interest paid for money; usury. [Obs.] Shak. 4. (Com.) Defn: The time, fixed variously by the usage between different countries, when a bill of exchange is payable; as, a bill drawn on London at one usance, or at double usance. USANT Us"ant, a. Etym: [OF.] Defn: Using; accustomed. [Obs.] "Usant for to steal." Chaucer. USBEGS; USBEKS Us"begs, Us"beks, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: A Turkish tribe which about the close of the 15th century conquered, and settled in, that part of Asia now called Turkestan. [Written also Uzbecks, and Uzbeks.] USE Use, n. Etym: [OE. us use, usage, L. usus, from uti, p. p. usus, to use. See Use, v. t.] 1. The act of employing anything, or of applying it to one's service; the state of being so employed or applied; application; employment; conversion to some purpose; as, the use of a pen in writing; his machines are in general use. Books can never teach the use of books. Bacon. This Davy serves you for good uses. Shak. When he framed All things to man's delightful use. Milton. 2. Occasion or need to employ; necessity; as, to have no further use for a book. Shak. 3. Yielding of service; advantage derived; capability of being used; usefulness; utility. God made two great lights, great for their use To man. Milton. 'T is use alone that sanctifies expense. Pope. 4. Continued or repeated practice; customary employment; usage; custom; manner; habit. Let later age that noble use envy. Spenser. How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, Seem to me all the uses of this world! Shak. 5. Common occurrence; ordinary experience. [R.] O Cæsar! these things are beyond all use. Shak. 6. (Eccl.) Defn: The special form of ritual adopted for use in any diocese; as, the Sarum, or Canterbury, use; the Hereford use; the York use; the Roman use; etc. From henceforth all the whole realm shall have but one use. Pref. to Book of Common Prayer. 7. The premium paid for the possession and employment of borrowed money; interest; usury. [Obs.] Thou art more obliged to pay duty and tribute, use and principal, to him. Jer. Taylor. 8. Etym: [In this sense probably a corruption of OF. oes, fr. L. opus need, business, employment, work. Cf. Operate.] (Law) Defn: The benefit or profit of lands and tenements. Use imports a trust and confidence reposed in a man for the holding of lands. He to whose use or benefit the trust is intended shall enjoy the profits. An estate is granted and limited to A for the use of B. 9. (Forging) Defn: A stab of iron welded to the side of a forging, as a shaft, near the end, and afterward drawn down, by hammering, so as to lengthen the forging. Contingent, or Springing, use (Law), a use to come into operation on a future uncertain event. -- In use. (a) In employment; in customary practice observance. (b) In heat; -- said especially of mares. J. H. Walsh. -- Of no use, useless; of no advantage. -- Of use, useful; of advantage; profitable. -- Out of use, not in employment. -- Resulting use (Law), a use, which, being limited by the deed, expires or can not vest, and results or returns to him who raised it, after such expiration. -- Secondary, or Shifting, use, a use which, though executed, may change from one to another by circumstances. Blackstone. -- Statute of uses (Eng. Law), the stat. 27 Henry VIII., cap. 10, which transfers uses into possession, or which unites the use and possession. -- To make use of, To put to use, to employ; to derive service from; to use. USE Use, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Used; p. pr. & vb. n. Using.] Etym: [OE. usen, F. user to use, use up, wear out, LL. usare to use, from L. uti, p. p. usus, to use, OL. oeti, oesus; of uncertain origin. Cf. Utility.] 1. To make use of; to convert to one's service; to avail one's self of; to employ; to put a purpose; as, to use a plow; to use a chair; to use time; to use flour for food; to use water for irrigation. Launcelot Gobbo, use your legs. Shak. Some other means I have which may be used. Milton. 2. To behave toward; to act with regard to; to treat; as, to use a beast cruelly. "I will use him well." Shak. How wouldst thou use me now Milton. Cato has used me ill. Addison. 3. To practice customarily; to make a practice of; as, to use diligence in business. Use hospitality one to another. 1 Pet. iv. 9. 4. To accustom; to habituate; to render familiar by practice; to inure; -- employed chiefly in the passive participle; as, men used to cold and hunger; soldiers used to hardships and danger. I am so used in the fire to blow. Chaucer. Thou with thy compeers, Used to the yoke, draw'st his triumphant wheels. Milton. To use one's self, to behave. [Obs.] "Pray, forgive me, if I have used myself unmannerly." Shak. -- To use up. (a) To consume or exhaust by using; to leave nothing of; as, to use up the supplies. (b) To exhaust; to tire out; to leave no capacity of force or use in; to overthrow; as, he was used up by fatigue. [Colloq.] Syn. -- Employ. -- Use, Employ. We use a thing, or make use of it, when we derive from it some enjoyment or service. We employ it when we turn that service into a particular channel. We use words to express our general meaning; we employ certain technical terms in reference to a given subject. To make use of, implies passivity in the thing; as, to make use of a pen; and hence there is often a material difference between the two words when applied to persons. To speak of "making use of another" generally implies a degrading idea, as if we had used him as a tool; while employ has no such sense. A confidential friend is employed to negotiate; an inferior agent is made use of on an intrigue. I would, my son, that thou wouldst use the power Which thy discretion gives thee, to control And manage all. Cowper. To study nature will thy time employ: Knowledge and innocence are perfect joy. Dryden. USE Use, v. i. 1. To be wont or accustomed; to be in the habit or practice; as, he used to ride daily; -- now disused in the present tense, perhaps because of the similarity in sound, between "use to," and "used to." They use to place him that shall be their captain on a stone. Spenser. Fears use to be represented in an imaginary. Bacon. Thus we use to say, it is the room that smokes, when indeed it is the fire in the room. South. Now Moses used to take the tent and to pitch it without the camp. Ex. xxxiii. 7 (Rev. Ver.) 2. To be accustomed to go; to frequent; to inhabit; to dwell; -- sometimes followed by of. [Obs.] "Where never foot did use." Spenser. He useth every day to a merchant's house. B. Jonson. Ye valleys low, where the mild whispers use Of shades, and wanton winds, and gushing brooks. Milton. USEFUL Use"ful, a. Defn: Full of use, advantage, or profit; producing, or having power to produce, good; serviceable for any end or object; helpful toward advancing any purpose; beneficial; profitable; advantageous; as, vessels and instruments useful in a family; books useful for improvement; useful knowledge; useful arts. To what can I useful! Milton. USEFULLY Use"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a useful manner. USEFULNESS Use"ful*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being useful; utility; serviceableness; advantage. Addison. Syn. -- Utility; value; profit. See Utility. USELESS Use"less, a. Defn: Having, or being of, no use; unserviceable; producing no good end; answering no valuable purpose; not advancing the end proposed; unprofitable; ineffectual; as, a useless garment; useless pity. Not to sit idle with so great a gift Useless, and thence ridiculous. Milton. Syn. -- Fruitless; ineffectual. -- Useless, Fruitless, Ineffectual. We speak of an attempt, effort, etc., as being useless when there are in it inherent difficulties which forbid the hope of success, as fruitless when it fails, not from any such difficulties, but from some unexpected hindrance arising to frustrate it; as, the design was rendered fruitless by the death of its projector. Ineffectual nearly resembles fruitless, but implies a failure of a less hopeless character; as, after several ineffectual efforts, I at last succeeded. Useless are all words Till you have writ "performance" with your swords. The other is for waiving. Beau. & Fl. Waiving all searches into antiquity, in relation to this controversy, as being either needless or fruitless. Waterland. Even our blessed Savior's preaching, who spake as never man spake, was ineffectual to many. Bp. Stillingfleet. -- Use"less*ly, adv. -- Use"less*ness, n. USER Us"er, n. 1. One who uses. Shak. 2. (Law) Defn: Enjoyment of property; use. Mozley & W. U-SHAPED U"-shaped`, a. Defn: Having the form of the letter U; specif. (Phys. Geog.), Defn: of valleys, resembling a broad U in cross profile. USHER Ush"er, n. Etym: [OE. ussher, uschere, OF. ussier, uisser, oissier, hussier, huissier, fr. L. ostiarius a doorkeeper, fr. ostium a door, entrance, fr. os mouth. See Oral, and cf. Ostiary.] 1. An officer or servant who has the care of the door of a court, hall, chamber, or the like; hence, an officer whose business it is to introduce strangers, or to walk before a person of rank. Also, one who escorts persons to seats in a church, theater, etc. "The ushers and the squires." Chaucer. These are the ushers of Marcius. Shak. Note: There are various officers of this kind attached to the royal household in England, including the gentleman usher of the black rod, who attends in the House of Peers during the sessions of Parliament, and twelve or more gentlemen ushers. See Black rod. 2. An under teacher, or assistant master, in a school. USHER Ush"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ushered; p. pr. & vb. n. Ushering.] Defn: To introduce or escort, as an usher, forerunner, or harbinger; to forerun; -- sometimes followed by in or forth; as, to usher in a stranger; to usher forth the guests; to usher a visitor into the room. The stars that usher evening rose. Milton. The Examiner was ushered into the world by a letter, setting forth the great genius of the author. Addison. USHERANCE Ush"er*ance, n. Defn: The act of ushering, or the state of being ushered in. [Obs.] Shaftesbury. USHERDOM Ush"er*dom, n. Defn: The office or position of an usher; ushership; also, ushers, collectively. [R.] USHERLESS Ush"er*less, a. Defn: Destitute of an usher. Marston. USHERSHIP Ush"er*ship, n. Defn: The office of an usher; usherdom. USITATIVE Us"i*ta*tive, a. Etym: [L. usitari to use often.] Defn: Denoting usual or customary action. "The usitative aorist." Alford. USNEA Us"ne*a, n. Etym: [NL., from Ar. usnah moss.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of lichens, most of the species of which have long, gray, pendulous, and finely branched fronds. Usnea barbata is the common bearded lichen which grows on branches of trees in northern forests. USNIC Us"nic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a complex acid obtained, as a yellow crystalline substance, from certain genera of lichens (Usnea, Parmelia, etc.). USQUEBAUGH Us"que*baugh, n. Etym: [Ir. or Gael. uisge beatha, literally, water of life; uisge water + beatha life; akin to Gr. bi`os life. See Quick, a., and cf. Whisky.] 1. A compound distilled spirit made in Ireland and Scotland; whisky. The Scottish returns being vested in grouse, white hares, pickled salmon, and usquebaugh. Sir W. Scott. 2. A liquor compounded of brandy, or other strong spirit, raisins, cinnamon and other spices. Brande & C. USSELF Us`self", n. pl. Defn: Ourselves. [Obs.] Wyclif. Piers Plowman. Chaucer. USTION Us"tion, n. Etym: [L. ustio, fr. urere, ustum, to burn: cf. F. ustion.] Defn: The act of burning, or the state of being burned. [R.] Johnson. USTORIOUS Us*to"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. urere, ustum, to burn.] Defn: Having the quality of burning. [R.] I. Watts. USTULATE Us"tu*late, a. Etym: [L. ustulatus, p. p. of ustulare to scorch, urere to burn.] Defn: Blackened as if burned. USTULATION Us`tu*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ustulation.] 1. The act of burning or searing. [R.] Sir W. Petty. 2. (Old Chem.) Defn: The operation of expelling one substance from another by heat, as sulphur or arsenic from ores, in a muffle. 3. (Pharm.) (a) The roasting or drying of moist substances so as prepare them for pulverizing. (b) The burning of wine. 4. Lascivious passion; concupiscence. [Obs.] It is not certain that they took the better part when they chose ustulation before marriage, expressly against the apostle. Jer. Taylor. USUAL U"su*al, a. Etym: [L. usualis, from usus use: cf. F. usuel. See Use, n.] Defn: Such as is in common use; such as occurs in ordinary practice, or in the ordinary course of events; customary; ordinary; habitual; common. Consultation with oracles was a thing very usual and frequent in their times. Hooker. We can make friends of these usual enemies. Baxter. -- U"su*al*ly, adv. -- U"su*al*ness, n. USUCAPTION U`su*cap"tion, n. Etym: [L. usucapere, usucaptum, to acquire by long use; usu (ablative of usus use) + capere to take: cf. usucapio usucaption.] (Roman Law) Defn: The acquisition of the title or right to property by the uninterrupted possession of it for a certain term prescribed by law; -- the same as prescription in common law. USUFRUCT U"su*fruct, n. Etym: [L. usufructus, ususfructus, usus et fructus; usus use + fructus fruit.] (Law) Defn: The right of using and enjoying the profits of an estate or other thing belonging to another, without impairing the substance. Burrill. USUFRUCTUARY U`su*fruc"tu*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. usufructuarius.] (Law) Defn: A person who has the use of property and reaps the profits of it. Wharton. USUFRUCTUARY U`su*fruc"tu*a*ry, a. (Law) Defn: Of or pertaining to a usufruct; having the nature of a usufruct. The ordinary graces bequeathed by Christ to his church, as the usufructuary property of all its members. Coleridge. USURARIOUS; USURARY U`su*ra"ri*ous, U"su*ra*ry, a. Etym: [L. usurarius that serves for use, that pays interest. See Usurer.] Defn: Usurious. [Obs.] "Usurarious contracts." Jer. Taylor. Bp. Hall. USURE U"sure, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Usured; p. pr. & vb. n. Usuring.] Etym: [Cf. OF. usurer, LL. usurare.] Defn: To practice usury; to charge unlawful interest. [Obs.] "The usuringb senate." Shak. I usured not ne to me usured any man. Wyclif (Jer. xv. 10). USURE U"sure, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Usury. [Obs.] Wyclif. Foul usure and lucre of villainy. Chaucer. USURER U"su*rer, n. Etym: [F. usurier, LL. usurarius. See Usury, and cf. Usurarious.] 1. One who lends money and takes interest for it; a money lender. [Obs.] If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee, thou shalt not be to him as a usurer, neither shalt thou lay upon him usury. Ex. xxii. 25. 2. One who lends money at a rate of interest beyond that established by law; one who exacts an exorbitant rate of interest for the use of money. He was wont to call me usurer. Shak. USURIOUS U*su"ri*ous, a. Etym: [From Usury.] 1. Practicing usury; taking illegal or exorbitant interest for the use of money; as, a usurious person. 2. Partaking of usury; containing or involving usury; as, a usurious contract. -- U*su"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- U*su"ri*ous*ness, n. USURP U*surp", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Usurped; p. pr. & vb. n. Usurping.] Etym: [L. usurpare, usurpatum, to make use of, enjoy, get possession of, usurp; the first part of usurpare is akin to usus use (see Use, n.): cf. F. usurper.] Defn: To seize, and hold in possession, by force, or without right; as, to usurp a throne; to usurp the prerogatives of the crown; to usurp power; to usurp the right of a patron is to oust or dispossess him. Alack, thou dost usurp authority. Shak. Another revolution, to get rid of this illegitimate and usurped government, would of course be perfectly justifiable. Burke. Note: Usurp is applied to seizure and use of office, functions, powers, rights, etc.; it is not applied to common dispossession of private property. Syn. -- To arrogate; assume; appropriate. USURP U*surp", v. i. Defn: To commit forcible seizure of place, power, functions, or the like, without right; to commit unjust encroachments; to be, or act as, a usurper. The parish churches on which the Presbyterians and fanatics had usurped. Evelyn. And now the Spirits of the Mind Are busy with poor Peter Bell; Upon the rights of visual sense Usurping, with a prevalence More terrible than magic spell. Wordsworth. USURPANT U*surp"ant, a. Etym: [L. usurpans, p. pr.] Defn: Usurping; encroaching. [Obs.] Gauden. USURPATION U`sur*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. usurpatio making use, usurpation: cf. F. usurpation.] 1. The act of usurping, or of seizing and enjoying; an authorized, arbitrary assumption and exercise of power, especially an infringing on the rights of others; specifically, the illegal seizure of sovereign power; -- commonly used with of, also used with on or upon; as, the usurpation of a throne; the usurpation of the supreme power. He contrived their destruction, with the usurpation of the regal dignity upon him. Sir T. More. A law [of a State] which is a usurpation upon the general government. O. Ellsworth. Manifest usurpation on the rights of other States. D. Webster. Note: Usurpation, in a peculiar sense, formerly denoted the absolute ouster and dispossession of the patron of a church, by a stranger presenting a clerk to a vacant benefice, who us thereupon admitted and instituted. 2. Use; usage; custom. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. USURPATORY U*surp"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. usurpatorius.] Defn: Marked by usurpation; usurping. [R.] USURPATURE U*surp"a*ture, n. Defn: Usurpation. [R.] "Beneath man's usurpature." R. Browning. USURPER U*surp"er, n. Defn: One who usurps; especially, one who seizes illegally on sovereign power; as, the usurper of a throne, of power, or of the rights of a patron. A crown will not want pretenders to claim it, not usurpers, if their power serves them, to possess it. South. USURPINGLY U*surp"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a usurping manner. USURY U"su*ry, n. Etym: [OE. usurie, usure, F. usure, L. usura use, usury, interest, fr. uti, p. p. usus, to use. See Use, v. t.] 1. A premium or increase paid, or stipulated to be paid, for a loan, as of money; interest. [Obs. or Archaic] Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother; usury of money, usury of victuals, usury of anything that is lent upon usury. Deut. xxiii. 19. Thou oughtest therefore to have put my money to the exchanges, and then at my coming I should have received mine own with usury. Matt. xxv. 27. What he borrows from the ancients, he repays with usury of Dryden. 2. The practice of taking interest. [Obs.] Usury . . . bringeth the treasure of a realm or state into a few Bacon. 3. (Law) Defn: Interest in excess of a legal rate charged to a borrower for the use of money. Note: The practice of requiring in repayment of money lent anything more than the amount lent, was formerly thought to be a great moral wrong, and the greater, the more was taken. Now it is not deemed more wrong to take pay for the use of money than for the use of a house, or a horse, or any other property. But the lingering influence of the former opinion, together with the fact that the nature of money makes it easier for the lender to oppress the borrower, has caused nearly all Christian nations to fix by law the rate of compensation for the use of money. Of late years, however, the opinion that money should be borrowed and repaid, or bought and sold, upon whatever terms the parties should agree to, like any other property, has gained ground everywhere. Am. Cyc. UT Ut, n. (Min.) Defn: The first note in Guido's musical scale, now usually superseded by do. See Solmization. UTAS U"tas, n. Etym: [OF. huitieves, witieves, witaves, oitieves, pl. of huitieve, witieve, etc., eighth, L. octavus. See Octave, n.] [Written also utis.] 1. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The eighth day after any term or feast; the octave; as, the utas of St. Michael. Cowell. The marriage was celebrated and Canterbury, and in the utas of St. Hilary next ensuing she was crowned. Holinshed. 2. Hence, festivity; merriment. [Obs.] Shak. UTENSIL U*ten"sil, n. Etym: [F. utensile, ustensile, L. utensile, fr. utensilis that may be used, fit for use, fr. uti, p. p. usus, to use. See Use, v. t.] Defn: That which is used; an instrument; an implement; especially, an instrument or vessel used in a kitchen, or in domestic and farming business. Wagons fraught with utensils of war. Milton. UTERINE U"ter*ine, a. Etym: [L. uterinus born of the same mother, from uterus womb: cf. F. utérin.] 1. Of or instrument to the uterus, or womb. 2. Born of the same mother, but by a different father. Walter Pope, uterine brother to Dr. Joh. WilkiWood. UTEROGESTATION U`te*ro*ges*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Uterus + gestation.] Defn: Gestation in the womb from conception to birth; pregnancy. Pritchard. UTEROVAGINAL U`te*ro*vag"i*nal, n. Etym: [Uterus + vaginal.] Defn: Pertaining to both the uterus and the vagina. UTERUS U"te*rus, n. Etym: [L.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The organ of a female mammal in which the young are developed previous to birth; the womb. Note: The uterus is simply an enlargement of the oviduct, and in the lower mammals there is one on each side, but in the higher forms the two become more or less completely united into one. In many male mammals there is a small vesicle, opening into the urinogenital canal, which corresponds to the uterus of the female and is called the male uterus, or Etym: [NL.] uterus masculinus. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A receptacle, or pouch, connected with the oviducts of many invertebrates in which the eggs are retained until they hatch or until the embryos develop more or less. See Illust. of Hermaphrodite in Append. UTES Utes, n. pl.; sing. Ute. (Ethnol.) Defn: An extensive tribe of North American Indians of the Shoshone stock, inhabiting Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and adjacent regions. They are subdivided into several subordinate tribes, some of which are among the most degraded of North American Indians. UTIA U"ti*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of large West Indian rodents of the genus Capromys, or Utia. In general appearance and habits they resemble rats, but they are as large as rabbits. UTICA U"ti*ca, a. Etym: [So called from Utica, in New York.] (Geol.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a subdivision of the Trenton Period of the Lower Silurian, characterized in the State of New York by beds of shale. UTILE U"tile, a. Etym: [L. utilis, fr. uti to use: cf. F. utile. See Use, v. t.] Defn: Profitable; useful. [Obs.] UTILITARIAN U*til`i*ta"ri*an, a. Etym: [See Utility.] 1. Of or pertaining to utility; consisting in utility; as, utilitarian narrowness; a utilitarian indifference to art. 2. Of or pertaining to utilitarianism; supporting utilitarianism; as, the utilitarian view of morality; the Utilitarian Society. J. S. Mill. UTILITARIAN U*til`i*ta"ri*an, n. Defn: One who holds the doctrine of utilitarianism. The utilitarians are for merging all the particular virtues into one, and would substitute in their place the greatest usefulness, as the alone principle to which every question respecting the morality of actions should be referred. Chalmers. But what is a utilitarian Simply one who prefers the useful to the useless; and who does not Sir W. Hamilton. UTILITARIANISM U*til`i*ta"ri*an*ism, n. 1. The doctrine that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the end and aim of all social and political institutions. Bentham. 2. The doctrine that virtue is founded in utility, or that virtue is defined and enforced by its tendency to promote the highest happiness of the universe. J. S. Mill. 3. The doctrine that utility is the sole standard of morality, so that the rectitude of an action is determined by its usefulness. UTILITY U*til"i*ty, n. Etym: [OE. utilite, F. utilité, L. utilitas, fr. utilis useful. See Utile.] 1. The quality or state of being useful; usefulness; production of good; profitableness to some valuable end; as, the utility of manure upon land; the utility of the sciences; the utility of medicines. The utility of the enterprises was, however, so great and obvious that all opposition proved useless. Macaulay. 2. (Polit. Econ.) Defn: Adaptation to satisfy the desires or wants; intrinsic value. See Note under Value, 2. Value in use is utility, and nothing else, and in political economy should be called by that name and no other. F. A. Walker. 3. Happiness; the greatest good, or happiness, of the greatest number, -- the foundation of utilitarianism. J. S. Mill. Syn. -- Usefulness; advantageous; benefit; profit; avail; service. -- Utility, Usefulness. Usefulness has an Anglo-Saxon prefix, utility is Latin; and hence the former is used chiefly of things in the concrete, while the latter is employed more in a general and abstract sense. Thus, we speak of the utility of an invention, and the usefulness of the thing invented; of the utility of an institution, and the usefulness of an individual. So beauty and utility (not usefulness) are brought into comparison. Still, the words are often used interchangeably. UTILIZABLE U"til*i`za*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being utilized; as, the utilizable products of the gas works. UTILIZATION U`til*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. utilization.] Defn: The act of utilizing, or the state of being utilized. UTILIZE U"til*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Utilized; p. pr. & vb. n. Utilizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. utiliser.] Defn: To make useful; to turn to profitable account or use; to make use of; as, to utilize the whole power of a machine; to utilize one's opportunities. In former ages, the mile-long corridors, with their numerous alcoves, might have been utilized as . . . dungeons. Hawthorne. UTI POSSIDETIS U`ti pos`si*de"tis. Etym: [L., as you possess.] 1. (Internat. Law) Defn: The basis or principle of a treaty which leaves belligerents mutually in possession of what they have acquired by their arms during the war. Brande & C. 2. (Roman Law) Defn: A species of interdict granted to one who was in possession of an immovable thing, in order that he might be declared the legal possessor. Burrill. UTIS U"tis, n. Defn: See Utas. [Obs.] UTLARY Ut"la*ry, n. Defn: Outlawry. [Obs.] Camden. UTMOST Ut"most`, a. Etym: [OE. utmeste, utemest, AS. , a superlative fr. out. Out, and cf. Aftermost, Outmost, Uttermost.] 1. Situated at the farthest point or extremity; farthest out; most distant; extreme; as, the utmost limits of the land; the utmost extent of human knowledge. Spenser. We coasted within two leagues of Antibes, which is the utmost town in France. Evelyn. Betwixt two thieves I spend my utmost breath. Herbert. 2. Being in the greatest or highest degree, quantity, number, or the like; greatest; as, the utmost assiduity; the utmost harmony; the utmost misery or happiness. He shall answer . . . to his utmost peril. Shak. Six or seven thousand is their utmost power. Shak. UTMOST Ut"most`, n. Defn: The most that can be; the farthest limit; the greatest power, degree, or effort; as, he has done his utmost; try your utmost. We have tried the utmost of our friends. Shak. UTOPIA U*to"pi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. not + 1. An imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a work called Utopia, as enjoying the greatest perfection in politics, laws, and the like. See Utopia, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. 2. Hence, any place or state of ideal perfection. UTOPIAN U*to"pi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Utopia; resembling Utopia; hence, ideal; chimerical; fanciful; founded upon, or involving, imaginary perfections; as, Utopian projects; Utopian happiness. UTOPIAN U*to"pi*an, n. Defn: An inhabitant of Utopia; hence, one who believes in the perfectibility of human society; a visionary; an idealist; an optimist. Hooker. UTOPIANISM U*to"pi*an*ism, n. Defn: The ideas, views, aims, etc., of a Utopian; impracticable schemes of human perfection; optimism. UTOPIANIST U*to"pi*an*ist, n. Defn: An Utopian; an optimist. UTOPICAL U*to"pic*al, a. Defn: Utopian; ideal. [Obs.] "Utopical perfection." Bp. Hall. UTOPIST U*to"pist, n. Defn: A Utopian. UTRAQUIST U"tra*quist, n. Etym: [L. uterque, fem. utraque, both.] Defn: One who receives the eucharist in both kinds; esp., one of a body of Hussites who in the 15th century fought for the right to do this. Called also Calixtines. UTRICLE U"tri*cle, n. Etym: [L. utriculus a little womb, a calycle, dim. of uter, utris, a bag or bottle made of an animal's hide: cf. F. utricule.] 1. A little sac or vesicle, as the air cell of fucus, or seaweed. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: A microscopic cell in the structure of an egg, animal, or plant. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A small, thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of goosefoot. Gray. 4. (Anat.) Defn: A utriculus. UTRICULAR U*tric"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. utriculaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to a utricle, or utriculus; containing, or furnished with, a utricle or utricles; utriculate; as, a utricular plant. 2. Resembling a utricle or bag, whether large or minute; -- said especially with reference to the condition of certain substances, as sulphur, selenium, etc., when condensed from the vaporous state and deposited upon cold bodies, in which case they assume the form of small globules filled with liquid. UTRICULARIA U*tric`u*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of aquatic flowering plants, in which the submersed leaves bear many little utricles, or ascidia. See Ascidium, UTRICULATE U*tric"u*late, a. Defn: Resembling a bladder; swollen like a bladder; inflated; utricular. Dana. UTRICULOID U*tric"u*loid, a. Etym: [L. utriculus a little womb, a calycle + - oid.] Defn: Resembling a bladder; utricular; utriculate. Dana. UTRICULUS U*tric"u*lus, n. Etym: [L., a little womb or matrix, a calycle.] (Anat.) Defn: A little sac, or bag; a utricle; especially, a part of the membranous labyrinth of the ear. See the Note under Ear. UTRO; UTRO-; UTERO U"tro, U"ter`o. Defn: - (connection with, or relation to, the uterus; as in utro- ovarian. UTTER Ut"ter, a. Etym: [OE. utter, originally the same word as outer. See Out, and cf. Outer, Utmost.] 1. Outer. "Thine utter eyen." Chaucer. [Obs.] "By him a shirt and utter mantle laid." Chapman. As doth an hidden moth The inner garment fret, not th' utter touch. Spenser. 2. Situated on the outside, or extreme limit; remote from the center; outer. [Obs.] Through utter and through middle darkness borne. Milton. The very utter part pf Saint Adelmes point is five miles from Sandwich. Holinshed. 3. Complete; perfect; total; entire; absolute; as, utter ruin; utter darkness. They . . . are utter strangers to all those anxious thoughts which disquiet mankind. Atterbury. 4. Peremptory; unconditional; unqualified; final; as, an utter refusal or denial. Clarendon. Utter bar (Law), the whole body of junior barristers. See Outer bar, under 1st Outer. [Eng.] -- Utter barrister (Law), one recently admitted as barrister, who is accustomed to plead without, or outside, the bar, as distinguished from the benchers, who are sometimes permitted to plead within the bar. [Eng.] Cowell. UTTER Ut"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Uttered; p. pr. & vb. n. Uttering.] Etym: [OE. outren, freq. of outen to utter, put out, AS. utian to put out, eject, fr. ut out. sq. root198. See Out, and cf. Utter, a.] 1. To put forth or out; to reach out. [Obs.] How bragly [proudly] it begins to bud, And utter his tender head. Spenser. 2. To dispose of in trade; to sell or vend. [Obs.] Such mortal drugs I have, but Mantua's law Is death to any he that utters them. Shak. They bring it home, and utter it commonly by the name of Newfoundland fish. Abp. Abbot. 3. hence, to put in circulation, as money; to put off, as currency; to cause to pass in trade; -- often used, specifically, of the issue of counterfeit notes or coins, forged or fraudulent documents, and the like; as, to utter coin or bank notes. The whole kingdom should continue in a firm resolution never to receive or utter this fatal coin. Swift. 4. To give public expression to; to disclose; to publish; to speak; to pronounce. "Sweet as from blest, uttering joy." Milton. The words I utter Let none think flattery, for they 'll find 'em truth. Shak. And the last words he uttered called me cruel. Addison. Syn. -- To deliver; give forth; issue; liberate; discharge; pronounce. See Deliver. UTTERABLE Ut"ter*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being uttered. UTTERANCE Ut"ter*ance, n. 1. The act of uttering. Specifically: -- (a) Sale by offering to the public. [Obs.] Bacon. (b) Putting in circulation; as, the utterance of false coin, or of forged notes. (c) Vocal expression; articulation; speech. At length gave utterance to these words. Milton. 2. Power or style of speaking; as, a good utterance. They . . . began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance. Acts ii. 4. O, how unlike To that large utterance of the early gods! Keats. UTTERANCE Ut"ter*ance, n. Etym: [F. outrance. See Outrance.] Defn: The last extremity; the end; death; outrance. [Obs.] Annibal forced those captives whom he had taken of our men to skirmish one against another to the utterance. Holland. UTTERER Ut"ter*er, n. Defn: One who utters. Spenser. UTTEREST Ut"ter*est, obs. superl. of Utter. Defn: Uttermost. To the utterest proof of her courage. Chaucer. UTTERLESS Ut"ter*less, a. Defn: Incapable of being uttered. [Obs.] A clamoring debate of utterless things. Milton. UTTERLY Ut"ter*ly, adv. Defn: In an utter manner; to the full extent; fully; totally; as, utterly ruined; it is utterly vain. UTTERMORE Ut"ter*more`, a. Etym: [Cf. Uttermost.] Defn: Further; outer; utter. [Obs. & R.] Holland. UTTERMOST Ut"ter*most, a. Etym: [From Utter, a.; cf. Utmost, and Outermost.] Defn: Extreme; utmost; being; in the farthest, greatest, or highest degree; as, the uttermost extent or end. "In this uttermost distress." Milton. UTTERMOST Ut"ter*most`, n. Defn: The utmost; the highest or greatest degree; the farthest extent. Tennyson. Wherefore he is able also to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by him. Heb. vii. 25. He cannot have sufficient honor done unto him; but the uttermost we can do, we must. Hooker. UTTERNESS Ut"ter*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being utter, or extreme; extremity; utmost; uttermost. [R.] UVA U"va, n. Etym: [L., a grape.] (Bot.) Defn: A small pulpy or juicy fruit containing several seeds and having a thin skin, as a grape. UVATE U"vate, n. Etym: [L. uva grape.] Defn: A conserve made of grapes. UVA-URSI U`va-ur"si, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. uva grape + ursus bear.] (Bot.) Defn: The bearberry. UVEA U"ve*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. uva grape.] (Anat.) Defn: The posterior pigmented layer of the iris; -- sometimes applied to the whole iris together with the choroid coat. UVEOUS U"ve*ous, a. Etym: [See Uvea.] Defn: Resembling a grape. UVIC U"vic, a. Etym: [L. uva grape.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, grapes; specifically, designating an organic acid, C7H8O3 (also called pyrotritartaric acid), obtained as a white crystalline substance by the decomposition of tartaric and pyrotartaric acids. UVITIC U*vit"ic, a. Etym: [From L. uva a grape. So called because it may be produced indirectly from tartaric acid, which is found in the grape.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, CH3C6H3(CO2H)2, obtained as a white crystalline substance by the partial oxidation of mesitylene; -- called also mesitic acid. UVITONIC U`vi*ton"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid which is obtained as a white crystalline substance by the action of ammonia on pyrotartaric acid. UVROU U"vrou, n. Defn: See Euphroe. UVULA U"vu*la, n. Etym: [NL., dim of L. uva a grape, the uvula.] (Anat.) Defn: The pendent fleshy lobe in the middle of the posterior border of the soft palate. Note: The term is also applied to a somewhat similar lobe on the under side of the cerebellum and to another on the inner surface of the neck of the bladder. UVULAR U"vu*lar, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a uvula. UVULATOME U"vu*la*tome, n. Etym: [Uvula + Gr. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for removing the uvula. UVULATOMY U`vu*lat"o*my, n. (Surg.) Defn: The operation of removing the uvula. UVULITIS U`vu*li"tis, n. [NL. See Uvula, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the uvula. UWAROWITE U*wa"ro*wite, n. (Min.) Defn: Ouvarovite. UXORIAL Ux*o"ri*al, a. Etym: [See Uxorious.] Defn: Dotingly fond of, or servilely submissive to, a wife; uxorious; also, becoming a wife; pertaining to a wife. [R.] The speech [of Zipporah, Ex. iv. 25] is not a speech of reproach or indignation, but of uxorial endearment. Geddes. UXORICIDAL Ux*or"i*ci`dal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to uxoricide; tending to uxoricide. UXORICIDE Ux*or"i*cide, n. Etym: [L. uxor wife + caedere to kill.] 1. The murder of a wife by her husband. 2. One who murders his wife. UXORIOUS Ux*o"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. uxorius, fr. uxor a wife.] Defn: Excessively fond of, or submissive to, a wife; being a dependent husband. "Uxorious magistrates." Milton. How wouldst thou insult, When I must live uxorious to thy will In perfect thraldom! Milton. -- Uxo*o"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Ux*o"ri*ous*ness, n. UZEMA U"ze*ma, n. Defn: A Burman measure of twelve miles. V 1. V, the twenty-second letter of the English alphabet, is a vocal consonant. V and U are only varieties of the same character, U being the cursive form, while V is better adapted for engraving, as in stone. The two letters were formerly used indiscriminately, and till a comparatively recent date words containing them were often classed together in dictionaries and other books of reference (see U). The letter V is from the Latin alphabet, where it was used both as a consonant (about like English w) and as a vowel. The Latin derives it from it from a form (V) of the Greek vowel UPSILON (see Y), this Greek letter being either from the same Semitic letter as the digamma F (see F), or else added by the Greeks to the alphabet which they took from the Semitic. Etymologically v is most nearly related to u, w, f, b, p; as in vine, wine; avoirdupois, habit, have; safe, save; trover, troubadour, trope. See U, F, etc. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 265; also §§ 155, 169, 178-179, etc. 2. As a numeral, V stands for five, in English and Latin. VAAGMER Vaag"mer, n. Etym: [Icel. vagmeri a kind of flounder, literally, wave mare.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The dealfish. [Written also vaagmær, and vaagmar.] VACANCY Va"can*cy, n.; pl. Vacancies. Etym: [Cf. F. vacance.] 1. The quality or state of being vacant; emptiness; hence, freedom from employment; intermission; leisure; idleness; listlessness. All dispositions to idleness or vacancy, even before they are habits, are dangerous. Sir H. Wotton. 2. That which is vacant. Specifically: -- (a) Empty space; vacuity; vacuum. How is't with you, That you do bend your eye on vacancy Shak. (b) An open or unoccupied space between bodies or things; an interruption of continuity; chasm; gap; as, a vacancy between buildings; a vacancy between sentences or thoughts. (c) Unemployed time; interval of leisure; time of intermission; vacation. Time lost partly in too oft idle vacancies given both to schools and universities. Milton. No interim, not a minute's vacancy. Shak. Those little vacancies from toil are sweet. Dryden. (d) A place or post unfilled; an unoccupied office; as, a vacancy in the senate, in a school, etc. VACANT Va"cant, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. vacans, -antis, p. pr. of vacare to be empty, to be free or unoccupied, to have leisure, also vocare; akin to vacuus empty, and probably to E. void. Cf. Evacuate, Void, a.] 1. Deprived of contents; not filled; empty; as, a vacant room. Stuffs out his vacant garments with his form. Shak. Being of those virtues vacant. Shak. There is no fireside, howsoe'er defended, But has one vacant chair. Longfellow. 2. Unengaged with business or care; unemployed; unoccupied; disengaged; free; as, vacant hours. Religion is the interest of all; but philosophy of those . . . at leisure, and vacant from the affairs of the world. Dr. H. More. There was not a minute of the day which he left vacant. Bp. Fell. 3. Not filled or occupied by an incumbent, possessor, or officer; as, a vacant throne; a vacant parish. Special dignities which vacant lie For thy best use and wearing. Shak. 4. Empty of thought; thoughtless; not occupied with study or reflection; as, a vacant mind. The duke had a pleasant and vacant face. Sir H. Wotton. When on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood. Wordsworth. 5. (Law) Defn: Abandoned; having no heir, possessor, claimant, or occupier; as, a vacant estate. Bouvier. Vacant succession (Law), one that is claimed by no person, or where all the heirs are unknown, or where all the known heirs to it have renounced it. Burrill. Syn. -- Empty; void; devoid; free; unemployed; disengaged; unincumbered; uncrowded; idle. -- Vacant, Empty. A thing is empty when there is nothing in it; as, an empty room, or an empty noddle. Vacant adds the idea of having been previously filled, or intended to be filled or occupied; as, a vacant seat at table; a vacant office; vacant hours. When we speak of a vacant look or a vacant mind, we imply the absence of the intelligence naturally to be expected there. VACANTLY Va"cant*ly, adv. Defn: In a vacant manner; inanely. VACATE Va"cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vacated; p. pr. & vb. n. Vacating.] Etym: [L. vacare, vacatum, to be empty. See Vacant.] 1. To make vacant; to leave empty; to cease from filling or occupying; as, it was resolved by Parliament that James had vacated the throne of England; the tenant vacated the house. 2. To annul; to make void; to deprive of force; to make of no authority or validity; as, to vacate a commission or a charter; to vacate proceedings in a cause. That after act vacating the authority of the precedent. Eikon Basilike. The necessity of observing the Jewish Sabbath was Vacated by the apostolical institution of the Lord's Day. R. Nelson. 3. To defeat; to put an end to. [R.] He vacates my revenge. Dryden. VACATION Va*ca"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. vacatio a being free from a duty, service, etc., fr. vacare. See Vacate.] 1. The act of vacating; a making void or of no force; as, the vacation of an office or a charter. 2. Intermission of a stated employment, procedure, or office; a period of intermission; rest; leisure. It was not in his nature, however, at least till years had chastened it, to take any vacation from controversy. Palfrey. Hence, specifically: -(a) (Law) Defn: Intermission of judicial proceedings; the space of time between the end of one term and the beginning of the next; nonterm; recess. "With lawyers in the vacation." Shak. (b) The intermission of the regular studies and exercises of an educational institution between terms; holidays; as, the spring vacation. (c) The time when an office is vacant; esp. (Eccl.), the time when a see, or other spiritual dignity, is vacant. VACATUR Va*ca"tur, n. [NL., it is made void, fr. L. vacare to be empty. See Vacant.] (Law) Defn: An order of court by which a proceeding is set aside or annulled. VACCARY Vac"ca*ry, n. Etym: [LL. vaccarium, from L. vacca cow. Cf. Vachery.] Defn: A cow house, dairy house, or cow pasture. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Wright. VACCINA Vac*ci"na, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: Vaccinia. VACCINAL Vac"ci*nal, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to vaccinia or vaccination. VACCINATE Vac"ci*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vaccinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Vaccinating.] Etym: [See Vaccine.] Defn: To inoculate with the cowpox by means of a virus, called vaccine, taken either directly or indirectly from cows. VACCINATION Vac`ci*na"tion, n. Defn: The act, art, or practice of vaccinating, or inoculating with the cowpox, in order to prevent or mitigate an attack of smallpox. Cf. Inoculation. Note: In recent use, vaccination sometimes includes inoculation with any virus as a preventive measure; as, vaccination of cholera. VACCINATOR Vac"ci*na`tor, n. Defn: One who, or that which, vaccinates. VACCINE Vac"cine, a. Etym: [L. vaccinus, fr. vacca a cow; cf. Skr. vac to bellow, to groan.] Defn: Of or pertaining to cows; pertaining to, derived from, or caused by, vaccinia; as, vaccine virus; the vaccine disease. -- n. Defn: The virus of vaccinia used in vaccination. VACCINE POINT Vac"cine point`. (Med.) Defn: See Point, n., 26. VACCINIA Vac*cin"i*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Vaccine.] (Med.) Defn: Cowpox; vaccina. See Cowpox. VACCINIST Vac"ci*nist, n. Defn: A vaccinator. VACCINIUM Vac*cin"i*um, n. Etym: [L., the blueberry, or whortleberry.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of ericaceous shrubs including the various kinds of blueberries and the true cranberries. VACHER Va`cher", n. Etym: [F., from vache a cow. Cf. Vaquero.] Defn: A keeper of stock or cattle; a herdsman. [Southwestern U. S.] Bartlett. VACHERY Vach"er*y, n. Etym: [F. vacherie, from vache a cow, L. vacca. Cf. Vaccary.] 1. An inclosure for cows. 2. A dairy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Prompt. Parv. VACHETTE CLASP Va`chette" clasp. [Cf. F. vachette cowhide leather used for ligatures.] (Veter.) Defn: A piece of strong steel wire with the ends curved and pointed, used on toe or quarter cracks to bind the edges together and prevent motion. It is clasped into two notches, one on each side of the crack, burned into the wall with a cautery iron. VACILLANCY Vac"il*lan*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vacillant, or wavering. [R.] Dr. H. More. VACILLANT Vac"il*lant, a. Etym: [L. vacillans, p. pr. of vacillare: cf. F. vacillant. See Vacillate.] Defn: Vacillating; wavering; fluctuating; irresolute. VACILLATE Vac"il*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vacillated; p. pr. & vb. n. Vacillating.] Etym: [L. vacillare, vacillatum; cf. Skr. vañc.] 1. To move one way and the other; to reel or stagger; to waver. [A spheroid] is always liable to shift and vacillatefrom one axis to another. Paley. 2. To fluctuate in mind or opinion; to be unsteady or inconstant; to waver. Syn. -- See Fluctuate. VACILLATING Vac"il*la`ting, a. Defn: Inclined to fluctuate; wavering. Tennyson. -- Vac"il*la`ting*ly, adv. VACILLATION Vac`il*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. vacillatio: cf. F. vacillation.] 1. The act of vacillating; a moving one way and the other; a wavering. His vacillations, or an alternation of knowledge and doubt. Jer. Taylor. VACILLATORY Vac"il*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Inclined to vacillate; wavering; irresolute. Hawthorne. VACUATE Vac"u*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. vacuatus, p. p. of vacuare to empty, from vacuus empty. See Vacant.] Defn: To make void, or empty. [R.] VACUATION Vac`u*a"tion, n. Defn: The act of emptying; evacuation. [R.] VACUIST Vac"u*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vacuiste.] Defn: One who holds the doctrine that the space between the bodies of the universe, or the molecules and atoms of matter., is a vacuum; -- opposed to plenist. VACUITY Va*cu"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. vacuitas. See Vacuous.] 1. The quality or state of being vacuous, or not filled; emptiness; vacancy; as, vacuity of mind; vacuity of countenance. Hunger is such a state of vacuity as to require a fresh supply of aliment. Arbuthnot. 2. Space unfilled or unoccupied, or occupied with an invisible fluid only; emptiness; void; vacuum. A vacuity is interspersed among the particles of matter. Bentley. God . . . alone can answer all our longings and fill every vacuity of our soul. Rogers. 3. Want of reality; inanity; nihility. [R.] Their expectations will meet with vacuity. Glanvill. VACUNA Va*cu"na, n. Etym: [L. vacuus unoccupied.] (Rom. Myth.) Defn: The goddess of rural leisure, to whom the husbandmen sacrificed at the close of the harvest. She was especially honored by the Sabines. VACUOLATED Vac"u*o*la`ted, a. (Biol.) Defn: Full of vacuoles, or small air cavities; as, vacuolated cells. VACUOLATION Vac"u*o*la"tion, n. (Biol.) Defn: Formation into, or multiplication of, vacuoles. VACUOLE Vac"u*ole, n. Etym: [L. vacuus empty: cf. F. vacuole.] (Biol.) Defn: A small air cell, or globular space, in the interior of organic cells, either containing air, or a pellucid watery liquid, or some special chemical secretions of the cell protoplasm. Contractile vacuole. (Zoöl.) See under Contractile, and see Illusts. of Infusoria, and Lobosa. -- Food vacuole. (Zoöl.) See under Food, and see Illust. of Infusoria. VACUOMETER Vac`u*om"e*ter, n. [Vacuum + -meter.] (Physics) (a) An instrument for the comparison of barometers. (b) An apparatus for the measurement of low pressures. VACUOUS Vac"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. vacuus. See Vacant.] Defn: Empty; unfilled; void; vacant. Boundless the deep, because I am who fill Infinitude; nor vacuous the space. Milton. That the few may lead selfish and vacuous days. J. Morley. VACUOUSNESS Vac"u*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vacuous; emptiness; vacuity. W. Montagu. VACUUM Vac"u*um, n.; pl. E. Vacuums, L. Vacua. Etym: [L., fr. vacuus empty. See Vacuous.] 1. (Physics) Defn: A space entirely devoid of matter (called also, by way of distinction, absolute vacuum); hence, in a more general sense, a space, as the interior of a closed vessel, which has been exhausted to a high or the highest degree by an air pump or other artificial means; as, water boils at a reduced temperature in a vacuum. 2. The condition of rarefaction, or reduction of pressure below that of the atmosphere, in a vessel, as the condenser of a steam engine, which is nearly exhausted of air or steam, etc.; as, a vacuum of 26 inches of mercury, or 13 pounds per square inch. Vacuum brake, a kind of continuous brake operated by exhausting the air from some appliance under each car, and so causing the pressure of the atmosphere to apply the brakes. -- Vacuum pan (Technol.), a kind of large closed metallic retort used in sugar making for boiling down sirup. It is so connected with an exhausting apparatus that a partial vacuum is formed within. This allows the evaporation and concentration to take place at a lower atmospheric pressure and hence also at a lower temperature, which largely obviates the danger of burning the sugar, and shortens the process. -- Vacuum pump. Same as Pulsometer, 1. -- Vacuum tube (Phys.), a glass tube provided with platinum electrodes and exhausted, for the passage of the electrical discharge; a Geissler tube. -- Vacuum valve, a safety valve opening inward to admit air to a vessel in which the pressure is less than that of the atmosphere, in order to prevent collapse. -- Torricellian vacuum. See under Torricellian. VACUUM CLEANER Vac"u*um clean"er. Defn: A machine for cleaning carpets, tapestry, upholstered work, etc., by suction. VADANTES Va*dan"tes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. vadans, p. pr. of vadare to wade, to ford.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive artificial group of birds including the wading, swimming, and cursorial birds. VADE Vade, v. i. Etym: [For fade.] Defn: To fade; hence, to vanish. [Obs.] " Summer leaves all vaded." Shak. They into dust shall vade. Spenser. VADE MECUM Va`de me"cum. Etym: [L., go with me.] Defn: A book or other thing that a person carries with him as a constant companion; a manual; a handbook. VADIMONY Vad"i*mo*ny, n. Etym: [L. vadimonium.] (Law) Defn: A bond or pledge for appearance before a judge on a certain day. [Obs.] VADIUM Va"di*um, n. Etym: [LL., from L. vas, vadis, bail.] (Law) Defn: Pledge; security; bail. See Mortgage. Vadium vivum Etym: [LL.] (Law), a living pledge, which exists where an estate is granted until a debt is paid out of its proceeds. VAE Vae, n. Defn: See Voe. [Scot.] VAFROUS Va"frous, a. Etym: [L. vafer.] Defn: Crafty; cunning; sly; as, vafrous tricks. [Obs.] Feltham. VAGABOND Vag"a*bond, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. vagabundus, from vagari to stroll about, from vagus strolling. See Vague.] 1. Moving from place to place without a settled habitation; wandering. "Vagabond exile." Shak. 2. Floating about without any certain direction; driven to and fro. To heaven their prayers Flew up, nor missed the way, by envious winds Blown vagabond or frustrate. Milton. 3. Being a vagabond; strolling and idle or vicious. VAGABOND Vag"a*bond, n. Defn: One who wanders from place to place, having no fixed dwelling, or not abiding in it, and usually without the means of honest livelihood; a vagrant; a tramp; hence, a worthless person; a rascal. A fugitive and a vagabond shalt thou be. Gen. iv. 12. Note: In English and American law, vagabond is used in bad sense, denoting one who is without a home; a strolling, idle, worthless person. Vagabonds are described in old English statutes as "such as wake on the night and sleep on the day, and haunt customable taverns and alehouses, and routs about; and no man wot from whence they came, nor whither they go." In American law, the term vagrant is employed in the same sense. Cf Rogue, n., 1. Burrill. Bouvier. VAGABOND Vag"a*bond, v. i. Defn: To play the vagabond; to wander like a vagabond; to stroll. On every part my vagabonding sight Did cast, and drown mine eyes in sweet delight. Drummond. VAGABONDAGE Vag"a*bond`age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vagabondage.] Defn: The condition of a vagabond; a state or habit of wandering about in idleness; vagrancy. VAGABONDISM Vag"a*bond`ism, n. Defn: Vagabondage. VAGABONDIZE Vag"a*bond`ize, v. i. Defn: To play the vagabond; to wander about in idleness. VAGABONDRY Vag"a*bond`ry, n. Defn: Vagabondage. VAGAL Va"gal, a. Etym: [See Vagus.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the vagus, or pneumogastric nerves; pneumogastric. VAGANCY Va"gan*cy, n. Etym: [From L. vagans, p. pr. See Vagantes.] Defn: A wandering; vagrancy. [Obs.] A thousand vagancies of glory and desight. Milton. VAGANTES Va*gan"tes, p. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. vagans, p. pr. of vagari to stroll or wander.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of spiders, comprising some of those which take their prey in a web, but which also frequently run with agility, and chase and seize their prey. VAGARIOUS Va*ga"ri*ous, a. Defn: Given to, or characterized by, vagaries; capricious; whimsical; crochety. VAGARY Va*ga"ry, n.; pl. Vagaries. Etym: [L. vagari to stroll about. See Vague.] 1. A wandering or strolling. [Obs.] 2. Hence, a wandering of the thoughts; a wild or fanciful freak; a whim; a whimsical purpose. "The vagaries of a child." Spectator. They changed their minds, Flew off, and into strange vagaries fell. Milton. VAGIENT Va"gi*ent, a. Etym: [L. vagiens, p. pr. of vagire to cry like a young child.] Defn: Crying like a child. [Obs.] VAGINA Va*gi"na, n.; pl. Vaginæ. Etym: [L. vagina a scabbard or sheath.] 1. (Anat.) (a) A sheath; a theca; as, the vagina of the portal vein. (b) Specifically, the canal which leads from the uterus to the external orifice if the genital canal, or to the cloaca. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The terminal part of the oviduct in insects and various other invertebrates. See Illust., of Spermatheca. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The basal expansion of certain leaves, which inwraps the stem; a sheath. 4. (Arch.) Defn: The shaft of a terminus, from which the bust of figure seems to issue or arise. VAGINAL Vag"i*nal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vaginal.] 1. Of or pertaining to a vagina; resembling a vagina, or sheath; thecal; as, a vaginal synovial membrane; the vaginal process of the temporal bone. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the vagina of the genital canal; as, the vaginal artery. VAGINANT Vag"i*nant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vaginant. See Vagina.] Defn: Serving to in invest, or sheathe; sheathing. Vaginant leaf (Bot.), a leaf investing the stem or branch by its base, which has the form of a tube. VAGINATE; VAGINATED Vag"i*nate, Vag"i*na`ted, a. Etym: [See Vagina.] Defn: Invested with, or as if with, a sheath; as, a vaginate stem, or one invested by the tubular base of a leaf. VAGINATI Vag`i*na"ti, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of birds comprising the sheathbills. VAGINERVOSE Vag`i*ner*vose", a. Etym: [L. vagus wandering + E. nervose.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the nerves, or veins, placed in apparent disorder. VAGINICOLA Vag`i*nic"o*la, n. Etym: [NL., from L. vagina sheath + colere to in habit.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Infusoria which form minute vaselike or tubular cases in which they dwell. VAGINISMUS Vag`i*nis"mus, n. Etym: [NL.] (Med.) Defn: A painful spasmodic contraction of the vagina, often rendering copulation impossible. VAGINITIS Vag`i*ni"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Vagina, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the vagina, or the genital canal, usually of its mucous living membrane. VAGINOPENNOUS Vag`i*no*pen"nous, a. Etym: [L. vagina a sheath + penna a feather, pl. pennae a wing.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having elytra; sheath-winged. [R.] VAGINULA Va*gin"u*la, n. Etym: [L., dim. of vagina sheath.] (Bot.) (a) A little sheath, as that about the base of the pedicel of most mosses. (b) One of the tubular florets in composite flowers. Henslow. VAGINULE Vag"i*nule, n. (Bot.) Defn: A vaginula. VAGISSATE Vag"is*sate, v. i. Etym: [L. vagari to stroll or wander.] Defn: To caper or frolic. [Obs.] VAGOUS Va"gous, a. Etym: [L. vagus. See Vague.] Defn: Wandering; unsettled. [Obs.] Ayliffe. VAGRANCY Va"gran*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being a vagrant; a wandering without a settled home; an unsettled condition; vagabondism. Threatened away into banishment and vagrancy. Barrow. VAGRANT Va"grant, a. Etym: [Probably fr. OF. waucrant, wacrant, p. p. of waucrer, wacrer, walcrer, to wander (probably of Teutonic origin), but influenced by F. vagant, p. pr. of vaguer to stray, L. vagari. Cf. Vagary.] 1. Moving without certain direction; wandering; erratic; unsettled. That beauteous Emma vagrant courses took. Prior. While leading this vagrant and miserable life, Johnson fell in live. Macaulay. 2. Wandering from place to place without any settled habitation; as, a vagrant beggar. VAGRANT Va"grant, n. Defn: One who strolls from place to place; one who has no settled habitation; an idle wanderer; a sturdy beggar; an incorrigible rogue; a vagabond. Vagrants and outlaws shall offend thy view. Prior. VAGRANTLY Va"grant*ly, adv. Defn: In a vagrant manner. VAGRANTNESS Va"grant*ness, n. Defn: State of being vagrant; vagrancy. VAGUE Vague, a. [Compar. Vaguer; superl. Vaguest.] Etym: [F. vague, or L. vagus. See Vague, v. i.] 1. Wandering; vagrant; vagabond. [Archaic] "To set upon the vague villains." Hayward. She danced along with vague, regardless eyes. Keats. 2. Unsettled; unfixed; undetermined; indefinite; ambiguous; as, a vague idea; a vague proposition. This faith is neither a mere fantasy of future glory, nor a vague ebullition of feeling. I. Taylor. The poet turned away, and gave himself up to a sort of vague revery, which he called thought. Hawthorne. 3. Proceeding from no known authority; unauthenticated; uncertain; flying; as, a vague report. Some legend strange and value. Longfellow. Vague year. See Sothiac year, under Sothiac. Syn. -- Unsettled; indefinite; unfixed; ill-defined; ambiguous; hazy; loose; lax; uncertain. VAGUE Vague, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vague.] Defn: An indefinite expanse. [R.] The gray vague of unsympathizing sea. Lowell. VAGUE Vague, v. i. Etym: [F. vaguer, L. vagari, fr. vagus roaming.] Defn: To wander; to roam; to stray. [Obs.] "[The soul] doth vague and wander." Holland. VAGUE Vague, n. Defn: A wandering; a vagary. [Obs.] Holinshed. VAGUELY Vague"ly, adv. Defn: In a vague manner. What he vaguely hinted at, but dared not speak. Hawthorne. VAGUENESS Vague"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vague. VAGUS Va"gus, a. Etym: [L., wandering.] (Anat.) Defn: Wandering; -- applied especially to the pneumogastric nerve. -- n. Defn: The vagus, ore pneumogastric, nerve. VAIL Vail, n. & v. t. Defn: Same as Veil. VAIL Vail, n. Etym: [Aphetic form of avail, n.] 1. Avails; profit; return; proceeds. [Obs.] My house is as were the cave where the young outlaw hoards the stolen vails of his occupation. Chapman. 2. An unexpected gain or acquisition; a casual advantage or benefit; a windfall. [Obs.] 3. Money given to servants by visitors; a gratuity; -- usually in the plural. [Written also vale.] Dryden. VAIL Vail, v. t. Etym: [Aphetic form of avale. See Avale, Vale.] [Written also vale, and veil.] 1. To let fail; to allow or cause to sink. [Obs.] Vail your regard Upon a wronged, I would fain have said, a maid! Shak. 2. To lower, or take off, in token of inferiority, reverence, submission, or the like. France must vail her lofty-plumed crest! Shak. Without vailing his bonnet or testifying any reverence for the alleged sanctity of the relic. Sir. W. Scott. VAIL Vail, v. i. Defn: To yield or recede; to give place; to show respect by yielding, uncovering, or the like. [Written also vale, and veil.] [Obs.] Thy convenience must vail to thy neighbor's necessity. South. VAIL Vail, n. Defn: Submission; decline; descent. [Obs.] VAILER Vail"er, n. Defn: One who vails. [Obs.] Overbury. VAIMURE Vai"mure, n. Defn: An outer, or exterior. wall. See Vauntmure. [Obs.] Hakluyt. VAIN Vain, a. [Compar. Vainer; superl. Vainest.] Etym: [F. vain, L. vanus empty, void, vain. Cf. Vanish, Vanity, Vaunt to boast.] 1. Having no real substance, value, or importance; empty; void; worthless; unsatisfying. "Thy vain excuse." Shak. Every man walketh in a vain show. Ps. xxxix. 6. Let no man deceive you with vain words. Eph. v. 6. Vain pomp, and glory of this world, I hate ye! Shak. Vain visdom all, and false philosophy. Milton. 2. Destitute of forge or efficacy; effecting no purpose; fruitless; ineffectual; as, vain toil; a vain attempt. Bring no more vain oblations. Isa. i. 13. Vain is the force of man To crush the pillars which the pile sustain. Dryden. 3. Proud of petty things, or of trifling attainments; having a high opinion of one's own accomplishments with slight reason; conceited; puffed up; inflated. But wilt thou know, O vain man, that faith apart from works is barren James ii. 20 (Rev. Ver.). The minstrels played on every side, Vain of their art. Dryden. 4. Showy; ostentatious. Load some vain church with old theatric state. Pope. Syn. -- Empty; worthless; fruitless; ineffectual; idle; unreal; shadowy; showy; ostentatious; light; inconstant; deceitful; delusive; unimportant; trifling. VAIN Vain, n. Defn: Vanity; emptiness; -- now used only in the phrase in vain. For vain. See In vain. [Obs.] Shak. -- In vain, to no purpose; without effect; ineffectually. " In vain doth valor bleed." Milton. " In vain they do worship me." Matt. xv. 9. -- To take the name of God in vain, to use the name of God with levity or profaneness. VAINGLORIOUS Vain`glo"ri*ous, a. Defn: Feeling or indicating vainglory; elated by vanity; boastful. "Arrogant and vainglorious expression." Sir M. Hale. -- Vain`glo"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Vain`glo"ri*ous*ness, n. VAINGLORY Vain`glo"ry, n. Etym: [Vain + glory.] Defn: Excessive vanity excited by one's own performances; empty pride; undue elation of mind; vain show; boastfulness. He had nothing of vainglory. Bacon. The man's undone forever; for if Hector break not his neck i' the combat, he'll break't himself in vainglory. Shak. VAINLY Vain"ly, adv. Defn: In a vain manner; in vain. VAINNESS Vain"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vain. VAIR Vair, n. Etym: [F. vair, from OF. vair, a., L. varius various, variegated. See Various, and cf. Menivel.] Defn: The skin of the squirrel, much used in the fourteenth century as fur for garments, and frequently mentioned by writers of that period in describing the costly dresses of kings, nobles, and prelates. It is represented in heraldry by a series of small shields placed close together, and alternately white and blue. Fairholt. No vair or ermine decked his garment. Sir W. Scott. Counter vair (Her.), a fur resembling vair, except in the arrangement of the patches or figures. VAIRY Vair"y, a. Etym: [F. vairé. See Vair, n.] (Her.) Defn: Charged with vair; variegated with shield-shaped figures. See Vair. VAISHNAVA Vaish"na*va (vish"na*va), n. Etym: [Skr. vaishnsava.] (Hindoo Myth.) Defn: A worshiper of the god Vishnu in any of his incarnations. VAISHNAVISM Vaish"na*vism, n. Defn: The worship of Vishnu. VAISYA Vais"ya, n. Etym: [Skr. vaiçya.] Defn: The third of the four great original castes among the Hindoos, now either extinct or partially represented by the mercantile class of Banyas. See the Note under Caste, 1. VAIVODE Vai"vode, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vayvode. See Waywode.] Defn: See Waywode. VAKEEL Va*keel", n. Etym: [Ar. wakil.] Defn: A native attorney or agent; also, an ambassador. [India] VALANCE Val"ance, n. Etym: [Perhaps fr. OF. avalant descending, hanging down, p. pr. of avaler to go down, let down, descent (cf. Avalanche); but probably from the town of Valence in France.] 1. Hanging drapery for a bed, couch, window, or the like, especially that which hangs around a bedstead, from the bed to the floor. [Written also valence.] Valance of Venice gold in needlework. Shak. 2. The drooping edging of the lid of a trunk. which covers the joint when the lid is closed. VALANCE Val"ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Valanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Valancing.] Defn: To furnish with a valance; to decorate with hangings or drapery. His old fringed chair valanced around with party-colored worsted bobs. Sterne. VALE Vale, n. Etym: [OE. val, F. val, L. vallis; perhaps akin to Gr. Avalanche, Vail to lower, Valley.] Defn: A tract of low ground, or of land between hills; a valley. " Make me a cottage in the vale." Tennyson. Beyond this vale of tears there is a life above. Montgomery. In those fair vales, by nature formed to please. Harte. Note: Vale is more commonly used in poetry, and valley in prose and common discourse. Syn. -- Valley; dingle; dell; dale. VALE Vale, n. Defn: See 2d Vail, 3. VALEDICTION Val`e*dic"tion, n. Etym: [L., valedicere, valedictum, to say farewell; vale farewell (imperative of valere to be strong or well) + dicere to say. See Valiant, Diction.] Defn: A farewell; a bidding farewell. Donne. VALEDICTORIAN Val`e*dic*to"ri*an, n. Defn: One who pronounces a valedictory address; especially, in American colleges, the student who pronounces the valedictory of the graduating class at the annual commencement, usually the student who ranks first in scholarship. VALEDICTORY Val`e*dic"to*ry, a. Defn: Bidding farewell; suitable or designed for an occasion of leave-taking; as, a valedictory oration. VALEDICTORY Val`e*dic"to*ry, n.; pl. Valedictories (. Defn: A valedictory oration or address spoken at commencement in American colleges or seminaries by one of the graduating class, usually by the leading scholar. VALENCE Va"lence, n. Etym: [From L. valens, -entis, p. pr. of valere to have power, to be strong. See Valiant.] (Chem.) Defn: The degree of combining power of an atom (or radical) as shown by the number of atoms of hydrogen (or of other monads, as chlorine, sodium, etc.) with which it will combine, or for which it can be substituted, or with which it can be compared; thus, an atom of hydrogen is a monad, and has a valence of one; the atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon are respectively dyads, triads, and tetrads, and have a valence respectively of two, three, and four. Note: The valence of certain elements varies in different compounds. Valence in degree may extend as high as seven or eight, as in the cases of iodine and osmium respectively. The doctrine of valence has been of fundamental importance in distinguishing the equivalence from the atomic weight, and is an essential factor in explaining the chemical structures of compounds. VALENCIA Va*len"ci*a, n. Etym: [Perhaps fr. Valence in France.] Defn: A kind of woven fabric for waistcoats, having the weft of wool and the warp of silk or cotton. [Written also valentia.] VALENCIENNES LACE Va*len`ci*ennes" lace". Etym: [F.; -- so called after the town of Valenciennes.] Defn: A rich kind of lace made at Valenciennes, in France. Each piece is made throughout, ground and pattern, by the same person and with the same thread, the pattern being worked in the net. VALENCY Val"en*cy, n.; pl. Valencies (. (Chem.) (a) See Valence. (b) A unit of combining power; a so-called bond of affinity. VALENTIA Va*len"ti*a, n. Defn: See Valencia. VALENTINE Val"en*tine, n. 1. A sweetheart chosen on St. Valentine's Day. 2. A letter containing professions of love, or a missive of a sentimental, comic, or burlesque character, sent on St. Valentine's Day. St. Valentine's Day, a day sacred to St. Valentine; the 14th of February. It was a very old notion, alluded to by Shakespeare, that on this day birds begin to mate. Hence, perhaps, arose the custom of sending love tokens at that time. VALENTINIAN Val`en*tin"i*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a school of Judaizing Gnostics in the second century; -- so called from Valentinus, the founder. VALERAMIDE Val`er*am"ide, n. Etym: [Valeric + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: The acid amide derivative of valeric acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance. VALERATE Val"er*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of valeric acid. VALERIAN Va*le"ri*an, n. Etym: [LL. valeriana, perhaps from some person named Valerius, or fr. L. valere to be strong. powerful, on account of its medicinal virtues: cf. F. valériane.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Valeriana. The root of the officinal valerian (V. officinalis) has a strong smell, and is much used in medicine as an antispasmodic. Greek valerian (Bot.), a plant (Polemonium cæruleum) with blue or white flowers, and leaves resembling those of the officinal valerian. VALERIANACEOUS Va*le`ri*an*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of a natural order (Valerianaccæ) of which the valerian is the type. The order includes also the corn salads and the oriental spikenard. VALERIANATE Va*le"ri*an*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A valerate. VALERIANIC Va*le`ri*an"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Performance to, or obtained from, valerian root; specifically, designating an acid which is usually called valeric acid. VALERIC Va*ler"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Valerianic; specifically, designating any one of three metameric acids, of which the typical one (called also inactive valeric acid), C4H9CO2H, is obtained from valerian root and other sources, as a corrosive, mobile, oily liquid, having a strong acid taste, and an odor of old cheese. Active valeric acid, a metameric variety which turns the plane of polarization to the right, although formed by the oxidation of a levorotatory amyl alcohol. VALERIDINE Va*ler"i*dine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A base, C10H19N, produced by heating valeric aldehyde with ammonia. It is probably related to the conine alkaloids. VALERIN Val"er*in, n. Etym: [Valeric + glycerin.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of valeric acid with glycerin, occurring in butter, dolphin oil., and forming an forming an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant odor. VALERITRINE Va*ler"i*trine, n. Etym: [Valeric + iropine + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: A base, C15H27N, produced together with valeridine, which it resembles. VALERO- Val"er*o-. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively) indicating derivation from, or relation to, valerian or some of its products, as valeric acid; as in valerolactone, a colorless oily liquid produced as the anhydride of an hydroxy valeric acid. VALERONE Val"er*one, n. (Chem.) Defn: A ketone of valeric acid obtained as an oily liquid. VALERYL Val"er*yl, n. Etym: [Valeric + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical C5H9O, regarded as the essential nucleus of certain valeric acid derivatives. VALERYLENE Val`er*yl*ene, n. (Chem.) Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon, C5H8; -- called also pentine. VALET Val"et, n. Etym: [F. valet, OF. vallet, varlet, vaslet. See Varlet, and Vassal.] 1. A male waiting servant; a servant who attends on gentleman's person; a body servant. 2. (Man.) Defn: A kind of goad or stick with a point of iron. Valet de chambre ( Etym: [F.], a body servant, or personal attendant. VALETUDINARIAN Val`e*tu`di*na"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. valetudinarius, from valetudo state of health, health, ill health, fr. valere to be strong or well: cf. F. valétudinaire. See Valiant.] Defn: Of infirm health; seeking to recover health; sickly; weakly; infirm. My feeble health and valetudinarian stomach. Coleridge. The virtue which the world wants is a healthful virtue, not a valetudinarian virtue. Macaulay. VALETUDINARIAN Val`e*tu`di*na"ri*an, n. Defn: A person of a weak or sickly constitution; one who is seeking to recover health. Valetudinarians must live where they can command and scold. Swift. VALETUDINARIANISM Val`e*tu`di*na"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: The condition of a valetudinarian; a state of feeble health; infirmity. VALETUDINARY Val`e*tu"di*na*ry, a. Defn: Infirm; sickly; valetudinarian. -- Val`e*tu"di*na*ri*ness, n. It renders the habit of society dangerously. Burke. VALETUDINARY Val`e*tu"di*na*ry, n. Defn: A valetudinarian. VALETUDINOUS Val`e*tu"di*nous, a. Defn: Valetudinarian. [Obs.] "The valetudinous condition of King Edward." Fuller. VALHALLA Val*hal"la, n. Etym: [Icel. valhöll, literally, hall of the slain; valr the slain (akin to AS. wæl, OHG. wal battlefield, wuol defeat, slaughter, AS. wol pestilence) + höll a royal hall. See Hall, and cf. Walhalla.] [Written also walhalla.] 1. (Scand. Myth.) Defn: The palace of immortality, inhabited by the souls of heroes slain in battle. 2. Fig.: A hall or temple adorned with statues and memorials of a nation's heroes; specifically, the Pantheon near Ratisbon, in Bavaria, consecrated to the illustrious dead of all Germany. VALIANCE; VALIANCY Val"iance, Val"ian*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vaillance. See Valiant.] Defn: The quality or state of being valiant; bravery; valor. [Obs.] "His doughty valiance." Spenser. VALIANT Val"iant, a. Etym: [OE. valiant, F. vaillant, OF. vaillant, valant, originally p. pr. of OF. & F. valoir to be worth, L. valere to be strong. See Wield, and cf. Avail, Convalesce, Equivalent, Prevail, Valid.] 1. Vigorous in body; strong; powerful; as, a valiant fencer. [Obs.] Walton. 2. Intrepid in danger; courageous; brave. A valiant and most expert gentleman. Shak. And Saul said to David . . . be thou valiant for me, and fight the Lord's battles. 1 Sam. xviii. 17. 3. Performed with valor or bravery; heroic. "Thou bearest the highest name for valiant acts." Milton. [The saints] have made such valiant confessions. J. H. Newman. -- Val"iant*ly, adv. -- Val"iant*ness, n. VALID Val"id, a. Etym: [F. valide, F. validus strong, from valere to be strong. See Valiant.] 1. Strong; powerful; efficient. [Obs.] "Perhaps more valid arms . . . may serve to better us." Milton. 2. Having sufficient strength or force; founded in truth; capable of being justified, defended, or supported; not weak or defective; sound; good; efficacious; as, a valid argument; a valid objection. An answer that is open to no valid exception. I. Taylor. 3. (Law) Defn: Having legal strength or force; executed with the proper formalities; incapable of being rightfully overthrown or set aside; as, a valid deed; a valid covenant; a valid instrument of any kind; a valid claim or title; a valid marriage. Syn. -- Prevalent; available; efficacious; just; good; weighty; sufficient; sound; well-grounded. VALIDATE Val"i*date, v. t. Etym: [See Valid.] Defn: To confirm; to render valid; to give legal force to. The chamber of deputies . . . refusing to validate at once the election of an official candidate. London Spectator. VALIDATION Val`i*da"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. validation.] Defn: The act of giving validity. [R.] Knowles. VALIDITY Va*lid"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. validité, L. validitas strength.] 1. The quality or state of being valid; strength; force; especially, power to convince; justness; soundness; as, the validity of an argument or proof; the validity of an objection. 2. (Law) Defn: Legal strength, force, or authority; that quality of a thing which renders it supportable in law, or equity; as, the validity of a will; the validity of a contract, claim, or title. 3. Value. [Obs.] "Rich validity." Shak. VALIDLY Val"id*ly, adv. Defn: In a valid manner; so as to be valid. VALIDNESS Val"id*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being valid. VALINCH Val"inch, n. Etym: [Cf. F. avaler to let down, drink up. Cf. Avalanche.] Defn: A tube for drawing liquors from a cask by the bunghole. [Written also velinche.] VALISE Va*lise", n. Etym: [F. valise; cf. It. valigia, Sp. balija, LL. valisia, valesia; of uncertain origin, perhaps through (assumed) LL. vidulitia, from L. vidulus a leathern trunk; a knapsack.] Defn: A small sack or case, usually of leather, but sometimes of other material, for containing the clothes, toilet articles, etc., of a traveler; a traveling bag; a portmanteau. VALKYRIA Val*kyr"i*a, n. Etym: [Icel. valkyrja (akin to AS. wælcyrie); valr the slain + kjosa to choose. See Valhalla, and Choose.] (Scand. Myth.) Defn: One of the maidens of Odin, represented as awful and beautiful, who presided over battle and marked out those who were to be slain, and who also ministered at the feasts of heroes in Valhalla. [Written also Valkyr, and Walkyr.] VALKYRIAN Val*kyr"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Valkyrias; hence, relating to battle. "Ourself have often tried Valkyrian hymns." Tennyson. VALLANCY Val*lan"cy, n. Etym: [From Valance.] Defn: A large wig that shades the face. [Obs.] VALLAR Val"lar, a. Etym: [L.vallaris.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a rampart. Vallar crown (Rom. Antiq.), a circular gold crown with palisades, bestowed upon the soldier who first surmounted the rampart and broke into the enemy's camp. VALLAR Val"lar, n. Defn: A vallar crown. VALLARY Val"la*ry, a. Defn: Same as Vallar. VALLATION Val*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. vallatio, fr. vallare to surround with a rampart, fr. vallum rampart. See Wall, n.] Defn: A rampart or intrenchment. VALLATORY Val"la*to*ry, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a vallation; used for a vallation; as, vallatory reads. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. VALLECULA Val*lec"u*la, n.; pl. Valleculæ. Etym: [NL., dim. fr. L. vallis, valles, a valley.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A groove; a fossa; as, the vallecula, or fossa, which separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum. 2. (Bot.) Defn: One of the grooves, or hollows, between the ribs of the fruit of umbelliferous plants. VALLET'S PILLS Val`let's pills". Etym: [From Dr. Vallet of Paris.] (Med.) Defn: Pills containing sulphate of iron and carbonate of sodium, mixed with saccharine matter; -- called also Vallet's mass. VALLEY Val"ley, n.; pl. Valleys. Etym: [OE. vale, valeie, OF. valée, valede, F. vallée, LL. vallata, L. vallis, valles. See Vale.] 1. The space inclosed between ranges of hills or mountains; the strip of land at the bottom of the depressions intersecting a country, including usually the bed of a stream, with frequently broad alluvial plains on one or both sides of the stream. Also used figuratively. The valley of the shadow of death. Ps. xxiii. 4. Sweet interchange Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains. Milton. Note: Deep and narrow valleys with abrupt sides are usually the results of erosion by water, and are called gorges, ravines, cañons, gulches, etc. 2. (Arch.) (a) The place of meeting of two slopes of a roof, which have their plates running in different directions, and form on the plan a reëntrant angle. (b) The depression formed by the meeting of two slopes on a flat roof. Valley board (Arch.), a board for the reception of the lead gutter in the valley of a roof. The valley board and lead gutter are not usual in the United States. -- Valley rafter, or Valley piece (Arch.), the rafter which supports the valley. -- Valley roof (Arch.), a roof having one or more valleys. See Valley, 2, above. VALLUM Val"lum, n.; pl. L. Valla, E. Vallums. Etym: [L. See Wall.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A rampart; a wall, as in a fortification. VALONIA Va*lo"ni*a, n. Etym: [It. vallonia, vallonea, fr. NGr. balania`, balanidia`, the holm oak, bala`ni, balani`di, an acorn, Gr. ba`lanos.] 1. The acorn cup of two kinds of oak (Quercus macrolepis, and Q. vallonea) found in Eastern Europe. It contains abundance of tannin, and is much used by tanners and dyers. 2. Etym: [Perhaps named from its resemblance to an acorn.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of marine green algæ, in which the whole frond consists of a single oval or cylindrical cell, often an inch in length. VALOR Val"or, n. Etym: [OE. valour, OF. valor, valur, valour, F. valeur, LL. valor, fr. L. valere to be strong, or worth. See Valiant.] [Written also valour.] 1. Value; worth. [Obs.] "The valor of a penny." Sir T. More. 2. Strength of mind in regard to danger; that quality which enables a man to encounter danger with firmness; personal bravery; courage; prowess; intrepidity. For contemplation he and valor formed. Milton. When valor preys on reason, It eats the sword it fights with. Shak. Fear to do base, unworthy things is valor. B. Jonson. 3. A brave man; a man of valor. [R.] Ld. Lytton. Syn. -- Courage; heroism; bravery; gallantry; boldness; fearlessness. See Courage, and Heroism. VALORIZATION Val`or*i*za"tion, n. [Pg. valorizacão.] Defn: Act or process of attempting to give an arbitrary market value or price to a commodity by governmental interference, as by maintaining a purchasing fund, making loans to producers to enable them to hold their products, etc.; -- used chiefly of such action by Brazil. VALOROUS Val"or*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. valeureux, LL. valorosus.] Defn: Possessing or exhibiting valor; brave; courageous; valiant; intrepid. -- Val"or*ous*ly, adv. VALSALVIAN Val*sal"vi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Valsalva, an Italian anatomist of the 17th century. Valsalvian experiment (Med.), the process of inflating the middle ear by closing the mouth and nostrils, and blowing so as to puff out the cheeks. VALUABLE Val"u*a*ble, a. 1. Having value or worth; possessing qualities which are useful and esteemed; precious; costly; as, a valuable horse; valuable land; a valuable cargo. 2. Worthy; estimable; deserving esteem; as, a valuable friend; a valuable companion. Valuable consideration (Law), an equivalent or compensation having value given for a thing purchased, as money, marriage, services, etc. Blackstone. Bouvier. VALUABLE Val"u*a*ble, n. Defn: A precious possession; a thing of value, especially a small thing, as an article of jewelry; -- used mostly in the plural. The food and valuables they offer to the gods. Tylor. VALUABLENESS Val"u*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being valuable. VALUABLY Val"u*a*bly, adv. Defn: So as to be of value. VALUATION Val`u*a"tion, n. 1. The act of valuing, or of estimating value or worth; the act of setting a price; estimation; appraisement; as, a valuation of lands for the purpose of taxation. 2. Value set upon a thing; estimated value or worth; as, the goods sold for more than their valuation. Since of your lives you set So slight a valuation. Shak. VALUATOR Val"u*a`tor, n. Defn: One who assesses, or sets a value on, anything; an appraiser. Swift. VALUE Val"ue, n. Etym: [OF. value, fr. valoir, p. p. valu, to be worth, fr. L. valere to be strong, to be worth. See Valiant.] 1. The property or aggregate properties of a thing by which it is rendered useful or desirable, or the degree of such property or sum of properties; worth; excellence; utility; importance. Ye are all physicians of no value. Job xiii. 4. Ye are of more value than many sparrows. Matt. x. 31. Cæsar is well acquainted with your virtue, And therefore sets this value on your life. Addison. Before events shall have decided on the value of the measures. Marshall. 2. (Trade & Polit. Econ.) Defn: Worth estimated by any standard of purchasing power, especially by the market price, or the amount of money agreed upon as an equivalent to the utility and cost of anything. An article may be possessed of the highest degree of utility, or power to minister to our wants and enjoyments, and may be universally made use of, without possessing exchangeable value. M'Culloch. Value is the power to command commodities generally. A. L. Chapin (Johnson's Cys.). Value is the generic term which expresses power in exchange. F. A. Walker. His design was not to pay him the value of his pictures, because they were above any price. Dryden. Note: In political economy, value is often distinguished as intrinsic and exchangeable. Intrinsic value is the same as utility or adaptation to satisfy the desires or wants of men. Exchangeable value is that in an article or product which disposes individuals to give for it some quantity of labor, or some other article or product obtainable by labor; as, pure air has an intrinsic value, but generally not an exchangeable value. 3. Precise signification; import; as, the value of a word; the value of a legal instrument Mitford. 4. Esteem; regard. Dryden. My relation to the person was so near, and my value for him so great Bp. Burnet. 5. (Mus.) Defn: The relative length or duration of a tone or note, answering to quantity in prosody; thus, a quarter note [value of two eighth notes [ 6. In an artistical composition, the character of any one part in its relation to other parts and to the whole; -- often used in the plural; as, the values are well given, or well maintained. 7. Valor. [Written also valew.] [Obs.] Spenser. Value received, a phrase usually employed in a bill of exchange or a promissory note, to denote that a consideration has been given for it. Bouvier. VALUE Val"ue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Valued; p. pr. & vb. n. Valuing.] 1. To estimate the value, or worth, of; to rate at a certain price; to appraise; to reckon with respect to number, power, importance, etc. The mind doth value every moment. Bacon. The queen is valued thirty thousand strong. Shak. The king must take it ill, That he's so slightly valued in his messenger. Shak. Neither of them valued their promises according to rules of honor or integrity. Clarendon. 2. To rate highly; to have in high esteem; to hold in respect and estimation; to appreciate; to prize; as, to value one for his works or his virtues. Which of the dukes he values most. Shak. 3. To raise to estimation; to cause to have value, either real or apparent; to enhance in value. [Obs.] Some value themselves to their country by jealousies of the crown. Sir W. Temple. 4. To be worth; to be equal to in value. [Obs.] The peace between the French and us not values The cost that did conclude it. Shak. Syn. -- To compute; rate; appraise; esteem; respect; regard; estimate; prize; appreciate. VALUED Val"ued, a. Defn: Highly regarded; esteemed; prized; as, a valued contributor; a valued friend. Valued policy. See under Policy. VALUED POLICY Val"ued pol"i*cy. (Fire Insurance) Defn: A policy in which the value of the goods, property, or interest insured is specified; -- opposed to open policy. VALUED-POLICY LAW Valued-policy law. (Fire Insurance) Defn: A law requiring insurance companies to pay to the insured, in case of total loss, the full amount of the insurance, regardless of the actual value of the property at the time of the loss. VALUELESS Val"ue*less, a. Defn: Being of no value; having no worth. VALUER Val"u*er, n. Defn: One who values; an appraiser. VALURE Val"ure, n. Defn: Value. [Obs.] Ld. Berners. VALVAL; VALVAR Valv"al, Valv"ar, a. (Biol.) Defn: Valvular. VALVASOR Val"va*sor, n. (Feud. Law) Defn: See Vavasor. VALVATA Val*va"ta, n. Etym: [NL.; cf. L. valvatus having folding doors. See Valve.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of small spiral fresh-water gastropods having an operculum. VALVATE Valv"ate, a. Etym: [L. valvatus having folding doors.] 1. Resembling, or serving as, a valve; consisting of, or opening by, a valve or valves; valvular. 2. (Bot.) (a) Meeting at the edges without overlapping; -- said of the sepals or the petals of flowers in æstivation, and of leaves in vernation. (b) Opening as if by doors or valves, as most kinds of capsules and some anthers. VALVE Valve, n. Etym: [L. valva the leaf, fold, or valve of a door: cf. F. valve.] 1. A door; especially, one of a pair of folding doors, or one of the leaves of such a door. Swift through the valves the visionary fair Repassed. Pope. Heavily closed, . . . the valves of the barn doors. Longfellow. 2. A lid, plug, or cover, applied to an aperture so that by its movement, as by swinging, lifting and falling, sliding, turning, or the like, it will open or close the aperture to permit or prevent passage, as of a fluid. Note: A valve may act automatically so as to be opened by the effort of a fluid to pass in one direction, and closed by the effort to pass in the other direction, as a clack valve; or it may be opened or closed by hand or by mechanism, as a screw valve, or a slide valve. 3. (Anat.) Defn: One or more membranous partitions, flaps, or folds, which permit the passage of the contents of a vessel or cavity in one direction, but stop or retard the flow in the opposite direction; as, the ileocolic, mitral, and semilunar valves. 4. (Bot.) (a) One of the pieces into which a capsule naturally separates when it bursts. (b) One of the two similar portions of the shell of a diatom. (c) A small portion of certain anthers, which opens like a trapdoor to allow the pollen to escape, as in the barberry. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the pieces or divisions of bivalve or multivalve shells. Air valve, Ball valve, Check valve, etc. See under Air. Ball, Check, etc. -- Double-beat valve, a kind of balance valve usually consisting of a movable, open-ended, turban-shaped shell provided with two faces of nearly equal diameters, one above another, which rest upon two corresponding seats when the valve is closed. -- Equilibrium valve. (a) A balance valve. See under Balance. (b) A valve for permitting air, steam, water, etc., to pass into or out of a chamber so as to establish or maintain equal pressure within and without. -- Valve chest (Mach.), a chamber in which a valve works; especially (Steam Engine), the steam chest; -- called in England valve box, and valve casing. See Steam chest, under Steam. -- Valve face (Mach.), that part of the surface of a valve which comes in contact with the valve seat. -- Valve gear, or Valve motion (Steam Engine), the system of parts by which motion is given to the valve or valves for the distribution of steam in the cylinder. For an illustration of one form of valve gear, see Link motion. -- Valve seat. (Mach.) (a) The fixed surface on which a valve rests or against which it presses. (b) A part or piece on which such a surface is formed. -- Valve stem (Mach.), a rod attached to a valve, for moving it. -- Valve yoke (Mach.), a strap embracing a slide valve and connecting it to the valve stem. VALVED Valved, a. Defn: Having a valve or valve; valvate. VALVELET Valve"let, n. Defn: A little valve; a valvule; especially, one of the pieces which compose the outer covering of a pericarp. VALVE-SHELL Valve"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any fresh-water gastropod of the genus Valvata. VALVULA Val"vu*la, n.; pl. Valvulæ. Etym: [NL., dim. fr. L. valva fold, valve of a door.] (Anat.) Defn: A little valve or fold; a valvelet; a valvule. VALVULAR Valv"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. valvulaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to a valve or valves; specifically (Med.), of or pertaining to the valves of the heart; as, valvular disease. 2. Containing valves; serving as a valve; opening by valves; valvate; as, a valvular capsule. VALVULE Valv"ule, n. Etym: [Cf. F. valvule.] 1. A little valve; a valvelet. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small valvelike process. VALYLENE Val"yl*ene, n. Etym: [Valerian + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: A volatile liquid hydrocarbon, C5H6, related to ethylene and acetylene, but possessing the property of unsaturation in the third degree. It is the only known member of a distinct series of compounds. It has a garlic odor. VAMBRACE Vam"brace, n. Etym: [See Vantbrass.] (Anc. Armor) Defn: The piece designed to protect the arm from the elbow to the wrist. VAMOSE Va*mose", v. i. & t. Etym: [Sp. vamos let us go.] Defn: To depart quickly; to depart from. [Written also vamos, and vamoose.] [Slang, Eng. & U. S.] VAMP Vamp v. i. Defn: To advance; to travel. [Obs.] VAMP Vamp, n. Etym: [OE. vampe, vaumpe, vauntpe, F. avantpied the forefoot, vamp; anat before, fore + pied foot, L. pes. See Advance, Van of an army, and Foot.] 1. The part of a boot or shoe above the sole and welt, and in front of the ankle seam; an upper. 2. Any piece added to an old thing to give it a new appearance. See Vamp, v. t. VAMP Vamp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vamped; p. pr. & vb. n. Vamping.] Defn: To provide, as a shoe, with new upper leather; hence, to piece, as any old thing, with a new part; to repair; to patch; -- often followed by up. I had never much hopes of your vamped play. Swift. VAMPER Vamp"er, n. Defn: One who vamps; one who pieces an old thing with something new; a cobbler. VAMPER Vamp"er, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Vaunt.] Defn: To swagger; to make an ostentatious show. [Prov. eng. & Scot.] Jamieson. VAMPIRE Vam"pire, n. Etym: [F. vampire (cf. It. vampiro, G. & D. vampir), fr. Servian vampir.] [Written also vampyre.] 1. A blood-sucking ghost; a soul of a dead person superstitiously believed to come from the grave and wander about by night sucking the blood of persons asleep, thus causing their death. This superstition is now prevalent in parts of Eastern Europe, and was especially current in Hungary about the year 1730. The persons who turn vampires are generally wizards, witches, suicides, and persons who have come to a violent end, or have been cursed by their parents or by the church, Encyc. Brit. 2. Fig.: One who lives by preying on others; an extortioner; a bloodsucker. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Either one of two or more species of South American blood- sucking bats belonging to the genera Desmodus and Diphylla. These bats are destitute of molar teeth, but have strong, sharp cutting incisors with which they make punctured wounds from which they suck the blood of horses, cattle, and other animals, as well as man, chiefly during sleep. They have a cæcal appendage to the stomach, in which the blood with which they gorge themselves is stored. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of harmless tropical American bats of the genus Vampyrus, especially V. spectrum. These bats feed upon insects and fruit, but were formerly erroneously supposed to suck the blood of man and animals. Called also false vampire. Vampire bat (Zoöl.), a vampire, 3. VAMPIRISM Vam"pir*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vampirisme.] 1. Belief in the existence of vampires. 2. The actions of a vampire; the practice of bloodsucking. 3. Fig.: The practice of extortion. Carlyle. VAMPLATE Vam"plate`, n. Etym: [F. avant fore, fore + E. plate.] Defn: A round of iron on the shaft of a tilting spear, to protect the hand. [Written also vamplet.] VAMURE Va"mure, n. Defn: See Vauntmure. [Obs.] VAN Van, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. vanguard.] Defn: The front of an army; the first line or leading column; also, the front line or foremost division of a fleet, either in sailing or in battle. Standards and gonfalons, twixt van and rear, Stream in the air. Milton. VAN Van, n. Etym: [Cornish.] (Mining) Defn: A shovel used in cleansing ore. VAN Van, v. t. (Mining) Defn: To wash or cleanse, as a small portion of ore, on a shovel. Raymond. VAN Van, n. Etym: [Abbreviated from caravan.] 1. A light wagon, either covered or open, used by tradesmen and others fore the transportation of goods. [Eng.] 2. A large covered wagon for moving furniture, etc., also for conveying wild beasts, etc., for exhibition. 3. A close railway car for baggage. See the Note under Car, 2. [Eng.] VAN Van, n. Etym: [L. vannus a van, or fan for winnowing grain: cf. F. van. Cf. Fan, Van a wing Winnow.] 1. A fan or other contrivance, as a sieve, for winnowing grain. 2. Etym: [OF. vanne, F. vanneau beam feather (cf. It. vanno a wing) fr. L. vannus. See Etymology above.] Defn: A wing with which the air is beaten. [Archaic] "[/Angels] on the air plumy vans received him. " Milton. He wheeled in air, and stretched his vans in vain; His vans no longer could his flight sustain. Dryden. VAN Van, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. vanner to winnow, to fan. See Van a winnowing machine.] Defn: To fan, or to cleanse by fanning; to winnow. [Obs.] Bacon. VANADATE Van"a*date, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vanadate.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of vanadic acid. [Formerly also vanadiate.] VANADIC Va*nad"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, vanadium; containing vanadium; specifically distinguished those compounds in which vanadium has a relatively higher valence as contrasted with the vanadious compounds; as, vanadic oxide. Vanadic acid (Chem.), an acid analogous to phosphoric acid, not known in the free state but forming a well-known series of salts. VANADINITE Va*nad"i*nite, n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in yellowish, and ruby-red hexagonal crystals. It consist of lead vanadate with a small proportion of lead chloride. VANADIOUS Va*na"di*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, vanadium; specifically, designating those compounds in which vanadium has a lower valence as contrasted with the vanadic compounds; as, vanadious acid. [Sometimes written also vanadous.] VANADITE Van"a*dite, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of vanadious acid, analogous to a nitrite or a phosphite. VANADIUM Va*na"di*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Icel. Vanadis, a surname of the Scandinavian goddess Freya.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare element of the nitrogen-phosphorus group, found combined, in vanadates, in certain minerals, and reduced as an infusible, grayish-white metallic powder. It is intermediate between the metals and the non-metals, having both basic and acid properties. Sumbol V (or Vd, rarely). Atomic weight 51.2. VANADIUM BRONZE Va*na"di*um bronze`. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow pigment consisting of a compound of vanadium. VANADOUS Van"a*dous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to vanadium; obtained from vanadium; -- said of an acid containing one equivalent of vanadium and two of oxygen. VANADYL Van"a*dyl, n. Etym: [Vanadium + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical VO, regarded as a characterized residue of certain vanadium compounds. VAN-COURIER Van"-cou`ri*er, n. Etym: [F. avant-courrier.See Avant, Van of an army, and Courier, and cf. Avant-courier, Vaunt-courier.] Defn: One sent in advance; an avant-courier; a precursor. VANDAL Van"dal, n. Etym: [L. Vandalus, Vandalius; of Teutonic origin, and probably originally signifying, a wanderer. Cf. Wander.] 1. (Anc. Hist.) Defn: One of a Teutonic race, formerly dwelling on the south shore of the Baltic, the most barbarous and fierce of the northern nations that plundered Rome in the 5th century, notorious for destroying the monuments of art and literature. 2. Hence, one who willfully destroys or defaces any work of art or literature. The Vandals of our isle, Sworn foes to sense and law. Cowper. VANDAL; VANDALIC Van"dal, Van*dal"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Vandals; resembling the Vandals in barbarism and destructiveness. VANDALISM Van"dal*ism, n. Defn: The spirit or conduct of the Vandals; ferocious cruelty; hostility to the arts and literature, or willful destruction or defacement of their monuments. VANDYKE Van*dyke", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the style of Vandyke the painter; used or represented by Vandyke. "His Vandyke dress." Macaulay. [Written also Vandyck.] Vandyke brown (Paint.), a pigment of a deep semitranssparent brown color, supposed to be the color used by Vandyke in his pictures. -- Vandyke collar or cape, a broad collar or cape of linen and lace with a deep pointed or scalloped edge, worn lying on the shoulders; - - so called from its appearance in pictures by Vandyke. -- Vandyke edge, an edge having ornamental triangular points. VANDYKE Van*dyke", n. Defn: A picture by Vandyke. Also, a Vandyke collar, or a Vandyke edge. [Written also Vandyck.] VANDYKE Van*dyke", v. t. Defn: fit or furnish with a Vandyke; to form with points or scallops like a Vandyke. [R.] [Written also Vandyck.] VANDYKE BEARD Van*dyke" beard`. Defn: A trim, pointed beard, such as those often seen in pictures by Vandyke. VANE Vane, n. Etym: [OE. & E. Prov. E. fane weathercock, banner, AS. fana a banner, flag; akin to D. vaan, G. fahne, OHG. fano cloth, gund fano flag, Icel. fani, Sw. fana, Dan. fane, Goth. fana cloth, L. pannus, and perhaps to Gr.Fanon, Pane a compartment, panel.] 1. A contrivance attached to some elevated object for the purpose of showing which way the wind blows; a weathercock. It is usually a plate or strip of metal, or slip of wood, often cut into some fanciful form, and placed upon a perpendicular axis around which it moves freely. Aye undiscreet, and changing as a vane. Chaucer. 2. Any flat, extended surface attached to an axis and moved by the wind; as, the vane of a windmill; hence, a similar fixture of any form moved in or by water, air, or other fluid; as, the vane of a screw propeller, a fan blower, an anemometer, etc. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The rhachis and web of a feather taken together. 4. One of the sights of a compass, quadrant, etc. Vane of a leveling staff. (Surv.) Same as Target, 3. VANESSA Van*es"sa, n. Etym: [Probably from Swift's poem of Cadenus and Vanessa. See Vanessa, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of handsomely colored butterflies belonging to Vanessa and allied genera. Many of these species have the edges of the wings irregularly scalloped. VANESSIAN Van*es"si*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A vanessa. VANFESS Van"fess`, n. Etym: [F. avant-fossé; avant before + fossé ditch. Cf. Fosse.] (Fort.) Defn: A ditch on the outside of the counterscarp, usually full of water. VANG Vang, n. Etym: [D. vangen to catch, seize. See Fang.] (Naut.) Defn: A rope to steady the peak of a gaff. VANGLO Van"glo, n. (Bot.) Defn: Benne (Sesamum orientale); also, its seeds; -- so called in the West Indies. VANGUARD Van"guard`, n. Etym: [For vantguard, avantguard, F. avant-garde; avant before, fore + garde guard. See Avant, Ab-,Ante-, and Guard, and cf. Advance, Vamp, Van of an army, Vaward.] (Mil.) Defn: The troops who march in front of an army; the advance guard; the van. VANILLA Va*nil"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Sp. vainilla, dim. of Sp. vaina a sheath, a pod, L. vagina; because its grains, or seeds, are contained in little pods.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of climbing orchidaceous plants natives of tropical America. 2. The long podlike capsules of Vanilla planifolia, and V. claviculata, remarkable for their delicate and agreeable odor, for the volatile, odoriferous oil extracted from them; also, the flavoring extract made from the capsules, extensively used in confectionery, perfumery, etc. Note: As a medicine, vanilla is supposed to possess powers analogous to valerian, while, at the same time, it is far more grateful. Cuban vanilla, a sweet-scented West Indian composite shrub (Eupatorium Dalea). -- Vanilla bean, the long capsule of the vanilla plant. -- Vanilla grass. Same as Holy grass, under Holy. VANILLATE Va*nil"late, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of vanillic acid. VANILLIC Va*nil"lic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, vanilla or vanillin; resembling vanillin; specifically, designating an alcohol and an acid respectively, vanillin being the intermediate aldehyde. VANILLIN Va*nil"lin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A white crystalline aldehyde having a burning taste and characteristic odor of vanilla. It is extracted from vanilla pods, and is also obtained by the decomposition of coniferin, and by the oxidation of eugenol. VANILLOES Va*nil"loes, n. pl. Defn: An inferior kind of vanilla, the pods of Vanilla Pompona. VANILLYL Va*nil"lyl, n. Etym: [Vanillic + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical characteristic of vanillic alcohol. VANILOQUENCE Va*nil"o*quence, n. Etym: [L. vaniloquentia; vanus vain + loquentia talk, loqui to speak.] Defn: Vain or foolish talk. [Obs.] VANISH Van"ish, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vanished; p. pr. & vb. n. Vanishing.] Etym: [OE. vanissen, OF. vanir (in comp.): cf. OF. envanir, esvanir, esvanuïr, F. s'évanouir; fr. L. vanus empty, vain; cf. L. vanescere, evanescere, to vanish. See Vain, and cf. Evanescent,-ish.] 1. To pass from a visible to an invisible state; to go out of sight; to disappear; to fade; as, vapor vanishes from the sight by being dissipated; a ship vanishes from the sight of spectators on land. The horse vanished . . . out of sight. Chaucer. Go; vanish into air; away! Shak. The champions vanished from their posts with the speed of lightning. Sir W. Scott. Gliding from the twilight past to vanish among realities. Hawthorne. 2. To be annihilated or lost; to pass away. "All these delights will vanish." Milton. VANISH Van"ish, n. (Phon.) Defn: The brief terminal part of vowel or vocal element, differing more or less in quality from the main part; as, a as in ale ordinarily ends with a vanish of i as in ill, o as in old with a vanish of oo as in foot. Rush. Note: The vanish is included by Mr. Bell under the general term glide. VANISHING Van"ish*ing, Defn: a. & n. from Vanish, v. Vanishing fraction (Math.), a fraction which reduces to the form Math. Dict. -- Vanishing line (Persp.), the intersection of the parallel of any original plane and picture; one of the lines converging to the vanishing point. -- Vanishing point (Persp.), the point to which all parallel lines in the same plane tend in the representation. Gwilt. -- Vanishing stress (Phon.), stress of voice upon the closing portion of a syllable. Rush. VANISHMENT Van"ish*ment, n. Defn: A vanishing. [Obs.] VANITY Van"i*ty, n.; pl. Vanities. Etym: [OE. vanite, vanité, L. vanitas, fr. vanus empty, vain. See Vain.] 1. The quality or state of being vain; want of substance to satisfy desire; emptiness; unsubstantialness; unrealness; falsity. Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher, vanity of vanities; all is vanity. Eccl. i. 2. Here I may well show the vanity of that which is reported in the story of Walsingham. Sir J. Davies. 2. An inflation of mind upon slight grounds; empty pride inspired by an overweening conceit of one's personal attainments or decorations; an excessive desire for notice or approval; pride; ostentation; conceit. The exquisitely sensitive vanity of Garrick was galled. Macaulay. 3. That which is vain; anything empty, visionary, unreal, or unsubstantial; fruitless desire or effort; trifling labor productive of no good; empty pleasure; vain pursuit; idle show; unsubstantial enjoyment. Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher. Eccl. i. 2. Vanity possesseth many who are desirous to know the certainty of things to come. Sir P. Sidney. [Sin] with vanity had filled the works of men. Milton. Think not, when woman's transient breath is fled, That all her vanities at once are dead; Succeeding vanities she still regards. Pope. 4. One of the established characters in the old moralities and puppet shows. See Morality, n., 5. You . . . take vanity the puppet's part. Shak. Syn. -- Egotism; pride; emptiness; worthlessness; self-sufficiency. See Egotism, and Pride. VANITY BOX Van"i*ty box. Defn: A small box, usually jeweled or of precious metal and worn on a chain, containing a mirror, powder puff, and other small toilet articles for a woman. VANJAS Van"jas, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Australian pied crow shrike (Strepera graculina). It is glossy bluish black, with the under tail coverts and the tips and bases of the tail feathers white. VANNER Van"ner, n. (Mining) Defn: A machine for concentrating ore. See Frue vanner. VANNER HAWK Van"ner hawk`. Defn: The kestrel. [Prov. Eng.] VANNING Van"ning, n. (Mining) Defn: A process by which ores are washed on a shovel, or in a vanner. VANQUISH Van"quish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vanquished; p. pr. & vb. n. Vanquishing.] Etym: [OE. venquishen, venquissen, venkisen,F. vaincre, pret. vainquis, OF. veintre, pret. venqui, venquis (cf. an OF. infin. vainquir), fr. L. vincere; akin to AS. wig war, battle, wigant a warrior, wigan to fight, Icel. vig battle, Goth. weihan to fight, contend. Cf. Convince, Evict, Invincible, Victor.] 1. To conquer, overcome, or subdue in battle, as an enemy. Hakluyt. They . . . Vanquished the rebels in all encounters. Clarendon. 2. Hence, to defeat in any contest; to get the better of; to put down; to refute. This bold assertion has been fully vanquished in a late reply to the Bishop of Meaux's treatise. Atterbury. For e'en though vanquished, he could argue still. Goldsmith. Syn. -- To conquer; surmount; overcome; confute; silence. See Conquer. VANQUISH Van"quish, n. (Far.) Defn: A disease in sheep, in which they pine away. [Written also vinquish.] VANQUISHABLE Van"quish*a*ble, a. Defn: That may be vanquished. VANQUISHER Van"quish*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, vanquishes. Milton. VANQUISHMENT Van"quish*ment, n. Defn: The act of vanquishing, or the state of being vanquished. Bp. Hall. VANSIRE Van"sire, n. Etym: [The native name: cf. F. vansire.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An ichneumon (Herpestes galera) native of Southern Africa and Madagascar. It is reddish brown or dark brown, grizzled with white. Called also vondsira, and marsh ichneumon. VANT Vant, v. i. Defn: See Vaunt. [Obs.] VANTAGE Van"tage (; 48), n. Etym: [Aphetic form of OE. avantage,fr. F. avantage. See Advantage.] 1. superior or more favorable situation or opportunity; gain; profit; advantage. [R.] O happy vantage of a kneeling knee! Shak. 2. (Lawn Tennis) Defn: The first point after deuce. Note: When the server wins this point, it is called vantage in; when the receiver, or striker out, wins, it is called vantage out. To have at vantage, to have the advantage of; to be in a more favorable condition than. "He had them at vantage, being tired and harassed with a long march." Bacon. -- Vantage ground, superiority of state or place; the place or condition which gives one an advantage over another. "The vantage ground of truth. Bacon. It is these things that give him his actual standing, and it is from this vantage ground that he looks around him. I. Taylor. VANTAGE Van"tage, v. t. Defn: To profit; to aid. [Obs.] Spenser. VANTAGE GAME Van"tage game. (Lawn Tennis) Defn: The first game after the set is deuce. See Set, n., 9. VANTAGE POINT Vantage point. Defn: A point giving advantage; vantage ground. VANTBRACE; VANTBRASS Vant"brace, Vant"brass, n. Etym: [F. avant fore + bras arm: cf. F. brassard armor for the arm, brace, forearm. Cf. Vambrace.] (Anc. Armor) Defn: Armor for the arm; vambrace. Milton. VANT-COURIER Vant"-cou`ri*er, n. Defn: An avant-courier. See Van-courier. [Obs.] Holland. VAN'T HOFF'S LAW Van't Hoff's law. [After J.H. van't Hoff, Dutch physical chemist.] (Phys. Chem.) Defn: The generalization that: when a system is in equilibrium, of the two opposed interactions the endothermic is promoted by raising the temperature, the exothermic by lowering it. VANWARD Van"ward, a. Defn: Being on, or towards, the van, or front. "The vanward frontier." De Quincey. VAP Vap, n. Etym: [See Vapid.] Defn: That which is vapid, insipid, or lifeless; especially, the lifeless part of liquor or wine. [Obs.] In vain it is to wash a goblet, if you mean to put it nothing but the dead lees and vap of wine. Jer. Taylor. VAPID Vap"id, a. Etym: [L. vapidus having lost its lire and spirit, vapid; akin to vappa vapid wine, vapor vapor. See Vapor.] Defn: Having lost its life and spirit; dead; spiritless; insipid; flat; dull; unanimated; as, vapid beer; a vapid speech; a vapid state of the blood. A cheap, bloodless reformation, a guiltless liberty, appear flat and vapid to their taste. Burke. -- Vap"id*ly, adv. -- Vap"id*ness, n. VAPIDITY Va*pid"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vapid; vapidness. VAPOR Va"por, n. Etym: [OE. vapour, OF. vapour, vapor, vapeur, F. vapeur, L. vapor; probably for cvapor, and akin to Gr. kvepti to breathe, smell, Russ. kopote fine soot. Cf. Vapid.] [Written also vapour.] 1. (Physics) Defn: Any substance in the gaseous, or aëriform, state, the condition of which is ordinarily that of a liquid or solid. Note: The term vapor is sometimes used in a more extended sense, as identical with gas; and the difference between the two is not so much one of kind as of degree, the latter being applied to all permanently elastic fluids except atmospheric air, the former to those elastic fluids which lose that condition at ordinary temperatures. The atmosphere contains more or less vapor of water, a portion of which, on a reduction of temperature, becomes condensed into liquid water in the form of rain or dew. The vapor of water produced by boiling, especially in its economic relations, is called steam. Vapor is any substance in the gaseous condition at the maximum of density consistent with that condition. This is the strict and proper meaning of the word vapor. Nichol. 2. In a loose and popular sense, any visible diffused substance floating in the atmosphere and impairing its transparency, as smoke, fog, etc. The vapour which that fro the earth glood [glided]. Chaucer. Fire and hail; snow and vapors; stormy wind fulfilling his word. Ps. cxlviii. 8. 3. Wind; flatulence. [Obs.] Bacon. 4. Something unsubstantial, fleeting, or transitory; unreal fancy; vain imagination; idle talk; boasting. For what is your life It is even a vapor, that appeareth for a little time, and then vanisheth away. James iv. 14. 5. pl. Defn: An old name for hypochondria, or melancholy; the blues. "A fit of vapors." Pope. 6. (Pharm.) Defn: A medicinal agent designed for administration in the form of inhaled vapor. Brit. Pharm. Vapor bath. (a) A bath in vapor; the application of vapor to the body, or part of it, in a close place; also, the place itself. (b) (Chem.) A small metallic drying oven, usually of copper, for drying and heating filter papers, precipitates, etc.; -- called also air bath. A modified form is provided with a jacket in the outside partition for holding water, or other volatile liquid, by which the temperature may be limited exactly to the required degree. -- Vapor burner, a burner for burning a vaporized hydrocarbon. -- Vapor density (Chem.), the relative weight of gases and vapors as compared with some specific standard, usually hydrogen, but sometimes air. The vapor density of gases and vaporizable substances as compared with hydrogen, when multiplied by two, or when compared with air and multiplied by 28.8, gives the molecular weight. -- Vapor engine, an engine worked by the expansive force of a vapor, esp. a vapor other than steam. VAPOR Va"por, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vapored; p. pr. & vb. n. Vaporing.] Etym: [From Vapor, n.: cf. L. vaporare.] [Written also vapour.] 1. To pass off in fumes, or as a moist, floating substance, whether visible or invisible, to steam; to be exhaled; to evaporate. 2. To emit vapor or fumes. [R.] Running waters vapor not so much as standing waters. Bacon. 3. To talk idly; to boast or vaunt; to brag. Poets used to vapor much after this manner. Milton. We vapor and say, By this time Matthews has beaten them. Walpole. VAPOR Va"por, v. t. Defn: To send off in vapor, or as if in vapor; as, to vapor away a heated fluid. [Written also vapour.] He'd laugh to see one throw his heart away, Another, sighing, vapor forth his soul. B. Jonson. VAPORABILITY Vap`o*ra*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vaporable. VAPORABLE Vap"o*ra*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being converted into vapor by the agency of heat; vaporizable. VAPORATE Vap"o*rate, v. i. Etym: [L. vaporare, vaporatum. See Vapor.] Defn: To emit vapor; to evaporate. [R.] VAPORATION Vap`o*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vaporation, L. vaporatio.] Defn: The act or process of converting into vapor, or of passing off in vapor; evaporation. [R.] VAPORED Va"pored, a. 1. Wet with vapors; moist. 2. Affected with the vapors. See Vapor, n., 5. VAPORER Va"por*er, n. Defn: One who vapors; a braggart. Vaporer moth. (Zoöl.) See Orgyia. VAPOR GALVANIZING Va"por gal"va*niz`ing. (Metal.) Defn: A process for coating metal (usually iron or steel) surfaces with zinc by exposing them to the vapor of zinc instead of, as in ordinary galvanizing, to molten zinc; -- called also Sherardizing. Vapor galvanizing is accomplished by heating the articles to be galvanized together with zinc dust in an air tight receptacle to a temperature of about 600º F., which is 188º below the melting point of zinc, or by exposing the articles to vapor from molten zinc in a separate receptacle, using hydrogen or other reducing gas to prevent oxidation. VAPORIFEROUS Vap`o*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. vaporifer; vapor + ferre to bear.] Defn: Conveying or producing vapor. VAPORIFIC Vap`o*rif"ic, a. Etym: [L. vapor vapor + facere to make.] (Chem.) Defn: Producing vapor; tending to pass, or to cause to pass, into vapor; thus, volatile fluids are vaporific; heat is a vaporific agent. VAPORIFORM Va*por"i*form, a. Defn: Existing in a vaporous form or state; as, steam is a vaporiform substance. VAPORIMETER Vap`o*rim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Vapor + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the volume or the tension of any vapor; specifically, an instrument of this sort used as an alcoholometer in testing spirituous liquors. VAPORING Va"por*ing, a. Defn: Talking idly; boasting; vaunting. -- Va"por*ing*ly, adv. VAPORISH Va"por*ish, a. 1. Full of vapors; vaporous. 2. Hypochondriacal; affected by hysterics; splenetic; peevish; humorsome. Pallas grew vap'rish once and odd. Pope. VAPORIZABLE Vap"o*ri`za*ble (; 110), a. Defn: Capable of being vaporized into vapor. VAPORIZATION Vap`o*ri*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vaporisation.] Defn: The act or process of vaporizing, or the state of being converted into vapor; the artificial formation of vapor; specifically, the conversion of water into steam, as in a steam boiler. VAPORIZE Vap"o*rize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vaporized; p. pr. & vb. n. Vaporizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. vaporiser.] Defn: To convert into vapor, as by the application of heat, whether naturally or artificially. Vaporizing surface. (Steam Boilers) See Evaporating surface, under Evaporate, v. t. VAPORIZE Vap"o*rize, v. i. Defn: To pass off in vapor. VAPORIZER Vap"o*ri`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, vaporizes, or converts into vapor. VAPOROSE Va"por*ose`, a. Defn: Full of vapor; vaporous. VAPOROUS Va"por*ous, a. Etym: [L. vaporosus: cf. vaporeux.] 1. Having the form or nature of vapor. Holland. 2. Full of vapors or exhalations. Shak. The warmer and more vaporous air of the valleys. Derham. 3. Producing vapors; hence, windy; flatulent. Bacon. The food which is most vaporous and perspirable is the most easily digested. Arbuthnot. 4. Unreal; unsubstantial; vain; whimsical. Such vaporous speculations were inevitable. Carlyle. VAPOROUSNESS Va"por*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being vaporous. VAPOR PRESSURE; VAPOR TENSION Vapor pressure or tension . (Physics) Defn: The pressure or tension of a confined body of vapor. The pressure of a given saturated vapor is a function of the temperature only, and may be measured by introducing a small quantity of the substance into a barometer and noting the depression of the column of mercury. VAPORY Va"por*y, a. 1. Full of vapors; vaporous. 2. Hypochondriacal; splenetic; peevish. VAPULATION Vap`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. vapulare to be Defn: The act of beating or whipping. [Obs.] VAQUERO Va*que"ro, n. Etym: [Sp., cowherd, fr. vaca a cow, L. vacca. Cf. Vacher.] Defn: One who has charge of cattle, horses, etc.; a herdsman. [Southwestern U. S.] VARA Va"ra, n. Etym: [Sp. See 1st Vare.] Defn: A Spanish measure of length equal to about one yard. The vara now in use equals 33.385 inches. Johnson's Cyc. VARAN Va"ran, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The monitor. See Monitor, 3. VARANGIAN Va*ran"gi*an, n. Defn: One of the Northmen who founded a dynasty in Russia in the 9th century; also, one of the Northmen composing, at a later date, the imperial bodyguard at Constantinople. VARANUS Va*ra"nus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Ar. waran, waral; cf. F. varan, from the Arabic.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of very large lizards native of Asia and Africa. It includes the monitors. See Monitor, 3. VARE Vare, n. Etym: [Sp. vara staff, wand, L. vara forked pole.] Defn: A wand or staff of authority or justice. [Obs.] His hand a vare of justice did uphold. Dryden. VARE Vare, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A weasel. [Prov. Eng.] Vare widgeon (Zoöl.), a female or young male of the smew; a weasel duck; -- so called from the resemblance of the head to that of a vare, or weasel. [Prov. Eng.] VAREC Var"ec, n. Etym: [F. varech; of Teutonic origin. See Wrack seaweed, wreck.] Defn: The calcined ashes of any coarse seaweed used for the manufacture of soda and iodine; also, the seaweed itself; fucus; wrack. VARGUENO Var*gue"no (vär*ga"no), n. [Said to be fr. Vargas, name of a village in Spain.] (Art) Defn: A decorative cabinet, of a form originating in Spain, the body being rectangular and supported on legs or an ornamental framework and the front opening downwards on hinges to serve as a writing desk. VARI Va"ri, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vari.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta) of Madagascar. Its long tail is annulated with black and white. VARIABILITY Va`ri*a*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. variabilité.] 1. The quality or state of being variable; variableness. 2. (Biol.) Defn: The power possessed by living organisms, both animal and vegetable, of adapting themselves to modifications or changes in their environment, thus possibly giving rise to ultimate variation of structure or function. VARIABLE Va"ri*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. variabilis: cf. F. variable.] 1. Having the capacity of varying or changing; capable of alternation in any manner; changeable; as, variable winds or seasons; a variable quantity. 2. Liable to vary; too susceptible of change; mutable; fickle; unsteady; inconstant; as, the affections of men are variable; passions are variable. Lest that thy love prove likewise variable. Shak. His heart, I know, how variable and vain! Milton. Variable exhaust (Steam Eng.), a blast pipe with an adjustable opening. -- Variable quantity (Math.), a variable. -- Variable stars (Astron.), fixed stars which vary in their brightness, usually in more or less uniform periods. Syn. -- Changeable; mutable; fickle; wavering; unsteady; versatile; inconstant. VARIABLE Va"ri*a*ble, n. 1. That which is variable; that which varies, or is subject to change. 2. (Math.) Defn: A quantity which may increase or decrease; a quantity which admits of an infinite number of values in the same expression; a variable quantity; as, in the equation x2 - y2 = R2, x and y are variables. 3. (Naut.) (a) A shifting wind, or one that varies in force. (b) pl. Defn: Those parts of the sea where a steady wind is not expected, especially the parts between the trade-wind belts. Independent variable (Math.), that one of two or more variables, connected with each other in any way whatever, to which changes are supposed to be given at will. Thus, in the equation x2 - y2 = R2, if arbitrary changes are supposed to be given to x, then x is the independent variable, and y is called a function of x. There may be two or more independent variables in an equation or problem. Cf. Dependent variable, under Dependent. VARIABLENESS Va"ri*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being variable; variability. James i. 17. VARIABLY Va"ri*a*bly, adv. Defn: In a variable manner. VARIANCE Va"ri*ance, n. Etym: [L. variantia.] 1. The quality or state of being variant; change of condition; variation. 2. Difference that produce dispute or controversy; disagreement; dissension; discord; dispute; quarrel. That which is the strength of their amity shall prove the immediate author of their variance. Shak. 3. (Law) Defn: A disagreement or difference between two parts of the same legal proceeding, which, to be effectual, ought to agree, -- as between the writ and the declaration, or between the allegation and the proof. Bouvier. A variance, in disagreement; in a state of dissension or controversy; at enmity. "What cause brought him so soon at variance with himself" Milton. VARIANT Va"ri*ant, a. Etym: [L. varians, p. pr. of variare to change: cf. F. variant. See Vary.] 1. Varying in from, character, or the like; variable; different; diverse. 2. Changeable; changing; fickle. [Obs.] He is variant, he abit [abides] nowhere. Chaucer. VARIANT Va"ri*ant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. variante.] Defn: Something which differs in form from another thing, though really the same; as, a variant from a type in natural history; a variant of a story or a word. VARIATE Va"ri*ate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. variatus, p. p. of variare. See Vary.] Defn: To alter; to make different; to vary. VARIATION Va`ri*a"tion, n. Etym: [OE. variatioun, F. variation, L. variatio. See Vary.] 1. The act of varying; a partial change in the form, position, state, or qualities of a thing; modification; alternation; mutation; diversity; deviation; as, a variation of color in different lights; a variation in size; variation of language. The essences of things are conceived not capable of any such variation. Locke. 2. Extent to which a thing varies; amount of departure from a position or state; amount or rate of change. 3. (Gram.) Defn: Change of termination of words, as in declension, conjugation, derivation, etc. 4. (Mus.) Defn: Repetition of a theme or melody with fanciful embellishments or modifications, in time, tune, or harmony, or sometimes change of key; the presentation of a musical thought in new and varied aspects, yet so that the essential features of the original shall still preserve their identity. 5. (Alg.) Defn: One of the different arrangements which can be made of any number of quantities taking a certain number of them together. Annual variation (Astron.), the yearly change in the right ascension or declination of a star, produced by the combined effects of the precession of the equinoxes and the proper motion of the star. -- Calculus of variations. See under Calculus. -- Variation compass. See under Compass. -- Variation of the moon (Astron.), an inequality of the moon's motion, depending on the angular distance of the moon from the sun. It is greater at the octants, and zero at the quadratures. -- Variation of the needle (Geog. & Naut.), the angle included between the true and magnetic meridians of a place; the deviation of the direction of a magnetic needle from the true north and south line; -- called also declination of the needle. Syn. -- Change; vicissitude; variety; deviation. VARICELLA Var`i*cel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of LL. variola smallpox.] (Med.) Defn: Chicken pox. VARICES Var"i*ces, n. pl. Defn: See Varix. VARICIFORM Va*ric"i*form, a. Etym: [Varix + -form.] (Med.) Defn: Resembling a varix. VARICOCELE Var"i*co*cele, n. Etym: [Varix a dilated vein + Gr. varicocèle.] (Med.) Defn: A varicose enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord; also, a like enlargement of the veins of the scrotum. VARICOSE Var"i*cose`, a. Etym: [L. varicosus, from varix, -icis, a dilated vein; cf. varus bent, stretched, crooked.] 1. Irregularly swollen or enlarged; affected with, or containing, varices, or varicosities; of or pertaining to varices, or varicosities; as, a varicose nerve fiber; a varicose vein; varicose ulcers. 2. (Med.) Defn: Intended for the treatment of varicose veins; -- said of elastic stockings, bandages. and the like. VARICOSIS Var`i*cos"is, n. [NL. See Varix, and -osis.] (Med.) Defn: The formation of varices; varicosity. VARICOSITY Var`i*cos"i*ty, n. 1. The quality or state of being varicose. 2. An enlargement or swelling in a vessel, fiber, or the like; a varix; as, the varicosities of nerve fibers. VARICOTOMY Var`i*cot"o*my, n. [See Varix; -tomy.] (Surg.) Defn: Excision of a varicosity. VARICOUS Var"i*cous, a. Defn: Varicose. [Obs.] VARIED Va"ried, a. Defn: Changed; altered; various; diversified; as, a varied experience; varied interests; varied scenery. -- Va"ried*ly, adv. The varied fields of science, ever new. Cowper. VARIEGATE Va"ri*e*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Variegated; p. pr. & vb. n. Variegating.] Etym: [L. variegatus, p. p. of variegare to variegate; varius various + agere to move, make. See Various, and Agent.] Defn: To diversify in external appearance; to mark with different colors; to dapple; to streak; as, to variegate a floor with marble of different colors. The shells are filled with a white spar, which variegates and adds to the beauty of the stone. Woodward. VARIEGATED Va"ri*e*ga`ted, a. Defn: Having marks or patches of different colors; as, variegated leaves, or flowers. Ladies like variegated tulips show. Pope. VARIEGATION Va`ri*e*ga"tion, n. Defn: The act of variegating or diversifying, or the state of being diversified, by different colors; diversity of colors. VARIER Va"ri*er, n. Etym: [From Vary.] Defn: A wanderer; one who strays in search of variety. [Poetic] Pious variers from the church. Tennyson. VARIETAL Va*ri"e*tal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a variety; characterizing a variety; constituting a variety, in distinction from an individual or species. Perplexed in determining what differences to consider as specific, and what as varietal. Darwin. VARIETAS Va*ri"e*tas, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A variety; -- used in giving scientific names, and often abbreviated to var. VARIETY Va*ri"e*ty, n.; pl. Varieties. Etym: [L. varietas: cf. F. variété. See Various.] 1. The quality or state of being various; intermixture or succession of different things; diversity; multifariousness. Variety is nothing else but a continued novelty. South. The variety of colors depends upon the composition of light. Sir I. Newton. For earth this variety from heaven. Milton. There is a variety in the tempers of good men. Atterbury. 2. That which is various. Specifically: -- (a) A number or collection of different things; a varied assortment; as, a variety of cottons and silks. He . . . wants more time to do that variety of good which his soul thirsts after. Law. (b) Something varying or differing from others of the same general kind; one of a number of things that are akin; a sort; as, varieties of wood, land, rocks, etc. (c) (Biol.) An individual, or group of individuals, of a species differing from the rest in some one or more of the characteristics typical of the species, and capable either of perpetuating itself for a period, or of being perpetuated by artificial means; hence, a subdivision, or peculiar form, of a species. Note: Varieties usually differ from species in that any two, however unlike, will generally propagate indefinitely (unless they are in their nature unfertile, as some varieties of rose and other cultivated plants); in being a result of climate, food, or other extrinsic conditions or influences, but generally by a sudden, rather than a gradual, development; and in tending in many cases to lose their distinctive peculiarities when the individuals are left to a state of nature, and especially if restored to the conditions that are natural to typical individuals of the species. Many varieties of domesticated animals and of cultivated plants have been directly produced by man. (d) In inorganic nature, one of those forms in which a species may occur, which differ in minor characteristics of structure, color, purity of composition, etc. Note: These may be viewed as variations from the typical species in its most perfect and purest form, or, as is more commonly the case, all the forms, including the latter, may rank as Varieties. Thus, the sapphire is a blue variety, and the ruby a red variety, of corundum; again, calcite has many Varieties differing in form and structure, as Iceland spar, dogtooth spar, satin spar, and also others characterized by the presence of small quantities of magnesia, iron, manganese, etc. Still again, there are Varieties of granite differing in structure, as graphic granite, porphyritic granite, and other Varieties differing in composition, as albitic granite, hornblendic, or syenitic, granite, etc. Geographical variety (Biol.), a variety of any species which is coincident with a geographical region, and is usually dependent upon, or caused by, peculiarities of climate. -- Variety hybrid (Biol.), a cross between two individuals of different varieties of the same species; a mongrel. Syn. -- Diversity; difference; kind. -- Variety, Diversity. A man has a variety of employments when he does many things which are not a mere repetition of the same act; he has a diversity of employments when the several acts performed are unlike each other, that is, diverse. In most cases, where there is variety there will be more or less of diversity, but not always. One who sells railroad tickets performs a great variety of acts in a day, while there is but little diversity in his employment. All sorts are here that all the earth yields! Variety without end. Milton. But see in all corporeal nature's scene, What changes, what diversities, have been! Blackmore. VARIETY SHOW Variety show. Defn: A stage entertainment of successive separate performances, usually songs, dances, acrobatic feats, dramatic sketches, exhibitions of trained animals, or any specialties. Often loosely called vaudeville show. VARIFORM Va"ri*form, a. Etym: [L. varius various + -form.] Defn: Having different shapes or forms. VARIFORMED Va"ri*formed, a. Defn: Formed with different shapes; having various forms; variform. VARIFY Va"ri*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. varius various + -fly.] Defn: To make different; to vary; to variegate. [R.] Sylvester. VARIOLA Va*ri"o*la, n. Etym: [LL., fr. L. varius various. See Various.] (Med.) Defn: The smallpox. VARIOLAR Va*ri"o*lar, a. (Med.) Defn: Variolous. VARIOLATION Va`ri*o*la"tion, n. (Med.) Defn: Inoculation with smallpox. VARIOLE Va"ri*ole, n. [Cf. F. variole smallpox. See Variola.] 1. A foveola. 2. (Geol.) A spherule of a variolite. VARIOLIC Va`ri*ol"ic, a. (Med.) Defn: Variolous. VARIOLITE Va"ri*o*lite, n. Etym: [L. varius various + -lite: cf. F. variolite.] (Geol.) Defn: A kind of diorite or diabase containing imbedded whitish spherules, which give the rock a spotted appearance. VARIOLITIC Va`ri*o*lit"ic, a. Etym: [From Variola.] 1. Thickly marked with small, round specks; spotted. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, variolite. VARIOLOID Va"ri*o*loid, a. Etym: [Variola + -oid: cf. F. varioloïde.] (Med.) Defn: Resembling smallpox; pertaining to the disease called varioloid. VARIOLOID Va"ri*o*loid, n. Etym: [Cf. F. varioloïde. See Varioloid, a.] (Med.) Defn: The smallpox as modified by previous inoculation or vaccination. Note: It is almost always a milder disease than smallpox, and this circumstance, with its shorter duration, exhibits the salutary effects of previous vaccination or inoculation. Dunglison. VARIOLOUS Va*ri"o*lous, a. Etym: [LL. variolosus, fr. variola the smallpox: cf. F. varioleux.] (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the smallpox; having pits, or sunken impressions, like those of the smallpox; variolar; variolic. VARIOMETER Va`ri*om"e*ter, n. [L. varius various + -meter.] (Elec.) Defn: An instrument for comparing magnetic forces, esp. in the earth's magnetic field. VARIORUM Va`ri*o"rum, a. Etym: [L., abbrev. fr. cum notis variorum with notes of various persons.] Defn: Containing notes by different persons; -- applied to a publication; as, a variorum edition of a book. VARIOUS Va"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. varius. Cf. Vair.] 1. Different; diverse; several; manifold; as, men of various names; various occupations; various colors. So many and so various laws are given. Milton. A wit as various, gay, grave, sage, or wild. Byron. 2. Changeable; uncertain; inconstant; variable. A man so various, that he seemed to be Not one, but all mankind's epitome. Dryden. The names of mixed modes . . . are very various. Locke. 3. Variegated; diversified; not monotonous. A happy rural seat of various view. Milton. VARIOUSLY Va"ri*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In various or different ways. VARISCITE Var"is*cite, n. Etym: [So called from Variscia in Germany.] (Min.) Defn: An apple-green mineral occurring in reniform masses. It is a hydrous phosphate of alumina. VARISSE Va*risse", n. Etym: [Cf. F. varice varix. Cf. Varix.] (Far.) Defn: An imperfection on the inside of the hind leg in horses, different from a curb, but at the same height, and frequently injuring the sale of the animal by growing to an unsightly size. Craig. VARIX Va"rix, n.; pl. Varices. Etym: [L.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A uneven, permanent dilatation of a vein. Note: Varices are owing to local retardation of the venous circulation, and in some cases to relaxation of the parietes of the veins. They are very common in the superficial veins of the lower limbs. Dunglison. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the prominent ridges or ribs extending across each of the whorls of certain univalve shells. Note: The varices usually indicate stages of growth, each one showing a former position of the outer lip of the aperture. VARK Vark, n. Etym: [D. varken a pig.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The bush hog, or boshvark. VARLET Var"let, n. Etym: [OF. varlet, vaslet, vallet, servant, young man, young noble, dim of vassal. See Vassal, and cf. Valet.] 1. A servant, especially to a knight; an attendant; a valet; a footman. [Obs.] Spenser. Tusser. 2. Hence, a low fellow; a scoundrel; a rascal; as, an impudent varlet. What a brazen-faced varlet art thou ! Shak. 3. In a pack of playing cards, the court card now called the knave, or jack. [Obs.] VARLETRY Var"let*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. valeterie the young unmarried nobles.] Defn: The rabble; the crowd; the mob. Shall they hoist me up, And show me to the shouting varletry Of censuring Rome. Shak. VARNISH Var"nish, n. Etym: [OE. vernish, F. vernis, LL. vernicium; akin to F. vernir to varnish, fr. (assumed) LL. vitrinire to glaze, from LL. vitrinus glassy, fr. L. vitrum glass. See Vitreous.] 1. A viscid liquid, consisting of a solution of resinous matter in an oil or a volatile liquid, laid on work with a brush, or otherwise. When applied the varnish soon dries, either by evaporation or chemical action, and the resinous part forms thus a smooth, hard surface, with a beautiful gloss, capable of resisting, to a greater or less degree, the influences of air and moisture. Note: According to the sorts of solvents employed, the ordinary kinds of varnish are divided into three classes: spirit, turpentine, and oil varnishes. Encyc. Brit 2. That which resembles varnish, either naturally or artificially; a glossy appearance. The varnish of the holly and ivy. Macaulay. 3. An artificial covering to give a fair appearance to any act or conduct; outside show; gloss. And set a double varnish on the fame The Frenchman gave you. Shak. Varnish tree (Bot.), a tree or shrub from the juice or resin of which varnish is made, as some species of the genus Rhus, especially R. vernicifera of Japan. The black varnish of Burmah is obtained from the Melanorrhoea usitatissima, a tall East Indian tree of the Cashew family. See Copal, and Mastic. VARNISH Var"nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Varnished; p. pr. & vb. n. Varnishing.] Etym: [Cf. F. vernir, vernisser. See Varnish, n.] 1. To lay varnish on; to cover with a liquid which produces, when dry, a hard, glossy surface; as, to varnish a table; to varnish a painting. 2. To cover or conceal with something that gives a fair appearance; to give a fair coloring to by words; to gloss over; to palliate; as, to varnish guilt. "Beauty doth varnish age." Shak. Close ambition, varnished o'er with zeal. Milton. Cato's voice was ne'er employed To clear the guilty and to varnish crimes. Addison. VARNISHER Var"nish*er, n. 1. One who varnishes; one whose occupation is to varnish. 2. One who disguises or palliates; one who gives a fair external appearance. Pope. VARNISHING Var"nish*ing, n. Defn: The act of laying on varnish; also, materials for varnish. VARSITY Var"si*ty, n. Defn: Colloq. contr. of University. VARSOVIENNE Var`so`vienne", n. [F., prop. fem. of varsovien pertaining to Warsaw, fr. Varsovie Warsaw, Pol. Warszawa.] (a) A kind of Polish dance. (b) Music for such a dance or having its slow triple time characteristic strong accent beginning every second measure. VARTABED Var"ta*bed, n. Etym: [Armen., a doctor, master, preceptor.] (Eccl.) Defn: A doctor or teacher in the Armenian church. Members of this order of ecclesiastics frequently have charge of dioceses, with episcopal functions. VARUNA Va*ru"na, n. Etym: [Skr. Varua.] (Hindoo Myth.) Defn: The god of the waters; the Indian Neptune. He is regarded as regent of the west, and lord of punishment, and is represented as riding on a sea monster, holding in his hand a snaky cord or noose with which to bind offenders, under water. VARUS Va"rus, n. [NL., fr. L., bent, grown inwards.] (Med.) Defn: A deformity in which the foot is turned inward. See Talipes. VARVEL Var"vel, n. Etym: [F. vervelle.] Defn: In falconry, one of the rings secured to the ends of the jesses. [Written also vervel.] VARVELED Var"veled, a. Defn: Having varvels, or rings. [Written also varvelled, and vervelled.] Note: In heraldry, when the jesses attached to the legs of hawks hang loose, or have pendent ends with rings at the tips, the blazon is a hawk (or a hawk's leg) jessed and varveled. VARY Va"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Varied; p. pr. & vb. n. Varying.] Etym: [OE. varien, F. varier, L. variare, fr. varius various. See Various, and cf. Variate.] 1. To change the aspect of; to alter in form, appearance, substance, position, or the like; to make different by a partial change; to modify; as, to vary the properties, proportions, or nature of a thing; to vary a posture or an attitude; to vary one's dress or opinions. Shall we vary our device at will, Even as new occasion appears Spenser. 2. To change to something else; to transmute; to exchange; to alternate. Gods, that never change their state, Vary oft their love and hate. Waller. We are to vary the customs according to the time and country where the scene of action lies. Dryden. 3. To make of different kinds; to make different from one another; to diversity; to variegate. God hath varied their inclinations. Sir T. Browne. God hath here Varied his bounty so with new delights. Milton. 4. (Mus.) Defn: To embellish; to change fancifully; to present under new aspects, as of form, key, measure, etc. See Variation, 4. VARY Va"ry, v. i. 1. To alter, or be altered, in any manner; to suffer a partial change; to become different; to be modified; as, colors vary in different lights. That each from other differs, first confess; Next, that he varies from himself no less. Pope. 2. To differ, or be different; to be unlike or diverse; as, the laws of France vary from those of England. 3. To alter or change in succession; to alternate; as, one mathematical quantity varies inversely as another. While fear and anger, with alternate grace, Pant in her breast, and vary in her face. Addison. 4. To deviate; to depart; to swerve; -- followed by from; as, to vary from the law, or from reason. Locke. 5. To disagree; to be at variance or in dissension; as, men vary in opinion. The rich jewel which we vary for. Webster (1623). VARY Va"ry, n. Defn: Alteration; change. [Obs.] Shak. VARYING Va"ry*ing, Defn: a. & n. from Vary. Varying hare (Zoöl.), any hare or rabbit which becomes white in winter, especially the common hare of the Northern United States and Canada. VAS Vas, n.; pl. Vasa. Etym: [L., a vessel. See Vase.] (Anat.) Defn: A vessel; a duct. Vas deferens; pl. Vasa deferentia. Etym: [L. vas vessel + deferens carrying down.] (Anat.) The excretory duct of a testicle; a spermatic duct. VASCULAR Vas"cu*lar, a. Etym: [L. vasculum a small vessel, dim. of vas vessel: cf. F. vasculaire. See Vase, and cf. Vessel.] 1. (Biol.) (a) Consisting of, or containing, vessels as an essential part of a structure; full of vessels; specifically (Bot.), pertaining to, or containing, special ducts, or tubes, for the circulation of sap. (b) Operating by means of, or made up of an arrangement of, vessels; as, the vascular system in animals, including the arteries, veins, capillaries, lacteals, etc. (c) Of or pertaining to the vessels of animal and vegetable bodies; as, the vascular functions. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the higher division of plants, that is, the phænogamous plants, all of which are vascular, in distinction from the cryptogams, which to a large extent are cellular only. Vascular plants (Bot.), plants composed in part of vascular tissue, as all flowering plants and the higher cryptogamous plants, or those of the class Pteridophyta. Cf. Cellular plants, Cellular. -- Vascular system (Bot.), the body of associated ducts and woody fiber; the fibrovascular part of plants. -- Vascular tissue (Bot.), vegetable tissue composed partly of ducts, or sap tubes. -- Water vascular system (Zoöl.), a system of vessels in annelids, nemerteans, and many other invertebrates, containing a circulating fluid analogous to blood, but not of the same composition. In annelids the fluid which they contain is usually red, but in some it is green, in others yellow, or whitish. VASCULARITY Vas`cu*lar"i*ty, n.; pl. Vascularities (. (Biol.) Defn: The quality or state of being vascular. VASCULOSE Vas"cu*lose`, n. (Bot.) Defn: One of the substances of which vegetable tissue is composed, differing from cellulose in its solubility in certain media. VASCULUM Vas"cu*lum, n.; pl. Vascula. Etym: [L., a small vessel.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Ascidium, n., 1. 2. A tin box, commonly cylindrical or flattened, used in collecting plants. VASE Vase, n. Etym: [F. vase; cf. Sp. & It. vaso; fr. L. vas, vasum. Cf. Vascular, Vessel.] 1. A vessel adapted for various domestic purposes, and anciently for sacrificial used; especially, a vessel of antique or elegant pattern used for ornament; as, a porcelain vase; a gold vase; a Grecian vase. See Illust. of Portland vase, under Portland. No chargers then were wrought in burnished gold, Nor silver vases took the forming mold. Pope. 2. (Arch.) (a) A vessel similar to that described in the first definition above, or the representation of one in a solid block of stone, or the like, used for an ornament, as on a terrace or in a garden. See Illust. of Niche. (b) The body, or naked ground, of the Corinthian and Composite capital; -- called also tambour, and drum. Note: Until the time of Walker (1791), vase was made to rhyme with base,, case, etc., and it is still commonly so pronounced in the United States. Walker made it to rhyme with phrase, maze, etc. Of modern English practice, Mr. A. J. Ellis (1874) says: "Vase has four pronunciations in English: vasz, which I most commonly say, is going out of use väz I hear most frequently, vaz very rarely, and vas I only know from Cull's marking. On the analogy of case, however, it should be the regular sound." 3. (Bot.) Defn: The calyx of a plant. VASE CLOCK Vase clock. (Art) Defn: A clock whose decorative case has the general form of a vase, esp. one in which there is no ordinary dial, but in which a part of a vase revolves while a single stationary indicator serves as a hand. VASECTOMY Vas*ec"to*my (vas*ek"to*my), n. [Vas + -ecmoty.] (Surg.) Defn: Resection or excision of the vas deferens. VASELINE Vas"e*line, n. Etym: [Said by the manufacturer to be derived from G. wasser water + Gr. 'e`laion olive oil.] Defn: A yellowish translucent substance, almost odorless and tasteless, obtained as a residue in the purification of crude petroleum, and consisting essentially of a mixture of several of the higher members of the paraffin series. It is used as an unguent, and for various purposes in the arts. See the Note under Petrolatum. [Written also vaselin.] VASE-SHAPED Vase"-shaped`, a. Defn: Formed like a vase, or like a common flowerpot. VASIFORM Vas"i*form, a. Etym: [L. vas a vessel + -form.] (Biol.) Defn: Having the form of a vessel, or duct. Vasiform tissue (Bot.), tissue containing vessels, or ducts. VASOCONSTRICTOR Vas`o*con*strict"or, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Causing constriction of the blood vessels; as, the vasoconstrictor nerves, stimulation of which causes constriction of the blood vessels to which they go. These nerves are also called vasohypertonic. n. Defn: A substance which causes constriction of the blood vessels. Such substances are used in medicine to raise blood pressure. VASODENTINE Vas`o*den"tine, n. Etym: [L. vas a vessel + E. dentine.] (Anat.) Defn: A modified form of dentine, which is permeated by blood capillaries; vascular dentine. VASODILATOR Vas`o*di*lat"or, a.Etym: [L. vas a vessel + dilator.] (Physiol.) Defn: Causing dilation or relaxation of the blood vessels; as, the vasodilator nerves, stimulation of which causes dilation of the blood vessels to which they go. These nerves are also called vaso- inhibitory, and vasohypotonic nerves, since their stimulation causes relaxation and rest. VASOFORMATIVE Vas`o*form"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. vas a vessel + formative] (Physiol.) Defn: Concerned in the development and formation of blood vessels and blood corpuscles; as, the vasoformative cells. VASO-INHIBITORY Vas`o-in*hib"i*to*ry, a. (Physiol.) Defn: See Vasodilator. VASOMOTOR Vas`o*mo"tor, a. Etym: [L. vas a vessel + motor that which moves fr. movere to move.] (Physiol.) Defn: Causing movement in the walls of vessels; as, the vasomotor mechanisms; the vasomotor nerves, a system of nerves distributed over the muscular coats of the blood vessels. Vasomotor center, the chief dominating or general center which supplies all the unstriped muscles of the arterial system with motor nerves, situated in a part of the medulla oblongata; a center of reflex action by the working of which afferent impulses are changed into efferent, -- vasomotor impulses leading either to dilation or constriction of the blood vessels. VASSAL Vas"sal, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. vassallus, vassus; of Celtic origin; cf. W. & Corn. gwas a youth, page, servant, Arm. gwaz a man, a male. Cf. Valet, Varlet, Vavasor.] 1. (Feud. Law) Defn: The grantee of a fief, feud, or fee; one who holds land of superior, and who vows fidelity and homage to him; a feudatory; a feudal tenant. Burrill. 2. A subject; a dependent; a servant; a slave. "The vassals of his anger." Milton. Rear vassal, the vassal of a vassal; an arriere vassal. VASSAL Vas"sal, a. Defn: Resembling a vassal; slavish; servile. The sun and every vassal star. Keble. VASSAL Vas"sal, v. t. Defn: To treat as a vassal; to subject to control; to enslave. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. VASSALAGE Vas"sal*age, n. Etym: [OE. vassalage, F. vasselage, LL. vassallaticum.] 1. The state of being a vassal, or feudatory. 2. Political servitude; dependence; subjection; slavery; as, the Greeks were held in vassalage by the Turks. 3. A territory held in vassalage. "The Countship of Foix, with six territorial vassalages." Milman. 4. Vassals, collectively; vassalry. [R.] Shak. 5. Valorous service, such as that performed by a vassal; valor; prowess; courage. [Obs.] Chaucer. VASSALESS Vas"sal*ess, n. Defn: A female vassal. [R.] Spenser. VASSALRY Vas"sal*ry, n. Defn: The body of vassals. [R.] VAST Vast, a. [Compar. Vaster; superl. Vastest.] Etym: [L. vastus empty, waste, enormous, immense: cf. F. vaste. See Waste, and cf. Devastate.] 1. Waste; desert; desolate; lonely. [Obs.] The empty, vast, and wandering air. Shak. 2. Of great extent; very spacious or large; also, huge in bulk; immense; enormous; as, the vast ocean; vast mountains; the vast empire of Russia. Through the vast and boundless deep. Milton. 3. Very great in numbers, quantity, or amount; as, a vast army; a vast sum of money. 4. Very great in importance; as, a subject of vast concern. Syn. -- Enormous; huge; immense; mighty. VAST Vast, n. Defn: A waste region; boundless space; immensity. "The watery vast." Pope. Michael bid sound The archangel trumpet. Through the vast of heaven It sounded. Milton. VASTATION Vas*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. vastatio, fr. vastare to lay waste, fr. vastus empty, waste.] Defn: A laying waste; waste; depopulation; devastation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. VASTEL Vas"tel, n. Defn: See Wastel. [Obs.] Fuller. VASTIDITY Vas*tid"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. vastité, L. vastitas.] Defn: Vastness; immensity. [Obs.] "All the world's vastidity." Shak. VASTITUDE Vas"ti*tude, n. Etym: [L. vastitudo.] 1. Vastness; immense extent. [R.] 2. Destruction; vastation. [Obs.] Joye. VASTITY Vast"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. vastitas.] Defn: Vastness. [Obs.] The huge vastity of the world. Holland. VASTLY Vast"ly, adv. Defn: To a vast extent or degree; very greatly; immensely. Jer. Taylor. VASTNESS Vast"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vast. VASTY Vas"ty, a. Etym: [From Vast.] Defn: Vast; immense. [R.] I can call spirits from the vasty deep. Shak. VASUM Va"sum, n. Etym: [L., a vase. See Vase.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus including several species of large marine gastropods having massive pyriform shells, with conspicuous folds on the columella. VAT Vat, n. Etym: [A dialectic form for fat, OE. fat, AS. fæt; akin to D.vat, OS. fat, G. fass, OHG. faz, Icel. & Sw. fat, Dan.fad, Lith. p a pot, and probably to G. fassen to seize, to contain, OHG. fazz, D. vatten. Cf. Fat a vat.] 1. A large vessel, cistern, or tub, especially one used for holding in an immature state, chemical preparations for dyeing, or for tanning, or for tanning leather, or the like. Let him produce his vase and tubs, in opposition to heaps of arms and standards. Addison. 2. A measure for liquids, and also a dry measure; especially, a liquid measure in Belgium and Holland, corresponding to the hectoliter of the metric system, which contains 22.01 imperial gallons, or 26.4 standard gallons in the United States. Note: The old Dutch grain vat averaged 0.762 Winchester bushel. The old London coal vat contained 9 bushels. The solid-measurement vat of Amsterdam contains 40 cubic feet; the wine vat, 241.57 imperial gallons, and the vat for olive oil, 225.45 imperial gallons. 3. (Metal.) (a) A wooden tub for washing ores and mineral substances in. (b) A square, hollow place on the back of a calcining furnace, where tin ore is laid to dry. 4. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A vessel for holding holy water. VAT Vat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Vatting.] Defn: To put or transfer into a vat. VATFUL Vat"ful, n.; pl. Vatfuls (. Defn: As much as a vat will hold; enough to fill a vat. VATICAL Vat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. vates a prophet.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a prophet; prophetical. Bp. Hall. VATICAN Vat"i*can, n. Etym: [L. Vaticanus, mons, or collis, Vaticanus, the Vatican hill, in Rome, on the western bank of the Tiber: cf. F. Vatican, It. Vaticano.] Defn: A magnificent assemblage of buildings at Rome, near the church of St. Peter, including the pope's palace, a museum, a library, a famous chapel, etc. Note: The word is often used to indicate the papal authority. Thunders of the Vatican, the anathemas, or denunciations, of the pope. VATICAN COUNCIL Vat"i*can Coun"cil. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The council held under Pope Pius IX. in Vatican at Rome, in 1870, which promulgated the dogma of papal infallibility. VATICANISM Vat"i*can*ism, n. Defn: The doctrine of papal supremacy; extreme views in support of the authority of the pope; ultramontanism; -- a term used only by persons who are not Roman Catholics. VATICANIST Vat"i*can*ist, n. Defn: One who strongly adheres to the papal authority; an ultramontanist. VATICIDE Vat"i*cide, n. Etym: [L. vates a prophet + caedere to kill.] Defn: The murder, or the murderer, of a prophet. "The caitiff vaticide." Pope. VATICINAL Va*tic"i*nal, a. Etym: [See Vaticinate.] Defn: Of or pertaining to prophecy; prophetic. T. Warton. VATICINATE Va*tic"i*nate, v. i. & t. Etym: [L. vaticinatus, p. p. of vaticinari to prophesy, fr. vaticinus prophetical, fr. vates a prophet.] Defn: To prophesy; to foretell; to practice prediction; to utter prophecies. VATICINATION Va*tic`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. vaticinatio.] Defn: Prediction; prophecy. It is not a false utterance; it is a true, though an impetuous, vaticination. I. Taylor. VATICINATOR Va*tic"i*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who vaticinates; a prophet. VATICINE Vat"i*cine, n. Etym: [L. vaticinium.] Defn: A prediction; a vaticination. [Obs.] Holinshed. VAUDEVILLE Vaude"ville, n. Etym: [F., fr. Vau-de-vire, a village in Normandy, where Olivier Basselin, at the end of the 14th century, composed such songs.] [Written also vaudevil.] 1. A kind of song of a lively character, frequently embodying a satire on some person or event, sung to a familiar air in couplets with a refrain; a street song; a topical song. 2. A theatrical piece, usually a comedy, the dialogue of which is intermingled with light or satirical songs, set to familiar airs. The early vaudeville, which is the forerunner of the opera bouffe, was light, graceful, and piquant. Johnson's Cyc. VAUDOIS Vau*dois, n. sing. & pl. [ 1. An inhabitant, or the inhabitants, of the Swiss canton of Vaud. 2. A modern name of the Waldenses. VAUDOUX Vau*doux", n. & a. Defn: See Voodoo. VAULT Vault, n. Etym: [OE. voute, OF. voute, volte, F. voûte, LL. volta, for voluta, volutio, fr. L. volvere, volutum, to roll, to turn about. See Voluble, and cf. Vault a leap, Volt a turn, Volute.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: An arched structure of masonry, forming a ceiling or canopy. The long-drawn aisle and fretted vault. Gray. 2. An arched apartment; especially, a subterranean room, use for storing articles, for a prison, for interment, or the like; a cell; a cellar. "Charnel vaults." Milton. The silent vaults of death. Sandys. To banish rats that haunt our vault. Swift. 3. The canopy of heaven; the sky. That heaven's vault should crack. Shak. 4. Etym: [F. volte, It. volta, originally, a turn, and the same word as volta an arch. See the Etymology above.] Defn: A leap or bound. Specifically: -- (a) (Man.) The bound or leap of a horse; a curvet. (b) A leap by aid of the hands, or of a pole, springboard, or the like. Note: The l in this word was formerly often suppressed in pronunciation. Barrel, Cradle, Cylindrical, or Wagon, vault (Arch.), a kind of vault having two parallel abutments, and the same section or profile at all points. It may be rampant, as over a staircase (see Rampant vault, under Rampant), or curved in plan, as around the apse of a church. -- Coved vault. (Arch.) See under 1st Cove, v. t. -- Groined vault (Arch.), a vault having groins, that is, one in which different cylindrical surfaces intersect one another, as distinguished from a barrel, or wagon, vault. -- Rampant vault. (Arch.) See under Rampant. -- Ribbed vault (Arch.), a vault differing from others in having solid ribs which bear the weight of the vaulted surface. True Gothic vaults are of this character. -- Vault light, a partly glazed plate inserted in a pavement or ceiling to admit light to a vault below. VAULT Vault, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vaulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Vaulting.] Etym: [OE. vouten, OF. volter, vouter, F. voûter. See Vault an arch.] 1. To form with a vault, or to cover with a vault; to give the shape of an arch to; to arch; as, vault a roof; to vault a passage to a court. The shady arch that vaulted the broad green alley. Sir W. Scott. 2. Etym: [See Vault, v. i.] Defn: To leap over; esp., to leap over by aid of the hands or a pole; as, to vault a fence. I will vault credit, and affect high pleasures. Webster (1623). VAULT Vault, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OF. volter, F. voltiger, It. volt turn. See Vault, n., 4.] 1. To leap; to bound; to jump; to spring. Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself. Shak. Leaning on his lance, he vaulted on a tree. Dryden. Lucan vaulted upon Pegasus with all the heat and intrepidity of youth. Addison. 2. To exhibit feats of tumbling or leaping; to tumble. VAULTAGE Vault"age, n. Defn: Vaulted work; also, a vaulted place; an arched cellar. [Obs.] Shak. VAULTED Vault"ed, a. 1. Arched; concave; as, a vaulted roof. 2. Covered with an arch, or vault. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Arched like the roof of the mouth, as the upper lip of many ringent flowers. VAULTER Vault"er, n. Defn: One who vaults; a leaper; a tumbler. B. Jonson. VAULTING Vault"ing, n. 1. The act of constructing vaults; a vaulted construction. 2. Act of one who vaults or leaps. VAULTY Vault"y, a. Defn: Arched; concave. [Obs.] "The vaulty heaven." Shak. VAUNCE Vaunce, v. i. Etym: [See Advance.] Defn: To advance. [Obs.] Spenser. VAUNT Vaunt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vaunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Vaunting.] Etym: [F. vanter, LL. vanitare, fr. L. vanus vain. See Vain.] Defn: To boast; to make a vain display of one's own worth, attainments, decorations, or the like; to talk ostentatiously; to brag. Pride, which prompts a man to vaunt and overvalue what he is, does incline him to disvalue what he has. Gov. of Tongue. VAUNT Vaunt, v. t. Defn: To boast of; to make a vain display of; to display with ostentation. Charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up. 1 Cor. xiii. 4. My vanquisher, spoiled of his vaunted spoil. Milton. VAUNT Vaunt, n. Defn: A vain display of what one is, or has, or has done; ostentation from vanity; a boast; a brag. The spirits beneath, whom I seduced With other promises and other vaunts. Milton. VAUNT Vaunt, n. Etym: [F. avant before, fore. See Avant, Vanguard.] Defn: The first part. [Obs.] Shak. VAUNT Vaunt, v. t. Etym: [See Avant, Advance.] Defn: To put forward; to display. [Obs.] "Vaunted spear." Spenser. And what so else his person most may vaunt. Spenser. VAUNT-COURIER Vaunt"-cou`ri*er, n. Defn: See Van-courier. [Obs.] Shak. VAUNTER Vaunt"er, n. Defn: One who vaunts; a boaster. VAUNTFUL Vaunt"ful, a. Defn: Given to vaunting or boasting; vainly ostentatious; boastful; vainglorious. VAUNTINGLY Vaunt"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a vaunting manner. VAUNTMURE Vaunt"mure`, n. Etym: [F. avant-mur. See Vanguard, and Mure.] (Fort.) Defn: A false wall; a work raised in front of the main wall. [Written also vaimure, and vamure.] Camden. VAUQUELINITE Vauque"lin*ite, n. Etym: [So called after the French chemist Vauquelin, who died in 1829: cf. F. vauquelinite.] (Min.) Defn: Chromate of copper and lead, of various shades of green. VAUT Vaut, v. i. Defn: To vault; to leap. [Obs.] Spenser. VAUT Vaut, n. Defn: A vault; a leap. [Obs.] Spenser. VAUTY Vaut"y, a. Defn: Vaulted. "The haughty vauty welkin." [Obs.] Taylor (1611). VAVASOR Vav"a*sor, n. Etym: [OE. vavasour, OF. vavassor, vavassour, F. vavasseur, LL. vavassor, probably contr. from vassus vassorum vassal of the vassals. See Vassal.] (Feud. Law) Defn: The vassal or tenant of a baron; one who held under a baron, and who also had tenants under him; one in dignity next to a baron; a title of dignity next to a baron. Burrill. "A worthy vavasour." Chaucer. [Also written vavasour, vavassor, valvasor, etc.] Vavasours subdivide again to vassals, exchanging land and cattle, human or otherwise, against fealty. Motley. VAVASORY Vav"a*so*ry, n. Etym: [F. vavassorie.] (Feud. Law) Defn: The quality or tenure of the fee held by a vavasor; also, the lands held by a vavasor. VAWARD Va"ward`, n. Etym: [For vanward, equivalent to vanguard. See Vanguard, Ward guard.] Defn: The fore part; van. [Obs.] Since we have the vaward of the day. Shak. VAZA PARROT Va"za par`rot. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of parrots of the genus Coracopsis, native of Madagascar; -- called also vasa parrot. VEADAR Ve"a*dar, n. Defn: The thirteenth, or intercalary, month of the Jewish ecclesiastical calendar, which is added about every third year. VEAL Veal, n.Etym: [OE. veel, OF. veel, F. veau, L. vitellus, dim. of vitulus a calf; akin to E. wether. See Wether, and cf. Vellum, Vituline.] Defn: The flesh of a calf when killed and used for food. VECTION Vec"tion, n. Etym: [L. vectio, from vehere, vectum, to carry.] Defn: Vectitation. [Obs.] VECTITATION Vec`ti*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. vectitatus bornve, v. intens. fr. vehere, vectum, to carry.] Defn: The act of carrying, or state of being carried. [Obs.] VECTOR Vec"tor, n. Etym: [L., a bearer, carrier. fr. vehere, vectum, to carry.] 1. Same as Radius vector. 2. (Math.) Defn: A directed quantity, as a straight line, a force, or a velocity. Vectors are said to be equal when their directions are the same their magnitudes equal. Cf. Scalar. Note: In a triangle, either side is the vector sum of the other two sides taken in proper order; the process finding the vector sum of two or more vectors is vector addition (see under Addition). VECTURE Vec"ture, n. Etym: [L. vectura, from vehere, vectum, to carry. Cf. Vettura, Voiture.] Defn: The act of carrying; conveyance; carriage. [Obs.] Bacon. VEDA Ve"da, n. Etym: [Skr. v, properly, knowledge, from vid to know. See Wit.] Defn: The ancient sacred literature of the Hindoos; also, one of the four collections, called Rig-Veda, Yajur-Veda, Sama-Veda, and Atharva-Veda, constituting the most ancient portions of that literature. Note: The language of the Vedas is usually called Vedic Sanskrit, as distinguished from the later and more settled form called classical Sanskrit. VEDANTA Ve*dan"ta, n. Etym: [Skr. V.] Defn: A system of philosophy among the Hindoos, founded on scattered texts of the Vedas, and thence termed the "Anta," or end or substance. Balfour (Cyc. of India.) VEDANTIC Ve*dan"tic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Vedas. VEDANTIST Ve*dan"tist, n. Defn: One versed in the doctrines of the Vedantas. VEDETTE Ve*dette", n. Etym: [F. vedette, It. vedetta, for veletta (influenced by vedere to see, L. videre), from It. veglia watch, L. vigilia. See Vigil.] Defn: A sentinel, usually on horseback, stationed on the outpost of an army, to watch an enemy and give notice of danger; a vidette. VEDRO Ve"dro, n. Etym: [Russ.] Defn: A Russian liquid measure, equal to 3.249 gallons of U.S. standard measure, or 2.706 imperial gallons. McElrath. VEER Veer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Veered; p. pr. & vb. n. Veering.] Etym: [F. virer (cf. Sp. virar, birar), LL. virare; perhaps fr. L. vibrare to brandish, vibrate (cf. Vibrate); or cf. L. viriae armlets, bracelets, viriola a little bracelet (cf. Ferrule). Cf. Environ.] Defn: To change direction; to turn; to shift; as, wind veers to the west or north. "His veering gait." Wordsworth. And as he leads, the following navy veers. Dryden. an ordinary community which is hostile or friendly as passion or as interest may veer about. Burke. To veer and haul (Naut.), to vary the course or direction; -- said of the wind, which veers aft and hauls forward. The wind is also said to veer when it shifts with the sun. VEER Veer, v. t. Defn: To direct to a different course; to turn; to wear; as, to veer, or wear, a vessel. To veer and haul (Naut.), to pull tight and slacken alternately. Totten. -- To veer away or out (Naut.), to let out; to slacken and let run; to pay out; as, to veer away the cable; to veer out a rope. VEERING Veer"ing, a. Defn: Shifting. -- Veer"ing*ly, adv. VEERY Veer"y, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American thrush (Turdus fuscescens) common in the Northern United States and Canada. It is light tawny brown above. The breast is pale buff, thickly spotted with brown. Called also Wilson's thrush. Sometimes I hear the veery's clarion. Thoreau. VEGA Ve"ga, n. (Astron.) Etym: [Ar. w, properly, falling: cf. F. Wéga.] Defn: A brilliant star of the first magnitude, the brightest of those constituting the constellation Lyra. VEGETABILITY Veg`e*ta*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vegetable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. VEGETABLE Veg`e*ta*ble, a. Etym: [F. végétable growing, capable of growing, formerly also, as a noun, a vegetable, from L. vegetabilis enlivening, from vegetare to enliven, invigorate, quicken, vegetus enlivened, vigorous, active, vegere to quicken, arouse, to be lively, akin to vigere to be lively, to thrive, vigil watchful, awake, and probably to E. wake, v. See Vigil, Wake, v.] 1. Of or pertaining to plants; having the nature of, or produced by, plants; as, a vegetable nature; vegetable growths, juices, etc. Blooming ambrosial fruit Of vegetable gold. Milton. 2. Consisting of, or comprising, plants; as, the vegetable kingdom. Vegetable alkali (Chem.), an alkaloid. -- Vegetable brimstone. (Bot.) See Vegetable sulphur, below. -- Vegetable butter (Bot.), a name of several kinds of concrete vegetable oil; as that produced by the Indian butter tree, the African shea tree, and the Pentadesma butyracea, a tree of the order Guttiferæ, also African. Still another kind is pressed from the seeds of cocoa (Theobroma). -- Vegetable flannel, a textile material, manufactured in Germany from pine-needle wool, a down or fiber obtained from the leaves of the Pinus sylvestris. -- Vegetable ivory. See Ivory nut, under Ivory. -- Vegetable jelly. See Pectin. -- Vegetable kingdom. (Nat. Hist.) See the last Phrase, below. -- Vegetable leather. (a) (Bot.) A shrubby West Indian spurge (Euphorbia punicea), with leathery foliage and crimson bracts. (b) See Vegetable leather, under Leather. -- Vegetable marrow (Bot.), an egg-shaped gourd, commonly eight to ten inches long. It is noted for the very tender quality of its flesh, and is a favorite culinary vegetable in England. It has been said to be of Persian origin, but is now thought to have been derived from a form of the American pumpkin. -- Vegetable oyster (Bot.), the oyster plant. See under Oyster. -- Vegetable parchment, papyrine. -- Vegetable sheep (Bot.), a white woolly plant (Raoulia eximia) of New Zealand, which grows in the form of large fleecy cushions on the mountains. -- Vegetable silk, a cottonlike, fibrous material obtained from the coating of the seeds of a Brazilian tree (Chorisia speciosa). It us used for various purposes, as for stuffing, and the like, but is incapable of being spun on account of a want of cohesion among the fibers. -- Vegetable sponge. See 1st Loof. -- Vegetable sulphur, the fine highly inflammable spores of the club moss (Lycopodium clavatum); witch. -- Vegetable tallow, a substance resembling tallow, obtained from various plants; as, Chinese vegetable tallow, obtained from the seeds of the tallow tree. Indian vegetable tallow is a name sometimes given to piney tallow. -- Vegetable wax, a waxy excretion on the leaves or fruits of certain plants, as the bayberry. Vegetable kingdom (Nat. Hist.), that primary division of living things which includes all plants. The classes of the vegetable kingdom have been grouped differently by various botanists. The following is one of the best of the many arrangements of the principal subdivisions. I. Phænogamia (called also Phanerogamia). Defn: Plants having distinct flowers and true seeds. { 1. Dicotyledons (called also Exogens). -- Seeds with two or more cotyledons. Stems with the pith, woody fiber, and bark concentrically arranged. Divided into two subclasses: Angiosperms, having the woody fiber interspersed with dotted or annular ducts, and the seed contained in a true ovary; Gymnosperms, having few or no ducts in the woody fiber, and the seeds naked. 2. Monocotyledons (called also Endogens). -- Seeds with single cotyledon. Stems with slender bundles of woody fiber not concentrically arranged, and with no true bark.} II. Cryptogamia. Defn: Plants without true flowers, and reproduced by minute spores of various kinds, or by simple cell division. { 1. Acrogens. -- Plants usually with distinct stems and leaves, existing in two alternate conditions, one of which is nonsexual and sporophoric, the other sexual and oöphoric. Divided into Vascular Acrogens, or Pteridophyta, having the sporophoric plant conspicuous and consisting partly of vascular tissue, as in Ferns, Lycopods, and Equiseta, and Cellular Acrogens, or Bryophyta, having the sexual plant most conspicuous, but destitute of vascular tissue, as in Mosses and Scale Mosses. 2. Thallogens. -- Plants without distinct stem and leaves, consisting of a simple or branched mass of cellular tissue, or educed to a single cell. Reproduction effected variously. Divided into Algæ, which contain chlorophyll or its equivalent, and which live upon air and water, and Fungi, which contain no chlorophyll, and live on organic matter. (Lichens are now believed to be fungi parasitic on included algæ.} Note: Many botanists divide the Phænogamia primarily into Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, and the latter into Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. Others consider Pteridophyta and Bryophyta to be separate classes. Thallogens are variously divided by different writers, and the places for diatoms, slime molds, and stoneworts are altogether uncertain. For definitions, see these names in the Vocabulary. VEGETAL Veg"e*tal, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A vegetable. [R.] B. Jonson. VEGETALITY Veg`e*tal"i*ty, n. 1. The quality or state of being vegetal, or vegetable. [R.] 2. (Biol.) Defn: The quality or state of being vegetal, or exhibiting those physiological phenomena which are common to plants and animals. See Vegetal, a., 2. VEGETARIAN Veg`e*ta"ri*an, n. Defn: One who holds that vegetables and fruits are the only proper food for man. Strict vegetarians eat no meat, eggs, or milk. VEGETARIAN Veg`e*ta"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to vegetarianism; as, a vegetarian diet. VEGETARIANISM Veg`e*ta"ri*an*ism, n. Defn: The theory or practice of living upon vegetables and fruits. VEGETATE Veg"e*tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vegetated; p. pr. & vb. n. Vegetating.] Etym: [L. vegetatus, p. p. of vegetare to enliven. See Vegetable.] 1. To grow, as plants, by nutriment imbibed by means of roots and leaves; to start into growth; to sprout; to germinate. See dying vegetables life sustain, See life dissolving vegetate again. Pope. 2. Fig.: To lead a live too low for an animate creature; to do nothing but eat and grow. Cowper. Persons who . . . would have vegetated stupidly in the places where fortune had fixed them. Jeffrey. 3. (Med.) Defn: To grow exuberantly; to produce fleshy or warty outgrowths; as, a vegetating papule. VEGETATION Veg`e*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. végétation, L. vegetatio an enlivening. See Vegetable.] 1. The act or process of vegetating, or growing as a plant does; vegetable growth. 2. The sum of vegetable life; vegetables or plants in general; as, luxuriant vegetation. 3. (Med.) Defn: An exuberant morbid outgrowth upon any part, especially upon the valves of the heart. Vegetation of salts (Old Chem.), a crystalline growth of an arborescent form. VEGETATIVE Veg"e*ta*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. végétatif.] 1. Growing, or having the power of growing, as plants; capable of vegetating. 2. Having the power to produce growth in plants; as, the vegetative properties of soil. 3. (Biol.) Defn: Having relation to growth or nutrition; partaking of simple growth and enlargement of the systems of nutrition, apart from the sensorial or distinctively animal functions; vegetal. -- Veg"e*ta*tive*ly, adv. -- Veg"e*ta*tive*ness, n. VEGETE Ve*gete", a. Etym: [L. vegetus. See Vegetable.] Defn: Lively; active; sprightly; vigorous. [Obs.] Even her body was made airy and vegete. Jer. Taylor. VEGETISM Veg"e*tism, n. Defn: Vegetal state or characteristic. VEGETIVE Veg"e*tive, a. Etym: [See Vegetate, and Vegetative.] Defn: Having the nature of a plant; vegetable; as, vegetive life. [R.] Tusser. VEGETIVE Veg"e*tive, n. Defn: A vegetable. [Obs.] The blest infusions That dwell in vegetives, in metals, stones. Shak. VEGETO-ANIMAL Veg"e*to-an"i*mal, a. (Biol.) Defn: Partaking of the nature both of vegetable and animal matter; -- a term sometimes applied to vegetable albumen and gluten, from their resemblance to similar animal products. VEGETOUS Veg"e*tous, a. Etym: [L. vegetus. See Vegete.] Defn: Vigorous; lively; active; vegete. [Obs.] B. Jonson. VEHEMENCE Ve"he*mence, n. Etym: [L. vehementia: cf. F. véhémence.] 1. The quality pr state of being vehement; impetuous force; impetuosity; violence; fury; as, the vehemence. 2. Violent ardor; great heat; animated fervor; as, the vehemence of love, anger, or other passions. I . . . tremble at his vehemence of temper. Addison. VEHEMENCY Ve"he*men*cy, n. Defn: Vehemence. [R.] The vehemency of your affection. Shak. VEHEMENT Ve"he*ment, a. Etym: [L. vehemens, the first part of which is perhaps akin to vehere to carry, and the second mens mind: cf. F. véhément. Cf. Vehicle, and Mental.] 1. Acting with great force; furious; violent; impetuous; forcible; mighty; as, vehement wind; a vehement torrent; a vehement fire or heat. 2. Very ardent; very eager or urgent; very fervent; passionate; as, a vehement affection or passion. "Vehement instigation." Shak. "Vehement desire." Milton. Syn. -- Furious; violent; raging; impetuous; passionate; ardent; eager; hot; fervid; burning. VEHEMENTLY Ve"he*ment*ly, adv. Defn: In a vehement manner. VEHICLE Ve"hi*cle, n. Etym: [L. vehiculum, fr. vehere to carry; akin to E. way, wain. See Way, n., and cf. Convex, Inveigh, Veil, Vex.] 1. That in or on which any person or thing is, or may be, carried, as a coach, carriage, wagon, cart, car, sleigh, bicycle, etc.; a means of conveyance; specifically, a means of conveyance upon land. 2. That which is used as the instrument of conveyance or communication; as, matter is the vehicle of energy. A simple style forms the best vehicle of thought to a popular assembly. Wirt. 3. (Pharm.) Defn: A substance in which medicine is taken. 4. (Paint.) Defn: Any liquid with which a pigment is applied, including whatever gum, wax, or glutinous or adhesive substance is combined with it. Note: Water is used in fresco and in water-color painting, the colors being consolidated with gum arabic; size is used in distemper painting. In oil painting, the fixed oils of linseed, nut, and poppy, are used; in encaustic, wax is the vehicle. Fairholt. VEHICLED Ve"hi*cled, a. Defn: Conveyed in a vehicle; furnished with a vehicle. M. Green. VEHICULAR Ve*hic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. vehicularis: cf. F. véhiculaire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a vehicle; serving as a vehicle; as, a vehicular contrivance. VEHICULARY Ve*hic"u*la*ry, a. Defn: Vehicular. VEHICULATE Ve*hic"u*late, v. t. & i. Defn: To convey by means of a vehicle; to ride in a vehicle. Carlyle. VEHICULATION Ve*hic`u*la"tion, n. Defn: Movement of vehicles. VEHICULATORY Ve*hic"u*la*to*ry, a. Defn: Vehicular. Carlyle. VEHM; VEHME Vehm, Vehme, n.; pl. Vehme (#). [See Vehmgericht.] Defn: A vehmic court. VEHMGERICHT Vehm"ge*richt, n.; pl. Vehmgerichte (#). [G. vefm, fehm criminal tribunal + gerichte court, judgment. Cf. Vehmic.] Defn: A vehmic court. VEHMIC Veh"mic, a. Etym: [G. vehm, fehm, fehme, a secret tribunal of punishment, MHG. veime, veme: cf. F. vehmique.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, certain secret tribunals flourished in Germany from the end of the 12th century to the middle of the 16th, usurping many of the functions of the government which were too weak to maintain law and order, and inspiring dread in all who came within their jurisdiction. Encyc. Brit. VEIL Veil, n. Etym: [OE. veile, OF. veile, F. voile, L. velum a sail, covering, curtain, veil, probably fr. vehere to bear, carry, and thus originally, that which bears the ship on. See Vehicle, and cf. Reveal.] [Written also vail.] 1. Something hung up, or spread out, to intercept the view, and hide an object; a cover; a curtain; esp., a screen, usually of gauze, crape, or similar diaphnous material, to hide or protect the face. The veil of the temple was rent in twain. Matt. xxvii. 51. She, as a veil down to the slender waist, Her unadornéd golden tresses wore. Milton. 2. A cover; disguise; a mask; a pretense. [I will] pluck the borrowed veil of modesty from the so seeming Mistress Page. Shak. 3. (Bot.) (a) The calyptra of mosses. (b) A membrane connecting the margin of the pileus of a mushroom with the stalk; -- called also velum. 4. (Eccl.) Defn: A covering for a person or thing; as, a nun's veil; a paten veil; an altar veil. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Velum, 3. To take the veil (Eccl.), to receive or be covered with, a veil, as a nun, in token of retirement from the world; to become a nun. VEIL Veil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Veiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Veiling.] Etym: [Cf. OF. veler, F. voiler, L. velarc. See Veil, n.] [Written also vail.] 1. To throw a veil over; to cover with a veil. Her face was veiled; yet to my fancied sight, Love, sweetness, goodness, in her person shined. Milton. 2. Fig.: To invest; to cover; to hide; to conceal. To keep your great pretenses veiled. Shak. VEILED Veiled, a. Defn: Covered by, or as by, a veil; hidden. "Words used to convey a veiled meaning." Earle. VEILED PLATE Veiled plate. (Photog.) Defn: A fogged plate. VEILING Veil"ing, n. Defn: A veil; a thin covering; also, material for making veils. VEILLESS Veil"less, a. Defn: Having no veil. Tennyson. VEIN Vein, n. Etym: [OE. veine, F. veine, L. vena.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the vessels which carry blood, either venous or arterial, to the heart. See Artery, 2. 2. (Bot.) Defn: One of the similar branches of the framework of a leaf. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the ribs or nervures of the wings of insects. See Venation. 4. (Geol. or Mining) Defn: A narrow mass of rock intersecting other rocks, and filling inclined or vertical fissures not corresponding with the stratification; a lode; a dike; -- often limited, in the language of miners, to a mineral vein or lode, that is, to a vein which contains useful minerals or ores. 5. A fissure, cleft, or cavity, as in the earth or other substance. "Down to the veins of earth." Milton. Let the glass of the prisms be free from veins. Sir I. Newton. 6. A streak or wave of different color, appearing in wood, and in marble and other stones; variegation. 7. A train of association, thoughts, emotions, or the like; a current; a course. He can open a vein of true and noble thinking. Swift. 8. Peculiar temper or temperament; tendency or turn of mind; a particular disposition or cast of genius; humor; strain; quality; also, manner of speech or action; as, a rich vein of humor; a satirical vein. Shak. Certain discoursing wits which are of the same veins. Bacon. Invoke the Muses, and improve my vein. Waller. VEIN Vein, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Veined; p. pr. & vb. n. Veining.] Defn: To form or mark with veins; to fill or cover with veins. Tennyson. VEINAL Vein"al, a. Defn: Pertaining to veins; venous. [R.] VEINED Veined, a. 1. Full of veins; streaked; variegated; as, veined marble. "Veined follies." Ford. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Having fibrovascular threads extending throughout the lamina; as, a veined leaf. VEINLESS Vein"less, a. Defn: Having no veins; as, a veinless leaf. VEINLET Vein"let, n. Defn: A small vein. VEINOUS Vein"ous, a. Defn: Marked with veins; veined; veiny. The excellent old gentleman's nails are long and leaden, and his hands lean and veinous. Dickens. VEIN QUARTZ Vein quartz. Defn: Quartz occurring as gangue in a vein. VEINSTONE Vein"stone`, n. Defn: The nonmetalliferous mineral or rock material which accompanies the ores in a vein, as quartz, calcite, barite, fluor spar, etc.; -- called also veinstuff. VEINY Vein"y, a. Etym: [From Vein: cf. F. veiné.] Defn: Full of veins; veinous; veined; as, veiny marble. VELAR Ve"lar, a. Etym: [See Velum.] 1. Of or pertaining to a velum; esp. (Anat.) of or pertaining to the soft palate. 2. (Phon.) Defn: Having the place of articulation on the soft palate; guttural; as, the velar consonants, such as k and hard q. VELARIUM Ve*la"ri*um, n.; pl. Velaria. Etym: [L., a covering.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The marginal membrane of certain medusæ belonging to the Discophora. VELATE Ve"late, a. Etym: [L. velatus, p. p. of velare to veil. See Veil.] (Bot.) Defn: Having a veil; veiled. VELDT Veldt, n. [D. veld. Cf. Field, n.] Defn: A region or tract of land; esp., the open field; grass country. [South Africa] VELDT SORE Veldt sore. (Med.) Defn: An infective sore mostly on the hands and feet, often contracted in walking on the veldt and apparently due to a specific microörganism. VELE Vele, n. Defn: A veil. [Obs.] Spenser. VELELLA Ve*lel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. from L. velum a veil, a sail.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of oceanic Siphonophora belonging to the genus Velella. Note: These creatures are brilliantly colored and float at the surface of the sea. They have an oblong, disklike body, supported by a thin chitinous plate, from which rises a thin diagonal crest which acts as a sail. The feeding and reproductive zooids hang down from the under side of the disk. VELIFEROUS Ve*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. velifer; velum a sail + ferre to bear.] Defn: Carrying or bearing sails. [Obs.] "Veliferous chariots." Evelyn. VELIGER Vel"i*ger, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. velum a veil + gerere bear.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any larval gastropod or bivalve mollusk in the state when it is furnished with one or two ciliated membranes for swimming. VELITATION Vel`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. velitatio, fr. velitari, velitatus, to skirmish, from veles, -itis, a light-armed soldier.] Defn: A dispute or contest; a slight contest; a skirmish. [R.] Sir M. Hale. After a short velitation we parted. Evelyn. VELIVOLANT Ve*liv"o*lant, a. Etym: [L. velivolans; velum a sail + volare to fly.] Defn: Flying with sails; passing under full sail. [R.] VELL Vell, n. Etym: [Cf. L. vellus the skin of a sheep with the wool on it, a fleece, a hide or pelt, or E. fell a hide.] Defn: The salted stomach of a calf, used in making cheese; a rennet bag. [Prov. Eng.] VELL Vell, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Vell, n.] Defn: To cut the turf from, as for burning. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. VELLEITY Vel*le"i*ty, n. Etym: [F. velléité (cf. It. velleità), fr. L. velle to will, to be willing.] Defn: The lowest degree of desire; imperfect or incomplete volition. Locke. VELLET Vel"let, n. Defn: Velvet. [Obs.] Spenser. VELLICATE Vel"li*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vellicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Vellicating.] Etym: [L. vellicatus, p. p. of vellicare to twitch, fr. vellere to pluck, pull.] Defn: To twitch; to cause to twitch convulsively. Convulsions, arising from something vellicating a nerve in its extremity, are not very dangerous. Arbuthnot. VELLICATE Vel"li*cate, v. i. Defn: To move spasmodically; to twitch; as, a nerve vellicates. VELLICATION Vel`li*ca"tion, Etym: [L. vellicatio.] 1. The act of twitching, or of causing to twitch. 2. (Med.) Defn: A local twitching, or convulsive motion, of a muscular fiber, especially of the face. VELLICATIVE Vel"li*ca*tive, a. Defn: Having the power of vellicating, plucking, or twitching; causing vellication. VELLON Vel*lon", n. Etym: [Sp.] Defn: A word occurring in the phrase real vellon. See the Note under Its Real. VELLUM Vel"lum, n. Etym: [OE. velim, F. vélin, fr. L. vitulinus of a calf, fr. vitulus a calf. See Veal.] Defn: A fine kind of parchment, usually made from calfskin, and rendered clear and white, -- used as for writing upon, and for binding books. Vellum cloth, a fine kind of cotton fabric, made very transparent, and used as a tracing cloth. VELLUMY Vel"lum*y, a. Defn: Resembling vellum. VELOCIMETER Vel`o*cim"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. velox, -ocis, rapid + -meter.] Defn: An apparatus for measuring speed, as of machinery or vessels, but especially of projectiles. VELOCIPEDE Ve*loc"i*pede, n. Etym: [L. velox, -ocis, swift + pes, pedis, a foot. See Velocity, and Foot.] Defn: A light road carriage propelled by the feet of the rider. Originally it was propelled by striking the tips of the toes on the roadway, but commonly now by the action of the feet on a pedal or pedals connected with the axle of one or more of the wheels, and causing their revolution. They are made in many forms, with two, three, or four wheels. See Bicycle, and Tricycle. VELOCIPEDIST Ve*loc"i*pe`dist, n. Defn: One who rides on a velocipede. VELOCITY Ve*loc"i*ty, n.; pl. Velocities. Etym: [L. velocitas, from velox, - ocis, swift, quick; perhaps akin to v to fly (see Volatile): cf. F. vélocité.] 1. Quickness of motion; swiftness; speed; celerity; rapidity; as, the velocity of wind; the velocity of a planet or comet in its orbit or course; the velocity of a cannon ball; the velocity of light. Note: In such phrases, velocity is more generally used than celerity. We apply celerity to animals; as, a horse or an ostrich runs with celerity; but bodies moving in the air or in ethereal space move with greater or less velocity, not celerity. This usage is arbitrary, and perhaps not universal. 2. (Mech.) Defn: Rate of motion; the relation of motion to time, measured by the number of units of space passed over by a moving body or point in a unit of time, usually the number of feet passed over in a second. See the Note under Speed. Angular velocity. See under Angular. -- Initial velocity, the velocity of a moving body at starting; especially, the velocity of a projectile as it leaves the mouth of a firearm from which it is discharged. -- Relative velocity, the velocity with which a body approaches or recedes from another body, whether both are moving or only one. -- Uniform velocity, velocity in which the same number of units of space are described in each successive unit of time. -- Variable velocity, velocity in which the space described varies from instant, either increasing or decreasing; -- in the former case called accelerated velocity, in the latter, retarded velocity; the acceleration or retardation itself being also either uniform or variable. -- Virtual velocity. See under Virtual. Note: In variable velocity, the velocity, strictly, at any given instant, is the rate of motion at that instant, and is expressed by the units of space, which, if the velocity at that instant were continued uniform during a unit of time, would be described in the unit of time; thus, the velocity of a falling body at a given instant is the number of feet which, if the motion which the body has at that instant were continued uniformly for one second, it would pass through in the second. The scientific sense of velocity differs from the popular sense in being applied to all rates of motion, however slow, while the latter implies more or less rapidity or quickness of motion. Syn. -- Swiftness; celerity; rapidity; fleetness; speed. VELOURS Ve*lours", n. Etym: [F. See Velure.] Defn: One of many textile fabrics having a pile like that of velvet. VELOUTE; SAUCE VELOUTE Ve*lou`té", n., or Sauce velouté. [F. velouté, lit., velvety.] (Cookery) Defn: A white sauce or stock made by boiling down ham, veal, beef, fowl, bouillon, etc., then adding soup stock, seasoning, vegetables, and thickening, and again boiling and straining. VELTFARE Velt"fare, n. Etym: [See Fieldfare.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The fieldfare. [Prov. Eng.] VELUM Ve"lum, n.; pl. Vela. Etym: [L., an awning, a veil. See Veil.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Curtain or covering; -- applied to various membranous partitions, especially to the soft palate. See under Palate. 2. (Bot.) (a) See Veil, n., 3 (b). (b) A thin membrane surrounding the sporocarps of quillworts Isoetes). 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A veil-like organ or part. Especially: (a) The circular membrane that partially incloses the space beneath the umbrella of hydroid medusæ. (b) A delicate funnel-like membrane around the flagellum of certain Infusoria. See Illust. a of Protozoa. VELURE Vel"ure, n. Etym: [F. velours, OF. velous, from L. villosus hairy. See Velvet.] Defn: Velvet. [Obs.] "A woman's crupper of velure." Shak. VELUTINA Vel`u*ti"na, n. Etym: [NL. See Velvet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of marine gastropods belonging to Velutina and allied genera. VELUTINOUS Ve*lu"ti*nous, a. Etym: [It. velluto velvet. See Velvet.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the surface covered with a fine and dense silky pubescence; velvety; as, a velutinous leaf. VELVERD Vel"verd, n. Defn: The veltfare. [Prov. Eng.] VELVERET Vel`ver*et", n. Defn: A kind of velvet having cotton back. VELVET Vel"vet, n. Etym: [OE. velouette, veluet, velwet; cf. OF. velluau, LL. velluetum, vellutum, It. velluto, Sp. velludo; all fr. (assumed) LL. villutus shaggy, fr L. villus shaggy hair; akin to vellus a fleece, and E. wool. See Wool, and cf. Villous.] 1. A silk fabric, having a short, close nap of erect threads. Inferior qualities are made with a silk pile on a cotton or linen back. 2. The soft and highly vascular deciduous skin which envelops and nourishes the antlers of deer during their rapid growth. Cotton velvet, an imitation of velvet, made of cotton. -- Velvet cork, the best kind of cork bark, supple, elastic, and not woody or porous. -- Velvet crab a European crab (Portunus puber). When adult the black carapace is covered with a velvety pile. Called also lady crab, and velvet fiddler. -- Velvet dock (Bot.), the common mullein. -- Velvet duck. (Zoöl.) (a) A large European sea duck, or scoter (Oidemia fusca). The adult male is glossy, velvety black, with a white speculum on each wing, and a white patch behind each eye. (b) The American whitewinged scoter. See Scoter. -- Velvet flower (Bot.), love-lies-bleeding. See under Love. -- Velvet grass (Bot.), a tall grass (Holcus lanatus) with velvety stem and leaves; -- called also soft grass. -- Velvet runner (Zoöl.), the water rail; -- so called from its quiet, stealthy manner of running. [Prov. Eng.] -- Velvet scoter. (Zoöl.) Same as Velvet duck, above. -- Velvet sponge. (Zoöl.) See under Sponge. VELVET Vel"vet, a. Defn: Made of velvet; soft and delicate, like velvet; velvety. " The cowslip's velvet head." Milton. VELVET Vel"vet, v. i. Defn: To pain velvet. [R.] Peacham. VELVET Vel"vet, v. t. Defn: To make like, or cover with, velvet. [R.] VELVETBREAST Vel"vet*breast`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The goosander. [Local, U. S.] VELVETEEN Vel`vet*een", n. Etym: [Cf. F. velvetine. See Velvet.] Defn: A kind of cloth, usually cotton, made in imitation of velvet; cotton velvet. VELVETING Vel"vet*ing, n. Defn: The fine shag or nap of velvet; a piece of velvet; velvet goods. VELVETLEAF Vel"vet*leaf`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several plants which have soft, velvety leaves, as the Abutilon Avicennæ, the Cissampelos Pareira, and the Lavatera arborea, and even the common mullein. VELVETY Vel"vet*y, a. Defn: Made of velvet, or like velvet; soft; smooth; delicate. VENA Ve"na, n.; pl. Venæ. Etym: [L. See Vein.] Defn: A vein. Vena cava; pl. Venæ cavæ. Etym: [L., literally, hollow vein.] (Anat.) Any one of the great systemic veins connected directly with the heart.-- Vena contracta. Etym: [L., literally, contracted vein.] (Hydraulics) The contracted portion of a liquid jet at and near the orifice from which it issues. -- Vena portæ; pl. VenÆ portæ. Etym: [L., literally, vein of the entrance.] (Anat.) The portal vein of the liver. See under Portal. VENADA Ve*na"da, N. Etym: [Cf. Sp. venado a does, stag.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The pudu. VENAL Ve"nal, a. Etym: [L. vena a vein.] Defn: Of or pertaining to veins; venous; as, venal blood. [R.] VENAL Ve"nal, a. Etym: [L. venalis, from venus sale; akin to Gr. vasna: cf. F. vénal.] Defn: Capable of being bought or obtained for money or other valuable consideration; made matter of trade or barter; held for sale; salable; mercenary; purchasable; hireling; as, venal services. " Paid court to venal beauties." Macaulay. The venal cry and prepared vote of a passive senate. Burke. Syn. -- Mercenary; hireling; vendible. -- Venal, Mercenary. One is mercenary who is either actually a hireling (as, mercenary soldiers, a mercenary judge, etc.), or is governed by a sordid love of gain; hence, we speak of mercenary motives, a mercenary marriage, etc. Venal goes further, and supposes either an actual purchase, or a readiness to be purchased, which places a person or thing wholly in the power of the purchaser; as, a venal press. Brissot played ingeniously on the latter word in his celebrated saying, " My pen is venal that it may not be mercenary," meaning that he wrote books, and sold them to the publishers, in order to avoid the necessity of being the hireling of any political party. Thus needy wits a vile revenue made, And verse became a mercenary trade. Dryden. This verse be thine, my friend, nor thou refuse This, from no venal or ungrateful muse. Pope. VENALITY Ve*nal"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. venalitas: cf. F. vénalité.] Defn: The quality or state of being venal, or purchasable; mercenariness; prostitution of talents, offices, or services, for money or reward; as, the venality of a corrupt court; the venality of an official. Complaints of Roman venality became louder. Milton. VENALLY Ve"nal*ly, adv. Defn: In a venal manner. VENANTES Ve*nan"tes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. venans, p. pr. of venari to hunt.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The hunting spiders, which run after, or leap upon, their prey. VENARY Ven"a*ry, a. Etym: [LL. venarius, fr. L. venari, p. p. venatus, to hunt.] Defn: Of or, pertaining to hunting. VENATIC; VENATICAL Ve*nat"ic, Ve*nat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. venaticus, fr. venatus hunting, fr. venari, p. p. venatus, to hunt.] Defn: Of or pertaining to hunting; used in hunting. [R.] " Venatical pleasure." Howell. VENATICA Ve*nat"i*ca, n. Defn: See Vinatico. VENATION Ve*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. vena a vein.] Defn: The arrangement or system of veins, as in the wing of an insect, or in the leaves of a plant. See Illust. in Appendix. VENATION Ve*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. venatio, fr. venari, p. p. venatus, to hunt. See Venison.] Defn: The act or art of hunting, or the state of being hunted. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. VENATORIAL Ven`a*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. venatorius.] Defn: Or or pertaining to hunting; venatic. [R.] VEND Vend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vended; p. pr. & vb. n. Vending.] Etym: [F. vendre, L. vendere, from venum dare; venus sale + dare to give. See 2d Venal, Date, time.] Defn: To transfer to another person for a pecuniary equivalent; to make an object of trade; to dispose of by sale; to sell; as, to vend goods; to vend vegetables. Note: Vend differs from barter. We vend for money; we barter for commodities. Vend is used chiefly of wares, merchandise, or other small articles, not of lands and tenements. VEND Vend, n. 1. The act of vending or selling; a sale. 2. The total sales of coal from a colliery. [Eng.] VENDACE Ven"dace, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European lake whitefish (Coregonus Willughbii, or C. Vandesius) native of certain lakes in Scotland and England. It is regarded as a delicate food fish. Called also vendis. VENDEE Vend*ee", n. Defn: The person to whom a thing is vended, or sold; -- the correlative of vendor. VENDEMIAIRE Ven`dé`miaire", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. vindemia vintage.] Defn: The first month of the French republican calendar, dating from September 22, 1792. Note: This calendar was substituted for the ordinary calendar, dating from the Christian era, by a decree of the National Convention in 1793. The 22d of September, 1792, which had been fixed upon as the day of the foundation of the republic, was also the date of the new calendar. In this calendar, the year, which began at midnight of the day of the autumnal equinox, was divided into twelve months of thirty days, with five additional days for festivals, and every fourth year six. Each month was divided into three decades of ten days each, the week being abolished. The names of the months in their order were, Vendémiaire, Brumaire, Frimaire Nivose, Pluviose, Ventose, Germinal, Floréal, Prairial, Messidor, Thermidor (sometimes called Fervidor), and Fructidor. This calendar was abolished December 31, 1805, and the ordinary one restored January 1, 1806. VENDER Vend"er, n. Etym: [From Vend: cf. F. vendeur, OF. vendeor. Cf. Vendor.] Defn: One who vends; one who transfers the exclusive right of possessing a thing, either his own, or that of another as his agent, for a price or pecuniary equivalent; a seller; a vendor. VENDETTA Ven*det"ta, n. Etym: [It.] Defn: A blood feud; private revenge for the murder of a kinsman. VENDIBILITY Vend`i*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vendible, or salable. VENDIBLE Vend"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. vendibilis: cf. OF. vendible, F. vendable.] Defn: Capable of being vended, or sold; that may be sold; salable. The regulating of prices of things vendible. Bacon. Note: Vendible differs from marketable; the latter signifies proper or fit for market, according to the laws or customs of a place. Vendible has no reference to such legal fitness. VENDIBLE Vend"i*ble, n. Defn: Something to be sold, or offered for sale. -- Vend"i*ble*ness, n. -- Vend"i*bly, adv. VENDITATE Ven"di*tate, v. t. Etym: [See Venditation.] Defn: To cry up. as if for sale; to blazon. [Obs.] Holland. VENDITATION Ven`di*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. venditatio, fr. venditare, venditatum, to offer again and again for sale, v. freq. of vendere. See Vend.] Defn: The act of setting forth ostentatiously; a boastful display. [Obs.] B. Jonson. VENDITION Ven*di"tion, n. Etym: [L. venditio: cf. F. vendition.] Defn: The act of vending, or selling; sale. VENDOR Vend"or , n. Etym: [See Vender.] Defn: A vender; a seller; the correlative of vendee. VENDOR'S LIEN Vend"or's lien. (Law) Defn: An implied lien (that is, one not created by mortgage or other express agreement) given in equity to a vendor of lands for the unpaid purchase money. VENDS Vends, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: See Wends. VENDUE Ven*due", n. Etym: [OF. vendue, from F. vendre, p. p. vendu, vendue, to sell.] Defn: A public sale of anything, by outcry, to the highest bidder; an auction. [Obsoles.] Vendue master, one who is authorized to sell any property by vendue; an auctioneer. [Obsoles.] VENEER Ve*neer", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Veneered; p. pr. & vb. n. Veneering.] Etym: [G. furnieren, fourniren, fr. F. fournir to furnish. See Furnish.] Defn: To overlay or plate with a thin layer of wood or other material for outer finish or decoration; as, to veneer a piece of furniture with mahogany. Used also figuratively. As a rogue in grain Veneered with sanctimonious theory. Tennyson. VENEER Ve*neer", n. Etym: [Cf. G. furnier or fournier. See Veneer, v. t.] Defn: A thin leaf or layer of a more valuable or beautiful material for overlaying an inferior one, especially such a thin leaf of wood to be glued to a cheaper wood; hence, external show; gloss; false pretense. Veneer moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Chilo; -- so called because the mottled colors resemble those of veneering. VENEERING Ve*neer"ing, n. 1. The act or art of one who veneers. 2. Thin wood or other material used as a veneer. VENEFICAL Ve*nef"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. veneficus.] Defn: Veneficial. [Obs.] "Venefical instruments." B. Jonson. VENEFICE Ven"e*fice, n. Etym: [L. veneficium, fr. veneficus poisoning; venenum poison + facere to make: cf. F. vénéfice.] Defn: The act or practice of poisoning. [Obs.] VENEFICIAL; VENEFICIOUS Ven`e*fi"cial, Ven`e*fi"cious, a. Defn: Acting by poison; used in poisoning or in sorcery. [Obs.] "An old veneficious practice." Sir T. Browne. -- Ven`e*fi"cious*ly, adv. [Obs.] VENEMOUS Ven"e*mous, a. Defn: Venomous. [Obs.] VENENATE Ven"e*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. veneatus, p. p. venenare to poison, from venenum poison. Cf. Venom.] Defn: To poison; to infect with poison. [R.] Harvey. VENENATE Ven"e*nate, a. Defn: Poisoned. Woodward. VENENATION Ven`en*na"tion, n. 1. The act of poisoning. 2. Poison; venom. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. VENENE Ve*nene", a. Defn: Poisonous; venomous. [Obs.] VENENOSE Ven"e*nose`, a. Etym: [L. venenosus, fr. venenum poison. Cf. Venomous.] Defn: Poisonous. [Obs.] VENERABILITY Ven`er*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being venerable; venerableness. Dr. H. More. VENERABLE Ven"er*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. venerabilis: cf. F. vénérable.] 1. Capable of being venerated; worthy of veneration or reverence; deserving of honor and respect; -- generally implying an advanced age; as, a venerable magistrate; a venerable parent. He was a man of eternal self-sacrifice, and that is always venerable. De Quincey. Venerable men! you have come down to us from a former generation. D. Webster. 2. Rendered sacred by religious or other associations; that should be regarded with awe and treated with reverence; as, the venerable walls of a temple or a church. Note: This word is employed in the Church of England as a title for an archdeacon. In the Roman Catholic Church, venerable is applied to those who have attained to the lowest of the three recognized degrees of sanctity, but are not among the beatified, nor the canonized. -- Ven"er*a*ble*ness, n. -- Ven"er*a*bly, adv. VENERACEA Ven`e*ra"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Venus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive tribe of bivalve mollusks of which the genus Venus is the type. The shells are usually oval, or somewhat heartshaped, with a conspicuous lunule. See Venus. VENERATE Ven"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Venerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Venerating.] Etym: [L. veneratus, p. p. of venerari to venerate; akin to Venus Venus, Skr. van to like, to wish, and E. winsome. See Winsome.] Defn: To regard with reverential respect; to honor with mingled respect and awe; to reverence; to revere; as, we venerate parents and elders. And seemed to venerate the sacred shade. Dryden. I do not know a man more to be venerated for uprightness of heart and loftiness of genius. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- To reverence; revere; adore; respect. VENERATION Ven`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. veneratio: cf. F. vénération.] Defn: The act of venerating, or the state of being venerated; the highest degree of respect and reverence; respect mingled with awe; a feeling or sentimental excited by the dignity, wisdom, or superiority of a person, by sacredness of character, by consecration to sacred services, or by hallowed associations. We find a secret awe and veneration for one who moves about us in regular and illustrious course of virtue. Addison. Syn. -- Awe; reverence; respect. See Reverence. VENERATOR Ven"er*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who venerates. Jer. Taylor VENEREAL Ve*ne"re*al, a. Etym: [L. venereus, venerius, fr. Venus, Veneris, Venus, the goddess of love. See Venerate.] 1. Of or pertaining to venery, or sexual love; relating to sexual intercourse. Into the snare I fell Of fair, fallacious looks, venereal trains, Softened with pleasure and voluptuous life. Milton. 2. (Med.) (a) Arising from sexual intercourse; as, a venereal disease; venereal virus or poison. (b) Adapted to the cure of venereal diseases; as, venereal medicines. 3. Adapted to excite venereal desire; aphrodisiac. 4. Consisting of, or pertaining to, copper, formerly called by chemists Venus. [Obs.] Boyle. VENEREAL Ve*ne"re*al, n. (Med.) Defn: The venereal disease; syphilis. VENEREAN Ve*ne"re*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vénérien.] Defn: Devoted to the offices of Venus, or love; venereal. [Obs.] "I am all venerean in feeling." Chaucer. VENEREOUS Ve*ne"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. venereus.] 1. Venereal; exciting lust; aphrodisiac. [Obs.] 2. Lustful; lascivious; libidinous. [R.] Derham. VENEROUS Ven"er*ous, a. Defn: Venereous. [Obs.] Burton. VENERY Ven"er*y, n. Etym: [L. Venus, Veneris, the goddess of love.] Defn: Sexual love; sexual intercourse; coition. Contentment, without the pleasure of lawful venery, is continence; of unlawful, chastity. Grew. VENERY Ven"er*y, n. Etym: [OE. venerie, F. vénerie, fr. OF. vener to hunt, L. venari. See Venison.] Defn: The art, act, or practice of hunting; the sports of the chase. "Beasts of venery and fishes." Sir T. Browne. I love hunting and venery. Chaucer. VENESECTION Ve`ne*sec"tion, n. Etym: [NL. venaesectio; L. vena vein + sectio section.] (Med.) Defn: The act or operation of opening a vein for letting blood; bloodletting; phlebotomy. VENETIAN Ve*ne"tian, a. Etym: [Cf. It. Veneziano, L. Venetianus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Venice in Italy. Venetian blind, a blind for windows, doors, etc., made of thin slats, either fixed at a certain angle in the shutter, or movable, and in the latter case so disposed as to overlap each other when close, and to show a series of open spaces for the admission of air and light when in other positions. -- Venetian carpet, an inexpensive carpet, used for passages and stairs, having a woolen warp which conceals the weft; the pattern is therefore commonly made up of simple stripes. -- Venetian chalk, a white compact or steatite, used for marking on cloth, etc. -- Venetian door (Arch.), a door having long, narrow windows or panes of glass on the sides. -- Venetian glass, a kind of glass made by the Venetians, for decorative purposes, by the combination of pieces of glass of different colors fused together and wrought into various ornamental patterns. -- Venetian red, a brownish red color, prepared from sulphate of iron; -- called also scarlet ocher. -- Venetian soap. See Castile soap, under Soap. -- Venetian sumac (Bot.), a South European tree (Rhus Cotinus) which yields the yellow dyewood called fustet; -- also called smoke tree. -- Venetian window (Arch.), a window consisting of a main window with an arched head, having on each side a long and narrow window with a square head. VENETIAN Ve*ne"tian, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Venice. VENEW Ven"ew, n. Etym: [F. venue, lit., an arrival, from venir, p. p. venu, venue, to come. See Venue.] Defn: A bout, or turn, as at fencing; a thrust; a hit; a veney. [Obs.] Fuller. VENEY Ven"ey, n. Etym: [Cf. Venew or Visne.] Defn: A bout; a thrust; a venew. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Three veneys for a dish of stewed prunes. Shak. VENGE Venge, v. t. Etym: [F. venger. See Vengeance.] Defn: To avenge; to punish; to revenge. [Obs.] See Avenge, and Revenge. Chaucer. "To venge me, as I may." Shak. VENGEABLE Venge"a*ble, a. Defn: Revengeful; deserving revenge. [Obs.] Spenser. -- Venge"a*bly, adv. [Obs.] VENGEANCE Venge"ance, n. Etym: [F. vengeance, fr. venger to avenge, L. vindicare to lay claim to, defend, avenge, fr. vindex a claimant, defender, avenger, the first part of which is of uncertain origin, and the last part akin to dicere to say. See Diction, and cf. Avenge, Revenge, Vindicate.] 1. Punishment inflicted in return for an injury or an offense; retribution; -- often, in a bad sense, passionate or unrestrained revenge. To me belongeth vengeance and recompense. Deut. xxxii. 35. To execute fierce vengeance on his foes. Milton. 2. Harm; mischief. [Obs.] Shak. What a vengeance, or What the vengeance, what! -- emphatically. [Obs.] "But what a vengeance makes thee fly!" Hudibras. "What the vengeance! Could he not speak 'em fair" Shak. -- With a vengeance, with great violence; as, to strike with a vengeance. [Colloq.] VENGEANCELY Venge"ance*ly, adv. Defn: Extremely; excessively. [Obs.] "He loves that vengeancely." Beau. & Fl. VENGEFUL Venge"ful, a. Defn: Vindictive; retributive; revengeful. "Vengeful ire." Milton. -- Venge"ful*ly, adv. VENGEMENT Venge"ment, n. Etym: [OF. vengement.] Defn: Avengement; penal retribution; vengeance. [Obs.] Spenser. VENGER Ven"ger, n. Defn: An avenger. [Obs.] Spenser. VENIABLE Ve"ni*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. veniabilis, fr. venia forgiveness, pardon.] Defn: Venial; pardonable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. -- Ve"ni*a*bly, adv. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. VENIAL Ve"ni*al, a. Etym: [OF. venial, F. véniel, L. venialis, from venia forgiveness, pardon, grace, favor, kindness; akin to venerari to venerate. See Venerate.] 1. Capable of being forgiven; not heinous; excusable; pardonable; as, a venial fault or transgression. So they do nothing, 't is a venial slip. Shak. 2. Allowed; permitted. [Obs.] "Permitting him the while venial discourse unblamed." Milton. Venial sin (R. C. Theol.), a sin which weakens, but does not wholly destroy, sanctifying grace, as do mortal, or deadly, sins. -- Ve"ni*al*ly, adv. -- Ve"ni*al*ness, n. Bp. Hall. VENIALITY Ve`ni*al"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being venial; venialness. Jer. Taylor. VENIN Ven"in, n. [L. venenum poison.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A toxic substance contained in the venom of poisonous snakes; also, a (supposedly identical) toxic substance obtained by the cleavage of an albumose. VENIRE FACIAS Ve*ni"re fa"ci*as. Etym: [L., make, or cause, to come.] (Law) (a) A judicial writ or precept directed to the sheriff, requiring him to cause a certain number of qualified persons to appear in court at a specified time, to serve as jurors in said court. (b) A writ in the nature of a summons to cause the party indicted on a penal statute to appear. Called also venire. VENISON Ven"i*son, n. Etym: [OE. veneison, veneson, venison, OF. veneison, F. venaison, L. venatio hunting, the chase, game, fr. venari, p. p. venatus, to hunt; perhaps akin to OHG. weidin, weidenen, to pasture, to hunt, G. weide pasturage. Cf. Gain to acquire, Venation.] 1. Beasts of the chase. [Obs.] Fabyan. 2. Formerly, the flesh of any of the edible beasts of the chase, also of game birds; now, the flesh of animals of the deer kind exclusively. VENITE Ve*ni"te, n. Etym: [L., come, imperative 2d person pl. So called from its opening word in the Latin version.] (Eccl.) Defn: The 95th Psalm, which is said or sung regularly in the public worship of many churches. Also, a musical composition adapted to this Psalm. VENOM Ven"om, n. Etym: [OE. venim, OF. venim, F. venin, L. veneum. Cf. Venenate.] 1. Matter fatal or injurious to life; poison; particularly, the poisonous, the poisonous matter which certain animals, such as serpents, scorpions, bees, etc., secrete in a state of health, and communicate by thing or stinging. Or hurtful worm with cankered venom bites. Milton. 2. Spite; malice; malignity; evil quality. Chaucer. "The venom of such looks." Shak. Syn. -- Venom; virus; bane. See Poison. VENOM Ven"om, v. t. Etym: [OE. venimen, OF. venimer, L. venenare. See Venom, n.] Defn: To infect with venom; to envenom; to poison. [R.] "Venomed vengeance." Shak. VENOMOUS Ven"om*ous, a. Etym: [OE. venemous, venimous, F. venimeux, L. venenosus, fr. venenum poison. See Venom, and cf. Venenose.] 1. Full of venom; noxious to animal life; poisonous; as, the bite of a serpent may be venomous. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a poison gland or glands for the secretion of venom, as certain serpents and insects. 3. Noxious; mischievous; malignant; spiteful; as, a venomous progeny; a venomous writer. Venomous snake (Zoöl.), any serpent which has poison glands and fangs, whether dangerous to man or not. These serpents constitute two tribes, the viperine serpents, or Solenoglypha, and the cobralike serpents, or Proteroglypha. The former have perforated, erectile fangs situated in the front part of the upper jaw, and are without ordinary teeth behind the fangs; the latter have permanently erect and grooved fangs, with ordinary maxillary teeth behind them. -- Ven"om*ous*ly, adv. -- Ven"om*ous*ness, n. VENOSE Ve*nose", a. Etym: [See Venous.] Defn: Having numerous or conspicuous veins; veiny; as, a venose frond. VENOSITY Ve*nos"i*ty, n. 1. The quality or state of being venous. 2. (Med.) Defn: A condition in which the circulation is retarded, and the entire mass of blood is less oxygenated than it normally is. VENOUS Ven"ous, a. Etym: [L. venosus, from vena a vein. See Vein.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a vein or veins; as, the venous circulation of the blood. 2. Contained in the veins, or having the same qualities as if contained in the veins, that is, having a dark bluish color and containing an insufficient amount of oxygen so as no longer to be fit for oxygenating the tissues; -- said of the blood, and opposed to arterial. 3. Marked with veins; veined; as, a venous leaf. Venous leaf (Bot.), a leaf having vessels branching, or variously divided, over its surface. -- Venous hum (Med.), a humming sound, or bruit, heard during auscultation of the veins of the neck in anæmia. -- Venous pulse (Physiol.), the pulse, or rhythmic contraction, sometimes seen in a vein, as in the neck, when there is an obstruction to the passage of blood from the auricles to the ventricles, or when there is an abnormal rigidity in the walls of the greater vessels. There is normally no pulse in a vein. VENT Vent, n. Etym: [F. vente, fr. L. vendere, -itum, to sell; perh. confused with E. vent an opening. See Vend.] Defn: Sale; opportunity to sell; market. [Obs.] Shelton. There is no vent for any commodity but of wool. Sir W. Temple. VENT Vent, v. t. Defn: To sell; to vend. [Obs.] Therefore did those nations vent such spice. Sir W. Raleigh. VENT Vent, n. Etym: [Sp. venta a poor inn, sale, market. See Vent sale.] Defn: A baiting place; an inn. [Obs.] VENT Vent, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. venter to blow, vent wind (see Ventilate); but prob influenced by E. vent an opening.] Defn: To snuff; to breathe or puff out; to snort. [Obs.] Spenser. VENT Vent, n. Etym: [OE. fent, fente, a slit, F. fente a slit, cleft, fissure, from fendre to split, L. findere; but probably confused with F. vent wind, L. ventus. See Fissure, and cf. Vent to snuff.] 1. A small aperture; a hole or passage for air or any fluid to escape; as, the vent of a cask; the vent of a mold; a volcanic vent. Look, how thy wounds do bleed at many vents. Shak. Long't was doubtful, both so closely pent, Which first should issue from the narrow vent. Pope. 2. Specifically: --(a) (Zoöl.) Defn: The anal opening of certain invertebrates and fishes; also, the external cloacal opening of reptiles, birds, amphibians, and many fishes. (b) (Gun.) The opening at the breech of a firearm, through which fire is communicated to the powder of the charge; touchhole. (c) (Steam Boilers) Sectional area of the passage for gases divided by the length of the same passage in feet. 3. Fig.: Opportunity of escape or passage from confinement or privacy; outlet. 4. Emission; escape; passage to notice or expression; publication; utterance. Without the vent of words. Milton. Thou didst make tolerable vent of thy travel. Shak. To give vent to, to suffer to escape; to let out; to pour forth; as, to give vent to anger. -- To take vent, to escape; to be made public. [R.] -- Vent feather (Zoöl.), one of the anal, or crissal, feathers of a bird. -- Vent field (Gun.), a flat raised surface around a vent. -- Vent piece. (Gun.) (a) A bush. See 4th Bush, n, 2. (b) A breech block. VENT Vent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vented; p. pr. & vb. n. Venting.] 1. To let out at a vent, or small aperture; to give passage or outlet to. 2. To suffer to escape from confinement; to let out; to utter; to pour forth; as, to vent passion or complaint. The queen of heaven did thus her fury vent. Dryden. 3. To utter; to report; to publish. [Obs.] By mixing somewhat true to vent more lies. Milton. Thou hast framed and vented very curious orations. Barrow. 4. To scent, as a hound. [Obs.] Turbervile. 5. To furnish with a vent; to make a vent in; as, to vent. a mold. VENTAGE Vent"age, n. Defn: A small hole, as the stop in a flute; a vent. Shak. VENTAIL Vent"ail, n. Etym: [OF. ventaille, F. ventail. See Ventilate, and cf. Aventail.] Defn: That part of a helmet which is intended for the admission of air, -- sometimes in the visor. Spenser. Her ventail up so high that he descried Her goodly visage and her beauty's pride. Fairfax. VENTER Vent"er, n. Defn: One who vents; one who utters, reports, or publishes. [R.] Barrow. VENTER Vent"er, n. Etym: [L.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The belly; the abdomen; -- sometimes applied to any large cavity containing viscera. (b) The uterus, or womb. (c) A belly, or protuberant part; a broad surface; as, the venter of a muscle; the venter, or anterior surface, of the scapula. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lower part of the abdomen in insects. 3. (Rom. & O. E. Law) Defn: A pregnant woman; a mother; as, A has a son B by one venter, and a daughter C by another venter; children by different venters. VENTHOLE Vent"hole, n. Defn: A touchhole; a vent. VENTIDUCT Ven"ti*duct, n. Etym: [L. ventus wind + ductus a leading, conduit, fr. ducere, ductum, to lead.] Defn: A passage for wind or air; a passage or pipe for ventilating apartments. Gwilt. VENTILATE Ven"ti*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ventilated; p. pr. & vb. n. Ventilating.] Etym: [L. ventilatus, p. p. of ventilare to toss, brandish in the air, to fan, to winnow, from ventus wind; akin to E. wind. See Wind rushing air.] 1. To open and expose to the free passage of air; to supply with fresh air, and remove impure air from; to air; as, to ventilate a room; to ventilate a cellar; to ventilate a mine. 2. To provide with a vent, or escape, for air, gas, etc.; as, to ventilate a mold, or a water-wheel bucket. 3. To change or renew, as the air of a room. Harvey. 4. To winnow; to fan; as, to ventilate wheat. 5. To sift and examine; to bring out, and subject to penetrating scrutiny; to expose to examination and discussion; as, to ventilate questions of policy. Ayliffe. 6. To give vent; to utter; to make public. Macaulay took occasion to ventilate one of those starling, but not very profound, paradoxes. J. C. Shairp. VENTILATION Ven`ti*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. ventilatio: cf. F. ventilation.] 1. The act of ventilating, or the state of being ventilated; the art or process of replacing foul air by that which is pure, in any inclosed place, as a house, a church, a mine, etc.; free exposure to air. Insuring, for the laboring man, better ventilation. F. W. Robertson. 2. The act of refrigerating, or cooling; refrigeration; as, ventilation of the blood. [Obs.] Harvey. 3. The act of fanning, or winnowing, for the purpose of separating chaff and dust from the grain. 4. The act of sifting, and bringing out to view or examination; free discussion; public exposure. The ventilation of these points diffused them to the knowledge of the world. Bp. Hall. 5. The act of giving vent or expression. "Ventilation of his thoughts." Sir H. Wotton. VENTILATIVE Ven"ti*la*tive, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to ventilation; adapted to secure ventilation; ventilating; as, ventilative apparatus. VENTILATOR Ven"ti*la`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ventilateur, L. ventilator a winnower.] Defn: A contrivance for effecting ventilation; especially, a contrivance or machine for drawing off or expelling foul or stagnant air from any place or apartment, or for introducing that which is fresh and pure. VENTOSE Ven*tose", n. Defn: A ventouse. [Obs.] Holland. VENTOSE Ven*tose", a. Etym: [L. ventosus windy. See Ventilate.] Defn: Windy; flatulent. Richardson (Dict.). VENTOSE Ven`tose", n. Etym: [F. ventôse. See Ventose, a.] Defn: The sixth month of the calendar adopted by the first French republic. It began February 19, and ended March 20. See Vend. VENTOSITY Ven*tos"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. ventositas: cf. F. ventosité. See Ventose, n.] Defn: Quality or state of being ventose; windiness; hence, vainglory; pride. Bacon. VENTOUSE Ven"touse, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A cupping glass. [Obs.] Chaucer. VENTOUSE Ven"touse, v. t. & i. Defn: To cup; to use a cupping glass. [Obs.] [Written also ventuse.] Chaucer. VENTRAD Ven"trad, adv. Etym: [L. venter belly + ad to.] (Anat.) Defn: Toward the ventral side; on the ventral side; ventrally; -- opposed to dorsad. VENTRAL Ven"tral, a. Etym: [L. ventralis, fr. venter the belly; perhaps akin to G. wanst: cf. F. ventral.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or situated near, the belly, or ventral side, of an animal or of one of its parts; hemal; abdominal; as, the ventral fin of a fish; the ventral root of a spinal nerve; -- opposed to Ant: dorsal. 2. (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to that surface of a carpel, petal, etc., which faces toward the center of a flower. (b) Of or pertaining to the lower side or surface of a creeping moss or other low flowerless plant. Opposed to Ant: dorsal. Ventral fins (Zoöl.), the posterior pair of fins of a fish. They are often situated beneath the belly, but sometimes beneath the throat. -- Ventral segment. (Acoustics) See Loop, n., 5. VENTRICLE Ven"tri*cle, n. Etym: [L. ventriculus the stomach, a ventricle, dim. of venter the belly: cf. F. ventricule. See Ventral.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: A cavity, or one of the cavities, of an organ, as of the larynx or the brain; specifically, the posterior chamber, or one of the two posterior chambers, of the heart, which receives the blood from the auricle and forces it out from the heart. See Heart. Note: The principal ventricles of the brain are the fourth in the medulla, the third in the midbrain, the first and second, or lateral, ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres, all of which are connected with each other, and the fifth, or pseudoc, situated between the hemispheres, in front of, or above, the fornix, and entirely disconnected with the other cavities. See Brain, and C. 2. The stomach. [Obs.] Whether I will or not, while I live, my heart beats, and my ventricle digests what is in it. Sir M. Hale. 3. Fig.: Any cavity, or hollow place, in which any function may be conceived of as operating. These [ideas] are begot on the ventricle of memory. Shak. VENTRICOSE; VENTRICOUS Ven"tri*cose`, Ven"tri*cous, a. Etym: [NL. ventricosus, fr. L. venter belly.] (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Swelling out on one side or unequally; bellied; ventricular; as, a ventricose corolla. Ventricose shell. (Zoöl.) (a) A spiral shell having the body whorls rounded or swollen in the middle. (b) A bivalve shell in which the valves are strongly convex. VENTRICULAR Ven*tric"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ventriculaire.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a ventricle; bellied. VENTRICULITE Ven*tric"u*lite, n. Etym: [See Ventriculus.] (Paleon.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of siliceous fossil sponges belonging to Ventriculites and allied genera, characteristic of the Cretaceous period. Note: Many of them were shaped like vases, others like mushrooms. They belong to the hexactinellids, and are allied to the Venus's basket of modern seas. VENTRICULOUS Ven*tric"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. ventriculosus of the belly.] Defn: Somewhat distended in the middle; ventricular. VENTRICULUS Ven*tric"u*lus, n.; pl. Ventriculi. Etym: [L., belly, dim. fr. venter belly.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the stomachs of certain insects. (b) The body cavity of a sponge. VENTRILOCUTION Ven`tri*lo*cu"tion, n. Etym: [See Ventriloquous.] Defn: Ventriloquism. VENTRILOQUIAL Ven`tri*lo"qui*al, a. Defn: Ventriloquous. VENTRILOQUISM Ven*tril"o*quism, n. Etym: [See Ventriloquous.] Defn: The act, art, or practice of speaking in such a manner that the voice appears to come, not from the person speaking, but from some other source, as from the opposite side of the room, from the cellar, etc. VENTRILOQUIST Ven*tril"o*quist, n. Defn: One who practices, or is skilled in, ventriloquism. Ventriloquist monkey (Zoöl.), the onappo; -- so called from the character of its cry. VENTRILOQUIZE Ven*tril"o*quize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ventriloquized; p. pr. & vb. n. Ventriloquizing .] Defn: To practice ventriloquism; to speak like a ventriloquist. VENTRILOQUOUS Ven*tril"o*quous, a. Etym: [L. ventriloquus a ventriloquist; venter the belly + loqui, p. p. locutus, to speak. See Ventral, and Loquacious.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a ventriloquist or ventriloquism. VENTRILOQUY Ven*tril"o*quy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ventriloquie.] Defn: Same as Ventriloquism. VENTRIMESON Ven`tri*mes"on, n. Etym: [NL. See Venter, and Meson.] (Anat.) Defn: See Meson. VENTRO- Ven"tro- (. Etym: [L. venter belly.] Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the abdomen; also, connection with, relation to, or direction toward, the ventral side; as, ventrolateral; ventro- inguinal. VENTRO-INGUINAL Ven`tro-in"gui*nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining both to the abdomen and groin, or to the abdomen and inguinal canal; as, ventro-inguinal hernia. VENTURE Ven"ture, n. Etym: [Aphetic form of OE. aventure. See Adventure.] 1. An undertaking of chance or danger; the risking of something upon an event which can not be foreseen with certainty; a hazard; a risk; a speculation. I, in this venture, double gains pursue. Dryden. 2. An event that is not, or can not be, foreseen; an accident; chance; hap; contingency; luck. Bacon. 3. The thing put to hazard; a stake; a risk; especially, something sent to sea in trade. My ventures are not in one bottom trusted. Shak. At a venture, at hazard; without seeing the end or mark; without foreseeing the issue; at random. A certain man drew a bow at a venture. 1 Kings xxii. 34. A bargain at a venture made. Hudibras. Note: The phrase at a venture was originally at aventure, that is, at adventure. VENTURE Ven"ture, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ventured; p. pr. & vb. n. Venturing.] 1. To hazard one's self; to have the courage or presumption to do, undertake, or say something; to dare. Bunyan. 2. To make a venture; to run a hazard or risk; to take the chances. Who freights a ship to venture on the seas. J. Dryden, Jr. To venture at, or To venture on or upon, to dare to engage in; to attempt without any certainty of success; as, it is rash to venture upon such a project. "When I venture at the comic style." Waller. VENTURE Ven"ture, v. t. 1. To expose to hazard; to risk; to hazard; as, to venture one's person in a balloon. I am afraid; and yet I'll venture it. Shak. 2. To put or send on a venture or chance; as, to venture a horse to the West Indies. 3. To confide in; to rely on; to trust. [R.] A man would be well enough pleased to buy silks of one whom he would not venture to feel his pulse. Addison. VENTURER Ven"tur*er, n. 1. One who ventures, or puts to hazard; an adventurer. Beau. & Fl. 2. A strumpet; a prostitute. [R.] J. Webster (1607). VENTURESOME Ven"ture*some, a. Defn: Inclined to venture; not loth to run risk or danger; venturous; bold; daring; adventurous; as, a venturesome boy or act. -- Ven"ture*some*ly, adv. -- Ven"ture*some*ness, n. VENTURINE Ven"tur*ine, n. Etym: [Cf. Aventurine.] (Japanning) Defn: Gold powder for covering varnished surfaces. VENTUROUS Ven"tur*ous, a. Etym: [Aphetic form of OE. aventurous. See Adventurous, Venture, n.] Defn: Daring; bold; hardy; fearless; venturesome; adveturous; as, a venturous soldier. Spenser. This said, he paused not, but with venturous arm He plucked, he tasted. Milton. -- Ven"tur*ous*ly, adv. -- Ven"tur*ous*ness, n. VENTUSE Ven"tuse, v. t. & i. Defn: See Ventouse. [Obs.] VENUE Ven"ue, n. Etym: [F. venue a coming, arrival, fr. venir to come, L. venire; hence, in English, the place whither the jury are summoned to come. See Come, and cf. Venew, Veney.] 1. (Law) Defn: A neighborhood or near place; the place or county in which anything is alleged to have happened; also, the place where an action is laid. The twelve men who are to try the cause must be of the same venue where the demand is made. Blackstone. Note: In certain cases, the court has power to change the venue, which is to direct the trial to be had in a different county from that where the venue is laid. 2. A bout; a hit; a turn. See Venew. [R.] To lay a venue (Law), to allege a place. VENULE Ven"ule, n. Etym: [L. venula, dim. from vena vein.] Defn: A small vein; a veinlet; specifically (Zoöl.), one of the small branches of the veins of the wings in insects. VENULOSE Ven"u*lose`, a. Defn: Full of venules, or small veins. VENUS Ve"nus, n. Etym: [L. Venus, -eris, the goddess of love, the planet Venus.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Defn: The goddess of beauty and love, that is, beauty or love deified. 2. (Anat.) Defn: One of the planets, the second in order from the sun, its orbit lying between that of Mercury and that of the Earth, at a mean distance from the sun of about 67,000,000 miles. Its diameter is 7,700 miles, and its sidereal period 224.7 days. As the morning star, it was called by the ancients Lucifer; as the evening star, Hesperus. 3. (Alchem.) Defn: The metal copper; -- probably so designated from the ancient use of the metal in making mirrors, a mirror being still the astronomical symbol of the planet Venus. [Archaic] 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of marine bivalve shells of the genus Venus or family Veneridæ. Many of these shells are large, and ornamented with beautiful frills; others are smooth, glossy, and handsomely colored. Some of the larger species, as the round clam, or quahog, are valued for food. Venus's basin (Bot.), the wild teasel; - - so called because the connate leaf bases form a kind of receptacle for water, which was formerly gathered for use in the toilet. Also called Venus's bath. -- Venus's basket (Zoöl.), an elegant, cornucopia-shaped, hexactinellid sponge (Euplectella speciosa) native of the East Indies. It consists of glassy, transparent, siliceous fibers interwoven and soldered together so as to form a firm network, and has long, slender, divergent anchoring fibers at the base by means of which it stands erect in the soft mud at the bottom of the sea. Called also Venus's flower basket, and Venus's purse. -- Venus's comb. (a) (Bot.) Same as Lady's comb. (b) (Zoöl.) A species of Murex (M. tenuispinus). It has a long, tubular canal, with a row of long, slender spines along both of its borders, and rows of similar spines covering the body of the shell. Called also Venus's shell. -- Venus's fan (Zoöl.), a common reticulated, fanshaped gorgonia (Gorgonia flabellum) native of Florida and the West Indies. When fresh the color is purple or yellow, or a mixture of the two. -- Venus's flytrap. (Bot.) See Flytrap, 2. -- Venus's girdle (Zoöl.), a long, flat, ribbonlike, very delicate, transparent and iridescent ctenophore (Cestum Veneris) which swims in the open sea. Its form is due to the enormous development of two spheromeres. See Illust. in Appendix. -- Venus's hair (Bot.), a delicate and graceful fern (Adiantum Capillus-Veneris) having a slender, black and shining stem and branches. -- Venus's hair stone (Min.), quartz penetrated by acicular crystals of rutile. -- Venus's looking-glass (Bot.), an annual plant of the genus Specularia allied to the bellflower; -- also called lady's looking- glass. -- Venus's navelwort (Bot.), any one of several species of Omphalodes, low boraginaceous herbs with small blue or white flowers. -- Venus's pride (Bot.), an old name for Quaker ladies. See under Quaker. -- Venus's purse. (Zoöl.) Same as Venus's basket, above. -- Venus's shell. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of Cypræa; a cowrie. (b) Same as Venus's comb, above. (c) Same as Venus, 4. -- Venus's slipper. (a) (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Cypripedium. See Lady's slipper. (b) (Zoöl.) Any heteropod shell of the genus Carinaria. See Carinaria. VENUST Ve*nust", a. Etym: [L. venustus, from Venus the goddess of love.] Defn: Beautiful. [R.] E. Waterhouse. VERACIOUS Ve*ra"cious, a. Etym: [L. verax, -acis, fr. verus true. See Very.] 1. Observant of truth; habitually speaking truth; truthful; as, veracious historian. The Spirit is most perfectly and absolutely veracious. Barrow. 2. Characterized by truth; not false; as, a veracious account or narrative. The young, ardent soul that enters on this world with heroic purpose, with veracious insight, will find it a mad one. Carlyle. VERACIOUSLY Ve*ra"cious*ly, adv. Defn: In a veracious manner. VERACITY Ve*rac"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. véracité.] Defn: The quality or state of being veracious; habitual observance of truth; truthfulness; truth; as, a man of veracity. VERANDA Ve*ran"da, n. Etym: [A word brought by the English from India; of uncertain origin; cf. Skr. vara, Pg. varanda, Sp. baranda, Malay baranda.] (Arch.) Defn: An open, roofed gallery or portico, adjoining a dwelling house, forming an out-of-door sitting room. See Loggia. The house was of adobe, low, with a wide veranda on the three sides of the inner court. Mrs. H. H. Jackson. VERATRALBINE Ver`a*tral"bine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A yellowish amorphous alkaloid extracted from the rootstock of Veratrum album. VERATRATE Ve*ra"trate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of veratric acid. VERATRIA Ve*ra"tri*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: Veratrine. VERATRIC Ve*ra"tric, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, plants of the genus Veratrum. Veratric acid (Chem.), an acid occurring, together with veratrine, in the root of white hellebore (Veratrum album), and in sabadilla seed; -- extracted as a white crystalline substance which is related to protocatechuic acid. VERATRINA Ver`a*tri"na, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Veratrine. VERATRINE Ve*ra"trine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vératrine. See Veratrum.] (Chem.) Defn: A poisonous alkaloid obtained from the root hellebore (Veratrum) and from sabadilla seeds as a white crystalline powder, having an acrid, burning taste. It is sometimes used externally, as in ointments, in the local treatment of neuralgia and rheumatism. Called also veratria, and veratrina. VERATROL Ve*ra"trol, n. Etym: [Veratric + ol.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon obtained by the decomposition of veratric acid, and constituting the dimethyl ether of pyrocatechin. VERATRUM Ve*ra"trum, n. Etym: [L. veratrum hellebore.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of coarse liliaceous herbs having very poisonous qualities. Note: Veratrum album of Europe, and Veratrum viride of America, are both called hellebore. They grow in wet land, have large, elliptical, plicate leaves in three vertical ranks, and bear panicles of greenish flowers. VERB Verb, n. Etym: [F. verbe, L. verbum a word, verb. See Word.] 1. A word; a vocable. [Obs.] South. 2. (Gram.) Defn: A word which affirms or predicates something of some person or thing; a part of speech expressing being, action, or the suffering of action. Note: A verb is a word whereby the chief action of the mind [the assertion or the denial of a proposition] finds expression. Earle. Active verb, Auxiliary verb, Neuter verb, etc. See Active, Auxiliary, Neuter, etc. VERBAL Ver"bal, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. verbalis. See Verb.] 1. Expressed in words, whether spoken or written, but commonly in spoken words; hence, spoken; oral; not written; as, a verbal contract; verbal testimony. Made she no verbal question Shak. We subjoin an engraving . . . which will give the reader a far better notion of the structure than any verbal description could convey to the mind. Mayhew. 2. Consisting in, or having to do with, words only; dealing with words rather than with the ideas intended to be conveyed; as, a verbal critic; a verbal change. And loses, though but verbal, his reward. Milton. Mere verbal refinements, instead of substantial knowledge. Whewell. 3. Having word answering to word; word for word; literal; as, a verbal translation. 4. Abounding with words; verbose. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Gram.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a verb; as, a verbal group; derived directly from a verb; as, a verbal noun; used in forming verbs; as, a verbal prefix. Verbal inspiration. See under Inspiration. -- Verbal noun (Gram.), a noun derived directly from a verb or verb stem; a verbal. The term is specifically applied to infinitives, and nouns ending in -ing, esp. to the latter. See Gerund, and -ing, 2. See also, Infinitive mood, under Infinitive. VERBAL Ver"bal, n. (Gram.) Defn: A noun derived from a verb. VERBALISM Ver"bal*ism, n. Defn: Something expressed verbally; a verbal remark or expression. VERBALIST Ver"bal*ist, n. Defn: A literal adherent to, or a minute critic of, words; a literalist. VERBALITY Ver*bal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being verbal; mere words; bare literal expression. [R.] "More verbality than matter." Bp. Hall. VERBALIZATION Ver`bal*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of verbalizing, or the state of being verbalized. VERBALIZE Ver"bal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Verbalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Verbalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. verbaliser.] Defn: To convert into a verb; to verbify. VERBALIZE Ver"bal*ize, v. i. Defn: To be verbose. VERBALLY Ver"bal*ly, adv. 1. In a verbal manner; orally. 2. Word for word; verbatim. Dryden. VERBARIAN Ver*ba"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to words; verbal. [R.] Coleridge. VERBARIAN Ver*ba"ri*an, n. Defn: One who coins words. [R.] Southey gives himself free scope as a verbarian. Fitzed. Hall. VERBARIUM Ver*ba"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. verbum word.] Defn: A game in word making. See Logomachy, 2. VERBATIM Ver*ba"tim, adv. Etym: [LL., fr. L. verbum word.] Defn: Word for word; in the same words; verbally; as, to tell a story verbatim as another has related it. Verbatim et literatim Etym: [LL.], word for word, and letter for letter. VERBENA Ver*be"na, n. Etym: [L. See Vervain.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of herbaceous plants of which several species are extensively cultivated for the great beauty of their flowers; vervain. Note: Verbena, or vervain, was used by the Greeks, the Romans, and the Druids, in their sacred rites. Brewer. Essence of verbena, Oil of verbena, a perfume prepared from the lemon verbena; also, a similar perfume properly called grass oil. See Grass oil, under Grass. -- Lemon, or Sweet, verbena, a shrubby verbenaceous plant (Lippia citriodora), with narrow leaves which exhale a pleasant, lemonlike fragrance when crushed. VERBENACEOUS Ver`be*na"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order (Verbenaceæ) of gamopetalous plants of which Verbena is the type. The order includes also the black and white mangroves, and many plants noted for medicinal use or for beauty of bloom. VERBENATE Ver"be*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Verbenated; p. pr. & vb. n. Verbenating.] Etym: [L. verbenatus crowned with a wreath of sacred boughs. See Verbena.] Defn: To strew with verbena, or vervain, as in ancient sacrifices and rites. VERBERATE Ver"ber*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. verberatus, p. p. of verberare to beat, from verber a lash, a whip.] Defn: To beat; to strike. [Obs.] "The sound . . . rebounds again and verberates the skies." Mir. for Mag. VERBERATION Ver`ber*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. verberatio: cf. F. verbération.] 1. The act of verberating; a beating or striking. Arbuthnot. 2. The impulse of a body; which causes sound. [R.] VERBIAGE Ver"bi*age (; 48), n. Etym: [F. verbiage, from OF. verbe a word. See Verb.] Defn: The use of many words without necessity, or with little sense; a superabundance of words; verbosity; wordiness. Verbiage may indicate observation, but not thinking. W. Irving. This barren verbiage current among men. Tennyson. VERBIFY Ver"bi*fy, v. t. Etym: [Verb + -fy.] Defn: To make into a verb; to use as a verb; to verbalize. [R.] Earle. VERBIGERATE Ver*big"er*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. -ated; p. pr. & vb. n. -ating.] [L. verbigerate, -atum, to talk.] 1. To talk; chat. [Obs.] 2. (Med.) To repeat a word or sentence, in speaking or writing, without wishing to do so or in spite of efforts to cease. -- Ver*big`er*a"tion (#), n. VERBOSE Ver*bose", a. Etym: [L. verbosus, from verbum a word. See Verb.] Defn: Abounding in words; using or containing more words than are necessary; tedious by a multiplicity of words; prolix; wordy; as, a verbose speaker; a verbose argument. Too verbose in their way of speaking. Ayliffe. -- Ver*bose"ly, adv. -- Ver*bose"ness, n. VERBOSITY Ver*bos"i*ty n.; pl. Verbosities. Etym: [L. verbositas: cf. F. verbosité.] Defn: The quality or state of being verbose; the use of more words than are necessary; prolixity; wordiness; verbiage. The worst fault, by far, is the extreme diffuseness and verbosity of his style. Jeffrey. VERD Verd, n. Etym: [See Vert, Verdant.] 1. (Eng. Forest Law) (a) The privilege of cutting green wood within a forest for fuel. (b) The right of pasturing animals in a forest. Burrill. 2. Greenness; freshness. [Obs.] Nares. VERDANCY Ver"dan*cy, n. Defn: The quality or state of being verdant. VERDANT Ver"dant, a. Etym: [F. verdoyant, p. pr. of verdoyer to be verdant, to grow green, OF. verdoier, verdeier, fr. verd, vert, green, fr. L. viridis green, fr. virere to be green: cf. OF. verdant verdant, L. viridans, p. pr. of viridare to make green. Cf. Farthingale, Verjuice, Vert.] 1. Covered with growing plants or grass; green; fresh; flourishing; as, verdant fields; a verdant lawn. Let the earth Put forth the verdant grass. Milton. 2. Unripe in knowledge or judgment; unsophisticated; raw; green; as, a verdant youth. [Colloq.] VERD ANTIQUE Verd` an*tique". Etym: [F. vert antique a kind of marble; verd, vert, green + antique ancient: cf. It. verde antico.] (Min.) (a) A mottled-green serpentine marble. (b) A green porphyry called oriental verd antique. VERDANTLY Ver"dant*ly, adv. Defn: In a verdant manner. VERDERER; VERDEROR Ver"der*er, Ver"der*or, n. Etym: [F. verdier, LL. viridarius, fr. L. viridis green.] (Eng. Forest Law) Defn: An officer who has the charge of the king's forest, to preserve the vert and venison, keep the assizes, view, receive, and enroll attachments and presentments of all manner of trespasses. Blackstone. VERDICT Ver"dict, n. Etym: [OE. verdit, OF. verdit, veirdit, LL. verdictum, veredictum; L. vere truly (fr. verus true) + dictum a saying, a word, fr. dicere, dictum, to say. See Very, and Dictum.] 1. (Law) Defn: The answer of a jury given to the court concerning any matter of fact in any cause, civil or criminal, committed to their examination and determination; the finding or decision of a jury on the matter legally submitted to them in the course of the trial of a cause. Note: The decision of a judge or referee, upon an issue of fact, is not called a verdict, but a finding, or a finding of fact. Abbott. 2. Decision; judgment; opinion pronounced; as, to be condemned by the verdict of the public. These were enormities condemned by the most natural verdict of common humanity. South. Two generations have since confirmed the verdict which was pronounced on that night. Macaulay. VERDIGRIS Ver"di*gris, n. Etym: [F. vert-de-gris, apparently from verd, vert, green + de of + gris gray, but really a corruption of LL. viride aeris (equivalent to L. aerugo), from L. viridis green + aes, aeris, brass. See Verdant, and 2d Ore.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A green poisonous substance used as a pigment and drug, obtained by the action of acetic acid on copper, and consisting essentially of a complex mixture of several basic copper acetates. 2. The green rust formed on copper. [Colloq.] Note: This rust is a carbonate of copper, and should not be confounded with true verdigris. U. S. Disp. Blue verdigris (Chem.), a verdigris having a blue color, used a pigment, etc. -- Distilled verdigris (Old Chem.), an acid copper acetate; -- so called because the acetic acid used in making it was obtained from distilled vinegar. -- Verdigris green, clear bluish green, the color of verdigris. VERDIGRIS Ver"di*gris, v. t. Defn: To cover, or coat, with verdigris. [R.] "An old verdigrised brass bugle." Hawthorne. VERDIN Ver"din, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. verdino bright green, F. verdin the yellow-hammer.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small yellow-headed bird (Auriparus flaviceps) of Lower California, allied to the titmice; -- called also goldtit. VERDINE Ver"dine, n. Etym: [F. verd, vert, green.] (Chem.) Defn: A commercial name for green aniline dye. VERDINGALE Ver"din*gale, n. Defn: See Farthingale. [Spelled also verdingall.] [Obs.] VERDIT Ver"dit, n. Defn: Verdict. Chaucer. VERDITER Ver"di*ter, n. Etym: [F. vert-de-terre, literally, green of earth.] (Chem.) (a) Verdigris. [Obs.] (b) Either one of two pigments (called blue verditer, and green verditer) which are made by treating copper nitrate with calcium carbonate (in the form of lime, whiting, chalk, etc.) They consist of hydrated copper carbonates analogous to the minerals azurite and malachite. Verditer blue, a pale greenish blue color, like that of the pigment verditer. VERDITURE Ver"di*ture, n. Etym: [Cf. Verditer.] Defn: The faintest and palest green. VERDOY Ver"doy, a. Etym: [F. verdoyer to become green. See Verdant.] (Her.) Defn: Charged with leaves, fruits, flowers, etc.; -- said of a border. VERDURE Ver"dure, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. viridis green. See Verdant.] Defn: Green; greenness; freshness of vegetation; as, the verdure of the meadows in June. A wide expanse of living verdure, cultivated gardens, shady groves, fertile cornfields, flowed round it like a sea. Motley. VERDURED Ver"dured, a. Defn: Covered with verdure. Poe. VERDURELESS Ver"dure*less, a. Defn: Destitute of verdure. VERDUROUS Ver"dur*ous, a. Defn: Covered with verdure; clothed with the fresh green of vegetation; verdured; verdant; as, verdurous pastures. Milton. VERECUND Ver"e*cund, a. Etym: [L. verecundus, fr. vereri to feel awe.] Defn: Rashful; modest. [Obs.] VERECUNDIOUS Ver`e*cun"di*ous, a. Defn: Verecund. [Obs.] "Verecundious generosity." Sir H. Wotton. VERECUNDITY Ver`e*cun"di*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being verecund; modesty. [Obs.] VEREIN Ver*ein", n. [G.] Defn: A union, association, or society; -- used in names of German organizations. VERETILLUM Ver`e*til"lum, n. Etym: [L., dim. of veretrum the private parts.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of club-shaped, compound Alcyonaria belonging to Veretillum and allied genera, of the tribe Pennatulacea. The whole colony can move about as if it were a simple animal. VERGALIEN; VERGALOO Ver"ga*lien, Ver"ga*loo, n. Etym: [Cf. Virgouleuse.] (Bot.) Defn: See Virgalieu. VERGE Verge, n. Etym: [F. verge, L. virga; perhaps akin to E. wisp.] 1. A rod or staff, carried as an emblem of authority; as, the verge, carried before a dean. 2. The stick or wand with which persons were formerly admitted tenants, they holding it in the hand, and swearing fealty to the lord. Such tenants were called tenants by the verge. [Eng.] 3. (Eng. Law) Defn: The compass of the court of Marshalsea and the Palace court, within which the lord steward and the marshal of the king's household had special jurisdiction; -- so called from the verge, or staff, which the marshal bore. 4. A virgate; a yardland. [Obs.] 5. A border, limit, or boundary of a space; an edge, margin, or brink of something definite in extent. Even though we go to the extreme verge of possibility to invent a supposition favorable to it, the theory . . . implies an absurdity. J. S. Mill. But on the horizon's verge descried, Hangs, touched with light, one snowy sail. M. Arnold. 6. A circumference; a circle; a ring. The inclusive verge Of golden metal that must round my brow. Shak. 7. (Arch.) (a) The shaft of a column, or a small ornamental shaft. Oxf. Gloss. (b) The edge of the tiling projecting over the gable of a roof. Encyc. Brit. 8. (Horol.) Defn: The spindle of a watch balance, especially one with pallets, as in the old vertical escapement. See under Escapement. 9. (Hort.) (a) The edge or outside of a bed or border. (b) A slip of grass adjoining gravel walks, and dividing them from the borders in a parterre. 10. The penis. 11. (Zoöl.) Defn: The external male organ of certain mollusks, worms, etc. See Illustration in Appendix. Syn. -- Border; edge; rim; brim; margin; brink. VERGE Verge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Verged; p. pr. & vb. n. Verging.] Etym: [L. vergere to bend, turn, incline; cf. Skr. v to turn.] 1. To border upon; to tend; to incline; to come near; to approach. 2. To tend downward; to bend; to slope; as, a hill verges to the north. Our soul, from original instinct, vergeth towards him as its center. Barrow. I find myself verging to that period of life which is to be labor and sorrow. Swift. VERGEBOARD Verge"board`, n. Etym: [Verge + board. Cf. Bargeboard.] (Arch.) Defn: The ornament of woodwork upon the gable of a house, used extensively in the 15th century. It was generally suspended from the edge of the projecting roof (see Verge, n., 4), and in position parallel to the gable wall. Called also bargeboard. VERGENCY Ver"gen*cy, n. 1. The act of verging or approaching; tendency; approach. [R.] 2. (Opt.) Defn: The reciprocal of the focal distance of a lens, used as measure of the divergence or convergence of a pencil of rays. [R.] Humphrey Lloyd. VERGER Ver"ger, n. Etym: [F. verger, from verge a rod. See 1st Verge.] Defn: One who carries a verge, or emblem of office. Specifically: -- (a) An attendant upon a dignitary, as on a bishop, a dean, a justice, etc. [Eng.] Strype. (b) The official who takes care of the interior of a church building. VERGER Ver"ger, n. Defn: A garden or orchard. [Obs.] VERGETTE Ver`get`té", a. Etym: [Cf. F. vergeté.] Defn: Divided by pallets, or pales; paly. W. Berry. VERGETTE Ver*gette", n. (Her.) Defn: A small pale. VERIDICAL Ve*rid"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. veridicus; verus true + dicere to say, tell.] Defn: Truth-telling; truthful; veracious. [R.] Carlyle. VERIFIABLE Ver"i*fi`a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being verified; confirmable. Bp. Hall. VERIFICATION Ver`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vérification.] 1. The act of verifying, or the state of being verified; confirmation; authentication. 2. (Law) (a) Confirmation by evidence. (b) A formal phrase used in concluding a plea. Verification of an equation (Math.), the operation of testing the equation of a problem, to see whether it expresses truly the conditions of the problem. Davies & Peck. (Math. Dict.) VERIFICATIVE Ver"i*fi*ca*tive, a. Defn: Serving to verify; verifying; authenciating; confirming. VERIFIER Ver"i*fi`er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, verifies. VERIFY Ver"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Verified; p. pr. & vb. n. Verifying.] Etym: [F. vérifier, LL. verificare, from L. verus true + -ficare to make. See Very, and -fy.] 1. To prove to be true or correct; to establish the truth of; to confirm; to substantiate. This is verified by a number of examples. Bacon. So shalt thou best fulfill, best verify. The prophets old, who sung thy endless reign. Milton. 2. To confirm or establish the authenticity of by examination or competent evidence; to authenciate; as, to verify a written statement; to verify an account, a pleading, or the like. To verify our title with their lives. Shak. 3. To maintain; to affirm; to support. [Obs.] Shak. VERILOQUENT Ve*ril"o*quent, a. Etym: [L. verus true + speaking.] Defn: Speaking truth; truthful. [Obs.] VERILY Ver"i*ly, adv. Etym: [From Very.] Defn: In very truth; beyond doubt or question; in fact; certainly. Bacon. Trust in the Lord and do good; so shalt thou dwell in the verily thou shalt be fed. Ps. xxxvii. 3. VERINE Ver"ine, n. Etym: [Contr. from veratrine.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid obtained as a yellow amorphous substance by the decomposition of veratrine. VERISIMILAR Ver`i*sim"i*lar, a. Etym: [L. verisimilis; verus true + similis like, similar. See Very, and Similar.] Defn: Having the appearance of truth; probable; likely. "How verisimilar it looks." Carlyle. VERISIMILITUDE Ver`i*si*mil"i*tude, n. Etym: [L. verisimilitudo: cf. OF. verisimilitude. See Verisimilar.] Defn: The quality or state of being verisimilar; the appearance of truth; probability; likelihood. Verisimilitude and opinion are an easy purchase; but true knowledge is dear and difficult. Glanvill. All that gives verisimilitude to a narrative. Sir. W. Scott. VERISIMILITY Ver`i*si*mil"i*ty, n. Defn: Verisimilitude. [Obs.] The verisimility or probable truth. Sir T. Browne. VERISIMILOUS Ver`i*sim"i*lous, a. Defn: Verisimilar. [Obs.] VERITABLE Ver"i*ta*ble, a. Etym: [F. véritable. See Verity.] Defn: Agreeable to truth or to fact; actual; real; true; genuine. "The veritable Deity." Sir W. Hamilton. -- Ver"i*ta*bly, adv. VERITAS Ver"i*tas, n. Etym: [Cf. F. véritas. See Verity.] Defn: The Bureau Veritas. See under Bureau. VERITY Ver"i*ty, n.; pl. Verities. Etym: [F. vérité, L. veritas, fr. verus true. See Very.] 1. The quality or state of being true, or real; consonance of a statement, proposition, or other thing, with fact; truth; reality. "The verity of certain words." Shak. It is a proposition of eternal verity, that none can govern while he is despised. South. 2. That which is true; a true assertion or tenet; a truth; a reality. Mark what I say, which you shall find By every syllable a faithful verity. Shak. VERJUICE Ver"juice`, n. Etym: [OE. vergeous, F. verjus, that is, the juice of green fruits; verd, vert, green + jus juice. See Verdant, and Juice.] 1. The sour juice of crab apples, of green or unripe grapes, apples, etc.; also, an acid liquor made from such juice. 2. Tartness; sourness, as of disposition. VERMEIL Ver"meil, n. Etym: [F., vermilion, fr. LL. vermiculus, fr. L. vermiculus a little worm, the coccus Indicus, from vermis a worm. See Worm, and cf. Vermicule.] 1. Vermilion; also, the color of vermilion, a bright, beautiful red. [Poetic & R.] In her cheeks the vermeil red did show Like roses in a bed of lilies shed. Spenser. 2. Silver gilt or gilt bronze. 3. A liquid composition applied to a gilded surface to give luster to the gold. Knight. VERMEOLOGIST Ver`me*ol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who treats of vermes, or worms; a helminthologist. VERMEOLOGY Ver`me*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. vermes worms + -logy.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A discourse or treatise on worms; that part of zoölogy which treats of worms; helminthology. [R.] VERMES Ver"mes, n. pl. Etym: [L. vermes, pl. of vermis a worm.] (Zoöl.) (a) An extensive artificial division of the animal kingdom, including the parasitic worms, or helminths, together with the nemerteans, annelids, and allied groups. By some writers the branchiopods, the bryzoans, and the tunicates are also included. The name was used in a still wider sense by Linnæus and his followers. (b) A more restricted group, comprising only the helminths and closely allied orders. VERMETID Ver"me*tid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of vermetus. VERMETUS Ver*me"tus, n. Etym: [NL., from L. vermis worm.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of many species of marine gastropods belonging to Vermetus and allied genera, of the family Vermetidæ. Their shells are regularly spiral when young, but later in life the whorls become separate, and the shell is often irregularly bent and contorted like a worm tube. VERMICELLI Ver`mi*cel"li, n. Etym: [It., pl. of vermicello, literally, a little worm, dim. of verme a worm, L. vermis. See Worm, and cf. Vermicule, Vermeil.] Defn: The flour of a hard and small-grained wheat made into dough, and forced through small cylinders or pipes till it takes a slender, wormlike form, whence the Italian name. When the paste is made in larger tubes, it is called macaroni. VERMICIDE Ver"mi*cide, n. Etym: [L. vermis a worm + caedere to kill.] Defn: A medicine which destroys intestinal worms; a worm killer. Pereira. VERMICIOUS Ver*mi"cious, a. Etym: [L. vermis a worm.] Defn: Of or pertaining to worms; wormy. VERMICULAR Ver*mic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. vermiculus a little worm, dim. of vermis a worm: cf. F. vermiculaire. See Vermicelli.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a worm or worms; resembling a worm; shaped like a worm; especially, resembling the motion or track of a worm; as, the vermicular, or peristaltic, motion of the intestines. See Peristaltic. "A twisted form vermicular." Cowper. VERMICULATE Ver*mic"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vermiculated; p. pr. & vb. n. Vermiculating.] Etym: [L. vermiculatus inlaid so as to resemble the tracks of worms, p. p. of vermiculari to be full of worms, vermiculus a little worm. See Vermicular.] Defn: To form or work, as by inlaying, with irregular lines or impressions resembling the tracks of worms, or appearing as if formed by the motion of worms. VERMICULATE Ver*mic"u*late, a. 1. Wormlike in shape; covered with wormlike elevations; marked with irregular fine lines of color, or with irregular wavy impressed lines like worm tracks; as, a vermiculate nut. 2. Crawling or creeping like a worm; hence, insinuating; sophistical. "Vermiculate questions." Bacon. "Vermiculate logic." R. Choate. VERMICULATED Ver*mic"u*la`ted, a. Defn: Made or marked with irregular wavy lines or impressions; vermiculate. Vermiculated work, or Vermicular work (Arch.), rustic work so wrought as to have the appearance of convoluted worms, or of having been eaten into by, or covered with tracks of, worms. Gwilt. VERMICULATION Ver*mic`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. vermiculatio a being worm-eaten.] 1. The act or operation of moving in the manner of a worm; continuation of motion from one part to another; as, the vermiculation, or peristaltic motion, of the intestines. 2. The act of vermiculating, or forming or inlaying so as to resemble the motion, track, or work of a worm. 3. Penetration by worms; the state of being wormeaten. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very fine wavy crosswise color marking, or a patch of such markings, as on the feathers of birds. VERMICULE Ver"mi*cule, n. Etym: [L. vermiculus, dim. of vermis a worm. See Vermicular.] Defn: A small worm or insect larva; also, a wormlike body. [R.] Derham. VERMICULITE Ver*mic"u*lite, n. Etym: [L. vermiculus, dim. of vermis worm.] (Min.) Defn: A group of minerals having, a micaceous structure. They are hydrous silicates, derived generally from the alteration of some kind of mica. So called because the scales, when heated, open out into wormlike forms. VERMICULOSE; VERMICULOUS Ver*mic"u*lose`, Ver*mic"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. vermiculosus. See Vermicule.] Defn: Containing, or full of, worms; resembling worms. VERMIFORM Ver"mi*form, a. Etym: [L. vermis a worm + -form.] Defn: Resembling a worm in form or motions; vermicular; as, the vermiform process of the cerebellum. Vermiform appendix (Anat.), a slender blind process of the cæcum in man and some other animals; -- called also vermiform appendage, and vermiform process. Small solid bodies, such as grape seeds or cherry stones, sometimes lodge in it, causing serious, or even fatal, inflammation. See Illust. under Digestion. VERMIFORMIA Ver`mi*for"mi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of worms including Phoronis. See Phoronis. VERMIFUGAL Ver*mif"u*gal, a. Etym: [L. vermis a worm + fugare to drive away, fr. fugere to flee. See Worm, and Fugitive.] (Med.) Defn: Tending to prevent, destroy, or expel, worms or vermin; anthelmintic. VERMIFUGE Ver"mi*fuge, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vermifuge. See Vermifugal.] (Med.) Defn: A medicine or substance that expels worms from animal bodies; an anthelmintic. VERMIL Ver"mil, n. Defn: See Vermeil. [Obs.] Spenser. VERMILINGUIA Ver`mi*lin"gui*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. vermis worm + lingua tongue.] [Called also Vermilingues.] (Zoöl.) (a) A tribe of edentates comprising the South American ant-eaters. The tongue is long, slender, exsertile, and very flexible, whence the name. (b) A tribe of Old World lizards which comprises the chameleon. They have long, flexible tongues. VERMILION Ver*mil"ion, n. Etym: [F. vermillon. See Vermeil.] 1. (Chem.) Defn: A bright red pigment consisting of mercuric sulphide, obtained either from the mineral cinnabar or artificially. It has a fine red color, and is much used in coloring sealing wax, in printing, etc. Note: The kermes insect has long been used for dyeing red or scarlet. It was formerly known as the worm dye, vermiculus, or vermiculum, and the cloth was called vermiculatia. Hence came the French vermeil for any red dye, and hence the modern name vermilion, although the substance it denotes is very different from the kermes, being a compound of mercury and sulphur. R. Hunt. 2. Hence, a red color like the pigment; a lively and brilliant red; as, cheeks of vermilion. VERMILION Ver*mil"ion, v. t. Defn: To color with vermilion, or as if with vermilion; to dye red; to cover with a delicate red. VERMILY Ver"mi*ly, n. Defn: Vermeil. [Obs.] Spenser. VERMIN Ver"min, n. sing. & pl.; used chiefly as plural. Etym: [OE. vermine, F. vermine, from L. vermis a worm; cf. LL. vermen a worm, L. verminosus full of worms. See Vermicular, Worm.] 1. An animal, in general. [Obs.] Wherein were all manner of fourfooted beasts of the earth, and vermin, and worms, and fowls. Acts x. 12. (Geneva Bible). This crocodile is a mischievous fourfooted beast, a dangerous vermin, used to both elements. Holland. 2. A noxious or mischievous animal; especially, noxious little animals or insects, collectively, as squirrels, rats, mice, flies, lice, bugs, etc. "Cruel hounds or some foul vermin." Chaucer. Great injuries these vermin, mice and rats, do in the field. Mortimer. They disdain such vermin when the mighty boar of the forest . . . is before them. Burke. 3. Hence, in contempt, noxious human beings. You are my prisoners, base vermin. Hudibras. VERMINATE Ver"mi*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. verminare to have worms, fr. vermis a worm.] Defn: To breed vermin. VERMINATION Ver`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. verminatio the worms, a disease of animals, a crawling, itching pain.] 1. The generation or breeding of vermin. Derham. 2. A griping of the bowels. VERMINLY Ver"min*ly, a. & adv. Defn: Resembling vermin; in the manner of vermin. [Obs.] Gauden. VERMINOUS Ver"min*ous, a. Etym: [L. verminosus, fr. vermis a worm: cf. F. vermineux.] 1. Tending to breed vermin; infested by vermin. Some . . . verminous disposition of the body. Harvey. 2. Caused by, or arising from the presence of, vermin; as, verminous disease. VERMINOUSLY Ver"min*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a verminous manner. VERMIPAROUS Ver*mip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. vermis a worm + parere to bring forth.] Defn: Producing or breeding worms. "Vermiparous animals." Sir T. Browne. VERMIVOROUS Ver*miv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. vermis a worm + vorare to devour: cf. F. vermivore.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Devouring worms; feeding on worms; as, vermivorous birds. VERMUTH Ver"muth, n. Etym: [F. vermout.] Defn: A liqueur made of white wine, absinthe, and various aromatic drugs, used to excite the appetite. [Written also vermouth.] VERNACLE Ver"na*cle, n. Defn: See Veronica, 1. [Obs.] VERNACULAR Ver*nac"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. vernaculus born in one's house, native, fr. verna a slave born in his master's house, a native, probably akin to Skr. vas to dwell, E. was.] Defn: Belonging to the country of one's birth; one's own by birth or nature; native; indigenous; -- now used chiefly of language; as, English is our vernacular language. "A vernacular disease." Harvey. His skill the vernacular dialect of the Celtic tongue. Fuller. Which in our vernacular idiom may be thus interpreted. Pope. VERNACULAR Ver*nac"u*lar, n. Defn: The vernacular language; one's mother tongue; often, the common forms of expression in a particular locality. VERNACULARISM Ver*nac"u*lar*ism, n. Defn: A vernacular idiom. VERNACULARIZATION Ver*nac"u*lar*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of making vernacular, or the state of being made vernacular. Fitzed. Hall. VERNACULARLY Ver*nac"u*lar*ly, adv. Defn: In a vernacular manner; in the vernacular. Earle. VERNACULOUS Ver*nac"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. vernaculus. See Vernacular.] 1. Vernacular. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Etym: [L. vernaculi, pl., buffoons, jesters.] Defn: Scoffing; scurrilous. [A Latinism. Obs.] "Subject to the petulancy of every vernaculous orator." B. Jonson. VERNAGE Ver"nage, n. Etym: [It. vernaccia.] Defn: A kind of sweet wine from Italy. [Obs.] Chaucer. VERNAL Ver"nal, a. Etym: [L. vernalis, fr. vernus vernal, ver spring; akin to Gr. vasanta, Icel. var, and E. Easter, east.] 1. Of or pertaining to the spring; appearing in the spring; as, vernal bloom. 2. Fig.: Belonging to youth, the spring of life. When after the long vernal day of life. Thomson. And seems it hard thy vernal years Few vernal joys can show Keble. Vernal equinox (Astron.), the time when the sun crosses the equator when proceeding northward. -- Vernal grass (Bot.), a low, soft grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), producing in the spring narrow spikelike panicles, and noted for the delicious fragrance which it gives to new-mown hay; -- also called sweet vernal grass. See Illust. in Appendix. -- Vernal signs (Astron.), the signs, Aries, Taurus, and Gemini, in which the sun appears between the vernal equinox and summer solstice. VERNANT Ver"nant, a. Etym: [L. vernans, p. pr. vernare to flourish, from ver spring.] Defn: Flourishing, as in spring; vernal. [Obs.] "Vernant flowers." Milton. VERNATE Ver"nate, v. i. Etym: [See Vernant.] Defn: To become young again. [Obs.] VERNATION Ver*na"tion, n. Etym: [F. vernation: cf. L. vernatio the sloughing of the skin of snakes.] (Bot.) Defn: The arrangement of the leaves within the leaf bud, as regards their folding, coiling, rolling, etc.; prefoliation. VERNER'S LAW Ver"ner's law. (Philol.) Defn: A statement, propounded by the Danish philologist Karl Verner in 1875, which explains certain apparent exceptions to Grimm's law by the original position of the accent. Primitive Indo-European k, t, p, became first in Teutonic h, th, f, and appear without further change in old Teutonic, if the accent rested on the preceding syllable; but these sounds became voiced and produced g, d, b, if the accent was originally on a different syllable. Similarly s either remained unchanged, or it became z and later r. Example: Skt. sapta (accent on ultima), Gr. 'e`pta, Gothic sibun (seven). Examples in English are dead by the side of death, to rise and to rear. VERNICLE Ver"ni*cle, n. Defn: A Veronica. See Veronica, 1. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. A vernicle had he sowed upon his cap. Chaucer. VERNICOSE Ver"ni*cose`, a. Etym: [See Varnish.] (Bot.) Defn: Having a brilliantly polished surface, as some leaves. VERNIER Ver"ni*er, n. Etym: [So named after the inventor, Pierre Vernier.] Defn: A short scale made to slide along the divisions of a graduated instrument, as the limb of a sextant, or the scale of a barometer, for indicating parts of divisions. It is so graduated that a certain convenient number of its divisions are just equal to a certain number, either one less or one more, of the divisions of the instrument, so that parts of a division are determined by observing what line on the vernier coincides with a line on the instrument. Vernier calipers, Vernier gauge, a gauge with a graduated bar and a sliding jaw bearing a vernier, used for accurate measurements. -- Vernier compass, a surveyor's compass with a vernier for the accurate adjustment of the zero point in accordance with magnetic variation. -- Vernier transit, a surveyor's transit instrument with a vernier compass. VERNILE Ver"nile, a. Etym: [L. vernilis servile. See Vernacular.] Defn: Suiting a salve; servile; obsequious. [R.] The example . . . of vernile scurrility. De Quincey. VERNILITY Ver*nil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. vernilitas.] Defn: Fawning or obsequious behavior; servility. [R.] Bailey. VERNINE Ver"nine, n. Etym: [Vernal + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid extracted from the shoots of the vetch, red clover, etc., as a white crystalline substance. VERNISH Ver"nish, n. & v. Defn: Varnish. [Obs.] Chaucer. VERNONIN Ver"no*nin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside extracted from the root of a South African plant of the genus Vernonia, as a deliquescent powder, and used as a mild heart tonic. VERONESE Ver`o*nese", a. Etym: [It. Veronese.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Verona, in Italy. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: A native of Verona; collectively, the people of Verona. VERONICA Ve*ron"i*ca, n. Etym: [LL.; -- so called from Veronica, a woman who, according to an old legend, as Christ was carrying the cross, wiped his face with a cloth, which received an impression of his countenance; Veronica is fr. MGr. 1. A portrait or representation of the face of our Savior on the alleged handkerchief of Saint Veronica, preserved at Rome; hence, a representation of this portrait, or any similar representation of the face of the Savior. Formerly called also Vernacle, and Vernicle. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A genus scrophulariaceous plants; the speedwell. See Speedwell. Note: Several herbaceous species are common in both Europe and America, most of which have small blue flowers. A few shrubby species from New Zealand are sometimes found in cultivation. VERRAY Ver"ray, a. Defn: Very; true. [Obs.] Chaucer. VERRAYMENT Ver"ray*ment, adv. Etym: [OF. veraiement. See Very.] Defn: Verily; truly. [Obs.] Chaucer. VERREL Ver"rel, n. Defn: See Ferrule. [Obs.] VERRICULATE Ver*ric"u*late, a. Etym: [L. verriculum a net, seine.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Having thickset tufts of parallel hairs, bristles, or branches. VERRUCA Ver*ru"ca, n.; pl. Verrucæ (#). [L. Cf. Verrugas.] 1. (Med.) A wart. 2. (Zoöl.) A wartlike elevation or roughness. VERRUCIFORM Ver*ru"ci*form, a. Etym: [L. verruca wart + -form.] Defn: Shaped like a wart or warts. VERRUCOSE Ver"ru*cose`, a. Etym: [L. verrucosus, fr. verruca a wart.] Defn: Covered with wartlike elevations; tuberculate; warty; verrucous; as, a verrucose capsule. VERRUCOUS Ver"ru*cous, a. Defn: Verrucose. VERRUCULOSE Ver*ru"cu*lose`, a. Etym: [L. verrucula, dim. of verruca a wart.] Defn: Minutely verrucose; as, a verruculose leaf or stalk. VERRUGAS Ver*ru"gas, n. [Sp., warts. Cf. Verruca.] (Med.) Defn: An endemic disease occurring in the Andes in Peru, characterized by warty tumors which ulcerate and bleed. It is probably due to a special bacillus, and is often fatal. VERS Vers, n. sing. & pl. Defn: A verse or verses. See Verse. [Obs.] "Ten vers or twelve." Chaucer. VERSABILITY Ver`sa*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being versable. [R.] Sterne VERSABLE Ver"sa*ble, a. Etym: [L. versabilis: cf. F. versable. See Versatile.] Defn: Capable of being turned. [R.] VERSABLENESS Ver"sa*ble*ness, n. Defn: Versability. [R.] VERSAL Ver"sal, a. Defn: Universal. [Obs. or Colloq.] Shak. VERSANT Ver"sant, a. Etym: [L. versans, p. pr. versare to turn abound frequently, to turn over in the mind, to meditate. See Versatile.] Defn: Familiar; conversant. [R.] Men not versant with courts of justice. Sydney Smith. VERSANT Ver"sant, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The slope of a side of a mountain chain; hence, the general slope of a country; aspect. VERSATILE Ver"sa*tile, a. Etym: [L. versatilis, fr. versare to turn around, v. freq. of vertere: cf. F. versatile. See Verse.] 1. Capable of being turned round. Harte. 2. Liable to be turned in opinion; changeable; variable; unsteady; inconstant; as versatile disposition. 3. Turning with ease from one thing to another; readily applied to a new task, or to various subjects; many-sided; as, versatile genius; a versatile politician. Conspicuous among the youths of high promise . . . was the quick and versatile [Charles] Montagu. Macaulay. 4. (Nat. Hist.) Defn: Capable of turning; freely movable; as, a versatile anther, which is fixed at one point to the filament, and hence is very easily turned around; a versatile toe of a bird. -- Ver"sa*tile*ly, adv. -- -- Ver"sa*tile*ness, n. VERSATILITY Ver`sa*til"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. versatilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being versatile; versatileness. VERS DE SOCIETE Vers` de so`cié`té". Etym: [F.] Defn: See Society verses, under Society. VERSE Verse, n. Etym: [OE. vers, AS. fers, L. versus a line in writing, and, in poetry, a verse, from vertere, versum, to turn, to turn round; akin to E. worth to become: cf. F. vers. See Worth to become, and cf. Advertise, Averse, Controversy, Convert, Divers, Invert, Obverse, Prose, Suzerain, Vortex.] 1. A line consisting of a certain number of metrical feet (see Foot, n., 9) disposed according to metrical rules. Note: Verses are of various kinds, as hexameter, pentameter, tetrameter, etc., according to the number of feet in each. A verse of twelve syllables is called an Alexandrine. Two or more verses form a stanza or strophe. 2. Metrical arrangement and language; that which is composed in metrical form; versification; poetry. Such prompt eloquence Flowed from their lips in prose or numerous verse. Milton. Virtue was taught in verse. Prior. Verse embalms virtue. Donne. 3. A short division of any composition. Specifically: -- (a) A stanza; a stave; as, a hymn of four verses. Note: Although this use of verse is common, it is objectionable, because not always distinguishable from the stricter use in the sense of a line. (b) (Script.) One of the short divisions of the chapters in the Old and New Testaments. Note: The author of the division of the Old Testament into verses is not ascertained. The New Testament was divided into verses by Robert Stephens [or Estienne], a French printer. This arrangement appeared for the first time in an edition printed at Geneva, in 1551. (c) (Mus.) A portion of an anthem to be performed by a single voice to each part. 4. A piece of poetry. "This verse be thine." Pope. Blank verse, poetry in which the lines do not end in rhymes. -- Heroic verse. See under Heroic. VERSE Verse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Versed; p. pr. & vb. n. Versing.] Defn: To tell in verse, or poetry. [Obs.] Playing on pipes of corn and versing love. Shak. VERSE Verse, v. i. Defn: To make verses; to versify. [Obs.] It is not rhyming and versing that maketh a poet. Sir P. Sidney. VERSED Versed, a. Etym: [Cf. F. versé, L. versatus, p. p. of versari to turn about frequently, to turn over, to be engaged in a thing, passive of versare. See Versant, a.] Defn: Acquainted or familiar, as the result of experience, study, practice, etc.; skilled; practiced. Deep versed in books and shallow in himself. Milton. Opinions . . . derived from studying the Scriptures, wherein he was versed beyond any person of his age. Southey. These men were versed in the details of business. Macaulay. VERSED Versed, a. Etym: [L. versus turned, p. p. vertere. See 1st Versed.] (Math.) Defn: Turned. Versed sine. See under Sine, and Illust. of Functions. VERSEMAN Verse"man, n. Defn: Same as Versemonger. Prior. VERSEMONGER Verse"mon`ger, n. Defn: A writer of verses; especially, a writer of commonplace poetry; a poetaster; a rhymer; -- used humorously or in contempt. VERSER Vers"er, n. Defn: A versifier. B. Jonson. VERSET Vers"et, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A verse. [Obs.] Milton. VERSICLE Ver"si*cle, n. Etym: [L. versiculus, dim. of versus. See Verse.] Defn: A little verse; especially, a short verse or text said or sung in public worship by the priest or minister, and followed by a response from the people. The psalms were in number fifteen, . . . being digested into versicles. Strype. VERSICOLOR; VERSICOLORED Ver"si*col`or, Ver"si*col`ored, a. Etym: [L. versicolor; versare to change + color color.] Defn: Having various colors; changeable in color. "Versicolor, sweet- smelling flowers." Burton. VERSICULAR Ver*sic"u*lar, a. Etym: [See Versicle.] Defn: Of or pertaining to verses; designating distinct divisions of a writing. VERSIFICATION Ver`si*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. versificatio: cf. F. versification.] Defn: The act, art, or practice, of versifying, or making verses; the construction of poetry; metrical composition. VERSIFICATOR Ver"si*fi*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A versifier. [R.] "The best versificator next Virgil." Dryden. VERSIFIER Ver"si*fi`er, n. 1. One who versifies, or makes verses; as, not every versifier is a poet. Dryden. 2. One who converts into verse; one who expresses in verse the ideas of another written in prose; as, Dr. Watts was a versifier of the Psalms. VERSIFY Ver"si*fy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Versified; p. pr. & vb. n. Versifying.] Etym: [OE. versifien, F. versifier, L. versificare; versus a verse + -ficare to make. See Verse, and -fy.] Defn: To make verses. I'll versify in spite, and do my best. Dryden. VERSIFY Ver"si*fy, v. t. 1. To relate or describe in verse; to compose in verse. I'll versify the truth, not poetize. Daniel. 2. To turn into verse; to render into metrical form; as, to versify the Psalms. Chaucer. VERSION Ver"sion, n. Etym: [F., from L. vertere, versum, to turn, to change, to translate. See Verse.] 1. A change of form, direction, or the like; transformation; conversion; turning. The version of air into water. Bacon. 2. (Med.) Defn: A condition of the uterus in which its axis is deflected from its normal position without being bent upon itself. See Anteversion, and Retroversion. 3. The act of translating, or rendering, from one language into another language. 4. A translation; that which is rendered from another language; as, the Common, or Authorized, Version of the Scriptures (see under Authorized); the Septuagint Version of the Old Testament. 5. An account or description from a particular point of view, especially as contrasted with another account; as, he gave another version of the affair. VERSIONIST Ver"sion*ist, n. Defn: One who makes or favors a version; a translator. [R.] VERSO Ver"so, n. Etym: [L. versus, p. p. of vertere to turn: cf. F. verso.] (Print.) Defn: The reverse, or left-hand, page of a book or a folded sheet of paper; -- opposed to recto. VERSOR Ver"sor, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. vertere, versus, to turn. See Version.] (Geom.) Defn: The turning factor of a quaternion. Note: The change of one vector into another is considered in quaternions as made up of two operations; 1st, the rotation of the first vector so that it shall be parallel to the second; 2d, the change of length so that the first vector shall be equal to the second. That which expresses in amount and kind the first operation is a versor, and is denoted geometrically by a line at right angles to the plane in which the rotation takes place, the length of this line being proportioned to the amount of rotation. That which expresses the second operation is a tensor. The product of the versor and tensor expresses the total operation, and is called a quaternion. See Quaternion. Quadrantal versor. See under Quadrantal. VERST Verst, n. Etym: [Russ. versta: cf. F. verste.] Defn: A Russian measure of length containing 3,500 English feet. [Written also werst.] VERSUAL Ver"su*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a verse. VERSUS Ver"sus, prep. Etym: [L., toward, turned in the direction of, from vertere, versum, to turn. See Verse.] Defn: Against; as, John Doe versus Richard Roe; -- chiefly used in legal language, and abbreviated to v. or vs. VERSUTE Ver*sute", a. Etym: [L. versutus, fr. vertere, versum, to turn.] Defn: Crafty; wily; cunning; artful. [R.] VERT Vert, n. Etym: [F., green, from L. viridis. See Verdant, and cf. Verd.] 1. (Eng. Forest Law) (a) Everything that grows, and bears a green leaf, within the forest; as, to preserve vert and venison is the duty of the verderer. (b) The right or privilege of cutting growing wood. 2. (Her.) Defn: The color green, represented in a drawing or engraving by parallel lines sloping downward toward the right. VERTEBER Ver"te*ber, n. Defn: A vertebra. [Obs.] VERTEBRA Ver"te*bra, n.; pl. Vertebræ. Etym: [L. vertebra, fr. vertere to turn, change. See Verse.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the serial segments of the spinal column. Note: In many fishes the vertebræ are simple cartilaginous disks or short cylinders, but in the higher vertebrates they are composed of many parts, and the vertebræ in different portions of the same column vary very greatly. A well-developed vertebra usually consists of a more or less cylindrical and solid body, or centrum, which is surmounted dorsally by an arch, leaving an opening which forms a part of the canal containing the spinal cord. From this dorsal, or neural, arch spring various processes, or apophyses, which have received special names: a dorsal, or neural, spine, spinous process, or neurapophysis, on the middle of the arch; two anterior and two posterior articular processes, or zygapophyses; and one or two transverse processes on each side. In those vertebræ which bear well- developed ribs, a tubercle near the end of the rib articulates at a tubercular facet on the transverse process (diapophysis), while the end, or head, of the rib articulates at a more ventral capitular facet which is sometimes developed into a second, or ventral, transverse process (parapophysis). In vertebrates with well-developed hind limbs, the spinal column is divided into five regions in each of which the vertebræ are specially designated: those vertebræ in front of, or anterior to, the first vertebra which bears ribs connected with the sternum are cervical; all those which bear ribs and are back of the cervicals are dorsal; the one or more directly supporting the pelvis are sacral and form the sacrum; those between the sacral and dorsal are lumbar; and all those back of the sacral are caudal, or coccygeal. In man there are seven cervical vertebræ, twelve dorsal, five lumbar, five sacral, and usually four, but sometimes five and rarely three, coccygeal. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the central ossicles in each joint of the arms of an ophiuran. VERTEBRAL Ver"te*bral, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vertébral.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a vertebræ, or the vertebral column; spinal; rachidian. 2. Vertebrate. VERTEBRAL Ver"te*bral, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A vertebrate. [R.] VERTEBRALLY Ver"te*bral*ly, adv. (Anat.) Defn: At or within a vertebra or vertebræ; -- distinguished from interverterbrally. VERTEBRARTERIAL Ver`te*brar*te"ri*al, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a vertebræ and an artery; -- said of the foramina in the transverse processes of cervical vertebræ and of the canal which they form for the vertebral artery and vein. VERTEBRATA Ver`te*bra"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom, comprising all animals that have a backbone composed of bony or cartilaginous vertebræ, together with Amphioxus in which the backbone is represented by a simple undivided notochord. The Vertebrata always have a dorsal, or neural, cavity above the notochord or backbone, and a ventral, or visceral, cavity below it. The subdivisions or classes of Vertebrata are Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, Pisces, Marsipobranchia, and Leptocardia. VERTEBRATE Ver"te*brate, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the Vertebrata. VERTEBRATE; VERTEBRATED Ver"te*brate, Ver"te*bra`ted, a. Etym: [L. vertebratus.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Having a backbone, or vertebral column, containing the spinal marrow, as man, quadrupeds, birds, amphibia, and fishes. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Contracted at intervals, so as to resemble the spine in animals. Henslow. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having movable joints resembling vertebræ; -- said of the arms ophiurans. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Vertebrata; -- used only in the form vertebrate. VERTEBRE Ver"te*bre, n. (Anat.) Defn: A vertebra. [Obs.] VERTEBRO- Ver"te*bro-. Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, a vertebra, vertebræ, or vertebral column; as in vertebrocostal. VERTEBRO-ILIAC Ver"te*bro-il"i*ac, a. (Anat.) Defn: Iliolumbar. VERTEX Ver"tex, n.; pl. Vertexes, L. Vertices. Etym: [L. vertex, -icis, a whirl, top of the head, top, summit, from vertere to turn. See Verse, and cf. Vortex.] Defn: A turning point; the principal or highest point; top; summit; crown; apex. Specifically: --(a) (Anat.) Defn: The top, or crown, of the head. (b) (Anat.) The zenith, or the point of the heavens directly overhead. (c) (Math.) The point in any figure opposite to, and farthest from, the base; the terminating point of some particular line or lines in a figure or a curve; the top, or the point opposite the base. Note: The principal vertex of a conic section is, in the parabola, the vertex of the axis of the curve: in the ellipse, either extremity of either axis, but usually the left-hand vertex of the transverse axis; in the hyperbola, either vertex, but usually the right-hand vertex of the transverse axis. Vertex of a curve (Math.), the point in which the axis of the curve intersects it. -- Vertex of an angle (Math.), the point in which the sides of the angle meet. -- Vertex of a solid, or of a surface of revolution (Math.), the point in which the axis pierces the surface. VERTICAL Ver"ti*cal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vertical. See Vertex.] 1. Of or pertaining to the vertex; situated at the vertex, or highest point; directly overhead, or in the zenith; perpendicularly above one. Charity . . . is the vertical top of all religion. Jer. Taylor. 2. Perpendicular to the plane of the horizon; upright; plumb; as, a vertical line. Vertical angle (Astron. & Geod.), an angle measured on a vertical circle, called an angle of elevation, or altitude, when reckoned from the horizon upward, and of depression when downward below the horizon. -- Vertical anthers (Bot.), such anthers as stand erect at the top of the filaments. -- Vertical circle (Astron.), an azimuth circle. See under Azimuth. -- Vertical drill, an drill. See under Upright. -- Vertical fire (Mil.), the fire, as of mortars, at high angles of elevation. -- Vertical leaves (Bot.), leaves which present their edges to the earth and the sky, and their faces to the horizon, as in the Australian species of Eucalyptus. -- Vertical limb, a graduated arc attached to an instrument, as a theodolite, for measuring vertical angles. -- Vertical line. (a) (Dialing) A line perpendicular to the horizon. (b) (Conic Sections) A right line drawn on the vertical plane, and passing through the vertex of the cone. (c) (Surv.) The direction of a plumb line; a line normal to the surface of still water. (d) (Geom., Drawing, etc.) A line parallel to the sides of a page or sheet, in distinction from a horizontal line parallel to the top or bottom. -- Vertical plane. (a) (Conic Sections) A plane passing through the vertex of a cone, and through its axis. (b) (Projections) Any plane which passes through a vertical line. (c) (Persp.) The plane passing through the point of sight, and perpendicular to the ground plane, and also to the picture. -- Vertical sash, a sash sliding up and down. Cf. French sash, under 3d Sash. -- Vertical steam engine, a steam engine having the crank shaft vertically above or below a vertical cylinder. VERTICAL Ver"ti*cal, n. 1. Vertical position; zenith. [R.] 2. (Math.) Defn: A vertical line, plane, or circle. Prime vertical, Prime vertical dial. See under Prime, a. VERTICALITY Ver`ti*cal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vertical; verticalness. [R.] The different points of the verticality. Sir T. Browne. VERTICALLY Ver"ti*cal*ly, adv. Defn: In a vertical manner, position, or direction; perpendicularly; as, to look down vertically; to raise a thing vertically. VERTICALNESS Ver"ti*cal*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being vertical. VERTICIL Ver"ti*cil, n. Etym: [L. verticillus, dim. of vertex a whirl: cf. F. verticille. See Vertex.] (Bot.) Defn: A circle either of leaves or flowers about a stem at the same node; a whorl. [Written also verticel.] VERTICILLASTER Ver`ti*cil*las"ter, a. Etym: [NL., fr. L. verticillus a whirl + aster a star.] (Bot.) Defn: A whorl of flowers apparently of one cluster, but composed of two opposite axillary cymes, as in mint. See Illust. of Whorl. VERTICILLATE; VERTICILLATED Ver*tic"il*late, Ver*tic"il*la`ted, a. Etym: [See Verticil.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: Arranged in a transverse whorl or whorls like the rays of a wheel; as, verticillate leaves of a plant; a verticillate shell. VERTICILLUS Ver`ti*cil"lus, n. Etym: [L., a whirl.] (Bot.) Defn: A whorl; a verticil. VERTICITY Ver*tic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. verticité. See Vertex.] Defn: The quality or power of turning; revolution; rotation. [R.] Locke. I hardly believe he hath from elder times unknown the verticity of the loadstone. Sir T. Browne. VERTICLE Ver"ti*cle, n. Etym: [L. verticula a joint.] Defn: An axis; hinge; a turning point. E. Waterhouse. VERTIGINATE Ver*tig"i*nate, a. Defn: Turned round; giddy. [R.] Coleridge. VERTIGINOUS Ver*tig"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. vertiginosus, fr. vertigo a whirling around, giddiness: cf. F. vertigineux. See Vertig.] 1. Turning round; whirling; rotary; revolving; as, vertiginous motion. Some vertiginous whirl of fortune. De Quincey. 2. Affected with vertigo; giddy; dizzy. They [the angels] grew vertiginous, and fell from the battlements of heaven. Jer. Taylor. -- Ver*tig"i*nous*ly, adv. -- Ver*tig"i*nous*ness, n. VERTIGO Ver"ti*go, n; pl. E. Vertigoes, L. Vertigines. Etym: [L., fr. vertere to turn. See Verse.] 1. (Med.) Defn: Dizziness or swimming of the head; an affection of the head in which objects, though stationary, appear to move in various directions, and the person affected finds it difficult to maintain an erect posture; giddiness. Quian. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small land snails belonging to the genus Vertigo, having an elongated or conical spiral shell and usually teeth in the aperture. VERTILINEAR Ver`ti*lin"e*ar, a. Etym: [Vertical + linear.] Defn: Straight; rectilinear. [R.] VERTU Ver"tu, n. 1. Virtue; power. See Virtue. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. See Virtu. VERTUOUS Ver"tu*ous, a. Defn: Virtuous; powerful. [Obs.] Spenser. VERUMONTANUM Ver`u*mon*ta"num, n. Etym: [NL.] (Anat.) Defn: An elevation, or crest, in the wall of the urethra where the seminal ducts enter it. Note: This is sometimes written veru montanum. VERVAIN Ver"vain, n. Etym: [OE. verveine, F. verveine, fr. L. verbena, pl. verbenae sacred boughs of laurel, olive, or myrtle, a class of plants; cf. verbenaca vervain. Cf. Verbena.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Verbena. Vervain mallow (Bot.), a species of mallow (Malva Alcea) with rose-colored flowers. VERVE Verve, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: Excitement of imagination such as animates a poet, artist, or musician, in composing or performing; rapture; enthusiasm; spirit; energy. VERVEL Ver"vel, n. Defn: See Varvel. VERVET Ver"vet, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South African monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus, or Lelandii). The upper parts are grayish green, finely specked with black. The cheeks and belly are reddish white. VERY Ver"y, a. [Compar. Verier; superl. Veriest.] Etym: [OE. verai, verray, OF. verai, vrai, F. vrai, (assumed) LL. veracus, for L. verax true, veracious, fr. verus true; akin to OHG. & OS. war, G. wahr, D. waar; perhaps originally, that is or exists, and akin to E. was. Cf. Aver, v. t., Veracious, Verdict, Verity.] Defn: True; real; actual; veritable. Whether thou be my very son Esau or not. Gen. xxvii. 21. He that covereth a transgression seeketh love; but he that repeateth a matter separateth very friends. Prov. xvii. 9. The very essence of truth is plainness and brightness. Milton. I looked on the consideration of public service or public ornament to be real and very justice. Burke. Note: Very is sometimes used to make the word with which it is connected emphatic, and may then be paraphrased by same, self-same, itself, and the like. "The very hand, the very words." Shak. "The very rats instinctively have quit it." Shak. "Yea, there where very desolation dwells." Milton. Very is used occasionally in the comparative degree, and more frequently in the superlative. "Was not my lord the verier wag of the two" Shak. "The veriest hermit in the nation." Pope. "He had spoken the very truth, and transformed it into the veriest falsehood." Hawthorne. Very Reverend. See the Note under Reverend. VERY Ver"y, adv. Defn: In a high degree; to no small extent; exceedingly; excessively; extremely; as, a very great mountain; a very bright sum; a very cold day; the river flows very rapidly; he was very much hurt. VERY'S NIGHT SIGNALS; VERY NIGHT SIGNALS; VERY'S LIGHT SIGNALS; VERY LIGHT SIGNALS Ver"y's, or Ver"y, night signals . [After Lieut. Samuel W. Very, who invented the system in 1877.] (Naut.) Defn: A system of signaling in which balls of red and green fire are fired from a pistol, the arrangement in groups denoting numbers having a code significance. VESBIUM Ves"bi*um, n. Etym: [NL., from L. Vesuvius, contr. Vesbius, Vesuvius.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element of which little is known. It is said by Scacchi to have been extracted from a yellowish incrustation from the cracks of a Vesuvian lava erupted in 1631. VESE Vese, n. Etym: [Cf. Frese, n.] Defn: Onset; rush; violent draught or wind. [Obs.] Chaucer. VESICA Ve*si"ca, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: A bladder. Vesica piscis. Etym: [L., dish bladder.] (Eccl. Art) A glory, or aureole, of oval shape, or composed of two arcs of circles usually represented as surrounding a divine personage. More rarely, an oval composed of two arcs not representing a glory; a solid oval, etc. VESICAL Ves"i*cal, a. Etym: [L. vesica bladder.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the bladder. Dunglison. VESICANT Ves"i*cant, n. Etym: [L. vesica blister: cf. F. vésicant.] (Med.) Defn: A vesicatory. VESICATE Ves"i*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vesicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Vesicating.] Etym: [See Vesicant.] (Med.) Defn: To raise little bladders or blisters upon; to inflame and separate the cuticle of; to blister. Wiseman. VESICATION Ves`i*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vésication.] (Med.) Defn: The process of vesicating, or of raising blisters. VESICATORY Ves"i*ca*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vésicatoire.] (Med.) Defn: Tending, or having power, to raise a blister. -- n. Defn: A blistering application or plaster; a vesicant; an epispastic. VESICLE Ves"i*cle, n. Etym: [L. vesicula, dim. of vesica a bladder, blister; akin to Skr. vasti bladder: cf. F. vésicule.] Defn: A bladderlike vessel; a membranous cavity; a cyst; a cell. Specifically: --(a) (Bot.) Defn: A small bladderlike body in the substance of vegetable, or upon the surface of a leaf. (b) (Med.) Defn: A small, and more or less circular, elevation of the cuticle, containing a clear watery fluid. (c) (Anat.) A cavity or sac, especially one filled with fluid; as, the umbilical vesicle. (d) (Zoöl.) A small convex hollow prominence on the surface of a shell or a coral. (e) (Geol.) A small cavity, nearly spherical in form, and usually of the size of a pea or smaller, such as are common in some volcanic rocks. They are produced by the liberation of watery vapor in the molten mass. VESICO- Ves"i*co-. Defn: A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the bla; as in vesicoprostatic, vesicovaginal. VESICOPROSTATIC Ves`i*co*pro*stat"ic, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of a pertaining to the bladder and the prostrate gland. VESICOUTERINE Ves`i*co*u"ter*ine, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the bladder and the uterus. VESICOVAGINAL Ves`i*co*vag"i*nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the bladder and the vagina. VESICULA Ve*sic"u*la, n.; pl. Vesiculæ . Etym: [L., dim. of vesica.] (Anat. & Med.) Defn: A vesicle. VESICULAR Ve*sic"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vésiculaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to vesicles; esp., of or pertaining to the air vesicles, or air cells, of the lungs; as, vesicular breathing, or normal breathing, in which the air enters freely the air vesicles of the lungs. 2. Containing, or composed of, vesicles or vesiclelike structures; covered with vesicles or bladders; vesiculate; as, vesicular coral; vesicular lava; a vesicular leaf. 3. Having the form or structure of a vesicle; as, a vesicular body. Vesicular column (Anat.), a series of nerve cells forming one of the tracts distinguished in the spinal; -- also called the ganglionic column. -- Vesicular emphysema (Med.), emphysema of the lungs, in which the air vesicles are distended and their walls ruptured. -- Vesicular murmur (Med.), the sound, audible on auscultation of the chest, made by the air entering and leaving the air vesicles of the lungs in respiration. VESICULARIA Ve*sic`u*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Vesicle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of marine Bryozoa belonging to Vesicularia and allied genera. They have delicate tubular cells attached in clusters to slender flexible stems. VESICULATA Ve*sic`u*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Vesicle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The campanularian medusæ. VESICULATE Ve*sic"u*late, a. Defn: Bladdery; full of, or covered with, bladders; vesicular. VESICULATE Ve*sic"u*late, v. t. Defn: To form vesicles in, as lava. VESICULATION Ve*sic`u*la"tion, n. (Geol.) Defn: The state of containing vesicles, or the process by which vesicles are formed. VESICULITIS Ve*sic`u*li"tis, n. [NL.; vesicula + -itis.] Defn: Inflammation of a vesicle. VESICULOSE; VESICULOUS Ve*sic"u*lose`, Ve*sic"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. vesiculosus: cf. F. vésiculeux.] Defn: Bladdery; vesicular; vesiculate; composed of vesicles; covered with vesicles; as, a vesiculose shell. VESPA Ves"pa, n. Etym: [L., wasp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Hymenoptera including the common wasps and hornets. VESPER Ves"per, n. Etym: [L., the evening, the evening star, the west; akin to Gr. west. Cf. Hesperian, Vespers.] Defn: The evening star; Hesper; Venus, when seen after sunset; hence, the evening. Shak. VESPER Ves"per, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the evening, or to the service of vespers; as, a vesper hymn; vesper bells. Vesper sparrow, the grass finch. See under Grass. VESPERAL Ves"per*al, a. Defn: Vesper; evening. [R.] VESPERS Ves"pers, n.; pl. Etym: [OF. vespres, F. vêpres, LL. vesperae, fr. L. vespera evening. See Vesper, n.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) One of the little hours of the Breviary. (b) The evening song or service. Sicilian vespers. See under Sicilian, a. VESPERTILIO Ves`per*til"i*o, n. Etym: [L., a bat.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of bats including some of the common small insectivorous species of North America and Europe. VESPERTILIONES Ves`per*til`i*o"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe of bats including the common insectivorous bats of America and Europe, belonging to Vespertilio and allied genera. They lack a nose membrane. VESPERTILIONINE Ves`per*til`i*o"nine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Vespertiliones. VESPERTINAL Ves"per*ti`nal, a. Defn: Vespertine. Lowell. VESPERTINE Ves"per*tine, a. Etym: [L. vespertinus. See Vesper.] 1. Of or pertaining to the evening; happening or being in the evening. Gray. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Blossoming in the evening. VESPIARY Ves"pi*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. vespa a wasp.] Defn: A nest, or habitation, of insects of the wasp kind. VESPILLO Ves*pil"lo, n.; pl. Vespilloes. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: One who carried out the dead bodies of the poor at night for burial. Like vespilloes or grave makers. Sir T. Browne. VESSEL Ves"sel, n. Etym: [OF. vessel, veissel, vaissel, vaissiel, F. vascellum, dim. of vasculum, dim. of vas a vessel. Cf. Vascular, Vase.] 1. A hollow or concave utensil for holding anything; a hollow receptacle of any kind, as a hogshead, a barrel, a firkin, a bottle, a kettle, a cup, a bowl, etc. [They drank] out of these noble vessels. Chaucer. 2. A general name for any hollow structure made to float upon the water for purposes of navigation; especially, one that is larger than a common rowboat; as, a war vessel; a passenger vessel. [He] began to build a vessel of huge bulk. Milton. 3. Fig.: A person regarded as receiving or containing something; esp. (Script.), one into whom something is conceived as poured, or in whom something is stored for use; as, vessels of wrath or mercy. He is a chosen vessel unto me. Acts ix. 15. [The serpent] fit vessel, fittest imp of fraud, in whom To enter. Milton. 4. (Anat.) Defn: Any tube or canal in which the blood or other fluids are contained, secreted, or circulated, as the arteries, veins, lymphatics, etc. 5. (Bot.) Defn: A continuous tube formed from superposed large cylindrical or prismatic cells (tracheæ), which have lost their intervening partitions, and are usually marked with dots, pits, rings, or spirals by internal deposition of secondary membranes; a duct. Acoustic vessels. See under Acoustic. -- Weaker vessel, a woman; -- now applied humorously. "Giving honor unto the wife, as unto the weaker vessel." 1 Peter iii. 7. "You are the weaker vessel." Shak. VESSEL Ves"sel, v. t. Defn: To put into a vessel. [Obs.] Bacon. VESSELFUL Ves"sel*ful, n.; pl. Vesselfuls (. Defn: As much as a vessel will hold; enough to fill a vessel. VESSES; VESSETS Ves"ses, Ves"sets, n. Defn: A kind of worsted; also, a worsted cloth. [Prov. Eng.] VESSICNON; VESSIGNON Ves"sic*non, Ves"sig*non, n. Etym: [F. vessigon, fr. L. vesica a bladder, blister.] (Far.) Defn: A soft swelling on a horse's leg; a windgall. VEST Vest, n. Etym: [L. vestis a garment, vesture; akin to Goth. wasti, and E. wear: cf. F. veste. See Wear to carry on the person, and cf. Divest, Invest, Travesty.] 1. An article of clothing covering the person; an outer garment; a vestment; a dress; a vesture; a robe. In state attended by her maiden train, Who bore the vests that holy rites require. Dryden. 2. Any outer covering; array; garb. Not seldom clothed in radiant vest Deceitfully goes forth the morn. Wordsworth. 3. Specifically, a waistcoat, or sleeveless body garment, for men, worn under the coat. Syn. -- Garment; vesture; dress; robe; vestment; waistcoat. -- Vest, Waistcoat. In England, the original word waistcoat is generally used for the body garment worn over the shirt and immediately under the coat. In the United States this garment is commonly called a vest, and the waistcoat is often improperly given to an under-garment. VEST Vest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vested; p. pr. & vb. n. Vesting.] Etym: [Cf. L. vestire, vestitum, OF. vestir, F. vêtir. See Vest, n.] 1. To clothe with, or as with, a vestment, or garment; to dress; to robe; to cover, surround, or encompass closely. Came vested all in white, pure as her mind. Milton. With ether vested, and a purple sky. Dryden. 2. To clothe with authority, power, or the like; to put in possession; to invest; to furnish; to endow; -- followed by with before the thing conferred; as, to vest a court with power to try cases of life and death. Had I been vested with the monarch's power. Prior. 3. To place or give into the possession or discretion of some person or authority; to commit to another; -- with in before the possessor; as, the power of life and death is vested in the king, or in the courts. Empire and dominion was [were] vested in him. Locke. 4. To invest; to put; as, to vest money in goods, land, or houses. [R.] 5. (Law) Defn: To clothe with possession; as, to vest a person with an estate; also, to give a person an immediate fixed right of present or future enjoyment of; as, an estate is vested in possession. Bouvier. VEST Vest, v. i. Defn: To come or descend; to be fixed; to take effect, as a title or right; -- followed by in; as, upon the death of the ancestor, the estate, or the right to the estate, vests in the heir at law. VESTA Ves"ta, n. Etym: [L. Vesta, akin to Gr. ush to burn (see East), or perhaps to Skr. vas to dwell, and E. was.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) Defn: One of the great divinities of the ancient Romans, identical with the Greek Hestia. She was a virgin, and the goddess of the hearth; hence, also, of the fire on it, and the family round it. 2. (Astron.) Defn: An asteroid, or minor planet, discovered by Olbers in 1807. 3. A wax friction match. Simmonds. VESTAL Ves"tal, a. Etym: [L. Vestalis belonging to Vesta, vestal. See Vesta.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Vesta, the virgin goddess of the hearth; hence, pure; chaste. VESTAL Ves"tal, n. Etym: [L. Vestalis (sc. virgo): cf. F. vestale. See Vestal, a.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A virgin consecrated to Vesta, and to the service of watching the sacred fire, which was to be perpetually kept burning upon her altar. Note: The Vestals were originally four, but afterward six, in number. Their term of service lasted thirty years, the period of admission being from the sixth to the tenth year of the candidate's age. 2. A virgin; a woman pure and chaste; also, a nun. How happy is the blameless vestal's lot! Pope. VESTALES Ves*ta"les, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Vestal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of butterflies including those known as virgins, or gossamer-winged butterflies. VESTED Vest"ed, a. 1. Clothed; robed; wearing vestments. "The vested priest." Milton. 2. (Law) Defn: Not in a state of contingency or suspension; fixed; as, vested rights; vested interests. Vested legacy (Law), a legacy the right to which commences in præsenti, and does not depend on a contingency; as, a legacy to one to be paid when he attains to twenty-one years of age is a vested legacy, and if the legatee dies before the testator, his representative shall receive it. Blackstone. -- Vested remainder (Law), an estate settled, to remain to a determined person, after the particular estate is spent. Blackstone. Kent. VESTED SCHOOL Vest"ed school. Defn: In Ireland, a national school which has been built by the aid of grants from the board of Commissioners of National Education and is secured for educational purposes by leases to the commissioners themselves, or to the commissioners and the trustees. VESTIARIAN Ves`ti*a"ri*an, a. Etym: [See Vestiary.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a vestiary or vestments. VESTIARY Ves"ti*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. vestiarium. See Vestry.] Defn: A wardrobe; a robing room; a vestry. Fuller. VESTIARY Ves"ti*a*ry, a. Defn: Pertaining to clothes, or vestments. VESTIBULAR Ves*tib"u*lar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a vestibule; like a vestibule. VESTIBULE Ves"ti*bule, n. Etym: [L. vestibulum, of uncertain origin: cf. F. vestibule.] Defn: The porch or entrance into a house; a hall or antechamber next the entrance; a lobby; a porch; a hall. Vestibule of the ear. (Anat.) See under Ear. -- Vestibule of the vulva (Anat.), a triangular space between the nymphæ, in which the orifice of the urethra is situated. -- Vestibule train (Railroads), a train of passenger cars having the space between the end doors of adjacent cars inclosed, so as to admit of leaving the doors open to provide for intercommunication between all the cars. Syn. -- Hall; passage. -- Vestibule, Hall, Passage. A vestibule is a small apartment within the doors of a building. A hall is the first large apartment beyond the vestibule, and, in the United States, is often long and narrow, serving as a passage to the several apartments. In England, the hall is generally square or oblong, and a long, narrow space of entrance is called a passage, not a hall, as in America. Vestibule is often used in a figurative sense to denote a place of entrance. "The citizens of Rome placed the images of their ancestors in the vestibules of their houses." Bolingbroke VESTIBULED TRAIN Vestibuled train. (Railroad) Defn: Same as Vestibule train, under Vestibule. VESTIBULUM Ves*tib"u*lum, n.; pl. Vestibula. Etym: [L., vestibule.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A cavity into which, in certain bryozoans, the esophagus and anus open. VESTIGATE Ves"ti*gate, v. t. Etym: [L. vestigatus, p. p. of vestigare. See Vestige.] Defn: To investigate. [Obs.] VESTIGE Ves"tige, n. Etym: [F., from L. vestigium footprint, trace, sign; the last part (-stigium) is probably akin to E. sty, v. i. Cf. Investigate.] Defn: The mark of the foot left on the earth; a track or footstep; a trace; a sign; hence, a faint mark or visible sign left by something which is lost, or has perished, or is no longer present; remains; as, the vestiges of ancient magnificence in Palmyra; vestiges of former population. What vestiges of liberty or property have they left Burke. Ridicule has followed the vestiges of Truth, but never usurped her place. Landor. Syn. -- Trace; mark; sign; token. -- Vestige, Trace. These words agree in marking some indications of the past, but differ to some extent in their use and application. Vestige is used chiefly in a figurative sense, for the remains something long passed away; as, the vestiges of ancient times; vestiges of the creation. A trace is literally something drawn out in a line, and may be used in this its primary sense, or figuratively, to denote a sign or evidence left by something that has passed by, or ceased to exist. Vestige usually supposes some definite object of the past to be left behind; while a trace may be a mere indication that something has been present or is present; as, traces of former population; a trace of poison in a given substance. VESTIGIAL Ves*tig"i*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a vestige or remnant; like a vestige. VESTING Vest"ing, n. Defn: Cloth for vests; a vest pattern. VESTITURE Ves"ti*ture, n. Etym: [See Vesture.] Defn: In vestiture. [R.] VESTLET Vest"let, n. Etym: [Dim. of vest.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of actinians belonging to the genus Cerianthus. These animals have a long, smooth body tapering to the base, and two separate circles of tentacles around the mouth. They form a tough, flexible, feltlike tube with a smooth internal lining, in which they dwell, whence the name. VESTMENT Vest"ment, n. Etym: [OE. vestement, vestiment, OF. vestement, vestiment, F. vêtement, fr. L. vestimentum, fr. vestire to clothe, fr. vestis a garment, clothing. See Vest.] Defn: A covering or garment; some part of clothing or dress; specifically (Eccl.), any priestly garment. "Royal vestiment." Chaucer. "Priests in holy vestments." Shak. The sculptor could not give vestments suitable to the quality of the persons represented. Dryden. VESTRY Ves"try, n.; pl. Vestries. Etym: [OE. vestrye, F. vestiaire, L. vestiarium, fr. vestiarius belonging to clothes, fr. vestis a garment. See Vest, n., and cf. Vestiary.] 1. A room appendant to a church, in which sacerdotal vestments and sacred utensils are sometimes kept, and where meetings for worship or parish business are held; a sacristy; -- formerly called revestiary. He said unto him that was over the vestry, Bring forth vestments for all the worshipers of Baal. 2 Kings x. 22. 2. (Ch. of Eng.) Defn: A parochial assembly; an assembly of persons who manage parochial affairs; -- so called because usually held in a vestry. 3. (Prot. Epis. Ch.) Defn: A body, composed of wardens and vestrymen, chosen annually by a parish to manage its temporal concerns. Metropolitan vestry, in the city of London, and certain specified parishes and places in England, a body composed of householders who pay poor rates. Its duties include the repair of churches, care of highways, the appointment of certain officers, etc. -- Select vestry, a select number of persons chosen in large and populous English parishes to represent and manage the concerns of the parish for one year. Mozley & W. -- Vestry board (Ch. of Eng.), a vestry. See def. 2, above. -- Vestry clerk, an officer chosen by the vestry, who keeps a record of its proceedings; also, in England, one who keeps the parish accounts and books. -- Vestry meeting, the meeting of a vestry or vestry board; also, a meeting of a parish held in a vestry or other place. VESTRYMAN Ves"try*man, n.; pl. Vestrymen (. Defn: A member of a vestry; especially (Prot. Epis. Ch.), a member other than a warden. See Vestry. VESTURE Ves"ture, n. Etym: [OF. vesture, vesteure, F. vêture, LL. vestitura, from L. vestire to clothe, dress. See Vest, v. t., and cf. Vestiture.] 1. A garment or garments; a robe; clothing; dress; apparel; vestment; covering; envelope. Piers Plowman. Approach, and kiss her sacred vesture's hem. Milton. Rocks, precipices, and gulfs, appareled with a vesture of plants. Bentley. There polished chests embroidered vestures graced. Pope. 2. (O. Eng. Law) (a) The corn, grass, underwood, stubble, etc., with which land was covered; as, the vesture of an acre. (b) Seizin; possession. VESTURED Ves"tured, a. Defn: Covered with vesture or garments; clothed; enveloped. We be vestured with poor cloth. Ld. Berners. VESUVIAN Ve*su"vi*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. Vésuvien, It. Vesuviano.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Vesuvius, a volcano near Naples. VESUVIAN Ve*su"vi*an, n. Etym: [G. vesuvian. See Vesuvian, a.] (Min.) Defn: Vesuvianite. VESUVIANITE Ve*su"vi*an*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals, and also massive, of a brown to green color, rarely sulphur yellow and blue. It is a silicate of alumina and lime with some iron magnesia, and is common at Vesuvius. Also called idocrase. VESUVINE Ve*su"vine, n. Defn: A trade name for a brown dyestuff obtained from certain basic azo compounds of benzene; -- called also Bismarck brown, Manchester brown, etc. VETCH Vetch, n. Etym: [Also fitch; OE. ficche, feche, for veche, OF. veche, vecce, vesche, vesce, F. vesce, fr. L. vicia.] (Bot.) Defn: Any leguminous plant of the genus Vicia, some species of which are valuable for fodder. The common species is V. sativa. Note: The name is also applied to many other leguminous plants of different genera; as the chichling vetch, of the genus Lathyrus; the horse vetch, of the genus Hippocrepis; the kidney vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria); the milk vetch, of the genus Astragalus; the licorice vetch, or wild licorice (Abrus precatorius). VETCHLING Vetch"ling, n. Etym: [Vetch + -ling.] (Bot.) Defn: Any small leguminous plant of the genus Lathyrus, especially L. Nissolia. VETCHY Vetch"y, a. 1. Consisting of vetches or of pea straw. "A vetchy bed." Spenser. 2. Abounding with vetches. VETERAN Vet"er*an, a. Etym: [L. veteranus, from vetus, veteris, old; akin to Gr. vatsara. See Wether.] Defn: Long exercised in anything, especially in military life and the duties of a soldier; long practiced or experienced; as, a veteran officer or soldier; veteran skill. The insinuating eloquence and delicate flattery of veteran diplomatists and courtiers. Macaulay. VETERAN Vet"er*an, n. Etym: [L. veteranus (sc. miles): cf. F. vétéran.] Defn: One who has been long exercised in any service or art, particularly in war; one who has had. Ensigns that pierced the foe's remotest lines, The hardy veteran with tears resigns. Addison. Note: In the United States, during the civil war, soldiers who had served through one term of enlistment and had reënlisted were specifically designated veterans. VETERANIZE Vet"er*an*ize, v. i. Defn: To reënlist for service as a soldier. [U.S.] Gen. W. T. Sherman. VETERINARIAN Vet`er*i*na"ri*an, n. Etym: [L. veterinarius. See Veterinary.] Defn: One skilled in the diseases of cattle or domestic animals; a veterinary surgeon. VETERINARY Vet"er*i*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. veterinarius of or belonging to beasts of burden an draught, fr. veterinus, probably originally, of or pertaining to yearlings: cf. F. vétérinaire. See Veteran, Wether.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the art of healing or treating the diseases of domestic animals, as oxen, horses, sheep, etc.; as, a veterinary writer or school. VETIVER Vet"i*ver, n. (Bot.) Defn: An East Indian grass (Andropogon muricatus); also, its fragrant roots which are much used for making mats and screens. Also called kuskus, and khuskhus. [Sometimes written vetivert, and vitivert.] VETO Ve"to, n.; pl. Vetoes (. Etym: [L. veto I forbid.] 1. An authoritative prohibition or negative; a forbidding; an interdiction. This contemptuous veto of her husband's on any intimacy with her family. G. Eliot. 2. Specifically: -- (a) A power or right possessed by one department of government to forbid or prohibit the carrying out of projects attempted by another department; especially, in a constitutional government, a power vested in the chief executive to prevent the enactment of measures passed by the legislature. Such a power may be absolute, as in the case of the Tribunes of the People in ancient Rome, or limited, as in the case of the President of the United States. Called also the veto power. (b) The exercise of such authority; an act of prohibition or prevention; as, a veto is probable if the bill passes. (c) A document or message communicating the reasons of the executive for not officially approving a proposed law; -- called also veto message. [U.S.] Note: Veto is not a term employed in the Federal Constitution, but seems to be of popular use only. Abbott. VETO Ve"to, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vetoed; p. pr. & vb. n. Vetoing.] Defn: To prohibit; to negative; also, to refuse assent to, as a legislative bill, and thus prevent its enactment; as, to veto an appropriation bill. VETOIST Ve"to*ist, n. Defn: One who uses, or sustains the use of, the veto. VETTURA Vet*tu"ra, n.; pl. Vetture. Etym: [It. vettura, fr. L. vectura conveyance. Cf. Vecture.] Defn: An Italian four-wheeled carriage, esp. one let for hire; a hackney coach. VETTURINO Vet`tu*ri"no, n.; pl. Vetturini. Etym: [It.] 1. One who lets or drives a vettura. 2. A vettura. VETUST Ve*tust", a. Etym: [L. vetustus old, ancient.] Defn: Venerable from antiquity; ancient; old. [Obs.] VEX Vex, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vexed; p. pr. & vb. n. Vexing.] Etym: [F. vexer, L. vexare, vexatum, to vex, originally, to shake, toss, in carrying, v. intens. fr. vehere, vectum, to carry. See Vehicle.] 1. To to White curl the waves, and the vexed ocean roars. Pope. 2. To make angry or annoyed by little provocations; to irritate; to plague; to torment; to harass; to afflict; to trouble; to tease. "I will not vex your souls." Shak. Then thousand torments vex my heart. Prior. 3. To twist; to weave. [R.] Some English wool, vexed in a Belgian loom. Dryden. Syn. -- See Tease. VEX Vex, v. i. Defn: To be irritated; to fret. [R.] Chapman. VEXATION Vex*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. vexatio: cf. F. vexation.] 1. The act of vexing, or the state of being vexed; agitation; disquiet; trouble; irritation. Passions too violent . . . afford us nothing but vexation and pain. Sir W. Temple. Those who saw him after a defeat looked in vain for any trace of vexation. Macaulay. 2. The cause of trouble or disquiet; affliction. Your children were vexation to your youth. Shak. 3. A harassing by process of law; a vexing or troubling, as by a malicious suit. Bacon. Syn. -- Chagrin; agitation; mortification; uneasiness; trouble; grief; sorrow; distress. See Chagrin. VEXATIOUS Vex*a"tious, a. Etym: [See Vexation.] 1. Causing vexation; agitating; afflictive; annoying; as, a vexatious controversy; a vexatious neighbor. "Continual vexatious wars." South. 2. Full or vexation, trouble, or disquiet; disturbed. He leads a vexatious life. Sir K. Digby. Vexatious suit (Law), a suit commenced for the purpose of giving trouble, or without cause. -- Vex*a"tious*ly, adv. -- Vex*a"tious*ness, n. VEXED Vexed, a. 1. Annoyed; harassed; troubled. 2. Much debated or contested; causing discussion; as, a vexed question. VEXER Vex"er, n. Defn: One who vexes or troubles. VEXIL Vex"il, n. Defn: A vexillum. VEXILLAR; VEXILLARY Vex"il*lar, Vex"il*la*ry,Etym: [Cf. F. vexillaire, L. vexillarius a standard bearer.] 1. Of or pertaining to an ensign or standard. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the vexillum, or upper petal of papilionaceous flowers. Vexilary æstivation (Bot.), a mode of æstivation in which one large upper petal folds over, and covers, the other smaller petals, as in most papilionaceous plants. VEXILLARY Vex"il*la*ry, n. Etym: [L. vexillarius: cf. F. vexillaire.] Defn: A standard bearer. Tennyson. VEXILLATION Vex`il*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. vexillatio.] (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: A company of troops under one vexillum. VEXILLUM Vex*il"lum, n.; pl. Vexilla. Etym: [L., a standard, a flag.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A flag or standard. (b) A company of troops serving under one standard. 2. (Eccl.) (a) A banner. (b) The sign of the cross. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The upper petal of a papilionaceous flower; the standard. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The rhachis and web of a feather taken together; the vane. VEXINGLY Vex"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a vexing manner; so as to vex, tease, or irritate. Tatler. V HOOK V" hook`. (Steam Engine) Defn: A gab at the end of an eccentric rod, with long jaws, shaped like the letter V. VIA Vi"a, n. Etym: [L. See Way.] Defn: A road way. Via Lactea Etym: [L.] (Anat.), the Milky Way, or Galaxy. See Galaxy, 1. -- Via media Etym: [L.] (Theol.), the middle way; -- a name applied to their own position by the Anglican high-churchmen, as being between the Roman Catholic Church and what they term extreme Protestantism. VIA Vi"a, prep. Etym: [L., ablative of via way. See Way.] Defn: By the way of; as, to send a letter via Queenstown to London. VIABILITY Vi`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being viable. Specifically: --(a) (Law) Defn: The capacity of living after birth. Bouvier. (b) The capacity of living, or being distributed, over wide geographical limits; as, the viability of a species. VIABLE Vi"a*ble, a. Etym: [F., from vie life, L. vita. See Vital.] (Law) Defn: Capable of living; born alive and with such form and development of organs as to be capable of living; -- said of a newborn, or a prematurely born, infant. Note: Unless he [an infant] is born viable, he acquires no rights, and can not transmit them to his heirs, and is considered as if he had never been born. Bouvier. VIADUCT Vi`a*duct, n. Etym: [L. via a way + -duct, as in aqueduct: cf. F. viaduc. See Via, and Aqueduct.] Defn: A structure of considerable magnitude, usually with arches or supported on trestles, for carrying a road, as a railroad, high above the ground or water; a bridge; especially, one for crossing a valley or a gorge. Cf. Trestlework. VIAGE Vi"age, n. Etym: [See Voyage.] Defn: A voyage; a journey. [Obs.] Chaucer. Gower. VIAL Vi"al, n. Etym: [OE. viole, fiole, F. fiole. See Phial.] Defn: A small bottle, usually of glass; a little glass vessel with a narrow aperture intended to be closed with a stopper; as, a vial of medicine. [Written also phial.] Take thou this vial, being then in bed, And this distilled liquor thou off. Shak. VIAL Vi"al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vialed or Vialled; p. pr. & vb. n. Vialing or Vialling.] Defn: To put in a vial or vials. "Precious vialed liquors." Milton. VIAMETER Vi*am"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. via a way + -meter.] Defn: An odometer; -- called also viatometer. VIAND Vi"and, n. Etym: [F. viande meat, food, LL. vianda, vivanda, vivenda, properly, things to live on, fr. L. vivere to live; akin to vivus living. See Vivid, and cf. Victualis.] Defn: An article of food; provisions; food; victuals; -- used chiefly in the plural. Cowper. Viands of various kinds allure the taste. Pope. VIANDER Vi"and*er, n. Defn: A feeder; an eater; also, one who provides viands, or food; a host. [Obs.] Holinshed. VI-APPLE Vi"-ap`ple, n. Defn: See Otaheite apple. VIARY Vi"a*ry, a. Etym: [L. viarius, fr. via a way, road.] Defn: Of or pertaining to roads; happening on roads. [Obs.] VIATECTURE Vi"a*tec`ture, n. Etym: [L. via way + -tecture, as in architecture.] Defn: The art of making roads or ways for traveling, including the construction of bridges, canals, viaducts, etc. [R.] R. Park. VIATIC Vi*at"ic, a. Etym: [L. viaticus, fr. via a way. See Voyage.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a journey or traveling. VIATICUM Vi*at"i*cum, n. Etym: [L., from viaticus, a. See Viatic.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) Defn: An allowance for traveling expenses made to those who were sent into the provinces to exercise any office or perform any service. 2. Provisions for a journey. Davies (Wit's Pilgr.). 3. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: The communion, or eucharist, when given to persons in danger of death. VIATOMETER Vi`a*tom"e*ter, n. Defn: A viameter. VIBICES Vi*bi"ces, n. pl. Etym: [L., pl. of vibex, -icis, the mark of a blow.] (Med.) Defn: More or less extensive patches of subcutaneous extravasation of blood. VIBRACULUM Vi*brac"u*lum, n.; pl. Vibracula. Etym: [NL., dim. from L. vibrare to vibrate.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the movable, slender, spinelike organs or parts with which certain bryozoans are furnished. They are regarded as specially modified zooids, of nearly the same nature as Avicularia. VIBRANCY Vi"bran*cy, n. Defn: The state of being vibrant; resonance. VIBRANT Vi"brant, a. Etym: [L. vibrans, p. pr.: cf. F. vibrant. See Vibrate.] Defn: Vibrating; tremulous; resonant; as, vibrant drums. Longfellow. VIBRATE Vi"brate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vibrate; p. pr. & vb. n. Vibrating.] Etym: [L. vibratus, p. p. of vibrare, v. t. & v. i., to snake, brandish, vibrate; akin to Skr. vip to tremble, Icel. veifa to wave, vibrate. See Waive and cf. Whip, v. t.] 1. To brandish; to move to and fro; to swing; as, to vibrate a sword or a staff. 2. To mark or measure by moving to and fro; as, a pendulum vibrating seconds. 3. To affect with vibratory motion; to set in vibration. Breath vocalized, that is, vibrated or undulated, may . . . impress a swift, tremulous motion. Holder. Star to star vibrates light. Tennyson. VIBRATE Vi"brate, v. i. 1. To move to and fro, or from side to side, as a pendulum, an elastic rod, or a stretched string, when disturbed from its position of rest; to swing; to oscillate. 2. To have the constituent particles move to and fro, with alternate compression and dilation of parts, as the air, or any elastic body; to quiver. 3. To produce an oscillating or quivering effect of sound; as, a whisper vibrates on the ear. Pope. 4. To pass from one state to another; to waver; to fluctuate; as, a man vibrates between two opinions. VIBRATILE Vi"bra*tile, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vibratile.] Defn: Adapted to, or used in, vibratory motion; having the power of vibrating; vibratory; as, the vibratile organs of insects. VIBRATILITY Vi`bra*til"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vibratilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being vibratile; disposition to vibration or oscillation. Rush. VIBRATION Vi*bra"tion, n. Etym: [L. vibratio: cf. F. vibration.] 1. The act of vibrating, or the state of being vibrated, or in vibratory motion; quick motion to and fro; oscillation, as of a pendulum or musical string. As a harper lays his open palm Upon his harp, to deaden its vibrations. Longfellow. 2. (Physics) Defn: A limited reciprocating motion of a particle of an elastic body or medium in alternately opposite directions from its position of equilibrium, when that equilibrium has been disturbed, as when a stretched cord or other body produces musical notes, or particles of air transmit sounds to the ear. The path of the particle may be in a straight line, in a circular arc, or in any curve whatever. Note: Vibration and oscillation are both used, in mechanics, of the swinging, or rising and falling, motion of a suspended or balanced body; the latter term more appropriately, as signifying such motion produced by gravity, and of any degree of slowness, while the former applies especially to the quick, short motion to and fro which results from elasticity, or the action of molecular forces among the particles of a body when disturbed from their position of rest, as in a spring. Amplitude of vibration, the maximum displacement of a vibrating particle or body from its position of rest. -- Phase of vibration, any part of the path described by a particle or body in making a complete vibration, in distinction from other parts, as while moving from one extreme to the other, or on one side of the line of rest, in distinction from the opposite. Two particles are said to be in the same phase when they are moving in the same direction and with the same velocity, or in corresponding parts of their paths. VIBRATIUNCLE Vi*bra"ti*un`cle, a. Etym: [Dim. of vibration.] Defn: A small vibration. [R.] Chambers. VIBRATIVE Vi"bra*tive, a. Vibrating Defn: ; vibratory. "A vibrative motion." Sir I. Newton. VIBRATOR Vi"bra*tor, n. One that vibrates, or causes vibration or oscillation of any kind; specif. (a) (Elec.) (1) Defn: A trembler, as of an electric bell. (2) Defn: A vibrating reed for transmitting or receiving pulsating currents in a harmonic telegraph system. (3) Defn: A device for vibrating the pen of a siphon recorder to diminish frictional resistance on the paper. (4) An oscillator. (b) An ink-distributing roller in a printing machine, having an additional vibratory motion. (a) (Music) A vibrating reed, esp. in a reed organ. (d) (Weaving) Any of various vibrating devices, as one for slackening the warp as a shed opens. (e) An attachment, usually pneumatic, in a molding machine to shake the pattern loose. VIBRATORY Vi"bra*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vibratoire.] Defn: Consisting in, or causing, vibration, or oscillation; vibrating; as, a vibratory motion; a vibratory power. VIBRIO Vib"ri*o, n.; pl. E. Vibrios, L. Vibriones. Etym: [NL., fr. L. vibrare to vibrate, to move by undulations.] (Biol.) Defn: A genus of motile bacteria characterized by short, slightly sinuous filaments and an undulatory motion; also, an individual of this genus. VIBRISSA Vi*bris"sa, n.; pl. Vibrissæ. Etym: [L. vibrissae, pl., the hairs in the nostrils of man, fr. vibrare to vibrate; -- so called because touching them tickles a person, and causes him to shake his head.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the specialized or tactile hairs which grow about the nostrils, or on other parts of the face, in many animals, as the so- called whiskers of the cat, and the hairs of the nostrils of man. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The bristlelike feathers near the mouth of many birds. VIBROGRAPH Vi"bro*graph, n. [Vibrate + -graph.] Defn: An instrument to observe and record vibrations. VIBROSCOPE Vi"bro*scope, n. 1. An instrument for observing or tracing vibrations. 2. An instrument resembling the phenakistoscope. VIBURNUM Vi*bur"num, n. Etym: [L., the wayfaring tree.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubs having opposite, petiolate leaves and cymose flowers, several species of which are cultivated as ornamental, as the laurestine and the guelder-rose. VICAR Vic"ar, n. Etym: [OE. vicar, viker, vicair, F. vicaire, fr. L. vicarius. See Vicarious.] 1. One deputed or authorized to perform the functions of another; a substitute in office; a deputy. [R.] 2. (Eng. Eccl. Law) Defn: The incumbent of an appropriated benefice. Note: The distinction between a parson [or rector] and vicar is this: The parson has, for the most part, the whole right to the ecclesiastical dues in his parish; but a vicar has generally an appropriator over him, entitled to the best part of the profits, to whom he is in fact perpetual curate with a standing salary. Burrill. Apostolic vicar, or Vicar apostolic. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A bishop to whom the Roman pontiff delegates a portion of his jurisdiction. (b) Any ecclesiastic acting under a papal brief, commissioned to exercise episcopal authority. (c) A titular bishop in a country where there is no episcopal see, or where the succession has been interrupted. -- Vicar forane. Etym: [Cf. LL. foraneus situated outside of the episcopal city, rural. See Vicar, and Foreign.] (R. C. Ch.) A dignitary or parish priest appointed by a bishop to exercise a limited jurisdiction in a particular town or district of a diocese. Addis & Arnold. -- Vicar-general. (a) (Ch. of Eng.) The deputy of the Archbishop of Canterbury or York, in whose court the bishops of the province are confirmed. Encyc. Brit. (b) (R. C. Ch.) An assistant to a bishop in the discharge of his official functions. -- Vicar of Jesus Christ (R. C. Ch.), the pope as representing Christ on earth. VICARAGE Vic"ar*age (; 48), n. 1. The benefice of a vicar. 2. The house or residence of a vicar. VICARIAL Vi*ca"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vicarial.] 1. Of or pertaining to a vicar; as, vicarial tithes. 2. Delegated; vicarious; as, vicarial power. VICARIAN Vi*ca"ri*an, n. Defn: A vicar. [Obs.] Marston. VICARIATE Vi*ca"ri*ate, a. Defn: Having delegated power, as a vicar; vicarious. Barrow. VICARIATE Vi*ca"ri*ate, n. Etym: [LL. vicariatus, or F. vicariat.] Defn: Delegated office or power; vicarship; the office or oversight of a vicar. The vicariate of that part of Germany which is governed by the Saxon laws devolved on the elector of Saxony. Robertson. VICARIOUS Vi*ca"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. vicarius, from vicis change, alternation, turn, the position, place, or office of one person as assumed by another; akin to Gr. wechsel a change, and probably also to E. weak. See Weak, and cf. Vice, prep.] 1. Of or pertaining to a vicar, substitute, or deputy; deputed; delegated; as, vicarious power or authority. 2. Acting of suffering for another; as, a vicarious agent or officer. The soul in the body is but a subordinate efficient, and vicarious . . . in the hands of the Almighty. Sir M. Hale. 3. Performed of suffered in the place of another; substituted; as, a vicarious sacrifice; vicarious punishment. The vicarious work of the Great Deliverer. I. Taylor. 4. (Med.) Defn: Acting as a substitute; -- said of abnormal action which replaces a suppressed normal function; as, vicarious hemorrhage replacing menstruation. VICARIOUSLY Vi*ca"ri*ous*ly, adv. Defn: In a vicarious manner. VICARSHIP Vic"ar*ship, n. Defn: The office or dignity of a vicar. VICARY Vic"ar*y, n. Etym: [L. vicarius.] Defn: A vicar. [Obs.] VICE Vice, n. Etym: [F., from L. vitium.] 1. A defect; a fault; an error; a blemish; an imperfection; as, the vices of a political constitution; the vices of a horse. Withouten vice of syllable or letter. Chaucer. Mark the vice of the procedure. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. A moral fault or failing; especially, immoral conduct or habit, as in the indulgence of degrading appetites; customary deviation in a single respect, or in general, from a right standard, implying a defect of natural character, or the result of training and habits; a harmful custom; immorality; depravity; wickedness; as, a life of vice; the vice of intemperance. I do confess the vices of my blood. Shak. Ungoverned appetite . . . a brutish vice. Milton. When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway, The post of honor is a private station. Addison. 3. The buffoon of the old English moralities, or moral dramas, having the name sometimes of one vice, sometimes of another, or of Vice itself; -- called also Iniquity. Note: This character was grotesquely dressed in a cap with ass's ears, and was armed with a dagger of lath: one of his chief employments was to make sport with the Devil, leaping on his back, and belaboring him with the dagger of lath till he made him roar. The Devil, however, always carried him off in the end. Nares. How like you the Vice in the play . . . I would not give a rush for a Vice that has not a wooden dagger to snap at everybody. B. Jonson. Syn. -- Crime; sin; iniquity; fault. See Crime. VICE Vice, n. Etym: [See Vise.] 1. (Mech.) Defn: A kind of instrument for holding work, as in filing. Same as Vise. 2. A tool for drawing lead into cames, or flat grooved rods, for casements. [Written also vise.] 3. A gripe or grasp. [Obs.] Shak. VICE Vice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Viced; p. pr. & vb. n. Vicing.] Defn: To hold or squeeze with a vice, or as if with a vice. Shak. The coachman's hand was viced between his upper and lower thigh. De Quincey. VICE Vi"ce, prep. Etym: [L., abl. of vicis change, turn. See Vicarious.] Defn: In the place of; in the stead; as, A. B. was appointed postmaster vice C. D. resigned. VICE Vice, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vice-. See Vice, prep.] Defn: Denoting one who in certain cases may assume the office or duties of a superior; designating an officer or an office that is second in rank or authority; as, vice president; vice agent; vice consul, etc. Vice admiral. Etym: [Cf. F. vice-amiral.] (a) An officer holding rank next below an admiral. By the existing laws, the rank of admiral and vice admiral in the United States Navy will cease at the death of the present incumbents. (b) A civil officer, in Great Britain, appointed by the lords commissioners of the admiralty for exercising admiralty jurisdiction within their respective districts. -- Vice admiralty, the office of a vice admiral. -- Vice-admiralty court, a court with admiralty jurisdiction, established by authority of Parliament in British possessions beyond the seas. Abbott. -- Vice chamberlain, an officer in court next in rank to the lord chamberlain. [Eng.] -- Vice chancellor. (a) (Law) An officer next in rank to a chancellor. (b) An officer in a university, chosen to perform certain duties, as the conferring of degrees, in the absence of the chancellor. (c) (R. C. Ch.) The cardinal at the head of the Roman Chancery. -- Vice consul Etym: [cf. F. vice-consul], a subordinate officer, authorized to exercise consular functions in some particular part of a district controlled by a consul. -- Vice king, one who acts in the place of a king; a viceroy. -- Vice legate Etym: [cf. F. vice-légat], a legate second in rank to, or acting in place of, another legate. -- Vice presidency, the office of vice president. -- Vice president Etym: [cf. F. vice-président], an officer next in rank below a president. VICED Viced, a. Defn: Vicious; corrupt. [Obs.] Shak. VICEGERENCY Vice*ge"ren*cy, n. Defn: The office of a vicegerent. South. VICEGERENT Vice*ge"rent, a. Etym: [Vice, a + gerent: cf. F. vicegérant.] Defn: Having or exercising delegated power; acting by substitution, or in the place of another. Milton. VICEGERENT Vice*ge"rent, a. Etym: [Vice, a. + gerent: cf. F. vicegérant.] Defn: Having or exercising delegated power; acting by substitution, or in the place of another. Milton. VICEGERENT Vice*ge"rent, n. Defn: An officer who is deputed by a superior, or by proper authority, to exercise the powers of another; a lieutenant; a vicar. Bacon. The symbol and vicegerent of the Deity. C. A. Young. VICEMAN Vice"man, n.; pl. Vicemen (. Defn: A smith who works at the vice instead of at the anvil. VICENARY Vic"e*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. vicenarius, fr. viceni twenty each; akin to viginti twenty.] Defn: Of or pertaining to twenty; consisting of twenty. VICENNIAL Vi*cen"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. vicennium a period of twenty years; viceni twenty + annus year.] 1. Lasting or comprising twenty years. 2. Happening once in twenty years; as, a vicennial celebration. VICE-REGAL Vice`-re"gal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a viceroy or viceroyalty. Macaulay. VICEROY Vice"roy, n. Etym: [F. vice-roi; pref. vice- in the place of (L. vice) + roi a king, L. rex. See Vice, prep. and Royal.] 1. The governor of a country or province who rules in the name of the sovereign with regal authority, as the king's substitute; as, the viceroy of India. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large and handsome American butterfly (Basilarchia, or Limenitis, archippus). Its wings are orange-red, with black lines along the nervures and a row of white spots along the outer margins. The larvæ feed on willow, poplar, and apple trees. VICEROYALTY Vice*roy"al*ty, n. Defn: The dignity, office, or jurisdiction of a viceroy. VICEROYSHIP Vice"roy*ship, n. Defn: Viceroyalty. VICETY Vi"ce*ty, n. Etym: [From Vice a fault.] Defn: Fault; defect; coarseness. [Obs.] B. Jonson. VICHY WATER Vi"chy wa`ter. Defn: A mineral water found at Vichy, France. It is essentially an effervescent solution of sodium, calcium, and magnetism carbonates, with sodium and potassium chlorides; also, by extension, any artificial or natural water resembling in composition the Vichy water proper. Called also, colloquially, Vichy. VICIATE Vi"ci*ate, v. t. Defn: See Vitiate. [R.] VICINAGE Vi"ci*nage (; 48), n. Etym: [OF. veisinage, F. voisinage, from OF. veisin, F. voisin, neighboring, a neighbor, L. vicunus. See Vicinity.] Defn: The place or places adjoining or near; neighborhood; vicinity; as, a jury must be of the vicinage. "To summon the Protestant gentleman of the vicinage." Macaulay. Civil war had broken up all the usual ties of vicinage and good neighborhood. Sir W. Scott. VICINAL Vic"i*nal, a. Etym: [L. vicinalis: cf. F. vicinal.] Defn: Near; vicine. T. Warton. Vicinal planes (Min.), subordinate planes on a crystal, which are very near to the fundamental planes in angles, and sometimes take their place. They have in general very complex symbols. VICINE Vic"ine, a. Etym: [L. vicinus: cf. F. voisin.] Defn: Near; neighboring; vicinal. [R.] Glanvill. VICINE Vic"ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: An alkaloid ex tracted from the seeds of the vetch (Vicia sativa) as a white crystalline substance. VICINITY Vi*cin"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. vicinitas, from vicinus neighboring, near, from vicus a row of houses, a village; akin to Gr. v a house, vi to enter, Goth. weihs town: cf. OF. vicinité. Cf. Diocese, Economy, Parish, Vicinage, Wick a village.] 1. The quality or state of being near, or not remote; nearness; propinquity; proximity; as, the value of the estate was increased by the vicinity of two country seats. A vicinity of disposition and relative tempers. Jer. Taylor. 2. That which is near, or not remote; that which is adjacent to anything; adjoining space or country; neighborhood. "The vicinity of the sun." Bentley. Syn. -- Neighborhood; vicinage. See Neighborhood. VICIOSITY Vi`ci*os"i*ty, n. Defn: Vitiosity. [R.] VICIOUS Vi"cious, a. Etym: [OF. vicious, F. vicieux, fr. L. vitiosus, fr. vitium vice. See Vice a fault.] 1. Characterized by vice or defects; defective; faulty; imperfect. Though I perchance am vicious in my guess. Shak. The title of these lords was vicious in its origin. Burke. A charge against Bentley of vicious reasoning. De Quincey. 2. Addicted to vice; corrupt in principles or conduct; depraved; wicked; as, vicious children; vicious examples; vicious conduct. Who . . . heard this heavy curse, Servant of servants, on his vicious race. Milton. 3. Wanting purity; foul; bad; noxious; as, vicious air, water, etc. Dryden. 4. Not correct or pure; corrupt; as, vicious language; vicious idioms. 5. Not well tamed or broken; given to bad tricks; unruly; refractory; as, a vicious horse. 6. Bitter; spiteful; malignant. [Colloq.] Syn. -- Corrupt; faulty; wicked; depraved. -- Vi"cious*ly, adv. -- Vi"cious*ness, n. VICISSITUDE Vi*cis"si*tude, n. Etym: [L. vicissitudo, fr. vicis change, turn: cf. F. vicissitude. See Vicarious.] 1. Regular change or succession from one thing to another; alternation; mutual succession; interchange. God made two great lights . . . To illuminate the earth and rule the day In their vicissitude, and rule the night. Milton. 2. Irregular change; revolution; mutation. This man had, after many vicissitudes of fortune, sunk at last into abject and hopeless poverty. Macaulay. VICISSITUDINARY Vi*cis`si*tu"di*na*ry, a. Defn: Subject to vicissitudes. Donne. VICISSITUDINOUS Vi*cis`si*tu"di*nous, a. Defn: Full of, or subject to, changes. VICISSY DUCK Vi*cis"sy duck`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A West Indian duck, sometimes domesticated. VICKERS' GUN Vick"ers' gun. (Ordnance) Defn: One of a system of guns manufactured by the firm of Vickers' Sons, at Sheffield, Eng. now included in Vickers-Maxim guns. VICKERS-MAXIM AUTOMATIC MACHINE GUN Vick"ers-Max"im automatic machine gun. Defn: An automatic machine gun in which the mechanism is worked by the recoil, assisted by the pressure of gases from the muzzle, which expand in a gas chamber against a disk attached to the end of the barrel, thus moving the latter to the rear with increased recoil, and against the front wall of the gas chamber, checking the recoil of the system. VICKERS-MAXIM GUN Vickers-Maxim gun. (Ordnance) Defn: One of a system of ordnance, including machine, quick-fire, coast, and field guns, of all calibers, manufactured by the combined firms of Vickers' Sons of Sheffield and Maxim of Birmingham and elsewhere, England. VICONTIEL Vi*con"ti*el, a. Etym: [From OE. vicounte a viscount. See Viscount.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Of or pertaining to the viscount or sheriff of a country. Vicontiel rents. See Vicontiels. -- Vicontiel writs, such writs as were triable in the sheriff, or county, court. VICONTIELS Vi*con"ti*els, n. pl. Etym: [See Vicontiel.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Things belonging to the sheriff; especially, farms (called also vicontiel rents) for which the sheriff used to pay rent to the king. VICOUNT Vi"count, n. Defn: See Viscount. VICTIM Vic"tim, n. Etym: [L. victima: cf. F. victime.] 1. A living being sacrificed to some deity, or in the performance of a religious rite; a creature immolated, or made an offering of. Led like a victim, to my death I'll go. Dryden. 2. A person or thing destroyed or sacrificed in the pursuit of an object, or in gratification of a passion; as, a victim to jealousy, lust, or ambition. 3. A person or living creature destroyed by, or suffering grievous injury from, another, from fortune or from accident; as, the victim of a defaulter; the victim of a railroad accident. 4. Hence, one who is duped, or cheated; a dupe; a gull. [Colloq.] VICTIMATE Vic"tim*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. victimatus, p. p. of victimare to sacrifice.] Defn: To make a victim of; to sacrifice; to immolate. [Obs.] Bullokar. VICTIMIZE Vic"tim*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Victimized; p. pr. & vb. n. Victimizing.] Defn: To make a victim of, esp. by deception; to dupe; to cheat. VICTOR Vic"tor, n. Etym: [L. victor, fr. vincere, victum, to vanquish, to conquer. See Vanquish.] 1. The winner in a contest; one who gets the better of another in any struggle; esp., one who defeats an enemy in battle; a vanquisher; a conqueror; -- often followed by art, rarely by of. In love, the victors from the vanquished fly; They fly that wound, and they pursue that die. Waller. 2. A destroyer. [R. & Poetic] There, victor of his health, of fortune, friends, And fame, this lord of useless thousands ends. Pope. VICTOR Vic"tor, a. Defn: Victorious. "The victor Greeks." Pope. VICTORESS Vic"tor*ess, n. Defn: A victress. [Obs.] Spenser. VICTORIA Vic*to"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of aquatic plants named in honor of Queen Victoria. The Victoria regia is a native of Guiana and Brazil. Its large, spreading leaves are often over five feet in diameter, and have a rim from three to five inches high; its immense rose-white flowers sometimes attain a diameter of nearly two feet. 2. A kind of low four-wheeled pleasure carriage, with a calash top, designed for two persons and the driver who occupies a high seat in front. 3. (Astron.) Defn: An asteroid discovered by Hind in 1850; -- called also Clio. Victoria cross, a bronze Maltese cross, awarded for valor to members of the British army or navy. It was first bestowed in 1857, at the close of the Crimean war. The recipients also have a pension of £10 a year. -- Victoria green. (Chem.) See Emerald green, under Green. -- Victoria lily (Bot.), the Victoria regia. See def. 1, above. VICTORIA CRAPE Victoria crape. Defn: A kind of cotton crape. VICTORIAN Vic*to"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the reign of Queen Victoria of England; as, the Victorian poets. Victorian period. See Dionysian period, under Dyonysian. VICTORINE Vic`tor*ine", n. Defn: A woman's fur tippet. VICTORIOUS Vic*to"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. victoriosus: cf. F. victorieux. See Victory.] Defn: Of or pertaining to victory, or a victor' being a victor; bringing or causing a victory; conquering; winning; triumphant; as, a victorious general; victorious troops; a victorious day. But I shall rise victorious, and subdue My vanquisher. Milton. Now are our brows bound wind victorious wreaths. Shak. -- Vic*to"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Vic*to"ri*ous*ness, n. VICTORIUM Vic*to"ri*um, n. [NL. So named after Victoria, queen of Great Britain.] (Chem.) Defn: A probable chemical element discovered by Sir William Crookes in 1898. Its nitrate is obtained byy practical decomposition and crystallization of yttrium nitrate. At. wt., about 117. VICTORY Vic"to*ry, n.; pl. Victories. Etym: [OE. victorie, OF. victorie, victoire, F. victoire, L. victoria. See Victor.] Defn: The defeat of an enemy in battle, or of an antagonist in any contest; a gaining of the superiority in any struggle or competition; conquest; triumph; -- the opposite of Ant: defeat. Death is swallowed up in victory. 1 Cor. xv. 54. God on our side, doubt not of victory. Shak. Victory may be honorable to the arms, but shameful to the counsels, of a nation. Bolingbroke. VICTRESS Vic"tress, n. Etym: [Cf. L. victrix.] Defn: A woman who wins a victory; a female victor. VICTRICE Vic"trice, n. Defn: A victress. [R.] B. Jonson. VICTRIX Vic"trix, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: Victress. C. Bronté. VICTUAL Vict"ual, n. 1. Food; -- now used chiefly in the plural. See Victuals. 2 Chron. xi. 23. Shak. He was not able to keep that place three days for lack of victual. Knolles. There came a fair-hair'd youth, that in his hand Bare victual for the movers. Tennyson. Short allowance of victual. Longfellow. 2. Grain of any kind. [Scot.] Jamieson. VICTUAL Vict"ual, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Victualed or Victualled; p. pr. & vb. n. Victualing or Victualling.] Defn: To supply with provisions for subsistence; to provide with food; to store with sustenance; as, to victual an army; to victual a ship. I must go victual Orleans forthwith. Shak. VICTUALAGE Vict"ual*age (; 48), n. Defn: Victuals; food. [R.] "With my cargo of victualage." C. Bronté. VICTUALER Vict"ual*er, n. Etym: [F. victuailleur.] [Written also victualler.] 1. One who furnishes victuals. 2. One who keeps a house of entertainment; a tavern keeper; an innkeeper. Shak. 3. A vessel employed to carry provisions, usually for military or naval use; a provision use; a provision ship. 4. One who deals in grain; a corn factor. [Scot.] Licensed victualer. See under Licensed. VICTUALING Vict"ual*ing, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to victuals, or provisions; supplying provisions; as, a victualing ship. VICTUALS Vict"uals, n. pl. Etym: [OE. vitaille, OF. vitaille, F. victuaille, pl. victuailles, fr. L. victualia, pl. of. victualis belonging to living or nourishment, fr. victus nourishment, from vivere, victum, to live; akin to vivus living. See Vivid.] Defn: Food for human beings, esp. when it is cooked or prepared for the table; that which supports human life; provisions; sustenance; meat; viands. Then had we plenty of victuals. Jer. xliv. 17. VICTUS Vic"tus, n. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Food; diet. VICUNA; VICUNYA; VICUGNA Vi*cu"ña, Vi*cu"gna, n. Etym: [Sp. vicuña. Cf. Vigonia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American mammal (Auchenia vicunna) native of the elevated plains of the Andes, allied to the llama but smaller. It has a thick coat of very fine reddish brown wool, and long, pendent white hair on the breast and belly. It is hunted for its wool and flesh. VIDA FINCH Vid"a finch`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The whidah bird. VIDAME Vi*dame", n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. vice-dominus, fr. L. vice instead of + dominus master, lord.] (Fr. Feud. Law) Defn: One of a class of temporal officers who originally represented the bishops, but later erected their offices into fiefs, and became feudal nobles. VIDE Vi"de, Defn: imperative sing. of L. videre, to see; -- used to direct attention to something; as, vide supra, see above. VIDELICET Vi*del"i*cet, adv. Etym: [L., contr. fr. videre licet, literally, it is easy to see, one may or can see.] Defn: To wit; namely; -- often abbreviated to viz. VIDETTE Vi*dette", n. (Mil.) Defn: Same Vedette. VIDONIA Vi*do"ni*a, n. Etym: [Cf. Pg. vidonho the quality of grapes, Sp. veduño.] Defn: A dry white wine, of a tart flavor, produced in Teneriffe; -- called also Teneriffe. VIDUAGE Vid"u*age, n. Etym: [See Vidual.] Defn: The state of widows or of widowhood; also, widows, collectively. VIDUAL Vid"u*al, a. Etym: [L. vidualis, fr. vidua a widow, fr. viduus widowed. See Widow.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the state of a widow; widowed. [R.] Jer. Taylor. VIDUATION Vid`u*a"tion, n. Defn: The state of being widowed or bereaved; loss; bereavement. [R.] VIDUITY Vi*du"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. viduitas: cf. F. viduité.] Defn: Widowhood. [R.] "Chaste viduity." Ld. Ellenborough. VIE Vie, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vied; p. pr. & vb. n. Vying.] Etym: [OE. vien, shortened fr. envien, OF. envier to invite, to challenge, a word used in gambling, L. invitare to invite; of uncertain origin. Cf. Invite, Envie.] 1. To stake a sum upon a hand of cards, as in the old game of gleek. See Revie. [Obs.] 2. To strive for superiority; to contend; to use emulous effort, as in a race, contest, or competition. In a trading nation, the younger sons may be placed in such a way of life as . . . to vie with the best of their family. Addison. While Waterloo with Cannæ's carnage vies. Byron. VIE Vie, v. t. 1. To stake; to wager. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 2. To do or produce in emulation, competition, or rivalry; to put in competition; to bandy. [Obs.] She hung about my neck; and kiss on kiss She vied so fast. Shak. Nor was he set over us to vie wisdom with his Parliament, but to be guided by them. Milton. And vying malice with my gentleness, Pick quarrels with their only happiness. Herbert. VIE Vie, n. Defn: A contest for superiority; competition; rivalry; strife; also, a challenge; a wager. [Obs.] We 'll all to church together instantly, And then a vie for boys. J. Fletcher. VIELLE Vi*elle", n. Etym: [F. Cf. Viol.] Defn: An old stringed instrument played upon with a wheel; a hurdy- gurdy. VIENNA PASTE Vi*en"na paste`. (Pharm.) Defn: A caustic application made up of equal parts of caustic potash and quicklime; -- called also Vienna caustic. VIENNESE Vi`en*nese", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Vienna, or people of Vienna. -- n. sing. & pl. Defn: An inhabitant, or the inhabitants, of Vienna. VIERKLEUR Vier"kleur`, n. [D., fr. vier four + kleur color, F. couleur.] Defn: The four-colored flag of the South African Republic, or Transvaal, -- red, white, blue, and green. VIEW View, n. Etym: [OF. veue, F. vue, fr. OF. veoir to see, p. p. veu, F. voir, p. p. vu, fr. L. videre to see. See Vision, and cl. Interview, Purview, Review, Vista.] 1. The act of seeing or beholding; sight; look; survey; examination by the eye; inspection. Thenceforth I thought thee worth my nearer view. Milton. Objects near our view are thought greater than those of a larger size are more remote. Locke. Surveying nature with too nice a view. Dryden. 2. Mental survey; intellectual perception or examination; as, a just view of the arguments or facts in a case. I have with exact view perused thee, Hector. Shak. 3. Power of seeing, either physically or mentally; reach or range of sight; extent of prospect. The walls of Pluto's palace are in view. Dryden. 4. That which is seen or beheld; sight presented to the natural or intellectual eye; scene; prospect; as, the view from a window. 'T is distance lends enchantment to the view. Campbell. 5. The pictorial representation of a scene; a sketch, as, a fine view of Lake George. 6. Mode of looking at anything; manner of apprehension; conception; opinion; judgment; as, to state one's views of the policy which ought to be pursued. To give a right view of this mistaken part of liberty. Locke. 7. That which is looked towards, or kept in sight, as object, aim, intention, purpose, design; as, he did it with a view of escaping. No man sets himself about anything but upon some view or other which serves him for a reason. Locke. 8. Appearance; show; aspect. [Obs.] [Graces] which, by the splendor of her view Dazzled, before we never knew. Waller. Field of view. See under Field. -- Point of view. See under Point. -- To have in view, to have in mind as an incident, object, or aim; as, to have one's resignation in view. -- View halloo, the shout uttered by a hunter upon seeing the fox break cover. -- View of frankpledge (Law), a court of record, held in a hundred, lordship, or manor, before the steward of the leet. Blackstone. -- View of premises (Law), the inspection by the jury of the place where a litigated transaction is said to have occurred. VIEW View, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Viewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Viewing.] 1. To see; to behold; especially, to look at with attention, or for the purpose of examining; to examine with the eye; to inspect; to explore. O, let me view his visage, being dead. Shak. Nearer to view his prey, and, unespied, To mark what of their state he more might learn. Milton. 2. To survey or examine mentally; to consider; as, to view the subject in all its aspects. The happiest youth, viewing his progress through. Shak. VIEWER View"er, n. 1. One who views or examines. 2. (Law) Defn: A person appointed to inspect highways, fences, or the like, and to report upon the same. 3. The superintendent of a coal mine. [Eng.] VIEWINESS View"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being viewy, or of having unpractical views. VIEWLESS View"less, a. Defn: Not perceivable by the eye; invisible; unseen. "Viewless winds." Shak. Swift through the valves the visionary fair Repassed, and viewless mixed with common air. Pope. VIEWLY; VIEWSOME View"ly, View"some, a. Defn: Pleasing to the sight; sightly. [Prov. Eng.] VIEWY View"y, a. 1. Having peculiar views; fanciful; visionary; unpractical; as, a viewy person. 2. Spectacular; pleasing to the eye or the imagination. A government intent on showy absurdities and viewy enterprises rather than solid work. London Spectator. VIFDA Vif"da, n. Defn: In the Orkney and Shetland Islands, beef and mutton hung and dried, but not salted. [Scot.] [Written also vivda.] Jamieson. VIGESIMAL Vi*ges"i*mal, a. Etym: [L. vigesimus twentieth, from viginti twenty.] Defn: Twentieth; divided into, or consisting of, twenties or twenty parts. Tylor. VIGESIMATION Vi*ges`i*ma"tion, n. Defn: The act of putting to death every twentieth man. [R.] VIGESIMO-QUARTO Vi*ges"i*mo-quar"to, a. Etym: [L. vigesimus quartus twenty-fourth. Cf. Duodecimo.] Defn: Having twenty-four leaves to a sheet; as, a vigesimo-quarto form, book, leaf, size, etc. VIGESIMO-QUARTO Vi*ges"i*mo-quar"to, n.; pl. -tos (. Defn: A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into twenty- four leaves; hence, indicating more or less definitely a size of book so made; -- usually written 24mo, or 24º. VIGIL Vig"il, n. Etym: [OE. vigile, L. vigilia, from vigil awake, watchful, probably akin to E. wake: cf. F. vigile. See Wake, v. i., and cf. Reveille, Surveillance, Vedette, Vegetable, Vigor.] 1. Abstinence from sleep, whether at a time when sleep is customary or not; the act of keeping awake, or the state of being awake, or the state of being awake; sleeplessness; wakefulness; watch. "Worn out by the labors and vigils of many months." Macaulay. Nothing wears out a fine face like the vigils of the card table and those cutting passions which attend them. Addison. 2. Hence, devotional watching; waking for prayer, or other religious exercises. So they in heaven their odes and vigils tuned. Milton. Be sober and keep vigil, The Judge is at the gate. Neale (Rhythm of St. Bernard). 3. (Eccl.) (a) Originally, the watch kept on the night before a feast. (b) Later, the day and the night preceding a feast. He that shall live this day, and see old age, Will yearly on the vigil feast his neighbors, And say, "To-morrow is St. Crispian." Shak. (c) A religious service performed in the evening preceding a feast. Vigils, or Watchings, of flowers (Bot.), a peculiar faculty belonging to the flowers of certain plants of opening and closing their petals as certain hours of the day. [R.] VIGILANCE Vig"i*lance, n. Etym: [L. vigilantia: cf. F. vigilance.] 1. The quality or state of being vigilant; forbearance of sleep; wakefulness. 2. Watchfulness in respect of danger; care; caution; circumspection. Cowper. And flaming ministers to watch and tend Their earthly charge; of these the vigilance I dread. Milton. 3. Guard; watch. [Obs.] "In at this gate none pass the vigilance here placed." Milton. Vigilance committee, a volunteer committee of citizens for the oversight and protection of any interest, esp. one organized for the summary suppression and punishment of crime, as when the processes of law appear inadequate. VIGILANCY Vig"i*lan*cy, n. Defn: Vigilance. [Obs.] Fuller. VIGILANT Vig"i*lant, a. Etym: [L. vigilans, -antis, p. pr. of vigilare to watch, fr. vigil awake: cf. F. vigilant. See Vigil.] Defn: Attentive to discover and avoid danger, or to provide for safety; wakeful; watchful; circumspect; wary. "Be sober, be vigilant." 1 Pet. v. 8. Sirs, take your places, and be vigilant. Shak. VIGILANTLY Vig"i*lant*ly, adv. Defn: In a vigilant manner. VIGILY Vig"i*ly, n. Etym: [L. vigilia.] Defn: A vigil. [Obs.] Chaucer. VIGINTIVIRATE Vi`gin*tiv"i*rate, n. Etym: [L. vigintiviratus, fr. vigintiviri; viginti twenty + vir a man.] Defn: The office of the vigintiviri, a body of officers of government consisting of twenty men; also, the vigintiviri. [R.] VIGNETTE Vi*gnette", n. Etym: [F. vignette, fr. vigne a vine. See Vine, and cf. Vinette.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A running ornament consisting of leaves and tendrils, used in Gothic architecture. 2. A decorative design, originally representing vine branches or tendrils, at the head of a chapter, of a manuscript or printed book, or in a similar position; hence, by extension, any small picture in a book; hence, also, as such pictures are often without a definite bounding line, any picture, as an engraving, a photograph, or the like, which vanishes gradually at the edge. VIGNETTE Vi*gnette", v. t. Defn: To make, as an engraving or a photograph, with a border or edge insensibly fading away. VIGNETTER Vi*gnett"er, n. 1. A device used by photographers in printing vignettes, consisting of a screen of paper or glass with a central aperture the edges of which become opaque by intensible gradations. 2. A maker of vignettes. VIGONIA Vi*go"ni*a, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vigogne vicuña. See Vicuña.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the vicuña; characterizing the vicuña; -- said of the wool of that animal, used in felting hats, and for other purposes. Prescott. VIGOR Vig"or, n. Etym: [OE. vigour, vigor, OF. vigor, vigur, vigour, F. vigueur, fr. L. vigor, fr. vigere to be lively or strong. See Vegetable, Vigil.] 1. Active strength or force of body or mind; capacity for exertion, physically, intellectually, or morally; force; energy. The vigor of this arm was never vain. Dryden. 2. Strength or force in animal or force in animal or vegetable nature or action; as, a plant grows with vigor. 3. Strength; efficacy; potency. But in the fruithful earth . . . His beams, unactive else, their vigor find. Milton. Note: Vigor and its derivatives commonly imply active strength, or the power of action and exertion, in distinction from passive strength, or strength to endure. VIGOR Vig"or, v. t. Defn: To invigorate. [Obs.] Feltham. VIGORITE Vig"or*ite, n. Etym: [L. vigor strength.] Defn: An explosive containing nitroglycerin. It is used in blasting. VIGOROSO Vig`o*ro"so, a. & adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Vigorous; energetic; with energy; -- a direction to perform a passage with energy and force. VIGOROUS Vig"or*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. vigoros, F. vigoureux, LL. vigorosus.] 1. Possessing vigor; full of physical or mental strength or active force; strong; lusty; robust; as, a vigorous youth; a vigorous plant. Famed for his valor, young, At sea successful, vigorous and strong. Waller. 2. Exhibiting strength, either of body or mind; powerful; strong; forcible; energetic; as, vigorous exertions; a vigorous prosecution of a war. The beginnings of confederacies have been always vigorous and successful. Davenant. -- Vig"or*ous*ly, adv. -- Vig"or*ous*ness, n. VIKING Vi"king, n. Etym: [Icel. vikingr, fr. vik a bay, inlet.] Defn: One belonging to the pirate crews from among the Northmen, who plundered the coasts of Europe in the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries. Of grim Vikings, and the rapture Of the sea fight, and the capture, And the life of slavery. Longfellow. Note: Vikings differs in meaning from sea king, with which frequently confounded. "The sea king was a man connected with a royal race, either of the small kings of the country, or of the Haarfager family, and who, by right, received the title of king as soon he took the command of men, although only of a single ship's crew, and without having any land or kingdom . . . Vikings were merely pirates, alternately peasants and pirates, deriving the name of viking from the vicks, wicks, or inlets, on the coast in which they harbored with their long ships or rowing galleys." Laing. VILANY Vil"a*ny, n. Defn: Villainy. [Obs.] Chaucer. VILAYET Vi`la*yet", n. Etym: [Turk., from Ar. wilayah.] Defn: One of the chief administrative divisions or provinces of the Ottoman Empire; -- formerly called eyalet. VILD Vild, a. Etym: [As if the p. p. of a verb to vile. See Vile, a.] Defn: Vile. [Obs.] "That vild race." Spenser. -- Vild"ly, adv. [Obs.] Spenser. VILE Vile, a. [Comp. Viler; superl. Vilest.] Etym: [OE. vil, F. vil, from L. vilis cheap, worthless, vile, base.] 1. Low; base; worthless; mean; despicable. A poor man in vile raiment. James ii. 2. The craft either of fishing, which was Peter's, or of making tents, which was Paul's, were [was] more vile than the science of physic. Ridley. The inhabitants account gold but as a vile thing. Abp. Abbot. 2. Morally base or impure; depraved by sin; hateful; in the sight of God and men; sinful; wicked; bad. "Such vile base practices." Shak. Behold, I am vile; what shall I answer thee Job xl. 4. Syn. -- See Base. -- Vile"ly, adv. -- Vile"ness, n. VILED Viled, a. Etym: [See Vild.] Defn: Abusive; scurrilous; defamatory; vile. [Obs.] "Viled speeches." Hayward. VILEYNS Vil"eyns, a. Etym: [See Villain.] Defn: Villainous. [Obs.] "Vileyns sinful deeds make a churl." Chaucer. VILIFICATION Vil`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act of vilifying or defaming; abuse. South. VILIFIER Vil"i*fi`er, n. Defn: One who vilifies or defames. VILIFY Vil"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vilified; p. pr. & vb. n. Vilifying.] Etym: [L. vilis vile + -fly; cf. L. vilificare to esteem of little value.] 1. To make vile; to debase; to degrade; to disgrace. [R.] When themselves they vilified To serve ungoverned appetite. Milton. 2. To degrade or debase by report; to defame; to traduce; to calumniate. I. Taylor. Many passions dispose us to depress and vilify the merit of one rising in the esteem of mankind. Addison. 3. To treat as vile; to despise. [Obs.] I do vilify your censure. Beau. & Fl. VILIPEND Vil"i*pend, v. t. Etym: [L. vilipendere; vilis vile + pendere to weigh, to value: cf. F. vilipender.] Defn: To value lightly; to depreciate; to slight; to despise. To vilipend the art of portrait painting. Longfellow. VILIPENDENCY Vil"i*pend"en*cy, n. Defn: Disesteem; slight; disparagement. [R.] E. Waterhouse. VILITY Vil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. vilitas: cf. F. vileté, vilité, OF. vilté.] Defn: Vileness; baseness. [Obs.] Kennet. VILL Vill, n. Etym: [OF. ville, vile, a village, F. ville a town, city. See Villa.] Defn: A small collection of houses; a village. "Every manor, town, or vill." Sir M. Hale. Not should e'er the crested fowl From thorp or vill his matins sound for me. Wordsworth. Note: A word of various significations in English, law; as, a manor; a tithing; a town; a township; a parish; a part of a parish; a village. The original meaning of vill, in England, seems to have been derived from the Roman sense of the term villa, a single country residence or farm; a manor. Later, the term was applied only to a collection of houses more than two, and hence came to comprehend towns. Burrill. The statute of Exeter, 14 Edward I., mentions entire- vills, demivills, and hamlets. VILLA Vil"la, n.; pl. Villas. Etym: [L. villa, LL. also village, dim. of L. vicus a village: cf. It. & F. villa. See Vicinity, and cf. Vill, Village, Villain.] Defn: A country seat; a country or suburban residence of some pretensions to elegance. Dryden. Cowper. VILLAGE Vil"lage (; 48), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. villaticus belonging to a country house or villa. See Villa, and cf. Villatic.] Defn: A small assemblage of houses in the country, less than a town or city. Village cart, a kind of two-wheeled pleasure carriage without a top. Syn. -- Village, Hamlet, Town, City. In England, a hamlet denotes a collection of houses, too small to have a parish church. A village has a church, but no market. A town has both a market and a church or churches. A city is, in the legal sense, an incorporated borough town, which is, or has been, the place of a bishop's see. In the United States these distinctions do not hold. VILLAGER Vil"la*ger, n. Defn: An inhabitant of a village. Brutus had rather be a villager Than to repute himself a son of Rome Under these hard condition. Shak. VILLAGERY Vil"lage*ry, n. Defn: Villages; a district of villages. [Obs.] "The maidens of the villagery." Shak. VILLAIN Vil"lain, n. Etym: [OE. vilein, F. vilain, LL. villanus, from villa a village, L. villa a farm. See Villa.] 1. (Feudal Law) Defn: One who holds lands by a base, or servile, tenure, or in villenage; a feudal tenant of the lowest class, a bondman or servant. [In this sense written also villan, and villein.] If any of my ansectors was a tenant, and a servant, and held his lands as a villain to his lord, his posterity also must do so, though accidentally they become noble. Jer. Taylor. Note: Villains were of two sorts; villains regardant, that is, annexed to the manor (LL. adscripti glebæ); and villains in gross, that is, annexed to the person of their lord, and transferable from one to another. Blackstone. 2. A baseborn or clownish person; a boor. [R.] Pour the blood of the villain in one basin, and the blood of the gentleman in another, what difference shall there be proved Becon. 3. A vile, wicked person; a man extremely depraved, and capable or guilty of great crimes; a deliberate scoundrel; a knave; a rascal; a scamp. Like a villain with a smiling cheek. Shak. Calm, thinking villains, whom no faith could fix. Pope. VILLAIN Vil"lain, a. Etym: [F. vilain.] Defn: Villainous. [R.] Shak. VILLAIN Vil"lain, v. t. Defn: To debase; to degrade. [Obs.] Sir T. More. VILLAINOUS Vil"lain*ous, a. Etym: [Written also villanous.] 1. Base; vile; mean; depraved; as, a villainous person or wretch. 2. Proceeding from, or showing, extreme depravity; suited to a villain; as, a villainous action. 3. Sorry; mean; mischievous; -- in a familiar sense. "A villainous trick of thine eye." Shak. Villainous judgment (O. E. Law), a judgment that casts reproach on the guilty person. --- Vil"lain*ous*ly, adv. Vil"lain*ous*ness, n. VILLAINY Vil"lain*y, n.; pl. Villainies. Etym: [OE. vilanie, OF. vilanie, vilainie, vileinie, vilanie, LL. villania. See Villain, n.] [Written also villany.] 1. The quality or state of being a villain, or villainous; extreme depravity; atrocious wickedness; as, the villainy of the seducer. "Lucre of vilanye." Chaucer. The commendation is not in his wit, but in his villainy. Shak. 2. Abusive, reproachful language; discourteous speech; foul talk. [Archaic] He never yet not vileinye ne said In all his life, unto no manner wight. Chaucer. In our modern language, it [foul language] is termed villainy, as being proper for rustic boors, or men of coarsest education and employment. Barrow. Villainy till a very late day expressed words foul and disgraceful to the utterer much oftener than deeds. Trench. 3. The act of a villain; a deed of deep depravity; a crime. Such villainies roused Horace into wrath. Dryden. That execrable sum of all villainies commonly called a slave trade. John Wesley. VILLAKIN Vil"la*kin, n. Defn: A little villa. [R.] Gay. VILLAN Vil"lan, n. Defn: A villain. [R.] VILLANAGE Vil"lan*age (; 48), n. Etym: [OF. villenage, vilenage. See Villain.] 1. (Feudal Law) Defn: The state of a villain, or serf; base servitude; tenure on condition of doing the meanest services for the lord. [In this sense written also villenage, and villeinage.] I speak even now as if sin were condemned in a perpetual villanage, never to be manumitted. Milton. Some faint traces of villanage were detected by the curious so late as the days of the Stuarts. Macaulay. 2. Baseness; infamy; villainy. [Obs.] Dryden. VILLANEL Vil`la*nel", n. Etym: [See Villanelle.] Defn: A ballad. [Obs.] Cotton. VILLANELLA Vil`la*nel"la, n.; pl. Villanelle. Etym: [It., a pretty country girl.] (Mus.) Defn: An old rustic dance, accompanied with singing. VILLANELLE Vil`la*nelle", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A poem written in tercets with but two rhymes, the first and third verse of the first stanza alternating as the third verse in each successive stanza and forming a couplet at the close. E. W. Gosse. VILLANETTE Vil`la*nette", n. Etym: [Dim. of villa; formed on the analogy of the French.] Defn: A small villa. [R.] VILLANIZE Vil"lan*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Villanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Villanizing.] Defn: To make vile; to debase; to degrade; to revile. [R.] Were virtue by descent, a noble name Could never villanize his father's fame. Dryden. VILLANIZER Vil"lan*i`zer, n. Defn: One who villanizes. [R.] VILLANOUS; VILLANOUSLY; VILLANOUSNESS Vil"lan*ous, a. Vil"lan*ous*ly, adv., Vil"lan*ous*ness, n., Defn: See Villainous, etc. VILLANY Vil"lan*y, n. Defn: See Villainy. VILLATIC Vil*lat"ic, a. Etym: [L. villaticus belonging to a country house. See Village.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a farm or a village; rural. "Tame villatic fowl." Milton. VILLEIN Vil"lein, n. (Feudal Law) Defn: See Villain, 1. VILLENAGE Vil"len*age, n. Etym: [See Villanage.] (Feudal Law) Defn: Villanage. Blackstone. VILLENOUS Vil"len*ous, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a villein. VILLI Vil"li, n. Defn: , pl. of Villus. VILLIFORM Vil"li*form, a. Etym: [Villus + -form.] Defn: Having the form or appearance of villi; like close-set fibers, either hard or soft; as, the teeth of perch are villiform. VILLOSE Vil*lose", a. (Bot.) Defn: See Villous. VILLOSITY Vil*los"i*ty, n. 1. State of being villous. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A coating of long, slender hairs. 3. (Anat.) Defn: A villus. VILLOUS Vil"lous, a. Etym: [L. villosus: cf. F. villeux. Cf. Velvet.] 1. Abounding in, or covered with, fine hairs, or a woolly substance; shaggy with soft hairs; nappy. 2. (Anat.) Defn: Furnished or clothed with villi. VILLUS Vil"lus, n.; pl. Villi. Etym: [L., shaggy hair, a tuft of hair.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: One of the minute papillary processes on certain vascular membranes; a villosity; as, villi cover the lining of the small intestines of many animals and serve to increase the absorbing surface. 2. pl. (Bot.) Defn: Fine hairs on plants, resembling the pile of velvet. VIM Vim, n. Etym: [L., accusative of vis strength.] Defn: Power; force; energy; spirit; activity; vigor. [Colloq.] VIMEN Vi"men, n. Etym: [L., a twig.] (Bot.) Defn: A long, slender, flexible shoot or branch. VIMINAL Vim"i*nal, a. Etym: [L. viminalis pertaining to osiers, fr. vimen a pliant twig, osier.] Defn: Of or pertaining to twigs; consisting of twigs; producing twigs. VIMINEOUS Vi*min"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. vimineus, fr. vimen pliant twig.] 1. Of or pertaining to twigs; made of pliant twigs. "In the hive's vimineous dome." Prior. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Producing long, slender twigs or shoots. VINACEOUS Vi*na"ceous, a. Etym: [L. vinaceus. See Vine.] 1. Belonging to, or like, wine or grapes. 2. Of the color of wine, especially of red wine. VINAIGRETTE Vin`ai*grette", n. Etym: [F., fr. vinaigre vinegar.] 1. (Cookery) Defn: A sauce, made of vinegar, oil, and other ingredients, -- used esp. for cold meats. 2. A small perforated box for holding aromatic vinegar contained in a sponge, or a smelling bottle for smelling salts; -- called also vinegarette. 3. A small, two-wheeled vehicle, like a Bath chair, to be drawn or pushed by a boy or man. [R.] VINAIGROUS Vin"ai*grous, a. Etym: [F. vinaigre vinegar.] 1. Resembling vinegar; sour. 2. Fig.: Unamiable; morose. Carlyle. VINASSE Vi*nasse", n. Etym: [F.] (Chem.) Defn: The waste liquor remaining in the process of making beet sugar, -- used in the manufacture of potassium carbonate. VINATICO Vi*nat"i*co, n. Etym: [Pg. vinhatico.] Defn: Madeira mahogany; the coarse, dark-colored wood of the Persea Indica. VINCENTIAN Vin*cen"tian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Saint Vincent de Paul, or founded by him. [R.] VINCENTIAN Vin*cen"tian, n. (R. C. Ch.) (a) Same as Lazarist. (b) A member of certain charitable sisterhoods. VINCETOXIN Vin`ce*tox"in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside extracted from the root of the white swallowwort (Vincetoxicum officinale, a plant of the Asclepias family) as a bitter yellow amorphous substance; -- called also asclepiadin, and cynanchin. VINCIBILITY Vin`ci*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vincible, vincibleness. VINCIBLE Vin"ci*ble, a. Etym: [L. vincibilis, fr. vincere to vanquish, conquer: cf. F. vincible. See Victor.] Defn: Capable of being overcome or subdued; conquerable. "He, not vincible in spirit . . . drew his sword." Hayward. "Vincible by human aid." Paley. Vincible ignorance (Theol.), ignorance within the individual's control and for which, therefore, he is responsible before God. VINCIBLENESS Vin"ci*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vincible. VINCTURE Vinc"ture, n. Etym: [L. vinctura, fr. vincire, vinctum, to bind.] Defn: A binding. [Obs.] VINCULUM Vin"cu*lum, n.; pl. L. Vincula, E. Vinculums. Etym: [L., from vincire, vinctum, to bind.] 1. A bond of union; a tie. 2. (Math.) Defn: A straight, horizontal mark placed over two or more members of a compound quantity, which are to be subjected to the same operation, as in the expression x2 + y2 - x + y. 3. (Anat.) Defn: A band or bundle of fibers; a frænum. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: A commissure uniting the two main tendons in the foot of certain birds. VINDEMIAL Vin*de"mi*al, a. Etym: [L. vindemialis, fr. vindemia a vintage. See Vintage.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a vintage, or grape harvest. [R.] VINDEMIATE Vin*de"mi*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. vindemiare. See Vindemial.] Defn: To gather the vintage. [Obs.] Evelyn. VINDEMIATION Vin*de`mi*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. vindemiatio.] Defn: The operation of gathering grapes. [Obs.] Bailey. VINDICABLE Vin"di*ca*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being vindicated. -- Vin`di*ca*bil"i*ty, n. VINDICATE Vin"di*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vindicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Vindicating.] Etym: [L. vindicatus, p. p. of vindicare to lay claim to, defend, avenge. See Vengeance.] 1. To lay claim to; to assert a right to; to claim. [R.] Is thine alone the seed that strews the plain The birds of heaven shall vindicate their grain. Pope. 2. To maintain or defend with success; to prove to be valid; to assert convincingly; to sustain against assault; as, to vindicate a right, claim, or title. 3. To support or maintain as true or correct, against denial, censure, or objections; to defend; to justify. When the respondent denies any proposition, the opponent must directly vindicate . . . that proposition. I. Watts. Laugh where we must, be candid where we can, But vindicate the ways of God to man. Pope. 4. To maintain, as a law or a cause, by overthrowing enemies. Milton. 5. To liberate; to set free; to deliver. [Obs.] I am confident he deserves much more That vindicates his country from a tyrant Than he that saves a citizen. Massinger. 6. To avenge; to punish; as, a war to vindicate or punish infidelity. [Obs.] Bacon. God is more powerful to exact subjection and to vindicate rebellion. Bp. Pearson. Syn. -- To assert; maintain; claim. See Assert. VINDICATION Vin`di*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. vindicatio a laying claim, defense, vindication. See Vindicate.] 1. The act of vindicating, or the state of being vindicated; defense; justification against denial or censure; as, the vindication of opinions; his vindication is complete. Occasion for the vindication of this passage in my book. Locke. 2. (Civil Law) Defn: The claiming a thing as one's own; the asserting of a right or title in, or to, a thing. Burrill. VINDICATIVE Vin"di*ca*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vindicatif. Cf. Vindictive.] 1. Tending to vindicate; vindicating; as, a vindicative policy. 2. Revengeful; vindictive. [Obs.] Vindicative persons live the life of witches, who, as they are mischievous, so end they infortunate. Bacon. -- Vin"di*ca*tive*ness, n. VINDICATOR Vin"di*ca`tor, n. Etym: [LL., an avenger.] Defn: One who vindicates; one who justifies or maintains. Locke. VINDICATORY Vin"di*ca*to*ry, a. 1. Tending or serving to vindicate or justify; justificatory; vindicative. 2. Inflicting punishment; avenging; punitory. The afflictions of Job were no vindicatory punishments to take vengeance of his sins. Abp. Bramhall. VINDICTIVE Vin*dic"tive, a. Etym: [For vindicative, confused with L. vindicta revenge, punishment, fr. vindicare to vindicate. Cf. Vindicative.] 1. Disposed to revenge; prompted or characterized by revenge; revengeful. I am vindictive enough to repel force by force. Dryden. 2. Punitive. [Obs.] Vindictive damages. (Law) See under Damage, n. -- Vin*dic"tive*ly, adv. -- Vin*dic"tive*ness, n. VINE Vine, n. Etym: [F. vigne, L. vinea a vineyard, vine from vineus of or belonging to wine, vinum wine, grapes. See Wine, and cf. Vignette.] (Bot.) (a) Any woody climbing plant which bears grapes. (b) Hence, a climbing or trailing plant; the long, slender stem of any plant that trails on the ground, or climbs by winding round a fixed object, or by seizing anything with its tendrils, or claspers; a creeper; as, the hop vine; the bean vine; the vines of melons, squashes, pumpkins, and other cucurbitaceous plants. There shall be no grapes on the vine. Jer. viii. 13. And one went out into the field to gather herbs, and found a wild vine, and gathered thereof wild gourds. 2 Kings iv. 89. Vine apple (Bot.), a small kind of squash. Roger Williams. -- Vine beetle (Zoöl.), any one of several species of beetles which are injurious to the leaves or branches of the grapevine. Among the more important species are the grapevine fidia (see Fidia), the spotted Pelidnota (see Rutilian), the vine fleabeetle (Graptodera chalybea), the rose beetle (see under Rose), the vine weevil, and several species of Colaspis and Anomala. -- Vine borer. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of beetles whose larvæ bore in the wood or pith of the grapevine, especially Sinoxylon basilare, a small species the larva of which bores in the stems, and Ampeloglypter sesostris, a small reddish brown weevil (called also vine weevil), which produces knotlike galls on the branches. (b) A clearwing moth (Ægeria polistiformis), whose larva bores in the roots of the grapevine and is often destructive. -- Vine dragon, an old and fruitless branch of a vine. [Obs.] Holland. -- Vine forester (Zoöl.), any one of several species of moths belonging to Alypia and allied genera, whose larvæ feed on the leaves of the grapevine. -- Vine fretter (Zoöl.), a plant louse, esp. the phylloxera that injuries the grapevine. -- Vine grub (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of insect larvæ that are injurious to the grapevine. -- Vine hopper (Zoöl.), any one of several species of leaf hoppers which suck the sap of the grapevine, especially Erythroneura vitis. See Illust. of Grape hopper, under Grape. -- Vine inchworm (Zoöl.), the larva of any species of geometrid moths which feed on the leaves of the grapevine, especially Cidaria diversilineata. -- Vine-leaf rooer (Zoöl.), a small moth (Desmia maculalis) whose larva makes a nest by rolling up the leaves of the grapevine. The moth is brownish black, spotted with white. -- Vine louse (Zoöl.), the phylloxera. -- Vine mildew (Bot.), a fungous growth which forms a white, delicate, cottony layer upon the leaves, young shoots, and fruit of the vine, causing brown spots upon the green parts, and finally a hardening and destruction of the vitality of the surface. The plant has been called Oidium Tuckeri, but is now thought to be the conidia- producing stage of an Erysiphe. -- Vine of Sodom (Bot.), a plant named in the Bible (Deut. xxxii. 32), now thought to be identical with the apple of Sodom. See Apple of Sodom, under Apple. -- Vine sawfly (Zoöl.), a small black sawfiy (Selandria vitis) whose larva feeds upon the leaves of the grapevine. The larvæ stand side by side in clusters while feeding. -- Vine slug (Zoöl.), the larva of the vine sawfly. -- Vine sorrel (Bot.), a climbing plant (Cissus acida) related to the grapevine, and having acid leaves. It is found in Florida and the West Indies. -- Vine sphinx (Zoöl.), any one of several species of hawk moths. The larvæ feed on grapevine leaves. -- Vine weevil. (Zoöl.) See Vine borer (a) above, and Wound gall, under Wound. VINEAL Vi"ne*al, a. Etym: [L. vinealis.] Defn: Of or pertaining to vines; containing vines. [R.] Sir T. Browne. VINE-CLAD Vine"-clad`, a. Defn: Covered with vines. VINED Vined, a. Defn: Having leaves like those of the vine; ornamented with vine leaves. "Vined and figured columns." Sir H. Wotton. VINEDRESSER Vine"dress`er, n. Defn: One who cultivates, prunes, or cares for, grapevines; a laborer in a vineyard. The sons of the shall be your plowmen and your vinedressers. Isa. lxi. 5. VINEGAR Vin"e*gar, n. Etym: [OE. vinegre, F. vinaigre; vin wine (L. vinum) + aigre sour. See Wine, and Eager, a.] 1. A sour liquid used as a condiment, or as a preservative, and obtained by the spontaneous (acetous) fermentation, or by the artificial oxidation, of wine, cider, beer, or the like. Note: The characteristic sourness of vinegar is due to acetic acid, of which it contains from three to five per cent. Wine vinegar contains also tartaric acid, citric acid, etc. 2. Hence, anything sour; -- used also metaphorically. Here's the challenge: . . . I warrant there's vinegar and pepper in't. Shak. Aromatic vinegar, strong acetic acid highly flavored with aromatic substances. -- Mother of vinegar. See 4th Mother. -- Radical vinegar, acetic acid. -- Thieves' vinegar. See under Thief. -- Vinegar eel (Zoöl.), a minute nematode worm (Leptodera oxophila, or Anguillula acetiglutinis), commonly found in great numbers in vinegar, sour paste, and other fermenting vegetable substances; -- called also vinegar worm. -- Vinegar lamp (Chem.), a fanciful name of an apparatus designed to oxidize alcohol to acetic acid by means of platinum. -- Vinegar plant. See 4th Mother. -- Vinegar tree (Bot.), the stag-horn sumac (Rhus typhina), whose acid berries have been used to intensify the sourness of vinegar. -- Wood vinegar. See under Wood. VINEGAR Vin"e*gar, v. t. Defn: To convert into vinegar; to make like vinegar; to render sour or sharp. [Obs.] Hoping that he hath vinegared his senses As he was bid. B. Jonson. VINEGARETTE Vin`e*gar*ette", n. Defn: See Vinaigrette, n., 2. VINEGAR FLY Vin"e*gar fly. Defn: Any of several fruit flies, esp. Drosophila ampelopophila, which breed in imperfectly sealed preserves and in pickles. VINEGARROON Vin`e*gar*roon", n. [Cf. Sp. vinagre vinegar.] Defn: A whip scorpion, esp. a large Mexican species (Thelyphonus giganteus) popularly supposed to be very venomous; -- from the odor that it emits when alarmed. VINEGARY Vin"e*gar*y, a. Defn: Having the nature of vinegar; sour; unamiable. VINER Vin"er, n. Defn: A vinedresser. [Obs.] VINERY Vin"er*y, n. 1. A vineyard. [Obs.] "The vinery of Ramer." Fabyan. 2. A structure, usually inclosed with glass, for rearing and protecting vines; a grapery. VINETTE Vi*nette", n. Etym: [Cf. Vignette.] Defn: A sprig or branch. [Archaic] Halliwell. VINEWED Vin"ewed, a. Defn: Same as Vinnewed. VINEYARD Vine"yard, n. Etym: [For OE. winyard, AS. wingeard; influenced by E. vine. See Wine, and Yard an inclosure.] Defn: An inclosure or yard for grapevines; a plantation of vines producing grapes. VINEYARDIST Vine"yard*ist, n. Defn: One who cultivates a vineyard. VINGT ET UN Vingt` et` un". Etym: [F., twenty and one.] Defn: A game at cards, played by two or more persons. The fortune of each player depends upon obtaining from the dealer such cards that the sum of their pips, or spots, is twenty-one, or a number near to it. VINGTUN Vingt`un", n. Defn: Contraction for Vingt et un. VINIC Vin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to wine; as, vinic alcohol. VINICULTURE Vin"i*cul`ture, n. Etym: [L. vinum wine + cultura culture.] Defn: The cultivation of the vine, esp. for making wine; viticulture. VINIFICATION Vin`i*fi*ca"tion, n. [L. vinum wine + E. -fication.] Defn: The conversion of a fruit juice or other saccharine solution into alcohol by fermentation. VINNEWED Vin"newed, a. Etym: [See Fenowed.] Defn: Moldy; musty. [Written also vinewed.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] -- Vin"newed*ness, n. [Obs.] Many of Chaucer's words are become, as it were, vinnewed and hoary with over-long lying. F. Beaumont. VINNY Vin"ny, a. Defn: Vinnewed. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] VINOLENCY Vin"o*len*cy, n. Etym: [L. vinolentina. See Vinolent.] Defn: Drunkennes. [Obs.] VINOLENT Vin"o*lent, a. Etym: [L. vinolentus, fr. vinum wine.] Defn: Given to wine; drunken; intemperate. [Obs.] Chaucer. VINOMETER Vin*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. vinum vine + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for determining the strength or purity of wine by measuring its density. VIN ORDINAIRE Vin` or`di`naire". Etym: [F., lit., common wine.] Defn: A cheap claret, used as a table wine in France. VINOSE Vi*nose", a. Defn: Vinous. VINOSITY Vi*nos"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. vinositas: cf. F. vinosité.] Defn: The quality or state of being vinous. VINOUS Vi"nous, a. Etym: [L. vinosus, fr. vinum wine: cf. F. vineux. See Wine.] Defn: Of or pertaining to wine; having the qualities of wine; as, a vinous taste. VINQUISH Vin"quish, n. (Far.) Defn: See Vanquish, n. VINTAGE Vint"age (; 48), n. Etym: [Corrupted by influence of vintner, vintry, from OE. vindage, vendage, for vendange, OF. vendenge, F. vendange, from L. vindemia; vinum wine, grapes + demere to take off; de + emere, originally, to take. See Wine, Redeem, and cf. Vindemial.] 1. The produce of the vine for one season, in grapes or in wine; as, the vintage is abundant; the vintage of 1840. 2. The act or time of gathering the crop of grapes, or making the wine for a season. Vintage spring, a wine fount. -- Vintage time, the time of gathering grapes and making wine. Milton. VINTAGER Vint"a*ger, n. Etym: [From Vintage: cf. F. vendangeur.] Defn: One who gathers the vintage. VINTAGING Vint"a*ging, n. Defn: The act of gathering the vintage, or crop of grapes. VINTNER Vint"ner, n. Etym: [OE. vintener, viniter, OF. vinetier, vinotier, LL. vinetarius, fr. L. vinetum a vineyard, fr. vinum wine. See Wine.] Defn: One who deals in wine; a wine seller, or wine merchant. VINTRY Vint"ry, n. Etym: [OE. viniterie, from OF. vinotier, vinetier, wine merchant. See Vintner.] Defn: A place where wine is sold. [Obs.] Ainsworth. VINUM Vi"num, n.; pl. Vina (#). [L. See Wine.] Defn: Wine, --chiefly used in Pharmacy in the name of solutions of some medicinal substance in wine; as: vina medicata, medicated wines; vinum opii, wine of opium. VINY Vin"y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to vines; producing, or abounding in, vines. P. Fletcher. VINYL Vi"nyl, n. Etym: [L. vinum wine + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The hypothetical radical C2H3, regarded as the characteristic residue of ethylene and that related series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with which the allyl compounds are homologous. VIOL Vi"ol, n. Etym: [F. viole; cf. Pr. viola, viula, Sp., Pg., & It. viola, LL. vitula; of uncertain origin; perhaps from L. vitulari to celebrate a festival, keep holiday, be joyful, perhaps originally, to sacrifice a calf (vitulus; cf. Veal). Cf. Fiddle, Vielle, 2d Viola, Violin.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: A stringed musical instrument formerly in use, of the same form as the violin, but larger, and having six strings, to be struck with a bow, and the neck furnished with frets for stopping the strings. Me softer airs befit, and softer strings Of lute, or viol still, more apt for mournful things. Milton. Note: The name is now applied as a general term to designate instruments of the violin kind, as tenor viol, bass viol, etc. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A large rope sometimes used in weighing anchor. [Written also voyal, and voyal.] Totten. VIOLA Vi"o*la, n. Etym: [L., a violet. See Violet.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of polypetalous herbaceous plants, including all kinds of violets. VIOLA Vi"o*la, n. Etym: [It. See Viol.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument in form and use resembling the violin, but larger, and a fifth lower in compass. Viola da braccio Etym: [It., viol for the arm], the tenor viol, or viola, a fifth lower than the violin. Its part is written in the alto clef, hence it is sometimes called the alto. -- Viola da gamba Etym: [It., viol for the leg], an instrument resembling the viola, but larger, and held between the knees. It is now rarely used. -- Viola da spalla Etym: [It., viol for the shoulder], an instrument formerly used, resembling the viola, and intermediate in size between the viola and the viola da gamba. -- Viola di amore Etym: [It., viol of love: cf. F. viole d'amour], a viol, larger than the viola, having catgut strings upon, and brass or steel wires under, the keyboard. These, sounding sympathetically with the strings, yield a peculiarly soft and silvery sound. It is now seldom used. VIOLABLE Vi"o*la*ble, a. Etym: [L. violabilis: cf. F. violable. See Violate.] Defn: Capable of being violated, broken, or injured. -- Vi"o*la*bly, adv. VIOLACEOUS Vi`o*la"ceous, a. Etym: [L. violaceus, fr. viola a violet.] 1. Resembling violets in color; bluish purple. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants, of which the violet is the type. It contains about twenty genera and two hundred and fifty species. VIOLANILINE Vi`o*lan"i*line, n. Etym: [Violet + aniline.] (Chem.) Defn: A dyestuff of the induline group, made from aniline, and used as a substitute for indigo in dyeing wool and silk a violet-blue or a gray-blue color. VIOLANTIN Vi`o*lan"tin, n. Etym: [See Violuric.] (Chem.) Defn: A complex nitrogenous substance, produced as a yellow crystalline substance, and regarded as a complex derivative of barbituric acid. VIOLAQUERCITRIN Vi`o*la*quer"cit*rin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow crystalline glucoside obtained from the pansy (Viola tricolor), and decomposing into glucose and quercitrin. VIOLASCENT Vi`o*las"cent, a. Defn: Violescent. [R.] VIOLATE Vi"o*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Violates; p. pr. & vb. n. Violating.] Etym: [L. violatus, p. p. of violare to violate, fr. vis strength, force. See Violent.] 1. To treat in a violent manner; to abuse. His wife Boadicea violated with stripes, his daughters with rape. Milton. 2. To do violence to, as to anything that should be held sacred or respected; to profane; to desecrate; to break forcibly; to trench upon; to infringe. Violated vows 'Twixt the souls of friend and friend. Shak. Oft have they violated The temple, oft the law, with foul affronts. Milton. 3. To disturb; to interrupt. "Employed, it seems, to violate sleep." Milton. 4. To commit rape on; to ravish; to outrage. Syn. -- To injure; disturb; interrupt; infringe; transgress; profane; deflour; debauch; dishonor. VIOLATION Vi`o*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. violatio: cf. F. violation.] Defn: The act of violating, treating with violence, or injuring; the state of being violated. Specifically: -- (a) Infringement; transgression; nonobservance; as, the violation of law or positive command, of covenants, promises, etc. "The violation of my faith." Shak. (b) An act of irreverence or desecration; profanation or contemptuous treatment of sacred things; as, the violation of a church. Udall. (c) Interruption, as of sleep or peace; disturbance. (d) Ravishment; rape; outrage. Shak. VIOLATIVE Vi"o*la*tive, a. Defn: Violating, or tending to violate. VIOLATOR Vi"o*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who violates; an infringer; a profaner; a ravisher. VIOLE Vi"ole, n. Defn: A vial. [Obs.] Chaucer. VIOLENCE Vi"o*lence, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. violentia. See Violent.] 1. The quality or state of being violent; highly excited action, whether physical or moral; vehemence; impetuosity; force. That seal You ask with such a violence, the king, Mine and your master, with his own hand gave me. Shak. All the elements At least had gone to wrack, disturbed and torn With the violence of this conflict. Milton. 2. Injury done to that which is entitled to respect, reverence, or observance; profanation; infringement; unjust force; outrage; assault. Do violence to do man. Luke iii. 14. We can not, without offering violence to all records, divine and human, deny an universal deluge. T. Burnet. Looking down, he saw The whole earth filled with violence. Milton. 3. Ravishment; rape; constupration. To do violence on, to attack; to murder. "She . . . did violence on herself." Shak. -- To do violence to, to outrage; to injure; as, he does violence to his own opinions. Syn. -- Vehemence; outrage; fierceness; eagerness; violation; infraction; infringement; transgression; oppression. VIOLENCE Vi"o*lence, v. t. Defn: To assault; to injure; also, to bring by violence; to compel. [Obs.] B. Jonson. VIOLENT Vi"o*lent, a. Etym: [F., from L. violentus, from vis strength, force; probably akin to Gr. 1. Moving or acting with physical strength; urged or impelled with force; excited by strong feeling or passion; forcible; vehement; impetuous; fierce; furious; severe; as, a violent blow; the violent attack of a disease. Float upon a wild and violent sea. Shak. A violent cross wind from either coast. Milton. 2. Acting, characterized, or produced by unjust or improper force; outrageous; unauthorized; as, a violent attack on the right of free speech. To bring forth more violent deeds. Milton. Some violent hands were laid on Humphrey's life. Shak. 3. Produced or effected by force; not spontaneous; unnatural; abnormal. These violent delights have violent ends. Shak. No violent state can be perpetual. T. Burnet. Ease would recant Vows made in pain, as violent and void. Milton. Violent presumption (Law), presumption of a fact that arises from proof of circumstances which necessarily attend such facts. -- Violent profits (Scots Law), rents or profits of an estate obtained by a tenant wrongfully holding over after warning. They are recoverable in a process of removing. Syn. -- Fierce; vehement; outrageous; boisterous; turbulent; impetuous; passionate; severe; extreme. VIOLENT Vi"o*lent, n. Defn: An assailant. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. VIOLENT Vi"o*lent, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. violenter.] Defn: To urge with violence. [Obs.] Fuller. VIOLENT Vi"o*lent, v. i. Defn: To be violent; to act violently. [Obs.] The grief is fine, full, perfect, that I taste, An violenteth in a sense as strong As that which causeth it. Shak. VIOLENTLY Vi"o*lent*ly, adv. Defn: In a violent manner. VIOLESCENT Vi`o*les"cent, a. Etym: [L. viola a violet.] Defn: Tending to a violet color; violascent. VIOLET Vi"o*let, n. Etym: [F. violette a violet (cf. violet violet-colored), dim. of OF. viole a violet, L. viola; akin to Gr. Iodine.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant or flower of the genus Viola, of many species. The violets are generally low, herbaceous plants, and the flowers of many of the species are blue, while others are white or yellow, or of several colors, as the pansy (Viola tricolor). Note: The cultivated sweet violet is Viola odorata of Europe. The common blue violet of the eastern United States is V. cucullata; the sand, or bird-foot, violet is V. pedata. 2. The color of a violet, or that part of the spectrum farthest from red. It is the most refrangible part of the spectrum. 3. In art, a color produced by a combination of red and blue in equal proportions; a bluish purple color. Mollett. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small violet-colored butterflies belonging to Lycæna, or Rusticus, and allied genera. Corn violet. See under Corn. -- Dame's violet. (Bot.) See Damewort. -- Dogtooth violet. (Bot.) See under Dogtooth. -- Water violet (Bot.), an aquatic European herb (Hottonia palustris) with pale purplish flowers and pinnatifid leaves. VIOLET Vi"o*let, a. Etym: [Cf. F. violet. See Violet, n.] Defn: Dark blue, inclining to red; bluish purple; having a color produced by red and blue combined. Violet shell (Zoöl.), any species of Ianthina; -- called also violet snail. See Lanthina. -- Violet wood, a name given to several kinds of hard purplish or reddish woods, as king wood, myall wood, and the wood of the Andira violacea, a tree of Guiana. VIOLET-EAR Vi"o*let-ear`, n. Defn: Any tropical humming bird of the genus Petasophora, having violet or purplish ear tufts. VIOLET-TIP Vi"o*let-tip", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very handsome American butterfly (Polygonia interrogationis). Its wings are mottled with various shades of red and brown and have violet tips. VIOLIN Vi`o*lin", n. Etym: [It. violino, dim. of viola. See Viol.] (Mus.) Defn: A small instrument with four strings, played with a bow; a fiddle. Note: The violin is distinguished for the brilliancy and gayety, as well as the power and variety, of its tones, and in the orchestra it is the leading and most important instrument. VIOLINE Vi"o*line, n. (Chem.) (a) A pale yellow amorphous substance of alkaloidal nature and emetic properties, said to have been extracted from the root and foliage of the violet (Viola). (b) Mauve aniline. See under Mauve. VIOLINIST Vi`o*lin"ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. violiniste, violoniste, It. violonista.] Defn: A player on the violin. VIOLIST Vi"ol*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. violiste.] Defn: A player on the viol. VIOLONCELLIST Vi`o*lon*cel"list, n. Etym: [Cf. F. violoncelliste, It. violoncellista.] Defn: A player on the violoncello. VIOLONCELLO Vi`o*lon*cel"lo, n. Etym: [It. violoncello, dim. of violone a bass viol. See Violone.] (Mus.) Defn: A stringed instrument of music; a bass viol of four strings, or a bass violin with long, large strings, giving sounds an octave lower than the viola, or tenor or alto violin. VIOLONE Vi`o*lo"ne, n. Etym: [It. violone, augment. of viola a viol. See Viol.] (Mus.) Defn: The largest instrument of the bass-viol kind, having strings tuned an octave below those of the violoncello; the contrabasso; -- called also double bass. [Written also violono.] VIOLOUS Vi"o*lous, a. Defn: Violent. [Obs.] J. Fletcher. VIOLURIC Vi`o*lu"ric, a. Etym: [Violet + barbituric.] (Chem.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitroso derivative of barbituric acid. It is obtained as a white or yellow crystalline substance, and forms characteristic yellow, blue, and violet salts. VIPER Vi"per, n. Etym: [F. vipère, L. vipera, probably contr. fr. vivipera; vivus alive + parere to bring forth, because it was believed to be the only serpent that brings forth living young. Cf. Quick, a., Parent, Viviparous, Wivern, Weever.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of Old World venomous makes belonging to Vipera, Clotho, Daboia, and other genera of the family Viperidæ. There came a viper out of the heat, and fastened on his hand. Acts xxviii. 3. Note: Among the best-known species are the European adder (Pelias berus), the European asp (Vipera aspis), the African horned viper (V. cerastes), and the Indian viper (Daboia Russellii). 2. A dangerous, treacherous, or malignant person. Who committed To such a viper his most sacred trust Of secrecy. Milton. Horned viper. (Zoöl.) See Cerastes. -- Red viper (Zoöl.), the copperhead. -- Viper fish (Zoöl.), a small, slender, phosphorescent deep-sea fish (Chauliodus Sloanii). It has long ventral and dorsal fins, a large mouth, and very long, sharp teeth. -- Viper's bugloss (Bot.), a rough-leaved biennial herb (Echium vulgare) having showy purplish blue flowers. It is sometimes cultivated, but has become a pestilent weed in fields from New York to Virginia. Also called blue weed. -- Viper's grass (Bot.), a perennial composite herb (Scorzonera Hispanica) with narrow, entire leaves, and solitary heads of yellow flowers. The long, white, carrot-shaped roots are used for food in Spain and some other countries. Called also viper grass. VIPERINA Vi`per*i"na, n. pl. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Viperoidea. VIPERINE Vi"per*ine, a. Etym: [L. viperinus: cf. F. vipérin.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a viper or vipers; resembling a viper. Viperine snake. (Zoöl.) (a) Any venomous snake of the family Viperidæ. (b) A harmless snake resembling a viper in form or color, esp. Tropidonotus viperinus, a small European species which resembles the viper in color. VIPERISH Vi"per*ish, a. Defn: Somewhat like a viper; viperous. VIPEROID Vi"per*oid, a. [Viper + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Like or pertaining to the vipers. VIPEROIDEA; VIPEROIDES Vi`per*oi"de*a, Vi`per*oi"des, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Viper, and - oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of serpents which includes the true vipers of the Old World and the rattlesnakes and moccasin snakes of America; -- called also Viperina. VIPEROUS Vi"per*ous, a. Defn: Having the qualities of a viper; malignant; venomous; as, a viperous tongue. "This viperous slander." Shak. -- Vi"per*ous*ly, adv. VIRAGINIAN Vi`ra*gin"i*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a virago; having the qualities of a virago. Milton. VIRAGINITY Vi`ra*gin"i*ty, n. Defn: The qualities or characteristics of a virago. VIRAGO Vi*ra"go, n.; pl. Viragoes. Etym: [L. virago, -intis, from vir a man. See Virile.] 1. A woman of extraordinary stature, strength, and courage; a woman who has the robust body and masculine mind of a man; a female warrior. To arms! to arms! the fierce virago cries. Pope. 2. Hence, a mannish woman; a bold, turbulent woman; a termagant; a vixen. Virago . . . serpent under femininity. Chaucer. VIRE Vire, n. Etym: [OF. vire, fr. virer to turn. Cf. Veer, Vireton.] Defn: An arrow, having a rotary motion, formerly used with the crossbow. Cf. Vireton. Gower. VIRELAY Vir"e*lay, n. Etym: [F. virelai; virer to turn + lai a song, a lay.] Defn: An ancient French song, or short poem, wholly in two rhymes, and composed in short lines, with a refrain. Of such matter made he many lays, Songs, complains, roundels, virelayes. Chaucer. To which a lady sung a virelay. Dryden. Note: "The virelay admitted only two rhymes, and, after employing one for some time, the poet was virer, or to turn, to the other." Nares. VIRENT Vi"rent, a. Etym: [L. virens, p. pr. of virere to be green.] Defn: Green; not withered. [R.] Sir T. Browne. VIREO Vir"e*o, n. Etym: [L., a species of bird.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of American singing birds belonging to Vireo and allied genera of the family Vireonidæ. In many of the species the back is greenish, or olive-colored. Called also greenlet. Note: In the Eastern United States the most common species are the white-eyed vireo (Vireo Noveboracensis), the redeyed vireo (V. olivaceus), the blue-headed, or solitary, vireo (V. solitarius), the warbling vireo (V. gilvus), and the yellow-throated vireo (V. flavifrons). All these are noted for the sweetness of their songs. VIRESCENCE Vi*res"cence, (Bot.) Defn: The act or state of becoming green through the formation of chlorophyll. VIRESCENT Vi*res"cent, a. Etym: [L. virescens, p. pr. of virescere to grow green, verb incho. fr. virere to be green.] Defn: Beginning to be green; slightly green; greenish. VIRETON Vir"e*ton, n. Etym: [F. See Vire.] Defn: An arrow or bolt for a crossbow having feathers or brass placed at an angle with the shaft to make it spin in flying. VIRGALIEU Vir"ga*lieu, n. Etym: [Cf. Virgouleuse.] (Bot.) Defn: A valuable kind of pear, of an obovate shape and with melting flesh of delicious flavor; -- more properly called White Doyenné. [Written also virgaloo, vergalieu, vergaloo, etc.] VIRGATE Vir"gate, a. Etym: [L. virgatus made of twigs, fr. virga a twig, rod. See Verge a rod.] (Bot.) Defn: Having the form of a straight rod; wand-shaped; straight and slender. VIRGATE Vir"gate, n. Etym: [LL. virgata, virgata terrae, so much land as virga terrae, a land measure, contains, fr. L. virga a twig, rod.] Defn: A yardland, or measure of land varying from fifteen to forty acres. [Obs.] T. Warton. VIRGATED Vir"ga*ted, a. Etym: [L. virgatus striped. See Virgate, a.] Defn: Striped; streaked. [Obs.] VIRGE Virge, n. Defn: A wand. See Verge. [Obs.] VIRGER Vir"ger, n. Defn: See Verger. [Obs.] VIRGILIAN Vir*gil"i*an, a. Etym: [L. Virgilianus, better Vergilianus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Virgil, the Roman poet; resembling the style of Virgil. [Spelt also Vergilian.] The rich Virgilian rustic measure Of Lari Maxume. Tennyson. VIRGIN Vir"gin, n. Etym: [L. virgo, -inis: cf. OF. virgine, virgene, virge, vierge, F. vierge.] 1. A woman who has had no carnal knowledge of man; a maid. 2. A person of the male sex who has not known sexual indulgence. [Archaic] Wyclif. These are they which were not defiled with women; for they are virgins. Rev. xiv. 4. He his flesh hath overcome; He was a virgin, as he said. Gower. 3. (Astron.) Defn: See Virgo. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of gossamer-winged butterflies of the family Lycænidæ. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A female insect producing eggs from which young are hatched, though there has been no fecundation by a male; a parthenogenetic insect. The Virgin, or The Blessed Virgin, the Virgin Mary, the Mother of our Lord. -- Virgin's bower (Bot.), a name given to several climbing plants of the genus Clematis, as C. Vitalba of Europe, and C. Virginiana of North America. VIRGIN Vir"gin, a. 1. Being a virgin; chaste; of or pertaining to a virgin; becoming a virgin; maidenly; modest; indicating modesty; as, a virgin blush. "Virgin shame." Cowley. Innocence and virgin modesty . . . That would be wooed, and unsought be won. Milton. 2. Pure; undefiled; unmixed; fresh; new; as, virgin soil; virgin gold. "Virgin Dutch." G. W. Cable. The white cold virgin snow upon my heart. Shak. A few ounces of mutton, with a little virgin oil. Landor. 3. Not yet pregnant; impregnant. Milton. VIRGIN Vir"gin, v. i. Defn: To act the virgin; to be or keep chaste; -- followed by it. See It, 5. [Obs.] "My true lip hath virgined it e'er since [that kiss]." Shak. VIRGINAL Vir"gin*al, a. Etym: [L. virginalis: cf. F. virginal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a virgin; becoming a virgin; maidenly. "Chastity and honor virginal." Spenser. Virginal generation (Biol.), parthenogenesis. -- Virginal membrane (Anat.), the hymen. VIRGINAL Vir"gin*al, n. Etym: [Cf. F. virginale; -- probably so called from being used by young girls, or virgins.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument somewhat resembling the spinet, but having a rectangular form, like the small piano. It had strings and keys, but only one wire to a note. The instrument was used in the sixteenth century, but is now wholly obsolete. It was sometimes called a pair of virginals. VIRGINAL Vir"gin*al, v. i. Defn: To play with the fingers, as if on a virginal; to tap or pat. [Obs.] "Still virginaling upon his palm!" Shak. VIRGINHOOD Vir"gin*hood, n. Defn: Virginity; maidenhood. VIRGINIA Vir*gin"i*a, n. Defn: One of the States of the United States of America. -- a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the State of Virginia. Virginia cowslip (Bot.), the American lungwort (Mertensia Virginica). -- Virginia creeper (Bot.), a common ornamental North American woody vine (Ampelopsis quinquefolia), climbing extensively by means of tendrils; -- called also woodbine, and American ivy. [U.S.] -- Virginia fence. See Worm fence, under Fence. -- Virginia nightingale (Zoöl.), the cardinal bird. See under Cardinal. -- Virginia quail (Zoöl.), the bobwhite. -- Virginia reel, an old English contradance; -- so called in the United States. Bartlett. -- Virginia stock. (Bot.) See Mahon stock. VIRGINITY Vir*gin"i*ty, n. Etym: [OE. virgintee, F. virginité, L. virginitas.] 1. The quality or state of being a virgin; undefiled purity or chastity; maidenhood. 2. The unmarried life; celibacy. [Obs.] Chaucer. VIRGO Vir"go, n. Etym: [L. virgo a virgin, the constellation Virgo in the zodiac. See Virgin.] (Astron.) (a) A sign of the zodiac which the sun enters about the 21st of August, marked thus [ (b) A constellation of the zodiac, now occupying chiefly the sign Libra, and containing the bright star Spica. VIRGOULEUSE Vir"gou*leuse, n. Etym: [F. virgouleuse, from the village of Virgoulée, near Limoges.] (Bot.) Defn: An old French variety of pear, of little value. VIRGULARIAN Vir`gu*la"ri*an, n. Etym: [From. L. virgula a small rod.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of long, slender Alcyonaria belonging to Virgularia and allied genera of the family Virgularidæ. These corals are allied to the sea-pens, but have a long rodlike rhachis inclosing a slender, round or square, calcareous axis. The polyps are arranged in transverse rows or clusters along each side of the rhachis. VIRGULATE Vir"gu*late, a. Defn: Shaped like a little twig or rod. VIRGULE Vir"gule, n. Etym: [F. virgule, fr. L. virgula, dim. of virga. See Verge a rod.] Defn: A comma. [R.] In the MSS. of Chaucer, the line is always broken by a cæsura in the middle, which is pointed by a virgule. Hallam. VIRIAL Vir"i*al, n. Etym: [L. vis, viris, force.] (Physics) Defn: A certain function relating to a system of forces and their points of application, -- first used by Clausius in the investigation of problems in molecular physics. VIRID Vir"id, a. Etym: [L. viridis green. See Verdant.] Defn: Green. [Obs.] The virid marjoram Her sparkling beauty did but see. Crompton. VIRIDESCENCE Vir`i*des"cence, n. Defn: Quality or state of being viridescent. VIRIDESCENT Vir`i*des"cent, a. Etym: [L. viridescens, p. pr. of viridescere to grow green.] Defn: Slightly green; greenish. VIRIDINE Vir"i*dine, n. Etym: [L. viridis green.] (Chem.) Defn: A greenish, oily, nitrogenous hydrocarbon, C12H19N7, obtained from coal tar, and probably consisting of a mixture of several metameric compounds which are higher derivatives of the base pyridine. VIRIDITE Vir"i*dite, n. Etym: [L. viridis green.] (Min.) Defn: A greenish chloritic mineral common in certain igneous rocks, as diabase, as a result of alternation. VIRIDITY Vi*rid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. viriditas, fr. viridis green: cf. F. viridité. See Verdant.] 1. Greenness; verdure; the color of grass and foliage. 2. Freshness; soundness. [Obs.] Evelyn. VIRIDNESS Vir"id*ness, n. Defn: Viridity; greenness. VIRILE Vi"rile, a. Etym: [L. virilis, fr. vir a man; akin to AS. wer: cf. F. viril. See Werewolf, World, and cf. Decemvir, Virago, Virtue.] Defn: Having the nature, properties, or qualities, of an adult man; characteristic of developed manhood; hence, masterful; forceful; specifically, capable of begetting; -- opposed to womanly, feminine, and puerile; as, virile age, virile power, virile organs. VIRILITY Vi*ril"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. virilitas: cf. F. virilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being virile; developed manhood; manliness; specif., the power of procreation; as, exhaustion. "Virility of visage." Holland. VIRIPOTENT Vi*rip"o*tent, a. Etym: [L. vir man + potens fit for.] Defn: Developed in manhood; hence, able to beget; marriageable. [Obs.] Being not of ripe years, not viripotent. Holinshed. VIRMILION Vir*mil"ion, n. Defn: See Vermilion. [R.] VIROLE Vi*role", n. Etym: [F., a ferrule. See Ferrule.] (Her.) Defn: A ring surrounding a bugle or hunting horn. VIROLED Vi*roled", a. (Her.) Defn: Furnished with a virole or viroles; -- said of a horn or a bugle when the rings are of different tincture from the rest of the horn. VIROSE Vi*rose", a. Etym: [L. virosus. See Virus.] Defn: Having a nauseous odor; fetid; poisonous. [R.] VIRTU Vir*tu", n. Etym: [It. virtù virtue, excellence, from L. virtus. See Virtue.] Defn: A love of the fine arts; a taste for curiosities. J. Spence. An article, or piece, of virtu, an object of art or antiquity; a curiosity, such as those found in museums or private collections. I had thoughts, in my chambers to place it in view, To be shown to my friends as a piece of virtù. Goldsmith. VIRTUAL Vir"tu*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. virtuel. See Virtue.] 1. Having the power of acting or of invisible efficacy without the agency of the material or sensible part; potential; energizing. Heat and cold have a virtual transition, without communication of substance. Bacon. Every kind that lives, Fomented by his virtual power, and warmed. Milton. 2. Being in essence or effect, not in fact; as, the virtual presence of a man in his agent or substitute. A thing has a virtual existence when it has all the conditions necessary to its actual existence. Fleming. To mask by slight differences in the manners a virtual identity in the substance. De Quincey. Principle of virtual velocities (Mech.), the law that when several forces are in equilibrium, the algebraic sum of their virtual moments is equal to zero. -- Virtual focus (Opt.), the point from which rays, having been rendered divergent by reflection of refraction, appear to issue; the point at which converging rays would meet if not reflected or refracted before they reach it. -- Virtual image. (Optics) See under Image. -- Virtual moment (of a force) (Mech.), the product of the intensity of the force multiplied by the virtual velocity of its point of application; -- sometimes called virtual work. -- Virtual velocity (Mech.), a minute hypothetical displacement, assumed in analysis to facilitate the investigation of statical problems. With respect to any given force of a number of forces holding a material system in equilibrium, it is the projection, upon the direction of the force, of a line joining its point of application with a new position of that point indefinitely near to the first, to which the point is conceived to have been moved, without disturbing the equilibrium of the system, or the connections of its parts with each other. Strictly speaking, it is not a velocity but a length. -- Virtual work. (Mech.) See Virtual moment, above. VIRTUALITY Vir`tu*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. virtualité.] 1. The quality or state of being virtual. 2. Potentiality; efficacy; potential existence. [Obs.] In one grain of corn, there lieth dormant a virtuality of many other. Sir T. Browne. VIRTUALLY Vir"tu*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a virtual manner; in efficacy or effect only, and not actually; to all intents and purposes; practically. VIRTUATE Vir"tu*ate, v. t. Defn: To make efficacious; to give virtue of efficacy. [Obs.] Harvey. VIRTUE Vir"tue, n. Etym: [OE. vertu, F. vertu, L. virtus strength, courage, excellence, virtue, fr. vir a man. See Virile, and cf. Virtu.] 1. Manly strength or courage; bravery; daring; spirit; valor. [Obs.] Shak. Built too strong For force or virtue ever to expugn. Chapman. 2. Active quality or power; capacity or power adequate to the production of a given effect; energy; strength; potency; efficacy; as, the virtue of a medicine. Jesus, immediately knowing in himself that virtue had gone out of him, turned him about. Mark v. 30. A man was driven to depend for his security against misunderstanding, upon the pure virtue of his syntax. De Quincey. The virtue of his midnight agony. Keble. 3. Energy or influence operating without contact of the material or sensible substance. She moves the body which she doth possess, Yet no part toucheth, but by virtue's touch. Sir. J. Davies. 4. Excellence; value; merit; meritoriousness; worth. I made virtue of necessity. Chaucer. In the Greek poets, . . . the economy of poems is better observed than in Terence, who thought the sole grace and virtue of their fable the sticking in of sentences. B. Jonson. 5. Specifically, moral excellence; integrity of character; purity of soul; performance of duty. Virtue only makes our bliss below. Pope. If there's Power above us, And that there is all nature cries aloud Through all her works, he must delight in virtue. Addison. 6. A particular moral excellence; as, the virtue of temperance, of charity, etc. "The very virtue of compassion." Shak. "Remember all his virtues." Addison. 7. Specifically: Chastity; purity; especially, the chastity of women; virginity. H. I believe the girl has virtue. M. And if she has, I should be the last man in the world to attempt to corrupt it. Goldsmith. 8. pl. Defn: One of the orders of the celestial hierarchy. Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, powers. Milton. Cardinal virtues. See under Cardinal, a. -- In, or By, virtue of, through the force of; by authority of. "He used to travel through Greece by virtue of this fable, which procured him reception in all the towns." Addison. "This they shall attain, partly in virtue of the promise made by God, and partly in virtue of piety." Atterbury. -- Theological virtues, the three virtues, faith, hope, and charity. See 1 Cor. xiii. 13. VIRTUELESS Vir"tue*less, a. Defn: Destitute of virtue; without efficacy or operating qualities; powerless. Virtueless she wished all herbs and charms. Fairfax. VIRTUOSITY Vir`tu*os"i*ty, n. 1. The quality or state of being a virtuoso; in a bad sense, the character of one in whom mere artistic feeling or æsthetic cultivation takes the place of religious character; sentimentalism. This famous passage . . . over which the virtuosity of modern times, rejoicing in evil, has hung so fondly. C. Kingsley. 2. Virtuosos, collectively. Carlyle. 3. An art or study affected by virtuosos. VIRTUOSO Vir`tu*o"so, n.; pl. Virtuosos; It. Virtuosi. Etym: [It. See Virtuous.] 1. One devoted to virtu; one skilled in the fine arts, in antiquities, and the like; a collector or ardent admirer of curiosities, etc. Virtuoso the Italians call a man who loves the noble arts, and is a critic in them. Dryden. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A performer on some instrument, as the violin or the piano, who excels in the technical part of his art; a brilliant concert player. VIRTUOSOSHIP Vir`tu*o"so*ship, n. Defn: The condition, pursuits, or occupation of a virtuoso. Bp. Hurd. VIRTUOUS Vir"tu*ous, a. Etym: [OE. vertuous, OF. vertuos, vertuous, F. vertueux, fr. L. Virtuous. See Virtue, and cf. Virtuoso.] 1. Possessing or exhibiting virtue. Specifically: -- (a) Exhibiting manly courage and strength; valorous; valiant; brave. [Obs.] Old Priam's son, amongst them all, was chiefly virtuous. Chapman. (b) Having power or efficacy; powerfully operative; efficacious; potent. [Obs.] Chaucer. Lifting up his virtuous staff on high, He smote the sea, which calméd was with speed. Spenser. Every virtuous plant and healing herb. Milton. (c) Having moral excellence; characterized by morality; upright; righteous; pure; as, a virtuous action. The virtuous mind that ever walks attended By a strong siding champion, conscience. Milton. 2. Chaste; pure; -- applied especially to women. Mistress Ford . . . the virtuous creature, that hath the jealous fool to her husband. Shak. -- Vir"tu*ous*ly, adv. -- Vir"tu*ous*ness, n. VIRULENCE; VIRULENCY Vir"u*lence, Vir"u*len*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. virulence, L. virulentia an offensive odor, a stench.] 1. The quality or state of being virulent or venomous; poisonousness; malignancy. 2. Extreme bitterness or malignity of disposition. "Refuted without satirical virulency." Barrow. The virulence of one declaimer, or the profundities and sublimities of the other. I. Taylor. VIRULENT Vir"u*lent, a. Etym: [L. virulentus, fr. virus poison: cf. F. virulent. See Virus.] 1. Extremely poisonous or venomous; very active in doing injury. A contagious disorder rendered more virulent by uncleanness. Sir W. Scott. 2. Very bitter in enmity; actuated by a desire to injure; malignant; as, a virulent invective. VIRULENTED Vir"u*lent*ed, a. Defn: Made virulent; poisoned. [Obs.] VIRULENTLY Vir"u*lent*ly, adv. Defn: In a virulent manner. VIRUS Vi"rus, n. Etym: [L., a slimy liquid, a poisonous liquid, poison, stench; akin to Gr. visha. Cf. Wizen, v. i.] 1. (Med.) (a) Contagious or poisonous matter, as of specific ulcers, the bite of snakes, etc.; -- applied to organic poisons. (b) The special contagion, inappreciable to the senses and acting in exceedingly minute quantities, by which a disease is introduced into the organism and maintained there. Note: The specific virus of diseases is now regarded as a microscopic living vegetable organism which multiplies within the body, and, either by its own action or by the associated development of a chemical poison, causes the phenomena of the special disease. 2. Fig.: Any morbid corrupting quality in intellectual or moral conditions; something that poisons the mind or the soul; as, the virus of obscene books. VIS Vis, n. 1. Force; power. 2. (Law) (a) Physical force. (b) Moral power. Principle of vis viva (Mech.), the principle that the difference between the aggregate work of the accelerating forces of a system and that of the retarding forces is equal to one half the vis viva accumulated or lost in the system while the work is being done. -- Vis impressa Etym: [L.] (Mech.), force exerted, as in moving a body, or changing the direction of its motion; impressed force. -- Vis inertiæ. Etym: [L.] (a) The resistance of matter, as when a body at rest is set in motion, or a body in motion is brought to rest, or has its motion changed, either in direction or in velocity. (b) Inertness; inactivity. Vis intertiæ and inertia are not strictly synonymous. The former implies the resistance itself which is given, while the latter implies merely the property by which it is given. -- Vis mortua Etym: [L.] (Mech.), dead force; force doing no active work, but only producing pressure. -- Vis vitæ, or Vis vitalis Etym: [L.] (Physiol.), vital force. -- Vis viva Etym: [L.] (Mech.), living force; the force of a body moving against resistance, or doing work, in distinction from vis mortua, or dead force; the kinetic energy of a moving body; the capacity of a moving body to do work by reason of its being in motion. See Kinetic energy, in the Note under Energy. The term vis viva is not usually understood to include that part of the kinetic energy of the body which is due to the vibrations of its molecules. VISA Vi"sa, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: See Vis. VISA Vi"sa, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Visaed; p. pr. & vb. n. Visaing.] Defn: To indorse, after examination, with the word visé, as a passport; to visé. VISAGE Vis"age (; 48), n. Etym: [F. visage, from L. visus a seeing, a look, fr. videre, visum, to see. See Vision.] Defn: The face, countenance, or look of a person or an animal; -- chiefly applied to the human face. Chaucer. "A visage of demand." Shak. His visage was so marred more than any man. Isa. lii. 14. Love and beauty still that visage grace. Waller. VISAGE Vis"age (; 48), v. t. Defn: To face. [Obs.] Chaucer. VISAGED Vis"aged, a. Defn: Having a visage. Shak. VISARD Vis"ard, n. Defn: A mask. See Visor. VISARD Vis"ard, v. t. Defn: To mask. VIS-A-VIS Vis`-a-vis", n. Etym: [F., opposite, face to face.] 1. One who, or that which, is face to face with another; esp., one who faces another in dancing. 2. A carriage in which two persons sit face to face. Also, a form of sofa with seats for two persons, so arranged that the occupants are face to face while sitting on opposite sides. VIS-A-VIS Vis`-a-vis", adv. Defn: Face to face. VISAYAN Vi*sa"yan, n. [Cf. Sp. Bisayo a Visayan.] Defn: A member of the most numerous of the native races of the Philippines, occupying the Visayan Islands and the northern coast Mindanao; also, their language. The Visayans possessed a native culture and alphabet. VISCACHA; VIZ-CACHA Vis*ca"cha, Viz-ca"cha (, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large burrowing South American rodent (Lagostomus trichodactylus) allied to the chinchillas, but much larger. Its fur is soft and rather long, mottled gray above, white or yellowish white beneath. There is a white band across the muzzle, and a dark band on each cheek. It inhabits grassy plains, and is noted for its extensive burrows and for heaping up miscellaneous articles at the mouth of its burrows. Called also biscacha, bizcacha, vischacha, vishatscha. VISCERA Vis"ce*ra, n., Defn: pl. of Viscus. VISCERAL Vis"cer*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. viscéral, LL. visceralis.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the viscera; splanchnic. 2. Fig.: Having deep sensibility. [R.] Bp. Reynolds. Visceral arches (Anat.), the bars or ridges between the visceral clefts. -- Visceral cavity or tube (Anat.), the ventral cavity of a vertebrate, which contains the alimentary canal, as distinguished from the dorsal, or cerebro-spinal, canal. -- Visceral clefts (Anat.), transverse clefts on the sides just back of the mouth in the vertebrate embryo, which open into the pharyngeal portion of the alimentary canal, and correspond to the branchial clefts in adult fishes. VISCERATE Vis"cer*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Viscerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Viscerating.] Defn: To deprive of the viscera, or entrails; to eviscerate; to disembowel. VISCEROSKELETAL Vis`cer*o*skel"e*tal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the framework, or skeleton, or skeleton, of the viscera; as, the visceroskeletal system of muscles. Mivart. VISCID Vis"cid, a. Etym: [L. viscidus, fr. viscum the mistletoe, birdlime made from the berries of the mistletoe; akin to Gr. viscide.] Defn: Sticking or adhering, and having a ropy or glutinous consistency; viscous; glutinous; sticky; tenacious; clammy; as, turpentine, tar, gums, etc., are more or less viscid. VISCIDITY Vis*cid"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. viscidité.] Defn: The quality or state of being viscid; also, that which is viscid; glutinous concretion; stickiness. VISCIN Vis"cin, n. (Chem.) Defn: A clear, viscous, tasteless substance extracted from the mucilaginous sap of the mistletoe (Viscum album), holly, etc., and constituting an essential ingredient of birdlime. VISCOIDAL Vis*coid"al, a. Defn: Somewhat viscous. Cf. Mobile, a., 2. VISCOSIMETER Vis`co*sim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Viscosity + -meter.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the degree of viscosity of liquids, as solutions of gum. VISCOSITY Vis*cos"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. viscosité, LL. viscositas.] 1. The quality or state of being viscous. 2. (Physics) Defn: A quality analogous to that of a viscous fluid, supposed to be caused by internal friction, especially in the case of gases. VISCOUNT Vis"count`, n. Etym: [OE. vicounte, OF. visconte, vescunte, F. vicomte, LL. vicecomes; L. vice (see Vice, a.) + comes a companion, LL., a count. See Count.] 1. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: An officer who formerly supplied the place of the count, or earl; the sheriff of the county. 2. A nobleman of the fourth rank, next in order below an earl and next above a baron; also, his degree or title of nobility. See Peer, n., 3. [Eng.] Chaucer. VISCOUNTCY Vis"count`cy, n. Defn: The dignity or jurisdiction of a viscount. Sir B. Burke. VISCOUNTESS Vis"count`ess, n. Etym: [F. vicomtesse, LL. vicecomitissa.] Defn: The wife of a viscount. VISCOUNTSHIP; VISCOUNTY Vis"count`ship, Vis"count`y, n. Etym: [F. vicomté.] Defn: The quality, rank, or office of a viscount. VISCOUS Vis"cous, a. Etym: [L. viscosus. See Viscid.] Defn: Adhesive or sticky, and having a ropy or glutinous consistency; viscid; glutinous; clammy; tenacious; as, a viscous juice. -- Vis"cous*ness, n. Note: There is no well-defined distinction in meaning between viscous and viscid. VISCUM Vis"cum, n. Etym: [L.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of parasitic shrubs, including the mistletoe of Europe. 2. Birdlime, which is often made from the berries of the European mistletoe. VISCUS Vis"cus, n.; pl. Viscera. Etym: [L., perhaps akin to E. viscid.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the organs, as the brain, heart, or stomach, in the great cavities of the body of an animal; -- especially used in the plural, and applied to the organs contained in the abdomen. VISE Vise, n. Etym: [F. vis a screw, winding stairs, OF. vis, viz, fr. L. vitis a vine; probably akin to E. withy.] Defn: An instrument consisting of two jaws, closing by a screw, lever, cam, or the like, for holding work, as in filing. [Written also vice.] VISE Vi*sé", n. Etym: [F. visé, p. p. of viser to put a visa to, fr. L. visus seen, p. p. of videre to see.] Defn: An indorsement made on a passport by the proper authorities of certain countries on the continent of Europe, denoting that it has been examined, and that the person who bears it is permitted to proceed on his journey; a visa. VISE Vi*sé", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Viséed; p. pr. & vb. n. Viséing.] Defn: To examine and indorse, as a passport; to visa. VISHNU Vish"nu, n. Etym: [Skr. Vish, from vish to pervade., to extend through nature.] (Hindoo Myth.) Defn: A divinity of the modern Hindoo trimurti, or trinity. He is regarded as the preserver, while Brahma is the creator, and Siva the destroyer of the creation. VISIBILITY Vis`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. visibilitas: cf. F. visibilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being visible. VISIBLE Vis"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. visibilis, fr. videre, visum, to see: cf. F. visible. See Vision.] 1. Perceivable by the eye; capable of being seen; perceptible; in view; as, a visible star; the least spot is visible on white paper. Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. Bk. of Com. Prayer. Virtue made visible in outward grace. Young. 2. Noticeable; apparent; open; conspicuous. Shak. The factions at court were greater, or more visible, than before. Clarendon. Visible church (Theol.), the apparent church of Christ on earth; the whole body of professed believers in Christ, as contradistinguished from the invisible, or real, church, consisting of sanctified persons. -- Visible horizon. Same as Apparent horizon, under Apparent. -- Vis"i*ble*ness, n. -- Vis"i*bly, adv. VISIBLE SPEECH Vis"i*ble speech". (Phon.) Defn: A system of characters invented by Prof. Alexander Melville Bell to represent all sounds that may be uttered by the speech organs, and intended to be suggestive of the position of the organs of speech in uttering them. VISIGOTH Vis"i*goth, n. Etym: [L. Visegothae, pl. Cf. West, and Goth.] Defn: One of the West Goths. See the Note under Goth. -- Vis`i*goth"ic, a. VISION Vi"sion, n. Etym: [OE. visioun, F. vision, fr. L. visio, from videre, visum, to see: akin to Gr. wit. See Wit, v., and cf. Advice, Clairvoyant, Envy, Evident, Provide, Revise, Survey, View, Visage, Visit.] 1. The act of seeing external objects; actual sight. Faith here is turned into vision there. Hammond. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: The faculty of seeing; sight; one of the five senses, by which colors and the physical qualities of external objects are appreciated as a result of the stimulating action of light on the sensitive retina, an expansion of the optic nerve. 3. That which is seen; an object of sight. Shak. 4. Especially, that which is seen otherwise than by the ordinary sight, or the rational eye; a supernatural, prophetic, or imaginary sight; an apparition; a phantom; a specter; as, the visions of Isaiah. The baseless fabric of this vision. Shak. No dreams, but visions strange. Sir P. Sidney. 5. Hence, something unreal or imaginary; a creation of fancy. Locke. Arc of vision (Astron.), the arc which measures the least distance from the sun at which, when the sun is below the horizon, a star or planet emerging from his rays becomes visible. -- Beatific vision (Theol.), the immediate sight of God in heaven. -- Direct vision (Opt.), vision when the image of the object falls directly on the yellow spot (see under Yellow); also, vision by means of rays which are not deviated from their original direction. -- Field of vision, field of view. See under Field. -- Indirect vision (Opt.), vision when the rays of light from an object fall upon the peripheral parts of the retina. -- Reflected vision, or Refracted vision, vision by rays reflected from mirrors, or refracted by lenses or prisms, respectively. -- Vision purple. (Physiol.) See Visual purple, under Visual. VISION Vi"sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Visioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Visioning.] Defn: To see in a vision; to dream. For them no visioned terrors daunt, Their nights no fancied specters haunt. Sir W. Scott. VISIONAL Vi"sion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a vision. VISIONARINESS Vi"sion*a*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being visionary. VISIONARY Vi"sion*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. visionnaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to a visions or visions; characterized by, appropriate to, or favorable for, visions. The visionary hour When musing midnight reigns. Thomson. 2. Affected by phantoms; disposed to receive impressions on the imagination; given to reverie; apt to receive, and act upon, fancies as if they were realities. Or lull to rest the visionary maid. Pope. 3. Existing in imagination only; not real; fanciful; imaginary; having no solid foundation; as, visionary prospect; a visionary scheme or project. Swift. Syn. -- Fanciful; fantastic; unreal. See Fanciful. VISIONARY Vi"sion*a*ry, n.; pl. Visionaries (. 1. One whose imagination is disturbed; one who sees visions or phantoms. 2. One whose imagination overpowers his reason and controls his judgment; an unpractical schemer; one who builds castles in the air; a daydreamer. VISIONED Vi"sioned, a. Defn: Having the power of seeing visions; inspired; also, seen in visions. [R.] Shelley. VISIONIST Vi"sion*ist, n. Defn: A visionary. VISIONLESS Vi"sion*less, a. Defn: Destitute of vision; sightless. VISIT Vis"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Visited; p. pr. & vb. n. Visiting.] Etym: [F. visiter, L. visitare, fr. visere to go to see, to visit, fr. videre, visum to see. See Vision.] 1. To go or come to see, as for the purpose of friendship, business, curiosity, etc.; to attend; to call upon; as, the physician visits his patient. 2. Specifically: To go or come to see for inspection, examination, correction of abuses, etc.; to examine, to inspect; as, a bishop visits his diocese; a superintendent visits persons or works under his charge. 3. (Script.) Defn: To come to for the purpose of chastising, rewarding, comforting; to come upon with reward or retribution; to appear before or judge; as, to visit in mercy; to visit one in wrath. [God] hath visited and redeemed his people. Like i. 68. VISIT Vis"it, v. i. Defn: To make a visit or visits; to maintain visiting relations; to practice calling on others. VISIT Vis"it, n. Etym: [Cf. F. visite. See Visit, v. t., and cf. Visite.] 1. The act of visiting, or going to see a person or thing; a brief stay of business, friendship, ceremony, curiosity, or the like, usually longer than a call; as, a visit of civility or respect; a visit to Saratoga; the visit of a physician. 2. The act of going to view or inspect; an official or formal inspection; examination; visitation; as, the visit of a trustee or inspector. Right of visit (Internat. Law), the right of visitation. See Visitation, 4. VISITABLE Vis"it*a*ble, a. Defn: Liable or subject to be visited or inspected. "All hospitals built since the Reformation are visitable by the king or lord chancellor." Ayliffe. VISITANT Vis"it*ant, n. Etym: [L. visitans, -antis; p. pr.: cf. F. visitant.] Defn: One who visits; a guest; a visitor. When the visitant comes again, he is no more a stranger. South. VISITANT Vis"it*ant, a. Defn: Visiting. Wordsworth. VISITATION Vis`it*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. visitatio: cf. F. visitation.] 1. The act of visiting, or the state of being visited; access for inspection or examination. Nothing but peace and gentle visitation. Shak. 2. Specifically: The act of a superior or superintending officer who, in the discharge of his office, visits a corporation, college, etc., to examine into the manner in which it is conducted, and see that its laws and regulations are duly observed and executed; as, the visitation of a diocese by a bishop. 3. The object of a visit. [Obs.] "O flowers, . . . my early visitation and my last." Milton. 4. (Internat. Law) Defn: The act of a naval commander who visits, or enters on board, a vessel belonging to another nation, for the purpose of ascertaining her character and object, but without claiming or exercising a right of searching the vessel. It is, however, usually coupled with the right of search (see under Search), visitation being used for the purpose of search. 5. Special dispensation; communication of divine favor and goodness, or, more usually, of divine wrath and vengeance; retributive calamity; retribution; judgment. What will ye do in the day of visitation Isa. x. 3. 6. (Eccl.) Defn: A festival in honor of the visit of the Virgin Mary to Elisabeth, mother of John the Baptist, celebrated on the second of July. The Order of the Visitation of Our Lady (R. C. Ch.), a religious community of nuns, founded at Annecy, in Savoy, in 1610, and in 1808 established in the United States. In America these nuns are devoted to the education of girls. VISITATORIAL Vis`it*a*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. visitator a bishop temporarily put in place of another.] Defn: Of or pertaining to visitation, or a judicial visitor or superintendent; visitorial. An archdeacon has visitatorial power. Ayliffe. The queen, however, still had over the church a visitatorial power of vast and undefined extent. Macaulay. VISITE Vi*site", n. Etym: [F. See Visit, n.] Defn: A light cape or short cloak of silk or lace worn by women in summer. VISITER Vis"it*er, n. Defn: A visitor. VISITING Vis"it*ing, Defn: a. & vb. n. from Visit. Visiting ant. (Zoöl.) See Driver ant, under Driver. -- Visiting book, a book in which a record of visits received, made, and to be made, is kept. Thackeray. -- Visiting card. See under Card. VISITOR Vis"it*or. Etym: [Cf. F. visiteur.] [Written also visiter.] 1. One who visits; one who comes or goes to see another, as in civility or friendship. "This great flood of visitors." Shak. 2. A superior, or a person lawfully appointed for the purpose, who makes formal visits of inspection to a corporation or an institution. See Visit, v. t., 2, and Visitation, n., 2. The king is the visitor of all lay corporations. Blackstone. VISITORIAL Vis`it*o"ri*al, a. Defn: Same as Visitatorial. VISIVE Vi"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. visif, LL. visivus. See Vision.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the sight; visual. [Obs.] I can not satisfy myself how men should be so little surprised about this visive faculty. Berkeley. VIS MAJOR Vis ma"jor. [L. major greater.] (Law) Defn: A superior force which under certain circumstances is held to exempt from contract obligations; inevitable accident; -- a civil-law term used as nearly equivalent to, but broader than, the common-law term act of God (which see). VISNE Visne, n. Etym: [OF. visné, veisiné, visnet, neighborhood, LL. vicinatus, fr. L. vicunus neighboring, a neighbor. See Vicinity.] (Law) Defn: Neighborhood; vicinity; venue. See Venue. VISNOMY Vis"no*my, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. physiognomy.] Defn: Face; countenance. [Colloq.] Spenser. Lamb. VISON Vi"son, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The mink. VISOR Vis"or, n. Etym: [OE. visere, F. visière, fr. OF. vis. See Visage, Vision.] [Written also visar, visard, vizard, and vizor.] 1. A part of a helmet, arranged so as to lift or open, and so show the face. The openings for seeing and breathing are generally in it. 2. A mask used to disfigure or disguise. "My very visor began to assume life." Shak. My weaker government since, makes you pull off the visor. Sir P. Sidney. 3. The fore piece of a cap, projecting over, and protecting the eyes. VISORED Vis"ored, a. Defn: Wearing a visor; masked. Visored falsehood and base forgery. Milton. VISTA Vis"ta, n.; pl. Vistas. Etym: [It., sight, view, fr. vedere, p. p. visto, veduto, to see, fr. L. videre, visum. See View, Vision.] Defn: A view; especially, a view through or between intervening objects, as trees; a view or prospect through an avenue, or the like; hence, the trees or other objects that form the avenue. The finished garden to the view Its vistas opens, and its alleys green. Thomson. In the groves of their academy, at the end of every vista, you see nothing but the gallows. Burke. The shattered tower which now forms a vista from his window. Sir W. Scott. VISTO Vis"to, n. Defn: A vista; a prospect. [R.] Gay. Through the long visto of a thousand years. Young. VISUAL Vis"u*al, a. Etym: [L. visualis, from visus a seeing, sight: cf. F. visuel. See Vision.] 1. Of or pertaining to sight; used in sight; serving as the instrument of seeing; as, the visual nerve. The air, Nowhere so clear, sharpened his visual ray. Milton. 2. That can be seen; visible. [R.] Visual angle. (Opt.) See under Angle. -- Visual cone (Persp.), a cone whose vertex is at the point of sight, or the eye. -- Visual plane, any plane passing through the point of sight. -- Visual point, the point at which the visual rays unite; the position of the eye. -- Visual purple (Physiol.), a photochemical substance, of a purplish red color, contained in the retina of human eyes and in the eyes of most animals. It is quickly bleached by light, passing through the colors, red, orange, and yellow, and then disappearing. Also called rhodopsin, and vision purple. See Optography. -- Visual ray, a line from the eye, or point of sight. -- Visual white (Physiol.), the final product in the action of light on visual purple. It is reconverted into visual purple by the regenerating action of the choroidal epithelium. -- Visual yellow (Physiol.), a product intermediate between visual purple and visual white, formed in the photochemical action of light on visual purple. VISUALIZE Vis"u*al*ize, v. t. Defn: To make visual, or visible; to see in fancy. [Written also visualise.] No one who has not seen them [glaciers] can possibly visualize them. Lubbock. VISUALIZER Vis"u*al*iz`er, n. Defn: One who visualizes or is proficient in visualization; esp. (Physiol.), Defn: one whose mental imagery is prevailingly visualization. VITAILLE Vi*taille, n. Etym: [See Victuals.] Defn: Food; victuals. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Chaucer. VITAL Vi"tal, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. vitalis, fr. vita life; akin to vivere to live. See Vivid.] 1. Belonging or relating to life, either animal or vegetable; as, vital energies; vital functions; vital actions. 2. Contributing to life; necessary to, or supporting, life; as, vital blood. Do the heavens afford him vital food Spenser. And vital virtue infused, and vital warmth. Milton. 3. Containing life; living. "Spirits that live throughout, vital in every part." Milton. 4. Being the seat of life; being that on which life depends; mortal. The dart flew on, and pierced a vital part. Pope. 5. Very necessary; highly important; essential. A competence is vital to content. Young. 6. Capable of living; in a state to live; viable. [R.] Pythagoras and Hippocrates . . . affirm the birth of the seventh month to be vital. Sir T. Browne. Vital air, oxygen gas; -- so called because essential to animal life. [Obs.] -- Vital capacity (Physiol.), the breathing capacity of the lungs; -- expressed by the number of cubic inches of air which can be forcibly exhaled after a full inspiration. -- Vital force. (Biol.) See under Force. The vital forces, according to Cope, are nerve force (neurism), growth force (bathmism), and thought force (phrenism), all under the direction and control of the vital principle. Apart from the phenomena of consciousness, vital actions no longer need to be considered as of a mysterious and unfathomable character, nor vital force as anything other than a form of physical energy derived from, and convertible into, other well- known forces of nature. -- Vital functions (Physiol.), those functions or actions of the body on which life is directly dependent, as the circulation of the blood, digestion, etc. -- Vital principle, an immaterial force, to which the functions peculiar to living beings are ascribed. -- Vital statistics, statistics respecting the duration of life, and the circumstances affecting its duration. -- Vital tripod. (Physiol.) See under Tripod. -- Vital vessels (Bot.), a name for latex tubes, now disused. See Latex. VITAL Vi"tal, n. Defn: A vital part; one of the vitals. [R.] VITALIC Vi*tal"ic, a. Defn: Pertaining to life; vital. [R.] VITALISM Vi"tal*ism, n. (Biol.) Defn: The doctrine that all the functions of a living organism are due to an unknown vital principle distinct from all chemical and physical forces. VITALIST Vi`tal*ist, n. (Biol.) Defn: A believer in the theory of vitalism; -- opposed to physicist. VITALISTIC Vi`tal*is"tic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or involving, vitalism, or the theory of a special vital principle. VITALITY Vi*tal"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. vitalitas: cf. F. vitalité.] Defn: The quality or state of being vital; the principle of life; vital force; animation; as, the vitality of eggs or vegetable seeds; the vitality of an enterprise. VITALIZATION Vi`tal*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of vitalizing, or infusing the vital principle. VITALIZE Vi"tal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vitalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Vitalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. vitaliser.] Defn: To endow with life, or vitality; to give life to; to make alive; as, vitalized blood. VITALLY Vi"tal*ly, adv. Defn: In a vital manner. VITALS Vi"tals, n. pl. 1. Organs that are necessary for life; more especially, the heart, lungs, and brain. 2. Fig.: The part essential to the life or health of anything; as, the vitals of a state. "The vitals of the public body." Glanvill. VITASCOPE Vi"ta*scope, n. [L. vita life + -scope.] Defn: A form of machine for exhibiting animated pictures. VITELLARY Vit"el*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. vitellus a little calf, the yolk of an egg.] (Biol.) Defn: Vitelline. VITELLIGENOUS Vit`el*lig"e*nous, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Producing yolk, or vitelline substance; -- applied to certain cells (also called nutritive, or yolk, cells) formed in the ovaries of many insects, and supposed to supply nutriment to the developing ova. VITELLIN Vi*tel"lin, n. Etym: [See Vitellus.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: An albuminous body, belonging to the class of globulins, obtained from yolk of egg, of which it is the chief proteid constituent, and from the seeds of many plants. From the latter it can be separated in crystalline form. VITELLINE Vi*tel"line, a. Etym: [L. vitellus the yolk of an egg.] (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the yolk of eggs; as, the vitelline membrane, a smooth, transparent membrane surrounding the vitellus. VITELLOGENE Vi*tel"lo*gene, n. Etym: [See Vitellus, and -gen.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A gland secreting the yolk of the eggs in trematodes, turbellarians, and some other helminths. VITELLUS Vi*tel"lus, n. Etym: [L., the yolk of an egg.] 1. (Biol.) Defn: The contents or substance of the ovum; egg yolk. See Illust. of Ovum. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Perisperm in an early condition. VITIATE Vi"ti*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vitiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Vitiating.] Etym: [L. vitiatus, p. p. vitiare to vitiate, fr. vitium a fault, vice. See Vice a fault.] [Written also viciate.] 1. To make vicious, faulty, or imperfect; to render defective; to injure the substance or qualities of; to impair; to contaminate; to spoil; as, exaggeration vitiates a style of writing; sewer gas vitiates the air. A will vitiated and growth out of love with the truth disposes the understanding to error and delusion. South. Without care it may be used to vitiate our minds. Burke. This undistinguishing complaisance will vitiate the taste of readers. Garth. 2. To cause to fail of effect, either wholly or in part; to make void; to destroy, as the validity or binding force of an instrument or transaction; to annul; as, any undue influence exerted on a jury vitiates their verdict; fraud vitiates a contract. VITIATION Vi`ti*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. vitiatio.] Defn: The act of vitiating, or the state of being vitiated; depravation; corruption; invalidation; as, the vitiation of the blood; the vitiation of a contract. The vitiation that breeds evil acts. G. Eliot. VITICULOSE Vi*tic"u*lose`, a. Etym: [L. viticula, dim. of vitis vine.] (Bot.) Defn: Having long and slender trailing stems. VITICULTURAL Vit`i*cul"tur*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to viticulture. VITICULTURE Vit"i*cul`ture, n. Etym: [L. vitis vine + E. culture.] Defn: The cultivation of the vine; grape growing. VITICULTURIST Vit`i*cul"tur*ist, n. Defn: One engaged in viticulture. VITILIGO Vit`i*li"go, n. Etym: [L., a kind of tetter, fr. vitium blemish, vice.] (Med.) Defn: A rare skin disease consisting in the development of smooth, milk-white spots upon various parts of the body. VITILITIGATE Vit`i*lit"i*gate, v. i. Etym: [L. vitilitigare to quarrel disgracefully; vitium vice + litigare to quarrel.] Defn: To contend in law litigiously or cavilously. [Obs.] VITILITIGATION Vit`i*lit`i*ga"tion, n. Defn: Cavilous litigation; cavillation. [Obs.] Hudibras. VITIOSITY Vi`ti*os"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. vitiositas. See Vicious.] Defn: Viciousness; depravity. The perverseness and vitiosity of man's will. South. VITIOUS; VITIOUSLY; VITIOUSNESS Vi"tious, a., Vi"tious*ly, adv., Vi"tious*ness, n. Defn: See Vicious, Viciously, Viciousness. VITIS Vi"tis, n. Etym: [L., a vine.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants including all true grapevines. VITOE Vi"to*e, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Durukuli. VITRAGE Vit"rage, n. [F., prop., glazing, glass window.] Defn: A curtain of light and translucent material intended to be secured directly to the woodwork of a French casement window or a glazed door. VITRELLA Vi*trel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. vitrum glass.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the transparent lenslike cells in the ocelli of certain arthropods. VITREO-ELECTIC Vit`re*o-e*lec"tic, a. Etym: [See Vitreous, and Electric.] (Physics) Defn: Containing or exhibiting positive, or vitreous, electricity. VITREOUS Vit"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. vitreous, from vitrum glass; perhaps akin to videre to see (see Vision). Cf. Varnish.] 1. Consisting of, or resembling, glass; glassy; as, vitreous rocks. 2. Of or pertaining to glass; derived from glass; as, vitreous electricity. Vitreous body (Anat.), the vitreous humor. See the Note under Eye. -- Vitreous electricity (Elec.), the kind of electricity excited by rubbing glass with certain substances, as silk; positive electricity; -- opposed to resinous, or negative, electricity. -- Vitreous humor. (Anat.) See the Note under Eye. -- Vitreous sponge (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of siliceous sponges having, often fibrous, glassy spicules which are normally six-rayed; a hexactinellid sponge. See Venus's basket, under Venus. VITREOUSNESS Vit"re*ous*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vitreous. VITRESCENCE Vi*tres"cence, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vitreous; glassiness, or the quality of being vitrescent; capability of conversion into glass; susceptibility of being formed into glass. Kirwan. VITRESCENT Vi*tres"cent, a. Etym: [See Vitreous.] Defn: Capable of being formed into glass; tending to become glass. VITRESCIBLE Vi*tres"ci*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vitrescible.] Defn: That may be vitrified; vitrifiable. VITRIC Vit"ric, a. Etym: [L. vitrum glass.] Defn: Having the nature and qualities of glass; glasslike; -- distinguished from ceramic. VITRICS Vit"rics, n. [See Vitric.] 1. The art or study of the manufacture and decoration of glassware. 2. pl. Articles of glassware, glassware in general. VITRIFACTION Vit`ri*fac"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. Vitrification.] Defn: The act, art, or process of vitrifying; also, the state of being vitrified. VITRIFACTURE Vit`ri*fac"ture, n. Etym: [L. vitrum glass + facere, factum, to make.] Defn: The manufacture of glass and glassware. VITRIFIABLE Vit"ri*fi`a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vitrifiable.] Defn: Capable of being vitrified, or converted into glass by heat and fusion; as, flint and alkalies are vitrifiable. VITRIFICABLE Vi*trif"i*ca*ble, a. Defn: Vitrifiable. [Obs.] VITRIFICATE Vit"ri*fi*cate, v. t. Defn: To convert into glass; to vitrify. [Obs.] Bacon. VITRIFICATION Vit`ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [See Vitrify.] Defn: Same as Vitrifaction. Sir T. Browne. Ure. VITRIFIED Vit"ri*fied, a. Defn: Converted into glass. VITRIFORM Vit"ri*form, a. Etym: [L. vitrum glass + -form.] Defn: Having the form or appearance of glass; resembling glass; glasslike. VITRIFY Vit"ri*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vitrified; p. pr. & vb. n. Vitrifying.] Etym: [F. vitrifier; L. vitrum glass + -ficare to make. See Vitreous, -fy.] Defn: To convert into, or cause to resemble, glass or a glassy substance, by heat and fusion. VITRIFY Vit"ri*fy, v. t. Defn: To become glass; to be converted into glass. Chymists make vessels of animal substances, calcined, which will not vitrify in the fire. Arbuthnot. VITRINA Vi*tri"na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. vitrum glass.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of terrestrial gastropods, having transparent, very thin, and delicate shells, -- whence the name. VITRINE Vit"rine, n. [F.] Defn: A glass show case for displaying fine wares, specimens, etc. VITRIOL Vit"ri*ol, n. Etym: [F. vitriol; cf. Pr. vitriol, vetriol, Sp. & Pg. vitriolo, It. vitriuolo; fr. L. vitreolus of glass, vitreus vitreous. See Vitreous.] (Chem.) (a) A sulphate of any one of certain metals, as copper, iron, zinc, cobalt. So called on account of the glassy appearance or luster. (b) Sulphuric acid; -- called also oil of vitriol. So called because first made by the distillation of green vitriol. See Sulphuric acid, under Sulphuric. [Colloq.] Blue vitriol. See under Blue. -- Green vitriol, ferrous sulphate; copperas. See under Green. -- Oil of vitriol, sulphuric or vitriolic acid; -- popularly so called because it has the consistency of oil. -- Red vitriol, a native sulphate of cobalt. -- Vitriol of Mars, ferric sulphate, a white crystalline substance which dissolves in water, forming a red solution. -- White vitriol, zinc sulphate, a white crystalline substance used in medicine and in dyeing. It is usually obtained by dissolving zinc in sulphuric acid, or by roasting and oxidizing certain zinc ores. Formerly called also vitriol of zinc. VITRIOLATE Vit"ri*o*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vitriolated; p. pr. & vb. n. Vitriolating.] (Old Chem.) (a) To convert into, or change to, a vitriol; to make into sulphuric acid or a sulphate. (b) To subject to the action of, or impregnate with, vitriol. VITRIOLATE Vit"ri*o*late, a. Defn: Vitriolated. [R.] VITRIOLATE Vit"ri*o*late, n. (Old Chem.) Defn: A sulphate. VITRIOLATED Vit"ri*o*la`ted, a. (Old Chem.) Defn: Changed into a vitriol or a sulphate, or subjected to the action of sulphuric acid or of a sulphate; as, vitriolated potash, i. e., potassium sulphate. VITRIOLATION Vit`ri*o*la"tion, n. (Old Chem.) Defn: The act, process, or result of vitriolating. VITRIOLIC Vit`ri*ol"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vitriolique.] (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to vitriol; derived from, or resembling, vitriol; vitriolous; as, a vitriolic taste. Cf. Vitriol. Vitriolic acid (Old Chem.), (a) sulphuric acid. See Vitriol (b). [Colloq.] VITRIOLIZABLE Vit"ri*ol*i`za*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being converted into a vitriol. VITRIOLIZATION Vit`ri*ol*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vitriolisation.] (Old Chem.) Defn: The act of vitriolizing, or the state of being vitriolized; vitriolation. VITRIOLIZE Vit"ri*ol*ize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. vitrioliser.] Defn: To convert into a vitriol; to vitriolate. VITRIOLOUS Vi*tri"o*lous, a. Defn: See Vitriolic. [Obs.] VITRITE Vit"rite, n. Etym: [L. vitrum glass.] Defn: A kind of glass which is very hard and difficult to fuse, used as an insulator in electrical lamps and other apparatus. VITRO-DI-TRINA Vit"ro-di-tri"na, n. [It. vetro di trina glass of lace.] Defn: A kind of Venetian glass or glassware in which white threads are embedded in transparent glass with a lacelike or netlike effect. VITRUVIAN Vi*tru"vi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Vitruvius, an ancient Roman architect. Vitruvian scroll (Arch.), a name given to a peculiar pattern of scrollwork, consisting of convolved undulations. It is used in classical architecture. Oxf. Gloss. VITTA Vit"ta, n.; pl. Vittæ. Etym: [L. vitta ribbon, fillet.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: One of the oil tubes in the fruit of umbelliferous plants. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A band, or stripe, of color. VITTATE Vit"tate, a. Etym: [L. vittatus bound with a fillet, fr. vitta fillet.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Bearing or containing vittæ. 2. Striped longitudinally. VITULINE Vit"u*line, a. Etym: [L. vitulinus, fr. vitulus a calf. See Veal.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a calf or veal. VITUPERABLE Vi*tu"per*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. vituperabilis: cf. F. vitupérable.] Defn: Liable to, or deserving, vituperation, or severe censure. VITUPERATE Vi*tu"per*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. vituperatus, p. p. of vituperare to blame, vituperate; vitium a fault + parare to prepare. See Vice a fault, and Pare, v. t.] Defn: To find fault with; to scold; to overwhelm with wordy abuse; to censure severely or abusively; to rate. VITUPERATION Vi*tu`per*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. vituperatio: cf. OF. vituperation. See Vituperate.] Defn: The act of vituperating; abuse; severe censure; blame. When a man becomes untractable and inaccessible by fierceness and pride, then vituperation comes upon him. Donne. VITUPERATIVE Vi*tu"per*a*tive, a. Defn: Uttering or writing censure; containing, or characterized by, abuse; scolding; abusive. -- Vi*tu"per*a*tive*ly, adv. Vituperative appellations derived from their real or supposed ill qualities. B. Jonson. VITUPERATOR Vi*tu"per*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.] Defn: One who vituperates, or censures abusively. VITUPERRIOUS Vi`tu*per"ri*ous, a. Defn: Worthy of vituperation; shameful; disgraceful. [Obs.] VIVACE Vi*va"ce, a. & adv. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: Brisk; vivacious; with spirit; -- a direction to perform a passage in a brisk and lively manner. VIVACIOUS Vi*va"cious, a. Etym: [L. vívax, -acis, fr. vivere to live. See Vivid.] 1. Having vigorous powers of life; tenacious of life; long-lived. [Obs.] Hitherto the English bishops have been vivacious almost to wonder. . . . But five died for the first twenty years of her [Queen Elizabeth's] reign. Fuller. The faith of Christianity is far more vivacious than any mere ravishment of the imagination can ever be. I. Taylor. 2. Sprightly in temper or conduct; lively; merry; as, a vivacious poet. "Vivacious nonsense." V. Knox. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Living through the winter, or from year to year; perennial. [R.] Syn. -- Sprightly; active; animated; sportive; gay; merry; jocund; light- hearted. -- Vi*va"cious*ly, adv. -- Vi*va"cious*ness, n. VIVACITY Vi*vac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. vivicitas: cf. F. vivacité.] Defn: The quality or state of being vivacious. Specifically: -- (a) Tenacity of life; vital force; natural vigor. [Obs.] The vivacity of some of these pensioners is little less than a miracle, they lived so long. Fuller. (b) Life; animation; spiritedness; liveliness; sprightliness; as, the vivacity of a discourse; a lady of great vivacity; vivacity of countenance. Syn. -- Liveliness; gayety. See Liveliness. VIVANDIER Vi`van`dier", n. [OF. & F. vivandier, fr. LL. vivanda, vivenda, provisions. Cf. Viand.] Defn: In Continental armies, esp. the French, a sutler. VIVANDIERE Vi`van`dière", n. Etym: [F. See Viand.] Defn: In Continental armies, especially in the French army, a woman accompanying a regiment, who sells provisions and liquor to the soldiers; a female sutler. VIVARIUM Vi*va"ri*um, n.; pl. E. Vivariums, L. Vivaria. Etym: [L., fr. vivarius belonging to living creatures, fr. vivus alive, living. See Vivid.] Defn: A place artificially arranged for keeping or raising living animals, as a park, a pond, an aquarium, a warren, etc. VIVARY Vi"va*ry, n.; pl. Vivaries (. Defn: A vivarium. "That . . . vivary of fowls and beasts." Donne. VIVA VOCE Vi"va vo"ce. Etym: [L.] Defn: By word of mouth; orally. VIVDA Viv"da, n. Defn: See Vifda. VIVE Vive (vev). Etym: [F., imperative sing. pres. fr. vivre to live, L. vivere.] Defn: Long live, that is, success to; as, vive le roi, long live the king; vive la bagatelle, success to trifles or sport. VIVE Vive (viv), a. Etym: [L. vivus: cf. F. vif. See Vivid.] Defn: Lively; animated; forcible. [Obs.] Bacon. VIVELY Vive"ly, adv. Defn: In a lively manner. [Obs.] If I see a thing vively represented on the stage. B. Jonson. VIVENCY Vi"ven*cy, n. Etym: [L. vivens, p. pr. of vivere to live.] Defn: Manner of supporting or continuing life or vegetation. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. VIVERRA Vi*ver"ra, n. Etym: [L., a ferret.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of carnivores which comprises the civets. VIVERRINE Vi*ver"rine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Viverridæ, or Civet family. VIVERS Vi"vers, n. pl. Etym: [F. vivres, pl. of vivre, orig., to live.] Defn: Provisions; victuals. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] I 'll join you at three, if the vivers can tarry so long. Sir W. Scott. VIVES Vives, n. Etym: [OF. vives, F. avives (cf. Sp. abivas, adiva) fr. Ar. ad-dhiba. Cf. Fives vives.] (Far.) Defn: A disease of brute animals, especially of horses, seated in the glands under the ear, where a tumor is formed which sometimes ends in suppuration. VIVIANITE Viv"i*an*ite, n. Etym: [So called by Werner after the English mineralogist F. G. Vivian.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous phosphate of iron of a blue to green color, growing darker on exposure. It occurs in monoclinic crystals, also fibrous, massive, and earthy. VIVID Viv"id, a. Etym: [L. vividus, from vivere to life; akin to vivus living. See Quick, a., and cf. Revive, Viand, Victuals, Vital.] 1. True to the life; exhibiting the appearance of life or freshness; animated; spirited; bright; strong; intense; as, vivid colors. In dazzling streaks the vivid lightnings play. Cowper. Arts which present, with all the vivid charms of painting, the human face and human form divine. Bp. Hobart. 2. Forming brilliant images, or painting in lively colors; lively; sprightly; as, a vivid imagination. Body is a fit workhouse for sprightly, vivid faculties to exercise . . . themselves in. South. Syn. -- Clear; lucid; bright; strong; striking; lively; quick; sprightly; active. -- Viv"id*ly, adv. -- Viv"id*ness, n. VIVIDITY Vi*vid"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vivid; vividness. [R.] VIVIFIC; VIVIFICAL Vi*vif"ic, Vi*vif"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. vivificus: cf. F. vivifique. See Vivify.] Defn: Giving life; reviving; enlivening. [R.] VIVIFICATE Vi*vif"i*cate, v. t. Etym: [L. vivificatus, p. p. vivificare. See Vivify.] 1. To give life to; to animate; to revive; to vivify. [R.] God vivificates and actuates the whole world. Dr. H. More. 2. (Chem.) Defn: To bring back a metal to the metallic form, as from an oxide or solution; to reduce. [Obs.] VIVIFICATION Viv`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. vivificatio: cf. vivification.] 1. The act of vivifying, or the state of being vivified; restoration of life; revival. Bacon. 2. (Physiol.) Defn: One of the changes of assimilation, in which proteid matter which has been transformed, and made a part of the tissue or tissue cells, is endowed with life, and thus enabled to manifest the phenomena of irritability, contractility, etc. McKendrick. 3. (Chem.) Defn: The act or process of vivificating. [Obs.] VIVIFICATIVE Viv"i*fi*ca*tive, a. Defn: Able or tending to vivify, animate, or give life; vivifying. VIVIFY Viv"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vivified; p. pr. & vb. n. Vivifying.] Etym: [F. vivifier, L. vivificare. See Vivid, -fy; cf. Vivificate.] Defn: To endue with life; to make to be living; to quicken; to animate. Sitting on eggs doth vivify, not nourish. Bacon. VIVIPARA Vi*vip"a*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Viviparous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An artificial division of vertebrates including those that produce their young alive; -- opposed to Ovipara. VIVIPARITY Viv`i*par"i*ty, n. (Biol.) Defn: The quality or condition of being viviparous. H. Spencer. VIVIPAROUS Vi*vip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. viviparus; vivus alive + parere to bear, bring forth. Cf. Viper.] (Biol.) Defn: Producing young in a living state, as most mammals, or as those plants the offspring of which are produced alive, either by bulbs instead of seeds, or by the seeds themselves germinating on the plant, instead of falling, as they usually do; -- opposed to oviparous. Viviparous fish. (Zoöl.) See Embiotocoid. -- Viviparous shell (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of operculated fresh-water gastropods belonging to Viviparus, Melantho, and allied genera. Their young, when born, have a well-developed spiral shell. VIVIPAROUSLY Vi*vip"a*rous*ly, adv. (Biol.) Defn: In a viviparous manner. VIVIPAROUSNESS Vi*vip"a*rous*ness, n. (Biol.) Defn: The quality of being viviparous; viviparity. VIVISECT Viv"i*sect`, v. t. Defn: To perform vivisection upon; to dissect alive. [Colloq.] Pop. Sci. Monthly. VIVISECTION Viv`i*sec"tion, n. Etym: [L. vivus alive + E. section: cf. F. vivisection. See Vivid, and Section.] Defn: The dissection of an animal while alive, for the purpose of making physiological investigations. VIVISECTIONAL Viv`i*sec"tion*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to vivisection. VIVISECTIONIST Viv`i*sec"tion*ist, n. Defn: One who practices or advocates vivisection; a vivisector. VIVISECTOR Viv`i*sec"tor, n. Defn: A vivisectionist. VIXEN Vix"en, n. Etym: [AS. fixen a she-fox, for fyxen, fem. of fox. See Fox.] 1. A female fox. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. A cross, ill-tempered person; -- formerly used of either sex, now only of a woman. Barrow. She was a vixen when she went to school. Shak. VIXENISH Vix"en*ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a vixen; resembling a vixen. VIXENLY Vix"en*ly, a. Defn: Like a vixen; vixenish. Barrow. VIZ Viz, adv. Etym: [Contr. fr. videlicet.] Defn: To wit; that is; namely. VIZARD Viz"ard, n. Etym: [See Visor.] Defn: A mask; a visor. [Archaic] "A grotesque vizard." Sir W. Scott. To mislead and betray them under the vizard of law. Milton. VIZARDED Viz"ard*ed, a. Defn: Wearing a vizard. [R.] Shak. VIZCACHA Viz*ca"cha, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Viscacha. VIZIER Viz"ier, n. Etym: [Ar. wezir, wazir, properly, a bearer of burdens, a porter, from wazara to bear a burden: cf. F. vizir, visir. Cf. Alguazil.] Defn: A councilor of state; a high executive officer in Turkey and other Oriental countries. [Written also visier, vizir, and vizer.] Grand vizier, the chief minister of the Turkish empire; -- called also vizier-azem. VIZIERATE Viz"ier*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vizirat.] Defn: The office, dignity, or authority of a vizier. VIZIER-AZEM Vi*zier`-a*zem", n. Etym: [Ar. azam great. See Vizier.] Defn: A grand vizier. See under Vizier. VIZIERIAL Vi*zier"i*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vizirial.] Defn: Of, pertaining to, or issued by, a vizier. [Written also vizirial.] VIZIR Vi*zir", n. Defn: See Vizier. VIZOR Viz"or, n. Defn: See Visor. VLISSMAKI Vliss*ma"ki, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The diadem indris. See Indris. V MOTH V" moth`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A common gray European moth (Halia vauaria) having a V-shaped spot of dark brown on each of the fore wings. VOCABLE Vo"ca*ble, n. Etym: [L. vocabulum an appellation, designation, name, fr. vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, a voice, a word: cf. F. vocable. See Voice.] Defn: A word; a term; a name; specifically, a word considered as composed of certain sounds or letters, without regard to its meaning. Swamped near to drowning in a tide of ingenious vocables. Carlyle. VOCABULARY Vo*cab"u*la*ry, n.; pl. Vocabularies. Etym: [LL. vocabularium, vocabularius: cf. F. vocabulaire. See Vocable.] 1. A list or collection of words arranged in alphabetical order and explained; a dictionary or lexicon, either of a whole language, a single work or author, a branch of science, or the like; a word-book. 2. A sum or stock of words employed. His vocabulary seems to have been no larger than was necessary for the transaction of business. Macaulay. VOCABULIST Vo*cab"u*list, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vocabuliste.] Defn: The writer or maker of a vocabulary; a lexicographer. VOCAL Vo"cal, a. Etym: [L. vocalis, fr. vox, vocis, voice: cf. F. vocal. See Voice, and cf. Vowel.] 1. Of or pertaining to the voice or speech; having voice; endowed with utterance; full of voice, or voices. To hill or valley, fountain, or fresh shade, Made vocal by my song. Milton. 2. Uttered or modulated by the voice; oral; as, vocal melody; vocal prayer. "Vocal worship." Milton. 3. Of or pertaining to a vowel or voice sound; also, 4. (Phon.) (a) Consisting of, or characterized by, voice, or tone produced in the larynx, which may be modified, either by resonance, as in the case of the vowels, or by obstructive action, as in certain consonants, such as v, l, etc., or by both, as in the nasals m, n, ng; sonant; intonated; voiced. See Voice, and Vowel, also Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 199-202. (b) Of or pertaining to a vowel; having the character of a vowel; vowel. Vocal cords or chords. (Anat.) See Larynx, and the Note under Voice, n., 1. -- Vocal fremitus Etym: [L. fremitus a dull roaring or murmuring] (Med.), the perceptible vibration of the chest wall, produced by the transmission of the sonorous vibrations during the act of using the voice. -- Vocal music, music made by the voice, in distinction from instrumental music; hence, music or tunes set to words, to be performed by the human voice. -- Vocal tube (Anat.), the part of the air passages above the inferior ligaments of the larynx, including the passages through the nose and mouth. VOCAL Vo"cal, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vocal, LL. vocalis.] 1. (Phon.) Defn: A vocal sound; specifically, a purely vocal element of speech, unmodified except by resonance; a vowel or a diphthong; a tonic element; a tonic; -- distinguished from a subvocal, and a nonvocal. 2. (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A man who has a right to vote in certain elections. VOCALIC Vo*cal"ic, a. Etym: [L. vocalis (sc. littera) a vowel. See Vocal, a.] Defn: Of or pertaining to vowel sounds; consisting of the vowel sounds. Earle. The Gaelic language being uncommonly vocalic. Sir W. Scott. VOCALISM Vo"cal*ism, n. 1. The exercise of the vocal organs; vocalization. 2. A vocalic sound. [R.] VOCALIST Vo"cal*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vocaliste.] Defn: A singer, or vocal musician, as opposed to an instrumentalist. VOCALITY Vo*cal"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. L. vocalitas euphony.] 1. The quality or state of being vocal; utterableness; resonance; as, the vocality of the letters. 2. The quality of being a vowel; vocalic character. VOCALIZATION Vo`cal*i*za"tion, n. 1. The act of vocalizing, or the state of being vocalized. 2. The formation and utterance of vocal sounds. VOCALIZE Vo"cal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vocalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Vocalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. vocaliser.] 1. To form into voice; to make vocal or sonant; to give intonation or resonance to. It is one thing to give an impulse to breath alone, another thing to vocalize that breath. Holder. 2. To practice singing on the vowel sounds. VOCALLY Vo"cal*ly, adv. 1. In a vocal manner; with voice; orally; with audible sound. 2. In words; verbally; as, to express desires vocally. VOCALNESS Vo"cal*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being vocal; vocality. VOCATION Vo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. vocatio a bidding, invitation, fr. vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice: cf. F. vocation. See Vocal.] 1. A call; a summons; a citation; especially, a designation or appointment to a particular state, business, or profession. What can be urged for them who not having the vocation of poverty to scribble, out of mere wantonness make themselves ridiculous Dryden. 2. Destined or appropriate employment; calling; occupation; trade; business; profession. He would think his service greatly rewarded, if he might obtain by that means to live in the sight of his prince, and yet practice his own chosen vocation. Sir. P. Sidney. 3. (Theol.) Defn: A calling by the will of God. Specifically: -- (a) The bestowment of God's distinguishing grace upon a person or nation, by which that person or nation is put in the way of salvation; as, the vocation of the Jews under the old dispensation, and of the Gentiles under the gospel. "The golden chain of vocation, election, and justification." Jer. Taylor. (b) A call to special religious work, as to the ministry. Every member of the same [the Church], in his vocation and ministry. Bk. of Com. Prayer. VOCATIVE Voc"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. vocativus, fr. vocare to call.] Defn: Of or pertaining to calling; used in calling; specifically (Gram.), used in address; appellative; -- said of that case or form of the noun, pronoun, or adjective, in which a person or thing is addressed; as, Domine, O Lord. VOCATIVE Voc"a*tive, n. Etym: [L. vocativus (sc. casus): cf. F. vocatif.] (Gram.) Defn: The vocative case. VOCIFERANCE Vo*cif"er*ance, n. Defn: Vociferation; noise; clamor. [R.] R. Browning. VOCIFERANT Vo*cif"er*ant, a. Etym: [L. vociferans, p. pr.] Defn: Noisy; clamorous. Gauden. R. Browning. VOCIFERATE Vo*cif"er*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. vociferatus, p. p. vociferari to vociferate; vox, vocis, voice + ferre to bear. See Voice, and Bear to carry.] Defn: To cry out with vehemence; to exclaim; to bawl; to clamor. Cowper. VOCIFERATE Vo*cif"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vociferated; p. pr. & vb. n. Vociferating.] Defn: To utter with a loud voice; to shout out. Though he may vociferate the word liberty. V. Knox. VOCIFERATION Vo*cif`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. vociferatio: cf. F. vocifération.] Defn: The act of vociferating; violent outcry; vehement utterance of the voice. Violent gesture and vociferation naturally shake the hearts of the ignorant. Spectator. Plaintive strains succeeding the vociferations of emotion or of pain. Byron. VOCIFERATOR Vo*cif"er*a`tor, n. Defn: One who vociferates, or is clamorous. [R.] VOCIFEROUS Vo*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vocifère.] Defn: Making a loud outcry; clamorous; noisy; as, vociferous heralds. -- Vo*cif"er*ous*ly, adv. -- Vo*cif"er*ous*ness, n. VOCULE Voc"ule, n. Etym: [L. vocula, dim. of vox, vocis, voice.] (Phon.) Defn: A short or weak utterance; a faint or feeble sound, as that heard on separating the lips in pronouncing p or b. Rush. -- Voc"u*lar, a. VODANIUM Vo*da"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL.] (Old Chem.) Defn: A supposed element, afterward found to be a mixture of several metals, as copper, iron, lead, nickel, etc. VODKA Vod"ka, n. Etym: [Russ.] Defn: A Russian drink distilled from rye. VOE Voe, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel ver sea, vöar a fenced-in landing place.] Defn: An inlet, bay, or creek; -- so called in the Orkney and Shetland Islands. Jamieson. VOGLE Vo"gle, n. (Mining) Defn: Same as Vugg. VOGUE Vogue, n. Etym: [F. vogue a rowing, vogue, fashion, It. voga, fr. vogare to row, to sail; probably fr. OHG. wag to move, akin to E. way. Cf. Way.] 1. The way or fashion of people at any particular time; temporary mode, custom, or practice; popular reception for the time; -- used now generally in the phrase in vogue. One vogue, one vein, One air of thoughts usurps my brain. Herbert. Whatsoever its vogue may be, I still flatter myself that the parents of the growing generation will be satisfied with what Burke. Use may revive the obsoletest words, And banish those that now are most in vogue. Roscommon. 2. Influence; power; sway. [Obs.] Strype. VOICE Voice, n. Etym: [OE. vois, voys, OF. vois, voiz, F. voix, L. vox, vocis, akin to Gr. vac to say, to speak, G. erwähnen to mention. Cf. Advocate, Advowson, Avouch, Convoke, Epic, Vocal, Vouch, Vowel.] 1. Sound uttered by the mouth, especially that uttered by human beings in speech or song; sound thus uttered considered as possessing some special quality or character; as, the human voice; a pleasant voice; a low voice. He with a manly voice saith his message. Chaucer. Her voice was ever soft, Gentle, and low; an excellent thing in woman. Shak. Thy voice is music. Shak. Join thy voice unto the angel choir. Milton. 2. (Phon.) Defn: Sound of the kind or quality heard in speech or song in the consonants b, v, d, etc., and in the vowels; sonant, or intonated, utterance; tone; -- distinguished from mere breath sound as heard in f, s, sh, etc., and also whisper. Note: Voice, in this sense, is produced by vibration of the so-called vocal cords in the larynx (see Illust. of Larynx) which act upon the air, not in the manner of the strings of a stringed instrument, but as a pair of membranous tongues, or reeds, which, being continually forced apart by the outgoing current of breath, and continually brought together again by their own elasticity and muscular tension, break the breath current into a series of puffs, or pulses, sufficiently rapid to cause the sensation of tone. The power, or loudness, of such a tone depends on the force of the separate pulses, and this is determined by the pressure of the expired air, together with the resistance on the part of the vocal cords which is continually overcome. Its pitch depends on the number of aërial pulses within a given time, that is, on the rapidity of their succession. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 5, 146, 155. 3. The tone or sound emitted by anything. After the fire a still small voice. 1 Kings xix. 12. Canst thou thunder with a voice like him Job xl. 9. The floods have lifted up their voice. Ps. xciii. 3. O Marcus, I am warm'd; my heart Leaps at the trumpet's voice. Addison. 4. The faculty or power of utterance; as, to cultivate the voice. 5. Language; words; speech; expression; signification of feeling or opinion. I desire to be present with you now, and to change my voice; for I stand in doubt of you. Gal. iv. 20. My voice is in my sword. Shak. Let us call on God in the voice of his church. Bp. Fell. 6. Opinion or choice expressed; judgment; a vote. Sic. How now, my masters! have you chose this man 1 Cit. He has our voices, sir. Shak. Some laws ordain, and some attend the choice Of holy senates, and elect by voice. Dryden. 7. Command; precept; -- now chiefly used in scriptural language. So shall ye perish; because ye would not be obedient unto the voice of the Lord your God. Deut. viii. 20. 8. One who speaks; a speaker. "A potent voice of Parliament." Tennyson. 9. (Gram.) Defn: A particular mode of inflecting or conjugating verbs, or a particular form of a verb, by means of which is indicated the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses. Active voice (Gram.), that form of the verb by which its subject is represented as the agent or doer of the action expressed by it. -- Chest voice (Phon.), a kind of voice of a medium or low pitch and of a sonorous quality ascribed to resonance in the chest, or thorax; voice of the thick register. It is produced by vibration of the vocal cords through their entire width and thickness, and with convex surfaces presented to each other. -- Head voice (Phon.), a kind of voice of high pitch and of a thin quality ascribed to resonance in the head; voice of the thin register; falsetto. In producing it, the vibration of the cords is limited to their thin edges in the upper part, which are then presented to each other. -- Middle voice (Gram.), that form of the verb by which its subject is represented as both the agent, or doer, and the object of the action, that is, as performing some act to or upon himself, or for his own advantage. -- Passive voice. (Gram.) See under Passive, a. -- Voice glide (Pron.), the brief and obscure neutral vowel sound that sometimes occurs between two consonants in an unaccented syllable (represented by the apostrophe), as in able (a"b'l). See Glide, n., 2. -- Voice stop. See Voiced stop, under Voiced, a. -- With one voice, unanimously. "All with one voice . . . cried out, Great is Diana of the Ephesians." Acts xix. 34. VOICE Voice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Voiced; p. pr. & vb. n. Voicing.] 1. To give utterance or expression to; to utter; to publish; to announce; to divulge; as, to voice the sentiments of the nation. "Rather assume thy right in silence and . . . then voice it with claims and challenges." Bacon. It was voiced that the king purposed to put to death Edward Plantagenet. Bacon. 2. (Phon.) Defn: To utter with sonant or vocal tone; to pronounce with a narrowed glottis and rapid vibrations of the vocal cords; to speak above a whisper. 3. To fit for producing the proper sounds; to regulate the tone of; as, to voice the pipes of an organ. 4. To vote; to elect; to appoint. [Obs.] Shak. VOICE Voice, v. i. Defn: To clamor; to cry out. [Obs.] South. VOICED Voiced, a. 1. Furnished with a voice; expressed by the voice. 2. (Phon.) Defn: Uttered with voice; pronounced with vibrations of the vocal cords; sonant; -- said of a sound uttered with the glottis narrowed. Voiced stop, Voice stop (Phon.), a stopped consonant made with tone from the larynx while the mouth organs are closed at some point; a sonant mute, as b, d, g hard. VOICEFUL Voice"ful, a. Defn: Having a voice or vocal quality; having a loud voice or many voices; vocal; sounding. Beheld the Iliad and the Odyssey Rise to the swelling of the voiceful sea. Coleridge. VOICELESS Voice"less, a. 1. Having no voice, utterance, or vote; silent; mute; dumb. I live and die unheard, With a most voiceless thought, sheathing it as a sword. Byron. 2. (Phon.) Defn: Not sounded with voice; as, a voiceless consonant; surd. Voiceless stop (Phon.), a consonant made with no audible sound except in the transition to or from another sound; a surd mute, as p, t, k. -- Voice"less*ly, adv. -- Voice"less*ness, n. VOID Void, a. Etym: [OE. voide, OF. voit, voide, vuit, vuide, F. vide, fr. (assumed) LL. vocitus, fr. L. vocare, an old form of vacare to be empty, or a kindred word. Cf. Vacant, Avoid.] 1. Containing nothing; empty; vacant; not occupied; not filled. The earth was without form, and void. Gen. i. 2. I 'll get me to a place more void. Shak. I 'll chain him in my study, that, at void hours, I may run over the story of his country. Massinger. 2. Having no incumbent; unoccupied; -- said of offices and the like. Divers great offices that had been long void. Camden. 3. Being without; destitute; free; wanting; devoid; as, void of learning, or of common use. Milton. A conscience void of offense toward God. Acts xxiv. 16. He that is void of wisdom despiseth his neighbor. Prov. xi. 12. 4. Not producing any effect; ineffectual; vain. [My word] shall not return to me void, but it shall accomplish that which I please. Isa. lv. 11. I will make void the counsel of Judah. Jer. xix. 7. 5. Containing no immaterial quality; destitute of mind or soul. "Idol, void and vain." Pope. 6. (Law) Defn: Of no legal force or effect, incapable of confirmation or ratification; null. Cf. Voidable, 2. Void space (Physics), a vacuum. Syn. -- Empty; vacant; devoid; wanting; unfurnished; unsupplied; unoccupied. VOID Void, n. Defn: An empty space; a vacuum. Pride, where wit fails, steps in to our defense, And fills up all the mighty void of sense. Pope. VOID Void, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Voided; p. pr. & vb. n. Voiding.] Etym: [OF. voidier, vuidier. See Void, a.] 1. To remove the contents of; to make or leave vacant or empty; to quit; to leave; as, to void a table. Void anon her place. Chaucer. If they will fight with us, bid them come down, Or void the field. Shak. 2. To throw or send out; to evacuate; to emit; to discharge; as, to void excrements. A watchful application of mind in voiding prejudices. Barrow. With shovel, like a fury, voided out The earth and scattered bones. J. Webster. 3. To render void; to make to be of no validity or effect; to vacate; to annul; to nullify. After they had voided the obligation of the oath he had taken. Bp. Burnet. It was become a practice . . . to void the security that was at any time given for money so borrowed. Clarendon. VOID Void, v. i. Defn: To be emitted or evacuated. Wiseman. VOIDABLE Void"a*ble, a. 1. Capable of being voided, or evacuated. 2. (Law) Defn: Capable of being avoided, or of being adjudged void, invalid, and of no force; capable of being either avoided or confirmed. If the metropolitan . . . grants letters of administration, such administration is not, but voidable by sentence. Ayliffe. Note: A voidable contract may be ratified and confirmed; to render it null and of no effect, it must be avoided; a void contract can not be ratified. VOIDANCE Void"ance, n. 1. The act of voiding, emptying, ejecting, or evacuating. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A ejection from a benefice. 3. The state of being void; vacancy, as of a benefice which is without an incumbent. 4. Evasion; subterfuge. [Obs.] Bacon. VOIDED Void"ed, a. 1. Emptied; evacuated. 2. Annulled; invalidated. 3. (Her.) Defn: Having the inner part cut away, or left vacant, a narrow border being left at the sides, the tincture of the field being seen in the vacant space; -- said of a charge. VOIDER Void"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, voids, 2. A tray, or basket, formerly used to receive or convey that which is voided or cleared away from a given place; especially, one for carrying off the remains of a meal, as fragments of food; sometimes, a basket for containing household articles, as clothes, etc. Piers Plowman laid the cloth, and Simplicity brought in the voider. Decker. The cloth whereon the earl dined was taken away, and the voider, wherein the plate was usually put, was set upon the cupboard's head. Hist. of Richard Hainam. 3. A servant whose business is to void, or clear away, a table after a meal. [R.] Decker. 4. (Her.) Defn: One of the ordinaries, much like the flanch, but less rounded and therefore smaller. VOIDING Void"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, v Bp. Hall. 2. That which is voided; that which is ejected or evacuated; a remnant; a fragment. [R.] Rowe. Voiding knife, a knife used for gathering up fragments of food to put them into a voider. VOIDING Void"ing, a. Defn: Receiving what is ejected or voided. "How in our voiding lobby hast thou stood" Shak. VOIDNESS Void"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being void; VOIR DIRE Voir dire. Etym: [OF., to say the truth, fr. L. verus true + dicere to say.] (Law) Defn: An oath administered to a witness, usually before being sworn in chief, requiring him to speak the truth, or make true answers in reference to matters inquired of, to ascertain his competency to give evidence. Greenleaf. Ld. Abinger. VOITURE Voi"ture, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. vectura a carrying, conveying. Cf. Vettura.] Defn: A carriage. Arbuthnot. VOIVODE Voi"vode, n. Defn: See Waywode. Longfellow. VOLACIOUS Vo*la"cious, a. Etym: [L. volare to fly.] Defn: Apt or fit to fly. [R.] VOLADOR Vo*la*dor", n. Etym: [Sp.] (Zoöl.) (a) A flying fish of California (Exocoetus Californicus): -- called also volator. (b) The Atlantic flying gurnard. See under Flying. VOLAGE Vo*lage", a. Etym: [F.] Defn: Light; giddy. [Obs.] They wroughten all their lust volage. Chaucer. VOLANT Vo"lant, a. Etym: [L. volans, -antis, p. pr. of volare to fly: cf. F. volant.] 1. Passing through the air upon wings, or as if upon wings; flying; hence, passing from place to place; current. English silver now was current, and our gold volant in the pope's court. Fuller. 2. Nimble; light and quick; active; rapid. "His volant touch." Milton. 3. (Her.) Defn: Represented as flying, or having the wings spread; as, an eagle volant. Volant piece (Anc. Armor), an adjustable piece of armor, for guarding the throat, etc., in a joust. VOLANTE Vo*lan"te, n. Etym: [Sp., prop., flying.] Defn: A cumbrous two-wheeled pleasure carriage used in Cuba. VOLAPUK; VOLAPUEK Vol`a*pük", n Defn: Literally, world's speech; the name of an artificial language invented by Johan Martin Schleyer, of Constance, Switzerland, about 1879. VOLAPUKIST; VOLAPUEKIST Vol`a*pük"ist, n. Defn: One who is conversant with, or who favors adoption of, Volapük. VOLAR Vo"lar, a. Etym: [L. vola the palm of the hand, the sole of the foot.] (Anat.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot. VOLARY Vol"a*ry, n. Defn: See Volery. [Obs.] VOLATILE Vol"a*tile, a. Etym: [F. volatil, L. volatilis, fr. volare to fly, perhaps akin to velox swift, E. velocity. Cf. Volley.] 1. Passing through the air on wings, or by the buoyant force of the atmosphere; flying; having the power to fly. [Obs.] 2. Capable of wasting away, or of easily passing into the aëriform state; subject to evaporation. Note: Substances which affect the smell with pungent or fragrant odors, as musk, hartshorn, and essential oils, are called volatile substances, because they waste away on exposure to the atmosphere. Alcohol and ether are called volatile liquids for a similar reason, and because they easily pass into the state of vapor on the application of heat. On the contrary, gold is a fixed substance, because it does not suffer waste, even when exposed to the heat of a furnace; and oils are called fixed when they do not evaporate on simple exposure to the atmosphere. 3. Fig.: Light-hearted; easily affected by circumstances; airy; lively; hence, changeable; fickle; as, a volatile temper. You are as giddy and volatile as ever. Swift. Volatile alkali. (Old Chem.) See under Alkali. -- Volatile liniment, a liniment composed of sweet oil and ammonia, so called from the readiness with which the latter evaporates. -- Volatile oils. (Chem.) See Essential oils, under Essential. VOLATILE Vol"a*tile, n. Etym: [Cf. F. volatile.] Defn: A winged animal; wild fowl; game. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sir T. Browne. VOLATILENESS; VOLATILITY Vol"a*tile*ness, Vol`a*til"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. volatilité.] Defn: Quality or state of being volatile; disposition to evaporate; changeableness; fickleness. Syn. -- See Levity. VOLATILIZABLE Vol"a*til*i`za*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. volatisable.] Defn: Capable of being volatilized. VOLATILIZATION Vol`a*til*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. volatilisation.] Defn: The act or process of volatilizing, or rendering volatile; the state of being volatilized. VOLATILIZE Vol"a*til*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Volatilized; p. pr. & vb. n. Volatilizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. volatiliser.] Defn: To render volatile; to cause to exhale or evaporate; to cause to pass off in vapor. The water . . . dissolving the oil, and volatilizing it by the action. Sir I. Newton. VOLATOR Vo*la"tor, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Volador, 1. VOL-AU-VENT Vol`-au`-vent", n. Etym: [F.] (Cookery) Defn: A light puff paste, with a raised border, filled, after baking, usually with a ragout of fowl, game, or fish. VOLBORTHITE Vol"borth*ite, n. Etym: [So named after Volborth, who first discovered it.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in small six-sided tabular crystals of a green or yellow color. It is a hydrous vanadate of copper and lime. VOLCANIAN Vol*ca"ni*an, a. Defn: Volcanic. [R.] Keats. VOLCANIC Vol*can"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. volcanique, It. vulcanico.] 1. Of or pertaining to a volcano or volcanoes; as, volcanic heat. 2. Produced by a volcano, or, more generally, by igneous agencies; as, volcanic tufa. 3. Changed or affected by the heat of a volcano. Volcanic bomb, a mass ejected from a volcano, often of molten lava having a rounded form. -- Volcanic cone, a hill, conical in form, built up of cinders, tufa, or lava, during volcanic eruptions. -- Volcanic foci, the subterranean centers of volcanic action; the points beneath volcanoes where the causes producing volcanic phenomena are most active. -- Volcanic glass, the vitreous form of lava, produced by sudden cooling; obsidian. See Obsidian. -- Volcanic mud, fetid, sulphurous mud discharged by a volcano. -- Volcanic rocks, rocks which have been produced from the discharges of volcanic matter, as the various kinds of basalt, trachyte, scoria, obsidian, etc., whether compact, scoriaceous, or vitreous. VOLCANICALLY Vol*can"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: Like a volcano. VOLCANICITY Vol`can*ic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. volcanicité.] Defn: Quality or state of being volcanic; volcanic power. VOLCANIC NECK Vol*can"ic neck. (Geol.) Defn: A column of igneous rock formed by congelation of lava in the conduit of a volcano and later exposed by the removal of surrounding rocks. VOLCANIC WIND Volcanic wind. (Meteorol.) Defn: A wind associated with a volcanic outburst and due to the eruption or to convection currents over hot lava. VOLCANISM Vol"can*ism, n. Defn: Volcanic power or action; volcanicity. VOLCANIST Vol"can*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. volcaniste, vulcaniste.] 1. One versed in the history and phenomena of volcanoes. 2. One who believes in the igneous, as opposed to the aqueous, origin of the rocks of the earth's crust; a vulcanist. Cf. Neptunist. VOLCANITY Vol*can"i*ty, n. Etym: [See Volcanic, and Volcanicity.] Defn: The quality or state of being volcanic, or volcanic origin; volcanicity. [R.] VOLCANIZATION Vol`can*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act of volcanizing, or the state of being volcanized; the process of undergoing volcanic heat, and being affected by it. VOLCANIZE Vol"can*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Volcanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Volcanizing.] Etym: [Cf. Vulcanize.] Defn: To subject to, or cause to undergo, volcanic heat, and to be affected by its action. VOLCANO Vol*ca"no, n.; pl. Volcanoes. Etym: [It. volcano, vulcano, fr. L. Vulcanus Vulkan, the god of fire. See Vulkan.] (Geol.) Defn: A mountain or hill, usually more or less conical in form, from which lava, cinders, steam, sulphur gases, and the like, are ejected; -- often popularly called a burning mountain. Note: Volcanoes include many of the most conspicuous and lofty mountains of the earth, as Mt. Vesuvius in Italy (4,000 ft. high), Mt. Loa in Hawaii (14,000 ft.), Cotopaxi in South America (nearly 20,000 ft.), which are examples of active volcanoes. The crater of a volcano is usually a pit-shaped cavity, often of great size. The summit crater of Mt. Loa has a maximum length of 13,000 ft., and a depth of nearly 800 feet. Beside the chief crater, a volcano may have a number of subordinate craters. VOLE Vole, n. Etym: [F.] Defn: A deal at cards that draws all the tricks. Swift. VOLE Vole, v. i. (Card Playing) Defn: To win all the tricks by a vole. Pope. VOLE Vole, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of micelike rodents belonging to Arvicola and allied genera of the subfamily Arvicolinæ. They have a thick head, short ears, and a short hairy tail. Note: The water vole, or water rat, of Europe (Arvicola amphibius) is a common large aquatic species. The short-tailed field vole (A. agrestis) of Northern and Central Europe, and Asia, the Southern field vole (A. arvalis), and the Siberian root vole (A. oeconomus), are important European species. The common species of the Eastern United States (A. riparius) (called also meadow mouse) and the prairie mouse (A. austerus) are abundant, and often injurious to vegetation. Other species are found in Canada. VOLERY Vol"er*y, n. Etym: [F. volerie a flying, volière a large bird cage, fr. voler to fly, L. volare. See Volatile.] 1. A flight of birds. [R.] Locke. 2. A large bird cage; an aviary. VOLGE Volge, n. Etym: [L. vulgus.] Defn: The common sort of people; the crowd; the mob. [Obs.] Fuller. VOLITABLE Vol"i*ta*ble, a. Defn: Volatilizable. [Obs.] VOLITATION Vol`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. volitare, volitatum, to fly to and fro, v. freq. from volare to fly.] Defn: The act of flying; flight. [R.] Sir T. Browne. VOLITIENT Vo*li"tient, a. Etym: [See Volition.] Defn: Exercising the will; acting from choice; willing, or having power to will. "What I do, I do volitient, not obedient." Mrs. Browning. VOLITION Vo*li"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. volo I will, velle to will, be willing. See Voluntary.] 1. The act of willing or choosing; the act of forming a purpose; the exercise of the will. Volition is the actual exercise of the power the mind has to order the consideration of any idea, or the forbearing to consider it. Locke. Volition is an act of the mind, knowingly exerting that dominion it takes itself to have over any part of the man, by employing it in, or withholding it from, any particular action. Locke. 2. The result of an act or exercise of choosing or willing; a state of choice. 3. The power of willing or determining; will. Syn. -- Will; choice; preference; determination; purpose. -- Volition, Choice. Choice is the familiar, and volition the scientific, term for the same state of the will; viz., an "elective preference." When we have "made up our minds" (as we say) to a thing, i. e., have a settled state of choice respecting it, that state is called an immanent volition; when we put forth any particular act of choice, that act is called an emanent, or executive, or imperative, volition. When an immanent, or settled state of, choice, is one which controls or governs a series of actions, we call that state a predominant volition; while we give the name of subordinate volitions to those particular acts of choice which carry into effect the object sought for by the governing or "predominant volition." See Will. VOLITIONAL Vo*li"tion*al, a. Defn: Belonging or relating to volition. "The volitional impulse." Bacon. VOLITIVE Vol"i*tive, a. Etym: [See Volition.] 1. Of or pertaining to the will; originating in the will; having the power to will. "They not only perfect the intellectual faculty, but the volitive." Sir M. Hale. 2. (Gram.) Defn: Used in expressing a wish or permission as, volitive proposition. VOLKSLIED Volks"lied, n.; pl. Volkslieder Etym: [G.] (Mus.) Defn: A popular song, or national air. VOLKSRAAD Volks"raad`, n. [D.] Defn: A legislative assembly or parliament of any one of several countries colonized by the Dutch, esp. that of the South African Republic, or the Transvaal, and that of the Orange Free State. VOLLEY Vol"ley, n.; pl. Volleys. Etym: [F. volée; flight, a volley, or discharge of several guns, fr. voler to fly, L. volare. See Volatile.] 1. A flight of missiles, as arrows, bullets, or the like; the simultaneous discharge of a number of small arms. Fiery darts in flaming volleys flew. Milton. Each volley tells that thousands cease to breathe. Byron. 2. A burst or emission of many things at once; as, a volley of words. "This volley of oaths." B. Jonson. Rattling nonsense in full volleys breaks. Pope. 3. (a) (Tennis) A return of the ball before it touches the ground. (b) (Cricket) A sending of the ball full to the top of the wicket. Half volley. (a) (Tennis) A return of the ball immediately after is has touched the ground. (b) (Cricket) A sending of the ball so that after touching the ground it flies towards the top of the wicket. R. A. Proctor. -- On the volley, at random. [Obs.] "What we spake on the volley begins work." Massinger. -- Volley gun, a gun with several barrels for firing a number of shots simultaneously; a kind of mitrailleuse. VOLLEY Vol"ley, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Volleyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Volleying.] Defn: To discharge with, or as with, a volley. VOLLEY Vol"ley, v. i. 1. To be thrown out, or discharged, at once; to be discharged in a volley, or as if in a volley; to make a volley or volleys. Tennyson. 2. (a) (Tennis) To return the ball before it touches the ground. (b) (Cricket) To send the ball full to the top of the wicket. R. A. Proctor. VOLLEY BALL Vol"ley ball. Defn: A game played by volleying a large inflated ball with the hands over a net 7 ft. 6 in. high. VOLLEYED Vol"leyed, a. Defn: Discharged with a sudden burst, or as if in a volley; as, volleyed thunder. VOLOST Vo"lost, n. [Russ. volost'.] Defn: In the greater part of Russia, a division for local government consisting of a group of mirs, or village communities; a canton. VOLOW Vol"ow, v. t. Etym: [From the answer, Volo I will, in the baptismal service. Richardson (Dict.).] Defn: To baptize; -- used in contempt by the Reformers. [Obs.] Tyndale. VOLPLANE Vol"plane`, v. i. [F. vol plané act of volplaning; vol flight + plané, p.p.; cf. planer to hover.] (Aëronautics) Defn: To glide in a flying machine. VOLT Volt, n. Etym: [F. volte; cf. It. volta. See Vault.] 1. (Man.) Defn: A circular tread; a gait by which a horse going sideways round a center makes two concentric tracks. 2. (Fencing) Defn: A sudden movement to avoid a thrust. VOLT Volt, n. Etym: [After Alessandro Volta, the Italian electrician.] (Elec.) Defn: The unit of electro-motive force; -- defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893 and by United States Statute as, that electro-motive force which steadily applied to a conductor whose resistance is one ohm will produce a current of one ampère. It is practically equivalent to VOLTA Vol"ta, n.; pl. Volte. Etym: [It. volta a turn, turning, a time. See Volt a tread.] (Mus.) Defn: A turning; a time; -- chiefly used in phrases signifying that the part is to be repeated one, two, or more times; as, una volta, once. Seconda volta, second time, points to certain modifications in the close of a repeated strain. VOLTA-ELECTRIC Vol"ta-e*lec"tric, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to voltaic electricity, or voltaism. VOLTA-ELECTROMETER Vol`ta-e`lec*trom"e*ter, n. Defn: An instrument for the exact measurement of electric currents. VOLTAGE Vol"tage, n. (Elec.) Defn: Electric potential or potential difference, expressed in volts. VOLTAGRAPHY Vol*tag"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Voltaic + -graphy.] Defn: In electrotypy, the act or art of copying, in metals deposited by electrolytic action, a form or pattern which is made the negative electrode. [R.] VOLTAIC Vol*ta"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. voltaïque, It. voltaico.] 1. Of or pertaining to Alessandro Volta, who first devised apparatus for developing electric currents by chemical action, and established this branch of electric science; discovered by Volta; as, voltaic electricity. 2. Of or pertaining to voltaism, or voltaic electricity; as, voltaic induction; the voltaic arc. Note: See the Note under Galvanism. Voltaic arc, a luminous arc, of intense brilliancy, formed between carbon points as electrodes by the passage of a powerful voltaic current. -- Voltaic battery, an apparatus variously constructed, consisting of a series of plates or pieces of dissimilar metals, as copper and zinc, arranged in pairs, and subjected to the action of a saline or acid solution, by which a current of electricity is generated whenever the two poles, or ends of the series, are connected by a conductor; a galvanic battery. See Battery, 4. (b), and Note. -- Voltaic circuit. See under Circuit. -- Voltaic couple or element, a single pair of the connected plates of a battery. -- Voltaic electricity. See the Note under Electricity. -- Voltaic pile, a kind of voltaic battery consisting of alternate disks of dissimilar metals, separated by moistened cloth or paper. See 5th Pile. -- Voltaic protection of metals, the protection of a metal exposed to the corrosive action of sea water, saline or acid liquids, or the like, by associating it with a metal which is positive to it, as when iron is galvanized, or coated with zinc. VOLTAIREAN Vol*tair"e*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. voltairien.] Defn: Of or relating to Voltaire, the French author. J. Morley. VOLTAIRISM Vol*tair"ism, n. Defn: The theories or practice of Voltaire. J. Morley. VOLTAISM Vol"ta*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. voltaïsme.] (Physics) Defn: That form of electricity which is developed by the chemical action between metals and different liquids; voltaic electricity; also, the science which treats of this form of electricity; -- called also galvanism, from Galvani, on account of his experiments showing the remarkable influence of this agent on animals. VOLTAMETER Vol*tam"e*ter, n. Etym: [Voltaic + -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the voltaic electricity passing through it, by its effect in decomposing water or some other chemical compound acting as an electrolyte. VOLTAMMETER Volt*am"me`ter, n. Defn: A wattmeter. VOLT AMPERE Volt ampère. (Elec.) Defn: A unit of electric measurement equal to the product of a volt and an ampere. For direct current it is a measure of power and is the same as a watt; for alternating current it is a measure of apparent power. VOLTAPLAST Vol"ta*plast, n. Etym: [Voltaic + Gr. Defn: A form of voltaic, or galvanic, battery suitable for use electrotyping. G. Francis. VOLTATYPE Vol"ta*type, n. Etym: [Voltaic + type.] Defn: An electrotype. [R.] VOLTI Vol"ti, imperative. Etym: [It., fr. voltare to turn. See Volt a tread.] (Mus.) Defn: Turn, that is, turn over the leaf. Volti subito Etym: [It.] (Mus.), turn over quickly. VOLTIGEUR Vol`ti*geur, n. Etym: [F., fr. voltiger to vault, It. volteggiare. See Volt a tread.] 1. A tumbler; a leaper or vaulter. 2. (Mil.) Defn: One of a picked company of irregular riflemen in each regiment of the French infantry. VOLTMETER Volt"me`ter, n. Etym: [2d volt + -meter.] (elec.) Defn: An instrument for measuring in volts the differences of potential between different points of an electrical circuit. VOLTZITE Voltz"ite, n. Etym: [So named in honor of Voltz, a French engineer.] (Min.) Defn: An oxysulphide of lead occurring in implanted spherical globules of a yellowish or brownish color; -- called also voltzine. VOLUBILATE; VOLUBILE Vo*lu"bi*late, Vol"u*bile}, a. Etym: [See Voluble.] Defn: Turning, or whirling; winding; twining; voluble. VOLUBILITY Vol`u*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. volubilitas: cf. F. volubilité.] Defn: The quality or state of being voluble (in any of the senses of the adjective). VOLUBLE Vol"u*ble, a. Etym: [L. volubilis, fr. volvere, volutum, to roll, to turn round; akin to Gr. welle a wave: cf. F. voluble. Cf. F. Well of water, Convolvulus, Devolve, Involve, Revolt, Vault an arch, Volume, Volute.] 1. Easily rolling or turning; easily set in motion; apt to roll; rotating; as, voluble particles of matter. 2. Moving with ease and smoothness in uttering words; of rapid speech; nimble in speaking; glib; as, a flippant, voluble, tongue. [Cassio,] a knave very voluble. Shak. Note: Voluble was used formerly to indicate readiness of speech merely, without any derogatory suggestion. "A grave and voluble eloquence." Bp. Hacket. 3. Changeable; unstable; fickle. [Obs.] 4. (Bot.) Defn: Having the power or habit of turning or twining; as, the voluble stem of hop plants. Voluble stem (Bot.), a stem that climbs by winding, or twining, round another body. -- Vol"u*ble*ness, n. -- Vol"u*bly, adv. VOLUME Vol"ume, n. Etym: [F., from L. volumen a roll of writing, a book, volume, from volvere, volutum, to roll. See Voluble.] 1. A roll; a scroll; a written document rolled up for keeping or for use, after the manner of the ancients. [Obs.] The papyrus, and afterward the parchment, was joined together [by the ancients] to form one sheet, and then rolled upon a staff into a volume (volumen). Encyc. Brit. 2. Hence, a collection of printed sheets bound together, whether containing a single work, or a part of a work, or more than one work; a book; a tome; especially, that part of an extended work which is bound up together in one cover; as, a work in four volumes. An odd volume of a set of books bears not the value of its proportion to the set. Franklin. 4. Anything of a rounded or swelling form resembling a roll; a turn; a convolution; a coil. So glides some trodden serpent on the grass, And long behind wounded volume trails. Dryden. Undulating billows rolling their silver volumes. W. Irving. 4. Dimensions; compass; space occupied, as measured by cubic units, that is, cubic inches, feet, yards, etc.; mass; bulk; as, the volume of an elephant's body; a volume of gas. 5. (Mus.) Defn: Amount, fullness, quantity, or caliber of voice or tone. Atomic volume, Molecular volume (Chem.), the ratio of the atomic and molecular weights divided respectively by the specific gravity of the substance in question. -- Specific volume (Physics & Chem.), the quotient obtained by dividing unity by the specific gravity; the reciprocal of the specific gravity. It is equal (when the specific gravity is referred to water at 4º C. as a standard) to the number of cubic centimeters occupied by one gram of the substance. VOLUMED Vol"umed, a. 1. Having the form of a volume, or roil; as, volumed mist. The distant torrent's rushing sound Tells where the volumed cataract doth roll. Byron. 2. Having volume, or bulk; massive; great. VOLUMENOMETER Vol`u*me*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. volumen volume + -meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the volume of a body, especially a solid, by means of the difference in tension caused by its presence and absence in a confined portion of air. VOLUMENOMETRY Vol`u*me*nom"e*try, n. (Chem. & Physics) Defn: The method or process of measuring volumes by means of the volumenometer. VOLUMESCOPE Vol*u"me*scope, n. Etym: [Volume + -scope.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument consisting essentially of a glass tube provided with a graduated scale, for exhibiting to the eye the changes of volume of a gas or gaseous mixture resulting from chemical action, and the like. VOLUMESCOPE Vo*lu"me*scope, n. [Volume + -scope.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument consisting essentially of a glass tube provided with a graduated scale, for exhibiting to the eye the changes of volume of a gas or gaseous mixture resulting from chemical action, etc. VOLUMETER Vol*u"me*ter, n. Etym: [Cf. F. volumètre. See Volumetric.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring the volumes of gases or liquids by introducing them into a vessel of known capacity. VOLUMETRIC Vol`u*met"ric, a. Etym: [Volume + -metric.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the measurement of volume. Volumetric analysis (Chem.), that system of the quantitative analysis of solutions which employs definite volumes of standardized solutions of reagents, as measured by burettes, pipettes, etc.; also, the analysis of gases by volume, as by the eudiometer. VOLUMETRICAL Vol`u*met"ric*al, a. Defn: Volumetric. -- Vol`u*met"ric*al*ly, adv. VOLUMINOUS Vo*lu"mi*nous, a. Etym: [L. voluminosus: cf. F. volumineux.] Defn: Of or pertaining to volume or volumes. Specifically: -- (a) Consisting of many folds, coils, or convolutions. But ended foul in many a scaly fold, Voluminous and vast. Milton. Over which dusky draperies are hanging, and voluminous curtains have long since fallen. De Quincey. (b) Of great volume, or bulk; large. B. Jonson. (c) Consisting of many volumes or books; as, the collections of Muratori are voluminous. (d) Having written much, or produced many volumes; copious; diffuse; as, a voluminous writer. -- Vo*lu"mi*nous*ly, adv. -- Vo*lu"mi*nous*ness, n. VOLUMIST Vol"u*mist, n. Defn: One who writes a volume; an author. [Obs.] Milton. VOLUNTARILY Vol"un*ta*ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a voluntary manner; of one's own will; spontaneously. VOLUNTARINESS Vol"un*ta*ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being voluntary; spontaneousness; specifically, the quality or state of being free in the exercise of one's will. VOLUNTARISM Vol"un*ta*rism, n. Defn: Any theory which conceives will to be the dominant factor in experience or in the constitution of the world; -- contrasted with intellectualism. Schopenhauer and Fichte are typical exponents of the two types of metaphysical voluntarism, Schopenhauer teaching that the evolution of the universe is the activity of a blind and irrational will, Fichte holding that the intelligent activity of the ego is the fundamental fact of reality. VOLUNTARY Vol"un*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. voluntarius, fr. voluntas will, choice, from the root of velle to will, p. pr. volens; akin to E. will: cf. F. volontaire, Of. also voluntaire. See Will, v. t., and cf. Benevolent, Volition, Volunteer.] 1. Proceeding from the will; produced in or by an act of choice. That sin or guilt pertains exclusively to voluntary action is the true principle of orthodoxy. N. W. Taylor. 2. Unconstrained by the interference of another; unimpelled by the influence of another; not prompted or persuaded by another; done of his or its own accord; spontaneous; acting of one's self, or of itself; free. Our voluntary service he requires. Milton. She fell to lust a voluntary prey. Pope. 3. Done by design or intention; intentional; purposed; intended; not accidental; as, if a man kills another by lopping a tree, it is not voluntary manslaughter. 4. (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the will; subject to, or regulated by, the will; as, the voluntary motions of an animal, such as the movements of the leg or arm (in distinction from involuntary motions, such as the movements of the heart); the voluntary muscle fibers, which are the agents in voluntary motion. 5. Endowed with the power of willing; as, man is a voluntary agent. God did not work as a necessary, but a voluntary, agent, intending beforehand, and decreeing with himself, that which did outwardly proceed from him. Hooker. 6. (Law) Defn: Free; without compulsion; according to the will, consent, or agreement, of a party; without consideration; gratuitous; without valuable consideration. 7. (Eccl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to voluntaryism; as, a voluntary church, in distinction from an established or state church. Voluntary affidavit or oath (Law), an affidavit or oath made in extrajudicial matter. -- Voluntary conveyance (Law), a conveyance without valuable consideration. -- Voluntary escape (Law), the escape of a prisoner by the express consent of the sheriff. -- Voluntary jurisdiction. (Eng. Eccl. Law) See Contentious jurisdiction, under Contentious. -- Voluntary waste. (Law) See Waste, n., 4. Syn. -- See Spontaneous. VOLUNTARY Vol"un*ta*ry, n.; pl. Voluntaries (. 1. One who engages in any affair of his own free will; a volunteer. [R.] Shak. 2. (Mus.) Defn: A piece played by a musician, often extemporarily, according to his fancy; specifically, an organ solo played before, during, or after divine service. 3. (Eccl.) Defn: One who advocates voluntaryism. VOLUNTARYISM Vol"un*ta*ry*ism, n. (Eccl.) Defn: The principle of supporting a religious system and its institutions by voluntary association and effort, rather than by the aid or patronage of the state. VOLUNTEER Vol`un*teer", n. Etym: [F. volontaire. See Voluntary, a.] 1. One who enters into, or offers for, any service of his own free will. 2. (Mil.) Defn: One who enters into service voluntarily, but who, when in service, is subject to discipline and regulations like other soldiers; -- opposed to conscript; specifically, a voluntary member of the organized militia of a country as distinguished from the standing army. 3. (Law) Defn: A grantee in a voluntary conveyance; one to whom a conveyance is made without valuable consideration; a party, other than a wife or child of the grantor, to whom, or for whose benefit, a voluntary conveyance is made. Burrill. VOLUNTEER Vol`un*teer", a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a volunteer or volunteers; consisting of volunteers; voluntary; as, volunteer companies; volunteer advice. VOLUNTEER Vol`un*teer", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Volunteered; p. pr. & vb. n. Volunteering.] Defn: To offer or bestow voluntarily, or without solicitation or compulsion; as, to volunteer one's services. VOLUNTEER Vol`un*teer", v. i. Defn: To enter into, or offer for, any service of one's own free will, without solicitation or compulsion; as, he volunteered in that undertaking. VOLUNTEER NAVY Vol`un*teer" na"vy. Defn: A navy of vessels fitted out and manned by volunteers who sail under the flag of the regular navy and subject to naval discipline. Prussia in 1870, in the Franco-German war, organized such a navy, which was commanded by merchant seamen with temporary commissions, with the claim (in which England acquiesced) that it did not come within the meaning of the term privateer. VOLUNTEERS OF AMERICA Vol`un*teers" of America. Defn: A religious and philanthropic organization, similar to the Salvation Army, founded (1896) by Commander and Mrs. Ballington Booth. VOLUNTEER STATE Volunteer State. Defn: Tennessee; -- a nickname. VOLUPERE Vol"u*pere, n. Etym: [Cf. Envelop.] Defn: A woman's cap. [Obs.] Chaucer. VOLUPTUARY Vo*lup"tu*a*ry, n.; pl. Voluptuaries. Etym: [L. voluptuarius or voluptarius, fr. voluptas pleasure.] Defn: A voluptuous person; one who makes his physical enjoyment his chief care; one addicted to luxury, and the gratification of sensual appetites. A good-humored, but hard-hearted, voluptuary. Sir W. Scott. Syn. -- Sensualist; epicure. VOLUPTUARY Vo*lup"tu*a*ry, a. Defn: Voluptuous; luxurious. VOLUPTUOUS Vo*lup"tu*ous, a. Etym: [F. voluptueux, L. voluptuosus, fr. voluptas pleasure, volup agreeably, delightfully; probably akin to Gr. velle to wish. See Voluntary.] 1. Full of delight or pleasure, especially that of the senses; ministering to sensuous or sensual gratification; exciting sensual desires; luxurious; sensual. Music arose with its voluptuous swell. Byron. Sink back into your voluptuous repose. De Quincey. 2. Given to the enjoyments of luxury and pleasure; indulging to excess in sensual gratifications. "The jolly and voluptuous livers." Atterbury. Softened with pleasure and voluptuous life. Milton. -- Vo*lup"tu*ous*ly, adv. -- , n. VOLUPTY Vo*lup"ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. volupté pleasure. See Voluptuous.] Defn: Voluptuousness. [Obs.] VOLUTA Vo*lu"ta, n.; pl. E. Volutas, L. Volutæ. Etym: [L., a spiral scroll. See Volute.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of large, handsome marine gastropods belonging to Voluta and allied genera. VOLUTATION Vol`u*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. volutatio, from volutare to roll, wallow, verb freq. volvere, volutum, to roll.] Defn: A rolling of a body; a wallowing. [R.] Sir T. Browne. VOLUTE Vo*lute", n. Etym: [F. volute (cf. It. voluta), L. voluta, from volvere, volutum, to roll. See Voluble.] 1. (Arch.) Defn: A spiral scroll which forms the chief feature of the Ionic capital, and which, on a much smaller scale, is a feature in the Corinthian and Composite capitals. See Illust. of Capital, also Helix, and Stale. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A spiral turn, as in certain shells. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any voluta. Volute spiring, a spring formed of a spiral scroll of plate, rod, or wire, extended or extensible in the direction of the axis of the coil, in which direction its elastic force is exerted and employed. VOLUTED Vo*lut"ed, a. Defn: Having a volute, or spiral scroll. VOLUTION Vo*lu"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. volutio an arch, vault.] 1. A spiral turn or wreath. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A whorl of a spiral shell. VOLVA Vol"va, n. Etym: [L. volva, vulva, covering.] (Bot.) Defn: A saclike envelope of certain fungi, which bursts open as the plant develops. VOLVOX Vol"vox, n. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of minute, pale-green, globular, organisms, about one fiftieth of an inch in diameter, found rolling through water, the motion being produced by minute colorless cilia. It has been considered as belonging to the flagellate Infusoria, but is now referred to the vegetable kingdom, and each globule is considered a colony of many individuals. The commonest species is Volvox globator, often called globe animalcule. VOLVULUS Vol"vu*lus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. volvere to turn about, to roll.] (Med.) (a) The spasmodic contraction of the intestines which causes colic. (b) Any twisting or displacement of the intestines causing obstruction; ileus. See Ileus. VOLYER Vol"yer, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A lurcher. [Prov. Eng.] VOMER Vo"mer, n. Etym: [L., a plowshare.] (Anat.) (a) A bone, or one of a pair of bones, beneath the ethmoid region of the skull, forming a part a part of the partition between the nostrils in man and other mammals. (b) The pygostyle. VOMERINE Vo"mer*ine, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the vomer. VOMICA Vom"i*ca, n. Etym: [L., fr. vomere to throw up, vomit.] (Med.) (a) An abscess cavity in the lungs. (b) An abscess in any other parenchymatous organ. VOMICINE Vom"i*cine, n. Etym: [From nux vomica.] (Chem.) Defn: See Brucine. VOMIC NUT Vom"ic nut`. Etym: [Cf. F. noix vomique.] Defn: Same as Nux vomica. VOMIT Vom"it, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vomited; p. pr. & vb. n. Vomiting.] Etym: [Cf. L. vomere, vomitum, and v. freq. vomitare. See Vomit, n.] Defn: To eject the contents of the stomach by the mouth; to puke; to spew. VOMIT Vom"it, v. t. 1. To throw up; to eject from the stomach through the mouth; to disgorge; to puke; to spew out; -- often followed by up or out. The fish . . . vomited out Jonah upon the dry land. Jonah ii. 10. 2. Hence, to eject from any hollow place; to belch forth; to emit; to throw forth; as, volcanoes vomit flame, stones, etc. Like the sons of Vulcan, vomit smoke. Milton. VOMIT Vom"it, n. Etym: [L. vomitus, from vomere, vomitum, to vomit; akin to Gr. vam, Lith. vemiti. Cf. Emetic, Vomito.] 1. Matter that is vomited; esp., matter ejected from the stomach through the mouth. Like vomit from his yawning entrails poured. Sandys. 2. (Med.) Defn: That which excites vomiting; an emetic. He gives your Hollander a vomit. Shak. Black vomit. (Med.) See in the Vocabulary. -- Vomit nut, nux vomica. VOMITING Vom"it*ing, n. Defn: The spasmodic ejection of matter from the stomach through the mouth. VOMITION Vo*mi"tion, n. Etym: [L. vomitio.] Defn: The act or power of vomiting. Grew. VOMITIVE Vom"i*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. vomitif.] Defn: Causing the ejection of matter from the stomach; emetic. VOMITO Vo*mi"to, n. Etym: [Sp. vómito, fr. L. vomitus. See Vomit, n.] (Med.) Defn: The yellow fever in its worst form, when it is usually attended with black vomit. See Black vomit. VOMITORY Vom"i*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. vomitorious.] Defn: Causing vomiting; emetic; vomitive. VOMITORY Vom"i*to*ry, n.; pl. Vomitories (. 1. An emetic; a vomit. Harvey. 2. Etym: [L. vomitorium.] (Arch.) Defn: A principal door of a large ancient building, as of an amphitheater. Sixty-four vomitories . . . poured forth the immense multitude. Gibbon. VOMITURITION Vom`i*tu*ri"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vomiturition.] (Med.) (a) An ineffectual attempt to vomit. (b) The vomiting of but little matter; also, that vomiting which is effected with little effort. Dunglison. VONDSIRA Vond*si"ra, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Vansire. VOODOO Voo"doo, n. 1. See Voodooism. 2. One who practices voodooism; a negro sorcerer. VOODOO Voo"doo, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to voodooism, or a voodoo; as, voodoo incantations. VOODOOISM Voo"doo*ism, n. Etym: [Probably (through Creole French vaudoux a negro sorcerer) fr. F. Vaudois Waldensian, because the Waldenses were accused of sorcery.] Defn: A degraded form of superstition and sorcery, said to include human sacrifices and cannibalism in some of its rites. It is prevalent among the negroes of Hayti, and to some extent in the United States, and is regarded as a relic of African barbarism. VOORTREKER Voor"trek`er, n. [D. (in South Africa).] Defn: One who treks before or first; a pioneer. [South Africa] VORACIOUS Vo*ra"cious, a. Etym: [L. vorax, -acis, fr. vorare to devour; akin to Gr. gar. Cf. Devour.] Defn: Greedy in eating; very hungry; eager to devour or swallow; ravenous; gluttonous; edacious; rapacious; as, a voracious man or appetite; a voracious gulf or whirlpool. Dampier. -- Vo*ra"cious*ly, adv. -- Vo*ra"cious*ness, n. VORACITY Vo*rac"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. voracitas: cf. F. voracité.] Defn: The quality of being voracious; voraciousness. VORAGINOUS Vo*rag"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. voraginosus, fr. vorago an abyss, fr. vorare to swallow up.] Defn: Pertaining to a gulf; full of gulfs; hence, devouring. [R.] Mallet. VORTEX Vor"tex, n.; pl. E. Vortexes, L. Vortices. Etym: [L. vortex, vertex, -icis, fr. vortere, vertere, to turn. See Vertex.] 1. A mass of fluid, especially of a liquid, having a whirling or circular motion tending to form a cavity or vacuum in the center of the circle, and to draw in towards the center bodies subject to its action; the form assumed by a fluid in such motion; a whirlpool; an eddy. 2. (Cartesian System) Defn: A supposed collection of particles of very subtile matter, endowed with a rapid rotary motion around an axis which was also the axis of a sun or a planet. Descartes attempted to account for the formation of the universe, and the movements of the bodies composing it, by a theory of vortices. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small Turbellaria belonging to Vortex and allied genera. See Illustration in Appendix. Vortex atom (Chem.), a hypothetical ring-shaped mass of elementary matter in continuous vortical motion. It is conveniently regarded in certain mathematical speculations as the typical form and structure of the chemical atom. -- Vortex wheel, a kind of turbine. VORTEX FILAMENT Vor"tex fil"a*ment. Defn: A vortex tube of infinitesimal cross section. VORTEX FRINGE Vor"tex fringe. Defn: The region immediately surrounding a disk moving flatwise through air; -- so called because the air has a cyclic motion as in vortex ring. VORTEX LINE Vortex line. Defn: A line, within a rotating fluid, whose tangent at every point is the instantaneous axis of rotation as that point of the fluid. VORTEX RING Vortex ring. (Physics) Defn: A ring-shaped mass of moving fluid which, by virtue of its motion of rotation around an axis disposed in circular form, attains a more or less distinct separation from the surrounding medium and has many of the properties of a solid. VORTEX THEORY Vortex theory. (Chem. & Physics) Defn: The theory, advanced by Thomson (Lord Kelvin) on the basis of investigation by Helmholtz, that the atoms are vortically moving ring-shaped masses (or masses of other forms having a similar internal motion) of a homogeneous, incompressible, frictionless fluid. Various properties of such atoms (vortex atoms) can be mathematically deduced. VORTEX TUBE Vortex tube. (Physics) Defn: An imaginary tube within a rotating fluid, formed by drawing the vortex lines through all points of a closed curve. VORTICAL Vor"ti*cal, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a vortex or vortexes; resembling a vortex in form or motion; whirling; as, a vortical motion. -- Vor"ti*cal*ly, adv. VORTICEL Vor"ti*cel, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vorticelle. See Vortex.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A vorticella. VORTICELLA Vor`ti*cel"la, n.; pl. E. Vorticellas (, L. Vorticellæ (. Etym: [NL., dim. fr. L. vortex. See Vortex.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of ciliated Infusoria belonging to Vorticella and many other genera of the family Vorticellidæ. They have a more or less bell-shaped body with a circle of vibrating cilia around the oral disk. Most of the species have slender, contractile stems, either simple or branched. VORTICOSE Vor"ti*cose`, a. Etym: [L. vorticosus.] Defn: Vortical; whirling; as, a vorticose motion. VORTIGINOUS Vor*tig"i*nous, a. Etym: [Cf. Vertiginous.] Defn: Moving rapidly round a center; vortical. [R.] Cowper. VOTARESS Vo"ta*ress, n. Etym: [See Votary, n.] Defn: A woman who is a votary. Shak. VOTARIST Vo"ta*rist, n. Etym: [See Votary.] Defn: A votary. Like a sad votarist in palmer's weed. Milton. VOTARY Vo"ta*ry, a. Etym: [From L. votus, p. p. vovere to vow, to devote. See Vote, Vow.] Defn: Consecrated by a vow or promise; consequent on a vow; devoted; promised. Votary resolution is made equipollent to custom. Bacon. VOTARY Vo"ta*ry, n.; pl. Votaries (. Defn: One devoted, consecrated, or engaged by a vow or promise; hence, especially, one devoted, given, or addicted, to some particular service, worship, study, or state of life. "You are already love's firm votary." Shak. 'T was coldness of the votary, not the prayer, that was in fault. Bp. Fell. But thou, my votary, weepest thou Emerson. VOTE Vote, n. Etym: [L. votum a vow, wish, will, fr. vovere, votum, to vow: cf. F. vote. See Vow.] 1. An ardent wish or desire; a vow; a prayer. [Obs.] Massinger. 2. A wish, choice, or opinion, of a person or a body of persons, expressed in some received and authorized way; the expression of a wish, desire, will, preference, or choice, in regard to any measure proposed, in which the person voting has an interest in common with others, either in electing a person to office, or in passing laws, rules, regulations, etc.; suffrage. 3. That by means of which will or preference is expressed in elections, or in deciding propositions; voice; a ballot; a ticket; as, a written vote. The freeman casting with unpurchased hand The vote that shakes the turrets of the land. Holmes. 4. Expression of judgment or will by a majority; legal decision by some expression of the minds of a number; as, the vote was unanimous; a vote of confidence. 5. Votes, collectively; as, the Tory vote; the labor vote. Casting vote, Cumulative vote, etc. See under Casting, Cumulative, etc. VOTE Vote, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Voted; p. pr. & vb. n. Voting.] Etym: [Cf. F. voter.] Defn: To express or signify the mind, will, or preference, either viva voce, or by ballot, or by other authorized means, as in electing persons to office, in passing laws, regulations, etc., or in deciding on any proposition in which one has an interest with others. The vote for a duelist is to assist in the prostration of justice, and, indirectly, to encourage the crime. L. Beecher. To vote on large principles, to vote honestly, requires a great amount of information. F. W. Robertson. VOTE Vote, v. t. 1. To choose by suffrage; to elecas, to vote a candidate into office. 2. To enact, establish, grant, determine, etc., by a formal vote; as, the legislature voted the resolution. Parliament voted them one hundred thousand pounds. Swift. 3. To declare by general opinion or common consent, as if by a vote; as, he was voted a bore. [Colloq.] 4. To condemn; to devote; to doom. [Obs.] Glanvill. VOTER Vot"er, n. Defn: One who votes; one who has a legal right to vote, or give his suffrage; an elector; a suffragist; as, as, an independent voter. VOTING Vot"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Vote, v. Voting paper, a form of ballot containing the names of more candidates than there are offices to be filled, the voter making a mark against the preferred names. [Eng.] VOTIST Vot"ist, n. Defn: One who makes a vow. [Obs.] Chapman. VOTIVE Vo"tive, a. Etym: [L. votivus, fr. votum a vow: cf. F. votif. See Vow.] Defn: Given by vow, or in fulfillment of a vow; consecrated by a vow; devoted; as, votive offerings; a votive tablet. "Votive incense." Keble. We reached a votive stone, that bears the name Of Aloys Reding. Wordsworth. Embellishments of flowers and votive garlands. Motley. Votive medal, a medal struck in grateful commemoration of some auspicious event. -- Votive offering, an offering in fulfillment of a religious vow, as of one's person or property. -- Vo"tive*ly, adv. -- Vo"tive*ness, n. VOTRESS Vo"tress, n. Defn: A votaress. Dryden. VOUCH Vouch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vouched; p. pr. & vb. n. Vouching.] Etym: [OE. vouchen, OF. vochier to call, fr. L. vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice. See Voice, and cf. Avouch.] 1. To call; to summon. [Obs.] [They] vouch (as I might say) to their aid the authority of the writers. Sir T. Elyot. 2. To call upon to witness; to obtest. Vouch the silent stars and conscious moon. Dryden. 3. To warrant; to maintain by affirmations; to attest; to affirm; to avouch. They made him ashamed to vouch the truth of the relation, and afterwards to credit it. Atterbury. 4. To back; to support; to confirm; to establish. Me damp horror chilled At such bold words vouched with a deed so bold. Milton. 5. (Law) Defn: To call into court to warrant and defend, or to make good a warranty of title. He vouches the tenant in tail, who vouches over the common vouchee. Blackstone. Syn. -- To obtest; declare; affirm; attest; warrant; confirm; asseverate; aver; protest; assure. VOUCH Vouch, v. i. 1. To bear witness; to give testimony or full attestation. He will not believe her until the elector of Hanover shall vouch for the truth of what she has . . . affirmed. Swift. 2. To assert; to aver; to declare. Shak. VOUCH Vouch, n. Defn: Warrant; attestation. [Obs.] The vouch of very malice itself. Shak. VOUCHEE Vouch*ee", n. (Law) Defn: The person who is vouched, or called into court to support or make good his warranty of title in the process of common recovery. Blackstone. VOUCHER Vouch"er, n. 1. One who vouches, or gives witness or full attestation, to anything. Will his vouchers vouch him no more Shak. The great writers of that age stand up together as vouchers for one another's reputation. Spectator. 2. A book, paper, or document which serves to vouch the truth of accounts, or to confirm and establish facts of any kind; also, any acquittance or receipt showing the payment of a debt; as, the merchant's books are his vouchers for the correctness of his accounts; notes, bonds, receipts, and other writings, are used as vouchers in proving facts. 3. (Law) (a) The act of calling in a person to make good his warranty of title in the old form of action for the recovery of lands. (b) The tenant in a writ of right; one who calls in another to establish his warranty of title. In common recoveries, there may be a single voucher or double vouchers. Blackstone. VOUCHMENT Vouch"ment, n. Defn: A solemn assertion. [R.] VOUCHOR Vouchor, n. (Law) Defn: Same as Voucher, 3 (b). VOUCHSAFE Vouch*safe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vouchsafed; p. pr. & vb. n. Vouchsafing.] Etym: [Vouch + safe, that is, to vouch or answer for safety.] 1. To condescend to grant; to concede; to bestow. If ye vouchsafe that it be so. Chaucer. Shall I vouchsafe your worship a word or two Shak. It is not said by the apostle that God vouchsafed to the heathens the means of salvation. South. 2. To receive or accept in condescension. [Obs.] Shak. VOUCHSAFE Vouch*safe", v. i. Defn: To condescend; to deign; to yield; to descend or stoop. Chaucer. Vouchsafe, O Lord, to keep us this day without sin. Bk. of Com. Prayer. Vouchsafe, illustrious Ormond, to behold What power the charms of beauty had of old. Dryden. VOUCHSAFEMENT Vouch*safe"ment, n. Defn: The act of vouchsafing, or that which is vouchsafed; a gift or grant in condescension. Glanvill. VOUSSOIR Vous`soir", n. Etym: [F., akin to voûte an arch, a vault.] (Arch.) Defn: One of the wedgelike stones of which an arch is composed. VOW Vow, n. Etym: [OE. vou, OF. vou, veu, vo, vu, F. v, from L. votum, from vovere, to vow. Cf. Avow, Devout, Vote.] 1. A solemn promise made to God, or to some deity; an act by which one consecrates or devotes himself, absolutely or conditionally, wholly or in part, for a longer or shorter time, to some act, service, or condition; a devotion of one's possessions; as, a baptismal vow; a vow of poverty. "Nothing . . . that may . . . stain my vow of Nazarite." Milton. I pray thee, let me go and pay my vow. 2 Sam. xv. 7. I am combined by a sacred vow. Shak. 2. Specifically, a promise of fidelity; a pledge of love or affection; as, the marriage vow. Knights of love, who never broke their vow; Firm to their plighted faith. Dryden. VOW Vow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Vowing.] Etym: [OE. vouen, OF. vouer, voer, F. vouer, LL. votare. See Vow, n.] 1. To give, consecrate, or dedicate to God, or to some deity, by a solemn promise; to devote; to promise solemnly. "When thou vowest a vow unto God, defer not to pay it." Eccl. v. 4. [Men] that vow a long and weary pilgrimage. Shak. 2. To assert solemnly; to asseverate. VOW Vow, v. i. Defn: To make a vow, or solemn promise. Better is it that thou shouldest not vow, than that thou shouldest vow and not pay. Eccl. v. 5. VOWEL Vow"el, n. Etym: [F. voyelle, or an OF. form without y, L. vocalis (sc. littera), from vocalis sounding, from vox, vocis, a voice, sound. See Vocal.] (Phon.) Defn: A vocal, or sometimes a whispered, sound modified by resonance in the oral passage, the peculiar resonance in each case giving to each several vowel its distinctive character or quality as a sound of speech; -- distinguished from a consonant in that the latter, whether made with or without vocality, derives its character in every case from some kind of obstructive action by the mouth organs. Also, a letter or character which represents such a sound. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 5, 146-149. Note: In the English language, the written vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w and y. The spoken vowels are much more numerous. Close vowel. See under Close, a. -- Vowel point. See under Point, n. VOWEL Vow"el, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a vowel; vocal. VOWELED Vow"eled, a. Defn: Furnished with vowels. [Written also vowelled.] Dryden. VOWELISH Vow"el*ish, a. Defn: Of the nature of a vowel. [R.] "The power [of w] is always vowelish." B. Jonson. VOWELISM Vow"el*ism, n. Defn: The use of vowels. [R.] VOWELIZE Vow"el*ize, v. t. Defn: To give the quality, sound, or office of a vowel to. VOWER Vow"er, n. Defn: One who makes a vow. Bale. VOW-FELLOW Vow"-fel`low, n. Defn: One bound by the same vow as another. [R.] Shak. VOX Vox, n. Etym: [L. See Voice.] Defn: A voice. Vox humana ( Etym: [L., human voice] (Mus.), a reed stop in an organ, made to imitate the human voice. VOX ANGELICA Vox` an*gel"i*ca. [L. angelica angelic.] (Music) Defn: An organ stop of delicate stringlike quality, having for each finger key a pair of pipes, of which one is tuned slightly sharp to give a wavy effect to their joint tone. VOYAGE Voy"age (; 48), n. Etym: [OE. veage, viage, OF. veage, viage, veiage, voiage, F. voyage, LL. viaticum, fr. L. viaticum traveling money, provision for a journey, from viaticus belonging to a road or journey, fr. via way, akin to E. way. See Way, n., and cf. Convey, Deviate, Devious, Envoy, Trivial, Viaduct, Viaticum.] 1. Formerly, a passage either by sea or land; a journey, in general; but not chiefly limited to a passing by sea or water from one place, port, or country, to another; especially, a passing or journey by water to a distant place or country. I love a sea voyage and a blustering tempest. J. Fletcher. So steers the prudent crane Her annual voyage, borne on winds. Milton. All the voyage of their life Is bound in shallows and in miseries. Shak. 2. The act or practice of traveling. [Obs.] Nations have interknowledge of one another by voyage into foreign parts, or strangers that come to them. Bacon. 3. Course; way. [Obs.] Shak. VOYAGE Voy"age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Voyaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Voyaging.] Etym: [Cf. F. voyager.] Defn: To take a voyage; especially, to sail or pass by water. A mind forever Voyaging through strange seas of thought alone. Wordsworth. VOYAGE Voy"age, v. t. Defn: To travel; to pass over; to traverse. With what pain [I] voyaged the unreal, vast, unbounded deep. Milton. VOYAGEABLE Voy"age*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. voyageable.] Defn: That may be sailed over, as water or air; navigable. VOYAGER Voy"a*ger, n. Etym: [Cf. F. voyager traveling.] Defn: One who voyages; one who sails or passes by sea or water. VOYAGEUR Voy`a`geur", n. Etym: [F., fr. voyager to travel. See Voyage.] Defn: A traveler; -- applied in Canada to a man employed by the fur companies in transporting goods by the rivers and across the land, to and from the remote stations in the Northwest. VOYOL Voy"ol, n. (Naut.) (a) See Viol, 2. (b) The block through which a messenger passes. [Written also viol, and voyal.] VRAISEMBLANCE Vrai`sem`blance", n. Etym: [F.] Defn: The appearance of truth; verisimilitude. VUGG; VUGH Vugg, Vugh, n. (Mining) Defn: A cavity in a lode; -- called also vogle. VULCAN Vul"can, n. Etym: [L. Vulcanus, Volcanus: cf. Skr. ulka a firebrand, meteor. Cf. Volcano.] (Rom. Myth.) Defn: The god of fire, who presided over the working of metals; -- answering to the Greek Hephæstus. VULCANIAN Vul*ca"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Vulcanius.] 1. Of or pertaining to Vulcan; made by Vulcan; hence, of or pertaining to works in iron or other metals. Ingenious allusions to the Vulcanian panoply which Achilles lent to his feebler friend. Macaulay. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Volcanic. VULCANIC Vul*can"ic, a. 1. Of or pertaining to Vulcan; made by Vulcan; Vulcanian. 2. Of or pertaining to volcanoes; specifically, relating to the geological theory of the Vulcanists, or Plutonists. VULCANICITY Vul`can*ic"i*ty, n. Defn: Volcanicity. VULCANISM Vul"can*ism, n. Defn: Volcanism. VULCANIST Vul"can*ist, n. Defn: A volcanist. VULCANITE Vul"can*ite, n. Defn: Hard rubber produced by vulcanizing with a large proportion of sulphur. VULCANIZATION Vul`can*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [See Vulcan.] Defn: The act or process of imparting to caoutchouc, gutta-percha, or the like, greater elasticity, durability, or hardness by heating with sulphur under pressure. VULCANIZE Vul"can*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vulcanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Vulcanizing.] Defn: To change the properties of, as caoutchouc, or India rubber, by the process of vulcanization. Vulcanized fiber, paper, paper pulp, or other fiber, chemically treated, as with metallic chlorides, so as to form a substance resembling ebonite in texture, hardness, etc. Knight. -- Vulcanized rubber, India rubber, vulcanized. VULCANIZER Vul"can*i`zer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, vulcanizes; esp., an apparatus for vulcanizing caoutchouc. VULCANO Vul*ca"no, n. Defn: A volcano. [Obs.] VULCANOLOGY Vul`can*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [See Vulcan, and -logy.] Defn: The science which treats of phenomena due to plutonic action, as in volcanoes, hot springs, etc. [R.] VULCAN POWDER Vul"can pow"der. Defn: A dynamite composed of nitroglycerin (30 parts), sodium nitrate (52.5), charcoal (10.5), and sulphur (7), used in mining and blasting. VULGAR Vul"gar, a. Etym: [L. vulgaris, from vulgus the multitude, the common people; of uncertain origin: cf. F. vulgaire. Cf. Divulge.] 1. Of or pertaining to the mass, or multitude, of people; common; general; ordinary; public; hence, in general use; vernacular. "As common as any the most vulgar thing to sense. " Shak. Things vulgar, and well-weighed, scarce worth the praise. Milton. It might be more useful to the English reader . . . to write in our vulgar language. Bp. Fell. The mechanical process of multiplying books had brought the New Testament in the vulgar tongue within the reach of every class. Bancroft. 2. Belonging or relating to the common people, as distinguished from the cultivated or educated; pertaining to common life; plebeian; not select or distinguished; hence, sometimes, of little or no value. "Like the vulgar sort of market men." Shak. Men who have passed all their time in low and vulgar life. Addison. In reading an account of a battle, we follow the hero with our whole attention, but seldom reflect on the vulgar heaps of slaughter. Rambler. 3. Hence, lacking cultivation or refinement; rustic; boorish; also, offensive to good taste or refined feelings; low; coarse; mean; base; as, vulgar men, minds, language, or manners. Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar. Shak. Vulgar fraction. (Arith.) See under Fraction. VULGAR Vul"gar, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vulgaire.] 1. One of the common people; a vulgar person. [Obs.] These vile vulgars are extremely proud. Chapman. 2. The vernacular, or common language. [Obs.] VULGARIAN Vul*ga"ri*an, n. Defn: A vulgar person; one who has vulgar ideas. Used also adjectively. VULGARISM Vul"gar*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vulgarisme.] 1. Grossness; rudeness; vulgarity. 2. A vulgar phrase or expression. A fastidious taste will find offense in the occasional vulgarisms, or what we now call "slang," which not a few of our writers seem to have affected. Coleridge. VULGARITY Vul*gar"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vulgarité, L. vulgaritas the multitude.] 1. The quality or state of being vulgar; mean condition of life; the state of the lower classes of society. Sir T. Browne. 2. Grossness or clownishness of manners of language; absence of refinement; coarseness. The reprobate vulgarity of the frequenters of Bartholomew Fair. B. Jonson. VULGARIZATION Vul`gar*i*za"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of making vulgar, or common. VULGARIZE Vul"gar*ize, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Vulgarized; p. pr. & vb. n. Vulgarizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. vulgariser, LL. vulgarizare.] Defn: To make vulgar, or common. Exhortation vulgarized by low wit. V. Knox. VULGARLY Vul"gar*ly, adv. Defn: In a vulgar manner. VULGARNESS Vul"gar*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being vulgar. VULGATE Vul"gate, n. Etym: [NL. vulgata, from L. vulgatus usual, common, p. p. of vulgare to make general, or common, fr. vulgus the multitude: cf. F. vulgate. See Vulgar, a.] Defn: An ancient Latin version of the Scripture, and the only version which the Roman Church admits to be authentic; -- so called from its common use in the Latin Church. Note: The Vulgate was made by Jerome at the close of the 4th century. The Old Testament he translated mostly from the Hebrew and Chaldaic, and the New Testament he revised from an older Latin version. The Douay version, so called, is an English translation from the Vulgate. See Douay Bible. VULGATE Vul"gate, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Vulgate, or the old Latin version of the Scriptures. VULNERABILITY Vul`ner*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vulnerable; vulnerableness. VULNERABLE Vul"ner*a*ble, a. Etym: [L. vulnerabilis wounding, injurious, from vulnerare to wound, vulnus a wound; akin to Skr. vra: cf. F. vulnérable.] 1. Capable of being wounded; susceptible of wounds or external injuries; as, a vulnerable body. Achilles was vulnerable in his heel; and there will be wanting a Paris to infix the dart. Dr. T. Dwight. 2. Liable to injury; subject to be affected injuriously; assailable; as, a vulnerable reputation. His skill in finding out the vulnerable parts of strong minds was consummate. Macaulay. VULNERABLENESS Vul"ner*a*ble*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being vulnerable; vulnerability. VULNERARY Vul"ner*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. vulnearius: cf. F. vulnéraire.] Defn: Useful in healing wounds; adapted to the cure of external injuries; as, vulnerary plants or potions. "Such vulnerary remedies." Sir W. Scott. -- n. Etym: [Cf. F. vulnéraire.] (Med.) Defn: A vulnerary remedy. VULNERATE Vul"ner*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. vulneratus, p. p. of vulnerare to wound.] Defn: To wound; to hurt. [Obs.] VULNERATION Vul`ner*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. vulneratio.] Defn: The act of wounding, or the state of being wounded. [Obs.] VULNEROSE Vul"ner*ose`, a. Defn: Full of wounds; wounded. VULNIFIC; VULNIFICAL Vul*nif"ic, Vul*nif"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. vulnificus; vulnus a wound + facere to make.] Defn: Causing wounds; inflicting wounds; wounding. VULNOSE Vul*nose", a. Defn: Having wounds; vulnerose. [R.] VULPES Vul"pes, n. Etym: [L., a fox.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Carnivora including the foxes. VULPIC Vul"pic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid obtained from a lichen (Cetraria vulpina) as a yellow or red crystalline substance which on decomposition yields pulvinic acid. VULPICIDE Vul"pi*cide, n. Etym: [L. vulpes a fox + caedere to kill.] Defn: One who kills a fox, except in hunting; also, the act of so killing a fox. [Written also vulpecide.] VULPINE Vul"pine, a. Etym: [L. vulpinus, from vulpes a fox.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the fox; resembling the fox; foxy; cunning; crafty; artful. Vulpine phalangist (Zoöl.), an Australian carnivorous marsupial (Phalangista, or Trichosurus, vulpina); -- called also vulpine phalanger, and vulpine opossum. VULPINIC Vul*pin"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Vulpic. VULPINISM Vul"pin*ism, n. Defn: The quality of being cunning like the fox; craft; artfulness. [R.] He was without guile, and had no vulpinism at all. Carlyle. VULPINITE Vul"pi*nite, n. Etym: [So called after Vulpino, in Italy.] (Min.) Defn: A scaly granular variety of anhydrite of a grayish white color, used for ornamental purposes. VULTERN Vul"tern, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The brush turkey (Talegallus Lathami) of Australia. See Brush turkey. VULTURE Vul"ture, n. Etym: [OE. vultur, L. vultur: cf. OF. voltour, F. vautour.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of rapacious birds belonging to Vultur, Cathartes, Catharista, and various other genera of the family Vulturidæ. Note: In most of the species the head and neck are naked or nearly so. They feed chiefly on carrion. The condor, king vulture, turkey buzzard, and black vulture (Catharista atrata) are well known American species. The griffin, lammergeir, and Pharaoh's chicken, or Egyptian vulture, are common Old World vultures. VULTURINE Vul"tur*ine, a. Etym: [L. vulturinus.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a vulture; resembling a vulture in qualities or looks; as, the vulturine sea eagle (Gypohierax Angolensis); vulturine rapacity. The vulturine nose, which smells nothing but corruption, is no credit to its possessor. C. Kingsley. VULTURISH Vul"tur*ish, a. Defn: Vulturous. VULTURISM Vul"tur*ism, n. Defn: The quality or state of being like a vulture; rapaciousness. VULTUROUS Vul"tur*ous, a. Defn: Like a vulture; rapacious. VULVA Vul"va, n. Etym: [L. vulva, volva, from volvere to roll.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The external parts of the female genital organs; sometimes, the opening between the projecting parts of the external organs. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The orifice of the oviduct of an insect or other invertebrate. VULVIFORM Vul"vi*form, a. Etym: [L. vulva, volva, a wrapper + -form.] (Bot.) Defn: Like a cleft with projecting edges. VULVITIS Vul*vi"tis, n. Etym: [NL. See Vulva, and -itis.] (Med.) Defn: Inflammation of the vulva. VULVO-UTERINE Vul`vo-u"ter*ine, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining both to the vulva and the uterus. VULVOVAGINAL Vul`vo*vag"i*nal, a. (Anat.) Defn: Pertaining both to the vulva and the vagina. VYCE Vyce, n. Etym: [Cf. Vise.] (Coopering) Defn: A kind of clamp with gimlet points for holding a barrel head while the staves are being closed around it. Knight. VYING Vy"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Vie. -- Vy"ing*ly, adv. W Defn: W, the twenty-third letter of the English alphabet, is usually a consonant, but sometimes it is a vowel, forming the second element of certain diphthongs, as in few, how. It takes its written form and its name from the repetition of a V, this being the original form of the Roman capital letter which we call U. Etymologically it is most related to v and u. See V, and U. Some of the uneducated classes in England, especially in London, confuse w and v, substituting the one for the other, as weal for veal, and veal for weal; wine for vine, and vine for wine, etc. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 266-268. WAAG Waag, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The grivet. WAAHOO Waa*hoo", n. (Bot.) Defn: The burning bush; -- said to be called after a quack medicine made from it. WABBLE Wab"ble, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Prov. G. wabbeln to wabble, and E. whap. Cf. Quaver.] Defn: To move staggeringly or unsteadily from one side to the other; to vacillate; to move the manner of a rotating disk when the axis of rotation is inclined to that of the disk; -- said of a turning or whirling body; as, a top wabbles; a buzz saw wabbles. wobble. WABBLE Wab"ble, n. Defn: A hobbling, unequal motion, as of a wheel unevenly hung; a staggering to and fro. WABBLY Wab"bly, a. Defn: Inclined to wabble; wabbling. WACKE; WACKY Wack"e, Wack"y, n. Etym: [G. wacke, MHG.wacke a large stone, OHG. waggo a pebble.] (Geol.) Defn: A soft, earthy, dark-colored rock or clay derived from the alteration of basalt. WAD Wad, n. Etym: [See Woad.] Defn: Woad. [Obs.] WAD Wad, n. Etym: [Probably of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. vadd wadding, Dan vat, D. & G. watte. Cf. Wadmol.] 1. A little mass, tuft, or bundle, as of hay or tow. Holland. 2. Specifically: A little mass of some soft or flexible material, such as hay, straw, tow, paper, or old rope yarn, used for retaining a charge of powder in a gun, or for keeping the powder and shot close; also, to diminish or avoid the effects of windage. Also, by extension, a dusk of felt, pasteboard, etc., serving a similar purpose. 3. A soft mass, especially of some loose, fibrous substance, used for various purposes, as for stopping an aperture, padding a garment, etc. Wed hook, a rod with a screw or hook at the end, used for removing the wad from a gun. WAD Wad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waded; p. pr. & vb. n. Wadding.] 1. To form into a mass, or wad, or into wadding; as, to wad tow or cotton. 2. To insert or crowd a wad into; as, to wad a gun; also, to stuff or line with some soft substance, or wadding, like cotton; as, to wad a cloak. WAD; WADD Wad, Wadd, n. (Min.) (a) An earthy oxide of manganese, or mixture of different oxides and water, with some oxide of iron, and often silica, alumina, lime, or baryta; black ocher. There are several varieties. (b) Plumbago, or black lead. WADDIE Wad"die, n. & v. Defn: See Waddy. WADDING Wad"ding, n. Etym: [See Wad a little mass.] 1. A wad, or the materials for wads; any pliable substance of which wads may be made. 2. Any soft stuff of loose texture, used for stuffing or padding garments; esp., sheets of carded cotton prepared for the purpose. WADDLE Wad"dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Waddling.] Etym: [Freq. of wade; cf. AS. wædlian to beg, from wadan to go. See Wade.] Defn: To walk with short steps, swaying the body from one side to the other, like a duck or very fat person; to move clumsily and totteringly along; to toddle; to stumble; as, a child waddles when he begins to walk; a goose waddles. Shak. She drawls her words, and waddles in her pace. Young. WADDLE Wad"dle, v. t. Defn: To trample or tread down, as high grass, by walking through it. [R.] Drayton. WADDLER Wad"dler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, waddles. WADDLINGLY Wad"dling*ly, adv. Defn: In a waddling manner. WADDY Wad"dy, n.; pl. Waddies. [Written also waddie, whaddie.] [Native name. Thought by some to be a corrup. of E. wood.] [Australia] 1. An aboriginal war club. 2. A piece of wood; stick; peg; also, a walking stick. WADDY Wad"dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waddied; p. pr. & vb. n. Waddying.] Defn: To attack or beat with a waddy. WADDYWOOD Wad"dy*wood`, n. Defn: An Australian tree (Pittosporum bicolor); also, its wood, used in making waddies. WADE Wade, n. Defn: Woad. [Obs.] Mortimer. WADE Wade, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waded; p. pr. & vb. n. Wading.] Etym: [OE. waden to wade, to go, AS. wadan; akin to OFries. wada, D. waden, OHG. watan, Icel. va, Sw. vada, Dan. vade, L. vadere to go, walk, vadum a ford. Cf. Evade, Invade, Pervade, Waddle.] 1. To go; to move forward. [Obs.] When might is joined unto cruelty, Alas, too deep will the venom wade. Chaucer. Forbear, and wade no further in this speech. Old Play. 2. To walk in a substance that yields to the feet; to move, sinking at each step, as in water, mud, sand, etc. So eagerly the fiend . . . With head, hands, wings, or feet, pursues his way, And swims, or sinks, or wades, or creeps, or flies. Milton. 3. Hence, to move with difficulty or labor; to proceed as, to wade through a dull book. And wades through fumes, and gropes his way. Dryden. The king's admirable conduct has waded through all these difficulties. Davenant. WADE Wade, v. t. Defn: To pass or cross by wading; as, he waded . WADE Wade, n. Defn: The act of wading. [Colloq.] WADER Wad"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, wades. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any long-legged bird that wades in the water in search of food, especially any species of limicoline or grallatorial birds; -- called also wading bird. See Illust. g, under Aves. WADING Wad"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Wade, v. Wading bird. (Zoöl.) See Wader, 2. WADMOL Wad"mol, n. Etym: [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel.va a woollen stuff, Dan vadmel. Cf. Wad a small mass, and Woodmeil.] Defn: A coarse, hairy, woolen cloth, formerly used for garments by the poor, and for various other purposes. [Spelled also wadmal, wadmeal, wadmoll, wadmel, etc.] Beck (Draper's Dict.). Sir W. Scott. WADSET Wad"set, n. Etym: [Scot. wad a pledge; akin to Sw. vad a wager. See Wed.] (Scots Law) Defn: A kind of pledge or mortgage. [Written also wadsett.] WADSETTER Wad"set*ter, n. Defn: One who holds by a wadset. WADY Wad"y, n.; pl. Wadies. Etym: [Ar. wadi a valley, a channel of a river, a river.] Defn: A ravine through which a brook flows; the channel of a water course, which is dry except in the rainy season. WAE Wae, n. Defn: A wave. [Obs.] Spenser. WAEG Waeg, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The kittiwake. [Scot.] WAFER Wa"fer, n. Etym: [OE. wafre, OF. waufre, qaufre, F. qaufre; of Teutonic origin; cf. LG. & D. wafel, G. waffel, Dan. vaffel, Sw. våffla; all akin to G. wabe a honeycomb, OHG. waba, being named from the resemblance to a honeycomb. G. wabe is probably akin to E. weave. See Weave, and cf. Waffle, Gauffer.] 1. (Cookery) Defn: A thin cake made of flour and other ingredients. Wafers piping hot out of the gleed. Chaucer. The curious work in pastry, the fine cakes, wafers, and marchpanes. Holland. A woman's oaths are wafers -- break with making B. Jonson. 2. (Eccl.) Defn: A thin cake or piece of bread (commonly unleavened, circular, and stamped with a crucifix or with the sacred monogram) used in the Eucharist, as in the Roman Catholic Church. 3. An adhesive disk of dried paste, made of flour, gelatin, isinglass, or the like, and coloring matter, -- used in sealing letters and other documents. Wafer cake, a sweet, thin cake. Shak. -- Wafer irons, or Wafer tongs (Cookery), a pincher-shaped contrivance, having flat plates, or blades, between which wafers are baked. -- Wafer woman, a woman who sold wafer cakes; also, one employed in amorous intrigues. Beau. & Fl. WAFER Wa"fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wafered; p. pr. & vb. n. Wafering.] Defn: To seal or close with a wafer. WAFERER Wa"fer*er, n. Defn: A dealer in the cakes called wafers; a confectioner. [Obs.] Chaucer. WAFFLE Waffle, n. Etym: [D. wafel. See Wafer.] 1. A thin cake baked and then rolled; a wafer. 2. A soft indented cake cooked in a waffle iron. Waffle iron, an iron utensil or mold made in two parts shutting together, -- used for cooking waffles over a fire. WAFT Waft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Wafting.] Etym: [Prob. originally imp. & p. p. of wave, v. t. See Wave to waver.] 1. To give notice to by waving something; to wave the hand to; to beckon. [Obs.] But soft: who wafts us yonder Shak. 2. To cause to move or go in a wavy manner, or by the impulse of waves, as of water or air; to bear along on a buoyant medium; as, a balloon was wafted over the channel. A gentle wafting to immortal life. Milton. Speed the soft intercourse from soul to soul, And waft a sigh from Indus to the pole. Pope. 3. To cause to float; to keep from sinking; to buoy. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Note: This verb is regular; but waft was formerly somwafted. WAFT Waft, v. i. Defn: To be moved, or to pass, on a buoyant medium; to float. And now the shouts waft near the citadel. Dryden. WAFT Waft, n. 1. A wave or current of wind. "Everywaft of the air." Longfellow. In this dire season, oft the whirlwind's wing Sweeps up the burden of whole wintry plains In one wide waft. Thomson. 2. A signal made by waving something, as a flag, in the air. 3. An unpleasant flavor. [Obs.] 4. (Naut.) Defn: A knot, or stop, in the middle of a flag. [Written also wheft.] Note: A flag with a waft in it, when hoisted at the staff, or half way to the gaff, means, a man overboard; at the peak, a desire to communicate; at the masthead, "Recall boats." WAFTAGE Waft"age, n. Defn: Conveyance on a buoyant medium, as air or water. Shak. Boats prepared for waftage to and fro. Drayton. WAFTER Waft"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, wafts. O Charon, Thou wafter of the soul to bliss or bane. Beau. & FL. 2. A boat for passage. Ainsworth. WAFTURE Waf"ture, n. Defn: The act of waving; a wavelike motion; a waft. R. Browning. An angry wafture of your hand. Shak. WAG Wag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Wagging.] Etym: [OE. waggen; probably of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. vagga to rock a cradle, vagga cradle, Icel. vagga, Dan. vugge; akin to AS. wagian to move, wag, wegan to bear, carry, G. & D. bewegen to move, and E. weigh. *136. See Weigh.] Defn: To move one way and the other with quick turns; to shake to and fro; to move vibratingly; to cause to vibrate, as a part of the body; as, to wag the head. No discerner durst wag his tongue in censure. Shak. Every one that passeth thereby shall be astonished, and wag his head. Jer. xviii. 16. Note: Wag expresses specifically the motion of the head and body used in buffoonery, mirth, derision, sport, and mockery. WAG Wag, v. i. 1. To move one way and the other; to be shaken to and fro; to vibrate. The resty sieve wagged ne'er the more. Dryden. 2. To be in action or motion; to move; to get along; to progress; to stir. [Colloq.] "Thus we may see," quoth he, "how the world wags." Shak. 3. To go; to depart; to pack oft. [R.] I will provoke him to 't, or let him wag. Shak. WAG Wag, n. Etym: [From Wag, v.] 1. The act of wagging; a shake; as, a wag of the head. [Colloq.] 2. Etym: [Perhaps shortened from wag-halter a rogue.] Defn: A man full of sport and humor; a ludicrous fellow; a humorist; a wit; a joker. We wink at wags when they offend. Dryden. A counselor never pleaded without a piece of pack thread in his hand, which he used to twist about a finger all the while he was speaking; the wags used to call it the thread of his discourse. Addison. WAGATI Wa*ga"ti, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small East Indian wild cat (Felis wagati), regarded by some as a variety of the leopard cat. WAGE Wage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waged; p. pr. & vb. n. Waging.] Etym: [OE. wagen, OF. wagier, gagier, to pledge, promise, F. gager to wager, lay, bet, fr. LL. wadium a pledge; of Teutonic origin; cf. Goth. wadi a pledge, gawadjon to pledge, akin to E. wed, G. wette a wager. See Wed, and cf. Gage.] 1. To pledge; to hazard on the event of a contest; to stake; to bet, to lay; to wager; as, to wage a dollar. Hakluyt. My life I never but as a pawn To wage against thy enemies. Shak. 2. To expose one's self to, as a risk; to incur, as a danger; to venture; to hazard. "Too weak to wage an instant trial with the king." Shak. To wake and wage a danger profitless. Shak. 3. To engage in, as a contest, as if by previous gage or pledge; to carry on, as a war. [He pondered] which of all his sons was fit To reign and wage immortal war with wit. Dryden. The two are waging war, and the one triumphs by the destruction of the other. I. Taylor. 4. To adventure, or lay out, for hire or reward; to hire out. [Obs.] "Thou . . . must wage thy works for wealth." Spenser. 5. To put upon wages; to hire; to employ; to pay wages to. [Obs.] Abundance of treasure which he had in store, wherewith he might wage soldiers. Holinshed. I would have them waged for their labor. Latimer. 6. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: To give security for the performance of. Burrill. To wage battle (O. Eng. Law), to give gage, or security, for joining in the duellum, or combat. See Wager of battel, under Wager, n. Burrill. -- To wage one's law (Law), to give security to make one's law. See Wager of law, under Wager, n. WAGE Wage, v. i. Defn: To bind one's self; to engage. [Obs.] WAGE Wage, n. Etym: [OF. wage, gage, guarantee, engagement. See Wage, v. t. ] 1. That which is staked or ventured; that for which one incurs risk or danger; prize; gage. [Obs.] "That warlike wage." Spenser. 2. That for which one labors; meed; reward; stipulated payment for service performed; hire; pay; compensation; -- at present generally used in the plural. See Wages. "My day's wage." Sir W. Scott. "At least I earned my wage." Thackeray. "Pay them a wage in advance." J. Morley. "The wages of virtue." Tennyson. By Tom Thumb, a fairy page, He sent it, and doth him engage, By promise of a mighty wage, It secretly to carry. Drayton. Our praises are our wages. Shak. Existing legislation on the subject of wages. Encyc. Brit. Note: Wage is used adjectively and as the first part of compounds which are usually self-explaining; as, wage worker, or wage-worker; wage-earner, etc. Board wages. See under 1st Board. Syn. -- Hire; reward; stipend; salary; allowance; pay; compensation; remuneration; fruit. WAGEL Wag"el, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Waggel. WAGENBOOM Wa"gen*boom`, n. Etym: [D., literally, wagon tree.] (Bot.) Defn: A south African proteaceous tree (Protea grandiflora); also, its tough wood, used for making wagon wheels. WAGER Wa"ger, n. Etym: [OE. wager, wajour, OF. wagiere, or wageure, E. gageure. See Wage, v. t.] 1. Something deposited, laid, or hazarded on the event of a contest or an unsettled question; a bet; a stake; a pledge. Besides these plates for horse races, the wagers may be as the persons please. Sir W. Temple. If any atheist can stake his soul for a wager against such an inexhaustible disproportion, let him never hereafter accuse others of credulity. Bentley. 2. (Law) Defn: A contract by which two parties or more agree that a certain sum of money, or other thing, shall be paid or delivered to one of them, on the happening or not happening of an uncertain event. Bouvier. Note: At common law a wager is considered as a legal contract which the courts must enforce unless it be on a subject contrary to public policy, or immoral, or tending to the detriment of the public, or affecting the interest, feelings, or character of a third person. In many of the United States an action can not be sustained upon any wager or bet. Chitty. Bouvier. 3. That on which bets are laid; the subject of a bet. Wager of battel, or Wager of battle (O. Eng. Law), the giving of gage, or pledge, for trying a cause by single combat, formerly allowed in military, criminal, and civil causes. In writs of right, where the trial was by champions, the tenant produced his champion, who, by throwing down his glove as a gage, thus waged, or stipulated, battle with the champion of the demandant, who, by taking up the glove, accepted the challenge. The wager of battel, which has been long in disuse, was abolished in England in 1819, by a statute passed in consequence of a defendant's having waged his battle in a case which arose about that period. See Battel. -- Wager of law (Law), the giving of gage, or sureties, by a defendant in an action of debt, that at a certain day assigned he would take a law, or oath, in open court, that he did not owe the debt, and at the same time bring with him eleven neighbors (called compurgators), who should avow upon their oaths that they believed in their consciences that he spoke the truth. -- Wager policy. (Insurance Law) See under Policy. WAGER Wa"ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wagered; p. pr. & vb. n. Wagering.] Defn: To hazard on the issue of a contest, or on some question that is to be decided, or on some casualty; to lay; to stake; to bet. And wagered with him Pieces of gold 'gainst this which he wore. Shak. WAGER Wa"ger, v. i. Defn: To make a bet; to lay a wager. 'T was merry when You wagered on your angling. Shak. WAGERER Wa"ger*er, n. Defn: One who wagers, or lays a bet. WAGERING Wa"ger*ing, a. Defn: Hazarding; pertaining to the act of one who wagers. Wagering policy. (Com.) See Wager policy, under Policy. WAGES Wa"ges, n. plural in termination, but singular in signification. Etym: [Plural of wage; cf. F. gages, pl., wages, hire. See Wage, n.] Defn: A compensation given to a hired person for services; price paid for labor; recompense; hire. See Wage, n., 2. The wages of sin is death. Rom. vi. 23. Wages fund (Polit. Econ.), the aggregate capital existing at any time in any country, which theoretically is unconditionally destined to be paid out in wages. It was formerly held, by Mill and other political economists, that the average rate of wages in any country at any time depended upon the relation of the wages fund to the number of laborers. This theory has been greatly modified by the discovery of other conditions affecting wages, which it does not take into account. Encyc. Brit. Syn. -- See under Wage, n. WAGGEL Wag"gel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The young of the great black-backed gull (Larus marinus), formerly considered a distinct species. [Prov. Eng.] WAGGERY Wag"ger*y, n.; pl. Waggeries. Etym: [From Wag.] Defn: The manner or action of a wag; mischievous merriment; sportive trick or gayety; good-humored sarcasm; pleasantry; jocularity; as, the waggery of a schoolboy. Locke. A drollery and lurking waggery of expression. W. Irving. WAGGIE Wag"gie, n. Defn: The pied wagtail. [Prov. Eng.] WAGGISH Wag"gish, a. 1. Like a wag; mischievous in sport; roguish in merriment or good humor; frolicsome. "A company of waggish boys." L'Estrange. 2. Done, made, or laid in waggery or for sport; sportive; humorous; as, a waggish trick. -- Wag"gish*ly, adv. -- Wag"gish*ness, n. WAGGLE Wag"gle, v. i. Etym: [Freq. of wag; cf. D. waggelen, G. wackeln.] Defn: To reel, sway, or move from side to side; to move with a wagging motion; to waddle. Why do you go nodding and waggling so L'Estrange. WAGGLE Wag"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Waggling.] Defn: To move frequently one way and the other; to wag; as, a bird waggles his tail. WAG-HALTER Wag"-hal`ter, n. Etym: [Wag + halter.] Defn: One who moves or wears a halter; one likely to be hanged. [Colloq. & Obs.] I can tell you, I am a mad wag-halter. Marston. WAGNERIAN Wag*ne"ri*an, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling the style of, Richard Wagner, the German musical composer. WAGNERITE Wag"ner*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A fluophosphate of magnesia, occurring in yellowish crystals, and also in massive forms. WAGON Wag"on, n. Etym: [D. wagen. sq. root136. See Wain.] 1. A wheeled carriage; a vehicle on four wheels, and usually drawn by horses; especially, one used for carrying freight or merchandise. Note: In the United States, light wagons are used for the conveyance of persons and light commodities. 2. A freight car on a railway. [Eng.] 3. A chariot [Obs.] Spenser. 4. (Astron.) Defn: The Dipper, or Charles's Wain. Note: This word and its compounds are often written with two g's (waggon, waggonage, etc.), chiefly in England. The forms wagon, wagonage, etc., are, however, etymologically preferable, and in the United States are almost universally used. Wagon boiler. See the Note under Boiler, 3. -- Wagon ceiling (Arch.), a semicircular, or wagon-headed, arch or ceiling; -- sometimes used also of a ceiling whose section is polygonal instead of semicircular. -- Wagon master, an officer or person in charge of one or more wagons, especially of those used for transporting freight, as the supplies of an army, and the like. -- Wagon shoe, a skid, or shoe, for retarding the motion of a wagon wheel; a drag. -- Wagon vault. (Arch.) See under 1st Vault. WAGON Wag"on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wagoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Wagoning.] Defn: To transport in a wagon or wagons; as, goods are wagoned from city to city. WAGON Wag"on, v. i. Defn: To wagon goods as a business; as, the man wagons between Philadelphia and its suburbs. WAGONAGE Wag"on*age, n. 1. Money paid for carriage or conveyance in wagon. 2. A collection of wagons; wagons, collectively. Wagonage, provender, and a piece or two of cannon. Carlyle. WAGONER Wag"on*er, n. 1. One who conducts a wagon; one whose business it is to drive a wagon. 2. (Astron.) Defn: The constellation Charles's Wain, or Ursa Major. See Ursa major, under Ursa. WAGONETTE Wag`on*ette", n. Defn: A kind of pleasure wagon, uncovered and with seats extended along the sides, designed to carry six or eight persons besides the driver. WAGONFUL Wag"on*ful, n.; pl. Wagonfuls (. Defn: As much as a wagon will hold; enough to fill a wagon; a wagonload. WAGON-HEADED Wag"on-head`ed, a. Defn: Having a top, or head, shaped like the top of a covered wagon, or resembling in section or outline an inverted U, thus as, a wagonheaded ceiling. WAGONLOAD Wag"on*load`, n. Defn: Same as Wagonful. WAGON-ROOFED Wag"on-roofed`, a. Defn: Having a roof, or top, shaped like an inverted U; wagon-headed. WAGONRY Wag"on*ry, n. Defn: Conveyance by means of a wagon or wagons. [Obs.] Milton. WAGONWRIGHT Wag"on*wright`, n. Defn: One who makes wagons. WAGTAIL Wag"tail`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of many species of Old World singing birds belonging to Motacilla and several allied genera of the family Motacillidæ. They have the habit of constantly jerking their long tails up and down, whence the name. Field wagtail, any one of several species of wagtails of the genus Budytes having the tail shorter, the legs longer, and the hind claw longer and straighter, than do the water wagtails. Most of the species are yellow beneath. Called also yellow wagtail. -- Garden wagtail, the Indian black-breasted wagtail (Nemoricola Indica). -- Pied wagtail, the common European water wagtail (Motacilla lugubris). It is variegated with black and white. The name is applied also to other allied species having similar colors. Called also pied dishwasher. -- Wagtail flycatcher, a true flycatcher (Sauloprocta motacilloides) common in Southern Australia, where it is very tame, and frequents stock yards and gardens and often builds its nest about houses; -- called also black fantail. -- Water wagtail. (a) Any one of several species of wagtails of the restricted genus Motacilla. They live chiefly on the shores of ponds and streams. (b) The American water thrush. See Water thrush. -- Wood wagtail, an Asiatic wagtail; (Calobates sulphurea) having a slender bill and short legs. WAH Wah (wä), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The panda. WAHABEE Wa*ha"bee, n. Etym: [Ar. wahabi.] Defn: A follower of Abdel Wahab (b. 1691; d. 1787), a reformer of Mohammedanism. His doctrines prevail particularly among the Bedouins, and the sect, though checked in its influence, extends to most parts of Arabia, and also into India. [Written also Wahaby.] WAHOO Wa*hoo", n. Any of various American trees or shrubs; specif.: (a) A certain shrub (Evonymus atropurpureus) having purple capsules which in dehiscence expose the scarlet-ariled seeds; -- called also burning bush. (b) Cascara buckthorn. (c) Basswood. WAHOO Wa*hoo", n. Defn: A dark blue scombroid food fish (Acanthocibium solandri or petus) of Florida and the West Indies. WAID Waid, a. Etym: [For weighed.] Defn: Oppressed with weight; crushed; weighed down. [Obs.] Tusser. WAIF Waif, n. Etym: [OF. waif, gaif, as adj., lost, unclaimed, chose gaive a waif, LL. wayfium, res vaivae; of Scand. origin. See Waive.] 1. (Eng. Law.) Defn: Goods found of which the owner is not known; originally, such goods as a pursued thief threw away to prevent being apprehended, which belonged to the king unless the owner made pursuit of the felon, took him, and brought him to justice. Blackstone. 2. Hence, anything found, or without an owner; that which comes along, as it were, by chance. "Rolling in his mind old waifs of rhyme." Tennyson. 3. A wanderer; a castaway; a stray; a homeless child. A waif Desirous to return, and not received. Cowper. WAIFT Waift, n. Defn: A waif. [Obs.] Spenser. WAIL Wail, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Icel. val choice, velja to choose, akin to Goth. waljan, G. wählen.] Defn: To choose; to select. [Obs.] "Wailed wine and meats." Henryson. WAIL Wail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Wailing.] Etym: [OE. wailen, weilen, probably fr. Icel. væla; cf. Icel. væ, vei, woe, and E. wayment, also OE. wai, wei, woe. Cf. Woe.] Defn: To lament; to bewail; to grieve over; as, to wail one's death. Shak. WAIL Wail, v. i. Defn: To express sorrow audibly; to make mournful outcry; to weep. Therefore I will wail and howl. Micah i. 8. WAIL Wail, n. Defn: Loud weeping; violent lamentation; wailing. "The wail of the forest." Longfellow. WAILER Wail"er, n. Defn: One who wails or laments. WAILERESS Wail"er*ess, n. Defn: A woman who wails. [Obs.] WAILFUL Wail"ful, a. Defn: Sorrowful; mournful. " Like wailful widows." Spenser. "Wailful sonnets." Shak. WAILINGLY Wail"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a wailing manner. WAILMENT Wail"ment, n. Defn: Lamentation; loud weeping; wailing. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket. WAIMENT Wai"ment. v. & n. Defn: See Wayment. [Obs.] WAIN Wain, n. Etym: [OE. wain, AS. wægn; akin to D. & G. wagen, OHG. wagan, Icel. & Sw. vagn, Dan. vogn, and E. way. Way, Weigh, and cf. Wagon.] 1. A four-wheeled vehicle for the transportation of goods, produce, etc.; a wagon. The wardens see nothing but a wain of hay. Jeffrey. Driving in ponderous wains their household goods to the seashore. Longfellow. 2. A chariot. [Obs.] The Wain. (Astron.) See Charles's Wain, in the Vocabulary. -- Wain rope, a cart rope. Shak. WAINABLE Wain"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being plowed or cultivated; arable; tillable. [Obs.] Cowell. WAINAGE Wain"age (; 48), n. Etym: [From Wain.] Defn: A finding of carriages, carts, etc., for the transportation of goods, produce, etc. Ainsworth. WAINAGE Wain"age, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: See Gainage, a. WAINBOTE Wain"bote`, n. Etym: [Wain + bote.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: See Cartbote. See also the Note under Bote. WAINSCOT Wain"scot, n. Etym: [OD. waeghe-schot, D. wagen-schot, a clapboard, fr. OD. waeg, weeg, a wall (akin to AS. wah; cf. Icel. veggr) + schot a covering of boards (akin to E. shot, shoot).] 1. Oaken timber or boarding. [Obs.] A wedge wainscot is fittest and most proper for cleaving of an oaken tree. Urquhart. Inclosed in a chest of wainscot. J. Dart. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A wooden lining or boarding of the walls of apartments, usually made in panels. 3. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of European moths of the family Leucanidæ. Note: They are reddish or yellowish, streaked or lined with black and white. Their larvæ feed on grasses and sedges. WAINSCOT Wain"scot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wainscoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Wainscoting.] Defn: To line with boards or panelwork, or as if with panelwork; as, to wainscot a hall. Music soundeth better in chambers wainscoted than hanged. Bacon. The other is wainscoted with looking-glass. Addison. WAINSCOTING Wain"scot*ing, n. 1. The act or occupation of covering or lining with boards in panel. 2. The material used to wainscot a house, or the wainscot as a whole; panelwork. WAINWRIGHT Wain"wright`, n. Defn: Same as Wagonwright. WAIR Wair, n. (Carp.) Defn: A piece of plank two yard Bailey. WAIST Waist, n. Etym: [OE. wast; originally, growth, akin to AS. weaxan to grow; cf. AS. wæstm growth. See Wax to grow.] 1. That part of the human body which is immediately below the ribs or thorax; the small part of the body between the thorax and hips. Chaucer. I am in the waist two yards about. Shak. 2. Hence, the middle part of other bodies; especially (Naut.), that part of a vessel's deck, bulwarks, etc., which is between the quarter-deck and the forecastle; the middle part of the ship. 3. A garment, or part of a garment, which covers the body from the neck or shoulders to the waist line. 4. A girdle or belt for the waist. [Obs.] Shak. Waist anchor. See Sheet anchor, 1, in the Vocabulary. WAISTBAND Waist"band, n. 1. The band which encompasses the waist; esp., one on the upper part of breeches, trousers, pantaloons, skirts, or the like. 2. A sash worn by women around the waist. [R.] WAISTCLOTH Waist"cloth, n. 1. A cloth or wrapper worn about the waist; by extension, such a garment worn about the hips and passing between the thighs. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A covering of canvas or tarpaulin for the hammocks, stowed on the nettings, between the quarterdeck and the forecastle. WAISTCOAT Waist"coat, n. (a) A short, sleeveless coat or garment for men, worn under the coat, extending no lower than the hips, and covering the waist; a vest. (b) A garment occasionally worn by women as a part of fashionable costume. Note: The waistcoat was a part of female attire as well as male . . . It was only when the waistcoat was worn without a gown or upper dress that it was considered the mark of a mad or profligate woman. Nares. Syn. -- See Vest. WAISTCOATEER Waist`coat*eer", n. Defn: One wearing a waistcoat; esp., a woman wearing one uncovered, or thought fit for such a habit; hence, a loose woman; strumpet. [Obs.] Do you think you are here, sir, Amongst your waistcoateers, your base wenches Beau. & Fl. WAISTCOATING Waist"coat*ing, n. Defn: A fabric designed for waistcoats; esp., one in which there is a pattern, differently colored yarns being used. WAISTER Waist"er, n. (Naut.) Defn: A seaman, usually a green hand or a broken-down man, stationed in the waist of a vessel of war. R. H. Dana, Jr. WAIT Wait, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waited; p. pr. & vb. n. Waiting.] Etym: [OE. waiten, OF. waitier, gaitier, to watch, attend, F. guetter to watch, to wait for, fr. OHG. wahta a guard, watch, G. wacht, from OHG. wahhen to watch, be awake. *134. See Wake, v. i.] 1. To watch; to observe; to take notice. [Obs.] "But [unless] ye wait well and be privy, I wot right well, I am but dead," quoth she. Chaucer. 2. To stay or rest in expectation; to stop or remain stationary till the arrival of some person or event; to rest in patience; to stay; not to depart. All the days of my appointed time will I wait, till my change come. Job xiv. 14. They also serve who only stand and wait. Milton. Haste, my dear father; 't is no time to wait. Dryden. To wait on or upon. (a) To attend, as a servant; to perform services for; as, to wait on a gentleman; to wait on the table. "Authority and reason on her wait." Milton. "I must wait on myself, must I" Shak. (b) To attend; to go to see; to visit on business or for ceremony. (c) To follow, as a consequence; to await. "That ruin that waits on such a supine temper." Dr. H. More. (d) To look watchfully at; to follow with the eye; to watch. [R.] "It is a point of cunning to wait upon him with whom you speak with your eye." Bacon. (e) To attend to; to perform. "Aaron and his sons . . . shallwait on their priest's office." Num. iii. 10. (f) (Falconry) To fly above its master, waiting till game is sprung; -- said of a hawk. Encyc. Brit. WAIT Wait, v. t. 1. To stay for; to rest or remain stationary in expectation of; to await; as, to wait orders. Awed with these words, in camps they still abide, And wait with longing looks their promised guide. Dryden. 2. To attend as a consequence; to follow upon; to accompany; to await. [Obs.] 3. To attend on; to accompany; especially, to attend with ceremony or respect. [Obs.] He chose a thousand horse, the flower of all His warlike troops, to wait the funeral. Dryden. Remorse and heaviness of heart shall wait thee, And everlasting anguish be thy portion. Rowe. 4. To cause to wait; to defer; to postpone; -- said of a meal; as, to wait dinner. [Colloq.] WAIT Wait, n. Etym: [OF. waite, guaite, gaite, F. guet watch, watching, guard, from OHG. wahta. See Wait, v. i.] 1. The act of waiting; a delay; a halt. There is a wait of three hours at the border Mexican town of El Paso. S. B. Griffin. 2. Ambush. "An enemy in wait." Milton. 3. One who watches; a watchman. [Obs.] 4. pl. Defn: Hautboys, or oboes, played by town musicians; not used in the singular. [Obs.] Halliwell. 5. pl. Defn: Musicians who sing or play at night or in the early morning, especially at Christmas time; serenaders; musical watchmen. [Written formerly wayghtes.] Hark! are the waits abroad Beau & Fl. The sound of the waits, rude as may be their minstrelsy, breaks upon the mild watches of a winter night with the effect of perfect harmony. W. Irving. To lay wait, to prepare an ambuscade. -- To lie in wait. See under 4th Lie. WAIT-A-BIT Wait"-a-bit`, n. Defn: Any of several plants bearing thorns or stiff hooked appendages, which catch and tear the clothing, as: (a) The greenbrier. (b) Any of various species of hawthorn. (c) In South Africa, one of numerous acacias and mimosas. (d) The grapple plant. (e) The prickly ash. WAITER Wait"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, waits; an attendant; a servant in attendance, esp. at table. The waiters stand in ranks; the yeomen cry, "Make room," as if a duke were passing by. Swift. 2. A vessel or tray on which something is carried, as dishes, etc.; a salver. Coast waiter. See under Coast, n. WAITING Wait"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Wait, v. In waiting, in attendance; as, lords in waiting. [Eng.] -- Waiting gentlewoman, a woman who waits upon a person of rank. -- Waiting maid, Waiting woman, a maid or woman who waits upon another as a personal servant. WAITINGLY Wait"ing*ly, adv. Defn: By waiting. WAITRESS Wait"ress, n. Defn: A female waiter or attendant; a waiting maid or waiting woman. WAIT--WHILE Wait"-a-while`, n. (a) One of the Australian wattle trees (Acacia colletioides), so called from the impenetrability of the thicket which it makes. (b) = Wait-a-bit. WAIVE Waive, n. Etym: [See Waive, v. t. ] 1. A waif; a castaway. [Obs.] Donne. 2. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A woman put out of the protection of the law. See Waive, v. t., 3 (b), and the Note. WAIVE Waive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waived; p. pr. & vb. n. Waiving.] Etym: [OE. waiven, weiven, to set aside, remove, OF. weyver, quesver, to waive, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. veifa to wave, to vibrate, akin to Skr. vip to tremble. Cf. Vibrate, Waif.] [Written also wave.] 1. To relinquish; to give up claim to; not to insist on or claim; to refuse; to forego. He waiveth milk, and flesh, and all. Chaucer. We absolutely do renounce or waive our own opinions, absolutely yielding to the direction of others. Barrow. 2. To throw away; to cast off; to reject; to desert. 3. (Law) (a) To throw away; to relinquish voluntarily, as a right which one may enforce if he chooses. (b) (O. Eng. Law) Defn: To desert; to abandon. Burrill. Note: The term was applied to a woman, in the same sense as outlaw to a man. A woman could not be outlawed, in the proper sense of the word, because, according to Bracton, she was never in law, that is, in a frankpledge or decennary; but she might be waived, and held as abandoned. Burrill. WAIVE Waive, v. i. Defn: To turn aside; to recede. [Obs.] To waive from the word of Solomon. Chaucer. WAIVER Waiv"er, n. (Law) Defn: The act of waiving, or not insisting on, some right, claim, or privilege. WAIVURE Waiv"ure, n. Defn: See Waiver. [R.] WAIWODE Wai"wode, n. Defn: See Waywode. WAI WU PU Wai Wu Pu. [Chinese wai foreign + wu affairs + pu office.] Defn: The Department of Foreign Affairs in the Chinese government. The Tsung-li Yamen, or Foreign Office, created by a decree of January 19, 1861, was in July, 1902, superseded by the formation of a new Foreign Office called the Wai Wu Pu, . . . with precedence before all other boards. J. Scott Keltie. WAKE Wake, n. Etym: [Originally, an open space of water svök a hole, opening in ice, Sw. vak, Dan. vaage, perhaps akin to E. humid.] Defn: The track left by a vessel in the water; by extension, any track; as, the wake of an army. This effect followed immediately in the wake of his earliest exertions. De Quincey. Several humbler persons . . . formed quite a procession in the dusty wake of his chariot wheels. Thackeray. WAKE Wake, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waked or Woke (p. pr. & vb. n. Waking.] Etym: [AS. wacan, wacian; akin to OFries. waka, OS. wak, D. waken, G. wachen, OHG. wahh, Icel. vaka, Sw. vaken, Dan. vaage, Goth. wakan, v. i., uswakjan, v. t., Skr. vajay to rouse, to impel. Vigil, Wait, v. i., Watch, v. i.] 1. To be or to continue awake; to watch; not to sleep. The father waketh for the daughter. Ecclus. xlii. 9. Though wisdom wake, suspicion sleeps. Milton. I can not think any time, waking or sleeping, without being sensible of it. Locke. 2. To sit up late festive purposes; to hold a night revel. The king doth wake to-night, and takes his rouse, Keeps wassail, and the swaggering upspring reels. Shak. 3. To be excited or roused from sleep; to awake; to be awakened; to cease to sleep; -- often with up. He infallibly woke up at the sound of the concluding doxology. G. Eliot. 4. To be exited or roused up; to be stirred up from a dormant, torpid, or inactive state; to be active. Gentle airs due at their hour To fan the earth now waked. Milton. Then wake, my soul, to high desires. Keble. WAKE Wake, v. t. 1. To rouse from sleep; to awake. The angel . . . came again and waked me. Zech. iv. 1. 2. To put in motion or action; to arouse; to excite. "I shall waken all this company." Chaucer. Lest fierce remembrance wake my sudden rage. Milton. Even Richard's crusade woke little interest in his island realm. J. R. Green. 3. To bring to life again, as if from the sleep of death; to reanimate; to revive. To second life Waked in the renovation of the just. Milton. 4. To watch, or sit up with, at night, as a dead body. WAKE Wake, n. 1. The act of waking, or being awaked; also, the state of being awake. [Obs. or Poetic] Making such difference 'twixt wake and sleep. Shak. Singing her flatteries to my morning wake. Dryden. 2. The state of forbearing sleep, especially for solemn or festive purposes; a vigil. The warlike wakes continued all the night, And funeral games played at new returning light. Dryden. The wood nymphs, decked with daises trim, Their merry wakes and pastimes keep. Milton. 3. Specifically: (a) (Ch. of Eng.) An annual parish festival formerly held in commemoration of the dedication of a church. Originally, prayers were said on the evening preceding, and hymns were sung during the night, in the church; subsequently, these vigils were discontinued, and the day itself, often with succeeding days, was occupied in rural pastimes and exercises, attended by eating and drinking, often to excess. Great solemnities were made in all churches, and great fairs and wakes throughout all England. Ld. Berners. And every village smokes at wakes with lusty cheer. Drayton. (b) The sitting up of persons with a dead body, often attended with a degree of festivity, chiefly among the Irish. "Blithe as shepherd at a wake." Cowper. Wake play, the ceremonies and pastimes connected with a wake. See Wake, n., 3 (b), above. [Obs.] Chaucer. WAKEFUL Wake"ful, a. Defn: Not sleeping; indisposed to sleep; watchful; vigilant. Dissembling sleep, but wakeful with the fright. Dryden. -- Wake"ful*ly, adv. -- Wake"ful*ness, n. WAKEN Wak"en, v. i. [imp. & p. pr. Wakened; p. pr. & vb. n. Wakening.] Etym: [OE. waknen, AS. wæcnan; akin to Goth. gawaknan. See Wake, v. i.] Defn: To wake; to cease to sleep; to be awakened. Early, Turnus wakening with the light. Dryden. WAKEN Wak"en, v. t. 1. To excite or rouse from sleep; to wake; to awake; to awaken. "Go, waken Eve." Milton. 2. To excite; to rouse; to move to action; to awaken. Then Homer's and Tyrtæus' martial muse Wakened the world. Roscommon. Venus now wakes, and wakens love. Milton. They introduce Their sacred song, and waken raptures high. Milton. WAKENER Wak"en*er, n. Defn: One who wakens. WAKENING Wak"en*ing, n. 1. The act of one who wakens; esp., the act of ceasing to sleep; an awakening. 2. (Scots Law) Defn: The revival of an action. Burrill. They were too much ashamed to bring any wakening of the process against Janet. Sir W. Scott. WAKER Wak"er, n. Defn: One who wakes. WAKE-ROBIN Wake"-rob`in, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Arum, especially, in England, the cuckoopint (Arum maculatum). Note: In America the name is given to several species of Trillium, and sometimes to the Jack-in-the-pulpit. WAKETIME Wake"time`, n. Defn: Time during which one is awake. [R.] Mrs. Browning. WAKF Wakf (wukf), n. [Ar. waqf.] (Moham. Law) Defn: The granting or dedication of property in trust for a pious purpose, that is, to some object that tends to the good of mankind, as to support a mosque or caravansary, to provide for support of one's family, kin, or neighbors, to benefit some particular person or persons and afterward the poor, etc.; also, the trust so created, or the property in trust. WAKIF Wa"kif (wä"kif), n. [Ar. waqif.] (Moham. Law) Defn: The person creating a wakf. WAKING Wak"ing, n. 1. The act of waking, or the state or period of being awake. 2. A watch; a watching. [Obs.] "Bodily pain . . . standeth in prayer, in wakings, in fastings." Chaucer. In the fourth waking of the night. Wyclif (Matt. xiv. 25). WALAWAY Wa"la*way, interj. Defn: See Welaway. [Obs.] WALD Wald, n. Etym: [AS. weald. See Wold.] Defn: A forest; -- used as a termination of names. See Weald. WALDENSES Wal*den"ses, n. pl. Etym: [So called from Petrus Waldus, or Peter Waldo, a merchant of Lyons, who founded this sect about a. d. 1170.] (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: A sect of dissenters from the ecclesiastical system of the Roman Catholic Church, who in the 13th century were driven by persecution to the valleys of Piedmont, where the sect survives. They profess substantially Protestant principles. WALDENSIAN Wal*den"sian, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Waldenses. -- n. Defn: One Holding the Waldensian doctrines. WALDGRAVE Wald"grave, n. Etym: [See Wald, and Margrave.] Defn: In the old German empire, the head forest keeper. WALDHEIMIA Wald*hei"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of brachiopods of which many species are found in the fossil state. A few still exist in the deep sea. WALE Wale, n. Etym: [AS. walu a mark of stripes or blows, probably originally, a rod; akin to Icel. völr, Goth. walus a rod, staff. sq. root146. Cf. Goal, Weal a wale.] 1. A streak or mark made on the skin by a rod or whip; a stripe; a wheal. See Wheal. Holland. 2. A ridge or streak rising above the surface, as of cloth; hence, the texture of cloth. Thou 'rt rougher far, And of a coarser wale, fuller of pride. Beau & Fl. 3. (Carp.) Defn: A timber bolted to a row of piles to secure them together and in position. Knight. 4. (Naut.) (a) pl. Defn: Certain sets or strakes of the outside planking of a vessel; as, the main wales, or the strakes of planking under the port sills of the gun deck; channel wales, or those along the spar deck, etc. (b) A wale knot, or wall knot. Wale knot. (Naut.) See Wall knot, under 1st Wall. WALE Wale, v. t. 1. To mark with wales, or stripes. 2. To choose; to select; specifically (Mining), to pick out the refuse of (coal) by hand, in order to clean it. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] WALER Wal"er, n. [From Wales, i.e., New South Wales.] Defn: A horse imported from New South Wales; also, any Australian horse. [Colloq.] Kipling. The term originated in India, whither many horses are exported from Australia (mostly from New South Wales), especially for the use of cavalry. WALHALLA Wal*hal"la, n. Etym: [Cf. G. walhalla, See Valhalla.] Defn: See Valhalla. WALING Wal"ing, n. (Naut.) Defn: Same as Wale, n., 4. WALK Walk (wask), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Walked; p. pr. & vb. n. Walking.] Etym: [OE. walken, probably from AS. wealcan to roll, turn, revolve, akin to D. walken to felt hats, to work a hat, G. walken to full, OHG. walchan to beat, to full, Icel. valka to roll, to stamp, Sw. valka to full, to roll, Dan. valke to full; cf. Skr. valg to spring; but cf. also AS. weallian to roam, ramble, G. wallen. sq. root130.] 1. To move along on foot; to advance by steps; to go on at a moderate pace; specifically, of two-legged creatures, to proceed at a slower or faster rate, but without running, or lifting one foot entirely before the other touches the ground. At the end of twelve months, he walked in the palace of the kingdom of Babylon. Dan. iv. 29. When Peter was come down out of the ship, he walked on the water, to go to Jesus. Matt. xiv. 29. Note: In the walk of quadrupeds, there are always two, and for a brief space there are three, feet on the ground at once, but never four. 2. To move or go on the feet for exercise or amusement; to take one's exercise; to ramble. 3. To be stirring; to be abroad; to go restlessly about; -- said of things or persons expected to remain quiet, as a sleeping person, or the spirit of a dead person; to go about as a somnambulist or a specter. I have heard, but not believed, the spirits of the dead May walk again. Shak. When was it she last walked Shak. 4. To be in motion; to act; to move; to wag. [Obs.] "Her tongue did walk in foul reproach." Spenser. Do you think I'd walk in any plot B. Jonson. I heard a pen walking in the chimney behind the cloth. Latimer. 5. To behave; to pursue a course of life; to conduct one's self. We walk perversely with God, and he will walk crookedly toward us. Jer. Taylor. 6. To move off; to depart. [Obs. or Colloq.] He will make their cows and garrans to walk. Spenser. To walk in, to go in; to enter, as into a house. -- To walk after the flesh (Script.), to indulge sensual appetites, and to live in sin. Rom. viii. 1. -- To walk after the Spirit (Script.), to be guided by the counsels and influences of the Spirit, and by the word of God. Rom. viii. 1. -- To walk by faith (Script.), to live in the firm belief of the gospel and its promises, and to rely on Christ for salvation. 2 Cor. v. 7. -- To walk in darkness (Script.), to live in ignorance, error, and sin. 1 John i. 6. -- To walk in the flesh (Script.), to live this natural life, which is subject to infirmities and calamities. 2 Cor. x. 3. -- To walk in the light (Script.), to live in the practice of religion, and to enjoy its consolations. 1 John i. 7. -- To walk over, in racing, to go over a course at a walk; -- said of a horse when there is no other entry; hence, colloquially, to gain an easy victory in any contest. -- To walk through the fire (Script.), to be exercised with severe afflictions. Isa. xliii. 2. -- To walk with God (Script.), to live in obedience to his commands, and have communion with him. WALK Walk, v. t. 1. To pass through, over, or upon; to traverse; to perambulate; as, to walk the streets. As we walk our earthly round. Keble. 2. To cause to walk; to lead, drive, or ride with a slow pace; as to walk one's horses. " I will rather trust . . . a thief to walk my ambling gelding." Shak. 3. Etym: [AS. wealcan to roll. See Walk to move on foot.] Defn: To subject, as cloth or yarn, to the fulling process; to full. [Obs. or Scot.] To walk the plank, to walk off the plank into the water and be drowned; -- an expression derived from the practice of pirates who extended a plank from the side of a ship, and compelled those whom they would drown to walk off into the water; figuratively, to vacate an office by compulsion. Bartlett. WALK Walk, n. 1. The act of walking, or moving on the feet with a slow pace; advance without running or leaping. 2. The act of walking for recreation or exercise; as, a morning walk; an evening walk. 3. Manner of walking; gait; step; as, we often know a person at a distance by his walk. 4. That in or through which one walks; place or distance walked over; a place for walking; a path or avenue prepared for foot passengers, or for taking air and exercise; way; road; hence, a place or region in which animals may graze; place of wandering; range; as, a sheep walk. A woody mountain . . . with goodliest trees Planted, with walks and bowers. Milton. He had walk for a hundred sheep. Latimer. Amid the sound of steps that beat The murmuring walks like rain. Bryant. 5. A frequented track; habitual place of action; sphere; as, the walk of the historian. The mountains are his walks. Sandys. He opened a boundless walk for his imagination. Pope. 6. Conduct; course of action; behavior. 7. The route or district regularly served by a vender; as, a milkman's walk. [Eng.] WALKABLE Walk"a*ble, a. Defn: Fit to be walked on; capable of being walked on or over. [R.] Swift. WALKER Walk"er, n. 1. One who walks; a pedestrian. 2. That with which one walks; a foot. [Obs.] Lame Mulciber, his walkers quite misgrown. Chapman. 3. (Law) Defn: A forest officer appointed to walk over a certain space for inspection; a forester. 4. Etym: [AS. wealcere. See Walk, v. t., 3.] Defn: A fuller of cloth. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] She cursed the weaver and the walker The cloth that had wrought. Percy's Reliques. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any ambulatorial orthopterous insect, as a stick insect. WALKING Walk"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Walk, v. Walking beam. See Beam, 10. -- Walking crane, a kind of traveling crane. See under Crane. -- Walking fern. (Bot.) See Walking leaf, below. -- Walking fish (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Asiatic fishes of the genus Ophiocephalus, some of which, as O. marulius, become over four feet long. They have a special cavity over the gills lined with a membrane adapted to retain moisture to aid in respiration, and are thus able to travel considerable distances over the land at night, whence the name. They construct a curious nest for their young. Called also langya. -- Walking gentleman (Theater), an actor who usually fills subordinate parts which require a gentlemanly appearance but few words. [Cant] -- Walking lady (Theater), an actress who usually fills such parts as require only a ladylike appearance on the stage. [Cant] -- Walking leaf. (a) (Bot.) A little American fern (Camptosorus rhizophyllus); -- so called because the fronds taper into slender prolongations which often root at the apex, thus producing new plants. (b) (Zoöl.) A leaf insect. See under Leaf. -- Walking papers, or Walking ticket, an order to leave; dismissal, as from office. [Colloq.] Bartlett. -- Walking stick. (a) A stick or staff carried in the hand for hand for support or amusement when walking; a cane. (b) (Zoöl.) A stick insect; -- called also walking straw. See Illust. of Stick insect, under Stick. -- Walking wheel (Mach.), a prime mover consisting of a wheel driven by the weight of men or animals walking either in it or on it; a treadwheel. WALK-MILL Walk"-mill`, n. Etym: [Walk to Walking Leaf, or full + mill.] Defn: A fulling mill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. WALK-OVER Walk"-o`ver, n. Defn: In racing, the going over a course by a horse which has no competitor for the prize; hence, colloquially, a one-sided contest; an uncontested, or an easy, victory. WALKYR Wal"kyr, n. (Scand. Myth.) Defn: See Valkyria. WALL Wall, n. (Naut.) Defn: A kind of knot often used at the end of a rope; a wall knot; a wale. Wall knot, a knot made by unlaying the strands of a rope, and making a bight with the first strand, then passing the second over the end of the first, and the third over the end of the second and through the bight of the first; a wale knot. Wall knots may be single or double, crowned or double-crowned. WALL Wall, n. Etym: [AS. weall, from L. vallum a wall, vallus a stake, pale, palisade; akin to Gr. Interval.] 1. A work or structure of stone, brick, or other materials, raised to some height, and intended for defense or security, solid and permanent inclosing fence, as around a field, a park, a town, etc., also, one of the upright inclosing parts of a building or a room. The plaster of the wall of the King's palace. Dan. v. 5. 2. A defense; a rampart; a means of protection; in the plural, fortifications, in general; works for defense. The waters were a wall unto them on their right hand, and on their left. Ex. xiv. 22. In such a night, Troilus, methinks, mounted the Troyan walls. Shak. To rush undaunted to defend the walls. Dryden. 3. An inclosing part of a receptacle or vessel; as, the walls of a steam-engine cylinder. 4. (Mining) (a) The side of a level or drift. (b) The country rock bounding a vein laterally. Raymond. Note: Wall is often used adjectively, and also in the formation of compounds, usually of obvious signification; as in wall paper, or wall-paper; wall fruit, or wall-fruit; wallflower, etc. Blank wall, Blind wall, etc. See under Blank, Blind, etc. -- To drive to the wall, to bring to extremities; to push to extremes; to get the advantage of, or mastery over. -- To go to the wall, to be hard pressed or driven; to be the weaker party; to be pushed to extremes. -- To take the wall. to take the inner side of a walk, that is, the side next the wall; hence, to take the precedence. "I will take the wall of any man or maid of Montague's." Shak. -- Wall barley (Bot.), a kind of grass (Hordeum murinum) much resembling barley; squirrel grass. See under Squirrel. -- Wall box. (Mach.) See Wall frame, below. -- Wall creeper (Zoöl.), a small bright-colored bird (Tichodroma muraria) native of Asia and Southern Europe. It climbs about over old walls and cliffs in search of insects and spiders. Its body is ash- gray above, the wing coverts are carmine-red, the primary quills are mostly red at the base and black distally, some of them with white spots, and the tail is blackish. Called also spider catcher. -- Wall cress (Bot.), a name given to several low cruciferous herbs, especially to the mouse-ear cress. See under Mouse-ear. -- Wall frame (Mach.), a frame set in a wall to receive a pillow block or bearing for a shaft passing through the wall; -- called also wall box. -- Wall fruit, fruit borne by trees trained against a wall. -- Wall gecko (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World geckos which live in or about buildings and run over the vertical surfaces of walls, to which they cling by means of suckers on the feet. -- Wall lizard (Zoöl.), a common European lizard (Lacerta muralis) which frequents houses, and lives in the chinks and crevices of walls; -- called also wall newt. -- Wall louse, a wood louse. -- Wall moss (Bot.), any species of moss growing on walls. -- Wall newt (Zoöl.), the wall lizard. Shak. -- Wall paper, paper for covering the walls of rooms; paper hangings. -- Wall pellitory (Bot.), a European plant (Parictaria officinalis) growing on old walls, and formerly esteemed medicinal. -- Wall pennywort (Bot.), a plant (Cotyledon Umbilicus) having rounded fleshy leaves. It is found on walls in Western Europe. -- Wall pepper (Bot.), a low mosslike plant (Sedum acre) with small fleshy leaves having a pungent taste and bearing yellow flowers. It is common on walls and rocks in Europe, and is sometimes seen in America. -- Wall pie (Bot.), a kind of fern; wall rue. -- Wall piece, a gun planted on a wall. H. L. Scott. -- Wall plate (Arch.), a piece of timber placed horizontally upon a wall, and supporting posts, joists, and the like. See Illust. of Roof. -- Wall rock, granular limestone used in building walls. [U. S.] Bartlett. -- Wall rue (Bot.), a species of small fern (Asplenium Ruta-muraria) growing on walls, rocks, and the like. -- Wall spring, a spring of water issuing from stratified rocks. -- Wall tent, a tent with upright cloth sides corresponding to the walls of a house. -- Wall wasp (Zoöl.), a common European solitary wasp (Odynerus parietus) which makes its nest in the crevices of walls. WALL Wall (, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Walled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Walling.] 1. To inclose with a wall, or as with a wall. "Seven walled towns of strength." Shak. The king of Thebes, Amphion, That with his singing walled that city. Chaucer. 2. To defend by walls, or as if by walls; to fortify. The terror of his name that walls us in. Denham. 3. To close or fill with a wall, as a doorway. WALLABA Wal"la*ba, n. (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous tree (Eperua falcata) of Demerara, with pinnate leaves and clusters of red flowers. The reddish brown wood is used for palings and shingles. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). WALLABY Wal"la*by, n.; pl. Wallabies. Etym: [From a native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of kangaroos belonging to the genus Halmaturus, native of Australia and Tasmania, especially the smaller species, as the brush kangaroo (H. Bennettii) and the pademelon (H. thetidis). The wallabies chiefly inhabit the wooded district and bushy plains. [Written also wallabee, and whallabee.] WALLACHIAN Wal*la"chi*an, a. [Also Walachian, Wallach, Wallack, Vlach, etc.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Wallachia, a former principality, now part of the kingdom, of Roumania. -- n. Defn: An inhabitant of Wallachia; also, the language of the Wallachians; Roumanian. WALLACK Wal"lack, a. & n. Defn: See Wallachian. WALLAH Wal"lah, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A black variety of the jaguar; -- called also tapir tiger. [Written also walla.] WALLAROO Wal`la*roo", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of kangaroos of the genus Macropus, especially M. robustus, sometimes called the great wallaroo. WALLBIRD Wall"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The spotted flycatcher. [Prov. Eng.] WALLER Wall"er, n. Defn: One who builds walls. WALLER Wall"er, n. Etym: [G.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The wels. WALLERIAN DEGENERATION Wal*le"ri*an de*gen`er*a"tion. (Med.) Defn: A form of degeneration occurring in nerve fibers as a result of their division; -- so called from Dr. Waller, who published an account of it in 1850. WALLET Wal"let, n. Etym: [OE. walet, probably the same word as OE. watel a bag. See Wattle.] 1. A bag or sack for carrying about the person, as a bag for carrying the necessaries for a journey; a knapsack; a beggar's receptacle for charity; a peddler's pack. [His hood] was trussed up in his walet. Chaucer. 2. A pocketbook for keeping money about the person. 3. Anything protuberant and swagging. "Wallets of flesh." Shak. WALLETEER Wal`let*eer", n. Defn: One who carries a wallet; a foot traveler; a tramping beggar. [Colloq.] Wright. WALL-EYE Wall"-eye`, n. Etym: [See Wall-eyed.] 1. An eye in which the iris is of a very light gray or whitish color; -- said usually of horses. Booth. Note: Jonson has defined wall-eye to be "a disease in the crystalline humor of the eye; glaucoma." But glaucoma is not a disease of the crystalline humor, nor is wall-eye a disease at all, but merely a natural blemish. Tully. In the north of England, as Brockett states, persons are said to be wall-eyed when the white of the eye is very large and distorted, or on one side. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) An American fresh-water food fish (Stizostedion vitreum) having large and prominent eyes; -- called also glasseye, pike perch, yellow pike, and wall-eyed perch. (b) A California surf fish (Holconotus argenteus). (c) The alewife; -- called also wall-eyed herring. WALL-EYED Wall"-eyed`, a. Etym: [Icel. valdeygedhr, or vagleygr; fr. vagl a beam, a beam in the eye (akin to Sw. vagel a roost, a perch, a sty in the eye) + eygr having eyes (from auga eye). See Eye.] Defn: Having an eye of a very light gray or whitish color. Booth. Note: Shakespeare, in using wall-eyed as a term of reproach (as "wall-eyed rage," a "wall-eyed wretch"), alludes probably to the idea of unnatural or distorted vision. See the Note under Wall-eye. It is an eye which is utterly and incurably perverted, an eye that knows no pity. WALLFLOWER Wall"flow`er, n. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A perennial, cruciferous plant (Cheiranthus Cheiri), with sweet-scented flowers varying in color from yellow to orange and deep red. In Europe it very common on old walls. Note: The name is sometimes extended to other species of Cheiranthus and of the related genus Erysimum, especially the American Western wallflower (Erysimum asperum), a biennial herb with orange-yellow flowers. 2. A lady at a ball, who, either from choice, or because not asked to dance, remains a spectator. [Colloq.] WALLHICK Wall"hick`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lesser spotted woodpecker (Dryobates minor). [Prov. Eng.] WALLING Wall"ing, n. 1. The act of making a wall or walls. 2. Walls, in general; material for walls. Walling wax, a composition of wax and tallow used by etchers and engravers to make a bank, or wall, round the edge of a plate, so as to form a trough for holding the acid used in etching, and the like. Fairholt. WALLOONS Wal*loons", n. pl.; sing. Walloon (. Etym: [Cf. F. wallon.] Defn: A Romanic people inhabiting that part of Belgium which comprises the provinces of Hainaut, Namur, Liége, and Luxembourg, and about one third of Brabant; also, the language spoken by this people. Used also adjectively. [Written also Wallons.] "A base Walloon . . . thrust Talbot with a spear." Shak. Walloon guard, the bodyguard of the Spanish monarch; -- so called because formerly consisting of Walloons. WALLOP Wal"lop, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OFlem. walop a gallop; of uncertain origin. Cf. Gallop.] Defn: To move quickly, but with great effort; to gallop. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] WALLOP Wal"lop, n. Defn: A quick, rolling movement; a gallop. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] WALLOP Wal"lop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Walloped; p. pr. & vb. n. Walloping.] Etym: [Probably fr. AS. weallan to spring up, to boil or bubble. sq. root147. See Well, n. & v. i.] 1. To boil with a continued bubbling or heaving and rolling, with noise. [Prov. Eng.] Brockett. 2. To move in a rolling, cumbersome manner; to waddle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 3. To be slatternly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. WALLOP Wal"lop, v. t. 1. To beat soundly; to flog; to whip. [Prov. Eng., Scot., & Colloq. U. S.] 2. To wrap up temporarily. [Prov. Eng.] 3. To throw or tumble over. [Prov. Eng.] WALLOP Wal"lop, n. 1. A thick piece of fat. Halliwell. 2. A blow. [Prov. Eng., Scot., & Colloq. U.S.] WALLOW Wal"low, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wallowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Wallowing.] Etym: [OE. walwen, AS. wealwian; akin to Goth. walwjan (in comp.) to roll, L. volvere; cf. Skr. val to turn. *147. Cf. Voluble Well, n.] 1. To roll one's self about, as in mire; to tumble and roll about; to move lazily or heavily in any medium; to flounder; as, swine wallow in the mire. I may wallow in the lily beds. Shak. 2. To live in filth or gross vice; to disport one's self in a beastly and unworthy manner. God sees a man wallowing in his native impurity. South. 3. To wither; to fade. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] WALLOW Wal"low, v. t. Defn: To roll; esp., to roll in anything defiling or unclean. "Wallow thyself in ashes." Jer. vi. 26. WALLOW Wal"low, n. Defn: A kind of rolling walk. One taught the toss, and one the new French wallow. Dryden. WALLOWER Wal"low*er, n. 1. One who, or that which, wallows. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A lantern wheel; a trundle. WALLOWISH Wal"low*ish, a. Etym: [Scot. wallow to fade or wither.] Defn: Flat; insipid. [Obs.] Overbury. WALL-PLAT Wall"-plat`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The spotted flycatcher. It builds its nest on walls. [Prov. Eng.] WALL-SIDED Wall"-sid`ed, a. (Naut.) Defn: Having sides nearly perpendicular; -- said of certain vessels to distinguish them from those having flaring sides, or sides tumbling home (see under Tumble, v. i.). WALL STREET Wall Street. Defn: A street towards the southern end of the borough of Manhattan, New York City, extending from Broadway to the East River; -- so called from the old wall which extended along it when the city belonged to the Dutch. It is the chief financial center of the United States, hence the name is often used for the money market and the financial interests of the country. WALLWORT Wall"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The dwarf elder, or danewort (Sambucus Ebulus). WALM Walm, v. i. Etym: [AS. weallan; cf. wælm, billow. *147.] Defn: To roll; to spout; to boil up. [Obs.] Holland. WALNUT Wal"nut, n. Etym: [OE. walnot, AS. wealh-hnutu a Welsh or foreign nut, a walnut; wealh foreign, strange, n., a Welshman, Celt (akin to OHG. Walh, properly, a Celt, from the name of a Celtic tribe, in L. Volcae) + hnutu a nut; akin to D. walnoot, G. walnuss, Icel. valhnot, Sw. valnöt, Dan valnöd. See Nut, and cf. Welsh.] (Bot.) Defn: The fruit or nut of any tree of the genus Juglans; also, the tree, and its timber. The seven or eight known species are all natives of the north temperate zone. Note: In some parts of America, especially in New England, the name walnut is given to several species of hickory (Carya), and their fruit. Ash-leaved walnut, a tree (Juglans fraxinifolia), native in Transcaucasia. -- Black walnut, a North American tree (J. nigra) valuable for its purplish brown wood, which is extensively used in cabinetwork and for gunstocks. The nuts are thick-shelled, and nearly globular. -- English, or European, walnut, a tree (J. regia), native of Asia from the Caucasus to Japan, valuable for its timber and for its excellent nuts, which are also called Madeira nuts. -- Walnut brown, a deep warm brown color, like that of the heartwood of the black walnut. -- Walnut oil, oil extracted from walnut meats. It is used in cooking, making soap, etc. -- White walnut, a North American tree (J. cinerea), bearing long, oval, thick-shelled, oily nuts, commonly called butternuts. See Butternut. WALRUS Wal"rus, n. Etym: [D. walrus; of Scand. origin; cf. Dan valros, Sw. vallross, Norw. hvalros; literally, whale horse; akin to Icel. hrosshvalr, AS. horshwæl. See Whale, and Horse.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large marine mammal (Trichecus rosmarus) of the Seal family, native of the Arctic Ocean. The male has long and powerful tusks descending from the upper jaw. It uses these in procuring food and in fighting. It is hunted for its oil, ivory, and skin. It feeds largely on mollusks. Called also morse. Note: The walrus of the North Pacific and Behring Strait (Trichecus obesus) is regarded by some as a distinct species, by others as a variety of the common walrus. WALTER Wal"ter, v. i. Etym: [See Welter.] Defn: To roll or wallow; to welter. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] WALTRON Wal"tron, n. Defn: A walrus. [Obs.] Woodward. WALTY Wal"ty, a. Etym: [Cf. Walter to roll.] Defn: Liable to roll over; crank; as, a walty ship. [R.] Longfellow. WALTZ Waltz, n. Etym: [G. walzer, from walzen to roll, revolve, dance, OHG. walzan to roll; akin to AS. wealtan. See Welter.] Defn: A dance performed by two persons in circular figures with a whirling motion; also, a piece of music composed in triple measure for this kind of dance. WALTZ Waltz, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waltzed; p. pr. & vb. n. Waltzing.] Defn: To dance a waltz. WALTZER Waltz"er, n. Defn: A person who waltzes. WALWE Wal"we, v. Defn: To wallow. [Obs.] Chaucer. WALY Wa"ly, interj. Etym: [Cf. Welaway.] Defn: An exclamation of grief. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] WAMBLE Wam"ble, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Dan. vamle, and vammel squeamish, ready to vomit, Icel. væma to feel nausea, væminn nauseous.] 1. To heave; to be disturbed by nausea; -- said of the stomach. L'Estrange. 2. To move irregularly to and fro; to roll. WAMBLE Wam"ble, n. Defn: Disturbance of the stomach; a feeling of nausea. Holland. WAMBLE-CROPPED Wam"ble-cropped`, a. Defn: Sick at the stomach; also, crestfallen; dejected. [Slang] WAMMEL Wam"mel, v. i. Defn: To move irregularly or awkwardly; to wamble, or wabble. [Prov. Eng.] WAMP Wamp, n. Etym: [From the North American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The common American eider. WAMPEE Wam*pee", n. (Bot.) (a) A tree (Cookia punctata) of the Orange family, growing in China and the East Indies; also, its fruit, which is about the size of a large grape, and has a hard rind and a peculiar flavor. (b) The pickerel weed. [Southern U.S.] WAMPUM Wam"pum, n. Etym: [North American Indian wampum, wompam, from the Mass. wómpi, Del. wape, white.] Defn: Beads made of shells, used by the North American Indians as money, and also wrought into belts, etc., as an ornament. Round his waist his belt of wampum. Longfellow. Girded with his wampum braid. Whittier. Note: These beads were of two kinds, one white, and the other black or dark purple. The term wampum is properly applied only to the white; the dark purple ones are called suckanhock. See Seawan. "It [wampum] consisted of cylindrical pieces of the shells of testaceous fishes, a quarter of an inch long, and in diameter less than a pipestem, drilled . . . so as to be strung upon a thread. The beads of a white color, rated at half the value of the black or violet, passed each as the equivalent of a farthing in transactions between the natives and the planters." Palfrey. WAN Wan, obs. imp. of Win. Defn: Won. Chaucer. WAN Wan (, a. Etym: [AS. wann, wonn, wan, won, dark, lurid, livid, perhaps originally, worn out by toil, from winnan to labor, strive. See Win.] Defn: Having a pale or sickly hue; languid of look; pale; pallid. "Sad to view, his visage pale and wan." Spenser. My color . . . [is] wan and of a leaden hue. Chaucer. Why so pale and wan, fond lover Suckling. With the wan moon overhead. Longfellow. WAN Wan, n. Defn: The quality of being wan; wanness. [R.] Tinged with wan from lack of sleep. Tennyson. WAN Wan, v. i. Defn: To grow wan; to become pale or sickly in looks. "All his visage wanned." Shak. And ever he mutter'd and madden'd, and ever wann'd with despair. Tennyson. WAND Wand, n. Etym: [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. vöndr, akin to Dan. vaand, Goth. wandus; perhaps originally, a pliant twig, and akin to E. wind to turn.] 1. A small stick; a rod; a verge. With good smart blows of a wand on his back. Locke. 2. Specifically: (a) A staff of authority. Though he had both spurs and wand, they seemed rather marks of sovereignty than instruments of punishment. Sir P. Sidney. (b) A rod used by conjurers, diviners, magicians, etc. Picus bore a buckler in his hand; His other waved a long divining wand. Dryden. Wand of peace (Scots Law), a wand, or staff, carried by the messenger of a court, which he breaks when deforced (that is, hindered from executing process), as a symbol of the deforcement, and protest for remedy of law. Burrill. WANDER Wan"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wandered; p. pr. & vb. n. Wandering.] Etym: [OE. wandren, wandrien, AS. wandrian; akin to G. wandern to wander; fr. AS. windan to turn. See Wind to turn.] 1. To ramble here and there without any certain course or with no definite object in view; to range about; to stroll; to rove; as, to wander over the fields. They wandered about in sheepskins and goatskins. Heb. xi. 37. He wandereth abroad for bread. Job xv. 23. 2. To go away; to depart; to stray off; to deviate; to go astray; as, a writer wanders from his subject. When God caused me to wander from my father's house. Gen. xx. 13. O, let me not wander from thy commandments. Ps. cxix. 10. 3. To be delirious; not to be under the guidance of reason; to rave; as, the mind wanders. Syn. -- To roam; rove; range; stroll; gad; stray; straggly; err; swerve; deviate; depart. WANDER Wan"der, v. t. Defn: To travel over without a certain course; to traverse; to stroll through. [R.] "[Elijah] wandered this barren waste." Milton. WANDERER Wan"der*er, n. Defn: One who wanders; a rambler; one who roves; hence, one who deviates from duty. WANDERING Wan"der*ing, Defn: a. & n. from Wander, v. Wandering albatross (Zoöl.), the great white albatross. See Illust. of Albatross. -- Wandering cell (Physiol.), an animal cell which possesses the power of spontaneous movement, as one of the white corpuscles of the blood. -- Wandering Jew (Bot.), any one of several creeping species of Tradescantia, which have alternate, pointed leaves, and a soft, herbaceous stem which roots freely at the joints. They are commonly cultivated in hanging baskets, window boxes, etc. -- Wandering kidney (Med.), a morbid condition in which one kidney, or, rarely, both kidneys, can be moved in certain directions; -- called also floating kidney, movable kidney. -- Wandering liver (Med.), a morbid condition of the liver, similar to wandering kidney. -- Wandering mouse (Zoöl.), the whitefooted, or deer, mouse. See Illust. of Mouse. -- Wandering spider (Zoöl.), any one of a tribe of spiders that wander about in search of their prey. WANDERINGLY Wan"der*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a wandering manner. WANDERMENT Wan"der*ment, n. Defn: The act of wandering, or roaming. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. WANDEROO Wan`der*oo", n. Etym: [Cingalese wanderu a monkey.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A large monkey (Macacus silenus) native of Malabar. It is black, or nearly so, but has a long white or gray beard encircling the face. Called also maha, silenus, neelbhunder, lion-tailed baboon, and great wanderoo. [Written also ouanderoo.] Note: The name is sometimes applied also to other allied species. WANDY Wand"y, a. Defn: Long and flexible, like a wand. [Prov. Eng.] Brockett. WANE Wane, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waned; p. pr. & vb. n. Waning.] Etym: [OE. wanien, AS. wanian, wonian, from wan, won, deficient, wanting; akin to D. wan-, G. wahnsinn, insanity, OHG. wan, wana-, lacking, wan to lessen, Icel. vanr lacking, Goth. vans; cf. Gr. wanting, inferior. Want lack, and Wanton.] 1. To be diminished; to decrease; -- contrasted with wax, and especially applied to the illuminated part of the moon. Like the moon, aye wax ye and wane. Waning moons their settled periods keep. Addison. 2. To decline; to fail; to sink. You saw but sorrow in its waning form. Dryden. Land and trade ever will wax and wane together. Sir J. Child. WANE Wane, v. t. Defn: To cause to decrease. [Obs.] B. Jonson. WANE Wane, n. 1. The decrease of the illuminated part of the moon to the eye of a spectator. 2. Decline; failure; diminution; decrease; declension. An age in which the church is in its wane. South. Though the year be on the wane. Keble. 3. An inequality in a board. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. WANEY Wan"ey, n. Defn: A sharp or uneven edge on a board that is cut from a log not perfectly squared, or that is made in the process of squaring. See Wany, a. WANG Wang, n. Etym: [OE. wange, AS. wange, wonge, cheek, jaw; akin to D. wang, OS. & OHG. wanga, G. wange.] 1. The jaw, jawbone, or cheek bone. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] So work aye the wangs in his head. Chaucer. 2. A slap; a blow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Wang tooth, a cheek tooth; a molar. [Obs.] Chaucer. WANG Wang, n. Defn: See Whang. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] WANGAN Wan"gan, n. Etym: [American Indian.] Defn: A boat for conveying provisions, tools, etc.; -- so called by Maine lumbermen. [Written also wangun.] Bartlett. WANGER Wang"er, n. Etym: [AS. wangere. See 1st Wang.] Defn: A pillow for the cheek; a pillow. [Obs. & R.] His bright helm was his wanger. Chaucer. WANGHEE Wang*hee", n. Etym: [Chin. wang yellow + he a root.] (Bot.) Defn: The Chinese name of one or two species of bamboo, or jointed cane, of the genus Phyllostachys. The slender stems are much used for walking sticks. [Written also whanghee.] WANGO Wang"o, n. Defn: A boomerang. WANHOPE Wan"hope`, n. Etym: [AS. wan, won, deficient, wanting + hopa hope: cf. D. wanhoop. . See Wane, and Hope.] Defn: Want of hope; despair; also, faint or delusive hope; delusion. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. "Wanhope and distress." Chaucer. WANHORN Wan"horn` n. Etym: [Corruption fr. Siamese wanhom.] (Bot.) Defn: An East Indian plant (Kæmpferia Galanga) of the Ginger family. See Galanga. WANIAND Wan"i*and, n. Etym: [See Wanion.] Defn: The wane of the moon. [Obs.] Halliwell. WANING Wan"ing, n. Defn: The act or process of waning, or decreasing. This earthly moon, the Church, hath fulls and wanings, and sometimes her eclipses. Bp. Hall. WANION Wan"ion, n. Etym: [Probably for OE. waniand waning, p. pr. of wanien; hence, used of the waning of the moon, supposed to be an unlucky time. See Wane.] Defn: A word of uncertain signification, used only in the phrase with a wanion, apparently equivalent to with a vengeance, with a plague, or with misfortune. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Latimer. WANKLE Wan"kle, a. Etym: [AS. wancol.] Defn: Not to be depended on; weak; unstable. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. WANLY Wan"ly, adv. Defn: In a wan, or pale, manner. WANNED Wanned, a. Defn: Made wan, or pale. WANNESS Wan"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being wan; a sallow, dead, pale color; paleness; pallor; as, the wanness of the cheeks after a fever. WANNISH Wan"nish, a. Defn: Somewhat wan; of a pale hue. No sun, but a wannish glare, In fold upon fold of hueless cloud. Tennyson. WANT Want (277), n. Etym: [Originally an adj., from Icel. vant, neuter of vanr lacking, deficient. sq. root139. See Wane, v. i.] 1. The state of not having; the condition of being without anything; absence or scarcity of what is needed or desired; deficiency; lack; as, a want of power or knowledge for any purpose; want of food and clothing. And me, his parent, would full soon devour For want of other prey. Milton. From having wishes in consequence of our wants, we often feel wants in consequence of our wishes. Rambler. Pride is as loud a beggar as want, and more saucy. Franklin. 2. Specifically, absence or lack of necessaries; destitution; poverty; penury; indigence; need. Nothing is so hard for those who abound in riches, as to conceive how others can be in want. Swift. 3. That which is needed or desired; a thing of which the loss is felt; what is not possessed, and is necessary for use or pleasure. Habitual superfluities become actual wants. Paley. 4. (Mining) Defn: A depression in coal strata, hollowed out before the subsequent deposition took place. [Eng.] Syn. -- Indigence; deficiency; defect; destitution; lack; failure; dearth; scarceness. WANT Want, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Wanting.] 1. To be without; to be destitute of, or deficient in; not to have; to lack; as, to want knowledge; to want judgment; to want learning; to want food and clothing. They that want honesty, want anything. Beau. & Fl. Nor think, though men were none, That heaven would want spectators, God want praise. Milton. The unhappy never want enemies. Richardson. 2. To have occasion for, as useful, proper, or requisite; to require; to need; as, in winter we want a fire; in summer we want cooling breezes. 3. To feel need of; to wish or long for; to desire; to crave. " What wants my son" Addison. I want to speak to you about something. A. Trollope. WANT Want, v. i. Etym: [Icel. vanta to be wanting. See Want to lack.] 1. To be absent; to be deficient or lacking; to fail; not to be sufficient; to fall or come short; to lack; -- often used impersonally with of; as, it wants ten minutes of four. The disposition, the manners, and the thoughts are all before it; where any of those are wanting or imperfect, so much wants or is imperfect in the imitation of human life. Dryden. 2. To be in a state of destitution; to be needy; to lack. You have a gift, sir (thank your education), Will never let you want. B. Jonson. For as in bodies, thus in souls, we find What wants in blood and spirits, swelled with wind. Pope. Note: Want was formerly used impersonally with an indirect object. "Him wanted audience." Chaucer. WA'N'T Wa'n't. Defn: A colloquial contraction of was not. WANTAGE Want"age, n. Defn: That which is wanting; deficiency. WANTING Want"ing, a. Defn: Absent; lacking; missing; also, deficient; destitute; needy; as, one of the twelve is wanting; I shall not be wanting in exertion. WANTLESS Want"less, a. Defn: Having no want; abundant; fruitful. WANTON Wan"ton, a. Etym: [OE. wantoun, contr. from wantowen; pref. wan- wanting (see Wane, v. i.), hence expressing negation + towen, p. p., AS. togen, p. p. of teón to draw, to educate, bring up; hence, properly, ill bred. See Tug, v. t.] 1. Untrained; undisciplined; unrestrained; hence, loose; free; luxuriant; roving; sportive. "In woods and wanton wilderness." Spenser. "A wild and wanton herd." Shak. A wanton and a merry [friar]. Chaucer. [She] her unadorned golden tresses wore Disheveled, but in wanton ringlets waved. Milton. How does your tongue grow wanton in her praise! Addison. 2. Wandering from moral rectitude; perverse; dissolute. "Men grown wanton by prosperity." Roscommon. 3. Specifically: Deviating from the rules of chastity; lewd; lustful; lascivious; libidinous; lecherous. Not with wanton looking of folly. Chaucer. [Thou art] froward by nature, enemy to peace, Lascivious, wanton. Shak. 4. Reckless; heedless; as, wanton mischief. WANTON Wan"ton, n. 1. A roving, frolicsome thing; a trifler; -- used rarely as a term of endearment. I am afeard you make a wanton of me. Shak. Peace, my wantons; he will do More than you can aim unto. B. Jonson. 2. One brought up without restraint; a pampered pet. Anything, sir, That's dry and wholesome; I am no bred wanton. Beau. & Fl. 3. A lewd person; a lascivious man or woman. WANTON Wan"ton, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wantoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Wantoning.] 1. To rove and ramble without restraint, rule, or limit; to revel; to play loosely; to frolic. Nature here wantoned as in her prime. Milton. How merrily we would sally into the fields, and strip under the first warmth of the sun, and wanton like young dace in the streams! Lamb. 2. To sport in lewdness; to play the wanton; to play lasciviously. WANTON Wan"ton, v. t. Defn: To cause to become wanton; also, to waste in wantonness. [Obs.] WANTONIZE Wan"ton*ize, v. i. Defn: To behave wantonly; to frolic; to wanton. [R.] Lamb. WANTONLY Wan"ton*ly, adv. 1. In a wanton manner; without regularity or restraint; loosely; sportively; gayly; playfully; recklessly; lasciviously. 2. Unintentionally; accidentally. [Obs.] J. Dee. WANTONNESS Wan"ton*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being wanton; negligence of restraint; sportiveness; recklessness; lasciviousness. Gower. The tumults threatened to abuse all acts of grace, and turn them into wantonness. Eikon Basilike. Young gentlemen would be as sad as night Only for wantonness. Shak. WANTRUST Wan"trust`, n. Etym: [Pref. wan- as in wanton + trust.] Defn: Failing or diminishing trust; want of trust or confidence; distrust. [Obs.] Chaucer. WANTWIT Want"wit`, n. Defn: One destitute of wit or sense; a blockhead; a fool. [Obs.] Shak. WANTY Wan"ty, n. Etym: [For womb tie, that is, bellyWomb, and Tie.] Defn: A surcingle, or strap of leather, used for binding a load upon the back of a beast; also, a leather tie; a short wagon rope. [Prov. Eng.] WANY Wan"y, v. i. Defn: To wane. [Obs.] Chaucer. WANY Wan"y, a. 1. Waning or diminished in some parts; not of uniform size throughout; -- said especially of sawed boards or timber when tapering or uneven, from being cut too near the outside of the log. 2. Spoiled by wet; -- said of timber. Halliwell. WANZE Wanze, v. i. Defn: To wane; to wither. [Obs.] WAP Wap, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Whap.] Defn: To beat; to whap. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Sir T. Malory. WAP Wap, n. Defn: A blow or beating; a whap. [Prov. Eng.] WAPACUT Wap"a*cut, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American hawk owl. See under Hawk. WAPATOO Wap"a*too`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The edible tuber of a species of arrowhead (Sagittaria variabilis); -- so called by the Indians of Oregon. [Written also wappato.] WAPED Waped, a. Etym: [Prov. E. wape pale, v., to stupefy, akin to wap to beat. Cf. Whap, and Wappened.] Defn: Cast down; crushed by misery; dejected. [Obs.] WAPENTAKE Wap"en*take, n. Etym: [AS. w, w, from Icel. vapnatak, literally, a weapon taking or weapon touching, hence an expression of assent ("si displicuit sententia fremitu aspernantur; sin placuit frameas concutiunt." Tacitus, "Germania," xi.). See Weapon, and Take. This name had its origin in a custom of touching lances or spears when the hundreder, or chief, entered on his office. "Cum quis accipiebat præfecturam wapentachii, die statuto in loco ubi consueverant congregari, omnes majores natu contra eum conveniebant, et descendente eo de equo suo, omnes assurgebant ei. Ipse vero, erecta lancea sua, ab omnibus secundum morem foedus accipiebat; omnes enim quot-quot venissent cum lanceis suis ipsius hastam tangebant, et ita se confirmabant per contactum armorum, pace palam concessa. Wæpnu enim arma sonat; tac, tactus est -- hac de causa totus ille conventus dicitur Wapentac, eo quod per tactum armorum suorum ad invicem confoederati sunt." L L. Edward Confessor, 33. D. Wilkins.] Defn: In some northern counties of England, a division, or district, answering to the hundred in other counties. Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, and Nottinghamshire are divided into wapentakes, instead of hundreds. [Written also wapentac.] Selden. Blackstone. WAPINSCHAW Wap"in*schaw, n. Etym: [Scot. See Weapon, and Show.] Defn: An exhibition of arms. according to the rank of the individual, by all persons bearing arms; -- formerly made at certain seasons in each district. [Scot.] Jamieson. Sir W. Scott. WAPITI Wap"i*ti, n. Etym: [Probably the Iroquois name. Bartlett.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The American elk (Cervus Canadensis). It is closely related to the European red deer, which it somewhat exceeds in size. Note: By some writers it is thought to be a variety of the red deer, but it is considered a distinct species by others. It is noted for the large, branching antlers of the male. WAPP Wapp, n. Etym: [CF. Prov. E. wap to wrap up.] (Naut.) (a) A fair-leader. (b) A rope with wall knots in it with which the shrouds are set taut. WAPPATO Wap"pa*to, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Wapatoo. WAPPENED Wap"pened, a. Etym: [Cf. Waped, Wapper.] Defn: A word of doubtful meaning used once by Shakespeare. This [gold] is it That makes the wappen'd widow wed again. Note: It is conjectured by some that it is an error for wappered, meaning tremulous or exhausted. WAPPER Wap"per, v. t. & i. Etym: [freq. of wap, v.; cf. dial. G. wappern, wippern, to move up and down, to rock.] Defn: To cause to shake; to tremble; to move tremulously, as from weakness; to totter. [Obs.] WAPPER Wap"per, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A gudgeon. [Prov. Eng.] WAPPET Wap"pet, n. Defn: A small yelping cur. [Prov. Eng.] WAPPING Wap"ping, n. Defn: Yelping. [R.] Fuller. WAR War, a. Defn: Ware; aware. [Obs.] Chaucer. WAR War, n. Etym: [OE. & AS. werre; akin to OHG. werra scandal, quarrel, sedition, werran to confound, mix, D. warren, G. wirren, verwirren, to embroil, confound, disturb, and perhaps to E. worse; cf. OF. werre war, F. querre, of Teutonic origin. Cf. Guerrilla, Warrior.] 1. A contest between nations or states, carried on by force, whether for defence, for revenging insults and redressing wrongs, for the extension of commerce, for the acquisition of territory, for obtaining and establishing the superiority and dominion of one over the other, or for any other purpose; armed conflict of sovereign powers; declared and open hostilities. Men will ever distinguish war from mere bloodshed. F. W. Robertson. Note: As war is the contest of nations or states, it always implies that such contest is authorized by the monarch or the sovereign power of the nation. A war begun by attacking another nation, is called an offensive war, and such attack is aggressive. War undertaken to repel invasion, or the attacks of an enemy, is called defensive. 2. (Law) Defn: A condition of belligerency to be maintained by physical force. In this sense, levying war against the sovereign authority is treason. 3. Instruments of war. [Poetic] His complement of stores, and total war. Prior. 4. Forces; army. [Poetic] On their embattled ranks the waves return, And overwhelm their war. Milton. 5. The profession of arms; the art of war. Thou art but a youth, and he is a man of war from his youth. 1 Sam. xvii. 33. 6. a state of opposition or contest; an act of opposition; an inimical contest, act, or action; enmity; hostility. "Raised impious war in heaven." Milton. The words of his mouth were smoother than butter, but war was in his heart. Ps. lv. 21. Civil war, a war between different sections or parties of the same country or nation. -- Holy war. See under Holy. -- Man of war. (Naut.) See in the Vocabulary. -- Public war, a war between independent sovereign states. -- War cry, a cry or signal used in war; as, the Indian war cry. -- War dance, a dance among savages preliminary to going to war. Among the North American Indians, it is begun by some distinguished chief, and whoever joins in it thereby enlists as one of the party engaged in a warlike excursion. Schoolcraft. -- War field, a field of war or battle. -- War horse, a horse used in war; the horse of a cavalry soldier; especially, a strong, powerful, spirited horse for military service; a charger. -- War paint, paint put on the face and other parts of the body by savages, as a token of going to war. "Wash the war paint from your faces." Longfellow. -- War song, a song of or pertaining to war; especially, among the American Indians, a song at the war dance, full of incitements to military ardor. -- War whoop, a war cry, especially that uttered by the American Indians. WAR War, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Warred; p. pr. & vb. n. Warring.] 1 Defn: To make war; to invade or attack a state or nation with force of arms; to carry on hostilities; to be in a state by violence. Rezin the king of Syria, and Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel, went up toward Jerusalem to war against it. Isa. vii. 1. Why should I war without the walls of Troy Shak. Our countrymen were warring on that day! Byron. 2. To contend; to strive violently; to fight. "Lusts which war against the soul." 1 Pet. ii. 11. WAR War, v. t. 1. To make war upon; to fight. [R.] To war the Scot, and borders to defend. Daniel. 2. To carry on, as a contest; to wage. [R.] That thou . . . mightest war a good warfare. Tim. i. 18. WAR-BEATEN War"-beat`en, a. Defn: Warworn. WARBLE War"ble, n. Etym: [Cf. Wormil.] 1. (Far.) (a) A small, hard tumor which is produced on the back of a horse by the heat or pressure of the saddle in traveling. (b) A small tumor produced by the larvæ of the gadfly in the backs of horses, cattle, etc. Called also warblet, warbeetle, warnles. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wormil. WARBLE War"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Warbling.] Etym: [OE. werbelen, OF. werbler; of Teutonic origin; cf. G. wirbeln to turn, to warble, D. wervelen, akin to E. whirl. See Whirl.] 1. To sing in a trilling, quavering, or vibratory manner; to modulate with turns or variations; to trill; as, certain birds are remarkable for warbling their songs. 2. To utter musically; to modulate; to carol. If she be right invoked in warbled song. Milton. Warbling sweet the nuptial lay. Trumbull. 3. To cause to quaver or vibrate. "And touch the warbled string." Milton. WARBLE War"ble, v. i. 1. To be quavered or modulated; to be uttered melodiously. Such strains ne'er warble in the linnet's throat. Gay. 3. To sing in a trilling manner, or with many turns and variations. "Birds on the branches warbling." Milton. 3. To sing with sudden changes from chest to head tones; to yodel. WARBLE War"ble, n. Defn: A quavering modulation of the voice; a musical trill; a song. And he, the wondrous child, Whose silver warble wild Outvalued every pulsing sound. Emerson. WARBLER War"bler, n. 1. One who, or that which, warbles; a singer; a songster; -- applied chiefly to birds. In lulling strains the feathered warblers woo. Tickell. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small Old World singing birds belonging to the family Sylviidæ, many of which are noted songsters. The bluethroat, blackcap, reed warbler (see under Reed), and sedge warbler (see under Sedge) are well-known species. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small, often bright colored, American singing birds of the family or subfamily Mniotiltidæ, or Sylvicolinæ. They are allied to the Old World warblers, but most of them are not particularly musical. Note: The American warblers are often divided, according to their habits, into bush warblers, creeping warblers, fly-catching warblers, ground warblers, wood warblers, wormeating warblers, etc. Bush warbler (Zoöl.) any American warbler of the genus Opornis, as the Connecticut warbler (O. agilis). -- Creeping warbler (Zoöl.), any one of several species of very small American warblers belonging to Parula, Mniotilta, and allied genera, as the blue yellow-backed warbler (Parula Americana), and the black-and-white creeper (Mniotilta varia). -- Fly-catching warbler (Zoöl.), any one of several species of warblers belonging to Setophaga, Sylvania, and allied genera having the bill hooked and notched at the tip, with strong rictal bristles at the base, as the hooded warbler (Sylvania mitrata), the black- capped warbler (S. pusilla), the Canadian warbler (S. Canadensis), and the American redstart (see Redstart). -- Ground warbler (Zoöl.), any American warbler of the genus Geothlypis, as the mourning ground warbler (G. Philadelphia), and the Maryland yellowthroat (see Yellowthroat). -- Wood warbler (Zoöl.), any one of numerous American warblers of the genus Dendroica. Among the most common wood warblers in the Eastern States are the yellowbird, or yellow warbler (see under Yellow), the black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), the yellow-rumped warbler (D. coronata), the blackpoll (D. striata), the bay-breasted warbler (D. castanea), the chestnut-sided warbler (D. Pennsylvanica), the Cape May warbler (D. tigrina), the prairie warbler (see under Prairie), and the pine warbler (D. pinus). See also Magnolia warbler, under Magnolia, and Blackburnian warbler. WARBLINGLY War"bling*ly, adv. Defn: In a warbling manner. WARBURG'S TINCTURE War"burg's tinc"ture. (Pharm.) Defn: A preparation containing quinine and many other ingredients, often used in the treatment of malarial affections. It was invented by Dr. Warburg of London. -WARD; -WARDS -ward, -wards. Etym: [AS. -weard, -weardes; akin to OS. & OFries. - ward. OHG. -wert, G. -wärts, Icel. -verthr, Goth. -vaírÞs, L. vertere to turn, versus toward, and E. worth to become. *143. See Worth. v. i., and cf. Verse. Adverbs ending in -wards (AS. -weardes) and some other adverbs, such as besides, betimes, since (OE. sithens). etc., were originally genitive forms used adverbially.] Defn: Suffixes denoting course or direction to; motion or tendency toward; as in backward, or backwards; toward, or towards, etc. WARD Ward, n. Etym: [AS. weard, fem., guard, weard, ward a watcher, warden, G. wart, OHG. wart, Icel. vör a warden, a watch, Goth. -wards in daúrawards a doorkeeper, and E. wary; cf. OF. warde guard, from the German. See Ware, a., Wary, and cf. Guard, Wraith.] 1. The act of guarding; watch; guard; guardianship; specifically, a guarding during the day. See the Note under Watch, n., 1. Still, when she slept, he kept both watch and ward. Spenser. 2. One who, or that which, guards; garrison; defender; protector; means of guarding; defense; protection. For the best ward of mine honor. Shak. The assieged castle's ward Their steadfast stands did mightily maintain. Spenser. For want of other ward, He lifted up his hand, his front to guard. Dryden. 3. The state of being under guard or guardianship; confinement under guard; the condition of a child under a guardian; custody. And he put them in ward in the house of the captain of the guard. Gen. xl. 3. I must attend his majesty's command, to whom I am now in ward. Shak. It is also inconvenient, in Ireland, that the wards and marriages of gentlemen's children should be in the disposal of any of those lords. Spenser. 4. A guarding or defensive motion or position, as in fencing; guard. "Thou knowest my old ward; here I lay, and thus I bore my point." Shak. 5. One who, or that which, is guarded. Specifically: -- (a) A minor or person under the care of a guardian; as, a ward in chancery. "You know our father's ward, the fair Monimia." Otway. (b) A division of a county. [Eng. & Scot.] (c) A division, district, or quarter of a town or city. Throughout the trembling city placed a guard, Dealing an equal share to every ward. Dryden. (d) A division of a forest. [Eng.] (e) A division of a hospital; as, a fever ward. 6. (a) A projecting ridge of metal in the interior of a lock, to prevent the use of any key which has not a corresponding notch for passing it. (b) A notch or slit in a key corresponding to a ridge in the lock which it fits; a ward notch. Knight. The lock is made . . . more secure by attaching wards to the front, as well as to the back, plate of the lock, in which case the key must be furnished with corresponding notches. Tomlinson. Ward penny (O. Eng. Law), money paid to the sheriff or castellan for watching and warding a castle. -- Ward staff, a constable's or watchman's staff. [Obs.] WARD Ward, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warded; p. pr. & vb. n. Warding.] Etym: [OE. wardien, AS. weardian to keep, protect; akin to OS. ward to watch, take care, OFries. wardia, OHG. wart, G. warten to wait, wait on, attend to, Icel. var to guarantee defend, Sw. vårda to guard, to watch; cf. OF. warder, of German origin. See Ward, n., and cf. Award, Guard, Reward.] 1. To keep in safety; to watch; to guard; formerly, in a specific sense, to guard during the day time. Whose gates he found fast shut, no living wight To ward the same. Spenser. 2. To defend; to protect. Tell him it was a hand that warded him From thousand dangers. Shak. 3. To defend by walls, fortifications, etc. [Obs.] 4. To fend off; to repel; to turn aside, as anything mischievous that approaches; -- usually followed by off. Now wards a felling blow, now strikes again. Daniel. The pointed javelin warded off his rage. Addison. It instructs the scholar in the various methods of warding off the force of objections. I. Watts. WARD Ward, v. i. 1. To be vigilant; to keep guard. 2. To act on the defensive with a weapon. She redoubling her blows drove the stranger to no other shift than to ward and go back. Sir P. Sidney. WARD-CORN Ward"-corn`, n. Etym: [Ward + F. corne horn, L. cornu.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The duty of keeping watch and ward (see the Note under Watch, n., 1) with a horn to be blown upon any occasion of surprise. Burrill. WARDCORPS Ward"corps`, n. Etym: [Wars + corps.] Defn: Guardian; one set to watch over another. [Obs.] "Though thou preyedest Argus . . . to be my wardcorps." Chaucer. WARDEN Ward"en, n. Etym: [OE. wardein, OF. wardein, gardein, gardain, F. gardien. See Guardian, and Ward guard.] 1. A keeper; a guardian; a watchman. He called to the warden on the . . . battlements. Sir. W. Scott. 2. An officer who keeps or guards; a keeper; as, the warden of a prison. 3. A head official; as, the warden of a college; specifically (Eccl.), a churchwarden. 4. Etym: [Properly, a keeping pear.] Defn: A large, hard pear, chiefly used for baking and roasting. [Obs.] I would have had him roasted like a warden. Beau. & Fl. Warden pie, a pie made of warden pears. [Obs.] Shak. WARDENRY; WARDENSHIP Ward"en*ry, Ward"en*ship, n. Defn: The office or jurisdiction of a warden. WARDER Ward"er, n. 1. One who wards or keeps; a keeper; a guard. "The warders of the gate." Dryden. 2. A truncheon or staff carried by a king or a commander in chief, and used in signaling his will. When, lo! the king suddenly changed his mind, Casts down his warder to arrest them there. Daniel. Wafting his warder thrice about his head, He cast it up with his auspicious hand, Which was the signal, through the English spread, This they should charge. Drayton. WARDIAN Ward"i*an, a. Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, a kind of glass inclosure for keeping ferns, mosses, etc., or for transporting growing plants from a distance; as, a Wardian case of plants; -- so named from the inventor, Nathaniel B. Ward, an Englishman. WARDMOTE Ward"mote`, n. Defn: Anciently, a meeting of the inhabitants of a ward; also, a court formerly held in each ward of London for trying defaults in matters relating to the watch, police, and the like. Brande & C. "Wards and wardmotes." Piers Plowman. WARDROBE Ward"robe`, n. Etym: [OE. warderobe, OF. warderobe, F. garderobe; of German origin. See Ward, v. t., and Robe.] 1. A room or apartment where clothes are kept, or wearing apparel is stored; a portable closet for hanging up clothes. 2. Wearing apparel, in general; articles of dress or personal decoration. Flowers that their gay wardrobe wear. Milton. With a pair of saddlebags containing his wardrobe. T. Hughes. 3. A privy. [Obs.] Chaucer. WARDROOM Ward"room`, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: A room occupied as a messroom by the commissioned officers of a war vessel. See Gunroom. Totten. 2. A room used by the citizens of a city ward, for meetings, political caucuses, elections, etc. [U.S.] -WARDS -wards. Defn: See -ward. WARDSHIP Ward"ship, n. 1. The office of a ward or keeper; care and protection of a ward; guardianship; right of guardianship. Wardship is incident to tenure in socage. Blackstone. 2. The state of begin under a guardian; pupilage. It was the wisest act . . . in my wardship. B. Jonson. WARDSMAN Wards"man, n.; pl. Wardsmen (. Defn: A man who keeps ward; a guard. [R.] Sydney Smith. WARE Ware, obs. imp. of Wear. Defn: Wore. WARE Ware, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To wear, or veer. See Wear. WARE Ware, n. Etym: [AS. war.] (Bot.) Defn: Seaweed. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ware goose (Zoöl.), the brant; -- so called because it feeds on ware, or seaweed. [Prov. Eng.] WARE Ware, n. Etym: [OE. ware, AS. waru; akin to D. waar, G. waare, Icel. & Sw. vara, Dan. vare; and probably to E. worth, a. See Worth, a.] Defn: Articles of merchandise; the sum of articles of a particular kind or class; style or class of manufactures; especially, in the plural, goods; commodities; merchandise. "Retails his wares at wakes." Shak. "To chaffer with them and eke to sell them their ware." Chaucer. It the people of the land bring ware or any victuals on the Sabbath day to sell, that we would not buy it of them on the Sabbath, or on the holy day. Neh. x. 31. Note: Although originally and properly a collective noun, it admits of a plural form, when articles of merchandise of different kinds are meant. It is often used in composition; as in hardware, glassware, tinware, etc. WARE Ware, a. Etym: [OE. war, AS. wær. sq. root142. See Wary.] Defn: A ware; taking notice; hence, wary; cautious; on one's guard. See Beware. [Obs.] She was ware and knew it bet [better] than he. Chaucer. Of whom be thou ware also. 2. Tim. iv. 15. He is ware enough; he is wily and circumspect for stirring up any sedition. Latimer. The only good that grows of passed fear Is to be wise, and ware of like again. Spenser. WARE Ware, n. Etym: [AS. waru caution.] Defn: The state of being ware or aware; heed. [Obs.] Wyclif. WARE Ware, v. t. Etym: [As. warian.] Defn: To make ware; to warn; to take heed of; to beware of; to guard against. "Ware that I say." Chaucer. God . . . ware you for the sin of avarice. Chaucer. Then ware a rising tempest on the main. Dryden. WAREFUL Ware"ful, a. Defn: Wary; watchful; cautious. [Obs.] WAREFULNESS Ware"ful*ness, n. Defn: Wariness; cautiousness. [Obs.] "Full of warefulness." Sir P. Sidney. WAREGA FLY Wa*re"ga fly`. Defn: (Zoöl.) A Brazilian fly whose larvæ live in the skin of man and animals, producing painful sores. WAREHOUSE Ware"house`, n.; pl. Warehouses (. Defn: A storehouse for wares, or goods. Addison. WAREHOUSE Ware"house`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warehoused; p. pr. & vb. n. Warehousing.] 1. To deposit or secure in a warehouse. 2. To place in the warehouse of the government or customhouse stores, to be kept until duties are paid. WAREHOUSEMAN Ware"house`man, n.; pl. Warehousemen (. 1. One who keeps a warehouse; the owner or keeper of a dock warehouse or wharf store. 2. One who keeps a wholesale shop or store for Manchester or woolen goods. [Eng.] Warehouseman's itch (Med.), a form of eczema occurring on the back of the hands of warehousemen. WAREHOUSING Ware"hous`ing, n. Defn: The act of placing goods in a warehouse, or in a customhouse store. Warehousing system, an arrangement for lodging imported articles in the customhouse stores, without payment of duties until they are taken out for home consumption. If reëxported, they are not charged with a duty. See Bonded warehouse, under Bonded, a. WARELESS Ware"less, a. Etym: [See Ware, n.] Defn: Unwary; incautious; unheeding; careless; unaware. [Obs.] And wareless of the evil That by themselves unto themselves is wrought. Spenser. WARELY Ware"ly, adv. Defn: Cautiously; warily. [Obs.] They bound him hand and foot with iron chains, And with continual watch did warely keep. Spenser. WARENCE War"ence, n. Etym: [OF. warance. F. garance, LL. warentia, garantia.] (Bot.) Defn: Madder. WAREROOM Ware"room`, n. Defn: A room in which goods are stored or exhibited for sale. WARES Wares, n. pl. Defn: See 4th Ware. WARFARE War"fare`, n. Etym: [War + OE. fare a journey, a passage, course, AS. faru. See Fare, n.] 1. Military service; military life; contest carried on by enemies; hostilities; war. The Philistines gathered their armies together for warfare, to fight with Israel. I Sam. xxviii. 1. This day from battle rest; Faithful hath been your warfare. Milton. 2. Contest; struggle. The weapons of our warfare are not carnal. 2 Cor. x. 4. WARFARE War"fare`, v. i. Defn: To lead a military life; to carry on continual wars. Camden. WARFARER War"far`er, n. Defn: One engaged in warfare; a military man; a soldier; a warrior. WARHABLE War"ha`ble, a. Etym: [War + hable.] Defn: Fit for war. [Obs.] "Warhable youth." Spenser. WARIANGLE War`i*an"gle, n. Etym: [OE. wariangel, weryangle; cf. AS. wearg outlaw, criminal, OHG, warg, warch, Goth. wargs (in comp.), G. würgengel, i. e., destroying angel, destroyer, killer, and E. worry.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio); -- called also würger, worrier, and throttler. [Written also warriangle, weirangle, etc.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] WARILY Wa"ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a wary manner. WARIMENT Wa"ri*ment, n. Defn: Wariness. [Obs.] Spenser. WARINE War"ine, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American monkey, one of the sapajous. WARINESS Wa"ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being wary; care to foresee and guard against evil; cautiousness. "An almost reptile wariness." G. W. Cable. To determine what are little things in religion, great wariness is to be used. Sprat. Syn. -- Caution; watchfulness; circumspection; foresight; care; vigilance; scrupulousness. WARISH War"ish, v. t. Etym: [OF. warir to protect, heal, cure, F. guéri to cure; of Teutonic origin; cf. OHG. werian, weren, to protect, to hinder. See Garret.] Defn: To protect from the effects of; hence, to cure; to heal. [Obs.] My brother shall be warished hastily. Chaucer. Varro testifies that even at this day there be some who warish and cure the stinging of serpents with their spittle. Holland. WARISH War"ish, v. i. Defn: To be cured; to recover. [Obs.] Your daughter . . . shall warish and escape. Chaucer. WARISON War"i*son, n. Etym: [OF. warison safety, supplies, cure, F. guérison cure. See Warish, v. t.] 1. Preparation; protection; provision; supply. [Obs.] 2. Reward; requital; guerdon. [Obs. or Scot.] Wit and wisdom is good warysoun. Proverbs of Hending. WARK Wark, n. Etym: [See Work.] Defn: Work; a building. [Obs. or Scot.] Spenser. WARKLOOM Wark"loom, n. Defn: A tool; an implement. [Scot.] WARLIKE War"like`, a. 1. Fit for war; disposed for war; as, a warlike state; a warlike disposition. Old Siward, with ten thousand warlike men. Shak. 2. Belonging or relating to war; military; martial. The great archangel from his warlike toil Surceased. Milton. Syn. -- Martial; hostile; soldierly. See Martial. WARLIKENESS War"like`ness, n. Defn: Quality of being warlike. WARLING War"ling, n. Defn: One often quarreled with; -- darling. [Obs.] Better be an old man's darling than a young man's warling. Camde WARLOCK War"lock, n. Etym: [OE. warloghe a deceiver, a name or the Devil, AS. w a belier or breaker of his agreement, word, or pledge; w covenant, troth (akiverus true; see Very) + loga a liar (in comp.), leógan to lie. See 3d Lie.] Defn: A male witch; a wizard; a sprite; an imp. [Written also warluck.] Dryden. It was Eyvind Kallda's crew Of warlocks blue, With their caps of darkness hooded! Longfellow. WARLOCK War"lock, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a warlock or warlock; impish. [R.] Thou shalt win the warlock fight. J. R. Drak WARLOCKRY War"lock*ry, n. Defn: Impishness; magic. WARLY War"ly, a. Defn: Warlike. Burns. WARM Warm, a. [Compar. Warmer; superl. Warmest.] Etym: [AS. wearm; akin to OS., OFries., D., & G. warm, Icel. varmr, Sw. & Dan. varm, Goth. warmjan to warm; probably akin to Lith. virti to cook, boil; or perhaps to Skr. gharma heat, OL. formus warm. 1. Having heat in a moderate degree; not cold as, warm milk. "Whose blood is warm within." Shak. Warm and still is the summer night. Longfellow. 2. Having a sensation of heat, esp. of gentle heat; glowing. 3. Subject to heat; having prevalence of heat, or little or no cold weather; as, the warm climate of Egypt. 4. Fig.: Not cool, indifferent, lukewarm, or the like, in spirit or temper; zealous; ardent; fervent; excited; sprightly; irritable; excitable. Mirth, and youth, and warm desire! Milton. Each warm wish springs mutual from the heart. Pope. They say he's warm man and does not care to be madAddison. I had been none of the warmest of partisans. Hawthor 5. Violent; vehement; furious; excited; passionate; as, a warm contest; a warm debate. Welcome, daylight; we shall have warm work on't. Dryden. 6. Being well off as to property, or in good circumstances; forehanded; rich. [Colloq.] Warm householders, every one of them. W. Irving. You shall have a draft upon him, payable at sight: and let me tell you he as warm a man as any within five miles round him. Goldsmith. 7. In children's games, being near the object sought for; hence, being close to the discovery of some person, thing, or fact concealed. [Colloq.] Here, indeed, young Mr. Dowse was getting "warm," Black. 8. (Paint.) Defn: Having yellow or red for a basis, or in their composition; -- said of colors, and opposed to cold which is of blue and its compounds. Syn. -- Ardent; zealous; fervent; glowing; enthusiastic; cordial; keen; violent; furious; hot. WARM Warm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warmed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Warming.] Etym: [AS. wearmian. See Warm, a.] 1. To communicate a moderate degree of heat to; to render warm; to supply or furnish heat to; as, a stove warms an apartment. Then shall it [an ash tree] be for a man to burn; for he will take thereof and warm himself. Isa. xliv 15 Enough to warm, but not enough to burn. Longfellow. 2. To make engaged or earnest; to interest; to engage; to excite ardor or zeal; to enliven. I formerly warmed my head with reading controversial writings. Pope. Bright hopes, that erst bosom warmed. Keble. WARM Warm, v. i. Etym: [AS. wearmian.] 1. To become warm, or moderately heated; as, the earth soon warms in a clear day summer. There shall not be a coal to warm at. Isa. xlvii. 14. 2. To become ardent or animated; as, the speakewarms as he proceeds. WARM Warm, n. Defn: The act of warming, or the state of being warmed; a warming; a heating. [Colloq.] Dickens. WARM-BLOODED Warm"-blood`ed, a. (Physiol.) Defn: Having warm blood; -- applied especially to those animals, as birds and mammals, which have warm blood, or, more properly, the power of maintaining a nearly uniform temperature whatever the temperature of the surrounding air. See Homoiothermal. WARMER Warm"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, warms. WARMFUL Warm"ful, a. Defn: Abounding in capacity to warm; giving warmth; as, a warmful garment. [R.] Chapman. WARM-HEARTED Warm"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Having strong affection; cordial; sincere; hearty; sympathetic. -- Warm"-heart`ed*ness, n. WARMING Warm"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Warm, v. Warming pan, a long-handled covered pan into which live coals are put, -- used for warming beds. Shak. WARMLY Warm"ly, adv. Defn: In a warm manner; ardently. WARMNESS Warm"ness, n. Defn: Warmth. Chaucer. WARMONGER War"mon`ger, n. Defn: One who makes ar a trade or business; a mercenary. [R.] Spenser. WARMOUTH War"mouth, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American freshwater bream, or sunfish (Chænobryttus gulosus); -- called also red-eyed bream. WARMTH Warmth, n. 1. The quality or state of being warm; gentle heat; as, the warmth of the sun; the warmth of the blood; vital warmth. Here kindly warmth their mounting juice ferments. Addison. 2. A state of lively and excited interest; zeal; ardor; fervor; passion; enthusiasm; earnestness; as, the warmth of love or piety; he replied with much warmth. "Spiritual warmth, and holy fires." Jer. Taylor. That warmth . . . which agrees with Christian zeal. Sprat. 3. (Paint.) Defn: The glowing effect which arises from the use of warm colors; hence, any similar appearance or effect in a painting, or work of color. Syn. -- Zeal; ardor; fervor; fervency; heat; glow; earnestness; cordiality; animation; eagerness; excitement; vehemence. WARMTHLESS Warmth"less, a. Defn: Being without warmth; not communicating warmth; cold. [R.] Coleridge. WARN Warn (wasrn), v. t. Etym: [OE. wernen, AS. weornan, wyrnan. Cf. Warn to admonish.] Defn: To refuse. [Written also wern, worn.] [Obs.] Chaucer. WARN Warn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warned; p. pr. & vb. n. Warning.] Etym: [OE. warnen, warnien, AS. warnian, wearnian, to take heed, to warn; akin to AS. wearn denial, refusal, OS. warning, wernian, to refuse, OHG. warnen, G. warnen to warn, OFries. warna, werna, Icel. varna to refuse; and probably to E. wary. 1. To make ware or aware; to give previous information to; to give notice to; to notify; to admonish; hence, to notify or summon by authority; as, to warn a town meeting; to warn a tenant to quit a house. "Warned of the ensuing fight." Dryden. Cornelius the centurion . . . was warned from God by an holy angel to send for thee. Acts x. 22. Who is it that hath warned us to the walls Shak. 2. To give notice to, of approaching or probable danger or evil; to caution against anything that may prove injurious. "Juturna warns the Daunian chief of Lausus' danger, urging swift relief." Dryden. 3. To ward off. [Obs.] Spenser. WARNER Warn"er, n. Defn: One who warns; an admonisher. WARNER Warn"er, n. Defn: A warrener. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. WARNING Warn"ing, a. Defn: Giving previous notice; cautioning; admonishing; as, a warning voice. That warning timepiece never ceased. Longfellow. Warning piece, Warning wheel (Horol.), a piece or wheel which produces a sound shortly before the clock strikes. WARNING Warn"ing, n. 1. Previous notice. "At a month's warning." Dryden. A great journey to take upon so short a warning. L'Estrange. 2. Caution against danger, or against faults or evil practices which incur danger; admonition; monition. Could warning make the world more just or wise. Dryden. WARNINGLY Warn"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a warning manner. WARNSTORE Warn"store, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. warnesture, garnesture, provisions, supplies, and E. garnish.] Defn: To furnish. [Obs.] "To warnstore your house." Chaucer. WARP Warp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warped; p. pr. & vb. n. Warping.] Etym: [OE. warpen; fr. Icel. varpa to throw, cast, varp a casting, fr. verpa to throw; akin to Dan. varpe to warp a ship, Sw. varpa, AS. weorpan to cast, OS. werpan, OFries. werpa, D. & LG. werpen, G. werfen, Goth. waírpan; cf. Skr. vrj to twist. Wrap.] 1. To throw; hence, to send forth, or throw out, as words; to utter. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. 2. To turn or twist out of shape; esp., to twist or bend out of a flat plane by contraction or otherwise. The planks looked warped. Coleridge. Walter warped his mouth at this To something so mock solemn, that I laughed. Tennyson. 3. To turn aside from the true direction; to cause to bend or incline; to pervert. This first avowed, nor folly warped my mind. Dryden. I have no private considerations to warp me in this controversy. Addison. We are divested of all those passions which cloud the intellects, and warp the understandings, of men. Southey. 4. To weave; to fabricate. [R. & Poetic.] Nares. While doth he mischief warp. Sternhold. 5. (Naut.) Defn: To tow or move, as a vessel, with a line, or warp, attached to a buoy, anchor, or other fixed object. 6. To cast prematurely, as young; -- said of cattle, sheep, etc. [Prov. Eng.] 7. (Agric.) Defn: To let the tide or other water in upon (lowlying land), for the purpose of fertilization, by a deposit of warp, or slimy substance. [Prov. Eng.] 8. (Rope Making) Defn: To run off the reel into hauls to be tarred, as yarns. 9. (Weaving) Defn: To arrange (yarns) on a warp beam. Warped surface (Geom.), a surface generated by a straight line moving so that no two of its consecutive positions shall be in the same plane. Davies & Peck. WARP Warp, v. i. 1. To turn, twist, or be twisted out of shape; esp., to be twisted or bent out of a flat plane; as, a board warps in seasoning or shrinking. One of you will prove a shrunk panel, and, like green timber, warp, warp. Shak. They clamp one piece of wood to the end of another, to keep it from casting, or warping. Moxon. 2. to turn or incline from a straight, true, or proper course; to deviate; to swerve. There is our commission, From which we would not have you warp. Shak. 3. To fly with a bending or waving motion; to turn and wave, like a flock of birds or insects. A pitchy cloud Of locusts, warping on the eastern wind. Milton. 4. To cast the young prematurely; to slink; -- said of cattle, sheep, etc. [Prov. Eng.] 5. (Weaving) Defn: To wind yarn off bobbins for forming the warp of a web; to wind a warp on a warp beam. WARP Warp, n. Etym: [AS. wearp; akin to Icel. varp a casting, throwing, Sw. varp the draught of a net, Dan. varp a towline, OHG. warf warp, G. werft. See Warp, v.] 1. (Weaving) Defn: The threads which are extended lengthwise in the loom, and crossed by the woof. 2. (Naut.) Defn: A rope used in hauling or moving a vessel, usually with one end attached to an anchor, a post, or other fixed object; a towing line; a warping hawser. 3. (Agric.) Defn: A slimy substance deposited on land by tides, etc., by which a rich alluvial soil is formed. Lyell. 4. A premature casting of young; -- said of cattle, sheep, etc. [Prov. Eng.] 5. Four; esp., four herrings; a cast. See Cast, n., 17. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. 6. Etym: [From Warp, v.] Defn: The state of being warped or twisted; as, the warp of a board. Warp beam, the roller on which the warp is wound in a loom. -- Warp fabric, fabric produced by warp knitting. -- Warp frame, or Warp-net frame, a machine for making warp lace having a number of needles and employing a thread for each needle. -- Warp knitting, a kind of knitting in which a number of threads are interchained each with one or more contiguous threads on either side; -- also called warp weaving. -- Warp lace, or Warp net, lace having a warp crossed by weft threads. WARPAGE Warp"age, n. Defn: The act of warping; also, a charge per ton made on shipping in some harbors. WARPATH War"path`, n. Defn: The route taken by a party of Indians going on a warlike expedition. Schoolcraft. On the warpath, on a hostile expedition; hence, colloquially, about to attack a person or measure. WARPER Warp"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, warps or twists out of shape. 2. One who, or that which, forms yarn or thread into warps or webs for the loom. WARPING Warp"ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, warps. 2. The art or occupation of preparing warp or webs for the weaver. Craig. Warping bank, a bank of earth raised round a field to retain water let in for the purpose of enriching land. Craig. -- Warping hook, a hook used by rope makers for hanging the yarn on, when warping it into hauls for tarring. -- Warping mill, a machine for warping yarn. -- Warping penny, money, varying according to the length of the thread, paid to the weaver by the spinner on laying the warp. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. -- Warping post, a strong post used in warping rope-yarn. WARP KNITTING Warp knitting. Defn: A kind of knitting in which a number of threads are interchained each with one or more contiguous threads on either side. WARPROOF War"proof`, n. Defn: Valor tried by war. WARRAGAL War"ra*gal, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dingo. WARRANDICE War"ran*dice, n. Etym: [See Warrantise.] (Scots Law) Defn: The obligation by which a person, conveying a subject or a right, is bound to uphold that subject or right against every claim, challenge, or burden arising from circumstances prior to the conveyance; warranty. [Written also warrandise.] Craig. WARRANT War"rant, n. Etym: [OE. warant, OF. warant a warrant, a defender, protector, F. garant, originally a p. pr. pf German origin, fr. OHG. weren to grant, warrant, G. gewähren; akin to OFries. wera. Cf. Guarantee.] 1. That which warrants or authorizes; a commission giving authority, or justifying the doing of anything; an act, instrument, or obligation, by which one person authorizes another to do something which he has not otherwise a right to do; an act or instrument investing one with a right or authority, and thus securing him from loss or damage; commission; authority. Specifically: -- (a) A writing which authorizes a person to receive money or other thing. (b) (Law) A precept issued by a magistrate authorizing an officer to make an arrest, a seizure, or a search, or do other acts incident to the administration of justice. (c) (Mil. & Nav.) An official certificate of appointment issued to an officer of lower rank than a commissioned officer. See Warrant officer, below. 2. That which vouches or insures for anything; guaranty; security. I give thee warrant of thy place. Shak. His worth is warrant for his welcome hither. Shak. 3. That which attests or proves; a voucher. 4. Right; legality; allowance. [Obs.] Shak. Bench warrant. (Law) See in the Vocabulary. -- Dock warrant (Com.), a customhouse license or authority. -- General warrant. (Law) See under General. -- Land warrant. See under Land. -- Search warrant. (Law) See under Search, n. -- Warrant of attorney (Law), written authority given by one person to another empowering him to transact business for him; specifically, written authority given by a client to his attorney to appear for him in court, and to suffer judgment to pass against him by confession in favor of some specified person. Bouvier. -- Warrant officer, a noncommissioned officer, as a sergeant, corporal, bandmaster, etc., in the army, or a quartermaster, gunner, boatswain, etc., in the navy. -- Warrant to sue and defend. (a) (O. Eng. Law) A special warrant from the crown, authorizing a party to appoint an attorney to sue or defend for him. (b) A special authority given by a party to his attorney to commence a suit, or to appear and defend a suit in his behalf. This warrant is now disused. Burrill. WARRANT War"rant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warranted; p. pr. & vb. n. Warranting.] Etym: [OE. waranten, OF. warantir, garantir, guarantir, garentir, garandir, F. garantir to warrant, fr. OF. warant, garant, guarant, a warrant, a protector, a defender, F. garant. sq. root142. See Warrant, n.] 1. To make secure; to give assurance against harm; to guarantee safety to; to give authority or power to do, or forbear to do, anything by which the person authorized is secured, or saved harmless, from any loss or damage by his action. That show I first my body to warrant. Chaucer. I'll warrant him from drowning. Shak. In a place Less warranted than this, or less secure, I can not be. Milton. 2. To support by authority or proof; to justify; to maintain; to sanction; as, reason warrants it. True fortitude is seen in great exploits, That justice warrants, and that wisdom guides. Addison. How little while it is since he went forth out of his study, -- chewing a Hebrew text of Scripture in his mouth, I warrant. Hawthorne. 3. To give a warrant or warranty to; to assure as if by giving a warrant to. [My neck is] as smooth as silk, I warrant ye. L' Estrange. 4. (Law) (a) To secure to, as a grantee, an estate granted; to assure. (b) To secure to, as a purchaser of goods, the title to the same; to indemnify against loss. (c) To secure to, as a purchaser, the quality or quantity of the goods sold, as represented. See Warranty, n., 2. (d) To assure, as a thing sold, to the purchaser; that is, to engage that the thing is what it appears, or is represented, to be, which implies a covenant to make good any defect or loss incurred by it. WARRANTABLE War"rant*a*ble, a. Defn: Authorized by commission, precept, or right; justifiable; defensible; as, the seizure of a thief is always warrantable by law and justice; falsehood is never warrantable. His meals are coarse and short, his employment warrantable, his sleep certain and refreshing. South. -- War"rant*a*ble*ness, n. -- War"rant*bly, adv. WARRANTEE War`ran*tee", n. (Law) Defn: The person to whom a warrant or warranty is made. WARRANTER War"rant*er, n. 1. One who warrants, gives authority, or legally empowers. 2. (Law) Defn: One who assures, or covenants to assure; one who contracts to secure another in a right, or to make good any defect of title or quality; one who gives a warranty; a guarantor; as, the warranter of a horse. WARRANTISE War"rant*ise, n. Etym: [OF. warentise, warandise, garantise. See Warrant, n.] Defn: Authority; security; warranty. [Obs.] Shak. WARRANTISE War"rant*ise, v. t. Defn: To warrant. [Obs.] Hakluyt. WARRANTOR War"rant*or, n. (Law) Defn: One who warrants. WARRANTY War"rant*y, n.; pl. Warranties. Etym: [OF. warantie, F. garantie. See Warrant, n., and cf. Guaranty.] 1. (Anc. Law) Defn: A covenant real, whereby the grantor of an estate of freehold and his heirs were bound to warrant and defend the title, and, in case of eviction by title paramount, to yield other lands of equal value in recompense. This warranty has long singe become obsolete, and its place supplied by personal covenants for title. Among these is the covenant of warranty, which runs with the land, and is in the nature of a real covenant. Kent. 2. (Modern Law) Defn: An engagement or undertaking, express or implied, that a certain fact regarding the subject of a contract is, or shall be, as it is expressly or impliedly declared or promised to be. In sales of goods by persons in possession, there is an implied warranty of title, but, as to the quality of goods, the rule of every sale is, Caveat emptor. Chitty. Bouvier. 3. (Insurance Law) Defn: A stipulation or engagement by a party insured, that certain things, relating to the subject of insurance, or affecting the risk, exist, or shall exist, or have been done, or shall be done. These warranties, when express, should appear in the policy; but there are certain implied warranties. Bouvier. 4. Justificatory mandate or precept; authority; warrant. [R.] Shak. If they disobey precept, that is no excuse to us, nor gives us any warranty . . . to disobey likewise. Kettlewe 5. Security; warrant; guaranty. The stamp was a warranty of the public. Locke. Syn. -- See Guarantee. WARRANTY War"rant*y, v. t. Defn: To warrant; to guarantee. WARRAY War"ray, v. t. Etym: [OF. werreier, werrier, guerroier, F. guerroyer, from OF. werre war, F. guerre; of German origin. See War.] Defn: To make war upon. [Obs.] Fairfax. "When a man warrayeth truth." Chaucer. WARRE Warre, a. Etym: [OE. werre; of Scand. origin. See Worse.] Defn: Worse. [Obs.] They say the world is much warre than it wont. Spenser. WARREN War"ren, n. Etym: [Of. waresne, warenne, garene, F. garenne, from OF. warer, garer, to beware, to take care; of Teutonic origin; cf. OHG. war (in comp.), OS. war to take care, to observe, akin to E. wary. Wary.] 1. (Eng Law) (a) A place privileged, by prescription or grant the king, for keeping certain animals (as hares, conies, partridges, pheasants, etc.) called beasts and fowls of warren. Burrill. (b) A privilege which one has in his lands, by royal grant or prescription, of hunting and taking wild beasts and birds of warren, to the exclusion of any other person not entering by his permission. Spelman. They wend both warren and in waste. Piers Plowman. Note: The warren is the next franchise in degree to the park; and a forest, which is the highest in dignity, comprehends a chase, a park, and a free warren. 2. A piece of ground for the breeding of rabbits. 3. A place for keeping flash, in a river. WARRENER War"ren*er, n. Defn: The keeper of a warren. WARRIANGLE War`ri*an"gle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wariangle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] WARRIE War"rie, v. t. Defn: See Warye. [Obs.] WARRIN War"rin, n. Etym: [From a native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: An Australian lorikeet (Trichoglossus multicolor) remarkable for the variety and brilliancy of its colors; -- called also blue- bellied lorikeet, and blue-bellied parrot. WARRIOR War"rior, n. Etym: [OE. werreour, OF. werreour, guerreor, from guerre, werre, war. See War, and Warray.] Defn: A man engaged or experienced in war, or in the military life; a soldier; a champion. Warriors old with ordered spear and shield. Milton. Warrior ant (Zoöl.), a reddish ant (Formica sanguinea) native of Europe and America. It is one of the species which move in armies to capture and enslave other ants. WARRIORESS War"rior*ess, n. Defn: A female warrior. [Obs.] Spenser. WARRY War"ry, v. t. Defn: See Warye. [Obs.] WARSAW War"saw, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The black grouper (Epinephelus nigritus) of the southern coasts of the United States. (b) The jewfish; -- called also guasa. WART Wart, n. Etym: [OE. werte, AS. wearte; akin to D. wrat, G. warze, OHG. warza, Icel. varta, Sw. vårta, Dan. vorte; perh. orig., a growth, and akin to E. wort; or cf. L. verruca wart.] 1. (Med.) Defn: A small, usually hard, tumor on the skin formed by enlargement of its vascular papillæ, and thickening of the epidermis which covers them. 2. An excrescence or protuberance more or less resembling a true wart; specifically (Bot.), a glandular excrescence or hardened protuberance on plants. Fig wart, Moist wart (Med.), a soft, bright red, pointed or tufted tumor found about the genitals, often massed into groups of large size. It is a variety of condyloma. Called also pointed wart, venereal wart. L. A. Duhring. -- Wart cress (Bot.), the swine's cress. See under Swine. -- Wart snake (Zoöl.), any one of several species of East Indian colubrine snakes of the genus Acrochordus, having the body covered with wartlike tubercles or spinose scales, and lacking cephalic plates and ventral scutes. -- Wart spurge (Bot.), a kind of wartwort (Euphorbia Helioscopia). WARTED Wart"ed, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having little knobs on the surface; verrucose; as, a warted capsule. WART HOG Wart" hog`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Either one of two species of large, savage African wild hogs of the genus Phacochoerus. These animals have a pair of large, rough, fleshy tubercles behind the tusks and second pair behind the eyes. The tusks are large and strong, and both pairs curve upward. The body is scantily covered with bristles, but there is long dorsal mane. The South African species (Phacochoerus Æthiopicus) is the best known. Called also vlacke vark. The second species (P. Æliani) is native of the coasts of the Red Sea. WARTLESS Wart"less, a. Defn: Having no wart. WARTWEED Wart"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Wartwort. WARTWORT Wart"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A name given to several plants because they were thought to be a cure for warts, as a kind of spurge (Euphorbia Helioscopia), and the nipplewort (Lampsana communis). WARTY Wart"y, a. 1. Having warts; full of warts; overgrow with warts; as, a warty leaf. 2. Of the nature of warts; as, a warty excrescence. Warty egg (Zoöl.), a marine univalve shell (Ovulum verrucosum), having the surface covered with wartlike elevations. WARTY-BACK Wart"y-back`, n. Defn: An American fresh-water mussel (Quadrula pustulosa). Its shell is used in making buttons. WARWICKITE War"wick*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: A dark brown or black mineral, occurring in prismatic crystals imbedded in limestone near Warwick, New York. It consists of the borate and titanate of magnesia and iron. WARWORN War"worn`, a. Defn: Worn with military service; as, a warworn soldier; a warworn coat. Shak. WARY Wa"ry, a. [Compar. Warier; superl. Wariest.] Etym: [OE. war, AS. wær; akin to Icel. v, Dan. & Sw. var, Goth. wars, G. gewahr aware, OHG. wara notice, attention, Gr. Aware, Garment, Garnish, Garrison, Panorama, Ward, v. t. Ware, a., Warren.] 1. Cautious of danger; carefully watching and guarding against deception, artifices, and dangers; timorously or suspiciously prudent; circumspect; scrupulous; careful. "Bear a wary eye." Shak. We should be wary, therefore, what persecution we raise against the living labors of public men. Milton. 2. Characterized by caution; guarded; careful. It behoveth our words to be wary and few. Hooker. Syn. -- Cautious; circumspect; watchful. See Cautious. WARYE War"ye, v. t. Etym: [AS. wergian, wyrgean. Cf. Worry.] Defn: To curse; to curse; to execrate; to condemn; also, to vex. [Obs.] [Spelled also warrie, warry, and wary.] "Whom I thus blame and warye." Chaucer. WAS Was. Etym: [AS. wæs, 2d pers. wære, 3d pers. wæs, pl. wæron, with the inf. wesan to be; akin to D. wezen, imp. was, OHG. wesan, imp. was, G. wesen, n., a being, essence, war was, Icel. vera to be, imp. var, Goth. wisan to be, to dwell, to remain, imp. was, Skr. vas to remain, to dwell. sq. root148. Cf. Vernacular, Wassail, Were, v.] Defn: The first and third persons singular of the verb be, in the indicative mood, preterit (imperfect) tense; as, I was; he was. WASE Wase, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. vase a sheaf.] Defn: A bundle of straw, or other material, to relieve the pressure of burdens carried upon the head. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. WASH Wash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Washed; p. pr. & vb. n. Washing.] Etym: [OE. waschen, AS. wascan; akin to D. wasschen, G. waschen, OHG. wascan, Icel. & Sw. vaska, Dan. vaske, and perhaps to E. water. sq. root150.] 1. To cleanse by ablution, or dipping or rubbing in water; to apply water or other liquid to for the purpose of cleansing; to scrub with water, etc., or as with water; as, to wash the hands or body; to wash garments; to wash sheep or wool; to wash the pavement or floor; to wash the bark of trees. When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, . . . he took water and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person. Matt. xxvii. 24. 2. To cover with water or any liquid; to wet; to fall on and moisten; hence, to overflow or dash against; as, waves wash the shore. Fresh-blown roses washed with dew. Milton. [The landscape] washed with a cold, gray mist. Longfellow. 3. To waste or abrade by the force of water in motion; as, heavy rains wash a road or an embankment. 4. To remove by washing to take away by, or as by, the action of water; to drag or draw off as by the tide; -- often with away, off, out, etc.; as, to wash dirt from the hands. Arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins. Acts xxii. 16. The tide will wash you off. Shak. 5. To cover with a thin or watery coat of color; to tint lightly and thinly. 6. To overlay with a thin coat of metal; as, steel washed with silver. To wash gold, etc., to treat earth or gravel, or crushed ore, with water, in order to separate the gold or other metal, or metallic ore, through their superior gravity. -- To wash the hands of. See under Hand. WASH Wash, v. i. 1. To perform the act of ablution. Wash in Jordan seven times. 2 Kings v. 10. 2. To clean anything by rubbing or dipping it in water; to perform the business of cleansing clothes, ore, etc., in water. "She can wash and scour." Shak. 3. To bear without injury the operation of being washed; as, some calicoes do not wash. [Colloq.] 4. To be wasted or worn away by the action of water, as by a running or overflowing stream, or by the dashing of the sea; -- said of road, a beach, etc. WASH Wash, n. 1. The act of washing; an ablution; a cleansing, wetting, or dashing with water; hence, a quantity, as of clothes, washed at once. 2. A piece of ground washed by the action of a sea or river, or sometimes covered and sometimes left dry; the shallowest part of a river, or arm of the sea; also, a bog; a marsh; a fen; as, the washes in Lincolnshire. "The Wash of Edmonton so gay." Cowper. These Lincoln washes have devoured them. Shak. 3. Substances collected and deposited by the action of water; as, the wash of a sewer, of a river, etc. The wash of pastures, fields, commons, and roads, where rain water hath a long time settled. Mortimer. 4. Waste liquid, the refuse of food, the collection from washed dishes, etc., from a kitchen, often used as food for pigs. Shak. 5. (Distilling) (a) The fermented wort before the spirit is extracted. (b) A mixture of dunder, molasses, water, and scummings, used in the West Indies for distillation. B. Edwards. 6. That with which anything is washed, or wetted, smeared, tinted, etc., upon the surface. Specifically: -- (a) A liquid cosmetic for the complexion. (b) A liquid dentifrice. (c) A liquid preparation for the hair; as, a hair wash. (d) A medical preparation in a liquid form for external application; a lotion. (e) (Painting) A thin coat of color, esp. water color. (j) A thin coat of metal laid on anything for beauty or preservation. 7. (Naut.) (a) The blade of an oar, or the thin part which enters the water. (b) The backward current or disturbed water caused by the action of oars, or of a steamer's screw or paddles, etc. 8. The flow, swash, or breaking of a body of water, as a wave; also, the sound of it. 9. Ten strikes, or bushels, of oysters. [Prov. Eng.] Wash ball, a ball of soap to be used in washing the hands or face. Swift. -- Wash barrel (Fisheries), a barrel nearly full of split mackerel, loosely put in, and afterward filled with salt water in order to soak the blood from the fish before salting. -- Wash bottle. (Chem.) (a) A bottle partially filled with some liquid through which gases are passed for the purpose of purifying them, especially by removing soluble constituents. (b) A washing bottle. See under Washing. -- Wash gilding. See Water gilding. -- Wash leather, split sheepskin dressed with oil, in imitation of chamois, or shammy, and used for dusting, cleaning glass or plate, etc.; also, alumed, or buff, leather for soldiers' belts. WASH Wash, a. 1 Defn: Washy; weak. [Obs.] Their bodies of so weak and wash a temper. Beau. & Fl. 2. Capable of being washed without injury; washable; as, wash goods. [Colloq.] WASHABLE Wash"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being washed without damage to fabric or color. WASHBOARD Wash"board`, n. 1. A fluted, or ribbed, board on which clothes are rubbed in washing them. 2. A board running round, and serving as a facing for, the walls of a room, next to the floor; a mopboard. 3. (Naut.) Defn: A broad, thin plank, fixed along the gunwale of boat to keep the sea from breaking inboard; also, a plank on the sill of a lower deck port, for the same purpose; -- called also wasteboard. Mar. Di WASHBOWL Wash"bowl`, n. Defn: A basin, or bowl, to hold water for washing one's hands, face, etc. WASHDISH Wash"dish`, n. 1. A washbowl. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Washerwoman, 2. [Prov. Eng.] WASH DRAWING Wash drawing. (Art) Defn: In water-color painting, work in, or a work done chiefly in, washes, as distinguished from that done in stipple, in body color, etc. WASHED Washed, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Appearing as if overlaid with a thin layer of different color; -- said of the colors of certain birds and insects. WASHED SALE Washed sale. Defn: Same as Wash sale. WASHEN Wash"en, obs. Defn: p. p. of Wash. Chaucer. WASHER Wash"er, n. Etym: [AS. wæscere.] 1. One who, or that which, washes. 2. A ring of metal, leather, or other material, or a perforated plate, used for various purposes, as around a bolt or screw to form a seat for the head or nut, or around a wagon axle to prevent endwise motion of the hub of the wheel and relieve friction, or in a joint to form a packing, etc. 3. (Plumbing) Defn: A fitting, usually having a plug, applied to a cistern, tub, sink, or the like, and forming the outlet opening. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common raccoon. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Washerwoman, 2. [Prov. Eng.] WASHERMAN Wash"er*man, n.; pl. Washermen (. Defn: A man who washes clothes, esp. for hire, or for others. WASHERWOMAN Wash"er*wom`an, n.; pl. Washerwomen (. 1. A woman who washes clothes, especially for hire, or for others. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pied wagtail; -- so called in allusion to its beating the water with its tail while tripping along the leaves of water plants. [Prov. Eng.] WASHHOUSE Wash"house`, n. Defn: An outbuilding for washing, esp. one for washing clothes; a laundry. WASHINESS Wash"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being washy, watery, or weak. WASHING Wash"ing, n. 1. The act of one who washes; the act of cleansing with water; ablution. 2. The clothes washed, esp. at one time; a wash. Washing bear (Zoöl.), the raccoon. -- Washing bottle (Chem.), a bottle fitted with glass tubes passing through the cork, so that on blowing into one of the tubes a stream of water issuing from the other may be directed upon anything to be washed or rinsed, as a precipitate upon a filter, etc. -- Washing fluid, a liquid used as a cleanser, and consisting usually of alkaline salts resembling soaps in their action. -- Washing machine, a machine for washing; specifically, a machine for washing clothes. -- Washing soda. (Chem.) See Sodium carbonate, under Sodium. -- Washing stuff, any earthy deposit containing gold enough to pay for washing it; -- so called among gold miners. WASHINGTONIAN Wash`ing*to"ni*an, a. 1. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, George Washington; as, a Washingtonian policy. Lowell. 2. Designating, or pertaining to, a temperance society and movement started in Baltimore in 1840 on the principle of total abstinence. -- n. Defn: A member of the Washingtonian Society. WASHOE PROCESS Wash"oe proc`ess. [From the Washoe district, Nevada.] Defn: The process of treating silver ores by grinding in pans or tubs with the addition of mercury, and sometimes of chemicals such as blue vitriol and salt. WASH-OFF Wash"-off`, a. (Calico Printing) Defn: Capable of being washed off; not permanent or durable; -- said of colors not fixed by steaming or otherwise. WASHOUT Wash"out`, n. Defn: The washing out or away of earth, etc., especially of a portion of the bed of a road or railroad by a fall of rain or a freshet; also, a place, especially in the bed of a road or railroad, where the earth has been washed away. WASHPOT Wash"pot`, n. 1. A pot or vessel in which anything is washed. 2. (Tin-Plate Manuf.) Defn: A pot containing melted tin into which the plates are dipped to be coated. WASH SALE Wash sale. (Stock Exchange) Defn: A sale made in washing. See Washing, n., 3, above. WASHSTAND Wash"stand`, n. Defn: A piece of furniture holding the ewer or pitcher, basin, and other requisites for washing the person. WASH STAND Wash stand. Defn: In a stable or garage, a place in the floor prepared so that carriages or automobiles may be washed there and the water run off. [Cant] WASHTUB Wash"tub`, n. Defn: A tub in which clothes are washed. WASHY Wash"y, a. Etym: [From Wash.] 1. Watery; damp; soft. "Washy ooze." Milton. 2. Lacking substance or strength; weak; thin; dilute; feeble; as, washy tea; washy resolutions. A polish . . . not over thin and washy. Sir H. Wotton. 3. Not firm or hardy; liable to sweat profusely with labor; as, a washy horse. [Local, U. S.] WASITE Wa"site, n. Etym: [See Wasium.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of allanite from Sweden supposed to contain wasium. WASIUM Wa"si*um, n. Etym: [NL. So called from Wasa, or Vasa, the name of a former royal family of Sweden.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare element supposed by Bahr to have been extracted from wasite, but now identified with thorium. WASP Wasp, n. Etym: [OE. waspe, AS. wæps, wæfs; akin to D. wesp, G. wespe, OHG. wafsa, wefsa, Lith. vapsa gadfly, Russ. osa wasp, L. vespa, and perhaps to E. weave.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of stinging hymenopterous insects, esp. any of the numerous species of the genus Vespa, which includes the true, or social, wasps, some of which are called yellow jackets. Note: The social wasps make a complex series of combs, of a substance like stiff paper, often of large size, and protect them by a paperlike covering. The larvæ are reared in the cells of the combs, and eat insects and insect larvæ brought to them by the adults, but the latter feed mainly on the honey and pollen of flowers, and on the sweet juices of fruit. See Illust. in Appendix. Digger wasp, any one of numerous species of solitary wasps that make their nests in burrows which they dig in the ground, as the sand wasps. See Sand wasp, under Sand. -- Mud wasp. See under Mud. -- Potter wasp. See under Potter. -- Wasp fly, a species of fly resembling a wasp, but without a sting. WASPISH Wasp"ish, a. 1. Resembling a wasp in form; having a slender waist, like a wasp. 2. Quick to resent a trifling affront; characterized by snappishness; irritable; irascible; petulant; snappish. He was naturally a waspish and hot man. Bp. Hall. Much do I suffer, much, to keep in peace This jealous, waspish, wrong-head, rhyming race. Pope. Syn. -- Snappish; petulant; irritable; irascible; testy; peevish; captious. -- Wasp"ish*ly, adv. -- Wasp"ish*ness, n. WASSAIL Was"sail, n. Etym: [AS. wes hal (or an equivalent form in another dialect) be in health, which was the form of drinking a health. The form wes is imperative. See Was, and Whole.] 1. An ancient expression of good wishes on a festive occasion, especially in drinking to some one. Geoffrey of Monmouth relates, on the authority of Walter Calenius, that this lady [Rowena], the daughter of Hengist, knelt down on the approach of the king, and, presenting him with a cup of wine, exclaimed, Lord king wæs heil, that is, literally, Health be to you. N. Drake. 2. An occasion on which such good wishes are expressed in drinking; a drinking bout; a carouse. "In merry wassail he . . . peals his loud song." Sir W. Scott. The king doth wake to-night and takes his rouse, Keeps wassail. Shak. The victors abandoned themselves to feasting and wassail. Prescott. 3. The liquor used for a wassail; esp., a beverage formerly much used in England at Christmas and other festivals, made of ale (or wine) flavored with spices, sugar, toast, roasted apples, etc.; -- called also lamb's wool. A jolly wassail bowl, A wassail of good ale. Old Song. 4. A festive or drinking song or glee. [Obs.] Have you done your wassail! 'T is a handsome, drowsy ditty, I'll assure you. Beau. & Fl. WASSAIL Was"sail, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to wassail, or to a wassail; convivial; as, a wassail bowl. "Awassail candle, my lord, all tallow." Shak. Wassail bowl, a bowl in which wassail was mixed, and placed upon the table. "Spiced wassail bowl." J. Fletcher. "When the cloth was removed, the butler brought in a huge silver vessel . . . Its appearance was hailed with acclamation, being the wassail bowl so renowned in Christmas festivity." W. Irving. -- Wassail cup, a cup from which wassail was drunk. WASSAIL Was"sail, v. i. Defn: To hold a wassail; to carouse. Spending all the day, and good part of the night, in dancing, caroling, and wassailing. Sir P. Sidney. WASSAILER Was"sail*er, n. Defn: One who drinks wassail; one who engages in festivity, especially in drinking; a reveler. The rudeness and swilled insolence Of such late wassailers. Milton. WAST Wast. Defn: The second person singular of the verb be, in the indicative mood, imperfect tense; -- now used only in solemn or poetical style. See Was. WASTAGE Wast"age, n. Defn: Loss by use, decay, evaporation, leakage, or the like; waste. WASTE Waste, a. Etym: [OE. wast, OF. wast, from L. vastus, influenced by the kindred German word; cf. OHG. wuosti, G. wüst, OS. w, D. woest, AS. weste. Cf. Vast.] 1. Desolate; devastated; stripped; bare; hence, dreary; dismal; gloomy; cheerless. The dismal situation waste and wild. Milton. His heart became appalled as he gazed forward into the waste darkness of futurity. Sir W. Scott. 2. Lying unused; unproductive; worthless; valueless; refuse; rejected; as, waste land; waste paper. But his waste words returned to him in vain. Spenser. Not a waste or needless sound, Till we come to holier ground. Milton. Ill day which made this beauty waste. Emerson. 3. Lost for want of occupiers or use; superfluous. And strangled with her waste fertility. Milton. Waste gate, a gate by which the superfluous water of a reservoir, or the like, is discharged. -- Waste paper. See under Paper. -- Waste pipe, a pipe for carrying off waste, or superfluous, water or other fluids. Specifically: (a) (Steam Boilers) An escape pipe. See under Escape. (b) (Plumbing) The outlet pipe at the bottom of a bowl, tub, sink, or the like. -- Waste steam. (a) Steam which escapes the air. (b) Exhaust steam. -- Waste trap, a trap for a waste pipe, as of a sink. WASTE Waste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Wasting.] Etym: [OE. wasten, OF. waster, guaster, gaster, F. gâter to spoil, L. vastare to devastate, to lay waste, fr. vastus waste, desert, uncultivated, ravaged, vast, but influenced by a kindred German word; cf. OHG. wuosten, G. wüsten, AS. westan. See Waste, a.] 1. To bring to ruin; to devastate; to desolate; to destroy. Thou barren ground, whom winter's wrath hath wasted, Art made a mirror to behold my plight. Spenser. The Tiber Insults our walls, and wastes our fruitful grounds. Dryden. 2. To wear away by degrees; to impair gradually; to diminish by constant loss; to use up; to consume; to spend; to wear out. Until your carcasses be wasted in the wilderness. Num. xiv. 33. O, were I able To waste it all myself, and leave ye none! Milton. Here condemned To waste eternal days in woe and pain. Milton. Wasted by such a course of life, the infirmities of age daily grew on him. Robertson. 3. To spend unnecessarily or carelessly; to employ prodigally; to expend without valuable result; to apply to useless purposes; to lavish vainly; to squander; to cause to be lost; to destroy by scattering or injury. The younger son gathered all together, and . . . wasted his substance with riotous living. Luke xv. 13. Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air. Gray. 4. (Law) Defn: To damage, impair, or injure, as an estate, voluntarily, or by suffering the buildings, fences, etc., to go to decay. Syn. -- To squander; dissipate; lavish; desolate. WASTE Waste, v. i. 1. To be diminished; to lose bulk, substance, strength, value, or the like, gradually; to be consumed; to dwindle; to grow less. The time wasteth night and day. Chaucer. The barrel of meal shall not waste. 1 Kings xvii. 14. But man dieth, and wasteth away. Job xiv. 10. 2. (Sporting) Defn: To procure or sustain a reduction of flesh; -- said of a jockey in preparation for a race, etc. WASTE Waste, n. Etym: [OE. waste; cf. the kindred AS. w, OHG. w, wuosti, G. wüste. See Waste, a. & v.] 1. The act of wasting, or the state of being wasted; a squandering; needless destruction; useless consumption or expenditure; devastation; loss without equivalent gain; gradual loss or decrease, by use, wear, or decay; as, a waste of property, time, labor, words, etc. "Waste . . . of catel and of time." Chaucer. For all this waste of wealth loss of blood. Milton. He will never . . . in the way of waste, attempt us again. Shak. Little wastes in great establishments, constantly occurring, may defeat the energies of a mighty capital. L. Beecher. 2. That which is wasted or desolate; a devastated, uncultivated, or wild country; a deserted region; an unoccupied or unemployed space; a dreary void; a desert; a wilderness. "The wastes of Nature." Emerson. All the leafy nation sinks at last, And Vulcan rides in triumph o'er the waste. Dryden. The gloomy waste of waters which bears his name is his tomb and his monument. Bancroft. 3. That which is of no value; worthless remnants; refuse. Specifically: Remnants of cops, or other refuse resulting from the working of cotton, wool, hemp, and the like, used for wiping machinery, absorbing oil in the axle boxes of railway cars, etc. 4. (Law) Defn: Spoil, destruction, or injury, done to houses, woods, fences, lands, etc., by a tenant for life or for years, to the prejudice of the heir, or of him in reversion or remainder. Note: Waste is voluntary, as by pulling down buildings; or permissive, as by suffering them to fall for want of necessary repairs. Whatever does a lasting damage to the freehold is a waste. Blackstone. 5. (Mining) Defn: Old or abandoned workings, whether left as vacant space or filled with refuse. Syn. -- Prodigality; diminution; loss; dissipation; destruction; devastation; havoc; desolation; ravage. WASTEBASKET Waste"bas`ket, n. Defn: A basket used in offices, libraries, etc., as a receptacle for waste paper. WASTEBOARD Waste"board`, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Washboard, 3. WASTEBOOK Waste"book`, n. (Com.) Defn: A book in which rough entries of transactions are made, previous to their being carried into the journal. WASTEFUL Waste"ful, c. 1. Full of waste; destructive to property; ruinous; as; wasteful practices or negligence; wasteful expenses. 2. Expending, or tending to expend, property, or that which is valuable, in a needless or useless manner; lavish; prodigal; as, a wasteful person; a wasteful disposition. 3. Waste; desolate; unoccupied; untilled. [Obs.] In wilderness and wasteful desert strayed. Spenser. Syn. -- Lavish; profuse; prodigal; extravagant. -- Waste"ful*ly, adv. -- Waste"ful*ness, n. WASTEL Was"tel, n. Etym: [OF. wastel, gastel, F. gâteau, LL. wastellus, fr. MHG. wastel a kind of bread; cf. OHG. & AS. wist food.] Defn: A kind of white and fine bread or cake; -- called also wastel bread, and wastel cake. [Obs.] Roasted flesh or milk and wasted bread. Chaucer. The simnel bread and wastel cakes, which were only used at the tables of the highest nobility. Sir W. Scott. WASTENESS Waste"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being waste; a desolate state or condition; desolation. A day of trouble and distress, a day of wasteness. Zeph. i. 15. 2. That which is waste; a desert; a waste. [R.] Through woods and wasteness wide him daily sought. Spenser. WASTER Wast"er, n. Etym: [OE. wastour, OF. wasteor, gasteor. See Waste, v. t.] 1. One who, or that which, wastes; one who squanders; one who consumes or expends extravagantly; a spendthrift; a prodigal. He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster. Prov. xviii. 9. Sconces are great wasters of candles. Swift. 2. An imperfection in the wick of a candle, causing it to waste; -- called also a thief. Halliwell. 3. A kind of cudgel; also, a blunt-edged sword used as a foil. Half a dozen of veneys at wasters with a good fellow for a broken head. Beau. & Fl. Being unable to wield the intellectual arms of reason, they are fain to betake them unto wasters. Sir T. Browne. WASTETHRIFT Waste"thrift`, n. Defn: A spendthrift. [Obs.] WASTEWEIR Waste"weir`, n. Defn: An overfall, or weir, for the escape, or overflow, of superfluous water from a canal, reservoir, pond, or the like. WASTING Wast"ing, a. Defn: Causing waste; also, undergoing waste; diminishing; as, a wasting disease; a wasting fortune. Wasting palsy (Med.), progressive muscular atrophy. See under Progressive. WASTOR Wast"or, n. Defn: A waster; a thief. [Obs. or R.] [Written also wastour.] Chaucer. Southey. WASTOREL Wast"o*rel, n. Defn: See Wastrel. [Obs.] WASTREL Wast"rel, n. 1. Any waste thing or substance; as: (a) Waste land or common land. [Obs.] Carew. (b) A profligate. [Prov. Eng.] (c) A neglected child; a street Arab. [Eng.] 2. Anything cast away as bad or useless, as imperfect bricks, china, etc. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] WATCH Watch, n. Etym: [OE. wacche, AS. wæcce, fr. wacian to wake; akin to D. wacht, waak, G. wacht, wache. Wake, v. i. ] 1. The act of watching; forbearance of sleep; vigil; wakeful, vigilant, or constantly observant attention; close observation; guard; preservative or preventive vigilance; formerly, a watching or guarding by night. Shepherds keeping watch by night. Milton. All the long night their mournful watch they keep. Addison. Note: Watch was formerly distinguished from ward, the former signifying a watching or guarding by night, and the latter a watching, guarding, or protecting by day Hence, they were not unfrequently used together, especially in the phrase to keep watch and ward, to denote continuous and uninterrupted vigilance or protection, or both watching and guarding. This distinction is now rarely recognized, watch being used to signify a watching or guarding both by night and by day, and ward, which is now rarely used, having simply the meaning of guard, or protection, without reference to time. Still, when she slept, he kept both watch and ward. Spenser. Ward, guard, or custodia, is chiefly applied to the daytime, in order to apprehend rioters, and robbers on the highway . . . Watch, is properly applicable to the night only, . . . and it begins when ward ends, and ends when that begins. Blackstone. 2. One who watches, or those who watch; a watchman, or a body of watchmen; a sentry; a guard. Pilate said unto them, Ye have a watch; go your way, make it as sure as ye can. Matt. xxvii. 65. 3. The post or office of a watchman; also, the place where a watchman is posted, or where a guard is kept. He upbraids Iago, that he made him Brave me upon the watch. Shak. 4. The period of the night during which a person does duty as a sentinel, or guard; the time from the placing of a sentinel till his relief; hence, a division of the night. I did stand my watch upon the hill. Shak. Might we but hear . . . Or whistle from the lodge, or village cock Count the night watches to his feathery dames. Milton. 5. A small timepiece, or chronometer, to be carried about the person, the machinery of which is moved by a spring. Note: Watches are often distinguished by the kind of escapement used, as an anchor watch, a lever watch, a chronometer watch, etc. (see the Note under Escapement, n., 3); also, by the kind of case, as a gold or silver watch, an open-faced watch, a hunting watch, or hunter, etc. 6. (Naut.) (a) An allotted portion of time, usually four hour for standing watch, or being on deck ready for duty. Cf. Dogwatch. (b) That part, usually one half, of the officers and crew, who together attend to the working of a vessel for an allotted time, usually four hours. The watches are designated as the port watch, and the starboard watch. Anchor watch (Naut.), a detail of one or more men who keep watch on deck when a vessel is at anchor. -- To be on the watch, to be looking steadily for some event. -- Watch and ward (Law), the charge or care of certain officers to keep a watch by night and a guard by day in towns, cities, and other districts, for the preservation of the public peace. Wharton. Burrill. -- Watch and watch (Naut.), the regular alternation in being on watch and off watch of the two watches into which a ship's crew is commonly divided. -- Watch barrel, the brass box in a watch, containing the mainspring. -- Watch bell (Naut.), a bell struck when the half-hour glass is run out, or at the end of each half hour. Craig. -- Watch bill (Naut.), a list of the officers and crew of a ship as divided into watches, with their stations. Totten. -- Watch case, the case, or outside covering, of a watch; also, a case for holding a watch, or in which it is kept. -- Watch chain. Same as watch guard, below. -- Watch clock, a watchman's clock; see under Watchman. -- Watch fire, a fire lighted at night, as a signal, or for the use of a watch or guard. -- Watch glass. (a) A concavo-convex glass for covering the face, or dial, of a watch; -- also called watch crystal. (b) (Naut.) A half- hour glass used to measure the time of a watch on deck.(Chem.) A round concavo-convex glass of shallow depth used for certain manipulations of chemicals in a laboratory. -- Watch guard, a chain or cord by which a watch is attached to the person. -- Watch gun (Naut.), a gun sometimes fired on shipboard at 8 p. m., when the night watch begins. -- Watch light, a low-burning lamp used by watchers at night; formerly, a candle having a rush wick. -- Watch night, The last night of the year; -- so called by the Methodists, Moravians, and others, who observe it by holding religious meetings lasting until after midnight. -- Watch paper, an old-fashioned ornament for the inside of a watch case, made of paper cut in some fanciful design, as a vase with flowers, etc. -- Watch tackle (Naut.), a small, handy purchase, consisting of a tailed double block, and a single block with a hook. WATCH Watch, v. i. Etym: [Cf. AS. woeccan, wacian. sq. root134. See Watch, n., Wake, v. i. ] 1. To be awake; to be or continue without sleep; to wake; to keep vigil. I have two nights watched with you. Shak. Couldest thou not watch one hour Mark xiv. 37. 2. To be attentive or vigilant; to give heed; to be on the lookout; to keep guard; to act as sentinel. Take ye heed, watch and pray. Mark xiii. 33. The Son gave signal high To the bright minister that watched. Milton. 3. To be expectant; to look with expectation; to wait; to seek opportunity. My soul waiteth for the Lord more than they that watch for the morning. Ps. cxxx. 6. 4. To remain awake with any one as nurse or attendant; to attend on the sick during the night; as, to watch with a man in a fever. 5. (Naut.) Defn: To serve the purpose of a watchman by floating properly in its place; -- said of a buoy. To watch over, to be cautiously observant of; to inspect, superintend, and guard. WATCH Watch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Watched; p. pr. & vb. n. Watching.] 1. To give heed to; to observe the actions or motions of, for any purpose; to keep in view; not to lose from sight and observation; as, to watch the progress of a bill in the legislature. Saul also sent messengers unto David's house to watch him, and to slay him. 1 Sam. xix. 11 I must cool a little, and watch my opportunity. Landor. In lazy mood I watched the little circles die. Longfellow. 2. To tend; to guard; to have in keeping. And flaming ministers, to watch and tend Their earthy charge. Milton. Paris watched the flocks in the groves of Ida. Broome. WATCHDOG Watch"dog`, n. Defn: A dog kept to watch and guard premises or property, and to give notice of the approach of intruders. WATCHER Watch"er, n. Defn: One who watches; one who sits up or continues; a diligent observer; specifically, one who attends upon the sick during the night. WATCHES Watch"es, n. pl. (Bot.) Defn: The leaves of Sarace. See Trumpets. WATCHET Watchet, a. Etym: [Probably from F. vaciet bilberry, whortleberry; cf. L. vaccinium blueberry, whortleberry.] Defn: Pale or light blue. [Obs.] "Watchet mantles." Spenser. Who stares in Germany at watchet eyes Dryden. WATCHFUL Watch"ful, a. Defn: Full of watch; vigilant; attentive; careful to observe closely; observant; cautious; -- with of before the thing to be regulated or guarded; as, to be watchful of one's behavior; and with against before the thing to be avoided; as, to be watchful against the growth of vicious habits. "Many a watchful night." Shak. "Happy watchful shepherds." Milton. 'Twixt prayer and watchful love his heart dividing. Keble. Syn. -- Vigilant; attentive; cautious; observant; circumspect; wakeful; heedful. -- Watch"ful*ly, adv. -- Watch"ful*ness, n. WATCHHOUSE Watch"house`, n.; pl. Watchhouses (. 1. A house in which a watch or guard is placed. 2. A place where persons under temporary arrest by the police of a city are kept; a police station; a lockup. WATCHMAKER Watch"mak`er, n. Defn: One whose occupation is to make and repair watches. WATCHMAN Watch"man, n.; pl. Watchmen (. 1. One set to watch; a person who keeps guard; a guard; a sentinel. 2. Specifically, one who guards a building, or the streets of a city, by night. Watchman beetle (Zoöl.), the European dor. -- Watchman's clock, a watchman's detector in which the apparatus for recording the times of visiting several stations is contained within a single clock. -- Watchman's detector, or Watchman's time detector, an apparatus for recording the time when a watchman visits a station on his rounds. -- Watchman's rattle, an instrument having at the end of a handle a revolving arm, which, by the action of a strong spring upon cogs, produces, when in motion, a loud, harsh, rattling sound. WATCH MEETING Watch meeting. Defn: A religious meeting held in the closing hours of the year. WATCHTOWER Watch"tow`er, n. Defn: A tower in which a sentinel is placed to watch for enemies, the approach of danger, or the like. WATCHWORD Watch"word`, n. 1. A word given to sentinels, and to such as have occasion to visit the guards, used as a signal by which a friend is known from an enemy, or a person who has a right to pass the watch from one who has not; a countersign; a password. 2. A sentiment or motto; esp., one used as a rallying cry or a signal for action. Nor deal in watchwords overmuch. Tennyson. WATER Wa"ter, n. Etym: [AS. wæter; akin to OS. watar, OFries. wetir, weter, LG. & D. water, G. wasser, OHG. wazzar, Icel. vatn, Sw. vatten, Dan. vand, Goth. wat, O. Slav. & Russ. voda, Gr. udan water, ud to wet, and perhaps to L. unda wave. Dropsy, Hydra, Otter, Wet, Whisky.] 1. The fluid which descends from the clouds in rain, and which forms rivers, lakes, seas, etc. "We will drink water." Shak."Powers of fire, air, water, and earth." Milton. Note: Pure water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, H2O, and is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, transparent liquid, which is very slightly compressible. At its maximum density, 39º Fahr. or 4º C., it is the standard for specific gravities, one cubic centimeter weighing one gram. It freezes at 32º Fahr. or 0º C. and boils at 212º Fahr. or 100º C. (see Ice, Steam). It is the most important natural solvent, and is frequently impregnated with foreign matter which is mostly removed by distillation; hence, rain water is nearly pure. It is an important ingredient in the tissue of animals and plants, the human body containing about two thirds its weight of water. 2. A body of water, standing or flowing; a lake, river, or other collection of water. Remembering he had passed over a small water a poor scholar when first coming to the university, he kneeled. Fuller. 3. Any liquid secretion, humor, or the like, resembling water; esp., the urine. 4. (Pharm.) Defn: A solution in water of a gaseous or readily volatile substance; as, ammonia water. U. S. Pharm. 5. The limpidity and luster of a precious stone, especially a diamond; as, a diamond of the first water, that is, perfectly pure and transparent. Hence, of the first water, that is, of the first excellence. 6. A wavy, lustrous pattern or decoration such as is imparted to linen, silk, metals, etc. See Water, v. t., 3, Damask, v. t., and Damaskeen. 7. An addition to the shares representing the capital of a stock company so that the aggregate par value of the shares is increased while their value for investment is diminished, or "diluted." [Brokers' Cant] Note: Water is often used adjectively and in the formation of many self-explaining compounds; as, water drainage; water gauge, or water- gauge; waterfowl, water-fowl, or water fowl; water-beaten; water- borne, water-circled, water-girdled, water-rocked, etc. Hard water. See under Hard. -- Inch of water, a unit of measure of quantity of water, being the quantity which will flow through an orifice one inch square, or a circular orifice one inch in diameter, in a vertical surface, under a stated constant head; also called miner's inch, and water inch. The shape of the orifice and the head vary in different localities. In the Western United States, for hydraulic mining, the standard aperture is square and the head from 4 to 9 inches above its center. In Europe, for experimental hydraulics, the orifice is usually round and the head from -- Mineral water, waters which are so impregnated with foreign ingredients, such as gaseous, sulphureous, and saline substances, as to give them medicinal properties, or a particular flavor or temperature. -- Soft water, water not impregnated with lime or mineral salts. -- To hold water. See under Hold, v. t. -- To keep one's head above water, to keep afloat; fig., to avoid failure or sinking in the struggles of life. [Colloq.] -- To make water. (a) To pass urine. Swift. (b) (Naut.) To admit water; to leak. -- Water of crystallization (Chem.), the water combined with many salts in their crystalline form. This water is loosely, but, nevertheless, chemically, combined, for it is held in fixed and definite amount for each substance containing it. Thus, while pure copper sulphate, CuSO4, is a white amorphous substance, blue vitriol, the crystallized form, CuSO4.5H2O, contains five molecules of water of crystallization. -- Water on the brain (Med.), hydrocephalus. -- Water on the chest (Med.), hydrothorax. Note: Other phrases, in which water occurs as the first element, will be found in alphabetical order in the Vocabulary. WATER Wa"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Watered; p. pr. & vb. n. Watering.] Etym: [AS. wæterian, gewæterian.] 1. To wet or supply with water; to moisten; to overflow with water; to irrigate; as, to water land; to water flowers. With tears watering the ground. Milton. Men whose lives gilded on like rivers that water the woodlands. Longfellow. 2. To supply with water for drink; to cause or allow to drink; as, to water cattle and horses. 3. To wet and calender, as cloth, so as to impart to it a lustrous appearance in wavy lines; to diversify with wavelike lines; as, to water silk. Cf. Water, n., 6. 4. To add water to (anything), thereby extending the quantity or bulk while reducing the strength or quality; to extend; to dilute; to weaken. To water stock, to increase the capital stock of a company by issuing new stock, thus diminishing the value of the individual shares. Cf. Water, n., 7. [Brokers' Cant] WATER Wa"ter, v. i. 1. To shed, secrete, or fill with, water or liquid matter; as, his eyes began to water. If thine eyes can water for his death. Shak. 2. To get or take in water; as, the ship put into port to water. The mouth waters, a phrase denoting that a person or animal has a longing desire for something, since the sight of food often causes one who is hungry to have an increased flow of saliva. WATER ADDER Wa"ter ad"der. (Zoöl.) (a) The water moccasin. (b) The common, harmless American water snake (Tropidonotus sipedon). See Illust. under Water Snake. WATERAGE Wa"ter*age (; 48), n. Defn: Money paid for transportation of goods, etc., by water. [Eng.] WATER AGRIMONY Wa"ter ag"ri*mo*ny. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of bur marigold (Bidens tripartita) found in wet places in Europe. WATER ALOE Wa"ter al"oe. (Bot.) Defn: See Water soldier. WATER ANTELOPE Wa"ter an"te*lope. Defn: See Water buck. WATER ARUM Wa"ter a"rum. (Bot.) Defn: An aroid herb (Calla palustris) having a white spathe. It is an inhabitant of the north temperate zone. WATER BACK Wa"ter back`. Defn: See under 1st Back. WATER BAILIFF Wa"ter bail"iff. Defn: An officer of the customs, whose duty it is to search vessels. [Eng.] WATER BALLAST Wa"ter bal"last. (Naut.) Defn: Water confined in specially constructed compartments in a vessel's hold, to serve as ballast. WATER BAROMETER Wa"ter ba*rom"e*ter. (Physics) Defn: A barometer in which the changes of atmospheric pressure are indicated by the motion of a column of water instead of mercury. It requires a column of water about thirty-three feet in height. WATER BATH Wa"ter bath`. Defn: A device for regulating the temperature of anything subjected to heat, by surrounding the vessel containing it with another vessel containing water which can be kept at a desired temperature; also, a vessel designed for this purpose. WATER BATTERY Wa"ter bat"ter*y. 1. (Elec.) Defn: A voltaic battery in which the exciting fluid is water. 2. (Mil.) Defn: A battery nearly on a level with the water. WATER BEAR Wa"ter bear`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Tardigrada, 2. See Illust. of Tardigrada. WATER-BEARER Wa"ter-bear`er, n. (Astron.) Defn: The constellation Aquarius. WATER BED Wa"ter bed`. Defn: A kind of mattress made of, or covered with, waterproof fabric and filled with water. It is used in hospitals for bedridden patients. WATER BEECH Wa"ter beech`. (Bot.) Defn: The American hornbeam. See Hornbeam. WATER BEETLE Wa"ter bee"tle. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of aquatic beetles belonging to Dytiscus and allied genera of the family Dytiscidæ, and to various genera of the family Hydrophilidæ. These beetles swim with great agility, the fringed hind legs acting together like oars. WATER BELLOWS Wa"ter bel"lows. Defn: Same as Tromp. WATER BIRD Wa"ter bird`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any aquatic bird; a water fowl. WATER BLACKBIRD Wa"ter black"*bird. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European water ousel, or dipper. WATERBOARD Wa"ter*board`, n. Defn: A board set up to windward in a boat, to keep out water. Ham. Nav. Encyc. WATER BOATMAN Wa"ter boat`man. (Zoöl.) Defn: A boat bug. WATERBOK Wa"ter*bok`, n. Etym: [D.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A water buck. WATER-BOUND Wa"ter-bound`, a. Defn: Prevented by a flood from proceeding. WATER BRAIN Wa"ter brain`. Defn: A disease of sheep; gid. WATER BRASH Wa"ter brash`. (Med.) Defn: See under Brash. WATER BREATHER Wa"ter breath"er. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any arthropod that breathes by means of gills. WATER BRIDGE Wa"ter bridge`. (Steam Boilers) Defn: See Water table. WATER BUCK Wa"ter buck`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, heavy antelope (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) native of Central Africa. It frequents the banks of rivers and is a good swimmer. It has a white ring around the rump. Called also photomok, water antelope, and waterbok. Note: The name is also applied to other related species, as the leche (Kobus leche), which has similar habits. WATER BUFFALO Wa"ter buf"fa*lo. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European buffalo. WATER BUG Wa"ter bug`. (Zoöl.) (a) The Croton bug. (b) Any one of numerous species of large, rapacious, aquatic, hemipterous insects belonging to Belostoma, Benacus, Zaitha, and other genera of the family Belostomatidæ. Their hind legs are long and fringed, and act like oars. Some of these insects are of great size, being among the largest existing Hemiptera. Many of them come out of the water and fly about at night. WATER BUTT Wa"ter butt`. Defn: A large, open-headed cask, set up on end, to contain water. Dickens. WATER CALTROP Wa"ter cal"trop. (Bot.) Defn: The water chestnut. WATER CAN Wa"ter can`. (Bot.) Defn: Any one of several species of Nuphar; the yellow frog lily; -- so called from the shape of the seed vessel. See Nuphar, and cf. Candock. Dr. Prior. WATER CANKER Wa"ter can"ker. (Med.) Defn: See Canker, n., 1. WATER CARRIAGE Wa"ter car"riage. 1. Transportation or conveyance by water; means of transporting by water. 2. A vessel or boat. [Obs.] Arbuthnot. WATER CART Wa"ter cart`. Defn: A cart carrying water; esp., one carrying water for sale, or for sprinkling streets, gardens, etc. WATER CAVY Wa"ter ca"vy. (Zoöl.) Defn: The capybara. WATER CELERY Wa"ter cel"er*y. (Bot.) Defn: A very acrid herb (Ranunculus sceleratus) growing in ditches and wet places; -- called also cursed crowfoot. WATER CELL Wa"ter cell`. Defn: A cell containing water; specifically (Zoöl.), one of the cells or chambers in which water is stored up in the stomach of a camel. WATER CEMENT Wa"ter ce*ment". Defn: Hydraulic cement. WATER CHESTNUT Wa"ter chest"nut. (Bot.) Defn: The fruit of Trapa natans and Trapa bicornis, Old World water plants bearing edible nutlike fruits armed with several hard and sharp points; also, the plant itself; -- called also water caltrop. WATER CHEVROTAIN Wa"ter chev`ro*tain". (Zoöl.) Defn: A large West African chevrotain (Hyæmoschus aquaticus). It has a larger body and shorter legs than the other allied species. Called also water deerlet. WATER CHICKEN Wa"ter chick"en. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common American gallinule. WATER CHICKWEED Wa"ter chick"weed`. (Bot.) Defn: A small annual plant (Montia fontana) growing in wet places in southern regions. WATER CHINQUAPIN Wa"ter chin"qua*pin. (Bot.) Defn: The American lotus, and its edible seeds, which somewhat resemble chinquapins. Cf. Yoncopin. WATER CLOCK Wa"ter clock`. Defn: An instrument or machine serving to measure time by the fall, or flow, of a certain quantity of water; a clepsydra. WATER-CLOSET Wa"ter-clos`et, n. Defn: A privy; especially, a privy furnished with a contrivance for introducing a stream of water to cleanse it. WATER COCK Wa"ter cock`. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large gallinule (Gallicrex cristatus) native of Australia, India, and the East Indies. In the breeding season the male is black and has a fleshy red caruncle, or horn, on the top of its head. Called also kora. WATER COLOR Wa"ter col`or. (Paint.) 1. A color ground with water and gum or other glutinous medium; a color the vehicle of which is water; -- so called in distinction from oil color. Note: It preserves its consistency when dried in a solid cake, which is used by rubbing off a portion on a moistened palette. Moist water colors are water colors kept in a semifluid or pasty state in little metal tubes or pans. 2. A picture painted with such colors. WATER-COLORIST Wa"ter-col`or*ist, n. Defn: One who paints in water colors. WATER COURSE Wa"ter course`. 1. A stream of water; a river or brook. Isa. xliv. 4. 2. A natural channel for water; also, a canal for the conveyance of water, especially in draining lands. 3. (Law) Defn: A running stream of water having a bed and banks; the easement one may have in the flowing of such a stream in its accustomed course. A water course may be sometimes dry. Angell. Burrill. WATERCOURSE Wa"ter*course`, n. (Shipbuilding) Defn: One of the holes in floor or other plates to permit water to flow through. WATER CRAFT Wa"ter craft`. Defn: Any vessel or boat plying on water; vessels and boats, collectively. WATER CRAKE Wa"ter crake`. (Zoöl.) (a) The dipper. (b) The spotted crake (Porzana maruetta). See Illust. of Crake. (c) The swamp hen, or crake, of Australia. WATER CRANE Wa"ter crane`. Defn: A goose-neck apparatus for supplying water from an elevated tank, as to the tender of a locomotive. WATER CRESS Wa"ter cress`. (Bot.) Defn: A perennial cruciferous herb (Nasturtium officinale) growing usually in clear running or spring water. The leaves are pungent, and used for salad and as an antiscorbutic. WATER CROW Wa"ter crow`. Etym: [So called in allusion to its dark plumage.] (Zoöl.) (a) The dipper. (b) The European coot. WATER CROWFOOT Wa"ter crow"foot`. (Bot.) Defn: An aquatic kind of buttercup (Ranunculus aquatilis), used as food for cattle in parts of England. Great water crowfoot, an American water plant (Ranunculus multifidus), having deep yellow flowers. WATER CURE Wa"ter cure`. 1. (Med.) Defn: Hydropathy. 2. A hydropathic institution. WATER DECK Wa"ter deck`. Defn: A covering of painting canvas for the equipments of a dragoon's horse. Wilhelm. WATER DEER Wa"ter deer`. (Zoöl.) (a) A small Chinese deer (Hydropotes inermis). Both sexes are destitute of antlers, but the male has large, descending canine tusks. (b) The water chevrotain. WATER DEERLET Wa"ter deer"let. Defn: See Water chevrotain. WATER DEVIL Wa"ter dev"il. (Zoöl.) Defn: The rapacious larva of a large water beetle (Hydrophilus piceus), and of other similar species. See Illust. of Water beetle. WATER DOCK Wa"ter dock`. (Bot.) Defn: A tall, coarse dock growing in wet places. The American water dock is Rumex orbiculatus, the European is R. Hydrolapathum. WATER DOCTOR Wa"ter doc"tor. (Med.) (a) One who professes to be able to divine diseases by inspection of the urine. (b) A physician who treats diseases with water; an hydropathist. WATER DOG Wa"ter dog`. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A dog accustomed to the water, or trained to retrieve waterfowl. Retrievers, waters spaniels, and Newfoundland dogs are so trained. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The menobranchus. 3. A small floating cloud, supposed to indicate rain. 4. A sailor, esp. an old sailor; an old salt. [Colloq.] WATER DRAIN Wa"ter drain`. Defn: A drain or channel for draining off water. WATER DRAINAGE Wa"ter drain"age (; 48). Defn: The draining off of water. WATER DRESSING Wa"ter dress"ing. (Med.) Defn: The treatment of wounds or ulcers by the application of water; also, a dressing saturated with water only, for application to a wound or an ulcer. WATER DROPWORT Wa"ter drop"wort`. (Bot.) Defn: A European poisonous umbelliferous plant (Enanthe fistulosa) with large hollow stems and finely divided leaves. WATER EAGLE Wa"ter ea"gle. (Zoöl.) Defn: The osprey. WATER ELDER Wa"ter el"der. (Bot.) Defn: The guelder-rose. WATER ELEPHANT Wa"ter el"e*phant. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hippopotamus. [R.] WATER ENGINE Wa"ter en"gine. Defn: An engine to raise water; or an engine moved by water; also, an engine or machine for extinguishing fires; a fire engine. WATERER Wa"ter*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, waters. WATERFALL Wa"ter*fall`, n. 1. A fall, or perpendicular descent, of the water of a river or stream, or a descent nearly perpendicular; a cascade; a cataract. 2. (Hairdressing) Defn: An arrangement of a woman's back hair over a cushion or frame in some resemblance to a waterfall. 3. A certain kind of neck scarf. T. Hughes. WATER FEATHER; WATER FEATHER-FOIL Wa"ter feath"er or Wa"ter feath"er-foil`. (Bot.) Defn: The water violet (Hottonia palustris); also, the less showy American plant H. inflata. WATER FLAG Wa"ter flag`. (Bot.) Defn: A European species of Iris (Iris Pseudacorus) having bright yellow flowers. WATER FLANNEL Wa"ter flan"nel. (Bot.) Defn: A floating mass formed in pools by the entangled filaments of a European fresh-water alga (Cladophora crispata). WATER FLEA Wa"ter flea`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small aquatic Entomostraca belonging to the genera Cyclops, Daphnia, etc; -- so called because they swim with sudden leaps, or starts. WATERFLOOD Wa"ter*flood`, n. Etym: [AS. wæterflod.] Defn: A flood of water; an inundation. WATER FLOUNDER Wa"ter floun"der. (Zoöl.) Defn: The windowpane (Pleuronectes maculatus). [Local, U. S.] WATERFOWL Wa"ter*fowl`, n. Defn: Any bird that frequents the water, or lives about rivers, lakes, etc., or on or near the sea; an aquatic fowl; -- used also collectively. Note: Of aquatic fowls, some are waders, or furnished with long legs; others are swimmers, or furnished with webbed feet. WATER FOX Wa"ter fox`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The carp; -- so called on account of its cunning. Walton. WATER FRAME Wa"ter frame`. Defn: A name given to the first power spinning machine, because driven by water power. WATER FURROW Wa"ter fur"row. (Agric.) Defn: A deep furrow for conducting water from the ground, and keeping the surface soil dry. WATER-FURROW Wa"ter-fur"row, v. t. Defn: To make water furrows in. WATER GAGE Wa"ter gage`. Defn: See Water gauge. WATER GALL Wa"ter gall`. 1. A cavity made in the earth by a torrent of water; a washout. 2. A watery appearance in the sky, accompanying the rainbow; a secondary or broken rainbow. These water galls, in her dim element, Foretell new storms to those already spent. Shak. False good news are [is] always produced by true good, like the water gall by the rainbow. Walpole. WATER GANG Wa"ter gang`. (O. E. Law) Defn: A passage for water, such as was usually made in a sea wall, to drain water out of marshes. Burrill. WATER GAS Wa"ter gas`. (Chem.) Defn: See under Gas. WATER GATE Wa"ter gate`. Defn: A gate, or valve, by which a flow of water is permitted, prevented, or regulated. WATER GAUGE Wa"ter gauge`. [Written also water gage.] 1. A wall or bank to hold water back. Craig. 2. An instrument for measuring or ascertaining the depth or quantity of water, or for indicating the height of its surface, as in the boiler of a steam engine. See Gauge. WATER GAVEL Wa"ter gav"el. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A gavel or rent paid for a privilege, as of fishing, in some river or water. WATER GERMANDER Wa"ter ger*man"der. (Bot.) Defn: A labiate plant (Teucrium Scordium) found in marshy places in Europe. WATER GILDING Wa"ter gild"ing. Defn: The act, or the process, of gilding metallic surfaces by covering them with a thin coating of amalgam of gold, and then volatilizing the mercury by heat; -- called also wash gilding. WATER GLASS Wa"ter glass`. (Chem.) Defn: See Soluble glass, under Glass. WATER GOD Wa"ter god`. (Myth.) Defn: A fabulous deity supposed to dwell in, and preside over, some body of water. WATER GRASS Water grass. (a) A tall march perennial grass (Paspalum dilatatum) of the southern United States and the American tropics. (b) Manna grass. (c) The grass Chloris elegans. (d) [Dial. Eng.] (1) Velvet grass. (2) Defn: The water cress. (3) Defn: One of various horsetails. WATER GRUEL Wa"ter gru"el. Defn: A liquid food composed of water and a small portion of meal, or other farinaceous substance, boiled and seasoned. WATER HAMMER Wa"ter ham"mer. (Physics) 1. A vessel partly filled with water, exhausted of air, and hermetically sealed. When reversed or shaken, the water being unimpeded by air, strikes the sides in solid mass with a sound like that of a hammer. 2. A concussion, or blow, made by water in striking, as against the sides of a pipe or vessel containing it. WATER HARE Wa"ter hare. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small American hare or rabbit (Lepus aquaticus) found on or near the southern coasts of the United States; -- called also water rabbit, and swamp hare. WATER HEMLOCK Wa"ter hem"lock. (Bot) (a) A poisonous umbelliferous plant (Cicuta virosa) of Europe; also, any one of several plants of that genus. (b) A poisonous plant () resembling the above. WATER HEMP Wa"ter hemp`. (Bot.) Defn: See under Hemp. WATER HEN Wa"ter hen`. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any gallinule. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common American coot. WATER HOG Wa"ter hog`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The capybara. WATER HOREHOUND Wa"ter hore"hound`. (Bot.) Defn: Bugleweed. WATERHORSE Wa"ter*horse`, n. Defn: A pile of salted fish heaped up to drain. WATER HYACINTH Wa"ter hy"a*cinth. (Bot.) Defn: Either of several tropical aquatic plants of the genus Eichhornia, related to the pickerel weed. WATER ICE Wa"ter ice`. Defn: Water flavored, sweetened, and frozen, to be eaten as a confection. WATERIE Wa"ter*ie, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The pied wagtail; -- so called because it frequents ponds. WATER INCH Wa"ter inch`. Defn: Same as Inch of water, under Water. WATERINESS Wa"ter*i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being watery; moisture; humidity. WATERING Wa"ter*ing, Defn: a. & n. from Water, v. Watering call (Mil.), a sound of trumpet or bugle summoning cavalry soldiers to assemble for the purpose of watering their horses. -- Watering cart, a sprinkling cart. See Water. -- Watering place. (a) A place where water may be obtained, as for a ship, for cattle, etc. (b) A place where there are springs of medicinal water, or a place by the sea, or by some large body of water, to which people resort for bathing, recreation, boating, etc. -- Watering pot. (a) A kind of bucket fitted with a rose, or perforated nozzle, -- used for watering flowers, paths, etc. (b) (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of marine bivalve shells of the genus Aspergillum, or Brechites. The valves are small, and consolidated with the capacious calcareous tube which incases the entire animal. The tube is closed at the anterior end by a convex disk perforated by numerous pores, or tubules, and resembling the rose of a watering pot. -- Watering trough, a trough from which cattle, horses, and other animals drink. WATERISH Wa"ter*ish, a. Etym: [AS. wæterisc.] 1. Resembling water; thin; watery. Feed upon such nice and waterish diet. Shak. 2. Somewhat watery; moist; as, waterish land. WATERISHNESS Wa"ter*ish*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being waterish. WATER JACKET Wa"ter jac"ket. Defn: A chamber surrounding a vessel or tube in which water may be circulated, thereby regulating the temperature or supply of heat to the vessel. Used in laboratory and manufacturing equipment. water- jacketed. Having a water jacket; -- as, a water-jacketed condenser. WATER JOINT Wa"ter joint`. (Arch.) Defn: A joint in a stone pavement where the stones are left slightly higher than elsewhere, the rest of the surface being sunken or dished. The raised surface is intended to prevent the settling of water in the joints. WATER JUNKET Wa"ter jun"ket. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common sandpiper. WATER-LAID Wa"ter-laid`, a. Defn: Having a left-hand twist; -- said of cordage; as, a water-laid, or left-hand, rope. WATERLANDER; WATERLANDIAN Wa`ter*land"er, Wa`ter*land"i*an n. (Eccl. Hist.) Defn: One of a body of Dutch Anabaptists who separated from the Mennonites in the sixteenth century; -- so called from a district in North Holland denominated Waterland. WATER LAVEROCK Wa"ter la"ver*ock. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common sandpiper. WATERLEAF Wa"ter*leaf`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the American genus Hydrophyllum, herbs having white or pale blue bell-shaped flowers. Gray. WATER LEG Wa"ter leg`. (Steam Boilers) Defn: See Leg, 7. WATER LEMON Wa"ter lem"on. (Bot.) Defn: The edible fruit of two species of passion flower (Passiflora laurifolia, and P. maliformis); -- so called in the West Indies. WATERLESS Wa"ter*less, a. Defn: Destitute of water; dry. Chaucer. WATER LETTUCE Wa"ter let"tuce. (Bot.) Defn: A plant (Pistia stratiotes) which floats on tropical waters, and forms a rosette of spongy, wedge-shaped leaves. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). WATER LEVEL Wa"ter lev"el. 1. The level formed by the surface of still water. 2. A kind of leveling instrument. See under Level, n. WATER LILY Wa"ter lil`y. (Bot.) Defn: A blossom or plant of any species of the genus Nymphæa, distinguished for its large floating leaves and beautiful flowers. See Nymphæa. Note: The name is extended to various plants of other related genera, as Nuphar, Euryale, Nelumbo, and Victoria. See Euryale, Lotus, and Victoria, 1. WATER LIME Wa"ter lime`. Defn: Hydraulic lime. WATER LINE Wa"ter line`. 1. (Shipbuilding) Defn: Any one of certain lines of a vessel, model, or plan, parallel with the surface of the water at various heights from the keel. Note: In a half-breadth plan, the water lines are outward curves showing the horizontal form of the ship at their several heights; in a sheer plan, they are projected as straight horizontal lines. 2. (Naut.) Defn: Any one of several lines marked upon the outside of a vessel, corresponding with the surface of the water when she is afloat on an even keel. The lowest line indicates the vessel's proper submergence when not loaded, and is called the light water line; the highest, called the load water line, indicates her proper submergence when loaded. Water-line model (Shipbuilding), a model of a vessel formed of boards which are shaped according to the water lines as shown in the plans and laid upon each other to form a solid model. WATER LIZARD Wa"ter liz"ard. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any aquatic lizard of the genus Varanus, as the monitor of the Nile. See Monitor, n., 3. WATER LOCUST Wa"ter lo"cust. (Bot.) Defn: A thorny leguminous tree (Gleditschia monosperma) which grows in the swamps of the Mississippi valley. WATER-LOGGED Wa"ter-logged, a. Defn: Filled or saturated with water so as to be heavy, unmanageable, or loglike; -- said of a vessel, when, by receiving a great quantity of water into her hold, she has become so heavy as not to be manageable by the helm. WATERMAN Wa"ter*man, n.; pl. Watermen (. 1. A man who plies for hire on rivers, lakes, or canals, or in harbors, in distinction from a seaman who is engaged on the high seas; a man who manages fresh-water craft; a boatman; a ferryman. 2. An attendant on cab stands, etc., who supplies water to the horses. [Eng.] Dickens. 3. A water demon. Tylor. WATERMANSHIP Wa"ter*man*ship`, n. 1. The business or skill of a waterman. 2. Art of, or skill in, rowing; oarsmanship; specif., skill in managing the blade in the water, as distinguished from managing arms, body, etc., in the stroke. WATERMARK Wa"ter*mark`, n. 1. A mark indicating the height to which water has risen, or at which it has stood; the usual limit of high or low water. 2. A letter, device, or the like, wrought into paper during the process of manufacture. Note: "The watermark in paper is produced by bending the wires of the mold, or by wires bent into the shape of the required letter or device, and sewed to the surface of the mold; -- it has the effect of making the paper thinner in places. The old makers employed watermarks of an eccentric kind. Those of Caxton and other early printers were an oxhead and star, a collared dog's head, a crown, a shield, a jug, etc. A fool's cap and bells, employed as a watermark, gave the name to foolscap paper; a postman's horn, such as was formerly in use, gave the name to post paper." Tomlinson. 3. (Naut.) Defn: See Water line, 2. [R.] WATER MEADOW Wa"ter mead"ow. (Agric.) Defn: A meadow, or piece of low, flat land, capable of being kept in a state of fertility by being overflowed with water from some adjoining river or stream. WATER MEASURE Wa"ter meas"ure. Defn: A measure formerly used for articles brought by water, as coals, oysters, etc. The water-measure bushel was three gallons larger than the Winchester bushel. Cowell. WATER MEASURER Wa"ter meas"ur*er. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of water; the skater. See Skater, n., 2. WATERMELON Wa"ter*mel`on, n. (Bot.) Defn: The very large ovoid or roundish fruit of a cucurbitaceous plant (Citrullus vulgaris) of many varieties; also, the plant itself. The fruit sometimes weighs many pounds; its pulp is usually pink in color, and full of a sweet watery juice. It is a native of tropical Africa, but is now cultivated in many countries. See Illust. of Melon. WATER METER Wa"ter me"ter. Defn: A contrivance for measuring a supply of water delivered or received for any purpose, as from a street main. WATER MILFOIL Wa"ter mil"foil. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Myriophyllum, aquatic herbs with whorled leaves, the submersed ones pinnately parted into capillary divisions. WATER MILL Wa"ter mill`. Defn: A mill whose machinery is moved by water; -- distinguished from a windmill, and a steam mill. WATER MINT Wa"ter mint`. Defn: A kind of mint (Mentha aquatica) growing in wet places, and sometimes having a perfume resembling bergamot. WATER MITE Wa"ter mite`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any of numerous species of aquatic mites belonging to Hydrachna and allied genera of the family Hydrachnidæ, usually having the legs fringed and adapted for swimming. They are often red or red and black in color, and while young are parasites of fresh-water insects and mussels. Called also water tick, and water spider. WATER MOCCASIN Wa"ter moc"ca*sin. (Zoöl.) Defn: A venomous North American snake (Ancistrodon piscivorus) allied to the rattlesnake but destitute of a rattle. It lives in or about pools and ponds, and feeds largely of fishes. Called also water snake, water adder, water viper. WATER MOLE Wa"ter mole`. (Zoöl.) (a) The shrew mole. See under Shrew. (b) The duck mole. See under Duck. WATER MONITOR Wa"ter mon"i*tor. (Zoöl.) Defn: A very large lizard (Varanaus salvator) native of India. It frequents the borders of streams and swims actively. It becomes five or six feet long. Called also two-banded monitor, and kabaragoya. The name is also applied to other aquatic monitors. WATER MONKEY Water monkey. Defn: A jar or bottle, as of porous earthenware, in which water is cooled by evaporation. WATER MOTOR Wa"ter mo"tor. 1. A water engine. 2. A water wheel; especially, a small water wheel driven by water from a street main. WATER MOUSE Wa"ter mouse`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of mice belonging to the genus Hydromys, native of Australia and Tasmania. Their hind legs are strong and their toes partially webbed. They live on the borders of streams, and swim well. They are remarkable as being the only rodents found in Australia. WATER MURRAIN Wa"ter mur"rain. Defn: A kind of murrain affecting cattle. Crabb. WATER NEWT Wa"ter newt`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of aquatic salamanders; a triton. WATER NYMPH Wa"ter nymph`. 1. (Myth.) Defn: A goddess of any stream or other body of water, whether one of the Naiads, Nereids, or Oceanides. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A water lily (Nymphæa). WATER OAT Wa"ter oat`. Defn: Indian rice. See under Rice. WATER OPOSSUM Wa"ter o*pos"sum. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Yapock, and the Note under Opossum. WATER ORDEAL Wa"ter or"de*al. Defn: Same as Ordeal by water. See the Note under Ordeal, n., 1. WATER OUSEL; WATER OUZEL Wa"ter ou"sel, Wa"ter ou"zel. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small insessorial birds of the genus Cinclus (or Hydrobates), especially the European water ousel (C. aquaticus), and the American water ousel (C. Mexicanus). These birds live about the water, and are in the habit of walking on the bottom of streams beneath the water in search of food. WATER PARSNIP Wa"ter pars"nip. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the aquatic umbelliferous genus Sium, poisonous herbs with pinnate or dissected leaves and small white flowers. WATER PARTING Water parting. (Phys. Geog.) Defn: A summit from the opposite sides of which rain waters flow to different streams; a line separating the drainage districts of two streams or coasts; a divide. WATER PARTRIDGE Wa"ter par"tridge. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ruddy duck. [Local, U. S.] WATER PENNYWORT Wa"ter pen"ny*wort`. (Bot.) Defn: Marsh pennywort. See under Marsh. WATER PEPPER Wa"ter pep"per. (Bot.) (a) Smartweed. (b) Waterwort. WATER PHEASANT Wa"ter pheas"ant. (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail. See Pintail, n., 1. (b) The goosander. (c) The hooded merganser. WATER PIET Wa"ter pi"et. (Zoöl.) Defn: The water ousel. WATER PIG Wa"ter pig`. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The capybara. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The gourami. WATER PILLAR Wa"ter pil"lar. Defn: A waterspout. [Obs.] WATER PIMPERNEL Wa"ter pim"per*nel. (Bot.) Defn: A small white-flowered shrub; brookweed. WATER PIPE Wa"ter pipe. Defn: A pipe for conveying water. WATER PITCHER Wa"ter pitch"er. 1. A pitcher for water. 2. (Bot.) Defn: One of a family of plants having pitcher-shaped leaves. The sidesaddle flower (Sarracenia purpurea) is the type. WATER PLANT Wa"ter plant`. Defn: A plant that grows in water; an aquatic plant. WATER PLANTAIN Wa"ter plan"tain. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of plant with acrid leaves. See under 2d Plantain. WATER PLATE Wa"ter plate`. Defn: A plate heated by hot water contained in a double bottom or jacket. Knight. WATER POA Wa"ter po"a. (Bot.) Defn: Meadow reed grass. See under Reed. WATER POCKET Water pocket. Defn: A water hole in the bed of an intermittent stream, esp. the bowl at the foot of a cliff over which the stream leaps when in the flood stage. [Western U. S.] WATER POISE Wa"ter poise`. Defn: A hydrometer. WATER PORE Wa"ter pore` 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A pore by which the water tubes of various invertebrates open externally. 2. (Bot.) Defn: One of certain minute pores in the leaves of some plants. They are without true guardian cells, but in other respects closely resemble ordinary stomata. Goodale. WATERPOT Wa"ter*pot`, n. Defn: A vessel for holding or conveying water, or for sprinkling water on cloth, plants, etc. WATER POWER Wa"ter pow"er. 1. The power of water employed to move machinery, etc. 2. A fall of water which may be used to drive machinery; a site for a water mill; a water privilege. WATER POX Wa"ter pox`. (Med.) Defn: A variety of chicken pox, or varicella. Dunglison. WATER PRIVILEGE Wa"ter priv"i*lege. Defn: The advantage of using water as a mechanical power; also, the place where water is, or may be, so used. See under Privilege. WATERPROOF Wa"ter*proof`, a. Defn: Proof against penetration or permeation by water; impervious to water; as, a waterproof garment; a waterproof roof. WATERPROOF Wa"ter*proof`, n. 1. A substance or preparation for rendering cloth, leather, etc., impervious to water. 2. Cloth made waterproof, or any article made of such cloth, or of other waterproof material, as rubber; esp., an outer garment made of such material. WATERPROOF Wa"ter*proof`, v. t. Defn: To render impervious to water, as cloth, leather, etc. WATERPROOFING Wa"ter*proof`ing, n. 1. The act or process of making waterproof. 2. Same as Waterproof, n., 1. WATER PURSLANE Wa"ter purs"lane. (Bot.) Defn: See under Purslane. WATER QUALM Wa"ter qualm`. (Med.) Defn: See Water brash, under Brash. WATER RABBIT Wa"ter rab"bit. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Water hare. WATER RADISH Wa"ter rad"ish. (Bot.) Defn: A coarse yellow-flowered plant (Nasturtium amphibium) related to the water cress and to the horse-radish. WATER RAIL Wa"ter rail`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of rails of the genus Rallus, as the common European species (Rallus aquaticus). See Illust. of Rail. WATER RAM Wa"ter ram`. Defn: An hydraulic ram. WATER RAT Wa"ter rat`. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The water vole. See under Vole. (b) The muskrat. (c) The beaver rat. See under Beaver. 2. A thief on the water; a pirate. WATER RATE Wa"ter rate`. Defn: A rate or tax for a supply of water. WATER RATTLE; WATER RATTLER Wa"ter rat"tle or Wa"ter rat"tler. (Zoöl.) Defn: The diamond rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus); -- so called from its preference for damp places near water. WATER-RET Wa"ter-ret`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Water-retted; p. pr. & vb. n. Water- retting.] Defn: To ret, or rot, in water, as flax; to water-rot. WATER RICE Wa"ter rice". Defn: Indian rice. See under Rice. WATER ROCKET Wa"ter rock"et. 1. (Bot.) Defn: A cruciferous plant (Nasturtium sylvestre) with small yellow flowers. 2. A kind of firework to be discharged in the water. WATER-ROT Wa"ter-rot`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Water-rotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Water- rotting.] Defn: To rot by steeping in water; to water-ret; as, to water-rot hemp or flax. WATER SAIL Wa"ter sail`. (Naut.) Defn: A small sail sometimes set under a studding sail or under a driver boom, and reaching nearly to the water. WATER SAPPHIRE Wa"ter sap"phire. Etym: [Equiv. to F. saphir d'eau.] (Min.) Defn: A deep blue variety of iolite, sometimes used as a gem; -- called also saphir d'eau. WATERSCAPE Wa"ter*scape", n. Etym: [Cf. Landscape.] Defn: A sea view; -- distinguished from landscape. [Jocose] Fairholt. WATER SCORPION Wa"ter scor"pi*on. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Nepa. WATER SCREW Wa"ter screw`. Defn: A screw propeller. WATERSHED Wa"ter*shed`, n. Etym: [Cf. G. wasserscheide; wasser water + scheide a place where two things separate, fr. scheiden to separate.] 1. The whole region or extent of country which contributes to the supply of a river or lake. 2. The line of division between two adjacent rivers or lakes with respect to the flow of water by natural channels into them; the natural boundary of a basin. WATER SHIELD Wa"ter shield`. (Bot.) Defn: An aquatic American plant (Brasenia peltata) having floating oval leaves, and the covered with a clear jelly. WATERSHOOT Wa"ter*shoot`, n. 1. A sprig or shoot from the root or stock of a tree. [Obs.] 2. (Arch.) Defn: That which serves to guard from falling water; a drip or dripstone. 3. A trough for discharging water. WATER SHREW Wa"ter shrew`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of shrews having fringed feet and capable of swimming actively. The two common European species (Crossopus fodiens, and C. ciliatus) are the best known. The most common American water shrew, or marsh shrew (Neosorex palustris), is rarely seen, owing to its nocturnal habits. WATER SNAIL Wa"ter snail`. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any aquatic pulmonate gastropod belonging to Planorbis, Limnæa, and allied genera; a pond snail. 2. (Mech.) Defn: The Archimedean screw. [R.] WATER SNAKE Wa"ter snake`. (Zoöl.) (a) A common North American colubrine snake (Tropidonotus sipedon) which lives chiefly in the water. (b) Any species of snakes of the family Homalopsidæ, all of which are aquatic in their habits. WATER-SOAK Wa"ter-soak`, v. t. Defn: To soak water; to fill the interstices of with water. WATER SOLDIER Wa"ter sol`dier. (Bot.) Defn: An aquatic European plant (Stratiotes aloides) with bayonet- shaped leaves. WATER SOUCHY Wa"ter souch`y. (Cookery) Defn: A dish consisting of small fish stewed and served in a little water. [Written also water souchet.] See Zoutch. WATER SPANIEL Wa"ter span"iel. Defn: A curly-haired breed of spaniels, naturally very fond of the water. WATER SPARROW Wa"ter spar"row. (Zoöl.) (a) The reed warbler. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The reed bunting. [Prov. Eng.] WATER SPEEDWELL Wa"ter speed"well. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of speedwell (Veronica Anagallis) found in wet places in Europe and America. WATER SPIDER Wa"ter spi"der. (Zoöl.) (a) An aquatic European spider (Argyoneta aquatica) which constructs its web beneath the surface of the water on water plants. It lives in a bell-shaped structure of silk, open beneath like a diving bell, and filled with air which the spider carries down in the form of small bubbles attached one at a time to the spinnerets and hind feet. Called also diving spider. (b) A water mite. (c) Any spider that habitually lives on or about the water, especially the large American species (Dolomedes lanceolatus) which runs rapidly on the surface of water; -- called also raft spider. WATER SPINNER Wa"ter spin`ner. (Zoöl.) Defn: The water spider. WATERSPOUT Wa"ter*spout`, n. Defn: A remarkable meteorological phenomenon, of the nature of a tornado or whirlwind, usually observed over the sea, but sometimes over the land. Note: Tall columns, apparently of cloud, and reaching from the sea to the clouds, are seen moving along, often several at once, sometimes straight and vertical, at other times inclined and tortuous, but always in rapid rotation. At their bases, the sea is violently agitated and heaped up with a leaping or boiling motion, water, at least in some cases, being actually carried up in considerable quantity, and scattered round from a great height, as solid bodies are by tornadoes on land. Sir J. Herschel. WATER SPRITE Wa"ter sprite`. Defn: A sprite, or spirit, imagined as inhabiting the water. J. R. Drake. WATER-STANDING Wa"ter-stand`ing, a. Defn: Tear-filled. [R.] "Many an orphan's water-standing eye." Shak. WATER STAR GRASS Wa"ter star" grass`. (Bot.) Defn: An aquatic plant (Schollera graminea) with grassy leaves, and yellow star-shaped blossoms. WATER STARWORT Wa"ter star"wort`. Defn: See under Starwort. WATER SUPPLY Wa"ter sup*ply". Defn: A supply of water; specifically, water collected, as in reservoirs, and conveyed, as by pipes, for use in a city, mill, or the like. WATER TABBY Wa"ter tab"by. Defn: A kind of waved or watered tabby. See Tabby, n., 1. WATER TABLE Wa"ter ta"ble. (Arch.) Defn: A molding, or other projection, in the wall of a building, to throw off the water, -- generally used in the United States for the first table above the surface of the ground (see Table, n., 9), that is, for the table at the top of the foundation and the beginning of the upper wall. WATERTATH Wa"ter*tath`, n. Etym: [Water + tath, n.] Defn: A kind of coarse grass growing in wet grounds, and supposed to be injurious to sheep. [Prov. Eng.] WATER TELESCOPE Water telescope. 1. (Optics) A telescope in which the medium between the objective and the eye piece is water instead of air, used in some experiments in aberration. 2. A telescope devised for looking into a body of water. WATER TENDER Water tender. (Nav.) Defn: In the United States navy, a first-class petty officer in charge in a fireroom. He "tends" water to the boilers, sees that fires are properly cleaned and stoked, etc. There is also a rating of chief water tender, who is a chief petty officer. WATER THERMOMETER Wa"ter ther*mom"e*ter. (Physics) Defn: A thermometer filled with water instead of mercury, for ascertaining the precise temperature at which water attains its maximum density. This is about 39º Fahr., or 4º Centigrade; and from that point down to 32º Fahr., or 0º Centigrade, or the freezing point, it expands. WATER THIEF Wa"ter thief`. Defn: A pirate. [R.] Shak. WATER THRUSH Wa"ter thrush`. (Zoöl.) (a) A North American bird of the genus Seiurus, belonging to the Warbler family, especially the common species (S. Noveboracensis). (b) The European water ousel. (b) The pied wagtail. WATER THYME Wa"ter thyme`. (Bot.) Defn: See Anacharis. WATER TICK Wa"ter tick`. Defn: Same as Water mite. WATER TIGER Wa"ter ti"ger. (Zoöl.) Defn: A diving, or water, beetle, especially the larva of a water beetle. See Illust. b of Water beetle. WATER-TIGHT Wa"ter-tight`, a. Defn: So tight as to retain, or not to admit, water; not leaky. WATER TORCH Wa"ter torch`. (Bot.) Defn: The common cat-tail (Typha latifolia), the spike of which makes a good torch soaked in oil. Dr. Prior. WATER TOWER Wa"ter tow"er. Defn: A large metal pipe made to be extended vertically by sections, and used for discharging water upon burning buildings. WATER TREE Wa"ter tree`. (Bot.) Defn: A climbing shrub (Tetracera alnifolia, or potatoria) of Western Africa, which pours out a watery sap from the freshly cut stems. WATER TREFOIL Wa"ter tre"foil`. (Bot.) Defn: The buck bean. WATER TUBE Wa"ter tube`. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a system of tubular excretory organs having external openings, found in many invertebrates. They are believed to be analogous in function to the kidneys of vertebrates. See Illust. under Trematodea, and Sporocyst. WATER TUPELO Wa"ter tu"pe*lo. (Bot.) Defn: A species of large tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) growing in swamps in the southern of the United States. See Ogeechee lime. WATER TURKEY Wa"ter tur"key. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American snakebird. See Snakebird. WATER TU TUYERE Wa"ter tu tu`yère". Defn: A tuyère kept cool by water circulating within a casing. It is used for hot blast. WATER TU TWIST Wa"ter tu twist`. Defn: Yarn made by the throstle, or water frame. WATER VINE Wa"ter vine`. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the genus Phytocrene, climbing shrubs of Asia and Africa, the stems of which are singularly porous, and when cut stream with a limpid potable juice. WATER VIOLET Wa"ter vi"o*let. (Bot.) Defn: See under Violet. WATER VIPER Wa"ter vi"per. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Water moccasin. WATER VOLE Wa"ter vole`. (Zoöl.) Defn: See under Vole. WATER WAGTAIL Wa"ter wag"tail`. Defn: See under Wagtail. WATERWAY Wa"ter*way`, n. (Naut.) Defn: Heavy plank or timber extending fore and aft the whole length of a vessel's deck at the line of junction with the sides, forming a channel to the scuppers, which are cut through it. In iron vessels the waterway is variously constructed. WATER WAY Wa"ter way`. Defn: Same as Water course. WATERWEED Wa"ter*weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Anacharis. WATER WHEEL Wa"ter wheel`. 1. Any wheel for propelling machinery or for other purposes, that is made to rotate by the direct action of water; -- called an overshot wheel when the water is applied at the top, an undershot wheel when at the bottom, a breast wheel when at an intermediate point; other forms are called reaction wheel, vortex wheel, turbine wheel, etc. 2. The paddle wheel of a steam vessel. 3. A wheel for raising water; a noria, or the like. WATER-WHITE Wa"ter-white`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A vinelike plant (Vitis Caribæa) growing in parched districts in the West Indies, and containing a great amount of sap which is sometimes used for quenching thirst. WATER WILLOW Wa"ter wil`low. (Bot.) Defn: An American aquatic plant (Dianthera Americana) with long willowlike leaves, and spikes of small purplish flowers. WATER WING Wa"ter wing`. (Arch.) Defn: One of two walls built on either side of the junction of a bridge with the bank of a river, to protect the abutment of the bridge and the bank from the action of the current. WATER WITCH Wa"ter witch`. (Zoöl.) (a) The dabchick. (b) The stormy petrel. [Prov. Eng.] WATER-WITHE Wa"ter-withe`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A vinelike plant (Vitis Caribæa) growing in parched districts in the West Indies, and containing a great amount of sap which is sometimes used for quenching thirst. WATERWORK Wa"ter*work`, n. 1. (Paint.) Defn: Painting executed in size or distemper, on canvas or walls, -- formerly, frequently taking the place of tapestry. Shak. Fairholt. 2. An hydraulic apparatus, or a system of works or fixtures, by which a supply of water is furnished for useful or ornamental purposes, including dams, sluices, pumps, aqueducts, distributing pipes, fountains, etc.; -- used chiefly in the plural. WATERWORN Wa"ter*worn`, a. Defn: Worn, smoothed, or polished by the action of water; as, waterworn stones. WATERWORT Wa"ter*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the natural order Elatineæ, consisting of two genera (Elatine, and Bergia), mostly small annual herbs growing in the edges of ponds. Some have a peppery or acrid taste. WATERY Wa"ter*y, a. Etym: [AS. wæterig.] 1. Of or pertaining to water; consisting of water. "The watery god." Dryden. "Fish within their watery residence." Milton. 2. Abounding with water; wet; hence, tearful. 3. Resembling water; thin or transparent, as a liquid; as, watery humors. The oily and watery parts of the aliment. Arbuthnot. 4. Hence, abounding in thin, tasteless, or insipid fluid; tasteless; insipid; vapid; spiritless. WATT Watt, n. Etym: [From the distinguished mechanician and scientist, James Watt.] (Physics) Defn: A unit of power or activity equal to 107 C.G.S. units of power, or to work done at the rate of one joule a second. An English horse power is approximately equal to 746 watts. WATTEAU Wat*teau", a. (Art) Defn: Having the appearance of that which is seen in pictures by Antoine Watteau, a French painter of the eighteenth century; --said esp. of women's garments; as, a Watteau bodice. WATTEAU BACK Watteau back. Defn: The back of a woman's gown in which one or more very broad folds are carried from the neck to the floor without being held in at the waist, while the front and sides of the gown are shaped to the person and have a belt or its equivalent. WATTLE Wat"tle, n. Etym: [AS. watel, watul, watol, hurdle, covering, wattle; cf. OE. watel a bag. Cf. Wallet.] 1. A twig or flexible rod; hence, a hurdle made of such rods. And there he built with wattles from the marsh A little lonely church in days of yore. Tennyson. 2. A rod laid on a roof to support the thatch. 3. (Zoöl.) (a) A naked fleshy, and usually wrinkled and highly colored, process of the skin hanging from the chin or throat of a bird or reptile. (b) Barbel of a fish. 4. (a) The astringent bark of several Australian trees of the genus Acacia, used in tanning; -- called also wattle bark. (b) (Bot.) The trees from which the bark is obtained. See Savanna wattle, under Savanna. Wattle turkey. (Zoöl.) Same as Brush turkey. WATTLE Wat"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wattled; p. pr. & vb. n. Wattling.] 1. To bind with twigs. 2. To twist or interweave, one with another, as twigs; to form a network with; to plat; as, to wattle branches. 3. To form, by interweaving or platting twigs. The folded flocks, penned in their wattled cotes. Milton. WATTLEBIRD Wat"tle*bird`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of honey eaters belonging to Anthochæra and allied genera of the family Meliphagidæ. These birds usually have a large and conspicuous wattle of naked skin hanging down below each ear. They are natives of Australia and adjacent islands. Note: The best-known species (Anthochæra carunculata) has the upper parts grayish brown, with a white stripe on each feather, and the wing and tail quills dark brown or blackish, tipped with withe. Its wattles, in life, are light blood-red. Called also wattled crow, wattled bee-eater, wattled honey eater. Another species (A. inauris) is streaked with black, gray, and white, and its long wattles are white, tipped with orange. The bush wattlebirds, belonging to the genus Anellobia, are closely related, but lack conspicuous wattles. The most common species (A. mellivora) is dark brown, finely streaked with white. Called also goruck creeper. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Australian brush turkey. WATTLED Wat"tled, a. Defn: Furnished with wattles, or pendent fleshy processes at the chin or throat. The wattled cocks strut to and fro. Longfellow. WATTLESS Watt"less, a. (Elec.) Defn: Without any power (cf. Watt); -- said of an alternating current or component of current when it differs in phase by ninety degrees from the electromotive force which produces it, or of an electromotive force or component thereof when the current it produces differs from it in phase by 90 degrees. WATTLING Wat"tling, n. Defn: The act or process of binding or platting with twigs; also, the network so formed. Made with a wattling of canes or sticks. Dampier. WATTMETER Watt"me`ter, n. Etym: [Watt + meter.] (Physics) Defn: An instrument for measuring power in watts, -- much used in measuring the energy of an electric current. WAUCHT; WAUGHT Waucht, Waught, n. Etym: [Cf. Quaff.] Defn: A large draught of any liquid. [Scot.] Jamieson. WAUL Waul, v. i. Etym: [Of imitative origin.] Defn: To cry as a cat; to squall; to wail. [Written also wawl.] The helpless infant, coming wauling and crying into the world. Sir W. Scott. WAUR Waur, a. Etym: [See Worse.] Defn: Worse. [Scot.] Murder and waur than number. Sir W. Scott. WAVE Wave, v. t. Defn: See Wave. Sir H. Wotton. Burke. WAVE Wave, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waved; p. pr. & vb. n. Waving.] Etym: [OE. waven, AS. wafian to waver, to hesitate, to wonder; akin to wæfre wavering, restless, MHG. wabern to be in motion, Icel. vafra to hover about; cf. Icel. vafa to vibrate. Cf. Waft, Waver.] 1. To play loosely; to move like a wave, one way and the other; to float; to flutter; to undulate. His purple robes waved careless to the winds. Trumbull. Where the flags of three nations has successively waved. Hawthorne. 2. To be moved to and fro as a signal. B. Jonson. 3. To fluctuate; to waver; to be in an unsettled state; to vacillate. [Obs.] He waved indifferently 'twixt doing them neither good nor harm. Shak. WAVE Wave, v. t. 1. To move one way and the other; to brandish. "[Æneas] waved his fatal sword." Dryden. 2. To raise into inequalities of surface; to give an undulating form a surface to. Horns whelked and waved like the enridged sea. Shak. 3. To move like a wave, or by floating; to waft. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 4. To call attention to, or give a direction or command to, by a waving motion, as of the hand; to signify by waving; to beckon; to signal; to indicate. Look, with what courteous action It waves you to a more removed ground. Shak. She spoke, and bowing waved Dismissal. Tennyson. WAVE Wave, n. Etym: [From Wave, v.; not the same word as OE. wawe, waghe, a wave, which is akin to E. wag to move. Wave, v. i.] 1. An advancing ridge or swell on the surface of a liquid, as of the sea, resulting from the oscillatory motion of the particles composing it when disturbed by any force their position of rest; an undulation. The wave behind impels the wave before. Pope. 2. (Physics) Defn: A vibration propagated from particle to particle through a body or elastic medium, as in the transmission of sound; an assemblage of vibrating molecules in all phases of a vibration, with no phase repeated; a wave of vibration; an undulation. See Undulation. 3. Water; a body of water. [Poetic] "Deep drank Lord Marmion of the wave." Sir W. Scott. Build a ship to save thee from the flood, I 'll furnish thee with fresh wave, bread, and wine. Chapman. 4. Unevenness; inequality of surface. Sir I. Newton. 5. A waving or undulating motion; a signal made with the hand, a flag, etc. 6. The undulating line or streak of luster on cloth watered, or calendered, or on damask steel. 7. Fig.: A swelling or excitement of thought, feeling, or energy; a tide; as, waves of enthusiasm. Wave front (Physics), the surface of initial displacement of the particles in a medium, as a wave of vibration advances. -- Wave length (Physics), the space, reckoned in the direction of propagation, occupied by a complete wave or undulation, as of light, sound, etc.; the distance from a point or phase in a wave to the nearest point at which the same phase occurs. -- Wave line (Shipbuilding), a line of a vessel's hull, shaped in accordance with the wave-line system. -- Wave-line system, Wave-line theory (Shipbuilding), a system or theory of designing the lines of a vessel, which takes into consideration the length and shape of a wave which travels at a certain speed. -- Wave loaf, a loaf for a wave offering. Lev. viii. 27. -- Wave moth (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small geometrid moths belonging to Acidalia and allied genera; -- so called from the wavelike color markings on the wings. -- Wave offering, an offering made in the Jewish services by waving the object, as a loaf of bread, toward the four cardinal points. Num. xviii. 11. -- Wave of vibration (Physics), a wave which consists in, or is occasioned by, the production and transmission of a vibratory state from particle to particle through a body. -- Wave surface. (a) (Physics) A surface of simultaneous and equal displacement of the particles composing a wave of vibration. (b) (Geom.) A mathematical surface of the fourth order which, upon certain hypotheses, is the locus of a wave surface of light in the interior of crystals. It is used in explaining the phenomena of double refraction. See under Refraction. -- Wave theory. (Physics) See Undulatory theory, under Undulatory. WAVED Waved, a. 1. Exhibiting a wavelike form or outline; undulating; intended; wavy; as, waved edge. 2. Having a wavelike appearance; marked with wavelike lines of color; as, waved, or watered, silk. 3. (Her.) Defn: Having undulations like waves; -- said of one of the lines in heraldry which serve as outlines to the ordinaries, etc. WAVELESS Wave"less, a. Defn: Free from waves; undisturbed; not agitated; as, the waveless sea. WAVELET Wave"let, n. Defn: A little wave; a ripple. WAVELLITE Wa"vel*lite, n. Etym: [After Dr. Wm. Wavel, the discoverer.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous phosphate of alumina, occurring usually in hemispherical radiated forms varying in color from white to yellow, green, or black. WAVER Wa"ver, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wavered; p. pr. & vb. n. Wavering.] Etym: [OE. waveren, from AS. wæfre wavering, restless. See Wave, v. i.] 1. To play or move to and fro; to move one way and the other; hence, to totter; to reel; to swing; to flutter. With banners and pennons wavering with the wind. Ld. Berners. Thou wouldst waver on one of these trees as a terror to all evil speakers against dignities. Sir W. Scott. 2. To be unsettled in opinion; to vacillate; to be undetermined; to fluctuate; as, to water in judgment. Let us hold fast . . . without wavering. Heb. x. 23. In feeble hearts, propense enough before To waver, or fall off and join with idols. Milton. Syn. -- To reel; totter; vacillate. See Fluctuate. WAVER Wa"ver, n. Etym: [From Wave, or Waver, v.] Defn: A sapling left standing in a fallen wood. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. WAVERER Wa"ver*er, n. Defn: One who wavers; one who is unsettled in doctrine, faith, opinion, or the like. Shak. WAVERINGLY Wa"ver*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a wavering manner. WAVERINGNESS Wa"ver*ing*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of wavering. WAVESON Wave"son, n. Etym: [From Wave; cf. Jetsam.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: Goods which, after shipwreck, appear floating on the waves, or sea. WAVE-WORN Wave"-*worn`, a. Defn: Worn by the waves. The shore that o'er his wave-worn basis bowed. Shak. WAVEY Wa"vey, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The snow goose. [Canadian, & Local U. S.] WAVINESS Wav"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being wavy. WAVURE Wav"ure, n. Defn: See Waivure. [R.] WAVY Wav"y, a. 1. Rising or swelling in waves; full of waves. "The wavy seas." Chapman. 2. Playing to and fro; undulating; as, wavy flames. Let her glad valleys smile with wavy corn. Prior. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Undulating on the border or surface; waved. WAWASKEESH Wa*was"keesh, n. Etym: [From an Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The wapiti, or wapiti, or American elk. WAWE Wawe, n. Etym: [See Woe.] Defn: Woe. [Obs.] WAWE Wawe, n. Etym: [OE. wawe, waghe; cf. Icel. vagr; akin to E. wag; not the same word as wave.] Defn: A wave. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. WAWL Wawl, v. i. Defn: See Waul. Shak. WAX Wax, v. i. [imp. Waxed; p. p. Waxed, and Obs. or Poetic Waxen (; p. pr. & vb. n. Waxing.] Etym: [AS. weaxan; akin to OFries. waxa, D. wassen, OS. & OHG. wahsan, G. wachsen, Icel. vaxa, Sw. växa, Dan. voxe, Goth. wahsjan, Gr. waksh, uksh, to grow. Waist.] 1. To increase in size; to grow bigger; to become larger or fuller; - - opposed to wane. The waxing and the waning of the moon. Hakewill. Truth's treasures . . . never shall wax ne wane. P. Plowman. 2. To pass from one state to another; to become; to grow; as, to wax strong; to wax warmer or colder; to wax feeble; to wax old; to wax worse and worse. Your clothes are not waxen old upon you. Deut. xxix. 5. Where young Adonis oft reposes, Waxing well of his deep wound. Milton. Waxing kernels (Med.), small tumors formed by the enlargement of the lymphatic glands, especially in the groins of children; -- popularly so called, because supposed to be caused by growth of the body. Dunglison. WAX Wax, n. Etym: [AS. weax; akin to OFries. wax, D. was, G. wachs, OHG. wahs, Icel. & Sw. vax, Dan. vox, Lith. vaszkas, Russ. vosk'.] 1. A fatty, solid substance, produced by bees, and employed by them in the construction of their comb; -- usually called beeswax. It is first excreted, from a row of pouches along their sides, in the form of scales, which, being masticated and mixed with saliva, become whitened and tenacious. Its natural color is pale or dull yellow. Note: Beeswax consists essentially of cerotic acid (constituting the more soluble part) and of myricyl palmitate (constituting the less soluble part). 2. Hence, any substance resembling beeswax in consistency or appearance. Specifically: --(a) (Physiol.) Defn: Cerumen, or earwax. See Cerumen. (b) A waxlike composition used for uniting surfaces, for excluding air, and for other purposes; as, sealing wax, grafting wax, etching wax, etc. (c) A waxlike composition used by shoemakers for rubbing their thread. (d) (Zoöl.) A substance similar to beeswax, secreted by several species of scale insects, as the Chinese wax. See Wax insect, below. (e) (Bot.) A waxlike product secreted by certain plants. See Vegetable wax, under Vegetable. (f) (Min.) Defn: A substance, somewhat resembling wax, found in connection with certain deposits of rock salt and coal; -- called also mineral wax, and ozocerite. (g) Thick sirup made by boiling down the sap of the sugar maple, and then cooling. [Local U.S.] Japanese wax, a waxlike substance made in Japan from the berries of certain species of Rhus, esp. R. succedanea. -- Mineral wax. (Min.) See Wax, 2 (f), above. -- Wax cloth. See Waxed cloth, under Waxed. -- Wax end. See Waxed end, under Waxed. -- Wax flower, a flower made of, or resembling, wax. -- Wax insect (Zoöl.), any one of several species of scale insects belonging to the family Coccidæ, which secrete from their bodies a waxlike substance, especially the Chinese wax insect (Coccus Sinensis) from which a large amount of the commercial Chinese wax is obtained. Called also pela. -- Wax light, a candle or taper of wax. -- Wax moth (Zoöl.), a pyralid moth (Galleria cereana) whose larvæ feed upon honeycomb, and construct silken galleries among the fragments. The moth has dusky gray wings streaked with brown near the outer edge. The larva is yellowish white with brownish dots. Called also bee moth. -- Wax myrtle. (Bot.) See Bayberry. -- Wax painting, a kind of painting practiced by the ancients, under the name of encaustic. The pigments were ground with wax, and diluted. After being applied, the wax was melted with hot irons and the color thus fixed. -- Wax palm. (Bot.) (a) A species of palm (Ceroxylon Andicola) native of the Andes, the stem of which is covered with a secretion, consisting of two thirds resin and one third wax, which, when melted with a third of fat, makes excellent candles. (b) A Brazilian tree (Copernicia cerifera) the young leaves of which are covered with a useful waxy secretion. -- Wax paper, paper prepared with a coating of white wax and other ingredients. -- Wax plant (Bot.), a name given to several plants, as: (a) The Indian pipe (see under Indian). (b) The Hoya carnosa, a climbing plant with polished, fleshy leaves. (c) Certain species of Begonia with similar foliage. -- Wax tree (Bot.) (a) A tree or shrub (Ligustrum lucidum) of China, on which certain insects make a thick deposit of a substance resembling white wax. (b) A kind of sumac (Rhus succedanea) of Japan, the berries of which yield a sort of wax. (c) A rubiaceous tree (Elæagia utilis) of New Grenada, called by the inhabitants "arbol del cera." -- Wax yellow, a dull yellow, resembling the natural color of beeswax. WAX Wax, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waxed; p. pr. & vb. n. Waxing.] Defn: To smear or rub with wax; to treat with wax; as, to wax a thread or a table. Waxed cloth, cloth covered with a coating of wax, used as a cover, of tables and for other purposes; -- called also wax cloth. -- Waxed end, a thread pointed with a bristle and covered with shoemaker's wax, used in sewing leather, as for boots, shoes, and the like; -- called also wax end. Brockett. WAXBERRY Wax"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The wax-covered fruit of the wax myrtle, or bayberry. See Bayberry, and Candleberry tree. WAXBILL Wax"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of finchlike birds belonging to Estrelda and allied genera, native of Asia, Africa, and Australia. The bill is large, conical, and usually red in color, resembling sealing wax. Several of the species are often kept as cage birds. WAXBIRD Wax"bird`, (Zoöl.) Defn: The waxwing. WAXEN Wax"en, a. 1. Made of wax. "The female bee, that . . . builds her waxen cells." Milton. 2. Covered with wax; waxed; as, a waxen tablet. 3. Resembling wax; waxy; hence, soft; yielding. Men have marble, women waxen, minds. Shak. Waxen chatterer (Zoöl.), the Bohemian chatterer. WAXINESS Wax"i*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being waxy. WAXWING Wax"wing`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small birds of the genus Ampelis, in which some of the secondary quills are usually tipped with small horny ornaments resembling red sealing wax. The Bohemian waxwing (see under Bohemian) and the cedar bird are examples. Called also waxbird. WAXWORK Wax"work`, n. 1. Work made of wax; especially, a figure or figures formed or partly of wax, in imitation of real beings. 2. (Bot.) Defn: An American climbing shrub (Celastrus scandens). It bears a profusion of yellow berrylike pods, which open in the autumn, and display the scarlet coverings of the seeds. WAXWORKER Wax"work`er, n. 1. One who works in wax; one who makes waxwork. 2. A bee that makes or produces wax. WAXWORKS Wax"works`, n. pl. Defn: An exhibition of wax figures, or the place of exhibition. WAXY Wax"y, a. Defn: Resembling wax in appearance or consistency; viscid; adhesive; soft; hence, yielding; pliable; impressible. "Waxy to persuasion." Bp. Hall. Waxy degeneration (Med.), amyloid degeneration. See under Amyloid. -- Waxy kidney, Waxy liver, etc. (Med.), a kidney or liver affected by waxy degeneration. WAY Way, adv. Etym: [Aphetic form of away.] Defn: Away. [Obs. or Archaic] Chaucer. To do way, to take away; to remove. [Obs.] "Do way your hands." Chaucer. -- To make way with, to make away with. See under Away. [Archaic] WAY Way, n. Etym: [OE. wey, way, AS. weg; akin to OS., D., OHG., & G. weg, Icel. vegr, Sw. väg, Dan. vei, Goth. wigs, L. via, and AS. wegan to move, L. vehere to carry, Skr. vah. sq. root136. Cf. Convex, Inveigh, Vehicle, Vex, Via, Voyage, Wag, Wagon, Wee, Weigh.] 1. That by, upon, or along, which one passes or processes; opportunity or room to pass; place of passing; passage; road, street, track, or path of any kind; as, they built a way to the mine. "To find the way to heaven." Shak. I shall him seek by way and eke by street. Chaucer. The way seems difficult, and steep to scale. Milton. The season and ways were very improper for his majesty's forces to march so great a distance. Evelyn. 2. Length of space; distance; interval; as, a great way; a long way. And whenever the way seemed long, Or his heart began to fail. Longfellow. 3. A moving; passage; procession; journey. I prythee, now, lead the way. Shak. 4. Course or direction of motion or process; tendency of action; advance. If that way be your walk, you have not far. Milton. And let eternal justice take the way. Dryden. 5. The means by which anything is reached, or anything is accomplished; scheme; device; plan. My best way is to creep under his gaberdine. Shak. By noble ways we conquest will prepare. Dryden. What impious ways my wishes took! Prior. 6. Manner; method; mode; fashion; style; as, the way of expressing one's ideas. 7. Regular course; habitual method of life or action; plan of conduct; mode of dealing. "Having lost the way of nobleness." Sir. P. Sidney. Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace. Prov. iii. 17. When men lived in a grander way. Longfellow. 8. Sphere or scope of observation. Jer. Taylor. The public ministers that fell in my way. Sir W. Temple. 9. Determined course; resolved mode of action or conduct; as, to have one's way. 10. (Naut.) (a) Progress; as, a ship has way. (b) pl. Defn: The timbers on which a ship is launched. 11. pl. (Mach.) Defn: The longitudinal guides, or guiding surfaces, on the bed of a planer, lathe, or the like, along which a table or carriage moves. 12. (Law) Defn: Right of way. See below. By the way, in passing; apropos; aside; apart from, though connected with, the main object or subject of discourse. -- By way of, for the purpose of; as being; in character of. -- Covert way. (Fort.) See Covered way, under Covered. -- In the family way. See under Family. -- In the way, so as to meet, fall in with, obstruct, hinder, etc. -- In the way with, traveling or going with; meeting or being with; in the presence of. -- Milky way. (Astron.) See Galaxy, 1. -- No way, No ways. See Noway, Noways, in the Vocabulary. -- On the way, traveling or going; hence, in process; advancing toward completion; as, on the way to this country; on the way to success. -- Out of the way. See under Out. -- Right of way (Law), a right of private passage over another's ground. It may arise either by grant or prescription. It may be attached to a house, entry, gate, well, or city lot, as well as to a country farm. Kent. -- To be under way, or To have way (Naut.), to be in motion, as when a ship begins to move. -- To give way. See under Give. -- To go one's way, or To come one's way, to go or come; to depart or come along. Shak. -- To go the way of all the earth, to die. -- To make one's way, to advance in life by one's personal efforts. -- To make way. See under Make, v. t. -- Ways and means. (a) Methods; resources; facilities. (b) (Legislation) Means for raising money; resources for revenue. -- Way leave, permission to cross, or a right of way across, land; also, rent paid for such right. [Eng] -- Way of the cross (Eccl.), the course taken in visiting in rotation the stations of the cross. See Station, n., 7 (c). -- Way of the rounds (Fort.), a space left for the passage of the rounds between a rampart and the wall of a fortified town. -- Way pane, a pane for cartage in irrigated land. See Pane, n., 4. [Prov. Eng.] -- Way passenger, a passenger taken up, or set down, at some intermediate place between the principal stations on a line of travel. -- Ways of God, his providential government, or his works. -- Way station, an intermediate station between principal stations on a line of travel, especially on a railroad. -- Way train, a train which stops at the intermediate, or way, stations; an accommodation train. -- Way warden, the surveyor of a road. Syn. -- Street; highway; road. -- Way, Street, Highway, Road. Way is generic, denoting any line for passage or conveyance; a highway is literally one raised for the sake of dryness and convenience in traveling; a road is, strictly, a way for horses and carriages; a street is, etymologically, a paved way, as early made in towns and cities; and, hence, the word is distinctively applied to roads or highways in compact settlements. All keep the broad highway, and take delight With many rather for to go astray. Spenser. There is but one road by which to climb up. Addison. When night Darkens the streets, then wander forth the sons Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine. Milton. WAY Way, v. t. Defn: To go or travel to; to go in, as a way or path. [Obs.] "In land not wayed." Wyclif. WAY Way, v. i. Defn: To move; to progress; to go. [R.] On a time as they together wayed. Spenser. WAYBILL Way"bill`, n. Defn: A list of passengers in a public vehicle, or of the baggage or gods transported by a common carrier on a land route. When the goods are transported by water, the list is called a bill of lading. WAYBREAD Way"bread`, n. Etym: [AS. wegbr. See Way, and Broad.] (Bot.) Defn: The common dooryard plantain (Plantago major). WAYBUNG Way"bung`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Australian insessorial bird (Corcorax melanorhamphus) noted for the curious actions of the male during the breeding season. It is black with a white patch on each wing. WAYED Wayed, a. Defn: Used to the way; broken. [R.] A horse that is not well wayed; he starts at every bird that flies out the hedge. Selden. WAYFARE Way"fare`, v. i. Etym: [Way + fare to go.] Defn: To journey; to travel; to go to and fro. [Obs.] A certain Laconian, as he wayfared, came unto a place where there dwelt an old friend of his. Holland. WAYFARE Way"fare`, n. Defn: The act of journeying; travel; passage. [Obs.] Holland. WAYFARER Way"far`er, n. Defn: One who travels; a traveler; a passenger. WAYFARING Way"far`ing, a. Defn: Traveling; passing; being on a journey. "A wayfaring man." Judg. xix. 17. Wayfaring tree (Bot.), a European shrub (Viburnum lantana) having large ovate leaves and dense cymes of small white flowers. -- American wayfaring tree (Bot.), the (Viburnum lantanoides). WAYGATE Way"gate`, n. Defn: The tailrace of a mill. Knight. WAY-GOING Way"-go`ing, a. Defn: Going away; departing; of or pertaining to one who goes away. Way-going crop (Law of Leases), a crop of grain to which tenants for years are sometimes entitled by custom; grain sown in the fall to be reaped at the next harvest; a crop which will not ripen until after the termination of the lease. Burrill. WAY-GOOSE Way"-goose`, n. Defn: See Wayz-goose, n., 2. [Eng.] WAYK Wayk, a. Defn: Weak. [Obs.] Chaucer. WAYLAY Way"lay`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waylaid; p. pr. & vb. n. Waylaying.] Etym: [Way + lay.] Defn: To lie in wait for; to meet or encounter in the way; especially, to watch for the passing of, with a view to seize, rob, or slay; to beset in ambush. Falstaff, Bardolph, Peto, and Gadshill shall rob those men that we have already waylaid. Shak. She often contrived to waylay him in his walks. Sir W. Scott. WAYLAYER Way"lay`er, n. Defn: One who waylays another. WAYLESS Way"less, a. Defn: Having no road or path; pathless. WAYLEWAY Way"le*way, interj. Defn: See Welaway. [Obs.] WAYMAKER Way"mak`er, n. Defn: One who makes a way; a precursor. [R.] Bacon. WAYMARK Way"mark`, n. Defn: A mark to guide in traveling. WAYMENT Way"ment, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waymented; p. pr. & vb. n. Waymenting.] Etym: [OE. waymenten, OF. waimenter, gaimenter, guaimenter, from wai, guai, woe! (of Teutonic origin; see Woe) and L. lamentari to lament. See Lament.] Defn: To lament; to grieve; to wail. [Written also waiment.] [Obs.] Thilke science . . . maketh a man to waymenten. Chaucer. For what boots it to weep and wayment, When ill is chanced Spenser. WAYMENT Way"ment, n. Defn: Grief; lamentation; mourning. [Written also waiment.] [Obs.] Spenser. -WAYS -ways. Defn: A suffix formed from way by the addition of the adverbial -s (see -wards). It is often used interchangeably with wise; as, endways or endwise; noways or nowise, etc. WAY SHAFT Way" shaft`. 1. (Mach.) Defn: A rock shaft. 2. (Mining) Defn: An interior shaft, usually one connecting two levels. Raymond. WAYSIDE Way"side`, n. Defn: The side of the way; the edge or border of a road or path. WAYSIDE Way"side`, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the wayside; as, wayside flowers. "A wayside inn." Longfellow. WAYWARD Way"ward, a. Etym: [OE. weiward, for aweiward, i. e., turned away. See Away, and -ward.] Defn: Taking one's own way; disobedient; froward; perverse; willful. My wife is in a wayward mood. Shak. Wayward beauty doth not fancy move. Fairfax. Wilt thou forgive the wayward thought Keble. -- Way"ward*ly, adv. -- Way"ward*ness, n. WAY-WISE Way"-wise`, a. Defn: Skillful in finding the way; well acquainted with the way or route; wise from having traveled. WAYWISER Way"wis`er, n. Etym: [Cf. G. wegweiser a waymark, a guide; weg way + weisen to show, direct.] Defn: An instrument for measuring the distance which one has traveled on the road; an odometer, pedometer, or perambulator. The waywiser to a coach, exactly measuring the miles, and showing them by an index. Evelyn. WAYWODE Way"wode, n. Etym: [Russ. voevoda, or Pol. woiewoda; properly, a leader of an army, a leader in war. Cf. Vaivode.] Defn: Originally, the title of a military commander in various Slavonic countries; afterwards applied to governors of towns or provinces. It was assumed for a time by the rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia, who were afterwards called hospodars, and has also been given to some inferior Turkish officers. [Written also vaivode, voivode, waiwode, and woiwode.] WAYWODESHIP Way"wode*ship, n. Defn: The office, province, or jurisdiction of a waywode. WAYWORN Way"worn`, a. Defn: Wearied by traveling. WAYZ-GOOSE Wayz"-goose`, n. Etym: [Wase stubble + goose.] 1. A stubble goose. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] 2. An annual feast of the persons employed in a printing office. [Written also way-goose.] [Eng.] WE We, pron.; pl. of I. [Poss. Our (our) or Ours (; obj. Us (. See I.] Etym: [As. w; akin to OS. wi, OFries. & LG. wi, D. wij, G. wir, Icel. v, Sw. & Dan. vi, Goth. weis, Skr. vayam. sq. root190.] Defn: The plural nominative case of the pronoun of the first person; the word with which a person in speaking or writing denotes a number or company of which he is one, as the subject of an action expressed by a verb. Note: We is frequently used to express men in general, including the speaker. We is also often used by individuals, as authors, editors, etc., in speaking of themselves, in order to avoid the appearance of egotism in the too frequent repetition of the pronoun I. The plural style is also in use among kings and other sovereigns, and is said to have been begun by King John of England. Before that time, monarchs used the singular number in their edicts. The German and the French sovereigns followed the example of King John in a. d. 1200. WEAK Weak, a. [Compar. Weaker; superl. Weakest.] Etym: [OE. weik, Icel. veikr; akin to Sw. vek, Dan. veg soft, flexible, pliant, AS. wac weak, soft, pliant, D. week, G. weich, OHG. weih; all from the verb seen in Icel. vikja to turn, veer, recede, AS. wican to yield, give way, G. weichen, OHG. wihhan, akin to Skr. vij, and probably to E. week, L. vicis a change, turn, Gr. Week, Wink, v. i. Vicissitude.] 1. Wanting physical strength. Specifically: -- (a) Deficient in strength of body; feeble; infirm; sickly; debilitated; enfeebled; exhausted. A poor, infirm, weak, and despised old man. Shak. Weak with hunger, mad with love. Dryden. (b) Not able to sustain a great weight, pressure, or strain; as, a weak timber; a weak rope. (c) Not firmly united or adhesive; easily broken or separated into pieces; not compact; as, a weak ship. (d) Not stiff; pliant; frail; soft; as, the weak stalk of a plant. (e) Not able to resist external force or onset; easily subdued or overcome; as, a weak barrier; as, a weak fortress. (f) Lacking force of utterance or sound; not sonorous; low; small; feeble; faint. A voice not soft, weak, piping, and womanish. Ascham. (g) Not thoroughly or abundantly impregnated with the usual or required ingredients, or with stimulating and nourishing substances; of less than the usual strength; as, weak tea, broth, or liquor; a weak decoction or solution; a weak dose of medicine. (h) Lacking ability for an appropriate function or office; as, weak eyes; a weak stomach; a weak magistrate; a weak regiment, or army. 2. Not possessing or manifesting intellectual, logical, moral, or political strength, vigor, etc. Specifically: - (a) Feeble of mind; wanting discernment; lacking vigor; spiritless; as, a weak king or magistrate. To think every thing disputable is a proof of a weak mind and captious temper. Beattie. Origen was never weak enough to imagine that there were two Gods. Waterland. (b) Resulting from, or indicating, lack of judgment, discernment, or firmness; unwise; hence, foolish. If evil thence ensue, She first his weak indulgence will accuse. Milton. (c) Not having full confidence or conviction; not decided or confirmed; vacillating; wavering. Him that is weak in the faith receive ye, but not to doubtful disputations. Rom. xiv. 1. (d) Not able to withstand temptation, urgency, persuasion, etc.; easily impressed, moved, or overcome; accessible; vulnerable; as, weak resolutions; weak virtue. Guard thy heart On this weak side, where most our nature fails. Addison. (e) Wanting in power to influence or bind; as, weak ties; a weak sense of honor of duty. (f) Not having power to convince; not supported by force of reason or truth; unsustained; as, a weak argument or case. "Convinced of his weak arguing." Milton. A case so weak . . . hath much persisted in. Hooker. (g) Wanting in point or vigor of expression; as, a weak sentence; a weak style. (h) Not prevalent or effective, or not felt to be prevalent; not potent; feeble. "Weak prayers." Shak. (i) Lacking in elements of political strength; not wielding or having authority or energy; deficient in the resources that are essential to a ruler or nation; as, a weak monarch; a weak government or state. I must make fair weather yet awhile, Till Henry be more weak, and I more strong. Shak. (k) (Stock Exchange) Defn: Tending towards lower prices; as, a weak market. 3. (Gram.) (a) Pertaining to, or designating, a verb which forms its preterit (imperfect) and past participle by adding to the present the suffix - ed, -d, or the variant form -t; as in the verbs abash, abashed; abate, abated; deny, denied; feel, felt. See Strong, 19 (a). (b) Pertaining to, or designating, a noun in Anglo-Saxon, etc., the stem of which ends in -n. See Strong, 19 (b). Note: Weak is often used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, weak-eyed, weak-handed, weak-hearted, weak-minded, weak-spirited, and the like. Weak conjugation (Gram.), the conjugation of weak verbs; -- called also new, or regular, conjugation, and distinguished from the old, or irregular, conjugation. -- Weak declension (Anglo-Saxon Gram.), the declension of weak nouns; also, one of the declensions of adjectives. -- Weak side, the side or aspect of a person's character or disposition by which he is most easily affected or influenced; weakness; infirmity. -- Weak sore or ulcer (Med.), a sore covered with pale, flabby, sluggish granulations. WEAK Weak, v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. AS. w. wacian. See Weak, a.] Defn: To make or become weak; to weaken. [R.] Never to seek weaking variety. Marston. WEAKEN Weak"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weakened; p. pr. & vb. n. Weakening.] 1. To make weak; to lessen the strength of; to deprive of strength; to debilitate; to enfeeble; to enervate; as, to weaken the body or the mind; to weaken the hands of a magistrate; to weaken the force of an objection or an argument. Their hands shall be weakened from the work, that it be not done. Neh. vi. 9. 2. To reduce in quality, strength, or spirit; as, to weaken tea; to weaken any solution or decoction. WEAKEN Weak"en, v. i. Defn: To become weak or weaker; to lose strength, spirit, or determination; to become less positive or resolute; as, the patient weakened; the witness weakened on cross-examination. "His notion weakens, his discernings are lethargied." Shak. WEAKENER Weak"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, weakens. "[Fastings] weakeners of sin." South. WEAKFISH Weak"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any fish of the genus Cynoscion; a squeteague; -- so called from its tender mouth. See Squeteague. Spotted weakfish (Zoöl.), the spotted squeteague. WEAK-HEARTED Weak"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Having little courage; of feeble spirit; dispirited; faint- hearted. "Weak-hearted enemies." Shak. WEAKISH Weak"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat weak; rather weak. WEAKISHNESS Weak"ish*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being weakish. WEAK-KNEED Weak"-kneed`, a. Defn: Having weak knees; hence, easily yielding; wanting resolution. H. James. WEAKLING Weak"ling, n. Etym: [Weak + -ling.] Defn: A weak or feeble creature. Shak. "All looking on him as a weakling, which would post to the grave." Fuller. We may not be weaklings because we have a strong enemy. Latimer. WEAKLING Weak"ling, a. Defn: Weak; feeble. Sir T. North. WEAKLY Weak"ly, adv. Defn: In a weak manner; with little strength or vigor; feebly. WEAKLY Weak"ly, a. [Compar. Weaklier; superl. Weakliest.] Defn: Not strong of constitution; infirm; feeble; as, a weakly woman; a man of a weakly constitution. WEAK-MINDED Weak"-mind`ed, a. Defn: Having a weak mind, either naturally or by reason of disease; feebleminded; foolish; idiotic. -- Weak"-mind`ed*ness, n. WEAKNESS Weak"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being weak; want of strength or firmness; lack of vigor; want of resolution or of moral strength; feebleness. 2. That which is a mark of lack of strength or resolution; a fault; a defect. Many take pleasure in spreading abroad the weakness of an exalted character. Spectator. Syn. -- Feebleness; debility; languor; imbecility; infirmness; infirmity; decrepitude; frailty; faintness. WEAL Weal, n. Defn: The mark of a stripe. See Wale. WEAL Weal, v. t. Defn: To mark with stripes. See Wale. WEAL Weal, n. Etym: [OE. wele, AS. wela, weola, wealth, from wel well. See Well, adv., and cf. Wealth.] 1. A sound, healthy, or prosperous state of a person or thing; prosperity; happiness; welfare. God . . . grant you wele and prosperity. Chaucer. As we love the weal of our souls and bodies. Bacon. To him linked in weal or woe. Milton. Never was there a time when it more concerned the public weal that the character of the Parliament should stand high. Macaulay. 2. The body politic; the state; common wealth. [Obs.] The special watchmen of our English weal. Shak. WEAL Weal, v. t. Defn: To promote the weal of; to cause to be prosperous. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. WEAL-BALANCED Weal"-bal`anced, a. Defn: Balanced or considered with reference to public weal. [Obs.] Shak. WEALD Weald, n. Etym: [AS. See Wold.] Defn: A wood or forest; a wooded land or region; also, an open country; -- often used in place names. Fled all night long by glimmering waste and weald, And heard the spirits of the waste and weald Moan as she fled. Tennyson. Weald clay (Geol.), the uppermost member of the Wealden strata. See Wealden. WEALDEN Weald"en, a. Etym: [AS. weald, wald, a forest, a wood. So called because this formation occurs in the wealds, or woods, of Kent and Sussex. See Weald.] (Geol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the lowest division of the Cretaceous formation in England and on the Continent, which overlies the Oölitic series. WEALDEN Weald"en, n. (Geol.) Defn: The Wealden group or strata. WEALDISH Weald"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a weald, esp. to the weald in the county of Kent, England. [Obs.] Fuller. WEALFUL Weal"ful, a. Defn: Weleful. [Obs.] Chaucer. WEALSMAN Weals"man, n.; pl. Wealsmen. Etym: [Weal + man.] Defn: A statesman; a politician. [R.] Shak. WEALTH Wealth, n. Etym: [OE. welthe, from wele; cf. D. weelde luxury. See Weal prosperity.] 1. Weal; welfare; prosperity; good. [Obs.] "Let no man seek his own, but every man another's wealth." 1 Cor. x. 24. 2. Large possessions; a comparative abundance of things which are objects of human desire; esp., abundance of worldly estate; affluence; opulence; riches. I have little wealth to lose. Shak. Each day new wealth, without their care, provides. Dryden. Wealth comprises all articles of value and nothing else. F. A. Walker. Active wealth. See under Active. Syn. -- Riches; affluence; opulence; abundance. WEALTHFUL Wealth"ful, a. Defn: Full of wealth; wealthy; prosperous. [R.] Sir T. More. -- Wealth"ful*ly, adv. [R.] WEALTHILY Wealth"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a wealthy manner; richly. I come to wive it wealthily in Padua. Shak. WEALTHINESS Wealth"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being wealthy, or rich; richness; opulence. WEALTHY Wealth"y, a. [Compar. Wealthier; superl. Wealthiest.] 1. Having wealth; having large possessions, or larger than most men, as lands, goods, money, or securities; opulent; affluent; rich. A wealthy Hebrew of my tribe. Shak. Thou broughtest us out into a wealthy place. Ps. lxvi. 12. 2. Hence, ample; full; satisfactory; abundant. [R.] The wealthy witness of my pen. B. Jonson. WEAN Wean, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weaned; p. pr. & vb. n. Weaning.] Etym: [OE. wenen, AS. wenian, wennan, to accustom; akin to D. wennen, G. gewöhnen, OHG. giwennan, Icel. venja, Sw. vänja, Dan. vænne, Icel. vanr accustomed, wont; cf. AS. awenian to wean, G. entwöhnen. See Wont, a.] 1. To accustom and reconcile, as a child or other young animal, to a want or deprivation of mother's milk; to take from the breast or udder; to cause to cease to depend on the mother nourishment. And the child grew, and was weaned; and Abraham made a great feast the same day that Isaac was weaned. Gen. xxi. 8. 2. Hence, to detach or alienate the affections of, from any object of desire; to reconcile to the want or loss of anything. "Wean them from themselves." Shak. The troubles of age were intended . . . to wean us gradually from our fondness of life. Swift. WEAN Wean, n. Defn: A weanling; a young child. I, being but a yearling wean. Mrs. Browning. WEANEDNESS Wean"ed*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being weaned. WEANEL Wean"el, n. Defn: A weanling. [Obs.] Spenser. WEANLING Wean"ling, Defn: a. & n. from Wean, v. The weaning of the whelp is the great test of the skill of the kennel man. J. H. Walsh. Weaning brash. (Med.) See under Brash. WEANLING Wean"ling, n. Etym: [Wean + -ling.] Defn: A child or animal newly weaned; a wean. WEANLING Wean"ling, a. Defn: Recently weaned. Milton. WEAPON Weap"on, n. Etym: [OE. wepen, AS. w; akin to OS. w, OFries. w, w, D. wapen, G. waffe, OHG. waffan, wafan, Icel. vapn, Dan. vaaben, Sw. vapen, Goth. w, pl.; of uncertain origin. Cf. Wapentake.] 1. An instrument of offensive of defensive combat; something to fight with; anything used, or designed to be used, in destroying, defeating, or injuring an enemy, as a gun, a sword, etc. The weapons of our warfare are not carnal. 2 Cor. x. 4. They, astonished, all resistance lost, All courage; down their idle weapons dropped. Milton. 2. Fig.: The means or instrument with which one contends against another; as, argument was his only weapon. "Woman's weapons, water drops." Shak. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A thorn, prickle, or sting with which many plants are furnished. Concealed weapons. See under Concealed. -- Weapon salve, a salve which was supposed to cure a wound by being applied to the weapon that made it. [Obs.] Boyle. WEAPONED Weap"oned, a. Defn: Furnished with weapons, or arms; armed; equipped. WEAPONLESS Weap"on*less, a. Defn: Having no weapon. WEAPONRY Weap"on*ry, n. Defn: Weapons, collectively; as, an array of weaponry. [Poetic] WEAR Wear, n. Defn: Same as Weir. WEAR Wear, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Veer.] (Naut.) Defn: To cause to go about, as a vessel, by putting the helm up, instead of alee as in tacking, so that the vessel's bow is turned away from, and her stern is presented to, the wind, and, as she turns still farther, her sails fill on the other side; to veer. WEAR Wear, v. t. [imp. Wore; p. p. Worn; p. pr. & vb. n. Wearing. Before the 15th century wear was a weak verb, the imp. & p. p. being Weared.] Etym: [OE. weren, werien, AS. werian to carry, to wear, as arms or clothes; akin to OHG. werien, weren, to clothe, Goth. wasjan, L. vestis clothing, vestire to clothe, Gr. vas. Cf. Vest.] 1. To carry or bear upon the person; to bear upon one's self, as an article of clothing, decoration, warfare, bondage, etc.; to have appendant to one's body; to have on; as, to wear a coat; to wear a shackle. What compass will you wear your farthingale Shak. On her white breast a sparkling cross swore, Which Jews might kiss, and infidels adore. Pope. 2. To have or exhibit an appearance of, as an aspect or manner; to bear; as, she wears a smile on her countenance. "He wears the rose of youth upon him." Shak. His innocent gestures wear A meaning half divine. Keble. 3. To use up by carrying or having upon one's self; hence, to consume by use; to waste; to use up; as, to wear clothes rapidly. 4. To impair, waste, or diminish, by continual attrition, scraping, percussion, on the like; to consume gradually; to cause to lower or disappear; to spend. That wicked wight his days doth wear. Spenser. The waters wear the stones. Job xiv. 19. 5. To cause or make by friction or wasting; as, to wear a channel; to wear a hole. 6. To form or shape by, or as by, attrition. Trials wear us into a liking of what, possibly, in the first essay, displeased us. Locke. To wear away, to consume; to impair, diminish, or destroy, by gradual attrition or decay. -- To wear off, to diminish or remove by attrition or slow decay; as, to wear off the nap of cloth. -- To wear on or upon, to wear. [Obs.] "[I] weared upon my gay scarlet gites [gowns.]" Chaucer. -- To wear out. (a) To consume, or render useless, by attrition or decay; as, to wear out a coat or a book. (b) To consume tediously. "To wear out miserable days." Milton. (c) To harass; to tire. "[He] shall wear out the saints of the Most High." Dan vii. 25. (d) To waste the strength of; as, an old man worn out in military service. -- To wear the breeches. See under Breeches. [Colloq.] WEAR Wear, v. i. 1. To endure or suffer use; to last under employment; to bear the consequences of use, as waste, consumption, or attrition; as, a coat wears well or ill; -- hence, sometimes applied to character, qualifications, etc.; as, a man wears well as an acquaintance. 2. To be wasted, consumed, or diminished, by being used; to suffer injury, loss, or extinction by use or time; to decay, or be spent, gradually. "Thus wore out night." Milton. Away, I say; time wears. Shak. Thou wilt surely wear away, both thou and this people that is with thee. Ex. xviii. 18. His stock of money began to wear very low. Sir W. Scott. The family . . . wore out in the earlier part of the century. Beaconsfield. To wear off, to pass away by degrees; as, the follies of youth wear off with age. -- To wear on, to pass on; as, time wears on. G. Eliot. -- To wear weary, to become weary, as by wear, long occupation, tedious employment, etc. WEAR Wear, n. 1. The act of wearing, or the state of being worn; consumption by use; diminution by friction; as, the wear of a garment. 2. The thing worn; style of dress; the fashion. Motley wear. Shak. Wear and tear, the loss by wearing, as of machinery in use; the loss or injury to which anything is subjected by use, accident, etc. WEARABLE Wear"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being worn; suitable to be worn. WEARER Wear"er, n. 1. One who wears or carries as appendant to the body; as, the wearer of a cloak, a sword, a crown, a shackle, etc. Cowls, hoods, and habits, with their wearers, tossed, And fluttered into rags. Milton. 2. That which wastes or diminishes. WEARIABLE Wea"ri*a*ble, a. Defn: That may be wearied. WEARIFUL Wea"ri*ful, a. Defn: Abounding in qualities which cause weariness; wearisome. -- Wea"ri*ful*ly, adv. WEARILESS Wea"ri*less, a. Defn: Incapable of being wearied. WEARILY Wea"ri*ly, adv. Defn: In a weary manner. WEARINESS Wea"ri*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being weary or tried; lassitude; exhaustion of strength; fatigue. With weariness and wine oppressed. Dryden. A man would die, though he were neither valiant nor miserable, only upon a weariness to do the same thing so oft over and over. Bacon. WEARING Wear"ing, n. 1. The act of one who wears; the manner in which a thing wears; use; conduct; consumption. Belike he meant to ward, and there to see his wearing. Latimer. 2. That which is worn; clothes; garments. [Obs.] Give me my nightly wearing and adieu. Shak. WEARING Wear"ing, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or designed for, wear; as, wearing apparel. WEARISH Wear"ish, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain, but perhaps akin to weary.] 1. Weak; withered; shrunk. [Obs.] "A wearish hand." Ford. A little, wearish old man, very melancholy by nature. Burton. 2. Insipid; tasteless; unsavory. [Obs.] Wearish as meat is that is not well tasted. Palsgrave. WEARISOME Wea"ri*some, a. Defn: Causing weariness; tiresome; tedious; weariful; as, a wearisome march; a wearisome day's work; a wearisome book. These high wild hills and rough uneven ways Draws out our miles, and makes them wearisome. Shak. Syn. -- Irksome; tiresome; tedious; fatiguing; annoying; vexatious. See Irksome. -- Wea"ri*some*ly, adv. -- Wea"ri*some*ness, n. WEARY Wea"ry, a. [Compar. Wearier; superl. Weariest.] Etym: [OE. weri, AS. w; akin to OS. w, OHG. wu; of uncertain origin; cf. AS. w to ramble.] 1. Having the strength exhausted by toil or exertion; worn out in respect to strength, endurance, etc.; tired; fatigued. I care not for my spirits if my legs were not weary. Shak. [I] am weary, thinking of your task. Longfellow. 2. Causing weariness; tiresome. "Weary way." Spenser. "There passed a weary time." Coleridge. 3. Having one's patience, relish, or contentment exhausted; tired; sick; -- with of before the cause; as, weary of marching, or of confinement; weary of study. Syn. -- Fatigued; tiresome; irksome; wearisome. WEARY Wea"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wearied; p. pr. & vb. n. Wearying.] 1. To reduce or exhaust the physical strength or endurance of; to tire; to fatigue; as, to weary one's self with labor or traveling. So shall he waste his means, weary his soldiers. Shak. 2. To make weary of anything; to exhaust the patience of, as by continuance. I stay too long by thee; I weary thee. Shak. 3. To harass by anything irksome. I would not cease To weary him with my assiduous cries. Milton. To weary out, to subdue or exhaust by fatigue. Syn. -- To jade; tire; fatigue; fag. See Jade. WEARY Wea"ry, v. i. Defn: To grow tired; to become exhausted or impatient; as, to weary of an undertaking. WEASAND Wea"sand, n. Etym: [OE. wesand, AS. wasend; akin to OFries. wasende, wasande; cf. OHG. weisunt.] Defn: The windpipe; -- called also, formerly, wesil. [Formerly, written also, wesand, and wezand.] Cut his weasand with thy knife. Shak. WEASEL Wea"sel, n. Etym: [OE. wesele, AS. wesle; akin to D. wezel, G. wiesel, OHG. wisala, Icel. hreyivisla, Dan. väsel, Sw. vessla; of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of various species of small carnivores belonging to the genus Putorius, as the ermine and ferret. They have a slender, elongated body, and are noted for the quickness of their movements and for their bloodthirsty habit in destroying poultry, rats, etc. The ermine and some other species are brown in summer, and turn white in winter; others are brown at all seasons. Malacca weasel, the rasse. -- Weasel coot, a female or young male of the smew; -- so called from the resemblance of the head to that of a weasel. Called also weasel duck. -- Weasel lemur, a short-tailed lemur (Lepilemur mustelinus). It is reddish brown above, grayish brown below, with the throat white. WEASEL-FACED Wea"sel-faced`, a. Defn: Having a thin, sharp face, like a weasel. WEASER Wea"ser, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American merganser; -- called also weaser sheldrake. [Local, U. S.] WEASINESS Wea"si*ness, n. Defn: Quality or state of being weasy; full feeding; sensual indulgence. [Obs.] Joye. WEASY Wea"sy, a. Etym: [Cf. Weasand.] Defn: Given to sensual indulgence; gluttonous. [Obs.] Joye. WEATHER Weath"er, n. Etym: [OE. weder, AS. weder; akin to OS. wedar, OFries. weder, D. weder, weêr, G. wetter, OHG. wetar, Icel. veedhr, Dan. veir, Sw. väder wind, air, weather, and perhaps to OSlav. vedro fair weather; or perhaps to Lith. vetra storm, Russ. vieter', vietr', wind, and E. wind. Cf. Wither.] 1. The state of the air or atmosphere with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness, or any other meteorological phenomena; meteorological condition of the atmosphere; as, warm weather; cold weather; wet weather; dry weather, etc. Not amiss to cool a man's stomach this hot weather. Shak. Fair weather cometh out of the north. Job xxxvii. 22. 2. Vicissitude of season; meteorological change; alternation of the state of the air. Bacon. 3. Storm; tempest. What gusts of weather from that gathering cloud My thoughts presage! Dryden. 4. A light rain; a shower. [Obs.] Wyclif. Stress of weather, violent winds; force of tempests. -- To make fair weather, to flatter; to give flattering representations. [R.] -- To make good, or bad, weather (Naut.), to endure a gale well or ill; -- said of a vessel. Shak. -- Under the weather, ill; also, financially embarrassed. [Colloq. U. S.] Bartlett. -- Weather box. Same as Weather house, below. Thackeray. -- Weather breeder, a fine day which is supposed to presage foul weather. -- Weather bureau, a popular name for the signal service. See Signal service, under Signal, a. [U.S.] -- Weather cloth (Naut.), a long piece of canvas of tarpaulin used to preserve the hammocks from injury by the weather when stowed in the nettings. -- Weather door. (Mining) See Trapdoor, 2. -- Weather gall. Same as Water gall, 2. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. -- Weather house, a mechanical contrivance in the form of a house, which indicates changes in atmospheric conditions by the appearance or retirement of toy images. Peace to the artist whose ingenious thought Devised the weather house, that useful toy! Cowper. -- Weather molding, or Weather moulding (Arch.), a canopy or cornice over a door or a window, to throw off the rain. -- Weather of a windmill sail, the obliquity of the sail, or the angle which it makes with its plane of revolution. -- Weather report, a daily report of meteorological observations, and of probable changes in the weather; esp., one published by government authority. -- Weather spy, a stargazer; one who foretells the weather. [R.] Donne. -- Weather strip (Arch.), a strip of wood, rubber, or other material, applied to an outer door or window so as to cover the joint made by it with the sill, casings, or threshold, in order to exclude rain, snow, cold air, etc. WEATHER Weath"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weathered; p. pr. & vb. n. Weathering.] 1. To expose to the air; to air; to season by exposure to air. [An eagle] soaring through his wide empire of the air To weather his broad sails. Spenser. This gear lacks weathering. Latimer. 2. Hence, to sustain the trying effect of; to bear up against and overcome; to sustain; to endure; to resist; as, to weather the storm. For I can weather the roughest gale. Longfellow. You will weather the difficulties yet. F. W. Robertson. 3. (Naut.) Defn: To sail or pass to the windward of; as, to weather a cape; to weather another ship. 4. (Falconry) Defn: To place (a hawk) unhooded in the open air. Encyc. Brit. To weather a point. (a) (Naut.) To pass a point of land, leaving it on the lee side. (b) Hence, to gain or accomplish anything against opposition. -- To weather out, to encounter successfully, though with difficulty; as, to weather out a storm. WEATHER Weath"er, v. i. Defn: To undergo or endure the action of the atmosphere; to suffer meteorological influences; sometimes, to wear away, or alter, under atmospheric influences; to suffer waste by weather. The organisms . . . seem indestructible, while the hard matrix in which they are imbedded has weathered from around them. H. Miller. WEATHER Weath"er, a. (Naut.) Defn: Being toward the wind, or windward -- opposed to lee; as, weather bow, weather braces, weather gauge, weather lifts, weather quarter, weather shrouds, etc. Weather gauge. (a) (Naut.) The position of a ship to the windward of another. (b) Fig.: A position of advantage or superiority; advantage in position. To veer, and tack, and steer a cause Against the weather gauge of laws. Hudibras. -- Weather helm (Naut.), a tendency on the part of a sailing vessel to come up into the wind, rendering it necessary to put the helm up, that is, toward the weather side. -- Weather shore (Naut.), the shore to the windward of a ship. Totten. -- Weather tide (Naut.), the tide which sets against the lee side of a ship, impelling her to the windward. Mar. Dict. WEATHER-BEATEN Weath"er-beat`en, a. Defn: Beaten or harassed by the weather; worn by exposure to the weather, especially to severe weather. Shak. WEATHER-BIT Weath"er-bit`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A turn of the cable about the end of the windlass, without the bits. WEATHERBIT Weath"er*bit`, v. t. (Naut.) Defn: To take another turn with, as a cable around a windlass. Totten. WEATHER-BITTEN Weath"er-bit`ten, a. Defn: Eaten into, defaced, or worn, by exposure to the weather. Coleridge. WEATHERBOARD Weath"er*board`, n. 1. (Naut.) (a) That side of a vessel which is toward the wind; the windward side. (b) A piece of plank placed in a porthole, or other opening, to keep out water. 2. (a) (Arch.) A board extending from the ridge to the eaves along the slope of the gable, and forming a close junction between the shingling of a roof and the side of the building beneath. (b) A clapboard or feather-edged board used in weatherboarding. WEATHER-BOARD Weath"er-board`, v. t. (Arch.) Defn: To nail boards upon so as to lap one over another, in order to exclude rain, snow, etc. Gwilt. WEATHERBOARDING Weath"er*board`ing, n. (Arch.) (a) The covering or siding of a building, formed of boards lapping over one another, to exclude rain, snow, etc. (b) Boards adapted or intended for such use. WEATHER-BOUND Weath"er-bound`, a. Defn: Kept in port or at anchor by storms; delayed by bad weather; as, a weather-bound vessel. WEATHERCOCK Weath"er*cock`, n. 1. A vane, or weather vane; -- so called because originally often in the figure of a cock, turning on the top of a spire with the wind, and showing its direction. "As a wedercok that turneth his face with every wind." Chaucer. Noisy weathercocks rattled and sang of mutation. Longfellow. 2. Hence, any thing or person that turns easily and frequently; one who veers with every change of current opinion; a fickle, inconstant person. WEATHERCOCK Weath"er*cock`, v. t. Defn: To supply with a weathercock; to serve as a weathercock for. Whose blazing wyvern weathercock the spire. Tennyson. WEATHER-DRIVEN Weath"er-driv`en, a. Defn: Driven by winds or storms; forced by stress of weather. Carew. WEATHERED Weath"ered, a. 1. (Arch.) Defn: Made sloping, so as to throw off water; as, a weathered cornice or window sill. 2. (Geol.) Defn: Having the surface altered in color, texture, or composition, or the edges rounded off by exposure to the elements. WEATHER-FEND Weath"er-fend`, v. t. Defn: To defend from the weather; to shelter. Shak. [We] barked the white spruce to weather-fend the roof. Emerson. WEATHERGLASS Weath"er*glass`, n. Defn: An instrument to indicate the state of the atmosphere, especially changes of atmospheric pressure, and hence changes of weather, as a barometer or baroscope. Poor man's weatherglass. (Bot.) See under Poor. WEATHERING Weath"er*ing, n. (Geol.) Defn: The action of the elements on a rock in altering its color, texture, or composition, or in rounding off its edges. WEATHERLINESS Weath"er*li*ness, n. (Naut.) Defn: The quality of being weatherly. WEATHERLY Weath"er*ly, a. (Naut.) Defn: Working, or able to sail, close to the wind; as, a weatherly ship. Cooper. WEATHER MAP Weath"er map. Defn: A map or chart showing the principal meteorological elements at a given hour and over an extended region. Such maps usually show the height of the barometer, the temperature of the air, the relative humidity, the state of the weather, and the direction and velocity of the wind. Isobars and isotherms outline the general distribution of temperature and pressure, while shaded areas indicate the sections over which rain has just fallen. Other lines inclose areas where the temperature has fallen or risen markedly. In tabular form are shown changes of pressure and of temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures, and total rain for each weather station since the last issue, usually 12 hours. WEATHERMOST Weath"er*most`, a. (Naut.) Defn: Being farthest to the windward. WEATHERPROOF Weath"er*proof`, a. Defn: Proof against rough weather. WEATHER SIGNAL Weather signal. Defn: Any signal giving information about the weather. The system used by the United States Weather Bureau includes temperature, cold or hot wave, rain or snow, wind direction, storm, and hurricane signals. WEATHER STATION Weather station. (Meteor.) Defn: A station for taking meteorological observations, making weather forecasts, or disseminating such information. Such stations are of the first order when they make observations of all the important elements either hourly or by self-registering instruments; of the second order when only important observations are taken; of the third order when simpler work is done, as to record rainfall and maximum and minimum temperatures. WEATHERWISE Weath"er*wise`, a. Defn: Skillful in forecasting the changes of the weather. Hakluyt. WEATHERWISER Weath"er*wis`er, n. Etym: [Cf. Waywiser.] Defn: Something that foreshows the weather. [Obs.] Derham. WEATHERWORN Weath"er*worn`, a. Defn: Worn by the action of, or by exposure to, the weather. WEAVE Weave, v. t. [imp. Wove; p. p. Woven, Wove; p. pr. & vb. n. Weaving. The regular imp. & p. p. Weaved (, is rarely used.] Etym: [OE. weven, AS. wefan; akin to D. weven, G. weben, OHG. weban, Icel. vefa, Sw. väfva, Dan. væve, Gr. spider, lit., wool weaver. Cf. Waper, Waffle, Web, Weevil, Weft, Woof.] 1. To unite, as threads of any kind, in such a manner as to form a texture; to entwine or interlace into a fabric; as, to weave wool, silk, etc.; hence, to unite by close connection or intermixture; to unite intimately. This weaves itself, perforce, into my business. Shak. That in their green shops weave the smooth-haired silk To deck her sons. Milton. And for these words, thus woven into song. Byron. 2. To form, as cloth, by interlacing threads; to compose, as a texture of any kind, by putting together textile materials; as, to weave broadcloth; to weave a carpet; hence, to form into a fabric; to compose; to fabricate; as, to weave the plot of a story. When she weaved the sleided silk. Shak. Her starry wreaths the virgin jasmin weaves. Ld. Lytton. WEAVE Weave, v. i. 1. To practice weaving; to work with a loom. 2. To become woven or interwoven. WEAVE Weave, n. Defn: A particular method or pattern of weaving; as, the cassimere weave. WEAVER Weav"er, n. 1. One who weaves, or whose occupation is to weave. "Weavers of linen." P. Plowman. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A weaver bird. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: An aquatic beetle of the genus Gyrinus. See Whirling. Weaver bird (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Asiatic, Fast Indian, and African birds belonging to Ploceus and allied genera of the family Ploceidæ. Weaver birds resemble finches and sparrows in size, colors, and shape of the bill. They construct pensile nests composed of interlaced grass and other similar materials. In some of the species the nest is retort-shaped, with the opening at the bottom of the tube. -- Weavers' shuttle (Zoöl.), an East Indian marine univalve shell (Radius volva); -- so called from its shape. See Illust. of Shuttle shell, under Shuttle. WEAVERFISH Weav"er*fish`, n. Etym: [See Weever.] (Zoöl.) Defn: See Weever. WEAVING Weav"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, weaves; the act or art of forming cloth in a loom by the union or intertexture of threads. 2. (Far.) Defn: An incessant motion of a horse's head, neck, and body, from side to side, fancied to resemble the motion of a hand weaver in throwing the shuttle. Youatt. WEAZAND Wea"zand, n. Defn: See Weasand. [Obs.] WEAZEN Wea"zen, a. Etym: [See Wizen.] Defn: Thin; sharp; withered; wizened; as, a weazen face. They were weazen and shriveled. Dickens. WEAZENY Wea"zen*y, a. Defn: Somewhat weazen; shriveled. [Colloq.] "Weazeny, baked pears." Lowell. WEB Web, n. Etym: [OE. webbe, AS. webba. See Weave.] Defn: A weaver. [Obs.] Chaucer. WEB Web, n. Etym: [OE. web, AS. webb; akin to D. web, webbe, OHG. weppi, G. gewebe, Icel. vefr, Sw. väf, Dan. væv. See Weave.] 1. That which is woven; a texture; textile fabric; esp., something woven in a loom. Penelope, for her Ulysses' sake, Devised a web her wooers to deceive. Spenser. Not web might be woven, not a shuttle thrown, or penalty of exile. Bancroft. 2. A whole piece of linen cloth as woven. 3. The texture of very fine thread spun by a spider for catching insects at its prey; a cobweb. "The smallest spider's web." Shak. 4. Fig.: Tissue; texture; complicated fabrication. The somber spirit of our forefathers, who wove their web of life with hardly a . . . thread of rose-color or gold. Hawthorne. Such has been the perplexing ingenuity of commentators that it is difficult to extricate the truth from the web of conjectures. W. Irving. 5. (Carriages) Defn: A band of webbing used to regulate the extension of the hood. 6. A thin metal sheet, plate, or strip, as of lead. And Christians slain roll up in webs of lead. Fairfax. Specifically: - (a) The blade of a sword. [Obs.] The sword, whereof the web was steel, Pommel rich stone, hilt gold. Fairfax. (b) The blade of a saw. (c) The thin, sharp part of a colter. (d) The bit of a key. 7. (Mach. & Engin.) Defn: A plate or thin portion, continuous or perforated, connecting stiffening ribs or flanges, or other parts of an object. Specifically: -- (a) The thin vertical plate or portion connecting the upper and lower flanges of an lower flanges of an iron girder, rolled beam, or railroad rail. (b) A disk or solid construction serving, instead of spokes, for connecting the rim and hub, in some kinds of car wheels, sheaves, etc. (c) The arm of a crank between the shaft and the wrist. (d) The part of a blackmith's anvil between the face and the foot. 8. (Med.) Defn: Pterygium; -- called also webeye. Shak. 9. (Anat.) Defn: The membrane which unites the fingers or toes, either at their bases, as in man, or for a greater part of their length, as in many water birds and amphibians. 10. (Zoöl.) Defn: The series of barbs implanted on each side of the shaft of a feather, whether stiff and united together by barbules, as in ordinary feathers, or soft and separate, as in downy feathers. See Feather. Pin and web (Med.), two diseases of the eye, caligo and pterygium; -- sometimes wrongly explained as one disease. See Pin, n., 8, and Web, n., 8. "He never yet had pinne or webbe, his sight for to decay." Gascoigne. -- Web member (Engin.), one of the braces in a web system. -- Web press, a printing press which takes paper from a roll instead of being fed with sheets. -- Web system (Engin.), the system of braces connecting the flanges of a lattice girder, post, or the like. WEB Web, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Webbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Webbing.] Defn: To unite or surround with a web, or as if with a web; to envelop; to entangle. WEBBED Webbed, a. 1. Provided with a web. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the toes united by a membrane, or web; as, the webbed feet of aquatic fowls. WEBBER Web"ber, n. Defn: One who forms webs; a weaver; a webster. [Obs.] WEBBING Web"bing, n. Defn: A woven band of cotton or flax, used for reins, girths, bed bottoms, etc. WEBBY Web"by, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a web or webs; like a web; filled or covered with webs. Bats on their webby wings in darkness move. Crabbe. WEBER We"ber, n. Etym: [From the name of Professor Weber, a German electrician.] (Elec.) Defn: The standard unit of electrical quantity, and also of current. See Coulomb, and Amp. [Obs.] WEBEYE Web"eye`, n. (Med.) Defn: See Web, n., 8. WEB-FINGERED Web"-fin`gered, a. Defn: Having the fingers united by a web for a considerable part of their length. WEBFOOT Web"foot`, n.; pl. Webfeet (. 1. A foot the toes of which are connected by a membrane. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any web-footed bird. WEB-FOOTED Web"-foot`ed, a. Defn: Having webbed feet; palmiped; as, a goose or a duck is a web- footed fowl. WEBSTER Web"ster, n. Etym: [AS. webbestre. See Web, Weave, and -ster.] Defn: A weaver; originally, a female weaver. [Obs.] Brathwait. WEBSTERITE Web"ster*ite, n. Etym: [So named after Webster, the geologist.] (Min.) Defn: A hydrous sulphate of alumina occurring in white reniform masses. WEB-TOED Web"-toed`, a. Defn: Having the toes united by a web for a considerable part of their length. WEBWORM Web"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of various species of moths whose gregarious larvæ eat the leaves of trees, and construct a large web to which they retreat when not feeding. Note: The most destructive webworms belong to the family Bombycidæ, as the fall webworm (Hyphantria textor), which feeds on various fruit and forest trees, and the common tent caterpillar, which feeds on various fruit trees (see Tent caterpillar, under Tent.) The grapevine webworm is the larva of a geometrid moth (see Vine inchworm, under Vine). WED Wed (wêd), n. Etym: [AS. wedd; akin to OFries. wed, OD. wedde, OHG, wetti, G. wette a wager, Icel. veedh a pledge, Sw. vad a wager, an appeal, Goth. wadi a pledge, Lith. vaduti to redeem (a pledge), LL. vadium, L. vas, vadis, bail, security, vadimonium security, and Gr. Athlete, Gage a pledge, Wage.] Defn: A pledge; a pawn. [Obs.] Gower. Piers Plowman. Let him be ware, his neck lieth to wed [i. e., for a security]. Chaucer. WED Wed, v. t. [imp. Wedded; p. p. Wedded or Wed; p. pr. & vb. n. Wedding.] Etym: [OE. wedden, AS. weddian to covenant, promise, to wed, marry; akin to OFries. weddia to promise, D. wedden to wager, to bet, G. wetten, Icel. veedhja, Dan. vedde, Sw. vädja to appeal, Goth. gawadjon to betroth. See Wed, n.] 1. To take for husband or for wife by a formal ceremony; to marry; to espouse. With this ring I thee wed. Bk. of Com. Prayer. I saw thee first, and wedded thee. Milton. 2. To join in marriage; to give in wedlock. And Adam, wedded to another Eve, Shall live with her. Milton. 3. Fig.: To unite as if by the affections or the bond of marriage; to attach firmly or indissolubly. Thou art wedded to calamity. Shak. Men are wedded to their lusts. Tillotson. [Flowers] are wedded thus, like beauty to old age. Cowper. 4. To take to one's self and support; to espouse. [Obs.] They positively and concernedly wedded his cause. Clarendon. WED Wed, v. i. Defn: To contact matrimony; to marry. "When I shall wed." Shak. WEDDAHS Wed"dahs, n. pl. (Ethnol.) Defn: See Veddahs. WEDDED Wed"ded, a. 1. Joined in wedlock; married. Let wwedded dame. Pope. 2. Of or pertaining to wedlock, or marriage. "Wedded love." Milton. WEDDER Wed"der, n. Defn: See Wether. Sir W. Scott. WEDDING Wed"ding, n. Etym: [AS. wedding.] Defn: Nuptial ceremony; nuptial festivities; marriage; nuptials. Simple and brief was the wedding, as that of Ruth and of Boaz. Longfellow. Note: Certain anniversaries of an unbroken marriage have received fanciful, and more or less appropriate, names. Thus, the fifth anniversary is called the wooden wedding; the tenth, the tin wedding; the fifteenth, the crystal wedding; the twentieth, the china wedding; the twenty-fifth, the silver wedding; the fiftieth, the golden wedding; the sixtieth, the diamond wedding. These anniversaries are often celebrated by appropriate presents of wood, tin, china, silver, gold, etc., given by friends. Note: Wedding is often used adjectively; as, wedding cake, wedding cards, wedding clothes, wedding day, wedding feast, wedding guest, wedding ring, etc. Let her beauty be her wedding dower. Shak. Wedding favor, a marriage favor. See under Marriage. WEDER Wed"er, n. Defn: Weather. [Obs.] Chaucer. WEDGE Wedge, n. Etym: [OE. wegge, AS. wecg; akin to D. wig, wigge, OHG. wecki, G. weck a (wedge-shaped) loaf, Icel. veggr, Dan. vægge, Sw. vigg, and probably to Lith. vagis a peg. Cf. Wigg.] 1. A piece of metal, or other hard material, thick at one end, and tapering to a thin edge at the other, used in splitting wood, rocks, etc., in raising heavy bodies, and the like. It is one of the six elementary machines called the mechanical powers. See Illust. of Mechanical powers, under Mechanical. 2. (Geom.) Defn: A solid of five sides, having a rectangular base, two rectangular or trapezoidal sides meeting in an edge, and two triangular ends. 3. A mass of metal, especially when of a wedgelike form. "Wedges of gold." Shak. 4. Anything in the form of a wedge, as a body of troops drawn up in such a form. In warlike muster they appear, In rhombs, and wedges, and half-moons, and wings. Milton. 5. The person whose name stands lowest on the list of the classical tripos; -- so called after a person (Wedgewood) who occupied this position on the first list of 1828. [Cant, Cambridge Univ., Eng.] C. A. Bristed. Fox wedge. (Mach. & Carpentry) See under Fox. -- Spherical wedge (Geom.), the portion of a sphere included between two planes which intersect in a diameter. WEDGE Wedge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wedged; p. pr. & vb. n. Wedging.] 1. To cleave or separate with a wedge or wedges, or as with a wedge; to rive. "My heart, as wedged with a sigh, would rive in twain." Shak. 2. To force or drive as a wedge is driven. Among the crowd in the abbey where a finger Could not be wedged in more. Shak. He 's just the sort of man to wedge himself into a snug berth. Mrs. J. H. Ewing. 3. To force by crowding and pushing as a wedge does; as, to wedge one's way. Milton. 4. To press closely; to fix, or make fast, in the manner of a wedge that is driven into something. Wedged in the rocky shoals, and sticking fast. Dryden. 5. To fasten with a wedge, or with wedges; as, to wedge a scythe on the snath; to wedge a rail or a piece of timber in its place. 6. (Pottery) Defn: To cut, as clay, into wedgelike masses, and work by dashing together, in order to expel air bubbles, etc. Tomlinson. WEDGEBILL Wedge"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Australian crested insessorial bird (Sphenostoma cristatum) having a wedge-shaped bill. Its color is dull brown, like the earth of the plains where it lives. WEDGE-FORMED Wedge"-formed`, a. Defn: Having the form of a wedge; cuneiform. Wedge-formed characters. See Arrow-headed characters, under Arrowheaded. WEDGE GAUGE; WEDGE GAGE Wedge gauge or gage . Defn: A wedge with a graduated edge, to measure the width of a space into which it is thrust. WEDGE GEAR Wedge gear. Defn: A friction gear wheel with wedge-shaped circumferential grooves. -- Wedge gearing. WEDGE-SHAPED Wedge"-shaped`, a. 1. Having the shape of a wedge; cuneiform. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Broad and truncate at the summit, and tapering down to the base; as, a wedge-shaped leaf. WEDGE-SHELL Wedge"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small marine bivalves belonging to Donax and allied genera in which the shell is wedge-shaped. WEDGE-TAILED Wedge"-tailed", a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having a tail which has the middle pair of feathers longest, the rest successively and decidedly shorter, and all more or less attenuate; -- said of certain birds. See Illust. of Wood hoopoe, under Wood. Wedge-tailed eagle, an Australian eagle (Aquila audax) which feeds on various small species of kangaroos, and on lambs; -- called also mountain eagle, bold eagle, and eagle hawk. -- Wedge-tailed gull, an arctic gull (Rhodostethia rosea) in which the plumage is tinged with rose; -- called also Ross's gull. WEDGEWISE Wedge"wise`, adv. Defn: In the manner of a wedge. WEDGWOOD WARE Wedg"wood` ware`. Etym: [From the name of the inventor, Josiah Wedgwood, of England.] Defn: A kind of fine pottery, the most remarkable being what is called jasper, either white, or colored throughout the body, and capable of being molded into the most delicate forms, so that fine and minute bas-reliefs like cameos were made of it, fit even for being set as jewels. WEDGY Wedg"y, a. Defn: Like a wedge; wedge-shaped. WEDLOCK Wed"lock, n. Etym: [AS. wedlac a pledge, be trothal; wedd a pledge + lac a gift, an offering. See Wed, n., and cf. Lake, v. i., Knowledge.] 1. The ceremony, or the state, of marriage; matrimony. "That blissful yoke . . . that men clepeth [call] spousal, or wedlock." Chaucer. For what is wedlock forced but a hell, An age of discord or continual strife Shak. 2. A wife; a married woman. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Syn. -- See Marriage. WEDLOCK Wed"lock, v. t. Defn: To marry; to unite in marriage; to wed. [R.] "Man thus wedlocked." Milton. WEDNESDAY Wednes"day (; 48), n. Etym: [OE. wednesdai, wodnesdei, AS. Wodnes dæg, i. e., Woden's day (a translation of L. dies Mercurii); fr. Woden the highest god of the Teutonic peoples, but identified with the Roman god Mercury; akin to OS. Wodan, OHG. Wuotan, Icel. Oedhinn, D. woensdag Wednesday, Icel. oedhinsdagr, Dan. & Sw. onsdag. See Day, and cf. Woden, Wood, a.] Defn: The fourth day of the week; the next day after Tuesday. Ash Wednesday. See in the Vocabulary. WEE Wee, n. Etym: [OE. we a bit, in a little we, probably originally meaning, a little way, the word we for wei being later taken as synonymous with little. See Way.] Defn: A little; a bit, as of space, time, or distance. [Obs. or Scot.] WEE Wee, a. Defn: Very small; little. [Colloq. & Scot.] A little wee face, with a little yellow beard. Shak. WEECH-ELM Weech"-elm`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The wych-elm. [Obs.] Bacon. WEED Weed, n. Etym: [OE. wede, AS. w, w; akin to OS. wadi, giwadi, OFries, w, w, OD. wade, OHG. wat, Icel. va, Zend vadh to clothe.] 1. A garment; clothing; especially, an upper or outer garment. "Lowweeds." Spenser. "Woman's weeds." Shak. "This beggar woman's weed." Tennyson. He on his bed sat, the soft weeds he wore Put off. Chapman. 2. An article of dress worn in token of grief; a mourning garment or badge; as, he wore a weed on his hat; especially, in the plural, mourning garb, as of a woman; as, a widow's weeds. In a mourning weed, with ashes upon her head, and tears abundantly flowing. Milton. WEED Weed, n. Defn: A sudden illness or relapse, often attended with fever, which attacks women in childbed. [Scot.] WEED Weed, n. Etym: [OE. weed, weod, AS. weód, wiód, akin to OS. wiod, LG. woden the stalks and leaves of vegetables D. wieden to weed, OS. wiodon.] 1. Underbrush; low shrubs. [Obs. or Archaic] One rushing forth out of the thickest weed. Spenser. A wild and wanton pard . . . Crouched fawning in the weed. Tennyson. 2. Any plant growing in cultivated ground to the injury of the crop or desired vegetation, or to the disfigurement of the place; an unsightly, useless, or injurious plant. Too much manuring filled that field with weeds. Denham. Note: The word has no definite application to any particular plant, or species of plants. Whatever plants grow among corn or grass, in hedges, or elsewhere, and are useless to man, injurious to crops, or unsightly or out of place, are denominated weeds. 3. Fig.: Something unprofitable or troublesome; anything useless. 4. (Stock Breeding) Defn: An animal unfit to breed from. 5. Tobacco, or a cigar. [Slang] Weed hook, a hook used for cutting away or extirpating weeds. Tusser. WEED Weed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Weeding.] Etym: [AS. weódian. See 3d Weed.] 1. To free from noxious plants; to clear of weeds; as, to weed corn or onions; to weed a garden. 2. To take away, as noxious plants; to remove, as something hurtful; to extirpate. "Weed up thyme." Shak. Wise fathers . . . weeding from their children ill things. Ascham. Revenge is a kind of wild justice, which the more man's nature runs to, the more ought law to weed it out. Bacon. 3. To free from anything hurtful or offensive. He weeded the kingdom of such as were devoted to Elaiana. Howell. 4. (Stock Breeding) Defn: To reject as unfit for breeding purposes. WEEDER Weed"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, weeds, or frees from anything noxious. WEEDERY Weed"er*y, n. Defn: Weeds, collectively; also, a place full of weeds or for growing weeds. [R.] Dr. H. More. WEEDING Weed"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Weed, v. Weeding chisel, a tool with a divided chisel-like end, for cutting the roots of large weeds under ground. -- Weeding forceps, an instrument for taking up some sorts of plants in weeding. -- Weeding fork, a strong, three-pronged fork, used in clearing ground of weeds; -- called also weeding iron. -- Weeding hook. Same as Weed hook, under 3d Weed. -- Weeding iron. See Weeding fork, above. -- Weeding tongs. Same as Weeding forceps, above. WEEDING-RHIM Weed"ing-rhim`, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. rim to remove.] Defn: A kind of implement used for tearing up weeds esp. on summer fallows. [Prov. Eng.] WEEDLESS Weed"less, a. Defn: Free from weeds or noxious matter. WEEDY Weed"y, a. [Compar. Weedier; superl. Weediest.] 1. Of or pertaining to weeds; consisting of weeds. "Weedy trophies." Shak. 2. Abounding with weeds; as, weedy grounds; a weedy garden; weedy corn. See from the weedy earth a rivulet break. Bryant. 3. Scraggy; ill-shaped; ungainly; -- said of colts or horses, and also of persons. [Colloq.] WEEDY Weed"y, a. Defn: Dressed in weeds, or mourning garments. [R. or Colloq.] She was as weedy as in the early days of her mourning. Dickens. WEEK Week, n. Etym: [OE. weke, wike, woke, wuke AS. weocu, wicu, wucu; akin to OS. wika, OFries. wike, D. week, G. woche, OHG. wohha, wehha, Icel. vika, Sw. vecka, Dan. uge, Goth. wik, probably originally meaning, a succession or change, and akin to G. wechsel change, L. vicis turn, alternation, and E. weak. Cf. Weak.] Defn: A period of seven days, usually that reckoned from one Sabbath or Sunday to the next. I fast twice in the week. Luke xviii. 12. Note: Although it [the week] did not enter into the calendar of the Greeks, and was not introduced at Rome till after the reign of Theodesius, it has been employed from time immemorial in almost all Eastern countries. Encyc. Brit. Feast of Weeks. See Pentecost, 1. -- Prophetic week, a week of years, or seven years. Dan. ix. 24. -- Week day. See under Day. WEEK-END Week"-end", n. Defn: The end of the week; specif., though loosely, the period observed commonly as a holiday, from Saturday noon or Friday night to Monday; as, to visit one for a week-end; also, a house party during a week-end. WEEKLY Week"ly, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a week, or week days; as, weekly labor. 2. Coming, happening, or done once a week; hebdomadary; as, a weekly payment; a weekly gazette. WEEKLY Week"ly, n.; pl. Weeklies (. Defn: A publication issued once in seven days, or appearing once a week. WEEKLY Week"ly, adv. Defn: Once a week; by hebdomadal periods; as, each performs service weekly. WEEKWAM Week"wam, n. Defn: See Wigwam. [R.] WEEL Weel, a. & adv. Defn: Well. [Obs. or Scot.] WEEL Weel, n. Etym: [AS. wæl. *147.] Defn: A whirlpool. [Obs.] WEEL; WEELY Weel, Weel"y,Etym: [Prov. E. weel, weal, a wicker basket to catch eels; prob. akin to willow, and so called as made of willow twigs.] Defn: A kind of trap or snare for fish, made of twigs. [Obs.] Carew. WEEN Ween, v. i. Etym: [OE. wenen, AS. w, fr. w hope, expectation, opinion; akin to D. waan, OFries. w, OS. & OHG. wan, G. wahn delusion, Icel. van hope, expectation, Goth. w, and D. wanen to fancy, G. wähnen, Icel. vana to hope, Goth. w, and perhaps to E. winsome, wish.] Defn: To think; to imagine; to fancy. [Obs. or Poetic] Spenser. Milton. I have lost more than thou wenest. Chaucer. For well I ween, Never before in the bowers of light Had the form of an earthly fay been seen. J. R. Drake. Though never a dream the roses sent Of science or love's compliment, I ween they smelt as sweet. Mrs. Browning. WEEP Weep, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The lapwing; the wipe; -- so called from its cry. WEEP Weep, obs. Defn: imp. of Weep, for wept. Chaucer. WEEP Weep, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wept; p. pr. & vb. n. Weeping.] Etym: [OE. wepen, AS. w, from w lamentation; akin to OFries. w to lament, OS. w lamentation, OHG. wuof, Icel. a shouting, crying, OS. w to lament, OHG. wuoffan, wuoffen, Icel. , Goth. w. 1. Formerly, to express sorrow, grief, or anguish, by outcry, or by other manifest signs; in modern use, to show grief or other passions by shedding tears; to shed tears; to cry. And they all wept sore, and fell on Paul's neck. Acts xx. 37. Phocion was rarely seen to weep or to laugh. Mitford. And eyes that wake to weep. Mrs. Hemans. And they wept together in silence. Longfellow. 2. To lament; to complain. "They weep unto me, saying, Give us flesh, that we may eat." Num. xi. 13. 3. To flow in drops; to run in drops. The blood weeps from my heart. Shak. 4. To drop water, or the like; to drip; to be soaked. 5. To hang the branches, as if in sorrow; to be pendent; to droop; -- said of a plant or its branches. WEEP Weep, v. t. 1. To lament; to bewail; to bemoan. "I weep bitterly the dead." A. S. Hardy. We wandering go Through dreary wastes, and weep each other's woe. Pope. 2. To shed, or pour forth, as tears; to shed drop by drop, as if tears; as, to weep tears of joy. Tears, such as angels weep, burst forth. Milton. Groves whose rich trees wept odorous gums and balm. Milton. WEEPER Weep"er, n. 1. One who weeps; esp., one who sheds tears. 2. A white band or border worn on the sleeve as a badge of mourning. Goldsmith. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The capuchin. See Capuchin, 3 (a). WEEPFUL Weep"ful, a. Defn: Full of weeping or lamentation; grieving. [Obs.] Wyclif. WEEPING Weep"ing, n. Defn: The act of one who weeps; lamentation with tears; shedding of tears. WEEPING Weep"ing, a. 1. Grieving; lamenting; shedding tears. "Weeping eyes." I. Watts. 2. Discharging water, or other liquid, in drops or very slowly; surcharged with water. "Weeping grounds." Mortimer. 3. Having slender, pendent branches; -- said of trees; as, weeping willow; a weeping ash. 4. Pertaining to lamentation, or those who weep. Weeping cross, a cross erected on or by the highway, especially for the devotions of penitents; hence, to return by the weeping cross, to return from some undertaking in humiliation or penitence. -- Weeping rock, a porous rock from which water gradually issues. -- Weeping sinew, a ganglion. See Ganglion, n., 2. [Colloq.] -- Weeping spring, a spring that discharges water slowly. -- Weeping willow (Bot.), a species of willow (Salix Babylonica) whose branches grow very long and slender, and hang down almost perpendicularly. WEEPINGLY Weep"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a weeping manner. WEEPING-RIPE Weep"ing-ripe`, a. Defn: Ripe for weeping; ready to weep. [Obs.] Shak. WEEPING TREE Weep"ing tree. (a) Any tree having pendulous branches. (b) A tree from which honeydew or other liquid secretions of insects drip in considerable quantities, esp. one infested by the larvæ of any species of the genus Ptylus, allied to the cuckoo spits, which in tropical countries secrete large quantities of a watery fluid. WEERISH Weer"ish, a. Defn: See Wearish. [Obs.] WEESEL Wee"sel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Weasel. WEET Weet, a. & n. Defn: Wet. [Obs.] Chaucer. WEET Weet, v. i. [imp. Wot.] Etym: [See Wit to know.] Defn: To know; to wit. [Obs.] Tyndale. Spenser. WEET-BIRD Weet"-bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wryneck; -- so called from its cry. [Prov. Eng.] WEETINGLY Weet"ing*ly, adv. Defn: Knowingly. [Obs.] Spenser. WEETLESS Weet"less, a. Defn: Unknowing; also, unknown; unmeaning. [Obs.] Spenser. WEET-WEET Weet"-weet`, n. Etym: [So called from its piping cry when disturbed.] (Zoöl.) (a) The common European sandpiper. (b) The chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.] WEETWEET Weet"*weet`, n. [Native name in Victoria.] Defn: A throwing toy, or implement, of the Australian aborigines, consisting of a cigar-shaped stick fastened at one end to a flexible twig. It weighs in all about two ounces, and is about two feet long. WEEVER Wee"ver, n. Etym: [Probably from F. vive, OF. vivre, a kind of fish, L. vipera viper. Cf. Viper.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of edible marine fishes belonging to the genus Trachinus, of the family Trachinidæ. They have a broad spinose head, with the eyes looking upward. The long dorsal fin is supported by numerous strong, sharp spines which cause painful wounds. Note: The two British species are the great, or greater, weever (Trachinus draco), which becomes a foot long (called also gowdie, sea cat, stingbull, and weaverfish), and the lesser weever (T. vipera), about half as large (called also otter pike, and stingfish). WEEVIL Wee"vil, n. Etym: [OE. wivel, wevil, AS. wifel, wibil; akin to OD. wevel, OHG. wibil, wibel, G. wiebel, wibel, and probably to Lith. vabalas beetle, and E. weave. See Weave.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of snout beetles, or Rhynchophora, in which the head is elongated and usually curved downward. Many of the species are very injurious to cultivated plants. The larvæ of some of the species live in nuts, fruit, and grain by eating out the interior, as the plum weevil, or curculio, the nut weevils, and the grain weevil (see under Plum, Nut, and Grain). The larvæ of other species bore under the bark and into the pith of trees and various other plants, as the pine weevils (see under Pine). See also Pea weevil, Rice weevil, Seed weevil, under Pea, Rice, and Seed. WEEVILED Wee"viled, a. Defn: Infested by weevils; as, weeviled grain. [Written also weevilled.] WEEVILY Wee"vil*y, a. Defn: Having weevils; weeviled. [Written also weevilly.] WEEZEL Wee"zel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Weasel. WEFT Weft, obs. Defn: imp. & p. p. of Wave. WEFT Weft, n. Etym: [Cf. Waif.] Defn: A thing waved, waived, or cast away; a waif. [Obs.] "A forlorn weft." Spenser. WEFT Weft, n. Etym: [AS. weft, wefta, fr. wefan, to weave. See Weave.] 1. The woof of cloth; the threads that cross the warp from selvage to selvage; the thread carried by the shuttle in weaving. 2. A web; a thing woven. WEFTAGE Weft"age, n. Defn: Texture. [Obs.] Grew. WEGOTISM We"go*tism, n. Etym: [From we, in imitation of egotism.] Defn: Excessive use of the pronoun we; -- called also weism. [Colloq. or Cant] WEHRGELD; WEHRGELT Wehr"geld`, Wehr"gelt`, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: See Weregild. WEHRWOLF Wehr"wolf`, n. Defn: See Werewolf. WEIGELA; WEIGELIA Wei"gel*a, Wei*ge"li*a, n. Etym: [NL. So named after C. E. Weigel, a German naturalist.] (Bot.) Defn: A hardy garden shrub (Diervilla Japonica) belonging to the Honeysuckle family, with withe or red flowers. It was introduced from China. WEIGH Weigh, n. (Naut.) Defn: A corruption of Way, used only in the phrase under weigh. An expedition was got under weigh from New York. Thackeray. The Athenians . . . hurried on board and with considerable difficulty got under weigh. Jowett (Thucyd.). WEIGH Weigh, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weighed; p. pr. & vb. n. Weighing.] Etym: [OE. weien, weyen, weghen, AS. wegan to bear, move; akin to D. wegen to weigh, G. wägen, wiegen, to weigh, bewegen to move, OHG. wegan, Icel. vega to move, carry, lift, weigh, Sw. väga to weigh, Dan. veie, Goth. gawigan to shake, L. vehere to carry, Skr. vah. Way, and cf. Wey.] 1. To bear up; to raise; to lift into the air; to swing up; as, to weigh anchor. "Weigh the vessel up." Cowper. 2. To examine by the balance; to ascertain the weight of, that is, the force with which a thing tends to the center of the earth; to determine the heaviness, or quantity of matter of; as, to weigh sugar; to weigh gold. Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting. Dan. v. 27. 3. To be equivalent to in weight; to counterbalance; to have the heaviness of. "A body weighing divers ounces." Boyle. 4. To pay, allot, take, or give by weight. They weighed for my price thirty pieces of silver. Zech. xi. 12. 5. To examine or test as if by the balance; to ponder in the mind; to consider or examine for the purpose of forming an opinion or coming to a conclusion; to estimate deliberately and maturely; to balance. A young man not weighed in state affairs. Bacon. Had no better weighed The strength he was to cope with, or his own. Milton. Regard not who it is which speaketh, but weigh only what is spoken. Hooker. In nice balance, truth with gold she weighs. Pope. Without sufficiently weighing his expressions. Sir W. Scott. 6. To consider as worthy of notice; to regard. [Obs. or Archaic] "I weigh not you." Shak. All that she so dear did weigh. Spenser. To weigh down. (a) To overbalance. (b) To oppress with weight; to overburden; to depress. "To weigh thy spirits down." Milton. WEIGH Weigh, v. i. 1. To have weight; to be heavy. "They only weigh the heavier." Cowper. 2. To be considered as important; to have weight in the intellectual balance. Your vows to her and me . . . will even weigh. Shak. This objection ought to weigh with those whose reading is designed for much talk and little knowledge. Locke. 3. To bear heavily; to press hard. Cleanse the stuffed bosom of that perilous stuff Which weighs upon the heart. Shak. 4. To judge; to estimate. [R.] Could not weigh of worthiness aright. Spenser. To weigh down, to sink by its own weight. WEIGH Weigh, n. Etym: [See Wey.] Defn: A certain quantity estimated by weight; an English measure of weight. See Wey. WEIGHABLE Weigh"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being weighed. WEIGHAGE Weigh"age (; 48), n. Defn: A duty or toil paid for weighing merchandise. Bouvier. WEIGHBEAM Weigh"beam`, n. Defn: A kind of large steelyard for weighing merchandise; -- also called weighmaster's beam. WEIGHBOARD Weigh"board`, n. (Mining) Defn: Clay intersecting a vein. Weale. WEIGHBRIDGE Weigh"bridge`, n. Defn: A weighing machine on which loaded carts may be weighed; platform scales. WEIGHER Weigh"er, n. Defn: One who weighs; specifically, an officer whose duty it is to weigh commodities. WEIGH-HOUSE Weigh"-*house`, n.; pl. Weigh-houses (. Defn: A building at or within which goods, and the like, are weighed. WEIGHING Weigh"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Weigh, v. Weighing cage, a cage in which small living animals may be conveniently weighed. -- Weighing house. See Weigh-house. -- Weighing machine, any large machine or apparatus for weighing; especially, platform scales arranged for weighing heavy bodies, as loaded wagons. WEIGHLOCK Weigh"lock`, n. Defn: A lock, as on a canal, in which boats are weighed and their tonnage is settled. WEIGHMASTER Weigh"mas`ter, n. Defn: One whose business it is to weigh ore, hay, merchandise, etc.; one licensed as a public weigher. WEIGHT Weight, n. Etym: [OE. weght, wight, AS. gewiht; akin to D. gewigt, G. gewicht, Icel. vætt, Sw. vigt, Dan. vægt. See Weigh, v. t.] 1. The quality of being heavy; that property of bodies by which they tend toward the center of the earth; the effect of gravitative force, especially when expressed in certain units or standards, as pounds, grams, etc. Note: Weight differs from gravity in being the effect of gravity, or the downward pressure of a body under the influence of gravity; hence, it constitutes a measure of the force of gravity, and being the resultant of all the forces exerted by gravity upon the different particles of the body, it is proportional to the quantity of matter in the body. 2. The quantity of heaviness; comparative tendency to the center of the earth; the quantity of matter as estimated by the balance, or expressed numerically with reference to some standard unit; as, a mass of stone having the weight of five hundred pounds. For sorrow, like a heavy-hanging bell, Once set on ringing, with his own weight goes. Shak. 3. Hence, pressure; burden; as, the weight of care or business. "The weight of this said time." Shak. For the public all this weight he bears. Milton. [He] who singly bore the world's sad weight. Keble. 4. Importance; power; influence; efficacy; consequence; moment; impressiveness; as, a consideration of vast weight. In such a point of weight, so near mine honor. Shak. 5. A scale, or graduated standard, of heaviness; a mode of estimating weight; as, avoirdupois weight; troy weight; apothecaries' weight. 6. A ponderous mass; something heavy; as, a clock weight; a paper weight. A man leapeth better with weights in his hands. Bacon. 7. A definite mass of iron, lead, brass, or other metal, to be used for ascertaining the weight of other bodies; as, an ounce weight. 8. (Mech.) Defn: The resistance against which a machine acts, as opposed to the power which moves it. [Obs.] Atomic weight. (Chem.) See under Atomic, and cf. Element. -- Dead weight, Feather weight, Heavy weight, Light weight, etc. See under Dead, Feather, etc. -- Weight of observation (Astron. & Physics), a number expressing the most probable relative value of each observation in determining the result of a series of observations of the same kind. Syn. -- Ponderousness; gravity; heaviness; pressure; burden; load; importance; power; influence; efficacy; consequence; moment; impressiveness. WEIGHT Weight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Weighting.] 1. To load with a weight or weights; to load down; to make heavy; to attach weights to; as, to weight a horse or a jockey at a race; to weight a whip handle. The arrows of satire, . . . weighted with sense. Coleridge. 2. (Astron. & Physics) Defn: To assign a weight to; to express by a number the probable accuracy of, as an observation. See Weight of observations, under Weight. WEIGHTILY Weight"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a weighty manner. WEIGHTINESS Weight"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being weighty; weight; force; importance; impressiveness. WEIGHTLESS Weight"less, a. Defn: Having no weight; imponderable; hence, light. Shak. WEIGHTY Weight"y, a. [Compar. Weightier; superl. Weightiest.] 1. Having weight; heavy; ponderous; as, a weighty body. 2. Adapted to turn the balance in the mind, or to convince; important; forcible; serious; momentous. "For sundry weighty reasons." Shak. Let me have your advice in a weighty affair. Swift. 3. Rigorous; severe; afflictive. [R.] "Attend our weightier judgment." Shak. Syn. -- Heavy; ponderous; burdensome; onerous; forcible; momentous; efficacious; impressive; cogent. WEIL'S DISEASE Weil's disease. (Med.) Defn: An acute infectious febrile disease, resembling typhoid fever, with muscular pains, disturbance of the digestive organs, jaundice, etc. WEIR; WEAR Weir, Wear, n. Etym: [OE. wer, AS. wer; akin to G. wehr, AS. werian to defend, protect, hinder, G. wehren, Goth. warjan; and perhaps to E. wary; or cf. Skr. vr to check, hinder. sq. root142. Cf. Garret.] 1. A dam in a river to stop and raise the water, for the purpose of conducting it to a mill, forming a fish pond, or the like. 2. A fence of stakes, brushwood, or the like, set in a stream, tideway, or inlet of the sea, for taking fish. 3. A long notch with a horizontal edge, as in the top of a vertical plate or plank, through which water flows, -- used in measuring the quantity of flowing water. WEIRD Weird, n. Etym: [OE. wirde, werde, AS. wyrd fate, fortune, one of the Fates, fr. weor to be, to become; akin to OS. wurd fate, OHG. wurt, Icel. ur. Worth to become.] 1. Fate; destiny; one of the Fates, or Norns; also, a prediction. [Obs. or Scot.] 2. A spell or charm. [Obs. or Scot.] Sir W. Scott. WEIRD Weird, a. 1. Of or pertaining to fate; concerned with destiny. 2. Of or pertaining to witchcraft; caused by, or suggesting, magical influence; supernatural; unearthly; wild; as, a weird appearance, look, sound, etc. Myself too had weird seizures. Tennyson. Those sweet, low tones, that seemed like a weird incantation. Longfellow. Weird sisters, the Fates. [Scot.] G. Douglas. Note: Shakespeare uses the term for the three witches in Macbeth. The weird sisters, hand in hand, Posters of the sea and land. Shak. WEIRD Weird, v. t. Defn: To foretell the fate of; to predict; to destine to. [Scot.] Jamieson. WEIRDNESS Weird"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being weird. WEISM We"ism, n. Defn: Same as Wegotism. WEISMANNISM Weis"mann*ism, n. (Biol.) Defn: The theories and teachings in regard to heredity propounded by the German biologist August Weismann, esp. in regard to germ plasm as the basis of heredity and the impossibility of transmitting acquired characteristics; -- often called neo-Darwinism. WEISS BEER Weiss beer. [G. weissbier white beer.] Defn: A light-colored highly effervescent beer made by the top- fermentation process. WEIVE Weive, v. t. Defn: See Waive. [Obs.] Gower. WEKA We"ka, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A New Zealand rail (Ocydromus australis) which has wings so short as to be incapable of flight. WEKAU We"kau, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small New Zealand owl (Sceloglaux albifacies). It has short wings and long legs, and lives chiefly on the ground. WEKEEN We*keen", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The meadow pipit. [Prov. Eng.] WELAWAY Wel"a*way, interj. Etym: [OE. welaway, walaway, weilawey; wei wo! (Icel. vei) + la lo! (AS. la) + wei wo!; cf. AS. wa la wa. See Woe.] Defn: Alas! [Obs.] Then welaway, for she undone was clean. Wyatt. WEL-BEGONE Wel"-be*gone`, a. Etym: [OE. wel-begon. See Well, and Begone.] Defn: Surrounded with happiness or prosperity. [Obs.] Fair and rich and young and wel-begone. Chaucer. WELCH Welch, a. Defn: See Welsh. [R.] WELCHER Welch"er, n. Defn: See Welsher. WELCHMAN Welch"man, n. Defn: See Welshman. [R.] WELCOME Wel"come, a. Etym: [OE. welcome, welcume, wilcume, AS. wilcuma a welcome guest, from wil-, as a prefix, akin to willa will + cuma a comer, fr. cuman to come; hence, properly, one who comes so as to please another's will; cf. Icel. velkominn welcome, G. willkommen. See Will, n., and Come.] 1. Received with gladness; admitted willingly to the house, entertainment, or company; as, a welcome visitor. When the glad soul is made Heaven's welcome guest. Cowper. 2. Producing gladness; grateful; as, a welcome present; welcome news. "O, welcome hour!" Milton. 3. Free to have or enjoy gratuitously; as, you are welcome to the use of my library. Note: Welcome is used elliptically for you are welcome. "Welcome, great monarch, to your own." Dryden. Welcome-to-our-house (Bot.), a kind of spurge (Euphorbia Cyparissias). Dr. Prior. WELCOME Wel"come, n. 1. Salutation to a newcomer. "Welcome ever smiles." Shak. 2. Kind reception of a guest or newcomer; as, we entered the house and found a ready welcome. His warmest welcome at an inn. Shenstone. Truth finds an entrance and a welcome too. South. To bid welcome, to receive with professions of kindness. To thee and thy company I bid A hearty welcome. Shak. WELCOME Wel"come, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Welcomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Welcoming.] Etym: [AS. wilcumian.] Defn: To salute with kindness, as a newcomer; to receive and entertain hospitably and cheerfully; as, to welcome a visitor; to welcome a new idea. "I welcome you to land." Addison. Thus we salute thee with our early song, And welcome thee, and wish thee long. Milton. WELCOMELY Wel"come*ly, adv. Defn: In a welcome manner. WELCOMENESS Wel"come*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being welcome; gratefulness; agreeableness; kind reception. WELCOMER Wel"com*er, n. Defn: One who welcomes; one who salutes, or receives kindly, a newcomer. Shak. WELD Weld, v. t. Defn: To wield. [Obs.] Chaucer. WELD Weld, n. Etym: [OE. welde; akin to Scot. wald, Prov. G. waude, G. wau, Dan. & Sw. vau, D. wouw.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An herb (Reseda luteola) related to mignonette, growing in Europe, and to some extent in America; dyer's broom; dyer's rocket; dyer's weed; wild woad. It is used by dyers to give a yellow color. [Written also woald, wold, and would.] 2. Coloring matter or dye extracted from this plant. WELD Weld, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Welded; p. pr. & vb. n. Welding.] Etym: [Probably originally the same word as well to spring up, to gush; perhaps from the Scand.; cf. Sw. välla to weld, uppvälla to boil up, to spring up, Dan. vælde to gush, G. wellen to weld. See Well to spring.] 1. To press or beat into intimate and permanent union, as two pieces of iron when heated almost to fusion. Note: Very few of the metals, besides iron and platinum. are capable of being welded. Horn and tortoise shell possess this useful property. 2. Fig.: To unite closely or intimately. Two women faster welded in one love. Tennyson. WELD Weld, n. Defn: The state of being welded; the joint made by welding. Butt weld. See under Butt. -- Scarf weld, a joint made by overlapping, and welding together, the scarfed ends of two pieces. WELDABLE Weld"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being welded. WELDER Weld"er, n. Defn: One who welds, or unites pieces of iron, etc., by welding. WELDER Weld"er, n. 1. One who welds, or wields. [Obs.] 2. A manager; an actual occupant. [Ireland. Obs.] "The welder . . . who . . . lives miserably." Swift. WELDON'S PROCESS Wel"don's proc"ess, (Chem.) Defn: A process for the recovery or regeneration of manganese dioxide in the manufacture of chlorine, by means of milk of lime and the oxygen of the air; -- so called after the inventor. WELD STEEL Weld steel. Defn: A compound of iron, such as puddled steel, made without complete fusion. WELE Wele, n. Etym: [See Weal prosperity.] Defn: Prosperity; happiness; well-being; weal. [Obs.] Chaucer. WELEFUL Wele"ful, a. Defn: Producing prosperity or happiness; blessed. [Obs.] Chaucer. WELEW We"lew, v. t. Defn: To welk, or wither. [Obs.] WELFARE Wel"fare`, n. Etym: [Well + fare to go, to proceed, to happen.] Defn: Well-doing or well-being in any respect; the enjoyment of health and the common blessings of life; exemption from any evil or calamity; prosperity; happiness. How to study for the people's welfare. Shak. In whose deep eyes Men read the welfare of the times to come. Emerson. WELFARING Wel"far`ing, a. Defn: Faring well; prosperous; thriving. [Obs.] "A welfaring person." Chaucer. WELK Welk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Welked; p. pr. & vb. n. Welking.] Etym: [OE. welken; cf. D. & G. welken to wither, G. welk withered, OHG. welc moist. See Welkin, and cf. Wilt.] Defn: To wither; to fade; also, to decay; to decline; to wane. [Obs.] When ruddy Phwelk in west. Spenser. The church, that before by insensible degrees welked and impaired, now with large steps went down hill decaying. Milton. WELK Welk, v. t. 1. To cause to wither; to wilt. [Obs.] Mot thy welked neck be to-broke [broken]. Chaucer. 2. To contract; to shorten. [Obs.] Now sad winter welked hath the day. Spenser. 3. To soak; also, to beat severely. [Prov. Eng.] WELK Welk, n. Defn: A pustule. See 2d Whelk. WELK Welk, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A whelk. [R.] WELKED Welked, v. t. Defn: See Whelked. WELKIN Wel"kin, n. Etym: [OE. welken, welkene, welkne, wolcne, weolcne, AS. wolcen, pl. wolcnu, a cloud; akin to D. wolk, OFries. wolken, OS. wolkan, G. wolke, OHG. wolchan, and probably to G. welk withered, OHG. welc moist, Russ. & OSlav. vlaga moisture, Lith. vilgyti to moisten.] Defn: The visible regions of the air; the vault of heaven; the sky. On the welkne shoon the sterres lyght. Chaucer. The fair welkin foully overcast. Spenser. When storms the welkin rend. Wordsworth. Note: Used adjectively by Shakespeare in the phase, "Your welkin eye," with uncertain meaning. WELL Well, n. Etym: [OE. welle, AS. wella, wylla, from weallan to well up, surge, boil; akin to D. wel a spring or fountain. Well, v. i.] 1. An issue of water from the earth; a spring; a fountain. Begin, then, sisters of the sacred well. Milton. 2. A pit or hole sunk into the earth to such a depth as to reach a supply of water, generally of a cylindrical form, and often walled with stone or bricks to prevent the earth from caving in. The woman said unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep. John iv. 11. 3. A shaft made in the earth to obtain oil or brine. 4. Fig.: A source of supply; fountain; wellspring. "This well of mercy." Chaucer. Dan Chaucer, well of English undefiled. Spenser. A well of serious thought and pure. Keble. 5. (Naut.) (a) An inclosure in the middle of a vessel's hold, around the pumps, from the bottom to the lower deck, to preserve the pumps from damage and facilitate their inspection. (b) A compartment in the middle of the hold of a fishing vessel, made tight at the sides, but having holes perforated in the bottom to let in water for the preservation of fish alive while they are transported to market. (c) A vertical passage in the stern into which an auxiliary screw propeller may be drawn up out of water. (d) A depressed space in the after part of the deck; -- often called the cockpit. 6. (Mil.) Defn: A hole or excavation in the earth, in mining, from which run branches or galleries. 7. (Arch.) Defn: An opening through the floors of a building, as for a staircase or an elevator; a wellhole. 8. (Metal.) Defn: The lower part of a furnace, into which the metal falls. Artesian well, Driven well. See under Artesian, and Driven. -- Pump well. (Naut.) See Well, 5 (a), above. -- Well boring, the art or process of boring an artesian well. -- Well drain. (a) A drain or vent for water, somewhat like a well or pit, serving to discharge the water of wet land. (b) A drain conducting to a well or pit. -- Well room. (a) A room where a well or spring is situated; especially, one built over a mineral spring. (b) (Naut.) A depression in the bottom of a boat, into which water may run, and whence it is thrown out with a scoop. -- Well sinker, one who sinks or digs wells. -- Well sinking, the art or process of sinking or digging wells. -- Well staircase (Arch.), a staircase having a wellhole (see Wellhole (b)), as distinguished from one which occupies the whole of the space left for it in the floor. -- Well sweep. Same as Sweep, n., 12. -- Well water, the water that flows into a well from subterraneous springs; the water drawn from a well. WELL Well, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Welled; p. pr. & vb. n. Welling.] Etym: [OE. wellen, AS. wyllan, wellan, fr. weallan; akin to OFries. walla, OS. & OHG. wallan, G. wallen, Icel. vella, G. welle, wave, OHG. wella, walm, AS. wylm; cf. L. volvere to roll, Gr. Voluble, Wallop to boil, Wallow, Weld of metal.] Defn: To issue forth, as water from the earth; to flow; to spring. "[Blood] welled from out the wound." Dryden. "[Yon spring] wells softly forth." Bryant. From his two springs in Gojam's sunny realm, Pure welling out, he through the lucid lake Of fair Dambea rolls his infant streams. Thomson. WELL Well, v. t. Defn: To pour forth, as from a well. Spenser. WELL Well, adv. [Compar. and superl. wanting, the deficiency being supplied by better and best, from another root.] Etym: [OE. wel, AS. wel; akin to OS., OFries., & D. wel, G. wohl, OHG. wola, wela, Icel. & Dan. vel, Sw. väl, Goth. waíla; originally meaning, according to one's will or wish. See Will, v. t., and cf. Wealth.] 1. In a good or proper manner; justly; rightly; not ill or wickedly. If thou doest not well, sin lieth at the door. Gen. iv. 7. 2. Suitably to one's condition, to the occasion, or to a proposed end or use; suitably; abundantly; fully; adequately; thoroughly. Lot . . . beheld all the plain of Jordan, that it was well watered everywhere. Gen. xiii. 10. WE are wellable to overcome it. Num. xiii. 30. She looketh well to the ways of her household. Prov. xxxi. 27. Servant of God, well done! well hast thou fought The better fight. Milton. 3. Fully or about; -- used with numbers. [Obs.] "Well a ten or twelve." Chaucer. Well nine and twenty in a company. Chaucer. 4. In such manner as is desirable; so as one could wish; satisfactorily; favorably; advantageously; conveniently. "It boded well to you." Dryden. Know In measure what the mind may well contain. Milton. All the world speaks well of you. Pope. 5. Considerably; not a little; far. Abraham and Sarah were old and well stricken in age. Gen. xviii. 11. Note: Well is sometimes used elliptically for it is well, as an expression of satisfaction with what has been said or done, and sometimes it expresses concession, or is merely expletive; as, well, the work is done; well, let us go; well, well, be it so. Note: Well, like above, ill, and so, is used before many participial adjectives in its usual adverbial senses, and subject to the same custom with regard to the use of the hyphen (see the Note under Ill, adv.); as, a well-affected supporter; he was well affected toward the project; a well-trained speaker; he was well trained in speaking; well-educated, or well educated; well-dressed, or well dressed; well- appearing; well-behaved; well-controlled; well-designed; well- directed; well-formed; well-meant; well-minded; well-ordered; well- performed; well-pleased; well-pleasing; well-seasoned; well-steered; well-tasted; well-told, etc. Such compound epithets usually have an obvious meaning, and since they may be formed at will, only a few of this class are given in the Vocabulary. As well. See under As. -- As well as, and also; together with; not less than; one as much as the other; as, a sickness long, as well as severe; London is the largest city in England, as well as the capital. -- Well enough, well or good in a moderate degree; so as to give satisfaction, or so as to require no alteration. -- Well off, in good condition; especially, in good condition as to property or any advantages; thriving; prosperous. -- Well to do, well off; prosperous; -- used also adjectively. "The class well to do in the world." J. H. Newman. -- Well to live, in easy circumstances; well off; well to do. Shak. WELL Well, a. 1. Good in condition or circumstances; desirable, either in a natural or moral sense; fortunate; convenient; advantageous; happy; as, it is well for the country that the crops did not fail; it is well that the mistake was discovered. It was well with us in Egypt. Num. xi. 18. 2. Being in health; sound in body; not ailing, diseased, or sick; healthy; as, a well man; the patient is perfectly well. "Your friends are well." Shak. Is your father well, the old man of whom ye spake Gen. xliii. 27. 3. Being in favor; favored; fortunate. He followed the fortunes of that family, and was well with Henry the Fourth. Dryden. 4. (Marine Insurance) Defn: Safe; as, a chip warranted well at a certain day and place. Burrill. WE'LL We'll. Defn: Contraction for we will or we shall. "We'll follow them." Shak. WELLADAY Well"a*day, interj. Etym: [Corrupted from wela way.] Defn: Alas! Welaway! Shak. WELLAT Wel"lat, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The king parrakeet See under King. WELL-BEING Well"-be`ing, n. Defn: The state or condition of being well; welfare; happiness; prosperity; as, virtue is essential to the well-being of men or of society. WELL-BORN Well"-born`, a. Defn: Born of a noble or respect able family; not of mean birth. WELL-BRED Well"-bred`, a. Defn: Having good breeding; refined in manners; polite; cultivated. I am as well-bred as the earl's granddaughter. Thackera WELLDOER Well"do`er, n. Defn: One who does well; one who does good to another; a benefactor. WELLDOING Well"do`ing, n. Defn: A doing well; right performance of duties. Also used adjectively. WELLDRAIN Well"drain`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Welldrained; p. pr. & vb. n. Well- draining.] Defn: To drain, as land; by means of wells, or pits, which receive the water, and from which it is discharged by machinery. WELLFARE Well"fare`, n. Defn: See Welfare. [Obs.] WELL-FAVORED Well"-fa"vored, a. Defn: Handsome; wellformed; beautiful; pleasing to the eye. Rachel was beautiful and well-favored. Gen. xxix. 17. WELLHEAD Well"head`, n. Defn: A source, spring, or fountain. At the wellhead the purest streams arise. Spenser. Our public-school and university life is a great wellhead of new and irresponsible words. Earle. WELLHOLE Well"hole`, n. 1. (Arch.) (a) The open space in a floor, to accommodate a staircase. (b) The open space left beyond the ends of the steps of a staircase. 2. A cavity which receives a counterbalancing weight in certain mechanical contrivances, and is adapted also for other purposes. W. M. Buchanan. WELL-INFORMED Well`-in*formed", a. Defn: Correctly informed; provided with information; well furnished with authentic knowledge; intelligent. WELLINGTON BOOT Wel"ling*ton boot. [After the Duke of Wellington.] Defn: A riding boot for men, the front of which came above the knee; also, a similar shorter boot worn under the trousers. WELLINGTONIA Wel`ling*to"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. So named after the Duke of Wellington.] (Bot.) Defn: A name given to the "big trees" (Sequoia gigantea) of California, and still used in England. See Sequoia. WELLINGTONS Wel"ling*tons, n. pl. Etym: [After the Duke of Wellington.] Defn: A kind of long boots for men. WELL-INTENTIONED Well`-in*ten"tioned, a. Defn: Having upright intentions or honorable purposes. Dutchmen who had sold themselves to France, as the wellintentioned party. Macaulay. WELL-KNOWN Well"-known`, a. Defn: Fully known; generally known or acknowledged. A church well known with a well-known rite. M. Arnold. WELL-LIKING Well"-lik`ing, a. Defn: Being in good condition. [Obs. or Archaic] They also shall bring forth more fruit in their age, and shall be fat and well-liking. Bk. of Com. Prayer (Ps. xcii.). WELL-MANNERED Well`-man"nered, a. Defn: Polite; well-bred; complaisant; courteous. Dryden. WELL-MEANER Well"-mean`er, n. Defn: One whose intention is good. "Well-meaners think no harm." Dryden. WELL-MEANING Well"-mean`ing, a. Defn: Having a good intention. WELL-NATURED Well`-na"tured, a. Defn: Good-natured; kind. Well-natured, temperate, and wise. Denham. WELL-NIGH Well"-nigh`, adv. Defn: Almost; nearly. Chaucer. WELL-PLIGHTED Well"-plight`ed, a. Defn: Being well folded. [Obs.] "Her well-plighted frock." Spenser. WELL-READ Well"-read`, a. Defn: Of extensive reading; deeply versed; -- often followed by in. WELL-SEEN Well"-seen`, a. Defn: Having seen much; hence, accomplished; experienced. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Well-seen in arms and proved in many a fight. Spenser. WELL-SET Well"-set`, a. 1. Properly or firmly set. 2. Well put together; having symmetry of parts. WELL-SPED Well"-sped`, a. Defn: Having good success. WELL-SPOKEN Well"-spo`ken, a. Etym: [Well + speak.] 1. Speaking well; speaking with fitness or grace; speaking kindly. "A knight well-spoken." Shak. 2. Spoken with propriety; as, well-spoken words. WELLSPRING Well"spring` n. Defn: A fountain; a spring; a source of continual supply. Understanding is a wellspring of life unto him that hath it; but the instruction of fools is folly. Prov. xvi. 22. WELL-WILLER Well"-will`er, n. Defn: One who wishes well, or means kindly. [R.] "A well-willer of yours." Brydges. WELL-WISH Well"-wish` n. Defn: A wish of happiness. "A well-wish for his friends." Addison. WELLWISHER Well"wish`er, n. Defn: One who wishes another well; one who is benevolently or friendlily inclined. WELS Wels, n. Etym: [G.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The sheatfish; -- called also waller. WELSBACH Wels"bach, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Auer von Welsbach or the incandescent gas burner invented by him. -- Welsbach burner, a burner in which the combustion of a mixture of air and gas or vapor is employed to heat to incandescence a mantle composed of thoria and ceria. The mantle is made by soaking a "stocking" in a solution of nitrates of thorium and cerium (approx. 99 : 1), drying, and, for use, igniting to burn the thread and convert the nitrates into oxides, which remain as a fragile ash. The light far exceeds that obtained from the same amount of gas with the ordinary fishtail burner, but has a slight greenish hue. WELSH Welsh, a. Etym: [AS. wælisc, welisc, from wealh a stranger, foreigner, not of Saxon origin, a Welshman, a Celt, Gael; akin to OHG. walh, whence G. wälsch or welsch, Celtic, Welsh, Italian, French, Foreign, strange, OHG. walhisc; from the name of a Celtic tribe. See Walnut.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Wales, or its inhabitants. [Sometimes written also Welch.] Welsh flannel, a fine kind of flannel made from the fleece of the flocks of the Welsh mountains, and largely manufactured by hand. -- Welsh glaive, or Welsh hook, a weapon of war used in former times by the Welsh, commonly regarded as a kind of poleax. Fairholt. Craig. -- Welsh mortgage (O. Eng. Law), a species of mortgage, being a conveyance of an estate, redeemable at any time on payment of the principal, with an understanding that the profits in the mean time shall be received by the mortgagee without account, in satisfaction of interest. Burrill. -- Welsh mutton, a choice and delicate kind of mutton obtained from a breed of small sheep in Wales. -- Welsh onion (Bot.), a kind of onion (Allium fistulosum) having hollow inflated stalks and leaves, but scarcely any bulb, a native of Siberia. It is said to have been introduced from Germany, and is supposed to have derived its name from the German term wälsch foreign. -- Welsh parsley, hemp, or halters made from hemp. [Obs. & Jocular] J. Fletcher. -- Welsh rabbit. See under Rabbit. WELSH Welsh, n. 1. The language of Wales, or of the Welsh people. 2. pl. Defn: The natives or inhabitants of Wales. Note: The Welsh call themselves Cymry, in the plural, and a Welshman Cymro, and their country Cymru, of which the adjective is Cymreig, and the name of their language Cymraeg. They are a branch of the Celtic family, and a relic of the earliest known population of England, driven into the mountains of Wales by the Anglo-Saxon invaders. WELSHER Welsh"er, n. Defn: One who cheats at a horse race; one who bets, without a chance of being able to pay; one who receives money to back certain horses and absconds with it. [Written also welcher.] [Slang, Eng.] WELSHMAN Welsh"man, n.; pl. Welshmen (. 1. A native or inhabitant of Wales; one of the Welsh. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) A squirrel fish. (b) The large-mouthed black bass. See Black bass. [Southern U. S.] WELSOME Wel"some, a. Defn: Prosperous; well. [Obs.] Wyclif. -- Wel"some*ly, adv. Wyclif. WELT Welt, n. Etym: [OE. welte, probably fr. W. gwald a hem, a welt, gwaldu to welt or to hem.] 1. That which, being sewed or otherwise fastened to an edge or border, serves to guard, strengthen, or adorn it; as; (a) A small cord covered with cloth and sewed on a seam or border to strengthen it; an edge of cloth folded on itself, usually over a cord, and sewed down. (b) A hem, border, or fringe. [Obs.] (c) In shoemaking, a narrow strip of leather around a shoe, between the upper leather and sole. (d) In steam boilers and sheet-iron work, a strip riveted upon the edges of plates that form a butt joint. (e) In carpentry, a strip of wood fastened over a flush seam or joint, or an angle, to strengthen it. (f) In machine-made stockings, a strip, or flap, of which the heel is formed. 2. (Her.) Defn: A narrow border, as of an ordinary, but not extending around the ends. Welt joint, a joint, as of plates, made with a welt, instead of by overlapping the edges. See Weld, n., 1 (d). WELT Welt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Welted; p. pr. & vb. n. Welting.] Defn: To furnish with a welt; to sew or fasten a welt on; as, to welt a boot or a shoe; to welt a sleeve. WELT Welt, v. t. Defn: To wilt. [R.] WELTANSCHAUUNG Welt"an"schau`ung, n.; pl. Weltanschauungen (#). [G.] Defn: Lit., world view; a conception of the course of events in, and of the purpose of, the world as a whole, forming a philosophical view or apprehension of the universe; the general idea embodied in a cosmology. WELTE Welte, obs. Defn: imp. of Weld, to wield. Chaucer. WELTER Wel"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Weltered; p. pr. & vb. n. Weltering.] Etym: [Freq. of OE. walten to roll over, AS. wealtan; akin to LG. weltern, G. walzen to roll, to waltz, sich wälzen to welter, OHG. walzan to roll, Icel. velta, Dan. vælte, Sw. vältra, välta; cf. Goth. waltjan; probably akin to E. wallow, well, v. i. Well, v. i., and cf. Waltz.] 1. To roll, as the body of an animal; to tumble about, especially in anything foul or defiling; to wallow. When we welter in pleasures and idleness, then we eat and drink with drunkards. Latimer. These wizards welter in wealth's waves. Spenser. He must not float upon his watery bier Unwept, and welter to the parching wind, Without the meed of some melodious tear. Milton. The priests at the altar . . . weltering in their blood. Landor. 2. To rise and fall, as waves; to tumble over, as billows. "The weltering waves." Milton. Waves that, hardly weltering, die away. Wordsworth. Through this blindly weltering sea. Trench. WELTER Wel"ter, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Wilt, v. i.] Defn: To wither; to wilt. [R.] Weltered hearts and blighted . . . memories. I. Taylor. WELTER Wel"ter, a. (Horse Racing) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, the most heavily weighted race in a meeting; as, a welter race; the welter stakes. WELTER Wel"ter, n. 1. That in which any person or thing welters, or wallows; filth; mire; slough. The foul welter of our so-called religious or other controversies. Carlyle. 2. A rising or falling, as of waves; as, the welter of the billows; the welter of a tempest. WELTERWEIGHT Wel"ter*weight`, n. 1. (Horse Racing) A weight of 28 pounds (one of 40 pounds is called a heavy welterweight) sometimes imposed in addition to weight for age, chiefly in steeplechases and hurdle races. 2. A boxer or wrestler whose weight is intermediate between that of a lightweight and that of a middleweight. WELTSCHMERTZ Welt"schmertz`, n. [G., fr. welt world + schmertz pain. See World; Smart, v. i.] Defn: Sorrow or sadness over the present or future evils or woes of the world in general; sentimental pessimism. WELWITSCHIA Wel*witsch"i*a, n. Etym: [NL. So named after the discoverer, Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch.] (Bot.) Defn: An African plant (Welwitschia mirabilis) belonging to the order Gnetaceæ. It consists of a short, woody, topshaped stem, and never more than two leaves, which are the cotyledons enormously developed, and at length split into diverging segments. WEM Wem, n. Etym: [Cf. Womb.] Defn: The abdomen; the uterus; the womb. [Obs.] WEM Wem, n. Etym: [AS. wam, wamm.] Defn: Spot; blemish; harm; hurt. [Obs.] Wyclif. Withouten wem of you, through foul and fair. Chaucer. WEM Wem, v. t. Etym: [AS. wemman.] Defn: To stain; to blemish; to harm; to corrupt. [Obs.] WEMLESS Wem"less, a. Defn: Having no wem, or blemish; spotless. [Obs.] "Virgin wemless." Chaucer. WEN Wen, n. Etym: [AS. wenn; akin to D. wen, LG. wenne.] (Med.) Defn: An indolent, encysted tumor of the skin; especially, a sebaceous cyst. WENCH Wench, n. Etym: [OE. wenche, for older wenchel a child, originally, weak, tottering; cf. AS. wencle a maid, a daughter, wencel a pupil, orphan, wincel, winclu, children, offspring, wencel weak, wancol unstable, OHG. wanchol; perhaps akin to E. wink. See Wink.] 1. A young woman; a girl; a maiden. Shak. Lord and lady, groom and wench. Chaucer. That they may send again My most sweet wench, and gifts to boot. Chapman. He was received by the daughter of the house, a pretty, buxom, blue- eyed little wench. W. Black. 2. A low, vicious young woman; a drab; a strumpet. She shall be called his wench or his leman. Chaucer. It is not a digression to talk of bawds in a discourse upon wenches. Spectator. 3. A colored woman; a negress. [U. S.] WENCH Wench, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wenched; p. pr. & vb. n. Wenching.] Defn: To frequent the company of wenches, or women of ill fame. WENCHER Wench"er, n. Defn: One who wenches; a lewd man. WENCHLESS Wench"less, a. Defn: Being without a wench. Shak. WEND Wend, obs. Defn: p. p. of Wene. Chaucer. WEND Wend, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wended, Obs. Went; p. pr. & vb. n. Wending.] Etym: [AS. wendan to turn, to go, caus. of windan to wind; akin to OS. wendian, OFries. wenda, D. wenden to turn, G. wenden, Icel. venda, Sw. vända, Dan. vende, Goth. wandjan. See Wind to turn, and cf. Went.] 1. To go; to pass; to betake one's self. "To Canterbury they wend." Chaucer. To Athens shall the lovers wend. Shak. 2. To turn round. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh. WEND Wend, v. t. Defn: To direct; to betake;- used chiefly in the phrase to wend one's way. Also used reflexively. "Great voyages to wend." Surrey. WEND Wend, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A large extent of ground; a perambulation; a circuit. [Obs.] Burrill. WENDE Wende, obs. Defn: imp. of Wene. Chaucer. WENDIC; WENDISH Wend"ic, Wend"ish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining the Wends, or their language. WENDIC Wend"ic, n. Defn: The language of the Wends. WENDS Wends, n. pl.; sing. Wend. (Ethnol.) Defn: A Slavic tribe which once occupied the northern and eastern parts of Germany, of which a small remnant exists. WENE Wene, v. i. Defn: To ween. [Obs.] Chaucer. WEN-LI Wên"-li`, n. [Chin. wên li.] Defn: The higher literary idiom of Chinese, that of the canonical books and of all composition pretending to literary standing. It employs a classical or academic diction, and a more condensed and sententious style than Mandarin, and differs also in the doubling and arrangement of words. WENLOCK GROUP Wen"lock group`, (Geol.) Defn: The middle subdivision of the Upper Silurian in Great Britain; -- so named from the typical locality in Shropshire. WENNEL Wen"nel, n. Defn: See Weanel. [Obs.] Tusser. WENNISH; WENNY Wen"nish, Wen"ny, a. Etym: [From Wen.] Defn: Having the nature of a wen; resembling a wen; as, a wennish excrescence. WENONA We*no"na, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sand snake (Charina plumbea) of Western North America, of the family Erycidæ. WENT Went, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Wend; -- now obsolete except as the imperfect of go, with which it has no etymological connection. See Go. To the church both be they went. Chaucer. WENT Went, n. Defn: Course; way; path; journey; direction. [Obs.] "At a turning of a wente." Chaucer. But here my weary team, nigh overspent, Shall breathe itself awhile after so long a went. Spenser. He knew the diverse went of mortal ways. Spenser. WENTLETRAP Wen"tle*trap`, n. Etym: [D. wenteltrap a winding staircase; cf. G. wendeltreppe.] [Obs.] Defn: Any one of numerous species of elegant, usually white, marine shells of the genus Scalaria, especially Scalaria pretiosa, which was formerly highly valued; -- called also staircase shell. See Scalaria. WEP Wep, obs. Defn: imp. of Weep. WEPEN Wep"en, n. Defn: Weapon. [Obs.] WEPT Wept, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Weep. WERCHE Werche, v. t. & i. Defn: To work. [Obs.] Chaucer. WERE Were, v. t. & i. Defn: To wear. See 3d Wear. [Obs.] Chaucer. WERE Were, n. Defn: A weir. See Weir. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sir P. Sidney. WERE Were, v. t. Etym: [AS. werian.] Defn: To guard; to protect. [Obs.] Chaucer. WERE Were. Etym: [AS. wre (thou) wast, w (we, you, they) were, w imp. subj. See Was.] Defn: The imperfect indicative plural, and imperfect subjunctive singular and plural, of the verb be. See Be. WERE Were, n. Etym: [AS. wer; akin to OS. & OHG. wer, Goth. waír, L. vir, Skr. vira. Cf. Weregild, and Werewolf.] 1. A man. [Obs.] 2. A fine for slaying a man; the money value set upon a man's life; weregild. [Obs.] Every man was valued at a certain sum, which was called his were. Bosworth. WEREGILD Were"gild`, n. Etym: [AS. wergild; wer a man, value set on a man's life + gild payment of money; akin to G. wehrgeld. Were a man, and Geld, n.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: The price of a man's head; a compensation paid of a man killed, partly to the king for the loss of a subject, partly to the lord of a vassal, and partly to the next of kin. It was paid by the murderer. [Written also weregeld, weregelt, etc.] Blackstone. WEREWOLF Were"wolf`, n.; pl. Werewolves. Etym: [AS. werwulf; wer a man + wulf a wolf; cf. G. wärwolf, währwolf, wehrwolf, a werewolf, MHG. werwolf. Were a man, and Wolf, and cf. Virile, World.] Defn: A person transformed into a wolf in form and appetite, either temporarily or permanently, whether by supernatural influences, by witchcraft, or voluntarily; a lycanthrope. Belief in werewolves, formerly general, is not now extinct. The werwolf went about his prey. William of Palerne. The brutes that wear our form and face, The werewolves of the human race. Longfellow. WERK; WERKE Werk, n., Werke, v. Defn: See Work. [Obs.] WERN Wern, v. t. Etym: [See 1st Warn.] Defn: To refuse. [Obs.] He is too great a niggard that will wern A man to light a candle at his lantern. Chaucer. WERNERIAN Wer*ne"ri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to A. G. Werner, The German mineralogist and geologist, who classified minerals according to their external characters, and advocated the theory that the strata of the earth's crust were formed by depositions from water; designating, or according to, Werner's system. WERNERITE Wer"ner*ite, n. Etym: [See Wernerian.] (Min.) Defn: The common grayish or white variety of soapolite. WEROOLE We*roo"le, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Australian lorikeet (Ptilosclera versicolor) noted for the variety of its colors; -- called also varied lorikeet. WERRE Werre, n. Defn: War. [Obs.] Chaucer. WERREY Wer"rey, v. t. Defn: To warray. [Obs.] Chaucer. WERST Werst, n. Defn: See Verst. WERT Wert Defn: , The second person singular, indicative and subjunctive moods, imperfect tense, of the verb be. It is formed from were, with the ending -t, after the analogy of wast. Now used only in solemn or poetic style. WERT Wert, n. Defn: A wart. [Obs.] Chaucer. WERYANGLE Wer`y*an"gle, n. Defn: See Wariangle. [Obs.] Chaucer. WESAND We"sand, n. Defn: See Weasand. [Obs.] WESH Wesh, obs. imp. of Wash. Defn: Washed. Chaucer. WESIL We"sil n. Defn: See Weasand. [Obs.] WESLEYAN Wes"ley*an, a. Etym: [See Wesleyanism.] Defn: Of or pertaining to Wesley or Wesleyanism. WESLEYAN Wes"ley*an, n. (Eccl.) Defn: One who adopts the principles of Wesleyanism; a Methodist. WESLEYANISM Wes"ley*an*ism, n. (Eccl.) Defn: The system of doctrines and church polity inculcated by John Wesley (b. 1703; d. 1791), the founder of the religious sect called Methodist; Methodism. See Methodist, n., 2. WEST West, n. Etym: [AS. west, adv.; akin to D. west, G. west, westen, OHG. westan, Icel. vestr, Sw. vest, vester, vestan, Dan. vest, vesten, and perhaps to L. vesper evening, Gr. Vesper, Visigoth.] 1. The point in the heavens where the sun is seen to set at the equinox; or, the corresponding point on the earth; that one of the four cardinal points of the compass which is in a direction at right angles to that of north and south, and on the left hand of a person facing north; the point directly opposite to east. And fresh from the west is the free wind's breath. Bryant. 2. A country, or region of country, which, with regard to some other country or region, is situated in the direction toward the west. 3. Specifically: (a) The Westen hemisphere, or the New World so called, it having been discovered by sailing westward from Europe; the Occident. (b) (U. S. Hist. & Geog.) Formerly, that part of the United States west of the Alleghany mountains; now, commonly, the whole region west of the Mississippi river; esp., that part which is north of the Indian Territory, New Mexico, etc. Usually with the definite article. West by north, West by south, according to the notation of the mariner's compass, that point which lies 11 -- West northwest, West southwest, that point which lies 22Illust. of Compass. WEST West, a. Defn: Lying toward the west; situated at the west, or in a western direction from the point of observation or reckoning; proceeding toward the west, or coming from the west; as, a west course is one toward the west; an east and west line; a west wind blows from the west. This shall be your west border. Num. xxxiv. 6. West end, the fashionable part of London, commencing from the east, at Charing Cross. WEST West, adv. Etym: [AS. west.] Defn: Westward. WEST West, v. i. 1. To pass to the west; to set, as the sun. [Obs.] "The hot sun gan to west." Chaucer. 2. To turn or move toward the west; to veer from the north or south toward the west. WESTERING West"er*ing, a. Defn: Passing to the west. Toward heaven's descent had sloped his westering wheel. Milton. WESTERLY West"er*ly, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the west; toward the west; coming from the west; western. WESTERLY West"er*ly, adv. Defn: Toward the west; westward. WESTERN West"ern, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the west; situated in the west, or in the region nearly in the direction of west; being in that quarter where the sun sets; as, the western shore of France; the western ocean. Far o'er the glowing western main. Keble. 2. Moving toward the west; as, a ship makes a western course; coming from the west; as, a western breeze. Western Church. See Latin Church, under Latin. -- Western empire (Hist.), the western portion of the Roman empire, as divided, by the will of Theodosius the Great, between his sons Honorius and Arcadius, a. d. 395. WESTERNER West"ern*er, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of the west. WESTERNMOST West"ern*most`, a. Defn: Situated the farthest towards the west; most western. WEST INDIA; WEST INDIAN West` In"di*a, West` In"di*an. Defn: Belonging or relating to the West Indies. West India tea (Bot.), a shrubby plant (Capraria biflora) having oblanceolate toothed leaves which are sometimes used in the West Indies as a substitute for tea. WEST INDIAN West` In"di*an. Defn: A native of, or a dweller in, the West Indies. WESTING West"ing, n. (Naut. & Surv.) Defn: The distance, reckoned toward the west, between the two meridians passing through the extremities of a course, or portion of a ship's path; the departure of a course which lies to the west of north. WESTLING West"ling, n. Defn: A westerner. [R.] WESTMINSTER ASSEMBLY West"min`ster As*sem"bly. Defn: See under Assembly. WESTMOST West"most`, a. Defn: Lying farthest to the west; westernmost. WESTWARD; WESTWARDS West"ward, West"wards, adv. Etym: [AS. westweard. See West, and - ward. ] Defn: Toward the west; as, to ride or sail westward. Westward the course of empire takes its way. Berkeley. WESTWARD West"ward, a. Defn: Lying toward the west. Yond same star that's westward from the pole. Shak. WESTWARD West"ward, n. Defn: The western region or countries; the west. WESTWARDLY West"ward*ly, adv. Defn: In a westward direction. WESTY West"y, a. Defn: Dizzy; giddy. [Prov. Eng.] WET Wet, a. [Compar. Wetter; superl. Wettest.] Etym: [OE. wet, weet, AS. wt; akin to OFries. wt, Icel. vatr, Sw. våt, Dan. vaad, and E. water. Water.] 1. Containing, or consisting of, water or other liquid; moist; soaked with a liquid; having water or other liquid upon the surface; as, wet land; a wet cloth; a wet table. "Wet cheeks." Shak. 2. Very damp; rainy; as, wet weather; a wet season. "Wet October's torrent flood." Milton. 3. (Chem.) Defn: Employing, or done by means of, water or some other liquid; as, the wet extraction of copper, in distinction from dry extraction in which dry heat or fusion is employed. 4. Refreshed with liquor; drunk. [Slang] Prior. Wet blanket, Wet dock, etc. See under Blanket, Dock, etc. -- Wet goods, intoxicating liquors. [Slang] Syn. -- Nasty; humid; damp; moist. See Nasty. WET Wet, n. Etym: [AS. wæta. See Wet, a.] 1. Water or wetness; moisture or humidity in considerable degree. Have here a cloth and wipe away the wet. Chaucer. Now the sun, with more effectual beams, Had cheered the face of earth, and dried the wet From drooping plant. Milton. 2. Rainy weather; foggy or misty weather. 3. A dram; a drink. [Slang] WET Wet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wet (rarely Wetted); p. pr. & vb. n. Wetting.] Etym: [AS. wætan.] Defn: To fill or moisten with water or other liquid; to sprinkle; to cause to have water or other fluid adherent to the surface; to dip or soak in a liquid; as, to wet a sponge; to wet the hands; to wet cloth. "[The scene] did draw tears from me and wetted my paper." Burke. Ye mists and exhalations, that now rise . . . Whether to deck with clouds the uncolored sky, Or wet the thirsty earth with falling showers. Milton. To wet one's whistle, to moisten one's throat; to drink a dram of liquor. [Colloq.] Let us drink the other cup to wet our whistles. Walton. WETBIRD Wet"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The chaffinch, whose cry is thought to foretell rain. [Prov. Eng.] WET-BULB THERMOMETER Wet-bulb thermometer. (Physics) Defn: That one of the two similar thermometers of a psychrometer the bulb of which is moistened; also, the entire instrument. WETHER Weth"er, n. Etym: [OE. wether, AS. we; akin to OS. wethar, withar, a ram, D. weder, G. widder, OHG. widar, Icel. ver, Sw. vädur, Dan. vædder, Goth. wiprus a lamb, L. vitulus calf, Skr. vatsa, L. vetus old, Gr. Veal, Veteran.] Defn: A castrated ram. WETNESS Wet"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being wet; moisture; humidity; as, the wetness of land; the wetness of a cloth. 2. A watery or moist state of the atmosphere; a state of being rainy, foggy, or misty; as, the wetness of weather or the season. Note: Wetness generally implies more water or liquid than is implied by humidness or moisture. WET NURSE Wet" nurse`. Defn: A nurse who suckles a child, especially the child of another woman. Cf. Dry nurse. WET PLATE Wet plate. (Photog.) Defn: A plate the film of which retains its sensitiveness only while wet. The film used in such plates is of collodion impregnated with bromides and iodides. Before exposure the plate is immersed in a solution of silver nitrate, and immediately after exposure it is developed and fixed. WET-SHOD Wet"-shod`, a. Defn: Having the feet, or the shoes on the feet, wet. WETTISH Wet"tish, a. Defn: Somewhat wet; moist; humid. WEVIL We"vil, n. Defn: See Weevil. WEX Wex, v. t. & i. Defn: To grow; to wax. [Obs.] Chaucer. "Each wexing moon." Dryden. WEX Wex, obs. imp. of Wex. Defn: Waxed. Chaucer. WEX Wex, n. Defn: Wax. [Obs.] "Yelwe as wex." Chaucer. WEY Wey, n. Defn: Way; road; path. [Obs.] Chaucer. WEY Wey, v. t. & i. Defn: To weigh. [Obs.] Chaucer. WEY Wey, n. Etym: [OE. weye, AS. w weight. Weight.] Defn: A certain measure of weight. [Eng.] "A weye of Essex cheese." Piers Plowman. Note: A wey is 6 Simmonds. WEYLE Weyle, v. t. & i. Defn: To wail. [Obs.] Chaucer. WEYLEWAY Wey"le*way, interj. Defn: See Welaway. [Obs.] WEYVE Weyve, v. t. Defn: To waive. [Obs.] Chaucer. WEZAND We"zand, n. Defn: See Weasand. [Obs.] WHAAP Whaap, n. Etym: [So called from one of its notes.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European curlew; -- called also awp, whaup, great whaup, and stock whaup. (b) The whimbrel; -- called also May whaup, little whaup, and tang whaup. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] WHACK Whack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whacked; p. pr. & vb. n. Whacking.] Etym: [Cf. Thwack.] Defn: To strike; to beat; to give a heavy or resounding blow to; to thrash; to make with whacks. [Colloq.] Rodsmen were whackingtheir way through willow brakes. G. W. Cable. WHACK Whack, v. i. Defn: To strike anything with a smart blow. To whack away, to continue striking heavy blows; as, to whack away at a log. [Colloq.] WHACK Whack, n. Defn: A smart resounding blow. [Colloq.] WHACKER Whack"er, n. 1. One who whacks. [Colloq.] 2. Anything very large; specif., a great lie; a whapper. [Colloq.] Halliwell. WHACKING Whack"ing, a. Defn: Very large; whapping. [Colloq.] WHAHOO Wha*hoo", n. (Bot.) Defn: An American tree, the winged elm. (Ulmus alata). WHALA Whala, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whaled; p. pr. & vb. n. Whaling.] Etym: [Cf. Wale. ] Defn: To lash with stripes; to wale; to thrash; to drub. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] Halliwell. Bartlett. WHALE Whale, n. Etym: [OE. whal, AS. hwæl; akin to D. walvisch, G. wal, walfisch, OHG. wal, Icel. hvalr, Dan. & Sw. hval, hvalfisk. Cf. Narwhal, Walrus.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any aquatic mammal of the order Cetacea, especially any one of the large species, some of which become nearly one hundred feet long. Whales are hunted chiefly for their oil and baleen, or whalebone. Note: The existing whales are divided into two groups: the toothed whales (Odontocete), including those that have teeth, as the cachalot, or sperm whale (see Sperm whale); and the baleen, or whalebone, whales (Mysticete), comprising those that are destitute of teeth, but have plates of baleen hanging from the upper jaw, as the right whales. The most important species of whalebone whales are the bowhead, or Greenland, whale (see Illust. of Right whale), the Biscay whale, the Antarctic whale, the gray whale (see under Gray), the humpback, the finback, and the rorqual. Whale bird. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of large Antarctic petrels which follow whaling vessels, to feed on the blubber and floating oil; especially, Prion turtur (called also blue petrel), and Pseudoprion desolatus. (b) The turnstone; -- so called because it lives on the carcasses of whales. [Canada] -- Whale fin (Com.), whalebone. Simmonds. -- Whale fishery, the fishing for, or occupation of taking, whales. -- Whale louse (Zoöl.), any one of several species of degraded amphipod crustaceans belonging to the genus Cyamus, especially C. ceti. They are parasitic on various cetaceans. -- Whale's bone, ivory. [Obs.] -- Whale shark. (Zoöl.) (a) The basking, or liver, shark. (b) A very large harmless shark (Rhinodon typicus) native of the Indian Ocean. It sometimes becomes sixty feet long. -- Whale shot, the name formerly given to spermaceti. -- Whale's tongue (Zoöl.), a balanoglossus. WHALEBACK Whale"back`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A form of vessel, often with steam power, having sharp ends and a very convex upper deck, much used on the Great Lakes, esp. for carrying grain. WHALEBOAT Whale"boat`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A long, narrow boat, sharp at both ends, used by whalemen. WHALEBONE Whale"bone`, n. Defn: A firm, elastic substance resembling horn, taken from the upper jaw of the right whale; baleen. It is used as a stiffening in stays, fans, screens, and for various other purposes. See Baleen. Note: Whalebone is chiefly obtained from the bowhead, or Greenland, whale, the Biscay whale, and the Antarctic, or southern, whale. It is prepared for manufacture by being softened by boiling, and dyed black. WHALEMAN Whale"man, n.; pl. Whalemen (. Defn: A man employed in the whale fishery. WHALER Whal"er, n. Defn: A vessel or person employed in the whale fishery. WHALER Whal"er, n. Defn: One who whales, or beats; a big, strong fellow; hence, anything of great or unusual size. [Colloq. U. S.] WHALING Whal"ing, n. Defn: The hunting of whales. WHALING Whal"ing, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or employed in, the pursuit of whales; as, a whaling voyage; a whaling vessel. WHALL Whall, n. Etym: [See Wall-eye.] Defn: A light color of the iris in horses; wall-eye. [Written also whaul.] WHALLY Whall"y, a. Defn: Having the iris of light color; -- said of horses. "Whally eyes." Spenser. WHAME Whame, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A breeze fly. WHAMMEL Wham"mel, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Whelm.] Defn: To turn over. [Prov. Eng.] WHAN Whan, adv. Defn: When. [Obs.] Chaucer. WHANG Whang, n. Etym: [Cf. Thong.] Defn: A leather thong. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] WHANG Whang, v. t. Defn: To beat. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] WHANGDOODLE Whang"doo`dle, n. Defn: An imaginary creature, of undefined character. [Slang] WHANGHEE Whang*hee", n. (Bot.) Defn: See Wanghee. WHAP; WHOP Whap, Whop, v. i. Etym: [Cf. OE. quappen to palpitate, E. quob, quaver, wabble, awhape, wap.] Defn: To throw one's self quickly, or by an abrupt motion; to turn suddenly; as, she whapped down on the floor; the fish whapped over. Bartlett. Note: This word is used adverbially in the north of England, as in the United States, when anything vanishes, or is gone suddenly; as, whap went the cigar out of my mouth. WHAP; WHOP Whap, Whop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Whapping.] Defn: To beat or strike. WHAP; WHOP Whap, Whop, n. Defn: A blow, or quick, smart stroke. WHAPPER; WHOPPER Whap"per, Whop"per, n. Etym: [See Whap.] Defn: Something uncommonly large of the kind; something astonishing; -- applied especially to a bold lie. [Colloq.] WHAPPING; WHOPPING Whap"ping, Whop"ping, a. Defn: Very large; monstrous; astonishing; as, a whapping story. [Colloq.] WHARF Wharf, n.; pl. Wharfs or Wharves. Etym: [AS. hwerf, hwearf, a returning, a change, from hweorfan to turn, turn about, go about; akin to D. werf a wharf, G. werft, Sw. varf a shipbuilder's yard, Dan. verft wharf, dockyard, G. werben to enlist, to engage, woo, OHG. werban to turn about, go about, be active or occupied, Icel. hverfa to turn, Goth. hwaírban, hwarbon, to walk. Cf. Whirl.] 1. A structure or platform of timber, masonry, iron, earth, or other material, built on the shore of a harbor, river, canal, or the like, and usually extending from the shore to deep water, so that vessels may lie close alongside to receive and discharge cargo, passengers, etc.; a quay; a pier. Commerce pushes its wharves into the sea. Bancroft. Out upon the wharfs they came, Knight and burgher, lord and dame. Tennyson. Note: The plural of this word is generally written wharves in the United States, and wharfs in England; but many recent English writers use wharves. 2. Etym: [AS. hwearf.] Defn: The bank of a river, or the shore of the sea. [Obs.] "The fat weed that roots itself in ease on Lethe wharf." Shak. Wharf boat, a kind of boat moored at the bank of a river, and used for a wharf, in places where the height of the water is so variable that a fixed wharf would be useless. [U. S.] Bartlett. -- Wharf rat. (Zoöl.) (a) The common brown rat. (b) A neglected boy who lives around the wharfs. [Slang] WHARF Wharf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wharfed; p. pr. & vb. n. Wharfing.] 1. To guard or secure by a firm wall of timber or stone constructed like a wharf; to furnish with a wharf or wharfs. 2. To place upon a wharf; to bring to a wharf. WHARFAGE Wharf"age, n. 1. The fee or duty paid for the privilege of using a wharf for loading or unloading goods; pierage, collectively; quayage. 2. A wharf or wharfs, collectively; wharfing. WHARFING Wharf"ing, n. 1. Wharfs, collectively. 2. (Hydraul. Engin.) Defn: A mode of facing sea walls and embankments with planks driven as piles and secured by ties. Knight. WHARFINGER Wharf"in*ger, n. Etym: [For wharfager.] Defn: A man who owns, or has the care of, a wharf. WHARL; WHARLING Wharl, Wharl"ing, n. Defn: A guttural pronunciation of the letter r; a burr. See Burr, n., 6. A strange, uncouth wharling in their speech. Fuller. WHARP Wharp, n. Defn: A kind of fine sand from the banks of the Trent, used as a polishing powder. [Eng.] WHAT What, pron., a., & adv. Etym: [AS. hwæt, neuter of hwa who; akin to OS. hwat what, OFries. hwet, D. & LG. wat, G. was, OHG. waz, hwaz, Icel. hvat, Sw. & Dan. hvad, Goth. hwa. sq. root182. See Who.] 1. As an interrogative pronoun, used in asking questions regarding either persons or things; as, what is this what did you say what poem is this what child is lost What see'st thou in the ground Shak. What is man, that thou art mindful of him Ps. viii. 4. What manner of man is this, that even the winds and the sea obey him! Matt. viii. 27. Note: Originally, what, when, where, which, who, why, etc., were interrogatives only, and it is often difficult to determine whether they are used as interrogatives or relatives. What in this sense, when it refers to things, may be used either substantively or adjectively; when it refers to persons, it is used only adjectively with a noun expressed, who being the pronoun used substantively. 2. As an exclamatory word: -- (a) Used absolutely or independently; - - often with a question following. "What welcome be thou." Chaucer. What, could ye not watch with me one hour Matt. xxvi. 40. (b) Used adjectively, meaning how remarkable, or how great; as, what folly! what eloquence! what courage! What a piece of work is man! Shak. O what a riddle of absurdity! Young. Note: What in this use has a or an between itself and its noun if the qualitative or quantitative importance of the object is emphasized. (c) Sometimes prefixed to adjectives in an adverbial sense, as nearly equivalent to how; as, what happy boys! What partial judges are our and hate! Dryden. 3. As a relative pronoun: -- (a) Used substantively with the antecedent suppressed, equivalent to that which, or those [persons] who, or those [things] which; -- called a compound relative. With joy beyond what victory bestows. Cowper. I'm thinking Captain Lawton will count the noses of what are left before they see their whaleboats. Cooper. What followed was in perfect harmony with this beginning. Macaulay. I know well . . . how little you will be disposed to criticise what comes to you from me. J. H. Newman. (b) Used adjectively, equivalent to the . . . which; the sort or kind of . . . which; rarely, the . . . on, or at, which. See what natures accompany what colors. Bacon. To restrain what power either the devil or any earthly enemy hath to work us woe. Milton. We know what master laid thy keel, What workmen wrought thy ribs of steel. Longfellow. (c) Used adverbially in a sense corresponding to the adjectival use; as, he picked what good fruit he saw. 4. Whatever; whatsoever; what thing soever; -- used indefinitely. "What after so befall." Chaucer. Whether it were the shortness of his foresight, the strength of his will, . . . or what it was. Bacon. 5. Used adverbially, in part; partly; somewhat; -- with a following preposition, especially, with, and commonly with repetition. What for lust [pleasure] and what for lore. Chaucer. Thus, what with the war, what with the sweat, what with the gallows, and what with poverty, I am custom shrunk. Shak. The year before he had so used the matter that what by force, what by policy, he had taken from the Christians above thirty small castles. Knolles. Note: In such phrases as I tell you what, what anticipates the following statement, being elliptical for what I think, what it is, how it is, etc. "I tell thee what, corporal Bardolph, I could tear her." Shak. Here what relates to the last clause, "I could tear her;" this is what I tell you. What not is often used at the close of an enumeration of several particulars or articles, it being an abbreviated clause, the verb of which, being either the same as that of the principal clause or a general word, as be, say, mention, enumerate, etc., is omitted. "Men hunt, hawk, and what not." Becon. "Some dead puppy, or log, orwhat not." C. Kingsley. "Battles, tournaments, hunts, and what not." De Quincey. Hence, the words are often used in a general sense with the force of a substantive, equivalent to anything you please, a miscellany, a variety, etc. From this arises the name whatnot, applied to an étagère, as being a piece of furniture intended for receiving miscellaneous articles of use or ornament. But what is used for but that, usually after a negative, and excludes everything contrary to the assertion in the following sentence. "Her needle is not so absolutely perfect in tent and cross stitch but what my superintendence is advisable." Sir W. Scott. "Never fear but what our kite shall fly as high." Ld. Lytton. What ho! an exclamation of calling. -- What if, what will it matter if; what will happen or be the result if. "What if it be a poison" Shak. -- What of this that it etc., what follows from this, that, it, etc., often with the implication that it is of no consequence. "All this is so; but what of this, my lord" Shak. "The night is spent, why, what of that" Shak. -- What though, even granting that; allowing that; supposing it true that. "What though the rose have prickles, yet't is plucked." Shak. -- What time, or What time as, when. [Obs. or Archaic] "What time I am afraid, I will trust in thee." Ps. lvi. 3. What time the morn mysterious visions brings. Pope. WHAT What, n. Defn: Something; thing; stuff. [Obs.] And gave him for to feed, Such homely what as serves the simple Spenser. WHAT What, interrog. adv. Defn: Why For what purpose On what account [Obs.] What should I tell the answer of the knight. Chaucer. But what do I stand reckoning upon advantages and gains lost by the misrule and turbulency of the prelates What do I pick up so thriftily their scatterings and diminishings of the meaner subject Milton. WHATE'ER What*e'er", pron. Defn: A contraction of what-ever; -- used in poetry. "Whate'er is in his way." Shak. WHATEVER What*ev"er, pron. Defn: Anything soever which; the thing or things of any kind; being this or that; of one nature or another; one thing or another; anything that may be; all that; the whole that; all particulars that; -- used both substantively and adjectively. Whatever fortune stays from his word. Shak. Whatever Earth, all-bearing mother, yields. Milton. Whatever be its intrinsic value. J. H. Newman. Note: Whatever often follows a noun, being used elliptically. "There being no room for any physical discovery whatever" [sc. it may be]. Whately. WHATNOT What"not, n. Etym: [See the Note under What, pron., 5.] Defn: A kind of stand, or piece of furniture, having shelves for books, ornaments, etc.; an étagère. WHATSO What"so, indef. pron. Defn: Whatsoever; whosoever; whatever; anything that. [Obs.] Whatso he were, of high or low estate. Chaucer. Whatso the heaven in his wide vault contains. Spenser. WHATSOE'ER What`so*e'er", pron. Defn: A contraction of whatsoever; -- used in poetry. Shak. WHATSOEVER What`so*ev"er, pron. & a. Defn: Whatever. "In whatsoever shape he lurk." Milton. Whatsoever God hath said unto thee, do. Gen. xxxi. 16. Note: The word is sometimes divided by tmesis. "What things soever ye desire." Mark xi. 24. WHAUL Whaul, n. Defn: Same as Whall. WHAUP Whaup, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Whaap. [Prov. Eng.] WHEAL Wheal, n. Etym: [OE. whele, AS. hwele putrefaction, hwelian to putrefy.] Defn: A pustule; a whelk. Wiseman. WHEAL Wheal, n. Etym: [Cf. Wale.] 1. A more or less elongated mark raised by a stroke; also, a similar mark made by any cause; a weal; a wale. 2. Specifically (Med.), a flat, burning or itching eminence on the skin, such as is produced by a mosquito bite, or in urticaria. WHEAL Wheal, n. Etym: [Cornish hwel.] (Mining) Defn: A mine. WHEALWORM Wheal"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The harvest mite; -- so called from the wheals, caused by its bite. WHEAT Wheat, n. Etym: [OE. whete, AS. hwte; akin to OS. hwti, D. weit, G. weizen, OHG. weizzi, Icel. hveiti, Sw. hvete, Dan. hvede, Goth. hwaiteis, and E. while. See White.] (Bot.) Defn: A cereal grass (Triticum vulgare) and its grain, which furnishes a white flour for bread, and, next to rice, is the grain most largely used by the human race. Note: Of this grain the varieties are numerous, as red wheat, white wheat, bald wheat, bearded wheat, winter wheat, summer wheat, and the like. Wheat is not known to exist as a wild native plant, and all statements as to its origin are either incorrect or at best only guesses. Buck wheat. (Bot.) See Buckwheat. -- German wheat. (Bot.) See 2d Spelt. -- Guinea wheat (Bot.), a name for Indian corn. -- Indian wheat, or Tartary wheat (Bot.), a grain (Fagopyrum Tartaricum) much like buckwheat, but only half as large. -- Turkey wheat (Bot.), a name for Indian corn. -- Wheat aphid, or Wheat aphis (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Aphis and allied genera, which suck the sap of growing wheat. -- Wheat beetle. (Zoöl.) (a) A small, slender, rusty brown beetle (Sylvanus Surinamensis) whose larvæ feed upon wheat, rice, and other grains. (b) A very small, reddish brown, oval beetle (Anobium paniceum) whose larvæ eat the interior of grains of wheat. -- Wheat duck (Zoöl.), the American widgeon. [Western U. S.] -- Wheat fly. (Zoöl.) Same as Wheat midge, below. -- Wheat grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Agropyrum caninum) somewhat resembling wheat. It grows in the northern parts of Europe and America. -- Wheat jointworm. (Zoöl.) See Jointworm. -- Wheat louse (Zoöl.), any wheat aphid. -- Wheat maggot (Zoöl.), the larva of a wheat midge. -- Wheat midge. (Zoöl.) (a) A small two-winged fly (Diplosis tritici) which is very destructive to growing wheat, both in Europe and America. The female lays her eggs in the flowers of wheat, and the larvæ suck the juice of the young kernels and when full grown change to pupæ in the earth. (b) The Hessian fly. See under Hessian. -- Wheat moth (Zoöl.), any moth whose larvæ devour the grains of wheat, chiefly after it is harvested; a grain moth. See Angoumois Moth, also Grain moth, under Grain. -- Wheat thief (Bot.), gromwell; -- so called because it is a troublesome weed in wheat fields. See Gromwell. -- Wheat thrips (Zoöl.), a small brown thrips (Thrips cerealium) which is very injurious to the grains of growing wheat. -- Wheat weevil. (Zoöl.) (a) The grain weevil. (b) The rice weevil when found in wheat. WHEATBIRD Wheat"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bird that feeds on wheat, especially the chaffinch. WHEATEAR Wheat"ear`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small European singing bird (Saxicola oenanthe). The male is white beneath, bluish gray above, with black wings and a black stripe through each eye. The tail is black at the tip and in the middle, but white at the base and on each side. Called also checkbird, chickell, dykehopper, fallow chat, fallow finch, stonechat, and whitetail. WHEATEN Wheat"en, a. Etym: [AS. hwæten.] Defn: Made of wheat; as, wheaten bread. Cowper. WHEAT RUST Wheat rust. Defn: A disease of wheat and other grasses caused by the rust fungus Puccinia graminis; also, the fungus itself. WHEAT SAWFLY Wheat sawfly. (a) A small European sawfly (Cephus pygmæus) whose larva does great injury to wheat by boring in the stalks. (b) Any of several small American sawflies of the genus Dolerus, as D. sericeus and D. arvensis, whose larvæ injure the stems or heads of wheat. (c) Pachynematus extensicornis, whose larvæ feed chiefly on the blades of wheat; -- called also grass sawfly. WHEATSEL BIRD Wheat"sel bird`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The male of the chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.] WHEATSTONE'S BRIDGE Wheat"stone's bridge`. (Elec.) Defn: See under Bridge. WHEATSTONE'S RODS Wheat"stone's rods. (Acoustics) Defn: Flexible rods the period of vibration of which in two planes at right angles are in some exact ratio to one another. When one end of such a rod is fixed, the free end describes in vibrating the corresponding Lissajous figure. So called because devised by Sir Charles Wheatstone. WHEATWORM Wheat"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small nematode worm (Anguillula tritici) which attacks the grains of wheat in the ear. It is found in wheat affected with smut, each of the diseased grains containing a large number of the minute young of the worm. WHEDER Whed"er pron. & conj. Defn: Whether. [Obs.] WHEEDLE Whee"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wheedled; p. pr. & vb. n. Wheedling.] Etym: [Cf. G. wedeln to wag with the tail, as a dog, wedel a fan, tail, brush, OHG. wadal; akin to G. wehen to blow, and E. wind, n.] 1. To entice by soft words; to cajole; to flatter; to coax. The unlucky art of wheedling fools. Dryden. And wheedle a world that loves him not. Tennyson. 2. To grain, or get away, by flattery. A deed of settlement of the best part of her estate, which I wheedled out of her. Congreve. WHEEDLE Whee"dle, v. i. Defn: To flatter; to coax; to cajole. WHEEL Wheel, n. Etym: [OE. wheel, hweol, AS. hweól, hweogul, hweowol; akin to D. wiel, Icel. hvel, Gr. cakra; cf. Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, Sw. hjul. *218 Cf. Cycle, Cyclopedia.] 1. A circular frame turning about an axis; a rotating disk, whether solid, or a frame composed of an outer rim, spokes or radii, and a central hub or nave, in which is inserted the axle, -- used for supporting and conveying vehicles, in machinery, and for various purposes; as, the wheel of a wagon, of a locomotive, of a mill, of a watch, etc. The gasping charioteer beneath the wheel Of his own car. Dryden. 2. Any instrument having the form of, or chiefly consisting of, a wheel. Specifically: -- (a) A spinning wheel. See under Spinning. (b) An instrument of torture formerly used. His examination is like that which is made by the rack and wheel. Addison. Note: This mode of torture is said to have been first employed in Germany, in the fourteenth century. The criminal was laid on a cart wheel with his legs and arms extended, and his limbs in that posture were fractured with an iron bar. In France, where its use was restricted to the most atrocious crimes, the criminal was first laid on a frame of wood in the form of a St. Andrew's cross, with grooves cut transversely in it above and below the knees and elbows, and the executioner struck eight blows with an iron bar, so as to break the limbs in those places, sometimes finishing by two or three blows on the chest or stomach, which usually put an end to the life of the criminal, and were hence called coups-de-grace -- blows of mercy. The criminal was then unbound, and laid on a small wheel, with his face upward, and his arms and legs doubled under him, there to expire, if he had survived the previous treatment. Brande. (c) (Naut.) A circular frame having handles on the periphery, and an axle which is so connected with the tiller as to form a means of controlling the rudder for the purpose of steering. (d) (Pottery) A potter's wheel. See under Potter. Then I went down to the potter's house, and, behold, he wrought a work on the wheels. Jer. xviii. 3. Turn, turn, my wheel! This earthen jar A touch can make, a touch can mar. Longfellow. (e) (Pyrotechny) Defn: A firework which, while burning, is caused to revolve on an axis by the reaction of the escaping gases. (f) (Poetry) The burden or refrain of a song. Note: "This meaning has a low degree of authority, but is supposed from the context in the few cases where the word is found." Nares. You must sing a-down a-down, An you call him a-down-a. O, how the wheel becomes it! Shak. 3. A bicycle or a tricycle; a velocipede. 4. A rolling or revolving body; anything of a circular form; a disk; an orb. Milton. 5. A turn revolution; rotation; compass. According to the common vicissitude and wheel of things, the proud and the insolent, after long trampling upon others, come at length to be trampled upon themselves. South. [He] throws his steep flight in many an aëry wheel. Milton. A wheel within a wheel, or Wheels within wheels, a complication of circumstances, motives, etc. -- Balance wheel. See in the Vocab. -- Bevel wheel, Brake wheel, Cam wheel, Fifth wheel, Overshot wheel, Spinning wheel, etc. See under Bevel, Brake, etc. -- Core wheel. (Mach.) (a) A mortise gear. (b) A wheel having a rim perforated to receive wooden cogs; the skeleton of a mortise gear. -- Measuring wheel, an odometer, or perambulator. -- Wheel and axle (Mech.), one of the elementary machines or mechanical powers, consisting of a wheel fixed to an axle, and used for raising great weights, by applying the power to the circumference of the wheel, and attaching the weight, by a rope or chain, to that of the axle. Called also axis in peritrochio, and perpetual lever, -- the principle of equilibrium involved being the same as in the lever, while its action is continuous. See Mechanical powers, under Mechanical. -- Wheel animal, or Wheel animalcule (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of rotifers having a ciliated disk at the anterior end. -- Wheel barometer. (Physics) See under Barometer. -- Wheel boat, a boat with wheels, to be used either on water or upon inclined planes or railways. -- Wheel bug (Zoöl.), a large North American hemipterous insect (Prionidus cristatus) which sucks the blood of other insects. So named from the curious shape of the prothorax. -- Wheel carriage, a carriage moving on wheels. -- Wheel chains, or Wheel ropes (Naut.), the chains or ropes connecting the wheel and rudder. -- Wheel cutter, a machine for shaping the cogs of gear wheels; a gear cutter. -- Wheel horse, one of the horses nearest to the wheels, as opposed to a leader, or forward horse; -- called also wheeler. -- Wheel lathe, a lathe for turning railway-car wheels. -- Wheel lock. (a) A letter lock. See under Letter. (b) A kind of gunlock in which sparks were struck from a flint, or piece of iron pyrites, by a revolving wheel. (c) A kind of brake a carriage. -- Wheel ore (Min.), a variety of bournonite so named from the shape of its twin crystals. See Bournonite. -- Wheel pit (Steam Engine), a pit in the ground, in which the lower part of the fly wheel runs. -- Wheel plow, or Wheel plough, a plow having one or two wheels attached, to render it more steady, and to regulate the depth of the furrow. -- Wheel press, a press by which railway-car wheels are forced on, or off, their axles. -- Wheel race, the place in which a water wheel is set. -- Wheel rope (Naut.), a tiller rope. See under Tiller. -- Wheel stitch (Needlework), a stitch resembling a spider's web, worked into the material, and not over an open space. Caulfeild & S. (Dict. of Needlework). -- Wheel tree (Bot.), a tree (Aspidosperma excelsum) of Guiana, which has a trunk so curiously fluted that a transverse section resembles the hub and spokes of a coarsely made wheel. See Paddlewood. -- Wheel urchin (Zoöl.), any sea urchin of the genus Rotula having a round, flat shell. -- Wheel window (Arch.), a circular window having radiating mullions arranged like the spokes of a wheel. Cf. Rose window, under Rose. WHEEL Wheel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wheeled; p. pr. & vb. n. Wheeling.] 1. To convey on wheels, or in a wheeled vehicle; as, to wheel a load of hay or wood. 2. To put into a rotatory motion; to cause to turn or revolve; to cause to gyrate; to make or perform in a circle. "The beetle wheels her droning flight." Gray. Now heaven, in all her glory, shone, and rolled Her motions, as the great first mover's hand First wheeled their course. Milton. WHEEL Wheel, v. i. 1. To turn on an axis, or as on an axis; to revolve; to more about; to rotate; to gyrate. The moon carried about the earth always shows the same face to us, not once wheeling upon her own center. Bentley. 2. To change direction, as if revolving upon an axis or pivot; to turn; as, the troops wheeled to the right. Being able to advance no further, they are in a fair way to wheel about to the other extreme. South. 3. To go round in a circuit; to fetch a compass. Then wheeling down the steep of heaven he flies. Pope. 4. To roll forward. Thunder mixed with hail, Hail mixed with fire, must rend the Egyptian sky, And wheel on the earth, devouring where it rolls. Milton. WHEELBAND Wheel"band`, n. Defn: The tire of a wheel. WHEELBARROW Wheel"bar`row, n. Defn: A light vehicle for conveying small loads. It has two handles and one wheel, and is rolled by a single person. WHEEL BASE Wheel base. Defn: The figure inclosed by lines through the points contact of the wheels of a vehicle, etc., with the surface or rails on which they run; more esp., the length of this figure between the points of contact of the two extreme wheels on either side. WHEELBIRD Wheel"bird`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European goatsucker. [Prov. Eng.] WHEELED Wheeled, a. Defn: Having wheels; -- used chiefly in composition; as, a four- wheeled carriage. WHEELER Wheel"er, n. 1. One who wheels, or turns. 2. A maker of wheels; a wheelwright. [Obs.] 3. A wheel horse. See under Wheel. 4. (Naut.) Defn: A steam vessel propelled by a paddle wheel or by paddle wheels; -- used chiefly in the terms side-wheeler and stern-wheeler. 5. A worker on sewed muslin. [Eng.] 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European goatsucker. [Prov. Eng.] WHEELHOUSE Wheel"house`, n. (Naut.) (a) A small house on or above a vessel's deck, containing the steering wheel. (b) A paddle box. See under Paddle. WHEELING Wheel"ing, n. 1. The act of conveying anything, or traveling, on wheels, or in a wheeled vehicle. 2. The act or practice of using a cycle; cycling. 3. Condition of a road or roads, which admits of passing on wheels; as, it is good wheeling, or bad wheeling. 4. A turning, or circular movement. WHEELMAN Wheel"man, n.; pl. Wheelmen (. Defn: One who rides a bicycle or tricycle; a cycler, or cyclist. WHEEL OF FORTUNE Wheel of fortune. Defn: A gambling or lottery device consisting of a wheel which is spun horizontally, articles or sums to which certain marks on its circumference point when it stops being distributed according to varying rules. WHEEL-SHAPED Wheel"-shaped`, a. 1. Shaped like a wheel. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Expanding into a flat, circular border at top, with scarcely any tube; as, a wheel-shaped corolla. WHEELSWARF Wheel"swarf`, n. Defn: See Swarf. WHEELWORK Wheel"work`, n. (Mach.) Defn: A combination of wheels, and their connection, in a machine or mechanism. WHEEL-WORN Wheel"-worn`, a. Defn: Worn by the action of wheels; as, a wheel-worn road. WHEELWRIGHT Wheel"wright`, n. Defn: A man whose occupation is to make or repair wheels and wheeled vehicles, as carts, wagons, and the like. WHEELY Wheel"y, a. Defn: Circular; suitable to rotation. WHEEN Wheen, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. hw, hw, a little, somewhat, hw little, few.] Defn: A quantity; a goodly number. [Scot.] "A wheen other dogs." Sir W. Scott. WHEEZE Wheeze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wheezed; p. pr. & vb. n. Wheezing.] Etym: [OE. whesen, AS. hwsan (cf. Icel. hvæsa to hiss, Sw. hväsa, Dan. hvæse); akin to AS. hwsta a cough, D. hoest, G. husten, OHG. huosto, Icel. h, Lith. kosti to cough, Skr. k. sq. root43. Cf. Husky hoarse.] Defn: To breathe hard, and with an audible piping or whistling sound, as persons affected with asthma. "Wheezing lungs." Shak. WHEEZE Wheeze, n. 1. A piping or whistling sound caused by difficult respiration. 2. (Phon.) Defn: An ordinary whisper exaggerated so as to produce the hoarse sound known as the "stage whisper." It is a forcible whisper with some admixture of tone. WHEEZY Wheez"y, a. Defn: Breathing with difficulty and with a wheeze; wheezing. Used also figuratively. WHEFT Wheft, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Waft, n., 4. WHELK Whelk, n. Etym: [OE. welk, wilk, AS. weoloc, weloc, wiloc. Cf. Whilk, and Wilk.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one numerous species of large marine gastropods belonging to Buccinum and allied genera; especially, Buccinum undatum, common on the coasts both of Europe and North America, and much used as food in Europe. Whelk tingle, a dog whelk. See under Dog. WHELK Whelk, n. Etym: [OE. whelke, dim. of whele. See Wheal a pustule.] 1. A papule; a pustule; acne. "His whelks white." Chaucer. 2. A stripe or mark; a ridge; a wale. Chin whelk (Med.), sycosis. -- Rosy whelk (Med.), grog blossom. WHELKED Whelked, a. Defn: Having whelks; whelky; as, whelked horns. Shak. WHELKY Whelk"y, a. 1. Having whelks, ridges, or protuberances; hence, streaked; striated. 2. Shelly. "Whelky pearls." Spenser. WHELM Whelm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whelmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Whelming.] Etym: [OE. whelmen to turn over, akin to OE. whelven, AS. whelfan, hwylfan, in , , to overwhelm, cover over; akin to OS. bihwelbian, D. welven to arch, G. wölben, OHG. welben, Icel. hvelfa to overturn; cf. Gr. 1. To cover with water or other fluid; to cover by immersion in something that envelops on all sides; to overwhelm; to ingulf. She is my prize, or ocean whelm them all! Shak. The whelming billow and the faithless oar. Gay. 2. Fig.: To cover completely, as if with water; to immerse; to overcome; as, to whelm one in sorrows. "The whelming weight of crime." J. H. Newman. 3. To throw (something) over a thing so as to cover it. [Obs.] Mortimer. WHELP Whelp, n. Etym: [AS. hwelp; akin to D. welp, G. & OHG. welf, Icel. hvelpr, Dan. hvalp, Sw. valp.] 1. One of the young of a dog or a beast of prey; a puppy; a cub; as, a lion's whelps. "A bear robbed of her whelps." 2 Sam. xvii. 8. 2. A child; a youth; -- jocosely or in contempt. That awkward whelp with his money bags would have made his entrance. Addison. 3. (Naut.) Defn: One of the longitudinal ribs or ridges on the barrel of a capstan or a windless; -- usually in the plural; as, the whelps of a windlass. 4. One of the teeth of a sprocket wheel. WHELP Whelp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whelped; p. pr. & vb. n. Whelping.] Defn: To bring forth young; -- said of the female of the dog and some beasts of prey. WHELP Whelp, v. t. Defn: To bring forth, as cubs or young; to give birth to. Unless she had whelped it herself, she could not have loved a thing better. B. Jonson. Did thy foul fancy whelp so black a scheme Young. WHEN When, adv. Etym: [OE. when, whan, whenne, whanne, AS. hwænne, hwanne, hwonne; akin to OS. hwan, OD. wan, OHG. wanne, G. wann when, wenn if, when, Goth. hwan when, and to E. who. Who.] 1. At what time; -- used interrogatively. When shall these things be Matt. xxiv. 3. Note: See the Note under What, pron., 1. 2. At what time; at, during, or after the time that; at or just after, the moment that; -- used relatively. Kings may Take their advantage when and how they list. Daniel. Book lore ne'er served, when trial came, Nor gifts, when faith was dead. J. H. Newman. 3. While; whereas; although; -- used in the manner of a conjunction to introduce a dependent adverbial sentence or clause, having a causal, conditional, or adversative relation to the principal proposition; as, he chose to turn highwayman when he might have continued an honest man; he removed the tree when it was the best in the grounds. 4. Which time; then; -- used elliptically as a noun. I was adopted heir by his consent; Since when, his oath is broke. Shak. Note: When was formerly used as an exclamation of surprise or impatience, like what! Come hither; mend my ruff: Here, when! thou art such a tedious lady! J. Webster. When as, When that, at the time that; when. [Obs.] When as sacred light began to dawn. Milton. When that mine eye is famished for a look. Shak. WHENAS When"as`, conj. Defn: Whereas; while [Obs.] Whenas, if they would inquire into themselves, they would find no such matter. Barrow. WHENCE Whence, adv. Etym: [OE. whennes, whens (with adverbial s, properly a genitive ending; -- see -wards), also whenne, whanene, AS. hwanan, hwanon, hwonan, hwanone; akin to D. when. See When, and cf. Hence, Thence.] 1. From what place; hence, from what or which source, origin, antecedent, premise, or the like; how; -- used interrogatively. Whence hath this man this wisdom Matt. xiii. 54. Whence and what art thou Milton. 2. From what or which place, source, material, cause, etc.; the place, source, etc., from which; -- used relatively. Grateful to acknowledge whence his good Descends. Milton. Note: All the words of this class, whence, where, whither, whereabouts, etc., are occasionally used as pronouns by a harsh construction. O, how unlike the place from whence they fell Milton. Note: From whence, though a pleonasm, is fully authorized by the use of good writers. From whence come wars and fightings among you James iv. 1. Of whence, also a pleonasm, has become obsolete. WHENCEEVER Whence*ev"er, adv. & conj. Defn: Whencesoever. [R.] WHENCEFORTH Whence`forth", adv. Defn: From, or forth from, what or which place; whence. [Obs.] Spenser. WHENCESOEVER Whence`so*ev"er, adv. & conj. Defn: From what place soever; from what cause or source soever. Any idea, whencesoever we have it. Locke. WHENE'ER When*e'er, adv. & conj. Defn: Whenever. WHENEVER When*ev"er, adv. & conj. Defn: At whatever time. "Whenever that shall be." Milton. WHENNES When"nes, adv. Defn: Whence. [Obs.] Chaucer. WHENSOEVER When`so*ev"er, adv. & conj. Defn: At what time soever; at whatever time; whenever. Mark xiv. 7. WHER; WHERE Wher, Where (, pron. & conj. Etym: [See Whether.] Defn: Whether. [Sometimes written whe'r.] [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Men must enquire (this is mine assent), Wher she be wise or sober or dronkelewe. Chaucer. WHERE Where, adv. Etym: [OE. wher, whar, AS. hw; akin to D. waar, OS. hw, OHG. hwar, war, wa, G. wo, Icel. and Sw. hvar, Dan. hvor, Goth. hwar, and E. who; cf. Skr. karhi when. sq. root182. See Who, and cf. There.] 1. At or in what place; hence, in what situation, position, or circumstances; -- used interrogatively. God called unto Adam, . . . Where art thou Gen. iii. 9. Note: See the Note under What, pron., 1. 2. At or in which place; at the place in which; hence, in the case or instance in which; -- used relatively. She visited that place where first she was so happy. Sir P. Sidney. Where I thought the remnant of mine age Should have been cherished by her childlike duty. Shak. Where one on his side fights, thousands will fly. Shak. But where he rode one mile, the dwarf ran four. Sir W. Scott. 3. To what or which place; hence, to what goal, result, or issue; whither; -- used interrogatively and relatively; as, where are you going But where does this tend Goldsmith. Lodged in sunny cleft, Where the gold breezes come not. Bryant. Note: Where is often used pronominally with or without a preposition, in elliptical sentences for a place in which, the place in which, or what place. The star . . . stood over where the young child was. Matt. ii. 9. The Son of man hath not where to lay his head. Matt. viii. 20. Within about twenty paces of where we were. Goldsmith. Where did the minstrels come from Dickens. Note: Where is much used in composition with preposition, and then is equivalent to a pronoun. Cf. Whereat, Whereby, Wherefore, Wherein, etc. Where away (Naut.), in what direction; as, where away is the land Syn. -- See Whither. WHERE Where, conj. Defn: Whereas. And flight and die is death destroying death; Where fearing dying pays death servile breath. Shak. WHERE Where, n. Defn: Place; situation. [Obs. or Colloq.] Finding the nymph asleep in secret where. Spenser. WHEREABOUT; WHEREABOUTS Where"a*bout`, Where"a*bouts`, adv. 1. About where; near what or which place; -- used interrogatively and relatively; as, whereabouts did you meet him Note: In this sense, whereabouts is the common form. 2. Concerning which; about which. "The object whereabout they are conversant." Hooker. WHEREABOUT; WHEREABOUTS Where"a*bout`, Where"a*bouts`, n. Defn: The place where a person or thing is; as, they did not know his whereabouts. Shak. A puzzling notice of thy whereabout. Wordsworth. WHEREAS Where*as", adv. Defn: At which place; where. [Obs.] Chaucer. At last they came whereas that lady bode. Spenser. WHEREAS Where*as", conj. 1. Considering that; it being the case that; since; -- used to introduce a preamble which is the basis of declarations, affirmations, commands, requests, or like, that follow. 2. When in fact; while on the contrary; the case being in truth that; although; -- implying opposition to something that precedes; or implying recognition of facts, sometimes followed by a different statement, and sometimes by inferences or something consequent. Are not those found to be the greatest zealots who are most notoriously ignorant whereas true zeal should always begin with true knowledge. Sprat. WHEREAT Where*at", adv. 1. At which; upon which; whereupon; -- used relatively. They vote; whereat his speech he thus renews. Milton. Whereat he was no less angry and ashamed than desirous to obey Zelmane. Sir P. Sidney. 2. At what; -- used interrogatively; as, whereat are you offended WHEREBY Where*by", adv. 1. By which; -- used relatively. "You take my life when you take the means whereby I life." Shak. 2. By what; how; -- used interrogatively. Whereby shall I know this Luke i. 18. WHERE'ER Wher*e'er", adv. Defn: Wherever; -- a contracted and poetical form. Cowper. WHEREFORE Where"fore, adv.& conj. Etym: [Where + for.] 1. For which reason; so; -- used relatively. Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them. Matt. vii. 20. 2. For what reason; why; -- used interrogatively. But wherefore that I tell my tale. Chaucer. Wherefore didst thou doubt Matt. xiv. 31. WHEREFORE Where"fore, n. Defn: the reason why. [Colloq.] WHEREFORM Where*form", adv. Etym: [Where + from.] Defn: From which; from which or what place. Tennyson. WHEREIN Where*in", adv. 1. In which; in which place, thing, time, respect, or the like; -- used relatively. Her clothes wherein she was clad. Chaucer. There are times wherein a man ought to be cautious as well as innocent. Swift. 2. In what; -- used interrogatively. Yet ye say, Wherein have we wearied him! Mal. ii. 17. WHEREINTO Where`in*to", adv. 1. Into which; -- used relatively. Where is that palace whereinto foul things Sometimes intrude not Shak. The brook, whereinto he loved to look. Emerson. 2. Into what; -- used interrogatively. WHERENESS Where"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of having a place; ubiety; situation; position. [R.] A point hath no dimensions, but only a whereness, and is next to nothing. Grew. WHEREOF Where*of", adv. 1. Of which; of whom; formerly, also, with which; -- used relatively. I do not find the certain numbers whereof their armies did consist. Sir J. Davies. Let it work like Borgias' wine, Whereof his sire, the pope, was poisoned. Marlowe. Edward's seven sons, whereof thyself art one. Shak. 2. Of what; -- used interrogatively. Whereof was the house built Johnson. WHEREON Where*on", adv. 1. On which; -- used relatively; as, the earth whereon we live. O fair foundation laid whereon to build. Milton. 2. On what; -- used interrogatively; as, whereon do we stand WHEREOUT Where*out", adv. Defn: Out of which. [R.] The cleft whereout the lightning breaketh. Holland. WHERESO Where"so, adv. Defn: Wheresoever. [Obs.] WHERESOE'ER Where`so*e'er", adv. Defn: Wheresoever. [Poetic] "Wheresoe'er they rove." Milton. WHERESOEVER Where`so*ev"er, adv. Defn: In what place soever; in whatever place; wherever. WHERETHROUGH Where*through", adv. Defn: Through which. [R.] "Wherethrough that I may know." Chaucer. Windows . . . wherethrough the sun Delights to peep, to gaze therein on thee. Shak. WHERETO Where*to", adv. 1. To which; -- used relatively. "Whereto we have already attained." Phil. iii. 16. Whereto all bonds do tie me day by day. Shak. 2. To what; to what end; -- used interrogatively. WHEREUNTO Where`un*to", adv. Defn: Same as Whereto. WHEREUPON Where`up*on", adv. Defn: Upon which; in consequence of which; after which. The townsmen mutinied and sent to Essex; whereupon he came thither. Clarendon. WHEREVER Wher*ev"er, adv. Defn: At or in whatever place; wheresoever. He can not but love virtue wherever it is. Atterbury. WHEREWITH Where*with", adv. 1. With which; -- used relatively. The love wherewith thou hast loved me. John xvii. 26. 2. With what; -- used interrogatively. Wherewith shall I save Israel Judg. vi. 15. WHEREWITH Where*with", n. Defn: The necessary means or instrument. So shall I have wherewith to answer him. Ps. cxix. 42. The wherewith to meet excessive loss by radiation. H. Spencer. WHEREWITHAL Where`with*al", adv. & n. Defn: Wherewith. "Wherewithal shall we be clothed" Matt. vi. 31. Wherewithal shall a young man cleanse his way Ps. cxix. 9. [The builders of Babel], still with vain design, New Babels, had they wherewithal, would build. Milton. WHERRET Wher"ret, v. t. Etym: [From Whir.] 1. To hurry; to trouble; to tease. [Obs.] Bickerstaff. 2. To box (one) on the ear; to strike or box. (the ear); as, to wherret a child. [Obs.] WHERRET Wher"ret, n. Defn: A box on the ear. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. WHERRY Wher"ry, n.; pl. Wherries. Etym: [Cf. Icel. hverfr shifty, crank, hverfa to turn, E. whirl, wharf.] (Naut.) (a) A passenger barge or lighter plying on rivers; also, a kind of light, half-decked vessel used in fishing. [Eng.] (b) A long, narrow, light boat, sharp at both ends, for fast rowing or sailing; esp., a racing boat rowed by one person with sculls. WHERRY Wher"ry, n. Etym: [Cf. W. chwerw bitter.] Defn: A liquor made from the pulp of crab apples after the verjuice is expressed; -- sometimes called crab wherry. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. WHERSO Wher"so, adv. Defn: Wheresoever. [Obs.] Chaucer. WHET Whet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Whetting.] Etym: [AS. hwettan; akin to D. wetten, G. wetzen, OHG. wezzen, Icel. hvetja, Sw. vättja, and AS. hwæt vigorous, brave, OS. hwat, OHG. waz, was, sharp, Icel. hvatr, bold, active, Sw. hvass sharp, Dan. hvas, Goth. hwassaba sharply, and probably to Skr. cud to impel, urge on.] 1. To rub or on with some substance, as a piece of stone, for the purpose of sharpening; to sharpen by attrition; as, to whet a knife. The mower whets his scythe. Milton. Here roams the wolf, the eagle whets his beak. Byron. 2. To make sharp, keen, or eager; to excite; to stimulate; as, to whet the appetite or the courage. Since Cassius first did whet me against Cæsar, I have not slept. Shak. To whet on, To whet forward, to urge on or forward; to instigate. Shak. WHET Whet, n. 1. The act of whetting. 2. That which whets or sharpens; esp., an appetizer. "Sips, drams, and whets." Spectator. Whet slate (Min.), a variety of slate used for sharpening cutting instruments; novaculite; -- called also whetstone slate, and oilstone. WHETHER Wheth"er, pron. Etym: [OE. whether, AS. hwæ; akin to OS. hwe, OFries. hweder, OHG. hwedar, wedar, G. weder, conj., neither, Icel. hvarr whether, Goth. hwa, Lith. katras, L. uter, Gr. katara, from the interrogatively pronoun, in AS. hwa who. Who, and cf. Either, Neither, Or, conj.] Defn: Which (of two); which one (of two); -- used interrogatively and relatively. [Archaic] Now choose yourself whether that you liketh. Chaucer. One day in doubt I cast for to compare Whether in beauties' glory did exceed. Spenser. Whether of them twain did the will of his father Matt. xxi. 31. WHETHER Wheth"er, conj. Defn: In case; if; -- used to introduce the first or two or more alternative clauses, the other or others being connected by or, or by or whether. When the second of two alternatives is the simple negative of the first it is sometimes only indicated by the particle not or no after the correlative, and sometimes it is omitted entirely as being distinctly implied in the whether of the first. And now who knows But you, Lorenzo, whether I am yours Shak. You have said; but whether wisely or no, let the forest judge. Shak. For whether we live, we live unto the Lord; and whether we die, we die unto the Lord; whether we live therefore, or die, we are the Lord's. Rom. xiv. 8. But whether thus these things, or whether not; Whether the sun, predominant in heaven, Rise on the earth, or earth rise on the sun, . . . Solicit not thy thoughts with matters hid. Milton. Whether or no, in either case; in any case; as, I will go whether or no. -- Whether that, whether. Shak. WHETHERING Wheth"er*ing, n. Defn: The retention of the afterbirth in cows. Gardner. WHETILE Whet"ile, n. Etym: [Cf. Whitile.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The green woodpecker, or yaffle. See Yaffle. [Prov. Eng.] WHETSTONE Whet"stone`, n. Etym: [AS. hwetstan.] Defn: A piece of stone, natural or artificial, used for whetting, or sharpening, edge tools. The dullness of the fools is the whetstone of the wits. Shak. Diligence is to the understanding as the whetstone to the razor. South. Note: Some whetstones are used dry, others are moistened with water, or lubricated with oil. To give the whetstone, to give a premium for extravagance in falsehood. [Obs.] WHETTER Whet"ter, n. 1. One who, or that which, whets, sharpens, or stimulates. 2. A tippler; one who drinks whets. [Obs.] Steele. WHETTLEBONES Whet"tle*bones, n. pl. Defn: The vertebræ of the back. [Prov. Eng.] Dunglison. WHEW Whew (hwu), n. & interj. Defn: A sound like a half-formed whistle, expressing astonishment, scorn, or dislike. Whew duck, the European widgeon. [Prov. Eng.] WHEW Whew, v. i. Defn: To whistle with a shrill pipe, like a plover. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] WHEWELLITE Whew"ell*ite, n. Etym: [So named after Prof. Whewell of Cambridge, England.] (Min.) Defn: Calcium oxalate, occurring in colorless or white monoclinic crystals. WHEWER Whew"er, n. Etym: [Cf. W. chwiwell a widgeon, chwiws widgeons, waterfowls; or cf. E. whew, v. i.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European widgeon. [Prov. Eng.] WHEY Whey, n. Etym: [AS. hwæg; cf. D. wei, hui, Fries. weye, LG. wey, waje. ] Defn: The serum, or watery part, of milk, separated from the more thick or coagulable part, esp. in the process of making cheese. In this process, the thick part is called curd, and the thin part whey. WHEY CURE Whey cure. Defn: Treatment with whey as a drink and in baths. WHEYEY Whey"ey, a. Defn: Of the nature of, or containing, whey; resembling whey; wheyish. Bacon. WHEYFACE Whey"face`, n. Defn: One who is pale, as from fear. WHEY-FACED Whey"-faced`, a. Defn: Having a pale or white face, as from fright. "Whey-faced cavaliers." Aytoun. WHEYISH Whey"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat like whey; wheyey. J. Philips. -- Whey"ish*ness, n. WHICH Which, pron. Etym: [OE. which, whilk, AS. hwilc, hwylc, hwelc, from the root of hwa who + lic body; hence properly, of what sort or kind; akin to OS. hwilik which, OFries. hwelik, D. welk, G. welch, OHG. welih, hwelih, Icel. hvilikr, Dan. & Sw. hvilken, Goth. hwileiks, hwleiks; cf. L. qualis. Who, and Like, a., and cf. Such.] 1. Of what sort or kind; what; what a; who. [Obs.] And which they weren and of what degree. Chaucer. 2. A interrogative pronoun, used both substantively and adjectively, and in direct and indirect questions, to ask for, or refer to, an individual person or thing among several of a class; as, which man is it which woman was it which is the house he asked which route he should take; which is best, to live or to die See the Note under What, pron., 1. Which of you convinceth me of sin John viii. 46. 3. A relative pronoun, used esp. in referring to an antecedent noun or clause, but sometimes with reference to what is specified or implied in a sentence, or to a following noun or clause (generally involving a reference, however, to something which has preceded). It is used in all numbers and genders, and was formerly used of persons. And when thou fail'st -- as God forbid the hour! --Must Edward fall, which peril heaven forfend! Shak. God . . . rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. Gen. ii. 2. Our Father, which art in heaven. Matt. vi. 9. The temple of God is holy, which temple ye are. 1 Cor. iii. 17. 4. A compound relative or indefinite pronoun, standing for any one which, whichever, that which, those which, the . . . which, and the like; as, take which you will. Note: The which was formerly often used for which. The expressions which that, which as, were also sometimes used by way of emphasis. Do not they blaspheme that worthy name by the which ye are called James ii. 7. Note: Which, referring to a series of preceding sentences, or members of a sentence, may have all joined to it adjectively. "All which, as a method of a proclamation, is very convenient." Carlyle. WHICHEVER; WHICHSOEVER Which*ev"er, Which`so*ev"er, pron. & a. Defn: Whether one or another; whether one or the other; which; that one (of two or more) which; as, whichever road you take, it will lead you to town. WHIDAH BIRD Whid"ah bird`, (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of finchlike birds belonging to the genus Vidua, native of Asia and Africa. In the breeding season the male has very long, drooping tail feathers. Called also vida finch, whidah finch, whydah bird, whydah finch, widow bird, and widow finch. Note: Some of the species are often kept as cage birds, especially Vidua paradisea, which is dark brownish above, pale buff beneath, with a reddish collar around the neck. WHIDER Whid"er, adv. Defn: Whither. [Obs.] Chaucer. WHIFF Whiff, n. Etym: [OE. weffe vapor, whiff, probably of imitative origin; cf. Dan. vift a puff, gust, W. chwiff a whiff, puff.] 1. A sudden expulsion of air from the mouth; a quick puff or slight gust, as of air or smoke. But with the whiff and wind of his fell sword The unnerved father falls. Shak. The skipper, he blew a whiff from his pipe, And a scornful laugh laughed he. Longfellow. 2. A glimpse; a hasty view. [Prov. Eng.] 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The marysole, or sail fluke. WHIFF Whiff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whiffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Whiffing.] 1. To throw out in whiffs; to consume in whiffs; to puff. 2. To carry or convey by a whiff, or as by a whiff; to puff or blow away. Old Empedocles, . . . who, when he leaped into Etna, having a dry, sear body, and light, the smoke took him, and whiffed him up into the moon. B. Jonson. WHIFF Whiff, v. i. Defn: To emit whiffs, as of smoke; to puff. WHIFFET Whif"fet, n. Defn: A little whiff or puff. WHIFFING Whiff"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, whiffs. 2. A mode of fishing with a hand line for pollack, mackerel, and the like. WHIFFLE Whif"fle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whiffled; p. pr. & vb. n. Whiffling.] Etym: [Freq. of whiff to puff, perhaps influenced by D. weifelen to waver.] 1. To waver, or shake, as if moved by gusts of wind; to shift, turn, or veer about. D 2. To change from one opinion or course to another; to use evasions; to prevaricate; to be fickle. A person of whiffing and unsteady turn of mind can not keep close to a point of controversy. I. Watts. WHIFFLE Whif"fle, v. t. 1. To disperse with, or as with, a whiff, or puff; to scatter. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. To wave or shake quickly; to cause to whiffle. WHIFFLE Whif"fle, n. Defn: A fife or small flute. [Obs.] Douce. WHIFFLER Whif"fler, n. 1. One who whiffles, or frequently changes his opinion or course; one who uses shifts and evasions in argument; hence, a trifler. Every whiffler in a laced coat who frequents the chocolate house shall talk of the constitution. Swift. 2. One who plays on a whiffle; a fifer or piper. [Obs.] 3. An officer who went before procession to clear the way by blowing a horn, or otherwise; hence, any person who marched at the head of a procession; a harbinger. Which like a mighty whiffler 'fore the king, Seems to prepare his way. Shak. Note: "Whifflers, or fifers, generally went first in a procession, from which circumstance the name was transferred to other persons who succeeded to that office, and at length was given to those who went forward merely to clear the way for the procession. . . . In the city of London, young freemen, who march at the head of their proper companies on the Lord Mayor's day, sometimes with flags, were called whifflers, or bachelor whifflers, not because they cleared the way, but because they went first, as whifflers did." Nares. 4. (Zoöl) Defn: The golden-eye. [Local, U.S.] WHIFFLETREE Whif"fle*tree`, n. Defn: Same as Whippletree. WHIG Whig, n. Etym: [See Whey.] Defn: Acidulated whey, sometimes mixed with buttermilk and sweet herbs, used as a cooling beverage. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] WHIG Whig, n. Etym: [Said to be from whiggam, a term used in Scotland in driving horses, whiggamore one who drives horses (a term applied to some western Scotchmen), contracted to whig. In 1648, a party of these people marched to Edinburgh to oppose the king and the duke of Hamilton (the Whiggamore raid), and hence the name of Whig was given to the party opposed to the court. Cf. Scot. whig to go quickly.] 1. (Eng. Politics) Defn: One of a political party which grew up in England in the seventeenth century, in the reigns of Charles I. and II., when great contests existed respecting the royal prerogatives and the rights of the people. Those who supported the king in his high claims were called Tories, and the advocates of popular rights, of parliamentary power over the crown, and of toleration to Dissenters, were, after 1679, called Whigs. The terms Liberal and Radical have now generally superseded Whig in English politics. See the note under Tory. 2. (Amer. Hist.) (a) A friend and supporter of the American Revolution; -- opposed to Tory, and Royalist. (b) One of the political party in the United States from about 1829 to 1856, opposed in politics to the Democratic party. WHIG Whig, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the Whigs. WHIGGAMORE Whig"ga*more, n. Etym: [See Whig.] Defn: A Whig; -- a cant term applied in contempt to Scotch Presbyterians. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. WHIGGARCHY Whig"gar*chy, n. Etym: [Whig + -archy.] Defn: Government by Whigs. [Cont] Swift. WHIGGERY Whig"ger*y, n. Defn: The principles or practices of the Whigs; Whiggism. WHIGGISH Whig"gish, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Whigs; partaking of, or characterized by, the principles of Whigs. WHIGGISHLY Whig"gish*ly, adv. Defn: In a Whiggish manner. WHIGGISM Whig"gism, n. Defn: The principles of the Whigs. WHIGLING Whig"ling, n. Defn: A petty or inferior Whig; -- used in contempt. Spectator. WHILE While, n. Etym: [AS. hwil; akin to OS. hwil, hwila, OFries. hwile, D. wigl, G. weile, OHG. wila, hwila, hwil, Icel. hvila a bed, hvild rest, Sw. hvila, Dan. hvile, Goth. hweila a time, and probably to L. quietus quiet, and perhaps to Gr. Quiet, Whilom.] 1. Space of time, or continued duration, esp. when short; a time; as, one while we thought him innocent. "All this while." Shak. This mighty queen may no while endure. Chaucer. [Some guest that] hath outside his welcome while, And tells the jest without the smile. Coleridge. I will go forth and breathe the air a while. Longfellow. 2. That which requires time; labor; pains. [Obs.] Satan . . . cast him how he might quite her while. Chaucer. At whiles, at times; at intervals. And so on us at whiles it falls, to claim Powers that we dread. J. H. Newman. -- The while, The whiles, in or during the time that; meantime; while. Tennyson. -- Within a while, in a short time; soon. -- Worth while, worth the time which it requires; worth the time and pains; hence, worth the expense; as, it is not always worth while for a man to prosecute for small debts. WHILE While, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Whiling.] Defn: To cause to pass away pleasantly or without irksomeness or disgust; to spend or pass; -- usually followed by away. The lovely lady whiled the hours away. Longfellow. WHILE While, v. i. Defn: To loiter. [R.] Spectator. WHILE While, conj. 1. During the time that; as long as; whilst; at the same time that; as, while I write, you sleep. "While I have time and space." Chaucer. Use your memory; you will sensibly experience a gradual improvement, while you take care not to overload it. I. Watts. 2. Hence, under which circumstances; in which case; though; whereas. While as, While that, during or at the time that. [Obs.] WHILE While, prep. Defn: Until; till. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] I may be conveyed into your chamber; I'll lie under your bed while midnight. Beau. & Fl. WHILERE Whil`ere", adv. Etym: [While + ere] Defn: A little while ago; recently; just now; erewhile. [Obs.] Helpeth me now as I did you whilere. Chaucer. He who, with all heaven's heraldry, whilere Entered the world. Milton. WHILES Whiles, adv. Etym: [See While, n., and -wards.] 1. Meanwhile; meantime. [R.] The good knight whiles humming to himself the lay of some majored troubadour. Sir. W. Scott. 2. sometimes; at times. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. The whiles. See under While, n. WHILES Whiles, conj. Defn: During the time that; while. [Archaic] Chaucer. Fuller. Agree with thine adversary quickly, whiles thou art in the way with him. Matt. v. 25. WHILK Whilk, n. Etym: [See Whelk a mollusk.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of mollusk, a whelk. [Prov. Eng.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The scoter. [Prov. Eng.] WHILK Whilk, pron. Defn: Which. [Obs. or Scot.] Note: Whilk is sometimes used in Chaucer to represent the Northern dialect. WHILOM Whi"lom, adv. Etym: [AS. hwilum, properly, at times, dative pl. of hwil; akin to G. weiland formerly, OHG. hwilm, See While, n.] Defn: Formerly; once; of old; erewhile; at times. [Obs. or Poetic] Spenser. Whilom, as olde stories tellen us, There was a duke that highte Theseus. Chaucer. WHILST Whilst, adv. Etym: [From Whiles; cf. Amongst.] Defn: While. [Archaic] Whilst the emperor lay at Antioch. Gibbon. The whilst, in the meantime; while. [Archaic.] Shak. WHIM Whim, n. Etym: [Cf. Whimbrel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European widgeon. [Prov. Eng.] WHIM Whim, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. hwima to wander with the eyes, vim giddiness, Norw. kvima to whisk or flutter about, to trifle, Dan. vimse to skip, whisk, jump from one thing to another, dial. Sw. hvimsa to be unsteady, dizzy, W. chwimio to move briskly.] 1. A sudden turn or start of the mind; a temporary eccentricity; a freak; a fancy; a capricious notion; a humor; a caprice. Let every man enjoy his whim. Churchill. 2. (Mining) Defn: A large capstan or vertical drum turned by horse power or steam power, for raising ore or water, etc., from mines, or for other purposes; -- called also whim gin, and whimsey. Whim gin (Mining), a whim. See Whim, 2. -- Whim shaft (Mining), a shaft through which ore, water, etc., is raised from a mine by means of a whim. Syn. -- Freak; caprice; whimsey; fancy. -- Whim, Freak, Caprice. Freak denotes an impulsive, inconsiderate change of mind, as by a child or a lunatic. Whim is a mental eccentricity due to peculiar processes or habits of thought. Caprice is closely allied in meaning to freak, but implies more definitely a quality of willfulness or wantonness. WHIM Whim, v. i. Defn: To be subject to, or indulge in, whims; to be whimsical, giddy, or freakish. [R.] Congreve. WHIMBREL Whim"brel, n. Etym: [Cf. Whimper.] (Zoöl) Defn: Any one of several species of small curlews, especially the European species (Numenius phæopus), called also Jack curlew, half curlew, stone curlew, and tang whaup. See Illustration in Appendix. Hudsonian or, Eskimo, whimbreal, the Hudsonian curlew. WHIMLING Whim"ling, n. Etym: [Whim + -ling.] Defn: One given to whims; hence, a weak, childish person; a child. Go, whimling, and fetch two or three grating loaves. Beau. & Fl. WHIMMY Whim"my, a. Defn: Full of whims; whimsical. The study of Rabbinical literature either finds a man whimmy or makes him so. Coleridge. WHIMPER Whim"per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whimpered; p. pr. & vb. n. Whimpering.] Etym: [Cf. Scot. whimmer, G. wimmern.] Defn: To cry with a low, whining, broken voice; to whine; to complain; as, a child whimpers. Was there ever yet preacher but there were gainsayers that spurned, that winced, that whimpered against him Latimer. WHIMPER Whim"per, v. t. Defn: To utter in alow, whining tone. WHIMPER Whim"per, n. Defn: A low, whining, broken cry; a low, whining sound, expressive of complaint or grief. WHIMPERER Whim"per*er, n. Defn: One who whimpers. WHIMPLE Whim"ple, v. t. Defn: See Wimple. WHIMPLE Whim"ple, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Whiffle.] Defn: To whiffle; to veer. WHIMSEY; WHIMSY Whim"sey, Whimsy, n.; pl. Whimseys or Whimsies. Etym: [See Whim.] 1. A whim; a freak; a capricious notion, a fanciful or odd conceit. "The whimsies of poets and painters." Ray. Men's folly, whimsies, and inconstancy. Swift. Mistaking the whimseys of a feverish brain for the calm revelation of truth. Bancroft. 2. (Mining) Defn: A whim. WHIMSEY Whim"sey, v. t. Defn: To fill with whimseys, or whims; to make fantastic; to craze. [R.] To have a man's brain whimsied with his wealth. J. Fletcher. WHIMSICAL Whim"si*cal, a. Etym: [From Whimsey.] 1. Full of, or characterized by, whims; actuated by a whim; having peculiar notions; queer; strange; freakish. "A whimsical insult." Macaulay. My neighbors call me whimsical. Addison. 2. Odd or fantastic in appearance; quaintly devised; fantastic. "A whimsical chair." Evelyn. Syn. -- Quaint; capricious; fanciful; fantastic. WHIMSICALITY Whim`si*cal"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality or state of being whimsical; whimsicalness. WHIMSICALLY Whim"si*cal*ly, adv. Defn: In a whimsical manner; freakishly. WHIMSICALNESS Whim"si*cal*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being whimsical; freakishness; whimsical disposition. WHIMSY Whim"sy, n. Defn: A whimsey. WHIMWHAM Whim"wham, n. Etym: [Formed from whim by reduplication.] 1. A whimsical thing; an odd device; a trifle; a trinket; a gimcrack. [R.] They'll pull ye all to pieces for your whimwhams. Bear. & Fl. 2. A whim, or whimsey; a freak. WHIN Whin, n. Etym: [W. chwyn weeds, a single weed.] 1. (Bot.) (a) Gorse; furze. See Furze. Through the whins, and by the cairn. Burns. (b) Woad-waxed. Gray. 2. Same as Whinstone. [Prov. Eng.] Moor whin or Petty whin (Bot.), a low prickly shrub (Genista Anglica) common in Western Europe. -- Whin bruiser, a machine for cutting and bruising whin, or furze, to feed cattle on. -- Whin Sparrow (Zoöl.), the hedge sparrow. [Prov. Eng.] -- Whin Thrush (Zoöl.), the redwing. [Prov. Eng.] WHINBERRY Whin"ber*ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: The English bilberry; -- so called because it grows on moors among the whins, or furze. Dr. Prior. WHINCHAT Whin"chat`, n. Etym: [So called because it frequents whins.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small warbler (Pratincola rubetra) common in Europe; -- called also whinchacker, whincheck, whin-clocharet. WHINE Whine, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whined; p. pr. & vb. n. Whining.] Etym: [OE. whinen, AS. hwinan to make a whistling, whizzing sound; akin to Icel. hvina, Sw. hvina, Dan. hvine, and probably to G. wiehern to neigh, OHG. wihn, hweijn; perhaps of imitative origin. Cf. Whinny, v. i.] Defn: To utter a plaintive cry, as some animals; to mean with a childish noise; to complain, or to tell of sorrow, distress, or the like, in a plaintive, nasal tone; hence, to complain or to beg in a mean, unmanly way; to moan basely. "Whining plovers." Spenser. The hounds were . . . staying their coming, but with a whining accent, craving liberty. Sir P. Sidney. Dost thou come here to whine Shak. WHINE Whine, v. t. Defn: To utter or express plaintively, or in a mean, unmanly way; as, to whine out an excuse. WHINE Whine, n. Defn: A plaintive tone; the nasal, childish tone of mean complaint; mean or affected complaint. WHINER Whin"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, whines. WHINGE Whinge, v. i. Defn: To whine. [Scot.] Burns. WHINGER Whing"er, n. Etym: [See Whinyard.] Defn: A kind of hanger or sword used as a knife at meals and as a weapon. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] The chief acknowledged that he had corrected her with his whinger. Sir W. Scott. WHININGLY Whin"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a whining manner; in a tone of mean complaint. WHINNER Whin"ner, v. i. Defn: To whinny. [Colloq.] WHINNY Whin"ny, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whinnied; p. pr. & vb. n. Whinnying.] Etym: [From Whine] Defn: To utter the ordinary call or cry of a horse; to neigh. WHINNY Whin"ny, n.; pl. Whinnies (. Defn: The ordinary cry or call of a horse; a neigh. "The stately horse . . . stooped with a low whinny." Tennyson. WHINNY Whin"ny, a. Defn: Abounding in whin, gorse, or furze. A fine, large, whinny, . . . unimproved common. Sterne. WHINOCK Whin"ock, n. Etym: [Cf. Scot. whin, quhene, a few, AS. hw, hwne, a little, hwn little, few. Cf. Wheen.] Defn: The small pig of a litter. [Local, U. S.] WHINSTONE Whin"stone", n. Etym: [Whin + stone; cf. Scot. quhynstane.] Defn: A provincial name given in England to basaltic rocks, and applied by miners to other kind of dark-colored unstratified rocks which resist the point of the pick. -- for example, to masses of chert. Whin-dikes, and whin-sills, are names sometimes given to veins or beds of basalt. WHINYARD Whin"yard, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. & Scot. whingar, whinger; perhaps from AS. winn contention, war + geard, gyrd, a staff, rod, yard; or cf. AS. hwinan to whistle, E. whine.] 1. A sword, or hanger. [Obs.] 2. Etym: [From the shape of the bill.] (Zoöl) (a) The shoveler. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The poachard. [Prov. Eng.] WHIP Whip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Whipping.] Etym: [OE. whippen to overlay, as a cord, with other cords, probably akin to G. & D. wippen to shake, to move up and down, Sw. vippa, Dan. vippe to swing to and fro, to shake, to toss up, and L. vibrare to shake. Cf. Vibrate.] 1. To strike with a lash, a cord, a rod, or anything slender and lithe; to lash; to beat; as, to whip a horse, or a carpet. 2. To drive with lashes or strokes of a whip; to cause to rotate by lashing with a cord; as, to whip a top. 3. To punish with a whip, scourge, or rod; to flog; to beat; as, to whip a vagrant; to whip one with thirty nine lashes; to whip a perverse boy. Who, for false quantities, was whipped at school. Dryden. 4. To apply that which hurts keenly to; to lash, as with sarcasm, abuse, or the like; to apply cutting language to. They would whip me with their fine wits. Shak. 5. To thrash; to beat out, as grain, by striking; as, to whip wheat. 6. To beat (eggs, cream, or the like) into a froth, as with a whisk, fork, or the like. 7. To conquer; to defeat, as in a contest or game; to beat; to surpass. [Slang, U. S.] 8. To overlay (a cord, rope, or the like) with other cords going round and round it; to overcast, as the edge of a seam; to wrap; -- often with about, around, or over. Its string is firmly whipped about with small gut. Moxon. 9. To sew lightly; specifically, to form (a fabric) into gathers by loosely overcasting the rolled edge and drawing up the thread; as, to whip a ruffle. In half-whipped muslin needles useless lie. Gay. 10. To take or move by a sudden motion; to jerk; to snatch; -- with into, out, up, off, and the like. She, in a hurry, whips up her darling under her arm. L'Estrange. He whips out his pocketbook every moment, and writes descriptions of everything he sees. Walpole. 11. (Naut.) (a) To hoist or purchase by means of a whip. (b) To secure the end of (a rope, or the like) from untwisting by overcasting it with small stuff. 12. To fish (a body of water) with a rod and artificial fly, the motion being that employed in using a whip. Whipping their rough surface for a trout. Emerson. To whip in, to drive in, or keep from scattering, as hounds in a hurt; hence, to collect, or to keep together, as member of a party, or the like. -- To whip the cat. (a) To practice extreme parsimony. [Prov. Eng.] Forby. (b) To go from house to house working by the day, as itinerant tailors and carpenters do. [Prov. & U. S.] WHIP Whip, v. i. Defn: To move nimbly; to start or turn suddenly and do something; to whisk; as, he whipped around the corner. With speed from thence he whipped. Sackville. Two friends, traveling, met a bear upon the way; the one whips up a tree, and the other throws himself flat upon the ground. L'Estrange. WHIP Whip, n. Etym: [OE. whippe. See Whip, v. t.] 1. An instrument or driving horses or other animals, or for correction, consisting usually of a lash attached to a handle, or of a handle and lash so combined as to form a flexible rod. "[A] whip's lash." Chaucer. In his right hand he holds a whip, with which he is supposed to drive the horses of the sun. Addison. 2. A coachman; a driver of a carriage; as, a good whip. Beaconsfield. 3. (Mach.) (a) One of the arms or frames of a windmill, on which the sails are spread. (b) The length of the arm reckoned from the shaft. 4. (Naut.) (a) A small tackle with a single rope, used to hoist light bodies. (b) The long pennant. See Pennant (a) 5. A huntsman who whips in the hounds; whipper-in. 6. (Eng. Politics) (a) A person (as a member of Parliament) appointed to enforce party discipline, and secure the attendance of the members of a Parliament party at any important session, especially when their votes are needed. (b) A call made upon members of a Parliament party to be in their places at a given time, as when a vote is to be taken. Whip and spur, with the utmost haste. -- Whip crane, or Whip purchase, a simple form of crane having a small drum from which the load is suspended, turned by pulling on a rope wound around larger drum on the same axle. -- Whip gin. See Gin block, under 5th Gin. -- Whip grafting. See under Grafting. -- Whip hand, the hand with which the whip is used; hence, advantage; mastery; as, to have or get the whip hand of a person. Dryden. -- Whip ray (Zoöl.), the European eagle ray. See under Ray. -- Whip roll (Weaving), a roll or bar, behind the reeds in a loom, on which the warp threads rest. -- Whip scorpion (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of arachnids belonging to Thelyphonus and allied genera. They somewhat resemble true scorpions, but have a long, slender bristle, or lashlike organ, at the end of the body, instead of a sting. -- Whip snake (Zoöl.), any one of various species of slender snakes. Specifically: (a) A bright green South American tree snake (Philodryas viridissimus) having a long and slender body. It is not venomous. Called also emerald whip snake. (b) The coachwhip snake. WHIPCORD Whip"cord`, n. Defn: A kind of hard-twisted or braided cord, sometimes used for making whiplashes. WHIPGRAFT Whip"graft`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whipgrafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Whipgrafting.] Defn: To graft by cutting the scion and stock in a certain manner. See Whip grafting, under Grafting. WHIPLASH Whip"lash`, n. Defn: The lash of a whip, -- usually made of thongs of leather, or of cords, braided or twisted. WHIPPAREE Whip`pa*ree", n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large sting ray (Dasybatis, or Trygon, Sayi) native of the Southern United States. It is destitute of large spines on the body and tail. (b) A large sting ray (Rhinoptera bonasus, or R. quadriloba) of the Atlantic coast of the United States. Its snout appears to be four- lobed when viewed in front, whence it is also called cow-nosed ray. WHIPPER Whip"per, n. 1. One who whips; especially, an officer who inflicts the penalty of legal whipping. 2. One who raises coal or merchandise with a tackle from a chip's hold. [Eng.] 3. (Spinning) Defn: A kind of simple willow. WHIPPERIN Whip"per*in`, n. 1. A huntsman who keeps the hounds from wandering, and whips them in, if necessary, to the of chase. 2. Hence, one who enforces the discipline of a party, and urges the attendance and support of the members on all necessary occasions. WHIPPERSNAPPER Whip"per*snap`per, n. Defn: A diminutive, insignificant, or presumptuous person. [Colloq.] "Little whippersnappers like you." T. Hughes. WHIPPING Whip"ping, Defn: a & n. from Whip, v. Whipping post, a post to which offenders are tied, to be legally whipped. WHIPPLETREE Whip"ple*tree`, n. Etym: [See Whip, and cf. Whiffletree.] 1. The pivoted or swinging bar to which the traces, or tugs, of a harness are fastened, and by which a carriage, a plow, or other implement or vehicle, is drawn; a whiffletree; a swingletree; a singletree. See Singletree. [People] cut their own whippletree in the woodlot. Emerson. 2. (Bot.) Defn: The cornel tree. Chaucer. WHIP-POOR-WILL Whip"-poor-will`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An American bird (Antrostomus vociferus) allied to the nighthawk and goatsucker; -- so called in imitation of the peculiar notes which it utters in the evening. [Written also whippowil.] WHIPSAW Whip"saw`, n. Defn: A saw for dividing timber lengthwise, usually set in a frame, and worked by two persons; also, a fret saw. WHIP-SHAPED Whip"-shaped`, a. Defn: Shaped like the lash of a whip; long, slender, round, and tapering; as, a whip-shaped root or stem. WHIPSTAFF Whip"staff`, n. (Naut.) Defn: A bar attached to the tiller, for convenience in steering. WHIPSTALK Whip"stalk`, n. Defn: A whipstock. WHIPSTER Whip"ster, n. Etym: [Whip + -ster.] Defn: A nimble little fellow; a whippersnapper. Every puny whipster gets my sword. Shak. WHIPSTICK Whip"stick`, n. Defn: Whip handle; whipstock. WHIPSTITCH Whip"stitch`, n. 1. A tailor; -- so called in contempt. 2. Anything hastily put or stitched together; hence, a hasty composition. [R.] Dryden. 3. (Agric.) Defn: The act or process of whipstitching. WHIPSTITCH Whip"stitch`, v. t. (Agric.) Defn: To rafter; to plow in ridges, as land. [Eng.] WHIPSTOCK Whip"stock`, n. Defn: The rod or handle to which the lash of a whip is fastened. WHIPT Whipt, imp. & p. p. of Whip. Defn: Whipped. WHIP-TOM-KELLY Whip"-tom`-kel"ly, n. Etym: [So called in imitation of its notes.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A vireo (Vireo altiloquus) native of the West Indies and Florida; -- called also black-whiskered vireo. WHIPWORM Whip"worm`, n. Etym: [So called from its shape.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A nematode worm (Trichocephalus dispar) often found parasitic in the human intestine. Its body is thickened posteriorly, but is very long and threadlike anteriorly. WHIR Whir, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whirred; p. pr. & vb. n. Whirring.] Etym: [Perhaps of imitative origin; cf. D. hvirre to whirl, and E. hurr, hurry, whirl. Defn: To whirl round, or revolve, with a whizzing noise; to fly or more quickly with a buzzing or whizzing sound; to whiz. The partridge bursts away on whirring wings. Beattie. WHIR Whir, v. t. Etym: [See Whir to whiz.] Defn: To hurry a long with a whizzing sound. [R.] This world to me is like a lasting storm, Whirring me from my friends. Shak. WHIR Whir, n. Defn: A buzzing or whizzing sound produced by rapid or whirling motion; as, the whir of a partridge; the whir of a spinning wheel. WHIRL Whirl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whirled; p. pr. & vb. n. Whirling.] Etym: [OE. whirlen, probably from the Scand.; cf. Icel. & Sw. hvirfla, Dan. hvirvle; akin to D. wervelen, G. wirbeln, freq. of the verb seen in Icel. hverfa to turn. sq. root16. See Wharf, and cf. Warble, Whorl.] 1. To turn round rapidly; to cause to rotate with velocity; to make to revolve. He whirls his sword around without delay. Dryden. 2. To remove or carry quickly with, or as with, a revolving motion; to snatch; to harry. Chaucer. See, see the chariot, and those rushing wheels, That whirled the prophet up at Chebar flood. Milton. The passionate heart of the poet is whirl'd into folly. Tennyson. WHIRL Whirl, v. i. 1. To be turned round rapidly; to move round with velocity; to revolve or rotate with great speed; to gyrate. "The whirling year vainly my dizzy eyes pursue." J. H. Newman. The wooden engine flies and whirls about. Dryden. 2. To move hastily or swiftly. But whirled away to shun his hateful sight. Dryden. WHIRL Whirl, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. hvirvel, Sw. hvirfvel, Icel. hvirfill the crown of the head, G. wirbel whirl, crown of the head, D. wervel. See Whirl, v. t.] 1. A turning with rapidity or velocity; rapid rotation or circumvolution; quick gyration; rapid or confusing motion; as, the whirl of a top; the whirl of a wheel. "In no breathless whirl." J. H. Newman. The rapid . . . whirl of things here below interrupt not the inviolable rest and calmness of the noble beings above. South. 2. Anything that moves with a whirling motion. He saw Falmouth under gray, iron skies, and whirls of March dust. Carlyle. 3. A revolving hook used in twisting, as the hooked spindle of a rope machine, to which the threads to be twisted are attached. 4. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Defn: A whorl. See Whorl. WHIRLABOUT Whirl"a*bout`, n. Defn: Something that whirls or turns about in a rapid manner; a whirligig. WHIRLBAT Whirl"bat`, n. Defn: Anything moved with a whirl, as preparatory for a blow, or to augment the force of it; -- applied by poets to the cestus of ancient boxers. The whirlbat and the rapid race shall be Reserved for Cæsar. Dryden. WHIRL-BLAST Whirl"-blast`, n. Defn: A whirling blast or wind. A whirl-blast from behind the hill. Wordsworth. WHIRLBONE Whirl"bone`, n. (Anat.) (a) The huckle bone. [Obs.] (b) The patella, or kneepan. [Obs.] Ainsworth. WHIRLER Whirl"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, whirls. WHIRLICOTE Whirl"i*cote, n. Defn: An open car or chariot. [Obs.] Of old time coaches were not known in this island, but chariots, or whirlicotes. Stow. WHIRLIGIG Whirl"i*gig, n. Etym: [Whirl + gig.] 1. A child's toy, spun or whirled around like a wheel upon an axis, or like a top. Johnson. 2. Anything which whirls around, or in which persons or things are whirled about, as a frame with seats or wooden horses. With a whirligig of jubilant mosquitoes spinning about each head. G. W. Cable. 3. A mediæval instrument for punishing petty offenders, being a kind of wooden cage turning on a pivot, in which the offender was whirled round with great velocity. 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of beetles belonging to Gyrinus and allied genera. The body is firm, oval or boatlike in form, and usually dark colored with a bronzelike luster. These beetles live mostly on the surface of water, and move about with great celerity in a gyrating, or circular, manner, but they are also able to dive and swim rapidly. The larva is aquatic. Called also weaver, whirlwig, and whirlwig beetle. WHIRLING Whirl"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Whirl, v. t. Whirling table. (a) (Physics) An apparatus provided with one or more revolving disks, with weights, pulleys, and other attachments, for illustrating the phenomena and laws of centrifugal force, and the like. (b) A potter's wheel. WHIRLPIT Whirl"pit`, n. Defn: A whirlpool. [Obs.] "Raging whirlpits." Sandys. WHIRLPOOL Whirl"pool`, n. 1. An eddy or vortex of water; a place in a body of water where the water moves round in a circle so as to produce a depression or cavity in the center, into which floating objects may be drawn; any body of water having a more or less circular motion caused by its flowing in an irregular channel, by the coming together of opposing currents, or the like. 2. A sea monster of the whale kind. [Obs.] Spenser. The Indian Sea breedeth the most and the biggest fishes that are; among which the whales and whirlpools, called "balænæ," take up in length as much as four . . . arpents of land. Holland. WHIRLWIG Whirl"wig`, n. Etym: [Cf. Earwig.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A whirligig. WHIRLWIND Whirl"wind`, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. hvirfilvindr, Sw. hvirfvelvind, Dan. hvirvelvind, G. wirbelwind. See Whirl, and Wind, n.] 1. A violent windstorm of limited extent, as the tornado, characterized by an inward spiral motion of the air with an upward current in the center; a vortex of air. It usually has a rapid progressive motion. The swift dark whirlwind that uproots the woods. And drowns the villages. Bryant. Note: Some meteorologists apply the word whirlwind to the larger rotary storm also, such as cyclones. 2. Fig.: A body of objects sweeping violently onward. "The whirlwind of hounds and hunters." Macaulay. WHIRRY Whir"ry, v. i. Defn: To whir. [Obs.] WHIRTLE Whir"tle, n. (Mech.) Defn: A perforated steel die through which wires or tubes are drawn to form them. WHISK Whisk, n. Etym: [See Whist, n.] Defn: A game at cards; whist. [Obs.] Taylor (1630). WHISK Whisk, n. Etym: [Probably for wisk, and of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. visk a wisp; akin to Dan. visk, Sw. viska, D. wisch, OHG. wisc, G. wisch. See Wisp.] 1. The act of whisking; a rapid, sweeping motion, as of something light; a sudden motion or quick puff. This first sad whisk Takes off thy dukedom; thou art but an earl. J. Fletcher. 2. A small bunch of grass, straw, twigs, hair, or the like, used for a brush; hence, a brush or small besom, as of broom corn. 3. A small culinary instrument made of wire, or the like, for whisking or beating eggs, cream, etc. Boyle. 4. A kind of cape, forming part of a woman's dress. My wife in her new lace whisk. Pepys. 5. An impertinent fellow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 6. A plane used by coopers for evening chines. WHISK Whisk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whisked; p. pr. & vb. n. Whisking.] Etym: [Cf. Dan. viske, Sw. viska, G. wischen, D. wisschen. See Whisk, n.] 1. To sweep, brush, or agitate, with a light, rapid motion; as, to whisk dust from a table; to whisk the white of eggs into a froth. 2. To move with a quick, sweeping motion. He that walks in gray, whisking his riding rod. J. Fletcher. I beg she would not impale worms, nor whisk carp out of one element into another. Walpole. WHISK Whisk, v. i. Defn: To move nimbly at with velocity; to make a sudden agile movement. WHISKER Whisk"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, whisks, or moves with a quick, sweeping motion. 2. Formerly, the hair of the upper lip; a mustache; -- usually in the plural. Hoary whiskers and a forky beard. Pope. 3. pl. Defn: That part of the beard which grows upon the sides of the face, or upon the chin, or upon both; as, side whiskers; chin whiskers. 4. A hair of the beard. 5. One of the long, projecting hairs growing at the sides of the mouth of a cat, or other animal. 6. pl. (Naut.) Defn: Iron rods extending on either side of the bowsprit, to spread, or guy out, the stays, etc. WHISKERED Whisk"ered, a. 1. Formed into whiskers; furnished with whiskers; having or wearing whiskers. Our forefathers, a grave, whiskered race. Cowper. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having elongated hairs, feathers, or bristles on the cheeks. The whiskered vermin race. Grainger. WHISKERLESS Whisk"er*less, a. Defn: Being without whiskers. WHISKET Whis"ket, n. Etym: [Cf. Wisket.] 1. A basket; esp., a straw provender basket. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A small lathe for turning wooden pins. WHISKEY Whis"key, n. Defn: Same as Whisky, a liquor. WHISKEY; WHISKY Whis"key, Whis"ky, n.; pl. Whiskeys or Whiskies. Etym: [See Whisk, v. t. & n.] Defn: A light carriage built for rapid motion; -- called also tim- whiskey. WHISKIN Whisk"in, n. Defn: A shallow drinking bowl. [Prov. Eng.] Ray. WHISKING Whisk"ing, a. 1. Sweeping along lightly. 2. Large; great. [Prov. Eng.] WHISKY; WHISKEY Whis"ky, Whis"key, n. Etym: [Ir. or Gael. uisge water (perhaps akin to E. wash, water) in uisgebeatha whiskey, properly, water of life. Cf. Usquebaugh.] Defn: An intoxicating liquor distilled from grain, potatoes, etc., especially in Scotland, Ireland, and the United States. In the United States, whisky is generally distilled from maize, rye, or wheat, but in Scotland and Ireland it is often made from malted barley. Bourbon whisky, corn whisky made in Bourbon County, Kentucky. -- Crooked whisky. See under Crooked. -- Whisky Jack (Zoöl.), the Canada jay (Perisoreus Canadensis). It is noted for its fearless and familiar habits when it frequents the camps of lumbermen in the winter season. Its color is dull grayish blue, lighter beneath. Called also moose bird. WHISKYFIED; WHISKEYFIED Whis"ky*fied, Whis"key*fied, a. Etym: [Whisky + -fy.] Defn: Drunk with whisky; intoxicated. [Humorous] Thackeray. WHISKY RING; WHISKEY RING Whisky, or Whiskey, Ring . (U. S. Hist.) Defn: A conspiracy of distillers and government officials during the administration of President Grant to defraud the government of the excise taxes. The frauds were detected in 1875 through the efforts of the Secretary of the Treasury. B. H. Bristow, and most of the offenders were convicted. WHISP Whisp, n. Defn: See Wisp. WHISP Whisp, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A flock of snipe. WHISPER Whis"per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whispered; p. pr. & vb. n. Whispering.] Etym: [AS. hwisprian; akin to G. wispern, wispeln, OHG. hwispal, Icel. hviskra, Sw. hviska, Dan. hviske; of imitative origin. Cf. Whistle.] 1. To speak softly, or under the breath, so as to be heard only by one near at hand; to utter words without sonant breath; to talk without that vibration in the larynx which gives sonorous, or vocal, sound. See Whisper, n. 2. To make a low, sibilant sound or noise. The hollow, whispering breeze. Thomson. 3. To speak with suspicion, or timorous caution; to converse in whispers, as in secret plotting. All that hate me whisper together against me. Ps. xli. 7. WHISPER Whis"per, v. t. 1. To utter in a low and nonvocal tone; to say under the breath; hence, to mention privately and confidentially, or in a whisper. They might buzz and whisper it one to another. Bentley. 2. To address in a whisper, or low voice. [Archaic] And whisper one another in the ear. Shak. Where gentlest breezes whisper souls distressed. Keble. 3. To prompt secretly or cautiously; to inform privately. [Obs.] "He came to whisper Wolsey." Shak. WHISPER Whis"per, n. 1. A low, soft, sibilant voice or utterance, which can be heard only by those near at hand; voice or utterance that employs only breath sound without tone, friction against the edges of the vocal cords and arytenoid cartilages taking the place of the vibration of the cords that produces tone; sometimes, in a limited sense, the sound produced by such friction as distinguished from breath sound made by friction against parts of the mouth. See Voice, n., 2, and Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 5, 153, 154. The inward voice or whisper can not give a tone. Bacon. Soft whispers through the assembly went. Dryden. 2. A cautious or timorous speech. South. 3. Something communicated in secret or by whispering; a suggestion or insinuation. 4. A low, sibilant sound. "The whispers of the leaves." Tennyson. WHISPERER Whis"per*er, n. 1. One who whispers. 2. A tattler; one who tells secrets; a conveyer of intelligence secretly; hence; a backbiter; one who slanders secretly. Prov. xvi. 28. WHISPERING Whis"per*ing, Defn: a. & n. from Whisper. v. t. Whispering gallery, or Whispering dome, one of such a form that sounds produced in certain parts of it are concentrated by reflection from the walls to another part, so that whispers or feeble sounds are audible at a much greater distance than under ordinary circumstances. WHISPERINGLY Whis"per*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a whisper, or low voice; in a whispering manner; with whispers. Tennyson. WHISPEROUSLY Whis"per*ous*ly, adv. Defn: Whisperingly. [R.] WHIST Whist, interj. Etym: [Cf. G. st! pst! bst! Hist.] Defn: Be silent; be still; hush; silence. WHIST Whist, n. Etym: [From Whist, interj.] Defn: A certain game at cards; -- so called because it requires silence and close attention. It is played by four persons (those who sit opposite each other being partners) with a complete pack of fifty-two cards. Each player has thirteen cards, and when these are played out, he hand is finished, and the cards are again shuffled and distributed. Note: Points are scored for the tricks taken in excess of six, and for the honors held. In long whist, now seldom played, ten points make the game; in short whist, now usually played in England, five points make the game. In American whist, so-called, honors are not counted, and seven points by tricks make the game. WHIST Whist, v. t. Etym: [From Whist, interj.] Defn: To hush or silence. [Obs.] Spenser. WHIST Whist, v. i. Defn: To be or become silent or still; to be hushed or mute. [R.] Surrey. WHIST Whist, a. Etym: [Properly p. p. of whist, v.] Defn: Not speaking; not making a noise; silent; mute; still; quiet. "So whist and dead a silence." Sir J. Harrington. The winds, with wonder whist, Smoothly the waters kissed. Milton. Note: This adjective generally follows its noun, or is used predicatively. WHISTLE Whis"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whistled; p. pr. & vb. n. Whistling.] Etym: [AS. hwistlian; akin to Sw. hvissla, Dan. hvisle, Icel. hvisla to whisper, and E. whisper. Whisper.] 1. To make a kind of musical sound, or series of sounds, by forcing the breath through a small orifice formed by contracting the lips; also, to emit a similar sound, or series of notes, from the mouth or beak, as birds. The weary plowman leaves the task of day, And, trudging homeward, whistles on the way. Gay. 2. To make a shrill sound with a wind or steam instrument, somewhat like that made with the lips; to blow a sharp, shrill tone. 3. To sound shrill, or like a pipe; to make a sharp, shrill sound; as, a bullet whistles through the air. The wild winds whistle, and the billows roar. Pope. WHISTLE Whis"tle, v. t. 1. To form, utter, or modulate by whistling; as, to whistle a tune or an air. 2. To send, signal, or call by a whistle. He chanced to miss his dog; we stood still till he had whistled him up. Addison. To whistle off. (a) To dismiss by a whistle; -- a term in hawking. "AS a long-winged hawk when he is first whistled off the fist, mounts aloft." Burton. (b) Hence, in general, to turn loose; to abandon; to dismiss. I 'ld whistle her off, and let her down the wind To prey at fortune. Shak. Note: "A hawk seems to have been usually sent off in this way, against the wind when sent in search of prey; with or down the wind, when turned loose, and abandoned." Nares. WHISTLE Whis"tle, n. Etym: [AS. hwistle a pipe, flute, whistle. See Whistle, v. i.] 1. A sharp, shrill, more or less musical sound, made by forcing the breath through a small orifice of the lips, or through or instrument which gives a similar sound; the sound used by a sportsman in calling his dogs; the shrill note of a bird; as, the sharp whistle of a boy, or of a boatswain's pipe; the blackbird's mellow whistle. Might we but hear The folded flocks, penned in their wattled cotes, . . . Or whistle from the lodge. Milton. The countryman could not forbear smiling, . . . and by that means lost his whistle. Spectator. They fear his whistle, and forsake the seas. Dryden. 2. The shrill sound made by wind passing among trees or through crevices, or that made by bullet, or the like, passing rapidly through the air; the shrill noise (much used as a signal, etc.) made by steam or gas escaping through a small orifice, or impinging against the edge of a metallic bell or cup. 3. An instrument in which gas or steam forced into a cavity, or against a thin edge, produces a sound more or less like that made by one who whistles through the compressed lips; as, a child's whistle; a boatswain's whistle; a steam whistle (see Steam whistle, under Steam). The bells she jingled, and the whistle blew. Pope. 4. The mouth and throat; -- so called as being the organs of whistling. [Colloq.] So was her jolly whistle well ywet. Chaucer. Let's drink the other cup to wet our whistles. Walton. Whistle duck (Zoöl.), the American golden-eye. WHISTLEFISH Whis"tle*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A gossat, or rockling; -- called also whistler, three-bearded rockling, sea loach, and sorghe. WHISTLER Whis"tler, n. Etym: [AS. hwistlere.] 1. One who, or that which, whistles, or produces or a whistling sound. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) The ring ousel. (b) The widgeon. [Prov. Eng.] (c) The golden-eye. (d) The golden plover and the gray plover. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: The hoary, or northern, marmot (Arctomys pruinosus). 4. (Zoöl.) Defn: The whistlefish. WHISTLEWING Whis"tle*wing`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American golden-eye. WHISTLEWOOD Whis"tle*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The moosewood, or striped maple. See Maple. WHISTLING Whis"tling, Defn: a. & n. from Whistle, v. Whistling buoy. (Naut.) See under Buoy. -- Whistling coot (Zoöl.), the American black scoter. -- Whistling Dick. (Zoöl.) (a) An Australian shrike thrush (Colluricincla Selbii). (b) The song thrush. [Prov. Eng.] -- Whistling duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The golden-eye. (b) A tree duck. -- Whistling eagle (Zoöl.), a small Australian eagle (Haliastur sphenurus); -- called also whistling hawk, and little swamp eagle. -- Whistling plover. (Zoöl.) (a) The golden plover. (b) The black- bellied, or gray, plover. -- Whistling snipe (Zoöl.), the American woodcock. -- Whistling swan. (Zoöl.) (a) The European whooper swan; -- called also wild swan, and elk. (b) An American swan (Olor columbianus). See under Swan. -- Whistling teal (Zoöl.), a tree duck, as Dendrocygna awsuree of India. -- Whistling thrush. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of singing birds of the genus Myiophonus, native of Asia, Australia, and the East Indies. They are generally black, glossed with blue, and have a patch of bright blue on each shoulder. Their note is a loud and clear whistle. (b) The song thrush. [Prov. Eng.] WHISTLINGLY Whis"tling*ly, adv. Defn: In a whistling manner; shrilly. WHISTLY Whist"ly, adv. Defn: In a whist manner; silently. [Obs.] WHIT Whit, n. Etym: [OE. wight, wiht, AS. wiht a creature, a thing. See Wight, and cf. Aught, Naught.] Defn: The smallest part or particle imaginable; a bit; a jot; an iota; -- generally used in an adverbial phrase in a negative sentence. "Samuel told him every whit." 1 Sam. iii. 18. "Every whit as great." South. So shall I no whit be behind in duty. Shak. It does not me a whit displease. Cowley. WHITE White, a. [Compar. Whiter; superl. Whitest.] Etym: [OE. whit, AS. hw; akin to OFries. and OS. hwit, D. wit, G. weiss, OHG. wiz, hwiz, Icel. hvitr, Sw. hvit, Dan. hvid, Goth. hweits, Lith. szveisti, to make bright, Russ. sviet' light, Skr. white, to be bright. Wheat, Whitsunday.] 1. Reflecting to the eye all the rays of the spectrum combined; not tinted with any of the proper colors or their mixtures; having the color of pure snow; snowy; -- the opposite of Ant: black or dark; as, white paper; a white skin. "Pearls white." Chaucer. White as the whitest lily on a stream. Longfellow. 2. Destitute of color, as in the cheeks, or of the tinge of blood color; pale; pallid; as, white with fear. Or whispering with white lips, "The foe! They come! they come!" Byron. 3. Having the color of purity; free from spot or blemish, or from guilt or pollution; innocent; pure. White as thy fame, and as thy honor clear. Dryden. No whiter page than Addison's remains. Pope. 4. Gray, as from age; having silvery hair; hoary. Your high engendered battles 'gainst a head So old and white as this. Shak. 5. Characterized by freedom from that which disturbs, and the like; fortunate; happy; favorable. On the whole, however, the dominie reckoned this as one of the white days of his life. Sir W. Scott. 6. Regarded with especial favor; favorite; darling. Come forth, my white spouse. Chaucer. I am his white boy, and will not be gullet. Ford. Note: White is used in many self-explaining compounds, as white- backed, white-bearded, white-footed. White alder. (Bot.) See Sweet pepper bush, under Pepper. -- White ant (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of social pseudoneuropterous insects of the genus Termes. These insects are very abundant in tropical countries, and form large and complex communities consisting of numerous asexual workers of one or more kinds, of large-headed asexual individuals called soldiers, of one or more queens (or fertile females) often having the body enormously distended by the eggs, and, at certain seasons of numerous winged males, together with the larvæ and pupæ of each kind in various stages of development. Many of the species construct large and complicated nests, sometimes in the form of domelike structures rising several feet above the ground and connected with extensive subterranean galleries and chambers. In their social habits they closely resemble the true ants. They feed upon animal and vegetable substances of various kinds, including timber, and are often very destructive to buildings and furniture. -- White arsenic (Chem.), arsenious oxide, As2O3, a substance of a white color, and vitreous adamantine luster, having an astringent, sweetish taste. It is a deadly poison. -- White bass (Zoöl.), a fresh-water North American bass (Roccus chrysops) found in the Great Likes. -- White bear (Zoöl.), the polar bear. See under Polar. -- White blood cell. (Physiol.) See Leucocyte. -- White brand (Zoöl.), the snow goose. -- White brass, a white alloy of copper; white copper. -- White campion. (Bot.) (a) A kind of catchfly (Silene stellata) with white flowers. (b) A white-flowered Lychnis (Lychnis vespertina). -- White canon (R. C. Ch.), a Premonstratensian. -- White caps, the members of a secret organization in various of the United States, who attempt to drive away or reform obnoxious persons by lynch-law methods. They appear masked in white. -- White cedar (Bot.), an evergreen tree of North America (Thuja occidentalis), also the related Cupressus thyoides, or Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, a slender evergreen conifer which grows in the so-called cedar swamps of the Northern and Atlantic States. Both are much valued for their durable timber. In California the name is given to the Libocedrus decurrens, the timber of which is also useful, though often subject to dry rot. Goodale. The white cedar of Demerara, Guiana, etc., is a lofty tree (Icica, or Bursera, altissima) whose fragrant wood is used for canoes and cabinetwork, as it is not attacked by insect. -- White cell. (Physiol.) See Leucocyte. -- White cell-blood (Med.), leucocythæmia. -- White clover (Bot.), a species of small perennial clover bearing white flowers. It furnishes excellent food for cattle and horses, as well as for the honeybee. See also under Clover. -- White copper, a whitish alloy of copper. See German silver, under German. -- White copperas (Min.), a native hydrous sulphate of iron; coquimbite. -- White coral (Zoöl.), an ornamental branched coral (Amphihelia oculata) native of the Mediterranean. -- White corpuscle. (Physiol.) See Leucocyte. -- White cricket (Zoöl.), the tree cricket. -- White crop, a crop of grain which loses its green color, or becomes white, in ripening, as wheat, rye, barley, and oats, as distinguished from a green crop, or a root crop. -- White currant (Bot.), a variety of the common red currant, having white berries. -- White daisy (Bot.), the oxeye daisy. See under Daisy. -- White damp, a kind of poisonous gas encountered in coal mines. Raymond. -- White elephant (Zoöl.), a whitish, or albino, variety of the Asiatic elephant. -- White elm (Bot.), a majestic tree of North America (Ulmus Americana), the timber of which is much used for hubs of wheels, and for other purposes. -- White ensign. See Saint George's ensign, under Saint. -- White feather, a mark or symbol of cowardice. See To show the white feather, under Feather, n. -- White fir (Bot.), a name given to several coniferous trees of the Pacific States, as Abies grandis, and A. concolor. -- White flesher (Zoöl.), the ruffed grouse. See under Ruffed. [Canada] -- White frost. See Hoarfrost. -- White game (Zoöl.), the white ptarmigan. -- White garnet (Min.), leucite. -- White grass (Bot.), an American grass (Leersia Virginica) with greenish-white paleæ. -- White grouse. (Zoöl.) (a) The white ptarmigan. (b) The prairie chicken. [Local, U. S.] -- White grub (Zoöl.), the larva of the June bug and other allied species. These grubs eat the roots of grasses and other plants, and often do much damage. -- White hake (Zoöl.), the squirrel hake. See under Squirrel. -- White hawk, or kite (Zoöl.), the hen harrier. -- White heat, the temperature at which bodies become incandescent, and appear white from the bright light which they emit. -- White hellebore (Bot.), a plant of the genus Veratrum (V. album) See Hellebore, 2. -- White herring, a fresh, or unsmoked, herring, as distinguished from a red, or cured, herring. [R.] Shak. -- White hoolet (Zoöl.), the barn owl. [Prov. Eng.] -- White horses (Naut.), white-topped waves; whitecaps. -- The White House. See under House. -- White ibis (Zoöl.), an American ibis (Guara alba) having the plumage pure white, except the tips of the wings, which are black. It inhabits tropical America and the Southern United States. Called also Spanish curlew. -- White iron. (a) Thin sheets of iron coated with tin; tinned iron. (b) A hard, silvery-white cast iron containing a large proportion of combined carbon. -- White iron pyrites (Min.), marcasite. -- White land, a tough clayey soil, of a whitish hue when dry, but blackish after rain. [Eng.] -- White lark (Zoöl.), the snow bunting. -- White lead. (a) A carbonate of lead much used in painting, and for other purposes; ceruse. (b) (Min.) Native lead carbonate; cerusite. -- White leather, buff leather; leather tanned with alum and salt. -- White leg (Med.), milk leg. See under Milk. -- White lettuce (Bot.), rattlesnake root. See under Rattlesnake. -- White lie. See under Lie. -- White light. (a) (Physics) Light having the different colors in the same proportion as in the light coming directly from the sun, without having been decomposed, as by passing through a prism. See the Note under Color, n., 1. (b) A kind of firework which gives a brilliant white illumination for signals, etc. -- White lime, a solution or preparation of lime for whitewashing; whitewash. -- White line (Print.), a void space of the breadth of a line, on a printed page; a blank line. -- White meat. (a) Any light-colored flesh, especially of poultry. (b) Food made from milk or eggs, as butter, cheese, etc. Driving their cattle continually with them, and feeding only upon their milk and white meats. Spenser. -- White merganser (Zoöl.), the smew. -- White metal. (a) Any one of several white alloys, as pewter, britannia, etc. (b) (Metal.) A fine grade of copper sulphide obtained at a certain stage in copper smelting. -- White miller. (Zoöl.) (a) The common clothes moth. (b) A common American bombycid moth (Spilosoma Virginica) which is pure white with a few small black spots; -- called also ermine moth, and virgin moth. See Woolly bear, under Woolly. -- White money, silver money. -- White mouse (Zoöl.), the albino variety of the common mouse. -- White mullet (Zoöl.), a silvery mullet (Mugil curema) ranging from the coast of the United States to Brazil; -- called also blue- back mullet, and liza. -- White nun (Zoöl.), the smew; -- so called from the white crest and the band of black feathers on the back of its head, which give the appearance of a hood. -- White oak. (Bot.) See under Oak. -- White owl. (Zoöl.) (a) The snowy owl. (b) The barn owl. -- White partridge (Zoöl.), the white ptarmigan. -- White perch. (Zoöl.) (a) A North American fresh-water bass (Morone Americana) valued as a food fish. (b) The croaker, or fresh- water drum. (c) Any California surf fish. -- White pine. (Bot.) See the Note under Pine. -- White poplar (Bot.), a European tree (Populus alba) often cultivated as a shade tree in America; abele. -- White poppy (Bot.), the opium-yielding poppy. See Poppy. -- White powder, a kind of gunpowder formerly believed to exist, and to have the power of exploding without noise. [Obs.] A pistol charged with white powder. Beau. & Fl. -- White precipitate. (Old Chem.) See under Precipitate. -- White rabbit. (Zoöl.) (a) The American northern hare in its winter pelage. (b) An albino rabbit. -- White rent, (a) (Eng. Law) Formerly, rent payable in silver; -- opposed to black rent. See Blackmail, n., 3. (b) A rent, or duty, of eight pence, payable yearly by every tinner in Devon and Cornwall to the Duke of Cornwall, as lord of the soil. [Prov. Eng.] -- White rhinoceros. (Zoöl.) (a) The one-horned, or Indian, rhinoceros (Rhinoceros Indicus). See Rhinoceros. (b) The umhofo. -- White ribbon, the distinctive badge of certain organizations for the promotion of temperance or of moral purity; as, the White-ribbon Army. -- White rope (Naut.), untarred hemp rope. -- White rot. (Bot.) (a) Either of several plants, as marsh pennywort and butterwort, which were thought to produce the disease called rot in sheep. (b) A disease of grapes. See White rot, under Rot. -- White sage (Bot.), a white, woolly undershrub (Eurotia lanata) of Western North America; -- called also winter fat. -- White salmon (Zoöl.), the silver salmon. -- White salt, salt dried and calcined; decrepitated salt. -- White scale (Zoöl.), a scale insect (Aspidiotus Nerii) injurious to the orange tree. See Orange scale, under Orange. -- White shark (Zoöl.), a species of man-eating shark. See under Shark. -- White softening. (Med.) See Softening of the brain, under Softening. -- White spruce. (Bot.) See Spruce, n., 1. -- White squall (Naut.), a sudden gust of wind, or furious blow, which comes up without being marked in its approach otherwise than by whitecaps, or white, broken water, on the surface of the sea. -- White staff, the badge of the lord high treasurer of England. Macaulay. -- White stork (Zoöl.), the common European stork. -- White sturgeon. (Zoöl.) See Shovelnose (d). -- White sucker. (Zoöl.) (a) The common sucker. (b) The common red horse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum). -- White swelling (Med.), a chronic swelling of the knee, produced by a strumous inflammation of the synovial membranes of the kneejoint and of the cancellar texture of the end of the bone forming the kneejoint; -- applied also to a lingering chronic swelling of almost any kind. -- White tombac. See Tombac. -- White trout (Zoöl.), the white weakfish, or silver squeteague (Cynoscion nothus), of the Southern United States. -- White vitriol (Chem.), hydrous sulphate of zinc. See White vitriol, under Vitriol. -- White wagtail (Zoöl.), the common, or pied, wagtail. -- White wax, beeswax rendered white by bleaching. -- White whale (Zoöl.), the beluga. -- White widgeon (Zoöl.), the smew. -- White wine. any wine of a clear, transparent color, bordering on white, as Madeira, sherry, Lisbon, etc.; -- distinguished from wines of a deep red color, as port and Burgundy. "White wine of Lepe." Chaucer. -- White witch, a witch or wizard whose supernatural powers are supposed to be exercised for good and beneficent purposes. Addison. Cotton Mather. -- White wolf. (Zoöl.) (a) A light-colored wolf (Canis laniger) native of Thibet; -- called also chanco, golden wolf, and Thibetan wolf. (b) The albino variety of the gray wolf. -- White wren (Zoöl.), the willow warbler; -- so called from the color of the under parts. WHITE White, n. 1. The color of pure snow; one of the natural colors of bodies, yet not strictly a color, but a composition of all colors; the opposite of black; whiteness. See the Note under Color, n., 1. Finely attired in a of white. Shak. 2. Something having the color of snow; something white, or nearly so; as, the white of the eye. 3. Specifically, the central part of the butt in archery, which was formerly painted white; the center of a mark at which a missile is shot. 'T was I won the wager, though you hit the white. Shak. 4. A person with a white skin; a member of the white, or Caucasian, races of men. 5. A white pigment; as, Venice white. 6. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of butterflies belonging to Pieris, and allied genera in which the color is usually white. See Cabbage butterfly, under Cabbage. Black and white. See under Black. -- Flake white, Paris white, etc. See under Flack, Paris, etc. -- White of a seed (Bot.), the albumen. See Albumen, 2. -- White of egg, the viscous pellucid fluid which surrounds the yolk in an egg, particularly in the egg of a fowl. In a hen's egg it is alkaline, and contains about 86 per cent of water and 14 per cent of solid matter, the greater portion of which is egg albumin. It likewise contains a small amount of globulin, and traces of fats and sugar, with some inorganic matter. Heated above 60º C. it coagulates to a solid mass, owing to the albumin which it contains. Parr. -- White of the eye (Anat.), the white part of the ball of the eye surrounding the transparent cornea. WHITE White, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whited; p. pr. & vb. n. Whiting.] Etym: [AS. hwitan.] Defn: To make white; to whiten; to whitewash; to bleach. Whited sepulchers, which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within full of . . . uncleanness. Matt. xxiii. 27. So as no fuller on earth can white them. Mark. ix. 3. WHITEBACK White"back`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The canvasback. WHITEBAIT White"bait`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The young of several species of herrings, especially of the common herring, esteemed a great delicacy by epicures in England. (b) A small translucent fish (Salanx Chinensis) abundant at certain seasons on the coasts of China and Japan, and used in the same manner as the European whitebait. WHITEBEAM White"beam`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The common beam tree of England (Pyrus Aria); -- so called from the white, woolly under surface of the leaves. WHITEBEARD White"beard`, n. Defn: An old man; a graybeard. WHITEBELLY White"bel`ly, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The American widgeon, or baldpate. (b) The prairie chicken. WHITEBILL White"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American coot. WHITE-BLAZE White"-blaze`, n. Defn: See White-face. WHITEBLOW White"blow`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Whitlow grass, under Whitlow. WHITEBOY White"boy`, n. 1. A favorite. [Obs.] See White, a., 6. "One of God's whiteboys." Bunyan. 2. One of an association of poor Roman catholics which arose in Ireland about 1760, ostensibly to resist the collection of tithes, the members of which were so called from the white shirts they wore in their nocturnal raids. WHITEBOYISM White"boy`ism, n. Defn: The conduct or principle of the Whiteboys. WHITECAP White"cap`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The European redstart; -- so called from its white forehead. (b) The whitethroat; -- so called from its gray head. (c) The European tree sparrow. 2. A wave whose crest breaks into white foam, as when the wind is freshening. WHITECOAT White"coat`, n. Defn: The skin of a newborn seal; also, the seal itself. [Sealers' Cant] WHITE-EAR White"-ear`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wheatear. WHITE ELEPHANT White elephant. Defn: Something requiring much care and expense and yielding little profit; any burdensome possession. [Slang] WHITE-EYE White"-eye`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of small Old World singing of the genus Zosterops, as Zosterops palpebrosus of India, and Z. coerulescens of Australia. The eyes are encircled by a ring of white feathers, whence the name. Called also bush creeper, and white-eyed tit. WHITE-FACE White"-face`, n. Defn: A white mark in the forehead of a horse, descending almost to the nose; -- called also white-blaze. WHITEFISH White"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of Coregonus, a genus of excellent food fishes allied to the salmons. They inhabit the lakes of the colder parts of North America, Asia, and Europe. The largest and most important American species (C. clupeiformis) is abundant in the Great Lakes, and in other lakes farther north. Called also lake whitefish, and Oswego bass. (b) The menhaden. (c) The beluga, or white whale. Note: Various other fishes are locally called whitefish, as the silver salmon, the whiting (a), the yellowtail, and the young of the bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix). WHITEFLAW White"flaw`, n. Etym: [See Whitlow.] (Med.) Defn: A whitlow. [Obs.] Holland. WHITE FLY White fly. Defn: Any one of numerous small injurious hemipterous insects of the genus Aleyrodes, allied to scale insects. They are usually covered with a white or gray powder. WHITE-FOOT White"-foot`, n. (Far.) Defn: A white mark on the foot of a horse, between the fetlock and the coffin. WHITE FRIAR White" fri`ar. (Eccl.) Defn: A mendicant monk of the Carmelite order, so called from the white cloaks worn by the order. See Carmelite. WHITE-FRONTED White`-front"ed, a. Defn: Having a white front; as, the white-fronted lemur. White- fronted goose (Zoöl.), the white brant, or snow goose. See Snow goose, under Snow. WHITEHEAD White"head`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The blue-winged snow goose. (b) The surf scoter. WHITEHEAD TORPEDO; WHITEHEAD White"head` tor*pe"do, or White"head`, n. Defn: A form of self-propelling torpedo. WHITE-HEART White"-heart`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A somewhat heart-shaped cherry with a whitish skin. WHITE HORSE White horse. Defn: A large mass of tough sinewy substance in the head of sperm whales, just above the upper jaw and extending in streaks into the junk above it. It resembles blubber, but contains no oil. Also, the part of the head in which it occurs. WHITE-HOT White"-hot`, a. Defn: White with heat; heated to whiteness, or incandescence. WHITE-LIMED White"-limed`, a. Defn: Whitewashed or plastered with lime. "White-limed walls." Shak. WHITE LIST White list. (a) A list of business concerns regarded as worthy of patronage by reason of compliance with certain conditions, as in regard to treatment of employees; as, the white list of the Consumers' League. [Cant] (b) (New York Stock Exchange) The official list of all transactions, published daily on white paper, divided into sales from 10 to 12, 12 to 2, and 2 to 3. WHITE-LIVERED White"-liv`ered, a. Defn: Having a pale look; feeble; hence, cowardly; pusillanimous; dastardly. They must not be milksops, nor white-livered knights. Latimer. WHITELY White"ly, a. Defn: Like, or coming near to, white. [Obs.] WHITE MUSTARD White mustard. Defn: A kind of mustard (Sinapis alba) with rough-hairy foliage, a long-beaked hispid pod, and pale seeds, which yield mustard and mustard oil. The plant is also grown for forage. WHITEN Whit"en, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whitened; p. pr. & vb. n. Whitening.] Etym: [OE. whitenen; cf. Icel. hvitna.] Defn: To grow white; to turn or become white or whiter; as, the hair whitens with age; the sea whitens with foam; the trees in spring whiten with blossoms. WHITEN Whit"en, v. t. Defn: To make white; to bleach; to blanch; to whitewash; as, to whiten a wall; to whiten cloth. The broad stream of the Foyle then whitened by vast flocks of wild swans. Macaulay. Syn. -- See Blanch. WHITENER Whit"en*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, whitens; a bleacher; a blancher; a whitewasher. WHITENESS White"ness, n. Etym: [AS. hwitness.] 1. The quality or state of being white; white color, or freedom from darkness or obscurity on the surface. Chaucer. 2. Want of a sanguineous tinge; paleness; as from terror, grief, etc. "The whiteness in thy cheek." Shak. 3. Freedom from stain or blemish; purity; cleanness. He had kept The whiteness of his soul, and thus men o'er him wept. Byron. 4. Nakedness. [Obs.] Chapman. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: A flock of swans. WHITENING Whit"en*ing, n. 1. The act or process of making or becoming white. 2. That which is used to render white; whiting. [R.] Whitening stone, a sharpening and polishing stone used by cutlers; also, a finishing grindstone of fine texture. WHITE PERSON White person. Defn: A person of the Caucasian race (6 Fed. Rep. 256). In the time of slavery in the United States white person was generally construed as a person without admixture of colored blood. In various statutes and decisions in different States since 1865 white person is construed as in effect: one not having any negro blood (Ark., Okla.); one having less than one eighth of negro blood (Ala., Fla., Ga., Ind., Ky., Md., Minn., Miss., Mo., N.C., S.C., Tenn., Tex.); one having less than one fourth (Mich., Neb., Ore., Va.); one having less than one half (Ohio). WHITE PLAGUE White plague. Defn: Tuberculosis, esp. of the lungs. WHITE-POT White"-pot`, n. Defn: A kind of food made of milk or cream, eggs, sugar, bread, etc., baked in a pot. King. WHITERUMP White"rump`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American black-tailed godwit. WHITES Whites, n. pl. 1. (Med.) Defn: Leucorrh 2. The finest flour made from white wheat. 3. Cloth or garments of a plain white color. WHITESIDE White"side`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The golden-eye. WHITE SLAVE White slave. Defn: A woman held in involuntary confinement for purposes of prostitution; loosely, any woman forced into unwilling prostitution. WHITE SLAVER White slaver. Defn: A person engaged in procuring or holding a woman or women for unwilling prostitution. WHITE SLAVING White slaving. Defn: The action of one who procures or holds a woman or women for unwilling prostitution. WHITESMITH White"smith`, n. 1. One who works in tinned or galvanized iron, or white iron; a tinsmith. 2. A worker in iron who finishes or polishes the work, in distinction from one who forges it. WHITESTER White"ster, n. Etym: [White + -ster.] Defn: A bleacher of lines; a whitener; a whitster. [Prov. Eng.] WHITETAIL White"tail`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Virginia deer. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wheatear. [Prov. Eng.] WHITETHORN White"thorn`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The hawthorn. WHITETHROAT White"throat`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of Old World warblers, esp. the common European species (Sylvia cinerea), called also strawsmear, nettlebird, muff, and whitecap, the garden whitethroat, or golden warbler (S. hortensis), and the lesser whitethroat (S. curruca). WHITETOP White"top`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Fiorin. WHITEWALL White"wall`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The spotted flycatcher; -- so called from the white color of the under parts. [Prov. Eng.] WHITEWASH White"wash` (, n. 1. Any wash or liquid composition for whitening something, as a wash for making the skin fair. Addison. 2. A composition of line and water, or of whiting size, and water, or the like, used for whitening walls, ceilings, etc.; milk of lime. WHITEWASH White"wash`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whitewashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Whitewashing.] 1. To apply a white liquid composition to; to whiten with whitewash. 2. To make white; to give a fair external appearance to; to clear from imputations or disgrace; hence, to clear (a bankrupt) from obligation to pay debts. WHITEWASHER White"wash`er, n. Defn: One who whitewashes. WHITE-WATER White"-wa`ter, n. (Far.) Defn: A dangerous disease of sheep. WHITEWEED White"weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A perennial composite herb (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum) with conspicuous white rays and a yellow disk, a common weed in grass lands and pastures; -- called also oxeye daisy. WHITEWING White"wing`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The chaffinch; -- so called from the white bands on the wing. (b) The velvet duck. WHITEWOOD White"wood`, n. Defn: The soft and easily-worked wood of the tulip tree (Liriodendron). It is much used in cabinetwork, carriage building, etc. Note: Several other kinds of light-colored wood are called whitewood in various countries, as the wood of Bignonia leucoxylon in the West Indies, of Pittosporum bicolor in Tasmania, etc. Whitewood bark. See the Note under Canella. WHITEWORT White"wort`, n. (Bot.) (a) Wild camomile. (b) A kind of Solomon's seal (Polygonum officinale). WHITFLAW Whit"flaw`, n. Etym: [See Whitlow.] Defn: Whitlow. [Obs.] "The nails fallen off by whitflaws." Herrick. WHITHER Whith"er, adv. Etym: [OE. whider. AS. hwider; akin to E. where, who; cf. Goth. hvadre whither. See Who, and cf. Hither, Thither.] 1. To what place; -- used interrogatively; as, whither goest thou "Whider may I flee" Chaucer. Sir Valentine, whither away so fast Shak. 2. To what or which place; -- used relatively. That no man should know . . . whither that he went. Chaucer. We came unto the land whither thou sentest us. Num. xiii. 27. 3. To what point, degree, end, conclusion, or design; whereunto; whereto; -- used in a sense not physical. Nor have I . . . whither to appeal. Milton. Any whither, to any place; anywhere. [Obs.] "Any whither, in hope of life eternal." Jer. Taylor. -- No whither, to no place; nowhere. [Obs.] 2 Kings v. 25. Syn. -- Where. -- Whither, Where. Whither properly implies motion to place, and where rest in a place. Whither is now, however, to a great extent, obsolete, except in poetry, or in compositions of a grave and serious character and in language where precision is required. Where has taken its place, as in the question, "Where are you going" WHITHERSOEVER Whith`er*so*ev"er, adv. Etym: [Whither + soever.] Defn: To whatever place; to what place soever; wheresoever; as, I will go whithersoever you lead. WHITHERWARD Whith"er*ward, adv. Defn: In what direction; toward what or which place. R. of Brunne. Whitherward to turn for a good course of life was by no means too apparent. Carlyle. WHITILE Whit"ile, n. Etym: [Perhaps properly, the cutter (see Whittle, v.), or cf. whitewall, witwal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The yaffle. [Prov. Eng.] WHITING Whit"ing, n. Etym: [From White.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European food fish (Melangus vulgaris) of the Codfish family; -- called also fittin. (b) A North American fish (Merlucius vulgaris) allied to the preceding; -- called also silver hake. (c) Any one of several species of North American marine sciænoid food fishes belonging to genus Menticirrhus, especially M. Americanus, found from Maryland to Brazil, and M. littoralis, common from Virginia to Texas; -- called also silver whiting, and surf whiting. Note: Various other fishes are locally called whiting, as the kingfish (a), the sailor's choice (b), the Pacific tomcod, and certain species of lake whitefishes. 2. Chalk prepared in an impalpable powder by pulverizing and repeated washing, used as a pigment, as an ingredient in putty, for cleaning silver, etc. Whiting pollack. (Zoöl.) Same as Pollack. -- Whiting pout (Zoöl.), the bib, 2. WHITING-MOP Whit"ing-mop`, n. [Obs.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A young whiting. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A fair lass. "This pretty whiting-mop." Massinger. WHITISH Whit"ish, a. Etym: [From White.] 1. Somewhat white; approaching white; white in a moderate degree. 2. (Bot.) Defn: Covered with an opaque white powder. WHITISHNESS Whit"ish*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being whitish or somewhat white. WHITLEATHER Whit"leath`er, n. Etym: [White + leather.] 1. Leather dressed or tawed with alum, salt, etc., remarkable for its pliability and toughness; white leather. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The paxwax. See Paxwax. WHITLING Whit"ling, n. Etym: [White + -ling.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A young full trout during its second season. [Prov. Eng.] WHITLOW Whit"low, n. Etym: [Prov. E. whickflaw, for quickflaw, i. e., a flaw or sore at the quick; cf. Icel. kvika the quick under the nail or under a horse's hoof. See Quick, a., and Flaw.] 1. (Med.) Defn: An inflammation of the fingers or toes, generally of the last phalanx, terminating usually in suppuration. The inflammation may occupy any seat between the skin and the bone, but is usually applied to a felon or inflammation of the periosteal structures of the bone. 2. (Far.) Defn: An inflammatory disease of the feet. It occurs round the hoof, where an acrid matter is collected. Whitlow grass (Bot.), name given to several inconspicuous herbs, which were thought to be a cure for the whitlow, as Saxifraga tridactylites, Draba verna, and several species of Paronychia. WHITLOW-WORT Whit"low-wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Whitlow grass, under Whitlow. WHITMONDAY Whit"mon`day, n. (Eccl.) Defn: The day following Whitsunday; -- called also Whitsun Monday. WHITNEYITE Whit"ney*ite, n. Etym: [So called after J.D. Whitney, an American geologist.] (Min.) Defn: an arsenide of copper from Lake Superior. WHITSON Whit"son, a. Defn: See Whitsun. [Obs.] WHITSOUR Whit"sour`, n. Etym: [White + sour.] (Bot.) Defn: A sort of apple. WHITSTER Whit"ster, n. Etym: [Contracted fr. whitester.] Defn: A whitener; a bleacher; a whitester. [Obs.] The whitsters in Datchet mead. Shak. WHITSUN Whit"sun, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or observed at, Whitsuntide; as, Whitsun week; Whitsun Tuesday; Whitsun pastorals. WHITSUNDAY Whit"sun*day, n. Etym: [White + Sunday.] 1. (Eccl.) Defn: The seventh Sunday, and the fiftieth day, after Easter; a festival of the church in commemoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost; Pentecost; -- so called, it is said, because, in the primitive church, those who had been newly baptized appeared at church between Easter and Pentecost in white garments. 2. (Scots Law) Defn: See the Note under Term, n., 12. WHITSUNTIDE Whit"sun*tide`, n. Etym: [Whitsunday + tide.] Defn: The week commencing with Whitsunday, esp. the first three days -- Whitsunday, Whitsun Monday, and Whitsun Tuesday; the time of Pentecost. R. of Gloucester. WHITTEN TREE Whit"ten tree`. Etym: [Probably from white; cf. AS. hwitingtreów.] (Bot.) Defn: Either of two shrubs (Viburnum Lantana, and V. Opulus), so called on account of their whitish branches. WHITTERICK Whit"ter*ick, n. Defn: The curlew. [Prov. Eng.] WHITTLE Whit"tle, n. Etym: [AS. hwitel, from hwit white; akin to Icel. hvitill a white bed cover. See White.] (a) A grayish, coarse double blanket worn by countrywomen, in the west of England, over the shoulders, like a cloak or shawl. C. Kingsley. (b) Same as Whittle shawl, below. Whittle shawl, a kind of fine woolen shawl, originally and especially a white one. WHITTLE Whit"tle, n. Etym: [OE. thwitel, fr. AS. pwitan to cut. Cf. Thwittle, Thwaite a piece of ground.] Defn: A knife; esp., a pocket, sheath, or clasp knife. "A butcher's whittle." Dryden. "Rude whittles." Macaulay. He wore a Sheffield whittle in his hose. Betterton. WHITTLE Whit"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whittled; p. pr. & vb. n. Whittling.] 1. To pare or cut off the surface of with a small knife; to cut or shape, as a piece of wood held in the hand, with a clasp knife or pocketknife. 2. To edge; to sharpen; to render eager or excited; esp., to excite with liquor; to inebriate. [Obs.] "In vino veritas." When men are well whittled, their tongues run at random. Withals. WHITTLE Whit"tle, v. i. Defn: To cut or shape a piece of wood with am small knife; to cut up a piece of wood with a knife. Dexterity with a pocketknife is a part of a Nantucket education; but I am inclined to think the propensity is national. Americans must and will whittle. Willis. WHITTLINGS Whit"tlings, n. pl. Defn: Chips made by one who whittles; shavings cut from a stick with a knife. WHITTRET Whit"tret, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A weasel. [Scot.] WHITTUESDAY Whit"tues`day, n. (Eccl.) Defn: The day following Whitmonday; -- called also Whitsun Tuesday. WHITWALL Whit"wall`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Whetile. WHITWORTH BALL Whit"worth ball`. (Gun.) Defn: A prejectile used in the Whitworth gun. WHITWORTH GUN Whit"worth gun`. (Gun.) Defn: A form of rifled cannon and small arms invented by Sir Joseph Whitworth, of Manchester, England. Note: In Mr. Whitworth's system, the bore of the gun has a polygonal section, and the twist is rapid. The ball, which is pointed in front, is made to fit the bore accurately, and is very much elongated, its length being about three and one half times as great as its diameter. H. L. Scott. WHITY-BROWN Whit"y-brown`, a. Defn: Of a color between white and brown. Pegge. WHIZ Whiz, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whizzed; p. pr. & vb. n. Whizzing.] Etym: [Of imitative origin. Whistle, and Hiss.] Defn: To make a humming or hissing sound, like an arrow or ball flying through the air; to fly or move swiftly with a sharp hissing or whistling sound. [Written also whizz.] It flew, and whizzing, cut the liquid way. Dryden. WHIZ Whiz, n. Defn: A hissing and humming sound. Like the whiz of my crossbow. Coleridge. WHIZZINGLY Whiz"zing*ly, adv. Defn: With a whizzing sound. WHO Who, pron. [Possess. whose; object. Whom.] Etym: [OE. who, wha, AS. hwa, interrogative pron., neut. hwæt; akin to OFries. hwa, neut. hwet, OS. hwe, neut. hwat, D. wie, neut. wat, G. wer, neut.was, OHG. wer, hwer, neut. waz, hwaz, Icel. hvat, neut., Dan. hvo, neut. hvad, Sw. ho, hvem, neut. hvad, Goth. hwas, fem. hwo, neut. hwa, Lith. kas, Ir. & Gael. co, W. pwy, L. quod, neuter of qui, Gr. po`teros whether, Skr. kas. sq. root182. Cf. How, Quantity, Quorum, Quote, Ubiquity, What, When, Where, Whether, Which, Whither, Whom, Why.] 1. Originally, an interrogative pronoun, later, a relative pronoun also; -- used always substantively, and either as singular or plural. See the Note under What, pron., 1. As interrogative pronouns, who and whom ask the question: What or which person or persons Who and whom, as relative pronouns (in the sense of that), are properly used of persons (corresponding to which, as applied to things), but are sometimes, less properly and now rarely, used of animals, plants, etc. Who and whom, as compound relatives, are also used especially of persons, meaning the person that; the persons that; the one that; whosoever. "Let who will be President." Macaulay. [He] should not tell whose children they were. Chaucer. There thou tell'st of kings, and who aspire; Who fall, who rise, who triumph, who do moan. Daniel. Adders who with cloven tongues Do hiss into madness. Shak. Whom I could pity thus forlorn. Milton. How hard is our fate, who serve in the state. Addison. Who cheapens life, abates the fear of death. Young. The brace of large greyhounds, who were the companions of his sports. Sir W. Scott. 2. One; any; one. [Obs., except in the archaic phrase, as who should say.] As who should say, it were a very dangerous matter if a man in any point should be found wiser than his forefathers were. Robynson (More's Utopia). WHOA Whoa, interj. Defn: Stop; stand; hold. See Ho, 2. WHOBUB Who"bub, n. Defn: Hubbub. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. WHOEVER Who*ev"er, pron. Defn: Whatever person; any person who; be or she who; any one who; as, he shall be punished, whoever he may be. "Whoever envies or repines." Milton. "Whoever the king favors." Shak. WHOLE Whole, a. Etym: [OE. hole, hol, hal, hool, AS. hal well, sound, healthy; akin to OFries. & OS. h, D. heel, G. heil, Icel. heill, Sw. hel whole, Dan. heel, Goth. hails well, sound, OIr. c augury. Cf. Hale, Hail to greet, Heal to cure, Health, Holy.] 1. Containing the total amount, number, etc.; comprising all the parts; free from deficiency; all; total; entire; as, the whole earth; the whole solar system; the whole army; the whole nation. "On their whole host I flew unarmed." Milton. The whole race of mankind. Shak. 2. Complete; entire; not defective or imperfect; not broken or fractured; unimpaired; uninjured; integral; as, a whole orange; the egg is whole; the vessel is whole. My life is yet whole in me. 2 Sam. i. 9. 3. Possessing, or being in a state of, heath and soundness; healthy; sound; well. [She] findeth there her friends hole and sound. Chaucer. They that be whole need not a physician. Matt. ix. 12. When Sir Lancelot's deadly hurt was whole. Tennyson. Whole blood. (Law of Descent) See under Blood, n., 2. -- Whole note (Mus.), the note which represents a note of longest duration in common use; a semibreve. -- Whole number (Math.), a number which is not a fraction or mixed number; an integer. Whole snipe (Zoöl.), the common snipe, as distinguished from the smaller jacksnipe. [Prov. Eng.] Syn. -- All; total; complete; entire; integral; undivided; uninjured; unimpaired; unbroken; healthy. -- Whole, Total, Entire, Complete. When we use the word whole, we refer to a thing as made up of parts, none of which are wanting; as, a whole week; a whole year; the whole creation. When we use the word total, we have reference to all as taken together, and forming a single totality; as, the total amount; the total income. When we speak of a thing as entire, we have no reference to parts at all, but regard the thing as an integer, i. e., continuous or unbroken; as, an entire year; entire prosperity. When we speak of a thing as complete, there is reference to some progress which results in a filling out to some end or object, or a perfected state with no deficiency; as, complete success; a complete victory. All the whole army stood agazed on him. Shak. One entire and perfect chrysolite. Shak. Lest total darkness should by night regain Her old possession, and extinguish life. Milton. So absolute she seems, And in herself complete. Milton. WHOLE Whole, n. 1. The entire thing; the entire assemblage of parts; totality; all of a thing, without defect or exception; a thing complete in itself. "This not the whole of life to live, Nor all of death to die. J. Montgomery. 2. A regular combination of parts; a system. Parts answering parts shall slide into a whole. Pope. Committee of the whole. See under Committee. -- Upon the whole, considering all things; taking everything into account; in view of all the circumstances or conditions. Syn. -- Totality; total; amount; aggregate; gross. WHOLE-HOOFED Whole"-hoofed`, a. Defn: Having an undivided hoof, as the horse. WHOLE-LENGTH Whole"-length`, a. Defn: Representing the whole figure; -- said of a picture or statue. -- n. Defn: A portrait or statue representing the whole figure. WHOLENESS Whole"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being whole, entire, or sound; entireness; totality; completeness. WHOLESALE Whole"sale`, n. Defn: Sale of goods by the piece or large quantity, as distinguished from retail. By wholesale, in the mass; in large quantities; without distinction or discrimination. Some, from vanity or envy, despise a valuable book, and throw contempt upon it by wholesale. I. Watts. WHOLESALE Whole"sale`, a. 1. Pertaining to, or engaged in, trade by the piece or large quantity; selling to retailers or jobbers rather than to consumers; as, a wholesale merchant; the wholesale price. 2. Extensive and indiscriminate; as, wholesale slaughter. "A time for wholesale trust." Mrs. Humphry Ward. WHOLESOME Whole"some, a. [Compar. Wholesomer; superl. Wholesomest.] Etym: [Whole + some; cf. Icel. heilsamr, G. heilsam, D. heilzaam.] 1. Tending to promote health; favoring health; salubrious; salutary. Wholesome thirst and appetite. Milton. From which the industrious poor derive an agreeable and wholesome variety of food. A Smith. 2. Contributing to the health of the mind; favorable to morals, religion, or prosperity; conducive to good; salutary; sound; as, wholesome advice; wholesome doctrines; wholesome truths; wholesome laws. A wholesome tongue is a tree of life. Prov. xv. 4. I can not . . . make you a wholesome answer; my wit's diseased. Shak. A wholesome suspicion began to be entertained. Sir W. Scott. 3. Sound; healthy. [Obs.] Shak. -- Whole"some*ly, adv. -- Whole"some*ness, n. WHOLE-SOULED Whole"-souled`, a. Defn: Thoroughly imbued with a right spirit; noble-minded; devoted. WHOLLY Whol"ly, adv. 1. In a whole or complete manner; entirely; completely; perfectly. Nor wholly overcome, nor wholly yield. Dryden. 2. To the exclusion of other things; totally; fully. They employed themselves wholly in domestic life. Addison. WHOM Whom, pron. Etym: [OE. wham, AS. dative hwam, hw. See Who.] Defn: The objective case of who. See Who. Note: In Old English, whom was also commonly used as a dative. Cf. Him. And every grass that groweth upon root She shall eke know, and whom it will do boot. Chaucer. WHOMSOEVER Whom`so*ev"er, pron. Defn: The objective of whosoever. See Whosoever. The Most High ruleth in the kingdow of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will. Dan. iv. 17. WHOOBUB Whoo"bub, n. Defn: Hubbub. [Obs.] Shak. WHOOP Whoop (, n. Etym: [See Hoopoe.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The hoopoe. WHOOP Whoop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whooped; p. pr. & vb. n. Whooping.] Etym: [OE. houpen. See Hoop, v. i.] 1. To utter a whoop, or loud cry, as eagerness, enthusiasm, or enjoyment; to cry out; to shout; to halloo; to utter a war whoop; to hoot, as an owl. Each whooping with a merry shout. Wordsworth. When naught was heard but now and then the howl Of some vile cur, or whooping of the owl. W. Browne. 2. To cough or breathe with a sonorous inspiration, as in whooping cough. WHOOP Whoop, v. t. Defn: To insult with shouts; to chase with derision. And suffered me by the voice of slaves to be Whooped out of Rome. Shak. WHOOP Whoop, n. 1. A shout of pursuit or of war; a very of eagerness, enthusiasm, enjoyment, vengeance, terror, or the like; an halloo; a hoot, or cry, as of an owl. A fox, crossing the road, drew off a considerable detachment, who clapped spurs to their horses, and pursued him with whoops and halloos. Addison. The whoop of the crane. Longfellow. 2. A loud, shrill, prolonged sound or sonorous inspiration, as in whooping cough. WHOOPER Whoop"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, whooops. Woopher swan. (Zoöl.) See the Note under Swan. WHOOPING Whoop"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Whoop, v. t. Whooping cough (Med.), a violent, convulsive cough, returning at longer or shorter intervals, and consisting of several expirations, followed by a sonorous inspiration, or whoop; chin cough; hooping cough. Dunglison. -- Whooping crane (Zoöl.), a North American crane (Crus Americana) noted for the loud, whooplike note which it utters. -- Whooping swan (Zoöl.), the whooper swan. See the Note under Swan. WHOOT Whoot, v. i. Etym: [See Hoot.] Defn: To hoot. [Obs.] WHOP Whop, v. t. Defn: Same as Whap. Forby. WHOP Whop, n. Defn: Same as Whap. WHOPPER Whop"per, n. Etym: [Cf. Whapper.] 1. One who, or that which, whops. 2. Same as Whapper. WHORE Whore, n. Etym: [OE. hore, AS. h; akin to D. hoer, hoere, G. hure, OHG. huora, huorra, Icel. h, Dan. hore, Sw. hora, Goth. h an adulterer, AS. h adultery, OHG. huor, and probably to L. carus dear. Cf. Charity.] Defn: A woman who practices unlawful sexual commerce with men, especially one who prostitutes her body for hire; a prostitute; a harlot. Wyclif. Syn. -- Harlot; courtesan; prostitute; strumpet. WHORE Whore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whored; p. pr. & vb. n. Whoring.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. h. See Whore, n.] 1. To have unlawful sexual intercourse; to practice lewdness. 2. (Script.) Defn: To worship false and impure gods. WHORE Whore, v. t. Defn: To corrupt by lewd intercourse; to make a whore of; to debauch. [R.] Congreve. WHOREDOM Whore"dom, n. Etym: [OE. hordom; cf. Icel. h.] 1. The practice of unlawful intercourse with the other sex; fornication; lewdness. 2. (Script.) Defn: The sin of worshiping idols; idolatry. O Ephraim, thou committest whoredom, and Israel is defiled; they will not . . . turn unto their God. Hos. v. 3, 4. WHOREMASTER Whore"mas`ter, n. 1. A man who practices lewdness; a lecher; a whoremonger. 2. One keeps or procures whores for others; a pimp; a procurer. WHOREMASTERLY Whore"mas`ter*ly, a. Defn: Having the character of a whoremaster; lecherous; libidinous. WHOREMONGER Whore"mon`ger, n. Defn: A whoremaster; a lecher; a man who frequents the society of whores. WHORESON Whore"son, n. Defn: A bastard; colloquially, a low, scurvy fellow; -- used generally in contempt, or in coarse humor. Also used adjectively. [Archaic] Shak. WHORISH Whor"ish, a. Defn: Resembling a whore in character or conduct; addicted to unlawful pleasures; incontinent; lewd; unchaste. -- Whor"ish*ly, adv. -- Whor"ish*ness, n. WHORL Whorl, n. Etym: [OE. whorvil the whirl of a spindle; akin to AS. hweorfa the whirl of a spindle, hweorfan to turn; cf. OD. worvel the whirl of a spindle. See Whirl, n. & v.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A circle of two or more leaves, flowers, or other organs, about the same part or joint of a stem. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A volution, or turn, of the spire of a univalve shell. 3. (Spinning) Defn: The fly of a spindle. WHORLED Whorled, a. Defn: Furnished with whorls; arranged in the form of a whorl or whorls; verticillate; as, whorled leaves. WHORLER Whorl"er, n. Defn: A potter's wheel. WHORT Whort, n. Etym: [See Whortleberry.] (Bot.) Defn: The whortleberry, or bilberry. See Whortleberry (a). WHORTLE Whor"tle, n. (Bot.) Defn: The whortleberry, or bilberry. [He] looked ahead of him from behind a tump of whortles. R. D. Blackmore. WHORTLEBERRY Whor"tle*ber`ry, n. Etym: [AS. wyrtil a small shrub (dim. of wyrt wort) + E. berry. See Wort, and cf. Huckleberry, Hurtleberry.] (Bot.) (a) In England, the fruit of Vaccinium Myrtillus; also, the plant itself. See Bilberry, 1. (b) The fruit of several shrubby plants of the genus Gaylussacia; also, any one of these plants. See Huckleberry. WHOSE Whose, pron. Etym: [OE. whos, whas, AS. hwæs, gen. of hwa. See Who.] Defn: The possessive case of who or which. See Who, and Which. Whose daughter art thou tell me, I pray thee. Gen. xxiv. 23. The question whose solution I require. Dryden. WHOSESOEVER Whose`so*ev"er, pron. Defn: The possessive of whosoever. See Whosoever. WHOSO Who"so, pron. Defn: Whosoever. Piers Plowman. Whoso shrinks or falters now, . . . Brand the craven on his brow! Whittier. WHOSOEVER Who`so*ev"er, pron. Defn: Whatsoever person; any person whatever that; whoever. Whosoever will, let him take . . . freely. Rev. xxii. 17. WHOT Whot, a. Defn: Hot. [Obs.] Spenser. WHUR Whur, v. i. Etym: [Probably of imitative origin. Cf. Hurr, Hurry, Whir.] 1. To make a rough, humming sound, like one who pronounces the letter r with too much force; to whir; to birr. 2. To snarl or growl, as a dog. Halliwell. WHUR Whur, n. Defn: A humming or whirring sound, like that of a body moving through the air with velocity; a whir. WHURRY Whur"ry, v. t. Etym: [See Hurry.] Defn: To whisk along quickly; to hurry. [R.] Whurrying the chariot with them to the shore. Vicars. WHURT Whurt, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Whort. WHY Why, adv. Etym: [OE. whi, why, AS. hwi, hw, instrumental case of hwa, hwæt; akin to Icel. hvi why, Dan. & Sw. hvi; cf. Goth. hw. Who.] 1. For what cause, reason, or purpose; on what account; wherefore; -- used interrogatively. See the Note under What, pron., 1. Turn ye, turn ye from your evil ways; for why will ye die, O house of Israel Ezek. xxxiii. 11. 2. For which; on account of which; -- used relatively. No ground of enmity between us known Why he should mean me ill or seek to harm. Milton. Turn the discourse; I have a reason why I would not have you speak so tenderly. Dryden. 3. The reason or cause for which; that on account of which; on what account; as, I know not why he left town so suddenly; -- used as a compound relative. Note: Why is sometimes used as an interjection or an expletive in expression of surprise or content at a turn of affairs; used also in calling. "Why, Jessica!" Shak. If her chill heart I can not move, Why, I'll enjoy the very love. Cowley. Sometimes, also, it is used as a noun. The how and the why and the where. Goldsmith. For why, because; why. See Forwhy. [Obs. or Colloq.] WHY Why, n. Defn: A young heifer. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. WHYDAH BIRD; WHYDAH FINCH Whyd"ah bird`, or Whyd"ah finch`. (Zoöl.) Defn: The whidah bird. WHY-NOT Why"-not`, n. Defn: A violent and peremptory procedure without any assigned reason; a sudden conclusive happening. [Obs.] When the church Was taken with a why-not in the lurch. Hudibras. This game . . . was like to have been lost with a why-not. Nugæ Antiq. WICH Wich, n. Defn: A variant of 1st Wick. WICHITAS Wich"i*tas, n. pl.; sing. Wichita (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians native of the region between the Arkansas and Red rivers. They are related to the Pawnees. See Pawnees. WICK; WICH Wick, or Wich, n. Etym: [AS. wic village, fr. L. vicus. In some names of places, perhaps fr. Icel. vik an inlet, creek, bay. See Vicinity, and cf. Villa.] 1. A street; a village; a castle; a dwelling; a place of work, or exercise of authority; -- now obsolete except in composition; as, bailiwick, Warwick, Greenwick. Stow. 2. (Curling) Defn: A narrow port or passage in the rink or course, flanked by the stones of previous players. WICK Wick, n. Etym: [OE. wicke, weyke, weke, AS. weoca or wecca; cf. D. wiek a roll of lint, Prov. G. wicke, and wieche, OHG. wiohha, Sw. veke, Dan. væge; of uncertain origin.] Defn: A bundle of fibers, or a loosely twisted or braided cord, tape, or tube, usually made of soft spun cotton threads, which by capillary attraction draws up a steady supply of the oil in lamps, the melted tallow or wax in candles, or other material used for illumination, in small successive portions, to be burned. But true it is, that when the oil is spent The light goes out, and wick is thrown away. Spenser. WICK Wick, v. i. (Curling) Defn: To strike a stone in an oblique direction. Jamieson. WICKE Wick"e, a. Defn: Wicked. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. "With full wikke intent." Chaucer. WICKED Wicked, a. Defn: Having a wick; -- used chiefly in composition; as, a two-wicked lamp. WICKED Wick"ed a. Etym: [OE. wicked, fr. wicke wicked; probably originally the same word as wicche wizard, witch. See Witch.] 1. Evil in principle or practice; deviating from morality; contrary to the moral or divine law; addicted to vice or sin; sinful; immoral; profligate; -- said of persons and things; as, a wicked king; a wicked woman; a wicked deed; wicked designs. Hence, then, and evil go with thee along, Thy offspring, to the place of evil, hell, Thou and thy wicked crew! Milton. Never, never, wicked man was wise. Pope. 2. Cursed; baneful; hurtful; bad; pernicious; dangerous. [Obs.] "Wicked dew." Shak. This were a wicked way, but whoso had a guide. P. Plowman. 3. Ludicrously or sportively mischievous; disposed to mischief; roguish. [Colloq.] Pen looked uncommonly wicked. Thackeray. Syn. -- Iniquitous; sinful; criminal; guilty; immoral; unjust; unrighteous; unholy; irreligious; ungodly; profane; vicious; pernicious; atrocious; nefarious; heinous; flagrant; flagitious; abandoned. See Iniquitous. WICKEDLY Wick"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a wicked manner; in a manner, or with motives and designs, contrary to the divine law or the law of morality; viciously; corruptly; immorally. I have sinned, and I have done wickedly. 2 Sam. xxiv. 17. WICKEDNESS Wick"ed*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being wicked; departure from the rules of the divine or the moral law; evil disposition or practices; immorality; depravity; sinfulness. God saw that the wickedness of man was great. Gen. vi. 5. Their inward part is very wickedness. Ps. v. 9. 2. A wicked thing or act; crime; sin; iniquity. I'll never care what wickedness I do, If this man comes to good. Shak. WICKEN TREE Wick"en tree`. Defn: Same as Quicken tree. WICKER Wick"er, n. Etym: [OE. wiker, wikir, osier, probably akin to AS. wican to give way. Cf. Weak.] 1. A small pliant twig or osier; a rod for making basketwork and the like; a withe. 2. Wickerwork; a piece of wickerwork, esp. a basket. Then quick did dress His half milk up for cheese, and in a press Of wicker pressed it. Chapman. 3. Same as 1st Wike. [Prov. Eng.] WICKER Wick"er, a. Defn: Made of, or covered with, twigs or osiers, or wickerwork. Each one a little wicker basket had, Made of fine twigs, entrailéd curiously. Spenser. WICKERED Wick"ered, a. Defn: Made of, secured by, or covered with, wickers or wickerwork. Ships of light timber, wickered with osier between, and covered over with leather. Milton. WICKERWORK Wick"er*work`, n. Defn: A texture of osiers, twigs, or rods; articles made of such a texture. WICKET Wick"et, n. Etym: [OE. wiket, OF. wiket, guichet, F. quichet; probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. v a small creek, inlet, bay, vik a corner.] 1. A small gate or door, especially one forming part of, or placed near, a larger door or gate; a narrow opening or entrance cut in or beside a door or gate, or the door which is used to close such entrance or aperture. Piers Plowman. "Heaven's wicket." Milton. And so went to the high street, . . . and came to the great tower, but the gate and wicket was fast closed. Ld. Berners. The wicket, often opened, knew the key. Dryden. 2. A small gate by which the chamber of canal locks is emptied, or by which the amount of water passing to a water wheel is regulated. 3. (Cricket) (a) A small framework at which the ball is bowled. It consists of three rods, or stumps, set vertically in the ground, with one or two short rods, called bails, lying horizontally across the top. (b) The ground on which the wickets are set. 4. A place of shelter made of the boughs of trees, -- used by lumbermen, etc. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. 5. (Mining) Defn: The space between the pillars, in postand-stall working. Raymond. Wicket door, Wicket gate, a small door or gate; a wicket. See def. 1, above. Bunyan. -- Wicket keeper (Cricket), the player who stands behind the wicket to catch the balls and endeavor to put the batsman out. WICKING Wick"ing, n. Defn: the material of which wicks are made; esp., a loosely braided or twisted cord or tape of cotton. WICKIUP WICKYUP { Wick"i*up Wick"y*up }, n. Defn: Vars of Wikiup. WICLIFITE; WICKLIFFITE Wic"lif*ite, Wick"liff*ite, n. Defn: See Wyclifite. WICOPY Wic"o*py, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Leatherwood. WIDAL'S TEST; WIDAL TEST; WIDAL'S REACTION; WIDAL REACTION Wi*dal's", or Wi*dal", test or reaction . [After Fernand Widal (b. 1862), French physician.] (Med.) Defn: A test for typhoid fever based on the fact that blood serum of one affected, in a bouillon culture of typhoid bacilli, causes the bacilli to agglutinate and lose their motility. WIDDY Wid"dy, n. Etym: [Cf. Withy.] Defn: A rope or halter made of flexible twigs, or withes, as of birch. [Scot.] WIDE Wide, a. [Compar. Wider; superl. Widest.] Etym: [OE. wid, wyde, AS. wid; akin to OFries. & OS. wid, D. wijd, G. weit, OHG. wit, Icel. vi\'ebr, Sw. & Dan. vid; of uncertain origin.] 1. Having considerable distance or extent between the sides; spacious across; much extended in a direction at right angles to that of length; not narrow; broad; as, wide cloth; a wide table; a wide highway; a wide bed; a wide hall or entry. The chambers and the stables weren wyde. Chaucer. Wide is the gate . . . that leadeth to destruction. Matt. vii. 18. 2. Having a great extent every way; extended; spacious; broad; vast; extensive; as, a wide plain; the wide ocean; a wide difference. "This wyde world." Chaucer. For sceptered cynics earth were far too wide a den. Byron. When the wide bloom, on earth that lies, Seems of a brighter world than ours. Bryant. 3. Of large scope; comprehensive; liberal; broad; as, wide views; a wide understanding. Men of strongest head and widest culture. M. Arnold. 4. Of a certain measure between the sides; measuring in a direction at right angles to that of length; as, a table three feet wide. 5. Remote; distant; far. The contrary being so wide from the truth of Scripture and the attributes of God. Hammond. 6. Far from truth, from propriety, from necessity, or the like. "Our wide expositors." Milton. It is far wide that the people have such judgments. Latimer. How wide is all this long pretense ! Herbert. 7. On one side or the other of the mark; too far side-wise from the mark, the wicket, the batsman, etc. Surely he shoots wide on the bow hand. Spenser. I was but two bows wide. Massinger. 8. (Phon.) Defn: Made, as a vowel, with a less tense, and more open and relaxed, condition of the mouth organs; -- opposed to primary as used by Mr. Bell, and to narrow as used by Mr. Sweet. The effect, as explained by Mr. Bell, is due to the relaxation or tension of the pharynx; as explained by Mr. Sweet and others, it is due to the action of the tongue. The wide of e (eve) is î (îll); of a (ate) is ê (ênd), etc. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 13-15. Note: Wide is often prefixed to words, esp. to participles and participial adjectives, to form self-explaining compounds; as, wide- beaming, wide-branched, wide-chopped, wide-echoing, wide-extended, wide-mouthed, wide-spread, wide-spreading, and the like. Far and wide. See under Far. -- Wide gauge. See the Note under Cauge, 6. WIDE Wide, adv. Etym: [As. w.] 1. To a distance; far; widely; to a great distance or extent; as, his fame was spread wide. [I] went wyde in this world, wonders to hear. Piers Plowman. 2. So as to leave or have a great space between the sides; so as to form a large opening. Shak. 3. So as to be or strike far from, or on one side of, an object or purpose; aside; astray. WIDE Wide, n. 1. That which is wide; wide space; width; extent. "The waste wide of that abyss." Tennyson. 2. That which goes wide, or to one side of the mark. WIDE-ANGLE Wide"-an`gle, a. (Photog. & Optics) Defn: Having or covering an angle wider than the ordinary; -- applied to certain lenses of relatively short focus. Lenses for ordinary purposes have an angle of 50º or less. Wide-angle lenses may cover as much as 100º and are useful for photographing at short range, but the pictures appear distorted. WIDE-AWAKE Wide`-a*wake", a. Defn: Fully awake; not Dickens. WIDE-AWAKE Wide`-a*wake", n. Defn: A broad-brimmed, low-crowned felt hat. WIDEGAP Wide"gap`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The angler; -- called also widegab, and widegut. WIDELY Wide"ly, adv. 1. In a wide manner; to a wide degree or extent; far; extensively; as, the gospel was widely disseminated by the apostles. 2. Very much; to a great degree or extent; as, to differ widely in opinion. WIDEN Wid"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Widened; p. pr. & vb. n. Widening.] Defn: To make wide or wider; to extend in breadth; to increase the width of; as, to widen a field; to widen a breach; to widen a stocking. WIDEN Wid"en, v. i. Defn: To grow wide or wider; to enlarge; to spread; to extend. Arches widen, and long aisles extend. Pope. WIDENESS Wide"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being wide; breadth; width; great extent from side to side; as, the wideness of a room. "I landed in a small creek about the wideness of my canoe." Swift. 2. Large extent in all directions; broadness; greatness; as, the wideness of the sea or ocean. WIDESPREAD Wide"spread`, a. Defn: Spread to a great distance; widely extended; extending far and wide; as, widespread wings; a widespread movement. WIDEWHERE Wide"where`, adv. Etym: [See Wide, and Where.] Defn: Widely; far and wide. [Obs.] Chaucer. WIDGEON Widg"eon, n. Etym: [Probably from an old French form of F. vigeon, vingeon, gingeon; of uncertain origin; cf. L. vipio, -onis, a kind of small crane.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of fresh-water ducks, especially those belonging to the subgenus Mareca, of the genus Anas. The common European widgeon (Anas penelope) and the American widgeon (A. Americana) are the most important species. The latter is called also baldhead, baldpate, baldface, baldcrown, smoking duck, wheat, duck, and whitebelly. Bald-faced, or Green-headed, widgeon, the American widgeon. -- Black widgeon, the European tufted duck. -- Gray widgeon. (a) The gadwall. (b) The pintail duck. -- Great headed widgeon, the poachard. -- Pied widgeon. (a) The poachard. (b) The goosander. Saw-billed widgeon, the merganser. -- Sea widgeon. See in the Vocabulary. -- Spear widgeon, the goosander. [Prov. Eng.] -- Spoonbilled widgeon, the shoveler. -- White widgeon, the smew. -- Wood widgeon, the wood duck. WIDISH Wid"ish, a. Defn: Moderately wide. Tyndall. WIDMANSTATTEN FIGURES; WIDMANSTAETTEN FIGURES Wid"man*stät`ten fig"ures. (Min.) Defn: Certain figures appearing on etched meteoric iron; -- so called after A. B. Widmanstätten, of Vienna, who first described them in 1808. See the Note and Illust. under Meteorite. WIDOW Wid"ow, n. Etym: [OE. widewe, widwe, AS. weoduwe, widuwe, wuduwe; akin to OFries. widwe, OS. widowa, D. weduwe, G. wittwe, witwe, OHG. wituwa, witawa, Goth. widuw, Russ. udova, OIr. fedb, W. gweddw, L. vidua, Skr. vidhava; and probably to Skr. vidh to be empty, to lack; cf. Gr. Vidual.] Defn: A woman who has lost her husband by death, and has not married again; one living bereaved of a husband. "A poor widow." Chaucer. Grass widow. See under Grass. -- Widow bewitched, a woman separated from her husband; a grass widow. [Colloq.] Widow-in-mourning (Zoöl.), the macavahu. -- Widow monkey (Zoöl.), a small South American monkey (Callithrix lugens); -- so called on account of its color, which is black except the dull whitish arms, neck, and face, and a ring of pure white around the face. -- Widow's chamber (Eng. Law), in London, the apparel and furniture of the bedchamber of the widow of a freeman, to which she was formerly entitled. WIDOW Wid"ow, a. Defn: Widowed. "A widow woman." 1 Kings xvii. 9. "This widow lady." Shak. WIDOW Wid"ow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Widowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Widowing.] 1. To reduce to the condition of a widow; to bereave of a husband; -- rarely used except in the past participle. Though in thus city he Hath widowed and unchilded many a one, Which to this hour bewail the injury. Shak. 2. To deprive of one who is loved; to strip of anything beloved or highly esteemed; to make desolate or bare; to bereave. The widowed isle, in mourning, Dries up her tears. Dryden. Tress of their shriveled fruits Are widowed, dreary storms o'er all prevail. J. Philips. Mourn, widowed queen; forgotten Sion, mourn. Heber. 3. To endow with a widow's right. [R.] Shak. 4. To become, or survive as, the widow of. [Obs.] Let me be married to three kings in a forenoon, and widow them all. Shak. WIDOW BIRD Wid"ow bird`. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Whidan bird. WIDOWER Wid"ow*er, n. Defn: A man who has lost his wife by death, and has not married again. Shak. WIDOWERHOOD Wid"ow*er*hood, n. Defn: The state of being a widower. WIDOWHOOD Wid"ow*hood, n. 1. The state of being a widow; the time during which a woman is widow; also, rarely, the state of being a widower. Johnson clung to her memory during a widowhood of more than thirty years. Leslie Stephen. 2. Estate settled on a widow. [Obs.] "I 'll assure her of her widowhood . . . in all my lands." Shak. WIDOW-HUNTER Wid"ow-hunt`er, n. Defn: One who courts widows, seeking to marry one with a fortune. Addison. WIDOWLY Wid"ow*ly, a. Defn: Becoming or like a widow. WIDOW-MAKER Wid"ow-mak`er, n. Defn: One who makes widows by destroying husbands. [R.] Shak. WIDOW-WAIL Wid"ow-wail`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A low, narrowleaved evergreen shrub (Cneorum tricoccon) found in Southern Europe. WIDTH Width, n. Etym: [From Wide.] Defn: The quality of being wide; extent from side to side; breadth; wideness; as, the width of cloth; the width of a door. WIDUAL Wid"u*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a widow; vidual. [Obs.] Bale. WIDWE Wid"we, n. Defn: A widow. [Obs.] Chaucer. WIELD Wield, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wielded; p. pr. & vb. n. Wielding.] Etym: [OE. welden to govern, to have power over, to possess, AS. geweldan, gewyldan, from wealdan; akin to OS. waldan, OFries. walda, G. walten, OHG. waltan, Icel. valda, Sw. vålla to occasion, to cause, Dan. volde, Goth. waldan to govern, rule, L. valere to be strong. Cf. Herald, Valiant.] 1. To govern; to rule; to keep, or have in charge; also, to possess. [Obs.] When a strong armed man keepeth his house, all things that he wieldeth ben in peace. Wyclif (Luke xi. 21). Wile [ne will] ye wield gold neither silver ne money in your girdles. Wyclif (Matt. x. 9.) 2. To direct or regulate by influence or authority; to manage; to control; to sway. The famous orators . . . whose resistless eloquence Wielded at will that fierce democraty. Milton. Her newborn power was wielded from the first by unprincipled and ambitions men. De Quincey. 3. To use with full command or power, as a thing not too heavy for the holder; to manage; to handle; hence, to use or employ; as, to wield a sword; to wield the scepter. Base Hungarian wight! wilt thou the spigot wield! Shak. Part wield their arms, part curb the foaming steed. Milton. Nothing but the influence of a civilized power could induce a savage to wield a spade. S. S. Smith. To wield the scepter, to govern with supreme command. WIELDABLE Wield"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being wielded. WIELDANCE Wield"ance, n. Defn: The act or power of wielding. [Obs.] "Our weak wieldance." Bp. Hall. WIELDER Wield"er, n. Defn: One who wields or employs; a manager; a controller. A wielder of the great arm of the war. Milton. WIELDING Wield"ing, n. Defn: Power; authority; rule. [Obs.] To have them in your might and in your wielding. Chaucer. WIELDLESS Wield"less, a. Defn: Not to be wielded; unmanageable; unwieldy. [R.] "Wieldless might." Spenser. WIELDSOME Wield"some, a. Defn: Admitting of being easily wielded or managed. [Obs.] Golding. WIELDY Wield"y, a. Defn: Capable of being wielded; manageable; wieldable; -- opposed to unwieldy. [R.] Johnson. WIENER SCHNITZEL Wie"ner Schnit"zel. [G., Vienna cutlet.] Defn: A veal cutlet variously seasoned garnished, often with lemon, sardines, and capers. WIER Wier, n. Defn: Same as Weir. WIERANGLE Wier`an"gle, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Wariangle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] WIERY Wier"y, a. Etym: [Cf. Wearish.] Defn: Wet; moist; marshy. [Obs.] WIERY Wi"er*y, a. Etym: [From Wire; cf. Fiery.] Defn: Wiry. [Obs.] "Wiery gold." Peacham. WIFE Wife, n.; pl; Wives. Etym: [OE. wif, AS. wif; akin to OFries. & OS. wif, D. wijf, G. weib, OHG. wib, Icel. vif, Dan. viv; and perhaps to Skr. vip excited, agitated, inspired, vip to tremble, L. vibrare to vibrate, E. vibrate. Cf. Tacitus, [" Germania" 8]: Inesse quin etiam sanctum aliquid et providum putant, nec aut consilia earum aspernantur aut responsa neglegunt. Cf. Hussy a jade, Woman.] 1. A woman; an adult female; -- now used in literature only in certain compounds and phrases, as alewife, fishwife, goodwife, and the like. " Both men and wives." Piers Plowman. On the green he saw sitting a wife. Chaucer. 2. The lawful consort of a man; a woman who is united to a man in wedlock; a woman who has a husband; a married woman; -- correlative of husband. " The husband of one wife." 1 Tin. iii. 2. Let every one you . . . so love his wife even as himself, and the wife see that she reverence her husband. Eph. v. 33. To give to wife, To take to wife, to give or take (a woman) in marriage. -- Wife's equity (Law), the equitable right or claim of a married woman to a reasonable and adequate provision, by way of settlement or otherwise, out of her choses in action, or out of any property of hers which is under the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery, for the support of herself and her children. Burrill. WIFEHOOD Wife"hood, n. Etym: [AS. wifhad.] 1. Womanhood. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The state of being a wife; the character of a wife. WIFELESS Wife"less, a. Defn: Without a wife; unmarried. Chaucer. WIFELIKE Wife"like`, a. Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, a wife or a woman. " Wifelike government." Shak. WIFELY Wife"ly, a. Etym: [AS. wiflic.] Defn: Becoming or life; of or pertaining to a wife. "Wifely patience." Chaucer. With all the tenderness of wifely love. Dryden. WIG Wig, n. Etym: [Abbreviation from periwig.] 1. A covering for the head, consisting of hair interwoven or united by a kind of network, either in imitation of the natural growth, or in abundant and flowing curls, worn to supply a deficiency of natural hair, or for ornament, or according to traditional usage, as a part of an official or professional dress, the latter especially in England by judges and barristers. 2. An old seal; -- so called by fishermen. Wig tree. (Bot.) See Smoke tree, under Smoke. WIG Wig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wigged; p. pr. & vb. n. Wigging.] Defn: To censure or rebuke; to hold up to reprobation; to scold. [Slang] WIGAN Wig"an, n. Defn: A kind of canvaslike cotton fabric, used to stiffen and protect the lower part of trousers and of the skirts of women's dresses, etc.; -- so called from Wigan, the name of a town in Lancashire, England. WIGEON Wi"geon, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A widgeon. [R.] WIGG; WIG Wigg, Wig, n. Etym: [Cf. D. wegge a sort of bread, G. weck, orig., a wedge-shaped loaf or cake. See Wedge.] Defn: A kind of raised seedcake. "Wiggs and ale." Pepys. WIGGED Wigged Defn: , a. Having the head covered with a wig; wearing a wig. WIGGERY Wig"ger*y, n. 1. A wig or wigs; false hair. [R.] A. Trollope. 2. Any cover or screen, as red-tapism. [R.] Fire peels the wiggeries away from them [facts.] Carlyle. WIGGLE Wig"gle, v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. Wag, v. t., Waggle.] Defn: To move to and fro with a quick, jerking motion; to bend rapidly, or with a wavering motion, from side to side; to wag; to squirm; to wriggle; as, the dog wiggles his tail; the tadpole wiggles in the water. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] WIGGLE Wig"gle, n. Defn: Act of wiggling; a wriggle. [Colloq.] WIGGLER Wig"gler, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The young, either larva or pupa, of the mosquito; -- called also wiggletail. WIGHER Wig"her, v. i. Etym: [Cf. G. wiehern, E. whine.] Defn: To neigh; to whinny. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. WIGHT Wight, n. Defn: Weight. [Obs.] WIGHT Wight, n. Etym: [OE. wight, wiht, a wight, a whit, AS. wiht, wuht, a creature, a thing; skin to D. wicht a child, OS. & OHG. wiht a creature, thing, G. wicht a creature, Icel. vætt a wight, vætt a whit, Goth. waíhts, waíht, thing; cf. Russ. veshche a thing. Whit.] 1. A whit; a bit; a jot. [Obs.] She was fallen asleep a little wight. Chaucer. 2. A supernatural being. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3. A human being; a person, either male or female; -- now used chiefly in irony or burlesque, or in humorous language. "Worst of all wightes." Chaucer. Every wight that hath discretion. Chaucer. Oh, say me true if thou wert mortal wight. Milton. WIGHT Wight, a. Etym: [OE. wight, wiht, probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. vigr in fighting condition, neut. vigh war, akin to AS. wig See Vanquish.] Defn: Swift; nimble; agile; strong and active. [Obs. or Poetic] 'T is full wight, God wot, as is a roe. Chaucer. He was so wimble and so wight. Spenser. They were Night and Day, and Day and Night, Pilgrims wight with steps forthright. Emerson. WIGHTLY Wight"ly, adv. Defn: Swiftly; nimbly; quickly. [Obs.] WIGLESS Wig"less, a. Defn: Having or wearing no wig. WIGWAG Wig"wag`, v. i. Etym: [See Wag, v. t.] (Naut.) Defn: To signal by means of a flag waved from side to side according to a code adopted for the purpose. [Colloq.] WIGWAM Wig"wam, n. Etym: [From the Algonquin or Massachusetts Indian word wek, "his house," or "dwelling place;" with possessive and locative affixes, we-kou-om-ut, "in his (or their) house," contracted by the English to weekwam, and wigwam.] Defn: An Indian cabin or hut, usually of a conical form, and made of a framework of poles covered with hides, bark, or mats; -- called also tepee. [Sometimes written also weekwam.] Very spacious was the wigwam, Made of deerskin dressed and whitened, With the gods of the Dacotahs Drawn and painted on its curtains. Longfellow. Note: "The wigwam, or Indian house, of a circular or oval shape, was made of bark or mats laid over a framework of branches of trees stuck in the ground in such a manner as to converge at the top, where was a central aperture for the escape of smoke from the fire beneath. The better sort had also a lining of mats. For entrance and egress, two low openings were left on opposite sides, one or the other of which was closed with bark or mats, according to the direction of the wind." Palfrey. WIKE Wike, n. Defn: A temporary mark or boundary, as a bough of a tree set up in marking out or dividing anything, as tithes, swaths to be mowed in common ground, etc.; -- called also wicker. [Prov. Eng.] WIKE Wike, n. Etym: [AS. wic. See Wick a village.] Defn: A home; a dwelling. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] WIKIUP Wik"i*up`, n. [Of North American Indian origin; cf. Dakota wakeya, wokeya.] Defn: The hut used by the nomadic Indian tribes of the arid regions of the west and southwest United States, typically elliptical in form, with a rough frame covered with reed mats or grass or brushwood. WIKKE Wik"ke, a. Defn: Wicked. [Obs.] Chaucer. WILD Wild, a. [Compar. Wilder; superl. Wildest.] Etym: [OE. wilde, AS. wilde; akin to OFries. wilde, D. wild, OS. & OHG. wildi, G. wild, Sw. & Dan. vild, Icel. villr wild, bewildered, astray, Goth. wilpeis wild, and G. & OHG. wild game, deer; of uncertain origin.] 1. Living in a state of nature; inhabiting natural haunts, as the forest or open field; not familiar with, or not easily approached by, man; not tamed or domesticated; as, a wild boar; a wild ox; a wild cat. Winter's not gone yet, if the wild geese fly that way. Shak. 2. Growing or produced without culture; growing or prepared without the aid and care of man; native; not cultivated; brought forth by unassisted nature or by animals not domesticated; as, wild parsnip, wild camomile, wild strawberry, wild honey. The woods and desert caves, With wild thyme and gadding vine o'ergrown. Milton. 3. Desert; not inhabited or cultivated; as, wild land. "To trace the forests wild." Shak. 4. Savage; uncivilized; not refined by culture; ferocious; rude; as, wild natives of Africa or America. 5. Not submitted to restraint, training, or regulation; turbulent; tempestuous; violent; ungoverned; licentious; inordinate; disorderly; irregular; fanciful; imaginary; visionary; crazy. "Valor grown wild by pride." Prior. "A wild, speculative project." Swift. What are these So withered and so wild in their attire Shak. With mountains, as with weapons, armed; which makes Wild work in heaven. Milton. The wild winds howl. Addison. Search then the ruling passion, there, alone The wild are constant, and the cunning known. Pope. 6. Exposed to the wind and sea; unsheltered; as, a wild roadstead. 7. Indicating strong emotion, intense excitement, or as, a wild look. 8. (Naut.) Defn: Hard to steer; -- said of a vessel. Note: Many plants are named by prefixing wild to the names of other better known or cultivated plants to which they a bear a real or fancied resemblance; as, wild allspice, wild pink, etc. See the Phrases below. To run wild, to go unrestrained or untamed; to live or untamed; to live or grow without culture or training. -- To sow one's wild oats. See under Oat. Wild allspice. (Bot.), spicewood. -- Wild balsam apple (Bot.), an American climbing cucurbitaceous plant (Echinocystis lobata). -- Wild basil (Bot.), a fragrant labiate herb (Calamintha Clinopodium) common in Europe and America. -- Wild bean (Bot.), a name of several leguminous plants, mostly species of Phaseolus and Apios. -- Wild bee (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of undomesticated social bees, especially the domestic bee when it has escaped from domestication and built its nest in a hollow tree or among rocks. -- Wild bergamot. (Bot.) See under Bergamot. -- Wild boar (Zoöl.), the European wild hog (Sus scrofa), from which the common domesticated swine is descended. -- Wild brier (Bot.), any uncultivated species of brier. See Brier. -- Wild bugloss (Bot.), an annual rough-leaved plant (Lycopsis arvensis) with small blue flowers. -- Wild camomile (Bot.), one or more plants of the composite genus Matricaria, much resembling camomile. -- Wild cat. (Zoöl.) (a) A European carnivore (Felis catus) somewhat resembling the domestic cat, but larger stronger, and having a short tail. It is destructive to the smaller domestic animals, such as lambs, kids, poultry, and the like. (b) The common American lynx, or bay lynx. (c) (Naut.) A wheel which can be adjusted so as to revolve either with, or on, the shaft of a capstan. Luce. -- Wild celery. (Bot.) See Tape grass, under Tape. -- Wild cherry. (Bot.) (a) Any uncultivated tree which bears cherries. The wild red cherry is Prunus Pennsylvanica. The wild black cherry is P. serotina, the wood of which is much used for cabinetwork, being of a light red color and a compact texture. (b) The fruit of various species of Prunus. -- Wild cinnamon. See the Note under Canella. -- Wild comfrey (Bot.), an American plant (Cynoglossum Virginicum) of the Borage family. It has large bristly leaves and small blue flowers. -- Wild cumin (Bot.), an annual umbelliferous plant (Lagoecia cuminoides) native in the countries about the Mediterranean. -- Wild drake (Zoöl.) the mallard. -- Wild elder (Bot.), an American plant (Aralia hispida) of the Ginseng family. -- Wild fowl (Zoöl.) any wild bird, especially any of those considered as game birds. -- Wild goose (Zoöl.), any one of several species of undomesticated geese, especially the Canada goose (Branta Canadensis), the European bean goose, and the graylag. See Graylag, and Bean goose, under Bean. -- Wild goose chase, the pursuit of something unattainable, or of something as unlikely to be caught as the wild goose. Shak. -- Wild honey, honey made by wild bees, and deposited in trees, rocks, the like. -- Wild hyacinth. (Bot.) See Hyacinth, 1 (b). Wild Irishman (Bot.), a thorny bush (Discaria Toumatou) of the Buckthorn family, found in New Zealand, where the natives use the spines in tattooing. -- Wild land. (a) Land not cultivated, or in a state that renders it unfit for cultivation. (b) Land which is not settled and cultivated. -- Wild licorice. (Bot.) See under Licorice. -- Wild mammee (Bot.), the oblong, yellowish, acid fruit of a tropical American tree (Rheedia lateriflora); -- so called in the West Indies. -- Wild marjoram (Bot.), a labiate plant (Origanum vulgare) much like the sweet marjoram, but less aromatic. -- Wild oat. (Bot.) (a) A tall, oatlike kind of soft grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum). (b) See Wild oats, under Oat. -- Wild pieplant (Bot.), a species of dock (Rumex hymenosepalus) found from Texas to California. Its acid, juicy stems are used as a substitute for the garden rhubarb. -- Wild pigeon. (Zoöl.) (a) The rock dove. (b) The passenger pigeon. -- Wild pink (Bot.), an American plant (Silene Pennsylvanica) with pale, pinkish flowers; a kind of catchfly. -- Wild plantain (Bot.), an arborescent endogenous herb (Heliconia Bihai), much resembling the banana. Its leaves and leaf sheaths are much used in the West Indies as coverings for packages of merchandise. -- Wild plum. (Bot.) (a) Any kind of plum growing without cultivation. (b) The South African prune. See under Prune. -- Wild rice. (Bot.) See Indian rice, under Rice. -- Wild rosemary (Bot.), the evergreen shrub Andromeda polifolia. See Marsh rosemary, under Rosemary. -- Wild sage. (Bot.) See Sagebrush. -- Wild sarsaparilla (Bot.), a species of ginseng (Aralia nudicaulis) bearing a single long-stalked leaf. -- Wild sensitive plant (Bot.), either one of two annual leguminous herbs (Cassia Chamæcrista, and C. nictitans), in both of which the leaflets close quickly when the plant is disturbed. -- Wild service.(Bot.) See Sorb. -- Wild Spaniard (Bot.), any one of several umbelliferous plants of the genus Aciphylla, natives of New Zealand. The leaves bear numerous bayonetlike spines, and the plants form an impenetrable thicket. -- Wild turkey. (Zoöl.) See 2d Turkey. WILD Wild, n. Defn: An uninhabited and uncultivated tract or region; a forest or desert; a wilderness; a waste; as, the wilds of America; the wilds of Africa. then Libya first, of all her moisture drained, Became a barren waste, a wild of sand. Addison. WILD Wild, adv. Defn: Wildly; as, to talk wild. Shak. WILD-CAT Wild"-cat`, a. 1. Unsound; worthless; irresponsible; unsafe; -- said to have been originally applied to the notes of an insolvent bank in Michigan upon which there was the figure of a panther. 2. (Railroad) Defn: Running without control; running along the line without a train; as, a wild-cat locomotive. WILDEBEEST Wilde"beest`, n. Etym: [D. wild wild + beeste beast.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The gnu. WILDED Wild"ed, a. Defn: Become wild. [R.] An old garden plant escaped and wilded. J. Earle. WILDER Wil"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wildered; p. pr. & vb. n. Wildering.] Etym: [Akin to E. wild, Dan. forvilde to bewilder, Icel. villr bewildered, villa to bewilder; cf. AS. wildor a wild animal. See Wild, a., and cf. Wilderness.] Defn: To bewilder; to perplex. Long lost and wildered in the maze of fate. Pope. Again the wildered fancy dreams Of spouting fountains, frozen as they rose. Bryant. WILDERING Wild"er*ing, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant growing in a state of nature; especially, one which has run wild, or escaped from cultivation. WILDERMENT Wil"der*ment, n. Defn: The state of being bewildered; confusion; bewilderment. And snatched her breathless from beneath This wilderment of wreck and death. Moore. WILDERNESS Wil"der*ness, n. Etym: [OE. wildernesse, wilderne,probably from AS. wildor a wild beast; cf. D. wildernis wilderness. See Wilder, v. t.] 1. A tract of land, or a region, uncultivated and uninhabited by human beings, whether a forest or a wide, barren plain; a wild; a waste; a desert; a pathless waste of any kind. The wat'ry wilderness yields no supply. Waller. 2. A disorderly or neglected place. Cowper. 3. Quality or state of being wild; wildness. [Obs.] These paths and bowers doubt not but our joint hands. Will keep from wilderness with ease. Milton. WILDFIRE Wild"fire, n. 1. A composition of inflammable materials, which, kindled, is very hard to quench; Greek fire. Brimstone, pitch, wildfire . . . burn cruelly, and hard to quench. Bacon. 2. (Med.) (a) An old name for erysipelas. (b) A disease of sheep, attended with inflammation of the skin. 3. A sort of lightning unaccompanied by thunder. [R.] WILDGRAVE Wild"grave`, n. Etym: [G. wildgraf or D. wildgraaf. See Wild, and cf. Margrave.] Defn: A waldgrave, or head forest keeper. See Waldgrave. The wildgrave winds his bugle horn. Sir W. Scott. WILDING Wild"ing, n. (Bot.) Defn: A wild or uncultivated plant; especially, a wild apple tree or crab apple; also, the fruit of such a plant. Spenser. Ten ruddy wildings in the wood I found. Dryden. The fruit of the tree . . . is small, of little juice, and bad quality. I presume it to be a wilding. Landor. WILDING Wild"ing, a. Defn: Not tame, domesticated, or cultivated; wild. [Poetic] "Wilding flowers." Tennyson. The ground squirrel gayly chirps by his den, And the wilding bee hums merrily by. Bryant. WILDISH Wild"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat wild; rather wild. "A wildish destiny." Wordsworth. WILDLY Wild"ly, adv. Defn: In a wild manner; without cultivation; with disorder; rudely; distractedly; extravagantly. WILDNESS Wild"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being wild; an uncultivated or untamed state; disposition to rove or go unrestrained; rudeness; savageness; irregularity; distraction. WILDWOOD Wild"wood, n. Defn: A wild or unfrequented wood. Also used adjectively; as, wildwood flowers; wildwood echoes. Burns. WILE Wile, n. Etym: [OE. wile, AS. wil; cf. Icel. v, væl. Cf. Guile.] Defn: A trick or stratagem practiced for insnaring or deception; a sly, insidious; artifice; a beguilement; an allurement. Put on the whole armor of God, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil. Eph. vi. 11. Not more almighty to resist our might, Than wise to frustrate all our plots and wiles. Milton. WILE Wile, v. t. 1. To practice artifice upon; to deceive; to beguile; to allure. [R.] Spenser. 2. To draw or turn away, as by diversion; to while or while away; to cause to pass pleasantly. Tennyson. WILEFUL Wile"ful, a. Defn: Full of wiles; trickish; deceitful. WILFLEY TABLE Wil"fley ta`ble. (Ore Dressing) Defn: An inclined percussion table, usually with longitudinal grooves in its surface, agitated by side blows at right angles to the flow of the pulp; -- so called after the inventor. WILFUL; WILFULLY; WILFULNESS Wil"ful, a., Wil"ful*ly, adv., Wil"ful*ness, n. Defn: See Willful, Willfully, and Willfulness. WILINESS Wi"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being wily; craftiness; cunning; guile. WILK Wilk, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Whelk. [Obs.] WILL Will, n. Etym: [OE. wille, AS. willa; akin to OFries. willa, OS. willeo, willio, D. wil, G. wille, Icel. vili, Dan. villie, Sw. vilja, Goth wilja. See Will, v.] 1. The power of choosing; the faculty or endowment of the soul by which it is capable of choosing; the faculty or power of the mind by which we decide to do or not to do; the power or faculty of preferring or selecting one of two or more objects. It is necessary to form a distinct notion of what is meant by the word "volition" in order to understand the import of the word will, for this last word expresses the power of mind of which "volition" is the act. Stewart. Will is an ambiguous word, being sometimes put for the faculty of willing; sometimes for the act of that faculty, besides [having] other meanings. But "volition" always signifies the act of willing, and nothing else. Reid. Appetite is the will's solicitor, and the will is appetite's controller; what we covet according to the one, by the other we often reject. Hooker. The will is plainly that by which the mind chooses anything. J. Edwards. 2. The choice which is made; a determination or preference which results from the act or exercise of the power of choice; a volition. The word "will," however, is not always used in this its proper acceptation, but is frequently substituted for "volition", as when I say that my hand mover in obedience to my will. Stewart. 3. The choice or determination of one who has authority; a decree; a command; discretionary pleasure. Thy will be done. Matt. vi. 10. Our prayers should be according to the will of God. Law. 4. Strong wish or inclination; desire; purpose. Note: "Inclination is another word with which will is frequently confounded. Thus, when the apothecary says, in Romeo and Juliet, -- My poverty, but not my will, consents; . . . Put this in any liquid thing you will, And drink it off. the word will is plainly used as, synonymous with inclination; not in the strict logical sense, as the immediate antecedent of action. It is with the same latitude that the word is used in common conversation, when we speak of doing a thing which duty prescribes, against one's own will; or when we speak of doing a thing willingly or unwillingly." Stewart. 5. That which is strongly wished or desired. What's your will, good friar Shak. The mariner hath his will. Coleridge. 6. Arbitrary disposal; power to control, dispose, or determine. Deliver me not over unto the will of mine enemies. Ps. xxvii. 12. 7 7 (Law) Defn: The legal declaration of a person's mind as to the manner in which he would have his property or estate disposed of after his death; the written instrument, legally executed, by which a man makes disposition of his estate, to take effect after his death; testament; devise. See the Note under Testament, 1. Note: Wills are written or nuncupative, that is, oral. See Nuncupative will, under Nuncupative. At will (Law), at pleasure. To hold an estate at the will of another, is to enjoy the possession at his pleasure, and be liable to be ousted at any time by the lessor or proprietor. An estate at will is at the will of both parties. -- Good will. See under Good. -- Ill will, enmity; unfriendliness; malevolence. -- To have one's will, to obtain what is desired; to do what one pleases. -- Will worship, worship according to the dictates of the will or fancy; formal worship. [Obs.] -- Will worshiper, one who offers will worship. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. -- With a will, with willingness and zeal; with all one's heart or strength; earnestly; heartily. WILL Will, v. t. & auxiliary. [imp. Would. Indic. present, I will (Obs. I wol), thou wilt, he will (Obs. he wol); we, ye, they will.] Etym: [OE. willen, imp. wolde; akin to OS. willan, OFries. willa, D. willen, G. wollen, OHG. wollan, wellan, Icel. & Sw. vilja, Dan. ville, Goth. wiljan, OSlav. voliti, L. velle to wish, volo I wish; cf. Skr. vrs to choose, to prefer. Cf. Voluntary, Welcome, Well, adv.] 1. To wish; to desire; to incline to have. A wife as of herself no thing ne sholde [should] Wille in effect, but as her husband wolde [would]. Chaucer. Caleb said unto her, What will thou Judg. i. 14. They would none of my counsel. Prov. i. 30. 2. As an auxiliary, will is used to denote futurity dependent on the verb. Thus, in first person, "I will" denotes willingness, consent, promise; and when "will" is emphasized, it denotes determination or fixed purpose; as, I will go if you wish; I will go at all hazards. In the second and third persons, the idea of distinct volition, wish, or purpose is evanescent, and simple certainty is appropriately expressed; as, "You will go," or "He will go," describes a future event as a fact only. To emphasize will denotes (according to the tone or context) certain futurity or fixed determination. Note: Will, auxiliary, may be used elliptically for will go. "I'll to her lodgings." Marlowe. Note: As in shall (which see), the second and third persons may be virtually converted into the first, either by question or indirect statement, so as to receive the meaning which belongs to will in that person; thus, "Will you go" (answer, "I will go") asks assent, requests, etc.; while "Will he go" simply inquires concerning futurity; thus, also,"He says or thinks he will go," "You say or think you will go," both signify willingness or consent. Note: Would, as the preterit of will, is chiefly employed in conditional, subjunctive, or optative senses; as, he would go if he could; he could go if he would; he said that he would go; I would fain go, but can not; I would that I were young again; and other like phrases. In the last use, the first personal pronoun is often omitted; as, would that he were here; would to Heaven that it were so; and, omitting the to in such an adjuration. "Would God I had died for thee." Would is used for both present and future time, in conditional propositions, and would have for past time; as, he would go now if he were ready; if it should rain, he would not go; he would have gone, had he been able. Would not, as also will not, signifies refusal. "He was angry, and would not go in." Luke xv. 28. Would is never a past participle. Note: In Ireland, Scotland, and the United States, especially in the southern and western portions of the United States, shall and will, should and would, are often misused, as in the following examples: -- I am able to devote as much time and attention to other subjects as I will [shall] be under the necessity of doing next winter. Chalmers. A countryman, telling us what he had seen, remarked that if the conflagration went on, as it was doing, we would [should] have, as our next season's employment, the Old Town of Edinburgh to rebuild. H. Miller. I feel assured that I will [shall] not have the misfortune to find conflicting views held by one so enlightened as your excellency. J. Y. Mason. WILL Will, v. i. Defn: To be willing; to be inclined or disposed; to be pleased; to wish; to desire. And behold, there came a leper and worshiped him, saying, Lord if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. And Jesus . . . touched him, saying, I will; be thou clean. Matt. viii. 2, 3. Note: This word has been confused with will, v. i., to choose, which, unlike this, is of the weak conjugation. Will I, nill I, or Will ye, hill ye, or Will he, nill he, whether I, you, or he will it or not; hence, without choice; compulsorily; -- sometimes corrupted into willy nilly. "If I must take service willy nilly." J. H. Newman. "Land for all who would till it, and reading and writing will ye, nill ye." Lowell. WILL Will, v. t. [imp. & p. p Willed; p. pr. & vb. n. Willing. Indic. present I will, thou willeth, he wills; we, ye, they will.] Etym: [Cf. AS. willian. See Will, n.] 1. To form a distinct volition of; to determine by an act of choice; to ordain; to decree. "What she will to do or say." Milton. By all law and reason, that which the Parliament will not, is no more established in this kingdom. Milton. Two things he [God] willeth, that we should be good, and that we should be happy. Barrow. 2. To enjoin or command, as that which is determined by an act of volition; to direct; to order. [Obs. or R.] They willed me say so, madam. Shak. Send for music, And will the cooks to use their best of cunning To please the palate. Beau. & Fl. As you go, will the lord mayor . . . To attend our further pleasure presently. J. Webster. 3. To give or direct the disposal of by testament; to bequeath; to devise; as, to will one's estate to a child; also, to order or direct by testament; as, he willed that his nephew should have his watch. WILL Will, v. i. Defn: To exercise an act of volition; to choose; to decide; to determine; to decree. At Winchester he lies, so himself willed. Robert of Brunne. He that shall turn his thoughts inward upon what passes in his own mind when he wills. Locke. I contend for liberty as it signifies a power in man to do as he wills or pleases. Collins. WILLEMITE Wil"lem*ite, n. Etym: [From Willem I., king of the Netherlands.] (Min.) Defn: A silicate of zinc, usually occurring massive and of a greenish yellow color, also in reddish crystals (troostite) containing manganese. WILLER Will"er, n. Defn: One who wills. WILLET Wil"let, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large North American snipe (Symphemia semipalmata); -- called also pill-willet, will-willet, semipalmated tattler, or snipe, duck snipe, and stone curlew. Carolina willet, the Hudsonian godwit. WILLFUL Will"ful, a. Etym: [Will + full.] Etym: [Written also wilful.] 1. Of set purpose; self-determined; voluntary; as, willful murder. Foxe. In willful poverty chose to lead his life. Chaucer. Thou to me Art all things under heaven, all places thou, Who, for my willful crime, art banished hence. Milton. 2. Governed by the will without yielding to reason; obstinate; perverse; inflexible; stubborn; refractory; as, a willful man or horse. -- Will"ful*ly, adv. -- Will"ful*ness, n. WILLIER Wil"li*er, n. Defn: One who works at a willying machine. WILLING Will"ing, a. Etym: [From Will, v. t.] 1. Free to do or to grant; having the mind inclined; not opposed in mind; not choosing to refuse; disposed; not averse; desirous; consenting; complying; ready. Felix, willing to show the Jews a pleasure, left Paul bound. Acts xxiv. 27. With wearied wings and willing feet. Milton. [Fruit] shaken in August from the willing boughs. Bryant. 2. Received of choice, or without reluctance; submitted to voluntarily; chosen; desired. [They] are held, with his melodious harmony, In willing chains and sweet captivity. Milton. 3. Spontaneous; self-moved. [R.] No spouts of blood run willing from a tree. Dryden. WILLINGLY Will"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a willing manner; with free will; without reluctance; cheerfully. Chaucer. The condition of that people is not so much to be envied as some would willingly represent it. Addison. WILLINGNESS Will"ing*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being willing; free choice or consent of the will; freedom from reluctance; readiness of the mind to do or forbear. Sweet is the love which comes with willingness. Dryden. WILLIWAW; WILLYWAW Wil"li*waw, Wil"ly*waw, n. (Naut.) Defn: A whirlwind, or whirlwind squall, encountered in the Straits of Magellan. W. C. Russell. WILLOCK Wil"lock, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common guillemot. (b) The puffin. [Prov. Eng.] WILL-O'-THE-WISP Will"-o'-the-wisp`, n. Defn: See Ignis fatuus. WILLOW Wil"low, n. Etym: [OE. wilowe, wilwe, AS. wilig, welig; akin to OD. wilge, D. wilg, LG. wilge. Cf. Willy.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: Any tree or shrub of the genus Salix, including many species, most of which are characterized often used as an emblem of sorrow, desolation, or desertion. "A wreath of willow to show my forsaken plight." Sir W. Scott. Hence, a lover forsaken by, or having lost, the person beloved, is said to wear the willow. And I must wear the willow garland For him that's dead or false to me. Campbell. 2. (Textile Manuf.) Defn: A machine in which cotton or wool is opened and cleansed by the action of long spikes projecting from a drum which revolves within a box studded with similar spikes; -- probably so called from having been originally a cylindrical cage made of willow rods, though some derive the term from winnow, as denoting the winnowing, or cleansing, action of the machine. Called also willy, twilly, twilly devil, and devil. Almond willow, Pussy willow, Weeping willow. (Bot.) See under Almond, Pussy, and Weeping. -- Willow biter (Zoöl.) the blue tit. [Prov. Eng.] -- Willow fly (Zoöl.), a greenish European stone fly (Chloroperla viridis); -- called also yellow Sally. -- Willow gall (Zoöl.), a conical, scaly gall produced on willows by the larva of a small dipterous fly (Cecidomyia strobiloides). -- Willow grouse (Zoöl.), the white ptarmigan. See ptarmigan. -- Willow lark (Zoöl.), the sedge warbler. [Prov. Eng.] -- Willow ptarmigan (Zoöl.) (a) The European reed bunting, or black-headed bunting. See under Reed. (b) A sparrow (Passer salicicolus) native of Asia, Africa, and Southern Europe. -- Willow tea, the prepared leaves of a species of willow largely grown in the neighborhood of Shanghai, extensively used by the poorer classes of Chinese as a substitute for tea. McElrath. -- Willow thrush (Zoöl.), a variety of the veery, or Wilson's thrush. See Veery. -- Willow warbler (Zoöl.), a very small European warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus); -- called also bee bird, haybird, golden wren, pettychaps, sweet William, Tom Thumb, and willow wren. WILLOW Wil"low, v. t. Defn: To open and cleanse, as cotton, flax, or wool, by means of a willow. See Willow, n., 2. WILLOWED Wil"lowed, a. Defn: Abounding with willows; containing willows; covered or overgrown with willows. "Willowed meads." Collins. WILLOWER Wil"low*er, n. Defn: A willow. See Willow, n., 2. WILLOW-HERB Wil"low-herb`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A perennial herb (Epilobium spicatum) with narrow willowlike leaves and showy rose-purple flowers. The name is sometimes made to include other species of the same genus. Spiked willow-herb, a perennial herb (Lythrum Salicaria) with willowy leaves and spiked purplish flowers. WILLOWISH Wil"low*ish, a. Defn: Having the color of the willow; resembling the willow; willowy. Walton. WILLOW-THORN Wil"low-thorn`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A thorny European shrub (Hippophaë rhamnoides) resembling a willow. WILLOW-WEED Wil"low-weed`, n. (Bot.) (a) A European species of loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris). (b) Any kind of Polygonum with willowlike foliage. WILLOW-WORT Wil"low-wort`, n. (Bot.) (a) Same as Willow-weed. (b) Any plant of the order Salicaceæ, or the Willow family. WILLOWY Wil"low*y, a. 1. Abounding with willows. Where willowy Camus lingers with delight. Gray. 2. Resembling a willow; pliant; flexible; pendent; drooping; graceful. WILLSOME Will"some, a. Etym: [Written also wilsome.] 1. Willful; obstinate. [Obs.] 2. Fat; indolent. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 3. Doubtful; uncertain. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. -- Will"some*ness, n. [Obs.] WILLY Wil"ly, n. Etym: [Cf. Willow.] 1. A large wicker basket. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 2. (Textile Manuf.) Defn: Same as 1st Willow, 2. WILLYING Wil"ly*ing, n. Defn: The process of cleansing wool, cotton, or the like, with a willy, or willow. Willying machine. Same as 1st Willow, 2 WILLY NILLY Wil"ly nil"ly. Defn: See Will I, nill I, etc., under 3d Will. WILNE Wil"ne, v. t. Etym: [AS. wilnian.] Defn: To wish; to desire. [Obs.] "He willneth no destruction." Chaucer. WILT Wilt, Defn: 2d pers. sing. of Will. WILT Wilt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wilting.] Etym: [Written also welt, a modification of welk.] Defn: To begin to wither; to lose freshness and become flaccid, as a plant when exposed when exposed to drought, or to great heat in a dry day, or when separated from its root; to droop;. to wither. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.] WILT Wilt, v. t. 1. To cause to begin to wither; to make flaccid, as a green plant. [Prov. Eng. U. S.] 2. Hence, to cause to languish; to depress or destroy the vigor and energy of. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.] Despots have wilted the human race into sloth and imbecility. Dr. T. Dwight. WILTON CARPET Wil"ton car`pet. Defn: A kind of carpet woven with loops like the Brussels, but differing from it in having the loops cut so as to form an elastic velvet pile; -- so called because made originally at Wilton, England. WILWE Wil"we, n. Defn: Willow. [Obs.] Chaucer. WILY Wil"y, a. [Compar. Wilier; superl. Wiliest.] Etym: [From Wile.] Defn: Full of wiles, tricks, or stratagems; using craft or stratagem to accomplish a purpose; mischievously artful; subtle. "Wily and wise." Chaucer. "The wily snake." Milton. This false, wily, doubling disposition of mind. South. Syn. -- Cunning; artful; sly; crafty. See Cunning. WIMBLE Wim"ble, n. Etym: [OE. wimbil; akin to Dan. vimmel, OD. wemelen to bore. Cf. Gimlet.] Defn: An instrument for boring holes, turned by a handle. Specifically: (a) A gimlet. " It is but like the little wimble, to let in the greater auger." Selden. (b) A stonecutter's brace for boring holes in stone. (c) An auger used for boring in earth. WIMBLE Wim"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wimbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Wimbling.] Defn: To bore or pierce, as with a wimble. "A foot soldier . . . wimbled also a hole through said coffin." Wood. WIMBLE Wim"ble, a. Etym: [Cf. Sw. vimmelkantig giddy, whimsical, dial. Sw. vimmla to be giddy or skittish, and E. whim.] Defn: Active; nimble.[Obs.] Spenser. WIMBREL Wim"brel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The whimbrel. WIMPLE Wim"ple, n. Etym: [OE. wimpel, AS. winpel; akin to D. & G. wimpel a pennant, streamer, OHG. wimpal a veil, Icel. vimpill, Dan. & Sw. vimpel a pennant, streamer; of uncertain origin. Cf. Gimp.] 1. A covering of silk, linen, or other material, for the neck and chin, formerly worn by women as an outdoor protection, and still retained in the dress of nuns. Full seemly her wympel ipinched is. Chaucer. For she had laid her mournful stole aside, And widowlike sad wimple thrown away. Spenser. Then Vivian rose, And from her brown-locked head the wimple throws. M. Arnold. 2. A flag or streamer. Weale. WIMPLE Wim"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wimpled; p. pr. & vb. n. Wimpling.] 1. To clothe with a wimple; to cover, as with a veil; hence, to hoodwink. "She sat ywympled well." Chaucer. This wimpled, whining, purblind, wayward boy. Shak. 2. To draw down, as a veil; to lay in folds or plaits, as a veil. 3. To cause to appear as if laid in folds or plaits; to cause to ripple or undulate; as, the wind wimples the surface of water. WIMPLE Wim"ple, v. i. Defn: To lie in folds; also, to appear as if laid in folds or plaits; to ripple; to undulate. "Wimpling waves." Longfellow. For with a veil, that wimpled everywhere, Her head and face was hid. Spenser. With me through . . . meadows stray, Where wimpling waters make their way. Ramsay. WIN Win, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Won, Obs. Wan (; p. pr. & vb. n. Winning.] Etym: [OE. winnen, AS. winnan to strive, labor, fight, endure; akin to OFries. winna, OS. winnan, D. winnen to win, gain, G. gewinnen, OHG. winnan to strive, struggle, Icel. vinna to labor, suffer, win, Dan. vinde to win, Sw. vinna, Goth. winnan to suffer, Skr.van to wish, get, gain, conquer. sq. root138. Cf. Venerate, Winsome, Wish, Wont, a.] 1. To gain by superiority in competition or contest; to obtain by victory over competitors or rivals; as, to win the prize in a gate; to win money; to win a battle, or to win a country. "This city for to win." Chaucer. "Who thus shall Canaan win." Milton. Thy well-breathed horse Impels the flying car, and wins the course. Dryden. 2. To allure to kindness; to bring to compliance; to gain or obtain, as by solicitation or courtship. Thy virtue wan me; with virtue preserve me. Sir P. Sidney. She is a woman; therefore to be won. Shak. 3. To gain over to one's side or party; to obtain the favor, friendship, or support of; to render friendly or approving; as, to win an enemy; to win a jury. 4. To come to by toil or effort; to reach; to overtake. [Archaic] Even in the porch he him did win. Spenser. And when the stony path began, By which the naked peak they wan, Up flew the snowy ptarmigan. Sir W. Scott. 5. (Mining) Defn: To extract, as ore or coal. Raymond. Syn. -- To gain; get; procure; earn. See Gain. WIN Win, v. i. Defn: To gain the victory; to be successful; to triumph; to prevail. Nor is it aught but just That he, who in debate of truth hath won, should win in arms. Milton. To win of, to be conqueror over. [Obs.] Shak. -- To win on or upon. (a) To gain favor or influence with. "You have a softness and beneficence winning on the hearts of others." Dryden. (b) To gain ground on. "The rabble . . . will in time win upon power." Shak. WINCE Wince, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Winced; p. pr. & vb. n. Wincing.] Etym: [OE. wincen, winchen, OF. quencir, guenchir, guenchier, giencier, guinchier, and (assumed) winchier, winchir, to give way, to turn aside, fr. OHG. wankjan, wenken, to give way, to waver, fr. winchan to turn aside, to nod, akin to E. wink. See Wink.] 1. To shrink, as from a blow, or from pain; to flinch; to start back. I will not stir, nor wince, nor speak a word. Shak. 2. To kick or flounce when unsteady, or impatient at a rider; as, a horse winces. WINCE Wince, n. Defn: The act of one who winces. WINCE Wince, n. Etym: [See Winch.] (Dyeing & Calico Printing) Defn: A reel used in dyeing, steeping, or washing cloth; a winch. It is placed over the division wall between two wince pits so as to allow the cloth to descend into either compartment. at will. Wince pit, Wince pot, a tank or a pit where cloth in the process of dyeing or manufacture is washed, dipped in a mordant, or the like. WINCER Win"cer, n. Defn: One who, or that which, winces, shrinks, or kicks. WINCEY Win"cey, n. Defn: Linsey-woolsey. WINCH Winch, v. i. Etym: [See Wince.] Defn: To wince; to shrink; to kick with impatience or uneasiness. WINCH Winch, n. Defn: A kick, as of a beast, from impatience or uneasiness. Shelton. WINCH Winch, n. Etym: [OE. winche, AS. wince a winch, a reel to wind thread upon. Cf. Wink.] 1. A crank with a handle, for giving motion to a machine, a grindstone, etc. 2. An instrument with which to turn or strain something forcibly. 3. An axle or drum turned by a crank with a handle, or by power, for raising weights, as from the hold of a ship, from mines, etc.; a windlass. 4. A wince. WINCING Win"cing, n. Defn: The act of washing cloth, dipping it in dye, etc., with a wince. Wincing machine. (a) A wince. Ure. (b) A succession of winces. See Wince. Knight. WINCOPIPE Win"co*pipe, n. (Bot.) Defn: A little red flower, no doubt the pimpernel, which, when it opens in the morning, is supposed to bode a fair day. See Pimpernel. There is small red flower in the stubble fields, which country people call the wincopipe; which if it opens in the morning, you may be sure a fair day will follow. Bacon. WIND Wind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wound (wound) (rarely Winded); p. pr. & vb. n. Winding.] Etym: [OE. winden, AS. windan; akin to OS. windan, D. & G. winden, OHG. wintan, Icel. & Sw. vinda, Dan. vinde, Goth. windan (in comp.). Cf. Wander, Wend.] 1. To turn completely, or with repeated turns; especially, to turn about something fixed; to cause to form convolutions about anything; to coil; to twine; to twist; to wreathe; as, to wind thread on a spool or into a ball. Whether to wind The woodbine round this arbor. Milton. 2. To entwist; to infold; to encircle. Sleep, and I will wind thee in arms. Shak. 3. To have complete control over; to turn and bend at one's pleasure; to vary or alter or will; to regulate; to govern. "To turn and wind a fiery Pegasus." Shak. In his terms so he would him wind. Chaucer. Gifts blind the wise, and bribes do please And wind all other witnesses. Herrick. Were our legislature vested in the prince, he might wind and turn our constitution at his pleasure. Addison. 4. To introduce by insinuation; to insinuate. You have contrived . . . to wind Yourself into a power tyrannical. Shak. Little arts and dexterities they have to wind in such things into discourse. Gov. of Tongue. 5. To cover or surround with something coiled about; as, to wind a rope with twine. To wind off, to unwind; to uncoil. -- To wind out, to extricate. [Obs.] Clarendon. -- To wind up. (a) To coil into a ball or small compass, as a skein of thread; to coil completely. (b) To bring to a conclusion or settlement; as, to wind up one's affairs; to wind up an argument. (c) To put in a state of renewed or continued motion, as a clock, a watch, etc., by winding the spring, or that which carries the weight; hence, to prepare for continued movement or action; to put in order anew. "Fate seemed to wind him up for fourscore years." Dryden. "Thus they wound up his temper to a pitch." Atterbury. (d) To tighten (the strings) of a musical instrument, so as to tune it. "Wind up the slackened strings of thy lute." Waller. WIND Wind, v. i. 1. To turn completely or repeatedly; to become coiled about anything; to assume a convolved or spiral form; as, vines wind round a pole. So swift your judgments turn and wind. Dryden. 2. To have a circular course or direction; to crook; to bend; to meander; as, to wind in and out among trees. And where the valley winded out below, The murmuring main was heard, and scarcely heard, to flow. Thomson. He therefore turned him to the steep and rocky path which . . . winded through the thickets of wild boxwood and other low aromatic shrubs. Sir W. Scott. 3. To go to the one side or the other; to move this way and that; to double on one's course; as, a hare pursued turns and winds. The lowing herd wind Gray. To wind out, to extricate one's self; to escape. Long struggling underneath are they could wind Out of such prison. Milton. WIND Wind, n. Defn: The act of winding or turning; a turn; a bend; a twist; a winding. WIND Wind (wînd, in poetry and singing often wind; 277), n. Etym: [AS. wind; akin to OS., OFries., D., & G. wind, OHG. wint, Dan. & Sw. vind, Icel. vindr, Goth winds, W. gwynt, L. ventus, Skr. vata (cf. Gr. 'ah`ths a blast, gale, 'ah^nai to breathe hard, to blow, as the wind); originally a p. pr. from the verb seen in Skr. va to blow, akin to AS. wawan, D. waaijen, G. wehen, OHG. waen, wajen, Goth. waian. sq. root131. Cf. Air, Ventail, Ventilate, Window, Winnow.] 1. Air naturally in motion with any degree of velocity; a current of air. Except wind stands as never it stood, It is an ill wind that turns none to good. Tusser . Winds were soft, and woods were green. Longfellow. 2. Air artificially put in motion by any force or action; as, the wind of a cannon ball; the wind of a bellows. 3. Breath modulated by the respiratory and vocal organs, or by an instrument. Their instruments were various in their kind, Some for the bow, and some for breathing wind. Dryden. 4. Power of respiration; breath. If my wind were but long enough to say my prayers, I would repent. Shak. 5. Air or gas generated in the stomach or bowels; flatulence; as, to be troubled with wind. 6. Air impregnated with an odor or scent. A pack of dogfish had him in the wind. Swift. 7. A direction from which the wind may blow; a point of the compass; especially, one of the cardinal points, which are often called the four winds. Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe upon these slain. Ezek. xxxvii. 9. Note: This sense seems to have had its origin in the East. The Hebrews gave to each of the four cardinal points the name of wind. 8. (Far.) Defn: A disease of sheep, in which the intestines are distended with air, or rather affected with a violent inflammation. It occurs immediately after shearing. 9. Mere breath or talk; empty effort; idle words. Nor think thou with wind Of airy threats to awe. Milton. 10. (Zoöl.) Defn: The dotterel. [Prov. Eng.] Note: Wind is often used adjectively, or as the first part of compound words. All in the wind. (Naut.) See under All, n. -- Before the wind. (Naut.) See under Before. -- Between wind and water (Naut.), in that part of a ship's side or bottom which is frequently brought above water by the rolling of the ship, or fluctuation of the water's surface. Hence, colloquially, (as an injury to that part of a vessel, in an engagement, is particularly dangerous) the vulnerable part or point of anything. -- Cardinal winds. See under Cardinal, a. -- Down the wind. (a) In the direction of, and moving with, the wind; as, birds fly swiftly down the wind. (b) Decaying; declining; in a state of decay. [Obs.] "He went down the wind still." L'Estrange. -- In the wind's eye (Naut.), directly toward the point from which the wind blows. -- Three sheets in the wind, unsteady from drink. [Sailors' Slang] - - To be in the wind, to be suggested or expected; to be a matter of suspicion or surmise. [Colloq.] -- To carry the wind (Man.), to toss the nose as high as the ears, as a horse. -- To raise the wind, to procure money. [Colloq.] -- To take, or have, the wind, to gain or have the advantage. Bacon. -- To take the wind out of one's sails, to cause one to stop, or lose way, as when a vessel intercepts the wind of another. [Colloq.] -- To take wind, or To get wind, to be divulged; to become public; as, the story got wind, or took wind. -- Wind band (Mus.), a band of wind instruments; a military band; the wind instruments of an orchestra. -- Wind chest (Mus.), a chest or reservoir of wind in an organ. -- Wind dropsy. (Med.) (a) Tympanites. (b) Emphysema of the subcutaneous areolar tissue. -- Wind egg, an imperfect, unimpregnated, or addled egg. -- Wind furnace. See the Note under Furnace. -- Wind gauge. See under Gauge. -- Wind gun. Same as Air gun. -- Wind hatch (Mining), the opening or place where the ore is taken out of the earth. -- Wind instrument (Mus.), an instrument of music sounded by means of wind, especially by means of the breath, as a flute, a clarinet, etc. -- Wind pump, a pump moved by a windmill. -- Wind rose, a table of the points of the compass, giving the states of the barometer, etc., connected with winds from the different directions. -- Wind sail. (a) (Naut.) A wide tube or funnel of canvas, used to convey a stream of air for ventilation into the lower compartments of a vessel. (b) The sail or vane of a windmill. -- Wind shake, a crack or incoherence in timber produced by violent winds while the timber was growing. -- Wind shock, a wind shake. -- Wind side, the side next the wind; the windward side. [R.] Mrs. Browning. -- Wind rush (Zoöl.), the redwing. [Prov. Eng.] -- Wind wheel, a motor consisting of a wheel moved by wind. -- Wood wind (Mus.), the flutes and reed instruments of an orchestra, collectively. WIND Wind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Winded; p. pr. & vb. n. Winding.] 1. To expose to the wind; to winnow; to ventilate. 2. To perceive or follow by the scent; to scent; to nose; as, the hounds winded the game. 3. (a) To drive hard, or force to violent exertion, as a horse, so as to render scant of wind; to put out of breath. (b) To rest, as a horse, in order to allow the breath to be recovered; to breathe. To wind a ship (Naut.), to turn it end for end, so that the wind strikes it on the opposite side. WIND Wind, v. t. Etym: [From Wind, moving air, but confused in sense and in conjugation with wind to turn.] [imp. & p. p. Wound (wound), R. Winded; p. pr. & vb. n. Winding.] Defn: To blow; to sound by blowing; esp., to sound with prolonged and mutually involved notes. "Hunters who wound their horns." Pennant. Ye vigorous swains, while youth ferments your blood, . . . Wind the shrill horn. Pope. That blast was winded by the king. Sir W. Scott. WINDAGE Wind"age, n. Etym: [From Wind air in motion.] 1. (Gun.) Defn: The difference between the diameter of the bore of a gun and that of the shot fired from it. 2. The sudden compression of the air caused by a projectile in passing close to another body. WINDAS Wind"as, n. Defn: See 3d Windlass. [Obs.] Chaucer. WINDBORE Wind"bore`, n. Defn: The lower, or bottom, pipe in a lift of pumps in a mine. Ansted. WINDBOUND Wind"bound`, a. (Naut.) Defn: prevented from sailing, by a contrary wind. See Weatherbound. WIND-BREAK Wind"-break`, v. t. Defn: To break the wind of; to cause to lose breath; to exhaust. [R.] 'T would wind-break a mule to vie burdens with her. Ford. WIND-BREAK Wind"-break`, n. Defn: A clump of trees serving for a protection against the force of wind. [Local, U. S.] WIND-BROKEN Wind"-bro`ken, a. Defn: Having the power of breathing impaired by the rupture, dilatation, or running together of air cells of the lungs, so that while the inspiration is by one effort, the expiration is by two; affected with pulmonary emphysema or with heaves; -- said of a horse. Youatt. WINDER Wind"er, n. Etym: [From Wind to turn.] 1. One who, or that which, winds; hence, a creeping or winding plant. 2. An apparatus used for winding silk, cotton, etc., on spools, bobbins, reels, or the like. 3. (Arch.) Defn: One in a flight of steps which are curved in plan, so that each tread is broader at one end than at the other; -- distinguished from flyer. WINDER Wind"er, v. t. & i. Etym: [Prov. E. winder a fan, and to winnow. Winnow.] Defn: To fan; to clean grain with a fan. [Prov. Eng.] WINDER Wind"er, n. Defn: A blow taking away the breath. [Slang] WINDER Wind"er, v. i. Defn: To wither; to fail. [Obs.] Holland. WINDFALL Wind"fall`, n. 1. Anything blown down or off by the wind, as fruit from a tree, or the tree itself, or a portion of a forest prostrated by a violent wind, etc. "They became a windfall upon the sudden." Bacon. 2. An unexpected legacy, or other gain. He had a mighty windfall out of doubt. B. Jonson. WINDFALLEN Wind"fall`en, a. Defn: Blown down by the wind. WIND-FERTILIZED Wind"-fer`ti*lized, a. (Bot.) Defn: Anemophilous; fertilized by pollen borne by the wind. WINDFLOWER Wind"flow`er, n. (Bot.) Defn: The anemone; -- so called because formerly supposed to open only when the wind was blowing. See Anemone. WINDGALL Wind"gall`, n. (Far.) Defn: A soft tumor or synovial swelling on the fetlock joint of a horse; -- so called from having formerly been supposed to contain air. WINDHOVER Wind"hov`er, n. Etym: [From its habit of hovering over one spot.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The kestrel; -- called also windbibber, windcuffer, windfanner. [Prov. Eng.] WINDINESS Wind"i*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being windy or tempestuous; as, the windiness of the weather or the season. 2. Fullness of wind; flatulence. 3. Tendency to generate wind or gas; tendency to produce flatulence; as, the windiness of vegetables. 4. Tumor; puffiness. The swelling windiness of much knowledge. Brerewood. WINDING Wind"ing, n. Etym: [From Wind to blow.] (Naut.) Defn: A call by the boatswain's whistle. WINDING Wind"ing, a. Etym: [From Wind to twist.] Defn: Twisting from a direct line or an even surface; circuitous. Keble. WINDING Wind"ing, n. Defn: A turn or turning; a bend; a curve; flexure; meander; as, the windings of a road or stream. To nurse the saplings tall, and curl the grove With ringlets quaint, and wanton windings wove. Milton. Defn: A line- or ribbon-shaped material (as wire, string, or bandaging) wound around an object; as, the windings (conducting wires) wound around the armature of an electric motor or generator. Winding engine, an engine employed in mining to draw up buckets from a deep pit; a hoisting engine. -- Winding sheet, a sheet in which a corpse is wound or wrapped. -- Winding tackle (Naut.), a tackle consisting of a fixed triple block, and a double or triple movable block, used for hoisting heavy articles in or out of a vessel. Totten. WINDINGLY Wind"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a winding manner. WINDJAMMER Wind"jam`mer, n. 1. (Naut.) A sailing vessel or one of its crew; -- orig. so called contemptuously by sailors on steam vessels. [Colloq.] 2. An army bugler or trumpeter; any performer on a wind instrument. [Slang] WINDLACE Wind"lace, n. & v. Defn: See Windlass. [Obs.] Two arblasts, . . . with windlaces and quarrels. Sir W. Scott. WINDLASS Wind"lass, n.Etym: [Perhaps from wind to turn + lace.] Defn: A winding and circuitous way; a roundabout course; a shift. WINDLASS Wind"lass, v. i. Defn: To take a roundabout course; to work warily or by indirect means. [Obs.] Hammond. WINDLASS Wind"lass, n. Etym: [OE. windelas, windas, Icel. vindilass, vindas, fr. vinda to wind + ass a pole; cf. Goth. ans a beam. See Wind to turn.] 1. A machine for raising weights, consisting of a horizontal cylinder or roller moving on its axis, and turned by a crank, lever, or similar means, so as to wind up a rope or chain attached to the weight. In vessels the windlass is often used instead of the capstan for raising the anchor. It is usually set upon the forecastle, and is worked by hand or steam. 2. An apparatus resembling a winch or windlass, for bending the bow of an arblast, or crossbow. [Obs.] Shak. Chinese windlass. See Differential windlass, under Differential. WINDLASS Wind"lass, v. t. & i. Defn: To raise with, or as with, a windlass; to use a windlass. The Century. WINDLE Win"dle, n. Etym: [From Wind to turn.] 1. A spindle; a kind of reel; a winch. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The redwing. [Prov. Eng.] WINDLESS Wind"less, a. 1. Having no wind; calm. 2. Wanting wind; out of breath. WINDLESTRAE; WINDLESTRAW Win"dle*strae`, Win"dle*straw`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A grass used for making ropes or for plaiting, esp. Agrostis Spica-ventis. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Shelley. WINDMILL Wind"mill`, n. Defn: A mill operated by the power of the wind, usually by the action of the wind upon oblique vanes or sails which radiate from a horizontal shaft. Chaucer. WINDORE Win"dore, n. Etym: [A corrupt. of window; or perh. coined on the wrong assumption that window is from wind + door.] Defn: A window. [Obs.] Hudibras. WINDOW Win"dow, n. Etym: [OE. windowe, windoge, Icel. vindauga window, properly, wind eye; akin to Dan. vindue. Wind, n., and Eye.] 1. An opening in the wall of a building for the admission of light and air, usually closed by casements or sashes containing some transparent material, as glass, and capable of being opened and shut at pleasure. I leaped from the window of the citadel. Shak. Then to come, in spite of sorrow, And at my window bid good morrow. Milton. 2. (Arch.) Defn: The shutter, casement, sash with its fittings, or other framework, which closes a window opening. 3. A figure formed of lines crossing each other. [R.] Till he has windows on his bread and butter. King. French window (Arch.), a casement window in two folds, usually reaching to the floor; -- called also French casement. -- Window back (Arch.), the inside face of the low, and usually thin, piece of wall between the window sill and the floor below. -- Window blind, a blind or shade for a window. -- Window bole, part of a window closed by a shutter which can be opened at will. [Scot.] -- Window box, one of the hollows in the sides of a window frame for the weights which counterbalance a lifting sash. -- Window frame, the frame of a window which receives and holds the sashes or casement. -- Window glass, panes of glass for windows; the kind of glass used in windows. -- Window martin (Zoöl.), the common European martin. [Prov. Eng.] - - Window oyster (Zoöl.), a marine bivalve shell (Placuna placenta) native of the East Indies and China. Its valves are very broad, thin, and translucent, and are said to have been used formerly in place of glass. -- Window pane. (a) (Arch.) See Pane, n., 3 (b). (b) (Zoöl.) See Windowpane, in the Vocabulary. -- Window sash, the sash, or light frame, in which panes of glass are set for windows. -- Window seat, a seat arranged in the recess of a window. See Window stool, under Stool. -- Window shade, a shade or blind for a window; usually, one that is hung on a roller. -- Window shell (Zoöl.), the window oyster. -- Window shutter, a shutter or blind used to close or darken windows. -- Window sill (Arch.), the flat piece of wood, stone, or the like, at the bottom of a window frame. -- Window swallow (Zoöl.), the common European martin. [Prov. Eng.] -- Window tax, a tax or duty formerly levied on all windows, or openings for light, above the number of eight in houses standing in cities or towns. [Eng.] WINDOW Win"dow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Windowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Windowing.] 1. To furnish with windows. 2. To place at or in a window. [R.] Wouldst thou be windowed in great Rome and see Thy master thus with pleach'd arms, bending down His corrigible neck Shak. WINDOWED Win"dowed, a. Defn: Having windows or openings. [R.] "Looped and windowed raggedness." Shak. WINDOWLESS Win"dow*less, a. Defn: Destitute of a window. Carlyle. WINDOWPANE Win"dow*pane`, n. 1. (Arch.) Defn: See Pane, n., (3) b. [In this sense, written also window pane.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A thin, spotted American turbot (Pleuronectes maculatus) remarkable for its translucency. It is not valued as a food fish. Called also spotted turbot, daylight, spotted sand flounder, and water flounder. WINDOWY Win"dow*y, a. Defn: Having little crossings or openings like the sashes of a window. [R.] Donne. WINDPIPE Wind"pipe`, n. (Anat.) Defn: The passage for the breath from the larynx to the lungs; the trachea; the weasand. See Illust. under Lung. WIND-PLANT Wind"-plant`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A windflower. WIND-RODE Wind"-rode`, a. (Naut.) Defn: Caused to ride or drive by the wind in opposition to the course of the tide; -- said of a vessel lying at anchor, with wind and tide opposed to each other. Totten. WINDROW Wind"row`, n. Etym: [Wind + row.] 1. A row or line of hay raked together for the purpose of being rolled into cocks or heaps. 2. Sheaves of grain set up in a row, one against another, that the wind may blow between them. [Eng.] 3. The green border of a field, dug up in order to carry the earth on other land to mend it. [Eng.] WINDROW Wind"row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Windrowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Windrowing.] Defn: To arrange in lines or windrows, as hay when newly made. Forby. WIND-SHAKEN Wind"-shak`en, a. Defn: Shaken by the wind; specif. (Forestry), Defn: affected by wind shake, or anemosis (which see, above). WIND SIGNAL Wind signal. Defn: In general, any signal announcing information concerning winds, and esp. the expected approach of winds whose direction and force are dangerous to shipping, etc. The wind-signal system of the United States Weather Bureau consists of storm, information, hurricane, hot wind, and inland storm signals. WINDSOR Wind"sor, n. Defn: A town in Berkshire, England. Windsor bean. (Bot.) See under Bean. -- Windsor chair, a kind of strong, plain, polished, wooden chair. Simmonds. -- Windsor soap, a scented soap well known for its excellence. WINDSTORM Wind"storm, n. Defn: A storm characterized by high wind with little or no rain. WIND-SUCKER Wind"-suck`er, n. 1. (Far.) A horse given to wind-sucking Law. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The kestrel. B. Jonson. WIND-SUCKING Wind"-suck`ing, n. (Far.) Defn: A vicious habit of a horse, consisting in the swallowing of air; -- usually associated with crib-biting, or cribbing. See Cribbing, 4. WINDTIGHT Wind"tight`, a. Defn: So tight as to prevent the passing through of wind. Bp. Hall. WIND-UP Wind"-up`, n. Defn: Act of winding up, or closing; a concluding act or part; the end. WINDWARD Wind"ward, n. Defn: The point or side from which the wind blows; as, to ply to the windward; -- opposed to Ant: leeward. To lay an anchor to the windward, a figurative expression, signifying to adopt precautionary or anticipatory measures for success or security. WINDWARD Wind"ward, a. Defn: Situated toward the point from which the wind blows; as, the Windward Islands. WINDWARD Wind"ward, adv. Defn: Toward the wind; in the direction from which the wind blows. WINDY Wind"y, a. [Compar. Windier; superl. Windiest.] Etym: [AS. windig.] 1. Consisting of wind; accompanied or characterized by wind; exposed to wind. "The windy hill." M. Arnold. Blown with the windy tempest of my heart. Shak. 2. Next the wind; windward. It keeps on the windy side of care. Shak. 3. Tempestuous; boisterous; as, windy weather. 4. Serving to occasion wind or gas in the intestines; flatulent; as, windy food. 5. Attended or caused by wind, or gas, in the intestines. "A windy colic." Arbuthnot. 6. Fig.: Empty; airy. "Windy joy." Milton. Here's that windy applause, that poor, transitory pleasure, for which I was dishonored. South. WINE Wine, n. Etym: [OE. win, AS. win, fr. L. vinum (cf. Icel. vin; all from the Latin); akin to Gr. o'i^nos, , and E. withy. Cf. Vine, Vineyard, Vinous, Withy.] 1. The expressed juice of grapes, esp. when fermented; a beverage or liquor prepared from grapes by squeezing out their juice, and (usually) allowing it to ferment. "Red wine of Gascoigne." Piers Plowman. Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging, and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise. Prov. xx. 1. Bacchus, that first from out the purple grape Crushed the sweet poison of misused wine. Milton. Note: Wine is essentially a dilute solution of ethyl alcohol, containing also certain small quantities of ethers and ethereal salts which give character and bouquet. According to their color, strength, taste, etc., wines are called red, white, spirituous, dry, light, still, etc. 2. A liquor or beverage prepared from the juice of any fruit or plant by a process similar to that for grape wine; as, currant wine; gooseberry wine; palm wine. 3. The effect of drinking wine in excess; intoxication. Noah awoke from his wine. Gen. ix. 24. Birch wine, Cape wine, etc. See under Birch, Cape, etc. -- Spirit of wine. See under Spirit. -- To have drunk wine of ape or wine ape, to be so drunk as to be foolish. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Wine acid. (Chem.) See Tartaric acid, under Tartaric. [Colloq.] - - Wine apple (Bot.), a large red apple, with firm flesh and a rich, vinous flavor. -- Wine bag, a wine skin. -- Wine biscuit, a kind of sweet biscuit served with wine. -- Wine cask, a cask for holding wine, or which holds, or has held, wine. -- Wine cellar, a cellar adapted or used for storing wine. -- Wine cooler, a vessel of porous earthenware used to cool wine by the evaporation of water; also, a stand for wine bottles, containing ice.a drink composed of approximately equal parts of wine and some carbonated beverage (soda). Also called California cooler. -- Wine fly (Zoöl.), small two-winged fly of the genus Piophila, whose larva lives in wine, cider, and other fermented liquors. -- Wine grower, one who cultivates a vineyard and makes wine. -- Wine measure, the measure by which wines and other spirits are sold, smaller than beer measure. -- Wine merchant, a merchant who deals in wines. -- Wine of opium (Pharm.), a solution of opium in aromatized sherry wine, having the same strength as ordinary laudanum; -- also Sydenham's laudanum. -- Wine press, a machine or apparatus in which grapes are pressed to extract their juice. -- Wine skin, a bottle or bag of skin, used, in various countries, for carrying wine. -- Wine stone, a kind of crust deposited in wine casks. See 1st Tartar, 1. -- Wine vault. (a) A vault where wine is stored. (b) A place where wine is served at the bar, or at tables; a dramshop. Dickens. -- Wine vinegar, vinegar made from wine. -- Wine whey, whey made from milk coagulated by the use of wine. WINEBERRY Wine"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) (a) The red currant. (b) The bilberry. (c) A peculiar New Zealand shrub (Coriaria ruscifolia), in which the petals ripen and afford an abundant purple juice from which a kind of wine is made. The plant also grows in Chili. WINEBIBBER Wine"bib`ber, n. Defn: One who drinks much wine. Prov. xxiii. 20. -- Wine"bib`bing, n. WINEGLASS Wine"glass`, n. Defn: A small glass from to drink wine. WINEGLASSFUL Wine"glass`ful;, n. pl. Wineglassfuls (. Defn: As much as a wineglass will hold; enough to fill a wineglass. It is usually reckoned at two fluid ounces, or four tablespoonfuls. WINELESS Wine"less, a. Defn: destitute of wine; as, wineless life. WINERY Win"er*y, n. Etym: [Cf. F. vinerie.] Defn: A place where grapes are converted into wine. WINESAP Wine"sap`, n. [Wine + sap for sop.] Defn: A variety of winter apple of medium size, deep red color, and yellowish flesh of a rich, rather subacid flavor. WING Wing, n. Etym: [OE. winge, wenge; probably of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. & Sw. vinge, Icel. vængr.] 1. One of the two anterior limbs of a bird, pterodactyl, or bat. They correspond to the arms of man, and are usually modified for flight, but in the case of a few species of birds, as the ostrich, auk, etc., the wings are used only as an assistance in running or swimming. As an eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth over her young, spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them, beareth them on her wings. Deut. xxxii. 11. Note: In the wing of a bird the long quill feathers are in series. The primaries are those attached to the ulnar side of the hand; the secondaries, or wing coverts, those of the forearm: the scapulars, those that lie over the humerus; and the bastard feathers, those of the short outer digit. See Illust. of Bird, and Plumage. 2. Any similar member or instrument used for the purpose of flying. Specifically: (Zoöl.) (a) One of the two pairs of upper thoracic appendages of most hexapod insects. They are broad, fanlike organs formed of a double membrane and strengthened by chitinous veins or nervures. (b) One of the large pectoral fins of the flying fishes. 3. Passage by flying; flight; as, to take wing. Light thickens; and the crow Makes wing to the rooky wood. Shak. 4. Motive or instrument of flight; means of flight or of rapid motion. Fiery expedition be my wing. Shak. 5. Anything which agitates the air as a wing does, or which is put in winglike motion by the action of the air, as a fan or vane for winnowing grain, the vane or sail of a windmill, etc. 6. An ornament worn on the shoulder; a small epaulet or shoulder knot. 7. Any appendage resembling the wing of a bird or insect in shape or appearance. Specifically: (a) (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the broad, thin, anterior lobes of the foot of a pteropod, used as an organ in swimming. (b) (Bot.) Any membranaceous expansion, as that along the sides of certain stems, or of a fruit of the kind called samara. (c) (Bot.) Either of the two side petals of a papilionaceous flower. 8. One of two corresponding appendages attached; a sidepiece. Hence: (a) (Arch.) A side building, less than the main edifice; as, one of the wings of a palace. (b) (Fort.) The longer side of crownworks, etc., connecting them with the main work. (c) (Hort.) A side shoot of a tree or plant; a branch growing up by the side of another. [Obs.] (d) (Mil.) Defn: The right or left division of an army, regiment, etc. (e) (Naut.) That part of the hold or orlop of a vessel which is nearest the sides. In a fleet, one of the extremities when the ships are drawn up in line, or when forming the two sides of a triangle. Totten. (f) One of the sides of the stags in a theater. On the wing. (a) Supported by, or flying with, the wings another. -- On the wings of the wind, with the utmost velocity. -- Under the wing, or wings, of, under the care or protection of. -- Wing and wing (Naut.), with sails hauled out on either side; -- said of a schooner, or her sails, when going before the wind with the foresail on one side and the mainsail on the other; also said of a square-rigged vessel which has her studding sails set. Cf. Goosewinged. -- Wing case (Zoöl.), one of the anterior wings of beetles, and of some other insects, when thickened and used to protect the hind wings; an elytron; -- called also wing cover. -- Wing covert (Zoöl.), one of the small feathers covering the bases of the wing quills. See Covert, n., 2. -- Wing gudgeon (Mach.), an iron gudgeon for the end of a wooden axle, having thin, broad projections to prevent it from turning in the wood. See Illust. of Gudgeon. -- Wing shell (Zoöl.), wing case of an insect. -- Wing stroke, the stroke or sweep of a wing. -- Wing transom (Naut.), the uppermost transom of the stern; -- called also main transom. J. Knowles. WING Wing, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Winged; p. pr. & vb. n. Winging.] 1. To furnish with wings; to enable to fly, or to move with celerity. Who heaves old ocean, and whowings the storms. Pope. Living, to wing with mirth the weary hours. Longfellow. 2. To supply with wings or sidepieces. The main battle, whose puissance on either side Shall be well winged with our chiefest horse. Shak. 3. To transport by flight; to cause to fly. I, an old turtle, Will wing me to some withered bough. Shak. 4. To move through in flight; to fly through. There's not an arrow wings the sky But fancy turns its point to him. Moore. 5. To cut off the wings of; to wound in the wing; to disable a wing of; as, to wing a bird. To wing a flight, to exert the power of flying; to fly. WINGED Winged, a. 1. Furnished with wings; transported by flying; having winglike expansions. 2. Soaring with wings, or as if with wings; hence, elevated; lofty; sublime. [R.] How winged the sentiment that virtue is to be followed for its own sake. J. S. Harford. 3. Swift; rapid. "Bear this sealed brief with winged haste to the lord marshal." Shak. 4. Wounded or hurt in the wing. 5. (Bot.) Defn: Furnished with a leaflike appendage, as the fruit of the elm and the ash, or the stem in certain plants; alate. 6. (Her.) Defn: Represented with wings, or having wings, of a different tincture from the body. 7. Fanned with wings; swarming with birds. "The winged air darked with plumes." Milton. WINGER Wing"er, n. (Naut.) Defn: One of the casks stowed in the wings of a vessel's hold, being smaller than such as are stowed more amidships. Totten. WINGFISH Wing"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A sea robin having large, winglike pectoral fins. See Sea robin, under Robin. WING-FOOTED Wing"-foot`ed, a. 1. Having wings attached to the feet; as, wing-footed Mercury; hence, swift; moving with rapidity; fleet. Drayton. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having part or all of the feet adapted for flying. (b) Having the anterior lobes of the foot so modified as to form a pair of winglike swimming organs; -- said of the pteropod mollusks. WING-HANDED Wing"-hand`ed, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having the anterior limbs or hands adapted for flight, as the bats and pterodactyls. WING-LEAVED Wing"-leaved`, a. (Bot.) Defn: Having pinnate or pinnately divided leaves. WINGLESS Wing"less, a. Defn: Having no wings; not able to ascend or fly. Wingless bird (Zoöl.), the apteryx. WINGLET Wing"let, n. 1. A little wing; a very small wing. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: A bastard wing, or alula. WINGMANSHIP Wing"man*ship, n. Etym: [From Wing, in imitation of horsemanship.] Defn: Power or skill in flying. [R.] Duke of Argyll. WING-SHELL Wing"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of various species of marine bivalve shells belonging to the genus Avicula, in which the hinge border projects like a wing. (b) Any marine gastropod shell of the genus Strombus. See Strombus. (c) Any pteropod shell. WINGY Wing"y, a. 1. Having wings; rapid. With wingy speed outstrip the eastern wind. Addison. 2. Soaring with wings, or as if with wings; volatile airy. [Obs. or R.] Those wingy mysteries in divinity. Sir T. Browne. WINK Wink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Winked; p. pr. & vb. n. Winking.] Etym: [OE. winken, AS. wincian; akin to D. wenken, G. winken to wink, nod, beckon, OHG. winchan, Sw. vinka, Dan. vinke, AS. wancol wavering, OHG. wanchal wavering, wanch to waver, G. wanken, and perhaps to E. weak; cf. AS. wincel a corner. Cf. Wench, Wince, v. i.] 1. To nod; to sleep; to nap. [Obs.] "Although I wake or wink." Chaucer. 2. To shut the eyes quickly; to close the eyelids with a quick motion. He must wink, so loud he would cry. Chaucer. And I will wink, so shall the day seem night. Shak. They are not blind, but they wink. Tillotson. 3. To close and open the eyelids quickly; to nictitate; to blink. A baby of some three months old, who winked, and turned aside its little face from the too vivid light of day. Hawthorne. 4. To give a hint by a motion of the eyelids, often those of one eye only. Wink at the footman to leave him without a plate. Swift. 5. To avoid taking notice, as if by shutting the eyes; to connive at anything; to be tolerant; -- generally with at. The times of this ignorance God winked at. Acts xvii. 30. And yet, as though he knew it not, His knowledge winks, and lets his humors reign. Herbert. Obstinacy can not be winked at, but must be subdued. Locke. 6. To be dim and flicker; as, the light winks. Winking monkey (Zoöl.), the white-nosed monkey (Cersopithecus nictitans). WINK Wink, v. t. Defn: To cause (the eyes) to wink.[Colloq.] WINK Wink, n. 1. The act of closing, or closing and opening, the eyelids quickly; hence, the time necessary for such an act; a moment. I have not slept one wink. Shak. I could eclipse and cloud them with a wink. Donne. 2. A hint given by shutting the eye with a significant cast. Sir. P. Sidney. The stockjobber thus from Change Alley goes down, And tips you, the freeman, a wink. Swift. WINKER Wink"er, n. 1. One who winks. Pope. 2. A horse's blinder; a blinker. WINKINGLY Wink"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a winking manner; with the eye almost closed. Peacham. WINKLE Win"kle, n. Etym: [AS. wincle.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any periwinkle. Holland. (b) Any one of various marine spiral gastropods, esp., in the United States, either of two species of Fulgar (F. canaliculata, and F. carica). Note: These are large mollusks which often destroy large numbers of oysters by drilling their shells and sucking their blood. Sting winkle, a European spinose marine shell (Murex erinaceus). See Illust. of Murex. WINKLE-HAWK Win"kle-hawk`, n. Etym: [D. winkel-haak a carpenter's square.] Defn: A rectangular rent made in cloth; -- called also winkle-hole. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. WINNARD Win"nard, n. Defn: The redwing. [Prov. Eng.] WINNEBAGOES Win`ne*ba"goes, n.; sing. Winnebago (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of North American Indians who originally occupied the region about Green Bay, Lake Michigan, but were driven back from the lake and nearly exterminated in 1640 by the IIlinnois. WINNER Win"ner, n. Defn: One who wins, or gains by success in competition, contest, or gaming. WINNING Win"ning, a. Defn: Attracting; adapted to gain favor; charming; as, a winning address. "Each mild and winning note." Keble. WINNING Win"ning, n. 1. The act of obtaining something, as in a contest or by competition. 2. The money, etc., gained by success in competition or contest, esp, in gambling; -- usually in the plural. Ye seek land and sea for your winnings. Chaucer. 3. (Mining) (a) A new opening. (b) The portion of a coal field out for working. Winning headway (Mining), an excavation for exploration, in post-and-stall working. -- Winning post, the post, or goal, at the end of a race. WINNINGLY Win"ning*ly, adv. Defn: In a winning manner. WINNINGNESS Win"ning*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being winning. "Winningness in style." J. Morley. WINNINISH Win"nin*ish, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The land-locked variety of the common salmon. [Canada] WINNOW Win"now, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Winnowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Winnowing.] Etym: [OE. windewen, winewen, AS. windwian; akin to Goth. winpjan (in comp.), winpi-skauro a fan, L. ventilare to fan, to winnow; cf. L. wannus a fan for winnowing, G. wanne, OHG. wanna. . See Wind moving air, and cf. Fan., n., Ventilate.] 1. To separate, and drive off, the chaff from by means of wind; to fan; as, to winnow grain. Ho winnoweth barley to-night in the threshing floor. Ruth. iii. 2. 2. To sift, as for the purpose of separating falsehood from truth; to separate, as had from good. Winnow well this thought, and you shall find This light as chaff that flies before the wind. Dryden. 3. To beat with wings, or as with wings.[Poetic] Now on the polar winds; then with quick fan Winnows the buxom air. Milton. WINNOW Win"now, v. i. Defn: To separate chaff from grain. Winnow not with every wind. Ecclus. v. 9. WINNOWER Win"now*er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, winnows; specifically, a winnowing machine. WINNOWING Win"now*ing, n. Defn: The act of one who, or that which, winnows. WINROW Win"row`, n. Defn: A windrow. WINSING Win"sing, a. Defn: Winsome. [Obs.] Chaucer. WINSOME Win"some, a. [Compar. Winsomer; superl. Winsomest.] Etym: [AS. wynsum, fr. wynn joy; akin to OS. wunnia, OHG. wunna, wunni, G. wonne, Goth. wunan to rejoice (in unwunands sad), AS. wunian to dwell. Win, v. t., Wont, a.] 1. Cheerful; merry; gay; light-hearted. Misled by ill example, and a winsome nature. Jeffrey. 2. Causing joy or pleasure; gladsome; pleasant. Still plotting how their hungry ear That winsome voice again might hear. Emerson. WINSOMENESS Win"some*ness, n. Defn: The characteristic of being winsome; attractiveness of manner. J. R. Green. WINTER Win"ter, n. Etym: [AS. winter; akin to OFries. & D. winter, OS. & OHG. wintar, G. winter, D. & Sw. vinter, Icel. vetr, Goth. wintrus; of uncertain origin; cf. Old Gallic vindo- white (in comp.), OIr. find white. 1. The season of the year in which the sun shines most obliquely upon any region; the coldest season of the year. "Of thirty winter he was old." Chaucer. And after summer evermore succeeds Barren winter, with his wrathful nipping cold. Shak. Winter lingering chills the lap of May. Goldsmith. Note: North of the equator, winter is popularly taken to include the months of December, January, and February (see Season). Astronomically, it may be considered to begin with the winter solstice, about December 21st, and to end with the vernal equinox, about March 21st. 2. The period of decay, old age, death, or the like. Life's autumn past, I stand on winter's verge. Wordsworth. Winter apple, an apple that keeps well in winter, or that does not ripen until winter. -- Winter barley, a kind of barley that is sown in autumn. -- Winter berry (Bot.), the name of several American shrubs (Ilex verticillata, I. lævigata, etc.) of the Holly family, having bright red berries conspicuous in winter. -- Winter bloom. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Azalea. (b) A plant of the genus Hamamelis (H. Viginica); witch-hazel; -- so called from its flowers appearing late in autumn, while the leaves are falling. -- Winter bud (Zoöl.), a statoblast. -- Winter cherry (Bot.), a plant (Physalis Alkekengi) of the Nightshade family, which has, a red berry inclosed in the inflated and persistent calyx. See Alkekengi. -- Winter cough (Med.), a form of chronic bronchitis marked by a cough recurring each winter. -- Winter cress (Bot.), a yellow-flowered cruciferous plant (Barbarea vulgaris). -- Winter crop, a crop which will bear the winter, or which may be converted into fodder during the winter. -- Winter duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail. (b) The old squaw. -- Winter egg (Zoöl.), an egg produced in the autumn by many invertebrates, and destined to survive the winter. Such eggs usually differ from the summer eggs in having a thicker shell, and often in being enveloped in a protective case. They sometimes develop in a manner different from that of the summer eggs. -- Winter fallow, ground that is fallowed in winter. -- Winter fat. (Bot.) Same as White sage, under White. -- Winter fever (Med.), pneumonia. [Colloq.] -- Winter flounder. (Zoöl.) See the Note under Flounder. -- Winter gull (Zoöl.), the common European gull; -- called also winter mew. [Prov. Eng.] -- Winter itch. (Med.) See Prarie itch, under Prairie. -- Winter lodge, or Winter lodgment. (Bot.) Same as Hibernaculum. -- Winter mew. (Zoöl.) Same as Winter gull, above. [Prov. Eng.] -- Winter moth (Zoöl.), any one of several species of geometrid moths which come forth in winter, as the European species (Cheimatobia brumata). These moths have rudimentary mouth organs, and eat no food in the imago state. The female of some of the species is wingless. -- Winter oil, oil prepared so as not to solidify in moderately cold weather. -- Winter pear, a kind of pear that keeps well in winter, or that does not ripen until winter. -- Winter quarters, the quarters of troops during the winter; a winter residence or station. -- Winter rye, a kind of rye that is sown in autumn. -- Winter shad (Zoöl.), the gizzard shad. -- Winter sheldrake (Zoöl.), the goosander. [Local, U.S.] -- Winter sleep (Zoöl.), hibernation. -- Winter snipe (Zoöl.), the dunlin. -- Winter solstice. (Astron.) See Solstice, 2. -- Winter teal (Zoöl.), the green-winged teal. -- Winter wagtail (Zoöl.), the gray wagtail (Motacilla melanope). [Prov. Eng.] -- Winter wheat, wheat sown in autumn, which lives during the winter, and ripens in the following summer. -- Winter wren (Zoöl.), a small American wren (Troglodytes hiemalis) closely resembling the common wren. WINTER Win"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wintered; p. pr. & vb. n. Wintering.] Defn: To pass the winter; to hibernate; as, to winter in Florida. Because the haven was not commodious to winter in, the more part advised to depart thence. Acts xxvii. 12. WINTER Win"ter, v. i. Defn: To keep, feed or manage, during the winter; as, to winter young cattle on straw. WINTER-BEATEN Win"ter-beat`en, a. Defn: Beaten or harassed by the severe weather of winter. Spenser. WINTERGREEN Win"ter*green`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A plant which keeps its leaves green through the winter. Note: In England, the name wintergreen is applied to the species of Pyrola which in America are called English wintergreen, and shin leaf (see Shin leaf, under Shin.) In America, the name wintergreen is given to Gaultheria procumbens, a low evergreen aromatic plant with oval leaves clustered at the top of a short stem, and bearing small white flowers followed by red berries; -- called also checkerberry, and sometimes, though improperly, partridge berry. Chickweed wintergreen, a low perennial primulaceous herb (Trientalis Americana); -- also called star flower. -- Flowering wintergreen, a low plant (Polygala paucifolia) with leaves somewhat like those of the wintergreen (Gaultheria), and bearing a few showy, rose-purple blossoms. -- Spotted wintergreen, a low evergreen plant (Chimaphila maculata) with ovate, white-spotted leaves. WINTER-GROUND Win"ter-ground`, v. t. Defn: To coved over in the season of winter, as for protection or shelter; as, to winter-ground the roods of a plant. The ruddock would . . . bring thee all this, Yea, and furred moss besides, when flowers are none To winter-ground thy corse. Shak. WINTERKILL Win"ter*kill`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Winterkilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Winterkilling.] Defn: To kill by the cold, or exposure to the inclemency of winter; as, the wheat was winterkilled. [U. S.] WINTERLY Win"ter*ly, a. Defn: Like winter; wintry; cold; hence, disagreeable, cheerless; as, winterly news. [R.] Shak. The sir growing more winterly in the month of April. Camden. WINTER-PROUD Win"ter-proud`, a. Defn: Having too rank or forward a growth for winter. When either corn is winter-proud, or other plants put forth and bud too early. Holland. WINTER-RIG Win"ter-rig`, v. t. Etym: [See Winter and Ridge.] Defn: To fallow or till in winter. [Prov. Eng.] WINTER'S BARK Win"ter's bark`. (Bot.) Defn: The aromatic bark of tree (Drimys, or Drymis, Winteri) of the Magnolia family, which is found in Southern Chili. It was first used as a cure for scurvy by its discoverer, Captain John Winter, vice admiral to sir Francis Drake, in 1577. WINTERTIDE Win"ter*tide`, n. Defn: Winter time. Tennyson. WINTERWEED Win"ter*weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of speedwell (Veronica hederifolia) which spreads chiefly in winter. Dr. Prior. WINTERY Win"ter*y, a. Defn: Wintry. WINTRY Win"try, a. Etym: [AS. wintrig.] Defn: Suitable to winter; resembling winter, or what belongs to winter; brumal; hyemal; cold; stormy; wintery. Touch our chilled hearts with vernal smile, Our wintry course do thou beguile. Keble. WINY Win"y, a. Defn: Having the taste or qualities of wine; vinous; as, grapes of a winy taste. Dampier. WINZE Winze, n. (Mining.) Defn: A small shaft sunk from one level to another, as for the purpose of ventilation. WIPE Wipe, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. vipa, Dan. vibe, the lapwing.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The lapwing. [Prov. Eng.] WIPE Wipe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wiped; p. pr. & vb. n. Wiping.] Etym: [OE. vipen, AS. wipian; cf. LG. wiep a wisp of straw, Sw. vepa to wrap up, to cuddle one's self up, vepa a blanket; perhaps akin to E. whip.] 1. To rub with something soft for cleaning; to clean or dry by rubbing; as, to wipe the hands or face with a towel. Let me wipe thy face. Shak. I will wipe Jerusalem as a man wipeth a dish, wiping it, and turning it upside down. 2 Kings xxi. 13. 2. To remove by rubbing; to rub off; to obliterate; -- usually followed by away, off or out. Also used figuratively. "To wipe out our ingratitude." Shak. Some natural tears they dropped, but wiped them soon. Milton. 3. To cheat; to defraud; to trick; -- usually followed by out. [Obs.] Spenser. If they by coveyne [covin] or gile be wiped beside their goods. Robynson (More's Utopia) To wipe a joint (Plumbing), to make a joint, as between pieces of lead pipe, by surrounding the junction with a mass of solder, applied in a plastic condition by means of a rag with which the solder is shaped by rubbing. -- To wipe the nose of, to cheat. [Old Slang] WIPE Wipe, n. 1. Act of rubbing, esp. in order to clean. 2. A blow; a stroke; a hit; a swipe. [Low] 3. A gibe; a jeer; a severe sarcasm. Swift. 4. A handkerchief. [Thieves' Cant or Slang] 5. Stain; brand. [Obs.] "Slavish wipe." Shak. WIPER Wip"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, wipes. 2. Something used for wiping, as a towel or rag. 3. (Mach.) Defn: A piece generally projecting from a rotating or swinging piece, as an axle or rock shaft, for the purpose of raising stampers, lifting rods, or the like, and leaving them to fall by their own weight; a kind of cam. 4. (Firearms) Defn: A rod, or an attachment for a rod, for holding a rag with which to wipe out the bore of the barrel. WIRBLE Wir"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wirbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Wirbling.] Etym: [Cf. Warble, Whirl.] Defn: To whirl; to eddy. [R.] The waters went wirbling above and around. Owen. Meredith. WIRCHE Wirche, v. i. & t. Defn: To work [Obs.] Chaucer. WIRE Wire, n. Etym: [OE. wir, AS. wir; akin to Icel. virr, Dan. vire, LG. wir, wire; cf. OHG. wiara fine gold; perhaps akin to E. withy. .] 1. A thread or slender rod of metal; a metallic substance formed to an even thread by being passed between grooved rollers, or drawn through holes in a plate of steel. Note: Wire is made of any desired form, as round, square, triangular, etc., by giving this shape to the hole in the drawplate, or between the rollers. 2. A telegraph wire or cable; hence, an electric telegraph; as, to send a message by wire. [Colloq.] Wire bed, Wire mattress, an elastic bed bottom or mattress made of wires interwoven or looped together in various ways. -- Wire bridge, a bridge suspended from wires, or cables made of wire. -- Wire cartridge, a shot cartridge having the shot inclosed in a wire cage. -- Wire cloth, a coarse cloth made of woven metallic wire, -- used for strainers, and for various other purposes. -- Wire edge, the thin, wirelike thread of metal sometimes formed on the edge of a tool by the stone in sharpening it. -- Wire fence, a fence consisting of posts with strained horizontal wires, wire netting, or other wirework, between. -- Wire gauge or gage. (a) A gauge for measuring the diameter of wire, thickness of sheet metal, etc., often consisting of a metal plate with a series of notches of various widths in its edge. (b) A standard series of sizes arbitrarily indicated, as by numbers, to which the diameter of wire or the thickness of sheet metal in usually made, and which is used in describing the size or thickness. There are many different standards for wire gauges, as in different countries, or for different kinds of metal, the Birmingham wire gauges and the American wire gauge being often used and designated by the abbreviations B. W.G. and A. W.G. respectively. -- Wire gauze, a texture of finely interwoven wire, resembling gauze. -- Wire grass (Bot.), either of the two common grasses Eleusine Indica, valuable for hay and pasture, and Poa compressa, or blue grass. See Blue grass. -- Wire grub (Zoöl.), a wireworm. -- Wire iron, wire rods of iron. -- Wire lathing, wire cloth or wire netting applied in the place of wooden lathing for holding plastering. -- Wire mattress. See Wire bed, above. -- Wire micrometer, a micrometer having spider lines, or fine wires, across the field of the instrument. -- Wire nail, a nail formed of a piece of wire which is headed and pointed. -- Wire netting, a texture of woven wire coarser than ordinary wire gauze. -- Wire rod, a metal rod from which wire is formed by drawing. -- Wire rope, a rope formed wholly, or in great part, of wires. WIRE Wire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wired; p. pr. & vb. n. Wiring.] 1. To bind with wire; to attach with wires; to apply wire to; as, to wire corks in bottling liquors. 2. To put upon a wire; as, to wire beads. 3. To snare by means of a wire or wires. 4. To send (a message) by telegraph. [Colloq.] WIRE Wire, v. i. 1. To pass like a wire; to flow in a wirelike form, or in a tenuous stream. [R.] P. Fletcher. 2. To send a telegraphic message. [Colloq.] WIREDRAW Wire"draw`, v. t. [imp. Wiredrew; p. p. Wiredrawn; p. pr. & vb. n. Wiredrawing.] 1. To form (a piece of metal) into wire, by drawing it through a hole in a plate of steel. 2. Hence, to draw by art or violence. My sense has been wiredrawn into blasphemy. Dryden. 3. Hence, also, to draw or spin out to great length and tenuity; as, to wiredraw an argument. Such twisting, such wiredrawing, was never seen in a court of justice. Macaulay. 4. (Steam Engine) Defn: To pass, or to draw off, (as steam) through narrow ports, or the like, thus reducing its pressure or force by friction. WIRE-DRAWER Wire"-draw`er, n. Defn: One who draws metal into wire. WIRE GUN Wire gun. Defn: = Wire-wound gun. WIRE-HEEL Wire"-heel`, n. (Far.) Defn: A disease in the feet of a horse or other beast. WIRELESS Wire"less, a. Defn: Having no wire; specif. (Elec.), Defn: designating, or pertaining to, a method of telegraphy, telephony, etc., in which the messages, etc., are transmitted through space by electric waves; as, a wireless message. -- Wireless telegraphy or telegraph (Elec.), any system of telegraphy employing no connecting wire or wires between the transmitting and receiving stations. Although more or less successful researchers were made on the subject by Joseph Henry, Hertz, Oliver Lodge, and others, the first commercially successful system was that of Guglielmo Marconi, patented in March, 1897. Marconi employed electric waves of high frequency set up by an induction coil in an oscillator, these waves being launched into space through a lofty antenna. The receiving apparatus consisted of another antenna in circuit with a coherer and small battery for operating through a relay the ordinary telegraphic receiver. This apparatus contains the essential features of all the systems now in use. -- Wireless telephone, an apparatus or contrivance for wireless telephony. --Wireless telephony, telephony without wires, usually employing electric waves of high frequency emitted from an oscillator or generator, as in wireless telegraphy. A telephone transmitter causes fluctuations in these waves, it being the fluctuations only which affect the receiver. WIRELESS Wire"less, n. Defn: Short for Wireless telegraphy, Wireless telephony, etc.; as, to send a message by wireless. WIRE-PULLER Wire"-pull`er, n. Defn: One who pulls the wires, as of a puppet; hence, one who operates by secret means; an intriguer. Political wire-pullers and convention packers. Lowell. WIRE-PULLING Wire"-pull`ing, n. Defn: The act of pulling the wires, as of a puppet; hence, secret influence or management, especially in politics; intrigue. WIRE-TAILED Wire"-tailed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having some or all of the tail quills terminated in a long, slender, pointed shaft, without a web or barbules. WIRE TAPPER Wire tapper. Defn: One that taps, or cuts in on, telegraph wires and intercepts messages; hence (Slang), Defn: a swindler who pretends to tap wires or otherwise intercept advance telegraphic news for betting. -- Wire tapping. WIREWORK Wire"work`, n. Defn: Work, especially openwork, formed of wires. WIRE-WORKER Wire"-work`er, n. Defn: One who manufactures articles from wire. WIREWORM Wire"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the larvæ of various species of snapping beetles, or elaters; -- so called from their slenderness and the uncommon hardness of the integument. Wireworms are sometimes very destructive to the roots of plants. Called also wire grub. (b) A galleyworm. WIRE-WOUND GUN Wire"-wound` gun. (Ordnance) Defn: A gun in the construction of which an inner tube (either entire or in segments) is wound with wire under tension to insure greater soundness and uniformity of resistance. In modern construction hoops and jackets are shrunk on over the wire. WIRINESS Wir"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being wiry. WIRING Wir"ing, n. 1. The act of one that wires anything. 2. The wires or conductors employed in a system of electric distribution. WIRY Wir"y, a. Etym: [Written also wiery.] 1. Made of wire; like wire; drawn out like wire. 2. Capable of endurance; tough; sinewy; as, a wiry frame or constitution. "A little wiry sergeant of meek demeanor and strong sense." Dickens. He bore his age well, and seemed to retain a wiry vigor and alertness. Hawthorne. WIS Wis, adv. Etym: [Aphetic form of iwis, ywis; or fr. Icel. viss certain. See Ywis.] Defn: Certainly; really; indeed. [Obs.] "As wis God helpe me." Chaucer. WIS Wis, v. t. Etym: [Due to mistaking OE. iwis certain, AS. gewiss, for I wis. See Ywis.] Defn: To think; to suppose; to imagine; -- used chiefly in the first person sing. present tense, I wis. See the Note under Ywis. [Obs. or Poetic] "Howe'er you wis." R. Browning. Nor do I know how long it is (For I have lain entranced, I wis). Coleridge. WISARD Wis"ard, n. Defn: See Wizard. WISDOM Wis"dom (-dûm), n. Etym: [AS. wisdom. See Wise, a., and -dom.] 1. The quality of being wise; knowledge, and the capacity to make due use of it; knowledge of the best ends and the best means; discernment and judgment; discretion; sagacity; skill; dexterity. We speak also not in wise words of man's wisdom, but in the doctrine of the spirit. Wyclif (1 Cor. ii. 13). Behold, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom; and to depart from evil is understanding. Job xxviii. 28. It is hoped that our rulers will act with dignity and wisdom that they will yield everything to reason, and refuse everything to force. Ames. Common sense in an uncommon degree is what the world calls wisdom. Coleridge. 2. The results of wise judgments; scientific or practical truth; acquired knowledge; erudition. Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and was mighty in words and in deeds. Acts vii. 22. Syn. -- Prudence; knowledge. Wisdom, Prudence, Knowledge. Wisdom has been defined to be "the use of the best means for attaining the best ends." "We conceive," says Whewell, " prudence as the virtue by which we select right means for given ends, while wisdom implies the selection of right ends as well as of right means." Hence, wisdom implies the union of high mental and moral excellence. Prudence (that is, providence, or forecast) is of a more negative character; it rather consists in avoiding danger than in taking decisive measures for the accomplishment of an object. Sir Robert Walpole was in many respects a prudent statesman, but he was far from being a wise one. Burke has said that prudence, when carried too far, degenerates into a "reptile virtue," which is the more dangerous for its plausible appearance. Knowledge, a more comprehensive term, signifies the simple apprehension of facts or relations. "In strictness of language," says Paley, " there is a difference between knowledge and wisdom; wisdom always supposing action, and action directed by it." Knowledge and wisdom, far from being one, Have ofttimes no connection. Knowledge dwells In heads replete with thoughts of other men; Wisdom, in minds attentive to their own. Knowledge, a rude, unprofitable mass, The mere materials with which wisdom builds, Till smoothed, and squared, and fitted to its place, Does but encumber whom it seems to enrich. Knowledge is proud that he has learned so much; Wisdom is humble that he knows no more. Cowper. Wisdom tooth, the last, or back, tooth of the full set on each half of each jaw in man; -- familiarly so called, because appearing comparatively late, after the person may be supposed to have arrived at the age of wisdom. See the Note under Tooth, 1. WISDOM LITERATURE Wis"dom lit"er*a*ture. Defn: The class of ancient Hebrew writings which deal reflectively with general ethical and religious topics, as distinguished from the prophetic and liturgical literature, and from the law. It is comprised chiefly in the books of Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiasticus, Ecclesiastes, and Wisdom of Solomon. The "wisdom" (Hokhmah) of these writings consists in detached sage utterances on concrete issues of life, without the effort at philosophical system that appeared in the later Hellenistic reflective writing beginning with Philo Judæus. WISE Wise, a. [Compar. Wiser; superl. Wisest.] Etym: [OE. wis, AS. wis; akin to OS. & OFries. wis, D. wijs, G. weise, OHG. wis, wisi, Icel. viss, Sw. vis, Dan. viis, Goth. weis; akin to wit, v. i. See Wit, v., and cf. Righteous, Wisdom.] 1. Having knowledge; knowing; enlightened; of extensive information; erudite; learned. They are wise to do evil, but to do good they have no knowledge. Jer. iv. 22. 2. Hence, especially, making due use of knowledge; discerning and judging soundly concerning what is true or false, proper or improper; choosing the best ends and the best means for accomplishing them; sagacious. When clouds appear, wise men put their cloaks. Shak. From a child thou hast known the holy scriptures, which are able to make thee wise unto salvation. 2 Tim. iii. 15. 3. Versed in art or science; skillful; dexterous; specifically, skilled in divination. Fal. There was, mine host, an old fat woman even now with me; but she's gone. Sim. Pray you, sir, was't not the wise woman of Brentford Shak. 4. Hence, prudent; calculating; shrewd; wary; subtle; crafty. [R.] "Thou art . . . no novice, but a governor wily and wise." Chaucer. Nor, on the other side, Will I be penuriously wise As to make money, that's my slave, my idol. Beau. & Fl. Lords do not care for me: I am too wise to die yet. Ford. 5. Dictated or guided by wisdom; containing or exhibiting wisdom; well adapted to produce good effects; judicious; discreet; as, a wise saying; a wise scheme or plan; wise conduct or management; a wise determination. "Eminent in wise deport." Milton. To make it wise, to make it a matter of deliberation. [Obs.] " We thought it was not worth to make it wise." Chaucer. -- Wise in years, old enough to be wise; wise from age and experience; hence, aged; old. [Obs.] A very grave, state bachelor, my dainty one; He's wise in years, and of a temperate warmth. Ford. You are too wise in years, too full of counsel, For my green experience. Ford. WISE Wise, a. Etym: [OE. wise, AS. wise; akin to OS. wisa, OFries. wis, D. wijs, wijze, OHG. wisa, G. weise, Sw. vis, Dan. viis, Icel. övis otherwise; from the root of E. wit; hence, originally, knowledge, skill. See Wit, v., and cf. Guise.] Defn: Way of being or acting; manner; mode; fashion. "All armed in complete wise." Spenser. To love her in my beste wyse. Chaucer. This song she sings in most commanding wise. Sir P. Sidney. Let not these blessings then, sent from above, Abused be, or spilt in profane wise. Fairfax. Note: This word is nearly obsolete, except in such phrases as in any wise, in no wise, on this wise, etc. " Fret not thyself in any wise to do evil." Ps. xxxvii. 8. "He shall in no wise lose his reward." Matt. x. 42. " On this wise ye shall bless the children of Israel." Num. vi. 23. Note: Wise is often used as a suffix in composition, as in likewise, nowise, lengthwise, etc., in which words -ways is often substituted with the same sense; as, noways, lengthways, etc. WISEACRE Wise"a*cre, n. Etym: [OD. wijssegger or G. weissager a foreteller, prophet, from weissagen to foretell, to prophesy, OHG. wissag, corrupted (as if compounded of the words for wise and say) fr. wizzag, fr. wizzag a prophet, akin to AS. witiga, witga, from the root of E. wit. See Wit, v.] 1. A learned or wise man. [Obs.] Pythagoras learned much . . . becoming a mighty wiseacre. Leland. 2. One who makes undue pretensions to wisdom; a would-be-wise person; hence, in contempt, a simpleton; a dunce. WISE-HEARTED Wise"-heart`ed, a. Defn: Wise; knowing; skillful; sapient; erudite; prudent. Ex. xxviii. 3. WISE-LIKE Wise"-like`, a. Defn: Resembling that which is wise or sensible; judicious. The only wise-like thing I heard anybody say. Sir W. Scott. WISELING Wise"ling, n. Defn: One who pretends to be wise; a wiseacre; a witling. Donne. WISELY Wise"ly, adv. Defn: In a wise manner; prudently; judiciously; discreetly; with wisdom. And wisely learn to curb thy sorrows wild. Milton. WISENESS Wise"ness, n. Defn: Wisdom. [Obs.] Spenser. WISH Wish, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wished; p. pr. & vb. n. Wishing.] Etym: [OE. wischen, weschen, wuschen, AS. w; akin to D. wenschen, G. wünschen, Icel. æeskja, Dan. önske, Sw. önska; from AS. w a wish; akin to OD. & G. wunsch, OHG. wunsc, Icel. , Skr. va a wish, va to wish; also to Skr. van to like, to wish. Winsome, Win, v. t., and cf. Wistful.] 1. To have a desire or yearning; to long; to hanker. They cast four anchors out of the stern, and wished for the day. Acts xxvii. 29. This is as good an argument as an antiquary could wish for. Arbuthnot. WISH Wish, v. t. 1. To desire; to long for; to hanker after; to have a mind or disposition toward. I would not wish Any companion in the world but you. Shak. I wish above all things that thou mayest prosper. 3. John 2. 2. To frame or express desires concerning; to invoke in favor of, or against, any one; to attribute, or cal down, in desire; to invoke; to imprecate. I would not wish them to a fairer death. Shak. I wish it may not prove some ominous foretoken of misfortune to have met with such a miser as I am. Sir P. Sidney. Let them be driven backward, and put to shame, that wish me evil. Ps. xl. 14. 3. To recommend; to seek confidence or favor in behalf of. [Obs.] Shak. I would be glad to thrive, sir, And I was wished to your worship by a gentleman. B. Jonson. Syn. -- See Desire. WISH Wish, n. 1. Desire; eager desire; longing. Behold, I am according to thy wish in God a stead. Job xxxiii. 6. 2. Expression of desire; request; petition; hence, invocation or imprecation. Blistered be thy tongue for such a wish. Shak. 3. A thing desired; an object of desire. Will he, wise, let loose at once his ire . . . To give his enemies their wish! Milton. WISHABLE Wish"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable or worthy of being wished for; desirable. Udall. WISHBONE Wish"bone`, n. Defn: The forked bone in front of the breastbone in birds; -- called also merrythought, and wishing bone. See Merrythought, and Furculum. WISHEDLY Wish"ed*ly, adv. Defn: According to wish; conformably to desire. [Obs.] Chapman. WISHER Wish"er, n. Defn: One who wishes or desires; one who expresses a wish. Shak. WISHFUL Wish"ful, a. Etym: [Cf. Wistful.] 1. Having desire, or ardent desire; longing. 2. Showing desire; as, wishful eyes. From Scotland am I stolen, even of pure love To greet mine own land with my wishful sight. Shak. 3. Desirable; exciting wishes. [R.] Chapman. -- Wish"ful*ly, adv. -- Wish"ful*ness, n. WISHING Wish"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Wish, v. t. Wishing bone. See Wishbone. -- Wishing cap, a cap fabled to give one whatever he wishes for when wearing it. WISHLY Wish"ly, adv. Defn: According to desire; longingly; with wishes. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chapman. WISHTONWISH Wish"ton*wish, n. Etym: [Probably of American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The prairie dog. WISH-WASH Wish"-wash`, n. Defn: Any weak, thin drink. WISHY-WASHY Wish"y-wash`y, a. Etym: [See Wash.] Defn: Thin and pale; weak; without strength or substance; -- originally said of liquids. Fig., weak-minded; spiritless. A weak wishy-washy man who had hardly any mind of his own. A. Trollope. WISHY-WASHY Wish"y-wash`y, n. Defn: A weak or thin drink or liquor; wish-wash. WISKET Wis"ket, n. Defn: A whisket, or basket. [Prov. Eng.] Ainsworth. WISLY Wis"ly, adv. Etym: [See Wis, adv.] Defn: Certainly. [Obs.] "God so wisly have mercy on me." Chaucer. WISP Wisp, n. Etym: [OE. wisp, wips; probably akin to D. & G. wisch, Icel. visk, and perhaps to L. virga a twig, rod. Cf. Verge a rod, Whisk, n.] 1. A small bundle, as of straw or other like substance. In a small basket, on a wisp of hay. Dryden. 2. A whisk, or small broom. 3. A Will-o'-the-wisp; an ignis fatuus. The wisp that flickers where no foot can tread. Tennyson. WISP Wisp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wisped; p. pr. & vb. n. Wisping.] 1. To brush or dress, an with a wisp. 2. To rumple. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. WISPEN Wisp"en, a. Defn: Formed of a wisp, or of wisp; as, a wispen broom. [Obs.] WISSE Wis"se, v. t. Etym: [AS. wisian. See Wise, a.] Defn: To show; to teach; to inform; to guide; to direct. [Obs.] Ere we depart I shall thee so well wisse That of mine house ne shalt thou never misse. Chaucer. WIST Wist, archaic imp. & p. p. of Wit, v. Defn: Knew. WISTARIA Wis*ta"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL.] Etym: [So named after Caspar Wistar, an American anatomist.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of climbing leguminous plants bearing long, pendulous clusters of pale bluish flowers. Note: The species commonest in cultivation is the Wistaria Sinensis from Eastern Asia. W. fruticosa grows wild in the southern parts of the United States. WISTFUL Wist"ful, a. Etym: [For wishful; perhaps influenced by wistly, which is probably corrupted from OE. wisly certainly (from Icel. viss certain, akin to E. wit). See Wish.] 1. Longing; wishful; desirous. Lifting up one of my sashes, I cast many a wistful, melancholy look towards the sea. Swift. 2. Full of thought; eagerly attentive; meditative; musing; pensive; contemplative. That he who there at such an hour hath been, Will wistful linger on that hallowed spot. Byron. -- Wist"ful*ly, adv. -- Wist"ful*ness, n. WISTIT Wis"tit, n. Etym: [Prob. from native name: cf. F. ouistiti.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A small South American monkey; a marmoset. [Written also wistiti, and ouistiti.] WISTLY Wist"ly, adv. Etym: [See Wistful.] Defn: Attentively; observingly. [Obs.] Shak. WISTONWISH Wis"ton*wish, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wishtonwish. WIT Wit, v. t. & i. [inf. (To) Wit; pres. sing. Wot; pl. Wite; imp. Wist(e); p. p. Wist; p. pr. & vb. n. Wit(t)ing. See the Note below.] Etym: [OE. witen, pres. ich wot, wat, I know (wot), imp. wiste, AS. witan, pres. wat, imp. wiste, wisse; akin to OFries. wita, OS. witan, D. weten, G. wissen, OHG. wizzan, Icel. vita, Sw. veta, Dan. vide, Goth. witan to observe, wait I know, Russ. vidiete to see, L. videre, Gr. vid to know, learn; cf. Skr. vid to find. History, Idea, Idol, - oid, Twit, Veda, Vision, Wise, a. & n., Wot.] Defn: To know; to learn. "I wot and wist alway." Chaucer. Note: The present tense was inflected as follows; sing. 1st pers. wot; 2d pers. wost, or wot(t)est; 3d pers. wot, or wot(t)eth; pl. witen, or wite. The following variant forms also occur; pres. sing. 1st & 3d pers. wat, woot; pres. pl. wyten, or wyte, weete, wote, wot; imp. wuste (Southern dialect); p. pr. wotting. Later, other variant or corrupt forms are found, as, in Shakespeare, 3d pers. sing. pres. wots. Brethren, we do you to wit [make you to know] of the grace of God bestowed on the churches of Macedonia. 2 Cor. viii. 1. Thou wost full little what thou meanest. Chaucer. We witen not what thing we prayen here. Chaucer. When that the sooth in wist. Chaucer. Note: This verb is now used only in the infinitive, to wit, which is employed, especially in legal language, to call attention to a particular thing, or to a more particular specification of what has preceded, and is equivalent to namely, that is to say. WIT Wit, n. Etym: [AS. witt, wit; akin to OFries. wit, G. witz, OHG. wizzi, Icel. vit, Dan. vid, Sw. vett. sq. root133. See Wit, v.] 1. Mind; intellect; understanding; sense. Who knew the wit of the Lord or who was his counselor Wyclif (Rom. xi. 34). A prince most prudent, of an excellent And unmatched wit and judgment. Shak. Will puts in practice what wit deviseth. Sir J. Davies. He wants not wit the dander to decline. Dryden. 2. A mental faculty, or power of the mind; -- used in this sense chiefly in the plural, and in certain phrases; as, to lose one's wits; at one's wits' end, and the like. "Men's wittes ben so dull." Chaucer. I will stare him out of his wits. Shak. 3. Felicitous association of objects not usually connected, so as to produce a pleasant surprise; also. the power of readily combining objects in such a manner. The definition of wit is only this, that it is a propriety of thoughts and words; or, in other terms, thoughts and words elegantly adapted to the subject. Dryden. Wit which discovers partial likeness hidden in general diversity. Coleridge. Wit lying most in the assemblage of ideas, and putting those together with quickness and variety wherein can be found any resemblance or congruity, thereby to make up pleasant pictures in the fancy. Locke. 4. A person of eminent sense or knowledge; a man of genius, fancy, or humor; one distinguished for bright or amusing sayings, for repartee, and the like. In Athens, where books and wits were ever busier than in any other part of Greece, I find but only two sorts of writings which the magistrate cared to take notice of; those either blasphemous and atheistical, or libelous. Milton. Intemperate wits will spare neither friend nor foe. L'Estrange. A wit herself, Amelia weds a wit. Young. The five wits, the five senses; also, sometimes, the five qualities or faculties, common wit, imagination, fantasy, estimation, and memory. Chaucer. Nares. But my five wits nor my five senses can Dissuade one foolish heart from serving thee. Shak. Syn. -- Ingenuity; humor; satire; sarcasm; irony; burlesque. -- Wit, Humor. Wit primarily meant mind; and now denotes the power of seizing on some thought or occurrence, and, by a sudden turn, presenting it under aspects wholly new and unexpected -- apparently natural and admissible, if not perfectly just, and bearing on the subject, or the parties concerned, with a laughable keenness and force. "What I want," said a pompous orator, aiming at his antagonist, "is common sense." "Exactly!" was the whispered reply. The pleasure we find in wit arises from the ingenuity of the turn, the sudden surprise it brings, and the patness of its application to the case, in the new and ludicrous relations thus flashed upon the view. Humor is a quality more congenial to the English mind than wit. It consists primarily in taking up the peculiarities of a humorist (or eccentric person) and drawing them out, as Addison did those of Sir Roger de Coverley, so that we enjoy a hearty, good-natured laugh at his unconscious manifestation of whims and oddities. From this original sense the term has been widened to embrace other sources of kindly mirth of the same general character. In a well-known caricature of English reserve, an Oxford student is represented as standing on the brink of a river, greatly agitated at the sight of a drowning man before him, and crying out, "O that I had been introduced to this gentleman, that I might save his life! The, "Silent Woman" of Ben Jonson is one of the most humorous productions, in the original sense of the term, which we have in our language. WITAN Wit"an, n. pl. [AS., pl. of wita sage, councilor.] Defn: Lit., wise men; specif. (A.-S. Hist.), Defn: the members of the national, or king's, council which sat to assist the king in administrative and judicial matters; also, the council. WITCH Witch, n. Etym: [Cf. Wick of a lamp.] Defn: A cone of paper which is placed in a vessel of lard or other fat, and used as a taper. [Prov. Eng.] WITCH Witch, n. Etym: [OE. wicche, AS. wicce, fem., wicca, masc.; perhaps the same word as AS. witiga, witga, a soothsayer (cf. Wiseacre); cf. Fries. wikke, a witch, LG. wikken to predict, Icel. vitki a wizard, vitka to bewitch.] 1. One who practices the black art, or magic; one regarded as possessing supernatural or magical power by compact with an evil spirit, esp. with the Devil; a sorcerer or sorceress; -- now applied chiefly or only to women, but formerly used of men as well. There was a man in that city whose name was Simon, a witch. Wyclif (Acts viii. 9). He can not abide the old woman of Brentford; he swears she's a witch. Shak. 2. An ugly old woman; a hag. Shak. 3. One who exercises more than common power of attraction; a charming or bewitching person; also, one given to mischief; -- said especially of a woman or child. [Colloq.] 4. (Geom.) Defn: A certain curve of the third order, described by Maria Agnesi under the name versiera. 5. (Zoöl.) Defn: The stormy petrel. Witch balls, a name applied to the interwoven rolling masses of the stems of herbs, which are driven by the winds over the steppes of Tartary. Cf. Tumbleweed. Maunder (Treas. of Bot.) -- Witches' besoms (Bot.), tufted and distorted branches of the silver fir, caused by the attack of some fungus. Maunder (Treas. of Bot.) -- Witches' butter (Bot.), a name of several gelatinous cryptogamous plants, as Nostoc commune, and Exidia glandulosa. See Nostoc. -- Witch grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Panicum capillare) with minute spikelets on long, slender pedicels forming a light, open panicle. -- Witch meal (Bot.), vegetable sulphur. See under Vegetable. WITCH Witch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Witched; p. pr. & vb. n. Witching.] Etym: [AS. wiccian.] Defn: To bewitch; to fascinate; to enchant. [I 'll] witch sweet ladies with my words and looks. Shak. Whether within us or without The spell of this illusion be That witches us to hear and see. Lowell. WITCHCRAFT Witch"craft`, n. Etym: [AS. wiccecræft.] 1. The practices or art of witches; sorcery; enchantments; intercourse with evil spirits. 2. Power more than natural; irresistible influence. He hath a witchcraft Over the king in 's tongue. Shak. WITCH-ELM Witch"-elm`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Wych-elm. WITCHERY Witch"er*y, n; pl. Witcheries (. 1. Sorcery; enchantment; witchcraft. Great Comus, Deep skilled in all his mother's witcheries. Milton. A woman infamous . . . for witcheries. Sir W. Scott. 2. Fascination; irresistible influence; enchantment. He never felt The witchery of the soft blue sky. Wordsworth. The dear, dear witchery of song. Bryant. WITCH-HAZEL Witch"-ha`zel, n. Etym: [See Wych-elm, and Hazel.] (Bot.) Defn: The wych-elm. (b) An American shrub or small tree (Hamamelis Virginica), which blossoms late in autumn. WITCHING Witch"ing, a. Defn: That witches or enchants; suited to enchantment or witchcraft; bewitching. "The very witching time of night." Shak. -- Witch"ing*ly, adv. WITCH-TREE Witch"-tree`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The witch-hazel. WITCHUCK Wit"chuck`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sand martin, or bank swallow. [Prov. Eng.] WIT-CRACKER Wit"-crack`er, n. Defn: One who breaks jests; a joker. [Obs.] Shak. WITCRAFT Wit"craft`, n. 1. Art or skill of the mind; contrivance; invention; wit. [Obs.] Camden. 2. The art of reasoning; logic. [R.] WITE Wite, v. t. Etym: [AS. witan; akin to D. wijten, G. verweisen, Icel. vita to mulct, and E. wit; cf. AS. witan to see, L. animadvertere to observe, to punish. Wit, v.] Defn: To reproach; to blame; to censure; also, to impute as blame. [Obs. or Scot.] Spenser. Though that I be jealous, wite me not. Chaucer. There if that I misspeak or say, Wite it the ale of Southwark, I you pray. Chaucer. WITE Wite, n. Etym: [AS. wite punishment. Wite, v.] Defn: Blame; reproach. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer. WITELESS Wite"less, a. Defn: Blameless. [Obs.] Spenser. WITEN Wit"en, obs. Defn: pl. pres. of Wit. Chaucer. WITENAGEMOTE Wit"e*na*ge*mote`, n. Etym: [AS. witena gemot an assembly of the wise; wita a wise man + gemot assembly.] (AS. Hist.) Defn: A meeting of wise men; the national council, or legislature, of England in the days of the Anglo-Saxons, before the Norman Conquest. WITFISH Wit"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The ladyfish (a). WITFUL Wit"ful, a. Defn: Wise; sensible. [R.] Chapman. WITH With, n. Defn: See Withe. WITH With, prep. Etym: [OE. with, AS. wi with, against; akin to AS. wi against, OFries. with, OS. wi, wi, D. weder, weêr (in comp.), G. wider against, wieder gain, OHG. widar again, against, Icel. vi against, with, by, at, Sw. vid at, by, Dan. ved, Goth. wipra against, Skr. vi asunder. Cf. Withdraw, Withers, Withstand.] Defn: With denotes or expresses some situation or relation of nearness, proximity, association, connection, or the like. It is used especially: -- 1. To denote a close or direct relation of opposition or hostility; - - equivalent to against. Thy servant will . . . fight with this Philistine. 1 Sam. xvii. 32. Note: In this sense, common in Old English, it is now obsolete except in a few compounds; as, withhold; withstand; and after the verbs fight, contend, struggle, and the like. 2. To denote association in respect of situation or environment; hence, among; in the company of. I will buy with you, talk with you, walk with you, and so following; but I will not eat with you, drink with you, nor pray with you. Shak. Pity your own, or pity our estate, Nor twist our fortunes with your sinking fate. Dryden. See where on earth the flowery glories lie; With her they flourished, and with her they die. Pope. There is no living with thee nor without thee. Tatler. Such arguments had invincible force with those pagan philosophers. Addison. 3. To denote a connection of friendship, support, alliance, assistance, countenance, etc.; hence, on the side of. Fear not, for I am with thee, and will bless thee. Gen. xxvi. 24. 4. To denote the accomplishment of cause, means, instrument, etc; -- sometimes equivalent to by. That with these fowls I be all to-rent. Chaucer. Thou wilt be like a lover presently, And tire the hearer with a book of words. Shak. [He] entertained a coffeehouse with the following narrative. Addison. With receiving your friends within and amusing them without, you lead a good, pleasant, bustling life of it. Goldsmith. 5. To denote association in thought, as for comparison or contrast. Can blazing carbuncles with her compare. Sandys. 6. To denote simultaneous happening, or immediate succession or consequence. With that she told me . . . that she would hide no truth from me. Sir P. Sidney. With her they flourished, and with her they die. Pope. With this he pointed to his face. Dryden. 7. To denote having as a possession or an appendage; as, the firmament with its stars; a bride with a large fortune. "A maid with clean hands." Shak. Note: With and by are closely allied in many of their uses, and it is not easy to lay down a rule by which to distinguish their uses. See the Note under By. WITHAL With*al", adv. Etym: [With + all.] 1. With this; with that. [Obs.] He will scarce be pleased withal. Shak. 2. Together with this; likewise; at the same time; in addition; also. [Archaic] Fy on possession But if a man be virtuous withal. Chaucer. If you choose that, then I am yours withal. Shak. How modest in exception, and withal How terrible in constant resolution. Shak. WITHAL With*al", prep. Defn: With; -- put after its object, at the end of sentence or clause in which it stands. [Obs.] This diamond he greets your wife withal. Shak. Whatsoever uncleanness it be that a man shall be defiled withal. Lev. v. 3. WITHAMITE With"am*ite, n. Etym: [From its discoverer, H. Witham.] (Min.) Defn: A variety of epidote, of a reddish color, found in Scotland. WITHDRAW With*draw", v. t. [imp. Withdrew; p. p. Withdrawn; p. pr. & vb. n. Withdrawing.] Etym: [With against + draw.] 1. To take back or away, as what has been bestowed or enjoyed; to draw back; to cause to move away or retire; as, to withdraw aid, favor, capital, or the like. Impossible it is that God should withdraw his presence from anything. Hooker. 2. To take back; to recall or retract; as, to withdraw false charges. WITHDRAW With*draw", v. i. Defn: To retire; to retreat; to quit a company or place; to go away; as, he withdrew from the company. "When the sea withdrew." King Horn. Syn. -- To recede; retrograde; go back. WITHDRAWAL With*draw"al, n. Defn: The act of withdrawing; withdrawment; retreat; retraction. Fielding. WITHDRAWER With*draw"er, n. Defn: One who withdraws; one who takes back, or retracts. WITHDRAWING-ROOM With*draw"ing-room`, n. Etym: [See Withdraw, and cf. Drawing-room.] Defn: A room for retirement from another room, as from a dining room; a drawing-room. A door in the middle leading to a parlor and withdrawing-room. Sir W. Scott. WITHDRAWMENT With*draw"ment, n. Defn: The act of withdrawing; withdrawal. W. Belsham. WITHE Withe, n. Etym: [OE. withe. Withy, n.] [Written also with.] 1. A flexible, slender twig or branch used as a band; a willow or osier twig; a withy. 2. A band consisting of a twig twisted. 3. (Naut.) Defn: An iron attachment on one end of a mast or boom, with a ring, through which another mast or boom is rigged out and secured; a wythe. R. H. Dana, Jr. 4. (Arch.) Defn: A partition between flues in a chimney. WITHE Withe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Withed; p. pr. & vb. n. Withing.] Defn: To bind or fasten with withes. You shall see him withed, and haltered, and staked, and baited to death. Bp. Hall. WITHER With"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Withered; p. pr. & vb. n. Withering.] Etym: [OE. wideren; probably the same word as wederen to weather (see Weather, v. & n.); or cf. G. verwittern to decay, to be weather- beaten, Lith. vysti to wither.] 1. To fade; to lose freshness; to become sapless; to become sapless; to dry or shrivel up. Shall he hot pull up the roots thereof, and cut off the fruit thereof, that it wither Ezek. xvii. 9. 2. To lose or want animal moisture; to waste; to pin This is man, old, wrinkled, faded, withered. Shak. There was a man which had his hand withered. Matt. xii. 10. Now warm in love, now with'ring in the grave. Dryden. 3. To lose vigor or power; to languish; to pass away. "Names that must not wither." Byron. States thrive or wither as moons wax and wane. Cowper. WITHER With"er, v. t. 1. To cause to fade, and become dry. The sun is no sooner risen with a burning heat, but it withereth the grass, and the flower thereof falleth. James i. 11. 2. To cause to shrink, wrinkle, or decay, for want of animal moisture. "Age can not wither her." Shak. Shot forth pernicious fire Among the accursed, that withered all their strength. Milton. 3. To cause to languish, perish, or pass away; to blight; as, a reputation withered by calumny. The passions and the cares that wither life. Bryant. WITHERBAND With"er*band`, n. Etym: [Withers + band.] (Far.) Defn: A piece of iron in a saddle near a horse's withers, to strengthen the bow. WITHERED With"ered, a. Defn: Faded; dried up; shriveled; wilted; wasted; wasted away. -- With"ered*ness, n. Bp. Hall. WITHERING With"er*ing, a. Defn: Tending to wither; causing to shrink or fade. -- With"er*ing*ly, adv. WITHERITE With"er*ite, n. Etym: [So called after Dr. W. Withering.] (Min.) Defn: Barium carbonate occurring in white or gray six-sided twin crystals, and also in columnar or granular masses. WITHERLING With"er*ling, n. Etym: [Wither + -ling.] Defn: A withered person; one who is decrepit. [Obs.] Chapman. WITHERNAM With"er*nam, n. Etym: [AS. withernam; wither against + nam a seizure, fr. niman to take.] (Law) Defn: A second or reciprocal distress of other goods in lieu of goods which were taken by a first distress and have been eloigned; a taking by way of reprisal; -- chiefly used in the expression capias in withernam, which is the name of a writ used in connection with the action of replevin (sometimes called a writ of reprisal), which issues to a defendant in replevin when he has obtained judgment for a return of the chattels replevied, and fails to obtain them on the writ of return. Blackstone. WITHE-ROD Withe"-rod`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A North American shrub (Viburnum nudum) whose tough osierlike shoots are sometimes used for binding sheaves. WITHERS With"ers, n. pl. Etym: [Properly, the parts which resist the pull or strain in drawing a load; fr. OE. wither resistance, AS. withre, fr. wither against; akin to G. widerrist withers. See With, prep.] Defn: The ridge between the shoulder bones of a horse, at the base of the neck. See Illust. of Horse. Let the galled jade wince; our withers are unwrung. Shak. WITHER-WRUNG With"er-wrung`, a. Defn: Injured or hurt in the withers, as a horse. WITHHOLD With*hold", v. t. [imp. Withheld; p. p. Withheld, Obs. or Archaic Withholden (; p. pr. & vb. n. Withholding.] Etym: [With again, against, back + hold.] 1. To hold back; to restrain; to keep from action. Withhold, O sovereign prince, your hasty hand From knitting league with him. Spenser. 2. To retain; to keep back; not to grant; as, to withhold assent to a proposition. Forbid who will, none shall from me withhold Longer thy offered good. Milton. 3. To keep; to maintain; to retain. [Obs.] To withhold it the more easily in heart. Chaucer. WITHHOLDER With*hold"er, n. Defn: One who withholds. WITHHOLDMENT With*hold"ment, n. Defn: The act of withholding. WITHIN With*in", prep. Etym: [OE. withinne, withinnen, AS. withinnan; with with, against, toward + innan in, inwardly, within, from in in. See With, prep., In, prep.] 1. In the inner or interior part of; inside of; not without; as, within doors. O, unhappy youth! Come not within these doors; within this roof The enemy of all your graces lives. Shak. Till this be cured by religion, it is as impossible for a man to be happy -- that is, pleased and contented within himself -- as it is for a sick man to be at ease. Tillotson. 2. In the limits or compass of; not further in length than; as, within five miles; not longer in time than; as, within an hour; not exceeding in quantity; as, expenses kept within one's income. "That he repair should again within a little while." Chaucer. Within these five hours lived Lord Hastings, Untainted, unexamined, free, at liberty. Shak. 3. Hence, inside the limits, reach, or influence of; not going outside of; not beyond, overstepping, exceeding, or the like. Both he and she are still within my power. Dryden. Within himself The danger lies, yet lies within his power. Milton. Were every action concluded within itself, and drew no consequence after it, we should, undoubtedly, never err in our choice of good. Locke. WITHIN With*in", adv. 1. In the inner part; inwardly; internally. "The wound festers within." Carew. Ills from within thy reason must prevent. Dryden. 2. In the house; in doors; as, the master is within. WITHINFORTH With*in"forth`, adv. Defn: Within; inside; inwardly. [Obs.] Wyclif. [It is much greater] labor for to withinforth call into mind, without sight of the eye withoutforth upon images, what he before knew and thought upon. Bp. Peacock. WITHINSIDE With*in"side`, adv. Defn: In the inner parts; inside. [Obs.] Graves. WITHOUT With*out", prep. Etym: [OE. withoute, withouten, AS. with; with with, against, toward + outside, fr. out. See With, prep., Out.] 1. On or at the outside of; out of; not within; as, without doors. Without the gate Some drive the cars, and some the coursers rein. Dryden. 2. Out of the limits of; out of reach of; beyond. Eternity, before the world and after, is without our reach. T. Burnet. 3. Not with; otherwise than with; in absence of, separation from, or destitution of; not with use or employment of; independently of; exclusively of; with omission; as, without labor; without damage. I wolde it do withouten negligence. Chaucer. Wise men will do it without a law. Bacon. Without the separation of the two monarchies, the most advantageous terms . . . must end in our destruction. Addison. There is no living with thee nor without thee. Tatler. To do without. See under Do. -- Without day Etym: [a translation of L. sine die], without the appointment of a day to appear or assemble again; finally; as, the Fortieth Congress then adjourned without day. -- Without recourse. See under Recourse. WITHOUT With*out", conj. Defn: Unless; except; -- introducing a clause. You will never live to my age without you keep yourselves in breath with exercise, and in heart with joyfulness. Sir P. Sidney. Note: Now rarely used by good writers or speakers. WITHOUT With*out", adv. 1. On or art the outside; not on the inside; not within; outwardly; externally. Without were fightings, within were fears. 2 Cor. vii. 5. 2. Outside of the house; out of doors. The people came unto the house without. Chaucer. WITHOUT-DOOR With*out"-door`, a. Defn: Outdoor; exterior. [Obs.] "Her without-door form." Shak. WITHOUTEN With*out"en, prep. Defn: Without. [Obs.] Chaucer. WITHOUTFORTH With*out"forth`, adv. Defn: Without; outside' outwardly. Cf. Withinforth. [Obs.] Chaucer. WITHSAY With*say", v. t. Defn: To contradict; to gainsay; to deny; to renounce. [Obs.] Gower. If that he his Christendom withsay. Chaucer. WITHSET With*set", v. t. Defn: To set against; to oppose. [Obs.] "Their way he them withset." R. of Brunne. WITHSTAND With*stand", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Withstood; p. pr. & vb. n. Withstanding.] Etym: [AS. wiedhstandan. See With, prep., and Stand.] Defn: To stand against; to oppose; to resist, either with physical or moral force; as, to withstand an attack of troops; to withstand eloquence or arguments. Piers Plowman. I withstood him to the face. Gal. ii. 11. Some village Hampden, that, with dauntless breast. The little tyrant of his fields withstood. Gray. WITHSTANDER With*stand"er, n. Defn: One who withstands, or opposes; an opponent; a resisting power. WITHSTOOD With*stood", imp. & p. p. Defn: oWithstand. WITHVINE With"vine`, n. Etym: [Withe + vine.] (Bot.) Defn: Quitch grass. WITHWIND With"wind`, n. Etym: [AS. wiedhowinde.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). He bare a burden ybound with a broad list, In a withewyndes wise ybounden about. Piers Plowman. WITHWINE With"wine`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Withvine. WITHY With"y, n.; pl. Withies. Etym: [OE. withe, wipi, AS. wi a willow, willow twig; akin to G. weide willow, OHG. wida, Icel. vi, a withy, Sw. vide a willow twig, Dan. vidie a willow, osier, Gr. vitis a vine, viere to plait, Russ. vite. sq. root141. Cf. Wine, Withe.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: The osier willow (Salix viminalis). See Osier, n. (a). 2. A withe. See Withe, 1. WITHY With"y, a. Defn: Made of withes; like a withe; flexible and tough; also, abounding in withes. The stream is brimful now, and lies high in this little withy plantation. G. Eliot. WITING Wit"ing, n. Etym: [See Wit, v.] Defn: Knowledge. [Obs.] "Withouten witing of any other wight." Chaucer. WITLESS Wit"less, a. Defn: Destitute of wit or understanding; wanting thought; hence, indiscreet; not under the guidance of judgment. "Witless bravery." Shak. A witty mother! witless else her son. Shak. Witless pity breedeth fruitless love. Fairfax. -- Wit"less*ly, adv. -- Wit"less*ness, n. WITLING Wit"ling, n. Etym: [Wit + -ling; cf. G. witzling.] Defn: A person who has little wit or understanding; a pretender to wit or smartness. A beau and witing perished in the forming. Pope. Ye newspaper witlings! ye pert scribbling folks! Goldsmith. WITNESS Wit"ness, n. Etym: [AS. witness, gewitnes, from witan to know. sq. root133. See Wit, v. i.] 1. Attestation of a fact or an event; testimony. May we with . . . the witness of a good conscience, pursue him with any further revenge Shak. If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true. John v. 31. 2. That which furnishes evidence or proof. Laban said to Jacob, . . . This heap be witness, and this pillar be witness. Gen. xxxi. 51, 52. 3. One who is cognizant; a person who beholds, or otherwise has personal knowledge of, anything; as, an eyewitness; an earwitness. "Thyself art witness I am betrothed." Shak. Upon my looking round, I was witness to appearances which filled me with melancholy and regret. R. Hall. 4. (Law) (a) One who testifies in a cause, or gives evidence before a judicial tribunal; as, the witness in court agreed in all essential facts. (b) One who sees the execution of an instrument, and subscribes it for the purpose of confirming its authenticity by his testimony; one who witnesses a will, a deed, a marriage, or the like. Privileged witnesses. (Law) See under Privileged. -- With a witness, effectually; to a great degree; with great force, so as to leave some mark as a testimony. [Colloq.] This, I confess, is haste with a witness. South. WITNESS Wit"ness, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Witnessed; p. pr. & vb. n. Witnessing.] 1. To see or know by personal presence; to have direct cognizance of. This is but a faint sketch of the incalculable calamities and horrors we must expect, should we ever witness the triumphs of modern infidelity. R. Hall. General Washington did not live to witness the restoration of peace. Marshall. 2. To give testimony to; to testify to; to attest. Behold how many things they witness against thee. Mark xv. 4. 3. (Law) Defn: To see the execution of, as an instrument, and subscribe it for the purpose of establishing its authenticity; as, to witness a bond or a deed. WITNESS Wit"ness, v. i. Defn: To bear testimony; to give evidence; to testify. Chaucer. The men of Belial witnessed against him. 1 Kings xxi. 13. The witnessing of the truth was then so generally attended with this event [martyrdom] that martyrdom now signifies not only to witness, but to witness to death. South. WITNESSER Wit"ness*er, n. Defn: One who witness. WIT-SNAPPER Wit"-snap`per, n. Defn: One who affects repartee; a wit-cracker. [Obs.] Shak. WIT-STARVED Wit"-starved`, a. Defn: Barren of wit; destitute of genius. Examiner. WITTED Wit"ted, a. Defn: Having (such) a wit or understanding; as, a quick-witted boy. WITTICASTER Wit"tic*as`ter, n. Etym: [Formed like criticaster.] Defn: A witling. [R.] Milton. WITTICISM Wit"ti*cism, n. Etym: [From Witty.] Defn: A witty saying; a sentence or phrase which is affectedly witty; an attempt at wit; a conceit. Milton. He is full of conceptions, points of epigram, and witticisms; all which are below the dignity of heroic verse. Addison. WITTIFIED Wit"ti*fied, a. Etym: [Witty + -fy + -ed.] Defn: Possessed of wit; witty. [R.] R. North. WITTILY Wit"ti*ly, adv. Defn: In a witty manner; wisely; ingeniously; artfully; with it; with a delicate turn or phrase, or with an ingenious association of ideas. Who his own harm so wittily contrives. Dryden. WITTINESS Wit"ti*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being witty. WITTINGLY Wit"ting*ly, adv. Etym: [See Wit, v.] Defn: Knowingly; with knowledge; by design. WITTOL Wit"tol, n. Etym: [Said to be for white tail, and so called in allusion to its white tail; but cf. witwal.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The wheatear. [Prov. Eng.] 2. A man who knows his wife's infidelity and submits to it; a tame cuckold; -- so called because the cuckoo lays its eggs in the wittol's nest. [Obs.] Shak. WITTOLLY Wit"tol*ly, a. Defn: Like a wittol; cuckoldly. [Obs.] Shak. WITTS Witts, n. (Mining) Defn: Tin ore freed from earthy matter by stamping. Knight. WITTY Wit"ty, a. [Compar. Wittier; superl. Wittiest.] Etym: [AS. witig, wittig. See Wit, n.] 1. Possessed of wit; knowing; wise; skillful; judicious; clever; cunning. [Obs.] "The deep-revolving witty Buckingham." Shak. 2. Especially, possessing wit or humor; good at repartee; droll; facetious; sometimes, sarcastic; as, a witty remark, poem, and the like. "Honeycomb, who was so unmercifully witty upon the women." Addison. Syn. -- Acute; smart; sharp; arch; keen; facetious; amusing; humorous; satirical; ironical; taunting. WITWAL; WITWALL Wit"wal`, Wit"wall`, n. Etym: [Akin to G. wittewal, wiedewall, MHG. witewal, D. wiedewaal, wielewaal, OD. weduwael, and perhaps the same word as OE. wodewale. Cf. Wood, n., Wittol.] (Zoöl.) (a) The golden oriole. (b) The greater spotted woodpecker. [Prov. Eng.] WITWORM Wit"worm`, n. Defn: One who, or that which, feeds on or destroys wit. [Obs.] B. Jonson. WIVE Wive, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wived; p. pr. & vb. n. Wiving.] Etym: [AS. wifian, gewifian. See Wite.] Defn: To marry, as a man; to take a wife. Wherefore we pray you hastily to wive. Chaucer. WIVE Wive, v. t. 1. To match to a wife; to provide with a wife. "An I could get me but a wife . . . I were manned, horsed, and wived." Shak. 2. To take for a wife; to marry. I have wived his sister. Sir W. Scott. WIVEHOOD Wive"hood, n. Defn: Wifehood. [Obs.] Spenser. WIVELESS Wive"less, a. Defn: Wifeless. [Obs.] Homilies. WIVELY Wive"ly, a. Defn: Wifely. [Obs.] Udall. WIVER; WIVERN Wiv"er, Wiv"ern, n. Etym: [OE. wivere a serpent, OF. wivre, guivre, F. givre, guivre, wiver, from L. vipera; probably influenced by OHG. wipera, from the Latin. See Viper, and cf. Weever.] 1. (Her.) Defn: A fabulous two-legged, winged creature, like a cockatrice, but having the head of a dragon, and without spurs. [Written also wyvern.] The jargon of heraldry, its griffins, its mold warps, its wiverns, and its dragons. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The weever. WIVES Wives, n. Defn: , pl of Wife. WIZARD Wiz"ard, n. Etym: [Probably from wise + -ard.] 1. A wise man; a sage. [Obs.] See how from far upon the eastern road The star-led wizards [Magi] haste with odors sweet! Milton. 2. One devoted to the black art; a magician; a conjurer; a sorcerer; an enchanter. The wily wizard must be caught. Dryden. WIZARD Wiz"ard, a. 1. Enchanting; charming. Collins. 2. Haunted by wizards. Where Deva spreads her wizard stream. Milton. WIZARDLY Wiz"ard*ly, a. Defn: Resembling or becoming a wizard; wizardlike; weird. WIZARDRY Wiz"ard*ry, n. Defn: The character or practices o "He acquired a reputation bordering on wizardry." J. A. Symonds. WIZEN Wiz"en, v. i. Etym: [OE. wisenen, AS. wisnian akin to weornian to decay, OHG. wesan to grow dry, G. verwesen to rot, Icel. visna to wither, Sw. vissna, Dan. visne, and probably to L. virus an offensive odor, poison. Cf. Virus.] Defn: To wither; to dry. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] WIZEN Wiz"en, a. Defn: Wizened; thin; weazen; withered. A little lonely, wizen, strangely clad boy. Dickens. WIZEN Wiz"en, n. Defn: The weasand. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] WIZENED Wiz"ened, a. Defn: Dried; shriveled; withered; shrunken; weazen; as, a wizened old man. WIZEN-FACED Wiz"en-faced`, a. Defn: Having a shriveled, thin, withered face. WLATSOME Wlat"some, a. Etym: [AS. wlatian to disgust, irk, wl loathing.] Defn: Loathsome; disgusting; hateful. [Obs.] Murder is . . . wlatsom and abhominable to God. Chaucer. WO Wo, n. & a. Defn: See Woe. [Obs.] Chaucer. WOAD Woad, n. Etym: [OE. wod, AS. wad; akin to D. weede, G. waid, OHG. weit, Dan. vaid, veid, Sw. veide, L. vitrum.] [Written also wad, and wade.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An herbaceous cruciferous plant (Isatis tinctoria). It was formerly cultivated for the blue coloring matter derived from its leaves. 2. A blue dyestuff, or coloring matter, consisting of the powdered and fermented leaves of the Isatis tinctoria. It is now superseded by indigo, but is somewhat used with indigo as a ferment in dyeing. Their bodies . . . painted with woad in sundry figures. Milton. Wild woad (Bot.), the weld (Reseda luteola). See Weld. -- Woad mill, a mill grinding and preparing woad. WOADED Woad"ed, a. Defn: Colored or stained with woad. "Man tattoed or woaded, winter- clad in skins." Tennyson. WOAD-WAXEN Woad"-wax`en, n. Etym: [Cf. Wood-wax.] (Bot.) Defn: A leguminous plant (Genista tinctoria) of Europe and Russian Asia, and adventitious in America; -- called also greenwood, greenweed, dyer's greenweed, and whin, wood-wash, wood-wax, and wood- waxen. WOALD Woald, n. Defn: See Weld. WOBBLE Wob"ble, v. i. Defn: See Wabble. WODE Wode, a. Etym: [AS. wod.] Defn: Mad. See Wood, a. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. WODE Wode, n. Defn: Wood. Chaucer. WODEGELD Wode"geld`, n. Etym: [See Wood, and Geld.] (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A geld, or payment, for wood. Burrill. WODEN Wo"den, n. Etym: [AS. Woden; akin to OS. Wodan, OHG. Wuotan, Icel. Othinn, and probably to E. wood, a. Cf. Wednesday.] (Northern Myth.) Defn: A deity corresponding to Odin, the supreme deity of the Scandinavians. Wednesday is named for him. See Odin. WOE Woe, n. Etym: [OE. wo, wa, woo, AS. wa, interj.; akin to D. wee, OS. & OHG. we, G. weh, Icel. vei, Dan. vee, Sw. ve, Goth. wai; cf. L. vae, Gr. Wail.] [Formerly written also wo.] 1. Grief; sorrow; misery; heavy calamity. Thus saying, from her side the fatal key, Sad instrument of all our woe, she took. Milton. [They] weep each other's woe. Pope. 2. A curse; a malediction. Can there be a woe or curse in all the stores of vengeance equal to the malignity of such a practice South. Note: Woe is used in denunciation, and in exclamations of sorrow. " Woe is me! for I am undone." Isa. vi. 5. O! woe were us alive [i.e., in life]. Chaucer. Woe unto him that striveth with his Maker! Isa. xlv. 9. Woe worth, Woe be to. See Worth, v. i. Woe worth the chase, woe worth the day, That costs thy life, my gallant gray! Sir W. Scott. WOE Woe, a. Defn: Woeful; sorrowful. [Obs.] His clerk was woe to do that deed. Robert of Brunne. Woe was this knight and sorrowfully he sighed. Chaucer. And looking up he waxed wondrous woe. Spenser. WOE-BEGONE Woe"-be*gone`, a. Etym: [OE. wo begon. See Woe, and Begone, p. p.] Defn: Beset or overwhelmed with woe; immersed in grief or sorrow; woeful. Chaucer. So woe-begone was he with pains of love. Fairfax. WOEFUL; WOFUL Woe"ful, Wo"ful, a. 1. Full of woe; sorrowful; distressed with grief or calamity; afflicted; wretched; unhappy; sad. How many woeful widows left to bow To sad disgrace! Daniel. 2. Bringing calamity, distress, or affliction; as, a woeful event; woeful want. O woeful day! O day of woe! Philips. 3. Wretched; paltry; miserable; poor. What woeful stuff this madrigal would be! Pope. WOEFULLY; WOFULLY Woe"ful*ly, Wo"ful*ly, adv. Defn: In a woeful manner; sorrowfully; mournfully; miserably; dolefully. WOEFULNESS; WOFULNESS Woe"ful*ness, Wo"ful*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being woeful; misery; wretchedness. WOESOME Woe"some, a. Defn: Woeful. [Obs.] Langhorne. WOKE Woke, imp. & p. p. Defn: Wake. WOL Wol, v. t. & i. Defn: See 2d Will. [Obs.] Chaucer. WOLD Wold, n. Etym: [OE. wold, wald, AS. weald, wald, a wood, forest; akin to OFries. & OS. wald, D. woud, G. wald, Icel. völlr, a field, and probably to Gr. va a garden, inclosure. Cf. Weald.] 1. A wood; a forest. 2. A plain, or low hill; a country without wood, whether hilly or not. And from his further bank Ætolia's wolds espied. Byron. The wind that beats the mountain, blows More softly round the open wold. Tennyson. WOLD Wold, n. Defn: See Weld. WOLDE Wolde, obs. Defn: imp. of Will. See Would. WOLF Wolf, n.; pl. Wolves. Etym: [OE. wolf, wulf, AS. wulf; akin to OS. wulf, D. & G. wolf, Icel. ulfr, Sw. ulf, Dan. ulv, Goth. wulfs, Lith. vilkas, Russ. volk', L. lupus, Gr. ly`kos, Skr. vrska; also to Gr. "e`lkein to draw, drag, tear in pieces. sq. root286. Cf. Lupine, a., Lyceum.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of wild and savage carnivores belonging to the genus Canis and closely allied to the common dog. The best-known and most destructive species are the European wolf (Canis lupus), the American gray, or timber, wolf (C. occidentalis), and the prairie wolf, or coyote. Wolves often hunt in packs, and may thus attack large animals and even man. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the destructive, and usually hairy, larvæ of several species of beetles and grain moths; as, the bee wolf. 3. Fig.: Any very ravenous, rapacious, or destructive person or thing; especially, want; starvation; as, they toiled hard to keep the wolf from the door. 4. A white worm, or maggot, which infests granaries. 5. An eating ulcer or sore. Cf. Lupus. [Obs.] If God should send a cancer upon thy face, or a wolf into thy side. Jer. Taylor. 6. (Mus.) (a) The harsh, howling sound of some of the chords on an organ or piano tuned by unequal temperament. (b) In bowed instruments, a harshness due to defective vibration in certain notes of the scale. 7. (Textile Manuf.) Defn: A willying machine. Knight. Black wolf. (Zoöl.) (a) A black variety of the European wolf which is common in the Pyrenees. (b) A black variety of the American gray wolf. -- Golden wolf (Zoöl.), the Thibetan wolf (Canis laniger); -- called also chanco. -- Indian wolf (Zoöl.), an Asiatic wolf (Canis pallipes) which somewhat resembles a jackal. Called also landgak. -- Prairie wolf (Zoöl.), the coyote. -- Sea wolf. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary. -- Strand wolf (Zoöl.) the striped hyena. -- Tasmanian wolf (Zoöl.), the zebra wolf. -- Tiger wolf (Zoöl.), the spotted hyena. -- To keep the wolf from the door, to keep away poverty; to prevent starvation. See Wolf, 3, above. Tennyson. -- Wolf dog. (Zoöl.) (a) The mastiff, or shepherd dog, of the Pyrenees, supposed by some authors to be one of the ancestors of the St. Bernard dog. (b) The Irish greyhound, supposed to have been used formerly by the Danes for chasing wolves. (c) A dog bred between a dog and a wolf, as the Eskimo dog. -- Wolf eel (Zoöl.), a wolf fish. -- Wolf fish (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large, voracious marine fishes of the genus Anarrhichas, especially the common species (A. lupus) of Europe and North America. These fishes have large teeth and powerful jaws. Called also catfish, sea cat, sea wolf, stone biter, and swinefish. -- Wolf net, a kind of net used in fishing, which takes great numbers of fish. -- Wolf's peach (Bot.), the tomato, or love apple (Lycopersicum esculentum). -- Wolf spider (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of running ground spiders belonging to the genus Lycosa, or family Lycosidæ. These spiders run about rapidly in search of their prey. Most of them are plain brown or blackish in color. See Illust. in App. -- Zebra wolf (Zoöl.), a savage carnivorous marsupial (Thylacinus cynocephalus) native of Tasmania; -- called also Tasmanian wolf. WOLFBERRY Wolf"ber`ry, n. (Bot.) Defn: An American shrub (Symphoricarpus occidentalis) which bears soft white berries. WOLFFIAN Wolff"i*an, a (Anat.) Defn: Discovered, or first described, by Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1733-1794), the founder of modern embryology. Wolffian body, the mesonephros. -- Wolffian duct, the duct from the Wolffian body. WOLFHOUND Wolf"hound`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Originally, a large hound used in hunting wolves; now, any one of certain breeds of large dogs, some of which are nearly identical with the great Danes. WOLFISH Wolf"ish, a. Defn: Like a wolf; having the qualities or form of a wolf; as, a wolfish visage; wolfish designs. -- Wolf"ish*ly, adv. -- Wolf"ish*ness, n. WOLFKIN Wolf"kin, n. Defn: A little or young wolf. Tennyson. WOLFLING Wolf"ling, n. Defn: A young wolf. Carlyle. WOLFRAM Wol"fram, n. Etym: [G.] (Min.) Defn: Same as Wolframite. WOLFRAMATE Wol"fram*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of wolframic acid; a tungstate. WOLFRAMIC Wol*fram"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Of or pertaining to wolframium. See Tungstic. WOLFRAMITE Wol"fram*ite, n. Etym: [G., wolframit, wolfram; wolf wolf + rahm cream, soot; cf. G. wolfsruss wolfram, lit., wolf's soot.] (Min.) Defn: Tungstate of iron and manganese, generally of a brownish or grayish black color, submetallic luster, and high specific gravity. It occurs in cleavable masses, and also crystallized. Called also wolfram. WOLFRAMIUM Wol*fra"mi*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Wolfram.] (Chem.) Defn: The technical name of the element tungsten. See Tungsten. WOLFRAM STEEL Wol"fram steel. Defn: Same as Tungsten steel. WOLFSBANE Wolfs"bane`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A poisonous plant (Aconitum Lycoctonum), a kind of monkshood; also, by extension, any plant or species of the genus Aconitum. See Aconite. WOLF'S-CLAW Wolf's"-claw`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of club moss. See Lycopodium. WOLF'S-FOOT Wolf's"-foot`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Club moss. See Lycopodium. WOLF'S-MILK Wolf's"-milk`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any kind of spurge (Euphorbia); -- so called from its acrid milky juice. WOLL Woll, v. t. & i. Defn: See 2d Will. [Obs.] WOLLASTONITE Wol"las*ton*ite, n. Etym: [After Dr. W. H. Wollaston, an English chemist, who died in 1828.] (Min.) Defn: A silicate of lime of a white to gray, red, or yellow color, occurring generally in cleavable masses, rarely in tabular crystals; tabular spar. WOLLASTON'S DOUBLET Wol"las*ton's dou"blet. [After W. H. Wollaston, English physicist.] (Optics) Defn: A magnifying glass consisting of two plano-convex lenses. It is designed to correct spherical aberration and chromatic dispersion. WOLLE Wolle, n. Defn: Wool. [Obs.] Chaucer. WOLVERENE; WOLVERINE Wol`ver*ene", Wol`ver*ine", n. Etym: [From Wolf, with a dim suffix; prob. so called from its supposed wolfish qualities.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: The glutton. 2. A nickname for an inhabitant of Michigan. [U. S.] WOLVERENE STATE Wol`ver*ene" State. Defn: Michigan; -- a nickname. WOLVES Wolves, n., Defn: pl. of Wolf. WOLVISH Wolv"ish, a. Defn: Wolfish. Shak. WOMAN Wom"an n.; pl. Women. Etym: [OE. woman, womman, wumman, wimman, wifmon, AS. wifmann, wimmann; wif woman, wife + mann a man. See Wife, and Man.] 1. An adult female person; a grown-up female person, as distinguished from a man or a child; sometimes, any female person. Women are soft, mild pitiful, and flexible. Shak. And the rib, which the Lord God had taken from man, made he a woman. Gen. ii. 22. I have observed among all nations that the women ornament themselves more than the men; that, wherever found, they are the same kind, civil, obliging, humane, tender beings, inclined to be gay and cheerful, timorous and modest. J. Ledyard. 2. The female part of the human race; womankind. Man is destined to be a prey to woman. Thackeray. 3. A female attendant or servant. " By her woman I sent your message." Shak. Woman hater, one who hates women; one who has an aversion to the female sex; a misogynist. Swift. WOMAN Wom"an, v. t. 1. To act the part of a woman in; -- with indefinite it. Daniel. 2. To make effeminate or womanish. [R.] Shak. 3. To furnish with, or unite to, a woman. [R.] "To have him see me woman'd." Shak. WOMANHEAD; WOMANHEDE Wom"an*head, Wom"an*hede, n. Defn: Womanhood. [Obs.] Chaucer. WOMANHOOD Wom"an*hood, n. 1. The state of being a woman; the distinguishing character or qualities of a woman, or of womankind. Unspotted faith, and comely womanhood. Spenser. Perhaps the smile and the tender tone Came out of her pitying womanhood. Tennyson. 2. Women, collectively; womankind. WOMANISH Wom"an*ish, a. Defn: Suitable to a woman, having the qualities of a woman; effeminate; not becoming a man; -- usually in a reproachful sense. See the Note under Effeminate. " Thy tears are womanish." Shak. " Womanish entreaties." Macaulay. A voice not soft, weak, piping, and womanish, but audible, strong, and manlike. Ascham. -- Wom"an*ish*ly, adv. -- Wom"an*ish*ness, n. WOMANIZE Wom"an*ize, v. t. Defn: To make like a woman; to make effeminate. [Obs.] V. Knox. WOMANKIND Wom"an*kind`, n. Defn: The females of the human race; women, collectively. A sanctuary into which womankind, with her tools of magic, the broom and mop, has very infrequent access. Hawthorne. WOMANLESS Wom"an*less, a. Defn: Without a woman or women. WOMANLIKE Wom"an*like, a. Defn: Like a woman; womanly. Womanlike, taking revenge too deep. Tennyson. WOMANLINESS Wom"an*li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being womanly. There is nothing wherein their womanliness is more honestly garnished than with silence. Udall. WOMANLY Wom"an*ly, a. Defn: Becoming a woman; feminine; as, womanly behavior. Arbuthnot. A blushing, womanly discovering grace. Donne. WOMANLY Wom"an*ly, adv. Defn: In the manner of a woman; with the grace, tenderness, or affection of a woman. Gascoigne. WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Defn: An association of women formed in the United States in 1874, for the advancement of temperance by organizing preventive, educational, evangelistic, social, and legal work. WOMB Womb, n. Etym: [OE. wombe, wambe, AS. wamb, womb; akin to D. wam belly, OS. & OHG. wamba, G. wamme, wampe, Icel. vömb, Sw. v&mb, Dan. vom, Goth. wamba.] 1. The belly; the abdomen. [Obs.] Chaucer. And he coveted to fill his woman of the cods that the hogs eat, and no man gave him. Wyclif (Luke xv. 16). An I had but a belly of any indifferency, I were simply the most active fellow in Europe. My womb, my womb, my womb undoes me. Shak. 2. (Anat.) Defn: The uterus. See Uterus. 3. The place where anything is generated or produced. The womb of earth the genial seed receives. Dryden. 4. Any cavity containing and enveloping anything. The center spike of gold Which burns deep in the bluebell's womb. R. Browning. WOMB Womb, v. t. Defn: To inclose in a womb, or as in a womb; to breed or hold in secret. [Obs.] Shak. WOMBAT Wom"bat, n. Etym: [From the native name, womback, wombach, in Australia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of three species of Australian burrowing marsupials of the genus Phascolomys, especially the common species (P. ursinus). They are nocturnal in their habits, and feed mostly on roots. WOMBY Womb"y, a. Defn: Capacious. [Obs.] Shak. WOMEN Wom"en, n., Defn: pl. of Woman. WON Won, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Win. WON Won, v. i. Etym: [See 1st Wone.] Defn: To dwell or abide. [Obs. or Scot.] " Where he wans in forest wild." Milton. This land where I have woned thus long. Spenser. WON Won, n. Defn: Dwelling; wone. [Obs.] Spenser. WONDER Won"der, n. Etym: [OE. wonder, wunder, AS. wundor; akin to D. wonder, OS. wundar, OHG. wuntar, G. wunder, Icel. undr, Sw. & Dan. under, and perhaps to Gr. 1. That emotion which is excited by novelty, or the presentation to the sight or mind of something new, unusual, strange, great, extraordinary, or not well understood; surprise; astonishment; admiration; amazement. They were filled with wonder and amazement at that which had happened unto him. Acts iii. 10. Wonder is the effect of novelty upon ignorance. Johnson. Note: Wonder expresses less than astonishment, and much less than amazement. It differs from admiration, as now used, in not being necessarily accompanied with love, esteem, or approbation. 2. A cause of wonder; that which excites surprise; a strange thing; a prodigy; a miracle. " Babylon, the wonder of all tongues." Milton. To try things oft, and never to give over, doth wonders. Bacon. I am as a wonder unto many. Ps. lxxi. 7. Seven wonders of the world. See in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. WONDER Won"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wondered; p. pr. & vb. n. Wondering.] Etym: [AS. wundrian.] 1. To be affected with surprise or admiration; to be struck with astonishment; to be amazed; to marvel. I could not sufficiently wonder at the intrepidity of these diminutive mortals. Swift. We cease to wonder at what we understand. Johnson. 2. To feel doubt and curiosity; to wait with uncertain expectation; to query in the mind; as, he wondered why they came. I wonder, in my soul, What you would ask me, that I should deny. Shak. WONDER Won"der, a. Defn: Wonderful. [Obs.] Gower. After that he said a wonder thing. Chaucer. WONDER Won"der, adv. Defn: Wonderfully. [Obs.] Chaucer. WONDERED Won"dered, a. Defn: Having performed wonders; able to perform wonderful things. [Obs.] Shak. WONDERER Won"der*er, n. Defn: One who wonders. WONDERFUL Won"der*ful, a. Defn: Adapted to excite wonder or admiration; surprising; strange; astonishing. Syn. -- Marvelous; amazing. See Marvelous. -- Won"der*ful*ly, adv. -- Won"der*ful*ness, n. WONDERINGLY Won"der*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a wondering manner. WONDERLAND Won"der*land`, n. Defn: A land full of wonders, or marvels. M. Arnold. WONDERLY Won"der*ly, adv. Etym: [AS. wundorlice.] Defn: Wonderfully; wondrously. [Obs.] Chaucer. WONDERMENT Won"der*ment, n. Defn: Surprise; astonishment; a wonderful appearance; a wonder. Bacon. All the common sights they view, Their wonderment engage. Sir W. Scott. WONDEROUS Won"der*ous, a. Defn: Same as Wondrous. WONDERS Won"ders, adv. Defn: See Wondrous. [Obs.] They be wonders glad thereof. Sir T. More. WONDERSTRUCK Won"der*struck`, a. Defn: Struck with wonder, admiration, or surprise. Dryden. WONDERWORK Won"der*work`, n. Etym: [AS. wundorweorc.] Defn: A wonderful work or act; a prodigy; a miracle. Such as in strange land He found in wonderworks of God and Nature's hand. Byron. WONDER-WORKER Won"der-work`er, n. Defn: One who performs wonders, or miracles. WONDER-WORKING Won"der-work`ing, a. Defn: Doing wonders or surprising things. WONDROUS Won"drous, adv. Etym: [OE. wonders, adv. (later also adj.). See Wonder, n., and cf. -wards.] Defn: In a wonderful or surprising manner or degree; wonderfully. For sylphs, yet mindful of their ancient race, Are, as when women, wondrous fond of place. Pope. And now there came both mist and snow, And it grew wondrous cold. Coleridge. WONDROUS Won"drous, a. Defn: Wonderful; astonishing; admirable; marvelous; such as excite surprise and astonishment; strange. That I may . . . tell of all thy wondrous works. Ps. xxvi. 7. -- Won"drous*ly, adv. -- Won"drous*ness, n. Chloe complains, and wondrously's aggrieved. Granville. WONE Wone, v. i. Etym: [OE. wonen, wunen, wonien, wunien, AS. wunian. Wont, a.] Defn: To dwell; to abide. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Their habitation in which they woned. Chaucer. WONE Wone, n. Etym: [OE. See Wone, v. i., Wont, a.] 1. Dwelling; habitation; abode. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Custom; habit; wont; use; usage. [Obs.] To liven in delight was all his wone. Chaucer. WONG Wong, n. Etym: [AS. wang, wong.] Defn: A field. [Obs.] Spelman. "Woods and wonges." Havelok the Dane. WONGER Wong"er, n. Defn: See Wanger. [Obs.] Chaucer. WONING Won"ing, n. Defn: Dwelling. [Obs.] Chaucer. WON'T Won't. Defn: A colloquial contraction of woll not. Will not. See Will. Note: Often pronounced wûnt in New England. WONT Wont, a. Etym: [For woned, p. p. of won, wone, to dwell, AS. wunian; akin to D. wonen, OS. wun, OHG, won, G. wohnen, and AS. wund, gewuna, custom, habit; orig. probably, to take pleasure; cf. Icel. una to dwell, to enjoy, Goth. wunan to rejoice (in unwunands sad); and akin to Skr. van to like, to wish. Wean, Win.] Defn: Using or doing customarily; accustomed; habituated; used. "As he was wont to go." Chaucer. If the ox were wont to push with his horn. Ex. xxi. 29. WONT Wont, n. Defn: Custom; habit; use; usage. They are . . . to be called out to their military motions, under sky or covert, according to the season, as was the Roman wont. Milton. From childly wont and ancient use. Cowper. WONT Wont, v. i. [imp. Wont, p. p. Wont, or Wonted; p. pr. & vb. n. Wonting.] Defn: To be accustomed or habituated; to be used. A yearly solemn feast she wont to make. Spenser. WONT Wont, v. t. Defn: To accustom; -- used reflexively. WONTED Wont"ed, a. Defn: Accustomed; customary; usual. Again his wonted weapon proved. Spenser. Like an old piece of furniture left alone in its wonted corner. Sir W. Scott. She was wonted to the place, and would not remove. L'Estrange. WONTEDNESS Wont"ed*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being accustomed. [R.] Eikon Basilike. WONTLESS Wont"less, a. Defn: Unaccustomed. [Obs.] Spenser. WOO Woo, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wooed; p. pr. & vb. n. Wooing.] Etym: [OE. wowen, wo, AS. w, fr. w bent, crooked, bad; akin to OS. wah evil, Goth. unwahs blameless, Skr. va to waver, and perhaps to E. vaccilate.] 1. To solicit in love; to court. Each, like the Grecian artist, wooes The image he himself has wrought. Prior. 2. To court solicitously; to invite with importunity. Thee, chantress, oft the woods among I woo, to hear thy even song. Milton. I woo the wind That still delays his coming. Bryant. WOO Woo, v. i. Defn: To court; to make love. Dryden. WOOD Wood, a. Etym: [OE. wod, AS. w; akin to OHG. wuot, Icel. , Goth. w, D. woede madness, G. wuth, wut, also to AS. w song, Icel. , L. vates a seer, a poet. Cf. Wednesday.] Defn: Mad; insane; possessed; rabid; furious; frantic. [Obs.] [Written also wode.] Our hoste gan to swear as [if] he were wood. Chaucer. WOOD Wood, v. i. Defn: To grow mad; to act like a madman; to mad. Chaucer. WOOD Wood, n. Etym: [OE. wode, wude, AS. wudu, wiodu; akin to OHG. witu, Icel. vi, Dan. & Sw. ved wood, and probably to Ir. & Gael. fiodh, W. gwydd trees, shrubs.] 1. A large and thick collection of trees; a forest or grove; -- frequently used in the plural. Light thickens, and the crow Makes wing to the rooky wood. Shak. 2. The substance of trees and the like; the hard fibrous substance which composes the body of a tree and its branches, and which is covered by the bark; timber. "To worship their own work in wood and stone for gods." Milton. 3. (Bot.) Defn: The fibrous material which makes up the greater part of the stems and branches of trees and shrubby plants, and is found to a less extent in herbaceous stems. It consists of elongated tubular or needle-shaped cells of various kinds, usually interwoven with the shinning bands called silver grain. Note: Wood consists chiefly of the carbohydrates cellulose and lignin, which are isomeric with starch. 4. Trees cut or sawed for the fire or other uses. Wood acid, Wood vinegar (Chem.), a complex acid liquid obtained in the dry distillation of wood, and containing large quantities of acetic acid; hence, specifically, acetic acid. Formerly called pyroligneous acid. -- Wood anemone (Bot.), a delicate flower (Anemone nemorosa) of early spring; -- also called windflower. See Illust. of Anemone. -- Wood ant (Zoöl.), a large ant (Formica rufa) which lives in woods and forests, and constructs large nests. -- Wood apple (Bot.). See Elephant apple, under Elephant. -- Wood baboon (Zoöl.), the drill. -- Wood betony. (Bot.) (a) Same as Betony. (b) The common American lousewort (Pedicularis Canadensis), a low perennial herb with yellowish or purplish flowers. -- Wood borer. (Zoöl.) (a) The larva of any one of numerous species of boring beetles, esp. elaters, longicorn beetles, buprestidans, and certain weevils. See Apple borer, under Apple, and Pine weevil, under Pine. (b) The larva of any one of various species of lepidopterous insects, especially of the clearwing moths, as the peach-tree borer (see under Peach), and of the goat moths. (c) The larva of various species of hymenopterous of the tribe Urocerata. See Tremex. (d) Any one of several bivalve shells which bore in wood, as the teredos, and species of Xylophaga. (e) Any one of several species of small Crustacea, as the Limnoria, and the boring amphipod (Chelura terebrans). -- Wood carpet, a kind of floor covering made of thin pieces of wood secured to a flexible backing, as of cloth. Knight. -- Wood cell (Bot.), a slender cylindrical or prismatic cell usually tapering to a point at both ends. It is the principal constituent of woody fiber. -- Wood choir, the choir, or chorus, of birds in the woods. [Poetic] Coleridge. -- Wood coal, charcoal; also, lignite, or brown coal. -- Wood cricket (Zoöl.), a small European cricket (Nemobius sylvestris). -- Wood culver (Zoöl.), the wood pigeon. -- Wood cut, an engraving on wood; also, a print from such an engraving. -- Wood dove (Zoöl.), the stockdove. -- Wood drink, a decoction or infusion of medicinal woods. -- Wood duck (Zoöl.) (a) A very beautiful American duck (Aix sponsa). The male has a large crest, and its plumage is varied with green, purple, black, white, and red. It builds its nest in trees, whence the name. Called also bridal duck, summer duck, and wood widgeon. (b) The hooded merganser. (c) The Australian maned goose (Chlamydochen jubata). -- Wood echo, an echo from the wood. -- Wood engraver. (a) An engraver on wood. (b) (Zoöl.) Any of several species of small beetles whose larvæ bore beneath the bark of trees, and excavate furrows in the wood often more or less resembling coarse engravings; especially, Xyleborus xylographus. -- Wood engraving. (a) The act or art engraving on wood; xylography. (b) An engraving on wood; a wood cut; also, a print from such an engraving. -- Wood fern. (Bot.) See Shield fern, under Shield. -- Wood fiber. (a) (Bot.) Fibrovascular tissue. (b) Wood comminuted, and reduced to a powdery or dusty mass. -- Wood fretter (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of beetles whose larvæ bore in the wood, or beneath the bark, of trees. -- Wood frog (Zoöl.), a common North American frog (Rana sylvatica) which lives chiefly in the woods, except during the breeding season. It is drab or yellowish brown, with a black stripe on each side of the head. -- Wood germander. (Bot.) See under Germander. -- Wood god, a fabled sylvan deity. -- Wood grass. (Bot.) See under Grass. -- Wood grouse. (Zoöl.) (a) The capercailzie. (b) The spruce partridge. See under Spruce. -- Wood guest (Zoöl.), the ringdove. [Prov. Eng.] -- Wood hen. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of Old World short-winged rails of the genus Ocydromus, including the weka and allied species. (b) The American woodcock. -- Wood hoopoe (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World arboreal birds belonging to Irrisor and allied genera. They are closely allied to the common hoopoe, but have a curved beak, and a longer tail. -- Wood ibis (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large, long- legged, wading birds belonging to the genus Tantalus. The head and neck are naked or scantily covered with feathers. The American wood ibis (Tantalus loculator) is common in Florida. -- Wood lark (Zoöl.), a small European lark (Alauda arborea), which, like, the skylark, utters its notes while on the wing. So called from its habit of perching on trees. -- Wood laurel (Bot.), a European evergreen shrub (Daphne Laureola). -- Wood leopard (Zoöl.), a European spotted moth (Zeuzera æsculi) allied to the goat moth. Its large fleshy larva bores in the wood of the apple, pear, and other fruit trees. -- Wood lily (Bot.), the lily of the valley. -- Wood lock (Naut.), a piece of wood close fitted and sheathed with copper, in the throating or score of the pintle, to keep the rudder from rising. -- Wood louse (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of terrestrial isopod Crustacea belonging to Oniscus, Armadillo, and related genera. See Sow bug, under Sow, and Pill bug, under Pill. (b) Any one of several species of small, wingless, pseudoneuropterous insects of the family Psocidæ, which live in the crevices of walls and among old books and papers. Some of the species are called also book lice, and deathticks, or deathwatches. -- Wood mite (Zoöl.), any one of numerous small mites of the family Oribatidæ. They are found chiefly in woods, on tree trunks and stones. -- Wood mote. (Eng. Law) (a) Formerly, the forest court. (b) The court of attachment. -- Wood nettle. (Bot.) See under Nettle. -- Wood nightshade (Bot.), woody nightshade. -- Wood nut (Bot.), the filbert. -- Wood nymph. (a) A nymph inhabiting the woods; a fabled goddess of the woods; a dryad. "The wood nymphs, decked with daisies trim." Milton. (b) (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of handsomely colored moths belonging to the genus Eudryas. The larvæ are bright-colored, and some of the species, as Eudryas grata, and E. unio, feed on the leaves of the grapevine. (c) (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of handsomely colored South American humming birds belonging to the genus Thalurania. The males are bright blue, or green and blue. -- Wood offering, wood burnt on the altar. We cast the lots . . . for the wood offering. Neh. x. 34. -- Wood oil (Bot.), a resinous oil obtained from several East Indian trees of the genus Dipterocarpus, having properties similar to those of copaiba, and sometimes substituted for it. It is also used for mixing paint. See Gurjun. -- Wood opal (Min.), a striped variety of coarse opal, having some resemblance to wood. -- Wood paper, paper made of wood pulp. See Wood pulp, below. -- Wood pewee (Zoöl.), a North American tyrant flycatcher (Contopus virens). It closely resembles the pewee, but is smaller. -- Wood pie (Zoöl.), any black and white woodpecker, especially the European great spotted woodpecker. -- Wood pigeon. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of Old World pigeons belonging to Palumbus and allied genera of the family Columbidæ. (b) The ringdove. -- Wood puceron (Zoöl.), a plant louse. -- Wood pulp (Technol.), vegetable fiber obtained from the poplar and other white woods, and so softened by digestion with a hot solution of alkali that it can be formed into sheet paper, etc. It is now produced on an immense scale. -- Wood quail (Zoöl.), any one of several species of East Indian crested quails belonging to Rollulus and allied genera, as the red- crested wood quail (R. roulroul), the male of which is bright green, with a long crest of red hairlike feathers. -- Wood rabbit (Zoöl.), the cottontail. -- Wood rat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of American wild rats of the genus Neotoma found in the Southern United States; -- called also bush rat. The Florida wood rat (Neotoma Floridana) is the best-known species. -- Wood reed grass (Bot.), a tall grass (Cinna arundinacea) growing in moist woods. -- Wood reeve, the steward or overseer of a wood. [Eng.] -- Wood rush (Bot.), any plant of the genus Luzula, differing from the true rushes of the genus Juncus chiefly in having very few seeds in each capsule. -- Wood sage (Bot.), a name given to several labiate plants of the genus Teucrium. See Germander. -- Wood screw, a metal screw formed with a sharp thread, and usually with a slotted head, for insertion in wood. -- Wood sheldrake (Zoöl.), the hooded merganser. -- Wood shock (Zoöl.), the fisher. See Fisher, 2. -- Wood shrike (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Old World singing birds belonging to Grallina, Collyricincla, Prionops, and allied genera, common in India and Australia. They are allied to the true shrikes, but feed upon both insects and berries. -- Wood snipe. (Zoöl.) (a) The American woodcock. (b) An Asiatic snipe (Gallinago nemoricola). -- Wood soot, soot from burnt wood. -- Wood sore. (Zoöl.) See Cuckoo spit, under Cuckoo. -- Wood sorrel (Bot.), a plant of the genus Oxalis (Oxalis Acetosella), having an acid taste. See Illust. (a) of Shamrock. -- Wood spirit. (Chem.) See Methyl alcohol, under Methyl. -- Wood stamp, a carved or engraved block or stamp of wood, for impressing figures or colors on fabrics. -- Wood star (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small South American humming birds belonging to the genus Calothorax. The male has a brilliant gorget of blue, purple, and other colors. -- Wood sucker (Zoöl.), the yaffle. -- Wood swallow (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Old World passerine birds belonging to the genus Artamus and allied genera of the family Artamidæ. They are common in the East Indies, Asia, and Australia. In form and habits they resemble swallows, but in structure they resemble shrikes. They are usually black above and white beneath. -- Wood tapper (Zoöl.), any woodpecker. -- Wood tar. See under Tar. -- Wood thrush, (Zoöl.) (a) An American thrush (Turdus mustelinus) noted for the sweetness of its song. See under Thrush. (b) The missel thrush. -- Wood tick. See in Vocabulary. -- Wood tin. (Min.). See Cassiterite. -- Wood titmouse (Zoöl.), the goldcgest. -- Wood tortoise (Zoöl.), the sculptured tortoise. See under Sculptured. -- Wood vine (Bot.), the white bryony. -- Wood vinegar. See Wood acid, above. -- Wood warbler. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of American warblers of the genus Dendroica. See Warbler. (b) A European warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix); -- called also green wren, wood wren, and yellow wren. -- Wood worm (Zoöl.), a larva that bores in wood; a wood borer. -- Wood wren. (Zoöl.) (a) The wood warbler. (b) The willow warbler. WOOD Wood, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Wooding.] Defn: To supply with wood, or get supplies of wood for; as, to wood a steamboat or a locomotive. WOOD Wood, v. i. Defn: To take or get a supply of wood. WOODBIND Wood"bind`, n. Defn: Woodbine. Dryden. A garland . . . of woodbind or hawthorn leaves. Chaucer. WOODBINE Wood"bine`, n. Etym: [AS. wudubind black ivy; -- so named as binding about trees. See Wood, and Bind, v. t.] (Bot.) (a) A climbing plant having flowers of great fragrance (Lonicera Periclymenum); the honeysuckle. (b) The Virginia creeper. See Virginia creeper, under Virginia. [Local, U. S.] Beatrice, who even now Is couched in the woodbine coverture. Shak. WOOD-BOUND Wood"-bound`, a. Defn: Incumbered with tall, woody hedgerows. WOODBURY-TYPE Wood"bur*y-type`, n. Etym: [After the name of the inventor, W. Woodbury.] 1. A process in photographic printing, in which a relief pattern in gelatin, which has been hardened after certain operations, is pressed upon a plate of lead or other soft metal. An intaglio impression in thus produced, from which pictures may be directly printed, but by a slower process than in common printing. 2. A print from such a plate. WOODCHAT Wood"chat`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of Asiatic singing birds belonging to the genera Ianthia and Larvivora. They are closely allied to the European robin. The males are usually bright blue above, and more or less red or rufous beneath. (b) A European shrike (Enneoctonus rufus). In the male the head and nape are rufous red; the back, wings, and tail are black, varied with white. WOODCHUCK Wood"chuck`, n. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A common large North American marmot (Arctomys monax). It is usually reddish brown, more or less grizzled with gray. It makes extensive burrows, and is often injurious to growing crops. Called also ground hog. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The yaffle, or green woodpecker. [Prov. Eng.] WOODCOCK Wood"cock`, n. Etym: [AS. wuducoc.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of long-billed limicoline birds belonging to the genera Scolopax and Philohela. They are mostly nocturnal in their habits, and are highly esteemed as game birds. Note: The most important species are the European (Scolopax rusticola) and the American woodcock (Philohela minor), which agree very closely in appearance and habits. 2. Fig.: A simpleton. [Obs.] If I loved you not, I would laugh at you, and see you Run your neck into the noose, and cry, "A woodcock!" Beau. & Fl. Little woodcock. (a) The common American snipe. (b) The European snipe. -- Sea woodcock fish, the bellows fish. -- Woodcock owl, the short-eared owl (Asio brachyotus). -- Woodcock shell, the shell of certain mollusks of the genus Murex, having a very long canal, with or without spines. -- Woodcock snipe. See under Snipe. WOODCRACKER Wood"crack`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The nuthatch. [Prov. Eng.] WOODCRAFT Wood"craft`, n. Defn: Skill and practice in anything pertaining to the woods, especially in shooting, and other sports in the woods. Men of the glade and forest! leave Your woodcraft for the field of fight. Bryant. WOODCUT Wood"cut`, n. Defn: An engraving on wood; also, a print from it. Same as Wood cut, under Wood. WOODCUTTER Wood"cut`ter, n. 1. A person who cuts wood. 2. An engraver on wood. [R.] WOODCUTTING Wood"cut`ting, n. 1. The act or employment of cutting wood or timber. 2. The act or art of engraving on wood. [R.] WOODED Wood"ed, a. Defn: Supplied or covered with wood, or trees; as, land wooded and watered. The brook escaped from the eye down a deep and wooded dell. Sir W. Scott. WOODEN Wood"en, a. 1. Made or consisting of wood; pertaining to, or resembling, wood; as, a wooden box; a wooden leg; a wooden wedding. 2. Clumsy; awkward; ungainly; stiff; spiritless. When a bold man is out of countenance, he makes a very wooden figure on it. Collier. His singing was, I confess, a little wooden. G. MacDonald. Wooden spoon. (a) (Cambridge University, Eng.) The last junior optime who takes a university degree, -- denoting one who is only fit to stay at home and stir porridge. "We submit that a wooden spoon of our day would not be justified in calling Galileo and Napier blockheads because they never heard of the differential calculus." Macaulay. (b) In some American colleges, the lowest appointee of the junior year; sometimes, one especially popular in his class, without reference to scholarship. Formerly, it was a custom for classmates to present to this person a wooden spoon with formal ceremonies. -- Wooden ware, a general name for buckets, bowls, and other articles of domestic use, made of wood. -- Wooden wedding. See under Wedding. WOODENLY Wood"en*ly, adv. Defn: Clumsily; stupidly; blockishly. R. North. WOODENNESS Wood"en*ness, n. Defn: Quality of being wooden; clumsiness; stupidity; blockishness. We set our faces against the woodenness which then characterized German philology. Sweet. WOOD GUM Wood gum. (Chem.) Defn: Xylan. WOODHACK; WOODHACKER Wood"hack`, Wood"hack`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The yaffle. [Prov. Eng.] WOODHEWER Wood"hew`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A woodpecker. WOODHOLE Wood"hole`, n. Defn: A place where wood is stored. WOODHOUSE Wood"house`, n. Defn: A house or shed in which wood is stored, and sheltered from the weather. WOOD HYACINTH Wood hyacinth. Defn: A European squill (Scilla nonscripta) having a scape bearing a raceme of drooping blue, purple, white, or sometimes pink, bell- shaped flowers. WOODINESS Wood"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being woody. Evelyn. WOODKNACKER Wood"knack`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The yaffle. WOODLAND Wood"land, n. Defn: Land covered with wood or trees; forest; land on which trees are suffered to grow, either for fuel or timber. Here hills and vales, the woodland and the plain, Here earth and water seem to strive again. Pope. Woodlands and cultivated fields are harmoniously blended. Bancroft. WOODLAND Wood"land, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to woods or woodland; living in the forest; sylvan. She had a rustic, woodland air. Wordsworth. Like summer breeze by woodland stream. Keble. Woodland caribou. (Zoöl.) See under Caribou. WOODLANDER Wood"land*er, n. Defn: A dweller in a woodland. WOOD-LAYER Wood"-lay`er, n. (Bot.) Defn: A young oak, or other timber plant, laid down in a hedge among the whitethorn or other plants used in hedges. WOODLESS Wood"less, a. Defn: Having no wood; destitute of wood. Mitford. -- Wood"less*ness, n. WOODLY Wood"ly, adv. Defn: In a wood, mad, or raving manner; madly; furiously. [Obs.] Chaucer. WOODMAN Wood"man, n.; pl. Woodmen (. [Written also woodsman.] 1. A forest officer appointed to take care of the king's woods; a forester. [Eng.] 2. A sportsman; a hunter. [The duke] is a better woodman than thou takest him for. Shak. 3. One who cuts down trees; a woodcutter. Woodman, spare that tree. G. P. Morris. 4. One who dwells in the woods or forest; a bushman. WOODMEIL Wood"meil, n. Defn: See Wadmol. WOODMONGER Wood"mon`ger, n. Defn: A wood seller. [Obs.] WOODNESS Wood"ness, n. Etym: [From Wood mad.] Defn: Anger; madness; insanity; rage. [Obs.] Spenser. Woodness laughing in his rage. Chaucer. WOOD-NOTE Wood"-note`, n. Etym: [Wood, n. + note.] Defn: A wild or natural note, as of a forest bird. [R.] Or sweetest Shakespeare, fancy's child, Warble his native wood-notes wild. Milton. WOOD PARTRIDGE Wood partridge. (a) Any of several small partridges of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and neighboring regions belonging to the genera Caloperdix, Rollulus, and Melanoperdix. (b) The Canada grouse. [Local, U. S.] WOODPECK Wood"peck`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A woodpecker. [Obs.] WOODPECKER Wood"peck`er, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of scansorial birds belonging to Picus and many allied genera of the family Picidæ. Note: These birds have the tail feathers pointed and rigid at the tip to aid in climbing, and a strong chisellike bill with which they are able to drill holes in the bark and wood of trees in search of insect larvæ upon which most of the species feed. A few species feed partly upon the sap of trees (see Sap sucker, under Sap), others spend a portion of their time on the ground in search of ants and other insects. The most common European species are the greater spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopus major), the lesser spotted woodpecker (D. minor), and the green woodpecker, or yaffle (see Yaffle). The best- known American species are the pileated woodpecker (see under Pileated), the ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis), which is one of the largest known species, the red-headed woodpecker, or red-head (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), the red-bellied woodpecker (M. Carolinus) (see Chab), the superciliary woodpecker (M. superciliaris), the hairy woodpecker (Dryobates villosus), the downy woodpecker (D. pubescens), the three-toed, woodpecker (Picoides Americanus), the golden-winged woodpecker (see Flicker), and the sap suckers. See also Carpintero. Woodpecker hornbill (Zoöl.), a black and white Asiatic hornbill (Buceros pica) which resembles a woodpecker in color. WOODROCK Wood"rock`, n. (Min.) Defn: A compact woodlike variety of asbestus. WOODRUFF; WOODROOF Wood"ruff`, Wood"roof`, n. Etym: [AS. wudurofe. See Wood, n., and cf. Ruff a plaited collar.] (Bot.) Defn: A little European herb (Asperula odorata) having a pleasant taste. It is sometimes used for flavoring wine. See Illust. of Whorl. WOOD-SARE Wood"-sare`, n. Etym: [Wood + Prov. E. sare for sore.] (Bot.) Defn: A kind of froth seen on herbs. [Obs.] WOOD-SERE Wood"-sere`, n. Defn: The time when there no sap in the trees; the winter season. [Written also wood-seer.] [Obs.] Tusser. WOODSMAN Woods"man, n.; pl. Woodsmen (. Defn: A woodman; especially, one who lives in the forest. WOOD'S METAL Wood's" met"al. Defn: A fusible alloy consisting of one or two parts of cadmium, two parts of tin, four of lead, with seven or eight part of bismuth. It melts at from 66º to 71º C. See Fusible metal, under Fusible. WOODSTONE Wood"stone`, n. (Min.) Defn: A striped variety of hornstone, resembling wood in appearance. WOODSY Woods"y, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the woods or forest. [Colloq. U. S.] It [sugar making] is woodsy, and savors of trees. J. Burroughs. WOOD TICK Wood" tick`. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of ticks of the genus Ixodes whose young cling to bushes, but quickly fasten themselves upon the bodies of any animal with which they come in contact. When they attach themselves to the human body they often produce troublesome sores. The common species of the Northern United States is Ixodes unipunctata. WOODWALL Wood"wall`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The yaffle. [Written also woodwale, and woodwele.] WOODWARD Wood"ward`, n. (Eng. Forest Law) Defn: An officer of the forest, whose duty it was to guard the woods. WOODWARDIA Wood*war"di*a, n. Etym: [NL. After Thomas J. Woodward, an English botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of ferns, one species of which (Woodwardia radicans) is a showy plant in California, the Azores, etc. WOOD-WASH; WOOD-WAX; WOOD-WAXEN Wood"-wash`, Wood"-wax`, Wood"-wax`en, n. Etym: [AS. wuduweaxe.] (Bot.) Defn: Same as Woadwaxen. WOODWORK Wood"work`, n. Defn: Work made of wood; that part of any structure which is wrought of wood. WOODWORM Wood"worm`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wood worm, under Wood. WOODY Wood"y, a. 1. Abounding with wood or woods; as, woody land. "The woody wilderness." Bryant. Secret shades Of woody Ida's inmost grove. Milton. 2. Consisting of, or containing, wood or woody fiber; ligneous; as, the woody parts of plants. 3. Of or pertaining to woods; sylvan. [R.] "Woody nymphs, fair Hamadryades." Spenser. Woody fiber. (Bot.) (a) Fiber or tissue consisting of slender, membranous tubes tapering at each end. (b) A single wood cell. See under Wood. Goodale. -- Woody nightshade. (Bot.). See Bittersweet, 3 (a). -- Woody pear (Bot.), the inedible, woody, pear-shaped fruit of several Australian proteaceous trees of the genus Xylomelum; -- called also wooden pear. WOOER Woo"er, n. Etym: [AS. wogere. See Woo, v. t.] Defn: One who wooes; one who courts or solicits in love; a suitor. "A thriving wooer." Gibber. WOOF Woof, n. Etym: [OE. oof, AS. , , aweb; on, an, on + wef, web, fr. wefan to weave. The initial w is due to the influence of E. weave. See On, Weave, and cf. Abb.] 1. The threads that cross the warp in a woven fabric; the weft; the filling; the thread usually carried by the shuttle in weaving. 2. Texture; cloth; as, a pall of softest woof. Pope. WOOFELL Woo"fell, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European blackbird. "The woofell near at hand that hath a golden bill." Drayton. WOOFY Woof"y, a. Defn: Having a close texture; dense; as, a woofy cloud. J. Baillie. WOOHOO Woo`hoo", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The sailfish. WOOINGLY Woo"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a wooing manner; enticingly; with persuasiveness. Shak. WOOK Wook", obs. imp. of Wake. Defn: Woke. Chaucer. WOOL Wool, n. Etym: [OE. wolle, wulle, AS. wull; akin to D. wol, OHG. wolla, G. wolle, Icel. & Sw. ull, Dan. uld, Goth, wulla, Lith. vilna, Russ. volna, L. vellus, Skr. wool, Flannel, Velvet.] 1. The soft and curled, or crisped, species of hair which grows on sheep and some other animals, and which in fineness sometimes approaches to fur; -- chiefly applied to the fleecy coat of the sheep, which constitutes a most essential material of clothing in all cold and temperate climates. Note: Wool consists essentially of keratin. 2. Short, thick hair, especially when crisped or curled. Wool of bat and tongue of dog. Shak. 3. (Bot.) Defn: A sort of pubescence, or a clothing of dense, curling hairs on the surface of certain plants. Dead pulled wool, wool pulled from a carcass. -- Mineral wool. See under Mineral. -- Philosopher's wool. (Chem.) See Zinc oxide, under Zinc. -- Pulled wool, wool pulled from a pelt, or undressed hide. -- Slag wool. Same as Mineral wool, under Mineral. -- Wool ball, a ball or mass of wool. -- Wool burler, one who removes little burs, knots, or extraneous matter, from wool, or the surface of woolen cloth. -- Wool comber. (a) One whose occupation is to comb wool. (b) A machine for combing wool. -- Wool grass (Bot.), a kind of bulrush (Scirpus Eriophorum) with numerous clustered woolly spikes. -- Wool scribbler. See Woolen scribbler, under Woolen, a. -- Wool sorter's disease (Med.), a disease, resembling malignant pustule, occurring among those who handle the wool of goats and sheep. -- Wool staple, a city or town where wool used to be brought to the king's staple for sale. [Eng.] -- Wool stapler. (a) One who deals in wool. (b) One who sorts wool according to its staple, or its adaptation to different manufacturing purposes. -- Wool winder, a person employed to wind, or make up, wool into bundles to be packed for sale. WOOLD Woold, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Woolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Woolding.] Etym: [D. woelen, bewoelen; akin to G. wuhlen, bewuhlen. *146.] (Naut.) Defn: To wind, or wrap; especially, to wind a rope round, as a mast or yard made of two or more pieces, at the place where it has been fished or scarfed, in order to strengthen it. WOOLDER Woold"er, n. 1. (Naut.) Defn: A stick used to tighten the rope in woolding. 2. (Rope Making) Defn: One of the handles of the top, formed by a wooden pin passing through it. See 1st Top, 2. WOOLDING Woold"ing, n. (Naut.) (a) The act of winding or wrapping anything with a rope, as a mast. (b) A rope used for binding masts and spars. WOOL-DYED Wool"-dyed`, a. Defn: Dyed before being made into cloth, in distinction from piece- dyed; ingrain. WOOLED Wooled, a. Defn: Having (such) wool; as, a fine-wooled sheep. WOOLEN Wool"en, a. Etym: [OE. wollen; cf. AS. wyllen. See Wool.] [Written also woollen.] 1. Made of wool; consisting of wool; as, woolen goods. 2. Of or pertaining to wool or woolen cloths; as, woolen manufactures; a woolen mill; a woolen draper. Woolen scribbler, a machine for combing or preparing wool in thin, downy, translucent layers. WOOLEN Wool"en, n. Etym: [Written also woollen.] Defn: Cloth made of wool; woollen goods. WOOLENET Wool`en*et", n. Defn: A thin, light fabric of wool. [Written also woollenet, woolenette, and woollenette.] WOOLERT Woo"lert, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The barn owl. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also oolert, and owlerd.] WOOLFELL Wool"fell`, n. Etym: [Wool + fell a skin.] Defn: A skin with the wool; a skin from which the wool has not been sheared or pulled. [Written also woolfel.] WOOLGATHERING Wool"gath`er*ing, a. Defn: Indulging in a vagrant or idle exercise of the imagination; roaming upon a fruitless quest; idly fanciful. WOOLGATHERING Wool"gath`er*ing, n. Defn: Indulgence in idle imagination; a foolish or useless pursuit or design. His wits were a woolgathering, as they say. Burton. WOOLGROWER Wool"grow`er, n. Defn: One who raises sheep for the production of wool. -- Wool"grow`ing, n. WOOL-HALL Wool"-hall`, n. Defn: A trade market in the woolen districts. [Eng.] WOOLHEAD Wool"head`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The buffel duck. WOOLLINESS Wool"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being woolly. WOOLLY Wool"ly, a. 1. Consisting of wool; as, a woolly covering; a woolly fleece. 2. Resembling wool; of the nature of wool. "My fleece of woolly hair." Shak. 3. Clothed with wool. "Woolly breeders." Shak. 4. (Bot.) Defn: Clothed with a fine, curly pubescence resembling wool. Woolly bear (Zoöl.), the hairy larva of several species of bombycid moths. The most common species in the United States are the salt-marsh caterpillar (see under Salt), the black and red woolly bear, or larva of the Isabella moth (see Illust., under Isabella Moth), and the yellow woolly bear, or larva of the American ermine moth (Spilosoma Virginica). -- Woolly butt (Bot.), an Australian tree (Eucalyptus longifolia), so named because of its fibrous bark. -- Woolly louse (Zoöl.), a plant louse (Schizoneura, or Erisoma, lanigera) which is often very injurious to the apple tree. It is covered with a dense coat of white filaments somewhat resembling fine wool or cotton. In exists in two forms, one of which infests the roots, the other the branches. See Illust. under Blight. -- Woolly macaco (Zoöl.), the mongoose lemur. -- Woolly maki (Zoöl.), a long-tailed lemur (Indris laniger) native of Madagascar, having fur somewhat like wool; -- called also avahi, and woolly lemur. -- Woolly monkey (Zoöl.), any South American monkey of the genus Lagothrix, as the caparro. -- Woolly rhinoceros (Paleon.), an extinct rhinoceros (Rhinoceros tichorhinus) which inhabited the arctic regions, and was covered with a dense coat of woolly hair. It has been found frozen in the ice of Siberia, with the flesh and hair well preserved. WOOLLY-HEAD Wool"ly-head`, n. Defn: A negro. [Low] WOOLMAN Wool"man, n.; pl. Woolmen (. Defn: One who deals in wool. WOOLPACK Wool"pack`, n. Defn: A pack or bag of wool weighing two hundred and forty pounds. WOOLSACK Wool"sack`, n. Defn: A sack or bag of wool; specifically, the seat of the lord chancellor of England in the House of Lords, being a large, square sack of wool resembling a divan in form. WOOLSEY Wool"sey, n. Etym: [From Wool.] Defn: Linsey-woolsey. WOOLSTOCK Wool"stock`, n. Defn: A heavy wooden hammer for milling cloth. WOOLWARD Wool"ward, adv. Etym: [Wool + -ward.] Defn: In wool; with woolen raiment next the skin. [Obs.] WOOLWARD-GOING Wool"ward-go`ing, n. Defn: A wearing of woolen clothes next the skin as a matter of penance. [Obs.] Their . . . woolward-going, and rising at midnight. Tyndale. WOON Woon, n. Defn: Dwelling. See Wone. [Obs.] WOORALI Woo"ra*li, n. Defn: Same as Curare. WOOSY Woos"y, a. Defn: Oozy; wet. [Obs.] Drayton. WOOTZ Wootz (woots), n. Etym: [Perhaps a corruption of Canarese ukku steel.] Defn: A species of steel imported from the East Indies, valued for making edge tools; Indian steel. It has in combination a minute portion of alumina and silica. WOOYEN Woo"yen, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Yuen. WOPEN Wo"pen, obs. p. p. of Weep. Defn: Wept. Chaucer. WORBLE Wor"ble, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wormil. WORD Word, n. Etym: [AS. word; akin to OFries. & OS. word, D. woord, G. wort, Icel. oredh, Sw. & Dan. ord, Goth. waúrd, OPruss. wirds, Lith. vardas a name, L. verbum a word; or perhaps to Gr. "rh`twr an orator. Cf. Verb.] 1. The spoken sign of a conception or an idea; an articulate or vocal sound, or a combination of articulate and vocal sounds, uttered by the human voice, and by custom expressing an idea or ideas; a single component part of human speech or language; a constituent part of a sentence; a term; a vocable. "A glutton of words." Piers Plowman. You cram these words into mine ears, against The stomach of my sense. Shak. Amongst men who confound their ideas with words, there must be endless disputes. Locke. 2. Hence, the written or printed character, or combination of characters, expressing such a term; as, the words on a page. 3. pl. Defn: Talk; discourse; speech; language. Why should calamity be full of words Shak. Be thy words severe; Sharp as he merits, but the sword forbear. Dryden. 4. Account; tidings; message; communication; information; -- used only in the singular. I pray you . . . bring me word thither How the world goes. Shak. 5. Signal; order; command; direction. Give the word through. Shak. 6. Language considered as implying the faith or authority of the person who utters it; statement; affirmation; declaration; promise. Obey thy parents; keep thy word justly. Shak. I know you brave, and take you at your word. Dryden. I desire not the reader should take my word. Dryden. 7. pl. Defn: Verbal contention; dispute. Some words there grew 'twixt Somerset and me. Shak. 8. A brief remark or observation; an expression; a phrase, clause, or short sentence. All the law is fulfilled in one word, even in this; Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. Gal. v. 14. She said; but at the happy word "he lives," My father stooped, re- fathered, o'er my wound. Tennyson. There is only one other point on which I offer a word of remark. Dickens. By word of mouth, orally; by actual speaking. Boyle. -- Compound word. See under Compound, a. -- Good word, commendation; favorable account. "And gave the harmless fellow a good word." Pope. -- In a word, briefly; to sum up. -- In word, in declaration; in profession. "Let us not love in word, . . . but in deed and in truth." 1 John iii. 8. -- Nuns of the Word Incarnate (R. C. Ch.), an order of nuns founded in France in 1625, and approved in 1638. The order, which also exists in the United States, was instituted for the purpose of doing honor to the "Mystery of the Incarnation of the Son of God." -- The word, or The Word. (Theol.) (a) The gospel message; esp., the Scriptures, as a revelation of God. "Bold to speak the word without fear." Phil. i. 14. (b) The second person in the Trinity before his manifestation in time by the incarnation; among those who reject a Trinity of persons, some one or all of the divine attributes personified. John i. 1. -- To eat one's words, to retract what has been said. -- To have the words for, to speak for; to act as spokesman. [Obs.] "Our host hadde the wordes for us all." Chaucer. -- Word blindness (Physiol.), inability to understand printed or written words or symbols, although the person affected may be able to see quite well, speak fluently, and write correctly. Landois & Stirling. -- Word deafness (Physiol.), inability to understand spoken words, though the person affected may hear them and other sounds, and hence is not deaf. -- Word dumbness (Physiol.), inability to express ideas in verbal language, though the power of speech is unimpaired. -- Word for word, in the exact words; verbatim; literally; exactly; as, to repeat anything word for word. -- Word painting, the act of describing an object fully and vividly by words only, so as to present it clearly to the mind, as if in a picture. -- Word picture, an accurate and vivid description, which presents an object clearly to the mind, as if in a picture. -- Word square, a series of words so arranged that they can be read vertically and horizontally with like results. Syn. -- See Term. WORD Word, v. i. Defn: To use words, as in discussion; to argue; to dispute. [R.] WORD Word, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Worded; p. pr. & vb. n. Wording.] 1. To express in words; to phrase. The apology for the king is the same, but worded with greater deference to that great prince. Addison. 2. To ply with words; also, to cause to be by the use of a word or words. [Obs.] Howell. 3. To flatter with words; to cajole. [Obs.] Shak. To word it, to bandy words; to dispute. [Obs.] "To word it with a shrew." L'Estrange. WORDBOOK Word"book`, n. Etym: [Cf. D. woordenboek, G. wörterbuch.] Defn: A collection of words; a vocabulary; a dictionary; a lexicon. WORD-CATCHER Word"-catch`er, n. Defn: One who cavils at words. WORDER Word"er, n. Defn: A speaker. [Obs.] Withlock. WORDILY Word"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a wordy manner. WORDINESS Word"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being wordy, or abounding with words; verboseness. Jeffrey. WORDING Word"ing, n. Defn: The act or manner of expressing in words; style of expression; phrasing. It is believed this wording was above his known style. Milton. WORDISH Word"ish, a. Defn: Respecting words; full of words; wordy. [R.] Sir P. Sidney. -- Word"ish*ness, n. The truth they hide by their dark woordishness. Sir K. Digby. WORDLE Wor"dle, n. Defn: One of several pivoted pieces forming the throat of an adjustable die used in drawing wire, lead pipe, etc. Knight. WORDLESS Word"less, a. Defn: Not using words; not speaking; silent; speechless. Shak. WORD METHOD Word method. (Education) Defn: A method of teaching reading in which words are first taken as single ideograms and later analyzed into their phonetic and alphabetic elements; -- contrasted with the alphabet and sentence methods. WORDPLAY Word"play`, n. Defn: A more or less subtle playing upon the meaning of words. WORDSMAN Words"man, n. Defn: One who deals in words, or in mere words; a verbalist. [R.] "Some speculative wordsman." H. Bushnell. WORDY Word"y, a. [Compar. Wordier; superl. Wordiest.] 1. Of or pertaining to words; consisting of words; verbal; as, a wordy war. Cowper. 2. Using many words; verbose; as, a wordy speaker. 3. Containing many words; full of words. We need not lavish hours in wordy periods. Philips. WORE Wore, Defn: imp. of Wear. WORE Wore, Defn: imp. of Ware. WORK Work, n. Etym: [OE. work, werk, weork, AS. weorc, worc; akin to OFries. werk, wirk, OS., D., & G. werk, OHG. werc, werah, Icel. & Sw. verk, Dan. værk, Goth. gawaúrki, Gr. verez to work. Bulwark, Energy, Erg, Georgic, Liturgy, Metallurgy, Organ, Surgeon, Wright.] 1. Exertion of strength or faculties; physical or intellectual effort directed to an end; industrial activity; toil; employment; sometimes, specifically, physically labor. Man hath his daily work of body or mind Appointed. Milton. 2. The matter on which one is at work; that upon which one spends labor; material for working upon; subject of exertion; the thing occupying one; business; duty; as, to take up one's work; to drop one's work. Come on, Nerissa; I have work in hand That you yet know not of. Shak. In every work that he began . . . he did it with all his heart, and prospered. 2 Chron. xxxi. 21. 3. That which is produced as the result of labor; anything accomplished by exertion or toil; product; performance; fabric; manufacture; in a more general sense, act, deed, service, effect, result, achievement, feat. To leave no rubs or blotches in the work. Shak. The work some praise, And some the architect. Milton. Fancy . . . Wild work produces oft, and most in dreams. Milton. The composition or dissolution of mixed bodies . . . is the chief work of elements. Sir K. Digby. 4. Specifically: (a) That which is produced by mental labor; a composition; a book; as, a work, or the works, of Addison. (b) Flowers, figures, or the like, wrought with the needle; embroidery. I am glad I have found this napkin; . . . I'll have the work ta'en out, And give 't Iago. Shak. (c) pl. Defn: Structures in civil, military, or naval engineering, as docks, bridges, embankments, trenches, fortifications, and the like; also, the structures and grounds of a manufacturing establishment; as, iron works; locomotive works; gas works. (d) pl. Defn: The moving parts of a mechanism; as, the works of a watch. 5. Manner of working; management; treatment; as, unskillful work spoiled the effect. Bp. Stillingfleet. 6. (Mech.) Defn: The causing of motion against a resisting force. The amount of work is proportioned to, and is measured by, the product of the force into the amount of motion along the direction of the force. See Conservation of energy, under Conservation, Unit of work, under Unit, also Foot pound, Horse power, Poundal, and Erg. Energy is the capacity of doing work . . . Work is the transference of energy from one system to another. Clerk Maxwell. 7. (Mining) Defn: Ore before it is dressed. Raymond. 8. pl. (Script.) Defn: Performance of moral duties; righteous conduct. He shall reward every man according to his works. Matt. xvi. 27. Faith, if it hath not works, is dead. James ii. 17. Muscular work (Physiol.), the work done by a muscle through the power of contraction. -- To go to work, to begin laboring; to commence operations; to contrive; to manage. "I 'll go another way to work with him." Shak. -- To set on work, to cause to begin laboring; to set to work. [Obs.] Hooker. -- To set to work, to employ; to cause to engage in any business or labor. WORK Work, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Worked, or Wrought (; p. pr. & vb. n. Working.] Etym: [AS. wyrcean (imp. worthe, wrohte, p. p. geworht, gewroht); akin to OFries. werka, wirka, OS. wirkian, D. werken, G. wirken, Icel. verka, yrkja, orka, Goth. waúrkjan. *145. See Work, n.] 1. To exert one's self for a purpose; to put forth effort for the attainment of an object; to labor; to be engaged in the performance of a task, a duty, or the like. O thou good Kent, how shall I live and work, To match thy goodness Shak. Go therefore now, and work; for there shall no straw be given you. Ex. v. 18. Whether we work or play, or sleep or wake, Our life doth pass. Sir J. Davies. 2. Hence, in a general sense, to operate; to act; to perform; as, a machine works well. We bend to that the working of the heart. Shak. 3. Hence, figuratively, to be effective; to have effect or influence; to conduce. We know that all things work together for good to them that love God. Rom. viii. 28. This so wrought upon the child, that afterwards he desired to be taught. Locke. She marveled how she could ever have been wrought upon to marry him. Hawthorne. 4. To carry on business; to be engaged or employed customarily; to perform the part of a laborer; to labor; to toil. They that work in fine flax . . . shall be confounded. Isa. xix. 9. 5. To be in a state of severe exertion, or as if in such a state; to be tossed or agitated; to move heavily; to strain; to labor; as, a ship works in a heavy sea. Confused with working sands and rolling waves. Addison. 6. To make one's way slowly and with difficulty; to move or penetrate laboriously; to proceed with effort; -- with a following preposition, as down, out, into, up, through, and the like; as, scheme works out by degrees; to work into the earth. Till body up to spirit work, in bounds Proportioned to each kind. Milton. 7. To ferment, as a liquid. The working of beer when the barm is put in. Bacon. 8. To act or operate on the stomach and bowels, as a cathartic. Purges . . . work best, that is, cause the blood so to do, . . . in warm weather or in a warm room. Grew. To work at, to be engaged in or upon; to be employed in. -- To work to windward (Naut.), to sail or ply against the wind; to tack to windward. Mar. Dict. WORK Work, v. t. 1. To labor or operate upon; to give exertion and effort to; to prepare for use, or to utilize, by labor. He could have told them of two or three gold mines, and a silver mine, and given the reason why they forbare to work them at that time. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. To produce or form by labor; to bring forth by exertion or toil; to accomplish; to originate; to effect; as, to work wood or iron into a form desired, or into a utensil; to work cotton or wool into cloth. Each herb he knew, that works or good or ill. Harte. 3. To produce by slow degrees, or as if laboriously; to bring gradually into any state by action or motion. "Sidelong he works his way." Milton. So the pure, limpid stream, when foul with stains Of rushing torrents and descending rains, Works itself clear, and as it runs, refines, Till by degrees the floating mirror shines. Addison. 4. To influence by acting upon; to prevail upon; to manage; to lead. "Work your royal father to his ruin." Philips. 5. To form with a needle and thread or yarn; especially, to embroider; as, to work muslin. 6. To set in motion or action; to direct the action of; to keep at work; to govern; to manage; as, to work a machine. Knowledge in building and working ships. Arbuthnot. Now, Marcus, thy virtue's the proof; Put forth thy utmost strength, work every nerve. Addison. The mariners all 'gan work the ropes, Where they were wont to do. Coleridge. 7. To cause to ferment, as liquor. To work a passage (Naut.), to pay for a passage by doing work. -- To work double tides (Naut.), to perform the labor of three days in two; -- a phrase which alludes to a practice of working by the night tide as well as by the day. -- To work in, to insert, introduce, mingle, or interweave by labor or skill. -- To work into, to force, urge, or insinuate into; as, to work one's self into favor or confidence. -- To work off, to remove gradually, as by labor, or a gradual process; as, beer works off impurities in fermenting. -- To work out. (a) To effect by labor and exertion. "Work out your own salvation with fear and trembling." Phil. ii. 12. (b) To erase; to efface. [R.] Tears of joy for your returning spilt, Work out and expiate our former guilt. Dryden. (c) To solve, as a problem. (d) To exhaust, as a mine, by working. -- To work up. (a) To raise; to excite; to stir up; as, to work up the passions to rage. The sun, that rolls his chariot o'er their heads, Works up more fire and color in their cheeks. Addison. (b) To expend in any work, as materials; as, they have worked up all the stock. (c) (Naut.) To make over or into something else, as yarns drawn from old rigging, made into spun yarn, foxes, sennit, and the like; also, to keep constantly at work upon needless matters, as a crew in order to punish them. R. H. Dana, Jr. WORKABLE Work"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being worked, or worth working; as, a workable mine; workable clay. WORKADAY Work"a*day`, n. Defn: See Workyday. WORKBAG Work"bag`, n. Defn: A bag for holding implements or materials for work; especially, a reticule, or bag for holding needlework, and the like. WORKBASKET Work"bas`ket, n. Defn: A basket for holding materials for needlework, or the like. WORKBENCH Work"bench`, n. Defn: A bench on which work is performed, as in a carpenter's shop. WORKBOX Work"box`, n. Defn: A box for holding instruments or materials for work. WORKDAY Work"day`, n. & a. Etym: [AS. weorcdæg.] Defn: A day on which work is performed, as distinguished from Sunday, festivals, etc., a working day. WORKER Work"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, works; a laborer; a performer; as, a worker in brass. Professors of holiness, but workers of iniquity. Shak. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the neuter, or sterile, individuals of the social ants, bees, and white ants. The workers are generally females having the sexual organs imperfectly developed. See Ant, and White ant, under White. WORKFELLOW Work"fel`low, n. Defn: One engaged in the same work with another; a companion in work. WORKFOLK Work"folk`, n. Defn: People that labor. WORKFUL Work"ful, a. Defn: Full of work; diligent. [R.] WORKHOUSE Work"house`, n.; pl. Workhouses. Etym: [AS. weorch.] 1. A house where any manufacture is carried on; a workshop. 2. A house in which idle and vicious persons are confined to labor. 3. A house where the town poor are maintained at public expense, and provided with labor; a poorhouse. WORKING Work"ing, Defn: a & n. from Work. The word must cousin be to the working. Chaucer. Working beam. See Beam, n. 10. -- Working class, the class of people who are engaged in manual labor, or are dependent upon it for support; laborers; operatives; -- chiefly used in the plural. -- Working day. See under Day, n. -- Working drawing, a drawing, as of the whole or part of a structure, machine, etc., made to a scale, and intended to be followed by the workmen. Working drawings are either general or detail drawings. -- Working house, a house where work is performed; a workhouse. -- Working point (Mach.), that part of a machine at which the effect required; the point where the useful work is done. WORKING-DAY Work"ing-day, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or characteristic of, working days, or workdays; everyday; hence, plodding; hard-working. O, how full of briers in this working-day world. Shak. WORKINGMAN Work"ing*man, n.; pl. Workingmen (. Defn: A laboring man; a man who earns his daily support by manual labor. WORKLESS Work"less, a. 1. Without work; not laboring; as, many people were still workless. 2. Not carried out in practice; not exemplified in fact; as, workless faith. [Obs.] Sir T. More. WORKMAN Work"man, n.; pl. Workmen. Etym: [AS. weorcmann.] 1. A man employed in labor, whether in tillage or manufactures; a worker. 2. Hence, especially, a skillful artificer or laborer. WORKMANLIKE Work"man*like`, a. Defn: Becoming a workman, especially a skillful one; skillful; well performed. WORKMANLY Work"man*ly, a. Defn: Becoming a skillful workman; skillful; well performed; workmanlike. WORKMANLY Work"man*ly, adv. Defn: In a skillful manner; in a manner becoming a skillful workman. Shak. WORKMANSHIP Work"man*ship, n. 1. The art or skill of a workman; the execution or manner of making anything. Due reward For her praiseworthy workmanship to yield. Spenser. Beauty is nature's brag, and must be shown . . . Where most may wonder at the workmanship. Milton. 2. That which is effected, made, or produced; manufacture, something made by manual labor. Not any skilled in workmanship embossed. Spenser. By how much Adam exceeded all men in perfection, by being the immediate workmanship of God. Sir W. Raleigh. WORKMASTER Work"mas`ter, n. Defn: The performer of any work; a master workman. [R.] Spenser. WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ACT Workmen's compensation act. (Law) Defn: A statute fixing the compensation that a workman may recover from an employer in case of accident, esp. the British act of 6 Edw. VII. c. 58 (1906) giving to a workman, except in certain cases of "serious and willful misconduct," a right against his employer to a certain compensation on the mere occurrence of an accident where the common law gives the right only for negligence of the employer. WORKROOM Work"room`, n. Defn: Any room or apartment used especially for labor. WORKSHIP Work"ship, n. Defn: Workmanship. [R.] WORKSHOP Work"shop`, n. Defn: A shop where any manufacture or handiwork is carried on. WORKTABLE Work"ta`ble, n. Defn: A table for holding working materials and implements; esp., a small table with drawers and other conveniences for needlework, etc. WORKWAYS; WORKWISE Work"ways`, Work"wise`, adv. Defn: In a working position or manner; as, a T rail placed workwise, i.e., resting on its base. WORKWOMAN Work"wom`an, n.; pl. Workwomen (, n. Defn: A woman who performs any work; especially, a woman skilled in needlework. WORKYDAY Work"y*day`, n. Etym: [See Workday, Workingday.] Defn: A week day or working day, as distinguished from Sunday or a holiday. Also used adjectively. [Written also workiday, and workaday.] [Obs. or Colloq.] Prithee, tell her but a workyday fortune. Shak. WORLD World, n. Etym: [OE. world, werld, weorld, weoreld, AS. weorold, worold; akin to OS. werold, D. wereld, OHG. weralt, worolt, werolt, werlt, G. welt, Icel. veröld, Sw. verld, Dan. verden; properly, the age of man, lifetime, humanity; AS. wer a man + a word akin to E. old; cf. AS. yld lifetime, age, ylde men, humanity. Cf. Werewolf, Old.] 1. The earth and the surrounding heavens; the creation; the system of created things; existent creation; the universe. The invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen. Rom. 1. 20. With desire to know, What nearer might concern him, how this world Of heaven and earth conspicuous first began. Milton. 2. Any planet or heavenly body, especially when considered as inhabited, and as the scene of interests analogous with human interests; as, a plurality of worlds. "Lord of the worlds above." I. Watts. Amongst innumerable stars, that shone Star distant, but high-hand seemed other worlds. Milton. There may be other worlds, where the inhabitants have never violated their allegiance to their almighty Sovereign. W. B. Sprague. 3. The earth and its inhabitants, with their concerns; the sum of human affairs and interests. That forbidden tree, whose mortal taste Brought death into the world, and all our woe. Milton. 4. In a more restricted sense, that part of the earth and its concerns which is known to any one, or contemplated by any one; a division of the globe, or of its inhabitants; human affairs as seen from a certain position, or from a given point of view; also, state of existence; scene of life and action; as, the Old World; the New World; the religious world; the Catholic world; the upper world; the future world; the heathen world. One of the greatest in the Christian world Shall be my surety. Shak. Murmuring that now they must be put to make war beyond the world's end -- for so they counted Britain. Milton. 5. The customs, practices, and interests of men; general affairs of life; human society; public affairs and occupations; as, a knowledge of the world. Happy is she that from the world retires. Waller. If knowledge of the world makes man perfidious, May Juba ever live in ignorance. Addison. 6. Individual experience of, or concern with, life; course of life; sum of the affairs which affect the individual; as, to begin the world with no property; to lose all, and begin the world anew. 7. The inhabitants of the earth; the human race; people in general; the public; mankind. Since I do purpose to marry, I will think nothing to any purpose that the world can say against it. Shak. Tell me, wench, how will the world repute me For undertaking so unstaid a journey Shak. 8. The earth and its affairs as distinguished from heaven; concerns of this life as distinguished from those of the life to come; the present existence and its interests; hence, secular affairs; engrossment or absorption in the affairs of this life; worldly corruption; the ungodly or wicked part of mankind. I pray not for the world, but for them which thou hast given me; for they are thine. John xvii. 9. Love not the world, neither the things that are in the world. If any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him. For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life, is not of the Father, but is of the world. 1 John ii. 15, 16. 9. As an emblem of immensity, a great multitude or quantity; a large number. "A world of men." Chapman. "A world of blossoms for the bee." Bryant. Nor doth this wood lack worlds of company. Shak. A world of woes dispatched in little space. Dryden. All . . . in the world, all that exists; all that is possible; as, all the precaution in the world would not save him. -- A world to see, a wonder to see; something admirable or surprising to see. [Obs.] O, you are novices; 't is a world to see How tame, when men and women are alone, A meacock wretch can make the curstest shrew. Shak. -- For all the world. (a) Precisely; exactly. (b) For any consideration. -- Seven wonders of the world. See in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. -- To go to the world, to be married. [Obs.] "Thus goes every one to the world but I . . . ; I may sit in a corner and cry heighho for a husband!" Shak. -- World's end, the end, or most distant part, of the world; the remotest regions. -- World without end, eternally; forever; everlastingly; as if in a state of existence having no end. Throughout all ages, world without end. Eph. iii. 21. WORLDLINESS World"li*ness, n. Defn: The quality of being worldly; a predominant passion for obtaining the good things of this life; covetousness; addictedness to gain and temporal enjoyments; worldly-mindedness. WORLDLING World"ling, Etym: [World + -ling.] Defn: A person whose soul is set upon gaining temporal possessions; one devoted to this world and its enjoyments. A foutre for the world and worldlings base. Shak. If we consider the expectations of futurity, the worldling gives up the argument. Rogers. And worldlings blot the temple's gold. Keble. WORLDLY World"ly, a. Etym: [AS. woroldlic.] 1. Relating to the world; human; common; as, worldly maxims; worldly actions. "I thus neglecting worldly ends." Shak. Many years it hath continued, standing by no other worldly mean but that one only hand which erected it. Hooker. 2. Pertaining to this world or life, in contradistinction from the life to come; secular; temporal; devoted to this life and its enjoyments; bent on gain; as, worldly pleasures, affections, honor, lusts, men. With his soul fled all my worldly solace. Shak. 3. Lay, as opposed to clerical. [Obs.] Chaucer. WORLDLY World"ly, adv. Defn: With relation to this life; in a worldly manner. Subverting worldly strong and worldly wise By simply meek. Milton. WORLDLY-MINDED World"ly-mind`ed, a. Defn: Devoted to worldly interests; mindful of the affairs of the present life, and forgetful of those of the future; loving and pursuing this world's goods, to the exclusion of piety and attention to spiritual concerns. -- World"ly*mind`ed*ness, n. WORLDLYWISE; WORLDLY-WISE World"ly*wise`, World"ly`-*wise`, a. Defn: Wise in regard to things of this world. Bunyan. WORLD-WIDE World"-wide`, a. Defn: Extended throughout the world; as, world-wide fame. Tennyson. WORM Worm (wûrm), n. Etym: [OE. worm, wurm, AS. wyrm; akin to D. worm, OS. & G. wurm, Icel. ormr, Sw. & Dan. orm, Goth. waúrms, L. vermis, Gr. Vermicelli, Vermilion, Vermin.] 1. A creeping or a crawling animal of any kind or size, as a serpent, caterpillar, snail, or the like. [Archaic] There came a viper out of the heat, and leapt on his hand. When the men of the country saw the worm hang on his hand, they said, This man must needs be a murderer. Tyndale (Acts xxviii. 3, 4). 'T is slander, Whose edge is sharper than the sword, whose tongue Outvenoms all the worms of Nile. Shak. When Cerberus perceived us, the great worm, His mouth he opened and displayed his tusks. Longfellow. 2. Any small creeping animal or reptile, either entirely without feet, or with very short ones, including a great variety of animals; as, an earthworm; the blindworm. Specifically: (Zoöl.) (a) Any helminth; an entozoön. (b) Any annelid. (c) An insect larva. (d) pl. Defn: Same as Vermes. 3. An internal tormentor; something that gnaws or afflicts one's mind with remorse. The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul! Shak. 4. A being debased and despised. I am a worm, and no man. Ps. xxii. 6. 5. Anything spiral, vermiculated, or resembling a worm; as: (a) The thread of a screw. The threads of screws, when bigger than can be made in screw plates, are called worms. Moxon. (b) A spiral instrument or screw, often like a double corkscrew, used for drawing balls from firearms. (c) (Anat.) A certain muscular band in the tongue of some animals, as the dog; the lytta. See Lytta. (d) The condensing tube of a still, often curved and wound to economize space. See Illust. of Still. (e) (Mach.) A short revolving screw, the threads of which drive, or are driven by, a worm wheel by gearing into its teeth or cogs. See Illust. of Worm gearing, below. Worm abscess (Med.), an abscess produced by the irritation resulting from the lodgment of a worm in some part of the body. -- Worm fence. See under Fence. -- Worm gear. (Mach.) (a) A worm wheel. (b) Worm gearing. -- Worm gearing, gearing consisting of a worm and worm wheel working together. -- Worm grass. (Bot.) (a) See Pinkroot, 2 (a). (b) The white stonecrop (Sedum album) reputed to have qualities as a vermifuge. Dr. Prior. -- Worm oil (Med.), an anthelmintic consisting of oil obtained from the seeds of Chenopodium anthelminticum. -- Worm powder (Med.), an anthelmintic powder. -- Worm snake. (Zoöl.) See Thunder snake (b), under Thunder. -- Worm tea (Med.), an anthelmintic tea or tisane. -- Worm tincture (Med.), a tincture prepared from dried earthworms, oil of tartar, spirit of wine, etc. [Obs.] -- Worm wheel, a cogwheel having teeth formed to fit into the spiral spaces of a screw called a worm, so that the wheel may be turned by, or may turn, the worm; -- called also worm gear, and sometimes tangent wheel. See Illust. of Worm gearing, above. WORM Worm, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wormed; p. pr. & vb. n. Worming.] Defn: To work slowly, gradually, and secretly. When debates and fretting jealousy Did worm and work within you more and more, Your color faded. Herbert. WORM Worm, v. t. 1. To effect, remove, drive, draw, or the like, by slow and secret means; -- often followed by out. They find themselves wormed out of all power. Swift. They . . . wormed things out of me that I had no desire to tell. Dickens. 2. To clean by means of a worm; to draw a wad or cartridge from, as a firearm. See Worm, n. 5 (b). 3. To cut the worm, or lytta, from under the tongue of, as a dog, for the purpose of checking a disposition to gnaw. The operation was formerly supposed to guard against canine madness. The men assisted the laird in his sporting parties, wormed his dogs, and cut the ears of his terrier puppies. Sir W. Scott. 4. (Naut.) Defn: To wind rope, yarn, or other material, spirally round, between the strands of, as a cable; to wind with spun yarn, as a small rope. Ropes . . . are generally wormed before they are served. Totten. To worm one's self into, to enter into gradually by arts and insinuations; as, to worm one's self into favor. WORMAL Wor"mal, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wormil. WORM-EATEN Worm"-eat`en, a. 1. Eaten, or eaten into, by a worm or by worms; as, worm-eaten timber. Concave as a covered goblet, or a worm-eaten nut. Shak. 2. Worn-out; old; worthless. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh. -- Worm"-eat`en*ness, n. [R.] Dr. John Smith. WORMED Wormed, a. Defn: Penetrated by worms; injured by worms; worm-eaten; as, wormed timber. WORMHOLE Worm"hole`, n. Defn: A burrow made by a worm. WORMIAN Wor"mi*an, a. (Anat.) Defn: Discovered or described by Olanus Wormius, a Danish anatomist. Wormian bones, small irregular plates of bone often interposed in the sutures between the large cranial bones. WORMIL Wor"mil, n. Etym: [Cf. 1st Warble.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any botfly larva which burrows in or beneath the skin of domestic and wild animals, thus producing sores. They belong to various species of Hypoderma and allied genera. Domestic cattle are often infested by a large species. See Gadfly. Called also warble, and worble. [Written also wormal, wormul, and wornil.] 2. (Far.) Defn: See 1st Warble, 1 (b). WORMLING Worm"ling, n. Defn: A little worm. O dusty wormling! dost thou strive and stand With heaven's high monarch Sylvester. WORMSEED Worm"seed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any one of several plants, as Artemisia santonica, and Chenopodium anthelminticum, whose seeds have the property of expelling worms from the stomach and intestines. Wormseed mustard, a slender, cruciferous plant (Erysinum cheiranthoides) having small lanceolate leaves. WORM-SHAPED Worm"-shaped`, a. Defn: Shaped like a worm; as, a worm-shaped root. WORM-SHELL Worm"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Vermetus. WORMUL Wor"mul, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wornil. WORMWOOD Worm"wood, n. Etym: [AS. werm, akin to OHG. wermuota, wormuota, G. wermuth, wermut; of uncertain origin.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A composite plant (Artemisia Absinthium), having a bitter and slightly aromatic taste, formerly used as a tonic and a vermifuge, and to protect woolen garments from moths. It gives the peculiar flavor to the cordial called absinthe. The volatile oil is a narcotic poison. The term is often extended to other species of the same genus. 2. Anything very bitter or grievous; bitterness. Lest there should be among you a root that beareth gall and wormwood. Deut. xxix. 18. Roman wormwood (Bot.), an American weed (Ambrosia artemisiæfolia); hogweed. -- Tree wormwood (Bot.), a species of Artemisia (probably Artemisia variabilis) with woody stems. -- Wormwood hare (Zoöl.), a variety of the common hare (Lepus timidus); -- so named from its color. WORMY Worm"y, a. [Compar. Wormier; superl. Wormiest.] 1. Containing a worm; abounding with worms. "Wormy beds." Shak. 2. Like or pertaining to a worm; earthy; groveling. WORN Worn, Defn: p. p. of Wear. Worn land, land that has become exhausted by tillage, or which for any reason has lost its fertility. WORNIL Wor"nil, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wormil. WORN-OUT Worn"-out`, a. Defn: Consumed, or rendered useless, by wearing; as, worn-out garments. WORRAL; WORREL Wor"ral, Wor"rel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Egyptian fork-tongued lizard, about four feet long when full grown. WORRIER Wor"ri*er, n. Defn: One who worries. WORRIMENT Wor"ri*ment, n. Etym: [See Worry.] Defn: Trouble; anxiety; worry. [Colloq. U. S.] WORRISOME Wor"ri*some, a. Defn: Inclined to worry or fret; also, causing worry or annoyance. WORRIT Wor"rit, v. t. Defn: To worry; to annoy. [Illiterate] WORRIT Wor"rit, n. Defn: Worry; anxiety. [Illiterate] WORRY Wor"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Worried; p. pr. & vb. n. Worrying.] Etym: [OE. worowen, wirien, to strangle, AS. wyrgan in awyrgan; akin to D. worgen, wurgen, to strangle, OHG. wurgen, G. würgen, Lith. verszti, and perhaps to E. wring.] 1. To harass by pursuit and barking; to attack repeatedly; also, to tear or mangle with the teeth. A hellhound that doth hunt us all to death; That dog that had his teeth before his eyes, To worry lambs and lap their gentle blood. Shak. 2. To harass or beset with importunity, or with care an anxiety; to vex; to annoy; to torment; to tease; to fret; to trouble; to plague. "A church worried with reformation." South. Let them rail, And worry one another at their pleasure. Rowe. Worry him out till he gives consent. Swift. 3. To harass with labor; to fatigue. [Colloq.] WORRY Wor"ry, v. i. Defn: To feel or express undue care and anxiety; to manifest disquietude or pain; to be fretful; to chafe; as, the child worries; the horse worries. WORRY Wor"ry, n.; pl. Worries (. Defn: A state of undue solicitude; a state of disturbance from care and anxiety; vexation; anxiety; fret; as, to be in a worry. "The whir and worry of spindle and of loom." Sir T. Browne. WORRYINGLY Wor"ry*ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a worrying manner. WORSE Worse, a., compar. of Bad. Etym: [OE. werse, worse, wurse, AS. wiersa, wyrsa, a comparative with no corresponding positive; akin to OS. wirsa, OFries. wirra, OHG. wirsiro, Icel. verri, Sw. värre, Dan. värre, Goth. waírsiza, and probably to OHG. werran to bring into confusion, E. war, and L. verrere to sweep, sweep along. As bad has no comparative and superlative, worse and worst are used in lieu of them, although etymologically they have no relation to bad.] Defn: Bad, ill, evil, or corrupt, in a greater degree; more bad or evil; less good; specifically, in poorer health; more sick; -- used both in a physical and moral sense. Or worse, if men worse can devise. Chaucer. [She] was nothing bettered, but rather grew worse. Mark v. 26. Evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse. 2 Tim. iii. 13. There are men who seem to believe they are not bad while another can be found worse. Rambler. "But I love him." "Love him Worse and worse." Gay. WORSE Worse, n. 1. Loss; disadvantage; defeat. "Judah was put to the worse before Israel." Kings xiv. 12. 2. That which is worse; something less good; as, think not the worse of him for his enterprise. WORSE Worse, adv. Etym: [AS. wiers, wyrs; akin to OS. & OHG. wirs, Icel. verr, Goth, waírs; a comparative adverb with no corresponding positive. See Worse, a.] Defn: In a worse degree; in a manner more evil or bad. Now will we deal worse with thee than with them. Gen. xix. 9. WORSE Worse, v. t. Etym: [OE. wursien, AS. wyrsian to become worse.] Defn: To make worse; to put disadvantage; to discomfit; to worst. See Worst, v. Weapons more violent, when next we meet, May serve to better us and worse our foes. Milton. WORSEN Wors"en, v. t. 1. To make worse; to deteriorate; to impair. It is apparent that, in the particular point of which we have been conversing, their condition is greatly worsened. Southey. 2. To get the better of; to worst. [R.] WORSEN Wors"en, v. i. Defn: To grow or become worse. De Quincey. Indifferent health, which seemed rather to worsen than improve. Carlyle. WORSER Wors"er, a. Defn: Worse. [R.] Thou dost deserve a worser end. Beau. & Fl. From worser thoughts which make me do amiss. Bunyan. A dreadful quiet felt, and, worser far Than arms, a sullen interval of war. Dryden. Note: This old and redundant form of the comparative occurs occasionally in the best authors, although commonly accounted a vulgarism. It has, at least, the analogy of lesser to sanction its issue. See Lesser. "The experience of man's worser nature, which intercourse with ill-chosen associates, by choice or circumstance, peculiarly teaches." Hallam. WORSHIP Wor"ship, n. Etym: [OE. worshipe, wuredhscipe, AS. weoredhscipe; weoredh worth + -scipe -ship. See Worth, a., and -ship.] 1. Excellence of character; dignity; worth; worthiness. [Obs.] Shak. A man of worship and honour. Chaucer. Elfin, born of noble state, And muckle worship in his native land. Spenser. 2. Honor; respect; civil deference. [Obs.] Of which great worth and worship may be won. Spenser. Then shalt thou have worship in the presence of them that sit at meat with thee. Luke xiv. 10. 3. Hence, a title of honor, used in addresses to certain magistrates and others of rank or station. My father desires your worships' company. Shak. 4. The act of paying divine honors to the Supreme Being; religious reverence and homage; adoration, or acts of reverence, paid to God, or a being viewed as God. "God with idols in their worship joined." Milton. The worship of God is an eminent part of religion, and prayer is a chief part of religious worship. Tillotson. 5. Obsequious or submissive respect; extravagant admiration; adoration. 'T is your inky brows, your black silk hair, Your bugle eyeballs, nor your cheek of cream, That can my spirits to your worship. Shak. 6. An object of worship. In attitude and aspect formed to be At once the artist's worship and despair. Longfellow. Devil worship, Fire worship, Hero worship, etc. See under Devil, Fire, Hero, etc. WORSHIP Wor"ship, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Worshiped or Worshipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Worshiping or Worshipping.] 1. To respect; to honor; to treat with civil reverence. [Obsoles.] Chaucer. Our grave . . . shall have a tongueless mouth, Not worshiped with a waxen epitaph. Shak. This holy image that is man God worshipeth. Foxe. 2. To pay divine honors to; to reverence with supreme respect and veneration; to perform religious exercises in honor of; to adore; to venerate. But God is to be worshiped. Shak. When all our fathers worshiped stocks and stones. Milton. 3. To honor with extravagant love and extreme submission, as a lover; to adore; to idolize. With bended knees I daily worship her. Carew. Syn. -- To adore; revere; reverence; bow to; honor. WORSHIP Wor"ship, v. i. Defn: To perform acts of homage or adoration; esp., to perform religious service. Our fathers worshiped in this mountain; and ye say that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship. John iv. 20. Was it for this I have loved . . . and worshiped in silence Longfellow. WORSHIPABILITY Wor`ship*a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: The quality of being worthy to be worshiped. [R.] Coleridge. WORSHIPABLE Wor"ship*a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being worshiped; worthy of worship. [R.] Carlyle. WORSHIPER Wor"ship*er, n. Defn: One who worships; one who pays divine honors to any being or thing; one who adores. [Written also worshipper.] WORSHIPFUL Wor"ship*ful, a. Defn: Entitled to worship, reverence, or high respect; claiming respect; worthy of honor; -- often used as a term of respect, sometimes ironically. "This is worshipful society." Shak. [She is] so dear and worshipful. Chaucer. -- Wor"ship*ful*ly, adv. -- Wor"ship*ful*ness, n. WORST Worst, a., superl. of Bad. Etym: [OE. werst, worste, wurste, AS. wyrst, wierst, wierrest. See Worse, a.] Defn: Bad, evil, or pernicious, in the highest degree, whether in a physical or moral sense. See Worse. "Heard so oft in worst extremes." Milton. I have a wife, the worst that may be. Chaucer. If thou hadst not been born the worst of men, Thou hadst been a knave and flatterer. Shak. WORST Worst, n. Defn: That which is most bad or evil; the most severe, pernicious, calamitous, or wicked state or degree. The worst is not So long as we can say, This is the worst. Shak. He is always sure of finding diversion when the worst comes to the worst. Addison. WORST Worst, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Worsted; p. pr. & vb. n. Worsting.] Etym: [See Worse, v. t. & a.] Defn: To gain advantage over, in contest or competition; to get the better of; to defeat; to overthrow; to discomfit. The . . . Philistines were worsted by the captivated ark. South. WORST Worst, v. i. Defn: To grow worse; to deteriorate. [R.] "Every face . . . worsting." Jane Austen. WORSTED Worst"ed, n. Etym: [From Worsted, now spelled Worstead, a town in Norfolk, England; for Worthstead. See Worth, n., and Stead.] 1. Well-twisted yarn spun of long-staple wool which has been combed to lay the fibers parallel, used for carpets, cloth, hosiery, gloves, and the like. 2. Fine and soft woolen yarn, untwisted or lightly twisted, used in knitting and embroidery. WORT Wort, n. Etym: [OE. wort, wurt, AS. wyrt herb, root; akin to OS. wurt, G. wurz, Icel. jurt, urt, Dan. urt, Sw. ört, Goth. waúrts a root, L. radix, Gr. root, n. Cf. Licorice, Orchard, Radish, Root, n., Whortleberry, Wort an infusion of malt.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A plant of any kind. Note: This word is now chiefly used in combination, as in colewort, figwort, St. John's-wort, woundwort, etc. 2. pl. Defn: Cabbages. WORT Wort, n. Etym: [OE. worte, wurte, AS. wyrte; akin to OD. wort, G. würze, bierwürze, Icel. virtr, Sw. vört. See Wort an herb.] Defn: An infusion of malt which is unfermented, or is in the act of fermentation; the sweet infusion of malt, which ferments and forms beer; hence, any similar liquid in a state of incipient fermentation. Note: Wort consists essentially of a dilute solution of sugar, which by fermentation produces alcohol and carbon dioxide. WORTH Worth, v. i. Etym: [OE. worthen, wurÞen, to become, AS. weorthan; akin to OS. werthan, D. worden, G. werden, OHG. werdan, Icel. vertha, Sw. varda, Goth. waírpan, L. vertere to turn, Skr. vrt, v. i., to turn, to roll, to become. *143. Cf. Verse, -ward, Weird.] Defn: To be; to become; to betide; -- now used only in the phrases, woe worth the day, woe worth the man, etc., in which the verb is in the imperative, and the nouns day, man, etc., are in the dative. Woe be to the day, woe be to the man, etc., are equivalent phrases. I counsel . . . to let the cat worthe. Piers Plowman. He worth upon [got upon] his steed gray. Chaucer. WORTH Worth, a. Etym: [OE. worth, wurÞ, AS. weorth, wurE; akin to OFries. werth, OS. werth, D. waard, OHG. werd, G. wert, werth, Icel. verthr, Sw. värd, Dan. værd, Goth. waírps, and perhaps to E. wary. Cf. Stalwart, Ware an article of merchandise, Worship.] 1. Valuable; of worthy; estimable; also, worth while. [Obs.] It was not worth to make it wise. Chaucer. 2. Equal in value to; furnishing an equivalent for; proper to be exchanged for. A ring he hath of mine worth forty ducats. Shak. All our doings without charity are nothing worth. Bk. of Com. Prayer. If your arguments produce no conviction, they are worth nothing to me. Beattie. 3. Deserving of; -- in a good or bad sense, but chiefly in a good sense. To reign is worth ambition, though in hell. Milton. This is life indeed, life worth preserving. Addison. 4. Having possessions equal to; having wealth or estate to the value of. At Geneva are merchants reckoned worth twenty hundred crowns. Addison. Worth while, or Worth the while. See under While, n. WORTH Worth, n. Etym: [OE. worth, wurÞ, AS. weorth, wurth; weorth, wurth, adj. See Worth, a.] 1. That quality of a thing which renders it valuable or useful; sum of valuable qualities which render anything useful and sought; value; hence, often, value as expressed in a standard, as money; equivalent in exchange; price. What 's worth in anything But so much money as 't will bring Hudibras. 2. Value in respect of moral or personal qualities; excellence; virtue; eminence; desert; merit; usefulness; as, a man or magistrate of great worth. To be of worth, and worthy estimation. Shak. As none but she, who in that court did dwell, Could know such worth, or worth describe so well. Waller. To think how modest worth neglected lies. Shenstone. Syn. -- Desert; merit; excellence; price; rate. WORTHFUL Worth"ful, a. Defn: Full of worth; worthy; deserving. Marston. WORTHILY Wor"thi*ly, adv. Defn: In a worthy manner; excellently; deservedly; according to merit; justly; suitably; becomingly. You worthily succeed not only to the honors of your ancestors, but also to their virtues. Dryden. Some may very worthily deserve to be hated. South. WORTHINESS Wor"thi*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being worthy; desert; merit; excellence; dignity; virtue; worth. Who is sure he hath a soul, unless It see, and judge, and follow worthiness Donne. She is not worthy to be loved that hath not some feeling of her own worthiness. Sir P. Sidney. The prayers which our Savior made were for his own worthiness accepted. Hooker. WORTHLESS Worth"less, a. Etym: [AS. weorthleás.] Defn: Destitute of worth; having no value, virtue, excellence, dignity, or the like; undeserving; valueless; useless; vile; mean; as, a worthless garment; a worthless ship; a worthless man or woman; a worthless magistrate. 'T is a worthless world to win or lose. Byron. -- Worth"less*ly, adv. -- Worth"less*ness, n. WORTHWHILE worthwhile, adj. Defn: Worth the time or effort spent. See worth while. worthy. -- worthwhileness. WORTHY Wor"thy, a. [Compar. Worthier (; superl. Worthiest.] Etym: [OE. worthi, wurÞi, from worth, wurÞ, n.; cf. Icel. verthugr, D. waardig, G. würdig, OHG. wirdig. See Worth, n.] 1. Having worth or excellence; possessing merit; valuable; deserving; estimable; excellent; virtuous. Full worthy was he in his lordes war. Chaucer. These banished men that I have kept withal Are men endued with worthy qualities. Shak. Happier thou mayst be, worthier canst not be. Milton. This worthy mind should worthy things embrace. Sir J. Davies. 2. Having suitable, adapted, or equivalent qualities or value; -- usually with of before the thing compared or the object; more rarely, with a following infinitive instead of of, or with that; as, worthy of, equal in excellence, value, or dignity to; entitled to; meriting; -- usually in a good sense, but sometimes in a bad one. No, Warwick, thou art worthy of the sway. Shak. The merciless Macdonwald, Worthy to be a rebel. Shak. Whose shoes I am not worthy to bear. Matt. iii. 11. And thou art worthy that thou shouldst not know More happiness. Milton. The lodging is well worthy of the guest. Dryden. 3. Of high station; of high social position. [Obs.] Worthy women of the town. Chaucer. Worthiest of blood (Eng. Law of Descent), most worthy of those of the same blood to succeed or inherit; -- applied to males, and expressive of the preference given them over females. Burrill. WORTHY Wor"thy, n.; pl. Worthies (. Defn: A man of eminent worth or value; one distinguished for useful and estimable qualities; a person of conspicuous desert; -- much used in the plural; as, the worthies of the church; political worthies; military worthies. The blood of ancient worthies in his veins. Cowper. WORTHY Wor"thy, v. t. Defn: To render worthy; to exalt into a hero. [Obs.] Shak. WOST Wost, Defn: 2d pers. sing. pres. of Wit, to know. [Obs.] Spenser. WOT Wot, Defn: 1st & 3d pers. sing. pres. of Wit, to know. See the Note under Wit, v. [Obs.] Brethren, I wot that through ignorance ye did it. Acts iii. 17. WOTEST; WOTTEST Wot"est, Wot"test, Defn: 2d pers. sing. pres. of Wit, to know. [Obs.] WOTETH; WOTTETH Wot"eth, Wot"teth, Defn: 3d pers. sing. pres. of Wit, to know. [Obs.] "He wotteth neither what he babbleth, nor what he meaneth." Tyndale. WOUL Woul, v. i. Defn: To howl. [Obs.] Wyclif. WOULD Would, imp. of Will. Etym: [OE. & AS. wolde. See Will, v. t.] Defn: Commonly used as an auxiliary verb, either in the past tense or in the conditional or optative present. See 2d & 3d Will. Note: Would was formerly used also as the past participle of Will. Right as our Lord hath would. Chaucer. WOULD Would, n. Defn: See 2d Weld. WOULD-BE Would"-be Defn: ' (as, a would-be poet. WOULDING Would"ing, n. Defn: Emotion of desire; inclination; velleity. [Obs.] Hammond. WOULDINGNESS Would"ing*ness, n. Defn: Willingness; desire. [Obs.] WOULFE BOTTLE Woulfe" bot`tle, n. (Chem.) Defn: A kind of wash bottle with two or three necks; -- so called after the inventor, Peter Woulfe, an English chemist. WOUND Wound, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Wind to twist, and Wind to sound by blowing. WOUND Wound, n. Etym: [OE. wounde, wunde, AS. wund; akin to OFries. wunde, OS. wunda, D. wonde, OHG. wunta, G. wunde, Icel. und, and to AS., OS., & G. wund sore, wounded, OHG. wunt, Goth. wunds, and perhaps also to Goth. winnan to suffer, E. win. *140. Cf. Zounds.] 1. A hurt or injury caused by violence; specifically, a breach of the skin and flesh of an animal, or in the substance of any creature or living thing; a cut, stab, rent, or the like. Chaucer. Showers of blood Rained from the wounds of slaughtered Englishmen. Shak. 2. Fig.: An injury, hurt, damage, detriment, or the like, to feeling, faculty, reputation, etc. 3. (Criminal Law) Defn: An injury to the person by which the skin is divided, or its continuity broken; a lesion of the body, involving some solution of continuity. Note: Walker condemns the pronunciation woond as a "capricious novelty." It is certainly opposed to an important principle of our language, namely, that the Old English long sound written ou, and pronounced like French ou or modern English oo, has regularly changed, when accented, into the diphthongal sound usually written with the same letters ou in modern English, as in ground, hound, round, sound. The use of ou in Old English to represent the sound of modern English oo was borrowed from the French, and replaced the older and Anglo-Saxon spelling with u. It makes no difference whether the word was taken from the French or not, provided it is old enough in English to have suffered this change to what is now the common sound of ou; but words taken from the French at a later time, or influenced by French, may have the French sound. Wound gall (Zoöl.), an elongated swollen or tuberous gall on the branches of the grapevine, caused by a small reddish brown weevil (Ampeloglypter sesostris) whose larvæ inhabit the galls. WOUND Wound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Wounding.] Etym: [AS. wundian. *140. See Wound, n.] 1. To hurt by violence; to produce a breach, or separation of parts, in, as by a cut, stab, blow, or the like. The archers hit him; and he was sore wounded of the archers. 1 Sam. xxxi. 3. 2. To hurt the feelings of; to pain by disrespect, ingratitude, or the like; to cause injury to. When ye sin so against the brethren, and wound their weak conscience, ye sin against Christ. 1 Cor. viii. 12. WOUNDABLE Wound"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of being wounded; vulnerable. [R.] Fuller. WOUNDER Wound"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, wounds. WOUNDILY Wound"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a woundy manner; excessively; woundy. [Obs.] WOUNDLESS Wound"less, a. Defn: Free from wound or hurt; exempt from being wounded; invulnerable. "Knights whose woundless armor rusts." Spenser. [Slander] may miss our name, And hit the woundless air. Shak. WOUNDWORT Wound"wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any one of certain plants whose soft, downy leaves have been used for dressing wounds, as the kidney vetch, and several species of the labiate genus Stachys. WOUNDY Wound"y, a. Defn: Excessive. [Obs.] Such a world of holidays, that 't a woundy hindrance to a poor man that lives by his labor. L'Estrange. WOUNDY Wound"y, adv. Defn: Excessively; extremely. [Obs.] A am woundy cold. Ford. WOURALI Wou"ra*li, n. Defn: Same as Curare. WOU-WOU Wou"-wou`, n. Etym: [So called from its cry.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The agile, or silvery, gibbon; -- called also camper. See Gibbon. [Written also wow-wow.] WOVE Wove, Defn: p. pr. & rare vb. n. of Weave. WOVEN Wov"en, Defn: p. p. of Weave. Woven paper, or Wove paper, writing paper having an even, uniform surface, without watermarks. WOWE Wowe, v. t. & i. Defn: To woo. [Obs.] Chaucer. WOWF Wowf, a. Defn: Disordered or unsettled in intellect; deranged. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. WOWKE Wowke, n. Defn: Week. [Obs.] Chaucer. WOW-WOW Wow"-wow", n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wou-wou. WOX Wox, obs. Defn: imp. of Wax. Gower. WOXEN Wox"en, obs. Defn: p. p. of Wax. Chaucer. WRACK Wrack, n. Defn: A thin, flying cloud; a rack. WRACK Wrack, v. t. Defn: To rack; to torment. [R.] WRACK Wrack, n. Etym: [OE. wrak wreck. See Wreck.] 1. Wreck; ruin; destruction. [Obs.] Chaucer. "A world devote to universal wrack." Milton. wrack and ruin 2. Any marine vegetation cast up on the shore, especially plants of the genera Fucus, Laminaria, and Zostera, which are most abundant on northern shores. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Coarse seaweed of any kind. Wrack grass, or Grass wrack (Bot.), eelgrass. WRACK Wrack, v. t. Defn: To wreck. [Obs.] Dryden. WRACKFUL Wrack"ful, a. Defn: Ruinous; destructive. [Obs.] WRAIN-BOLT Wrain"-bolt`, n. Defn: Same as Wringbolt. WRAITH Wraith, n. Etym: [Scot. wraith, warth; probably originally, a guardian angel, from Icel. vörthr a warden, guardian, akin to E. ward. See Ward a guard.] 1. An apparition of a person in his exact likeness, seen before death, or a little after; hence, an apparition; a specter; a vision; an unreal image. [Scot.] She was uncertain if it were the gypsy or her wraith. Sir W. Scott. O, hollow wraith of dying fame. Tennyson. 2. Sometimes, improperly, a spirit thought to preside over the waters; -- called also water wraith. M. G. Lewis. WRANGLE Wran"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wrangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Wrangling.] Etym: [OE. wranglen to wrestle. See Wrong, Wring.] 1. To argue; to debate; to dispute. [Obs.] 2. To dispute angrily; to quarrel peevishly and noisily; to brawl; to altercate. "In spite of occasional wranglings." Macaulay. For a score of kingdoms you should wrangle. Shak. He did not know what it was to wrangle on indifferent points. Addison. WRANGLE Wran"gle, v. t. Defn: To involve in a quarrel or dispute; to embroil. [R.] Bp. Sanderson. WRANGLE Wran"gle, n. Defn: An angry dispute; a noisy quarrel; a squabble; an altercation. Syn. -- Altercation; bickering; brawl; jar; jangle; contest; controversy. See Altercation. WRANGLER Wran"gler, n. 1. An angry disputant; one who disputes with heat or peevishness. "Noisy and contentious wranglers." I. Watts. 2. One of those who stand in the first rank of honors in the University of Cambridge, England. They are called, according to their rank, senior wrangler, second wrangler, third wrangler, etc. Cf. Optime. WRANGLERSHIP Wran"gler*ship, n. Defn: The honor or position of being a wrangler at the University of Cambridge, England. WRANGLESOME Wran"gle*some, a. Defn: Contentious; quarrelsome. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. WRANNOCK; WRANNY Wran"nock, Wran"ny, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common wren. [Prov. Eng.] WRAP Wrap, v. t. Etym: [A corrupt spelling of rap.] Defn: To snatch up; transport; -- chiefly used in the p. p. wrapt. Lo! where the stripling, wrapt in wonder, roves. Beattie. WRAP Wrap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrapped or Wrapt; p. pr. & vb. n. Wrapping.] Etym: [OE. wrappen, probably akin to E. warp. *144. Cf. Warp.] 1. To wind or fold together; to arrange in folds. Then cometh Simon Peter, . . . and seeth . . . the napkin that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself. John xx. 6, 7. Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams. Bryant. 2. To cover by winding or folding; to envelop completely; to involve; to infold; -- often with up. I . . . wrapt in mist Of midnight vapor, glide obscure. Milton. 3. To conceal by enveloping or infolding; to hide; hence, to involve, as an effect or consequence; to be followed by. Wise poets that wrap truth in tales. Carew. To be wrapped up in, to be wholly engrossed in; to be entirely dependent on; to be covered with. Leontine's young wife, in whom all his happiness was wrapped up, died in a few days after the death of her daughter. Addison. Things reflected on in gross and transiently . . . are thought to be wrapped up in impenetrable obscurity. Locke. WRAP Wrap, n. Defn: A wrapper; -- often used in the plural for blankets, furs, shawls, etc., used in riding or traveling. WRAPPAGE Wrap"page (; 48), n. 1. The act of wrapping. 2. That which wraps; envelope; covering. WRAPPER Wrap"per, n. 1. One who, or that which, wraps. 2. That in which anything is wrapped, or inclosed; envelope; covering. 3. Specifically, a loose outer garment; an article of dress intended to be wrapped round the person; as, a morning wrapper; a gentleman's wrapper. WRAPRASCAL Wrap"ras`cal, n. Defn: A kind of coarse upper coat, or overcoat, formerly worn. WRASSE Wrasse, n. Etym: [W. gwrachen.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous edible, marine, spiny-finned fishes of the genus Labrus, of which several species are found in the Mediterranean and on the Atlantic coast of Europe. Many of the species are bright- colored. Note: Among the European species are the ballan wrasse (Labrus maculatus), the streaked wrasse (L. lineatus), the red wrasse (L. mixtus), the comber wrasse (L. comber), the blue-striped, or cook, wrasse (see Peacock fish, under Peacock), the rainbow wrasse (L. vulgaris), and the seawife. WRASTLE Wras"tle, v. i. Etym: [OE. wrastlen. See Wrestle.] Defn: To wrestle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Who wrastleth best naked, with oil enoint. Chaucer. WRATH Wrath, n. Etym: [OE. wrathe, wraÞ\'ede, wrethe, wræ\'ebthe, AS. wræ\'ebtho, fr. wra\'eb wroth; akin to Icel. reithi wrath. See Wroth, a.] 1. Violent anger; vehement exasperation; indignation; rage; fury; ire. Wrath is a fire, and jealousy a weed. Spenser. When the wrath of king Ahasuerus was appeased. Esther ii. 1. Now smoking and frothing Its tumult and wrath in. Southey. 2. The effects of anger or indignation; the just punishment of an offense or a crime. "A revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil." Rom. xiii. 4. Syn. -- Anger; fury; rage; ire; vengeance; indignation; resentment; passion. See Anger. WRATH Wrath, a. Defn: See Wroth. [Obs.] WRATH Wrath, v. t. Defn: To anger; to enrage; -- also used impersonally. [Obs.] "I will not wrathen him." Chaucer. If him wratheth, be ywar and his way shun. Piers Plowman. WRATHFUL Wrath"ful, a. 1. Full of wrath; very angry; greatly incensed; ireful; passionate; as, a wrathful man. 2. Springing from, or expressing, wrath; as, a wrathful countenance. "Wrathful passions." Sprat. Syn. -- Furious; raging; indignant; resentful. -- Wrath"ful*ly, adv. -- Wrath"ful*ness, n. WRATHILY Wrath"i*ly, adv. Defn: In a wrathy manner; very angrily; wrathfully. [Colloq.] WRATHLESS Wrath"less, a. Defn: Free from anger or wrath. Waller. WRATHY Wrath"y, a. Defn: Very angry. [Colloq.] WRAW Wraw, a. Etym: [Cf. dial. Sw. vrå willful, disobedient.] Defn: Angry; vexed; wrathful. [Obs.] With this speech the cock wex wroth and wraw. Chaucer. WRAWFUL Wraw"ful, a. Defn: Ill-tempered. [Obs.] Chaucer. WRAWL Wrawl, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Dan. vraale, Sw. vråla to brawl, to roar, Dan. vraal a bawling, roaring, vræle to cry, weep, whine.] Defn: To cry, as a cat; to waul. [Obs.] Spenser. WRAWNESS Wraw"ness, n. Defn: Peevishness; ill temper; anger. [Obs.] Chaucer. WRAY Wray, v. t. Etym: [AS. wr to accuse. See Bewray.] Defn: To reveal; to disclose. [Obs.] To no wight thou shalt this counsel wray. Chaucer. WREAK Wreak, v. i. Defn: To reck; to care. [Obs.] Shak. WREAK Wreak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wreaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Wreaking.] Etym: [OE. wrek to revenge, punish, drive out, AS. wrecan; akin to OFries. wreka, OS. wrekan to punish, D. wreken to avenge, G. rächen, OHG. rehhan, Icel. reka to drive, to take vengeance, Goth. wrikan to persecute, Lith. vargas distress, vargti to suffer distress, L. urgere to drive, urge, Gr. Urge, Wreck, Wretch.] 1. To revenge; to avenge. [Archaic] He should wreake him on his foes. Chaucer. Another's wrongs to wreak upon thyself. Spenser. Come wreak his loss, whom bootless ye complain. Fairfax. 2. To execute in vengeance or passion; to inflict; to hurl or drive; as, to wreak vengeance on an enemy. On me let Death wreak all his rage. Milton. Now was the time to be avenged on his old enemy, to wreak a grudge of seventeen years. Macaulay. But gather all thy powers, And wreak them on the verse that thou dost weave. Bryant. WREAK Wreak, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. wræc exile, persecution, misery. See Wreak, v. t.] Defn: Revenge; vengeance; furious passion; resentment. [Obs.] Shak. Spenser. WREAKEN Wreak"en, obs. Defn: p. p. of Wreak. Chaucer. WREAKER Wreak"er, n. Etym: [See Wreak.] Defn: Avenger. [Obs.] The stork, the wrekere of avouterye [adultery]. Chaucer. WREAKFUL Wreak"ful, a. Defn: Revengeful; angry; furious. [Obs.] -- Wreak"ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] WREAKLESS Wreak"less, a. Defn: Unrevengeful; weak. [Obs.] WREATH Wreath, n.; pl. Wreaths. Etym: [OE. wrethe, AS. wræedh a twisted band, fr. wriedhan to twist. See Writhe.] 1. Something twisted, intertwined, or curled; as, a wreath of smoke; a wreath of flowers. "A wrethe of gold." Chaucer. [He] of his tortuous train Curled many a wanton wreath. Milton. 2. A garland; a chaplet, esp. one given to a victor. Conquest doth grant He dear wreath to the Grecian combatant. Chapman. Far back in the ages, The plow with wreaths was crowned. Bryant. 3. (Her.) Defn: An appendage to the shield, placed above it, and supporting the crest (see Illust. of Crest). It generally represents a twist of two cords of silk, one tinctured like the principal metal, the other like the principal color in the arms. WREATHE Wreathe, v. t. [imp. Wreathed; p. p. Wreathed; Archaic Wreathen; p. pr. & vb. n. Wreathing.] Etym: [See Wreath, n.] [Written also wreath.] 1. To cause to revolve or writhe; to twist about; to turn. [Obs.] And from so heavy sight his head did wreathe. Spenser. 2. To twist; to convolve; to wind one about another; to entwine. The nods and smiles of recognition into which this singular physiognomy was wreathed. Sir W. Scott. From his slack hand the garland wreathed for Eve Down dropped. Milton. 3. To surround with anything twisted or convolved; to encircle; to infold. Each wreathed in the other's arms. Shak. Dusk faces with withe silken turbants wreathed. Milton. And with thy winding ivy wreathes her lance. Dryden. 4. To twine or twist about; to surround; to encircle. In the flowers that wreathe the sparkling bowl, Fell adders hiss. Prior. WREATHE Wreathe, v. i. Defn: To be intewoven or entwined; to twine together; as, a bower of wreathing trees. Dryden. WREATHEN Wreath"en, a. Defn: Twisted; made into a wreath. "Wreathen work of pure gold." Ex. xxviii. 22. WREATHLESS Wreath"less, a. Defn: Destitute of a wreath. WREATH-SHELL Wreath"-shell`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A marine shell of the genus Turbo. See Turbo. WREATHY Wreath"y, a. Defn: Wreathed; twisted; curled; spiral; also, full of wreaths. "Wreathy spires, and cochleary turnings about." Sir T. Browne. WRECCHE Wrec"che, n. Defn: A wretch. [Obs.] WRECCHE Wrec"che, a. Defn: Wretched. [Obs.] Chaucer. WRECHE Wreche, n. Defn: Wreak. [Obs.] Chaucer. WRECK Wreck, v. t. & n. Defn: See 2d & 3d Wreak. WRECK Wreck, n. Etym: [OE. wrak, AS. wræc exile, persecution, misery, from wrecan to drive out, punish; akin to D. wrak, adj., damaged, brittle, n., a wreck, wraken to reject, throw off, Icel. rek a thing drifted ashore, Sw. vrak refuse, a wreck, Dan. vrag. See Wreak, v. t., and cf. Wrack a marine plant.] [Written also wrack.] 1. The destruction or injury of a vessel by being cast on shore, or on rocks, or by being disabled or sunk by the force of winds or waves; shipwreck. Hard and obstinate As is a rock amidst the raging floods, 'Gainst which a ship, of succor desolate, Doth suffer wreck, both of herself and goods. Spenser. 2. Destruction or injury of anything, especially by violence; ruin; as, the wreck of a railroad train. The wreck of matter and the crush of worlds. Addison. Its intellectual life was thus able to go on amidst the wreck of its political life. J. R. Green. 3. The ruins of a ship stranded; a ship dashed against rocks or land, and broken, or otherwise rendered useless, by violence and fracture; as, they burned the wreck. 4. The remain of anything ruined or fatally injured. To the fair haven of my native home, The wreck of what I was, fatigued I come. Cowper. 5. (Law) Defn: Goods, etc., which, after a shipwreck, are cast upon the land by the sea. Bouvier. WRECK Wreck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrecked; p. pr. & vb. n. Wrecking.] 1. To destroy, disable, or seriously damage, as a vessel, by driving it against the shore or on rocks, by causing it to become unseaworthy, to founder, or the like; to shipwreck. Supposing that they saw the king's ship wrecked. Shak. 2. To bring wreck or ruin upon by any kind of violence; to destroy, as a railroad train. 3. To involve in a wreck; hence, to cause to suffer ruin; to balk of success, and bring disaster on. Weak and envied, if they should conspire, They wreck themselves. Daniel. WRECK Wreck, v. i. 1. To suffer wreck or ruin. Milton. 2. To work upon a wreck, as in saving property or lives, or in plundering. WRECKAGE Wreck"age (; 48), n. 1. The act of wrecking, or state of being wrecked. 2. That which has been wrecked; remains of a wreck. WRECKER Wreck"er, n. 1. One who causes a wreck, as by false lights, and the like. 2. One who searches fro, or works upon, the wrecks of vessels, etc. Specifically: (a) One who visits a wreck for the purpose of plunder. (b) One who is employed in saving property or lives from a wrecked vessel, or in saving the vessel; as, the wreckers of Key West. 3. A vessel employed by wreckers. WRECKFISH Wreck"fish`, n. Etym: [So called because it often comes in with wreckage.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A stone bass. WRECKFUL Wreck"ful, a. Defn: Causing wreck; involving ruin; destructive. "By wreckful wind." Spenser. WRECKING Wreck"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Wreck, v. Wrecking car (Railway), a car fitted up with apparatus and implements for removing the wreck occasioned by an accident, as by a collision. -- Wrecking pump, a pump especially adapted for pumping water from the hull of a wrecked vessel. WRECK-MASTER Wreck"-mas`ter, n. Defn: A person appointed by law to take charge of goods, etc., thrown on shore after a shipwreck. WREKE; WREEKE Wreke, Wreeke, v. t. Defn: See 2d Wreak. [Obs.] WREN Wren, n. Etym: [OE. wrenne, AS. wrenna, wrænna, perhaps akin to wr lascivious.] 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small singing birds belonging to Troglodytes and numerous allied of the family Troglodytidæ. Note: Among the species best known are the house wren (Troglodytes aëdon) common in both Europe and America, and the American winter wren (T. hiemalis). See also Cactus wren, Marsh wren, and Rock wren, under Cactus, Marsh, and Rock. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of small singing birds more or less resembling the true wrens in size and habits. Note: Among these are several species of European warblers; as, the reed wren (see Reed warbler (a), under Reed), the sedge wren (see Sedge warbler, under Sedge), the willow wren (see Willow warbler, under Willow), the golden-crested wren, and the ruby-crowned wren (see Kinglet). Ant wren, any one of numerous South American birds of the family Formicaridæ, allied to the ant thrushes. -- Blue wren, a small Australian singing bird (Malurus cyaneus), the male of which in the breeding season is bright blue. Called also superb warbler. -- Emu wren. See in the Vocabulary. -- Wren babbler, any one of numerous species of small timaline birds belonging to Alcippe, Stachyris, Timalia, and several allied genera. These birds are common in Southern Asia and the East Indies. -- Wren tit. See Ground wren, under Ground. -- Wren warbler, any one of several species of small Asiatic and African singing birds belonging to Prinia and allied genera. These birds are closely allied to the tailor birds, and build their nests in a similar manner. See also Pincpinc. WRENCH Wrench, n. Etym: [OE. wrench deceit, AS. wrenc deceit, a twisting; akin to G. rank intrigue, crookedness, renken to bend, twist, and E. wring. Wring, and cf. Ranch, v. t.] 1. Trick; deceit; fraud; stratagem. [Obs.] His wily wrenches thou ne mayst not flee. Chaucer. 2. A violent twist, or a pull with twisting. He wringeth them such a wrench. Skelton. The injurious effect upon biographic literature of all such wrenches to the truth, is diffused everywhere. De Quincey. 3. A sprain; an injury by twisting, as in a joint. 4. Means; contrivance. [Obs.] Bacon. 5. An instrument, often a simple bar or lever with jaws or an angular orifice either at the end or between the ends, for exerting a twisting strain, as in turning bolts, nuts, screw taps, etc.; a screw key. Many wrenches have adjustable jaws for grasping nuts, etc., of different sizes. 6. (Mech.) Defn: The system made up of a force and a couple of forces in a plane perpendicular to that force. Any number of forces acting at any points upon a rigid body may be compounded so as to be equivalent to a wrench. Carriage wrench, a wrench adapted for removing or tightening the nuts that confine the wheels on the axles, or for turning the other nuts or bolts of a carriage or wagon. -- Monkey wrench. See under Monkey. -- Wrench hammer, a wrench with the end shaped so as to admit of being used as a hammer. WRENCH Wrench, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrenched; p. pr. & vb. n. Wrenching.] Etym: [OE. wrenchen, AS. wrencan to deceive, properly, to twist, from wrenc guile, deceit, a twisting. Wrench, n.] 1. To pull with a twist; to wrest, twist, or force by violence. Wrench his sword from him. Shak. Forthwith this frame of mine was wrenched With a woeful agony. Coleridge. 2. To strain; to sprain; hence, to distort; to pervert. You wrenched your foot against a stone. Swift. WREST Wrest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrested; p. pr. & vb. n. Wresting.] Etym: [OE. wresten, AS. wr; akin to wr a twisted band, and wri to twist. See Writhe.] 1. To turn; to twist; esp., to twist or extort by violence; to pull of force away by, or as if by, violent wringing or twisting. "The secret wrested from me." Milton. Our country's cause, That drew our swords, now secret wrests them from our hand. Addison. They instantly wrested the government out of the hands of Hastings. Macaulay. 2. To turn from truth; to twist from its natural or proper use or meaning by violence; to pervert; to distort. Wrest once the law to your authority. Shak. Thou shalt not wrest the judgment of thy poor. Ex. xxiii. 6. Their arts of wresting, corrupting, and false interpreting the holy text. South. 3. To tune with a wrest, or key. [Obs.] WREST Wrest, n. 1. The act of wresting; a wrench; a violent twist; hence, distortion; perversion. Hooker. 2. Active or moving power. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. A key to tune a stringed instrument of music. The minstrel . . . wore round his neck a silver chain, by which hung the wrest, or key, with which he tuned his harp. Sir W. Scott. 4. A partition in a water wheel, by which the form of the buckets is determined. Wrest pin (Piano Manuf.), one of the pins around which the ends of the wires are wound in a piano. Knight. -- Wrest plank (Piano Manuf.), the part in which the wrest pins are inserted. WRESTER Wrest"er, n. Defn: One who wrests. WRESTLE Wres"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wrestled; p. pr. & vb. n. Wrestling.] Etym: [OE. wrestlen, wrastlen, AS. wr, freq. of wr to wrest; akin to OD. wrastelen to wrestle. See Wrest, v. t.] 1. To contend, by grappling with, and striving to trip or throw down, an opponent; as, they wrestled skillfully. To-morrow, sir, I wrestle for my credit, and he that escapes me without some broken limb shall acquit him well. Shak. Another, by a fall in wrestling, started the end of the clavicle from the sternum. Wiseman. 2. Hence, to struggle; to strive earnestly; to contend. Come, wrestle with thy affections. Shak. We wrestle not against flesh and blood. Eph. vi. 12. Difficulties with which he had himself wrestled. M. Arnold. WRESTLE Wres"tle, v. t. Defn: To wrestle with; to seek to throw down as in wrestling. WRESTLE Wres"tle, n. Defn: A struggle between two persons to see which will throw the other down; a bout at wrestling; a wrestling match; a struggle. Whom in a wrestle the giant catching aloft, with a terrible hug broke three of his ribs. Milton. WRESTLER Wres"tler, n. Etym: [AS. wræstlere.] Defn: One who wrestles; one who is skillful in wrestling. WRESTLING Wres"tling, n. Defn: Act of one who wrestles; specif., the sport consisting of the hand-to-hand combat between two unarmed contestants who seek to throw each other. The various styles of wrestling differ in their definition of a fall and in the governing rules. In Greco-Roman wrestling, tripping and taking hold of the legs are forbidden, and a fall is gained (that is, the bout is won), by the contestant who pins both his opponent's shoulders to the ground. In catch-as-catch-can wrestling, all holds are permitted except such as may be barred by mutual consent, and a fall is defined as in Greco-Roman style. Lancashire style wrestling is essentially the same as catch-as-catch- can. In Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling the contestants stand chest to chest, grasping each other around the body. The one first losing his hold, or touching the ground with any part of his body except his feet, loses the bout. If both fall to the ground at the same time, it is a dogfall, and must be wrestled over. In the Cornwall and Devon wrestling, the wrestlers complete in strong loose linen jackets, catching hold of the jacket, or anywhere above the waist. Two shoulders and one hip, or two hips and one shoulder, must touch the ground to constitute a fall, and if a man is thrown otherwise than on his back the contestants get upon their feet and the bout recommences. WRETCH Wretch, n. Etym: [OE. wrecche, AS. wrecca, wræcca, an exile, a wretch, fr. wrecan to drive out, punish; properly, an exile, one driven out, akin to AS. wræc an exile, OS. wrekkio a stranger, OHG. reccheo an exile. See Wreak, v. t.] 1. A miserable person; one profoundly unhappy. "The wretch that lies in woe." Shak. Hovered thy spirit o'er thy sorrowing son, Wretch even then, life's journey just begun Cowper. 2. One sunk in vice or degradation; a base, despicable person; a vile knave; as, a profligate wretch. Note: Wretch is sometimes used by way of slight or ironical pity or contempt, and sometimes to express tenderness; as we say, poor thing. "Poor wretch was never frighted so." Drayton. WRETCHED Wretch"ed, a. 1. Very miserable; sunk in, or accompanied by, deep affliction or distress, as from want, anxiety, or grief; calamitous; woeful; very afflicting. "To what wretched state reserved!" Milton. O cruel! Death! to those you are more kind Than to the wretched mortals left behind. Waller. The wretched refuse of your teeming shore . . . 2. Worthless; paltry; very poor or mean; miserable; as, a wretched poem; a wretched cabin. 3. Hatefully contemptible; despicable; wicked. [Obs.] "Wretched ungratefulness." Sir P. Sidney. Nero reigned after this Claudius, of all men wretchedest, ready to all manner [of] vices. Capgrave. WRETCHEDLY Wretch"ed*ly, adv. Defn: In a wretched manner; miserably; despicable. WRETCHEDNESS Wretch"ed*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being wretched; utter misery. Sir W. Raleigh. 2. A wretched object; anything despicably. [Obs.] Eat worms and such wretchedness. Chaucer. WRETCHFUL Wretch"ful, a. Defn: Wretched. [Obs.] Wyclif. WRETCHLESS Wretch"less, a. Etym: [See Reckless.] Defn: Reckless; hence, disregarded. [Obs.] -- Wretch"less*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Wretch"less*ness, n. [Obs.] Bk. of Com. Prayer. Your deaf ears should listen Unto the wretchless clamors of the poor. J. Webster. WREY Wrey, v. t. Defn: See Wray. [Obs.] Chaucer. WRIE Wrie, a. & v. Defn: See Wry. [Obs.] Chaucer. WRIG Wrig, v. i. Defn: To wriggle. [Obs.] Skelton. WRIGGLE Wrig"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wriggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Wriggling.] Etym: [Freq. of wrig, probably from OE. wrikken to move to and fro; cf. LG. wriggeln, D. wrikken, Sw. vricka, Dan. vrikke.] Defn: To move the body to and fro with short, writhing motions, like a worm; to squirm; to twist uneasily or quickly about. Both he and successors would often wriggle in their seats, as long as the cushion lasted. Swift. WRIGGLE Wrig"gle, v. t. Defn: To move with short, quick contortions; to move by twisting and squirming; like a worm. Covetousness will wriggle itself out at a small hole. Fuller. Wriggling his body to recover His seat, and cast his right leg over. Hudibras. WRIGGLE Wrig"gle, a. Defn: Wriggling; frisky; pliant; flexible. [Obs.] "Their wriggle tails." Spenser. WRIGGLER Wrig"gler, n. Defn: One who, or that which, wriggles. Cowper. WRIGHT Wright, n. Etym: [OE. wrighte, writhe, AS. wyrtha, fr. wyrcean to work. sq. root145. See Work.] Defn: One who is engaged in a mechanical or manufacturing business; an artificer; a workman; a manufacturer; a mechanic; esp., a worker in wood; -- now chiefly used in compounds, as in millwright, wheelwright, etc. He was a well good wright, a carpenter. Chaucer. WRIGHTINE Wright"ine, n. (Chem.) Defn: A rare alkaloid found in the bark of an East Indian apocynaceous tree (Wrightia antidysenterica), and extracted as a bitter white crystalline substance. It was formerly used as a remedy for diarrhoea. Called also conessine, and neriine. WRING Wring, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrung, Obs. Wringed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Wringing.] Etym: [OE. wringen, AS. wringan; akin to LG. & D. wringen, OHG. ringan to struggle, G. ringen, Sw. vränga to distort, Dan. vringle to twist. Cf. Wrangle, Wrench, Wrong.] 1. To twist and compress; to turn and strain with violence; to writhe; to squeeze hard; to pinch; as, to wring clothes in washing. "Earnestly wringing Waverley's hand." Sir W. Scott. "Wring him by the nose." Shak. [His steed] so sweat that men might him wring. Chaucer. The king began to find where his shoe did wring him. Bacon. The priest shall bring it [a dove] unto the altar, and wring off his head. Lev. i. 15. 2. Hence, to pain; to distress; to torment; to torture. Too much grieved and wrung by an uneasy and strait fortune. Clarendon. Didst thou taste but half the griefs That wring my soul, thou couldst not talk thus coldly. Addison. 3. To distort; to pervert; to wrest. How dare men thus wring the Scriptures Whitgift. 4. To extract or obtain by twisting and compressing; to squeeze or press (out); hence, to extort; to draw forth by violence, or against resistance or repugnance; -- usually with out or form. Your overkindness doth wring tears from me. Shak. He rose up early on the morrow, and thrust the fleece together, and wringed the dew out of the fleece. Judg. vi. 38. 5. To subject to extortion; to afflict, or oppress, in order to enforce compliance. To wring the widow from her 'customed right. Shak. The merchant adventures have been often wronged and wringed to the quick. Hayward. 6. (Naut.) Defn: To bend or strain out of its position; as, to wring a mast. WRING Wring, v. i. Defn: To writhe; to twist, as with anguish. 'T is all men's office to speak patience To those that wring under the load of sorrow. Shak. Look where the sister of the king of France Sits wringing of her hands, and beats her breast. Marlowe. WRING Wring, n. Defn: A writhing, as in anguish; a twisting; a griping. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. WRINGBOLT Wring"bolt`, n. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A bolt used by shipwrights, to bend and secure the planks against the timbers till they are fastened by bolts, spikes, or treenails; -- not to be confounded with ringbolt. WRINGER Wring"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, wrings; hence, an extortioner. 2. A machine for pressing water out of anything, particularly from clothes after they have been washed. WRINGING Wring"ing, Defn: a. & n. from Wring, v. Wringing machine, a wringer. See Wringer, 2. WRINGSTAFF Wring"staff`, n.; pl. Wringstaves (. (Shipbuilding) Defn: A strong piece of plank used in applying wringbolts. WRINKLE Wrin"kle, n. Defn: A winkle. [Local, U.S.] WRINKLE Wrin"kle, n. Etym: [OE. wrinkil, AS. wrincle; akin to OD. wrinckel, and prob. to Dan. rynke, Sw. rynka, Icel. hrukka, OHG. runza, G. runzel, L. ruga. 1. A small ridge, prominence, or furrow formed by the shrinking or contraction of any smooth substance; a corrugation; a crease; a slight fold; as, wrinkle in the skin; a wrinkle in cloth. "The wrinkles in my brows." Shak. Within I do not find wrinkles and used heart, but unspent youth. Emerson. 2. hence, any roughness; unevenness. Not the least wrinkle to deform the sky. Dryden. 3. Etym: [Perhaps a different word, and a dim. AS. wrenc a twisting, deceit. Cf. Wrench, n.] Defn: A notion or fancy; a whim; as, to have a new wrinkle. [Colloq.] WRINKLE Wrin"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrinkled; p. pr. & vb. n. Wrinkling.] 1. To contract into furrows and prominences; to make a wrinkle or wrinkles in; to corrugate; as, wrinkle the skin or the brow. "Sport that wrinkled Care derides." Milton. Her wrinkled form in black and white arrayed. Pope. 2. Hence, to make rough or uneven in any way. A keen north wind that, blowing dry, Wrinkled the face of deluge, as decayed. Milton. Then danced we on the wrinkled sand. Bryant. To wrinkle at, to sneer at. [Obs.] Marston. WRINKLE Wrin"kle, v. i. Defn: To shrink into furrows and ridges. WRINKLY Wrin"kly, a. Defn: Full of wrinkles; having a tendency to be wrinkled; corrugated; puckered. G. Eliot. His old wrinkly face grew quite blown out at last. Carlyle. WRIST Wrist, n. Etym: [OE. wriste, wrist, AS. wrist; akin to OFries. wriust, LG. wrist, G. rist wrist, instep, Icel. rist instep, Dan. & Sw. vrist, and perhaps to E. writhe.] 1. (Anat.) Defn: The joint, or the region of the joint, between the hand and the arm; the carpus. See Carpus. He took me by the wrist, and held me hard. Shak. 2. (Mach.) Defn: A stud or pin which forms a journal; -- also called wrist pin. Bridle wrist, the wrist of the left hand, in which a horseman holds the bridle. -- Wrist clonus. Etym: [NL. clonus, fr. Gr. Clonic.] (Med.) A series of quickly alternating movements of flexion and extension of the wrist, produced in some cases of nervous disease by suddenly bending the hand back upon the forearm. -- Wrist drop (Med.), paralysis of the extensor muscles of the hand, affecting the hand so that when an attempt is made to hold it out in line with the forearm with the palm down, the hand drops. It is chiefly due to plumbism. Called also hand drop. -- Wrist plate (Steam Engine), a swinging plate bearing two or more wrists, for operating the valves. WRISTBAND Wrist"band, n. Defn: The band of the sleeve of a shirt, or other garment, which covers the wrist. WRISTER Wrist"er, n. Defn: A covering for the wrist. WRISTLET Wrist"let, n. Defn: An elastic band worn around the wrist, as for the purpose of securing the upper part of a glove. WRIT Writ, obs. Defn: 3d pers. sing. pres. of Write, for writeth. Chaucer. WRIT Writ, archaic Defn: imp. & p. p. of Write. Dryden. WRIT Writ, n. Etym: [AS. writ, gewrit. See Write.] 1. That which is written; writing; scripture; -- applied especially to the Scriptures, or the books of the Old and New testaments; as, sacred writ. "Though in Holy Writ not named." Milton. Then to his hands that writ he did betake, Which he disclosing read, thus as the paper spake. Spenser. Babylon, so much spoken of in Holy Writ. Knolles. 2. (Law) Defn: An instrument in writing, under seal, in an epistolary form, issued from the proper authority, commanding the performance or nonperformance of some act by the person to whom it is directed; as, a writ of entry, of error, of execution, of injunction, of mandamus, of return, of summons, and the like. Note: Writs are usually witnessed, or tested, in the name of the chief justice or principal judge of the court out of which they are issued; and those directed to a sheriff, or other ministerial officer, require him to return them on a day specified. In former English law and practice, writs in civil cases were either original or judicial; the former were issued out of the Court of Chancery, under the great seal, for the summoning of a defendant to appear, and were granted before the suit began and in order to begin the same; the latter were issued out of the court where the original was returned, after the suit was begun and during the pendency of it. Tomlins. Brande. Encyc. Brit. The term writ is supposed by Mr. Reeves to have been derived from the fact of these formulæ having always been expressed in writing, being, in this respect, distinguished from the other proceedings in the ancient action, which were conducted orally. Writ of account, Writ of capias, etc. See under Account, Capias, etc. -- Service of a writ. See under Service. WRITABILITY Writ`a*bil"i*ty, n. Defn: Ability or capacity to write. [R.] Walpole. WRITABLE Writ"a*ble, a. Defn: Capable of, or suitable for, being written down. WRITATIVE Writ"a*tive, a. Defn: Inclined to much writing; -- correlative to talkative. [R.] Pope. WRITE Write, v. t. [imp. Wrote; p. p. Written; Archaic imp. & p. p. Writ; p. pr. & vb. n. Writing.] Etym: [OE. writen, AS. writan; originally, to scratch, to score; akin to OS. writan to write, to tear, to wound, D. rijten to tear, to rend, G. reissen, OHG. rizan, Icel. rita to write, Goth. writs a stroke, dash, letter. Cf. Race tribe, lineage.] 1. To set down, as legible characters; to form the conveyance of meaning; to inscribe on any material by a suitable instrument; as, to write the characters called letters; to write figures. 2. To set down for reading; to express in legible or intelligible characters; to inscribe; as, to write a deed; to write a bill of divorcement; hence, specifically, to set down in an epistle; to communicate by letter. Last night she enjoined me to write some lines to one she loves. Shak. I chose to write the thing I durst not speak To her I loved. Prior. 3. Hence, to compose or produce, as an author. I purpose to write the history of England from the accession of King James the Second down to a time within the memory of men still living. Macaulay. 4. To impress durably; to imprint; to engrave; as, truth written on the heart. 5. To make known by writing; to record; to prove by one's own written testimony; -- often used reflexively. He who writes himself by his own inscription is like an ill painter, who, by writing on a shapeless picture which he hath drawn, is fain to tell passengers what shape it is, which else no man could imagine. Milton. To write to, to communicate by a written document to. -- Written laws, laws deriving their force from express legislative enactment, as contradistinguished from unwritten, or common, law. See the Note under Law, and Common law, under Common, a. WRITE Write, v. i. 1. To form characters, letters, or figures, as representative of sounds or ideas; to express words and sentences by written signs. Chaucer. So it stead you, I will write, Please you command. Shak. 2. To be regularly employed or occupied in writing, copying, or accounting; to act as clerk or amanuensis; as, he writes in one of the public offices. 3. To frame or combine ideas, and express them in written words; to play the author; to recite or relate in books; to compose. They can write up to the dignity and character of the authors. Felton. 4. To compose or send letters. He wrote for all the Jews that went out of his realm up into Jewry concerning their freedom. 1 Esdras iv. 49. WRITER Writ"er, n. Etym: [AS. writere.] 1. One who writes, or has written; a scribe; a clerk. They [came] that handle the pen of the writer. Judg. v. 14. My tongue is the pen of a ready writer. Ps. xlv. 1. 2. One who is engaged in literary composition as a profession; an author; as, a writer of novels. This pitch, as ancient writers do report, doth defile. Shak. 3. A clerk of a certain rank in the service of the late East India Company, who, after serving a certain number of years, became a factor. Writer of the tallies (Eng. Law), an officer of the exchequer of England, who acted as clerk to the auditor of the receipt, and wrote the accounts upon the tallies from the tellers' bills. The use of tallies in the exchequer has been abolished. Wharton (Law. Dict.) -- Writer's cramp, palsy, or spasm (Med.), a painful spasmodic affection of the muscles of the fingers, brought on by excessive use, as in writing, violin playing, telegraphing, etc. Called also scrivener's palsy. -- Writer to the signet. See under Signet. WRITERSHIP Writ"er*ship, n. Defn: The office of a writer. WRITHE Writhe, v. t. [imp. Writhed; p. p. Writhed, Obs. or Poetic Writhen (; p. pr. & vb. n. Writhing.] Etym: [OE. writhen, AS. wri to twist; akin to OHG. ridan, Icel. ri, Sw. vrida, Dan. vride. Cf. Wreathe, Wrest, Wroth.] 1. To twist; to turn; now, usually, to twist or turn so as to distort; to wring. "With writhing [turning] of a pin." Chaucer. Then Satan first knew pain, And writhed him to and fro. Milton. Her mouth she writhed, her forehead taught to frown. Dryden. His battle-writhen arms, and mighty hands. Tennyson. 2. To wrest; to distort; to pervert. The reason which he yieldeth showeth the least part of his meaning to be that whereunto his words are writhed. Hooker. 3. To extort; to wring; to wrest. [R.] The nobility hesitated not to follow the example of their sovereign in writhing money from them by every species of oppression. Sir W. Scott. WRITHE Writhe, v. i. Defn: To twist or contort the body; to be distorted; as, to writhe with agony. Also used figuratively. After every attempt, he felt that he had failed, and writhed with shame and vexation. Macaulay. WRITHEN Writh"en, a. Defn: Having a twisted distorted from. A writhen staff his step unstable guides. Fairfax. WRITHLE Wri"thle, v. t. Etym: [Freq. of writhe.] Defn: To wrinkle. [Obs.] Shak. WRITING Writ"ing, n. 1. The act or art of forming letters and characters on paper, wood, stone, or other material, for the purpose of recording the ideas which characters and words express, or of communicating them to others by visible signs. 2. Anything written or printed; anything expressed in characters or letters; as: (a) Any legal instrument, as a deed, a receipt, a bond, an agreement, or the like. (b) Any written composition; a pamphlet; a work; a literary production; a book; as, the writings of Addison. (c) An inscription. And Pilate wrote a title . . . And the writing was, Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews. John xix. 19. 3. Handwriting; chirography. Writing book, a book for practice in penmanship. -- Writing desk, a desk with a sloping top for writing upon; also, a case containing writing materials, and used in a similar manner. -- Writing lark (Zoöl.), the European yellow-hammer; -- so called from the curious irregular lines on its eggs. [Prov. Eng.] -- Writing machine. Same as Typewriter. -- Writing master, one who teaches the art of penmanship. -- Writing obligatory (Law), a bond. -- Writing paper, paper intended for writing upon with ink, usually finished with a smooth surface, and sized. -- Writing school, a school for instruction in penmanship. -- Writing table, a table fitted or used for writing upon. WRITTEN Writ"ten, Defn: p. p. of Write, v. WRIZZLE Wriz"zle, v. t. Defn: To wrinkle. [Obs.] Spenser. WROKEN Wro"ken, obs. Defn: p. p. of Wreak. Chaucer. WRONG Wrong, obs. Defn: imp. of Wring. Wrung. Chaucer. WRONG Wrong, a. Etym: [OE. wrong, wrang, a. & n., AS. wrang, n.; originally, awry, wrung, fr. wringan to wring; akin to D. wrang bitter, Dan. vrang wrong, Sw. vrång, Icel. rangr awry, wrong. See Wring.] 1. Twisted; wry; as, a wrong nose. [Obs.] Wyclif (Lev. xxi. 19). 2. Not according to the laws of good morals, whether divine or human; not suitable to the highest and best end; not morally right; deviating from rectitude or duty; not just or equitable; not true; not legal; as, a wrong practice; wrong ideas; wrong inclinations and desires. 3. Not fit or suitable to an end or object; not appropriate for an intended use; not according to rule; unsuitable; improper; incorrect; as, to hold a book with the wrong end uppermost; to take the wrong way. I have deceived you both; I have directed you to wrong places. Shak. 4. Not according to truth; not conforming to fact or intent; not right; mistaken; erroneous; as, a wrong statement. 5. Designed to be worn or placed inward; as, the wrong side of a garment or of a piece of cloth. Syn. -- Injurious; unjust; faulty; detrimental; incorrect; erroneous; unfit; unsuitable. WRONG Wrong, adv. Defn: In a wrong manner; not rightly; amiss; morally ill; erroneously; wrongly. Ten censure wrong for one that writes amiss. Pope. WRONG Wrong, n. Etym: [AS. wrang. See Wrong, a.] Defn: That which is not right. Specifically: (a) Nonconformity or disobedience to lawful authority, divine or human; deviation from duty; -- the opposite of moral Ant: right. When I had wrong and she the right. Chaucer. One spake much of right and wrong. Milton. (b) Deviation or departure from truth or fact; state of falsity; error; as, to be in the wrong. (c) Whatever deviates from moral rectitude; usually, an act that involves evil consequences, as one which inflicts injury on a person; any injury done to, or received from; another; a trespass; a violation of right. Friend, I do thee no wrong. Matt. xx. 18. As the king of England can do no wrong, so neither can he do right but in his courts and by his courts. Milton. The obligation to redress a wrong is at least as binding as that of paying a debt. E. Evereth. Note: Wrongs, legally, are private or public. Private wrongs are civil injuries, immediately affecting individuals; public wrongs are crimes and misdemeanors which affect the community. Blackstone. WRONG Wrong, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wronged; p. pr. & vb. n. Wronging.] 1. To treat with injustice; to deprive of some right, or to withhold some act of justice from; to do undeserved harm to; to deal unjustly with; to injure. He that sinneth . . . wrongeth his own soul. Prov. viii. 36. 2. To impute evil to unjustly; as, if you suppose me capable of a base act, you wrong me. I rather choose To wrong the dead, to wrong myself and you, Than I will wrong such honorable men. Shak. WRONGDOER Wrong"do`er, n. 1. One who injures another, or who does wrong. 2. (Law) Defn: One who commits a tort or trespass; a trespasser; a tort feasor. Ayliffe. WRONGDOING Wrong"do`ing, n. Defn: Evil or wicked behavior or action. WRONGER Wrong"er, n. Defn: One who wrongs or injures another. Shak. "Wrongers of the world." Tennyson. WRONGFUL Wrong"ful, a. Defn: Full of wrong; injurious; unjust; unfair; as, a wrongful taking of property; wrongful dealing. -- Wrong"ful*ly, adv. -- Wrong"ful*ness, n. WRONGHEAD Wrong"head`, n. Defn: A person of a perverse understanding or obstinate character. [R.] WRONGHEAD Wrong"head`, a. Defn: Wrongheaded. [R.] Pope. WRONGHEADED Wrong"head`ed, a. Defn: Wrong in opinion or principle; having a perverse understanding; perverse. -- Wrong"head`ed*ly, adv. -- Wrong"head`ed*ness, n. Macaulay. WRONGLESS Wrong"less, a. Defn: Not wrong; void or free from wrong. [Obs.] -- Wrong"less*ly, adv. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. WRONGLY Wrong"ly, adv. Defn: In a wrong manner; unjustly; erroneously; wrong; amiss; as, he judges wrongly of my motives. "And yet wouldst wrongly win." Shak. WRONGNESS Wrong"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being wrong; wrongfulness; error; fault. The best great wrongnesses within themselves. Bp. Butler. The rightness or wrongness of this view. Latham. WRONGOUS Wron"gous, a. Etym: [Cf. OE. wrongwis. See Wrong, and cf. Righteous.] 1. Constituting, or of the nature of, a wrong; unjust; wrongful. [R.] 2. (Scots Law) Defn: Not right; illegal; as, wrongous imprisonment. Craig. WRONG-TIMED Wrong"-timed`, a. Defn: Done at an improper time; ill-timed. WROOT Wroot, obs. Defn: imp. of Write. Wrote. Chaucer. WROTE Wrote, v. i. Etym: [OE. wroten. See 1st Root.] Defn: To root with the snout. See 1st Root. [Obs.] Chaucer. WROTE Wrote, Defn: imp. & archaic p. p. of Write. WROTH Wroth, a. Etym: [OE. wroth, wrap, AS. wraedh wroth, crooked, bad; akin to wriedhan to writhe, and to OS. wreedhangry, D. wreed cruel, OHG. reid twisted, Icel. reiedhr angry, Dan. & Sw. vred. See Writhe, and cf. Wrath.] Defn: Full of wrath; angry; incensed; much exasperated; wrathful. "Wroth to see his kingdom fail." Milton. Revel and truth as in a low degree, They be full wroth [i. e., at enmity] all day. Chaucer. Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell. Gen. iv. 5. WROUGHT Wrought, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Work. Alas that I was wrought [created]! Chaucer. WROUGHT Wrought, a. Defn: Worked; elaborated; not rough or crude. Wrought iron. See under Iron. WRUNG Wrung, Defn: imp. & p. p. of Wring. WRY Wry, v. t. Etym: [AS. wreón.] Defn: To cover. [Obs.] Wrie you in that mantle. Chaucer. WRY Wry, a. [Compar. Wrier; superl. Wriest.] Etym: [Akin to OE. wrien to twist, to bend, AS. wrigian to tend towards, to drive.] 1. Turned to one side; twisted; distorted; as, a wry mouth. 2. Hence, deviating from the right direction; misdirected; out of place; as, wry words. Not according to the wry rigor of our neighbors, who never take up an old idea without some extravagance in its application. Landor. 3. Wrested; perverted. He . . . puts a wry sense upon Protestant writers. Atterbury. Wry face, a distortion of the countenance indicating impatience, disgust, or discomfort; a grimace. WRY Wry, v. i. 1. To twist; to writhe; to bend or wind. 2. To deviate from the right way; to go away or astray; to turn side; to swerve. This Phebus gan awayward for to wryen. Chaucer. How many Must murder wives much better than themselves For wrying but a little! Shak. WRY Wry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wried; p. pr. & vb. n. Wrying.] Etym: [OE. wrien. See Wry, a.] Defn: To twist; to distort; to writhe; to wrest; to vex. Sir P. Sidney. Guests by hundreds, not one caring If the dear host's neck were wried. R. Browning. WRYBILL Wry"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Crookbill. WRYMOUTH Wry"mouth`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of large, elongated, marine fishes of the genus Cryptacanthodes, especially C. maculatus of the American coast. A whitish variety is called ghostfish. WRYNECK Wry"neck, n. (Med.) 1. A twisted or distorted neck; a deformity in which the neck is drawn to one side by a rigid contraction of one of the muscles of the neck; torticollis. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of Old World birds of the genus Jynx, allied to the woodpeckers; especially, the common European species (J. torguilla); -- so called from its habit of turning the neck around in different directions. Called also cuckoo's mate, snakebird, summer bird, tonguebird, and writheneck. WRYNECKED Wry"necked`, a. Defn: Having a distorted neck; having the deformity called wryneck. WRYNESS Wry"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being wry, or distorted. W. Montagu. WRYTHEN Wryth"en, obs. p. p. of Writhe. Defn: Writhen. WULFENITE Wul"fen*ite, n. Etym: [So named after F. X. Wulfen, an Australian mineralogist.] (Min.) Defn: Native lead molybdate occurring in tetragonal crystals, usually tabular, and of a bright orange-yellow to red, gray, or brown color; -- also called yellow lead ore. WULL Wull, v. t. & i. Defn: See 2d Will. Pour out to all that wull. Spenser. WUNG-OUT Wung"-out`, a. Defn: Having the sails set in the manner called wing-and-wing. [Sailors' slang] WURBAGOOL Wur"ba*gool, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A fruit bat (Pteropus medius) native of India. It is similar to the flying fox, but smaller. WURMAL Wur"mal, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Wormil. WURRALUH Wur"ra*luh, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The Australian white-quilled honey eater (Entomyza albipennis). WUST; WUSTE Wust, Wuste, obs. Defn: imp. of Wit. Piers Plowman. WYANDOTS Wy`an*dots", n. pl.; sing. Wyandot (. (Ethnol.) Defn: Same as Hurons. [Written also Wyandottes, and Yendots.] WYCH-ELM Wych"-elm`, n. Etym: [OE. wiche a kind of elm, AS. wice a kind of tree. Cf. Wicker.] (Bot.) Defn: A species of elm (Ulmus montana) found in Northern and Western Europe; Scotch elm. Note: By confusion this word is often written witch-elm. WYCH-HAZEL Wych"-ha`zel, n. (Bot.) Defn: The wych-elm; -- so called because its leaves are like those of the hazel. WYCLIFITE; WYCLIFFITE Wyc"lif*ite, Wyc"liff*ite, n. Defn: A follower of Wyclif, the English reformer; a Lollard. WYD Wyd, a. Defn: Wide. [Obs.] Chaucer. WYE Wye, n.; pl. Wyes (. 1. The letter Y. 2. A kind of crotch. See Y, n. (a). WYKE Wyke, n. Defn: Week. [Obs.] Chaucer. WYLA Wy"la, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A helmeted Australian cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus); -- called also funeral cockatoo. WYN; WYNN; WEN Wyn, Wynn, n. Also Wen. [AS. wen.] Defn: One of the runes adopted into the Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, alphabet. It had the value of modern English w, and was replaced from about a. d. 1280 at first by uu, later by w. X. WYND Wynd, n. Etym: [See Wind to turn.] Defn: A narrow lane or alley. [Scot.] Jamieson. The narrow wynds, or alleys, on each side of the street. Bryant. WYNKERNEL Wyn"ker*nel, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European moor hen. [Prov. Eng.] WYNN Wynn, n. Defn: A kind of timber truck, or carriage. WYPE Wype, n. Defn: The wipe, or lapwing. [Prov. Eng.] WYS Wys, a. Defn: Wise. [Obs.] Chaucer. WYTE; WYTEN Wyte, Wy"ten, obs. Defn: pl. pres. of Wit. WYTHE Wythe, n. (Naut.). Defn: Same as Withe, n., 4. WYVERN Wy"vern, n. (Her.) Defn: Same as Wiver. X X (eks). Defn: X, the twenty-fourth letter of the English alphabet, has three sounds; a compound nonvocal sound (that of ks), as in wax; a compound vocal sound (that of gz), as in example; and, at the beginning of a word, a simple vocal sound (that of z), as in xanthic. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 217, 270, 271. The form and value of X are from the Latin X, which is from the Greek X, which in some Greek alphabets had the value of ks, though in the one now in common use it represents an aspirated sound of k. XANTHAMIDE Xanth*am"ide, n. [Xanthic + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: An amido derivative of xanthic acid obtained as a white crystalline substance, C2H5O.CS.NH2; -- called also xanthogen amide. XANTHATE Xan"thate, n. [See Xanthic.] (Chem.) Defn: A salt of xanthic; a xanthogenate. XANTHELASMA Xan`the*las"ma, n. [NL.; Gr. xanqo`s yellow + 'e`lasma a metal plate.] (Med.) Defn: See Xanthoma. XANTHIAN Xan"thi*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Xanthus, an ancient town on Asia Minor; -- applied especially to certain marbles found near that place, and now in the British Museum. XANTHIC Xan"thic, a. [Gr. xanqo`s yellow: cf. F. xanthique.] 1. Tending toward a yellow color, or to one of those colors, green being excepted, in which yellow is a constituent, as scarlet, orange, etc. 2. (Chem.) (a) Possessing, imparting, or producing a yellow color; as, xanthic acid. (b) Of or pertaining to xanthic acid, or its compounds; xanthogenic. (c) Of or pertaining to xanthin. Xanthic acid (Chem.), a heavy, astringent, colorless oil, C2H5O.CS.SH, having a pungent odor. It is produced by leading carbon disulphide into a hot alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide. So called from the yellow color of many of its salts. Called also xanthogenic acid. -- Xanthic colors (Bot.), those colors (of flowers) having some tinge of yellow; -- opposed to cyanic colors. See under Cyanic. XANTHIDE Xan"thide, n. [See Xantho-.] (Chem.) Defn: A compound or derivative of xanthogen. [Archaic] XANTHIDIUM Xan*thid"i*um, n.; pl. Xanthidia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. xanqo`s yellow.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of minute unicellular algæ of the desmids. These algæ have a rounded shape and are armed with glochidiate or branched aculei. Several species occur in ditches, and others are found fossil in flint or hornstone. XANTHIN Xan"thin, n. [Gr. xanqo`s yellow.] 1. (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline nitrogenous body closely related to both uric acid and hypoxanthin, present in muscle tissue, and occasionally found in the urine and in some urinary calculi. It is also present in guano. So called from the yellow color of certain of its salts (nitrates). 2. (Chem.) A yellow insoluble coloring matter extracted from yellow flowers; specifically, the coloring matter of madder. [Formerly written also xanthein.] 3. (Chem.) One of the gaseous or volatile decomposition products of the xanthates, and probably identical with carbon disulphide. [Obs.] XANTHINE; XANTHIN Xan"thine, n. Also Xan"thin . [Gr. xanqo`s yellow.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A white microcrystalline nitrogenous compound, C5H4O2N4, present in muscle tissue, in the liver, spleen, pancreas, and other organs, and also in urine (in small quantities) and some urinary calculi, and in the juices of certain plants; -- so called because it leaves a yellow residue when evaporated to dryness with nitric acid. Xanthine is closely related to uric acid. XANTHININE Xan"thi*nine, n. [Gr. xanqo`s yellow + quinine.] (Chem.) Defn: A complex nitrogenous substance related to urea and uric acid, produced as a white powder; -- so called because it forms yellow salts, and because its solution forms a blue fluorescence like quinine. XANTHIUM Xan"thi*um, n. [NL., fr. Gr. xa`nqion a plant used for dyeing the hair yellow, said to be the Xanthium strumarium, from xanqo`s yellow.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of composite plants in which the scales of the involucre are united so as to form a kind of bur; cocklebur; clotbur. XANTHO- Xan"tho-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. xanqo`s yellow; as in xanthocobaltic salts. Used also adjectively in chemistry. XANTHOCARPOUS Xan`tho*car"pous, a. [Xantho-+ Gr. karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) Defn: Having yellow fruit. XANTHOCHROI Xan*thoch"ro*i, n. pl. [NL. See Xanthochroic.] (Ethnol.) Defn: A division of the Caucasian races, comprising the lighter- colored members. The Xanthochroi, or fair whites, . . . are the prevalent inhabitants of Northern Europe, and the type may be traced into North Africa, and eastward as far as Hindostan. Tylor. XANTHOCHROIC Xan`tho*chro"ic, a. [Xantho-+ Gr. chro`a color.] (Ethnol.) Defn: Having a yellowish or fair complexion; of or pertaining to the Xanthochroi. XANTHOCHROID Xan"tho*chroid, a. [See under Xanthrochroic, -oid.] (Ethnol.) Defn: Having a yellowish or fair complexion. -- n. Defn: A person having xanthochroid traits. XANTHOCHROISM Xan*thoch"ro*ism, n. Defn: Abnormal coloration of feathers in which yellow replaces the normal color, as in certain parrots. It is commonly due to lack of the dark pigment which with yellow forms green. XANTHODONTOUS Xan`tho*don"tous, a. [Xantho-+ Gr. 'odoy`s, 'odo`ntos, tooth.] Defn: Having yellow teeth. XANTHOGEN Xan"tho*gen, n. [Xantho- + -gen.] (Chem.) (a) The hypothetical radical supposed to be characteristic of xanthic acid. [Archaic] (b) Persulphocyanogen. [R.] XANTHOGENATE Xan"tho*gen*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of xanthic acid. XANTHOGENIC Xan`tho*gen"ic, a. [See Xantho-, and -gen.] (Chem.) Defn: Producing a yellow color or compound; xanthic. See Xanthic acid, under Xanthic. XANTHOMA Xan*tho"ma, n. [NL. See Xantho-, and -oma.] (Med.) Defn: A skin disease marked by the development or irregular yellowish patches upon the skin, especially upon the eyelids; -- called also xanthelasma. XANTHOMATOUS Xan*thom"a*tous, a. (Med.) Defn: Of or pertaining to xanthoma. XANTHOMELANOUS Xan`tho*mel"a*nous, a. [Pref. xantho- + Gr. , , black.] (Ethnol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the lighter division of the Melanochroi, or those races having an olive or yellow complexion and black hair. XANTHOPHANE Xan"tho*phane, n. [Xantho- + Gr. fai`nein to show.] (Physiol.) Defn: The yellow pigment present in the inner segments of the retina in animals. See Chromophane. XANTHOPHYLL Xan"tho*phyll, n. [Xantho- + Gr. fy`llon leaf.] (Bot.) Defn: A yellow coloring matter found in yellow autumn leaves, and also produced artificially from chlorophyll; -- formerly called also phylloxanthin. XANTHOPOUS Xan"tho*pous, a. [Xantho- + Gr. poy`s, podo`s, foot.] (Bot.) Defn: Having a yellow stipe, or stem. XANTHOPROTEIC Xan`tho*pro*te"ic, a. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, xanthoprotein; showing the characters of xanthoprotein; as, xanthoproteic acid; the xanthoproteic reaction for albumin. XANTHOPROTEIN Xan`tho*pro"te*in, n. [Xantho-+ protein.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A yellow acid substance formed by the action of hot nitric acid on albuminous or proteid matter. It is changed to a deep orange- yellow color by the addition of ammonia. XANTHOPUCCINE Xan`tho*puc"cine, n. [Xantho-+ puccoon + -ine.] (Chem.) Defn: One of three alkaloids found in the root of the yellow puccoon (Hydrastis Canadensis). It is a yellow crystalline substance, and resembles berberine. XANTHORHAMNIN Xan`tho*rham"nin, n. [Xantho-+ NL. Rhamnus, the generic name of the plant bearing Persian berries.] (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside extracted from Persian berries as a yellow crystalline powder, used as a dyestuff. XANTHORHIZA Xan`tho*rhi"za, n. [NL., fr. Gr. xanqo`s yellow + "ri`za root.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of shrubby ranunculaceous plants of North America, including only the species Xanthorhiza apiifolia, which has roots of a deep yellow color; yellowroot. The bark is intensely bitter, and is sometimes used as a tonic. XANTHORHOEA Xan`tho*rhoe"a, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. xanqo`s yellow + (Bot.) Defn: A genus of endogenous plants, native to Australia, having a thick, sometimes arborescent, stem, and long grasslike leaves. See Grass tree. XANTHOSE Xan"those, n. (Chem.) Defn: An orange-yellow substance found in pigment spots of certain crabs. XANTHOSIS Xan*tho"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. xanqo`s yellow.] (Med.) Defn: The yellow discoloration often observed in cancerous tumors. XANTHOSPERMOUS Xan`tho*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Xantho- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Having yellow seeds. XANTHOUS Xan"thous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Yellow; specifically (Ethnol.), of or pertaining to those races of man which have yellowish, red, auburn, or brown hair. XANTHOXYLENE Xan*thox"y*lene, n. Etym: [See Xanthoxylum.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon of the terpene series extracted from the seeds of a Japanese prickly ash (Xanthoxylum pipertium) as an aromatic oil. XANTHOXYLUM Xan*thox"y*lum, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. xanqo`s yellow + xy`lon wood.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of prickly shrubs or small trees, the bark and rots of which are of a deep yellow color; prickly ash. Note: The commonest species in the Northern United States is Xanthoxylum Americanum. See Prickly ash, under Prickly. XEBEC Xe"bec, n. Etym: [Sp. jabegue, formerly spelt xabeque, or Pg. xabeco; both from Turk. sumbeki a kind of Asiatic ship; cf. Per. sumbuk, Ar. sumb a small ship.] (Naut.) Defn: A small three-masted vessel, with projecting bow stern and convex decks, used in the Mediterranean for transporting merchandise, etc. It carries large square sails, or both. Xebecs were formerly armed and used by corsairs. XEME Xeme (zem), n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Arctic fork-tailed gull (Xema Sabinii). XENELASIA Xen`e*la"si*a, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: A Spartan institution which prohibited strangers from residing in Sparta without permission, its object probably being to preserve the national simplicity of manners. XENIUM Xe"ni*um, n.; pl. Xenia. Etym: [L., from Gr. (Class. Antiq.) Defn: A present given to a guest or stranger, or to a foreign ambassador. XENODOCHIUM Xen`o*do*chi"um, n. Etym: [LL., fr. L. xenodochium a building for the reception of strangers, Gr. (a) (Class. Antiq.) Defn: A house for the reception of strangers. (b) In the Middle Ages, a room in a monastery for the reception and entertainment of strangers and pilgrims, and for the relief of paupers. [Called also Xenodocheion.] XENODOCHY Xe*nod"o*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Reception of strangers; hospitality. [R.] XENOGAMY Xe*nog"a*my, n. Etym: [Gr. xe`nos strange, foreign + (Bot.) Defn: Cross fertilization. XENOGENESIS Xen`o*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. xe`nos a stranger + E. genesis.] (Biol.) (a) Same as Heterogenesis. (b) The fancied production of an organism of one kind by an organism of another. Huxley. XENOGENETIC Xen`o*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to xenogenesis; as, the xenogenetic origin of microzymes. Huxley. XENOMANIA Xen`o*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Gr. xe`nos strange + E. mania.] Defn: A mania for, or an inordinate attachment to, foreign customs, institutions, manners, fashions, etc. [R.] Saintsbury. XENOMI Xen"o*mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. xe`nos strange.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of soft-rayed fresh-water fishes of which the blackfish of Alaska (Dallia pectoralis) is the type. XENON Xen"on, n. [Gr. , neut. of strange.] (Chem.) Defn: A very heavy, inert gaseous element occurring in the atmosphere in the proportion of one volume is about 20 millions. It was discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898. It can be condensed to a liquid boiling at -109º C., and to a solid which volatilizes without melting. Symbol Xe or X; atomic weight 130.2. XENOPTERYGII Xe*nop`te*ryg"i*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. xe`nos strange + (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of fishes including Gobiesox and allied genera. These fishes have soft-rayed fins, and a ventral sucker supported in front by the pectoral fins. They are destitute of scales. XENOTIME Xen"o*time, n. Etym: [Gr. xe`nos guest, stranger + xenotim.] (Min.) Defn: A native phosphate of yttrium occurring in yellowish-brown tetragonal crystals. XENURINE Xe*nu"rine, n. Etym: [Gr. xe`nos strange + (Zoöl.) Defn: A cabassou. XENYL Xen"yl, n. Etym: [Gr. xe`nos strange + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: The radical characteristic of xenylic compounds. XENYLIC Xe*nyl"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, designating, certain amido compounds obtained by reducing certain nitro derivatives of diphenyl. XERAPHIM Xer"a*phim, n. Etym: [Pg. xarafin, xerafin, fr. Ar. ashrafi noble, the name of a gold coin.] Defn: An old money of account in Bombay, equal to three fifths of a rupee. XERES Xer"es, n. Defn: Sherry. See Sherry. XERIF Xer"if, n. Defn: A shereef. XERIFF Xer"iff, n. Etym: [See Shereef.] Defn: A gold coin formerly current in Egypt and Turkey, of the value of about 9s. 6d., or about $2.30; -- also, in Morocco, a ducat. XERODERMA Xe`ro*der"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) Ichthyosis. (b) A skin disease characterized by the presence of numerous small pigmented spots resembling freckles, with which are subsequently mingled spots of atrophied skin. XERONATE Xe"ro*nate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of xeronic acid. XERONIC Xe*ron"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. conic.] (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C8H12O4, related to fumaric acid, and obtained from citraconic acid as an oily substance having a bittersweet taste; -- so called from its tendency to form its anhydride. XEROPHAGY Xe*roph"a*gy, n. Etym: [L. xerophagia, Gr. Defn: Among the primitive Christians, the living on a diet of dry food in Lent and on other fasts. XEROPHILOUS Xe*roph"i*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Drought-loving; able withstand the absence or lack of moisture. Plants which are peculiarly adapted to dry climates are termed by De Candolle xerophilous. Goodale. XEROPHTHALMIA Xe`roph*thal"mi*a, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Ophthalmia.] (Med.) Defn: An abnormal dryness of the eyeball produced usually by long- continued inflammation and subsequent atrophy of the conjunctiva. XEROPHTHALMY Xe`roph*thal"my, n. (Med.) Defn: Xerophthalmia. XIPHIAS Xiph"i*as, n. Etym: [L., a swordfish, a sword-shaped comet, fr. Gr. 1. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of fishes comprising the common swordfish. 2. (Anat.) (a) The constellation Dorado. (b) A comet shaped like a sword XIPHIDIUM Xi*phid"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. xi`fos sword.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants of the order Hæmodraceæ, having two-ranked, sword-shaped leaves. XIPHIOID Xiph"i*oid, a. Etym: [Xiphius + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a cetacean of the genus Xiphius or family Xiphiidæ. XIPHIPLASTRON Xiph"i*plas"tron, n.; pl. Xiphiplastra. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. xi`fos a sword + plastron.] (Anat.) Defn: The posterior, or fourth, lateral plate in the plastron of turtles; -- called also xiphisternum. XIPHISTERNUM Xiph"i*ster"num, n.; pl. Xiphisterna. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. xi`fos a sword + sternum.] (Anat.) (a) The posterior segment, or extremity, of the sternum; -- sometimes called metasternum, ensiform cartilage, ensiform process, or xiphoid process. (b) The xiphiplastron. -- Xiph"i*ster"nal a. XIPHIUS Xiph"i*us, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. xi`fos a sword.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of cetaceans having a long, pointed, bony beak, usually two tusklike teeth in the lower jaw, but no teeth in the upper jaw. XIPHODON Xiph"o*don, n. Etym: [Gr. xi`fos a sword + (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of artiodactylous mammals found in the European Tertiary formations. It had slender legs, didactylous feet, and small canine teeth. XIPHOID Xiph"oid, a. Etym: [Gr. xi`fos a sword + xiphoide.] (Anat.) (a) Like a sword; ensiform. (b) Of or pertaining to the xiphoid process; xiphoidian. XIPHOIDIAN Xiph*oid"i*an, a. (Anat.) Defn: Xiphoid. XIPHOPHYLLOUS Xi*phoph"yl*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. xi`fos sword + (Bot.) Defn: Having sword-shaped leaves. XIPHOSURA Xiph`o*su"ra, n. pl. Defn: See Xiphura. XIPHURA Xi*phu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. xi`fos sword + (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Limuloidea. Called also Xiphosura. X ray. See under Ray. XP XP. [Belongs here in appearance only.] Defn: The first two letters of the Greek word XRISTOS, Christ; -- an abbreviation used with the letters separate or, oftener, in a monogram, often inclosed in a circle, as a symbol or emblem of Christ. It use as an emblem was introduced by Constantine the Great, whence it is known as the Constantinian symbol, or monogram. See Labarum. X RAYS; X-RAYS X rays, or X"-rays`, n. pl. Defn: The Röntgen rays; -- so called by their discoverer because of their enigmatical character. X-RAY TUBE X"-ray" tube. (Physics) Defn: A vacuum tube suitable for producing Röntgen rays. XYLAMIDE Xy*lam"ide, n. Etym: [Xylic + amide.] (Chem.) Defn: An acid amide derivative of xylic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance. XYLAN Xy"lan, n. (Chem.) Defn: A gummy substance of the pentosan class, present in woody tissue, and yielding xylose on hydrolysis; wood gum. XYLANTHRAX Xy*lan"thrax, n. Etym: [Gr. xy`lon wood + Defn: Wood coal, or charcoal; -- so called in distinction from mineral coal. XYLATE Xy"late, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of xylic acid. XYLEM Xy"lem, n. Etym: [Gr. xy`lon wood.] (Bot.) Defn: That portion of a fibrovascular bundle which has developed, or will develop, into wood cells; -- distinguished from phloëm. XYLENE Xy"lene, n. Etym: [Gr. xy`lon wood.] (Chem.) Defn: Any of a group of three metameric hydrocarbons of the aromatic series, found in coal and wood tar, and so named because found in crude wood spirit. They are colorless, oily, inflammable liquids, C6H4.(CH3)2, being dimethyl benzenes, and are called respectively orthoxylene, metaxylene, and paraxylene. Called also xylol. Note: Each of these xylenes is the nucleus and prototype of a distinct series of compounds. XYLENOL Xy"le*nol, n. Etym: [Xylene + -ol.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of six metameric phenol derivatives of xylene, obtained as crystalline substances, (CH3)2.C6H3.OH. XYLETIC Xy*let"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a complex acid related to mesitylenic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance by the action of sodium and carbon dioxide on crude xylenol. XYLIC Xy"lic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or related to, xylene; specifically, designating any one of several metameric acids produced by the partial oxidation of mesitylene and pseudo-cumene. XYLIDIC Xy*lid"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, either one of two distinct acids which are derived from xylic acid and related compounds, and are metameric with uvitic acid. XYLIDINE Xy"li*dine, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of six metameric hydrocarbons, (CH3)2.C6H3.NH2, resembling aniline, and related to xylene. They are liquids, or easily fusible crystalline substances, of which three are derived from metaxylene, two from orthoxylene, and one from paraxylene. They are called the amido xylenes. Note: The xylidine of commerce, used in making certain dyes, consists chiefly of the derivatives of paraxylene and metaxylene. XYLINDEIN Xy*lin"de*in, n. (Chem.) Defn: A green or blue pigment produced by Peziza in certain kinds of decayed wood, as the beech, oak, birch, etc., and extracted as an amorphous powder resembling indigo. XYLITE Xy"lite, n. Etym: [Gr. xy`lon wood.] (Chem.) Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon found in crude wood spirits. XYLITONE Xy"li*tone, n. (Chem.) Defn: A yellow oil having a geraniumlike odor, produced as a side product in making phorone; -- called also xylite oil. XYLO- Xy"lo-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. xy`lon wood; as in xylogen, xylograph. XYLOBALSAMUM Xy`lo*bal"sa*mum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. xy`lon wood + xylobalsamum balsam wood, Gr. (Med.) Defn: The dried twigs of a Syrian tree (Balsamodendron Gileadense). U. S. Disp. XYLOCARPOUS Xy`lo*car"pous, a. Etym: [Xylo- + Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Bearing fruit which becomes hard or woody. XYLOCOPA Xy*loc"o*pa, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. xy`lon wood + (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of hymenopterous insects including the carpenter. See Carpenter bee, under Carpenter. -- Xy*loc"o*pine, a. XYLOGEN Xy"lo*gen, n. Etym: [Xylo- + -gen.] (a) (Bot.) Nascent wood; wood cells in a forming state. (b) Lignin. XYLOGRAPH Xy"lo*graph, n. Etym: [Xylo- + -graph.] Defn: An engraving on wood, or the impression from such an engraving; a print by xylography. XYLOGRAPHER Xy*log"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who practices xylography. XYLOGRAPHIC; XYLOGRAPHICAL Xy`lo*graph"ic, Xy`lo*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. xylographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to xylography, or wood engraving. XYLOGRAPHY Xy*log"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Xylo- + -graphy: cf. F. xylographie.] 1. The art of engraving on wood. 2. The art of making prints from the natural grain of wood. Knight. 3. A method pf printing in colors upon wood for purposes of house decoration. Ure. XYLOID Xy"loid, a. Etym: [Xylo- + -oid.] Defn: Resembling wood; having the nature of wood. XYLOIDIN Xy*loid"in, n. Etym: [Xylo- + -oid.] (Chem.) Defn: A substance resembling pyroxylin, obtained by the action of nitric acid on starch; -- called also nitramidin. XYLOL Xy"lol, n. Etym: [Xylo- + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Defn: Same as Xylene. XYLOLOGY Xy*lol"o*gy, n. [Pref. xylo-+ -logy.] Defn: The branch of dendrology treating of the gross and minute structure of wood. XYLONITE Xy"lon*ite, n. Defn: See Zylonite. XYLOPHAGA Xy*loph"a*ga, n. Etym: [NL. See Xylophagous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine bivalves which bore holes in wood. They are allied to Pholas. XYLOPHAGAN Xy*loph"a*gan, n. Etym: [See Xylophagous.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of a tribe of beetles whose larvæ bore or live in wood. (b) Any species of Xylophaga. (c) Any one of the Xylophagides. XYLOPHAGIDES Xy`lo*phag"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [See Xylophagous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A tribe or family of dipterous flies whose larvæ live in decayed wood. Some of the tropical species are very large. XYLOPHAGOUS Xy*loph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. xy`lon wood + (Zoöl.) (a) Eating, boring in, or destroying, wood; -- said especially of certain insect larvæ, crustaceans, and mollusks. (b) Of or pertaining to the genus Xylophaga. XYLOPHILAN Xy*loph"i*lan, n. Etym: [See Xylophilous.] (Zoöl.) Defn: One of a tribe of beetles (Xylophili) whose larvæ live on decayed wood. XYLOPHILOUS Xy*loph"i*lous, a. Etym: [Xylo- + Gr. filei^n to love.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the xylophilans. XYLOPHONE Xy"lo*phone, n. Etym: [Xylo- + Gr. fwnh` sound.] 1. (Mus.) Defn: An instrument common among the Russians, Poles, and Tartars, consisting of a series of strips of wood or glass graduated in length to the musical scale, resting on belts of straw, and struck with two small hammers. Called in Germany strohfiedel, or straw fiddle. 2. An instrument to determine the vibrative properties of different kinds of wood. Knight. XYLOPLASTIC Xy`lo*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Xylo- + -plastic.] (Technol.) Defn: Formed of wood pulp by molds; relating to casts made of wood pulp in molds. XYLOPYROGRAPHY Xy`lo*py*rog"ra*phy. n. Etym: [Xylo- + Gr. -graphy.] Defn: The art or practice of burning pictures on wood with a hot iron; -- called also poker painting. See Poker picture, under Poker. XYLOQUINONE Xy`lo*qui"none, n. Etym: [Xylene + quinone.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of a group of quinone compounds obtained respectively by the oxidation of certain xylidine compounds. In general they are yellow crystalline substances. XYLORCIN Xy*lor"cin, n. Etym: [Xylene + orcin.] (Chem.) Defn: A derivative of xylene obtained as a white crystalline substance which on exposure in the air becomes red; -- called also betaorcin. XYLOSE Xy"lose, n. [Pref. xylo- + -ose.] (Chem.) Defn: An unfermentable sugar of the pentose class, C5H10O5, formed by the hydrolysis of xylan; wood sugar. XYLOSTEIN Xy*los"te*in, n. Etym: [Xylo- + Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A glucoside found in the poisonous berries of a species of honeysuckle (Lonicera xylosteum), and extracted as a bitter, white, crystalline substance. XYLOTILE Xy"lo*tile, n. Defn: Same as Parkesine. XYLOTOMIST Xy*lot"o*mist, n. Defn: One versed or engaged in xylotomy. XYLOTOMOUS Xy*lot"o*mous, a. [Pref. xylo-+ root of Gr. to cut.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Capable of boring or cutting wood; -- said of many insects. XYLOTOMY Xy*lot"o*my, n. [Pref. xylo-+ -tomy.] Defn: Art of preparing sections (transverse, tangential, or radial) of wood, esp. by means of a microtome, for microscopic examination. XYLOTRYA Xy*lo"try*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. xy`lon wood + (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of marine bivalves closely allied to Teredo, and equally destructive to timber. One species (Xylotrya fimbriata) is very common on the Atlantic coast of the United States. XYLYL Xy"lyl, n. Etym: [Xylo- + -yl.] (Chem.) Defn: Any one of three metameric radicals which are characteristic respectively of the three xylenes. XYLYLENE Xy"lyl*ene, n. (Chem.) Defn: Any one of three metameric radicals, CH2.C6H4.CH2, derived respectively from the three xylenes. Often used adjectively; as, xylylene alcohol. XYRIDACEOUS Xyr`i*da"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a natural order (Xyrideæ) of endogenous plants, of which Xyris is the type. XYRIS Xy"ris, n. Etym: [L., a kind of Iris, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of endogenous herbs with grassy leaves and small yellow flowers in short, scaly-bracted spikes; yellow-eyed grass. There are about seventeen species in the Atlantic United States. XYST; XYSTUS Xyst, Xys"tus, n. Etym: [L. xystus, Gr. (Anc. Arch.) Defn: A long and open portico, for athletic exercises, as wrestling, running, etc., for use in winter or in stormy weather. XYSTARCH Xyst"arch, n. Etym: [L. xystarches, Gr. (Gr. Antiq.) Defn: An office Dr. W. Smith. XYSTER Xys"ter, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Surg.) Defn: An instrument for scraping bone. Y Defn: Y, the twenty-fifth letter of the English alphabet, at the beginning of a word or syllable, except when a prefix (see Y-), is usually a fricative vocal consonant; as a prefix, and usually in the middle or at the end of a syllable, it is a vowel. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 145, 178-9, 272. Note: It derives its form from the Latin Y, which is from the Greek u, i, o, and j. g; as in full, fill, AS. fyllan; E. crypt, grotto; young, juvenile; day, AS. dæg. See U, I, and J, G. Note: Y has been called the Pythagorean letter, because the Greek letter Y Y, n.; pl. Y's ( or Ys. Defn: Something shaped like the letter Y; a forked piece resembling in form the letter Y. Specifically: (a) One of the forked holders for supporting the telescope of a leveling instrument, or the axis of a theodolite; a wye. (b) A forked or bifurcated pipe fitting. (c) (Railroads) A portion of track consisting of two diverging tracks connected by a cross track. Y level (Surv.), an instrument for measuring differences of level by means of a telescope resting in Y's. -- Y moth (Zoöl.), a handsome European noctuid moth Plusia gamma) which has a bright, silvery mark, shaped like the letter Y, on each of the fore wings. Its larva, which is green with five dorsal white species, feeds on the cabbage, turnip, bean, etc. Called also gamma moth, and silver Y. Y Y, pron. Defn: I. [Obs.] King Horn. Wyclif. Y-; I- Y-, or I-. Etym: [OE. y-, i-, AS. ge-, akin to D. & G. ge-, OHG. gi-, ga-, Goth. ga-, and perhaps to Latin con-; originally meaning, together. Cf. Com-, Aware, Enough, Handiwork, Ywis.] Defn: A prefix of obscure meaning, originally used with verbs, adverbs, adjectives, nouns, and pronouns. In the Middle English period, it was little employed except with verbs, being chiefly used with past participles, though occasionally with the infinitive Ycleped, or yclept, is perhaps the only word not entirely obsolete which shows this use. That no wight mighte it see neither yheere. Chaucer. Neither to ben yburied nor ybrent. Chaucer. Note: Some examples of Chaucer's use of this prefix are; ibe, ibeen, icaught, ycome, ydo, idoon, ygo, iproved, ywrought. It inough, enough, it is combined with an adjective. Other examples are in the Vocabulary. Spenser and later writers frequently employed this prefix when affecting an archaic style, and sometimes used it incorrectly. YA Ya, adv. Defn: Yea. [Obs.] Chaucer. YACARE Yac"a*re`, n. Etym: [See Jacare.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American crocodilian (Jacare sclerops) resembling the alligator in size and habits. The eye orbits are connected together, and surrounded by prominent bony ridges. Called also spectacled alligator, and spectacled cayman. [Written also jacare.] Note: The name is also applied to allied species. YACCA Yac"ca, n. (Bot.) Defn: A West Indian name for two large timber trees (Podocarpus coriaceus, and P. Purdicanus) of the Yew family. The wood, which is much used, is pale brownish with darker streaks. YACHT Yacht, n. Etym: [D. jagt, jacht; perhaps properly, a jagen to chase, hunt, akin to G. jagen, OHG. jag, of uncertain origin; or perhaps akin to OHG. gahi quick, sudden (cf. Gay).] (Naut.) Defn: A light and elegantly furnished vessel, used either for private parties of pleasure, or as a vessel of state to convey distinguished persons from one place to another; a seagoing vessel used only for pleasure trips, racing, etc. Yacht measurement. See the Note under Tonnage, 4. YACHT Yacht, v. i. Defn: To manage a yacht; to voyage in a yacht. YACHTER Yacht"er, n. Defn: One engaged in sailing a jacht. YACHTING Yacht"ing, n. Defn: Sailing for pleasure in a yacht. YACHTMAN Yacht"man, n. Defn: See Yachtsman. YACHTSMAN Yachts"man, n.; pl. Yachtsmen (. Defn: One who owns or sails a yacht; a yachter. YAF Yaf, obs. imp. of Give. Etym: [AS. geaf, imp. of giefan to give. See Give] Defn: Gave. See Give. Chaucer. YAFFINGALE Yaf"fin*gale, n. Etym: [See Yaffle, and cf. Nightingale.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The yaffle. [Prov. Eng.] YAFFLE Yaf"fle, n. Etym: [Probably imitative of its call or cry.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European green woodpecker (Picus, or Genius, viridis). It is noted for its loud laughlike note. Called also eccle, hewhole, highhoe, laughing bird, popinjay, rain bird, yaffil, yaffler, yaffingale, yappingale, yackel, and woodhack. YAGER Ya"ger, n. Etym: [G. jäger a hunter, from jagen to chase, hunt.] (Mil.) Defn: In the German army, one belonging to a body of light infantry armed with rifles, resembling the chasseur of the French army. [Written also jager.] YAGUARUNDI Ya`gua*run"di, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Jaguarondi. [Written also yaguarondi, and yagouarondi.] YAHOO Ya"hoo, n. 1. One of a race of filthy brutes in Swift's "Gulliver's Travels." See in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. 2. Hence, any brutish or vicious character. 3. A raw countryman; a lout; a greenhorn. [U. S.] YAHWEH; YAHWE; JAHVEH; JAHVE Yah"weh, Yah"we, n. Also Jah"veh, Jah"ve, etc. Defn: A modern transliteration of the Hebrew word translated Jehovah in the Bible; -- used by some critics to discriminate the tribal god of the ancient Hebrews from the Christian Jehovah. Yahweh or Yahwe is the spelling now generally adopted by scholars. YAHWISM; JAHVISM Yah"wism, n. Also Jah"vism. 1. The religion or worship of Yahweh (Jehovah), or the system of doctrines, etc., connected with it. 2. Use of Yahweh as a name of God. YAHWIST; JAHVIST; JAHWIST; JEHOVIST Yah"wist, n. Also Jah"vist, Jah"wist, older Je*ho"vist. Defn: The author of the passages of the Old Testament, esp. those of the Hexateuch, in which God is styled Yahweh, or Jehovah; the author of the Yahwistic, or Jehovistic, Prophetic Document (J); also, the document itself. YAJUR-VEDA Yaj"ur-Ve"da, n. Etym: [Skr. yajur-v.] Defn: See Veda. YAK Yak, n. Etym: [Thibetan gyag.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bovine mammal (Poëphagus grunnies) native of the high plains of Central Asia. Its neck, the outer side of its legs, and its flanks, are covered with long, flowing, fine hair. Its tail is long and bushy, often white, and is valued as an ornament and for other purposes in India and China. There are several domesticated varieties, some of which lack the mane and the long hair on the flanks. Called also chauri gua, grunting cow, grunting ox, sarlac, sarlik, and sarluc. Yak lace, a coarse pillow lace made from the silky hair of the yak. YAKAMILK Yak"a*milk, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Trumpeter, 3 (a). YAKARE Yak"a*re`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Yacare. YAKIN Ya"kin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large Asiatic antelope (Budorcas taxicolor) native of the higher parts of the Himalayas and other lofty mountains. Its head and neck resemble those of the ox, and its tail is like that of the goat. Called also budorcas. YAKOOTS Ya*koots", n. pl.; sing. Yakoot (. Defn: (Ethnol.) A nomadic Mongolian tribe native of Northern Siberia, and supposed to be of Turkish stock. They are mainly pastoral in their habits. [Written also Yakuts.] YAKSHA Yak"sha, n. Etym: [Skr.] (Hindoo Myth.) Defn: A kind of demigod attendant on Kuvera, the god of wealth. YAKUT Ya*kut", n. Defn: The Turkish language of the Yakuts, a Mongolian people of northeastern Siberia, which is lingua franca over much of eastern Siberia. YALAH Ya"lah, n. Defn: The oil of the mahwa tree. YAM Yam, n. Etym: [Pg. inhame, probably from some native name.] (Bot.) Defn: A large, esculent, farinaceous tuber of various climbing plants of the genus Dioscorea; also, the plants themselves. Mostly natives of warm climates. The plants have netted-veined, petioled leaves, and pods with three broad wings. The commonest species is D. sativa, but several others are cultivated. Chinese yam, a plant (Dioscorea Batatas) with a long and slender tuber, hardier than most of the other species. -- Wild yam. (a) A common plant (Dioscorea villosa) of the Eastern United States, having a hard and knotty rootstock. (b) An orchidaceous plant (Gastrodia sesamoides) of Australia and Tasmania. YAMA Ya"ma, n. Etym: [Skr. yama a twin.] (Hindoo Myth.) Defn: The king of the infernal regions, corresponding to the Greek Pluto, and also the judge of departed souls. In later times he is more exclusively considered the dire judge of all, and the tormentor of the wicked. He is represented as of a green color, with red garments, having a crown on his head, his eyes inflamed, and sitting on a buffalo, with a club and noose in his hands. YAMEN Ya"men, n. [Chin. ya a civil or military court + men a gate.] Defn: In China, the official headquarters or residence of a mandarin, including court rooms, offices, gardens, prisons, etc.; the place where the business of any public department is transcated. YAMMA Yam"ma, n. Etym: [See Llama.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The llama. YAMP Yamp, n. (Bot.) Defn: An umbelliferous plant (Carum Gairdneri); also, its small fleshy roots, which are eaten by the Indians from Idaho to California. YANG Yang, n. Etym: [Of imitative origin.] Defn: The cry of the wild goose; a honk. YANG Yang, v. i. Defn: To make the cry of the wild goose. YANK Yank, n. Etym: [Cf. Scot. yank a sudden and severe blow.] Defn: A jerk or twitch. [Colloq. U. S.] YANK Yank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Yanked; p. pr. & vb. n. Yanking.] Defn: To twitch; to jerk. [Colloq. U. S.] YANK Yank, n. Defn: An abbreviation of Yankee. [Slang] YANKEE Yan"kee, n. Etym: [Commonly considered to be a corrupt pronunciation of the word English, or of the French word Anglais, by the native Indians of America. According to Thierry, a corruption of Jankin, a diminutive of John, and a nickname given to the English colonists of Connecticut by the Dutch settlers of New York. Dr. W. Gordon ("Hist. of the Amer. War," ed, 1789, vol. i., pp. 324, 325) says it was a favorite cant word in Cambridge, Mass., as early as 1713, and that it meant excellent; as, a yankee good horse, yankee good cider, etc. Cf. Scot yankie a sharp, clever, and rather bold woman, and Prov. E. bow- yankees a kind of leggins worn by agricultural laborers.] Defn: A nickname for a native of citizen of New England, especially one descended from old New England stock; by extension, an inhabitant of the Northern States as distinguished from a Southerner; also, applied sometimes by foreigners to any inhabitant of the United States. From meanness first this Portsmouth Yankey rose, And still to meanness all his conduct flows. Oppression, A poem by an American (Boston, 1765). YANKEE Yan"kee, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a Yankee; characteristic of the Yankees. The alertness of the Yankee aspect. Hawthorne. Yankee clover. (Bot.) See Japan clover, under Japan. YANKEE-DOODLE Yan`kee-Doo"dle, n. 1. The name of a tune adopted popularly as one of the national airs of the United States. 2. Humorously, a Yankee. We might have withheld our political noodles From knocking their heads against hot Yankee-Doodles. Moore. YANKEEISM Yan"kee*ism, n. Defn: A Yankee idiom, word, custom, or the like. Lowell. YAOURT Yaourt, n. Etym: [Turk. yoghurt.] Defn: A fermented drink, or milk beer, made by the Turks. YAP Yap, v. i. Etym: [Icel. gjalpa; akin to yelp. Cf. Yaup.] Defn: To bark; to yelp. L'Estrange. YAP Yap, n. Defn: A bark; a yelp. YAPOCK Ya"pock, n. Etym: [Probably from the river Oyapok, between French Guiana and Brazil.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American aquatic opossum (Chironectes variegatus) found in Guiana and Brazil. Its hind feet are webbed, and its fore feet do not have an opposable thumb for climbing. Called also water opossum. [Written also yapack.] YAPON Ya"pon, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Yaupon. YARAGE Yar"age (; 48), n. Etym: [See Yare, a.] (Naut.) Defn: The power of moving, or being managed, at sea; -- said with reference to a ship. Sir T. North. YARD Yard, n. Etym: [OE. yerd, AS. gierd, gyrd, a rod, ierde, OS. gerda, D. garde, G. gerte, OHG. gartia, gerta, gart, Icel. gaddr a goad, sting, Goth. gazds, and probably to L. hasta a spear. Cf. Gad, n., Gird, n., Gride, v. i., Hastate.] 1. A rod; a stick; a staff. [Obs.] P. Plowman. If men smote it with a yerde. Chaucer. 2. A branch; a twig. [Obs.] The bitter frosts with the sleet and rain Destroyed hath the green in every yerd. Chaucer. 3. A long piece of timber, as a rafter, etc. [Obs.] 4. A measure of length, equaling three feet, or thirty-six inches, being the standard of English and American measure. 5. The penis. 6. (Naut.) Defn: A long piece of timber, nearly cylindrical, tapering toward the ends, and designed to support and extend a square sail. A yard is usually hung by the center to the mast. See Illust. of Ship. Golden Yard, or Yard and Ell (Astron.), a popular name the three stars in the belt of Orion. -- Under yard [i. e., under the rod], under contract. [Obs.] Chaucer. YARD Yard, n. Etym: [OE. yard, yerd, AS. geard; akin to OFries. garda garden, OS. gardo garden, gard yard, D. gaard garden, G. garten, OHG. garto garden, gari inclosure, Icel. gar yard, house, Sw. gård, Dan. g, Goth. gards a house, garda sheepfold, L. hortus garden, Gr. Court, Garden, Garth, Horticulture, Orchard.] 1. An inclosure; usually, a small inclosed place in front of, or around, a house or barn; as, a courtyard; a cowyard; a barnyard. A yard . . . inclosed all about with sticks In which she had a cock, hight chanticleer. Chaucer. 2. An inclosure within which any work or business is carried on; as, a dockyard; a shipyard. Liberty of the yard, a liberty, granted to persons imprisoned for debt, of walking in the yard, or within any other limits prescribed by law, on their giving bond not to go beyond those limits. -- Prison yard, an inclosure about a prison, or attached to it. -- Yard grass (Bot.), a low-growing grass (Eleusine Indica) having digitate spikes. It is common in dooryards, and like places, especially in the Southern United States. Called also crab grass. -- Yard of land. See Yardland. YARD Yard, v. t. Defn: To confine (cattle) to the yard; to shut up, or keep, in a yard; as, to yard cows. YARDARM Yard"arm`, n. (Naut.) Defn: Either half of a square-rigged vessel's yard, from the center or mast to the end. Note: Ships are said to be yardarm and yardarm when so near as to touch, or interlock yards. YARDFUL Yard"ful, n.; pl. Yardfuls (. Defn: As much as a yard will contain; enough to fill a yard. YARDLAND Yard"land`, n. (O. Eng. Law) Defn: A measure of land of uncertain quantity, varying from fifteen to forty acres; a virgate. [Obs.] YARDSTICK Yard"stick`, n. Defn: A stick three feet, or a yard, in length, used as a measure of cloth, etc. YARDWAND Yard"wand`, n. Defn: A yardstick. Tennyson. YARE Yare, a. Etym: [OE. yare, ýaru, AS. gearu; akin to OS. garu, OHG. garo, G. gar, Icel. gerr perfect, görva quite, G. gerben to tan, to curry, OHG. garawen, garwen, to make ready. Cf. Carouse, Garb clothing, Gear, n.] Defn: Ready; dexterous; eager; lively; quick to move. [Obs.] "Be yare in thy preparation." Shak. The lesser [ship] will come and go, leave or take, and is yare; whereas the greater is slow. Sir W. Raleigh. YARE Yare, adv. Defn: Soon. [Obs.] Cursor Mundi. YARELY Yare"ly, adv. Defn: In a yare manner. [Obs.] Shak. YARK Yark, v. t. & i. Defn: To yerk. [Prov. Eng.] YARKE Yar"ke, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Saki. YARN Yarn, n. Etym: [OE. yarn, ýarn, AS. gearn; akin to D. garen, G., OHG., Icel., Sw., & Dan. garn; of uncertain origin. Cf. Cord.] 1. Spun wool; woolen thread; also, thread of other material, as of cotton, flax, hemp, or silk; material spun and prepared for use in weaving, knitting, manufacturing sewing thread, or the like. 2. (Rope Making) Defn: One of the threads of which the strands of a rope are composed. 3. A story told by a sailor for the amusement of his companions; a story or tale; as, to spin a yarn. [Colloq.] YARNEN Yarn"en, a. Defn: Made of yarn; consisting of yarn. [Obs.] "A pair of yarnen stocks." Turbervile. YARNUT Yar"nut`, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Yernut. YARR Yarr, v. i. Etym: [OE. ýarren.] Defn: To growl or snarl as a dog. [Obs.] Ainsworth. YARRISH Yar"rish, a. Etym: [Prov. E. yar sour, yare brackish.] Defn: Having a rough, dry taste. [Prov. Eng.] YARROW Yar"row, n. Etym: [OE. yarowe, yarwe, ýarowe, AS. gearwe; akin to D. gerw, OHG. garwa, garawa, G. garbe, schafgarbe, and perhaps to E. yare.] (Bot.) Defn: An American and European composite plant (Achillea Millefolium) with very finely dissected leaves and small white corymbed flowers. It has a strong, and somewhat aromatic, odor and taste, and is sometimes used in making beer, or is dried for smoking. Called also milfoil, and nosebleed. YARWHIP Yar"whip`, n. Etym: [So called from its sharp cry uttered when taking wing.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European bar-tailed godwit; -- called also yardkeep, and yarwhelp. See Godwit. [Prov. Eng.] YATAGHAN Yat"a*ghan, n. Etym: [Turk. yataghan.] Defn: A long knife, or short saber, common among Mohammedan nations, usually having a double curve, sometimes nearly straight. [Written also ataghan, attaghan.] Chaucer. YATE Yate, n. Defn: A gate. See 1st Gate. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Spenser. YAUD Yaud, n. Defn: See Yawd. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] YAUL Yaul, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Yawl. YAULP Yaulp, v. i. Defn: To yaup. YAUP Yaup, v. i. Etym: [See Yap, and Yelp.] Defn: To cry out like a child; to yelp. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.] [Written also yawp.] YAUP Yaup, n. Etym: [Written also yawp.] 1. A cry of distress, rage, or the like, as the cry of a sickly bird, or of a child in pain. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.] 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: The blue titmouse. [Prov. Eng.] YAUPER Yaup"er, n. Defn: One who, or that which, yaups. YAUPON Yau"pon, n. (Bot.) Defn: A shrub (Ilex Cassine) of the Holly family, native from Virginia to Florida. The smooth elliptical leaves are used as a substitute for tea, and were formerly used in preparing the black drink of the Indians of North Carolina. Called also South-Sea tea. [Written also yapon, youpon, and yupon.] YAUTIA Yau*ti"a, n. [Native name in the Antilles.] Defn: In Porto Rico, any of several araceous plants or their starchy edible roots, which are cooked and eaten like yams or potatoes, as the taro. YAW Yaw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Yawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Yawing.] Etym: [Cf. Yew, v. i.] Defn: To rise in blisters, breaking in white froth, as cane juice in the clarifiers in sugar works. YAW Yaw, v. i. & t. Etym: [Cf. Prov. G. gagen to rock, gageln to totter, shake, Norw. gaga to bend backward, Icel. gagr bent back, gaga to throw the neck back.] (Naut.) Defn: To steer wild, or out of the line of her course; to deviate from her course, as when struck by a heavy sea; -- said of a ship. Just as he would lay the ship's course, all yawing being out of the question. Lowell. YAW Yaw, n. (Naut.) Defn: A movement of a vessel by which she temporarily alters her course; a deviation from a straight course in steering. YAWD Yawd, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. jalda a mare, E. jade a nag.] Defn: A jade; an old horse or mare. [Written also yaud.] [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Grose. YAWI Yawi, n. Defn: A fore-and-aft-rigged vessel with a mainmast stepped a little farther forward than in a sloop and carrying a mainsail and jibs, with a jigger mast far aft, usually placed abaft the rudder post. YAWL Yawl, n. Etym: [D. jol; akin to LG. & Dan. jolle, Sw. julle. Cf. Jolly-boat.] (Naut.) Defn: A small ship's boat, usually rowed by four or six oars. [Written also yaul.] YAWL Yawl, v. i. Etym: [OE. ýaulen, ýoulen, gaulen, goulen, Icel. gaula to low, bellow. Cf. Gowl.] Defn: To cry out like a dog or cat; to howl; to yell. Tennyson. There howling Scyllas yawling round about. Fairfax. YAWL-RIGGED Yawl"-rigged", a. (Naut.) Defn: Having two masts with fore-and-aft sails, but differing from a schooner in that the after mast is very small, and stepped as far aft as possible. See Illustration in Appendix. YAWN Yawn, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Yawned; p. pr. & vb. n. Yawning.] Etym: [OE. yanien, ýanien, ganien, gonien, AS. ganian; akin to ginian to yawn, ginan to yawn, open wide, G. gähnen to yawn, OHG. ginen, geinon, Icel. gina to yawn, gin the mouth, OSlav. zijati to yawn, L. hiare to gape, yawn; and perhaps to E. begin, cf. Gr. b. Cf. Begin, Gin to begin, Hiatus.] 1. To open the mouth involuntarily through drowsiness, dullness, or fatigue; to gape; to oscitate. "The lazy, yawning drone." Shak. And while above he spends his breath, The yawning audience nod beneath. Trumbull. 2. To open wide; to gape, as if to allow the entrance or exit of anything. 't is now the very witching time of night, When churchyards yawn. Shak. 3. To open the mouth, or to gape, through surprise or bewilderment. Shak. 4. To be eager; to desire to swallow anything; to express desire by yawning; as, to yawn for fat livings. "One long, yawning gaze." Landor. YAWN Yawn, n. 1. An involuntary act, excited by drowsiness, etc., consisting of a deep and long inspiration following several successive attempts at inspiration, the mouth, fauces, etc., being wide open. One person yawning in company will produce a spontaneous yawn in all present. N. Chipman. 2. The act of opening wide, or of gaping. Addison. 3. A chasm, mouth, or passageway. [R.] Now gape the graves, and trough their yawns let loose Imprisoned spirits. Marston. YAWNINGLY Yawn"ing*ly, adv. Defn: In a yawning manner. YAWP Yawp, v. & n. Defn: See Yaup. YAWS Yaws, n. Etym: [African yaw a raspberry.] (Med.) Defn: A disease, occurring in the Antilles and in Africa, characterized by yellowish or reddish tumors, of a contagious character, which, in shape and appearance, often resemble currants, strawberries, or raspberries. There are several varieties of this disease, variously known as framboesia, pian, verrugas, and crab- yaws. YAW-WEED Yaw"-weed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A low, shrubby, rubiaceous plant (Morinda Royoc) growing along the seacoast of the West Indies. It has small, white, odorous flowers. YAZOO FRAUD Yaz"oo Fraud. (U. S. Hist.) Defn: The grant by the State of Georgia, by Act of Jan. 7, 1795, of 35,000,000 acres of her western territory, for $500,000, to four companies known as the Yazoo Companies from the region granted ; -- commonly so called, the act being known as the Yazoo Frauds Act, because of alleged corruption of the legislature, every member but one being a shareholder in one or more of the companies. The act granting the land was repealed in 1796 by a new legislature, and the repealing provision was incorporated in the State constitution in 1798. In 1802 the territory was ceded to the United States. The claims of the purchasers, whom Georgia had refused to compensate, were sustained by the United States Supreme Court, which (1810) declared the repealing act of 1796 unconstitutional. Congress in 1814 ordered the lands sold and appropriated $5,000,000 to pay the claims. YBE Y*be", obs. p. p. of Be. Defn: Been. Chaucer. YCLEPED Y*cleped", p. p. Etym: [AS. geclipod, p. p. of clipian, cleopian, cliopian, to call. See Clepe, and also the Note under Y-.] Defn: Called; named; -- obsolete, except in archaic or humorous writings. [Spelt also yclept.] It is full fair to ben yclept madame. Chaucer. But come, thou goddess fair and free. In heaven ycleped Euphrosyne. Milton. Those charming little missives ycleped valentines. Lamb. Y CURRENT Y current. (Elec.) Defn: The current through one branch of the star arrangement of a three-phase circuit. YDO Y*do", obs. p. p. of Do. Defn: Done. Chaucer. YDRAD Y*drad", obs. p. p. of Dread. Defn: Dreaded. Yet nothing did he dread, but ever was ydrad. Spenser. YE Ye, Defn: an old method of printing the article the (AS. þe), the "y" being used in place of the Anglo-Saxon thorn. It is sometimes incorrectly pronounced ye. See The, and Thorn, n., 4. YE Y"ë (e"e), n.; pl. Yën (. Defn: An eye. [Obs.] From his yën ran the water down. Chaucer. YE Ye (ye), pron. Etym: [OE. ye, ýe, nom. pl., AS. ge, gi; cf. OS. ge, gi, OFries. gi, i, D. gij, Dan. & Sw. i, Icel. er, OHG. ir, G. ihr, Goth. jus, Lith. jus, Gr. yuyam. Defn: The plural of the pronoun of the second person in the nominative case. Ye ben to me right welcome heartily. Chaucer. But ye are washed, but ye are sanctified. 1 Cor. vi. 11. This would cost you your life in case ye were a man. Udall. Note: In Old English ye was used only as a nominative, and you only as a dative or objective. In the 16th century, however, ye and you became confused and were often used interchangeably, both as nominatives and objectives, and you has now superseded ye except in solemn or poetic use. See You, and also the first Note under Thou. Vain pomp and glory of this world, I hate ye. Shak. I come, kind gentlemen, strange news to tell ye. Dryden. YE Ye, adv. Etym: [See Yea.] Defn: Yea; yes. [Obs.] Chaucer. YEA Yea (ya or ye; 277), adv. Etym: [OE. ye, ya, ýe, ýa, AS. geá; akin to OFries. g, i, OS., D., OHG., G., Dan. & Sw. ja, Icel, ja, Goth. ja, jai, and probably to Gr. Yes.] 1. Yes; ay; a word expressing assent, or an affirmative, or an affirmative answer to a question, now superseded by yes. See Yes. Let your communication be yea, yea; nay, nay. Matt. v. 37. 2. More than this; not only so, but; -- used to mark the addition of a more specific or more emphatic clause. Cf. Nay, adv., 2. I therein do rejoice, yea, and will rejoice. Phil. i. 18. Note: Yea sometimes introduces a clause, with the sense of indeed, verily, truly. "Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden" Gen. iii. 1. YEA Yea, n. Defn: An affirmative vote; one who votes in the affirmative; as, a vote by yeas and nays. Note: In the Scriptures, yea is used as a sign of certainty or stability. "All the promises of God in him are yea, and in him Amen." 2 Cor. i. 20. YEAD Yead, v. i. Defn: Properly, a variant of the defective imperfect yode, but sometimes mistaken for a present. See the Note under Yede. [Obs.] Years yead away and faces fair deflower. Drant. YEAN Yean, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Yeaned; p. pr. & vb. n. Yeaning.] Etym: [AS. eánian, or geeánian; perhaps akin to E. ewe, or perhaps to L. agnus, Gr. Ean.] Defn: To bring forth young, as a goat or a sheep; to ean. Shak. YEANLING Yean"ling, n. Etym: [Yean + -ling. Cf. Eanling.] Defn: A lamb or a kid; an eanling. Shak. YEAR Year, n. Etym: [OE. yer, yeer, ýer, AS. geár; akin to OFries. i, g, D. jaar, OHG. jar, G. jahr, Icel. ar, Dan. aar, Sw. år, Goth. j, Gr. yare year. sq. root4, 279. Cf. Hour, Yore.] 1. The time of the apparent revolution of the sun trough the ecliptic; the period occupied by the earth in making its revolution around the sun, called the astronomical year; also, a period more or less nearly agreeing with this, adopted by various nations as a measure of time, and called the civil year; as, the common lunar year of 354 days, still in use among the Mohammedans; the year of 360 days, etc. In common usage, the year consists of 365 days, and every fourth year (called bissextile, or leap year) of 366 days, a day being added to February on that year, on account of the excess above 365 days (see Bissextile). Of twenty year of age he was, I guess. Chaucer. Note: The civil, or legal, year, in England, formerly commenced on the 25th of March. This practice continued throughout the British dominions till the year 1752. 2. The time in which any planet completes a revolution about the sun; as, the year of Jupiter or of Saturn. 3. pl. Defn: Age, or old age; as, a man in years. Shak. Anomalistic year, the time of the earth's revolution from perihelion to perihelion again, which is 365 days, 6 hours, 13 minutes, and 48 seconds. -- A year's mind (Eccl.), a commemoration of a deceased person, as by a Mass, a year after his death. Cf. A month's mind, under Month. -- Bissextile year. See Bissextile. -- Canicular year. See under Canicular. -- Civil year, the year adopted by any nation for the computation of time. -- Common lunar year, the period of 12 lunar months, or 354 days. -- Common year, each year of 365 days, as distinguished from leap year. -- Embolismic year, or Intercalary lunar year, the period of 13 lunar months, or 384 days. -- Fiscal year (Com.), the year by which accounts are reckoned, or the year between one annual time of settlement, or balancing of accounts, and another. -- Great year. See Platonic year, under Platonic. -- Gregorian year, Julian year. See under Gregorian, and Julian. -- Leap year. See Leap year, in the Vocabulary. -- Lunar astronomical year, the period of 12 lunar synodical months, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, 36 seconds. -- Lunisolar year. See under Lunisolar. -- Periodical year. See Anomalistic year, above. -- Platonic year, Sabbatical year. See under Platonic, and Sabbatical. -- Sidereal year, the time in which the sun, departing from any fixed star, returns to the same. This is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 9.3 seconds. -- Tropical year. See under Tropical. -- Year and a day (O. Eng. Law), a time to be allowed for an act or an event, in order that an entire year might be secured beyond all question. Abbott. -- Year of grace, any year of the Christian era; Anno Domini; A. D. or a. d. YEARA Ye*a"ra, n. (Bot.) Defn: The California poison oak (Rhus diversiloba). See under Poison, a. YEARBOOK Year"book`, n. 1. A book published yearly; any annual report or summary of the statistics or facts of a year, designed to be used as a reference book; as, the Congregational Yearbook. 2. (Eng. Law) Defn: A book containing annual reports of cases adjudged in the courts of England. Note: The Yearbooks are the oldest English reports extant, beginning with the reign of Edward II., and ending with the reign of Henry VIII. They were published annually, and derive their name from that fact. They consist of eleven parts, or volumes, are written in Law French, and extend over nearly two hundred years. There are, however, several hiatuses, or chasms, in the series. Kent. Bouvier. YEARED Yeared, a. Defn: Containing years; having existed or continued many years; aged. [Obs.] B. Jonson. YEARLING Year"ling, n. Etym: [Year + -ling.] Defn: An animal one year old, or in the second year of its age; -- applied chiefly to cattle, sheep, and horses. YEARLING Year"ling, a. Defn: Being a year old. "A yearling bullock to thy name small smoke." Pope. YEARLY Year"ly, a. Etym: [AS. geárlic.] 1. Happening, accruing, or coming every year; annual; as, a yearly income; a yearly feast. 2. Lasting a year; as, a yearly plant. 3. Accomplished in a year; as, the yearly circuit, or revolution, of the earth. Shak. YEARLY Year"ly, adv. Etym: [AS. geárlice.] Defn: Annually; once a year to year; as, blessings yearly bestowed. Yearly will I do this rite. Shak. YEARN Yearn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Yearned; p. pr. & vb. n. Yearning.] Etym: [Also earn, ern; probably a corruption of OE. ermen to grieve, AS. ierman, yrman, or geierman, geyrman, fr. earm wretched, poor; akin to D. & G. arm, Icel. armr, Goth. arms. The y- in English is perhaps due to the AS. ge (see Y-).] Defn: To pain; to grieve; to vex. [Obs.] "She laments, sir, for it, that it would yearn your heart to see it." Shak. It yearns me not if men my garments wear. Shak. YEARN Yearn, v. i. Defn: To be pained or distressed; to grieve; to mourn. [Obs.] "Falstaff he is dead, and we must yearn therefore." Shak. YEARN Yearn, v. i. & t. Etym: [See Yearnings.] Defn: To curdle, as milk. [Scot.] YEARN Yearn, v. i. Etym: [OE. yernen, , , AS. geornian, gyrnan, fr. georn desirous, eager; akin to OS. gern desirous, girnean, gernean, to desire, D. gaarne gladly, willingly, G. gern, OHG. gerno, adv., gern, a., G. gier greed, OHG. giri greed, ger desirous, ger to desire, G. begehren, Icel. girna to desire, gjarn eager, Goth. faíhugaírns covetous, gaírnjan to desire, and perhaps to Gr. hary to desire, to like. Defn: To be filled with longing desire; to be harassed or rendered uneasy with longing, or feeling the want of a thing; to strain with emotions of affection or tenderness; to long; to be eager. Joseph made haste; for his bowels did yearn upon his brother; and he sought where to weep. Gen. xliii. 30. Your mother's heart yearns towards you. Addison. YEARNFUL Yearn"ful, a. Etym: [OE. , AS. geornfull.] Defn: Desirous. [Obs.] Ormulum. P. Fletcher. YEARNINGLY Yearn"ing*ly, adv. Defn: With yearning. YEARNINGS Yearn"ings, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. AS. geirnan, geyrnan, to rum. See 4th Earn.] Defn: The maws, or stomachs, of young calves, used a rennet for curdling milk. [Scot.] YEAR'S PURCHASE Year's purchase. Defn: The amount that is yielded by the annual income of property; -- used in expressing the value of a thing in the number of years required for its income to yield its purchase price, in reckoning the amount to be paid for annuities, etc. YEARTH Yearth, n. Defn: The earth. [Obs.] "Is my son dead or hurt or on the yerthe felled" Ld. Berners. YEAST Yeast, n. Etym: [OE. ýeest, ýest, AS. gist; akin to D. gest, gist, G. gischt, gäscht, OHG. jesan, jerian, to ferment, G. gischen, gäschen, gähren, Gr. zei^n to boil, Skr. yas. sq. root111.] 1. The foam, or troth (top yeast), or the sediment (bottom yeast), of beer or other in fermentation, which contains the yeast plant or its spores, and under certain conditions produces fermentation in saccharine or farinaceous substances; a preparation used for raising dough for bread or cakes, and making it light and puffy; barm; ferment. 2. Spume, or foam, of water. They melt thy yeast of waves, which mar Alike the Armada's pride, or spoils of Trafalgar. Byron. Defn: A form of fungus which grows as indvidual rounded cells, rather than in a mycelium, and reproduces by budding; esp. members of the orders Endomycetales and Moniliales. Some fungi may grow both as a yeast or as a mycelium, depending on the conditions of growth. Yeast cake, a mealy cake impregnated with the live germs of the yeast plant, and used as a conveniently transportable substitute for yeast. -- Yeast plant (Bot.), the vegetable organism, or fungus, of which beer yeast consists. The yeast plant is composed of simple cells, or granules, about one three-thousandth of an inch in diameter, often united into filaments which reproduce by budding, and under certain circumstances by the formation of spores. The name is extended to other ferments of the same genus. See Saccharomyces. -- Yeast powder, a baling powder, -- used instead of yeast in leavening bread. YEAST-BITTEN Yeast"-bit`ten, a. (Brewing) Defn: A term used of beer when the froth of the yeast has reëntered the body of the beer. YEASTINESS Yeast"i*ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being yeasty, or frothy. YEASTY Yeast"y, a. Defn: Frothy; foamy; spumy, like yeast. YEDDING Yed"ding, n. Etym: [AS. geddung, gidding, giedding, from gieddian, giddian, to sing, speak.] Defn: The song of a minstrel; hence, any song. [Obs.] Chaucer. YEDE Yede, obs. imp. Defn: Went. See Yode. All as he bade fulfilled was indeed This ilke servant anon right out yede. Chaucer. Note: Spenser and some later writers mistook this for a present of the defective imperfect yode. It is, however, only a variant of yode. See Yode, and cf. Yead. [He] on foot was forced for to yeed. Spenser YEEL Yeel, n. Defn: An eel. [Obs.] Holland. YELDHALL Yeld"hall`, n. Defn: Guildhall. [Obs.] Chaucer. YELDRIN; YELDRINE Yel"drin or; Yel"drine, n. Etym: [Cf. Yellow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The yellow-hammer; -- called also yeldrock, and yoldrin. [Prov. Eng.] YELK Yelk, n. Defn: Same as Yolk. YELL Yell, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Yelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Yelling.] Etym: [OE. yellen, , AS. giellan, gillan, gyllan; akin to D. gillen, OHG. gellan, G. gellen, Icel. gjalla, Sw. gälla to ring, resound, and to AS., OS., & OHG. galan to sing, Icel. gala. Cf. 1st Gale, and Nightingale.] Defn: To cry out, or shriek, with a hideous noise; to cry or scream as with agony or horror. They yelleden as feendes doon in helle. Chaucer. Nor the night raven, that still deadly yells. Spenser. Infernal ghosts and hellish furies round Environed thee; some howled, some yelled. Milton. YELL Yell, v. t. Defn: To utter or declare with a yell; to proclaim in a loud tone. Shak. YELL Yell, n. Defn: A sharp, loud, hideous outcry. Their hideous yells Rend the dark welkin. J. Philips. YELLOW Yel"low, a. [Compar. Yellower; superl. Yellowest.] Etym: [OE. yelow, yelwe, ýelow, ýeoluw, from AS. geolu; akin to D. geel, OS. & OHG. gelo, G. gelb, Icel. gulr, Sw. gul, Dan. guul, L. helvus light bay, Gr. hari tawny, yellowish. Chlorine, Gall a bitter liquid, Gold, Yolk.] Defn: Being of a bright saffronlike color; of the color of gold or brass; having the hue of that part of the rainbow, or of the solar spectrum, which is between the orange and the green. Her yellow hair was browded [braided] in a tress. Chaucer. A sweaty reaper from his tillage brought First fruits, the green ear and the yellow sheaf. Milton. The line of yellow light dies fast away. Keble. Yellow atrophy (Med.), a fatal affection of the liver, in which it undergoes fatty degeneration, and becomes rapidly smaller and of a deep yellow tinge. The marked symptoms are black vomit, delirium, convulsions, coma, and jaundice. -- Yellow bark, calisaya bark. -- Yellow bass (Zoöl.), a North American fresh-water bass (Morone interrupta) native of the lower parts of the Mississippi and its tributaries. It is yellow, with several more or less broken black stripes or bars. Called also barfish. -- Yellow berry. (Bot.) Same as Persian berry, under Persian. -- Yellow boy, a gold coin, as a guinea. [Slang] Arbuthnot. -- Yellow brier. (Bot.) See under Brier. -- Yellow bugle (Bot.), a European labiate plant (Ajuga Chamæpitys). -- Yellow bunting (Zoöl.), the European yellow-hammer. -- Yellow cat (Zoöl.), a yellow catfish; especially, the bashaw. -- Yellow copperas (Min.), a hydrous sulphate of iron; -- called also copiapite. -- Yellow copper ore, a sulphide of copper and iron; copper pyrites. See Chalcopyrite. -- Yellow cress (Bot.), a yellow-flowered, cruciferous plant (Barbarea præcox), sometimes grown as a salad plant. -- Yellow dock. (Bot.) See the Note under Dock. -- Yellow earth, a yellowish clay, colored by iron, sometimes used as a yellow pigment. -- Yellow fever (Med.), a malignant, contagious, febrile disease of warm climates, attended with jaundice, producing a yellow color of the skin, and with the black vomit. See Black vomit, in the Vocabulary. -- Yellow flag, the quarantine flag. See under Quarantine, and 3d Flag. -- Yellow jack. (a) The yellow fever. See under 2d Jack. (b) The quarantine flag. See under Quarantine. -- Yellow jacket (Zoöl.), any one of several species of American social wasps of the genus Vespa, in which the color of the body is partly bright yellow. These wasps are noted for their irritability, and for their painful stings. -- Yellow lead ore (Min.), wulfenite. -- Yellow lemur (Zoöl.), the kinkajou. -- Yellow macauco (Zoöl.), the kinkajou. -- Yellow mackerel (Zoöl.), the jurel. -- Yellow metal. Same as Muntz metal, under Metal. -- Yellow ocher (Min.), an impure, earthy variety of brown iron ore, which is used as a pigment. -- Yellow oxeye (Bot.), a yellow-flowered plant (Chrysanthemum segetum) closely related to the oxeye daisy. -- Yellow perch (Zoöl.), the common American perch. See Perch. -- Yellow pike (Zoöl.), the wall-eye. -- Yellow pine (Bot.), any of several kinds of pine; also, their yellowish and generally durable timber. Among the most common are valuable species are Pinus mitis and P. palustris of the Eastern and Southern States, and P. ponderosa and P. Arizonica of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific States. -- Yellow plover (Zoöl.), the golden plover. -- Yellow precipitate (Med. Chem.), an oxide of mercury which is thrown down as an amorphous yellow powder on adding corrosive sublimate to limewater. -- Yellow puccoon. (Bot.) Same as Orangeroot. -- Yellow rail (Zoöl.), a small American rail (Porzana Noveboracensis) in which the lower parts are dull yellow, darkest on the breast. The back is streaked with brownish yellow and with black, and spotted with white. Called also yellow crake. -- Yellow rattle, Yellow rocket. (Bot.) See under Rattle, and Rocket. -- Yellow Sally (Zoöl.), a greenish or yellowish European stone fly of the genus Chloroperla; -- so called by anglers. -- Yellow sculpin (Zoöl.), the dragonet. -- Yellow snake (Zoöl.), a West Indian boa (Chilobothrus inornatus) common in Jamaica. It becomes from eight to ten long. The body is yellowish or yellowish green, mixed with black, and anteriorly with black lines. -- Yellow spot. (a) (Anat.) A small yellowish spot with a central pit, the fovea centralis, in the center of the retina where vision is most accurate. See Eye. (b) (Zoöl.) A small American butterfly (Polites Peckius) of the Skipper family. Its wings are brownish, with a large, irregular, bright yellow spot on each of the hind wings, most conspicuous beneath. Called also Peck's skipper. See Illust. under Skipper, n., 5. -- Yellow tit (Zoöl.), any one of several species of crested titmice of the genus Machlolophus, native of India. The predominating colors of the plumage are yellow and green. -- Yellow viper (Zoöl.), the fer-de-lance. -- Yellow warbler (Zoöl.), any one of several species of American warblers of the genus Dendroica in which the predominant color is yellow, especially D. æstiva, which is a very abundant and familiar species; -- called also garden warbler, golden warbler, summer yellowbird, summer warbler, and yellow-poll warbler. -- Yellow wash (Pharm.), yellow oxide of mercury suspended in water, -- a mixture prepared by adding corrosive sublimate to limewater. -- Yellow wren (Zoöl.) (a) The European willow warbler. (b) The European wood warbler. YELLOW Yel"low, n. 1. A bright golden color, reflecting more light than any other except white; the color of that part of the spectrum which is between the orange and green. "A long motley coat guarded with yellow." Shak. 2. A yellow pigment. Cadmium yellow, Chrome yellow, Indigo yellow, King's yellow, etc. See under Cadmium, Chrome, etc. -- Naples yellow, a yellow amorphous pigment, used in oil, porcelain, and enamel painting, consisting of a basic lead metantimonate, obtained by fusing together tartar emetic lead nitrate, and common salt. -- Patent yellow (Old Chem.), a yellow pigment consisting essentially of a lead oxychloride; -- called also Turner's yellow. YELLOW Yel"low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Yellowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Yellowing.] Defn: To make yellow; to cause to have a yellow tinge or color; to dye yellow. YELLOW Yel"low, v. i. Defn: To become yellow or yellower. YELLOWAMMER Yel"low*am`mer, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Yellow-hammer. YELLOWBILL Yel"low*bill`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American scoter. YELLOWBIRD Yel"low*bird`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The American goldfinch, or thistle bird. See Goldfinch. (b) The common yellow warbler; -- called also summer yellowbird. See Illust. of Yellow warbler, under Yellow, a. YELLOW BOOK Yellow Book. [F. livre jaune.] Defn: In France, an official government publication bound in yellow covers. YELLOW-COVERED Yel"low-cov`ered, a. Defn: Covered or bound in yellow paper. Yellow-covered literature, cheap sensational novels and trashy magazines; -- formerly so called from the usual color of their covers. [Colloq. U. S.] Bartlett. YELLOW-EYED Yel"low-eyed`, a. Defn: Having yellow eyes. Yellow-eyed grass (Bot.), any plant of the genus Xyris. YELLOWFIN Yel"low*fin`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large squeteague. YELLOWFISH Yel"low*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A rock trout (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) found on the coast of Alaska; -- called also striped fish, and Atka mackerel. YELLOW-GOLDS Yel"low-golds`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A certain plant, probably the yellow oxeye. B. Jonson. YELLOWHAMMER Yel"low*ham`mer, n. Etym: [For yellow-ammer, where ammer is fr. AS. amore a kind of bird; akin to G. ammer a yellow-hammer, OHG. amero.] (Zoöl.) (a) A common European finch (Emberiza citrinella). The color of the male is bright yellow on the breast, neck, and sides of the head, with the back yellow and brown, and the top of the head and the tail quills blackish. Called also yellow bunting, scribbling lark, and writing lark. [Written also yellow-ammer.] (b) The flicker. [Local, U. S.] YELLOWING Yel"low*ing, n. Defn: The act or process of making yellow. Softened . . . by the yellowing which time has given. G. Eliot. YELLOWISH Yel"low*ish, a. Defn: Somewhat yellow; as, amber is of a yellowish color. -- Yel"low*ish*ness, n. YELLOWLEGS Yel"low*legs`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of long-legged sandpipers of the genus Totanus, in which the legs are bright yellow; -- called also stone snipe, tattler, telltale, yellowshanks; and yellowshins. See Tattler, 2. YELLOWNESS Yel"low*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being yellow; as, the yellowness of an orange. 2. Jealousy. [Obs.] I will possess him with yellowness. Shak. YELLOWROOT Yel"low*root`, n. (Bot.) Defn: Any one of several plants with yellow roots. Specifically: (a) See Xanthorhiza. (b) Same as Orangeroot. YELLOWS Yel"lows, n. 1. (Far.) Defn: A disease of the bile in horses, cattle, and sheep, causing yellowness of the eyes; jaundice. His horse . . . sped with spavins, rayed with the yellows. Shak. 2. (Bot.) Defn: A disease of plants, esp. of peach trees, in which the leaves turn to a yellowish color; jeterus. 3. (Zoöl.) Defn: A group of butterflies in which the predominating color is yellow. It includes the common small yellow butterflies. Called also redhorns, and sulphurs. See Sulphur. YELLOWSEED Yel"low*seed`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of pepper grass (Lepidium campestre). YELLOWSHANKS; YELLOWSHINS Yel"low*shanks`, Yel"low*shins`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Yellolegs. YELLOWTAIL Yel"low*tail`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of marine carangoid fishes of the genus Seriola; especially, the large California species (S. dorsalis) which sometimes weighs thirty or forty pounds, and is highly esteemed as a food fish; -- called also cavasina, and white salmon. (b) The mademoiselle, or silver perch. (c) The menhaden. (d) The runner, 12. (e) A California rockfish (Sebastodes flavidus). (f) The sailor's choice (Diplodus rhomboides). Note: Several other fishes are also locally called yellowtail. YELLOWTHROAT Yel"low*throat`, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of American ground warblers of the genus Geothlypis, esp. the Maryland yellowthroat (G. trichas), which is a very common species. YELLOWTOP Yel"low*top`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A kind of grass, perhaps a species of Agrostis. YELLOWWOOD Yel"low*wood`, n. (Bot.) Defn: The wood of any one of several different kinds of trees; also, any one of the trees themselves. Among the trees so called are the Cladrastis tinctoria, an American leguminous tree; the several species of prickly ash (Xanthoxylum); the Australian Flindersia Oxleyana, a tree related to the mahogany; certain South African species of Podocarpus, trees related to the yew; the East Indian Podocarpus latifolia; and the true satinwood (Chloroxylon Swietenia). All these Old World trees furnish valuable timber. YELLOWWORT Yel"low*wort`, n. (Bot.) Defn: A European yellow-flowered, gentianaceous (Chlora perfoliata). The whole plant is intensely bitter, and is sometimes used as a tonic, and also in dyeing yellow. YELP Yelp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Yelped; p. pr. & vb. n. Yelping.] Etym: [OE. yelpen, , to boast, boast noisily, AS. gielpan, gilpan, gylpan; akin to OHG. gelph arrogant: cf. Icel. gjalpa to yelp. Cf. Yap.] 1. To boast. [Obs.] I keep [care] not of armes for to yelpe. Chaucer. 2. To utter a sharp, quick cry, as a hound; to bark shrilly with eagerness, pain, or fear; to yaup. A little herd of England's timorous deer, Mazed with a yelping kennel of French curs Shak. At the least flourish of a broomstick or ladle, he would fly to the door with a yelping precipitation. W. Irving. YELP Yelp, n. Defn: A sharp, quick cry; a bark. Chaucer. YELPER Yelp"er, n. Defn: An animal that yelps, or makes a yelping noise. Specifically: (Zoöl.) (a) The avocet; -- so called from its sharp, shrill cry. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The tattler. [Local, U. S.] YELTING Yel"ting, n. [Orig. uncert.] Defn: The Florida and West Indian red snapper (Lutianus aya); also, sometimes, one of certain other allied species, as L. caxis. YEMAN Ye"man, n. Defn: A yeoman. [Obs.] Chaucer. YEN Yen, n. Defn: The unit of value and account in Japan. Since Japan's adoption of the gold standard, in 1897, the value of the yen has been about 50 cents. The yen is equal to 100 sen. YEND Yend, v. t. Defn: To throw; to cast. [Prov. Eng.] YENITE Ye"nite, n. Etym: [After Jena, in Germany.] (Min.) Defn: A silicate of iron and lime occurring in black prismatic crystals; -- also called ilvaite. [Spelt also jenite.] YEOMAN Yeo"man, n.; pl. Yeomen. Etym: [OE. yoman, ýeman, ýoman; of uncertain origin; perhaps the first, syllable is akin to OFries. ga district, region, G. gau, OHG. gewi, gouwi, Goth. gawi. sq. root100.] 1. A common man, or one of the commonly of the first or most respectable class; a freeholder; a man free born. Note: A yeoman in England is considered as next in order to the gentry. The word is little used in the United States, unless as a title in law proceedings and instruments, designating occupation, and this only in particular States. 2. A servant; a retainer. [Obs.] A yeman hadde he and servants no mo. Chaucer. 3. A yeoman of the guard; also, a member of the yeomanry cavalry. [Eng.] 4. (Naut.) Defn: An interior officer under the boatswain, gunner, or carpenters, charged with the stowage, account, and distribution of the stores. Yeoman of the guard, one of the bodyguard of the English sovereign, consisting of the hundred yeomen, armed with partisans, and habited in the costume of the sixteenth century. They are members of the royal household. YEOMANLIKE Yeo"man*like`, a. Defn: Resembling, or suitable to, a yeoman; yeomanly. YEOMANLY Yeo"man*ly, a. Defn: Pertaining to a yeoman; becoming or suitable to, a yeoman; yeomanlike. B. Jonson. Well could he dress his tackle yeomanly. Chaucer. YEOMANRY Yeo"man*ry, n. 1. The position or rank of a yeoman. [Obs.] "His estate of yeomanry." Chaucer. 2. The collective body of yeomen, or freeholders. The enfranchised yeomanry began to feel an instinct for dominion. Bancroft. 3. The yeomanry cavalry. [Eng.] Yeomanry cavalry, certain bodies of volunteer cavalry liable to service in Great Britain only. [Eng.] YEORLING Yeor"ling, n. Etym: [Cf. Yellow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European yellow-hammer. YER Yer, prep. Defn: Ere; before. [Obs.] Sylvester. YERBA Yer"ba, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Bot.) Defn: An herb; a plant. Note: This word is much used in compound names of plants in Spanish; as, yerba buena Etym: [Sp., a good herb], a name applied in Spain to several kinds of mint (Mentha sativa, viridis, etc.), but in California universally applied to a common, sweet-scented labiate plant (Micromeria Douglasii). Yerba dol osa. Etym: [Sp., herb of the she-bear.] A kind of buckthorn (Rhamnus Californica). -- Yerba mansa. Etym: [Sp., a mild herb, soft herb.] A plant (Anemopsis Californica) with a pungent, aromatic rootstock, used medicinally by the Mexicans and the Indians. -- Yerba reuma. Etym: [Cf. Sp. reuma rheum, rheumatism.] A low California undershrub (Frankenia grandifolia). YERD Yerd, n. Defn: See 1st & 2d Yard. [Obs.] Chaucer. YERK Yerk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Yerked; p. pr. & vb. n. Yerking.] Etym: [See Yerk.] 1. To throw or thrust with a sudden, smart movement; to kick or strike suddenly; to jerk. Their wounded steeds . . . Yerk out their armed heels at their dead masters. Shak. 2. To strike or lash with a whip. [Obs. or Scot.] YERK Yerk, v. i. 1. To throw out the heels; to kick; to jerk. They flirt, they yerk, they backward . . . fling. Drayton. 2. To move a quick, jerking motion. YERK Yerk, n. Defn: A sudden or quick thrust or motion; a jerk. YERN Yern, v. i. Defn: See 3d Yearn. [Obs.] YERN Yern, a. Etym: [OE. ýern, ýeorne, AS. georn desirous, eager. See Yearn to long.] Defn: Eager; brisk; quick; active. [Obs.] "Her song . . . loud and yern." Chaucer. YERNE Yerne, adv. Etym: [OE. ýeorne. See Yern, a.] Defn: Eagerly; briskly; quickly. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. My hands and my tongue go so yerne. Chaucer. YERNUT Yer"nut`, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. jordnöd, Sw. jordnöt, earthnut. Cf. Jarnut.] Defn: An earthnut, or groundnut. See Groundnut (d). [Written also yarnut.] YERST Yerst, adv. Defn: See Erst. [Obs.] Sylvester. YES Yes, adv. Etym: [OE. yis, ýis, ýes, ýise, AS. gese, gise; probably fr. geá yea + swa so. sq. root188. See Yea, and So.] Defn: Ay; yea; -- a word which expresses affirmation or consent; -- opposed to Ant: no. Note: Yes is used, like yea, to enforce, by repetition or addition, something which precedes; as, you have done all this -- yes, you have done more. "Yes, you despise the man books confined." Pope. Note: "The fine distinction between `yea' and `yes,' `nay' and `no,' that once existed in English, has quite disappeared. `Yea' and `nay' in Wyclif's time, and a good deal later, were the answers to questions framed in the affirmative. `Will he come' To this it would have been replied, `Yea' or `Nay', as the case might be. But, `Will he not come' To this the answer would have been `Yes' or `No.' Sir Thomas More finds fault with Tyndale, that in his translation of the Bible he had not observed this distinction, which was evidently therefore going out even then, that is, in the reign of Henry VIII.; and shortly after it was quite forgotten." Trench. YEST Yest, n. Defn: See Yeast. Shak. YESTER Yes"ter, a. Etym: [See Yesterday.] Defn: Last; last past; next before; of or pertaining to yesterday. [An enemy] whom yester sun beheld Mustering her charms. Dryden. Note: This word is now seldom used except in a few compounds; as, yesterday, yesternight, etc. YESTERDAY Yes"ter*day, n. Etym: [OE. ýisterdai, AS. geostran dæg, from geostran, geostra, giestran, gistran, gystran, yesterday (akin to D. gisteren, G. gestern, OHG. gestaron, Icel. gær yesterday, to-morrow, Goth. gistradagis to-morrow, L. heri yesterday, Gr. hyas) + dæg day. Cf. Hestern. 1. The day last past; the day next before the present. All our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Shak. We are but of yesterday, and know nothing. Job viii. 9. 2. Fig.: A recent time; time not long past. The proudest royal houses are but of yesterday, when compared with the line of supreme pontiffs. Macaulay. YESTERDAY Yes"ter*day, adv. Defn: On the day last past; on the day preceding to-day; as, the affair took place yesterday. YESTEREVE; YESTER-EVENING Yes"ter*eve`, Yes"ter-e`ven*ing, n. Defn: The evening of yesterday; the evening last past. YESTERMORN; YESTER-MORNING Yes"ter*morn`, Yes"ter-morn`ing, n. Defn: The morning of yesterday. Coleridge. YESTERN Yes"tern, a. Etym: [See Yester.] Defn: Of or pertaining to yesterday; relating to the day last past. YESTERNIGHT Yes"ter*night`, n. Defn: The last night; the night last past. YESTERNIGHT Yes"ter*night`, adv. Etym: [AS. gystran niht. See Yesterday.] Defn: On the last night. B. Jonson. YESTERNOON Yes"ter*noon`, n. Defn: The noon of yesterday; the noon last past. YESTERWEEK Yes"ter*week`, n. Defn: The week last past; last week. YESTERYEAR Yes"ter*year`, n. Defn: The year last past; last year. YESTREEN Yes`treen", n. Defn: Yester-evening; yesternight; last night. [R. or Scot.] Yestreen I did not know How largely I could live. Bp. Coxe. YESTY Yest"y, a. Defn: See Yeasty. Shak. YET Yet, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several species of large marine gastropods belonging to the genus Yetus, or Cymba; a boat shell. YET Yet, adv. Etym: [OE. yet, ýet, ýit, AS. git, gyt, giet, gieta; akin to OFries. ieta, eta, ita, MHG. iezuo, ieze, now, G. jetzo, jetzt.] 1. In addition; further; besides; over and above; still. "A little longer; yet a little longer." Dryden. This furnishes us with yet one more reason why our savior, lays such a particular stress acts of mercy. Atterbury. The rapine is made yet blacker by the pretense of piety and justice. L'Estrange. 2. At the same time; by continuance from a former state; still. Facts they had heard while they were yet heathens. Addison. 3. Up to the present time; thus far; hitherto; until now; -- and with the negative, not yet, not up to the present time; not as soon as now; as, Is it time to go Not yet. See As yet, under As, conj. Ne never yet no villainy ne said. Chaucer. 4. Before some future time; before the end; eventually; in time. "He 'll be hanged yet." Shak. 5. Even; -- used emphatically. Men may not too rashly believe the confessions of witches, nor yet the evidence against them. Bacon. YET Yet, conj. Defn: Nevertheless; notwithstanding; however. Yet I say unto you, That even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. Matt. vi. 29. Syn. -- See However. YEVE Yeve, v. i. Defn: To give. [Obs.] Chaucer. YEVEN Yev"en, p. p. Defn: Given. [Obs.] Chaucer. YEW Yew, v. i. Defn: See Yaw. YEW Yew, n. Etym: [OE. ew, AS. eów, iw, eoh; akin to D. ijf, OHG. iwa, iha, G. eibe, Icel. ; cf. Ir. iubhar, Gael. iubhar, iughar, W. yw, ywen, Lith. jëva the black alder tree.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: An evergreen tree (Taxus baccata) of Europe, allied to the pines, but having a peculiar berrylike fruit instead of a cone. It frequently grows in British churchyards. 2. The wood of the yew. It is light red in color, compact, fine- grained, and very elastic. It is preferred to all other kinds of wood for bows and whipstocks, the best for these purposes coming from Spain. Note: The American yew (Taxus baccata, var. Canadensis) is a low and straggling or prostrate bush, never forming an erect trunk. The California yew (Taxus brevifolia) is a good-sized tree, and its wood is used for bows, spear handles, paddles, and other similar implements. Another yew is found in Florida, and there are species in Japan and the Himalayas. 3. A bow for shooting, made of the yew. YEW Yew (u), a. Defn: Of or pertaining to yew trees; made of the wood of a yew tree; as, a yew whipstock. YEWEN Yew"en, a. Defn: Made of yew; as, yewen bows. YEX Yex, v. i. Etym: [OE. ýexen, yesken, AS. giscian to sob.] Defn: To hiccough. [Written also yox, yux.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] He yexeth and he speaketh through the nose. Chaucer. YEX Yex, n. Etym: [AS. geocsa a sobbing, hiccough. Cf. Yex, v. i.] Defn: A hiccough. [Written also yox, and yux.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "The excessive yex." Holland. YEZDEGERDIAN Yez`de*ger"di*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Yezdegerd, the last Sassanian monarch of Persia, who was overthrown by the Mohammedans; as, the Yezdegerdian era, which began on the 16th of June, a. d. 632. The era is still used by the Parsees. YEZDI Yez"di, n. Defn: Same as Izedi. Taylor. YEZIDEE; YEZIDI Yez"i*dee, Yez"i*di, n. Defn: Same as Izedi. YFERE Y*fere", adv. Defn: Together. See Ifere. [Obs.] As friends do when they be met yfere. Chaucer. YGDRASYL Yg"dra*syl, n. (Scand. Myth.) Defn: See in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. YGHE Y"ghe, n. Defn: Eye. [Obs.] Chaucer. YGO Y*go", obs. p. p. of Go. Defn: Gone. Chaucer. YGROUND Y*ground", obs. Defn: p. p. of Grind. Chaucer. YHOLDE Y*hold"e, obs. Defn: p. p. of Hold. Chaucer. YID Yid, n. [See Yiddish.] Defn: A Jew. [Slang or Colloq.] "Almost any young Yid who goes out from among her people." John Corbin. YIDDISH Yid"dish, n. [G. jüdisch, prop., Jewish, fr. Jude Jew. See Jew, Jewish.] Defn: A language used by German and other Jews, being a Middle German dialect developed under Hebrew and Slavic influence. It is written in Hebrew characters. YIDDISHER Yid"dish*er, n. [See Yiddish.] Defn: A Yid. [Slang] YIELD Yield, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Yielded; obs. p. p. Yold; p. pr. & vb. n. Yielding.] Etym: [OE. yelden, ýelden, ýilden, AS. gieldan, gildan, to pay, give, restore, make an offering; akin to OFries. jelda, OS. geldan, D. gelden to cost, to be worth, G. gelten, OHG. geltan to pay, restore, make an offering, be worth, Icel. gjalda to pay, give up, Dan. gielde to be worth, Sw. gälla to be worth, gälda to pay, Goth. gildan in fragildan, usgildan. Cf. 1st Geld, Guild.] 1. To give in return for labor expended; to produce, as payment or interest on what is expended or invested; to pay; as, money at interest yields six or seven per cent. To yelde Jesu Christ his proper rent. Chaucer. When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength. Gen. iv. 12. 2. To furnish; to afford; to render; to give forth. "Vines yield nectar." Milton. [He] makes milch kine yield blood. Shak. The wilderness yieldeth food for them and for their children. Job xxiv. 5. 3. To give up, as something that is claimed or demanded; to make over to one who has a claim or right; to resign; to surrender; to relinquish; as a city, an opinion, etc. And, force perforce, I'll make him yield the crown. Shak. Shall yield up all their virtue, all their fame. Milton. 4. To admit to be true; to concede; to allow. I yield it just, said Adam, and submit. Milton. 5. To permit; to grant; as, to yield passage. 6. To give a reward to; to bless. [Obs.] Chaucer. Tend me to-night two hours, I ask no more, And the gods yield you for 't. Shak. God yield thee, and God thank ye. Beau. & Fl. To yield the breath, the ghost, or the life, to die; to expire; -- often followed by up. One calmly yields his willing breath. Keble. YIELD Yield, v. i. 1. To give up the contest; to submit; to surrender; to succumb. He saw the fainting Grecians yield. Dryden. 2. To comply with; to assent; as, I yielded to his request. 3. To give way; to cease opposition; to be no longer a hindrance or an obstacle; as, men readily yield to the current of opinion, or to customs; the door yielded. Will ye relent, And yield to mercy while 't is offered you Shak. 4. To give place, as inferior in rank or excellence; as, they will yield to us in nothing. Nay tell me first, in what more happy fields The thistle springs, to which the lily yields Pope. YIELD Yield, n. Defn: Amount yielded; product; -- applied especially to products resulting from growth or cultivation. "A goodly yield of fruit doth bring." Bacon. YIELDABLE Yield"a*ble, a. Defn: Disposed to yield or comply. [R.] -- Yield"a*ble*ness, n. [R.] Bp. Hall. YIELDANCE Yield"ance, n. 1. The act of producing; yield; as, the yieldance of the earth. [R.] Bp. Hall. 2. The act of yielding; concession. [R.] South. YIELDER Yield"er, n. Defn: One who yields. Shak. YIELDING Yield"ing, a. Defn: Inclined to give way, or comply; flexible; compliant; accommodating; as, a yielding temper. Yielding and paying (Law), the initial words of that clause in leases in which the rent to be paid by the lessee is mentioned and reserved. Burrill. Syn. -- Obsequious; attentive. -- Yielding, Obsequious, Attentive. In many cases a man may be attentive or yielding in a high degree without any sacrifice of his dignity; but he who is obsequious seeks to gain favor by excessive and mean compliances for some selfish end. -- Yield"ing*ly, adv. -- Yield"ing*ness, n. YIELDLESS Yield"less, a. Defn: Without yielding; unyielding. [Obs.] YIFT Yift, n. Defn: Gift. [Obs.] "Great yiftes." Chaucer. YIN Yin, n. Defn: A Chinese weight of 2 YIS Yis, adv. Defn: Yes. [Obs.] "Yis, sir," quod he, "yis, host." Chaucer. YIT Yit, conj. Defn: Yet. [Obs.] Chaucer. YITE Yite, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European yellow-hammer. YIVE Yive, v. t. & i. Defn: To give. [Obs.] Chaucer. -YL -yl. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) Defn: A suffix used as a characteristic termination of chemical radicals; as in ethyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, etc. Note: -yl was first used in 1832 by Liebig and Wöhler in naming benzoyl, in the sense of stuff, or fundamental material, then in 1834 by Dumas and Peligot in naming methyl, in the sense of wood. After this -yl was generally used as in benzoyl, in the sense of stuff, characteristic ground, fundamental material. YLANG-YLANG Y*lang`-y*lang", n. Defn: See Ihlang-ihlang. YLE Yle, n. Defn: Isle. [Obs.] "The barren yle." Chaucer. Y LEVEL Y" lev`el. (Surv.) Defn: See under Y, n. YLICHE; YLIKE Y*liche", Y*like", a. & adv. Defn: Like; alike. [Obs.] "All . . . yliche good." Chaucer. YLLANRATON Yl`lan*ra*ton", n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The agouara. YMAKED Y*mak"ed, obs. p. p. of Make. Defn: Made. YMEL Y*mel", prep. Etym: [OE. ymel, imelle, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. i milli, i millum (properly, in the middle, fr. mi, me, middle, akin to E. middle), Dan. imellem, Sw. emellan. See In, and Middle.] Defn: Among. [Obs.] "Ymel them all." Chaucer. YNAMBU Y*nam"bu, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South American tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens); -- called also perdiz grande, and rufous tinamou. See Illust. of Tinamou. YNOUGH; YNOW Y*nough", Y*now", a. Etym: [See Enough.] Defn: Enough. [Obs.] Chaucer. YOCKEL Yock"el, n. Etym: [Cf. Yokel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The yaffle. YODE Yode, obs. imp. of Go. Etym: [OE. yode, yede, , , eode, AS. eóde, used as the imp. of gan to go; akin to Goth. iddja I, he, went, L. ire to go, Gr. i, ya. Issue.] Defn: Went; walked; proceeded. [Written also yede.] See Yede. Quer [whether] they rade [rode] or yoke. Cursor Mundi. Then into Cornhill anon I yode. Lydgate. YODEL; YODLE Yo"del, Yo"dle, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Yodeled, Yodled; p. pr. & vb. n. Yodeling, Yodling.] Etym: [G. jodeln.] Defn: To sing in a manner common among the Swiss and Tyrolese mountaineers, by suddenly changing from the head voice, or falsetto, to the chest voice, and the contrary; to warble. YODEL; YODLE Yo"del, Yo"dle, n. Defn: A song sung by yodeling, as by the Swiss mountaineers. YODLER Yo"dler, n. Defn: One who yodels. YOGA Yo"ga, n. Etym: [Skr. yoga union.] Defn: A species of asceticism among the Hindoos, which consists in a complete abstraction from all worldly objects, by which the votary expects to obtain union with the universal spirit, and to acquire superhuman faculties. YOGI Yo"gi, n. Etym: [Skr. yogin.] Defn: A follower of the yoga philosophy; an ascetic. [Spelt also yokin.] Whitworth. YOGISM Yo"gism, n. Defn: Yoga, or its practice. YOICKS Yo"icks, interj. (Hunting) Defn: A cry of encouragement to foxhounds. YOIT Yoit, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The European yellow-hammer. [Prov. Eng.] YOJAN Yo"jan, n. Etym: [Skr. y.] Defn: A measure of distance, varying from four to ten miles, but usually about five. [India] [Written also yojana.] YOKE Yoke, n. Etym: [OE. yok, , AS. geoc; akin to D. juk, OHG. joh, G. joch, Icel. & Sw. ok, Dan. aag, Goth. juk, Lith. jungas, Russ. igo, L. jugum, Gr. yuga, and to L. jungere to join, Gr. yui. Join, Jougs, Joust, Jugular, Subjugate, Syzycy, Yuga, Zeugma.] 1. A bar or frame of wood by which two oxen are joined at the heads or necks for working together. A yearling bullock to thy name shall smoke, Untamed, unconscious of the galling yoke. Pope. Note: The modern yoke for oxen is usually a piece of timber hollowed, or made curving, near each end, and laid on the necks of the oxen, being secured in place by two bows, one inclosing each neck, and fastened through the timber. In some countries the yoke consists of a flat piece of wood fastened to the foreheads of the oxen by thongs about the horns. 2. A frame or piece resembling a yoke, as in use or shape. Specifically: (a) A frame of wood fitted to a person's shoulders for carrying pails, etc., suspended on each side; as, a milkmaid's yoke. (b) A frame worn on the neck of an animal, as a cow, a pig, a goose, to prevent passage through a fence. (c) A frame or convex piece by which a bell is hung for ringing it. See Illust. of Bell. (d) A crosspiece upon the head of a boat's rudder. To its ends lines are attached which lead forward so that the boat can be steered from amidships. (e) (Mach.) A bent crosspiece connecting two other parts. (f) (Arch.) A tie securing two timbers together, not used for part of a regular truss, but serving a temporary purpose, as to provide against unusual strain. (g) (Dressmaking) A band shaped to fit the shoulders or the hips, and joined to the upper full edge of the waist or the skirt. 3. Fig.: That which connects or binds; a chain; a link; a bond connection. Boweth your neck under that blissful yoke . . . Which that men clepeth spousal or wedlock. Chaucer. This yoke of marriage from us both remove. Dryden. 4. A mark of servitude; hence, servitude; slavery; bondage; service. Our country sinks beneath the yoke. Shak. My yoke is easy, and my burden is light. Matt. xi. 30. 5. Two animals yoked together; a couple; a pair that work together. I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I go to prove them. Luke xiv. 19. 6. The quantity of land plowed in a day by a yoke of oxen. [Obs.] Gardner. 7. A portion of the working day; as, to work two yokes, that is, to work both portions of the day, or morning and afternoon. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Neck yoke, Pig yoke. See under Neck, and Pig. -- Yoke elm (Bot.), the European hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus), a small tree with tough white wood, often used for making yokes for cattle. YOKE Yoke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Yoked; p. pr. & vb. n. Yoking.] 1. To put a yoke on; to join in or with a yoke; as, to yoke oxen, or pair of oxen. 2. To couple; to join with another. "Be ye not unequally yoked with unbelievers." 2 Cor. vi. 14. Cassius, you are yoked with a lamb. Shak. 3. To enslave; to bring into bondage; to restrain; to confine. Then were they yoked with garrisons. Milton. The words and promises that yoke The conqueror are quickly broke. Hudibras. YOKE Yoke, v. i. Defn: To be joined or associated; to be intimately connected; to consort closely; to mate. We 'll yoke together, like a double shadow. Shak. YOKEAGE Yoke"age, n. Defn: See Rokeage. [Local, U. S.] YOKEFELLOW Yoke"fel`low, n. Etym: [Yoke + fellow.] Defn: An associate or companion in, or as in; a mate; a fellow; especially, a partner in marriage. Phil. iv. 3. The two languages [English and French] became yokefellows in a still more intimate manner. Earle. Those who have most distinguished themselves by railing at the sex, very often choose one of the most worthless for a companion and yokefellow. Addison. YOKEL Yo"kel, n. Etym: [Perhaps from an AS. word akin to E. gawk.] Defn: A country bumpkin. [Eng.] Dickens. YOKELET Yoke"let, n. Defn: A small farm; -- so called as requiring but one yoke of oxen to till it. [Prov. Eng.] YOKEMATE Yoke"mate`, n. Defn: Same as Yokefellow. YOKE-TOED Yoke"-toed`, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Having two toes in front and two behind, as the trogons and woodpeckers. YOLD Yold, obs. p. p. of Yield. Defn: Yielded. Spenser. YOLDEN Yold"en, obs. p. p. of Yield. Defn: Yielded. YOLK Yolk, n. Etym: [OE. yolke, yelke, ýolke, ýelke, AS. geoloca, geoleca, fr. geolu yellow. See Yellow.] [Written also yelk.] 1. The yellow part of an egg; the vitellus. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: An oily secretion which naturally covers the wool of sheep. Yolk cord (Zoöl.), a slender cord or duct which connects the yolk glands with the egg chambers in certain insects, as in the aphids. -- Yolk gland (Zoöl.), a special organ which secretes the yolk of the eggs in many turbellarians, and in some other invertebrates. See Illust. of Hermaphrodite in Appendix. -- Yolk sack (Anat.), the umbilical vesicle. See under Unbilical. YOLL Yoll, v. i. Defn: To yell. [Obs.] Chaucer. YOM Yom, n. [Heb. yom.] Defn: Day; -- a Hebrew word used in the names of various Jewish feast days; as, Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement; Yom Teruah (lit., day of shouting), the Feast of Trumpets. YON Yon, a. Etym: [OE. yon, , AS. geon; akin to G. jener, OHG. jen, Icel. enn, inn; cf. Goth. jains. Beyond, Yond, Yonder.] Defn: At a distance, but within view; yonder. [Poetic] Read thy lot in yon celestial sign. Milton. Though fast yon shower be fleeting. Keble. YON Yon, adv. Defn: Yonder. [Obs. or Poetic] But, first and chiefest, with thee bring Him that yon soars on golden wing. Milton. YONCOPIN Yon"co*pin, n. Etym: [Perhaps corrupted from Illinois micoupena, Chippewa makopin, the American lotus.] (Bot.) Defn: A local name in parts of the Mississippi Valley for the American lotus (Nelumbo lutea). YOND Yond, a. Etym: [Cf. AS. anda, onda, anger, andian to be angry.] Defn: Furious; mad; angry; fierce. [Obs.] "Then wexeth wood and yond." Spenser. YOND Yond, adv. & a. Etym: [OE. yond, ýond, ýeond, through, beyond, over, AS. geond, adv. & prep.; cf. Goth. jaind thither. sq. root188. See Yon, a.] Defn: Yonder. [Obs.] "Yond in the garden." Chaucer. YONDER Yon"der, adv. Etym: [OE. yonder, ýonder; cf. OD. ginder, Goth. jaindr there. Yond, adv.] Defn: At a distance, but within view. Yonder are two apple women scolding. Arbuthnot. YONDER Yon"der, a. Defn: Being at a distance within view, or conceived of as within view; that or those there; yon. "Yon flowery arbors, yonder alleys green." Milton. "Yonder sea of light." Keble. Yonder men are too many for an embassage. Bacon. YONI Yo"ni, n. Etym: [Skr. y.] (Hindoo Myth.) Defn: The symbol under which Sakti, or the personification of the female power in nature, is worshiped. Cf. Lingam. YONKER Yon"ker, n. Etym: [See Younker.] Defn: A young fellow; a younker. [Obs. or Colloq.] Sir W. Scott. YORE Yore, adv. Etym: [OE. , yare, , AS. geára;akin to geár a year, E. year. Year.] Defn: In time long past; in old time; long since. [Obs. or Poetic] As it hath been of olde times yore. Chaucer. Which though he hath polluted oft and yore, Yet I to them for judgment just do fly. Spenser. Of yore, of old time; long ago; as, in times or days of yore. "But Satan now is wiser than of yore." Pope. Where Abraham fed his flock of yore. Keble. YORKER York"er, n. (Cricket) Defn: A tice. YORK RITE York rite. (Freemasonry) Defn: The rite or ceremonial observed by one of the Masonic systems, deriving its name from the city of York, in England; also, the system itself, which, in England, confers only the first three degrees. YORKSHIRE York"shire, n. Defn: A county in the north of England. Yorkshire grit, a kind of stone used for polishing marble, and copperplates for engravers. Simmonds. -- Yorkshire pudding, a batter pudding baked under meat. YORK USE York" use`. (Eccl.) Defn: The one of the three printed uses of England which was followed in the north. It was based on the Sarum use. See Use, n., 6. Shipley. YOT Yot, v. t. Defn: To unite closely. [Prov. Eng.] YOTE Yote, v. t. Etym: [OE. , , to pour, AS. geótan. See Found to cast.] Defn: To pour water on; to soak in, or mix with, water. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Grose. My fowls, which well enough, I, as before, found feeding at their trough Their yoted wheat. Chapman. YOU You, pron. [Possess. Your or Yours (; dat. & obj. You.] Etym: [OE. you, eou, eow, dat. & acc., AS. eów, used as dat. & acc. of ge, g, ye; akin to OFries. iu, io, D. u, G. euch, OHG. iu, dat., iuwih, acc., Icel. y, dat. & acc., Goth. izwis; of uncertain origin. sq. root189. Cf. Your.] Defn: The pronoun of the second person, in the nominative, dative, and objective case, indicating the person or persons addressed. See the Note under Ye. Ye go to Canterbury; God you speed. Chaucer. Good sir, I do in friendship counsel you To leave this place. Shak. In vain you tell your parting lover You wish fair winds may waft him over. Prior. Note: Though you is properly a plural, it is in all ordinary discourse used also in addressing a single person, yet properly always with a plural verb. "Are you he that hangs the verses on the trees, wherein Rosalind is so admired " Shak. You and your are sometimes used indefinitely, like we, they, one, to express persons not specified. "The looks at a distance like a new-plowed land; but as you come near it, you see nothing but a long heap of heavy, disjointed clods." Addison. "Your medalist and critic are much nearer related than the world imagine." Addison. "It is always pleasant to be forced to do what you wish to do, but what, until pressed, you dare not attempt." Hook. You is often used reflexively for yourself of yourselves. "Your highness shall repose you at the tower." Shak. YOUL Youl, v. i. Defn: To yell; to yowl. [Obs.] Chaucer. YOUNG Young, a. [Compar. Younger; superl. Youngest.] Etym: [OE. yung, yong, , , AS. geong; akin to OFries. iung, iong, D. joing, OS., OHG., & G. jung, Icel. ungr, Sw. & Dan. ung, Goth. juggs, Lith. jaunas, Russ. iunuii, L. juvencus, juvenis, Skr. juva, juven. Junior, Juniper, Juvenile, Younker, Youth.] 1. Not long born; still in the first part of life; not yet arrived at adolescence, maturity, or age; not old; juvenile; -- said of animals; as, a young child; a young man; a young fawn. For he so young and tender was of age. Chaucer. "Whom the gods love, die young," has been too long carelessly said; . . . whom the gods love, live young forever. Mrs. H. H. Jackson. 2. Being in the first part, pr period, of growth; as, a young plant; a young tree. While the fears of the people were young. De Foe. 3. Having little experience; inexperienced; unpracticed; ignorant; weak. Come, come, elder brother, you are too young in this. Shak. YOUNG Young, n. Defn: The offspring of animals, either a single animal or offspring collectively. [The egg] bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclosed Their callow young. Milton. With young, with child; pregnant. YOUNGGER Young"ger, n. Defn: One who is younger; an inferior in age; a junior. "The elder shall serve the younger." Rom. ix. 12. YOUNGISH Young"ish, a. Defn: Somewhat young. Tatler. YOUNGLING Young"ling, n. Etym: [AS. geongling.] Defn: A young person; a youth; also, any animal in its early life. "More dear . . . than younglings to their dam." Spenser. He will not be so willing, I think, to join with you as with us younglings. Ridley. YOUNGLING Young"ling, a. Defn: Young; youthful. Wordsworth. YOUNGLY Young"ly, a. Etym: [AS. geonglic.] Defn: Like a young person or thing; young; youthful. [Obs.] Shak. YOUNGLY Young"ly, adv. 1. In a young manner; in the period of youth; early in life. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Ignorantly; weakly. [R.] YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION Young Men's Christian Association. Defn: An organization for promoting the spiritual, intellectual, social, and physical welfare of young men, founded, June 6, 1844, by George Williams (knighted therefor by Queen Victoria) in London. In 1851 it extended to the United States and Canada, and in 1855 representatives of similar organizations throughout Europe and America formed an international body. The movement has successfully expanded not only among young men in general, but also specifically among railroad men, in the army and navy, with provision for Indians and negroes, and a full duplication of all the various lines of oepration in the boys' departments. YOUNGNESS Young"ness, n. Defn: The quality or state of being young. YOUNG ONE Young one. Defn: A young human being; a child; also, a young animal, as a colt. YOUNGSTER Young"ster, n. Defn: A young person; a youngling; a lad. [Colloq.] "He felt himself quite a youngster, with a long life before him." G. Eliot. YOUNGTH Youngth, n. Defn: Youth. [Obs.] Youngth is a bubble blown up with breath. Spenser. YOUNGTHLY Youngth"ly, a. Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, youth; youthful. [Obs.] Spenser. YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION Young Women's Christian Association. Defn: An organization for promoting the spiritual, intellectual, social, and economic welfare of young women, originating in 1855 with Lady Kinnaird's home for young women, and Miss Emma Robert's prayer union for young women,in England, which were combined in the year 1884 as a national association. Now nearly all the civilized countries, and esp. the United States, have local, national, and international organizations. YOUNKER Youn"ker, n. Etym: [D. jonker, jonkeer; jong young + heer a lord, sir, gentleman. See Young, a.] Defn: A young person; a stripling; a yonker. [Obs. or Colloq.] That same younker soon was overthrown. Spenser. YOUPON You"pon, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Yaupon. YOUR Your, pron. & a. Etym: [OE. your, , eowr, eower, AS. eówer, originally used as the gen. of ge, ge, ye; akin to OFries. iuwer your, OS. iuwar, D. uw, OHG. iuwer, G. euer, Icel. ythar, Goth. izwara, izwar, and E. you. *189. See You.] Defn: The form of the possessive case of the personal pronoun you. Note: The possessive takes the form yours when the noun to which it refers is not expressed, but implied; as, this book is yours. "An old fellow of yours." Chaucer. YOURS Yours, pron. Defn: See the Note under Your. YOURS Yours (ürz), pron. Defn: See the Note under Your. YOURSELF Your*self", pron.; pl. Yourselves. Etym: [Your + self.] Defn: An emphasized or reflexive form of the pronoun of the second person; -- used as a subject commonly with you; as, you yourself shall see it; also, alone in the predicate, either in the nominative or objective case; as, you have injured yourself. Of which right now ye han yourselve heard. Chaucer. If yourselves are old, make it your cause. Shak. Why should you be so cruel to yourself Milton. The religious movement which you yourself, as well as I, so faithfully followed from first to last. J. H. Newman. YOUTH Youth (uth), n.; pl. Youths (uths; 264) or collectively Youth. Etym: [OE. youthe, youhþe, ýuhethe, ýuwethe, ýeoýethe, AS. geoguth, geogoth; akin to OS. jugth, D. jeugd, OHG. jugund, G. jugend, Goth. junda. *281. See Young.] 1. The quality or state of being young; youthfulness; juvenility. "In my flower of youth." Milton. Such as in his face Youth smiled celestial. Milton. 2. The part of life that succeeds to childhood; the period of existence preceding maturity or age; the whole early part of life, from childhood, or, sometimes, from infancy, to manhood. He wondered that your lordship Would suffer him to spend his youth at home. Shak. Those who pass their youth in vice are justly condemned to spend their age in folly. Rambler. 3. A young person; especially, a young man. Seven youths from Athens yearly sent. Dryden. 4. Young persons, collectively. It is fit to read the best authors to youth first. B. Jonson. YOUTHFUL Youth"ful, a. 1. Not yet mature or aged; young. "Two youthful knights." Dryden. Defn: Also used figuratively. "The youthful season of the year." Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to the early part of life; suitable to early life; as, youthful days; youthful sports. "Warm, youthful blood." Shak. "Youthful thoughts." Milton. 3. Fresh; vigorous, as in youth. After millions of millions of ages . . . still youthful and flourishing. Bentley. Syn. -- Puerile; juvenile. -- Youthful, Puerile, Juvenile. Puerile is always used in a bad sense, or at least in the sense of what is suitable to a boy only; as, puerile objections, puerile amusements, etc. Juvenile is sometimes taken in a bad sense, as when speaking of youth in contrast with manhood; as, juvenile tricks; a juvenile performance. Youthful is commonly employed in a good sense; as, youthful aspirations; or at least by way of extenuating; as, youthful indiscretions. "Some men, imagining themselves possessed with a divine fury, often fall into toys and trifles, which are only puerilities." Dryden. "Raw, juvenile writers imagine that, by pouring forth figures often, they render their compositions warm and animated." Blair. -- Youth"ful*ly, adv. -- Youth"ful*ness, n. YOUTHHOOD Youth"hood, n. Etym: [AS. geoguedhhad. See Youth, and -hood.] Defn: The quality or state of being a youth; the period of youth. Cheyne. YOUTHLY Youth"ly, a. Etym: [AS. geoguedhlic.] Defn: Young; youthful. [Obs.] "All my youthly days." Spenser. YOUTHSOME Youth"some, a. Defn: Youthful. [Obs.] Pepys. YOUTHY Youth"y, a. Defn: Young. [Obs.] Spectator. YOUZE Youze, n. Etym: [From a native East Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The cheetah. YOW Yow, pron. Defn: You. [Obs.] Chaucer. YOWE Yowe, n. Etym: [See Ewe.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A ewe. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] G. Eliot. YOWL Yowl, v. i. Etym: [See Yawl, v. i.] Defn: To utter a loud, long, and mournful cry, as a dog; to howl; to yell. YOWL Yowl, n. Defn: A loud, protracted, and mournful cry, as that of a dog; a howl. YOWLEY Yow"ley, n. Etym: [Cf. Yellow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The European yellow-hammer. [Prov. Eng.] YOX Yox, v. i. Defn: See Yex. [Obs.] Chaucer. YPIGHT Y*pight", obs. p. p. of Pitch. Defn: See Pight. YPOCRAS Yp"o*cras, n. Defn: Hippocras. [Obs.] Chaucer. YPRES LACE Y"pres lace`. Defn: Fine bobbin lace made at Ypres in Belgium, usually exactly like Valenciennes lace. YPSILIFORM Yp*sil"i*form, a. Etym: [Gr. -form.] (Biol.) Defn: Resembling the YPSILOID Yp"si*loid, a. (Anat.) Defn: In the form of the letter Y; Y-shaped. YRAFT Y*raft", obs. p. p. of Reave. Defn: Bereft. Chaucer. YREN Yr"en, n. Defn: Iron. [Obs.] Chaucer. YRONNE Y*ron"ne, obs. p. p. of Run. Defn: Run. Chaucer. YSAME Y*same", adv. Etym: [See Same.] Defn: Together. [Obs.] "And in a bag all sorts of seeds ysame." Spenser. YT Yt. Defn: , an old method of printing that (AS. æt, edhæt) the "y" taking the place of the old letter "Þ"). Cf. Ye, the. YT; YT Yt, Yt (that), Defn: an old method of printing that (AS. þæt, ðæt) the "y" taking the place of the old letter "thorn" (þ). Cf. Ye, the. YTHROWE Y*throwe", obs. Defn: p. p. of Throw. Chaucer. YTTERBIC Yt*ter"bic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, ytterbium; containing ytterbium. YTTERBIUM Yt*ter"bi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Ytterby, in Sweden. See Erbium.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare element of the boron group, sometimes associated with yttrium or other related elements, as in euxenite and gadolinite. Symbol Yb; provisional atomic weight 173.2. Cf. Yttrium. Note: Ytterbium is associated with other rare elements, and probably has not been prepared in a pure state. YTTRIA Yt"tri*a, n. Etym: [NL. See Yttrium.] (Chem.) Defn: The oxide, Y2O3, or earth, of yttrium. YTTRIC Yt"tric, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, yttrium. YTTRIFEROUS Yt*trif"er*ous, a. Defn: Bearing or containing yttrium or the allied elements; as, gadolinite is one of the yttriferous minerals. YTTRIOUS Yt"tri*ous, a. (Chem.) Defn: Same as Yttric. YTTRIUM Yt"tri*um, n. Etym: [NL., from Ytterby, in Sweden. See Erbium.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare metallic element of the boron-aluminium group, found in gadolinite and other rare minerals, and extracted as a dark gray powder. Symbol Y. Atomic weight, 89. [Written also ittrium.] Note: Associated with yttrium are certain rare elements, as erbium, ytterbium, samarium, etc., which are separated in a pure state with great difficulty. They are studied by means of their spark or phosphorescent spectra. Yttrium is now regarded as probably not a simple element, but as a mixture of several substances. YTTRO-CERITE Yt`tro-ce"rite, n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral of a violet-blue color, inclining to gray and white. It is a hydrous fluoride of cerium, yttrium, and calcium. YTTRO-COLUMBITE; YTTRO-TANTALITE Yt`tro-co*lum"bite, Yt`tro-tan"ta*lite, n. (Min.) Defn: A tantalate of uranium, yttrium, and calcium, of a brown or black color. YU Yu, n. Etym: [Chin.] (Min.) Defn: Jade. YUCCA Yuc"ca, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Flicker, n., 2. YUCCA Yuc"ca, n. Etym: [NL., from Yuca, its name in St. Domingo.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of American liliaceous, sometimes arborescent, plants having long, pointed, and often rigid, leaves at the top of a more or less woody stem, and bearing a large panicle of showy white blossoms. Note: The species with more rigid leaves (as Yucca aloifolia, Y. Treculiana, and Y. baccata) are called Spanish bayonet, and one with softer leaves (Y. filamentosa) is called bear grass, and Adam's needle. Yucca moth (Zoöl.), a small silvery moth (Pronuba yuccasella) whose larvæ feed on plants of the genus Yucca. YUCCA BORER Yuc"ca bor`er. (a) A California boring weevil (Yuccaborus frontalis). (b) A large mothlike butterfly (Megathymus yuccæ) of the family Megatimidæ, whose larva bores in yucca roots. YUCK Yuck, v. i. Etym: [Cf. G. jucken, D. yeuken, joken. See Itch.] Defn: To itch. [Prov. Eng.] Grose. YUCK Yuck, v. t. Defn: To scratch. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. YUCKEL Yuck"el, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Yockel. YUEN Yu"en, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The crowned gibbon (Hylobates pileatus), native of Siam, Southern China, and the Island of Hainan. It is entirely arboreal in its habits, and has very long arms. the males are dark brown or blackish, with a caplike mass of long dark hair, and usually with a white band around the face. The females are yellowish white, with a dark spot on the breast and another on the crown. Called also wooyen, and wooyen ape. YUFTS Yufts, n. Etym: [Russ. iufte.] Defn: Russia leather. YUG; YUGA Yug, Yu"ga, n. Etym: [Skr. yuga an age, a yoke. See Yoke.] (Hindoo Cosmog.) Defn: Any one of the four ages, Krita, or Satya, Treta, Dwapara, and Kali, into which the Hindoos divide the duration or existence of the world. YUKE Yuke, v. i. & t. Defn: Same as Yuck. [Prov. Eng.] YULAN Yu"lan, n. (Bot.) Defn: A species of Magnolia (M. conspicua) with large white blossoms that open before the leaves. See the Note under Magnolia. YULE Yule, n. Etym: [OE. yol, ýol, AS. geól; akin to geóla December or January, Icel. jol Yule, Ylir the name of a winter month, Sw. jul Christmas, Dan. juul, Goth. jiuleis November or December. Cf. Jolly.] Defn: Christmas or Christmastide; the feast of the Nativity of our Savior. And at each pause they kiss; was never seen such rule In any place but here, at bonfire, or at Yule. Drayton. Yule block, or Yule log, a large log of wood formerly put on the hearth of Christmas eve, as the foundation of the fire. It was brought in with much ceremony. -- Yule clog, the yule log. Halliwell. W. Irving. YULETIDE Yule"tide`, n. Defn: Christmas time; Christmastide; the season of Christmas. YUMAN Yu"man, a. Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, an important linguistic stock of North American Indians of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, nearly all agriculturists and adept potters and basket makers. Their usual dwelling is the brush wikiup, and in their native state they wear little clothing. The Yuma, Maricopa, Mohave, Walapi, and Yavapai are among the chief tribes, all of fine physique. YUMAS Yu"mas, n. pl.; sing. Yuma (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Indians native of Arizona and the adjacent parts of Mexico and California. They are agricultural, and cultivate corn, wheat, barley, melons, etc. Note: The a wider sense, the term sometimes includes the Mohaves and other allied tribes. YUNCA Yun"ca (yoon"ka), n. Defn: An Indian of a linguistic stock of tribes of the Peruvian coast who had a developed agricultural civilization at the advent of the Spaniards, before which they had been conquered by the Incas. They constructed irrigation canals which are still in use, adorned their buildings with bas-reliefs and frescoes, and were skilled goldsmiths and silversmiths. -- Yun"can (#), a. YUNX Yunx, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of birds comprising the wrynecks. YUPON Yu"pon, n. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Yaupon. YUX Yux, n. & v. Defn: See Yex, n. [Obs.] YVEL Y"vel, a. & adv. Defn: Evil; ill. [Obs.] Chaucer. YWAR Y*war", a. Etym: [See Aware.] Defn: Aware; wary. [Obs.] "Be ywar, and his way shun." Piers Plowman. YWIS Y*wis", adv. Etym: [OE. ywis, iwis, AS. gewis certain; akin to D. gewis, G. gewiss, and E. wit to know. See Wit to know, and Y-.] Defn: Certainly; most likely; truly; probably. [Obs. or Archaic] "Ywis," quod he, "it is full dear, I say." Chaucer. She answered me, "I-wisse, all their sport in the park is but a shadow to that pleasure that I find in Plato." Ascham. A right good knight, and true of word ywis. Spenser. Note: The common form iwis was often written with the prefix apart from the rest of the word and capitalized, as, I wis, I wisse, etc. The prefix was mistaken for the pronoun, I and wis, wisse, for a form of the verb wit to know. See Wis, and cf. Wit, to know. Our ship, I wis, Shall be of another form than this. Longfellow. Z Z (ze; in England commonly, and in America sometimes, zêd; formerly, also, îz"zêrd) Defn: Z, the twenty-sixth and last letter of the English alphabet, is a vocal consonant. It is taken from the Latin letter Z, which came from the Greek alphabet, this having it from a Semitic source. The ultimate origin is probably Egyptian. Etymologically, it is most closely related to s, y, and j; as in glass, glaze; E. yoke, Gr. yugum; E. zealous, jealous. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 273, 274. ZA Za, n. (Min.) Defn: An old solfeggio name for B flat; the seventh harmonic, as heard in the or æolian string; -- so called by Tartini. It was long considered a false, but is the true note of the chord of the flat seventh. H. W. Poole. ZABAISM; ZABISM Za"ba*ism, Za"bism, n. Defn: See Sabianism. ZABIAN Za"bi*an, a. & n. Defn: See Sabian. ZACCO Zac"co, n. (Arch.) Defn: See Zocco. ZACHUN Za*chun", n. (Bot.) Defn: An oil pressed by the Arabs from the fruit of a small thorny tree (Balanites Ægyptiaca), and sold to piligrims for a healing ointment. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). ZAERTHE Zaer"the, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Zärthe. ZAFFER Zaf"fer, n. Etym: [F. zafre, safre; cf. Sp. zafra, safra, It. saffera, G. zaffer; all probably of Arabic origin. Cf. Zaphara.] Defn: A pigment obtained, usually by roasting cobalt glance with sand or quartz, as a dark earthy powder. It consists of crude cobalt oxide, or of an impure cobalt arseniate. It is used in porcelain painting, and in enameling pottery, to produce a blue color, and is often confounded with smalt, from which, however, it is distinct, as it contains no potash. The name is often loosely applied to mixtures of zaffer proper with silica, or oxides of iron, manganese, etc. [Written also zaffre, and formerly zaffree, zaffar, zaffir.] ZAIM Zaim, n. Etym: [Turk. & Ar. za'im.] Defn: A Turkish chief who supports a mounted militia bearing the same name. Smart. ZAIMET Zaim"et, n. Etym: [Turk. & Ar. za'imet.] Defn: A district from which a Zaim draws his revenue. Smart. ZAIN Zain, n. Defn: A horse of a dark color, neither gray nor white, and having no spots. Smart. ZALAMBDODONT Za*lamb"do*dont, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to a tribe (Zalambdodonta) of Insectivora in which the molar teeth have but one V-shaped ridge. ZALAMBDODONT Za*lamb"do*dont, n. Defn: One of the Zalambdodonta. The tenrec, solenodon, and golden moles are examples. ZAMANG Za*mang", n. (Bot.) Defn: An immense leguminous tree (Pithecolobium Saman) of Venezuela. Its branches form a hemispherical mass, often one hundred and eighty feet across. The sweet pulpy pods are used commonly for feeding cattle. Also called rain tree. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). ZAMBO Zam"bo, n.; pl. Zambos. Etym: [See Sambo.] Defn: The child of a mulatto and a negro; also, the child of an Indian and a negro; colloquially or humorously, a negro; a sambo. ZAMIA Za"mi*a, n. Etym: [L. zamia a kind of fir cone, from Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of cycadaceous plants, having the appearance of low palms, but with exogenous wood. See Coontie, and Illust. of Strobile. ZAMINDAR Zam`in*dar", n. Etym: [Hind. zemindar, zamindar, a landholder, Per. zamindar; zamin land dar holding.] Defn: A landowner; also, a collector of land revenue; now, usually, a kind of feudatory recognized as an actual proprietor so long as he pays to the government a certain fixed revenue. [Written also zemindar.] [India] ZAMINDARY; ZAMINDARI Zam"in*da*ry, Zam"in*da*ri, n. Defn: The jurisdiction of a zamindar; the land possessed by a zamindar. [Written also zemindary, zemindari.] ZAMITE Za"mite, n. (Paleon.) Defn: A fossil cycad of the genus Zamia. ZAMOUSE Za*mouse", n. Etym: [From a native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A West African buffalo (Bubalus brachyceros) having short horns depressed at the base, and large ears fringed internally with three rows of long hairs. It is destitute of a dewlap. Called also short- horned buffalo, and bush cow. ZAMPOGNA Zam*po"gna, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A sort of bagpipe formerly in use among Italian peasants. It is now almost obsolete. [Written also zampugna.] ZANDER Zan"der, n. Etym: [Cf. D. zand sand.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European pike perch (Stizostedion lucioperca) allied to the wall-eye; -- called also sandari, sander, sannat, schill, and zant. ZANDMOLE Zand"mole`, n. Etym: [Cf. D. zand sand. See Sand, and Mole the animal.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The sand mole. ZANTE Zan"te, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Zantewood. ZANTE CURRANT Zan"te cur"rant. Defn: A kind of seedless grape or raisin; -- so called from Zante, one of the Ionian Islands. ZANTEWOOD Zan"te*wood`, n. (Bot.) (a) A yellow dyewood; fustet; -- called also zante, and zante fustic. See Fustet, and the Note under Fustic. (b) Satinwood (Chloroxylon Swietenia). ZANTIOT Zan"ti*ot, n. Defn: A native or inhabitant of Zante, one of the Ionian Islands. ZANY Za"ny, n.; pl. Zanies. Etym: [It. zanni a buffoon, merry-andrew, orig. same as Giovanni John, i. e., merry John, L. Ioannes, Gr. Yokhanan, prop., the Lord graciously gave: cf. F. zani, fr. the Italian. Cf. Jenneting.] Defn: A merry-andrew; a buffoon. Then write that I may follow, and so be Thy echo, thy debtor, thy foil, thy zany. Donne. Preacher at once, and zany of thy age. Pope. ZANY Za"ny, v. t. Defn: To mimic. [Obs.] Your part is acted; give me leave at distance To zany it. Massinger. ZANYISM Za"ny*ism, n. Defn: State or character of a zany; buffoonery. Coleridge. H. Morley. ZAPAS Za*pas", n. [Russ.] Defn: See Army organization, above. ZAPATERA Za`pa*te"ra, n. [Sp. aceituna zapatera.] (Olive trade) Defn: A cured olive which has spoiled or is on the verge of decomposition; loosely, an olive defective because of bruises, wormholes, or the like. ZAPHARA Zaph"a*ra, n. Defn: Zaffer. ZAPHRENTIS Za*phren"tis, n. Etym: [NL.] (Paleon.) Defn: An extinct genus of cyathophylloid corals common in the Paleozoic formations. It is cup-shaped with numerous septa, and with a deep pit in one side of the cup. ZAPOTILLA Zap`o*til"la, n. (Bot.) Defn: See Sapodilla. ZAPTIAH Zap"ti*ah, n. Defn: A Turkish policeman. [Written also zaptieh.] ZARATHUSTRIAN; ZARATHUSTRIC Zar`a*thus"tri*an, Zar`a*thus"tric, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Zarathustra, or Zoroaster; Zoroastrian. Tylor. ZARATHUSTRISM Zar`a*thus"trism, n. Defn: See Zoroastrianism. ZARATITE Zar"a*tite, n. (Min.) Etym: [Named after Gen. Zarata of Spain.] Defn: A hydrous carbonate of nickel occurring as an emerald-green incrustation on chromite; -- called also emerald nickel. ZAREBA Za*re"ba, n. (Mil.) Defn: An improvised stockade; especially, one made of thorn bushes, etc. [Written also zareeba, and zeriba.] [Egypt] "Ah," he moralizes, "what wonderful instinct on the part of this little creature to surround itself with a zareba like the troops after Osman Digma." R. Jefferies. ZARF Zarf, n. [Ar.] (Art) Defn: A metallic cuplike stand used for holding a finjan. ZARNICH Zar"nich, n. Etym: [F., fr. Ar. az-zernikh, fr. Gr. Arsenic.] (Min.) Defn: Native sulphide of arsenic, including sandarach, or realgar, and orpiment. ZARTHE; ZAERTHE Zär"the, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A European bream (Abramis vimba). [Written also zaerthe.] ZASTRUGI Zas*tru"gi, n. pl.; sing. -ga (#). [Russ. zastruga furrow made on the shore by water.] Defn: Grooves or furrows formed in snow by the action of the wind, and running parallel with the direction of the wind. This formation results from the erosion of transverse waves previously formed. ZATI Za"ti, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A species of macaque (Macacus pileatus) native of India and Ceylon. It has a crown of long erect hair, and tuft of radiating hairs on the back of the head. Called also capped macaque. ZAUSCHNERIA Zau*schne"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., named for M. Zauschner, a Bohemian botanist.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of flowering plants. Zauschneria Californica is a suffrutescent perennial, with showy red flowers much resembling those of the garden fuchsia. ZAX Zax, n. Defn: A tool for trimming and puncturing roofing states. [Written also sax.] ZAYAT Za"yat, n. Defn: A public shed, or portico, for travelers, worshipers, etc. [Burmah] ZEA Ze"a, n. Etym: [L., a kind of grain, fr. Gr. yava barley.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of large grasses of which the Indian corn (Zea Mays) is the only species known. Its origin is not yet ascertained. See Maize. ZEAL Zeal, n. Etym: [F. zèle; cf. Pg. & It. zelo, Sp. zelo, celo; from L. zelus, Gr. Yeast, Jealous.] 1. Passionate ardor in the pursuit of anything; eagerness in favor of a person or cause; ardent and active interest; engagedness; enthusiasm; fervor. "Ambition varnished o'er with zeal." Milton. "Zeal, the blind conductor of the will." Dryden. "Zeal's never-dying fire." Keble. I bear them record that they have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge. Rom. x. 2. A zeal for liberty is sometimes an eagerness to subvert with little care what shall be established. Johnson. 2. A zealot. [Obs.] B. Jonson. ZEAL Zeal, v. i. Defn: To be zealous. [Obs. & R.] Bacon. ZEALANT Zeal"ant, n. Defn: One who is zealous; a zealot; an enthusiast. [Obs.] To certain zealants, all speech of pacification is odious. Bacon. ZEALED Zealed, a. Defn: Full of zeal; characterized by zeal. [Obs.] "Zealed religion." Beau. & Fl. ZEALFUL Zeal"ful, a. Defn: Full of zeal. [R.] Sylvester. ZEALLESS Zeal"less, a. Defn: Wanting zeal. Hammond. ZEALOT Zeal"ot, n. Etym: [F. zélote, L. zelotes, Gr. Zeal.] Defn: One who is zealous; one who engages warmly in any cause, and pursues his object with earnestness and ardor; especially, one who is overzealous, or carried away by his zeal; one absorbed in devotion to anything; an enthusiast; a fanatical partisan. Zealots for the one [tradition] were in hostile array against zealots for the other. Sir J. Stephen. In Ayrshire, Clydesdale, Nithisdale, Annandale, every parish was visited by these turbulent zealots. Macaulay. ZEALOTICAL Zea*lot"ic*al, a. Defn: Like, or suitable to, a zealot; ardently zealous. [R.] Strype. ZEALOTISM Zeal"ot*ism, n. Defn: The character or conduct of a zealot; zealotry. ZEALOTIST Zeal"ot*ist, n. Defn: A zealot. [Obs.] Howell. ZEALOTRY Zeal"ot*ry, n. Defn: The character and behavior of a zealot; excess of zeal; fanatical devotion to a cause. Enthusiasm, visionariness, seems the tendency of the German; zeal, zealotry, of the English; fanaticism, of the French. Coleridge. ZEALOUS Zeal"ous, a. Etym: [LL. zelosus. See Zeal.] 1. Filled with, or characterized by, zeal; warmly engaged, or ardent, in behalf of an object. He may be zealous in the salvation of souls. Law. 2. Filled with religious zeal. [Obs.] Shak. -- Zeal"ous*ly, adv. -- Zeal"ous*ness, n. ZEBEC Ze"bec, n. (Naut.) Defn: See Xebec. ZEBRA Ze"bra, n. Etym: [Pg. zebra; cf. Sp. cebra; probably from a native African name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Either one of two species of South African wild horses remarkable for having the body white or yellowish white, and conspicuously marked with dark brown or brackish bands. Note: The true or mountain zebra (Equus, or Asinus, zebra) is nearly white, and the bands which cover the body and legs are glossy black. Its tail has a tuft of black hair at the tip. It inhabits the mountains of Central and Southern Africa, and is noted for its wariness and wildness, as well as for its swiftness. The second species (Equus, or Asinus, Burchellii), known as Burchell's zebra, and dauw, inhabits the grassy plains of South Africa, and differs from the preceding in not having dark bands on the legs, while those on the body are more irregular. It has a long tail, covered with long white flowing hair. Zebra caterpillar, the larva of an American noctuid moth (Mamestra picta). It is light yellow, with a broad black stripe on the back and one on each side; the lateral stripes are crossed with withe lines. It feeds on cabbages, beets, clover, and other cultivated plants. -- Zebra opossum, the zebra wolf. See under Wolf. -- Zebra parrakeet, an Australian grass parrakeet, often kept as a cage bird. Its upper parts are mostly pale greenish yellow, transversely barred with brownish black crescents; the under parts, rump, and upper tail coverts, are bright green; two central tail feathers and the cheek patches are blue. Called also canary parrot, scallop parrot, shell parrot, and undulated parrot. -- Zebra poison (Bot.), a poisonous tree (Euphorbia arborea) of the Spurge family, found in South Africa. Its milky juice is so poisonous that zebras have been killed by drinking water in which its branches had been placed, and it is also used as an arrow poison. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). -- Zebra shark. Same as Tiger shark, under Tiger. -- Zebra spider, a hunting spider. -- Zebra swallowtail, a very large North American swallow-tailed butterfly (Iphiclides ajax), in which the wings are yellow, barred with black; -- called also ajax. -- Zebra wolf. See under Wolf. ZEBRAWOOD Ze"bra*wood`, n. (a) A kind of cabinet wood having beautiful black, brown, and whitish stripes, the timber of a tropical American tree (Connarus Guianensis). (b) The wood of a small West Indian myrtaceous tree (Eugenia fragrans). (c) The wood of an East Indian tree of the genus Guettarda. ZEBRINE Ze"brine, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the zebra. ZEBRINNY Ze*brin"ny, n.; pl. -nies. Defn: A cross between a male horse and a female zebra. ZEBRULA; ZEBRULE Ze"bru*la, Ze"brule, n. Defn: A cross between a male zebra and a female horse. ZEBU Ze"bu, n. [zébu; of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A bovine mammal (Ros Indicus) extensively domesticated in India, China, the East Indies, and East Africa. It usually has short horns, large pendulous ears, slender legs, a large dewlap, and a large, prominent hump over the shoulders; but these characters vary in different domestic breeds, which range in size from that of the common ox to that of a large mastiff. Note: Some of the varieties are used as beasts of burden, and some fore for riding, while others are raised for their milk and flesh. The Brahmin bull, regarded as sacred by the Hindoos, also belongs to this species. The male is called also Indian bull, Indian ox, Madras ox, and sacred bull. ZEBUB Ze"bub, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large noxious fly of Abyssinia, which like the tsetse fly, is destructive to cattle. ZECHIN Ze"chin, n. Defn: See Sequin. ZECHSTEIN Zech"stein`, n. Etym: [Gr., fr. zeche a mine + stein a stone.] (Geol.) Defn: The upper division of the Permian (Dyas) of Europe. The prevailing rock is a magnesian limestone. ZED Zed, n. Etym: [F., probably through It. zeta, fr. L. zeta. See Zeta.] Defn: The letter Z; -- called also zee, and formerly izzard. "Zed, thou unnecessary letter!" Shak. ZEDOARY Zed"o*a*ry, n. Etym: [F. zédoaire, LL. zedoaria; cf. It. zedoaria, zettovario, Pg. zedoaria, Sp. zedoaria, cedoaria; all fr. Ar. & Per. zedw.] (Med.) Defn: A medicinal substance obtained in the East Indian, having a fragrant smell, and a warm, bitter, aromatic taste. It is used in medicine as a stimulant. Note: It is the rhizome of different species of Curcuma, esp. C. zedoaria, and comes in short, firm pieces, externally of a wrinkled gray, ash-colored appearance, but within of a brownish red color. There are two kinds, round zedoary, and long zedoary. ZEEKOE Zee"koe, n. Etym: [D., sea cow, lake cow.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A hippopotamus. ZEEMAN EFFECT Zee"man ef*fect". (Physics) Defn: The widening and duplication, triplication, etc., of spectral lines when the radiations emanate in a strong magnetic field, first observed in 1896 by P. Zeeman, a Dutch physicist, and regarded as an important confirmation of the electromagnetic theory of light. ZEHNER Zeh"ner, n. Etym: [G.] Defn: An Austrian silver coin equal to ten kreutzers, or about five cents. ZEIN Ze"in, n. Etym: [Cf. F. zé\'8bne. See Zea.] (Chem.) Defn: A nitrogenous substance of the nature of gluten, obtained from the seeds of Indian corn (Zea) as a soft, yellowish, amorphous substance. [Formerly written zeine.] ZEITGEIST Zeit"geist`, n. [G.; zeit time + geist spirit. See Tide, n.; Ghost, n.] Defn: The spirit of the time; the general intellectual and moral state or temper characteristic of any period of time. ZEMINDAR Zem`in*dar", n. Defn: Same as Zamindar. ZEMINDARY; ZEMINDARI Zem"in*da*ry, Zem"in*da*ri, n. Defn: Same as Zamindary. ZEMNI Zem"ni, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The blind mole rat (Spalax typhlus), native of Eastern Europe and Asia. Its eyes and ears are rudimentary, and its fur is soft and brownish, more or less tinged with gray. It constructs extensive burrows. ZEMSTVO Zem"stvo, n. [Russ., fr. zemlya land.] Defn: In Russia, an elective local district and provincial administrative assembly. Originally it was composed of representatives elected by the peasantry, the householders of the towns, and the landed proprietors. In the reign of Alexander III. the power of the noble landowners was increased, the peasants allowed only to elect candidates from whom the governor of the province nominated the deputy, and all acts of the zemstvo subjected to the approval of the governor. Theoretically the zemstvo has large powers relating to taxation, education, public health, etc., but practically these powers are in most cases limited to the adjustment of the state taxation. ZENANA Ze*na"na, n. Etym: [Hind. zenana, zanana, fr. Per. zanana, fr. zan woman; akin to E. queen.] Defn: The part of a dwelling appropriated to women. [India] ZEND Zend, n. Etym: [See Zend-Avesta.] Defn: Properly, the translation and exposition in the Huzvâresh, or literary Pehlevi, language, of the Avesta, the Zoroastrian sacred writings; as commonly used, the language (an ancient Persian dialect) in which the Avesta is written. ZEND-AVESTA Zend`-A*ves"ta, n. Etym: [Properly, the Avesta, or sacred text, and its zend, or interpretation, in a more modern and intelligible language. W. D. Whitney.] Defn: The sacred writings of the ancient Persian religion, attributed to Zoroaster, but chiefly of a later date. ZENDIK Zen"dik, n. Etym: [Ar. zandik.] Defn: An atheist or unbeliever; -- name given in the East to those charged with disbelief of any revealed religion, or accused of magical heresies. ZENICK Ze"nick, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A South African burrowing mammal (Suricata tetradactyla), allied to the civets. It is grayish brown, with yellowish transverse stripes on the back. Called also suricat. ZENIK Ze"nik, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Zenick. ZENITH Ze"nith, n. Etym: [OE. senyth, OF. cenith, F. zénith, Sp. zenit, cenit, abbrev. fr. Ar. samt-urras way of the head, vertical place; samt way, path + al the + ras head. Cf. Azimuth.] 1. That point in the visible celestial hemisphere which is vertical to the spectator; the point of the heavens directly overhead; -- opposed to nadir. From morn To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve, A summer's day; and with the setting sun Dropped from the zenith, like a falling star. Milton. 2. hence, figuratively, the point of culmination; the greatest height; the height of success or prosperity. I find my zenith doth depend upon A most auspicious star. Shak. This dead of midnight is the noon of thought, And wisdom mounts her zenith with the stars. Mrs. Barbauld. It was during those civil troubles . . . this aspiring family reached the zenith. Macaulay. Zenith distance. (Astron.) See under Distance. -- Zenith sector. (Astron.) See Sector, 3. -- Zenith telescope (Geodesy), a telescope specially designed for determining the latitude by means of any two stars which pass the meridian about the same time, and at nearly equal distances from the zenith, but on opposite sides of it. It turns both on a vertical and a horizontal axis, is provided with a graduated vertical semicircle, and a level for setting it to a given zenith distance, and with a micrometer for measuring the difference of the zenith distances of the two stars. ZENITHAL Ze"nith*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to the zenith. "The deep zenithal blue." Tyndall. ZEOLITE Ze"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. zéolithe.] (Min.) Defn: A term now used to designate any one of a family of minerals, hydrous silicates of alumina, with lime, soda, potash, or rarely baryta. Here are included natrolite, stilbite, analcime, chabazite, thomsonite, heulandite, and others. These species occur of secondary origin in the cavities of amygdaloid, basalt, and lava, also, less frequently, in granite and gneiss. So called because many of these species intumesce before the blowpipe. Needle zeolite, needlestone; natrolite. ZEOLITIC Ze`o*lit"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a zeolite; consisting of, or resembling, a zeolite. ZEOLITIFORM Ze`o*lit"i*form, a. Defn: Having the form of a zeolite. ZEPHYR Zeph"yr, n. Etym: [L. zephyrus, Gr. zéphyr.] Defn: The west wind; poetically, any soft, gentle breeze. "Soft the zephyr blows." Gray. As gentle As zephyrs blowing below the violet. Shak. Zephyr cloth, a thin kind of cassimere made in Belgium; also, a waterproof fabric of wool. -- Zephyr shawl, a kind of thin, light, embroidered shawl made of worsted and cotton. -- Zephyr yarn, or worsted, a fine, soft kind of yarn or worsted, -- used for knitting and embroidery. ZEPHYRUS Zeph"y*rus, n. Etym: [L. See Zephyr.] Defn: The west wind, or zephyr; -- usually personified, and made the most mild and gentle of all the sylvan deities. Mild as when Zephyrus on Flora breathes. Milton. ZEPPELIN Zep`pe*lin" (tsep`pe*le"; Angl. zep"pe*lin), n. Defn: A dirigible balloon of the rigid type, consisting of a cylindrical trussed and covered frame supported by internal gas cells, and provided with means of propulsion and control. It was first successfully used by Ferdinand Count von Zeppelin. ZEQUIN Ze"quin, n. Defn: See Sequin. ZERDA Zer"da, n. Etym: [Of African origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The fennec. ZERIBA Ze*ri"ba, n. (Mil.) Defn: Same as Zareba. ZERO Ze"ro, n; pl. Zeros or Zeroes. Etym: [F. zéro, from Ar. çafrun, çifrun, empty, a cipher. Cf. Cipher.] 1. (Arith.) Defn: A cipher; nothing; naught. 2. The point from which the graduation of a scale, as of a thermometer, commences. Note: Zero in the Centigrade, or Celsius thermometer, and in the Réaumur thermometer, is at the point at which water congeals. The zero of the Fahrenheit thermometer is fixed at the point at which the mercury stands when immersed in a mixture of snow and common salt. In Wedgwood's pyrometer, the zero corresponds with 1077° on the Fahrenheit scale. See Illust. of Thermometer. 3. Fig.: The lowest point; the point of exhaustion; as, his patience had nearly reached zero. Absolute zero. See under Absolute. -- Zero method (Physics), a method of comparing, or measuring, forces, electric currents, etc., by so opposing them that the pointer of an indicating apparatus, or the needle of a galvanometer, remains at, or is brought to, zero, as contrasted with methods in which the deflection is observed directly; -- called also null method. -- Zero point, the point indicating zero, or the commencement of a scale or reckoning. ZEST Zest, n. Etym: [F. zeste, probably fr. L. schistos split, cleft, divided, Gr. Schism.] 1. A piece of orange or lemon peel, or the aromatic oil which may be squeezed from such peel, used to give flavor to liquor, etc. 2. Hence, something that gives or enhances a pleasant taste, or the taste itself; an appetizer; also, keen enjoyment; relish; gusto. Almighty Vanity! to thee they owe Their zest of pleasure, and their balm of woe. Young. Liberality of disposition and conduct gives the highest zest and relish to social intercourse. Gogan. 3. The woody, thick skin inclosing the kernel of a walnut. [Obs.] ZEST Zest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Zested; p. pr. & vb. n. Zesting.] 1. To cut into thin slips, as the peel of an orange, lemon, etc.; to squeeze, as peel, over the surface of anything. 2. To give a relish or flavor to; to heighten the taste or relish of; as, to zest wine. Gibber. ZETA Ze"ta, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. Zed.] Defn: A Greek letter [z] corresponding to our z. ZETETIC Ze*tet"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. zététique.] Defn: Seeking; proceeding by inquiry. Zetetic method (Math.), the method used for finding the value of unknown quantities by direct search, in investigation, or in the solution of problems. [R.] Hutton. ZETETIC Ze*tet"ic, n. Defn: A seeker; -- a name adopted by some of the Pyrrhonists. ZETETICS Ze*tet"ics, n. Etym: [See Zetetic, a.] (Math.) Defn: A branch of algebra which relates to the direct search for unknown quantities. [R.] ZEUGLODON Zeu"glo*don, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.) Defn: A genus of extinct Eocene whales, remains of which have been found in the Gulf States. The species had very long and slender bodies and broad serrated teeth. See Phocodontia. ZEUGLODONT Zeu"glo*dont, (Zoöl.) Defn: Any species of Zeuglodonta. ZEUGLODONTA Zeu`glo*don"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Phocodontia. ZEUGMA Zeug"ma, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. Yoke.] (Gram.) Defn: A figure by which an adjective or verb, which agrees with a nearer word, is, by way of supplement, referred also to another more remote; as, "hic illius arma, hic currus fuit;" where fuit, which agrees directly with currus, is referred also to arma. ZEUGMATIC Zeug*mat"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to zeugma; characterized by zeugma. ZEUGOBRANCHIATA Zeu`go*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Zygobranchia. ZEUS Zeus, n. (Gr. Myth.) Defn: The chief deity of the Greeks, and ruler of the upper world (cf. Hades). He was identified with Jupiter. ZEUZERIAN Zeu*ze"ri*an, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of a group of bombycid moths of which the genus Zeuzera is the type. Some of these moths are of large size. The goat moth is an example. ZEYLANITE Zey"lan*ite, n. (Min.) Defn: See Ceylanite. ZIBET; ZIBETH Zib"et, Zib"eth, n. Etym: [Cf. It. zibetto. See Civet.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A carnivorous mammal (Viverra zibetha) closely allied to the civet, from which it differs in having the spots on the body less distinct, the throat whiter, and the black rings on the tail more numerous. Note: It inhabits India, Southern China, and the East Indies. It yields a perfume similar to that of the civet. It is often domesticated by the natives, and then serves the same purposes as the domestic cat. Called also Asiatic, or Indian, civet. ZIEGA Zie"ga, n. Defn: Curd produced from milk by adding acetic acid, after rennet has ceased to cause coagulation. Brande & C. ZIETRISIKITE Zie`tri*si"kite, n. (Min.) Defn: A mineral wax, vert similar to ozocerite. It is found at Zietrisika, Moldavia, whence its name. ZIF Zif, n. Etym: [Heb. ziv.] Defn: The second month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, corresponding to our May. ZIGGER; ZIGHYR Zig"ger, Zig"hyr, v. i. (Mining) Defn: Same as Sicker. [Prov. Eng.] Raymond. ZIGZAG Zig"zag`, n. Etym: [F. zigzag, G. zickzack, from zacke, zacken, a dentil, tooth. Cf. Tack a small nail.] 1. Something that has short turns or angles. The fanatics going straight forward and openly, the politicians by the surer mode of zigzag. Burke. 2. (Arch.) Defn: A molding running in a zigzag line; a chevron, or series of chevrons. See Illust. of Chevron, 3. 3. (Fort.) Defn: See Boyau. ZIGZAG Zig"zag`, a. Defn: Having short, sharp turns; running this way and that in an onward course. ZIGZAG Zig"zag`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Zigzagged; p. pr. & vb. n. Zigzagging.] Defn: To form with short turns. ZIGZAG Zig"zag`, v. i. Defn: To move in a zigzag manner; also, to have a zigzag shape. R. Browning. ZIGZAGGERY Zig"zag`ger*y, n. Defn: The quality or state of being zigzag; crookedness. [R.] The . . . zigzaggery of my father's approaches. Sterne. ZIGZAGGY Zig"zag`gy, a. Defn: Having sharp turns. Barham. ZIKKURAT Zik"ku*rat, n. Defn: A temple tower of the Babylonians or Assyrians, consisting of a lofty pyramidal structure, built in successive stages, with outside staircases, and a shrine at the top. ZILLA Zil"la, n. (Bot.) Defn: A low, thorny, suffrutescent, crucifeous plant (Zilla myagroides) found in the deserts of Egypt. Its leaves are boiled in water, and eaten, by the Arabs. ZILLAH Zil"lah, n. Etym: [Ar. zila.] Defn: A district or local division, as of a province. [India] ZIMB Zimb, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A large, venomous, two-winged fly, native of Abyssinia. It is allied to the tsetse fly, and, like the latter, is destructive to cattle. ZIMENT-WATER Zim"ent-wa`ter, n. Etym: [G. cement-wasser. See Cement.] Defn: A kind of water found in copper mines; water impregnated with copper. ZIMOCCA Zi*moc"ca, n. Defn: A sponge (Euspongia zimocca) of flat form and fine quality, from the Adriatic, about the Greek islands, and the coast of Barbary. ZINC Zinc, n. Etym: [G. zinc, probably akin to zinn tin: cf. F. zinc, from the German. Cf. Tin.] (Chem.) Defn: An abundant element of the magnesium-cadmium group, extracted principally from the minerals zinc blende, smithsonite, calamine, and franklinite, as an easily fusible bluish white metal, which is malleable, especially when heated. It is not easily oxidized in moist air, and hence is used for sheeting, coating galvanized iron, etc. It is used in making brass, britannia, and other alloys, and is also largely consumed in electric batteries. Symbol Zn. Atomic weight 64.9 [Formerly written also zink.] Butter of zinc (Old Chem.), zinc chloride, ZnCl2, a deliquescent white waxy or oily substance. -- Oxide of zinc. (Chem.) See Zinc oxide, below. -- Zinc amine (Chem.), a white amorphous substance, Zn(NH2)2, obtained by the action of ammonia on zinc ethyl; -- called also zinc amide. -- Zinc amyle (Chem.), a colorless, transparent liquid, composed of zinc and amyle, which, when exposed to the atmosphere, emits fumes, and absorbs oxygen with rapidity. -- Zinc blende Etym: [cf. G. zinkblende] (Min.), a native zinc sulphide. See Blende, n. (a) -- Zinc bloom Etym: [cf. G. zinkblumen flowers of zinc, oxide of zinc] (Min.), hydrous carbonate of zinc, usually occurring in white earthy incrustations; -- called also hydrozincite. -- Zinc ethyl (Chem.), a colorless, transparent, poisonous liquid, composed of zinc and ethyl, which takes fire spontaneously on exposure to the atmosphere. -- Zinc green, a green pigment consisting of zinc and cobalt oxides; -- called also Rinmann's green. -- Zinc methyl (Chem.), a colorless mobile liquid Zn(CH3)2, produced by the action of methyl iodide on a zinc sodium alloy. It has a disagreeable odor, and is spontaneously inflammable in the air. It has been of great importance in the synthesis of organic compounds, and is the type of a large series of similar compounds, as zinc ethyl, zinc amyle, etc. -- Zinc oxide (Chem.), the oxide of zinc, ZnO, forming a light fluffy sublimate when zinc is burned; -- called also flowers of zinc, philosopher's wool, nihil album, etc. The impure oxide produced by burning the metal, roasting its ores, or in melting brass, is called also pompholyx, and tutty. -- Zinc spinel (Min.), a mineral, related to spinel, consisting essentially of the oxides of zinc and aluminium; gahnite. -- Zinc vitriol (Chem.), zinc sulphate. See White vitriol, under Vitriol. -- Zinc white, a white powder consisting of zinc oxide, used as a pigment. ZINC Zinc, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Zincked or Zinced (; p. pr. & vb. n. Zincking or Zincing (.] Defn: To coat with zinc; to galvanize. ZINCANE Zinc"ane, n. (Chem.) Defn: Zinc chloride. [Obs.] ZINCIC Zinc"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, containing, or resembling, zinc; zincous. ZINCIDE Zinc"ide, n. Defn: A binary compound of zinc. [R.] ZINCIFEROUS Zinc*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Zinc + -ferous.] Defn: Containing or affording zinc. ZINCIFICATION Zinc`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Defn: The act or process of applying zinc; the condition of being zincified, or covered with zinc; galvanization. ZINCIFY Zinc"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Zinc + -fy.] (Metal.) Defn: To coat or impregnate with zinc. ZINCITE Zinc"ite, n. (Min.) Defn: Native zinc oxide; a brittle, translucent mineral, of an orange-red color; -- called also red zinc ore, and red oxide of zinc. ZINCKING; ZINCING Zinck"ing, or Zinc"ing, n. (Metal.) Defn: The act or process of applying zinc; galvanization. ZINCKY Zinck"y Defn: , Pertaining to zinc, or having its appearance. [Written also zinky.] ZINCO- Zin"co-. Defn: A combining form from zinc; in chemistry, designating zinc as an element of certain double compounds. Also used adjectively. ZINCODE Zinc"ode, n. Etym: [Zinc + -ode, as in electrode.] (Elec.) Defn: The positive electrode of an electrolytic cell; anode. [R.] Miller. ZINCOGRAPH Zin"co*graph, n. Defn: A zinc plate prepared for printing by zincography; also, a print from such a plate. ZINCOGRAPHER Zin*cog"ra*pher, n. Defn: Am engraver on zinc. ZINCOGRAPHIC; ZINCOGRAPHICAL Zin`co*graph"ic, Zin`co*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to zincography; as, zincographic processes. ZINCOGRAPHY Zin*cog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Zinco- + -graphy.] Defn: The art or process of engraving or etching on zinc, in which the design is left in relief in the style of a wood cut, the rest of the ground being eaten away by acid. ZINCOID Zinc"oid, a. Etym: [Zinc + -oid.] Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, zinc; -- said of the electricity of the zincous plate in connection with a copper plate in a voltaic circle; also, designating the positive pole. [Obs.] ZINCO-POLAR Zin`co-po"lar, a. Etym: [Zinco- + polar.] (Elec.) Defn: Electrically polarized like the surface of the zinc presented to the acid in a battery, which has zincous affinity. [Obs.] ZINCOUS Zinc"ous, a. 1. (Chem.) (a) Of, pertaining to, or containing, zinc; zincic; as, zincous salts. (b) Hence, formerly, basic, basylous, as opposed to chlorous. 2. (Physics) Defn: Of or pertaining to the positive pole of a galvanic battery; electro-positive. ZINGARO Zin"ga*ro, n.; pl. Zingari. Etym: [It.] Defn: A gypsy. ZINGEL Zing"el, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A small, edible, freshwater European perch (Aspro zingel), having a round, elongated body and prominent snout. ZINGIBERACEOUS Zin`gi*ber*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. zingiber ginger. See Ginger.] (Bot.) Defn: Of or pertaining to ginger, or to a tribe (Zingibereæ) of endogenous plants of the order Scitamineæ. See Scitamineous. ZINK Zink, n. (Chem.) Defn: See Zinc. [Obs.] ZINKENITE Zink"en*ite, n. Etym: [From Zinken, director at one time of the Hanoverian mines.] (Min.) Defn: A steel-gray metallic mineral, a sulphide of antimony and lead. ZINKY Zink"y, a. Defn: See Zincky. Kirwan. ZINNIA Zin"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL. So called after Professor Zinn, of Göttingen.] (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of the composite genus Zinnia, Mexican herbs with opposite leaves and large gay-colored blossoms. Zinnia elegans is the commonest species in cultivation. ZINNWALDITE Zinn"wald*ite, n. Etym: [So called after Zinnwald, in Bohemia, where it occurs.] (Min.) Defn: A kind of mica containing lithium, often associated with tin ore. ZINSANG Zin"sang, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The delundung. ZINZIBERACEOUS Zin`zi*ber*a"ceous, a. (Bot.) Defn: Same as Zingiberaceous. ZION Zi"on, n. Etym: [Heb. tsiy, originally, a hill.] 1. (Jewish Antiq.) Defn: A hill in Jerusalem, which, after the capture of that city by the Israelites, became the royal residence of David and his successors. 2. Hence, the theocracy, or church of God. 3. The heavenly Jerusalem; heaven. ZIONISM Zi"on*ism, n. [Zion + -ism.] Defn: Among the Jews, a theory, plan, or movement for colonizing their own race in Palestine, the land of Zion, or, if that is impracticable, elsewhere, either for religious or nationalizing purposes; -- called also Zion movement. --Zi"on*ist, n. -- Zi`on*is"tic (#), a. ZIP Zip, n. [Imitative.] Defn: A hissing or sibilant sound such as that made by a flying bullet. ZIP Zip, v. i. Defn: To make, or move with, such a sound. ZIPHIOID Ziph"i*oid, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Xiphioid. ZIRCO- Zir"co-. (Chem.) Defn: A combining form (also used adjectively) designating zirconium as an element of certain double compounds; zircono-; as in zircofluoric acid, sodium zircofluoride. ZIRCOFLUORIDE Zir`co*flu"or*ide, n. (Chem.) Defn: A double fluoride of zirconium and hydrogen, or some other positive element or radical; as, zircofluoride of sodium. ZIRCON Zir"con, n. Etym: [F., the same word as jargon. See Jargon a variety of zircon.] (Min.) Defn: A mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals, usually of a brown or gray color. It consists of silica and zirconia. A red variety, used as a gem, is called hyacinth. Colorless, pale-yellow or smoky- brown varieties from Ceylon are called jargon. Zircon syenite, a coarse-grained syenite containing zircon crystals and often also elæolite. It is largely developed in Southern Norway. ZIRCONA Zir"co*na, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: Zirconia. ZIRCONATE Zir"con*ate, n. (Chem.) Defn: A salt of zirconic acid. ZIRCONIA Zir*co"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: The oxide of zirconium, obtained as a white powder, and possessing both acid and basic properties. On account of its infusibility, and brilliant luminosity when incandescent, it is used as an ingredient of sticks for the Drummomd light. ZIRCONIC Zir*con"ic, a. (Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, containing, or resembling, zirconium; as, zirconic oxide; zirconic compounds. Zirconic acid, an acid of zirconium analogous to carbonic and silicic acids, known only in its salts. ZIRCONIUM Zir*co"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.) Defn: A rare element of the carbon-silicon group, intermediate between the metals and nonmetals, obtained from the mineral zircon as a dark sooty powder, or as a gray metallic crystalline substance. Symbol Zr. Atomic weight, 90.4. ZIRCON LIGHT Zir"con light. (Physics) Defn: A light, similar to the calcium light, produced by incandescent zirconia. ZIRCONO Zir"co*no. Defn: See Zirco-. ZIRCONOID Zir"con*oid, n. Etym: [Zircon + oid.] (Crystallog.) Defn: A double eight-sided pyramid, a form common with tetragonal crystals; -- so called because this form often occurs in crystals of zircon. ZITHER Zith"er, n. Etym: [G. zither. See Cittern.] (Mus.) Defn: An instrument of music used in Austria and Germany. It has from thirty to forty wires strung across a shallow sounding-board, which lies horizontally on a table before the performer, who uses both hands in playing on it. Note: [Not to be confounded with the old lute-shaped cittern, or cithern.] ZITTERN Zit"tern, n. (Min.) Defn: See Cittern. ZIZANIA Zi*za"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL., from L. zizanium darnel, cockle, Gr. (Bot.) Defn: A genus of grasses including Indian rice. See Indian rice, under Rice. ZIZEL Ziz"el, n. Etym: [G. ziesel.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The suslik. [Written also zisel.] ZIZITH Zi"zith, n. pl. [Heb. tsitsith.] Defn: The tassels of twisted cords or threads on the corners of the upper garment worn by strict Jews. The Hebrew for this word is translated in both the Authorized and Revised Versions (Deut. xxii. 12) by the word "fringes." ZOANTHACEA Zo`an*tha"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A suborder of Actinaria, including Zoanthus and allied genera, which are permanently attached by their bases. ZOANTHARIA Zo`an*tha"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Anthozoa. ZOANTHARIAN Zo`an*tha"ri*an, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Zoantharia. -- n. Defn: One of the Anthozoa. ZOANTHODEME Zo*an"tho*deme, n. Etym: [See Zoantharia, and Deme.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The zooids of a compound anthozoan, collectively. ZOANTHOID Zo*an"thoid, a. Etym: [See Zoantharia, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Zoanthacea. ZOANTHROPY Zo*an"thro*py, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.) Defn: A kind of monomania in which the patient believes himself transformed into one of the lower animals. ZOANTHUS Zo*an"thus, n. Etym: [NL. See Zoantharia.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of Actinaria, including numerous species, found mostly in tropical seas. The zooids or polyps resemble small, elongated actinias united together at their bases by fleshy stolons, and thus forming extensive groups. The tentacles are small and bright colored. ZOBO Zo"bo, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A kind of domestic cattle reared in Asia for its flesh and milk. It is supposed to be a hybrid between the zebu and the yak. ZOCCO; ZOCCOLO Zoc"co, Zoc"co*lo, n. Etym: [It. fr. L. socculus. See Socle, and cf. Zacco.] (Arch.) Defn: Same as Socle. ZOCLE Zo"cle, n. (Arch.) Defn: Same as Socle. ZODIAC Zo"di*ac, n. Etym: [F. zodiaque (cf. It. zodiaco), fr. L. zodiacus, Gr. 1. (Astron.) (a) An imaginary belt in the heavens, 16º or 18º broad, in the middle of which is the ecliptic, or sun's path. It comprises the twelve constellations, which one constituted, and from which were named, the twelve signs of the zodiac. (b) A figure representing the signs, symbols, and constellations of the zodiac. 2. A girdle; a belt. [Poetic & R.] By his side, As in a glistering zodiac, hung the sword. Milton. ZODIACAL Zo*di"a*cal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. zodiacal.] (Astron.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the zodiac; situated within the zodiac; as, the zodiacal planets. Zodiacal light, a luminous tract of the sky, of an elongated, triangular figure, lying near the ecliptic, its base being on the horizon, and its apex at varying altitudes. It is to be seen only in the evening, after twilight, and in the morning before dawn. It is supposed to be due to sunlight reflected from multitudes of meteoroids revolving about the sun nearly in the plane of the ecliptic. ZOEA Zo"ë*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar larval stage of certain decapod Crustacea, especially of crabs and certain Anomura. [Written also zoæa.] Note: In this stage the anterior part of the body is relatively large, and usually bears three or four long spines. The years are conspicuous, and the antennæ and jaws are long, fringed organs used in swimming. The thoracic legs are undeveloped or rudimentary, the abdomen long, slender, and often without appendages. The zoëa, after casting its shell, changes to a megalops. ZOETROPE Zo"e*trope, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: An optical toy, in which figures made to revolve on the inside of a cylinder, and viewed through slits in its circumference, appear like a single figure passing through a series of natural motions as if animated or mechanically moved. ZOHAR Zo"har, n. Etym: [Heb. z candor, splendor.] Defn: A Jewish cabalistic book attributed by tradition to Rabbi Simon ben Yochi, who lived about the end of the 1st century, a. d. Modern critics believe it to be a compilation of the 13th century. Encyc. Brit. ZOIC Zo"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to animals, or animal life. ZOIDE Zo"ide, n. (Biol.) Defn: See Meride. ZOILEAN Zo*il"e*an, a. Defn: Having the characteristic of Zoilus, a bitter, envious, unjust critic, who lived about 270 years before Christ. ZOILISM Zo"i*lism, n. Defn: Resemblance to Zoilus in style or manner; carping criticism; detraction. Bring candid eyes the perusal of men's works, and let not Zoilism or detraction blast well-intended labors. Sir T. Browne. ZOISITE Zois"ite, n. Etym: [After its discoverer, Von Zois, an Austrian mineralogist.] (Min.) Defn: A grayish or whitish mineral occurring in orthorhombic, prismatic crystals, also in columnar masses. It is a silicate of alumina and lime, and is allied to epidote. ZOISM Zo"ism, n. [Gr. zwh` life + -ism.] 1. Reverence for animal life or belief in animal powers and influences, as among savages. 2. (Biol.) A doctrine, now discarded, that the phenomena of life are due to a peculiar vital principle; the theory of vital force. ZOKOR Zo"kor, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: An Asiatic burrowing rodent (Siphneus aspalax) resembling the mole rat. It is native of the Altai Mountains. ZOLAESQUE Zo`la*esque", a. Defn: In the style of Zola (see Zolaism). ZOLAISM Zo"la*ism, n. Defn: The literary theories and practices of the French novelist Emile Zola (1840-1902); naturalism, esp. in a derogatory sense. -- Zo"la*ist, n. -- Zo`la*is"tic (#), a. -- Zo"la*ize (#), v. ZOLLNER'S LINES Zöll"ner's lines`. [So called after Friedrich Zöllner, a German physicist.] Defn: Parallel lines that are made to appear convergent or divergent by means of oblique intersections. ZOLLVEREIN Zoll"ve*rein`, n. Etym: [G., from zoll duty + verein union.] Defn: Literally, a customs union; specifically, applied to the several customs unions successively formed under the leadership of Prussia among certain German states for establishing liberty of commerce among themselves and common tariff on imports, exports, and transit. Note: In 1834 a zollverein was established which included most of the principal German states except Austria. This was terminated by the events of 1866, and in 1867 a more closely organized union was formed, the administration of which was ultimately merged in that of the new German empire, with which it nearly corresponds territorially. ZOMBORUK Zom"bo*ruk, n. (Mil.) Defn: See Zumbooruk. ZONA Zo"na, n.; pl. Zonæ. Etym: [L., a girdle. See Zone.] Defn: A zone or band; a layer. Zona pellucida. Etym: [NL.] (Biol.) (a) The outer transparent layer, or envelope, of the ovum. It is a more or less elastic membrane with radiating striæ, and corresponds to the cell wall of an ordinary cell. See Ovum, and Illust. of Microscope. (b) The zona radiata. -- Zona radiata Etym: [NL.] (Biol.), a radiately striated membrane situated next the yolk of an ovum, or separated from it by a very delicate membrane only. ZONAL Zon"al, a. Etym: [L. zonalis.] Defn: Of or pertaining to a zone; having the form of a zone or zones. Zonal equation (Crystallog.), the mathematical relation which belongs to all the planes of a zone, and expresses their common position with reference to the axes. -- Zonal structure (Crystallog.), a structure characterized by the arrangements of color, inclusions, etc., of a crystal in parallel or concentric layers, which usually follow the outline of the crystal, and mark the changes that have taken place during its growth. -- Zonal symmetry. (Biol.) See the Note under Symmetry. ZONAR Zo"nar, n. Etym: [Mod. Gr. Zone.] Defn: A belt or girdle which the Christians and Jews of the Levant were obliged to wear to distinguish them from Mohammedans. [Written also zonnar.] ZONARIA Zo*na"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of Mammalia in which the placenta is zonelike. ZONATE Zon"ate, a. (Bot.) Defn: Divided by parallel planes; as, zonate tetraspores, found in certain red algæ. ZONE Zone, n. Etym: [F. zone, L. zona, Gr. j to gird, Zend yah.] 1. A girdle; a cincture. [Poetic] An embroidered zone surrounds her waist. Dryden. Loose were her tresses seen, her zone unbound. Collins. 2. (Geog.) Defn: One of the five great divisions of the earth, with respect to latitude and temperature. Note: The zones are five: the torrid zone, extending from tropic to tropic 46º 56min, or 23º 28min on each side of the equator; two temperate or variable zones, situated between the tropics and the polar circles; and two frigid zones, situated between the polar circles and the poles. Commerce . . . defies every wind, outrides every tempest, and invades. Bancroft. 3. (Math.) Defn: The portion of the surface of a sphere included between two parallel planes; the portion of a surface of revolution included between two planes perpendicular to the axis. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.) 4. (Nat. Hist.) (a) A band or stripe extending around a body. (b) A band or area of growth encircling anything; as, a zone of evergreens on a mountain; the zone of animal or vegetable life in the ocean around an island or a continent; the Alpine zone, that part of mountains which is above the limit of tree growth. 5. (Crystallog.) Defn: A series of planes having mutually parallel intersections. 6. Circuit; circumference. [R.] Milton. Abyssal zone. (Phys. Geog.) See under Abyssal. -- Zone axis (Crystallog.), a straight line passing through the center of a crystal, to which all the planes of a given zone are parallel. ZONE Zone, v. t. Defn: To girdle; to encircle. [R.] Keats. ZONED Zoned, a. 1. Wearing a zone, or girdle. Pope. 2. Having zones, or concentric bands; striped. 3. (Bot.) Defn: Zonate. ZONELESS Zone"less, a. Defn: Not having a zone; ungirded. The reeling goddess with the zoneless waist. Cowper. In careless folds, loose fell her zoneless vest. Mason. ZONNAR Zon"nar, n. Defn: See Zonar. ZONULAR Zon"u*lar, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a zone; zone-shaped. "The zonular type of a placenta." Dana. ZONULE Zon"ule, n. Defn: A little zone, or girdle. ZONULET Zon"u*let, n. Defn: A zonule. Herrick. ZONURE Zon"ure, n. Etym: [Zone + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of several of South African lizards of the genus Zonura, common in rocky situations. ZOO-; ZOOE- Zo"ö-. Defn: A combining form from Gr. zwo^,n an animal, as in zoögenic, zoölogy, etc. ZOOCHEMICAL; ZOOECHEMICAL Zo`ö*chem"ic*al, a. Defn: Pertaining to zoöchemistry. ZOOCHEMISTRY; ZOOECHEMISTRY Zo`ö*chem"is*try, n. Etym: [Zoö- + chemistry.] Defn: Animal chemistry; particularly, the description of the chemical compounds entering into the composition of the animal body, in distinction from biochemistry. ZOOCHEMY; ZOOECHEMY Zo*öch"e*my, n. Etym: [Zoö- + Gr. Defn: Animal chemistry; zoöchemistry. Dunglison. ZOOCHLORELLA; ZOOECHLORELLA Zo`ö*chlo*rel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the small green granulelike bodies found in the interior of certain stentors, hydras, and other invertebrates. ZOOCYST; ZOOECYST Zo"ö*cyst, n. Etym: [Zoö- + cyst.] (Biol.) Defn: A cyst formed by certain Protozoa and unicellular plants which the contents divide into a large number of granules, each of which becomes a germ. ZOOCYTIUM; ZOOECYTIUM Zo`ö*cy"ti*um, n.; pl. Zoöcytia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The common support, often branched, of certain species of social Infusoria. ZOODENDRIUM; ZOOEDENDRIUM Zo`ö*den"dri*um, n.; pl. Zoödendria. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: The branched, and often treelike, support of the colonies of certain Infusoria. ZOOECIUM Zo*oe"ci*um, n.; pl. Zooecia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: One of the cells or tubes which inclose the feeling zooids of Bryozoa. See Illust. of Sea Moss. ZOOERYTHRINE; ZOOEERYTHRINE Zo`ö*e*ryth"rine, n. Etym: [Zoö- + Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A peculiar organic red coloring matter found in the feathers of various birds. ZOOGAMOUS; ZOOEGAMOUS Zo*ög"a*mous, a. Etym: [Zoö- + Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining zoögamy. ZOOGAMY; ZOOEGAMY Zo*ög"a*my, n. (Biol.) Defn: The sexual reproduction of animals. ZOOGENIC; ZOOEGENIC Zo`ö*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Zoö- + -gen + -ic: cf. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to zoögeny, animal production. ZOOGENY; ZOOEGENY; ZOOGONY; ZOOEGONY Zo*ög"e*ny, Zo*ög"o*ny, n. Etym: [Zoö- + root of Gr. Defn: The doctrine of the formation of living beings. ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL; ZOOEGEOGRAPHICAL Zo`ö*ge`o*graph"ic*al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to zoögraphy. ZOOGEOGRAPHY; ZOOEGEOGRAPHY Zo`ö*ge*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Zoö- + geography.] Defn: The study or description of the geographical distribution of animals. ZOOGLOEA; ZOOEGLOEA Zo`ö*gloe"a, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Biol.) Defn: A colony or mass of bacteria imbedded in a viscous gelatinous substance. The zoögloea is characteristic of a transitory stage through which rapidly multiplying bacteria pass in the course of their evolution. Also used adjectively. ZOOGRAPHER; ZOOEGRAPHER Zo*ög"ra*pher, n. Defn: One who describes animals, their forms and habits. ZOOGRAPHIC; ZOOEGRAPHIC; ZOOGRAPHICAL; ZOOEGRAPHICAL Zo`ö*graph"ic, Zo`ö*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. zoographique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to the description of animals. ZOOGRAPHIST; ZOOEGRAPHIST Zo*ög"ra*phist, n. Defn: A zoögrapher. ZOOGRAPHY; ZOOEGRAPHY Zo*ög"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Zoö- + -graphy: cf. F. zoographie.] Defn: A description of animals, their forms and habits. ZOOID Zo"oid, a. Etym: [Zoö- + -oid.] (Biol.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, an animal. ZOOID Zo"oid, n. 1. (Biol.) Defn: An organic body or cell having locomotion, as a spermatic cell or spermatozooid. 2. (Zoöl.) (a) An animal in one of its inferior stages of development, as one of the intermediate forms in alternate generation. (b) One of the individual animals in a composite group, as of Anthozoa, Hydroidea, and Bryozoa; -- sometimes restricted to those individuals in which the mouth and digestive organs are not developed. ZOOIDAL Zo*oid"al, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to a zooid; as, a zooidal form. ZOOLATRY; ZOOELATRY Zo*öl"a*try, n. Etym: [Zoö- + Gr. Defn: The worship of animals. ZOOLOGER; ZOOELOGER Zo*öl"o*ger, n. Defn: A zoölogist. Boyle. ZOOLOGICAL; ZOOELOGICAL Zo`ö*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. zoologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to zoölogy, or the science of animals. ZOOLOGICALLY; ZOOELOGICALLY Zo`ö*log"ic*al*ly, adv. Defn: In a zoölogical manner; according to the principles of zoölogy. ZOOLOGIST; ZOOELOGIST Zo*öl"o*gist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. zoologiste.] Defn: One who is well versed in zoölogy. ZOOLOGIZE Zo*öl"o*gize, v. i. Defn: To study zoölogy; esp., to collect animals for study. ZOOLOGY; ZOOELOGY Zo*öl"o*gy, n.; pl. Zoölogies. Etym: [Zoö- + -logy: cf. F. zoologie. See Zodiac.] 1. That part of biology which relates to the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct. 2. A treatise on this science. ZOOMELANIN; ZOOEMELANIN Zo`ö*mel"a*nin, n. Etym: [Zoö- + melanin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A pigment giving the black color to the feathers of many birds. ZOOMORPHIC; ZOOEMORPHIC Zo`ö*mor"phic, a. Etym: [Zoö- + Gr. Defn: Of or pertaining to zoömorphism. ZOOMORPHISM; ZOOEMORPHISM Zo`ö*mor"phism, n. 1. The transformation of men into beasts. [R.] Smart. 2. The quality of representing or using animal forms; as, zoömorphism in ornament. 3. The representation of God, or of gods, in the form, or with the attributes, of the lower animals. To avoid the error of anthropomorphism, we fall into the vastly greater, and more absurd, error of zoömorphism. Mivart. ZOON; ZOOEN Zo"ön, n.; pl. Zoa. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) An animal which is the sole product of a single egg; -- opposed to zooid. H. Spencer. (b) Any one of the perfectly developed individuals of a compound animal. ZOONIC; ZOOENIC Zo*ön"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. zoonique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to animals; obtained from animal substances. ZOONITE; ZOOENITE Zo"ö*nite, n. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the segments of the body of an articulate animal. (b) One of the theoretic transverse divisions of any segmented animal. ZOONOMY; ZOOENOMY Zo*ön"o*my, n. Etym: [Zoö- + Gr. zoonomie.] Defn: The laws animal life, or the science which treats of the phenomena of animal life, their causes and relations. ZOONULE; ZOOENULE Zo"ö*nule, n. Etym: [Dim. fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Zoönite. ZOOPATHOLOGY; ZOOEPATHOLOGY Zo`ö*pa*thol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Zoö- + pathology.] Defn: Animal pathology. ZOOPHAGA; ZOOEPHAGA Zo*öph"a*ga, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An artificial group comprising various carnivorous and insectivorous animals. ZOOPHAGAN; ZOOEPHAGAN Zo*öph"a*gan, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: A animal that feeds on animal food. ZOOPHAGOUS; ZOOEPHAGOUS Zo*öph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Feeding on animals. Note: This is a more general term than either sarcophagous or carnivorous. ZOOPHILIST; ZOOEPHILIST Zo*öph"i*list, n. Etym: [Zoö- + Gr. Defn: A lover of animals. Southey. ZOOPHILY; ZOOEPHILY Zo*öph"i*ly, n. Defn: Love of animals. ZOOPHITE; ZOOEPHITE Zo"ö*phite, n. Defn: A zoöphyte. [R.] ZOOPHORIC; ZOOEPHORIC Zo`ö*phor"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. zoophorique.] Defn: Bearing or supporting the figure of an animal; as, a zoöphoric column. ZOOPHOROUS; ZOOEPHOROUS Zo*öph"o*rous, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Zoöphoric.] (Anc. Arch.) Defn: The part between the architrave and cornice; the frieze; -- so called from the figures of animals carved upon it. ZOOPHYTA; ZOOEPHYTA Zo*öph"y*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: An extensive artificial and heterogeneous group of animals, formerly adopted by many zoölogists. It included the coelenterates, echinoderms, sponges, Bryozoa, Protozoa, etc. Note: Sometimes the name is restricted to the Coelentera, or to the Anthozoa. ZOOPHYTE; ZOOEPHYTE Zo"ö*phyte, n. Etym: [F. zoophyte, Gr. Zodiac, and Be, v. i.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of invertebrate animals which more or less resemble plants in appearance, or mode of growth, as the corals, gorgonians, sea anemones, hydroids, bryozoans, sponges, etc., especially any of those that form compound colonies having a branched or treelike form, as many corals and hydroids. (b) Any one of the Zoöphyta. ZOOPHYTIC; ZOOEPHYTIC; ZOOPHYTICAL; ZOOEPHYTICAL Zo`ö*phyt"ic, Zo`ö*phyt"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. zoophytique.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to zoöphytes. ZOOPHYTOID; ZOOEPHYTOID Zo*öph"y*toid, a. Etym: [Zoöphyte + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a zoöphyte. ZOOPHYTOLOGICAL; ZOOEPHYTOLOGICAL Zo`ö*phyt`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. zoophytologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to zoöphytology; as, zoöphytological observations. ZOOPHYTOLOGY; ZOOEPHYTOLOGY Zo*öph`y*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Zoöphyte + -logy: cf. F. zoophytologie.] Defn: The natural history zoöphytes. ZOOPRAXISCOPE; ZOOEPRAXISCOPE Zo`ö*prax"i*scope, n. Etym: [Zoö- + Gr. -scope.] Defn: An instrument similar to, or the same as, the, the phenakistoscope, by means of which pictures projected upon a screen are made to exhibit the natural movements of animals, and the like. ZOOPSYCHOLOGY; ZOOEPSYCHOLOGY Zo`ö*psy*chol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Zoö- + psychology.] Defn: Animal psychology. ZOOSPERM; ZOOESPERM Zo"ö*sperm, n. Etym: [Zoö- + sperm.] (Biol.) Defn: One of the spermatic particles; spermatozoid. ZOOSPORANGIUM; ZOOESPORANGIUM Zo`ö*spo*ran"gi*um, n.; pl. -sporangia. Etym: [NL. See Zoö-, and Sporangium.] (Bot.) Defn: A spore, or conceptacle containing zoöspores. ZOOSPORE; ZOOESPORE Zo"ö*spore, n. Etym: [Zoö- + spore.] 1. (Bot.) Defn: A spore provided with one or more slender cilia, by the vibration of which it swims in the water. Zoöspores are produced by many green, and by some olive-brown, algæ. In certain species they are divided into the larger macrozoöspores and the smaller microzoöspores. Called also sporozoid, and swarmspore. 2. (Zoöl.) Defn: See Swarmspore. ZOOSPORIC; ZOOESPORIC Zo`ö*spor"ic, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to zoöspores; of the nature of zoöspores. ZOOTIC; ZOOETIC Zo*öt"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Containing the remains of organized bodies; -- said of rock or soil. ZOOTOMICAL; ZOOETOMICAL Zo`ö*tom"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. zootomique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to zoötomy. ZOOTOMIST; ZOOETOMIST Zo*öt"o*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. zootomiste.] Defn: One who dissects animals, or is skilled in zoötomy. ZOOTOMY; ZOOETOMY Zo*öt"o*my, n. Etym: [Zoö- + Gr. zootomie.] Defn: The dissection or the anatomy of animals; -- distinguished from androtomy. ZOOTROPHIC; ZOOETROPHIC Zo`ö*troph"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Zoö-, and Trophic.] (Physiol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the nourishment of animals. ZOOZOO Zoo"zoo`, n. Etym: [Of imitative origin.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The wood pigeon. [Prov. Eng.] ZOPE Zope, n. Etym: [G.] (Zoöl.) Defn: A European fresh-water bream (Abramis ballerus). ZOPILOTE Zo"pi*lote, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The urubu, or American black vulture. ZORIL Zor"il, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Zorilla. ZORILLA Zo*ril"la, n. Etym: [Sp. zorilla, zorillo, dim. of zorra, zorro, a fox: cf. F. zorille.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Either one of two species of small African carnivores of the genus Ictonyx allied to the weasels and skunks. [Written also zoril, and zorille.] Note: The best-known species (Ictonyx zorilla) has black shiny fur with white bands and spots. It has anal glands which produce a very offensive secretion, similar to that of the skunk. It feeds upon birds and their eggs and upon small mammals, and is often very destructive to poultry. It is sometimes tamed by the natives, and kept to destroy rats and mice. Called also mariput, Cape polecat, and African polecat. The name is sometimes erroneously applied to the American skunk. ZOROASTRIAN Zo`ro*as"tri*an, a. Defn: Of or pertaining to Zoroaster, or his religious system. ZOROASTRIAN Zo`ro*as"tri*an, n. Defn: A follower of Zoroaster; one who accepts Zoroastrianism. ZOROASTRIANISM Zo`ro*as"tri*an*ism, n. Defn: The religious system of Zoroaster, the legislator and prophet of the ancient Persians, which was the national faith of Persia; mazdeism. The system presupposes a good spirit (Ormuzd) and an opposing evil spirit (Ahriman). Cf. Fire worship, under Fire, and Parsee. ZOROASTRISM Zo`ro*as"trism, n. Defn: Same as Zoroastrianism. Tylor. ZOSTER Zos"ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Zone.] (Med.) Defn: Shingles. ZOSTERA Zos"te*ra, n. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.) Defn: A genus of plants of the Naiadaceæ, or Pondweed family. Zostera marina is commonly known as sea wrack, and eelgrass. ZOSTEROPS Zos"ter*ops, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A genus of birds that comprises the white-eyes. See White-eye. ZOUAVE Zouave, n. Etym: [F., fr. Ar. Zouaoua a tribe of Kabyles living among the Jurjura mountains in Algeria.] (Mil.) (a) One of an active and hardy body of soldiers in the French service, originally Arabs, but now composed of Frenchmen who wear the Arab dress. (b) Hence, one of a body of soldiers who adopt the dress and drill of the Zouaves, as was done by a number of volunteer regiments in the army of the United States in the Civil War, 1861-65. ZOUNDS Zounds, interj. Etym: [Contracted from God's wounds.] Defn: An exclamation formerly used as an oath, and an expression of anger or wonder. ZOUTCH Zoutch, v. t. (Cookery) Defn: To stew, as flounders, eels, etc., with just enough or liquid to cover them. Smart. ZUBR Zubr, n. Etym: [Polish .] (Zoöl.) Defn: The aurochs. ZUCHE Zuche, n. Defn: A stump of a tree. Cowell. ZUCHETTO Zu*chet"to, n. Etym: [It. zucchetto.] (R. C. Ch.) Defn: A skullcap covering the tonsure, worn under the berretta. The pope's is white; a cardinal's red; a bishop's purple; a priest's black. ZUFOLO Zu"fo*lo, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Defn: A little flute or flageolet, especially that which is used to teach birds. [Written also zuffolo.] ZUIAN Zu"ñi*an, a. Defn: Of or pert. to the Zuñis, or designating their linguistic stock. --n. Defn: A Zuñi. ZUISIN Zui"sin, n. (Zoöl.) Defn: The American widgeon. [Local, U. S.] ZULU Zu"lu, n. [Also Zooloo.] 1. Any member of the tribe of Zulus; a Zulu-Kaffir. See Zulus. 2. (Philol.) One of the most important members of the South African, or Bantu, family of languages, spoken partly in Natal and partly in Zululand, but understood, and more or less in use, over a wide territory, at least as far north as the Zambezi; -- called also Zulu- Kaffir. ZULU-KAFFIR Zu"lu-Kaf"fir, n. Defn: A member of the Bantu race comprising the Zulus and the Kaffirs. ZULUS Zu"lus, n. pl.; sing. Zulu (. (Ethnol.) Defn: The most important tribe belonging to the Kaffir race. They inhabit a region on the southeast coast of Africa, but formerly occupied a much more extensive country. They are noted for their warlike disposition, courage, and military skill. ZUMBOORUK Zum*boo"ruk, n. Etym: [Turk. & Ar. zamb, fr. Ar. zamb a hornet.] (Mil.) Defn: A small cannon supported by a swiveled rest on the back of a camel, whence it is fired, -- used in the East. ZUMIC; ZUMOLOGICAL; ZUMOLOGY; ZUMOMETER Zu"mic, a., Zu`mo*log"ic*al, a., Zu*mol"o*gy, n., Zu*mom"e*ter, n., etc. Defn: See Zymic, Zymological, etc. ZUNIS Zu"nis, n. pl.; sing. Zuni (. (Ethnol.) Defn: A tribe of Pueblo Indians occupying a village in New Mexico, on the Zuni River. ZUNYITE Zun"yite, n. (Min.) Defn: A fluosilicate of alumina occurring in tetrahedral crystals at the Zuñi mine in Colorado. ZWANZIGER Zwan"zi*ger, n. Etym: [G.] Defn: Am Austrian silver coin equivalent to 20 kreutzers, or about 10 cents. ZWIEBACK Zwie"back`, n. [G., fr. zwie-two, twice (see Twice) + backen to bake.] Defn: A kind of biscuit or rusk first baked in a loaf and afterwards cut and toasted. ZWINGLIAN Zwing"li*an, a. (Theol.) Defn: Of or pertaining to Ulric Zwingli (1481-1531), the reformer of German Switzerland, who maintained that in the Lord's Supper the true body of Christ is present by the contemplation of faith but not in essence or reality, and that the sacrament is a memorial without mystical elements. -- n. Defn: A follower of Zwingli. ZYGANTRUM Zy*gan"trum, n.; pl. Zygantra. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: See under Zygosphene. ZYGAPOPHYSIS Zyg`a*poph"y*sis, n.; pl. Zygapophyses. Etym: [Gr. apophysis.] (Anat.) Defn: One of the articular processes of a vertebra, of which there are usually four, two anterior and two posterior. See under Vertebra. -- Zyg`ap*o*phys"i*al, a. ZYGENID Zyg"e*nid, n. Etym: [Cf. Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: Any one of numerous species of moths of the family Zygænidæ, most of which are bright colored. The wood nymph and the vine forester are examples. Also used adjectively. ZYGOBRANCHIA Zyg`o*bran"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.) Defn: A division of marine gastropods in which the gills are developed on both sides of the body and the renal organs are also paired. The abalone (Haliotis) and the keyhole limpet (Fissurella) are examples. ZYGOBRANCHIATE Zyg`o*bran"chi*ate, a. (Zoöl.) Defn: Of or pertaining to the Zygobranchia. ZYGODACTYL; ZYGODACTYLE Zyg`o*dac"tyl, Zyg`o*dac"tyle, n. Etym: [See Zygodactylic.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Any zygodactylous bird. ZYGODACTYLAE Zyg`o*dac"ty*læ, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: The zygodactylous birds. In a restricted sense applied to a division of birds which includes the barbets, toucans, honey guides, and other related birds. ZYGODACTYLI Zyg`o*dac"ty*li, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Same as Scansores. ZYGODACTYLIC; ZYGODACTYLOUS Zyg`o*dac"ty*lic, Zyg`o*dac"tyl*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. zygodactyle.] (Zoöl.) Defn: Yoke-footed; having the toes disposed in pairs; -- applied to birds which have two toes before and two behind, as the parrot, cuckoo, woodpecker, etc. ZYGOMA Zy*go"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) (a) The jugal, malar, or cheek bone. (b) The zygomatic process of the temporal bone. (c) The whole zygomatic arch. ZYGOMATIC Zyg`o*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. zygomatique.] (Anat.) Defn: Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the zygoma. Zygomatic arch, the arch of bone beneath the orbit, formed in most mammals by the union of the malar, or jugal, with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. In the lower vertebrates other bones may help to form it, and there may be two arches on each side of the skull, as in some reptiles. -- Zygomatic process, a process of the temporal or squamosal bone helping to form the zygomatic arch. ZYGOMORPHIC; ZYGOMORPHOUS Zyg`o*mor"phic, Zyg`o*mor"phous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Symmetrical bilaterally; -- said of organisms, or parts of organisms, capable of division into two symmetrical halves only in a single plane. ZYGOPHYTE Zy"go*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) Defn: Any plant of a proposed class or grand division (Zygophytes, Zygophyta, or Zygosporeæ), in which reproduction consists in the union of two similar cells. Cf. Oöphyte. ZYGOSIS Zy*go"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.) Defn: Same as Conjugation. ZYGOSPERM Zyg"o*sperm, n. Etym: [Gr. sperm.] (Bot.) Defn: A spore formed by the union of the contents of two similar cells, either of the same or of distinct individual plants. Zygosperms are found in certain orders of algæ and fungi. ZYGOSPHENE Zyg"o*sphene, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.) Defn: A median process on the front part of the neural arch of the vertebræ of most snakes and some lizards, which fits into a fossa, called the zygantrum, on the back part of the arch in front. ZYGOSPORE Zyg"o*spore, n. Etym: [Gr. spore.] (Bot.) (a) Same as Zygosperm. (b) A spore formed by the union of several zoöspores; -- called also zygozoöspore. ZYLONITE Zy"lon*ite, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: Celluloid. ZYMASE Zym"ase, n. Etym: [From Zyme.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A soluble ferment, or enzyme. See Enzyme. ZYME Zyme, n. Etym: [Gr. 1. A ferment. 2. (Med.) Defn: The morbific principle of a zymotic disease. Quain. ZYMIC Zym"ic, a. (Old Chem.) Defn: Pertaining to, or produced by, fermentation; -- formerly, by confusion, used to designate lactic acid. ZYMOGEN Zym"o*gen, n. Etym: [Zyme + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A mother substance, or antecedent, of an enzyme or chemical ferment; -- applied to such substances as, not being themselves actual ferments, may by internal changes give rise to a ferment. The pancreas contains but little ready-made ferment, though there is present in it a body, zymogen, which gives birth to the ferment. Foster. ZYMOGENE Zym"o*gene, n. Etym: [Zyme + root of Gr. (Biol.) Defn: One of a physiological group of globular bacteria which produces fermentations of diverse nature; -- distinguished from pathogene. ZYMOGENIC Zym`o*gen"ic, a. (Biol.) (a) Pertaining to, or formed by, a zymogene. (b) Capable of producing a definite zymogen or ferment. Zymogenic organism (Biol.), a microörganism, such as the yeast plant of the Bacterium lactis, which sets up certain fermentative processes by which definite chemical products are formed; -- distinguished from a pathogenic organism. Cf. Micrococcus. ZYMOLOGIC; ZYMOLOGICAL Zy`mo*log"ic, Zy`mo*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. zymologique.] Defn: Of or pertaining to zymology. ZYMOLOGIST Zy*mol"o*gist, n. Defn: One who is skilled in zymology, or in the fermentation of liquors. ZYMOLOGY Zy*mol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Zyme + -logy: cf. F. zymologie.] Defn: A treatise on the fermentation of liquors, or the doctrine of fermentation. [Written also zumology.] ZYMOLYSIS Zy*mol"y*sis, n. [NL. See Zyme, and Lysis.] (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: The action of enzymes; also, the changes produced by such action. --Zy`mo*lyt"ic (#), a. ZYMOME Zy"mome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Old Chem.) Defn: A glutinous substance, insoluble in alcohol, resembling legumin; -- now called vegetable fibrin, vegetable albumin, or gluten casein. ZYMOMETER; ZYMOSIMETER Zy*mom"e*ter, Zy`mo*sim"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. zymosimètre.] Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the degree of fermentation occasioned by the mixture of different liquids, and the degree of heat which they acquire in fermentation. ZYMOPHYTE Zym"o*phyte, n. Etym: [Zyme + Gr. (Physiol. Chem.) Defn: A bacteroid ferment. ZYMOSE Zy*mose", n. (Chem.) Defn: Invertin. ZYMOSIS Zy*mo"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.) (a) A fermentation; hence, an analogous process by which an infectious disease is believed to be developed. (b) A zymotic disease. [R.] ZYMOTIC Zy*mot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. 1. Of, pertaining to, or caused by, fermentation. 2. (Med.) Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, a certain class of diseases. See Zymotic disease, below. Zymotic disease (Med.), any epidemic, endemic, contagious, or sporadic affection which is produced by some morbific principle or organism acting on the system like a ferment. ZYTHEM Zy"them, n. Defn: See Zythum. ZYTHEPSARY Zy*thep"sa*ry, n. Etym: [Gr. Defn: A brewery. [R.] ZYTHUM Zy"thumn. Etym: [L.fr. Gr. Defn: A kind of ancient malt beverage; a liquor made from malt and wheat. [Written also zythem.] *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY *** Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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